bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hamiltonian‐based error computations
Authors: Kuo Y. L. , Behdinan K. , Cleghorn W. L.
Published: September 2005

This paper presents two sets of the Hamiltonian for checking errors of approximated solutions. The first set can be applied to those problems having any number of independent and dependent variables. This set of the Hamiltonian can effectively indicate the errors of approximated solutions when requiring a high accuracy. The second set of the Hamiltonian has the invariant property when the Lagrangian is not an explicit function of time, even for non‐conservative systems. Both sets can be formulated as error indicators to check errors of approximated solutions. Three illustrative examples demonstrate the error analyses of finite element solutions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Limitations of an analytical solution for advection–diffusion with spatially variable coefficients
Authors: Néelz S.
Published: September 2005

The aim of the article is to show that a published analytical solution for advection–diffusion in streams is of limited relevance. The analytical solution is based on the assumptions that the velocity increases linearly with distance and that the diffusion coefficient increases quadratically with distance. This implies that a solute concentration profile travelling down the channel is submitted to a stretching effect, due to continuity, that completely counteracts the effect of the increase in the diffusion coefficient. Therefore, these particular assumptions are equivalent to the simpler case of uniform velocity and diffusion coefficient, as far as the effect of diffusion is concerned. Two examples are proposed where results of a solute transport simulation using a semi‐Lagrangian numerical model were compared to results using this analytical solution. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
(Salen)nickel‐Catalysed Epoxidations in the Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Phase: The Implications of Oxygen on the Efficiency and Product Selectivity
Authors: Ferreira Rita , García Hermenegildo , de Castro Baltazar , Freire Cristina
Published: September 2005

The catalytic activity of several nickel(II) complexes with salen‐type ligands and their zeolite‐immobilised analogues is assessed in the epoxidation of trans‐β‐methylstyrene by NaOCl, in the absence and in the presence of oxygen. The complexes were immobilised in zeolites X and Y using the “ship‐in‐a‐bottle” procedure, and the resulting materials were characterised by chemical analysis, XPS and IR, and UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The loading and the distribution of the complexes in the materials were found to be dependent on the ligand. All (salen)nickel complexes proved to be active in the homogeneous and heterogeneous epoxidation of trans‐β‐methylstyrene by NaOCl. The immobilised complexes gave lower conversions and their catalytic activity is dependent on the loading and distribution of the complexes within the zeolites. In both homogeneous and heterogeneous systems, the alkene conversion is influenced by oxygen. Removing oxygen from the reaction media results in lower alkene conversion but higher epoxide selectivity. Based on these results, two competitive mechanisms are proposed for the epoxidation reaction, one implying the formation of free radicals and other involving the binding of the substrate to a (oxo)metal intermediate. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Process–form relationships in Southern Italian badlands: erosion rates and implications for landform evolution
Authors: Clarke Michèle L. , Rendell Helen M.
Published: September 2005

Characteristic badlands are incised into Plio‐Pleistocene clays in Basilicata, southern Italy, creating steep, scarp slopes with knife‐edge ridges (calanchi) and small dome‐shaped forms (biancane). Erosion pin data for the period 1997–2003 give mean annual erosion rates for dome‐shaped biancane in the range 9–19 mm a−1, while rates for the calanchi scarps are lower, at 7–10 mm a−1. The erosion pin data also show a non‐linear relationship with slope angle. Maximum erosion rates coincide with a slope angle of 35°, within an envelope defined by combining the theoretical effects of both rainsplash and surface weathering. Monitoring of surface changes and erosion rates for two 0·5 m2cleared swathes on biancane forms reveals a complex relationship between weathering and erosion. Characteristic forms can develop from large blocks of intact clay bedrock over a time period of less than 30 a. The implications of the measured erosion rates for the landform association of mountain front/pediment/domed inselberg are explored. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rainfall characteristics for shallow landsliding in Seattle, Washington, USA
Authors: Godt Jonathan W. , Baum Rex L. , Chleborad Alan F.
Published: September 2005

Shallow landsliding in the Seattle, Washington, area, has caused the occasional loss of human life and millions of dollars in damage to property. The effective management of the hazard requires an understanding of the rainfall conditions that result in landslides. We present an empirical approach to quantify the antecedent moisture conditions and rainstorm intensity and duration that have triggered shallow landsliding using 25 years of hourly rainfall data and a complementary record of landslide occurrence. Our approach combines a simple water balance to estimate the antecedent moisture conditions of hillslope materials and a rainfall intensity–duration threshold to identify periods when shallow landsliding can be expected. The water balance is calibrated with field‐monitoring data and combined with the rainfall intensity–duration threshold using a decision tree. Results are cast in terms of a hypothetical landslide warning system. Two widespread landslide events are correctly identified by the warning scheme; however, it is less accurate for more isolated landsliding. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reinforcement‐learning‐based self‐organisation for cell configuration in multimedia mobile networks
Authors: Liao Ching‐Yu , Yu Fei , Leung Victor C. M. , Chang Chung‐Ju
Published: September 2005

In future wireless code division multiple access (WCDMA) cellular networks, random user mobility and time‐varying multimedia traffic activity make the system design of coverage and capacity become a challenging issue. To utilise radio resource efficiently, it is crucial for cellular networks to have the capability ofself‐organisationfor cell configuration, which can configure service coverage and system capacity dynamically to balance traffic loads among cells by being aware of the system situation. This paper proposes a reinforcement‐learning‐based self‐organisation scheme for cell configuration in multimedia mobile networks, which takes into account both pilot power allocation and call admission control mechanisms. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme improves system performance significantly compared to the conventional fixed pilot power allocation scheme and the scheme in which only pilot power is adjusted dynamically but the criterion of the call admission control is not coupled to it. Copyright © 2005 AEIT.
System for automated diagnosis in cellular networks based on performance indicators
Authors: Barco Raquel , Wille Volker , Díez Luis
Published: September 2005

This paper presents a system for automated diagnosis of problems in a cellular network, which comprises a method and a model. The reasoning method, based on a naive Bayesian classifier, can be applied to the identification of the fault cause in GSM/GPRS, 3G or multi‐systems networks. A diagnosis model for GSM/GPRS radio access networks is also described, whose elements are available in the network management systems (NMSs) of most networks. It is shown that the statistical relations among the elements, that is the quantitative part of the model, under certain assumptions, can be completely specified by means of the parameters of beta density functions. In order to support the theoretical concepts, a model has been built based on data from a real network and the automated diagnosis system has been used to classify problems in a cellular network, showing that the solution is easily implemented and that the diagnosis accuracy is very high, therefore leading to a reduction in the operational costs of running the network. Copyright © 2005 AEIT.
Self‐organised peering of wireless LAN hotspots
Authors: Efstathiou Elias C. , Polyzos George C.
Published: September 2005

We argue that access to wireless LAN (WLAN) hotspots can be shared in a peer‐to‐peer manner. In the hotspot‐sharing scheme that we propose, peers are encouraged to keep their residential WLANs open, offering Internet access to peers passing by. We call our scheme peer‐to‐peer wireless network confederation (P2PWNC). Payments in P2PWNC are only ‘in kind’. We are motivated by the widespread availability of wireless LAN equipments and the proliferation of residential broadband connections. P2PWNC enables unified wireless LAN roaming without central authorities and without the administrative overhead that is usually associated with such efforts. In this paper, we present and evaluate the decentralised design of P2PWNC. Copyright © 2005 AEIT.
A self‐organising protocol for Bluetooth scatternet formation
Authors: Roy Rajarshi , Kumar Mukesh , Sharma Navin K. , Sural Shamik
Published: September 2005

We propose a self‐organising protocol for Bluetooth topology construction in which scatternet structures are maintained even in the presence of dynamic perturbation of network configuration. The protocol does not require the presence of a central topology construction or re‐construction process. Instead, the nodes can self‐organise to create a stable configuration both after start‐up as well as after intermediate changes due to the arrival of new nodes or shutting down of existing nodes. The proposed algorithm uses a bottom‐up approach, which is built into the regular operations of the Bluetooth devices. Isolated nodes as well as masters and slaves of existing piconets can discover other nodes, thus extending the scatternet. Copyright © 2005 AEIT.
A self‐organised emergent routing mechanism for mobile ad hoc networks
Authors: Liu Zhenyu , Kwiatkowska Marta , Constantinou Costas C.
Published: September 2005

This paper presents a novel swarm intelligence inspired routing algorithm, emergent ad hoc routing algorithm (EARA), for mobile ad hoc networks. Based on the understanding of the evolutionary cooperation in the biological swarm, which provides an alternative solution resilient against changes in the dynamic environment, we use the principle of swarm intelligence for the reinforcement of optimal routes with onlylocalcommunication (here, local communication is defined as the neighbour‐to‐neighbour Communication). The data traffic is influenced at each node, and the communicating nodes observe this influence to update their tables. The concept ofstigmergyis adopted to reduce the amount of control traffic to improve the performance of the system. We also include an evaluation methodology to simulate ad hoc networks, and the simulation results show that this routing algorithm scales well to a variety of network conditions. Copyright © 2005 AEIT.
The completely dry rate: A critical re‐evaluation of the outcomes of slings
Authors: Kobashi Kathleen C. , Govier Fred
Published: September 2005

Objective

To critically evaluate sling outcomes and revisit the realistic goals of anti‐incontinence surgery.

Materials and Methods

A review of an Institutional Review Board‐approved prospective database revealed the outcomes of four different sling techniques that are utilized at our institution.

Results

Four hundred ninety‐eight patients had a mean follow‐up varying from 9 to 24 months (range 6–50) after undergoing one of four different sling techniques utilized at our institution. The techniques had similar results with regard to completely dry rate, overall success rate, and rate of urgency regardless of the variation in follow‐up time. Success was defined as completely dry or leakage = 1/week or = 70% improved by questionnaire in those patients who leaked 1/week. Success, by this definition, varied from 74.9% to 85.7%, but the completely dry rate varied from 36.1% to 45.2%. An additional 31.0% to 33.3% leaked = 1/week, and of the remaining patients, 24.5% to 44.4% considered themselves = 70% improved despite leakage > 1/week. Urge incontinence was reported by 24.4% to 33.3% of patients.

Conclusion

As surgeons, we must constantly reevaluate the outcomes and purposes of the procedures we perform on our patients. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brazilian metropolitan regions: regime change and governance vacuum
Authors: Souza Celina
Published: September 2005

The article analyses the political and the institutional features of Brazilian metropolitan regions in relation to (a) the influence of regime change, from authoritarianism to democracy; (b) the changes in the federal system brought about by the 1988 Constitution designed to legitimise the new democratic order; and (c) the dynamics of intergovernmental relations. It argues that the institutionalisation of metropolitan regions and the creation of agencies for their management during the military regime became associated with the regime's major negative features—authoritarianism and centralisation—hence influencing future choices and leaving metropolitan governance in a political, institutional, financial and administrative vacuum. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metropolitan governance reform in Asia
Authors: Laquian Aprodicio A.
Published: September 2005

Governance reforms in Asian city‐regions have sought to achieve efficient delivery of urban services as well as greater people's participation in decision‐making. Structural reforms have taken the form of unified metropolitan governance or tiered metropolitan structures imposed by higher levels of government. Significant success has been achieved in area‐wide regional planning and in coordination of area‐wide services such as transport, water and sanitation, and solid waste disposal. Social reforms including decentralisation of powers to local units have been hampered by strong traditions of local autonomy, particularistic politics and graft and corruption. With a few exceptions, civil society groups have not had much influence on metropolitan governance reforms in Asia. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From government to urban governance in Western Europe: a critical analysis
Authors: Jouve Bernard
Published: September 2005

The article examines structural reorganisation in Western Europe and various factors explaining the new institutional dynamics affecting the governance of their cities: the historical origins of renewed interest in metropolitan government; the division of powers between state and local and regional levels; and the linkage of the latter to ‘Fordist’ modes of state organisation. Since the 1990s new processes of decentralisation and regionalisation have affected the institutional landscape. Against the background of exacerbated territorial competition and the questioning of the welfare state, there has also been a transformation of theraison d'etreof urban institutions resulting in reformulated connections between civil societies and the dynamics of globalisation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of the aromatic contribution to the energy of periodic lattices
Authors: Malrieu Jean‐Paul , Robert Vincent
Published: September 2005

The cohesive energy of an infinite two‐dimensional lattice such as graphite is governed by the connectivity (number of bonds per atom) of the graph and by the cyclic effects. We propose to define the aromatic contribution to the cohesive energy of a specific lattice as the difference between the exact cohesive energy and that of an ideal dendrimer of the same connectivity. Direct evaluation of the cyclic contributions are possible starting from fully localized zeroth‐order wavefunctions and using an order‐by‐order perturbative expansion or a recently proposed coupled‐cluster formalism, which allow one to identify clearly the energetic role of the ring currents. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fundamental solution and single‐chain properties of polylactides
Authors: Dorgan John R. , Janzen Jay , Knauss Daniel M. , Hait Sukhendu B. , Limoges Bradford R. , Hutchinson Matthew H.
Published: September 2005

Polylactides (PLA) have been known for several decades and are recently of considerable commercial significance. However, the literature on basic chain properties and solution characterization is divided and inconsistent. In this study, a comprehensive and well‐controlled set of experiments is combined with rigorous quantitative analysis to resolve existing apparent contradictions. Homopolymers and copolymers spanning wide ranges of molecular weight and stereoisomer proportions were prepared by ring‐opening polymerizations of L‐ and D‐lactides using stannous octanoate as the catalyst. Samples were characterized by means of: (1) dilute‐solution viscometry in three different solvents; (2) size exclusion chromatography in tetrahydrofuran (THF) with light scattering detection; (3) static multiangle light scattering in a mixed acetonitrile–dichloromethane solvent; (4) variable‐angle spectroscopic ellipsometry; and (5) melt rheology. The data imply that PLA are typical linear flexible polymers; unperturbed PLA chain dimensions are describable in terms of a characteristic ratio of 6.5 ± 0.9, regardless of stereoisomer content. The Schulz‐Blaschke and Mark‐Houwink constants for dilute PLA solutions in chloroform and in THF are determined. For chloroform at 30°C, the correct values are kSB = 0.302, K = 0.0131 (mL/g), and a = 0.759, while for THF at 30°C, the correct values are kSB = 0.289, K = 0.0174 (mL/g), and a = 0.736. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 3100–3111, 2005
Polypropylene/montmorillonite nanocomposites toughened with SEBS‐g‐MA: Structure–property relationship
Authors: Tjong S. C. , Bao S. P. , Liang G. D.
Published: September 2005

Polypropylene (PP)/organo‐montmorillonite (Org‐MMT) nanocomposites toughened with maleated styrene‐ethylene‐butylene‐styrene (SEBS‐g‐MA) were prepared via melt compounding. The structure, mechanical properties, and dynamic mechanical properties of PP/SEBS‐g‐MA blends and their nanocomposites were investigated by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), polarizing optical microscopy (POM), tensile, and impact tests. XRD traces showed that Org‐MMT promoted the formation of β‐phase PP. The degree of crystallinity of PP/SEBS‐g‐MA blends and their nanocomposites were determined from the wide angle X‐ray diffraction via profile fitting method. POM experiments revealed that Org‐MMT particles served as nucleating sites, resulting in a decrease of the spherulite size. The essential work of fracture approach was used to evaluate the tensile fracture toughness of the nanocomposites toughened with elastomer. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 3112–3126, 2005
Effect of Asparagus racemosus rhizome (Shatavari) on mammary gland and genital organs of pregnant rat
Authors: Pandey S. K. , Sahay A , Pandey R. S. , Tripathi Y. B.
Published: September 2005

Asparagus racemosus (AR) Willd (family Liliaceae) is commonly known as Shatavari. The alcoholic extract of its rhizome was administered orally to adult pregnant female albino rats at a dose of 30 mg/100 g body weight, daily for 15 days (days 1–15 of gestation). The macroscopic findings revealed a prominence of the mammary glands, a dilated vaginal opening and a transversely situated uterine horn in the treated group of animals. The weight of the uterine horns of the treated group was found to be significantly higher (p < 0.001) but the length was shorter (p > 0.01). Microscopic examination of the treated group showed proliferation in the lumen of the duct of mammary gland. It was obliterated due to hypertrophy of ductal and glandular cells. Hyperplasia of the glandular and muscular tissue and hypertrophy of the glandular cells were observed in the genital organs. The parenchyma of the genital organs showed abundant glycogen granules with dilated blood vessels and thickening of the epithelial lining. The oviduct in the treated group showed hypertrophied muscular wall, whereas the ovary revealed no effect of the drug. The results suggest an oestrogenic effect of Shatavari on the female mammary gland and genital organs. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wound healing properties of Hylocereus undatus on diabetic rats
Authors: Perez G. R. M. , Vargas S. R. , Ortiz H. Y. D.
Published: September 2005

Aqueous extracts of leaves, rind, fruit pulp and flowers of Hylocereus undatus were studied for their wound healing properties. Wound healing effects were studied on incision (skin breaking strength), excision (percent wound contraction) and the nature of wound granulation tissues, which were removed on day 7 and the collagen, hexosamine, total proteins and DNA contents were determined, in addition to the rates of wound contraction and the period of epithelialization. In streptozotocin diabetic rats, where healing is delayed, topical applications of H. undatus produced increases in hydroxyproline, tensile strength, total proteins, DNA collagen content and better epithelization thereby facilitating healing. H. undatus had no hypoglycemic activity. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antioxidant and DNA protecting properties of anti‐fatigue herb Trichopus zeylanicus
Authors: Tharakan Binu , Dhanasekaran Muralikrishnan , Manyam Bala V.
Published: September 2005

Chronic fatigue is considered a complex symptom for which currently there is no curative treatment available. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the etiology of fatigue and antioxidant treatment might be a valuable therapeutic approach. The Kani, a tribal high altitude living population in southern India, traditionally use the seeds of Trichopus zeylanicus to combat fatigue. In this study, the antioxidant properties of Trichopus zeylanicus were established on free radicals (DPPH and ABTS), its ability to reduce iron, lipoxygenase activity and hydrogen peroxide‐induced lipid peroxidation. The effects of Trichopus zeylanicus on reactive oxygen species induced plasmid DNA (pBR322) cleavage were also investigated. Trichopus zeylanicus significantly scavenged free radicals, reduced lipid peroxidation and inhibited lipoxygenase activity. Trichopus zeylanicus also exhibited iron‐chelating activity and inhibited reactive oxygen species induced DNA damage. Trichopus zeylanicus contains NADH, polyphenols and sulfhydryl compounds, which have the ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species suggesting that the antioxidant activity may be an important mechanism of action of Trichopus zeylanicus to combat fatigue. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of antinociceptive and antiinflammatory activities of the essential oil (EO) ofOcimum micranthumWilld. from Northeastern Brazil
Authors: Lino C. S. , Gomes P. B. , Lucetti D. L. , Diógenes J. P. L. , Sousa F. C. F. , Silva M. G. V. , Viana G. S. B.
Published: September 2005

The EO ofOcimum micranthumwas studied for a possible analgesic effect on the acetic acid induced writhing and formalin test in mice and antioedema activities on the carrageenan and dextran induced paw oedema in rats. The EO demonstrated antinociceptive effects, and pretreatment with naloxone did not reverse the antinociception, indicating that the opioid system is not involved. On the other hand, pretreatment withl‐arginine (l‐arg) reversed the antinociception, suggesting involvement of the nitric oxide (NO) system. The EO did not present an antioedematogenic effect in the carrageenan and dextran models. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anti‐HIV‐1 constituents from Clausena excavata: Part II. carbazoles and a pyranocoumarin
Authors: Kongkathip Boonsong , Kongkathip Ngampong , Sunthitikawinsakul Arunrat , Napaswat Chanita , Yoosook Chalobon
Published: September 2005

Three carbazole derivatives, O‐methylmukonal (1), 3‐formyl‐2,7‐dimethoxycarbazole (2) and clauszoline J (3), and a pyranocoumarin, clausenidin (4), were isolated from the rhizomes and roots of Clausena excavata. Compound 1, isolated from this plant for the first time, has not been reported previously as having anti‐HIV‐1 activity. Compounds 1–4 displayed anti‐HIV‐1 activity in a syncytial assay with EC50 values of 12, 29.1, 34.2 and 5.3 µm, respectively, and thus exhibited potential therapeutic index (PTI) values of 56.7, 8.0, 1.6 and 7.0, respectively. All isolated compounds demonstrated a lack of cytotoxicity against the KB and BC‐1 cancer cell lines. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Schrödinger–Riccati equation: Feasibility study for the He‐isoelectronic series
Authors: Fraga Serafin , García De La Vega José M. , Fraga Eric S.
Published: September 2005

The Schrödinger–Riccati equation has been applied to the study of some systems of the He‐isoelectronic series. The statistical analysis of the local ratios of the predicted function over an accurate function yields, with a sample mean of 1.000, the following confidence intervals (at a 99% level of confidence) for the true population means: He I, 0.0013 (for 24,896 points); Li II, 0.0015 (for 29,354 points); Be III, 0.0018 (for 31,290 points); C V, 0.0024 (for 28,639 points); and O VII, 0.0058 (for 23,784 points). © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Whole cell matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry and in situ structure analysis of streptocidins, a family of tyrocidine‐like cyclic peptides
Authors: Hitzeroth Gabriele , Vater Joachim , Franke Peter , Gebhardt Klaus , Fiedler Hans‐Peter
Published: September 2005

Streptocidins, a family of tyrocidine‐like cyclic decapeptides, are an ideal demonstration object for the detection and in situ structure analysis of natural compounds directly in microbial cells using whole cell matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight‐mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOFMS), an emerging technique that can be used for rapid sensitive metabolic profiling of microorganisms. Five main members of the streptocidin family (A–E) were detected in Brevibacillus cells picked from agar plates and identified by in situ structure analysis with post‐source decay MALDI‐TOFMS. This efficient modern method allows the precise detection of metabolites within minutes without the need to isolate and purify the target compounds. The generated mass spectra are of similar quality to those obtained for the purified peptides. In addition, surface extracts were prepared by treating Brevibacillus cells with 70% acetonitrile in the presence of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid and fractionated by high‐resolution reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In this way ten minor streptocidins were detected demonstrating the full biosynthetic variety of streptocidin production on the cellular level. The streptocidins differ from the well‐known tyrocidines essentially in position 3 of the decapeptide chain by replacement of the aromatic amino acid (F/W) found in tyrocidines by L‐leucine or L‐valine. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of sodium in mitochondrial membrane depolarization induced by P2X7 receptor activation in submandibular glands
Authors: Garcia-Marcos M. , Fontanils U. , Aguirre A. , Pochet S. , Dehaye J.P. , Marino A.
Published: September 2005

It is concluded that the activation of P2X7 receptors depolarizes the mitochondrial membrane. The uptake of extracellular sodium is necessary but not sufficient to induce this response.
Structural basis for recognition of ubiquitinated cargo by Tom1‐GAT domain
Authors: Akutsu Masato , Kawasaki Masato , Katoh Yohei , Shiba Tomoo , Yamaguchi Yoshiki , Kato Ryuichi , Kato Koichi , Nakayama Kazuhisa , Wakatsuki Soichi
Published: September 2005

Tom1 (Target of Myb1) is suggested to be involved in the transport of ubiquitinated proteins, through the interaction of its GAT (GGA and Tom1) domain with ubiquitin. Here, we demonstrate that the three‐helix bundle of Tom1‐GAT has two ubiquitin‐binding sites recognizing the hydrophobic Ile44 surface of ubiquitin. The complex crystal structure demonstrates that the first site is a hydrophobic patch on helices α1 and α2. NMR and biochemical data revealed that the N‐terminal half of helix α3 of Tom1‐GAT constitutes the second, stronger binding site. The double‐sided ubiquitin binding enhances the efficiency of recognition of ubiquitinated proteins by Tom1.
One‐compound‐multiple‐targets strategy to combat Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Zhang Hong-Yu
Published: September 2005

The present one‐drug‐one‐target paradigm in drug discovery has been considered partially responsible for the more‐funding‐less‐drug predicament in modern pharmaceutical industry. To hit the multiple targets implicated in complex diseases, two strategies, based on multicomponent or single‐ingredient, are conceivable. Although the latter is more difficult to be fulfilled than the former, the recent progress made in the fight against Alzheimer's disease (AD) has brought us the first light of success of the latter strategy. In this review, both synthetic and natural multipotent agents are described, which hit two or more targets implicated in AD, e.g., acetylcholinesterase, monoamine oxidase, amyloid‐β, τ protein, metal ions and reactive oxygen species. Nevertheless, due to the potential risks in safety, absorbability and pharmacokinetics of synthetic multipotent agents, natural counterparts seem more promising in the future development.
Distinct function of monoclonal antibody to TRAIL‐R2 as potentiator or inhibitor of the ligand TRAIL‐induced apoptosis
Authors: Mori Eiji , Thomas Mayumi , Motoki Kazuhiro , Kataoka Shiro
Published: September 2005

Tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) specifically induces apoptosis in tumor cells but may be toxic to human hepatocytes. Although hepatocytes are susceptible to apoptotic signals mediated by TRAIL‐receptor 2 (TRAIL‐R2), we previously reported that some anti‐TRAIL‐R2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) produce little hepatocyte toxicity. Those mAbs neutralized the cytotoxic activity of TRAIL by inhibiting receptor–ligand binding. The hepatocyte‐toxic mAbs did not compete with TRAIL for binding to TRAIL‐R2, and potentiated ligand activity in both cancer cells and hepatocytes. A neutralizing antibody to TRAIL inhibited hepatocyte death by anti‐TRAIL‐R2 mAbs, suggesting that the toxicity may reflect their ability to potentiate membrane‐bound TRAIL on hepatocytes.
Flexor to Extensor Tendon Transfers in the Hand
Authors: DUNNET W. J. , HOUSDEN P. L. , BIRCH R.
Published: September 2005

We reviewed 49 cases of flexor to extensor tendon transfer following injury to the radial nerve (22) or brachial plexus (27). Post-operative follow-up averaged 5.6 years (0.5–12.5). Function was improved in 84% (41) of patients. 16% (8) reported no improvement; of these, four (50%) had associated vascular injuries. In those with improvement, impaired coordination and dexterity were reported by 79% (15 of 19) of the plexus injuries and in 64% (14 of 22) of the radial nerve palsies. Premature fatigue was noted by 89% (17 of 19) of plexus injuries and in 82% (18 of 22) of radial nerve palsies. The power of wrist extension averaged 22% of the contralateral side (8% to 80%), power of digital extension was 31% (5% to 130%), and power grip was reduced to 40% (5% to 86%).
Conservative Treatment of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Using an Orthosis
Authors: NAKATSUCHI Y. , SAITOH S. , HOSAKA M. , MATSUDA S.
Published: September 2005

We describe a strapping device for elevation of the shoulder in patients with thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS). The device was used by 86 patients with TOS whose symptoms had been alleviated by passively raising the shoulder. Symptoms of TOS were classified as proximal, including pain in the shoulder girdle, and distal, in which there were neurological deficits related to the brachial plexus. The device was more effective in patients with distal symptoms: pain disappeared or improved in 67% of patients; numbness in 85%; sensory disturbance in 84%; and motor disturbance in 80%. However, proximal symptoms were relieved in only 65% of the patients. The ability to perform activities of daily living was rated as excellent in 33% of patients, good in 44%, fair in 12%, and poor in 9%. The shoulder orthosis described in this report can counterbalance downward traction on the brachial plexus and reduce the tension on it, thereby relieving symptoms of TOS.
Reliability of Different Methods of Determination of Radial Shortening
Authors: BILIĆ R. , RUŽIĆ L , ZDRAVKOVIĆ V. , BOLJEVIĆ Z. , KOVJANIĆ J.
Published: September 2005

Assessment of the grade of deformity after fracture of the distal end of the radius demands an accurate method of determination of radial shortening. Radiographs of 50 patients with malunited Colles’ fractures were analyzed in order to find the method which is least affected by changes in ulnar and palmar flit. Two new landmarks, the centre-point in the distal articular surface of the radius and the capitate vertex, are introduced as possible new landmarks for radial shortening determination. Results derived from commonly used methods and the new method are compared and analyzed. These show that radial shortening measured according to the commonly used landmarks is greatly affected by changes in ulnar and palmar tlit, leading to errors. Shortening measured by the two new landmarks gives results that are less influenced by rotation of the distal fragment in the frontal and sagittal planes.
Radial Instability of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint of the Thumb
Authors: LOEBIG T. G. , ANDERSON D. D. , BARATZ M. E. , IMBRIGLIA J. E.
Published: September 2005

Human cadaver thumbs were tested to evaluate stability of the radial side of the MP joint. The contributions of the dorsal capsule, radial collateral ligament, accessory collateral ligament, and volar plate were examined with the joint in 0° and 30° of flexion. At 0° flexion, the average joint angulation increased 4° following isolated radial collateral ligament transection and 6° following isolated accessory collateral ligament transection. Release of both the accessory and radial collateral ligaments produced marked instability with joint angulation of at least 46° The accessory collateral ligament helped to stabilize the extended MP joint. There were no significant contributions to stability from the dorsal capsule and volar plate when the collateral ligaments were intact. In the laboratory setting, radial-side instability of the MP joint of the thumb requires transection of both the proper and accessory radial collateral ligaments.
A Comparison of Different Surgical Techniques in Treating Degenerative Arthrosis of the Carpometacarpal Joint of the Thumb
Authors: LANZETTA M. , FOUCHER G.
Published: September 2005

Between March 1977 and December 1991, 98 surgical procedures on 85 patients were performed at SOS Main Strasbourg for osteoarthrosis of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb. The mean age was 56 and 90% were female; 13 were operated on bilaterally. 40% had Swanson arthroplasties (group 1), 15% Ashworth-Blatt hemiarthroplasties (group 2), and 45% had soft tissue arthroplasties (group 3). 62 cases were reviewed at an average follow-up of 5 years. Normal thumb range of motion was obtained in all cases, regardless of the technique used. Complete pain relief was achieved in 77% of the cases in group 1, 37.5% in group 2 and 71% in group 3. 15% of group 1 and 50% of group 2 required surgical revision, either for displacement or fracture of the implants. No revision was necessary in group 3. One case of silicone synovitis requiring secondary surgery was noted 6 years after surgery, accounting for 2.9% of the total number of silicone implants reviewed, but radiological signs of silicone synovitis were much more common (56%). Proximal metacarpal migration in group 3 averaged 38% of the initial arthroplasty space, and was not related to the type of ligamentoplasty used, or presence or absence of an “anchovy”. The migration increased to 68% of the space if an associated MP joint arthrodesis was carried out at the same time. Complications included reflex sympathetic dystrophy (4% in group 1 and 14% in group 3). The Ashworth-Blatt hemiarthroplasty failed to gain satisfactory results, but both silicone arthroplasty and soft tissue arthroplasty proved to be useful procedures. However, due to the risk of synovitis the present treatment of choice is soft tissue arthroplasty.
Metacarpophalangeal Joint Prostheses
Authors: BEEVERS D. J. , SEEDHOM B. B.
Published: September 2005

The clinical results of past and current hinge, flexible and third generation designs of MP prosthetic joints are reviewed. The hinged prostheses did not achieve acceptable short term clinical results while the silastic and third generation prostheses provided good results with correction of deformity and adequate range of motion (ROM). These good short term results did, however, get progressively worse with the recurrence of deformities and loss of ROM. It is evident that while most of the existing prostheses can relieve pain and restore appearance, none provide the degree of stability and ROM that is required to restore normal function to the MP joint. The moderate results could be partly due to the stage of the disease at which the surgery is carried out. At present, surgery on patients with rheumatoid arthritis is undertaken at a stage in the disease where the muscles and the ligaments surrounding the joint, and the bone, are generally in a poor condition. Surgery at this stage is really only a salvage procedure.
Lunate Dislocation with Ulnar Nerve Paresis
Authors: YAMADA K. , SEKIYA S. , OKA S. , NORIMATSU H.
Published: September 2005

A case of volar dislocation of the lunate, associated with transient ulnar nerve palsy, is described in a 39-year-old man, with temporary avascular changes of the left lunate.
Early Mobilization Following Carpal Tunnel Release
Authors: COOK A. C. , SZABO R. M. , BIRKHOLZ S. W. , KING E. F.
Published: September 2005

A prospective randomized study was undertaken of 50 consecutive patients undergoing surgery for idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome to determine the value of splintage of the wrist following open carpal tunnel release. Patients were randomized to either be splinted for 2 weeks following surgery or to begin range-of-motion exercises on the first post-operative day. Subjects were evaluated at 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after surgery by motor and sensory testing, physical examination, and a questionnaire. Variables assessed included date of return to activities of daily living, dates of return to work at light duty and at full duty, pain level, grip strength, key pinch strength, and occurrence of complications. Patients who were splinted had significant delays in return to activities of daily living, return to work at light and full duty, and in recovery of grip and key pinch strength. Patients with splinted wrists experienced increased pain and scar tenderness in the first month after surgery; otherwise there was no difference between the groups in the incidence of complications. We conclude that splinting the wrist following open release of the flexor retinaculum is largely detrimental, although it may have a role in preventing the rare but significant complications of bowstringing of the tendons or entrapment of the median nerve in scar tissue. We recommend a home physiotherapy programme in which the wrist and fingers are exercised separately to avoid simultaneous finger and wrist flexion, which is the position most prone to cause bowstringing.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Acute Tendon Injury in The Finger
Authors: SCOTT J. R. , COBBY M. , TAGGART I.
Published: September 2005

Accurate assessment of flexor tendon function in a digit with an acute, non-penetrating injury is difficult. MR imaging can negate the need for surgical exploration and the associated morbidity.
Work of Flexion after Tendon Repair with Various Suture Methods
Authors: AOKI M. , MANSKE P. R. , PRUITT D. L. , LARSON B. J.
Published: September 2005

After flexor tendon repair there is often increased resistance to tendon gliding at the repair site, which is greater for techniques using increased suture strands or suture material. This increased “friction” may be measured as the “work of flexion” in the laboratory setting. Tendon repairs performed in zone 2 in human cadaver hands using the two strand Kessler, the lateral Becker, the six strand Savage, internal and dorsal tendon splint, or the external mesh sleeve techniques, had “work of flexion” measurements made both before and after the laceration and repair. The average increase in work of flexion was 4.8% for Kessler; 6.5% for Becker; 10.9% for Savage; 19.3% for the internal tendon splint, 16.2% for the dorsal tendon splint and 44.3% for the external mesh sleeve. The work of flexion was found to increase in direct proportion to the amount of suture material at the repair site.
Intra-Uterine and Juxtanatal Repair of Syndactyly in Foetal Mice
Authors: ROBINSON J. , OBERG K. C. , KIRSCH W. M. , WOOD V. E.
Published: September 2005

39 foetal mice with genetic syndactyly were identified in utero at 17 days of gestation, and the right hindfoot extruded through the uterus. The syndactylous digits were separated by simple incisions. In one group (n = 25) digit separation was maintained during wound healing by the interdigital application of a silver microclip. Digit separation was also assessed in a second group of newborn mice less than 24 hours old (juxtanatal population, n = 24). Two foetuses (5%) and six newborns (25%) developed digital necrosis following microclip application. In the remaining microchlipped animals (23 intrauterine and 10 juxtanatal), microclip application maintained digit separation, allowing wound healing to occur with epithelialization of the separated digits. No inflammation or scar formation occurred. In the third group (n = 22) without microclip application, the digital skin reapproximated and webbing recurred during wound healing.

These studies demonstrate the need to maintain digit separation during wound healing following intra-uterine or juxtanatal syndactyly repair.
Surgical Correction of Pseudo-Ainhum in Vohwinkel Syndrome
Authors: PISOH T. , BHATIA A. , OBERLIN C.
Published: September 2005

Vohwinkel syndrome or hereditary mutilating keratodermatitis is a rare condition producing palmo-plantar hyperkeratosis and constricting rings of the fingers and toes which can progress to compromise neurovascular function and mobility. Medical treatment with oral retinol derivatives is recommended when its use is not contra-indicated. This paper describes surgical correction of the constricting rings on both hands in a 33-year-old woman affected by this condition.
Fractures of the Distal Radius and Ulna
Authors: BIYANI A. , SIMISON A. J. M. , KLENERMAN L.
Published: September 2005

Associated fractures of the distal ulnar metaphysis were present in 19 of 320 distal radial fractures requiring either closed manipulation or surgical treatment over a 2-year period. Four morphological patterns of ulnar fracture were encountered, the commonest being the type 1 simple extra-articular fracture of the distal end of ulna with minimal comminution (eight out of 19). 15 patients were treated conservatively and two each were treated by internal and external fixation. 15 patients were reviewed after a mean follow-up of 23.8 months and there were four excellent, five good, five fair clinical results and one poor result. Radiographically the distal radio-ulnar joint (DRUJ) was normal in eight wrists, but longitudinal or horizontal disruption of the DRUJ was present in seven wrists. Fracture callus encroached on the DRUJ in three patients, who also had limitation of forearm rotation. Two comminuted ulnar fractures (type 4) developed non-union, but both patients had full forearm rotation, in contrast to restriction of forearm rotation in four out of five patients with type 1 fractures.
Idiopathic Avascular Necrosis of the Capitate
Authors: KUTTY S. , CURTIN J.
Published: September 2005

Idiopathic avascular necrosis (AVN) of the capitate is rare. A 44-year-old woman presented with chronic pain in her dominant wrist without a history of trauma. Clinical and standard radiological examination were initially inconclusive, while MRI was diagnostic. Mid-carpal arthrodesis gave a satisfactory short term result, and the long term result is awaited.

Idiopathic AVN of the capitate should be included in the differential diagnosis of chronic wrist pain.
Functional Results of Dynamic Splinting after Transmetacarpal, Wrist, and Distal Forearm Replantation
Authors: SCHEKER L. R. , CHESHER S. P. , NETSCHER D. T. , JULLIARD K. N. , O’NEILL W. L.
Published: September 2005

The results of replantation at the wrist and distal forearm are reported to be better than at the metacarpal level, in part because the latter involve direct injury to the intrinsic muscles. This study evaluates a new post-operative protocol for replantation at the metacarpal, wrist and distal forearm levels. 3 days after replantation, the patient was placed in a dynamic crane outrigger splint with MP joint control, compensating for intrinsic muscle function loss. From 4 to 12 weeks, an anticlaw splint alternated with the outrigger splint. After 12 weeks, a dynamic wrist extension orthosis was added to the anti-claw splint. 11 patients (four replantations at the transmetacarpal level, three at the wrist and four in the distal forearm) had this protocol between 1988 and 1993. For distal forearm replantation, TAM of fingers averaged 216°, grip strength 42 lb, and pinch strength 7.2 lb with 75% good or excellent results. For wrist replantations, TAM of fingers averaged 243°, grip strength 37 lb and pinch strength 10.6 lb with 100% good or excellent results. For transmetacarpal replantations, TAM of fingers averaged 189°, grip strength 37 lb and pinch strength 5.6 lb, with 75% good and excellent results. Early protected mobilization, as described here, preserves tendon gliding, muscle strength and excursion. Our results support this protocol for wrist and distal forearm replantation and especially for transmetacarpal replantation, the results of which tend to be poor according to the medical literature.
Hand Surgery Coding and Classification
Authors: MACEY A. , KELLY C. , BRADY O. , BURKE F.
Published: September 2005

The development of codes for hand surgery as part of the Read Code System is described. A lexicon of clinical terms and surgery has been developed, and will shortly be available from the National Health Service Centre for Coding and Classification in Loughborough, UK.
Long-Term Results of Carpal Tunnel Release
Authors: NANCOLLAS M. P. , PEIMER C. A. , WHEELER D. R. , SHERWIN F. S.
Published: September 2005

To determine the long-term results of carpal tunnel release, we retrospectively reviewed 60 cases, an average of 5.5 years after surgery. 87% reported a good or excellent overall outcome; the average time to maximum improvement of symptoms was 9.8 months. However, 30% reported poor to fair strength and long-term scar discomfort, and 57% noted a return of some pre-operative symptoms, most commonly pain, beginning an average of 2 years after surgery. We found no correlation between pre-operative symptoms or extent of surgical dissection (internal neurolysis) and outcome. Carpal tunnel syndrome was job related in 42%; of these, 26% changed from heavy to lighter work following surgery. Although occupational cases were slower to improve and remained off work longer, the long-term subjective results were the same for both groups. We found significant morbidity from the surgical scar and decreased strength, and often considerable delay until ultimate improvement, especially in patients with job-related carpal tunnel syndrome.