bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MSV signal processing system for neutron-gamma discrimination in a mixed field
Authors: Stankovic Srboljub , Iricanin Bratislav , Nikolic Dragana , Jankovic Ksenija , Radenkovic Mirjana , Stankovic Koviljka , Osmokrovic Predrag
Published: July 2012

Based on the principles derived from Campbell?s theorem, this paper carries
out an analysis of the possibilities of Campbell?s mean square value signal
processing system. The mean square value mode is especially suitable for
measurements performed in a mixed radiation field, because the quantities of
electrical charge involved in the interactions of the two types of radiation
are substantially different. The measuring detector element may be an
adequate ionization chamber and/or semiconductor components for mixed n-?
fields. An examination of the discrimination of gamma in relation to the
neutron component in the signal of the detector output was carried out,
calculated according to the theoretical model of radiation interaction with
the detector. The advantage of the mean square value method was confirmed and
it was concluded that the order of n-? discrimination in mean square value
signal processing is greater than the one rendered by the classical measuring
method.
Study of corrosion product activity due to non-linearly rising corrosion rates coupled with pH effects for long-term operating cycles in pressurized water reactors
Authors: Malik Javaid , Mirza Nasir , Mirza Sikander
Published: July 2012

This work is a study of changes in coolant activity due to corrosion products
of extended burn-up cycles of 18-24 months duration, in a typical pressurized
water reactor, under pH and boric acid variations. It deals with non-linearly
changing corrosion rates coupled with pH effects. The CPAIR-P computer
program was modified to accommodate for time-dependent rising corrosion and
effects of coolant chemistry. These simulations suggest that the effect of an
increase in pH value for an extended 24-month cycle on a specific activity,
in the form of a decrease in the said activity, is smeared by the rising
corrosion. The new saturation values for activity at the end-of-cycle are
lower than with a reactor operated at constant low pH/natural boric acid in
the coolant. For a non-linear rise in the corrosion rate coupled with a pH
rise from 6.9 to 7.4 and the use of enriched boric acid (30%-40%), coolant
activity first rises to a peak value during the cycle and then approaches a
much smaller saturation value at the end of the cycle, when compared with the
activity for the system having a constant low pH value (6.9) in the coolant.
In this work, we have shown that the use of enriched boric acid as a chemical
shim actually lowers primary coolant activity when higher pH values, rather
than natural boric acid, are employed in the coolant. For multiple long-term
operating cycles, the saturation value of corrosion product activity
increases in the first two cycles and becomes constant in subsequent ones,
due to the high operational pH value for enriched boric acid (40%) as a
chemical shim.
Does rapid maxillary expansion induce adverse effects in growing subjects?
Authors: Lione Roberta , Franchi Lorenzo , Cozza Paola
Published: July 2012

Objective:

To assess the scientific evidence that rapid maxillary expansion (RME) causes Adverse Effects on the midpalatal suture, vertical dimension, dental and periodontal structures in growing subjects.

Materials and Methods

Electronic databases were searched for articles dated through December 2011. The quality of the studies was ranked on a 13-point scale in which 1 was the low end of the scale and 13 was the high end.

Results:

Thirty relevant articles were identified. The amount of midpalatal suture opening ranged from 1.6 to 4.3 mm in the anterior region and from 1.2 to 4.4 mm in the posterior region. At the end of the active phase, RME resulted in slight inferior movement of the maxilla (SN-PNS +0.9 mm; SN-ANS +1.6 mm), increased tipping of anchored teeth from 3.4° to 9.2° and bending of the alveolar bone from 5.1° to 11.3°. In the long term, RME did not modify the facial growth patterns, and no significant changes on dentoalveolar structures were observed. Of the 30 studies, 2 were medium-high quality, 8 were medium quality, and 20 were low quality.

Conclusions:

RME always opened the midpalatal suture in growing subjects. The vertical changes were small and transitory. In the long-term evaluation, an uprighting of anchored teeth was observed and periodontal structures were not compromised.
A prospective randomized split-mouth study on pain experience during chairside archwire manipulation in self-ligating and conventional brackets
Authors: Bertl Michael H. , Onodera Kanji , Čelar Aleš G.
Published: July 2012

Objective:

To investigate patient discomfort during archwire engagement and disengagement in patients treated with self-ligating and conventional brackets using a split-mouth design.

Materials and Methods:

Eighteen consecutive patients (15 female, 3 male; age: 22.2 ± 6.4 years) who requested treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances were randomly assigned for bonding with SmartClip self-ligating brackets on one side of the dentition and conventional standard edgewise brackets on the other. During the course of treatment, patients rated the discomfort experienced during every archwire engagement and disengagement using a numeric rating scale. Results were evaluated for round and rectangular nickel titanium and rectangular stainless steel, titanium molybdenum, and Elgiloy archwires. Patients also rated their overall experience retrospectively for both bracket systems.

Results:

Regardless of archwire type, disengagement was rated as being significantly more painful on the SmartClip side (P  =  .027). For rigid, rectangular archwires, engagement and disengagement were rated as being significantly more painful on the SmartClip side (P  =  .031; P  =  .004). Retrospective ratings favored conventional brackets beyond ratings recorded during treatment.

Conclusion:

Engagement and disengagement of rigid rectangular archwires caused more pain with SmartClip self-ligating brackets than with conventional ones. Careful archwire manipulation and patience during full alignment are essential for limiting chairside pain. Low pain levels will help ensure treatment satisfaction and compliance.
Brown Rice and Its Component, γ-Oryzanol, Attenuate the Preference for High-Fat Diet by Decreasing Hypothalamic Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Mice
Authors: Kozuka Chisayo , Yabiku Kouichi , Sunagawa Sumito , Ueda Rei , Taira Shin-ichiro , Ohshiro Hiroyuki , Ikema Tomomi , Yamakawa Ken , Higa Moritake , Tanaka Hideaki , Takayama Chitoshi , Matsushita Masayuki , Oyadomari Seiichi , Shimabukuro Michio , Masuzaki Hiroaki
Published: July 2012

Brown rice is known to improve glucose intolerance and prevent the onset of diabetes. However, the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. In the current study, we investigated the effect of brown rice and its major component, γ-oryzanol (Orz), on feeding behavior and fuel homeostasis in mice. When mice were allowed free access to a brown rice–containing chow diet (CD) and a high-fat diet (HFD), they significantly preferred CD to HFD. To reduce hypothalamic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress on an HFD, mice were administered with 4-phenylbutyric acid, a chemical chaperone, which caused them to prefer the CD. Notably, oral administration of Orz, a mixture of major bioactive components in brown rice, also improved glucose intolerance and attenuated hypothalamic ER stress in mice fed the HFD. In murine primary neuronal cells, Orz attenuated the tunicamycin-induced ER stress. In luciferase reporter assays in human embryonic kidney 293 cells, Orz suppressed the activation of ER stress–responsive cis-acting elements and unfolded protein response element, suggesting that Orz acts as a chemical chaperone in viable cells. Collectively, the current study is the first demonstration that brown rice and Orz improve glucose metabolism, reduce hypothalamic ER stress, and, consequently, attenuate the preference for dietary fat in mice fed an HFD.
Protective Effects of GLP-1 on Glomerular Endothelium and Its Inhibition by PKCβ Activation in Diabetes
Authors: Mima Akira , Hiraoka-Yamomoto Junko , Li Qian , Kitada Munehiro , Li Chenzhong , Geraldes Pedro , Matsumoto Motonobu , Mizutani Koji , Park Kyoungmin , Cahill Christopher , Nishikawa Shin-Ichi , Rask-Madsen Christian , King George L.
Published: July 2012

To characterize glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 signaling and its effect on renal endothelial dysfunction and glomerulopathy. We studied the expression and signaling of GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) on glomerular endothelial cells and the novel finding of protein kinase A–dependent phosphorylation of c-Raf at Ser259 and its inhibition of angiotensin II (Ang II) phospho–c-Raf(Ser338) and Erk1/2 phosphorylation. Mice overexpressing protein kinase C (PKC)β2 in endothelial cells (EC-PKCβ2Tg) were established. Ang II and GLP-1 actions in glomerular endothelial cells were analyzed with small interfering RNA of GLP-1R. PKCβ isoform activation induced by diabetes decreased GLP-1R expression and protective action on the renal endothelium by increasing its degradation via ubiquitination and enhancing phospho–c-Raf(Ser338) and Ang II activation of phospho-Erk1/2. EC-PKCβ2Tg mice exhibited decreased GLP-1R expression and increased phospho–c-Raf(Ser338), leading to enhanced effects of Ang II. Diabetic EC-PKCβ2Tg mice exhibited greater loss of endothelial GLP-1R expression and exendin-4–protective actions and exhibited more albuminuria and mesangial expansion than diabetic controls. These results showed that the renal protective effects of GLP-1 were mediated via the inhibition of Ang II actions on cRaf(Ser259) and diminished by diabetes because of PKCβ activation and the increased degradation of GLP-1R in the glomerular endothelial cells.
Limiting distribution for a simple model of order book dynamics
Authors: Kruk Łukasz
Published: July 2012

A continuous-time model for the limit order book dynamics is considered. The set of outstanding limit orders is modeled as a pair of random counting measures and the limiting distribution of this pair of measure-valued processes is obtained under suitable conditions on the model parameters. The limiting behavior of the bid-ask spread and the midpoint of the bid-ask interval are also characterized.
Evaluating Fertilizer Application Strategy for Improving Crop Yields and Reducing Mineral Nitrogen Leaching in High Rainfall Areas of Taiwan
Authors: Adhikari Keshav R
Published: July 2012

A 2-yr pot experiment conducted on an upland sandy clay loam soil in National Taiwan University, Taipei evaluated crop yields and mineral nitrogen (Nmin) leaching as affected by fertilizer application strategy, viz., inorganic (100% N from urea), organic (100% N from compost), combined (compost plus urea) and a zero control (Ctrl) treatments. Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) and corn (Zea mays L.) were grown in annual rotation under simulated high rainfall conditions. The Nmin leaching was monitored adding 83 and 62 mm of water fortnightly to cabbage and corn respectively for a total of 28 times. One-way ANOVA was used to determine the statistical significance of treatment effect and Tukey test for means comparisons (p = 0.05). Treatment differences were subtle for dry matter yields (DMY) but the treatments were strikingly different for 2-yr cumulative Nmin leaching (6.66% in organic, 30.6% in inorganic and 8.10% in combined treatments). This difference was largely related to the ability of soil to an increased retention of added N under organic and combined fertilization treatments. Unlike reported elsewhere, N recoveries were relatively high in compost applied soils, with or without urea fertilizer application. It is concluded that framers’ practices of fertilization that has inherent problem of excessive N leaching in high rainfall areas of Taiwan could be improved by proper compost and urea combinations within agronomically recommended rate of N application.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6472 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12 (2011) 7-16
Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on the Growth, Yield and Soil Nutrient Status in Tomato
Authors: KC Prativa , Bhattarai BP
Published: July 2012

A field experiment was conducted at the Integrated Research Farm of Himalayan College of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (HICAST) at Bandegaon, Lalitpur, Nepal during 2009 to scrutinize the effect of Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) on the growth, yield and soil nutrient status to tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Karsten). Following a randomized complete block design, 9 treatments with 3 replications were maintained. The study revealed that the integration of organic manures in combination with inorganic fertilizers was found significant in improving the overall plant growth, yield and soil macro nutrient status than the sole application of either of these nutrients. Maximum plant height and number of leaves per plant were observed with treatment 16.66 mt/ha FYM + 8.33 mt/ha Vermicompost + NPK. The earlier of days to 50% flowering was observed in treatment 20 mt/ha FYM. Highest number of fruit clusters, maximum fruit weight and fruit yield (25.74 mt/ha) were recorded in treatment 16.66 mt/ha FYM + 8.33 mt/ha Vermicompost + NPK. The pH value was found near to neutral in treatment 10 mt/ha vermicompost. Similarly, the maximum organic matter percentage was also recorded in treatment 10 mt/ha vermicompost. The highest available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were found in treatment ½ NPK + 15 mt/ ha vermicompost.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6474 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12 (2011) 23-28
Effect of Azotobacter and Nitrogen Levels on Fruit Yield and Quality of Bell Pepper
Authors: Bhattarai Dhruba R , Poudyal Krishna P , Pokhrel Shanta
Published: July 2012

Inorganic fertilizers alone cannot sustain high levels of productivity. It may cause deterioration of soil environment leading to low productivity. An investigation was carried out to develop integrated nutrient management technology for fruit yield of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). The experiment was conducted at Horticulture Research Division, Nepal Agricultural Research Council Khumaltar, Lalitpur during 2010/011. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications and having seven treatments viz., Control (100% NPK), Azotobacter + 25% N + PK, Azotobacter + 50% N + PK, Azotobacter + 75% N + PK, Azotobacter + FYM + 25% N + PK, Azotobacter + FYM + 50% N + PK, Azotobacter + FYM + 75% N + PK. Among the tested treatments, T7 (Azotobacter + FYM + 75 % N + PK) recorded the maximum plant height (66.18 cm), number of primary branches (8.20) and fruit yield (18.08 kg) per plot.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6475 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12 (2011) 29-34
Optimization of RAPD-PCR Conditions for the Study of Genetic Diversity of Centella asiatica
Authors: Devkota Anjana , Bimb Hari P , Bajracharya Jwala , Jha Pramod K
Published: July 2012

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) is one of the molecular marker tools available for detecting the polymorphism in plant species. It has been used extensively for genetic diversity studies. In the present investigation, the RAPD reaction and cycling conditions were optimized for generating RAPD fingerprints of twenty one ecotypes of Centella. asiatica (L.) urban collected from different locations of Nepal. To determine the optimum conditions for PCR amplification, different concentrations of master mix ( 2X mix , Promega USA), template DNA, primer and PCR cycling conditions were varied. Reproducible amplified products were observed using 0.5 ?M of primer, 12.5?l master mix (2X), and 100 ng of template DNA in 25?l reaction volume of PCR. Cycling conditions were optimized with varying annealing temperature and initial denaturation temperature. The best cycling condition comprised of an initial denaturation of 3 min at 94°C, followed by 30 cycles of denaturation for 45 sec at 94°C, annealing for 1 min at 37°C, and extension for 1 min at 72°C and final extension at 72°C for 7 min . Of the 21 random primers tested, only 8 primers produced the best and reproducible amplification products. The optimized RAPD-PCR conditions and selected primers were subsequently used for the study of genetic diversity in C. asiatica.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6482 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12 (2011) 69-74
Micropropagation of Cymbidium iridioides
Authors: Pant Bijaya , Swar Sangeeta
Published: July 2012

Seeds of Cymbidium iridioides D. Don, a highly collected orchid species of Nepal, has been developed were cultured on Murashige and Skoog, 1962 (MS) static media solidified with 0.8% agar. Complete seedlings were obtained from asymbiotically germinated seeds on MS media supplemented with 6- benzyalaminopurine (BAP) 1 mg/l plus ?-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) 1 mg/l in eight weeks of primary culture. The shoot tip explants were obtained from in vitro grown seedling for the shoot multiplication. Maximum number of shoots were developed from shoot tip explants on MS media supplemented with BAP 0.5 mg/l (8.25 shoots per single shoot). This ability did not decline even after a year of subculture. For rooting of shoots the media was supplemented with various auxins. Media supplemented with 1mg/l indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) was the ideal condition for root formation. Thus obtained complete plantlets were able to grow in community pots after a short period of acclimatization. This result suggests that the methodology might be applied as an alternative to minimize the over exploitation of the natural population of this species.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6485 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12 (2011) 91-96
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopic Study on the Anodic Passivity of Sputterdeposited W-Ta Alloys in 12 M HCl
Authors: Bhattarai Jagadeesh
Published: July 2012

The role of a simultaneous additions of tungsten and tantalum on the anodic passivity of the passive films of the sputter-deposited nanocrystalline W-xTa alloys was studied using immersion tests, electrochemical measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) analysis. The formation of spontaneous passive film on the alloys, which is composed of double oxyhydroxide of tungsten and tantalum ions are responsible for their higher corrosion resistance than those of the alloy-constituting elements in 12 M HCl solution open to air at 30°C. The quantitative surface analysis by XPS is clarified that the improved anodic passivity of the alloys than those of alloy-constituting elements is based on the formation of new anodic passive oxyhydroxide films composed of W6+ and Ta5+ ions. These films have higher protectiveness and stability than those of passive oxyhydroxide films of alloy-constituting elements, that is, oxyhydroxides of hexavalent tungsten and pentavalent tantalum after potentiostatic polarization for 1 h in 12 M HCl.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6492 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12 (2011) 139-148
Influence of Uncoupled Diblock Molecules on Mechanical Properties of Styerene/Butadiene/ Styrene Triblock Copolymers
Authors: Adhikari Rameshwar
Published: July 2012

The influence of the presence of uncoupled polystyrene-block-polybutadiene (SB) diblock chains to polystyrene-block-polybutadiene-block-polystyrene (SBS) triblock copolymers on the mechanical properties of the latter has been studied by means of tensile testing and dynamic mechanical analysis preparing several lamellae forming SBS/ SB blends through solution casting. The microphase-separated morphology of the samples was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Both large strain deformation tensile deformation behaviour and viscoelastic properties of the SBS block copolymers were found to be affected appreciably by the presence of uncoupled SB diblock. The storage modulus of linear SBS was found to drop more sharply in the plateau region than for the radial SBS at the same SB content. At low SB content (up to 20 wt.-% for linear SBS and still higher for radial one), the overall tensile properties was not negatively influenced. On the whole, star block copolymers were found to be less sensitive towards the presence of diblock.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6493 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12 (2011) 149-156
Brine-shrimp Bioassay for Assessment of Anticancer Property of Essential Oils from Spices
Authors: Bajracharya Gan B , Tuladhar Sarbajna M
Published: July 2012

The potential anticarcinogenicity of essential oils from spices was investigated against brine-shrimp (Artemia salina) nauplii. The essential oils were extracted by hydro-distillation. The lethal concentration at the dose levels 10, 100 and 1000 ìg/ml displayed high mortality towards actively swarming Artemia. Asafoetida (LC50 = 4.64 ×10–23 ìg/ml) and cumin oil (LC50 = 0.53 ìg/ml) were extremely toxic. Essential oils of ajowan, small cardamom, cinnamon, clove, coriander, cubeb, dill, fennel, ginger, mace, nutmeg, long pepper, rosemary, tarragon and thyme were shown high toxicity. While big cardamom oil and black pepper oil were displayed moderate toxicity.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6495 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12 (2011) 163-170
Phytochemicals, Traditional Uses and Processing of Aconitum Species in Nepal
Authors: Shyaula Sajan L
Published: July 2012

The tuberous roots of genus Aconitum are commonly applied for various diseases, such as rheumatic fever, painful joints and some endocrinal disorders. It stimulates the tip of sensory nerve fibers. These tubers of Aconitum are used in the herbal medicines only after processing. At the mean time, there remain high toxicological risks of the improper usages of Aconitum. The cardio- and neurotoxicity of this herb are potentially lethal. Some of the species like A. ferox and A. spicatum are deadly poisonous while others like A. oreochryseum and A. bisma are used as the antidote for Aconitum poisoning. It is therefore, a valuable drug as well as an unpredictable toxic material. In the current review, assessments of Aconitum species are carried out, to increase knowledge for the safety uses, in context of Nepal. The traditional uses, phytochemical studies, its processing techniques and toxicological principles are reviewed.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6496 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12 (2011) 171-178
Conductance of Sodium Nitrate in Methanol –Water Mixtures at Different Temperatures
Authors: Bhattarai Ajaya , Sapkota Deepak , Subedi Netra P , Khanal Manoj , Niraula Tulsi P
Published: July 2012

Precise measurements on the conductivity of Sodium nitrate in methanol-water mixed solvent media containing 0.10, 0.20, 0.30 and 0.40 volume fractions of methanol at 308.15, 318.15 and 323.15 K are reported. The concentrations were varied from (0.001 to 0.15) mol.L-1. The results showed a sharp increase in the conductivity with increasing electrolyte concentration. Also, the conductivity of electrolyte increases with increase in temperature whereas the conductivity of electrolyte decreases with increase in the amount of methanol.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6498 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12 (2011) 187-92
Evaluation of Waste Water Treatment Units Located at Different Parts of Nepal
Authors: Lamichhane Janardan , Upadhyaya Bimal B , Chalise Nishant , Makaju Sudeep
Published: July 2012

Sewage including liquids from household waste to industry and commerce effluent along with storm water runoff carries various contaminants including soil particles, heavy metals, organic compounds, animals waste, oils and grease which are required to be treated before they are discharged directly to the water into waterways. Various waste water treatment plants established in different part of Nepal include small to large scale treatment of waste discharge. The evaluation of all those plants by scientific mean was carried out for the recommend of standard of treatment plant suitable to the country. Among the plants under study, removal efficiency of TSS, TDS and TS was found highest in KU reed bed systems with 97.5, 74.3 and 95.6% respectively. Similarly, removal efficiency of chemical compounds such as NH3, N2, NO3 2-, Cl-, PO3 2- and COD were found highest in KU and DH reed bed system ranging from 98 to 33.3 % whereas BOD was found highest, 93.1 and 82.1% in HIDWTP and BASP respectively. pH and conductivity measurement and comparison indicates the requirement of continuous use and maintenance of the plant. This could be one of the major ways to inform the government about the maintenance, sustainability and importance of ongoing operation of waste water treatment plants of Nepal in cost effective manner.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6500 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12 (2011) 201-210
Buffer Zone Resources and Community Conservation: A Case Study of Handi Khola Buffer Zone User Committee, Parsa Wildlife Reserve
Authors: Thapa Aruna , Bhuju Dinesh R
Published: July 2012

The present study was carried out to understand ecology of forests and social strata in Handi Khola Buffer Zone User Committee of Parsa Wildlife Reserve in Central Nepal. Methods used were stratified random sampling of household economics with questionnaire survey for socio-economic information and quantitative and qualitative analysis for vegetation study. Seventy two households were studied in-depth through household surveys. Vegetation ecology and forest resources were studied in Rakshaniya, Dhaneshwor, Laamitar and Masine forests of the BZ, totaling 37 sample plots. The study recorded a total of 36 tree species from 19 families. Shorea robusta was the dominant tree species in the community forest with highest important percentage, standing volume, biomass and sustainable fuel wood yield. The study area was sufficient to fulfill the demand of the fuel wood and timber in a sustainable way but annual demand of fodder (9640.54 tons/year) outstripped the annual sustainable supply of fodder (409.41 total digestible nutrient in tons/year). Thus, community forest was insufficient to provide the resource equally to all seasons and its unequal distribution compelled the locals for illegal extraction of resource showing some pressure on the reserve. In addition, large-scale human interference (Cut Stump Density-39.56/ha and Live Tree Density-58.11/ha) in community forest questioned the endurance of buffering potential and biodiversity conservation.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6507 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12 (2011) 230-237
Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste by Briquetting Process: Evaluation of Physical and Combustion Properties of the Fuel
Authors: Shrestha Anita , Singh Ramesh M
Published: July 2012

This study presents an experimental production of solid waste briquettes from municipal solid waste by screw extrusion technology and piston press technology. Combustible matters present in municipal solid wastes like paper, plastic and biomass (represented by rice husk) were processed using grinders and shredders and then densified. Two varieties of Refuse derived fuel were subjected to heat (around 300 0C) in Screw Extrusion machine while seven varieties of Selective fuel in the composition 0-70% lignite and 5-30% polyethylene by weight were densified at a constant pressure of 3.12 tons/cm2 at room temperature in piston press briquetting machine. Lime was added to one variety to capture emissions during fuel combustion. The production and analysis of the fuel briquettes were carried out according to Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS 8811, 8812) in the Biomass laboratory of NAST at Khumaltar. It was observed that addition of waste plastic improves fuel quality of low grade coal (lignite). High temperature and high pressure is required for briquetting the mixture of plastic and paper waste. The produced fuel briquettes might be suitable for use in industrial boilers and brick kilns but suitable control measures should be applied to capture harmful emissions.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6508 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12 (2011) 238-241
Study on Antibacterial Activity of Common Spices
Authors: Maharjan Dinesh , Singh Anjana , Lekhak Binod , Basnyat Shaila , Gautam Lekhnath S
Published: July 2012

Spices have been shown to possess medicinal value, in particular, antimicrobial activity. They are used as householdmedicines as well as preservatives of food materials. This study compares the sensitivity of some human pathogenicbacteria to various spice extracts viz. essential oils, acetone and methanol extracts by agar well diffusion method.Of the different spices tested clove, ajowan and cinnamon were found to possess relatively higher antimicrobialactivities. Essential oil of cinnamon showed broad spectrum of inhibition against all tested bacteria while essentialoil of ajowan and clove inhibited 90% and 70% bacteria respectively. Acetone and methanol extracts of cloveshowed better antibacterial activity among the spices. The MBC value ranged from 0.39 to 25mg/ml. The lowestMBC (minimal bactericidal concentration) value was given by essential oil of cinnamon against E.coli, S. aureusand S. Typhi. Gram positive bacteria were found to be more sensitive to spices than Gram negative bacteria. Spices might have a great potential to be used as antimicrobial agents.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6518 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12 (2011) 312-317
Growth of Copper Indium Telluride (Cuinte2) Thin Films Using Electrochemical Route for Photovoltaic Application
Authors: Adhikari Subash , Chaure NB
Published: July 2012

Copper indium di-telluride (CuInTe2; CIT) was electrochemically deposited onto indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate using aqueous medium at various electrodeposition conditions like temperature, pH, stirring rate and concentration of the samples. The resulting thin films were characterized using UV-Visible-NIR spectrophotometer, X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray to find out energy band gap, structural properties, surface morphology and the elemental composition in the film respectively. The resulting films showed a polycrystalline nature with band gap varying from 1.27 to 1.89 eV. The elemental composition of the as deposited and annealed sample showed that the films were mostly copper and tellurium rich. The crystallinity of the films improved after annealing for 5 minutes at 350°C but the secondary phase like CuxTe and InxTe could not be recombined completely.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6519 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12 (2011) 318-323
Effect of Fermentation Containers and Raw Materials on Chemical Composition and Sensory Quality of fermented cereals
Authors: Karki Dhan P , Kharel Ganga P
Published: July 2012

Effect of fermentation containers (plastic, wooden and earthen), cereals (millet, rice, maize and wheat) and cereal combinations (millet, rice and wheat) on chemical and sensory quality of fermented cereals were studied. Fermentation was carried out for 15 days at 26±2 ºC using defined starter made from S. cerevisiae and R. oryzae in rice flour. Finger millet fermented in plastic container had higher alcohol content (15.81% v/m) and TSS (11.96 ºBx) than that of earthen container while moisture and fixed acid contents remained unaffected. Total esters (1.813 g/l alc), total aldehyde (0.850 g/l alc), total acidity (1.58% m/m) and volatile acidity (0.296% m/m) were higher in millet fermented in earthen container. Fermentation containers had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the taste and smell of millet jand but color was comparatively superior in plastic container. Total ester (31.1 mg % m/v), TSS (3.97 ºBx), pH (4.67), total acid (0.41% m/v)) and fixed acid (0.37% m/v) contents were significantly higher in wheat jand compared to millet, rice, and maize jands, whereas no noticeable difference in volatile acidity (0.02 – 0.048% m/v) and alcohol (5.53 – 6.20% v/v) contents were found among four jands. Sensory evaluation showed that taste and smell of rice jand were superior (liked very much) while that of maize was rated as dislike slightly by the panelists. Addition of rice significantly increased the TSS of fermented millet while total acidity, fixed acidity and alcohol contents were not affected by cereal combinations. Addition of wheat decreased the ester content (0.431 g/l alc) to that of control (100% millet) (0.863 g/L alc). Total aldehyde content was significantly increased by both rice and wheat addition with a maximum value of 1.545 g/l alc in 20% rice added fermented millet. Finger millet substituted with 20% of rice had the maximum fusel oil (9.370 g/l alc) while a minimum value of 5.297 g/l alc was found in 20% wheat substituted fermented millet. Cereal combination did not have significant effect on methanol content and the values were in the range of 2.346 – 3.858 g/L alc. Addition of rice significantly increased the reducing and total sugar contents while 20% wheat addition decreased both the reducing and total sugar contents in fermented millet. Sensory evaluation revealed that cereal combination did not affect the color preference of jands, whereas addition of wheat significantly impaired the taste and smell of jand.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6521 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12 (2011) 330-339
Study on Fish Ecology of the Seti Gandaki River Pokhara: II. Spatio-Temporal Variations in Fish Communities
Authors: Pokharel KK
Published: July 2012

Present paper deals with the spatio-temporal variations in distribution and abundance of fishes along the 30 km stretch of the Seti Gandaki river and its two major tributaries, Mardi Khola and Vijaypur Khola, in Pokhara Valley, Western Nepal. A total of 30 species of fishes belonging to 5 orders, 9 families and 22 genera were recorded from five sites on the river and its tributaries. Cyprinoids were predominant among fishes (17 spp.), siluroids (5 spp.), balitorids and cobitids (4 spp.), channioids (2 spp.), belonoids (one sp.) and mastacembeloids (one sp.). Among cyprinoids, mostly cyprinines were dominant groups (7 spp.) followed by rasborines (7 spp.), garrines (2 spp.) and schizothoracines (one sp.). There was increasing trend of species richness at upstream site (17 spp.). to downstream site (20 spp.) showing a longitudinal pattern. The total fish abundance and family-wise abundance at all the sites observed major peak during the spring and fall during the winter season in both the years of study. The average total density of fishes during the spring peak was highest (51.07/ha) at the upper tributary site and lowest (24.69/ha) at the urban site. According to the distribution pattern and abundance, the population status of the gamefish, mahseer [Tor tor (Ham)] has been endangered (E); that of game fishes [Tor putitora (Ham.) and Chagunius chagunio (Ham.)] and Zebra-fish [Brachydanio rerio (Ham.)] to are vulnerable (V); that of loach [Lepidocephalus guntea (Ham.)], cat-fishes [Myersglanis blythii (Day) and Amblyceps mangois (Ham.)] are rare (R).DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6523 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12 (2011) 350-357
Herpetofaunal Diversity in Nagarjun Forest
Authors: Pokhrel Ganesh K , Aryal Prakash C , Shah Karan B , Rijal Bishal , Suwal Madan K , Kharel Subash C , Paudel Evanath , Dhamala Man K
Published: July 2012

The composition of amphibians and reptiles diversity in the Nagarjun forest of Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park was studied. Purposive transect and opportunistic survey methods were adopted to estimate species diversity. The species caught during survey were identified on the spot using field guide and released in-situ. Transects were distributed across six distinct micro-watersheds in the forest. In total, 134 individuals belonging to 11 species were observed. The spatial distribution patterns of the species were also mapped. The condition and potential threat of the habitat is also assessed during this study.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6524 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12 (2011) 358-365
Studies on physio-morphology, floral biology and fruit characteristics of mango
Authors: Majumder DAN , Hassan L , Rahim MA , Kabir MA
Published: July 2012

Plant, inflorescences and fruit characteristics of 60 mango genotypes were studied during the period 2007 to 2008.  There were distinct variations among the findings of the gemplasm on plant, leaf, inflorescence fruit characters and  yield. Wide variations were observed in relation to the % flowering shoot, % perfect flower, % fruit set per panicle,  number of harvested fruits per plant, individual fruit weight, % edible portion and % total soluble solid ranging from  24.00 to71.33%, 8.10 to19.17%, 9.07 to 29.27%, 21.33 to 60.33, 365.33 to 219.00g, 45.22 to 79.83% and 16.90 to  28.26%, respectively. The germplasm MI28 was top of the list in case of number of panicle, number of main branch  per panicle, percent perfect flower and fruit harvest per plant. The maximum and minimum number of fruit set per  panicle was noted in MI28 and MI92, respectively. The maximum percentage of fruit harvest per panicle was found in  MI94 (5.46) but the germplasm MI28 gave the highest number of fruit per plant (60.33). Moreover, the germplasm  MI09 had the highest percentage of edible portion (79.83).   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v9i2.10985   J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 9(2): 187199, 2011
Efficacy of Bion, Amistar and Tilt in controlling brown spot and narrow brown spot of rice cv. BR11 (Mukta)
Authors: Hossain I , Dey P , Hossain MZ
Published: July 2012

Efficacy of Bion (benzothiodiazole), Amistar (azoxystrobin) and Tilt (propiconazole) was evaluated for controlling   Brown spot and Narrow brown spot of rice cv. BR11 (Mukta). Bion, Amistar and Tilt @ 50 mg/L, 1 ml/L and 1 ml/L,   respectively were sprayed at tillering and ear initiation stages that resulted in marked reduction of Brown spot and   Narrow brown spot. Bion, Amistar and Tilt significantly increased number of grains/ear and number of healthy   grains/ear by reducing number of diseased grains/ear. Bion, Amistar and Tilt resulted in 25.87, 32.17 and 26.76%   higher grain yield, respectively over the untreated control when sprayed at tillering stage.   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v9i2.10986   J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 9(2): 201204, 2011
Effect of potato extract on in vitro seed germination and seedling growth of local Vanda roxburgii orchid
Authors: Islam MO , Akter M , Prodhan AKMA
Published: July 2012

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of potato extract (PE) on seed germination and seedling    growth of Vanda roxburgii in vitro, a local orchid. Potato extracts significantly enhanced seed germination and    seedling growth. Among the concentrations, PE at 200 mlL-1 enhanced per cent germination from 17.2% (control) to  78.24% and was found to be the most suitable one for seed germination. It was also the best among treatments for    production of viable protocorms as well as healthy seedlings from seeds. Growth of seedlings in respect of length of    shoot, number of root per shoot and length of root per seedling was significantly enhanced in medium supplemented    with 100 mlL-1 of PE. It may be concluded that PE at optimum concentration could be supplemented in medium for    high percentage of seed germination and seedling growth of Vanda orchid.   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v9i2.10988   J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 9(2): 211215, 2011
Economic study on production and marketing of shrimp and prawn seed in Bangladesh
Authors: Islam MS , Rahman MS , Haque MM , Sharmin S
Published: July 2012

Shrimp farming and related activities contribute significantly to the national economy of Bangladesh. Successful shrimp culture depends mainly on the availability of healthy and quality shrimp seeds. The present study was designed to analyze the production and marketing system of shrimp seed in Bangladesh. A total sample of 80 stakeholders comprising each of 20 operators of bagda and golda hatcheries, and each of 20 shrimp seed traders and faria (bapari) were selected purposively. Data and information mainly on shrimp seed production and marketing were collected for 2009-2010 from Coxs Bazar and Jessore districts depending upon the concentration of hatcheries established for shrimp seed production. In most cases tabular method of analysis and flow diagram were used. The average sizes of bagda and golda hatcheries were 2.6 and 2.9 acres and the corresponding productions were 430 and 250 million PL per year in Coxs Bazar and Jessore districts respectively. Per hatchery per year total costs, gross returns and net returns were Tk 50.2 and 19.6 million; Tk 90 and 56.3 million; and Tk 39.6 and 36.7 million in Coxs Bazar, and Jessore districts respectively. Shrimp seed production is capital intensive and it is risky business. Although shrimp seed production cost is very high but the farm could earn higher profit by ensuring better culture and management. Marketing channel and distribution system of shrimp seed were identified in the present study. Shrimp seed passed from hatcheries to shrimp farmers followed by sequence of intermediaries. Hatcheries directly sell about 80% shrimp seed to aratdar and rest 20% to shrimp seed traders but in case of shifting shrimp seed by cargo plane almost all are sold to aratdar in sale centre. The aratdar is a commission agent who has a fixed establishment and helps the traders (beparies) to sell their products and usually charges a fixed commission of Tk 25-30 per 1000 PL sales revenue. However, less number of intermediaries was involved in shrimp seed marketing.   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v9i2.11037   J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 9(2): 247256, 2011
Studies on the effect of brown rice and maize flour on the quality of bread
Authors: Islam MZ , Ud-Din M Shams , Haque MA
Published: July 2012

Breads were prepared with various combinations of maize, brown rice and wheat flours in the basic formulation of   bread. The baking properties and chemical composition of bread were evaluated and analysed, respectively. The   bread volume decreased, where as bread weight and moisture content increased with the increasing level of maize   and brown rice flour. The crumb and crust colour of breads were improved with addition of 8% maize and 8% brown   rice flour in bread formulation. The protein content and other nutrients of breads were increased by addition of maize   and brown rice flours. The effects of various levels of yeast, sugar, fat, improver and salt on the quality of breads   prepared with maize and brown rice flour were evaluated. Bread quality in respects of bread volume and crumb   texture were improved by using 2.5% yeast, 5% sugar, 5% fat and 0.6% improver. The analysis of bread containing   added 8% maize and 8% brown rice flours showed protein 9.76%, fat 4.10%, ash 2.10%, crude fibre 5.16%, sugar   2.26% and total carbohydrates 46.91%. Bread having 8% maize and 8% brown rice flour had most acceptable   flavour, texture, colour and overall acceptability when compared with other bread with maize and brown rice flour.   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v9i2.11044   J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 9(2): 297304, 2011
Effect of pituitary gland doses on artificial propagation of Guchibaim, Mastacembelus pancalus (Hamilton)
Authors: Rahman MM , Miah MI , Hasan KR , Farid SM
Published: July 2012

Artificial propagation of Mastacembelus pancalus was conducted in order to determine the optimum dose of pituitary  gland (PG) hormone at the hatchery of the Field Laboratory Complex, Faculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural  University, Mymensingh. The present study consisted of two trials and each trial had four treatments (T1, T2, T3 and  T4, respectively) with three replications of each. In the experiment single dose and double dose had been used for T1,  T2, T3 and T4, respectively to evaluate the efficiency on ovulation rate, fertilization rate, and hatching rate of M.  pancalus eggs. The hatchlings were reared in aquarium up to 30 days and survival rate was determined. Treatment-3  (T3) of double dose (170mg PG kg-1 and 60mg PG kg-1 body weight of fish for female and male respectively) showed  better results in terms of ovulation rate (90.03±2.56%), fertilization rate (90±0.81%), hatching rate (80±1.84%), and  survival rate (40.00±3.19%) was recorded than other treatments of single and double dose. The water temperature  was recorded 27 to 31°C. In the present study, treatment-3 (T3 in double dose) was the best findings in terms of  ovulation rate, fertilization rate, and hatching rate which can be used in artificial propagation of M. pancalus for the  development of hatchery production. May and June are the suitable months for artificial propagation of the said  species.   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v9i2.11045   J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 9(2): 305310, 2011
Microbial quality of hilsa shad (Tenualosa ilisha) at different stages of processing
Authors: Shamsuzzaman MM , Mazumder SK , Siddique MA , Miah MNU
Published: July 2012

An attempt was made from October 2008 to March 2009 in a fish processing industry of Bangladesh (the Sea    Resource Limited, Sadarghat, Chittagong) to determine microbial quality of Tenualosa ilisha at different stages of    processing. During this investigation Escherichia coli, fecal coliform, vibrio cholerae, Salmonella and total load of    bacteria were identified from 5 stages of processing. Those stages were receiving, primary washing stage with 5PPM  chlorine water, final washing stage with 10 PPM chlorine water, after blast freezing at -40 ± 20C and finally after one    month storage at -18 ± 20,/sup>C. It was observed that 80.69 % of total bacterial load, 77.29% of total coliform and 58.33 %    of fecal coliform were destroyed during different processing stages. There was no evidence of presence of    Salmonella and Vibrio cholera at any stages of processing. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v9i2.11049 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 9(2): 339344, 2011
Morphological variability of the 11th generation strain of nile tilapia, (Oreochromis niloticus) and traditional genetically improved farmed tilapia
Authors: Nazrul KM Shahriar , Mamun AA , Sarker BS , Tonny US
Published: July 2012

To investigate the morphological variations 12 morphometric and 11meristic characters were studied for 100 individuals of the same age of traditional strain GIFT (5th generation) and recently developed 11th generation strain    (GIFU) of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. No significant difference was found between total length and other body measurements at 5% level. However, GIFU showed faster linear growth on body depth, maximum body circumference and minimum body circumference where GIFT showed faster linear growth on standard length and head length. On meristic characters, notable variations were observed in case of scale above and below the lateral line, where GIFU individuals showed greater number of scales in both cases. The total length and body weight relationship of both the strains were found to be straight line in logarithmic scales. The mean values of condition factor (K) have been found to be 1.671 for GIFT and 1.711 for GIFU and the mean values of relative condition facto (Kn) were 1.001 and 1.002 for GIFT and GIFU respectively. Findings of the present study suggested the variability of strain GIFU and GIFT in some important parameters.   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v9i2.11050   J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 9(2): 345349, 2011