bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clarifying the propagation dynamics from meteorological to hydrological drought induced by climate change and direct human activities
Authors: Li Ziyan , Huang Shengzhi , Zhou Shuai , Leng Guoyong , Liu Dengfeng , Huang Qiang , Wang Hao , Han Zhiming , Liang Hao
Published: July 2021

An understanding of the propagation process from meteorological to hydrological drought contributes to accurate prediction hydrological drought. However, the comprehensive influence of direct human activities involved in drought propagation is not well understood. In this study, an identification framework for drought propagation time was constructed to quantify the effects of direct human activities (i.e., reservoir storage, irrigation, industrial, domestic and agricultural water consumption) on drought propagation. Subsequently, the effects of meteorological and underlying surface factors on the drought propagation process were clarified based on random forest method, and the driving effect of teleconnection factors was investigated from top to bottom. The Wei River Basin (WRB), the largest tributary of the Yellow River Basin, was selected as the case study. Results disclosed that the propagation time from meteorological to hydrological drought was short in summer (approximately 2 months) and autumn (approximately 3 months), while long in spring (approximately 3–5 months) and winter (approximately 3–8 months), exhibiting noticeable spatial variability. In a changing environment, the propagation time generally showed a decreasing trend in spring and winter, while increasing propagation time was observed in summer and autumn. The dynamic drought propagation time of each season was all jointly controlled by the different extent variation of meteorological and underlying surface conditions, and the basic flow is all relatively significant throughout the period. Direct human activities had an effect on the seasonal dynamics of drought propagation, especially during the winter of the non-flood season, which alleviated the severity of winter hydrological drought to some extent, thus delaying the transmission of meteorological signals to hydrological systems. Sunspots, the dominant direct teleconnection driving force in the WRB, could indirectly affect the local precipitation and base flow in spring, autumn, and winter and interferes with the drought propagation process. This study sheds new insights into the attribution of drought propagation dynamics in a changing environment.
Horizontal energy flux of wind-driven intraseasonal waves in the tropical Atlantic by a unified diagnosis
Authors: Song Qingyang , Aiki Hidenori
Published: July 2021

Intraseasonal waves in the tropical Atlantic Ocean have been found to carry prominent energy that affects interannual variability of zonal currents. This study investigates energy transfer and interaction of wind-driven intraseasonal waves using single-layer model experiments. Three sets of wind stress forcing at intraseasonal periods of around 30 days, 50 days and 80 days with a realistic horizontal distribution are employed separately to excite the second baroclinic mode in the tropical Atlantic. A unified scheme for calculating the energy flux, previously approximated and used for the diagnosis of annual Kelvin and Rossby waves, is utilized in the present study in its original form for intraseasonal waves. Zonal velocity anomalies by Kelvin waves dominate the 80-day scenario. Meridional velocity anomalies by Yanai waves dominate the 30-day scenario. In the 50-day scenario, the two waves have comparable magnitudes. The horizontal distribution of wave energy flux is revealed. In the 30-day and 50-day scenarios, a zonally alternating distribution of cross-equatorial wave energy flux is found. By checking an analytical solution excluding Kelvin waves, we confirm that the cross-equatorial flux is caused by the meridional transport of geopotential at the equator. This is attributed to the combination of Kelvin and Yanai waves and leads to the asymmetric distribution of wave energy in the central basin. Coastally-trapped Kelvin waves along the African coast are identified by along-shore energy flux. In the north, the bend of the Guinea coast leads the flux back to the equatorial basin. In the south, the Kelvin waves strengthened by local wind transfer the energy from the equatorial to Angolan regions.
Quantifying the Impacts of Land Surface Modeling on Hub-Height Wind Speed under Different Soil Conditions
Authors: Xia Geng , Draxl Caroline , Berg Larry K. , Cook David
Published: July 2021

We investigate the impact of three land surface models (LSMs) on simulating hub-height wind speed under three different soil regimes (dry, wet, and frozen) to improve understanding of the physics of wind energy forecasts using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. A six-day representative period is selected for each soil condition. The simulated wind speed, surface energy budget and soil properties are compared with the observations collected from the second Wind Forecast Improvement Project (WFIP2). For the selected cases, our simulation results suggest that the impact of LSMs on hub-height wind speed are sensitive to the soil states but not so much to the choice of LSM. The simulated hub-height wind speed is in much better agreement with the observations for the dry soil case than the wet and frozen soil cases. Over the dry soil, there is a strong physical connection between the land surface and hub-height wind speed through near-surface turbulent mixing. Over the wet soil, the simulated hub-height wind speed is less impacted by the land surface due to weaker surface fluxes and large-scale synoptic disturbances. Over the frozen soil, the LSM seems to have limited impact on hub-height wind speed variability due to the decoupling of the land surface with the overlying atmosphere. Two main sources of modeling uncertainties are proposed. The first is the insufficient model physics representing the surface energy budget, especially the ground heat flux, and the second is the inaccurate initial soil states such as soil temperature and soil moisture.
The Association Between Serum Endocan Level and Short-Term Prognosis of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Han Feng , Liao Weifang , Duan Xunxin , Shi Yuying , Hu Zhijian
Published: July 2021

This cohort study was designed to assess the association between serum endocan levels and the prognosis of acute ischemic stroke. A total of 227 patients were recruited consecutively. Study outcome data on death and major disability (modified Rankin Scale score ≥3) were collected at 3 months after stroke onset. After 3 months of follow-up, death and disability occurred in 48 and 85 patients, respectively, while the primary (death) and secondary (death or disability) outcome incident rate was 21.15% and 37.44%, respectively. The multivariable adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval, 95% CIs) of the highest endocan quartile for death or major disability was 1.21 (1.10, 4.13) compared with the lowest quartile. After adjusting for confounding factors, the increase in the risk of death was not significant. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that endocan predicted primary and secondary outcomes with C-statistical values (95% CIs) of 0.61 (0.55–0.67, P = .001) and 0.68 (0.59–0.76, P < .001), respectively. Elevated endocan levels were independently related to increased risk of poor outcome at 3 months after ischemic stroke onset. Endocan is a potential prognostic factor for ischemic stroke.
The Economic Origins of Authoritarian Values: Evidence From Local Trade Shocks in the United Kingdom
Authors: Ballard-Rosa Cameron , Malik Mashail A. , Rickard Stephanie J. , Scheve Kenneth
Published: July 2021

What explains the backlash against the liberal international order? Are its causes economic or cultural? We argue that while cultural values are central to understanding the backlash, those values are, in part, endogenous and shaped by long-run economic change. Using an original survey of the British population, we show that individuals living in regions where the local labor market was more substantially affected by imports from China have significantly more authoritarian values and that this relationship is driven by the effect of economic change on authoritarian aggression. This result is consistent with a frustration-aggression mechanism by which large economic shocks hinder individuals’ expected attainment of their goals. This study provides a theoretical mechanism that helps to account for the opinions and behaviors of Leave voters in the 2016 UK referendum who in seeking the authoritarian values of order and conformity desired to reduce immigration and “take back control” of policymaking.
Quantitative micro-computed tomography analysis and rheological investigation of Nitrile rubber/Rockwool composites
Authors: da Rocha Elisson BD , de Sousa Ana Maria F , da Silva Ana Lúcia N , Furtado Cristina RG , Colaço Marcos V , Nogueira Liebert P
Published: July 2021

This study reports the reinforcement degree investigation of two types of rockwool fibers (F1 and F2), in nitrile rubber composites. The micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) 3D images showed that both fibers were well-dispersed in the NBR matrix, without a preferential orientation. The micro-CT analysis also allowed quantifying volume fraction, inter-fiber distance, and aspect ratio. Those morphometric parameters were used for supporting the composites rheological behavior assessment. Changes in the elastic modulus and phase angle followed the same trend of the inter-fiber distance values, regardless the type of fiber. Both volume fraction and aspect ratio data from the micro-CT analysis were used to predict theoretical values of elastic modulus using the Guth-Gold and modified Guth-Gold equations, and the results obtained were compared to the rheological experimental data. This analysis was helpful to better understand the rockwool fibers reinforcement degree differences in the production of the nitrile rubber composites.
Offender-Centric Policing in Cases of Rape
Authors: Rumney Philip NS , McPhee Duncan
Published: July 2021

The article explores the idea of ‘offender-centric’ policing in cases of rape, with its focus on suspect and offender admissions and behaviours. It features discussion of 11 cases, illustrating offender-centric pathways to charge or conviction, the challenges facing complainants, suspects and police officers, along with missed opportunities to focus on a suspect’s behaviour. The importance of victim care and support is discussed, and it is argued that victim care should accompany an offender-centric approach to rape investigation. It is also argued that there are potential dangers with offender-centric tactics, specifically, that without due care it may become a self-confirming investigative tool influenced by confirmation bias which may lead to flawed decision-making. The article concludes by arguing that offender-centric policing has benefits in those cases with suspects who engage in predatory behaviour, have a history of previously undisclosed sexual offending and domestic violence and other problematic behaviours. It also has value in focusing the attention of investigators on what steps were taken by a suspect to ascertain the complainant’s consent. While the offender-centric approach cannot address all investigative challenges in rape cases, it is a useful addition to existing strategies.
CBD Promotes Oral Ulcer Healing via Inhibiting CMPK2-Mediated Inflammasome
Authors: Qi X. , Lin W. , Wu Y. , Li Q. , Zhou X. , Li H. , Xiao Q. , Wang Y. , Shao B. , Yuan Q.
Published: July 2021

Oral ulcer is a common oral inflammatory lesion accompanied by severe pain but with few effective treatments. Cannabidiol (CBD) is recently emerging for its therapeutic potential in a range of diseases, including inflammatory conditions and cancers. Here we show that CBD oral spray on acid- or trauma-induced oral ulcers on mice tongue inhibits inflammation, relieves pain, and accelerates lesion closure. Notably, the enrichment of genes associated with the NOD, LRR, and NLRP3 pyrin domain–containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome pathway is downregulated after CBD treatment. The expression of cleaved-gasdermin D (GSDMD) and the percentage of pyroptotic cells are reduced as well. In addition, CBD decreases the expression of cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 2 (CMPK2), which subsequently inhibits the generation of oxidized mitochondria DNA and suppresses inflammasome activation. These immunomodulating effects of CBD are mostly blocked by peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) antagonist and partially antagonized by CB1 receptor antagonist. Our results demonstrate that CBD accelerates oral ulcer healing by inhibiting CMPK2-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis, which are mediated mostly by PPARγ in the nucleus and partially by CB1 in the plasma membrane.
Law Enforcement and Suicide Calls for Service: A Mixed-Methods Study of Suicide Attempts and Deaths
Authors: Kheibari Athena , Hedden Bethany Joy , Comartin Erin , Kral Michael , Kubiak Sheryl
Published: July 2021

Introduction

Suicide is a major public health issue, however, little is known about the characteristics/circumstances of suicide events. Data from law enforcement (LE) call reports are an important source of information related to suicide. Hence, this study explores suicide events captured in LE call reports.

Method

This mixed-methods study used data from call reports collected in a metropolitan county in 2017 in a Midwestern state wherein LE responded to suicide incidents (N=213). Descriptive and bivariate analyses of quantitative data were used to assess differences between incident type (i.e. attempts vs. deaths). Themes of suicide emerged from the qualitative data.

Results

Findings revealed that suicide decedents tended to be male, older, and had at least one intrapersonal issue as a precipitating factor. The qualitative sections illuminated three themes across suicide attempts: self-harm as an autonomy seeking strategy; challenging claims of suicidality; and promising to not self-harm.

Conclusions

Suicide incidents that rise to the level of crisis requiring a LE response is understudied in both the suicide and LE literature. Increasing the sophistication of call report documentation procedures would allow for communities to deepen their understanding of how suicide manifests and could create pathways to non-institutionalized care.
Do Medicare’s Facility Fees Incentivize Hospitals to Vertically Integrate with Oncologists?
Authors: Valdez Samuel
Published: July 2021

Within the past decade, the U.S. health care market has undergone massive vertical integration, prompting economists to study the underlying causes and consequences of hospital-physician integration. This paper examines whether or not hospitals strategically choose to vertically integrate with clinical oncologists in order to capture facility fees, a commonly cited reason for increased consolidation in the health care market. To address this question, I match data on hospitals’ ownership of clinical oncologists with Medicare payment data disaggregated to the physician and specific service level. I leverage a 2014 policy change that drastically altered the payment structure of Medicare’s facility fees paid to hospitals for evaluation and management services—and yet, it did not alter the direct payments made to physicians. Contrary to popular belief, I find no evidence that the financial incentives of facility fees have an effect on the probability that a hospital and a clinical oncologist vertically integrate.
On the Varieties of Diversity: Ideological Variations in Attitudes Toward, and Understandings of Diversity
Authors: Howard Kathryn A. , Cervone Daniel , Motyl Matthew
Published: July 2021

Three studies explore the possibility that attitudes toward “diversity” are multidimensional rather than unidimensional and that ideological differences in diversity attitudes vary as a function of diversity subtype. Study 1 ( n = 1,001) revealed that the factor structure of attitudes toward 23 diverse community features was bidimensional. Factors involving demographic and viewpoint diversity emerged. Conservatives reported more positive attitudes toward viewpoint diversity, and liberals more positive attitudes toward demographic diversity. Study 2 ( n = 1,012) replicated Study 1 findings, and extended Study 1 results by showing attitudes toward the general concept of diversity predicted attitudes toward demographic diversity but not viewpoint diversity. In Study 3, 386 participants rated how relevant a set of features was to their prototypical understanding of diversity. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) revealed people discriminate between viewpoint, demographic, and consumer diversity. Conservatives perceived viewpoint features as more relevant to “diversity,” whereas liberals perceived demographic features as more relevant.
Open access editorial policies of SciELO health sciences journals
Authors: Bojo-Canales Cristina , Melero Remedios
Published: July 2021

SciELO promotes open access and cooperative publication of scholarly journals, based mainly in Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal. SciELO was created to offer solutions to increase the visibility of participating journals and facilitate free access to their full texts. This work aims to analyse the open access editorial policies implemented by the health sciences journals of the SciELO network (411 journals at the time of this study) in terms of authors’ rights, copyright issues, self-archiving policies and openness. From SciELO health sciences journals network, 92% of the 411 journals use a Creative Commons licence, 89% require transfer of author copyright and 14% apply author processing charges. According to the past SHERPA/RoMEO taxonomy of self-archiving policies, 8.5% of the journals were classified as white, 81.5% blue and 10% green. The openness of journals calculated through the Open Access Spectrum approach was higher than 60% in more than 80% of the total journals. Out of the 411 journals in SciELO portals, 380 have their own website. Discrepancies were found between licences stated in SciELO compared with the ones used in their websites, mainly due to the lack of declared licences in either of the two sources or because the licences did not match. The licences used on the websites and in SciELO were also compared with their corresponding records in the Directory of Open Access Journals and Crossref, and again the differences were narrowly related to the data supplier.
Ten Key Findings on Targeted Parents’ Experiences: Towards a Broader Definition of Parental Alienation
Authors: Lee-Maturana Saulyn , Matthewson Mandy , Dwan Corinna
Published: July 2021

The Top 10 Key Findings is the result of a 4-year research study on the targeted parents’ experiences of parental alienation. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted on 54 targeted parents alienated from their children. The data were analysed thematically following a qualitative descriptive design. This article contributes to a greater understanding of the targeted parents’ experiences and needs. The Top 10 Key Findings are based on the own perspective of targeted parents and are created with the aim to assist in the development of future appropriate support services and intervention programmes for them.
Spanish-speaking family members and non-Spanish speakers’ supportive and unsupportive communication for Latina/o/x language brokers
Authors: Murillo Roselia Mendez , Kam Jennifer A.
Published: July 2021

Past research with Latina/o/x adolescent samples has found that language brokering can be a positive experience, but at times, stressful. Although many factors can contribute to these different brokering experiences, the ways in which Spanish-speaking family members and non-Spanish speakers support (or do not support) Latina/o/x adolescent children during their brokering exchanges can be a contributing factor. To better understand how Spanish-speaking family members and non-Spanish speakers can support young brokers, we interviewed 31 Latina/o/x early adolescent brokers. Our thematic analysis revealed that when brokers reported on family, the most prevalent type of supportive communication received was informational supportive communication. Brokers also reported that their family engaged in unsupportive emotional communication, but when family provided supportive communication, brokers felt efficacious and proud for helping their family. In addition, most brokers reported receiving informational supportive communication from non-Spanish speakers. Nevertheless, some brokers also reported that non-Spanish speakers provided limited informational supportive communication (i.e., absence of supportive communication). Our findings reveal what supportive and unsupportive communication might look like for brokers and how supportive communication can contribute to positive experiences for brokers.
Is there a role for an embedded knowledge specialist in an organisation like an Academic Health Science Network? A retrospect of a one year pilot
Authors: Giles Carol , Day Alison
Published: July 2021

Health Education England advocates for the introduction of more embedded knowledge specialist roles within healthcare organisations to save healthcare staff time ensuring that evidence from research, examples of good practice and learning from staff know-how and organisational knowledge are used to inform policy and practice. In 2020, a pilot was established to explore how a knowledge specialist role could bring benefits to the specialist business of an Academic Health Science Network in the South West of England. Using the structure of a retrospective learning after technique, this paper explores the rationale for the pilot, considers what was actually achieved despite the COVID-19 pandemic and examines reasons for successes and disappointments. Four key lessons are gathered that can be applied by anyone introducing a new knowledge management or embedded knowledge specialist service. The study concludes by outlining the unique contribution that an embedded knowledge specialist brings to the team to produce a tailored knowledge management service that saves staff time, keeps staff informed and connected while evolving to meet the ever changing priorities of complex healthcare organisations.
Palisading granulomatous dermatitis and panniculitis (palisading granuloma) of dogs
Authors: Lund Michael , Mauldin Elizabeth A. , Radaelli Enrico , Bradley Charles W.
Published: July 2021

Palisading granulomatous dermatitis and panniculitis is recognized in various cutaneous inflammatory lesions secondary to presumed collagen damage. Cutaneous nodules with a palisading arrangement of histiocytes surrounding foci of collagen degeneration have been clinically termed palisading granuloma in dogs. Study aims were to characterize the cellular infiltrate of canine palisading granuloma and document salient clinical features. Inclusion criteria were met for 36 dogs and encompassed nodular dermal and subcutaneous histiocyte-predominant cellular infiltrates targeting and enveloping collagen fibers/necrotic foci with palisading configurations. Infectious causes were ruled out via standard histochemical stains and/or clinical data. Medical records were reviewed for signalment, clinical features, treatment, outcome, and comorbidities. Immunohistochemistry (IBA1, CD204, E-cadherin) and Masson’s trichrome stain were used to assess histiocytic populations and dermal collagen, respectively. The histiocytes had moderate or strong immunolabeling for IBA1 and CD204 in 36/36 dogs (100%) and mild positive immunolabeling for E-cadherin in 3/36 dogs (8%). Alteration of collagen was graded as moderate or strong in 32/36 dogs (89%) and mild in 3/36 dogs (8%). Large breeds predominated with 30/36 dogs (83%) being ≥23 kg. Focal nodules were identified in 31/36 dogs (86%). The head/face were involved in 19/36 dogs (53%) and the extremities in 18/36 dogs (50%). Lesions from the 5/36 dogs (14%) with multiple nodules contained prominent eosinophilic infiltrates. Following excision, there was no evidence of recurrence. In conclusion, palisading granulomas are a distinct, non-neoplastic, histiocyte-predominant inflammatory condition in dogs associated with altered dermal collagen and favorable prognosis.
Neither Residual Anterior Knee Laxity Up to 6 mm nor a Pivot Glide Predict Patient-Reported Outcome Scores or Subsequent Knee Surgery Between 2 and 6 Years After ACL Reconstruction
Authors: Magnussen Robert A. , Reinke Emily K. , Huston Laura J. ,   MOON Knee Group, Briskin Isaac , Cox Charles L. , Dunn Warren R. , Flanigan David C. , Jones Morgan H. , Kaeding Christopher C. , Matava Matthew J. , Parker Richard D. , Smith Matthew V. , Wright Rick W. , Spindler Kurt P.
Published: July 2021

Background:

A primary goal of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is to reduce pathologically increased anterior and rotational laxity of the knee, but the effects of residual laxity on patient-reported outcomes (PROs) after ACLR remain unclear.

Hypothesis:

Increased residual laxity at 2 years postoperatively is predictive of a higher risk of subsequent ipsilateral knee surgery and decreases in PRO scores from 2 to 6 years after surgery.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.

Methods:

From a prospective multicenter cohort, 433 patients aged <36 years were identified at a minimum 2 years after primary ACLR. These patients underwent a KT-1000 arthrometer assessment and pivot-shift test and completed PRO assessments with the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores. Patients completed the same PROs at 6 years postoperatively, and any subsequent ipsilateral knee procedures during this period were recorded. Subsequent surgery risk and change in PROs from 2 to 6 years postoperatively were compared based on residual side-to-side KT-1000 arthrometer differences (<−1 mm, −1 to 2 mm, 2 to 6 mm, and >6 mm) in laxity at 2 years postoperatively. Multiple linear regression models were built to determine the relationship between 2-year postoperative knee laxity and 2- to 6-year change in PROs while controlling for age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, meniscal and cartilage status, and graft type.

Results:

A total of 381 patients (87.9%) were available for follow-up 6 years postoperatively. There were no significant differences in risk of subsequent knee surgery based on residual knee laxity. Patients with a difference >6 mm in side-to-side anterior laxity at 2 years postoperatively were noted to have a larger decrease in PROs from 2 to 6 years postoperatively ( P < .05). No significant differences in any PROs were noted among patients with a difference <6 mm in side-to-side anterior laxity or those with pivot glide (IKDC B) versus no pivot shift (IKDC A).

Conclusion:

The presence of a residual side-to-side KT-1000 arthrometer difference <6 mm or pivot glide at 2 years after ACLR is not associated with an increased risk of subsequent ipsilateral knee surgery or decreased PROs up to 6 years after ACLR. Conversely, patients exhibiting a difference >6 mm in side-to-side anterior laxity were noted to have significantly decreased PROs at 6 years after ACLR.
Development Channelization, Partisanship, and Populism: Possibilities for Rural Renewal in the Death Throes of Coal
Authors: Mayer Adam
Published: July 2021

In the last few decades, the United States has experienced several related and significant societal trends—the transition of the energy system away from coal, the intensification of partisan polarization, and the rise of a populist right-wing political ideology, perhaps best exemplified by the election of Donald Trump. We build Gramling and Freudenberg’s little-explored concept of “development channelization” to argue that nostalgic right-wing populism, grievances directed toward the federal government, and partisanship converge to potentially thwart efforts to transition and diversify rural economies. Populist nostalgia and blame are associated with support for expanding the collapsing coal industry but do not predict support for other types of development. There are patterns of partisan polarization in support for extractive industries and wind power, but many development options appear to be relatively nonpartisan. We discuss these findings in terms of populism, nostalgia, partisan polarization, and the potential for rural renewal in the United States.
An enhanced composting process with bioaugmentation: Mathematical modelling and process optimization
Authors: Sokač Tea , Šalić Anita , Kučić Grgić Dajana , Šabić Runjavec Monika , Vidaković Marijana , Jurinjak Tušek Ana , Horvat Đuro , Juras Krnjak Jasmina , Vuković Domanovac Marija , Zelić Bruno
Published: July 2021

In this paper, two different types of biowaste composting processes were carried out – composting without and with bioaugmentation. All experiments were performed in an adiabatic reactor for 14 days. Composting enhanced with bioaugmentation was the better choice because the thermophilic phase was achieved earlier, making the composting time shorter. Additionally, a higher conversion of substrate (amount of substrate consumed) was also noticed in the process enhanced by bioaugmentation. A mathematical model was developed and process parameters were estimated in order to optimize the composting process. Based on good agreement between experimental data and the mathematical model simulation results, a three-level-four-factor Box-Behnken experimental design was employed to define the optimal process conditions for further studies. It was found that the air flow rate and the mass fraction of the substrate have the most significant effect on the composting process. An improvement of the composting process was achieved after altering the mentioned variables, resulting in shorter composting time and higher conversion of the substrate.
The idea of an ethically committed social science
Authors: Tsilipakos Leonidas
Published: July 2021

This article presents a long overdue analysis of the idea of an ethically committed social science, which, after the demise of positivism and the deeming of moral neutrality as impossible, has come to dominate the self-understanding of many contemporary sociological approaches. Once adequately specified, however, the idea is shown to be ethically questionable in that it works against the moral commitments constitutive of academic life. The argument is conducted with resources from the work of Peter Winch, thus establishing its continuing relevance and critical importance for the social sciences, sociology in particular. Special reference is made to heretofore unappreciated aspects of Winch’s work, including within the groundbreaking The Idea of a Social Science and Its Relation to Philosophy, but focusing specifically on his later contributions to ethics.
An ‘ingenious system of practical contacts’: Historical origins and development of the Institute of Child Welfare Research at Columbia University's Teachers College (1922–36)
Authors: Fierro Catriel
Published: July 2021

During the first two decades of the 20th century, the expansion of private foundations and philanthropic initiatives in the United States converged with a comprehensive, nationwide agenda of progressive education and post-war social reconstruction that situated childhood at its core. From 1924 to 1928, the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial was the main foundation behind the aggressive, systematic funding of the child development movement in North America. A pioneering institution, the Institute of Child Welfare Research, established in 1924 at Columbia's Teachers College, was the first Rockefeller-funded programme of its kind at an American university. The Institute was influential in helping set up a nationwide network of child welfare institutes at other universities. Twelve years later, it would also be the first of those institutes to close. Nonetheless, the Institute's context, emergence, and development have been overlooked or misrepresented by previous scholarship, which calls for a new, critical historical analysis. By drawing on a number of archival sources and unpublished materials, this paper offers a critical reconstruction of the Institute's internal, often unstable history, emphasizing its origins, members, and administrative changes. I argue that the demise of the Institute should be understood in the context of both the revision of philanthropic policies in the late 1920s and the Institute's singular emphasis on teaching and training over research. The resulting narrative allows for a deeper, more informed understanding of both the Institute's origins and its eventual folding.
From In Two Minds to MIND: The circulation of ‘anti-psychiatry’ in British film and television during the long 1960s
Authors: Snelson Tim
Published: July 2021

This article explores the circulation of ‘anti-psychiatry’ in British film and television during the long 1960s, focusing on the controversial BBC television play In Two Minds (1967) and its cinema remake Family Life (1971). These films were inspired by R. D. Laing's ideas on the aetiology of schizophrenia, and were understood as uniting the personal and political motivations of progressive film-makers (Ken Loach, Tony Garnett, David Mercer) and progressive psychiatrists (Laing, David Cooper, Aaron Esterson). Drawing upon practitioner interviews with producer Garnett and director Loach, and extensive archival research on the production and reception of these films , this article contests previous scholarship on the popular circulation of anti-psychiatry and the movement's perceived polarisation from mainstream British psychiatry. While the reception of In Two Minds and Family Life did intensify an adversarial relationship between ‘rebel’ anti-psychiatrists and hard-line behaviourists such as William Sargant, the wider psychiatric field largely welcomed the films' contributions to mental health awareness and used the publicity to counter the idea of a ‘battle’ within the profession. This included leading UK mental health organisation the National Association for Mental Health looking to Loach and Laing as models for engaging contemporary audiences as it rebranded to MIND in 1972 . This article contributes to historical understandings of the complex interactions between the fields of media and mental health, as well as recent scholarship challenging the idea of a clear split between anti-psychiatry and British medical orthodoxy.
SMART on-board multi-sensor obstacle detection system for improvement of rail transport safety
Authors: Ristić-Durrant Danijela , Haseeb Muhammad Abdul , Banić Milan , Stamenković Dušan , Simonović Miloš , Nikolić Dragan
Published: July 2021

This paper presents an on-board multi-sensor system which is able to detect obstacles and estimate their distances in railway scenes in different illumination conditions. The system was developed within the H2020 Shift2Rail project SMART (Smart Automation of Rail Transport) and aims at increasing the safety of rail transport by detecting obstacles on the rail tracks ahead of a moving train in order to reduce the number of collisions. The system hardware consists of cameras of different types integrated into a specially designed housing, mounted on the front of the train. Multiple vision sensors complement each other in order to handle different illumination and environmental conditions. The system software uses a novel machine learning-based method that is suited to a particular challenge of railway operations, the need for long-range obstacle detection and distance estimation. The development of this method used a long-range railway dataset, which was specifically generated for this project. Evaluation results of reliable obstacle detection in various environmental conditions using the SMART RGB camera in day light illumination conditions and using the SMART Night Vision sensor in poor (night) illumination conditions are presented. The results demonstrate both the potential of the on-board SMART obstacle detection system in the operational railway environment and the benefit of the use of different cameras to be more independent of light and environmental conditions.
A monitoring method for car-body vibration displacement of a high-speed train in windy conditions
Authors: Li Tian , Liu Dongrun , Lu Zhaijun , Li XiaoBai , Zhong Mu
Published: July 2021

The long-term monitoring of car-body vibration displacement when a high-speed train passes through complex terrain sections in windy conditions has become an urgent engineering problem in China. However, few studies have focused on this topic, and an effective engineering long-term monitoring method is lacking in China. In this study, by combining the vibration characteristics and structural characteristics of railway vehicles, a real-time car-body displacement monitoring method to fulfill monitoring requirements was proposed, and a mathematical computational model based on space coordinate transformations to calculate the car-body displacements in operation was developed. Moreover, the comparison and the verification of the monitoring system accuracy were conducted using full-scale tests. The results showed that the displacement of the car-body relative to the bogie frame obtained through the system was consistent with the real vibration state of the car-body. Therefore, our monitoring system was reliable in reflecting the car-body vibration displacement changes in high-speed trains that were in motion.
Adaptive model predictive control of a six-rotor electric vertical take-off and landing urban air mobility aircraft subject to motor failure during hovering
Authors: Qu Shen , Zhu Guoming , Su Weihua , Shan-Min Swei Sean , Hashimoto Mariko , Zeng Tao
Published: July 2021

In this article, motor failure control of a six-rotor electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) urban air mobility aircraft is investigated using adaptive model predictive control (MPC) based on the linear parameter-varying (LPV) model developed using the nonlinear rigid-body aircraft model. For capturing the aircraft dynamics under motor failure conditions, a family of linearized models are obtained by trimming the nonlinear aircraft model at multiple equilibrium conditions and the LPV model is obtained by linking the linear models using the failed rotor speed, where the system transition from healthy to failure is modeled by a scheduling parameter calculated based on failed rotor speed caused by available motor peak power after failure. The proposed adaptive MPC is developed to optimize the system output performance, including the rigid-body aircraft velocity and altitude, by using quadratic programming optimization with reference compensation subject to a set of time-varying constraints representing the current available propeller acceleration calculated based on the motor power. Simulation study is conducted based on the developed LPV control design and original nonlinear rigid-body model, and the simulation results demonstrate that the designed adaptive MPC controller is able to recover and maintain the aircraft at desired stable condition after motor failure.
Older people in hospitals for the insane in New South Wales, Australia, 1849–1905
Authors: Draper Brian
Published: July 2021

Older people had high admission rates to hospitals for the insane in New South Wales, Australia, in the second half of the nineteenth century. The medical casebooks of 226 patients aged 60 years and over admitted to two hospitals for the insane between 1849 and 1905 were examined. Aggressive behaviour (35.4%), suicidal behaviour (23.9%), fears of harm to self (19.9%) and alcohol issues (13.7%) were identified. Physical health factors (35.8%), functional impairment (18.6%) and poor nourishment (8.8%) were noted. Common diagnoses were mania (36.7%), dementia (31.9%) and melancholia (17.7%). Twenty-first-century diagnoses were assigned in nearly 94 per cent of cases with concordance that varied by diagnosis. The majority of admissions had serious mental disorders, with only 29.6 per cent being discharged.
Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of a Novel JAK Inhibitor SHR0302 in Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease
Authors: Sun Xi , He Qiaomei , Yang Jun , Wang Andi , Zhang Fang , Qiu Huiying , Zhou Kun , Wang Pengran , Ding Xiaodan , Yuan Xiujie , Li Huajun , Zhang Yan , Song Xianmin
Published: July 2021

Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) is one of the most common complications of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors are considered as reliable and promising agents for patients with aGVHD. The prophylactic and therapeutic effects of SHR0302, a novel JAK inhibitor, were evaluated in aGVHD mouse models. The overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), bodyweight of mice, GVHD scores were observed and recorded. The bone marrow and spleen samples of diseased model mice or peripheral blood of patients were analyzed. SHR0302 could prevent and reverse aGVHD in mouse models with preserving graft-versus-tumor effect. Functionally, SHR0302 improved the OS and PFS, restored bodyweight, reduced GVHD scores, and reduced immune cells infiltrated in target tissues. SHR0302 treatment also enhanced the hematopoietic reconstruction compared to the control group. Mechanistically, our results suggested that SHR0302 could inhibit the activation of T cells and modulate the differentiation of helper T (Th) cells by reducing Th1 and increasing regulatory T (Treg) cells. In addition, SHR0302 decreased the expression of chemokine receptor CXCR3 on donor T cells and the secretion of cytokines or chemokines including interleukin (IL)-6, interferon γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), CXCL10, etc. thereby destroying the IFN-γ/CXCR3/CXCL10 axis which promotes the progression of GVHD. Besides, SHR0302 decreased the phosphorylation of JAK and its downstream STATs, AKT and ERK1/2, which ultimately regulated the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of lymphocytes. Experiments on primary cells from aGVHD patients also confirmed the results. In summary, our results indicated that JAK inhibitor SHR0302 might be used as a novel agent for patients with aGVHD.
Moral-Exemplar Intervention: A New Paradigm for Conflict Resolution and Intergroup Reconciliation
Authors: Čehajić-Clancy Sabina , Bilewicz Michal
Published: July 2021

Conflict resolution and intergroup reconciliation are difficult to achieve because of many social and psychological obstacles, such as people’s belief that members of a social group that is an adversary of their own group are mostly bad and essentially all the same. In this article, we introduce a novel intervention aimed at challenging these beliefs by exposing people to stories about individuals who have risked some important aspects of their lives to save the lives of other social groups’ members ( moral exemplars). The effects of this moral-exemplar intervention have been tested with field experiments in several postconflict contexts using members of real antagonistic groups. We discuss the results of these studies and three specific and important aspects of the moral-exemplar intervention: (a) its comparative advantage over existing social-psychological interventions aimed at conflict resolution and intergroup reconciliation, (b) its content and conditions, and (c) implications for future theorizing and research targeting prosocial changes in attitudes and intergroup behavior.
Engagement of mental health service users and carers in care planning – Is it meaningful and adding value?
Authors: Scott Russ , Aboud Andrew
Published: July 2021

Objective:

Consider whether mental health service users and carers meaningfully engage in care planning and whether care planning adds value to patient care.

Conclusion:

A review of the meta-analyses and systematic reviews of service users and carers identified many barriers to their meaningful engagement in care planning. No research has demonstrated any measurable benefits or positive outcomes linked to mental health care planning.
An Exploration of Client Experiences in a Combination of Individual and Family Counseling
Authors: Sackett Corrine R. , Cook Ryan M.
Published: July 2021

Researchers explored client meaningful experiences in a combination of individual and family counseling in this constructivist phenomenological study. The sample consisted of seven participants (three families) who ranged in age from 10 to 51. Participant racial/ethnic identities included two White, two biracial, and two Black. Participant gender identities included five females and two males. Two interviews per client family (one interview following an individual counseling session and another following a family counseling session) revealed the following themes: (a) understanding self and others, with subthemes gaining understanding and acceptance of self, better understanding of each other and how to be with each other, and learning coping skills; (b) setting and working toward goals; (c) processing issues in session, with subthemes counseling is not always what we want, but is maybe what we need, and tension of family versus individual counseling; (d) the counselor; and (e) play.
The Interplay between Chronic Pain, Opioids, and the Immune System
Authors: Malafoglia Valentina , Ilari Sara , Vitiello Laura , Tenti Michael , Balzani Eleonora , Muscoli Carolina , Raffaeli William , Bonci Antonello
Published: July 2021

Chronic pain represents one of the most serious worldwide medical problems, in terms of both social and economic costs, often causing severe and intractable physical and psychological suffering. The lack of biological markers for pain, which could assist in forming clearer diagnoses and prognoses, makes chronic pain therapy particularly arduous and sometimes harmful. Opioids are used worldwide to treat chronic pain conditions, but there is still an ambiguous and inadequate understanding about their therapeutic use, mostly because of their dual effect in acutely reducing pain and inducing, at the same time, tolerance, dependence, and a risk for opioid use disorder. In addition, clinical studies suggest that opioid treatment can be associated with a high risk of immune suppression and the development of inflammatory events, worsening the chronic pain status itself. While opioid peptides and receptors are expressed in both central and peripheral nervous cells, immune cells, and tissues, the role of opioids and their receptors, when and why they are activated endogenously and what their exact role is in chronic pain pathways is still poorly understood. Thus, in this review we aim to highlight the interplay between pain and immune system, focusing on opioids and their receptors.