bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Thompson chain of subgroups of\break the Conway~group Co1 and complete graphs on ${n}$~vertices
Authors: Curtis Robert T.
Published: June 2016

The large Conway simple group

Co
1

${{\rm Co}_{1}}$

contains a copy of the alternating group

A
9

${{\rm A}_{9}}$

and
thus contains a nested sequence

A
3

≤

A
4

≤
…
≤

A
9

${{\rm A}_{3}\leq{\rm A}_{4}\leq\dots\leq{\rm A}_{9}}$

. Shortly after

Co
1

${{\rm Co}_{1}}$

was discovered, J. G. Thompson recognised that the normalizer of each of the groups in this sequence
(apart from that of

A
8

${{\rm A}_{8}}$

) is maximal in

Co
1

${{\rm Co}_{1}}$

and the resulting collection of subgroups

3
⁢

⁢

Suz

:
 2

$3\mathord{{}^{\;\textstyle{\cdot}}}{\rm Suz\,{:}\,2}$

,

(

A
4

×

G
2

⁢

(
4
)

)

:
 2

$({\rm A}_{4}\times{\rm G}_{2}(4))\,{:}\,2$

,

(

A
5

×
HJ

)

:
 2

$({\rm A}_{5}\times{\rm HJ})\,{:}\,2$

,

(

A
6

×

U
3

⁢

(
3
)

)

:
 2

$({\rm A}_{6}\times{\rm U}_{3}({3}))\,{:}\,2$

,

(

A
7

×

L
2

⁢

(
7
)

)

:
 2

$({\rm A}_{7}\times{\rm L}_{2}({7}))\,{:}\,2$

,

A
8

×

S
4

${\rm A}_{8}\times{\rm S}_{4}$

,

A
9

×

S
3

${\rm A}_{9}\times{\rm S}_{3}$

is now known as the Thompson chain, where Suz denotes the Suzuki simple group and HJ denotes the
Hall–Janko group.

Remarkably, we can start at the other end in the sense that if we consider

U
3

⁢

(
3
)

${{\rm U}_{3}({3})}$

in a certain way, we
obtain a construction which
produces each of the groups

U
3

⁢

(
3
)

:
 2

${\rm U}_{3}({3})\,{:}\,2$

,

HJ

:
 2

${\rm HJ}\,{:}\,2$

,

G
2

⁢

(
4
)

:
 2

${\rm G}_{2}(4)\,{:}\,2$

,

3
⁢

⁢

Suz

:
 2

$3\mathord{{}^{\;\textstyle{\cdot}}}{\rm Suz}\,{:}\,2$

,

2
×

Co
1

$2\times{\rm Co}_{1}$

spontaneously. Indeed, a presentation containing a parameter n is given which, for

n
=

4
,
5
,
6
,
7

${n=4,5,6,7}$

, defines
each of the above groups; n appears just twice in the presentation.

Specifically, we associate with each directed edge ij of

K
n

${{\rm K}_{n}}$

(the complete graph on n vertices)
an element

t

i
⁢
j

${t_{ij}}$

of order 7 in some group G, where

t

j
⁢
i

=

t

i
⁢
j

-
1

${t_{ji}=t_{ij}^{-1}}$

. We insist that G possesses
automorphisms corresponding to the symmetric group permuting the n vertices of our

K
n

${{\rm K}_{n}}$

, and in addition
an automorphism which squares each of the

t

i
⁢
j

${t_{ij}}$

. If we now factor by a relation which ensures that a triangle
generates

U
3

⁢

(
3
)

${{\rm U}_{3}({3})}$

, then a

K
4

${{\rm K}_{4}}$

generates HJ, a

K
5

${{\rm K}_{5}}$

generates

G
2

⁢

(
4
)

${{\rm G}_{2}(4)}$

, a

K
6

${{\rm K}_{6}}$

generates

3
⁢

⁢
Suz

${3\mathord{{}^{\;\textstyle{\cdot}}}{\rm Suz}}$

and a

K
7

${{\rm K}_{7}}$

generates

Co
1

${{\rm Co}_{1}}$

. What happens for

n
≥
8

${n\geq 8}$

is explained
fully in the text.

Thus this is not simply a sequence of nested subgroups in a larger group, but a finite family of closely-related
perfect groups.
Molecular identification of pathogenic Fusarium species, the causal agents of tomato wilt in western Iran
Authors: Chehri Khosrow
Published: June 2016

Fusarium species are causal agents of fungal diseases occurring frequently in numerous agriculturally important plants, including potato, garlic and are one of the common pathogens of tomato, causing root rot in the west part of Iran. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to isolate and identify disease-causing Fusarium species from infected tomatoes based on the morphological and molecular characteristics. Twenty-five isolates of Fusarium were obtained from infected root of tomato plants collected from the fields in different regions of western Iran. Based on morphological features, the strains were classified into four following Fusarium species: F. oxysporum, F. redolens, F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides. The phylogenetic trees based on tef1 and tub2 dataset clearly distinguished closely related species. All of the isolates were evaluated for their pathogenicity on healthy tomato seedlings in the greenhouse. This is the first report on molecular identification of Fusarium species isolated from tomato plants cultivated in Iran.
Efficacy of weed control for opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) with a mixture of tembotrione and fluroxypyr
Authors: Wójtowicz Marek , Wójtowicz Andrzej , Wielebski Franciszek
Published: June 2016

The study was carried out in the years 2013 and 2014 at the Łagiewniki farm to determine the effect of some herbicides on the yield and development of two opium poppy cultivars: ‘Lazur’ - with high morphine content, and ‘Borowski Biały’ - with low morphine content. The development and yield of the poppy was a derivative of environmental and agronomic conditions. The mixture of tembotrione and fluroxypyr applied post-emergence at a rate of 88 and 75 g a.i. · ha−1, respectively, effectively controlled most weeds which are harmful for the poppy and did not phytotoxically affect opium poppy plants. The level of yield also depended on the cultivar’s ability to grow under unfavourable weather conditions. A lower yield was noted for the cultivar with a lower content of morphine - ‘Borowski Biały’.
Crystal structure of 1-(adamantan-1-yl)-3-(4-bromophenyl)thiourea, C17H21BrN2S
Authors: Al-Omary Fatmah A. M. , Al-Rasheed Lamees S. , Ghabbour Hazem A. , El-Emam Ali A.
Published: June 2016

C17H21BrN2S, orthorhombic, Pbca (No. 61), a = 17.0675(7) Å, b = 8.3422(3) Å, c = 22.5970(8) Å, V = 3217.4(2) Å3, Z = 8, R
gt
(F) = 0.0329, wR
ref
(F
2) = 0.0724, T = 100 K.
How to Describe and Measure Obstacles of Narrative Immersion in a Film?
Authors: Bjørner Thomas , Magnusson Andreas , Nielsen Robin Pascal
Published: June 2016

The aim of this study is to describe and measure obstacles of narrative immersion in a film. Inspired by a literature review within both game research and film studies, we propose a circular model to describe the dynamic process of different levels of involvement viewers can be in while watching a film. The evaluation is based on a 3D animation short film we have developed to achieve total immersion among viewers. The methodological design involved an attempt to decrease viewers’ involvement in the animation film by using distractions during the viewing. The study follows a mixed method strategy combining observation, a questionnaire and a structured interview. The results revealed that viewers react very differently to the distractions. For some viewers, the animation film was not the perceptual focus, where others were totally immersed. The number of distractions was not dependent on whether the film was watched individually or in groups, and for all participants, the distractions occurred in certain rhythms.
Magnetic nanoparticles: mechanistic studies on the cancer cell interaction
Authors: Jacob Joe Antony , Salmani Jumah Masoud Mohammad , Chen Baoan
Published: June 2016

Magnetic nanoparticles are renowned for their anticancer activity. Recent studies have elucidated that magnetic nanoparticles induce cytotoxicity by induction of apoptosis in cancer cells. The magnetic nanoparticles can also be biosynthesized, and this presents an added advantage along with the concept of limited toxicity to normal cells. This review focuses on the mechanistic studies performed on the anticancer activity of different types of magnetic nanoparticles. Apoptosis was shown to be the most plausible reason behind the cell death mediated by various types of magnetic nanoparticles.
Applicability of the dielectric barrier discharge for helium ash measurements in the divertor region
Authors: Książek Ireneusz , Brosławski Andrzej , Janus Henryk , Pawelec Ewa
Published: June 2016

Controlled fusion based on the magnetic confinement of the plasma is one of the main aims of the Euro-fusion programme. In the fusion device, the hydrogen isotopes, in nuclear reactions, will produce helium nuclei. The products, as the ash, will be removed from the plasma in the region of the so-called divertor. Controlling the helium to hydrogen ratio in this ‘exhaust gas’ will provide information about the efficiency of the fusion process as well as of the efficiency of the helium removal system. One of the methods to perform this task is to study the properties of the discharge conducted in such exhaust gas. In this paper, the applicability of the dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) is studied. This preliminary experiment shows a great potential in applicability of this kind of discharge. The optical as well as pulse-height spectra were studied, both revealing very promising properties. In the optical spectrum, one can observe well separated hydrogen and helium spectral lines, with intensities of the same order of magnitude. Moreover, in the registered spectral region, the molecular spectra are negligible. The pulse-height spectra reveal very distinct shape in helium and hydrogen. Checking of this spectrum could provide parallel (redundant) information about the partial pressure of helium in the magnetic confinement fusion (MCF) device exhaust gas.
Self-similar solution of laser-produced plasma expansion into vacuum with kappa-distributed electrons
Authors: Bennaceur-Doumaz Djamila , Bara Djemai
Published: June 2016

The expansion of semi-infinite laser produced plasma into vacuum is analyzed with a hydrodynamic model for cold ions assuming electrons modeled by a kappa-type distribution. Self-similar analytic expressions for the potential, velocity, and density of the plasma have been derived. It is shown that nonthermal energetic electrons have the role of accelerating the self-similar expansion.
Thermodynamic and dynamical properties of dense ICF plasma
Authors: Gabdullin Maratbek T. , Kodanova Sandugash K. , Ramazanov Tlekkabul S. , Issanova Moldir K. , Ismagambetova Tomiris N.
Published: June 2016

In present work, thermodynamic expressions were obtained through potentials that took into consideration long-range many-particle screening effects as well as short-range quantum-mechanical effects and radial distribution functions (RDFs). Stopping power of the projectile ions in dense, non-isothermal plasma was considered. One of the important values that describe the stopping power of the ions in plasma is the Coulomb logarithm. We investigated the stopping power of ions in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) plasma and other energetic characteristics of fuel. Calculations of ions energy losses in the plasma for different values of the temperature and plasma density were carried out. A comparison of the calculated data of ion stopping power and energy deposition with experimental and theoretical results of other authors was also performed.
Research on interactions of plasma streams with CFC targets in the Rod Plasma Injector facility
Authors: Zaloga Dobromil R. , Kwiatkowski Roch , Skladnik-Sadowska Elżbieta , Sadowski Marek J. , Nowakowska-Langier Katarzyna
Published: June 2016

This paper present results of optical spectroscopy studies of interactions of intense plasma streams with a solid target made of carbon fibre composite (CFC). The experiments were carried out within the Rod Plasma Injector (RPI) IBIS facility. The optical measurements were performed first for a freely propagating plasma stream in order to determine the optimal operational parameters of this facility. Optical emission spectra (OES) were recorded for different operational modes of the RPI IBIS device, and spectral lines were identified originating from the working gas (deuterium) as well as some lines from the electrode material (molybdenum). Subsequently, optical measurements of plasma interacting with the CFC target were performed. In the optical spectra recorded with the irradiated CFC samples, in addition to deuterium and molybdenum lines, many carbon lines, which enabled to estimate erosion of the investigated targets, were recorded. In order to study changes in the irradiated CFC samples, their surfaces were analysed (before and after several plasma discharges) by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) techniques. The analysis of the obtained SEM images showed that the plasma irradiation induces noticeable changes in the surface morphology, for example vaporisation of some carbon fibres and formation of microcracks. The obtained EDS images showed that upon the irradiated target surface, some impurity ions are also deposited, particularly molybdenum ions from the applied electrodes.
Non-self-sustained discharge with hollow anode for plasma-based surface treatment
Authors: Misiruk Ivan O. , Timoshenko Oleksandr I. , Taran Valeriy S. , Garkusha Igor E.
Published: June 2016

The paper discusses plasma methods for surface modification using the non-self-sustained glow discharge with a hollow anode. This discharge is characterised by low voltage and high values of electron and ion currents. It can be easily excited in vacuum-arc installations that are widely used for coatings deposition. It is shown that such type of discharge may be effectively used for ion pumping, film deposition, ion etching, diffusion saturation of metallic materials, fusion and brazing of metals, and for combined application of above mentioned technologies in a single vacuum cycle.
Investigation of the electron capture process in semiclassical plasma
Authors: Seisembayeva Madina M. , Dzhumagulova Karlygash N. , Ramazanov Tlekkabul S.
Published: June 2016

In this work, the process of electron capture in partially ionized plasma is considered. Electron-atom interaction was described by the effective interaction potential, which takes into account the screening effect at large distances and the diffraction effect at the small distances. The results of numerical calculations of the electron capture radius, differential cross-section for different values of the coupling and density parameters are presented. The differential cross-section was obtained on the basis of perturbation theory and also by solving of the equation of motion of the projectile electron.
Imaging of hypoxia in small animals with 18F fluoromisonidasole
Authors: Kilian Krzysztof , Rogulski Zbigniew , Cheda Łukasz , Drzał Agnieszka , Gerszewska Marina , Cudny Michał , Elas Martyna
Published: June 2016

A method of automated synthesis of [18F]fluoromisonidazole ([18F]FMISO) for application in preclinical studies on small animals was presented. A remote-controlled synthesizer Synthra RNplus was used for nucleophilic substitution of NITTP (1′-(2′-nitro-1-imidazolyl)-2-O-tetrahydropyranyl-3-O-toluenesulfonyl-propanediol) with 18F anion. Labeling of 5 mg of precursor was performed in anhydrous acetonitrile at 100°C for 10 min, and the hydrolysis with HCl was performed at 100°C for 5 min. Final purification was done with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the radiochemical purity of radiotracer was higher than 99%. Proposed [18F]FMISO synthesis was used as a reliable tool in studies on hypoxia in Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) in mouse models.
Lichens and lichenicolous fungi of Magurski National Park (Poland, Western Carpathians)
Authors: Bielczyk Urszula , Czarnota Paweł , Kukwa Martin , Śliwa Lucyna , Kościelniak Robert , Betleja Laura , Kozik Ryszard , Krzewicka Beata , Hachułka Mariusz , Adamska Edyta , Węgrzyn Michał , Bielec Dominika , Flakus Adam , Guzow-Krzemińska Beata , Kolanko Katarzyna , Kozik Joanna , Leśniański Grzegorz , Lisowska Maja , Oset Magdalena , Osyczka Piotr , Pietrzykowska-Urban Katarzyna , Sadowska-Deś Anna , Słaby Agnieszka , Studzińska-Sroka Elżbieta , Wilk Karina , Zaniewski Piotr T. , Zarabska-Bożejewicz Daria
Published: June 2016

The paper lists 337 species from Magurski National Park (MNP): 314 lichens, 18 lichenicolous fungi, four saprotrophic fungi and one lichenicolous myxomycete; 112 of them are new for MNP, 75 are reported for the first time for the Beskid Niski Mts, and two are new for Poland. Selected species are accompanied by taxonomic notes and remarks on their distribution in Poland and other Carpathian ranges. First records of Intralichen lichenicola, Burgoa angulosa and Verrucaria policensis and a second record of Epigloea urosperma are given for the whole Carpathian range, and Fuscidea arboricola was recorded for the first time in the Western Carpathians. Halecania viridescens and Mycomicrothelia confusa are new for the Polish Carpathians. The records of Absconditella pauxilla, Collema crispum, Licea parasitica and Rinodina griseosoralifera in MNP are their second known localities for the range. 93 species, mainly rare or threatened in Poland, were reported from MNP in the 20th century but were not refound.
Calamagrostis nyingchiensis, a new combination for Deyeuxia nyingchiensis (Poaceae: Agrostidinae), and its first record from Yunnan Province, SW China
Authors: Paszko Beata
Published: June 2016

Deyeuxia nyingchiensis is here recombined as Calamagrostis nyingchiensis comb. nov. as a result of recent studies of worldwide Agrostidinae. A new record of C. nyingchiensis is reported from Shangri-la (Zhongdian) County in Yunnan Province, SW China. Previously, C. nyingchiensis was noted from eastern Xizang and southern Sichuan, SW China. It is compared with the morphologically similar species C. scabrescens. A map with all known geographic records of C. nyingchiensis is presented.
A new species of Rodriguezia (Orchidaceae) from southern Colombia
Authors: Kolanowska Marta , Trejo Ramiro Medina
Published: June 2016

A new species of Rodriguezia Ruiz & Pav. is described and illustrated based on material collected in Colombia. The novelty is distinguished by its subrectangular lip lamina, which is ornamented with an elevated pad extending to 3/4 of the lip. In contrast to R. lehmannii Rchb. f., in R. suarezii Kolan. & R. Medina Tr. leaf-bearing sheaths are observed at the base of its pseudobulb. An identification key for the Colombian Rodriguezia species is provided
UV-crosslinkable photoreactive self-adhesive hydrogels based on acrylics
Authors: Czech Zbigniew , Antosik Adrian K. , Bednarczyk Paulina
Published: June 2016

Hydrogels are a unique class of macromolecular networks that can hold a large fraction of an aqueous solvent within their structure. They are suitable for biomedical area including controlled drug delivery and for technical applications as self-adhesive materials for bonding of wet surfaces. This paper describes photoreactive self-adhesive hydrogels based on acrylics crosslinked using UV radiation. They are prepared in ethyl acetate through radical polymerization of monomers mixture containing 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (2-EHA), butyl acrylate (BA), acrylic acid (AA) and copolymerizable photoinitiator 4-acryloyloxy benzophenone (ABP) at presence of radical starter 2.2’-azobis-diisobutyronitrile AIBN. The synthesized acrylic copolymers were determined by viscosity and GPC analysis and later modified using ethoxylated amines. 4-acryloyloxy benzophenone (ABP) was used as crosslinking monomer. After UV crosslinking the properties of these novel synthesized hydrogels, such as tack, peel adhesion, shears strength, elongation and water adsorption were also studied.
Effect of aqueous extracts of black alder (Alnus glutinosa (LINNAEUS, 1753) GAERTNER, 1791) and elder (Sambucus nigra LINNAEUS, 1753) on the occurrence of Brevicoryne brassicae LINNAEUS, 1758 (Hemiptera, Aphidoidea), its parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae (M’INTOSH, 1855) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonoidea) and predatory Syrphidae on white cabbage
Authors: Jankowska Beata , Wojciechowicz-Żytko Elżbieta
Published: June 2016

The insecticidal and antifeedant effects of aqueous extracts from two common plants (black alder Alnus glutinosa and elder Sambucus nigra) on the occurrence of Brevicoryne brassicae, its parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae and predatory Syrphidae on white cabbage were investigated in 2008-2009. Both extracts reduced the number of cabbage aphids, although the Sambucus nigra extract proved to have a better effect. Differences were seen both in the numbers of winged aphids settling on plants and in the overall numbers of aphids on plants during the entire season. There were no significant differences in the degree of parasitization by Diaeretiella rapae in the three experimental combinations. Eight species of Syrphidae were found in the Brevicoryne brassicae colonies: Episyrphus balteatus, Sphaerophoria scripta, S. rueppelli, S. menthastri, Eupeodes corollae, Scaeva pyrastri, Scaeva selenitica and Syrphus vitripennis. The dominant species was Episyrphus balteatus. The largest numbers of syrphid larvae and pupae were collected from cabbage aphid colonies on the control plants. Smaller numbers were recorded on the plot where the cabbages were sprayed with the Sambucus nigra extract. The results of this study indicate that botanical insecticides based on S. nigra have the potential to be incorporated into control programmes for the cabbage aphid.
Determinants of Practising Selected Forms of Physical Activity in a Group of Administrative and Office Workers
Authors: Kowalczyk Anna , Kozłowska Ewelina
Published: June 2016

Introduction. In recent years, a decline in the level of physical activity has been observed all over the world. The number of professions where work is performed in a sitting position has increased. This has had many consequences for our health, the society, and the economy. The aim of this work was to determine which forms of physical activity are the most popular in administrative and office workers, depending on the motives which encourage them to be active. Material and methods. In 2014, a diagnostic survey was carried out among 937 persons in administrative and office positions using a questionnaire form designed by the authors. The study involved persons aged 18 to 65 years, and most of the respondents were female (n = 669). A qualitative analysis of the data was carried out using logistic regression, and the findings were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. Results. Changing the shape of one’s body was found to be the main determinant of using the gym among the respondents. Persons who jogged regularly, on the other hand, did so in order to increase physical fitness, and those who practised Nordic walking were motivated by the need to care for their health. As far as swimming is concerned, persons who had friends that engaged in this form of activity undertook it almost ten times more often than those who did not have such support from their family and friends (OR = 9.58). Respondents who desired to meet new people were over five times more likely to choose team games as an active form of spending their leisure time (OR = 5.21) than other respondents. Finally, those who engaged in physical activity in order to strengthen family bonds preferred playing and playing games with children in the open air. Conclusions. The predominant forms of physical activity which were regularly performed by the respondents were walking, cycling, and doing gymnastic exercise at home. The respondents were mainly motivated to pursue these activities due to their desire to relieve tension and stress, care for their health, and lose weight or maintain a healthy weight.
A facile method to prepare CdS/polymer nanocomposite fibers for the photodegradation of methylene blue under sunlight
Authors: Cheng Xinjian , Jia Yiru , Qiang Jin , Wen Lei , Zhang Chenlong , Yang Xiao , Liang Liefeng
Published: June 2016

Nanosized CdS/polymer composite fiber mats were fabricated via a facile electrospinning processing, and the as-prepared composite fiber mats showed excellent photodegradation ability to methylene blue (MB). Polymers bearing N and S atoms with affinity to Cd2+ ions were first synthesized and then used to prepare CdS/polymer composite fibers. In this work, coaxial electrospinning was employed to achieve the preparation of the desired composite fibers using special polymers as core and cadmium acetate [Cd(CH3COO)2] as shell. Then, fiber mats were immersed in thioacetamide (TAA) solution for several minutes, and CdS/polymer composite mats were obtained eventually. The photodegradation catalytic ability was tested using MB as a model dye under sunlight. The photocatalytic efficiency of the CdS/polymer composite fiber mat was recorded and studied by UV-visible spectra, and it showed high efficiency. Nanofiber mats will find real applications in the treatment of wastewater.
Frost hardiness of introduced sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) genotypes in Central Russia
Authors: Ozherelieva Zoya , Prudnikov Pavel , Bogomolova Natalia
Published: June 2016

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) genotypes of different ecological and geographical origins were tested. Frost hardiness extent was determined during winter by artificial freezing, which allowed identify varietal differences in frost hardiness of buds and tissues of sea buckthorn shoots. In order to identify differences in adaptation to low temperature we determined the fractional composition of water in annual shoots; and proline and malone dialdehyde concentration and total amylase activity in bark of shoots of female and male genotypes. In December, the sea buckthorn genotypes were in deep dormancy, when maximum frost hardiness of buds and tissues of annual shoots occurred. During the next months, the frost hardiness of buds and shoot tissues decreased during the state of exogenous dormancy. The performed experiment gave an opportunity to select hardy genotypes ‘Kenigsbergskaya’, ‘Surpriz Baltiki’, B 23-34, and ‘Prima Dona’ for use in further breeding, as they had demonstrated stable hardiness during the whole winter period according to all of the components of winter hardiness.
Cooperation and Mutual Relationships of Cities and their Hinterlands with Regard to the Operation of EU Integrated Development Instruments
Authors: Binek Jan , Opravil Zdeněk , Chmelař Roman , Svobodova Hana
Published: June 2016

This paper deals with the institutional and factual readiness of cities and villages in the Czech Republic to use Integrated Territorial Investments (ITI). On the basis of a questionnaire survey carried out in May 2014 among representatives of 69 municipalities around the core cities of Brno, Jihlava, Olomouc and Hradec Králové - Pardubice as well as a comparison of several model agglomerations, it identifies the main problems and proposes solutions to them. The main theme of this paper is to evaluate the formation of partnerships of municipalities and the process of creating integrated strategies for metropolitan areas. The paper also deals with the relationships and functional links between cities and villages and their hinterland, the common development issues and the existing structures of cooperation and communication. In the conclusion possible recommendations are given to improve the ITI functioning in the Czech Republic on the basis of both, the assessment of the situation in the Republic itself and the reflection on developments in other EU countries.
Inter-Municipal Cooperation in the Development of Industrial Parks and Tax Redistribution: The Road to Hell is Paved with Good Intentions
Authors: Razin Eran
Published: June 2016

Inter-municipal cooperation mechanisms have been promoted as flexible tools, reflecting the transition from government to governance in a new network economy and eliminating the need to engage in redrawing clear-cut boundaries in the context of soft spaces with fuzzy boundaries. An evaluation of inter-municipal cooperation in the development of industrial parks and tax revenue redistribution in Israel, from the first 1992 initiative to imposed redistribution in 2014/15, reveals how an initiative ’from below’ has been adopted and encouraged ’from above’, finally used by the central state as a tool of control, to serve its own objectives. It highlights the inherent temptation for top-down imposition, embedded in bottom-up cooperation mechanisms, calling for light-touch regulatory legislation and opting for gently imposed solutions where needed.
Organisation and Diversification of the Educational Market in Poland: The Case of the Poznań Agglomeration
Authors: Walaszek Marzena , Bąkowska Edyta
Published: June 2016

The political changes in Poland after 1989 affected the formation of a self-reliant society. One of the results was the decentralisation of public tasks in the field of education, with the relevant competences transmitted to local governments. Since then, communes have been responsible for ensuring equal access to public education, but at the same time a non-public education market has been developing. Important for changes in the Polish educational system was also a reform started in 1999 which led to the transformation of the two-level system of education existing since 1968 into a three-level structure.

The first non-public schools began to form as an alternative to public ones. Currently, non-public schools are mainly run by non-governmental organisations, religious institutions or social associations. In the general opinion, the quality of education in non-public schools is higher than in public ones (smaller classes, better contact between student and teacher, an individual approach to each student). In the face of education-model changes it is important to create a wide range of learning opportunities for everyone. It is also not about competition, but cooperation among all institutions involved in education provision. In this article, the progressive diversification of the educational market is presented on the example of the Poznań agglomeration.

A diversified educational system, its commercialisation, and the creation of new educational opportunities for children and young people beyond the basic programme of education are undoubtedly benefits for the Polish society. The growing competition among the wide range of educational institutions (also taking into account institutions organising extra-curricular classes), from a theoretical point of view, should help to improve the quality of education in the entire market of educational services. As a consequence, these trends, together with demographic changes, may invite the question about the prospects of public schools in their present form in the future.
Factors of Local E-Government Development in Poland: The Case of the Poznań Agglomeration
Authors: Perdał Robert
Published: June 2016

This paper seeks to analyse factors of e-government development at the local government level in Poland. The analysis proceeded in three stages. In the first, a survey of the literature on the subject was made and a model of factors of e-government development was constructed. In the second, the factors distinguished were operationalised: indicators representing them were constructed. The third stage involved an empirical verification of the model using partial correlation and multiple regression methods; significant factors of e-government development were distinguished at the local government level. The analysis was conducted for a group of 18 communes making up the Poznań agglomeration. It was demonstrated that significant factors of local e-government development in Poland included the level of socio-economic development, inhabitants’ access to ICT, their attitudes and skills, the size of administrative units, attitudes of local authorities and leaders, a vision and a strategy of e-government development, human resources in offices, and the financial situation of a commune.
Deleterious Emission Abatement through Structured Energy Use Pattern: A North Central Nigeria Perspective
Authors: Ajayi-Banji Ademola , Omotosho Olayinka , Amori Anthony , Alao Damilola , Igbode Imoisime , Abimbola Olufemi
Published: June 2016

Holistic view of household energy consumption based on greenhouse gas emissions in the North Central cities of Nigeria was examined in this study. Scenarios considered were based on income level of energy users (low and high) and energy metering system (i.e. pre-paid and post-paid energy billing systems). Strong direct nexus was observed between energy use and emissions pattern. Energy utilization by post-paid category had higher weekly average value of 35.09 and 41.70 kWh as against 23.18 and 33.38 kWh for low and high income pre-paid consumers respectively. Energy use and greenhouse gas emissions from both classification followed similar trend. Data obtained and analysed in the study show that global warming and acidification potentials could be reduced by 33.94 and 19.95 % for low and high income category consumers when pre-paid meters are in place. Conclusively, energy system users with pre-paid metering system displayed reasonable level of management decisions that reduce energy wastage and consequently environmental negative impacts.
Group belonging beyond language boundaries: Language, religion and identity in the multilingual Greek community of Georgia
Authors: Höfler Concha Maria
Published: June 2016

In Georgia’s multilingual Greek community, the construction of belonging appears to be tied to religion and ancestry, with competence in Standard Modern Greek (SMG) not always being seen as necessary in order to “be Greek”. Forty-nine semi-structured interviews are analyzed, combining a quantitative and conversation analytical approach. Intriguingly, language competence in SMG does not always correlate with whether an interviewee deems this competence important for belonging to the Greek community. The interviews are embedded in their historical and socio-political context to elucidate the discursive resources interviewees may draw on when talking about the relationship between linguistic competence and belonging.
Is there an interlanguage speech credibility benefit?
Authors: Podlipský Václav Jonáš , Šimáčková Šárka , Petráž David
Published: June 2016

Some (though not all) previous studies have documented the interlanguage speech intelligibility benefit (ISIB), i.e. the greater intelligibility of non-native (relative to native) speech to non-native listeners as compared to native listeners. Moreover, some studies (again not all) found that native listeners consider foreign-accented statements as less truthful than native-sounding ones. We join these two lines of research, asking whether foreign-accented statements sound more credible to non-native than to native listeners and whether difficult-to-process (less comprehensible) utterances are less credible. In two experiments we measure the intelligibility, comprehensibility and credibility of native and foreign-accented statements for native listeners and non-native listeners matched or mismatched in L1 with non-native talkers. We find an ISIB in both matched and mismatched non-native listeners, and an analogous matched comprehensibility benefit. However, we obtain no evidence of an interlanguage speech credibility benefit. Instead, both matched and mismatched non-native listeners tend to trust native statements more (i.e. statements produced by their target-language models). For native listeners, we do not confirm the tendency to mistrust non-native statements, but we do find a moderate correlation between the comprehensibility and credibility of foreign-accented utterances, giving limited support to the hypothesis that decreased perceptual fluency leads to decreased credibility.
Transfer at the level of argument structure or morphology: a comparative study of English and Persian unaccusative and unergative verbs
Authors: Dehghan Farzaneh , Rezvani Reza
Published: June 2016

Transitivity alternation refers to the causative/inchoative alternation of some unaccusative verbs. Different languages use different patterns to show transitivity alternation morphologically. While some languages like English use zero or no overt lexical marking, other languages (e.g. Spanish, Turkish, and Japanese) use overt morphological markers to show transitivity. This study aims to investigate the degree to which similarities and/or mismatches between English and Persian influence the use of unaccusative and unergative verbs by Persianspeaking learners of English. Based on different verb types in English and Persian, seven verb categories were identified as the basis for comparison. A forced-choice elicitation test including 48 items was developed based on these seven verb categories. A proficiency test was also used to divide participants (116 undergraduate students of English) into high and low proficiency groups. The results revealed findings more in line with transfer at the morphological rather than the argument structure level (Montrul, 2000). Alternating unaccusatives with similar equivalent structures for transitive/intransitive pairs in Persian and non-alternating unaccusatives with different structures for transitive/intransitive pairs in Persian seem to be the most difficult verb categories for learners. The effect of proficiency level was also significant on the recognition of correct structures.
A Review on the Genus Brachycoleus (Hemiptera, Miridae) with Identification Key to the Species Found in Iran
Authors: Hosseini R.
Published: June 2016

Three species of the genus Brachycoleus Fieber, 1858 known from Iran, B. caucasicus (Poppius, 1912), B. lineellus Jakovlev, 1884, and B. steini Reuter, 1877 are briefly redescribed along with illustrated keys and distribution data provided.
Breeding Bird Assemblage in a Mosaic of Urbanized Habitats in a Central European City
Authors: Kopij Grzegorz
Published: June 2016

There is a lack of data on the population densities of birds breeding in a mosaic of typical urbanized habitats. This study was undertaken to partly fulfil this gap in our knowledge. Counts were conducted in 2008 by means of simplified territory mapping method in a fragment (1197 ha) of a large Central European city (Wrocław, SW Poland). In total, 50 bird species were breeding in the study area in 2008. The House Sparrow Passer domesticus, Common Swift Apus apus and Rock Dove comprised about 3/5 of all breeding pairs. The other group of species, each one with a density between 6 and 13 pairs per 100 ha, included seven species, namely the Starling, Sturnus vulgaris, Greenfinch, Carduelis chloris, House Martin, Delichon urbica, Tree Sparrow, Passer montanus, Great Tit, Parus major, Blue Tit, Parus caeruleus, and Jackdaw, Corvus monedula. They comprised together about 1/5. The remaining 40 species nested in a density between 0.1 and 3.5 pairs per 100 ha. The most numerous feeding guild were granivores (53.8%) and insectivores (37.9 %). Birds nesting on buildings comprised together 74 % of all breeding pairs. For a few species (Luscinia megarhynchos, Saxicola torquata, Corvus cornix and Turdus pilaris) an increase in their numbers in the last three decades has been evidenced.
An Investigation of Embryo and Eggshell Development in Trichuris suis (Nematoda, Trichuridae) under Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Yevstafieva V. А. , Yuskiv I. D. , Melnychuk V. V.
Published: June 2016

Peculiarities of embryogenesis morphology and biometric parameters of Trichuris suis Schrank, 1788 eggs sampled from different organic substrates are described. The eggs of T. suis under laboratory conditions at a temperature of 27 °С reach the infectious stage in 40 days and pass through seven stages of embryogenesis. The study revealed significant differences in growth and development of eggs obtained from the nematode gonads and the faeces of infected animals (Sus scrofa domesticus Linnaeus, 1758), according to length and width of eggs and eggshell plugs. The excreted T. suis eggs were shown to be better adapted to environment (survivability 96.6 ± 0.33 %), than the eggs obtained from the gonads of female nematodes (survivability 89.3 ± 0.33 %).
Mehr Komplexität wagen: ein Plädoyer für eine differenzierte Analyse von Erdöl, Staat und Entwicklung im Globalen Süden
Authors: Peters Stefan
Published: June 2016

Der Nexus von Erdöl, Staat und Entwicklung wird gegenwärtig kontrovers diskutiert. Galt Erdölreichtum lange Zeit als entwicklungspolitischer Fluch und Basis autoritärer Regime, lässt sich seit Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts ein neuer Rohstoffoptimismus beobachten. Der massive Preisverfall relativiert gleichwohl Hoffnungen auf wirtschaftliche und soziale Entwicklungserfolge durch die Erdölförderung. Der Beitrag diskutiert die aktuellen Kontroversen, zeigt zentrale Leerstellen der Debatte auf und analysiert diese anschließend auf Basis einer vergleichenden Analyse der Fallstudien Kuwait, Venezuela und Angola. Dabei wird gezeigt, dass allgemeine Aussagen über die Konsequenzen der Erdölabhängigkeit der Diversität der Fälle nicht gerecht werden. Statt weiter an etablierten Dichotomien festzuhalten, wird abschließend für ein komplexes qualitativ orientiertes Forschungsdesign zur Analyse von Rentengesellschaften plädiert.
Identification and characterization of microRNAs and their target genes from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Authors: Huang Yong , Ma Xiu Ying , Yang You Bing , Ren Hong Tao , Sun Xi Hong , Wang Li Rui
Published: June 2016

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small single-stranded, endogenous 21–22 nt non-coding RNAs that regulate their target mRNA levels by causing either inactivation or degradation of the mRNAs. In recent years, miRNA genes have been identified from mammals, insects, worms, plants, and viruses. In this research, bioinformatics approaches were used to predict potential miRNAs and their targets in Nile tilapia from the expressed sequence tag (EST) and genomic survey sequence (GSS) database, respectively, based on the conservation of miRNAs in many animal species. A total of 19 potential miRNAs were detected following a range of strict filtering criteria. To test the validity of the bioinformatics method, seven predicted Nile tilapia miRNA genes were selected for further biological validation, and their mature miRNA transcripts were successfully detected by stem–loop RT-PCR experiments. Using these potential miRNAs, we found 56 potential targets in this species. Most of the target mRNAs appear to be involved in development, metabolism, signal transduction, transcription regulation and stress responses. Overall, our findings will provide an important foundation for further research on miRNAs function in the Nile tilapia.
Hermenéutica de los cuerpos
Authors: Gómez Gavilán Constanza
Published: June 2016

Aunque la mirada de las ciencias sociales sobre la corporeidad es bastante reciente, ya se sabe que durante la historia el cuerpo ha sido como el papel de las escrituras sociales. He aquí un recorrido por los roles más significativos que ha asumido el cuerpo durante las cuatro etapas convencionalmente definidas de la civilización occidental —Antigüedad, Medioevo, Modernidad y Contemporaneidad—, los usos que las diferentes sociedades han asignado al cuerpo y algunos alcances sociales que a los sentidos se atribuyen.
Field-Based High-Throughput Plant Phenotyping Reveals the Temporal Patterns of Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Stress-Responsive Traits in Cotton
Authors: Pauli Duke , Andrade-Sanchez Pedro , Carmo-Silva A Elizabete , Gazave Elodie , French Andrew N , Heun John , Hunsaker Douglas J , Lipka Alexander E , Setter Tim L , Strand Robert J , Thorp Kelly R , Wang Sam , White Jeffrey W , Gore Michael A
Published: June 2016

The application of high-throughput plant phenotyping (HTPP) to continuously study plant populations under relevant growing conditions creates the possibility to more efficiently dissect the genetic basis of dynamic adaptive traits. Toward this end, we employed a field-based HTPP system that deployed sets of sensors to simultaneously measure canopy temperature, reflectance, and height on a cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) recombinant inbred line mapping population. The evaluation trials were conducted under well-watered and water-limited conditions in a replicated field experiment at a hot, arid location in central Arizona, with trait measurements taken at different times on multiple days across 2010–2012. Canopy temperature, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), height, and leaf area index (LAI) displayed moderate-to-high broad-sense heritabilities, as well as varied interactions among genotypes with water regime and time of day. Distinct temporal patterns of quantitative trait loci (QTL) expression were mostly observed for canopy temperature and NDVI, and varied across plant developmental stages. In addition, the strength of correlation between HTPP canopy traits and agronomic traits, such as lint yield, displayed a time-dependent relationship. We also found that the genomic position of some QTL controlling HTPP canopy traits were shared with those of QTL identified for agronomic and physiological traits. This work demonstrates the novel use of a field-based HTPP system to study the genetic basis of stress-adaptive traits in cotton, and these results have the potential to facilitate the development of stress-resilient cotton cultivars.
Genome-Wide Analysis of Transposon and Retroviral Insertions Reveals Preferential Integrations in Regions of DNA Flexibility
Authors: Vrljicak Pavle , Tao Shijie , Varshney Gaurav K , Quach Helen Ngoc Bao , Joshi Adita , LaFave Matthew C , Burgess Shawn M , Sampath Karuna
Published: June 2016

DNA transposons and retroviruses are important transgenic tools for genome engineering. An important consideration affecting the choice of transgenic vector is their insertion site preferences. Previous large-scale analyses of Ds transposon integration sites in plants were done on the basis of reporter gene expression or germ-line transmission, making it difficult to discern vertebrate integration preferences. Here, we compare over 1300 Ds transposon integration sites in zebrafish with Tol2 transposon and retroviral integration sites. Genome-wide analysis shows that Ds integration sites in the presence or absence of marker selection are remarkably similar and distributed throughout the genome. No strict motif was found, but a preference for structural features in the target DNA associated with DNA flexibility (Twist, Tilt, Rise, Roll, Shift, and Slide) was observed. Remarkably, this feature is also found in transposon and retroviral integrations in maize and mouse cells. Our findings show that structural features influence the integration of heterologous DNA in genomes, and have implications for targeted genome engineering.
Characterization of Chicken MMP13 Expression and Genetic Effect on Egg Production Traits of Its Promoter Polymorphisms
Authors: Yuan Zhenjie , Chen Yuxia , Chen Qiuyue , Guo Miao , Kang Li , Zhu Guiyu , Jiang Yunliang
Published: June 2016

Extracelluar matrix undergoes constant remodeling, cell–cell, and cell–matrix interactions during chicken ovarian follicle growth, which is coordinated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and their associated endogenous inhibitors (TIMPs). Transcriptome analysis revealed upregulation of MMP13 in sexually mature chicken ovaries. In this study, we found that the expression of MMP13 in chicken ovary was stably elevated from 60 d to 159 d, and was significantly higher at 159 d than at the other three developmental stages (P < 0.05). The expression of MMP13 mRNA increased from SW (small white follicles) to F5 (fifth largest follicles), then decreased to F1 (first largest follicles), and dramatically increased again in POF1 (newly postovulatory follicles) follicles (P < 0.05). The MMP13 protein was localized in stroma cells and primordial follicles of sexually immature chicken ovaries, in the theca cell layers of all sized follicles of sexually mature chicken ovaries. Furthermore, we identified a positive element (positions –1863 to –1036) controlling chicken MMP13 transcription, and, in this region, six single nucleotide polymorphisms were found and genotyped in chicken populations. In the White Recessive Rock population, hens with A–1356-C–1079/A–1356-C–1079 genotype had earlier “age at first laying” than those with G–1356-T–1079/G–1356-T–1079 genotype (P < 0.05), and exhibited significantly lower transcriptional activity (P < 0.01). Collectively, chicken MMP13 plays an important role in ovarian follicle growth and regression, and polymorphisms in its promoter region could be used as molecular markers for improving the trait “age at first laying” in chicken breeding.