bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The impact of nature-based interventions on public health: a review using pathways, mechanisms and behaviour change techniques from environmental social science and health behaviour change
Authors: Wilkie Stephanie , Davinson Nicola
Published: October 2021

The aim of this narrative review is to explore whether nature-based interventions improved individual public health outcomes and health behaviours, using a conceptual framework that included pathways and pathway domains, mechanisms, and behaviour change techniques derived from environmental social science theory and health behaviour change models. A two-stage scoping methodology was used to identified studies published between 2000 and 2021. Peer reviewed, English-language reports of nature-based interventions with adults (N = 9) were included if the study met the definition of a health�behaviour change intervention and reported at least one measured physical/mental health outcome. Interventions focused on the restoring or building capacities pathway domains as part of the nature contact/experience pathway; varied health behaviour change mechanisms and techniques were present but environmental social-science-derived mechanisms to influence health outcomes were used less. Practical recommendations for future interventions include explicit statement of the targeted level of causation, as well as utilisation of both environmental social science and health behaviour change theories and varied public health outcomes to allow simultaneously testing of theoretical predictions.
Anxiety and perception of risk of contagion among socially distanced Mexicans residents during the National Healthy Distance Campaign related to the COVID-19 epidemic.
Authors: Maldonado-Castellanos Isaac , Mora-Magaña Ignacio
Published: October 2021

In January 2020, Chinese scientists isolated a novel virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). On January 30th, The World Health Organization declared a Public Health Emergency. In March, Mexican Health Authorities announced the National Healthy Distance Campaign. This novel policy encourages residents of Mexico to stay at home during the social distancing stage to prevent the spread of the virus.The aim of this study was to evaluate the anxiety and the perception of risk of contagion through six weeks of follow-up during the National Healthy Distance Campaign in Mexico related to the COVID-19 epidemic. This study was empirical, exploratory and longitudinal. 27 Mexican people participated in the study, aged 18-59 years (M=35.4, SD=11.6). Two contextualized instruments were sent by email to participants to evaluate the anxiety levels and perception of risk of contagion for six weeks. Results indicate that anxiety levels were mild trough six weeks of follow-up. Likewise, results in the second survey indicate that perception of risk of contagion levels were moderate. For further studies on this subject, six hypotheses were developed regarding the following topics: content information and information overload, adaptation process, social perception of risk, preventive behaviors, and positive and negative effects of being social distanced.
Cultura, natureza, materialidade e imaterialidade: inter-relações nas políticas patrimoniais
Authors: Wiggers Monica Marlise
Published: October 2021

Os instrumentos legais destinados ao reconhecimento e a proteção e salvaguarda do Patrimônio Cultural Brasileiro sofreram mudanças ao longo do processo de desenvolvimento de políticas públicas destinadas ao tema. O presente artigo visa apresentar um resgate cronológico destes instrumentos legais, com destaque para as discussões envolvendo os conceitos de natureza e cultura, materialidade e imaterialidade, bem como instigar os gestores públicos e pesquisadores a incorporarem as condições sociais e ambientais nas discussões sobre esta temática. Metodologicamente, a pesquisa se deu por meio de um levantamento bibliográfico em publicações da área, como livros, legislações e documentos técnicos. Conclui-se a impossibilidade de trabalhar na atualidade com o tema do Patrimônio Cultural sem considerar as inter-relações entre os quatro conceitos chaves abordados neste artigo. Nesta linha, houve um avanço teórico-conceitual nas discussões sobre o tema, mas ainda é necessário que os órgãos governamentais da área reestruturarem-se a partir deste cenário.
Associations With Definitive Outcomes and Clinical Benefit of Cancer Drugs at the Time of Marketing Approval and in the Postmarketing Period
Authors: Bujosa Aida , Moltó Consolación , Hwang Thomas J. , Tapia José Carlos , Vokinger Kerstin N. , Templeton Arnoud J. , Gich Ignasi , Barnadas Agustí , Amir Eitan , Tibau Ariadna
Published: October 2021

Background: Most anticancer drugs are approved by regulatory agencies based on surrogate measures. This article explores the variables associated with overall survival (OS), quality of life (QoL), and substantial clinical benefit among anticancer drugs at the time of approval and in the postmarketing period. Methods: Anticancer drugs approved by the FDA between January 2006 and December 2015 and with postmarketing follow-up until April 2019 were identified. We evaluated trial-level data supporting approval and any updated OS and/or QoL data. We applied the ESMO-Magnitude of Clinical Benefit Scale (ESMO-MCBS) and the ASCO Value Framework (ASCO-VF) to initial and follow-up studies. Results: We found that 58 drugs were approved for 96 indications based on 96 trials. At registration, approval was based on improved OS in 39 trials (41%) and improved QoL in 16 of 45 indications (36%). Postmarketing data showed an improvement in OS for 28 of 59 trials (47%) and in QoL for 22 of 48 indications (46%). At the time of approval, 25 of 94 (27%) and 26 of 80 scorable trials (33%) met substantial benefit thresholds using the ESMO-MCBS and ASCO-VF, respectively. In the postmarketing period, 37 of 69 (54%) and 35 of 65 (54%) trials met the substantial benefit thresholds. Drugs with companion diagnostics and immune checkpoint inhibitors were associated significantly with substantial clinical benefit. Conclusions: Compared with the time of approval, more anticancer drugs showed improved OS and QoL and met the ESMO-MCBS or ASCO-VF thresholds for substantial benefit over the course of postmarketing time. However, only approximately half of the trials met the threshold for substantial benefit. Companion diagnostic drugs and immunotherapy seemed to be associated with greater clinical benefit.
Low-GWP alternative refrigerant blends for HFC-134a :
Authors: Domanski Piotr A , McLinden Mark O , Babushok Valeri I , Bell Ian H , Fortin Tara J , Hegetschweiler Michael J , Kedzierski Mark A , Kim Dennis K , Lin Lingnan , Linteris Gregory T , Outcalt Stephanie L , Perkins Richard A , Rowane Aaron , Skye Harrison
Published: October 2021

This project addresses the objectives of the Statement of Need number WPSON-17-20 No/Low Global Warming Potential Alternatives to Ozone Depleting Refrigerants. Its goal is to identify and demonstrate performance of low global-warming-potential (GWP), non-flammable refrigerants to replace HFC-134a in military environmental control units (ECUs). This project is a follow-on to the limited-scope project WP-2740, which used thermodynamic cycle simulation models alone to screen over 100 000 refrigerant blends and identified over 20 candidate HFC-134a replacements. In this study we narrow the pool of blend candidates down to three best fluids, verify experimentally their flammability behavior, demonstrate their performance through tests in a military ECU in environmental chambers at a wide range of operating conditions, and extrapolate the laboratory measured performance to ECUs equipped with optimized heat exchangers through first-principles-based simulations combined with machine-learning optimization methods. This Interim Report documents the preliminary work leading to the selection of three best blends. This work included refrigerant blend tests in a laboratory mini-breadboard heat pump apparatus, fundamental measurements and modeling of thermophysical properties, two-phase heat-transfer performance, and flammability behavior.
PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN COW MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS FROM THE MAJOR MILK PRODUCING AREA OF SRI LANKA
Authors: JAYASINGHE Jagath , PATHIRANA Samudra , DILHANI Dhammi , NAVARATHNA Senevirathne , SINHAPURA Manoj , JAYASINGHE Chamila , CHANDRAJITH Rohana , MARAPANA Upul
Published: October 2021

Nuwara Eliya district is the leading fresh milk producing area in Sri Lanka. In the district, pesticides are widely applied for intensive cultivation of vegetables which leads to contamination of water and material used to feed cows. Contamination and health risk hazards of organophosphorus pesticide residues in milk and dairy products originated in the district were studied. Identification and quantification of eleven commonly used pesticides in 50 milk samples and 12 dairy product samples were performed using standard analytical methods and GC-MS technique. Results revealed that fresh milk contained residues of Prothiofos (0.0568±0.037 mg/kg), Diazinon (0.0378±0.009 mg/kg), Chlorpyrifos (0.0264±0.004 mg/kg), Profenofos (0.196±0.099 mg/kg), Fipronil (0.1906±0.188 mg/kg), Phenthoate (0.1012±0.110mgkg), Dimethoate (0.1196±0.201 mg/kg) and Tebuconazole (0.062±0.069 mg/kg) at higher levels than the recommended maximum residue levels (MRLs) of the World Health Organization. Sterilized milk (0.0115±0.000 mg/kg) and fermented milk (0.022±0.004 mg/kg) contained higher levels of Profenofos than the MRLs. Higher levels of Fipronil than MRLs were observed in pasteurized milk (0.086±0 mg/kg) and fermented milk (0.014±0.000 mg/kg) samples. Phenthoate at higher levels than MRL was reported in pasteurized milk (0.3645±0.402 mg/kg), sterilized milk (0.1405±0.197 mg/kg) and milk powder (0.0055±0.000 mg/kg). Moreover, Dimethoate content in fermented milk (0.087±0.012 mg/kg) was higher than the MRL. Routine monitoring of the above pollutants in food items including fresh milk and value added milk products is essential to prevent, control and reduce the pollution and to minimize the health risks to consumers.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CARDOON (CYNARA CARDUNCULUS L.) GROWN IN SOUTH BULGARIA
Authors: NEMSKA Mariana Perifanova , ANGELOVA Violina , UZUNOVA Galina , KRUSTEV Luzian
Published: October 2021

Comparative research has been conducted to allow us to determine the content of macro- and microelements in the vegetative and reproductive organs of Cynara cardunculus L. and quality of Cynara cardunculus L. oil. The experiment was performed on an agricultural field near Plovdiv (South Bulgaria). The contents of macro- and microelements in plant materials (roots, stems, leaves, seeds) and oils were determined. The oils were extracted using a Soxhlet apparatus from seeds of Cynara cardunculus L. The quantitative measurements were carried out with inductively-coupled plasma (ICP). Oil fatty acids characterization for unsaturated and saturated acids was performed by gas chromatography. The cardoon shows adaptability to local conditions and can be grown in southern Bulgaria and used for oil production. All plant parts of the cardoon are a rich source of macro and microelements and exhibit high nutritional value. The distribution of macro and microelements in the cardoon organs is selective, specific for the individual elements. Cd, Cu and Fe are accumulated in the roots, K - in the stems, Pb and Ca - in the leaves, and Zn, Mn, Mg and P - in the seeds. Cardoon seeds were a rich source of macro- and microelements (K, P, Mg, Ca, Fe, and Zn). Cardoon oil was abundant in unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic (61.67%%) and oleic acids (22.82%)), followed by palmitic acid (10.50%) and stearic acid (3.29%). Cardoon oil has a P/S index higher than 1 (4.2), which indicates that oil can have a good effect on human health and are oils suitable for consumption. Cardoon oil is a rich source of polyunsaturated linoleic fatty acid with potentially beneficial therapeutic activity.
EFFECT OF OMEGA 3 ON THE REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF THE ALGERIAN SYNTHETIC RABBIT IN ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
Authors: BOUDOUR Khedidja , LANKRI El hassen , AICHOUNI Ahmed , ZERROUKI Nacira , SAIDI Mokhtar
Published: October 2021

In the present work of the pubescent and immature rabbit does of the Algerian synthetic strain (ITELV 2006), the animals received a supplement of omega 3 of animal origin (fish oil) or vegetable origin (linseed) for 3 months (2 months before AI and 1 month during pregnancy). The females were followed until parturition in order to study the effect of omega 3 on their reproductive performance (fertility, prolificacy and stillbirth). Comparison of data between the six lots (Control puberts (CP), Control peripubertal (CPE), Linen grains pubertal (LGP), Linen grains peripubertal (LGPE), Fish oil puberts (FOP) and Fish oil peripubertal (FOPE)) for parameters of born deaths (BD), fertility and stillbirth rates showed no significant difference (P>0.05). Whereas for total births (TB), live births (LB) and weaner births (WB), the differences are significant (P0.05). A very marked improvement in prolificity has been achieved by the incorporation of fish oil and flaxseed into the feed of the rabbits. In fact, the females of these two lots recorded the highest values (10.37 TB, 9.87LB, 9.3 WB and 10.44 TB, 9.77LB, 8.77WB respectively for FOPE and LGPE), as opposed to the unpunished rabbits of the control lot which gave the lowest numbers (7.14TB, 6.57LB and 6.57WB).
Theory and practice of “hybrid” confrontation: an overview of conflicts since the XV century to the present
Authors: Tikhanychev Oleg Vasilyevich
Published: October 2021

The subject of this research is the indirect forms of confrontation in intergovernmental conflicts conflicts. The object of this research is the “hybrid warfare” as a form of indirect confrontation. It is established that currently the methods of military and nonmilitary intergovernmental confrontation are being extensively used. One of the actively implemented concepts is the so called “hybrid war”. The author examines the key components of “hybrid” actions; and leaning on the analysis of historical experience, concludes that these approaches have deep historical roots. The article reviews not the classical mercenarism, but namely “hybrid” actions, when the hirer and the purpose of involving mercenaries are hidden, while military actions are accompanied by economic confrontation and massive information attacks. The examples of such actions can be seen in wars back in the XV–XVII centuries. The analysis of warfare and armed conflicts experience allows concluding the threat of “hybrid” actions is extremely relevant now and in the foreseeable future. It is also worth noting that in the future, other “hybrid” approaches towards intergovernmental confrontation that have previously been used in the past can be modified to the new conditions of civilizational development.  The author concludes that Russia should be ready to counter such threats, and outlines possible aspects of such counteraction.
The concept of free will
Authors: Yurasov Andrey Aleksandrovich
Published: October 2021

The subject of this research is the concept of free will. The modern philosophical discussions either do not explicate it, or interpret far from the traditional meaning that has been instilled into this term throughout the centuries, The goal of this article lies in the historical-philosophical reconstruction of the concept of free will. However, the interest towards achieving this goal is not limited to the sphere of history of philosophy. Understanding of the key term largely determines the fruitfulness of theoretical constructions aimed at solution of the problem of free will. The article expounds and substantiates the methodological principles the reconstruction concept of free is based upon. It is demonstrated that free will features two characteristics that can be designated as conformity and independence. Therefore, free will can be defined as the will that corresponds to the value system of an individual and is independent of external factors. Such definition summarizes the practice of utilization of this term in history of philosophy. However, since the late XIX century, and namely in the XX century, there has developed a strong tendency towards distortion of the traditional concept of free will, which implies exclusion of the characteristic of independence and defining free will through the concept of moral responsibility.
Memorial urbanonymy of Ulan-Ude as commemoration of the heroes of the Great Patriotic War
Authors: Pushkareva Yuliya Gennadevna , Zharnikova Alena Vasil'evna
Published: October 2021

This article examines the inner-city names of the capital of the Republic of Buryatia – Ulan-Ude. Using the method of continuous sampling, the author determined the lexical-semantic group “Heroes of the Soviet Union, Participants of the Great Patriotic War” in the memorial urbanonyms. The research leans on the reference dictionary “The Streets of Ulan-Ude are Historical Monuments”, and online map of the city of Ulan-Ude 2GIS. The goal of this research is to analyze the memorial urbanonyms of Ulan-Ude, determine the names of Heroes of the Soviet Union, natives of Buryatia and other cities of the Soviet Union recorded in the urbanonymicon of the capital of the republic, as well as compile the list of proper names of this lexical-semantic group that are not inscribed in the map of Ulan-Ude. The subject of this study is the memorial urbanonyms of Ulan-Ude, motivated by the lexical-semantic group “Heroes of the Soviet Union, Participants of the Great Patriotic War”. The conducted research reinforces the thesis statement that memorial urbanonyms are the universal category and reflected on the maps of multiple Russian cities, including Ulan-Ude. The conclusion is made that the creation of new names for inner-city objects should be based on the established traditions and rules of nomination in order to fit into the existing linguistic system of the city, be attributable to the object, and contribute to its differentiation. The article reveals the names of Heroes of the Soviet Union that are neither included in the urbanonymicon of Ulan-Ude nor reflected in the map. The acquired results can serve as the recommendation for the municipal administration to use memorial names from the lexical-semantic group “Heroes of the Soviet Union”, which are not included in the urbanonymicon of Ulan-Ude.
The Typographic Medium
Authors: Brideau Kate
Published: October 2021

An innovative examination of typography as a medium of communication rather than part of print or digital media.

Typography is everywhere and yet widely unnoticed. When we read type, we fail to see type. In this book, Kate Brideau considers typography not as part of “print media” or “digital media” but as a medium of communication itself, able to transcend the life and death of particular technologies. Examining the contradiction between typographic form (often overlooked) and function (often overpowering), Brideau argues that typography is made up not of letters but of shapes, and that shape is existentially and technologically central to the typographic medium.

After considering what constitutes typographic form, Brideau turns to typographic function and how it relates to form. Examining typography's role in both the neurological and psychological aspects of reading, she argues that typography's functions exceed reading; typographic forms communicate, but that communication is not limited to the content they carry. To understand to what extent the design and operations of the typographic medium affect the way we perceive information, Brideau warns, we must understand the medium's own operational logic, embodied in the full diversity of typographic forms.

Brideau discusses a range of topics—from intellectual property protection for typefaces to Renaissance and Enlightenment ideal letterforms—and draws on a wide variety of theoretical work, including phenomenological ideas about comprehension, German media archaeology, and the media and communication theories of Vilém Flusser and others. Hand-drawn illustrations of typographic forms accompany the text.
Open Strategy
Authors: Stadler Christian , Hautz Julia , Matzler Kurt , von den Eichen Stephan Friedrich
Published: October 2021

How smart companies are opening up strategic initiatives to involve front-line employees, experts, suppliers, customers, entrepreneurs, and even competitors.

Why are some of the world's most successful companies able to stay ahead of disruption, adopting and implementing innovative strategies, while others struggle? It's not because they hire a new CEO or expensive consultants but rather because these pioneering companies have adopted a new way of strategizing. Instead of keeping strategic deliberations within the C-Suite, they open up strategic initiatives to a diverse group of stakeholders—front-line employees, experts, suppliers, customers, entrepreneurs, and even competitors. Open Strategy presents a new philosophy, key tools, step-by-step advice, and fascinating case studies—from companies that range from Barclays to Adidas—to guide business leaders in this groundbreaking approach to strategy.

The authors—business-strategy experts from both academia and management consulting—introduce tools for each of the three stages of strategy-making: idea generation, plan formulation, and implementation. These are digital tools (including strategy contests), which allow the widest participation; hybrid digital/in-person tools (including a “nightmare competitor challenge”); a workshop tool that gamifies the business model development process; and tools that help companies implement and sustain open strategy efforts.

Open strategy has an astonishing track record: a survey of 200 business leaders shows that although open-strategy techniques were deployed for only 30 percent of their initiatives, those same initiatives generated 50 percent of their revenues and profits. This book offers a roadmap for this kind of success.
The correlation between fibroblast growth factor-23 and ESRD patients with hearing impairment
Authors: Nie Jingwen , Li Qing , Guo Min , Li Jiaqing , Yang Jiahui , Chang Qing , Cai Yaping
Published: October 2021

Background

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients often experience hearing impairment, resulting in a high rate of disability and a decline in their quality of life. Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) is a diagnostic biomarker for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and a pathogenic contributor to CKD progression. However, the correlation between FGF23 level and CKD patients with hearing impairment remains elusive. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the FGF23 and ESRD accompanied with hearing impairment.

Methods

A total of 144 ESRD patients, who were admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University from November to December 2020, were enrolled in this study. Firstly, 144 ESRD patients underwent pure-tone audiometry (PTA). Secondly, it was attempted to randomly select 20 ESRD patients with normal hearing, and 20 ESRD patients with hearing impairment (match ratio, 1:1). Age- and gender-matched healthy people (n = 20) were also recruited as controls group. The expression levels of FGF23 was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results

The results of pure-tone audiometry showed that the prevalence of hearing impairment in ESRD patients was 80.5%. Male ESRD patients were more likely to develop hearing impairment compared to female patients. The incidence rate of hearing impairment at a high frequency was significantly higher than that at a low frequency (P < 0.01). The serum levels of FGF23, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) in ESRD patients with hearing impairment significantly increased compared with those with normal hearing and healthy controls.

Conclusion

ESRD patients had a higher risk of hearing loss, especially high-frequency hearing impairment. As FGF23 level increased, the risk of hearing loss was also elevated. The hearing impairment in ESRD patients was associated with the degree of kidney injury, and serum FGF23 level.
The evaluation of factors affecting antibody response after administration of the BNT162b2 vaccine: a prospective study in Japan
Authors: Mitsunaga Toshiya , Ohtaki Yuhei , Seki Yutaka , Yoshioka Masakata , Mori Hiroshi , Suzuka Midori , Mashiko Syunsuke , Takeda Satoshi , Mashiko Kunihiro
Published: October 2021

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibody reaction after administration of the BNT162b2 vaccine, and to reveal the factors that affect antibody production. This prospective study was carried out in the Association of EISEIKAI Medical and Healthcare Corporation Minamitama Hospital, in Tokyo, Japan, from April 15, 2021 to June 09, 2021. All our hospital’s workers who were administered the BNT162b2 vaccine as part of a routine program were included in this study. We calculated the anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific antibody titter (1) before vaccination, (2) 7 to 20 days after the first vaccination, and (3) A total of 7 to 20 days after the second vaccination. The low-antibody titer group (LABG) was defined as the group having less than 25 percentiles of antibody titer. Univariate and Multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to ascertain the effects of factors on the likelihood of LABG. A total of 374 participants were eventually included in our study, and they were divided into 94 LABG and 280 non-LABG. All samples showed significant antibody elevation in the second antibody test, with a mean value of 3,476 U/mL. When comparing the LABG and non-LABG groups, the median age, blood sugar, and HbA1c were significantly higher in the LABG group. The rates of participants with low BMI (<18.5) and high BMI (>30) were significantly higher in the LABG group. The proportion of chronic lung disease, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, autoimmune disease, and cancer were significantly higher in the LABG group. Although there was no significant difference confirmed with respect to the exercise hours per day, the proportion of participants that did not perform outdoor exercises was significantly higher in the LABG group. The time interval between the second vaccination and the second antibody test, and between the first and the second vaccination was significantly longer in the non-LABG group. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, older than 60 years, the past history of hypertension, HbA1c higher than 6.5%, and lack of outdoor exercises were significant suppressors of antibody responses, whereas the length of days from the first to the second vaccination longer than 25 days promoted a significant antibody response. Again, our single-center study demonstrates that older than 60 years, hypertension, HbA1c higher than 6.5%, and lack of outdoor exercises were significant suppressors of antibody responses, whereas the length of days from the first to the second vaccination longer than 25 days promoted a significant antibody response. Evidence from multi-center studies is needed to develop further vaccination strategies.
Factores Moduladores de las Respuestas de los Infantes al Paradigma Still-Face: Una Revisión Sistemática
Authors:   Universidad de Buenos Aires (Argentina), Gago Galvagno Lucas Gustavo , De Grandis María Carolina ,   Universidad de Buenos Aires (Argentina), Elgier Angel Manuel ,   Universidad de Buenos Aires (Argentina), Mustaca Alba Elisabeth ,   Universidad Abierta Interamericana (Argentina)
Published: October 2021

El paradigma still-face (PSF) es un método de evaluación en 3 fases de la conducta de los bebés: luego de un período de juego libre entre madre-infante, súbitamente la madre mantiene una cara neutra, dejando de responder al niño, para finalmente reanudar el juego. Es utilizado para evaluar la regulación emocional y el comportamiento social del niño. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de artículos en revistas, usando las bases de datos Psycinfo, Scopus y EBSCO, recabando estudios sobre los principales factores que modulan las respuestas al PSF. De los artículos que contenían las palabras clave utilizadas, 131 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Los resultados arrojaron que los factores moduladores más estudiados fueron la sensibilidad materna, la presencia de trastornos psíquicos en la madre y el temperamento del infante. En todos los estudios se halló en los infantes un patrón de respuesta similar. Se concluye que existe robustez del paradigma. Se señala que son necesarios más estudios sobre la influencia del nivel socioeconómico, en edades más avanzadas, en países de África, Asia y Latinoamérica, y estudios longitudinales que evalúen los cambios de respuesta durante el desarrollo. Los resultados hallados son compatibles como para considerar al PSF como un modelo de frustración social en infantes.
Ethical Issues of Human Microbiome Research
Authors: Ma Yonghui
Published: October 2021

Recent years have witnessed an unprecedented explosion of knowledge in human microbiome research. Research on ‘our second genome’ will inevitably bring about dramatic changes in understanding of health and disease and shifts in the paradigm of managing clinical practice and public health interventions. We provide a state‐of‐the‐art overview of these challenges that relate to the broader ethical, legal and social aspects of human microbiome research as well as clinical applications. We focused on (1) human microbiome and personal identity; (2) risks, safety and privacy; (3) informed consent in microbiome‐based interventions; (4) biobanks; (5) commercialisation and hype and (6) public health implications. We hope to contribute to the healthy and sustainable progression of human microbiome research and promote dialogues between scientists, healthcare professionals and the general public. These ethical problems must be addressed as part of a successful regulatory response to emerging studies and translations of this area.

Key Concepts

Human microbiome research is the leading edge of scientific research.

Human microbiome research contributes to health and disease but is still at its infancy.

The unique risks and privacy protection of human microbial research should draw attention.

Ownership and return of research results problem are even more complex with human microbiome biobanking.

Overhype and commercialisation of human microbiome research not only cause risk to individuals but also cause a backlash effect against legitimate treatment.

Urgent need to find a balance among the marketplace, scientific research and the public's health.
Semi‐Automatic Deposition of Oriented Cu(OH)2 Nanobelts for the Heteroepitaxial Growth of Metal–Organic Framework Films
Authors: Linares‐Moreau Mercedes , Brandner Lea A. , Kamencek Tomas , Klokic Sumea , Carraro Francesco , Okada Kenji , Takahashi Masahide , Zojer Egbert , Doonan Christian J. , Falcaro Paolo
Published: October 2021

Processing oriented metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as thin films is a key challenge for their application to device fabrication. However, typical fabrication methods cannot generate precisely oriented crystals on commercially relevant scales (i.e., cm2). This limits access to applications that require anisotropic functional properties (e.g., separation, optics, and electronics). Currently, highly oriented copper‐based MOFs are synthesized via the addition of the organic MOF component to an ethanolic solution of manually aligned Cu(OH)2 nanobelt films. In this work, the optimization of a semi‐automatic method for the fabrication of precisely oriented MOF films that affords a 100% yield of high quality ceramic films at the centimeter scale is reported. This improved fabrication protocol will facilitate the progress of heteroepitaxially grown MOFs for molecular separators and micro‐opto‐electronic devices.
Programmable Control of Two‐Phase Fluid Interface Relative Motion in Electrowetting Device
Authors: Guo Yuanyuan , Zhuang Lei , Feng Hao , Zhong Benpeng , Henzen Alex , Groenewold Jan , Liu Feilong , Deng Yong , Tang Biao , Zhou Guofu
Published: October 2021

Electrowetting is a highly recognized way to control droplet movement on a solid surface and induce motion in the oil/water interface. It is still challenging to manipulate liquid/liquid interface dynamics due to the electro‐capillary instability caused by the electric field in the electrowetting system. Here a dielectric bridge is induced near the oil/water interface by constructing a conductive micropillar (CMP) directly on the hydrophobic surface in an electrowetting system. The CMP height can be adjusted by regulating the wettability of the hydrophobic surface. The electric‐field gradient induced by CMP can precisely control the rupture position and guide the contraction direction of the oil film. For application, the CMPs are added in the full‐color electrowetting display panel, and the average transmittance can increase 25% at white state due to the consistent oil contract direction. The rupture voltage is reduced, and the response time of the electrowetting display is also improved. The COMSOL simulation results are consistent with experimental results indicating the oil rupture position is controlled by the electric field strength. Combing with program patterning, the authors demonstrate a new display function in an unpatterned indium‐tin oxide‐based electrowetting display. These findings will benefit most switchable electrofluidic applications and devices with two‐phase liquid.
Large Linear Magnetoresistance of High‐Mobility 2D Electron System at Nonisostructural γ‐Al2O3/SrTiO3 Heterointerfaces
Authors: Niu Wei , Gan Yulin , Wu Zhenqi , Zhang Xiaoqian , Wang Yile , Chen Yongda , Wang Lixia , Xu Yongbing , He Liang , Pu Yong , Wang Xuefeng
Published: October 2021

Materials with a large linear magnetoresistance (MR) are great candidates for magnetic sensors, but rarity boosts investigations for exploring this MR in material physics. 2D electron system (2DES) formed at the nonisostructural heterointerfaces between γ‐Al2O3 (GAO) and SrTiO3 (STO) provides plenty of intriguing or even superior emergent properties compared with the conventional isomorphic all‐perovskite counterparts. Herein, a large MR exceeding 2000% in magnitude at the magnetic GAO/STO heterointerfaces with a high carrier mobility of 30 000 cm2 V−1 s−1 at low temperature is demonstrated. In contrast to the quadratic dependence on the magnetic field of the conventional oxide 2DES, MR in GAO/STO is linear and nonsaturating at high fields, which is stemmed from the magnetic inhomogeneities‐induced inhomogeneous conductivities. In addition, weak antilocalization effect gives rise to an extra quantum correction to the MR in low‐field region. Furthermore, a general qualitative picture of MR proportional to the mobility is established. These findings reveal the nonisostructural GAO/STO heterointerface is of great promise in magnetic sensor‐based practical memory applications and transistor designs.
Efficient, Stable, and Tunable Cold/Warm White Light from Lead‐Free Halide Double Perovskites Cs2Zr1‐xTexCl6
Authors: Liu Yang , Wu Ye , Juan Zhili , Sun Xun , Zhang Weiguang , Zeng Haibo , Li Xiaoming
Published: October 2021

Single‐component materials with efficient, stable, and tunable cold/warm white‐light emission are ideal candidates for lighting applications, which can overcome the problems of different deterioration rates and reabsorption effect in conventional mixed‐phosphors strategy. Efficient white phosphors based on double halide perovskite have been reported via manipulating the parity transitions recently. However, the emission wavelength is nonadjustable. Herein, a lead‐free double perovskite Cs2Zr1−xTexCl6 that exhibits efficient and stable white‐light emission is reported. The introduction of Te4+ results in bright self‐trapped exciton (STE) emission, which endows Cs2ZrCl6 matrix with multiple luminescent centers. Efficient white luminescence with tunable color temperature and high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 61.5% (under 254 nm, CCT = 4039 K) and 96.1% (under 365 nm, CCT = 3313 K) is achieved. Efficient energy transfer between multiple luminescent centers and appropriate doping concentrations are the key points to achieve such highly efficient and tunable white emission. The as‐synthesized Cs2Zr1−xTexCl6 composites exhibit a robust stability against heat, ultraviolet light, and environmental oxygen/moisture, which show little spectra variation with less than ≈20% efficiency loss after 980 h testing even under high temperature and UV light. These results indicate Cs2Zr1−xTexCl6 are promising single‐component white‐light‐emitting phosphors for next‐generation lighting and display technologies.
Differential reward in “male” versus “female” pollen of functionally dioecious Solanum
Authors: Ndem‐Galbert Jackie R. , Hall Jessica E. , McDonnell Angela J. , Martine Christopher T.
Published: October 2021

Premise

Five to six percent of angiosperm species exhibit a dioecious sexual system, with unisexual “male” or “female” flowers borne on separate plants. The consequent need for inter‐individual pollen exchange is a special challenge for taxa where pollen is the sole pollinator reward. Dioecious Australian Solanum assure visits from pollen‐foraging bees via production of inaperturate pollen in functionally female (morphologically bisexual) flowers. Biochemical composition of pollen from Australian Solanum has not been assessed nor compared to porate pollen from staminate flowers to reveal whether these flowers differ in their pollinator reward potential.

Methods

Porate pollen from male flowers and inaperturate pollen from functionally female flowers of two functionally dioecious Australian species were compared for protein and amino acid content. We also assessed pollen from bisexual and staminate flowers of a closely related andromonoecious species, in which all pollen is porate, as a comparison across co‐occurring sexual systems.

Results

In both functionally dioecious species, porate pollen grains from staminate flowers had significantly higher levels of proteins and amino acids than inaperturate pollen grains from functionally female flowers. Levels of proteins and amino acids were highest in bisexual and staminate flowers of the andromonoecious species.

Conclusions

Higher levels of proteins and amino acids in porate pollen of “male” flowers in our functionally dioecious Solanum species suggests a greater nutritive reward for bees foraging on “male” plants than for those foraging on functionally “female” plants. Greater reward in porate pollen (including andromonoecious species) may be connected to the potential to generate a pollen tube.
Nectaries in ferns: their taxonomic distribution, structure, function, and sugar composition
Authors: Mehltreter Klaus , Tenhaken Raimund , Jansen Steven
Published: October 2021

Premise

Extrafloral nectaries have mainly been studied in angiosperms, but have also been reported in 39 fern species. Here we provide a global review of nectaries in ferns and examined their structure, function, and nectar sugar composition in two genera.

Methods

We searched in the literature and living plant collections of botanical gardens for indications of fern nectaries, observed nectar‐feeding animals, studied the morphoanatomy in the two genera Aglaomorpha and Campyloneurum, and analyzed the total sugar concentrations and ratios of 16 species. Diurnal nectar release was observed with time‐lapse photography.

Results

We found evidence for nectaries in 101 species of ferns from 11 genera and 6 families. Most of the nectary‐bearing species were tree ferns (Cyatheaceae) and epiphytic ferns of the family Polypodiaceae. Nectaries consisted of cytoplasm‐rich parenchyma with large nuclei and an epidermis with or without stomata, were attached to amphiphloic vascular bundles, and released nectar on the lower leaf surface mainly on expanding leaves during the night. Sugar concentrations varied between species (3.8–15.3%) but not between genera, and were sucrose‐dominant (3 spp.), sucrose‐rich (7), or hexose‐rich (3). In the greenhouse, introduced ants, scale insects, and snails fed on the nectar.

Conclusions

The wide taxonomic distribution, variable morphology, locations, and sugar compositions point to multiple evolutionary origins of fern nectaries. Nectar release in young leaves might attract mutualistic ants to protect leaves against herbivores only during this most vulnerable developmental stage. Even ex‐situ, fern nectar is a valuable food source because it attracted several opportunistic animal species.
Improving the insulating performance of epoxy resin in humid environments byHTPDMSmodification
Authors: Gong Chao , Zhao Yushun , Zhang Song , Zhang Ziyang , Ding Lijian , Zhang Hongda , Li Xiong
Published: October 2021

The rapid development of the electronic packaging industry imposes stringent requirements on epoxy resin insulation materials for lower water absorption and higher insulation properties. Here, hydroxy‐terminated polydimethylsiloxane (HTPDMS) was grafted on the molecular chain of the epoxy resin for enhanced waterproof and insulating properties of the epoxy resin. The HTPDMS‐modified epoxy resin specimens were prepared and subjected to water absorption and water absorption insulation performance tests. The experimental results indicated that the water absorption rate of the modified epoxy resin was reduced by 34.2%, resulting in a 25.2% reduction of the dielectric loss, an 11.6% increase of the breakdown strength, and a 98.3% increase of the volume resistivity. The satisfactory performance of the HTPDMS‐modified epoxy resin insulation material is attributed to the low surface energy and flexible SiO bond of the introduced HTPDMS. Simultaneously, the reduction of surface defects is also conducive to the epoxy resin insulation performance. Thus, HTPDMS‐modified epoxy resin insulation materials can maintain excellent insulation properties in humid environments, making them a promising application in the field of electronic packaging.
Fluorescent Benzothiadiazole Derivatives as Fluorescence Imaging Dyes: A Decade of New Generation Probes
Authors: Neto Brenno A. D. , Correa Jose R. , Spencer John
Published: October 2021

The current review describes advances in the use of fluorescent 2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole (BTD) derivatives after nearly one decade since the first description of bioimaging experiments using this class of fluorogenic dyes. The review describes the use of BTD‐containing fluorophores applied as, inter alia, bioprobes for imaging cell nuclei, mitochondria, lipid droplets, sensors, markers for proteins and related events, biological processes and activities, lysosomes, plasma membranes, multicellular models, and animals. A number of physicochemical and photophysical properties commonly observed for BTD fluorogenic structures are also described.
Oxygen Atom Transfer Mechanism for Vanadium‐Oxo Porphyrin Complexes Mediated Aerobic Olefin Epoxidation
Authors: Liu Xiao‐Hui , Huang Jia‐Ying , Tao Lei‐Ming , Yu Hai‐Yang , Zhou Xian‐Tai , Xue Can , Han Qi , Zou Wen , Ji Hong‐Bing
Published: October 2021

Comprehensive Summary

The development of catalytic aerobic epoxidation by numerous metal complexes in the presence of aldehyde as a sacrificial reductant (Mukaiyama epoxidation) has been reported, however, comprehensive examination of oxygen atom transfer mechanism involving free radical and highly reactive intermediates has yet to be presented. Herein, meso‐tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) porphyrinatooxidovanadium(IV) (VOTPFPP) was prepared and proved to be efficient toward aerobic olefin epoxidation in the presence of isobutyraldehyde. In situ electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (in situ EPR) showed the generation, transfer pathways and ascription of free radicals in the epoxidation. According to the spectral and computational studies, the side‐on vanadium‐peroxo complexes are considered as the active intermediate species in the reaction process. In the cyclohexene epoxidation catalyzed by VOTPFPP, the kinetic isotope effect value of 1.0 was obtained, indicating that epoxidation occurred via oxygen atom transfer mechanism. The mechanism was further elucidated using isotopically labeled dioxygen experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
Bioequivalence and Food Effect Assessment of 2 Rivaroxaban Formulations in Healthy Chinese Volunteers: An Open, Randomized, Single‐Dose, and 4‐Period Crossover Study
Authors: Tao Ye , Jiang Xin , Shi Ping , Liu Yanping , Lin Pingping , Liu Shuqin , Li Ting , Ma Yaping , Gao Xiaomeng , Cao Yu
Published: October 2021

Rivaroxaban is a direct factor Xa inhibitor used for the management of thromboembolic disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetic profile, and bioequivalence of a generic and a branded rivaroxaban formulation (Xarelto) under fasted and fed conditions in healthy Chinese volunteers. An open‐label, randomized, single‐dose, 4‐period complete, and replicate crossover study in healthy Chinese volunteers was performed. A single oral dose of 20 mg of 2 rivaroxaban formulations was administered to 72 healthy volunteers, with 36 in the fasted group and 36 consuming a high‐fat diet. The evaluated pharmacokinetic parameters, including maximum rivaroxaban concentration, the area under the concentration‐time curve (AUC) from time 0 to the last measurable concentration, and AUC from time 0 to infinity, were assessed for BE. The plasma concentrations of rivaroxaban were measured by a validated liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method. The geometric mean ratios with 90% confidence intervals of the maximum rivaroxaban concentration, AUC from time 0 to the last measurable concentration, and AUC from time 0 to infinity were all within the range of 80% to 125% under fasted and fed conditions. The within‐subject variability of the test and reference products was compared, and the upper limit of the 90% confidence intervals for the test‐to‐reference ratio of the within‐subject variability was <2.5, which indicated that the rivaroxaban test and the rivaroxaban reference formulation were bioequivalent. No serious adverse events were reported during either fasted or fed conditions of the study.
Water‐CaO‐Al2O3 Join Interaction: Crystallization Behavior Investigation Using the Single Hot Thermocouple Technique (SHTT)
Authors: Silva Daniel dos Reis , Heck Nestor Cezar , Vilela Antonio Cezar Faria , Heller Hans‐Peter , Volkova Olena
Published: October 2021

Calcium aluminate system is widely used in several ceramic and metallurgical materials and processes such as tundish and mold slags for continuous casting process. In the case of mold powders, they play significant role during the steel solidification process and knowing its physicochemical properties is crucial in the study of slag behavior. In this context, the crystallization tendency of the mold powders plays a significant role in essential properties such as viscosity—which is fundamental to the efficiency of the casting process. In the present study, the effect of a water vapor atmosphere on the crystallization behavior of the CaO‐Al2O3 join is investigated using the single hot thermocouple technique. Distinct crystallization behaviors in presence of water vapor atmosphere are observed, according to the temperature range. Hindering of crystallization onset occurs at a temperature range above 1150 °C. For the temperature range below 1150 °C, crystallization improvement can be observed. The resulting time–transformation–temperature diagrams show the influence of temperature on the effect of water vapor upon crystallization, denoting the amphoteric nature of water.