bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Levels and sources of regime support in democracies and autocracies
Authors: Mauk Marlene
Published: June 2020

This chapter presents the results of the empirical analysis of levels and sources of citizen support for democratic and autocratic regimes. The analysis proceeds in three steps. First, it compares the levels of regime support in democracies and autocracies. It shows that levels of citizen support, while varying considerably across individual countries, are roughly equal between democratic and autocratic regimes. Second, the analysis investigates the individual-level sources of regime support. It finds evidence that the same set of individual-level sources affect regime support in democracies and autocracies and that they do so in virtually the same way across regimes. Third, it addresses the system-level sources of regime support in democracies and autocracies. Using multilevel structural equation modeling, it observes effects of three of the four system-level sources in both types of regimes; yet, these system-level sources do not affect regime support in the same way in democracies as in autocracies.
The Coercion Thesis
Authors: Himma Kenneth Einar
Published: June 2020

Chapter 1 fleshes out the content of the Coercion Thesis, according to which it is a conceptually necessary condition for something to count as a legal system that it backs some mandatory norms governing non-official behavior with the threat of a coercive sanction. It begins with an analysis of the compound concept-term coercive sanction, distinguishing the deterrence and punitive functions they are reasonably contrived to perform, as a conceptual matter. The chapter then situates the Coercion Thesis with respect to the demands of morality and ends by explicating what the Coercion Thesis presupposes and implies with respect to what considerations characteristically motivate rationally competent self-interested subjects like us.
Three Conceptual Problems of Legal Normativity: The Logical Space of Reasons
Authors: Himma Kenneth Einar
Published: June 2020

Chapter 5 continues with the second step of a modest analysis of the concept of a legal system. As a prelude to showing how only the Coercion Thesis can explicate law’s presumed conceptual normativity, this chapter is concerned to explicate the concept of normativity and distinguish among several classes of reasons that might be thought to figure into the problems associated with explicating law’s conceptual normativity. It proceeds to identify the class of reasons that the practices constituting something as a system of law must be presumed equipped to provide. The chapter ends with a description of three conceptual problems of legal normativity that must be solved to vindicate the very rationality of adopting legal systems to regulate behavior.
The Coercion Thesis and the Content Problem of Legal Normativity
Authors: Himma Kenneth Einar
Published: June 2020

Chapter 8 addresses the Content Problem of Legal Normativity, arguing that the content of the only first-order motivating reason to which the practices constituting something as a system of law are reasonably contrived to give rise is an objective motivating reason to obey law as a means of avoiding being subject to coercive sanctions. It rejects one possible solution to the Content Problem, arguing that there is nothing in objective norms of practical rationality that would encourage us, even presumptively, to obey a norm simply because it has the status of law. Since there is nothing else in these practices reasonably contrived to give rise to an objective motivating reason with different content, neither the How Problem nor the Content Problem can be solved without assuming it is a conceptual truth that some mandatory legal norms governing non-official behavior provide objective motivating reasons to comply in virtue of being backed with the threat of a coercive sanction.
Coercive Sanctions and International Law
Authors: Himma Kenneth Einar
Published: June 2020

Chapter 9 argues that, regardless of whether it is properly characterized as law, the U.N. Charter system of international regulation authorizes the imposition of economic and diplomatic measures that count as coercive sanctions, as I have explicated the notion in this volume, because they are reasonably contrived to deter and punish non-compliance. While these measures differ in salient ways from the coercive sanctions authorized by systems of municipal law, they nonetheless count as coercive sanctions; all that is required for something to count as a coercive sanction, as I have explicated the notion, is that it imposes non-trivial detriment that rationally competent self-interested subjects are likely to experience as something that deters and punishes non-compliance. The Charter system is thus consistent with the Coercion Thesis and not a counterexample to it.
A Coalition of Good Will: History Instruction in Secondary Education
Authors: Furas Yoni
Published: June 2020

Chapter 7 is dedicated to secondary education and the matriculation exam. Although only comprising a fraction of the student population, these private and governmental schools represented Palestine’s Ivy League. History instruction in these schools, which was heavily influenced by the Department’s Matriculation exam, was frequently discussed in meetings of the Palestine Board for Higher Studies (PBHS) that oversaw secondary and postsecondary education. This pedagogical attention was clearly disproportional to its quantitative share in the student population. Analysis of PBHS’ internal debates and the history syllabi of secondary schools sheds much light on the relationship between history teaching, identity, and nationalism.
Learning History
Authors: Furas Yoni
Published: June 2020

Chapter 8 completes the analytical framework by leaving administrators and educators to delve into the students’ world to trace their voices as the product of this system. The chapter examines the omnipresence of history beyond the history classroom, and it takes a broad view of the educational rationale that sought to mould a historical consciousness through an educational calendar, field trips, and youth movements. The latter part of the chapter discusses students’ essays in school journals and the internalization of, and correspondence with, the material they were taught, thus underscoring the centrality and validity of historical study in these young people’s identity formation.
The Rhetoric of the Past in Demosthenes and Aeschines
Authors: Westwood Guy
Published: June 2020

This work examines how politicians in late classical Athens made persuasive use of the city’s past when addressing mass citizen audiences, especially in the law courts and Assembly. It focuses on Demosthenes and Aeschines—both prominent statesmen, and bitter rivals—as its case-study orators. Recent scholarly treatments of how the Athenians remembered their past tend to concentrate on collective processes; to complement these, this work looks at the rhetorical strategies devised by individual orators, examining what it meant for Demosthenes or Aeschines to present particular ‘historical’ examples (or paradigms/paradeigmata), arguments, and illustrations in particular contexts. It argues that discussing the Athenian past—and therefore a core aspect of Athenian identity itself—offered Demosthenes and Aeschines (and others) an effective and versatile means both of building and highlighting their own credibility, authority, and commitment to the democracy and its values, and of competing with their rivals, whose own versions and handling of the past they could challenge and undermine as a symbolic attack on those rivals’ wider competence. Recourse to versions of the past also offered orators a way of reflecting on a troubled contemporary geopolitical landscape where Athens first confronted the enterprising Philip II of Macedon and then coped with Macedonian hegemony. The work, which covers all of Demosthenes’ and Aeschines’ surviving public oratory, is constructed round a series of detailed readings of individual speeches and sets of speeches (Chapters 2 to 6), while Chapter 1 offers a series of synoptic surveys of individual topics which inform the main discussion.
The Embassy Trial
Authors: Westwood Guy
Published: June 2020

Chapter 5 discusses the ‘Embassy trial’ of 343 BC, where we have extant speech texts by Demosthenes (On the False Embassy) and Aeschines (On the Embassy), prosecutor and defendant respectively. It shows how each orator crafts his historical material to respond at the level of technique and/or content to his opponent’s figurations of the past at the previous stage of the encounter. Chapter 5.1 offers an introduction and overview which assesses the character of the speech texts we possess and exposes problems with the conventional view of the duration of major Athenian political trials. Chapter 5.2 explores how Demosthenes’ On the False Embassy capitalizes on a climate unfavourable to the Peace made with Philip of Macedon in 346 to make the right, responsible use of the past a critical stake in the dispute, demolishing a key illustration involving Solon that Aeschines had fashioned in the trial of Timarchus and setting up a long-range comparison between Aeschines and the 360s envoy Timagoras. Chapter 5.3 shows how Demosthenes’ decision to dwell on the terms of the Timarchus trial and to adopt an uncritically broad—and predictably inclusive—approach to the past (and one geared partly towards reinventing himself as an opponent of the Peace) left him vulnerable to a deft, multiform defence strategy from Aeschines which involved careful projection of his own discernment in the use of history along with the creation of lively and overtly continuum-based scenarios of a type probably more immediately associable with Demosthenes. Chapter 5.4 offers a conclusion.
Hissène Habré on Trial
Authors: Weill Sharon , Seelinger Kim Thuy , Carlson Kerstin Bree
Published: June 2020

This introductory chapter provides a background of the trial and conviction of Hissène Habré in 2015–2016, which is the most significant achievement global criminal justice has enjoyed in the past decade. The 2016 judgment of the Extraordinary African Chambers (EAC) found Habré guilty of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and torture—including several counts involving sexual violence committed by Habré's agents and Habré himself. The judicial achievement of the EAC is particularly meaningful in the current climate, where there is a ‘backlash’ against international criminal justice. The chapter then offers a brief overview of the structure and procedure of the EAC. The EAC was a hybrid tribunal applying international criminal law doctrine and governed by Senegalese procedure, ie, civil law tradition. This is why victims were able to participate as parties before the EAC, a development that many cite as critical to the capacity of international justice institutions to meaningfully address victims. The EAC Statute defined the core crimes and the penalties. Most of the rules of procedure remained undefined by the Statue, and here the Statute specified, in Article 16, that whatever is not included in the Statute shall be governed by Senegalese law.
Documenting Crimes and Organizing Victims in Chad
Authors: Guengueng Souleymane
Published: June 2020

This chapter details how Hissène Habré’s victims themselves had started their own process of documentation in prisons. Souleymane Guengueng had been detained and tortured by the Documentation and Security Directorate (DDS). While imprisoned, he began quietly documenting the torture and death of his fellow prisoners in order to build a dossier for later prosecution. Guengueng then discusses how he emerged from Habré's jails to organize a victim movement—the Association for Victims of Crimes and Political Repression in Chad (AVCRP)—that ultimately led to the conviction of his jailor. Indeed, he later became a representative of Chadian victims. Guengueng was aided in the pursuit of justice by Reed Brody of Human Rights Watch (HRW). Brody was the public face of the Habré trial in the Anglophone world. Working with Chadian victims' groups, Brody used the power of HRW's international brand to galvanize international awareness of Habré's victims.
Prosecuting International Crimes in Senegal
Authors: Fall Mbacké
Published: June 2020

This chapter explains how M'backé Fall took on the role of prosecuting Hissène Habré, as well as how he balanced the legal elements of that prosecution with the political. For example, it notes his decision to proceed with the case against Habré even in the absence of Habré's co-defendants and despite limited cooperation from the Chadian authorities. With the accusation of Hissène Habré by the Prosecutor's office on 2 July 2013, the investigative judges took over the investigation. The Prosecutor's office, however, joined the execution of the different international rogatory missions in Chad, carried out with some difficulty. In Senegal, the Prosecutor's office participated in Hissène Habré's interrogation sessions and ensured the regularity of procedure for interlocutory appeals before the Accusation Chamber. The chapter then details the trial and appeal process, particularly as regards the management of oral, sometimes unexpected, testimony.
Supporting Victims at Trial
Authors: Werner Alain , Marchand Emmanuelle
Published: June 2020

This chapter examines how victim representation worked at the Extraordinary African Chambers (EAC) and how it differed from other international tribunals such as the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC). The ECCC and the EAC are the only ad hoc tribunals that have allowed victims participation. The reason for this is that both hybrid tribunals are rooted in the French civil law system, which awards civil party status to the victims. This status recognizes victims as a legal party to the proceedings. Overall, in the Hissène Habré case, the different roles amongst the national and international lawyers representing the victims were better defined than in the first trial in front of the ECCC. Similarly, the collaboration between the civil parties' lawyers and the Prosecution was better organized in the Habré trial than in front of the ECCC.
The Habré Appeals Judgment
Authors: Gall Élise Le
Published: June 2020

This chapter looks at the appeals decision of the Extraordinary African Chambers (EAC) in the Hissène Habré trial. The Appeals Chamber of the EAC issued its appeals decision on April 27, 2017. Upon appeal, the judges upheld Hissène Habré's life sentence for crimes against humanity, war crimes, and torture. However, Hissène Habré was acquitted of one of the sexual violence-related charges: the direct commission of rape of Khadija Hassan Zidane. With regard to reparations, the judges clarified Hissène Habré's sentence to pay financial compensation to 7,396 victims. The grounds of appeal that may be invoked before the Appeals Chamber include errors of procedure, errors of fact, and/or errors of law. It should be proven that those errors led to a denial of justice and that the error was a decisive factor in the outcome. The chapter then summarizes all the grounds of appeals—of the Defence and the civil parties—and the Appeals Court's corresponding decisions.
Outreach for the EAC
Authors: Petit Franck
Published: June 2020

This chapter describes how the Extraordinary African Chambers (EAC) communications team structured public debates and other outreach activities during and after the Hissène Habré trial in Chad and Senegal. The EAC was the first court to provide for outreach in its budget and to make outreach activities an official element of court's structure and output. The trial of a former president on African soil within a reasonable time framework and the popularity of the intense struggle of Chadian victims fueled this successful and invigorating outreach program. In Chad, Senegal, and elsewhere in Africa and Europe, the three member organizations of the outreach consortium—RCN Justice & Démocratie, Primum Africa Consulting, and Magi Communications—and their local partners joined forces to ensure that this first inter-African tribunal was understood, explained, and debated, neutrally and transparently, and as close to the public as possible. The chapter then notes the challenges and opportunities of working across countries, cultures, and politics in seeking to publicize the work of the EAC.
Prosecutions in Chad
Authors: Thulliez Henri
Published: June 2020

This chapter studies recent trials and convictions of Habré-era collaborators in Chad in 2015. Among those convicted were defendants named with Hissène Habré in the EAC's indictment. While current President Idriss Déby and his government cooperated with the EAC by financing them and by letting EAC magistrates investigate in Chad, things became more complicated when the EAC started to look at prosecuting a few of Habré's henchmen who were living in Chad: Mahamat Djibrine ‘El Djonto’, Saleh Younous, and Zakaria Berdei. Faced with this development, Déby and his government decided to organize the trial of Habré's accomplices in Chad, thereby controlling the narrative while also finally responding to the longstanding request of the victims. By trying Habré-era collaborators in Chad, Déby ensured that these collaborators of Habré could not participate in the EAC. However, many of those convicted in 2015 have already been freed, making the trials in Chad a pyrrhic victory for justice.
Academia as Partner in the Habré Trial
Authors: Sullivan Érick , Lafontaine Fannie
Published: June 2020

This chapter highlights how the clinical work of Érick Sullivan and Fannie Lafontaine from Canada's Laval University with law students supported both the Hissène Habré trial as well as student engagement with international criminal justice. During the 5 years that lasted Laval University's involvement in the Habré case, academics and students alongside practitioners undertook numerous activities. This collaboration demonstrated how legal clinics can be used as a hub bridging academia and community in the context of strategic litigation. Through them, researchers' outputs are feeding strategic litigators, and practitioners' applied knowledge is feeding the researchers' agenda, thus allowing both to co-create innovative arguments that will be used in strategic litigation to achieve the expected long-lasting impact on law and society. This novel partnership structure hosted at Laval University links academic researchers, legal clinics, and NGO partners across Canada to work on an interdisciplinary research program that has both international and Canadian dimensions comprised of three main axes that pertain to different and complementary routes that victims of international crimes can take in Canada, in other states, and before international institutions, to seek criminal, civil, and administrative or other remedies.
Hybridization—A Spectrum of Creative Possibilities
Authors: Kersten Mark , Ainley Kirsten
Published: June 2020

This chapter assesses the emerging preference for hybrid judicial institutions. Recent years have seen a spate of hybrid tribunals established or proposed, from Syria and South Sudan, to the Central African Republic and Sri Lanka. Perhaps most prominently, a hybrid court was set up in Dakar, Senegal, to prosecute former Chadian President Hissène Habré in 2013, a development that has stood out as the vanguard of a new generation of hybrid tribunals. The re-emergence of the hybrid tribunal has been addressed by numerous scholars. Yet despite its renewed popularity, it remains unclear what, precisely, it means to be a hybrid court and how the latest hybrids might contribute to furthering the project of international criminal justice. The answer to the first question is typically assumed to be simple: hybrid tribunals are ‘of mixed composition and jurisdiction, encompassing both national and international aspects, usually operating within the jurisdiction where the crimes occurred’. However, hybrid tribunals are much more than just middle-ground institutions that marry national and international components. As this chapter demonstrates, they are institutions whose very hybridity creates productive space for creative solutions aimed at responding to some of the most endemic challenges facing international criminal justice.
Victims as a Third Party
Authors: Zegveld Liesbeth
Published: June 2020

This chapter explores and challenges the promise of victim participation before the International Criminal Court (ICC). Victims are a key reason for international criminal trials. Indeed, trials are said to be held because of the great numbers of victims the crimes have created. Perpetrators are prosecuted so victims can see justice being done. Yet when it comes to victims who want to claim their own rights before international criminal courts, the picture is less clear. International courts have struggled with how to deal with victims. Responses to victims’ participation in criminal trials have ranged from outright opposition, to reluctant acceptance, to apparent embrace. Even when there seems to be embrace, though, under the surface victims struggle to have their suffering and damage recognized. Victims are merely third-parties in the criminal trial. The charges are not their charges; they may not fit their damage. What is more, courts deal with victims collectively, denying them the individual attention their claims may demand. To make things worse, rather than applying the legal principle of accountability to victims' claims for damage, courts have a tendency to address victims' damage as a humanitarian problem that can be solved through humanitarian assistance.
‘We Will Not Go Away’
Authors: Cody Stephen , Stover Eric
Published: June 2020

This chapter studies the participation of victims in international criminal tribunals. Victim participation in international criminal trials has been uneven. Historically, prosecutors often have side-lined victim testimony in favour of documentary or physical evidence or assumed that justice for victims equated to retributive punishment of offenders. In recent decades, however, victims have become more active contributors in criminal investigations and proceedings. Victim participation at all stages of the Hissène Habré trial, for example, suggests a growing trend towards greater victim inclusion in international and national criminal trials. As such, it is incumbent on court personnel, as well as international justice researchers and practitioners, to better understand the diverse needs of victims and how they can be best supported before, during, and after trials.
Classical History between Epic and Rhetoric
Authors: Bloxham Donald
Published: June 2020

This chapter establishes the foundations on which the rest of the book is built since post-classical scholarship largely develops from classical models or is shaped by its reaction against those models. The chapter addresses a series of conceptual issues that have recurring relevance, including: differing conceptions of the nature of historical truth; the relationship between History and ethnography; the relationship between rhetoric and historianship; the relationship between philosophy, poetry, and History; and the relationship between ‘useful’ and ‘pleasurable’ Histories. In a more empirical vein the chapter discusses the relationship between Greek and Roman historianship and accounts for different tendencies in the development of historiography in each culture—tendencies like a greater or lesser interest in the outside world, and a greater or lesser interest in individuals as opposed to power structures or the study of society and culture. The question of the consciousness of qualitative historical change is also discussed in the case of a number of historians. In the 900 or so years of historianship covered in this chapter no rationale for History that is present at or near the outset was ruled out by the end, though of course many avenues of possibility were more fully explored. It is more than coincidence that the survey opens and closes with species of History as Identity, beginning with the most elementary type of that genre: genealogy.
History, Faith, Fortuna
Authors: Bloxham Donald
Published: June 2020

Chronologically and conceptually, this chapter links classical antiquity to the middle ages. Most of its focus is on the second to sixth centuries, and especially the overlap of ‘late antiquity’ and the ‘patristic era’, or the era of the church fathers. It addresses historical thinking in Christianity in the context of Christianity’s relationship to Greco-Roman and Jewish influences. It is a story of intellectual novelty, and of imposition, but just as much it is a tale of syncretism. Of the rationales for History identified in the introduction, the two figuring largest in this chapter are History as Speculative Philosophy and History as Identity, the latter especially in its genealogical form. Along the way in the chapter, attention is devoted to the relationship between grand conceptualizations of the overall historical process and the study of human choice and agency. That discussion illustrates similarities as well as contrasts in the way causal explanations can operate in disparate sorts of historical account, whether or not divine or quasi-divine forces are involved. The point looking forward is that at certain levels secular and non-secular Histories need not conflict.
Introduction
Authors: Dasgupta Ushashi
Published: June 2020

The Introduction offers a preliminary discussion of what Charles Dickens calls the ‘lodger world’, and it establishes the book’s main lines of argument. It explains that tenancy, an economic transaction realized in space, was a central aspect of everyday life in the nineteenth century. An overwhelming majority of Victorians did not own their homes outright. Instead, they were tenants: while single families could take entire houses on lease, lodgers lived in rooms overseen by landladies, and these many kinds of rented space captured Dickens’s imagination. The pervasive need to rent in the period encourages a reassessment of middle-class domestic ideology. The Introduction surveys the history of the property market, reviews Dickens’s active participation in rental culture throughout his life, and describes a number of his creative relationships. It considers the ‘spatial turn’ in cultural studies, and ultimately sets up a link between rented space, narrative, and genre in Dickens’s thinking.
‘To Let To Let To Let’
Authors: Dasgupta Ushashi
Published: June 2020

This chapter explores the significance of rented spaces in the nineteenth-century Bildungsroman, reading David Copperfield and Great Expectations alongside novels by Catherine Gore and WM Thackeray. Some of the most memorable characters in these coming-of-age narratives are landlords and landladies, who act as mentors to the protagonist as he tries to find his place in the world. Dickens interrogates the idea that it is a rite of passage for a young man to take lodgings before he moves into a private house. The chapter reveals that Dickens uses spatial and architectural metaphors, including images drawn from the world of tenancy, to articulate the process of growing up. It ends with a section on the window tax debate of the 1840s and 1850s and the traces it leaves in the fiction of the period; the window is a site charged with symbolism for characters preoccupied with their ‘prospects’.
‘The Property of 1851’
Authors: Dasgupta Ushashi
Published: June 2020

This chapter, which discusses Dickens, Wilkie Collins, Henry Mayhew, George Augustus Sala, and the writers for Punch magazine, explains that the Great Exhibition of 1851 led to a sudden demand for short-term accommodation in London. A popular display of ‘model’ cottages at the Exhibition spoke to wider concerns in the period about the condition of working-class housing. Though Dickens went to see the cottages, the literature of the Exhibition year reveals an interest in other kinds of rented space, which are sites of negotiation between the local, national, and global. Mayhew and the Punch circle saw the growth of the hospitality industry and the resourcefulness of Londoners as a cause for laughter. Meanwhile, Dickens, Collins and Sala were drawn to the cosmopolitan neighbourhood of Leicester Square. Here, hotels and lodgings brimmed not only with tourists but also with Continental spies and exiles, arriving in the aftermath of the 1848 revolutions.
Interlude
Authors: Dasgupta Ushashi
Published: June 2020

This short interlude leaves London in order to consider the seaside as a site of pastoral retreat. It discusses the popularity of resorts in the period. Dickens, Samuel Beazley, Mary Elizabeth Braddon, WM Thackeray, and Anthony Trollope transplant traditional pastoral narratives to the seaside; here, hotels, inns, and boarding houses witness scenes of escape, liberation, and personal transformation, many of which are more ambivalent than they appear. The Interlude begins with a study of class, wealth, and the rags-to-riches tale in the rented spaces of Brighton, Margate, and Ramsgate, and then moves on to stories of romance, heartbreak, and sexual license in Brighton, Deal, Lowestoft, Margate, and Yarmouth. The final section focuses on health, convalescence, and death.
Animals and Objectivity
Authors: McLear Colin
Published: June 2020

This chapter examines the question of whether animals could ever, on Kant’s account, enjoy objective representational states of their environment by addressing Kant’s discussion of the conditions under which a mental state can be said to enjoy what Kant calls a ‘relation to an object’. I examine Kant’s discussion of this relation in the B-Deduction of the Critique of Pure Reason, which is standardly interpreted as arguing that a ‘relation to an object’ is possible only with the presence of intellectual faculties, and thus with the capacity for conceptual representation and judgment. I present an alternative interpretation that emphasizes the importance, in reading Kant’s argument, of distinguishing between acquaintance (Kenntnis) and cognition (Erkenntnis). On this alternative picture, although an animal does not rationally cognize the objective world, the world with which the animal mind is nevertheless acquainted is a world with particular qualities bundled or unified according to basic cognitive principles such as spatial continuity, cohesion, or proximity. I thus argue that there is a plausible interpretive case for Kant’s holding that animals enjoy objective states in a relevant sense of ‘objective’ but do not represent ‘objects’ in the sense with which Kant is primarily concerned in the Critique of Pure Reason.
Animality in Kant’s Theory of Human Nature
Authors: Baumeister David
Published: June 2020

This chapter provides an overview of Kant’s conception of the animality (or Tierheit) of human beings. Though human animality is treated in a wide range of Kant’s writings, it has received relatively little attention from scholars, perhaps because Kant wrote no text principally devoted to the subject. With the aim of establishing its systematic unity, I track the status and role of animality across three distinct but interrelated domains of Kant’s theory of human nature—his account of animality as one of three basically good original human predispositions in Religion Within the Boundaries of Mere Reason, his account of animality as the target of discipline in the pedagogy lectures, and his account of animality as simultaneously a driver of and hindrance to the progress of history in ‘Idea for a Universal History With a Cosmopolitan Aim’. I argue that these accounts, taken together and in light of the teleological vision of human development that connects them, manifest a distinctively Kantian vision of the human as an actively rational, but at the same time ineliminably animal, being. Far from denying that humans are animals or seeking to repress human animality wholesale, Kant in fact offers a nuanced and robust, though still problematic, defence of the necessity, innocence, and originality of the human’s animal side.
Electricity Network Tariffs Regulation and Distributive Energy Justice
Authors: Banet Catherine
Published: June 2020

In the years to come, electricity consumers will face increased grid costs associated with their consumption due to the need for investments in grid infrastructures. Both ageing infrastructures and new production/consumption patterns relying increasingly on distributed and alternative sources will require economic investments by grid operators, which, in fine, will transfer the costs to final customers. The existing models of remuneration for operators and of costs allocation for consumers need to be updated. A reflection has started in several jurisdictions to address the need for revising grid tariff structure(s) in order to ensure a ‘fair’ share of costs between grid system operators and electricity consumers, as well as to develop the right incentives through tariff regulation. This chapter reviews theory and practice of distribution grid tariff regulatory reforms in the context of the current energy transition. It discusses how distributive energy justice can be better integrated into the tariff structure.
The Challenges of Rural Electrification in Canada
Authors: Lucas Alastair
Published: June 2020

There have been significant energy justice issues in the development of Canadian rural electrification (RE), particularly in the provinces of Alberta, Ontario, and the Yukon territory. In an historical approach, investigative questions concerning the nature of the problem, the discourse, solutions canvassed, and changes over time, are asked. These questions frame matters of distributive justice and social justice. Lessons learned include: (i) geographical, economic, and political context can determine the just allocation of RE benefits and burdens; and (ii) public vs private approaches to RE have developed in different provinces. However, there is little evidence that successful distributional and social justice results in RE were very different in Alberta (private power) and Ontario (public power). Legal instruments, particularly Rural Electrification Association co-operatives, played an important role in Alberta.
Energy Justice, Law, and Poverty in the Context of Mesoamerican Countries
Authors: González José Juan
Published: June 2020

This chapter has the aim of evaluating the connections between law and energy justice in the context of Mesoamerican legal regimes. From the perspective of the social justice dimension of distributional justice, it surveys the way legislation addresses the main drivers of energy poverty and how the law deals with them. To achieve its aim, the chapter is divided into four sections. The first section surveys the main drivers of energy poverty in the Mesoamerican region. The second discusses recent progress regarding electricity service coverage expansion. The third analyses how Mesoamerican legislation pretends to make reality the principles of SDG 7 and the main obstacles the law confronts to achieve them. The fourth section discusses the idea of considering access to affordable, reliable, and clean energy as a human right; and finally section five points out some conclusions.
Real Likenesses
Authors: Morris Michael
Published: June 2020

This book offers a new approach to artistic representation, worked out in detail for the cases of paintings, photographs, and novels. It presents a paradox in the case of each of the three art forms, and argues for a thesis (the Non-Distraction Thesis) about the relation between medium and content. It then argues that the dominant theories of representation in the three art forms are incompatible with that thesis. Fresh light is thereby cast on familiar topics: the supposed phenomenon of ‘twofoldedness’, in the case of paintings; the alleged ‘transparency’ of photographs; the ‘paradox of fiction’, in the case of novels. Illusionistic theories, ‘seeing-in’ theories, imagination theories, and resemblance theories are the target in the case of paintings; theories which take photographs to be transparent pictures, in the case of photographs; and imagination theories, abstract-artefact theories, and theories which mix the two, in the case of novels. Having raised problems for existing theories in these domains, the book proposes for each art form a novel way of understanding the relation between the medium and the content. The new model is developed first for the case of paintings: it is proposed that the face you see in a painting is a real thing made of paint, which is, in a way, a face, in virtue of resembling a real face. This model is then applied to photographs, and to novels, with care taken to explain in each case how a suitable object might be constructed in the medium.
The Paradox of Painting
Authors: Morris Michael
Published: June 2020

This chapter presents an apparent paradox, that what we see in a portrait painting both seems to be a face and seems to be made of paint, and shows how the character of the dominant approaches to representational painting (found in the views of Gombrich, Wollheim, Walton, and resemblance theories) is revealed by their treatment of this paradox. It then argues that any acceptable solution to the paradox must respect a ‘Non-Distraction’ thesis about the relation between medium and content, according to which attention to the medium cannot inevitably be a distraction from attention to the content. It then argues that all of the major approaches to representational painting fail to respect this Non-Distraction Thesis.
Painted Things
Authors: Morris Michael
Published: June 2020

This chapter first explains what has to be done in order to take the Paradox of Painting seriously, and then proposes a way of trying to make sense of it. First, we don’t have to introduce entities of any very unusual kind, or embrace an odd ontology. But secondly, we need to find a way of allowing that a painted face, for example, is in some serious way a face, even if it’s not a real face. This involves engaging with issues in linguistics (for example, the work of Partee) and in the nature of our response to paintings. It is proposed that the face we see in a painting is what I call a real likeness, a unified whole made of paint, which counts as being, in a way, a face, because it resembles a real face.
Transparency and Distraction in Photographs
Authors: Morris Michael
Published: June 2020

This chapter argues that the Non-Distraction Thesis applies to photographs, just as it does to paintings. The main argument is that the key decisions of a photographer are compositional decisions, and composition requires that attention to the medium is not a distraction from attention to the content. Views (such as those of Scruton and Barthes) which might seem to be in tension with this are critically examined. The chapter then attempts to explain how there can be real likenesses in photographs—unified wholes which resemble real things of the relevant kinds. This involves some detailed consideration of the medium of photography, and a novel, though intuitive, view of the medium is provided.
‘To Promote Religion and Learning and Piety’: The Failure of Queens College, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, Revisited
Authors: Hammer Carl I.
Published: June 2020

This chapter details how, in the early 1760s, Hampshire magnates promoted a bold new educational project to found a college in Hampshire County. However, it was the clergy of northern Hampshire County who took the first formal steps to secure a college even though their initial efforts and ongoing support have been overshadowed in subsequent accounts by Israel Williams' ubiquitous presence. The ambition to establish a western counterpart to Harvard probably had been germinating for some time in the Williams family, and the leader in this new clerical enterprise was evidently the Rev. Jonathan Ashley of Deerfield, who certainly belonged to the Williams connection. These Hampshire clergy, particularly the leaders such as Ashley, were conservative, Stoddardian ‘Old Light’ Calvinists who, like Israel Williams and other lay persons, had supported the ouster of Jonathan Edwards from his Northampton pulpit in 1750 and who, in Kevin Sweeney's words, ‘found Harvard too liberal and Yale too susceptible to the New Divinity’. Queens College was conceived as the institutional expression of this distinctive and highly-conservative regional society within the Bay Province.
Brevity is the Soul of Wit or Something Else
Authors: Rothblatt Sheldon
Published: June 2020

This chapter looks at two works by accomplished and informed scholars. The first book, Universities and Colleges: A Very Short Introduction (2017), is by David Palfreyman and Paul Temple. The second, The Origins of Higher Learning, Knowledge Networks and the Early Development of Universities (2017), is by Roy Lowe and Yoshihito Yasuhara. The Origins of Higher Learning is an account of what may be termed a run-up to the institutionalization of higher learning that occurred in what Charles Homer Haskins called The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century (1927), the century in which the university as yet inchoate, is to be found. Meanwhile, Palfreyman and Temple essentially concentrate on the transformation in mission, organisation, and ‘stakeholders’ in the nineteenth century to the present, with particular attention to the provision for ‘higher education’ or ‘tertiary education’ in the United Kingdom (mainly England) and the United States.
Michael Prichard, with assistance and contributions from Christopher Brooke and Richard Duncan-Jones, Gonville & Caius College: The Statutes of the Founders (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2017), xxii + 640 pages.
Authors: Darwall-Smith Robin
Published: June 2020

This chapter studies Michael Prichard's edition, with translation and copious additional material, of the early statutes of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Although the full work is his, he gratefully acknowledges the assistance of the late Christopher Brooke and Richard Duncan-Edwards, the latter for assisting with the text and translation. Prichard's book is divided into two more or less equal parts. The first part contains texts with translations on the facing pages of the statutes of Edmund Gonville; both the 1353 and 1355 versions of the statutes of William Bateman with John Caius's exposition of them; and the 1573 statutes of John Caius, with the significant modifications added after Caius's death by his friend Matthew Parker, then Archbishop of Canterbury. The second part of the book, titled ‘Background and Aftermath’ is a set of extensive essays. The ‘background’ essays discuss the circumstances in which the statutes of the three founders came into being. The five ‘aftermath’ essays explore topics on which Caius had left clear instructions, but which were either the subject of fierce dispute, or else quietly ignored. They are respectively: the Fellows and the Governing Body, the Master's powers of veto, the supposed preference to candidates from Norfolk, the remuneration of the Fellows, and their dividends.
Alfredo Dinis, S.J., A Jesuit against Galileo? The strange case of Giovanni Battista Riccioli Cosmology, ed. Álvaro Balsas, S.J. & Ricardo Barroso Batista (Braga: Universidade católica portuguesa, 2017). xxiii + 364 pp. ISBN: 9789726972822 (Print); 9789726972839 (eBook). Aviva Rothman. The pursuit of harmony. Kepler on cosmos, confession, and community (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017). viii + 355 pp. ISBN: 9780226497020.
Authors: Helibron J. L.
Published: June 2020

This chapter focuses on the works of Alfredo Dinis and Aviva Rothman. Giovanni Battista Riccioli's principal work, Almagestum novum (1651), so called to indicate a replacement of Ptolemy's classic text, presents much valuable quantitative information, often in tabular form, which astronomers of all religious persuasions found useful. It also contains 49 arguments pro and 77 contra the Copernican system. Much of the late Alfredo Dinis's posthumous book analyses Riccioli's 126 arguments in an endeavour to judge whether they hid a closet Copernican. Meanwhile, little is said by Aviva Rothman about Johannes Kepler's achievements in astronomy. Instead she places much of his work, thought, and aspiration under the concept of harmony. This leitmotiv carries her a long way through Kepler's religious ideas.
Geoffrey Neate (ed.), Memoirs of the City and University of Oxford in 1738 together with Poems, Odd Lines, Fragments & Small Scraps, by ‘Shepilinda’ (Elizabeth Sheppard) (Oxford Historical Society New Series Vol. 47: Oxford, The Boydell Press, 2018), xxxii + 132 pp. ISBN: 9780904107296.
Authors: Darwall-Smith Robin
Published: June 2020

This chapter looks at Geoffrey Neate's present edition on the account of Elizabeth Sheppard of Oxford in January of 1737–8, written under the pen-name of ‘Shepilinda’. The main part of Shepilinda's manuscript is a tour of the Colleges made in the company of an older woman who is nicknamed ‘Scrippy’, and who is the dedicatee of the manuscript. The tour is largely arranged topographically, starting with Worcester in the west and ending with Magdalen in the east. There are then accounts of the academic halls, including the self-consciously bogus one of ‘Frog Hall’, which is actually Shepilinda's family home. This part of the manuscript ends with a description of the Bodleian Library, and the traditions associated with May Day and St. Scholastica's Day. The second, and shorter, part of her manuscript comprises some short poems.
Jill Pellew and Lawrence Goldman (eds), Dethroning Historical Reputations, Universities, Museums and the Commemoration of Benefactors (Institute of Historical Research, School of Advanced Study: London, University of London, 2018). ISBN: 9781909646827 (Open-access e-book available at: http://humanities-digital-library.org/index.php/hdl/catalog/book/pellewgoldman
Authors: Rothblatt Sheldon
Published: June 2020

This chapter studies Dethroning Historical Reputations, Universities, Museums and the Commemoration of Benefactors (2018), edited by Jill Pellew and Lawrence Goldman. In this very appealing publication, twelve contributors offer pithy remarks on what David Cannadine calls ‘institutionalized ancestor worship’, the occasions specifically reserved for those worthy individuals who lavish gifts and endowments on universities. For centuries, universities or museums and art galleries happily accepted donations with no questions asked. So have the trustees of other kinds of institutions, or religious leaders. The sale of indulgences in the middle ages to protect the souls of sinners carried on until reformers were alarmed by their misuse. Whereas in more recent times eyebrows might occasionally be raised concerning the source of a generous benefaction, or the views of the donor on a range of dicey matters, ways were found to smooth over any improprieties. The remarks by contributors overlap as they should, since the publication is the outcome of a conference held in the spring of 2017. The spirit of the Cambridge University historian Herbert Butterfield hovers over the sessions. His discussion of whiggish history-making is always relevant and always worth revisiting.
Shift Happens
Authors: Zuckermann Ghil'ad
Published: June 2020

This chapter explores, for the first time, culturomics in Israeli. Culturomics is a trans-disciplinary form of computational lexicology that studies human behaviour, language, and cultural and historical trends through the quantitative analysis of texts. My term tarbutomics is based on תרבות tarbút, Israeli for ‘culture’, thus calquing (loan-translating) the term culturomics. Tarbutomics ought to be a new tool for evaluating the linguistic, cultural, and social trends occurring throughout a historical period. To see how Hebrew lexis has changed from 1500 until 2009, the chapter analyses data from Google Books. To do this, the Google Books database was downloaded. Tarbutomics takes the raw Hebrew 1-gram data and puts it in a relational database, allowing us to ask more sophisticated questions. It can shed light on questions about Israeli culture, Hebrew language reclamation, and about the development of the Israeli language throughout the twentieth century.