bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Initiation by White Snake and the Acquisition of Supernatural Knowledge
Authors: Kuusela Tommy
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT: This paper explores narratives about eating the flesh of a dragon or whiteserpent. It is argued that these narratives can be interpreted as examples of initiation. The snake’s association with wisdom is a common motif in Scandinavian folklore,stretching back at least to the Middle Ages. The author argues that folklore accounts of eating a white snake correspond symbolically to initiation. Different texts explain and legitimise how certain persons gain abilities such as wisdom, second sight, and the ability to understand the language of birds or other animals. This motif shows continuity over time and space and does not have to have taken place as an actual ritual for theinterpretation to be valid, particularly as, in the 19th century, such stories legitimised such people’s position in society as ‘cunning folk’.

RESUME: Denne artikel udforsker fortællinger om at spise kødet af en drage eller hvid slange. Den foreslår, at de kan tolkes som eksempler på initiering. Slangens tilknytning til visdom er et almindeligt motiv i skandinavisk folklore, der strækker sig tilbage til middelalderen, hvis ikke længere. Forfatteren hævder, at folkloreberetninger om at spise en hvid slange symbolsk svarer til initiering. Forskellige tekster forklarer og legitimerer, hvordan visse personer opnår evner som visdom, synskhed og evnen til at forstå fugles eller andre dyrs sprog. Dette motiv udviser kontinuitet gennem tid og rum og fortolkningens gyldighed afhænger ikke af, at de handlinger reelt har fundet sted som et egentligt ritual, især eftersom sådanne historier i det 19. århundrede legitimerede disse menneskers position i samfundet som ‘kloge folk’.
Óðinn og hans ulydige valkyrjer
Authors: Mundal Else
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT: The article presents an overview of the Valkyrie motif in Old Norse sources. The Valkyries have their origins in various religious beliefs and overlap with other female mythological beings. It is moreover clear that Valkyries have a great ability to adjust to changing societal conditions. That Valkyrie motifs can be quite different from one another can be understood against this background. In the most common motifs, Valkyries are presented as Óðinn’s women whom he sends to the battlefield to select those who are to die. It is argued that those Valkyries who appear in contexts where they disobey Óðinn are more closely related to the Norns that to him. Valkyries who disobey Óðinn encapsulate a question that must have been especially pertinent in Late Norse times when the Christian idea of one almighty God was known: Who constituted the highest power in life, the Norns or Óðinn?

SAMANDRAG: Artikkelen gjev eit oversyn over valkyrjemotiva i norrøne kjelder. Valkyrjene har opphav i ulike religiøse førestellingar og overlappar med andre kvinnelege mytologiske vesen. Det er også tydeleg at valkyrjene har stor evne til å tilpasse seg endra samfunnsforhold. At valkyrjemotiva kan vere ganske ulike innbyrdes, må ein forstå på denne bakgrunnen. I dei vanlegaste motiva er valkyrjene framstilte som Óðins kvinner som han sender til slagmarka for å velje ut kven som skal døy. Det vert argumentert for at valkyrjene i motiv der dei er ulydige mot Óðinn, er nærmare knytte til nornene enn til guden. Valkyrjene som er ulydige mot Óðinn, tematiserer eit spørsmål som må ha vore særleg aktuelt i sein norrøn tid då den kristne førestellinga om den allmektige gud vart kjend: Kven var den høgste makta i tilværet, nornene eller Óðinn?
Religion in the Viking Age Moral Economy
Authors: Taggart Declan
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT: On those rare occasions when Old Norse religion and morality are set alongside one another, the notion of a non-Christian morality is typically dismissed or Old Norse religion is viewed as actively holding back moral progress. I seek to challenge that rough consensus by examining lausavísa 19 by Egill Skallagrímsson, a short poem that seems to directly link gods with punishing certain forms of conduct. I approach the text with three research questions in mind: 1) Were the gods perceived as being aware of and concerned with human actions? 2) What types of transgressions do they seem to care about? 3) What is their perceived efficacy? Through this process, I seek to improve the modern understanding of the extent to which Old Norse deities were perceived as sympathetic to particular moralities and responsive to abuses against their followers.

RESUME: I de sjældne tilfælde, hvor forskere sammenstiller norrøn religion og moral, bliver begrebet om en ikke-kristen moral typisk afvist, eller også anføres det, at norrøn religion aktivt modvirkede moralske fremskridt. Jeg argumenterer imod denne konsensus, idet jeg undersøger lausavísa 19 af Egill Skallagrímsson, et kort digt, som synes direkte at forbinde guder med straf for bestemte typer adfærd. Jeg tilgår teksten på baggrund af tre forskningsspørgsmål: 1) Blev guderne opfattet som værende opmærksomme på og optagede af menneskers handlinger? 2) Hvilke typer overtrædelser forekommer de at være opmærksomme på? 3) Er der en opfattelse af, at guderne handler imod sådanne overtrædelser? Igennem denne analyse søger jeg at forbedre den moderne forståelse af, i hvor høj grad norrøne guder af deres dyrkere blev opfattet som værende sympatisk indstillede over for bestemte typer moralsk opførsel, og hvorvidt de reagerede på deres dyrkeres overtrædelser.
‘The flowing-haired friend of the fire of altars’
Authors: Clunies Ross Margaret
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT: There are very few sources, other than material remains and spatial arrangements revealed by archaeological excavation, that can give modern researchers access to the thought-world of pre-Christian Scandinavian religion. Some skaldic poetry presumed to have been composed before the Conversion may offer a window onto this thought-world. This article investigates how a single kenning from a stanza composed by the tenth-century Icelander Egill Skallagrímsson conceptualised the relationship between the dominant Viking-Age deity Óðinn and the conduct of religious ritual.

RESUME: Der findes meget få kilder, bortset fra materiel kultur og spatiale organiseringer afdækket gennem arkæologiske udgravning, der kan give moderne forskere adgang til førkristen nordisk religions tankeverden. Nogle skjaldedigte, som antages at være komponeret før konverteringen til Kristendom, kan give et indblik i denne tankeverden. Denne artikel undersøger hvordan en enkelt kenning fra en strofe komponeret af islændingen Egill Skallagrímsson i det tiende århundrede konceptualiserer forholdet mellem den dominerende vikingetidsguddom, Óðinn, og udførelsen af religiøse ritualer
Painful Love and Desire in Skírnismál
Authors: Sävborg Daniel
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT: The Eddic poem Skírnismál depicts erotically associated suffering in several instances. The god Freyr is filled with pain and grief when he first lays eyes on the beautiful jǫtunn maiden Gerðr. Later in the poem, Gerðr is threatened with horrible punishments if she refuses to give herself to Freyr, and one of these punishments consists in unfulfilled desire. The present study examines the sorts of emotions that are in play in these instances and attempts to determine the origins of the ways in which these emotions are depicted. The study also focuses on whether, and if so in what way, the two cases of erotically associated suffering are related to one another.

SAMMANDRAG: I eddadikten Skírnismál skildras erotiskt anknutet lidande vid flera tillfällen. Guden Freyr uppfylls av smärta och sorg vid första anblicken av den sköna jättinnan Gerðr. Senare i dikten hotas Gerðr med gruvliga straff om hon nekar att ge sig åt Freyr, och ett av straffen består i ouppfylld åtrå. Denna studie undersöker vilka slags känslor det handlar om i dessa fall och försöker fastställa ursprunget för traditionen för skildringarna av dessa känslor. Studien undersöker också om och i så fall hur de två fallen av erotiskt anknutet lidande i dikten är relaterade till varandra.
Det Andet, Det Samme og Den Historiske tekst
Authors: Albinus Lars
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT: Which interpretive possibilities are associated with the study of historical texts? What is it that we hope to understand, and what is the real purpose of studying a dead religion? This includes a diachronic and a synchronous aspect: How do the historical and the comparative interact? Do we seek, without necessarily being aware of it, what we already know, in the historical text, or do we open ourselves up to the encounter with something foreign? The question also implies whether perception and language can be said to reflect each other, and not least which conditions the present sets for understanding the past. I take my point of departure in Foucault's understanding of history, involving related views of de Certeau, and set the archaeological and genealogical point of view against Gadamer's hermeneutic textual approach and Habermas' concept of rational reconstruction. The intention is to suggest a perspective that, firstly, acknowledges the necessity of interpretation and, secondly, allows the text's own Otherness to come to the fore.

RESUME: Hvilke fortolkningsmuligheder knytter sig til studiet af historiske tekster? Hvad er det, vi håber på at forstå, og hvad er det egentlige formål med at studere en død religion? Dette omfatter et diakront og et synkront aspekt: Hvordan spiller det historiske og det komparative sammen? Søger vi, uden nødvendigvis at være bevidste om det, det, vi allerede kender, i den historiske tekst, eller stiller vi os åbne for mødet med noget fremmed? Spørgsmålet implicerer, hvorvidt forestilling og sprog kan siges at afspejle hinanden, og ikke mindst hvilke betingelser nutiden sætter for en forståelse af fortiden. Jeg tager udgangspunktet i Foucaults historieforståelse, under inddragelse af beslægtede synspunkter hos de Certeau, og stiller den arkæologiske og genealogiske synsvinkel op over for Gadamers hermeneutiske tekst-tilgang og Habermas’ begreb om rationel rekonstruktion. Hensigten er at åbne for et perspektiv, der på den ene side vedkender sig fortolkningens nødvendighed og på den anden side tillader tekstens egen Andethed at komme til orde.
Kulturasetro i Danmark?
Authors: Schjødt Uffe , Petersen Lauritz H. , Christensen Lea M. , Bjerregaard Sidsel Marie , Qvortrup Christian
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT: Inspired by the concept of Cultural Christianity, we investigate if something like Cultural Asatru exists in Denmark. A Cultural Asatru person may not believe in or worship the Old Norse gods, but may still identify with a pre-Christian heritage, believe that Danish values stem from Old Norse culture, and see Old Norse myths as original expressions of these values. We have used qualitative and quantitative methods to examine such beliefs and attitudes in 30 participants. The study was designed as a proof-of-concept study to evaluate whether cultural Asatru exists in Denmark, and if so, how this construct can be measured empirically. We find that national conservative Danes identify with Christian as well as Old Norse culture. The virtues of strength, courage, and vigor seem to be strongly associated with Old Norse heritage, while forgiveness, love, and compassion are associated with a Christian heritage. Gender equality, appreciation of nature, and the concept of Danishness appear to be associated more with Old Norse culture than with Christian culture. Strength and courage, which seem to express the essence of Old Norse culture, are heavily associated with the god Thor and the widespread wearing of Thor’s hammer pendants.

RESUME: Vi undersøger danskernes forhold til oldnordisk kultur. Inspireret af begrebet kulturkristendom undersøger vi, om der også findes kulturasetro i Danmark. For at være kulturasetro behøver man hverken at tro på eller dyrke de hedenske guder. Til gengæld identificerer man sig med den oldnordiske kulturarv, anser danske værdier for at være oldnordiske og opfatter oldnordiske myter som oprindelige udtryk for disse værdier. Vi har undersøgt 30 deltageres forhold til oldnordisk kultur og mytologi ved hjælp af både kvalitative og kvantitative mål. Undersøgelsen er designet som et proof-of-concept studie, der i første omgang skal vurdere, om der overhovedet findes kulturasetro i Danmark. Vi finder i undersøgelsen, at nationalkonservative deltagere identificerer sig med både kristen og oldnordisk kultur. Generelt tilskrives værdier som styrke, mod og handlekraft en oldnordisk kultur, mens tilgivelse, kærlighed og barmhjertighed tilskrives en kristen kultur. Lighed mellem køn, naturglæde og selve begrebet danskhed forbindes i højere grad med oldnordisk kultur end med kristen kultur. Styrke og mod synes at udgøre selve essensen af oldnordisk kultur, og disse kerneværdier kædes sammen med guden Thor og med det at bære thorshammeren om halsen.
Anmeldelse af Thomas Viggo Pedersen, Grundtvigs Kirke og det aristokratiske primtal. En drøm fra det tyvende århundrede
Authors: Baunvig Katrine Frøkjær
Published: April 2022

Anmeldelse af Thomas Viggo Pedersen, Grundtvigs Kirke og det aristokratiske primtal. En drøm fra det tyvende århundrede (2020).
Anmeldelse af Benjamin M. Friedman, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism, Alfred A. Knopf 2021
Authors: Fiedler Erik Sporon
Published: April 2022

Anmeldelse af Benjamin M. Friedman, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism, Alfred A. Knopf 2021
Mönster i svensk YouTube-salafism
Authors: Svensson Jonas
Published: April 2022

I föreliggande artikel presenteras en tillämpning av datorassisterade metoder för att analysera metadata i syfte att finna mönster och göra rimliga, ändamålsenliga urval i vetenskapliga studier av stora mängder YouTube-videor. Fallstudien utgår från en uppsättning Youtube-kanaler som tidigare forskning har identifierat som uttryck för nutida salafistisk aktivism i Sverige. Som startpunkt och som kontrast används en nyligen publicerad översikt över sådan aktivism (Ranstorp et al. 2018). I artikeln tillämpas datorassisterade metoder i en analys av metadata för totalt 6905 videor publicerade i 13 YouTube-kanaler, och visar hur en sådan analys kan fungera som ett första steg i en religionsvetenskapligt orienterad studie av ett material som är på en och samma gång rikt på information och relevant som källa till kunskap om nutida religion, och, på grund av sin storlek, svårt att överblicka i sin helhet.
Collaborative Governance Effort to Manage Forest in Kalimantan Island: Literature Review
Authors: Tando C E , Sudarmo Sudarmo , Haryanti R H
Published: April 2022

Deforestation has given many problems to all the survival of living things throughout the world. Becoming one of the main issues in Kalimantan Island, there is a need for deforestation prevention and land restoration that must be carried out by all stakeholders including government, private sector, and the local community. Collaborative governance is expected to be a solution to deforestation in Kalimantan. The purpose of this research is to map out several collaborative governance efforts in forest management with local communities in Kalimantan. This research uses systematic literature review (SLR) approach on finding relevant articles for answering the formulated problems. The results of this study are the discovery of two main points in forest management efforts through collaborative governance with local communities: 1) collaboration between village communities (community forest) and state forest companies, called collaborative forest management programs (CFMP) and 2) social learning.
Assessment of Mangrove Sediment Quality Parameters from Different Seasons, Zones and Sediment Depths
Authors: Pazi A M M , Khan W R , Rosli N , Nuruddin A A , Gandaseca S
Published: April 2022

Heavy metal concentrations have risen throughout Malaysia's coastline because of industrial wastewater discharge, affecting mangrove ecology significantly. Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), Chromium (Cr), and Nickel (Ni) were used to establish the Mangrove Sediment Quality Index (MSQi), which assesses and monitors the quality of mangrove sediment. This study was conducted at Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve (MFFR) in Perak, Malaysia to examine changes in MSQi features across seasons, mangrove zones, and sediment depths at three separate MMFR locations. Sediment samples were taken using auger in two different seasons (dry and wet seasons). After the silt was removed using aqua regia techniques, heavy metals were examined using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. According to MSQi criteria in various seasons at three different locations, the highest concentration of heavy metals (HMs) was detected in the dry season in the least disturbed region at three different locations. During dry seasons, only Cr and Ni levels are higher in moderately and highly disturbed areas. Pb and Zn levels in moderately and highly disturbed areas are higher than in least disturbed areas during the rainy season. MSQi parameters in different mangrove zones at three locations showed that most HMs content is highest in the landward zone and it can be concluded that HMs sources are anthropogenic. Furthermore, MSQi measurements at three locations revealed that heavy metals content is highest at 015 cm and lowest at other depths.
Genome-wide identification, molecular characterization, and gene expression analyses of honeysuckle NHX antiporters suggest their involvement in salt stress adaptation
Authors: Huang Luyao , Li Zhuangzhuang , Sun Chunyong , Yin Shijie , Wang Bin , Duan Tongyao , Liu Yang , Li Jia , Pu Gaobin
Published: April 2022

Background

Ion homeostasis is an essential process for the survival of plants under salt stress. Na+/H+ antiporters (NHXs) are secondary ion transporters that regulate Na+ compartmentalization or efflux reduce Na+ toxicity and play a critical role during plant development and stress responses.

Methods and Results

To gain insight into the functional divergence of NHX genes in honeysuckle, a total of seven LjNHX genes were identified on the whole genome level and were renamed according to their chromosomal positions. All LjNHXs possessed the Na+/H+ exchanger domain and the amiloride-binding site was presented in all NHX proteins except LjNHX4. The phylogenetic analysis divided the seven NHX genes into Vac-clade (LjNHX1/2/3/4/5/7) and PM-clade (LjNHX6) based on their subcellular localization and validated by the distribution of conserved protein motifs and exon/intron organization analysis. The protein-protein interaction network showed that LjNHX4/5/6/7 shared the same putatively interactive proteins, including SOS2, SOS3, HKT1, and AVP1. Cis-acting elements and gene ontology (GO) analysis suggested that most LjNHXs involve in the response to salt stress through ion transmembrane transport. The expression profile analysis revealed that the expression levels of LjNHX3/7 were remarkably affected by salinity. These results suggested that LjNHXs play significant roles in honeysuckle development and response to salt stresses.

Conclusions

The theoretical foundation was established in the present study for the further functional characterization of the NHX gene family in honeysuckle.
Functional Outcome of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction by Tibial Attachment Preserving versus Sacrificing Hamstring Graft Technique- A Prospective Interventional Study
Authors: Singh Avinash , Agrawal Atul , Khera Ruchit , Siddiqui Faiz Akbar
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) is a stout, short intra-articular, extra synovial structure. For a knee with the deficiency of ACL, the ligament reconstruction using an autograft, either a free bone patellar tendon bone graft or a Semi Tendinosus and Gracilis (STG) tendon free hamstring graft, is the most common surgical treatment. Tibial fixation region of the graft is presumed to be a delicate point in arthroscopic ACL reconstruction. There, can be a chance of graft pull out from the tibial tunnel before actual healing of the graft– tunnel can occur. To avoid this problem, the technique of tibial attachment preserved hamstring graft can be used instead of free hamstring graft. Aim: To evaluate and compare the functional outcome of patients who underwent ACL reconstruction with either a free hamstring graft or by tibial attachment preserving hamstring graft. Materials and Methods: A prospective interventional study was conducted in the Department of Orthopaedics, Swami Rama Himalayan University Hospital, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India, over a period of one year (July 2019-July 2020). A total 52 patients were included and they were divided into two groups. Group A (tibial attachment preserving hamstring graft) and Group B (tibial attachment sacrificing hamstring graft) with each group comprised 26 patients. Patients were assessed with Lysholm score at 6, 12 and 24 weeks of follow-up. For determining the statistical difference between the two groups Independent Student’s t-test was used, whereas for more than two groups Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test was used and a p-value <0.05 was considered to be significant. Results: The mean age of patients in group A was 30.73±10.02 years whereas in group B it was 29.54±9.84 years. For group A, mean Lysholm score at 6 weeks was 73.23±8.37, at 12 week score was 86.85±5.93 and at 24 week score was 95.58±4.91. For group B, mean Lysholm score at 6 weeks was 74.15±5.82, at 12 weeks score was 87.46±5.95 and at 24 weeks score was 96.92±3.61. Post-hoc analysis showed that there was a significant difference in mean Lysholm score {between preoperative and other time points (p<0.001, respectively)} for both the groups but there was no significant difference in Lysholm score at 6 weeks (p=0.646), 12 weeks (p=0.710) and 24 weeks (p=0.265) when compared between the two groups. Conclusion: ACL reconstruction using hamstring autograft with preserved tibial insertion resulted in no statistically significant difference in functional outcome as compared with free autograft.
EPA, DHA, ADG and FCR in Biofloc Catfish for Improving the Quality of the Nutrient with Fish Oil Administration
Authors: Usman Elvida , Rostika Rita , Meylianawaty Pratiwy Fittrie , Haetami Kiki
Published: April 2022

This research aims to determine the right dose of fish oil so that it has a good effect on the growth of catfish (Clarias sp.) biofloc as seen from the content of Omega-3 (EPA and DHA), daily average weight gain (ADG) and ratio ratio. feed (FCR). The research was carried out in September and October 2021 at the Ciparanje Green House, Padjadjaran University. The method used is an experimental method using a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of four treatments with four replications with different levels of fish oil administration, namely 0% (A) as control, 2% (B), 4% (C), and 6%. (D). The fish used is Clarias sp. Fish cultivation from cultivators in Cileunyi village as many as 240 fish weighing 20.04 grams and an average length of 14 cm were randomly placed into 16 fiber tanks based on treatment, while each tank was filled with 15 fish. The size of the fiber tub used was 68 x 68 x 68 cm3 as a cultivation container. The feed given is commercial pellets with the trademark Hi-Provite 781. Fish oil used is fish oil. Parameters observed included omega-3 content, ADG, FCR, and water quality. The results showed that the optimum application of fish oil in increasing the value of EPA content was 36 mg/100g and DHA was 148.5 mg/100 g, the highest ADG value was 0.45%, and the best FCR value was 1.2 and water quality. which is still within the recommended limits in aquaculture using biofloc, provides evidence that the application of fish oil in biofloc aquaculture can improve the nutritional quality of catfish.
Comparative Economics of Different Size of Polyhouse Units in Ranga Reddy District of Telangana
Authors: Manisha V. V. D. , Lavanya T. , Kumari R. Vijaya , Supriya K.
Published: April 2022

Aims: The study aims in analyzing the trend, utilization pattern and comparative evaluation of different size of polyhouse units in Ranga Reddy district of Telangana (2019-20).

Study Design: Purposive random sampling technique was employed in this study. Districts, mandals and villages were selected purposively as the polyhouse cultivation was confined to only a particular part of the district and polyhouse units from the villages were selected randomly. The selected sample polyhouse units (90) were further classified into small, medium & large size units.

Methodology: Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), Tabular analysis and Project appraisal techniques were the different tools employed in this study.

Results: The area under polyhouses (2009-19) increased by 64.37% and 18.34 % per annum in State and district respectively. The average area utilised for crop cultivation(Gerbera) constituted 89.81%, 90.01% and 91.79% in small, medium and large polyhouse units respectively.

The total investment costs for small, medium and large units were ₹1429148, ₹2322360 and ₹4364336 respectively & gross returns were found to be ₹940235, ₹1412208 and ₹2535652 for small, medium and large polyhouse units respectively.

The Payback Period was 2.49, 2.89 and 3.90 years with subsidy and 6.58, 8.02 and 9.65 years without subsidy for small, medium and large polyhouse units respectively. The Benefit Cost Ratio were 1.26,1.22 and 1.21 in small, medium and large size polyhouse units with subsidy and 1.10,1.05 and 1.02 without subsidy respectively. Net Present Value was found to be ₹13.31 lakhs, ₹17.45 lakhs and ₹29.79 lakhs for small, medium and large units with subsidy and it was low for units without subsidy. Internal Rate of Return was found to be 73%,56% and 50% in small, medium and large polyhouse units respectively provided with subsidy and low for units without subsidy.

Conclusion: Increasing trend reveals that there is scope for expansion of polyhouse cultivation. Investment and returns were found to increase with increase in size of the unit. Polyhouse cultivation is found to be highly feasible when provided with subsidy.
Condom use among Students in a Ghanaian Public University; a Quantitative Survey
Authors: Aggrey-Bluwey Lawrencia , Johnson Sam , Nyarkotey Obu Raphael
Published: April 2022

Background: HIV transmission remains a public health concern, with many adolescents and young adults engaging in unprotected sex. Inadequate condom uptake rates have been reported among university students, with women recording relatively lower condom uptake. Religion remains a determinant of condom uptake in certain contexts.

Objective: To examine gender and other factors such as religion as determinants of condom use among university students in a Ghanaian public university

Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional survey approach, using a pre-tested structured questionnaire was used to collect data among 132 unmarried undergraduate students. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 26, using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Results: Results of a cross-tabulation of gender against condom use revealed that males use condoms (73.6%) more than females (63.3%). However, there was no statistically significant in the means of both males and females and condom use (t=-0.810, df=122, p>0.05). Analysis of Variance test of religion and condom use indicated that there was no significant difference between the means of religion and condom use [F (1,130) =2.759, p>0.05]. The relationship between gender and the barriers to condom use was positive and was statistically significant r (130) =0.229, p<0.05.

Conclusion and Recommendation: The university curriculum should be reviewed to incorporate reproductive health education as a core course for students to acquire more knowledge on current reproductive health issues, including condom use.
Causes and Risk Factors of Coccydynia in Postpartum Women in Dhq Sargodha
Authors: Junaid Meer Maryam , Muhammad Atif Malik , Afzal Farjad , Aslam Iqra , Khurshid Azfar , Zulfiqar Hunza , Muneeb Ur Rehman Hafiz , Usama Ali Khan Ahmad
Published: April 2022

Objective: This study investigated the causes and risk factors of coccydynia among postpartum women in Maula Bakhsh DHQ Sargodha. The main focus of the study was to identify what are the basic causes and risk factors of coccydynia.

Methods: This was an observational cross-sectional study on 90 postpartum women from Maula Bakhsh DHQ Sargodha. Self-developed questionnaire was filled for data collection.

Results: Highest percentages of coccydynia was found among age 30 and 35 i.e. 12.2%. Our study showed that out of the total population 68.9% women experienced coccydynia with C sections. 73.3% experienced coccydynia with increasing number of pregnancies (more than one pregnancy. 90% women experiencing pain preferred to sit on soft surface.

Conclusion: This study concluded that multiple factors led to the development of coccydynia in postpartum women including number of C sections and increasing number of pregnancies.
Perspectives of Service Providers on Supports for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders in Iran.
Authors: Asaro-Saddler Kristie , Ghazali Hedayat , Muir-Knox Haley
Published: April 2022

In this study, we contribute to the limited database on the perspectives of service providers including teachers, speech therapists, occupational therapists, and psychologists working with students with ASD in Iran. Specifically, we examined the types of supports received, challenges faced, the collaboration between providers and families, and overall job satisfaction. Data in this qualitative study were gathered through the use of semi-structured, open-ended individual interviews conducted remotely and were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify patterns of meaning. Overall, findings indicated that most participants felt unsupported in their role as service provider and identified a number of challenges to effectively perform their jobs. These challenges included lack of appropriate space and/or equipment, training, financial compensation, and support for families. Positive aspects of the job include collaborating effectively with other professionals and overall job satisfaction. Implications for educational and governmental agencies are provided, along with limitations of the study and suggestions for future research.
Control systems: People, engineering, and business
Authors: Hearns Gerald
Published: April 2022

It is natural for control engineers to focus on engineering however this is never an isolated activity. The engineering must proceed while considering business objectives and will involve people from different disciplines and technical experience. The viewpoints and objectives of the people supplying automation and those using it may differ, providing additional engineering challenges. This paper discusses a typical process industry automation project over the complete lifecycle and from the perspectives of both the supplier and buyer. The phases: tendering, design, testing, commissioning, and completion are described with an emphasis on the control challenges facing engineers. The roles that process models play in making good engineering and business decisions in all phases of the project are highlighted. The technical and business challenges before control design commences are shown. The paper encourages control engineers to consider design objectives that look beyond performance and include efficient commissioning, ability to reconfigure, and long‐term maintenance by non‐experts. People from other areas are also encouraged to consider the benefits and challenges that control systems bring. By considering the viewpoints of the customer with their production and commercial pressures at an early stage, the design and implementation should be more successful for all parties in the project.
Minimization of total harmonic distortion and enhancing voltage level for hybrid multilevel converter with different sources
Authors: Veerendra Arigela Satya , Mohamed Mohd Rusllim , Peddakapu Kurukuri , Sekhar Chavali Punya
Published: April 2022

In order to improve the voltage levels and reducing the total harmonic distortions (THDs), a symmetrical hybrid multilevel converter (MLC) topology with different sources, that is, a photovoltaic (PV) source and a constant DC source for electric drive applications are proposed in this article. The presented topology comprises of distinctive converters for each phase, is coupled to a 3∅asynchronous motor. The two converters are operated with low voltage, high frequency, and high voltage, which are fundamental to increase the output voltage. A modified phase‐shifted pulse width modulation technique helps to control the power of semiconductor devices. The reduced component count and THD of the hybrid MLC are assessed using the conventional topologies. It was found that the THD is 15.10% in voltage and 1.97% in current for the proposed system and exhibits better performance in relative to the PV source. Finally, the simulation outcomes accompanied by comparative analysis are also discussed in the article.
Special Wettability Materials Inspired by Multiorganisms for Fog Collection
Authors: Mei Guoying , Guo Zhiguang
Published: April 2022

At present, the shortage of fresh water resources has become a serious problem that human beings have to face. Especially in some arid areas, water shortage has threatened human existence. The discovery that some organisms can survive in extremely arid areas by trapping water in fog has inspired research into bionic water harvesting materials. The emergence of such biomimetic materials offers a potential strategy for tackling the freshwater crisis. This paper reviews the mechanism of some organisms’ water collecting function and special liquid handling ability and the research progress of biomimetic fog‐collecting materials. In addition, the bionic water collecting materials which creatively combine the advantages of various organisms are introduced in detail. It is hoped that these innovative combinations can bring inspiration to the design of fog collecting materials in the future. Finally, the research and development prospects of materials inspired by multiorganisms are prospected.
Excessive Increase in the Optical Band Gap of Near‐Infrared Semiconductor Lead (II) Sulfide via the Incorporation of Amino Acids
Authors: Lang Arad , Brif Anastasia , Polishchuk Iryna , Fitch Andrew N. , Feldmann Jochen , Pokroy Boaz
Published: April 2022

Incorporation of organic molecules into the crystal lattice of biominerals is one of Nature's main strategies to modify the structure, morphology, and specific physical properties of the mineral host. Inspired by this biostrategy, it is shown that several semiconductors, whose band gaps are in the ultraviolet or visible absorption spectrum, can incorporate individual amino acids (AAs) into their crystalline structures. Interestingly, such incorporation is accompanied by an increase in the optical band gap of semiconductor hosts, resulting from an internal quantum confinement effect. In this work, this bioinspired route of band gap tuning is applied for the first time to a semiconductor with a near‐infrared (NIR) band gap. Indeed individual AAs are found to become incorporated into the crystalline structure of lead (II) sulfide (PbS). It is shown that this incorporation induces an expansion of the PbS unit cell as well as changes in the morphology. Moreover, an unprecedented increase of up to 40–50% in the optical band gap is observed in the case of cysteine and lysine incorporation.
Synthesis of 1,2‐Azaphosphinane 2‐Oxides and 1,2‐Azaphosphinine 2‐Oxides: δ‐Phosphonolactams and δ‐Phosphinolactams
Authors: Xu Jiaxi
Published: April 2022

1,2‐Azaphosphinane and 1,2‐azaphosphinine 2‐oxides, δ‐phosphonolactams and δ‐phosphinolactams, are important six‐membered azaphosphaheterocycles and crucial scaffolds of some biological and organic material compounds. Dibenzo[c,e][1,2]azaphosphinine 2‐oxides are both chiral ligands and precursors of chiral atropisomeric P,N‐biaryl ligands. Various synthetic methods of these azaphosphaheterocycles have been developed till now. They can be classified as cyclization, including cyclization of haloalkylphosphonamidates and phosphinamides, condensation of aminoalkylphosphonic/phosphinic acids, ring closing metathesis of N‐allylallylphosphinamides, the palladium‐catalyzed cyclizations of 2‐alk‐1‐ynylarylphosphonamidates and N‐(2‐bromoaryl)diarylphosphinamides, oxidative cyclization of 2‐arylarylphosphinamides, annulation, and cycloaddition. In this Focus Review, we have described various strategies for the synthesis of 1,2‐azaphosphinane and 1,2‐azaphosphinine 2‐oxides.
Tuning adhesion performance of an acrylic pressure‐sensitive adhesive using polysilsesquioxane‐acrylic core‐shell nanoparticles
Authors: Ahmadi‐Dehnoei Ali , Ghasemirad Somayeh
Published: April 2022

Surface migration of unmodified inorganic or polymer core‐inorganic shell nanoparticles has limited their application for improvement of pressure‐sensitive adhesives (PSAs) properties. The efficiency of utilization of modified inorganic nanoparticles with sticky polymer brushes was investigated to overcome this problem. For this purpose, polymethacryloxypropylsilsesquioxane‐acrylic core‐shell (CS) nanoparticles were synthesized and added to poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐butyl acrylate) (MBC) acrylic PSA through latex blending. Using CS nanoparticles, a concomitant increase in the peel and shear strengths of the acrylic PSA was achieved, and also the limitation of surface migration of nanoparticles at high volume fractions was overcome. Moreover, CS nanoparticles acted as a compatibilizer for MBC chains, rich in methyl methacrylate (MMA) or butyl acrylate (BA). These MMA‐rich and BA‐rich chains were formed during the synthesis of MBC latex through batch emulsion copolymerization method, due to the difference in the reactivity ratio of BA and MMA radicals. The compatibility of CS nanoparticles with each of the components of MBC was systematically investigated in terms of grafting density, swelling ratio, and thermodynamic affinity and was correlated to the final properties.
How science creates impact: A comment
Authors: Willner Arik
Published: April 2022

Addressing the grand societal challenges is a task for science. To get this done, innovation needs to be the focus of all research institutions together with industry, as discussed in the following comment by Dr. Arik Willner.
Doublet Open‐Shell Graphene Fragments
Authors: Xiang Qin , Sun Zhe
Published: April 2022

Recent advances in neutral delocalized radical species based on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with fused hexagonal rings, herein defined as doublet open‐shell graphene fragments, are summarized in this review. A few simple yet useful theoretical approaches for structural analysis and molecular design were introduced at first. Then, based on the number of fused hexagonal rings, molecular systems with different size, symmetry and edge structure were discussed with emphasis on those isolated in the crystalline form. Their unique self‐association behavior, chemical reactivity and physical properties were summarized and discussed, and insights on their functions and potential applications were provided.
Large‐scale asymmetry in galaxy spin directions: Analysis of galaxies with spectra in DES, SDSS, and DESI Legacy Survey
Authors: Shamir Lior
Published: April 2022

Multiple previous studies using several different probes have shown considerable evidence for the existence of cosmological‐scale anisotropy and a Hubble‐scale axis. One of the probes that show such evidence is the distribution of the directions toward which galaxies spin. The advantage of the analysis of the distribution of galaxy spin directions compared to the cosmic microwave background anisotropy is that the ratio of galaxy spin directions is a relative measurement, and therefore less sensitive to background contamination such as Milky Way obstruction. Another advantage is that many spiral galaxies have spectra, and therefore allow to analyze the location of such axis relative to Earth. This paper shows an analysis of the distribution of the spin directions of over 90K galaxies with spectra. That analysis is also compared to previous analyses using the Earth‐based Sloan Digital Sky Survey, Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System, and Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument Legacy Survey, as well as space‐based data collected by Hubble Space Telescope. The results show very good agreement between the distribution patterns observed with the different telescopes. The dipole or quadrupole axes formed by the spin directions of the galaxies with spectra do not necessarily go directly through Earth.
Insight into the Effect of Iodine Doping Soft Carbon and Iodine Functional Separator for Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Zhang Yan , Pal Shubhadeep , Yang Yujie , Huang Cong , Wang Jiande , Apostol Petru , Liu Zheng , Hu Aiping , Vlad Alexandru , Chen Xiaohua
Published: April 2022

Doping carbonaceous materials are regarded as prospective cathode candidates for high‐performance lithium‐sulfur (Li−S) batteries. In this study, we construct a dual functional modification system, including iodine‐doped soft carbon (I‐SC) and iodine functional separator for Li−S batteries. The formation of C−I bonds in the carbon skeleton increases the carbon interlayer spacing and displays a powerful chemical adsorption ability and electrocatalytic activity for polysulfide conversion. In addition, semi‐hollow micro‐rods‐structure soft carbon not only accommodates the volume expansion of sulfur, but also provides a continuous conductive network to transport Li+ and electrons over cycling. Furthermore, by assisting with polyiodide (e. g., I3− and I5−) modified separator, the polysulfide migration can be further controlled, resulting in a high capacity of 956 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C after 300 cycles. This work represents the importance of I‐doping and provides the potential of soft carbon for low‐cost and scalable fabrication of energy storage systems.
Six‐month survival of a monochorionic monoamniotic twin with sirenomelia
Authors: Hirata Katsuya , Yamamura‐Miyazaki Natsumi , Kawaguchi Haruna , Umeda Satoshi , Moon Kazue , Chiba Yasuyoshi , Nishikawa Masanori , Matsuoka Keiko , Okamoto Nobuhiko
Published: April 2022

Background

Sirenomelia is a congenital malformation of the lower body characterized by a single midline lower limb and severe urogenital and gastrointestinal malformations. Sirenomelia is rare (estimated incidence of approximately 1/100,000) and usually lethal in the perinatal period.

Case

A 2,042 g Japanese male infant, one of monochorionic monoamniotic twins, was born at 34 weeks of gestation by elective caesarean section. Sirenomelia was prenatally diagnosed. Single midline lower limb, bilateral dysplastic kidneys, an omphalomesenteric fistula, colon atresia, imperforate anus, indiscernible genital structures, and myelomeningocele were detected at birth. The amniotic fluid volume was normal throughout the pregnancy course, which led to appropriate lung maturation of the twin with sirenomelia. Although renal replacement therapy was initiated soon after birth, stable peritoneal dialysis was difficult because of the limited intraperitoneal space, and the infant frequently developed peritonitis. He died of sudden cardiorespiratory arrest at 6 months of age. Postmortem examination showed bilateral dysplastic kidneys, agenesis of the ureters and urinary bladder, abnormal branching and agenesis of the distal colon, bilateral inguinal hernias, and small testes.

Conclusion

Infants with sirenomelia, even those with end‐stage kidney disease at birth, may survive if they have a stable cardiorespiratory status at birth and renal replacement therapy is appropriately initiated.
Clinical significance of 206 station lymph node in transverse colon cancer
Authors: Xu Yu Xin , Huang Ying , Wang Xiao Jie , Ye Dao Xiong , Chi Pan
Published: April 2022

Background

Lymph node (LN) metastasis is crucial in determining the prognosis and treatment options for colon cancer patients. Our work was to study whether the lymph nodes beyond D3 station in transverse colon cancer, especially 206 LN, should be dissected.

Methods

A total of 225 patients within our department were reviewed. The primary and secondary endpoints were overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS). We employed Propensity score weighting (PSW) for weighing participants to balance observed confounders between the 206D+ group and the 206D− group.

Results

The rate of metastasis in station 206 was 9.3%. Only T stage (OR, 3.009; 95% CI, 1.018–8.892), N stage (OR, 9.818; 95% CI, 1.158–83.227), and M stage (OR, 26.126; 95% CI, 1.274–535.945) were an independent risk factor for 206 station metastasis in multivariate logistic analysis. The 206D+ group had a similarly survival than the 206D− group (3‐year DFS, 89.6% v 85.9%; p = 0.389; 3‐year OS, 94.6% v 85.3% p = 0.989). PSW further verified it. Metastasis of 206 station LN is not an independent prognostic factor, but a predictive factor of DFS.

Conclusion

Station 206 LN positive is a predictive factor for DFS. Only the patient with T1‐3, N+ who is at a high risk of 206 station LN metastases should consider dissecting 206 station LN.
N4‐Allyldeoxycytidine: A New DNA Tag with Chemical Sequencing Power for Pinpointing Labelling Sites, Mapping Epigenetic Markers, and In Situ Imaging
Authors: Liu Donghong , Shu Xiao , Xiang Siying , Li Tengwei , Huang Chenyang , Cheng Mohan , Cao Jie , Hua Yuejin , Liu Jianzhao
Published: April 2022

DNA tagging with base analogues has found numerous applications. To precisely record the DNA labelling information, it would be highly beneficial to develop chemical sequencing tags that can be encoded into DNA as regular bases and decoded as mutant bases following a mild, efficient and bioorthogonal chemical treatment. Here we reported such a DNA tag, N4‐allyldeoxycytidine (a4dC), for labeling and identifying DNA by in vitro assays. The iodination of a4dC led to fast and complete formation of 3, N4‐cyclized deoxycytidine, which induced base misincorporation during DNA replication and thus could be located at single base resolution. We explored the applications of a4dC in pinpointing DNA labelling sites at single base resolution, mapping epigenetic marker N4‐methyldeoxycytidine, and imaging nucleic acids in situ. In addition, mammalian cellular DNA could be metabolically labelled with a4dC. Our study sheds light on the design of next generation DNA tags with chemical sequencing power.
Combination of Immunotherapy and Photo‐pyroptosis as Novel Anticancer Strategy
Authors: Dao Anyi , Yadav Ashish Kumar , Wei Li , Banerjee Samya , Huang Huaiyi
Published: April 2022

Immunotherapy has made great progress in clinical cancer treatment in recent years, but its therapeutic efficacy is significantly limited by the lack of immunogenicity in the tumor microenvironment. Pyroptosis is a type of programmed cell death in which the dying cancer cells produce inflammatory cytokines to relieve the immuno‐suppressive microenvironment and thus increase anti‐tumor immunity. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during photodynamic therapy (PDT) are one of the efficient activators that induce pyroptosis. Recently, a few photosensitizers have emerged with the ability to induce immunogenic cancer cell death via pyroptosis, opening a new field for PDT. This highlight introduces the latest research on antitumor strategies achieved by the combination of immunotherapy and photodynamic therapy through photo‐pyroptosis.