bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Temperature–Time Parameters on the Structure and Properties of Glass–Ceramic Composites Based on Molybdenum Disilicide
Authors: Kolovertnov D. V. , Ban’kovskaya I. B. , Sazonova M. V.
Published: April 2024

Composite materials based on molybdenum disilicide, boron and aluminum oxide were obtained by heat treatment of mixtures of initial components in the form of finely dispersed powders in air. In the course of chemical reactions, a glass-forming melt is formed, which encapsulates the initial powder particles, which provides increased heat resistance of the composite material. The effect of temperature–time parameters on the phase composition and microstructure of glass–ceramic composites has been determined.
Studying the Sorption of Carbon Dioxide by Modified Silica Gel with 2-Hydroxyethylcarbamate
Authors: Geldiev Yu. A. , Turaev Kh. Kh. , Kasimov Sh. A. , Ruzimuradov O. N. , Shilova O. A.
Published: April 2024

The main cause of global warming is the steady increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The largest share of greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide CO2. Therefore, it is important to efficiently separate it in different gas systems. The article examines the sorption of carbon dioxide from polysilicic acid—silica gels modified with hydroxyethyl carbamate (HEC). It is shown that the modification is optimal in 30% HEC solutions. The fact of modification is confirmed by the presence of amino, hydroxyl, and carbonyl groups in the sorbents. Thermal stability is studied by the thermogravimetric method. Sorption at high pressures is studied by the gravimetric method and sorption at atmospheric pressure is studied by the thermogravimetric method. It is found that the presence of amino groups contributes to the sorption of carbon dioxide by silica gel more than doubling. The highest sorption rates are found to be 8.8% of the mass of the sorbent at 30°C. After five cycles of sorption/desorption processes in sorbents, the maximum sorption capacity decreased by 10%. The sorption rate increases at high pressures of up to 3 atm. Sorbents modified with a 30% HEC solution at 3 atm sorb up to 9.96 mol CO2/g. The relatively fast growth of the sorption rate at high pressures and its relatively slow growth at low pressures prove that the process corresponds to type-2 sorption. Such sorption systems are promising for use in various technological systems containing CO2.
Self-Organization of Intermetallic Systems: New Cluster-Precursors K12 = 0@12(Li9Ge3) and K9 = 0@9(Li8Ge) Li68Ge16-oC84 in the Crystal Structure, K11 = 0@11(Li6Ge5) and K6 = 0@6(Li5Ge) Cluster-Precursors in the Li44Ge24-oC68 Crystal Structure and K6 = 0@6(Li3Ge3) Cluster-Precursors in the Li12Ge12-tI24 Crystal Structure
Authors: Shevchenko V. Ya. , Ilyushin G. D.
Published: April 2024

A geometric and topological analysis of the crystal structures of Li68Ge16-oC84 (a = 4.551 Å, b = 22.086 Å, c = 13.275 Å, V = 13.275 Å3, Cmcm), Li44Ge24-oC68 (a = 4.380 Å, b = 24.550 Å, c = 10.540 Å, V = 1144.11 Å3, Cmcm), and Li12Ge12-tI24 (a = b = 4.053 Å, c = 23.282 Å3, I41/amd) intermetallic compounds is carried out. For the Li68Ge16-oC84 intermetallic compound, two new frame-forming clusters are found: K12 = 0@12(Li9Ge3) with symmetry m in the form of linked 5-rings Li3Ge2 and Li4Ge, with the Li atoms located in the center of the 5th rings, and K9 = 0@9(Li3Ge)(Li3)2 with symmetry m in the form of linked 3рrings (Li3)(GeLi2)(Li3). For the Li44Ge24-oC68 intermetallic compound, two new frame-forming clusters are established: K11 = 0@11(LiLi5)(Ge5) with symmetry m in the form of 5-ring Ge5 (lying at the base of the pyramid), which are coupled with the 5-atoms of Li, lying in the same plane with the Li atom (top of the pyramid) and K6 = 0@6(GeLi5) with symmetry m in the form of double tetrahedra Li3Ge having a common edge LiGe. For the Li12Ge12-tI24 intermetallic compound, the frame-forming cluster K6 = 0@6(Ge3Li3) with symmetry 2 is found in the form of double tetrahedra Li2Ge2 having a common edge LiGe. The symmetry and topological code of the processes of self-assembly of Li68Ge16-oC84, Li44Ge24-oC68, and Li12Ge12-tI24 crystal structures of cluster-precursors are reconstructed in the following form: primary chain → layer → framework.
Viscosity, Free Activation Energy, and Glass Transition Temperature of Potassium Boron K2O–B2O3 Melts
Authors: Khokhryakov A. A. , Samoylova M. A. , Ryabov V. V. , Vedmid’ L. B. , Mel’chakov S. Yu.
Published: April 2024

The viscosity of potassium–boron melts is measured in the temperature range 918–1699 K using a vibrational viscosimeter. The content of potassium oxide is varied from 0.74 to 28.46 mol %. The parameters of the viscous flow in melts (the configuration–activation energy(εh) and the shifting energy of the bridging oxygen atoms’ bonds (U∞)) using the configuration–activation model are calculated for two temperature intervals 918–1400 K and 1400–1699 K. The glass transition temperature (Tg) is measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the concentration dependence of the glass transition temperature on the content of potassium oxide in the melt is shown.
The Effect of the Introduction of Detonation Nanodiamonds on the Physical and Mechanical Characteristics of Thermoplastic Elastomers
Authors: Timoshenko M. V. , Balabanov S. V. , Sychov M. M. , Koshevaya K. S. , Dolmatov V. Yu. , Britov V. P.
Published: April 2024

Thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) reinforced with detonation nanodiamonds (DNDs) based on styrene-butadiene rubber are developed. The mechanical characteristics of the reinforced compounds with different DND contents are investigated. The developed material shows a 30% increase in compressive strength compared to the unfilled composite and a 10% increase in the tensile strength of the material with the introduction of 0.1% DND.
Synthesis and Investigation of New Vitreous Materials with Two Magnetic Subsystems (Fe3O4 and MnxOy)
Authors: Pshenko O. A. , Antropova T. V. , Kurilenko L. N. , Polyakova I. G. , Anfimova I. N.
Published: April 2024

New vitreous composite materials (CMs) with two magnetic subsystems are synthesized by impregnation magnetite-containing matrices from iron-containing nanoporous glasses in aqueous MnCl2 and H2C2O4 solutions and the subsequent formation of manganese oxides MnxOy (x = 1, 2, 3; y = 1, 2, 3, 4) inside the pore space of the matrices as a result of thermolysis of the reaction product of the dopants (MnC2O4). The chemical (elemental) and phase compositions, the valence-coordination state of iron and manganese, and the characteristics of the magnetic state of the synthesized CMs are studied and compared with the characteristics of nanoporous matrices.
The Dependence of the Nonlinear Refractive Index of Laser and Optical Glasses on Their Optical Constants
Authors: Arbuzov V. I.
Published: April 2024

The effect of the refractive index nD and mean dispersion (nF – nC) on the nonlinear refractive index of laser and optical glasses for active elements and elements of white optics of high-power pulsed radiation amplifiers is studied. It is shown that the nonlinear refractive index of the studied glasses will not exceed the maximum allowable value of 1.20 × 10–13 cm2/B2 if their refractive index in the green (yellow) region of the spectrum is below 1.550, and the average dispersion is less than 0.00820. It is found that the nonlinear refractive index of the studied glasses depends almost linearly on both the refractive index and the average dispersion. It is proposed that athermal phosphate crowns with a nonlinear refractive index below the specified limiting value can serve as the base for obtaining neodymium glasses with a low nonlinear index.
Superhydrophobic Coating Based on Decorated Carbon Nanoparticles
Authors: Kapustin S. N. , Eseev M. K. , Tsykareva Yu. V. , Voshchikov V. I. , Lugvishchuk D. S.
Published: April 2024

A method is proposed for increasing the resistance of a superhydrophobic coating based on a CNT xerogel to frost deposition through the use of decorating nanoparticles. The effects of the addition of fullerenes, carbon nanoonions (CNOs), detonation nanodiamonds, silicon dioxide, and paraffin to the xerogel are tested. An increase in the resistance of the coating to the deposition of condensate in the form of frost is revealed. The addition of fullerene C60 leads to the best results. Increasing the resistance to icing allows us to spend less power on heating the surface during short cold snaps, bypassing the anti-icing properties of the protective superhydrophobic layer. However, the application of this approach shows a deterioration in the resistance of the coating to the penetration of the spray. This is given a qualitative explanation and measures to combat it are proposed. No effect of the additives on the mechanical properties of the coating or its resistance to damage is detected. In additon, decorating additives affect the formation of the coating relief. With this, it is possible to influence the stochastic processes of the formation of roughness during the drying of the xerogel.
Effect of Conditions of Mannitol-Nitrate Synthesis on Photocatalytic Properties of φ-Bi8Pb5O17
Authors: Ershov D. S. , Besprozvannykh N. V. , Sinelshchikova O. Yu.
Published: April 2024

The article presents the results of a study of new ceramic materials φ-Bi8Pb5O17 obtained by pyrolysis using mannitol C6H14O6 as a reducing fuel. The values of the band gap of the obtained compositions are determined by analyzing the diffuse reflectance spectra using the Tauc construction. They are in the range from 2.57 to 2.67 eV, which corresponds to visible light photocatalysts. The degree of degradation of methylene orange when using synthesized samples ranged from 95 to 99% when irradiated for 3 h with a fluorescent mercury lamp.
Effect of Xerogel and Powder Synthesis Conditions on the Properties of Ceramics Based on t-ZrO2 in the ZrO2–СeO2–Al2O3 System
Authors: Belousova O. L. , Parunova A. N. , Fedorenko N. Yu. , Ugolkov V. L. , Khamova T. V. , Shilova O. A.
Published: April 2024

Xerogels and powders of a solid solution based on zirconium dioxide are synthesized by the method of coprecipitation of hydroxides from aqueous solutions of salts of zirconium nitrate ZrO(NO3)2⋅2H2O, aluminum Al(NO3)3⋅9H2O, and cerium Ce(NO3)3⋅9H2O with an aqueous 1 M solution of ammonia NH4OH. A dense ceramic with low porosity and water absorption is obtained. The effect of the ultrasonic treatment of the precipitate and mechanical treatment of the xerogel on the physicochemical properties of the obtained materials is evaluated.
The new political crisis in Northern Ireland
Authors: Okhoshin Oleg Valer'evich
Published: April 2024

In Northern Ireland, after the 2022 local parliamentary elections, the two leading regional parties - the Unionists (DUP) and the Irish Nationalists (Sinn Féin) - failed to form an autonomous government. The article examines the causes of the political crisis in the region and presents an analysis of the model of consocial democracy according to the Belfast Agreement 1998. The political system of dual power, which requires the mandatory representation of religious communities (Catholics and Protestants) in local authorities, has repeatedly created the preconditions for long-term conflicts. The Unionists use the Northern Ireland Protocol after Brexit as its main pretext to put pressure on the central government and lower Sinn Féin's political influence. Divisions between two parties could disrupt the peaceful life in Ulster established in accordance with the Belfast Agreement, and lead to an increase in local separatism. A forecast is given that in the event of a long shutdown of the work of the regional parliament and the autonomous government, Northern Ireland may face severe economic consequences against the backdrop of the global energy crisis and the growing recession in the United Kingdom.
The Russia-ukraine conflict and the state of affairs for the Ukrainian orthodox church
Authors: Mudrov Sergey Aleksandrovich
Published: April 2024

The article analyses the changes in the state of affairs for the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (UOC) that occurred after the beginning of the Special Military Operation of the Russian Federation in Ukraine (February 2022). The leadership of the UOC has mainly agreed with the policy of Kiev, supporting the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine, as well as providing aid to the Armed Forces of Ukraine. This was evident in the statements of the UOC’s head, metropolitan Onufriy, and the declarations of the Synod of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church. However, despite the position of the UOC (and its peacemaking efforts), the state of affairs for this Church in Ukraine has generally deteriorated, including due to the rising pressure from the authorities (mainly in the western regions), the increase in the number of negative news in the media, and more frequent cases of seizure of churches, which were at times forcibly transferred to another jurisdiction (OCU). At the national level, the threats towards UOC were also present, with the registration of a bill in the Parliament, envisioning a complete ban of the Church (the consideration of this bill has been postponed). At the same time the decision to proclaim the autocephaly of the UOC, adopted at the council in Feofaniya in May 2022, did not lead to a fundamental improvement in the state of affairs for the Church.
Modernisation of crisis response at global and regional levels
Authors: Shcherbak Igor Nikolaevich
Published: April 2024

The author examines the peacekeeping practice in terms of new instruments of crisis response (special political and stabilization missions and operations) used by the UN, the EU and OAU. The study focuses on the problems connected with the extended use of the UN and EU's stabilization operations aimed at combating terrorism, assuring security in the crisis regions, as well as with the provision of assistance to the host countries. It is revealed that political and stabilization missions could become prospective instruments of crisis response due to their maximum adaptation to modern challenges of global and regional security and stability. High level of coordination among UN, EU and other regional organizations in planning and implementation of these operations is a necessary precondition for effectiveness of these missions and operations. Creation of a global platform for joint operative response to extraordinary and complex crisis situations comprising the UN, EU, OSCE G20 and other regional organizations could be a major step in this respect. The platform could be also used for the development of confidence-building measures providing a high degree of transparency in military activities of different states and regional organizations; for prevention of conflicts and reaching a diplomatic solution. Establishing regional platforms for regulation of local conflicts in the regions with a high probability of crisis situations like the Middle East, the Persian Gulf, Africa, Afghanistan and the Central Asia, the Far East could also contribute to global security and stability.
Reformatting the Russian monetary system in modern conditions
Authors: Dubyanskiy Alexander Nikolaevich
Published: April 2024

The article considers the question of possible ways of transformation of the Russian monetary system in modern conditions. Currently, Russia is facing tough economic and political sanctions, which encourage it to introduce fundamental structural reforms in all areas of the economy. The situation in which our country finds itself requires an adequate response in order to preserve economic sovereignty. It is required to restructure the monetary system in such a way that the economy is focused on using mainly its own resources. Modern theories of money could be the theoretical foundation for the upcoming transformations. The study concentrates on the Modern monetary Theory (MMT) and its possible implementation in the Russian economy. The interest that has arisen in this non-orthodox theory is due to many reasons, but the main one is that the monetary institutions of the leading countries of the world can no longer implement the previous monetary policy in order to stimulate economic growth. Scientists evaluate this theory ambiguously, and many researchers believe that its main provisions are divorced from economic realities, contradictory and, therefore, not acceptable as instruments of macroeconomic policy. The author's stance is that the main provisions are applicable in the Russian economy. Mainly, the idea of the sovereignty of the national currency is understood as the possibility of issuing money without regard to global financial institutions such as the IMF and the size of gold and foreign exchange reserves. As a result, this theory requires a deeper study of the influence of monetary emission on economic processes.
Well-being of immigrants in Germany: country of origin and income convergence
Authors: Bondarenko Ksenia Andreevna , Kharitonova Natalia Alekseevna
Published: April 2024

As of 2021, Germany is a host country for 22,3 million people with a migration background, that amounts to 26,9% of the total population of the country. Most of migrants come to Germany to improve their level of welfare, and seek for getting the same income as the locals do. The article outlines econometric modeling of the well-being of ethnic Germans and migrants living in Germany based on the statistics from the World Bank and the data from a representative longitudinal study of private households by the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP-Core), which covers more than 683,000 respondents for 1984-2019. Based on the SOEP data, it is possible to reveal the real socio-economic conditions surrounding both the local population and the migrants in Germany. It is concluded that respondents with migration background tend to have higher real income (a proxy for wealth) rather than their peers born in Germany. However, migrants’ real income varies significantly depending on the country of origin/birth (i. e. newcomers from Northern Europe and Africa earn the most) and has non-linear relationship with the duration of staying in Germany. Personal characteristics (age, gender) and professional qualities (education, employment status) have generally similar impact on real income both for migrants and ethnic Germans, while the effect of marital status varies case by case (i. e. married local Germans have lower real incomes than their peers, while for migrants the effect of marriage is insignificant).
Ethnic factor in electoral behavior in Latvia: spatial effect
Authors: Zhirnova Lidia Sergeevna
Published: April 2024

The article analyses the way the spatial effect is reflected in the ethnic voting in Latvia at the parliamentary elections of 2011, 2014 and 2018. The study reveals that the electoral support of both parties relying on Russian-speaking voters correlates with the share of Russians living in a municipality. However, in case of Social Democratic Party "Harmony" the correlation is higher than that of the Latvian Russian Union. The local indicators of spatial association display neighborhood clusters of high support of these parties in Latgale and those of low support in Kurzeme. The shape of these clusters does not change considerably from one electoral cycle to another. Municipalities with primarily non-Latvian population in Eastern Latgale close to the border with Russia and Belarus differ in their electoral behavior the most. Electoral zoning of Latvia by the method of spatially constrained hierarchical clustering based on the results of all parliamentary parties first and foremost indicates the cluster close to the border of Latvia with Russia and Belarus. Moreover, the cleavage in electoral behavior between these Latgalian municipalities and other Latvian regions appears to be the strongest not only in the Latvian context, but in comparison with electoral cleavages in eleven other countries bordering Russia.
The impact of the EU enlargement on the speed of decision-making
Authors: Kaveshnikov Nikolay Yur'evich , Domanov Alexey Olegovich
Published: April 2024

This paper presents a quantitative empirical study of the impact of the EU enlargements in 1995 and 2004 on the speed of the decision-making process (legislative process). The research is based on two methods: interrupted time series analysis and survival analysis (Cox model). The use of these methods increases the validity of the present study. The empirical data consists of the EU secondary law directives and regulations. The methodology and research design allow to distinguish between the impact of enlargement and the impact of changes of the institutional parameters of the decision-making process. The findings demonstrate that the legislative process significantly accelerated at the time of the 2004 enlargement. Most likely this was because 1) the preferences of the new member states were generally within the range of preferences of the old members and a new axis of conflict (Western versus Eastern member states) emerged only in a limited number of EU areas of activity; 2) the Council adopted new Rules of Procedure immediately before the entry of new members, which significantly increased the effectiveness of the Council. As for the 1995 enlargement, due to the low reliability of estimations, it can only be cautiously concluded that it did not have a visible slowing effect on the decision-making process. The conclusion that the 2004 enlargement did not entail a slowdown of the EU legislative process is of fundamental importance for understanding the specifics of the functioning of the EU.
The support of small and medium enterprises for sustainable development in the EU
Authors: Platonova Irina Nikolaevna , Kareva Alexandra Olegovna
Published: April 2024

The article examines the small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) support measures for sustainable development in the European Union (EU). The study focuses on the theoretical approaches to the concept of sustainable development that is the basis for the development of sustainability programs in the EU in which small and medium-sized companies take part. The article scrutinizes the aim of the European countries to decrease the ecological footprint by taking collective action in the EU and introducing measures to make the production process greener in the EU member countries. The authors underline the role of SMEs in the realization of 17 Sustainable development goals (SDGs) developed by the United Nations. They outline the support measures for sustainable development which number has increased considerably in EU-27 member states in the last three years and that include the support measures for improving regulation of the SMEs activity, their access to resources in accordance with the SME Strategy for sustainable and digital Europe, measures to introduce innovations in ecological and social spheres; technologies of the circular economy and wasteless production that can be implemented in Russia. The study is based on the data of international organizations, international agencies and documents of the European Commission.
Migration and islamic fundamentalism in the context of discourse of postmodernism
Authors: Pronina Tatiana Sergeevna , Talalaeva Ekaterina Yur'evna
Published: April 2024

The article analyses the reasons for the choice of radical Islam by young Muslims in the European countries. Islam became a Western religion as a result of the migration of millions of Muslims. The authors provide a number of indications of the formation of a new global religious system. The new religious cross-border communities constitute a globalised network. Their dynamic nature and partial virtualisation of their activities weaken the state control. The activities of “parallel societies” are associated with Muslim immigrants. Their parallel system of leadership and law creates real competition for the state governance structures. The fundamentalist version of Islam becomes attractive to Muslims who have endured its de-territorialisation. Their religious identity is formed under the influence of new interactions, media resources and participation in a global network of like-minded people. Islamic fundamentalism does not naturally emerge from Islam. This is the result of the secularisation of Islam, when the priority of politics over religion uses the latter as a resource for legitimising its social and political protest. It is also a reaction to the search for an identity that is relevant in a new environment. The attitudes inherent in fundamentalism, such as distrust of the values of European civilisation, the call for radical measures in their denial, the construction of a private version of the tradition and its idealisation, are based on modern problems. This represents fundamentalism as a postmodern phenomenon.
Evolution of the “digital sovereignty” concept in the EU: constants and dichotomies
Authors: Romanova Tatayana Alekseevna
Published: April 2024

The EU has recently actively discussed the concept of ‘digital (technological) sovereignty’. The goal of this article is to identify key trends in the EU’s discourse on digital sovereignty and to determine how the EU has evolved as an actor. Theoretically the article is based on critical geopolitics. A discourse analysis of the EU’s documents and speeches of its representatives was made. The analysis has demonstrated three constants which include the emphasis on values, development of the internal market and leadership aspirations. The study also identified five dichotomies: naivety - geopolitics, interdependence - dependence, openness - closeness / protectionism, market / competition - state intervention, sovereignty through rules - sovereignty through material production. It has been revealed how the EU tries to reconcile its classical power instruments (emphasis on interdependence, cooperation, universal promotion of values and norms) and greater autonomy, demanded by its perception of today’s world. Although the texts remain ambiguous, the Westphalian sovereignty dominates. It means the EU’s refusal to promote the universal values and norms, harsher order-drawing, further consolidation of its internal space, narrowing of cooperation to like-minded countries. The EU thus departs from the classical elements of its power and influence in the world. This trend is very strong in the digital sphere but is not limited to the latter.
Comparative analysis of the silver economy capacity in Russia and the EU
Authors: Grishina Irina Vladimirovna , Polynev Andrey Olegovich , Filatov Artemiy Sergeevich
Published: April 2024

The article analyses the prospects of the development of silver economy in Russia. The relevance of the topic is confirmed by the global trend caused by aging of the population. Silver (or longevity) economy is a sector of the economy, which provides well-being of the elderly. The subject of the study is a comparison between the potential of the silver economy in Russia and the European Union. The aim of the study is to analyse the key differences of the silver economy in Russia and the countries of the EU. The article examines the methodology and the results of the assessment of the scale of silver economy and its contribution to the aggregate demand and GDP of the European Union. The authors estimated the scale of the silver economy in Russia at the national and regional levels. Based on the results obtained, the authors compared the volume of the silver economy in Russia and the EU and identified the main factors influencing this sector in Russia. Moreover, the authors identified a high level of interregional differentiation in terms of silver economy development. Therefore, the differentiated measures of regional policy in relation to the citizens of the older generation were proposed in order to eliminate significant regional disparities. The authors propose measures aimed at supporting the demand of senior citizens for regions with an average level of development of the silver economy. The study also proposes to concentrate the state policy efforts on social security for the regions with low potential of the silver economy.
Living standards and quality of life in the EU: challenges of “new” reality
Authors: Govorova Natalia Viktorovna
Published: April 2024

Over the past few years, the European economy and the social and labor sphere have been caught in the crossfire of rising energy and commodity prices, a shortage of skilled labor, and the increasing difficulty for many businesses and citizens to pay their bills amid falling real household incomes and the competitive advantages of goods and services production. The anti-Russian sanctions have put many European households on the brink of insolvency. At the same time, problems associated with the demographic transition, the transformation of industrial production and employment due to the digitalization of all kinds of activities, and changes in social standards have not disappeared. The consequences of the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the labor market, the level and quality of life of the population in a situation of uneven recovery of the European and world economy by regions, industries and forms of economic activity have not been fully overcome. The article analyses the state and prospects of the financial situation of European households against the background of a significant slowdown in economic growth, unprecedented inflation in the region and the efforts of the authorities to solve a complicated problem of overcoming the cost-of-living crisis in the EU.
Turkey - The West: exemplary antagonism?
Authors: Avatkov Vladimir Alekseevich , Sbitneva Alina Igorevna
Published: April 2024

The article examines the Western direction of Turkey's foreign policy and its relations with its three key actors: the United States, NATO and the EU. By its centenary, which Turkey is celebrating on 29th of October, 2023, Ankara seeks to approach the status of an independent supra-regional power. For a long time, Turkey has served as a "junior ally" of Washington, but in the era of the polycentricity’s construction, it has significantly changed its foreign policy priorities. Relations with the United States have moved from an "exemplary partnership" to the rank of an exemplary antagonism and the path to "united Europe" has turned out to be more problematic and not profitable for Ankara from the point of view of its national interests. The NATO bloc has lost its primary importance due to Turkey's development of its own military-industrial complex and growing contradictions with existing and potential members of the alliance. Nevertheless, the West still has a great influence on economic and other related fields affecting the well-being of Ankara. In this regard, building constructive relations with the West remains one of the tasks of Turkey's foreign policy. The authors conclude that under current circumstances the complete political sovereignty of Ankara and its separation from the West can only occur within the framework of the "independence through dependence" model since Turkey due to the lack of its own resources for crisis-free existence will need the support of other stronger world players, such as Russia and, for example, China.
Alternative economic relations under sanctions
Authors: Naryshkin Andrey Aleksandrovich
Published: April 2024

The current international relations crisis caused significant adjustments to the foreign economic activity. During the sanctions confrontation, new restrictions affect more and more tradable sectors, which makes it impossible to maintain previously purchased equipment. It also contradicts legal obligations and the terms of warranty service in the field of spare parts supplies. Buyers represented by government agencies, legal entities and ordinary citizens who trusted Western (mostly European) manufacturers find it hard to deal with the situation. The state is forced to look for ways to supply products and spare parts for previously imported equipment. This process is called “critical import”. Alternative ways of trade development will in fact not only increase the chances to overcome the current international relations crisis, but will also give impetus to variety of possible scenarios for the world trade evolution. This article examines alternative ways of developing international economic cooperation, as well as the development of international relations in the short and medium term prospects. Parallel import is likely to increase during the current crisis and also various trade schemes are likely to develop, namely, barter, deliveries through third countries, the organisation of trading houses.
Features of social protection by implementing the right to disconnect
Authors: Kolesov Denis Ivanovich
Published: April 2024

The article examines the realisation of the right to disconnect in the framework of workers’ social protection. The study explores different approaches to the definition of a new right. The right to disconnect is analysed on the basis of targeting and universality of social protection, soft and hard measures, the components of the new right, which include workers’ opportunity, employers’ responsibility, communication between employers and workers, protection from adverse consequences. The legal acts that serve as a foundation of the right to disconnect create a separate work pattern of teleworkers, which affects the formation of the targeting approach to social protection. The regulation of the right to disconnect introduced in European Social Partner framework agreement on digitalisation and European Parliament resolution of 21 January 2021 with recommendations to the Commission on the right to disconnect gives a more universal approach. The Resolution acknowledges the right to disconnect as a fundamental right and proposes hard regulatory and technological measures to ensure observation of work and rest periods. The agreement is based on the change in corporate culture. It is revealed that nowadays the right to disconnect serves as the only project aimed at regulating digital working relations in the framework of social protection of remote workers, however R2D can be limited by a narrow category of teleworkers. Debates over the right to disconnect touch upon the issue of the effectiveness of social dialogue in the context of adaptation to digital work organisation, as well as the possibility of keeping binary understanding of work and rest periods.
New religious movements as an object of scientific study in modern Italy
Authors: Yazkova Veronika Evgen'evna
Published: April 2024

The study focuses on the phenomenon of new religious movements (NRM) in Italy. The work aims at identifying and analysing the main research directions of the Italian Center for Studies on New Religions (CESNUR) in order to distinguish its ideas from those of the secular anti-cult movement and the ecclesiastical movement against the sects. The supporters of the antisectarians study tactics of behavior of the NRMs, the movement against the sects explore the doctrinal aspects of the beliefs. The author concludes that the attempt to save adherents from the sect is not conditioned by concerns about their spirituality but aims to bring them into the fold of orthodoxy. There is a desire to criminalise the problem by appealing to the crimes of individual NRMs and extrapolating them to any manifestation of non-traditional religiosity. Since the 90s of the 20th century, the Italian scientific community opposes this practice, as it hypothetically creates a precedent whereby the state can regulate any form of religious life of its citizens, question the law on religious freedom, stigmatise certain groups of society. According to Italian scientists, NRMs should become an object of a scientific rather than criminological interest. It is therefore not recommended to use the criteria of "true/false" in their study and to consider them exclusively from the point of view of deviation from the generally recognised norm. The exploration of such movements provides valuable material for the study of such topics as macro- and micro-identity of society, "temperature" of social spirituality, openness to new religious experiences, fidelity to traditions.
Traditional social institutions in Romanian youth policy
Authors: Shimanskaya Olga Konstantinovna
Published: April 2024

Youth policy is an important area of the EU social policy. The national specificity of the EU member states allows different models for the implementation of youth policy, corresponding to their history and political culture. The study aims to explore a transition from the universalist model of implementing the Romanian youth policy of the socialist period to a centralised (or Mediterranean) one in which traditional social institutions play a pivotal role, such as family and the Church. The study applies the content analysis and the systemic method. Romania's accession to the EU made the government pay more attention to the youth. The funds for the youth policy were allocated from European integration funds. The government's strategy was to develop education and additional educational services and help children and the youth without parental care and large families. However, the quality of education deteriorated, aid did not reach its recipients, and tactically strategic goals were not achieved. The state youth policy turned out to be ineffective. The Romanian Orthodox Church (RuOC) became involved in solving issues of supporting children and the youth. Together with municipalities, sponsors, foreign philanthropists, the RuOC opens a network of social centers for children of permanent residence, day care, socio-cultural (educational, leisure, sports). The RuOC conducts actions in support of the development of secondary education to prevent dropouts from school, provide clothing and school supplies, study native history, etc. In general, the participation of the RuOC in solving youth problems convincingly indicates that a centralised model for the implementation of youth policy has been formed in Romania.
Belarus as an object of Poland's foreign policy
Authors: Shimov Vsevolod Vladimirovich
Published: April 2024

The article analyzes the evolution of foreign policy approaches of Poland towards Belarus and Belarusian nationalism. The main purpose of the article is to identify the evolution of approaches to Belarus in Polish political thought and practices of the Polish state. The ambiguous attitude of Polish political figures to Belarusian nationalism and the very idea of Belarusian statehood is demonstrated. This attitude has changed significantly over time from active rejection of Belarusian nationalism to readiness to use and support it in the foreign policy interests of Poland. The article shows that Poland’s contemporary approaches towards Belarus are based on the Giedroyc-Mieroszewski doctrine and involve the establishment of “soft” ideological, political, cultural and economic dominance of Poland in the former lands of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth without formally changing existing borders. It is noted that the success of these methods of Polish foreign policy in relation to Belarus is significantly lower than in relation to Ukraine. This is primarily due to the peculiarities of the political development of Belarus in the post-Soviet period, as well as the limited ability of Poland to influence the target audience within Belarusian society. The author draws attention to the fact that Polish policy towards Belarus should be the object of close attention of Russia, since the strengthening of Polish influence in the countries of the common neighborhood may pose a threat to Russian national interests.
Acceleration of electrons in a combined magnetic trap in synchronous mode
Authors: Milantiev V. P. , Andreev V. V, , Turikov V. A.
Published: April 2024

The electron energy distribution function (EEDF) and the spatial profile of the electron density in the cathode–anode gap in a helium discharge are calculated within a one-dimensional model by the Monte Carlo method. Numerical studies are performed for experimental conditions known from the literature in a discharge with a hollow cathode: the cathode–anode distance of 3 cm, the helium pressure of 0.75 Torr, and the electric field strength in the discharge gap of 1.3 V/cm. The calculations are performed without and with allowance for the anode potential drop and the effect of electron reflection from the anode. The dependence of the form of EEDF on the energy spectrum of the electron source used in the calculations is also studied. In all variants of calculations, the main feature of the EEDF is retained, that is, a significant depletion of the low-energy part of the distribution function due to the effect of electron absorption by the anode. The calculated EEDF and the spatial profile of the electron density are compared with the available experimental data.
Nonlinear Evolution of the Tearing Instability in a Thin Current Sheet
Authors: Garanin S. F. , Kravets E. M.
Published: April 2024

In plane current sheets (foils, or liners), which are thin in comparison with their skin depth, an instability may grow because parallel currents in different areas of these sheets are attracted that leads to compression of these areas and partition of the current sheets into threads. This work describes the study of the nonlinear tearing instability evolution for a 1D case, when all the principal quantities (surface current and mass densities, velocity, and the magnetic field component normal to the sheet surface) depend on the coordinate perpendicular to the current density vector only. A 1D system of equations has been obtained, which describes the magnetic field dynamics and the substance motion in current sheets, and a numerical technique based on the Lagrangian discretization of mass has been developed to solve 1D magnetic hydrodynamics problems. It is shown that, if the tearing instability is considered, small perturbations of currents, velocities and mass densities grow in accordance with the earlier found growth rates of small perturbations and later, when the perturbations are no longer small, a nonlinear growth stage comes. In this stage, the perturbations of the surface current density j and the surface mass density μ increase unlimitedly for a finite time period (apparently, according to power laws j t -t -a,~ ( ) sμ t -t -g s, ts is the time, when these quantities become infinite); however the width of the current and mass density peaks tends to zero, so that the total current and total mass in the peaks of the current density and surface mass density decrease and tend to zero.
Quasi-Classical Approximation of the Data on the Ionization Potentials of Multiply Charged Ions of the Superheavy Elements
Authors: Shpatakovskaya G. V.
Published: April 2024

The semiempirical quasi-classical method of approximation of the ionization potentials used earlier for multiply charged ions of the elements with medium and high atomic number Z is applied to ions of elements with atomic numbers in the range of 85*z*110 and number of electrons in the range of 1*Ne*78. The discovered simple trends allow using a relatively accurate (to within 1–2%), based on two small tables, polynomial approximation of the available and lacking data on the ionization potentials in the NIST tables for all multiply charged ions in the atomic-number range under consideration. An improvement in the applicability conditions of the quasi-classical approximation with increase in the atomic number is demonstrated
Reflection of the Electromagnetic Wave from the Region of Electron Cyclotron Absorption in Thermonuclear Plasma
Authors: Gospodchikov E. D. , Chuvakin P. A. , Shalashov A. G.
Published: April 2024

A new approach to the problem of the passage of the extraordinary wave through the region of the electron–cyclotron resonance in inhomogeneous plasma was considered in the framework of the full set of Maxwell’s equations, taking into account the effects of spatial dispersion and resonance dissipation. For the model one-dimensional geometry, field distributions were calculated in the vicinity of the cyclotron resonance at the second harmonic for the normal incidence of the extraordinary wave and the reflection, transmission, and absorption coefficients were found depending on the parameters of the resonance region. As a result, the fine effect of the reflection of electromagnetic radiation from the cyclotron resonance region in transparent plasma was described and the results were compared with the observations of this effect in the experiments on the microwave heating of the plasma at the L-2M stellarator.
Comparative Analysis of High-Frequency Plasma Drivers with Various Protective Screens for Atomic Injectors with Multi-Second Pulse Duration
Authors: Vointsev V. A. , Finashin P. A. , Gavrisenko D. Yu. , Shikhovtsev I. V. , Belchenko Yu. I. , Gorbovskiy A. I. , Kondakov A. A. , Sotnikov O. Z. , Sanin A. L.
Published: April 2024

Atomic beam injection is one of the main methods of plasma heating in thermonuclear facilities. An injector of high-energy hydrogen atoms for plasma heating based on the acceleration and neutralization of negative hydrogen ions is being developed at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The injector uses a surface plasma source, in which a plasma flow is created using a radio-frequency driver: an induction radio-frequency (RF) discharge, ignited inside a cylindrical ceramic chamber when an RF voltage is applied to an external antenna. As a part of this work, a new version of the RF driver is being developed. A protective screen is used to prevent overheating and erosion of the ceramic wall of the driver. The operation of RF driver with different protective screens is studied. These screens reduce the efficiency of RF power transmission into the discharge, but make it possible the operation of the ion source in multi-second or steady-state pulses.
Hybrid Fluid Model for Calculating Electron Transport in Air in Strong Electric Fields
Authors: Bochkov E. I.
Published: April 2024

The hybrid fluid model for calculating electron transport in air is presented. Within the model, the transport of electrons with energies less than 300 eV is calculated based on the drift-diffusion equation, and in the high-energy range, it is calculated using a set of multigroup equations for the first two moments of the electron distribution function: the balance equations for concentrations and electron flux densities. The hybrid model presented is intended to be used for numerical simulations of electric discharge processes in air proceeding with the participation of runaway electrons. The results of numerical simulations of electron transport in air in homogeneous and inhomogeneous electric fields, which were performed using the hybrid model, were compared with the corresponding results of simulations obtained using the Monte Carlo method.
Solid State Ionics 2011–2021: Trends and Prospects
Authors: Ivanov-Schitz A. K.
Published: April 2024

Based on the analysis of publication activity, trends in the development of the main sections of solid state ionics have been formulated by using expertly curated abstract citation database of peer-reviewed scientific literature Scopus. Promising areas of research related to in situ and operando experiments, artificial intelligence (machine learning), and the design of new devices using superionic materials are indicated.