bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychological Changes in Chronic Schizophrenics Following Differential Activity Programmes: A Repeat Study
Authors: Hamilton Vernon
Published: August 2008

The present investigation was carried out in order to check on the reliability of the findings reported in a previous publication by Hamilton and Salmon (1962). In this first experiment objective assessments were made of the effects on male chronic schizophrenic patients of three activity programmes: Industrial Workshop Therapy, Occupational Therapy and a control situation in which patients did not receive any specific activity therapy. The effects of these therapeutic approaches were assessed in terms of test scores and ratings, as well as output and earnings for those patients receiving Workshop Therapy. For patients undergoing Workshop Therapy a separate assessment was made of the effects of payment by result compared with flat-rate payment, and of co-operative work compared with working as individuals. The major findings of this study were that Industrial Workshop Therapy led to greater improvement than Occupational Therapy, that the greatest changes in behaviour occurred while patients were working individually and receiving a weekly flat-rate payment, that the behavioural changes in the Workshop group continued in the second, piecework, phase of the investigation, that piecework payments did not result in greater output than flat-rate payment, and that patients working in small teams compared with patients working as individuals, both under piecework conditions, showed greater all-round improvement on the indices used to measure it.
The Relationship between Severity of Personality Disorder and Certain Adverse Childhood Influences
Authors: Craft Michael , Stephenson Geoffrey , Granger Clive
Published: August 2008

This paper reports the result of an investigation into the hypothesis that severity of personality disturbance is positively related to the frequency of certain early adverse childhood influences.
A Quantitative Method of Studying Delusional Intensity
Authors: Haward L. R. C.
Published: August 2008

Despite the important place occupied by delusional thinking in psychiatric theory, comparatively little experimental work has been undertaken on this particular form of thought disorder. This is perhaps surprising considering its relevance to reasoning and belief as a social process, the role of the delusion in differential diagnosis, and the number of deluded patients available for investigation. Most investigators have been concerned with the content of delusions rather than their force, for the type of delusion has an undoubted influence on behaviour—quite clearly the patient with grandiose delusions acts differently from the paranoid individual; nevertheless, the available evidence suggests that the type of delusion reflects the individual's social history rather than the nature or degree of his psychopathology. More relevant to the latter is the degree of belief expressed by the patient in his delusions, the transitory (and malleable) ideas of an early depressive illness often contrasting with the implacable beliefs found in a condition of chronic melancholia. Some longitudinal studies have been undertaken recently in which the degree of delusional belief has been examined in terms of its resistance to manipulation, and this avenue of approach offers an extremely valuable scale of assessment of the individual psychiatric patient.
The Psychology of Policy Making and Social Change
Authors: Vickers Geoffrey
Published: August 2008

I am grateful to those who have included me in the honourable company of Maudsley Lecturers. When you invite a speaker from outside psychiatry, I think you hope to find one who will speak from his own central interest and experience in a way which will illuminate your own. After some inner debate, I decided that I would try to justify that expectation, even though my experience may seem remote from yours. I hope none the less that what I have to say may have some relevance to some of the sciences on which you rely, perhaps even to your profession.
Differential Inter-drug Analysis: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Haward L. R. C.
Published: August 2008

During the past decade so many psycho tropic drugs have been produced that the psychiatrist is often faced with a bewildering choice; for some mental disorders no fewer than a dozen preparations claim to remove or alleviate the symptoms. The work of La Verne (1962, 1963) and Jacobsen (1963) has been of considerable value in providing a “compendium of psychopharmacological agents”—a comprehensive classification of psychiatric drugs to assist the prescriber. Nevertheless, there are seldom any clear or universally accepted indications within a class (e.g. antidepressives or antipsychotics) why one drug should be prescribed rather than another. Many preparations share a common basic chemical formula, such as the phenothiazines, and/or a common biochemical function, like the monoamine oxidase inhibitors. The manufacturers themselves, anxious to cover every therapeutic possibility, suggest such a wide range of possible indications that their product often becomes a broad spectrum panacea, inviting increasing scepticism from the physician and concealing any potential advantage it may have for alleviating a particular symptom. Since personal experience determines choice more positively than any number of published reports, the psychiatrist gives most new products an informal trial, but tends to settle down with a limited few of proved usefulness and empirically confirmed indications. This is not a particularly efficient method for obtaining one's personal range of chemotherapeutics, but it is the one most generally used in practice. Its disadvantage lies in the idiosyncratic nature of some drugs, which may work well in one patient but ineffectively, or even adversely, in the next. On the basis of a few short and unsatisfactory trials, sometimes of only one, a potentially useful preparation may be discarded in favour of an older well-tried alternative which may be less therapeutically effective in the long run.
The Concordance Between Assessment at Interview of Objective and Subjective Disability
Authors: Crocket Richard , Hassall Christine
Published: August 2008

How useful to the psychiatrist are subjective complaints by a patient?

The question of objective appraisal was reviewed by Harris (1938, 1954) in connection with follow-up studies, initially of in-patients, and latterly of day-patients, at the Maudsley Hospital.
The Effect of Urinary Fractions from Schizophrenic Patients on the Electrical Activity of the Brain
Authors: Kemali D.
Published: August 2008

In 1957 Professor Buscaino and the author reported the effect of intraperitoneal injection in mice of material from schizophrenic patients (1). The material was obtained from urine by treatment with activated charcoal and elution (2). These results have recently been confirmed by Fujita and Ging (3) who also found a characteristic toxic action of material from schizophrenic patients. Further work (4) showed that direct application to the cerebral cortex of the unanaesthetized rabbit of urinary material from schizophrenics caused the appearance of regular high voltage waves. The material obtained from the urine of controls, when applied to the cortex in the same concentration, did not have the same effect (5).
Salivary and Blood Pressure Responses to Methacholine in Depressive Illness
Authors: Davies Brian , Palmai George
Published: August 2008

Many attempts have been made to measure some of the changes in various bodily functions that occur during the course of a depressive illness. These changes (and their responses to drugs) have been used in investigations that try to correlate such changes with the clinical syndromes of “endogenous” and “reactive” depressions (10). No reliable and valid correlations have, however, yet been found (4, 5).
Amitriptyline in Depressive States: Six-month Treatment Results
Authors: Hordern Anthony , Burt C. G. , Gordon W. F. , Holt N. F.
Published: August 2008

The proven effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy (E.C.T.) and antidepressant drugs has lately led to a resurgence of interest in the treatment of depressive states. Amongst the principal problems currently confronting the clinician, the following would seem to be particularly pertinent: should E.C.T. be used in preference to drugs or vice versa? Which drug is to be preferred? Can drug response be predicted? How long should drugs be given? When are drugs contra-indicated? Given in maintenance dosage after a depressive episode, do antidepressants lower the rate of relapse? This paper, the third report on an investigation of the effectiveness of amitriptyline (‘Tryptizol’, ‘Elavil’, ‘Tryptanol’) and imipramine (‘Tofranil’) in depressive states, sets out to answer the above questions in the light of the results that were obtained.
The Relationship between Parental Loss and Attempted Suicide: A Control Study
Authors: Greer Steven
Published: August 2008

Attempted suicide has been described as “one of the most disturbing and costly abnormal behaviour patterns in our society” (29). Various suspected predisposing factors have been extensively studied, including physical and mental illness (e.g. 24, 17, 11, 25, 6), alcoholism (e.g. 19, 8, 3, 12), interpersonal conflicts (e.g. 10, 30, 14), old age (e.g. 15, 34, 23), and social isolation and degeneration (e.g. 7, 28, 33).
Mental Illnesses in Hypothyroid Patients
Authors: Tonks C. M.
Published: August 2008

The conjunction of hypothyroidism and mental illness has been of great interest to psychiatrists for almost a century. Sir William Gull (1873) noted mental changes in his original description of hypothyroidism, as did Ord (1878) when he coined the term myxoedema. Savage (1880) reported the first patient with myxoedema to be found in a mental hospital population.
A Preliminary Account of the Clinical Effects of Polarizing the Brain in Certain Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Redfearn J. W. T. , Lippold O. C. J. , Costain R.
Published: August 2008

A previous paper (Lippold and Redfearn, 1964) described the mental changes that can be produced by the passage of small polarizing currents through the brain in human subjects. It became apparent during the course of these experiments that some of the effects persisted for hours or days after the current had been turned off. A persistent excitatory after-effect of surface-positive cortical polarization has recently been demonstrated in the rat (Bindman, Lippold and Redfearn, 1962). It is possible that a similar phenomenon, at the cellular level, is responsible for the long-lasting psychological effects of polarization.
Manic Depressive Psychosis: Some New Aetiological Considerations
Authors: Burch P. R. J.
Published: August 2008

My purpose in this article is to draw attention to certain statistical features of manic depressive psychosis and to inquire into their possible aetiological significance.

I shall show that some of these statistical characteristics are very similar to comparable aspects of diseases that are widely considered to be autoimmune. Although it does not follow than manic depressive psychosis is an auto immune disorder, the parallels and coincidences are perhaps sufficiently striking to warrant further investigation.
Involutional Psychosis: Some New Aetiological Considerations
Authors: Burch P. R. J.
Published: August 2008

In this paper age- and sex-specific first admission rates to hospital for involutional psychoses (Malzberg, 1955), are submitted to the same type of mathematical analysis as that used in the two preceding papers. To judge from the nature of the fit between the observed rates (for both sexes) and a highly restrictive mathematical function it seems probable that this diagnostic category—as used in New York State, 1949 to 1951, and by Kallmann (1953)—corresponds to a definite organic disease. Its relationship to the so-called involutional phase of life would appear to be coincidental. The disease is confined to a genetically specific sub-population and the phenotypic expression apparently requires the accumulation of 12 random events. Certain statistical properties of the system affected by these random events are closely similar to those of the “lymphoid system” in autoimmunity. The hypothesis can therefore be entertained that involutional psychosis—together with manic depressive psychosis and schizophrenia—is fundamentally an autoimmune disorder. However the primary pathogenic agent and its “target” organ have not yet been identified and the disease could equally well arise from stochastic disturbances in some other, hitherto unidentified, system, certain statistical characteristics of which are similar to those of the lymphoid system.
Amitriptyline versus Imipramine in Depressive Psychoses
Authors: Hoenig J. , Visram S.
Published: August 2008

Imipramine and amitriptyline have each been tested by controlled trials and have been shown to be effective (Garry et al., 1963; Skarbek et al., 1962; Ball et al., 1959; Leyberg et al., 1959, and many others). Their uses have been discussed in articles in the “Today's Drugs” series in the British Medical Journal for 1959 and 1961 respectively. The literature has been summarized by Burt et al. (1962).
A Validation Study of Nealbarbitone
Authors: Robin A. A. , Enoch M. D.
Published: August 2008

A preliminary study (Robin et al., 1961) of twenty out-patients showed nealbarbitone to be a therapeutically useful drug. The following study was undertaken to validate this trial.
The “Functional” Medical Out-Patient
Authors: Maclay Inga
Published: August 2008

Every medical out-patient clinic contains a percentage of patients who are examined, investigated and eventually discharged, no structural lesion having been found to account for their symptoms. The term “functional” is used in this paper to describe such patients; i.e. those who have a disorder of the function but not of the structure of an organ, whether or not the disorder is regarded as primarily psychogenic. The purpose of this investigation is to examine carefully these out-patients and try to identify them more clearly by comparison with those in whom structural disease can be detected, with particular reference to the mental state.
A Social Club for Elderly Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Smith Margaret M. , Tonge W. L. , Merskey H.
Published: August 2008

It is now widely held that many psychiatric patients who would formerly have required institutional care may be maintained in health outside hospital. It is also sometimes suggested that mental illness may be prevented by suitable extramural agencies. For these purposes out-patient clinics, day clinics, domiciliary visiting and social clubs have all been recommended and used in numerous countries. Amongst these measures social clubs for elderly psychiatric patients can be expected to play a useful part, but have so far received little formal description. One of us (Smith, 1963) has reported elsewhere the organization, economics and characteristic atmosphere of such a club. We present here some data on the type of patient who may benefit from such a club and the effect upon his/her record of hospital treatment.
Acedia: Its Evolution from Deadly Sin to Psychiatric Syndrome
Authors: Altschule Mark D.
Published: August 2008

Iohannes Cassianus, more commonly known as John Cassian, wrote his treatise De Institutis Coenobiorum et de Octo Principalium Vitiorum Remediis Libri XII around the beginning of the fifth century A.D. This work is important because it introduced certain Eastern ideas into Western thought. Some of these ideas are of considerable psychiatric interest.
The Influence of Case Selection and Dosage in an Antidepressant Drug Trial
Authors: Sandifer Myron G. , Wilson Ian C. , Gambill John M.
Published: August 2008

The sheer volume of new drugs introduced into psychiatry within the past decade has created an urgency to get to the point as quickly as possible: Is Drug B better than A, and, if so, what about B and C? With some abatement of the tide of new compounds it becomes possible to look, not just for a quick answer, but at some of the conditions of the trial which determine the outcome.
Environmental Factors in Depressive Illness
Authors: Forrest A. D. , Fraser R. H. , Priest R. G.
Published: August 2008

There seems to be a series of conceptual problems regarding depressive illness and its classification. First, there is the problem of whether these illnesses have some biological function, whether they represent attempts on the part of human organisms to deal with or escape from situations of stress, or whether they should be thought of simply as psychologically meaningless events. Eysenck (1960) and Wolpe (1958) make it clear that they regard neurotic symptoms as meaningless, maladaptive patterns which can and should be removed by suggestion, deconditioning and behaviour therapy. Similarly, Mayer-Gross, Slater and Roth (1955) reject the suggestion that depressive illness may have an adaptive function. By contrast, clinical medicine, though resting heavily on the mechanistic causality models of physics and chemistry, does give some implicit recognition of biological purpose in physical illness. Thus, pneumonia represents not only the phenomenon of invasion of pulmonary tissue by infective agents, but also the phenomenon of bodily defence against such invasion. When such defence does not exist, the patient seldom gets to the physician in time to be diagnosed. That depressive illness might have an analogous biological function was suggested by Freud (1917) and elaborated in impressive detail by Lewis (1934). The converse view that depressive illness represents a breakdown in adaptive function is based on the views of Kraepelin (1913) who attributed the dominant place in the depressive group of illnesses to manic-depressive psychosis with its known hereditary basis. That hereditary factors do operate in the manic-depressive group proper seems to have been demonstrated more than adequately by Slater (1938) and Kallmann (1950). The evidence regarding other depressive reactions, whether recurrent or involutional, seems far from impressive. Nevertheless, Mayer-Gross et al. take the view that affective illness is primarily a question of constitution, that the content of the depression may be understandable in terms of the patient's life situation, but that the causes of breakdown given by relatives of patients are really symptoms of the oncoming illness. Interestingly enough, Henderson and Gillespie (1956) classify affective illness into manic-depressive and involutional depression, and note the importance of social factors (p. 276).
The Treatment of Psychogenic Dyspareunia by Reciprocal Inhibition
Authors: Haslam M. T.
Published: August 2008

The inability in a woman to tolerate intercourse is a factor which causes tremendous strain in marriage and leads rapidly to dissension between husband and wife and often the eventual break-up of the union. It is therefore a condition which it is vital to treat quickly and successfully if the partnership is to be saved.
Post-hypnotic Amnesia and Post-hypnotic Effect
Authors: Edwards Griffith
Published: August 2008

The purpose of this investigation was to obtain data on the influence of the subject's conscious knowledge of the content of a posthypnotic suggestion on obedience to that suggestion. Little information is available on this problem, which is one having obvious bearing on hypnotherapy. So that results could throw some light on the hypothesis that hypnosis can be explained as role-playing (Sarbin, 1950), a role-playing control group was employed.
A Further Study of the Effects of Serum from Schizophrenics on Evoked Cortical Potentials in the Rat
Authors: German G. A. , Antebi R. N. , Dear E. M. A. , McCance C.
Published: August 2008

In 1963, one of us reported that serum from schizophrenic patients, applied topically to the cerebral cortex of the rat, produced a large increase in the amplitude of the electrical response evoked in the cortex by cutaneous stimulation (German, 1963). This effect was not observed when serum from non-schizophrenic control subjects was used.
Alcoholism
Authors: Vallance Maelor
Published: August 2008

The number of alcoholics admitted to mental hospitals in the United Kingdom has recently shown a sharp rise. In Scotland the admissions have risen from 732 in 1956 to 1,347 in 1961 (General Board of Control for Scotland) and in England and Wales from 1,285 in 1956 to 2,479 in 1960 (Registrar General). Figures for admission to general hospital units are not as yet available but they may well show a similar rise. Admission rates for alcoholism to Scottish mental hospitals are about four times higher than in England and Wales, and one-third of first admissions of middle-aged men to Scottish mental hospitals are suffering from alcoholism or alcoholic psychosis (Morrison, 1964). The rise in admission rates cannot be taken as indicative of a rise in prevalence; it may be that they reflect other changes, such as the attitude of the patients towards the acceptance of treatment, the attitude of the family doctor towards referral, and the availability of hospital beds.
Mental Illness in London: A Horton Profile 1963
Authors: Wilkinson J. C. M.
Published: August 2008

It still seems to be current opinion regarding psychiatric in-patients that a bed requirement of 1·8 per 1,000 will cover all needs in the future.
A Study in Family Health: (1) Health in Relation to Family Size
Authors: Hare E. H. , Shaw G. K.
Published: August 2008

The present study formed part of a larger one designed to compare the mental health of people living on a new housing estate in Croydon with that of people living in an older district of the town (Hare and Shaw, 1965). In the course of the study, information was obtained by interviewers and from general practitioner records on the health of nearly 500 families in which there was at least one parent living with one or more children (under 16 years). We were able to examine the health of the parents and their children in relation to various family factors, and it is the aim of the present paper to examine the association between health and family size.
The Psychiatric Rehabilitee
Authors: Gittleson N. L.
Published: August 2008

The Disabled Persons (Employment) Act of 1944 set up a national register of disabled persons and facilities for their industrial rehabilitation. The Industrial Rehabilitation Units of the Ministry of Labour which were provided for by this Act were described and their functions evaluated in the Piercy Report (1956). The broad scope of present concepts of rehabilitation is fully reviewed by Vaughan Jones (1961) and will not be discussed here.
A Sequential Trial of Wy 3498 (Oxazepam)
Authors: Gassicke John Le , McPherson Frank M.
Published: August 2008

Oxazepam, Wy 3498 (John Wyeth, Brother Ltd.) is a benzodiazepine derivative-7-chloro-1, 3-dihydro-3-hydroxy-5-phenyl-2H-1, 4-ben-zodiazepin-2-one. The structural formula is as follows:Other Benzodiazepin derivatives in current use are chlordiazepoxide (Librium) and diazepam (Valium).
Folie à Cinq: A Clinical Study
Authors: Kamal A.
Published: August 2008

Ever since the clinical entity of “Folie à Deux” was first introduced (Lasègue and Falret, 1877), a great number of clinical and theoretical studies have appeared in the literature dealing with this relatively rare and interesting mental syndrome. In the English medical literature, up to date, 93 cases of “Folie à Deux” have been reported (Gralnick, 1942), a further 17 cases of “Folie à Trois” (Wolff, 1957; Dewhurst and Eilenberg, 1961), one case of “Folie Imposée à Quatre” (Ropschitz, 1957), one case of “Psychosis of Association” involving a mother and three sons (Page, 1942) and one case of “Folie à Quatre” involving four members of a family (Gralnick, 1943), have also been reported. I personally recorded one example of “Folie à Trois” at the Lebanon Hospital for Mental Diseases in 1947, involving a mother and her two daughters, and another interesting case of “Folie à Deux” in Baghdad (1961) involving a young boy who broke down under the influence of his spiritualist cousin. During the course of the boy's illness the cousin broke down herself into an acute delusional state. Both patients eventually recovered completely.
A Follow-Up Study on some Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Leyberg J. T.
Published: August 2008

What happens to schizophrenics after their discharge to the community has been a subject of several recent studies. Most of this work is from the Social Psychiatry Research Unit at the Maudsley Hospital and deals with prospects of rehabilitation and resettlement, morbidity in the community, and the impact which these patients have on their families. Earlier follow-up studies of chronic patients who left certain London hospitals between 1949 and 1956 point to a satisfactory resettlement in two-thirds of cases (Brown et al., 1958). In more recent papers rather cautious conclusions were drawn, especially where morbidity in the community and not just lengths of hospital stay and re-admission rates were ascertained (Wing, 1963; Wing et al., 1964). Whilst the time spent in hospital by schizophrenics is now much shorter, re-admission rates continue to rise, and according to Wing “… in the absence of effective community services the policy of early discharges is based to a large degree on the willingness of relatives to attempt the role of nurse and put up with considerable discomfort and distress”. Furthermore, with existing services so different in various parts of the country, no reliable data exist which would indicate to what extent a fully developed community service could prevent morbidity of discharged schizophrenics. What is needed, according to Wing, would be a combination of the Nottingham community services, the Worthing day-centre and industrial workshops on the Bristol pattern.
The Role of a Day Hospital in Geriatric Psychiatry
Authors: Robertson W. M. Ford , Pitt Brice
Published: August 2008

The development of Day Hospitals for geriatric patients in this country over the past 15 years has been one means of attempting to relieve the problems arising from an increasing senile population.
Electroconvulsive Therapy and Depression
Authors: Mendels J.
Published: August 2008

After 25 years there is still considerable disagreement surrounding the indications for electro-convulsive therapy (E.C.T.). This is a particular problem in the treatment of depression, both because of the controversy over the division of depression into endogenous and reactive illnesses and because of the increasing use of the antidepressant drugs. These drugs will induce a remission in many patients, and will alter the clinical picture in others. As their use becomes still more widespread (Freyhan (1) has recommended that intensive imipramine treatment should be tried routinely before E.C.T. in all depressed patients) there may be further difficulties in the selection of depressed patients likely to respond well to E.C.T. Furthermore several recent reviews draw attention to a reduction in the use of E.C.T., and the lack of a consistent rationale for its use (2–4).
Obsessional Neurotics
Authors: Kringlen Einar
Published: August 2008

In a paper in theAmerican Journal of Psychiatry,Chapman (1963) states categorically that no extensive follow-up investigations of neurotic patients exist. So long as we do not know the prognosis of neurotic illness, every evaluation of the results of therapy is impossible. Most psychiatrists feel that they help their patients, but one does not know with certainty.
The Psychometric Characteristics of an Adult Glass in Psychology
Authors: Clark D. F.
Published: August 2008

The avowed intention of a recent paper by Dann (1964) on psychological disturbance in students of psychology was to encourage others to collect and publish further data. It was suggested by that writer that “the general impression amongst doctors” was that students and ex-students of psychology suffer more from psychiatric disorders than do other members of the population. Taking a sample of students reading psychology at University College, Swansea and comparing it with students reading other subjects at the same College, Dann found a statistically significantly greater proportion of the former to exhibit psychiatric disorder, mostly of a neurotic or psychosomatic sort. The criterion of when a consultation became one for a psychiatric disorder was subjective and “was stretched fairly widely”, and there is no information about whether the consultant was or was not aware of what course the student was on before arriving at the diagnosis.
On the Genesis of Male Homosexuality: An Attempt at Clarifying the Role of the Parents
Authors: Bene Eva
Published: August 2008

Before Freud, homosexuality was usually thought to have constitutional causes. Indeed, some recent studies have again proposed that genetic factors play an important role in its aetiology. Kallmann (1952), for instance, studying forty male homosexuals with identical twins, found that 39 of the twins were also homosexual. Slater (1962) suggests that homosexual patients tend to be the younger children in their families and to have elderly mothers, so that they might have been born with chromosomal abnormalities. There is, however, a growing tendency to assume that one of the causes of homosexuality is the lack of normal childhood relations with the parents. Fenichel (1946) suggests that homosexuals tend to be mother-fixated and to have identified with their mothers because, while their fathers were weak, their mothers were domineering, and psychoanalysts, in general, agree with his views. West (1959), who compared homosexual and heterosexual in-patients in a mental hospital, found that the combination of an over-intense relationship with the mother and an unsatisfactory relationship with the father is typical for the homosexual. Bieber et al. (1962) compared homosexual and non-homosexual patients in psychoanalysis. They claim that in the majority of cases the behaviour of the mothers of homosexuals toward their sons was seductive and over-indulgent, domineering and inhibiting, while the behaviour of their fathers was hostile, ambivalent or indifferent. O'Connor (1964) compared homosexual patients with heterosexual neurotic ones, all of whom were serving in the Air Force. He found that a high proportion of the homosexuals had, in their childhood, poor relations with their fathers and had been more attached to their mothers, though some had not got on well with their mothers either. He also reports that a number of the homosexual patients were raised in foster-homes, while none of the heterosexual ones were. The main difference between his two groups was that a much greater proportion of the homosexuals did not have normal relationships in their childhood with their fathers. West (1959) quotes Liddicoat (1956), whose subjects were non-patients and who found that unsatisfactory relations with the father were more common in her sample than undue attachments to the mother. So did Westwood (1960), whose subjects were also recruited from among non-patients, and who states that many homosexuals from his sample had over-possessive or over-protective mothers, but even more had inadequate or absent fathers.
The Use of the Repertory Grid Technique in the Individual Case
Authors: Slater Patrick
Published: August 2008

The terms “macrocosm” and “microcosm” have been taken by Jung from the traditions of the alchemists and the philosophy of Leibnitz for expressing his theories, but they are not often used elsewhere in psychiatry or psychology so it may be as well to define them when introducing them here.
Neurotics Who Fail to Take their Drugs
Authors: Lipman Ronald S. , Rickels Karl , Uhlenhuth Eberhard H. , Park Lee C. , Fisher Seymour
Published: August 2008

Patients who do not comply with therapeutic procedures have been of longstanding concern to the clinician and have presented knotty methodological problems to those involved in evaluating the effectiveness of different treatments and treatment modalities (1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13).
Ethnopsychiatry in Central Australia
Authors: Cawte J. E.
Published: August 2008

Reports coming from Central Australia draw attention to mental instability in the Aborigines who live between Hart Range and Lake Nash near the Queensland border (Fig. 1). Well-informed persons—welfare officers, nursing sisters, an aerial medical officer (“flying doctor”) and cattle station managers—are firmly of the opinion that these Aborigines show an undue amount of instability and frank mental illness. Furthermore, South Australian mental hospital records reveal that in recent years, many Aborigines of this region have been referred to Adelaide for treatment of unusual psychoses. Statistics of the sort available in more settled areas are lacking. There is no local psychiatric service to keep a register of disorders occurring in this population. But the local impression of mental instability is strong and the questions it raises are clearly important. Is there a localized instability in Central Australia ? If so, what is its distribution? What is its nature? Is its cause to be found in constitutional peculiarities of the people ? Or in environmental stresses that they are undergoing in their cultural transition ?
A Comparison of Nortriptyline and Amitriptyline in Depression
Authors: Rose John T. , Leahy M. R. , Martin Ian C. A. , Westhead T. T.
Published: August 2008

Nortriptyline (Allegron, Aventyl) is the demethylated metabolite of amitriptyline. Preliminary trials by Bennett (1962), Oltman et al. (1963) and Leahy et al. (1964) indicated that it might be an effective anti-depressant. Forrest et al. (1964) found that it compared favourably with amitriptyline, a widely used anti-depressant of established efficacy. This investigation also compares nortriptyline with amitriptyline.
Visual Effects on Finger Tremor in Normal Subjects and Anxious Patients
Authors: Carrie J. R. G.
Published: August 2008

Sutton and Sykes (1956) studied the characteristics of the tremor superimposed on a voluntary muscular contraction under two conditions; (a) when the subjects were provided with a visual display of the accuracy with which they were maintaining a constant force, and (b) when they carried out the same task with the eyes closed. It was observed that when the subjects' eyes were closed, the tremor amplitude at 8–9 c/s (cycles per second) was sometimes relatively much diminished. In some subjects there was evidence of a smaller reduction in amplitude at other frequencies. Young (1933) had made similar findings using a less satisfactory technique. The findings of these workers have been confirmed and extended in another investigation (Carrie, 1965).
Psychiatric Ill Health Following Physical Illness
Authors: Kellner Robert
Published: August 2008

The association of physical illness and psychiatric illness has been found by Doust (1952), Downes and Simon (1953), Hinkle and Woolf (1957) and others.

The present investigation was conducted in a general practice; the aim was to assess whether a physical illness could precipitate psychiatric ill health. The conditions in general practice appeared to be suitable for this investigation because patients can be observed before and after a physical illness.
Serum Uric Acid and Cholesterol Levels in Mongoloid and Non-Mongoloid Oligophrenics
Authors: Dalderup L. M. , Affourtit-Leeuw H. , van der Spek P. A. F. , Keller G. H. M. , Duin H. J. , de Iongh H.
Published: August 2008

A number of observations have been published with regard to elevated serum uric acid levels in patients with atherosclerotic (Eidlitz, 1961, 1962) and coronary disease (Gertler, Garn and Levine, 1951) and hyperuricaemia after myocardial infarction (Dreyfuss, 1959; Kohn and Prozan, 1959). Work has also been done on dominant traits for hyperuricaemia together with hypercholesterolaemia (Adlersberg, 1949; Harris-Jones, 1957; Salvini and Verdi, 1959; Schoenfeld and Goldberger, 1963). A greater incidence of cardiovascular diseases among gouty patients than among others has been noted (Gertler and Oppenheimer, 1953), as well as a tendency for spontaneous changes in the serum cholesterol level to be associated with changes of similar direction and magnitude in the serum uric acid level (Schoenfeld and Goldberger, 1963). In view of all these observations, an investigation was undertaken to ascertain whether the serum uric acid levels change with dietary fat composition as do the serum cholesterol levels.
Mood, Motility and 17-Hydroxycorticoid Excretion; A Polyvariable Case Study
Authors: Schwartz Melvin , Mandell Arnold J. , Green Richard , Ferman Richard
Published: August 2008

Since the initial observations of a relationship between depression and an increase in urinary adrenal glucocorticoids in psychiatric patients by Reiss (1953) and Rizzo et al. (1954), there have been a number of studies confirming this relationship using various chemical techniques (Board et al., 1957; Bunney et al., 1964 and 1965; Gibbons, Gibbons, Maxwell and Wilcox, 1960; Gibbons and McHugh, 1962; Gibbons, 1964; Kurland, 1964a and 1964b; Pryce 1964). One of the questions that immediately comes to mind in reviewing this work has to do with the specificity of this relationship. Perhaps the rise of urine corticoids in depression is a non-specific response to disturbance, as has been demonstrated in various forms of psychological stress (Hamburg, 1962) and in severe psychiatric disturbances such as acute schizophrenic episodes (Sachar et al., 1963). On the other hand it is tempting to hope that there may be a more specific relationship demonstrable between the complex psychobiological phenomenon of depression and some kind of neuroendocrine activation analagous to a syndrome like “periodic hypothalamic discharge” (Wolff et al., 1964). This syndrome is manifested by periodic episodes (lasting several days) of withdrawal and depression associated with marked elevations in 17-hydroxycorticoid excretion. Mandell et al. (1963) have recently demonstrated that subthreshold stimulation of limbic sites intimately related to hypothalamic modulation produces marked changes in plasma 17-hydroxycorticoids in man. Limbic areas have been related to affectual phenomena on a speculative basis since the classical papers of Papez (1937).
Acute Dilatation of the Stomach in a Patient with Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Russell G. F. M.
Published: August 2008

It is generally believed that anorexia nervosa is due to an abnormal attitude of mind which results in an insufficient intake of food. As the term anorexia nervosa implies, many patients experience a loss of appetite, but sometimes this is not so, and vomiting is an alternative or additional device adopted by the patient to ensure a reduction in effective food intake. As a rule the patient induces vomiting by tickling her throat with her fingers, but sooner or later she becomes so proficient at vomiting that mechanical stimulation is no longer necessary. Nevertheless one should not assume that vomiting in anorexia nervosa is always under the control of the patient's will. In the patient described below vomiting became intractable and was found to be due to a physical disorder—acute dilatation of the stomach. Such a complication occurring in a severely undernourished patient is highly dangerous unless recognized early and treated effectively. The opportunity was taken to measure water absorption and gastric motility.
Systematic Desensitization Therapy: An Analysis of Results in Twenty-seven Patients
Authors: Hain J. D. , Butcher R. H. G. , Stevenson I.
Published: August 2008

The need for the development of shorter and more effective techniques of psychotherapy justifies a careful investigation of any methods which offer this possibility. A number of therapeutic techniques (7, 15, 18, 20) now often subsumed under the heading of Behaviour Therapy (4) and based on various principles of learning theory call for examination, since their exponents claim that these methods can make therapy both shorter and more effective than can other methods, e.g., those based on psychoanalytic theory. Published reports of results with behaviour therapy to date consist largely of the assessment of results made by a therapist on his own patients, e.g., Wolpe (20, 21), Lazarus (9), Rachman (12). Cooper (2) studied results achieved by other therapists on thirty patients treated with various techniques of behaviour therapy. His survey included a comparison, using “blind” independent assessors, of a group of patients treated with behaviour therapy and a matched group of patients treated by other techniques. Cooper concluded that this comparison showed a definite advantage for behaviour therapy in the symptomatic treatment of phobias, but he could find no evidence supporting the claim of a superiority of the methods of behaviour therapy over conventional techniques in producing general changes. Unfortunately Cooper does not report the experience level of the therapists in his study except to say that they were a “variety of student and staff psychologists”. Evidence for a superiority of behaviour therapy must derive from a controlled comparison of matched groups of patients treated with techniques of behaviour therapy and with other techniques by therapists of comparable competence. But, pending judgment from such a controlled study, we believe ample evidence exists that techniques of behaviour therapy do bring comparable improvements more rapidly than do other treatments insomepatients. The greater precision and shortening of therapy for these patients would alone constitute a very notable advance in psychotherapy, apart from claims of a wider or general applicability of these techniques. For this reason we believe it important to investigate these various techniques in as much detail as possible. Wolpe describes the most important of them assystematic desensitization(20, 21).
Opinions on Psychotherapy: An Enquiry
Authors: Mowbray R. M. , Timbury G. C.
Published: August 2008

This enquiry was prompted by a discussion on training in psychotherapy which took place at the Troon Conference on the Teaching of Psychiatry (Ingram, 1963). We felt that more precise information was required about what is meant by the term psychotherapy, which methods are in use and what opinions are held by psychotherapists in training. This information could be of value in assessing the workload of psychiatrists and in deciding what training might be given to psychiatrists and medical students. It was therefore decided to seek the opinions of Scottish psychiatrists on some aspects of their current practice in psychotherapy.
Dieting and Depression
Authors: Silverstone J. Trevor , Lascelles B. D.
Published: August 2008

Obesity, one of the major threats to health and longevity in Western society, is usually treated with some form of weight-reducing regime. However, in recent years several authors have cautioned against the widespread prescription of reducing diets for obese patients because of the danger of inducing severe depression. The present investigation was undertaken to determine the actual risk of such severe depressive illness occurring among a group of obese dieters attempting weight reduction under the supervision of their general practitioner.
A Comparison of Psychiatric Admissions from Prison and Other Sources
Authors: Bearcroft John S.
Published: August 2008

Recently the 1959 Mental Health Act has been criticized because of an apparent increase of psychiatric referrals from courts and prisons, and it has been suggested that there has been an increase of social pathology since the passing of this Act (Rollin, 1963). A previous study (West, Bearcroft and Smith, 1960) showed that men were remanded in custody rather than on bail for psychiatric reports largely for social reasons, and in a more recent study (Bearcroft and Donovan, 1965) the incidence of criminal behaviour in the mentally ill seemed to depend, to some extent, upon social factors.
Population Trends in a Mental Hospital
Authors: Early Donal F. , Magnus Ralph V.
Published: August 2008

Since the initial review of patients in Glenside Hospital (Cooper and Early, 1961), a number of surveys have been carried out—Gore and Jones (1961), Norton (1961), Hassall and Hellon (1964), and Hassall, Spencer and Cross (1965). These studies are not directly comparable and all contain elements of subjective assessment.
Disorders of Orientation in Space-Time
Authors: Gooddy William
Published: August 2008

“The non-mathematician is seized by a mysterious shuddering when he hears of ‘four-dimensional’ things, by a feeling not unlike that awakened by thoughts of the occult. And yet there is no more commonplace statement than that the world in which we live is a four-dimensional space-time continuum. By this we mean that it is possible to describe the position of a point at rest by means of three numbers (co-ordinates) x, y, z, and that there is an indefinite number of points in the neighbourhood of this one, the position of which can be described by co-ordinates such as x1, y1, z1, which may be as near as we choose to the respective values of the co-ordinates x, y, z of the first point. In virtue of the latter property we speak of a ‘continuum’, and owing to the fact that there are three co-ordinates we speak of it as being ‘three-dimensional’.
Two Cases of the Sturge-Weber Syndrome
Authors: Rimon Ranan , Katila Olavi
Published: August 2008

The Sturge-Weber syndrome belongs to the relatively uncommon group of ailments known as heredodegenerative disorders. In 1879 Sturge described a case of epilepsy in a young girl who exhibited a congenital glaucoma and a facial angioma or naevus flammeus. Sturge speculated that the patient's convulsions were caused by a similar naevus formation in the brain. Kalischer (1897, 1901) discovered angiomatotic changes in the meninges, and later the typical calcium deposits corresponding to these angio-mata were found in X-ray examinations by Weber (1922), Dimitri (1923), and Krabbe (1934). The appellation of the Sturge-Weber syndrome varies, owing to the number of its investigators. Levison (1953) calls attention to this question of nomenclature.
Neoplastic Liability in Klinefelter's Syndrome
Authors: Robinson L. R.
Published: August 2008

One of the common clinical interests shared by physicians and psychiatrists is the genetically determined syndrome to which Klinefelter has given his name. Over the past few years positive identification has become possible through advances in cytogenetics, and more recently evidence has been accumulating which seems to indicate that a significant correlation may exist between Klinefelter's Syndrome and the development of other diseases, malignant disease in particular. Mental retardation is one of the most common symptoms found in the syndrome, so the psychiatrist is often in the best position to detect it. The case to be described here as well as having a few interesting facets of psychopathology may also provide more evidence of the pathological loading which the basic genetic abnormality seems to carry.
Somatosensory Cerebral Evoked Responses in Psychotic Depression
Authors: Shagass Charles , Schwartz Marvin
Published: August 2008

In previous studies of somatosensory cerebral evoked responses in psychiatric patients, we found that two characteristics of these responses discriminated between patients with psychotic depressions and healthy or psychoneurotic subjects. The amplitude of the initial negative-positive component was larger and its recovery, as determined by administering paired “conditioning” and “test” stimuli, was retarded (11, 12, 13). Furthermore, after successful therapy, the recovery measure changed in the direction of “normal” (11).