bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cannabinoid CB1 receptors mediate the effects of dipyrone
Authors: Crunfli Fernanda , Vilela Fabiana C , Giusti‐Paiva Alexandre
Published: November 2014

Dipyrone is a non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug used primarily as an analgesic and antipyretic. Some hypothesize that dipyrone activity can modulate other pathways, including endocannabinoid signalling. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible role of endocannabinoids in mediating dipyrone activity. This study is based on the tetrad effects of cannabinoids, namely an antinociceptive and cataleptic state, hypolocomotion and hypothermia. Dipyrone (500 mg/kg, i.p.) treatment decreased locomotor activity, increased the latency to a thermal analgesic response and induced a cataleptic and hypothermic state. These reactions are similar to the tetrad effects caused by the cannabinoid agonist WIN 55,212‐2 (3 mg/kg, i.p.). The cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist AM251 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) reversed the effects of dipyrone on locomotor activity, the cataleptic response and thermal analgesia. Both AM251 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) antagonist capsazepine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) accentuated the reduction in body temperature caused by dipyrone. However, the CB2 receptor antagonist AM630 did not alter the hypothermic response to dipyrone. These results indicate involvement of the endocannabinoid system, especially CB1 receptors, in the analgesic and cataleptic effects of dipyrone, as well as hypolocomotion. However, cannabinoid receptors and TRPV1 were not involved in the hypothermic effects of dipyrone. We hypothesize that the mechanism of action of dipyrone may involve inhibition of cyclo‐oxygenase and fatty acid amide hydrolase, which together provide additional arachidonic acid as substrate for endocannabinoid synthesis or other related molecules. This increase in endocannabinoid availability enhances CB1 receptor stimulation, contributing to the observed effects.
Effect of grazing on the population of Matteuccia struthiopteris at the southern limit of its distribution in Europe
Authors: Landi Marco , Zoccola Antonio , Gonnelli Vincenzo , Lastrucci Lorenzo , Saveri Carlo , Quilghini Giovanni , Bottacci Alessandro , Angiolini Claudia
Published: November 2014

We investigated the impact of deer on an isolated marginal population of Matteuccia struthiopteris and on its plant community in the northern Apennines, where in recent decades the species has decreased dramatically. Our experiment was based on a 6‐year before and after control impact (BACI) design, comparing plots with deer grazing and plots where deer were excluded. Exclusion of grazing interacted with years, increasing the size of existing plants and favoring production of sporophylls. The yearly sequence of increase and decline of ramets and sterile leaves followed the same pattern in the two treatments. This indicated that their annual variation in growth depended on the sequence of more and less favorable years. Few and short plants were associated with grazing, whereas tall plants, shrubs, and tree regeneration were associated with fenced plots. The few plants to persist and dominate on heavily grazed areas were Oxalis acetosella and Cardamine species, while the genus Rubus and tree saplings were grazing‐sensitive species in this forest. Tall herbaceous species increased in size in the fenced areas, however, M. struthiopteris drew more advantage in terms of growth of leaves, showing greater cover than other species. Thus, deer grazing is becoming a threat for the survival of M. struthiopteris in southern Europe where it is already threatened in the long term by climate change.
It Makes a Village: Residential Relocation after Charter School Admission
Authors: Danielsen Bartley R. , Harrison David M. , Zhao Jing
Published: November 2014

Although numerous studies investigate how student achievement is impacted by educational vouchers and charter schools, there appears to be no research on how these programs impact the surrounding environment. This study examines residential relocation of families whose children attend a charter school. We develop a conceptual model that predicts where relocating families are likely to move, given ex ante distance and direction to the school. The model is parameterized using data from student mailing address changes. We find that families are almost twice as likely to relocate toward the school as would be expected if the school did not exert any attraction. Moreover, although families are not required to live near the school, the child's school exerts a significantly stronger attraction than parent workplaces. This result may have important implications for mitigating urban sprawl, fostering urban renewal and promoting sustainable real estate development.
Radiographic Identification Using Midline Medical Sternotomy Wires,
Authors: Fleischman Julie M.
Published: November 2014

Forensic anthropologists are regularly asked to assist with the identification of unknown individuals using comparative medical radiography. This study addressed the use of midline medical sternotomy wires as a means for personal identification. Antemortem and postmortem radiographic comparisons were completed by 46 professional forensic anthropologists and anthropology graduate students familiar with comparative medical radiography as a technique for assessing identification. Participants were asked to make five radiographic matches from a pool of 20 radiographs. Participants also completed an anonymous survey detailing their education level and experience making radiographic comparisons. Participants were 99.5% accurate in matching the radiographs. Sensitivity was 98.7%, and specificity was 99.7%. Logistic regression analysis found no statistically significant differences in the participants' ability to make a correct match. As the high accuracy rates indicate, the shape, size, and various characteristics of the sternotomy wires are individualizing and can confidently be used when assisting with personal identification cases.
Suicidal or Homicidal Sharp Force Injuries? A Review and Critical Analysis of the Heterogeneity in the Forensic Literature
Authors: De‐Giorgio Fabio , Lodise Maria , Quaranta Gianluigi , Spagnolo Antonio G. , d'Aloja Ernesto , Pascali Vincenzo L. , Grassi Vincenzo M.
Published: November 2014

The differential diagnosis between self‐inflicted and nonself‐inflicted, suicidal and homicidal, injuries is difficult or impossible in many cases and, above all, cannot be made on the basis of information obtained solely from the autopsy or the medicolegal clinical examination. The purpose of this study is to analyze the literature on suicidal and homicidal sharp force injuries and identify the relevant parameters that may help differentiate between suicidal and homicidal deaths. To achieve this goal, a review of 595 potentially relevant articles was performed. After excluding the nonrelevant papers by screening the titles, all abstracts were reviewed, and articles meeting the inclusion criteria underwent a full‐text review. The following parameters were compiled into a table: number of cases, localization of the injuries, and number of injuries. The data were statistically analyzed and compared with those available in the forensic literature. On the basis of the heterogeneity of data revealed by the present review, a simple and short checklist of the parameters that should be included when reporting suicides and homicides by sharp force has been proposed.
Evaluation of Nutrition Care Process documentation in electronic patient records: Need of improvement
Authors: Lövestam Elin , Orrevall Ylva , Koochek Afsaneh , Karlström Brita , Andersson Agneta
Published: November 2014

Aim

High‐quality documentation in patient records is essential for patient safety and plays a prominent role in the delivery and evaluation of dietetic/nutrition care. We aimed to evaluate dietitians' documentation in patient records according to the four steps in the Nutrition Care Process: assessment, diagnosis, intervention and monitoring/evaluation.

Methods

A retrospective audit of 147 systematically collected outpatient dietetic notes from primary care centres and hospitals in central Sweden was performed using a validated audit instrument. The instrument was used to assess the documentation of 14 items: 10 items focusing on the Nutrition Care Process steps and four items on language clarity and structure, with a maximum total score of 26 for each dietetic note. The notes were divided into three different quality levels, A (high score), B (medium score) or C (low score). Comparisons were made between notes from primary care and hospitals.

Results

The audit showed that the majority of the notes were placed at level B, scoring 13.5–19.5. Only 3% of the notes scored higher than 19.5. The most frequently documented items were intervention (90%), evaluation (70%) and nutrition problem (56%), whereas the least documented items were nutrition prescription (15%), goal of intervention (9%) and connection of problem‐etiology‐symptom (5%). Flaws in lingual clarity were common (72%). Primary care notes received higher scores than those from hospitals.

Conclusions

The audit shows that Swedish dietetic documentation needs to be improved, for example, by further training and education in the Nutrition Care Process and its standardised terminology.
Modelling range dynamics under global change: which framework and why?
Authors: Lurgi Miguel , Brook Barry W. , Saltré Frédérik , Fordham Damien A.
Published: November 2014

To conserve future biodiversity, a better understanding of the likely effects of climate and land‐use change on the geographical distributions of species and the persistence of ecological communities is needed. Recent advances have integrated population dynamic processes into species distribution models (SDMs), to reduce potential biases in predictions and to better reflect the demographic nuances of incremental range shifts. However, there is no clear framework for selecting the most appropriate demographic‐based model for a given data set or scientific question.

We review the computer‐based modelling platforms currently used for the development of either population‐ or individual‐based species range dynamics models. We describe the features and requirements of 20 software platforms commonly used to generate simulations of species ranges and abundances. We classify the platforms according to particular capabilities or features that account for user requirements and constraints, such as (i) ability to simulate simple to complex population dynamics, (ii) organism specificity or (iii) their computational capacities.

Using this classification, we develop a protocol for choosing the most appropriate framework for modelling species range dynamics based in data availability and research requirements. We find that the main differences between modelling platforms are related to the way in which they simulate population dynamics, the type of organisms they are able to model and the ecological processes they incorporate. We show that some platforms can be used as generic modelling software to investigate a broad range of ecological questions related to the range dynamics of most species, and how these are likely to change in the future in response to forecast climate and land‐use change. We argue that model predictions will be improved by reducing usage to a smaller number of highly flexible freeware platforms.

Our approach provides ecologists and conservation biologists with a clear method for selecting the most appropriate software platform that meets their needs when developing SDMs coupled with population‐dynamic processes. We argue that informed tool choice will translate to better predictions of species responses to climate and land‐use change and improved conservation management.
Partitioning the relative contribution of one‐phase and two‐phase seed dispersal when evaluating seed dispersal effectiveness
Authors: Culot Laurence , Huynen Marie‐Claude , Heymann Eckhard W.
Published: November 2014

Seed dispersal effectiveness (SDE) is a conceptual framework that aims at quantifying the contribution of seed dispersal vectors to plant fitness. While it is well recognized that diplochorous dispersal systems, characterized by two successive dispersal steps performed by two different vectors (Phase I = primary seed dispersal and Phase II = secondary seed dispersal) which are common in temperate and tropical regions, little attention has been given to distinguishing the relative contribution of one‐phase and two‐phase dispersal to overall SDE. This conceptual gap probably results from the lack of a clear methodology to include Phase II dispersal into the calculation of SDE and to quantify its relative contribution.

We propose a method to evaluate the relative contribution of one‐phase and two‐phase dispersal to SDE and determine whether two seed dispersers are better than one. To do so, we used the SDE landscape and an extension of the SDE landscape, the Phase II effect landscape, which measures the direction and magnitude of the Phase II dispersal effect on overall SDE. We used simulated and empirical data from a diplochorous dispersal system in the Peruvian Amazon to illustrate this new approach.

Our approach provides the relative contribution of one‐phase SDE (SDE1) and two‐phase SDE (SDE2) to overall SDE and quantifies how much SDE changes with the addition of Phase II dispersal. Considering that the seed dispersal process is context dependent so that Phase II depends on Phase I, we predict the possible range of variation of SDE according to the variation of the probability of Phase II dispersal. In our specific study system composed of two primate species as primary dispersal vectors and different species of dung beetles as secondary dispersal vectors, the relative contribution of SDE1 and SDE2 to overall SDE varied between plant species. We discuss the context dependency of the Phase II dispersal and the potential applications of our approach.

This extension to the conceptual framework of SDE enables quantitative evaluation of the effect of Phase II dispersal on plant fitness and can be easily adapted to other biotic and/or abiotic diplochorous dispersal systems.
Enkephalin is essential for the molecular and behavioral expression of cocaine sensitization
Authors: Mongi‐Bragato Bethania , Zamponi Emiliano , García‐Keller Constanza , Assis María Amparo , Virgolini Miriam B. , Mascó Daniel H. , Zimmer Andreas , Cancela Liliana M.
Published: November 2014

Behavioral sensitization to cocaine is associated to neuroadaptations that contribute to addiction. Enkephalin is highly expressed in mesocorticolimbic areas associated with cocaine‐induced sensitization; however, their influence on cocaine‐dependent behavioral and neuronal plasticity has not been explained. In this study, we employed a knockout (KO) model to investigate the contribution of enkephalin in cocaine‐induced behavioral sensitization. Wild‐type (WT) and proenkephalin KO mice were treated with cocaine once daily for 9 days to induce sensitization. Additionally, to clarify the observations in KO mice, the same procedure was applied in C57BL/6 mice, except that naloxone was administered before each cocaine injection. All animals received a cocaine challenge on days 15 and 21 of the treatment to evaluate the expression of locomotor sensitization. On day 21, microdialysis measures of accumbal extracellular dopamine, Western blotting for GluR1 AMPA receptor (AMPAR), phosphorylated ERK2 (pERK2), CREB (pCREB), TrKB (pTrkB) were performed in brain areas relevant for sensitization from KO and WT and/or naloxone‐ and vehicle pre‐treated animals. We found that KO mice do not develop sensitization to the stimulating properties of cocaine on locomotor activity and on dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Furthermore, pivotal neuroadaptations such as the increase in pTrkB receptor, pERK/CREB and AMPAR related to sensitized responses were absent in the NAc from KO mice. Consistently, full abrogation of cocaine‐induced behavioral and neuronal plasticity after naloxone pre‐treatment was observed. We show for first time that the proenkephalin system is essential in regulating long‐lasting pivotal neuroadaptations in the NAc underlying behavioral sensitization to cocaine.
BRCA1 mutation site may be linked with nuclear DNA ploidy in BRCA1‐mutated ovarian carcinomas
Authors: Aghmesheh Morteza , Saxena Akshat , Niknam Farshid
Published: November 2014

Aims

BRCA1 has a role in maintaining normal nuclear DNA content during cell division and its inactivation may result in DNA aneuploidy and cancer progression. BRCA1‐linked breast cancers are more aneuploid and have a worse prognosis, but this has not been elucidated in ovarian cancers. This study explores the potential difference in ploidy status between BRCA1‐mutated and sporadic ovarian carcinomas. It also explores the potential association between BRCA1 mutation site and DNA ploidy status.

Methods

This study compared DNA ploidy status of tumor blocks from 23 BRCA1‐mutated ovarian carcinomas with that of 23 sporadic ovarian carcinomas matched for histologic subtype, patient age, stage and grade. DNA content of the nuclei was measured by Feulgen–Schiff staining followed by image cytometry and compared.

Results

BRCA1‐linked tumors with a stop codon closer to the N‐terminal (between 1 and 500 aa; 6/6, 100%) had a significantly higher frequency of nondiploidy compared with those with stop codon above 500 aa (7/12, 58%) (P = 0.033). A diploid peak was detected in 28% of BRCA1‐mutated ovarian cancers and in 33% of sporadic ovarian cancers.

Conclusions

The present study concluded that ovarian tumors with mutations closer to the N‐terminal of BRCA1 may have a higher risk of DNA aneuploidy. There is no significant difference between BRCA1‐mutated and sporadic ovarian carcinomas with respect to the DNA content.
Time and the Migrant Other: European Border Controls and the Temporal Economics of Illegality
Authors: Andersson Ruben
Published: November 2014

The Western world's borders increasingly seem like a battleground where a new kind of “threat” is repelled—the so‐called “illegal migrant.” At Europe's southern frontiers, sea patrols, advanced surveillance machinery, and fencing keep migrants out, much like at the U.S., Israeli, and Australian borders. Such investments have created a dense web of controls that displaces the border both inward and outward into the borderlands beyond it. Building upon recent border studies and ethnographies of illegality, I explore in this article Europe's migration controls by focusing on their temporal rather than their spatial aspects. I show that, in the borderlands, irregular migrants are not only subjected to extended periods of waiting, as migrants often are, but they also face an active usurpation of time by state authorities through serial expulsions and retentions. The ways in which migrants’ time is appropriated reveal a complex economics of illegality, complementing existing “biopolitical” perspectives on Europe's borders. [migration, illegality, time, borders, temporality]
Varieties of the Primitive: Human Biological Diversity Studies in Cold War Brazil (1962–1970)
Authors: Ventura Santos Ricardo , Lindee Susan , Sebastião de Souza Vanderlei
Published: November 2014

In recent years, anthropologists, science scholars, and historians of science have shown growing interest in the history of research in physical anthropology in the post–World War II period, although most of the studies concentrate on North America and Europe. Here we focus on the history of human biological diversity research in South America in the 1960s. We carry out a comparative analysis of the research programs coordinated by two influential North American researchers (the geneticists Newton Morton and James Neel) in Brazil. We analyze the genesis of the two projects in light of the scientific and sociopolitical alignments of the period, and we find that the research was strongly tied to the context of the Cold War. We also address the scientific perspectives and choice of study populations (Indians and mestiços), as well as how the researchers attempted to construct far‐reaching scientific models pertinent to the human species as a whole based on the concept of “primitiveness.” We argue that the research programs that Morton and Neel initiated in the 1960s are basic to the understanding of the history of physical anthropology not only in Brazil but also on a global scale in the decades following World War II. [history of physical–biological anthropology, human population diversity, population genetics, science studies, Newton Morton, James Neel, Brazil]
Phenotype variations of retinal dystrophies caused by mutations in the RLBP1 gene
Authors: Hipp Stephanie , Zobor Gergely , Glöckle Nicola , Mohr Julia , Kohl Susanne , Zrenner Eberhart , Weisschuh Nicole , Zobor Ditta
Published: November 2014

Purpose

Mutations in the RLBP1 gene encoding the cellular retinaldehyde‐binding protein (CRALBP) cause autosomal recessive progressive retinopathy, such as retinitis punctata albescens (RPA), Bothnia‐type dystrophy (BD), Newfoundland rod‐cone dystrophy (NFRCD), retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and fundus albipunctatus (FA). We present the clinical heterogeneity and genetic findings of seven patients from five families with RLBP1 mutations, including three novel mutations.

Methods

Seven patients underwent complete ophthalmological examination including psychophysical tests (visual acuity, colour vision, visual field, dark adaptation) and electrophysiology (Ganzfeld and multifocal ERG). Additionally, fundus photography, autofluorescence (FAF) and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) recordings were performed. Genomic DNA was analysed by high‐throughput sequencing for all RP‐related genes in a diagnostic set‐up.

Results

The patients presented with variable phenotypes, including RPA, BD, RP and a mild form of NFRCD. No detectable or severely depressed responses in electrophysiological examinations were seen in all cases. Visual field constriction was variable among individuals. Severely reduced visual acuity was only observed in the patient presenting with BD. The other patients retained mild to moderate reduction of visual function. Despite the morphological differences, central retinal thinning – as a common feature – could be observed.

Conclusions

The fact that different mutations in RLBP1 are correlated with quite different morphological and functional characteristics outlines the complexity of the protein. Identifying new mutations and comparing the different phenotypes may help to better understand the function of the protein and the consequences in pathological changes that involve RPE and choroid.
Reproducibility of retinal oximetry measurements in healthy and diseased retinas
Authors: Türksever Cengiz , Orgül Selim , Todorova Margarita G.
Published: November 2014

Purpose

Retinal oximetry (RO) has been established as a non‐invasive method to analyse oxygen saturation in retinal vessels. The aim of our study was to determine the reproducibility of RO images in healthy and in diseased retinas.

Methods

A total of 61 right eyes (244 RO images) in 61 subjects (35♀, 26♂) were examined: 22 controls, 18 patients with glaucoma and 21 patients with inherited retinal diseases (IRDs). Four test–retest RO images were obtained in each subject. Oxygen saturation was measured with the oxygen saturation measurement tool of the Retinal Vessel Analyser (RVA; IMEDOS Systems UG, Jena, Germany). The test–retest standard deviation within the subject's (±SDw) measurements (the mean vessel oxygen saturation in retinal venules and arterioles), its coefficient of variation (CoV) and the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were analysed.

Results

The average test–retest SDw in venules was ±2.52% (CoV = 4.35%) and in arterioles was ±1.67% (CoV = 1.76%). Among controls, glaucoma eyes and eyes with IRDs, the test–retest SDw in venules were ±2.33% (CoV = 4.48%), ±2.85% (CoV = 4.71%) and ±2.43% (CoV = 3.90%) (SDw p = 0.366 (CoV p = 0.452); one‐way anova). The test–retest SDw in arterioles were ±1.65% (CoV = 1.80%), ±1.83% (CoV = 1.92%) and ±1.54% (CoV = 1.56%), respectively [SDw p = 0.762 (CoV p = 0.686)]. The ICCs in venules were 0.76 in controls, 0.69 in patients with glaucoma and 0.82 in patients with IRD. The ICCs in arterioles were, respectively, 0.92, 0.70 and 0.93.

Conclusion

The reproducibility of RO in healthy, as well as in diseased retinas, is excellent. In the glaucoma group, the lower standard deviation between subjects (SDb) for arterioles contributes to the lower ICCs. Nevertheless, the measurements of oxygen saturation in arterioles seem more reliable when compared to venules.
Use of a public film event to promote understanding and help seeking for social withdrawal
Authors: Teo Alan Robert , Stufflebam Kyle Whitaker , Lu Francis , Fetters Michael Derwin
Published: November 2014

Introduction

This study aimed to implement a public film event about mental health aspects of social withdrawal. Secondary aims were to assess participants' knowledge, attitudes, and intended behaviors related to social withdrawal.

Method

The event, held at three U.S. sites, consisted of a film screening, question‐and‐answer session, and lecture. Participants completed a post‐event survey.

Results

Of the 163 participants, 115 (70.6%) completed surveys. Most of the sample deemed social withdrawal a significant mental health issue. Regarding post‐event intended behaviors, 90.2% reported intent to get more information, 48.0% to being vigilant for social withdrawal in others, and 19.6% to talking with a health care professional about concerns for social withdrawal in themselves or someone they knew. Asian participants were significantly more likely than non‐Asians to intend to encourage help‐seeking for social withdrawal (p = .001).

Discussion

A public film event may be a creative way to improve mental health awareness and treatment‐seeking.
Parents’ help‐seeking processes for early childhood mental health problems
Authors: Oh Elizabeth , Bayer Jordana K.
Published: November 2014

Background

Mental health problems affect up to one in five children and adolescents. Yet less than one quarter will access the appropriate professional help. This study explored parents’ help‐seeking processes for young children with mental health problems.

Methods

The present study followed up 442 6‐year‐old children of an original 733 infants (60% retention) who had been recruited from routine universal maternal and child health well‐child appointments. An adapted help‐seeking model was applied to a subsample of 84 children with mental health problems.

Results

Less than one third of parents whose child had a mental health problem accessed any type of professional service for their child's mental health. The majority of parents had highly positive help‐seeking intentions, however, only one third of parents whose child had a mental health problem recognised their child's behavioural difficulties. Parents with more positive help‐seeking intentions were more likely to access professional care for their child in need than parents who felt ambivalent about seeking help. Parent recognition that their child's behaviour was more difficult than average was a key barrier to accessing professional help when their child had a mental health problem.

Conclusions

While most parents have positive help‐seeking intentions, professionals aiding parent recognition of their young child's mental health difficulties could facilitate early intervention for children's mental health.
Evaluation of Novel N‐(piperidine‐4‐yl)benzamide Derivatives as Potential Cell Cycle Inhibitors in HepG2 Cells
Authors: Hou Jin , Zhao Wei , Huang Zhi‐Ning , Yang Shao‐Mei , Wang Li‐Juan , Jiang Yu , Zhou Zhong‐Shi , Zheng Man‐Yi , Jiang Ji‐Li , Li Shan‐Hua , Li Fu‐Nan
Published: November 2014

In this study, a series of novel N‐(piperidine‐4‐yl)benzamide derivatives was designed, synthesized, and evaluated for antitumor activity. Some compounds were found to have potent antitumor activity. In particular, compound 47 showed the most potent biological activity against HepG2 cells, with an IC50 value of 0.25 μm. Western blot analysis demonstrated that compound 47 inhibited the expression of cyclin B1 and p‐Rb and enhanced the expression of p21, p53, Rb, and phospho‐adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (p‐AMPK). Further, cell cycle arrest was observed by flow cytometry (FCM). In summary, compound 47 was screened to have potential activity for the treatment of hepatocarcinoma via the induction of cell cycle arrest by a p53/p21‐dependent pathway.
Influence of placement depth and abutment connection pattern on bone remodeling around 1‐stage implants: a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Palaska Iro , Tsaousoglou Phoebus , Vouros Ioannis , Konstantinidis Antonis , Menexes George
Published: November 2014

Objectives

The aim of this study is to evaluate peri‐implant marginal bone level changes in relation to crestal or subcrestal implant placement and type of fixture/abutment connection 3 months after implant placement.

Materials and methods

The duration of the study was 3 months. A total of 105 implants were placed in 81 subjects following a one‐stage surgical procedure and assigned into four groups. In the first and second groups, implants with a screwed tapered internal connection were placed subcrestally and crestally, respectively, while in the third and fourth groups, implants with an internal conical seal connection were similarly placed. Clinical recordings and standardized periapical digital radiographs were taken the day of implantation and 3 months later, before placement of the final prosthetic restoration. The modified plaque index (mPLI), modified gingival index (mGI), and probing depths (PD) were recorded at four sites around each implant, and the vertical distance between fixture/abutment junction and alveolar crest at the mesial and distal sites of each implant utilizing subtractive radiography were all measured on placement and at 3 months.

Results

There was no statistically significant difference between the four groups for PD. The highest values of mPLI and mGI were recorded for Group 2. The mean (±SE) peri‐implant bone loss was recorded as follows: Group 1: 0.68 ± 0.07 mm, Group 2: 0.79 ± 0.06 mm, Group 3: 0.49 ± 0.06 mm, and Group 4: 0.40 ± 0.07 mm. The statistical analysis revealed significant differences in bone resorption between groups with different abutment connections.

Conclusions

The connection between fixture/abutment rather than vertical implant placement in relation to alveolar bone level seems to affect peri‐implant marginal bone resorption.
Hands4U: the effects of a multifaceted implementation strategy on hand eczema prevalence in a healthcare setting. Results of a randomized controlled trial
Authors: van der Meer Esther W. C. , Boot Cécile R. L. , van der Gulden Joost W. J. , Knol Dirk L. , Jungbauer Frank H. W. , Coenraads Pieter Jan , Anema Johannes R.
Published: November 2014

Background

Healthcare workers have an increased risk of developing hand eczema. A multifaceted implementation strategy was developed to implement a guideline to prevent hand eczema among healthcare workers.

Objectives

To investigate the effects of the implementation strategy on self‐reported hand eczema and preventive behaviour.

Methods

A randomized controlled trial was performed. A total of 48 departments (n = 1649) were randomly allocated to the multifaceted implementation strategy or the control group. The strategy consisted of education, participatory working groups, and role models. Outcome measures were self‐reported hand eczema and preventive behaviour. Data were collected at baseline, and 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of follow‐up.

Results

Participants in the intervention group were significantly more likely to report hand eczema [odds ratio (OR) 1.45; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–2.04], and they reported significantly less hand washing (B, − 0.38; 95%CI: − 0.48 to − 0.27), reported significantly more frequent use of a moisturizer (B, 0.30; 95%CI: 0.22–0.39) and were more likely to report wearing cotton undergloves (OR 6.33; 95%CI: 3.23–12.41) than participants in the control group 12 months after baseline.

Conclusions

The strategy implemented can be used in practice, as it showed positive effects on preventive behaviour. More research is needed to investigate the unexpected effects on hand eczema.
Improving the photostability of bleached wool without increasing its yellowness
Authors: Millington Keith R. , del Giudice Michelina , Sun Lu
Published: November 2014

Bleached wool is rapidly yellowed by exposure to the UV radiation present in sunlight. The conventional application of a water‐soluble hydroxyphenyl benzotriazole UV absorber (such as UVFast W) to bleached wool reduces its rate of photoyellowing but has a negative impact on the whiteness of the bleached wool, largely cancelling out the improvements in whiteness achieved during bleaching. However, if the UV absorber is applied to peroxide‐bleached wool from a reductive bleach bath, white wool with improved photostability to sunlight and UV radiation can be obtained.
Pigments extracted from the wood‐staining fungi Chlorociboria aeruginosa, Scytalidium cuboideum, and S. ganodermophthorum show potential for use as textile dyes
Authors: Weber Genevieve , Chen Hsiou‐Lien , Hinsch Eric , Freitas Shawn , Robinson Sara
Published: November 2014

A growing interest in the use of naturally produced pigments for textile dyeing has led to increased efforts towards the identification of such pigments that are less toxic, more sustainable, and more stable over time than currently used synthetic compounds. This work utilised various concentrations of green, red, and yellow pigments extracted with dichloromethane from the wood‐staining fungi Chlorociboria aeruginosa, Scytalidium cuboideum, and S. ganodermophthorum, respectively, for the effective dyeing of bleached cotton, spun polyamide (nylon 6.6), spun polyester (Dacron 54), spun polyacrylic, and worsted wool. All three pigments utilised in this study show significant potential for use as textile dyes. Colour changes suggested that drip application methods were superior to submersion using dichloromethane. Colour changes as compared with the untreated fabrics were most significant on polyester, which is likely due to increased levels of polymer swelling in polyester exposed to dichloromethane.
Developments in the chemistry of reactive dyes and their application processes
Authors: Lewis David M.
Published: November 2014

This review describes the immense impact of reactive dyes on the textile industry. Their use on cellulosic fibres is especially important, but their growing popularity on polyamide substrates is notable. Detailed information is given about developments both in the chemistry of reactive systems and in the chemical technology involved in their application to a variety of fibre types. It is also pointed out that further research is necessary to improve dye–fibre fixation efficiency, especially when dyeing full shades on cellulosic fibres. This work is necessary to address the current environmental problem of colour in dyehouse effluent. The potential solutions reviewed include multifunctional reactive dyes, cationic reactive dyes, and cellulose fibre modification.
Optimal yarn colour combination for full‐colour fabric design and mixed‐colour chromaticity coordinates based on CIE chromaticity diagram analysis
Authors: Li Qizheng , Zhang Feiyan , Jin Xiaoke , Zhu Chengyan
Published: November 2014

It is challenging for textile designers to achieve full‐colour effects in woven fabric using a limited set of coloured yarns. The common problems encountered during full‐colour fabric design include an insufficient number of colours and a failure to match the fabric colour with the desired colour. Using the theories of primary colours and optical colour mixing, we examine the mixed‐colour distribution of primary colour yarns on the basis of the CIE 1976 chromaticity diagram (CIE u′v′). In our experiment, dope‐dyed polyester filament yarns were selected as raw materials. Eight kinds of gradually varied weave structures and four types of primary colour combination were adopted in order to make different types of full‐colour fabric colour chart. Spectrophotometer and DigiEye colour measurement systems were selected to measure the reflectance and colour value of the fabric samples. By comparing the colour distribution of mixed fabrics in the CIE u′v′ diagram, the relationship between the primary colour combinations and the colour distribution of mixed fabrics is discussed. Of RGB, CMY, NCS, and RGBCMY combinations, only RGBCMY resulted in a relatively complete and large colour gamut. Moreover, the colour positions of mixed fabrics in the CIE u′v′ diagram were almost all distributed on or near the connecting line of the primary colour coordinates. The specific colour position of mixed fabrics in the CIE u′v′ diagram were mainly determined by the proportion of primary colours on the fabric surface. In this way, a new method for computing colour position in the CIE u′v′ diagram is introduced.
Hemodynamic response to resistance exercise with and without blood flow restriction in healthy subjects
Authors: Poton Roberto , Polito Marcos Doederlein
Published: November 2014

Purpose

To compare the hemodynamic response during resistance exercise at high intensity (HI), low intensity (LI) and low intensity with blood flow restriction (LI‐BFR) in healthy subjects.

Methods

Twelve men performed three sets of unilateral knee extension exercises at LI‐BFR and LI (15 repetitions; 20% of 1RM) and HI (8 repetitions; 80% of 1RM). The blood flow restriction was accomplished using a sphygmomanometer positioned on the thigh and inflated to the point of blood flow interruption (167·9 ± 16·6 mmHg). The hemodynamic variables were obtained by continuous beat‐to‐beat photoplethysmography. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and blood lactate were also measured.

Results

The HI session showed higher values (P<0·05) in all sets than the LI and LI‐BFR for diastolic blood pressure, heart rate and rate‐pressure product. The LI‐BFR showed higher values than the LI only in the 3rd set for systolic blood pressure, heart rate and rate‐pressure product. Blood lactate was higher in the HI (4·2 ± 0·2 mmol) and LI‐BFR (4·1 ± 0·3 mmol) than the LI (3·5 ± 0·3 mmol). Rating of perceived exertion was higher in the LI‐BFR (7·9 ± 0·3) than the HI (6·4 ± 0·4) and LI (3·2 ± 0·4).

Conclusion

The LI‐BFR session exhibited similar blood lactate to the HI, a higher rating of perceived response than the HI and LI, and equal or lower hemodynamic responses than the HI.
Relationship between sarcopenia, six‐minute walk distance and health‐related quality of life in liver transplant candidates
Authors: Yadav Anitha , Chang Yu‐Hui , Carpenter Sarah , Silva Alvin C. , Rakela Jorge , Aqel Bashar A. , Byrne Thomas J. , Douglas David D. , Vargas Hugo E. , Carey Elizabeth J.
Published: November 2014

Sarcopenia, or loss of skeletal muscle mass, is associated with increased mortality and morbidity in liver transplant (LT) candidates. Six‐minute walk distance (6MWD) and health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) as assessed by short form 36 scores (SF‐36) also impact clinical outcomes in these patients. This study explored the relationship between the sarcopenia, 6MWD, and HRQOL in LT candidates. Sarcopenia was evaluated based on skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) quantified from abdominal computed tomography. Patients were followed until death, removal from the wait list or the end of the study period. Two hundred and thirteen patients listed for LT were included. The mean SMI, 6MWD and mean gait speed were 54.3 ± 9.7, 370.5 m and 1 m/s, respectively. Sarcopenia was noted in 22.2% of LT candidates. There was no correlation between sarcopenia, 6MWD, and SF‐36 scores. The 6MWD, but not sarcopenia, was an independent predictor of mortality (hazard ratio = 2.1 [0.9–4.7]). In summary, sarcopenia did not emerge as a significant predictor of waitlist mortality and also failed to correlate with either functional capacity or HRQOL in LT candidates. In patients with ESLD awaiting LT, 6MWD appears to be a more useful prognostic indicator than the presence of sarcopenia.
Information Acquisition in Ostensibly Efficient Markets
Authors: Brown Alasdair
Published: November 2014

I use UK betting exchange data on Wimbledon tennis matches to investigate the Grossman and Stiglitz (1980) paradox. Risk‐free arbitrage opportunities arise frequently during matches (as information arrives and asynchronously shifts prices), but seldom arise before matches (when there is little information to move prices). I find that on the few occasions that arbitrage opportunities do arise before matches, they last substantially longer than average. This suggests, in line with the paradox, that traders neglect to acquire information (carry out research or watch markets) if they believe that markets are already efficient. This neglect, in turn, makes markets inefficient.
Patterns of integration
Authors: Köllő János
Published: November 2014

This paper compares the distribution of jobs by complexity and firms' willingness to hire low‐educated labour for jobs of varying complexity in Norway, Italy and Hungary. In investigating how unqualified workers can cope with complex jobs, it compares their involvement in various forms of post‐school skills formation. The countries are also compared in terms of the proportion of small businesses, which, it is assumed, manage and tolerate the losses from functional illiteracy more than large firms do. Unskilled Norwegians benefit from synergies that exist between work in complex jobs, post‐school skills formation and civil integration. Italy has an abundant supply of simple jobs and its small businesses employ unqualified workers even in complex jobs. Inadequate post‐school skills formation and the lack of a sizeable small‐business sector set limits on the inclusion of low‐educated Hungarians.
A potential contamination error associated with insect protein mark‐capture data
Authors: Hagler James R. , Machtley Scott A. , Blackmer Felisa
Published: November 2014

Various types of protein‐spray solutions have proven effective for externally tagging arthropods for mark‐release‐recapture and mark‐capture type dispersal research. However, there is concern that certain standardized arthropod collection methods, such as sweep netting, might lead to high incidences of protein transfer from field‐marked to unmarked arthropods during sample collection and sample handling. Native arthropods were collected in sweep nets from a field of alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. (Fabaceae). The nets also contained 10 egg white‐, 10 bovine milk‐, 10 soy milk‐, and 10 water (control)‐marked Hippodamia convergens Guérin‐Méneville (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) that were visually distinguishable by a yellow, white, green, and blue dot, respectively. The plant debris and arthropods from each sweep net collection were then placed into either a paper or a plastic bag and frozen for storage. The contents of each sweep net sample were thawed and the color‐coded H. convergens and field‐collected arthropods were examined for the presence of each protein by an egg white (albumin), bovine milk (casein), and soy milk (soy trypsin) enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data revealed that only 0.67, 0.81, and 0% of the field‐collected unmarked arthropods acquired an egg white, bovine milk, and soy milk mark, respectively. ELISA results also showed that all the egg white‐marked H. convergens retained their mark, but 22.1% of the bovine milk‐marked and 5.1% of the soy milk‐marked H. convergens (color‐coded beetles) lost their mark during the collection and sample handling processes.
Life history plasticity: migration ceased in response to environmental change?
Authors: Sandlund Odd T. , Jonsson Bror
Published: November 2014

Fish often migrate between habitats, and by that, fitness is improved. We estimated population parameters and studied possible migration of brown troutSalmo truttabetween aNorwegian river and a tributary under two different regulated water flow regimes. In the 1970s, the main stem had high winter flows and reduced summer flows. Since 1981, the river has reduced minimum flow regime: 2.5 m3·s−1in winter and 6 m3·s−1in summer; the tributary has a natural flow regime. The growth of trout in the main stem was reduced from 1975 to 2013, with significantly lower mean lengths in all age groups. In the tributary, a similar reduction was observed in juvenile fish (age‐0 and age‐1). Mean length (mm) was unchanged in ≥age‐2 fish, while body length variation among fish ≥age‐4 was greatly reduced. The condition factor (Fulton'sK) declined in both main stem and tributary. While it appears that sexual maturation was delayed in the tributary, the difference was not significant. In the 1970s, juveniles from the tributary migrated into the main stem to feed and grow, before returning to the tributary to spawn.PITtagging of fish in the tributary in 2012 and subsequent surveys for recapture (in 2012 and 2013) indicated residency among fish in the tributary and no migration into the main stem. Thus, the migratory behaviour appears adaptive, and reduced habitat quality in terms of food and shelter due to reduced flow appears to have removed the growth benefit previously associated with the migration.
Corticosterone analgesia is mediated by the spinal production of neuroactive metabolites that enhance GABAergic inhibitory transmission on dorsal horn rat neurons
Authors: Zell Vivien , Juif Pierre‐Éric , Hanesch Ulrike , Poisbeau Pierrick , Anton Fernand , Darbon Pascal
Published: November 2014

Corticosterone (CORT) is a glucocorticoid produced by adrenal glands under the control of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Circulating CORT can enter the central nervous system and be reduced to neuroactive 3α5α‐reduced steroids, which modulate GABAA receptors. In the dorsal spinal cord, GABAergic transmission modulates integration of nociceptive information. It has been shown that enhancing spinal inhibitory transmission alleviates hyperalgesia and allodynia. Therefore, the spinal neuronal network is a pivotal target to counteract pain symptoms. Thus, any increase in spinal 3α5α‐reduced steroid production enhancing GABAergic inhibition should reduce nociceptive message integration and the pain response. Previously, it has been shown that high levels of plasma glucocorticoids give rise to analgesia. However, to our knowledge, nothing has been reported regarding direct non‐genomic modulation of neuronal spinal activity by peripheral CORT. In the present study, we used combined in vivo and in vitro electrophysiology approaches, associated with measurement of nociceptive mechanical sensitivity and plasma CORT level measurement, to assess the impact of circulating CORT on rat nociception. We showed that CORT plasma level elevation produced analgesia via a reduction in C‐fiber‐mediated spinal responses. In the spine, CORT is reduced to the neuroactive metabolite allotetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone, which specifically enhances lamina II GABAergic synaptic transmission. The main consequence is a reduction in lamina II network excitability, reflecting a selective decrease in the processing of nociceptive inputs. The depressed neuronal activity at the spinal level then, in turn, leads to weaker nociceptive message transmission to supraspinal structures and hence to alleviation of pain.