bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationships of hip joint volume ratios with degrees of joint laxity and degenerative disease from youth to maturity in a canine population predisposed to hip joint osteoarthritis
Authors: D'Amico Laura L. , Xie Lin , Abell Lindsey K. , Brown Katherine T. , Lopez Mandi J.
Published: March 2011

Objective—To assess relationships of acetabular volume (AV), femoral head volume (FV), and portion of the femoral head within in the acetabulum (FVIA) with each other and with degrees of hip joint laxity and degenerative joint disease from youth to maturity in dogs predisposed to developing hip joint osteoarthritis (OA).

Animals—46 mixed-breed half- or full-sibling hound-type dogs.

Procedures—The distraction index (DI), AV, FV, FVIA, and degree of osteoarthritis (OA score) were quantified in 1 hip joint at 16, 32, and 104 weeks of age. Relationships among variables were evaluated within and between ages. Ratios corresponding to OA scores were compared within ages. Differences among 16-week ratios corresponding to 32-week OA scores and among 16- and 32-week ratios corresponding to 104-week OA scores were evaluated.

Results—Significant positive relationships existed between FV and AV across ages as well as between FVIA/FV and FVIA/AV and between DI and OA score across and within most ages. Such relationships also existed within these variables across most ages. Negative relationships of DI and OA scores with FVIA/FV and FVIA/AV within and among all ages were significant. Sixteen-week AVs, FVs, and FVIAs were greater and FV/AVs and OA scores were less than 32- and 104-week values. The 32-week FVIA/FV was less than 16- and 104-week values, and the 32-week FVIA/AV was less than the 104-week value. The FVIA/FV and FVIA/AV were lower and the DI was higher with higher OA scores within and among most ages.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Structural volumes in lax canine hip joints changed predictably relative to each other during growth, despite degenerative changes. Measures developed in this study may augment current diagnosis and treatment strategies for hip dysplasia in dogs.
Investigation of the use of three electroencephalographic electrodes for long-term electroencephalographic recording in awake and sedated dogs
Authors: James Fiona M. K. , Allen Dana G. , Bersenas Alexa M. E. , Grovum W. Larry , Kerr Carolyn L. , Monteith Gabrielle , Parent Joane M. , Poma Roberto
Published: March 2011

Objective—To compare electroencephalography (EEG) artifact associated with use of the subdermal wire electrode (SWE), gold cup electrode (GCE), and subdermal needle electrode (SNE) over an 8-hour period in sedated and awake dogs.

Animals—6 healthy dogs.

Procedures—8 EEG channels were recorded during 20-minute video-EEG recording sessions (intermittently at 0.5, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours) with and without chlorpromazine sedation. Nonphysiologic artifacts were identified. Duration of artifact was summed for each channel. Number of unaffected channels (NUC) was determined.

Results—NUC was significantly affected by electrode type and sedation over time; median for SWE (2.80 channels; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84 to 5.70 channels) was significantly different from medians for GCE (7.87 channels; 95% CI, 7.44 to 7.94 channels) and SNE (7.60 channels; 95% CI, 6.61 to 7.89 channels). After 4 hours, NUC decreased in awake dogs, regardless of electrode type. In awake dogs, duration of artifact differed significantly between SWE and GCE or SNE; medians at 8 hours were 61.55 seconds (95% CI, 21.81 to 173.65 seconds), 1.33 seconds (95% CI, 0.47 to 3.75 seconds), and 21.01 seconds (95% CI, 6.85 to 64.42 seconds), respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The SWE had a significant duration of artifact during recording periods > 2 hours, compared with results for the GCE and SNE, in awake dogs. The GCE, SNE, and sedation resulted in significantly more channels unaffected by artifact. For longer recordings, caution should be exercised in selecting EEG electrodes and sedation state, although differences among electrodes may not be clinically relevant.
Tear, cornea, and aqueous humor concentrations of ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin after topical ocular application in ophthalmologically normal horses
Authors: Westermeyer Hans D. , Hendrix Diane V. H. , Ward Daniel A. , Cox Sherry K.
Published: March 2011

Objective—To determine ocular tissue drug concentrations after topical ocular administration of 0.3% ciprofloxacin and 0.5% moxifloxacin in ophthalmologically normal horses.

Animals—24 ophthalmologically normal adult horses.

Procedures—0.3% ciprofloxacin and 0.5% moxifloxacin solutions (0.1 mL) were applied to the ventral conjunctival fornix of 1 eye in each horse as follows: group 1 (n = 8) at 0, 2, 4, and 6 hours; group 2 (8) at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 10 hours; and group 3 (8) at 0, 2, 4, 6, 10, and 14 hours. Tears, cornea, and aqueous humor (AH) were collected at 8, 14, and 18 hours for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Drug concentrations were determined via high-performance liquid chromatography.

Results—Median (25th to 75th percentile) concentrations of ciprofloxacin for groups 1, 2, and 3 in tears (μg/mL) were 53.7 (25.5 to 88.8), 48.5 (19.7 to 74.7), and 24.4 (15.4 to 67.1), respectively; in corneal tissue (μg/g) were 0.95 (0.60 to 1.02), 0.37 (0.32 to 0.47), and 0.48 (0.34 to 0.95), respectively; and in AH were lower than the limit of quantification in all groups. Concentrations of moxifloxacin for groups 1, 2, and 3 in tears (μg/mL) were 188.7 (44.5 to 669.2), 107.4 (41.7 to 296.5), and 178.1 (70.1 to 400.6), respectively; in corneal tissue (μg/g) were 1.84 (1.44 to 2.11), 0.78 (0.55 to 0.98), and 0.77 (0.65 to 0.97), respectively; and in AH (μg/mL) were 0.06 (0.04 to 0.08), 0.03 (0.02 to 0.05), and 0.02 (0.01 to 0.04), respectively. Corneal moxifloxacin concentrations were significantly higher in group 1 than groups 2 and 3.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—After topical ocular administration, fluoroquinolones can reach therapeutic concentrations in tears and corneal tissue of horses, even when there is an intact epithelium.
Evaluation of the secretory response to endogenous and exogenous prostaglandins in mucosa from the proximal and distal portions of the colon of dogs
Authors: Omori Mayuko , Hill Richard C. , Scott Karen C. , Lester Guy D.
Published: March 2011

Objective—To compare secretory responses to prostaglandin (PG) E2 in mucosa obtained from the proximal and distal portions of the colon of dogs.

Sample—Colonic mucosa from cadavers of 18 clinically normal adult dogs.

Procedures—Short-circuit current (ISC) and maximum change in ISC (ΔIsc) in response to administration of 1μM PGE2 were measured across mucosa obtained from the proximal and distal portions of the colon. Responses were evaluated in mucosa (n = 6 dogs) incubated in Ussing chambers with or without 1 mM amiloride or without chloride in the Ringer's bathing solution. Responses were also evaluated in mucosa (n = 9 dogs) incubated with or without pretreatment with 1 μM indomethacin, with or without amiloride in the subsequent bathing solution. Histologic changes in mucosa from 3 dogs were assessed over time.

Results—ISC and ΔISC were significantly reduced when chloride was removed from, but not when amiloride was added to, the bathing solution and were significantly reduced after pretreatment with indomethacin. The ΔISC was significantly greater in mucosa from the distal portion of the colon than in the proximal portion of the colon. Histologic changes after incubation for 3 hours were minimal.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—ISC and ΔISC resulted from electrogenic chloride secretion. Chloride secretion was reduced when release of PGs was prevented by indomethacin and was induced by administration of PGE2. Chloride secretion in response to PGE2 was greater in mucosa from the distal portion of the colon than in mucosa from the proximal portion of the colon.
Radiographic quantitative assessment of cranial tibial subluxation before and after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy in dogs
Authors: Kim Stanley E. , Lewis Daniel D. , Pozzi Antonio , Seibert Rachel L. , Winter Matthew D.
Published: March 2011

Objective—To determine the influence of stifle joint flexion angle, cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) integrity, tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO), and cranial tibial subluxation on the distance between the location of the origin and insertion of the CrCL (CrCLd) in dogs.

Samples—4 pairs of pelvic limbs from adult dog cadavers weighing 23 to 34 kg.

Procedures—Mediolateral projection radiographs of each stifle joint were obtained with the joint flexed at 90°, 105°, 120°, 135°, and 150°. Radiopaque markers were then placed at the sites of origin and insertion of the CrCL. Afterward, radiography was repeated in the same manner, before and after CrCL transection, with and without TPLO. Following CrCL transection, radiographs were obtained before and after inducing overt cranial tibial subluxation. Interobserver variation in measuring the CrCLd without fiduciary markers was assessed. The effect of CrCL integrity, cranial tibial subluxation, flexion angle, and TPLO on CrCLd was also determined.

Results—Interobserver agreement was strong, with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.859. The CrCLd was significantly shorter (< 1 mm) at 90° of flexion; otherwise, flexion angle had no effect on CrCLd. Cranial tibial subluxation caused a 25% to 40% increase in CrCLd. No effect of TPLO on CrCLd was found, regardless of CrCL integrity, forced stifle joint subluxation, or flexion angle.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Overt cranial tibial subluxation in CrCL-deficient stifle joints can be detected on mediolateral projection radiographs by comparing CrCLd on neutral and stressed joint radiographs at joint angles between 105° and 150°, regardless of whether a TPLO has been performed.
Spinal cord nephroblastoma in dogs: 11 cases (1985–2007)
Authors: Brewer David M. , Cerda-Gonzalez Sofia , Dewey Curtis W. , Diep Anh N. , Van Horne Kristin , McDonough Sean P.
Published: March 2011

Objective—To evaluate clinical features and outcome of dogs with a confirmed spinal cord nephroblastoma and to describe the use of Wilms tumor-1 (WT-1) immunohistochemical staining to confirm a diagnosis of nephroblastoma in dogs.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—11 dogs with a spinal cord nephroblastoma.

Procedures—Medical records of dogs with a spinal cord nephroblastoma were reviewed. Information extracted included signalment, history, clinical signs, results of diagnostic testing, tumor location, treatment, and outcome. The diagnosis was confirmed through histologic review and WT-1 immunohistochemical staining of a tumor sample. In dogs with negative results for staining with WT-1, staining for cytokeratin, vimentin, and glial fibrillar acidic protein was performed.

Results—11 dogs had a spinal cord tumor with a histologic appearance and immunohistochemical staining consistent with a nephroblastoma. Positive results for staining with WT-1 were detected in 9 of 11 dogs. Age at admission ranged from 5 to 48 months (median, 14 months). Nine dogs were female. All had progressive paraparesis, paraplegia, or ataxia. Duration of clinical signs ranged from 2 to 60 days (median, 14 days). Median survival time was 30 days from the time of diagnosis. Median survival time in dogs treated via surgical resection was 70.5 days.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The prognosis for dogs with a spinal cord nephroblastoma appeared to be poor, although combined surgical resection and radiation therapy may provide a good functional outcome. Results for staining with WT-1 can be used to support a diagnosis of nephroblastoma.
Diagnosis of intraocular lymphosarcoma in a dog by use of a polymerase chain reaction assay for antigen receptor rearrangement
Authors: Pate Diana O. , Gilger Brian C. , Suter Steven E. , Clode Alison B.
Published: March 2011

Case Description—A 12-year-old castrated male mixed-breed dog was evaluated because of blepharospasm and blindness affecting both eyes.

Clinical Findings—During examination and diagnostic testing of the dog, fine-needle aspirates of splenic nodules were examined microscopically and stage Vb multicentric large-cell lymphosarcoma was identified. Aqueocentesis was performed, and sample analysis revealed intraocular lymphosarcoma; B-cell neoplasia was confirmed by use of a PCR assay for antigen receptor rearrangement (PARR) performed on samples of aqueous humor. Secondary uveitis and glaucoma were detected bilaterally in addition to chronic superficial corneal ulcerations in the left eye.

Treatment and Outcome—Treatment for abdominal and intraocular lymphosarcoma involving administration of vincristine, l-asparaginase, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and prednisone was initiated. Secondary uveitis and glaucoma were controlled with topical treatment; however, the corneal ulceration did not resolve. Seven weeks following diagnosis, the dog died as a result of complications related to systemic neoplasia and chemotherapy.

Clinical Relevance—In the dog of this report, intraocular lymphosarcoma was diagnosed via PARR performed on samples of aqueous humor. Moreover, the immunophenotype of the neoplastic cells was determined by use of that diagnostic technique. Because secondary uveitis is a common finding in dogs and cats with systemic lymphosarcoma, intraocular lymphosarcoma should be considered as a differential diagnosis; furthermore, investigation (eg, PARR performed on aqueous humor samples) to identify the presence of intraocular lymphosarcoma is warranted, thereby allowing targeted interventions to be considered in management of those patients.
Reattachment of the articular cartilage component of type 1 subchondral cystic lesions of the medial femoral condyle with polydioxanone pins in 3 horses
Authors: Sparks Holly D. , Nixon Alan J. , Bogenrief David S.
Published: March 2011

Case Description—3 horses were referred for treatment of subchondral cystic lesions of 1 or both medial femoral condyles.

Clinical Findings—All horses had clinically apparent lameness confirmed to be due to a radiographically evident subchondral cystic lesion of the medial femoral condyle with a large articular component (> 15 mm) and shallow subchondral depth (< 10 mm). Arthroscopic assessment of affected cartilage revealed undulating cartilage with a relatively smooth surface and extensive residual perimeter attachment.

Treatment and Outcome—Resorbable polydioxanone pins were used arthroscopically to reattach the cartilage overlying the subchondral cystic lesions. A biologic graft (bone marrow aspirate concentrate or allogeneic chondrocytes) was injected into the depths of the cystic cavity following cartilage reattachment. Follow-up examination confirmed radiographic resolution of the lesion and elimination of clinical signs within the treated femorotibial joint.

Clinical Relevance—Lesions with a large area of affected articular cartilage have been associated with a decreased rate of return to athletic function following arthroscopic debridement, likely secondary to the loss of subchondral architecture and the production of imperfect fibrocartilage repair. Salvage of the affected cartilage in a select population of horses with progressively expanding but shallow subchondral cystic lesions of the medial femoral condyle is possible and may improve radiographic and clinical outcome.
Two new species of the genus Pseudoliparis Finet (Orchidaceae, Malaxidinae) from New Guinea
Authors: Margońska Hanna
Published: March 2011

Two new species of the genus Pseudoliparis Finet (Orchidaceae, Malaxidinae) from New Guinea

Two new species of the genus Psudoliparis (Orchidaceae, Malaxidinae) from New Guinea are described, illustrated and its taxonomic affinity is briefly discussed. One new combination within the genus is proposed.
Zonal character of the flora of kurgans in central and southern Ukraine
Authors: Sudnik-Wójcikowska Barbara , Moysiyenko Ivan
Published: March 2011

Zonal character of the flora of kurgans in central and southern Ukraine

In the years 2004-2010 floristic studies were carried out on kurgans in 4 different climatic/vegetation zones: 3 steppe zones (west and central Pontic desert steppe, west Pontic grass steppe, west and central Pontic herb-rich grass-steppe) and a forest steppe zone. Among the 450 kurgans surveyed, 106 barrows met the selection criteria. The species composition and the contribution of different life forms to the flora of kurgans changed along the north-south gradient. Jaccard's similarity coefficient and Wards clustering method were used to compare the qualitative composition of flora in particular zones. The results of this comparison confirmed floristic differences between kurgans located in the four zones. Kurgans in the desert steppe zone proved to have the most distinct flora among the floras considered. The biggest similarities were found between the flora of kurgans in the forest steppe zone and that of barrows in the west and central Pontic herb rich grass steppe.
Genetic divergence among Corylus colurna genotypes based on morphological characters of hazelnut
Authors: Srivastava Kanchan , Zargar Khurseed , Singh Shyam
Published: March 2011

Genetic divergence among Corylus colurna genotypes based on morphological characters of hazelnut

Genetic divergence was studied in 41 genotypes of Corylus colurna on the basis of 15 morphological characters of nuts. The divergence among genotypes was estimated by the Mahalanobis' method and the studied genotypes were grouped into clusters by Tocher's method. The obtained data were analysed using the PCA and CA. As a result, 9 genotype clusters were distinguished and a wide diversity among genotypes originating from the same locality was found. It has been proposed that for obtaining the most desirable transgressive segregates in Corylus colurna, genotypes from the genetically most distant clusters should be crossed.
Lindernia procumbens in Poland: the relationship between weather conditions and the occurrence of the species
Authors: Nobis Agnieszka , Nobis Marcin , Piotrowicz Katarzyna , Kącki Zygmunt , Dajdok Zygmunt
Published: March 2011

Lindernia procumbens in Poland: the relationship between weather conditions and the occurrence of the species

New data regarding the occurrence of Lindernia procumbens (prostrate false pimpernel) are discussed and its current geographical range in Poland is given. A comparison of its past and present distribution in Poland indicates an advancement of the distribution limit northwards, which may be caused by climate changes, mostly, by an increased number of heat waves in the warm half-year. The relationship between the occurrence of the species and specific meteorological conditions, especially, unusually hot and dry summer periods, is analysed using long-term meteorological surveys.
Genetic differentiation of common reed (Phragmites australis) populations from selected lakes of Pomerania (NW Poland), revealed by electrophoretically detected peroxidase variability
Authors: Krzakowa Maria , Michalak Marcin
Published: March 2011

Genetic differentiation of common reed (Phragmites australis) populations from selected lakes of Pomerania (NW Poland), revealed by electrophoretically detected peroxidase variability

Three populations of common reed (Phragmites australis (Cav) Trin. ex Steud.), growing under differing edaphic conditions in lakes near the town of Koszalin (the Pomerania region in north-western Poland), were studied in respect to frequencies of electrophoretically detected allozymes in two peroxidase loci: a monomeric locus with three alleles and a dimeric locus with two alleles. On the basis of genetic distances, similarity between these populations and levels of variation were assessed both within populations (GST = 0.0376) and between populations (DST = 0.0194). Gene flow between populations was low (Nm = 6.399).
Professor Krzysztof Rostański - a life of exceptional merit
Authors: Latowski Karol
Published: March 2011

Professor Krzysztof Rostański - a life of exceptional merit
The impact of former iron ore mining on the transformation of vegetation cover of the Gielniowski Hump (Małopolska Upland)
Authors: Podgórska Monika
Published: March 2011

The impact of former iron ore mining on the transformation of vegetation cover of the Gielniowski Hump (Małopolska Upland)

The impact of the 17th-19th century iron ore mining on the current state of vegetation cover of the Gielniowski Hump, an upland region situated within the Old Polish Industrial Region (a former centre of mining and smelting), was studied. In the course of the research, the detailed floristic lists were compiled using the cartogram method (ATPOL grid) and phytosociological relevés were made according to the Braun-Blanquet method. Relevés were taken both at the post-mining sites (on spoil banks) and, for comparative purposes, in the adjacent, not affected areas. The obtained results show significant differences between the flora and vegetation of the sites affected and unaffected by mining. These differences result from the changed mineralogical composition of soil in the post-mining areas, which has lead to an increase in the proportion of mesophilous forest communities and in the number of species of the class Querco-Fagetea as compared to the unaffected sites. Overall, the former iron ore mining activity has increased the biodiversity level in the Gielniowski Hump mesoregion due to an increase in the total number of species in the area, brought about by the formation of a mining-related habitat mosaic.
Making the Most of JOSPT's Web Features and Tools
Authors: Simoneau Guy G.
Published: March 2011

For subscribers new to JOSPT since last January and readers who have yet to take full advantage of the website, this Editor’s Note provides a guide to what JOSPT offers online. As we continue to enhance our means of disseminating information electronically, it is our goal to make the information more readily available using a variety of techniques reflecting the fast-moving pace of electronic media development.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(1):1–3. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.0101
JOSPT Perspectives for Patients: A New Feature
Authors: Simoneau Guy G.
Published: March 2011

Professional journals have always had as a core mission to inform clinicians about the latest advances in evidence and practice. But we can take that mission one step further and help clinicians to effectively communicate these developments to their patients. Accordingly, in this month's issue we launch a new feature: Perspectives for Patients. This single-page feature will offer clinicians and patients a credible source of new information derived from a published article and explain how it affects patient care. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(2):42. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.0102
Arthrofibrosis of the Knee Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Eckenrode Brian J. , Sennett Brian J.
Published: March 2011

The patient was a 47-year-old woman who had been referred to a physical therapist following an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction of the left knee, using a bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft. While temporary within-session knee extension range-of-motion gains were recorded following physical therapist interventions, there was a lack of sustained improvement. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an intact anterior cruciate ligament graft and a moderate joint effusion, as well as an area of intra-articular arthrofibrosis anterior to the anterior cruciate ligament graft. The patient underwent arthroscopic surgery and, after debridement of the joint arthrofibrosis, was referred to the physical therapist. Following 2 months of treatment, the patient demonstrated full symmetrical knee range of motion, reported no pain, and had initiated a running program without difficulty.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(1):32. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.0401
Hip Degenerative Joint Disease in a Patient With Medial Knee Pain
Authors: Poppert Elizabeth , Kulig Kornelia
Published: March 2011

The patient was a 53-year-old man referred to a physical therapist with a chief complaint of worsening right medial knee pain of 3 months' duration. He had a history of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction 7 years prior, and recent diagnostic imaging studies had not been performed. Physical examination of the right knee was unremarkable, without reproduction of his chief complaint of medial knee pain. During examination of the right hip, however, combined movements of hip flexion, internal rotation, and adduction, as well as hip distraction and compression, reproduced the patient's knee pain. While radiographs of the right knee were unremarkable, radiographs of the right hip revealed acetabular undercoverage, superolateral joint space narrowing, and subchondral sclerosis. Magnetic resonance imaging of the hip, with and without intra-articular gadolinium, identified developmental dysplasia with marked acetabular undercoverage and moderately advanced degenerative joint disease. The patient did not respond to conservative management and subsequently underwent total hip arthroplasty 9 months after first being seen by the physical therapist, which resulted in complete resolution of his medial knee pain.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(1):33. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.0402
Acromioclavicular Joint Synovial Chondromatosis
Authors: Molloy Joseph M. , Paschall Jeffrey C. , Bui-Mansfield Liem T.
Published: March 2011

A 26-year-old man presented to physical therapy for evaluation of right shoulder pain. While history and physical examination findings were most consistent with right shoulder impingement, a firm mass over the acromioclavicular joint was observed. Radiographs of the right shoulder revealed a soft tissue prominence adjacent to the acromioclavicular joint, while contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 9 × 16-mm soft tissue mass arising from the right acromioclavicular joint. The patient underwent incisional biopsy, acromioclavicular joint capsulotomy, and distal clavicle excision. Histological evaluation revealed hyalinized fibrovascular connective tissue with focal calcification but no hemosiderin (insoluble iron deposits), consistent with synovial chondromatosis. The patient returned to full activity without limitations postoperatively.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(2):118. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.0403
Selective Strength Loss and Decreased Muscle Activity in Hamstring Injury
Authors: Sole Gisela , Milosavljevic Stephan , Nicholson Helen , Sullivan S. John
Published: March 2011

Study Design

Cross-sectional, controlled laboratory study.

Objectives

To determine whether thigh muscle isokinetic torque patterns and activity, measured by electromyography (EMG), of individuals with hamstring injury differ from control individuals.

Background

Neuromuscular control during thigh muscle strength assessment following hamstring injuries has not been reported.

Methods

Fifteen athletes with prior hamstring injury (hamstring-injured group [HG]) were compared to 15 uninjured athletes (control group [CG]). The injuries were incurred 6 weeks to 12 months prior to participation, and all injured athletes had returned to at least partial training. Participants performed 5 isokinetic concentric extensor, concentric flexor, and eccentric flexor torque tests at 60°/s in the seated position. Peak torque was determined for each contraction type, as well as average torque for each of 4 time-based movement quartiles. EMG root-mean-squares were calculated in these movement quartiles for the biceps femoris and medial hamstrings.

Results

No significant differences were found for peak torque for all contractions, when comparing HG injured and uninjured sides to CG bilateral averages. The HG injured limb eccentric flexor torque was significantly lower in the fourth quartile (approximately 25° to 5° knee flexion, hamstring lengthened range) compared to the CG bilateral average (P = .025). Eccentric flexor biceps femoris and hamstrings EMG root-mean-squares of the HG injured and the uninjured sides were significantly lower in the second to fourth quartiles (towards the lengthened range), compared to the CG bilateral averages (P<.05).

Conclusion

Decreased strength and EMG activation in a lengthened hamstrings range for the athletes with prior hamstring injury suggested a change in neuromuscular control. Lengthened range assessment of isokinetic eccentric flexor torque may be useful for the assessment of athletes with a prior injury; however, results should be confirmed with prospective studies. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(5):354–363, Epub2 February 2011. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.3268
Five-Position Grip Strength Measures in Individuals with Clinical Depression
Authors: Phillips H. James , Biland Joseph , Costa Ricardo , Souverain Regine
Published: March 2011

Study Design

Case-control study.

Objectives

To compare the results of 5-position grip strength testing between a group of individuals newly diagnosed with clinical depression and a group of age-matched and sex-matched individuals without depression.

Background

Clinicians often employ 5-position (or 5-rung) grip strength dynamometry as a measure of sincerity of effort. However, patients with clinical depression are known to show altered performance on motor skill tests. Therefore, the results of 5-position grip strength dynamometry in the clinically depressed may be subject to misinterpretation.

Methods

Consecutive patients newly diagnosed with clinical depression (n = 45) and age- and sex-matched individuals without clinical depression (n = 45) were recruited over a 3-month period. Each group underwent identical 5-position grip strength testing of both hands. Measures were analyzed using a statistical analysis method based on an 8.5-lb (3.83-kg) SD cutoff and visual analysis of force curve plots by clinicians naïve to the participants' diagnosis.

Results

Participants with clinical depression had an SD equal to or less than 8.5 lb in 60 of 90 hands tested, while the participants in the control group had an SD equal to or less than 8.5 lb in 1 of 90 hands. Clinicians who analyzed force plots considered participants with depression to have exerted “limited effort” in 70% of cases and those who were not depressed to have exerted limited effort in 18% of cases.

Conclusion

A high percentage of individuals diagnosed with clinical depression produced statistical and graphical representations of 5-position grip strength measures that suggested poor volitional effort, which is often interpreted as lack of sincerity of effort. Clinicians unaware of the presence of clinical depression in patients could misinterpret the results of 5-position grip strength testing in this population. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(3):149–154, Epub 2 February 2011. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.3328
Longitudinal Gait and Strength Changes Prior to and Following an Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture and Surgical Reconstruction: A Case Report
Authors: Robbins Shawn M.K. , Clark Jessica M. , Maly Monica R.
Published: March 2011

Study Design

Case report.

Background

Cross-sectional studies have examined deficits following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture and subsequent reconstructive surgery. Few studies present preinjury data that may assist in identifying risk factors for ACL rupture. This case report compares gait and strength measures obtained prior to ACL rupture, with follow-up assessments of these measures after rupture and reconstructive surgery.

Case Description

A 23-year-old woman sustained a noncontact rupture of her right ACL. Kinematic and kinetic gait data were collected using 3-dimensional motion analysis and a synchronized force plate. Knee strength was measured using an isokinetic dynamometer. Data for knee active range of motion (AROM) and the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) were also collected. The analyses were descriptive and interpreted based on previously published minimal detectable change and minimal clinically important difference values.

Outcomes

Before her injury, the patient demonstrated a low external knee flexion moment during gait. Kinematic and kinetic gait abnormalities were present following rupture and persisted at 13 months postsurgery. The patient demonstrated knee strength deficits following ACL rupture and surgery. Steady gains in LEFS and knee AROM occurred following rupture and surgery.

Discussion

Preinjury data may identify risk factors for ACL rupture. Future studies should examine whether a low external knee flexion moment during gait or sport-related activity is a risk factor for ACL rupture. The patient demonstrated deficits in gait and strength that persisted at 13 months postsurgery.

Level of Evidence

Therapy, level 4. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(3):191–199, Epub 4 January 2011. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.3366
Patellofemoral Joint Forces and Stress During Forward Step-up, Lateral Step-up, and Forward Step-down Exercises
Authors: Chinkulprasert Chatchada , Vachalathiti Roongtiwa , Powers Christopher M.
Published: March 2011

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study using a repeated-measures design.

Objective

To quantify patellofemoral joint reaction force (PFJRF) and stress (PFJS) during forward step-up (FSU), lateral step-up (LSU), and forward step-down (FSD) exercises.

Background

Although FSU, LSU, and FSD exercises are commonly used in patellofemoral joint rehabilitation programs, the influence of these stepping tasks on patellofemoral joint kinetics has not been quantified.

Methods

Three-dimensional lower extremity kinematics and kinetics and electromyographic (EMG) data were obtained from 20 healthy adults during their performance of FSU, LSU, and FSD exercises. The step height for each participant was adjusted to permit a standardized knee flexion angle of 45°. A previously described biomechanical model of the patellofemoral joint was used to quantify PFJRF and PFJS during each task. Peak PFJRF and PFJS during the concentric and eccentric phases of each step task were compared using a 2-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Results

When collapsed across concentric and eccentric phases, peak PFJS was significantly greater during the FSD (mean ± SD, 13.8 ± 0.4 MPa) compared to the LSU (11.5 ± 0.8 MPa; P<.001) and FSU (11.2 ± 0.6 MPa; P = .002) exercises. Peak PFJRF also was significantly greater during the FSD (51.1 ± 2.7 N/kg) compared to the LSU (44.1 ± 3.4 N/kg; P<.001) and FSU (43.6 ± 2.3 N/kg; P = .023) exercises.

Conclusion

In selecting exercises that promote lower extremity muscle strengthening while minimizing patellofemoral joint loading, LSU and FSU should be considered over FSD exercises, if the same step height is used. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(4):241–248, Epub 2 February 2011. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.3408
Design and Construction of a Novel Low-Cost Device to Provide Feedback on Manually Applied Forces
Authors: Tuttle Neil , Jacuinde Guillermo
Published: March 2011

Study Design

Design and evaluation, technical note.

Objectives

To describe the design of a simple, low-cost device for providing feedback of manually applied forces to the cervical spine, and to assess the device against specific design criteria.

Background

The forces applied during manual therapy may vary by as much as 500% between practitioners. But consistency can be improved in students when they are provided with contemporaneous feedback. The current methods of providing feedback, however, are expensive, complex, and/or preclude their performance in a clinically relevant manner.

Methods

The design of the device was assessed in accordance of the following criteria: (1) ease of use, (2) low cost, (3) minimal interference with technique, (4) ability to provide feedback with suitable accuracy at forces up to 50 N, and (5) no requirement of specialized skills to construct.

Results

A device is described that interfaces with standard computers through the sound card and measures force, using thin, low-cost, force-sensing resistors. Evaluated against the design criteria, the device (1) is easy to set-up and use, (2) can be produced for under $30 US dollars, (3) creates minimal interference with performance of a variety of techniques, (4) has limits of agreement from −3.8 to 4.2 N for forces of 5 to 45 N and repeatability coefficients of ±2.0 N or 12%, and (5) can be constructed without specialized skills or knowledge.

Conclusion

A device is described that fulfils most of the design criteria for providing feedback on forces for physical therapy students and may have applications in other fields. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(3):174–179, Epub 5 January 2011. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.3461
Fear-Avoidance Beliefs and Clinical Outcomes for Patients Seeking Outpatient Physical Therapy for Musculoskeletal Pain Conditions
Authors: George Steven Z. , Stryker Sandra E.
Published: March 2011

Study Design

Prospective cohort.

Objective

To investigate fear-avoidance eliefs across different anatomical regions for patients with musculoskeletal pain.

Background

Fear-avoidance beliefs were first widely studied in patients with low back pain. The early results of studies involving patients with cervical spine, knee, and shoulder disorders suggest that fear-avoidance beliefs have the potential to influence pain and function in different anatomical regions. However, very few prospective studies of fear-avoidance beliefs involve multiple anatomical regions.

Methods

The sample of this study consisted of 313 patients (mean age, 45.5 years; 115 males, 198 females) seeking outpatient physical therapy for cervical spine (n = 63), upper extremity (n = 58), lumbar spine (n = 79), or lower extremity (n = 113) complaints. During the intake session, patients completed the Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire physical activity scale (FABQ-PA), modified for the appropriate anatomical location. Patients also rated pain intensity and function on the Therapeutic Associates Outcomes System (TAOS) Functional Index at intake and discharge. The collection of treatment-related parameters included the number of visits, calendar days of physical therapy, and treatment received. FABQ-PA scores were compared across anatomical regions. Elevated FABQ-PA scores and anatomical regions were also investigated for association with intake pain and function, clinical outcomes, and treatment utility parameters.

Results

Similar FABQ-PA levels were observed across the 4 anatomical regions (P>.05). Number of visits, calendar days of physical therapy, and treatment received did not differ between elevated and lower fear-avoidance belief levels (P>.05). Findings for pain intensity and function were similar for each anatomical region. Patients with elevated fear-avoidance beliefs had higher intake scores (P<.05), larger improvements (P<.05), but similar discharge scores (P>.05), compared to those with lower fear-avoidance beliefs.

Conclusions

These data suggest that, in patients with cervical, upper extremity, lumbar, or lower extremity complaints, fear-avoidance beliefs may have a similar influence on intake and change scores for pain intensity and function. General assessment of fear-avoidance beliefs using the FABQ-PA, especially to predict change scores, may be appropriate for use in patients with various musculoskeletal pain conditions. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(4):249–259, Epub 18 February 2011. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.3488
Preoperative Strength Training for Patients Undergoing High Tibial Osteotomy: A Prospective Cohort Study With Historical Controls
Authors: Kean Crystal O. , Birmingham Trevor B. , Garland S. Jayne , Bryant Dianne M. , Giffin J. Robert
Published: March 2011

Study Design

Prospective cohort with historical controls.

Objective

To examine the effects of a 12-week preoperative high-intensity resistance training program on postoperative outcomes.

Background

The primary goals of high tibial osteotomy (HTO) are to decrease pain and improve overall function during activities of daily living and participation in sport and recreation in relatively young, active individuals with knee osteoarthritis. However, the postoperative recovery typically requires a considerable period of protected weight-bearing that can result in substantial deficits in muscular strength.

Methods

Fourteen patients (mean ± SD, 48.0 ± 7.8 years; 13 males, 1 females), scheduled for medial opening wedge HTO, completed a 12-week preoperative high-intensity isokinetic resistance training program focusing on quadriceps and hamstrings strength. These patients were matched to baseline clinical and demographic characteristics of 14 patients who previously received a medial opening wedge HTO without preoperative training. All outcomes were measured before and 6 months after surgery. The sport and recreation subscale of the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) was the primary outcome of interest. Secondary outcomes included the other KOOS subscales, scores on the Lower Extremity Functional Scale, and selected kinematic and kinetic variables obtained from 3-dimensional gait analysis.

Results

The patients in the preoperative training group achieved significantly greater scores on the KOOS sport and recreation (mean ± SD, 58.6 ± 16.6 versus 42.1 ± 20.4; mean difference, 16.4; 95% CI: 2.0, 30.9) and activities of daily living (mean ± SD, 85.3 ± 9.3 versus 76.9 ± 12.0; mean difference, 8.4; 95% CI: 0.1, 16.8) subscales. There were no significant differences between groups on other outcomes.

Conclusion

The present findings suggest preoperative high-intensity resistance training of the quadriceps and hamstrings before HTO improves postoperative functioning in sport, recreation, and activities of daily living.

Level of Evidence

Therapy, level 2b. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(2):52‱59, Epub 5 January 2011. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.3490
Effects of Kinesio Tape Compared With Nonelastic Sports Tape and the Untaped Ankle During a Sudden Inversion Perturbation in Male Athletes
Authors: Briem Kristin , Eythörsdöttir Hrefna , Magnúsdóttir Ragnheidur G. , Pálmarsson Rúnar , RúnarsdÖttir Tinna , Sveinsson Thorarinn
Published: March 2011

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Objectives

To examine the effect of 2 adhesive tape conditions compared to a no-tape condition on muscle activity of the fibularis longus during a sudden inversion perturbation in male athletes (soccer, team handball, basketball).

Background

Ankle sprains are common in sports, and the fibularis muscles play a role in providing functional stability of the ankle. Prophylactic ankle taping with nonelastic sports tape has been used to restrict ankle inversion. Kinesio Tape, an elastic sports tape, has not been studied for that purpose.

Methods

Fifty-one male premier-league athletes were tested for functional stability of both ankles with the Star Excursion Balance Test. Based on the results, those with the 15 highest and those with the 15 lowest stability scores were selected for further testing. Muscle activity of the fibularis longus was recorded with surface electromyography during a sudden inversion perturbation. Each participant was tested under 3 conditions: ankle taped with nonelastic white sports tape, ankle taped with Kinesio Tape, and no ankle taping. Differences in mean muscle activity were evaluated with a 3-way mixed-model analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the 3 conditions, across four 500-millisecond time frames, and between the 2 groups of stable versus unstable participants. Differences in peak muscle activity and in the time to peak muscle activity were evaluated with a 2-way mixed-model ANOVA.

Results

Significantly greater mean muscle activity was found when ankles were taped with nonelastic tape compared to no tape, while Kinesio Tape had no significant effect on mean or maximum muscle activity compared to the no-tape condition. Neither stability level nor taping condition had a significant effect on the amount of time from perturbation to maximum activity of the fibularis longus muscle.

Conclusion

Nonelastic sports tape may enhance dynamic muscle support of the ankle. The efficacy of Kinesio Tape in preventing ankle sprains via the same mechanism is unlikely, as it had no effect on muscle activation of the fibularis longus. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(5):328–335, Epub 5 January 2011. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.3501
Lower Trapezius Muscle Strength in Individuals With Unilateral Neck Pain
Authors: Petersen Shannon M. , Wyatt Sarah N.
Published: March 2011

Study Design

Descriptive and within-subject comparative study.

Objectives

To examine lower trapezius muscle strength in individuals with unilateral neck pain.

Background

Previous research has established the presence of reduced cervical flexor, extensor, and rotator muscle strength in individuals with neck pain. Some authors have suggested that individuals with neck pain have limited strength of the lower trapezius muscle, yet no research has investigated this claim.

Methods

Twenty-five individuals with unilateral neck pain participated in this study. Participants completed the Northwick Park Neck Pain Questionnaire (NPQ) as a measure of disability. Side of neck pain, duration of neck pain, and hand dominance were recorded. Lower trapezius muscle strength was assessed bilaterally in each participant, using a handheld dynamometer.

Results

A significant difference in lower trapezius strength was found between sides (P<.001), with participants demonstrating an average of 3.9 N less force on the side of neck pain. The tested levels of association between NPQ score and percent strength deficit (r = −0.31, P = .13), and between symptom duration and percent strength deficit (r = −0.25, P = .22), were not statistically significant. No significant association was found between hand dominance and side of stronger lower trapezius (P= .59).

Conclusion

The results of this study demonstrate that individuals with unilateral neck pain exhibit significantly less lower trapezius strength on the side of neck pain compared to the contralateral side. This study suggests a possible association between lower trapezius muscle weakness and neck pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(4):260–265, Epub 2 February 2011. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.3503
Biomechanical Comparison of Baseball Pitching and Long-Toss: Implications for Training and Rehabilitation
Authors: Fleisig Glenn S. , Bolt Becky , Fortenbaugh Dave , Wilk Kevin E. , Andrews James R.
Published: March 2011

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Objectives

To test for kinematic and kinetic differences between baseball pitching from a mound and long-toss on flat ground.

Background

Long-toss throws from flat ground are commonly used by baseball pitchers for rehabilitation, conditioning, and training. However, there is controversy over the biomechanics and functionality of such throws.

Methods

Seventeen healthy, college baseball pitchers pitched fastballs 18.4 m from a mound to a strike zone, and threw 37 m, 55 m, and maximum distance from flat ground. For the 37-m and 55-m throws, participants were instructed to throw “hard, on a horizontal line.” For the maximum-distance throw, no constraint on trajectory was given. Kinematics and kinetics were measured with a 3-dimensional, automated motion analysis system. Repeated-measures analyses of variance, with post hoc paired t tests, were used to compare the 4 throw types within pitchers.

Results

At foot contact, the participant's shoulder line was nearly horizontal when pitching from a mound and became progressively more inclined as throwing distance increased. At arm cocking, the greatest amount of shoulder external rotation (mean ± SD, 180° ± 11°), elbow flexion (109° ± 10°), shoulder internal rotation torque (101 ± 17 Nm), and elbow varus torque (100 ± 18 Nm) were measured during the maximum-distance throws. Elbow extension velocity was also greatest for the maximum-distance throws (2573°/s ± 203°/s). Forward trunk tilt at the instant of ball release decreased as throwing distance increased.

Conclusion

Hard, horizontal, flat-ground throws have biomechanical patterns similar to those of pitching and are, therefore, reasonable exercises for pitchers. However, maximum-distance throws produce increased torques and changes in kinematics. Caution is, therefore, advised in the use of these throws for rehabilitation and training. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(5):296–303, Epub 5 January 2011. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.3568