bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel symmetrically structured protonated ionic liquids for alkane de‐aromatization
Authors: Geng Chuanqi , Wu Xiaojia , Jin Dongyu , Du Chencan , Tu Yuming , Zhou Zhiyong , Ren Zhongqi
Published: January 2024

The efficient separation of aromatics/alkanes is important for the efficient utilization of fossil resources. Based on the influence of ionic symmetry structure on the polarity, melting point, interaction force, and spatial site resistance of ionic liquid solvents, a protonic ionic liquid with anionic and cationic double symmetry structure [DMI][FeCl4] was designed and synthesized for alkane de‐aromatization process, which enhances the Van der Waals forces dominated by dispersed forces with aromatics, and thus enhances the extraction efficiency of aromatic. For the binary system of dodecane/decalin + tetralin/1‐methylnaphthalene, and two simulated oil systems of six‐component straight‐sun diesel fuel and hydrofinishing LCO, [DMI][FeCl4] showed excellent de‐aromatization effects. The selectivity coefficients for monocyclic and bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can reach 150 and 480, respectively. When used in the de‐aromatization process of real oils, about 40% of the aromatic hydrocarbons can be removed by a single extraction using a 1:5 O/A ratio.
Novel CHRNA3 variants identified in a patient with bladder dysfunction, dysautonomia, and gastrointestinal dysmotility
Authors: Anand Asha , Hildebrandt Clara C. , Shenoy Vivek , Sutherland Richard W.
Published: January 2024

Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are estimated to be responsible for 20%–50% of congenital anomalies and are also a leading etiology of early‐onset renal disease. Primary CAKUT are caused by genetic factors that impair proper in‐utero genitourinary tract development and secondary CAKUT result from the influence of environmental factors. The CHRNA3 gene, which encodes the Alpha‐3 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, is hypothesized to be associated with Megacystis‐microcolon‐intestinal hyperperistalsis syndrome. More recently, pathogenic variants in CHRNA3 have been identified in individuals with CAKUT as well as individuals with panautonomic failure. Here we present a patient with neurogenic bladder, vesicoureteral reflux, mydriasis, and gastrointestinal dysmotility found to have novel compound heterozygous variants in CHRNA3. These findings support the consideration of CHRNA3 disruption in the differential for CAKUT with dysautonomia and gastrointestinal dysmotility.
An unusual diagnosis of alpha‐mannosidosis with ocular anomalies: Behind the scenes of a hidden copy number variation
Authors: Uguen Kevin , Redon Sylvia , Rouault Karen , Pensec Marine , Benech Caroline , Schutz Sacha , Zanlonghi Xavier , Nadjar Yann , Le Maréchal Cédric , Férec Claude , Audebert‐Bellanger Séverine
Published: January 2024

Alpha‐mannosidosis is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by biallelic mutations in the MAN2B1 gene and characterized by a wide clinical heterogeneity. Diagnosis for this multisystemic disorder is confirmed by the presence of either a deficiency in the lysosomal enzyme acid alpha‐mannosidase or biallelic mutations in the MAN2B1 gene. This diagnosis confirmation is crucial for both clinical management and genetic counseling purposes. Here we describe a late diagnosis of alpha‐mannosidosis in a patient presenting with syndromic intellectual disability, and a rare retinopathy, where reverse phenotyping played a pivotal role in interpreting the exome sequencing result. While a first missense variant was classified as a variant of uncertain significance, the phenotype‐guided analysis helped us detect and interpret an in‐trans apparent alu‐element insertion, which appeared to be a copy number variant (CNV) not identified by the CNV caller. A biochemical analysis showing abnormal excretion of urinary mannosyloligosaccharide and an enzyme assay permitted the re‐classification of the missense variant to likely pathogenic, establishing the diagnosis of alpha‐mannosidosis. This work emphasizes the importance of reverse phenotyping in the context of exome sequencing.
Parenchymal CSF fraction is a measure of brain glymphatic clearance and positively associated with amyloid beta deposition on PET
Authors: Zhou Liangdong , Nguyen Thanh D. , Chiang Gloria C. , Wang Xiuyuan H. , Xi Ke , Hu Tsung‐Wei , Tanzi Emily B. , Butler Tracy A. , de Leon Mony J. , Li Yi
Published: January 2024

INTRODUCTION

Mapping of microscopic changes in the perivascular space (PVS) of the cerebral cortex, beyond magnetic resonance‐visible PVS in white matter, may enhance our ability to diagnose Alzheimer's disease (AD) early.

METHODS

We used the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) water fraction (CSFF), a magnetic resonance imaging–based biomarker, to characterize brain parenchymal CSF water, reflecting microscopic PVS in parenchyma. We measured CSFF and amyloid beta (Aβ) using 11C Pittsburgh compound B positron emission tomography to investigate their relationship at both the subject and voxel levels.

RESULTS

Our research has demonstrated a positive correlation between the parenchymal CSFF, a non‐invasive imaging biomarker indicative of parenchymal glymphatic clearance, and Aβ deposition, observed at both individual and voxel‐based assessments in the posterior cingulate cortex.

DISCUSSION

This study shows that an increased parenchymal CSFF is associated with Aβ deposition, suggesting that CSFF could serve as a biomarker for brain glymphatic clearance, which can be used to detect early fluid changes in PVS predisposing individuals to the development of AD.

Highlights

Cerebrospinal fluid fraction (CSFF) could be a biomarker of parenchymal perivascular space.

CSFF is positively associated with amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition at subject level.

CSFF in an Aβ+ region is higher than in an Aβ– region in the posterior cingulate cortex.

Correspondence is found between Aβ deposition and glymphatic clearance deficits measured by CSFF.
Synthesis of a biocompatible fluorinated multiblock copolymer surfactant for water‐in‐fluorocarbon droplets and its application in droplet digital polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Feng Ruijie , Li Zeqin , Zhu Junyan , Zhang Yayun , Fang Hao , Xue Jinbing , Wang Jinxian , Lyu Renliang , Luo Gangyin
Published: January 2024

Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) technology has attracted considerable attention in recent years. A multiblock surfactant based on perfluompolyethers (PFPE) has been widely used in droplet‐based microfluidics and is known to provide high droplet stability and biocompatibility. We developed a multiblock copolymer surfactant synthesized by adjusting the proportions of the intermediates to enhance the stabilities of droplets at high temperatures. The surfactants were synthesized via amidation reactions that coupled the PFPE and diamine polyethylene glycol (PEG), and the introduction of triethylamine, as a catalyst, made the reaction more efficient. The as‐synthesized surfactants were used to generate water‐in‐ fluorocarbon (W/F) droplets with a microfluidic device and a ddPCR device was used to evaluate the performance of the droplets. When the molar ratio (PFPE‐PEG:PFPE‐PEG‐PFPE) was 2:1 and the concentration reached 2 wt%, the droplets showed good thermal stability. Surfactant showed the best performance, lowering the interfacial tension to 2.5 mN/m, when it's critical micelle concentration (CMC) exceeded 50 mg/L. Furthermore, the use of an alkaline solution (pH = 9–10) as the washing buffer, improved the biocompatible of the surfactant. When applied to the detection of λDNA, the limit of detection was 0.52 copies/μL. The as‐synthesized surfactants showed promise in generating biocompatible and thermally stable droplets and providing a new surfactant option for future ddPCR technology.
Equation of state and anisotropy of pressure of magnetars
Authors: Li Yong‐Hong , Ma Wen‐Qi , Wang Hui
Published: January 2024

Magnetars are the neutron stars with the highest magnetic fields up to 1015–1016 G. It has been proposed that they are also responsible for a variety of extra‐galactic phenomena, ranging from giant flares in nearby galaxies to fast radio bursts. Utilizing a relativistic mean field model and a variable magnetic field configuration, we investigate the effects of strong magnetic fields on the equation of state and anisotropy of pressure of magnetars. It is found that the mass and radius of low‐mass magnetars are weakly enhanced under the action of the strong magnetic field, and the anisotropy of pressure can be ignored. Unlike other previous investigations, the magnetic field is unable to violate the mass limit of the neutron stars.
Engineering Escherichia coli for constitutive production of monophosphoryl lipid A vaccine adjuvant
Authors: Jin Hyunjung , Ji Yuhyun , An Jinsu , Ha Da Hui , Lee Ye‐Ram , Kim Hye‐Ji , Lee Choon Geun , Jeong Wooyeon , Kwon Ick Chan , Yang Eun Gyeong , Kim Ki Hun , Lee Chankyu , Chung Hak Suk
Published: January 2024

During the COVID‐19 pandemic, expedient vaccine production has been slowed by the shortage of safe and effective raw materials, such as adjuvants, essential components to enhance the efficacy of vaccines. Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) is a potent and safe adjuvant used in human vaccines, including the Shingles vaccine, Shingrix. 3‐O‐desacyl‐4′‐monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), a representative MPLA adjuvant commercialized by GSK, was prepared via chemical conversion of precursors isolated from Salmonella typhimurium R595. However, the high price of these materials limits their use in premium vaccines. To combat the scarcity and high cost of safe raw materials for vaccines, we need to develop a feasible MPLA production method that is easily scaled up to meet industrial requirements. In this study, we engineered peptidoglycan and outer membrane biosynthetic pathways in Escherichia coli and developed a Escherichia coli strain, KHSC0055, that constitutively produces EcML (E. coli‐produced monophosphoryl lipid A) without additives such as antibiotics or overexpression inducers. EcML production was optimized on an industrial scale via high‐density fed‐batch fermentation, and obtained 2.7 g of EcML (about 135,000 doses of vaccine) from a 30‐L‐scale fermentation. Using KHSC0055, we simplified the production process and decreased the production costs of MPLA. Then, we applied EcML purified from KHSC0055 as an adjuvant for a COVID‐19 vaccine candidate (EuCorVac‐19) currently in clinical trial stage III in the Philippines. By probing the efficacy and safety of EcML in humans, we established KHSC0055 as an efficient cell factory for MPLA adjuvant production.
A highly efficient cell culture method using oxygen‐permeable PDMS‐based honeycomb microwells produces functional liver organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived carboxypeptidase M liver progenitor cells
Authors: Utami Tia , Danoy Mathieu , Khadim Rubina Rahaman , Tokito Fumiya , Arakawa Hiroshi , Kato Yukio , Kido Taketomo , Miyajima Atsushi , Nishikawa Masaki , Sakai Yasuyuki
Published: January 2024

Recent advancements in bioengineering have introduced potential alternatives to liver transplantation via the development of self‐assembled liver organoids, derived from human‐induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). However, the limited maturity of the tissue makes it challenging to implement this technology on a large scale in clinical settings. In this study, we developed a highly efficient method for generating functional liver organoids from hiPSC‐derived carboxypeptidase M liver progenitor cells (CPM+ LPCs), using a microwell structure, and enhanced maturation through direct oxygenation in oxygen‐permeable culture plates. We compared the morphology, gene expression profile, and function of the liver organoid with those of cells cultured under conventional conditions using either monolayer or spheroid culture systems. Our results revealed that liver organoids generated using polydimethylsiloxane‐based honeycomb microwells significantly exhibited enhanced albumin secretion, hepatic marker expression, and cytochrome P450‐mediated metabolism. Additionally, the oxygenated organoids consisted of both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, which showed increased expression of bile transporter‐related genes as well as enhanced bile transport function. Oxygen‐permeable polydimethylsiloxane membranes may offer an efficient approach to generating highly mature liver organoids consisting of diverse cell populations.
A composite gel polymer electrolyte for sodium metal battery at a wide temperature range
Authors: Chen Changmiao , Li Yuhang , Wang Chengrui , He Hongcheng , Liu Ming , He Yan‐Bing
Published: January 2024

Sodium‐metal batteries (SMBs) are considered a promising alternative to lithium‐metal batteries due to their high‐energy density, low cost, and good low‐temperature performance. However, the serious side reactions and dendrites growth during the process of sodium ions deposition/stripping are the bottleneck that inhibits the further capitalization of SMBs, especially at low temperatures. Herein, a porous framework of 50 μm thickness composite gel‐polymer‐electrolyte (GPE) supported by polyvinylidene difluoride nanowires membrane and Na3Zr2Si2PO12 ceramic particles is proposed to tackle the issues. This GPE not only has high ionic conductivity but also can promote the uniform transportation of sodium ions to form a stable and dense metal‐GPE interfacial layer, which can effectively inhibit the side reactions and dendrites growth in a wide temperature range. The assembled Na//GPE//Na3V2(PO4)3 full battery provides a specific capacity of 100 mAh g−1 at 10 C for more than 3000 cycles calendar life at room temperature. Moreover, the full battery based on this GPE has an extraordinary performance at low temperatures, reaching a specific capacity of 93 and 61 mAh g−1 at 0.5 and 1 C at −20°C, respectively. This work provides a reliable solution for low‐temperature applications of high‐energy density and long‐cycle life SMBs.
Hypercrosslinked porous and coordination polymer materials for electrolyte membranes in lithium‐metal batteries
Authors: Zhang Mochun , Tan Rui , Wang Mengran , Zhang Zhian , John Low CheeTong , Lai Yanqing
Published: January 2024

Rechargeable lithium‐metal batteries (LMBs) hold great promise for providing high‐energy density. However, their widespread commercial adoption has been inhibited by critical challenges, for example, the capacity fading from irreversible processes at electrolyte/electrode interfaces and safety concerns originating from the inhomogeneous lithium deposition. Polymer electrolytes benefiting from enhanced electrolyte/electrode contact and low interfacial impedance provide a variable solution to address these challenges and enable a high‐energy and flexible battery system. Although promising, inefficient bulky ionic conductivity and poor mechanical stability confront the stable operation of polymer electrolytes in tangible batteries, which highly requires the development of innovative polymer electrolyte chemistries. Among various polymer materials, microporous polymers stand out due to their abundant porosity and customizable micropore structure, positioning them as promising candidates for next‐generation electrolyte membranes. This review, therefore, summarizes recent advances in electrolyte membranes based on two new chemistries, hypercrosslinked polymers (HCPs) and porous coordination polymers (PCPs). Other microporous polymers, such as covalent organic polymers, porous organic cages, and polymers of intrinsic microporosity, are also discussed with an emphasis on their applications in LMBs. Most importantly, by reviewing the design strategies, synthesis protocols, and performance in LMBs, we gain insights into the design principles of high‐performance electrolyte membranes based on HCPs and PCPs and highlight potential future research directions.
Postmastectomy radiotherapy in breast reconstruction: Current controversies and trends
Authors: Zhang Honghong , Song Dandan , Xie Liangxi , Zhan Ning , Xie Wenjia , Zhang Jianming
Published: January 2024

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide. Postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) is an essential component of combined therapy for early‐stage, high‐risk breast cancer. Breast reconstruction (BR) is often considered for patients with breast cancer who have undergone mastectomy. There has been a considerable amount of discussion about the optimal approach to combining PMRT with BR in the treatment of breast cancer. PMRT may increase the risk of complications and prevent good aesthetic results after BR, while BR may increase the complexity of PMRT and the radiation dose to surrounding normal tissues. The purpose of this review is to give a broad overview and summary of the current controversies and trends in PMRT and BR in the context of the most recent literature available.
Clinical significance, molecular characterization, and immune microenvironment analysis of coagulation‐related genes in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Chen Weihao , Zhao Xupeng , Lu Yongliang , Wang Hanfeng , Wang Xiyou , Wang Yi , Liang Chen , Jia Zhuomin , Ma Wei
Published: January 2024

Background

Numerous studies have revealed a tight connection between tumor development and the coagulation system. However, the effects of coagulation on the prognosis and tumor microenvironment (TME) of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remain poorly understood.

Methods

We employed the consensus clustering method to characterize distinct molecular subtypes associated with coagulation patterns. Subsequently, we examined variations in the overall survival (OS), genomic profiles, and TME characteristics between these subtypes. To develop a prognostic coagulation‐related risk score (CRRS) model, we utilized the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator Cox regression and stepwise multivariate Cox regression analyses. We also created a nomogram to aid in the clinical application of the risk score, evaluating the relationships between the CRRS and the immune microenvironment, responsiveness to immunotherapy, and targeted treatment. The clinical significance of PLAUR and its biological function in ccRCC were also further analyzed.

Results

There were significant differences in clinical features, prognostic stratification, genomic variation, and TME characteristics between the two coagulation‐related subtypes. We established and validated a CRRS using six coagulation‐related genes that can be employed as an effective indicator of risk stratification and prognosis estimation for ccRCC patients. Significant variations in survival outcomes were observed between the high‐ and low‐risk groups. The nomogram was proficient in predicting the 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year OS. Additionally, the CRRS emerged as a novel tool for evaluating the clinical effectiveness of immunotherapy and targeted treatments in ccRCC. Moreover, we confirmed upregulated PLAUR expression in ccRCC samples that was significantly correlated with poor patient prognosis. PLAUR knockdown notably inhibited ccRCC cell proliferation and migration.

Conclusion

Our data suggested that CRRS may be employed as a reliable predictive biomarker that can provide therapeutic benefits for immunotherapy and targeted therapy in ccRCC.
Photoinduced Dual C−F Bond Activation of Hexafluorobenzene Mediated by Boron Atom
Authors: Deng Guohai , Medel Robert , Lu Yan , Riedel Sebastian
Published: January 2024

The reaction of laser‐ablated boron atoms with hexafluorobenzene (C6F6) was investigated in neon and argon matrices, and the products are identified by matrix isolation infrared spectroscopy and quantum‐chemical calculations. The reaction is triggered by a boron atom insertion into one C−F bond of hexafluorobenzene on annealing, forming a fluoropentafluorophenyl boryl radical (A). UV‐Vis light irradiation of fluoropentafluorophenyl boryl radical causes generation of a 2‐difluoroboryl‐tetrafluorophenyl radical (B) via a second C−F bond activation. A perfluoroborepinyl radical (C) is also observed upon deposition and under UV‐Vis light irradiation. This finding reveals the new example of a dual C−F bond activation of hexafluorobenzene mediated by a nonmetal and provides a possible route for synthesis of new perfluorinated organo‐boron compounds.
Chrono‐nutrition for hypertension
Authors: Bohmke Natalie J. , Dixon Dave L. , Kirkman Danielle L.
Published: January 2024

Despite the advancement in blood pressure (BP) lowering medications, uncontrolled hypertension persists, underscoring a stagnation of effective clinical strategies. Novel and effective lifestyle therapies are needed to prevent and manage hypertension to mitigate future progression to cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases. Chrono‐nutrition, aligning the timing of eating with environmental cues and internal biological clocks, has emerged as a potential strategy to improve BP in high‐risk populations. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the circadian physiology of BP with an emphasis on renal and vascular circadian biology. The potential of Chrono‐nutrition as a lifestyle intervention for hypertension is discussed and current evidence for the efficacy of time‐restricted eating is presented.
Synthesis, antiproliferative activity, 3D‐QSAR, and molecular docking studies of novel L‐carvone‐derived pyrimidine‐urea compounds
Authors: Meng Yupei , Zhang Yunxue , Duan Wengui , Lin Guishan , Cui Yucheng , Li Baoyu
Published: January 2024

To explore novel natural product‐based nitrogen‐containing heterocyclic compounds with antiproliferative activity, 20 L‐carvone‐derived pyrimidine‐urea compounds 4a–4t were synthesized through the multi‐step reaction of L‐carvone, and structurally characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), hydrogen‐1 nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR), Carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C‐NMR), and High‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Besides, the in vitro antiproliferative activity of the target compounds against HepG2, Hela, and MCF‐7 cells was evaluated by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. According to the results, the target compounds showed certain inhibitory activities against the tested cancer cell lines, and five compounds (4b, 4h, 4k, 4l, and 4t) exhibited better inhibition activities against Hela cells than the positive control (5‐FU). Among them, compound 4b held significant antiproliferative activities against Hela and HepG2 cells, and thus deserved further study as a leading compound of new anticancer drugs. In addition, an effective and reasonable three‐dimensional quantitative structure‐activity relationships (3D‐QSAR) model was built by the Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) method to analyze the relationship between the structures of the target compounds and their antiproliferative activities (expressed as pIC50) against Hela cells, and proven to have good predictive ability. Molecular docking was carried out to study the possible binding modes of compound 4b and Survivin, and it was found that compound 4b could be well embedded into the active site, along with the formation of several hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions.
A clinician's guide to the 2023 VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for Management of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Acute Stress Disorder
Authors: Lang Ariel J. , Hamblen Jessica L. , Holtzheimer Paul , Kelly Ursula , Norman Sonya B. , Riggs David , Schnurr Paula P. , Wiechers Ilse
Published: January 2024

A clinical practice guideline (CPG) is a rigorously established set of recommendations based on currently available evidence about the efficacy, safety, acceptability, and feasibility of interventions to assist with clinical decision‐making. The 2023 Department of Veterans Affairs /Department of Defense Clinical Practice Guideline for Management of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Acute Stress Disorder is described herein. The CPG recommendations are accompanied by a clinical algorithm, which incorporates principles of evidence‐based practice, shared decision‐making, and functional and contextual assessments of goals and outcomes. An overview of the CPG recommendations is combined with a discussion of questions that clinicians and patients may face in implementing the CPG and suggestions for how to effectively work with the CPG.
External validation of the Norwegian anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction revision prediction model using patients from the STABILITY 1 Trial
Authors: Martin R. Kyle , Marmura Hana , Wastvedt Solvejg , Pareek Ayoosh , Persson Andreas , Moatshe Gilbert , Bryant Dianne , Wolfson Julian , Engebretsen Lars , Getgood Alan
Published: January 2024

Purpose

A machine learning‐based anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) revision prediction model has been developed using Norwegian Knee Ligament Register (NKLR) data, but lacks external validation outside Scandinavia. This study aimed to assess the external validity of the NKLR model (https://swastvedt.shinyapps.io/calculator_rev/) using the STABILITY 1 randomized clinical trial (RCT) data set. The hypothesis was that model performance would be similar.

Methods

The NKLR Cox Lasso model was selected for external validation owing to its superior performance in the original study. STABILITY 1 patients with all five predictors required by the Cox Lasso model were included. The STABILITY 1 RCT was a prospective study which randomized patients to receive either a hamstring tendon autograft (HT) alone or HT plus a lateral extra‐articular tenodesis (LET). Since all patients in the STABILITY 1 trial received HT ± LET, three configurations were tested: 1: all patients coded as HT, 2: HT + LET group coded as bone‐patellar tendon‐bone (BPTB) autograft, 3: HT + LET group coded as unknown/other graft choice. Model performance was assessed via concordance and calibration.

Results

In total, 591/618 (95.6%) STABILITY 1 patients were eligible for inclusion, with 39 undergoing revisions within 2 years (6.6%). Model performance was best when patients receiving HT + LET were coded as BPTB. Concordance was similar to the original NKLR prediction model for 1‐ and 2‐year revision prediction (STABILITY: 0.71; NKLR: 0.68–0.69). Concordance 95% confidence interval (CI) ranged from 0.63 to 0.79. The model was well calibrated for 1‐year prediction while the 2‐year prediction demonstrated evidence of miscalibration.

Conclusion

When patients in STABILITY 1 who received HT + LET were coded as BPTB in the NKLR prediction model, concordance was similar to the index study. However, due to a wide 95% CI, the true performance of the prediction model with this Canadian and European cohort is unclear and a larger data set is required to definitively determine the external validity. Further, better calibration for 1‐year predictions aligns with general prediction modelling challenges over longer periods. While not a large enough sample size to elicit the true accuracy and external validity of the prediction model when applied to North American patients, this analysis provides more support for the notion that HT plus LET performs similarly to BPTB reconstruction. In addition, despite the wide confidence interval, this study suggests optimism regarding the accuracy of the model when applied outside of Scandinavia.

Level of Evidence

Level 3, cohort study.
Numerical study on the churning power loss of spiral bevel gears at splash lubrication system
Authors: Hu Shuai , Gong Wuqi , Gui Peng
Published: January 2024

In order to predict the spiral bevel gear churning power loss, based on the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method, the computational model for the splash lubrication of the spiral bevel gear pair is established and validated by experiments. The churning power loss of spiral bevel gears is obtained and the corresponding flow field distribution in the gearbox with a pair of spiral bevel gears is analysed under a standard operating condition. For the churning power loss of spiral bevel gears, the loss of teeth surface is mainly caused by pressure while the loss of gear side is mainly generated by the viscous force. The effects of the gear rotational speed, oil level, oil temperature and oil shroud on the churning loss are also investigated and analysed. Ultimately, an optimisation method is proposed for the original spiral bevel geared transmission.
The impact of visual perspectives in advertisements on access‐based products
Authors: Kou Sining , Duan Shen , Zhang Yiran (Eileen) , Wang Zhiling , Meng Lu (Monroe)
Published: January 2024

Digitalization has promoted the development of the sharing economy by facilitating exchanges that provide consumers with temporary access to products. Hence, enhancing consumers’ preference for access‐based products is critical for marketing practitioners and researchers. This study proposes an effective advertising strategy to enhance access‐based consumption based on the adoption of an appropriate visual perspective in advertising design. We demonstrate that advertisements that adopt a third‐person (first‐person) perspective increase (decrease) consumers’ preference for access‐based products. Mental simulation and psychological ownership mediate this effect; in addition, this effect is moderated by advertising appeal. Five empirical studies provide convergent evidence in support of the study's proposed hypotheses. These findings contribute to research on access‐based products and visual perspective and suggest innovative visual strategies for marketing practitioners.
Development of Composite Nanostructured Electrodes for Water Desalination via Membrane Capacitive Deionization
Authors: Bakola Veroniki , Kotrotsiou Olympia , Ntziouni Afroditi , Dragatogiannis Dimitris , Plakantonaki Niki , Trapalis Christos , Charitidis Costas , Kiparissides Costas
Published: January 2024

Novel two‐layer nanostructured electrodes are successfully prepared for their application in membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) processes. Nanostructured carbonaceous materials such as graphene oxide (GO) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), as well as activated carbon (AC) are dispersed in a solution of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), mixed with polyacrylic acid (PAA) or polydimethyldiallylammonium chloride (PDMDAAC), and subsequently cast on the top surface of an AC‐based modified graphite electrode to form a thin composite layer that is cross‐linked with glutaraldehyde (GA). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is performed to investigate the electrochemical properties of the composite electrodes and desalination experiments are conducted in batch mode using a MCDI unit cell to investigate the effects of i) the nanostructured carbonaceous material, ii) its concentration in the polymer blend, and iii) the molecular weight of the polymers on the desalination efficiency of the system. Comparative studies with commercial membranes are performed proving that the composite nanostructured electrodes are more efficient in salt removal. The improved performance of the composite electrodes is attributed to the ion exchange properties of the selected polymers and the increased specific capacitance of the nanostructured carbonaceous materials. This research paves the way for wider application of MCDI in water desalination.
Climate policy uncertainty and regional innovation performance: New empirical evidence from the United States
Authors: Farooq Umar , Shafiq Muhammad Nouman , Subhani Bilal Haider , Gillani Seemab
Published: January 2024

This study aims to explore the empirical relationship between climate policy uncertainty (CPU) and regional innovation performance. The empirical analysis was conducted on 36 years of available data over the period 1987 to 2022 in the United States (US). By using an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model for regression analysis, we examine the impact of CPU on two crucial indicators of innovation, namely, research and development (R&D) expenditures and patent applications (PTA). The empirical analysis reveals a significant negative effect of CPU on both R&D expenditures and PTA, suggesting that higher levels of climate uncertainty may hinder innovation activities in the regional context. A high CPU introduces hesitancy and risk aversion, impacting the allocation of resources, confidence in markets, and the willingness of businesses to pursue innovative endeavors. The negative effect remains consistent even after the inclusion of several control variables and robustness checks. The findings underscore the significance of a stable and supportive policy environment and economic conditions in promoting innovation. Overall, this research provides valuable empirical evidence on the interplay between CPU and innovation outcomes, offering insights for policymakers, businesses, and researchers seeking to navigate the complexities of climate‐related challenges and their impact on innovation. We did not find any study exploring the comparable impact of CPU on innovation.
An analysis of the convergence problem of a function of hexagonal Fourier series in generalized Hölder norm using Hausdorff operator
Authors: Nigam H. K. , Kumar Sah Manoj
Published: January 2024

In the present paper, we obtain the results on the degree of convergence of an
‐periodic continuous function in generalized Hölder spaces using Hausdorff operator with monotonically non‐decreasing and monotonically non‐increasing rows of its hexagonal Fourier series. Some important corollaries are also deduced from our main theorems. Applications of main theorems are also obtained in this paper.
Design of silicon slab waveguides based all‐optical logic gates
Authors: Aggarwal Anmol , Mittal Ashi , Kalra Yogita
Published: January 2024

Logic gates are an indispensable part of digital circuits, and therefore such devices with fast operating speeds and simple designs are vital for all kinds of electronic applications. This paper proposes simple Y‐shaped designs of all‐optical AND, OR, and NOT logic gates in two dimensions that are operational in both TE and TM modes. These gates are designed using silicon slab waveguides, which makes them relatively easy to fabricate. The logic gates are designed, analyzed, and optimized at 1.55 µm using the finite difference time domain method. The truth tables of the proposed all‐optical logic gates are realized for every input case. The propagation delay time is determined to be of the order of femtoseconds (10−15 s), which is very fast compared to the response time of the currently reported all‐optical logic gates (10−9 ‐ 10−12 s).
An E‐band 3D‐printed dielectric lens antenna with flat‐top beam designed by hybrid optimization algorithm
Authors: Zheng Xue‐mei , Peng Lin , Zhu Zhong‐bo , Liu Yan‐fang , Gao Shan‐shan
Published: January 2024

An all‐dielectric lens antenna (LA), with flat‐top radiation patterns in both E‐ and H‐planes, is proposed. The antenna covers the 64–70 GHz band. The dielectric LA consists of a source horn (LB‐12‐15‐A with WR12) and a dielectric lens. The lens is composed of multiple layers of dielectric rings with different heights. The structural parameters of the dielectric lens are optimized by a hybrid optimization algorithm (particle swarm optimization [PSO]‐genetic algorithm [GA]) that involves genetic operations of GA and PSO. The hybrid algorithm is beneficial to enhance the optimization efficiency, and an objective function is designed to optimize the beam width, theS11, and the sidelobe level (SLL). Both the simulated and measured results show that the dielectric LA provides good flat‐top radiation patterns within the desired band. Moreover, the dielectric lens is manufactured by three‐dimensional‐printed technology, which allows for low cost, easy manufacturing, and lightweight.
A novel design of an all‐optical D flip‐flop based on 2D photonic crystals
Authors: Parandin Fariborz , Sheykhian Arezoo , Askarian Asghar
Published: January 2024

In this study, we endeavored to create and simulate a D‐type flip‐flop utilizing two‐dimensional photonic crystals featuring a square lattice. This flip‐flop, composed of just two intersecting waveguides, is both compact and straightforward. Constructed from 10 × 10 dielectric rods suspended in air, it boasts low output power in logic mode 0, creating a significant distinction between optical powers in modes 0 and 1, lending it a logical aspect. Optimized for operation at a communication wavelength of 1.55 µm, this flip‐flop proves suitable for optical communication systems. The third window optical fiber communication system is suitable for 1.55 μm wavelength because the fiber has the lowest loss. Our analysis involved calculating the band structure via the plane wave expansion method and determining the optical power distribution using the finite difference time domain method.
Optimizing Motion‐Induced Spin Transfer
Authors: Oue Daigo , Matsuo Mamoru
Published: January 2024

In this article, the spin transfer between two ferromagnetic insulators is studied. There is a narrow gap between the ferromagnetic insulators so that they are weakly interacting with each other. One of the ferromagnetic insulators is moving at a constant speed while the other is at rest; hence, the system is out of equilibrium. In the presence of the shearing motion, the interaction amplitude is periodically modulated at the Doppler frequency. A unitary transformation allows us to regard the periodic modulation of the interaction amplitude as an effective potential, which drives the spin transfer. The amount of the spin current is controlled by the spectral overlap and the carrier population difference between the two ferromagnetic media. If the spectra of the two ferromagnets are moderately broadened, the overlap in the spectral domain increases, enlarging the spin current. However, too much broadening spoils the spectral overlap and, hence, the spin current. This implies that there is an optimal condition for maximizing the spin transfer.
Surface Morphology Evolution of AlGaN Microhoneycomb Structures during Epitaxial Overgrowth
Authors: Singh Sandeep M. , Zubialevich Vitaly Z. , Parbrook Peter J.
Published: January 2024

The surface morphological development during epitaxial overgrowth of AlGaN on microhoneycomb (μ‐HC) patterned relaxed AlGaN/AlN/sapphire templates is studied. Optimization of μ‐pattern design and influence of various growth parameters are carried out in search for conditions resulting in coalescence of μ‐HC structures into planar layers or ordered arrays of V‐pits with well‐defined crystallographic facets. It is found that in a wide range of growth conditions, formation of V‐pits with semipolar facets occurs where their crystallographic orientation is defined by the geometry of the initial μ‐HC patterns and growth conditions. High‐temperature and high V/III ratio conditions are found to favor c‐plane expansion and allow recovery of planarity on the patterned templates. Systematic study of surface morphology evolution in conditions favoring 1) semipolar facets formation and 2) coalescence is carried out and possible mechanisms underpinning the observed behaviors have been proposed.
Depth Analyses of Mg‐Acceptor and Si‐Donor Concentrations in GaN by Combining Stepwise Etching and Photoluminescence
Authors: Kataoka Keita , Narita Tetsuo , Tomita Kazuyoshi , Yamada Shinji , Kachi Tetsu
Published: January 2024

The depth profiles of the Mg‐acceptor or Si‐donor concentration in GaN are visualized using stepwise etching and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. Low‐damage etching techniques are applied: multistep‐bias inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching for p‐type GaN and electrochemical etching for n‐type GaN. To determine the concentration calibration curve, the PL intensity ratios of Mg‐neutral acceptor or Si‐neutral donor‐bound excitons to free excitons are plotted against Mg or Si atomic concentrations in etched GaN epitaxial layers having depth distributions of dopant concentrations, as estimated by secondary ion mass spectrometry. The quantitative accuracy of the calibration curve is ensured by the appropriate sample temperature and excitation density ranges for PL. The stepwise dry etching and the Mg acceptor quantification by PL using this calibration curve are applied to Mg‐ion‐implanted GaN after ultra‐high‐pressure annealing at 1300 °C for 1 min. The obtained depth profile of the Mg‐acceptor concentration is consistent with the Mg atomic concentration profile in the region deeper than the implantation peak, whereas the acceptor concentration in the shallow region is lower than the Mg atomic concentration. This analysis is useful for revealing the site substitution ratio of dopants in GaN materials partially involving inactive dopants.
Hidden Markov model‐based ℋ∞ control for singular Markov jump systems under denial of service attacks
Authors: Wang Guanqi , Li Feng , Xia Jianwei , Shen Hao , Wang Jing
Published: January 2024

This work investigates the control problem of discrete‐time singular Markov jump systems against denial of service attacks, in which the Markov state information is seen as restricted access. To solve this situation, a hidden Markov model is introduced. The main objective is to construct a controller with the help of hidden Markov model such that the stochastically admissible of the closed‐loop singular Markov jump systems with limited access mode information can be guaranteed under denial of service attacks. To produce the needed hidden Markov model‐based controller, a matrix contract transformation approach is developed. At the end, a numerical example and a tunnel diode circuit are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and benefit of the design technique described in this research.
Evaluating the Clinical Efficacy of Pulsed Dye Laser with Sirolimus for Treatment of Capillary Malformations: A Systematic Review
Authors: Tan Isabella J. , Truong Thu M. , Pathak Gaurav N. , Mehdikhani Shaunt , Rao Babar , Cohen Bernard A.
Published: January 2024

Port-wine stains (PWS) are capillary vascular anomalies that are often treated with pulsed-dye laser (PDL). Revascularization limits persistent clearance; however, the anti-angiogenic effects of sirolimus (SIRO) may inhibit revascularization. This review aims to determine differences in PWS outcomes when treated with PDL monotherapy or in combination with SIRO. A systematic review was conducted using PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases. The following search terms were used: ‘port wine stain PDL SIRO’, ‘port wine stain PDL’, and ‘port wine stain PDL and topical treatment’ with (MeSH) and (Title/Abstract) limits. The search was limited to the English language and human-subject studies conducted between 1 January 2000 and 1 June 2023. Inclusion criteria included studies evaluating SIRO as an adjunct to PDL in patients with PWS. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed by two independent reviewers. A total of nine studies met the inclusion criteria, which included randomized controlled trials (3), case series (2), case reports (3), and a prospective intrapatient study (1), which represented a total of 58 patients. Five studies showed improvement of a measured post-treatment PDL parameter including shortening treatment time and less frequent dosing. A subset of studies (4/9) which did not demonstrate significant clinical improvements exhibited significant photographic evidence of improvement. Heterogeneity among the studies highlights the need for further research and standardization. While adjunctive SIRO shows promise, larger studies and comprehensive evaluation methods are required to establish conclusive safety and efficacy guidelines to shape clinical decision-making.
Application of cognitive remediation in the world: new experiences from two schizophrenia rehabilitation centers in Togo and Benin
Authors: Deste Giacomo , Kakli Mawuko , Barlati Stefano , Nibbio Gabriele , Dossou Pacôme , Degila Salomon Léonard , Ceraso Anna , Lisoni Jacopo , Calzavara-Pinton Irene , Villa Simona , Vita Antonio
Published: January 2024

Purpose

People with schizophrenia in Sub-Saharan Africa often live in very difficult conditions, suffer important social isolation and usually do not receive any kind of treatment. In this context, some non-governmental initiatives have come to light, providing accommodation, food, primary healthcare, medications and, in some cases, education and rehabilitation. The aims of this study were to assess feasibility, effects, and acceptability of a Cognitive Remediation Therapy (CRT) intervention in the particular context of psychiatric rehabilitation in Togo and Benin.

Methods

Patients diagnosed with schizophrenia accessing the “Saint Camille” association rehabilitation centers in Togo and Benin during the enrollment period were allocated consecutively with a 1:1 proportion to receive a manualized CRT intervention (46 one-hour sessions over 14 weeks) or continuing Treatment As Usual (TAU). The assessment included validated measures of cognitive performance and real-world functioning and was performed at baseline and at the conclusion of treatment.

Results

All subjects that were invited into the study agreed to participate and completed the intervention, for a total of 36 participants. CRT produced greater improvements than TAU in processing speed, working memory, verbal memory, cognitive flexibility, and executive functions measures, with moderate to large effect sizes, in particular in processing speed and working memory domains.

Conclusions

CRT represents a feasible and effective psychosocial intervention that can be implemented even in contexts with very limited resources, and could represent an important instrument to promote the rehabilitation process of people living with schizophrenia in low-income countries.
The Quintilian School in the history of Social Choice: an early tentative step from plurality rule to pairwise comparisons
Authors: Urdánoz Jorge , Colomer Josep M.
Published: January 2024

We present two texts from Roman Empire times that add two early appearances to the stream of the history of Social Choice Theory. One is from the School of Rhetoric of Quintilian (35–96), a contemporary of Pliny the Younger, who developed an early criticism of Plurality rule and, in search of a better method, sketched a choice by pairwise comparisons. The other is from Aulus Gellius (160–180), who used the term “aporia” applied to a voting problem while commenting on a voting by Plurality that yielded counterintuitive or seemingly illogical results. These early analyses and critiques of Plurality rule reveal the flaws of a system that, despite its intuitive or spontaneous appeal, has evident failures that have triggered theoretical reflection from remote times. The two texts also show how paradoxical and problematic situations serve as powerful incentives for reflection and advancement of knowledge and can trigger attempts to address and refine voting and election methods to find more robust and fair alternatives.