bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
[Retracted] Quality Improvement and Robust Design Methods to a Pharmaceutical Research and Development
Authors: Cho Byung Rae , Shin Sangmun
Published: July 2012

Researchers often identify robust design, based on the concept of building quality into products or processes, as one of the most important systems engineering
design concepts for quality improvement and process optimization. Traditional robust design principles have often been applied to situations in which the quality
characteristics of interest are typically time‐insensitive. In pharmaceutical manufacturing processes, time‐oriented quality characteristics, such as the degradation
of a drug, are often of interest. As a result, current robust design models for quality improvement which have been studied in the literature may not be effective in finding robust design solutions. In this paper, we show how the robust design concepts can be applied to the pharmaceutical production research and development
by proposing experimental and optimization models which should be able to handle
the time‐oriented characteristics. This is perhaps the first attempt in the robust
design field. An example is given, and comparative studies are discussed for model
verification.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Microwave‐Absorbing Properties of Polypyrrole/MnFe2O4 Nanocomposite
Authors: Hosseini Seyed Hossein , Asadnia Ahmad
Published: July 2012

Conductive polypyrrole (PPy)‐manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) nanocomposites with core‐shell structure were synthesized by in situ polymerization in the presence of dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) as the surfactant and dopant and iron chloride (FeCl3) as the oxidant. The structure and magnetic properties of manganese ferrite nanoparticles were measured by using powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), respectively. Its morphology, microstructure, and DC conductivity of the nanocomposite were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and four‐wire technique, respectively. The microwave‐absorbing properties of the nanocomposite powders dispersing in resin acrylic coating with the coating thickness of 1.5 mm were investigated by using vector network analyzers in the frequency range of 8–12 GHz. A minimum reflection loss of −12 dB was observed at 11.3 GHz.
Breast Imaging: How We Manage Diagnostic Technology at a Multidisciplinary Breast Center
Authors: Tejerina Bernal Alejandro , Tejerina Bernal Antonio , Rabadán Doreste Francisco , De Lara González Ana , Roselló Llerena Juan Antonio , Tejerina Gómez Armando
Published: July 2012

This paper discusses the most important aspects and problems related to the management of breast cancer imaging, at a center specialized in breast pathology. We review the established and emerging diagnostic techniques, their indications, and peculiarities: digital mammography, CAD systems, and the recent digital breast tomosynthesis, ultrasound and complementary elastography, molecular imaging techniques, magnetic resonance imaging, advanced sequences (diffusion), and positron emission mammography (PEM). The adequate integration and rational management of these techniques is essential, but this is not always easy, in order to achieve a successful diagnosis.
Comparison of Next-Generation Sequencing Systems
Authors: Liu Lin , Li Yinhu , Li Siliang , Hu Ni , He Yimin , Pong Ray , Lin Danni , Lu Lihua , Law Maggie
Published: July 2012

With fast development and wide applications of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, genomic sequence information is within reach to aid the achievement of goals to decode life mysteries, make better crops, detect pathogens, and improve life qualities. NGS systems are typically represented by SOLiD/Ion Torrent PGM from Life Sciences, Genome Analyzer/HiSeq 2000/MiSeq from Illumina, and GS FLX Titanium/GS Junior from Roche. Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI), which possesses the world’s biggest sequencing capacity, has multiple NGS systems including 137 HiSeq 2000, 27 SOLiD, one Ion Torrent PGM, one MiSeq, and one 454 sequencer. We have accumulated extensive experience in sample handling, sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis. In this paper, technologies of these systems are reviewed, and first-hand data from extensive experience is summarized and analyzed to discuss the advantages and specifics associated with each sequencing system. At last, applications of NGS are summarized.
Isolated Avulsion of the Common Hepatic Duct from Blunt Abdominal Trauma
Authors: Wong Victor W. , Gee Arvin , Hansen Paul , Michaels Andrew
Published: July 2012

Isolated extrahepatic biliary tract injury following blunt abdominal trauma is rare. The underlying pathogenic mechanisms remain obscure, but include shear and/or compression forces on the biliary system. Associated morbidity rates are high and largely the result of delays in diagnosis. Imaging modalities commonly employed for diagnosis include ultrasonography, computed tomography, nuclear medicine, and magnetic resonance imaging. Percutaneous and endoscopic techniques have been used both for diagnosis and treatment. Treatment options are dictated by the stability of the patient and the extent of bile duct and concomitant injuries. In this paper, we discuss a case of isolated avulsion of the hepatic duct confluence following blunt trauma that was successfully managed with Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy. To our knowledge, this specific injury pattern has not been previously reported.
Contribution of Dissolved Oxygen to Methylene Blue Decomposition by Hybrid Advanced Oxidation Processes System
Authors: Lee Heon , Park Sung Hoon , Kim Byung Hoon , Kim Sun-Jae , Kim Sang-Chai , Seo Seong-Gyu , Jung Sang-Chul
Published: July 2012

Experimental results of photocatalysis under high dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration conditions are reported. Methylene blue was used as the organic pollutant to be degraded by a novel microwave/UV/DO/TiO2photocatalyst hybrid system. The degradation rate increased with TiO2nanoparticle dosages and DO concentration. However, inhibition of photocatalysis due to bubbles produced by DO generator was also observed. When the DO generator was used to increase the DO concentration in the pollutant solution treated by the microwave-assisted UV-TiO2photocatalysis, the decomposition rate constant was highest among all the experimental conditions tested in this study. This result demonstrated that high concentration of DO can enhance the photocatalytic reaction rate by causing a synergistic effect of constituent techniques.
Cancer, Inflammation, and Insights from Ayurveda
Authors: Sumantran Venil N. , Tillu Girish
Published: July 2012

A recent, exciting discovery relates to the concept of “shared pathology” between cancer and metabolic syndrome. One major pathway common to cancer and metabolic syndrome is chronic inflammation, which is a major driving force in carcinogenesis. Indeed, chronic inflammation precedes most cancers and is considered a “hallmark” of the neoplastic process. We discuss molecular and biochemical evidence which links diet, obesity, abnormal lipid metabolism, and type 2 diabetes mellitus with chronic inflammation. We also explain how each of these factors is linked with biochemical aberrations of carcinogenesis and the prevalence and risk of cancer. While there are reliable biomarkers for chronic inflammation, there are few markers for a mechanistic link between early inflammation and digestive disorders. Discovery of such a marker could lead to identification of a new subtype of patients with digestive disorders that predispose them to cancer and/or metabolic syndrome. In this context, we discuss the ayurvedic concept of “Ama” which is thought to be a toxic, proinflammatory waste-product of improper digestion. We then develop hypotheses and outline preclinical and clinical experiments designed to prove whether “Ama” can serve as a novel and reliable biomarker that links abnormal digestive status, with the onset of chronic inflammation.
A Description of Skeletal Manifestation in Adult Case of Morquio Syndrome: Radiographic and MRI Appearance
Authors: Di Cesare Annalisa , Di Cagno Alessandra , Moffa Stefano , Teresa Paolucci , Luca Innocenzi , Giombini Arrigo
Published: July 2012

We report on a rare case of Morquio syndrome, an autosomal recessive mucopolysaccharidosis including type IVA, a deficiency of N-acetylgalctosamine-6-sulfatase and type IVB a deficiency ofβ-galactosidase. A 43-year-old female patient affected by IVB Morquio syndrome underwent instrumental investigation. Conventional plain films of the entire spine, pelvis, chest and knees together with magnetic resonance imaging of the entire column, hip, knees, and ankles demonstrated the characteristics of skeletal changes of this disease. The main abnormalities were platyspondily and hypoplasia of the odontoid process, genua valga deformity and severe multiple degenerative changes of the hips, knees, and ankle joints. Radiographs and above all magnetic resonance imaging are crucial to provide substantial information about the gravity, evolution of the skeletal and joints changes, and the rehabilitation strategies to be followed.
Cramér-Rao Bound Study of Multiple Scattering Effects in Target Localization
Authors: Marengo Edwin A. , Zambrano-Nunez Maytee , Berestesky Paul
Published: July 2012

The target position information contained in scattering data is explored in the context of the scalar Helmholtz operator for the basic two-point scatterer system by means of the statistical estimation framework of the Fisher information and associated Cramér-Rao bound (CRB) relevant to unbiased position estimation. The CRB results are derived for the exact multiple scattering model and, for reference, also for the single scattering or first Born approximation model applicable to weak scatterers. The roles of the sensing configuration and the scattering parameters in target localization are analyzed. Blind spot conditions under which target localization is impossible are derived and discussed for both models. It is shown that the sets of sensing configuration and scattering parameters for which localization is impeded are different but equivalent (they have the same size) under the exact multiple scattering model and the Born approximation. Conditions for multiple scattering to be useful or detrimental to localization are derived.
Detection and Reduction of Middle-Frequency Resonance for Industrial Servo with Self-Tuning Lowpass Filter
Authors: Wang Wen-Yu , Shen An-Wen
Published: July 2012

A novel method for middle frequency resonance detection and reduction is proposed for speed control in industrial servo systems. Defects of traditional resonance reduction method based on adaptive notch filter in middle frequency range are analyzed. And the main reason is summarized as the difference between the resonance frequency and the oscillation frequency. A self-tuning low-pass filter is introduced in the speed feedback path, whose corner frequency is determined by FFT results and several self-tuning rules. With the proposed method the effective range of the adaptive filter is extended across the middle frequency range. Simulation and Experiment results show that the frequency detection is accurate and resonances during the speed steady states and dynamics are successfully reduced.
Repair of a Perforated Sinus Membrane with a Subepithelial Palatal Conjunctive Flap: Technique Report and Evaluation
Authors: Gehrke S. A. , Taschieri S. , Del Fabbro M. , Corbella S.
Published: July 2012

The maxillary sinus grafting procedure has proven to be an acceptable modality for bone augmentation to provide a base for endosseous implants, routinely used for the rehabilitation of posterior maxilla. Perforation of the membrane is the most common complication in this type of procedure. This paper presents a technique for repairing a perforated Schneiderian membrane with a conjunctive connective tissue graft harvested from the palate and shows the histological and radiographic evaluation of the results. Ten consecutives cases with the occurrence of membrane perforation were included in this study. All were repaired with a flap of tissue removed from the palatine portion near to the surgical site. The technique is demonstrated through a clinical case. The results showed successful integration of 88.8% of the implants after 12 months from prosthesis installation. Histological evaluation of the samples showed that the use of nanocrystalized hydroxyapatite showed an adequate stimulation of boné neoformation within 6 months. Radiographic evaluation revealed a small apical implant bone loss, not compromising their anchorages and proservation. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of conjunctive technique with collected palate flap for sealing the perforation of the membrane of the sinus may have predictable result.
Inflammatory Marker sTREM-1 Reflects the Clinical Stage and Respiratory Tract Obstruction in Allergic Asthma Bronchiale Patients and Correlates with Number of Neutrophils
Authors: Bucova Maria , Suchankova Magda , Dzurilla Martin , Vrlik Mojmir , Novosadova Helena , Tedlova Eva , Urban Stefan , Hornakova Edita , Seligova Marianna , Durmanova Vladimira , Penz Peter , Javor Juraj , Paulovicova Ema
Published: July 2012

The knowledge that asthma is an inflammatory disorder has prompted us to investigate the plasma levels of a new inflammatory marker sTREM-1 that is released from the surfaces of activated neutrophils and monocytes. The plasma levels of sTREM-1 were analysed by a sandwich ELISA test in the cohort of 76 patients with allergic asthma bronchiale and 39 healthy controls. Our results revealed more than 3.5 times higher levels of sTREM-1 in AB patients (92.3 pg/mL ± 125.6) compared with healthy subjects (25.7 pg/mL ± 9.2;P=0.0001). Higher levels of sTREM-1 were found also in patients with exacerbated AB (170.5 pg/mL ± 78.2) compared with nonexacerbated AB patients (59.1 ± 78.2;P<0.0001), patients with respiratory tract obstruction (176.4 pg/mL ± 177.8), than those without obstruction (51.99 pg/mL ± 64.0;P<0.0001) and patients with anti-IgE therapy (P<0.0001). Levels of sTREM-1 correlated with number of leucocytes (P=0.002), and absolute number of neutrophils (P=0.001). Elevated plasma levels of sTREM-1 reflect the severity, state of exacerbation, presence of respiratory tract obstruction in AB patients and together with increased number of neutrophils point to the role of neutrophils in inflammation accompanying AB.
Development of Galactose Biosensor Based on Functionalized ZnO Nanorods with Galactose Oxidase
Authors: Khun K. , Ibupoto Z. H. , Nur O. , Willander M.
Published: July 2012

The fabrication of galactose biosensor based on functionalised ZnO nanorods is described. The galactose biosensor was developed by immobilizing galactose oxidase on ZnO nanorods in conjunction with glutaraldehyde as a cross-linker molecule. The IRAS study provided evidence for the interaction of galactose oxidase with the surface of ZnO nanorods. The electromotive force (EMF) response of the galactose biosensor was measured by potentiometric method. We observed that the proposed biosensor has a linear detection range over a concentration range from 10 mM to 200 mM with good sensitivity of89.10±1.23 mV/decade. In addition, the proposed biosensor has shown fast time response of less than 10 s and a good selectivity towards galactose in the presence of common interferents such as ascorbic acid, uric acid, glucose, and magnesium ions. The galactose biosensor based on galactose oxidase immobilized ZnO nanorods has a shelf life more than four weeks.
Redox Regulation of Cysteine-Dependent Enzymes in Neurodegeneration
Authors: Guttmann Rodney P. , Powell Tamara J.
Published: July 2012

Evidence of increased oxidative stress has been found in various neurodegenerative diseases and conditions. While it is unclear whether oxidative stress is a cause or effect, protein, lipid, and DNA have all been found to be susceptible to oxidant-induced modifications that alter their function. Results of clinical trials based on the oxidative-stress theory have been mixed, though data continues to indicate that prevention of high levels of oxidative stress is beneficial for health and increases longevity. Due to the highly reactive nature of the sulfhydryl group, the focus of this paper is on the impact of oxidative stress on cysteine-dependent enzymes and how oxidative stress may contribute to neurological dysfunction through this selected group of proteins.
Anesthesia and Intensive Care Management in a Pregnant Woman with PRES: A Case Report
Authors: Demirel Ismail , Ozer Ayse Belin , Bayar Mustafa K. , Kavak Salih Burcin
Published: July 2012

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a temporary condition that is diagnosed clinically, neurologically, and radiologically. Its symptoms vary, and nonspecific headaches, confusion, impairment of consciousness, nausea, vomiting, and visual impairment may occur. Acute hypertension often accompanies these symptoms. Patients can also suffer from convulsions, cortical visual impairment, and coma. Diagnosis can be difficult due to focal neurologic signs. Nevertheless, knowing the clinical risk factors can lead to the right diagnosis. It has been reported that this condition may also occur during organ transplantation, immunosuppressive treatment, and autoimmune diseases and chemotherapy, and also patients with eclampsia. In this paper, a 21-year-old, 31-week pregnant woman, who had been diagnosed with PRES and thanks to early diagnosis and treatment had fully recovered and discharged from the intensive care unit, is presented, and the relevant literature is discussed.
Endoscopic Management of Portal Hypertension
Authors: Al-Busafi Said A. , Ghali Peter , Wong Philip , Deschenes Marc
Published: July 2012

Cirrhosis is the leading cause of portal hypertension worldwide, with the development of bleeding gastroesophageal varices being one of the most life-threatening consequences. Endoscopy plays an indispensible role in the diagnosis, staging, and prophylactic or active management of varices. With the expected future refinements in endoscopic technology, capsule endoscopy may one day replace traditional gastroscopy as a diagnostic modality, whereas endoscopic ultrasound may more precisely guide interventional therapy for gastric varices.
Long-Term Consumption of Platycodi Radix Ameliorates Obesity and Insulin Resistance via the Activation of AMPK Pathways
Authors: Lee Chae Eun , Hur Haeng Jeon , Hwang Jin-Taek , Sung Mi Jeong , Yang Hye Jeong , Kim Hyun-Jin , Park Jae Ho , Kwon Dae Young , Kim Myung-Sunny
Published: July 2012

This study was designed to evaluate the effects and mechanism of Platycodi radix, having white balloon flower (Platycodon grandiflorum for. albiflorum (Honda) H. Hara) on obesity and insulin resistance. The extracts of Platycodi radix with white balloon flower were tested in cultured cells and administered into mice on a high-fat diet. The Platycodi radix activated the AMPK/ACC phosphorylation in C2C12 myotubes and also suppressed adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. In experimental animal, it suppressed the weight gain of obese mice and ameliorated obesity-induced insulin resistance. It also reduced the elevated circulating mediators, including triglyceride (TG), T-CHO, leptin, resistin, and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 in obesity. As shown in C2C12 myotubes, the administration of Platycodi radix extracts also recovered the AMPK/ACC phosphorylation in the muscle of obese mice. These results suggest that Platycodi radix with white balloon flower ameliorates obesity and insulin resistance in obese mice via the activation of AMPK/ACC pathways and reductions of adipocyte differentiation.
Protective Effects of Aspirin from Cardiac Hypertrophy and Oxidative Stress in Cardiomyopathic Hamsters
Authors: Wu Rong , Yin David , Sadekova Nataliya , Deschepper Christian F. , de Champlain Jacques , Girouard Helene
Published: July 2012

Objective. To evaluate the capacity of chronic ASA therapy to prevent cardiac alterations and increased oxidative stress in cardiomyopathic hamsters.Methods and Results. Male Syrian cardiomyopathic and age-matched inbred control hamsters received ASA orally from the age of 60 days. Animals were sacrificed at the age of 150, 250, and 350 days to evaluate the time course of cardiac hypertrophy and cardiovascular tissue superoxide anion (O2-) production. At the age of 150 days, the ventricular weight over body weight ratio, resting heart rate, and cardiovascularO2-production were much higher in cardiomyopathic hamsters than those in control. At the age of 250 days, in addition to the continual deterioration of these parameters with age, the blood pressure started to fall and the signs of heart failure appeared. In these cardiomyopathic hamsters, chronic ASA treatment (a) completely prevented elevatedO2-production and the NAD(P)H oxidase activity, (b) significantly slowed down the development of the cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis.Conclusions. Chronic ASA treatment significantly prevents the deterioration of cardiac function and structure as well as the increased oxidative stress in the cardiomyopathic hamster. Our findings suggest that ASA presents a therapeutic potential to prevent cardiac dysfunction.
Impact of Residual Fragments following Endourological Treatments in Renal Stones
Authors: Acar Cenk , Cal Cag
Published: July 2012

Today, shock wave lithotripsy (SWL), percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), and flexible ureterorenoscopy (URS) are the most widely used modalities for the management of renal stones. In earlier series, treatment success of renal calculi assessed with KUB radiography, ultrasound, or intravenous pyelography which are less sensitive than CT that leads to be diversity of study results in reporting outcome. Residual fragments (RFs) after interventional therapies may cause pain, infection, or obstruction. The size and location of RFs following SWL and PCNL are the major predictors for clinical significant symptoms and stone events requiring intervention. There is no consensus regarding schedule for followup of SWL, PCNL, and flexible URS. Active monitoring can be recommended when the stones become symptomatic, increase in size, or need intervention. RFs <4 mm after SWL and <2 mm after PCNL and flexible URS could be actively monitored on an annual basis with CT. Early repeat SWL and second-look endoscopy are recommended after primary SWL and PCNL, respectively. There is insufficient data for flexible URS, but RFs can be easily treated with repeat URS. Finally, medical therapy should be tailored based on the stone analysis and metabolic workup that may be helpful to prevent regrowth of the RFs.
Modified Relaxed Extragradient Method for a General System ofVariational Inequalities and Nonexpansive Mappings in Banach Spaces
Authors: Wang Yuanheng , Yang Liu
Published: July 2012

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new modified relaxed extragradient method and
study for finding some common solutions for a general system of variational inequalities
with inversestrongly monotone mappings and nonexpansive mappings in the framework of
real Banach spaces. By using the demiclosedness principle, it is proved that the iterative
sequence defined by the relaxed extragradient method converges strongly to a common
solution for the system of variational inequalities and nonexpansive mappings under quite
mild conditions.
Alleviation of Morphine Withdrawal Signs but Not Tolerance by the Essential Oil ofKelussia odoratissimaMozaff.
Authors: Rabbani Mohammed , Sajjadi Seyed Ebrahim , Izadi Azadeh
Published: July 2012

The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of chronic and acute treatment of the essential oil (EO) ofKelussia odoratissimaMozaff. on the development of morphine tolerance and dependence in mice. Mice were rendered tolerant to and dependent on morphine by subcutaneous injection of morphine over a period of 5 days. Tolerance was assessed using the tail-pinch test and withdrawal signs of morphine were precipitated by injecting naloxone 2 h after the final morphine injection. Repeated injection of the EO ofK. odoratissima(5 and 10 mg/kg) for 4 days significantly suppressed morphine-withdrawal jumps, a sign of the development of dependence to opiate as assessed by naloxone precipitation withdrawal on day 5 of testing. A single injection (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) of the EO on day 5, 1 h prior to morphine failed to produce any significant change in morphine withdrawal signs. Neither the acute nor the chronic administration of EO of theK. odoratissimadid significantly influence the development of tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine. Alleviation in morphine signs of withdrawal after chronic injection withK. odoratissimais indicative of reversal of neuronal adaptation that takes place during morphine presence in the brain.
Design of a MIMO Antenna with Improved Isolation Using MNG Metamaterial
Authors: Lee Youngki , Ga Deukhyeon , Choi Jaehoon
Published: July 2012

A multi-input multi-output (MIMO) antenna with improved isolation using an interdigital split ring resonator (SRR) is proposed. The necessary impedance bandwidth is obtained by utilizing the coupling between the meander strip and an invertedLstrip. Using interdigital SRR, a negative permeability was generated, while achieving improved isolation between the two radiating elements. The fabricated antenna satisfies the 10 dB return loss in the long-term evolution (LTE) band 40 from 2.3 GHz to 2.4 GHz. The measured peak gains of the two elements were 2.0 dBi and 1.3 dBi. The measured envelope correlation coefficient was less than 0.16 over the frequency band of interest.
On Almost Automorphic Mild Solutions for Nonautonomous Stochastic Evolution Equations
Authors: Cui Jing , Yan Litan
Published: July 2012

We consider a class of nonautonomous stochastic evolution equations in real separable Hilbert spaces. We establish a new composition theorem for square‐mean almost automorphic functions under non‐Lipschitz conditions. We apply this new composition theorem as well as intermediate space techniques, Krasnoselskii fixed point theorem, and Banach fixed point theorem to investigate the existence of square‐mean almost automorphic mild solutions. Some known results are generalized and improved.
How to Design the Control Group in Randomized Controlled Trials of Acupuncture?
Authors: Lin Jaung-Geng , Chen Chao-Hsun , Huang Yu-Che , Chen Yi-Hung
Published: July 2012

In evidence-based medicine, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the preferred method for evaluating the efficacy of interventions. In regard to acupuncture RCTs, the most difficult issues are the design of the control group and implementation of the principle of “double-blinding.” We compared the advantages and limitations associated with different control group designs in acupuncture RCTs, to assist researchers in this field.
On the Origin of Light Emission in Silicon Rich Oxide Obtained by Low‐Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Aceves-Mijares M. , González-Fernández A. A. , López-Estopier R. , Luna-López A. , Berman-Mendoza D. , Morales A. , Falcony C. , Domínguez C. , Murphy-Arteaga R.
Published: July 2012

Silicon Rich Oxide (SRO) has been considered as a material to overcome the drawbacks of silicon to achieve optical functions. Various techniques can be used to produce it, including Low‐Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition (LPCVD). In this paper, a brief description of the studies carried out and discussions of the results obtained on electro‐, cathode‐, and photoluminescence properties of SRO prepared by LPCVD and annealed at 1,100°C are presented. The experimental results lead us to accept that SRO emission properties are due to oxidation state nanoagglomerates rather than to nanocrystals. The emission mechanism is similar to Donor‐Acceptor decay in semiconductors, and a wide emission spectrum, from 450 to 850 nm, has been observed. The results show that emission is a function of both silicon excess in the film and excitation energy. As a result different color emissions can be obtained by selecting the suitable excitation energy.
Genetic Programming for Automating the Development of Data Management Algorithms in Information Technology Systems
Authors: Archanjo Gabriel A. , Von Zuben Fernando J.
Published: July 2012

Information technology (IT) systems are present in almost all fields of human activity, with emphasis on processing, storage, and handling of datasets. Automated methods to provide access to data stored in databases have been proposed mainly for tasks related to knowledge discovery and data mining (KDD). However, for this purpose, the database is used only to query data in order to find relevant patterns associated with the records. Processes modelled on IT systems should manipulate the records to modify the state of the system. Linear genetic programming for databases (LGPDB) is a tool proposed here for automatic generation of programs that can query, delete, insert, and update records on databases. The obtained results indicate that the LGPDB approach is able to generate programs for effectively modelling processes of IT systems, opening the possibility of automating relevant stages of data manipulation, and thus allowing human programmers to focus on more complex tasks.
Patient Participation in Surgical Treatment Decision Making from the Patients' Perspective: Validation of an Instrument
Authors: Heggland Liv-Helen , Øgaard Torvald , Mikkelsen Aslaug , Hausken Kjell
Published: July 2012

The aim of this paper is to describe the development of a new, brief, easy-to-administer self-reported instrument designed to assess patient participation in decision making in surgical treatment. We describe item generation, psychometric testing, and validity of the instrument. The final scale consisted of four factors: information dissemination (5 items), formulation of options (4 items), integration of information (4 items), and control (3 items). The analysis demonstrated a reasonable level of construct validity and reliability. The instrument applies to patients in surgical wards and can be used to identify the health services that are being provided and the areas that could strengthen patient participation.
Chronic Kidney Disease: Highlights for the General Pediatrician
Authors: Quigley Raymond
Published: July 2012

Chronic kidney disease in the pediatric population has been increasing. Early detection and treatment can slow down the progression of kidney disease and help prevent the development of end stage renal disease. In addition, as the kidney function declines, there are many pathophysiologic interactions with other organ systems that need to be monitored and treated. In particular, because of impaired vitamin D metabolism, calcium and phosphorus homeostasis is dysregulated and results in secondary bone disease. Anemia is common due to a number of factors including impaired erythropoietin production. Growth is often impacted by chronic kidney disease but can be improved by proper treatment. Complications of chronic kidney disease can be minimized by proper monitoring and treatment of these parameters. The general pediatrician plays a critical role in this process.
Functional Cloning and Expression of the Schizophyllum commune Glucuronoyl Esterase Gene and Characterization of the Recombinant Enzyme
Authors: Wong Dominic W. S. , Chan Victor J. , McCormack Amanda A. , Hirsch Ján , Biely Peter
Published: July 2012

The gene encoding Schizophyllum commune glucuronoyl esterase was identified in the scaffold 17 of the genome, containing two introns of 50 bp and 48 bp, with a transcript sequence of 1179 bp. The gene was synthesized and cloned into Pichia pastoris expression vector pGAPZα to achieve constitutive expression and secretion of the recombinant enzyme in soluble active form. The purified protein was 53 kD with glycosylation and had an acidic pI of 3.7. Activity analysis on several uronic acids and their derivatives suggests that the enzyme recognized only esters of 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid derivatives, even with a 4-nitrophenyl aglycon but did not hydrolyze the ester of D-galacturonic acid. The kinetic values were Km 0.25 mM, Vmax 16.3 μM⋅min−1, and kcat 9.27 s−1 with 4-nitrophenyl 2-O-(methyl 4-O-methyl-α-D-glucopyranosyluronate)-β-D-xylopyranoside as the substrate.
Identification and Characterization of MicroRNAs inMacaca fascicularisby EST Analysis
Authors: Yang Hao , Zhang Haiyang , Zhu Lin , Zhang Chenyu , Li Donghai
Published: July 2012

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs which repress gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. In this study, an expressed sequence tag (EST)-based combined method was applied for the detection of miRNAs inMacaca fasciculariswhich is used as a model animal extensively in medical experiments, particularly those involved with neuroscience and disease. Initially, previously known miRNA sequences from metazoans were used to blast with the EST databases ofMacaca fascicularis, and then a range of filtering criteria was conducted to remove some pseudo ones. At last a total of 8 novel conserved miRNAs were identified; their functions were further predicted and analyzed. Together, our study provides insight into miRNAs and their functions inMacaca fascicularis, indicating that the EST analysis is an efficient and affordable alternative approach for identifying novel miRNA candidates.
Dynamic Association between HIV-1 Gag and Membrane Domains
Authors: Hogue Ian B. , Llewellyn G. Nicholas , Ono Akira
Published: July 2012

HIV-1 particle assembly is driven by the structural protein Gag. Gag binds to and multimerizes on the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, eventually resulting in formation of spherical particles. During virus spread among T cells, Gag accumulates to the plasma membrane domain that, together with target cell membrane, forms a cell junction known as the virological synapse. While Gag association with plasma membrane microdomains has been implicated in virus assembly and cell-to-cell transmission, recent studies suggest that, rather than merely accumulating to pre-existing microdomains, Gag plays an active role in reorganizing the microdomains via its multimerization activity. In this paper, we will discuss this emerging view of Gag microdomain interactions. Relationships between Gag multimerization and microdomain association will be further discussed in the context of Gag localization to T-cell uropods and virological synapses.
Allium Sativum (Garlic) Extract as Nontoxic Corrosion Inhibitor
Authors: Rajam K. , Rajendran S. , Saranya R.
Published: July 2012

The inhibition efficiency (IE) of an aqueous extract of garlic in controlling corrosion of carbon steel in well water in the absence and presence of Zn2+ has been evaluated by mass‐loss method. The formulation consisting of 2 mL of garlic extract and 25 ppm Zn2+ offers 70% inhibition efficiency to carbon steel immersed in well water. Polarization study reveals that this formulation controls the anodic reaction predominantly. FTIR spectra reveal that the protective film consists of Fe2+‐allicin complex and Zn(OH)2.
Potential Inhibitory Effect of LASSBio-596, a New Thalidomide Hybrid, on Inflammatory Corneal Angiogenesis in Rabbits
Authors: Ribeiro Joao Crispim M.L. , Vagnaldo Fechine Francisco , Ribeiro Mariana Zaira M.L. , Barreiro Eliezer J. , Moreira Lima Lidia , Ricardo Nagila M.P.S. , Amaral de Moraes Maria Elisabete , Odorico de Moraes Manoel
Published: July 2012

Aims: Evaluate the effect of LASSBio-596, structurally designed as a new hybrid of thalidomide, on inflammatory corneal angiogenesis. Methods: Eighteen rabbits were submitted to an alkaline cauterization in the right cornea. The animals were randomly allocated to three groups: vehicle, dexamethasone and LASSBio-596. Drugs were administered by eyedrops 3 times a day for 21 days. Evaluations were performed on days 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21 after cauterization. At these time points, digital images of the cornea were captured in a standard fashion. The angiogenic response was measured using software that was developed specifically for this purpose. It calculated the following parameters: neovascularization area (NA), total vascular length (TVL) and blood vessel number (BVN). Results: It was observed that dexamethasone significantly decreased NA, TVL and BVN during all assessments. From the NA the angiogenesis rate (AR) was calculated in each group. Therefore, dexamethasone completely inhibited the inflammatory corneal angiogenesis with an AR of –0.001 ± 0.006 mm2/day, which was significantly lower (p < 0.001) than that observed after treatment with vehicle (0.078 ± 0.024 mm2/day) and LASSBio-596 (0.054 ± 0.012 mm2/day). Although LASSBio-596 reduced angiogenesis in relation to vehicle, according to NA, TVL and BVN values, this difference was not statistically significant. However, it was found that the AR as measured in the LASSBio-596 group was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than that seen in control animals, indicating a potential antiangiogenic effect. Conclusion: We conclude that topical application of LASSBio-596 at 1.0% has a potential inhibitory effect on inflammatory corneal angiogenesis in rabbits.
Modulation of Free Corticotrophin-Releasing Hormone, Adrenal and Placental Steroid Hormone Levels Induced by Mifepristone during Pregnancy
Authors: Ceccaldi Pierre-François , Saada Julien , Nicolas Mireille , Ducarme Guillaume , Blot Philippe , Guibourdenche Jean , Luton Dominique
Published: July 2012

Mifepristone is a progesterone receptor antagonist widely used in obstetrics. The aim of the study was to focus on free corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and also describe modulation of adrenal and placental steroid hormone concentrations induced by mifepristone. Methods: Twenty-six women were enrolled in the study. They received mifepristone for termination of pregnancy. Maternal blood samples were retrieved before administration of mifepristone (600 mg) and 48 h after, just before induction of labor. Bound and free CRH levels were determined in maternal blood concomitantly with cortisol, estriol, progesterone and SDHEA levels. Also paired fetal cord blood samples were collected. Results: Maternal plasmatic CRH level did not change after mifepristone absorption but free CRH increased significantly (0.500 ± 0.326 vs. 0.388 ± 0.303 ng/ml, p = 0.040). A significant decrease of progesterone was observed (83.6 ± 49.3 vs. 95.6 ± 54.9 ng/ml, p = 0.001) with a lower progesterone/estriol ratio (26.9 ± 15.7 vs. 40.7 ± 31.1, p = 0.004). There was a strong association between maternal and fetal free CRH (r2 = 0.675, p = 0.001), cortisol (r2 = 0.570, p = 0.019), and positive but modest correlation for progesterone (r2 = 0.341, p = 0.046) and estriol (r2 = 0.379, p = 0.025) levels. Conclusion: Mifepristone has an effect on free CRH level and changes the estriol-progesterone balance.
Type-1 Cannabinoid Receptor Signaling in Neuronal Development
Authors: Gaffuri Anne-Lise , Ladarre Delphine , Lenkei Zsolt
Published: July 2012

The type-1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) was initially identified as the neuronal target of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the major psychoactive substance of marijuana. This receptor is one of the most abundant G-protein-coupled receptors in the adult brain, the target of endocannabinoid ligands and a well-characterized retrograde synaptic regulator. However, CB1Rs are also highly and often transiently expressed in neuronal populations in the embryonic and early postnatal brain, even before the formation of synapses. This suggests important physiological roles for CB1Rs during neuronal development. Several recent reviews have summarized our knowledge about the role of the endocannabinoid (eCB) system in neurodevelopment and neurotransmission by focusing on the metabolism of endocannabinoid molecules. Here, we review current knowledge about the effects of the modulation of CB1R signaling during the different phases of brain development. More precisely, we focus on reports that directly implicate CB1Rs during progenitor cell migration and differentiation, neurite outgrowth, axonal pathfinding and synaptogenesis. Based on theoretical considerations and on the reviewed experimental data, we propose a new model to explain the diversity of experimental findings on eCB signaling on neurite growth and axonal pathfinding. In our model, cell-autonomus and paracrine eCBs acting on CB1Rs are part of a global inhibitory network of cytoskeletal effectors, which act in concert with positive-feedback local-excitation loops, to ultimately yield highly polarized neurons.
Sensitivity to Biases of Case-Control Studies on Medical Procedures, Particularly Surgery and Blood Transfusion, and Risk of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Authors: de Pedro Cuesta Jesús , Ruiz Tovar María , Ward Hester , Calero Miguel , Smith Andrew , Verduras Concepción Alonso , Pocchiari Maurizio , Turner Marc L. , Forland Frode , Palm Daniel , Will Robert G.
Published: July 2012

Background: Evidence of risk of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) associated with medical procedures, including surgery and blood transfusion, is limited by susceptibility to bias in epidemiological studies. Methods: Sensitivity to bias was explored using a central-birth-cohort model using data from 18 case-control studies obtained after a review of 494 reports on medical procedures and risk of CJD, systematic for the period January 1, 1989 to December 31, 2011. Results: The validity of the findings in these studies may have been undermined by: recall; control selection; exposure assessment in life-time periods of different duration, out of time-at-risk of effect, or asymmetry in case/control data; and confounding by concomitant blood transfusion at the time of surgery. For sporadic CJD (sCJD), a history of surgery or blood transfusion was associated with risk in some, but not all, recent studies at a ≥10 year lag time, when controls were longitudinally sampled. Space-time aggregation of surgical events was not seen. Surgery at early clinical onset might be overrepresented among cases. Neither surgical history nor blood transfusion unlabelled for donor status, dental treatments or endoscopic examinations were linked to variant CJD (vCJD). Conclusions: These results indicate the need for further research. Common challenges within these studies include access to and content of past medical/dental treatment records for diseases with long incubation periods.
Painful Eccrine Spiradenoma Containing Nerve Fibers: A Case Report
Authors: Park Hye Ran , Im Soo Bin , Kim Hee Kyung , Shin Dong Seong , Park Young Lip
Published: July 2012

An eccrine spiradenoma is a rare benign tumor most often seen in the head, neck and upper trunk of young adults. Although spontaneous pain or tenderness is a typical symptom of eccrine spiradenomas, the underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Here, we report the case of a 47- year-old woman who had a spiradenoma in the subcutaneous tissue of her posterior neck accompanied by agonizing pain which was triggered by pressure. Multiple nodular lesions were excised and the typical histopathological findings of spiradenoma were seen. The histopathological architecture of a disorganized nerve fiber encasing the tumor nodules appeared to correlate with the unique clinical symptom of pain.
Trichohepatoenteric Syndrome: Founder Mutation in Asian Indians
Authors: Kotecha U.H. , Movva S. , Puri R.D. , Verma I.C.
Published: July 2012

Trichohepatoenteric syndrome (THES) is characterized by chronic diarrhea, dysmorphic facies and hair abnormalities. Hepatic involvement varies from no abnormality to cirrhosis and hemochromatosis. Recently, mutations in the tetratricopeptide repeat domain 37 (TTC37) gene were identified to cause THES. The c.2808G>A variation was suggested as a possible founder mutation among the South Asians. We further report 2 unrelated cases of Asian-Indian ethnicity (Gujrati) with THES, wherein targeted mutation analysis revealed the same mutation in homozygous form in both cases. These findings, as well as haplotype analysis, corroborate the founder mutation hypothesis amongst Asian Indo-Pakistani ethnic groups. A restriction enzyme-based method is also described to identify this founder mutation. One of our probands had multiple hepatic hemangiomas, a feature not previously observed in this syndrome.
Genetic Variants in Platelet Factor 4 Modulate Inflammatory and Platelet Activation Biomarkers
Authors: Bhatnagar Pallav , Lu Xiaochun , Evans Michele K. , LaVeist Thomas A. , Zonderman Alan B. , Carter Darryl L. , Arking Dan E. , Fletcher Craig A.
Published: July 2012

Background—

African Americans suffer from higher prevalence and severity of atherosclerosis compared with whites, highlighting racial and ethnic disparities in cardiovascular disease. Previous studies have pointed to the role of vascular inflammation and platelet activation in the formation of atherosclerotic lesions.

Methods and Results—

We explored the role of genetic variation in 4 chemokine/chemokine receptor genes (
CX3CR1
,
CX3CL1
,
CXCR3
, and
PF4
) on systemic inflammation and platelet activation serum biomarkers (fractalkine, platelet P-selectin, platelet factor 4 [PF4], and tumor necrosis factor-
α
). In total, 110 single nucleotide polymorphisms were tested among 1042 African Americans and 763 whites. The strongest association with serum PF4 levels was observed for rs168449, which was significant in both racial groups (
P
value: African Americans=0.0017, whites=0.014, combined=1.2 × 10
−4
), and remained significant after permutation-based multiple corrections (
P

c

value: combined=0.0013). After accounting for the effect of rs168449, we identified another significant single nucleotide polymorphism (rs1435520), suggesting a second independent signal regulating serum PF4 levels (conditional
P
value: African Americans=0.02, whites=0.02). Together, these single nucleotide polymorphisms explained 0.98% and 1.23% of serum PF4 variance in African Americans and whites, respectively. Additionally, in African Americans, we found an additional
PF4
variant (rs8180167), uncorrelated with rs168449 and rs1435520, associated with serum tumor necrosis factor-
α
levels (
P
=0.008,
P
c
=0.048).

Conclusions—

Our study highlights the importance of
PF4
variants in the regulation of platelet activation (PF4) and systemic inflammation (tumor necrosis factor-
α
) serum biomarkers.
Evoking Agency: Attention Model and Behavior Control in a Robotic Art Installation
Authors: Kroos Christian , Herath Damith C. , Stelarc
Published: July 2012

Robotic embodiments of artificial agents seem to reinstate a body-mind dualism as consequence of their technical implementation, but could this supposition be a misconception? The authors present their artistic, scientific and engineering work on a robotic installation, the Articulated Head, and its perception-action control system, the Thinking Head Attention Model and Behavioral System (THAMBS). The authors propose that agency emerges from the interplay of the robot's behavior and the environment and that, in the system's interaction with humans, it is to the same degree attributed to the robot as it is grounded in the robot's actions: Agency cannot be instilled; it needs to be evoked.
Public Engagement and the Art of Nanotechnology
Authors: de Ridder-Vignone Kathryn D.
Published: July 2012

Nanotechnology art exhibitions provide more than a portal through which to enter the future world of nanotechnology. They also represent the state of nanotechnology in society today. This paper compares three exhibition forums that serve as representations of three of the most common genres of nanotechnology art (nanoart). These exhibition forums and their creators demonstrate distinct perspectives about what counts as engagement and how best to achieve it; they all attempt to persuade their publics that art can serve as a conduit for the creation of alternative nanofutures.
Art History 2.0?
Authors: Frost Charlotte
Published: July 2012

The author develops a theory showing how archival technicity impacts art historical thinking. She describes an example of a web-based art critcal/contextual platform and indicates the prevalent theme of performativity in art history as per today's web-based archival imperative.