bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the fetal brain
Authors: Pugash Denise , Krssak Martin , Kulemann Vanessa , Prayer Daniela
Published: March 2009

Fetal magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is technically feasible in utero and demonstrates similar findings to those observed in neonatal populations. MRS can provide additional information to conventional T1‐ and T2‐weighted imaging of the fetal brain. It is of particular use when subtle changes are present on conventional fetal MRI sequences, and when imaging fetuses at risk of brain injury and metabolic abnormalities. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, characterization, and thermal properties of phosphorylated chitin for biomedical applications
Authors: Jayakumar R. , Egawa T. , Furuike T. , Nair S.V. , Tamura H.
Published: March 2009

The present study investigates a suitable material, which is expected to have biocompatibility and to promote tissue regeneration. For this purpose, we have chosen chitin that was chemically modified by phosphorylation with high degree of substitution. The phosphorylated chitin (P‐chitin) was synthesized using the H3PO4/P2O5/ET3PO4/hexanol method. The structure of P‐chitin was analyzed by FTIR, 31P‐ and 13C‐NMR spectroscopic studies, scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. The thermal properties of the P‐chitin were also characterized by thermogravimetric analyses. The highly phosphorylated chitin derivatives prepared by this method were soluble in water and amorphous in nature. Thus, H3PO4/P2O5/ET3PO4/hexanol method provides a versatile and alternative route for synthesis of P‐chitin, which would be useful for biomedical applications. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Colorimetric quantification of amino groups in linear and dendritic structures
Authors: Coussot Gaëlle , Nicol Edith , Commeyras Auguste , Desvignes Isabelle , Pascal Robert , Vandenabeele‐Trambouze Odile
Published: March 2009

BACKGROUND: The aim of the work reported was to develop a procedure using 96‐well microtiter plates for the easy determination of protonated groups of compounds including linear poly(amino acid)s and dendritic polymers divided into dendrigraft and dendrimeric structures. This study is a prerequisite step for the quantification of protonated groups in a macromolecule grafted onto a solid surface.

RESULTS: The procedure was developed from the modified Bradford protein assay and incorporates several modifications that enable one to determine available amino groups (or even other cationic groups) present on the polyresidues backbone, all within five minutes. Based on the Atherton mathematical model, we evaluated the maximal number of Coomassie blue binding sites on linear, dendrigraft or even dendrimeric structures.

CONCLUSION: The mean calculated percentage of occupied sites on a given macromolecule led us to demonstrate that one Coomassie blue molecule interacts with only one single protonated group. Consequently, the developed method using Coomassie blue binding can be used for the quantification of cationic groups in a macromolecule grafted onto a solid surface. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
The influence of gender on the likelihood of using soft social power strategies in school consultation
Authors: Getty Kimberly C. , Erchul William P.
Published: March 2009

The social power typology developed originally by French and Raven in 1959 and revised by Raven in 1965 and 1992 was applied to study school consultation. Specifically, we investigated how the gender of school psychologist consultants and teacher consultees influence how likely consultants are to use soft power strategies, identified as those drawing on expert, referent, informational, legitimate dependency, and legitimate position power. A modified version of the Interpersonal Power Inventory was mailed to 1,000 Nationally Certified School Psychologists. Results obtained from 352 respondents indicated that, when consulting with female teachers: (a) male psychologists are more likely to use expert power than the other four soft strategies combined, and (b) female psychologists are less likely to use referent power than the other four soft strategies combined. Findings suggest that consultant gender plays an important role in determining influence strategies used by school consultants. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pharmacologic intervention targeting glycolytic‐related pathways protects against retinal injury due to ischemia and reperfusion
Authors: Zheng Ling , Liu Shuqing , Sun Ming‐Zhong , Chang Jinsook , Chance Mark R. , Kern Timothy S.
Published: March 2009

Retinal ischemia contributes to multiple ocular diseases while aminoguanidine (AMG) treatment significantly inhibits the neuronal and vascular degeneration due to acute retinal ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. In the present study, 2‐D DIGE was applied to profile global protein expression changes due to retinal I/R injury, and the protection effects mediated by AMG. Retinal ischemia was induced by elevated intraocular pressure to 80–90 mmHg for 2 h, and reperfusion was established afterward. Retinal tissues were collected 2 days after I/R injury. After 2‐D DIGE analysis, a total of 96 proteins were identified. Among them, 28 proteins were identified within gel spots whose intensities were normalized by AMG pretreatment, pathway analysis indicated that most were involved in glycolysis and carbohydrate metabolism. Selected enzymes identified by MS/MS within these pathways, including transketolase, triosephosphate isomerase 1, aldolase C, total enolase, and pyruvate kinase were validated by quantitative Western blots. Glycolytic enzymes and other differentially regulated proteins likely play previously unrecognized roles in retinal degeneration after I/R injury, and inhibition of the resulting metabolic changes, using pharmacologically agents such as AMG, serve to inhibit the changes in metabolism and mitigate retinal degeneration. Select glycolytic enzymes may provide novel therapeutic targets for inhibiting the neuronal and vascular degeneration after retinal I/R injury.
Highly stable trypsin‐aggregate coatings on polymer nanofibers for repeated protein digestion
Authors: Kim Byoung Chan , Lopez‐Ferrer Daniel , Lee Sang‐Mok , Ahn Hye‐Kyung , Nair Sujith , Kim Seong H. , Kim Beom Soo , Petritis Konstantinos , Camp David G. , Grate Jay W. , Smith Richard D. , Koo Yoon‐Mo , Gu Man Bock , Kim Jungbae
Published: March 2009

A stable and robust trypsin‐based biocatalytic system was developed and demonstrated for proteomic applications. The system utilizes polymer nanofibers coated with trypsin aggregates for immobilized protease digestions. After covalently attaching an initial layer of trypsin to the polymer nanofibers, highly concentrated trypsin molecules are crosslinked to the layered trypsin by way of a glutaraldehyde treatment. This process produced a 300‐fold increase in trypsin activity compared with a conventional method for covalent trypsin immobilization, and proved to be robust in that it still maintained a high level of activity after a year of repeated recycling. This highly stable form of immobilized trypsin was resistant to autolysis, enabling repeated digestions of BSA over 40 days and successful peptide identification by LC‐MS/MS. This active and stable form of immobilized trypsin was successfully employed in the digestion of yeast proteome extract with high reproducibility and within shorter time than conventional protein digestion using solution phase trypsin. Finally, the immobilized trypsin was resistant to proteolysis when exposed to other enzymes (i.e., chymotrypsin), which makes it suitable for use in “real‐world” proteomic applications. Overall, the biocatalytic nanofibers with trypsin aggregate coatings proved to be an effective approach for repeated and automated protein digestion in proteomic analyses.
Kinetic study of Orange II oxidation using peroxynitrous acid
Authors: Poblete F. J. , Corrochano P. , Cabañas B.
Published: March 2009

The reaction of Orange II with peroxynitrous acid has been studied by a spectrophotometrical method. The reaction rate is complex because the order changes from zero to one in function of substrate and oxidant concentration. The influence of pH and ionic strength has been investigated, but their effect on the reaction rate appears to be negligible under the experimental conditions used. A reaction mechanism based on the experimental results is proposed, involving a radical cage solvent attack from peroxynitrous acid to Orange II. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Can the Distress Thermometer be improved by additional mood domains? Part I. Initial validation of the Emotion Thermometers tool
Authors: Mitchell Alex J. , Baker‐Glenn Elena A. , Granger Lorraine , Symonds Paul
Published: March 2009

Purpose: To examine the value of a new screening instrument in a visual‐analogue format.

Methods: We report the design and validation of a new five‐dimensional tool called the Emotion Thermometers (ET). This is a combination of five visual‐analogue scales in the form of four predictor domains (distress, anxiety, depression, anger) and one outcome domain (need for help). Between March and August 2007, 130 patients attending the chemotherapy suite for their first chemotherapy treatment were asked to complete several questionnaires with validation for distress, anxiety and depression.

Results: Of 81 with low distress on the Distress Thermometer (DT), 51% recorded emotional difficulties on the new ET tool, suggesting added value beyond the DT alone. Of those with a broadly defined emotional complication, 93.3% could be identified using the Anxiety Thermometer (AnxT) alone, compared with 54.4% who would be recognized using the DT alone. Using a cut‐off of 3v4 on all thermometers against the total Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) score (cut‐off 14v15), the optimal thermometer was the Anger Thermometer (sensitivity 61%, specificity 92%). Against HADS anxiety scale, the optimal thermometer was AnxT (sensitivity 92%, specificity 61%) and against the HADS depression scale, the optimal thermometer was the Depression Thermometer (DepT; sensitivity 60%, specificity 78%). Finally, against DSM‐IV major depression, the optimal thermometer was the DepT (sensitivity 80%, specificity 79%). Further improvements may be possible by using a combination of thermometers or by repeating the screen.

Conclusion: The diagnostic accuracy of the DT can be improved by the inclusion of simple addition linear domains without substantially increasing the time needed to apply the test. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Stochastic Pocket Model for Aluminum Agglomeration in Solid Propellants
Authors: Gallier Stany
Published: March 2009

A new model is derived to estimate the size and fraction of aluminum agglomerates at the surface of a burning propellant. The basic idea relies on well‐known pocket models in which aluminum is supposed to aggregate and melt within pocket volumes imposed by largest oxidizer particles. The proposed model essentially relaxes simple assumptions of previous pocket models on propellant structure by accounting for an actual microstructure obtained by packing. The use of statistical tools from stochastic geometry enables to determine a statistical pocket size volume and hence agglomerate diameter and agglomeration fraction. Application to several AP/Al propellants gives encouraging results that are shown to be superior to former pocket models.
Integrating Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. strigae into cereal cropping systems in Africa
Authors: Venne Julien , Beed Fen , Avocanh Adolphe , Watson Alan
Published: March 2009

BACKGROUND: Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. (witchweed) poses the greatest biological constraint to food production in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). Control options for Striga are currently largely ineffective or unavailable to farmers, and other management possibilities are urgently needed. Biological control obviates some of the problems of several of the other techniques and provides a management option that is durable and environmentally responsive. The efficacy of S. hermonthica control using different formulations of three isolates of Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. emend. Synder & Hans f. sp. strigae was tested on Striga‐resistant and Striga‐susceptible varieties of sorghum and maize under African field conditions for the first time.

RESULTS: Isolates PSM197 and Foxy 2 were effective in witchweed repression, especially when applied as pesta granules. Isolate M12‐4A was less effective under the field conditions investigated. Application of the fungi was generally more beneficial in maize than in sorghum for the varieties tested. Application of the biocontrol agent caused significant decreases in the number of flowering Striga plants, and hence deposition of seeds with impact of enhancing future crop yield.

CONCLUSIONS: Synergistic effects between the Striga‐resistant maize line and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp strigae led to over 90% reduction in Striga emergence. These results will further encourage the distribution of the isolates tested or selection of country‐specific relatives as viable and environmentally safe biocontrol agents to be used against Striga. Pesta was the most effective formulation, while seed coating may be more cost effective. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis of the C‐terminal penta‐ peptide of the peptaibol culicinins
Authors: Zhang Wei , Sun Tian‐Tian , Li Ying‐Xia
Published: March 2009

The synthesis of the C‐terminal pentapeptide of culicinins has been achieved using [4 + 1] protocol and reduction‐coupling strategy. Copyright © 2009 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigating nanoporous silicon explosive devices
Authors: du Plessis Monuko
Published: March 2009

The explosive properties of nanoporous silicon, impregnated with an oxidant, were researched. A structural model was used to extract the pore and crystallite dimensions from gravimetric measurements, as well as the specific surface area, porosity and statistical distribution of crystallite diameters. The properties of three different oxidants were investigated. It was found that there is an optimum pore size for the most energetic explosion. It was also demonstrated that the nano‐explosion could be initiated within 100 μs using NaClO4 as oxidant and a thin film aluminium fuse as heating element. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electron structure of iron and cobalt nanocomposites on the basis of porous silicon
Authors: Kashkarov Vladimir , Lenshin Alexander , Agapov Boris , Turishchev Sergey , Domashevskaya Evelina
Published: March 2009

Morphology and phase composition of porous silicon with electrochemically deposited Fe and Co particles as well as the particles of their mixtures were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray emission and absorption spectroscopy. Iron was shown to cover the surface of porous silicon while cobalt penetrates inside the pores in the form of nanoparticles. Iron Iron is present in the form of the phase of Fe2O3 with an admixture of FeO and Fe3O4. Cobalt forming nanoparticles is involved as metallic Co and Co2O3. Under co‐deposition of these metals from solution of their salts mixture cobalt favored penetration of iron inside the pores. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modeling macroscopic elasticity of porous silicon
Authors: Magoariec Hélène , Danescu Alexandre
Published: March 2009

In this paper we present a model able to predict the elastic properties of nano‐porous silicon (nano‐PSi). Initially developed by Keating [1] for the elastic response of nonprimitive lattices in the harmonic regime, the model accounts for near neighbors (NN) and next‐near‐neighbors (NNN) interactions and leads to numerical results in very good agreement with existent experimental data.We performed numerical tests covering a wide range of porosities between bulk silicon and 90% porosity.

We also evidence the significant interplay between the cubic symmetry of the bulk silicon and the shape of the pores. This is of special interest in the case of nano‐PSi due to directional electrochemical etching process and leads, in general, to macroscopic anisotropic elastic response. Our method can be easily extended to cover other porous materials and/or more surface effects like, for example, the back‐bond oxidation (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Buried spongy‐like layers in silicon implanted with He+, annealed and treated in D+ plasma
Authors: Misiuk Andrzej , Ulyashin Alexander , Barcz Adam , Bak‐Misiuk Jadwiga , Romanowski Przemyslaw , Prujszczyk Marek
Published: March 2009

Implantation of silicon with He+ ions (energy 300 keV, dose 5×1015 cm–2) and subsequent processing of Si:He structures at high temperature (HT) up to 1270 K under Ar hydrostatic pressure (HP) up to 1.2 GPa results in a creation of spongy‐like buried layer at the projected range of He ions, which is about 1.4 μm depth. Upon subsequent treatment of Si:He structures at 573 K in deuterium plasma under 3×102 Pa, deuterium is accumulated with concentrations up to about 1019 cm–3 at two different well pronounced local regions: (i) subsurface region with the width of about 0.5 μm and (ii) region‐around the projected range of He ions. As follows from TEM, X‐Ray and SIMS measurements, microstructure of nano‐structured spongy‐like layer and D concentration are dependent on HT, HP and processing time. It is established that further annealing of plasma treated Si:He,D at 723 K under 105 Pa/1.1 GPa for 1 h leads to a release of deuterium from both mentioned above local regions of the Si:He,D structures. It is concluded that spongy‐like buried layer created by He+ implantation can be used for gettering / accumulation of deuterium, which can be of interest for ion cut based technology. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Preparation and analysis of porous silicon multilayers for spectral encoding applications
Authors: Chen Michelle Y. , Meade Shawn O. , Sailor Michael J.
Published: March 2009

This paper compares two methods used to encode information into the optical spectrum of a porous Si film using a modulated current‐time waveform. In the first approach, a waveform consisting of a sequence of current steps is used to produce a porous silicon multilayer structure. Each layer in the multilayer acts as a Fabry‐Perot interference film, and the superposition of their contributions results in a complicated reflectivity spectrum. The spectrum can be deconvoluted by means of a Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT), which yields the optical thickness of each of the individual layers and their combinations.The second type of waveform consists of several superimposed cosine waves of differing frequencies. The resulting reflectivity spectrum consists of a series of peaks, each of whose position in the spectrum (frequency at which a peak is at maximum amplitude) corresponds to the frequency of a cosine wave component in the current‐time waveform. The two methods of encoding information are compared in terms of repeatability, tunability, and information capacity. The superimposed cosinusoidal waves are found to provide greater information density and a simpler means of decoding. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Porosity dependence of the acoustic longitudinal velocity in heavily doped p++ porous silicon layers
Authors: Aliev Gazi N. , Goller Bernhard , Kovalev Dmitry , Snow Paul A.
Published: March 2009

The longitudinal acoustic velocity for 1 GHz waves propagating along the 100 direction in p++ porous silicon layers has been measured using an acoustic wave transmission technique. The velocities obtained are significantly higher than those previously observed for p+ samples. The porosity dependence is measured to be VL = 8.43(l – P)0.58 km/s, where VL is longitudinal velocity and P is porosity. The low value of the exponent (0.58) is an indication of a relatively well‐ordered pore structure. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electron invariants and excited state structural analysis for electronic transitions within CIS, RPA, and TDDFT models
Authors: Luzanov A. V. , Zhikol O. A.
Published: March 2009

We revisit the interpretative scheme (Luzanov et al., Theor Exp Chem 1974, 10, 354) of singly excited configuration interaction (CIS) model given earlier at semiempirical level. Detailed computations and spectral (natural orbital) treatment of the CIS density matrices of various types are presented. The corresponding hole‐particle densities and related excitation localization indices are described. All the quantities are extended to the excited states calculated in the random phase approximation and closely related time‐dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). The localization indices and charge transfer numbers which are invoked to describe interfragment interactions provide a basis for our scheme which is referred to as the excited state structural analysis for electronic transitions. The proposed analysis is exemplified by various moderate and large‐size conjugated molecules treated within ab initio TDDFT and the Parizer–Parr–Pople approximation. Finally, we propose a possible generalization to the electronic transitions between CIS‐like states followed by applications to singlet organic biradicals treated within the π‐electron spin‐flip CIS. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Simultaneous measurement of 13C‐ and 15N‐isotopic enrichments of threonine by mass spectrometry
Authors: Godin Jean‐Philippe , Mermoud Anne‐France , Rémond Didier , Faure Magali , Breuille Denis , Williamson Gary , Peré‐Trepat Emma , Ramadan Ziad , Fay Laurent‐Bernard , Kochhar Sunil
Published: March 2009

Under conditions of high isotopic dilution, e.g. in a tracer study, the ability to determine accurately and quantitatively small variations in isotopic enrichments of differently labelled chemical compounds (e.g. 13C and 15N in threonine) in a single run by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is desirable but remains a technological challenge. Here, we report a new, rapid and simple GC/MS method for simultaneously measuring the isotopic enrichments of doubly labelled threonine ([U13C] and 15N) with isotopic enrichment lower than 1.5 Molar Percent Excess (MPE). The long‐term reproducibility measured was around 0.09 MPE for both tracers (throughout a 6 week period). The intra‐day repeatability was lower than 0.05 and 0.06 MPE for [U13C]‐Thr and 15N‐Thr, respectively. To calculate both isotopic enrichments, two modes of calculations were used: one based on work by Rosenblatt et al. in 1992 and the other one using a matrix approach. Both methods gave similar results (ANOVA, P >0.05) with close precision for each mode of calculation. The GC/MS method was then used to investigate the differential utilization of threonine in different organs according to its route of administration in minipigs after administration of both tracers. In plasma samples, the lowest isotopic enrichment measured between two successive time points was at 0.01 and 0.02 MPE for [U13C]‐Thr and 15N‐Thr, respectively. Moreover, the accuracy of GC/MS 13C‐isotopic enrichment measured was validated by analyzing the same plasma samples by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS). Statistical analysis showed that both techniques gave the same results (ANOVA, P >0.05). This new GC/MS method offers the possibility to measure 13C‐ and 15N‐isotopic enrichments with higher throughput, and using a lower amount of sample, than using GC/C/IRMS. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of UV irradiation on tribological properties of nano‐TiO2 thin films
Authors: Wang Yunxia , Wang Hongling , Yan Fengyuan
Published: March 2009

One‐layer and two‐layer nano‐TiO2 thin films were prepared on the surface of common glass by sol–gel processing. Water contact angle, surface morphology, tribological properties of the films before and after ultraviolet (UV) irradiation were investigated using DSA100 drop shape analyzer, scanning probe microscopy (SPM), SEM and universal micro‐materials tester (second generation) (UMT‐2MT) friction and wear tester, respectively. The stored films markedly resumed their hydrophilicity after UV irradiation. But UV irradiation worsened tribological properties of the films. After the film was irradiated by UV, the friction coefficient between the film and GCr15 steel ball increased about 10–50% and its wear life shortened about 20–90%. Abrasive wear, brittle break and adherence wear are the failure mechanisms of nano‐TiO2 thin films. It was believed that UV irradiation increased surface energy of the film and then aggravated adherence wear of the film at initial stage of friction process leading to severe brittle fracture and abrasive wear. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of Monodisperse Biodegradable Polymer Microparticles Using a Microfluidic Flow‐Focusing Device for Controlled Drug Delivery
Authors: Xu Qiaobing , Hashimoto Michinao , Dang Tram T. , Hoare Todd , Kohane Daniel S. , Whitesides George M. , Langer Robert , Anderson Daniel G.
Published: March 2009

Degradable microparticles have broad utility as vehicles for drug delivery and form the basis of several therapies approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Conventional emulsion‐based methods of manufacturing produce particles with a wide range of diameters (and thus kinetics of release) in each batch. This paper describes the fabrication of monodisperse, drug‐loaded microparticles from biodegradable polymers using the microfluidic flow‐focusing (FF) devices and the drug‐delivery properties of those particles. Particles are engineered with defined sizes, ranging from 10 µm to 50 µm. These particles are nearly monodisperse (polydispersity index = 3.9%). A model amphiphilic drug (bupivacaine) is incorporated within the biodegradable matrix of the particles. Kinetic analysis shows that the release of the drug from these monodisperse particles is slower than that from conventional methods of the same average size but a broader distribution of sizes and, most importantly, exhibit a significantly lower initial burst than that observed with conventional particles. The difference in the initial kinetics of drug release is attributed to the uniform distribution of the drug inside the particles generated using the microfluidic methods. These results demonstrate the utility of microfluidic FF for the generation of homogenous systems of particles for the delivery of drugs.
Two organizational case studies of IT‐Enabled value
Authors: Kanungo Shivraj
Published: March 2009

IT‐enabled value has continued to attract research and managerial attention because some organizations tend to outperform others in deriving IT‐enabled value from their investments. Since there are many direct and indirect influencers of IT‐enabled value, we posit that what may distinguish one organization from another are the assumptions and conceptual models of transformation processes associated with IT‐enabled value creation. Transforming organizational inputs like technology investments, investments in improvement and training and management resources into IT‐enabled value is a complex process. Consequently, we adopted a process‐oriented stance to uncover the mental models and shared assumptions that underlie such transformative processes. By using interpretive structural modelling, we were able to map and analyse conceptual models of principal stakeholders who are associated with information technologies in two organizations. Our results show how antecedents and consequents associated with IT‐enabled value vary across organizations. The primary implication of our findings for managers and practitioners is that it is possible to identify the principal levers to derive IT‐enabled value. The major research implication lies in being able to frame the process of deriving IT‐enabled value as emergent and dynamic. Our methodological contribution is in presenting an efficient approach to understand and improve the process of IT‐enabled value creation. This forms an important contribution because post‐facto insights may be too late for organizations and managers to leverage the potential of new technologies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Facilitating dialogue on religion and sexuality using a descriptive approach
Authors: McCarty Richard W.
Published: March 2009

This chapter offers practical steps for creating and navigating difficult dialogues with respect to sexuality and religion. It suggests that partnership with departments, programs, and scholars of religious studies may prove helpful for student affairs professionals.
Practical suggestions to accommodate the needs of Muslim students on campus
Authors: Ali Saba Rasheed , Bagheri Elham
Published: March 2009

We provide a brief overview of Muslim college students and the issues they face on campus. Specific practical suggestions are given on what student affairs professionals can do to combat hostility toward Islamic religious groups through the use of dialogue and to create safe spaces for Muslim students to engage in spiritual exploration.
Increasing lifetime of wireless sensor networks using controllable mobile cluster heads
Authors: Banerjee Torsha , Xie Bin , Jun Jung Hyun , Agrawal Dharma P.
Published: March 2009

In a static wireless sensor network (WSN), sensors close to the base station (BS) run out of energy at a much faster rate than sensors in other parts of the network. This is because the sensor close to the BS always relays the data for other sensors, resulting in an unequal distribution of network residual energy. In this paper, we propose a scheme for enhancing the network lifetime using multiple mobile cluster heads (CHs) that can move in the WSN in a controllable manner. The CH controllably moves toward the energy‐rich sensors or the event area, offering the benefits of maintaining the remaining energy more evenly, or eliminating multihop transmission. Therefore, the proposed scheme increases the network lifetime. We theoretically analyze the energy consumption in our scheme and propose three heuristical mobility strategies. We further study the collaboration among CHs in order to maintain their connectivity to the BS to ensure the delay requirement for real‐time applications. Simulation shows that network lifetime is increased by upto 75% over existing approach by making CHs always move toward a stable equilibrium point. Our connectivity algorithm provides a best case improvement of 40% in transmission delays over existing schemes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystal Structure Refinement and Electronic Properties of Si(cI16)
Authors: Wosylus Aron , Rosner Helge , Schnelle Walter , Schwarz Ulrich
Published: March 2009

Si(cI16) is prepared in polycrystalline form at 12(1.5) GPa at temperatures between 800(80) K and 1200(120) K. The crystal structure is refined by a full‐profile method using x‐ray powder diffraction data. Si(cI16) is diamagnetic (χ0 = –5.6(1.8) × 10–6 emu·mol–1) and shows a weakly temperature‐dependent electrical resistivity [ρ(300 K) = 0.3 × 10–3 Ω·m]. Computations of structural and electronic properties of Si(cI16) within the local density approximation evidence the metastable character of the allotrope with respect to diamond‐type silicon. The calculations yield a positional parameter which is in perfect agreement with the refined value. In agreement with the experimentally observed electrical conductivity properties, the computed density of states evidence that the Fermi level of Si(cI16) is located in a pseudo‐gap.
Bi-Functional Silica Nanoparticles Doped with Iron Oxide and CdTe Prepared by a Facile Method
Authors: Ren Cuiling , Sun Jiefang , Li Jinhua , Chen Xingguo , Hu Zhide , Xue Desheng
Published: March 2009

Cadmium telluride (CdTe) and iron oxide nanoparticles doped silica nanospheres were prepared by a multistep method. Iron oxide nanoparticles were first coated with silica and then modified with amino group. Thereafter, CdTe nanoparticles were assembled on the particle surfaces by their strong interaction with amino group. Finally, an outer silica shell was deposited. The final products were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, vibration sample magnetometer, photoluminescence spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), and fluorescent microscopy. The characterization results showed that the final nanomaterial possessed a saturation magnetization of about 5.8 emu g−1and an emission peak at 588 nm when the excitation wavelength fixed at 380 nm.
The amino‐terminal region of Atg3 is essential for association with phosphatidylethanolamine in Atg8 lipidation
Authors: Hanada Takao , Satomi Yoshinori , Takao Toshifumi , Ohsumi Yoshinori
Published: March 2009

MINT‐7010457: ATG8 (uniprotkb:P38182) and ATG3 (uniprotkb:P40344) bind (MI:0407) by biochemical (MI:0401)
Fine‐needle aspiration biopsies in the management of indeterminate follicular and Hurthle cell thyroid lesions
Authors: Mijović Tamara , Rochon Louise , Gologan Olguta , Hier Michael P. , Black Martin J. , Young Jonathan , Payne Richard J.
Published: March 2009

Objectives

To determine the value of fine‐needle aspiration biopsies (FNABs) of the thyroid and stratify the risk of malignancy within the indeterminate FNAB diagnostic category at our institution.

Study design

Case series with chart review of preoperative FNABs of consecutive patients who underwent total thyroidectomy between 2005 and 2007.

Subjects and Methods

A total of 115 cases were reviewed, and FNABs were categorized into four groups: benign, positive or suspicious for malignancy, indeterminate (follicular or Hurthle cell lesions), and nondiagnostic. Cytohistologic correlation was then established.

Results

The accuracy of FNAB in detecting thyroid malignancy was 88 percent with false‐negative and false‐positive rates of 13 percent and 7 percent, respectively. Overall, 52 percent of the indeterminate cases were carcinomas (48 percent of follicular lesions and 62 percent of Hurthle cell lesions). In the presence of cytologic atypia, the rate of malignancy increased to 75 percent and 83 percent for the follicular and Hurthle cell lesions, respectively.

Conclusions

FNAB is an accurate and helpful method for the evaluation of thyroid nodules with results directly correlating with management. Surgery should be considered for FNABs categorized as indeterminate, especially in the presence of cytologic atypia. Because of the high false‐negative rate, benign FNABs require close follow‐up with ultrasound examination and periodic biopsies.
A POLYNOMIAL RING CONSTRUCTION FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF DATA
Authors: KELAREV A. V. , YEARWOOD J. L. , VAMPLEW P. W.
Published: March 2009

Drensky and Lakatos (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 357 (Springer, Berlin, 1989), pp. 181–188) have established a convenient property of certain ideals in polynomial quotient rings, which can now be used to determine error-correcting capabilities of combined multiple classifiers following a standard approach explained in the well-known monograph by Witten and Frank (Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2005)). We strengthen and generalise the result of Drensky and Lakatos by demonstrating that the corresponding nice property remains valid in a much larger variety of constructions and applies to more general types of ideals. Examples show that our theorems do not extend to larger classes of ring constructions and cannot be simplified or generalised.
A KADISON–SAKAI-TYPE THEOREM
Authors: MIRZAVAZIRI MADJID , MOSLEHIAN MOHAMMAD SAL
Published: March 2009

Suppose thatσ:𝔐→𝔐 is an ultraweakly continuous surjective *-linear mapping andd:𝔐→𝔐 is an ultraweakly continuous *-σ-derivation such thatd(I) is a central element of 𝔐. We provide a Kadison–Sakai-type theorem by proving that ℌ can be decomposed into${\mathfrak K}\oplus {\mathfrak L}$anddcan be factored as the form$\delta \oplus 2Z\tau $, whereδ:𝔐→𝔐 is an inner *-σ𝔎-derivation,Zis a central element, 2τ=2σ𝔏is a *-homomorphism, andσ𝔎andσ𝔏stand for compressions ofσto 𝔎 and 𝔏 , respectively.
EMBEDDING GROUPS OF CLASS TWO AND PRIME EXPONENT IN CAPABLE AND NONCAPABLE GROUPS
Authors: MAGIDIN ARTURO
Published: March 2009

We show that ifGis anyp-group of class at most two and exponentp, then there exist groupsG1andG2of class two and exponentpthat containG, neither of which can be expressed as a central product, and withG1capable andG2not capable. We provide upper bounds for rank(Giab) in terms of rank(Gab) in each case.
ON MOROZOV’S DISCREPANCY PRINCIPLE FOR NONLINEAR ILL-POSED EQUATIONS
Authors: NAIR M. T.
Published: March 2009

Morozov’s discrepancy principle is one of the simplest and most widely used parameter choice strategies in the context of regularization of ill-posed operator equations. Although many authors have considered this principle under general source conditions for linear ill-posed problems, such study for nonlinear problems is restricted to only a few papers. The aim of this paper is to apply Morozov’s discrepancy principle for Tikhonov regularization of nonlinear ill-posed problems under general source conditions.
Effect of somatic cell counts on ewes' milk protein profile and cheese-making properties in different sheep breeds reared in Spain
Authors: Revilla Isabel , Rodríguez-Nogales José M , Vivar-Quintana Ana M
Published: March 2009

Bulk tank ewe's milks from Assaf, Castellana and Churra breeds categorized within three different Somatic Cell Count (SCC) groups (LSCC: <500 000; MSCC: 1 000 000 to 1 500 000; and HSCC: 2 500 000 to 3 000 000 cells ml−1) were used to investigate changes in capillary electrophoresis protein profiles and cheese-making properties. The results do not reveal a significant effect of SCC on total casein contents, because the sum of β-caseins decreased as SCC increased; no statistically significant differences were observed for the sum of α-caseins, and the values of κ-casein were higher in the HSCC milk. However, the soluble proteins other than α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin increased with SCC. Regarding the effect of breed, the Assaf breed had the lowest contents of κ-CN, αs1-I-CN, αs1-II-CN 1-CN, αs1-III-CN, β1-CN and β2-CN. The protein profile was significantly correlated with curd textural properties. αs1-I-CN was the most influential variant because it was positively correlated with a large number of textural parameters. Cheese yield was positively correlated with all casein variants except αs1-III-CN, showing that the milk from local breeds were more suitable for cheese-making due to their higher contents of all the casein variants. Regarding curd texture properties LSCC milk curds showed more cohesiveness, associated with its lower content of αs1-III-CN and Castellana milk curds showed the highest values for firmness owing to their higher content of αs1-I-CN.
Naphthoimidazoles promote different death phenotypes in Trypanosoma cruzi
Authors: MENNA-BARRETO R. F. S. , CORRÊA J. R. , CASCABULHO C. M. , FERNANDES M. C. , PINTO A. V. , SOARES M. J. , DE CASTRO S. L.
Published: March 2009

In a screening of 65 derivatives of natural quinones using bloodstream trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi, the 3 naphthoimidazoles derived from β-lapachone – N1, N2 and N3 – were selected as the most active. Investigation of their mode of action led to the characterization of mitochondrion, reservosomes and DNA as their main targets, and stimulated further studies on death pathways. Ultrastructural analysis revealed both autophagic (autophagosomes) and apoptotic-like (membrane blebbing) phenotypes. Flow cytometry analysis showed, in N2-treated trypomastigotes, a small increase of phosphatidylserine exposure, and a large increase in the percentage of necrosis, caused by N1 or N2. These death phenotypes were not detected in treated epimastigotes. The strong increase in labelling of monodansyl cadaverine, the inhibition of the death process by wortmannin or 3-methyladenine, the overexpression of ATG genes in treated epimastigotes, together with ultrastructural evidence point to autophagy as the predominant phenotype induced by the naphthoimidazoles. However, there are other pathways occurring concomitantly with variable intensities, justifying the need to detail the molecular features involved.
Observation of quasi mono-energetic electron bunches in the new ellipsoid cavity model
Authors: Sadighi-Bonabi R. , Navid H.A. , Zobdeh P.
Published: March 2009

In this work, we introduce a new ellipsoid model to describe bubble acceleration of electrons and discuss the required conditions of forming it. We have found that the electron trajectory is strongly related to background electron energy and cavity potential ratio. In the ellipsoid cavity regime, the quality of the electron beam is improved in contrast to other methods, such as that using periodic plasma wakefield, spherical cavity regime, and plasma channel guided acceleration. The trajectory of the electron motion can be described as hyperbola, parabola, or ellipsoid path. It is influenced by the position and energy of the electrons and the electrostatic potential of the cavity. In the experimental part of this work, a 20 TW power and 30 fs laser pulse was focused on a pulsed He gas jet. We have focused the laser pulse in the best matched point above the nozzle gas to obtain a stable ellipsoid bubble. The finding of the optimum points will be described in analytical details.
Twelve-month-olds learn novel word–object pairings differing only in stress pattern
Authors: CURTIN SUZANNE
Published: March 2009

Infants at 1 ; 2 demonstrate difficulty in accessing subtle phonetic information about newly learned word–object pairings (Stager & Werker, 1997). In this study, we examined whether or not infants can access subtle prosodic information such as lexical stress in a word learning task. We tested infants younger than 1 ; 2 to see if they could learn two new word–object associations that differ only in stress pattern (Sww versus wSw). Our results are the first to demonstrate that, even without contextual support, infants at 1 ; 0 succeed at this task, suggesting that the salient acoustic properties associated with lexical stress facilitate word–object associative learning.
Quasilinear elliptic equations with slowly growing principal part and critical Orlicz–Sobolev nonlinear term
Authors: Fukagai Nobuyoshi , Ito Masayuki , Narukawa Kimiaki
Published: March 2009

A variational problem for a functional with slowly growing principal part and involving critical Orlicz–Sobolev lower term with respect to the principal part is discussed. The principal part of the functional is not Fréchet differentiable. The lack of differentiability and the critical growth rate of the lower term demand a precise compactness argument in the variational approach. A non-negative solution for the Euler equation is given.
Spectra of composition operators on algebras of analytic functions on Banach spaces
Authors: Galindo P. , Gamelin T. W. , Lindström Mikael
Published: March 2009

Let E be a Banach space, with unit ball BE. We study the spectrum and the essential spectrum of a composition operator on H∞(BE) determined by an analytic symbol with a fixed point in BE. We relate the spectrum of the composition operator to that of the derivative of the symbol at the fixed point. We extend a theorem of Zheng to the context of analytic symbols on the open unit ball of a Hilbert space.
A Movement Wrestling: American Labor's Enduring Struggle with Immigration, 1866–2007
Authors: Fine Janice , Tichenor Daniel J.
Published: March 2009

This article examines the American labor movement's struggles since the nineteenth century over how to respond to mass immigration. Labor's struggles have turned on whether it views new waves fundamentally as a threat, which elicits a strategy of restriction, or an opportunity, which elicits a strategy of solidarity. It also captures the advantages of alongue-dureeapproach for understanding the fraught and evolving relationship between American unionism and immigration. Rather than a Briggsian story of labor traditionally embracing a restrictionist position, our archival and interview research from the Reconstruction Era to present shows that labor's position on immigration has been in regular contention—with disagreements getting resolved in a restrictionist direction during certain periods and an expansionist one during others. Likewise, the familiar scholarly claim that an unprecedented “turnabout” in labor's response to immigration can be pinpointed to 1999 ignores more than a century of internal debate and variegated external activism on this issue. We lay out an analytical model for understanding why the labor movement has viewed new immigrant workers as a threat in certain contexts and an opportunity for growth in others. The model highlights how three external variables—the fluid structure of the labor market, immigration trends, and the state's disposition toward organized labor—establish either a secure or insecure environment within which unions respond to immigration. It also underscores the importance of how dominant modes of unionism within the movement interact with these external forces to shape its perception of “new” immigrants in restrictive or solidaristic terms. Significantly, the sequence and recombination of these forces during the past century or more have transformed how organized labor responds to new immigrant workers in an insecure environment today. Our research presents a diverse movement honestly wrestling with immigration's profound conundrums, including elemental issues of who it identifies as part of its fold (workers deserving of fraternity and sorority) and who it deems as permanent outsiders (workers who were a menace to the cause).
Bengali raw silk, the East India Company and the European global market, 1770–1833
Authors: Davini Roberto
Published: March 2009

In 1769, the East India Company decided to transform the Bengali silk industry, and introduced Piedmontese reeling technologies and spatially concentrated working practices into the area. Although Bengali raw silk reeled with the new methods never reached the standards of Piedmontese silks, the Company was able to produce huge quantities of low-quality raw silks, and to gain market share in London from the 1770s to the 1830s. By investigating the reasons behind this partial success, this article shows that some features of Piedmontese technologies had a crucial impact on peasants who specialized in the mulberry cultivation and the rearing of silkworms. The Company had to cope with resistance from some rural economic agents in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Bengal, but other elements in local society were able to profit from the Company's interest in producing raw silk.