bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attention-based Generative Adversarial Network in Medical Imaging: A Review (Preprint)
Authors: Zhao Jing , Hou Xiaoyuan , Pan Meiqing , Zhang Hui
Published: April 2022

BACKGROUND

As a popular probabilistic generative model, generative adversarial network (GAN) has been successfully used not only in natural image processing, but also in medical image analysis and computer-aided diagnosis. Despite the various advantages, the applications of GAN in medical image analysis face new challenges. The introduction of attention mechanisms, which resembles the human visual system that focuses on the task-related local image area for certain information extraction, has drawn increasing interest. Recently proposed transformer-based architectures that leverage self-attention mechanism encode long-range dependencies and learn representations that are highly expressive. This motivates us to summarize the applications of using transformer-based GAN for medical image analysis.

OBJECTIVE

This review aimed to survey both GAN and attention mechanisms with particular application for medical image analysis. This review also provided a brief introduction of some well-known GAN variations and attention mechanisms.

METHODS

To organize this review comprehensively, we conducted a literature search in PubMed, arXiv, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineer Medical Imaging (SPIE), IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI), and International Conference on Deep Learning for Medical Imaging (MIDL). We set the search deadline to March 30, 2022.

RESULTS

We reviewed recent advances in techniques combining various attention modules with different adversarial training schemes, and their applications in medical segmentation, synthesis and detection. Several recent studies have shown that attention modules can be effectively incorporated into a GAN model in detecting lesion areas and extracting diagnosis-related feature information precisely, thus providing a useful tool for medical image processing and diagnosis.

CONCLUSIONS

This review indicates that research on the medical imaging analysis of GAN and attention mechanisms is still at an early stage despite the great potential. We highlight the attention-based generative adversarial network is an efficient and promising computational model advancing future research and applications in medical image analysis.
The Effect of Mychorrizha Enriched Seed Encapsulation to Soybean Growth and Yield
Authors: Kurniawan Jonet , Taryono Taryono
Published: April 2022

The high number of soybean's import  has led to various eﬀorts to increase soybean production through increasing productivity, expanding planting areas, and improving management. One that can be done in maximizing soybean performance is the application of biological fertilizer such as mycorrhiza because  it was able  to increase nutrien tuptake and water and even drought tolerance. This study aims to determine the eﬀect of encapsulation of soybean seeds enriched with mycorrhiza and explain the eﬀect of mycorrhiza on soybean growth and yield. This study used three soybean varieties namely Anjasmoro, Grobogan, and Argomulyo which treated with encapsulation + mycorrhiza, mycorrhiza addition, and without mycorrhiza. The observation include number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, percentage of ﬁlled pods per plant, seed weight per plant and weight of 100 seeds. Data on seed weight per plant showed signiﬁcantly diﬀerent among varieties and Anjasmoro was the highest. The application of mycorrhiza through seed encapsulation did not improve the soybean performance.
Reproductive Performance of Crossbreed Goats Etawah in Kulon Progo Regency
Authors: Triswanto Triswanto , Ngadiyono Nono , Sumadi Sumadi
Published: April 2022

The purpose of this research is to know the effect of age on reproductive performance of Crossbreed goat etawah in Kulon Progo regency in a productive age. The object of this research is the respondents and their Goats as the research material that is the Doe Crossbreed goat Etawah which is 1.5 until 3 years old (poel 2 to 3 pairs). The method used in this research is a survey through an interview using a questionnaire. Location is determined by population level that is population high, middle and low in Sub Girimulyo and Samigaluh. The observed reproduction performance was litter size, postpartum estrus, postpartum mating, service per conception and lambing interval. The research data is conducted by Independent T-test. The results showed that the litter size, postpartum estrus, postpartum mating, service per conception and lambing interval were not significantly different between the age of poel 2 and poel 3. The litter size poel 2 and 3 were 1.65+0, 54 and 1.72±0.55. Postpartum estrus goat poel 2 is 4.37±1.23 and goat poel 3 is 4.46±1.19. Postpartum mating goats poel 2 and 3 are 4.38±1.23 and 4.46±1.19. The number of lambing intervals of crossbreed goat etawah poel 2 and 3 respectively were 9.54±1.35 and 9.60±1.28. Service per conception of crossbreed goat etawah poel 2 equal to 1.28±0.65, poel 3 equal to 1.22±0.55. It can be concluded that the reproductive performance of crossbreed goat etawah at the productive age of 1.5 to 3 years is not affected by age.
Rethinking ‘Practice’ in Traditional Thoughts and Implications for Science Education Innovation in China
Authors: Li Fenghua , Zhou Chunfang , Zhu Zhiliang , Sun Xinbo
Published: April 2022

This paper aims at explore what we can learn from rethinking ‘practice’ in traditional Chinese thoughts for today’s improvement of science education in using Problem-Based Learning (PBL). This firstly drives a discussion on four dimensions of Traditional Practical Learning (TPL): 1) practice varying learning, 2) learning in practice, 3) reflective learning on practice, and 4) learning to practice. It further helps to summarize both advantages and limitations of TPL. Secondly, the summary brings ideas on how to enrich our understanding of practical learning and experiential learning models in Chinese science education. Finally, PBL is regarded as one of the potential strategies to innovate contemporary science education that drives an analysis on how to make localization of PBL through TPL in a Chinese context. Briefly, this paper contributes to bridging diverse perspectives of being historical, cultural, and contemporary to address appropriate strategies in science education innovation in China.
Цаца Кёгшн Багш в урочище Чапчачи Икицохуровского улуса Калмыцкой степи в региональной межведомственной переписке начала XX в.
Authors:   Kalmyk Scientific Center of the RAS (8, Ilishkin St., 358000 Elista, Russian Federation), Kurapov Andrey A.
Published: April 2022

Introduction. The article examines and introduces into scientific circulation a set of archival documents discovered at the State Archive of Astrakhan Oblast (file 480, collection 597 ‘Astrakhan Eparchial Committee of Missionary Orthodox [Christian] Society’) and supplemented with publications of Astrakhan periodicals (Astrakhanskiy Listok, Astrakhanskie Vedomosti) containing interdepartmental messages of regional authorities pertaining to a memorial facility (Kalm. tsatsa) in the locality of Chapchachi (Iki Tsokhor Ulus of Kalmyk Steppe). Materials and methods. The article employs the comparative and historical descriptive methods of research. The analyzed narratives comprise a number of 1900–1902 archival documents as follows: report by Ven. V. I. Kryazhimsky, missionary of Astrakhan Eparchial Committee; letters of response by the Committee of Kalmyk People’s Administrative Department and Astrakhan Governor M. A. Hasenkampf; article published in Astrakhanskiy Listok. Results. The work introduces documents dealing with the early 20th century interdepartmental discussion over preservation of the Ven. Kögshn Bagshi memorial facility in the locality of Chapchachi. Conclusions. The attitudes towards the memorial building of tsatsa (the tradition of worshiping Ven. Kögshn Bagshi) was typical of Russian spiritual and secular authorities in the latter’s contacts with the Buddhist tradition throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries at large. The Russian Orthodox Church was wary of the active ritual practices performed by Buddhist clerics of Kalmyk Steppe and sought to prevent an increase in the number of Buddhist priests and neutralize their influence on the population. Operating within the legal framework, the provincial authorities remained neutral towards the activities of the Buddhist clergy and made efforts to legally oppose the aggravation of confessional controversies in the region.
Сюжетосложение песен «Джангара» из эпического репертуара джангарчи Телтя Лиджиева
Authors:   Kalmyk Scientific Center of the RAS (8, Ilishkin St., 358000 Elista, Russian Federation), Mandzhieva Bayrta B.
Published: April 2022

Introduction. Exploration of plots from late epic narratives is an urgent task of contemporary Jangar studies. A total of twelve epic texts (audiotapes) recorded by N. Bitkeev from jangarchi T. Lidzhiev in 1970 were transcribed for comprehensive insights into the mid-to-late epic-telling tradition. Goals. The article aims at considering plot structures of two narratives recorded from jangarchi Teltya Lidzhiev and introducing the unpublished texts into scientific circulation. Materials. The explored epic narratives are as follows: The Song of How Jangar [Bogdo] Came to Grips with Altan Cheeji; The Song of How Alya Monkhlya, the Son of Duta, Raided Eighteen Thousand Blood Red Horses from Jangar [Bogdo]. Results. The narratives are not interconnected, each being an independent poem manifesting one certain plot ‘move’. The common elements are characters, localization of events in space and time, a certain epic era and domain ruled by its Khan. The Song of How Jangar [Bogdo] Came to Grips with Altan Cheeji is distinguished by that it contains no prologue which results from the plot proper deals with the era to have preceded the emergence of Bumba and Jangar’s enthronement. As compared to texts of Eelyan Ovla, Teltya Lidzhiev’s songs are notably reduced. However, despite the decreased number of poetic lines, the epic plot structure consisting of separate complete episodes is preserved in full.
Первый уполномоченный НКИД РСФСР в Монголии О. И. Макстенек: историография вопроса
Authors:   Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies of the Siberian Branch of the RAS (6, Sakhyanova St., 670047 Ulan-Ude, Russian Federation), Kuras Leonid V. , Tsybenov Bazar D.
Published: April 2022

Introduction. The paper provides a first analysis — in Mongolian and Russian historiography — of all scientific journal publications, monographs and proceedings of academic conferences dealing with the Soviet diplomat Otto Ivanovich Makstenek, the first Authorized Representative of RSFSR People’s Foreign Affairs Commissariat to Mongolia who made a huge contribution to the success of the Mongolian Revolution of 1921 only to remain unheralded in history. Goals. The study aims at identifying and analyzing (in a historiographic perspective) all scientific works covering revolutionary and diplomatic activities of O. I. Makstenek and authored by Russian and Mongolian scientists. The objectives to be tackled thereto include as follows: 1) analysis of bibliographic publications for further identification of scientific works dedicated to the Soviet diplomat, 2) genre determination of such works (monographs, articles, proceedings of research conferences), historiographic analysis of publications by Russian and Mongolian scholars. Conclusions. The historiographic analysis show O. I. Makstenek as a historical figure whose life and deeds — though preserved in fragments only — illustrate revolutionary events in Livonia, Irkutsk Governorate, Transbaikalia, and Mongolia in the 1900s to 1920s. Makstenek’s activity as Authorized Representative of RSFSR People’s Foreign Affairs Commissariat to Mongolia was the pinnacle of his revolutionary work. And the research materials attest to that he made a most valuable contribution to the victory of the Mongolian Revolution of 1921.
Маркеры этничности в песнях бурят о Чингис-хане
Authors:   Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies, Siberian Branch of the RAS (6 Sakhyanova St., 670047 Ulan-Ude, Russian Federation), Dampilova Liudmila  S.
Published: April 2022

Introduction. The article analyzes legends and songs about Genghis Khan recorded in expeditions across Buryatia, Mongolia and China — to further compare them with related archival and published materials. Goals. The work aims at identifying distinctive features inherent to folklore texts dealing with Genghis Khan in different linguistic and ethnic environments. The issue of revival of ethnic consciousness actualizes insights into ethnic culture and its peculiarities. Methods. The paper is first to consider local versions of Buryat songs about Genghis Khan in a comparative aspect. Semantic contextual analysis proves instrumental in revealing ethnic markers. Results. The article discusses songs about Genghis Khan of both local and general Mongol significance. Songs about kinship with Genghis Khan and the ancestral homeland of Buryats — Nayan Nava — have a local and specifically tribal meaning being connected to the history of the Khori Buryats proper. Songs with a motif of chase contain parallels with plots of all-Mongol toponymic legends. The song titled ‘Two Steeds of Bogdo’ (Bur. Bogdyn hoyor zagal) and known among the Mongolic peoples dates back to the Mongolian medieval literature — The Tale of Two Steeds of Genghis Khan. The songs are examined in comparison with legends and The Secret History of the Mongols. Conclusion. Contextual analysis of songs about Genghis Khan along with legends and The Secret History reveals a hidden deep layer in the semantics of texts. The songs of Russia and Mongolia’s Buryats identify ancient roots of the motif of kinship with Genghis Khan that date back to the historical homeland. The Shinehen Buryats of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (China) have shown a perfect preservation of authentic materials in an isolated environment, while Mongolia’s Buryats experienced a transformation and song borrowings in the close ethnic culture. The paper also concludes there are virtually no such songs about Genghis Khan among modern Buryats of Russia. In general, the comparative analysis of Buryat songs about the legendary warlord proves those had been created in their historical homeland of present-day Russia to be further preserved both in the alien (China) and kindred (Mongolia) ethnocultural environments.
Встреча императора Петра I и калмыцкого хана Аюки на Волге в 1722 г.: мифы и реальность
Authors:   Kalmyk Scientific Center of the RAS (8, Ilishkin St., 358000 Elista, Russian Federation), Tepkeev Vladimir T.
Published: April 2022

Introduction. The article deals with an understudied — though essential — episode in the history of the Kalmyk Khanate — the 1722 meeting of Peter I of Russia and Khan Ayuka of Kalmyks on the banks of the Volga. The issue proves not only topical but is also as interesting since personal written memoirs to have somewhat covered the event are scarce enough, even the latter often being controversial. Goals. The article analyzes little known private materials to attempt a clarifying insight into the actual historical circumstances of the meeting. The former are accounts of those to have attended and witnessed the event, such as the Operations Record Book of the 1722 Campaign by Peter the Great, travel notes of J. Bell (a Scotch physician in the Russian imperial service), Kalmyk-to-Russian translator V. Bakunin, and reports by hydrographer and navigator F. Soimonov. Results. The examination of the mentioned private 18th–19th century sources shows those often contradict each other, and eyewitness accounts need further detailed investigation. Unfortunately, such private sources dated to the 18th and 19th centuries provide no clear answers to multiple questions but rather tend to give rise to new ones and complicate any historical reconstruction of the 1722 meeting. However, the source base is extensive enough and requires meticulous analysis. Most significantly, those are archival documents that may contain additional details and put an end to arguments over the revealed controversial facts.
О даурах в Якутии XVII в.
Authors:   M. K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University (58, Belinsky St., 677027 Yakutsk, Russian Federation), Sibiryakov Maxim N. , Efremov Andrey N. ,   Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation, Sakha (Yakutia) Branch (15, Oktyabrskaya St., 677027 Yakutsk, Russian Federation)
Published: April 2022

Introduction. The article examines ‘yasak’ books and explores Daurs to have resided in Yakutia in 1634-1678. Goals. The study aims to analyze all available data on Daurs who had inhabited the Aldan River Basin (‘Aldan Daurs’). The objectives to be pursued thereto include as follows: 1) analysis of sources mentioning the 17th-century Aldan Daurs, 2) identification of similarities and differences between the Daur population of Yakutia and kindred ethnic groups. Materials and methods. The study primarily analyzes scientific works on the history of Yakutia, as well as published archival documents of that period ― yasak books, orders, and petitions. The work employs historical research methods, i.e. the historical descriptive (narrative), comparative ones, and that of linguistic analysis. Results. The paper articulates assumptions about origins of individuals mentioned in the yasak book, and provides a detailed linguistic analysis of Daur and other names for the former’s ethnic identification. The article deals with the Daurs of Yakutia only, and does not address the issue of the origin of the Sakha people (Yakuts). The work shows that the available sources are insufficient for accurate ethnic identification of Yakutia’s Daurs. This question requires further comprehensive research.
Изучение цоколя северной стены городища Башанта-I эпохи Хазарского каганата
Authors:   Kalmyk Scientific Center of the RAS (8, Ilishkin St., 358000 Elista, Russian Federation), Ochir-Goryaeva Maria A.
Published: April 2022

Introduction. The investigation of Bashanta-I hillfort is at its initial stage nowadays. The site has witnessed only three exploration seasons (2010, 2015 and 2018). The utmost drought of 2018 made it possible to perform excavations in the estuary (liman) bed. Dig 4 and twelve shovel test pits revealed a 189 meter long wall base consisting of three to four layers of shelly limestone. The traceable part is approximately two thirds of the supposed length of the northern wall base. Goals. The article introduces results of investigation works done along the baseline of the northern wall on the site of Bashanta-I dated to the Khazar era. Materials and methods. Since 2015 the joint archaeological expedition of Kalmyk Scientific Center (RAS) and Khalikov Institute of Archaeology (Tatarstan Academy of Sciences) has been comprehensively exploring Bashanta-I and Bashanta-II hillforts with the aid of GIS methods. The five obtained radiocarbon dates of animal bones suggest that Bashanta-I and Bashanta-II are earliest available archaeological sites of the Khazar Khaganate. Analysis of large scale materials — Black Sea type amphorae — confirm the results of radiocarbon dating. The hillfort of Bashanta-I was investigated for geophysical parameters, special attention was paid to technological and typological properties of amphora ceramics. Dig 2 in the central part of the shore (and specifically the cape proper) proved to contain traces of a stone building sized 14х16 m. In its northeastern corner there was discovered a stone with a tamga. The multiple finds from the dig comprise hewn stones, amphora fragments, roof tiles, plaster and animal bones. Results. The identified part of the northern wall base in Bashanta-I attests to that the latter is actually another strong hillfort (Type 2) of the Khazar Khaganate in the steppe zone, while its gauffre-shaped wall on the stone base is unique and distinguishes it from all geometrically shaped settlements across the Don agglomeration of the Khazar era.
Частотность употребления показателей множественного числа существительных в калмыцком языке (в сравнении с монгольским и бурятским)
Authors:   Institute for Linguistic Studies of the RAS (9, Tuchkov Lane, St. Petersburg 199053, Russian Federation), Mazarchuk Anna V.
Published: April 2022

Introduction. The article deals with the frequency use of nominal plurality markers in Kalmyk with comparative insights into Khalkha Mongolian and Buryat. Goals. The study aims at clarifying how different the parameter is in the Mongolic languages (given that in all the analyzed idioms the use of the plural is considered optional) for further understanding of how alterable the latter are in contacts with other languages. Materials and methods. The research includes two stages: 1) analysis of a ‘microcorpus’ (10.115 word tokens), 2) analysis of online Kalmyk and Buryat corpora (800.000 and 2.200.000 word tokens, respectively). The work employs methods of calculation and comparative research. Results. The ‘microcorpus’ study shows that plurality markers in Kalmyk discourse are used somewhat less frequently than in Buryat (each twenty first and eighteenth lexemes, respectively). Whereas the ‘big’ corpora study shows that plurality markers in Kalmyk are used twice as frequently as in Buryat. Unfortunately, currently it is technically impossible to extract relevant data from the ‘big’ Mongolian corpus. Nevertheless, the available data prove that plurality markers both in Kalmyk and Buryat are used more frequently than in modern Mongolian. Conclusion. The paper suggests that around the 17th century or later there must have been a decrease in the use of plurality markers by Mongolian speakers (according to J. Street, in Middle Mongolian — i.e. in the 13th-16th centuries AD — plurality markers were four times as frequent). Probably, this phenomenon had not affected Kalmyk and Buryat that would be detached from genetically close surrounding to experience influence of Russian, which resulted in that these languages witnessed a ‘conservation’ of their original feature of comparatively frequent use of nominal plurality markers.
Мотив родственной вражды в фольклоре северных селькупов
Authors:   Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) of the RAS (3, Universitetskaya Emb., 199034 St. Petersburg, Russian Federation), Stepanova Olga B.
Published: April 2022

Introduction. One specific feature to distinguish Selkup folktales is that the main character and his opponent are usually relatives. So, a positive character kills a relative of his (referred to as devil) and/or the latter’s relatives — daughters and mother, and all that done with particular cruelty. The devil usually kills the positive character’s parents, which is not a hindrance to the marriage of the hero to a daughter of the devil. As is known, folklore reflects a certain historical reality, stage-by-stage ideas of an ethnos about structure of society and its morality. And the question is why Selkups of the past had had such ethical norms, and how they had been explained. Goals. The study seeks to explore the motif of familial hostility in folklore of the northern Selkups, and the research objectives include identification and explanation of Selkup folklore plots where relatives act as opposing parties. Methods. The main research methods are semantic analysis (and its analogues — abstraction and reading of metaphors), integrated approach, typological and historical methods, modeling and theorizing. The theoretical basis of research logic is compiled from the concepts by K. Levi-Strauss, A. M. Zolotarev, and A. Gennep. Results. The study concludes that in the past Selkups had a dual social organization, the whole ethnos having been divided into two phratries, two exogamous halves for their members to enter into marriage unions. The war waged by folktale heroes emphasizes the division of the people into two parts and delineates the ‘abyss’ that lies between the halves of one ethnic community. In the Selkup motif of familial hostility morality goes second. The motif is to describe — through the language of metaphors — the model of standard social structure, social organization of the Selkups at a certain historical stage.
Участие калмыков в Русско-турецкой войне 1768–1774 гг.: вопросы организации и обеспечения
Authors:   Kalmyk Scientific Center of the RAS (8, Ilishkin St., 358000 Elista, Russian Federation), Tsyuryumov Alexander V.
Published: April 2022

Introduction. The article reviews events to have aimed at preparing Russia’s military for the war against Turkey in the late 1760s. The former included both general strategy development and involvement of Kalmyk troops. Special attention was paid to the preparation of orders on Kalmyk cavalry’s mobilization, its distribution across Russian army groups, elaboration of tactical plans, provisioning and allowances. Goals. So, the study aims at answering the latter set of questions. Materials and methods. The paper analyzes documents and materials form the National Archive of Kalmykia, Archive of Foreign Policy of Imperial Russia, and a number of government decrees published in Collections of the Imperial Russian Historical Society and the Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire. Results and conclusions. Having been the only combat effective force of Imperial Russia in the Lower Volga and North Caucasus, the Kalmyk Khanate was given utmost significance. In early April of 1769, Viceroy Ubashi gathered almost the whole of his troops in Yashkol area. The corps of Lieutenant General M. J. von Berg enforced with a ten thousand Kalmyk cavalry led by Prince Kirip was largely responsible for the Crimean direction. Another ten thousand cavalry group under the command of Viceroy Ubashi was to join the corps of Major General J. F. von Medem and suppress landlords of Kabardia that tended to support Turkey. After the departure of the twenty thousand troops all uluses (domains) were ordered to stay on the right bank of the Volga. But the subsequent campaign of 1769 unexpectedly witnessed a series of conflicts to have resulted from insufficient allowances and provisioning of Kalmyk military units.
Революционная деятельность первого уполномоченного НКИД РСФСР в Монголии О. И. Макстенека (по данным отечественных и зарубежных архивов)
Authors:   Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies, Siberian Branch of the RAS (6, Sakhyanova St., 670047 Ulan-Ude, Russian Federation), Kuras Leonid V. , Tsybenov Bazar D.
Published: April 2022

Scientific historical literature highly estimates the activities of Russian party executives, Comintern members, military specialists, diplomats and Buryat national democrats to have played an essential role in the implementation of the Mongolian Revolution. However, those research works pay little attention to the life and deeds of O. I. Makstenek — Soviet diplomat and first authorized representative of the RSFSR People’s Foreign Affairs Commissariat to Mongolia — who had significantly contributed to the success of the Mongolian Revolution of 1921. Goals. The study seeks to identify and analyze archival documents about revolutionary efforts of O. I. Makstenek and his work as Soviet Russia’s authorized diplomatic representative to Mongolia contained in Russian and foreign depositories. The objectives to be solved thereto include as follows: 1) analysis of files of a criminal investigation against O. I. Makstenek from the State Archives of the Russian Federation, 2) analysis of the report titled ‘Outcomes of Activities of RSFSR Foreign Affairs Commissariat’s Plenipotentiary to Mongolia O. I. Makstenek from June 1, 1920 to March 1921’ and housed by Archives of Mongolia’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 3) introduction of documents about O. I. Makstenek from the State Historical Archives affiliated to the National Archives of Latvia (collections ‘Baltic District Security Department’, ‘Police Department of Riga Uyezd’, ‘Gendarme Department of Livland Uyezd’, 4) identification and analysis of documents stored at the Russian State Archive of Sociopolitical History, 5) exploration of archival documents about O. I. Makstenek’s activities in his diplomatic position at the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation, 6) analyses of materials from the State Archive of Khabarovsk Krai. Conclusions. The archival documents show O. I. Makstenek as a notable historical figure whose life and deeds provide further details on revolutionary events during the 1900s to 1920s in Livland, Irkutsk Governorate, Transbaikalia and Mongolia, little-known aspects of confrontation between Makstenek and executives of the Far Eastern Republic, Troitskosavsk Communists, on strictness and inevitability of Party’s penalties throughout that period. It is his work as authorized representative of the RSFSR People’s Foreign Affairs Commissariat to Mongolia that can be viewed a pinnacle of his revolutionary activities when he made a most significant contribution to the victory of the Mongolian Revolution of 1921 — thereafter virtually to become a common Soviet functionary, mid-level executive in judicial authorities, industrial sphere, banking and customs services.
Поселения крестьян-единоличников в Калмыкии(1930–1991 гг.)
Authors:   Kalmyk Scientific Center of the RAS (8, Ilishkin St., 358000 Elista, Russian Federation), Belousov Sergey S.
Published: April 2022

Introduction. The article examines the history of emergence and development of unauthorized settlements of individual peasants in the territory of Kalmykia between 1930 and 1991. The insight into the topic provides an opportunity to learn more about the past of certain social groups, strata, classes — and related state policies during the Soviet era. Goals. The paper primarily aims to show a history of settlements arbitrarily established by individual peasants in Soviet times. The work examines causes and factors to have resulted in new settlements across Kalmykia, analyzes official Soviet policies, relations between government agencies and such settlers. Materials and methods. The study employs the historical comparative and historical genetic methods, analyzes works by previous authors and materials from the State Archive of the Russian Federation and National Archive of Kalmykia, including new unpublished materials thus to be introduced into scientific circulation. Results. The analysis shows the emergence and development of settlements were determined by such factors as island locations, desolate and undeveloped character of lands, harsh natural conditions, persistence of settlers, and the unspoken support from authorities of Priyutnensky District in earliest years of existence. The paper presumes it be also very important to take into account the fact unauthorized settlements had been initiated by individuals who — unlike kulaks — were considered unconscious, ‘lost’ people, and not socially alien elements. Most of the ‘unauthorized settlers’ were ones to have avoided dekulakization, the wealthiest ones had been able to liquidate their farms before lists of the to be dekulakized were compiled. Authorities identified such settlements as kulak ones, although in formal parameters those were socially different. Conclusions. Unauthorized settlements of individual peasants in Kalmykia appeared as a result of forced collectivization and served a manifested protest against official restriction policies. The collectivization movement and sociocultural ideology kept them under constant pressure, but two settlements did survive to resist for decades to come. In general, the Soviet period witnessed a success in eliminating unauthorized settlements of individual proprietors.
Комментарий к коренной мантре Ваджракилаи
Authors:   Kalmyk Scientific Center of the RAS (8, Ilishkin St., 358000 Elista, Russian Federation), Mitruev Bembya L.
Published: April 2022

Introduction. Tibetan literature includes a separate class of commentaries to mantras which can be identified as commentaries to tantric texts. This paper examines A Brief Explanation of the Meaning of the Root Mantra of Vajrakīlaya [Titled] ‘The Heart Essence from an Old Man [Who] Holds Knowledge of the Old Translations School’ by Dongak Chokyi Gyatso (1903–1957). The text is viewed as a typical commentary on a Buddhist mantra with special attention be paid to elements of the Vajrakīlaya mantra as objects of analysis. Goals. The article aims to introduce the commentary to the Vajrakīlaya mantra into scientific circulation and provide insight into meanings of elements within a Buddhist mantra as such. Materials. The study explores A Brief Explanation of the Meaning of the Root Mantra of Vajrakīlaya contained in the second volume (za) of Collected Works by Tulku Sungrab from Nyenmo Monastery (Tib. snyan dgon sprul sku gsung rab pa’i gsung ‘bum) published in three volumes by the Sichuan People’s Publishing House (tib. si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang) in Chengdu, 2006. The Collected Works are included in volumes 21–23 (zha, za, ’a) of the Golog Ancient Books Collection (Tib. mgo log dpe rnying dpe tshogs). Results. The study presents a brief biography of Dongak Chokyi Gyatso, examines the meaning of deity Vajrakīlaya’s name, translates and transliterates A Brief Explanation of the Meaning of the Root Mantra of Vajrakīlaya.
The impact of Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI). A co-created template with a compilation of the scientific, societal and economic impacts of RRI
Authors:   Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research, Yorulmaz Merve , Bührer-Topçu Susanne
Published: April 2022

In this paper, we show how the policy concept Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) intends to offer added value to scientific research processes and its manifold results and how these anticipated benefits can be measured. We set out to address the recognized challenge of impact monitoring for projects working with RRI by developing a template that can pay attention to the so far hardly considered outputs, outcomes and impacts of a particular RRI project. Its usage goes beyond monitoring and evaluating purposes at the end of a project, as our proposed set of indicators can provide scholars and practitioners with guidance and inspiration in the early design or implementation phase of a project. From a policy-making point of view, this paper also highlights that developing monitoring and evaluation systems can significantly profit from stakeholder engagement and co-creation approaches, adding a bottom-up perspective to top-down suggestions of the research funders.
Evaluating a CIty Lab Process in Mannheim's distric Neckarstadt-West: Three main challenges for the evaluation
Authors:   Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research, Seus Sarah , Stadler Maria
Published: April 2022

During the last few years, city labs have emerged as promising formats to address transformative change. The aim of these formats often is to create collaborative spaces in which different stakeholders can jointly experiment with novel solutions for certain problems. While city labs start to establish transdisciplinary research settings, evaluating the effects of a city lab still brings about several chal- lenges. In this contribution, we reflect on three main challenges that emerged in the course of evaluating a city lab in Mannheim’s district Neckarstadt-West. The city lab was conducted as part of the research project SONNET (Social Innovation in Energy Transitions) and aimed to encourage social innovation in energy and thereby enable local energy transition. In the context of evaluating the city lab, we identified three main challenges that were related to a) evaluating an ongoing and open process, b) external shocks (especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic) and c) evaluating new forms of innovation under the concept of ‘social innovation’. The main achievement of this evaluation was to trace the process of a city lab and identify changes in objectives as well as the engagement of different stakeholder groups. However, an evaluation of the city lab’s outcomes remains challenging due to the openness of the process. This suggests rethinking linear evaluation models in favour of co-designing evaluation criteria in the course of the city lab process.
Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement (PPIE): Funding, facilitating and evaluating participatory research approaches in Austria
Authors:   Ludwig Boltzmann Society, Open Innovation in Science Center, Kaisler Raphaela , Palfinger Thomas
Published: April 2022

The LBG OIS Center established a new Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement (PPIE) Implementation program aiming at ‘active involving’ public members in research across different phases of the research cycle – from setting the agenda to disseminating results – and its governance. The program offers funding and facilitation of these PPIE activities. The first PPIE pilot call was launched in Autumn 2020. It supports researchers in Austria with up to EUR 60.000 in order to implement their PPIE activities. In addition, the program offers support in the form of consultation, training, knowledge exchange and networking opportunities. One important characteristic of the selection process is the composition of the expert panel, bringing together transdisciplinary expertise from different areas (scientific experts, patients, and students). The expert panel recommended 11 out of 25 PPIE projects for funding (success rate 44%). 45% of the applicants participated in the support offers prior to the call and 52% in the continuing support offer after the call had been closed. Based on our online surveys, overall, participants were very satisfied with the support offers. Learnings of the first call address the eligibility of applicants. In the selection meeting, we found that different understandings of ‘active involvement’ were negotiated among experts. However, this was not a problem due to the open and collaborative atmosphere and mutual learning opportunity for experts. The panel suggested opening the call to non-research bodies, which indicates small changes in the application format – e.g. video and text-based applications in German and English. Despite of small adaptions in the second PPIE Pilot Call 2021, it seems that the funding instrument was appropriate and reflects a low-threshold offering for researchers introducing public involvement activities in their work.
Supporting researchers under threat in today’s Academia. Lessons learnt from the evaluation of the Philipp Schwartz Initiative
Authors:   Technopolis | Austria, Dudenbostel Tobias
Published: April 2022

The Philipp Schwartz Initiative (PSI) is a relatively new program of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (AvH) that was launched in 2016 in close cooperation with the Federal Foreign Office. PSI enables universities and other research institutions in Germany to host foreign scientists who are exiled, displaced, and threatened by war and persecution in their own countries. As Philipp Schwartz fellows they are entitled to continue their research for a period of two years. Technopolis Austria was tasked with an evaluation of the first four selection rounds of PSI. The evaluation aimed at taking stock of program implementation, collecting interim results, assessing goal attainment and to provide recommendations to further improve the program. The program aimed at developing structures within organisations hosting threatened researchers, at integrating fellows into research to increase career perspectives, as well as at raising awareness and at sharing information and facilitate networking within German Academia. To our knowledge, this was the first evaluation of a comparable initiative.
Can we predict successful market introduction using on-going R&D evaluation data
Authors:   New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO), Miyajima Shumpei , Isshiki Toshiyuki , Kunugi Motoshi , Uesaka Shin
Published: April 2022

This study aims to find reproducible correlations/causality between the evaluation data of ongoing R&D projects funded by NEDO and the ex-post monitoring data of actual commercialisation achievement by those projects. The understanding of the results of this study will be used for designing our R&I policies for the next era as a funding agency by, for example, promoting more effective schemes which will eventually increase our contribution to society. The results showed positive correlations between the assessed grade for sections of the evaluation and the commercialisation status, indicating the possibility of identifying those projects that need management revision before the extended R&D activities by the companies.
Impact assessment of Bpifrance’s financial support to SMEs’ innovation projects
Authors:   Bpifrance, Brun Matthieu
Published: April 2022

This paper evaluates the economic impact of Bpifrance’s financial programmes to support SMEs’ Research, Development and Innovation (RDI), called individual aid for innovation (IA). It focuses on the analysis of subsidies and zero-interest loans granted to SMEs over three years old during the period 2005-2018 in order to foster their RDI activity (R&D expenses and spending related to the development of innovative products, processes or services) and economic growth (turnover, employment). We use a difference-in-differences methodology combined with a propensity score matching procedure to compare supported SMEs with non-supported SMEs with same initial characteristics. This counterfactual analysis is based on a unique dataset containing both financial and non-financial information about millions of French companies. Up to 12,000 SMEs supported over the 2005-2016 period have thus been analysed, making this study the first to estimate the effect of Bpifrance’s individual aid for innovation on such a scale and using such detailed information.
Systems Analysis in Evaluation: The unfulfilled promise
Authors:   RWI - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research, Rothgang Michael , Lageman Bernhard
Published: April 2022

Our paper addresses the question, why systemic approaches have only played a modest role in impact evaluations of in- novation and technology programmes so far and examines possible reasons for this shortcoming, as well as discussing solutions that could be offered to remedy the existing deficit. While the need for a systemic approach to evaluations has been stressed quite often, the methodological challenges and reasons for the lack of systemic evaluations in practice have to our knowledge not yet been addressed in a systematical manner. This contribution is conceptual in nature and based on a review of the research literature on the use of systemic approaches in evaluations of the impact of R&I policy programmes. The analysis shows that the use of systemic methods encounters both epistemological and institutional obstacles. Suggestions are made for the further development of the methodological repertoire by including suitable systemic approaches.
Working on impact and contributing to R&I policies – looking back and ahead
Authors:   Oslo Metropolitan University (OsloMet), Norwegian Social Research Insti- tute (NOVA), Uhrig Bettina , Spanó Barbara ,   The Ministry of Higher Education and Science, Danish Agency of Higher  Education and Science
Published: April 2022

This article presents impact case studies at research project and organisational levels by exploiting the Horizon Europe concept of pathways to impact and the proposed indicators. In Horizon Europe, which is the European Commission’s funding programme for research and innovation, time-sensitive Key Impact Pathways and related indicators are used as a tool for assessing the different types of impact: scientific, societal, and economic. Based on many years of experience with stakeholder engagement and impact, the authors focus on the indicators for assessing societal impact. In this way, the authors would like to contribute to the discussion on creating societal impact through research projects and institutional strategies. Leading questions are 1) Can Research & Innovation (R&I) policies be improved by using Horizon Europe Key Impact Pathways and related indicators? And 2) Can an institutional impact project and even a research project benefit from using Horizon Europe indicators and at the same time feed into R&I policies?
INFLUENCE OF THE CUTTING PARAMETERS ON FORCE, MOMENT AND SURFACE ROUGHNESS IN THE END MILLING OF ALUMINUM 6082-T6
Authors: Stanojković Jelena , Radovanović Miroslav
Published: April 2022

In this paper the performances, i.e. cutting force, moment and surface roughness, in the end milling of aluminum 6082-T6 with solid carbide end mill were measured and analyzed for different values of the cutting parameters: number of revolutions, feed rate and depth of cut. The cutting force and moment were measured using a Kistler piezoelectric dynamometer. Surface roughness was measured using a Mahr profilometer. The results were analyzed in the Minitab 17 software package, in order to determine the influence of the given factors on the performances and modeling of the milling process.
DESIGN AND CALIBRATION OF THE SYSTEM SUPERVISING BELT TENSION AND WEAR IN AN INDUSTRIAL FEEDER
Authors: Ryba Tomasz , Rucki Miroslaw , Siemiatkowski Zbigniew , Bzinkowski Damian , Solecki Michal
Published: April 2022

In the paper, the issue of the supervision of belt tension and wear in industrial feeder is addressed. The designed system is based on strain gauges that are built into the roller and are subject to the belt pressure at each revolution. In order to assess the effectiveness of this system, calibration and uncertainty analysis was performed. As a result, it was demonstrated that the main source of uncertainty was the function of approximation, while the others were orders of magnitude smaller. The final function provided results with accuracy of ca. 10% of actually measured value, which was assumed to be a good result for this particular industrial application.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH INTO MARBLE CUTTING BY ABRASIVE WATER JET
Authors: Perec Andrzej , Radomska-Zalas Aleksandra , Fajdek-Bieda Anna
Published: April 2022

The article presents research on the erosion of the metamorphic rock - marble by the Abrasive Water Jet (AWJ). The fragmentation of abrasive grains during the erosion process is demonstrated. The effect of the cutting process's most important parameters as traverse speed, nozzle ID, and abrasive mass flow rate, on the maximum cutting depth, is shown. To create a mathematical-statistic model of the erosion process, the methodology of the response surface (RSM) was used for modeling. The polynomial equation of the second degree is chosen for developing the regression model. Studies have shown the optimal parameters of the process, to reach the highest depth of the cut. Additionally, the erosion wear of a focusing tube under different process conditions is presented.