bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth morphologies and charge carrier mobilities of pentacene organic field effect transistors with rf sputtered aluminium oxide gate insulators on ITO glass
Authors: Voigt M. , Pflaum J. , Sokolowski M.
Published: February 2008

Organic field effect transistors of pentacene (Pc) were prepared on indium‐tin‐oxide (ITO) coated glass substrates with a thin layer of rf sputtered aluminium oxide (AlOx) on top of the ITO, serving as the gate insulator. The Pc films were grown by vapour deposition with a large variation of the substrate temperature (–17–93 °C). Source and drain contacts were obtained by Au deposition through a shadow mask. The morphology and the structure of the Pc films were investigated by X‐ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy. The Pc film growth starts with the substrate induced thin film phase, which changes to the bulk (Campbell) phase for thicker films. The nucleation of the bulk phase appears to be induced at structural defects in the underlying thin film phase, stemming from the Pc/AlOx interface. The field effect hole mobilities, determined from the saturation drain current as a function of the gate voltage, under vacuum conditions, are in the range of 0.005 cm2/Vs to 0.20 cm2/Vs at room temperature. The mobilities are strongly thermally activated, with activation energies from 44 meV to 108 meV, indicating a significant role of charge carrier traps. From a detailed analysis of the gate and drain voltage dependence of the mobilities, we find that three mechanisms are limiting the field effect mobilities: trapping of charge carriers at low charge densities (consistent with the multiple trapping and release model), scattering at structural defects between the Pc grains, and scattering/trapping at the AlOx/Pc interface of the charge carriers at higher charge densities. Relating this information with the structural information makes it plausible that the same structural defects which limit the mobilities by trapping of charge carriers also act as the nucleation centres for the bulk phase that grows on top of the thin film phase. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modeling of complex surface structures for ARXPS
Authors: Oswald S. , Oswald F.
Published: February 2008

Angle‐resolved X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS) has a great potential for nondestructive depth profiling in the nanometer thickness range. A method using computer simulation of ARXPS measurements is presented, which allows systematic studies on surfaces with artificial spatial inhomogeneity in the nanometer‐range. Investigations of rough surfaces with varied structure sizes show that inhomogeneous structures can be increasingly better described by homogeneous smooth layers when lowering the typical length dimensions. In parallel, the obtained effective amount of overlayer material (or effective overlayer thickness), is systematically lower than the real one. Limitations of the ‘magic‐angle concept’ are derived. Possible improvement of the method is discussed by consideration of elastic scattering. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced myocardial vitamin C accumulation in left ventricular hypertrophy in rats is not attenuated with transition to heart failure
Authors: Rohrbach Susanne , Martin Antonio , Niemann Bernd , Cherubini Antonio
Published: February 2008

Indirect observations are compatible with cardiac vitamin C deficiency as one contributory factor to oxidative stress in heart failure, but data on ventricular vitamin C content are lacking. Here, we used the well established model of aortic‐banded rats at the stage of compensated hypertrophy (6 weeks after banding) and at the transition to cardiac failure (22 weeks after banding) to analyze vitamin C, vitamin E, protein carbonyls and malondialdehyde tissue content together with the respective plasma concentrations. Furthermore, we investigated the expression of the vitamin C transporters SVCT1 and SVCT2 in the left ventricle (LV).

Aortic‐banded rats, independently from their age, had higher malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl levels in plasma and LV tissue compared to sham‐operated animals indicating increased oxidative stress. Plasma vitamin C remained unaffected from cardiac overload, while LV vitamin C was elevated in both stages of hypertrophy together with an increased expression of the vitamin C transporter SVCT2 suggesting increased vitamin C uptake. The levels of antioxidants and lipid peroxides were similar 6 and 22 weeks after aortic banding. Therefore, the accumulation of vitamin C in compensated hypertrophy and in decompensated failure excludes cardiac vitamin C deficiency as a primary factor to oxidative stress in this model.
Predicting biological networks from genomic data
Authors: Harrington Eoghan D. , Jensen Lars J. , Bork Peer
Published: February 2008

Continuing improvements in DNA sequencing technologies are providing us with vast amounts of genomic data from an ever‐widening range of organisms. The resulting challenge for bioinformatics is to interpret this deluge of data and place it back into its biological context. Biological networks provide a conceptual framework with which we can describe part of this context, namely the different interactions that occur between the molecular components of a cell. Here, we review the computational methods available to predict biological networks from genomic sequence data and discuss how they relate to high‐throughput experimental methods.
ON A THEOREM OF MISLIN
Authors: SNAITH VICTOR P.
Published: February 2008

An alternative proof is given of a result, originally due to Guido Mislin, giving necessary and sufficient
conditions for the inclusion of a subgroup to induce an isomorphism in mod p cohomology.
RECURSIVE SUBNORMAL COMPLETION AND THE TRUNCATED MOMENT PROBLEM
Authors: BEN TAHER R. , RACHIDI M. , ZEROUALI E. H.
Published: February 2008

The aim of this paper is to study properties of sequences that are recursively defined by a linear
equation and their applications to the truncated moment problem in connection with the problem of
subnormal completion of the truncated weighted shifts. Special cases are considered and some classical
results due to Stampfli, Curto and Fialkow are recovered using elementary techniques.
The corpus revolution revisited
Authors: Rundell Michael
Published: February 2008

Starts with an excerpt from Michael Rundell and Penny Stock, The Corpus revolution (ET30, 1992). An update on the rise and rise of electronic language corpora and their impact on dictionaries. How dramatically the world has changed since Penny Stock and I wrote about the ‘Corpus Revolution’ in 1992.

At the time, it was not hard to predict that computer processing power and storage capacity would carry on doubling each year. It was already clear, too, that the arrival of the corpus would revolutionize the work of dictionary-makers – hence the title of our articles. These changes were well under way in 1992 and, sixteen years on, their effects are still being felt. In the process, dictionaries have got dramatically better – if by ‘better’ we mean that the description of language they provide corresponds more closely to the way people actually use words when they communicate with one another.
Melody and Pitch Processing in Five Musical Savants with Congenital Blindness
Authors: Pring Linda , Woolf Katherine , Tadic Valerie
Published: February 2008

We examined absolute-pitch (AP) and short-term musical memory abilities of five musical savants with congenital blindness, seven musicians, and seven non-musicians with good vision and normal intelligence in two experiments. In the first, short-term memory for musical phrases was tested and the savants and musicians performed statistically indistinguishably, both significantly outperforming the non-musicians and remembering more material from the C major scale sequences than random trials. In the second experiment, participants learnt associations between four pitches and four objects using a non-verbal paradigm. This experiment approximates to testing AP ability. Low statistical power meant the savants were not statistically better than the musicians, although only the savants scored statistically higher than the non-musicians. The results are evidence for a musical module, separate from general intelligence; they also support the anecdotal reporting of AP in musical savants, which is thought to be necessary for the development of musical-savant skill.
Notch regulates IL-10 production by T helper 1 cells
Authors: Rutz Sascha , Janke Marko , Kassner Nadine , Hohnstein Thordis , Krueger Manuela , Scheffold Alexander
Published: February 2008

T helper 1 (Th1) cells mediate powerful cellular immune responses. However, if unbalanced, Th1 immunity eventually may cause pathology. Recently, it has been shown that IL-10, an antiinflammatory cytokine strongly antagonizing Th1-mediated effects, can be produced by Th1 cells and is indeed essential for self-regulation of Th1 immunity. Here, we show that Notch induces IL-10 production in newly developing and already established Th1 cells via a signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4)-dependent process. Notch signaling in the presence of the cytokines IL-12 or IL-27 induces Th1 cells to produce large amounts of IL-10 without diminishing IFN-γ production. Notch-modified Th1 cells completely lose their inflammatory capacity and instead are able to actively suppress a Th1 cell-induced delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction in an IL-10-dependent fashion. IL-10 production can be elicited by active forms of all four mammalian Notch receptors but was found to be specific for the Delta-like family of Notch ligands. Dendritic cells (DC) selectively acquire Delta-like 4 expression upon stimulation with various Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands and concomitantly induce IL-10 production by Th1 cellsin vitroandin vivo. This effect can be selectively reversed by pharmacological inhibitors of Notch signaling (γ-secretase inhibitor). Our data suggest that Notch regulates IL-10 production in Th1 cells by a STAT4-dependent process that converts proinflammatory Th1 cells into T cells with regulatory activity. This pathway may provide unique opportunities for therapeutic intervention in Th1-driven immune diseases and for Th1-associated vaccination strategies.
Genetic interaction between members of the Vangl family causes neural tube defects in mice
Authors: Torban Elena , Patenaude Anne-Marie , Leclerc Severine , Rakowiecki Staci , Gauthier Susan , Andelfinger Gregor , Epstein Douglas J. , Gros Philippe
Published: February 2008

Neural tube defects (NTDs) are very frequent congenital abnormalities in humans. Recently, we have documented independent association of
Vangl1
and
Vangl2
gene mutations with NTDs. In the Looptail mouse, homozygosity (but not heterozygosity) for loss-of-function alleles at
Vangl2
causes the severe NTD craniorachischisis, whereas heterozygosity for mutant variants of
VANGL1
is associated with NTDs in a human cohort of sporadic and familial cases. To understand the role of
Vangl1
in normal development, we created a mouse mutant with an inactivating mutation at
Vangl1
(

Vangl1
gt

).
Vangl1
shows a dynamic pattern of expression in the developing neural tube and notochord at the time of neural tube closure.
Vangl1

gt
/+

heterozygotes and

Vangl1
gt/gt

homozygotes are viable and fertile, although

Vangl1
gt/gt

display subtle alterations in polarity of inner hair cells of the cochlea. Remarkably, and as opposed to healthy
Vangl1

gt
/+

and
Vangl2

lp
/+

heterozygotes,
Vangl1

gt
/+

;
Vangl2

lp
/+

double heterozygotes show profound developmental defects that include severe craniorachischisis, inner ear defects (disorganization of the stereociliary bundles of hair cells of the organ of Corti), and cardiac abnormality (aberrant right subclavian artery). These results show that genetic interaction between
Vangl1
and
Vangl2
genes causes neural tube defects and raise the possibility that interaction between individual
Vangl
genes and other genetic loci and/or environmental factors may additionally contribute to the etiology of NTDs.
Overexpression of the dual-specificity phosphatase MKP-4/DUSP-9 protects against stress-induced insulin resistance
Authors: Emanuelli Brice , Eberlé Delphine , Suzuki Ryo , Kahn C. Ronald
Published: February 2008

Insulin resistance, a hallmark of type 2 diabetes and obesity, is associated with increased activity of MAP and stress-activated protein (SAP) kinases, which results in decreased insulin signaling. Our goal was to investigate the role of MAP kinase phosphatase-4 (MKP-4) in modulating this process. We found that MKP-4 expression is up-regulated during adipocyte and myocyte differentiation
in vitro
and up-regulated during fasting in white adipose tissue
in vivo
. Overexpression of MKP-4 in 3T3-L1 cells inhibited ERK and JNK phosphorylation and, to a lesser extent, p38MAPK phosphorylation. As a result, the phosphorylation of IRS-1 serine 307 induced by anisomycin was abolished, leading to a sensitization of insulin signaling with recovery of insulin-stimulated IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation, IRS-1 docking with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and Akt phosphorylation. MKP-4 also reversed the effect of TNF-α to inhibit insulin signaling; alter IL-6, Glut1 and Glut4 expression; and inhibit insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Overexpression of MKP-4 in the liver of ob/ob mice decreased ERK and JNK phosphorylation, leading to a reduction in fed and fasted glycemia, improved glucose intolerance, decreased expression of gluconeogenic and lipogenic genes, and reduced hepatic steatosis. Thus, MKP-4 has a protective effect against the development of insulin resistance through its ability to dephosphorylate and inactivate crucial mediators of stress-induced insulin resistance, such as ERK and JNK, and increasing MKP-4 activity might provide a therapy for insulin-resistant disorders.
Protection from fatal viral encephalomyelitis: AMPA receptor antagonists have a direct effect on the inflammatory response to infection
Authors: Greene Ivorlyne P. , Lee Eun-Young , Prow Natalie , Ngwang Brownhilda , Griffin Diane E.
Published: February 2008

Neuronal cell death during fatal acute viral encephalomyelitis can result from damage caused by virus replication, glutamate excitotoxicity, and the immune response. A neurovirulent strain of the alphavirus Sindbis virus (NSV) causes fatal encephalomyelitis associated with motor neuron death in adult C57BL/6 mice that can be prevented by treatment with the prototypic noncompetitive α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) glutamate receptor antagonist GYKI 52466 [Nargi-Aizenman J,et al.(2004)Ann Neurol55:541–549]. To determine the mechanism of protection, NSV-infected mice were treated with 7-acetyl-5-(4-aminophenyl)-8(R)-methyl-8,9-dihydro-7H-1,3-dioxolo-(4,5-h)-benzodiazepine (talampanel), a potent, orally available member of the 2,3 benzodiazepine class of noncompetitive AMPA glutamate receptor antagonists. Talampanel-treated mice were protected from NSV-induced paralysis and death. Examination of the brain during infection showed significantly less mononuclear cell infiltration and no increase in astrocyte expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in treated mice compared with untreated mice. Lack of CNS inflammation was attributable to failure of treated mice to induce activation and proliferation of lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid tissue in response to infection. Antibody responses to NSV were also suppressed by talampanel treatment, and virus clearance was delayed. These studies reveal a previously unrecognized effect of AMPA receptor antagonists on the immune response and suggest that prevention of immune-mediated damage, in addition to inhibition of excitotoxicity, is a mechanism by which these drugs protect from death of motor neurons caused by viral infection.
Two-Generation Reproductive Toxicity Study of Resorcinol Administered Via Drinking Water to Crl:CD(SD) Rats
Authors: Welsch F. , Nemec M. D. , Lawrence W. B.
Published: February 2008

The potential adverse effects of resorcinol, delivered via drinking water at 0, 120, 360, 1000, and 3000 mg/L (palatability limit), were assessed in a regulatory guideline compliant two-generation reproduction study in Crl:CD(SD) rats. Expanded end points of thyroid gland (TG) function were added because of clinical case reports indicating human TG toxicity. Average daily resorcinol intake (mg/kg) at the 3000 mg/L concentration was 233 in F0 and F1 males, whereas in females it was 304 (premating/gestation) and 660 (lactation). No resorcinol ingestion-related clinical signs of toxicity were observed. Furthermore, neither gross morphologic anomalies nor effects on reproductive function or thyroid hormone levels were detectable. Body weight reductions occurred in 3000 mg/L F0 and F1 animals and were more pronounced in males. However, there was no evidence of either cumulative toxicity in the second generation or of enhanced sensitivity to resorcinol in pregnant/lactating females. Water intake was lower in 3000 mg/L rats of both generations and intermittently, to a lesser extent, at 1000 mg/L; however, concurrent feed intake and utilization were unaffected. Decreased TG follicular colloid content (conventional histopathology; confirmed by quantitative stereomicroscopy) in the 3000 mg/L F0 males was attributed to resorcinol but not considered adverse. The 3000 mg/L intake level appeared to have caused an adaptive thyroid response to a new homeostatic level with no adverse physiological consequences in either males (the more susceptible gender) or females. There were no differences in TG histology in F0 rats of either sex at 1000 mg/L. Thus, resorcinol intake at maximum palatability via a route and mode relevant to potential human exposures via contaminated drinking water at presently unknown environmental concentrations caused no detectable adverse effects on any reproduction or TG end points. The 3000 mg/L resorcinol exposure level was the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for parental systemic and offspring toxicity, while 1000 mg/L was the no-observed-effect level (NOEL).
Trichloroethylene and Ocular Malformations: Analysis of Extant Literature
Authors: Williams Amy Lavin , DeSesso John M.
Published: February 2008

An evaluation of the scientific literature for trichloroethylene (TCE) identified two reports of ocular defects, specifically microphthalmia/anophthalmia, following prenatal TCE exposure in rats. Herein, these reports are analyzed in detail and interpreted within the context of other developmental TCE exposure studies. The ocular findings following prenatal TCE exposure are reported in studies that were not designed specifically for developmental safety assessment, and thus did not use standard experimental practices. Furthermore, these findings most commonly occurred at TCE doses associated with considerable maternal toxicity. Among the 18 published studies using developmental TCE exposures, only 3 used doses sufficiently high enough to result in maternal toxicity, and of these, only the 2 discussed in detail in this paper demonstrated ocular defects in the offspring. Furthermore, statistically significant effects were only observed at doses that were above the currently accepted guideline limit dose of 1000 mg/kg body weight. All other TCE developmental exposure studies failed to demonstrate ocular defects as a result of prenatal exposure. These results suggest that the micro-/anophthalmia findings were likely a consequence of delivery of an extremely high bolus TCE dose that is irrelevant to human environmental exposure scenarios.
Tolerance of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Seedlings to Preemergence and Postemergence Herbicides with Four Modes of Action
Authors: Kendig J. A. , Nichols R. L. , Ohmes G. A.
Published: February 2008

The current dominant weed control program in cotton relies heavily on glyphosate. Typical glyphosate-based weed control programs require repeat applications. A residual herbicide might reduce the number of herbicide applications needed, and potentially reduce costs. Residual herbicides that can be used postemergence in cotton are limited in number, and there are few studies evaluating the response of cotton to over-the-top application of herbicides. A greenhouse study evaluated response of cotton to fluometuron, propazine, metolachlor, pyrithiobac, and glyphosate. Most of these herbicides caused minimal crop injury; however, fluometuron and propazine caused significant visual injury when applied over-the-top at the cotyledon and two-leaf stages, but less injury when applied preemergence.

Accepted for publication 5 July 2007. Published 8 November 2007.
Sweet Potato Yield Reduction Caused by Reniform Nematode in the Mississippi Delta
Authors: Abel Craig A. , Adams Larry C. , Stetina Salliana R.
Published: February 2008

A study was conducted to determine the effect of variable reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford and Oliveira, population densities on sweet potato production. In 2003, post-harvest soil samples revealed that nematicide-treated plots had 1019 ± 257.2 reniform nematodes per 500 cm3 sample of soil compared to 2255 ± 383.3 for untreated plots. There were 1057 kg/ha more marketable sweet potato harvested from the nematicide-treated plots compared to the control. In 2004, there were fewer nematodes in the nematicide-treated plots at pre-planting, mid-season, and pre-harvest, with the most pronounced difference occurring at mid-season with 927 nematodes per 500 cm3 sample of soil in the nematicide untreated plots compared to 140 for the treated plots. The difference in nematode levels resulted in a 996-kg/ha increase in US #1 sweet potatoes harvested from nematicide-treated plots compared to the untreated plots. In 2005, two nematicides, K-PAM and Temik, were not different in their level of nematode control during the growing season, however, there was an increase in US #1 class sweet potatoes produced from the Temik-treated plots when compared to K-PAM. Both nematicide treatments produced more US #1 sweet potatoes when compared to a Lorsban control and an untreated control.

Accepted for publication 13 September 2007. Published 15 November 2007.
Social ontologies
Authors: Gosden Chris
Published: February 2008

There is room for considerable cooperation between archaeology and neuroscience, but in order for this to happen we need to think about the interactions among brain–body–world, in which each of these three terms acts as cause and effect, without attributing a causally determinant position to any one. Consequently, I develop the term social ontology to look at how human capabilities of mind and body are brought about through an interaction with the material world. I look also at the key notion of plasticity to think about not only the malleable nature of human brains, but also the artefactual world. Using an example from the British Iron Age (approx. 750 BC–AD 43), I consider how new materials would put novel demands on the bodies and brains of people making, using and appreciating objects, focusing on an especially beautiful sword. In conclusion, I outline some possible areas of enquiry in which neuroscientists and archaeologists might collaborate.
COP1-Mediated Ubiquitination of CONSTANS Is Implicated in Cryptochrome Regulation of Flowering inArabidopsis
Authors: Liu Li-Jun , Zhang Yan-Chun , Li Qing-Hua , Sang Yi , Mao Jian , Lian Hong-Li , Wang Long , Yang Hong-Quan
Published: February 2008

In Arabidopsis thaliana, the blue light photoreceptor cryptochromes (CRY) act to promote photomorphogenic development and the transition from vegetative to floral development in long days (LDs). We previously proposed that one of the mechanisms by which CRY regulates light responses is via its physical interaction with COP1, a RING motif–containing E3 ligase. Under LDs, the transcription of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) is activated by CONSTANS (CO) in leaf, and the FT protein moves to the shoot apex to induce flowering. CO protein is degraded in darkness, whereas it is stabilized by the CRY-mediated signal. However, the mechanism underlying this process is unknown. We show in this report that CO acts genetically downstream of COP1 and CRY to regulate flowering time. In addition, COP1 physically interacts with CO and functions as an E3 ligase, ubiquitinating CO in vitro and reducing CO levels in vivo. These results suggest that COP1 acts as a repressor of flowering by promoting the ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of CO in darkness and that CRY-mediated signal may negatively regulate COP1, thereby stabilizing CO, activating FT transcription, and inducing flowering.
Education act scene I
Authors: Beard Roger
Published: February 2008

Little that is desirable in the way of educational reform is in need of legislation, to judge from the mass of evidence submitted so far to the Secretary of State. However, a case can be made out for considerable changes in the control of education vis‐a‐vis the local authorities and the central government, from which might stem many of the reforms sought by the interested parties. Also, since the passing of the 1944 Act, the cost of education and the numbers involved in it have both increased dramatically across all sectors. It is now a very big business indeed, costing over £2000 million to run through the cumbersome machinery of local authority control.
Education act scene 2
Authors: Robinson Eric
Published: February 2008

The new Education Bill should include four new major items. It should ensure the provision of nursery education. It should redefine the powers and responsibilities in education of local, regional and national government. It should extend compulsory education (part‐time or full‐time) for all up to the age of 18. It should bring the universities in with the rest by legislating for them along with the institutions providing education for adults.
Education act scene 3
Authors: Mackenzie Colin
Published: February 2008

It is almost 100 years since Disraeli said: ‘Upon the education of the people of this country, the fate of this country depends’.
Education act scene 4
Authors: Pratt John
Published: February 2008

Lord Palmerston once said that you can't go on legislating for ever. He would therefore approve of the present position in higher education since there is virtually no legislation on this subject. The 1944 Act barely mentioned it: the great development of the technical colleges was not foreseen: the universities were not then considered part of the national education system. The state administers here in a number of ways. The UGC arose out of a Treasury memo, for example. Most of the further education system can be regulated by circular. But in general, following a concordat reached between the public accounts committee and the Baldwin government, the state does not spend money without legislation. One purpose of the new Act will be to tidy up anomalies like this. The actual clauses in the Act will probably be almost insignificant, along the lines of: the Secretary of State shall give money to the universities. But before an Act confers powers or duties on anybody, a great deal of consideration will go into the issues.
Motivations of engineering students
Authors: Ilivicky Joan
Published: February 2008

The public image of the engineer is highly favourable. He is regarded as a member of a professional class. He is admired for his skills in mathematics and science, two ‘glamour’ studies. He is respected in the community, considered to be mechanically oriented and admired both for his skills and successes.
God abroad
Authors: Horgan John
Published: February 2008

The advocates of church schools — ie schools owned and controlled, although not necessarily paid for, by church authorities — usually manage, with very considerable skill, to win the first battle with their critics before the critics even know that it has taken place. This is the all‐important battle about the terms in which the argument is to be conducted. Ideally the argument should be based on the question: Why have church schools at all? The whole subject has, however, been so successfully mystified over the past few decades that the operative question is, in fact: What right does the state have to take schools away from the church authorities? In some societies where the churches are particularly strong and the state relatively weak, the question is even more loaded: What right does the state have to interfere with church schools?
WAITING FOR COLDSTREAM
Authors: Barlow Peppy
Published: February 2008

Waiting for the Coldstream Committee to finish tinkering about with the structure of the Dip AD (Diploma of Art and Design) and report, is something of an irrelevance in the present situation. This is not to say that their recommendations will be unimportant. The likely innovations, in terms of allowing greater degrees of specialization and the inclusion of ‘vocational’ diploma qualifications, will add considerable flexibility to the system, and there are other important issues which need to be pronounced upon — notably the GCE entrance qualifications, the absorption of the foundation year, and the democratic structures within the colleges. But the battles which will determine the future and status of art education are being fought elsewhere — if they are being fought at all.
The insider
Authors: Ross Angus
Published: February 2008

As a founder faculty member of The University of Sussex, Angus Ross reflects on the experience of being an insider in a new university.
BRICKS FROM STRAW
Authors: Burgess Tyrrell
Published: February 2008

I sometimes feel that the welfare state exists (like some morality left over from the middle ages) largely to remind us of the vanity of all human endeavour. To assist the poor we have huge expenditures and labyrinthine administration — yet the poor are always with us. Indeed the effect seems normally to be the reverse of what is intended — and we find Professor Townsend or someone writing to The Times to say that under a Labour Government the poor have been getting relatively poorer. We are familiar with the phenomenon in education. A hundred years after Mr Forster's Education Act, 1870, a researcher like J. W. B. Douglas can note, without surprise, that the middle class child retains almost intact his historic advantages over the working class child — only now he does it at public expense.
HEAVY GOODS
Authors: Haxby Peter
Published: February 2008

The Road Transport Industry Training Board was the sixteenth to be established — a middle generation Board which, coming into being three years ago in September, 1968, has now about two years of operational activity behind it. The Board includes in its scope the Motor Vehicle Retail and Repair Industry (garages), the Road Hauliers (lorries) and the Passenger Industry (buses), together with Furniture Removal, Warehousing, Cold Storage and more recently Vehicle Body Repair, and the Agricultural Machinery Distributors and Repairers. This grouping of activities has resulted in a large Board, the 27 members of which are drawn equally from employers, the trade unions and education.
Starting up in
Authors: McClelland David
Published: February 2008

The June article in this series dealt with a simple, low cost CCTV system. This month a more complete installation is described — a system designed to serve a new polytechnic formed from three existing colleges situated several miles from each other, at a cost of £50 000.
CLOSELY OBSERVED TRAINS
Authors: James Leslie
Published: February 2008

Anyone approaching the subject of the training of senior staff in industry in an analytical frame of mind cannot avoid being perplexed by the lack of definition in the terms used by experts in this field. Is management training intended exclusively for managers and who precisely are ‘managers’? Training institutions run indifferently under such titles as Business School, Management Training Centre, Administrative Staff College, Executive Training Centre, Administrative Staff College, and so on. A famous business school in its brochure offers an ‘executive development programme’ to assist companies in their task in developing competent ‘managers’; a University provides both an ‘executive programme’ and a ‘senior executive programme’ for men with substantial ‘managerial’ experience. A business journal simultaneously carries advertisements for the posts of personnel officer, personnel manager, head of personnel administration, and personnel executive, all with comparable responsibilities. Confusion of terminology thus abounds.
Back to the soil
Authors: Barlow Peppy
Published: February 2008

Peppy Barlow considers agricultural education and training.
The universities
Authors: MacLean Roderick
Published: February 2008

It is almost certainly too early to write in general terms about television in the British universities. Although extensive central services have existed in a few universities for some five years now, and cameras have been used in single teaching departments for even longer, one finds the use of the medium being developed in quite various ways depending upon particular local problems and upon the ‘personality’ of the individual university. Asked to give some account of television in the universities, perhaps the most useful thing one can do is to speak from a quite personal standpoint and answer the kind of questions which visitors frequently put to us when they visit our television centre in the University of Glasgow.
The games people play
Authors: Kemble Bruce
Published: February 2008

Far too many parents are content to leave educational issues to teachers once their children have started school at the age of five. This worries everyone who realises the need for the closest co‐operation between home and school. Education is far too important to be left entirely to teachers.
Wee timorous beasties
Authors: Barlow Peppy
Published: February 2008

Ayrshire has a very high educational reputation in Scotland, and not without reason. It has recently introduced an all‐through, all‐in (no privileged academies excluded), 12–18 comprehensive provision which shows up well against the contorted schemes in other areas. But, before we are carried away in admiration, it is as well to escape from the intimidating myth that Scottish education is ipso facto superior to our own. Certainly in the era of selection, the provision in Ayrshire was arguably more egalitarian. The academies took in up to 40 per cent of the school population at age 12 and passed the majority of these on to some form of higher education. But the tradition was, and still is, strongly academic to the detriment of the other 60 per cent who suffered the double disadvantage of an academic approach unlikely to cultivate their talents before the crucial birthday, and the belief which complements a large selective take‐up that ‘those who would be capable of benefiting from this kind of education’ are getting it.
And so to BEd
Authors: O'Connor Maureen
Published: February 2008

Maureen O'Connor casts a critical eye over the present development of the BEd
GUV'NERS AND GOVERNESSES
Authors: Mackenzie Colin
Published: February 2008

Colin Mackenzie, recently appointed a school governor, discusses their function
BEd and the bunsen burner
Authors: Johnston Ted
Published: February 2008

Ted Johnston investigates the science content of the Bachelor of Education degree
The usurpers
Authors: Murie Alan
Published: February 2008

Alan Murie, of the University of Ulster, considers how far industrial training has usurped the work of education
THE AIRY‐FAIRY ART
Authors: Wainwright Gordon
Published: February 2008

Gordon Wainwright queries whether or not liberal studies still need defending
Willing but impotent…
Authors: O'Connor Maureen
Published: February 2008

Universities v. industry: Maureen O'Connor gives the half‐time score
On the up and up
Authors: Smith Derek
Published: February 2008

Boys and girls are staying longer at school. Nobody disputes it, and national authorities like the Department of Education and Science and the Department of Employment and Productivity tell us it is so.
THE THIRD EYE
Authors: Maclelland David
Published: February 2008

Previous articles in this series have mentioned some TV cameras costing £200 and others costing £2000 plus. The reader may well wonder at the difference in price.
How Should Lecturers Teach?
Authors: Rice Denis
Published: February 2008

Denis Rice, of the Department of Adult Education, University of Leicester, discusses the role of the seminar in university teaching.
Dropping the Rs
Authors: Hoare Robert
Published: February 2008

Mr Hoare, tutor‐librarian at St Mary's College, Strawberry Hill, discusses the teaching of reading, with particular reference to the fact that many people give up reading soon after leaving school.
Art Among the Pits
Authors: Trafford Tony
Published: February 2008

On 31 March this year, an experimental arts and youth centre run by Derbyshire Education Committee was finally closed down. Situated in a mining district of North East Derbyshire, the centre catered chiefly for teenagers from the local pit villages. Tony Trafford, acting warden of the centre for its last year of operation, explains the philosophy which lay behind the work of the centre, and the reasons why it was closed by the education authority.
The ESN School Leaver
Authors: Jerrold M.A. , Fox R.
Published: February 2008

One child in ten needs special educational help, and two in every hundred are very backward and intellectually subnormal. For such children, the transition between school and work can be very traumatic. In this article M. A. Jerrold and R. Fox, headmaster and industrial training master respectively of Cliffdale Secondary School, Portsmouth, describe an ambitious project designed to help the ESN and educationally immature school leaver over the transition.
The Industrial Sandwich
Authors: Smith E.V.
Published: February 2008

Mr E. V. Smith, of Lanchester Polytechnic, discusses the problem of assessment in the industrial training period of sandwich courses. He concludes that an ‘assessment table’ can be designed to give a meaningful assessment of industrial training, and that this will be useful to employers in their personnel selection.
The General and the Particular
Authors: Denny Michael
Published: February 2008

Michael Denny is a part‐time lecturer in General Studies at Hornsey College of Art.
The ‘Tyranny of Subjects’
Authors: Verrinder Frances
Published: February 2008

Oscar Wilde's apothegm that ‘Education is an admirable thing but it is well to remember from time to time that nothing that is worth knowing can be taught’, sums up the philosophy behind the Department of Complementary Studies at the Regional College of Art in Bradford.
What use is English in Further Education?
Authors: Wainwright Gordon
Published: February 2008

Standards of oracy and literacy among further education students are generally low. In many cases they are so low that they prevent students from following their technical or professional studies as efficiently as one would wish. Despite the evidence that, nationally, standards of literacy are rising, it would appear that a great deal more progress has to be made before we can be satisfied that students are able to communicate effectively in speech and in writing.
The Future for Teacher Training
Authors: Taylor W.
Published: February 2008

By now most of the organizations, interest groups and individuals who have views on the future of teacher education have said their say to Lord James and the members of his Committee of Inquiry into Teacher Training. The Committee has not been short of reading matter. The House of Commons Select Committee on Education and Science collected a considerable volume of evidence on teacher education before the 1970 dissolution of parliament put a stop to its activities. Mr Edward Short's request to Area Training Organizations — the consortia of universities, colleges, local authority and teacher interests that are responsible for teacher education curricula and examinations in different parts of the country — to review activities and report within the year has produced a further pile of documents, ranging from a few duplicated sheets to the London Institute's five hundred pages. During the past six months, teacher and local authority organizations and other interested parties have been polishing up and amplifying their earlier statements and submitting these direct to the Committee of Inquiry, which is expected to report early in 1972.
A College of Education in the Year 2001
Authors: Brown G.N.
Published: February 2008

What is the future for Education in general and its students in particular? G. N. Brown, Professor of Education at the University of Keele, reporting on the BEd degree and the college of education: a Canosrep view.
AREAS OF NEGLECT
Authors: O'Connor Maureen
Published: February 2008

Victorian classroom. She finally left to take up a post in the sort of pleasant suburban school where she had done her teaching practice.
CORRESPONDENCE COURSES—1
Authors: Glaister Paul
Published: February 2008

A survey of the educational problems of the widely used but little known world of correspondence education, by Paul Glaister, Director of Course Development of Crowell Collier and Macmillan Schools. Operating from Aldermaston Court in Berkshire, the Schools include such colleges as the British Institute of Engineering Technology, School of Careers, Chambers College, Bennett College and Practical Arts and Sciences, and have close associations with Metropolitan College, St. Albans.
CORRESPONDENCE COURSES—2
Authors: Munton Alan
Published: February 2008

The National Extension College, whose correspondence courses can provide a second chance to those who missed out on their education earlier in their careers, has been reinvigorated by a grant from the Department of Education and Science.
ADULT EDUCATION —I
Authors: Lovett Tom
Published: February 2008

Tutors in a working class community need an awareness of working class culture as well as their professional skills. Radio Merseyside has assisted with programmes that combine local talking points with subjects for study.
ADULT EDUCATION—2
Authors: O'Connor Maureen
Published: February 2008

With the image of students as long‐haired, revolutionary and immature as it is, it is difficult to remember that they include amongst their number a small proportion of a less hairy generation. Late entrants, mature students, call them what you will, they form a tiny but significant minority with problems and needs rather different from those of their younger colleagues. For them a system of higher and further education tailored to the needs of thousands of school‐leavers of 18 plus will not necessarily do.
OVERSEAS: POLY FOR THE PEOPLE OF INDIA
Authors: Barker Dennis
Published: February 2008

The Indian education system is still based on the British model exemplified by Macaulay's army of clerks bringing about the cultural conquest of India. Well over 70 per cent, however, of the Indian population is directly involved in agriculture and lives in a rural area. Today, and for many years past, unemployment amongst graduates and diploma holders has reached colossal proportions. Posts advertised for minimum qualifications get applications from graduates. This has led to unrest amongst the student population of course. In fact, the Indian education system is geared to producing people of European culture, unemployable and apparently unwanted in India at present.
DEVELOPING A NEW COURSE — 1
Authors: Dunning J.
Published: February 2008

The Principal of Napier College of Science and Technology, Edinburgh, considers the processes of developing a new course, providing a list of the stages for those participating in course development. Set against a background of rapidly developing science and technology and the constant need for the re‐appraisal of post‐secondary education, he begins with the student's place in the operation.
DEVELOPING A NEW COURSE — 4
Authors: O'Connor Maureen
Published: February 2008

The teaching of languages poses special problems for further education. Our correspondent describes how colleges are developing distinctive new courses.
DEVELOPING A NEW COURSE — 5
Authors: Carroll Dennis , Duggan J.G.
Published: February 2008

In the process of course development a vital stage is the discussion and drawing up of objectives. The authors, from Huddersfield College of Education (Technical), describe how groups of teachers were brought together to discuss a new course for the 500 Series.
Part‐time courses: catch as catch can
Authors: Caley Madelaine
Published: February 2008

It is often claimed as one of the main features of the further education system that it offers opportunities to a wide range of people at a variety of levels. Indeed, if the FE system doesn't, who does? But it's not always as easy as it seems to find a suitable course. For example, one might think it relatively straightforward to attend a further education course leading to A level. After some time trying to find a college offering a part‐time day course in Economics and British Constitution in the ILEA area for a 27 year‐old unsupported mother I think I have discovered the necessary qualifications.
The making of the Eurograd
Authors: Brosan George
Published: February 2008

The White Paper of 1972 is — as was the Robbins Report — a watershed in British higher education. By now, most readers of Education & Training will be familiar with one of its main provisions, namely that higher education is to expand overall to a total of 750,000 students by the end of the decade, and that the universities and the public sector are each to have some 375,000 students. There is thus to be at least equality of size in respect of full‐time and sandwich undergraduate students. The polytechnics are consequently to grow faster than the universities, but the rate of expansion of the latter is not to slow down drastically.
Mrs Thatcher's charter (1)
Authors: Fowler Gerry
Published: February 2008

‘The Government are concerned that employers should increase their support for further education by making full use of all its facilities, particularly those offered part‐time — not only for employees in initial training but for those over 18 in need of up‐dating and retraining', reads the new White Paper, Education: A Framework for Expansion. ‘In this context,’ it continues, ‘plans are far advanced to give effect to the recommendations of the Haslegrave Committee on the organisation of technician courses.’
Lifting the lid off teacher education
Authors: Bowker Gordon
Published: February 2008

In the colleges of education, residence rules are the major issue between students and authorities. The majority of the 157 colleges of education in England and Wales are largely residential, and most see community living as a fundamental and valuable feature of teacher training. Joan Brothers and Stephen Hatch in their Residence and Student Life report typical comments by college principals. ‘We aim for one corporate family with ideals in common wanting to share life together,’ said one, and ‘they get a lot out of residence which is useful to teaching,’ said another.
Preparing the pinta
Authors: Gray Jacqueline
Published: February 2008

As with most industries who provide a regular and efficient service, the Dairy Industry is taken very much for granted. The appearance early every morning of fresh, clean milk on doorsteps throughout the country is accepted by everyone as part of daily life. Also the great variety of dairy products which have become available in recent years have been enthusiastically welcomed.
Learning to learn
Authors: Marlow Hugh
Published: February 2008

It is interesting to note how seldom the topic of ‘learning about learning’ is discussed outside academic circles; yet, every college lecturer and training manager must at some time or other have been familiar with a course member saying, yes, that was a jolly interesting course but, ‘it didn't deal with my problems’ or on return to his company, ‘It wouldn't work here’.
Action research
Authors: O'Connor Maureen
Published: February 2008

The teaching profession is traditionally highly suspicious of research. The dogma has it that not only do the researchers have no real grasp of what it is like to face 30 recalcitrant 15‐year‐olds at three on a hot Friday afternoon, or the smell of wet wellies in the primary school cloakroom on a damp Monday morning, but that when they do descend from Olympus into the classroom they are a damned nuisance and have nothing very useful to offer.