bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Removal of fluoride from water using aluminum‐modified activated carbon prepared from khat (Catha edulis) stems
Authors: Niyitegeka Hyacinthe , Kassahun Shimelis Kebede , Nyangi Magori Jackson
Published: February 2023

This study investigated the fluoride removal efficiency and adsorption of a low‐cost adsorbent prepared using aluminum‐modified activated carbon from khat (Catha edulis) in a batch‐mode reactor. The operating factors, including pH, adsorbent dose, and fluoride initial concentration, were optimized using the Box Behnken design of response surface methodology. The correlation coefficient (R2) for the removal of fluoride was found to be 0.93, showing the validity of the developed quadratic model. The results showed that, under optimized conditions of an adsorbent dose of 2.47 g/L, an initial fluoride concentration of 2.1 mg/L, an initial pH 6.08, and 60 min, 90% fluoride reduction was achieved. Meanwhile, the adsorption isotherm and kinetics followed the Langmuir adsorption model and the Pseudo second model, respectively, with a monolayer adsorption capacity of 0.3065 mg/g. On the other hand, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy analyses revealed the formation of major peaks of components such as hydroxyl and carboxylic acids. The same optimum treatment conditions (adsorbent dose of 2.47 g/L, initial pH 6.08, and treatment time of 60 min) managed to remove low initial fluoride concentrations of 3.67 and 4.33 mg/L from real groundwater by 72.84% and 70.37%, respectively. The modified adsorbent prepared in this study successfully treat the low fluoride concentration to a level recommended by WHO for drinking water.
Inpraise ofPrais‐Winsten: An evaluation of methods used to account for autocorrelation in interrupted time series
Authors: Bottomley C , Ooko M , Gasparrini A , Keogh RH
Published: February 2023

Interrupted time series are increasingly being used to assess the population impact of public health interventions. These data are usually correlated over time (auto correlated) and this must be accounted for in the analysis. Typically, this is done using either the Prais‐Winsten method, the Newey‐West method, or autoregressive‐moving‐average (ARMA) modeling. In this paper, we illustrate these methods via a study of pneumococcal vaccine introduction and explore their performance under 20 simulated autocorrelation scenarios with sample sizes ranging between 20 and 300. We show that in terms of mean square error, the Prais‐Winsten and ARMA methods perform best, while in terms of coverage the Prais‐Winsten method generally performs better than other methods. All three methods are unbiased. As well as having good statistical properties, the Prais‐Winsten method is attractive because it is decision‐free and produces a single measure of autocorrelation that can be compared between studies and used to guide sample size calculations. We would therefore encourage analysts to consider using this simple method to analyze interrupted time series.
Deep Red to NIR Emitting Xanthene Hybrids: Xanthene‐Hemicyanine Hybrids and Xanthene‐Coumarin Hybrids
Authors: Khan Zeba , Sekar Nagaiyan
Published: February 2023

Xanthene dyes exhibit remarkable photophysical properties and photostability. Their ability to switch fluorescence on/off depending on the external environment makes them a promising candidate for imaging/sensing/tracking/labeling probes. However, their emission ≤600 nm and Stokes shift ∼34 nm restrict their use in biological applications. A well‐known approach to shifting the emission of xanthene dyes in the deep red to Near infrared (NIR) is by forming xanthene hybrids. This review gives a comprehensive list of the deep red to NIR xanthene‐hemicyanine and xanthene‐coumarin hybrids. We have outlined general synthetic strategies and a detailed discussion of substituent effect, π‐conjugation, and ring effect on the photophysical properties of these dyes. A section on applications of deep red to NIR xanthene hybrids based on fluorophore‐linker strategy and spirocyclization is included. This review highlights the structure‐spectroscopic relationships, which will be useful in designing new deep red to NIR xanthene analogs.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Doxorubicin‐Bioactive Glass‐Ceramic Hybrid Nanoparticles through a Bio‐Inspired Route for Anti‐Cancer Therapy
Authors: Dey Namit , Santhiya Deenan , Das Asmita
Published: February 2023

In this study, we report doxorubicin preparation with bioactive glass‐ceramic as a novel hybrid nanoparticle formulation. Synthesis was carried out through a bio‐inspired route where different precursors of bioactive glass are added to a Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer adjusted to slightly alkaline pH containing doxorubicin. With increasing concentration of doxorubicin, loading increased in quantity with comparatively higher drug release in acidic pH than neutral pH. Without synthetic surfactant or high temperature calcination, bioactive glass‐ceramic nanoparticles demonstrated significantly superior cytotoxic behavior towards osteosarcoma cell line when compared to equivalent free drug or its action towards non‐cancerous cell line. The particles exhibited hydroxyapatite deposition when immersed in simulated body fluid for 7 days. The bio‐inspired route for synthesis of doxorubicin‐bioactive glass‐ceramic hybrid nanoparticles is an efficient cost ‐effective synthesis mechanismwhich is environmentally friendly without hampering the stability or activity of the drug.
Continuous Flow Liquid‐Phase Semihydrogenation of Phenylacetylene over Pd Nanoparticles Supported on UiO‐66(Hf) Metal‐Organic Framework
Authors: Swamy Akkenapally , Kanakikodi Kempanna S. , Bakuru Vasudeva Rao , Kulkarni Bhavana B. , Maradur Sanjeev P. , Kalidindi Suresh Babu
Published: February 2023

Catalysis under continuous flow operation is industrially more relevant compared to reactions carried out in batch reactors. But catalysis with metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) is largely restricted to batch reactions, especially in case of semi hydrogenation reactions. We anchored Pd nanoparticles (NPs) on robust UiO‐66(Hf) MOF to develop effective catalyst for semi hydrogenation of phenylacetylene into styrene. We investigated catalytic performance of Pd/UiO‐66(Hf) in a continuous‐flow liquid‐phase semi‐hydrogenation of phenylacetylene (PA). In this study, Pd/UiO‐66(Hf) catalyst exhibited good catalytic performance with a rare combination of high PA conversion (99.0 %) and high styrene selectivity (90.0 %). Additionally, Pd/UiO‐66(Hf) demonstrated lower deactivation rate in contrast to many reported materials to date. The higher stability of metal NPs over UiO‐66(Hf) aroused from the strong metal‐support interaction (between Brønsted acidic μ3‐OH of MOF and Pd). The Pd/UiO‐66(Hf) retained its catalytic activity even after four recycles.
Facile Synthesis of Eco‐Friendly Silver@Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite for Optical Sensing
Authors: Dat Nguyen Minh , Cong Che Quang , Hai Nguyen Duy , Huong Le Minh , Nam Nguyen Thanh Hoai , Tinh Dang Quoc , Tai Le Tan , An Hoang , Duy Mai Quoc , Phong Mai Thanh , Hieu Nguyen Huu
Published: February 2023

In this study, silver nanoparticles‐doped graphene oxide (AgNPs@GO) nanocomposite was green synthesized using the extract ofCurcuma longaas an effective reducing and stabilizing agent.. Characterization of AgNPs and AgNPs@GO were thoroughly examined via several analysis methods. Thereby, the results show the successful formation as well as the uniform distribution of spherical nano‐sized silver fragments on the GO surface with an average size of 21.143.21 nm. The materials were then tested regarding their optical sensing for H2O2and Hg2+. In specific, AgNPs@GO indicated a great colorimetric detection towards H2O2and Hg2+with a remarkably low detection limit at 0.48 and 0.158 μM, respectively. Conclusively, AgNPs@GO nanocomposite poses a high potential in application sectors of the colorimetric sensor.
Tetraphenylethylene Based Fluorescent Chemosensor for the Selective Detection of Explosive Nitroaromatic Compounds
Authors: More Kerba S. , Mirgane Harshad A. , Gosavi Nilesh M. , Puyad Avinash L. , Bhosale Sheshanath V.
Published: February 2023

Herein, we have reported a tetraphenylethylene (TPE) based fluorescent chemosensor 4,4′,4′′,4′′′‐(ethene‐1,1,2,2‐tetrayl)tetrakis(N,N‐dimethylaniline) (TPE‐DMA) for the selective detection of explosive nitroaromatic compounds (NACs), such as 2, 4, 6‐trinitrophenol also called as picric acid (PA), 2,4‐dinitrophenol (DNP), and p‐nitrophenol (NP) over other NACs in CHCl3. TPE‐DMA is highly selective and sensitive toward PA in presence of various metal ions and anions. The quenching efficiency can be calculated from the Stern‐Volmer equation and was found to be 4.02×104 M−1, 1.82×104 M−1and 3.12×104 M−1 respectively for PA, DNP and NP. The detection limit of TPE‐DMA towards PA, DNP and NP of about 4.088×10−6 M, 5.155×10−6 M and 3.989×10−6 M respectively. Furthermore, to study the practical applicability of TPE‐DMA, visual‐eye detection was performed not only in solid‐state on TLC plates but also in solution state in CHCl3 under visible light as well as UV light illumination.
1,7‐isoxazolyl Substituted BODIPY Dyes – Synthesis and Photophysical Properties
Authors: Matveeva Maria D. , Zheleznova Tatyana Yu. , Kostyuchenko Anastasia S. , Miftyakhova Almira R. , Zhilyaev Dmitry I. , Voskressensky Leonid G. , Talarico Giovanni , Efimov Ilya V.
Published: February 2023

A range of novel BODIPYs with the isoxazolyl groups at 1,7‐positions were prepared from 3‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐5‐(5‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrrol‐3‐yl)isoxazole and their photophysical properties were characterized. The presence of the isoxazolyl groups at 1,7‐positions, shifts long‐wavelength absorption at 581±4 nm and emission at 622±3 nm in the near‐infrared region. A comparison of three variants of substituents at positions 1,7 of BODIPY core is shown.
Experimentation and appropriability inearly‐stageventures: Evidence from theUSsoftware industry
Authors: Contigiani Andrea
Published: February 2023

Research Summary

This study examines the tension between learning and appropriability that arises as early‐stage ventures experiment in the market. When formal intellectual property protection is weak, the learning benefits of experimentation may be offset by the imitation risks. I test this argument on a hand‐collected dataset of 1,203 US‐based software ventures, using thesoftware release life cycleterminology to measure experimentation and the 2014 US Supreme Court decisionAlice Corp v CLS Bank Internationalas a negative shock to patent protection. Following this ruling, treated ventures are less likely to engage in experimentation. This pattern is stronger for ventures facing low uncertainty or strong competition. Overall, the evidence suggests that ventures perceive the tension between learning and appropriability and adjust their strategy accordingly.

Managerial Summary

The Lean Startup suggests that entrepreneurs should rely on experimentation in bringing their products to the market. However, the return to experimentation also depends on its costs. One potential cost is the risk of imitation. I study whether ventures perceive the trade‐off between learning about the market and the risk of imitation. I hand‐collect data on over 1,200 US‐based software ventures. I analyze the effect of the US Supreme Court decisionAlice Corp v CLS Bank International, which weakened patent protection for firms building financial software. I find that, once patent protection becomes more difficult, ventures conduct less experimentation in the market. Therefore, ventures appear to perceive this trade‐off and take it into account in designing their strategy.
Synergistic Bimetallic CoCu‐Codecorated Carbon Nanosheet Arrays as Integrated Bifunctional Cathodes for High‐Performance Rechargeable/Flexible Zinc‐Air Batteries
Authors: Kuang Jiaqi , Shen Yirun , Zhang Yang , Yao Jun , Du Jiajun , Yang Siyuan , Zhang Shengsen , Fang Yueping , Cai Xin
Published: February 2023

The unremitting exploration of well‐architectured and high‐efficiency oxygen electrocatalysts is promising to speed up the surface‐mediated oxygen reduction/evolution reaction (ORR/OER) kinetics of rechargeable zinc–air batteries (ZABs). Herein, bimetallic CoCu‐codecorated carbon nanosheet arrays (CoCu/N‐CNS) are proposed as self‐supported bifunctional oxygen catalysts. The integrated catalysts are in situ constructed via a simple sacrificial‐templated strategy, imparting CoCu/N‐CNS with 3D interconnected conductive pathways, abundant mesopores for electrolyte penetration and ion diffusion, as well as Cu‐synergized Co–Nx/O reactive sites for improved catalytic activities. By incorporating a moderate amount of Cu into CoCu/N‐CNS, the bifunctional activities can be further increased due to synergistic oxygen electrocatalysis. Consequently, the optimized CoCu/N‐CNS realizes a low overall overpotential of 0.64 V for OER and ORR and leads to high‐performance liquid ZABs with high gravimetric energy (879.7 Wh kg−1), high peak power density (104.3 mW cm−2), and remarkable cyclic stability upon 400 h/1000 cycles at 10 mA cm−2. More impressively, all‐solid‐state flexible ZABs assembled with the CoCu/N‐CNS cathode exhibit superior rate performance and exceptional mechanical flexibility under arbitrary bending conditions. This CoCu/N‐CNS monolith holds significant potential in advancing cation‐modulated multimetallic electrocatalysts and multifunctional nanocatalysts.
Germination Development of Powdery Mildew on Natural and Artificial Wheat Leaf Surfaces: A Study to Investigate Plant Wax Signals
Authors: Huth Miriam Anna , Huth Axel , Schreiber Lukas , Koch Kerstin
Published: February 2023

Wax chemistry, especially long‐chain aldehydes, and surface wettability are discussed to have a stimulating effect on the development of Blumeria graminis, the pathogen of powdery mildew on wheat. Here, these specific surface properties are investigated on leaves of different wheat varieties and on developed test systems coated with plant wax and wax components. So far, the wettability of leaves has not been achieved by artificial substrates used in in vitro studies. With the test systems developed here, a wettability comparable to that on leaf surfaces and the signal character of wax chemistry could be investigated individually and in combination. The results show that wax morphology and chemistry (analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and gas chromatography) as well as wettability of leaves have no differences that would suggest a relationship with variety susceptibility. Furthermore, the influence of wax chemistry and wettability on the process of prepenetration of B. graminis on leaves and test systems is investigated. Germination and differentiation are not stimulated on any of the test systems compared to surfaces without the signals offered. Wettability, wax chemistry, and components such as long‐chain aldehydes could not be identified as decisive signals for the germination development of B. graminis.
Black student‐athletes, contemporary student‐athlete activism, and critical race theory
Authors: McCoy Dorian L.
Published: February 2023

Two significant events in the last decade, #concernedstudents1950 at the University of Missouri and the George Floyd murder, have galvanized student‐athlete activism, particularly Black student‐athlete activism. Framed in Critical Race Theory (CRT), this article examines contemporary Black student‐athlete activism and how their activism is influencing intercollegiate athletics and higher education
Impact of Starch Modification Processes on Resistant Starch of Root and Tuber Crops
Authors: Amonsou Eric O.
Published: February 2023

Roots and tubers constitute major sources of staple foods for many people in the society. The major component of these crops is starch, which has been implicated in metabolic diseases such as diabetes, especially when consumed in refined form. Efforts to reduce the glycemic effect of starches have led to renewed interest in resistant starches. This review discusses the nature and characteristics of resistant starches in major roots and tubers and how these may be impacted by either pretreatment or starch modification processes. The most effective approaches to improve the resistant starch proportions and attenuate starch digestibility of roots and tubers have been proposed.
Bovine brucellosis and tuberculosis at a livestock–wildlife interface in Zimbabwe: A nexus for amplification of a zoonosis or a myth?
Authors: Matope Gift , Gadaga Masimba B. , Bhebhe Barbara , Tshabalala Priscilla T. , Makaya Pious V.
Published: February 2023

Background

Bovine brucellosis and tuberculosis are important zoonoses affecting both livestock and wildlife.

Objectives

The study aimed to investigate seroprevalence of brucellosis and to isolate Brucella spp. and Mycobacterium bovis in cattle from livestock–wildlife interface areas.

Methods

Three sites were selected from high, medium and low interface. The high interface was adjacent to the park and separated by a broken fence, while the medium and low interface were 15–20 and 50 km from the perimeter fence, respectively. Cattle aged ≥2 years were randomly selected and bled for serology. Culture for brucellae and Mycobacterium species was attempted on lymph nodes collected at the slaughter floor. Sera were screened for Brucella antibodies using the Rose Bengal test and confirmed by the Complement fixation test. Data were analysed using a multivariable logistic regression model.

Results

Overall, seroprevalence was 11.7% (125/1068; 95% CI: 9.8–13.6%). High interface areas recorded significantly higher (p < 0.05) seroprevalence of 20.9% (85/406; 95% CI: 17.0–24.9%), compared to low 8.9% (31/350; 95% CI: 5.9–11.8%) and medium interface 2.9% (9/312; 95% CI: 1.0–4.8%). Brucella seropositivity was approximately three times higher (OR = 3.3, 95% CI: 2.1–5.3) for Malipati compared to Chiredzi. Similarly, the odds were twice (OR = 2.0, 95% CI: 1.2–3.5) in cows with history of abortion compared to those without. Brucella and Mycobacterium species were not isolated from all samples.

Conclusions

The study highlighted the significance of high interface as a nexus for amplification of brucellosis in cattle. Thus, a brucellosis control programme that takes into consideration limiting livestock–wildlife interaction should be considered.
Otitis media with effusion in two Boston terrier dogs
Authors: Souza Clarissa Pimentel , Foss Kari Denise , Mascarenhas Mariana Bezerra , Clegg Jennifer Loraine
Published: February 2023

Otitis media (OM) in dogs can occur as a primary condition instead of as an extension of an otitis externa (OE), characterized by the presence of fluid in the middle ear (ME) referred to as OM with effusion (OME). OME has been reported in a brachycephalic breed (boxer), and the same condition is described as primary secretory OM in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. These dogs can be asymptomatic or present with pain, facial nerve paralysis and reduced hearing. This report describes two cases of OME with associated neurologic signs in Boston terriers with no previous history of OE, normal external ear canals and tympanic membranes. Neurologic evaluation revealed right head tilt along with vestibular ataxia and frequent walking tight circles to the right in case 1, and a dull mentation with a right‐sided head tilt and torticollis, vestibular tetra‐ataxia, ambulatory tetraparesis and circling to the right in case 2. MRI imaging of the brain was performed. Results showed bilateral OM with right‐sided otitis interna and equivocal associated otogenic meningitis in case 1 and right‐sided OM in case 2. Myringotomy was performed, and both dogs’ ME sampled for cytology that only revealed inflammatory cells; and bacterial cultures which revealed a light growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in case 1. ME were flushed with sterile saline. Oral glucocorticoids and antibiotics based on the susceptibility results, and a compound antibiotic and glucocorticoid ear solution were prescribed to case 1. Neurologic improvement was observed a few days after the appointment, but a mild right‐sided head tilt remained evident. Owner of case two elected humane euthanasia due to patient respiratory difficulties upon anaesthetic recovery and other concurrent healthy concerns. Current findings reinforce that brachycephalic dogs may be prone to develop OME, and advanced imaging tests are key to the diagnosis.
Exploring AI with Purpose
Authors: Blumoser Benno
Published: February 2023

Never get complacent: Developing AI solutions doesn’t just take expertise. It also means fostering an intrapreneurial work culture while keeping in mind the greater good our work serves. That’s what we do at the Siemens AI Lab.
Fake News Detection by Weakly Supervised Learning Based on Content Features
Authors: Özgöbek Özlem , Kille Benjamin , From Anja Rosvold , Netland Ingvild Unander
Published: February 2023

Fake news, defined as the publication of false information, either unintentional or with the intent to deceive or harm, is one of the important issues that affects today’s digital society significantly. All around the world, journalists and fact checking organizations are trying to fight this problem manually. However, fighting fake news is a time-sensitive task. Once leaked, fake news spreads fast and its impact on society increases. Because of the complex and dynamic nature of news, applying artificial intelligence methods to address the automatic detection of fake news is a challenging task. This work explores the use of weak supervised learning for fake news detection by using only the content of news articles. This is particularly important when the contextual information is not available or difficult to obtain quickly. To our knowledge, this is the first work which uses a content-based approach in weak supervised learning without the use of any contextual information for fake news detection. We propose an architecture that generates weak labels. We explore the effect of using weak labels for fake news detection with five different machine learning models. We demonstrate that weakly supervised learning is an effective approach to the automated detection of fake news in the absence of high quality labels.
Phenotyping of Cervical Cancer Risk Groups via Generalized Low-Rank Models Using Medical Questionnaires
Authors: Becker Florian , Nygård Mari , Nygård Jan , Smilde Age , Acar Evrim
Published: February 2023

The purpose of this study is to uncover cervical cancer (CC) risk phenotypes from self-reported lifestyle questionnaires and screening data. In general, computational phenotype discovery aims to find subgroups among individuals that share distinctive characteristics by analyzing electronic health records (EHR). This can benefit the understanding of a disease as well as uncover risk factors and provide possibilities for preventive action. The features in thewomen($$n = 6359$$n=6359) byquestionnaire features($$p=29$$p=29) matrix with missing data are of different statistical data types (e.g., binary or ordinal data). We use so-calledgeneralized low-rank models(GLRM) that can address this challenge via different statistical-data-type-dependent loss functions. We show that these models can uncover phenotypes related to cervical cancer risk factors from large-scale questionnaire data.
New supersymmetric string moduli spaces from frozen singularities
Authors: Parra De Freitas Héctor
Published: February 2023

Abstract

The current classification of $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 string theories in eight and seven dimensions is completely captured by K3 surfaces with F-Theory or M-Theory frozen singularities. In this note we show that there are inequivalent ways of freezing certain collections of singularities which have the same ADE type, and so there are more connected components in the moduli space than previously thought; namely, one more in eight dimensions and three more in seven dimensions. We argue that the new component in eight dimensions decompactifies to a string theory in nine dimensions with rank 1 gauge group, which has been so far unidentified. Constructing and studying the stringy descriptions corresponding to these moduli spaces is the subject of a companion paper.
Pole-skipping of holographic correlators: aspects of gauge symmetry and generalizations
Authors: Wang Yuan-Tai , Pan Wen-Bin
Published: February 2023

Abstract

In the framework of anti-de Sitter space/conformal field theory (AdS/CFT), we study the pole-skipping phenomenon of the holographic correlators of boundary operators. We explore the locations of the pole-skipping points case by case with the U(1)-gauged form models in the asymptotic AdS bulk of finite temperature. In general, in different cases all the points are located at the Matsubara frequencies with corresponding wave vectors dispersed in the momentum space, displaying different types of patterns. Specifically, in the massless cases with U(1) symmetry, the wave vectors of the pole-skipping points have a form-number dependence, and a trans-mode equivalence in the dual fields is found in correspondence with electromagnetic duality. In the massive cases with explicit symmetry breaking, the points degenerate to be independent of the form number. We expect in such kind of pole-skipping properties implications of distinctive physics in the chaotic systems. These properties are further examined by higher-order computation, which provides a more complete pole-skipping picture. Our near-horizon computation is verified with the double-trace method especially in the example of 2-form where there is dimension-dependent boundary divergence. We illustrate in these cases that the pole-skipping properties of the holographic correlators are determined by the IR physics, consistent with the ordinary cases in previous studies.
New tetracyclic systems integrated thienopyridine scaffold as an anti-dementia lead: in silico study and biological screening
Authors: Mahmoud Zeinab , Mohamed Lamia W. , Mohamed Khaled O. , Sayed Hadeer S. , Abd El Fattah May A. , El-Malah Afaf
Published: February 2023

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifactorial incurable neurodegenerative disorder. To date, cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEI) are the mainstay line of treatment to ameliorate the symptoms of AD. Tacrine and donepezil are considered two important cornerstones of anti-dementia drugs. Accordingly, novel series of hexahydrobenzothienocyclopentapyridines, octahydrobenzo-thienoquinolines, hexahydrocyclopenta(thienoquinoline/thienodipyridine), and octahydropyrido-thienoquinolines were efficiently synthesized from readily available reagent, e.g. cyclohexanones, cyclopentanone, and 1-methyl-piperidin-4-one to afford 14 new compounds. All new compounds were screened against their acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and β-amyloid protein inhibition. In AChE inhibition assay, compound 3,7-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,7,8,9,10-octahydrobenzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-b]quinolin-11-amine (2h) showed IC50 value 9.24 ± 0.01 μM × 10−2 excelling tacrine. Compound 1,7-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,7,8,9,10-octahydrobenzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-b]quinolin-11-amine (2e) possess excellent IC50 values 0.58 ± 0.02 μM × 10−2 and 0.51 ± 0.001 μM × 10−4 for both butyrylcholinesterase and β-amyloid protein inhibition assays, sequentially. In silico ADME studies were investigated for the promising members (octahydrobenzo-thienoquinolines 2c, 2d, 2e, 2h, 2i, and octahydropyrido-thienoquinolines 4e) and all the results were illustrated. A comparative docking study was conducted between the promising members and both tacrine and donepezil in both acetyl and butyryl choline active sites. The results revealed extra binding patterns and good agreement with the biological results.
Toll-like receptor-3 contributes to the development of aortic valve stenosis
Authors: Niepmann Sven Thomas , Willemsen Nicola , Boucher Ann Sophie , Stei Marta , Goody Philip , Zietzer Andreas , Bulic Marko , Billig Hannah , Odainic Alexandru , Weisheit Christina Katharina , Quast Christine , Adam Matti , Schmidt Susanne V. , Bakhtiary Farhad , Jansen Felix , Nickenig Georg , Latz Eike , Zimmer Sebastian
Published: February 2023

Aortic valve stenosis (AS) development is driven by distinct molecular and cellular mechanisms which include inflammatory pathways. Toll-like-receptor-3 (TLR3) is a lysosomal pattern-recognition receptor that binds double-stranded RNA and promotes pro-inflammatory cellular responses. In recent years, TLR3 has emerged as a major regulator of vascular inflammation. The exact role of TLR3 in the development of AS has not been investigated. Isolated human valvular interstitial cells (VICs) were stimulated with the TLR3-agonist polyIC and the resulting pro-inflammatory and pro-osteogenic response measured. Severe AS was induced in wildtype- and TLR3−/− mice via mechanical injury of the aortic valve with a coronary springwire. TLR3 activation was achieved by polyIC injection every 24 h after wire injury, while TLR3 inhibition was realized using Compound 4a (C4a) every 48 h after surgery. Endothelial mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) of human valvular endothelial cells (VECs) was assessed after polyIC stimulation. Stimulation of human VICs with polyIC promoted a strong inflammatory and pro-osteogenic reaction. Similarly, injection of polyIC marginally increased AS development in mice after wire injury. AS induction was significantly decreased in TLR3−/− mice, confirming the role of endogenous TLR3 ligands in AS pathology. Pharmacological inhibition of TLR3 with C4a not only prevented the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines and osteogenic markers in VICs, and EndoMT in VECs, but also significantly abolished the development of AS in vivo. Endogenous TLR3 activation significantly contributes to AS development in mice. Pharmacological inhibition of TLR3 with C4a prevented AS formation. Therefore, targeting TLR3 may be a viable treatment option.
Retrospective analysis of mortality and quality of life after hip disarticulation or hemipelvectomy: a report on 15 patients
Authors: Schindler Melanie , Baertl Susanne , Walter Nike , Lang Siegmund , Szymski Dominik , Alt Volker , Rupp Markus
Published: February 2023

Background

Hip disarticulation and hemipelvectomy are defined as major ablative amputations of the lower limb. Due to the small number of patients, little is known about the outcome and follow-up.

Aims

We aimed to assess (1) reasons for performed major ablative surgeries such as hip disarticulation and hemipelvectomy in a German center for trauma and orthopedic surgery. (2) In addition, mortality and quality of life after hip disarticulation and hemipelvectomy as well as (3) patient and treatment characteristics should be investigated.

Methods

During a period of twelve years, 15 patients underwent hip disarticulation or hemipelvectomy. Mortality, EQ-5D-3L quality of life by EQ-5D-3L and time-trade-off (TTO), VAS, cause of disarticulation, length of hospital stays, revisions, comorbidities, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), and ASA score were evaluated retrospective for all patients.

Results

The overall mortality rates were 26.7% at 30 days, 60.0% after one year and 66.7% after three years. The five surviving patients reported about moderate problems in the EQ-5D-3L. The average VAS score reached 45 (range 15–65). The mean TTO was 9.8 (range 6–12). Indications for amputation were infection (n = 7), tumor (n = 6), trauma (n = 1) and ischemia (n = 1).

Conclusion

Hip disarticulation and hemipelvectomy are followed by a high postoperative mortality. Quality of life of the affected patients is impaired in long-term follow-up. Especially amputations performed due to infections show high mortality within one month after surgery despite average young age and low CCI. Surgeons should be aware of this devastating outcome and extraordinary vigilant for these vulnerable patient cohorts.
Inter-population differences in acetabular senescence: relevance in age-at-death estimation
Authors: San-Millán Marta , Rissech Carme
Published: February 2023

Since investigation of the timing of the skeletal traits among the acetabula of different populations is lacking, this study aims to evaluate the relevance of geographical origin in the acetabulum aging process and in the usability of the SanMillán-Rissech aging method. The acetabula of 826 European North Americans derived from the Bass Collection (USA) have been analyzed and compared with 611 Portuguese acetabula from the Luis Lopes Collection (Portugal) applying the most updated acetabular age estimation technique (2017). After evaluating and comparing the acetabular aging rates between both populations by Mann–WhitneyUtests, the inaccuracy values (bias and absolute error) were analyzed and compared using population-specific reference samples and using references differing in geographical origin by Wilcoxon tests. In general terms, the North Americans age faster than the Portuguese, especially the females, reaching the consecutive acetabular stages at younger ages. Regarding the SanMillán-Rissech method accuracy, using population-specific reference samples produces, as a general rule, better outcomes. In addition, an exhaustive meta-analysis of inaccuracy values has demonstrated that this method provides better estimation values than pubic symphysis and auricular surfaces regardless of the geographic coherence of the reference sample. These inter-population skeletal differences are derived from different factors than age, highlighting the impact of both biological and social background on age estimation. A thorough analysis of the skeletal age-based timing becomes essential to understanding, deciphering and being able to minimize bias and potential inaccuracy or even counteract them when applying the age estimation methods to different populations.
A New Insight into the Stability of Precariously Balanced Rocks
Authors: Ludmány Balázs , Pérez-Rey Ignacio , Domokos Gábor , Muñiz-Menéndez Mauro , Alejano Leandro R. , Sipos András Á.
Published: February 2023

Large granitic boulders resting on steep slopes represent considerable safety hazards that largely depend on the location of the contact surface characterized by the impression d, denoting the parallel distance between the contact surface and the original rock surface. On the other hand, this impression reflecting the often convex nature of the contact between boulders and resting platforms, cannot be measured precisely, so Factors of Safety (FoS) computed with this input may have significant uncertainties. Using geometric 3D analysis, here, we present the concept of computing FoS as a function of the impression d, admitting a much more reliable estimate of the actual hazards. Beyond introducing the FoS functions, we also identify all failure modes, some of which have not yet been investigated. We compute the FoS functions for the boulder Pena do Equilibrio, located in Spain. Our computations for FoS against sliding match all earlier results. However, we also compute FoS against toppling and against torsion and show that the latter may be critical. Since our methods are general, this suggests that torsion phenomena, which have been scarcely studied so far, may be relevant to analyze the stability of other natural rock boulders.
Flower symmetry in Saxifraga revisited
Authors: Wiegel Manuel , Lunau Klaus
Published: February 2023

Monosymmetry in flowers has evolved many times from ancestors with polysymmetrical flowers. Flower symmetry characteristics often lack intraspecific variability. The genus Saxifraga represents an exception with high variations of floral symmetry between and within species and even within individual plants. Lab-based studies could show that this variation is to some extent caused by the flowers’ response to gravity and thus varies regularly between horizontally and vertically oriented flowers. Here, we investigate inter- and intra-individual variation in flower size, flower colouration, and floral symmetry in three species, Saxifraga stellaris, S. rotundifolia, and S. paniculata. In all three species, the stamen that initiates the sequential stamen movement is mostly downward pointing. In S. stellaris and S. paniculata, the terminal flowers are larger than the other flowers. In S. stellaris and S. rotundifolia, the size of floral guides is larger and the colour is stronger on the upward pointing 3 petals of diagonally and vertically oriented flowers, whereas the other two petals have paler or smaller floral guides. The septum between the two carpels is mostly oriented horizontally. We discuss the evolution of flower monosymmetry in regard to the morphological symmetry referring to symmetry defined by the mirror plane between carpels, petals and moving stamens, and visual symmetry defined by the pollinators view on the floral colour pattern and visible morphological features.
The Long Outer-Hair-Cell RC Time Constant: A Feature, Not a Bug, of the Mammalian Cochlea
Authors: Altoè Alessandro , Shera Christopher A.
Published: February 2023

The cochlea of the mammalian inner ear includes an active, hydromechanical amplifier thought to arise via the piezoelectric action of the outer hair cells (OHCs). A classic problem of cochlear biophysics is that the RC (resistance-capacitance) time constant of the hair-cell membrane appears inconveniently long, producing an effective cut-off frequency much lower than that of most audible sounds. The long RC time constant implies that the OHC receptor potential—and hence its electromotile response—decreases by roughly two orders of magnitude over the frequency range of mammalian hearing, casting doubt on the hypothesized role of cycle-by-cycle OHC-based amplification in mammalian hearing. Here, we review published data and basic physics to show that the “RC problem” has been magnified by viewing it through the wrong lens. Our analysis finds no appreciable mismatch between the expected magnitude of high-frequency electromotility and the sound-evoked displacements of the organ of Corti. Rather than precluding significant OHC-based boosts to auditory sensitivity, the long RC time constant appears beneficial for hearing, reducing the effects of internal noise and distortion while increasing the fidelity of cochlear amplification.
Social relations and exclusion among people facing death
Authors: Seppänen Marjaana , Niemi Mia , Sarivaara Sofia
Published: February 2023

In line with current policies and service developments related to palliative care, more people are dying at home. This situation has provoked discussions about the importance of non-medical issues related to death. The process of dying is often long, with many phases, and the social aspect is a major part of it. Our focus in this article is on dying as a social process. Social relationships are significant and play a meaningful role in enhancing the well-being of older adults approaching the end of life. Meaningful social relationships tend to change over time; however, and the process of dying may exacerbate such changes in and challenge these relationships. The aim of our study was to examine how social relationships are experienced and (re)constructed among older adults (70–83 years old) during the process of dying, in a Finnish context. We were interested in the nature and type of these relationships, and in the possible new forms of expression that may emerge during this process. Our empirical data were based on interviews with seven older adults who were close to death. The analysis revealed processes of exclusion from existing relations. At the same time, we observed new and unexpected relations being initiated, which sometimes became meaningful and supportive. The results highlighted the role of expectations and importance of analysing exclusion from a life-course perspective.
Algal blooms in a river-dominated estuary and nearshore region of Florida, USA: the influence of regulated discharges from water control structures on hydrologic and nutrient conditions
Authors: Phlips E. J. , Badylak S. , Mathews A. L. , Milbrandt E. C. , Montefiore L. R. , Morrison E. S. , Nelson N. , Stelling B.
Published: February 2023

Flow-regulated discharges of water from control structures into estuaries result in hydrologic and water chemistry conditions that impact spatial and temporal variability in the structure and biomass of phytoplankton communities, including the potential for harmful algal blooms (HABs). The relationships between regulated Caloosahatchee River (i.e., C-43 Canal) discharges and phytoplankton communities in the Caloosahatchee Estuary and adjacent nearshore regions on the southwest coast of Florida were investigated during two study periods, 2009–2010 and 2018–2019. During periods of low to moderate discharge rates, when mesohaline conditions predominated in the estuary, and water residence times were comparatively long, major blooms of the HAB dinoflagellate speciesAkashiwo sanguineawere observed in the estuary. Periods of high discharge were characterized by comparatively low phytoplankton biomass in the estuary and greater influence of a wide range of freshwater taxa in the upper reaches. By contrast, intense blooms of the toxic dinoflagellateKarenia brevisin the nearshore region outside of the estuary were observed during high discharge periods in 2018–2019. The latter events were significantly associated with elevated levels of nitrogen in the estuary compared to lower average concentrations in the 2009–2010 study period. The relationships observed in this study provide insights into the importance of managing regulated discharge regimes to minimize adverse impacts of HABs on the health of the estuary and related coastal environments.
“We Share All Data with Each Other”: Data-Sharing in Peer-to-Peer Relationships
Authors: Barlösius Eva
Published: February 2023

Although the topic of data-sharing has boomed in the past few years, practices of datasharing have attracted only scant attention within working groups and scientific cooperation (peer-to-peer data-sharing). To understand these practices, the author draws on Max Weber’s concept of social relationship, conceptualizing data-sharing as social action that takes place within a social relationship. The empirical material consists of interviews with 34 researchers representing five disciplines—linguistics, biology, psychology, computer sciences, and neurosciences. The analysis identifies three social forms of data-sharing in peer-to-peer relationships: (a) closed communal sharing, which is based on a feeling of belonging together; (b) closed associative sharing, in which the participants act on the basis of an agreement; and (c) open associative sharing, which is oriented to “institutional imperatives” (Merton) and to formal regulations. The study shows that far more data-sharing is occurring in scientific practice than seems to be apparent from a concept of open data alone. If the main goal of open-data policy programs is to encourage researchers to increase access to their data, it could be instructive to study the three forms of data-sharing to improve the understanding of why and how scientists make their data accessible to other researchers.
Causality is good for practice: policy design and reverse engineering
Authors: Busetti Simone
Published: February 2023

Relevance to practice is an open issue for scholars in public policy and public administration. One major problem is the need to produce knowledge that can guide practitioners designing and implementing public interventions in specific contexts. This article claims that investigating the causal mechanisms of policy programs—i.e., modeling why and how they produce outcomes—can contribute to such knowledge. In this regard, mechanisms offer essential information to guide practitioners when replicating, adjusting, and designing interventions. Unfortunately, not all models of mechanisms can inform practice. The article proposes a strategy for design research and practice inspired by reverse engineering: selecting successful programs, causal modeling, assessing the target context, and designing. Scholars should model mechanisms by identifying the program and non-program elements that contribute to the outcome of interest and abstracting their causal powers. Practitioners can use these models, diagnose their target context, and adjust designs to deal with context-specific problems. The proposed research agenda may enhance orientation to practice and offer a middle ground between the search for abstract, general relationships, and single-case analyses.
Simulation and analysis of high-brightness tapered ridge-waveguide lasers
Authors: Koester Jan-Philipp , Wenzel Hans , Wilkens Martin , Knigge Andrea
Published: February 2023

In this work, a simulation-based analysis of a CW-driven tapered ridge-waveguide laser design is presented. Measurements of these devices delivered high lateral brightness values of $${4}{\hbox {W}\cdot \hbox {mm}^{-1} \hbox {mrad}^{-1}}$$

4

W
·

mm

-
1

mrad

-
1

at $${2.5}\,\hbox {W}$$

2.5

W

optical output power. First, active laser simulations are performed to reproduce these results. Next, the resulting complex valued intra-cavity refractive index distributions are the basis for a modal and beam propagation analysis, which demonstrates the working principle and limitation of the underlying lateral mode filter effect. Finally, the gained understanding is the foundation for further design improvements leading to lateral brightness values of up to $${10}{\hbox {W}\cdot \hbox {mm}^{-1} \hbox {mrad}^{-1}}$$

10

W
·

mm

-
1

mrad

-
1

predicted by simulations.
The Dynamic Strategy of Common Sense Against Radical Revisionism
Authors: Guillon Jean-Baptiste
Published: February 2023

Common-sense philosophers typically maintain that common-sense propositions have a certain kind of epistemic privilege that allows them to evade the threats of skepticism or radical revisionism. Butwhydo they have this special privilege? In response to this question, the “Common-Sense Tradition” contains many different strands of arguments. In this paper, I will develop a strategy that combines two of these strands of arguments. First, the “Dynamic Argument” (or the “starting-point argument”), inspired by Thomas Reid and Charles S. Peirce (but which will be strengthened with the help of Gilbert Harman’s epistemology of belief revision). Second, G.E. Moore’s “greater certainty argument” (interpreted along the lines of Soames’ and Pollock’s construal). This combined strategy, I will argue, is the strong core of Common-Sense Philosophy, and relies on extremely modest and widely held assumptions.
Impacts of COVID-19 on tourism and management response from Banff National Park, Canada
Authors: Geng Christina Dehui , Harshaw Howie W. , Wu Wanli , Wang Guangyu
Published: February 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic posed challenges to the tourism sector globally. We investigated changes in visitor demographics, satisfaction level, and its determinants pre- and peri-COVID-19. Data were collected using questionnaire surveys in 2019 and 2021 within Banff National Park (BNP). The data analyses were based on a sample size of 1183 respondents by conducting factor analysis, correlation analysis and stepwise regression analysis. Results highlight that there were fewer international visitors and more local and domestic visitors during the pandemic. Park attributes were evaluated at a higher satisfaction level peri-COVID-19. The quality of the Park facilities and services were the most important satisfaction determinants pre- and peri-COVID-19, and all the Park COVID-19 measures and actions received positive experience from visitors. This research fills this knowledge gap by developing a better understanding in the change of visitor demographics and satisfaction level in BNP under the context of the pandemic. It also provides implication for both scholars and practitioners to understand the impacts of the pandemic on Park visitation. The study can provide insights for utilizing the pandemic as a transformative strength and for mitigating its negative impact on tourism industry.