bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L52346 Application to Other Welding Processes
Authors: Rajan  , Daniel
Published: August 2023

The essential variable methodology that was developed for single torch welding can also be extended to dual torch GMAW welding. Dual torch welding has great commercial significance because of the potential it offers for higher productivity and lower construction costs as reported by Hammond [1]. But dual torch welding offers an extra layer of complexity because the thermal effect of the trailing torch has significant influence on the cooling behavior of the leading torch. In addition, the cooling behavior of the bead deposited by the trailing torch is expected to be slower than beads deposited with a single torch.

This is the last in the series of topical reports that detail the research leading to the development of the optimized welding solutions for X100 line pipe steel.
L00039 Changes in Properties of an X60 Pipe as a Consequence of Applying a Thin-Film Epoxy-Resin Coating
Authors: Williams
Published: August 2023

In the application of thin-film epoxy coatings, pipe is heated up to 450 F for as long as 1 hour. To determine the effects, if any, this thermal treatment has on X60 pipe, the properties of two adjacent 3-foot long sections of 30-inch diameter X60 pipe were compared. One pipe had been epoxy coated at a commercial coating facility.
L22278 Emissions Measurement Manual for Natural Gas Pipeline Compressor Stations
Authors: Dietzmann
Published: August 2023

This manual is intended to assist emissions testing personnel with preparing, measuring, and calculating exhaust emission rates from piston and gas turbine compressor engines. This manual applies to engines ranging in horsepower from 500 hp to 10,000 hp and natural gas fired turbines ranging from 1,000 hp to 30,000 hp. The chemicals of interest are: CO, NOx, hydrocarbons, non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), and CO2. This manual also discusses instrument specifications for obtaining the appropriate measurement equipment, and recommends engine test points. Several computer programs are included to assist test crews and project engineers in calculating emission rates. One section of the appendix is devoted to on-site manual and computer calculation techniques using as-measured emissions data.
L00290 Research on the Properties of Line Pipe
Authors: McClure
Published: August 2023

The general objective of the PRC Line Pipe Research program from 1953 to 1962 has been to obtain the highest quality pipe possible within economic limits. The results of research conducted during this nine year period was presented to at an industry seminar in March 1961. This report provides documentation of the presentations provided at the seminar. It is designed to acquaint the pipeline engineer with the research that was carried out and the results obtained to date.The scope of the study includes the following: the basic fracture mechanics in steel, investigation of the effect of manufacturing variables on pipe properties, full-scale fracture characteristics, and development of laboratory tests for indicating performance characteristics. Also included in the program are several new types of high-strength line pipe.
L00220 Measurements of Secondary Stresses in Pipelines L30
Authors: Atterbury
Published: August 2023

This report analyzes 15 pipeline locations to obtain the secondary stresses from pressure, thermal, and external loading. The purpose of this study was to examine the significance of these stresses in relation to the design and operation of pipelines.The results show that stresses imposed on pipe by normal construction and handling practices are often quite high and can be detrimental in the operation of a pipeline if they are not relieved by yielding or deflection during construction or proof-testing.
L51478 Ductile Fracture of Pipelines - Correlation between Fracture Velocity and Plastic Zone
Authors: Gray
Published: August 2023

This study examines the relationship between ductile tearing accompanying ductile crack extension and the arrest behavior of line pipe steel. Ten pipeline steels were selected to represent the spectrum of current manufacturing technology for X-70 pipe and detailed tensile properties were determined. The purpose of the study was to examine whether the extent of plastic deformation correlates with fracture velocity and/or arrest, and whether its extent can be predicted from metallurgical, geometric, and stress data. The results suggest that the total deformation accompanying fracture is not affected by work hardening rate or by the existence of fracture surface separations.
L51449 Hyperbaric Welding Cold Cracking
Authors: Baker
Published: August 2023

Cranfield Institute of TechnologyReports on the investigation undertaken into the effect of pressure on problems related to weld metal hydrogen levels encountered in SMAW. Emphasis has been placed on examining the influence of welding polarity and ambient humidity on weld metal hydrogen levels and weldment crack susceptibility where special attention has been paid to the first 100 ft. depth increment. Tests were also conducted to examine possibilities of simulating hyperbaric cracking with welds made in air under normal laboratory conditions.
L51527b State-of-the-Art Report on Multiphase Methods Vol 2
Authors: Rothe
Published: August 2023

Three volumes. Report based on a multi-year effort to develop a Two-Phase Flow Design Manual. Intended to assess the current application of multiphase flow hydraulic methods to system design. Volumes are as follows: Vol. 1, Guide to Quick Calculations; Vol. 2, Guide to Computerized Calculations; and Vol. 3, Theoretical Supplement.
L51526 Insignificant Terrain Effects in Multiphase Pipelines
Authors: Rothe
Published: August 2023

Summary report intended to assess the significance of moderate changes in inclination on flow regime, pressure drop, and holdup for multiphase flow in gas/oil pipelines. Concludes that so-called terrain effects have little significance for the range of conditions likely to be experienced in gas pipeline operations.
L51503 Analysis of Nonlinear Current Conduction - Cathodic Protection of Buried Pipe.pdf
Authors: Darilek
Published: August 2023

Reports on the study of nonlinear intermodulation measurements as a technique to determine the corrosion status and level of cathodic protection for buried pipe. The technique was not practical for field application, but may be a valuable laboratory tool.
L51677 Effect of Substrate Contaminants on Fusion-Bonded Epoxy Coatings.pdf
Authors: Groeneveld  , Fessler
Published: August 2023

Covers an extensive effort to develop sampling techniques, analytical methodologies, and testing protocols for the rapid in-plant assessment of ionic contaminant concentration levels on the surface of production pipe. The project was sponsored by the PRC and includes the procedure and rationale for establishing threshold limit value for fusion-bonded epoxy (FBE) coatings applied over representative steel surface contaminants. Sampling instructions are provided in an attached 110-page test kit manual for field sampling and analysis.
L51672 Weight Coating Design for Submarine PL On-Bottom Stability
Authors: Unknown Author
Published: August 2023

There were two main objectives of this research. The first objective was to verify SINTEFs' pipe/soil interaction model test results, on which the A.G.A. Level 2 and 3 soil models are based. The second objective was to quantify the amount of conservatives built into the model equations for stiffer clay soils (above 30 psf shear strength). The original testing (at SINTEF) was done in soft clay soils (30 psf), and extrapolations to stiffer soils were done very conservatively, because data was not available. To accomplish these two objectives, pipe-soil interaction model tests were conducted at Texas A and M University in clay soils of approximately 30, 75, and 150 psf shear strength. Twenty-seven monotonic loading tests, and fifty-seven cyclic tests concluding with pipe break-out were performed. This is roughly four times the amount of testing originally done on clay by SINTEF. The test parameters and results are summarized in Table 1-1 for the monotonic loading tests, and Table 1-2 for the
cyclic (displacement controlled) loading tests.
PR-277-144507-Z01 Installation of Pipelines by Horizontal Directional Drilling
Authors: Hair John
Published: August 2023

This report is an updated version of the original engineering design guide published in 1995 by the Pipeline Research Committee (PRC) of the American Gas Association. As with the original document, it is intended to serve as a step by step guide for engineers engaged in the evaluation, design, and management of natural gas pipeline construction by horizontal directional drilling (HDD). Topics covered include a description of the HDD process, technical feasibility and cost considerations, surface and subsurface site investigations, drilled path design, steel pipe installation and operating stress analysis, environmental impact, construction contracts, and construction monitoring. The design guide includes two Microsoft Excel workbooks for use in analyzing HDD installation loads and stresses on steel pipe.
L51668 Develop NDT Methods for Welds on In-Service Pipelines III
Authors: Fu
Published: August 2023

This report documents the development of optimized NDT procedures for inspecting sleeve welds made on in-service sleeve welds. Use of these procedural guidelines will improve the accuracy and reliability of NDT test results on sleeve welds. Additional research is required to develop guidelines for in-service branch welds.
PR-398-133719-R01 Inspection of Composite Repairs for Pipelines and Piping - Phase 2 NDE Trials
Authors: Lee  , Wall  , Burch
Published: August 2023

The report reviews the research involved with Non-Destructive Examination (NDE) of composite repairs as applied to pipelines and piping. Four pipeline samples were evaluated each containing three repairs with an �open� training section and two �blind� sections (total of 12 repairs). Pipe defects included external corrosion wall loss and pitting represented by partial through-wall drilled holes.

Application of the composite repairs, containing interlaminar defects and steel/composite debonding, was completed by four composite repair vendors. This included one carbon fiber and three glass fiber repair systems. The scope included an underwater repair system. Pre-hydrotest inspections were carried out between September and December 2013. Following the pre-hydrotest inspections, the samples endured static and cyclic hydrotesting. Pressure testing was done sequentially together with strain gage monitoring for three of the four samples. Acoustic emission monitoring was also performed.

Static hydrotests were done to 72% and 90% SMYS with 10 minute holds in between. This was followed by cyclically testing to 10,000 cycles. Post-hydrotest inspections were done to investigate any changes that may have occurred during the hydrotests.
PR-164-124511-R01 Quality of ERW-HFI Pipe
Authors: Redman  , Pargeter
Published: August 2023

Driven by a concern with regard to the reliability of currently supplied ERW/HFI seam welded line pipe PRCI wished to identify issues and ways of preventing problems from occurring during manufacture which could be incorporated in line pipe specifications. To this end, this report compiles and documents an understanding of the process and best practice in order to minimize delivery of poor quality ERW/HFI welded pipe to the field. This document includes a review of published literature, information derived from responses to the questionnaires as well as recommendations which were determined after reviewing all the information.
L52319 Biaxial Loading of Corroded Casing Users Manual
Authors: Francini
Published: August 2023

Decisions by storage operators to repair or replace well casing with metal loss require an accurate assessment of the degree of metal loss and the ability to determine the effect of that loss on the remaining strength of the casing. A new generation of logging tools (developed with PRCI cofunding) has increased the ability to accurately size metal loss defects in casing. Prior work funded by PRCI has also included testing the remaining strength of casing with metal loss defects. This testing was performed on casing samples that were not subject to the tensile loads that typical well casing in service may experience. This is the user manual for an associated Excel spreadsheet to calculate the remaining strength of corroded casing under combined pressure and axial loads.
PR-244-133731-R01 In-line Inspection Crack Tool Performance Evaluation
Authors: Skow Jason , Lu Dongliang , Koduru Smitha
Published: August 2023

This report discusses the findings of a detailed analysis and evaluation of the performance capabilities of various in-line inspection (ILI) technologies for managing pipeline crack threats, including crack colonies, isolated cracks and cracks in pipe seam welds. The foundation for the study was the development of an extensive database of crack inspection data collected from pipeline operators through an industry data mining exercise. The data were validated to ensure completeness consistency and accuracy, and then stored in a database. The database was used to characterize the performance of ILI technologies with respect to detection, identification and sizing of crack features. ILI technologies considered in the study include magnetic and ultrasonic-based technologies. The study resulted in the collection and analysis of over 50,000 crack features that were identified through crack detection ILI technologies, excavation and field NDE in the ditch, or both. The majority of the features included in the database are cracks detected in stress corrosion cracking (SCC) colonies (approximately 30,000), with a more limited number of features (approximately 6,200) detected in the longitudinal seam of the pipe. These data were analyzed using a number of approaches and techniques to establish the current performance specifications for cracking ILI tools and to identify the areas where improvements can be made.
L51613 Ultrasonic Vehicle for the Detection of SCC in Buried Gas Pipelines.pdf
Authors: Bruce
Published: August 2023

This report describes the present state of development of the ultrasonic pipe inspection vehicle being jointly developed by C.W. Pope and Associates and the Centre for Industrial Control Sciences at the University of Newcastle, Australia. The present aim is the evaluation of unpressurised pipelines to record areas of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) at relatively low cost and with minimum sophistication.The report addresses the suitability of ultrasonics in detecting stress corrosion cracking, outlines the system developed to date, and presents results and discussion from the laboratory trials in which the vehicle has been run in four samples of pipeline containing SCC.
L41025 PRCI Research Results On In-Line Inspection Technology Field Tests
Authors: Brown
Published: August 2023

This report will briefly describe the performance of eddy current and magnetic flux leakage systems and the difficulties that have been recognized as impediments for stress corrosion crack detection on ILI vehicles.
L51517 Stress Corrosion Cracking Research
Authors: Beavers  , Leis  , Eiber
Published: August 2023

The objective of the Stress-Corrosion Cracking (SCC) Phase of the NG-18 program is to develop an understanding of the causes of external SCC and methods of controlling it on new and existing gas transmission pipelines. An overview of past and proposed NG-18 programs designed to address this objective is given in Figure 1 in the Introduction Section, where it can be seen that the research has been divided into two categories, SCC mitigation and life estimation. The research carried out in 1985 at BCD focused on several areas under these categories: (1) the development of resistant steels and surfaces, and (2) the development of a crack growth/life prediction model. In the former, three experimental tasks were carried out in 1985, deformation response behavior, grain boundary chemistry, and surface effects. In the latter, a preliminary investigation of slip related models for describing SCC was carried out. Accomplishments on these tasks are described below.
L51566 Ultralow Frequency Eddy Current Instrument for the Detection and Sizing of Stress Corrosion Cracks
Authors: Hayford
Published: August 2023

Eddy current testing has received only limited application to ferrous materials because the high permeability of the material in combination with the normally high frequency of the eddy current instrument results in a very small depth of penetration of the eddy currents into the material.

The objectives of this research program were threefold. The first goal was to develop an eddy current instrument with frequencies low enough to penetrate pipeline steel. The second was to use the new instrument to develop techniques for locating stress corrosion cracks (SCC) on coated pipelines without requiring the removal of the coating. Our last goal was to develop methods of characterizing SCC; i.e. determining the lengths and depths of the defects.
L51750 New Technique to Assess Level of Cathodic Protection in Underground Pipe Systems (Phases I and II)
Authors: Macdonald
Published: August 2023

This report introduces the Variable Frequency Impedance Tomography (VFIT) method for assessing the effectiveness of non-interruptible power supplies (sacrificial anodes) for protecting coated buried pipe.

This method imposes a low-amplitude alternating voltage between the pipe and a reference electrode placed on the surface. A potentiostat/galvanostat controls the electric potential by modulating the current between the pipe and a surface counter electrode. The principle interpretive tool used in this study was an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) that had been \trained\" on simulated pipe with a defective coating and on field data from a test pipe.
PR-186-073502-R01 Large-Scale Cathodic Disbondment Testing for Coal Tar Enamel(CTE)
Authors: Gui Feng , Brossia Sean
Published: August 2023

Corrosion protection of installed transmission pipelines is mainly achieved by isolating the pipeline from the environment through the use of applied coatings. In areas where coating damage (e.g., holidays) exist, cathodic protection (CP), often by impressed current, is used to protect any bare areas. The amount of current output required for CP tends to increase as the damaged area (e.g. holidays, cracks) progresses over time. Although CP is necessary to protect any bare areas, it can also enhance coating disbondment. Likewise, the extent of cathodic disbondment (CD) could increase as the current from the rectifier is augmented to compensate for the extended damage.

In the United Stated approximately 50 % of the transmission pipelines are coated with coal tar enamel (CTE), many of which have been in service for more than 50 years. The extent of the coating damage (in the form of holidays, open disbondments, cracks and tears) requires incremental increases in CP levels to be applied over time. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of CP levels on the growth of CD of CTE coated pipes. The CD extent at under protected CP levels was investigated as well. Additionally, the effect of surface contaminant (chloride) on CD of the CTE coated pipes was evaluated.
L52320 Human Factors Analysis of Pipeline Monitoring and Control Room Operations
Authors: McCallum  , Richard
Published: August 2023

The purpose of this study was to develop procedures that could be used by liquid pipeline operators to assess and manage the human factors risks in their control rooms that may adversely affect pipeline monitoring and control operations. The three primary objectives of the project were:

To understand the human factors that affect pipeline Controllers� abilities to safely and efficiently monitor and control pipeline operations in the control room;
To develop procedures for use by pipeline operators to assess the relative risk levels associated with a full range of human factors in their control room operations; and�
To develop a guide that liquid pipeline operators can use to select, develop, and implement mitigations to reduce operational risks associated with control room human factors.
L51498 Girth Welding Linepipe made from Stainless Steel Either Solid or Internally Clad Phase I
Authors: Beavers  , Jaske
Published: August 2023

Examines the problems of welding duplex ferritic-austenitic stainless steels for line pipe application.
L52296 Smart Gas Using Chemicals To Improve Gas Deliverability Phase II
Authors: Weiss
Published: August 2023

The objective of this effort was to demonstrate in the field the new wettability altering technology developed in the laboratory during Phase 1.

Reservoir cores from three gas storage facilities including sandstone and dolomite reservoirs were used to evaluate the two surfactants. The imbibition and core flood tests showed that gas deliverability was improved in surfactant-treated sandstone cores. It was concluded that the aquifer storage facilities are candidates for field testing. Results from Phase I provided the foundation for this Phase II project. The Waverly Storage Facility operated by Southern Union/Panhandle Energy was selected as the site for a field test of the surfactant process. Waverly is an 1800-ft sandstone aquifer gas storage reservoir located near Springfield, lllinois. Expansion and contraction of a spherical gas bubble provided pressure support as gas was injected and withdrawn from 37 individual wells. Three wells were selected for treatment with 1000 bbl of ~4% surfactant solution. An additional three nearby wells were selected as control wells. A field mixing procedure similar to that used in the laboratory to avoid phase separation of the microemulsion was developed and successfully used during the third week of October 2007 when the wells were treated. Rates and pressures were measured at the wellhead; fluid levels were not recorded. Since the initial rate-pressure data collected during the project year including the well treatments were sparse, it was decided to extend the project to the end of 2008 to acquire more field data.
L51811 Circumferential Magnetic Flux for In-Line Detection of SCC and Selective Seam Weld Corrosion
Authors: Nestleroth
Published: August 2023

Longitudinal defects, including stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) and selective seam weld corrosion, can occur in natural gas transmission pipelines. Previously developed nondestructive testing techniques (including angle beam ultrasonics, electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs), and remote field eddy current) are capable of detecting longitudinal defects. Two angle beam ultrasonic syatems are commercially available, and an EMAT system is being commercialized. But there are factors that limit the applicability of these techniques, such as minimum pipe diameter and maximum inspection speed. A new more cost effective nondeastructive testing technique for pipeline inspection is needed to identify and evaluate the potential hazards from SCC.

The complexity of angle beam ultrasonics and EMAT's and others makes the cost of inspection higher than MFL corrosion inspection. Circumferential MFL is more economical has the potential to to more accurately size axially oriented corrosion than the more common axial implementation. Though at present the method contained within this study has some deficiencies, a circumferential MFL in-line inspection tool could serve as a screening tool to determine whether a pipeline has cracks and seam weld defects as well as other longitudinal defects such as third-party mechanical damage.
PR-015-11707-R01 Test Diagnostic Methods for Turbine Gas Meters
Authors: Hawley
Published: August 2023

Similar to most metering technologies, turbine meters are known to be affected by abnormal flow or abnormal mechanical conditions which can cause bias in flow measurement. These types of flow conditions include blockage at the flow meter or straightening vanes, grime or liquid contamination on the internal meter components, damage to the internal meter components, and pulsation in the flow.

With the introduction of ultrasonic and Coriolis meters for gas applications, the natural gas industry has embraced the concept of meters with embedded diagnostic capabilities. These capabilities allow the detection of potential problems with the flow behavior or meter condition that may lead to measurement error. Diagnostic measurements also exist for turbine meters. Some turbine meter manufacturers provide techniques for diagnosing proper meter performance through approaches that include unique design attributes (e.g., dual-rotors) or by monitoring the characteristics (shape, timing, etc.) of the pulses produced as blades pass a sensor. Various analog and digital signal analysis methods exist to interpret the output pulse characteristics to determine meter condition attributes such as bent blades and bearing wear. The objective of this research was to assess, through flow testing, the ability of various diagnostic methods to detect abnormal flow and abnormal mechanical conditions for both single and dual-rotor turbine meters. A secondary objective was to determine the amount of flow measurement error that could be present for the various flow conditions that were tested. The approach was to test three different diagnostic methods on a single-rotor and dual-rotor turbine meter at the Metering Research Facility at Southwest Research Institute. The selected diagnostic methods were the Smith MeterTM AccuLERT II from FMC Technologies, TurbinScope from Elster-Instromet, and The Turbo Corrector from Mercury Instruments. Tests were performed under controlled conditions and were designed to determine the ability of the selected diagnostics to detect various levels of flow meter or tube bundle blockage, grime buildup on the rotor or rotor bearings, damage to the rotor, or flow pulsations.
L52295 Fundamentals and Performance Improvements of ILI Technologies for Mechanical Damage Inspection
Authors: McNealy
Published: August 2023

The objective of this effort is to assist the pipeline industry in selecting ILI technologies that are best suited for detecting and sizing the types of mechanical damage that may pose integrity concerns, and/or are required to be addressed by the existing Regulatory Rules. The practical need is driven by both the recent changes in Regulatory requirements, vis-à-vis mechanical damage, and the latest developments of ILI technologies aiming to detect and size such damage.

Based on the information provided by the six participating ILI vendors, and taking fulladvantage of extensive previous work, this report presents the results of Phase I of the Project, including updated capabilities and deficiencies of the current MD ILI technologies, performance claims, and supporting validation data. In addition, this Phase 1 report details the fundamental approaches embodied within each technology then analyzes validation data and derives performance conclusions from available data. Finally, this report identifies further testing to be conducted within Phase II of the Project.
PR-185-07701-R01 Evaluation of Magnetic Pulse Welding for Improved Casing Repair
Authors: Seaman
Published: August 2023

Alternative repair methods for natural gas storage well casings are required to lower the costs of casing repairs and to reduce operational constraints that result from repair methods that reduce the cross sectional area of the casing. The objective of this project is to determine the feasibility of expansion mode magnetic pulse welding (MPW) to affect improved casing repair. Finite element modeling (FEM) was used to develop an expansion welding coil system and to simulate its performance. The critical welding velocity was determined and preliminary MPW parameters identified, thus validating the theoretical feasibility of expansion MPW of steel. One coil system was designed; two coil systems were fabricated and experimentally evaluated. Welding trials indicated that the current coil design is not able to produce sufficient kinetic energy at the interface to produce a weld. Based on the performance of this coil design, three additional coil designs have been identified for future welding trials.
PR-015-06601-R01 Evaluation of Clamp-on Ultrasonic Meters as Field-Portable Diagnostic Tool
Authors: George  , Delgado
Published: August 2023

This study has continued work begun in 2005 to evaluate the use of commercially-available clamp-on ultrasonic meters (USMs) in diagnosing natural gas flow conditions that can produce measurement errors in traditional natural gas meters. In this project, a prototype multi-array clamp-on USM and a commercially available two-path clamp-on USM were mounted on a conventional orifice meter run with a 19-tube bundle flow straighter subjected to well-conditioned flow and a series of adverse flow conditions. Measurements from the clamp-on meters were compared to measurements from the orifice meter under adverse conditions. The objectives of the study were to determine the ability of the clamp-on meters to diagnose abnormal flow conditions that can produce measurement errors in conventional orifice meter configurations, identify the flow profiles within the meter run, and quantify the orifice meter measurement error.
GRI-99-0000 Gap Analysis of the GRI Research Program on Internal Corrosion
Authors: Pound B.G.
Published: August 2023

Extensive information on the corrosion of steel in aqueous CO2 systems is now available from this program and numerous other sources. This information was reviewed to identify what research has been performed and what research remains to be undertaken to develop a expert system/risk management program. Four areas were examined: corrosion mechanisms, mitigation strategies, monitoring techniques, and models/risk assessment. There were five gaps in mechanisms (two for bacteria and one each for flow rate/chloride concentration, hydrocarbons, and organic acids) and four gaps in mitigation (antibiofilm additives, antibacterial corrosion inhibitors, antibiofilm coatings, and UV light). Monitoring techniques have one principal gap, which is the lack of a single sensor that can indicate the type of corrosion and whether bacteria are involved. Various gaps were found in the approaches used for modeling and risk assessment: semiempirical and mechanistic models (deficient in their ability to treat films, H2S, and bacteria); thermodynamic models (incomplete range of key chemical species); statistical models (limited testing); probabilistic risk assessment (lack of usable data); and ranking risk assessment (lack of appropriate algorithms for internal corrosion).
PR-363-08604-R01 Non-Invasive JIP - Single Phase Test Reports
Authors: Ltd TUV SUD NEL
Published: August 2023

JIP test results from clamp-on ultrasonic meter testing performed at TUV NEL.
PR-366-083506-R01 Guidelines for In Situ Characterization of Cracks
Authors: Hanson  , McNealy
Published: August 2023

The purpose of this project was to establish a practical metallographic protocol to distinguish between high pH SCC and near-neutral pH SCC in the ditch. The protocol addresses how to distinguish the crack propagation modes. In addition, the protocol addresses procedures for preparation of sample location areas for analysis through the use of mechanical, electrical, and chemical means considering the quality of results, ease of use, portability, and reliability.
PO-316-10207-R01 Design Guideline for Small Diameter Branch Connections
Authors: Wilcox  , White
Published: August 2023

In all industrial applications, vibration of piping components is a concern that is often addressed during the piping design phase. Effort is made to predict and avoid the mechanical natural frequency of large piping in order to prevent fatigue failures. However, small diameter branch connections are often overlooked. These connections are just as susceptible to fatigue failures due to high vibration as large piping is; therefore, the design of the small piping must also be considered. Current piping standards only place high level requirements on the design of small diameter branch connections and do not provide many recommendations related to the design of the connections. This guideline was developed in order to reduce the effort required to properly design small diameter branch connections. The guideline provides recommendations on the weight placed on the branch and the length of the connection in order to minimize the possibility of fatigue failure. The geometries provided in the guideline were based on natural frequency avoidance and consider the machine the branch is operating near, where the branch is placed in reference to the machine, frequency of excitation (operating speed of machine), and the geometry of the branch. The guideline does not attempt to predict actual vibration amplitudes on the branches. This guideline can be applied for any branch connection that has a nominal diameter less than two inches and a branch pipe to main pipe ratio of less than 25%.
PR-364-09606-R01 Investigation into the Jetting Behavior of Perforated Plate Flow Conditioners
Authors: Harman
Published: August 2023

A study was conducted to determine the presence of jetting downstream of a perforated plate flow conditioner in an 8 inch pipe flowing high pressure natural gas. Data presented indicates no measurable jetting is present 10 pipe diameters (10D) downstream of the perforated plate tested from 110 FPS to 10 FPS. Slight velocity profile anomalies were detected 3D downstream of the perforated plate, and severe jetting was detected at 0.9D. Additionally, a double-blind CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) model was created for the three different test configurations. The CFD modeling results showed good agreement with experimental data.
PR-382-093605-R01 Corrosion Effects under Failed Shrink Sleeves and Other Disbonded Coatings
Authors: Abu-Zahra Sami , Flanery David , Britton James
Published: August 2023

Corrosion due to cathodic shielding by dis-bonded (failed) shrink sleeves on pipeline field joint Cathodic shielding can be eliminated under failed shrink sleeves by means of removing all (or a significant portion) of the failed sleeve(s).

Testing has suggested that the shrink sleeve material can be most effectively removed by means of a cutting (blade) through a 'Keyhole' type excavations.
PR-283-07201-R01 Solar Mars ABC Liner on the Mars 100 SoLoNOx Gas Turbine
Authors: Cowell
Published: August 2023

Non-Proprietary version of this final report to assess the impact of augmented backside cooling of a combustion liner on gas turbine emissions. Proprietary version is available for pipeline operators who execute a Non-Disclosure Agreement. Please contact Luke Cowell of Solar Turbines at (619)-544-5916, or Cowell_Luke_H@solarturbines.com, if you with the execute the NDA and review the final proprietary report.
PR-266-07206-R01 Field Test of a Turbocharger Booster System
Authors: Chapman  , Figge
Published: August 2023

The natural gas transmission industry has been subject to increasingly stringent emissions regulations over the years, with tougher regulations yet to come. One of the biggest challenges has been to reduce oxides of nitrogen (NOX) while maintaining existing engine reliability and power output. One method of lowering these emissions from reciprocating engines is to use technologies that increase air flow to the engine. Typically, the engine is turbocharged or, in the case where a turbocharger already exists on an engine, the turbocharger is �upgraded� to increase the air flow rate through the engine. However, the high engine air flow rates required for an engine upgrade project are constrained by the physics of the turbocharger. As air flow through an engine increases, the exhaust temperature decreases accordingly. While this lower exhaust gas temperature reduces NOX emissions, it also reduces the available energy needed to drive the turbocharger turbine. This report explores options to boost engine exhaust temperature to maintain adequate energy to the turbocharger to meet emission requirements.
PR-214-114509-R02 Standardization of Weld testing Methods - Fracture Toughness Measurements
Authors: Dinovitzer Aaron
Published: August 2023

The focus in this project was a workshop with the objective of promoting the standardization of fracture toughness testing procedures applicable to pipeline girths welds using SENT specimens. The participants included those currently active in the test procedures used in North America and Europe. The aim of this workshop was to develop guidelines for a round robin testing program with the focus on testing of SENT specimens with a surface notch in the girth weld zone
PR-015-10602-R01 Effects of Liquid Contamination on Ultrasonic Flow Meter Performance
Authors: George  , Hawley
Published: August 2023

A known cause of error in in-line ultrasonic meters is the presence of liquid contamination on transducer faces. These liquids can come from unconventional or poor-quality gas supplies, but compressor oil or glycol can also enter the natural gas stream due to problems with upstream equipment. It has been suspected that liquid contamination produces a fundamental measurement error in ultrasonic pulse transit time, which leads to biases in the measured sound speed of the gas and, ultimately, flow measurement errors. Operators presently observe such differences in measured sound speeds, but often do not understand that they may be linked to the presence of liquids. Having such an understanding could lead to solutions to manage the problem, such as diagnostics to identify the cause of the liquid contamination and prompt maintenance on the equipment producing the liquids. Such diagnostics could reduce the resulting measurement errors and related lost-and-unaccounted-for (LAUF) gas amounts. This report documents a research project to characterize ultrasonic meter response to liquid contaminants produced by pipeline operations, particularly compressor oil and glycol. Tests were performed using multiple brands of ultrasonic meters and multiple types of transducers, with flow data and diagnostics collected from each meter. The data were analyzed to answer three questions: (1) how the diagnostic ability of the meter depends upon the meter and transducer designs, (2) whether ultrasonic meter diagnostics can identify liquid contaminant types, and (3) how various liquid contaminants affect measurement accuracy.
PR-015-123713-R01 Field Testing of Negative-Wave Leak Detection Systems
Authors: Siebenaler
Published: August 2023

A field test was conducted to evaluate the ability of various negative-wave technologies to detect small leaks on liquid pipelines. A series of fluid withdrawals were conducted on a 41-km segment of a 30-inch diameter heavycrude pipeline. This report details the test setup, execution, and results.
PR-283-10214-R01 Improved Part Load Efficiency of Solar DLE Units
Authors: Cowell
Published: August 2023

The report describes a modification to a Solar Turbine Mars 16000SA low NOx engine that improvise part load efficiency and increases engine turndown. Obtaining a copy of this report requires the execution of a non-disclosure agreement with Solar Turbines.
PR-224-094500-R01 Preliminary Target Reliability Levels for On-shore Liquid Pipelines
Authors: Stephens  , Yue  , Bandstra
Published: August 2023

Report describes a set of preliminary reliability targets for low vapor pressure hydrocarbon liquid pipelines. The targets were developed as part of a multi-year program to establish the reliability based design and assessment (RBDA) method as a viable decision-making alternative for onshore transmission pipelines. The targets are used as acceptance criteria in the application of RBDA. A pipeline is considered acceptable if it meets these targets.
PR-352-11703-R01 Maintenance and Test Intervals for Primary and Secondary Measurement Equipment
Authors: Rans
Published: August 2023

This report summarizes the work done to investigate existing maintenance and test intervals for primary and secondary measurement equipment. Advances in the accuracy and reliability of current measurement technology and the ability to apply Statistical Process Control (SPC) techniques to identify abnormal operating conditions that need to be investigated is changing the way we need to look at maintenance.

Test intervals are determined based on four factors which are discussed in more detail in Section 3.4.2 Determination of Test Intervals and Tolerance Bands.

Ignore Routine Variability � e.g.: Don�t continually zero adjust an instrument which is experiencing small changes due to normal operating condition changes such as ambient temperature.
Determine a Test Frequency Based on Equipment Degradation with Time � Use equipment reliability information to determine if the equipment routinely drifts.
Determine a Test Frequency Based on How Long an Exception/Unexpected Meter Problem Can be Tolerated � The frequency is often related to the financial impacts and the size of the facility.
Determine a Test Frequency Based on Contractual or Commercial Requirements � For example if the maximum period a measurement correction can be applied is 6 months, a test frequency of 6 to 12 months may be required to meet the requirement.

The primary and secondary test interval is determined from the shortest test frequency determined by following these four steps.
PR-383-104506-R02 Shock Tube Measurement of Decompression Wave Speed in CO2 with Impurities
Authors: Botros Kamal
Published: August 2023

This report contains the results of 43 shock tube tests simulating pipeline rupture using an NPS 2 (DN50) shock tube with a rupture disc. These tests were conducted on pure CO2, binaries with N2, O2, CO, CH4 and H2, as well as for compositions representative of typical carbon capture technologies. The resulting decompression wave speeds are compared with predictions utilizing different equations of state.
PR-015-06603-R01 Tests of Instruments for Measuring Hydrocarbon Dew Points in Natural Gas Streams Phase 1
Authors: George D. L. , Burkey R. C.
Published: August 2023

Two commercially-available hydrocarbon dew point analyzers, an Ametek� Model 241 CE II and a Michell Condumax II, were provided by JIP participants for testing. An experimental HCDP research apparatus, first designed at Southwest Research Institute to gather reference hydrocarbon dew point data, was modified to test the automated analyzers. Both automated analyzers, along with a Bureau of Mines chilled mirror device serving as a reference, were installed in the apparatus. Gravimetrically-prepared gas blends containing hydrocarbons through decane were used as test gases, and a small warm box was built to keep the test gases above their hydrocarbon dew points at various simulated line pressures.
PR-003-103603-R01 Assessing Corrosion Severity for High-Strength Steels
Authors: Leis  , Zhu
Published: August 2023

This project was directed at isolating the effects of the metal-loss geometry and the properties of the steels, as the basis to quantify the effects of the metal loss geometry and to seamlessly consolidate the databases and integrate severity criteria for the vintage and higher-strength grades, to make corrosion management seamless across grade.
PR-314-103702-R01 Evaluate and Define CPCM Capabilities and Limitations
Authors: Janda  , Scott
Published: August 2023

Recent technology advances have led to the development of ILI tools that monitor and record CP current through electric potential longitudinal gradient measurements at the inner pipe wall. This technique represents a potential improvement to the existing standard electrical survey methods by providing more accurate data and a safer method for acquiring data. The capabilities and limitations of this developing ILI technology have not been fully defined for application in the industry due to limited experience running the tool by pipeline companies. Through collective participation by PRCI member companies that have experience with the technology, a comprehensive analysis could be performed to clarify its capabilities and limitations so that the technology can be appropriately applied.
PR-218-103608-R01 ILI Tool Calibration based on In-ditch Measurement with Related Uncertainty
Authors: Haines Tomar.
Published: August 2023

Keifner and Associates was awarded task 2 and 3 of the project EC-4-2, "ILI Tool Calibration based on In-ditch Measurement with Related Uncertainty". The project comprised of three tasks as follows:

Develop a process for either confirming adequacy of vendor claimed random error component, or recalibrating the random error component of ILI measurement uncertainty. Task 1 was completed by ApplusRTD and a report was generated under a separate contract no: PR-366-103606.
Develop a process for examining errors, and determine methods to correct for these errors, recognizing that lack of knowledge about the accuracy of in-ditch measurement will limit error correction.
Develop comments and recommendations on the number of confirmation measurements required to provide a statistically defensible basis for adjusting vendor claimed tool error.

Kiefner reported on these latter two tasks as its part of the work for this project.
PR-186-133605-R01 Internal Corrosion Sample Collection Guidelines
Authors: Eckert  , Kagarise
Published: August 2023

Pipeline liquid and solid samples collected as a part of internal corrosion monitoring and other assessment activities are vulnerable to compositional changes resulting from sample handling procedures. These compositional changes can affect subsequent test results and the usefulness/accuracy of the data. Understanding the changes that occur due to sampling variables will help operators identify the significance of these changes to the test results.

A set of experiments performed in this study were able to demonstrate some effects of sample holding time, sample holding temperature, and sample container headspace on certain constituents (pH, dissolved CO2, dissolved H2S, alkalinity, culturable bacteria) typically measured during internal corrosion evaluations. The project also identified general considerations for establishing and implementing internal corrosion sampling programs, since other factors in addition to changes that occur during handling can affect the accuracy, quality, and utility of test results.

The deliverables of this project can be used directly by operators to assess their sampling programs and also provide a foundation from which a comprehensive best practice for sampling programs can be developed.
PR-015-13200-R02 Pressure Spike Protection for Booster Pumps with ANSI 150 Flange Rating
Authors: Bennett  , Poerner  , Alvarado  , Garcia-Hernandez
Published: August 2023

The overall research objective is to develop a strategy for reducing the occurrence of pressure spikes (which exceed pipe pressure rating limitations) at pump stations during transient opera-tions such as pump start-up and shutdowns, with a focus on booster pump stations with ANSI 150 flanges. This report outlines the sources and magnitude of pressure spikes, how the pressure spikes can be controlled with operating strategies and available technology, and a listing of ap-plicable technology on the market.
PR-464-133609-R01 Review of Self-Healing Pipeline Coatings for the Prevention of External Corrosion
Authors: Kehr Alan
Published: August 2023

The objective of this study is to investigate the potential of existing self-healing coating solutions for pipeline applications with the goal of improved pipeline reliability and a reduction in operating expenses by reducing excavations, coating repairs, pipe repairs and replacements. There has been much recent publicity regarding this technology, resulting in a need to determine usefulness and identify applicability to pipelines. This report will cover existing technologies for use in self-healing coatings, the technologies under development applicable to pipeline coatings, the companies active in this development, and the current status of developments. The report also provides a draft test program for the evaluation of pipeline self-healing materials and proposes the next steps for a future project.