bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementing voluntary assisted dying in Victoria, Australia
Authors: O'Connor Margaret , Mandel Catherine , Mewett Greg , Catford DCH John , McMaugh Jarrod
Published: February 2021

This paper describes the process undertaken to implement voluntary assisted dying (VAD) in Victoria, Australia. While the Bill became law in December 2017, an 18‐month implementation period was allocated to anticipate the clinical complexities of how VAD would occur in various settings, requiring an exhaustive process to address the significant changes required of health services.Implementation involved detailed health planning, and the process included a large range of health practitioners and community members, keeping a close eye to the complementarity of the various pieces of work, as well as the many safeguards required.Written from the perspective of those involved in planning the implementation, it is hoped that articulating this Victorian experience will assist others. Implementation is a complex process and takes time; it must be broadly collaborative and reflective, to ensure both health professionals and community members understand the legislative changes, as well as the responses required.
Serum core‐type fucosylated prostate‐specific antigen index for the detection of high‐risk prostate cancer
Authors: Fujita Kazutoshi , Hatano Koji , Tomiyama Eisuke , Hayashi Yujiro , Matsushita Makoto , Tsuchiya Mutsumi , Yoshikawa Tomoyasu , Date Mutsuhiro , Miyoshi Eiji , Nonomura Norio
Published: February 2021

It is known that core‐type fucosylation is higher in prostate cancer cells than in other cancer cell types and is associated with high‐risk prostate cancer. Here, we developed an automated microcapillary electrophoresis‐based immunoassay system for measuring serum core‐type fucosylated prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) and evaluated whether the serum fucosylated PSA index (FPI) can detect high‐risk prostate cancer. Core‐type fucosylated‐free PSA was measured by our automated microcapillary electrophoresis‐based immunoassay system with Pholiota squarrosa lectin. The FPI was calculated from total PSA and the percentage of fucosylated‐free PSA. The optimum model to predict Gleason grade (GG) ≥2 was constructed by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Discrimination was assessed by determining the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC). The study included 252 men who underwent prostate needle biopsy due to elevated serum PSA levels (4‐20 ng/mL), including 138 with GG ≥2. A higher FPI was significantly associated with GG (P < .0001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age, prostate volume and FPI were significant predictors of GG ≥2. The AUC of FPI and the model were 0.729 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.668‐0.790) and 0.837 (95% CI: 0.788‐0.886), respectively, compared to 0.629 (95% CI: 0.561‐0.698) for PSA. Decision curve analysis showed the superior benefit of FPI and the model when compared to PSA. In a cohort with serum PSA levels <20 ng/mL, FPI could differentiate high‐risk prostate cancer from biopsy‐negative or low‐risk prostate cancer. Therefore, FPI could be a useful adjunct in prostate biopsy counseling for men with abnormal PSA levels.
Venous reconstruction using a Y‐shaped saphenous vein in kidney transplantation: A report of three cases
Authors: Miyauchi Yuki , Noda Terutaka , Miura Noriyoshi , Kikugawa Tadahiko , Saika Takashi
Published: February 2021

Introduction

Transplantation, especially, of the right kidney may be difficult to properly choose the main drainage vein due to abundance of renal veins with the thin wall and the small diameter. Therefore, we report three cases, wherein anastomosis‐related complications may be avoided by using a reconstructed Y‐shaped major saphenous vein graft.

Case presentation

The first case was a case of congestion when anastomosed with a trifurcated renal vein which ligated branch. The second case was a case of donated kidney with three renal veins, which were all short, small, and thin‐walled. The third case was a case of donated kidney with four renal veins. Two of them were unused, though the other two veins were short and thin‐walled with equal diameters. In all of three cases, renal veins were anastomosed with Y‐shaped saphenous vein graft.

Conclusion

Y‐shaped saphenous vein graft is possibly effective for such reconstructions as it may prevent anastomosis‐related complications.
TBX2/3 is required for regeneration of dorsal‐ventral and medial‐lateral polarity in planarians
Authors: Tian Qingnan , Sun Yujia , Gao Tingting , Li Jiaxin , Hao Zhitai , Fang Huimin , Zhang Shoutao
Published: February 2021

The molecular mechanisms responsible for axis establishment during non‐embryonic processes remain elusive. The planarian flatworm is an ideal model organism to study body axis polarization and patterning in vivo. Here, we identified a homolog of the TBX2/3 in the planarian Dugesia japonica. RNA interference (RNAi) knockdown of TBX2/3 results in the ectopic formation of protrusions in the midline of the dorsal surface which shows an abnormal expression of midline and ventral cell markers. Additionally, the TBX2/3 RNAi animals also show the duplication of expression of the boundary marker at the lateral edge. Furthermore, TBX2/3 is expressed in muscle cells and co‐expressed with bmp4. Inhibition of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling reduces the expression of TBX2/3 at the midline. These results suggest that TBX2/3 RNAi results in phenotypic characters caused by inhibition of the BMP signal, indicating that TBX2/3 is required for DV and ML patterning, and might be a downstream gene of BMP signaling.
Pore morphology and topology of zeolite imidazolate framework ZIF‐67 revealed by small‐angle X‐ray scattering
Authors: Wang Cheng‐Yu , Chou Che‐Min , Tseng Po‐Sen , Tsao Cheng‐Si
Published: February 2021

The pore characterization of ZIF system using small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) technique is presented for the first time. The pore characterization of ZIF‐67 framework structure as model system using the conventional nitrogen adsorption and SAXS methods was performed in this work. The comparison between the results obtained by two methods can provide the verification, complementary information, and error analysis to the conventional method using nitrogen atom as probe. The pore network and morphology are subjected to the topology of ZIF framework structure. The theoretical calculation of pore morphology in the unit cage of ZIF‐67 structure is verified by this SAXS characterization. This SAXS study can be used as the reference of modeling pore for general ZIF systems.
Mechanical loading of bioengineered skeletal muscle in vitro recapitulates gene expression signatures of resistance exercise in vivo
Authors: Turner Daniel C. , Gorski Piotr P. , Seaborne Robert A. , Viggars Mark , Murphy Mark , Jarvis Jonathan C. , Martin Neil R.W. , Stewart Claire E. , Sharples Adam P.
Published: February 2021

Understanding the role of mechanical loading and exercise in skeletal muscle (SkM) is paramount for delineating the molecular mechanisms that govern changes in muscle mass. However, it is unknown whether loading of bioengineered SkM in vitro adequately recapitulates the molecular responses observed after resistance exercise (RE) in vivo. To address this, the transcriptional and epigenetic (DNA methylation) responses were compared after mechanical loading in bioengineered SkM in vitro and after RE in vivo. Specifically, genes known to be upregulated/hypomethylated after RE in humans were analyzed. Ninety‐three percent of these genes demonstrated similar changes in gene expression post‐loading in the bioengineered muscle when compared to acute RE in humans. Furthermore, similar differences in gene expression were observed between loaded bioengineered SkM and after programmed RT in rat SkM tissue. Hypomethylation occurred for only one of the genes analysed (GRIK2) post‐loading in bioengineered SkM. To further validate these findings, DNA methylation and mRNA expression of known hypomethylated and upregulated genes post‐acute RE in humans were also analyzed at 0.5, 3, and 24 h post‐loading in bioengineered muscle. The largest changes in gene expression occurred at 3 h, whereby 82% and 91% of genes responded similarly when compared to human and rodent SkM respectively. DNA methylation of only a small proportion of genes analyzed (TRAF1, MSN, and CTTN) significantly increased post‐loading in bioengineered SkM alone. Overall, mechanical loading of bioengineered SkM in vitro recapitulates the gene expression profile of human and rodent SkM after RE in vivo. Although some genes demonstrated differential DNA methylation post‐loading in bioengineered SkM, such changes across the majority of genes analyzed did not closely mimic the epigenetic response to acute‐RE in humans.
Scanning electron microscopy and morphological analysis reveal size‐dependent changes in the scale surface ornamentation of tooth‐carp Aphaniops hormuzensis (Teleostei; Aphaniidae)
Authors: Teimori Azad , Esmaeili Mohammad Reza , Motamedi Mina
Published: February 2021

Aphanius hormuzensis is an endemic tooth‐carp found in the Hormuzgan drainage in S‐Iran. This study aimed to investigate the size‐dependent alternations of scale surface ornamentation in this species by conducting scanning electron microscopy and morphological analysis. A total of 50 wild fish individuals were captured from Shur River, and were classified into five size classes based on the standard length; SC–I (SL = 10–20 mm), SC–II (SL = 21–30 mm), SC–III (SL = 41–50 mm), SC–IV (SL = 51–60 mm), and SC–V (SL = 61–70 mm), and their scales were removed from below the dorsal fin (key scale) and caudal peduncle regions. The results revealed a clear trend of scale structural development in A. hormuzensis. The scale of small‐sized (TL < 30 mm) and large‐sized fishes (TL > 30 mm) differed, respectively, in the following characters; the overall shape (often circular vs. polygonal), relative focus size (large, FL/SL = 440–610 μm vs. intermediate and small, FL/SL = 100–330 μm), types of radii (only primary vs. three types), relative radii length (short, RL/SL = 100–180 μm vs. long, RL/SL = 320–450 μm), lepidont (absent or undeveloped vs. present and developed), and the relative lepidont length (short, LL/SL = 0.83–0.90 μm vs. intermediate and long, LL/SL = 1.2–2.2 μm). These character alternations could explain certain developmental stages in this species. The size‐dependent changes in the surface micro‐ornamentations as shown in this study suggest that these characters should be used cautiously for taxonomic studies of the aphaniid fishes.
Radiographers’ perspectives on the emerging integration of artificial intelligence into diagnostic imaging: The Ghana study
Authors: Botwe Benard O. , Antwi William K. , Arkoh Samuel , Akudjedu Theophilus N.
Published: February 2021

Introduction

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) systems into medical imaging is advancing the practice and patient care. It is thought to further revolutionise the entire field in the near future. This study explored Ghanaian radiographers’ perspectives on the integration of AI into medical imaging.

Methods

A cross‐sectional online survey of registered Ghanaian radiographers was conducted within a 3‐month period (February‐April, 2020). The survey sought information relating to demography, general perspectives on AI and implementation issues. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analyses.

Results

A response rate of 64.5% (151/234) was achieved. Majority of the respondents (n = 122, 80.8%) agreed that AI technology is the future of medical imaging. A good number of them (n = 131, 87.4%) indicated that AI would have an overall positive impact on medical imaging practice. However, some expressed fears about AI‐related errors (n = 126, 83.4%), while others expressed concerns relating to job security (n = 35, 23.2%). High equipment cost, lack of knowledge and fear of cyber threats were identified as some factors hindering AI implementation in Ghana.

Conclusions

The radiographers who responded to this survey demonstrated a positive attitude towards the integration of AI into medical imaging. However, there were concerns about AI‐related errors, job displacement and salary reduction which need to be addressed. Lack of knowledge, high equipment cost and cyber threats could impede the implementation of AI in medical imaging in Ghana. These findings are likely comparable to most low resource countries and we suggest more education to promote credibility of AI in practice.
Two‐dimensional simulation studies of the breakdown voltage of a p channel LDMOS
Authors: Marjorie Sunder Singh Roji , Kishore Kondepudi Lal , Govindacharyulu Paravastu Ananta
Published: February 2021

This paper deals with the breakdown voltage studies on a new lateral diffusion p‐channel MOSFET(LDMOS) and development of an optimal structure based on the breakdown voltage and on‐state resistance. In this new structure, the channel region (n‐body) and the lightly doped drain (LDD) structure were formed by a self‐aligned process. This approach leads to the saving of one mask level during fabrication. Two‐dimensional simulation was carried out on various parameters such as the horizontal and vertical electric field intensities, the impact generation profiles, generation recombination, impact generation before and after breakdown, the carrier concentration, electron and hole current densities and the conduction current densities of the structure to ascertain the behaviour of breakdown voltage and the on‐state resistance. Breakdown voltages closer to −162 V have been obtained in these structures.
Effect of saline soil and amino acids on quality and yield of field Tartary buckwheat
Authors: Song Jin‐Nan , Wang Ya‐Qi , Li Fa‐Liang , Hu Yan‐Jiang , Yang Hong‐Bing
Published: February 2021

A salt‐tolerant variety (Chuanqiao No.1) and a salt‐sensitive variety (Chuanqiao No.2) of Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum [L.] Gaertn.) were used as experimental materials to study the effect of saline soil and amino acids on quality and yield. The treatment concentration of Pro (proline), Glu (glutamic acid), and Asp (aspartic acid) was 30, 60, and 40 μM, respectively. Three kinds of amino acids were sprayed twice on the leaves at seedling stage (30 days after sowing) and flowering stage (50 days after sowing). The results showed that Tartary buckwheat in saline soil is more enriched in calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and selenium (Se), and Tartary buckwheat in saline soil is more nutritious. Under appropriate kinds of amino acids treatment, the seed protein and rutin content of Tartary buckwheat were increased, and the Tartary buckwheat quality can be obviously increased. In particular, amino acids treatment can increase the yield of Tartary buckwheat in saline soil, Asp and Glu are the best in salt‐tolerant variety and salt‐sensitive one and more obvious in salt‐tolerant variety.
A Molecular Dynamics Study of Noncovalent Interactions between Rubber and Fullerenes
Authors: Raffaini Giuseppina , Citterio Attilio , Galimberti Maurizio , Catauro Michelina
Published: February 2021

The percolation and networking of filler particles is an important issue in the field of rubber reinforcement, and much effort is given to clarify the true nature of the reinforcement mechanism and the viscoelastic behavior. The concentration of nanofillers also in the presence of large amounts of carbon black is a parameter that can influence the macroscopic rubber behavior. In this paper, noncovalent interactions between C60 fullerenes with poly‐1,4‐cis‐isoprene (PI) either as such or modified are studied through atomistic simulations based on molecular mechanics (MM) and molecular dynamics (MD) methods. At first, the conformational properties of a single chain and of 12 PI chains in a periodic simulation box are studied. Afterwards, the conformational properties of a single PI chain polymer terminated with a ‐COOH group, and then a bulk system formed by chains of unmodified and some PI modified chains are considered. Then, the systems formed by adding fullerenes to these two different bulk systems are studied. Relatively small interaction energy between rubber and fullerenes being well dispersed in the sample is found. The simulations showed a preferential tendency of fullerenes to display self‐aggregation, in the presence of even a small fraction of modified polymer chains.
Synthesis of Glass Nanocomposite Powders: Structure, Thermal, and Antibacterial Study
Authors: Catauro Michelina , Blanco Ignazio , De Santis Roberto , Russo Teresa , Crescente Giuseppina
Published: February 2021

The aim of the present study is to synthesize CaO•GeO2 glass nanocomposite powders. The samples are prepared at 1450°C, and to investigate the structure of the samples, differential thermal analysis (DTA), X‐ray diffraction, and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy are used. The main crystallizing phase is found to be CaGe2O5 crystals. Furthermore, the potential antibacterial properties of the materials towards the Gram‐negative bacteria, Escherichia coli, are preliminarily studied.
Microwave Processing of PET Using Solid‐State Microwave Generators
Authors: Veronesi Paolo , Colombini Elena , Salvatori Diego , Catauro Michelina , Leonelli Cristina
Published: February 2021

The present study addresses the possibility of using a frequency‐controllable microwave source, that is, a solid‐state microwave generator, to rapidly and efficiently heat PET. Based on dielectric properties measurement of PET, numerical simulation has been used to model dedicated microwave applicators, suitable for the rapid reheating of PET granules or preforms. Numerical simulation, validated by experimental activity, demonstrates that using the proper frequency change as PET is being processed allows to maximize heating efficiency or homogeneity. Two examples of microwave applicators, one for small‐scale and the other for large‐scale production are presented, specially addressing the effect of using different metals for the modeling and construction of the microwave cavity.
Kinetic Study of the Thermal Dehydration of Fly Ash Filled Geopolymers
Authors: Blanco Ignazio , Cicala Gianluca , Tosto Claudio , Recca Giuseppe , Poggetto Giovanni Dal , Catauro Michelina
Published: February 2021

Metakaolin‐based geopolymers at different percentage of fly ash (namely 25, 50, and 70% wt) are prepared by using recycled fly ash, aiming at reducing the amount of waste to be treated or disposed in landfills. The synthesized samples are subjected to the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to investigate the kinetics of dehydration process. To this purpose, TGA data are treated by the Kissinger method to calculate the apparent activation energy (Ea) of dehydration. The obtained kinetics parameters are discussed and compared with each other and with those obtained for the control geopolymer. A decrease in Ea values of the filled geopolymers is found, showing the effect of the fly ash in reducing the dehydration rate. A classification among the samples at different percentage of fly ash is also drawn up, showing the reaching of a plateau at percentage above the 50 wt%.
Silicone Mold Accuracy in Polyurethane Vacuum Casting
Authors: Wortmann Martin , Frese Natalie , Brikmann Johannes , Ehrmann Andrea , Moritzer Elmar , Hüsgen Bruno
Published: February 2021

Vacuum casting of polyurethane (PUR) in silicone molds is used industrially for the production of prototypes and small series as well as in various noncommercial research areas. This includes the reproduction of archeological findings, biological samples or electronic devices. In this study, the authors investigate the molding accuracy of different commercial silicones and PUR casting resins both on microscopic and macroscopic scales. For this, they used a variety of master models to generate silicone rubber casting molds. The resulting PUR castings are investigated by helium ion microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and optical 3D‐scanning.
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Printing: A Novel System for Polymer Hybrids Printing
Authors: Saitta Lorena , Tosto Claudio , Pergolizzi Eugenio , Patti Antonella , Cicala Gianluca
Published: February 2021

The aim of this study is to prepare and characterize a novel hybrid resin/ceramic blend printable by liquid crystal display (LCD) 3D printing. Speed curing testing on the hybrid blend is carried out to determine the correct printing settings. The printed parts are studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and by thermomechanical analysis. The results show that the hybrid blend is processable when using proper printing settings and with the help of an automated wipe system during printing.
Influence of Combined Sulfur and Peroxide Curing Systems and Ageing on the Properties of Rubber Magnets
Authors: Kruželák Ján , Kvasničáková Andrea , Hložeková Klaudia , Vilčáková Jarmila , Hudec Ivan
Published: February 2021

Strontium ferrite in constant loading is incorporated into acrylonitrile butadiene rubber in order to prepare rubber magnetic composites. Sulfur, peroxide and combined sulfur/peroxide curing systems are applied for cross‐linking of rubber composites. The work is focused on the investigation of curing system composition and thermo‐oxidative ageing on cross‐link density, physical‐mechanical and magnetic properties of rubber magnets. The results revealed that the cross‐link density and the structure of the formed cross‐links within the rubber matrices affect the property spectrum of vulcanizates.
Formulation and Characterization of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Edible Films Containing Grape Seed Oil
Authors: Marudova Maria , Sotirov Sotir , Zhelyazkov Stoil , Zsivanovits Gabor
Published: February 2021

Novel biobased multicomponent edible films from hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and grapeseed oil (GsO) are developed. This study investigates the effect of GsO concentration on some physical and physico‐chemical properties of the films. The hydrophobicity of the films increases, which is expressed in improved water vapor permeability and reduced moisture absorption. Color and penetration properties of the films are also investigated. The pure cellulose film is almost colorless, but it becomes darker with pale greenish yellow color from the grape seed oil. The break force of the films is independent from the grape seed oil concentration, but the break deformation and the deformation work of the films with GsO is much higher and these are more elastic. Finally, multicomponent films demonstrated strong antioxidant activity. The obtained results suggest that the new multicomponent films may be used as food active packaging.
An Experimental Study on Incremental Forming Process of Polycarbonate Sheets
Authors: Beşliu Irina , Tamaşag Ioan , Slătineanu Laurentiu
Published: February 2021

The aim of the present paper is to give a general overview on polycarbonate sheet incremental forming. Incremental forming is a promising machining process for small and batch production because of its advantages in terms of flexibility, low tool and process costs. Polycarbonates are high impact‐resistance and low scratch‐resistance thermoplastic polymers that have, because of their good workability, many industrial applications in fields like automotive, aircraft, electrical, construction, medical, etc. The paper investigates the influence of some of the input process parameters on the incremental forming of cone shaped cavities on polycarbonate sheets.
Minimum TR radiofrequency‐pulse design for rapid gradient echo sequences
Authors: Abo Seada Samy , Price Anthony N. , Hajnal Joseph V. , Malik Shaihan J.
Published: February 2021

Purpose

A framework to design radiofrequency (RF) pulses specifically to minimize the TR of gradient echo sequences is presented, subject to hardware and physiological constraints.

Methods

Single‐band and multiband (MB) RF pulses can be reduced in duration using variable‐rate selective excitation (VERSE) VERSE for a range of flip angles; however, minimum‐duration pulses do not guarantee minimum TR because these can lead to a high specific absorption rate (SAR). The optimal RF pulse is found by meeting spatial encoding, peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) and SAR constraints. A TR reduction for a range of designs is achieved and an application of this in an MB cardiac balanced steady‐state free‐precession (bSSFP) experiment is presented. Gradient imperfections and their imaging effects are also considered.

Results

Sequence TR with low‐time bandwidth product (TBP) pulses, as used in bSSFP, was reduced up to 14%, and the TR when using high TBP pulses, as used in slab‐selective imaging, was reduced by up to 72%. A breath‐hold cardiac exam was reduced by 46% using both MB and the TR‐optimal framework. The importance of RF‐based correction of gradient imperfections is demonstrated. PNS was not a practical limitation.

Conclusion

The TR‐optimal framework designs RF pulses for a range of pulse parameters, specifically to minimize sequence TR.
How to develop molecularly imprinted mesoporous silica for selective recognition of analytes in pharmaceutical, environmental, and food samples
Authors: Susanti Ike , Hasanah Aliya N.
Published: February 2021

A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) has poor site accessibility to the target molecule because the functional groups are embedded with a high cross‐linking density in a polymer matrix. In recent years, molecularly imprinted mesoporous silica (MIP‐MS) has been studied to overcome the drawbacks of MIP. MIP‐MS uses mesoporous silica as a support material; it has a large surface area, large pore size, an abundance of surface functional groups, and stable physical and chemical properties. MIP‐MS can increase selectivity, binding capacities, and the specific recognition ability and provides good stability. Many techniques have been developed for synthesizing MIP‐MS to increase its advantages. MIP‐MS has been used for sample preparation and extraction of analytes in various samples. We provide an overview of the methods for synthesizing MIP‐MS; factors that affect synthesis and application in sample preparation; and extraction of analytes in pharmaceutical, environmental, and food samples. In the end, we provide future perspectives on the study of this material.
Influence of nucleating agents on morphology and properties of injection‐molded polypropylene
Authors: Abreu Andressa Argani , Talabi Segun Isaac , de Almeida Lucas Alessandra
Published: February 2021

Isotactic polypropylene (i‐PP) samples containing three nucleating agents: 1,3:2,4‐bis(3,4‐dimethylobenzylideno)sorbitol (DMDBS), bis(4‐propylbenzylidene)propilsorbitol (NX8000), and lithium2,2‐methylene‐bis(4,6‐di‐tert‐butylphenyl)phosphate (NA‐71) were prepared via a twin‐screw extruder. The role of these additives on i‐PP properties was studied using polarized light microscopy (PLOM) with hot stage, atomic force microscopy (AFM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), and Haze‐Gard Plus equipment. All the investigated nucleating agents were effective regarding the onset of crystallization, although the influence of the sorbitol derivatives depends on concentration. WAXD measurement indicated that these additives do not affect the typical pattern of α‐crystalline i‐PP. The nucleated PP samples have a fibrillar transcrystalline structure (compared to spherulites structure of the neat i‐PP), which reduces the crystalline phase interaction with visible light and consequently improved its optical feature. The most refined fibrils were formed by i‐PP containing lithium organophosphate additive. Compared to DMDBS, NA‐71 and NX8000 were more effective at lower concentration (2000 ppm). For example, the addition of 2000 ppm NA‐71 increases the crystallization temperature (Tc) of i‐PP from 113 to 132°C and its crystallinity index (Xc) from 45% to 51%. Whereas the Tc and Xc of i‐PP containing the same amount of DMDBS were 125°C and 49%, respectively. The highest crystallinity index (58%) was recorded when 4000 ppm NX8000 was added to the i‐PP before processing. The developed samples can be used as film products or injection‐molded parts in automotive interiors.
COVID‐19: immunopathology, pathophysiological mechanisms, and treatment options
Authors: van Eijk Larissa E , Binkhorst Mathijs , Bourgonje Arno R , Offringa Annette K , Mulder Douwe J , Bos Eelke M , Kolundzic Nikola , Abdulle Amaal E , van der Voort Peter HJ , Olde Rikkert Marcel GM , van der Hoeven Johannes G , den Dunnen Wilfred FA , Hillebrands Jan‐Luuk , van Goor Harry
Published: February 2021

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), continues to spread globally despite the worldwide implementation of preventive measures to combat the disease. Although most COVID‐19 cases are characterised by a mild, self‐limiting disease course, a considerable subset of patients develop a more severe condition, varying from pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) to multi‐organ failure (MOF). Progression of COVID‐19 is thought to occur as a result of a complex interplay between multiple pathophysiological mechanisms, all of which may orchestrate SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and contribute to organ‐specific tissue damage. In this respect, dissecting currently available knowledge of COVID‐19 immunopathogenesis is crucially important, not only to improve our understanding of its pathophysiology but also to fuel the rationale of both novel and repurposed treatment modalities. Various immune‐mediated pathways during SARS‐CoV‐2 infection are relevant in this context, which relate to innate immunity, adaptive immunity, and autoimmunity. Pathological findings in tissue specimens of patients with COVID‐19 provide valuable information with regard to our understanding of pathophysiology as well as the development of evidence‐based treatment regimens. This review provides an updated overview of the main pathological changes observed in COVID‐19 within the most commonly affected organ systems, with special emphasis on immunopathology. Current management strategies for COVID‐19 include supportive care and the use of repurposed or symptomatic drugs, such as dexamethasone, remdesivir, and anticoagulants. Ultimately, prevention is key to combat COVID‐19, and this requires appropriate measures to attenuate its spread and, above all, the development and implementation of effective vaccines. © 2021 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Solid‐phase synthesis and bioactivity evaluation of cherimolacyclopeptide E
Authors: Yoshida Yuka , Inagaki Minoru , Masuda Yuichi
Published: February 2021

Cherimolacylopeptide E (1) is a cyclic hexapeptide isolated from the seeds of Annona cherimola. Peptide 1 reportedly exhibits potent cytotoxicity against KB cells (IC50 0.017 μM). To confirm the structure and bioactivity of 1, we conducted a total synthesis of its proposed structure. The synthesis was accomplished via solid‐phase peptide elongation and macrocyclization by employing Fmoc/OAll‐protected amino acids on 2‐Cl‐trityl resin. NMR analysis revealed that synthetic 1 exists in two conformations in pyridine‐d5. As the spectroscopic data of the major conformer of synthetic 1 were consistent with those of natural 1, the structure of cherimolacyclopeptide E was confirmed to be 1. However, our synthetic 1 exhibited low cytotoxicity against KB cells (IC50 > 100 μM). In contrast to previously‐reported findings, our synthetic 1 exhibited little antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli.
The effect of soy isoflavones and soy isoflavones plus soy protein on serum concentration of tumor necrosis factor‐α? A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Hariri Mitra , Baradaran Hamid Reza , Gholami Ali
Published: February 2021

In this study, we summarized the effect of soy isoflavones and soy isoflavones plus soy protein on serum concentration of tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) among adult participants. We systematically searched Scopus, ISI Web of Science, Cochrane Library, PubMed, and clinicaltrials.gov for articles published up to May 2020. Effect size was calculated by mean change from baseline of TNF‐α concentrations and its standard deviation (SD) for intervention and comparison groups. If the heterogeneity test was statistically significant, DerSimonian and Laird random effects model was used to estimate the summary of the overall effects and its heterogeneity. Nineteen and fourteen randomized clinical trials were included in our systematic review and meta‐analysis, respectively. The result of overall effect size indicated a non‐significant effect in serum concentration of TNF‐α following soy isoflavones intake (WMD = 0.2 pg/ml, 95% CI: −0.13, 0.53; p = .226) and the combination of soy isoflavones and soy protein intake (WMD = 0.02 pg/ml, 95% CI: −0.02, 0.06; p = .286). Subgroup analyses revealed no significant change in circulatory levels of TNF‐α following soy isoflavones plus soy protein intake. In conclusion, the present systematic review and meta‐analysis found insufficient evidence that soy isoflavones or the combination of soy isoflavones and soy protein significantly reduce serum concentration of TNF‐α.
Finite‐time distributed block‐decomposed information filter for nonlinear systems with colored measurement noise
Authors: Yang Yanbo , Qin Yuemei , Yang Yanting , Li Zhi , Pan Quan
Published: February 2021

This paper considers the distributed filtering problem for discrete‐time nonlinear systems with colored measurement noise obeying a nonlinear autoregressive process in sensor networks. A novel block‐decomposed information‐type filter for such systems is proposed in a centralized fusion structure, by using the statistical linear regression to deal with model nonlinearities and the measurement difference approach to overcome the noise correlation caused by colored measurement noises. Meanwhile, with the help of block matrix inverse operation to realize the high‐dimensional block matrix decomposition, the information vector and information matrix of the original system state in the designed information filter is directly estimated recursively, so as to own good numerical stability. Then, the finite‐time distributed implementation of the proposed filter is put forward, where the final filtering estimate in each sensor node is consistent with the centralized filtering result, by ensuring that each sensor node directly obtains the average values of shared variables in the sensor network through finite iterations of average consensus. Finally, the posterior Cramér–Rao lower bound is derived to show the proposed filter reaches the optimal theoretical performance bound in the premise of statistical linear regression and Gaussian posterior probability density approximation. A target tracking example with colored measurement noise obeying a linear and a nonlinear autoregressive processes validates the proposed method.
Stimulating the Reversibility of Sb2S3 Anode for High‐Performance Potassium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Liu Huiqiao , He Yanan , Cao Kangzhe , Wang Shaodan , Jiang Yong , Liu Xiaogang , Huang Ke‐Jing , Jing Qiang‐Shan , Jiao Lifang
Published: February 2021

Conversion‐alloy sulfide materials for potassium‐ion batteries (KIBs) have attracted considerable attention because of their high capacities and suitable working potentials. However, the sluggish kinetics and sulfur loss result in their rapid capacity degeneration as well as inferior rate capability. Herein, a strategy that uses the confinement and catalyzed effect of Nb2O5 layers to restrict the sulfur species and facilitate them to form sulfides reversibly is proposed. Taking Sb2S3 anode as an example, Sb2S3 and Nb2O5 are dispersed in the core and shell layers of carbon nanofibers (C NFs), respectively, constructing core@shell structure Sb2S3–C@Nb2O5‐C NFs. Benefiting from the bi‐functional Nb2O5 layers, the electrochemical reversibility of Sb2S3 is stimulated. As a result, the Sb2S3–C@Nb2O5–C NFs electrode delivers the rapidest K‐ion diffusion coefficient, longest cycling stability, and most excellent rate capability among the controlled electrodes (347.5 mAh g−1 is kept at 0.1 A g−1 after 100 cycles, and a negligible capacity degradation (0.03% per cycle) at 2.0 A g−1 for 2200 cycles is delivered). The enhanced K‐ion storage properties are also found in SnS2‐C@Nb2O5‐C NFs electrode. Encouraged by the stimulated reversibility of Sb2S3 and SnS2 anodes, other sulfides with high electrochemical performance also could be developed for KIBs.
ArchiRev—Reverse engineering of information systems toward ArchiMate models. An industrial case study
Authors: Pérez‐Castillo Ricardo , Caivano Danilo , Ruiz Francisco , Piattini Mario
Published: February 2021

In the context of digital transformation, companies are increasingly forced to develop, manage and continually align IT and business. Companies have found in Enterprise Architecture (EA) a valuable tool to represent and manage IT and business in a holistic way by establishing connections among technology concerns and business/strategical/motivational ones. EA modelling is one of the most critical tasks in this context to represent accurate models that make the difference in the decision‐making and governance processes of the company. In most of the cases, EA models are manually defined by experts which is usually error‐prone and time‐consuming. Thus, the constant business and IT realignment through manual modelling becomes complex and expensive. This research presents ArchiRev, an extensible reverse engineering method that automate the extraction of EA models (using ArchiMate language) by analysing different information systems artefacts. This proposal has been validated through an industrial case study in the context of a C#‐based system of an Italian ship refurbishment company. The study has demonstrated the effectiveness (based in the opinion of some business experts) and efficiency of the method. The main implication is that EA modelling can be accelerated, whereas subjectivity and errors introduced by experts might be reduced.
Molecular Origin of Carbon–Oxygen‐Bridge Isomerization Induced Reverse Aggregation Ability in Acceptor–Donor–Acceptor Electron Acceptors for Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Liu Jianchuan , Zheng Wenyu , Han Guangchao , Yi Yuanping
Published: February 2021

For bulk heterojunction organic solar cells (OSCs), controlling molecular self‐aggregation during solution processing is crucial to obtain ideally phase‐separated morphology and high device performance. Recently, fused‐ring regiochemistry, for example, carbon–oxygen (CO)‐bridge isomerization, has been found to effectively modulate the aggregation structures and photovoltaic properties of acceptor–donor–acceptor (A–D–A) small‐molecule acceptors (SMAs). Strikingly, the relative aggregation ability for the CO‐bridge isomers turns out to be reverse after simultaneous replacement of the linear alkyl side chains with branched ones and fluorination of the end groups. Herein, to understand the molecular origin of such an observation, the aggregation behaviors of three pairs of CO‐bridge isomeric SMAs in solutions are systematically investigated by atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. Because of the large side‐chain steric hindrance around the fused‐ring core, the molecular self‐aggregation for all of these SMAs is dominated by end‐group π–π stacking. Moreover, the end‐group π–π interaction is controlled by the synergistic effect of CO‐bridge isomerization, side‐chain branching, and end‐group fluorination, which are responsible for the reversal of the aggregation ability of the isomeric SMAs. This work provides the rationalization of experimental observations and is helpful for modulating the blending morphologies for high‐efficiency OSCs based on CO‐bridge SMAs.
Over 70% Fill Factor of All‐Polymer Solar Cells Guided by the Law of Similarity and Intermiscibility
Authors: Huang Shaorong , Cong Peiqing , Liu Zuoji , Wu Feiyan , Gong Chenxiang , Chen Lie , Chen Yiwang
Published: February 2021

Poor miscibility between the polymer donor and acceptor in the active layer leads to low fill factors (FF). PCl and PCl‐Si are synthesized by polymerization of the accessible and inexpensive IDIC‐C16 with BDT‐Cl and BDT‐Cl‐Si, respectively. PCl and PCl‐Si involve a BDT skeleton that is definitely used in most highly efficient polymer donors, such as PM6. Guided by the law of similarity and intermiscibility, the similar building block acts as a bridge to improve the interfacial interaction and miscibility between the donor and acceptor, leading to a favorable morphology of the active layer. It is found that the miscibility of the active layer is sensitive to the structural similarity degree of the similar unit of the donor and acceptor. The PCl‐Si‐based device delivers a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.25% with a moderate FF of 67.86%, whereas the PM6:PCl‐based device achieves a PCE of 10.02% with a higher FF of 70.25%, which is the highest FF of the device with an IDIC‐C16‐based polymer acceptor. In addition, the improved interaction between the donor and acceptor improves the device stability. These results demonstrate that regulating the structural similarity between donor and acceptor is a promising strategy to optimize and stabilize morphology for high‐performance all‐polymer solar cells.
A review of Forensic Entomology literature in Alaska, United States
Authors: Meeds Andrew W.
Published: February 2021

This review covers relevant literature for the study of forensic entomology in Alaska, United States. It highlights work completed in the region and calls attention to areas that warrant additional study. Research covered includes, but is not limited to, surveys of blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae), mammalian decomposition projects, carrion associated arthropod communities, and necrophage microbial communities associated with Alaskan salmon spawning. The unique climate, location, and terrain of Alaska compared to other regions within the United States warrants additional studies in this region to establish baseline data on the biodiversity, development, and succession of forensically important insects in the area.

This article is categorized under:

Forensic Biology > Forensic Entomology
Preprosthetic Surgery
Authors: John Bobby
Published: February 2021

Preprosthetic surgery encompasses the surgical procedures with aim of redefining the soft or hard tissues or both by the accomplishment of relieving the biological interferences so that the individual can accept a comfortable prosthesis. In the early times it was regularly carried out in the specialty of oral and maxillofacial surgery. But the advent of implantology has relegated this area to a less performed corner but still some procedures remains valid and indispensable. The prosthetic management in certain cases pose great challenge in finding stability and retention, which in turn can successively catapulted by the manuvers of preprosthetic category.
Trigeminal Nerve Injuries
Authors: Renton Tara
Published: February 2021

The trigeminal nerve constitutes the largest sensory cortex representation in the brain compared to any other sensory nerve. This is likely due to the fact that the trigeminal nerve underpins our very existence, as it protects, sensorially, our senses including the organs that provide sight, smell, taste, hearing, speech and meninges protecting our brain.

Neurophysiologically, our affective and limbic systems in our brains are alerted before we even set foot in the dental surgery and the patient’s brain is anticipating and aligned for pain experience. Thus, when trigeminal nerve injuries occur, which in the main are preventable, the majority of patients experience mixed symptoms including ongoing and elicited neuropathic pain, numbness and altered sensation. These neuropathic features cause significant impact on the patients’ ability to function, for example, cold allodynia prevents the patient enjoying cold foods and drinks and undertaking outdoor activities or elicited pain on touch frequently interferes with sleep. The resultant chronic symptoms and functional impedance often result in significant psychological morbidity.

There is no magic bullet to resolve these sensory nerve injuries, and our specialty is beholden to prevent nerve injuries where possible. The patient must have the appropriate consent, and their expectation is managed with understanding the potential benefits and risks for their chosen interventions.

Prevention and management of nerve injuries related to local anaesthesia, implants and third molar surgery are outlined in this chapter. There is insufficient capacity to go in-depth for each area, but the author has provided up to date evidence base where it exists and some strategies to minimize and manage optimally these unfortunate complications.
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Authors: Ganesan Kandasamy , Thomson Asha
Published: February 2021

Neuralgia can be defined as paroxysmal, intense intermittent pain that is usually confined to specific nerve branches to the head and neck. The trigeminal nerve is responsible for sensory innervation of the scalp, face and mouth, and damage or disease to this nerve may result in sensory loss, pain or both. >85% of cases of Trigeminal Neuralgia are of the classic type known as Classical Trigeminal Neuralgia (CTN), while the remaining cases can be separated to secondary Trigeminal Neuralgia (STN). STN is thought to be initiated by multiple sclerosis or a space-occupying lesion affecting the trigeminal nerve, whereas the leading cause of CTN is known to be compression of the trigeminal nerve in the region of the dorsal root entry zone by a blood vessel. There is no guaranteed cure for the condition of Trigeminal Neuralgia, but there are several treatment options that can give relief. In this chapter, we review the common neuralgias occurring within the oral and maxillofacial region with special emphasis on Trigeminal Neuralgia. We will discuss the historical evolution of treatment including the medical and surgical modalities with the use of current literature and newer developments. It has been highlighted that the first line of treatment for trigeminal neuralgia is still pharmacological treatment, with Carbamazepine and Oxcarbazepine being the first choice. Possible surgical methods of treatment are discussed within this chapter including modalities such as Microvascular Decompression, Gamma Knife Radiosurgery and Peripheral Neurectomy. As an OMF surgeon, it is important to obtain a good clinical history to rule out other pathology including dental focus. Many clinicians involved ranging from primary care dentists and doctors to secondary care (neurologists, Oral Medicine, OMFS, etc.) to deliver the appropriate first course of action, which is the medical management. The management of TN patients should be carried out in a multidisciplinary setting to allow the patients to choose the best-suited option for them. It is also important to set up self-help groups to enable them to share knowledge and information for themselves and their family members for the best possible outcomes.
Lasers in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Authors: Renapurkar Shravan , Strauss Robert A.
Published: February 2021

Lasers have become an integral part of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (OMS) since their first use decades ago. Lasers not only have multiple practical advantages over conventional cutting tools used in OMS, but also have supported the development of newer procedures, which were not possible before. Although lasers do have some disadvantages, recent technological advances and developments have helped reduce these. Vast clinical experience and literature data support their safety, reliability and efficacy in surgical applications. This chapter highlights the basic principles, advantages, disadvantages, practical applications of lasers along with safety concerns.