bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Revision of the General Comment No. 1 on the Implementation of Art. 3 uncat’s Non-Refoulement Obligation in Light of the Use of Diplomatic Assurances
Authors: Schlickewei Stephanie
Published: June 2019

On 26 June 1987, the United Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (uncat) entered into force. The comprehensive set of regulations of the Convention aimed at ensuring a more effective implementation of the international community’s common endeavours to eradicate torture globally. Nevertheless, torture practice still prevails in many countries. New crises, such as the international fight against terrorism, constantly compromise the achievement of the Convention’s overall objective; in particular, they present a great challenge to States Parties’ compliance with the uncat’s explicit nonrefoulement obligation of Art. 3 uncat. Aiming for the transfer of a person to another State and in a bid to nevertheless satisfy their international obligations, States Parties tend to rely on so-called diplomatic assurances from the receiving State, thereby potentially exposing the individual to the risk of being subjected to torture following the transfer.

Being aware of the new challenges to the protection of Art. 3 uncat, in 2015, the United Nations Committee against Torture finally decided to undertake a comprehensive review of its General Comment No. 1 (1997). As the text of 1997 was considered to no longer meet the needs of the States with respect to the new challenges of the 21st century, the revision was inter alia aimed to also explicitly address the alarming trend of the application of diplomatic assurances and to include an assessment of their legitimate use in the context of Art. 3 uncat. This article outlines the aforementioned review process with regard to the use of diplomatic assurances in the context of torture and analyses the question of their legitimacy under international law with respect to the uncat and in light of and in comparison to the European Court of Human Right’s jurisdiction in this context.
State Succession and Devolution Agreements Revisited: A Note on Sanum v. Laos
Authors: Repousis Odysseas G.
Published: June 2019

In a recent judgment, the Singapore Court of Appeal quashed a prior judgment of the Singapore High Court, which had decided to set aside an arbitration award on the basis that the China–Laos bilateral investment treaty (bit) does not apply to Macao. The judgment of the Court of Appeal is significant inasmuch as it involves a thorough examination of the international law principles governing the law of State succession in respect of part of territory, the relative effect of treaties in the context of devolution agreements, and the relationship between the critical date rule (or intertemporal principle) and the interpretive norm of subsequent agreement or practice. Above all, the dialogue between the Singaporean courts and the arbitral tribunal (whose award was sought to be set aside) raise a number of interesting issues in respect of the territorial application of investment treaties in general and Chinese investment treaties in particular. It also bears noting that this dialogue and its impact on future cases has to be filtered through subsequent developments, most notably a statement issued by China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs to the effect that the Court of Appeal judgment was incorrect.
A Provisional List of Unprovenanced, Twenty-First Century, Dead Sea Scrolls-like Fragments
Authors: Tigchelaar Eibert
Published: June 2019

Abstact

This article briefly discusses the Dead Sea Scrolls-like fragments that have surfaced in the twenty-first century and presents a full list of these fragments as known to the author.
Caves of Dispute
Authors: Davis Kipp
Published: June 2019

Over 30 fragments purportedly from the Dead Sea Scrolls belonging to two private collections were published for the first time in Summer 2016. Virtually all of these fragments in The Schøyen Collection and Museum of the Bible are non-provenanced apart from verbal guarantees made by their sellers. An unusual feature of these fragments is that almost all of them correspond to texts from the Hebrew Bible, but also to a few previously known compositions from antiquity. This paper examines the published fragments from both collections according to their observable physical properties, as well as palaeographical and scribal characteristics, and seeks to understand from these more about their potential origin—whether from antiquity or modern times.
Codicological Reconstruction of the Cairo Damascus Document (CD A) and 4QDa
Authors: Rey Jean-Sébastien
Published: June 2019

Despite the fact that scholars often rely on the medieval Cairo Damascus Document manuscripts (CD) when reconstructing the Qumran Damascus Document scrolls (4QD), there has yet to be an attempt to reconstruct the medieval codex on the basis of the Qumran scrolls. The purpose of this contribution, then, is to offer a reconstruction of CD A that is both informed by the Qumran scrolls as well as being informative for the reconstruction of 4QD. This article will try to answer three questions: 1) the number of quires that comprised CD A; 2) the width of the first column of 4QDa; and 3) the length of the missing part of the CD A codex.
From Discrete Dichotomies to Plural Paradoxes: Re-viewing Stratigraphical Time, Temporalityand Change
Authors: Bowden Alistair
Published: June 2019

Stratigraphical time, temporality and change have frequently been studied and theorized through dichotomy, that is two opposed, “either/or” views. Linear versus cyclical and the principles of uniformitarianism versus catastrophism are classic examples. This paper aims to look beyond these simple tensions. It utilizes sequence stratigraphy as a lens to re-view established dichotomies and to explore the potential for a more paradoxical “both/and” interpretation. The main finding is that the two opposed linear versus cyclical views can be reconceived as one synthesized sinusoidal view; other dichotomies are re-viewed which allow for spatiotemporal explanation and prediction.
Nancy, Descartes, and Continuous Creation
Authors: Kerimov Khafiz , Kerimov Tapdyg
Published: June 2019

The present article investigates the role of Descartes’ doctrine of continuous creation in Jean-Luc Nancy’s philosophy. While it is not customary to take Descartes as a thinker of plurality, his doctrine of continuous creation affords Nancy the philosophical resources for thinking the plurality of worlds. In the first section of the article, we present Descartes’ argument for continuous creation, in accordance with which creation occurs not just once but is repeated at each instant. Yet, in Descartes, this doctrine remains wedded to a concept of an immutable creator. In the second section of the article, we present the stakes of Nancy’s deconstruction of creation ex nihilo, which results in the suspension of God as an immutable ground. For Nancy, creation of the world happens at each moment of the world but without a pre-determined end or plan.
Time Series and Non-reductive Physicalism
Authors: Slavov Matias
Published: June 2019

McTaggart famously introduced the A- and B-series as rival metaphysical accounts of time. This paper shall reorient the debate over the original distinction. Instead of treating the series as competing theories about the nature of time, it will be argued that they are different viewpoints on a world that is fundamentally physical. To that end, non-reductive physicalism is proposed to reconcile the series.
The Future’s not Bright: Rereading Aeneid 6.725-51
Authors: McIntosh Gillian E.
Published: June 2019

Abstract

The juxtaposition of the Catalogue of Heroes and Anchises’ presentation of the fate of souls immediately preceding it in Book 6 of the Aeneid is a meaningful one. Building on Feeney’s ‘paradox’ regarding the juxtaposition, this paper reinterprets the Catalogue by way of extrapolating from Anchises’ speech possibly profound implications regarding Rome’s future heroes. The problem is that that speech is ambiguous. Drawing on different Greek eschatological models for help in discerning the metaphysical interpretive possibilities of Anchises’ portrait, I show that the Greek rubrics do not in fact solve but contribute to the ambiguity of the passage. But they contribute in a meaningful way by rerouting the line of inquiry away from attempting either to pinpoint a singular philosophical influence or to determine once and for all what a soul’s fate is. Rather we are invited to reflect on how the very vagueness functions. This paper posits that reading Anchises’ speech through each of the philosophical models leads us to question whether Rome’s future heroes were so bright after all.
Cato the Elder, Livy, and Xenophon’s Anabasis
Authors: Rood Tim
Published: June 2019

This article argues firstly that Cato the Elder’s account of a daring plan involving the tribune Caedicius in the First Punic War is modelled on a scene in Xenophon’s Anabasis. It then argues that Livy’s account of a heroic escape in the First Samnite War orchestrated by P. Decius Mus is modelled not just on the First Punic War episode described by Cato, as scholars have suggested, but on the same passage of Xenophon; it also proposes that Livy’s use of Xenophon may be mediated through Cato. The article then sets out other evidence for the use of Xenophon in Roman historiography and explores the implications of the proposed intertextuality for Roman self-positioning and for ideas of leadership and military hierarchy. The article as a whole suggests that the influence of Xenophon on Latin historiography is greater than has often been conceived.
Decent Work
Authors: Tadjoeddin Mohammad Zulfan
Published: June 2019

Indonesia is on track to achieve the targeted 5–6% open unemployment rate by 2014. Since the country has been elevated to the status of a middle-income country by the World Bank and survived the recent Global Financial Crisis (GFC) of 2008/2009, it could not afford to concentrate only on achieving the targeted unemployment rate by the end of President Yudhoyono’s second term in office. As this measure, in addition to the poverty rate, is the bottom line of deprivation, Indonesia should instead focus on the quality of those that have managed to escape the lowest threshold of deprivation. Emphasis should be placed on the quality improvement of employment, rather than mere reducing the unemployment rate. In essence, this is about achieving full and productive employment complemented with social security provision and freedom. These characteristics are in accordance with the International Labour Organization’s (ILO) global campaign on decent work. However, when viewed from the last decade of macro employment data and related policy arrangements, Indonesia’s deficit on the decent work agenda and the quality of employment is evident.
Global Bourdieu
Authors: Kauppi Niilo , Swartz David
Published: June 2019

Pierre Bourdieu was a prolific scholar whose multifaceted work inspired research in a wide variety of areas. Beyond sociology we find his influence in anthropology, history, cultural studies, political science, and international relations. Particularly after 1995, when he engaged in a fight against neo-liberalism, he became the pre-eminent public intellectual. Bourdieu clearly stands in the pantheon of the greatest contemporary social scientists.

This article explores the social mechanisms that enabled the global circulation of Bourdieu’s oeuvre. Multiple factors in multiple intellectual fields contributed to this process. There are “global Bourdieus.” Throughout his career Bourdieu was a defender of the dominated, and a sharp critic of established powers; his work provides individuals in a variety of central and peripheral fields weapons against social domination whatever its form. This narrative weds together his biography and oeuvre, and forms the web that unites him with the social carriers of his work globally.
Political Culture in the Islamic World: The Socioeconomic Roots of the Islamic Leviathan
Authors: Abdul Reda Amir
Published: June 2019

In this paper, the author explores how development affects public opinions on an Islamic Leviathan as an appropriate political system in the Middle East. He asks the following: In the MENA region (Middle East and North Africa), what influences political attitudes toward the Islamic Leviathan? To answer this question, he looks at the influence of seven independent variables on attitudes toward the Islamic Leviathan as a state system. The seven variables are (1) society’s overall development, (2) the socioeconomic class of respondents, (3) society’s corruption, (4) religiosity, (5) education, (6) gender, and (7) age. The author finds the observations needed to assess his theory in the Carnegie Middle East Governance and Islam Dataset 1988-2014 (CMEGID), which includes 15,194 relevant observations throughout the MENA region. His findings show that societies’ overall development has the most influence over Arab attitudes toward the Islamic Leviathan as an appropriate state system.
Why is It Difficult to Date When qalqala Became Unintelligible to Qurʾānic Reciters and Grammarians?
Authors: Druel Jean
Published: June 2019

Sībawayh describes /q/, /ṭ/, /b/, /ǧ/ and /d/ as [+ voiced + stop] phonemes. In pausal position, these phonemes are subject to qalqala, which can be described as the addition of a schwa [ə], and whose role is the proctection of the [+ voiced] feature of these phonemes. In standard Classical Arabic, the pronunciation of these phonemes has evolved (/q/ and /ṭ/ are now realised as [- voiced], and /ǧ/ as [+ affricate]). The consistency of qalqala as described by Sībawayh is thus lost, since the Qurʾānic recitation (taǧwīd) rule for qalqala does not fit the current standard pronunciation.

In this study, we trace back a shift in the mere definition of qalqala as early as in al-Mubarrad’s Muqtaḍab that will enable Qurʾānic reciters to later remain blind to the fact that their actual pronunciation of some of these phonemes does not correspond to Sībawayh’s written description.
The Constructive Role of General Principles in International Arbitration
Authors: Gorence Brianna
Published: June 2019

In international arbitration, treaty standards, such as fair and equitable treatment (FET), general procedural norms, such as due process, and excuses for suspension of performance, such as the exceptio defense, draw on general principles of international law to clarify their interpretation and application. This article will (1) show what general principles of international law are, how they form and how they are distinct from general principles in domestic, public and private law systems; (2) illustrate their role with specific attention to their unique application in different international law contexts; (3) use the examples of FET, procedural norms and suspension of performance to show how general principles of international law are used in international arbitration; (4) warn against their inattentive, sloppy or haphazard use and application; and (5) ultimately highlight the benefits of incorporating general principles in international arbitration while proposing a precise methodology for their use.
Reflections on Locus Standi in Response to a Breach of Obligations Erga Omnes Partes: A Comparative Analysis of the Whaling in the Antarctic and South China Sea Cases
Authors: Tanaka Yoshifumi
Published: June 2019

The concept of obligations erga omnes partes can be regarded as one of the key elements in the protection of common interests in international law. A particular issue that arises in this context is whether not directly injured States are entitled to institute proceedings against a State responsible for the breach of obligations erga omnes partes enshrined in a multilateral treaty. Two recent cases, i.e. the Whaling in the Antarctic and South China Sea cases, provide an interesting insight into this issue. Thus, this article seeks to examine issues of the locus standi of not directly injured States in response to a breach of obligations erga omnes partes by analysing the Whaling in the Antarctic and South China Sea cases. In so doing, this article considers the role of an international court or tribunal in effectuating obligations erga omnes partes and its limitations.
Descartes’ Bio-Medical Study of Plants: Vegetative Activities, Soul, and Power
Authors: Baldassarri Fabrizio
Published: June 2019

This article addresses René Descartes’ problematic interpretation of vegetative activities within his mechanistic programme for explaining all living operations. Initially, Descartes illustrates nutrition and digestion by means of the analogy between animals and hydraulic machines. His account has a glaring weakness: he fails to supply a functional explanation for vegetative operations. Several botanical notes collected in the Excerpta anatomica reveal Descartes’ later attempt to bridge this lacuna. His study of plants (1) provides him with material for an improved specification of vegetative activities, (2) helps to shape a mechanical vegetative power that regulates bodily constitution and growth, and (3) allows him to isolate a class of living beings. While a more thorough explanation of nutrition, digestion, and growth in mechanical terms surfaces, Descartes proposes plants as a suitable model organism to explain vegetative activities.
Conversion in Post-secularity
Authors: Jansen Mechteld
Published: June 2019

This article takes the post-secular mind-set as a heuristic lens to see the concept of conversion in a new, and perhaps refreshing, way. Missiology, taken here as the theological and therefore critical study of Christian mission, has always had a keen eye on conversion as a concept covering manifold experiences of change in religious faith, behaviour, and allegiance. However, the modern secular outlook has not been able to cater for a good missiological explanation and understanding of ongoing conversions. We will assess the work of two outspoken missiologists of our day, Marion Grau and Bryan Stone, in order to find out what a post-secular outlook on conversion may bring to light. Post-secularity may encourage missiologists to move beyond the secular imaginary of conversion as only a socioeconomic phenomenon on the one hand, and beyond the religious imaginary of conversion as only an answer to a divine call on the other hand. Post-secularity opens up to see the complex contextual entanglement of the religious and the secular realm involved in conversion.1

本文以后世俗的思想倾向作为启发式的透镜，用全新的方式来看待转化的概念。宣教学，作为神学和基督教宣教的重要研究，总是对转化很关注， 因它覆盖了多层面的宗教信仰和行为上的改变和拥护。但是，现代世俗观点不能对不断的转化作一个好的宣教的解释和了解。我们会对两位当今坦率的宣教学者，马瑞恩·葛若和布瑞·斯彤的著作做个评估，以发现后世俗的观点会对转化带来什么亮光。后世俗主义可能会鼓励宣教学者们，一方面逾越将转化当作社会经济现象的世俗虚构，另一方面逾越将转化当作唯一回应上帝呼召的宗教虚构。后世俗主义打开了转化在宗教与世俗领域里的复杂的处境化的缠绕。

Este artículo utiliza una lente investigativa pos-secular para tratar el concepto de la conversion a través de un método quizás nuevo y refrescante. La misionología, tomada aquí como el estudio teológico y, por lo tanto, crítico de la misión cristiana, ha puesto siempre una mirada perspicaz sobre la conversión como un concepto que abarca múltiples experiencias de cambio en la fe religiosa, en el comportamiento y en la fidelidad. Sin embargo, la perspectiva secular moderna no ha sido capaz de proveer una buena explicación y comprensión misionológicas sobre conversiones que se producen de manera continua. Se evaluará el trabajo de Marion Grau y Bryan Stone, dos misiólogos muy francos de nuestros días, para saber si esta perspectiva pos-secular puede aportar algo nuevo sobre la conversión. Por un lado, la pos-secularidad puede ayudar a que los misiólogos vayan más allá del imaginario social sobre la conversión como un fenómeno socio-económico; y por el otro, ir más allá del imaginario religioso de la conversión como sólo una respuesta al llamado divino. La pos-secularidad permite observar la compleja situación contextual entre el ámbito religioso y el secular involucrados en el tema de la conversión.

This article is in English.
Conversion Agenda and Secularism: An Analysis from Christian Missions in India and Nepal
Authors: Ramachandran Jayakumar
Published: June 2019

This article is an attempt to understand how Hindus perceive and respond to the conversions of people in India and Nepal to Christian faith and to find a way in which the evangelicals may fulfill their mission mandate in a pluralistic context in which conflicts and challenges are imbedded. For this purpose, a panoramic presentation of the political realities, classified communities of Hinduism, Islam, and Christianity, and the views and perceptions of Hindus, Muslims, and Christians toward conversions in India and Nepal, is presented in the first part. This section is followed by a theological and biblical analysis with a word study on conversion and discipleship. The last section of this article is a brief presentation of unethical practices involved in conversion events which cause adverse reactions from other religious adherents. The paper concludes with suggestions to Christians as to how they should execute the commission of the Lord of the Bible in the prevailing religious, political, and social contexts of Nepal and India.
Vulnerable Parts
Authors: Sabernig Katharina A.
Published: June 2019

In Tibetan medicine, ‘vulnerable parts’ (gnyan pa gnad) are bodily structures which should not be damaged. Most of these anatomical locations are important in terms of surgical care and the management of wounds. They are described in the primary classical text of the Tibetan medical tradition, the Four Treatises (Rgyud bzhi), and in far more detail in its respective commentaries. A list of these more than three hundred delicate spots is included in at least two sixteenth-century commentaries, but its origin remains unclear. With the help of the medical ‘scroll paintings’ (thang ka) accompanying the seventeenth-century Blue Beryl (Vaiḍūrya sngon po) commentary to the Four Treatises, we can identify the locations of many of these vulnerable anatomical structures. However, it is uncertain if these identifications have remained consistent over time. With increasing integration of Tibetan medical practices into the Chinese health care system, it became necessary to find and define new terms. A veritable revolution in Tibetan medical terminology has taken place over the past several decades. Through a careful examination of these ‘vulnerable parts’ of the body, including an exploration of three examples, this article examines the shift of anatomical designations and the coining of new terms for anatomical details in classical and modern publications. Correctly identifying the vulnerable parts matters a great deal, especially with regard to patient safety.
South Africa’s Withdrawal from The Rome Statute: A Note on Democratic Alliance v. Minister of International Relations and Cooperation and Others
Authors: Karia Pooja M. , Possi Ally
Published: June 2019

Africa and the International Criminal Court (ICC) are having a turbulent relationship, since the implication of the Sudanese President Omar A-Bashir by the Court with the atrocities committed in the Darfur region. The attitude of African countries against the Court has led to some rampaging voices, calling for an African solidarity to exit the ICC. Few African countries, including South Africa, have stepped to the plate responding to the call. However, the process has been coated with uncertainties, mostly leading to constitutional power wrangle among the constitutional branches of governance. The High Court of South Africa, for instance, has been the ‘mediator’ when the executive and legislature clashed over South Africa’s pursuance to withdraw from the ICC. Thus, this commentary revisits the case of Democratic Alliance v. Minister of International Relations and Cooperation and Others, and exposes the power ‘wrangle’ between the executive and legislature when South Africa engineered her failed exit from the ICC.
Paronomastic Infinitives in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic: A Typological Approach
Authors: Mengozzi Alessandro , Miola Emanuele
Published: June 2019

In the present article we aim to describe the distribution and functions of preposed and postposed paronomastic infinitives in literary and spoken varieties of North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA). In the first part, the syntax and the function(s) of constructions involving a paronomastic infinitive will be described from a typological point of view. Syntactic and functional variation of NENA paronomastic infinitives largely corresponds to what is found in other Semitic languages, as well as in many languages belonging to other families. In the second part of the article we will address the rendering of Biblical Hebrew and Classical Syriac paronomastic infinitives in NENA Bible translations and offer a survey of various constructions found in spoken varieties and in the language of early Christian Neo-Aramaic poetry.
The Miraculous Versatility of Apophthegms
Authors: ter Meer Tineke L.
Published: June 2019

Apophthegms circulated not only in collections, but also as parts of all sorts of texts. This article explores the relation between apophthegm and context in passages from Erasmus’ correspondence, Declarationes (1532), and Ecclesiastes (1535). From the point of view of the reader, the apophthegm is a surprising illustration of the argument. For the author, however, it may have been the starting-point of a passage, as appears from Erasmus’ De conscribendis epistolis. In his dedicatory letter to his own collection of apophthegms (1531), Erasmus stresses that these anecdotes offer more philosophy than one may suspect at first sight. This is corroborated by the passages discussed.
The Constituting Value of a European Democratic Experimentalism
Authors: Giudice Alessio Lo
Published: June 2019

John Dewey conceived democracy as a cooperative problem-solving practice in which actors try out provisional solutions by means of social communication. His notion of experimental democracy as a specific form of life and an ethical enterprise rather than simply a form of government implies the constitution of a polity as a practical and complex process of exchanging and sharing experiences.

The aim of this paper is to test the feasibility of using a Deweyan theoretical basis for democracy to assess the potential for a European process of political integration. The historical-conceptual presuppositions of the European Union’s institutional project preclude both a narrow local perspective and an illusory globalist scheme. To redirect Europe’s democratic vocation, a process of political and institutional communication must be developed that transcends the existing national paradigm.
Genetic and morphological differentiation in the Sakura shrimp (Sergia lucens) between Japanese and Taiwanese populations
Authors: Imai Hideyuki , Hanamura Yukio , Cheng Jin-Hua
Published: June 2019

The Sakura shrimp Sergia lucens is a remarkable meso-pelagic crustacean species, which is harvested for human consumption in restricted geographical areas of Taiwan and Japan in the northwestern Pacific. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the mitochondrial DNA control region was conducted to investigate the levels of genetic variability and differentiation between Japanese and Taiwanese populations of S. lucens. The latter half of the control region, which contained 589 nucleotide sites, was sequenced using DNA extracted from 178 individuals from the two geographical regions. Analyses yielded 162 haplotypes, and the amount of genetic variability within the populations as shown by the levels of haplotype and nucleotide diversity revealed that the two populations included in this study have higher levels of diversity than intraspecific variation previously reported in other crustaceans. Our AMOVA and pairwise Fst results indicated the existence of significant genetic differences between the Japanese and Taiwanese populations. Morphological analyses also revealed minor but notable differences between the two groups. These findings suggest that postulated gene flow of S. lucens is unlikely to occur across the isolated Japanese and Taiwanese populations, and that each population completes their life history in a restricted geographical area.
Three new species of Synergini wasps from same galls on Lithocarpus glaber (Thunb.) in Hunan, China (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae)
Authors: Yang Xiao-Hui , Liu Zhiwei , Pang Yin , Su Cheng-Yuan , Zhu Dao-Hong
Published: June 2019

Three new species of the tribe Synergini (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae), i.e., Lithosaphonecrus arcoverticus Liu, Zhu et Pang,
sp. n.
Lithosaphonecrus decarinatus Liu, Zhu et Pang, sp. n. and Saphonecrus emarginatus Liu, Zhu et Pang,
sp. n. are described from Hunan, China. The three species have emerged from the same galls collected on Lithocarpus glaber (Thunb.) in December, June, and April, respectively. Phylogenetic reconstruction of Synergini based on mtDNA COI and rRNA 28S D2 genes resolved two independent monophyletic clades exclusively associated with Lithocarpus plant hosts, i.e., the genus Lithosaphonecus and the lithocarpii species complex of Saphonecrus. The three species each have a sister relationship with a congener in Taiwan, an island off the southeastern coast of continental China. This recurrent disjunct distribution and relatively low COI sequence variation between the sister species in each species pair are considered attributable to the formation of the Taiwan Strait in Holocene ca 10,000 years ago. We also discussed the possible speciation mechanism for Lithosaphonecrus due to seasonality and topography in subtropical China. Finally, we addressed the need for conservation consideration in urbanization planning.
Stuck in the Middle: The Inspector for Religious Denominations as Mediator between the Religious Community and the Early Communist Romanian State
Authors: Șincan Anca
Published: June 2019

The relationship between state and religious denominations in communist Romania was mediated, supervised and enforced among others by a member of the state administration—the local inspector for religious denominations. Inherited from the Soviet practice this position is new in the state apparatus. The present article offers an overview of the particularities of the inspector’s work. Constantly moving between the requirements of his position, his communist orthodoxy and his own belief system and world view he had a difficult task of going between the state administration and the religious communities and make the policies and regulations of the totalitarian state palatable and enforceable. A sounding board for state policies whose applicability they tested in the field they were the last link of the newly designed relationship between the communist state and religious denominations.
From Border Fetishism to Tactical Socialism
Authors: Nicolescu Gabriela
Published: June 2019

This article discusses the meeting point of two political systems with their distinctive value imprints on individuals’ everyday lives. It focuses on two stories of care, aesthetics and labor of Romanian women before the fall of the socialist regimes in Eastern Europe and in the first two decades after 1989. The first account comes from an expert, the head of the Union of National Cooperatives of Production (ucecom) during socialist Romania, the main producer of artizanat objects for export. She tells the story of the benefits of employment in state factories for women, and how socialist products were sold for Western markets in the 1970s and 1980s. The second account is of a former Romanian factory worker who after 1989 quit her job in Romania when state socialist factories were about to collapse and became a healthcare worker in Italy, for a larger salary and more stable employment. This second ethnographic example discusses migration for caregiver jobs in Italy as the transborder continuity of autonomy and employment practices that survived socialism. It is also a form of downward migration, where former state socialist professionals are paid as unskilled migrant workers. This article emphasizes the persistence of socialism in post-1989 practices and values embodied by people’s work habits not only in Eastern and Central Europe, but in unexpected places, such as southern Italy. This article applies the idea of “tactical socialism” as a strategy derived from a close analysis of work practices, with their positive accomplished effects, in contexts where jobs are distributed by the state and citizens feel protected.
History and Paradigm Shift: NGOs in International Development Aid
Authors: Lan Yuxin
Published: June 2019

As Chinese NGOs are trying to go abroad under the Belt and Road Initiative, understanding the existing niche, discourse, and paradigm of the mainstream transnational NGOs in current international development aid system is crucial for Chinese NGOs to adapt and develop their own identity on value and norms. Based on key researchers’ observations, historical facts and statistics, this research examines the mainstream NGOs’ evolution in organization, action and discourse embedded in the macro-history of transnational NGOs and transformation of the international development aid system; it sums up the transformation around three macroscopic relations to understand and evaluate the action paradigm and discourse of the contemporary mainstream NGOs in transnational development, namely, around “Transnational NGO-State” relations a change from the private sphere to the public sphere, around “North-South” relations a shift from one-way aid to equal cooperation, and on “NGO-Society” relations an evolvement from voluntarism to professionalism. In the end the article points out the difference between Chinese NGOs and those of the developed countries in terms of the origin, timing, goal and discourse and specifies five basic questions China must face in its identity building.
New Institutional Link, Organizational Control and Advocacy of NGOs
Authors: Li Shuoyan
Published: June 2019

How non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in China overcome external control from the state and advocate their mission under the dual-management system? While studies on the bargaining between NGOs and the competent authority mostly emphasize the use of persona connections at individual level, little research focuses on the strategy of how NGOs use institutional factors. This article argues that NGOs could get rid of the external control by creating new institutional links with the government, which provides NGOs more opportunities in advocacy. Based on an in-depth case study, this article takes an environmental NGO in H City of Z Province as an example to illustrate how the organization develops relationships with a new authority. This new institutional link helps the NGO to reduce its dependence on the single authority and enhance its autonomy. The changed power structure ultimately enables the NGO to expand its space for advocacy.
Вселенское Православие и Московское царство в начале Смуты: источники информации о событиях в России
Authors: Ul’ianovsky Vasily
Published: June 2019

The author demonstrates that relations between the Russian state and the four Eastern Orthodox Christian patriarchates were not interrupted at the beginning of the Time of Troubles and continued in the traditional way. The main focus is on sources of information available in the Orthodox East concerning events in Russia: officials of the Russian church hierarchy (Arseny Elassonsky, Ignatius, Nectarios, and Matthew Kolitsydis), diplomatic missions (1603–1606), information about the Pretender Dmitry circulating in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1602–1604), and Greek priests at the court of Prince Vasily Ostrozhky. The author investigates the levels and content of information about Russia at the end of the reign of Boris Godunov and during the reign of False Dmitry I that was promptly transmitted to the Patriarchs.
An Old Russian Service Book in Baltimore and Its Missing Fragment in St. Petersburg
Authors: Afanasyeva Tatiana I.
Published: June 2019

This study examines the history of an ancient Russian service book (sluzhebnik) dating from the first half of the fourteenth century, which was divided into two parts in the early nineteenth century. One of the two parts was purchased by the well-known Russian collector Alexander Sulakadzev and is currently held by the Manuscript Library of the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, Maryland (USA). The other part was acquired by the Imperial Public Library in St. Petersburg (currently, the National Library of Russia) no later than the 1830s. Judging by the surviving inventories, Sulakadzev acquired the service book for his collection in 1816 at the earliest. While in his possession, Sulakadzev added several false notes to the sluzhebnik attempting to pass it off as a manuscript known to have been in Tmutarakan in 1079; other false handwritten notes in the service book were intended to imply that it had belonged to several famous Russian historical figures. This article corrects some errors made in earlier publications about the manuscript and establishes that Sulakadzev pasted into the service book a miniature of much later origin (which, however, has not survived). The article presents a reconstruction of the contents of the original sluzhebnik, including descriptions of both its parts.
Languages with More Second Language Learners Tend to Lose Nominal Case
Authors: Bentz Christian , Winter Bodo
Published: June 2019

In this paper, we provide quantitative evidence showing that languages spoken by many second language speakers tend to have relatively small nominal case systems or no nominal case at all. In our sample, all languages with more than 50% second language speakers had no nominal case. The negative association between the number of second language speakers and nominal case complexity generalizes to different language areas and families. As there are many studies attesting to the difficulty of acquiring morphological case in second language acquisition, this result supports the idea that languages adapt to the cognitive constraints of their speakers, as well as to the sociolinguistic niches of their speaking communities. We discuss our results with respect to sociolinguistic typology and the Linguistic Niche Hypothesis, as well as with respect to qualitative data from historical linguistics. All in all, multiple lines of evidence converge on the idea that morphosyntactic complexity is reduced by a high degree of language contact involving adult learners.
Indonesia’s Maritime Governance
Authors: Ikrami Hadyu , Bernard Leonardo
Published: June 2019

Since President Joko Widodo took office in 2014, he has placed maritime governance at the top of his agenda, as evidenced by the introduction of his vision on Indonesia as a ‘global maritime fulcrum’. This article discusses how his administration has been working towards such a goal. First, it provides an overview of Indonesian laws related to maritime governance. Second, it looks at the institutions responsible for administering, enforcing, and/or applying those laws and how they have been performing their functions. Third, it explores how those institutions cooperate with external parties in four areas of Indonesia’s major interest at present: maritime security; safety of navigation; protection of the marine environment; and illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing. Lastly, this article also discusses the challenges faced by the State in governing its maritime affairs and offers suggestions for a better maritime governance.
Human and Deltaic Environments in Northern Egypt in Late Antiquity
Authors: Wilson Penelope
Published: June 2019

This paper analyses the relationship between archaeological sites from the Roman-Late Roman period in the north-central Delta of Egypt and the palaeotopography and environmental conditions from the 1st millennium BC to 1st millennium AD. The location of the archaeological sites is mapped according to survey maps of the 19th and 20th c. and digital topographic models from satellite data. The Ptolemaic and Roman context for the apparent ‘boom’ in settlement during the late antique period (3rd–7th c. AD) is described to assess the way in which the diverse environments of floodplain, wetland and marsh, and sand-bars were managed, and to propose a possible reconstruction of the ancient landscape. The results of the correlation are discussed in terms of connectivity to waterways, lagoons and the sea, spatial organisation, hierarchy and site function. The way in which the evidence from this time period may provide a potential proxy for understanding earlier and later settlement density is explored. Throughout, the historical trajectory and the environment will provide the background for the development of the Delta in the Medieval and Modern period.
A Tower to Console the Dead and the Living: Masumi Hayashi and the Image of History
Authors: Francisco Jason
Published: June 2019

This article critically investigates the work of the Japanese American photographer Masumi Hayashi (1945–2006), with special attention to her series on World War II era internment camps for people of Japanese ancestry. It has three goals: to describe Hayashi’s unusual working method through close attention to the works themselves; to articulate the aesthetic, philosophical and ethical dimensions of Hayashi’s practice; and to position Hayashi within the field of late twentieth-century and early twenty-first century photographers concerned with the problem of giving-image to traumatic histories. The author argues for recognition of Hayashi’s deeply accomplished, ground-breaking work.
Construing Temporal Magnitudes: Implications for Event Conceptualisation
Authors: Deckert Mikołaj
Published: June 2019

The paper investigates the effect of alternating construals of temporal magnitudes on individuals’ reasoning about events that are explicitly embedded in time. Specifically, I analyse the meaning-making potential of “cumulative” and “fractional” construals, as in “30 minutes” and “half an hour”. Inspired by Cognitive Linguistics postulates, the hypothesis is that although these alternate constructions of time quantities are numerically equivalent, i.e. the objective time intervals designated are the same, they will differently prompt conceptualisation and reasoning about events they structure. This hypothesis is empirically tested with native and non-native speakers of English at four levels of time granularity, for seconds/minute, minutes/hour, weeks/month and months/year configurations.

The findings show that there is a consistent major effect indicating a semantic-conceptual asymmetry between cumulative and fractional construals for the seconds/minute level, and a weaker, though analogous, effect for the months/year level, with the fractional construals ‘magnifying’ the quantity. Critically, the effect is found to hold in the case of conceptualisers for whom English, in which stimuli were presented, was their L2 while English native speakers appear to be ‘immune’.

I discuss the potential motivation behind those patterns as well as the effect’s theoretical and practical implications. Finally, the findings are then related to a study on individuals’ intuitive predictions about meaning-making implications of alternating between cumulative and fractional construals of time.
Hudā Barakāt
Authors: Hanna Kifah
Published: June 2019

In this article, I read Hudā Barakāt’s work within the context of queer theory. I argue that the positioning of a queer character at the heart of Barakāt’s Ḥajar al-Ḍaḥik (The Stone of Laughter, 1990) has two main functions: first, it appropriates a (contested) classical theme in Arabic literature. Second, it does so while engaging with queer theory and literature as a global movement. Barakāt’s choice to write exclusively in Arabic about homoeroticism and queerness in spite of her being fluent in French is of particular significance. Read in comparison to more recent publications in English that address “queerness” in the Arab Middle East, including Meem’s Bareed Mista3jil: True Stories (2009), Rabih Alameddine’s The Hakawati: A Story (2008), and Saleem Haddad’s Guapa (2016), Barakāt’s intervention urges a rethinking of the canonization of queer texts of the Arab world and the different ways they enter local and global markets.
Management of Tuna Fisheries for Sustainable Development in the Pacific Islands
Authors: Batty Michael , Fernandes Vivian
Published: June 2019

Cooperation by Pacific Island countries in the management of tuna fisheries is an important means of achieving sustainable development of these shared resources, in line with Sustainable Development Goal 14. The Western and Central Pacific Ocean (WCPO) tuna fishery is the largest tuna fishery in the world and two examples of arrangements based on regional cooperation are provided:

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The purse seine Vessel Day Scheme (VDS) is a fisheries management system that is being implemented through the cooperation of the Parties to the Nauru Agreement (PNA), which regulates harvesting of tuna in line with SDG 14.4. The scheme also establishes rights in the shared fishery for small island developing states, increasing economic returns in support of SDG 14.7.

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Regional cooperation in fisheries Monitoring Control and Surveillance is a unique collaboration between the members of the Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA) to address illegal, unreported and unregistered (IUU) fishing in support of SDG 14.4. A range of regionally agreed systems and tools is applied.
Achieving Sustainable Fisheries in The Pacific Islands
Authors: Donoghue Michael
Published: June 2019

The tuna fisheries within the Exclusive Economic Zones of the Pacific islands are the richest in the world. Pacific Islanders have some of the highest per capita fish and seafood consumption rates in the world, and both commercial and subsistence fisheries are of vital significance. This paper sets out a vision for the region’s fisheries that incorporates a number of elements, including sustainable harvesting of targeted fish stocks, protection of habitat, conservation of threatened species, maximising the value to the region of fish harvest, addressing the issues of marine pollution (including plastics), and increasing the employment opportunities for Pacific Islanders in the management and conservation of their resources, to meet Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 14 and achieve truly sustainable fisheries.
Nigeria and the Deficit of National Cohesion: Exploring the Political Philosophy of a Third Culture in the Post-Centennial Era
Authors: Olufemi Badru Ronald
Published: June 2019

This exercise that straddles political philosophy and philosophy of culture is to constructively dialogue with the hitherto deficit of national cohesion in Nigeria in the post-centennial era. Employing the research methods of conceptual mapping, critical analysis, reflective argumentation, and historical data, the work advances as its problem statement that the deficit of national cohesion in Nigeria has been a fundamental issue for a long time, which has manifested in various ethnic and religious conflicts in society, taking the conflictual phenomena as the core of the deficit of national integration. The thesis statement of the study is that, if the post-centennial Nigeria is to achieve any substantial national cohesion in the midst of ethno-religious pluralism, then a form of third culture (TC), a culture of positive integration of the essentials of the self culture (SC) and the other culture (OC) ought to be conscientiously developed among Nigerians. But, to successfully develop this third culture, its philosophical dimensions, that is, its epistemology, ethics, metaphysics, and logic must be explored and made intelligible to all. Therefore, a systematic exposition of the philosophical dimensions of the third culture and the process of ultimate realization of their prescriptions constitute the goals of the present study.
Far and Near: A Parallel Study between Lorenzo Valla and Li Zhi
Authors: Li Jingjing
Published: June 2019

The fifteenth-century Italian humanist Lorenzo Valla (1407–1457) and the Chinese philosopher of the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) Li Zhi 李贄 (1527–1602) are both famous for their rebellion against the mainstream culture of their respective nations and times. A parallel study of the writers allows us to consider fifteenth-century Italy alongside sixteenth-century China, and vice versa. The similarities and differences provide perspective on both cultures, and on the reciprocal influence between philosophy and social development.