bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional Outcome in Primary Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction after Successful External Dacryocystorhinostomy Surgery
Authors: Rizvi Syed Ali Raza , Saquib Mohammad , Gupta Yogesh , Maheshwari Rakesh , Maheshwari Puneet
Published: January 2021

Aim: To assess the functional outcomes of external dacryocystorhinostomy(DCR)  surgery in symptomatic patient with  primary nasolacrimal duct obstruction .Settings and Design: Prospective, clinical interventional studyMethods: This study was conducted in 50 consecutive (50 eyes) patients of Primary Acquired Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction admitted in a tertiary eye care centre. Functional outcome comprises of symptom improvement which include absence of epiphora, improvement in vision, routine work, occupational work, mood, embarrassment. Assessment was done by pre and post-operative questionnaires at 2 ,6 and 12 months postoperatively.. Anatomic success was assessed by Lacrimal syringing , Fluorescein dye disappearance test(FDDT) and endoscopic view of osteotomy. Statistical significance between preoperative and postoperative symptoms (Functional outcome assessment) was analysed using McNemars testResults: Postoperatively, marked improvement in subjective symptoms i.e. difficulty  in vision (93.5%), routine work (95.6%),occupational work (95.8%),mood(95%) and embarrassment (94%) was seen with anatomic success of 96%.Conclusions: In PANDO population, symptoms bother patient significantly. However, successful DCR surgery has a beneficial effect on the patient physical and social health thus changing the quality of life of patients markedly.
Bilateral lightning induced electric cataract and optic neuropathy: a case report
Authors: Mathew David J , Sarma Saurabh Kumar , Basaiawmoit Jennifer
Published: January 2021

We report the case of a 17 year old male with decreased vision in both eyes for one month. He had sustained a lightning related injury two months back while he was operating a charging mobile phone. On examination, he had bilateral cataract and secondary optic atrophy. He underwent cataract surgery in both eyes with good immediate visual outcome. He required laser posterior capsulotomy later for significant posterior capsular opacification in both eyes. Electric cataracts can progress quickly and may be prone to developing PCO post-operatively. The surgeon should keep in mind the possibility of posterior segment changes and their implications on the final visual outcome while managing such cataracts.
Surgical induced astigmatism in phaecoemulsification cataract surgery
Authors: LEE Ming-Yueh , Hilda Tasha , Ismail Mariam , Goh Pik-Pin
Published: January 2021

Abstract Purpose: Surgical induced astigmatism is often-neglected issue in phaecoemulsification cataract surgery. It is a significant problem resulting in poor refractive outcome and patients’ satisfaction. The objective of this study was to describe the preoperative astigmatism and the postoperative surgical induced astigmatism and its contributing factors. Design: Retrospective study on the Malaysian Cataract Surgery Registry between year 2008 and 2011. Method: Data on phaecoemulsification cataract surgery from 37 Ophthalmology Units were studied and filtered. Patients more than 50 year-old with complete refractive assessment results and with no ocular comorbidity were included. Contributing factors namely patients’ age, race, gender, laterality of the operated eye, surgeon’s status and intraoperative complications were analyzed. Results:  The mean age of the 5350 patients was 68.0 years with majority Chinese patients. The mean postoperative cylinder was 1.19D (SD=0.91) compared to the preoperative mean cylinder of 0.88D (SD=0.83D). Multivariate regression analysis on postoperative data revealed statistically significant high cylinder power (>1.0 Dioptre) for older patients, Chinese race, left operated eyes (p<0.001), performed by trainee ophthalmologists (p<0.001), and for those with intraoperative complications (p<0.001). The overall difference of cylinder power before and after phaecoemulsification cataract surgery was high; signifying high degree of surgical induced astigmatism.  Conclusion: Surgical induced astigmatism could result in significant postoperative astigmatism with poor refractive outcome. The contributing factors are old age, Chinese race, left operated eyes, operated by trainee ophthalmologists and intraoperative complications.
Adult orbital tumor
Authors: Ho Shu Fen , Othman Radzlian
Published: January 2021

Aim:  to study the prevalence, demographics, clinical and histolopathological features of orbital tumors biopsied in Hospital Serdang, a national Oculoplastic referral centre in Malaysia.

Methods: A retrospective, observational study on all the consecutive orbital biopsies performed in Hospital Serdang from January 2008 to December 2014.  Outcome measurement includes demographic data and histological diagnosis of biopsied orbital lesions. 

Results:  Among a total of 136 cases, there is slight male preponderence (59.6%). Malay is the commonest racial group (58.8%) followed by Chinese (32.4%).  Lymphoproliferative lesion is the most common category (34.6%) followed by inflammatory (10.3%) and lacrimal lesion (9.6%).  Benign lymphoid hyperplasia (16.9%) and Non Hodgkin lymphoma(BHL) (16.2%) were the most common histology diagnosis.  Those with benign lymphoid hyperplasia developed at a younger age (mean 56 years) compared to those with Non Hodgkin Lymphoma (60.6 years old).    Benign lymphoid hyperplasia occurred at a same frequency at orbit and lacrimal gland whilst those NHL were mostly located within the orbit.  Lymphoproliferative disorders are more common among male and Chinese.  Our patients develop cavernous haemangioma, pleomorphic adenoma and solitary fibrous tumor at an earlier age than Western counterparts.   Benign orbital lesions whilst being more common, may be associated with significant visual and orbital comorbidities.

Conclusions:  Lymphoproliferative lesions occur at a higher occurrence among Souteast Asian patients, especially among Chinese and male.   Our patients also develop cavernous haemangioma, pleomorphic adenoma and solitary fibrous tumor at an earlier age compared to their Western counterparts.  There is ethnic difference among different orbital pathologies.  Delayed presentation of benign orbital lesions lead to significant morbidity and sometimes exenteration.  Financial restraints may hinder clinicians in developing countries to obtain precise histological diagnosis.
The use of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cell for cornea regeneration in rabbit model
Authors: Then Kong Yong , Azlina M. , Ropilah A.R. , Ruszymah B.H.I. , Rohaina C.M. , Ng M.H.
Published: January 2021

Aim or Purpose: To evaluate the use of autologous bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) to treat cornea stromal defect in a rabbit model.

Methods: A non-randomized interventional controlled animal study involving twenty one adult New Zealand white rabbits. Corneal deep lamellar dissections were created in three groups of rabbits and treated accordingly. Group I; Autologous bone marrow derived MSCs with autologous fibrin and human amniotic membrane. Group II; Autologous fibrin with human amniotic membrane without MSCs. Group III; No treatment. Clinical outcome was evaluated by corneal re-epithelization, corneal opacity, corneal thickness and histology.

Results: BM-MSCs were successfully isolated from bone marrow of seven rabbits based on the adherence property of the cells to the plastic of the cell culture plate. At day 60 corneal thicknesses was significantly thicker in Group I. The localization of PKH26 labeled BM-MSCs showed an increase in cell density at the transplanted site, proving its role in cornea stromal regeneration. Although the cornea clarity was not achieved in this study, we believe that cornea stromal remodeling requires many months to years to regain its original optical quality.

Conclusion: Locally transplanted BM-MSCs may be a useful source for cornea stromal regeneration. The use of autologous BM-MSCs offers a promising option for treating corneal disorder without the risk of immune-rejection and calcification.
Knowledge, awareness, perception, and willingness towards eye donation among the literate working population
Authors: Egnasious Justin , Srinivasan Krithica , S Ve Ramesh , Noushad Babu
Published: January 2021

Aim: To evaluate awareness, knowledge, and perception towards eye donation among the literate working population.

Methodology: A new questionnaire on eye donation was developed from existing literature and face validation was performed among subject experts. Repeatability of the questionnaire was performed among 30 subjects. A total of 23 questions were there, out of those 6 questions for evaluating awareness, 13 questions for evaluating knowledge, and 4 questions for dertermining the subjects' perception. The questionnaire was distributed among subjects working in both the health science and non-health science fields. From their responses, knowledge, awareness, and perception towards eye donation in working literate population were assessed. A pledge form was also given along with the questionnaire to find the subjects' actual willingness.

Results: Repeatability: The questions in the awareness and knowledge domain showed good repeatability (p > 0.05). More than 50 % of the parameters in the perception domain showed poor repeatability (p < 0.05).  Out of 189 subjects assessed, there were 97 health science and 92 non-health science subjects with total mean age 30 ± 7 years. Good awareness was present between health science (96%) and non-health science (94%). Only 21% of the health science and 11% of the non-health science group had good knowledge about eye donation. Only 25% said ‘yes’ to willingness about eye donation. However, only 3% filled the pledge form. No-one from the non-health science population filled the pledge form. Health science professionals showed more willingness to donate eyes compared to the non-health science group after adjusting for qualification, age ,and gender (odds ratio 2.158, p = 0.031, 95% CI (1.073, 4.341)). Study participants shared willingness to donate eyes and responded against negative perceptions such as "Family members object to eye donation” (odds: 3.75, p = 0.030, 95% CI (1.14, 12.39)), “Dislike of separating eye from the body” (odds:7.02, p =0.006, 95% CI (1.73, 28.42)), and “Donating an organ is against my religious belief” (odds: 8.51,p = 0.039, 95% CI (1.11, 65.09)).

Conclusion: Our study showed that education qualification and the perception like ‘eye donation is against religious beliefs’ and ‘dislike to separate eye from the body’ showed significant effect on the willingness to donate eyes. More than awareness and knowledge, perception about eye donation had more impact on the willingness to donate eyes. Therefore, more campaigns emphasizing the importance of eye donation need to be conducted to change the perceptions about eye donation rather than improving awareness or knowledge.
Evaluation of anterior chamber volume using Pentacam and anterior segment optical coherence tomography among normal subjects
Authors: Anandan Vijaya , Srinivasan Rekha , Asokan Rashima , George Ronnie
Published: January 2021

Aim: To compare the anterior chamber volume measurements obtained with Pentacam and derived from anterior segment optical coherence tomography.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Methods: We included normal subjects who underwent a comprehensive eye examination including refraction, keratometry, Goldmann applanation tonometry, gonioscopy, anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) (Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc.; Dublin, CA, USA) and Pentacam (Oculus Inc.; Lynnwood, WA, USA). Fifty scans were selected for Pentacam and 12 images were selected for calculation of anterior chamber volume. Only the right eye was considered for analysis.

Results: One-hundred and nineteen eyes of 119 subjects were included for analysis. The mean age of the subjects was 42.58 ± 13.15 years, of which 74 were female and 45 were male. The mean anterior chamber volume measured using AS-OCT was 119.17 ± 26.56 mm3 and with Pentacam was 131.29 ± 34.26 mm3. The comparison of means between the two modalities was statistically significant (t = -8.857, Mean Difference (MD) = 12.11, 95% CI: (4.29, 19.95), p = 0.003). Bland-Altman plot showed poor agreement between the chamber volume measurements obtained by Pentacam and AS-OCT with MD of 12.1 mm3 (95 % CI: 41.4 to -17.1) and intra-class correlation between the two instruments was 0.94 (95% CI: 0.91, 0.96) (p < 0.0001).

Conclusion: The anterior chamber volume can be measured using Pentacam as well as AS-OCT since these measurements were reliable. However, these measurements were not interchangeable due to poor levels of agreement.
Contrast sensitivity before and after small incision lenticule extraction and femtosecond laser in situ keratomileusis
Authors: Pradhan Asik , Pradhan Kishore Raj , Shrestha Gauri Shankar , Dhunganga Purushottam , Kaiti Raju
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Contrast sensitivity function after laser ablation of the cornea in refractive surgery is an important tool for measuring quality of visual function. The effect of small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) and femtosecond laser in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK) on visual function can be compared by measuring spatial contrast sensitivity.

Purpose: This study was to compare contrast sensitivity function in patients undergoing refractive surgery for myopia at Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology.

Methods: In a retrospective study, 15 subjects who underwent refractive surgeries comprising 9 cases of SMILE and 6 cases of FS-LASIK at Tilganga Eye Hospital were enrolled in the study. A major assessment included best corrected monocular contrast sensitivity with functional vision analyzer at spatial frequencies of 1.5, 3, 6, 12, and 18 cycles/deg in photopic condition (85 cd/m2) before, 3 months, and 1 year after the surgery. The average functional acuity contrast test scores for each spatial frequency were recorded. Differences between preoperative and postoperative contrast sensitivity at each spatial frequency were analyzed through parametric paired Student’s t-test.

Results: Contrast sensitivity of postoperative FS-LASIK and SMILE did not differ from preoperative values at a photopic level. However, at high spatial frequency (12 and 18 cycles/deg), contrast sensitivity function improved significantly (p < 0.05) in eyes after FS-LASIK. Eyes after SMILE surgery did not show any reduction in contrast sensitivity at all the spatial frequencies.

Conclusion: Under photopic conditions, the contrast sensitivity function is unaffected by SMILE or FS-LASIK.
Optimized imaging of the suprachoroidal space with swept-source OCT
Authors: Hanhart Joel , Yaacov Rozenman
Published: January 2021

Purpose: To compare enhanced depth imaging (EDI) and non-EDI swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) in their ability to capture the suprachoroidal space (SCS).

Materials and methods: Twenty volunteers with a minimum age of 18 years without any ocular pathology and refractive error below Å} 2 diopters underwent SS-OCT foveal scanning, with and without EDI. Masked averaged B-scan lines were analyzed for presence of the SCS. When the SCS was seen, the percentage of the scan on which this structure could be unequivocally observed was measured. Scores obtained from the images taken with or without EDI were then compared.

Results: Thirty-seven eyes were analysed, since three eyes of three different patients were eliminated, as the outer border of the choroid was insufficiently delineated with both modalities. The SCS was not detected at all on 14 pictures (37.8%) obtained by non-EDI SS-OCT and 9 pictures (24.3%) obtained by EDI SS-OCT. When the SCS was detected with both modalities, it was observable on 27.2+/-24.2% of the scan without EDI and 40.4+/-30.3 of the scan with EDI (p < .001)

Conclusions: EDI SS-OCT enables a more frequent and extensive visualization of the suprachoroidal space than non-EDI SS-OCT. This new approach could be considered as the most accurate modality to currently visualize the SCS in vivo.
Characteristics and treatment outcomes of patients with primary ocular adnexal lymphoma in Northern Thailand
Authors: Seresirikachorn Kasem , Ausayakhun Sakarin , Wiwatwongwana Damrong , Mahanupab Ponsak , Daroontum Teerada , Norasetthada Lalita
Published: January 2021

Purpose: To assess the characteristics and treatment outcomes of patients with primary ocular adnexal lymphoma (OAL) in Northern Thailand.

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Methods: Data was collected from electronic medical records and operative notes from Chiang Mai University Hospital between January 2009 and December 2014. All available tissue biopsies of 54 patients were reviewed by agreement of two pathologists. The clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes were collected and analyzed.

Results: A total number of 54 patients were identified of which 57.4% were female. The median age was 61.0 years (range, 4-86). The most common subtype of lymphoma was extranodal marginal zone lymphoma (ENMZL) of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) (n = 46, 85.2%). Seventy-five percent of the patients presented with a mass at the ocular adnexa, while 14.8% of the patients presented with proptosis. The sites of origin were as follows: lacrimal (46.3%), orbit (31.5%), conjunctiva (13%) and eyelid (7.4%). Two-thirds of the patients had Ann-Arbor Stage I, while 22% of patients had Stage IV. The majority of the patients (68.1%) had a low-risk international prognosis index (IPI). Treatment modalities involved field radiation (IFRT, 50%), chemotherapy (31.6%), combined chemoradiotherapy (7.9%) and surgical resection (10.5%). The overall response rate was 100% with a complete response rate of 77.8%. In patients with low-grade lymphoma, including MALT lymphoma, the 3-year progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival were 69.9% and 92.5%, respectively.

Conclusion: ENMZL of MALT was the major subtype of primary OAL. Radiotherapy was an effective treatment for the lower stages of disease providing a high response rate and encouraging survival outcomes.
Benzalkonium chloride corneal toxicity post-cataract surgery
Authors: Ong Keith , Ong Leonard
Published: January 2021

Two patients with presumed benzalkonium chloride (BAK) corneal toxicity after routine cataract surgery are presented. Patient 1 had corneal stroma and Descemet’s membrane folds. Patient 2 had moderate superficial punctate epithelial erosions (SPEE). They were on Chlorsig, Maxidex, and Acular eye drops tds postoperatively. The corneas of these two patients improved when BAK was removed or minimized from the postoperative eye drop regimen. Two vials of 1 ml dexamethasone 4mg/ml for injection were added to Chlorsig 10 ml bottle to substitute for Maxidex eye drops.

BAK toxicity should be suspected when the cornea is not as clear as expected postoperatively. A practical way to eliminate BAK from postoperative eye drops is described, and would be useful until pharmaceuticals mass-produce BAK-free steroid eye drops economically.
Avoiding BAK in postoperative eye drops reduces the need for subconjunctival 5-FU injections post-trabeculectomy
Authors: Ong Keith , Ong Leonard
Published: January 2021

Purpose: Subconjunctival fibrosis is one of the main causes of failure of glaucoma filtration surgery. It can result in absence of a filtration bleb, a small scarred bleb, or a cystic bleb. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), mitomycin C (MMC), and topical steroids have been used to suppress subconjunctival fibrosis.

Method: A study was done analyzing the number of postoperative subconjunctival 5-FU injections for trabeculectomy on pseudophakic eyes prior to and following the change to a BAK-free regimen. The cohort consisted of 16 consecutive cases undergoing primary trabeculectomy without intraoperative MMC or 5-FU. The trabeculectomy surgery included a groove sclerectomy procedure. Group A were 8 eyes of patients who had the author’s standard Chlorsig, Maxidex, and Prednefrin Forte eye drops tds. Group B were 8 eyes who had Chlorsig-dexamethasone and Optive-dexamethasone tds eye drops postoperatively.

Results: Group B (BAK-free) patients required fewer postoperative 5-FU subconjunctival injections (average: 2.9, range: 1-5 injections) compared to Group A (BAK) patients (average: 7.3, range: 4-18 injections). This difference was statistically significant (P = 0.02, unpaired t-test). All patients had functioning blebs and did not require glaucoma medications to maintain target intraocular pressure. The Group B (BAK-free) patients had more diffuse blebs than the Group A (BAK) patients.

Conclusion: The results demonstrated that when BAK was eliminated from postoperative eye drops in trabeculectomy, the number of postoperative 5-FU injections was reduced.
Arachnoid cyst of the optic nerve: therapeutic management and progress
Authors: Temblador-Barba Irene , Gálvez-Prieto-Moreno Carlos , Martínez-Jiménez María
Published: January 2021

Purpose: To describe the management of a case of an arachnoid cyst of the optic nerve.

Methods: Here, we report a 27-year-old female patient who was diagnosed with arachnoid cyst of the left sheath optic nerve, drained in several occasions, and came to our service because of progressive blurring in the left eye.

Outcomes: Due to the location of the lesion, excision could not be performed; so we performed a microsurgical incision with drain by nasal superior transconjunctival approach. After that, the visual acuity (VA) was 0.7, and we could observe that the size of the cyst was smaller than previous examinations with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Nowadays, the patient keeps the same asymptomatic VA. So medical appointments are planned to closely follow-up, and periodically, we perform new scan images and visual fields.

Conclusions: Arachnoid cysts of the optic nerve are rare, benign, slowly progressive conditions. They can be asymptomatic lesions, especially smaller ones, or may result in proptosis and loss of vision because of the compression. The best imaging examination for their follow-up is MRI. They should be differentiated from optic nerve sheath meningioma and other conditions.
Differences of tear film osmolarity between two time-points of the day in healthy subjects
Authors: Pena-Verdeal Hugo , Vazquez-Sanchez Covadonga , Garcia-Queiruga Jacobo , Garcia-Resua Carlos
Published: January 2021

Purpose: Tear film hyperosmolarity is considered one the core mechanism of the dry eye along with the tear film stability. Many tear physiological variables oscillate during the day. This study was designed to assess the differences in tear film osmolarity between morning and afternoon in a group of healthy subjects.

Materials and methods: A total of 25 healthy subjects who fulfilled the study’s inclusion criteria were enrolled for the study. Tear osmolarity was measured using the TearLab™ system in two separated sessions, at 9.30 am and 6.30 pm. A paired t-test and a Bland–Altman test were used to assess the differences between sessions.

Results: Tear osmolarity (mean ± SD) was 309.96 ± 9.00 and 296.48 ± 12.98 mOsm/l at 9.30 am and 6.30 pm, respectively, being significantly lower at 6.30 pm than at 9.30 am (mean difference ± SD = 13.48 ± 8.69 mOsm/l; paired t-test; p < 0.001).

Conclusions: Tear film osmolarity does appear to have some influence by the time of day in healthy patients.
The repair of canalicular lacerations with an annular silicone tube and round-tipped pigtail probe
Authors: Adibelli Fatih Mehmet , Cakmak Sevim Soker
Published: January 2021

Purpose: To analyze the outcomes of surgical repair of canalicular lacerations with a round-tipped pigtail probe and silicone tube implantation.
Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of the case records of 64 patients who presented to the Ophthalmology Department of Harran University between 2010 and 2015 and underwent surgical repair of canalicular lacerations. Each patient’s age, gender, nationality, mechanism of injury, injured canaliculi, and follow-up time were evaluated. In addition to the anatomical and functional results, complications were also analyzed.
Results: A total of 64 patients, 51 (79.7%) males and 13 (20.3%) females, with a mean age at presentation of 14.6 years (range: 1-69 years) were enrolled. Forty-six patients were aged <15 years (71.9%). Forty-two patients (65.6%) had lower canalicular lacerations, and 19 patients had isolated upper canalicular lacerations (29.7%). At the final follow-up (mean: 33.7 months), anatomical success was observed in all patients.
Conclusion: Silicone tube implantation using a round-tipped pigtail probe is an effective method that facilitates anatomical and functional success in cases of canalicular laceration.
Asymptomatic chronic hypotony due to subclinical choroidal effusion after blunt trauma
Authors: De Leon John Mark Sim , Medalle Ronald Steven
Published: January 2021

Objective: To present a case report of asymptomatic post-traumatic chronic hypotony in which the cause was undetected until phacoemulsification.

Methodology: Case report.

Results: A 55-year-old female’s left eye suffered blunt trauma causing hyphema and iritis, which were successfully managed; however, up to a year after, the intraocular pressure (IOP) ranged from 3 to 5 mmHg and the anterior chamber remained very shallow (Van Herick grade 4) with the lens–iris diaphragm pushed anteriorly with difficulty assessing the angles for recession or clefts . Visual acuity was initially 20/20 upon resolution of the hyphema but worsened to 20/40 a year after, presumably due to a developing cataract. Periodic dilated fundus examinations revealed no hypotony maculopathy or choroidal effusions. Prior to phacoemulsification, ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) revealed 360 degrees of mild peripheral choroidal effusions. During phacoemulsification, after intraocular lens insertion, direct gonioscopy revealed a supero-nasal cyclodialysis cleft (2 clock hours) and this was repaired intraoperatively with direct cyclopexy through a partial thickness scleral flap. Postoperatively, the vision improved to 20/20 without correction and the IOP normalized to 16 to 18 mmHg.

Conclusion: Chronic hypotony post-trauma may be asymptomatic and the cause may not be clinically evident and may be detected by UBM (choroidal effusion). In our case, the proximate aetiology (cyclodialysis cleft) of the effusion was only observed intraoperatively after phacoemulsification for which cyclopexy was performed which increased the IOP to physiologic levels.
Successful surgical management of large conjunctival nevus in a 10-year-old child with resection and amniotic membrane transplantation
Authors: Tiong Kiew Ing , Birapadian Shiivaa Manjare A/P
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate a case of large conjunctival nevus in a 10-year-old boy which was successfully treated with surgical excision and amniotic membrane transplant (AMT) reconstruction. The conjunctival nevus was initially noticed by the parents 1 year prior to presentation; they reported it had increased in size over the past 3 months. Slit-lamp examination revealed a pigmented conjunctival nevus measuring 5.5 mm vertically and 6.5 mm horizontally, with well-demarcated margins and presence of an intralesional cyst at the temporal bulbar conjunctiva, involving the limbus and encroaching onto the cornea. Complete resection of the conjunctival lesion and bulbar conjunctival reconstruction were performed. The histopathological examination showed conjunctival nevus. The wound healed well with vision of 6/6 and no recurrence. Surgical resection combined with AMT is a successful and an effective way to treat conjunctivalnevus.
CAMBIOS FÍSICOS, QUÍMICOS Y SENSORIALES EN FRUTOS DE PITAHAYA (Hylocereus undatus) DURANTE SU DESARROLLO
Authors: Centurión-Yah Alma R. , Solís-Pereira Sara , Saucedo-Veloz Crescenciano , Báez-Sañudo Reginaldo , Sauri-Duch Enrique
Published: January 2021

En este trabajo se evaluaron algunos cambios físicos y químicos que ocurren durante el crecimiento y maduración del fruto de pitahaya (Hylocereus undatus), para definir el estado de madurez al corte que dé mejor calidad organoléptica y mayor aceptación por el consumidor. El desarrollo de los frutos fue en campo, a 26.1 °C y 73.9 mm de temperatura y precipitación media durante el periodo de evaluación. A partir de la apertura de la flor se evaluaron cambios en los diámetros polar y ecuatorial, peso fresco de fruto entero, pulpa y cáscara, y cuando apareció la primera coloración rojiza en la superficie se evaluó color de cáscara, firmeza de la pulpa, contenido de sólidos solubles totales (°Brix), contenido de azúcares reductores, acidez titulable, contenido de ácido ascórbico y percepción sensorial. La maduración ocurrió entre los 25 y 31 d después de la apertura floral, con transición del color de la cáscara de un verde claro con partes de color rojo incipiente a un rojo-púrpura, proceso en el cual hubo reducción de la firmeza. Los contenidos de azúcares reductores y °Brix aumentaron de 2.4 a 6.6 % y de 4.6 a 12.6 %, respectivamente; el contenido de ácido málico disminuyó de 1.4 a 0.4 %, lo que favoreció el aumento de la relación °Brix/acidez; el contenido de ácido ascórbico disminuyó de 14.7 a 9.6 mg/100 g. A los 31 d los frutos medían 8.9 cm en diámetro polar, 8.2 cm en diámetro ecuatorial y 469.2 g en peso. El sabor varió de agridulce a dulce entre los 27 y los 31 d, y la mayor aceptación de los frutos se registró entre los 29 y 31 d.
EXPRESIÓN DEL SEXO Y ANATOMÍA FLORAL DEL LITCHI (Litchi chinensis Sonn.)
Authors: Osuna-Enciso Tomás
Published: January 2021

Las flores de litchi difieren en su grado de desarrollo y se clasifican en Tipos I, II y III según el sexo y orden en que aparecen en la inflorescencia. Las Tipos I y III funcionan como masculinas, mientras que las Tipo II actúan como femeninas. En el Valle de Culiacán, Sinaloa, México, el periodo de floración de litchi ‘Brewster’ es de 52 d. La orientación de las flores en el árbol, norte o sur, afectó su expresión sexual. Las Tipo I fueron más abundantes en las inflorescencias de la parte sur que en la norte (85 vs. 54 %) y fue el único tipo de flor que se observó en los primeros 8 d de floración. Las flores Tipo II iniciaron antesis 12 d después del inicio de floración y su presencia fue dominante en las inflorescencias de la sección norte (27 %); mientras que las de Tipo III presentaron antesis 20 d después del inicio de floración y fueron más abundantes en la sección norte que en la sur (19 vs. 4 %). La distribución general de las flores Tipos I, II y III en las inflorescencias de litchi ‘Brewster’ fue de 70, 19 y 11 %, respectivamente, siendo las Tipo I más tempranas y las Tipo III más tardías. Las flores Tipo I, con ovario apenas visible (1 mm de longitud) presentaron óvulo rudimentario caracterizado por tejido reducido; las flores Tipo II mostraron óvulos completos sin irregularidades; mientras que los óvulos de las flores Tipo III también fueron completos, pero de menor tamaño, con deformaciones en la nucela y tegumentos. El estilo de las flores de litchi es bifurcado y sólo las Tipo II presentan estigma. De acuerdo con las características morfológicas y anatómicas del pistilo, las flores Tipo II son las únicas que tienen capacidad para polinizarse y formar fruto.
La planificación de estrategias de enseñanza en un entorno virtual de aprendizaje
Authors: Alejo Betty Pastora , Aparicio Arian Fuente
Published: January 2021

En el presente artículo se define como objetivo general analizar la importancia que tiene la planificación de estrategias de enseñanza en un Entorno Virtual de Aprendizaje (EVA) que en la actualidad se incrementa debido a la influencia de la era digital, donde la educación convencional presencial quedará invisibilizada por los avances de las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (TIC), lo que supone nuevas formas de abordar el acto educativo para desarrollar en el alumnado el pensamiento computacional y de resolución de problemas, asumir una postura autocritica, y critica frente a la realidad social. Por otra parte, el proceso metodológico se abordó a partir del paradigma cuantitativo mediante la investigación descriptiva con un diseño documental. Además, se aplicó una encuesta a los profesores de la Universidad Tecnológica Israel del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito, Ecuador, en el Lapso Académico 2020/A, que permitió el análisis estadístico y de contenido. De esta manera, se concluye que la planificación de estrategias en un ambiente virtual exige en el profesorado la organización minuciosa para administrar a tiempo el aula virtual, seleccionar los recursos y medios tecnológicos que más se adapten a las necesidades o requerimientos del aprendiz, con la finalidad de propiciar la autogestión del aprendizaje independiente y el trabajo colaborativo entre estudiante/estudiantes desde un enfoque constructivista en una experiencia contextualizada, interactiva y de responsabilidades compartidas.
Gráficas de trayectorias escolares de estudiantes de bachillerato
Authors: Bravo Guerrero Fabián Eugenio , Illescas Peña Lourdes Eugenia , Bojorque Pazmiño Eliana , Ortega Peña Mario Patricio
Published: January 2021

Para las autoridades escolares es importante conocer cómo los alumnos de su institución avanzan en sus estudios, porque de esta forma pueden detectar cualquier tipo de dificultades que se presenten; sin embargo, esa información no siempre se la conoce a tiempo. El objetivo de esta investigación es proponer una metodología que permita visualizar las trayectorias escolares de los estudiantes y de esta forma se identifiquen las dificultades que tienen en la asignatura de matemáticas. Para mostrar el potencial de la metodología, se investigó a los alumnos de bachillerato de una institución educativa ecuatoriana entre 2015 y 2019, se procesaron sus calificaciones y se generaron gráficas de trayectorias escolares que presentan la evolución de sus calificaciones durante el período escolar. Mediante esta metodología se facilita la identificación de trayectorias individuales de bajo rendimiento, además, se encontró que las actividades colaborativas tienen calificaciones más altas que las individuales, también se evidenciaron las diferencias de rendimiento entre cursos. La presentación de las calificaciones mediante gráficas es una herramienta poderosa para la gestión académica, ya que facilita la detección de dificultades y la toma de decisiones oportunas.
Próby wznowienia Planu Rapackiego przez dyplomację polską w pierwszej połowie lat sześćdziesiątych
Authors: Madajczyk Piotr
Published: January 2021

The article describes the political context of the revival, in early 60s, of the Rapacki Plan. The tradition in Polish historiography holds its main objective to have been a disarmament. Ministry of Foreign Affairs documents, which are currently available make a much more balanced and differentiated approach to its appraisal possible. The article takes into account both a certain autonomy present in the Polish initiative and its dependence on Soviet policy. At the ministry in Warsaw, they were aware that a disarmament initiative as such had meagre chances of being implemented; nevertheless, it could provide an effective tool for the carrying out of foreign policy. What is particularly interesting is the use of the Rapacki Plan as an instrument aimed at restricting the political influences of the Federal Republic of Germany in the 60s, which can be seen in the documents. Minister Rapacki had elaborated upon an idea for focussing attention on West German opposition to the Polish proposals, for propaganda reasons. These efforts aimed at creating an atmosphere of isolation around the FRG and most of all, at persuading the Polish public opinion that it was the FRG which was most responsible for the rejection of the Polish initiative.
„Noc kryształowa” z 9/10 listopada 1938 roku i „ostateczne rozwiązanie kwestii żydowskiej” na Śląsku Opolskim w latach II wojny światowej
Authors: Hanich Andrzej
Published: January 2021

The article describes the situation of the Jewish Judaic community in Opole Silesia under the Third Reich. It shows also its territorial distribution during the inter-war period. The main body of the article consists of a description of the events in Opole Silesia during so called Crystal Night on 9/10th November 1938, both as far as that action itself is concerned and in terms of the reaction to it. In the section dealing with the later years of World War II, the author points out the difficulties, faced by the Catholic clergy in providing assistance to the Jews, as well as indicates the fate met by the Jews from other parts of Europe whom the war years took to the concentration camps on the soil of Opole Silesia.
Rok 1968 w Polsce – kryzys władzy, kryzys społeczeństwa, początek przemian?
Authors: Eisler Jerzy
Published: January 2021

The fundamental question articulated in the article addresses the issue of whether what happened in Poland in 1968 was a social crisis, and if it was, what its background was and what its specific features were? Can we, and should we, thus refer to a crisis of the then authorities? And what did it mean, in general, under the actual conditions of real socialism? And finally, can one say that 1968 marked the beginning of the systemic changes? Pointing out that, in Poland, this process was, by its nature, multi-faceted, the author is of the opinion that, a term inadequate as far as its logic is concerned, namely, ‘Marches ‘68’ (that is, plural rather than singular) should be applied, bearing in mind that this concept encompassed several diverse, not necessarily inter-related, and sometimes even mutually exclusive and contrary strands. An opinion is voiced that the ‘March events’ also contributed to the formation of something which may be symbolically referred to as ‘the ‘68 generation’, consisting of the 20-year old youths who were then students. The circumstances of the student protests in Poland, differing from those in the West, are emphasised. The author also maintains that the then events in Poland may be possibly compared to the Prague Spring and the Czech reform movement alone. Recapitulating, the author posits that what happened in 1968 in Poland was both a serious social crisis and a crisis of authority, or perhaps, more precisely, a crisis of leadership in the PUWP.
Triumf i kryzys komunizmu – 1968
Authors: Holzer Jerzy
Published: January 2021

The events of 1968 were, in Europe, the last act of fascination with Communism while, simultaneously, its Soviet model was rejected and other varieties were popular. With the exception of Czechoslovakia, these events were also a generational movement, most of all a student one. The Communist social stipulations were combined with political demands aimed at implementing direct democracy. What was missing in the West, however, was the comprehension of the problems occurring in the Soviet block and a knowledge of the situation in the non-European Communist countries. In the East, on the other hand, what was lacking was a more active interest in Western frustrations. The movements of 1968 suffered a defeat everywhere, though the reasons for this were different.In Western Europe, they were wholly unsupported by organisational structures, while the awareness of the realities of all Communist regimes, which did gradually sink in, evoked disappointment. In the Eastern part of Europe, the crushing of revisionism, which attempted to combine Communism with democracy, pointed the way towards perspectives other than reformed Communism. Despite the defeat, the events of 1968 became an important watershed in the life of Europe, to a large degree transforming society’s awareness and customs in the West, and the political awareness of the generation entering adulthood in the East.
Międzynarodowa pomoc humanitarna i rozwojowa jako instrumenty niemieckiej polityki zagranicznej
Authors: Szymoniczek Joanna
Published: January 2021

As far as both humanitarian and development aid are concerned, Germany is a major donor. Involvement in such activity is aimed most of all at building up Germany’s strong position in the international arena, creating a positive image of Germany’s presence abroad, gaining in influence on the formation of a specific world view and of attitudes in the social, political and moral spheres in the recipient countries, and obtaining tangible financial, political and economic benefits. Support from Germany flows to victims of disasters and catastrophes, forgotten armed conflicts and alarming humanitarian problems. To any appeals for assistance, Germany reacts extremely fast. This is possible because of a very efficient system established in the country, comprised of public institutions and non-governmental organisation and with its operations in the international arena regulated in a series of documents. What is characteristic of German aid is the speed with which at arrives to the aggrieved, its adequacy and its subordination to political objectives, particularly in cases of providing aid in armed conflict situations. The fact that Germany is involved, most of all, in bilateral aid operations, which makes it possible to make decisions on her own as to whom to provide with assistance and how, and where, and that, moreover, such assistance is not anonymous, as is the case with the multilateral aid provided by international organisation, which is both more efficient and preferred by its recipients, is evidence of such policy.
Reakcja zachodnioniemieckich mediów na wydarzenia Marca i kampanię antysemicką w Polsce
Authors: Madajczyk Piotr
Published: January 2021

The article analyses the impact of the events of 1968 on West German public opinion and politics. Following the first comments in the press, published on 11th March, the events of that month in Poland were watched attentively in the FRG. West German observers connected with the power struggles in the PUWP, while West German politicians were of the opinion that the best solution in such a situation would be to wait and see, and sustain contacts with Warsaw cautiously.In view of the growing wave of anti-Semitic pronouncements, the PUWP leader, Mr Władysław Gomułka was judged relatively mildly, assuming that he wanted to restrain them but had to yield under pressure. These pronouncements, however, a racted the a ention of the opinion-forming media in the FRG, which reacted with exaggerated comparisons to anti-Semitism in the Third Reich. Polish diplomacy, on the other hand, was effective in using the argument that an ‘anti-Polish campaign’ in the media was harmful to the detente in Europe. This effective tool of diplomacy was unable, however, to prevent the negative consequences of references to the stereotype of Polish anti-Semitism.
Polsko-niemiecki traktat o dobrym sąsiedztwie i przyjaznej współpracy na forum Bundestagu
Authors: Trzcielińska-Polus Aleksandra
Published: January 2021

The Polish-German Treaty of Good Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation that was signed between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Republic of Poland a quarter-century ago has repeatedly been the subject of debates, interpellations and deputies’ questions at the German Federal Parliament. This article presents the most important debates and documents of the Bundestag, in which both deputies and members of the government expressed their opinions and positions with regard to the provisions of the treaty and its implementation.The aim of this study is to show changes to and differences in the rhetoric of parliamentarians representing various factions and representatives of the government in relation to this treaty over 20 years (i.e., from its signature and ratification in 1991 to the celebrations of its twentieth anniversary in 2011), and to present the priority issues raised in its context.
Czy zbrodnia wołyńsko-galicyjska 1943–1945 była ludobójstwem? Spór o kwalifikację prawną „antypolskiej akcji” UPA
Authors: Motyka Grzegorz
Published: January 2021

The anti-Polish purges carried out by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists-Bandera (OUN-B) and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), which are known in Polish history as the massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia, claimed the lives of about 100,000 people. These purges were among the bloodiest episodes in Poland’s twentieth-century history and among the major mass killings of civilians during World War II. Moreover, they were committed by an irregular partisan formation. In terms of scale, the massacres in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia can be compared to the mass pacification of Belarusian villages by German police formations and the massacres of Serbs by Croatian nationalists.Historical research indicates that, regardless of whether the objective of the OUN and the UPA was to exterminate or ‘only’ to expel the Poles, implementation of their plan must have assumed the killing of the Polish population, or at least part of it, in the disputed areas. Therefore, further research conducted in Poland confirmed the conviction about the genocidal nature of the UPA’s activities. Jędrzej Giertych was probably the first Pole to use the term ‘genocide’ in this context. He used it in the London-based literary weekly ‘Wiadomości’ [News] in 1951. In the second half of the 1990s, this opinion became dominant among scholars dealing with the issues in question. Similar conclusions were reached by prosecutors of the Institute of National Remembrance. It seems that their evaluation could not be different in the light of the definition of genocide specified in Article 118 of the Polish Criminal Code.Polish scholars argue, however, whether the term ‘genocide’ should be used in reference to all of the activities conducted by the OUN and UPA in the years 1939–1947, or only those conducted in the period from 9 February 1943 to 18 May 1945, known as the anti-Polish action (mass murders). They also argue whether the UPA’s actions were typical genocide, or should be considered as a specific example of cruel genocide (genocidum atrox) due to their ferocity. Some scholars are inclined to recognize the UPA’s ‘anti-Polish campaign’ as ethnic cleansing rather than genocide, but the scale of the crimes against the Polish population seems to undermine this opinion.The author suggests that the massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia should be recognized as ‘genocidal ethnic cleansing’, or ‘ethnic cleansing that meets the definition of genocide’, as the terms indicate that from the very beginning perpetrators committed ethnic cleansing in the regions with intent to conduct mass murder of civilians.