bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Summary of Test Results from a NASA Lift + Cruise eVTOL Crash Test
Authors:   NASA Langley Research Center, Littell Justin , Putnam Jacob
Published: June 2023

On November 9, 2022, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) conducted a full-scale crash test of the NASA Lift+Cruise (LPC) reference vehicle at the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) Landing and Impact Research Facility (LandIR) under combined vertical and horizontal impact conditions to simulate a severe but survivable crash. The LPC test article is a carbon-composite skin/frame structure design, developed and fabricated for the cabin section only. The test utilized various configurations of seats and Anthropomorphic Test Devices (ATDs, a.k.a. crash test dummies) intended to encompass a variety of occupant conditions. In addition, an in-house developed energy absorbing subfloor was utilized for the evaluation of load attenuation.
Studying the Effect of Sensor Visualization and Graphical Augmentation on Obstacle Detection Time in the Low Altitude Flight Environment
Authors:   University of Michigan, Flanigen Paul ,   US Army ARL, Wilson Michael ,   Virginia Tech, Atkins Ella , Sarter Nadine
Published: June 2023

Obstacle strikes are only behind controlled flight into terrain as the known cause of fatal civilian helicopter accidents. Failing to notice obstacles is also a leading cause of military rotor craft mishaps. This can be explained, in part, by the fact that aircrews must quickly notice and locate a wide variety of hazards, including vertical obstacles while performing various other flight-related tasks. This need for divided attention calls for the development of better bottom-up support for obstacle detection through display design. To this end, the present study will employ a within-subjects design to assess the efficacy of visualization types (unaided, image intensification, or thermal imaging) and obstacle augmentation approaches (none, a priori circles, or active sensor boxes around the obstacle) for aiding hazard awareness and avoidance. Performance and eye tracking data, verbal behavior, and qualitative feedback will be collected to assess pilots' ability to balance vital aircraft state awareness with timely perception of obstacles in the low altitude flight environment. Ultimately, the results from this study will contribute to the literature in visual attention and interface design, potentially increasing safety during helicopter flight operations.
Verifying the Fidelity of the Acceleration in Surge and the Rotational Velocity in Yaw Directions for a Flight Simulation Platform
Authors:   Gannon University, Miller Spencer , Piovesan Davide , Ji Xiaoxu
Published: June 2023

Flight simulators are training devices that are meant to assist the pilot in learning the mechanics and feel of flying an aircraft without actually leaving the ground. The Stewart platform is a six degree of freedom platform capable of simulation precise movements as well as vibrations. In this paper the fidelity of a Stewart platform will be tested in the surge direction as well as yaw rotation. The fidelity of the platform will be tested to ensure accuracy when being used as a flight simulator to train future pilots before they leave the ground in an aircraft to further prevent potential accidents. The movements for verification will be generated using MATLAB and used as an input to the platform which will collect the movements with a 6 axis inertial movement unit. The results show that the fidelity of the Stewart platform satisfies the standards to be used as a flight simulator training device.
Validation of a Motion Sickness Prediction Model via Flight Tests on DLR's Bo-105 Helicopter
Authors:   German Aerospace Center - DLR, Petit Philippe
Published: June 2023

In previous work, a motion sickness prediction model aimed at vertical lift applications was developed. To validate this model, flight tests with a MBB Bo-105 Helicopter owned and operated by the DLR were conducted. In total, 32 test subjects were flown in 16 sorties on 30 minute sinusoidal flight paths of various frequencies. The test design and implementation included the development of a suitable measurement flight instrumentation, auditive cueing systems for accurate following of the test trajectory and questionnaires for recording motion sickness during flight. The results are analyzed and it is shown that the previously developed motion sickness prediction model agrees well with the motion sickness observed during flight in the case of medium motion sickness.
Gaze Movements of Helicopter Pilots during real and simulated Take-Off and Landing Maneuvers
Authors:   German Aerospace Center - DLR, Greiwe Daniel , Friedrich Maik
Published: June 2023

Most accidents and serious incidents of commercial air transport helicopters occur during standard flight phases, whereby a main cause are pilots' situational awareness. Enabling pilots to better assess their situational awareness can make an important contribution in reducing the risk of fatal accidents. One approach is to examine pilot's gaze behavior with the help of eye tracking. This paper reports the results of eye tracking measurement during real flight and simulator studies of a standard mission profile. The general gaze behavior is characterized by a dominant, external view and the airspeed and altitude indicator as the most important flight instruments. A real-world applicability of gaze data obtained in the simulator could be shown.
Simulated Flight Trial Assessment of Novel Autorotation Cueing Methods using a Head Down Display
Authors:   Canfield University, Alam Mushfiqul ,   The University of Liverpool, Jump Michael ,   Georgia Institute of Technology, Rogers Jonathan
Published: June 2023

Autorotation is an emergency maneuver executed by helicopter pilots usually following a loss of power, mechanical or system failure. The pilot is required to perform several tasks simultaneously and the timing of each of these must be precisely controlled. Workload can be high throughout the maneuver and the consequences of getting things wrong can be serious, if not fatal. Following on from a series of studies that investigated the use of both head-up displays and haptic cueing methods to assist pilots to fly the maneuver more safely and consistently, this paper presents a pilot-in-the-loop flight simulation study to explore the use of pilot cues provided on a head-down display. These provided pitch angle (and hence airspeed) cueing to the pilot. The cueing symbology was tested for a straight-in autorotation approach for a number of different visual environments and the results compared to equivalent cases where no cueing was present. The cues were assessed both subjectively, via pilots providing Bedford Pilot Workload Ratings, as well as objectively, via analysis of the flight path performance achieved. The subjective evaluation showed that cues using the head-down display were useful in terms of pilot workload reduction, particularly for the degraded visual environment scenario tested. The objective assessment revealed that pilots were able to establish the steady state descent more quickly and maintain forward airspeed within the specified bounds more reliably with the aid of the cues.
High Speed Whirl Flutter Tests of the Maryland Tiltrotor Rig
Authors:   University of Maryland, Akinwale Akinola , Datta Anubhav
Published: June 2023

A 4.5-ft diameter proprotor was tested on the Maryland Tiltrotor Rig (MTR) in free-wheeling airplane mode reaching unprecedented speeds of up to 200 knots. Data was acquired at two wind-tunnels --- Navy Carderock tunnel and the Glenn L. Martin tunnel and for two hub configurations --- gimbal free and gimbal locked. The data consisted of frequency and damping of beam, chord, and torsion motions of the wing-pylon system at a Froude-scale RPM of 1050. The roots were extracted with two methods --- Moving-Block and Prony. The tests shed light on the nature of roots in high-speed tiltrotor flight. The key conclusions were: 1) the beam and chord damping always remained low to around 1-2%, 2) torsion damping was higher around 3-6%, 3) the gimbal-locked condition increased chord and torsion significantly and also changed their trends with speed, 4) the model remained flutter-free up to 200 knots, and 5) the chord damping showed signs of a sudden drop after 175 knots.
S-97 Raider® Maneuvering Loads Flight Test and Simulation Correlation
Authors:   Sikorsky a Lockheed Martin Company, Zhao Jinggen , Wilson Mark , Welsh William
Published: June 2023

This paper demonstrates the recent success of applying advanced digital modeling and simulation tools to simulate challenging transient maneuver flight conditions and shows the resulting correlation with flight test. To understand and improve the predictive capabilities for advanced rotorcraft configurations such as the coaxial aircraft, a multi-year effort has been pursued to develop a coupled full aircraft Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Computational Structural Dynamics (CSD) methodology for both steady and transient maneuver flight conditions. The CFD-CSD full-aircraft transient maneuver simulation methodology developed was applied to simulate S-97 RAIDER® aircraft for both a low-speed level-body acceleration (using only the propulsor to accelerate the aircraft) and a 2.0g pull-up maneuver. In-depth studies were carried out to gain insights into flight test observations and to identify important modeling feature enhancements to better simulate the complex aerodynamic and structural couplings between the rotor and airframe systems. Overall, the simulation results at these transient maneuver conditions demonstrated reasonably good correlation with the corresponding flight test data. This study shows that usage of the current state-of-the-art methodology, when carefully validated and applied, can capture the complex coaxial rotor physics due to fluid and structure interaction with sufficient accuracy to support designs.
Physics-based Model Identification of a Lead-lag Damper with Wearing
Authors:   Leonardo Helicopters, Zilletti Michele , Pellegrino Federico , Fosco Ermanno
Published: June 2023

In this paper, the identification of a time-domain numerical model of a lead-lag damper assembly consisting of a damper body connected to a link is discussed. Lead-lag dampers are fundamental components to guarantee the stability of helicopters as they increase the damping of the blade lead-lag motion. Thus, an accurate model of their dynamics is essential to predict complex phenomena such as instabilities, limit cycles, etc. It has been also observed that a significant contribution to the dynamical behavior of the rotor is not only given by the response of the damper itself but also by the presence of other components used in the installation. For example, an important role is played by the link connecting the damper body to the rotor blade not only in nominal conditions but also in the presence of possible wearing of the link joints (e.g. elastomeric material damage, free-play, etc.). This work discusses a data-driven approach used to identify a physics-based damper assembly model. Furthermore, the loss of performance due to the wearing of the damper link joints is modeled and analyzed.
Rapid Methods for the Aeroelastic Analysis of VTOL Blades in Hover Flight
Authors:   ONERA - University of Paris-Saclay, Aguirre Mikel ,   LMSSC, Flament Theo , Bernardos Luis , Bravo Miguel
Published: June 2023

This work concerns the numerical steady aeroelastic modelling of Vertical Take-off and Landing (VTOL) blades. The originality of this work is the use of rapid methods to represent both the structure and the aerodynamics. The structure is modelled with projection based reduced-order models (ROMs), which are widely used in turbomachinery and are well adapted to VTOL blades analyses. In order to cover a large number of rotating velocities the structural ROM is parametrised as a function of the rotating velocity in terms of the stiffness and the pre-stressed state due to rotation. The aerodynamics is modelled with the Blade Element Momentum Theory (BEMT) and the Vortex Particle Method (VPM). In this article, the underlying concepts of the aeroelastic coupling implementation using the parametrised ROM and the rapid aerodynamic models are introduced. Then such concepts are applied to the design of a blade. The influence of the structural mesh discretisation, the validation of the proposed parametric model and the aeroelastic coupling analysis are performed both for small displacements and for nonlinear large displacements.
The Battery Cooling Design and Simulation Study in Multirotor eVTOL Aircraft
Authors:   Zhejiang University, Shao Linato , Xie Auhuan , Cai Jiandong , Zhu Yunzheng , Zhu Shiqiang
Published: June 2023

High-specific energy Li-ion batteries are widely used in eVTOL aircraft and usually rapidly heat up during flight. Therefore, proper and efficient cooling strategies should be adopted during eVTOL design in order to prevent overheating. This paper collected and compared the battery cooling strategies adopted by different eVTOL aircraft manufacturers based on published patents. The choice of battery cooling strategies could be influenced by aircraft configurations. The ZJCopter eVTOL aircraft developed by Zhejiang Lab adopted the PCM cooling method as a fast-cooling and lightweight battery cooling strategy. The effectiveness of this cooling method was demonstrated by comparing it with air cooling method through simulation, which showed that the PCM cooling method can reduce the average and maximum temperatures of the battery. Moreover, increasing the heat transfer area and thickness of the PCM layers could improve the cooling effect even further.
Control Power Margin as a Certification Consideration for Distributed Electric Propulsion (DFP) Aircraft
Authors:   Continuum Dynamics Inc., Jr. Robert ,   M.I.T., Hansman John ,   FAA, Zizoo David , Wachspress Daniel , Stadtmeuller Tranci , Dellmyer Dan
Published: June 2023

On-going work in examining the potential use of on-board calculation of remaining control power margin (RCP) for distributed electric propulsion (DEP) aircraft is described, where that metric may be an indicator of the capability of the vehicle to accommodate operational disturbances and avoid loss of control (LOC) events. Analysis and simulation modeling for the DEP vehicle is using CDI's CHARM (Comprehensive Heirarchical Aeromechanics Rotorcraft Model) code for representing the highly interactional aerodynamic environment for these aircraft, with the RCP algorithm development tested in both simulation and scaled flight experiments of representative DEP configurations
Flight Dynamics and Control of the Butterfly eVTOL Aircraft in Hover
Authors:   Overair Inc., Singh Puneet
Published: June 2023

The Butterfly eVTOL aircraft configuration includes four tilting propellers based on Optimum Speed Tilt Rotor technology. The propellers have the ability to operate over a wide range of rotor speeds and therefore generate thrust efficiently in all design flight conditions. Individual blade control actuators are used to provide cyclic inputs and generate hub mast moments. The combined features of variable RPM and mast moment control gives the Butterfly the unique ability to operate with sufficient control margins even with two operational propellers. This paper describes the control methodology to stabilize and operate the aircraft in both the normal and multiple failed propeller conditions. The propeller performance and control response is validated with experiments. The effect of the control methodology and propeller performance on the center of gravity envelope is analyzed. A simple feedback control scheme is applied to demonstrate the efficacy of the control methodology in normal and failure modes.
Method for Predicting Multi-Axis Task Performance and Handling Qualities Rating for a Coaxial-Compound and Tiltrotor Rotorcraft with Validating Data
Authors:   San Jose State University, Bachelder Edward ,   US Army CCDC AvMC, Berger Tom ,   FAA, Aponso Bimal , Lusardi Jeff
Published: June 2023

The Cooper-Harper scale provides a structured approach for assessing handling qualities. It ties performance and relative pilot workload to the Handling Qualities Rating (HQR) of a task such that neither one, in isolation, is used to assess handling qualities. Prior work demonstrated that the Spare Capacity OPerator Estimator (SCOPE), whose elements derive from tracking error and pilot control motion, could predict HQR and performance for a single-axis task by applying a model of pilot control and an objective function driving pilot behavior to establish reference workload associated with Level 1 and Level 2 handling qualities. Level 1 workload is generated using elementary vehicle dynamics for executing the task. Level 2 workload is generated using vehicle dynamics that are degraded to produce a response coinciding with the adequate performance criteria. This method of workload calibration avoids using training data collected from pilots. The work presented in this paper extends SCOPE's single-axis predictive capabilities to multi-axis coupled control using the same perceptual principles used in SCOPE, where individual stimuli are perceived collectively as the product of their logarithms. SCOPE's predictive performance and HQR estimates were tested using data from a high-fidelity piloted simulation study for a variety of evaluation tasks using two representative Future Vertical Lift rotorcraft configurations (a lift offset coaxial helicopter with a pusher propeller and a tiltrotor). The SCOPE derived estimates compared favorably with the pilot performance and ratings from the simulation study.
Full-Body Haptic Cueing Algorithms for Augmented Pilot Perception in Degraded/Denied Visual Environments
Authors:   University of Maryland, Morcos Michael ,   US Army CCDC, Berger Tom ,   San Jose State University, Godfroy-Cooper Martime , Fishman Spencer , Cocco Alessandro , Saetti Umberto , Bachelder Edward
Published: June 2023

This paper demonstrates the development, implementation, and testing of full-body haptic cueing algorithms for augmented pilot perception. Full-body haptics is in the form of localized electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) is achieved via a commercial, off-the-shelf product called TESLASUIT. Cueing algorithms are developed for roll-axis compensatory tracking tasks where the pilot acts on the displayed error between a desired input and the comparable vehicle output motion to produce a control action. The error is displayed to the pilot using three different cueing modalities: visual, haptic, and combined visual and haptic. For the visual and combined visual and haptic modalities, visual cues are also considered in degraded visual environments (DVE). Full-body haptic cueing algorithms that are based on a proportional-derivative (PD) compensation strategy on the tracking error are found to provide satisfactory pilot vehicle system (PVS) performance for the task in consideration when using haptic feedback only (no visual cues) and to improve PVS performance in DVE when using combined visual and haptic feedback. These results indicate that the use of secondary sensory cues such as full-body haptics to augment the pilot perception can lead to improved/partially-restored PVS performance when primary sensory cues like vision are impaired or denied.
Unmanned Aerial System Handling Qualities Framework Applicability to Heavy Gross Weight Mission-Configured UAS
Authors:   University of Portland, Ivler Christina ,   US Naval Test Pilot School, Geyer William , Pua Adam , Possedi Connor
Published: June 2023

Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) are becoming more prominent across both commercial and military applications, and the need to define handling qualities requirements for assessing vertical lift UAS ability to meet mission demands is essential. The UAS handling qualities requirement must be scalable and apply to the wide range of airframe configurations across their operational flight envelopes, due to the increasing variety of unmanned or optionally manned systems. Flying and handling qualities criteria are well defined in ADS-33E-PRF for manned vertical lift aircraft, where the predictive requirements and mission task elements have proven effective on a wide range of aircraft with varying configurations, sizes and loading configurations. A similar robustness is needed in an effective vertical lift UAS handling qualities framework. This paper builds upon previous work towards a scalable vertical lift UAS handling qualities framework by evaluating the robustness of this framework on a representative range of Group 1 UAS in various sizes, configurations, and loading conditions. Two group 1 UAS, a hexacopter (1.8 ft hub-to-hub) and a single main rotor Synergy 626 (4.6 ft rotor diameter) were extensively evaluated with the framework, using two mission task elements each, evaluated across a range of mission and empty weight configurations, with low and high aggressiveness. A third Group 1 UAS, a coaxial (8 propeller) quadcopter (1.83 ft hub-to-hub), was evaluated with the framework in a mission weight configuration at nominal aggressiveness. The key outcomes of the work are updated time-to-complete specifications that are more consistent with waypoint navigation, validation of MTE courses and performance specifications at alternate loading conditions, and validation of the robustness of the Froude-scaled ADS-33E-PRF Level 1 attitude bandwidth and disturbance rejections bandwidth metrics as predictive requirements.
Assessment of Salivary Levels of the RANKL and RANK in Patients with Healthy Gingiva on Reduced Periodontium Versus Periodontitis
Authors: Muhssin Shurooq Abdulkareem , Akram Hadeel Mazin
Published: June 2023

Introduction:

We aimed to compare the changes in the two salivary biomarkers, RANKL and RANK, among patients with healthy gingiva on reduced periodontium versus generalized periodontitis stages II and III.

Methods:

Study subjects were divided into three groups: (1) healthy periodontium (control group) (n = 15), (2) generalized periodontitis stages II and III (n = 30), and (3) healthy gingiva on reduced periodontium (n = 30). Salivary levels of RANKL and RANK were assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data analysis was done by the one-way ANOVA and the Tukey post hoc test using R software.

Results:

There was a statistically significant difference among the three study groups regarding salivary levels of the RANKL (P < 0.001) and RANK (P < 0.001). A Post hoc test showed that the difference between salivary levels of the RANKL (P = 0.50) and RANK (P = 0.86) among periodontitis groups and healthy gingiva in the reduced periodontium group was not statistically significant.

Conclusion:

High salivary levels of RANKL and RANK in comparison with healthy gingiva are not necessarily associated with the active phase of periodontal disease and progressive bone destruction.
Angiopoietin-like protein 5
Authors: ElShiekh Mai S. , El-Kassas Ghada M. , El Wakeel Maged A. , Zaki Dina A. , Atta Hanan , Mostafa Dina Y. , El-Zayat Salwa R. , Elsawy Ghadir M.
Published: June 2023

Background

Obesity has recently been identified as a risk factor for coronavirus disease-19. There is a significant correlation between obesity rates with metabolic syndrome and coronavirus disease-19 in children worldwide. Owing to the high expression in adipose tissue, angiopoietin-like protein 5 (ANGPTL5) might be assumed to have a broad range of physiological processes in lipid, glucose homeostasis, and inflammatory responses.

Objective

To examine the association between childhood obesity and plasma ANGPTL5 levels in an attempt to demonstrate the probable relationships of plasma levels of ANGPTL5 with unacylated ghrelin and obestatin and its relevance to metabolic parameters in obese versus normal-weight children and adolescents.

Patients and methods

A total of 90 children between 5 and 15 years of age were randomly enrolled in this cross-sectional case–control study. They were classified into obese patients (n=45) and nonobese controls (n=45). BMI for age was calculated following WHO guidelines. Serum levels of ANGPTL5, obestatin, and unacylated ghrelin were measured and correlated with the anthropometric measurements and biochemical markers of metabolic syndrome.

Results

A highly significant positive correlation was observed between the serum level of ANGPTL5 and the weight z score. Moreover, a significant positive correlation between ANGPTL5 and the investigated diabetic parameters (glucose, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance) and high sensitivity C-reactive protein was detected. The increased weight in children was associated with a higher level of ANGPTL5 in parallel with the observed elevated insulin resistance.

Conclusion

ANGPTL5 might be considered a promising sensitive assessment biomarker to be applied for early diagnosis and prognosis of obese children with a high risk of cardio-metabolic diseases.
Response of growth, productivity, and active constituents of Hyssopus officinalis to irrigation and salicylic acid foliar application
Authors: Fouad Rasha , Fouad Hend , Elsayed Shaimaa I.M. , Hendawy Saber F. , Omer Elsayed A.
Published: June 2023

Background

As hyssop was recently introduced for cultivation in Egypt, it is recommended to know its optimal agronomic management practices, especially the irrigation management.

Objective

This work demonstrates the effect of the number of irrigation times per week and foliar spraying of different concentrations of salicylic acid and the interaction between them on the hyssop planted in sandy soil and under the drip irrigation system.

Materials and methods

In the 2-year experiment, three irrigation treatments, that is, once, twice, and three times per week, were applied with three concentrations of salicylic acid (0, 100, and 200 ppm). The growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant activity, total phenolics, proline content, essential oil percentage, and yield along with the main constituents of the essential oil were studied in hyssop herb to find out the relationship between these characteristics and the applied treatments.

Results and conclusion

It was observed that increasing the number of irrigation times from once to twice and three times per week increased growth, yield, essential oil percentage (%), content (ml/plant), and yield (l/ha) significantly in both seasons, except essential oil (%) from plants irrigated twice per week in the first season, which increased insignificantly. The essential oil showed the main compounds as 3-pinanone, cis in most treatments, except plants irrigated twice and three times per week and sprayed with tap water, where the main component was trans-3-pinanone (38.70 and 32.94 %, respectively). 3-pinanone, cis relative percent ranged from 40.81 to 63.47% in plants irrigated once per week and from 16.78 to 58.49 % in plants irrigated at twice per week, and then from 30.17 to 47.56 % in plants irrigated three times per week. Oxygenated compounds increased under water deficit (once per week) and decreased with increasing salicylic acid concentration. It may be concluded that hyssop plants that were irrigated twice per week and sprayed with 100 ppm salicylic acid produced the highest yield of both herb and essential oil.
Management of Bone and Mineral Disease in Renal Transplant Patients
Authors: Dondapati Ashwini , Govindhan Priyanka , Subashchandrabose Priya , Govindaraj A. B. , Mathew Milly , Abraham Georgi
Published: June 2023

Mineral and bone disease in the posttransplantation patient is common and requires thorough evaluation for appropriate management. This includes secondary renal osteodystrophy, rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, and osteonecrosis. Biochemical markers along with imaging and bone biopsy help to establish the diagnosis and treatment planning. Lack of appropriate management plan can lead to chronic pains, fractures, and osteonecrosis affecting long-term bone health. Tailoring immunosuppressants with appropriate medical therapy, nutritional supplements, and anti-resorptive agents is the mainstay of treatment. Here, we discuss the current management strategies with illustrative cases.
Perspectives of Men with Early Onset Substance Dependence: A Qualitative Enquiry into Recovery
Authors: Anand Tanya , Kandasamy Arun , Suman L. N.
Published: June 2023

Background:

Literature in the area of substance dependence treatment and outcomes is vast. However, the meaning of recovery and its processes from the perspectives of men with substance dependence are limited in literature. Their voices and felt needs in treatment are pertinent in prevention of substance dependence and improving treatment engagement.

Aim:

This study aimed to explore perspectives on recovery of men with early-onset substance dependence who sought treatment in a deaddiction centre of a tertiary care hospital in India.

Methods:

The study had a qualitative research design. A semi-structured interview schedule (SIS) was prepared for 30 male patients who developed substance dependence at an early age (≤22 years).

Results:

The mean age of the sample was 26.47 years (standard deviation = 6.13). The SIS elicited perceived facilitators and barriers to recovery. Thematic analysis of interviews revealed themes about the subjective beliefs about recovery and its definition from the patients’ perspectives, which included goals concerning substance use, lifestyle, personal growth, and the role of family and ecological factors.

Conclusion:

The model of recovery developed based on the findings of this study elucidates factors in recovery and provides inputs for psychotherapy for substance dependence. The role of family in recovery from alcohol and dependence has been highlighted. It presents need for research in the area of family psychotherapy for men with substance dependence.
MFNs: the latest turn in the policy debate – key lessons from the CAT’s judgment on CompareTheMarket’s use of wide MFNs in home insurance
Authors: Ralston-Smith Helen , Shone Tamrat
Published: June 2023

For the last ten years, most-favoured-nation clauses (MFNs), also known as price parity clauses, have remained a hotly debated topic in competition policy. The direction of travel has generally been one-way, culminating with the UK and EU vertical block exemption regimes designating wide MFNs as ‘hardcore’ or excluded restrictions respectively. However, the UK Competition Appeal Tribunal’s judgment in BGL (Holdings) Limited v. Competition and Markets Authority injects nuance into the debate. The CAT found that, not only had the Competition and Markets Authority not proved its case on anti-competitive effects, but that it was unlikely that, in this case, wide MFNs had any effect on the key market outcomes of retail prices (i.e. insurance premiums), commissions paid by insurers to CompareTheMarket or increased barriers to entry.

The CAT’s judgment and the economic evidence presented throughout the case provide valuable insights into how the competitive effects of wide MFNs should be assessed, why harmful effects may not arise and the role that econometric evidence can play. As explained in this article, at most, MFNs (whether wide or narrow) only directly restrict intra-brand competition and, if coverage and adherence to the MFNs are limited, competitive effects (whether pro-competitive or anti-competitive) may not arise. In this case, there was an opportunity to test empirically for any competitive effects, as CompareTheMarket removed its wide MFNs shortly after the CMA’s investigation opened (and no other price comparison website had them in place). As described by the CAT, ‘such a “before and after” consideration at least prima facie lends itself to econometric analysis’, which can provide a robust comparison to the situation that prevailed when wide MFNs were applied. In contrast, the CAT raised concerns with the qualitative evidence relied on by the CMA and its absence of any quantitative analysis of the competitive effects, if any, of the wide MFNs.
Geminocystis urbisnovae sp. nov. (Chroococcales, Cyanobacteria): polyphasic description complemented with a survey of the family Geminocystaceae
Authors: Polyakova Elena , Averina Svetlana , Pinevich Alexander
Published: June 2023

Progress in phylogenomic analysis has led to a considerable re-evaluation of former cyanobacterial system, with many new taxa being established at different nomenclatural levels. The family Geminocystaceae is among cyanobacterial taxa recently described on the basis of polyphasic approach. Within this family, there are six genera: Geminocystis, Cyanobacterium, Geminobacterium, Annamia, Picocyanobacterium, and Microcrocis. The genus Geminocystis previously encompassed two species: G. herdmanii and G. papuanica. Herein, a new species G. urbisnovae was proposed under the provision of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN). Polyphasic analysis was performed for five strains from the CALU culture collection (St. Petersburg State University, Russian Federation), and they were assigned to the genus Geminocystis in accordance with high 16S rRNA gene similarity to existing species, as well as because of proximity to these species on the phylogenetic trees reconstructed with RaxML and Bayes methods. Plausibility of their assignment to a separate species of the genus Geminocystis was substantiated with smaller cell size; stenohaline freshwater ecotype; capability to complementary chromatic adaptation of second type (CA2); distinct 16S rRNA gene clustering; sequences and folding of D1−D1′ and B box domains of the 16S−23S internal transcribed spacer region. The second objective pursued by this communication was to provide a survey of the family Geminocystaceae. The overall assessment was that, despite attention of many researchers, this cyanobacterial family has been understudied and, especially in the case of the crucially important genus Cyanobacterium, taxonomically problematic.
Effects of salinity and irradiance on early developmental stages of Grateloupia turuturu (Halymeniaceae, Rhodophyta) tetrasporophytes
Authors: Jung Jae Woo , Xing Qikun , Park Ji-Sook , Yarish Charles , Kim Jang K.
Published: June 2023

Grateloupia turuturu is a red alga with a flat but firm slippery thallus. Throughout its lifetime, this alga experiences a wide range of environmental stresses in the intertidal rocky shores. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of salinity and irradiance on the early developmental stages of G. turuturu tetrasporophytes. The released carpospores were cultivated at different salinities (S = 15, 25, and 35) and irradiances (50, 100, and 200 μmol photons m-2 s-1). Germination of carpospores and development of juvenile tetrasporophytes were observed every 5 days and recorded by a digital camera. Discoid crusts were formed at all conditions within 5 days. The discoid crusts at 200 μmol photons m-2 s-1 died within 20 days regardless the salinity. The discoid crusts at S = 35 also died at all irradiance conditions within 25 days. Except for those at S = 35 and 200 μmol photons m-2 s-1, the discoid crusts reached about 8,000–9,000 μm2 by day 20. Regardless of irradiance, the upright thalli formation rate from discoid crusts was 85 and 10% at S = 15 and S = 25, respectively. These results suggest that salinity and irradiance are important factors influencing early developmental stages of G. turuturu.
A review of emerged constructed wetlands based on biochar filler: Wastewater purification and carbon sequestration/greenhouse gas reduction
Authors: Yang Rui , Yang Qiao
Published: June 2023

Constructed wetlands (CWs) are a promising ecological wastewater treatment technology. The method of biochar (BC) filler to enhance CWs has been widely researched in the past decade. This article summarizes the applications of BC-added CWs technology and consolidates the various impacts of BC filler on the operation of CWs, which can be divided into two aspects. One is to enhance the wastewater purification performance of CWs ecosystems, and the other is to improve the abilities of CWs to sequester carbon and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. These two aspects are precisely among the environmental challenges facing humanity globally. The BC prepared from CWs plants used as CWs filler can solve excess biomass in CWs. Moreover, the large specific surface area of BC, excellent adsorption performance, and good biocompatibility improve the sewage treatment effect of CWs. The BC has a high potential for stimulating the growth of CWs plants, biomass carbon sequestration, inhibition of organic carbon mineralization in CWs substrates, and reducing GHG emissions, which mitigates global climate change. In short, the BC-added CWs is a technology that combines wastewater purification and carbon sequestration/GHG reduction. This study provides solid references for the engineering promotion of CWs based on BC filler.
A Study on the Elements of Affordances in Metaverse-based Exhibitions for Alpha Generation
Authors:   Korea Institute of Design Research Society, Yoon Mi Yeon , Lee Ji Hye
Published: June 2023

Due to the global spread of the COVID-19 virus, virtual exhibitions based on untact have significantly increased in museums and art galleries. In order for the alpha generation as a new consumers to use metaverse exhibitions smoothly and effectively, adequate affordances based on behavior guidance should be provided in metaverse exhibition spaces, but research on this topic is lacking. In this study, all national museums and public art galleries in Korea were surveyed, and each affordances was evaluated based on the analysis conditions for the alpha generation extracted through prior research according to the concept of affordances by Hartson. As a result, while functional affordances were mostly met in virtual exhibitions, there were some limitations in physical and sensory affordances that could hinder the smooth use of metaverse exhibitions by the alpha generation, especially considering the lack of supply compared to demand. In addition, limitations were found due to the fact that it was conducted on a single medium. This study is significant in that it applies affordances to metaverse exhibition environments from the perspective of the alpha generation and proposes behavior guidance that they can use smoothly.
A Study on the Development of Metro Servicescape Evaluation Tool Based on Service Design Focusing on Busan Metro Servicescape Analysis
Authors:   Korea Institute of Design Research Society, Long Jia Xing , Lee Sung Pil
Published: June 2023

With economic and social development, people's pursuit of service quality is getting higher and higher, and the requirements for metros have also changed from fast, safe, and orderly means of movement to providing high-quality comfort and a full range of service experience. It is difficult to be perceived and evaluated by users. Therefore, to enable users to feel the service more intuitively, it is necessary to make the invisible service tangible. Therefore, to improve the service quality of the metro, based on the existing research on the metro servicescape, the metro service scene evaluation tool is developed through the research on the servicescape and service design visualization tools to help users evaluate the metro servicescape. This research studies the correlation between servicescape and service design visualization tools and derives six components of metro servicescape evaluation tools, and uses the Expert in-depth interview to verify and apply them. Therefore, this paper chooses Busan Metro as the object to evaluate when using the metro servicescape evaluation tool. The results are as follows: (1)Cleanliness: 60 points, (2)Spatiality: 50 points, (3)Comfort, Safety: 48 points, (4)Convenience: 44 points, (5)Aesthetics, Openness, Information: 35 points, (6)Sociality: 29 points, (7)Entertainment: 26 points. Through in-depth expert interviews and case studies, it was concluded that the subway servicescape evaluation tool plays an auxiliary role in the metro servicescape evaluation, orderly the evaluation process, and the corporate parts also provide valuable reference materials for the evaluation process.
A Study on the Influence of Ambiguous figure Expressions in Package Design on the Purchasing Behavior of Consumers
Authors:   Korea Institute of Design Research Society, Zhou Nan , Oh Yong Kyun
Published: June 2023

In a rapidly developing modern society, package design should be remembered by consumers as a discriminatory value between competitors in a shorter time than ever before. Package designs with ambiguous figure show emotional reactions such as interest in the process of generating various perceptions of seeing with the eyes, this dramatic confrontation of senses can help consumers remember the product. Therefore, this study first reviewed related theories and conducted case analysis focusing on four expression methods: overlap, transformation, modify, and concentration of ambiguous figure and through empirical analysis using SPSS, the effect of four expressions of ambiguous figure on consumers' purchasing behavior was verified based on the AIDA. According to the results,the most notable and most memorable expression methods of consumers appeared in the order of 'modify', 'concentration', 'overlap', 'transformation', and the “concentration” expression method had the greatest impact on consumers' purchasing behavior. Through this, theoretical basics and reference materials that can be referred to in future research on package design were provided.
A study on the ‘Performing Arts Using Extended Reality(XR)’: focusing on domestic and foreign cases
Authors:   Korea Institute of Design Research Society, Lee Yoo seok , Kim Tai wan
Published: June 2023

This study analyzed domestic and foreign cases of extended reality performances and analyzed them through in-depth interviews focusing on identity, attractiveness, novelty, and interaction factors to predict the future of extended reality performances. In Korea, performances using extended reality technology are being conducted in live concerts and music videos, and it can be seen that they are mainly used in concerts and fashion shows overseas. Based on the characteristics of extended reality performances, the identity of extended reality performances provides new visual experiences that have not been seen before, and attractiveness can realistically realize various imaginations that were impossible in real space. In addition, in terms of novelty, it was found that the quality of performances gradually improved as expanded reality technology developed. Finally, in terms of interaction, the audience directly participates in the performance, providing a differentiated experience, and through this, it was concluded that extended reality performance would become a new art form. These results are expected to present a direction for the performance industry along with the development of extended reality technology.
The Development of a Color Practical Education Program and the Analysis of Its Effectiveness in Connection with ‘Art Appreciation and Criticism’ as the High School Curricular Subject
Authors:   Korea Institute of Design Research Society, Kim Ha Young , Hyun Eun Ryung
Published: June 2023

This study recognized a problem about which the color education in public education of our country is being performed focusing on a theory with emphasizing the relevant sections in each of the emotional approach from the art subject and of the physical approach from the science teaching. And then, the color practical education program at high school was developed centering on the 2009 and 2015 Revised Curricula. During the two months of October and November in 2022, it applied the program targeting 20 third graders at D high school in Seoul who take the class for ‘Art Appreciation and Criticism’ and confirmed its effectiveness through the pre and post questionnaires. Key effectiveness questions include 7 items in totally 3 realms such as ‘awareness, understanding and attitude’ regarding the color education. The following are the research results according to this. First, the perception of importance on color appeared to be high in both before and after (t=1.099). The understanding about color could be known to have increased after the class (t=5.477). Finally, the attitude of trying to use color could be seen to have heightened either in daily life or in other fields after the practical training lesson (t=4.152). As the scientific technology advances, a human being’s sensitivity adjective of looking at the world is also changing rapidly. Hence, the transition to color education is urgent that is reflected the education focusing on the latest theory and diverse practical skills. These findings show the need to develop a variety of practical education for students who perceive the significance of color at ordinary times. This study is expected to be likely used as basic data that suggests the directivity of new color education at the point of time requiring this change.
Extra Credit as a Spaced-Study Motivator
Authors: Rocha Michael , Reynolds Margaret , Park Si
Published: June 2023

A big challenge in academia is motivating students and helping them store information long-term. One known method to help students retain information is spaced learning, which allows for certain time intervals in which concepts are re-tested versus waiting until the end of a block to test a learning objective. One method to motivate students is implementing bonus opportunities that keep students engaged in the material. We combine these methods via a spaced daily versus bulk review program incentivized with bonus points. To investigate this method, we designed and implemented a classroom research experiment during Fall of 2022 at the United States Military Academy in three courses. We found that students who were incentivized to do either daily or bulk review bonus opportunities were primarily those who already were doing well in the class. We also found that those who did not pursue bonus opportunities, regardless of section, indicated that time was their limiting factor. We present our findings including quantitative and qualitative results via course grades, mid-semester and end-of-semester surveys, and anecdotal experiences with our students. We then discuss the merit and potential improvement of the experiment to better understand the relationship between student motivation and long-term information retention.
The Present Situation of the Fisheries Sector in Iraq: A Critical Review
Authors: HARLIOĞLU Muzaffer , OMAR MUSTAFA MUSTAFA Shokri , BATOOL Zahra
Published: June 2023

In this review, the status of fisheries in Iraq is described. Iraq has two main water resources, the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, forming a water area of approximately 700,000 hectares. Surface waters are distributed as natural lakes (39%), dam lakes (13.3%), and rivers and their tributaries (3.7%). On the other hand, marshes constitute 44% of the water sources in Iraq. The Iraqi government began recording fish production from wild and aquaculture in 1986. Total fish production from freshwaters in Iraq in 1991 and 1998 were 18,800 and 30,000 tons, respectively. In 2020, the total fish production in Iraq reached to 241,848 tons (Anonymous, 2022a). The bulk of fish production belonged to carps followed by barbs (genus Barbus) and trouts. With respect to capture fishing in Iraq, a variety of trawl nets (single-bag and multi-bag) and gillnets have commonly been used. The 1970s and 1980s were characterized by low consumption of fish meat (i.e., 4.3 kg in 1979), but it has gradually increased over the last years and has reached a remarkable 10 kg per capita in 2020. In this review, freshwater and marine fish species, aquaculture production and wild catch, institutions and centers specialized in researching and developing fisheries, fish meat consumption, problems of the fishing industry and potential solutions to develop the fishing industry in Iraq are outlined. This is the first study on the present status of fisheries in Iraq.