bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Socioeconomic status and quality of life among Chinese American breast cancer survivors: The mediating roles of social support and social constraints
Authors: You Jin , Wang Carol , Yeung Nelson Chun Yiu , Lu Qian
Published: March 2018

Objective

Literature has well noted ethnic/racial disparities in cancer survival and cancer care. However, socioeconomic disparities in psychosocial adjustment to breast cancer have garnered little attention. This study addresses the research gap by investigating the associations between socioeconomic indicators (ie, education, annual personal, and household income) and quality of life (QOL) and the mediating roles of social support and social constraints (objective and subjective conditions that constrain individuals from disclosing cancer concerns) in these associations among Chinese American breast cancer survivors (CABCS).

Methods

Ninety‐six CABCS completed questionnaires assessing these variables.

Results

After controlling for stage of cancer, annual personal and household income had indirect effects on QOL through social support, and education showed indirect effect on QOL through social support and social constraints. Subscale analyses indicated that controlling for years of immigration, annual personal and household income showed indirect effect on functional well‐being through social support. When controlling for stage of cancer and income, education showed indirect effects on physical well‐being through social support and social constraints and showed both direct and indirect effects on breast cancer concerns through social constraints.

Conclusion

This study suggested that socioeconomic indicators, education, and income could be associated with different aspects of QOL through unique interpersonal mechanisms among CABCS. Our findings implied that increasing social support and reducing social constraints when implementing psychosocial interventions for CABCS may help to address the SES‐related health disparities.
A Novel Method for Prediction of Propellant Shelf‐Life Based on Arrhenius Equation
Authors: Zhao Xin , Rui Xiaoting , Wang Yan , Zhang Ruihua
Published: March 2018

The content of diphenylamine (DPA) greatly influences the storage life of a single‐base propellant. According to the aging test, a novel method for establishing the reaction kinetic model based on Arrhenius equation is proposed to describe DPA depletion. The model deduced not only exactly describes the DPA depletion in the test, but also accurately estimates the DPA content at 55 °C, which gives a prediction of the propellant shelf‐life. This research develops a novel model for the reaction kinetic of DPA, and lays a theoretical foundation for the prediction of a propellant shelf‐life.
Implications of sequence and timing of exposure for synergy between the pyrethroid insecticide alpha‐cypermethrin and the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana
Authors: Meyling Nicolai V , Arthur Samuel , Pedersen Kathrine E , Dhakal Suraj , Cedergreen Nina , Fredensborg Brian L
Published: March 2018

BACKGROUND

Combining low doses of chemical insecticides with entomopathogens constitutes a sustainable pest control method, but the significance of the timing and sequence of exposures needs clarification. We studied lethal effects of combinations of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (KVL03‐122) and the pyrethroid alpha‐cypermethrin on the beetle Tenebrio molitor under varying timing and sequence of exposure. Synergy over time was evaluated in relation to the model of independent action (IA). We expected that increased progression of disease caused by B. bassiana would make beetles more susceptible to the insecticide, leading to enhanced synergy.

RESULTS

Synergistic effects between B. bassiana and alpha‐cypermethrin were observed when B. bassiana was applied first, but only when the interval between applications was >48 h. With 72 h between exposures, mortality had increased to 100% after 8 days, in contrast to the 60% mortality expected. No synergy was observed when the insecticide was applied prior to fungal exposure within 24 h.

CONCLUSION

The sequence and timing of exposure do matter to achieve synergistic mortality by combining B. bassiana and alpha‐cypermethrin, and the IA model proved to be a strong tool with which to evaluate the interactions of the two stressors over time. Pest control strategies could include B. bassiana followed by low‐dose exposures to alpha‐cypermethrin after 2–3 days. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Measuring rootworm refuge function: Diabrotica virgifera virgifera emergence and mating in seed blend and strip refuges for Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) maize
Authors: Taylor Sally , Krupke Christian
Published: March 2018

BACKGROUND

Current insect resistance management plans rely on refuges of plants without Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins to provide a gene pool of unexposed insects. Insects from refuges must mate with insects from Bt maize to slow resistance evolution. We used stable isotope labeling to observe Diabrotica virgifera virgifera emergence, dispersal, physical characteristics, and mating in Bt and refuge maize planted in different refuge configurations. Our objective was to assess how refuge type facilitates mating between insects from Bt and refuge plants.

RESULTS

Mating between D. v. virgifera beetles from different plant types was more likely in seed blends compared with strip refuges. Adult D. v. virgifera from refuge plants emerged before those from Bt plants. In strip refuges, D. v. virgifera from refuge plants did not disperse far from refuge boundaries. Larval host plant type did not affect adult size. Larger males and females were more likely to mate. Low proportions of D. v. virgifera from refuge plants were found in 5% seed blend refuges.

CONCLUSION

Seed blend refuges can help to facilitate gene flow between D. v. virgifera beetles from Bt and refuge maize, but current approaches do not meaningfully contribute to delaying resistance because numbers of refuge beetles produced are insufficient. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Genotype‐specific fitness cost of resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac in pink bollworm
Authors: Carrière Yves , Williams Jennifer L , Crowder David W , Tabashnik Bruce E
Published: March 2018

BACKGROUND

To improve resistance management strategies for Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops, a better understanding of the relative fitness of pest genotypes with resistance alleles in the absence of Bt toxins is needed. Here, we evaluated the impact of costs of resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac on the relative fitness of specific pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) genotypes. We created two heterogeneous strains with an intermediate frequency of mutant cadherin alleles linked with resistance to Cry1Ac, reared the strains on diet without Bt and tracked the decline in frequency of resistant genotypes for 15–30 generations using polymerase chain reaction amplification. We used a population genetics model and sensitivity analyses to estimate the relative fitness of resistant genotypes.

RESULTS

Costs were completely recessive in one strain and almost completely recessive in the other. Estimates of the decline in relative fitness of the resistant homozygotes fed on a diet without Bt were 14–22% in one strain and 21–36% in the other.

CONCLUSION

Our genotype‐specific cost estimates and the results of studies discussed herein indicate that costs associated with resistance to Bt are often large enough to significantly delay the evolution of resistance to pyramided Bt crops in pests with recessive inheritance of resistance. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Microstructural and Optical Properties of Sb2S3 Film Thermally Evaporated from Antimony Pentasulfide and Efficient Planar Solar Cells
Authors: Lan Chunfeng , Liang Guangxing , Lan Huabin , Peng Huanxin , Su Zhenghua , Zhang Dongping , Sun Huibin , Luo Jingting , Fan Ping
Published: March 2018

Antimony sulfide (Sb2S3) thin film is a promising light absorber for solar cell application due to its suitable bandgap, high absorption coefficient, and non‐toxic constituents. However, thermally evaporated Sb2S3 thin films experience sulfur loss during evaporation and post‐annealing, which do harm to the film quality and the performance of the devices. In this work, for the first time Sb2S3 thin films are prepared by thermally evaporating antimony pentasulfide (Sb2S5) precursor. The thermal and microstructural properties of Sb2S3 and Sb2S5 precursors are studied and compared. The crystallization of the Sb2S3 film (S‐5) prepared from Sb2S5 precursor is inferior to that (S‐3) from Sb2S3 powder. And the annealed S‐5 film shows a larger bandgap of 1.69 eV than S‐3. However, compared with S‐3, planar S‐5 thin film solar cells in the configuration of glass/(SnO2:F) FTO/TiO2/Sb2S3/Spiro‐OMeTAD/Ag exhibit an apparently improved photovoltaic performance, with the best power conversion efficiency of 3.75% and high fill factor of 0.56, which is the highest efficiency of thermally evaporated planar Sb2S3 solar cell. The capacitance–voltage (C–V) measurement indicates that this might come from the higher C–V derived space‐charge density in S‐5. This work offers a new method to prepare Sb2S3 thin films for efficient solar cells.
A power law for reduced precision at small spatial scales: Experiments with an SQG model
Authors: Thornes Tobias , Düben Peter , Palmer Tim
Published: April 2018

Representing all variables in double‐precision in weather and climate models may be a waste of computer resources, especially when simulating the smallest spatial scales, which are more difficult to accurately observe and model than are larger scales. Recent experiments have shown that reducing to single‐precision would allow real‐world models to run considerably faster without incurring significant errors. Here, the effects of reducing precision to even lower levels are investigated in the Surface Quasi‐Geostrophic system, an idealised system that exhibits a similar power‐law spectrum to that of energy in the real atmosphere, by emulating reduced precision on conventional hardware. It is found that precision can be reduced much further for the smallest scales than the largest scales without inducing significant macroscopic error, according to a −4/3 power law, motivating the construction of a “scale‐selective” reduced‐precision model that performs as well as a double‐precision control in short‐ and long‐range forecasts but for a much lower estimated computational cost. A similar scale‐selective approach in real‐world models could save resources that could be re‐invested to allow these models to be run at greater resolution, complexity or ensemble size, potentially leading to more efficient, more accurate forecasts.
Automated calibration of laser spectrometer measurements of δ18O and δ2H values in water vapour using a Dew Point Generator
Authors: Munksgaard Niels C. , Cheesman Alexander W. , Gray‐Spence Andrew , Cernusak Lucas A. , Bird Michael I.
Published: March 2018

Rationale

Continuous measurement of stable O and H isotope compositions in water vapour requires automated calibration for remote field deployments. We developed a new low‐cost device for calibration of both water vapour mole fraction and isotope composition.

Methods

We coupled a commercially available dew point generator (DPG) to a laser spectrometer and developed hardware for water and air handling along with software for automated operation and data processing. We characterised isotopic fractionation in the DPG, conducted a field test and assessed the influence of critical parameters on the performance of the device.

Results

An analysis time of 1 hour was sufficient to achieve memory‐free analysis of two water vapour standards and the δ18O and δ2H values were found to be independent of water vapour concentration over a range of ≈20,000–33,000 ppm. The reproducibility of the standard vapours over a 10‐day period was better than 0.14 ‰ and 0.75 ‰ for δ18O and δ2H values, respectively (1 σ, n = 11) prior to drift correction and calibration. The analytical accuracy was confirmed by the analysis of a third independent vapour standard. The DPG distillation process requires that isotope calibration takes account of DPG temperature, analysis time, injected water volume and air flow rate.

Conclusions

The automated calibration system provides high accuracy and precision and is a robust, cost‐effective option for long‐term field measurements of water vapour isotopes. The necessary modifications to the DPG are minor and easily reversible.
Stomata‐Inspired Photomechanical Ion Nanochannels Modified by Azobenzene Composites
Authors: Chun Kyoung‐Yong , Son Young Jun , Jo Sunghwan , Han Chang‐Soo
Published: April 2018

A low‐powered and highly selective photomechanical sensor system mimicking stomata in the epidermis of leaves harvested from nature is demonstrated. This device uses a light‐responsive composite consisting of 4‐amino‐1,1′‐azobenzene‐3,4′‐disulfonic acid monosodium salt (AZO) and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) coated on a membrane with tens of nanometer‐size pores. The ionic current change through the pore channels as a function of pore size variation is then measured. The tran–cis isomerism of AZO–PDDA during light irradiation and the operation mechanism of photomechanical ion channel sensor are discussed and analyzed using UV–vis spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy analysis. It presents the discriminative current levels to the different light wavelengths. The response time of the photoreceptor is about 0.2 s and it consumes very low operating power (≈15 nW) at 0.1 V bias. In addition, it is found that the change of the pore diameter during the light irradiation is due to the photomechanical effect, which is capable of distinguishing light intensity and wavelength.
Cobalt Sulfide Nanowires Core Encapsulated by a N, S Codoped Graphitic Carbon Shell for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Han Ce , Li Qun , Wang Dewen , Lu Qingqing , Xing Zhicai , Yang Xiurong
Published: April 2018

Exploration of economical electrocatalysts for highly efficient and stable oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is believed to be essential for diverse future renewable energy applications. Herein, cobalt sulfide nanowire core encapsulated in a N, S codoped graphitic carbon shell (CoS NWs@NSC) is successfully fabricated via the calcination of polydopamine‐coated Co(CO3)0.5(OH)0.11H2O NWs with sulfur powder under argon atmosphere. The uniform encapsulation of CoS core by N, S codoped graphitic carbon shell favors the interaction of the core–shell structure for generating stable and numerous ORR active sites homogeneously dispersed throughout the materials. Meanwhile, the wire‐like CoS NWs@NSC stacks to form 3D mesoporous conductive networks, which improves the mass and charge transport capability of catalyst. Accordingly, the resultant CoS NWs@NSC electrocatalysts possess excellent ORR activity through the four‐electron pathway with superior stability and methanol tolerance over the Pt/C in 0.1 m KOH. This strategy can offer inspiration for designing and fabricating novel core–shell‐structured nanomaterials with active sites derived from uniform morphology as potential electrocatalysts for various vital renewable energy devices.
A Novel Zr‐MOF as Fluorescence Turn‐On Probe for Real‐Time Detecting H2S Gas and Fingerprint Identification
Authors: Guo Lin , Wang Meng , Cao Dapeng
Published: April 2018

The development of fluorescence turn‐on probes for selectively sensing toxic gases and visualization identification of fingerprints is significantly important for society security and human health. Here, Zr is used as the metal center and 1,3,6,8‐tetra (4‐carboxylphenyl) pyrene (TBAPy) and tetrakis(4‐carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (TCPP) as double linkers to synthesize a novel Zr(TBAPy)5(TCPP) material. Results indicate that Zr(TBAPy)5(TCPP) can be used as a fluorescence turn‐on probe for highly selective and sensitive detection of H2S gas and its derivatives S2− in aqueous solutions with an extremely low concentration (≈1 ppb) and fast response time (<10 s). Moreover, by tailoring the particle size of samples, it is found that Zr(TBAPy)5(TCPP) can efficiently achieve the visualization identification of fingerprints due to the fluorescence turn‐on effect. All the results indicate that the Zr(TBAPy)5(TCPP) is a promising multifunctional fluorescence turn‐on probe.
Ultrathin Planar Cavity Metasurfaces
Authors: Wang Hsiang‐Chu , Chu Cheng Hung , Wu Pin Chieh , Hsiao Hui‐Hsin , Wu Hui Jun , Chen Jia‐Wern , Lee Wei Hou , Lai Yi‐Chieh , Huang Yao‐Wei , Tseng Ming Lun , Chang Shu‐Wei , Tsai Din Ping
Published: April 2018

An ultrathin planar cavity metasurface is proposed based on ultrathin film interference and its practicability for light manipulation in visible region is experimentally demonstrated. Phase of reflected light is modulated by finely adjusting the thickness of amorphous silicon (a‐Si) by a few nanometers on an aluminum (Al) substrate via nontrivial phase shifts at the interfaces and interference of multireflections generated from the planar cavity. A phase shift of π, the basic requirement for two‐level phase metasurface systems, can be accomplished with an 8 nm thick difference. For proof of concept, gradient metasurfaces for beam deflection, Fresnel zone plate metalens for light focusing, and metaholograms for image reconstruction are presented, demonstrating polarization‐independent and broadband characteristics. This novel mechanism for phase modulation with ultrathin planar cavity provides diverse routes to construct advanced flat optical devices with versatile applications.
A General Strategy of Aerolysin Nanopore Detection for Oligonucleotides with the Secondary Structure
Authors: Liao Dong‐Fang , Cao Chan , Ying Yi‐Lun , Long Yi‐Tao
Published: March 2018

An aerolysin nanopore is employed as a sensitive tool for single‐molecule analysis of short oligonucleotides (≤10 nucleotides), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEGs), peptides, and proteins. However, the direct analysis of long oligonucleotides with the secondary structure (e.g., G‐quadruplex topology) remains a challenge, which impedes the further practical applications of the aerolysin nanopore. Here, a simple and applicable method of aerolysin nanopore is presented to achieve a direct analysis of structured oligonucleotides that are extended to 30 nucleotides long by a cation‐regulation mechanism. By regulating the cation type in electrolyte solution, the structured oligonucleotides are unfolded into linear form which ensures the successive translocation. The results show that each model oligonucleotide of 5′‐(TTAGGG)n‐3′ can produce a well‐resolved current blockade in its unfolded solution of MgCl2. The length between 6 and 30 nucleotides long of model oligonucleotides is proportional to the duration time, showing a translocation velocity as low as 0.70–0.13 ms nt−1 at +140 mV. This method exhibits an excellent sensitivity and a sufficient temporal resolution, provides insight into the aerolysin nanopore methodology for genetic and epigenetic biosensing, making aerolysin applicable in practical diagnosing with long and structured nucleic acids.
1T′‐Mo1−xWxS2/CdS Heterostructure Enabling Robust Photocatalytic Water Splitting: Unveiling the Interfacial Charge Polarization
Authors: He Qun , Wan Yangyang , Zhang Youkui , Jiang Hongliang , Liu Hengjie , Zheng Xusheng , Chen Shuangming , Wu Xiaojun , Song Li
Published: March 2018

Transition metal dichalcogenides are generally considered as highly efficient and cost‐effective cocatalysts used in heterostructure‐based photocatalysis systems. The electronic structure of the transition metal dichalcogenide is considered as an important parameter that can influence the interfacial charge states of the heterostructure and thereby tune the catalytic performance. Thus, probing the interfacial charge states based on the understanding of the electronic structure is highly desirable to enhance the catalytic performance. Here, a model heterostructure comprising n‐type CdS and metallic 1T′‐Mo1−xWxS2 nanosheets is established. The interfacial charge states are comprehensively dissected by utilizing synchrotron‐based X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, photo‐electrochemistry characterization, and density functional theory calculations. As demonstrated, the formation of the Schottky junction leads to the increase of the electron density in the cocatalyst; thus, significantly enhanced catalytic performance is delivered. This survey provides deep insights into the interfacial charge states from the view of high‐efficiency photocatalysis systems design.
Solid‐phase extraction of tobacco‐specific N‐nitrosamines with a mixed‐mode hydrophobic/cation‐exchange sorbent
Authors: Luo Yan‐Bo , Pang Yong‐Qiang , Jiang Xing‐Yi , Li Xiang‐Yu , Zhang Hong‐Fei , Hu Shao‐Dong , Zhu Feng‐Peng , Feng Yu‐Qi
Published: April 2018

A mixed‐mode hydrophobic/cation‐exchange sorbent was used for the solid‐phase extraction of tobacco‐specific N‐nitrosamines. Several parameters including sample solution pH, washing solution, type and volume of desorption solution, and amount of sorbent were investigated. By combining solid‐phase extraction and high‐performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry, we successfully developed a method for tobacco‐specific N‐nitrosamines determination. The limit of detection for target analytes in our method ranged from 0.012 to 0.037 ng/mL, and the correlation coefficients were larger than 0.9994 for all target analytes indicating good linearities. Intra‐day (n = 5) and inter‐day (n = 3) precision showed good reproducibility, with relative standard deviations less than 11.7 and 10.9%, respectively. The results show that our method is capable of measuring tobacco‐specific N‐nitrosamines in tobacco, smokeless tobacco products and mainstream cigarette smoke. No significant deviation was found between our method and a similar analysis using standard methods.
Maximal wind energy capture fuzzy terminal sliding mode control for DFIG with speed sensorless
Authors: Wu Zhongqiang , Wang Xinyi
Published: March 2018

Considering a doubly‐fed induction generator (DFIG) as the research object, and aiming at the mathematical model of DFIG in two‐phase synchronous rotating coordinate system, a fuzzy adaptive observer is designed. The observer can observe the rotor angular speed of the DFIG in real time, and then, the measuring device for angular speed can be saved. The angular speed controller is designed according to the principle of maximum wind energy capture. A kind of fuzzy terminal sliding mode method is used to control the decoupled rotor model of DFIG, which can restrain the chattering phenomenon effectively and realize tracking without steady‐state error in a limited period of time. The simulation results show the validity of the proposed method. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Thermal optimization for nature convection cooling performance of air core reactor with the rain cover
Authors: Yuan Fating , Yuan Zhao , Wang Yong , Liu Junxiang , He Junjia , Pan Yuan
Published: March 2018

In this paper, a fluid‐thermal coupled finite element model is established to calculate the temperature rise of a dry type air‐core reactor, and it accuracy is verified by the experimental results obtained from a prototype. Taking the initial design parameters based on the equal height and the thermal flux design method, the detailed temperature field of the reactor is obtained both with and without the rain cover. It is shown that the maximum temperature rise of the inner encapsulations is different and higher after adding the rain cover. The reasons are given by analyzing the changes of the fluid velocity in the air ducts. In order to realize the same temperature rise and not more than the limit after adding the rain cover, two parameters of the rain cover are considered, which have five levels. The performance statistics analysis and optimal structure parameters of the rain cover are achieved. Meanwhile, a heat load optimization method is proposed for the inner encapsulations, and its correctness is validated by the temperature field simulation results. This is of great significance in guiding the thermal optimization of the reactor with rain cover. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A radial‐basis‐function neural network‐based energy reserving strategy for energy‐saving elevator
Authors: Zhang Damin , Hong Xiaoyuan , Zheng Xueqin , Zhong Zhixiong , Lu Zhengyu
Published: March 2018

Efficiency improvement and energy consumption decrease are becoming a pivotal issue in vehicle applications. Predictive control based on a radius‐basis‐function neural network (RBFNN) is employed to develop a new energy‐reserving strategy (ERS) that dynamically regulates the energy stored in the supercapacitor pack (SCP), which is equipped in an energy‐saving elevator system. Specifically, at the beginning of every traveling period, the balance voltage (BV) of the SCP, which represents the instantaneous state of the energy stored, is predicted and managed based on the traveling distance and the load ratio of the elevator. In this way, the capacitance of the SCP can be fully used to provide or reserve as much energy as possible. The above energy optimization problem is modeled and transformed into a group of constrained optimization equations based on the energy analysis of the elevator. With the proposed control scheme, not only does the peak power, which comes out when the elevator moves with heavy load eliminate, but also part of the nominal power can be provided by the SCP. Thus, the power provided by the AC‐grid pulse‐width modulation (PWM) rectifier is decreased, and the energy discharged by the SCP, which has reserved the braking energy at the previous journey, is optimized. The paper includes a detailed explanation of power and energy flow of the elevator and the implementation of the proposed RBFNN‐based predictive control scheme. Finally, several simulation and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented control scheme. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Trauma Patients with an Open Abdomen Following Damage Control Laparotomy can be Extubated Prior to Abdominal Closure
Authors: Sujka Joseph A. , Safcsak Karen , Cheatham Michael L. , Ibrahim Joseph A.
Published: April 2018

Background

The open abdomen (OA) is commonly utilized as a technique during damage control laparotomy (DCL). We propose that a selected group of these OA patients can be extubated prior to abdominal closure to decrease ventilator days and risk of pneumonia.

Methods

A retrospective chart review was performed at a Level I trauma center on all adult trauma patients with an OA following DCL. Patients were stratified into two groups: extubated prior to (PRE) and extubated after (POST) abdominal closure. Successful extubation in the PRE group was measured by the absence of re‐intubation. The two groups were compared using the Mann–Whitney U and Fisher’s exact tests. Multivariate logistic regression identified independent predictors for successful extubation prior to abdominal closure.

Results

Thirty‐one patients were in the PRE group, and 59 patients in the POST group. There were no differences between the groups with regard to age, gender, or hours from admission to completion of DCL. The PRE group had a significantly higher incidence of penetrating trauma (77 vs. 53%; p = 0.02), a significantly lower number of days from OA to extubation [0.6 (0.2–1.1) vs. 3.4 (2–‐8) days; p < 0.001], and a significant decrease in pneumonia (10 vs. 31%; p = 0.04). Two patients in each group required re‐intubation [PRE (6%) vs. POST (3%); p = 0.61]. In a multivariate binominal logistic regression, penetrating trauma (p = 0.024), GCS on admission (p < 0.0001), and Injury Severity Score (p = 0.024) were identified as independent predictors for successful extubation.

Conclusion

Presence of an OA following DCL does not require mechanical ventilation. Extubation of appropriate trauma patients prior to abdominal closure decreases pneumonia and hospital length of stay.
Who are the European youths willing to engage in radicalisation? A multidisciplinary review of their psychological and social profiles
Authors: Campelo Nicolas , Oppetit Alice , Neau Françoise , Cohen David , Bronsard Guillaume
Published: March 2018

Background:

A new model of radicalisation has appeared in Western countries since the 2010s. Radical groups are smaller, less hierarchical and are mainly composed of young, homegrown individuals. The aim of this review is to decipher the profiles of the European adolescents and young adults who have embraced the cause of radical Islamism and to define the role of psychiatry in dealing with this issue.

Methods:

We performed a systematic search in several databases from January 2010 to July 2017 and reviewed the relevant studies that included European adolescents and/or young adults and presented empirical data.

Results:

In total, 22 qualitative and quantitative studies were reviewed from various fields and using different methodologies. Psychotic disorders are rare among radicalised youths. However, they show numerous risk factors common with adolescent psychopathologies. We develop a comprehensive three-level model to explain the phenomenon of radicalisation among young Europeans: (1) individual risk factors include psychological vulnerabilities such as early experiences of abandonment, perceived injustice and personal uncertainty; (2) micro-environmental risk factors include family dysfunction and friendships with radicalised individuals; (3) societal risk factors include geopolitical events and societal changes such as Durkheim’s concept of anomie. Some systemic factors are also implicated as there is a specific encounter between recruiters and the individual. The former use sectarian techniques to isolate and dehumanise the latter and to offer him a new societal model.

Conclusion:

There are many similarities between psychopathological manifestations of adolescence and mechanisms at stake during the radicalisation process. As a consequence, and despite the rarity of psychotic disorders, mental health professionals have a role to play in the treatment and understanding of radical engagement among European youth. Studies with empirical data are limited, and more research should be promoted (in particular in females and in non-Muslim communities) to better understand the phenomenon and to propose recommendations for prevention and treatment.
Duration of active psychosis and functional outcomes in first-episode non-affective psychosis
Authors: Pelayo-Terán José María , Gajardo-Galán Virginia , Gómez-Revuelta Marcos , Ortiz-García de la Foz Victor , Ayesa-Arriola Rosa , Tabarés-Seisdedos Rafael , Crespo-Facorro Benedicto
Published: March 2018

Background:

The duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) has been associated with negative outcomes in psychosis; however, few studies have focused on the duration of active psychotic symptoms after commencing treatment (DAT). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of DUP and DAT on functional long-term outcomes (3 years) in patients with early psychosis.

Methods:

We evaluated the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) at frequent intervals for 3 years after presentation to determine the DAT for 307 individuals with first-episode psychosis together with DUP and clinical variables. The functional outcomes were assessed using the Disability Assessment Scale (DAS) at three years, and functional recovery was defined as minimal impairment and return to activity. Associated variables, DAT and DUP were included in logistic regression models to predict functional outcomes. Receiver operating characteristic curves and Youden’s index were applied to assess the best cut-off values.

Results:

DAT, (Wald: 13.974; ExpB: 1.097; p < 0.001), premorbid adjustment, initial BPRS score, gender, age of onset and schizophrenia diagnosis were significant predictors of social functioning, whereas only premorbid adjustment (Wald: 11.383; ExpB:1.009), DAT (Wald: 4.850; ExpB: 1.058; p = 0.028) and education were significant predictors of recovery. The optimal cut-off of DAT for predicting social functioning was 3.17 months for DAT (sensitivity: 0.68; specificity: 0.64; Youden’s index: 0.314).

Conclusions:

DAT is strongly related to functional outcomes independent of the DUP period or other variables. As a modifiable variable, the reduction of the DAT should be considered a main focus of intervention from the onset of the illness to improve long-term outcomes.
Neurotequeoma intraósseo da mão de um jovem de 16 anos
Authors: Cabral João José Lobato Guimarães Ferreira , Balacó Inês Maria Spencer , Alves Cristina Marta da Gama Gomes , Matos António Gabriel de Almeida
Published: April 2018

Os tumores dos tecidos moles são raros em idade pediátrica. Descrito pela primeira vez 1969 como um mixoma da bainha nervosa, o neurotequeoma é uma lesão tumoral benigna com presumível origem na bainha nervosa. Ocorre maioritariamente em crianças do sexo feminino e apresenta-se como uma massa de crescimento lento, subcutânea, assintomática e sem alteração da pigmentação local. Localiza-se predominantemente na cabeça, no pescoço, e nas extremidades dos membros superiores. Os autores apresentam um caso clínico de um jovem de 16 anos do sexo masculino com massa tumoral com origem na bainha nervosa no 4° metacarpo esquerdo, intraóssea e recidivada após ressecção cirúrgica 2 anos antes do estudo. Foi feita ressecção marginal da massa tumoral localizada sobre a região distal do quarto metacarpo e curetagem da falange proximal e preenchimento com enxerto ósseo autólogo corticoesponjoso. O paciente apresentou uma evolução clínica pós-operatória favorável, sem queixas álgicas e sem limitações da mobilidade dos dedos da mão. Radiologicamente, foi observado preenchimento trabecular progressivo da falange proximal do quarto metacarpo. Aos 17 meses de seguimento, o paciente se encontra assintomático e não apresenta quaisquer sinais de recidiva. Com a descrição deste caso, os autores pretendem aumentar a familiaridade com essa rara patologia, seu diagnóstico e tratamento.
Do not neglect calcium: a systematic review and meta-analysis (meta-regression) of its digestibility and utilisation in growing and finishing pigs
Authors: Misiura Maciej M. , Filipe João A. N. , Walk Carrie L. , Kyriazakis Ilias
Published: April 2018

Ca digestibility and utilisation in growing pigs are not well understood, and are usually neglected in diet formulation. This has implications not only for the accurate determination of its requirements but also for its interactions with other nutrients. A systematic review and meta-analysis (meta-regression) of published trials was carried out to quantify factors affecting Ca absorption and utilisation, and to derive an estimate of Ca endogenous excretion. The analysis was carried out on the data from forty studies, corresponding to 201 treatments performed on 1204 pigs. The results indicated that although Ca absorption and retention (g/kg of body weight per d) increased with increasing Ca intake (P<0·001), non-phytate-P intake (P<0·001) and exogenous phytase supplementation (P<0·001), these values decreased with increasing phytate-P intake (P<0·05). Interactions between exogenous phytase and Ca intake, indicating reduced efficacy of this enzyme (P<0·001), and between phytate-P intake and exogenous phytase, counteracting the direct negative effect of phytate-P (P<0·05) on Ca absorption and retention, were also detected. There were no effects of animal-related characteristics, such as pig genotype in Ca absorption and retention. The large amount of variance explained in Ca absorption (90 %) and retention (91 %) supported our choice of independent variables. Endogenous Ca losses obtained via linear regression were 239 mg/kg of DM intake (95 % CI 114, 364). These outcomes advance the current understanding of Ca digestibility and utilisation, and should contribute towards establishing requirements for digestible Ca. Consequently, pig diets will be more correctly formulated if digestible Ca values are used in estimating requirements for Ca.
Voting Behavior and Public Employment in Nazi Germany
Authors: Maurer Stephan E.
Published: April 2018

This article analyzes whether the German National Socialists used economic policies to reward their voters after coming to power in 1933. Using newly-collected data on public employment from the German censuses in 1925, 1933, and 1939 and addressing the potential endogeneity of the NSDAP vote share in 1933 by way of an instrumental variables strategy based on a similar party in Imperial Germany, I find that cities with higher NSDAP vote shares experienced a relative increase in public employment: for every additional percentage point in the vote share, the number of public employment jobs increased by around 2.5 percent.
An Economic Rationale for the West African Scramble? The Commercial Transition and the Commodity Price Boom of 1835–1885
Authors: Frankema Ewout , Williamson Jeffrey , Woltjer Pieter
Published: April 2018

We use a new trade dataset showing that nineteenth century sub-Saharan Africa experienced a terms of trade boom comparable to other parts of the “global periphery.” A sharp rise in export prices in the five decades before the scramble (1835–1885) was followed by an equally impressive decline during the colonial era. This study revises the view that the scramble for West Africa occurred when its major export markets were in decline and argues that the larger weight of West Africa in French imperial trade strengthened the rationale for French instead of British initiative in the conquest of the interior.
A limited skeptical threat
Authors: May Joshua
Published: April 2018

Doris argues that our choices are heavily influenced by forces that we wouldn't count as genuine reasons. This unsettling conclusion is motivated by a debunking argument so wide-ranging that it isn't foisted upon us by the sciences. Doris sometimes seems to lower his ambitions when offering instead a skeptical hypothesis argument, but that conflicts with his aims in the book.
Manipulation, oppression, and the deep self
Authors: Vargas Manuel R.
Published: April 2018

This essay considers various kinds of manipulation cases (local and global, dispositional and situational), and how Doris's Deep Self-style theory of responsibility fares in light of them. Agents acting with preferences adaptively formed under oppression are an especially interesting challenge for this sort of view, and the article considers what options may be available to Doris and others.
The tangled web of agency
Authors: Pe-Curto Alain , Deonna Julien A. , Sander David
Published: April 2018

We characterize Doris's anti-reflectivist, collaborativist, valuational theory along two dimensions. The first dimension is socialentanglement, according to which cognition, agency, and selves are socially embedded. The second dimension isdisentanglement, the valuational element of the theory that licenses the anchoring of agency and responsibility in distinct actors. We then present an issue for the account: theproblem of bad company.
THE “DURABLE HOMOPHOBIA” OF PSYCHOANALYSIS
Authors: KUNZEL REGINA
Published: April 2018

Psychoanalysis is at once a system of thought, a toolkit for cultural diagnosis and criticism, and a therapeutic practice. In Dagmar Herzog's exciting new book Cold War Freud: Psychoanalysis in an Age of Catastrophes, psychoanalysis is among the most transformative intellectual events of the twentieth century and is itself transformed by that century's roiling forces, shaping and profoundly shaped by politics and culture. Foregrounding the historicity of psychoanalysis requires Herzog to wrest psychoanalysis from its own claims to historical transcendence. “While psychoanalysis is often taken to be ahistorical in its view of human nature,” Herzog writes, “the opposite is the case” (2). After Freud's death, during the heyday of psychoanalysis in the 1940s and 1950s, through challenges to its authority in the 1960s and 1970s, to what Herzog calls its “second golden age” in the 1980s, the analytic frame offered by psychoanalysis (and the debates it generated) helped people grapple with the aftermath of the horrors of the Second World War and offered novel ways of thinking about the most important questions of the postwar decades: about aggression, guilt, trauma, the capacity for violence, indeed about “the very nature of the human self and its motivations” (1).
Comparative study of envelope models for hybrid time- and frequency-domain simulation of traveling-wave tubes
Authors: Safi Djamschid , Birtel Philip , Meyne Sascha , Jacob Arne F.
Published: April 2018

A selection of hybrid frequency- and time-domain approaches is evaluated with respect to their suitability for predicting the multi-tone behavior of a reference Ku-band helix traveling-wave tube. For this, a frequency-domain code is extended by a selection of frequency-dependent and frequency-independent envelope models and compared to a number of simulated and measured responses to two-tone signal excitation with varying frequency spacing. The selected envelope methods are investigated both in the hybrid approach and based on measured TWT characteristics. Output levels and classical multi-tone metrics, such as intermodulation products and phase transfer factors, are considered. By reducing a modulation scenario to a number of significant sequences, a comparison to full physics-based frequency-domain simulation is presented to show the potential of the proposed approach.
Novel magnetic hollow zein nanoparticles for preconcentration of chlorpyrifos from water and soil samples prior to analysis via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
Authors: Rahimi Moghadam Mojtaba , Zargar Behrooz , Rastegarzadeh Saadat
Published: April 2018

Herein, magnetically hollow zein nanoparticles were synthesized and used as a magnetic sorbent for the preconcentration of chlorpyrifos and its analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Liquid metals: fundamentals and applications in chemistry
Authors: Daeneke T. , Khoshmanesh K. , Mahmood N. , de Castro I. A. , Esrafilzadeh D. , Barrow S. J. , Dickey M. D. , Kalantar-zadeh K.
Published: April 2018

Post-transition elements, together with zinc-group metals and their alloys belong to an emerging class of materials with fascinating characteristics originating from their simultaneous metallic and liquid natures.
Efficient reductive depolymerization of hardwood and softwood lignins with Brookhart's iridium(iii) catalyst and hydrosilanes
Authors: Monsigny Louis , Feghali Elias , Berthet Jean-Claude , Cantat Thibault
Published: April 2018

Efficient catalytic reduction of lignin model molecules and reductive depolymerization of softwood and hardwood lignins is presented with the iridium based Brookhart's catalyst and hydrosilanes R3SiH as reductant.
A new polyoxovanadate-based metal–organic framework: synthesis, structure and photo-/electro-catalytic properties
Authors: Li Shaobin , Zhang Li , Lu Borong , Yan Eryun , Wang Tonghui , Li Li , Wang Jianxin , Yu Yan , Mu Qingdi
Published: April 2018

A new polyoxovanadate-based metal–organic framework has been synthesized, which exhibits high-performance bifunctional photo-/electro-catalytic properties.
Teaching assistants' topic-specific pedagogical content knowledge in 1H NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Connor M. C. , Shultz G. V.
Published: April 2018

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an essential analytical tool in chemistry, and the technique is routinely included as a topic across the undergraduate chemistry curriculum. As a result of NMR's importance, classroom instruction of this topic has received considerable attention in chemistry education research. However, little is known about instructors’ knowledge for teaching this topic. In order to better understand this knowledge, we investigated topic-specific pedagogical content knowledge in 1H NMR spectroscopy among 20 chemistry teaching assistants at a large Midwestern university in the United States. A questionnaire was developed to provide an inferential measure of content knowledge and topic-specific pedagogical content knowledge in 1H NMR spectroscopy for participants with a range of teaching experience. Data from the questionnaire were analyzed qualitatively and quantized using a rubric. The quantitative data were transformed using the Rasch model and statistically analyzed. Results from these analyses indicate that pedagogical content knowledge increased with teaching experience in 1H NMR spectroscopy, suggesting that knowledge for teaching this topic is developed through practice. Additionally, the development of pedagogical content knowledge was found to depend upon content knowledge required for specific NMR sub-topics and problems. This finding suggests that the ultimate “grain-size,” or domain-specificity, of pedagogical content knowledge may extend to the problem level. Results from this study have implications for how instructors may cultivate knowledge for teaching NMR spectroscopy, as well as for how pedagogical content knowledge may be more effectively incorporated into instructor training programs.
Electronic nose sensors data feature mining: a synergetic strategy for the classification of beer
Authors: Men Hong , Shi Yan , Jiao Yanan , Gong Furong , Liu Jingjing
Published: April 2018

A synergetic strategy to extract and select the effective information of sensor signal for e-nose.
Development and validation of a HPLC method to quantify DEET and IR3535 in insect repellents
Authors: Vilar Welma T. S. , Sousa Emanuella S. , Pinto Licarion , Ugulino de Araújo Mário César , Coelho Pontes Márcio José
Published: April 2018

The increasing number of cases of dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever and Zika virus has caused many people to use repellents to try to protect themselves from the Aedes aegypti mosquito that transmits these diseases.
A caged metabolic precursor for DT-diaphorase-responsive cell labeling
Authors: Wang Ruibo , Cai Kaimin , Wang Hua , Yin Chen , Cheng Jianjun
Published: April 2018

In this study, we report incorporation of a covalent linker at the anomeric position of N-azidoacetylmannosamine (ManNAz) for caging its metabolic process.
Coordination chemistry within a protein host: regulation of the secondary coordination sphere
Authors: Mann Samuel I. , Heinisch Tillmann , Ward Thomas R. , Borovik A. S.
Published: April 2018

Controlling the position of metal complexes within a protein host effects their local environments and the binding of external ligands.
Designing lateral spintronic devices with giant tunnel magnetoresistance and perfect spin injection efficiency based on transition metal dichalcogenides
Authors: Zhao Pei , Li Jianwei , Jin Hao , Yu Lin , Huang Baibiao , Ying Dai
Published: April 2018

A robust spin-filtering device based on two-dimensional TMDs.
The surface rheological signature of the geometric isomers of an azobenzene–surfactant
Authors: Hofmann Matthias J. , Motschmann Hubert
Published: April 2018

The equilibrium and dynamic surface properties of a photosensitive azobenzene–surfactant subject to illumination with UV and Vis-light leading to the respective geometric cis- and trans-isomers were studied.
Effects of methyl substitution on DNA binding enthalpies of enantiopure Ru(phenanthroline)2dipyridophenazine2+ complexes
Authors: Mårtensson Anna K. F. , Lincoln Per
Published: April 2018

An augmented McGhee – von Hippel binding model allows deconvolution of the intercalation enthalpy from the significant ligand aggregation enthalpies.
The surprisingly high ligation energy of CO to ruthenium porphyrins
Authors: Shafizadeh Niloufar , Boyé-Péronne Séverine , Soorkia Satchin , Cunha de Miranda Barbara K. , Garcia Gustavo A. , Nahon Laurent , Chen Shufeng , de la Lande Aurélien , Poisson Lionel , Soep Benoît
Published: April 2018

Influence of spin–orbit splitting on the ligation energy (1.88 eV) of CO to ruthenium tetraphenylporphyrin.
DNA metallization: principles, methods, structures, and applications
Authors: Chen Zhaowei , Liu Chaoqun , Cao Fangfang , Ren Jinsong , Qu Xiaogang
Published: April 2018

This review summarizes the research activities on DNA metallization since the concept was first proposed in 1998, covering the principles, methods, structures, and applications.