bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of an ensemble system that assimilates Jason-1/Envisat altimeter data in a probabilistic model of the North Atlantic ocean circulation
Authors: Candille G. , Brankart J. M. , Brasseur P.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. A realistic circulation model of the North Atlantic ocean at 1/4° resolution (NATL025 NEMO configuration) has been adapted to explicitly simulate model uncertainties. This is achieved by introducing stochastic perturbations in the equation of state to represent the effect of unresolved scales on the model dynamics. The main motivation for this work is to develop ensemble data assimilation methods, assimilating altimetric data from past missions JASON-1 and ENVISAT. The assimilation experiment is designed to better control the Gulf Stream circulation for years 2005/06, focusing on frontal regions which are predominantly affected by unresolved dynamical scales. An ensemble based on such stochastic perturbations is first produced and evaluated using along-track altimetry observations. The Incremental Analysis Update (IAU) scheme is applied in order to obtain an ensemble of continuous trajectories all over the 2005/06 assimilation period. These three elements – stochastic parameterization, ensemble simulation and 4-D observation operator – are then used together to perform a 4-D analysis of along-track altimetry over 10 day windows. Finally, the results of this experiment are objectively evaluated using the standard probabilistic approach developed for meteorological applications (Toth et al., 2003; Candille et al., 2007). The results show that the free ensemble – before starting the assimilation process – correctly reproduces the statistical variability over the Gulf Stream area: the system is then pretty reliable but not informative (null probabilistic resolution). Updating the free ensemble with altimetric data leads to a better reliability with an information gain around 30% (for 10 day forecasts of the SSH variable). Diagnoses on fully independent data (i.e. data that are not assimilated, like temperature and salinity profiles) provide more contrasted results when the free and updated ensembles are compared.
Effects of Cattle on the Abundance and Composition of Carabid Beetles in Temperate Grasslands
Authors: Bassett Eleanor R. L. , Fraser Lauchlan H
Published: December 2014

Grasslands are of vital importance to the ranching industry. Cattle grazing can alter the structure and composition of the plant community, and may indirectly affect insect communities. We investigated the effects of cattle grazing and site productivity on carabid beetle abundance, dried weight (biomass), species richness and diversity. We used pitfall traps to capture beetles in three sessions in 2008 in Lac Du Bois Provincial Park, British Columbia (B.C.), Canada. To test for main and interacting effects of elevation and grazing, carabid beetles were quantified by trap for abundance, dried weight (biomass), species richness and Shannon’s diversity. We found that elevation (a proxy of site productivity) was the most important predictor of carabid parameters, with lower elevation (low site productivity) having lower abundance, biomass, species richness and diversity compared to upper elevation (high site productivity). Although there was no main effect caused by grazing, there was a reduction in carabid biomass and diversity at grazed upper elevation sites compared to ungrazed upper elevation sites, suggesting that site productivity and plant structure affects carabid communities. Cattle management of natural grasslands benefits by considering biodiversity of all biota, including invertebrates. Carabid species diversity can be maximized by restricting grazing at high site productivity where plant biomass and litter is high.
Short communication. Effects of purslane extract on performance, immunity responses and cecal microbial population of broiler chickens
Authors: Ghorbani Mohammad R. , Bojarpour Mohammad , Mayahi Mansour , Fayazi Jamal , Fatemitabatabaei Reza , Tabatabaei Saleh , Zulkifli Idrus
Published: December 2014

The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of purslane extract on performance, cecal microflora composition and immune responses of broiler chickens. One hundred and ninety two 1–day old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were allocated randomly in 4 groups with 4 replicates to receive diets supplemented with 0 (control), 100, 200 and 300 ppm of purslane extract for 42 days. Body weight gain, feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio were measured weekly and calculated for starter (1-21 d), grower (22-42 d) and overall periods (1-42 d). All diets were isocaloric, isonitrogenous and provided ad libitum. Antibody response against sheep red blood cell (SRBC) was measured on d-28 and d-42. At the age of 42 d, eight chicks per treatment killed aseptically for enumeration of cecal bacteria. The results of this experiment indicated that FI increased significantly with inclusion of purslane extract in grower and overall period (p≤0.05). Purslane extract did not affect coliform and Escherichia coli populations but increased Lactobacillus population of cecal content significantly (p≤0.05). There were no significant differences in primary and secondary antibody titer against SRBC and no differences among the treatments for relative weight of thymus and spleen (p>0.05). Relative weight of bursa was affected with inclusion of purslane extract in the diet. Therefore, it was concluded that purslane inclusion had a positive significant effect on cecal microflora composition, but had no effect on immune response of broiler chickens.
Evolution of udder morphology, alveolar and cisternal milk compartment during lactation and their relationship with milk yield in Najdi sheep
Authors: Ayadi Moez , Matar Abdelkarim M. , Aljumaah Riyadh S. , Alshaikh Mohammed A. , Abouheif Mohammed A.
Published: December 2014

A total of 30 multiparous Najdi ewes were used to study the evolution of udder morphology traits and milk fractions in the udder during suckling (3rd, 6th, 9thwk) and milking (10th, 11th, 12thwk) periods. During suckling period, daily milk yield was estimated by using the double oxytocin injections method 4-h after milking. During milking period, ewes were hand-milked once daily. Udder and teat morphology traits for all ewes were measured 4-h after milking. Udder compartments were evaluated 8-h after milking by using atosiban and oxytocin; milk samples of each fraction were collected. Najdi ewes had a medium and healthy udders (CMT<1), with medium sized teats (length, 3.2±0.1 cm and width, 1.7±0.1 cm) attached at 35.7 ± 11º angle. Milk yield averaged 1.88±0.18 and 0.44±0.12 L d-1 during suckling and milking periods, respectively. A drop in milk yield (-75%, p<0.01) was found in the transition from suckling to milking. Udder traits, teats angle and width, and distance between teats declined (p<0.05) throughout lactation, whereas teat lengths did not show any change. Positive correlations (p<0.05) were observed between milk yield and udder depth (r=0.47-0.49), width (r=0.31-0.39) and distance between teats (r=0.26-0.39). The cisternal milk volumes decreased (p<0.05) after weaning, whilst the corresponding percentages increased (p<0.05). Cisternal milk accounted for 55% and 67% of the total udder milk during suckling and milking periods, respectively. Cisternal milk was positively correlated (r=0.93, p<0.05) with total milk yield. The percentages of protein and total solids in alveolar and cisternal milk increased significantly (p<0.05) after weaning, whilst fat percentages in cisternal milk did not change. In conclusion, the evaluated Najdi ewes showed medium sized cisterns and teats, which considered adequate for machine milking. Udder morphology traits had positive correlations with milk yield and hence, can be utilized in breeding programs.
Latent infections are the most frequent form of paratuberculosis in slaughtered Friesian cattle
Authors: Vazquez Patricia , Garrido Joseba M. , Molina Elena , Geijo Maria V. , Gomez Nieves , Perez Valentin , Sevilla Iker A. , Alonso-Hearn Marta , Cortes Adoracion , Juste Ramon A.
Published: December 2014

Paratuberculosis is a chronic mycobacterial infection causing granulomatous enteritis in ruminants, whose pathogenesis and epidemiology poses numerous challenges, including latency and reactivation. The most recent and complete classification of paratuberculosis immunopathological types in cattle recognized five categories. In this study, 1031 slaughtered Friesian cattle were submitted to serological, microbiological and pathological examinations with the aim of maximizing the rate of case detection. In most cases, infected animals had minimal lesions and almost no other proof of infection (38.9%), while the more characteristic types with the whole constellation of microbiological and immunological evidences accounted for a lower proportion (7.7%). As these findings in cattle suggest similarities with the epidemiology of tuberculosis in humans, we propose to re-group the original immunopathological types into two broader paratuberculosis epidemio-pathogenic forms or states: latent and patent. The former term would define infections with focal lesions and might constitute an apparent resilience status representing a difficult to detect reservoir of infection whose role could become critical if later immune-compromising factors lead to re-activation. The latter would group those cases with multifocal and diffuse inflammatory lesions with higher mycobacterial load and viability suggestive of a more immediate epidemiological risk. Interestingly, the relative frequency of presentation of each profile varied with age. The proportion of latent forms remained relatively constant between 33.8% and 54.3% through adulthood from 3 years of age, while patent forms were more frequent during the first years of age and tended to decrease among the oldest individuals.
Genetic relationships between six eastern Pyrenean sheep breeds assessed using microsatellites
Authors: Ferrando Ainhoa , Goyache Félix , Parés Pere-Miquel , Carrión Carlos , Miró Jordi , Jordana Jordi
Published: December 2014

The knowledge of the genetic composition and relationships among livestock breeds is a necessary step for the implementation of management and conservation plans. This study aims to characterise the genetic diversity and relationships among six sheep breeds of meat aptitude that are spread through the eastern Pyrenees: Tarasconnaise, Castillonnaise and Rouge du Roussillon from France, and Aranesa, Xisqueta and Ripollesa from Spain. All but Tarasconnaise are catalogued as endangered. These breeds do not share the same ancestral origin but commercial trades and gene flow between herds are known to have occurred for centuries. Additionally, two outgroup breeds were included: the Guirra, from a different geographical location, and the Lacaune, a highly selected breed of dairy aptitude. A total of 410 individuals were typed using a panel of 12 microsatellite markers. Statistical, phylogenetic and Bayesian analyses showed that eastern Pyrenean breeds retained high levels of genetic diversity and low, but significant, levels of genetic differentiation (FST = 4.1%). While outgroups were clearly differentiated from other breeds, Pyrenean breeds tended to form two clusters. The first encompassed Tarasconnaise and Aranesa, which probably descend from a common meta-population. The second tended to group the other four breeds. However, none reached high mean Q-values of membership to a discrete cluster. This is consistent with the recent past gene flow between breeds, despite different ancestral genetic origins. The genetic characterisation carried out of the eastern Pyrenean sheep populations provides useful information to support decision making on their conservation and focusing efforts and resources to more singular breeds.
Dose-dependent effect of a single GnRHa injection on the spawning of meagre (Argyrosomus regius) broodstock reared in captivity
Authors: Fernandez-Palacios Hipolito , Schuchardt Dominique , Roo Javier , Izquierdo Marisol , Hernandez-Cruz Carmen , Duncan Neil
Published: December 2014

The present study aimed to determine the spawning efficacy, egg quality and quantity of captive breed meagre induced with a single gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) injection of 0, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40 or 50 µg kg-1 to determine a recommended optimum dose to induce spawning. The doses 10, 15 and 20 μg kg-1 gave eggs with the highest quality (measured as: percentage of viability, floating, fertilisation and hatch) and quantity (measured as: total number of eggs, number of viable eggs, number of floating eggs, number of hatched larvae and number of larvae that reabsorbed the yolk sac). All egg quantity parameters were described by Gaussian regression analysis with R2=0.89 or R2=0.88. The Gaussian regression analysis identified that the optimal dose used was 15 μg kg-1. The regression analysis highlighted that this comprehensive study examined doses that ranged from low doses insufficient to stimulate a high spawning response (significantly lower egg quantities, p<0.05) compared to 15 μg kg-1 through to high doses that stimulated the spawning of significantly lower egg quantities and eggs with significantly lower quality (egg viability). In addition, the latency period (time from hormone application to spawning) decreased with increasing doses to give a regression (R2=0.93) which suggests that higher doses accelerated oocyte development that in turn reduced egg quality and quantity. The identification of an optimal dose for the spawning of meagre, which has high aquaculture potential, represents an important advance for the Mediterranean aquaculture industry.
De achterkant van Vrijheid, Gelijkheid, Broederschap
Authors: van Stipriaan Alex
Published: December 2014

The back-side of freedom, equality, brotherhood. Slavery in the Dutch past

The central question of this contribution is whether slavery was considered in the Netherlands at the time as something normal, an argument which is often heard in debates about this phenomenon today. This paper shows that during the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, slavery was indeed something that happened far away from home, however, all the time voices could be heard in this country opposing at least the cruelties of the slave system, or even the basic incompatability of slavery and christianity. It even turned out to be a public problem with the hundreds of enslaved people who came over time with their owners from Suriname or the Dutch Antilles to this country, and after a while became free citizens, because in the Netherlands itself slavery was not allowed.

During the second part of the eighteenth century in literary and political Dutch circles the individual voices against (the cruelties of) slavery turned more or less into a choir. These opponents of the system were obviously influenced by and often fervent supporters of the Enlightenment and its ideals for mankind of freedom, equality and brotherhood. Eventually, however, in 1797 the revolutionary Dutch National Assembly in its first constitution voted against an article meant to abolish slave trade and slavery in the near future. It took more than two generations to finally settle this question in 1863.
Nooit meer thuis in deze wereld
Authors: de Wit Theo
Published: December 2014

Never at home in this world. Jean Améry’s desire for recovery after Auschwitz

The author examines the thoughts of the originally Austrian author Jean Améry. After his concentration camp experiences Améry publicly acclaimed that he continued to resent the Germans. He felt abandoned and deeply overwhelmed and never recovered from these feelings. He refused to forgive and forget and practiced moral and physical rebellion.
Presentación
Authors: Cantera Montenegro Enrique
Published: December 2014

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Libros
Authors: López Pita Paulina , Cantera Montenegro Enrique
Published: December 2014

RESEÑA 1 de : López Villalba, José Miguel. Las Actas de Sesiones del Concejo medieval de Guadalajara. Madrid : Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, 1997. RESEÑA 2 de : Gastan Lanaspa, Guillermo. Política económica y poder político. Moneda y fisco en el reinado de Alfonso X el Sabio. Valladolid : Junta de Gastilla y León, 2000. RESEÑA 3 de :
Las aljamas mudéjares castellanas en el siglo XV : redes de poder y conflictos internos
Authors: Echevarría Arsuaga Ana
Published: December 2014

Este trabajo pretende ofrecer una nueva propuesta de sistematización de las aljamas mudejares castellanas teniendo en cuenta el tipo de jurisdicción cristiana que se establecía sobre ellas. La intromisión de las autoridades cristianas castellanas en un entramado de poder ejercido por una serie de familias mudejares, que ocupaban los principales cargos de las aljamas, dio lugar a una serie de conflictos que muchas veces tuvo que solucionar la autoridad real, como queda ejemplificado en el caso de Segovia.This contribution offers a new approach to ttie organization of Castilian Mudejar aljamas, considering the kind of Christian legal status which was conferred on them. Tfie participation of Christian officials in a network of influences controlled by a number of Mudejar families -who enjoyed the best positions in the aljamas- gave way to a series of conflicts which were solved by the King, as shown in the case of Segovia.
Análisis documental de los rituales de posesión en la Baja Edad Media
Authors: Puñal Fernández Tomás
Published: December 2014

Las cartas de posesión constituyen uno de los tipos diplomáticos más interesantes de la documentación notarial privada. Mediante un esquema sencillo, casi en forma de acta notarial, sin demasiados tecnicismos ni muchas de las abundantes y complicadas cláusulas jurídicas presentes en la documentación notarial, son el más fiel reflejo de la expresividad popular de la baja Edad Media, que recurre a la palabra y al signo ritual como manera de manifestar sus deseos. La documentación del ceremonial y los rituales de posesión provenientes del derecho consuetudinario y de prácticas ancestrales se combina con la práctica jurídica, ambas generadoras de derechos y deberes. Su estudio, análisis y significado, tanto a través de los formularios de la época, como de los registros notariales y de la propia documentación encontrada en algunos fondos monásticos son el objetivo de este trabajo, ofreciendo la existencia de una documentación, fiasta la fecha, poco conocida.The letters of possession are one of the most interesting notarial types of the prívate notarial documentation. Through a simple form, like a notarial document, without using neither too many technical words ñor many complicated legal clauses, usually present in the notarial documents, they are the most faithful reflection of the people's behaviour in the Middie Ages; who used the oral expressions and the ritual signs as a way to show their wishes. The ceremony's documentation and the possessions rituals, coming from the Common Law and from the oíd practices, are combined with the legal practices, and both genérate rights and obligations. The goal of this paper is to study, analyse and find the meaning of these documents, both using the forms and the notarial records, and the Information found in the monastic archives; showing ttie existence of several documents not very well known so far.
Una inscripción funeraria del monasterio de San Esteban de Bañolas (siglo XI)
Authors: Santiago Fernández Javier de
Published: December 2014

En el presente artículo se estudia una inscripción procedente del monasterio de San Estaban de Bañólas (Gerona), datada en el año 1003 d.C. El método seguido para el análisis del citado epígrafe tía tenido en cuenta tanto los elementos externos: materia, forma y escritura, como los internos: lengua y pensamiento. Tales elementos han sido analizados en conexión con su contexto histórico y epigráfico, por cuanto la presente inscripción representa un magnífico ejemplo de las características del grupo epigráfico catalán, en el que se reflejan perfectamente las características procedentes del mundo franco y que, al mismo tiempo, lo separan del panorama imperante en el resto de la Península. De este modo es posible apreciar como una inscripción concreta y la producción epigráfica en general es resultado y reflejo de una sociedad concreta.The present article studies an inscription from San Esteban de Bañólas monastery (Gerona). It is dated in 1003 B.C. The method I have used is based on the study of external (material, form and writing) and infernal elements (languaje and thought). These elements are analysed with its historie and epigraphic context. This inscriptions is a very good example of epigraphic group of Catalonia. This group is influenced by Frankish worid and it is no like other epigraphic groups in Spain. So we can make out that an inscription, and the epigraphic production in general, reflects its society.
Mujeres musulmanas situadas en torno al poder
Authors: López Pita Paulina
Published: December 2014

Aunque sabemos que en el Islam la mujer, en términos generales, estaba excluida del poder, encontramos haciendo un breve repaso en el Islam medieval que muchas mujeres desempeñaron un papel político de cierta importancia, de manera especial, entre las dinastías nacidas en Asia Central. Asimismo, fueron también numerosas las mujeres que ejercieron una notable influencia en el gobierno tanto a través de sus maridos como actuando como regentes de sus hijos en al-Andalus y en el norte de África. Es por tanto a estas mujeres que ejercieron el poder entre los musulmanes a las que dedicamos estas líneas.Although it is known that in the Islamic worid, women in general, couldn't access to power, we find that looking back at the middie age period, women didn't only particípate in military campaigns, but as well they played their role of certain importance in politics, specially among dynasties coming from Central Asia. At the same time, there were a number of women who had influence in the political power, both acting through their husbands, and as regents of their children in Al - Andalus, and in North África. Therefore, we dedícate the following text to these women with political power among the Muslims.
Los milagros de la Virgen : versión latina y romance
Authors: Martín José Luis
Published: December 2014

En este trabajo se lleva a cabo una comparación entre relatos de milagros de la Virgen que se contienen en la colección hispana escrita en latín por Juan Gil de Zamora y en las colecciones romances de Gonzalo de Berceo y de Alfonso X, que ofrecen diferencias de contenido interesantes para el historiador.In this work there is a comparison between the Virgen Mirados tales, contained in the spanish collection, written in Latin by Juan Gil de Zamora, and other Virgin tales contained in the romance language collections of Gonzalo de Berceo and Alfonso X; offering differences in the containing, which are interesting for the historian.
Política, economía y fiscalización de un espacio urbano : el establecimiento de la aljama de los judíos en la Mallorca cristiana
Authors: Maíz  Chacón Jorge
Published: December 2014

En el texto analizamos la llegada de los judíos a Mallorca después de 1229. Se abordan diversas problemáticas como su instalación inicial cerca de la Almudayna, actividades que desarrollan y las distintas políticas de los monarcas (Cartas de Franqueza, Orden de los Templarios) hasta la creación de la aljama balear Analizamos nuevas fuentes sobre las operaciones de compra y venta entre judíos y cristianos momentos antes de la creación del nuevo barrio judío.In the text we analyzed the arrival from the Jews to Majorca after 1229. They are approached diverse problematic like its initial installation near the Almudayna, activities that they develop and the different policies from the monarchs (Cartas de Franqueza, Orden de los Templarios) until the creation of the Balearic aljama. We analyzed new sources on the operations of purchase and sale between Jews and Christians moments before the creation of the new Jew district.
Territorio y poblamiento en la Küra de Märida durante el emirato Omeya (siglo VIII-X/II-IV)
Authors: Franco Moreno Bruno
Published: December 2014

Estudio donde se analiza el espacio geográfico y humano perteneciente a la Cora de Mérida durante el periodo emiral de al-Andalus. Unidad administrativa heredera en gran medida del pasado tardoantiguo, y que durante el primer siglo y medio de dominio islámico sobre la ciudad y su jurisdicción, se engira en lugar de asentamiento de tribus beréberes procedentes del Norte de África, en dura pugna contra la población muladi y el poder emanado desde Córdoba. Para ello me he valido fundamentalmente del análisis de las fuentes documentales y de los incipientes estudios donde se han llevado a cabo registros arqueológicos, qué aunque escasos para el periodo tratado, nos están ofreciendo una importante información sobre los lugares de asentamiento y el dominio ejercido sobre el territorio.This study analizes the human and geografic space belonging to the Cora of Mérida throughout the Emiral period of Al-Andalus. It was an administrative unity inheritor in its main part of the tardoantiguo past that during the first century and a half of the Islamic domain on the city and its district, raised as a place of Berebers tribes settlements coming from the North of África, whose were in hard conflict with the mulady population and the emanated power from Córdoba. For all this, I've essentially made use of the documental sources and the incipient studies in which were carried out archaeologlcal registrations. Although they are short for the period we're dealing with, they're offering us an important information about the places of settlement and the domain exerted upon the territory.
La fortificación en el valle del Tajo y el alfoz de Talavera entre los siglos XI y XV
Authors: Pacheco Jiménez César
Published: December 2014

La complejidad del poblamiento en zonas de frontera como el valle del Tajo durante la Edad Media dio como resultado una serie de modelos para la repoblación y el centro del territorio, que en ocasiones van a ser elementos heredados de la etapa islámica: por lo que respecta a la Marca Media, y en concreto el alfoz de Talavera (Medina Talabira) se caracteriza por la presencia de determinados enclaves con equipamientos de torres (al-bury y furris) que a modo de bastiones fortificados van a suponer un recurso defensivo en el inestable siglo XII, sometido a frecuentes acometidas de las invasiones norteafhcanas -almorávides y almohades-. Estas torres, junto a las atalayas o almenaras de la tierra talaverana, y los recintos fortificados como Vascos o la misma Talavera, y los husun como Castres, Alija o Espejel, etc. configuraron un paisaje rural dominado por una red de fortalezas de distinta categorías y diversas funcionalidades. Esos enclaves pasarán a la Baja Edad Media, una vez pasada la etapa de militarización, a convertirse en centros en torno a tos cuales se forjarán casasfuertes o alquerías de señores y pobladores de la tierra de Talavera. El análisis de las evidencias arqueológicas junto a los datos documentales bajomedievales nos permite esbozar una teoría acerca de un modelo reconvertido de asentamiento rural que será utilizado para la repoblación de esta comarca del occidente toledano.The complesity of the colonization in frontier area, like the Tajo Valley during the Middle Ages, resulted in a series of models for repopulation and the territory control which area going to be occasionally inherited elemente of the islamic stage, in relation to Middle Mark, and specifically the Talavera's suburb (Medina Talabira) it is typical because of the certain places with towers (al-bury and Turris) that, as a fortified bastions, will mean a defensive resource in unstable 12th century, when it often happened many Northafricain invasions (almoravides and almohades). These towers, as well as the wachttowers in the Talavera's territory, and the fortified areas like Vascos or Talavera itsame, and the husun like Castros, Alija or Espejel, formed a rural landscape that was dominated by a fortress system of diferent categories and several functions. Once the military stage was finished in the low Middle Ages, those places will because centres where fort-houses will be built as well as farmhouses belonging to landlords in Talavera's territory. The analysis of archeological evidences as well as same pieces of information in medieval documents let us focus on a theory about a restructural model of rural establishment that will be used for the repopulation in this región in west of Toledo.
El vino en el Islam : rechazo y alabanza
Authors: López Pita Paulina
Published: December 2014

Partiendo de la idea generalizada de que el vino era una bebida que estaba prohibida para los creyentes musulmanes, en este trabajo nos ocupamos de analizar qué es lo que ocurría en la realidad en el mundo islámico, pudiendo apreciar que era un elemento cuyo consumo ocupaba un lugar preferente entre todos los grupos de población.Assuming the widespread idea that the wine was a forbidden drink for the muslim believers, we analyze what happened in fact in the Islamic world, and realizing that it was a product which its consumption took up a relevant place among all the groups of population.
Cancillería castellana y lengua vernácula : su proceso de consolidación
Authors: Ostos Salcedo Pilar
Published: December 2014

La utilización de la lengua romance en la cancillería regia castellana fue resultado de un paulatino proceso que puede rastrearse a través de los numerosos documentos conservados y en los que se aprecia cómo se fue imponiendo al latín en función del contenido de los documentos y de su tipología. Los primeros indicios claros se detectan en la última etapa del reinado de Alfonso VIII, es decir, a finales del siglo XII y primeros años de la centuria siguiente. Su avance es incontestable en la época de Fernando III y en especial a partir de 1230. El triunfo del castellano en la documentación real — también notarial— se produce en la segunda mitad del siglo XIII, en el decisivo reinado de Alfonso X.The use of the Romance language in the Castilian royal Chancellory was the result of a progressive process tracked through many documents preserved, and in which it is observed how it was imposing to the latin, according to the documents contents and their typology. The first clear signs are detected during the last years of the kingdom of Alphonse VII, that is to say, at the end of the 12th century, and during the first years of the following century. Its advance is unquestionable during Ferdinand III, and specially since 1230. The success of the Castilian language in the royal documentation —also in the notarial— happens in the second half of the 13th century, during the decisive kingdom of Alphonse X.
Apuntes sobre el autor y el protagonista de una cantiga "d'escarnho e de mal dizer"
Authors: López Fernández Manuel
Published: December 2014

El paso de Pelay Pérez Correa por la encomienda de Alcacer do Sal, antes de alcanzar el cargo de comendador de Uclés. es poco conocida en España. Aquí se le nombra más a partir de 1241 cuando es designado comendador mayor de Castilla y luego maestre de la Orden de Santiago. Sin embargo, su etapa de comendador en Portugal es digna de tener en cuenta si consideramos la documentación que ha llegado hasta nosotros y más si la contrastamos con la opinión que de él nos ofrece el trovador portugués Pero Mendos da Fonseca en una cantiga de escarnio.The stage of Pelay Pérez Correa in the commandery of Alcacer, before he reached the position of commander of Uclés, is not well known in Spain. In our country, he is better known after his nomination as commander in chief of Castile in 1241 and later, when he was appointed master of the Order of Santiago. However, his stage as commander of Portugal is worth to mention if we take into consideration the documentation available today. Even more if we check these documents with the opinion about him of the portuguese troubadour Pero Mondes da Fonseca in a scoffing poem.
Libros
Authors: Cantera Montenegro Enrique , Donado Vara Julián , Ser Quijano Gregorio del
Published: December 2014

RESEÑA 1 de : Martín, José Luis. Abulenses en tiempos de Isabel la Católica. Institución «Gran Duque de Alba» de la Excma. Diputación Provincial. Ávila : 2004. RESEÑA 2 de : De la Torre Muñoz de Morales, Ignacio. Los Templarios y el origen de la Banca. Madrid : Ed. Dilema, 2004. RESEÑA 3 de : Barquero Goñi, Carlos. La Orden de San Juan de Jerusalén en Navarra. Siglos XIV y XV. Pamplona : Fundación Fuentes Dutor, 2004.
Límites y «Fronteras» en el Norte Peninsular : aproximación cartográfica al territorio de Cantabria entre el mundo antiguo y el medieval
Authors: Alvarez Llopis Elisa , Peña Bocos Esther
Published: December 2014

El objetivo de este breve estudio es reflexionar y aportar un nuevo enfoque sobre los límites del territorio cántabro en la Antigüedad tardía con nuevas pautas, nueva metodología, nuevas técnicas y con un aprovectiamiento exhaustivo de los datos aportados por las fuentes, tanto literarias como cronísticas y eclesiásticas como auxiliares (onomástica, epigrafía o arqueología), que utilizados de forma cartográfica se nos presenta como una forma de delimitar y reconstruir el espacio ocupado por los cántabros en época tardoantigua.The object of this brief study is to think about and provide a new approach to the limits of Cantabrian territory in the late ancient times, using new guidelines, a new methodology, new techniques, and making a thorough use of the Information provided by the different sources, namely literary, chronicle and ecclesiastic, as well as secondary sources (onomastics, epigraphics and archeologlcal). All of which, usad in a cartographical manner, appear as a useful way to delimit and reconstruct the physical space occupied by the cantabrian people in the Late Ancient ages.
Artes pesqueras en la cuenca alta y media del Tajo (siglos XII-XVI)
Authors: Sánchez Quiñones Julián
Published: December 2014

A lo largo de este artículo hemos intentado hacer un análisis lo más profundo posible de las distintas artes pesqueras presentes en las cuencas alta y media del Tajo entre los siglos xii al xvi. Hemos procurado asimismo estudiar las distintas variantes en los instrumentos mencionados, así como la frecuencia con que aparecen en la región. La segunda parte de nuestro artículo se destinó a plantear los posibles problemas que el uso de determinados aparejos podían provocar en la fauna y las medidas tomadas por los poderes públicos para evitar daños excesivos en sus recursos.During this article we have tried to make a deep analysis of the different tools for fishing in the high and middie river basin of the Tagus, among Xllth and XVIth centuries. We have seen the varying of these tools and the frequency with which they appeared in our región too. The second place of our article was assigned to plan the possible troubles in the fauna provoked for the using of these Instruments and measures taken for public powers to avoid excessive damages in their means.
Libros
Authors: Carrasco García Gonzalo , López Pita Paulina , Cantera Montenegro Enrique , Diago Hernando Máximo
Published: December 2014

RESEÑA 1 de : Echevarría Arsuaga, Ana. Caballeros en la frontera. La guardia morisca de los reyes de Castilla (1410-1467). Madrid : UNED, 2006. RESEÑA 2 de : Bueno, María Luisa. Miradas Medievales : más allá del hombre y de la mujer. Ed. Dilex, S.L., 2006. RESEÑA 3 de : Fuente, María Jesús. Velos y desvelos. Cristianas, musulmanas y judías en la España medieval. Madrid : La Esfera de los Libros, 2006. RESEÑA 4 de : Quintanilla Raso, Mª Concepción. Titulos, grandes del reino y grandeza en la sociedad política. Fundamentos en la Castilla medieval. Madrid : Sílex, 2006. RESEÑA 5 de : Cateura Bennásser, Pau. Comprar, Vendre i Pagar al Rei. Els impostos indirectes al Regne de Mallorca (segles XIV-XV). Palma de Mallorca : El Tall Editorial, 2006.
Algunas consideraciones sobre la legislación musulmana concernientes a los mozárabes
Authors: López Pita Paulina
Published: December 2014

Aunque el estudio de los mozárabes ha dado lugar a una amplia producción historiográfica, en este trabajo se ponen de relieve diversos aspectos de la legislación musulmana concernientes a este grupo de población, denominado, junto a los judíos, dimmíes o gentes que gozaban de protección. Estas normas tomaron como base El Corán, la Sunna y los pactos o capitulaciones que les habían sido otorgados, variando con el tiempo algunas de ellas en diversos lugares. Estas disposiciones determinaron sus derechos y obligaciones, la forma en que debían comportarse, de manera especial respecto a los musulmanes, bajo cuya autoridad decidieron quedarse a vivir. Este estudio trata de profundizar en el conocimiento del estado y la condición social en que vivieron los súbditos cristianos bajo dominio musulmán, tanto en la Península Ibérica como fuera de ella, y valorar si existió una convivencia auténtica entre musulmanes y cristianos.Although the study of the Mozarabs has given rise to a wide historiographic production, in this work are emphasized different aspects of the Muslim law concerning this group of population, named, together with the Jews, dimmíes or people who enjoyed protection. These rules were based in the Koran, the Sunnah and in the agreements or pacts that had been granted them, varying some of them in the course of time in different places. These agreements fixed their rights and duties, the way in which they had to behave, especially with respect to the Muslims, under whose authority they decided to live. This study tries to deepen in the knowledge of the state and the social condition in which the Christian subjects lived under Muslim authority, as much in the Iberian Peninsula as outside, and to value if an authentic coexistence existed among Muslims and Christians.
El Pallars en los libros manuscritos y la documentación del Archivo Ducal de Medinaceli
Authors: Sánchez González Antonio
Published: December 2014

La dilatada historia del dominio feudal de Pallars, en el Pirineo catalán, que arranca en el siglo IX en el seno del Imperio Carolingio, del que pronto se independiza convirtiéndose en condado autónomo, originó un valioso Archivo en poder de sus condes y marqueses, que fue reorganizado y descrito al detalle en el siglo XVII. Esos pergaminos, papeles y libros manuscritos del Pallars (hoy conservados en el Archivo Ducal de Medinaceli) son aquí protagonistas por partida doble: como fuente de primera mano para recrear la evolución histórica pallarense, por un lado, y como integrantes de un archivo condal cuya historia aquí también se desentraña, por otro. Por último, interesantes aspectos del gobierno del dominio catalán y de algunas de las poblaciones que lo componían se describen en varios de sus libros manuscritos.The extensive history of the feudal dominium of Pallars, in the Catalonia Pyrenees, starts in the 9th century in the Carolingian Empire, from which it will get the independence very soon changing into an autonomous county, originated a valuable Archive owned by his Counts and Marquises was originated. It was reorganized and described in detail in the 17th century. Those scrolls, papers and manuscripts books from Pallars (nowadays maintained in the Ducal Archive of Medinaceli) are protagonists in a double sense, on one hand as first-hand source in order to recreate the Pallars historic evolution; on the other hand as an integral part of a count archive whose history is also unravelled. Finally, some of theirs manuscripts books describe interesting aspects about the Catalonian domain government and about some of its populations.
El celibato eclesiástico, barraganas y contestación social en la Castilla bajomedieval
Authors: Arranz Gúzman Ana
Published: December 2014

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Simbología y ritual en torno a las relaciones y conflictos sociales del clero burgalés durante la baja Edad Media
Authors: Díaz Ibáñez Jorge
Published: December 2014

En este trabajo se analizan diferentes tipos de rituales y símbolos que desempeñaron un importante papel, como instrumentos de comunicación de determinados mensajes, en las relaciones y conflictos sociales del clero burgalés durante la baja Edad Media, prestándose una especial atención a cuestiones como, entre otras, los juramentos, el ritual de excomunión, la celebración de procesiones, los actos de perdón y penitencia, la defensa de la honra y el bien común, el orden de preeminencia entre los miembros del clero catedralicio y la defensa del privilegio de exención diocesana frente a la jurisdicción metropolitana.In this article different kinds of rituals and symbols are studied because they played an important role as instruments of communication of a certain kind of messages, in the social relationship and conflicts of the clergy of Burgos through the late Middle Ages. Some matters analyzed with special attention are the oaths, the rites of excommunication, the processions, the actions of remission and penance, the defence of honour and the common good, the pre-eminence order amongst the members of the cathedral clergy and the defence of the privilege of diocesan exemption from the metropolitan jurisdiction.
Tierra, poder y violencia en torno a la consolidación de las oligarquías concejiles en el siglo XV : el caso de los caballeros abulenses
Authors: Luchía Corina
Published: December 2014

La consolidación del poder de las oligarquías villanas en los concejos de realengo será objeto de estudio en esta contribución a través del seguimiento de la actuación del linaje de los Dávila, de destacada participación en la ciudad de Ávila durante el siglo XV. El proceso de constitución como elite dominante se despliega a partir de una activa política de acumulación económica, que incluye la concentración de la tierra en manos del grupo a costa de la disposición de los suelos por los campesinos de la Tierra. Por otra parte, los caballeros se orientan a promocionarse también como elite dirigente, para lo cual establecen vínculos de cooperación con la monarquía, a la vez que logran ocupar posiciones claves dentro del propio aparato concejil. El seguimiento de las diversas acciones que realizan los miembros de la oligarquía para ascender económica y políticamente posibilita reconocer la dimensión estratégica que adquiere el empleo de la violencia en el largo desarrollo que lleva al encumbramiento de esta minoría villana.In this paper we study the consolidation of power of local oligarchies in the royal councils by monitoring the highly influential performance of the lineage of Davila in the 15th century city of Avila. The process of its consolidation as the dominant elite was developed by means of an active policy of economic accumulation, including the concentration of land in the hands of the group at the expense of the provision of land for peasants. Moreover, the knights tried to promote themselves as a ruling elite as well, by establishing cooperation links with the monarchy, and also by occupying key positions within the council organization. The analysis of the different actions performed by the oligarchy members in order to rise both economically and politically allows us to recognize how the use of violence becomes a strategic dimension in the long development that leads to the rise of this villain minority.
RESEÑA de : Arnold, John H. What is Medieval History?. Cambridge : Polity Press, 2008.
Authors: Carrasco García Gonzalo
Published: December 2014

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Moriscos, esclavos y minas : comentario al memorial de Juan López de Ugarte o sobre cómo introducir a los moriscos en la labor de minas
Authors: Boyano Guerra Isabel
Published: December 2014

Juan López de Ugarte, administrador general de minas, expone en el memorial que dirigió a Felipe III el 22 de agosto de 1609 dos problemas y una solución conjunta: la escasez de mano de obra para las minas, concretamente las de Almadén, y la consiguiente falta de azogue, con el llamado «problema morisco», argumentando que el uso de los moriscos para este trabajo supondría una solución más eficaz y que daría más beneficio a la Corona que la expulsión. En el memorial, que se presenta con la forma de los «arbitrios» dirigidos al rey que empezaron a proliferar a finales del siglo anterior y pretendían solucionar los problemas económico-sociales de España, los moriscos aparecen como inasimilables por permanecer «moros» en el interior, pese a ser cristianos en todos los aspectos visibles. La fecha de redacción del informe muestra cómo la decisión de la expulsión de la población morisca, largamente discutida tanto en el ámbito político como en el eclesiástico desde el último tercio del siglo anterior, se resolvió sobre la marcha. En el año en que comenzó a decretarse la expulsión la corona seguía buscando posibles modos de evitar una solución tan radical como el destierro. La esclavitud, por tanto, se presentaba como una solución menos drástica que otras planteadas y asumible por las conciencias cristianas, pese a las consecuencias para la vida de los esclavos de las minas de azogue.Juan López de Ugarte, general manager of mines, in his Memorial addressed to Philip III on August 22, 1609, states two problems and a common solution: the shortage of labour for the mines, specifically those of Almadén, and the consequent lack of mercury, and the socalled «Morisco problem», arguing that the use of the moriscos for the work would be a more effective solution and would give more benefit to the Crown than the expulsion. In the Memorial, written according to the form of the genre of «arbitrios», open letters addressed to the king that began to proliferate at the end of the previous century and sought to solve the socio-economic problems of Spain, the Moriscos are represented as unassimilable «for they remain Moors in their soul», despite being Christians in all visible aspects. The report’s date shows how the decision of the expulsion of the morisco population, discussed at length at both the political and the ecclesiastical fields from the last third of the previous century, was resolved on the fly. In the same year when the expulsion began to been decreed, the Crown was still looking for possible ways to avoid a solution so radical as exile. Slavery was thus presented as a less drastic response, easier to assume by Christian consciences, despite its consequences for the lives of slaves in the mines of mercury.
Mano de obra esclava en Al-Andalus
Authors: De la Puente Cristina
Published: December 2014

Este artículo pone de manifiesto la falta de fuentes documentales árabes para el estudio de los oficios de los esclavos en al-Andalus y, sobre todo, para poder llevar a cabo un estudio sistemático de cuáles eran las ocupaciones de los individuos según fueran libres o esclavos. El trabajo se estructura en dos partes: la primera dedicada a los esclavos en el medio rural; y otra dedicada a la información sobre los esclavos en los espacios urbanos. Con este fin se emplean fuentes árabes pertenecientes a distintos géneros y se atiende, especialmente, al contenido de los textos jurídicos, ya que puede afirmarse que es la literatura que proporciona, en general, mayor información acerca de la esclavitud.This paper sets forth the lack of Arabic documental sources for the study of the trades or professions of slaves in Al- Andalus, especially in order to undertake a systematic survey of the different occupations that an individual could have depending on his status of freedom or slavery. This work is structured in two parts, the first of them dedicated to slaves in rural environments, and the second to the information about slaves in urban spaces. Arabic sources of different genres are used to pursue these aims, with special attention to legal texts, the literature that, in general terms, can be considered as the richest in information about slavery.