bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Learning from a Museum Exhibit: The Case of the 19th-Century Compensation “Gridiron” Pendulum
Authors: Kapotis Efstratios , Symeonides Chrysoleon
Published: March 2019

The compensation pendulum is a pendulum that is constructed in a way that its length does not vary by changes of temperature. As the temperature of the air around the clock goes up, the rod of a regular pendulum clock mechanism expands and the clock runs slower. Historically, it has proven easier to compensate for changes in the ambient temperature than to eliminate them. One of the most common pendulums is the “gridiron,” which was contrived by Harrison around the year 1726. It consists of alternate rods of steel and brass (five of which are made of steel and four of brass), connected by cross-pieces at the top and bottom. It is called a “gridiron” because of the arrangement of its rods (Fig. 1). The principle of its operation is simple and unexpectedly effective. The steel would push down, lengthening the pendulum, but the brass, being attached at the bottom, would push up. The two lengths were in the inverse ratio of their thermal expansion coefficients, in which case the upward expansions just equal those that are downward, and therefore the center of oscillation remains at the same distance from the point of suspension.
The Apollo 1 Fire: A Case Study in the Flammability of Fabrics
Authors: DiLisi Greg , McLean Stella
Published: March 2019

This January marked the 52nd anniversary of the Apollo 1 fire. On Jan. 27, 1967, the interior of NASA’s AS-204 command module (CM), occupied by American astronauts Roger Chaffee, Virgil “Gus” Grissom, and Ed White, caught fire during a rehearsal of its scheduled Feb. 21 launch (Fig. 1). By the time the ground crew was able to open the hatch, the three astronauts had perished. On April 24, 1967, NASA announced that the flight would be officially re-designated “Apollo 1.” In this case study, we conduct a basic horizontal flame test, patterned after the protocols set forth by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to measure the ignitability of solids. The laboratory activity is a complementary exercise to the vertical flame test described in our previous article that examined the initial source of fuel for the fire that destroyed the massive German zeppelin Hindenburg in 1937. Combining techniques from both case studies gives students a quantitative understanding of how the flammability of materials is tested and how a forensics approach to physics can be used to understand significant historical events.
Determination of Diode Characteristics by Using Arduino
Authors: Önder Fatih , Önder Esra Bìlal , Oğur Mehmet
Published: March 2019

In a classical electronic laboratory, there is an experiment where a diode is connected in a series with a resistor and a variable DC voltage source in order to draw the characteristic I-V curve of the diode. Input voltage is gradually increased starting from 0 V, and the potential difference between the diode’s terminals is read by using a voltmeter, and the current flowing through the diode is read by using an ammeter. When the forward voltage exceeds the PN junction’s internal barrier voltage (0.5-0.7 for a Si diode and 0.2-0.3V for a Ge diode), the current begins to pass through. After the internal barrier voltage of the diode, a small increase in the potential difference causes a large increase in the current. In this study, we will focus on a low-cost and easy method of drawing the diode I-V characteristic curve by using the Arduino Uno Board.
A Demonstration of the Infrared Activity of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Sieg Philip G. , Berner William , Harnish Peter K. , Nelson Philip C.
Published: March 2019

Climate is a topic of great concern to students, but it remains difficult to discuss scientifically. We are bombarded daily by emotional messaging for and against the proposition that human activities are altering the climate in ways that may have catastrophic effects. But it often seems that those predictions rest entirely on massive computer simulation models, which the listener is not in a position to evaluate. We wished to find an aspect of the puzzle that could be directly experienced, and that would therefore give us a solid starting point for discussion. Here we describe a dramatic lecture demonstration that scales well for large audiences and that requires as little as 10 classroom minutes to show an important difference between room air and carbon dioxide gas. Beyond its significance for public policy, the demonstration can serve as a springboard to motivate discussion of important physics concepts such as molecular rotation and vibration spectra.
Acceleration, Velocity, and Displacement for Magnetically Damped Oscillations
Authors: Hinrichsen Peter F.
Published: March 2019

Oscillatory motion with damping proportional to the velocity is part of all upper-class physics courses and some introductory courses; however, the emphasis is primarily on the free amplitude decay. Microelectromechanical (MEMs) accelerometers allow the acceleration to be directly measured and the velocity and displacement to be derived from it. The quality of the data is such that the predicted shifts between the acceleration and displacement extrema and zero crossings can be directly observed, the transition to critical damping studied, the linear velocity dependence of the drag confirmed directly, and the oscillations in the energy decay observed.
Modeling a High Road/Low Road race quantitatively using Desmos
Authors: Hosey Dan
Published: March 2019

The High Road/Low Road race is often used as a qualitative prediction activity. A marble is released simultaneously on two elevated tracks that differ only in the middle section where the Low Road dips before finishing at the same height as the High Road. Typically a minority of students correctly predict that the Low Road will finish first. In this investigation an energy and segmented constant acceleration-based Desmos model is developed to predict the time required to traverse each track. The effect of rotational inertia on the model is also explored. Those predictions are then compared with the time measured by photogates and video analysis.
An improved technique for visualizing microwave wavelengths in microwave ovens
Authors: Lincoln James
Published: March 2019

There have been a few methods described in this journal and elsewhere for measuring the wavelength of the standing electromagnetic waves in a microwave oven. Typically, these involve melting chocolate, cheese, or some other substance on a plate that is prevented from rotating. In this article I describe a more dynamic and colorful technique that utilizes a temperature-sensitive liquid crystal sheet. With this method one can not only measure the wavelength of the microwaves, but also calculate the speed of these waves, which intriguingly turns out to be the speed of light. It also has the advantage of looking more like a wave than the other methods.
Variability in talkers' fundamental frequencies shapes context effects in speech perception
Authors: Assgari Ashley A. , Theodore Rachel M. , Stilp Christian E.
Published: March 2019

The perception of any given sound is influenced by surrounding sounds. When successive sounds differ in their spectral compositions, these differences may be perceptually magnified, resulting in spectral contrast effects (SCEs). For example, listeners are more likely to perceive /ɪ/ (low F1) following sentences with higher F1 frequencies; listeners are also more likely to perceive /ɛ/ (high F1) following sentences with lower F1 frequencies. Previous research showed that SCEs for vowel categorization were attenuated when sentence contexts were spoken by different talkers [Assgari and Stilp. (2015). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 138(5), 3023–3032], but the locus of this diminished contextual influence was not specified. Here, three experiments examined implications of variable talker acoustics for SCEs in the categorization of /ɪ/ and /ɛ/. The results showed that SCEs were smaller when the mean fundamental frequency (f0) of context sentences was highly variable across talkers compared to when mean f0 was more consistent, even when talker gender was held constant. In contrast, SCE magnitudes were not influenced by variability in mean F1. These findings suggest that talker variability attenuates SCEs due to diminished consistency of f0 as a contextual influence. Connections between these results and talker normalization are considered.
Observation of new plasmons in the fractional quantum Hall effect: Interplay of topological and nematic orders
Authors: Du Lingjie , Wurstbauer Ursula , West Ken W. , Pfeiffer Loren N. , Fallahi Saeed , Gardner Geoff C. , Manfra Michael J. , Pinczuk Aron
Published: March 2019

New plasmon modes in fractional quantum Hall states are observed, revealing interplays of topological and nematic orders.
Response to comment on “Giant electromechanical coupling of relaxor ferroelectrics controlled by polar nanoregion vibrations”
Authors: Manley M. E. , Abernathy D. L. , Christianson A. D. , Lynn J. W.
Published: March 2019

Failed attempts to reproduce measurements suffer from lower resolution not ghosts.
In Vitro
Activities of the Novel Investigational Tetrazoles VT-1161 and VT-1598 Compared to the Triazole Antifungals against Azole-Resistant Strains and Clinical Isolates of
Candida albicans
Authors: Nishimoto Andrew T. , Wiederhold Nathan P. , Flowers Stephanie A. , Zhang Qing , Kelly Steven L. , Morschhäuser Joachim , Yates Christopher M. , Hoekstra William J. , Schotzinger Robert J. , Garvey Edward P. , Rogers P. David
Published: March 2019

The fungal Cyp51-specific inhibitors VT-1161 and VT-1598 have emerged as promising new therapies to combat fungal infections, including
Candida
spp. To evaluate their
in vitro
activities compared to other azoles, MICs were determined by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) method for VT-1161, VT-1598, fluconazole, voriconazole, itraconazole, and posaconazole against 68 
C. albicans
clinical isolates well characterized for azole resistance mechanisms and mutant strains representing individual azole resistance mechanisms.
Chicken Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptide 1A2, a Novel Avian Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) ORF2-Interacting Protein, Is Involved in Avian HEV Infection
Authors: Li Huixia , Fan Mengnan , Liu Baoyuan , Ji Pinpin , Chen Yiyang , Zhang Beibei , Sun Yani , Huang Baicheng , Nan Yuchen , Sun Zhenzhao , Stewart James P. , Hiscox Julian A. , Zhao Qin , Zhou En-Min
Published: March 2019

The process of viral infection is centered around the interaction between the virus and host cells. Due to the lack of a highly effective cell culture system
in vitro
, there is little understanding about the interaction between avian HEV and its host cells. In this study, a total of seven host proteins were screened in chicken liver cells by a truncated avian HEV capsid protein (ap237) in which the host protein OATP1A2 interacted with ap237. Overexpression of OATP1A2 in the cells can promote ap237 adsorption as well as avian HEV adsorption and infection of the cells. When the function of OATP1A2 in cells was inhibited by substrates or inhibitors, attachment and infection by avian HEV significantly decreased. The distribution of OATP1A2 in different chicken tissues corresponded with that in tissues during avian HEV infection. This is the first finding that OATP1A2 is involved in viral infection of host cells.
When ‘glaucomatous fields’ are not glaucoma: bilateral calcarine fissure strokes masquerading as glaucoma in a normal tension glaucoma suspect
Authors: Perera Nayomi , Shields Melissa , Perera Marlon , Adler Paul A
Published: March 2019

A 78-year-old man with vascular risk factors and a family history of glaucoma presents with bilateral superior arcuate visual field loss. MRI brain was reported normal. Intraocular pressure (IOP) and optical coherence tomography of the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) were within normal limits. A tentative diagnosis of normal tension glaucoma was made. Over the next 5 years, IOP remained stable without treatment, serial visual fields noted repeatable bilateral superior depressions with normal RNFL. Referral to a glaucoma subspecialist and subsequently neuro-ophthalmologist prompted repeat MRIs, which demonstrated mild small vessel ischaemia. Standard visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were normal. Multifocal VEPs identified poor response across the entire visual field in both eyes. The combination of visual defects, unremarkable RNFL and reduced multifocal VEPs raised suspicion of bilateral inferior calcarine fissure change. Retrospective review of MRI’s in a multidisciplinary meeting confirmed extensive microvascular changes with bilateral inferior calcarine fissure ischaemia.
Interobserver variability in comfort scores for screening colonoscopy
Authors: Naumann David N , Potter-Concannon Sarah , Karandikar Sharad
Published: March 2019

Objective

To investigate the agreement in comfort scores between patients, endoscopist and specialist screening practitioner (SSP) for colonoscopy, and which factors influence comfort.

Design

Prospective observational study.

Setting

Single-centre UK Bowel Cancer Screening Program colonoscopy service from April 2017 to March 2018.

Patients

498 patients undergoing bowel cancer screening colonoscopy, with median age of 68 (IQR 64–71). 320 (64.3%) were men.

Intervention

All patients underwent screening colonoscopy.

Main outcome measure

Comfort scores on a validated 1 (best) to 5 (worst) ordinal scale were assigned for each colonoscopy by the patient, endoscopist and SSP. Inter-rater agreement of discomfort scores between endoscopist, patient and SSP was investigated using Cohen’s Kappa statistic. Multivariate ordinal logistic regression was used to investigate the effects of patient and colonoscopy factors on comfort scores.

Results

SSPs had superior comfort score agreement with patients (0.638; ‘moderate agreement’) than endoscopists had with the same patients (0.526; ‘weak agreement’). Male patients reported lower scores than female patients (OR 0.483, OR 0.499 [95% CI 0.344 to 0.723]; p<0.001). Endoscopists reported lower scores when there was better bowel prep (OR 0.512 [95% CI 0.279 to 0.938]; p=0.030). Agreement was worse at higher levels of discomfort.

Conclusion

There is variability in perceived comfort levels between healthcare providers and patients during screening colonoscopy, which is greater at worse levels of discomfort. Endoscopists who undertake screening colonoscopies may wish to consider both patient and healthcare provider comfort scores in order to improve patient experience while ensuring optimal quality assurance.
Membrane Protein–Lipid Interactions Probed Using Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Bolla Jani Reddy , Agasid Mark T. , Mehmood Shahid , Robinson Carol V.
Published: March 2019

Membrane proteins that exist in lipid bilayers are not isolated molecular entities. The lipid molecules that surround them play crucial roles in maintaining their full structural and functional integrity. Research directed at investigating these critical lipid–protein interactions is developing rapidly. Advancements in both instrumentation and software, as well as in key biophysical and biochemical techniques, are accelerating the field. In this review, we provide a brief outline of structural techniques used to probe protein–lipid interactions and focus on the molecular aspects of these interactions obtained from native mass spectrometry (native MS). We highlight examples in which lipids have been shown to modulate membrane protein structure and show how native MS has emerged as a complementary technique to X-ray crystallography and cryo–electron microscopy. We conclude with a short perspective on future developments that aim to better understand protein–lipid interactions in the native environment.
An Investigation of Synthesized Samarium Oxychloride in Molten LiCl-KCl
Authors: Singh Vickram , Bruneau Christopher , Karmiol Zachary , Chidambaram Dev
Published: March 2019

The spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of synthesized samarium oxychloride were investigated in molten LiCl-KCl salt of eutectic composition.
Role of T-cell activation in salt-sensitive hypertension
Authors: Ren Jiafa , Crowley Steven D.
Published: March 2019

The contributions of T lymphocytes to the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension has been well established. Under hypertensive stimuli, naive T cells develop into different subsets, including Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg, and cytotoxic CD8+T cells, depending on the surrounding microenviroment in organs. Distinct subsets of T cells may play totally different roles in tissue damage and hypertension. The underlying mechanisms by which hypertensive stimuli activate naive T cells involve many events and different organs, such as neoantigen presentation by dendritic cells, high salt concentration, and the milieu of oxidative stress in the kidney and vasculature. Infiltrating and activated T subsets in injured organs, in turn, exert considerable impacts on tissue dysfunction, including sodium retention in the kidney, vascular stiffness, and remodeling in the vasculature. Therefore, a thorough knowledge of T-cell actions in hypertension may provide novel insights into the development of new therapeutic strategies for patients with hypertension.
Vascular phenotype of amyloid precursor protein-deficient mice
Authors: d’Uscio Livius V. , Katusic Zvonimir S.
Published: March 2019

The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is expressed in the blood vessel wall, but the physiological function of APP is not completely understood. Previous studies established that APP has amine oxidase activity responsible for degradation of catecholamines. In the present study, we characterized the vascular phenotype of APP-knockout (APP−/−) mice. We demonstrate that circulating levels of catecholamines are significantly increased in male as compared with female APP−/− mice. Studies of vasomotor function in isolated aortas revealed that contractions to the α1-receptor agonist phenylephrine were significantly reduced in male APP−/− mice but not in females. In addition, contractions to G protein activation with sodium fluoride were reduced exclusively in male APP−/− mice aortas. The endothelium-dependent relaxations to acetylcholine were not affected by the loss of APP in mice of both sexes. Further analysis of the mechanisms underlying endothelium-dependent relaxations revealed that inhibition of cyclooxygenase by indomethacin significantly impaired relaxations to acetylcholine exclusively in male APP−/− mice. Furthermore, acetylcholine-induced production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) was significantly reduced in male APP−/− mice aortas while acetylcholine-induced production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) was enhanced. We concluded that altered vascular reactivity to phenylephrine appears to be in part the result of chronic exposure of male APP−/− aorta to high circulating levels of catecholamines. The mechanisms responsible for the impairment of endothelium-dependent cGMP signaling and adaptive enhancement of endothelium-dependent production of cAMP remain to be defined.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Male amyloid precursor protein (APP)-deficient mice have higher circulating levels of catecholamines as compared with female APP-deficient mice. As a consequence, endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasomotor functions of male APP-deficient mice are significantly altered. Under physiological conditions, expression of APP appears to play an important role in vascular function.
Optical Imaging of Glucose Uptake and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential to Characterize Her2 Breast Tumor Metabolic Phenotypes
Authors: Madonna Megan C. , Fox Douglas B. , Crouch Brian T. , Lee Jihong , Zhu Caigang , Martinez Amy F. , Alvarez James V. , Ramanujam Nirmala
Published: March 2019

With the large number of women diagnosed and treated for breast cancer each year, the importance of studying recurrence has become evident due to most deaths from breast cancer resulting from tumor recurrence following therapy. To mitigate this, cellular and molecular pathways used by residual disease prior to recurrence must be studied. An altered metabolism has long been considered a hallmark of cancer, and several recent studies have gone further to report metabolic dysfunction and alterations as key to understanding the underlying behavior of dormant and recurrent cancer cells. Our group has used two probes, 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1, 3-diaxol-4-yl) amino]-2-deoxyglucose (2-NBDG) and tetramethyl rhodamine ethyl ester (TMRE), to image glucose uptake and mitochondrial membrane potential, respectively, to report changes in metabolism between primary tumors, regression, residual disease, and after regrowth in genetically engineered mouse (GEM)-derived mammospheres. Imaging revealed unique metabolic phenotypes across the stages of tumor development. Although primary mammospheres overexpressing Her2 maintained increased glucose uptake (“Warburg effect”), after Her2 downregulation, during regression and residual disease, mammospheres appeared to switch to oxidative phosphorylation. Interestingly, in mammospheres where Her2 overexpression was turned back on to model recurrence, glucose uptake was lowest, indicating a potential change in substrate preference following the reactivation of Her2, reeliciting growth. Our findings highlight the importance of imaging metabolic adaptions to gain insight into the fundamental behaviors of residual and recurrent disease.

Implications:

This study demonstrates these functional fluorescent probes' ability to report metabolic adaptations during primary tumor growth, regression, residual disease, and regrowth in Her2 breast tumors.
Multiple Immune-Suppressive Mechanisms in Fibrolamellar Carcinoma
Authors: Kim Amy K. , Gani Faiz , Layman Andrew J. , Besharati Sepideh , Zhu Qingfeng , Succaria Farah , Engle Elizabeth L. , Bhaijee Feriyl , Goggins Maria B. , Llosa Nicolas J. , Pawlik Timothy M. , Yarchoan Mark , Jaffee Elizabeth M. , Simons Howard C. , Taube Janis M. , Anders Robert A.
Published: March 2019

Fibrolamellar carcinoma (FLC) is a rare type of liver cancer that affects adolescents and young adults. The most effective treatment for FLC is surgical resection, but no standardized systemic therapy exists for patients with recurrent or unresectable FLC. As a first step to understand the immune microenvironment of FLC, we investigated targetable immune-checkpoint pathways, PD-1, PD-L1, B7-H3, IDO-1, and LAG3, in relation to CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte density. Thirty-two FLC tumor specimens were analyzed using IHC staining for PD-L1, CD8, PD-1, IDO, LAG3, and B7-H3. Sixty-three percent of FLC cases demonstrated membranous PD-L1 expression on tumor cells, and almost 70% of cases demonstrated PD-L1+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and tumor-associated macrophages (TIL/TAM). Myeloid-derived cells appeared to be a major component of PD-L1+ tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Forty percent of the cases showed B7-H3 expression in the tumor zone, with 91% cases showing B7-H3 expression in TILs and TAMs. IDO and PD-1 expression was highest in the tumor interface zone. B7-H3 or IDO expression on tumor cells significantly correlated with higher CD8+ T-cell density. In conclusion, a high proportion of FLC cases showed robust expression of PD-1, PD-L1, B7-H3, and IDO in an adaptive immune-resistance pattern. Our findings provide further basis for targeting these different immune-checkpoint axes in FLC.
A Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública: origens e história do ensino da saúde pública em Portugal
Authors: Graça Luís
Published: March 2019

Desde a reforma sanitária de Ricardo Jorge (1899–1901), até à criação da Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública e Medicina Tropical, em 1 de janeiro de 1967, passaram-se mais de 6 décadas. Em 1903, começou a funcionar o Instituto Central de Higiene (ICH), de que o atual INSA – Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge é o herdeiro direto, hoje sem funções de ensino. A atual Escola Nacional de Saúde Públi ca também remonta ao ICH mas é o resultado do ensaio de vários modelos institucionais e organizacionais: o modelo Rockeffeler, o modelo OMS, o modelo universitário. É este período (1903–1966) que vamos revisitar, dando conta da evolução do ensino da saúde pública em Portugal.
Analysis of the Effect of Serum Estradiol Concentration on Facial Skin Moisture, Pore Width, Discoloration and Smoothness in 16- to 50-Year-Old Women at the 5th and 25th Days of the Menstrual Cycle
Authors: Jablonska Iwona , Mielicki Wojciech
Published: March 2019

Background/Aims: Analysis of the relationship between the estradiol blood concentration and the skin moisture, pore width, discoloration and smoothness in differently aged women on the 5th and 25th days of the menstrual cycle. Methods: The study involved 57 women divided into 4 age groups. Measurements of skin moisture, pore width, discoloration and smoothness were performed using the Aramo SG Aram Huvis device. The estradiol serum concentration was determined by radioimmunoassay. Results: In the luteal phase of the cycle, facial skin moisture increases from 93.5% of the correct standard moisture index in the youngest to 115.5% in the oldest group. A positive correlation (r2 = 0.45) between estradiol concentration and skin moisture was observed on the 5th day of the cycle in 40- to 50-year-olds. For women on the 25th day of the menstruation cycle, estrogen concentration below the normal range was more beneficial for skin smoothness and pore width for the oldest group. The difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05); how­ever, in the 40- to 50-year age group, skin smoothness was much better (43.5 ± 6.7%) for low estradiol while it was 37.5 ± 4.7% in the 20- to 29-year age group. Similarly, in the 40- to 50-year age group, skin pore width was much smaller (35.2 ± 15.7%) for low estradiol while it was 54.3 ± 28.8% in the 20- to 29-year age group. Conclusions: Skin moisture was related to the concentration of estradiol only in the oldest examined group of women regardless of the phase of menstrual cycle. In the 40- to 50-year-old group of women, the low level of estradiol on the 25th day of the cycle is better used to maintain a good facial skin appearance and has a positive influence not only on skin moisture, but also on pore width and skin smoothness.
Management and Outcome of Taxane-Induced Nail Side Effects: Experience of 79 Patients from a Single Centre
Authors: Alessandrini Aurora , Starace Michela , Cerè Giulia , Brandi Nicolò , Piraccini Bianca Maria
Published: March 2019

Background: Nail changes are a common side effect of taxane chemotherapy, although their correct management is poorly standardized. Objective: To evaluate incidence, clinical aspects, and response to treatment of taxane-induced nail side effects in patients treated with taxanes for malignancies. Patients and Methods: We performed a retrospective clinical study of 79 patients with taxane-induced nail changes from January 2015 to July 2018. Results: Paclitaxel was the most responsible drug and both hands and feet were often affected (46.8%). Grade 2 nail toxicity was seen in 63.3% of the patients, including painful subungual hematoma, hemorrhagic onycholysis, and paronychia. Grade 3 nail toxicity was seen only in 2.5% of the patients, including hemorrhagic onycholysis and pyogenic granuloma. Removal of the detached nail plate with application of topical antibiotics and steroids induced regression of symptoms within 2 weeks. Conclusions: Nail toxicity develops mostly at the end of therapy, and total drug dosage is the only known factor that predisposes to these side effects. Trauma possibly plays a role as the most severe signs are located on the great toenails. Although it is impossible to prevent taxane-induced nail side effects, a careful patient monitoring permits to immediately recognize and manage the symptoms in order to induce their remission and improvement of the patient’s quality of life.
João Torrão: um pedacinho de solo
Authors:   Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Oliveira Déborah de , Manganotte Marina Braguini ,   Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Machado Adriana Ribeiro ,   Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Cerminaro Ana Clara ,   Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Silveira Lady Aparecida ,   Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Carvalho Mariana Franco de ,   Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Patucci Natalia Nunes ,   Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Christmann Patrícia ,   Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas
Published: March 2019

João Torrão, um pedacinho de solo é um livro paradidático que faz parte do "Projeto Solo na Escola", da Geografia-USP, em que os autores abordam, de forma lúdica e ilustrada, o que é o solo, suas características, sua importância como fornecedor de alimentos para homens e animais, além de outros usos para a manutenção da vida. Os autores alertam para a importância dos cuidados que devemos ter com a conservação do solo, exemplificando e fixando as ideias desenvolvidas na obra com a inserção de jogos e experiências sugeridas aos leitores
Gênero, raça e outramento em A question of power
Authors: Morales Renata Santos de , Ramiro Juliana Figueiró
Published: March 2019

Este artigo parte do entendimento de que o pós-colonialismo se apresenta, na literatura, para que o povo colonizado possa resistir às identidades que lhes são impostas. A partir da escrita de resistência, o dominado responde aos discursos que perpetuam a sua condição de estar no mundo e as relações de poder e subordinação as quais são submetidos. O nosso objetivo é observar a obra A Question of Power, da escritora sul-africana Bessie Head, a partir de um recorte de gênero e raça, fundamentado nos estudos de Jacques Lacan sobre o Outro, nas propostas de Gayatri Spivak a respeito dos conceitos de outramento e subalternidade e na concepção de ambivalência de Homi K. Bhabha. Acreditando que a leitura é possibilidade de encontro com a alteridade, propomos um movimento de questionar as estruturas que nos são impostas, como um primeiro passo para mudar a nossa existência no mundo.
Do que não se pode escapar: reflexões (teórico-)(literárias) para um pensamento da responsabilidade da arte
Authors: Philipson Gabriel Salvi
Published: March 2019

Neste texto, procurei pensar a relação entre arte e responsabilidade ao desenvolver o problema da responsabilidade do acontecimento tal como estruturado por Bakhtin em seu primeiro escrito, “Arte e Responsabilidade”. Meu objetivo foi testar os limites dessa relação proposta por Bakhtin, remetendo para isso a textos que pudessem servir a tal propósito, tal como a obra posterior de Bakhtin, a prosa de Bolaño e a de Bulgákov, bem como um artigo de Safatle. Ao fazer isso, sugeri que Bakhtin reivindica uma posição complexa e radical em relação a esse problema, o que me levou — entre outras coisas — a ressignificar sua obra posterior e a atitude de El Ojo Silva no conto que leva seu nome, bem como a apontar inconsistências na crítica ao cômico operada por Safatle e, por fim, ainda, a perceber a ambiguidade trágica da crítica ao poder soviético perpetrada por Bulgákov.
A Simultaneidade moderna à moda da casa: uma análise de algumas propostas estéticas em A escrava que não é Isaura, de Mário de Andrade
Authors: Nogueira Gustavo De Almeida
Published: March 2019

No presente artigo pretendemos discutir algumas questões estéticas tratadas no ensaio "A escrava que não é Isaura" (1924), de Mário de Andrade. Partimos de uma análise do conceito de modernidade e de modernismo na obra de Charles Baudelaire para melhor analisarmos algumas particularidades do Modernismo Brasileiro, de modo a contextualizar a defesa do verso livre e do conceito de harmonismo e de simultaneidade no ensaio do poeta de Pauliceia desvairada.
Cardiovascular and Lifestyle Risk Factors and Cognitive Function in Patients With Stable Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Stewart Ralph A. H. , Held Claes , Krug‐Gourley Sue , Waterworth Dawn , Stebbins Amanda , Chiswell Karen , Hagstrom Emil , Armstrong Paul W. , Wallentin Lars , White Harvey
Published: March 2019

Background

Vascular risk factors have been associated with differences in cognitive performance in epidemiological studies, but evidence in patients with coronary heart disease is more limited.

Methods and Results

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment score obtained 3.2±0.37 years after randomization to darapladib, a reversible inhibitor of lipoprotein phospholipase A
2
or placebo was evaluated for 10 634 patients with coronary heart disease from 38 countries in the STABILITY (Stabilization of Atherosclerotic Plaque by Initiation of Darapladib Therapy) trial. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores for darapladib and placebo groups were similar (mean±
SD
, 25.3±3.84 versus 25.4±3.73, respectively;
P
=0.27) and the adjusted odds ratio (
OR
) for mild cognitive impairment (Montreal Cognitive Assessment score <26) was 1.00 (95%
CI
, 0.93–1.09). Mild cognitive impairment was more likely with increasing age (
OR
, 1.33 [1.27–1.41], +5 years after 65). For other baseline clinical characteristics, the strongest independent predictors of cognitive impairment were education (≤8 years versus college/university,
OR
, 2.95 [2.60–3.35]; >8 years/trade school versus college/university,
OR
, 1.38 [1.25–1.52] and geographic grouping). Cardiovascular risk factors independently associated with cognitive impairment were history of stroke (
OR
, 1.43 [1.20–1.71]); <2.5 hours of moderate or vigorous intensity exercise/week (
OR
, 1.19 [1.04–1.37]); high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol <1.16 mmol/L (
OR
, 1.19 [1.04–1.37]); diabetes mellitus requiring treatment (
OR
, yes versus no: 1.15 [1.05–1.26]); and history of hypertension (
OR
, 1.12 [1.02–1.23]).

Conclusions

In patients with stable coronary heart disease, cognitive performance was associated with modifiable cardiovascular risk factors, educational level, and global region, but was not influenced by darapladib.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL
:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier:
NCT
00799903.
How Are Sleep Characteristics Related to Cardiovascular Health? Results From the Population‐Based HypnoLaus study
Authors: Häusler Nadine , Marques‐Vidal Pedro , Heinzer Raphael , Haba‐Rubio José
Published: March 2019

Background

Although sleep characteristics have been linked to cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular risk factors, the association between sleep characteristics measured by polysomnography and cardiovascular health (
CVH
) remains unknown.

Methods and Results

In a population‐based sample (n=1826), sleep characteristics were assessed by both sleep questionnaires and polysomnography. Global, behavioral, and biological
CVH
were defined according to the American Heart Association. Multinomial logistic regressions were performed to estimate relative risk ratios and 95%
CI
. Strong dose‐response associations were found between all oxygen saturation–related variables (oxygen desaturation index, mean oxygen saturation, and percentage of total sleep time spent under 90% oxygen saturation) and obstructive sleep apnea (severity categories and apnea/hypopnea index) and global, behavioral, and biological
CVH
. Mean oxygen saturation had the strongest positive association (relative risk ratios 1.31 [
CI
1.22‐1.41]; 1.78 [
CI
1.55‐2.04] for intermediate relative to ideal
CVH
), and oxygen desaturation index had the strongest negative association (relative risk ratios 0.71 [
CI
0.65‐0.78]; 0.45 [
CI
0.34‐0.58] for intermediate relative to ideal
CVH
) with global
CVH
, and these associations were also the most robust in sensitivity analyses. The impacts of sleep architecture and sleep fragmentation were less consistent.

Conclusions

Mean oxygen saturation, oxygen desaturation index, and apnea/hypopnea index were associated with
CVH
. Conversely, most variables related to sleep architecture and sleep fragmentation were not consistently related to
CVH
. Sleep‐disordered breathing and the associated oxygen (de)saturation were associated with
CVH
more strongly than with sleep fragmentation.
Lipoprotein(a) Particle Production as a Determinant of Plasma Lipoprotein(a) Concentration Across Varying Apolipoprotein(a) Isoform Sizes and Background Cholesterol‐Lowering Therapy
Authors: Chan Dick C. , Watts Gerald F. , Coll Blai , Wasserman Scott M. , Marcovina Santica M. , Barrett P. Hugh R.
Published: March 2019

Background

Elevated lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), a low‐density lipoprotein‐like particle bound to the polymorphic apolipoprotein(a) (apo(a)), may be causal for cardiovascular disease. However, the metabolism of Lp(a) in humans is poorly understood.

Methods and Results

We investigated the kinetics of Lp(a)‐apo(a) and low‐density lipoprotein‐apoB‐100 in 63 normolipidemic men. The fractional catabolic rate (
FCR
) and production rate
PR
) were studied. Plasma apo(a) concentration was significantly and inversely associated with apo(a) isoform size (
r
=−0.536,
P
<0.001) and apo(a)
FCR
(
r
=−0.363,
P
<0.01), and positively with apo(a)
PR
(
r
=0.877,
P
<0.001). There were no significant associations between the
FCR
s of apo(a) and low‐density lipoprotein‐apoB‐100. Subjects with smaller apo(a) isoform sizes (≤22 kringle
IV
repeats) had significantly higher apo(a)
PR
(
P
<0.05) and lower apo(a)
FCR
(
P
<0.01) than those with larger sizes. Plasma apo(a) concentration was significantly associated with apo(a)
PR
(
r
=0.930,
P
<0.001), but not with
FCR
(
r
=−0.012,
P
>0.05) in subjects with smaller apo(a) isoform size. In contrast, both apo(a)
PR
and
FCR
were significantly associated with plasma apo(a) concentrations (
r
=0.744 and −0.389, respectively,
P
<0.05) in subjects with larger isoforms. In multiple regression analysis, apo(a)
PR
and apo(a) isoform size were significant predictors of plasma apo(a) concentration independent of low‐density lipoprotein‐apoB‐100
FCR
and background therapy with atorvastatin and evolocumab.

Conclusions

In normolipidemic men, the plasma Lp(a) concentration is predominantly determined by the rate of production of Lp(a) particles, irrespective of apo(a) isoform size and background therapy with a statin and a proprotein convertase subtilisin‐kexin type 9 inhibitor. Our findings underscore the importance of therapeutic targeting of the hepatic synthesis and secretion of Lp(a) particles. Lp(a) particle catabolism may only play a modest role in determining Lp(a) concentration in subjects with larger apo(a) isoform size.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL
:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier:
NCT
02189837.
Central Hemodynamics in Relation to Circulating Desphospho‐Uncarboxylated Matrix Gla Protein: A Population Study
Authors: Wei Fang‐Fei , Thijs Lutgarde , Cauwenberghs Nicholas , Yang Wen‐Yi , Zhang Zhen‐Yu , Yu Cai‐Guo , Kuznetsova Tatiana , Nawrot Tim S. , Struijker‐Boudier Harry A. J. , Verhamme Peter , Vermeer Cees , Staessen Jan A.
Published: March 2019

Background

Stiffening and calcification of the large arteries are forerunners of cardiovascular complications. MGP (Matrix Gla protein), which requires vitamin K–dependent activation, is a potent locally acting inhibitor of arterial calcification. We hypothesized that the central hemodynamic properties might be associated with inactive desphospho‐uncarboxylated
MGP
(dp‐uc
MGP
).

Methods and Results

In 835 randomly recruited Flemish individuals (mean age, 49.7 years; 45.6% women), we measured plasma dp‐uc
MGP
, using an
ELISA
‐based assay. We derived central pulse pressure and carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) from applanation tonometry and calculated forward and backward pulse waves using an automated, pressure‐based wave separation analysis algorithm. Aortic
PWV
(n=657), central pulse pressure, forward pulse wave, and backward pulse wave mean±
SD
values were 7.34±1.64 m/s, 45.2±15.3 mm Hg, 33.2±10.2 mm Hg, and 21.8±8.6 mm Hg, respectively. The geometric mean plasma concentration of dp‐uc
MGP
was 4.09 μg/L. All hemodynamic indexes increased across tertiles of dp‐uc
MGP
distribution. In multivariable‐adjusted analyses, a doubling of dp‐uc
MGP
was associated with higher
PWV
(0.15 m/s; 95% CI, 0.01–0.28 m/s), central pulse pressure (1.70 mm Hg; 95% CI, 0.49–2.91 mm Hg), forward pulse wave (0.93 mm Hg; 95% CI, 0.01–1.84 mm Hg), and backward pulse wave (0.71 mm Hg; 95% CI, 0.11–1.30 mm Hg). Categorization of aortic
PWV
by tertiles of its distribution highlighted a decreasing trend of
PWV
at low dp‐uc
MGP
(<3.35 μg/L) and an increasing trend at high dp‐uc
MGP
(≥5.31 μg/L).

Conclusions

In people representative for the general population, higher inactive dp‐uc
MGP
was associated with greater
PWV
, central pulse pressure, forward pulse wave, and backward pulse wave. These observations highlight new avenues for preserving vascular integrity and preventing cardiovascular complications (eg, by improving a person's vitamin K status).
Curating the Poster: An Environmental Approach
Authors: Christensen Line Hjorth
Published: March 2019

The article examines curatorial practices in regard to graphic design and posters—a subject only sparsely covered by poster research. It investigates how urban, environmental structures can work as guidelines for curating posters and ephemerals in museums. By applying an ecological view to design, it stresses the reciprocal relationship of humans with their built and product-designed environments and suggests this approach to be viable for curatorial work. It further demonstrates the point in regard to a recent event, the exhibition Spot on! British Posters from the Interwar Years, which was exhibited at the Danish Poster Museum in 2015–2016 and initiated by author and graphic designer Michael Jensen.
Parody and Contextualization in Lebanese Album Covers
Authors: Khoury Melissa Plourde
Published: March 2019

This article is a textual analysis initiating the examination of twelve album covers in relation to Lebanon. The covers are examined through the trans-contextualization of diverse and eclectic fusions. Such covers create complex narratives echoing band identities while, parody enabled continuum, yet critique detachment. Though the album covers form a commentary related to histories, they do not merely retell histories. Rather, the use of trans-contextualization gives various aspects of designed concepts added layers of meaning in contemporary contexts. The covers create new and autonomous forms through parody relevant to Lebanon and the region. They also provide methodologies for future designers.
A New Generalized Partition Crossover for the Traveling Salesman Problem: Tunneling between Local Optima
Authors: Tinós Renato , Whitley Darrell , Ochoa Gabriela
Published: March 2019

Generalized Partition Crossover (GPX) is a deterministic recombination operator developed for the Traveling Salesman Problem. Partition crossover operators return the best of [Formula: see text] reachable offspring, where [Formula: see text] is the number of recombining components. This article introduces a new GPX2 operator, which finds more recombining components than GPX or Iterative Partial Transcription (IPT). We also show that GPX2 has O([Formula: see text]) runtime complexity, while also introducing new enhancements to reduce the execution time of GPX2. Finally, we experimentally demonstrate the efficiency of GPX2 when it is used to improve solutions found by the multitrial Lin-Kernighan-Helsgaum (LKH) algorithm. Significant improvements in performance are documented on large ([Formula: see text]) and very large ([Formula: see text]) instances of the Traveling Salesman Problem.
Aphelenchoides medicagus n. sp. (Tylenchina: Aphelenchoididae) found in Medicago sativa imported into China from the USA
Authors: Wang Zhen , Bert Wim , Gu Jianfeng , Couvreur Marjolein , Li Hongmei
Published: March 2019

Aphelenchoides medicagus n. sp. isolated in Ningbo Port, P.R. China, from dried leaves and shoots of Medicago sativa imported from the USA, is described. It is characterised by a lateral field with four lines (three bands), stylet 9.0-12.0 μm long, excretory pore situated at same level as, or slightly posterior, to the nerve ring, vagina sclerotised, female vulval flap absent, post-uterine sac short, spicules 9.2-14.2 μm long (median curved line), rosethorn-shaped, apex and rostrum rounded, poorly developed, female and male tail conical with terminus bearing star-like processes. The new species belongs to the Group 3 category of Aphelenchoides species sensu Shahina. Phylogenetic analyses based on 18S, ITS and 28S D2-D3 of rDNA and mtCOI sequences confirmed its status as a new species and closely related to A. besseyi and A. fujianensis.
On the Transmission of Indian Medical Texts to the Arabs in the Early Middle Ages
Authors: Kahl Oliver
Published: March 2019

The transmission of Indian scientific and, notably, medical texts to the Arabs during the heyday of the Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad (ca 158/775-205/820) is still largely shrouded in myth; its investigation continues to be hampered not only by serious methodological problems but also by a lack of philological groundwork and a shortage of trained researchers. This article, which in essence is meant to serve as a rough guide into one prospective field of “Indo-Arabic” studies, focuses on a badly neglected though highly promising cluster of texts, namely those that relate to the translation and adaptation of certain Ayurvedic key works from Sanskrit into Arabic. A general assessment of the current state of research, of the factors that condition our knowledge and of the obstacles and limitations posed by the very nature of the subject, is followed by a bio-bibliographical survey of Ayurvedic texts which were subject to transmission; the article is rounded off by six Sanskrit-into-Arabic text samples, with English translations for both.
The International Legal Framework for Post-Brexit EEZ Fisheries Access between the United Kingdom and the European Union
Authors: Schatz Valentin J.
Published: March 2019

On 29 March 2019, the United Kingdom (UK) will leave the European Union (EU). Consequently, the EU’s Common Fisheries Policy (CFP), including the rules on fisheries access, will cease to apply to the UK. The article analyses the legal regime for post-Brexit exclusive economic zone (EEZ) fisheries access between the UK and the EU against the background of the current legal status quo under the CFP. The article then proceeds to an analysis of potential lex ferenda. In this respect, it first discusses the EEZ fisheries access arrangements for the Brexit transition period contained in the prospective withdrawal agreement of 2018. In a second step, the article undertakes to identify key issues faced by the UK and the EU in negotiating a future framework regulating their fisheries access relationship.
Prophets of the East: The Ilkhanid Historian Rashīd al-Dīn on the Buddha, Laozi and Confucius and the Question of his Chinese Sources (Part 1)
Authors: Calzolaio Francesco , Fiaschetti Francesca
Published: March 2019

The Ilkhanid vizier and historian Rashīd al-Dīn’s section on China (the History of China) in his world history, the Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh, is the first Persian history of the Chinese world. Among other information on China, this text includes accounts of the lives and deeds of the founders of the three major religious and philosophical schools of China: Buddha, Laozi and Confucius. These are probably the first discussions of Laozi and Confucius in the Islamicate world. This paper focuses on Rashīd al-Dīn’s life of Buddha in his History of China. Reading these excerpts against the background of Chinese sources, striking similarities can be found between Rashīd al-Dīn’s account and the narratives of Buddhist ‘universal histories’ of the early Yuan period, belonging to the historiographical production of the Chan school.
Armenian Personal Names of Iranian Origin from Siwnik‘ and Arc‘ax
Authors: Martirosyan Hrach
Published: March 2019

This paper aims to present seven Armenian personal names of Iranian origin from the Armenian historical provinces of Siwnik‘ and Arc‘ax: Dadi/Dadoy, Kohazat, Marhan, Mrhapet, Niw-dast, Niw-Xosrov, and *Oyz/Uz. These names are scantily attested in literature (almost all of them being hapaxes) and are, therefore, little known to scholarship.