bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Earthquake Response Analysis of Japanese Traditional Wooden Structures Considering Member Aging
Authors: Ooka Yu ,   School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan, Izuno Kazuyuki , Toki Kenzo ,   Department of Civil Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan,   Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, 58 Komatsu-bara Kita-machi, Kitaku, Kyoto 603-8341, Japan
Published: April 2016

This paper examines the seismic performance of Japanese traditional wooden structures considering stiffness and strength aging changes in old structural members. In strength and embedding testing done to evaluate the strength properties of old structural members, results showed that zelkova has a Young’s modulus similar or larger than new members. In nonlinear earthquake response analysis for a Kiyomizudera model based on test results, maximum angle response of columns was decreased reflecting old zelkova stiffness and strength.
Effective Planning of Road Monitoring Systems for Cultural Heritage Disaster Mitigation
Authors: Ogawa Keiichi ,   Department of Civil Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan, Tsukaguchi Hiroshi , Ahn Yoongho , Kawai Makoto ,   Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan,   Department of Information and Communication Science, College of Information Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
Published: April 2016

Road monitoring systems can be effective in the mitigation of damage to cultural heritage sites when disaster strikes historical cities. In this research, the effects of road monitoring systems for cultural heritage disaster mitigation are estimated. The effective location planning of the surveillance cameras is considered based on the locations of cultural heritage sites and the characteristics of the city’s road network. To select the best locations, the genetic algorithm is applied. It is demonstrated that use of the genetic algorithm to select the location of the road monitoring system’s surveillance cameras greatly increases the system’s effectiveness.
Downfall of Tokyo due to Devastating Compound Disaster
Authors: Kawata Yoshiaki ,   Faculty and Graduate School of Safety Science, Kansai University, 7-1 Hakubai-cho, Takatsuki-shi, Osaka 569-1098, Japan
Published: April 2016

Compound disasters are defined as double- or triplepunch disasters. As such, they cause more serious cumulative damage than individual disasters occurring independently. The independent occurrence of Tokyo metropolitan inland earthquakes is expected to kill 11,000 and cause ¥112 trillion in damage. An earthquake in Tokyo would also destroy river levees, coastal dikes, and disaster measure facilities such as water gates and locks due to liquefaction. Following such a earthquake, river flooding by the Tone and Arakawa rivers or storm surge overflow around Tokyo bay could easily occur along with strong typhoons. An Edo period (1603-1868) compound disaster involved the 1855 Ansei Edo earthquake and the 1856 Ansei Edo storm surge. With global warming progressively worsening, huge floods and storm surges are increasingly likely to occur independently. The risk that they will occur as part of a compound disaster is also increasing. Catastrophic disasters are characterized by being super-wide in area damage, compound in combining disasters, and prolonged in recovery. With the vast sea-level or low areas in Tokyo, long-term submergence due to inundation will be unavoidable. The most difficult problem, however, will be how to evacuate over 1 million people.
Affect Heuristic with “Good-Bad” Criterion and Linguistic Representation in Risk Judgments
Authors: Tsuchida Shoji ,   Faculty of Safety Science, Kansai University, 7-1 Hakubai-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1098, Japan
Published: April 2016

Rational and normative risk judgments are made based on information on a risk object’s advantages and disadvantages, although many studies show that everyday heuristic risk judgment tends to be made based on limited information. I focused on the fact that affective heuristic (Slovic et al., 2004), one of the heuristic risk judgments, was affective judgment under “good-bad” criterion due to a trade-off in the perception of dangers and benefits, and showed by a social survey that female undergraduates in Japan and Eastern and Western Europe used the affect heuristic for various risk objects. In other words, an analysis of survey results on risk types perceived by female undergraduates inOsaka, London, Ljubljana, and Budapest showed that risk objects such as automobile driving, airplane travel, nuclear power plant, extremist group, and tobacco smoking were perceived as high-risk and low-return (Type 2) or low-risk and high-return (Type 3) [Study 1]. According to a tobacco smoking linguistic representation mail survey among university graduates of 24 to 71 years old in Japan, nonsmokers had relatively many adjectival and verbal linguistic representatives for tobacco smoking. This shows that affective risk judgment with a “good-bad” criterion was made by persons who perceived the risk object useless and the risk was taken involuntarily. [Study 2].
Participatory Disaster Management Learning Built on the Theory of Legitimate Peripheral Participation
Authors: Shiroshita Hideyuki ,   Faculty of Safety Science, Kansai University, 7-1 Hakubai-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1098, Japan, Yamori Katsuya ,   Research Center for Disaster Reduction Systems, Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
Published: April 2016

In some areas in Japan, there have been times when even though it was desirable to evacuate the area in order to prevent or reduce the amount of damage wrought by disaster, the actual evacuation rate was low. The double bind theory has been introduced in this situation, and a new theoretical interpretation has been obtained. However, no specific countermeasures have been presented to overcome the “expert and non-expert” structure shown in the double bind theory to be a problem of disaster management. This paper depends on the “theory of legitimate peripheral participation,” and it aims to build up a model of what the new disaster management education should be to overcome this problem. For the model not to become empty, this paper also introduces the “learning program built on the Manten Project (Perfect-score Project),” which is an example of a new type of participatory disaster management learning program implemented based on the model.
A Study on the Response Instability of Seismically Isolated Structures Affected by Ground Inclination During Earthquakes Part 2 : Influence of Dynamic Ground Inclination
Authors: Miyazaki Mitsuo ,   Dynamic Design Inc., ISE Building 3F, 1-16 Sumiyoshi-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan, Nishimura Yukihiro
Published: April 2016

In the design and analysis of seismically-isolated structures, it is assumed that the ground is always horizontal during earthquake ground shaking. But a previous paper [3] found that ground inclination may reach to 1/1000∼1/100 (rad) during earthquake shaking, and that the horizontal displacements of isolated structuresmay be significantly affected by the static ground inclination. This paper investigates how the displacement of isolated structures may be increased by dynamic ground inclination during earthquake shaking. Since no time-histories of ground inclination exist, this paper assumes two different conditions for ground inclination motions : sine-wave motions, and displacement time-history inputs with the same phasing as vertical displacement waves. In the case of assumed sinewave motions, the increased displacement of an isolated structure due to dynamic ground inclination can be predicted by considering two factors: the basic increase displacement and the resonance amplification ratio of the isolation period to the dynamic ground inclination period. When displacement time-history waves are considered, the upper limit of displacement increase can be predicted by the isolation period and the longest period of the ground inclination motion.
Ebola and Marburg Viruses
Authors: Nakayama Eri ,   Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita-20, Nishi-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan, Takada Ayato
Published: April 2016

Ebola and Marburg viruses, members of the filovirus family, cause severe hemorrhagic fever in human and nonhuman primates and are classified as biosafety level 4 agents. No effective filovirus-specific prophylaxis or treatment is yet commercially available. Filovirus species vary genetically, with one in the Marburg virus group and five in the Ebola virus group. Epidemiological efforts to prevent outbreaks lie mainly in identifying natural animal reservoirs. Increasingly frequent outbreaks in Africa and concerns about bioterrorism and imported cases in nonendemic areas point to the importance of public health in two ways – finding strategies to control disease outbreak and developing effective vaccines and drugs.
West Nile Virus : Understanding its Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Sayama Yusuke ,   Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Disease, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan, Mizutani Tetsuya ,   Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryou-machi Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
Published: April 2016

The West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes significant morbidity and mortality in birds, horses, and humans. WNV-infection causes clinical symptoms such as WNV fever to fatal meningoencephalitis in humans. The emergence and spread of WNV from North America to South America during the last decade and the recent outbreaks of this disease in both humans and horses in Europe suggest that its epidemiology of infection is evolving. This review will present an overview ofWNV virology, vaccine development, and practical aspects of reducing risk of a possible WNV invasion in Japan.
Multi-Disciplinary Hazard Reduction from Earthquakes and Volcanoes in Indonesia
Authors: Satake Kenji ,   Earthquake Research Institute, the University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan, Harjono Hery ,   Research Center for Geotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Science, Jalan Cisitu, Bandung 40135, Indonesia
Published: April 2016

Indonesian and Japanese researchers have conducted a three-year, multi-disciplinary, cooperative research project. The project provides a platform for collaboration among researchers in natural science, engineering, and social or humanity sciences, and for officials in national and local governments. Research activities are grouped into (1) evaluation of earthquake potential and prediction of strong-motion and tsunami hazards based on geophysical investigations, (2) shortterm and long-term predictions of volcanic eruptions and development of methods for their evaluation, (3) establishment of social infrastructure based on engineering developments, (4) mitigation of social vulnerability to geohazards, and (5) promotion of disaster education and raising of disaster consciousness. To coordinate these research activities and to utilize the research results, the project has one last group, (6) application of the research and establishment of a collaboration mechanism between researchers and government officials. In addition to research collaboration in individual fields, inter-group meetings and workshops are regularly held to promote inter-disciplinary discussion and collaboration. Multi-disciplinary surveys on recent volcanic and tsunami disasters have also been conducted. The Joint Coordinating Committee, composed of representatives of relevant Indonesian ministries and institutions as well as project leaders, oversees the unique multi-institutional and multidisciplinary activities. This committee can be maintained after the completion of the project as a platform for Indonesian stakeholders.
Slip Rate Estimation of the Lembang Fault West Java from Geodetic Observation
Authors: Meilano Irwan ,   Geodesy Research Division, Faculty of Earth Science and Technology, Institute of Technology Bandung, Ganesa 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia, Abidin Hasanuddin Z. , Andreas Heri , Gumilar Irwan , Sarsito Dina , Hanifa Rahma , Rino  , Harjono Hery , Kato Teruyuki , Kimata Fumiaki , Fukuda Yoichi ,   Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Indonesia,   Earthquake Research Institute, The University of Tokyo,   Research Center Seismology, Volcanology and Disaster Mitigation, Nagoya University,   Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University
Published: April 2016

The Sunda arc forms the southern border of the Indonesia Archipelago, where the Indo-Australian plate is subducted beneath Eurasia. The age of subducting plate increases from Sumatra in the west to Flores in the east. The increase in age is consistent with an increase in plate dip along the arc and an increasing depth of seismic activity. The motion of Australia with respect to West Java is 68 mm/yr in a direction N11E orthogonal to the trench. A number of active faults characterizing this area include Cimandiri fault, Lembang fault and Baribis fault. This research uses campaign and continues GPS data to make a preliminary estimation of the slip rate of Lembang fault. Our GPS measurements suggest that Lembang fault has shallow creeping and deeper locking portion. The estimated slip rate is 6 mm/yr with fault locking at 3-15 km and shallow creeping with the same rate. While the results are preliminary and we need more data for reliable estimations, we point out that these data can contribute to earthquake risk assessment by constraining earthquake recurrence relationships.
Social Flux and Disaster Management: An Essay on the Construction of an Indonesian Model for Disaster Management and Reconstruction
Authors: Nishi Yoshimi ,   Associate Professor, Center for Integrated Area Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Shimoadachimachi 46, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan, Yamamoto Hiroyuki
Published: April 2016

To understand the socially rooted measures in disaster management and reconstruction, we studied Indonesia as amodel fromthe perspective of social flux, by incorporating the latest knowledge in this field. Characteristically, in Indonesian society, people move so frequently that it is difficult for information or knowledge to accumulate; their living and occupational forms are constantly in flux. Because of these characteristics, supporters and local residents of Indonesia have devised a variety of measures for effective disaster management, humanitarian assistance, and reconstruction. However, such measures have often not been positively evaluated – they have been viewed as an immature response of Indonesian society. In this paper, we have positively reviewed the various measures taken in response to the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004, the Java earthquake of 2006, and the West Sumatra Earthquake of 2009 in order to construct an Indonesian model of disaster management and reconstruction from the perspective of social flux. We hope the proposed model will also prove effective in many other parts of the world.
Examining the Scheme for Damage Inspection of Non-Wooden Apartment Buildings for Issuing Disaster Victim Certificates
Authors: Mizukoshi Kaoru ,   Risk Management Department, Engineering & Risk Services Corporation, Akasaka Kikyou-Bldg., 3-11-15 Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-0052, Japan, Nakajima Yosuke , Masuzawa Yoe , Tanaka Satoshi , Shigekawa Kishie ,   Masuzawa Engineering Research & Consulting, 4-11-9-309 Sendagaya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-0051, Japan,   Graduate School of Environment and Disaster Reserch, Fuji Tokoha University, 325 Ohbuchi, Fuji, Shizuoka 417-0801, Japan
Published: April 2016

This paper sorts out the problems in applying the current inspection methods for issuing disaster victim certificates to examine the damages on non-wooden apartment buildings that are densely constructed in the Tokyo Metropolitan area, should a major earthquake take place in this area. First, a hearing survey was conducted on diverse business organizations especially to examine the availability of experts on building for damage inspection. Based on this examination, the new inspection scheme is proposed, adopting a selfassessment method in the secondary inspection. And this new scheme is shown to be effective in averting prolongation in time for damage inspection and active usage of experts on building toward this end. In order to evaluate the viability of the new scheme for inspection, a workshop was held with participants from the government offices and various business organizations to recognize the current situation and share this information so as to focus on the tasks to be undertaken in realizing this new scheme.
Economic Recovery Scenario Planning for a Tokyo Inland Earthquake
Authors: Nagamatsu Shingo ,   Faculty of Safety Science, Kansai University, 7-1 Hakubaicho, Takatsukishi, Osaka 569-1098, Japan, Hayashi Haruo ,   Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji-shi, Kyoto, Japan
Published: April 2016

The economic damage caused by a Tokyo Inland Earthquake disaster is estimated at 112 trillion yen by the Central Disaster Management Council of Japan. This figure alone is insufficient to present a concrete image of actual implications of an earthquake on economic activities and problems that arise in the recovery process, making it difficult to consider specific countermeasures. In order to cope with such a problem, we employed a “scenario planning” as one of the decision-making methods used in business management, under uncertainty to develop four scenarios of economic damage and recovery processes after the disaster. These scenarios are classified by the following two major uncertainties. The first uncertainty is a default risk of the Japanese government. In the event that Japan’s financial condition further deteriorates or the damage caused by the earthquake far exceeds the assumed scale, fund procurement to finance the recovery will become extremely difficult. The second uncertainty is a gap between demand and supply in a recovery-related market, especially in the construction sector. If the gap is sufficiently large compared with the scale of recovery, it is possible to swiftly restore houses, infrastructure and corporate facilities without price hikes. Contrarily, restoration will take time in case of a narrow gap in demand and supply, resulting in higher price hike risk. In an event of a Tokyo inland earthquake in a scale estimated by the Central Disaster Management Council of Japan, it is difficult to foresee that this alone will compel the Japanese government to all into default. However, the scale of the domestic construction market has shrunken to almost half from the time of the Hanshin Awaji Great Earthquake, and there is an apprehension that domestic price hikes could become serious and could physically delay restoration. In order to cope with such a situation, there is a need to consider international strategies including seeking international cooperation in restoration projects as well as assistance in debris removal, waste disposal and reconstruction.
Mechanism of FMD Outbreaks and its Control in Asian Region
Authors: Sakamoto Kenichi ,   Exotic Disease Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 6-20-1 Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
Published: April 2016

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks by serotype O are dominant in Asia. Topotypes fall mostly into two groups – Southeast Asia (SEA) and Middle East-South Asia (ME-SA). FMD viruses of the SEA topotype (Mya-98 lineage) recently spread widely in Southeast Asia and East Asia. Economic damage by FMD outbreaks in Japan and Korea were very severe in 2010-2011. FMD outbreaks by serotype A are sporadically observed in the region. Serotype Asia 1 newly appeared in Pakistan from 2010 and Bahrain and Iran in 2011. Neighboring countries should take note that there is no matching vaccine available for Asia 1 at this moment. Preparing good matching vaccines is very important for controlling the disease in the Asian region. There are several good matching vaccines for the recent FMD outbreaks by type O (SEA topotype) and type A (Asia topotype). In some cases, however, such as recent outbreaks due to Asia 1 and SEA topotypes, no such matching vaccines are currently available. Officials in countries the region should therefore be aware that a good matching vaccine is not always available and without a good vaccine candidate, early detection and eradication of the disease are critical points in such cases as FMD. In addition, control tools that are different from FMD vaccine are required to prevent pandemic outbreaks and economic catastrophes. Since it takes 7 to 10 days for pigs to produce enough antibodies against FMD virus (FMDV) infection through vaccination, infected pigs continue to excrete a large amount of FMDV in the early stage of infection after emergency vaccination. It is often observed that FMD outbreaks in pigs become large-scale outbreaks and sometimes inflict serious economic damage. It is therefore desired to develop new prompt tools to inhibit FMDV infection or virus excretion from pigs. Antiviral agent exhibit much more prompt and faster effectiveness than vaccine in inhibiting virus excretion from infected animals. In order to inhibit FMDV excretion from infected pigs, which are called amplifiers in FMD, an antiviral agent, T-1105, an pyrazine carboxamide derivative, was developed as a novel tool expected to show prompt efficacy in controlling FMD in pigs.
Disinfection Against the Outbreaks of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
Authors: Shirai Junsuke ,   Epizootiology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Science, Research and Education Center for Prevention Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Published: April 2016

Disinfection in cases of the Foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus is reviewed, starting with a description of the modes of action against pathogens by representative disinfectants such as chlorine and its derivatives and quaternary ammonium, phenolic, iodine, and aldehyde compounds. The virucidal effect of individual disinfectants is then described and virucidal mechanisms of chlorine and its derivatives and quaternary ammonium and iodine compounds are shown. Disinfectants effective against the FMD virus commercially available in Japan are described and experimental data is shown, followed by a description of cleaning and disinfection of animal facilities after an FMD outbreak.
Mouse Model of Abortion Induced by Brucella abortus Infection
Authors: Watarai Masahisa ,   The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
Published: April 2016

The mechanisms of abortion induced by bacterial infection are largely unknown. We found that Brucella abortus, a causative agent of brucellosis and a facultative intracellular pathogen, caused abortion in pregnant mice. High rates of abortion are observed for bacterial infection on day 4.5 of gestation, but not for other days. Regardless of whether fetuses are aborted or not, the transmission of bacteria to the fetus and bacterial replication in the placenta are observed. There is a higher degree of bacterial colonization in the placenta than in other organs and many bacteria are detected in trophoblast giant cells in the placenta. The intracellular growth-defective virB4 mutant and attenuated vaccine strain S19 do not induce abortion. In the case of abortion, the induction of IFN-γ and RANTES production is observed at day 7.5 of gestation – the placental development period – for infection by the wild type strain but not by the virB4 mutant or S19. B. abortus-infected pregnant IFN-γ knockoutmice die within 15 days of infection, but nonpregnant IFN-γ knockout mice remain alive. The neutralization of IFN-γ or RANTES, in which production is induced by infection with B. abortus serves to prevent abortion. These results indicate that abortion induced by B. abortus infection is regulated by IFN-γ during the period of placental development, and the production and function of RANTES are correlated with IFN-γ.
Key Elements of Functional BCP - Post March 11 Survey Review
Authors: Okabe Shinichi ,   Management of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 4-1-28 Chuo-cho, Higashikurume-shi, Tokyo 203-0054, Japan
Published: April 2016

The March 11 East Japan Earthquake/Tsunami and subsequent social infrastructure damage, including electricity shortages, gave serious impact to the Japanese economy and individual companies as well. Many companies that have been preparing for disasters were forced to face the severe test of whether their disaster measures, such as a disaster management and business continuity plan (BCP), functioned as planned. A post March 11 BCP survey was conducted, in which 286 companies located in the directly affected regions participated. Certain companies had to give up the resumption of operations, and other companies realized that their BCP had not totally functioned. There are companies, however, whose BCP had fully functioned. This paper focuses on what the differences were in pre-disaster measures and the BCP of those companies whose BCP functioned totally and those companies whose BCP did not function totally. This paper analyzed what key elements of the BCP functioned properly.
Treatment of Unexpected Risk on Business Continuity Management Learned from the Great East Japan Earthquake
Authors: Kawaguchi Hitoshi ,   Department of Management Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
Published: April 2016

The Great East Japan Earthquake hit the Tohoku district Pacific coast at March 11, 2011. This earthquake exceeded by far the earthquake scale, tsunami height, and damage size that had been assumed conventionally by a specialty committee located in Japan’s Central Disaster Prevention Council. To fill in the gap between earthquakes that had been assumed conventionally and the reality that was witnessed with their own eyes in this earthquake, trace investigations for gigantic earthquakes and tsunamis in old age are currently being carried out [18]. Under these circumstances, this paper focuses on the problem of unexpected disasters based on the viewpoint of Business Continuity Management (BCM), referring to survey results, which were immediately conducted among domestic companies after this earthquake. Characteristics of the problem of unexpected disasters are to have to solve two problems: how to assume unexpected events and the delay of “current recoverable time” that occurs as a result.
A Study on Community-Based Reconstruction from Nuclear Power Plant Disaster - A Case Study of Minamisoma Ota Area in Fukushima -
Authors: Furutani Tomoyuki ,   Faculty of Policy Management, Keio University, 5322, Endo Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0882, Japan, Uehara Keisuke , Murai Jun ,   Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, 5322 Endo, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0882, Japan
Published: April 2016

In this research, the authors developed a car-borne radiation measurement method for the farmland and roads in the Minamisoma Ota area of Fukushima that was devasteted by the Great East Japan Earthquake that occurred in northeast Japan on March 11, 2011, and a community-led radiation measurement framework was established and implemented. As a result, radiation measurements and visualization for farmlands, paddies, and forests, which had been conventionally unachievable, was made possible. Furthermore, effective verification of the effect of decontamination also became possible by feeding back radiation measurement results before and after decontamination to residents.
Dynamic Response of Bottom Water Pressure due to the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake
Authors: Matsumoto Hiroyuki ,   Japan Agency for Marin-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15 Natsushima, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan, Inoue Shusaku , Ohmachi Tatsuo ,   Takenaka Research and Development Institute, 1-5-1 Ohtsuka, Inzai, Chiba 270-1395, Japan,   Japan Dam Engineering Center, Nissyoku Bld., 2-9-7 Ikenohata, Taito, Tokyo 110-0008, Japan
Published: April 2016

Water pressure changes have been recorded during the 2011 Tohoku earthquake (Mw9.0) by two oceanbottom pressure gauges of the JAMSTEC cabled observatory located approximately 400 km north of the tsunami source. In the present study, observed water pressure fluctuations have been interpreted by timefrequency processing analysis, followed by a comparison with those fluctuations of ocean-bottomseismometers. Acoustic resonance has been involved due to seismic waves even in the intermediate-field. The present study suggests that water pressure fluctuations during the 2011 Tohoku earthquake are dominated by oceanbottom acceleration and velocity for the intermediate frequency range and the high-frequency range, respectively, and its threshold roughly coincides with the fundamental acoustic resonant frequency. Water pressure amplitude is independent, in contrast, on bottom oscillations in the low-frequency range, for which the threshold is related to intermediate waves rather than shallow water waves.
Site-Specific Behavior of 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami Influenced by Artificial Changes of Coastal Environments
Authors: Mizuki Chiharu ,   Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, North10, West 5, Kita-Ward, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan, Hirakawa Kazuomi ,   Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, North10, West 5, Kita-Ward, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
Published: April 2016

Many aspects affect local tsunami behavior. A drastic change in behavior in the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake at specific sites in relation to coastal conditions in Hokkaido. These include coastal constructions such as jetty ports, digging formula ports, types of seawall, etc., in addition to land use for fisheries. Examples of site-specific behavior in the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake along the Pacific coast of Hokkaido are introduced in order to help future tsunami disasters.
Damage Assessment on Electric Power Failures During the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake
Authors: Shoji Gaku ,   Division of Engineering Mechanics and Energy, Faculty of Engineering Information and Systems, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan, Takahashi Dai , Tsukiji Takuya , Naba Satoshi ,   TIS, 8-17-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan,   Graduate School of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
Published: April 2016

We collected data on the March 11, 2011, Great East Japan Earthquake by surveying web sites related to power failures during 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku (northeastern Japan) and, in addition, by interviewing local government sectors and Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) branch office personnel. We quantify two damage ratios for power failures for subject municipalities defined by the ratio of the number of affected households and houses in a city to the number of related households and houses. This revealed the dependence of damage ratios on seismic intensities induced in subject municipalities. Damage functions related to power failures are then developed.
Anticipatory and Participatory Governance: Revisiting Technology Assessment on Nuclear Energy in Japan
Authors: Yoshizawa Go ,   Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
Published: April 2016

Technology assessment has come into the spotlight several times since the 1970s, but serious misinterpretations caused by the ideas of engineering orientation, safety myth and self-management have impeded its effective societal embedding. Even in this post-3/11 period, thesemisinterpretations are implied in the current science and technology policy plan and suggested as causes of the nuclear accident in the interim report of the governmental investigation committee. In thinking about the future nuclear governance in Japan, wider participation is a key to opening up the closed expert community and escaping from the shortsightedness of nuclear governance. Careful attention should be paid, however, as ever, to simply setting up an “independent” organization and/or conducting participatory events such as public forums and consensus conferences. Individual connections, cognitions and commitments of a diverse range of participants incorporated into institutional and managerial reform can, instead, be seen as a hope for restoring anticipatory energy governance while preventing another severe nuclear disaster in the future.
Influence of Detailed Topography when Modeling Flows in Street Junction During Urban Flood
Authors: Bazin Pierre-Henri ,   Hydrology Hydraulics Research Unit (HHLY), National Research Institute of Science and Technology for Environment and Agriculture (Irstea), 3 bis quai Chauveau CP220, 69336 Lyon cedex09, France, Bessette Anne , Mignot Emmanuel , Paquier André , Rivière Nicolas ,   Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics Laboratory (LMFA), CNRS-Universite de Lyon, INSA de Lyon, Bat. Joseph Jacquard, 20 avenue A. Einstein, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
Published: April 2016

Floods in dense urban areas propagatemainly through the streets, where the flow can be locally affected by elements of urban topography. This study aims at assessing the need of integrating detailed topography in numerical models when simulating urban floods. Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry and Large Scale Particle Image Velocimetry measurements in an experimental three branch junction representing a city crossroad are used to calibrate a numerical model solving the 2D shallow water equations. A constant eddy viscosity model proves to be accurate enough to calculate velocity fields, but such model requires a fine calibration against experimental data. Simulations run with this calibrated model are performed to study the impact of obstacles and sidewalks representative of urban areas. It is found that obstacles located in the downstream branch can highly perturb the velocities distribution downstream of the junction, whereas obstacles located in the upstream branches have less influence. The presence of sidewalks results in reduced flow section and higher velocities, but additional effects occur within and downstream of the junction. Simulations presented here show the need of considering detailed topography and elements of urban furniture if local velocities have to be represented.
Flood Risk Assessment in Fujian Province, China
Authors: Li Changzhi ,   Department of Water Hazards Management, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (IWHR), Haidian District, Beijing 100038, China, Li Shuaijie , Cheng Xiaotao
Published: April 2016

Flood risk assessment is important for decisionmaking in flood management strategies and countermeasures. In this paper, an index systemincluding one integrated index, three component indices, and eight basic indices is first introduced. Then a simple model based on the index system is formulated for assessing flood risks in the mid- and macro-scale regions. Two methods, namely Normal Distribution Reference and Hazard-Vulnerability Block, are used thereafter to define threshold values of risk levels. A macrostrategy for flood management is finally developed based on computed flood risk levels. A case study was carried out for flood risk assessment at the county level in Fujian province, China, and simulation results matched with local relief and historical flood records well.
Impact of Climate and Land Use Changes on the Flood Hazard of the Middle Brahmaputra Reach, India
Authors: Dutta Subashisa ,   Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IIT Guwahati), Guwahati-781039, Assam, India, Ghosh Shyamal
Published: April 2016

Being the highest specific discharge river in the world, the Brahmaputra has a large floodplain area of 700 km in length in its middle reaches falling in the high flood vulnerability category. Floods generated in upland Himalayan catchments are mainly controlled by land use and land cover, storm characteristics, and vegetation dynamics. Floods propagate through a floodplain region consisting of wetlands, paddy agriculture, and wide braided river reaches with natural constraint points (nodals) that make the reaches more vulnerable to flood hazards. In this study, a macroscale distributed hydrological model was used to obtain the flood characteristics of the reaches. A hydrological model with spatially distributed input parameters and meteorological data was simulated at (1 km × 1 km) spatial grids to estimate flood hydrographs at the main river and itsmajor tributaries. Aftermodel validation, “best guess” land use change scenarios were used to estimate potential changes in flood characteristics. Results show that at the middle reaches of the Brahmaputra, peak discharge increases by a maximum of 9% for land use change scenarios. The same model with bias-corrected climatological data from a regional climate model (RCM) simulation (PRECIS) was used to obtain future changes in flood generation and its propagation through the basin in the projected climatological scenario. Changes in flood characteristics with reference to the baseline period show that the average duration of flood waves will increase from 15.2 days in the baseline period (1961-1990) to 19.3 days in the future (2071-2100). Peak discharge will increase by an average of 21% in the future in the projected climate change scenario. After statistics on changes of flood characteristics in the projected climate change scenario (2071-2100) were obtained, a 2-dimensional hydrodynamic model was used to obtain flood inundation and velocity distribution on the floodplain. Distribution of velocity and inundation depth was spatially analyzed to obtain flood hazard zones in the projected climate change scenario. Results show that spatial variation in flood hazard zones will be significantly altered in the projected climate change scenario compared to land use/land cover changes.
Sensitivity Studies on a Bending Wall of IRIS_2010 Benchmark Exercise
Authors: Saarenheimo Arja ,   VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Kemistintie 3, Espoo, P.O.Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland, Tuomala Markku , Välikangas Pekka , Vepsä Ari ,   Department of Civil Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, Tekniikankatu 12, P.O.Box 600, FIN-33101, Tampere, Finland,   Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK), Laippatie 4, PL 14, 00881 Helsinki, Finland
Published: April 2016

Reinforced concrete wall subjected to an impact by a deformable stainless steel missile with a mass of 50 kg and an impact velocity of 110 m/s was one case study in the IRIS_2010 benchmark exercise. The dimensions of the tested and analyzed simply supported square slab are: a span width of 2 m and a thickness of 15 cm. The expected collapse mode in this case was failure by bending. VTT team participated in the blind benchmark exercise. Various sensitivity studies for this so called flexural test were carried out afterwards and the recent results are presented and discussed in this paper.
Comparison of Sungkai Tree-Ring Components and Meteorological Data from Western Java, Indonesia
Authors: YumikoWatanabe  ,   Division of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan, Tamura Shigeki , Nakatsuka Takeshi , Tazuru Suyako , Sugiyama Junji , Subiyanto Bambang , Tsuda Toshitaka , Tagami Takahiro ,   Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan,   Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan,   Center for Innovation, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jl. Gatot Subroto No.10, Jakarta 12710, Indonesia
Published: April 2016

In order to explore the potential of tree-ring components as climate proxies in Asian tropical area, we performed a systematic comparison between temporal variations in meteorological data – precipitation, relative humidity and sunlight hours – and those in treering parameters – ring width, mean earlywood vessel area and δ18O– in a sungkai disk collected from western Java, Indonesia. Ring width shows a significant positive correlation with precipitation in the last dry season prior to growth period. Ring width is also correlated inversely with sunlight hours in the last dry season. Mean earlywood vessel area shows a significant, positive correlation with precipitation and relative humidity during the rainy season of growth period. The δ18O and δ13C time series of alpha-cellulose samples, which divide each ring into three parts – earlywood, inner latewood and outer latewood – vary, furthermore, from 22‰ to 28‰ and from -28‰ to -24‰, respectively. δ13C results show distinct annual cycles, for which values of earlywood are highest, gradually followed by a decrease. Although δ18O has no such seasonal pattern, annual-averaged δ18O records show an inverse correlation with precipitation and relative humidity in the rainy season of growth period. As described above, multi-components of sungkai tree rings are expected to be useful in paleoclimate reconstruction on a seasonal scale.
Seismic Source of 1746 Callao Earthquake from Tsunami Numerical Modeling
Authors: Jimenez Cesar ,   Fenlab, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), Av Venezuela s/n, Lima, Peru, Moggiano Nabilt , Mas Erick , Adriano Bruno , Koshimura Shunichi , Fujii Yushiro , Yanagisawa Hideaki ,   Direccion de Hidrografia y Navegacion (DHN), Calle Roca N 116, Chucuito-Callao, Peru,   Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics for Disaster Management, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-03, Sendai 980-8579, Japan,   International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Building Research Institute, Tatehara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0802, Japan,   Department of Regional Management, Faculty of Liberal Arts, Tohoku Gakuin University, 2-1-1 Tenjinzawa, Izumi-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-3193, Japan
Published: April 2016

In this paper a model of slip distribution is proposed for the 1746 Callao earthquake and tsunami based on macroseismic observations written in historical documents. This is done using computational tools such as tsunami numerical simulation through a forward process by trial and error. The idea is to match historical observations with numerical simulation results to obtain a plausible seismic source model. Results show a high asperity from Cañete to Huacho, which would explain the great destruction in this area. The rupture directivity of the seismic source, from north to south, would explain the value of the arrival time of the first tsunami wave at Callao. A kinematic seismic source model was used as a first approximation of the event. The estimated magnitude was Mw9.0.
Experimental Study on Dynamic Behavior of Unreinforced Masonry Walls
Authors: Saito Taiki ,   Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan, Moya Luis , Fajardo Cesar , Morita Koichi ,   Japan-Peru Center for Earthquake Engineering Research and Disaster Mitigation (CISMID), Faculty of Civil Engineering, National University of Engineering (UNI), Av. Tupac Amaru, 1150 Rimac, Lima 25, Peru,   Building Research Institute, 1 Tatehara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0802, Japan
Published: April 2016

The dynamic behavior of an unreinforced masonry wall is investigated through a shaking table test of two specimens. In order to represent a non-engineering one-story house, the first specimen consists of a Cshaped structure with masonry walls connected only at their ends. The second specimen is built to represent an upper story, so the C wall is connected at the top by a wooden diaphragm floor, and a weight is suspended onto it. The test results show each specimen exhibits different behaviors. In the first specimen, an out-of-plane failure mode governs. In the second specimen, a shear failure mode governs.
From Temporary to Permanent: Mississippi Cottages After Hurricane Katrina
Authors: Maly Elizabeth ,   Disaster Reduction and Human Renovation Institute, 1-5-2 Wakinohama Kaigandori, Chuo-ku, Kobe 651-0073, Japan, Kondo Tamiyo ,   Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Architecture, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, Japan
Published: April 2016

On Aug. 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina struck the southern coast of the United States, causing the most damage of any disaster in the country’s history. Faced with a need for housing relief that overwhelmed all expectations, and failures and criticisms surrounding FEMA’s use of trailers as temporary housing, the Alternative Housing Pilot Project (AHPP) was created to explore better options. Designed as a temporary-topermanent post disaster housing solution, the Mississippi Cottages were created though theMississippi Alternative Housing Project (MAHP), 1 of the 5 AHPP projects, as replacement temporary housing for residents of FEMA trailers several years after Katrina. Due to strong local resistance to the Cottages, along with issues of affordability, few temporary Cottage residents were able to keep them for permanent housing, and the implementation of the program failed to provide long term affordable housing to a large group of disaster survivors who most needed it. However, the Mississippi Cottages have high levels of resident satisfaction, represent significant potential as a temporaryto-permanent housing form and demonstrate flexibility in the way they have been reused as affordable housing by a number of different organizations and individuals.
Lessons from the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami Disaster
Authors: Koshimura Shunichi ,   International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-03, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan, Hayashi Satomi , Gokon Hideomi ,   Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-03, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579 Japan
Published: April 2016

Based on a comprehensive study of the lessons from the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami that devastatedmuch of the northeast Japan (Tohoku), we discuss insights into reconstruction and tsunamiresilient communities. Through field measurement, remote sensing, and numerical modeling approaches with spatial information sciences, we clarified the hydrodynamic characteristics of the tsunami inundation flow, the tsunami fragility curves. As observed in devastated areas and the analysis of the tsunami fragility curves, buildings were especially vulnerable when the local flow depth exceeded 2 m, while a 6 m flow depth would cause everything to be washed away. The findings and results lead to implications for land use management and relocation planning for reconstructing tsunami-resilient coastal communities. As a case study, we conducted the numerical tsunami modeling in Sendai city to evaluate the performance of the reconstruction plan based on the land use and coastal protection scenarios.