bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Orphan disease: Cherubism, optic atrophy, and short stature
Authors: Jeevanandham Balaji , Ramachandran Rajoo , Dhanapal Vignesh , Subramanian Ilanchezhian , Sai Venkata
Published: March 2018

A 12-year-old female presented with complaints of progressive visual impairment in both her eyes. On clinical examination, she was short for her age and her ophthalmoscopic examination revealed bilateral optic atrophy. Computed tomography of the patient revealed multiple expansile lytic lesions of mandible suggesting cherubism. The optic atrophy was confirmed on magnetic resonance imaging, which additionally revealed bilateral retrocerebellar arachnoid cysts. This association of cherubism with optic atrophy and short stature was grouped as orphan disease by National Institutes of Health and only one case was reported in the literature so far.
La contribución de Alvin Toffler al imaginario teórico y conceptual de la comunicación
Authors: Islas Octavio , Arribas Amaia , Gutiérrez Fernando
Published: March 2018

Partimos de afirmar la complejidad de la comunicación y referimos algunas de las principales contribuciones al imaginario teórico y conceptual de la comunicología que han procedido de otros campos del conocimiento. Enseguida señalamos que Alvin Toffler, destacado futurólogo estadounidense, quien falleció el 27 de junio de 2016, realizó valiosísimas aportaciones a las ciencias de la comunicación. A finales de la década de 1970, por ejemplo, anticipó el fenómeno del prosumismo y dio nombre a la figura de los prosumidores. En años recientes un amplio número de académicos e investigadores de la comunicología –y de las ciencias sociales, en general- han reconocido la efectiva relevancia de los prosumidores en el desarrollo de las comunicaciones digitales.En la obra y pensamiento de Alvin Toffler también identificamos algunas preocupaciones presentes en la obra y pensamiento de Marshall McLuhan (1911-1980), así como en el imaginario de la Ecología de los Medios. En este texto centraremos nuestra mirada en tres de los principales libros de Alvin Toffler -El ‘shock del futuro´ (1970), La Tercera Ola (1980), La revolución de la riqueza (2006)-, en los cuales él y su esposa abordaron temas relacionados con el desarrollo de la comunicología, algunos de ellos coincidentes con tesis de Marshall McLuhan y la Ecología de los Medios.
Preference of rabbit does among different nest materials
Authors: Farkas T.P. , Szendrő Zs. , Matics Zs. , Radnai I. , Nagy I. , Gerencsér Zsolt
Published: March 2018

Nest quality is important for the survival of new-born rabbits. Nesting material in rabbit farms generally consists of wood shavings, which is completely different from the dry grass used by the European wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). The aim of the experiments was to examine which nest materials are preferred by rabbit does when building their nest. In experiment 1, the choice of multiparous rabbit does (n=37) among nest boxes bedded with different nesting materials was monitored. In each pen (1.0×1.83 m) 1 doe and 4 nest boxes (0.37×0.23×0.31 m) with different nest materials (meadow hay [H], wheat straw [S], fine fibre material [Lignocel®, L] or wood shavings [W]) were placed 3 days before the expected parturition (gestation length is about 31 d in the Pannon White breed). Some 48.6% of the does kindled in nest boxes that contained pure materials (L: 40.5%, S: 5.4%, H: 2.7%), and 51.3% of the does kindled in nest boxes where the nest materials of different nest boxes were mixed by the does (S with L: 21.5%, S with L and H: 5.4%, W with L: 8.1%, L with H and S: 5.4%). Does preferred kindling in the nest box bedded with L, and most of them refused the nest box with W. In experiment 2/a (n=32 does) and 2/b (n=25 does), each pen (1×0.91 m) was equipped with 3 and 2 hay racks and filled with H, S or L, and H or S, respectively. The experiments lasted from the 27th day of pregnancy until the day of parturition and 24-h video recordings (10 does/experiment) were evaluated throughout the experiment. The events of carrying the nest materials from the hay racks were registered. In experiment 2/a, the frequency of nest material carrying was highest on the day of parturition. The preferred nest material was L (compared to H and S) on each experimental day except day 30 of pregnancy. At the day of kindling, 87.5, 6.3 and 6.3% of the nests contained pure L, mixed L-H and L-S, respectively. In experiment 2/b, the frequency of nest material carrying (mostly S) was highest on the day of parturition, and on days 27 and 30 of pregnancy. More does built nests with only S (72%) than H (16%), and in 12% of the cases the S and H were mixed. For the purpose of nest building, material S was the most frequently used (72%) compared to other possibilities (H: 16%, S-H: 12%). It can be concluded that rabbit does showed the following clear preferences for specific nest building materials: L>S>H>W.
Effect of simplified feeding based only on wheat bran and brewer’s grain on rabbit performance and economic efficiency
Authors: Cherifi Zakia , Kadi S. A. , Mouhous A. , Bannellier C. , Berchiche M. , Gidenne T.
Published: March 2018

Simplified diets are based on maximum incorporation of fodder and/or by-products into animal feed, thus minimizing the formulation and the costs. This study aimed to evaluate the possibility of feeding fattening rabbits with a simplified diet composed of only two agro-industrial by-products inexpensive and locally available: brewer’s grain and wheat bran. At weaning (35 days), 68 rabbits were divided into two identical groups (mean weight = 833 g) and housed in individual cages until slaughter (77 days). Each of the two groups (B0 and SF) was fed ad libitum either a commercial pelleted feed (control), or a simplified pelleted  experimental diet "SF" containing 72% wheat bran and 27% brewer’s grain. The feed conversion was within the standards and similar in the two groups (3.55 on average). The growth rate and feed intake of B0 group were 12% higher (P <0.001) than that of the SF group (35.2g vs 31.2 and 128.3 vs 113 g/d). The cold carcass yield and the carcass weight were respectively higher (P <0.001) by 4 units and by 9% in the control group. The carcass of SF group was less fatty (perirenal fat: -23%, inguinal fat: -41% and scapular fat:-14%). The economic efficiency was 40% better for SF diet with almost 50 Algerian Dinar more benefit (/kg of meat).

 
In vitro caecal fermentation of carbohydrate-rich feedstuffs in rabbits as affected by substrate pre-digestion and donors' diet
Authors: Ocasio-Vega C. , Abad-Guamán R. , Delgado R. , Carabaño R. , Carro M.D. , Garcia Javier
Published: March 2018

The influence of substrate pre-digestion and donors’ diet on in vitro caecal fermentation of different substrates in rabbits was investigated. Eight crossbreed rabbits were fed 2 experimental diets containing either low (LSF; 84.0 g/kg dry matter [DM]) or high soluble fibre (HSF; 130 g/kg DM) levels. In vitro incubations were conducted using batch cultures with soft faeces as inoculum and four fibrous or fibre-derived, low-starch and low-protein substrates: D-cellobiose (CEL), sugar beet pectin (PEC), sugar beet pulp (SBP) and wheat straw (WS). Substrates in half of the cultures were subjected to a 2-step pepsin/pancreatin in vitro digestion without filtration, and the whole residue (soluble, insoluble and added enzymes) was incubated at 39°C. Gas production was measured until 144 h, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production at 24 h incubation was determined. Cultures without substrate (blanks) were included to correct gas production values for gas released from endogenous substrates and added enzymes. Pre-digestion had no influence on in vitro gas production kinetic of WS, and only reduced the time before gas production begins (lag time; by 31%; P=0.042) for SBP, but for both substrates the pre-digestion decreased the molar proportion of acetate (by 9%; P≤0.003) and increased those of propionate and butyrate (P≤0.014). For CEL, the pre-digestion increased the gas and total VFA production (by 30 and 114%), shortened the lag time (by 32%), and only when it was combined with LSF inoculum 38 percentage units of acetate were replaced by butyrate (P≤0.039). Treatments had a minor influence on in vitro fermentation traits of SBP pectin. The results showed that the pre-digestion process influenced the in vitro caecal fermentation in rabbits, but the effects were influenced by donors’ diet and the incubated substrate. Pre-digestion of substrate is recommended before conducting in vitro caecal fermentations. The level of soluble fibre in the donors’ diet also influenced the in vitro caecal fermentation, but its effect depended on the type of substrate.
White lupin bran and its effects on the growth performance, carcass characteristics and digestibility of nutrients in fattening rabbits
Authors: Uhlířová Linda , Volek Zdeněk , Marounek Milan
Published: March 2018

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of including white lupin bran (WLB) in a fattening rabbit diet on growth, carcass traits and nutrient digestibility. The C diet (control) based on alfalfa meal, whereas the WLB 5 and WLB 15 diets were based on white lupin bran (crude protein 152 g/kg, neutral detergent fibre 524 g/kg as-fed basis). The WLB 5 diet contained 50 g of white lupin bran/kg instead of 50 g of alfalfa meal/kg, whereas the WLB 15 diet contained 150 g of white lupin bran/kg, 5 g of soybean meal/kg and 10 g of sugar beet pulp/kg instead of 165 g of alfalfa meal/kg. The diets had similar digestible protein/digestible energy ratios. A total of 150 Hyplus rabbits between the ages of 30 to 73 d were randomly allocated into one of 3 groups and fed one of the 3 experimental diets. Additionally, another 30 Hyplus rabbits (10 per dietary treatment) at the age of 30 d were selected to determine coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of diets between 63 and 67 d of age. The dietary treatments did not affect the final live weight of rabbits (mean=2969 g). There was a higher feed intake (+30 g/d; P<0.001) in both groups of rabbits fed the WLB 5 and WLB 15 diets compared to rabbits fed the C diet, which led to impaired feed conversion ratios (P<0.001). Sanitary risk index was not affected by dietary treatment. The rabbits fed the WLB 15 diet exhibited a higher drip loss percentage (+0.65%; P<0.001) than the rabbits fed the other diets, as well as a lower dressing-out percentage (by 1.6%; P=0.024). The CTTAD of the lignocellulose fraction (acid detergent fibre) was significantly higher in rabbits fed the WLB 5 and WLB 15 diets than in those fed the C diet. White lupin bran may be used as a dietary fibrous by-product without significant impairment of the nutritive value of the diet. This lupin by-product can be included in diets for fattening rabbits up to 15% as a partial replacement of alfalfa meal.
A Social History of Early Rock ‘n’ Roll in Germany
Authors: Sneeringer Julia
Published: March 2018

A Social History of Early Rock ‘n’ Roll in Germany explores the people and spaces of St. Pauli’s rock’n’roll scene in the 1960s. Starting in 1960, young British rockers were hired to entertain tourists in Hamburg’s red-light district around the Reeperbahn in the area of St. Pauli. German youths quickly joined in to experience the forbidden thrill of rock’n’roll, and used African American sounds to distance themselves from the old Nazi generation. In 1962 the Star Club opened and drew international attention for hosting some of the Beatles’ most influential performances. In this book, Julia Sneeringer weaves together this story of youth culture with histories of sex and gender, popular culture, media, and subculture.

By exploring the history of one locale in depth, Sneeringer offers a welcome contribution to the scholarly literature on space, place, sound and the city, and pays overdue attention to the impact that Hamburg had upon music and style. She is also careful to place performers such as The Beatles back into the social, spatial, and musical contexts that shaped them and their generation.

This book reveals that transnational encounters between musicians, fans, entrepreneurs and businessmen in St. Pauli produced a musical style that provided emotional and physical liberation and challenged powerful forces of conservatism and conformity with effects that transformed the world for decades to come
Using eddy covariance to measure the dependence of air–sea CO2 exchange rate on friction velocity
Authors: Landwehr Sebastian , Miller Scott D. , Smith Murray J. , Bell Thomas G. , Saltzman Eric S. , Ward Brian
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Parameterisation of the air–sea gas transfer velocity of CO2 and other trace gases under open-ocean conditions has been a focus of air–sea interaction research and is required for accurately determining ocean carbon uptake. Ships are the most widely used platform for air–sea flux measurements but the quality of the data can be compromised by airflow distortion and sensor cross-sensitivity effects. Recent improvements in the understanding of these effects have led to enhanced corrections to the shipboard eddy covariance (EC) measurements.Here, we present a revised analysis of eddy covariance measurements of air–sea CO2 and momentum fluxes from the Southern Ocean Surface Ocean Aerosol Production (SOAP) study. We show that it is possible to significantly reduce the scatter in the EC data and achieve consistency between measurements taken on station and with the ship underway. The gas transfer velocities from the EC measurements correlate better with the EC friction velocity (u*) than with mean wind speeds derived from shipboard measurements corrected with an airflow distortion model. For the observed range of wind speeds (u10 N = 3–23 m s−1), the transfer velocities can be parameterised with a linear fit to u*. The SOAP data are compared to previous gas transfer parameterisations using u10 N computed from the EC friction velocity with the drag coefficient from the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) model version 3.5. The SOAP results are consistent with previous gas transfer studies, but at high wind speeds they do not support the sharp increase in gas transfer associated with bubble-mediated transfer predicted by physically based models.
A revised global ozone dry deposition estimate based on a new two-layer parameterisation for air–sea exchange and the multi-year MACC composition reanalysis
Authors: Luhar Ashok K. , Woodhouse Matthew T. , Galbally Ian E.
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Dry deposition at the Earth's surface is an important sink of atmospheric ozone. Currently, dry deposition of ozone to the ocean surface in atmospheric chemistry models has the largest uncertainty compared to deposition to other surface types, with implications for global tropospheric ozone budget and associated radiative forcing. Most global models assume that the dominant term of surface resistance in the parameterisation of ozone dry deposition velocity at the oceanic surface is constant. There have been recent mechanistic parameterisations for air–sea exchange that account for the simultaneous waterside processes of ozone solubility, molecular diffusion, turbulent transfer, and first-order chemical reaction of ozone with dissolved iodide and other compounds, but there are questions about their performance and consistency. We present a new two-layer parameterisation scheme for the oceanic surface resistance by making the following realistic assumptions: (a) the thickness of the top water layer is of the order of a reaction–diffusion length scale (a few micrometres) within which ozone loss is dominated by chemical reaction and the influence of waterside turbulent transfer is negligible; (b) in the water layer below, both chemical reaction and waterside turbulent transfer act together and are accounted for; and (c) chemical reactivity is present through the depth of the oceanic mixing layer. The new parameterisation has been evaluated against dry deposition velocities from recent open-ocean measurements. It is found that the inclusion of only the aqueous iodide–ozone reaction satisfactorily describes the measurements. In order to better quantify the global dry deposition loss and its interannual variability, modelled 3-hourly ozone deposition velocities are combined with the 3-hourly MACC (Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate) reanalysis ozone for the years 2003–2012. The resulting ozone dry deposition is found to be 98.4 ± 30.0 Tg O3 yr−1 for the ocean and 722.8 ± 87.3 Tg O3 yr−1 globally. The new estimate of the ocean component is approximately a third of the current model estimates. This reduction corresponds to an approximately 20 % decrease in the total global ozone dry deposition, which (with all other components being unchanged) is equivalent to an increase of approximately 5 % in the modelled tropospheric ozone burden and a similar increase in tropospheric ozone lifetime.
Are atmospheric PBDE levels declining in Central Europe?
Examination of the seasonal variations, gas-particle partitioning and
implications for long-range atmospheric transport
Authors: Degrendele Céline , Wilson Jake , Kukučka Petr , Klánová Jana , Lammel Gerhard
Published: March 2018

Abstract. This study presents novel multi-year monitoring data on atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Central Europe. Air was sampled on a weekly basis at a background site in the central Czech Republic from 2011 to 2014 (N = 114). Σ9PBDEs (without BDE209) total (gas and particulate) concentrations ranged from 0.088 to 6.08 pg m−3, while BDE209 was at 0.05–5.01 pg m−3. BDE47, BDE99 and BDE183 were the major contributors to Σ9PBDEs. The inverse of ambient temperature was positively correlated with the total concentrations of BDE47 and BDE66 while negative correlations were observed for BDE153 and BDE154. Overall, the atmospheric concentrations of individual PBDEs were controlled by primary emissions, re-volatilisation from surfaces, deposition processes and long-range atmospheric transport. Regarding gas-particle partitioning, with the exception of BDE28 (gaseous) and BDE209 (particulate), all congeners were consistently detected in both phases and clear seasonal variations were observed. For example, while the average measured particulate fraction (θmeasured) of BDE47 was 0.52 in winter, this was only 0.01 in summer. Similarly, for BDE99, θmeasured was 0.88 in winter, while it was only 0.18 in summer. The observed gas-particle partitioning coefficient (Kp, in m3 μg−1) was compared with three model predictions, assuming equilibrium or steady-state. None of the models could provide a satisfactory prediction of the partitioning, suggesting the need for a universally applicable model. Statistically significant decreases of the atmospheric concentrations during 2011–2014 were found for BDE100, 99, 153 and 209. Estimated apparent atmospheric halving times for these congeners were ranging from 2.6 (BDE209) to 4.5 (BDE153) years. Significant increases of BDE28 and 66 were observed for autumn and summer, respectively. This may suggest the accumulation of these persistent products in the environment due to photolytic conversion of higher brominated congeners.
Multi-static spatial and angular studies of polar mesospheric
summer echoes combining MAARSY and KAIRA
Authors: Chau Jorge L. , McKay Derek , Vierinen Juha P. , La Hoz Cesar , Ulich Thomas , Lehtinen Markku , Latteck Ralph
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Polar mesospheric summer echoes (PMSEs) have been long associated with Noctilucent clouds (NLCs). For large ice particles sizes and relatively high ice densities, PMSE and NLCs have been shown to be highly correlated at 3-m Bragg wavelengths and are known to be good tracers of the atmospheric wind dynamics. Combining the Middle Atmosphere ALOMAR Radar System (MAARSY) and the Kilpisjärvi Atmospheric Imaging Receiver Array (KAIRA), i.e., monostatic and bistatic observations, we show for the first time direct evidence of limited-volume PMSE structures drifting more than 90 km almost unchanged. These structures are shown to have widths of 5–15 km and are separated by 20–60 kms, consistent with structures due to atmospheric waves previously observed in NLCs from the ground and from space. Given the lower sensitivity of KAIRA, the observed features are attributed to echoes from regions with high Schmidt numbers that provide a large radar cross-section. The bistatic geometry allows us to determine an upper value for the angular sensitivity of PMSE echoes at meter scales. We find no evidence for strong aspect sensitivity for PMSE echoes, which is consistent with recent observations using radar imaging approaches. Our results indicate that multi-static all-sky interferometric radar observations of PMSE could be a powerful tool for studying mesospheric wind-fields within large geographic areas.
Intra-urban spatial variability of surface ozone in Riverside, CA: viability and validation of low-cost sensors
Authors: Sadighi Kira , Coffey Evan , Polidori Andrea , Feenstra Brandon , Lv Qin , Henze Daven K. , Hannigan Michael
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Sensor networks are being more widely used to characterize and understand compounds in the atmosphere like ozone (O3). This study employs a measurement tool, called the U-Pod, constructed at the University of Colorado Boulder, to investigate spatial and temporal variability of O3 in a 200 km2 area of Riverside County near Los Angeles, California. This tool contains low-cost sensors to collect ambient data at non-permanent locations. The U-Pods were calibrated using a pre-deployment field calibration technique; all the U-Pods were collocated with regulatory monitors. After collocation, the U-Pods were deployed in the area mentioned. A subset of pods was deployed at two local regulatory air quality monitoring stations providing validation for the collocation calibration method. Field validation of sensor O3 measurements to minute-resolution reference observations resulted in R2 and root mean squared errors (RMSEs) of 0.95–0.97 and 4.4–5.9 ppbv, respectively. Using the deployment data, ozone concentrations were observed to vary on this small spatial scale. In the analysis based on hourly binned data, the median R2 values between all possible U-Pod pairs varied from 0.52 to 0.86 for ozone during the deployment. The medians of absolute differences were calculated between all possible pod pairs, 21 pairs total. The median values of those median absolute differences for each hour of the day varied between 2.2 and 9.3 ppbv for the ozone deployment. Since median differences between U-Pod concentrations during deployment are larger than the respective root mean square error values, we can conclude that there is spatial variability in this criteria pollutant across the study area. This is important because it means that citizens may be exposed to more, or less, ozone than they would assume based on current regulatory monitoring.
Experiments with CO2 -in-air reference gases in high-pressure aluminum cylinders
Authors: Schibig Michael F. , Kitzis Duane , Tans Pieter P.
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Long term monitoring of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere is key for a better understanding of the processes involved in the carbon cycle that have a major impact on further climate change. Keeping track of large-scale emissions and removals (“sources and sinks”) of CO2 requires very accurate measurements. They all have to be calibrated very carefully and have to be traceable to a common scale, the WMO CO2 X2007 scale, which is maintained by NOAA/ESRL (Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Earth System Research Laboratory) in Boulder, CO, USA. The international WMO/GAW (World Meteorological Organization/Global Atmosphere Watch) program sets as compatibility goals for the required agreement between different methods and laboratories ±0.1 μmol mol−1 for the northern hemisphere and ±0.05 μmol mol−1 for the southern hemisphere. The reference gas mixtures used to pass down and distribute the scale are stored in high pressure aluminum cylinders. It is crucial that the standards remain stable during their entire time of use. In this study we found that during low flow conditions (0.3 l min−1) the tested vertically positioned aluminum cylinders always showed similar CO2 enrichment of 0.090 ±  0.009 μmol mol−1 as the cylinder was emptied from about 140 to 1 bar above atmosphere, following Langmuir’s adsorption/desorption model. When decanted at a higher rate of 5.0 l min−1 the enrichment becomes 0.22 ± 0.05 μmol mol−1 for the same pressure drop. The higher enrichment is related to thermal diffusion and fractionation effects in the cylinder, which were also dependent on the cylinder’s orientation and could even turn negative. However, the low amount of CO2 adsorbed on the cylinder wall as well as the fact that the main increase happens at low pressure lead to the conclusion that aluminum cylinders are suitable to store ambient CO2-in-dry-air mixtures provided they are not used below 20 bar. In case they are used in high flow experiments that involve significant cylinder temperature changes, special attention has to be paid to possible fractionation effects.
Ionospheric and thermospheric response to the 27–28 February 2014 geomagnetic storm
Authors: Malki Khalifa , Bounhir Aziza , Benkhaldoun Zouhair , Makela Jonathan J. , Vilmer Nicole , Fisher Daniel J. , Kaab Mohamed , Elbouyahyaoui Khaoula , Harding Brian J. , Laghriyeb Amine , Daassou Ahmed , Lazrek Mohamed
Published: March 2018

Abstract. The present work explores the ionospheric and thermospheric responses to the 27–28 February 2014 geomagnetic storm. For the first time, a geomagnetic storm is explored in north Africa using interferometer, all-sky imager and GPS data. This storm was caused by coronal mass ejection (CME) associated flares that occurred on 25 February 2014. A Fabry-Perot interferometer located at the Oukaimeden Observatory (31.206° N, 7.866° W, 22.84° N magnetic) in Morocco provides measurements of the thermospheric neutral winds based on the observations of the 630 nm redline emission. A wide angle imaging system records images of the 630-nm emission. The effects of this geomagnetic storm on the thermosphere are evident from the clear departure of the neutral winds from their seasonal behavior. During the storm, the winds experience an intense and steep equatorward flow from 21 to 01 LT and a westward flow from 22 to 03 LT. The equatorial wind speed reaches a maximum of 120 m/s for the meridional component at 22 LT, when the zonal wind reverses to the westward direction. Shortly after 00 LT a maximum westward speed of 80 m/s was achieved for the zonal component of the wind. The features of the winds are typical of TAD (Traveling Atmospheric Disturbances) induced circulation; the first TAD coming from the northern hemisphere reaches the site at 21 LT and a second one coming from the southern hemisphere reaches the site at about 00 LT. We estimate the propagation speed of the northern TAD to be 550 m/s. We compared the winds to DWM07 (Disturbance Wind Model) prediction model and find that this model gives a good indication of the new circulation pattern caused by storm activity, but deviates largely inside the TADs. The effects on the ionosphere were also evident through the change observed in the background electrodynamics from the reversal in drift direction in an observed equatorial plasma bubble. TEC measurements of a GPS station installed in Morocco, at Rabat (33.998° N; 6.853° W, geographic) revealed a positive storm.
Impacts of Nitrogen Addition on Nitrous Oxide Emission: Model-Data Comparison
Authors: Zhang Yujin , Ma Minna , Fang Huajun , Qin Dahe , Cheng Shulan , Yuan Wenping
Published: March 2018

Abstract. The contributions of long-lived nitrous oxide (N2O) to the global climate and environment have received increasing attention. Especially, atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has substantially increased in recent decades due to extensive use of fossil fuels in industry, which strongly stimulates the N2O emissions of the terrestrial ecosystem. Several models have been developed to simulate N2O emission, but there are still large differences in their N2O emission simulations and responses to atmospheric deposition over global or regional scales. Using observations from N addition experiments in a subtropical forest, this study compared six widely-used N2O models (i.e. DayCENT, DLEM, DNDC, DyN, NOE, and NGAS) to investigate their performances for reproducing N2O emission, and especially the impacts of two types of N additions (i.e. ammonium and nitrate: NH4+ and NO3−, respectively) and two levels (low and high) on N2O emission. In general, the six models reproduced the seasonal variations of N2O emission, but failed to reproduce relatively larger N2O emissions due to NH4+ compared to NO3− additions. Few models indicated larger N2O emission under high N addition levels for both NH4+ and NO3−. Moreover, there were substantial model differences for simulating the ratios of N2O emission from nitrification and denitrification processes due to disagreements in model structures and algorithms. This analysis highlights the need to improve representation of N2O production and diffusion, and the control of soil water-filled pore space on these processes in order to simulate the impacts of N deposition on N2O emission.
Diffusion based modelling of temperature and moisture interactive effects on carbon fluxes of mineral soils
Authors: Moyano Fernando E. , Vasilyeva Nadezda , Menichetti Lorenzo
Published: March 2018

Abstract. While CO2 production in soils strongly responds to changes in temperature and moisture, the magnitude of such responses at different time scales remains difficult to predict. In particular, little is known of the mechanisms leading to interactions in the effects of these drivers on soil CO2 emissions, even though such observations are common. Here we compare a number of modelling approaches to test which underlying mechanisms best simulate the interactive responses measured in soils incubated under combined levels of temperature and moisture. We found that two model components were critical for reproducing the observed interactive patterns: 1. Michaelis-Menten reaction kinetics, which strongly improved the model fit when applied to decomposition reactions, and 2. diffusion of dissolved C and enzymes. The latter replaces conventional empirical functions as a mechanism relating moisture content with C fluxes. Indeed, empirical functions failed to capture the main observed interactions. After model calibration we were able to explain 84 % of the variation in the data. Model simulations resulted in a decoupling of decomposition and respiration C fluxes in the short and mid-term, with interaction effects and general sensitivities to temperature and moisture being more pronounced for respiration. Sensitivity to different model parameters was highest for those affecting diffusion limitations, followed by activation energies, the Michaelis-Menten constant, and carbon use efficiency. Model validation resulted in a high fit against independent data (R2 = 0.99). The same underlying model parameters resulted here in different apparent temperature sensitivities compared to the calibration step, demonstrating a strong effects of initial soil conditions. With these results we could demonstrate the importance of model structure and the central role of diffusion and reaction kinetics for simulating complex soil C dynamics related to temperature and moisture interactions. Future studies should further validate this mechanistic approach and extend its use to a larger range of soils.
Temperature seasonality in the North American continental interior during the early Eocene climatic optimum
Authors: Hyland Ethan G. , Huntington Katharine W. , Sheldon Nathan D. , Reichgelt Tammo
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Paleogene greenhouse climate equability has long been a paradox in paleoclimate research. However, recent developments in proxy and modeling methods have suggested that strong seasonality may be a feature of at least some greenhouse periods. Here we present the first multi-proxy record of seasonal temperatures during the Paleogene from paleofloras, paleosol geochemistry, and carbonate clumped isotope thermometry in the Green River Basin (Wyoming, USA). These combined temperature records allow for the reconstruction of past seasonality in the continental interior, which shows that temperatures were warmer in all seasons during the peak early Eocene climatic optimum and that the mean annual range of temperature was high, similar to the modern value (~ 26 °C). Proxy data and downscaled Eocene regional climate model results suggest amplified seasonality during greenhouse events. Increased seasonality reconstructed for the early Eocene is similar in scope to the higher seasonal range predicted by downscaled climate model ensembles for future high-CO2 emissions scenarios. Overall, these data and model comparisons have substantial implications for understanding greenhouse climates in general, and may be important for predicting future seasonal climate regimes and their impacts in continental regions.
Hydrography and biogeochemistry dedicated to the Mediterranean BGC-Argo network during a cruise with RV Tethys 2 in May 2015
Authors: Taillandier Vincent , Wagener Thibaut , D'Ortenzio Fabrizio , Mayot Nicolas , Legoff Hervé , Ras Joséphine , Coppola Laurent , Pasqueron de Fommervault Orens , Schmechtig Catherine , Diamond Emilie , Bittig Henry , Lefevre Dominique , Leymarie Edouard , Poteau Antoine , Prieur Louis
Published: March 2018

Abstract. We report on data from an oceanographic cruise, covering western, central and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, on the French research vessel Tethys 2 in May 2015. This cruise was fully dedicated to the maintenance and the metrological verification of a biogeochemical observing system based on a fleet of BGC-Argo floats. During the cruise, a comprehensive data set of parameters sensed by the autonomous network was collected. The measurements include ocean currents, seawater salinity and temperature, and concentrations of inorganic nutrients, dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll pigments. The analytical protocols and data processing methods are detailed, together with a first assessment of the calibration state for all the sensors deployed during the cruise. Data collected at stations are available at https://doi.org/10.17882/51678 and data collected along the ship track are available at https://doi.org/10.17882/51691.
Subglacial topography, ice thickness, and bathymetry of
Kongsfjorden, northwestern Svalbard
Authors: Lindbäck Katrin , Kohler Jack , Pettersson Rickard , Nuth Christopher , Langley Kirsty , Messerli Alexandra , Vallot Dorothée , Matsuoka Kenichi , Brandt Ola
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Svalbard tidewater glaciers are retreating, which will affect fjord circulation and ecosystems when glacier fronts become land-terminating. We present high-resolution (150 m) digital elevation models of subglacial topography and ice thickness of five tidewater glaciers in Kongsfjorden (1100 km2), northwestern Spitsbergen, based on airborne and ground-based surveys. Three of the glaciers have the potential to retreat by ~ 10 km before they become land-terminating. The compiled data set covers one of the most studied regions in Svalbard and will be valuable for future studies of glacier dynamics, geology, hydrology and fjord circulation. The data set is freely available at Norwegian Polar Data Centre (doi: 10.21334/npolar.2017.702ca4a7).
Investigation of a low-cost magneto-inductive magnetometer for space science applications
Authors: Regoli Leonardo H. , Moldwin Mark B. , Pellioni Matthew , Bronner Bret , Hite Kelsey , Sheinker Arie , Ponder Brandon M.
Published: March 2018

Abstract. A new sensor for measuring low-amplitude magnetic fields that is ideal for small spacecraft is presented. The novel measurement principle enables the fabrication of a low-cost sensor with low power consumption and with measuring capabilities that are comparable to recent developments for CubeSat applications. The current magnetometer, a software-modified version of a commercial sensor, is capable of detecting fields with amplitudes as low as 8.7 nT at 40 Hz and 2.7 nT at 1 Hz, with a noise floor of 4 pT∕Hz at 1 Hz. The sensor has a linear response to less than 3 % over a range of ±100 000 nT. All of these features make the magneto-inductive principle a promising technology for the development of magnetic sensors for both space-borne and ground-based applications to study geomagnetic activity.
A simple topography-driven and calibration-free runoff generation module
Authors: Gao Hongkai , Birkel Christian , Hrachowitz Markus , Tetzlaff Doerthe , Soulsby Chris , Savenije Hubert H. G.
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Reading landscapes and developing calibration-free runoff generation models that adequately reflect land surface heterogeneities remains the focus of much hydrological research. In this study, we report a novel and simple topography-driven runoff generation parameterization – the HAND-based Storage Capacity curve (HSC), that uses a topographic index (HAND, Height Above the Nearest Drainage) to identify hydrological similarity and the extent of saturated areas in catchments. The HSC can be used as a module in any conceptual rainfall-runoff model. Further, coupling the HSC parameterization with the Mass Curve Technique (MCT) to estimate root zone storage capacity (SuMax), we developed a calibration-free runoff generation module HSC-MCT. The runoff generation modules of HBV and TOPMODEL were used for comparison purposes. The performance of these two modules (HSC and HSC-MCT) was first checked against the data-rich Bruntland Burn (BB) catchment in Scotland, which has a long time series of field-mapped saturation area extent. We found that the HSC performed better in reproducing the spatio-temporal pattern of the observed saturated areas in the BB compared to TOPMODEL. The HSC and HSC-MCT modules were subsequently tested for 323 MOPEX catchments in the US, with diverse climate, soil, vegetation and geological characteristics. Comparing with HBV and TOPMODEL, the HSC performs better in both calibration and validation. Despite having no calibrated parameters, the HSC-MCT module performed comparably well with calibrated modules, highlighting the robustness of the HSC parameterization to describe the spatial distribution of the root zone storage capacity and the efficiency of the MCT method to estimate SuMax. Moreover, the HSC-MCT module facilitated effective visualization of the saturated area, which has the potential to be used for broader hydrological, ecological, climatological, geomorphological, and biogeochemical studies.
Ensemble modeling of stochastic unsteady open-channel flow in terms of its time–space evolutionary probability distribution – Part 1: theoretical development
Authors: Dib Alain , Kavvas M. Levent
Published: March 2018

Abstract. The Saint-Venant equations are commonly used as the governing equations to solve for modeling the spatially varied unsteady flow in open channels. The presence of uncertainties in the channel or flow parameters renders these equations stochastic, thus requiring their solution in a stochastic framework in order to quantify the ensemble behavior and the variability of the process. While the Monte Carlo approach can be used for such a solution, its computational expense and its large number of simulations act to its disadvantage. This study proposes, explains, and derives a new methodology for solving the stochastic Saint-Venant equations in only one shot, without the need for a large number of simulations. The proposed methodology is derived by developing the nonlocal Lagrangian–Eulerian Fokker–Planck equation of the characteristic form of the stochastic Saint-Venant equations for an open-channel flow process, with an uncertain roughness coefficient. A numerical method for its solution is subsequently devised. The application and validation of this methodology are provided in a companion paper, in which the statistical results computed by the proposed methodology are compared against the results obtained by the Monte Carlo approach.
Ensemble modeling of stochastic unsteady open-channel flow in terms of its
time–space evolutionary probability distribution – Part 2: numerical application
Authors: Dib Alain , Kavvas M. Levent
Published: March 2018

Abstract. The characteristic form of the Saint-Venant equations is solved in a stochastic setting by using a newly proposed Fokker–Planck Equation (FPE) methodology. This methodology computes the ensemble behavior and variability of the unsteady flow in open channels by directly solving for the flow variables' time–space evolutionary probability distribution. The new methodology is tested on a stochastic unsteady open-channel flow problem, with an uncertainty arising from the channel's roughness coefficient. The computed statistical descriptions of the flow variables are compared to the results obtained through Monte Carlo (MC) simulations in order to evaluate the performance of the FPE methodology. The comparisons show that the proposed methodology can adequately predict the results of the considered stochastic flow problem, including the ensemble averages, variances, and probability density functions in time and space. Unlike the large number of simulations performed by the MC approach, only one simulation is required by the FPE methodology. Moreover, the total computational time of the FPE methodology is smaller than that of the MC approach, which could prove to be a particularly crucial advantage in systems with a large number of uncertain parameters. As such, the results obtained in this study indicate that the proposed FPE methodology is a powerful and time-efficient approach for predicting the ensemble average and variance behavior, in both space and time, for an open-channel flow process under an uncertain roughness coefficient.
Spatial consistency and bias in avalanche forecasts – a case
study in the European Alps
Authors: Techel Frank , Ceaglio Elisabetta , Coléou Cécile , Mitterer Christoph , Morin Samuel , Purves Ross S. , Rastelli Francesca
Published: March 2018

Abstract. In the European Alps, the public is provided with regional avalanche forecasts, issued by about 30 forecast centers throughout the winter, covering a spatially contiguous area. A key element in these forecasts is the communication of avalanche danger according to the five-level, ordinal European avalanche danger scale (EADS). Consistency in the application of the avalanche danger levels by the individual forecast centers is essential to ensure the greatest value for users, particularly those utilizing bulletins issued by different forecast centers. As the quality of avalanche forecasts is difficult to verify, due to the categorical nature of the EADS, we investigated forecast goodness by focusing on consistency and bias exploring real forecast danger levels from four winter seasons (477 forecast days). We qualitatively describe the operational constraints associated with the production and communication of the avalanche bulletins, and we propose a methodology to quantitatively explore spatial consistency and bias. We note that the forecast danger level agreed significantly less often when compared across national and forecast center boundaries (about 60 %), as compared to within forecast center boundaries (about 90 %). Furthermore, several forecast centers showed significant systematic differences towards using more frequently lower (or higher) danger levels than their neighbours. Discrepancies seemed to be greatest when analyzing the proportion of forecasts with danger level 4-High and 5-Very High. Operational constraints in the production and communication of avalanche forecasts, such as the size of warning regions, as well as differences in avalanche winter regimes, and variation in the ways the EADS is interpreted locally may contribute to inconsistencies. All these issues highlight the need to further harmonize the forecast production process and the way avalanche hazard is communicated to increase consistency, and hence value for the user.
Atmospheric influences on the anomalous 2016 Antarctic sea ice decay
Authors: Schlosser Elisabeth , Haumann F. Alexander , Raphael Marilyn N.
Published: March 2018

Abstract. In contrast to the Arctic, where total sea ice extent (SIE) has been decreasing for the last three decades, Antarctic SIE has shown a small, but significant, increase during the same time period. However, in 2016, an unusually early onset of the melt season was observed; the maximum Antarctic SIE was already reached as early as August rather than the end of September, and was followed by a rapid decrease. The decay was particularly strong in November, when Antarctic SIE exhibited a negative anomaly (compared to the 1979–2015 average) of approximately 2 million km2. ECMWF Interim reanalysis data showed that the early onset of the melt and the rapid decrease in sea ice area (SIA) and SIE were associated with atmospheric flow patterns related to a positive zonal wave number three (ZW3) index, i.e., synoptic situations leading to strong meridional flow and anomalously strong southward heat advection in the regions of strongest sea ice decline. A persistently positive ZW3 index from May to August suggests that SIE decrease was preconditioned by SIA decrease. In particular, in the first third of November northerly flow conditions in the Weddell Sea and the Western Pacific triggered accelerated sea ice decay, which was continued in the following weeks due to positive feedback effects, leading to the unusually low November SIE. In 2016, the monthly mean Southern Annular Mode (SAM) index reached its second lowest November value since the beginning of the satellite observations. A better spatial and temporal coverage of reliable ice thickness data is needed to assess the change in ice mass rather than ice area.
Effectivity of Soil Amelioration on Peat Soil and Rice Productivity
Authors: Septiyana . , Sutandi Atang , Indriyati Lilik Tri
Published: March 2018

Peat soil amelioration has important role on improvement of soil peat fertility such as  on increasing soil pH,  reducing organic acid and toxic ions, and also increasing nutrients availability.  Soil amelioration with polyvalent cations (Fe Al Cu Zn) namely slag, lateritic soils, and river mud are effectively reducing harmful effect of phenolic acid. The objectives of the study were to determine the effect of soil amelioration on peat soil chemical properties, optimum temperature amelioran tras and dolomite to increase Si concentration in peat soil, also to determine the effect of soil amelioration on increasing crop productivity (both biomass and yield).  The study was consisted of two sets of experiments, namely soil incubation in the laboratory and greenhouse experiment with 4 replications of CRD (complete randomized design) plot design.  The result of the study showed that  the application of slag and dolomite are significantly different to increase pH, base saturation, and (Ca, Mg) content, meanwhile slag application was more complex and stable on improving chemical properties of peat soil.  Slag was also improving pH, KB, and Ca, Fe content  as well as silica and ash.  Tras and dolomite burning were not significantly different on increasing silica in peat soil. Slag application was significantly increased both dried crop biomass and yield on rice.  The best ameliorant was slag compared to tras, dolomite, and mixed tras dolomit with slag.Keywords: Ameliorant, organic acids, paddy, peat soil