bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSV-A-3 Insulin in Sheep Under Different Patterns of Heat Stress
Authors: dos Reis Barbara Roqueto , Nguyen T , White Robin R
Published: September 2022

Livestock welfare and production are readily affected by thermal environment. However, the coordinate physiological shifts associated with heat stress differ substantially when animals have the opportunity to acclimate to thermal environments, or when night cooling occurs. Although some of these responses to thermal environment change have been characterized within some species, physiological signals in sheep associated with gradual versus drastic changes in ambient temperature have not been well studied. The objective of this study was to investigate changes in insulin concentration in sheep exposed to\ thermal environments representing different patterns of temperature change. We hypothesized that insulin would increase in response to rapidly elevated temperature. Six sheep (Suffolk, Dorset, or Suffolk x Dorset, 74.3 ± 13.3 kg) were assigned to 1 of 2 groups exposed to a cross-over experiment. Groups were assigned to 1 of 2 rooms, where they were housed for 20 d, prior to switching rooms. The thermal environment changed five times per period (every 4 d), starting at thermoneutral (20°C, 27°C, 35°C, 27°C, 20°C) in one room and hot (35°C, 27°C, 20°C, 27°C, 35°C) in the other room. Blood samples were collected via jugular venipuncture on day four of each sampling period. Plasma samples were analyzed for concentrations of insulin and glucagon by using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Ovine Insulin ELISA kit, Eagle Biosciences Inc, #INO91-K01) per manufacturer’s instructions. Relationships were analyzed as a generalized linear model with insulin concentration as the response variable and temperature, room, period, and animal as fixed effects; 2- and 3-way interactions among temperature, room, and period were also evaluated. Insulin concentration ranged from 0.02 to 0.61 ng/mL, and was significantly influenced by animal (P = 0.044) and the interaction (P =0.004) between room and period. The interaction supports the idea that the pattern of heat loading, so more than absolute heat load modulates physiological adaptation to environment in the short-term
PSV-A-1 Estrus Response and Pregnancy Rates of Beef Cows Enrolled in two Fixed-Time Artificial Insemination Protocols, with or without pre-Synchronization
Authors: Pancini Stefania , Dias Nicholas W Wege , Currin John , Clark Sherrie , Stewart Jamie L , Mercadante Vitor R G
Published: September 2022

Pre-synchronization strategies with prolonged exposure to exogenous progesterone have the potential to alter estrus expression and improve fertility in beef cows. The objective of this study was to evaluate the estrus response and pregnancy rate of suckled beef cows enrolled in two fixed-time artificial insemination (TAI) protocols. A total of 1,216 cows (angus-crossed) at 10 locations across VA were enrolled in the study. Within location, cows were ranked by body weight, and days postpartum and randomly assigned to one of two treatments: 1) 7&7 (n = 610), cows were administered prostaglandin F2α (PGF; 25 mg) and a controlled internal drug releasing (CIDR) insert [Day -14], an injection of GnRH (100 μg [Day -7]), PGF injection and CIDR removal [Day 0], and a second injection of GnRH concurrently with TAI 64 ± 2 h later [Day 2]; 2) 7-day CO-Synch+CIDR (7-day; n = 606), cows were administered GnRH (100 μg) and a CIDR insert [Day -7], PGF (25 mg) injection and CIDR removal [Day 0], and a second injection of GnRH concurrently with TAI 64 ± 2 h later [Day 2]. All cows received an estrus alert patch (ESTROTECT) on Day 0 and were evaluated for patch activation at TAI on Day 2. Pregnancy was diagnosed by transrectal ultrasonography between 45 and 65 days after TAI. The percentage of cows exhibiting estrus between Day 0 and 2 was greater (P < 0.001) for 7&7 compared with 7-day cows (72.8% and 55.9%, respectively). However, pregnancy rate to TAI was similar (P = 0.328) between treatments (63.8% and 61.1%, for 7&7 and 7-day, respectively). We conclude that suckled beef cows enrolled in the 7&7 TAI protocol had increased estrus expression, but similar pregnancy rate when compared with cows enrolled in the 7-day CO-Synch+CIDR TAI protocol.
PSV-A-2 Evaluation of Immune Performance of Calves Born to Cows Vaccinated with a Lifetime Regimen of a Modified-Live or Killed Viral Vaccine When Challenged with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus
Authors: Melchior-Tiffany Emily A , Anderson Collin , Cox Shad H , Dunlap Richard L , Lodge-Ivey Shanna , Wenzel John C , Scholljegerdes Eric J
Published: September 2022

Vaccination is the most effective way at preventing bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection. Maternal antibodies from colostrum provide immunoglobulins to stimulate the naïve immune system of calves, but these wane within the first 3 months of life. Limited information is available on the quality of colostrum influenced by vaccines, and their subsequent calf protection against BVDV. The objective of this study was to evaluate calf performance against BVDV after consumption of colostrum from cows vaccinated with either a killed viral (KV, n = 7) or modified-live viral vaccination (MLV, n = 9) against BVDV. Calves were weaned at approximately 140 days of age and intranasally challenged with BVDV strain 1373. Clinical scores were evaluated twice daily for 28 days, and blood samples were collected on day -2, 0, 3, 6, 8, 10, 14, and 28 post-infection (dpi) for evaluation of complete blood counts, virus isolation, and metabolites. Colostrum IgG was similar between treatment groups (P = 0.75). Calves that were born to KV cows had increased leukocyte and lymphocyte concentrations compared to MLV calves (P ≤ 0.03). Calves born to MLV cows tended to have higher clinical scores, including higher temperatures, and nasal discharge (P = 0.08). Overall, metabolites were unaffected by treatment (P ≥ 0.8), however, metabolites did differ by dpi. Serum urea nitrogen was lowest at dpi 8 (P = 0.02) and glucose was reduced from dpi -2 through d 14 (P < 0.001). Non-esterified fatty acids were elevated through dpi 14 (P < 0.0001) and haptoglobin peaked on dpi 10 (P < 0.0001). Metabolites were altered by the viral challenge and indicate the nutritional status of the animal was shifted to support the immune response. Overall, vaccination treatment of the cow had little impact on the calf’s ability to mount an immune response.
PSII-A-8 Examining the Effects of Providing Injectable Mineral, Oral Mineral or Both to High-Risk Calves Relative to Weight Gain, Ribeye Area and Backfat Thickness
Authors: Crump Zachary C , Alberto Anthony F , Brown Bailee , Motsinger Laura A , Reichhardt Caleb C , Roholt Bryce W , Rood Kerry , Garcia Matthew D , Bowman Brett , Thornton Kara J
Published: September 2022

In some regions of the US, cattle range large areas that do not provide adequate mineral levels and due to the area, mineral supplementation is not possible. Weaned calves from this production system exhibit decreased production performance due to their deficient mineral status. However, there is currently no best practices to supplement these calves with mineral when they are received into a confined feeding setting. As such, this research examined the effects of different mineral supplementation strategies on weight gain, 12th rib fat thickness (REFT) and ribeye area (REA) of sixty feedlot steers obtained from a sale barn in an area known to be mineral deficient. Initially animals were stratified by weight into four different treatment groups (n=15): control (CON), dietary mineral (DM), multimin+dietary mineral (MM+DM), or Multimin (MM) and fed in pens equipped with GrowSafe bunks. Steers received their treatment for the first 40 d of the trial; after this time all steers received the DM treatment. Days 0, 5, 11, 40, 59, 95, 120 and 148 weights were recorded and d 4, 56, and 148 REA and REFT were measured via ultrasound. All data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS with day as a repeated measure to determine the main effect of treatment. Weight, REA and REFT each increased (P< 0.05) over time. Treatment impacted (P=0.02) weight such that steers receiving the DM treatment gained more (P< 0.05) than those receiving MM+DM and MM, but were no different (P=0.25) than CON steers. Additionally, treatment impacted (P=0.05) REFT such that CON steers had increased (P=0.02) REFT than MM steers, but no other treatment groups were different (P >0.10) from one another. This study suggests that mineral supplementation strategy during the first 40 d of confined feeding may impact production parameters of mineral deficient steers.
PSII-A-6 Evaluation of Maternal Plane of Nutrition and Selenium Supplementation on the Neonatal Fragment Crystallizable Receptor (Fcrn) in ewe Mammary Tissue
Authors: Voigt Rachel A , Hammer Carolyn J , Guenther Maverick C , Borowicz Pawel P , Neville Tammi L , Swanson Tara J , Vonnahme Kimberly A , Redmer Dale A , Reynolds Lawrence P , Caton Joel S
Published: September 2022

Maternal immunoglobulin G (IgG) in livestock species is transferred to the offspring exclusively through colostrum. In ruminants, a highly selective mammary barrier allows only immunoglobulin G1 to enter colostrum in substantial amounts. The neonatal fragment crystallizable receptor (FcRn) is responsible for the bidirectional transport of IgG; however, its role in concentrating IgG into colostrum is not well described. The objective of this study was to evaluate maternal nutrition and supranutritional selenium (Se) supplementation on FcRn abundance in mammary tissue. Pregnant Rambouillet ewes (n = 80) were used in a 2 x 3 factorial treatment arrangement which included the main effects of dietary Se [adequate Se (9.5 µg/kg of BW) vs. high Se (81.8 µg/kg of BW)] and plane of nutrition [60%, 100%, and 140% of requirements]. After parturition, ewe mammary glands were collected, and tissue samples were fixed in 10% NBF before paraffin embedding and sectioning. Cross-sections (5 μm) were mounted onto glass slides, deparaffinized, stained for FcRn, and counterstained with DAPI. Areas of tissue cross-sections were captured with Plan-Apochromat 20x/0.8 NA lens using the tiling module of Zeiss software. Images were analyzed using ImagePro Premiere software. Relative fluorescence within the areas of interest was used as an indicator of FcRn abundance with data presented as receptor abundance per glandular tissue area. Data were analyzed using the general linear model procedure of SAS. High Se supplementation increased FcRn abundance per glandular area (P = 0.01). Abundance of mammary FcRn was not influenced by maternal plane of nutrition. Mammary FcRn was positively correlated (r2 = 0.25; P = 0.02) with IgG concentration in colostrum. Results indicate the presence of FcRn in ewe mammary tissue and correlation with colostral IgG. Further evaluation of the role of supranutritional Se and the FcRn is needed.
PSIV-B-16 Effects of Replacing Cottonseed Meal with Carinata Meal on Performance, Intake, and Digestibility in Backgrounding Beef Heifers Consuming a Corn Silage-Based Diet
Authors: Schulmeister Tessa M , Tarnonsky Federico , Podversich Federico , de Martinez Juan Jesus Vargas , Fernandez-Marenchino Ignacio , Maderal Araceli , Cuervo Wilmer , Gomez Camila , Gonella Angela M , Dubeux Jose C , DiLorenzo Nicolas
Published: September 2022

The value of carinata, a non-food oilseed crop, has been demonstrated as a high-quality jet fuel alternative and successful cover crop in the southeastern U.S.; however, research is limited regarding carinata as an alternative for commonly used protein sources in livestock. Eighty-four Angus crossbred heifers were used in a generalized randomized block design to evaluate the effects of replacing cottonseed meal with carinata meal on performance, intake, and digestibility in backgrounding corn silage-based diet. Treatments included: corn silage only (C), corn silage + Brassica carinata meal (BCM) at 10% (CS-BCM10) or 20 % (CS-BCM20) inclusion, or corn silage + cottonseed meal at 10% inclusion (CS-CSM). Protein sources were mixed on an as fed basis with corn silage prior to delivery and provided ad libitum, with individual intake measured using the GrowSafe system. Data were analyzed using Proc Glimmix of SAS. An effect of treatment was observed for final body weight (BW; P < 0.01), average daily gain (P < 0.01), and gain to feed ratio (P < 0.01), where CS was least. Dry matter intake (DMI; P = 0.01) was greatest for CS-BCM10. No effect of treatment was observed for residual feed intake (P = 0.94), time ruminating (P = 0.32), or DMI as a percentage of BW (P = 0.10). Intake of nutrients was greatest (P < 0.01) for CS-CSM, except crude protein (CP), which was least (P < 0.01) for CS. Dry and organic matter digestibility was decreased (P < 0.01) in CS but did not differ from CS-BCM10, whereas CP digestibility was greatest (P < 0.01) in CS-BCM20, and neutral and acid detergent fiber digestibility was least (P < 0.01) for CS. Carinata performed similarly to cottonseed meal in backgrounding beef heifers fed a corn silage-based diet, thereby enhancing its value in the southeastern U.S.
PSIV-B-15 Effects of Different Prenatal Nutrition Strategies on Liver Metabolome of Bulls and its Correlation with Body and Liver Weight
Authors: Polizel Guilherme H , Dias Evandro , Carmona Brenda T , Santos Gianluca C , Mortari Isabela , Garcia Nara P , Santana Miguel H
Published: September 2022

The impacts of maternal nutrition throughout the life of offspring have been studied in the last decades. However, some molecular mechanisms and responses involved in fetal programming in beef cattle remain unclear. This study investigated the effect of different prenatal nutrition strategies on liver metabolome and on body and liver weight of Nellore bulls at slaughter. For that purpose, three nutritional treatments were applied in 126 cows during pregnancy: NP – (control) only mineral supplementation; PP – protein-energy supplementation in the third trimester; and FP – protein-energy supplementation during the entire pregnancy. The pre-slaughter body weight and liver weight from male offspring were evaluated and a targeted metabolomics analysis (AbsoluteIDQ p180 Kit; 180 metabolites) was performed in liver of bulls (n = 18, 22.5 ± 1 months of age). Data were submitted to principal component analysis (PCA), analysis of variance (ANOVA), enrichment analysis and Pearson’s correlation analysis. The phenotypes did not show differences among treatments (p > 0.05). Metabolites PCA showed an overlap of treatments clusters in the analysis. We found metabolites that were significant in ANOVA (p ≤ 0.05; Glycine, Hydroxytetradecadienylcarnitine, Aminoadipic acid and Carnosine). Enrichment analysis revealed some biological processes (p ≤ 0.05; Histidine metabolism, beta-Alanine metabolism and Lysine degradation). Pearson’s correlation analysis showed 29 significant correlated metabolites with body weight (p ≤ 0.05) and 1 metabolite correlated with liver weight (Symmetric dimethylarginine; r = 0.51; p ≤ 0.05). In summary, prenatal nutrition did not show effects on phenotypes evaluated, but affected some metabolites and biological pathways mainly related to oxidative metabolism. In addition, body weight seems to influence the hepatic metabolome more than liver weight, due to the amount and magnitude of correlations found.
PSIV-B-14 Fetal Programming Effects on Weight Gain and Backfat Thickness in Nellore Heifers
Authors: Santana Miguel H , Cracco Roberta , Fernandes Arícia C , de Carli Cynhtia , Baldin Geovana C , Polizel Guilherme H
Published: September 2022

Few studies have investigated the effects of fetal programming on the performance of heifers in the rearing phase This study evaluated the effects of maternal nutrition on performance and backfat thickness (BFT) of beef cattle heifers. The study comprised pregnant 126 Nellore dams, which were fixed time artificially inseminated (FTAI) with semen of four bulls. The animals were separated into three treatments: Not Programmed (NP), without protein-energy supplementation; Partially Programmed (PP), supplementation offered in the final third of gestation; and Full Programmed (FP), supplementation during the whole gestation. Animals were allocated to pasture paddocks with access to the supplement (0.03% live weight for NP, and 0.3% live weight for PP and FP) and water ad libitum. After calving, protein-energy supplementation ceased (average 220 days old), regardless of the treatment. After weaning, the female progeny (55 heifers) remained on the pasture until the beginning of the reproductive season at 24 months old. The performance of heifers was evaluated in the periods of weaning, year, 18 months and 24 months, measuring weight and backfat thickness (BFT). The effects of treatments (NP, PP, and FP) on phenotypes were evaluated using the analysis of variance and the means compared by the Tukey-Kramer test, with contrasts considered significant when p< 0.05. The weight of the animals showed a significant difference over time (p = 0.017). The weight of the heifers in the three treatments was similar in all periods evaluated (p > 0.05); however, when an analysis was carried out over time, a significant difference occurred among the treatments (p = 0.017). Fetal programming did not affect the weight and fat thickness of the heifers throughout the rearing period.
PSXI-9 Chemical Composition and Calculation of Standardized Amino Acid Digestibility and Diaas-Like Scores Using the Precision fed Cecectomized Rooster Assay for Novel Proteins of Aquatic and Reptile Species
Authors: Gomez Victoria A , Utterback Pamela L , Parsons Carl M , de Godoy Maria R
Published: September 2022

There has been a quest for novel and alternative protein sources in pet nutrition due to product diversification, need for novel and single protein diets, and concerns with sustainability. However, limited information on chemical composition and amino acid (AA) digestibility of these ingredients are available. The novel protein sources tested are of aquatic and reptile species, and include fish slurry, white fish, spirulina, eel, salmon, and rattlesnake. We determined the chemical composition and applied the cecectomized rooster model to estimate standardized AA digestibility of these protein sources. The ingredients were further assessed by calculation of digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS-like). Dry matter values were similar across all proteins and ranged from 91.3% to 99.4%. Crude protein was least in salmon (43.5%) and greatest in fish slurry and spirulina (72.5% and 72.8%, respectively). Rattlesnake produced the least amount of total fat at 1.8% and eel produced the most at 32.3%. Standardized AA values were >80% for both dispensable and indispensable AA in all protein sources. For DIAAS-like calculations, reference proteins were based on nutrient profiles of the Association of American Feed Control officials (AAFCO) nutrient profile and the National Research Council (NRC) recommended allowances for adult dogs and cats at maintenance. Using these references, rattlesnake was low quality for both dogs and cats. Fish slurry and spirulina were observed to be high quality for dogs and cats using AAFCO references and high quality in only cats using NRC references. Using the NRC reference for dogs, fish slurry and spirulina were determined to be moderate quality because the first-limiting AA in fish slurry (tryptophan) was 78% and first-limiting AA in spirulina (methionine) was 63%. Scores < 100% but >50% are considered moderate quality according to the DIAAS method.
PSXI-7 Effects of Hericium Erinaceus on Health of Aged Dogs
Authors: Chun Ju Lan , Seo Kangmin , Cho Hyun-Woo , Jeon Jung-Hwan , Kim Chan Ho , Lim Sejin , Kim Ki Hyun
Published: September 2022

Hericium erinaceus is a medicinal mushroom that has beneficial effects in human anti-oxidation, immune enhancement, and nerve growth factor stimulation. Aging-related benefits have also been described. The present study investigated the effect of H. erinaceus on aged dogs, with adult (5 years old) and aged (11 years old) animals untreated as controls (C1 and C2, respectively). Aged dogs were additionally treated with 0.4 g (T1) and 0.8 g (T2) H. erinaceus per metabolic body weight. In a two-choice preference test, the experimental diet with H. erinaceus was completely consumed more rapidly. No significant change in body weight, body condition score, and feces score were evident for 16 weeks. Complete blood counts and blood chemistry analyses were in normal ranges. These findings indicated that H. erinaceus was not detrimental to the general health of dogs. Metabolome profiles in sera were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging to investigate the metabolic change in dogs fed H. erinaceus. After 8 weeks, formate, ascorbate (vitamin C), acetone and choline concentrations were significantly increased. These compounds were also significantly increased after 16 weeks in the T2 group. Formate is influential in cell proliferation, acetone and choline are involved in lipid membrane formation, and ascorbate is essential for tissue repair. Additionally, choline and ascorbate are involved in antioxidant system. Collectively, the findings indicate the benefit of H. erinaceus to increase cell proliferation and tissue repair activity that might be related to enhancing an antioxidant activity in aged dogs.
PSXI-11 Oxidation Analysis on Chicken Meat Meals Composition, Aromatics, and Palatability: A Novel Aromatic Palatability Trial Utilizing Labrador Retrievers, Hercules Enose Ufgc, Spme, and Broad Spectrum Gcms
Authors: Fiona Burmeister , Fowler Jason W , Varney Jessica L , Austin Melissa , Jayasundera Chamara , Bench B J , Coon Craig N
Published: September 2022

Even the highest quality ingredients undergo oxidative stresses during manufacturing processes, increasing the nutrition delivery challenges facing large-scale feed manufacturing. In this study we investigate the impact of increasing peroxide values (PV) in the chemical composition in rendered chicken meal (CM) and chicken by-product meal (CB). To determine canine acceptance, working Labrador Retrievers (20 male; 20 female) were used in a preliminary novel aromatic palatability test as well as a traditional two-pan palatability test. PV sample levels ranged from < 10-200 (CB or CM Sample identification: 1.~ < 10, 2.~20-50, 3.~50-100, 4.~100-200). Results indicate that dogs preferred reduced peroxide values in both aromatic (p= < 0.05) and traditional 2-pan palatability trials (p= < 0.05). Preference testing results correlated with extensive physical and chemical data obtained using a Heracles Electronic Nose ultra-fast gas chromatography (UFGC), solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The broad-spectrum analysis utilized solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify 177 nonpolar compounds, 340 polar compounds, and 457 volatile compounds. The overall composition did not vary; however, individual compounds had strong linear correlations with peroxide value. In chicken by-product meal samples, 38 compounds were linearly correlated; in chicken meals, 27 compounds were identified (r2>0.90). These data: 1) introduces novel quality control markers for further research and showcases the potential for greater accuracy by developing product specific markers; 2) confirms that the chemical differentiation between peroxide values went beyond lipid oxidation and highlighted multiple compounds of interest for further study; and 3) emphasizes greater levels of peroxide in pet foods have unfavorable palatability. This research was funded by the Fats and Protein Research Foundation.
PSXI-21 Validation of a Method to Determine Dogs’ Preference for Flavors
Authors: Johnson Paris M , Kilburn Logan , Koppel Kadri , Aldrich Charles G
Published: September 2022

There is little information regarding dogs’ preference for a given flavor, especially in water. Therefore, the objective of this study was to validate the method of using a consumption test to determine the dogs’ ability to discriminate water-based flavors. There were three phases of the study to validate the model using water as a flavor carrier. First was to measure position bias, second to evaluate for preference for specific elemental flavors, and third to evaluate the dogs’ ability to district by dose. To eliminate confounding variables; salt (salty), dextrose (sweet), citric acid (sour) and MSG (umami) were mixed with tap water to create colorless and odorless test solutions (salt 0.5%, dextrose 4%, citric acid 0.1%, MSG 0.035%), with tap water as the control. For evaluating dose sensitivity, salt waters at increasing levels of concentration (0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%) were evaluated. In this study, twelve adult Beagle dogs (average age one year) were individually housed. Using a randomized block design, ceramic bowls, labeled A-E, were placed along the back wall of each pen and filled with 400g of the control or test solutions. Bowl position was randomized daily, to account for any position bias; and water disappearance was measured for five days. Data were analyzed using a mixed model (SAS version 9.4, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) with treatment as a fixed effect and the dog and day as random effects. Of the elemental flavors, sweet was most preferred (average 250.05g/day) with sour and salty (average 96.45g/day and 85.77g /day) least preferred (p <0.05). Regarding dose distinction, a linear decrease (p<0.05) in water disappearance was observed as salt concentration increased. These results suggest that dogs do have the ability to distinct between flavors. It also suggests that dogs do have the ability to discriminate between different doses.
PSX-A-2 Effects of Dietary Crude Protein Level and Corn Grain Processing on Whole-Body Urea Kinetics and in-Vitro Urea Secretion Into the Rumen of Sheep
Authors: Burns Kaitlin , Penner Gregory B , Mutsvangwa Timothy
Published: September 2022

In ruminants, urea-N salvaging allows secretion of endogenously-produced urea (UER) into the rumen, where it can provide N for microbial growth. Our objective was to determine the effects of dietary crude protein content and corn grain processing on whole-body urea kinetics and in vitro serosal-to-mucosal urea flux (Jsm-urea) across ruminal epithelia. Thirty-two Rideau-Arcott ram lambs were blocked by BW into groups of 4 and then randomly allocated within block to one of 4 dietary treatments (n = 8) in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Dietary factors were crude protein content (10.9% [LP] vs. 15.8% [HP]) and corn grain processing (whole-shelled [WSC] vs. steam-flaked [SFC]). Feeding SFC was expected to provide more ruminally-fermentable energy than WSC. Four blocks of animals (n = 4) were used in 4-d continuous infusions of 15N-15N with concurrent collections of urine and feces to determine whole-body urea kinetics. After 23 d of dietary exposure, lambs were killed to collect ruminal epithelia which were mounted in Ussing chambers to determine Jsm-urea. Lambs fed HP had greater N intake (P = 0.01) and total N excretion (P = 0.002) than those fed LP; however, retained N (g/d or % of N intake) was similar between the 2 groups. When expressed as absolute amounts, urea-N secreted into the gut (GER) and urea-N used for anabolic purposes (UUA) were similar across diets; however, lambs fed the LP diet had a greater GER/UER ratio (P = 0.02) and tended to have a greater UUA/GER ratio (P = 0.05) than lambs fed the HP diet. Diet had no effect on ruminal Jsm-urea. Grain processing had no effects on GER, UUA and Jsm-urea. These results suggest ruminants fed protein-restricted diets have a greater dependence on urea secretion into the gut to provide N for anabolic use.
PSX-A-3 Characterization of Short-Season Hybrid Corn Stover and Barley Greenfeed Components Through in Vitro Digestibility and Methane Production
Authors: Carey Rachel E , Ribeiro Gabriel O , McAllister Timothy A , Penner Gregory B
Published: September 2022

This study compared the nutrient composition, in vitro methane production, and dry matter (DM) and fiber disappearance of barley greenfeed (seed heads, SEED; leaves, BLEAF; and stems, STEM) and short-season high-moisture corn stover (cobs, COB; leaves and husks, CLEAF; and stalks, STALK) to wheat straw (STRAW). Each plant component was analyzed for DM and neutral detergent fiber corrected for organic matter (aNDFom). Plant components were incubated in in vitro batch cultures for 30 h during which total gas production and methane were measured. Incubation residues were analyzed for DM and aNDFom. The aNDFom (% of DM) was different (P< 0.01; SEM = 1.64) amongst treatments: COB (82.1) = STRAW (75.2) = STALK (72.8) = CLEAF (69.4) > STEM (52.5) = BLEAF (50.4) > SEED (39.1). The DM disappearance (% of DM) of barley components was the greatest (P< 0.01; SEM = 1.734; BLEAF = 60.98, STEM = 57.15, and SEED = 56.52), followed by CLEAF (48.15) and STALK (40.47), but STALK did not differ from the least digestible components of COB (37.21) and STRAW (35.82). Disappearance of aNDFom (% of aNDFom) was greatest (P< 0.01; SEM = 1.734) for BLEAF (63.27), then CLEAF (53.40) and SEED (45.65), but the other components (COB = 44.77, STALK = 44.17, STEM = 42.93, and STRAW = 42.57) were lowest and did not differ from SEED. A difference in methane production (mL/g of DM digested) was observed (P< 0.01; SEM = 1.392) in the following manner: COB (52.07) = STEM (51.04) = STRAW (47.88) = SEED (47.43) > BLEAF (40.83) = CLEAF (38.20) = STALK (36.89). These data provide fiber digestibility coefficients and methane production by plant components and confirms that fiber content is inversely related to DM digestibility for barley and corn components at grain harvest.
PSX-A-5 Effects of High- and low-Fiber Diets on Growth Performance and Intestinal Oxidative Stress in Growing-Finishing Pigs
Authors: Jin Shunshun , Wijerathne Charith U B , Au-Yeung Kathy K W , Lei Huaigang , Yang Chengbo , O Karmin
Published: September 2022

Feed is the most expensive input in commercial pork production. In order to reduce feed costs, using high-fiber ingredients has become a common practice. Moderate levels of fiber can maintain intestinal physiological function and promote intestinal health. Oxidative stress is linked to impaired nutrient absorption and growth performance. This study investigated the effects of high-fiber (HF, 6% crude fiber) and low-fiber (LF, 3% crude fiber) diets on growth performance and intestinal oxidative stress parameters in growing-finishing pigs. Forty growing pigs (27.07 ± 1.26 kg BW) were randomly assigned to 2 treatments with 10 replicates of 2 pigs per pen. Pigs were weighed on days 35, 42 and 70. The feed intake was recorded daily to calculate growth performance parameters. On day 70, eight pigs in each treatment group were randomly selected and euthanized to obtain jejunum to measure oxidative stress status. Pigs fed an HF diet were heavier than those fed an LF diet on days 35, 42 and 70 (P < 0.05). During the whole feeding period, pigs fed an HF diet had higher average daily gain than those fed an LF diet (P < 0.05). The LF diet resulted in increased levels of malondialdehyde (P < 0.05) in the jejunum, suggesting that the LF diet contributed to oxidative stress in the jejunum. The LF diet also led to a significant increase in glutathione and oxidized glutathione levels (P < 0.05) in the jejunum, indicating that pigs fed an LF diet needed to produce more antioxidant substances to cope with oxidative stress in the intestine. This was accompanied by a significant increase in glutamate-cysteine ligase in the jejunum of the LF group (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the HF diet can improve growth performance and maintain intestinal health in growing-finishing pigs by reducing intestinal oxidative stress.
PSX-A-7 The Effect of Chronic Maternal Lipopolysaccharide Exposure During Late Gestation on Offspring Muscle Development
Authors: Bryan Erin , Bode Nick , Shirey Dani , Chen Xuenan , Dilger Ryan N , Dilger Anna
Published: September 2022

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of chronic inflammation during late gestation on offspring muscle development. Starting at gestational day (GD) 70, first-parity gilts were administered either lipopolysaccharide (LPS, n=7) or saline (CON, n=8) via jugular venipuncture every other day until GD 84. LPS was initially given at 10 µg/kg BW and was increased by 12% each instance of administration. Volume of PBS was increased accordingly. Rectal temperatures of gilts were collected at 0, 2, 3, and 4-h post injection. Gilts farrowed naturally at GD 114 (±2). At postnatal day (PND) 3, the pig closest to the average litter weight was euthanized, and the longissimus dorsi, psoas major, semitendinosus, heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys dissected and weighed. The semitendinosus was frozen in liquid N cooled-methylbutane and sectioned for muscle fiber typing analysis. Data were analyzed as a one-way ANOVA with cohort as a random effect and significance considered at (P ≤ 0.05). Gilts exposed to LPS had a 1.3°C increase in rectal temperature at 3 and 4-h post injection (P < 0.05), indicating successful induction of an inflammatory response. LPS exposure reduced (P = 0.04) the weight of piglets born alive and tended to reduce (P =0.09) the weight of piglets weaned, but did not alter the percent of pigs born alive or survival during the suckling period (P ≥ 0.29). Semitendinosus weight was also reduced (P < 0.01) in LPS pigs, and tended to be reduced (P =0.09) as a percentage of whole-body weight. However, there were no differences between treatments in any other tissues. Further, maternal LPS exposure did not alter fiber type proportions, average fiber area, or estimated number of fibers (P ≥ 0.17). Overall, these data indicate that chronic maternal LPS exposure during late gestation did not reduce offspring muscle fiber formation.
PSX-B-20 Survey of Reproductive Management Practices for Beef cow-Calf Producers in Virginia
Authors: Dias Nicholas W Wege , Pancini Stefania , Goncherenko Guillermo , Mercadante Vitor Rodrigues G
Published: September 2022

The Virginia Master Cattlemen program has the goal to provide beef producers with essential knowledge in areas of beef production. Every year, beef producers from VA and neighboring states participate in this comprehensive 14-hour long program. During the 2021 program, we performed an online survey with participants addressing their reproductive management practices. We have obtained data from 133 participants, of which 67.7% indicated their operations have a defined breeding season. Of those, 41.1% have reported the length of the breeding season to be less than 70 days. In addition, 64.6% of participants indicated that at least 40% of their cows will calve during the first 21 days of their calving season. As far as seasonality, 50.9% of participants reported to have both a fall and spring breeding seasons, whereas 24% and 25% of participants reported to only hold their breeding season in the fall, and spring, respectively. Furthermore, only 35% of participants indicated that they collect body condition scores of their herds on a regular basis. In regards to natural service, 84.8% of participants reported to have a bull:cow ratio of 1:25 cows or greater during the breeding season; however only 50% of participants reported performing a breeding soundness exam prior to the breeding season. Finally, pregnancy diagnostics was the most commonly adopted reproductive technology, with 80% of participants indicating to perform pregnancy diagnosis every year, followed by 55% participants adopting artificial insemination, and 45% adoption of estrus synchronization. The least adopted reproductive technologies were embryo transfer with 9%, and sexed semen with only 10% of participants indicating use of those technologies. Contrasting our data with the 2017 USDA NAHMS Cow-Calf Study, participants of the VA Master Cattlemen program have a greater adoption of reproductive technologies than the average cattlemen in the USA.
PSXII-12 Heritage Raramuri Criollo Cattle Production as a Potential Strategy for Conservation of Black Grama in the Chihuahuan Desert
Authors: Nyamuryekung'e Shelemia , Estell Richard , James Darren , Cibils Andres , McIntosh Matt M , Spiegal Sheri , Utsumi Santiago
Published: September 2022

The Chihuahuan desert ecosystem has experienced a decrease in black grama (Bouteloua eriopoda), a perennial grass species with high ecological value, alongside a subsequent increase in mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa). This trend is thought to be due to several management- and environment-related factors. We compared diet selection of a heritage Raramuri Criollo (RC) vs. Angus-X-Hereford (AH) cattle, typical of the region, using fecal DNA metabarcoding conducted by a commercial laboratory to determine the proportion of black grama and mesquite in samples. RC and AH cows grazed two adjacent pastures (~1,100 ha) separately, switched at the mid-point of each period. Rectal fecal samples were collected from 10 cows/ breed/ pasture/ period. The study was replicated across seasons (growing and dormant) for three consecutive years (240 total fecal samples) in a completely randomized design. Relative abundance of plant species was ranked over the entire study and by season. The MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 was used to analyze the proportions of black grama and mesquite in fecal samples by breed, season, year, and all interactions. Black grama was a more important forage resource than mesquite (ranked 8 vs. 11), particularly during dormancy (ranked 3 vs. 7). When examined by breed, AH fecal samples had twice the percentage of black grama vs. RC (P< 0.05) and even more so during the dormant season (P< 0.05). In contrast, RC fecal samples tended to contain a greater percentage of mesquite (P=0.05). Adjustments for BW differences between breeds (545 vs. 350 kg mean BW for AH vs. RC respectively) suggest that AH consumed 3.09-fold more black grama while RC consumed 1.59 times more mesquite. Differences in diet composition appear to support the hypothesis that RC cattle could impose a lighter grazing pressure on black grama populations, potentially serving as a conservation management tool on Chihuahuan Desert rangelands.
PSXII-16 Intercropped Sorghum Sudan Grass and Cowpea for Improved Summer Pasture
Authors: Thomas Ivan R , Coffey Ken , Nieman Christine C , Popp Michael P
Published: September 2022

Pastures in the southeastern United States are dominated primarily by warm season perennials such as bermudagrass which can be low in energy. Assessment of stocker cattle performance on bermudagrass pastures overseeded with alternative warm-season forages, such as sorghum Sudan grass and cowpea, are scarce. A study was conducted during the summer of 2021 with crossbred steers (n = 72; 305 ± 2.8 kg initial BW) to investigate growth performance when grazing sorghum Sudan grass and sorghum Sudan grass intercropped with cowpea as alternatives to bermudagrass. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with 3 treatments and 3 replicates (2 ha each) per treatment. Treatments were bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers) (CON), CON overseeded with brown mid-rib sorghum Sudan grass (Sorghum bicolor L.) (SS), and SS with cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) (SSCP) planted in alternate planting passes. Forage samples were collected from 3, 0.25m2 quadrats placed randomly in the next available paddock just prior to grazing. The SSCP pastures had 3 additional randomly placed quadrats, 3 in SS and 3 in CP. Forage crude protein and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) did not differ (P >0.96 and 0.19, respectively) among treatments and averaged 9.1% and 65.6%. Pre-grazing forage mass was greater in SS and SSCP (P< 0.01) averaging 4,925, 3,460, and 1,590, in SS, SSCP, and CON, respectively. Animal gains were 1.04 in SSCP and 0.96 in SS, greater than 0.78 in CON (P< 0.01). Grazing days were greatest (P< 0.01) in CON (91 d) followed by SS (68 d), with the fewest grazing days in SSCP (60 d). Despite differences in grazing days, gain per ha, did not differ (P=0.39) among treatments, and averaged 261 kg/ha. Although SSCP and SS had fewer grazing days, gain per ha were similar among treatments due to greater ADG on SS and SSCP pastures.
PSXV-9 Effect of Forty-Eight Hours of Feed and Water Deprivation on the Performance of Grazing Nellore Heifers
Authors: Abreu Mateus José I , Cidrini Iorrano A , Batista Luis Henrique C , Ferreira Igor M , Oliveira Karla A , Sousa Luciana M , de França Matheus Queiroz S , Bisio Gustavo Henrique M , Resende Flávio D , Siqueira Gustavo R
Published: September 2022

The study was carried out to evaluate the effect of water and feed deprivation for 48 hours on the performance of grazing Nellore heifers. Nellore heifers [n = 24; 238±10 kg body weight (BW); 16±2 months old] were randomly distributed in the following treatments: (CONT) grazing animals with free access to pasture, water, and mineral mixture (n = 12); and (PRIV) animals maintained under equal grazing conditions; however, deprived of pasture, water, and mineral mixture for 48 hours (n = 12). The heifers were managed in pastures of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu from April to November 2021. The grazing method was continuous stocking with a fixed stocking rate. The experiment lasted 225 days, from d-14 to d-1 was considered the adaptation period and from d0 to d211 the evaluation period. From d0 to d2 the PRIV animals were kept in pens without access to food and water for 48 hours. As expected, heifers of both treatments reached d0 with similar BW and ADG (247 kg and 0.600 kg/day, respectively; P ≥ 0.642). At the final of deprivation period (d2) PRIV animals were 14.6% lighter than CONT (246 vs. 210 kg of BW; P < 0.001). From d2 to d12 the animals exhibited a partial compensatory gain (3.430 vs. 0.996 kg/day; P < 0.001), reducing the difference in BW between treatments to 4.7% (256 vs. 244 kg of BW; P = 0.019). However, after d12 it was observed that ADG was similar (P ≥ 0.384) and PRIV heifers were 12 kg of BW lighter than CONTs by the end of evaluation period (311 vs. 299; P = 0.042). We conclude that grazing Nellore heifers deprived of water and feed for 48 hours partially compensate for their BW loss but remain 12 kg lighter than non-deprived animals along the production cycle.
PSXV-8 Development of Imaging Techniques to Evaluate Dietary Interventions That Promote Regression of Osteochondrotic Lesions in a Growing Pig Model
Authors: Kokinos Brittney P , Amundson Laura A , Crenshaw Thomas D , Lang Pam J
Published: September 2022

The current objective was to develop imaging techniques to characterize osteochondrotic-like lesions (OC-lesions) and evaluate the efficacy of dietary interventions to promote lesion regression and prevent lameness. Pigs (n=76) were weaned (~6kg) and fed 1 of 2 nursery diets for 3-wk with no supplemental vitamin D, (-D, n=60) or 280 IU D3/kg (+D3, n=20). Following the nursery, +D pigs were fed standard diets (+Ctl) and -D pigs were allotted to 1 of 4 diets (15 pigs/TRT) until 24-wk: 280 IU D3/kg diet, D3; 280 IU 25-OH-D3/kg, 25OH; 140 IU D3/kg+140 IU 25-OH-D3/kg, D3 + 25OH; 280 IU D3/kg+40ppm Mn, D3+Mn. Pigs were euthanized at 8, 12, and 24-weeks and femurs dissected for CT and MRI scans. CT scans were reconstructed in Mimics (Materialize software, Version 23) to quantify whole-bone mineral volume (BMV; g/cm3) and OC-lesion characteristics across the growth plate and articular surface (number, volume, surface area, location), as reported in Table 1. MRI images were used to validate lesions detected with CT. Differences in gain and feed intake were not detected. At 8-wk, BMV was reduced in D3 pigs compared with +Ctl; however, at 12-wk BMV was increased in 25OH and D3+Mn compared with D3 and D3 + 25OH pigs. By 24-wk BMV across all treatments was not different from +Ctl. No lesions were observed at 8 wk. Number of lesions per bone at 24-wk increased in D3+Mn compared with +Ctl pigs, 3.6 vs. 1.7, respectively (P< 0.05). Summation of lesion volume per bone at 24-wk tended to increase in 25OH and D3+Mn, 81.2 and 97.0 mm3, respectively, compared with +Ctl pigs, 60.6 mm3. Limitations of this study include low number of observations and low incidence of detected lesions in all treatments, with no differences between D3 and +Ctl. Although inferences about nutrient interventions are premature, we have developed methodologies to better characterize OC-lesions.
PSXV-14 Clodronate Use Does not Influence Physical Growth Parameters in Yearling Horses Undergoing Forced Exercise
Authors: Conrad Matthew B , Leatherwood Jessica L , Glass Kati G , Arnold Carolyn E , Silvers Brittany L , George James M , Martinez Rafael E , Nielsen Brian D , Colbath Aimee C , Welsh Thomas H , Bradbery Amanda N
Published: September 2022

Off-label bisphosphonate use in juvenile horses is widespread despite little scientific understanding of biological and welfare impacts on skeletally immature, exercising horses. Therefore, the objective was to determine the effects of clodronate disodium on growth parameters of young horses. Thirty-two yearling Quarter horses (335 ± 4 kg, 500 ± 13 d of age) were stratified by age, BW, sex, and initial bone density by aluminum equivalence into four treatment groups for a 168-d trial. The experimental period was divided into two phases mimicking common management practices in horses undergoing sales preparation (Phase I: d 0 to 83) and early performance training (Phase II: d 84 to 168). Horses were housed in individual stalls (3.6 m × 7.2 m). Diets were formulated to meet nutrient requirements including concentrate offered every 12 h and ad libitum access to coastal bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) hay and water. Treatments consisted of control (CON; n = 8), single-dose (1X; n = 8), two-dose (2X; n = 8), and four-dose groups (4X; n = 8). All horses received iso-volumetric intramuscular injections of either 1.8 mg/kg BW clodronate disodium (OSPHOSÒ) or saline (placebo) on d 0, 42, 84, and 126. Physical measurements including BW, wither height (WH), hip height (HH), body length (BL), and heart girth (HG) circumference were recorded every 42 d, beginning on d 0. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED procedure of SAS. There were no treatment differences (P ≥ 0.62) or treatment ′ time interactions (P ≥ 0.25) for BW, WH, HH, BL, and HG, but all measurements increased over time (P ≤ 0.01). These results indicate that clodronate does not impact physical growth parameters in juvenile horses undergoing forced exercise. Further work is ongoing to determine tissue-specific effects of clodronate on bone growth and development in yearling Quarter horses.