bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
De vertrekvergoeding en de Hoge Raad: geen guidance, wel vragen
Authors: Goldschmidt Merel
Published: June 2019

De vertrekvergoeding en de Hoge Raad: geen guidance, wel vragen

De Hoge Raad heeft in juni 2018 een van de weinige uitspraken inzake de Wbfo gewezen. Van belang bij deze uitspraak was de vraag of de het hof gehouden was het verweer van Rabobank inzake artikel 1:125 lid 2 Wft ambtshalve te toetsen. Daarnaast is interessant aan dit arrest dat de Hoge Raad zich niet uitspreekt over de vraag of een deel van de vergoedingen waarover wordt geprocedeerd in materiële zin wel valt onder het begrip van ‘vertrekvergoeding’ als bedoeld in artikel 1:125 lid 2 Wft. De Hoge Raad had kunnen bijdragen aan de rechtszekerheid door zich hier (meer concreet) over uit te spreken.
Profile of Haematological Parameters among Radiographers Exposed to Low-Dose X-Rays in Selected Port Harcourt Healthcare Facilities
Authors: Chinunam Wejie-Okachi, , Chukuemeka Agi, , Kingsley Douglas,
Published: June 2019

X-rays are electromagnetic waves that can traverse the human body due to high energies (≥1.24 keV) and ultra-short wavelengths (≤10-10m). Acute exposures are harmful to human health, affecting hematopoietic systems among others. Workers experience these effects despite use of occupational exposure controls such as Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs). This study spanned May 2018 to February 2019, and was aimed at determining the effects of exposure to low-dose x-rays on haematological parameters of radiographers in Port-Harcourt. Delimitation was to a target population of radiographers who work for ≥ 6-hours daily and ≥ 5-days weekly, over ≥ 12-months, and a corresponding number of control subjects in five healthcare facilities. The cross-sectional retrospective comparative research design method was employed, and consisted of administered Questionnaire with a 100% response rate. Two sets of blood samples, collected 120 days apart, underwent clinical laboratory examinations.  30 exposed (case) and 30 unexposed (control) subjects, aged 25-54 years, participated in this study at a ratio of 1:1. Mean annual background x-ray room radiation level was 0.7724mSv (i.e. 0.6088mSv-0.8392mSv), and workers recorded 100% usage of PPEs and 86.7% (n=26) knowledge/awareness to adverse x-ray effects. Mean values for hematocrit, platelet, and mean cell volume, were higher, but White Blood Cells (WBCs) (P=0.025, 0.044), Neutrophils (P=0.018, 0.042), Lymphocytes (P=0.026, 0.025) were significantly lower, in the case vis-à-vis control groups. Haematological parameters showed no statistical differences between values for 1st and 2nd sample sets within each subject group. Normal blood cell morphologies predominated in the unexposed group (76.6% & 86.7%), when compared to the exposed group (53.3% & 50.0%), except for codocytes (z = -1.000, P=0.317). WBC values in radiographers inversely correlated with their duration of x-ray exposures (r = -0.431, P˂0.05).This study showed that chronic exposures to low-dose x-rays affect whole leucocyte parameters, despite implementation of PPEs.
Bacterial Profile and Antimicrobial Sensitivity Patterns in Asymptomatic Bacteriuria: A Cross-sectional Study of Sickle Cell Disease Patients in the Ho Municipality, Ghana
Authors: Duncan Adjato Sylvester Franklin , Oduro Amoako Enos , Abaka-Yawson Albert , Agbodzakey Hope , Apraku Tawiah Philip
Published: June 2019

Background: Sickle cell disease (SCD) patients are vulnerable to asymptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI), and this can lead to long lasting kidney problems.

Aim: This cross-sectional study assessed the bacterial profile and examined the sensitivity patterns of the isolated bacteria among the SCD patients.

Methods: From January 2014 to April 2014, Seventy-one (71) patients were consecutively sampled from the sickle cell clinic of Volta Regional Hospital, Ho-Ghana. Mid-stream urine samples were collected for culture and sensitivity. Bacteria isolated were identified and tested for their antimicrobial sensitivity patterns using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Independent t-test, Pearson Chi‑square test and ANOVA were used to determine mean, standard deviations, associations and differences in groups. P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: The study showed a bacteria profile of Escherichia coli, Staphylococus aureus and Citrobacter spp among the SCD participants. Antimicrobial sensitivity patterns depicted Escherichia coli as sensitive to nitrofurantoin and gentamicin while Citrobacter spp. was sensitive to Nitrofurantoin. Staphylococus aureus was sensitive to cotrimoxazole with all three isolates resistant to ampicillin. 8.5% of the participants had asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) and was more in females (66.7%) than in males (33.3%) and in SS genotype (83.3%) than in SC genotype (16.7%).

Conclusion: The research found the prevalence of ASB among SCD patients to be most common in females and SS genotypes. Escherichia coli was the predominant isolate and this isolate was susceptible to nitrofurantoin but highly resistant to ampicillin. Urine culture and sensitivity should be included in the clinical assessments of SCD patients and education and awareness on the importance of personal hygiene, particularly in sickle cell disease patients should also be encouraged.
Adaptive Responses to Climate Change: Evaluating the Implementation and Effectiveness of Water Resource Management Strategies in Selected Hotels within the Environs of Lake Naivasha
Authors: Kinyanjui D. N.
Published: June 2019

Aims: This study sought to evaluate the adoption of water resource management strategies in hotels in an attempt to attain water sustainability. Specifically, the research sought to assess the current structural and non-structural water resource management strategies adopted by selected hotels in the environs of Lake Naivasha; establish the perceived effectiveness of both the structural and non-structural water resource management strategies adopted to enhance water sustainability; and compare the structural and non-structural water management strategies in terms of their effectiveness in promoting water sustainability in hotels within environs of Lake Naivasha.

Study Design: The study adopted a case study design.

Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in hotels within the environs of Lake Naivasha between May and December 2010.

Methodology: A census of 30 Class (A) registered hotels was conducted, and purposive sampling was used to select 120 respondents from the management staff within the selected hotels. Convenience sampling was used to select 8 managers of water management bodies who acted as key informants during personal interviews. Primary data was collected from the hotel management staff using questionnaires and from managers of water management through personal interviews. Data from questionnaires were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) to derive descriptive statistics on the implementation of WRM strategies.

Results: Findings revealed that a majority of the sampled hotels had embraced water resource management strategies through the development of alternative water resources, use of water saving technology, treatment of recycled water and use of water saving manuals. Further, the structural water resource management strategies were perceived to be more effective as they impacted more on reducing the operating costs, promoted environmental conservation and were more preferred than the non- structural strategies despite being more expensive to implement. 

Conclusion: It is concluded that water sustainability is however achievable through a combination of a variety of WRM strategies.
Inequality, Injustice and India’s Forgotten People
Authors: Rai Jeetesh , Soni Smriti
Published: June 2019

It is the Boston Consulting Group’s 15th annual report called ‘Winning the Growth Game: Global Wealth 2015’ that has been extensively reported by the media persons in India. This report came just one year after the Global Wealth Databook 2014 from Credit Suisse wherein the picture of global inequality is presented in a more accurate and comprehensive manner. It is undisputed that over time there has been a significant decline in poverty in India. However, the same is not true about inequality. Has inequality declined with the same rate as the decline in poverty in India? As per the official data collected on all parameters of development in India the tribals are straggling way behind in terms of income, health, education, nutrition, infrastructure and governance. Tribals in India have been the receivers of injustices throughout the process of development. To exemplify, among 65 to 70 million people displaced during the development process in India 40 per cent are tribals. In India, more than 90 per cent of total coal and above 50 per cent of minerals and dams are located in the tribal regions, yet these areas have remained the least developed. In paradox to economic theory, many developed districts in India include pockets of intense backwardness. The paper argues that in India the tribals have remained excluded from the list of beneficiaries in the development process. The paper also discusses the process of marginalization of tribal in the developmental process and towards the end gives some recommendations.
How to generate valid local quantities of particle–fluid flows for establishing constitutive relations
Authors: Hou Qinfu , Zhou Zongyan , Curtis Jennifer S. , Yu Aibing
Published: June 2019

There are continuum and discrete approaches to describe granular flows. A continuum approach relies on local average quantities which can be derived through an averaging method based on a discrete approach. However, the selection of averaging domain and the validity of local quantities for constitutive relations are not well established, particularly for transient particle–fluid flows. Here, it is demonstrated that converged local quantities can be achieved on an averaging domain with proper spatial and temporal sizes. Furthermore, the relation between solid pressure and solid volume fraction is established, agreeing qualitatively to all the existing monotonic ones in the literature. However, it is quantitatively different, showing a bifurcation at a high solid volume fraction, which is essentially linked to the variation of short and enduring contacts among particles with flow state and solid volume fraction. This bifurcation must be properly recognized in developing constitutive relations for granular materials.
Continuous and complete conversion of high concentration p‐nitrophenol in a flow‐through membrane reactor
Authors: Miao Jianfeng , Lu Jia , Jiang Hong , Liu Yefei , Xing Weihong , Ke Xuebin , Chen Rizhi
Published: June 2019

Here, we report on a green and effective method for the continuous and complete conversion of high concentrations of p‐nitrophenol (PNP) using a flow‐through membrane reactor and less NaBH4. The catalytic membrane was successfully fabricated by loading Pd nanoparticles onto the surface of a branched TiO2 nanorod‐functionalized ceramic membrane. The modification with branched TiO2 nanorods can significantly improve the loading amount of Pd nanoparticles onto ceramic membranes, resulting in enhanced catalytic performance. With 6 mg of Pd, 93 L m−2 hr−1 of flux density and 8.04 cm2 of membrane surface area in the flow‐through membrane reactor, PNP at a concentration of 4,000 ppm can be converted to high‐value p‐aminophenol using less NaBH4 (using a molar ratio of NaBH4:PNP of 9.6) within 24 s at 30°C. More importantly, the conversion can be continuously and stably performed for 240 min.
Damping, thermal, and mechanical performances of a novel semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks based on polyimide/epoxy
Authors: Qu Chunhui , Li Xiao , Yang Zenghui , Zhang Xinrui , Wang Tingmei , Wang Qihua , Chen Shoubing
Published: June 2019

In this article, a series of novel semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks (s‐IPNs) based on linear polyimide (PI) and crosslinked epoxy (EP) were firstly prepared aiming at controlling violent vibration and noise originating from operation of the machine. The damping, thermal, and mechanical performances of s‐IPNs films were systematically investigated in terms of the structure of polyimide (the molar ratios of diamines) and the component ratios of PI/EP. The results indicate that PI/EP s‐IPNs films exhibit prominent damping properties, and the effective damping temperature range can reach up to 58.8 °C when molar ratio of diamines is 1:3 within PI and component ratio of PI/EP is 70:30. Meanwhile, all the PI/EP s‐IPNs films show good thermal stability compared to cured EP and certain mechanical behaviors due to the formation of semi‐interpenetrated structure. Meaningfully, the prepared novel PI/EP s‐IPNs will be used as effective damping materials and have a potential application in damping fields. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 48032.
Epistemic insights: Contemplating tensions between policy influences and creativity in school science
Authors: McGregor Debra , Frodsham Sarah
Published: June 2019

Creativity and the way it could be supported in schools is understood differently by policy makers, practitioners and scientists. This article reviews, with a chronological lens, the development of policies that include teaching creativity and teaching for creativity. The epistemic tensions between the intentions of government and the nature of creativity as it emerges in learning or scientific work is introduced and reflected upon. There have been more than nine key educational policies that have been introduced over the last 50 years. Each of these are considered in this article and related to the ways that creativity is understood and expected to be taught, supported or enacted in schools by policy makers. In light of the need to support creativity as a key twenty‐first‐century skill, to ultimately enable current students (who will become the next generation of scientists) to develop the capabilities to address global concerns, this article highlights issues related to this issue. Epistemic insights are offered that relate to the development of aspects of creativity, including questioning, developing alternate ideas, ‘seeing’ things differently, innovation, curiosity, problem solving and evaluating. The ways that policy related to creativity in science appears not to recognise how creativity can be reified in these ways in schools suggests the need for rapid review, especially in light of the upcoming international creativity tests in 2021.
Keep Your Eye On…
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: June 2019

New guide on antipsychotic prescribing to vulnerable children

Increased psychotropic prescriptions for stress in parents of children with cancer
The art of boredom: Practicing mindfulness, conversation, and creativity
Authors: Arzamarski Caley
Published: June 2019

If you're a parent, I'm sure you've heard these words before: “I'm so bored. There's nothing to do. Can we go to the [insert fun, expensive place here…]?” In response, we often feel the urge to keep our kids busy and engaged. Free time seems to be replaced with “doing things” (i.e., more structured activities and commitments). But why is boredom so important for kids (and adults)?
NIH study finds 13 Reasons Why associated with increase in youth suicide rates
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: June 2019

Two years after the release of the Netflix show 13 Reasons Why, a study published in the Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry has found that the show was associated with a 28.9% increase in suicide rates among U.S. youth ages 10–17. The increase occurred in April 2017, the month following the show's release. In three separate articles in this publication (Advice for Parents on ‘13 Reasons Why,’ CABL June 2017, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cbl.30221; 13 Reasons to be Concerned about ‘13 Reasons Why,’ CABL June 2017, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cbl.30220; and ‘13 Reasons Why’: Again, CABL August 2018, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cbl.30316) writers warned that the show was not a positive one for youth.
Goodness‐of‐fit tests for distributions estimated from complex survey data
Authors: Lohr Sharon L. , Riddles Minsun K. , Brick J. Michael
Published: June 2019

We propose nonparametric procedures for comparing the empirical distribution function of data from a complex survey with a hypothesized parametric reference distribution. The hypothesized distribution may be fully specified, or it may be a family with the parameters to be estimated from the data. Of the procedures studied, a modification of the Cramér–von Mises test proposed by Lockhart, Spinelli & Stephens [Lockhart, Spinelli and Stephens, The Canadian Journal of Statistics 2007; 35, 125–133] is supported theoretically and performs well in two simulation studies. The methods are applied to examine the distribution of body mass index in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 47: 409–425; 2019 © 2019 Statistical Society of Canada
Functional analysis of Aarf domain‐containing kinase 1 in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Wisidagama Dona R. , Thomas Stefan M. , Lam Geanette , Thummel Carl S.
Published: June 2019

Background

The ADCK proteins are predicted mitochondrial kinases. Most studies of these proteins have focused on the Abc1/Coq8 subfamily, which contributes to Coenzyme Q biosynthesis. In contrast, little is known about ADCK1 despite its evolutionary conservation in yeast, Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans and mammals.

Results

We show that Drosophila ADCK1 mutants die as second instar larvae with double mouth hooks and tracheal breaks. Tissue‐specific genetic rescue and RNAi studies show that ADCK1 is necessary and sufficient in the trachea for larval viability. In addition, tracheal‐rescued ADCK1 mutant adults have reduced lifespan, are developmentally delayed, have reduced body size, and normal levels of basic metabolites.

Conclusion

The larval lethality and double mouth hooks seen in ADCK1 mutants are often associated with reduced levels of the steroid hormone ecdysone, suggesting that this gene could contribute to controlling ecdysone levels or bioavailability. Similarly, the tracheal defects in these animals could arise from defects in intracellular lipid trafficking. These studies of ADCK1 provide a new context to define the physiological functions of this poorly understood member of the ADCK family of predicted mitochondrial proteins.
Alcohol supply as a favour for a friend: Scenarios of alcohol supply to younger friends and siblings
Authors: Lam Tina , Ogeil Rowan P. , Fischer Jane , Midford Richard , Lubman Dan I. , Gilmore William , Chikritzhs Tanya N. , Liang Wenbin , Lenton Simon R. , Aiken Alexandra , Allsop Steve
Published: June 2019

Issues addressed

Adolescents under the legal purchase age primarily source their alcohol through social networks. This study assessed the provision context from the perspective of both underage recipients and their suppliers who were older peers and siblings.

Methods

Interviewer‐administered surveys were conducted with 590 risky‐drinking (50 g alcohol per session, at least monthly) adolescents. Participants of legal purchase age (18‐ to 19‐year‐olds; n = 269) reported their provision to 16‐ to 17‐year‐olds under eight scenarios. Those aged 14‐17 (n = 321) reported receipt of alcohol under the same scenarios plus two parental supply contexts.

Results

Purchase‐age participants reported supply: to an underage friend (67%), an acquaintance (44%) or a sibling (16%) to drink at the same party; to a friend (43%) or sibling (20%) to take to another party (20%) and to a stranger near a bottle shop (5%). Supply to a friend at the same party was more likely if money was exchanged (60% vs 40%; P < 0.001). Almost all (98%) 14‐ to 17‐year‐olds reported receiving alcohol from an adult (including 36% from a parent for consumption away from the parent), with a similar pattern of receipt scenarios as those reported by the 18‐ to 19‐year‐olds.

Conclusions

Provision of alcohol was more frequent with a friend than a sibling or stranger, in close environmental proximity, and if money was exchanged.

So what?

As supply may be sensitive to monetary considerations, the incidence of underage receipt may be affected by community‐wide pricing measures. Traditional alcohol availability regulations should be supplemented by strategies relating to the social nature of supply and demand.
Identification of cell‐penetrating osteogenic peptide from copine‐7 protein and its delivery system for enhanced bone formation
Authors: Lee Dongwoo , Park Kwang‐Sook , Yoon Gook Jin , Lee Hyun Jung , Lee Jue‐Yeon , Park Yoon Shin , Park Joo‐Cheol , Lee Gene , Chung Chong Pyoung , Park Yoon Jeong
Published: June 2019

Peptide and proteins are recognized as highly selective and therapeutically active biomaterials, as well as relatively safe in clinical application. A calcium phospholipid‐binding protein, copine 7 (CPNE7), has been recently identified to induce hard tissue regeneration, including bone and dentin by internalizing into the cells. However, the clinical application of the full length of CPNE7 has limited due to its large size with short half‐life. Herein, as an alternative to CPNE7, six bioactive synthetic peptides are designed from CPNE7 (CPNE7‐derived peptides, CDP1–CDP6) and investigated their osteogenic potential. Among the CDPs, CDP4 have the highest level of cell‐penetrating activity as well as osteogenic efficiency in dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). CDP4 increased the expression of osteogenesis‐related genes and proteins, which was comparable to that by BMP‐2. The cell penetration capacity of CDP4 may synergistically induce the osteogenic potential of DPSCs. Moreover, the implantation of the mixture of CDP4 with injectable collagen gel increased bone formation with recovery in the mouse calvarial defect model, comparable to full‐length CPNE7 and even BMP‐2. In conclusion, these results suggest that our synthetic peptide, CDP4, can be applied in combination with biomaterial to provide high osteogenic efficacy in the field of bone tissue engineering.
An Investigation of the Variables That Influence Female Counselors' Work–Family Conflict
Authors: Eckart Emeline C. , Ziomek‐Daigle Jolie
Published: June 2019

This study investigated the relationship between female counselors' work–family conflict and their demographic, occupational, and family characteristics. Female counselors' engagement in work and family and the conflict that results were assessed in 2 directions: work interfering with family (WIF) and family interfering with work (FIW). Autonomy and hours spent at work significantly contributed to counselors' WIF scores. Autonomy; age of the youngest child; care of elderly, ill, or special needs family members; and support contributed to counselors' FIW scores.
Burnout and Turnover Intentions Among Junior Counseling Faculty: Moderating Role of Mentoring
Authors: Woo Hongryun , Kim Hyunhee , Park Sangmin
Published: June 2019

This study examined the correlation between burnout, mentoring, and turnover intentions among 106 full‐time junior counseling faculty members at U.S. universities. Using the job demands–resources model, the authors aimed to provide a better understanding of the risk and protective environmental factors (i.e., burnout and mentoring) that affect turnover intentions among junior counseling faculty. Burnout was found to be predictive of high turnover intentions. Findings also supported the moderating role of faculty mentoring in the association between burnout and turnover intentions. Implications for counseling programs and institutions are addressed.
CNS‐active drugs and risk of fall
Authors: Lam Y. W. Francis
Published: June 2019

Many elderly patients are prescribed drugs that act on the central nervous system (CNS), and the literature suggests that use of CNS‐active drugs is associated with falls and potentially hip fracture, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. However, the risk of fall associated with these medications in patients with dementia has seldom been investigated, even though this population is likely more sensitive to adverse cognitive effects of CNS‐active medications.
The new landscape in treating depression
Authors: Price Lawrence H.
Published: June 2019

This month, we break with tradition by offering up a commentary that is not tied to any specific article covered in this month's issue of The Update. Instead, I'm going to address some developments in psychopharmacology over the past few months that represent a major departure from business as usual in American clinical psychiatry.
Magnetic properties in three electrons under Rashba spin‐orbit interaction and magnetic field
Authors: Khordad Reza , Vaseghi Behrooz
Published: June 2019

In this work, we study three‐electron magnetic susceptibility in quantum dots under Rashba spin‐orbit interaction (SOI) and magnetic field by an analytical methodology. The Hamiltonian of the system is separated to center of mass and relative terms using the Jacobi transformations and the hyperspherical coordinates. By solving Schrodinger equation, energy levels and thereby the susceptibility are calculated using canonical ensemble. At zero temperature, the magnetization reduces with increasing magnetic field with and without Rashba SOI in three‐electron‐quantum dot without electron‐electron (e‐e) interaction. Also, SOI slightly changes the magnetization for three‐electron‐quantum dot without e‐e interaction. At nonzero temperature, the magnetization shows a paramagnetic peak when the magnetic field increases. This peak position changes under the SOI. In the presence of e‐e interaction, the susceptibility enhances with raising magnetic field and it shows a maximum. The susceptibility at low magnetic field is negative and then it becomes positive. The susceptibility with e‐e interaction and without SOI is always diamagnetic and its magnitude reduces with enhancing magnetic field. The susceptibility shows a transition between diamagnetic and paramagnetic with e‐e interaction and SOI.
Advances in microbial culturing conditions to activate silent biosynthetic gene clusters for novel metabolite production
Authors: Tomm Hailey A , Ucciferri Lorena , Ross Avena C
Published: June 2019

Natural products (NPs) produced by bacteria and fungi are often used as therapeutic agents due to their complex structures and wide range of bioactivities. Enzymes that build NPs are encoded by co-localized biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), and genome sequencing has recently revealed that many BGCs are “silent” under standard laboratory conditions. There are numerous methods used to activate “silent” BGCs that rely either upon altering culture conditions or genetic modification. In this review, we discuss several recent microbial cultivation methods that have been used to expand the scope of NPs accessible in the laboratory. These approaches are divided into three categories: addition of a physical scaffold, addition of small molecule elicitors, and co-cultivation with another microbe.
Cost-effectiveness of Operative Versus Non-operative Management of Acute Achilles Tendon Ruptures
Authors: Koltsov Jayme C. B. , Gribbin Caitlin , Ellis Scott J. , Nwachukwu Benedict U.
Published: June 2019

Background

The management of acute Achilles tendon ruptures is controversial, and most injuries are treated with surgery in the USA. The cost utility of operative versus non-operative treatment of acute Achilles tendon injury is unclear.

Questions/Purposes

The purpose of this study was to compare the cost-effectiveness of operative versus functional non-operative treatment of acute Achilles tendon ruptures.

Methods

A Markov cost-utility analysis was conducted from the societal perspective using a 2-year time horizon. Hospital costs were derived from New York State billing data, and physician and rehabilitation costs were derived from the Medicare physician fee schedule. Indirect costs of missed work were calculated using estimates from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. Rates of re-rupture, major and minor complications, and the associated costs were obtained from the literature. Effectiveness was expressed in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). For the base-case analysis, operative and non-operative patients were assumed to have the same utilities (quality of life) following surgery. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate the robustness of model assumptions.

Results

In the base-case model, non-operative management of acute Achilles tendon ruptures dominated operative management, resulting in both lower costs and greater QALY gains. The differences in costs and effectiveness were relatively small. The benefit of non-operative treatment was 1.69 QALYs, and the benefit of operative treatment was 1.67 QALYs. Similarly, the total cost of operative and non-operative management was $13, 936 versus $13, 413, respectively. In sensitivity analyses, surgical costs and days of missed work were important drivers of cost-effectiveness. If hospitalization costs dropped below $2621 (compared with $3145) or the hourly wage rose above $29 (compared with $24), then operative treatment became a cost-effective strategy at the willingness-to-pay threshold of $50, 000/QALY. The model results were also highly sensitive to the relative utilities for operative versus non-operative treatment. If non-operative utilities decreased relative to operative utilities by just 2%, then operative management became the dominant treatment strategy.

Conclusion

For acute Achilles tendon ruptures, non-operative treatment provided greater benefits and lower costs than operative management in the base case; however, surgical costs and the economic impact associated with return to work are important determinants of the preferred cost-effective strategy.
Evaluating the Utility of Next Generation Sequencing Technology in the Diagnosis and Prevention of Genetic Disorders in India, the Early Experiences
Authors: Kotecha Udhaya , Puri Ratna , Bijarnia Sunita , Kohli Sudha , Saxena Renu , Verma Ishwar
Published: June 2019

To describe the utilization of Next Generation Sequencing technologies for genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis. Ten families requested prenatal testing in view of previously affected offspring with genetically heterogeneous/hitherto undiagnosed disorders. Next generation sequencing was offered as a first tier investigation (1) in the probands who had not been diagnosed by baseline investigations, and (2) in cases where preliminary examination/testing suggested a genetically heterogeneous disorder, while the precise diagnosis was not available. The subsequently identified molecular basis enabled prenatal testing. The disorders included primary microcephaly, epidermolysis bullosa, inborn error of metabolism, infantile hypotonia, neuro-regression and sensorineural hearing loss. Five out of ten couples approached us during an ongoing pregnancy with two in the second trimester of gestation. Demise of the proband resulted in incomplete investigations in three cases. In seven cases, the disorder suspected was genetically heterogeneous and hence next generation testing was carried out while in the remaining three it was performed to ascertain the underlying gene involved. Fetal analysis detected recurrences in two cases, and the couples concerned decided to discontinue the pregnancies. Next generation sequencing proved a useful tool in select situations to overcome some of the challenges hindering a precise diagnosis in genetically heterogenous disorders.
Nutritional status survey of children with autism and typically developing children aged 4–6 years in Heilongjiang Province, China
Authors: Sun Caihong , Xia Wei , Zhao Yan , Li Nannan , Zhao Dong , Wu Lijie
Published: June 2019

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disability that may affect nutritional management of children with autism. This study aimed to compare the nutritional status of children with autism with that of typically developing children (aged 4–6 years) in China. Nutritional status was assessed by means of nutritional data, anthropometric data, biochemical assessment, physical examination for nutrient deficiencies and providing a questionnaire to parents. A total of fifty-three children with autism and fifty-three typically developing children were enrolled in this study. The parents were asked to complete the questionnaire regarding the eating behaviour and gastrointestinal symptoms of their children. They were also asked to provide a 3 d food diary. Children with autism exhibited several abnormalities in terms of eating behaviour and gastrointestinal symptoms. The levels of vitamins A and B6, Zn and Ca intakes were <80 % of the dietary reference intakes in both groups. In addition, the proportions of vitamin C and Ca intake deficiencies in the autism group were significantly higher than those in the control group. Serum Zn level was less than the normal reference range in both the groups. Serum Ca, vitamin A and folate levels in children with autism were significantly lower when compared with children without autism. According to the anthropometric data, the mean BMI, weight-for-height Z-score (ZWH) and BMI for age Z-score (ZBMIA) of children with autism were significantly higher than those of the typically developing children. Thus, nutritional inadequacies were observed in children with autism and typically developing children in China, which were, however, more pronounced among children with autism.
Post-castration variations in weight gain in a cohort of young adult male cats
Authors: Wei Alfreda , Fascetti Andrea J. , Kim Kyoungmi , Ramsey Jon J.
Published: June 2019

The predisposition of cats to gain weight following neutering is well established; however, there is little information about the distribution and range of post-neutering weight gains observed in cats under a controlled environment. This retrospective study investigated 6-month post-castration weight gain and distribution of percentage body weight (BW) change in a cohort of twenty, male domestic shorthair cats relative to a control group of intact cats. Cats were matched in age (2·0–2·6 years), husbandry conditions and consumedad libitumthe same dry maintenance diet for at least 3 months prior to and 6 months following castration. All cats were castrated within 48 h of each other. All cats gained weight after castration. Mean BW was 4·67 (sd0·70) kg at the start of the study and 5·93 (sd1·38) kg at the end of the study, with individual weight gain ranging 3–53 % at 6 months post-neutering. The pre-conception BW of the queens of each cat was compared with the pre- and post-neutering BW of their offspring. The pre-conception BW of the queens was significantly correlated with the offspring's initial BW (ρ = 0·65,P = 0·01), final BW (ρ = 0·67,P = 0·01) and percentage BW change (ρ = 0·54,P = 0·04). A wide range of post-castration weight gains was observed among cats of similar backgrounds and housing conditions. Implementation of effective methods to control food consumption pre-conception and post-neutering may be a strategy for preventing obesity and obesity-related disorders in cats.
A moderate fat, low-energy dry expanded diet reduces gain in body condition score when fed as part of a post neutering weight-control regimen in growing pet cats
Authors: Spofford Nathaniel , Mougeot Isabelle , Elliott Denise A. , Addleman Ashlee , Lefebvre Sandra L. , Wang Mansen , Yang Mingyin , Feugier Alexandre , Biourge Vincent , Lund Elizabeth M.
Published: June 2019

Neutering of cats has been associated with significant weight gain in the weeks following surgery. The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a moderate fat, low-energy dry expanded diet in reducing weight gain in growing pet cats when fed as part of a weight-control regimen over the 6 months post-neutering. Cats in participating primary care veterinary hospitals were enrolled at neutering and assigned to receive one of the two dietary treatments based on the hospital of origin. Owners of cats in the treatment group were instructed to feed the trial diet at maintenance (324·7 kJ/kg BW0·711per d). Instructions for the control group were to feed the cat's regular diet according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Body weight and condition were evaluated by veterinarians at enrolment, 2-weeks, and 1–4 and 6 months after surgery. Body condition score (five-point scale) was compared between enrolment and each subsequent visit, controlling for enrolment age and sex. Percentage change in body weight was evaluated via multivariate mixed modelling to account for repeated measures. A total of 187 cats (eighty-seven females and 100 males) with a mean age of 5·2 (sd0·8) months and mean weight of 2·8 (sd0·6) kg from fifty-one hospitals completed the trial. The odds of being scored as overweight were 4·1 times as great for cats in the controlv.treatment groups (95 % CI 2·1, 8·2). Percentage change in body weight differed significantly with enrolment age (P = 0·007) and approached significance between diet groups (P = 0·08). Cats fed the trial diet had a significantly reduced incidence of overweight in the 6 months following neutering.
Fruit-piercing Lepidoptera in Sierra Leone
Authors: Hargreaves E.
Published: June 2019

Fruit-piercing Lepidoptera constitute an important problem in some parts of the world, such as Africa, Australia and India; they also occur in Ceylon, Fiji, Dutch East Indies, Indo-China, Japan, Malaya, Samoa, and South America.

In Sierra Leone, grape-fruit, orange (sweet), mandarine, tangerine and sweet lime, are affected in addition to cashew, mango, bread-fruit and jak-fruit; whilst in other countries apple, apricot, banana, fig, grape, guava, litchi, nectarine, peach, pear and pomegranate, have been recorded as other adult food-plants; it is noteworthy that in South Africa grape-fruit does not appear to be attacked. Available information regarding fruit-piercing species and their biology is meagre compared with that of many other groups of economic insects, and it is considered desirable to place on record observations made in Sierra Leone.

Difficulties in the way of the study of these insects are the lack of knowledge regarding (a) larval food-plants; (b) characters and habits of the larvae; (c) the breeding areas and possible migratory habits of the larvae; (d) the breeding areas and possible migratory habits of the adults of some species.

Unless otherwise stated this account applies to Njala, where there is a plot of budded citrus; the trees were planted in 1925-1927 and mainly consist of Late Valentia and Washington Navel orange, and Marsh and Foster grape-fruit. The sweet lime, mandarine and tangerine are about ten years older.
Observations and Experiments onAëdes concolor, Tayl. (Dipt. Culic.)
Authors: Woodhill A. R.
Published: June 2019

The mosquitos of the Australian region have been extensively studied from the taxonomic aspect, and a number of workers, including Taylor (1914, 1928, 1929, etc.) Mackerras (1926), Cooling (1924), and Hill (1922), have recorded in general terms the types of water in which the larvae of various species are found. With the exception of the work carried out by Hamlyn-Harris (1927–28–30–33), however, no detailed studies have been made of the possible chemical, physical, or biological factors which may limit particular species of larvae to the special type of water in which they develop.

The most important pest species in the Sydney district are probablyCulex fatigans, Wied.,Aëdes (Ochlerotatus) vigilax, Skuse,Aëdes (Finlaya) notoscriptus, Skuse,Aëdes (Mucidus) alternans, Westw.,Aëdes (Finlaya) alboannulatus, Macq., and in restricted localitiesAëdes (Pseudoskusea) concolor, Taylor. Of theseA. vigilax, A. alternansandA. concolorbreed commonly in various concentrations of sea-water.A. concolorwas selected for study owing to its strict limitation to a particular habitat, in the hope that some information might be gained as to the factors responsible for this limitation. In addition nothing has so far been published on the bionomics of this species, which is a particularly interesting one from the ecological and physiological aspects. A discussion of the general position with regard to mosquito ecology is hardly necessary here, since numerous authors have given excellent summaries and bibliographies up to the time of publication of their work, and original papers are appearing at frequent intervals. The majority of the work on mosquito ecology, with certain notable exceptions, has so far been carried out by means of water analysis (both chemical and biological) and field observations, correlated with the occurrence of different species of larvae. While it is recognised that any ecological generalisations, if they are to be accepted, must agree with the observed conditions in the field, nevertheless laboratory experiments, in which a single factor only is varied, should yield considerable information. It is mainly along these lines that the present investigation has been commenced. While the information so far obtained as to the factors limiting the occurrence ofA. concolorhas been largely negative, still it is hoped that the data obtained are of sufficient general interest to warrant publication. The work will be continued if possible over a number of years.
A new Species of Nysius (Hem. Lygaeidae) from Tasmania, and Notes on the Economic Importance of the Genus
Authors: Evans J. W.
Published: June 2019

The genus Nysius, Dallas, as pointed out by China (1934), is in some respects the most cosmopolitan of all Hemipterous genera. Two species have been previously described from Australia, of which one, Nysius vinitor, Berg., occurs in every State of the Commonwealth. The other species, Nysius clevelandensis, Evans, is known only from Queensland. Below is described a third species which is apparently confined to Tasmania.
Allegiance, Diplomatic Protection and Criminal Jurisdiction Over Aliens
Authors: Lauterpacht H.
Published: June 2019

The cause célèbre of King v. William Joyce, subsequently reported as Joyce v. Director of Public Prosecutions, was concerned to a large extent with matters of interest for international law, and it is mainly from this point of view that it is proposed to discuss it in the present article. Obviously the case is also of considerable importance both for criminal law, in so far as it is concerned with the crime of treason, and for constitutional law inasmuch as it bears directly on the question of the nature and the obligations of allegiance. However, it is probable that the case books which will claim it most insistently will be those of international law. For the decision in Rex v. Joyce is not only an authority on certain aspects of allegiance owed by aliens and of the right of a State to assume jurisdiction over acts committed by aliens abroad. It sheds light on such questions as the nature of diplomatic protection of citizens, the right of a State to protect diplomatically persons who are not its citizens, the obligation of allegiance of so-called protected persons, and some others. Not all these questions were judicially answered, but they loomed large in argument and imparted to the proceedings the complexion of a case concerned predominantly with international law. In view of this it may be pertinent to preface this article by drawing attention to a point which appears to be a mere matter of terminology but which, it is believed, raises an issue of wider significance.
Jacobsohn's Law of Plautine Scansion
Authors: Laidlaw W. A.
Published: June 2019

H. Jacobsohn, a pupil of Leo, in a Göttingen dissertation of 1904, ‘Quaestiones Plautinae’ declared that Plautus allowed Hiatus and Syllaba Anceps at two places in the line (these places are now called loci Jacobsohniani):—

(i) at the fourth arsis of the Iambic Senarius (and the corresponding part of the Trochaic Septenarius),

(ii) at the second arsis of a Trochaic Septenarius.
On Plato: Laws X 889CD
Authors: Tate J.
Published: June 2019

The problem suggested by this passage cannot be properly appreciated unless it is shown first of all that the treatment of poetry and art in the Laws fundamentally agrees with, though of course in some respects it provides a welcome supplement to, the attitude set forth in the Republic and elsewhere by Plato. The demand that music and poetry should ‘imitate’ the good; and that this ‘imitation’ should have meaning and accuracy, and be free from mere emotionalism (655–9, 667 sqq.) directly recalls the doctrine of the Republic (e.g. 395, 401) and other dialogues on the two kinds of imitation, which I have explained in the Classical Quarterly XXII p. 16, XXVI p. 161; the reason for the demand is the same—the imitation of evil has the same effect on character as the companionship of evil men. As for the effect of this ruling on comedy, the Republic (396e where παιδιᾶς χάριν leaves a loop-hole, 606c) is perhaps not over-clear. But the Laws explains that the comic art is to some extent valuable; its pictures of the ludicrous serve as a warning, and also help to make goodness more intelligible by setting it in relief; hence comedy may be performed for the edification of citizens by slaves or hired aliens (816) under certain restrictions such as that a piece shall not have too long a run (England on 8i6e 9) and that no ridicule of free men is to be permitted (935–6). On tragedy the two dialogues are in full agreement; it must become once more a hymn (Rep. 607a), using for a good purpose those forms of dramatic representation which are allowed to the poet in Rep. 396, and avoiding the mournful and complaining language (and music) of profane tragedy, which merely harrows the feelings and which cannot be used without blasphemy at a festival of the gods (Rep. 383bc, 605–6, Laws 800, 817).
Three Notes on The Choephori
Authors: Tierney Michael
Published: June 2019

Sidgwick describes this strophe as ‘locus corruptus, coniecturis nondum sanatus.’ Mazon, who prints απεύχεται in 1. 625, leaving the rest as it stands, says ‘texte douteux.’ Of the three principal attempts to amend or otherwise interpret it, that of Hermann (ed. 1852) is too radical and far-fetched, requiring an excessive parenthesis. That of Headlam (C.R. 1900, p. 196 f.) involves the strange theory that the chorus suddenly divides itself into two, and that one half indulges in a sort of disorderly interruption of the other. That of Wilamowitz (ed. maior, 1914), while leaving the worst textual difficulty to stand, supposes that the chorus accuses itself of weakness and subservience to Clytemnestra, which, in view of Wilamowitz's own convincing interpretation of the Parodos, is highly improbable.
Trisyllabic Feet in the Dialogue of Aeschylus
Authors: Yorke E. C.
Published: June 2019

In R. C. Flickinger's ‘Greek Theater and its Drama’ (3rd ed. second impression 1929) we read on pp. 171–2, ‘In the iambic trimeters written by Aeschylus a trisyllabic substitution (tribrach, anapaest or dactyl) for the pure disyllabic iambus occurs only once in about twenty-five verses.’ A similar statement is found in other earlier writers, e.g. Haigh (‘Tragic Drama of the Greeks’ 1896 p. 372). The authors of the error appear to have been Rossbach and Westphal, who are quoted with approval by J. Rumpel (Philologus XXIV (1866) p. 407), and subsequently repudiated by him (Phil. XXV (1867) p. 54). When Rumpel found that he had been misled, he counted for himself the trimeters and the trisyllabic feet in Aeschylus, but his results are of dubious value owing to the fact that he counts as ‘trimeters’ lines like;

δαίμονά τε τὰν ἂμαχον ἀπόλεμον ἀνίερον (Ag. 769) and

αὐτοϕόνα δίμορα τέλεα τάδε πάθη. τί ϕῶ; (Sept. 850).