bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Luminescent Nd3+‐Based Microresonators Working as Optical Vacuum Sensors
Authors: Soler‐Carracedo Kevin , Martin Inocencio R. , Runowski Marcin , Martín Leopoldo L. , Lahoz Fernando , Lozano‐Gorrín Antonio D. , Paz‐Buclatin Franzette
Published: July 2020

Glass microspheres embedded with Nd3+‐doped nanoperovskites based on yttrium orthoaluminate are synthesized and used as optical vacuum sensor. Under 532 nm excitation, the microspheres show two emission bands centered at 820 and 890 nm, corresponding to the 2H9/2,4F5/2 → 4I9/2 and 4F3/2 → 4I9/2 transitions. When the microspheres are heated by laser excitation in air (ambient conditions), the positions of the Stark level transitions shift toward red or blue spectral regions. Additionally, the full width at half maximum of these peaks increases. Furthermore, due to the specific geometry of the microspheres, it is possible to trap the emitted light inside the microsphere resonator, in the form of whispering‐gallery‐modes (WGM). When the microspheres are heated, these resonant modes present higher shifts toward lower energies than those for the Stark levels. As pressure decreases, the thermal exchange (convection process) between the microsphere and the surrounding air molecules decreases, which leads to an increase on the temperature of the microsphere. Based on this effect, the response of the WGM spectral positions as a function of pressure level is used to calibrate the luminescent microspheres as optical vacuum sensors. Relative sensitivity and limit of detection are obtained and compared with other optical vacuum sensors.
Soil health management practices and crop productivity
Authors: Miner Grace L. , Delgado Jorge A. , Ippolito James A. , Stewart Catherine E.
Published: July 2020

Globally, food systems face multiple challenges, including minimizing environmental impacts, adapting to a changing climate, increasing yields, and maintaining and/or increasing crop nutritional quality. Management techniques that focus on soil health (SH) are promising solutions to mitigate some environmental impacts and may increase economic returns. However, claims that SH increases will concurrently increase crop quality and productivity merit careful examination. Factors beyond SH metrics determine crop nutritional quality. Yield outcomes of SH management are of significance, as there are concerns that yield increases are insufficient to meet future food demands. While SH frameworks are comparatively recent initiatives, there are thousands of published conservation agriculture studies that examine yield outcomes with cover crops, no‐till, and rotation. This literature indicates that SH practices can also have neutral or negative yield impacts—only in select systems have consistent yield increases been realized, highlighting the need for language clarification and improvements in mechanistic understanding of regional‐scale yield impacts.
Role of Singlet and Triplet Excitons on the Electrical Stability of Polymer Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: vander Zee Bas , Paulus Sarina , Png Rui‐Qi , Ho Peter K. H. , Chua Lay‐Lay , Wetzelaer Gert‐Jan A. H. , Blom Paul W. M.
Published: July 2020

Stability under electrical stress is an important aspect for the function of organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). Degradation is currently one of the key topics in this field, concerning all types of OLEDs, including fluorescent‐, phosphorescent‐, and thermally activated delayed fluorescence‐based OLEDs. For single‐layer polymer light‐emitting diodes (PLEDs) it has recently been found that degradation is the result of hole trap formation due to exciton–polaron interactions. However, whether singlet or triplet excitons are responsible for degradation is an open question. Here, their contributions are disentangled by systematically manipulating the singlet and triplet exciton populations and their effect on PLED degradation is studied. To control singlet excitons the emission of a blue‐emitting PLED is modified to green by adding a small amount of a perylene‐monoimide based green‐emitting dye. The triplet population is manipulated by blending the light‐emitting polymer with a dye that has either a longer or shorter triplet lifetime as compared to the polymer host. The results reveal that the degradation in fluorescent PLEDs is governed by the interaction between polarons and triplet excitons.
PEDOT:PSS Microchannel‐Based Highly Sensitive Stretchable Strain Sensor
Authors: Bhattacharjee Mitradip , Soni Mahesh , Escobedo Pablo , Dahiya Ravinder
Published: July 2020

This paper presents poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate polymer microchannel (diameter ≈175 µm) based stretchable strain sensor developed inside polydimethylsiloxane substrate. The microchannel diameter changes when subjected to various strains, leading to change in the resistance of strain sensor. The sensor exhibits about three order (ΔR/R0 ≈ 1200) increase in the resistance (R) for 10% applied strain (ΔL/L, L = length of the sensor). This leads to a gauge factor (GF Δ (ΔR/R0)/(ΔL/L) of ≈12 000, which is about ≈400 times higher than most of the reported polymer‐based strain sensors. The sensor is evaluated up to a maximum strain of 30%, which is the standard strain limit associated with human body parts such as fingers and wrists. The sensor exhibits a considerably good average degree of hysteresis (<9%). Further, the sensor is also studied for bending and twisting experiments. A response of (ΔR/R0 ≈ 250) and (ΔR/R0 ≈ 300) is recorded for 90° bending and 150° twisting, respectively. The sensor shows an electrical resolution of ≈150% per degree of free bending and ≈12k% per percentage of stretching. Finally, the potential application of presented sensor in robotics and wearable systems is demonstrated by using sensor feedback from human hand to remotely control the robotic hand movements.
Controlling CO2 Hydrogenation Selectivity by Metal‐Supported Electron Transfer
Authors: Li Xiaoyu , Lin Jian , Li Lin , Huang Yike , Pan Xiaoli , Collins Sebastián E. , Ren Yujing , Su Yang , Kang Leilei , Liu Xiaoyan , Zhou Yanliang , Wang Hua , Wang Aiqin , Qiao Botao , Wang Xiaodong , Zhang Tao
Published: July 2020

Tuning CO2 hydrogenation selectivity to obtain targeted value‐added chemicals and fuels has attracted increasing attention. However, a fundamental understanding of the way to control the selectivity is still lacking, posing a challenge in catalyst design and development. Herein, we report our new discovery in ambient pressure CO2 hydrogenation reaction where selectivity can be completely reversed by simply changing the crystal phases of TiO2 support (anatase‐ or rutile‐TiO2) or changing metal loadings on anatase‐TiO2. Operando spectroscopy and NAP‐XPS studies reveal that the determining factor is a different electron transfer from metal to the support, most probably as a result of the different extents of hydrogen spillover, which changes the adsorption and activation of the intermediate of CO. Based on this new finding, we can not only regulate CO2 hydrogenation selectivity but also tune catalytic performance in other important reactions, thus opening up a door for efficient catalyst development by rational design.
A Non‐Conjugated Polymer Acceptor for Efficient and Thermally Stable All‐Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Fan Qunping , Su Wenyan , Chen Shanshan , Liu Tao , Zhuang Wenliu , Ma Ruijie , Wen Xin , Yin Zhihong , Luo Zhenghui , Guo Xia , Hou Lintao , Moth‐Poulsen Kasper , Li Yu , Zhang Zhiguo , Yang Changduk , Yu Donghong , Yan He , Zhang Maojie , Wang Ergang
Published: July 2020

A non‐conjugated polymer acceptor PF1‐TS4 was firstly synthesized by embedding a thioalkyl segment in the mainchain, which shows excellent photophysical properties on par with a fully conjugated polymer, with a low optical band gap of 1.58 eV and a high absorption coefficient >105 cm−1, a high LUMO level of −3.89 eV, and suitable crystallinity. Matched with the polymer donor PM6, the PF1‐TS4‐based all‐PSC achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.63 %, which is ≈45 % higher than that of a device based on the small molecule acceptor counterpart IDIC16. Moreover, the PF1‐TS4‐based all‐PSC has good thermal stability with ≈70 % of its initial PCE retained after being stored at 85 °C for 180 h, while the IDIC16‐based device only retained ≈50 % of its initial PCE when stored at 85 °C for only 18 h. Our work provides a new strategy to develop efficient polymer acceptor materials by linkage of conjugated units with non‐conjugated thioalkyl segments.
Thermochromic Meltable Materials with Reverse Spin Transition Controlled by Chemical Design
Authors: Valverde‐Muñoz Francisco‐Javier , Seredyuk Maksym , Muñoz M. Carmen , Molnár Gábor , Bibik Yurii S. , Real José Antonio
Published: July 2020

We report a series of meltable FeII complexes, which, depending on the length of aliphatic chains, display abrupt forward low‐spin to high‐spin transition or unprecedented melting‐triggered reverse high‐spin to low‐spin transition on temperature rise. The reverse spin transition is perfectly reproducible on thermal cycling and the obtained materials are easily processable in the form of thin film owing to their soft‐matter nature. We found that the discovered approach represents a potentially generalizable new avenue to control both the location in temperature and the direction of the spin transition in meltable compounds.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Mono‐Selective α‐Arylation of Acetone with Aryl Chlorides and Phenol Derivatives
Authors: Derhamine Sary Abou , Krachko Tetiana , Monteiro Nuno , Pilet Guillaume , Schranck Johannes , Tlili Anis , Amgoune Abderrahmane
Published: July 2020

The challenging nickel‐catalyzed mono‐α‐arylation of acetone with aryl chlorides, pivalates, and carbamates has been achieved for the first time. A nickel/Josiphos‐based catalytic system is shown to feature unique catalytic behavior, allowing the highly selective formation of the desired mono‐α‐arylated acetone. The developed methodology was applied to a variety of (hetero)aryl chlorides including biologically relevant derivatives. The methodology has been extended to the unprecedented coupling of acetone with phenol derivatives. Mechanistic studies allowed the isolation and characterization of key Ni0 and NiII catalytic intermediates. The Josiphos ligand is shown to play a key role in the stabilization of NiII intermediates to allow a Ni0/NiII catalytic pathway. Mechanistic understanding was then leveraged to improve the protocol using an air‐stable NiII pre‐catalyst.
Controlling Residual Lithium in High‐Nickel (>90 %) Lithium Layered Oxides for Cathodes in Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Seong Won Mo , Cho Kwang‐Hwan , Park Ji‐Won , Park Hyeokjun , Eum Donggun , Lee Myeong Hwan , Kim Il‐seok Stephen , Lim Jongwoo , Kang Kisuk
Published: July 2020

The rampant generation of lithium hydroxide and carbonate impurities, commonly known as residual lithium, is a practical obstacle to the mass‐scale synthesis and handling of high‐nickel (>90 %) layered oxides and their use as high‐energy‐density cathodes for lithium‐ion batteries. Herein, we suggest a simple in situ method to control the residual lithium chemistry of a high‐nickel lithium layered oxide, Li(Ni0.91Co0.06Mn0.03)O2 (NCM9163), with minimal side effects. Based on thermodynamic considerations of the preferred reactions, we systematically designed a synthesis process that preemptively converts residual Li2O (the origin of LiOH and Li2CO3) into a more stable compound by injecting reactive SO2 gas. The preformed lithium sulfate thin film significantly suppresses the generation of LiOH and Li2CO3 during both synthesis and storage, thereby mitigating slurry gelation and gas evolution and improving the cycle stability.
Synthesis and properties of syndiotactic 1,2‐polybutadiene catalyzed by iron catalyst with phosphate as additive
Authors: Hu Zhonghan , Xu Yuechao , Hu Wenhong , Luo Wanwei , Zhao Yu , Huang Weizhong , Gong Dirong
Published: July 2020

1,2 Syndiotactic polymerization of butadiene is accessible by iron catalysts prepared from commercially available iron sources, trialkylaluminum with additional phosphate as additive. The catalyst formation is quite robust in terms of handling and stability under polymerization conditions. Activity equal to 115 kg (polymer)/mol(Fe)·h is achieved at 10,000 equiv. of monomer relative to the catalyst loading in 2 h at 50°C. The resultant polymer possesses 1,2 incorporation up to 80.2–93.1% with syndiotactic configuration (rrrr) of 40.2–85.2%. Crystallinity of polymers can be also tuned over a wide range degree from weak (2.1%) to high crystallinity (68.2%) by varying catalyst component feeding, enabling potential application as both rubber and resin. The higher activity of iron catalyst is preferred at hydrocarbon solvent n‐hexane, n‐heptane or toluene, higher temperature as well as trialkylalumium, such as tri‐iso‐butylaluminum, tri‐ethylaluminum, and tri‐methylaluminum as cocatalyst. Significant stereospecificity stability to variation for monomer concentration, type of alkylaluminum and temperature is also found. The high activity and 1,2‐stereoselectivity featured with these thermal robust iron catalysts sheds light on the significance of additive on regulating stereo‐polymerization promoted by conventional Ziegler–Natta catalysts. These features collectively could offer advantages for application in industry production of 1,2‐syndiotactic polybutadiene.
Indole/isatin‐containing hybrids as potential antibacterial agents
Authors: Song Feng , Li Zhenghua , Bian Yunqiang , Huo Xiankai , Fang Junman , Shao Linlin , Zhou Meng
Published: July 2020

The emergence and worldwide spread of drug‐resistant bacteria have already posed a serious threat to human life, creating the urgent need to develop potent and novel antibacterial drug candidates with high efficacy. Indole and isatin (indole‐2,3‐dione) present a wide structural and mechanistic diversity, so their derivatives possess various pharmacological properties and occupy a salient place in the development of new drugs. Indole/isatin‐containing hybrids, which demonstrate a promising activity against a panel of clinically important Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria, are privileged scaffolds for the discovery of novel antibacterial candidates. This review, covering articles published between January 2015 and May 2020, focuses on the development and structure–activity relationship (SAR) of indole/isatin‐containing hybrids with potential application for fighting bacterial infections, to facilitate further rational design of novel drug candidates.
Rossby number and chromospheric activity of solar mass stars
Authors: Gondoin Philippe
Published: July 2020

Photometric surveys of open clusters have produced extensive measurements of rotation periods on Sun‐like stars of different ages. In particular, observations of intermediate age clusters, such as the Pleiades and M34, indicate a brief episode of rapid deceleration of stellar rotation at Rossby numbers between 0.1 and 0.3. I used those results to obtain new insights into the long‐term evolution of chromospheric activity on solar mass stars.
A Psychometrically Robust Screening Tool To Rapidly Identify Socially Impaired Monkeys In The General Population
Authors: Talbot Catherine F. , Garner Joseph P. , Maness Alyssa C. , McCowan Brenda , Capitanio John P. , Parker Karen J.
Published: July 2020

Naturally low‐social rhesus macaques exhibit social impairments with direct relevance to autism spectrum disorder (ASD). To more efficiently identify low‐social individuals in a large colony, we exploited, refined, and psychometrically assessed the macaque Social Responsiveness Scale (mSRS), an instrument previously derived from the human ASD screening tool. We performed quantitative social behavior assessments and mSRS ratings on a total of N = 349 rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) housed in large, outdoor corrals. In one cohort (N = 116), we conducted inter‐rater and test‐retest reliabilities, and in a second cohort (N = 233), we evaluated the convergent construct and predictive validity of the mSRS‐Revised (mSRS‐R). Only 17 of the original 36 items demonstrated inter‐rater and test–retest reliability, resulting in the 17‐item mSRS‐R. The mSRS‐R showed strong validity: mSRS‐R scores robustly predicted monkeys' social behavior frequencies in home corrals. Monkeys that scored 1.5 standard deviations from the mean on nonsocial behavior likewise exhibited significantly more autistic‐like traits, and mSRS‐R scores predicted individuals' social classification (low‐social vs. high‐social) with 96% accuracy (likelihood ratio chi‐square = 25.07; P < 0.0001). These findings indicate that the mSRS‐R is a reliable, valid, and sensitive measure of social functioning, and like the human SRS, can be used as a high‐throughput screening tool to identify socially impaired individuals in the general population.

Lay Summary

Variation in autistic traits can be measured in humans using the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). Here, we revised this scale for rhesus macaques (i.e., the mSRS‐R), and showed that macaques exhibit individual differences in mSRS‐R scores, and at the behavioral extremes, low‐social vs. high‐social monkeys exhibit more autistic‐like traits. These results suggest that the mSRS‐R can be used as a screening tool to rapidly and accurately identify low‐social monkeys in the general population. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1465–1475. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Survival outcomes in an older US population with advanced melanoma and central nervous system metastases: SEER‐Medicare analysis
Authors: Sadetsky Natalia , Hernandez Alexandra , Wallick Chris J. , McKenna Edward F. , Surinach Andy , Colburn Dawn E.
Published: July 2020

Background

Central nervous system (CNS) metastasis is common in advanced melanoma patients. New treatment options have improved overall prognosis, but information is lacking for patients with CNS metastases. We investigated treatment patterns and survival outcomes in older melanoma patients with and without CNS metastases.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of SEER‐Medicare, a population‐based linked database, was undertaken in patients aged > 65 years with advanced melanoma diagnosed from 2004 to 2011 and followed until 2013.

Results

A total of 2522 patients were included. CNS metastases were present in 24.8% of patients at initial metastatic diagnosis; 16.5% developed CNS metastases during follow‐up. Chemotherapy was the most common treatment regardless of CNS metastases. Overall survival (OS) was better for patients without CNS metastases (median, 9.5 months; 95% confidence interval [CI], 8.8‐10.2) vs patients with CNS metastases (3.63 months; 95% CI, 3.4‐3.9). Among patients with CNS metastases, median OS for targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and chemotherapy was 6 (95% CI, 2.5‐9.6), 5.5 (95% CI, 3.8‐7.5), and 4.5 (95% CI, 3.8‐5.4) months, respectively, vs 2.4 (95% CI, 2.1‐2.7) and 2.1 (95% CI, 1.8‐2.7) months for local radiotherapy and no treatment, respectively. Stereotactic radiosurgery demonstrated higher OS vs whole‐brain radiation therapy (median, 4.98 [95% CI, 3.5‐7.5] vs 2.4 [95% CI, 2.1‐2.7] months).

Conclusion

Patients with CNS metastases from melanoma remain a population with high unmet medical need despite recent advances in treatment. Systemic treatments (eg, BRAF‐targeted therapy and immunotherapy) and stereotactic radiosurgery demonstrated meaningful but modest improvements in OS. Further explorations of combinations of radiotherapy, BRAF‐targeted therapies, and immunotherapies are needed.
Functionalization of Heterocycles through 1,2‐Metallate Rearrangement of Boronate Complexes
Authors: Das Kanak Kanti , Panda Santanu
Published: July 2020

Over the last decade, 1,2‐metallate rearrangement of boronate complex has been dominating the literature of organoboron chemistry for the construction of very important C−C and C−boron bonds. Owing to the coordinative unsaturated nature of the boron atom, a nucleophile can attack on boron center for the formation of a boronate complex, which triggers 1,2‐migration under electrophilic activation at the α‐carbon. Apart from using stochiometric electrophilic activating reagents, several catalytic methods using transition metals in the presence or absence of light have been reported. The 1,2‐migration of boronate complexes allows synthesis of many different classes of racemic and chiral compounds including a wide range of substituted heterocycles. Synthesis of chiral and achiral substituted heterocycles by using 1,2‐metallate rearrangement of boronate complexes has been extensively reported by several groups owing to its prevalence in medicinal chemistry. This minireview highlights the methods known to date for the synthesis of heteroaryls by using 1,2‐migration of boronate complexes, organized in a chronological manner.
A Full Li–S Battery with Ultralow Excessive Li Enabled via Lithiophilic and Sulfilic W2C Modulation
Authors: Wei Benben , Shang Chaoqun , Akinoglu Eser Metin , Wang Xin , Zhou Guofu
Published: July 2020

The practical application of Li–S batteries demands low cell balance (Licapacity/Scapacity), which involves uniform Li growth, restrained shuttle effect, and fast redox reaction kinetics of S species simultaneously. Herein, with the aid of W2C nanocrystals, a freestanding 3D current collector is applied as both Li and S hosts owing to its lithiophilic and sulfilic property. On the one hand, the highly conductive W2C can reduce Li nucleation overpotentials, thus guiding uniform Li nucleation and deposition to suppress Li dendrite growth. On the other hand, the polar W2C with catalytic effect can enhance the chemisorption affinity to lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) and guarantee fast redox kinetics to restrain S species in cathode region and promote the utilization of S. Surprisingly, a full Li–S battery with ultralow cell balance of 1.5:1 and high sulfur loading of 6.06 mg cm−2 shows obvious redox plateaus of S and maintains high reversible specific capacity of 1020 mAh g−1 (6.2 mAh cm−2) after 200 cycles. This work may shed new sights on the facile design of full Li–S battery with low excessive Li supply.
Influence of Contaminants in Steel Mill Exhaust Gases on Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 Catalysts Applied in Methanol Synthesis
Authors: He Jiayue , Laudenschleger Daniel , Schittkowski Julian , Machoke Albert , Song Huiqing , Muhler Martin , Schlögl Robert , Ruland Holger
Published: July 2020

The influence of impurities in steel mill exhaust gases on ternary Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts was studied for conventional methanol synthesis, which is one of the central reactions within the cross‐industrial approach of Carbon2Chem®. A series of hydrocarbons was identified as inert spectators for methanol synthesis. Several catalyst poisons like N‐containing compounds or O2 show reversible characteristics at low pressure. However, by increasing the partial pressure of O2, poisoning becomes irreversible, indicating different poisoning mechanisms concerning the reversibility of deactivation.
Subcategorization of atypical glandular cells is useful to identify lesion site
Authors: Kawano Kouichiro , Yamaguchi Tomohiko , Nasu Hiroki , Nishio Shin , Ushijima Kimio
Published: July 2020

Background

In the subcategorization of atypical glandular cells (AGCs), origin of cells should be mentioned to estimate lesion sites for diagnosis. However, cases without subcategorization are often encountered due to limited reproducibility. We evaluated whether the subcategorization of AGC based on the Bethesda terminology can estimate lesion sites.

Methods

We retrospectively investigated cases whose cervical smears were interpreted as AGC and underwent pathological assessment at our institution between June 2009 and September 2017. AGC was subcategorized based on the Bethesda System. Not‐otherwise‐specified (NOS) was subcategorized into endocervical cells (NOS‐EC), endometrial cells (NOS‐EM), or glandular cells (NOS‐G). Favor neoplastic (FN) was subcategorized into endocervical cells (FN‐EC) or glandular cells (FN‐G). FN‐G was further subcategorized into endometrial cells (FN‐EM) or unknown origin (FN‐UO). Clinicopathological data were retrieved from the medical records.

Results

Of 88 AGC cases, there were 30 NOS‐EC (34.1%), 2 NOS‐EM (2.3%), 25 FN‐EC (28.4%), 22 FN‐EM (25.0%), and 9 FN‐UO (10.2%). A significantly higher proportion of neoplastic lesions occurred in FN than in NOS (P <.001). The concordance of AGC subclass and lesion site was 88.0%, 70.7%, and 77.3% in FN‐EC, FN‐G, and FN‐EM, respectively. The concordance of FN‐EM and lesion site increased to 88.9% in patients aged >50 years. Of nine cases of FN‐UO, six experienced nonendometrioid endometrial cancer and extrauterine malignancy.

Conclusion

Subcategorization of NOS and FN would be useful in estimating neoplastic lesions. Further subcategorization into FN‐EC, FN‐EM, and FN‐UO would similarly be beneficial in estimating the lesion site, especially for small endometrial and extrauterine lesions.
Leaf nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations of understory woody species regulated by soil phosphorus availability in a tropical forest
Authors: Mo Qifeng , Chen Yiqun , Yu Shiqin , Fan Yingxu , Peng Zhongtong , Wang Wenjuan , Li Zhi’an , Wang Faming
Published: July 2020

Leaf soluble sugars and starch are important components of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs), which are crucial for plant growth, development, and reproduction. Although there is a large body of research focusing on the regulation of plant NSC (soluble sugars and starch) concentrations, the response of foliar NSC concentrations to continuous nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) addition is still unclear, especially in tropical forests. Here, we used a long‐term manipulative field experiment to investigate the response of leaf NSC concentrations to continuous N and P addition (3‐, 5‐, and 8‐year fertilization) in a tropical forest in southern China. We found significant species‐specific variation in leaf NSC concentrations in this tropical forest. Phosphorus addition dramatically decreased both leaf soluble sugar and starch concentrations, while N addition had no significant effects on leaf soluble sugar and starch concentrations. These results suggest that, in plants growing in P‐limiting tropical soil, leaf NSC concentrations are regulated by soil P availability rather than N availability. Moreover, the negative relationships between NSC concentrations and leaf mass per area (LMA) revealed that NSCs could supply excess carbon (C) for leaf expansion under P addition. This was further supported by the increased structural P fraction after P fertilization in our previous study at the same site. We conclude that soil P availability strongly regulates leaf starch and soluble sugar concentrations in the tropical tree species included in this study. The response of leaf NSC concentrations to long‐term N and P addition can reflect the close relationships between plant C dynamics and soil nutrient availability in tropical forests. Maintaining relatively higher leaf NSC concentrations in tropical plants can be a potential mechanism for adapting to P‐deficient conditions.
The transplantation technology of communication intensive applications on heterogeneous clusters
Authors: Cui Xiang , Li Xiaowen , Chen Yifeng
Published: July 2020

Compared with traditional clusters, heterogeneous clusters cherish the high performance to price ratio. However, compared with the rapid development of hardware technology, the current software technology is still lagging behind. This article introduces a parallel programming model to describe the multidimensional structure, arrangement, and communication modes of the data, threads, and fast Fourier transform. This model provides a new mechanism for transplantation between different types of heterogeneous systems. Using direct methods of turbulence simulation as an example, this article discusses the new software technologies of the parallel software theory, methods of program design, algorithm design, and system software support and provides experience for application transplantation on these heterogeneous systems.
Jasmonates alleviate spikelet‐opening impairment caused by high temperature stress during anthesis of photo‐thermo‐sensitive genic male sterile rice lines
Authors: Yang Jianchang , Fei Keqi , Chen Jing , Wang Zhiqin , Zhang Weiyang , Zhang Jianhua
Published: July 2020

Hybrids produced by photo‐thermo‐sensitive genic male sterile (PTSGMS) rice (Oryza sativa L.) lines crossed with restorer lines have huge heterosis. However, PTSGMS rice lines show serious spikelet‐opening impairment as high temperature (HT) stress occurs during anthesis. Its physiological mechanism remains unclear. Jasmonates (JAs) are novel phytohormones and play important roles in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. This study investigated whether and how JAs mediate the effect of HT stress during anthesis on spikelet‐opening of PTSGMS rice lines. Three PTSGMS rice lines were pot‐grown and subjected to HT stress during anthesis. The concentrations of jasmonic acid (JA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), ascorbic acid (AsA), and soluble sugars and activities of catalase and α‐amylase in the lodicules that locate at the base inside the lemma and function spikelet‐opening were determined. The results showed that increases or decreases in JA and MeJA concentrations in the lodicules under HT stress varied with PTSGMS lines. A PTSGMS line with higher JA and MeJA concentrations under HT stress exhibited a higher opened‐spikelet rate and also showed a higher fertilized‐spikelet rate and a higher seed yield when the line was crossed with a restorer line. Both JA and MeJA concentrations were very significantly (p = .01) and positively correlated with AsA concentrations and activities of catalase and α‐amylase, whereas were negatively correlated with H2O2 concentration. Increases in concentrations of JAs in lodicules by applying JA or MeJA under HT stress during anthesis significantly increased activities of catalase and α‐amylase and concentrations of AsA and soluble sugars, and significantly decreased H2O2 concentration in the lodicules, and, accordingly, increased opened‐spikelet rate. The results suggest that JAs play an important role in alleviating spikelet‐opening impairment caused by HT stress during anthesis through enhancing antioxidant ability and osmotic regulation in the lodicules of PTSGMS rice lines.
Earnings announcement timing, uncertainty, and volatility risk premiums
Authors: Adams Tom , Neururer Thaddeus
Published: July 2020

We examine the relationship between firms’ quarterly earnings report timing and uncertainty before quarterly earnings announcements. Prior research provides conflicting predictions on how investor uncertainty and report timing are related. Using implied volatilities from equity options and the realized returns to straddle positions, we find evidence that uncertainty and volatility risk premiums are higher for firms that report later in the quarter. Further tests show that the increase in option premiums is unexplained by risk factors suggesting a mispricing by investors. These results are not associated with static firm‐level factors and our findings are concentrated in high growth firms.
A new look at the relationships between transformational leadership and employee attitudes—Does a high‐performance work system substitute and/or enhance these relationships?
Authors: Ehrnrooth Mats , Barner‐Rasmussen Wilhelm , Koveshnikov Alexei , Törnroos Maria
Published: July 2020

Even while attempting to explain the same outcomes, research on leadership and on human resource management (HRM) have largely progressed on parallel trajectories. We extend recent efforts to bring these fields closer together by testing how employee perceptions of a high‐performance work system (HPWS) and transformational leadership (TL), independently and jointly, influence four important employee attitudes. Analyses of 308 subordinates of 76 managers in five multinational companies suggest that a HPWS substitutes for much of the independent influence of TL and constitutes an important boundary condition for some of this influence. Implications for future research on HRM and leadership are discussed.
Safety and delivery efficiency of a photodynamic treatment of the lungs using indocyanine green and extracorporeal near infrared illumination
Authors: Kassab Giulia , Cheburkanov Vsevolod , Willis Jace , Moule Madeleine G. , Kurachi Cristina , Yakovlev Vladislav , Cirillo Jeffrey D. , Bagnato Vanderlei S.
Published: July 2020

Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a promising alternative for combating infections caused by antimicrobial resistant bacteria. Pneumonias are among the most worrisome infections because of their high‐mortality rate. Previous studies have demonstrated the feasibility of using PDI with extracorporeal light to treat pneumonia. In this study, we analyzed key parameters for the viability of this treatment, including the selectivity of the photodynamic response for pathogens over host cells. Our results showed that PDI can induce killing of Staphylococcus aureus (of up to 4.18 log for the strain Xen29 and 3.62 log for Xen36) under conditions where little or no toxicity for host cells is observed. We validated pulmonary delivery of the photosensitizer and light in mice, using photobleaching as an indicator, and demonstrated preservation of healthy tissues as evidence of the safety of the protocol. Overall, PDI displays low toxicity on host tissues, making it a promising tool for treatment of pneumonias caused by S. aureus and other important pathogens.
Valid or voodoo? A qualitative study of attorney perceptions of risk assessment in sentencing and plea bargaining
Authors: Metz Anne , Monahan John , Siebert Luke , Garrett Brandon
Published: July 2020

Prior research largely has explored judicial perceptions of risk assessment in sentencing. Little is known about how other court actors, specifically, prosecutors and defense attorneys, perceive risk assessments in the sentencing process. Here, we report a qualitative study on the use of risk assessment by prosecutors and defense attorneys in Virginia. A prior survey (n = 70) pointed to a statistically significant difference in how prosecutors and defense attorneys view the role of recidivism risk in sentencing. On the basis of the results of this quantitative study, we collected follow‐up qualitative data via interview (n = 30) to explain this unexpected difference. Analysis confirmed the survey findings that prosecutors and defense attorneys differ in their perceptions of risk assessment in sentencing. Results suggest that court actor perceptions vary as a function of professional role in the service of the identified client (the community or the defendant) and their interests. Although perceptions diverged on utility risk assessment in sentencing, both prosecutors and defense attorneys were outspoken in their skepticism of the Nonviolent Risk Assessment instrument that is used to predict recidivism risk in Virginia. This latter finding identifies obstacles that may emerge as jurisdictions adopt a risk‐based approach to sentencing. We conclude with recommendations for addressing these barriers that may provide useful guidance on the implementation process.
A South African perspective on community psychology practice competencies
Authors: Akhurst Jacqueline
Published: July 2020

The appropriateness of the paradigm underlying competency frameworks and their specific application in the list of definitions developed by a Task Group of Society for Community Research and Action (SCRA) for US community psychologists need further consideration. This paper considers the technicist and behavioural roots of some of these concepts, illustrating tensions when applying them to community psychology. It then proposes a competency perspective from the global South. Drawing from focus group discussions with, and written reflections from, postgraduate Master's students in training as clinical and counselling psychologists, this paper builds inductively from the recorded data. Following a template analysis of the material, four integrating themes were evident. The distinctive nature of community psychology is highlighted through the themes: relational foundations, activity evolution, self‐management and the awareness and influences of processes. Proposals for an alternative framework (“RASP”) are based on its emergence from the applications of learning to practice, emphasising community‐based principles. The importance of reflection as the basis for the learning is highlighted. The imperatives to foreground social justice and to enable reflexive thinking on action are discussed, along with concepts based on Humanist and Social Constructivist paradigms, to lead to more interactive and inclusive processes in work on competencies.
Mentors' experiences of mentoring justice‐involved adolescents: A narrative of developing cultural consciousness through connection
Authors: Duron Jacquelynn F. , Williams‐Butler Abigail , Schmidt Adam T. , Colon Leslie
Published: July 2020

Mentoring provides a relational intervention that can promote positive youth development among adolescents who are involved in the juvenile justice system. The perspectives of mentors engaging these youth, particularly insights considered through a cultural humility lens, have been largely absent from the literature to date. This study examined predominately White, middle‐ to upper‐class adult mentors' experiences mentoring racially diverse, working‐class youth. Semi‐structured qualitative interviews were completed with 23 mentors participating in a community‐based mentoring program. Themes were derived from inductive content analysis. Emergent themes illustrative of the mentoring process included (a) establishing a connection despite differences, (b) identifying mentees' personal and environmental challenges, and (c) raising consciousness around structural issues. Despite coming from different backgrounds and experiences, mentors who worked with justice‐involved adolescents were motivated to connect with their mentees. Mentors developed a greater awareness of structural challenges influencing adolescents by learning about the multifaceted experiences and needs of their mentees.
Hysteresis and eddy‐current losses in electrical steel utilising edge degradation due to cutting effects
Authors: Elfgen Silas , Rasilo Paavo , Hameyer Kay
Published: July 2020

Cutting of electrical steel sheets typically deteriorates the permeability and increases the iron loss close to the cutting edges. We estimated iron losses in the cross‐section of electrical steel sheets by numerically solving the 1‐D and 2‐D eddy‐current distributions while accounting for static magnetic behaviour with a hysteresis model. The magnetization curves in the cross‐section are defined using a continuous local material model, making them dependent on the distance from the cut edge by a degradation profile. Damaged and undamaged hysteresis loops were identified by measurements of different wide strips of M400‐50A steel sheets. The eddy‐current distributions were solved when the strips of different widths were excited with sinusoidal average flux densities at different frequencies. It was found that the cutting degradation also affects the eddy‐current loss particularly around 1.0 T. The exact shape of the degradation profile was found to be less significant while the increase of excess losses is significant for the overall loss estimation.
Predictive Validity of Body Mass Index Cutoff Values Used in the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition Criteria for Discriminating Severe and Moderate Malnutrition Based on In‐Patients With Pneumonia in Asians
Authors: Shimizu Akio , Maeda Keisuke , Wakabayashi Hidetaka , Nishioka Shinta , Nagano Ayano , Kayashita Jun , Fujishima Ichiro , Momosaki Ryo
Published: July 2020

Background

This study aimed to investigate the predictive validity of the previously reported body mass index (BMI) cutoff values of the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria for patients with pneumonia in Asians, using a nationwide registry database.

Methods

The study included 26,098 (2282 patients aged <70 years and 23,784 patients aged ≥70 years) patients with pneumonia aged ≥65 years who were enrolled in the Japan Medical Data Center database between April 2014 and December 2018. Malnutrition was diagnosed using the GLIM criteria, and the severity of malnutrition was diagnosed by using a BMI cutoff value of <17.0 and <17.8 for patients aged <70 and ≥70 years, respectively. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine whether the severity of malnutrition based on BMI was associated with poor clinical outcomes, such as 30‐day in‐hospital mortality, length of hospital stay (LOS), and 30‐day readmission.

Results

A total of 14.7% and 24.1% of patients aged <70 and ≥70 years, respectively, experienced severe malnutrition. Severe malnutrition was independently associated with 30‐day in‐hospital mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.19; 95% CI, 1.05–1.34), prolonged LOS (coefficient, 5.13; 95% CI, 4.31–5.94), and 30‐day readmission (HR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.89–2.75) in patients aged ≥70 years; however, only prolonged LOS was independently associated with patients aged <70 years (coefficient, 3.27; 95% CI, −0.24–6.78).

Conclusion

The BMI cutoff values might be valid for patients with pneumonia aged ≥70 years in Asians. Further investigation is required to validate the cutoff value for older adults aged <70 years.
Associations Between Sexual Trauma and Sexual Relationship Power Among Latina Immigrant Farmworkers: The Moderating Role of Gender Norms
Authors: Fava Nicole M. , Sanchez Mariana , Wuyke Gabriella , Diez‐Morel Stephanie , Vazquez Vicky , Ravelo Gira J. , Villalba Karina , Rojas Patria
Published: July 2020

Sexual trauma is a national public health concern due to the alarming rates at which it occurs and decades of research supporting its long‐term deleterious effects on health outcomes. We assessed the impact of gender norms and sexual trauma on power within sexual relationships among Latina immigrant farmworkers. At baseline, participants (N  = 175) completed a survey examining demographic information, sexual trauma history, and gender norms; a follow‐up was administered 6 months later. Past sexual trauma was associated with less power in sexual relationships, r = −.25, p < .001, as was endorsement of traditional Latina gender norms (i.e., marianismo): sexual relationship control, r = −.38, p < .001; sexual decision‐making dominance, r = −.21, p = .005. In contrast, egalitarian gender norm endorsement was associated with higher levels of sexual relationship control, r = .37, p < .001, and sexual decision‐making dominance, r = .17, p = .023. Gender norms moderated the association between sexual trauma and sexual relationship power. Specifically, women who subscribed more to marianismo and reported sexual trauma had less decision‐making dominance in sexual relationships, whereas those with lower ratings of marianismo reported higher levels of decision‐making dominance despite sexual trauma, R2  = .03, p = .022. Sexual trauma history coupled with higher ratings of egalitarian gender norms was associated with higher levels of sexual relationship control, DR2  = .02, p = .023. These results highlight the importance of culturally informed research to increase the sexual and overall health of vulnerable populations (e.g., Latina immigrant farmworkers).
Gulf Coast Riceland Seed Biomass Estimates for Waterfowl Habitat Conservation
Authors: Marty Joseph R. , Davis J. Brian , Kaminski Richard M. , Brasher Michael G. , Rush Scott A.
Published: July 2020

Biomass estimates of potential waterfowl foods are fundamental to estimating foraging carrying capacity of waterfowl habitat by conservation planners and managers of the North American Waterfowl Management Plan‐Gulf Coast Joint Venture (GCJV). Rice and moist‐soil seeds in Gulf Coast rice fields provide principal sources of energy for waterfowl during migration and winter. We investigated spatio‐temporal biomass dynamics of these seeds and modeled their variation in production and idled rice fields in southwestern Louisiana, southeastern Texas, and the Texas Mid‐Coast, USA, in August and November 2010–2013. We hypothesized that previous estimates of November rice and moist‐soil seed biomass from the Mississippi Alluvial Valley were not applicable to the GCJV region because climate and agricultural production practices (e.g., ratooning, crayfish [Procambrus spp.] aquaculture) are primary inter‐regional contrasts. Waste‐rice biomass was greatest in November in fields with an unharvested second crop of rice from tillers of original plants (i.e., ratoon crop; 837.7 kg[dry]/ha; CV = 16.7%) and least in fields without a ratoon crop (119.3 kg/ha; CV = 18.5%). Moist‐soil seed biomass was greatest in idled rice fields in October (477.3 kg/ha; CV = 24.8%), where substrate and rice stubble were disked at the time of sampling, and in idled fields with standing native vegetation in November (304.8 kg/ha; CV = 17.1%). Field‐level variation in waste rice in production fields in November was best explained by an interaction between field management (e.g., harvested ratoon) and rice variety. We were unable identify a reliable predictor of field‐level variation in moist‐soil seed biomass in idled fields for July–August or November (i.e., null model was best or competitive). Substituting existing seasonal moist‐soil and rice seed biomass estimates in GCJV planning models with those from our study would result in a seasonally flooded habitat objective 76% (101,974 ha) greater than the current GCJV estimate for 3 rice‐growing planning areas. We encourage conservation planners in the GCJV region to use biomass estimates from our study because they are reasonably precise for planning and implementation (i.e., CV ~ 20%) and represent most contemporary patterns of farming practices and food abundance in this region. Further, programs and incentives that promote production of ratoon rice crops and allow growth of naturally occurring vegetation in idled rice fields, followed by shallow flooding during November–February, would significantly enhance food resources for waterfowl and other waterbirds in this important landscape for North American avifauna. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.
Soil organic matter turnover depending on land use change: Coupling C/N ratios, δ13C, and lignin biomarkers
Authors: Xia Shaopan , Song Zhaoliang , Wang Yidong , Wang Weiqi , Fu Xiaoli , Singh Bhupinder Pal , Kuzyakov Yakov , Wang Hailong
Published: July 2020

Soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks have been greatly depleted across the globe by conversion of wetlands to croplands, agroforestry, and urban areas. Here, we investigated SOC distribution and turnover in four land use types: a wetland, cropland, forestland, and construction land in the Baiyangdian Wetland, Northern China. The C : N ratios were up to 1.70‐times larger in cropland, forestland, and construction land than in the original wetland because of faster N losses compared to C following wetland conversion. The δ13C values of SOC increased with depth in wetland, and showed an overall depletion compared with the other three land use types. Acid‐to‐Aldehyde ratios of syringyl in wetland were 0.72–1.14‐, 0.72–1.72‐, and 1.18–1.43‐times, and cinnamyl/vanillyl ratios were 0.56–1.05‐, 0.22–0.48‐, and 0.40–0.76‐times those of cropland, forestland, and construction land, which reflects faster lignin decomposition rate in wetlands. The β value was defined by the slope of the linear regression between the logarithm of SOC and δ13SOC values, and decreased from cropland over construction land and forestland to wetland, reflecting the faster SOC turnover with the lower β values. However, SOC content and storage were up to 2.29‐ and 2.07‐times higher in wetlands than in soils of other land use types. The combination of C : N ratios, δ13C, and lignin monomer composition can explain the decrease of β value (corresponding to faster SOC turnover), and can be used as effective proxies to evaluate the sources and turnover of SOC in response to land use changes.