bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vegetable Farmer’s Awareness and Perception of Pesticides on the Environment and Health in Eastern Sri Lanka
Authors: Sivarajah Ponniah
Published: June 2019

In Sri Lanka excessive use of pesticides in paddy and vegetable farming has caused much concern in terms of its impact on the environment and humans. A study was done in Eastern Sri Lanka to find out vegetable farmer’s awareness of hazard levels of pesticides, perception of pesticide impact on the environment and their health, and awareness about different methods of pest control among farmers. A multi-staged random sample of 96 vegetable farmers in five Agrarian Service Center ranges in the Eastern Province of Sri Lanka was studied, during October to November 2017, using a structured questionnaire. Frequencies estimation and Chi Square tests were done to find relationships. The results indicated that the degree of awareness on the hazardous levels of pesticides was minimal, but their perceptions on the impacts of the pesticides on the environment, humans, animals and on food items sold was high among the vegetable farmers. There was a significant spatial variation in knowledge on hazardous level of pesticides used in vegetable production. Significant differences existed between areas studied on the perception of farmers of the impact of pesticides on humans, animals, food and environment. Most of the farmers were aware about crop rotation, chemical control and manual control methods to get rid of pests. Only a low percentage of farmers were aware about biological control, cultural control and seed treatment to curtail pest attack. There were significant spatial differences in farmers’ awareness on available pest control methods. Policy makers and institutions intervening to regulate pesticides usage need to adopt multiple strategies to create awareness on the impact of pesticides on humans and the environment, through designing policies to enhance farm extension services and to encourage adoption of alternative methods of pest control.
A Five Years Retrospective Study on Etiology and Clinical Analysis of Meningitis in St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College Pediatric Ward from 2012-2016
Authors: Ayele Ermias Getaneh , Bitew Zebenay Workneh , Assefa Kibir Temesgen , Tura Teshome Gishu , Mezemir Rahel
Published: June 2019

Meningitis is the sever CNS pyogenic infections which primarily affects infants and children. Ethiopia is one of the countries where meningitis is endemic and frequent episodes of meningococcal epidemics are very common in the dry season (December to June).

The main purpose of this study was to identify determinants and clinical analysis of meningitis in pediatrics ward admitted to St.Paul’s hospital millennium medical college pediatrics wards from 2012-2016.

A retrospective study on etiology and clinical analysis of meningitis was conducted at the pediatric unit. The study population was all pediatric patients admitted with meningitis that were presented in ward during the study period. Those fulfilling the mentioned inclusion criteria were included. The data were collected using a structured format in September /2016.

From the study population 95 cases fulfilled the inclusion criteria and 64 & 31 of them were males and females, respectively making a male to female ratio of 2:1. The most significant seasonal variation was observed for N. meningitidis having high incidence in the 2nd quarter (April to June). In the dry season 18 cases were diagnosed using the culture results. Culture findings also revealed that S. pneumonia was one of the commonest causes of bacterial meningitis. The most common symptom was fever with high grade fever (>38oC) recorded in 84 (88.4%) of cases. Most (65.5 %). of clients were recovered from meningitis at the end of the treatment where as death was the second outcome with 17(20.2 %) cases ended up with death. Neurological or other complications  were seen  in 9(10.7 %) cases.
Pertussis Immunity 5 Years After Booster Vaccination With Recombinant Pertussis Vaccines
Authors: Pitisuttithum Punnee , Sirivichayakul Chukiat , Dhitavat Jittima , Pitisuthitham Arom , Mansouri Souad , Pham Hong Thai
Published: December 2024

This cohort study compares levels of immunity 5 years after vaccination among adolescents given genetically detoxified pertussis boosters with those given chemically inactivated pertussis boosters.
Customizable Twisted Nanofluidic Cellulose Fibers by Asymmetric Microfluidics for Self‐Powered Urine Monitoring
Authors: Lin Zewan , Fu Xiaotong , Yang Tingting , Jiao Chenlu , Zheng Ke , Feng Qichun , Zhu Shuze , Zhou Xiang , Liu Zunfeng , Ye Dongdong
Published: December 2024

The unique selective ion‐transport characteristics of nanofluids make them applicable in energy harvesting and sensing. However, developing scalable, self‐powered nanofluidic devices remains challenging due to high cost, processing complexity, and reliance on external power sources. In this work, surface‐twisted, internally aligned algae fibers (twisted fibers) are fabricated using an asymmetric flow field to regulate the assembly process of the algae cellulose nanofibers. Unlike aligned fibers from the symmetrical process, asymmetric flow‐mediated twisted fibers exhibit a significantly reduced diameter (33.6–20.4 µm), increased packing density (0.87–1.47 g cm−3), superior fractured stress (249.4–468.5 MPa), and an enhanced Herman's orientation parameter (from 0.77 to 0.89). Importantly, twisted fibers demonstrate energy‐harvesting up to 12.87 W m−2 under a 50‐fold salinity gradient and can serve as self‐powered urine monitors, effectively distinguishing infants' urination from motility behaviors and alerting urine saturation due to high ionic conductivity (7.8 mS cm−1) at dilute electrolyte concentrations. This study provides a novel design concept for a self‐powered biomass‐based nanofluidic health sensing system.
Electrolyte Engineering of Hard Carbon for Sodium‐Ion Batteries: From Mechanism Analysis to Design Strategies
Authors: Cui Keying , Hou Ruilin , Zhou Haoshen , Guo Shaohua
Published: December 2024

The hard carbon (HC) anodes with desirable electrochemical performances including high initial Coulombic efficiency, superior rate performance and long‐term cycling play an indispensable role in the practical application of sodium ion batteries (SIBs), which are closely related to the electrolytes them matched. Fully analyzing the mechanism of electrolyte engineering for HC anodes is crucial for promoting the commercialization of SIBs, but is still lacking. In this review, the correlation between physicochemical properties of the electrolyte and the electrochemical performance of HC is first summarized. And point out the crucial role of electrolyte properties, including ion conductivity, de‐solvation energy, and interface passivation ability for the Na+ storage in HC. Then, the formation process, composition, as well as structure of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on HC surface are mainly discussed, and the structure‐activity relationship of SEI is analyzed in depth. Moreover, based on the mechanism analysis, relevant electrolyte design strategies have been summarized. Finally, the challenges and future development directions of the electrolyte engineering of HC are proposed. This review is expected to provide professional theoretical guidance for the development of electrolyte and contribute to the rational design of high‐performance HC anodes, promoting the industrialization of SIBs.
Liquid Crystal Elastomer for Compression Therapy
Authors: Dong Gaoweiang , Zhao Fangchen , Gao Zongyu , Cai Shengqiang
Published: December 2024

Compression therapy is a widely used treatment for various disorders including venous leg ulcers. Traditional methods such as inelastic bandages and elastic stockings, have limitations in maintaining optimal pressure over time. Dynamic therapy devices offer intermittent pressure cycles but are often bulky or rigid. Here liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) is proposed for both static and dynamic compression therapy. Due to the soft elasticity of polydomain LCE, LCE‐based static stocking can maintain consistent pressure over a wide range of leg diameters, permitting the tolerance of stocking application inconsistencies, various limb sizes, and interfacial pressure drop due to leg deswelling. The LCE‐based dynamic stocking consists of monodomain LCEs with reversible thermal actuation, heating elements, and electronics. The dynamic stocking generates intermittent pressure from 20 to 60 mmHg with a slight temperature increase above 33 °C and offers pressure profile programmability. Furthermore, an untethered LCE‐based dynamic compression device on a human leg is demonstrated. Both LCE‐based static and dynamic stockings show minimal stress relaxation and reusability over 1000 cycles, ensuring long‐term use in compression therapy applications.
Constructing Highly Porous Low Iridium Anode Catalysts Via Dealloying for Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers
Authors: Liang Jiashun , Fu Cehuang , Hwang Sooyeon , Dun Chaochao , Luo Liuxuan , Shadike Zulipiya , Shen Shuiyun , Zhang Junliang , Xu Hui , Wu Gang
Published: December 2024

Iridium (Ir) is the most active and durable anode catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) for proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWEs). However, their large‐scale applications are hindered by high costs and scarcity of Ir. Lowering Ir loadings below 1.0 mgcm−2 causes significantly reduced PEMWE performance and durability. Therefore, developing efficient low Ir‐based catalysts is critical to widely commercializing PEMWEs. Herein, an approach is presented for designing porous Ir metal aerogel (MA) catalysts via chemically dealloying IrCu alloys. The unique hierarchical pore structures and multiple channels of the Ir MA catalyst significantly increase electrochemical surface area (ECSA) and enhance OER activity compared to conventional Ir black catalysts, providing an effective solution to design low‐Ir catalysts with improved Ir utilization and enhanced stability. An optimized membrane electrode assembly (MEA) with an Ir loading of 0.5 mgIr cm−2 generated 2.0 A cm−2 at 1.79 V, higher than the Ir black at a loading of 2.0 mgIr cm−2 (1.63 A cm−2). The low‐Ir MEA demonstrated an acceptable decay rate of ≈40 µV h−1 during durability tests at 0.5 (>1200 h) and 2.0 A cm−2 (400 h), outperforming the commercial Ir‐based MEA (175 µV h−1 at 2.0 mgIr cm−2).
Phase Engineering of Giant Second Harmonic Generation in Bi2O2Se
Authors: Lou Zhefeng , Zhao Yingjie , Gong Zhihao , Zhu Ziye , Wu Mengqi , Wang Tao , Wang Jialu , Qi Haoyu , Zuo Huakun , Xu Zhuokai , Shen Jichuang , Wang Zhiwei , Li Lan , Xu Shuigang , Kong Wei , Li Wenbin , Zheng Xiaorui , Wang Hua , Lin Xiao
Published: December 2024

2D materials with remarkable second‐harmonic generation (SHG) hold promise for future on‐chip nonlinear optics. Relevant materials with both giant SHG response and environmental stability are long‐sought targets. Here, the enormous SHG from the phase engineering of a high‐performance semiconductor, Bi2O2Se (BOS), under uniaxial strain, is demonstrated. SHG signals captured in strained 20 nm‐BOS films exceed those of NbOI2 and NbOCl2 of similar thickness by a factor of 10, and are four orders of magnitude higher than monolayer‐MoS2, resulting in a significant second‐order nonlinear susceptibility on the order of 1 nm V−1. Intriguingly, the strain enables continuous adjustment of the ferroelectric phase transition across room temperature. An exceptionally large tunability of SHG, approximately six orders of magnitude, is achieved through strain modulation. This colossal SHG, originating from the geometric phase of Bloch wave functions and coupled with sensitive strain tunability in this air‐stable 2D semiconductor, opens new possibilities for designing chip‐scale, switchable nonlinear optical devices.
Molecules to Masterpieces: Bridging Materials Science and the Arts
Authors: Kohle Ferdinand F. E. , Sai Hiroaki , Tait William R. T. , Beaucage Peter A. , Susca Ethan M. , Thedford R. Paxton , Wiesner Ulrich B.
Published: December 2024

Art and materials innovation have always been intertwined, dating back to the earliest human creations. In modern times, however, the increasing specialization of materials science often restricts artists' access to cutting‐edge materials. Here, the materials science aspects of an art‐science collaboration between artist Kimsooja and the Wiesner Lab at Cornell University, are detailed. The project involves the development of a custom‐made iridescent block copolymer coating by means of self‐assembly, originally applied to transparent window panels of a façade for the ≈14 m tall art installation: A Needle Woman: Galaxy Is a Memory, Earth is a Souvenir by artist Kimsooja. After several exhibitions in the US and Europe, the installation is now part of the permanent museum collection at Yorkshire Sculpture Park in Wakefield, UK. Full characterization of the solution blade‐cast coatings show shear aligned, standing up lamellar morphologies that behave as volume‐phase gratings with periodicities between 300 and 400 nm. Coatings are also applied to foldable (origami) paper and converted into iridescent porous ceramic materials. It is hoped this work inspires and informs communities across materials science, the arts, and architecture.
3D‐Assembled Bionic Tactile Sensing “Skin” for Soft Machines
Authors: Zhang Ruiping , Chen Yihao , Wang Ziheng , Liang Ziwei , Ma Yinji , Chen Ying , Feng Xue
Published: December 2024

Soft machines such as bionic soft robotics attract tremendous interest. Environmental awareness between the “skin” of robotics and the contact surface is essential for motion control. Contact sensing requires not only bionic tactile perception but also high adaptability to their skin's soft nature. However, most tactile sensors can only measure normal pressure and are not adapted to large‐area soft surfaces. Here, a multi‐directional bionic tactile sensing “skin” (MBT‐Skin) for soft machines is developed. The skin can detect pressure and friction simultaneously with its 3D structure. Through curvature‐controlled transfer printing and multi‐step 3D assembly, multiple 3D structures with a small size (1.4 mm × 1.2 mm × 4 mm) are fabricated efficiently. The sensor possesses high sensitivity (P: −0.013N−1; f: 0.036 N−1), good linearity (P: R2 = 0.990; f: R2 = 0.999), and robust repeatability (≈1000). For MBT‐Skin, stretchable interconnections are designed to adapt to the large skin deformation of soft machines. It is mounted on a soft snake‐like cylinder and detects multi‐direction force mimicking tactile perception during soft robotics movement. The results show that MBT‐Skin is capable of detecting pressure and friction with minimal interference from machine bending, which demonstrates its potential future applications in environmental awareness for bionic soft robotics.
From Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries to High‐Performance Supercapacitors: Enabling Universal Gradient Recycling via Spin Capacitance
Authors: Liao Shuxuan , Qin Lihao , Niu Yize , Xie Mingming , Liu Rui , Bu Zeyuan , Fu Haoyu , Meng Xianyi , Zhang Weiye , Liu Guopeng , Hu Yuxiang , Li Qiang
Published: December 2024

Driven by environmental imperatives and the growing economic challenges posed by the accumulation of spent batteries, developing effective recycling strategies has become paramount. Current direct battery recycling methodologies primarily focus on structural restoration, but the universality of this approach is hampered by the variability in electrode degradation mechanisms and the extent of irreversible damage sustained after cycling. To overcome these inherent limitations, this research introduces a universally applicable in situ recycling strategy that rejuvenates the metal components within batteries. Through an in situ facile electrochemical treatment, the cathode material is engineered to create a nanostructured interface composed of transition metal/lithium compounds, enhancing intrinsic electron/ion conduction and enabling substantial charge storage with accelerated transfer capabilities. Furthermore, operando magnetometry reveals that the energy storage mechanism aligns with a space charge mechanism, manifesting as spin‐polarized capacitance. As proof of concept, the recycled LiFePO4‐based batteries are in situ converted into high‐performance supercapacitors, boasting an energy density of 106 Wh kg−1 and a power density of 10,714 W kg−1, alongside impressive cycling stability with 91.3% capacitance retention after 2000 cycles. This approach demonstrates feasibility with LiFePO4 and extends to other commercial cathodes such as LiCoO2, LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2, and even their blends, offering a groundbreaking solution for lithium‐ion battery recycling.
Efficient Passive Cooling Over a Novel Bifunctional Polymer Bilayer Composite Simultaneously Possessing Radiative and Evaporative Cooling Properties
Authors: Xin Qingxi , Ma Benchi , Ru Jiaying , Zhou Yu , Jing Dengwei
Published: December 2024

Passive cooling technologies being free from additional energy consumption, offer significant advantages in reducing carbon emissions and mitigating global warming. However, radiative cooling has a thermodynamic limit, and evaporative cooling requires additional components, which restricts their large‐scale application, respectively. Herein, a radiative/evaporative bifunctional cooling bilayer is presented, featuring an upper layer composed of poly(vinylidene fluoride‐cohexafluoropropene) [P(VdF‐HFP)] integrated with a hygroscopic hydrogel lower layer [polyacrylamide (PAAm)/alginate‐CaCl2]. High solar reflectance (0.916) and long‐wave infrared emittance (0.900) of the P(VdF‐HFP) combined with hydrogel evaporation enable a notable 15.4 °C temperature drop under 706.3 W·m−2 solar radiation. The bilayer is demonstrated to be effective under outdoor conditions for continuous three cloudy days, achieving an average temperature reduction ranging from 6.3 to 15.7 °C. Considering the low cost and simplicity of the preparation method, ease of large‐scale fabrication, and good cooling performance, this bilayer structure provides a promising strategy for the application of passive cooling.
Cover crops in organic cotton influence greenhouse gas emissions and soil microclimate
Authors: Salehin Sk Musfiq Us , Rajan Nithya , Mowrer Jake , Casey Kenneth D. , Tomlinson Peter , Somenahally Anil , Bagavathiannan Muthu
Published: December 2024

Cover crops in organic cotton systems can offset the carbon loss typically observed in conventional systems. However, their effects on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and soil microclimate are poorly understood. Our objective was to investigate the effects of cover crops on soil carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4) emissions and soil moisture and temperature dynamics in organic cotton systems. To achieve this, we used static chamber techniques with soil sensors in a field study near College Station, TX, from 2020 to 2022. Cover crops tested were oat (Avena sativa L.), Austrian winter pea (Pisum sativum L.) (AWP), turnip (Brassica rapa subsp. rapa), a mixture of all three, and a fallow control. In the first year of organic transition (2020), mixed species treatment enhanced CO2 emission by 39.6%, 34.4%, and 40% than AWP, turnip, and control, respectively. Compared to the control, N2O emissions were lower in AWP, turnip, and oat treatments by 77%, 57.2%, and 53% in 2020. Weed pressure and drought in 2021 and 2022 neutralized cover crops’ effect on soil GHG emissions. Soils generally acted as net CH4 sinks, but the uptake did not differ among the treatments. Cover crops depleted soil moisture during their growing period, but surface residues helped retain more moisture during the cotton season. Compared to fallow, mixed species and AWP were observed to reduce soil temperature fluctuations. Therefore, in transitioning, organic systems effects of cover crops on soil GHG emissions can vary depending on weather, weed management, and the cover crop types.
Ru(II)‐Catalysed Highly Regioselective C6 C‐H/N‐H Annulation of Indole‐7‐carboxamides with Alkynes for the Synthesis of Pyrrolo[3,2‐h]isoquinolin‐9‐ones
Authors: Jadhav Pankaj , Dawande Sudam
Published: December 2024

We disclosed an efficient protocol for regioselective C6 C−H/N−H activation/annulation reaction of indole‐7‐carboxamides with alkynes to synthesize highly substituted pyrrolo[3,2‐h]isoquinolin‐9‐one derivatives. Under optimized reaction conditions, electron‐deficient and electron‐rich internal alkynes reacted efficiently with various indole‐7‐carboxamides to deliver desired products in good to excellent yields. The synthetic utility of the product is demonstrated by its selective oxidation to the corresponding isatin derivative. Deuterium insertion and intermolecular competition experiments were also conducted to gain mechanistic insights.
Cognitive flexibility in autism: How task predictability and sex influence performances
Authors: Lacroix Adeline , Torija Emma , Logemann Alexander , Baciu Monica , Cserjesi Renata , Dutheil Frédéric , Gomot Marie , Mermillod Martial
Published: December 2024

While cognitive flexibility challenges are frequently reported in autistic individuals, inconsistencies in the findings prompt further investigation into the factors influencing this flexibility. We suggest that unique aspects of the predictive brain in autistic individuals might contribute to these challenges, potentially varying by sex. Our study aimed to test these hypotheses by examining cognitive flexibility under different predictability conditions in a sample including a similar number of males and females. We conducted an online study with 263 adults (127 with an autism diagnosis), where participants completed a flexibility task under varying levels of predictability (unpredictable, moderately predictable, and predictable). Our results indicate that as task predictability increases, performance improves; however, the response time gap between autistic and non‐autistic individuals also widens. Moreover, we observe significant differences between autistic males and females, which differ from non‐autistic individuals, highlighting the need to consider sex differences in research related to the cognition of autistic individuals. Overall, our findings contribute to a better understanding of cognitive flexibility and sex differences in autism in light of predictive brain theories and suggest avenues for further research.
Meeting Aerobic Physical Activity Guidelines and Associations With Physical Fitness in Men With Metastatic Prostate Cancer: Baseline Results of the Multicentre INTERVAL‐GAP4 Trial
Authors: Umlauff Lisa , Kenfield Stacey A. , Newton Robert U. , Hart Nicolas H. , Saad Fred , Courneya Kerry S. , Greenwood Rosemary , Bloch Wilhelm ,   INTERVAL‐GAP4 Steering Committee/Coordinating Centres Members/Protocol Development Working Group Members, Schumann Moritz
Published: December 2024

Background

This study compared the physical activity level of men with metastatic prostate cancer at baseline of the multicentre INTERVAL‐GAP4 trial to the American Cancer Society guidelines and examined associations with physical fitness.

Methods

A total of 140 men on androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) were included in this cross‐sectional analysis of baseline data from the INTERVAL‐GAP4 trial. Exclusion criteria included a maximum of 1 h of vigorous aerobic exercise or one structured resistance exercise session per week but no restrictions on habitual physical activity. Moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was assessed using a modified Godin–Shephard Leisure‐Time Physical Activity Questionnaire. Physical fitness measurements included peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), maximal power output (Wmax), 400 m walk time, one‐repetition maximum (1RM) of leg extension, leg press, chest press and seated row, and handgrip strength. Quantile regression was used to analyse associations of MVPA with physical fitness outcomes at the 25th, 50th and 75th percentiles of the physical fitness distributions.

Results

Total self‐reported MVPA was 60 (IQR: 0, 180) min per week, with 29% meeting the aerobic physical activity guidelines. There was a statistically significant association of higher MVPA with higher relative VO2peak at the 25th (β = 0.53, p = 0.020) and 75th percentiles (β = 0.66, p = 0.001), relative Wmax at the 25th (β = 0.05, p = 0.003), 50th (β = 0.05, p = 0.009) and 75th percentiles (β = 0.07, p = 0.004) and reduced 400 m walk time at the 75th percentile (β = −4.26, p = 0.023), with β corresponding to the change in the dependent variable for each one‐hour increase in weekly MVPA.

Conclusion

Few men recruited to the INTERVAL‐GAP4 trial were meeting aerobic physical activity guidelines at baseline. Higher MVPA was associated with better aerobic capacity and walking performance but not maximal strength in men with metastatic prostate cancer on ADT.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02730338; German Clinical Trials Register: DRKS00010310
Highly Selective Cytokine Induction of Nitrated Lipid‐Modified α‐GalCer Derivatives Demonstrating High Binding Affinity to the Lipid Antigen Presenting Molecule CD1d
Authors: Sueyoshi Kodai , Kishi Junichiro , Inuki Shinsuke , Matsumaru Takanori , Fujimoto Yukari
Published: December 2024

Glycolipid antigens are presented by CD1d on antigen‐presenting cells to T cell receptors (TCRs) of natural killer T (NKT) cells, leading to immune responses via cytokine induction. Although various lipid antigens have been found, there are only a limited number of glycolipid antigens having selective cytokine induction. In this study, we identified the glycolipids (α‐GalCer nitro‐type) that exhibit highly selective induction of Th2 and Th17 type cytokines, with very high binding affinity to CD1d, by introducing nature‐inspired nitro‐modified fatty acyl groups. The natural nitroalkene moiety of fatty acyl groups in the glycolipids effectively enhances the affinity to CD1d through presumed hydrogen‐bonding and NO2–π interactions, leading to the distinctive function in cytokine induction and selectivity.
Synthesis of an Unsymmetrical Dialumane and Kinetic Analysis of its Alkene Insertion
Authors: Yamanashi Ryotaro , Mizutani Kanata , Yamashita Makoto
Published: December 2024

An unsymmetrical dialumane was synthesized by the reaction of a nucleophilic alumanyl anion with a bromoalumane and it was structurally characterized to show the existence of the Et2O‐coordination to the Al atom. The reactivity of the obtained Al−Al bond toward ethylene and styrene was examined, and the resulting insertion products underwent subsequent reactions. The reaction of the dialumane with styrene was decelerated by an addition of Et2O, suggesting that an Et2O dissociation occurred before the alkene insertion, which can be distinguished from an associative mechanism involving a five‐coordinated Al intermediate.
Study on Internal Standards Applicable to the Detection of Recombinant Erythropoietin
Authors: Niu Chengshuai , Liu Kaifeng , Liu Xinchao , He Sen , Zhou Xinmiao
Published: December 2024

With the discovery of the variant c.577del in the EPO gene, the procedure for detecting the presence of recombinant erythropoietin (rEPO) has become complicated and time‐consuming. To address this situation, an rEPO confirmation method that uses reverse‐normal immunopurification coupled with western blotting (WB) and sodium N‐lauroylsarcosinate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SAR‐PAGE), which can detect the EPO variant (VAR‐EPO) and rEPO with anti‐VAR‐EPO and anti‐EPO antibodies, has been developed. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an internal standard (IS) that can be recognized by an anti‐VAR‐EPO antibody to monitor reverse immunopurification, ensuring the reliability and accuracy of the analysis. In this study, we constructed an IS based on VAR‐EPO modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and then assessed its reliability and applicability in doping analysis. The data provided here show that the obtained PEGylated VAR‐EPO can be used as an IS to monitor the detection of not only rEPO and VAR‐EPO but also EPO receptor agonists in urine samples.
High Incubation Attendance and Nesting Site Constraints of the Sclater's Monal in an Alpine Environment in Southwestern China
Authors: Bibi Nehafta , Gao Ge , Liang Dan , Luo Xu
Published: December 2024

Breeding in alpine environments poses significant challenges to birds, requiring specific adaptations for survival. The Sclater's monal (Lophophorus sclateri), a regionally threatened, typical alpine pheasant species, is restricted to high‐elevation habitat from the East Himalayas to the mountains of west Yunnan, China. Due to its low population density and the difficulty of accessing its habitats, the breeding ecology of this species is understudied. Therefore, we aimed to understand the breeding behavior, nest site use, and life‐history traits that allow this monal species to cope with the alpine environment. During our fieldwork from March to June 2015 and 2016 in the Gaoligong Mountains in western Yunnan, China, we found six cliff nesting sites ranging from 3535 m to 3892 m. Three sites were active, with one being used in both years, and the remaining three were inactive but had been used in prior years. The clutch size was 2.75 ± 0.5 (2 or 3 eggs; n = 4 nests at three nesting sites), and all 11 eggs were successfully hatched. The female solely performed incubation, spending 97.2% of its time in incubating with an average duration of 25.69 ± 13.79 h (n = 43 bouts across three females) per on‐bout which indicates the female bird invested more time than other pheasants. High incubation attendance by females highlights the importance of increased parental care in ensuring reproductive success. These findings highlight that the Sclater monal exhibits specific breeding behaviors and nesting strategies that reflect adaption to harsh environments. Additionally, our observations of intense male–male interactions and reuse of nesting sites suggest that suitable nesting sites are limited, which could significantly impact population dynamics. Together, these insights are crucial for conserving this regionally threatened pheasant.
Diimine–Dioxime Acenaphthene Cobalt Complexes: Characterization of the Novel cis Coordination Mode
Authors: Alhebshe Norah S. , Keller Taylor M. , Gau Michael R. , Dorfner Walter L.
Published: December 2024

During the synthesis of a new family of diimine–dioxime acenaphthene cobalt complexes a novel cis coordination mode was observed for (DABn)Co(Py)Br (4), along with the expected trans coordination mode for [(DAEn)Co(L)2]BPh4 (2). The new coordination mode for this class of compounds is fully characterized. We explore the influence of linker length, ligand protonation, and supporting ligands on the preference for the cis vs. trans coordination mode using experimental and computational methods. Increased flexibility, increased acidity, and large supporting ligands all support the preference for the cis coordination mode.
Process Parameters and Tool Design in Friction Stir Extrusion: A Sustainable Recycling Technique
Authors: Akbari Mostafa , Asadi Parviz , Behnagh Reza Abdi , Bedir Fevzi , Choupani Naghdali , Sadowski Tomasz
Published: December 2024

Friction stir extrusion (FSE) is a versatile technique that plays a dual role in sustainable recycling and shaping of materials. This method involves a rotating mandrel and a fixed matrix within a mold, where compressed waste metal chips or primary bulk materials are introduced. The rotating mandrel exerts continuous axial pressure, generating frictional heat that softens and bonds the materials together. As the mandrel advances, the materials are reshaped and extruded through the cavity inside the mandrel or the space between the mandrel and the matrix, resulting in the desired product, such as wires or pipes. FSE finds applications in recycling machining wastes, improving powder metallurgy products, producing wire raw materials, creating structures with fine microstructures, and developing new alloys and composites. The resulting materials exhibit refined grains, leading to enhanced mechanical and metallurgical properties. This review article compiles experimental studies exploring the mechanical and microstructural characteristics of samples manufactured using FSE for recycling, reshaping, alloying, or bilayer production. Additionally, it discusses various tool, mold, and machine designs proposed by researchers. Beyond its unique properties, FSE is highlighted as an energy‐efficient, sustainable, and eco‐friendly process.
Seizure quantification in sunflower syndrome by a wrist‐worn device
Authors: Sourbron Jo , Proost Renee , Vandenneucker Jan , Ticcinelli Valentina , Roelens Filip , Schoonjans An‐Sofie , Sercu Els , Verhelst Helene , Jansen Katrien , Lagae Lieven
Published: December 2024

Objective

Sunflower syndrome is a rare photosensitive childhood‐onset epilepsy, featuring repetitive handwaving events (HWE) triggered by light. Objective documentation of these HWE can be difficult due to the numerous events occurring daily and/or caregivers who document the seizures but are not always present. Hence, seizure diaries can be underreporting.

Methods

We performed a feasibility study in three Belgian Sunflower syndrome individuals to assess the possibility to quantify the HWE by a wrist‐worn wearable device (Axivity AX6). We conducted a structured exercise aiming to capture patterns of possible confounders in a controlled environment. Subsequently, patients wore the device for three to six consecutive days and nights at home. Spectral power analyses were performed to characterize the frequency signature of the different movements.

Results

The HWE of patient A and B showed homogeneity and narrow‐band frequencies. Patient C did not experience any HWE at the start of the study due to proper seizure control. Regarding HWE, there was a higher spectral power for Gyroscope Z (Gz) compared to Gy. The inter‐subject variability for HWE frequency peaks was in the 3–6 Hz range. Computer analysis by visual annotation, without checking the seizure diary, detected 71% of the HWE if the HWE lasted for longer than 5 s (sensitivity 64%). For shorter HWE duration, the detection rate was 50% but seemed to be higher if there was a concordant change of eye movement (63%) (sensitivity 36%). The most obvious confounder was toothbrushing (TB). However, TB showed a different pattern: that is, higher or comparable spectral power for Gy compared to Gz. There was also a higher or comparable spectral power for Gy compared to Gz for “waving hello”.

Significance

We show that the wearable movement sensor Axivity AX6 can detect HWE in Sunflower syndrome individuals and distinguish them from confounders in a real‐world setting.
Similarity Design Method for Fluid–Structure Models in Underwater Shaking Table and Wave Tests
Authors: Chen Yu , Wu Kun , Zhao Bo , Li Zhong‐Xian
Published: December 2024

For shaking table tests, it is essential to increase the density of the structure by adding artificial masses, which serves as an equivalent density. This modification ensures adherence to the dynamic similarity criterion. However, for underwater shaking table and wave tests, the density of water cannot change, and an increase in the equivalent density of the structure results in a distortion of the test simulation of the fluid–structure interaction. To solve this problem, an innovative similarity law is proposed for the design of fluid–structure models by changing the cross‐sectional dimensions of the structure. A series of bidirectional underwater shaking table tests and unidirectional wave tests were conducted to validate the proposed similarity law, and the traditional similarity law was analyzed for comparison. The test results indicated that the traditional scale model predicted the hydrodynamic pressure acting on the prototype with an error of approximately 50%. In contrast, the proposed scale model reduced this error to about 10%. Furthermore, the relative errors in predicting the displacement, acceleration, and strain of the prototype using the proposed scale model were all below 15%. This demonstrated the reliability of the proposed similarity law applied in the test design for fluid–structure models in underwater shaking table and wave tests.
Observation and Simulation of Runoff During an Extreme Heatwave in a Glacial Basin on the Central Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhu Fei , Zhu Meilin , Guo Yanhong , Yao Tandong
Published: December 2024

Glacier meltwater runoff during extreme heat waves is crucial for overall runoff replenishment; however, studies on the characteristics and mechanisms of extreme meltwater runoff on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are relatively scarce. In this study, we combine field observations (hydrological, meteorological, and glaciological) with a precipitation runoff modelling system and glacier model (PRMSglacier) to investigate the characteristics of extreme glacier meltwater runoff and the associated energy balance and hydrological processes from October 2018 to September 2022 in the Sangqu Basin on the central TP. Good agreement was shown between observed and modelled total runoff and glacier‐wide mass balance, with a mean Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.74 and root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) of 22 mm w.e. The mean glacial meltwater runoff contributed 14% of the total runoff and snowmelt runoff 72.5% during the study period. Contributions of 21.3% and 59% for glacier meltwater and snowmelt runoff, respectively, during a heatwave from June to September 2022 thus indicated anomalously high glacial meltwater and snowmelt runoff in association with hot and dry meteorological conditions. Basin‐scale energy balance results suggest that extremely low albedo and extremely high surface temperatures control the net shortwave and longwave radiation, leading to anomalously high melting of glaciers and snow. The hot and dry meteorological conditions from June to September 2022 primarily affected the source regions of the Yangtze River and Selincuo in Geladandong. This study highlights the importance of extreme glacial meltwater runoff to terrestrial water resources in association with frequent extreme heat waves.
Tissue‐matched analysis of MRI evaluating the tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Huang Mengqi , Song Chenyu , Zhou Xiaoqi , Wang Huanjun , Lin Yingyu , Wang Jifei , Cai Huasong , Wang Meng , Peng Zhenpeng , Dong Zhi , Feng Shi‐Ting
Published: December 2024

Tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) play critical roles in the tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy response. This study aims to explore the feasibility of multi‐parametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in evaluating TILs and to develop an evaluation model that considers spatial heterogeneity. Multi‐parametric MRI was performed on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) mice (N = 28). Three‐dimensional (3D) printing was employed for tissue sampling, to match the multi‐parametric MRI data with tumor tissues, followed by flow cytometry analysis and next‐generation RNA‐sequencing. Pearson's correlation, multivariate logistic regression, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were utilized to model TIL‐related MRI parameters. MRI quantitative parameters, including T1 relaxation times and perfusion, were correlated with the infiltration of leukocytes, T‐cells, CD4+ T‐cells, CD8+ T‐cells, PD1 + CD8+ T‐cells, B‐cells, macrophages, and regulatory T‐cells (correlation coefficients ranged from −0.656 to 0.482, p <.05) in tumor tissues. TILs were clustered into inflamed and non‐inflamed subclasses, with the proportion of T‐cells, CD8+ T‐cells, and PD1 + CD8+ T‐cells significantly higher in the inflamed group compared to the non‐inflamed group (43.37% vs. 25.45%, 50.83% vs. 34.90%, 40.45% vs. 29.47%, respectively; p <.001). The TIL evaluation model, based on the Z‐score combining Kep and T1post, was able to distinguish between these subgroups, yielding an area under the curve of 0.816 (95% confidence interval 0.721–0.910) and a cut‐off value of −0.03 (sensitivity 68.4%, specificity 91.3%). Additionally, the Z‐score was related to the gene expression of T‐cell activation, chemokine production, and cell adhesion. The tissue‐matched analysis of multi‐parametric MRI offers a feasible method of regional evaluation and can distinguish between TIL subclasses.
A practical field assay to detect demethylation inhibitor fungicide resistance in Clarireedia jacksonii
Authors: McNab Edward , Hsiang Tom
Published: December 2024

Dollar spot, caused by Clarireedia jacksonii, is one of the most common turfgrass diseases, and requires abundant fungicide use for control. Currently, identification resistance to demethylation‐inhibitor fungicides requires lab facilities for isolation and sensitivity assessment. We have developed a selective medium containing 0.5 µg/mL propiconazole, antibiotics, and tartaric acid capable of identifying propiconazole‐resistant isolates from field samples. Tests with leaves from inoculated turfgrass plots showed that from ∼2000 samples, resistant or sensitive isolates could be identified accurately 96% of the time. Field tests by both end users (turf managers) and researchers were conducted at 20 locations across Southern Ontario involving over 200 samples. Clarireedia jacksonii was found at 13 of the sampled locations on non‐fungicidal media, and at 12 of these locations, propiconazole‐resistant isolates were found using amended media. The proportion of resistant isolates found ranged from 0% to 100% at the locations. This field assay can be developed into a field kit for turf managers, and this proof of concept will assist in the development of similar assays for other pathogens and on other crops.
Real‐world characteristics and outcomes of patients with multiple myeloma receiving second‐line treatment in England
Authors: Moore Sally , Cornic Laura , Crossman‐Barnes Christina‐Jane , Jose Sophie , Khalaf Zeyad , Yong Kwee , Soutar Megan , Woods Philip
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Despite recent advances in first‐line therapies for multiple myeloma (MM), most patients relapse or become refractory, underscoring the need for effective second‐line (2L) regimens for relapsed/refractory MM (RRMM).

Methods

This study describes the real‐world baseline characteristics, treatment patterns and clinical outcomes of adult patients diagnosed with MM between 2013 and 2020 using data collated by the National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service (NCRAS) of the National Health Service in England. The study cohorts were broadly aligned to the eligibility criteria of the ongoing DREAMM‐7 (D7) and DREAMM‐8 (D8) clinical trials. We focus on lenalidomide‐exposed/refractory patients who received daratumumab–bortezomib–dexamethasone (DaraVd) at 2L in both cohorts.

Results

In the D7‐like cohort, the lenalidomide‐exposed (n = 282) and lenalidomide‐refractory (n = 143) patients who received DaraVd at 2L had a median (95% confidence interval [CI]) time to next treatment or death (TTNTD) of 15.1 (12.6–22.4) and 10.3 (7.4–13.9) months, respectively. In the D8‐like cohort, the lenalidomide‐exposed (n = 269) and lenalidomide‐refractory (n = 148) patients who received DaraVd at 2L had a median (95% CI) TTNTD of 14.5 (11.7–19.7) and 10.0 (7.3–13.7) months, respectively.

Conclusion

Patients with RRMM in England receiving DaraVd at 2L have poor clinical outcomes, highlighting the urgent need for new therapies, particularly for lenalidomide‐refractory patients.
Clinical severity and cardiac phenotype in phosphomannomutase 2‐congenital disorders of glycosylation : Insights into genetics and management recommendations
Authors: Holubova Veronika , Barone Rita , Grunewald Stephanie , Tesařová Markéta , Hansíková Hana , Augustínová Jana , Sykut‐Cegielska Jolanta , De Nictolis Francesca , Diaz‐Moreno Unai , Elangovan Ramyia , Epifani Florencia , Gasperini Serena , Jansen Mirian , Lefeber Dirk , Maksym‐Gasiorek Dorota , Diego Martinelli , Ounap Katrin , Pettinato Fabio , Põder Haide , Rymen Daisy , Vals Mari‐Anne , Serrano Mercedes , Witters Peter , Honzík Tomáš
Published: December 2024

Cardiac involvement (CI) in phosphomannomutase 2‐congenital disorders of glycosylation (PMM2‐CDG) is part of the multisystemic presentation contributing to high mortality rates. The most common cardiac manifestations are pericardial effusion, cardiomyopathy, and structural heart defects. A genotype–phenotype correlation with organ involvement has not yet been described. We analyzed clinical, biochemical, and molecular genetic data of 222 patients from eight European centers and characterized the natural course of patients with CI. Fifty‐seven patients (45 children) presented with CI, of whom 24 died (median age 21 months, standard deviation 49.8). Pericardial effusion was the most frequent manifestation (55.4%), occurring mostly within the first 6 months of life. The most common pathogenic variants in patients with CI were p.(Arg141His) in 74%, followed by p.(Val231Met) in 36%, which is 3.5 times higher than in PMM2‐CDG patients without CI (p < 0.0001). Twenty‐one out of 36 patients with p.(Val231Met) had CI; among them, 15 died, compared to 33 out of 166 patients without p.(Val231Met) who had CI (p < 0.0001). Nine out of 33 patients died (p = 0.0015), indicating greater clinical severity. Furthermore, the p.(Val231Met) variant is predominant in Eastern Europe, suggesting a founder effect. Cardiac complications in PMM2‐CDG patients are common and serious. The variant p.(Val231Met) profoundly influences the extent of CI and mortality rates. Therefore, we recommend cardiac surveillance be included in the follow‐up protocols for PMM2‐CDG.
Study of Laurie tea processor black tea mixing fermentation using the simplex centroid design method
Authors: Lin Yunzhi , Meng Qing , Miao Yiwen , Chen Linmu , Huang Cuixin , Kun Jirui , Luo Zhengfei , Tong Huarong
Published: December 2024

BACKGROUND

Broken black tea (BBT) is the most consumed black tea in the world. Laurie tea processor black tea (LTP‐BT) is one of the most important categories of BBT. In this study, the fresh leaves of three tea plant cultivars including Golden Peony tea, Yunnandaye, and Fuding Dabai were blended to process LTP‐BT using the simplex centroid design. Using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and high‐performance liquid chromatography, the differences in volatile and non‐volatile components of LTP‐BT under different formulations were analyzed.

RESULTS

A total of 88 volatile compounds were detected, among which 16 aroma compounds, including benzyl alcohol, linalool, and methyl salicylate, could be identified as key common aroma substances in BBT. Following evaluation of the model, Golden Peony 16.7%, Fuding Dabai 16.7%, and Yunnan Daye 67.8% were the best proportions in mixed fermentation of LTP‐BT. The LTP‐BT produced in this ratio had a high and lasting aroma, strong and mellow taste, and bright and red soup color.

CONCLUSION

Our study showed that mixed fermentation is feasible for the manufacturing process of LTP‐BT, and the simplex centroid design would be a reliable guide for cultivar formulation, providing customers with an alterable flavor and consumption feature. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.