bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MR imaging of the yucatan pig head and neck vasculature
Authors: Habib Charbel A. , Utriainen David , Peduzzi‐Nelson Jean , Dawe Elizabeth , Mattei Janine , Latif Zahid , Casey Kenneth , Haacke E. Mark
Published: January 2013

Purpose:

To evaluate the cerebral venous drainage system of the swine as a probable model to test whether extracranial venous abnormalities may play a role in neurodegenerative diseases as reported recently in multiple sclerosis.

Materials and Methods:

Three Yucatan micropigs, 5 to 7 months old, were scanned with a comprehensive MRI protocol at 3 Tesla. The vascular anatomy of the head and neck was imaged using conventional and angiographic MR sequences. Phase‐contrast MR images were collected at multiple levels of the neck and intracranial space to monitor flow.

Results:

Three large cervical veins were observed; the external jugular vein draining the olfactory and gustatory tissues; the internal jugular vein (IJV) draining the cavernous sinus as well as surrounding soft tissues in the neck; and the ventral vertebral venous plexus (VVVP) surrounding the dural sac and paraspinal region. The majority of the cerebral blood flow in the pig appears to drain through the VVVP. Flow through the IJV comprised a nondominant component. Anastamoses were observed connecting the major veins of the neck bilaterally.

Conclusion:

The dominance of outflow from the brain to the VVVP may be analogous to the typical dominance of the IJVs in humans in the supine position. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:641–649. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Free sensate medial plantar flap for contralateral plantar forefoot reconstruction with flap reinnervation using end‐to‐side neurorrhaphy: A case report and literature review
Authors: Lykoudis Efstathios G. , Seretis Konstantinos , Lykissas Marios G.
Published: January 2013

Reconstruction of weight‐bearing plantar defects remains a challenge due to the unique characteristics of the plantar skin and thus the limited available options. The medial plantar flap, either pedicled or free, represents an ideal option, but its use as sensate flap for forefoot defects has been scarcely reported. We present a case of plantar forefoot reconstruction with a free sensate medial plantar flap, with end‐to‐side coaptation of the cutaneous sensory fascicles of the flap to the medial plantar nerve of the recipient. Last follow‐up, at 2 years post‐op, verified a very good functional and aesthetic outcome, indicating that the suggested approach may prove the treatment of choice in selected cases of plantar forefoot reconstruction. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2013.
The plasmonic J-pole antenna
Authors: James T. D. , Teo Z. Q. , Gómez D. E. , Davis T. J. , Roberts A.
Published: January 2013

The plasmonic J-pole antenna is the nanoscale version of a radio frequency design, consisting of a half wavelength arm connected to a quarter wavelength feed pair. Here, we report on an optical J-pole antenna that displays both a dipole (1015 nm) and quadrupole resonance (653 nm). The excitation of the quadrupole resonance is optimum at an angle of incidence directly related to the geometry of the antenna, demonstrating the flexibility of the design. The J-pole antenna shows great promise for enhancing and shaping the angular emission pattern of quantum emitters.
Structural and multiferroic properties of Bi1−xInxFeO3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.20) nanoparticles
Authors: Arya G. S. , Kotnala R. K. , Negi N. S.
Published: January 2013

Indium (In)-doped BiFeO3 (BFO) nanoparticles were prepared by an ethylene glycol based sol-gel method using the concept of aging for the formation of pure phase crystal structure. The x-ray diffraction patterns reveal the single phase rhombohedral structure for BFO and In-doped BFO nanoparticles and In substitution (0%-20%) at the Bi site does not transform the crystal structure of BiFeO3. The appearance of metal-oxide absorption bands at 555 cm−1 and 439 cm−1 in FTIR spectra confirms the formation of perovskite structure. The doping of In at Bi-site improves the particles surface morphology and reduces the average particles size to around 30 nm which markedly affect the magnetic and electrical properties of these nanoparticles. Saturation magnetization increases from 0.40 emu/gm for BFO nanoparticles to 3.20 emu/gm for 20% In-doped BFO (BFO2) nanoparticles. The coercivity reduces to 78 Oe for BFO2 due to decrease in magnetocrystalline anisotropy. In-doping at Bi-site improves the dielectric properties of BFO and decreases the antiferromagnetic Neel temperature which is due to increased value of magnetoelectric coefficient at room temperature. The resistivity increases with In-doping, and is attributed to reduction of oxygen ion vacancies and cation size effect.
Hysteresis modeling of the grain-oriented laminations with inclusion of crystalline and textured structure in a modified Jiles-Atherton model
Authors: Baghel A. P. S. , Kulkarni S. V.
Published: January 2013

Grain-oriented (GO) laminations owing to their crystalline and textured structure exhibit strong anisotropy in magnetic characteristics. GO laminations generally display highly steep, gooseneck, and narrow waist rolling direction (RD) hysteresis loops and complex-shaped transverse direction (TD) curves. The original Jiles-Atherton (JA) model needs improvisation while modeling such characteristics. The paper proposes a modified JA model for the hysteresis modeling of GO laminations with consideration of their crystalline and textured structure. The model is based on single crystal approximation of polycrystalline materials and modifies the anhysteretic magnetization on account of anisotropic energy. It takes into account the domain wall motion as well as domain magnetization rotation. The model provides a better prediction of RD hysteresis loops and also shows ability to characterize of TD hysteresis loops with reasonable accuracy. The model preserves simplicity of the original JA model.
Supply chain optimization modeling in uncertain environment with prediction mechanism
Authors: Li Chong , Chen Kejia
Published: January 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore new methods to improve supply chain management in uncertain environment, more specifically, to tackle the uncertain demand problem and the inventory optimization problem faced by most supply chain systems.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper develops a multi‐objective inventory optimization model, which combines the classic grey prediction GM(1,1) model with the metaheuristic method. The former is applied to achieve the forecasting mechanism in supply chain operations, and the latter is applied to optimize the model solution.

Findings

Results show that the grey‐based forecasting mechanism performs better than other prediction methods, such as the double exponential smoothing method used in this paper. The solution of the multi‐objective inventory optimization model is also improved with the integration of grey prediction method. These indicate the importance of a forecasting mechanism in supply chain management.

Originality/value

The paper succeeds in constructing a novel inventory optimization model and in providing a novel supply chain management framework. It shows for the first time that grey prediction method combined with metaheuristic method may be a valid approach to supply chain management under uncertain environment.
Plastic larval development in a butterfly has complex environmental and genetic causes and consequences for population dynamics
Authors: Saastamoinen Marjo , Ikonen Suvi , Wong Swee C. , Lehtonen Rainer , Hanski Ilkka
Published: January 2013

In insects, the length of larval development time typically influences adult body size and individual fitness, and hence development time can be expected to respond in an adaptive manner to variation in environmental conditions. In the wild, larval growth may be influenced by individual condition, which can be affected by population‐level parameters such as population density and abundance and quality of resources.

We sampled larvae of the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia) from 514 local populations across a large metapopulation before the winter diapause and reared the larvae in common garden conditions after diapause. Here, we report that small post‐diapause larvae prolonged their development via an extra larval instar, apparently to compensate for their ‘bad start’ after diapause. The number of instars was additionally a plastic response to environmental conditions, as the frequency of the extra instar increased under cooler thermal conditions.

The benefit of the extra instar is clear, as it allows individuals to develop into larger adults, but the cost is delayed adult eclosion, which is likely to select against the extra instar especially in males, in which early eclosion is critical for mating success. In support of this, the frequency of the extra instar was significantly lower in males (7%) than in females (42%).

Polymorphisms in three genes,serpin‐1,vitellin‐degrading protease precursorandphosphoglucose isomerase, which are known to influence development in insects, were associated with the occurrence of the extra instar.

At the level of local populations, the frequency of the extra instar was higher in newly established populations than that in old local ones, possibly reflecting maternal effects, as new populations are often established by females with heavy investment in dispersal. The frequency of the extra instar in turn correlated with the change in population size over 1 year and the risk of local extinction in the natural metapopulation of the Glanville fritillary.

Our results highlight the importance of the physiological condition of individuals in shaping subsequent life‐history events and even population dynamics.
Making it legal: Abortion providers' knowledge and use of abortion law in New South Wales and Queensland
Authors: de Costa Caroline , Douglas Heather , Black Kirsten
Published: January 2013

Objectives

To explore the knowledge of state abortion law of doctors providing abortion in New South Wales and Queensland, their attitudes towards this law, and their application of both knowledge and attitudes to their day‐to‐day practice of abortion.

Design and participants

Qualitative study using interviews of twenty‐two medical practitioners agreeing to participate and identified as providing surgical and/or medical abortions in NSW or Queensland. Specific questions about practice as well as responses to ten common clinical scenarios formed the basis of each interview.

Main outcome measures

Familiarity of participants with abortion law of their state, documentation of views on legality and probable availability of abortion in each scenario provided.

Results

All participants were aware that abortion in their state is covered by criminal legislation, which they believe is out‐of‐date with current medical practice, in particular with regard to the diagnosis of serious fetal abnormality, and that there is limited case law to assist doctors in a defence to a charge of abortion. All were concerned about requirements to conform to state law when agreeing to provide abortion services to women, and about the possible constraints of these requirements on women's accessibility to abortion services.

Conclusions

Review and reform of abortion laws in Queensland and NSW, as has occurred in other states and territories, has the potential to bring the law into conformity with current medical practice and to clarify the legal position of doctors providing abortion services, thereby providing an opportunity to improve women's accessibility to these services.
A novel standardized bone model for thermal evaluation of bone osteotomies with various irrigation methods
Authors: Strbac Georg D. , Giannis Katharina , Unger Ewald , Mittlböck Martina , Watzek Georg , Zechner Werner
Published: January 2013

Objectives

Based on a novel standardized bovine specimen, the aim of this study was to investigate thermal effects of different irrigation methods during intermittent and graduated drilling.

Material and methods

Temperature changes during implant osteotomies (n = 320) of 10 and 16 mm drilling depths with various irrigation methods were investigated on manufactured uniform bone samples providing homogenous cortical and cancellous areas and analogous thermal conductivity comparable to human bone. Automated sequences were performed with surgical twist drills of 2 mm ∅ and conical drills of 3.5, 4.3 and 5 mm ∅. Real‐time recording of temperature increase was done using two custom‐built multichannel thermoprobes with 14 temperature sensors at a predefined distance of 1 and 2 mm to the final osteotomy. The effects of drilling depth, drilling diameter and irrigation methods on temperature changes were investigated by a linear mixed model.

Results

Using this uniform bone specimen, the greatest temperature rise was observed without any coolant supply with 29.87°C, followed by external with 28.47°C and then internal with 25.86°C and combined irrigation with 25.68°C. Significant differences (P ≤ 0.0156) between drill depths of 10 vs. 16 mm could be observed with all irrigation methods evaluated. With each of the irrigation methods, significantly higher temperature changes (P < 0.0001) during osteotomies could be observed between twist drills of 2 mm ∅ and conical drills of 3.5, 4.3 and 5 mm ∅. During 10 and 16 mm drilling osteotomies, external irrigation showed significantly higher temperatures (P < 0.05) for all conical drills compared with internal or combined irrigation, respectively. Significantly lower temperatures (P < 0.05) could be detected with internal or combined irrigation for the use of conical drills with various diameters and drilling depths.

Conclusions

This fully standardized bone model provides optimized comparability for the evaluation of bone osteotomies and resulting temperature changes. As regards the efficiency of the various irrigation methods, it could be demonstrated that internal and combined irrigation appears to be more beneficial than external irrigation.
Thermal analysis of the intact mandibular premolar: a finite element analysis
Authors: Oskui I. Z. , Ashtiani M. N. , Hashemi A. , Jafarzadeh H.
Published: January 2013

Aim

To obtain temperature distribution data through human teeth focusing on the pulp‐dentine junction (PDJ).

Methodology

A three‐dimensional tooth model was reconstructed using computer‐aided design software from computed tomographic images. Subsequently, temperature distribution was numerically determined through the tooth for three different heat loads. Loading type I was equivalent to a 60° C mouth temperature for 1 s. Loading type II started with a 60° C mouth temperature, decreasing linearly to 37° C over 10 s. Loading type III repeated the pattern of type II in three consecutive cycles, with a 5 s resting time between cycles.

Results

The maximum temperatures of the pulp were 37.9° C, 39.0° C and 41.2° C for loading types I, II, and III, respectively. The largest temperature rise occurred with the cyclic loading, that is, type III.

Conclusion

For the heat loads considered, the predicted peak temperatures at the PDJ were less than the reported temperature thresholds of irreversible pulpal damage.
Nervous System May Have Evolved Twice
Authors: Pennisi Elizabeth
Published: January 2013

A newly sequenced genome of a comb jelly threatens to upend the view that the neuron evolved only once in the history of life.
Development of Whole-Virus Multiplex Luminex-Based Serological Assays for Diagnosis of Infections with Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus/Human Herpesvirus 8 Homologs in Macaques
Authors: Ryan Jonathan T. , Rose Timothy M.
Published: January 2013

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)/human herpesvirus 8 is a tumorigenic rhadinovirus that is associated with all forms of Kaposi's sarcoma. Current serological detection of KSHV is based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent or immunofluorescence assays that suffer from a variety of problems, including the lack of defined standards for test comparison. While KSHV is the only known human rhadinovirus, two lineages of KSHV-like rhadinoviruses are found in Old World primates: the RV1 lineage includes KSHV and retroperitoneal fibromatosis herpesvirus (RFHV) in macaques, and the RV2 lineage includes RRV and MneRV2 from different macaque species. To develop animal models of KSHV-associated diseases, we developed quantitative multiplex bead-based serological assays to detect antibodies against rhadinovirus antigens. Proteins from KSHV (RV1) and MneRV2 (RV2) virions were coupled to spectrally distinct fluorescent beads and used in Luminex flow cytometry-based assays to detect immune responses in macaques. Both assays showed large dynamic ranges with high levels of seroreactivity to both KSHV and MneRV2 proteins. A large set of macaque serum samples from the Washington National Primate Research Center was screened, and most of the samples (82%) were positive in both assays, consistent with the high level of RV1-RV2 coinfection detected by PCR. The macaque sera showed broad, variable, and unique serological responses to the different viral antigens, allowing an initial seroprevalence to be determined for the macaque viruses. The Luminex assays offer a novel multiplexed approach to assess rhadinovirus infection patterns in both humans and nonhuman primates. This will help advance our understanding of rhadinovirus biology and associated host immunological responses.
Trivalent Live Attenuated Influenza-Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccines: Efficacy and Evolution of Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Escape in Macaques
Authors: Reece Jeanette C. , Alcantara Sheilajen , Gooneratne Shayarana , Jegaskanda Sinthujan , Amaresena Thakshila , Fernandez Caroline S. , Laurie Karen , Hurt Aeron , O'Connor Shelby L. , Harris Max , Petravic Janka , Martyushev Alexey , Grimm Andrew , Davenport Miles P. , Stambas John , De Rose Robert , Kent Stephen J.
Published: January 2013

There is an urgent need for a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine that induces robust mucosal immunity. CD8
+
cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) apply substantial antiviral pressure, but CTLs to individual epitopes select for immune escape variants in both HIV in humans and SIV in macaques. Inducing multiple simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific CTLs may assist in controlling viremia. We vaccinated 10
Mane-A1
*
08401
+
female pigtail macaques with recombinant influenza viruses expressing three
Mane-A1
*
08401
-restricted SIV-specific CTL epitopes and subsequently challenged the animals, along with five controls, intravaginally with SIV
mac251
. Seroconversion to the influenza virus vector resulted and small, but detectable, SIV-specific CTL responses were induced. There was a boost in CTL responses after challenge but no protection from high-level viremia or CD4 depletion was observed. All three CTL epitopes underwent a coordinated pattern of immune escape during early SIV infection. CTL escape was more rapid in the vaccinees than in the controls at the more dominant CTL epitopes. Although CTL escape can incur a “fitness” cost to the virus, a putative compensatory mutation 20 amino acids upstream from an immunodominant Gag CTL epitope also evolved soon after the primary CTL escape mutation. We conclude that vaccines based only on CTL epitopes will likely be undermined by rapid evolution of both CTL escape and compensatory mutations. More potent and possibly broader immune responses may be required to protect pigtail macaques from SIV.
Significance of geotechnical loads on local buckling response of buried pipelines with respect to conventional practice
Authors: Mahdavi Hiva , Kenny Shawn , Phillips Ryan , Popescu Radu
Published: January 2013

Long-term large deformation geohazards can impose excessive deformation on a buried pipeline. The ground displacement field may initiate pipeline deformation mechanisms that exceed design acceptance criteria with respect to serviceability requirements or ultimate limit states. The conventional engineering approach to define the mechanical performance of pipelines has been based on combined loading events for in-air conditions. This methodology may be conservative, as it ignores the soil effect that imposes geotechnical loads, and also provides restraint, on buried pipelines. The importance of pipeline–soil interaction and load-transfer mechanisms that may affect local buckling of buried pipelines is not well understood. A three-dimensional continuum finite element model, simulating the local buckling response of a buried pipe, using the software package ABAQUS/Standard was developed and calibrated. A comprehensive parametric study was previously conducted to investigate the effect of several parameters on local buckling response of pipelines buried in firm clay. A new strain criterion for local buckling of buried pipelines in firm clay through response surface methodology was developed. In this paper, the new criterion is compared with several existing in-air criteria to study the effect of soil restraint on the local buckling response of buried pipelines. The criterion developed in this study predicts greater characteristic critical strain capacity than in-air based criteria that highlights the influence of soil restraint.
ONE-STEP INVERSE APPROACH BASED ON QUASI-CONJUGATE-GRADIENT METHOD
Authors: NA JINGXIN , CHEN WEI , LIU HAIPENG
Published: January 2013

For the one-step inverse method, an iteration method based on a quasi-conjugate-gradient method is proposed to replace the Newton–Raphson method. It commences from the physical meaning of elemental unbalance force. It does not need to solve the system of finite element equations. It not only inherits the advantage of conjugate gradient method but also avoids non-convergence of the solving process. Finally, the validity of the algorithm proposed is proved by comparing the simulation results obtained by the method in this paper with those obtained through the module of one-step inverse method in Dynaform and practical drawn parts.
WHAT NEXT FOR MICROFINANCE? HOW THE BROADER FINANCIAL CONTEXT MATTERS FOR EFFECTIVE MICROFINANCE OUTREACH
Authors: HUDAK KRISTEN
Published: January 2013

This paper explores how the overall development of the financial sector and the regulatory framework impact national levels of microfinance outreach. It finds that microfinance tends to serve more clients in less developed, less competitive financial systems. However, it also finds that the microfinance sector is able to reach more clients where government policy is conducive to business development. These seemingly contradictory findings have important implications for the future of microfinance. On the one hand, the success of microfinance can be strengthened by broader business-oriented reforms. On the other hand, it may lose relevance as the formal financial sector develops and reaches more of the population.
Error bounds and exponential improvement for Hermite's asymptotic expansion for the Gamma function
Authors: Nemes Gergő
Published: January 2013

In this paper we reconsider the asymptotic expansion of the Gamma function
with shifted argument, which is the generalization of the well-known
Stirling series. To our knowledge, no explicit error bounds exist in the
literature for this expansion. Therefore, the first aim of this paper is to
extend the known error estimates of Stirling?s series to this general case.
The second aim is to give exponentially-improved asymptotics for this
asymptotic series.
Synthetic and Bio-Artificial Tactile Sensing: A Review
Authors: Lucarotti Chiara , Oddo Calogero , Vitiello Nicola , Carrozza Maria
Published: January 2013

This paper reviews the state of the art of artificial tactile sensing, with a particular focus on bio-hybrid and fully-biological approaches. To this aim, the study of physiology of the human sense of touch and of the coding mechanisms of tactile information is a significant starting point, which is briefly explored in this review. Then, the progress towards the development of an artificial sense of touch are investigated. Artificial tactile sensing is analysed with respect to the possible approaches to fabricate the outer interface layer: synthetic skin versus bio-artificial skin. With particular respect to the synthetic skin approach, a brief overview is provided on various technologies and transduction principles that can be integrated beneath the skin layer. Then, the main focus moves to approaches characterized by the use of bio-artificial skin as an outer layer of the artificial sensory system. Within this design solution for the skin, bio-hybrid and fully-biological tactile sensing systems are thoroughly presented: while significant results have been reported for the development of tissue engineered skins, the development of mechanotransduction units and their integration is a recent trend that is still lagging behind, therefore requiring research efforts and investments. In the last part of the paper, application domains and perspectives of the reviewed tactile sensing technologies are discussed.
Primary myelofibrosis: 2013 update on diagnosis, risk‐stratification, and management
Authors: Tefferi Ayalew
Published: January 2013

Disease overview

Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by stem cell‐derived clonal myeloproliferation, abnormal cytokine expression, bone marrow fibrosis, anemia, splenomegaly, extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH), constitutional symptoms, cachexia, leukemic progression, and shortened survival.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is based on bone marrow morphology. The presence of fibrosis,JAK2/MPLmutation, or +9/13q− cytogenetic abnormality is supportive but not essential for diagnosis. PrefibroticPMFmimics essential thrombocythemia in its presentation and the distinction is prognostically relevant. Differential diagnosis of myelofibrosis should include chronic myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, and acute myeloid leukemia.

Risk stratification

The Dynamic International Prognostic Scoring System‐plus (DIPSS‐plus) prognostic model forPMFcan be applied at any point during the disease course and uses eight independent predictors of inferior survival: age >65 years, hemoglobin <10 g/dL, leukocytes >25 × 109/L, circulating blasts ≥1%, constitutional symptoms, red cell transfusion dependency, platelet count <100 × 109/L, and unfavorable karyotype (i.e., complex karyotype or sole or two abnormalities that include +8, −7/7q−, i(17q), inv(3), −5/5q−, 12p−, or 11q23 rearrangement). The presence of 0, 1, “2 or 3,” and ≥4 adverse factors defines low, intermediate‐1, intermediate‐2, and high‐risk disease with median survivals of approximately 15.4, 6.5, 2.9, and 1.3 years, respectively. A >80% two‐year mortality is predicted by monosomal karyotype, inv(3)/i(17q) abnormalities, or any two of circulating blasts >9%, leukocytes ≥40 × 109/L or other unfavorable karyotype. Most recently, mutations involvingASXL1,SRSF2,EZH2, andIDH1/2or increased plasma IL‐2R, IL‐8, or serum‐free light chain levels have been shown to adversely affect survival.

Risk‐adapted therapy

Observation alone is adequate for asymptomatic low/intermediate‐1 risk disease. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is often considered for high risk disease. Conventional or experimental drug therapy is reasonable for symptomatic intermediate‐1 or intermediate‐2 risk disease; however,ASCTis an acceptable treatment option for such patients in the presence ofASXL1or other prognostically adverse mutations. Splenectomy and low‐dose radiotherapy are used for drug‐refractory splenomegaly. Radiotherapy is also used for the treatment of non‐hepatosplenicEMH,PMF‐associated pulmonary hypertension, and extremity bone pain. Am. J. Hematol. 88:141–150, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Adverse events rates and risk factors in adults undergoing cardiac catheterization at pediatric hospitals—results from the C3PO
Authors: Learn Christopher P. , Holzer Ralf J. , Daniels Curt J. , Torres Alejandro J. , Vincent Julie A. , Moore John W. , Armsby Laurie B. , Landzberg Michael J. , Bergersen Lisa
Published: January 2013

Objective

Determine the frequency and risk factors for adverse events (AE) for adults undergoing cardiac catheterization at pediatric hospitals.

Background

Adult catheterization AE rates at pediatric hospitals are not well understood. The Congenital Cardiac Catheterization Project on Outcomes (C3PO) collects data on all catheterizations at eight pediatric institutions.

Methods

Adult (≥18 years) case characteristics and AE were reviewed and compared with those of pediatric (<18 years) cases. Cases were classified into procedure risk categories from 1 to 4 based on highest risk procedure/intervention performed. AE were categorized by level of severity. Using a multivariate model for high severity AE (HSAE), standardized AE rates (SAER) were calculated by dividing the observed rates of HSAE by the expected rates.

Results

2,061 cases (15% of total) were performed on adults and 11,422 cases (85%) were performed on children. Adults less frequently underwent high‐risk procedure category cases than children (19% vs. 30%). AE occurred in 10% of adult cases and 13% of pediatric cases (P < 0.001). HSAE occurred in 4% of adult and 5% of pediatric cases (P = 0.006). Procedure‐type risk category (Category 2, 3, 4 OR = 4.8, 6.0, 12.9) and systemic ventricle end diastolic pressure ≥ 18 mm Hg (OR 3.1) were associated with HSAE, c statistic 0.751. There were no statistically significant differences in SAER among institutions.

Conclusions

Adults undergoing catheterization at pediatric hospitals encountered AE less frequently than children did. The congenital heart disease adjustment for risk method for adults with congenital heart disease is a new tool for assessing procedural risk in adult patients. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of 2‐Hydroxy‐1,4‐oxazin‐3‐ones through Ring Transformation of 3‐Hydroxy‐4‐(1,2‐dihydroxyethyl)‐β‐lactams and a Study of Their Reactivity
Authors: Mollet Karen , Goossens Hannelore , Piens Nicola , Catak Saron , Waroquier Michel , Törnroos Karl W. , Van Speybroeck Veronique , D'hooghe Matthias , De Kimpe Norbert
Published: January 2013

The reactivity of 3‐hydroxy‐4‐(1,2‐dihydroxyethyl)‐β‐lactams with regard to the oxidant sodium periodate was evaluated, unexpectedly resulting in the exclusive formation of new 2‐hydroxy‐1,4‐oxazin‐3‐ones through a C3C4 bond cleavage of the intermediate 4‐formyl‐3‐hydroxy‐β‐lactams followed by a ring expansion. This peculiar transformation stands in sharp contrast with the known NaIO4‐mediated oxidation of 3‐alkoxy‐ and 3‐phenoxy‐4‐(1,2‐dihydroxyethyl)‐β‐lactams, which exclusively leads to the corresponding 4‐formyl‐β‐lactams without a subsequent ring enlargement. In addition, this new class of functionalized oxazin‐3‐ones was further evaluated for its potential use as building blocks in the synthesis of a variety of differently substituted oxazin‐3‐ones, morpholin‐3‐ones and pyrazinones. Furthermore, additional insights into the mechanism and the factors governing this new ring‐expansion reaction were provided by means of density functional theory calculations.
The impacts of standard wall function and drag model on the turbulent modelling of gas–particle flow in a circulating fluidised bed riser
Authors: Liu H. , Biglari M. , Elkamel A. , Lohi A.
Published: January 2013

A transient turbulence model was applied to simulate the gas–particle system in a circulating fluidised bed riser. The k–epsilon turbulent equations coupled with the fluctuating energy equation were used to simulate the gas–particle system in a riser. The simulation results were validated by the experimental data of a CFB system. A grid study was implemented to examine the impact of grid discretisation. A comparison between the conventional drag models and the EMMS model was also conducted. Other factors, like the restitution coefficient particle to particle, was also found to have a significant impact on the turbulence model. © 2013 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
The transverse musculocutaneous gracilis flap for chest wall reconstruction in male patients with Poland's syndrome
Authors: Wechselberger Gottfried , Hladik Michaela , Reichl Heike , Ensat Florian , Edelbauer Monika , Haug Daniel , Schoeller Thomas
Published: January 2013

Poland's syndrome represents a congenital unilateral deformity of the breast, chest wall, and upper limb with extremely variable manifestations. In most cases, the problem is mainly cosmetic, and the reconstruction of the chest wall should use a method designed to be performed easily and to achieve minimal scarring and donor site morbidity. We describe using a transverse musculocutaneous gracilis (TMG) flap for chest wall and anterior maxillary fold reconstruction in three male patients. In two patients, only the pectoralis major muscle was missing. In the third case, the ipsilateral latissimus dorsi muscle was also absent. The indication for surgical treatment was purely cosmetic. In all patients, a free TMG flap was performed to reconstruct the anterior axillary fold and the soft tissue defect. There was no flap loss, and all three patients had a clearly improved appearance of the chest wall. In this article, we demonstrate our experience with the use of a TMG flap for chest wall reconstruction in male patients with Poland's syndrome. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2013.
Biases in the selection stage of bottom‐up strategy formulation
Authors: Reitzig Markus , Sorenson Olav
Published: January 2013

We propose that the failure to adopt an idea or innovation can arise from an in‐group bias among employees within an organizational subunit that leads the subunit's members to undervalue systematically ideas associated with members of the organization outside their subunit. Such biases in internal selection processes can stymie organizational adaptation and therefore depress the performance of the firm. Analyzing data on innovation proposals inside a large, multinational consumer goods firm, we find that evaluators are biased in favor of ideas submitted by individuals that work in the same division and facility as they do, particularly when they belong to small or high‐status subunits. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
A lacustrine sedimentary record of Holocene periglacial activity from the Uinta Mountains, Utah, U.S.A.
Authors: Munroe Jeffrey S. , Klem Catherine M. , Bigl Matthew F.
Published: January 2013

A lake sediment core from the Uinta Mountains of northern Utah was analyzed to constrain the timing of late Holocene periglacial activity. Records of numerous physical properties were converted to time series spanning the past 5300 years using a depth-age model based on four AMS 14C dates. Long-term decreases in organic content and increases in bulk density attest to increasing inputs of clastic sediment. Abundance of mineral P, signaling physical bedrock weathering, reaches maximum values ca. 2900, 2150, and 1400 cal yr BP, coincident with finer median grain size and a shift toward darker red sediment. These peaks, interpreted as signals of periglacial activity, align with pulses of rock glacier activity in Colorado determined from lichenometry. The youngest peak coincides with lichenometric ages previously determined for periglacial deposits upstream from the lake. A pulse of renewed periglacial activity ca. 400 cal yr BP represents the Little Ice Age. The late 20th century witnessed extremely high values of organic matter and biogenic silica, and unprecedented low values of C:N, reflecting greatly enhanced in-lake productivity, likely due to disturbance in the watershed.
Leviticus on how to make and distribute profit
Authors: Shapiro Brian P. , Cohen Norman M. , Naughton Michael
Published: January 2013

Purpose

Leviticus is an important source of moral reflection in Western culture. This paper applies passages from Leviticus 19 and its Rabbinic and medieval commentaries to modern day management education and practice. The purpose of this paper is to explore Leviticus 19's concern with the economic, moral, and spiritual dimensions of how to make and allocate profit. The paper highlights the implications of this distinction for management education through the use of cases and classic essays.

Design/methodology/approach

The analysis applies two passages from Leviticus 19 and their later commentaries: Leviticus 19:9‐10, on leaving the gleanings of one's harvest (e.g., the modern equivalent of profit) for the poor; and Leviticus 19:14, on not placing a stumbling block before the blind (e.g., the modern equivalent of the financially illiterate and morally blind). This analysis extends these texts to the social and economic circumstances of modern day business.

Findings

Leviticus 19's moral vision understands profit making and distribution in relation to the poor and other stakeholders. In addition, this interpretation of Leviticus 19 within the Jewish tradition provides a richer moral rationale than instrumentalism can give for taking prudent steps to protect both investors and the disadvantaged members of society.

Originality/value

The paper extends the interpretation of Leviticus 19 and its commentaries to how modern day profits should be made and distributed to the disadvantaged members of society. These concerns address the social responsibilities of managers and the education of future business leaders who will prudently examine their professional obligations.
Forest land rights, tenure types, and farmers' investment incentives in China
Authors: Qin Ping , Xu Jintao
Published: January 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of land rights and tenure types on farmers' investment behavior in Chinese collective forests, using household survey data from Fujian Province.

Design/methodology/approach

In this study, the authors conducted a household survey in Fujian province of 520 randomly selected forest farmers. The authors used a random‐effects Tobit model to estimate the impact of land rights and other components on, for example, tenure security and harvest quota, and the impact of tenure types on farmers' investment incentives.

Findings

This study produced three main findings: perceived tenure security in the context of frequent agricultural land redistribution negatively affects input intensity; farmers still perceive some tenure arrangements to be more uncertain than others, which discourages them from undertaking investments on such plots; and the harvest quota regulation, introduced to conserve forest stock, has in fact acted as a disincentive in forestry management.

Originality/value

Almost all previous studies are based on national or regional data, which have primarily focused on the links between tenure types and investment incentives. In this study, based on the plot‐level data, the authors are able to assess not only the impacts of tenure types but also how specific land rights and their components affect farmers' investment behavior.
Varved sediments of Lake Yoa (Ounianga Kebir, Chad) reveal progressive drying of the Sahara during the last 6100 years
Authors: Francus Pierre , von Suchodoletz Hans , Dietze Michael , Donner Reik V. , Bouchard Frédéric , Roy Ann‐Julie , Fagot Maureen , Verschuren Dirk , Kröpelin Stefan
Published: January 2013

The sedimentological and geochemical properties of a 7·47 m long laminated sequence from hypersaline Lake Yoa in northern Chad have been investigated, representing a unique, continuous 6100 year long continental record of climate and environmental change in the eastern Central Sahara. These data were used to reconstruct the Mid to Late Holocene history of this currently hyper‐arid region, in order to address the question of whether the Mid Holocene environmental transition from a humid to a dry Sahara was progressive or abrupt. This study involved a suite of analyses, including petrographic and scanning electron microscope examination of thin sections, X‐ray diffraction, X‐radiography, granulometry, loss on ignition and magnetic susceptibility. The potential of micro‐X‐ray fluorescence core scanning was tested at very high resolution. Detailed microscopic investigation revealed the sedimentary processes responsible for the formation of the fine laminations, identified the season during which they were formed, and confirmed their annually rhythmic nature. High‐resolution X‐ray fluorescence core scanning allowed the distinction of each individual lamination over the entire record, opening new perspectives for the study of finely laminated sediment sequences. Geochemical and mineralogical data reveal that, due to decreasing monsoon rainfall combined with continuous and strong evaporation, the hydrologically open and fresh Mid Holocene Lake Yoa slowly evolved into the present‐day hypersaline brine depleted in calcium, which has existed for about the past 1050 years. During the oldest part of the investigated period, Lake Yoa probably contained a permanently stratified lower water column that was nevertheless disrupted relatively frequently by mixing events. Deep‐water anoxia became more stable because of increased salinity‐driven density stratification. In parallel, the sediment grain‐size proxies record a progressive increase of aeolian input in the course of the last 6100 years. Altogether, all geochemical and sedimentological indicators point to a progressive drying of the eastern Central Sahara, strengthening previous conclusions based on palaeoecological indicators.
The development of risky attitudes from pre-driving to fully-qualified driving
Authors: Rowe Richard , Maughan Barbara , Gregory Alice M , Eley Thalia C
Published: January 2013

Background

Young drivers are at increased crash risk as a result of adopting risky driving styles. The present work examines the development of risky attitudes from pre-driving to fully-qualified driving, focussing on speed related attitudes.

Methods

Data were drawn from a UK longitudinal study of adolescent behaviour development in the general population (the G1219 study). At baseline (modal age 17 years) there were 1596 participants, only 18% of whom were fully-qualified drivers. At follow-up (modal age 20 years) 64% were fully-qualified drivers. Attitudes to driving violations, particularly speeding, were measured in all participants at both assessments. Self-reported driving violations, also related to speeding, were measured in fully-qualified drivers at follow-up.

Results

Attitudes became riskier with driver training/experience. Baseline attitudes measured in pre-drivers did not independently predict violations in those that had become fully-qualified drivers at follow-up. The attitudes of learner and fully-qualified drivers at baseline independently predicted violations at follow-up.

Conclusions

These results indicate that the driver training period offers a promising opportunity for interventions to develop safer driving attitudes.
What Is Cush Doing in Amos 9:7? The Poetics of Exodus in the Plural
Authors: Strawn Brent A.
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Most scholars believe that Cush is mentioned in Amos 9:7 because it is a remote place, and that Cush’s geographical distance is thus the point of its comparison with Israel in this verse. The present essay argues instead that the verse displays a complex poetic structure (comparable to, but not identical with, aspects of staircase parallelism, synonymous-sequential parallelism, and sorites) which connects Cush to the exodus activities of Yahweh mentioned later in the verse. A Cushite “migration” that is akin to those of Israel, the Philistines, and Aram, can be found in the 25th Dynasty, which is contemporaneous with the horizon of the prophet Amos and his book.
Apologia pro libro meo Neuer Bund in Jer 31,31-34
Authors: Schenker Adrian
Published: January 2013

Abstract

This short note is a reaction to a book by Frank Crüsemann, in which in he criticizes A. Schenker’s treatment of the New Covenant in Jeremiah 31 (MT and LXX).
Temperature changes of the past 2000 yr in China and comparison with Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Ge Q. , Hao Z. , Zheng J. , Shao X.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. In this paper, we use principal components and partial least squares regression analysis to reconstruct a composite profile of temperature variations in China, and the associated uncertainties, at a decadal resolution over the past 2000 yr. Our aim is to contribute a new temperature time series to the paleoclimatic strand of the Asia2K working group, which is part of the PAGES (Past Global Changes) project. The reconstruction was developed using proxy temperature data, with relatively high confidence levels, from five locations across China, and an observed temperature dataset provided by Chinese Meteorological Administration covering the decades from the 1870s to the 1990s. Relative to the 1870s–1990s climatology, our two reconstructions both show three warm intervals during the 270s–390s, 1080s–1210s, and after the 1920s; temperatures in the 260s–400s, 560s–730s and 970s–1250s were comparable with those of the Present Warm Period. Temperature variations over China are typically in phase with those of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) after 1100, a period which covers the Medieval Climate Anomaly, Little Ice Age, and Present Warm Period. The recent rapid warming trend that developed between the 1840s and the 1930s occurred at a rate of 0.91° C/100 yr. The temperature difference between the cold spell (−0.74° C in the 1650s) during the Little Ice Age, and the warm peak of the Present Warm Period (0.08° C in the 1990s) is 0.82° C at a centennial time scale.
Albedo and heat transport in 3-dimensional model simulations of the early Archean climate
Authors: Kienert H. , Feulner G. , Petoukhov V.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. At the beginning of the Archean eon (ca. 3.8 billion yr ago), the Earth's climate state was significantly different from today due to the lower solar luminosity, smaller continental fraction, higher rotation rate and, presumably, significantly larger greenhouse gas concentrations. All these aspects play a role in solutions to the "faint young Sun problem" which must explain why the ocean surface was not fully frozen at that time. Here, we present 3-dimensional model simulations of climate states that are consistent with early Archean boundary conditions and have different CO2 concentrations, aiming at an understanding of the fundamental characteristics of the early Archean climate system. We focus on three states: one of them is ice-free, one has the same mean surface air temperature of 288 K as today's Earth and the third one is the coldest stable state in which there is still an area with liquid surface water (i.e. the critical state at the transition to a "snowball Earth"). We find a reduction in meridional heat transport compared to today which leads to a steeper latitudinal temperature profile and has atmospheric as well as oceanic contributions. Ocean surface velocities are largely zonal, and the strength of the atmospheric meridional circulation is significantly reduced in all three states. These aspects contribute to the observed relation between global mean temperature and albedo, which we suggest as a parameterisation of the ice-albedo feedback for 1-dimensional model simulations of the early Archean and thus the faint young Sun problem.