bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
101 A CTS Team Approach to Wastewater-Based Epidemiology of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella in Gainesville, FL
Authors: Rainey Andrew , Emerson Lisa E. , Edelmann Mariola J. , Maurelli Anthony T.
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The goal of this project is to apply wastewater-based epidemiology to determine the trends of NTS through analysis of influent wastewater, and to isolate and identify circulating serotypes among samples that are representative of the human population in Gainesville, FL. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This study is being conducted in Gainesville, FL, a suburban city in North Central Florida with approximately 133,997 residents served by two wastewater reclamation facilities (WRF). Fifty-three weekly influent composite wastewater samples were collected between September 2020 and September 2021 from each WRF. Wastewater samples were processed using an adsorption-based sample concentration method and invA genetic target for NTS DNA detection and quantification via qPCR. The quantified NTS DNA wastewater concentration from each WRF was summed to determine the overall concentration. Bacterial isolation was conducted on stored wastewater of qPCR positive samples using EPA method 1682. Recovered isolate serotypes were identified through whole-genome sequence analysis. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Overall, NTS was positive in Gainesville wastewater in 48/53 weeks between September 2020 – September 2021. 83/106 (78%) samples tested positive for NTS from both WRFs. The mean wastewater concentration from each WRF was 3.53 (Main St.) and 3.31 Log10 invA Genetic Copies/L. The overall mean city concentration was 6.85 Log10 invA Genetic Copies/L. There were sustained periods of NTS in the wastewater during the months of December-February and May-August. There was no observed seasonal trend in NTS wastewater concentrations over the study period. Culture-based methods will provide a comprehensive review of circulating serotypes that are responsible for both clinical and subclinical infections within the community. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Florida has an incidence of NTS twice the national average. Clinical surveillance is the current standard for community surveillance of NTS. Only 28% of NTS cases are identified in a clinical setting, leaving a major gap in community surveillance. This project has helped fill this gap and provided a comprehensive community-level assessment of NTS.
504 A Model for Introducing Biomedical Commercialization and Entrepreneurship Concepts to Research Faculty
Authors: Cook Samantha , Cuddihy Meghan J. , Larkin Michelle , Martin Bradley J. , Ranella Michael , Servoss Jonathan M.
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Use an easily accessible medium to educate life science researchers and academic innovators interested in the commercialization of academic research at the University of Michigan (UM). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Life science research investigators and academic innovators interested in research commercialization and technology development from across the state of Michigan were invited to attend the Idea to Impact: The Translation & Commercialization of Academic Research webinar series, presented by Fast Forward Medical Innovation at the University of Michigan. The webinar series outlined the significance and critical milestones of developing novel therapeutics, medical devices, diagnostics, and digital health innovations, as well as essential collaborations with industry partners to translate a research-based idea into a product of impact. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: 113 investigators and innovators from 28 different institutions, organizations, and companies, registered for the webinar series. Results (N=24) of an evaluation immediately following each webinar revealed that 100% of respondents strongly agreed or agreed that the series was effective in helping them to identify and describe commercialization resources, including funding, education, and mentorship, available at the University of Michigan and within the state. Participants stated that they “loved the practical information” “shared” and that the series was a “great overview that inspired a lot more questions.” The Fast Forward Medical Innovation team was then able to consult with participants to connect them with additional resources. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The data suggests that easily accessible and digestible commercialization education can make navigating the academic entrepreneurial ecosystem easier for investigators and innovators. The recorded webinar series, Idea to Impact: The Translation & Commercialization of Academic Research, serves this purpose.
Key lessons and strategies for implementing single IRB review in the Trial Innovation Network
Authors: Johnson Ann R. , Kasimatis Singleton Megan , Ozier Julie , Serdoz Emily , Beadles Jennifer G. , Maddox-Regis Janelle , Mumford Sarah , Burr Jeri , Dean J. Michael , Ford Daniel E. , Bernard Gordon R.
Published: April 2022

The Trial Innovation Network has established an infrastructure for single IRB review in response to federal policies. The Network’s single IRB (sIRBs) have successfully supported over 70 multisite studies via more than 800 reliance arrangements. This has generated several lessons learned that can benefit the national clinical research enterprise, as we work to improve the conduct of clinical trials. These lessons include distinguishing the roles of the single IRB from institutional Human Research Protections programs, establishing a consistent sIRB review model, standardizing collection of local context and supplemental, study-specific information, and educating and empowering lead study teams to support their sites.
Hospital-acquired coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among patients of two acute-care hospitals: Implications for surveillance
Authors: Trick William E. , Santos Carlos A. Q. , Welbel Sharon , Tseng Marion , Zhang Huiyuan , Donceras Onofre , Martinez Ashley I. , Lin Michael Y.
Published: April 2022

Objectives:

We quantified hospital-acquired coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during the early phases of the pandemic, and we evaluated solely temporal determinations of hospital acquisition.

Design:

Retrospective observational study during early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, March 1–November 30, 2020. We identified laboratory-detected severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from 30 days before admission through discharge. All cases detected after hospital day 5 were categorized by chart review as community or unlikely hospital-acquired cases, or possible or probable hospital-acquired cases.

Setting:

The study was conducted in 2 acute-care hospitals in Chicago, Illinois.

Patients:

The study included all hospitalized patients including an inpatient rehabilitation unit.

Interventions:

Each hospital implemented infection-control precautions soon after identifying COVID-19 cases, including patient and staff cohort protocols, universal masking, and restricted visitation policies.

Results:

Among 2,667 patients with SARS-CoV-2, detection before hospital day 6 was most common (n = 2,612; 98%); detection during hospital days 6–14 was uncommon (n = 43; 1.6%); and detection after hospital day 14 was rare (n = 16; 0.6%). By chart review, most cases after day 5 were categorized as community acquired, usually because SARS-CoV-2 had been detected at a prior healthcare facility (68% of cases on days 6–14 and 53% of cases after day 14). The incidence rates of possible and probable hospital-acquired cases per 10,000 patient days were similar for ICU- and non-ICU patients at hospital A (1.2 vs 1.3 difference, 0.1; 95% CI, −2.8 to 3.0) and hospital B (2.8 vs 1.2 difference, 1.6; 95% CI, −0.1 to 4.0).

Conclusions:

Most patients were protected by early and sustained application of infection-control precautions modified to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Using solely temporal criteria to discriminate hospital versus community acquisition would have misclassified many “late onset” SARS-CoV-2–positive cases.
Numerical investigation of turbulent features past different mechanical aortic valves
Authors: Nitti A. , De Cillis G. , de Tullio M.D.
Published: April 2022

Flow through mechanical aortic valves (MAVs) has been constantly associated to higher haemolysis and platelet activation levels with respect to native valves, due to non-physiologic haemodynamic features. Both computational and experimental investigations have correlated the blood damage to augmented levels of turbulent stress downstream of MAVs. This study provides a computational estimation, drawn from high-resolution direct numerical simulations, of turbulent and fluctuating viscous stresses in three different MAV configurations, at subsequent stages of the cardiac cycle. The configurations comprise a St. Judes Medical Regent valve (SJMV), a Lapeyre-Triflo FURTIVA valve (LTFV) with three leaflets, and a SJMV with vortex generators (VGs). Non-standard configurations are expected to mitigate the mean stress level on blood constituents reducing the turbulent production. Computations are carried out by means of a finite-difference flow solver with a direct-forcing immersed boundary technique to handle fixed and moving bodies. The VGs are found to provide instabilities which corrupt the Kármán-like vortex shedding downstream of the leaflets, reducing the intensity of turbulent kinetic energy at the peak flow rate, thus lowering the local Reynolds shear stress. Conversely, the LTFV configuration provides comparable haemodynamic performance at peak flow rate but further reduced stress level in the deceleration phase. These interpretations are supported by probability density distributions from three-dimensional fields, and further corroborated by a pointwise mapping of the Taylor length scale and local energy spectra. The outcomes of this study might potentially be exploited to improve the design of new-generation MAVs, with the aim of decreasing the risk of thromboembolic complications.
The classification of nouns (nāma) in Buddhaghosa
Authors: Visigalli Paolo
Published: April 2022

This paper provides the first detailed analysis of the models for classing nouns found in the early Pali exegetical texts traditionally assigned to the fifth-century monk-scholar Buddhaghosa. It identifies three fourfold models and argues that: (a) each model has a distinctive distribution; (b) the original occurrence in each model serves a specific purpose, which can be identified through studying the relation between these original occurrences and their respective context; (c) Buddhaghosa did not invent these models but repurposed pre-existing models to fit specific exegetical needs; (d) Buddhaghosa's reuse of these inherited models is consistent with his view expressed elsewhere that Pali is a sacred, perfect language; and (e) in developing these models, the unknown authors combined influences from the Pali canon and Sanskrit grammatical sources. Finally, I briefly consider whether studying the models sheds new light on the early history of Pali grammar.
Text recall and use of advance organisers in first and second language
Authors: Dhaene Sara , Woumans Evy
Published: April 2022

Previous research identified that studying texts in a second language (L2) as opposed to the first (L1) results in substantially weaker recall. We hypothesized that use of advance organizers (AOs) might attenuate this L2 recall cost by supporting L2 users in the construction of more solid memory representations. One hundred Dutch-English bilinguals studied two texts in either L1 or L2, and with or without the help of a mind map. The previously reported L2 cost was replicated, with lower recall scores in L2 relative to L1. Whereas L1 and L2 students were equally aided by AO use, the initial cost dissipated when comparing L2 test scores in the AO condition with those of L1 in the non-AO condition. We therefore conclude that employing AOs does not entirely diminish L2 disadvantages but brings L2 students up to the initial level of L1 students.
Development of a temperature-based seed germination model for silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium)
Authors: Kapiluto Omer , Eizenberg Hanan , Lati Ran Nisim
Published: April 2022

Silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifoliumCav.) has become a highly troublesome weed in irrigated summer crops in Israel. Because herbicide-based options to control this weed are limited, the best way to improve weed control is through a study of its biology, particularly its germination dynamics. The main objective of this study was to determine the impact of temperature on the seed germination dynamics ofS. elaeagnifoliumand to develop a temperature-based (thermal) prediction model for threeS. elaeagnifoliumpopulations growing in different ecosystems in Israel. To this end, a laboratory study was undertaken in which the germination proportion ofS. elaeagnifoliumseeds was monitored under seven temperature regimes: 2/8, 7/13, 12/18, 17/23, 22/28, 27/33, and 32/38 C (night/day). In addition, the impact of alternating temperature regimes between night and day temperatures (of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 C), averaged over 20 and 25 C, was determined. It was found that the three populations shared similar germination characteristics and dynamics. An alternation of ≥6 C between night and day temperatures was needed for optimal germination, with no germination taking place under constant temperatures. In all three populations, the minimal requirement for germination was a 12/18 C (night/day) regime, with the final germination proportion lying between 0.25 and 0.36. The highest final germination proportion of ≥0.8 was observed for the 17/23 C regime in all three populations. Modeling the germination rate as a function of temperature allowed us to determine cardinal temperatures for all three populations taken together, with the values beingTb= 10.8 C (base temperature),To= 23.8 C (optimal temperature), andTc= 35.9 C (ceiling temperature). These biological parameters allowed accurate (root mean-square error < 0.06%) prediction ofS. elaeagnifoliumseed germination over the entire temperature range.
Atrial fibrillation designation with micro-Raman spectroscopy and scanning acoustic microscope
Authors: Parlatan Ugur , Parlatan Seyma , Sen Kubra , Kecoglu Ibrahim , Ulukan Mustafa Ozer , Karakaya Atalay , Erkanli Korhan , Turkoglu Halil , Ugurlucan Murat , Unlu Mehmet Burcin , Tanoren Bukem
Published: April 2022

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is diagnosed with the electrocardiogram, which is the gold standard in clinics. However, sufficient arrhythmia monitoring takes a long time, and many of the tests are made in only a few seconds, which can lead arrhythmia to be missed. Here, we propose a combined method to detect the effects of AF on atrial tissue. We characterize tissues obtained from patients with or without AF by scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) and by Raman spectroscopy (RS) to construct a mechano-chemical profile. We classify the Raman spectral measurements of the tissue samples with an unsupervised clustering method, k-means and compare their chemical properties. Besides, we utilize scanning acoustic microscopy to compare and determine differences in acoustic impedance maps of the groups. We compared the clinical outcomes with our findings using a neural network classification for Raman measurements and ANOVA for SAM measurements. Consequently, we show that the stiffness profiles of the tissues, corresponding to the patients with chronic AF, without AF or who experienced postoperative AF, are in agreement with the lipid-collagen profiles obtained by the Raman spectral characterization.
Giant reduction in thermal conductivity of single-chain polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) under external tensile strain
Authors: Ma Tengfei , Wang Yan
Published: April 2022

The ultrahigh thermal conductivity of single-chain PVDF and its significant decrease with tensile strain predicted through first-principles calculations.
Emerging mRNA technologies: delivery strategies and biomedical applications
Authors: Xiao Yufen , Tang Zhongmin , Huang Xiangang , Chen Wei , Zhou Jun , Liu Haijun , Liu Chuang , Kong Na , Tao Wei
Published: April 2022

This review highlights significant progress in mRNA delivery platforms and therapeutic applications from the view of chemistry. Insights into the challenges and future development towards clinical translation of mRNA therapeutics are also provided.
2D and 3D maximum-quantum NMR and diffusion spectroscopy for the characterization of enzymatic reaction mixtures
Authors: Piersanti Elena , Righetti Claudio , Ribeaucourt David , Simaan A. Jalila , Mekmouche Yasmina , Lafond Mickael , Berrin Jean-Guy , Tron Thierry , Yemloul Mehdi
Published: April 2022

Using MaxQ-NMR, we characterized enzymatic reaction mixtures containing several compounds (substrate, final product, and various intermediates). This approach enables, in a first analytical step, the counting of the molecules present in the samples.
CoO nanoparticle decorated N-doped carbon nanotubes: a high-efficiency catalyst for nitrate reduction to ammonia
Authors: Chen Qiru , Liang Jie , Yue Luchao , Luo Yongsong , Liu Qian , Li Na , Alshehri Abdulmohsen Ali , Li Tingshuai , Guo Haoran , Sun Xuping
Published: April 2022

As an electrocatalyst for nitrate reduction, CoO nanoparticle decorated N-doped carbon nanotubes show a large NH3 yield up to 9166.37 μg h−1 cm−2 and a high faradaic efficiency of 93.63% in 0.1 M NaOH with 0.1 M NO3−.
Decreased surface defects and non-radiative recombination via the passivation of the halide perovskite film by 2-thiophenecarboxylic acid in triple-cation perovskite solar cells
Authors: Kara Duygu Akin , Cirak Dilek , Gultekin Burak
Published: April 2022

2-Thiophenecarboxylic acid (2TiCOOH) is used as an interfacial passivation reagent in perovskite solar cells to enhance charge carrier transfer at the perovskite/HTL interface and long term stability.
Computer simulation of hypothetical hydrogen ordered structure of ice XIX
Authors: Dong Xiao-Tong , Qin Xiao-Ling , Wang Xue-Chun , Cao Jing-Wen , Liu Xiao-Yan , Yu Xu-Hao , Yuan Xiao-Qing , Guo Qing , Sun Yi , Zhang Peng
Published: April 2022

One kind of possible hydrogen ordered structure of new ice phase, XIX.
Reagent free detection of SARS-CoV-2 using an antibody-based microwave sensor in a microfluidic platform
Authors: Cui Weijia , Zhao Pei , Wang Jin , Qin Ning , Ho Emmanuel A. , Ren Carolyn L.
Published: April 2022

Schematic of the microfluidic microwave detection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The detection relies on the frequency shift caused by the binding between the antibody coated on the microwave sensor and the SARS-CoV-2 antigen or virus.
Ferroptosis in plants: regulation of lipid peroxidation and redox status
Authors: Distéfano Ayelén Mariana , López Gabriel Alejandro , Bauer Victoria , Zabaleta Eduardo , Pagnussat Gabriela Carolina
Published: April 2022

Regulated cell death (RCD) is an essential process that plays key roles along the plant life cycle. Unlike accidental cell death, which is an uncontrolled biological process, RCD involves integrated signaling cascades and precise molecular-mediated mechanisms that are triggered in response to specific exogenous or endogenous stimuli. Ferroptosis is a cell death pathway characterized by the iron-dependent accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species. Although first described in animals, ferroptosis in plants shares all the main core mechanisms observed for ferroptosis in other systems. In plants as in animals, oxidant and antioxidant systems outline the process of lipid peroxidation during ferroptosis. In plants, cellular compartments such as mitochondria, chloroplasts and cytosol act cooperatively and coordinately to respond to changing redox environments. This particular context makes plants a unique model to study redox status regulation and cell death. In this review, we focus on our most recent understanding of the regulation of redox state and lipid peroxidation in plants and their role during ferroptosis.
Activation and manipulation of inflammasomes and pyroptosis during bacterial infections
Authors: Bernard Elliott M. , Broz Petr
Published: April 2022

Following detection of pathogen infection and disrupted cellular homeostasis, cells can activate a range of cell death pathways, such as apoptosis, necroptosis and pyroptosis, as part of their defence strategy. The initiation of pro-inflammatory, lytic pyroptosis is controlled by inflammasomes, which respond to a range of cellular perturbations. As is true for many host defence pathways, pathogens have evolved multiple mechanisms to subvert this pathway, many of which have only recently been described. Herein, we will discuss the mechanisms by which inflammasomes sense pathogen invasion and initiate pyroptosis and the effector mechanisms used by pathogens to suppress this pathway and preserve their niche.
Organ-on-a-chip: current gaps and future directions
Authors: Candarlioglu Pelin L. , Dal Negro Gianni , Hughes David , Balkwill Frances , Harris Kate , Screen Hazel , Morgan Hywel , David Rhiannon , Beken Sonja , Guenat Olivier , Rowan Wendy , Amour Augustin
Published: April 2022

As an emerging hot topic of the last decade, Organ on Chip (OoC) is a new technology that is attracting interest from both basic and translational scientists. The Biochemical Society, with its mission of supporting the advancement of science, with addressing grand challenges that have societal impact, has included OoC into their agenda to review the current state of the art, bottlenecks and future directions. This conference brought together representatives of the main stakeholders in the OoC field including academics, end-users, regulators and technology developers to discuss and identify requirements for this new technology to deliver on par with the expectations and the key challenges and gaps that still need to be addressed to achieve robust human-relevant tools, able to positively impact decision making in the pharmaceutical industry and reduce overreliance on poorly predictive animal models.
Regulation of the generation of reactive oxygen species during photosynthetic electron transport
Authors: Krieger-Liszkay Anja , Shimakawa Ginga
Published: April 2022

Light capture by chlorophylls and photosynthetic electron transport bury the risk of the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including singlet oxygen, superoxide anion radicals and hydrogen peroxide. Rapid changes in light intensity, electron fluxes and accumulation of strong oxidants and reductants increase ROS production. Superoxide is mainly generated at the level of photosystem I while photosystem II is the main source of singlet oxygen. ROS can induce oxidative damage of the photosynthetic apparatus, however, ROS are also important to tune processes inside the chloroplast and participate in retrograde signalling regulating the expression of genes involved in acclimation responses. Under most physiological conditions light harvesting and photosynthetic electron transport are regulated to keep the level of ROS at a non-destructive level. Photosystem II is most prone to photoinhibition but can be quickly repaired while photosystem I is protected in most cases. The size of the transmembrane proton gradient is central for the onset of mechanisms that protect against photoinhibition. The proton gradient allows dissipation of excess energy as heat in the antenna systems and it regulates electron transport. pH-dependent slowing down of electron donation to photosystem I protects it against ROS generation and damage. Cyclic electron transfer and photoreduction of oxygen contribute to the size of the proton gradient. The yield of singlet oxygen production in photosystem II is regulated by changes in the midpoint potential of its primary quinone acceptor. In addition, numerous antioxidants inside the photosystems, the antenna and the thylakoid membrane quench or scavenge ROS.
Emerging roles of lncRNAs in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of trigeminal neuralgia
Authors: Wang Tianyi , Liu Liu , Song Dongzhe , Huang Dingming
Published: April 2022

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is one of the most common neuropathic pain disorders and is often combined with other comorbidities if managed inadequately. However, the present understanding of its pathogenesis at the molecular level remains lacking. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play crucial roles in neuropathic pain, and many studies have reported that specific lncRNAs are related to TN. This review summarizes the current understanding of lncRNAs in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of TN. Recent studies have shown that the lncRNAs uc.48+, Gm14461, MRAK009713 and NONRATT021972 are potential candidate loci for the diagnosis and treatment of TN. The current diagnostic system could be enhanced and improved by a workflow for selecting transcriptomic biomarkers and the development of lncRNA-based molecular diagnostic systems for TN. The discovery of lncRNAs potentially impacts drug selection for TN; however, the current supporting evidence is limited to preclinical studies. Additional studies are needed to further test the diagnostic and therapeutic value of lncRNAs in TN.
DWI of the Breast – Possibilities and Limitations
Authors: Meyer Hans Jonas , Martin Mireille , Denecke Timm
Published: April 2022

Background The MRI of the breast is of great importance in the diagnosis of disorders of the breast. This can be stated for the primary diagnosis as well as the follow up. Of special interest is diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), which has an increasingly important role. The present review provides results regarding the diagnostic and prognostic relevance of DWI for disorders of the breast.

Methods Under consideration of the recently published literature, the clinical value of DWI of the breast is discussed. Several diagnostic applications are shown, especially for the primary diagnosis of unclear tumors of the breast, the prediction of the axillary lymph node status and the possibility of a native screening. Moreover, correlations between DWI and histopathology features and treatment prediction with DWI are provided.

Results Many studies have shown the diagnostic value of DWI for the primary diagnosis of intramammary lesions. Benign lesions of the breast have significantly higher apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC values) compared to malignant tumors. This can be clinically used to reduce unnecessary biopsies in clinical routine. However, there are inconclusive results for the prediction of the histological subtype of the breast cancer. DWI can aid in the prediction of treatment to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Conclusion DWI is a very promising imaging modality, which should be included in the standard protocol of the MRI of the breast. DWI can provide clinically value in the diagnosis as well as for prognosis in breast cancer.

Key Points: 

Citation Format
Persönliche Entfaltung ist alles – Generation Y als Angestellte
Authors: Indermühle Yvonne
Published: April 2022

Wer zwischen 1981 und 1995 geboren wurde, gehört zur Generation Y. Diese gilt beruflich als sehr wählerisch. Daher gibt es für Arbeitgebende einiges zu beachten, wenn sie Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmern der Generation Y eine attraktive Stelle bieten möchten.
Regioselective Construction of Coumarin-1,2,4-triazines via a Cs2CO3-Catalyzed [3+3] Cycloaddition Reaction
Authors: Zhang Fa-Guang , Ma Jun-An , Liu Xuan-Yu
Published: April 2022

A cesium carbonate (Cs2CO3)-catalyzed [3+3] cycloaddition reaction of coumarin-diazo reagents with glycine imino esters is established to produce tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazines in good yields with excellent regioselectivity. One-pot cycloaddition/oxidation protocol could further provide practical access to a series of new coumarin-decorated 1,2,4-triazines.
Proteins exhibit fold-sensitive sets of physical properties
Authors: Thompson Avery
Published: April 2022

Changing the folded structure of a protein changes its properties, with applications in diagnostics and photonics.
A field programmable gate array-based timing and control system for the dynamic compression sector
Authors: Saxena Shefali , Paskvan Daniel R. , Weir Nicholas R. , Sinclair Nicholas
Published: April 2022

A field programmable gate array (FPGA)-based timing and trigger control system has been developed for the Dynamic Compression Sector (DCS) user facility located at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National Laboratory. The DCS is a first-of-its-kind capability dedicated to dynamic compression science. All components of the DCS laser shock station—x-ray choppers, single-shot shutter, internal laser triggers, and shot diagnostics—must be synchronized with respect to the arrival of x rays in the hutch. An FPGA synchronized to the APS storage ring radio frequency clock (352 MHz) generates trigger signals for each stage of the laser and x-ray shutter system with low jitter. The developed FPGA-based control system was the first system used to control the laser and the shutter system since its commissioning, and it has been developing since then to improve the timing jitter. The system is composed of a Zynq FPGA, a debug card, line drivers, and a power supply. The delay and offsets of the trigger signals can be adjusted by using a user-friendly graphical user interface with high precision. The details of the system architecture, timing requirements, firmware, and software implementation along with the performance evaluation are presented in this paper. The system offers low timing jitter (15.5 ps rms) with respect to the APS 352 MHz clock, suitable for the 100 ps (FWHM) x-ray bunch duration at the APS.
Nanoemulsion polymerization and templating: Potentials and perspectives
Authors: Abbasian Chaleshtari Zahra , Zhou Muchu , Foudazi Reza
Published: April 2022

The current study aims to provide an outlook on the nanoemulsions templating method by discussing their potentials to produce different polymers and evaluating challenges that might be posed during emulsification and polymerization. Tunable properties such as controllable droplet size, volume fraction, composition, and interdroplet interactions provide tools for controlling the structure of nanoemulsions and nanoemulsion-templated polymers. Therefore, these properties along with a phase diagram including the liquid, gel, attractive glass, and repulsive glass states of nanoemulsions are discussed in this Perspective. Although the synthesis of nanoparticles is the main application of nanoemulsion templating in the literature, polymerization of monomers in the continuous phase of nanoemulsions has potential to expand their applications and produce complex structured porous polymers. Nanoemulsion characteristics can also be tuned to produce porous polymers with desirable properties. This Perspective also looks at multiple nanoemulsions with multi-phase droplets, which recently have become of great interest for producing nanoparticles with complex morphologies. Multiple nanoemulsions and their templating provide new avenues for certain applications particularly in pharmaceutical and nanotechnology industries.
Stability and large-time behavior of the inviscid Boussinesq system for the micropolar fluid with damping
Authors: Li Xinliang , Tan Zhong
Published: April 2022

In this paper, we consider the three-dimensional inviscid Boussinesq system for the micropolar fluid in porous media. We proved the global well-posedness and large time behavior of solutions in the whole space R3. Precisely, when the H3-norm of initial data is small, but the higher-order derivatives can be arbitrarily large, the system is globally well-posed by the pure energy method. Moreover, by a set of mature negative Sobolev and Besov space interpolation methods, the Lp − L2 (1 ≤ p ≤ 2) type of the optimal time decay rates are obtained without any smallness assumption on the Lp norm of the initial data. Our results mathematically explain the stability of the system in an unbounded domain.
van der Waals epitaxy of 2D h-AlN on TMDs by atomic layer deposition at 250 °C
Authors: Chang Shu-Jui , Wang Shin-Yuan , Huang Yu-Che , Chih Jia Hao , Lai Yu-Ting , Tsai Yi-Wei , Lin Jhih-Min , Chien Chao-Hsin , Tang Ying-Tsan , Hu Chenming
Published: April 2022

We report the demonstration of growing two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal-AlN (h-AlN) on transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) monolayers (MoS2, WS2, and WSe2) via van der Waals epitaxy by atomic layer deposition (ALD). Having atomically thin thickness and high theoretical carrier mobility, TMDs are attractive semiconductors for future dense and high-performance 3D IC, and 2D hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) as a gate dielectric is known to significantly improve TMD device performance. However, h-BN growth requires 1000 °C temperature that is not compatible with CMOS fabrication, and ALD deposition of any high-k 2D insulator on TMD continues to be an elusive goal. The epitaxial 2D layered h-AlN by low-temperature ALD is characterized by synchrotron-based grazing-incidence wide-angle x-ray scattering and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. In addition, we demonstrate the feasibility of using layered h-AlN as an interfacial layer between WS2 and ALD HfO2. The significantly better uniformity and smoothness of HfO2 than that directly deposited on TMD are desirable characteristics for TMD transistor applications.
A perspective on electrical generation of spin current for magnetic random access memories
Authors: Safranski Christopher , Sun Jonathan Z. , Kent Andrew D.
Published: April 2022

Spin currents are used to write information in magnetic random access memory (MRAM) devices by switching the magnetization direction of one of the ferromagnetic electrodes of a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) nanopillar. Different physical mechanisms of conversion of charge current to spin current can be used in two-terminal and three-terminal device geometries. In two-terminal devices, charge-to-spin conversion occurs by spin filtering in the MTJ's ferromagnetic electrodes and present day MRAM devices operate near the theoretically expected maximum charge-to-spin conversion efficiency. In three-terminal devices, spin–orbit interactions in a channel material can also be used to generate large spin currents. In this Perspective article, we discuss charge-to-spin conversion processes that can satisfy the requirements of MRAM technology. We emphasize the need to develop channel materials with larger charge-to-spin conversion efficiency—that can equal or exceed that produced by spin filtering—and spin currents with a spin polarization component perpendicular to the channel interface. This would enable high-performance devices based on sub-20 nm diameter perpendicularly magnetized MTJ nanopillars without need of a symmetry breaking field. We also discuss MRAM characteristics essential for CMOS integration. Finally, we identify critical research needs for charge-to-spin conversion measurements and metrics that can be used to optimize device channel materials and interface properties prior to full MTJ nanopillar device fabrication and characterization.
Tunable asymmetric acoustic transmission device based on acoustic grating and sonic crystal with point defect
Authors: Lu Wei , Zhang Sai , Fan Heteng , Glorieux Christ
Published: April 2022

A numerical demonstration is given of the feasibility of a newly designed tunable asymmetric acoustic transmission device, for which the acoustic transmission coefficients for perpendicularly incident left- and right-running waves are different at a particular single frequency within a forbidden zone. The proposed device consists of a hybrid, sonic-crystal-based resonant structure with horizontal periodicity and a one-dimensional periodic rectangular acoustic grating with vertical periodicity. The former structure exhibits a wide bandgap through which only waves with particular combinations of their frequency and propagation direction can tunnel. The direction dependence of the acoustic transmission is based on the geometrical asymmetry of the placement of the grating, and on the narrowband correspondence between the diffraction angle of the grating and the allowed transmission direction through the sonic-crystal-based structure. Angular and spectral tuning are possible by changing the grating and/or the sonic crystal periodicity. The device has potential applications in underwater acoustics for asymmetric transmission systems and secure communication systems.
Recrystallization of thick implanted GeSn layers with nanosecond laser annealing
Authors: Casiez L. , Bernier N. , Chrétien J. , Richy J. , Rouchon D. , Bertrand M. , Mazen F. , Frauenrath M. , Chelnokov A. , Hartmann J. M. , Calvo V. , Pauc N. , Reboud V. , Acosta Alba P.
Published: April 2022

We investigate the recrystallization of thick phosphorus-implanted GeSn layers using 308 nm Ultraviolet Nanosecond Laser Annealing (UV-NLA). We identify the optimal annealing conditions leading to the reconstruction of Ge0.92Sn0.08 crystal amorphized by dopant implantation. The fully recrystallized GeSn layers present specific structures with localized tin and strain variations. Above the non-amorphized and unmelted Ge0.92Sn0.08 seed layer, a first highly tensile strained GeSn sublayer is formed, with a tin gradient from 2.5% up to 10.5%. Closer to the surface, a second sublayer consists of tin-enriched vertical structures in a Ge0.93Sn0.07 matrix. Laser annealing enables us to reverse the strain of the GeSn layer. The initial GeSn presents a compressive strain of −0.10%, while the recrystallized Ge0.93Sn0.07 matrix is tensile strained at 0.39%. UV-NLA presents the advantages of (i) local annealing that recrystallizes amorphized GeSn layers after implantation without excessive tin segregation and (ii) reversing the strain of epitaxial GeSn layers from compressive to tensile. Our results open up promising perspectives for the integration of GeSn mid-IR photonic devices.
Collision excitation of c-C3H−(X1A1) by He
Authors: Mogren Al Mogren Muneerah , Ben Abdallah Driss , Dhaif Allah Al Harbi Sarah , Senent Maria Luisa
Published: April 2022

Accurate modeling of anionic abundances in the interstellar and circumstellar media requires calculations of collisional data with the most abundant species that are usually He atoms and H2 molecules. In this paper, we focus on smaller cyclic molecular anion, c-C3H−, an astrophysical candidate, following the detection of larger CnH− carbon chains. From a new three-dimensional potential energy surface, the rotational (de-)excitation of the c-C3H−(X1A1) anion by collision with He is investigated. The surface is obtained in the supermolecular approach at the CCSD(T)-F12/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory. Fully quantum close-coupling calculations of inelastic integral cross sections are performed on a grid of collisional energies large enough to ensure the convergence of the state-to-state rate coefficients for the 34 first rotational levels up to jKa,Kc = 77,0 of c-C3H− and temperatures ranging from 5 to 100 K. For this collisional system, rate coefficients exhibit a strong dominance in favor of 21,2 → l1,1 downward transition. This transition was previously used for the detection of the cyclic parent c-C3H. The c-C3H−–He rate coefficients (∼10−11 cm3 s−1) are of the same order of magnitude as those of the detected anions CnH− (as C2H−, C4H−, and C6H−) in collision with He and one order of magnitude smaller than those with H2. The critical densities of H2 were also estimated, and a discussion on the validity of the local thermodynamic equilibrium conditions is carried out. This work represents the contribution to understanding and modeling abundances and chemistry of hydrocarbon radicals, CnH, in astrophysical media.
Identification of resistance sources in common bean (
Authors: Palacıoğlu Gülsüm , Yeken Mehmet Zahit , Kantar Faik , Çancı Hüseyin , Çiftçi Vahdettin , Bayraktar Harun , Özer Göksel
Published: April 2022

Context Among biotic factors, bean anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magnus) Briosi & Cavara is one of the most destructive diseases of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Resistance in common bean genotypes is controlled by anthracnose resistance loci (designated Co). Aims The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of Co resistance genes in common bean genotypes from Turkey and to examine promising genotypes as candidates for parent plants in breeding studies. Methods The presence of Co resistance genes in 693 common bean genotypes from 35 provinces of Turkey was determined by 12 SCAR (sequence characterised amplified region), RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA), STS (sequence-tagged site) and CAPS (cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence) markers. The disease reaction of 40 agronomically promising genotypes to different pathogen isolates was evaluated in a pot study. Key results The results indicated the presence of Co-1, Co-14, Co-15, Co-2, Co-33, Co-4, Co-42, Co-6, Co-10, Co-11 and Co-13 resistance genes, alone or in combination; Co-5 was not detected in any of the genotypes. Among the genotypes, Co-15 was the most frequent resistance source, followed by Co-4, Co-6 and Co-11, respectively. Common bean genotypes carrying Co-14, Co-2, Co-33, Co-11 and Co-13 have been identified for the first time in Turkish germplasm. Five genotypes carrying the various combinations of Co-1, Co-15, Co-4, Co-6, Co-10, Co-11 and Co-13 were resistant to all isolates in pathogenicity tests. Conclusions This study is the most comprehensive to date on Co genes linked to the resistance of common bean genotypes throughout Turkey and provides an important gene pool for breeding studies into bean anthracnose. Resistant genotypes identified will be useful as parent plants in resistance breeding studies. Implications Resistance genotypes carrying different Co genes to bean anthracnose will contribute significantly to the disease management strategy.
Heat propagation simulation of thin-walled Ti6Al4V alloy components fabricated by double-wire GTAW additive manufacturing
Authors: Tian Hua , Xin Yi , Lu Lianzhong , Chen Xinya , Zhang Guoyang , Cai Yangchuan , Tian Yinbao , Han Jian
Published: April 2022

In this study, a temperature field finite element model of the thin-walled Ti6Al4V alloy component fabricated by double-wire tungsten arc welding-based wire arc additive manufacturing was established. Detailed heat propagation of the molten pool and the deposited layer was analysed systematically. The simulated results illustrate that the heat accumulation of the thin-walled Ti6Al4V alloy component becomes evident step by step as the deposition process proceeds. The height of the specified heat affect zone increases gradually, and then stabilises, and the stable value is ∼14 mm. The molten pool influences two deposition layers when it moves. The heat conduction from the thin-walled to the substrate still plays a major role as the layers are deposited.
A Bayesian MultiLayer Record Linkage Procedure to Analyze Post-Acute Care Recovery of Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Shan Mingyang , Thomas Kali S , Gutman Roee
Published: April 2022

Understanding associations between injury severity and postacute care recovery for patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) is crucial to improving care. Estimating these associations requires information on patients’ injury, demographics, and healthcare utilization, which are dispersed across multiple data sets. Because of privacy regulations, unique identifiers are not available to link records across these data sets. Record linkage methods identify records that represent the same patient across data sets in the absence of unique identifiers. With a large number of records, these methods may result in many false links. Health providers are a natural grouping scheme for patients, because only records that receive care from the same provider can represent the same patient. In some cases, providers are defined within each data set, but they are not uniquely identified across data sets. We propose a Bayesian record linkage procedure that simultaneously links providers and patients. The procedure improves the accuracy of the estimated links compared to current methods. We use this procedure to merge a trauma registry with Medicare claims to estimate the association between TBI patients’ injury severity and postacute care recovery.
Enhancing and stabilization of cord blood regulatory T-cell suppressive function by human mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes
Authors: Zhang Juan , Ma Xiaoqian , Cao Lu , He Xing , Li Sang , Yang Min , Yang Cejun , Rong Pengfei , Yi Shounan , Ghimire Kedar , Kong Xiangfeng , Wang Wei
Published: April 2022

FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are central to maintaining peripheral tolerance and immune homeostasis. They have the potential to be developed as a cellular therapy to treat various clinical ailments such as autoimmune disorders, inflammatory diseases and to improve transplantation outcomes. However, a major question remains whether Tregs can persist and exert their function effectively in a disease state, where a broad spectrum of inflammatory mediators could inactivate Tregs. In this study, we investigated the potential of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes to promote and sustain Tregs function. MSC-conditioned media (MSC-CM) cultured Tregs were more suppressive in both polyclonal and allogeneic responses and were resistant to inflammatory stimulation in vitro compared with the controls. A similar enhancement of Treg function was also observed by culturing Tregs with MSC-derived exosomes alone. The enhanced suppressive activity and stability of Treg cultured in MSC-CM was reduced when exosomes were depleted from MSC-CM. We identified that MSC-derived exosomes could upregulate the expression of LC3(II/I), phosphorylate Jak3 and Stat5 to promote Treg survival, and regulate FOXP3 expression in Tregs. Overall, our study demonstrates that MSC-derived exosomes are capable of enhancing Hucb-Tregs function and stability by activating autophagy and Stat5 signalling pathways. Our findings provide a strong rationale for utilizing MSC-derived exosomes as an effective strategy to enhance Treg function, and improve the overall Tregs-based cell therapy landscape.
Evaluation of an Opioid Overdose Composite Risk Score Cutoff in Active Duty Military Service Members
Authors: Dunham Jacob R , Highland Krista B , Costantino Ryan C , Cliff Rutter W , Rittel Alexander G , Kazanis William H , Palmrose Gregory H
Published: April 2022

Objective

To evaluate the current cutoff score and a recalibrated adaptation of the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) Risk Index for Serious Prescription Opioid-Induced Respiratory Depression or Overdose (RIOSORD) in active duty service members.

Design

Retrospective case-control.

Setting

Military Health System.

Subjects

Active duty service members dispensed ≥ 1 opioid prescription between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2019.

Methods

Service members with a documented opioid overdose were matched 1:10 to controls. An active duty-specific (AD) RIOSORD was constructed using the VHA RIOSORD components. Analyses examined the risk stratification and predictive characteristics of two RIOSORD versions (VHA and AD).

Results

Cases (n = 95) were matched with 950 controls. Only 6 of the original 17 elements were retained in the AD RIOSORD. Long-acting or extended-release opioid prescriptions, antidepressant prescriptions, hospitalization, and emergency department visits were associated with overdose events. The VHA RIOSORD had fair performance (C-statistic 0.77, 95% CI 0.75, 0.79), while the AD RIOSORD did not demonstrate statistically significant performance improvement (C-statistic 0.78, 95% CI, 0.77, 0.80). The DoD selected cut point (VHA RIOSORD > 32) only identified 22 of 95 ORD outcomes (Sensitivity 0.23), while an AD-specific cut point (AD RIOSORD > 16) correctly identified 53 of 95 adverse events (Sensitivity 0.56).

Conclusions

Results highlight the need to continually recalibrate predictive models and to consider multiple measures of performance. Although both models had similar overall performance with respect to the C-statistic, an AD-specific index threshold improves sensitivity. The calibrated AD RIOSORD does not represent an end-state, but a bridge to a future model developed on a wider range of patient variables, taking into consideration features that capture both care received, and care that was not received.