bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zero-field nuclear magnetic resonance in high field by modulated rf sequences
Authors: Nishiyama Yusuke , Yamazaki Toshio
Published: April 2007

The authors propose a novel approach to design and evaluate sequences for zero-field NMR spectra in high field (ZFHF) by using amplitude and phase modulated rf sequences. ZFHF provide sharp peaks for the dipolar interaction between two nuclear spins even if the orientation of the molecules is distributed. The internuclear distance r can be directly obtained from the peak position which is proportional to r−3. Numerous ZFHF sequences are obtained. A sequence is selected from them by the systematic evaluation of the sequences. The new ZFHF sequence is less affected by chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) than the previous sequences; the sequence can be used for systems with large CSA such as a dipolar coupled C13-pair system under realistically high field. C13 ZFHF spectra of C213 diammonium succinate and C213 diammonium oxalate were observed under the 9.4T field.
Internal state distribution of the CF fragment from the 193nm photodissociation of CFCl and CFBr
Authors: Shin Seung Keun , Dagdigian Paul J.
Published: April 2007

The dynamics of the 193nm photodissociation of the CFCl and CFBr molecules have been investigated in a molecular beam experiment. The CFCl and CFBr parent molecules were generated by pyrolysis of CHFCl2 and CFBr3, respectively, and the CFCl and the CF photofragment were detected by laser fluorescence excitation. The 193nm attenuation cross section of CFCl was determined from the reduction of the CF photofragment signal as a function of the photolysis laser fluence. The internal state distribution was derived from the analysis of laser fluorescence excitation spectra in the AΣ+2–XΠ2 band system. A very low degree of rotational excitation, with essentially equal A′ and A″ Λ-doublet populations, and no vibrational excitation were found in the CF photofragment. The energy available to the photofragments is hence predominantly released as translational energy. The CF internal state distribution is consistent with the dissociation of a linear intermediate state. Considerations of CFCl electronic states suggest that a bent Rydberg state is initially excited.
Electronic circular dichroism spectra from the complex polarization propagator
Authors: Jiemchooroj Auayporn , Norman Patrick
Published: April 2007

The complex linear polarization propagator approach has been applied to the calculation of electronic circular dichroism spectra of 3R-chloro-1-butyne, 3R-methylcyclopentanone, 3S-methylcyclohexanone, 4R-1,1-dimethyl-[3]-(1,2)ferrocenophan-2-on, S-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethyl-1,1′-spirobi[3H,2,1]-benzoxaselenole, and the fullerene C84. Using time-dependent Kohn-Sham density functional theory, it is shown that a direct and efficient evaluation of the circular dichroism spectrum can be achieved. The approach allows for the determination of the circular dichroism at an arbitrary wavelength thereby, in a common formulation and implementation, covering the visible, ultraviolet, and x-ray regions of the spectrum. In contrast to traditional methods, the entire manifold of excited states is taken into account in the calculation of the circular dichroism at a given wavelength.
Impact of optical in-plane anisotropy on near-field phonon polariton spectroscopy
Authors: Schneider S. , Seidel J. , Grafström S. , Eng L. M. , Winnerl S. , Stehr D. , Helm M.
Published: April 2007

The authors report a spectroscopic near-field investigation using a tunable free-electron laser in combination with a scattering near-field optical microscope. They excite optically uniaxial LiNbO3 close to a phonon resonance in the infrared regime, thereby exciting a phonon polariton resonance in the coupled tip-sample system. They find that the resonance shows a clear dependence on the orientation of the optical axis of the birefringent crystal within the surface plane. This provides evidence that in addition to the dominant contribution of the dipole moment parallel to the tip axis, also the component along the surface is sensed in such a scattering experiment.
Quantum-mechanical model for estimating the number ratio between different valence cations in multiatom compounds
Authors: Tang G. D. , Hou D. L. , Chen W. , Zhao X. , Qi W. H.
Published: April 2007

A quantum-mechanical potential barrier model for estimating the number ratio between different valence cations in multiatom compounds is proposed. It is supposed that there is a potential barrier between a cation-anion pair. The height of the potential barrier is proportional to the ionization energy of the cation, and the width of the potential barrier is related to the distance between neighboring cations and anions. As examples for using this model, the distribution of cations with different valences in some ABO3 lanthanum manganites is explained satisfactorily.
ZnO-based film bulk acoustic resonator for high sensitivity biosensor applications
Authors: Yan Z. , Zhou X. Y. , Pang G. K. H. , Zhang T. , Liu W. L. , Cheng J. G. , Song Z. T. , Feng S. L. , Lai L. H. , Chen J. Z. , Wang Y.
Published: April 2007

Zinc oxide (ZnO)-based film bulk acoustic resonator consisting of a piezoelectric element (Au∕ZnO∕Pt) and a Bragg reflector (ZnO∕Pt multilayer structure) has been fabricated by magnetron sputtering. The transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction measurements revealed that all thin film layers in the device were well crystallized and highly textured. By electrical measurements, it was found that the device had a high resonant frequency (3.94GHz) and mass sensitivity (8970Hzcm2∕ng). The use of the device as a biosensor was demonstrated by comparing the resonant properties of the device with/without coatings of biospecies.
Enhanced electrophosphorescence of copper complex based devices by codoping an iridium complex
Authors: Su Zisheng , Li Wenlian , Che Guangbo , Xu Maoliang , Kong Zhiguo , Wang Dan , Xin Qi , Han Liangliang , Chu Bei , Bi Defeng
Published: April 2007

Evidently enhanced electrophosphorescence of [Cu(bis[2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl] ether)(6,7-dicyanodipyrido [2,2-d:2′,3′-f] quinoxaline)] BF4 (CuI complex) by codoping bis[(4,6-difluorophenyl)-pyridinato-N, C2](picolinato)Ir(III) (FIrpic) into the same host, 4,4′-N,N′-dicarbazole-biphenyl, was demonstrated. The device codoped with 8wt% FIrpic and 2wt% CuI complex shows a maximum current efficiency and power efficiency of 26.6cd∕A and 17.8lm∕W, respectively, which were increased by factors of 2.6 and 2.1 compared with the 2wt% CuI complex monodoped device. The improvements of the devices were testified to the efficient energy transfer from FIrpic to the CuI complex. The detail of the energy transfer mechanism between the two phosphors was also proposed.
Reliable and flexible carbon-nanofiber-based all-plastic field emission devices
Authors: Sim H. S. , Lau S. P. , Yang H. Y. , Ang L. K. , Tanemura M. , Yamaguchi K.
Published: April 2007

The authors present the fabrication and electrical characterization of carbon nanofiber-based flexible field emitters prepared by an ion beam technique. The flexible emitters are extremely robust under various stress conditions and show no sign of degradation after 16h long lifetime test. An all-plastic flexible field emission device with excellent emission properties has also been demonstrated using phosphor-coated polyester as an anode.
Disposable sample holder for high temperature measurements in MPMS superconducting quantum interference device magnetometers
Authors: Sesé J. , Bartolomé J. , Rillo C.
Published: April 2007

A sample holder for high temperature (300K<T<800K) measurements in superconducting quantum interference device magnetometers is presented. It is fabricated using aluminum foil and it is appropriate for samples in either solid or powder form. The holder is homogeneous for the gradiometer coil, and this results in a contribution to the background signal that is below the instrument noise at any field (<10−9Am2 at μ0H=200mT). Further it is inexpensive and simple to fabricate, and it can be considered as a disposable sample holder that avoids eventual contamination between different samples.
Time-reversed microwaves beat the diffraction limit
Authors: Day Charles
Published: April 2007

Radiation from a modified antenna can be focused onto a spot 30 times smaller than the radiation's wavelength.
Industry supplants academia as career of choice
Authors: Kaplan Karen H.
Published: April 2007

From the 1940s through the 1980s, most physicists entering the job market snapped up positions in academia, shunning industrial posts, but that trend reversed itself by the early 1990s.
Neural correlates of the contents of visual awareness in humans
Authors: Rees Geraint
Published: April 2007

The immediacy and directness of our subjective visual experience belies the complexity of the neural mechanisms involved, which remain incompletely understood. This review focuses on how the subjective contents of human visual awareness are encoded in neural activity. Empirical evidence to date suggests that no single brain area is both necessary and sufficient for consciousness. Instead, necessary and sufficient conditions appear to involve both activation of a distributed representation of the visual scene in primary visual cortex and ventral visual areas, plus parietal and frontal activity. The key empirical focus is now on characterizing qualitative differences in the type of neural activity in these areas underlying conscious and unconscious processing. To this end, recent progress in developing novel approaches to accurately decoding the contents of consciousness from brief samples of neural activity show great promise.
Rhythmic control of AANAT translation by hnRNP Q in circadian melatonin production
Authors: Kim Tae-Don , Woo Kyung-Chul , Cho Sungchan , Ha Dae-Cheong , Jang Sung Key , Kim Kyong-Tai
Published: April 2007

The circadian rhythm of pineal melatonin requires the nocturnal increment of serotonin N-acetyltransferase (arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase [AANAT]) protein. To date, only limited information is available in the critical issue of how AANAT protein expression is up-regulated exclusively at night regardless of its species-specific mRNA profiles. Here we show that the circadian timing of AANAT protein expression is regulated by rhythmic translation of AANAT mRNA. This rhythmic control is mediated by both a highly conserved IRES (internal ribosome entry site) element within the AANAT 5′ untranslated region and its partner hnRNP Q (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein Q) with a peak in the middle of the night. Consistent with the enhancing role of hnRNP Q in AANAT IRES activities, knockdown of the hnRNP Q level elicited a dramatic decrease of peak amplitude in the AANAT protein profile parallel to reduced melatonin production in pinealocytes. This translational regulation of AANAT mRNA provides a novel aspect for achieving the circadian rhythmicity of vertebrate melatonin.
PGC-1α regulates the neuromuscular junction program and ameliorates Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Handschin Christoph , Kobayashi Yvonne M. , Chin Sherry , Seale Patrick , Campbell Kevin P. , Spiegelman Bruce M.
Published: April 2007

The coactivator PGC-1α mediates key responses of skeletal muscle to motor nerve activity. We show here that neuregulin-stimulated phosphorylation of PGC-1α and GA-binding protein (GABP) allows recruitment of PGC-1α to the GABP complex and enhances transcription of a broad neuromuscular junction gene program. Since a subset of genes controlled by PGC-1α and GABP is dysregulated in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), we examined the effects of transgenic PGC-1α in muscle of mdx mice. These animals show improvement in parameters characteristic of DMD, including muscle histology, running performance, and plasma creatine kinase levels. Thus, control of PGC-1α levels in skeletal muscle could represent a novel avenue to prevent or treat DMD.
Using Genetically Engineered Kinases to Screen for Novel Protein Kinase Substrates: Generation of [γ-32P]ATP Analog from ADP Analog
Authors: Eblen Scott T. , Kumar N. Vinay , Weber Michael J.
Published: April 2007

INTRODUCTION

The generation of a high-specific-activity [γ-32P]ATP analog is essential for detecting direct substrates of a kinase. Synthesis of radiolabeled ATP analog from unlabeled ADP analog involves a succession of phosphotransfer reactions that are performed in two stages. The first stage involves transfer of phosphate from [γ-32P]ATP to nucleotide diphosphate kinase (NDPK) to make [32P]NDPK. The second stage involves transfer of labeled phosphate from [32P]NDPK to ADP analog to generate [γ-32P]ATP analog. In this protocol, radiolabeled [γ-32P]cpATP is prepared from cyclopentyl ADP (cpADP) and [γ-32P]ATP by a phosphate transfer reaction using NDPK.
Using Genetically Engineered Kinases to Screen for Novel Protein Kinase Substrates: Phosphorylation of Kinase-Associated Substrates
Authors: Eblen Scott T. , Kumar N. Vinay , Weber Michael J.
Published: April 2007

INTRODUCTION

This protocol describes a method for detection of direct substrates of a protein kinase in cell lysates or fractions. The approach involves identification of kinase-associated substrates by immunoprecipitating a tagged form of the mutant kinase from transfected COS-1 cells and performing a kinase reaction by the addition of [γ-32P]ATP analog. This technique has been used for the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2) substrates; however, the methodology can be applied to other protein kinases as well.
Screening Kinase Phosphorylation Motifs Using Peptide Libraries
Authors: Manke Isaac A. , Yaffe Michael B.
Published: April 2007

INTRODUCTION

This protocol describes a method for oriented peptide library screening. This method, combined with bioinformatics-based searches of protein sequence databases, provides a strategy for identifying substrates of particular protein kinases, including low-abundance proteins. In oriented peptide library screening, a very large number of peptides are synthesized simultaneously by solid-phase peptide synthesis, with all of the peptides containing either a single fixed Ser, Thr, or Tyr residue at an “orienting” position within the peptide sequence. The orienting residue in the collection of peptides serves as the phospho-acceptor during an in vitro phosphorylation reaction with the protein kinase of interest and is flanked by a series of degenerate positions, which contain a mixture of all possible amino acids. Only those peptides that contain favorable amino acids surrounding the fixed Ser, Thr, or Tyr residues will be preferentially phosphorylated by the kinase of interest. This subset of phosphorylated peptides can then be separated from the bulk of nonphosphorylated peptides using immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). The recovered phosphopeptides are sequenced in bulk by Edman degradation. By comparing the amount of each amino acid at each position flanking the fixed Ser, Thr, or Tyr in the phosphorylated peptides with the amount of each amino acid in the starting peptide library mixture, the affinity of the kinase for each amino acid in each position in the sequence is revealed. The end result of this process is a matrix of selection values that describes, in quantitative terms, the relative importance of each amino acid at each position within the kinase substrate motif, as well as the optimal peptide substrate sequence for that kinase. The matrix of kinase selectivity values can be used to search protein sequence databases and identify potential substrate proteins that contain the closest matches to the optimal protein kinase phosphorylation motif. These putative substrates can then be examined in vitro and in vivo to determine whether they are, in fact, kinase substrates under physiological conditions.
Imaging X-gal-Stained Mouse Embryos
Authors: Kobayashi Akio
Published: April 2007

INTRODUCTION

Following staining for β-galactosidase (lacZ) activity, whole mouse embryos are postfixed in paraformaldehyde, placed on a bed of agar, and visualized using bright- or dark-field microscopy.
Hierarchical strategies and strategic fit in the keep‐or‐sell decision
Authors: Lichtenthaler Ulrich
Published: April 2007

Purpose

Besides applying knowledge in own products and services, firms increasingly exploit their knowledge assets externally, e.g. by means of licensing out technology. The aim of this paper is to help firms achieve strategic fit in the keep‐or‐sell issue, which results from potential external knowledge exploitation.

Design/methodology/approach

The keep‐or‐sell decision refers to the issue whether to commercialize knowledge assets externally in addition to exploiting them inside the organization. Because of the high opportunities and risks of externally leveraging knowledge, the keep‐or‐sell decision constitutes a major area of conflict between strategies at different levels, particularly knowledge vs product strategies, corporate vs business unit strategies and R&D vs marketing strategies. After detailing the keep‐or‐sell decision, the paper conceptually explores how firms may respond to potential conflicts in the keep‐or‐sell decision by achieving strategic fit.

Findings

The paper identifies, in particular, three major characteristics of a firm's strategic approach, i.e. coordination, centralization, and collaboration, which may help firms achieve strategic fit in the keep‐or‐sell issue.

Originality/value

The keep‐or‐sell decision is a unique arena for studying hierarchical strategies and strategic fit. As a result, this paper has major implications for research into strategic fit, hierarchical strategies, knowledge management and open innovation. Achieving fit across a firm's different strategies in the keep‐or‐sell issue is essential for firm performance in a knowledge‐based economy.
Core competency beyond identification: presentation of a model
Authors: Ljungquist Urban
Published: April 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to outline a model that is conceptually and empirically applicable by practitioners in contexts extending beyond mere core competence identification.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper presents a conceptual review of a model.

Findings

This paper demonstrates that the associated concepts (competence, capability, and resources) have characteristics that differ both conceptually and empirically. The findings also indicate that competencies are central to core competence matters; it is possible to distinguish them analytically by three criteria. Furthermore, the notions of hierarchy suggested in previous research could not be verified which implies that the associated concepts all reside at the same hierarchy level.

Research limitations/implications

The findings advance core competence theories that better serve the needs of practicing managers and consultants, by initiating a specific research agenda in conceptual and empirical reviews and discussions. By proposing a model, the study provides a point of departure for core competency research that goes beyond matters of identification.

Practical implications

The dissimilar characteristics of the associated concepts offer great opportunities to core competency management, by means of the different influences they have on core competencies. Their influence makes organizational change and rejuvenation not only comprehensible, but also manageable. This is of particular importance to organizations that need ongoing renewal of core competencies, for example, when facing dynamic business environments. Competence improvements manage and change core competencies; capability supports reinforce and create structure before, during, and after a change process; resource utilizations are operative, and need daily attention.

Originality/value

The paper initiates a new research agenda for core competency matters by acknowledging specific features of the concepts associated with core competence. This makes a significant contribution to the existing literature in terms of practical and scholarly applicability.
Resource margin accounting: an elucidation and preliminary empirical testing
Authors: Johnson Peter , Thomas Howard
Published: April 2007

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to describe “resource margin accounting” (RMA) as a valuation framework in strategic analysis.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper defines RMA as an improved framework for valuation in competitive strategy, relative to existing value‐added and cash flow methods. The framework was tested on a sample of 300 US manufacturing companies between 1983 and 1998.

Findings

The paper finds that the resource margin approach has greater explanatory power than traditional market‐to‐book valuation measures.

Practical implications

The resource margin approach is methodologically and empirically superior to economic value‐added (EVA) and cash flow models of valuation.

Originality/value

The paper presents and tests a new valuation method: RMA.
Knowledge as a lens on the jigsaw puzzle of strategy
Authors: McGee John , Thomas Howard
Published: April 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how to incorporate knowledge concepts into analytical models of strategy formulation and the strategic theory of the firm.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper examines four different perspectives of the elusive concept of “knowledge”, namely, “knowledge as assets”, “knowledge through innovation”, “knowledge embedded in routines” and “knowledge through learning”. The study attempts to specify and interrelate the concepts of a knowledge‐based strategic theory of the firm.

Findings

The “knowledge web” is seen as a partial framework, capturing from a strategic perspective how both specific and organisational knowledge build the competences necessary for the value‐creating activities of the firm.

Practical implications

The paper provides frameworks for understanding how knowledge can reinforce the strategic core competences of the firm.

Originality/value

The paper addresses knowledge as a key element in the development of an enhanced strategic theory of the firm, incorporating the knowledge‐based viewpoint.
Improvement‐led home maintenance strategies and quality expectations
Authors: Kangwa Joseph , Olubodun Femi
Published: April 2007

Purpose

This paper seeks to explore the satisfaction rating associated with the repair and maintenance of 34 most occurring house defects remedied by owner‐occupiers selected from a stratified random sample.

Design/methodology/approach

The study targeted over 1,200 owner‐occupiers from 12 local authority wards; these were identified on the basis of the Ward Index of Multiple Deprivation. The sample also included some neighbourhoods recently designated for improvement under the Urban Renewal's Single Regeneration Budget initiative within the Northwest of England.

Findings

Through the use of nonparametric statistical techniques, the paper argues that owner‐occupiers' expectation of the quality of maintenance works is a derivative dichotomy of unrelated decision constructs: on the one hand is the prior knowledge of the severity of house defects which, in turn, impacts on the follow‐on repair strategies and maintenance quality expectations. On the other hand are the projected improvements as perceived in terms of the added value to a dwelling vis‐à‐vis the principal methods of remediation enshrined within the broader renewal initiatives.

Originality/value

Overall, the results suggest that expectations on maintenance quality ought to be defined as owner‐occupiers' perception of desired standard of work relative to the projected market value of their property. The study further concludes that, when all the notable variations in the satisfaction rating on follow‐on maintenance strategies and expectations are considered together, it is the perceived increase in the value of a property – following improvement works under the urban renewal programme – that stands out as the main influencing criterion.
Aspects of valuation practice in Central and Eastern European economies
Authors: Mansfield John R. , Royston Paul J.
Published: April 2007

Purpose

This paper aims to provide a detailed overview of the structure of professional valuation practice in the three countries that acceded to the European Union in May 2004 – the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland. Specifically, it examines the relationship between the bases of valuation and their relationship to external changes in the regulatory systems.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on a critical review of the existing literature, empirical information was obtained through structured interviews with practitioners in the three countries.

Findings

The paper highlights the potential problems that investors can face when commissioning valuations that may not accord with internationally recognised definitions of “market value”. There is a recognised need for consistency and universality in the application of adopted valuation practices.

Research limitations/implications

The research is the first phase of a longer programme.

Originality/value

The paper presents recent evidence of market practice and could inform potential investors or their advisors.
On the modeling of large ratcheting strains with large time increments
Authors: Johansson Göran , Ekh Magnus
Published: April 2007

Purpose

This paper aims to speed up finite element analyses of structures with a highly nonlinear material response subjected to many loading cycles.

Design/methodology/approach

An approach where large time increments are taken in an adaptive fashion is presented. The size of the large time increments typically spans several loading cycles and is based on Taylor series expansions of the response combined with error control.

Findings

The suggested adaptive algorithm is simple compared with some well‐known alternatives in the literature. It also has the inherent convergence property that it reduces to the classical time incrementation in the case where the estimated error is too large.

Research limitations/implications

The algorithm is suitable for (restricted to) a special class of problems where the material response versus a representative time sequence are smooth curves. The simplicity of the method results in a robust algorithm.

Originality/value

Similar algorithms have been presented earlier in the literature but the present work introduces some enhancements, e.g. accounting for general internal variables also in the error estimate. In addition, the present work considers a more complex constitutive model compared with earlier work within the research field.
Concept maps as a strategy to convert knowledge in knowledge management
Authors: Henao‐Cálad Mónica , Pía Arango‐Fonnegra María
Published: April 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the applicability of using concept maps in organizations where knowledge management is the goal.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on the principles stated by Nonaka and Takeuchi about knowledge creation and conversion and on the work by Novak and Gowin on concept maps, the core idea is to present the use of concept maps as a technique that facilitates, in some cases, and supports, in others, the realization of the following knowledge conversion operations: socialization, exteriorization, combination and internalization. These are the operations that, according to Nonaka and Takeuchi (1999), allow for the transformation of individual knowledge into collective knowledge and vice versa. Furthermore, it aims to answer the question of how to support the process of knowledge management in an organization through the use of a software application like CmapTools.

Findings

This paper shows that knowledge evolves through various stages, with particular characteristics that need to be acknowledged in order to be managed properly.

Originality/value

The technique of employing concept maps is appropriate to sponsor and facilitate the transitions among these stages of knowledge. It even allows for the preservation of the valuable knowledge of a person through the management of individual knowledge or the knowledge of a group of persons in an organization. This, in turn, promotes knowledge management in the enterprise itself.
Buyer‐seller relationship development episodes: theories and methods
Authors: Schurr Paul H.
Published: April 2007

Purpose

For the benefit of those who want to address gaps in our understanding of business relationships, this paper seeks to conceptually frame investigation into critical interaction episodes that fundamentally strengthen or fatally weaken relationship development. It also considers the importance of non‐critical episodes in business relationships. Particular attention is paid to the enduring yet frequently modified critical incident technique associated with Flanagan.

Design/methodology/approach

Episode relationship theory, the qualitative/quantitative debate, and the critical incident technique (CIT) literature are selectively reviewed and critically assessed.

Findings

First, because business relationships tend to persist, episode research must advance beyond relationship dissolution studies and progress into investigations of how different types of interactions change relationships. New types of episodes need to be studied, such as the generative, degenerative, and neutral episodes discussed here. Also, functionally distinct characteristic and non‐critical episodes are conceptualized. Second, the methods review suggests that useful qualitative methods deserve more attention. Third, though CIT research is prevalent in the marketing literature, it is at present incompletely adapted to business marketing research and needs development along the lines suggested in this article.

Originality/value

The interaction perspective on business relationships is given a dynamic framework at the interaction episode level while keeping the connection to the more macro relationship development models that conceptualize relationship states and processes.
Electronics industry drivers of intermediation and disintermediation
Authors: Shunk Dan L. , Carter Joseph R. , Hovis John , Talwar Aditya
Published: April 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to summarize the current thinking on intermediation and disintermediation, extract candidate drivers for this cycle, capture the expert opinions on what is driving the cycle and determine the quantitative and qualitative conclusions related to the electronics industry supply network integration and requirements for its success.

Design/methodology/approach

A series of one‐on‐one expert interviews were conducted to establish the validity of the initial list of drivers and to add to this list based upon their expert knowledge. A web‐based survey followed with the purpose of validating the final dimensions list and assessing the various alternative value propositions that intermediaries should be considering. Finally, a Delphi exercise concluded this research thrust by convening experts in the electronics supply network for a one‐day review of the results and a distillation of the results into expert forecasts of directions and trends.

Findings

Any supply chain intermediary must achieve “Operational Excellence” in their chosen field of endeavor for them to remain competitive in the electronics industry. But this condition is a necessary but not sufficient predictor of business success. The intermediary service “Bundles” bring more value than individual cash flow, material flow, information flow or knowledge flow alone. And unbundling one flow from the others does not seem to provide a successful disintermediation platform.

Practical implications

The paper provides electronics industry firms an assessment of the fundamental conclusions that must be addressed for this industry to better withstand another industry downturn than it did in the previous recessionary period (2001‐2002).

Originality/value

This paper documents the first triangulated research project where knowledgeable experts within the electronics industry supply network were polled to determine the fundamental drivers for the intermediation/disintermediation cycle present in the electronics industry today.
Internet archaeology: uncovering pension sector web site evolution
Authors: Waite Kathryn , Harrison Tina
Published: April 2007

Purpose

The paper has two objectives. First, it seeks to present a procedure for exploring web site development using the Internet archive (www.archive.org). Second, it aims to test the assumption that over time a progression in web site numbers and interactivity is visible within an industry sector.

Design/methodology/approach

The Internet archive was used to view web site activity from 1998‐2004 for 21 randomly selected organisations generating a final sample of 106 web sites. Content analysis was used to gather information on web site numbers and functionality. Web sites were evaluated using existing models of web site evolution adapted for the financial services sector.

Findings

This paper produces meaningful data on patterns of web site development. Results indicate that UK pension provider web sites have increased in sophistication but remain underdeveloped.

Research limitations/implications

In this paper there is no qualitative web site assessment and thus no information on web site quality. This method is recommended as a starting point for a wider enquiry due to the incompleteness of some archived records.

Practical implications

The paper shows that for practitioners, a methodology for mapping the configuration and evolution of sector web sites will assist in developing Internet marketing strategy. For academics, awareness of web site evolution patterns will inform Internet research. For the pension sector this identification of unrealised cost‐efficiencies from developing online payment and processing functionality highlights a competitive opportunity.

Originality/value

Considerable commentary exists on paths of Internet development but there is little longitudinal research into patterns of web site change, this research addresses this gap. This paper is a novel approach to web site metrics that allows both practitioners and academics to trace changes in the Internet landscape.
Rapid prototyping driven design and realisation of large components
Authors: Dimitrov D. , Schreve K. , Taylor A. , Vincent B.
Published: April 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the use of three‐dimensional printing (3DP) process as a base technology for rapid manufacturing of components, larger than the machine's build volume. This extends the 3DP applications field beyond its existing domain. The paper gives process chains and design for manufacturing and assembly guidelines.

Design/methodology/approach

Several parameters influencing the process chains are identified and their interrelations investigated. Based on this study, new process chains are developed for specific functional and material requirements. The new process chains are validated with several case studies. Where applicable, the process chains are compared qualitatively with existing methods.

Findings

The results show that the new process chains are as fast as or faster than existing methods and have similar accuracy. The most significant advantage is a more geometric freedom. There is also more opportunity for checking physical models before making the final part. Some limitations to the processes are identified and given as design guidelines.

Research limitations/implications

A quantitative comparison of existing methods with the new process was not possible.

Practical implications

The study provides useful design for manufacturing guidelines.

Originality/value

This paper shows how 3DP technology, originally only conceived as a concept modeller, can be used to manufacture components that are larger than the rapid prototyping machine's build volume. It gives guidelines for designers wishing to follow a similar route.
Stereolithography mold life extension using gas‐assisted injection
Authors: Nambiar R.V. , Lee K.H. , Nagarajan D.
Published: April 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this work is to extend the life of plastic injection molds made by stereolithography through the use of gas‐assist technology.

Design/methodology/approach

Polypropylene parts were made by injection molding in stereolithography molds with and without gas‐assist technology. The mold life was evaluated by observing the number of parts produced before the breakage of each of small core pins and the ejection force was measured.

Findings

When using gas‐assisted injection molding (GAIM), the core pin life was approximately doubled, the average cavity pressure and the average mold temperature were reduced, and there was a three‐fold increase in ejection force. Also, the core pin location had a very dramatic effect on the life.

Research limitations/implications

This study suggests research into understanding the relationship between ejection force and mold failure, testing the mechanical properties of the parts and identifying reliable design rules for parts produced by GAIM. Research into other low pressure injection techniques and the viability of using a wider set of polymer materials also appears promising.

Practical implications

The result of this research encourages molders who have abandoned the use of stereolithography tools after a few unsuccessful attempts to consider using GAIM with stereolithography molds.

Originality/value

This is a novel use of GAIM technology to extend the lives of molds fabricated by stereolithography.
Sustainability for the Americas: building the American network of sustainability consortia
Authors: Motloch John , Pacheco Pedro , Vann John
Published: April 2007

Purpose

To build awareness of an emergent global network of sustainability consortia, the network's Sustainability for the Americas (SFTA) regional cluster, its pilot US‐Brazil Sustainability Consortium (USBSC), its subsequent North American Sustainability, Housing and Community Consortium (NASHCC), the process through which these consortia are emerging and evolving to sustained implementation, planned parallel academic and project funding tracks, and models, tools and techniques used for knowledge transfer. To build awareness of an emergent global sustainability network of multi‐national consortia of universities and non‐institutional partners created to promote sustainability and innovation that connects people, ideas, and resources for a sustainable future; and to invite people interested in multi‐national partnering to enter into a dialogue that can lead to emergence of a multi‐national consortium.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper establishes the need for key universities to lead society to a sustainable future. It builds understanding of the role of international partnering, global networking, global media networking, multi‐sector partnering, and sustainability consortia in this leadership. It identifies efforts of the Land Design Institute (LDI) at Ball State University and key partners to facilitate emergence of a global network of sustainability consortia. It reviews the model through which these consortia are emerging and evolving to sustained implementation, including the model's parallel academic and project funding streams. It focuses on the SFTA initiative, including its pilot consortium, as a case‐study in phased emergence and evolution to sustained implementation of these consortia. It presents the consortia model for integrating internal and external knowledge networks; and processes, tools, and techniques used by consortia to lead society to a sustainable future. It reviews the model's nested curricula and international collaborative partnership approach to building sustainability leadership. It builds on experiences to date in this pilot consortium to make suggestions for future consortia.

Findings

Paper findings include the relative ease of consortium emergence, seeding, implementation start‐up, and acquiring academic funding; relative difficulty of achieving sustained implementation and project funding; increased awareness of the need for project seeding; and a new understanding of the catalytic benefits of consortia, including increased faculty interaction, development, and productivity including professional papers, journal articles, and proposals for external funding.

Originality/value

The paper fulfills the need for effective models, processes, tools and techniques for international partnering to lead society to a sustainable future.
Developing local talent in international subsidiaries: the importance of trust and respect in Toyota
Authors: Petison Phallapa , Johri Lalit M.
Published: April 2007

Purpose

To analyze the challenges and solutions in developing local employees for managing subsidiaries – the implementation of Thainization philosophy at Toyota Motor Thailand (TMT).

Design/methodology/approach

In‐depth interviews were conducted with Thai and Japanese employees, and Imai Hiroshi, one of the architects of Thainization philosophy.

Findings

For successful implementataion of Thainization philosophy in TMT, the management had to demonstrate respect for local employees and build trust between Thai and Japanese employees. Once the employees related to each other on the basis of mutual respect and trust, it was relatively easy to collaborate and find solutions.

Practical implications

CEOs of multi‐national companies, particularly Asian subsidiaries, can learn how to cope with challenges in developing local employees, building their technical and managerial capabilities.

Originality/value

Many international companies are struggling with the important issue of building capabilities of local employees for leveraging their global competitiveness. The successful implementation of Thainization philosophy of TMT offers a major breakthrough in this direction.
Role‐playing: a learning process to aid supply chain integration
Authors: Clements Michael D.J.
Published: April 2007

Purpose

This paper introduces an alternative use of an existing learning mechanism to aid in gaining acceptance of others' roles within a supply chain. This view places an emphasis on role‐playing as a means to improve supply chain integration.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper is conceptual and introduces a learning technique to enable both “hard” and “soft” systems orientated participants to be better understood between chain partners.

Findings

The findings presented in this paper are conceptual. However, the technique offered has partially proven success in other management scenarios and yet to be tested in supply chain management.

Practical implications

By embracing role‐playing, practitioners have opportunities to develop a deeper understanding and appreciation about other roles that participate in the same supply chain as themselves, creating an opportunity for enhanced integration between roles within their supply chain.

Originality/value

The value of this paper is to invite the reader to consider role‐playing as a mechanism to encourage and educate supply chain participants in the roles of others who participant in the same chain from another perspective. This learning technique will contribute towards integration internally between functions of the organization and in an inter‐organizational capacity along the supply chain.
A learning partnership between L&D and the business: the case of “AXA Academy”
Authors: Brandon Tracey
Published: April 2007

Purpose

This article describes a strategic Learning & Development (L&D) initiative that has begun in the UK giving the “story so far” on how the approach has been radically altered.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper details the setting up of the AXA Academy. This model was driven by one of our strategic objectives to enable us to be an employer of choice and develop our staff to a more consistent standard.

Findings

Lessons learned so far include: team members need to be available, for approximately two or three days a month to ensure that the project gets speedily off the ground; and the members of the project teams need to be fully motivated and self starters.

Originality/value

In the financial protection and wealth management industry, there is a real need for consistency in approach and outcomes and the Academy will deliver this.
Entrepreneurship, globalization, and information technology
Authors: Rao Madhusudan N.
Published: April 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of and insight into the creation and success of Webject Systems, Inc., an international SME in the IT consulting sector.

Design/methodology/approach

A history of the company along with background information regarding the founder and the information technology (IT) industry is provided. Highlighted are aspects of the competition, financing, business operations, and human resources management. To conclude, the current state of both the industry and Webject Systems is projected.

Findings

The information provided in this case study illustrates various business strategies that helped Webject Systems to thrive during the late 1990s and early 2000s. The description of the current state of the company and of the industry helps to forecast its future existence and success.

Originality/value

This case study would be of value to entrepreneurs, specifically in the IT sector, and also to those interested in the globalization of existing firms.
Energy reform: redesigning the Mexican model
Authors: De La Vega Navarro Angel
Published: April 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to express the need for a continuous comprehensive institutional, organizational, and regulatory change both at the sector level and in each energy industry in Mexico.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper describes the Mexican model of energy reform, highlighting the deficiencies of the present model and suggesting that there is a need for a continuous and comprehensive change to face the energy sector challenges.

Findings

An imprecise and outdated legal and regulatory framework coupled with historical and political factors allowed limited changes in the country's energy sector. The paper suggests that an evolution is necessary but must occur within the Mexican constitutional framework, although the constitution does not clearly establish the limits of public and private sector activity in order for it to effectively regulate them. The huge task of institutional and regulatory reform in Mexico should occur gradually and in clearly defined stages, making a precise distinction between the more efficient administration of public sector companies and the entry of new participants.

Originality/value

The paper outlines the need for energy reform in Mexico.
Clean coal initiatives in Indiana
Authors: Bowen Brian H. , Irwin Marty W. , Sparrow F.T. , Mastalerz Maria , Yu Zuwei , Kramer Robert A.
Published: April 2007

Purpose

Indiana is listed among the top ten coal states in the USA and annually mines about 35 million short tons (million tons) of coal from the vast reserves of the US Midwest Illinois Coal Basin. The implementation and commercialization of clean coal technologies is important to the economy of the state and has a significant role in the state's energy plan for increasing the use of the state's natural resources. Coal is a substantial Indiana energy resource and also has stable and relatively low costs, compared with the increasing costs of other major fuels. This indigenous energy source enables the promotion of energy independence. The purpose of this paper is to outline the significance of clean coal projects for achieving this objective.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper outlines the clean coal initiatives being taken in Indiana and the research carried out at the Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research.

Findings

Clean coal power generation and coal for transportation fuels (coal‐to‐liquids – CTL) are two major topics being investigated in Indiana. Coking coal, data compilation of the bituminous coal qualities within the Indiana coal beds, reducing dependence on coal imports, and provision of an emissions free environment are important topics to state legislators.

Originality/value

Lessons learnt from these projects will be of value to other states and countries.