bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Indirect Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determination of Trifluoperazine Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Formulations Based on Chelate Formation with Palladium(II)
Authors: Qasim Ameen W. , Khammas Zuhair A. A.
Published: March 2012

A new application of an indirect atomic absorption spectrometric (AAS) method was offered for the assay of low concentration of trifluoperazine hydrochloride (TFPH) in pure and pharmaceutical dosage form with good accuracy and precision. The method is depended on the formation of metal complex between the drug (TFPH) and palladium(II) to form orange‐yellowish product extractable in organic solvent prior to its aspiration into an air‐acetylene flame and indirectly determined by AAS. Using AA responses, all experimental parameters such as, pH, concentration of palladium, reaction time, extraction time and phase ratio which affect the complexation and extraction of TFPH‐Pd(II), have been investigated. Under optimized conditions, linearity was observed in the range of 0.5‐17 μg mL-1 with detection limit (S/N) of 0.038 μg mL-1, precision in range of 1.18‐1.92%, accuracy as the %Erel of 2.4% and recoveries ranged from 101.7 to 104% with mean value of 102.4±0.135. The proposed method was applied for the determination of TFPH in the drug stelazine by both direct calibration and standard additions procedures and found to be 4.88 and 4.87 mg per unite, respectively compared with the stated value of 5 mg per unite. This method is also compared statistically with direct determination by using UV‐Vis spectrophotometric technique which is preformed in our laboratory and found to be insignificant at 95% confidence level. All statistical calculations were implemented via the chemsoftware Minitab version 11.
Novel Syntheses of Some 1, 2, 4‐Triazoles as Potent Bacteriocidal Agents
Authors: Singh Ram Janam , Singh Dharmendra Kumar
Published: March 2012

A facile syntheses of 4‐aryl‐5‐(isomeric pyridoyl)‐3H‐1, 2, 4‐triazoles as potent bacteriocidal agents are described. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by spectral and elemental analyses. Some compounds were screened for their antibacterial activity against S. aureus, E. coli, B. subtilis and P.aeruginosa. All compounds carrying 1, 2, 4‐ triazole moiety showed significant biological activity
Cerium(III)‐Selective Membrane Electrode Based on Dibenzo‐24‐crown‐8 as a Neutral Carrier
Authors: Mittal Susheel K. , Kumar S. K. Ashok , Sharma Harish K.
Published: March 2012

Cerium(III)‐selective membrane electrodes have been prepared using dibenzo‐24‐crown‐8 (DB24C8) as an electroactive material. A membrane having a composition: DB24C8 (4.5%), plasticizer (NPOE, 62.5%) and PVC (33%) gives the best performance. It works well over a wide Ce(III) ion‐concentration range of 1x10-5 M to 1x10-1 M with a Nernstian slope of 19.0 mV/decade and a detection limit of 3x10-5 M. It has a fast response time of 20 seconds and has an average lifetime of four months. The internal solution concentration does not have a significant effect on the response of the electrode except for a change in intercept of the calibration curves. The working pH range for Ce(III) solutions (1x10-2 M and 1x10-3 M) is 3.5‐8.0. The proposed sensor shows a good selectivity for cerium(III) with respect to alkali, alkaline earth, some transition and rare earth metal ions that are normally present along with cerium in its ores. The proposed sensor was investigated in partially non‐aqueous media using acetone, methanol and DMSO mixtures with water. The electrode was further used as an indicator electrode for the potentiometric titration of Ce(III) solution against oxalic acid solution.
Amperometric Determination of Bismuth Using Gallacetophenone Phenylhydrazone with the Structural Elucidation of Complex
Authors: Reddy D. Venkataramana , Reddy A. Varada
Published: March 2012

Gallacetophenone phenylhydrazone (GPPH) has been used as an analytical reagent for amperometric determination of bismuth. Bismuth is quantitatively determined by GPPH at pH 3.0‐6.0. After studying the polarographic behaviour of GPPH and bismuth(III) at dropping mercury electrode (DME), applied potential was fixed at ‐0.4v vs. saturated calomel electrode (SCE). The method was applied for the determination of bismuth in wood’s alloy. The composition of the complex corresponds to the formula Bi(C14 H14 O3 N2)2. The structure of the complex was arrived from the micro analytical data of the solid complex, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis curves and also from the infrared spectra of the complex.
Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxidation of Hexamethylenediaminetetraacetatocobaltate(II) Complex by Periodate Ion in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Naik R. M. , Rai B. Kumar J. , Rastogi R. , Yadav S. B. S.
Published: March 2012

The kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of [CoII HDTA]4- (Where HDTA=Hexamethylenediamine tetraacetic acid} by periodate ion has been studied in aqueous acidic medium. The reactions has been investigated spectrophotometrically at λmax = 580 nm under pseudo‐ first ‐order condition by taking large excess of oxidant [IO4] at pH = 4.0±0.02, I = 0.1 M (CH3COONa + NaNO3).and temperature = 30± 0.1 °C The electron transfer reaction between [CoII HDTA] 4- and [IO4-] obeys inner sphere reaction pathway through the formation of long‐lived intermediate complex which finally get converted into a corresponding [CoIIIHDTA] 3- complex as final reaction product. The experimental observations have shown that the reaction obey first‐ order dependence in [CoII HDTA] 4-‐. The variation of pseudo‐first‐order rate constants (kobs) with[IO4-], keeping other reaction variables fixed at constant value was found to obey the rate law: kobs=a[IO4-]2/b+c[IO4-], which is consistent with a three step mechanistic scheme. The values of kobs are almost constant with increasing pH, which can be attributed to the reaction of deprotonated form of [CoIII HDTA] 4- complex only, in the entire pH region. Eyring’s equation has been used to calculate the thermal or activation parameters and found to be, ΔH# = 28.69 kJ mole–1; ΔS# = – 481.13 J K-1 mole–1 respectively and support the proposed mechanistic scheme.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of Some Novel 4‐(5‐Mercapto‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐yl)‐2‐phenyl‐5‐[2‐phenylvinyl]‐2,4‐dihydro‐3H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐one
Authors: Lamani Kumar Sanjeev S. , Kortesh Oblennavar
Published: March 2012

A novel and efficient route have been designed for the synthesis of 4‐(5‐mercapto‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐yl)‐2‐phenyl‐5‐[2‐phenylvinyl]‐2,4‐dihydro‐3H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐one. All the synthesized compound were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectra. All the synthesized products were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against B. Subtilis and E.Coli and antifungal activity against A. niger and C.Albican respectively. The results indicate that the present compounds may serve as better fungicides when compared to bactericides. The synthesized compounds have turned to be wonder by possessing antimicrobial properties.
Synthesis, Antibacterial and Analgesic Activities of 4‐[1‐Oxo‐3‐(substituted aryl)‐2‐propenyl]‐3‐(4‐methylphenyl) sydnones
Authors: Deshpande Shreenivas R. , Pai K. Vasantakumar
Published: March 2012

A series of sydnone derivatives containing styryl ketone moiety, 4‐[1‐oxo‐3‐(substituted aryl)‐2‐propenyl]‐3‐(4‐methylphenyl)sydnones (6a‐i) has been synthesized and characterized by spectral data. The synthesized compounds have been screened for preliminary antibacterial activity by cup plate method and analgesic activity by the method of acetic acid induced writhing in mice. The chloro and nitro derivatives showed good antibacterial activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria while the chloro and furyl derivatives exhibited highest analgesic effect among the series.
Simultaneous Determination of Paracetamol, Acetyl Salicylic Acid, Mefenamic Acid and Cetirizine Dihydrochloride in the Pharmaceutical Dosage Form
Authors: Havaldar Freddy H. , Vairal Dharmendra L.
Published: March 2012

A simple, specific, accurate and economical isocratic reversed phase liquid chromatographic (RP‐HPLC) method was developed and subsequently validated for the determination of paracetamol, acetyl salicylic acid, mefenamic acid and cetirizine dihydrochloride. Separation was achieved with a Nucleodur 100 C–18 column having 250 × 4.6 mm i.d. with 5 µm particle size and disodium hydrogen phosphate buffer adjusted to pH 6.5 using diluted orthophosphoric acid and acetonitrile (60:40 v∕v) as eluent at a constant flow rate of 1.0 mL per min. UV detection was performed at 220 nm. The retention time of acetyl salicylic acid, paracetamol, mefenamic acid and cetirizine dihydrochloride were 2.01 min, 2.92 min, 4.91 min and 10.2 min respectively. This method is simple, rapid and selective and can be used for routine analysis of analgesic and antipyretic drugs in pharmaceutical formulations. The proposed method was validated and successfully used for estimation of paracetamol, acetyl salicylic acid, mefenamic acid and cetirizine dihydrochloride in the pharmaceutical dosage form.
Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Indole Substituted Alkenes Using Knoevenagel Condensation Reaction and their Antibacterial Activity Study
Authors: Jain Shubha , Reddy B. Nagi , Rao K. Sambasiva , Neeliah G.
Published: March 2012

The reaction rate of Knoevenagel condensation can be dramatically enhanced by irradiating the reaction mixture containing an aldehyde, active methylene compound, L‐proline and chlorobenzene with a commercial microwave oven. Twenty Knoevenagel condensation products were synthesized within 5‐17 min in good yields. The new compounds were also screened for their antibacterial activity.
Quantitative Determination of Ivermectin in Raw Milk Using Positive ESI LC‐MS/MS
Authors: Dahiya Meenakshi , Sen Shanta , Lamba Kiran , Aggarwal Manjeet , Khandal R. K.
Published: March 2012

Ivermectin, a veterinary drug, is commonly used endectocide for animal husbandry. The drug is available in the form of subcutaneous or topical formulations. Its application may cause accumulation of its residues into the animal tissues, which ultimately find their way into the food products, such as milk and meat products. In order to determine the residues of ivermectin in milk, a comparatively simple, sensitive and rapid method was developed and validated using LC‐MS/MS. The MRM transitions corresponding to m/z 892.71>569.6, 892.71>551.5 and 892.71>307.3 were used for the purpose of quantification and evaluation of other parameters of the method. The limit of detection of the method was found to be 0.1 μg/kg and the limit of quantitation was calculated as 0.2 μg/kg. The method was found to be linear in the range of 1.0 ng/mL to 100.0 ng/mL with correlation coefficient of 0.9992 for pure calibration curve and 0.9990 for the matrix‐ matched calibration curve. The recoveries of ivermectin from the spiked samples of raw milk were found between 85 to 105%.
Extractive Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Pioglitazone Hydrochloride in Raw Material and Tablets Using Ion‐Pair Formation
Authors: Amanlou Massoud , Zarei-Ghobadi Mohadeseh , Rofouei Mohammad Kazem , Saremi Shahrooz , Kebriaeezadeh Abbas
Published: March 2012

A simple, rapid and extractive spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of pioglitazone hydrochloride in pure and pharmaceutical formulations. This method is based on the formation of yellow ion‐pair complex between the basic nitrogen of the drug and bromocresol green (BCG) in phthalate buffer of pH 2.4. The formed complexes were extracted with chloroform and measured at 419 nm. The analytical parameters and their effects on the proposed systems are investigated. Beer’s law was obeyed in the range 2.5‐14 μg/mL with correlation coefficient ≥ 0.995. The proposed method has been applied successfully for the determination of drug in commercial tablets dosage forms. No significant interference was observed from the excipients commonly used as pharmaceutical aids with the assay procedure. The validity of the proposed method was established by parallel determination against HPLC method and there was no significant difference between these two methods.
Simple and Economic Spectrophotometric Method for Simultaneous Photosensitized Dechlorination and Decarboxylation of Isomeric Mono‐ and Dichlorobenzoic Acids
Authors: Pande U. C. , Dwivedi A. H.
Published: March 2012

Simultaneous photosensitized dechlorination and decarboxylation of isomeric mono‐ and dichlorobenzoic acids have been studied in the presence of naphthoxide ion in alkaline medium. The effects of the pH, concentration of the sensitizer, concentration of the substrate, the intensity of the light and the temperature on the rate of the dechlorination have been studied. The quantum efficiency of the photodechlorination has been evaluated. The mechanisms of the photodechlorination and decarboxylation have been suggested. The method is simple, economic and effective.
In Vitro Antioxidant Properties of Three Varieties of Allium sativum L. Extracts
Authors: Narendhirakannan R. T. , Rajeswari K.
Published: March 2012

Many herbs possess antioxidant ingredients that provide efficacy by additive or synergistic activities. Allium sativum L. is a strong astringent, used for the treatment of liver and spleen diseases, rheumatism and tumors. The antioxidant activities of different concentrations of ethanolic extracts of garlic bulb of three varieties were determined by the four assays i.e. DPPH radical scavenging assay, reducing power ability, hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay and total antioxidant capacity. Due to its natural origin and potent free‐radical scavenging ability, Allium sativum L. could be used as a potential preventive intervention for free radical‐mediated diseases.
Spectrophotometric Estimation of Sulfadoxine in Pharmaceutical Preparations
Authors: Sharma Sangita , Neog Madhurjya , Prajapati Vipul , Patel Hiren , Dabhi Dipti
Published: March 2012

Four simple, sensitive, accurate and rapid visible spectrophotometric methods (A, B, C and D) have been developed for the estimation of sulfadoxine in pharmaceutical preparations. They are based on the diazotization of sulfadoxine with sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid followed by coupling with N‐(1‐naphthyl) ethylenediamine dihydrochloride (Method A) to form pink coloured chromogen, diphenylamine (Method B) to form light pink coloured chromogen, chromotropic acid (in alkaline medium) (Method C) to form orange coloured chromogen, Resorcinol (in alkaline medium) (Method D) to form light orange coloured chromogen and exhibiting absorption maxima (λmax) at 536 nm, 524 nm, 520 nm and 496 nm respectively. The coloured chromogens formed are stable for more than 2 h. Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range of 1.0 ‐ 5.0 μg/mL in Method A , 5.0 ‐ 25.0 μg/mL in Method B, 5.0 ‐ 25.0 μg/mL in Method C and 4.0 ‐ 8.0 μg/mL in Method D respectively. The results of the three analysis have been validated statistically and by recovery studies. The results obtained in the proposed methods are in good agreements with labeled amounts, when marketed pharmaceutical preparations are analyzed.
Synthesis of Some 2‐Thioxo‐imidazolidin‐4‐one Derivatives and its Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Nasser A. Jamal Abdul , Idhayadhulla A. , Kumar R. Surendra , Selvin J.
Published: March 2012

Series of newly prepared 3‐{[2,6‐bis(4‐substituted phenyl)‐1‐ methylpiperidin‐4‐ ylidene] amino}‐ 2‐thioxo‐imidazolidin‐4‐one derivatives (3a-3f) have been synthesized by the cyclization of compound (2a-2f), ethyl chloro acetate and fused sodium acetate. The chemical structures were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR and elemental analysis. The synthesized compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activity against four antibacterial and four antifungal organisms.
Template Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Activity of Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Zn(II)Complexes with Isonicotinoylhydrazone‐‐2‐aldehydefluorene Ligand
Authors: Mitu L. , Farook N. A. Mohamed , Iqbal S. A. , Raman N. , Imran Muhammad , Sharma S. K.
Published: March 2012

This is about synthesizing new complex combinations of Cu(II), Ni(II),Co(II), Zn(II) with aroylhydrazone ligand isonicotinoylhydrazone‐2‐aldehydefluorene (INHAF) made by condensation of isonicotinoylhydrazine with 2‐aldehydefluorene. The complexes have been characterized by analytical data, IR, UV‐Vis, NMR spectra, magnetic susceptibility values, thermal analysis and for the Cu(II) complex the ESR spectrum has been registered. For all complexes the biological activity against the Staphylo-coccus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebssiella pneumoniae bacteria has been investigated. The experimental data sustain stoichiometry of 1:2 (metal/ligand) for the Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) complexes and of 1:1 for the complex with Co(II). The electronic spectra and the magnetic moments suggest octahedral stereochemistry at the complexes with Cu(II), Ni(II) and the tetrahedral geometry for the Co(II) complex. The INHAF ligand is coordinated bidentate by the O=C amide oxygen and the azomethine nitrogen in the complexes of Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II) and monodentate by the azomethine nitrogen in the complex of Zn(II).
Physicochemical Characteristics of Pennar River, A Fresh Water Wetland in Kerala, India
Authors: Joseph P. V. , Jacob Claramma
Published: March 2012

Some physicochemical characteristics of a fresh water wetland were investigated. The analysis was carried out for a period of two years. Physical parameters such as colour, odour, temperature, electrical conductivity (EC) total suspended solids (TSS) total dissolved substances (TDS), total solids (TS), turbidity and chemical parameters such as pH, alkalinity, hardness, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), chloride, salinity, flouride, phosphate & nitrate were examined. Results of the study indicated that water in Pennar river is highly contaminated and not safe for drinking. Uncontrolled use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, unscrupulous dumping of domestic wastes are the major causes of deterioration of water. Poor quality of drinking water was recorded as the major risk factor for the large‐scale water‐borne diseases in the area.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Various Drugs Using Chloranilic Acid as Chromogenic Reagent ‐ II
Authors: Annapurna V. , Jyothi G. , Rohini Kumari T. , Sailaja B. B. V.
Published: March 2012

Simple, accurate and reproducible visible spectrophotometric method for the assay of drugs such as pyrilamine and fluvoxamine as maleates was established based on the formation of charge‐transfer complex and redox reaction between the corresponding drug and substituted p‐benzoquinone (chloranilic acid). The optical characteristics such as Beer’s law limits, molar absorptivity and Sandell’s sensitivity are reported. Regression analysis using the method of least squares was made to evaluate the slope (b), intercept (a) and correlation coefficient (r) and standard error of estimation (Se) for each drug.
Synthesis, Spectral and Magnetic Studies of Newly Mixed‐Ligand Complexes of 4‐Formyl‐Acetanilide Thiosemicarbazone and 3,4‐Dihydrocinnamic Acid with Some Metal Ions
Authors: Shaker Shayma A.
Published: March 2012

New complexes with thiosemicarbazone derivative and 3, 4‐dihydrocinnamic acid were prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, determination of metal, IR, 1H NMR, electronic spectroscopy and magnetic measurements. The thiosemicarbazone derivative forms bidentate ligand complexes of the general formula, [M(Thz)(Caf)] where Thz = 4‐formyl‐ acetanilide thiosemicarbazone, Caf = 3,4‐dihydrocinnamic acid and M=Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+. The IR and 1H NMR spectra indicates that the (Thz) was coordinated with the metal ions through the N and S atoms and the (Caf) was negatively charged bidentat ligand and was coordinated with the metal ions through the two O atoms. Electronic spectra and magnetic susceptibility measurements of the solid complexes indicates the tetrahedral geometry around the Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Cd2+ and irregular tetrahedral geometry around Pb2+ ion while the Cu2+ complex has squar planer geometry.
Developing Optimal Combination of Bulking Agents in an In‐Vessel Composting of Vegetable Waste
Authors: Monson C. C. , Murugappan A.
Published: March 2012

The objective of the study is to determine the optimum combination of feed stock components for composting the organic solid waste, a prerequisite for effective microbial degradation and for obtaining quality compost. Combination of dry leaves with locally available bulking agents like sawdust, wood shavings, paddy straw, sugarcane bagasse and rice husk are composted along with vegetable waste in a laboratory scale reactor for the study. The central core of composting process is replicated in controlled conditions in the in‐vessel by keeping initial feed stock C/N ratio fixed between 30 and 35. The study is monitored for 14 days for the variations in temperature, pH, moisture and macronutrients C and N of the compost. It is found that composting vegetable waste with the combination of paddy straw and dry leaves provided best results of C/N ratio of 17.58 confirming that, if right feedstock components are provided, an effective environment for the growth of microorganisms is achieved to accelerate the process to produce a resultant C/N ratio acceptable to be used as compost.
Removal of Cu(II) Ions by Leucaena Leucocephala (Subabul) Seed Pods from Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Patil A. K. , Shrivastava V. S.
Published: March 2012

In this method, Leucaena leucocephala seed pods (LLSP) have been used for removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to study the effect of process parameters like pH, contact time initial Cu(II) ions concentration and adsorbent dose. The maximum adsorption of Cu(II) ions on Leucaena leucocephala seed pods was 94.17% at pH 5. The amount of metal adsorbed per unit weight of adsorbent increases with time and reach equilibrium after 30 minutes of shaking time for the different initial metal concentrations. The Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm equations were applied for the equilibrium adsorption data and the various isotherm parameters were evaluated. The obtained plots were linear as evident from R2 values close to unity. The data agreed very well with the pseudo second‐order kinetic model.
Synthesis and Characterization of Substituted 4‐Methoxy‐1H‐quinolin‐2‐ones
Authors: Ramasamy A. K. , Balasubramaniam V. , Mohan K.
Published: March 2012

An efficient method for the synthesis of various substituted 4‐methoxy‐1H‐quinolin‐2‐ones from various substituted aniline with malonic acid, phosphorous oxychloride, sodium methoxide and glacial acetic acid under different conditions is described. The title compounds were synthesized from three steps; the first step involved the synthesis of substituted 2, 4‐dichloro quinoline from aniline (substituted), with malonic acid and phosphorous‐oxychloride. In the second step, the substituted 2, 4 dichloro compounds was heated with freshly prepared methanolic sodium methoxide solution to give 2, 4‐dimethoxy quinoline compounds, it was then refluxed with glacial acetic acid and hydrochloric acid to give the titled compounds in the final step. The purity of the synthesized compounds was confirmed by their C, H and N analysis and the structure was analyzed on the basics of Mass, FT‐IR and 1H NMR.
Spectrophotometric Study of Adduct Formation Between [Co(Salen)PPh3]ClO4.H2O and [Co(7,7′‐Dimethylsalen)PPh3]ClO4.H2O with Amines Donors in Acetonitrile
Authors: Niad Mahmood , Mohammadi Khosro , Asadi Mozaffar
Published: March 2012

The equilibrium quotient of the adduct formation of [Co(Salen)PPh3]ClO4.H2O and [Co(7,7′‐dimethylSalen)PPh3]ClO4.H2O, as acceptor with amines donors are studied by spectrophotometer. Thermodynamics of these pentacoordinate cobalt(III) Schiff‐base complexes have been examined with n‐butylamine, sec‐butylamine, tert‐butylamine, benzylamine and diethylamine in constant ionic strength of 0.1 M sodium perchlorate and acetonitrile solvent at room temperature. We aimed to investigate the effects of different electronic and steric situations of donor and acceptor by comparing their equilibrium quotient for any adduct.
Simultaneous RP HPLC Determination of Aceclofenac, Paracetamol and Tizanidine in Pharmaceutical Preparations
Authors: Vaidya V. V. , Singh G. R. , Choukekar M. P. , Kekare M. B.
Published: March 2012

A simple, fast and precise reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method is developed for the simultaneous determination of aceclofenac, paracetamol and tizanidine. Chromatographic separation of the three drugs were performed on a hypersil C18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 µm) as stationary phase with a mobile phase comprising of mix phosphate buffer pH 7.0: acetonitrile (40:60 v/v), at a flow rate of 0.7 mL min-1 and UV detection at 230 nm. The proposed method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, LOD, LOQ. Linearity, accuracy and precision were found to be acceptable over the ranges of 100‐300 µg mL-1 for aceclofenac, 500‐1500 µg mL-1 for paracetamol and 2‐6 µg mL-1 for tizanidine HCl equivalent to tizanidine. It can be conveniently adopted for routine quality control analysis.
Resistivity Study of Shallow Aquifers in theParts of Southern Ukanafun Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
Authors: George N. J. , Akpan A. E. , Obot I. B.
Published: March 2012

A resistivity study by vertical electrical sounding (VES) employing the Schlumberger electrode configuration has been used to delineate shallow aquifers in some villages in Southern Ukanafun Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State, Southern Nigeria. The information realized from the resistivity data and nearby logged boreholes show that the depths penetrated by currents were all sandy formations with various thicknesses. However, the main aquifers comprise within the maximum current penetration, very coarse – grained (gravelly) sand and fine sand with resistivity in the ranges of 4680‐30700 Ωm and 207‐2530 Ωm and thickness in the ranges of 43‐63 m and 18‐40 m respectively. The aquifers with minor hydraulic gradient are separated by thin beds of clay according to lithology logs and these beds were masked in the sounding data due to the principle of suppression.
Adsorption Kinetics and Thermodynamics Characteristics of Expanded Graphite for Polyethylene Glycol
Authors: Pang Xiu-Yan
Published: March 2012

In the present study, expanded graphite (EG) is prepared with 50 mesh crude graphite through chemical oxidation and its adsorption kinetic and thermodynamic characteristics for Polyethylene glycol (PEG) with different molecular weight (MW) in aqueous solution is investigated. We study the influence of initial PEG concentration, temperature, pH and ionic strength on adsorption capacity. Langmuir constants and Gibbs free energy change (ΔG°) are calculated according to experimental data, respectively. Thermodynamic study indicates that all the equilibrium adsorbance increase with the rise in ionic strength. However, solution acidity does not have an obvious effect. Adsorption of EG for PEG with different MW is all types and PEG molecule lies flat on EG surface. Adsorption processes are all spontaneous. Kinetic studies show that the kinetic data can be delineated by pseudo second‐order kinetic model. Second‐order rate constants and the initial adsorption rate rise with the increasing of temperature and half‐adsorption time decreases with the increasing of temperature. The adsorption activation energy of each PEG is less than 30 kJ mol-1, physical adsorption is the major mode of the overall adsorption process.
Validated UV‐Spectrophotometric Methods for Determination of Gemifloxacin Mesylate in Pharmaceutical Tablet Dosage Forms
Authors: Ambadas R. Rote , Sunita P. Pingle
Published: March 2012

Two simple, economic and accurate UV spectrophotometric methods have been developed for determination of gemifloxacin mesylate in pharmaceutical tablet formulation. The first UV‐spectrophotometric method depends upon the measurement of absorption at the wavelength 263.8 nm. In second area under curve method the wavelength range for detection was selected from 268.5‐258.5 nm. Beer’s law was obeyed in the range of 2 to 12 μgmL-1 for both the methods. The proposed methods was validated statistically and applied successfully to determination of gemifloxacin mesylate in pharmaceutical formulation.
Synthesis of Zeolite from Fly Ash and Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Newly Synthesized Zeolite
Authors: Solanki Parag , Gupta Vikal , Kulshrestha Ruchi
Published: March 2012

Coal fly ash was used to synthesize X‐type zeolite by alkali fusion followed by hydrothermal treatment. Characteristics of the various Fly ash samples were carried out. Coal proximate analysis was done. Batch experiment was carried out for the adsorption of some heavy metal ions on to synthesized Zeolite. The cost of synthesized zeolite was estimated to be almost one‐fifth of that of commercial 13X zeolite available in the market.
Synthesis of Thienopyrimidines and their Antipsychotic Activity
Authors: Sharma Chanchal , Yerande Swapnil , Chavan Rajashree , V. Bhosale A.
Published: March 2012

A series of thienopyrimidines and related heterocycles were synthesized by refluxing related imidoyl chloride with primary and secondary amines under microwave irradiation and classical heating. The imidoyl chlorides were synthesized from corresponding cyclic imides with phosphorus oxychlorides under microwave irradiation and classical heating. The structures of the compounds were confirmed by FT‐IR, NMR. The synthesized compounds were screened for anti psychotic activity.
Hexamine as Corrosion Inhibitors forZinc in Phosphoric Acid
Authors: Vashi R. T. , Naik Diksha
Published: March 2012

The corrosion of zinc in phosphoric acid containing hexamine has been studied at different acid concentrations, inhibitor concentration and temperatures. Corrosion increases with the concentration of acid and the temperature. The inhibition efficiency (IE) of hexamine increases with the concentration of inhibitor. The IE decreases with the increase in concentration of acid. As temperature increases, percentage of inhibition decreases. The plot of log (Θ/1‐Θ) versus log C results in a straight line suggest that the inhibitors cover both the anodic and cathodic regions through general adsorption following Longmuir isotherm. Galvenostatic polarization curves show polarization of both anodes as well as cathodes.
Synthesis, Characterization and Corrosion Protective Efficiency of 2[2‐Oxo‐phenyl hydrazinyl ethyl] benzamide on Mild Steel in Sulphuric Acid Medium
Authors: Goel Rinki , Siddiqi Weqar A. , Chaubey V. M. , Ahmed Bahar
Published: March 2012

2[2‐Oxo‐phenyl hydrazinyl ether] benzamide (2BA) was synthesized, characterized and tested effective for corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 1 N H2SO4 solution using galvanodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. Polarization resistances calculated from the EIS measurements are in good agreement with those obtained from alternating current (AC) polarization measurements. The mild steel samples were also analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The result showed that 2BA is an excellent inhibitor for mild steel in acid medium. The inhibition was assumed to occur via adsorption of the inhibitor molecule on the metal surface. In the 303‐323K temperature range, the 2BA adsorption follows Langmuir isotherm model. The protection efficiency increases with increasing the inhibitor concentration in the range of 250‐1000 ppm but slightly decreases with increasing temperature.
Synthesis, Spectral Studies and Anti‐Inflammatory Activity of 2‐Acetyl Thiophene
Authors: Ramesh B. , Rao B. Someswara
Published: March 2012

Some new chalcones have been synthesized by the condensation of 2‐acetyl thiophene with various aromatic aldehydes in 40% alkali. The synthesized compounds were identified by spectral data and screened for anti‐inflammatory activity. Some of these compounds showed moderate to considerable anti‐inflammatory activity.
A Simple and Validated Reverse Phase HPLC Methodfor the Determination of Rabeprazole inPharmaceutical Dosage Forms
Authors: Karra Uma Mahesh , Yarkala Sanjeeva
Published: March 2012

A simple and rapid reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) method was developed and validated for quantitative determination of rabeprazole in bulk drug samples and formulations. Rabeprazole was analyzed by using reverse phase LC‐GC column (Inertsil ODS, 4.6 mm x 25 cm, 5 microns), with mobile phase consisting of methanol: water (78:22 v/v). The flow rate was set 1.0 mL/min and analysis was performed at wavelength 288 nm using Photo Diode Array (PDA) detector at ambient temperature. The method was validated and stability studies were conducted under different conditions. The retention time for rabeprazole was around 4.12 minutes. The calibration curves were linear (r≥0.9998) over a concentration range from 20.0 to 80.0 μg/mL. Limit of detection (LOD) and Limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 8 ng/mL and 24 ng/mL respectively. The developed method was successfully applied to estimate the amount of rabeprazole in tablet formulations.
Assessment of Heavy Metals in Water Samples of Certain Locations Situated Around Tumkur, Karnataka, India
Authors: Bhaskar C. Vijaya , Kumar Kiran , Nagendrappa G.
Published: March 2012

Surface water and groundwater samples of certain locations namely Kallambella, Bugudanahalli, Maidala, Honnudike, Kunigal, Kadaba and Hebbur, situated around Tumkur were assessed in the month of September 2008 for pH, EC and heavy metals Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Zn and Ni. The pH vales of surface waters were in alkaline range of 7.8‐8.2 and are well within safe limits for crop production. The pH of ground‐ water was in the range of 7.6‐8.4. The conductivity was in the range of 0.20‐0.68 mS/cm and 0.34‐2.44 mS/cm for surface and groundwaters respectively. High EC value of Kallambella groundwater accounts for its salinity. All surface waters except Honnudike and Hebbur samples contain low concentrations of these metals and are ideal for irrigation. Though the samples from Honnudike, Kadaba and Hebbur have high iron concentration, only Honnudike and Hebbur samples have exceeded the limit of 5 mg/L required for irrigation. In groundwaters the concentrations of all these heavy metals except copper are also well in permissible limits and suitable for drinking. Cu, Fe, Ni and Zn were detected in all the samples and found in the range of 0.094‐0.131, 0.958‐12.537, 0.020‐0.036 and 0.082‐1.139 mg/L respectively in surface waters and these are in the range of 0.132‐0.142, 0.125‐1.014, 0.028‐0.036 and 0.003‐0.037 mg/L in ground‐ waters. The elements cadmium, mercury and manganese are absent in all the samples.
Polarographic Analysis of Structurally Modified Paracetamol
Authors: Choure Rakesh , Pitre K. S.
Published: March 2012

Paracetamol is an analgesic drug. Its potency may be increased by modifying the drug by way of molecular modification. In the present study the drug has been modified by its complex formation with methanol and other organic compounds. The drug organic compound interaction has been studied using differential pulse polarography and direct current polarography. In Britton Robinson buffer as supporting electrolyte of pH 7.2±0.1, paracetamol produced a well defined peak at ‐1.18v and it’s modified forms at relatively higher negative value. The change in peak potential and lowering in peak height indicating drug organic compound complex formation.
Water Quality Index Assessment ofGroundwater in Todaraisingh Tehsil of Rajasthan State, India‐A Greener Approach
Authors: Yadav Ashok Kumar , Khan Parveen , Sharma Sanjay K.
Published: March 2012

This study deals with the statistical analysis and study of water quality index to assess hardness of groundwater in Todaraisingh tehsil of Tonk district of Rajasthan state. The study has been carried out to examine its suitability for drinking, irrigation and industrial purpose. The presence of problematic salts contains in groundwater due to local pollutants and affected the groundwater quality adversely. The estimated values were compared with drinking water quality standards prescribed by B.I.S. It was found that drinking water is severely polluted with hardness causing salts. This study reveals that people dependent on water sources of the study area are prone to health hazards of contaminated water and quality managements to hardness urgently needed.
Voltammetric Behaviour and Analysis of Fluchloralin
Authors: Balaji K. , Sridevi C. , Ananda Kumar Reddy N. , Reddy K. Mohana Muni Sidda , Suresh Reddy C.
Published: March 2012

The electrochemical reduction behavior of fluchloralin has been studied by D.C.polarography, differential pulse polarography, millicoulometry and controlled potential electrolysis in the universal buffers ranging from 2.0 to 12.0. Kinetic parameters were evaluated and a reduction mechanism was proposed. A simple and rapid differential pulse polarographic method has been developed for the determination of fluchloralin in formulations, grains, soils and spiked water samples. The lower detection limit was found to be 1.5×10-8 M. Both the standard addition and calibration methods were used for the analytical measurements.
Development and Validation of a Derivative Spectrophotometric Method for Simultaneous Determination of Simvastatin and Ezetimibe
Authors: Souri Effat , Amanlou Masoud
Published: March 2012

A combination of simvastatin and ezetimibe with complementary mechanisms of action is used for treating high levels of cholesterol in the blood. The aim of this study was to develop a rapid and sensitive derivative spectrophotometric method for analysis of these drugs in combined dosage forms. A first order derivative spectrophotometric method was developed for simultaneous determination of simvastatin and ezetimibe using zero‐crossing technique. The measurements were carried out at 219 and 265 nm for simvastatin and ezetimibe respectively. The described method was found to be linear (r2>0.999) over the range of 2‐40 μg/mL for simvastatin in the presence of 10 μg/mL ezetimibe at 219 nm and in the range of 1‐20 μg/mL of ezetimibe in the presence of 20 μg/mL of simvastatin at 265 nm. The within‐day and between‐day precision values for both drugs were less than 3% (CV). Also, good recoveries were obtained with both synthetic mixtures and commercial tablets. The proposed method was successfully applied for simultaneous determination of simvastatin and ezetimibe in a pharmaceutical dosage form without any interference from excipients.
Development of Rapid UV Spectrophotometric Method for the Estimation of Efavirenz in Formulations
Authors: Kumar Y. Anand , Rao N. Rama
Published: March 2012

Simple, sensitive, accurate, precise and rapid ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometric method was developed for the estimation of efavirenz in pure form, its formulations and stability samples. For the estimation of efavirenz, solvent system employed was 1% w/v sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and wavelength of detection (λdet) was 247 nm. The developed method was used to estimate the total drug content in two commercially available oral formulations of efavirenz and recovery studies were also carried out. Sample recovery in both the formulations using the above method was in good agreement with their respective labeled claims, thus suggesting the validity of the method and non‐interference of formulation excipients in the estimation. The developed method was found to be stability specific and were validated as per ICH guidelines‐2005, USP‐2000 and statistical methods.
Theoretical Study of the Kinetics of the Pyrolytic Elimination Reaction of Ethyl Chloride
Authors: Adejoro Isaiah Ajibade , Ekeh Emmanuel
Published: March 2012

The products of the gas‐phase elimination of ethyl chloride are hydrogen chloride and ethane. Using AM1, MNDO and PM3 Hamiltonians of quantum mechanical computer code called MOPAC, a procedure for the kinetics and computation of the Arrhenius parameters for the pyrolytic elimination reaction of ethyl chloride was devised in order to evaluate the predictive ability of the three Hamiltonians used. The first‐order rate coefficient for the three Hamiltonians are 1.15x10-8s-1, 4.55x10-15s-1 and 5.36x10-4s-1 for AM1, MNDO and PM3 respectively. The results obtained showed that the rate constant for the computed Arrhenius parameters compare well with the experimental values in the literature, thus showing that the computational procedure adequately simulates experimental results; also the semi‐empirical AMI calculation has the best predictive ability with experiment followed by PM3 while MNDO has the least.
Application of Singh‐Jha Equation in the Evaluation of b* Parameter of Laidler‐Landskroener Equation in the Hydrolysis of Vinyl Acetate
Authors: Sharma Sangita , Vyas Bijal , Thakkar Falguni , Patel Ketan , Vora J. J.
Published: March 2012

Singh‐Jha method is applied to calculate b* of Laidler‐Landskroener equation, the distance of closed approach of solvent molecules to the activated complexes in alkaline hydrolysis of vinyl acetate. This method is applied to alkaline hydrolysis of vinyl acetate in water enriched ethanol between 30 °C and 35 °C. The rate of hydrolysis decreases with the increase of content of organic solvent at both temperatures. The size of transition state was found to be large as compared to the initial state. The b* was found to be 3.7693Å which is in agreement with the values obtained earlier.
Low‐level Determination of Residual Methyl Methane Sulfonate and Ethyl Methane Sulfonate in Pharmaceuticals by Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Sarat M. , Ramakrishna M. , Suresh Y. , Harikrishna S. , Rambabu C. , Kishore K. , Reddy K. Nagabhushana
Published: March 2012

A capillary gas chromatographic method using mass spectrometric detection was developed and validated for the trace analysis (ppm level) of methyl methane sulfonate and ethyl methane sulfonate in pharmaceutical drug substances. The method utilizes a capillary column (DB‐624) with 6% cyanopropyl phenyl and 94% dimethyl polysiloxane stationary phase. A dissolve‐and‐injection approach was adopted for sample introduction in a split less mode. Mixture of (80:20) ratio of methanol and chloroform was used as a diluent or sample solvent. A limit of detection of about 0.17 μg/g (0.17 ppm) for methyl methane sulfonate and 0.18 μg/g (0.18 ppm) for ethyl methane sulfonate were achieved and limit of quantitation of 0.52 μg/g (0.52 ppm) for methyl methane sulfonate and 0.54 μg/g (0.54 ppm) for ethyl methane sulfonate were achieved for alkyl sulfonates in drug substance samples.
Bench Scale Treatability Studies of Contaminated Soil Using Soil Washing Technique
Authors: Gupta M. K. , Srivastava R. K. , Singh A. K.
Published: March 2012

Soil contamination is one of the most widespread and serious environmental problems confronting both the industrialized as well as developing nations like India. Different contaminants have different physicochemical properties, which influence the geochemical reactions induced in the soils and may bring about changes in their engineering and environmental behaviour. Several technologies exist for the remediation of contaminated soil and water. In the present study soil washing technique using plain water with surfactants as an enhancer was used to study the remediation of soil contaminated with (i) an organic contaminant (engine lubricant oil) and (ii) an inorganic contaminant (heavy metal). The lubricant engine oil was used at different percentages (by dry weight of the soil) to artificially contaminate the soil. It was found that geotechnical properties of the soil underwent large modifications on account of mixing with the lubricant oil. The sorption experiments were conducted with cadmium metal in aqueous medium at different initial concentration of the metal and at varying pH values of the sorbing medium. For the remediation of contaminated soil matrices, a nonionic surfactant was used for the restoration of geotechnical properties of lubricant oil contaminated soil samples, whereas an anionic surfactant was employed to desorb cadmium from the contaminated soil matrix. The surfactant in case of soil contaminated with the lubricant oil was able to restore properties to an extent of 98% vis‐à‐vis the virgin soil, while up to 54% cadmium was desorbed from the contaminated soil matrix in surfactant aided desorption experiments.
Synthesis of Fluorine Heterocyclic Nitrogen Systems Derived From Sulfa Drugs as PhotochemicalProbe Agents for Inhibition of Vitiligo Disease‐Part II
Authors: Abdel-Rahman Reda M. , Makki Mohammad Saleh I. T. , Bawazir Wafa A. Baker
Published: March 2012

Some more new bioactive fluorine heterocyclic systems containing sulfur and nitrogen as six‐membered rings such as; N,Nʼ‐disubstituted‐thiobarbituric acid, 3‐thioxo‐1,2,4‐triazino[5,6‐b]indole, 3‐sulfanilamido‐1,2,4‐triazino[5,6‐b]indole and 2‐trifluoromethyl‐4‐imino‐6‐(sulfamido)1,3,5‐triazino [3,2‐a]indole derivatives (2‐13) have been synthetically derived from the interaction of sulfa drugs with fluorine organic compounds (aldehydes, ketones, anhydride) followed by ring closure reactions. Structures of the targets have been established from their elemental and spectral data. Compounds 3, 6, 10 and 13 could be used as photochemical probe agents in compared with nystatin and nalidixic acid for inhibition of vitiligo diseases.
Combustion Synthesis of Lanthanum Substituted LiNiO2 Using Hexamine as a Fuel
Authors: Kayalvizhi M. , Berchmans L. John
Published: March 2012

Lithium nickelate and its lanthanum substituted compound have been successfully prepared by combustion synthesis process using LiNO3, Ni(NO3)2.6H2O and La(NO3)3.6H2O. Hexamine is used as fuel. The physicochemical properties of the powders were investigated by thermal analysis (TGA/DTA). The crystalline powders were characterized for their phase identification using x‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD). FT‐IR spectroscopy was used to study the local structure of the oxide environment. The morphological features of the powders were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). DTA analysis reveals the evolution of an exothermic peak at 465 oC indicating the rapid decomposition of the hexamine and dissociation of nitrate salts, forming the final compound lithium nickealte. The XRD pattern reveals the rhombohedral structure of LiNiO2 with trigonal symmetry comprising of two interpenetrating close packed FCC sub‐lattices. The lattice constant values ̒a̓ and ̒c̓ are in good agreement with the reported data. In the FT‐IR spectra, vibrational bands are identified in the range of 400‐800 cm-1 representing the NiO2 layer. LiNiO2 exhibits a very fine crystalline structure with an irregular morphology. The La substituted LiNiO2 powder has shown a smooth‐edged polyhedral structure with an average particle size of 5‐10 μm.
Development and Validation of a Rapid RP‐HPLC Method for the Estimation of Esmolol Hydrochloride in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
Authors: Somasekhar Vanita , Sankar D. Gowri
Published: March 2012

A reverse phase HPLC method is described for the determination of esmolol hydrochloride in bulk and injections. Chromatography was carried on a C18 column using a mixture of acetonitrile, 0.05 M sodium acetate buffer and glacial acetic acid (35:65:3 v/v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min with detection at 275 nm. The retention time of the drug was 4.76 min. The detector response was linear in the concentration of 1‐50 μg/mL. The limit of detection and limit of quantification was 0.614 and 1.86 μg/mL respectively. The method was validated by determining its sensitivity, linearity, accuracy and precision. The proposed method is simple, economical, fast, accurate and precise and hence can be applied for routine quality control of esmolol hydrochloride in bulk and injections.