bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Al‐andalus and Castile: Art and Identity in the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Judith Feliciano Maria , Ruiz Souza Juan Carlos
Published: March 2017

The realms of the Crown of Castile present one of the most diverse European monumental landscapes of the early modern period. Castile's constant physical proximity to the Andalusi frontier for nearly 500 years was only outlasted by the process of absorption of Andalusi cities and populations over which it presided and which continued through the expulsion of the Moriscos (converted Muslims) in 1609. The depth, duration, and complexity of the cross‐cultural exchanges that took place between the Castilian and Andalusi populations throughout the medieval period and the first century of the early modern era were unparalleled. It is not surprising, therefore, that the influence of the arts of al‐Andalus reached well into the seventeenth century. At the heart of the process of assimilation of forms that led to the great developments of the early modern period lies the selective integration of Andalusi artistic traditions into the already varied Castilian repertoire. The strength of Andalusi influence waned with time, especially after 1430, when the arrival of northern European and Italian influences and techniques gained great strength. Toward the last decades of the fifteenth century the wealth of classicizing aesthetic information overflowed the markets and began to dominate prominent architectural commissions, paving the way for the emblematic building programs of the sixteenth century. It is within this diversity and freedom of aesthetic experimentation that Andalusi‐derived forms survived, mixed, and transformed alongside late medieval expressions and the great movement of the early modern period: the classicizing vocabulary of the Italian Renaissance.
Introduction: The Eighteenth Century in Architectural History: History, Modernity, and Autonomy
Authors: van Eck Caroline , de Jong Sigrid
Published: March 2017

The Introduction presents the development of architecture in the period from 1680 to 1820 as the result of changing interactions between architects, patrons, and the public, a new third party whose importance increased as the century proceeded. The new importance of science, the increased attention given to the impact of buildings on the public, and the growing weight of history in architectural design and discourse are the major developments that shaped the architecture of the period. Accordingly we do not consider the eighteenth century as a prelude to the nineteenth or twentieth centuries, as is often done, or as a natural outcome of the seventeenth century. It is our aim to treat the eighteenth century in its own right, with its own characteristics, pluriformity, conflicts, and paradoxes. This book advocates a view of eighteenth‐century architecture as a period in its own right, characterized by an opening of horizons, both historical and geographical, an increase in historical and scientific knowledge, and radical changes in building types and approaches to design, architectural discourse, and the position and training of the architect.
Greenwich Hospital (1698–1728)
Authors: Hart Vaughan
Published: March 2017

Greenwich Hospital was perhaps the greatest collaborative building project of its time. James II conceived the idea of a hospital for seamen in 1687, and Mary II eventually adopted the project. Inspiration lay across the channel in the form of Libéral Bruant and Jules Hardouin‐Mansart's hospital in Paris, the Hôtel des Invalides (the hospital: 1671–74; the church: 1676–1706), as well as closer to home in Christopher Wren's hospital for soldiers built at Chelsea from 1682. Wren's scheme at Greenwich was for a pair of domed buildings with an avenue in between terminated by a view to the Queen's House, which was devised by 1696 and adopted.
All Souls, Oxford (1735)
Authors: Hart Vaughan
Published: March 2017

In 1703 a Fellow of All Souls, Dr George Clarke, suggested building a house for his own use north of the college's existing chapel. The house was eventually built facing the High Street, but it provided the stimulus for a series of projects from 1705 for a new quadrangle in this northern area. In these, the Gothic chapel was retained in the south‐west corner at Clarke's instruction, with a new screen and gate to the west‐facing Radcliffe Square and a new Fellows’ building to the north. The presence of this medieval chapel, together with the growing contemporary awareness of the merits of medieval architecture and a respect for historical context, led to the ultimate preference by the college authorities for a Gothic design. Whilst other schemes by Nicholas Hawksmoor for Oxford colleges were unrealized, notably those for Brasenose (1720–34) and Magdalen (1724), at All Souls he eventually built the “Gothic” north quadrangle comprising the hall, buttery, Codrington library, towers, and colonnade (designed from 1714 and finally completed in 1735).
The Quest for the Origins of Architecture
Authors: de Jong Sigrid
Published: March 2017

This chapter explores some of the Enlightenment ideas about the origins of architecture and primitivism. It examines how eighteenth‐century architects presented the beginnings of building to their public. In the second half of the eighteenth century primitivism turned out to be a persistent model of thought: with advocates of a return to origins searching for the first beginnings of architecture, it became a focal point of architectural theory. To uncover the quest for the origins of architecture in eighteenth‐century texts the chapter discerns three types of primitivism: as a cultural normative theory; as an etiology; and as an artistic choice. It aims to further elucidate the problem of imagining the origins of architecture, in case studies ranging from a primitive hut conceived in a mental thought experiment, to reactions to archaic buildings at Paestum, or in representations of monuments in models. These cases attest to the increasingly prominent role of history in the quest for origins: Soufflot, Laugier, Piranesi, Cassas, and Petit‐Radel found different ways of visualizing the origins of architecture to the eighteenth‐century public, while all inciting a historical experience.
Antiquity Reborn: Quatremère de Quincy's Argument for Polychromy in
Le Jupiter Olympien
Authors: Roquet Nicholas
Published: March 2017

Polychromy became the focus of one of the most important debates among architects and theorists in the years that followed the Napoleonic wars. Initiating a radical break with the neoclassical aesthetic of an earlier age, it was the first sign of a Romantic revolution in architecture that would mark much of the nineteenth century. Few works had a greater influence in this respect than Antoine‐Chrysostome Quatremère de Quincy's
Le Jupiter Olympien
, a monumental study of polychrome sculpture in ancient Greece. Quatremère de Quincy's unusual historical method was key to this work's lasting impact. For him, the art of ancient Greece was so distant in time and so fragmentary in its remains that it must necessarily be imagined or invented in part. Combining historical erudition and the powers of the imagination, he therefore envisioned his treatise as a sort of “picture,” which would confront the reader with an utterly unfamiliar cultural world.
The Search for a National Style
Authors: Moravánszky Ákos
Published: March 2017

The search for a national style was carried along two different vectors simultaneously: an antiquarian one turned toward the past, where certain historic models provided the key ingredients, and a modernizing one turned toward the future, aiming at creating a new “language” capable of expressing modern national identity. The underlying assumption was that underneath the changing surface of personal taste and historic styles lies the permanent and stable layer of national character. If this layer can be found, it will support the taste and style of the future better than previous calls to recognize the shared qualities of nations, as expressed in the notions of humanism and classicism. National style was a construct of art historiography in the nineteenth century. Conceived as an analytic tool to recognize and describe local variations of an overarching historic style, it has been embraced by politicians and designers as a cultural program supporting the aspirations of the nation‐state. The selection of the ingredients of national style – spoken language, ornament, materials, particular architectural details – was just as vague as the methods for applying them or “learning” from them. Nevertheless, the desire to conjure a lost totality of life and form to conceal the inner contradictions of modernity survived into the twentieth century.
Gottfried Semper and Modern German Theory
Authors: Mallgrave Harry Francis
Published: March 2017

Because of the political and military conflicts of the first half of the twentieth century, the history of German modernism in the early years of the century was often presented as a phenomenon without a theoretical lineage. Only in the last quarter of the century did the writings of Gottfried Semper become known and appreciated. This chapter attempts to portray the main lines of Semper's thought and the importance of his theoretical legacy to the development of German modernism.
The Fourierist Phalanstère: Building a New Society through Architecture?
Authors: Baridon Laurent
Published: March 2017

The former literary genre of the utopia sometimes had an architectural or urban dimension that became increasingly marked in the nineteenth century as utopian socialism developed. Charles Fourier, following Claude Nicolas Ledoux, put architecture at the heart of his social project. The building, or ‘phalanstère’, which he devised for his community, had specified spaces, the most significant being the ‘rue‐galerie’. The actual construction of a
phalanstère,
even if incomplete, was for Fourier and his followers, a pre‐requisite for making his utopia a reality, but it compromised the relationship with images of the building, as did similar attempts in France and the US.  Despite its aporias, Fourier's thought established a new tradition of relationships between architecture and utopia more fully than Robert Owen's for example.  It was predicated on the belief that individual behaviour was modifiable through strong, organic links between architecture and user, a concept revived in most twentieth‐century avant‐garde movements.
Città Nuova: Antonio Sant'Elia
Authors: Sabatino Michelangelo
Published: March 2017

Airplanes and trains have a key role in setting the tumultuous pace of Antonio Sant'Elia'sCittà Nuova(circa 1914). His one‐point perspective drawing, executed on the eve of the First World War, puts the viewer in the air, with a bird's‐eye view of a hybrid railroad station and airport of some imagined city of the future. Although commercial air travel was still in the process of becoming reality at the time, rail travel had already collapsed the distance between countryside and city with the introduction of transportation networks that facilitated the exchange of ideas, people, and products. Automobiles, too, were gradually replacing horse‐drawn carriages and streetcars. The phenomenon of speed and movement were as essential to futurist painters such as Umberto Boccioni as they were “constructive elements” for Sant'Elia's vision of the world to come.
Vdl Research House: Richard Neutra
Authors: Ford Edward R.
Published: March 2017

The genesis of the VDL Research house was a meeting in Basel between its architect, Richard Neutra, and the man for whom it is named, C. H. van der Leeuw in 1930. It was a critical moment in the lives of both men. Neutra was on an around‐the‐world promotional tour following the completion of the Lovell house in Los Angeles in 1929, an event that had quickly established his international reputation. For Neutra, then 38, it was the end of a long apprenticeship, education in his native Vienna and office work in Germany and America, which included short stays with Erich Mendelsohn and Frank Lloyd Wright. In 1926 Neutra moved to Los Angeles at the urging of his former classmate, Rudolph Schindler, and the Lovell commission followed soon after. Van der Leeuw, the director of the van Nelle coffee, tea, and tobacco company, had recently commissioned two pivotal International Style buildings – his own house and the Van Nelle factory – both in Rotterdam, both the work of Brinkman
&
Van der Vlugt. One year later, soon after Neutra visited Rotterdam, van der Leeuw visited Neutra in Los Angeles. Neutra relates that when van der Leeuw asked him why he had not built his own house, he replied that he lacked sufficient capital. Van der Leeuw asked how much he needed and gave him a check on the spot. Throughout his life Neutra always referred to it as the VDL research house, even after its rebuilding, and always insisted that the house was not merely an architect's home but a scientific experiment, that van der Leeuw's gift made possible a radical rethinking of the American house, revolutionizing the form of building, the process of construction and the science of design.
Psfs Building: George Howe and William Lescaze
Authors: Yan Grace Ong
Published: March 2017

While the PSFS Building in Philadelphia represents one of the most significant modern buildings of its time, established scholarship has understated the importance of its economic and urban influences. In this chapter, the building should not be viewed as a patent example of the International Style as has been maintained, but rather is better considered an example of a modernism that developed out of commercial interests in the urban environment. Archival papers of the Philadelphia Saving Fund Society and its architects show that expressionism played a significant role in its design and reveal how the building exemplified the showmanship of the architects and the advertising interests of the client. It also details the design of the iconic rooftop sign, from the client's desire for modernity and advertising, to its legibility as a trademark on the city's skyline. The PSFS Building was an early example of corporate modernism that propelled a generation of corporations to seek collaborative relationships with architects in employing architecture as a potent form of not only advertising but also branding.
Endless House: Friedrich Kiesler
Authors: Braham William W.
Published: March 2017

As Frederick (born Friedrich) Kiesler (1890–1965) explained, “it is called the endless house because all the areas can be opened up into one continuous flow of space, but they can also be separated for privacy and seclusion.” In specific terms, the endless house is a building Kiesler designed in the late 1950s, which had been commissioned by Arthur Drexler, Director of the Department of Architecture and Design at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), for construction in the museum's garden. It consists of four interpenetrating ovoid volumes that sit on somewhat awkward hollow piers, which in the best photographs are concealed in shadow, allowing the organic forms to float freely in space. More generally, the endless house was a concept that Kiesler began exploring in the late 1940s, published initially as a single ellipsoid in 1950, and then elaborated in a variety of forms, for a variety of clients, galleries, and exhibitions, until his death in 1965. He ultimately claimed that the “endless” was his one “basic creative idea,” which he had first conceived in the early 1920s and explored for more than 40 years.
Cost‐Utility Analysis of High Molecular Weight Hyaluronic Acid for Knee Osteoarthritis in Everyday Clinical Care in Patients at a Working Age: An Economic Evaluation of a Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Hermans Job , Reijman Max , Goossens Lucas M. A. , Verburg Hennie , Bierma‐Zeinstra Sita M. A. , Koopmanschap Marc A.
Published: March 2017

Objective

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is associated with high medical costs and especially with high productivity costs, in particular in patients in their working years. High molecular weight (HMW) hyaluronic acid (HA) is an alternative treatment for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, which are known for their serious side‐effects. The cost‐utility of intraarticularHMW‐HAtreatment in these patients is unknown, however, and was assessed in this study.

Methods

Secondary care patients ages 18–65 years with kneeOAwere randomized to usual care plusHMW‐HA(intervention group) or to usual care only (control group). A cost‐utility analysis over 52 weeks from the societal and health care perspective was performed. Uncertainty for costs, effects, and cost‐utility ratio was analyzed by nonparametric bootstrapping. Baseline imbalance adjustment was done by inverse probability of treatment weighting.

Results

In total, 156 subjects were included (intervention group n = 77, control group n = 79). The total of productivity and medical costs was €475 higher in the intervention group at €7,754 (95% confidence interval [95%CI] 5,426, 10,436) versus €7,270 (95%CI5,453, 9,262). The amount of quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) gained during followup was also higher in the intervention group (0.779 versus 0.727). This variation resulted in an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio of €9,100/QALYfrom a societal perspective and €8,700/QALYfrom a health care perspective. When the maximum willingness to pay for conditions similar to kneeOAis considered, the probability on cost‐effectiveness is 64% and 86%, respectively.

Conclusion

IntraarticularHMW‐HAadded to usual care for kneeOAis probably cost‐effective in the treatment of kneeOA.
3D‐Printed Multidrug‐Eluting Stent from Graphene‐Nanoplatelet‐Doped Biodegradable Polymer Composite
Authors: Misra Santosh K. , Ostadhossein Fatemeh , Babu Ramya , Kus Joseph , Tankasala Divya , Sutrisno Andre , Walsh Kathleen A. , Bromfield Corinne R. , Pan Dipanjan
Published: March 2017

Patients with percutaneous coronary intervention generally receive either bare metal stents or drug‐eluting stents to restore the normal blood flow. However, due to the lack of stent production with an individual patient in mind, the same level of effectiveness may not be possible in treating two different clinical scenarios. This study introduces for the first time the feasibility of a patient‐specific stenting process constructed from direct 3D segmentation of medical images using direct 3D printing of biodegradable polymer–graphene composite with dual drug incorporation. A biodegradable polymer–carbon composite is prepared doped with graphene nanoplatelets to achieve controlled release of combinatorics as anticoagulation and antirestenosis agents. This study develops a technology prototyped for personalized stenting. An in silico analysis is performed to optimize the stent design for printing and its prediction of sustainability under force exerted by coronary artery or blood flow. A holistic approach covering in silico to in situ–in vivo establishes the structural integrity of the polymer composite, its mechanical properties, drug loading and release control, prototyping, functional activity, safety, and feasibility of placement in coronary artery of swine.
Dynamic Phosphorescent Probe for Facile and Reversible Stress Sensing
Authors: Filonenko Georgy A. , Khusnutdinova Julia R.
Published: March 2017

Dynamic phosphorescent copper complex incorporated into the main chain of polyurethanes produces a facile and reversible response to tensile stress. In contrast to common deformation sensors, the applied stress does not lead to bond scission, or alters the phosphor structure. The suppression of dynamics responsible for the nonradiative relaxation is found to be the major pathway governing stress response. As a result, the response of dynamic phosphor described in this work is stress specific. Compared to initial unloaded state, a nearly twofold increase of photoluminescence intensity occurs in response to a 5–35 MPa stress applied to pristine metalated polymers or their blends with various polyurethanes. Finally, the dynamic sensor proves useful for mapping stress distribution patterns and tracking dynamic phenomena in polyurethanes using simple optical imaging techniques.
Selective Palladium‐Catalyzed Domino Heck/Buchwald–Hartwig Arylations of N‐Glycosylcinnamamides: An Efficient Route to 4‐Aryl‐N‐glycosylquinolin‐2‐ones
Authors: Luong Thi Thanh Huyen , Touchet Sabrina , Alami Mouad , Messaoudi Samir
Published: March 2017

An efficient and selective domino Heck/Buchwald–Hartwig arylations of readily available N‐glycosylcinnamamides with aryl iodides have been established. Using palladium(II) acetate as a catalyst, potassium acetate as the base and tetrabutylamonium bromide as an additive in dioxane, the protocol proved to be general, and a variety of 4‐aryl‐N‐glycosylquinolin‐2‐ones has been prepared in good yields with exclusive α‐ or β‐selectivity.

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Chiral Squaramide‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Decarboxylative Addition of β‐Keto Acids to Isatin Imines
Authors: Kaur Jasneet , Kumari Anita , Bhardwaj Vimal K. , Chimni Swapandeep Singh
Published: March 2017

An efficient chiral squaramide‐catalyzed enantioselective decarboxylative addition reaction of β‐keto acids to isatin imines has been developed. The reaction proceeds smoothly using 20 mol% of organocatalyst to afford the chiral 3‐aminooxindoles in high yield and excellent enantioselectivities.

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Formation of Phenyliodonio‐Substituted Spirofurooxindole Trifluoroacetates from N‐Substituted 3‐Oxopentanediamides via Phenyliodine Bis(trifluoroacetate)‐Mediated Oxidative Cascade Reactions
Authors: Hu Bei , Cao Yang , Zhang Bobo , Zhang‐Negrerie Daisy , Du Yunfei
Published: March 2017

The reaction of N‐substituted 3‐oxopentanediamides with phenyliodine bis(trifluoroacetate) (PIFA) was found to give a novel class of phenyliodonio‐substituted spirofurooxindole trifluoroacetates under metal‐free conditions. The reaction is postulated to proceed via a cascade process involving an oxidative C—O bond formation, an oxidative C—C bond formation and a final iodination step.

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Mechanistic Evolution of Aprotic Lithium‐Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Li Fujun , Chen Jun
Published: March 2017

Aprotic lithium‐oxygen (Li‐O2) batteries have attracted much attention in recent years. Considerable efforts have been devoted to understand the reaction mechanisms and improving battery performance. Here, various reaction mechanisms at the cathode are discussed, including the direct electrochemical formation and decomposition of Li2O2 and LiOH and the redox mediator (RM) assisted reactions in both the discharging and charging processes. Formation of Li2O2 in discharging processes is related to the electrolyte solvent property, and its following decomposition proceeds stepwise with the intermediate of Li2–xO2. Low overpotentials have been reported in LiOH‐involved discharging and charging processes, and it can alleviate the instability of carbon against Li2O2 and provide new insights into the design of practical Li‐air batteries. RMs are promising for Li‐O2 batteries, and the prerequisites in addition to the redox potentials should be taken into account. Perspectives on the development of Li‐O2 batteries are provided. The future deployment of Li‐O2 batteries relies on the continuous efforts of all the scientists around the world.
Comparisons of statistical techniques to assess age‐related skeletal markers in bioarchaeology
Authors: Cheverko Colleen M. , Hubbe Mark
Published: March 2017

Objectives

Many authors argue that inconsistencies between studies of skeletal markers are based on different data collection protocols, especially when comparing age‐related markers such as osteoarthritis. Less attention is given to the choice of statistical techniques that are used to test the hypotheses associated with the data. This paper addresses how different statistical techniques compare the prevalence of age‐related skeletal indicators, specifically osteoarthritis.

Materials and methods

Osteoarthritis prevalence was scored in eight postcranial joints in 243 adult individuals from seven prehistoric archaeological sites in Central California, and data was compared between three time periods [Early (4800–2800 BP), Middle (2800–1200 BP), and Late (1200–250 BP)] using commonly used statistical tests: chi‐square, Fisher's exact, and odds ratios. In addition, we analyzed the data with tests that are able to take into consideration the effect of age on osteoarthritis prevalence: ANCOVA and Factorial ANOVA. Finally, bootstraps were applied to the data to investigate how fluctuating frequencies, sample size, and age‐at‐death distributions affected the interpretations resulting from each test.

Results

The results demonstrate that the tests that consider age as a covariate (ANCOVA and Factorial ANOVA) are more efficient in rejecting the null hypothesis when smaller magnitudes of difference are observed between samples, irrespective of sample size, even though osteoarthritis prevalence fails to meet assumptions of normal distribution and homoscedasticity.

Discussion

ANCOVAs or Factorial ANOVAs that incorporate age as a covariate should be considered more often in studies that test different prevalences of age‐related osteological markers among past populations.
Synthesis of Indoles and Pyrroles Utilizing Iridium Carbenes Generated from Sulfoxonium Ylides
Authors: Vaitla Janakiram , Bayer Annette , Hopmann Kathrin H.
Published: March 2017

Metal carbenes can undergo a myriad of synthetic transformations. Sulfur ylides are potential safe precursors of metal carbenes. Herein, we report cascade reactions that involve carbenoids derived from sulfoxonium ylides for the efficient and regioselective synthesis of indoles and pyrroles. The tandem action of iridium and Brønsted acid catalysts enables rapid assembly of the heterocycles from unmodified anilines or readily accessible enamines under microwave irradiation. The key mechanistic steps are the catalytic transformation of the sulfoxonium ylide into an iridium–carbene complex, followed by N−H or C−H functionalization of an aniline or enamine, respectively, and a final acid‐catalyzed cyclization. The present method was successfully applied to the synthesis of the densely functionalized pyrrole subunit of atorvastatin.
3‐Aminodeoxypyranoses in Glycosylation: Diversity‐Oriented Synthesis and Assembly in Oligosaccharides
Authors: Zeng Jing , Sun Guangfei , Yao Wang , Zhu Yangbin , Wang Ruobin , Cai Lei , Liu Ke , Zhang Qian , Liu Xue‐Wei , Wan Qian
Published: March 2017

A concise, diversity‐oriented approach for the synthesis of naturally occurring 3‐amino‐ and 3‐nitro‐2,3,6‐trideoxypyranose derivatives and analogues thereof from simple sugars has been developed. In addition, we investigated the synthesis of various 3‐aminoglycosyl donors and their application in glycosylation reactions. These studies led to the successful synthesis of a tetrasaccharide containing four different 3‐aminosugar components using ortho‐alkynylbenzoate donors.
Brønsted‐Säure‐Katalyse der [2+2]‐Photocycloaddition von Enondithianen bei Bestrahlung mit sichtbarem Licht
Authors: Brenninger Christoph , Pöthig Alexander , Bach Thorsten
Published: March 2017

Die intramolekulare [2+2]‐Photocycloaddition von Enonen, deren Carbonylgruppe als 1,3‐Dithian geschützt ist (Enondithiane), gelang unter Verwendung einer Brønsted‐Säure (7.5–10 Mol‐%) mit sichtbarem Licht (λ=405 nm). Entscheidend für den Erfolg der Reaktion ist vermutlich die Bildung von farbigen Thioniumionen, die Intermediate des Katalysezyklus sind. Als Produkte werden in sehr guten Ausbeuten (78–90 %) Cyclobutane erhalten. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Dithianeinheit reduktiv oder oxidativ entfernt werden kann, ohne das photochemisch aufgebaute Ringgerüst zu beeinträchtigen.
Green‐Light‐Induced Inactivation of Receptor Signaling Using Cobalamin‐Binding Domains
Authors: Kainrath Stephanie , Stadler Manuela , Reichhart Eva , Distel Martin , Janovjak Harald
Published: March 2017

Optogenetics and photopharmacology provide spatiotemporally precise control over protein interactions and protein function in cells and animals. Optogenetic methods that are sensitive to green light and can be used to break protein complexes are not broadly available but would enable multichromatic experiments with previously inaccessible biological targets. Herein, we repurposed cobalamin (vitamin B12) binding domains of bacterial CarH transcription factors for green‐light‐induced receptor dissociation. In cultured cells, we observed oligomerization‐induced cell signaling for the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 fused to cobalamin‐binding domains in the dark that was rapidly eliminated upon illumination. In zebrafish embryos expressing fusion receptors, green light endowed control over aberrant fibroblast growth factor signaling during development. Green‐light‐induced domain dissociation and light‐inactivated receptors will critically expand the optogenetic toolbox for control of biological processes.
Activation of SF6 at Platinum Complexes: Formation of SF3 Derivatives and Their Application in Deoxyfluorination Reactions
Authors: Berg Claudia , Braun Thomas , Ahrens Mike , Wittwer Philipp , Herrmann Roy
Published: March 2017

The activation of SF6 at [Pt(PR3)2] R=Cy, iPr complexes in the presence of PR3 led selectively and in an unprecedented reaction route to the generation of the SF3 complexes trans‐[Pt(F)(SF3)(PR3)2]. These can also be synthesized from SF4 and the SF2 derivative trans‐[Pt(F)(SF2)(PCy3)2][BF4] was characterized by X‐ray crystallography. trans‐[Pt(F)(SF3)(PR3)2] complexes are useful tools for deoxyfluorination reactions and novel fluorido complexes bearing a SOF ligand are formed. Based on these studies a process for the deoxyfluorination of ketones was developed with SF6 as fluorinating agent.
Diversity in Gold Finger Structure Elucidated by Traveling‐Wave Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Du Zhifeng , de Paiva Raphael E. F. , Nelson Kristina , Farrell Nicholas P.
Published: March 2017

Traveling wave ion mobility (TWIM) mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful method for the structural and conformational analysis of proteins and peptides, enabling the differentiation of isomeric peptides (or proteins) that have the same sequence but are modified at different residues. In this study, the TWIM‐MS technique was used to separate isomeric AuI metallopeptide ions that were formed by ZnII displacement from the parent zinc fingers (ZFs). The synthetic gold finger peptides were derived from the C‐terminus of the HIV nucleocapsid p7 protein (NCp7‐F2) and finger 3 of the Sp1 transcription factor (Sp1‐F3). TWIM‐MS enabled the acquisition of distinct product ion spectra for each isomer, clearly indicating the binding sites for the major conformers in the presence of multiple coordination possibilities. Collision cross‐section measurements showed that the aurated peptide has a slightly more compact structure than the parent zinc compound NCp7‐F2, which showed only one conformation.
Zinc Regulates Chemical‐Transmitter Storage in Nanometer Vesicles and Exocytosis Dynamics as Measured by Amperometry
Authors: Ren Lin , Pour Masoumeh Dowlatshahi , Majdi Soodabeh , Li Xianchan , Malmberg Per , Ewing Andrew G.
Published: March 2017

We applied electrochemical techniques with nano‐tip electrodes to show that micromolar concentrations of zinc not only trigger changes in the dynamics of exocytosis, but also vesicle content in a model cell line. The vesicle catecholamine content in PC12 cells is significantly decreased after 100 μm zinc treatment, but, catecholamine release during exocytosis remains nearly the same. This contrasts with the number of molecules stored in the exocytosis vesicles, which decreases, and we find that the amount of catecholamine released from zinc‐treated cells reaches nearly 100 % content expelled. Further investigation shows that zinc slows down exocytotic release. Our results provide the missing link between zinc and the regulation of neurotransmitter release processes, which might be important in memory formation and storage.
Poly(hydroxybutyrate‐co‐hydroxyvalerate) and bovine serum albumin blend prepared by electrospinning
Authors: Pavlova Elizaveta R. , Bagrov Dmitry V. , Kopitsyna Maria N. , Shchelokov Dmitry A. , Bonartsev Anton P. , Zharkova Irina I. , Mahina Tatiana K. , Myshkina Vera L. , Bonartseva Galina A. , Shaitan Konstantin V. , Klinov Dmitry V.
Published: March 2017

Electrospinning is a method for the preparation of nanosized polymer fibers. Here, electrospinning is used to prepare a blend of a polyester, poly(hydroxybutyrate‐co‐hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), and a globular protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA). The electrospun blend film is compared with a solution‐cast blend film and with single‐component electrospun films made of PHBV and BSA. In the electrospun blend films, BSA manifests itself as flat ribbons and a fine network formed from fibers less than 50 nm in diameter. The dissolution rate of BSA from the electrospun blended film is lower than from the solution‐cast one. The films are characterized using scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and contact‐angle measurements. The obtained PHBV+BSA blend films have several emergent properties: a slow BSA dissolution rate, a fine BSA network, and unusual thermal behavior. Thus, the PHBV+BSA blend films introduce a new class of polymer–protein blends. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45090.
A webometric analysis of the online vaccination debate
Authors: Ninkov Anton , Vaughan Liwen
Published: March 2017

Webometrics research methods can be effectively used to measure and analyze information on the web. One topic discussed vehemently online that could benefit from this type of analysis is vaccines. We carried out a study analyzing the web presence of both sides of this debate. We collected a variety of webometric data and analyzed the data both quantitatively and qualitatively. The study found far more anti‐ than pro‐vaccine web domains. The anti and pro sides had similar web visibility as measured by the number of links coming from general websites and Tweets. However, the links to the pro domains were of higher quality measured by PageRank scores. The result from the qualitative content analysis confirmed this finding. The analysis of site ages revealed that the battle between the two sides had a long history and is still ongoing. The web scene was polarized with either pro or anti views and little neutral ground. The study suggests ways that professional information can be promoted more effectively on the web. The study demonstrates that webometrics analysis is effective in studying online information dissemination. This kind of analysis can be used to study not only health information but other information as well.
Effects of task complexity on online search behavior of adolescents
Authors: Walhout Jaap , Oomen Paola , Jarodzka Halszka , Brand‐Gruwel Saskia
Published: March 2017

Evaluation of information during information problem‐solving processes already starts when trying to select the appropriate search result on a search engine results page (SERP). Up to now, research has mainly focused on the evaluation of webpages, while the evaluation of SERPs received less attention. Furthermore, task complexity is often not taken into account. A within‐subjects design was used to study the influence of task complexity on search query formulation, evaluation of search results, and task performance. Three search tasks were used: a fact‐finding, cause–effect, and a controversial topic task. To measure perceptual search processes, we used a combination of log files, eye‐tracking data, answer forms, and think‐aloud protocols. The results reveal that an increase in task complexity results in more search queries and used keywords, more time to formulate search queries, and more considered search results on the SERPs. Furthermore, higher ranked search results were considered more often than lower ranked results. However, not all the results for the most complex task were in line with expectations. These conflicting results can be explained by a lack of prior knowledge and the possible interference of prior attitudes.
Free mycophenolic acid determination in human plasma ultrafiltrate by a validated liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method
Authors: Łuszczyńska Paulina , Pawiński Tomasz , Kunicki Paweł K. , Sikorska Katarzyna , Marszałek Ryszard
Published: March 2017

The aim of this study was to develop and validate fully the liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for free mycophenolic acid (MPA) concentration measurements in plasma ultrafiltrate that will be reliable and simple in preparation with deuterated MPA (MPA‐d3) chosen as an internal standard. The chromatographic separation was made with Zorbax Eclipse XDB‐C18 column (4.6 × 150 mm) using a gradient of two solutions as a mobile phase: (A) water and (B) methanol, each containing 0.1% formic acid and 2.5 mm ammonium acetate. Satisfactory repeatability of retention times was achieved with average values of 7.54 ± 0.20 min and 7.50 ± 0.19 min for MPA and MPA‐d3, respectively. The method was selective, with no carry‐over or matrix effect observed. The analytical range was proven for MPA ultrafiltrate concentrations of 1–500 ng/mL. The accuracy and precision fell within the acceptance criteria for intraday (accuracy: 100.63–110.46%, imprecision: 6.23–7.76%), as well as interday assay (accuracy: 98.81–110.63%; imprecision: 5.36–10.22%). The method was used for free MPA determination in plasma samples from patients treated with mycophenolate mofetil. To the best of our knowledge this is the first liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for free MPA monitoring using MPA‐d3 that allows to measure plasma ultrafiltrate concentrations as low as 1 ng/mL.
Does Innovation Drive Environmental Disclosure? A New Insight into Sustainable Development
Authors: Radu Camélia , Francoeur Claude
Published: March 2017

Sustainable development is a hot topic in business and the media, and there is a growing demand for reliable environmental disclosure from a wide range of stakeholders. Ethical performance, including social and environmental performance, is actively scrutinized. A firm's stakeholders expect reliable disclosure to correctly assess its performance. Research on the link between environmental disclosure and environmental performance shows mixed results. Both a positive and a negative association have been found. This study reexamines this association by considering environmental innovation as a key determinant of environmental disclosure. We find that environmental performance and environmental innovation jointly determine environmental disclosure. At low levels of environmental performance, innovative firms tend to disclose more than their non‐innovative counterparts to inform stakeholders about their innovation and strategy to obtain an improved environmental performance. This disclosure gap tends to diminish as innovative firms become better environmental performers. The higher levels of environmental disclosure are closely associated with firms' environmental performance for both groups. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Foster productive conversation around gun control on campus
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: March 2017

SAN FRANCISCO — With more states nationwide allowing concealed carry of firearms on campuses and the ensuing controversy on both sides, how do you foster productive communication that ensures well‐being for all? Promoting well‐being on campus starts with being able to discuss issues safely and constructively even when people on different sides of the issue feel strongly. In a session at the Association of American Colleges and Universities annual meeting, Jonathan Metzl, director of the center for medicine, health, and society at Vanderbilt University, shared strategies for facilitating productive conversations about guns on campus. “Whether or not you want it, it [the issue of gun control] is coming to your campus,” Metzl said. Be prepared for talking through differing viewpoints on campus.
A thankless job, so why do we do it?
Authors: Miles David
Published: March 2017

In my last article, I asked this question of all security directors: “What keeps you up at night?”
Do men and women use different tactics to cope with the embarrassment of buying condoms?
Authors: Arndt Aaron D. , Ekebas‐Turedi Ceren
Published: March 2017

It has been proposed that people cope with the embarrassment of acquiring condoms using a variety of tactics, such as buying from a sales clerk of the same gender or buying additional products. However, the actual use and efficacy of these coping mechanisms have not been rigorously evaluated. This research investigates three specific questions related to coping with embarrassment: (R1) Do people prefer cashiers of the same gender when buying condoms because it helps them cope with embarrassment or because of the similarity‐attraction effect? (R2) When multiple coping mechanisms are available, do people use more than one at a time? And (R3) Do men and women prefer different coping tactics? Using an experimental design, Study 1 investigates R1 and finds support for both explanations. Studies 2 and 3 use field and lab experiments, respectively, to investigate R2 and R3. The findings indicate that people only use one coping tactic at a time and that men and women have a different preference for coping tactics. Women prefer coping tactics that mask condom acquisition, while men prefer social–emotional support tactics. Furthermore, discrepancies between the field experiment and lab experiments indicate that people underestimate the influence of embarrassment on their actual behavior.
Plaque erosion delays vascular healing after drug eluting stent implantation in patients with acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Hu Sining , Wang Chao , Zhe Chunyang , Zhu Yinchun , Yonetsu Taishi , Jia Haibo , Hou Jingbo , Zhang Shaosong , Jang Ik‐Kyung , Yu Bo
Published: March 2017

Objectives

To compare vascular healing after drug‐eluting stent (DES) implantation between plaque rupture (PR) and plaque erosion (PE).

Background

Vascular response after stent implantation in patients with PR has been extensively studied. Little is known about vascular healing after stent implantation in PE.

Methods

Sixty‐five ACS patients who received optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging of the culprit lesions both before and after stent implantation at baseline as well as at 6 months were included in this study. Patients were divided into two groups: PR (n = 19) and PE (n = 24). Prestent thrombus burden and poststent intrastent structure (ISS) volume were analyzed during the index procedure. The ratio of uncovered to total stent struts per cross‐section score (RUTTS) and neointimal thickness and area were measured at follow‐up.

Results

OCT imaging showed that compared with PR, PE showed a significantly lower prestent thrombus score (34.2 ± 19.2 vs. 68.6 ± 44.2, P = 0.009) at baseline and a smaller poststent ISS volume (0.7 ± 0.9 mm3 vs. 2.1 ± 1.9 mm3, P = 0.019). At the 6‐month follow‐up, PE showed a higher incidence of RUTTS >0.3 (12.2 ± 14.4 vs. 2.0 ± 4.5%, P = 0.003), thinner neointimal thickness (0.05 ± 0.02 mm vs. 0.12 ± 0.08 mm, P = 0.002), and smaller neointimal area (0.5 ± 0.2 vs. 1.2 ± 0.9 mm2, P = 0.004) compared with PR. In a multivariate logistic model, PE was identified as an independent predictor for RUTTS >0.3.

Conclusions

PE was associated with less favorable healing following DES implantation when compared to PR at 6 months, indicating longer dual‐antiplatelet therapy may be necessary for patients with PE. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cooperative Magnetism in Crystalline N‐Aryl‐Substituted Verdazyl Radicals: First‐Principles Predictions and Experimental Results
Authors: Eusterwiemann Steffen , Dresselhaus Thomas , Doerenkamp Carsten , Janka Oliver , Niehaus Oliver , Massolle Anja , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Eckert Hellmut , Pöttgen Rainer , Neugebauer Johannes , Studer Armido
Published: March 2017

We report on a series of eight diaryl‐6‐oxo‐verdazyl radicals containing a tert‐butyl group at the C(3) position with regard to their crystal structure and magnetic properties by means of magnetic susceptibility measurements in combination with quantum chemical calculations using a first‐principles bottom‐up approach. The latter method allows for a qualitative prediction and detailed analysis of the correlation between the solid‐state architecture and magnetic properties. Although the perturbation in the molecular structure by varying the substituent on the N‐aryl ring may appear small, the effects upon the structural parameters controlling intermolecular magnetic coupling interactions are strong, resulting in a wide spectrum of cooperative magnetic behavior. The non‐substituted 1,5‐diphenyl‐tert‐butyl‐6‐oxo‐verdazyl radical features a ferromagnetic one‐dimensional spin ladder type magnetic network—an extremely rarely observed phenomenon for verdazyl radicals. By varying substituents at the phenyl group, different non‐isostructural compounds were obtained with widely different magnetic motifs ranging from linear and zigzag one‐dimensional chains to potentially two‐dimensional networks, from which we predict magnetic susceptibility data that are in qualitative agreement with experiments and reveal a large sensitivity to packing effects of the molecules. The present study advances the fundamental understanding between solid‐state structure and magnetism in organically based radical systems.
Preparation and Characterization of High Content Paraffin Wax Microcapsules and Micro/Nanocapsules with Poly Methyl Methacrylate Shell by Suspension‐Like Polymerization
Authors: Zhang Jiaojiao , Zhao Tianbo , Chai Yuqiao , Wang Lili
Published: March 2017

The suspension‐like polymerization method is used to obtain poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA)/paraffin wax microcapsules and micro/nanocapsules with high core content. Particle size distribution (PSD) analysis indicates that the average particle size of microcapsules is 94 µm, and the size of micro/nanocapsules ranges in 0.1‐19 µm. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermalgravimetric analysis (TGA) results show that the fabricated paraffin contents in microcapsules and micro/nanocapsules are as high as 89.5 wt% and 80.2 wt%, respectively with good thermal stability. Thermal cycling tests justify that both the microcapsules and micro/ nanocapsules have good thermal reliability with respect to the changes in their thermal properties after 1000 thermal cycling. This work provides a novel method to prepare microcapsules and micro/nanocapsules with high core content which may benefit further study on thermal energy storage.
Cognitive radio network with coordinated multipoint joint transmission
Authors: Reasat Tahsin , Saha Abir , Uddin Md. Forkan
Published: March 2017

Cognitive radio (CR) is considered to be a promising technology for future wireless networks to make opportunistic utilization of the unused or underused licensed spectrum. Meanwhile, coordinated multipoint joint transmission (CoMP JT) is another promising technique to improve the performance of cellular networks. In this paper, we propose a CR system with CoMP JT technique. We develop an analytical model of the received signal‐to‐noise ratio at a CR to determine the energy detection threshold and the minimum number of required samples for energy detection–based spectrum sensing in a CR network (CRN) with CoMP JT technique. The performance of energy detection–based spectrum sensing under the developed analytical model is evaluated by simulation and found to be reliable. We formulate an optimization problem for a CRN with CoMP JT technique to configure the channel allocation and user scheduling for maximizing the minimum throughput of the users. The problem is found to be a complex mixed integer linear programming. We solve the problem using an optimization tool for several CRN instances by limiting the number of slots in frames. Further, we propose a heuristic‐based simple channel allocation and user scheduling algorithm to maximize the minimum throughput of the users in CRNs with CoMP JT technique. The proposed algorithm is evaluated via simulation and found to be very efficient.