bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ocean convergence and the dispersion of flotsam
Authors: D’Asaro Eric A. , Shcherbina Andrey Y. , Klymak Jody M. , Molemaker Jeroen , Novelli Guillaume , Guigand Cédric M. , Haza Angelique C. , Haus Brian K. , Ryan Edward H. , Jacobs Gregg A. , Huntley Helga S. , Laxague Nathan J. M. , Chen Shuyi , Judt Falko , McWilliams James C. , Barkan Roy , Kirwan A. D. , Poje Andrew C. , Özgökmen Tamay M.
Published: January 2018

Floating oil, plastics, and marine organisms are continually redistributed by ocean surface currents. Prediction of their resulting distribution on the surface is a fundamental, long-standing, and practically important problem. The dominant paradigm is dispersion within the dynamical context of a nondivergent flow: objects initially close together will on average spread apart but the area of surface patches of material does not change. Although this paradigm is likely valid at mesoscales, larger than 100 km in horizontal scale, recent theoretical studies of submesoscales (less than ∼10 km) predict strong surface convergences and downwelling associated with horizontal density fronts and cyclonic vortices. Here we show that such structures can dramatically concentrate floating material. More than half of an array of ∼200 surface drifters covering ∼20 × 20 km
2
converged into a 60 × 60 m region within a week, a factor of more than 10
5
decrease in area, before slowly dispersing. As predicted, the convergence occurred at density fronts and with cyclonic vorticity. A zipperlike structure may play an important role. Cyclonic vorticity and vertical velocity reached 0.001 s
−1
and 0.01 ms
−1
, respectively, which is much larger than usually inferred. This suggests a paradigm in which nearby objects form submesoscale clusters, and these clusters then spread apart. Together, these effects set both the overall extent and the finescale texture of a patch of floating material. Material concentrated at submesoscale convergences can create unique communities of organisms, amplify impacts of toxic material, and create opportunities to more efficiently recover such material.
Projecting one’s own spatial bias onto others during a theory-of-mind task
Authors: Bio Branden J. , Webb Taylor W. , Graziano Michael S. A.
Published: January 2018

Significance

Most people have an intrinsic spatial bias—many are better at processing objects to the left, whereas some are biased to the right. Here, we found that this subtle bias in one’s own awareness is mirrored in one’s ability to process what is likely to be in other people’s minds. If you are biased toward processing your own right side of space, then you may be faster at recognizing when someone else processes an object to his or her right side. One possible interpretation is that we process the space around us, and understand how others process the space around them, using at least partially shared mechanisms.
Development and retention of a primordial moonlighting pathway of protein modification in the absence of selection presents a puzzle
Authors: Cao Xinyun , Hong Yaoqin , Zhu Lei , Hu Yuanyuan , Cronan John E.
Published: January 2018

Significance

The LipB–LipA and lipoyl-relay pathways seem restricted to gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, respectively. Braakman and Smith have persuasively argued that the lipoyl-relay pathway involving transfer of lipoic acid from lipoylated GcvH is the primordial pathway and that the LipB–LipA pathway arose later. The chemically challenging nature of lipoyl transfer strengthens this argument. Given the roughly 3 billion years since the two groups of bacteria diverged, it is unexpected and puzzling that the lipoyl transfer properties of many GcvHs—those from eukaryotes and bacteria, including
Escherichia coli
, and the deep-branching hyperthermophilic chemoautotrophic bacterium,
Aquifex aeolicus
—have lipoyl-relay activity in
Bacillus subtilis
. This provides a remarkable case in which a protein “moonlighting” function is found throughout evolution without selection for the function.
Theorizing corporate-community relationships and the role of contextual factors in peacebuilding and beyond
Authors: Connaughton Stacey L. , Vibber Kelly S. , Krishna Arunima , Linabary Jasmine R. , Štumberger Neva
Published: January 2018

The concept of relationships is one that is central to numerous subfields within communication, including interpersonal, organizational, and public relations. This conceptual paper investigates the notion of relationships and proposes a framework to understand and explicate corporate-community relationships (CCRs), a specific type of organization-public relationships (OPRs). In developing this framework, we draw upon existing literature and our experiences in Liberia related to natural resource management (NRM) as part of a multi-year collaborative peacebuilding initiative. We advance a framework of CCRs that (a) helps develop further empirical research and knowledge about these relationships and (b) contributes to the practice of more transformative relationships between Western and Asian multinational corporations (MNCs) and local communities in West Africa and beyond. This framework puts forth our conceptualization of CCRs as (a) constituted by the communicative, (b) dynamic, constantly influenced by macro and micro factors, and (c) complex. Drawing on our framework, we also advance some guiding questions for a research agenda in this area.
Language/sexuality/affect
Authors: Leap William L.
Published: January 2018

The papers in this special issue examine the relationships between language, sexuality and affect. Using examples of language use from Argentine cinema, bounce music performance, a university classroom, a BDSM community, and Black women’s urban queer space, the papers show how various forms of linguistic practice allow affect to remain comfortably nested on “the cusp of semantic availability” (Williams 1977: 134), rather than being reduced to tightly defined categories or messages. The discussions of these examples also show how various forms of linguistic practice allow sexuality to unfold as a messy formation (Giffney 2009, Manalansan 2014), thereby remaining resistant to boundaries and precise definitions. The basis for these parallels between affect and sexuality are explored in these papers, as are their implications for future studies of language, affect, and sexuality.
New Orleans bounce music, sexuality, and affect
Authors: Casey Christina Schoux
Published: January 2018

This article explores how language, sexuality, and affect are circuited in New
Orleans bounce music. Bounce features lyrics that characterize the performers as
queer, describe sex explicitly, celebrate sex between male-bodied people, and
expose the hypocrisy of straight-acting men. Bounce lyrics are just one element
of bounce performances, however, which consist of the reciprocal relationship
between the dancers in the audience, the intensity of the MC’s exhortations, and
the rhythm of the backing musical track. Bounce performances create a fleeting
community of artists, bodies and music that is less about the expression of
discrete sociodemographic categories, and more about a collective affective
event. Using ideas of relationality from queer and affect theory, and
Stallybrass and White’s “high/low” cultural hierarchies, this article shows how
bounce challenges normative ideas about the autonomous ‘speaking subject,’ and
supports a messier understanding of the self as affectively relational.
“I don’t mean to be a dick, but”
Authors: Cooper Audrey C.
Published: January 2018

This article explores the significance of paralipsis to analyses of affect and sociopolitical formation. Taking attested utterances from undergraduate anthropology courses as a point of departure, I examine how one White and female-identified student engaged in a sexualized form of paralipsis to claim distance from her own negative construal of the object-category “girls [that brag about community service].” Deploying what I termdick-rhetoric, in combination with strong affect and assertions of ideological common-sense, this student’s performance was effective at garnering stance ratification and “uptake” from classmates (Jaffe 2009), and facilitating the reproduction of gender and sexual hierarchies. Drawing onBrowne’s (2015)examination of denied racial subjectivity or “dark matter,” I argue that “dick matter” renders genderism and sexual objectification acceptable in university classrooms (among regimes, e.g., racial) – particularly for settings where professors do not engage students in critical exploration of dominant hierarchies and normalization processes. Discussion emphasizes the salience of engaging (ourselves and) students in examination of uses of paralipsis and dick-rhetoric for addressing gender and sexual inequalities.
Associative networks from L2 words in early and late Vietnamese-English bilinguals
Authors: Huynh Juliet , Witzel Naoko
Published: January 2018

This study investigates whether highly-proficient Vietnamese-English bilinguals can activate associations in a native-like way from studying L2 words, whether these L2 associations interact with L1 words, and whether this depends on when they started learning L2 English. The results suggest that early bilinguals have native-like L2 English associative networks and these networks are interconnected with L1 Vietnamese words. Late bilinguals, in contrast, seem to indicate that their L2 English associative networks might be activated less automatically, and they are not so strongly connected with L1 words. This pattern of results are discussed in terms of how age of L2 exposure might affect the development of L2 associative networks.
Early and late learners decompose inflected nouns, but can they tell which ones are inflected correctly?
Authors: Gor Kira , Chrabaszcz Anna , Cook Svetlana
Published: January 2018

An auditory lexical decision task tests morphological decomposition and sensitivity to violations in inflection in late second language
learners, early learners (heritage speakers), and native speakers of Russian. Two datasets compared reaction times and error rates to real
Russian inflected nouns and nonce nouns. Two parameters of real nouns were manipulated: case (the nominative, or the oblique case), and
inflection (overt or zero). Nonce nouns had (a) real stems and inflections combined in an illegal way (lemoning), and (b)
inflected nonce stems (lemosing). Results suggest that heritage and late learners process inflectional morphology; however,
their processing of inflected words is unreliable: they are willing to accept words with incongruent inflections. While no major differences
were found in the processing patterns of early and late learners, a developmental trajectory was observed in both groups of learners: their
sensitivity to violations in inflection improved with proficiency.
Pragmatic abilities in bilinguals
Authors: Dupuy Ludivine , Stateva Penka , Andreetta Sara , Cheylus Anne , Déprez Viviane , van der Henst Jean-Baptiste , Jayez Jacques , Stepanov Arthur , Reboul Anne
Published: January 2018

The experimental literature on the pragmatic abilities of bilinguals is rather sparse. The only study investigating adult second language (L2) learners (Slabakova, 2010) found an increase of pragmatic responses in that population relative to monolinguals. The results of studies on early bilingual children are unclear, some finding a significant increase in pragmatic responses in early bilingual children (preschoolers) relative to monolinguals (Siegal et al., 2007), while another (Antoniou and Katsos, 2017), testing school children, does not. We tested adult French L2 learners of English and Spanish (in their two languages) as well as French monolingual controls in Experiment 1 and Italian-Slovenian early bilingual children (in both languages) and Slovenian monolingual controls in Experiment 2. Our results were similar to those of Antoniou and Katsos (2017) in early bilingual children, but different from those of Siegal et al. (2007). We found no pragmatic bias in adult L2 leaners relative to adult monolinguals.
Esperanto as a tool in classroom foreign language learning in England
Authors: Roehr-Brackin Karen , Tellier Angela
Published: January 2018

Previous work has examined the potential of Esperanto as a pedagogical tool in classroom foreign language learning in England, where limited language input of sometimes as little as one hour per week is the norm. The work reviewed here focuses on child learners aged 6 to 12 and was carried out between 2006 and 2016. Two Esperanto-based language awareness programmes have provided primarily descriptive insights, suggesting that learning Esperanto may result in greater metalinguistic awareness and more positive attitudes to other languages and cultures. However, the language awareness programmes were implemented without matched comparison groups and therefore could not reveal whether the learning of Esperanto would lead to different results than the learning of other languages. Classroom-based research that included matched comparison groups has sought to address this issue. Specifically, three studies investigated the questions of whether learning Esperanto as opposed to learning other languages would help enhance children’s metalinguistic awareness and thus contribute in turn to more successful learning in a limited-input classroom context. On the one hand, results indicate that for novice child learners, Esperanto was easier to learn than French, and that learning Esperanto may have a levelling effect that compensates for individual differences between children. On the other hand, the findings also show that these apparent advantages of Esperanto did not translate into measurably greater benefits for the development of metalinguistic awareness, or greater subsequent success in learning another foreign language. Moreover, learning Esperanto could not compensate for low language learning aptitude. In view of these sobering results, a number of proposals are made on how to take forward the research agenda. These proposals include further research into the potential benefits of using form-focused instruction (based on any language) with children as well as the effects of learning Esperanto in novice adult learners.
The afterlife of an infamous gaffe
Authors: Musolff Andreas
Published: January 2018

Kaiser Wilhelm II’s speech to a German contingent of the international expedition corps, sent to quell the so-called ‘Boxer Rebellion’ in 1900, is today remembered chiefly as an example of his penchant for boastful, sabre-rattling rhetoric that included a strange comparison of his soldiers with the ‘Huns under Attila’. According to some accounts, this comparison was the source for the stigmatizing label Hun(s) for Germans in British and US war propaganda in WW1 and WW2, which has survived in popular memory and continues to be used, though mainly in ironical senses, by British and German media to this day. This paper charts the history of the Germans-as-Huns analogy and argues first, that the usage data render highly improbable any ‘model’ function of Wilhelm’s speech for post-1914 uses. Furthermore, present-day uses presuppose an awareness of the WW1 and WW2 meaning on the part of readers, which serves as a platform for echoic allusions. In the British media these allusions often lead to the ironical (including self-ironical) subversion of preceding uses, while in German public discourse they focus more on historical commemoration and comparison.
Crossing languages – crossing discourses
Authors: Jaworska Sylvia , Leuschner Torsten
Published: January 2018

Recent studies concerned with historical Germanisms have shown that public discourses in other languages often appropriate German loanwords as frames of reference to interpret political realities and influence collective attitudes. This paper intends to contribute to this new strand of research by investigating discursive transpositions of the historical GermanismKulturkampfin the donor language, German, and two host languages, Polish and English. Originally used mainly in reference to government attempts to reduce the influence of the Catholic Church in Prussia/Germany in the 1870s, this term has come to be used in German and other languages to signify conflicts in various political and cultural contexts. Adopting a triangulated and trilateral approach and the method of corpus-assisted discourse study (CADS), this paper examines the use ofKulturkampfin large collections of Internet and newspaper data in German, English and Polish. The results show how the meaning ofKulturkampfhas been discursively re-contextualised and appropriated to perform local ideological work in public discourses in the three different cultural contexts.
Performing acts of impoliteness through code-switching to English in colloquial Jordanian Arabic interactions
Authors: Badarneh Muhammad A. , Al-Momani Kawakib , Migdadi Fathi
Published: January 2018

This article investigates how English is exploited in naturally occurring interactions in colloquial Jordanian Arabic to perform acts of impoliteness, drawing on impoliteness model byCulpeper (1996), its subsequent modifications inCulpeper et al. (2003)andCulpeper (2005), and its alignment withSpencer-Oatey’s (2002)concept of rapport-management. Attack on face, specifically Quality Face, Social Identity Face, and Association Rights, through code-switching to English were identified in the data. Positive impoliteness and negative impoliteness strategies were employed through using English, sometimes in conjunction with Arabic impoliteness resources. Furthermore, English was used as an indirect impoliteness strategy to do off-record impoliteness to convey impolite beliefs about a third party or a particular state of affairs. These acts of impoliteness were mainly countered defensively by ignoring the attack or offensively through countering the implied face attack with face attack.
Gender marking in written L2 French
Authors: Edmonds Amanda , Gudmestad Aarnes
Published: January 2018

The aim of this study was to examine how a group of 20 learners of second-language French express gender marking in three written
tasks administered over the course of 21 months, including an academic year abroad. All full nouns modified by either a determiner
or an adjective overtly marked for gender were analyzed (n = 1,601), and each token was coded for a set of
extralinguistic and linguistic features identified in previous literature as playing a role in gender marking. The analysis
reveals that targetlike rates of use increased between pre-stay testing and in-stay testing, and that levels were maintained at
post-stay. In addition, three factors – time, noun gender, and syllable distance – were found to significantly
characterize behavior with respect to gender marking.
Assessing the influence of the English language on the professional vocabulary of Croatian dental students by analysing their word choice for the translation of medical/dental terms
Authors: Vuletić Lea , Špalj Stjepan , Peroš Kristina , Jakovac Hrvoje , Ostroški Anić Ana , Vodanović Marin
Published: January 2018

This study was performed to investigate the influence of the English language on the medical/dental terminology of Croatian dental students. It emerged from the terminological projects of the School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb that had been conducted as a part of the national programme the Development of Croatian Special Field Terminology. Students were asked to translate English sentences allegedly extracted from dental literature into Croatian. The results showed that most students translated the offered English terms using anglicisms rather than choosing Croatian terms. The finding that students distinctively prefer professional literature in Croatian suggests that their professional vocabulary is mostly modelled by the Croatian educational materials and by the discourse of instruction. These results suggest the need for further activities concerning the popularization of Croatian medical/dental terminology for the purpose of preservation and development of a native professional vocabulary and of improving communication with patients and patients’ understanding of medical information.
Studying the language of Dutch audio description
Authors: Reviers Nina
Published: January 2018

The present paper aims to combine insights from Applied Linguistics, Corpus Linguistics, Multimodality Research and Audiovisual Translation Studies in order to explore language use in a specific form of audiovisual translation, namely Audio Description (AD) for the blind and visually impaired. It is said that the communicative function of ADs and their multimodal context have a significant influence on the lexical, grammatical and syntactical choices describers make. This article aims to uncover these idiosyncratic linguistic patterns by conducting a quantitative and qualitative analysis of an annotated, audiovisual corpus of 39 Dutch films and series that have been released with AD in Flanders and the Netherlands. The paper analyses frequency lists, keywords, part-of-speech distributions and type-token ratios statistically and subsequently conducts a qualitative analysis taking systemic functional linguistics as a theoretical framework. The results confirm the hypothesis that the language of AD is idiosyncratic and highlight the most salient lexico-grammatical features characterising the language of Dutch AD.
Altered chemomechanical coupling causes impaired motility of the kinesin-4 motors KIF27 and KIF7
Authors: Yue Yang , Blasius T. Lynne , Zhang Stephanie , Jariwala Shashank , Walker Benjamin , Grant Barry J. , Cochran Jared C. , Verhey Kristen J.
Published: January 2018

Kinesin-4 motors play important roles in cell division, microtubule organization, and signaling. Understanding how motors perform their functions requires an understanding of their mechanochemical and motility properties. We demonstrate that KIF27 can influence microtubule dynamics, suggesting a conserved function in microtubule organization across the kinesin-4 family. However, kinesin-4 motors display dramatically different motility characteristics: KIF4 and KIF21 motors are fast and processive, KIF7 and its Drosophila melanogaster homologue Costal2 (Cos2) are immotile, and KIF27 is slow and processive. Neither KIF7 nor KIF27 can cooperate for fast processive transport when working in teams. The mechanistic basis of immotile KIF7 behavior arises from an inability to release adenosine diphosphate in response to microtubule binding, whereas slow processive KIF27 behavior arises from a slow adenosine triphosphatase rate and a high affinity for both adenosine triphosphate and microtubules. We suggest that evolutionarily selected sequence differences enable immotile KIF7 and Cos2 motors to function not as transporters but as microtubule-based tethers of signaling complexes.
The proteasome helps epithelial cells set up KAMPs
Authors: Short Ben
Published: January 2018

Study describes how epithelial cells process keratin 6a to generate antimicrobial peptides that prevent bacteria from colonizing the cornea.
Guidance of super-enhancers in regulation of IL-9 induction and airway inflammation
Authors: Xiao Xiang , Fan Yihui , Li Junhui , Zhang Xiaolong , Lou Xiaohua , Dou Yaling , Shi Xiaomin , Lan Peixiang , Xiao Yue , Minze Laurie , Li Xian Chang
Published: January 2018

Th9 cells are prominently featured in allergic lung inflammation, but the mechanism that regulates IL-9 induction in T helper cells remains poorly defined. Here we demonstrate that formation of super-enhancers (SEs) is critical in robust induction of IL-9 and that assembly of the Il9 SEs in Th cells requires OX40-triggered chromatin acetylation. Mechanistically, we found that OX40 costimulation induces RelB expression, which recruits the histone acetyltransferase p300 to the Il9 locus to catalyze H3K27 acetylation. This allows binding of the SE factor Brd4 to organize assembly of the SE complex, which in turn drives robust IL-9 expression and Th9 cell induction. Thus, Th9 cells are strongly induced upon OX40 stimulation, and disruption of SEs abolished Th9 cell induction in vitro and inhibited Th9 cell–mediated allergic airway inflammation in vivo. Together, our data suggest that formation of SEs is essential in IL-9 expression and Th9 cell induction. These findings may have important clinical implications.
Bile acids in glucose metabolism in health and disease
Authors: Shapiro Hagit , Kolodziejczyk Aleksandra A. , Halstuch Daniel , Elinav Eran
Published: January 2018

Bile acids (BAs) are cholesterol-derived metabolites that facilitate the intestinal absorption and transport of dietary lipids. Recently, BAs also emerged as pivotal signaling molecules controlling glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism by binding to the nuclear hormone farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and Takeda G protein receptor 5 (TGR5) in multiple organs, leading to regulation of intestinal incretin secretion, hepatic gluconeogenesis, glycogen synthesis, energy expenditure, inflammation, and gut microbiome configuration. Alterations in BA metabolism and signaling are associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), whereas treatment of T2DM patients with BA sequestrants, or bariatric surgery in morbidly obese patients, results in a significant improvement in glycemic response that is associated with changes in the BA profile and signaling. Herein, we review the roles of BAs in glucose metabolism in health and disease; highlight the limitations, unknowns, and challenges in understanding the impact of BAs on the glycemic response; and discuss how this knowledge may be harnessed to develop innovative therapeutic approaches for the treatment of hyperglycemia and diabetes.
Mathematics of topological quantum computing
Authors: Rowell Eric , Wang Zhenghan
Published: January 2018

In topological quantum computing, information is encoded in “knotted” quantum states of topological phases of matter, thus being locked into topology to prevent decay. Topological precision has been confirmed in quantum Hall liquids by experiments to an accuracy of10−1010^{-10}and harnessed to stabilize quantum memory. In this survey, we discuss the conceptual development of this interdisciplinary field at the juncture of mathematics, physics, and computer science. Our focus is on computing and physical motivations, basic mathematical notions and results, open problems and future directions related to and/or inspired by topological quantum computing.
An easy and efficient approach for testing identifiability
Authors: Kreutz Clemens
Published: January 2018

Motivation

The feasibility of uniquely estimating parameters of dynamical systems from observations is a widely discussed aspect of mathematical modelling. Several approaches have been published for analyzing this so-called identifiability of model parameters. However, they are typically computationally demanding, difficult to perform and/or not applicable in many application settings.

Results

Here, an approach is presented which enables quickly testing of parameter identifiability. Numerical optimization with a penalty in radial direction enforcing displacement of the parameters is used to check whether estimated parameters are unique, or whether the parameters can be altered without loss of agreement with the data indicating non-identifiability. This Identifiability-Test by Radial Penalization (ITRP) can be employed for every model where optimization-based parameter estimation like least-squares or maximum likelihood is feasible and is therefore applicable for all typical systems biology models. The approach is illustrated and tested using 11 ordinary differential equation (ODE) models.

Availability and implementation

The presented approach can be implemented without great efforts in any modelling framework. It is available within the free Matlab-based modelling toolbox Data2Dynamics. Source code is available at https://github.com/Data2Dynamics.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Serious Fall Injury History and Adverse Health Outcomes After Initiating Hemodialysis Among Older U.S. Adults
Authors: Bowling C Barrett , Hall Rasheeda K , Khakharia Anjali , Franch Harold A , Plantinga Laura C
Published: January 2018

Background

Although older adults with predialysis chronic kidney disease are at higher risk for falls, the prognostic significance of a serious fall injury prior to dialysis initiation has not been well described in the end-stage renal disease population.

Methods

We examined the association between a serious fall injury in the year prior to starting hemodialysis and adverse health outcomes in the year following dialysis initiation using a retrospective cohort study of U.S. Medicare beneficiaries ≥ 67 years old who initiated dialysis in 2010–2012. Serious fall injuries were defined using diagnostic codes for falls plus an injury (fracture, joint dislocation, or head injury). Health outcomes, defined as time-to-event variables within the first year of dialysis, included four outcomes: a subsequent serious fall injury, hospital admission, post-acute skilled nursing facility (SNF) utilization, and mortality.

Results

Among this cohort of 81,653 initiating hemodialysis, 2,958 (3.6%) patients had a serious fall injury in the year prior to hemodialysis initiation. In the first year of dialysis, 7.6% had a subsequent serious fall injury, 67.6% a hospitalization, 30.7% a SNF claim, and 26.1% died. Those with versus without a serious fall injury in the year prior to hemodialysis initiation were at higher risk (hazard ratio, 95% confidence interval) for a subsequent serious fall injury (2.65, 2.41–2.91), hospitalization (1.11, 1.06–1.16), SNF claim (1.40, 1.30–1.50), and death (1.14, 1.06–1.22).

Conclusions

For older adults initiating dialysis, a history of a serious fall injury may provide prognostic information to support decision making and establish expectations for life after dialysis initiation.
On the 16-Rank of Class Groups of ℚ(√-2p) for Primes p ≡ 1 mod 4
Authors: Koymans Peter , Milovic Djordjo
Published: January 2018

We use Vinogradov’s method to prove equidistribution of a spin symbol governing the 16-rank of class groups of quadratic number fields $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-2p})$, where p ≡ 1 mod 4 is a prime.
Toward a relational sociology of credit: an exploration of the French literature
Authors: Lazarus Jeanne , Lacan Laure
Published: January 2018

This article aims to describe the sociological studies of credit developed in France over the past dozen years. These studies propose a specific method and approach to address credit, primarily understanding it as a result of social interactions embedded in organizational and legal structures, with consequences on inequalities, social stratification, and individuals’ life experiences. The article is divided into four parts: after an introduction presenting what can be called the French school of the sociology of credit, we present the ‘different voice’ of the French school of the sociology of credit, which analyses the credit market according to a relational approach. The third section examines the construction of social domination at the moment of credit assessment. We then focus on the demand side: borrowers are not atomized individuals but part of households and other local communities. Finally, the conclusion discusses how this French approach to credit may be useful outside of France.
Susceptibility of Hop Crown Buds to Powdery Mildew and its Relation to Perennation ofPodosphaera macularis
Authors: Gent David H. , Claassen Briana J. , Twomey Megan C. , Wolfenbarger Sierra N. , Woods Joanna L.
Published: January 2018

In the Pacific Northwestern United States, the hop powdery mildew fungus, Podosphaera macularis, survives overwintering periods in association with living host tissue because the ascigerious stage of the pathogen is not known to occur in this region. Field experiments were conducted over a 5-year period to describe the overwintering process associated with crown bud infection and persistence of P. macularis. Surface crown buds increased in abundance and size beginning in early July and continuing until mid-September. Buds of varying sizes remained susceptible to powdery mildew until late September to early October in each of 3 years of experiments, with susceptibility decreasing substantially thereafter. Potted plants were inoculated sequentially during early summer to autumn, then evaluated in the following year for development of shoots colonized by the powdery mildew fungus (termed flag shoots) due to bud perennation. Emergence of flag shoots was asynchronous and associated with shoot emergence and elongation. Flag shoots emerged over a protracted period from late February to early June, year dependent. In all 4 years of experiments, some infected buds broke and produced flag shoots after chemical desiccation of shoots in spring, a common horticultural practice in hop production conducted to set training timing and eliminate initial inoculum. Flag shoots were most numerous when plants were inoculated with P. macularis in early summer and, consequently, when powdery mildew was present throughout the entire period of crown bud development. The number of flag shoots produced was reduced from 6.8- to 46.6-fold when comparing the latest versus earliest inoculation dates. However, all inoculation timings yielded flag shoots at some level, suggesting that bud infection that occurs over an extended period of time in the previous season may allow the fungus to perennate. In studies in two commercial hop yards in Washington State, fungicide applications made after harvest reduced the level of powdery mildew on leaves in the current year but did not significantly reduce flag shoots in the following year. Given that bud infection occurred over a 10-week period, flag shoots developed even when plants were exposed to inoculum in October and some flag shoots survived chemical pruning practices, management efforts seem best directed to both preventative measures to reduce the likelihood of bud infection and remedial practices to physically eliminate infected crown buds in the ensuing year.
Analysis of First-Time Unsuccessful Attempts on the Certified Nurse Educator Examination
Authors: Lundeen John D.
Published: January 2018

AIM

This retrospective analysis examined first-time unsuccessful attempts on the Certified Nurse Educator (CNE) examination from September 2005 through September 2011 (n = 390).

BACKGROUND

There are few studies examining certification within the academic nurse educator role. There is also a lack of evidence to assist nurse educators in understanding those factors that best support success on the CNE exam.

METHOD

Nonexperimental, descriptive, retrospective correlational design using chi-square test of independence and factorial analyses of variance.

RESULTS

A statistically significant relationship was found between first-time failure and highest degree obtained and institutional affiliation on the CNE exam. There was no statistically significant effect on mean scores in any of the six content areas measured by the CNE exam as related to highest degree or institutional affiliation.

CONCLUSION

The findings from this study support a previous recommendation for faculty development, experience in the role, and doctoral preparation prior to seeking certification.
Why We Became Nurse Educators: Findings From a Nationwide Survey of Current Nurse Educators
Authors: Evans Jane D.
Published: January 2018

AIM

The aim of the study was to identify what a national sample of nurse faculty believe will help build the faculty population.

BACKGROUND

The aging population contributes to the need for new nurses while reducing the number of experienced faculty. Retaining faculty and attracting younger faculty are essential.

METHOD

This descriptive study used an online survey. Nurse educators teaching at all levels (n = 940) were asked to rate the effectiveness of attraction, recruitment, and retention strategies. This article reports on responses to one of the survey’s open-ended question; a content analysis was conducted to develop a narrative description about why respondents chose nursing education.

RESULTS

Respondents wanted to teach in a stimulating yet flexible work environment, hoped to influence the profession, had been influenced by educators, and sought change and challenge in their careers.

CONCLUSION

Faculty find nursing academia satisfying and rewarding, but noncompetitive compensation and unsatisfactory work environments can eclipse satisfiers.
Efficacy and Safety of Sodium Picosulfate/Magnesium Citrate for Bowel Preparation in a Physically Disabled Outpatient Population: A Randomized, Endoscopist-Blinded Comparison With Ascorbic Acid-Enriched Polyethylene Glycol Solution Plus Bisacodyl (The PICO-MOVI Study)
Authors: Mathus-Vliegen Elisabeth M.H. , van der Vliet Karin , Wignand-van der Storm Inge J. , Stadwijk John S.
Published: January 2018

BACKGROUND:

Because of its volume, adequate bowel preparation remains problematic in physically unfit patients.

OBJECTIVE:

This study aimed to compare a small-volume sodium picosulfate/magnesium citrate preparation with a 2-L ascorbic acid-enriched polyethylene glycol solution plus bisacodyl.

DESIGN:

This study has a noninferiority design, assuming that ascorbic acid-enriched polyethylene glycol solution plus bisacodyl is 70% efficacious in achieving an Ottawa score ≤7 and accepting a difference in success rate of <15% with a target enrollment of 146 patients per group.

SETTING:

This study was conducted in an outpatient department.

PATIENTS:

Patients referred for diagnostic colonoscopy were randomly assigned. Key exclusion criteria were severe kidney disease, ASA class ≥III, and hospital admission.

INTERVENTION:

Patients were randomly assigned to receive sodium picosulfate/magnesium citrate or ascorbic acid-enriched polyethylene glycol solution plus bisacodyl according to a split-dose regimen. Patients in the sodium picosulfate/magnesium citrate group received advice on the recommended 4-L fluid intake. Patients in the ascorbic acid-enriched polyethylene glycol solution plus bisacodyl group received 2 bisacodyl tablets 2 days before and advice on the additionally recommended 2-L fluid intake.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:

To assess bowel-cleansing adequacy, the Ottawa, Aronchick, and Boston scores were used. Colonoscopy quality measures were obtained. Safety was assessed for a 30-day follow-up period.

RESULTS:

Overall, 341 patients (169 men, mean age 57.0 years; BMI 26.2 kg/m2) were included. Comorbidities were present in 76.2% of patients, and 75.4% of patients used medication. An adequate Ottawa score was obtained in 81.4% and 75.8% of patients receiving ascorbic acid-enriched polyethylene glycol solution plus bisacodyl and sodium picosulfate/magnesium citrate (difference of 5.6% (95% CI, −3.5 to −14.6; p = 0.023)), showing noninferiority of the sodium picosulfate/magnesium citrate therapy. Ottawa segmental scores were lower for sodium picosulfate/magnesium citrate in the right and transverse colon. In both groups, successful ileocecal intubation was achieved in 95%. No medication-related adverse events were reported.

LIMITATIONS:

These results in a physically disabled ambulant population cannot be extrapolated to immobile, hospitalized patients.

CONCLUSIONS:

Sodium picosulfate/magnesium citrate proved to be noninferior to ascorbic acid-enriched polyethylene glycol solution plus bisacodyl in efficacy and safety. Timing of the colonoscopy and addition of bisacodyl to sodium picosulfate/magnesium citrate warrants further consideration. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A461.
Outcomes of Closed Versus Open Defects After Local Excision of Rectal Neoplasms: A Multi-institutional Matched Analysis
Authors: Lee Lawrence , Althoff Ashley , Edwards Kimberley , Albert Matthew R. , Atallah Sam B. , Hunter Iain A. , Hill James , Monson John R.T.
Published: January 2018

BACKGROUND:

The management of the rectal wall defect after local excision of rectal neoplasms remains controversial, and the existing data are equivocal.

OBJECTIVE:

This study aimed to determine the effect of open versus closed defects on postoperative outcomes after local excision of rectal neoplasms.

DESIGN:

Data from 3 institutions were analyzed. Propensity score matching was performed in one-to-one fashion to create a balanced cohort comparing open and closed defects.

SETTINGS:

This study was conducted at high-volume specialist referral hospitals.

PATIENTS:

Adult patients undergoing local excision via transanal endoscopic surgery from 2004 to 2016 were included. Patients were assigned to open- and closed-defect groups, and further stratified by full- or partial-thickness excision.

INTERVENTION:

Closure of the rectal wall defect was performed at the surgeon’s discretion.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:

The primary outcome measured was the incidence of 30-day complications.

RESULTS:

A total of 991 patients were eligible (593 full-thickness excision with 114 open and 479 closed, and 398 partial-thickness excision with 263 open and 135 closed). After matching, balanced cohorts consisting of 220 patients with full-thickness excision and 210 patients with partial-thickness excision were created. Operative time was similar for open and closed defects for both full-and partial-thickness excision. The incidence of 30-day complications was similar for open and closed defects after full- (15% vs. 12%,p= 0.432) and partial-thickness excision (7% vs 5%,p= 0.552). The total number of complications was also similar after full- or partial-thickness excision. Patients undergoing full-thickness excision with open defects had a higher incidence of clinically significant bleeding complications (9% vs 3%,p= 0.045).

LIMITATIONS:

Data were obtained from 3 institutions with different equipment and perioperative management over a long time period.

CONCLUSIONS:

There was no difference in overall complications between open and closed defects for patients undergoing local excision of rectal neoplasms, but there may be more bleeding complications in open defects after full-thickness excision. A selective approach to defect closure may be appropriate. SeeVideo Abstractat http://links.lww.com/DCR/A470.
Rescue Diverting Loop Ileostomy: An Alternative to Emergent Colectomy in the Setting of Severe Acute Refractory IBD-Colitis
Authors: Russell Tara A. , Dawes Aaron J. , Graham Danielle S. , Angarita Stephanie A.K. , Ha Christina , Sack Jonathan
Published: January 2018

BACKGROUND:

Severe acute refractory colitis has traditionally been an indication for emergent colectomy in IBD, yet under these circumstances patients are at elevated risk for complications because of their heightened inflammatory state, nutritional deficiencies, and immunocompromised state.

OBJECTIVE:

We hypothesized that rescue diverting loop ileostomy may be a viable alternative to emergent colectomy, providing the opportunity for colonic healing and patient optimization before more definitive surgery.

DESIGN:

This was a retrospective case series.

SETTINGS:

The study was conducted at a single academic center.

PATIENTS:

Patients with severe acute medically refractory IBD-related colitis were included.

INTERVENTION:

Rescue diverting loop ileostomy was the intervening procedure.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:

The primary outcome was avoidance of urgent/emergent colectomy. The secondary outcome was efficacy, defined by 3 clinical aims: 1) reduced steroid dependence or opportunity for bridge to medical rescue, 2) improved nutritional status, and 3) ability to undergo an elective laparoscopic definitive procedure or ileostomy reversal with colon salvage.

RESULTS:

Among 33 patients, 14 had Crohn’s disease and 19 had ulcerative colitis. Three patients required urgent/emergent colectomy, 2 with ulcerative colitis and 1 with Crohn’s disease. Across both disease cohorts, >80% of patients achieved each clinical aim for efficacy: 88% reduced their steroid dependence or were able to bridge to medical rescue, 87% improved their nutritional status, and 82% underwent an elective laparoscopic definitive procedure or ileostomy reversal. A total of 4 patients (11.7%) experienced a postoperative complication following diversion, including 3 surgical site infections and 1 episode of acute kidney injury.

LIMITATIONS:

The study was limited by being a single-center, retrospective series.

CONCLUSIONS:

Rescue diverting loop ileostomy in the setting of severe, refractory IBD–colitis is a safe and effective alternative to emergent colectomy. This procedure has acceptably low complication rates and affords patients time for medical and nutritional optimization before definitive surgical intervention. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A520.
Pathogen Clearance and New Respiratory Tract Infections Among Febrile Children in Zanzibar Investigated With Multitargeting Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction on Paired Nasopharyngeal Swab Samples
Authors: Elfving Kristina , Shakely Deler , Andersson Maria , Baltzell Kimberly , Msellem Mwinyi I. , Björkman Anders , Mårtensson Andreas , Petzold Max , Trollfors Birger , Lindh Magnus
Published: January 2018

Background:

New molecular methods have revealed frequent and often polymicrobial respiratory infections in children in low-income settings. It is not known whether presence of multiple pathogens is due to prolonged infections or to frequent exposure. The aim of this study was to analyze short-term pathogen clearance from nasopharynx and the rate of new respiratory tract infections in febrile preschool children.

Methods:

Children (n = 207) with uncomplicated acute febrile illness 2–59 months of age presenting to a health center in Zanzibar, Tanzania, April–July 2011, were included. Paired nasopharyngeal swab samples, collected at enrolment and after 14 days, were analyzed by multiple real-time polymerase chain reaction for Adenovirus, bocavirus, Bordetella pertussis, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Coronaviruses, Enterovirus, influenza A and B virus, metapneumovirus, measles virus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, parainfluenza virus, Parechovirus, respiratory syncytial virus and Rhinovirus. An age-matched and geographically matched healthy control group (n = 166) underwent nasopharyngeal sampling on 1 occasion.

Results:

At baseline, 157/207 (76%) patients had at least 1 pathogen detected, in total 199 infections. At follow-up (day 14), 162/199 (81%) of these infections were not detected, including >95% of the previously detected infections with Enterovirus, influenza A virus, influenza B virus, metapneumovirus or parainfluenza virus. Still 115 (56%) children were positive for at least 1 pathogen at follow-up, of which 95/115 (83%) were not found at baseline. Detection of influenza B on day 14 was significantly associated with fever during follow-up.

Conclusion:

The results suggest that children with acute febrile illness in Zanzibar rapidly clear respiratory tract infections but frequently acquire new infections within 14 days.