bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection and diminazene aceturate administration on the blood pressure, heart rate, and temperature of Wistar albino rats
Authors: Adeleye Olushola Emmanuel , Ale Jude Makinde , Sogebi Emmanuella Olubanke Amope , Durotoye Ladoke A. , Adeleye Adenike Iyabo , Adeyemi Samuel Olufemi , Olukunle Johnny Olufemi
Published: April 2018

Background:

This study was carried out to determine the blood pressure changes in experimentally Trypanosoma brucei brucei-infected Wistar albino rats and diminazene aceturate-treated rats.

Methods:

Twenty-four rats were purchased and divided into four groups consisting of six rats each. Control group (CON) received 0.5 mL of distilled water, i.m., infected but not treated group (INF) received 2×106 trypanosome/mL i.m., infected but diminazene aceturate-treated group (INFDIM) received 2×106 trypanosome/mL, 3.5 mg/kg, i.m.) and non-infected but diminazene aceturate-treated group (DIM) received 3.5 mg/kg, i.m. and served as negative control. The blood pressures were measured using a CODA 2® non-invasive blood pressure monitor (Kent Scientific, USA). The results were compiled and statistical analysis was done with significance set at p≥0.05.

Results:

The values of the blood pressure readings of the Trypanosoma-infected INF (137.0±2.0 mmHg) and diminazene-treated rats INFDIM (125.0±7.5 mmHg) when compared to the control group (168.0±3.0 mmHg) were significantly lower (p≤0.05) at the end of day 7. The heart rate was also significantly reduced in the INF (403.5±1.5 beats/min) and DIM (445.0±24 beats/min) groups of rats when compared with the control group (613.0±2.0 beats/min) at the end of day 8.

Conclusion:

The findings indicate the significant reduction in blood pressure and heart rates during Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection and with diminazene aceturate administration. Hence, caution should be exercised when treating trypanosome-infected patients with diminazene aceturate.
Orphan drugs: trends and issues in drug development
Authors: Rana Proteesh , Chawla Shalini
Published: April 2018

Research in rare diseases has contributed substantially toward the current understanding in the pathophysiology of the common diseases. However, medical needs of patients with rare diseases have always been neglected by the society and pharmaceutical industries based on their small numbers and unprofitability. The Orphan Drug Act (1983) was the first serious attempt to address the unmet medical needs for patients with rare diseases and to provide impetus for the pharmaceutical industry to promote orphan drug development. The process of drug development for rare diseases is no different from common diseases but involves significant cost and infrastructure. Further, certain aspect of drug research may not be feasible for the rare diseases. The drug-approving authority must exercise their scientific judgment and ensure due flexibility while evaluating data at various stages of orphan drug development. The emergence of patent cliff combined with the government incentives led the pharmaceutical industry to realize the good commercial prospects in developing an orphan drug despite the small market size. Indeed, many drugs that were given orphan designation ended up being blockbusters. The orphan drug market is projected to reach $178 billion by 2020, and the prospects of research and development in rare diseases appears to be quite promising and rewarding.
The Distribution of Household Savings in Germany
Authors: Späth Jochen , Schmid Kai Daniel
Published: April 2018

Against the ongoing assessment of the root causes of rising economic inequality in industrialized countries, analyses of the distribution of savings along the income and wealth distribution are of high interest. We analyze the concentration of household savings in Germany by estimating saving amounts, saving rates and shares in aggregate savings across income and wealth groups. Our calculations are based on the Sample Survey of Household Income and Expenditure (EVS), containing more than 40,000 households in Germany. We show that the concentration of savings is substantial: while the top income decile’s share in total savings reaches 60 percent, the lower half of the income distribution on average does not save at all. Across wealth groups the concentration of savings is somewhat less pronounced. We also look beyond the top income threshold underlying the EVS (18,000 euros of monthly net household income) and demonstrate that corrected saving rates for the top income groups are considerably higher than those derived from the EVS alone. Hence, the top income groups’ shares in aggregate savings exceed estimated shares solely based on EVS data, revealing a substantially more pronounced concentration of savings along the income distribution.
Outlawing orality: Western Yiddish reflexes in German fiction
Authors: Schäfer Lea
Published: April 2018

This study analyses how fictional languages can be influenced by natural languages exemplified by the use of Yiddish. It shows how a fictional language can be a data source for research on historical development of Western Yiddish (WY) and its sociolinguistic situation. In contrast to the varieties of Eastern Yiddish (EY), which are still spoken today, Western Yiddish was given up during the complex acculturation process of West-Ashkenazic Jewry during the nineteenth century. As a language driven by a pejorative view of language variations and by growing antisemitism, Yiddish found its way into German fiction, where it is still used in contemporary fiction as a means of characterising Jewish figures. This article presents the main results of a corpus study on 53 of such fictional texts from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

The Yiddish examples in Yiddish script will be primarily quoted in their original form and then be transliterated following the YIVO romanisation system (cf. Weinreich 1968).

It will be shown that reflexes of spoken WY can be found in these imitations of Yiddish. This data can be used as secondary evidence of WY structures. Furthermore, the data gives an impression of the intensity of the language contact situation between German and Yiddish. In addition it gives insights into mechanisms of how German Jews were excluded from the German ideal of aSprachnation.
Design criteria for geometrical calibration phantoms in fan and cone beam CT systems
Authors: Jonas Peter
Published: April 2018

Image quality in tomographic applications depends strongly on the precise knowledge of the geometrical parameters of x-ray source and detector. However, in some situations these geometrical data are not immediately available. One way to overcome this problem is to use calibration phantoms which consist of several opaque markers in a known geometry.
A main question is what properties are needed in order to reliably determine the searched for geometry data.
In this paper we give sufficient conditions for the calibration phantom such that the reconstruction problem has a unique solution. We also use our theoretical approach to derive a numerical method which can determine the needed geometry data. Our analyses show that this numerical method is stable and that the solutions are as good as those of standard nonlinear procedures like Gauss–Newton-type methods. Furthermore, our new algorithm is much faster than standard methods and it also does not depend on initial values.
Ambarzumyan-type theorems on a time scale
Authors: Ozkan Ahmet Sinan
Published: April 2018

In this paper, we give Ambarzumyan-type theorems for a Sturm–Liouville
dynamic equation with Robin boundary conditions on a time scale.
Under certain conditions, we prove that the potential can be specified from only the first eigenvalue.
Selector: PSO as Model Selector for Dual-Stage Diabetes Network
Authors: Cheruku Ramalingaswamy , Edla Damodar Reddy
Published: April 2018

Diabetes is a chronic disease caused by insulin deficiency, and it should be detected in the early stages for effective treatment. In this paper, the Diabetes-Network (Dia-Net) is proposed to increase diabetes predictive accuracy. The proposed Dia-Net is a dual-stage network. It combines both optimized probabilistic neural network (OPNN) and optimized radial basis function neural network (ORBFNN) in the first stage. Hence, Dia-Net possesses the advantages of both the models. In the second stage, the linear support vector machine is used. As the dataset size increases, both RBFNN and PNN perform better, but both suffers from complexity and computational problems. To address these problems, in this paper, particle swarm optimization-based clustering is employed for discovering centers in high-dense regions. This reduces the size of the hidden layer of both RBFNN and PNNs. Experiments are carried out on the Pima Indians Diabetes dataset. The Experimental results showed that the proposed Dia-Net model outperformed individual as well as state-of-the-art models.
Improved lower bound for Diffie–Hellman problem using multiplicative group of a finite field as auxiliary group
Authors: Kushwaha Prabhat
Published: April 2018

In 2004, Muzereau, Smart and Vercauteren [A. Muzereau, N. P. Smart and F. Vercauteren,
The equivalence between the DHP and DLP for elliptic curves used in practical applications,
LMS J. Comput. Math. 7 2004, 50–72] showed how to use a reduction algorithm of the discrete logarithm problem to Diffie–Hellman problem in order to estimate lower bound for the Diffie–Hellman problem on elliptic curves. They presented their
estimates on various elliptic curves that are used in practical applications. In this paper, we show that a much tighter
lower bound for the Diffie–Hellman problem on those curves can be achieved if one uses the multiplicative group of a finite
field as auxiliary group. The improved lower bound estimates of the Diffie–Hellman problem on those recommended curves
are also presented. Moreover, we have also extended our idea by presenting similar
estimates of DHP on some more recommended curves which were not covered before. These estimates of DHP on these curves are
currently the tightest which lead us towards the equivalence of the Diffie–Hellman problem and the discrete
logarithm problem on these recommended elliptic curves.
Modified Periodic Encoder for Increasing Pulse Height in PON Monitoring System
Authors: Hou Yu , Tao Hong , Hou Fenfei
Published: April 2018

A modified periodic encoder for increasing the pulse height in PON monitoring system is presented and demonstrated experimentally, which can reduce the receiving sensitivity of the photoreceiver. Comparing with the pulse sequence generated by the periodic encoder, the maximum and minimum pulse height generated by the modified periodic encoder increased by rough 22 % and 19 %, respectively. This significantly reduces the receiving sensitivity of the photoreceiver at the expense of a little user cost.
Extremely Low Loss of Photonic Crystal Fiber for Terahertz Wave Propagation in Optical Communication Applications
Authors: Ahmed Fahad , Roy Subrata , Paul Bikash Kumar , Ahmed Kawsar , Bahar Ali Newaz
Published: April 2018

An enormously low loss symmetrical hybrid decagonal porous core spiral photonic crystal fiber (SH-PCF) has been proposed for terahertz (THz) wave guiding. The modal characteristics of the fiber and its mathematical analysis have been numerically completed using a full-vector finite element method (FEM). Simulation results show an ultra-low material loss of 0.0167 cm−1 and large effective area 1.95×106 µm2 which is 91.6 % of bulk absorption material loss at controlling frequency f=1.0 THz with a core porosity 42 %. Additionally, proposed structure establishes the comparatively higher core power fraction maintaining lower scattering loss about 1.8×10−15 dB/cm at the same operating frequency. It promises the aforementioned advantages for efficient THz wave propagation.
Performance Analysis of a Novel 2-D Code in the Network Access Segment
Authors: Yadav Ajay , Kar Subrat , Jain V. K.
Published: April 2018

In this paper, the performance of one-coincidence frequency hopping code/quadratic congruence code (OCFHC/QCC) is analysed and compared with the existing codes. The impact of variation in code weight, code length and number of wavelengths on error probability is evaluated. It is observed that for the same code weight, code length and number of available wavelengths, error probability of OCFHC/QCC is better than the existing codes under certain conditions. The large cardinality, simple design methodology and good performance suggest its use in local area network, multi-code keying and multi-rate multimedia applications.
Design and simulation of an all optical 8 to 3 binary encoder based on optimized photonic crystal OR gates
Authors: Naghizade S. , Mohammadi S. , Khoshsima H.
Published: April 2018

The most recently developed optical encoders are based on non-linear Kerr effect which require high input power. Here, we report 8 to 3 optical binary encoder based on linear effects which greatly reduces the input power requirement. The proposed encoder consists of three optical 4-input port OR gates and an optical buffer gate. Simulation results have proved correct operation states of the encoder and numerical analysis is done in order to additional evaluation. The maximum switching delay and total footprint of proposed structure are about 160 fs and 1418 µm2, respectively.
Sanjad-Sakati syndrome with macrocytic anemia and failure to thrive: a case from South Jordan
Authors: Ajarmeh Salma A. , Al Tamimi Eyad M.
Published: April 2018

Backgorund:

Sanjad-Sakati syndrome (SSS) is a rare autosomal recessive disease caused by a deletion mutation (155–166del) in exon 3 of the TBCE gene on chromosome 1q42-43. The syndrome is characterized by primary hypoparathyroidism, typical dysmorphic features and severe growth retardation.

Case presentation:

We encountered a 2-year-old boy with hypocalcemia, failure to thrive and macrocytic anemia. The patient had the characteristic features of SSS and genetic testing confirmed that he was homozygous for the TBCE mutation. Although malabsorption was initially considered the cause of his symptoms, the results did not confirm that diagnosis. Our patient had cow milk protein allergy and folic acid deficiency, which has not been described in previous SSS cases. It was difficult to treat the patient’s hyperphosphatemia and we ultimately selected sevelamer treatment, which was tolerated well and improved his hypocalcemia.

Conclusions:

SSS should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any infant with hypocalcemia, dysmorphism and failure to thrive.
Trends in characteristics of women choosing contraindicated home births
Authors: Zafman Kelly B. , Stone Joanne L. , Factor Stephanie H.
Published: April 2018

Objective:

To characterize the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) contraindicated home births and the women who are receiving these births in hopes of identifying venues for intervention.

Methods:

The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) birth certificate records from 1990 to 2015 were used. “Planned home births” were defined as those births in which birthplace was coded as “residence” and birth attendant was coded as “certified nurse midwife (CNM)” or “other midwife”. Contraindicated home births were defined as “planned home births” from 1990 to 2015 that had one or more of the ACOG risk factors for home births, which include vaginal birth after prior cesarean delivery (VBAC), breech presentation and multiple gestations.

Results:

A review of trends in contraindicated home births from 1990 to 2015 suggests that they are increasing in number (481–1396) and as a percentage of total births (0.01%–0.04%, P<0.001). There has been an increase in the proportion of college-educated women (31%–51%, P<0.001). Most women receive prenatal care (>95%), which is most frequently initiated in the first trimester. The majority of home births were paid out-of-pocket (65%–69%).

Conclusion:

The increasing number of contraindicated home births in the United States requires public health action. Home births are likely a matter of choice rather than a lack of resources. It is unclear if women choose home births while knowing the risk or due to a lack of information. Prenatal education about contraindicated home births is possible, as almost all women receive prenatal care.
Was ist Aufklärung? Beobachtungen zur Kantischen Antwort
Authors: Brandt Reinhard
Published: April 2018

Kant’s essay on enlightenment (1784) is a concealed appeal to prepare the republican order of the civil state under the remaining protection of the king. And: The problem of women and coloured people to become active citizens.
The Retranslation Hypothesis and Lexical Borrowings in Bible Translations into Igbo
Authors: Oyali Uchenna
Published: April 2018

In this paper, I explore the validity of the retranslation hypothesis – that the first translation of a text tends to be more target culture oriented than subsequent translations – in representations of certain Biblical concepts in the translations of the Bible into Igbo. Specifically I investigate instances of lexical borrowings in the first complete translation of the Bible into Igbo because, following from the hypothesis, subsequent translations of the Bible should also borrow the same items. I discover that most of the borrowings in the first translation are de-borrowed in the retranslations, while the retained borrowings undergo various forms of grapho-phonological adjustments to reflect the Igbo linguistic system. Thus, the retranslation hypothesis is not validated in this study. I trace this choice of indigenization in the subsequent translations to the agents involved in the translations. Being specialists in Igbo Studies, they understand the Igbo linguistic system better than the agents of the first translation who were mainly European missionaries with little knowledge of the language system. Unlike the missionaries, these Igbo agents are not only interested in having the Bible in Igbo, but also in having it in an Igbo that is in sync with the way the language is actually used.
Wie übersetzt NMT Eigennamen und Zahlen?
Authors: Chung Hye-yeon
Published: April 2018

Since September 2016, when Google implemented the neural machine translation (NMT) technique in Google Translate (GNMT), the overall quality of machine translation (MT) has improved significantly, narrowing the gap between MT and human translation (HT). One detail aspect of MT quality is how the system can cope with the translation of proper names and numbers, so-called Named Entities (NEs). This paper outlines the principles underlying the GNMT translation of NEs and analyzes form changes including errors that are encountered during NMT-based translation and the causes of those form changes. First, on the basis of Wu et al. (2016), a simple model for GNMT-based NE translation is created, and within this model NE translations in 60 target texts are analyzed and compared to those of a professional translator. According to this model, GNMT-derived NE-form changes can roughly be attributed to four causes: segmentation, memory, features of training corpora, and functionality in the attention system.
Die Übersetzung des Possessivpronomens dritter Person bei Bezugsambiguitäten: eine kontrastive Studie Deutsch / Italienisch
Authors: Masiero Federica
Published: April 2018

The present paper is concerned with the German adnominal demonstrative pronouns dessen und deren when these are used in place of the third-person possessive pronouns, in order to avoid ambiguities in resolution (Hans1 arbeitet mit Max2 und seiner1/2 Frau / Hans1 arbeitet mit Max2 und dessen2 Frau ‘Hans works with Max and his wife’). The central aim of the paper is to present and discuss the different possibilities available in Italian to translate German dessen und deren. The investigation is carried out on the basis of a corpus of literary texts.
Small mammal communities on beaches and lakeside farmland in the Poyang Lake region after the Three-Gorges Project
Authors: Dai Nianhua , Lu Ping , Zhang Meiwen , Zhang Guohua , Zhang Chen , Pan Yang
Published: April 2018

Studies around Dongting Lake have indicated that the Three Gorges Project (TGP) has had a large effect on the structure of the small mammal community; however, few studies have analyzed this around Poyang Lake. To understand the status of the small mammal community around Poyang Lake, the lakeside farmland and beaches were surveyed in 2015 and 2016. The results showed the overall trap success was 10.12% on farmland and 5.47% on lake beaches, with five species of Rodentia and one species of Soricomorpha. The density of the small mammal was high, especially in rice fields. Apodemus agrarius and Rattus losea were the dominant species, representing 49.59% and 47.68% of the species composition on farmland. The dominant species on the beach area were A. agrarius (66.01%) and R. losea (28.76%). The species abundance and diversity indexes of the small mammal community on beaches were similar to those on farmland. The widespread presence of A. agrarius, R. losea, and Rattus norvegicus on the beaches indicates the farmland community had migrated to the beach area. In conclusion, it is important to elucidate the succession of the small mammal community inhabiting the lake beaches in downstream areas to quantify the impact of the TGP.
Contribution to the knowledge of the rare “Famatina tuco-tuco”, Ctenomys famosus Thomas 1920 (Rodentia: Ctenomyidae)
Authors: Tatiana Sánchez R. , Ivanna Tomasco H. , Mónica Díaz M. , Barquez Rubén M.
Published: April 2018

Ctenomys famosus is one of the less known species of the genus, both in systematic and in phylogenetic aspects, as well as in its distribution and natural history. So far the only known specimens of this species are those from the type series, collected at the two localities mentioned in the original description, in La Rioja province, Argentina. We here provide new information about the species as well as some comments about the type locality, and add a new point to its known geographical distribution. In addition, the capture of topotypes allowed us to add unpublished information on molecular, morphological and cranial variables of the species. The phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial gene cytochrome b sequences positions C. famosus in the context of the existing phylogenetic hypotheses and proposals for the genus as belonging to the “mendocinus group”. This information can serve as a basis for future research that favors clarifying the evolutionary panorama of the group at the regional level, as well as for completing the existing relationships within the complex of the Argentine species of the genus.
On the identity ofDidelphis marsupialisLinnaeus 1758
Authors: Dias Cayo Augusto Rocha , Garbino Guilherme Siniciato Terra , Perini Fernando Araújo
Published: April 2018

Given the confusion ensuing from a recent study suggesting that the nameDidelphis marsupialisshould be applied to white-eared opossums instead of the traditional view that it represents a black-eared opossum, we reviewed all the sources employed by Linnaeus to describeD. marsupialisand examined photographs of the putative type specimen, comparing them with specimens of black- and white-earedDidelphis. We conclude that the type specimen presents characters that would allow us to diagnose it as a black-eared opossum species. We believe that the proposed nomenclatural changes not only are unjustified but also disrupt the stability advocated by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN).
Time Alignment as a Necessary Step in the Analysis of Sleep Probabilistic Curves
Authors: Rošt’áková Zuzana , Rosipal Roman
Published: April 2018

Sleep can be characterised as a dynamic process that has a finite set of sleep stages during the night. The standard Rechtschaffen and Kales sleep model produces discrete representation of sleep and does not take into account its dynamic structure. In contrast, the continuous sleep representation provided by the probabilistic sleep model accounts for the dynamics of the sleep process. However, analysis of the sleep probabilistic curves is problematic when time misalignment is present. In this study, we highlight the necessity of curve synchronisation before further analysis. Original and in time aligned sleep probabilistic curves were transformed into a finite dimensional vector space, and their ability to predict subjects’ age or daily measures is evaluated. We conclude that curve alignment significantly improves the prediction of the daily measures, especially in the case of the S2-related sleep states or slow wave sleep.
Research on Measurement Accuracy of Laser Tracking System Based on Spherical Mirror with Rotation Errors of Gimbal Mount Axes
Authors: Shi Zhaoyao , Song Huixu , Chen Hongfang , Sun Yanqiang
Published: April 2018

This paper presents a novel experimental approach for confirming that spherical mirror of a laser tracking system can reduce the influences of rotation errors of gimbal mount axes on the measurement accuracy. By simplifying the optical system model of laser tracking system based on spherical mirror, we can easily extract the laser ranging measurement error caused by rotation errors of gimbal mount axes with the positions of spherical mirror, biconvex lens, cat’s eye reflector, and measuring beam. The motions of polarization beam splitter and biconvex lens along the optical axis and vertical direction of optical axis are driven by error motions of gimbal mount axes. In order to simplify the experimental process, the motion of biconvex lens is substituted by the motion of spherical mirror according to the principle of relative motion. The laser ranging measurement error caused by the rotation errors of gimbal mount axes could be recorded in the readings of laser interferometer. The experimental results showed that the laser ranging measurement error caused by rotation errors was less than 0.1 μm if radial error motion and axial error motion were within ±10 μm. The experimental method simplified the experimental procedure and the spherical mirror could reduce the influences of rotation errors of gimbal mount axes on the measurement accuracy of the laser tracking system.
Multilingualism and good citizenship: The making of language celebrities in Chinese media
Authors: Gao Shuang
Published: April 2018

This paper examines language ideologies underlying the media representation of Chinese citizens speaking multiple foreign languages. It argues that a figure of good citizenship is being articulated via valorization of multilingual competence that is grounded both in the newly cherished moral values of neoliberal globalization – entrepreneurship, reflexivity and flexibility – and in the traditional moral values of patriotism and contribution to society. Such configuration of citizenship departs from the nationalist monoglot language ideology, and yet demonstrates a flexible nationalism that links multilingual competence to personal welfare and social harmony. This study shows the importance of paying attention to the dynamic interplay between social class, nationalism, and neoliberal globalization in our analysis of language and citizenship.
Integrated five-port non-blocking optical router based on mode-selective property
Authors: Jia Hao , Zhou Ting , Fu Xin , Ding Jianfeng , Zhang Lei , Yang Lin
Published: April 2018

In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a five-port optical router based on mode-selective property. It utilizes different combinations of four spatial modes at input and output ports as labels to distinguish its 20 routing paths. It can direct signals from the source port to the destination port intelligently without power consumption and additional switching time to realize various path steering. The proposed architecture is constructed by asymmetric directional coupler based mode-multiplexers/de-multiplexers, multimode interference based waveguide crossings and single-mode interconnect waveguides. The broad optical bandwidths of these constituents make the device suitable to combine with wavelength division multiplexing signal transmission, which can effectively increase the data throughput. Measurement results show that the insertion loss of its 20 routing paths are lower than 8.5 dB and the optical signal-to-noise ratios are larger than 16.3 dB at 1525–1565 nm. To characterize its routing functionality, a 40-Gbps data transmission with bit-error-rate (BER) measurement is implemented. The power penalties for the error-free switching (BER<10−9) are 1.0 dB and 0.8 dB at 1545 nm and 1565 nm, respectively.
Crystal structure of 4-methoxy-6-phenyl-2H-pyran-2-one, C12H10O3
Authors: Obi Grace , Zamisa Sizwe J. , Heerden Fanie R.
Published: April 2018

C12H10O3, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 7.2709(5) Å, b = 7.3228(5) Å, c = 9.4670(7) Å, α = 82.241(4)°, β = 88.161(3)°, γ = 70.192(5)°, V = 469.84(6) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0370, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1082, T = 100(2) K.
Crystal structure of (5Z,10Z)-3,13-dichloro-17,18-dioxo-5,11-diphenyl-8,9,17,18-tetrahydro-7H-dibenzo[e,n][1,4,8,12]tetraazacyclopentadecine-16,19-diido-κ4
N,N′,N′′,N′′′)copper(II), C31H22N4O2Cl2Cu
Authors: Chen Shi-Jun , Li Shi-Hui , Huang Yao , Liu Bin , Xiong Ting-Song , Cui Jun , Shen Xiao-Shuang , Chen Deng-Qian
Published: April 2018

C31H22N4O2Cl2Cu, orthorhombic, C2221 (no. 20), a = 6.869(2) Å, b = 18.535(7) Å, c = 21.199(7) Å, V = 2698.9(16) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0385, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1036, T = 293 K.
Crystal structure of bis{5-methoxy-2-(((2-oxo-2H-chromen-6-yl)imino)methyl)phenolato-κ2
N,O}zinc(II), C34H24N2O8Zn
Authors: Zhang Ping , Wang Yan-Bin , Su Qiong
Published: April 2018

C34H24N2O8Zn, triclinic, P1̅ (no. 2), a = 9.1202(6) Å, b = 12.2985(8) Å, c = 12.9973(9) Å, α = 83.799(2)°, β = 76.063(2)°, γ = 81.385(2)°, Z = 2, V = 1395.02(16) Å3, R
gt(F) = 0.0292, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0691, T = 296(2) K.
Crystal structure of 3-(2-chloro-6-methoxyquinolin-3-yl)-5-phenylisoxazole (C19H13ClN2O2)
Authors: Fernández-Galleguillos Carlos , Bórquez Jorge , Cárdenas Alejandro , Brito Iván
Published: April 2018

C19H13ClN2O2, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 11.2461(18) Å, b = 15.967(2) Å, c = 9.2864(13) Å, β = 106.770(9)°, V = 1596.6(4) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt
= 0.0670, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1606, T = 296(2) K.
Crystal structure of dichlorido-bis(N-phenyl-2-(quinolin-8-yloxy)acetamide-κ2
N,O) – acetone (2/1), C35.5H31N4O4.5Cl2Cu
Authors: Chen Liang , Wu Wei-Na
Published: April 2018

C35.5H31N4O4.5Cl2Cu, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 14.8239(3) Å, b = 16.2169(2) Å, c = 15.6515(3) Å, β = 109.889(1)°, V = 3538.16(11) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0499, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1577, T = 296(2) K.
Crystal structure of 5-((4-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-2-methoxyphenoxy)methyl)-2-chlorothiazole - trichloromethane - methanol (1/1/1), C20H19Cl4N3O3S
Authors: Wang An-Jia , Zhang Yun-Hui , Zhang Zhi , Weng Ai-Zhen , Wang Liu-Yang , She Dong-Mei , Ning Jun , Si Wei-Jie , Mei Xiang-Dong
Published: April 2018

C20H19Cl4N3O3S, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 14.2134(9) Å, b = 21.4083(13) Å, c = 7.6709(5) Å, β = 99.260(6)°, V = 2303.7(2) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0659, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1682, T = 180 K.
Anti-gentrification Campaigns and the Fight for Local Control in California Cities
Authors: Kwak Nancy H.
Published: April 2018

Gentrification is integral to the functioning of global cities: international developers raze old housing and renovate industrial lofts for elite service workers seeking central-city accommodations. In the process, local real estate markets heat up and working-class residents find themselves priced out, displaced more often than not to peripheral sites of the global metropolis. In Californian communities in downtown and the east side of Los Angeles, the Mission in San Francisco, and Barrio Logan in San Diego, however, residents rejected this process of involuntary movement, instead arguing for the value of historically rich, rooted communities. In what appeared to be a wave of anti-global activism beginning in the 1980s, residents worked to regain control over their local communities through a variety of strategies including the deliberate deployment of local culture and arts, and the increasingly savvy use of media and public relations. With these tools, anti-gentrifiers asserted ownership without property titles, housing rights without mortgages, and community buy-in without cash deposits. Anti-gentrification movements thus constituted a direct challenge to the workings of the global city while also feeding into a global movement to restore political power to the grassroots.
On the role of LET-dependent parameters in the determination of the absorbed dose by in-phantom recombination chambers
Authors: Golnik Natalia , Maciak Maciej G.
Published: April 2018

The paper discusses the theoretical background in terms of the use of in-phantom recombination chambers in mixed radiation fields, with special attention paid to the question of how the experimentally determined, linear-energy-transfer-dependent (LET) parameters can be applied with regard to the more accurate determination of the chamber response and absorbed dose in mixed radiation fields. Methods of taking the recombination index of radiation quality (RIQ) measurements and theoretical consideration concerning the determination of the absorbed dose are described. Classical Bragg-Gray and Spencer-Attix cavity theories were analysed and their relationship to in-phantom recombination chambers was specifi ed. Methods concerning the estimation of correction factors with regard to RIQ measurements and their importance are highlighted.
Np-237 incineration study in various beams in ADS setup QUINTA
Authors: Kilim Stanisław , Strugalska-Gola Elżbieta , Szuta Marcin , Bielewicz Marcin , Tyutyunnikov Sergej I. , Furman Walter I. , Adam Jindra , Stegailov Vladimir I.
Published: April 2018

Neptunium-237 samples were irradiated in a spallation neutron field produced in accelerator-driven system (ADS) setup QUINTA. Five experiments were carried out on the accelerators at the JINR in Dubna - one in carbon (C6+), three in deuteron, and one in a proton beam. The energy in carbon was 24 GeV, in deuteron 2, 4 and 8 GeV, respectively, and 660 MeV in the proton beam. The incineration study method was based on gamma-ray spectrometry. During the analysis of the spectra several fission products and one actinide were identified. Fission product activities yielded the number of fissions. The actinide (Np-238), a result of neutron capture by Np-237, yielded the number of captures. The main goal of this work was to find out if and how the incineration rate depended on parameters of the accelerator beam.
A blue-pigmented hasleoid diatom, Haslea sp., from the Adriatic Sea
Authors: Palińska Katarzyna A. , Surosz Waldemar
Published: April 2018

We present the first report and description of the pinnate diatom Haslea sp. from the northeastern Adriatic Sea, Croatia, producing a blue pigment. This organism is very similar to the well-known Haslea ostrearia, the first described “blue” diatom producing marennine, i.e. the pigment involved in the greening of oysters, and recently described H. provincialis. However, the Croatian diatom slightly differs from other Haslea species in its morphology and 18S rRNA sequence. The discovery of Haslea sp. from Croatia confirmed the possible existence of more species among the representatives of blue Haslea species, as previously assumed. The discovery of several genetically distinct populations of Haslea ostrearia, new species H. karadagensis, H. provincialis and Haslea sp. from Croatia, suggests that species richness in the group of “blue” diatoms is probably underestimated and still more new blue diatoms remain undiscovered. This also raises questions about previously published reports and observations of Haslea distribution in the Mediterranean Sea whether these organisms really belong to H. ostrearia.
Toponyms as Entry Points into a Digital Edition: Mapping Die Fackel
Authors: Barbaresi Adrien
Published: April 2018

The emergence of Spatial Humanities has prompted for interdisciplinary work on digitized texts, especially since the significance of place names exceeds the usually admitted frame of deictic and indexical functions. In this perspective, I present a visualization of toponyms co-occurrences in the literary journal Die Fackel ("The Torch"), published by the satirist and language critic Karl Kraus in Vienna from 1899 until 1936. The distant reading experiments consist in drawing lines on maps in order to uncover patterns which are not easily retraceable during close reading. I discuss their status in the context of a digital humanities study. This is not an authoritative cartography of the work but rather an indirect depiction of the viewpoint of Kraus and his contemporaries. Drawing on Kraus' vitriolic recording of political life, toponyms in Die Fackel tell a story about the ongoing reconfiguration of Europe.
Analyze of relation between passive stiffness of pelvic girdle muscles and foot architecture in preschool children
Authors: Gogola Anna , Matyja M. , Żoczek K. , Wodzisz P.
Published: April 2018

Background: The aim of the study is assessment of relation between passive stiffness of chosen pelvic girdle muscles and formation of heel angle (gamma) and medial longitudinal arch (MLA; determined by the Clarke's angle (AC) ). Material/Methods: 124 preschool children underwent observation. The examined group included 46 five years old children and 78 six years old children (girls (n=53); boys (n=71). Passive stiffness of chosen muscles that have insertions within pelvis were assessed in participants and gamma and Clarke's angles were evaluated with use of plantography. Results: Analysis of ANOVA variance showed significant diversification (p<0.01) of iliopsoas muscles stiffness between groups designated in regard to gamma angle (between body sides). Statistically substantial differences of passive stiffness of hamstrings and adductors (P<0.01, respectively) was also obtained in these groups. In case of analyze of passive stiffness of pelvic girdle muscles in the groups appointed in regard to Clarke's angle the only essential effect (P<0.01) was noted within iliopsoas between body sides, but without important interactions.
Enhanced thermal conductivity and flame retardancy of polyamide 6/flame retardant composites with hexagonal boron nitride
Authors: Wang Liang , Zhang Luchong , Fischer Andreas , Zhong Yuhua , Drummer Dietmar , Wu Wei
Published: April 2018

High performance composite of polyamide 6 (PA6)/flame retardant (FR)/hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) was prepared via twin screw extrusion, followed by injection molding. The heat dissipation of the composite was significantly improved by incorporating 40 vol% of hBN, and the corresponding thermal conductivity was up to 5.701 W/(m·K), nearly 17 times that of the PA6/FR composites. In addition, the combination effect of hBN and FR to the flame retardancy of the composites was observed, and the addition of hBN could dramatically enhance the flame retardancy of composites, achieving a UL94 V-0 rating with a limited oxygen index (LOI) value of 37%. This multifunctional modification would broaden the application field of PA6 composites in light-emitting diode (LED) lamps, electronic products, and so on.
Ageing and health in the Arab region: Challenges, opportunities and the way forward
Authors: Sibai Abla Mehio , Semaan Aline , Tabbara Jiana , Rizk Anthony
Published: April 2018

In many countries of the Arab region, the demographic transition is already underway with a decrease in fertility and mortality and a rise in the proportion of older adults. Longer life expectancies and higher burden of non-communicable disease co-morbidities bring new health and social concerns to families, societies and governments. In a number of countries in the Arab region, this is compounded with political turmoil, forced displacement, dynamic migration flows and economic and social instability that deplete family cohesion and exhaust societal resources. Such challenges require systematic changes to healthcare and social services delivery. Amidst a number of strategies for interventions that aim at maximizing health and well-being in old age, we focus in this paper on three fundamental approaches that are largely lacking in the Arab region: an integrated and holistic model of healthcare, policies and programmes that incentivize ageing in place and homecare, and knowledge production addressing local concerns and priorities.
Translation of strategic ambiguity: A relevance-theoretic analysis
Authors: Al-Jarrah Rasheed S. , Abu-Dalu Ahmad M. , Obiedat Hisham
Published: April 2018

The purpose of our current research is to see how Relevance Theory can handle one specific translation problem, namely strategic ambiguous structures. Concisely, we aim to provide a conceptual framework as to how the translator should cope with a pervasive ambiguity problem at the discoursal level. The point of departure from probably all previous models of analysis is that a relevance-theoretic analysis would, we believe, require that a “good” translation benotthe one that representsan interpretationof the text, but the one which leaves the door open for all interpretations which the original text provides evidence for. Hence,the role of translator is not to ‘interpret’ but to ‘translate’. If this is true, ambiguity resolution should not be a viable alternative. In other words, what the translator should do is empower the audience with all it takes to let them work out all the explicatures (linguistically inferred meanings) and entertain themselves with the implicatures (contextually inferred meanings) of the original. Direct Translation, along the lines laid down by Gutt (1991/2000), is the method of translation which can, we believe, bring about the desired results because “it tries to provide readers with contextual information that enables them to draw their own inferences” (Smith 2000: 92).
CO2-based hydrogen storage – Hydrogen generation from formaldehyde/water
Authors: Trincado Monica , Grützmacher Hansjörg , Prechtl Martin H. G.
Published: April 2018

Formaldehyde (CH2O) is the simplest and most significant industrially produced aldehyde. The global demand is about 30 megatons annually. Industrially it is produced by oxidation of methanol under energy intensive conditions. More recently, new fields of application for the use of formaldehyde and its derivatives as, i.e. cross-linker for resins or disinfectant, have been suggested. Dialkoxymethane has been envisioned as a combustion fuel for conventional engines or aqueous formaldehyde and paraformaldehyde may act as a liquid organic hydrogen carrier molecule (LOHC) for hydrogen generation to be used for hydrogen fuel cells. For the realization of these processes, it requires less energy-intensive technologies for the synthesis of formaldehyde. This overview summarizes the recent developments in low-temperature reductive synthesis of formaldehyde and its derivatives and low-temperature formaldehyde reforming. These aspects are important for the future demands on modern societies’ energy management, in the form of a methanol and hydrogen economy, and the required formaldehyde feedstock for the manufacture of many formaldehyde-based daily products.
Wastes generated by mineral extraction industries
Authors: Wieszczycka Karolina
Published: April 2018

Mineral extraction industries at each mining step generate large volume of waste, and most of them represent potentially sources of crucial metals. This chapter describes extraction and main mining processes, principal classifications of the generated wastes, as well as the chemical properties of the waste material, their disposal and further treatment to recover metals. Most of the presented technological solutions are or have been tested in real processes or using real waste materials.
Safe use of Dexamethasone in pediatrics: design and evaluation of a novel stable oral suspension
Authors: Santoveña-Estévez Ana , Dorta-Vera Diego , González-García Iris , Suárez-González Javier , Teigell-Pérez Nuria , Fariña José B
Published: April 2018

Background

Dexamethasone is used in pediatrics mainly for treatment of croup and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Commercially available pediatric oral formulations include inadequate excipients for this population. When there are only commercially available oral dosage forms for adults, a formulation is prepared to reduce the dose by manipulation of authorized tablets or injectable dosage forms. This practice most of times is made without the quality and control that process requires. The aim of this study is to propose a formulation secure and suitable for pediatrics by the use of a Standard Operating Procedure that ensures its quality.

Methods

Design of two formulations was performed with lowest number and amount of excipients suitable for pediatrics, avoiding use of dexamethasone salts and preservatives. An accurate and precise analytical method and a methodology for analyzing uniformity of doses were developed. Physical, chemical and microbiological stability was tested.

Results

Stability of Dexamethasone was improved by acidification with citric/citrate buffer. Proposed suspension complies with quality criteria required for an oral non-sterile formulation using Dexamethasone as active pharmaceutical ingredient, and the minimum number and quantity of excipients suitable for pediatrics.

Conclusions

This formulation is physical, chemical and microbiologically stable during 15 days storage at 5 and 25 °C.
Bestandskundenwettbewerb in der PKV – Betrachtungen zum Stand der Diskussion
Authors: Neusius Thomas
Published: April 2018

Der Autor stellt die Vorschläge der Monopolkommission zur Ausweitung des Wettbewerbs um Bestandskunden in der Privaten Krankenversicherung (PKV) sowie die daran geäußerte Kritik vor und analysiert sie. Es wird deutlich, dass die Übertragbarkeit einer risikogerechten Alterungsrückstellung bei einem Anbieterwechsel Bestandskundenwettbewerb in der PKV ermöglichen würde. Die Befürchtung, dies stelle die nichtwechselnden Bestandskunden schlechter als diejenigen, die vom Wechselrecht Gebrauch machen, erweist sich als wenig begründet.
Homogeneous hydrolysis of thorium by thermal decomposition of urea
Authors: Wangle Tadeas , Tyrpekl Vaclav , Delloye Thierry , Larcher Olivier , Pakarinen Janne , Cardinaels Thomas , Vleugels Jozef , Verwerft Marc
Published: April 2018

Thorium was precipitated homogeneously from a thorium nitrate solution by the thermal decomposition products of urea. The kinetics of the hydrolysis were studied at 90 and 100°C by pH measurement during the initial 5 h and the precipitation efficiencies of thorium and radium were measured over a 24 h period. Precipitation of the radium daughters was closely followed with the aim of co-precipitation of radium with thorium. The CO2 formed during urea decomposition dissolved in the solution, forming CO3
2− during the experiment upon reaching a sufficiently high pH level (>7). This allowed radium to co-precipitate partially, thus reducing the activity of the filtrate. After filtration or centrifugation, the precipitate is composed of nanocrystalline thorium dioxide (crystallite size ~10 nm), with weakly bound H2O and CO2.
Development of granular radioactive reference source from 152,154Eu adsorbed on tin tungstate matrix
Authors: El-Said H. , Ramadan H. E. , Elmaghraby Elsayed K. , Amin M.
Published: April 2018

A reference source with the granular active portion was made using 152,154Eu(III) loaded tin tungstate material. Batch equilibration method was used to investigate the interaction of 152,154Eu(III) radiotracer (10−4 M) in acid solutions on tin(IV) tungstate gel matrix. The sorption behavior of 152,154Eu(III) showed high affinity towards tin(IV) tungstate gel matrix at low pH values. Tin tungstate gel matrix was loaded with 152,154Eu from batch at pH 3. Standardization of the source was done spectroscopically with reference to primary certified set of radioactive sources and with the aid of HPGe detector. Random and true coincidence summing was carried out by following-up coincidence in 152Eu and possible interference between γ lines of 152Eu and 154Eu. The relation between the grain size and the activity of samples was studied. Correction factor for capsule attenuation was applied.