bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two decades of aerosol trends over India: seasonal characteristics and urban-rural dynamics
Authors: Namdeo Prathmesh , Chakraborty TC , Chakraborty Abhishek
Published: November 2024

India faces significant air quality challenges, with one of the highest air pollution levels of any country in the world. Here, we examine two decades (2001–2019) of both particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration and aerosol optical depth (AOD) over the country. Increases are seen between the two decadal averages, for 2001–2010 and 2011–2019, in western India, particularly in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). IGP region, including Bihar, West Bengal, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh, shows the highest increases in AOD (+0.03, 13%) and PM2.5, s (+8 µg m−3). Seasonal AOD patterns fluctuate, with the IGP experiencing the highest wintertime increase, especially in Bihar (+0.07). In summer, there are increases in AOD along the southern and eastern coastal areas. Monsoons cause a slight rise in AOD, except in Rajasthan. In the post-monsoon season, the IGP experiences a notable increase in AOD (+0.057, 25%), potentially driven by biomass burning in Bihar (+0.11) and Uttar Pradesh (+0.075). Dividing our study area into urban and peri-urban clusters (n = 2791), AOD is found to be similar, possibly due to advective mixing. However, the differences between urban and rural areas become more noticeable, especially in the second decade. Correlations between AOD and PM2.5, g vary across locations, with the highest found in Kanpur (R
2 = 0.61) and weaker in Delhi (R
2 = 0.42), highlighting the need for more ground monitoring. However, it suggests that satellite-derived AOD can generally be used to examine trends in PM2.5 over longer time frames.
Are rootzone soil moisture dynamics and thresholds associated with surface layer?
Authors: Paul Sandipan , Feldman Andrew F , Karthikeyan L
Published: November 2024

The identification of evapotranspiration regimes, primarily the water-limited and energy-limited regimes, separated by the critical soil moisture (CSM) threshold, is fundamental to analyzing land–atmosphere interactions. To better understand the soil moisture (SM) dynamics happening synchronously in the soil column, we aim to estimate the rootzone (0–28 cm and 0–100 cm) CSM thresholds and associated regimes at a global scale, which was not previously attempted. We propose the use of the covariability of soil diurnal temperature amplitude (derived from the GLDAS) and SM (ERA5) to estimate the CSM, which overcomes the data uncertainty and multivariate dependencies of traditional methods. We find that transitional climatic regions, encompassing the western USA, Brazilian savanna, Sahelian grassland, South African savanna, peninsular India, and Mediterranean region, are global hotspots of frequent rootzone regime shifting with significant seasonality—the wet regime prevails in the fall season, while the dry regime takes over at other times of the year. The CSM values of 0–28 cm and 0–100 cm layers are mostly in the 0.2–0.35 and 0.25–0.4 m3m−3 range, respectively. We find that landscape aridity and bioclimatic characteristics primarily determine the spatial distribution of CSM and associated regimes. Furthermore, we investigate the hydrological link between the surface and rootzone layers. We note that the rootzone and surface CSM and regimes are strongly correlated, although the 0–28 cm layer indicates a relatively stronger connection compared to the 0–100 cm layer. The shallower (deeper) rootzone layer shows regimes similar to those on the surface for more than 80% (65%–80%) of the time. We observe that the strength of association between surface and rootzone regimes increases from arid (herbaceous vegetated regions) to humid (woody) regions and during wet to dry seasons. Overall, a strong association in regime dynamics between surface and subsurface layers suggests the potential applicability of remotely sensed surface SM as a surrogate to study rootzone regime responsiveness to soil–plant–atmosphere interactions.
Non-existence of causal, standard classical electrodynamics with point charged particle
Authors: Zin Paweł
Published: November 2024

The existence of consistent, standard and causal theory of point charged particle (for example electron) interacting with electromagnetic field was the subject of many investigations. This problem is often stated as the description of the system of electromagnetic pulse of radiation interacting with single point charged particle (for example electron). The correct theory should give the causal particle trajectory for any electromagnetic pulse of radiation. Up to now no such theory was formulated. We show that for certain electromagnetic pulse of radiation and point particle being initially at rest, there does not exist a causal and physical particle trajectory that satisfies energy and momentum conservation. This shows that the causal, standard electrodynamics of scalar point particles, valid for all possible external pulses, does not exist.
Symmetric group gauge theories and simple gauge/string dualities
Authors: Benizri Lior , Troost Jan
Published: November 2024

We study two-dimensional topological gauge theories with gauge group equal to the symmetric group Sn
and their string theory duals. The simplest such theory is the topological quantum field theory of principal Sn
fiber bundles. Its correlators are equal to Hurwitz numbers. The operator products in the gauge theory for each finite value of n are coded in one partial permutation algebra. We propose a generalization of the partial permutation algebra to the symmetric orbifold topological quantum field theory of any seed theory and show that the theory factorizes into marked partial permutation combinatorics and seed Frobenius algebra properties. Moreover, we exploit the established correspondence between Hurwitz theory and the stationary sector of Gromov–Witten theory on the sphere to prove an exact gauge/string duality. The relevant field theory is a grand canonical version of Hurwitz theory and its two-point functions are obtained by summing over all values of the instanton degree of the maps covering the sphere. We stress that one must look for a multiplicative basis on the boundary to match the bulk operator algebra of single string insertions. The relevant boundary observables are completed cycles.
Continuum limit of mean-field partition functions
Authors: Williams Mobolaji
Published: November 2024

In physics, the continuum limit consists of transforming discretely-spaced degrees of freedom on a lattice into smoothly-varying fields on a continuous domain. In these transformations, the degrees of freedom are typically dynamical variables like position or probability. However, in statistical physics, partition functions themselves can be seen as existing on a discrete lattice whose individual sites are identified by the number of degrees of freedom in the system. In this work, we pursue this interpretation and show that the continuum limit of a certain class of mean-field theory partition functions yields a partial differential equation whose solution provides large N approximations to the partition function of the original system. The equation is obtained by promoting the number of degrees of freedom to a continuous variable and then re-interpreting (as finite differences in a continuous space) the recursive relation that defines the partition function. For some example systems, we show that solutions to this equation yield transition temperatures with the same parameter-scaling behavior as those of the original system. We conclude by discussing how this formalism can motivate ‘diffusion in degree-of-freedom space’ interpretations of how interacting partition functions vary with temperature.
Hybrid 3D bioprinting for advanced tissue-engineered trachea: merging fused deposition modeling (FDM) and top–down digital light processing (DLP)
Authors: Lee Ji Seung , Jung Harry , Ajiteru Olatunji , Lee Ok Joo , Kim Soon Hee , Park Hae Sang , Park Chan Hum
Published: November 2024

In this present study, we introduce an innovative hybrid 3D bioprinting methodology that integrates fused deposition modeling (FDM) with top–down digital light processing (DLP) for the fabrication of an artificial trachea. Initially, polycaprolactone (PCL) was incorporated using an FDM 3D printer to provide essential mechanical support, replicating the structure of tracheal cartilage. Subsequently, a chondrocyte-laden glycidyl methacrylated silk fibroin hydrogel was introduced via top–down DLP into the PCL scaffold (PCL-Sil scaffold). The mechanical evaluation of PCL-Sil scaffolds showed that they have greater flexibility than PCL scaffolds, with a higher deformation rate (PCL-Sil scaffolds: 140.9% ± 5.37% vs. PCL scaffolds: 124.3% ± 6.25%) and ability to withstand more force before fracturing (3.860 ± 0.140 N for PCL-Sil scaffolds vs. 2.502 ± 0.126 N for PCL scaffolds, ***P < 0.001). Both types of scaffolds showed similar axial compressive strengths (PCL-Sil scaffolds: 4.276 ± 0.127 MPa vs. PCL scaffolds: 4.291 ± 0.135 MPa). Additionally, PCL-Sil scaffolds supported fibroblast proliferation, indicating good biocompatibility. In vivo testing of PCL-Sil scaffolds in a partial tracheal defect rabbit model demonstrated effective tissue regeneration. The scaffolds were pre-cultured in the omentum for two weeks to promote vascularization before transplantation. Eight weeks after transplantation into the animal, bronchoscopy and histological analysis confirmed that the omentum-cultured PCL-Sil scaffolds facilitated rapid tissue regeneration and maintained the luminal diameter at the anastomosis site without signs of stenosis or inflammation. Validation study to assess the feasibility of our hybrid 3D bioprinting technique showed that structures, not only the trachea but also the vertebral bone-disc and trachea-lung complex, were successfully printed.
Enhancing pancreatic tumor delineation using dual-energy CT-derived extracellular volume fraction map
Authors: Anbumani Silambarasan , Godfrey Garrett , Hall William A , Shah Jainil , Knechtges Paul , Erickson Beth , Li X Allen , Noid George
Published: November 2024

Purpose. Precise identification of pancreatic tumors is challenging for radiotherapy planning due to the tumor's anatomical variability and poor visualization on 3D cross-sectional imaging. Low extracellular volume fraction (ECVf) correlates with poor vasculature uptake and possible necrosis or hypoxia in pancreatic tumors. This work investigates the feasibility of delineating pancreatic tumors using ECVf spatial distribution maps derived from contrast enhanced dual-energy CT (DECT). Methods and Materials. Data acquired from radiotherapy simulation of 12 pancreatic cancer patients, using a dual source DECT scanner, were analyzed. For each patient, an ECVf distribution of the pancreas was computed from the simultaneously acquired low and high energy DECT series during the late arterial contrast phase combined with the patient’s hematocrit level. Volume of interest (VECVf) maps in ECVf distribution of pancreas were identified by applying an appropriate threshold condition and a connected components clustering algorithm. The obtained VECVf was compared with the clinical gross tumor volume (GTV) using the positive predictive value (PPV), Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), mean distance to agreement (MDA) and true positive rate (TPR). Results. As a proof of concept, our hypothetical threshold condition based on the first quartile separation of the ECVf distribution to find VECVf of the pancreas elucidates the tumor volume within the pancreas. Notably, 7 out of 12 cases studied for VECVf matched well with the GTV and the mean PPV of 0.83 ± 0.12. The mean MDA (2.83 ± 1.0) of the cases confirms that VECVf lies within the tolerance for comparing to the pancreatic GTV. For the remaining 5 cases, the VECVf is substantially affected by other compounding factors, e.g., large cysts, dilate ducts, and thus did not align with the GTVs. Conclusions. This work demonstrated the promising application of the ECVf map, derived from contrast enhanced DECT, to help delineate tumor target for RT planning of pancreatic cancer.
DC microgrid for EV charging station with EV control by using STSM controllers
Authors: Anbuchandran S , Babu M Arumuga , Stephen D Silas , Thinakaran M
Published: November 2024

This study explores innovative control strategies for electric vehicle (EV) charging stations in a DC Microgrid powered by solar and wind energy. A new methodology regulates the dc-link voltage through various converters while a modified vector control method enhances the performance of switched reluctance motors (SRMs). The implementation of super twisting sliding mode (STSM) controllers show superior performance compared to traditional PI and Fuzzy controllers. The design of an asymmetrical converter with four battery banks also minimizes charging durations. The real-time test system (RTS) effectively managed power generation within a DC microgrid, demonstrating a stable voltage at the DC bus despite variations in total generation from photovoltaic (PVS) and wind systems. In Case 1, the controller successfully maintained power balance while charging electric vehicles and managing DC loads. During load torque adjustments, the system maintained a steady motor speed of 320 RPM even with a load torque increase from 5 Nm to 50 Nm at 3 s, showcasing its robust vector control strategy. Notably, the system facilitated a reverse operation at 10 km h−1 (80 RPM) by seamlessly adjusting the engine’s reference speed from 80 RPM to −80 RPM at t = 4.0 s. The vector control causes the engine speed heading to be opposite in a natural manner., indicating its innovative capability to handle diverse operational scenarios. The MATLAB/Simulink package serves as the foundation for the proposed model, which is then integrated into OPAL-RT modules to create a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) system for showcasing diverse outcomes. Different outcomes are deliberated with validated justifications of the suggested approach. The research is linked to Sustainable Development Goals 7 (Affordable and clean energy) and 13 (Climate action).
Hydroclimate risk to electricity balancing throughout the U.S
Authors: Dennis Lauren , Grady Caitlin
Published: November 2024

Although hydropower produces a relatively small portion of the electricity we use in the United States, it is a flexible and dispatchable resource that serves various critical functions for managing the electricity grid. Climate-induced changes to water availability will affect future hydropower production, and such changes could impact how the areas where the supply and demand of electricity are balanced, called balancing authority areas, are able to meet decarbonization goals. We calculate hydroclimate risk to hydropower at the balancing authority scale, which is previously underexplored in the literature and has real implications for decarbonization and resilience-building. Our results show that, by 2050, most balancing authority areas could experience significant changes in water availability in areas where they have hydropower. Balancing areas facing the greatest changes are located in diverse geographic areas, not just the Western and Northwestern United States, and vary in hydropower generation capacity. The range of projected changes experienced within each balancing area could exacerbate or offset existing hydropower generation deficits. As power producers and managers undertake increasing regional cooperation to account for introducing more variable renewable energy into the grid, analysis of risk at this regional scale will become increasingly salient.
Precision DNA methylation typing via hierarchical clustering of Nanopore current signals and attention-based neural network
Authors: Dai Qi , Chen Hu , Yi Wen-Jing , Zhao Jia-Ning , Zhang Wei , He Ping-An , Liu Xiao-Qing , Zheng Ying-Feng , Shi Zhuo-Xing
Published: November 2024

Decoding DNA methylation sites through nanopore sequencing has emerged as a cutting-edge technology in the field of DNA methylation research, as it enables direct sequencing of native DNA molecules without the need for prior enzymatic or chemical treatments. During nanopore sequencing, methylation modifications on DNA bases cause changes in electrical current intensity. Therefore, constructing deep neural network models to decode the electrical signals of nanopore sequencing has become a crucial step in methylation site identification. In this study, we utilized nanopore sequencing data containing diverse DNA methylation types and motif sequence diversity. We proposed a feature encoding method based on current signal clustering and leveraged the powerful attention mechanism in the Transformer framework to construct the PoreFormer model for identifying DNA methylation sites in nanopore sequencing. The model demonstrated excellent performance under conditions of multi-class methylation and motif sequence diversity, offering new insights into related research fields.
MultiOmicsIntegrator: a nextflow pipeline for integrated omics analyses
Authors: Pasat Bianka Alexandra , Pilalis Eleftherios , Mnich Katarzyna , Samali Afshin , Chatziioannou Aristotelis , Gorman Adrienne M
Published: November 2024

Motivation

Analysis of gene and isoform expression levels is becoming critical for the detailed understanding of biochemical mechanisms. In addition, integrating RNA-seq data with other omics data types, such as proteomics and metabolomics, provides a strong approach for consolidating our understanding of biological processes across various organizational tiers, thus promoting the identification of potential therapeutic targets.

Results

We present our pipeline, called MultiOmicsIntegrator (MOI), an inclusive pipeline for comprehensive omics analyses. MOI represents a unified approach that performs in-depth individual analyses of diverse omics. Specifically, exhaustive analysis of RNA-seq data at the level of genes, isoforms of genes, as well as miRNA is offered, coupled with functional annotation and structure prediction of these transcripts. Additionally, proteomics and metabolomics data are supported providing a holistic view of biological systems. Finally, MOI has tools to integrate simultaneously multiple and diverse omics datasets, with both data- and function-driven approaches, fostering a deeper understanding of intricate biological interactions.

Availability and implementation

MOI and ReadTheDocs.
The optimal energy level of virtual monochromatic imaging in dual-energy CT arthrography of the wrist
Authors: Chung Bo Mi , Lee Guen Young , Kim Sujin
Published: November 2024

Objectives

To suggest an optimal energy level of virtual monochromatic images (VMIs) in dual-energy CT (DECT) arthrography of the wrist.

Methods

This retrospective study included 53 patients with wrist CT arthrography. Conventional polychromatic images and VMIs at 4 energy levels (40–70 keV at 10 keV intervals) were obtained. Image noise, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were measured, and qualitative analysis of image quality and diagnostic confidence was performed. For each patient, an energy level with the best image quality was chosen by consensus. Comparisons of quantitative and qualitative parameters between VMI sets were performed.

Results

The image noise of bone and muscle were increased with decreasing energy level (P < .001). The noise of contrast was highest on 60 keV VMI. SNR and CNR (between contrast and muscle) were increased with decreasing energy level and were markedly increased between 60 and 50 keV (P < .001). The 60 keV VMI demonstrated the highest image quality and diagnostic confidence, chosen as the best diagnostic image (n = 31/53). Given that the attenuation of the contrast material was low on the conventional image, the optimal energy level of the best VMI tended to be low.

Conclusions

Wrist DECT arthrography with VMIs at 60 keV or less could improve image quality and diagnostic performance by increasing SNR and CNR in cases with low contrast attenuation.

Advances in knowledge

Wrist DECT arthrography with VMIs at variable keV could be utilized to enhance SNR and CNR, thereby achieving diagnostic images of high quality.
The effect of sevelamer on serum calcification propensity in patients with chronic kidney disease: the results of a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial
Authors: Pluquet Maxime , Laville Solène M , Brazier François , Ureña-Torres Pablo , El Esper Najeh , Kamel Said , Choukroun Gabriel , Liabeuf Sophie
Published: November 2024

Background

The serum calcification propensity test (or T50 test) might become a standard tool for the assessment of vascular calcification risk and T50 might be a valuable biomarker in clinical trials of treatments intended to slow the progression of vascular calcification. Literature data suggest that non-calcium-containing phosphate binders can influence T50 in chronic dialysed patients. However, it is not clear whether similar interventions are effective in patients at earlier stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Methods

The FGF23 Reduction: Efficacy of a New phosphate binder in CHronic kidney disease (FRENCH) trial was a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of sevelamer carbonate in participants with stage 3b/4 CKD. In this subanalysis of the FRENCH data, T50 and other laboratory variables (including fetuin-A and ionized and total magnesium) were measured centrally at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment.

Results

A total of 96 patients were screened and 78 (55 men and 23 women) met the inclusion criteria and were randomized to receive placebo (n = 39) or sevelamer carbonate (n = 39). The median patient age was 66 years [interquartile range (IQR) 56–72], the median eGFR was 25 ml/min/1.73 m2 (IQR 21–30) and the mean T50 was 335 minutes (standard deviation 82). In a linear regression model, T50 was independently associated with serum ionized magnesium, fetuin-A and bicarbonate levels and inversely associated with phosphate concentration. The within-group changes in the mean T50 between week 0 and week 12 were not significant in the sevelamer group or the placebo group {4.6 minutes [95% confidence interval (CI) −13.6–22.8; P = .61] and 7.8 minutes [95% CI −16.4–32.1; P = .51], respectively}. Furthermore, we did not observe significant changes in fetuin-A and magnesium levels.

Conclusion

A 12-week course of the non-calcium-containing phosphate binder sevelamer carbonate was not associated with a significant change in T50 in patients with stage 3b/4 CKD. Phosphate binders might not be an effective strategy for modifying serum calcification propensity in non-dialysis-dependent patients with CKD.
Validating enzyme immunoassays for non-invasive reproductive hormone monitoring in Temminck’s pangolin
Authors: Scheun Juan , Ganswindt Andre , Jansen Raymond , Labuschagne Kim
Published: November 2024

Gonadal hormones play a central role in reproductive function and success. As such, quantifying reproductive hormones non-invasively in threatened, vulnerable and endangered wildlife species offers an ideal tool for assessing general and individual reproductive patterns in situ. Whilst the use of faeces as a hormone matrix is often preferred in these cases, the required enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for measuring faecal androgen (fAM), oestrogen (fEM) and progestagen metabolite (fPM) concentrations must first be validated if a species gets investigated for the first time to ensure biologically relevant patterns can be observed. In this study we aimed to biologically validate the EIAs for monitoring fAM, fEM and fPM concentrations in Temminck’s pangolin, Smutsia temminckii. Hormone metabolite concentrations derived from each EIA tested were compared between different age and sex classes. An epiandrosterone EIA effectively measured androgen levels in males, distinguishing between adult and juvenile individuals, as well as both female age classes. Similarly, the tested oestrogen EIA successfully distinguished between adult and juvenile female fEM concentrations, and both tested progestagen EIAs demonstrated adequate differences between fPM concentrations of adult and juvenile females. The now-validated EIAs offer robust tools for a non-invasive monitoring of reproductive activity in Temminck’s pangolin. The development of such techniques will allow researchers to assess reproductive hormone patterns of the species in situ, whilst also paving the way for further studies in this field. Despite the small sample size due to the species’ conservation status, the study provides a foundation for future research using a robust, validated, non-invasive monitoring tool. The latter can now be implemented in long-term monitoring with larger sample sizes to yield more comprehensive data, aiding in the conservation of Temminck’s pangolin.
Talc-induced pericardial granulomatosis after recurrent pleurodesis: a rare cause of incessant pericarditis—case report
Authors: Coca-Perez Ana , Rivero-Jimenez Natalia , Lopez-Menendez Jose , Boteanu Alina-Lucica , Moreno-Mata Nicolas
Published: November 2024

Background

Management of relapsing pericarditis in patients who do not respond to medical therapy presents a significant challenge for clinicians. Although pericardiectomy remains a controversial option, it can provide effective relief of symptoms in this group of patients, as we report in this rare case of incessant pericarditis.

Case summary

We report the case of a 41-year-old woman with a medical history of two episodes of acute pericarditis, with no symptom-free intervals between them, over a two-year period. These episodes appeared following a third talc pleurodesis that was performed for relapsing catamenial pneumothorax. She became unresponsive to medical treatment with colchicine, indomethacin, anakinra, and prednisone, and surgery was finally indicated for symptom relief. An anterior pericardiectomy was performed in which talc-induced pericardial foreign body granulomas were identified in the pericardium and mediastinum samples. Patient recovered painless after six months, and no pericardial effusion was shown during the follow-up.

Discussion

Although talc is a safe sclerosing agent for pleurodesis for the treatment of recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax, extrapleural dissemination to mediastinum and pericardium is plausible, as documented in experimental animal studies. However, to date, we could not find any case of talc-induced pericarditis as an extrapulmonary complication of pleurodesis in the medical literature. In this instance, pericardiectomy was a mandatory alternative for symptomatic relief of foreign-body-induced pericarditis and yielded a good clinical outcome.
Critical heart failure associated with beta-blocker-induced cardiac phospholipidosis: a case report
Authors: Kaneko Mitsunobu , Kasao Masashi , Obikane Hiyo , Ueda Kazutaka
Published: November 2024

Background

Drug-induced phospholipidosis (DIPL) is an acquired lysosomal storage disorder characterized by the accumulation of lamellar bodies and phospholipids, typically associated with the use of cationic amphiphilic drugs (CADs). Over 200 marketed CADs, including widely prescribed β-blockers, have the potential to induce phospholipid deposition in various organs. In rare cases, DIPL may lead to secondary cardiomyopathy.

Case summary

We report the case of a 70-year-old man with a history of hypertension, permanent atrial fibrillation, and Stanford type B aortic dissection. The patient presented with a 2-week history of worsening dyspnoea. Examination revealed cardiomegaly, elevated B-type natriuretic peptide, and left ventricular dysfunction with an ejection fraction of 24%. Despite intensive medical treatment, the patient developed severe pulmonary congestion and died on Day 35. Post-mortem examination revealed vacuolar degeneration and lamellar body accumulation in the myocardium, consistent with DIPL. The most likely causal agent was bisoprolol, one of the patient’s prescribed CADs.

Discussion

While β-blockers are commonly used for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, their potential to induce phospholipid deposition in the heart is rare but significant. This case underscores the need for awareness of DIPL as a potential adverse effect, especially in patients receiving CADs.
Effects of aging on the tensile strength and surface condition of orthodontic aligners: a comparative study of five models
Authors: Kuntz Lucie , Aranda Lionel , Rapin Christophe , Canceill Thibault , Vande Vannet Bart , Fawaz Paul
Published: November 2024

Background/Objective

The objective of this study is to determine the effect of aging on tensile strength and surface condition of orthodontic aligners on days 0, 1, 5, 7, 10, and 14.

Materials/Methods

The total sample of 80 aligners included five brands (Accusmile®, Angel®, GRAPHY®, Invisalign® and Suresmile®) were placed in a thermocycler to imitate the temperature variations of the oral cavity and accelerate aging for 50, 250, 350, 500, and 700 cycles. The mechanical tensile properties (Young’s modulus E, yield strength YS, maximum elastic stress MES, Ultimate Tensile Strength UTS, and maximum stress MS) were measured by Universal Testing Machine at a rate of 5 mm of deformation per minute for 4 minutes. Microscopic observations were made under a voltage of 10 kV at magnifications times 50, 250, 500, 1000, and 2500 after cleaning with ethanol and ultrasound then metallization with gold.

Results

YS and MES of Angel® aligners are statistically reduced after five days of aging (P = .003). Aligners from the most rigid to the most flexible are (decreasing E): Accusmile® > GRAPHY® > Suresmile® > Invisalign® > Angel®. Surface conditions also deteriorated with aging (appearance of scratches, porosity, cracks, etc.). GRAPHY® aligners are more heterogeneous and weaker than others.

Limits

In vitro study

Conclusion

Mechanical properties of Accusmile®, GRAPHY®, Invisalign®, and Suresmile® were not affected by aging. YS and MES were reduced from day 5 for Angel® aligners. Surface conditions are also altered by aging.
Key roles of two-component systems in intestinal signal sensing and virulence regulation in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli
Authors: Sun Hongmin , Huang Di , Pang Yu , Chen Jingnan , Kang Chenbo , Zhao Mengjie , Yang Bin
Published: November 2024

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is a foodborne pathogen that infects humans by colonizing the large intestine. Upon reaching the large intestine, EHEC mediates local signal recognition and the transcriptional regulation of virulence genes to promote adherence and colonization in a highly site-specific manner. Two-component systems (TCSs) represent an important strategy used by EHEC to couple external stimuli with the regulation of gene expression, thereby allowing EHEC to rapidly adapt to changing environmental conditions. An increasing number of studies published in recent years have shown that EHEC senses a variety of host- and microbiota-derived signals present in the human intestinal tract and coordinates the expression of virulence genes via multiple TCS-mediated signal transduction pathways to initiate the disease-causing process. Here, we summarize how EHEC detects a wide range of intestinal signals and precisely regulates virulence gene expression through multiple signal transduction pathways during the initial stages of infection, with a particular emphasis on the key roles of TCSs. This review provides valuable insights into the importance of TCSs in EHEC pathogenesis, which has relevant implications for the development of antibacterial therapies against EHEC infection.
Diagnostic Power of Serum Creatinine/Cystatin C Ratio for Identifying Low MRI-Muscle Volume and Low Grip Strength: Data From 9 731 to 149 707 UK Biobank Older Adults
Authors: Kirk Ben , Kuo Chia-Ling , Liu Peiran , Xiang Meiruo , Zanker Jesse , Prokopidis Konstantinos , Sim Marc , Fortinsky Richard H , Kuchel George A , Duque Gustavo
Published: November 2024

Background

Biomarkers for sarcopenia are lacking. We examined the diagnostic power of serum creatinine to cystatin C ratio for identifying low magnetic resonance imaging-muscle volume and low grip strength in a large observational study of UK Biobank older adults.

Methods

Serum creatinine and cystatin C were measured via immunoassays (Beckman Coulter AU5800 and Siemens Advia 1800, respectively) and grip strength by hydraulic hand dynamometer at baseline visit (2008–2010). magnetic resonance imaging-thigh fat-free muscle volume and DXA-derived appendicular lean mass were measured at imaging visit (2014–2018). Extreme outliers were removed, and covariates (demographic, lifestyle, and clinical factors, as well as time elapsed between baseline-imaging visit) were adjusted for in statistical models.

Results

12 873 older adults (mean age: 63.5 ± 2.7 years, 44.2% women) were included for fat-free muscle volume and appendicular lean mass/body mass index; 149 707 older adults (mean age: 64.0 ± 2.9 years, 50.5% women) for grip strength. Despite significant associations (p < .05), in fully adjusted models, creatinine to cystatin C showed poor to acceptable diagnostic power for identifying low fat-free muscle volume when using cutpoints of 20th percentile (area under the curve: 0.577 men; 0.622 women) and T scores of −2 (area under the curve: 0.596 men; 0.659 women) and −2.5 (area under the curve: 0.609 men; 0.722 women). In fully adjusted model, creatinine to cystatin C showed poor diagnostic power (area under the curves: <0.70) for identifying low appendicular lean mass/body mass index or low grip strength, irrespective of the cutpoint used.

Conclusions

Creatinine to cystatin C may not be a suitable biomarker for identifying low muscle volume or low strength in older adults. This finding, drawn from a large sample size and the use of advanced medical imaging, marks an important contribution to the sarcopenia field.
Quantum Technologies the Current State-of-the-Art
Authors: Ten Holter Carolyn
Published: November 2024

Dr Carolyn Ten Holter, postdoctoral research associate in Oxford's Responsible Technology Institute and member of BCS' Quantum Computing Specialist Group, gives an introduction to quantum technology and its real-world possibilities.
Why Did My Internet Drop Out?
Authors: Clark Tim
Published: November 2024

Has your internet connection dropped out? If it has, working out what's gone wrong is easier if you understand what happens behind the scenes. Tim Clark, Chair of the BCS Early Careers Executive, offers some much needed insight.
The Web Before the Web
Authors: Powell Grant
Published: November 2024

Past BCS President, Ian Ritchie, speaks to Grant Powell MBCS about his book The Web before the Web as well as the exciting innovations that helped shape the IT world we know today.
My Path to Becoming a Software Engineer
Authors: Powell Grant
Published: November 2024

Amber Shand, an award-winning software engineer and keynote speaker talks to Grant Powell MBCS about empowering women to find success in tech.
Learning From the Crowdstrike Outage
Authors:   BCS Software Testing Specialist Group (SIGiST)
Published: November 2024

The BCS Software Testing Specialist Group (SIGiST) examines what may have caused the recent global IT outage and explores what it believes should be the software industry's lasting lessons.
Teach Coding Differently With Elan
Authors: Pawson Richard
Published: November 2024

Richard Pawson describes ‘Elan’, the first language designed specifically for teaching programming in British schools since BBC Basic in 1981.
Laser-Assisted Field Evaporation of Chromia with Deep Ultraviolet Laser Light
Authors: Jakob Severin , Fazi Andrea , Thuvander Mattias
Published: November 2024

In this work, samples of chromia (Cr2O3) scale have been prepared for atom probe tomography and field evaporated with deep ultraviolet laser light (258 nm wavelength). The investigated range of laser energies spans more than three orders of magnitude between 0.03 and 90 pJ. Furthermore, the effects of detection rate and temperature were investigated. Simultaneous voltage and laser pulses were employed on additional needle specimens to reduce the standing voltage and minimize background noise during the measurement. Smooth evaporation with minimal mass spectrum peak tails was maintained over the whole range of measurement parameters. High laser energies result in significant underestimation of the oxygen content. Only laser energies below 1 pJ resulted in measured values near the expected oxygen content of 60 at%, the closest being about 58 at%.
VvFHY3 links auxin and endoplasmic reticulum stress to regulate grape anthocyanin biosynthesis at high temperatures
Authors: Sun Yanzhao , Zheng Yanyan , Wang Wenyuan , Yao Heng , Ali Zain , Xiao Mengwei , Ma Zhaodong , Li Jingjing , Zhou Wenfei , Cui Jing , Yu Kun , Liu Yang
Published: November 2024

Anthocyanins affect quality in fruits such as grape (Vitis vinifera). High temperatures reduce anthocyanin levels by suppressing the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes and decreasing the biosynthetic rate. However, the regulatory mechanisms that coordinate these 2 processes remain largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that high-temperature-mediated inhibition of anthocyanin biosynthesis in grape berries depends on the auxin and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways. Inactivation of these pathways restores anthocyanin accumulation under high temperatures. We identified and characterized FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL3 (FHY3), a high-temperature-modulated transcription factor that activates multiple anthocyanin biosynthesis genes by binding to their promoters. The auxin response factor VvARF3 interacts with VvFHY3 and represses its transactivation activity, antagonizing VvFHY3-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis. Additionally, we found that the ER stress sensor VvbZIP17 represses anthocyanin biosynthesis. VvFHY3 suppresses VvbZIP17 activity by directly binding to the VvbZIP17 promoter to repress its transcription and by physically interacting with VvbZIP17 to block its DNA binding ability. Furthermore, AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 3 (ARF3) interferes with the VvFHY3–VvbZIP17 interaction, releasing VvbZIP17 to activate the unfolded protein response and further suppress anthocyanin production. Our results unravel the VvARF3–VvFHY3–VvbZIP17 regulatory module, which links the auxin and ER stress pathways to coordinately repress anthocyanin structural gene expression and biosynthesis under high-temperature stress.
Artificial intelligence, emotional labor, and the quest for sociological and political imagination among low-skilled workers
Authors: Oder Noah , Béland Daniel
Published: November 2024

This study examines how generative AI impacts low-skilled workers in their daily professional lives, how it changes the nature of their work, and what, if any, strategies they develop to cope with this new reality. Emphasis is placed on call center agents—an occupational group facing a particularly high automation risk. Drawing on Constructivist Grounded Theory and semistructured interviews in an Austrian call center, we uncover how flawed generative AI tools have increased emotional labor among these workers. This increase is hypothesized to result in agents’ inability to embed their own problems in the larger social context of generative AI’s impact on the labor market, let alone to politicize these problems. They were thus said to lack sociological and political imagination. Our study is the first to link emotional labor with these forms of imagination among low-skilled workers, offering new analytical tools for future research on generative AI’s nuanced effects on the labor market. To empower low-skilled workers, foster their imaginations and address their concerns, we propose several policy recommendations, including targeted education campaigns, enhanced social dialogue, co-determination rights, and tailored upskilling programs. This study thus offers a valuable contribution to scientific research while providing practical implications for policymakers.
Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species-mediated fibroblast activation has a role in tumor microenvironment formation in radiation carcinogenesis
Authors: Shimura Tsutomu , Ushiyama Akira
Published: November 2024

Cancer risks attributable to low-dose and low-dose-rate radiation are a serious concern for public health. Radiation risk assessment is based on lifespan studies among Hiroshima–Nagasaki A-bomb survivors; however, there are statistical limitations due to a small sample size for low-dose radiation. Therefore, basic biological studies are helpful in understanding the mechanism of radiation carcinogenesis. The detrimental effects of ionising radiation (IR) are caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidative DNA damage. IR-induced delayed ROS are produced in the electron transport chain reaction of the mitochondrial complex. Thus, mitochondria are a source of ROS and a primary target for ROS attacks. Consequently, mitochondrial dysfunction is thought to be a key event in the metabolic changes of cancer cells and is important in radiation-induced carcinogenesis. In this paper, we present recent findings on radiation carcinogenesis effect assessment, focusing on mitochondrial function as stress sensors.
A new tool for estimation of the in vivo distribution of intake radionuclides
Authors: Wang Jinghang , Lin Xin , Chen Bo , Zhuo Weihai
Published: November 2024

This study developed a more universal tool for estimating the in vivo distribution of intake radionuclides. The biokinetic models and transfer rates for intake radionuclides were cited from the publications of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), and the models were transformed into a series of linear differential equations and numerically solved using the Scipy algorithm in Python. The user interfaces for model selection, data input and in vivo distribution calculations were designed using PyQt5. The calculation results of the new tool are completely consistent with those of the data viewer released by the ICRP and are also very similar to other reported values. The new tool allows users to select and change the biokinetic models and transfer rates and display the in vivo distribution of radionuclides in an image format. It is much more user friendly.
Possible existence of dose-rate threshold for mutation induction by chronic low-dose-rate gamma-rays
Authors: Nagashima Haruki , Komatsu Kenshi , Tauchi Hiroshi
Published: November 2024

To assess the biological effects of low-dose and low-dose-rate radiation, we established a sensitive assay system for detecting somatic mutations in hypoxanthine-phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT1) gene. In this study, we investigated the dose-rate effects of mutagenesis by gamma irradiation at dose-rates of 6.6, 20 and 200 mGy d−1. We identified a potential inflection point in the gamma-induced mutant frequency, which ranged between 6.6 and 20 mGy d−1. In addition, the mutant spectrum was not different from that of the non-irradiated control at all dose-rates. Compared with previous studies with low-concentration HTO exposure, mutant frequencies were similar, but mutant spectrum showed different trends, especially at high-dose-rates (200 mGy d−1). These observations indicate the presence of potential mechanistic differences in mutagenic events between tritium beta and gamma-rays.
Enhancing time-resolution for radon measurements using airflow-through scintillation cells based on a compartmental model approach
Authors: Zhao Chao , Han Gang , Hu Chongqing , Chen Yanliang , Liu Jiayu , Tang Fangdong , He Linfeng
Published: November 2024

To overcome the time-resolution limitation inherent in the airflow-through scintillation cell method for radon measurement, this study introduces a compartmental model elucidating the behaviors of radon and its progeny within such cells. The computed results of the normalized equilibrium functions derived from the compartmental model, provide quantitative insights into the equilibrium progression of 222Rn and its progeny over time, substantiating the identified time-resolution limitation of 2–3 hours. Laboratory experiments confirm the efficacy of the proposed correction algorithm, showcasing its ability to surmount the time-resolution limitation and achieve a rapid response in radon measurement using airflow-through scintillation cells.
Effects of low-dose rate radiation on immune and epigenetic regulation of the mouse testes
Authors: Uemura Ippei , Takahashi-Suzuki Natsuko , Kuroda Saki , Kumagai Kaede , Tsutsumi Yuki , Anderson Donovan , Satoh Takashi , Yamashiro Hideaki , Miura Tomisato , Yamauchi Kazumi , Nakata Akifumi
Published: November 2024

This study investigated the effects of chronic low-dose-rate radiation exposure on gene expression related to immunological defense mechanisms and epigenetic regulation in the testis of male mice. The study found that radiation exposure (4.5 mGy/hr until 4000 mGy) led to a significant decrease in the expression of genes involved in epigenetic regulation and a significant increase in the expression of several genes linked to innate and acquired immunity, suggesting a noticeable effect on the immune response. In addition, there was a significant increase in the expression of SRY-box transcription factor 9, which plays a crucial role in testicular development, indicating a response to irradiation. These findings provide insights into the biological effects of chronic low-dose-rate radiation exposure on innate immunity and epigenetic regulation in the testis.
Spectroscopic analysis of alpha particles from radioactive nuclides with CR-39 plastic nuclear track detectors
Authors: Kodaira Satoshi , Janik Miroslaw
Published: November 2024

A spectroscopy method of alpha particles with the track geometry parameters in CR-39 plastic nuclear track detectors is proposed. The relationship between the track registration sensitivity and incident angle of each etch pit is analyzed. The components of alpha particles emitted from radon, thoron and 241Am can be roughly separated when the etching level is not exceeded beyond the range in CR-39. This work aims at improving the dose assessment accuracy from exposure to indoor radon and thoron.
Risks associated with evacuation and disaster-related death after a radiation disaster: summary of research results from Hamadori region, Fukushima
Authors: Zhao Tianchen , Tsubokura Masaharu
Published: November 2024

Radiation disasters can lead to a myriad of direct and indirect health effects. The term ‘disaster-related deaths’ is commonly used in Japan; however, comprehensive studies in regions severely impacted by nuclear accidents are scarce. Our research primarily focuses on Minamisoma City, situated north of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP), and aimed to study the risks associated with evacuation and disaster-related death. We introduce the following studies: (1) risks from evacuation in elderly care facilities after the FDNPP accident; (2) detailed case reports on hospital evacuation and (3) detailed reports on disaster-related deaths. A critical lesson from the FDNPP accident is the significant risk to life posed by evacuation actions taken to avoid radiation exposure. Despite evacuation being an effective measure to reduce exposure, our preparation and knowledge are insufficient for safe execution. This paper ensures that the lessons from Fukushima are leveraged in future radiation protection measures.