bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rhythmic Activity and the Discrimination of Stimuli in Time
Authors: Denner Bruce , Wapner Seymour , Werner Heinz
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were conducted to test the effect of changes in motoric activity on the thresholds for CFF and apparent motion. The main findings were that an increase (decrease) in motoric activity above (below) the preferred rate delays (fosters) the perception of fusion and simultaneity. These findings were interpreted as giving evidence for the notion that organismic rhythms are critical in the temporal organization of perceptual events.
Activation and Behavior: II. Visually Evoked Cortical Potentials in Man as Indicants of Activation Level
Authors: Eason Robert G. , Aiken Lewis R. , White Carroll T. , Lichtenstein Malcolm
Published: September 2011

The effects of variations in behavioral arousal and neural activation or excitation on averaged evoked occipital-cortical potentials to a repetitive flashing light stimulus were studied, using the Mnemotron computer of average transients (CAT). Degree of behavioral arousal and neural activation was manipulated by having Ss perform physical and “mental” tasks of varying degrees of difficulty. Records obtained under these conditions were compared with those obtained during periods of physical and mental quiescence wherein activation level was assumed to be at a relatively low level. The evoked potential patterns were found to increase in amplitude and/or to change in wave form with increases in level of activation or arousal. A number of techniques for quantifying differences in evoked cortical potential patterns were described. It was concluded that the evoked potential measure may be added to the repertory of physiological measures (EEG, EMG, heart rate, skin conductance, etc.) currently considered to constitute reliable and valid indices of activation level.
Ethnic Background Identification from Kodachrome Slides
Authors: Rush Michael A. , Moed George
Published: September 2011

High school students were very accurate in identifying ethnic backgrounds from color slides of Jewish, Italian, and Other females. Their accuracy extended to the identification of an Italian male but not to slides of a Jewish or Other male. With correct and incorrect Italian identifications, “black hair” and “dark complexion” were frequently checked, whereas in the Jewish identifications a “big nose” was noted often. There was no consistent pattern of facial characteristics prominent in identification of Other figures.
The Semantic Differential of Color Pyramid Test Instructions
Authors: Dilts Martha , Taylor Robert E.
Published: September 2011

The semantic differential was employed to evaluate the use of alternative translations of the term schoene. For both male and female undergraduates the semantic profiles of either choice, pretty vs beautiful, were nearly identical. The findings were also remarkably consistent with those reported in a similar study.
Discrimination and Reversal Learning in the Rock Squirrel
Authors: King James E.
Published: September 2011

Four rock squirrels received 80 discrimination learning-set (DLS) problems followed by 80 reversal learning-set (RLS) problems in a modified WGTA. Each DLS problem was learned to a criterion of 9 out of 10 correct while each RLS problem consisted of either 4, 8, 12, or 16 pre-reversal trials and 12 post-reversal trials. Significant interproblem learning occurred during the DLS problems. DLS learning suggested that, for squirrels, a criterial DLS procedure is more efficient than presentation of a small fixed number of trials per problem. RLS performance became independent of the number of pre-reversal trials during the last block of 16 problems.
Note on Subjective Scales of Number
Authors: Ekman Goesta , Hosman Brita
Published: September 2011

Data for 8 Ss were obtained with a modified technique for a category scale, a ratio estimation scale, and a free number production scale. When these are compared with previous data of Ekman and Rosner, the need for further research is clear.
Investigation of Sensory Interaction in the Hooded Rat
Authors: Martin Joan , Scarborough B. B.
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to determine the effects of tone on the visual acuity threshold of the rat. Acuity thresholds were ascertained using the Lashley jumping stand with black and white stimulus cards. A pure tone of 7,500 cps at three intensity levels was introduced as accessory stimulus. The results indicated (1) no consistent lowering of S's visual acuity by the introduction of a tone, (2) no within- S differences between tone and no tone when the above threshold and threshold stimuli were analyzed separately, (3) increasingly better performance from low to medium intensities with a decrease in performance at the higher intensity level.
Absolute and Differential Cuing of Successive Reversals
Authors: Goldstein Mymon , Galef Bennett G.
Published: September 2011

Successive reversals for a single pair of stimulus alternatives were signalled by means of a “differential” cuing method or 1 of 2 “absolute” cuing methods. Under differential cuing, there were 2 extra stimuli that corresponded to reversal and nonreversal, respectively. Under absolute cuing, there was only 1 extra stimulus, but its absence served as 1 signal and its presence served as another. Both possible ways of pairing presence vs absence with reversal vs nonreversal were studied. There were 30 human Ss divided equally among the 3 methods. Differential cuing was the most difficult method. Absolute cuing was least difficult when presence of the extra stimulus was coupled with reversal and absence of the extra stimulus with nonreversal.
Distribution of Human Reaction Time
Authors: Borghi John H.
Published: September 2011

Over 4,000 RTs were collected for one S in a 5-mo. period. A normal distribution was approximated for the particular sensory-motor link studied.
Storage of Information about Time
Authors: Dimond Stuart J.
Published: September 2011

An experiment is described in which the detrimental effects of an auxiliary task on reaction time to periodically presented light stimuli were studied. RT stimuli were presented periodically to one group of Ss throughout the experiment and aperiodically to another. During the first half of the experiment both groups performed the RT task while simultaneously performing a key-pressing task, then both groups performed the RT task only. When performing the RT task only, the RTs of the ‘periodic’ group initially were of the same magnitude as those of the ‘aperiodic’ group but on subsequent periodic trials the RTs became significantly shorter. The results support the hypothesis that ability to gauge the time separating periodically occurring RT stimuli is impaired when S is required simultaneously to perform an auxiliary task.
Discrimination and following Behavior in Chicks as a Function of Early Environmental Complexity
Authors: Haywood H. Carl
Published: September 2011

Vantress chicks were reared from hatching in a complex environment or a restricted environment and were imprinted (experimentals) or not imprinted (controls) at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, or 18 hr. of experience in these environments. On test, complex reared-imprinted chicks showed stronger following behavior and stronger discrimination between the imprinting model and a previously-unseen model across imprinting ages.
Rorschach Movement Responses and Psychosurgery: Cautionary Note
Authors: Stark Stanley
Published: September 2011

A case for reconsidering the question of change in frequency of Rorschach movement responses associated with psychosurgery is presented.
Creativity in Science through Visualization
Authors: Walkup Lewis E.
Published: September 2011

The fact that attempts to gain insight into the creative process have been so unsuccessful suggests that they have overlooked at least one basic ingredient in the process. This ingredient may lie in the nature or way the individual mind goes about remembering and manipulating data. The hypothesis is advanced that the creative persons appear to have stumbled onto and then developed to a high degree of perfection the ability to visualize—almost hallucinate—in the area in which they are creative. And their visualizations seem to be of a sort that lend themselves to easy manipulation in the thinking process. This is illustrated by reports from many of the great inventors of the past and it is easy to demonstrate that individuals differ enormously in the kind and degree of their ability to think in such manipulatable visualizations. If correct, this aspect of creativity suggests many research attacks and many potential changes in education for creative activity.
Foveal Flicker Fusion Using a Moving Stimulus
Authors: Miller Grant D. , Anderson Duane A. , Simonson Ernst
Published: September 2011

The relationship between stimulus velocity and the critical-flicker-fusion frequency (CFF) of an intermittent visual stimulus was investigated by modulating the sweep-speed and intensity of an oscilloscope beam. When Ss fixated upon a stationary point, CFF showed an approximately linear increase as a function of velocity. Velocity did not, however, influence CFF when S fixated on the moving stimulus. The multiple correlation (.68) between CFF determinations obtained with a stationary stimulus vs those obtained with several different velocities implies that the same mechanisms which determined CFF under the former condition were also operative in the latter. The trend of the bivariate correlations between the average CFF values for isolated pairs of experimental conditions suggests that an additional factor, possibly spatial acuity, may have become progressively dominant as velocities exceeded 1.08°/sec.
Relation of Color Responses on the Rorschach to Qualitative Scores on the Porteus Maze Test
Authors: Labarba Richard C.
Published: September 2011

Qualitative scores on the Porteus Maze Test have been claimed to differentiate delinquents and non-delinquents and criminals and non-criminals, to indicate impulsivity and acting-out tendencies. Such characteristics are also claimed to be described and predicted by the use of color responses on the Rorschach test. Both tests were administered to a random sample of 15 white male patients in a state hospital, who ranged in age from 16 to 50. No significant correlations between qualitative scores on the Porteus and Rorschach responses were obtained. Porteus scores differentiated those Ss with a history of acting out or arrests more accurately than did Rorschach color responses.
Note on an “Elastic” Multidimensional Scaling Procedure
Authors: McGee Victor
Published: September 2011

A new orientation and a hybrid technique of multidimensional scaling are introduced in the interests of rational theoretical underpinnings and efficient numerical computation.
Ego Control Patterns and Attribution of Hostility to Self, Parents, and others
Authors: McDonald Robert L.
Published: September 2011

This study evaluated the attribution of hostility to self, parents, father of the child, and peers in four MMPI-based ego control patterns—repressors, expressors, sensitizers, and expressor-sensitizers. Ss were administered the MMPI and ICL during the ninth month of pregnancy. Of the four groups, the expressor-sensitizers attributed most hostility to themselves, while the expressor group attributed most hostility to the mothers. Group differences in attribution of hostility to fathers and fathers of the children were generally unreliable. Mutual group endorsement of hostility items for other control groups was related to self-attribution of hostility. Further validation for the repressor end of the repression-sensitization scale was also derived.
Note on Visual Perception in Schizophrenic SS
Authors: Clement David E.
Published: September 2011

Rankings of goodness of pattern for 11 visual patterns were obtained from 112 schizophrenic Ss and 50 nonpsychoric Ss. Rankings obtained from the schizophrenic group showed significantly greater variability than rankings from the nonpsychotic group. The direction of changes was not predictable on the basis of severity of psychosis.
Prewarning Signal Activity and RT as a Function of Foreperiod
Authors: Sanders A. F.
Published: September 2011

Simple auditory RT was measured as a function of foreperiod and reading activity before the warning signal (W) arrived. Without prewarning signal activity earlier results were confirmed, showing a continuous decrease of RT with smaller foreperiods. When reading activity preceded W, no significant difference was found between foreperiods of 0.5 to 4.0 sec., suggesting preparation for response before arrival of W at short foreperiods.
Habituation to Complex Vestibular Stimulation in Man: Transfer and Retention of Effects from Twelve Days of Rotation at 10 Rpm
Authors: Guedry Fred E.
Published: September 2011

Nine men rotated at 10 rpm for 12 days. Control Ss were tested at comparable intervals. Tests conducted before and after the 12-day run demonstrated that nystagmus and subjective effects produced by head movements during the accustomed direction of rotation (CCW) had diminished markedly, whereas during CW rotation, 1 hr. after the 12-day run, nystagmus and subjective reactions approximately equaled reactions prior to the 12-day run. The unequal reduction was attributed to conditioned compensatory reactions. Two days later, responses to both rotation directions were suppressed as compared with initial levels of response; compensatory reactions had apparently dissipated. Some response decline was still present after 3 wk. rest, but tests after 3 mo. revealed considerable recovery toward initial response levels. Reactions to passive whole-body angular acceleration were not greatly altered by the 12-day run.
A Modified Wisconsin General Test Apparatus for Use with a Variety of Small Primates
Authors: Pournelle Mary Belle , Rumbaugh Duane M.
Published: September 2011

Modifications of a Wisconsin General Test Apparatus are discussed which compensated for differences in strength and dexterity among three groups of primates: the golden marmoset ( Leontideus rosalia), cotton-topped tamarin ( Saguinius oedipus), and squirrel monkey ( Saimiri sciureus). Stereometric problem objects were rendered immobile on the stimulus tray by use of imbedded magnets and steel plates. S's choice of objects was indicated by touching, not displacing, objects. Sucrose pellets served as incentives, were dispensed by use of a pellet dispenser, and were delivered into S's cage so that they could be picked up or licked up by Ss.
The Visual Response Component of Rotary Pursuit Tracking
Authors: Rosenquist Henry S.
Published: September 2011

Adams (1955) found that watching the rotary pursuit affected subsequent performance. Since this finding disagrees with reports by Melton (1947), Ammons (1951), and Duncan (1957), the present experiment set out to test Adams' watching procedure for reliability and generality. Each of 198 Ss tracked the rotary pursuit for 5 min. with the right hand, next received one of 11 different treatments consisting of various durations of watching, resting, or both, and finally resumed tracking for another 5 min., using the left hand. After statistical adjustment of left-hand scores to the expected post-rest level, the results showed a decremental effect, supporting Adams, and indicated that the effect was functionally related to various durations of watching and resting.
Number of Alternatives and Sequence Length in Acquisition of a Step-Function Tracking Task
Authors: Trumbo Don , Noble Merrill , Ulrich Lynn
Published: September 2011

The roles of two task parameters, sequence length ( N) and number of alternatives in the population from which the sequence was drawn ( K), were examined in a tracking task. The tasks were irregular step-function inputs wherein N was defined as the number of targets (steps) in a repeating sequence and K was defined as the number of alternative target positions. N and K were varied independently in a 3 × 3 factorial design with 9 Ss per cell. The major findings were that tracking performance, as measured by integrated error scores, is affected by increases in N, but not proportionately, while neither K nor the N × K interaction was significant. Relations of the results to verbal learning data are discussed.
Stimulus Compounding and the Attainment of Conjunctive and Disjunctive Concepts
Authors: Wells Herbert
Published: September 2011

Stimulus patterning was found to have a differential effect on the ease with which human Ss attained conjunctive and disjunctive concepts. Twenty-four undergraduate Ss were given eight disjunctive training problems and tested on a choice problem for which both conjunctive and disjunctive solutions were possible. On the test problem, more conjunctive solutions were offered when the stimulus dimensions were contained in a single geometric stimulus. More disjunctive solutions were offered when the dimensions were spatially separated on each instance. The former instances were assumed to allow for more stimulus patterning than the latter. It was concluded that stimulus patterning imposes a limiting condition on the efficacy of disjunctive-concept training, when tested by transfer on a choice problem for which a conjunctive solution is also possible.
Veridicality and Stability of Retarded Adolescents' Perceptions of Normals' Acceptance and Rejection
Authors: Clark Edward T. , Ozehosky Richard J.
Published: September 2011

34 normals perceived by 15 retardates (enrolled in a junior high school special class) as friends and five perceived as rejecting were interviewed individually twice. Normals first identified 3 friends and 3 persons they disliked in other classes in the school. In the second interview, normals described retardates from photographs. Retardates' perceptions of friendship were affirmed by 17, and of rejection by 3 normals. Two months later, only 4 of the retardates did not name the same normals as friends or as rejecting them.
Learning Set with Intra-Problem Stimulus Variation
Authors: Goldstein Mymon , Weber Robert J.
Published: September 2011

Thirty-six discrimination problems of a new type were presented to teen-age human Ss. Each problem contained four trials, and each trial involved a choice between a constant and varied stimulus. The constant stimulus appeared on all trials within a problem The varied stimulus was different on every trial. There were six experimental groups, representing orthogonal combination of a three-treatment reinforcement variable and a two-treatment response vs nonresponse variable. The reinforcement variable involved the following treatments, listed in ascending order of difficulty: constant stimulus correct on all problems, varied stimulus correct on all problems, constant and varied stimuli correct alternately over problems. The response vs nonresponse variable was applied only to Trial 1, and its effects were evaluated on later trials, which showed that the nonresponse treatment was more difficult.
Conditioning of Color Connotations
Authors: Harbin Susan P. , Williams John E.
Published: September 2011

The study demonstrated that the connotative meanings of color names may be conditioned to terms with which they are associated. In a paired-associate learning task CVC trigrams served as stimuli for color name responses. Subsequent ratings of the trigrams on the semantic differential varied systematically according to the color names with which they had been associated. Possible implications for the study of racial prejudice were noted.
Personnel Psychophysics
Authors: Pfeiffer Mark G. , Siegel Arthur I.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that the psychophysical law would describe the relationship between perceived circuit complexity as judged by journeymen maintenance personnel and the actual number of complexity attributes of circuits as determined by professional engineers. Employing data independently derived from these two sources, the above hypothesis appears to have been verified.
A Factor-Analytic Study of Simplicity-Complexity of Social Ordering
Authors: Pyron Bernard
Published: September 2011

From 80 college sophomores were obtained three measures of simplicity-complexity of social ordering: number of discriminable categories along scales of discrimination applied to persons, number of different bi-polar scales used to discriminate among persons and a rating scale of the level of abstraction of descriptions of a single Other person. Nine attitude measures were given: acceptance vs rejection of change, dogmatism, self-reliance, rationalism, purpose-fulness, rejection of people, abstract sex standard, concrete sex standard, and authoritarianism. The Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale was also given. Three factors which accounted for a total of 89% of the common variance were interpreted. These factors were: (A) Rejection-Acceptance of attitude positions and social stimuli tending to threaten or change the perceptual ordering and belief systems, (B) The imposition of rational, dichotomous order and suppression of spontaneous experiencing to achieve a future goal, and (C) Simplicity-Complexity of social ordering.
Comparison of Visual and Auditory Perceptual Functions of Brain-Injured and Normal Children
Authors: Deutsch Cynthia P. , Zawel Daniel
Published: September 2011

Visual and auditory masking tests and perceptual-motor tests were administered to 39 brain-injured, non-defective children, aged 6 to 12, and to a comparison group of intact children of the same age. The masking tests in both modalities followed a rough continuum of meaningfulness (and therefore of presumed level of distraction) of the mask. Analysis was done of inter-modal and intra-modal scores, within and between the experimental and comparison groups. Results showed that the brain-injured group had less differentiated functioning in the auditory modality, as compared with the intact group and with its own visual functioning. Results are interpreted in terms of differences between audition and vision. The susceptibility of auditory functioning to attentional disorders is also discussed.
Eye Movements and the Visual Autokinetic Phenomenon
Authors: Marshall John E.
Published: September 2011

The autokinetic reports of 64 male Ss reflected to a significant extent the direction of compensatory eye movements which had been experimentally manipulated using a retinal image displacement technique. A tracking device was used to record the seconds per trial that the stimulus appeared in each of four visual field quadrants, a temporal measure of magnitude, latency, and direction of initial movement. The results suggest compensatory eye movements associated with the maintenance of single-point binocular fixation and consequent reduction of the disruptive effects of heterophorically stimulated fixation disparity, as the visual mechanism primarily responsible for the autokinetic phenomenon.
Pain Tolerance and Athletic Participation
Authors: Ryan E. Dean , Kovacic Charles R.
Published: September 2011

Using thermal, gross pressure, and muscle ischemia testing procedures to induce pain, an effort was made to determine the relationship between pain response and athletic participation by measuring the pain threshold and pain tolerance levels of three groups of Ss, i.e., contact athletes, non-contact athletes, and non-athletes. There were no significant differences between groups in pain threshold, but a highly significant difference between groups on pain tolerance, wherein the contact athlete tolerated more pain than the non-contact athlete, who in turn tolerated more pain than the non-athlete. Correlation between pain threshold and pain tolerance was .38 and that between the two measures of pain tolerance, .82.
Finger-Withdrawal Conditioning: Photoelectric Pickup and EEG Recording
Authors: Sparks Charles H. , Mogel Steven , Griffith Richard M.
Published: September 2011

A simply constructed and arranged apparatus and technique are described for the measurement of the finger-withdrawal response which have certain advantages over those previously reported. A pointer attached to the finger interrupts a beam of light as it rises and falls without impeding the finger's movement. Pulses from photoelectric cells and the CS and UCS are simultaneously fed into the multi-channels of an electroencephalograph, producing a record of the amplitude of the response and the various time relations.
Intrusion of Associative Distractors into Conceptual Performance by Acute Schizophrenics: Role of Associative Strength
Authors: Downing R. W. , Shubrooks Samuel J. , Ebert John N.
Published: September 2011

37 acute schizophrenic patients were given a test measuring the extent to which associatively linked distractors intruded inappropriately into the formation of concepts. The test was administered both on admission to the hospital and after 6 wk. of phenothiazine or placebo treatment. Distractors were divided into four levels ranging from strong to weak associative linkages with relevant concept words. Stronger associative linkages in distractors were associated with more conceptual errors at both the pre- and post-treatment points ( p < .001). These findings provide further support for the view that cognitive pathology in schizophrenia is characterized by pathological distractibility rather than loss in “abstract attitude.”
Effects of Manifest and Induced Anxiety and Experimenter Variability on Simple Reaction Time
Authors: Nash Ed L. , Phelan Jos. G. , Demas George , Bittner Al
Published: September 2011

36 female introductory psychology students were placed in low, medium, or high anxiety groups based on their scores on the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale. Ss were then randomly assigned to either stress or no-stress groups ( Ns = 18) and to one of two Es. Simple reaction times were recorded for all Ss for 10 trials. The mean RT was determined for each of 12 conditions and the data fed into a pre-programmed computer. Results lead to the following conclusions: (1) under stress simple RT is slower than under no stress; (2) there is no interaction in RT data among levels of manifest anxiety and the presence or absence of stress; (3) simple RT is not affected by level of manifest anxiety; and (4) significant performance differences are observed when Es alternately administer the experimental treatment, presumably owing to an unconscious experimenter bias.
Relationship of Conceptual Ability and Academic Achievement to Problem-Solving and Experiential Backgrounds of Retardates
Authors: Davis Leo J. , Hamlett Iona C. , Reitan Ralph M.
Published: September 2011

A group of 126 Ss was divided into two equal groups of 63 Ss each, so that one group represented “good” performance and one group represented “poor” performance on each of the following measures: (a) Category Test, (b) Tactual Performance Test, (c) Block Design, (d) Wide Range Achievement Test, (e) Vocabulary, and (f) Information. These groups were then compared on measures which define a continuum ranging from tests highly related to problem-solving ability to tests highly related to experiential background. The results were primarily interpreted as support for caution in accepting an “omnibus” IQ as a valid predictor of success or failure in widely varied tasks.
A Comment concerning Stimuli in Discrimination Learning Experiments
Authors: Goldstein Mymon
Published: September 2011

The use of alphabetic characters to represent the stimuli in discrimination learning experiments is discussed and related to a key property: mutual distinctiveness.
A Proximity Analysis of Vocally Expressed Emotion
Authors: Dawes Robyn Mason , Kramer Ernest
Published: September 2011

Actors read several emotional passages expressing either love, grief, indifference, contempt, or hate. The same two sentences appeared somewhere in each passage. The actors' readings of these two sentences were taped, and they were then played to Ss who were asked to identify the emotion expressed by each. Ss' errors were subjected to a proximity analysis; a single dimension was obtained. In addition, Ss attempted to identify the emotions after the tapes of the sentences had been copied through a low-pass filter. Results were similar.
Reversibility of the Necker Cube: VIII. Parts of the Figure Contributing to the Perception of Reversals
Authors: Olson Ronald , Orbach J.
Published: September 2011

When the Necker cube was presented at 109 exposures/min. and 46 exposures/min. the median reversal rates were 41.0 and 0.0, respectively. A variety of figures consisting of parts of the Necker cube were interpolated between successive exposures of the test Necker cube. Some of these figures proved to be effective interpolators, i.e., they shifted the reversal rate toward 14.0, the median for continuous viewing. These figures had in common a minimum linear length. Dispensable characteristics of the effective interpolated figure included intersecting lines, oblique lines, and the feature of reversibility.
Clinical Anxiety and Conformity
Authors: Vaughan Graham M. , Taylor A. J. W.
Published: September 2011

Ss were less conforming if male and highly anxious. An explanation of sex differences is offered.
Analysis of Perspective Reversal and Associated Apparent Motions Using a Perspective-Bound Movement Illusion
Authors: Mefferd Roy B. , Wieland Betty A. , Cook Thomas H. , Sadler Timothy G. , Benton Richard G. , Redding Gordon M.
Published: September 2011

The nature of perspective reversal was examined using among other techniques a previously undescribed movement illusion specific to the non-veridical perception of actual depth. The apparent movement of the illusion proved to be veridical parallax movement displaced spatially. Apparent changes in direction of rotation and apparent oscillation were shown to be consequences of perspective. Objects seen in reversed perspective illustrated spectacularly the size-distance invariance. Detailed analysis revealed that depth perception per se is veridical, and only the apparent relocations of parts are involved in perspective reversal. When a perspective reverses, O misperceives the location of the near and far parts of the object, but those parts “reverse” about the veridical center in situ and on a strictly 1:1 depth basis. Perspective changes occur only at a plane perpendicular to O in the depth dimension—never in the horizontal-vertical plane. Parts of a single figure may reverse independently of others, thereby forming a separate perceptual unit, the configuration of which is determined by O‘s position rather than by properties of the stimulus. More complex figures (e.g., a rectangular prism composed of three cubes), may be perceived as an entire Gestalt, or as various smaller independent units each reversing perspective independently as verified by the movement illusion. The analysis of the nature of perspective reversal suggests that depth perception is composed of at least two processes: first, the perception of absolute depth, and second, the spatial ordering of objects or points on objects. The first process seems not to be related to perspective reversal, but the second seems to be implicated as the critical one. The depth dimension necessarily is represented nonveridically as a flat projection on the retina, while those parts of the visual field that are perpendicular to O are represented veridically. When O “reconstructs” the depth dimension from this flat retinal image (whether the depth is real or only apparent in the stimulus), depending on how he interprets the order of the corresponding parts, he will perceive the object in true or false perspective.
Auditory and Visual Rhythm Perception in Relation to Reading Ability in Fourth Grade Boys
Authors: Sterritt Graham M. , Rudnick Mark
Published: September 2011

Auditory-temporal rhythm perception or the ability to transpose from auditory-temporal to visual-spatial patterns is related to reading in fourth-grade boys in a way that is not fully accounted for by general intelligence.
Symbol Identification as a Function of Misregistration in Color Additive Displays
Authors: Snadowsky Alvin M. , Rizy Edward F. , Elias Merrill F.
Published: September 2011

The relation of misregistration in color additive projection displays to speed and accuracy of symbol identification was investigated. Ss viewed 36 letters and numbers, presented simultaneously in seven colors (white, red, green, blue, yellow, magenta, cyan), under 7 conditions of misregistration (0 to 200%). Performance seriously deteriorated from 67 to 200% misregistration, but a misregistration as high as 100% was necessary to produce a level of performance which was significantly lower than that obtained under perfect registration conditions. Under misregistration conditions, red and blue were the most efficient color codes, while cyan and white were the least efficient. It was concluded that (1) future studies might profitably investigate misregistrations of smaller increments lying between 67 and 100% misregistration, and (2) the relative tolerance of individual colors to deleterious misregistration effects should be taken into consideration when color codes are assigned to critical information categories.
An Apparatus for Measuring Freely Operant Behavior Chains
Authors: Becker Paul W. , Bruning James L.
Published: September 2011

An apparatus designed for the study of temporal and spatial aspects of a freely operant response chain is described as employed in previous research with animal Ss.
Social Perception and Social Desirability
Authors: Mehryar A. H.
Published: September 2011

92 children aged 13 to 14 predicted the ratings they had received from their classmates on a 20-item Guess Who Test. Using the frequency of self-ratings on each item as an index of social desirability, only items with high social desirability values produced significantly accurate predictions.
Stimulation Seeking Throughout Seven Days of Sensory Deprivation
Authors: Smith Seward , Myers Thomas I. , Johnson Eugene
Published: September 2011

60 volunteer Naval enlisted men participated in a study of 7-day, individual isolation. 40 Ss lived in small, dark, quiet rooms with little to do (SD). The other 20 served in a live-in-the-lab control group (C) with ad lib. access to lights, recreational materials, and intercom conversation with another C S if mutually desired. 19 SD Ss, but only 1 C S, requested early release. Pre-, during-, and post-isolation tests were given. In a test of stimulation seeking, boring stock reports could be heard during a 1-hr. period on each of Days 1, 4, and 7 of isolation. SD Ss selected to listen significantly more than Cs on Days 4 and 7, with the differences increasing over time. Day 1 listening (about 6 hr. after isolation began) predicted who would later request release. In the discussion, currently available stimulation-seeking data are summarized and integrated.
Imprinting: A Test of Innate Species Preference
Authors: Huber R. John
Published: September 2011

Strength of following reactions of 60 naive chicks to 6 imprinting objects varying in shape and color was observed. Color and interaction of object were not significant variables, whereas shape had a significant effect on following time. A duck-shaped object was found to be the strongest elicitor of following.
Hallucinations and Disturbances of Affect, Cognition, and Physical State as a Function of Sensory Deprivation
Authors: Schulman Carol A. , Richlin Milton , Weinstein Sidney
Published: September 2011

A post-isolation interview was administered to 134 Ss confined for up to 72 hr. under three conditions of sensory deprivation: Auditory-Tactual-Visual (Total Deprivation); Auditory-Tactual; and Auditory. Results indicated that Ss were not severely disorganized by the isolation experience. Total deprivation produced greater disturbance of affect and cognition than the two less severely restricted conditions, while complaints of physical discomfort were greater in the latter two groups. Hallucinations were analyzed in the Total Deprivation Group. The occurrence of visual, auditory, olfactory, kinesthetic, and body-image hallucinations was reported. Confirmation of previous findings for visual sensations was dependent on the criteria for classification. A significant proportion of Ss reported multimodal, complex sensory experiences (CSE). The history of CSE in sensory deprivation and related research was reviewed, and their relation to other types of hallucinations was discussed.
Variables Affecting the Perception of Angular Change
Authors: Klipple Alfred G.
Published: September 2011

A study was made of the effects of four variables (initial angle size, rate of change, direction of change and percentage of change) on the accuracy of judgments of size changes in visual angles. Two groups of Ss in a darkened room reported their judgments of the expansion or contraction of a variable bar of light. The accuracy of these judgments was affected by rate of change, direction of change, and percentage of change but not directly by initial angle size. Significant interactions were found for initial angle size by percentage of change, direction of change by percentage of change, percentage of change by rate of change and direction of change by percentage of change by groups.
Comparison of Two Measures of Innovative Performance
Authors: Uribe Bernard , McReynolds Paul
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationship between the Obscure Figures Test and the Similes Preference Inventory. The former of these was designed to assess “cognitive innovation,” and the second to measure the “tendency toward variety.” The correlation between the two for a sample of 58 college students was .52 ( p < .01).
Duration of Attention and Need for Affiliation
Authors: Leckart Bruce T. , Waters Lawrence K. , Tarpinian John
Published: September 2011

Ss classified as having a low or high need for affiliation by the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule viewed photographs rated as low affiliative, high affiliative, or neutral for as long as they wished. It was predicted that there would be a tendency for Ss to look longer at pictures congruent with their personality scores. No support was found; however, the results indicated that Ss with a high need for affiliation looked longer at all stimuli than Ss with a low need for affiliation. This finding was explained in terms of the high-affiliation Ss attempting to “please” E by looking longer at all stimuli. Evidence was also found suggesting that (a) the degree to which S believes E‘s instructions that the experiment is not a memory test and (b) Ss' self-ratings of nervousness are not related to looking time or the need for affiliation. Interest ratings and their relation to looking time may depend on Ss' personality.
Difference in Curiosity Levels of Blind and Sighted Subjects
Authors: Bottrill John H.
Published: September 2011

The investigation set out to determine whether blind people are less curious than sighted and whether curiosity behaviour is influenced by the degree and severity of blindness. A test of perceptual curiosity showed the sighted to be more curious than the blind, although a locomotor test showed no such significant difference. No significant variation was found among blind Ss divided as to source of blindness.
More Discriminative Measures of Stimulus Generalization Gradients
Authors: Lumsden Ernest A.
Published: September 2011

Measures of slope and symmetry are introduced which are sensitive to a greater variety of gradient changes than are the conventional measures.
Some Effects of Amount of Verbal Pretraining and Availability of Verbal Labels upon Performance in a Discriminative Motor Task
Authors: Marshall M. E.
Published: September 2011

Adult Ss were given either 3, 6, 9, 15, or 30 trials of relevant or irrelevant verbal pretraining prior to 21 trials on a common discriminative motor task. Relevant pretraining facilitated motor performance significantly over-all, and increasing amounts of relevant pretraining significantly increased the amount of specific proactive facilitation. Within relevant pretraining conditions, significantly superior motor performance was related to the subsequent correct recall of verbal pretraining responses. Methodological problems and theoretical implications are discussed.
Telemetric Monitoring of the Reflex Blink Rate
Authors: Drinkwater Barbara L. , Flint M. Marilyn
Published: September 2011

A technique for using telemetry to transmit the muscle action potentials of the eyeblink to a biological recorder is described in detail. Samples of oscillograph recordings are included to illustrate the patterns obtained from a variety of facial movements. Considering the high objectivity and reliability coefficients obtained, this procedure is recommended to those interested in using the blink rate as an experimental variable.
Information-Seeking Strategies in Person Perception
Authors: Nidorf Louis
Published: September 2011

Information sought by Ss desiring to form an impression of a stimulus person was explored in relation to (1) the sex of the S, (2) the sex of the stimulus person, and (3) the valence of the initial input information. The results were interpreted in terms of various information-seeking strategies used by Ss in matching the additional sought information to their initial impressions. A fourth variable, S's cognitive complexity, was found to be related to the amount of information sought by females: the more cognitively complex females sought the most information in forming their impressions of a stimulus person.
Necker Cube Perspective Dominance as a Function of Retinal Disparity
Authors: Cormack Robert H. , Arger Ruth
Published: September 2011

Necker cube reversal rate and dominance of cube orientation were measured for 60 Ss under three conditions of disparity, both with and without steady fixation. Passive instructions were given. Retinal disparity increased mildly the dominance of the orientation consonant with the disparity. This effect was greater without a fixation point. Retinal disparity affected reversal rate, but the presence or absence of a fixation point did not.
Technique for Prediction of Outcome of Election of National Leaders
Authors: Merenda Peter F. , Clarke Walter V.
Published: September 2011

A technique is presented for evaluating the degree of support a candidate for national public office is likely to have at the polls. The technique involves the use of an adjective check list, Activity Vector Analysis (AVA), for which forms are available in French, Spanish, German, and Italian. Data are presented and discussed relative to a study made by the authors using this technique of public-image analysis just prior to the 1964 presidential elections in the United States. The data are based on the personality profiles of Johnson and Goldwater obtained from the public images held of these two candidates by 672 adults drawn from a population of voters representing a wide geographical distribution in the United States. From comparisons of the Ss' perceptions of Johnson and Goldwater and of the public image of each with an “ideal” President's profile established in an earlier study, no wide discrepancies were found between the public perceptions of the two major Presidential candidates in the 1964 elections in the U.S. However, the broad implications of the study are that, in forecasting the outcomes of the presidential elections, public-image analysis is likely to be confounded by the phenomenon of selective perception as it is related to party affiliation. The technique has promise as a possible method for evaluating the relative appeal of candidates for public office.
Perception of Depth in Rotating Objects: 3. Asymmetry and Velocity as the Determinants of the Stereokinetic Effect
Authors: Wieland Betty A. , Mefferd Roy B.
Published: September 2011

When a flat stimulus is rotated in the frontoparallel plane about a horizontal axis that is an extension of O's line of regard, the apparent depth of the stimulus is enhanced. The enhancement was entirely a function of peripheral asymmetry. The apparent depth in the static figure, internal structure, or taper in the periphery did not augment the rotation-enhanced depth. The magnitude of the enhancement was constant for any series of stimuli, such as a series of overlapping circles with increasing overlap. The apparent depth also increased as a function of the speed of rotation.
Cognitive and Affective Factors in Temporal Experience: Anticipated or Experienced Pleasant and Unpleasant Sensory Events
Authors: Schiff William , Thayer Stephen
Published: September 2011

120 Ss reproduced and verbally estimated short (48 sec.) or long (144 sec.) durations under conditions of smelling or anticipating smelling a pleasant, unpleasant, or neutral substance. They were initially unaware the study would involve judgments of time. The two durations yielded significant differences. Anticipation conditions were generally judged longer than conditions where Ss actually smelled the substances. No significant differences were found among the Pleasant, Unpleasant, and Neutral conditions, although Ss tended to underestimate the Neutral condition relative to the others. Absolute accuracy of the judgments among the conditions was significant for duration only, with the longer duration providing the larger errors. A moderate correlation (.50) was found between verbal estimation and reproduction measures. Results were discussed in relation to relevant literature on time judgment.
Equal-Appearing Interval Scales, Own-Attitude, and Experimental Instructions: Note
Authors: Rambo William W.
Published: September 2011

Equal-appearing interval attitude scales were derived from groups that differed in terms of own-attitude position and the experimental instructions under which Ss completed the scaling task. The results indicated that the magnitude of the linear association between the scales was influenced by the instructions presented to the judges.
Perception of Apparent Motion and Degree of Mental Pathology
Authors: Chambers J. L. , Wilson W. T.
Published: September 2011

Measures of apparent motion discrimination ability, memory, and intertrial variability were obtained for groups of 54 normal, 32 neurotic, 54 alcoholic, 54 admission schizophrenic, 108 chronic schizophrenic, and 103 geriatric Ss. The groups differed on all three apparent motion measures, with the greatest impairment manifested by groups with the most severe mental pathology. Low intercorrelations of the apparent motion tasks, differences in correlations with IMPS items, and differences among the groups supported the hypothesis that apparent motion perception and memory processes are independent functions which are impaired to different degrees by different types of mental pathology.
Cognitive Style and Performance under Distraction: A Partial Replication
Authors: Bee Helen L.
Published: September 2011

This study is a partial test of a hypothesis advanced by Broverman (1960a, 1960b) that performance under distraction is a function of the degree of match between the requirements of the task and the cognitive style of Ss. It is expected that, when there is a match, little decrement in performance under distraction will be observed. 61 adult Ss were administered the Stroop Word Color Interference Test and categorized as either perceptual-motor or conceptual dominant. Each S was also given anagrams and mathematics problems with and without distraction. No differences between the cognitive style groups were obtained on performance without distraction. However, there were differences in decrement scores (distraction minus non-distraction); conceptual Ss were less disrupted by distraction on anagrams than were perceptual-motor Ss ( p < .05). No differences were obtained on the mathematics problems. The results were taken as partial support from Broverman's hypothesis.
Toward a Psychology of Knowledge: V. A Prefatory Note on Maurice Stein's “Poetic Metaphors of Sociology”
Authors: Stark Stanley
Published: September 2011

This paper is one of a series dealing with, among other things, the psychology of theorizing. The next paper in the series will be a lengthy one proposing that attitude toward equilibrium theorizing varies inversely with capacity for Rorschachian inner creation, regardless of discipline or of object of theory (e.g., biological, economic, psychological, or social systems). The present paper may be regarded a prologue to it or a preview of its approach.