bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mood stabilizer treatment increases serotonin type 1A receptor binding in bipolar depression
Authors: Nugent Allison C , Carlson Paul J , Bain Earle E , Eckelman William , Herscovitch Peter , Manji Husseini , Zarate Carlos A , Drevets Wayne C
Published: August 2013

Abnormal serotonin type 1A (5-HT1A) receptor function and binding have been implicated in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. Preclinical studies have consistently shown that stress decreases the gene expression of 5-HT1A receptors in experimental animals, and that the associated increase in hormone secretion plays a crucial role in mediating this effect. Chronic administration of the mood stabilizers lithium and divalproex (valproate semisodium) reduces glucocorticoid signaling and function in the hippocampus. Lithium has further been shown to enhance 5-HT1A receptor function. To assess whether these effects translate to human subject with bipolar disorder (BD), positron emission tomography (PET) and [18F]trans-4-fluoro-N-(2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl) piperazino]-ethyl)-N-(2-pyridyl) cyclohexanecarboxamide ([18F]FCWAY) were used to acquire PET images of 5-HT1A receptor binding in 10 subjects with BD, before and after treatment with lithium or divalproex. Mean 5-HT1A binding potential (BPP) significantly increased following mood stabilizer treatment, most prominently in the mesiotemporal cortex (hippocampus plus amygdala). When mood state was also controlled for, treatment was associated with increases in BPP in widespread cortical areas. These preliminary findings are consistent with the hypothesis that these mood stabilizers enhance 5-HT1A receptor expression in BD, which may underscore an important component of these agents’ mechanism of action.
Single bright light exposure decreases sweet taste threshold in healthy volunteers
Authors: Srivastava Shrikant , Donaldson Lucy F , Rai Dheeraj , Melichar Jan K , Potokar John
Published: August 2013

Introduction:

Bright light exposure can alter circulating serotonin levels, and alteration of available serotonin by acute selective serotonin reuptake inhibition significantly lowers sweet but not salt taste recognition thresholds. We tested the hypothesis that bright light exposure would increase sweet but not salt taste sensitivity in healthy adults.

Methods:

Fourteen healthy volunteers were exposed to bright (10,000 lux) and dim (<20 lux) light for 30 min each, in counterbalanced order. Measures of taste perception (salt and sweet) and mood were determined at baseline, and before and after each light exposure period.

Results:

Recognition thresholds for sucrose were significantly lower after bright but not dim light exposure. Thresholds for salt were unaffected by either condition. There were no significant changes in taste acuity, intensity or pleasantness for both the taste modalities and on visual analogue scales (VASs) for mood, anxiety, sleepiness and alertness, under either light condition.

Conclusion:

Brief bright light exposure reduces sweet but not salt taste recognition thresholds in healthy humans.
Whole-exome sequencing identifies a polymorphism in the BMP5 gene associated with SSRI treatment response in major depression
Authors: Tammiste Anu , Jiang Tao , Fischer Krista , Mägi Reedik , Krjutškov Kaarel , Pettai Kristi , Esko Tõnu , Li Yingrui , Tansey Katherine E , Carroll Liam S , Uher Rudolf , McGuffin Peter , Võsa Urmo , Tšernikova Natalia , Saria Alois , Ng Pauline C , Eller Triin , Vasar Veiko , Nutt David J , Maron Eduard , Wang Jun , Metspalu Andres
Published: August 2013

Although antidepressants are widely used in the pharmacotherapy of major depressive disorder (MDD), their efficacy is still insufficient as approximately one-third of the patients do not fully recover even after several treatment trials. Inter-individual genetic differences are thought to contribute to the variability in antidepressant response; however, current findings from pharmacogenetic studies are uncertain or not clearly replicated. Here we report the first application of full exome sequencing for the analysis of pharmacogenomics on antidepressant treatment. After 12 weeks of treatment with the selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor escitalopram, we selected five clear responders and five clear non-responders for exome sequencing. By comparing the allele counts of previously known single nucleotide polymorphisms and novel polymorphisms we selected 38 markers for further genotyping in two independent patient samples treated with escitalopram ( n=116 and n=394). The A allele, carried by approximately 30% of the patients with MDD, of rs41271330 in the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP5) gene showed strong association with worse treatment response in both sample sets ( p=0.001), indicating that this is an promising pharmacogenetic marker for prediction of antidepressant therapeutic outcome.
Ovarian volume and antral follicle count assessed by MRI and transvaginal ultrasonography: a methodological study
Authors: Leonhardt Henrik , Gull Berit , Stener-Victorin Elisabet , Hellström Mikael
Published: August 2013

Background

Ultrasonographic measurements of ovarian volume and antral follicle count are of clinical importance as diagnostic features of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), and as a parameter in estimation of ovarian follicular reserve in infertility care.

Purpose

To compare two-dimensional (2D)/three-dimensional (3D) transvaginal ultrasonography (TVUS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for estimation of ovarian volume and antral follicle count, and to assess reproducibility and inter-observer agreement of MRI measurements.

Material and Methods

Volumes of 172 ovaries in 99 women aged 21–37 years were calculated (length x width x height x 0.523) with conventional 2D TVUS and 2D MRI. Semi-automatic estimates of ovarian volumes were obtained by 3D MRI. Antral follicles were counted manually on 2D MRI and automatically by 3D TVUS (SonoAVC), and stratified according to follicle size.

Results

Mean ovarian volume assessed by 2D TVUS (13.1 ± 6.4 mL) was larger than assessed by 2D MRI (9.6 ± 4.1) and 3D MRI (11.4 ± 4.5) ( P < 0.001). Total follicle count was higher by 2D MRI than by 3D TVUS, mean difference 14.3 ± 16.2 follicles ( P < 0.001). In the smallest size interval of 1–3 mm the mean difference was 22.2 ± 17.6 ( P < 0.001). Intra- and inter-observer absolute agreement assessment for MRI measurements of ovarian volume and total follicle count showed ICC coefficients >0.77.

Conclusion

2D MRI reveals more antral follicles, especially of small size, than 3D TVUS. Ovarian volume estimation by MRI provides smaller volumes than by the reference standard 2D TVUS. Ovarian volume estimation by 3D MRI, allowing independence of non-ellipsoid ovarian shape measurement errors, provides volumes closer to 2D TVUS values than does 2D MRI. Reproducibility and inter-observer agreement of 2D MRI measurements of ovarian volume and total follicle count are good.
Three-phase, contrast-enhanced, multidetector CT in the evaluation of complicated renal cysts: comparison of the postcontrast phase combination
Authors: Kim Mi-hyun , Yi Rang , Cho Kyoung-Sik , Choi Hyuck Jae
Published: August 2013

Background

Multiphasic multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) is widely used for the assessment and diagnosis of complicated renal cysts.

Purpose

To determine the optimal combination of postcontrast phases of MDCT for the evaluation of complicated renal cysts.

Material and Methods

In 164 renal cysts with pathology confirmation or follow-up >2 years, the Bosniak category was recorded by two radiologists in consensus. They reviewed the MDCT images during three interpretation sessions. In the first session, the radiologists evaluated two phases of images (unenhanced and corticomedullary phases), while during the second session, they evaluated two phases of images (unenhanced and parenchymal phases), and in the third session, they evaluated all three phases of images (unenhanced, corticomedullary, and parenchymal phases). The diagnostic accuracy for evaluating renal cysts was compared in each session using receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) analysis.

Results

There were 106 benign renal cysts and 58 malignant renal cysts. The areas under the ROC curves (AUCs) of the second and third sessions were greater than that of the first session ( P < 0.05). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the first session were 74%, 88%, 77%, and 86%, respectively, and those of the second session were 90%, 85%, 77%, and 94%, respectively. The values of the third session were identical to those of the second session.

Conclusion

Unenhanced and parenchymal phase CT scans are sufficient for differentiating malignant from benign renal cysts and there was no additional value by adding the corticomedullary phase to the combination of unenhanced and parenchymal phase CT.
Detection of cardiac myxomas with non-contrast chest CT
Authors: Shin Wonseon , Choe Yeon Hyeon , Kim Sung Mok , Song In-Young , Kim Sam Soo
Published: August 2013

Background

Cardiac myxomas are sources of systemic embolism. Currently a large volume of chest CT and calcium-scoring CT scans are performed without contrast injection.

Purpose

To evaluate the diagnostic capability of non-contrast CT covering heart in detecting cardiac myxomas.

Material and Methods

This retrospective study included 36 non-contrast CT scans of 36 consecutive patients (16 men, 20 women) who underwent CT scan before surgery for left atrial myxomas and 20 patients without myxoma as a control group. Two independent readers who were blinded to medical information reviewed non-contrast CT scans of 36 patients with cardiac myxomas and 20 scans in the control group patients. They determined the presence of lesions suspicious of myxomas using a five-point scale. The other reader measured attenuation number in the non-calcific areas of the tumors and sizes of the masses on the non-contrast CT images.

Results

The average attenuation of cardiac myxoma (22.5 Hounsfield units [HU]; range, 8.9–32.9 HU) and adjacent unopacified blood (44.6 HU; range, 31.5–57 HU) were significantly different ( P < 0.001). Twelve cardiac myxomas (31.6%) had internal calcification and all of them were detected by both of readers. Cardiac myxomas were measured smaller on non-contrast CT (mean, 3.5 cm; range, 1.1–9.7 cm) than on pathologic specimens (mean, 4.1 cm, 1.4–10.0 cm) ( P < 0.001). Considering grade 3–5 on a five-grade scale as the detectability, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy of non-contrast CT in detecting cardiac myxomas were 88.8%/86.1%, 95.0%/100%, 96.9%/100%, 82.6%/80.0%, and 91.1%/91.1%, by reader 1 and reader 2, respectively and there was good inter-observer reliability (kappa value = 0.92, P = 0.157).

Conclusion

Non-contrast CT scan is useful for detecting cardiac myxomas. Therefore, radiologists should be familiar with imaging findings of cardiac myxomas on non-contrast CT.
Recent trends in rivers with near-natural flow regime
Authors: Martínez-Fernández José , Sánchez Nilda , Herrero-Jiménez Carlos M.
Published: August 2013

The main objective of this research was to study the streamflow evolution of a representative sample of the Spanish near-natural-regime fluvial system over the last four decades of the 20th century. The focus of this study was on those headwater river basins that, not having been subject to substantial human alteration directly via the flow regime, might still have been affected by changes in land management. A representative sample of 74 rivers was selected and a statistical analysis was performed to detect seasonal and annual trends, and the magnitude of streamflow change. Almost all of the rivers studied experienced reductions in streamflow, and three quarters of them had negative and significant (p<0.05) trends in streamflow change. It was impossible to detect any spatial pattern in terms of the type or trend magnitude. The main decreases in the discharge of these near-natural rivers in Spain was observed in the spring and summer, when 81% and 70% of the rivers, respectively, exhibited significant negative trends. The magnitudes of the changes are also remarkable. The average annual percentage change in streamflow magnitude of the 74 basins was –1.45% per year, which corresponds to an average streamflow reduction equivalent to 153 hm3 every year. The results of this study are relevant in view of future climatic scenarios and the evolution of land management in rural and mountain areas, as has already been observed in many parts of the Mediterranean and other regions. Global warming, resulting in continuous temperature increases and therefore evapotranspiration increases, is clearly one factor potentially affecting streamflow, together with land abandonment and subsequent continuous forest expansion. These results obtained in Spain could be extrapolated to other areas in the Mediterranean and beyond and should be taken into account in any water policy and water management in the near future.
Life History Models of Female Offending
Authors: DeHart Dana , Lynch Shannon , Belknap Joanne , Dass-Brailsford Priscilla , Green Bonnie
Published: August 2013

Our mixed-methods study advances understanding of pathways to offending for jailed women with and without mental illness. Life history interviews with 115 women from five U.S. states examined how onset of crime and delinquency varied based on mental health status and trauma exposure. Women in jails had high rates of mental health disorders, with a majority meeting lifetime diagnostic criteria for a serious mental illness (50%), posttraumatic stress disorder (51%), and/or substance use disorder (85%). Cox regression analyses were utilized to examine associations between life experiences and risk of engaging in specific criminalized behaviors. Serious mental illness was associated with substance use, running away as a teen, and drug offending. Substance use disorder was related to earlier onset of substance use and driving under the influence. Intimate partner violence increased women’s risks for property crimes, drug offending, and commercial sex work. Witnessing violence increased risks for property crimes, fighting, and use of weapons. Experiences of caregiver violence increased the risk of running away as a teen. Qualitative narratives were reviewed to provide insight into connections between women’s experiences and onset of criminal behavior. Findings demonstrate a need for gender-responsive and trauma-informed practices to address mental disorders and victimization among women offenders.
Articular Cartilage Lesions Increase Early Cartilage Degeneration in Knees Treated by Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Hirose Jun , Nishioka Hiroaki , Okamoto Nobukazu , Oniki Yasunari , Nakamura Eiichi , Yamashita Yasuyuki , Usuku Koichiro , Mizuta Hiroshi
Published: August 2013

Background:

Articular cartilage degeneration can develop after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Although radiological studies have identified risk factors for the progression of degenerative cartilage changes in the long term, risk factors in the early postoperative period remain to be documented.

Hypothesis:

Cartilage lesions that are present at surgery progress to cartilage degeneration in the early phase after ACLR.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

T1ρ is the spin-lattice relaxation in the rotating frame magnetic resonance imaging. Sagittal T1ρ maps of the femorotibial joint were obtained before and 1 year after ACLR in 23 patients with ACL injuries. Four regions of interest (ROIs) were placed on images of the cartilage in the medial and lateral femoral condyle (MFC, LFC) and the medial and lateral tibia plateau (MTP, LTP). Changes in the T1ρ value (milliseconds) of each ROI were recorded, and differences between patients with and without cartilage lesions were evaluated. The relationship between changes in the T1ρ value and meniscal tears was also studied.

Results:

Arthroscopy at ACLR detected cartilage lesions in 15 MFCs, 7 LFCs, and 2 LTPs. The baseline T1ρ value of the MFC and LFC was significantly higher in patients with cartilage lesions (MFC, 40.7 ms; LFC, 42.2 ms) than in patients without cartilage lesions (MFC, 38.0 ms, P = .025; LFC, 39.4 ms, P = .010). At 1-year follow-up, the T1ρ value of the MFC and LFC was also significantly higher in patients with lesions (MFC, 43.1 ms; LFC, 42.7 ms) than in patients without such lesions (MFC, 39.1 ms, P = .002; LFC, 40.4 ms, P = .023, respectively). In patients with cartilage injury, the T1ρ value of the MFC increased during the year after treatment ( P = .002). There was no significant difference in the baseline and follow-up T1ρ value in patients with or without meniscal tears on each side although the T1ρ value of the MFC, MTP, and LFC increased during the first year after surgery regardless of the presence or absence of meniscal injuries.

Conclusion:

Using T1ρ mapping to detect minimal changes, our study demonstrated that cartilage lesions are related to progressive degenerative cartilage changes during the early phase after ACLR.
Prevalence of Cam-Type Deformity and Hip Pain in Elite Ice Hockey Players Before and After the End of Growth
Authors: Siebenrock Klaus A. , Kaschka Iris , Frauchiger Lars , Werlen Stefan , Schwab Joseph M.
Published: August 2013

Background:

Elite-level sports activities have been associated with hip osteoarthritis and cam-type deformity.

Purpose:

To analyze the appearance and prevalence of an abnormal cam-type deformity of the proximal femur and its potential association to hip pain in adolescent and young adult athletes.

Study Design:

Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

A total of 77 elite-level male ice hockey players were evaluated with a questionnaire, clinical examination, and magnetic resonance imaging. The questionnaire and clinical examination were used to determine whether the hip being evaluated was symptomatic and what the internal rotation of the hip was. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to determine physeal status (open/closed) and α angle of the cranial half of the proximal femur using a standard clockface system.

Results:

The mean age of the patients was 16.5 years (range, 9-36 years); 15 of 77 (19.5%) athletes had a history of hip pain and a positive impingement test finding. The α angles were higher in athletes with closed physes versus open physes (58° vs 49°, respectively; P < .001). Symptomatic athletes had higher α angles compared with asymptomatic athletes at the 12-o’clock (52° vs 46°, respectively; P = .022), 1-o’clock (62° vs 52°, respectively; P < .001), and 2-o’clock (59° vs 50°, respectively; P < .001) positions. Internal rotation was significantly decreased in symptomatic compared with asymptomatic athletes (17° vs 23°, respectively). Higher α angles in the anterosuperior quadrant were significantly associated with decreased internal rotation.

Conclusion:

The data suggest that playing ice hockey at an elite level during childhood is associated with an increased risk for cam-type deformity and hip pain after physeal closure.
Isolated and Combined Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction in Revision Surgery for Patellofemoral Instability
Authors: Kohn Ludwig M. , Meidinger Gebhart , Beitzel Knut , Banke Ingo J. , Hensler Daniel , Imhoff Andreas B. , Schöttle Philip B.
Published: August 2013

Background:

Persistent pain and redislocations after surgical treatment of patellofemoral instability are described in up to 40% of patients. However, prospective outcome data about revision surgery are missing.

Purpose:

To evaluate the clinical outcome after revision medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction using isolated and combined procedures, with a follow-up of 24 months.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

Study participants were 42 patients (median age, 22 years; range, 13-46 years) who underwent revision surgery between January 2007 and December 2009 because of persistent patellofemoral instability after a mean of 1.8 previous failed surgical interventions (lateral release, medial imbrication/vastus medialis obliquus distalization, medialization of the tuberosity). An isolated MPFL reconstruction was performed in 15 cases, while a combination procedure was performed in 27 cases. The clinical results were evaluated preoperatively and 24 months postoperatively using the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), Kujala, and Tegner scores as well as a subjective questionnaire. Patellar shift, tilt, and height, as well as level of degeneration, were defined preoperatively and at the latest follow-up on plain radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging.

Results:

At 24-month follow-up, 87% of the patients were satisfied or very satisfied with the treatment. No apprehension or redislocation was reported at follow-up, and there was a significant decrease in pain during daily activities. There were significant improvements ( P < .001) in IKDC (from 50 to 80), Kujala (from 51 to 85), and Tegner scores (from 2.4 to 4.9). Patellar shift, tilt, and height decreased significantly ( P < .05) to anatomic values, and there was no aggravation to the level of pre-existing degeneration. No significant difference was noticed between the isolated and combined procedures.

Conclusion:

As patellofemoral instability is a multifactorial problem, revision surgery should be indicated only after a comprehensive examination. The results of this study show that MPFL reconstruction, alone or in combination, seems to be an effective treatment for recurrent patellar dislocations after a failed previous surgery, leading to significant increases in stability and functionality as well as a reduction in pain.
Bourdieu’s sociology
Authors: Jain Sheena
Published: August 2013

This paper takes as its starting point the fact that Bourdieu’s views on sociology as a science have not been sufficiently and adequately understood and discussed. It traces the links between his conception and that of the French tradition of historical epistemology which is critical of positivism. How Bourdieu extends their views, and those of Bachelard especially, beyond the realm of the natural sciences, to the social sciences and sociology in particular, is discussed. In the process he introduces new concepts and methods, such as that of participant objectivation. His perspective reveals a convergence between the natural sciences and the social sciences as human endeavours striving for universal truths. This is reinforced and widened to include the humanities as well as demonstrated by his analysis of the literary field. The paper concludes with the observation that Bourdieu’s post-positivist science is a salutary alternative to the postmodern critique of science.
Placing Robert Hughes
Authors: Beilharz Peter
Published: August 2013

The recent, premature death of art critic Robert Hughes registered significant celebrity attention, but little for the extent and depth of his intellectual achievement. Hughes called himself a writer, or else a journalist. He had at least two especial qualifications, in this capacity. He had an Eye, but he also had a Voice. He was a brilliant, if sometimes prolix, writer and presenter. He was a performer, and his work should be seen as performance. This essay, offered as a promissory note, seeks to place Robert Hughes in terms of style and substance but also in terms of centre and periphery, in terms of the cultural traffic between them. It touches on three aspects of his reception. First, on the obituaries, which sought largely to reclaim his body as Australian, even after 50 years of absence. Second, on The Fatal Shore and its reception, itself indicative of the difficulty in neatly placing Hughes in terms of nationalist conceptions. Third, it discusses leading critical interpretations, asking for more, please, and promising to help contribute to the appreciation of Hughes as Tory radical stylist and contrarian.
Dim Light at Night Disrupts Molecular Circadian Rhythms and Increases Body Weight
Authors: Fonken Laura K. , Aubrecht Taryn G. , Meléndez-Fernández O. Hecmarie , Weil Zachary M. , Nelson Randy J.
Published: August 2013

With the exception of high latitudes, life has evolved under bright days and dark nights. Most organisms have developed endogenously driven circadian rhythms that are synchronized to this daily light/dark cycle. In recent years, humans have shifted away from the naturally occurring solar light cycle in favor of artificial and sometimes irregular light schedules produced by electric lighting. Exposure to unnatural light cycles is increasingly associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome; however, the means by which environmental lighting alters metabolism are poorly understood. Thus, we exposed mice to dim light at night and investigated changes in the circadian system and metabolism. Here we report that exposure to ecologically relevant levels of dim (5 lux) light at night altered core circadian clock rhythms in the hypothalamus at both the gene and protein level. Circadian rhythms in clock expression persisted during light at night; however, the amplitude of Per1 and Per2 rhythms was attenuated in the hypothalamus. Circadian oscillations were also altered in peripheral tissues critical for metabolic regulation. Exposure to dimly illuminated, as compared to dark, nights decreased the rhythmic expression in all but one of the core circadian clock genes assessed in the liver. Additionally, mice exposed to dim light at night attenuated Rev-Erb expression in the liver and adipose tissue. Changes in the circadian clock were associated with temporal alterations in feeding behavior and increased weight gain. These results are significant because they provide evidence that mild changes in environmental lighting can alter circadian and metabolic function. Detailed analysis of temporal changes induced by nighttime light exposure may provide insight into the onset and progression of obesity and metabolic syndrome, as well as other disorders involving sleep and circadian rhythm disruption.
Photic Phase-Response Curve in 2 Strains of Mice with Impaired Responsiveness to Estrogens
Authors: Blattner Margaret S. , Mahoney Megan M.
Published: August 2013

Steroid hormones including estrogens modulate the expression of daily activity and circadian rhythms, including free-running period, phase angle of activity onset, and response to light. The mechanisms underlying these effects, however, are not fully understood. We tested the hypothesis that estrogen signaling is required for photic responsiveness of the circadian timing system. We used estrogen receptor subtype 1 (ESR1) knock-out mice (ERKO) and nonclassic estrogen receptor knock-in mice (NERKI). ERKO animals are unable to respond to estrogen at ESR1, and NERKI animals lack the ability to respond to estrogens via estrogen response element-mediated transcription but still respond via nonclassical mechanisms. We analyzed behavioral shifts in activity onset in response to 1-h light pulses given across the subjective 24-h day in gonadally intact male and female NERKI, ERKO, and wild-type (WT) littermates. We also examined Fos protein expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the site of the master circadian pacemaker, at 2 times of day. We found a significant effect of genotype on phase shifts in response to light pulses given in the subjective night. Female WT mice had a significantly larger phase response than ERKO females during the early subjective night (phase shift of 98 min and 58 min, respectively; p < 0.05). NERKI females were intermediate to WT and ERKO females, suggesting a contribution of nonclassical estrogen signaling on circadian timekeeping functions. This genotype effect is not observed in males; they did not have a difference in phase shifts following a light pulse at any time point. WT males, however, shifted an average of 47 min less than did females at zeitgeber time (ZT) 16 (ZT 0 lights-on and ZT 12 lights-off). These data indicate that estrogens modify the response of the circadian timekeeping system to light via classical and nonclassical signaling pathways.
Humor and Laughter in Persons With Cognitive Impairment and Their Caregivers
Authors: Liptak Amy , Tate Judith , Flatt Jason , Oakley Mary Ann , Lingler Jennifer
Published: August 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe humor and laughter in persons with cognitive impairment (PWCI) and caregivers who were recalling a shared experience in a focus group. Design: Twenty participants attended an Art Engagement Activity at the Andy Warhol Art Museum, which included a guided tour and an art project. All PWCI had medically diagnosed cognitive disorders and all caregiver participants did not. Four focus groups were conducted and transcripts of audio-recorded sessions were transferred to a qualitative software program. Method: Words, phrases, and episodes of humor and laughter were used to construct codes, which were refined during group analysis using constant comparison. Findings: Humor and laughter were present in all four focus groups. Emerging themes of humor included silliness, sarcasm, and commenting about hardships of dementia. Laughter was identified in segments with and without humor. Some PWCI were unable to follow social cues. Conclusions: Humor and laughter played a role in creating a safe social environment. PWCI were able to engage in humor during social interactions, yet some had difficulty recognizing social cues. Further study may reveal roles of humor and laughter in adaptation to cognitive decline and holistic interventions for improved quality of life.
Warnings of Adverse Side Effects Can Backfire Over Time
Authors: Steinhart Yael , Carmon Ziv , Trope Yaacov
Published: August 2013

Warnings that a promoted product can have adverse side effects (e.g., smoking cigarettes can cause cancer) should dampen the product’s allure. We predicted that with temporal distance (e.g., when an ad relates to future consumption or was viewed some time earlier), this common type of warning can have a worrisome alternative consequence: It can ironically boost the product’s appeal. Building on construal-level theory, we argue that this is because temporal distance evokes high-level construal, which deemphasizes side effects and emphasizes message trustworthiness. In four studies, we demonstrated this phenomenon. For example, participants could buy cigarettes or artificial sweeteners after viewing an ad promoting the product. Immediately afterward, the quantity that participants bought predictably decreased if the ad they saw included a warning about adverse side effects. With temporal distance (product to be delivered 3 months later, or 2 weeks after the ad was viewed), however, participants who had seen an ad noting the benefits of the product but warning of risky side effects bought more than those who had seen an ad noting only benefits.
Binomial confidence intervals for testing non-inferiority or superiority: a practitioner’s dilemma
Authors: Pradhan Vivek , Evans John C , Banerjee Tathagata
Published: August 2013

In testing for non-inferiority or superiority in a single arm study, the confidence interval of a single binomial proportion is frequently used. A number of such intervals are proposed in the literature and implemented in standard software packages. Unfortunately, use of different intervals leads to conflicting conclusions. Practitioners thus face a serious dilemma in deciding which one to depend on. Is there a way to resolve this dilemma? We address this question by investigating the performances of ten commonly used intervals of a single binomial proportion, in the light of two criteria, viz., coverage and expected length of the interval.
Finite element method analyses of ambient temperature effects on characteristics of piezoelectric motors
Authors: Lu Xiaolong , Zhou Shengqiang , Zhao Chunsheng
Published: August 2013

There have been numerous experimental reports about the environmental effects on characteristics of intelligent actuators, such as the piezoelectric motors. However, the influences of temperature coefficients of material properties, which are the fundamental reasons for the changes of motors’ output characteristics in different ambient temperature condition, are specially difficult to be acquired through experiments. Thus, the optimization for piezoelectric motors driven in extreme environments is scarce till now. This article is aimed to establish one calculating method to solve this problem. First, a theoretical model is developed for investigating the effects of ambient temperature on characteristics of piezoelectric motors by the finite element method. And then, the mechanical and electrical characteristics of a piezoelectric motor are measured to demonstrate the theoretical model. After that, the changes of critical parameters caused by the ambient temperature are discussed. Based on this, the final proportion of effects of materials’ temperature coefficients on changes of characteristics of piezoelectric motors is obtained. The results obtained by the theoretical model give useful guidelines for the optimization of piezoelectric motors operating in extreme environments.
Familias: Preparando la Nueva Generación
Authors: Marsiglia Flavio F. , Williams Lela Rankin , Ayers Stephanie L. , Booth Jaime M.
Published: August 2013

Objectives:

This article reports the effects of a culturally grounded parenting intervention to strengthen positive parenting practices.

Method:

The intervention was designed and tested with primarily Mexican origin parents in a large urban setting of the southwestern United States using an ecodevelopmental approach. Parents ( N = 393) were randomly assigned three treatment conditions: (1) a parenting and youth intervention, (2) a youth only intervention, or (3) a control group. A measurement model for positive parenting was first evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis, followed by structural equation modeling to estimate the effects of the intervention on positive parenting (i.e., baseline to follow-up).

Results:

As hypothesized, parents in the intervention group reported higher rates of positive parenting compared to parents in youth-only condition.

Conclusion:

The results are promising and add to growing evidence that interventions tailored to the cultural characteristics and environments of parents and their children can strengthen positive parenting.
Identifying Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety in Students in the School Setting
Authors: Allison Virginia L. , Nativio Donna G. , Mitchell Ann M. , Ren Dianxu , Yuhasz Janet
Published: August 2013

Early detection of mental health problems in school-age children offers the opportunity for prompt referral to treatment which is critical to their success in school. School nurses are in a key position to screen for mental health issues in the school setting. This article discusses how school nurses began a new initiative to use two validated screening tools, the Patient Health Questionnaire–9 item for detecting depression and the 5-item Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders for detecting anxiety in middle school/high school-aged children in selected urban schools. Students having positive screens were referred to the multidisciplinary school-based Student Assistance Program team for further evaluation and referral. These screens improved the identification and referral for treatment of children suffering from anxiety and/or depression by expediting the connection to services.
Ligament Structures in the Tarsal Sinus and Canal
Authors: Li Shu-Yuan , Hou Zhi-Dian , Zhang Peng , Li Hong-Liang , Ding Zi-Hai , Liu Yu-Jie
Published: August 2013

Background:

The concrete anatomy and functional characteristics of the subtalar ligaments have been a matter of debate that some believe has hampered the progress of clinical ligament reconstruction.

Methods:

In 32 fresh-frozen cadaver feet, the course of the inferior extensor retinaculum (IER) and other subtalar ligaments was carefully measured and photographed both from the portal of the tarsal sinus and from a posterior view.

Results:

The IER inserted inside the tarsal sinus and canal by means of 3 roots: a lateral, an intermediate, and a medial one. These roots, along with the tarsal canal, divided the subtalar space into 3 parts. In front of the IER and inside the tarsal sinus, the thick cervical ligament (CL) lay at a 45-degree angle to the calcaneus. Behind the IER and inside the posterior capsule, in most cases (25 of 32 specimens), the posterior capsular ligament (PCaL) lay directly in front of the posterior talocalcaneal facet. Inside the tarsal canal, the fan-shaped medial root of the IER spread from outside upper lateral to lower medial, and the interosseous talocalcaneal ligament (ITCL) ran from upper medial to lower lateral; fibers of these 2 ligaments blended tightly together to form a V-shaped ligament complex. Just anterior to this complex in some cases (20 of 32 specimens), a short narrow upright ligament, the tarsal canal ligament (TCL), was located behind the middle talocalcaneal joint.

Conclusion:

The results of this study show that the CL is the primary ligament in the tarsal sinus and that the ITCL is a thin single band rather than a strong bilaminar ligament located inside the tarsal canal. Instead, the medial root of the IER is the primary ligamentous structure in the tarsal canal.

Clinical Relevance:

The anatomical description provided here may provide a more accurate theoretical foundation for clinical subtalar stability restoration.
Aging of the Suprachiasmatic Clock
Authors: Farajnia Sahar , Deboer Tom , Rohling Jos H. T. , Meijer Johanna H. , Michel Stephan
Published: August 2013

More than half of the elderly in today’s society suffer from sleep disorders with detrimental effects on brain function, behavior, and social life. A major contribution to the regulation of sleep stems from the circadian system. The central circadian clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus is like other brain regions subject to age-associated changes. Age affects different levels of the clock machinery from molecular rhythms, intracellular messenger, and membrane properties to neuronal network synchronization. While some of the age-sensitive components of the circadian clock, like ion channels and neurotransmitters, have been described, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. In any case, the result is a reduction in the amplitude of the circadian timing signal produced by the suprachiasmatic nucleus, a weakening in the control of peripheral oscillators and a decrease in amplitude and precision of daily rhythms in physiology and behavior. The distortion in temporal organization is thought to be related to a number of serious health problems and promote neurodegeneration. Understanding the mechanisms underlying age-related deficits in circadian clock function will therefore not only benefit rhythm disorders but also alleviate age-associated diseases aggravated by clock dysfunction.
Vibration reduction using biologically inspired topology optimization method: optimal stiffeners distribution on an acoustically excited plate
Authors: Sabbatini Enrico , Revel Gian Marco , Kobayashi Marcelo H
Published: August 2013

This paper presents the development of a biologically inspired method for topology optimization and its application to a vibration suppression problem. The proposed method is based on modeling the structure topology (distribution of stiffening ribs) by replicating the natural growth of dendritic structures, which are ramified branches as those e.g. in leaves or in insect wings. The test case is a plate excited by acoustic pressure. The multi-objectives topology optimization aims to reduce both the vibration amplitude and mass of the plate. Experimental tests are performed for baseline plate model validation and identification of acoustic excitation distribution. A set of solutions are designed by the proposed method and numerically compared with traditional optimization approaches, showing improved performances. Finally, in order to evaluate industrial applicability, the robustness of the solutions to uncertainty in branch widths is demonstrated.
Spherical tuned liquid damper for vibration control in wind turbines
Authors: Chen Jun-Ling , Georgakis Christos T
Published: August 2013

A tuned liquid damper (TLD), which consisted of two-layer hemispherical containers, partially filled with water, was investigated as a cost-effective method to reduce the wind-induced vibration of wind turbines. A 1/20 scaled test model was designed to investigate its performance on the shaking table. Three groups of equivalent ground accelerations were inputted to simulate the wind-induced dynamic response under different load cases. The influence of rotors and nacelle was assumed to be a concentrated tip mass. A series of free and forced vibration experiments were performed on the shaking table. The experimental results indicated that the spherical TLD could effectively improve the damping capacity of the test model. The standard deviation of the dynamic response could be effectively reduced when the excitation frequency was approximately equal to its fundamental frequency. For “overspeed” and “extreme operating gust” load cases, the standard deviations of the dynamic responses were reduced more than 40% when the liquid mass was about 2% of the generalized mass; for “parking” load cases, the corresponding standard deviation was reduced more than 50% when the liquid mass was only 1% of the generalized mass. That is to say, the spherical TLD can effectively improve the anti-fatigue performance of the wind turbine tower.
MMB4 DMS
Authors: Roche Brian M. , Vinci Tom M. , Hawk Michael A. , Hassler Craig R. , Pressburger David T. , Osheroff Merrill R. , Ritchie Glenn D. , Burback Brian L.
Published: August 2013

The objectives of these studies were to determine the cardiopulmonary effects of a single intramuscular administration of 1,1′-methylenebis[4-[(hydroxyimino)methyl]-pyridinium] dimethanesulfonate (MMB4 DMS) on dogs and on the central nervous system in rats. On days 1, 8, 15, and 22, male and female dogs received either vehicle (water for injection/0.5% benzyl alcohol/methane sulfonic acid) or MMB4 DMS (20, 50, or 100 mg/kg). Pulmonary function was evaluated for the first 5 hours after concurrent dosing with cardiovascular monitoring; then cardiovascular monitoring continued for 72 hours after dosing. Rats were dosed once by intramuscular injection with vehicle (water for injection/0.5% benzyl alcohol/methane sulfonic acid) or MMB4 DMS (60, 170, or 340 mg/kg). In dogs, 100 mg/kg MMB4 DMS resulted in increased blood pressure, slightly increased heart rate, slightly prolonged corrected QT, and moderately increased respiratory rate. There were no toxicological effects of MMB4 DMS on neurobehavioral function in rats administered up to 340 mg/kg MMB4 DMS.
Good Manufacturing Practice
Authors: Clark Andrew P.-Z. , Dixon Hong , Cantu Norma L. , Cabell Larry A. , McDonough Joe A.
Published: August 2013

We have established a current good manufacturing practice (GMP) manufacturing process to produce a nanoparticle suspension of 1,1′-methylenebis-4-[(hydroxyimino)methyl]pyridinium dimethanesulfonate (MMB4 DMS) in cottonseed oil (CSO) as a nerve agent antidote for a Phase 1 clinical trial. Bis-pyridinium oximes such as MMB4 were previously developed for emergency treatment of organophosphate nerve agent intoxication. Many of these compounds offer efficacy superior to monopyridinium oximes, but they have poor thermal stability due to hydrolytic cleavage in aqueous solution. We previously developed a nonaqueous nanoparticle suspension to improve the hydrothermal stability, termed Enhanced Formulation (EF). An example of this formulation technology is a suspension of MMB4 DMS nanoparticles in CSO. Due to the profound effect of particle size distribution on product quality and performance, particle size must be controlled during the manufacturing process. Therefore, a particle size analysis method for MMB4 DMS in CSO was developed and validated to use in support of good laboratory practice/GMP development and production activities. Manufacturing of EF was accomplished by milling MMB4 DMS with CSO and zirconia beads in an agitator bead mill. The resulting bulk material was filled into 5-mL glass vials at a sterile fill facility and terminally sterilized by gamma irradiation. The clinical lot was tested and released, a Certificate of Analysis was issued, and a 3-year International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) stability study started. The drug product was placed in storage for Phase 1 clinical trial distribution. A dose delivery uniformity study was undertaken to ensure that the correct doses were delivered to the patients in the clinic.
A Comment on the Term “Positive Behavior Support”
Authors: Dunlap Glen , Kincaid Donald , Horner Robert H. , Knoster Timothy , Bradshaw Catherine P.
Published: August 2013

The use of the term “positive behavior support” has been associated with some confusion, and a number of alternative terms have been adopted over the past few decades. In this article, we discuss some of the historical context associated with different terms, and explain reasons for preferring “positive behavior support (PBS)” as the term for referring to the PBS approach.
Electric discharge damage in aircraft propulsion bearings
Authors: Becker Andrew , Abanteriba Sylvester
Published: August 2013

Rolling contact fatigue (RCF) is a common failure mode for rolling element bearings, however evidence of precursor failure modes or initiators can be lost or obscured by the subsequent severe damage caused by RCF. Although electric discharge damage (EDD) is not normally associated with rolling element bearings in aviation propulsion applications, it can occur and may not be instantly recognisable. Unlike factors such as lubricant cleanliness or misalignment, EDD does not normally form part of the life prediction of aviation propulsion rolling element bearings. Early identification of EDD and subsequent mitigation or elimination is, therefore, essential to prevent significant reduction in life or failure of rolling element bearings. This paper will review the phenomenon of EDD and discuss several recent examples observed in aviation propulsion systems.
Amotivation in physical education
Authors: Jackson-Kersey Rachel , Spray Christopher
Published: August 2013

The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of the Amotivation Inventory in Physical Education (AI-PE). In addition, the study sought to identify the relationships between students’ amotivation, physical self-concept, and teacher ratings of National Curriculum attainment levels in PE. Students ( N = 510) from a secondary school in South-East England participated in the study by completing a questionnaire during their scheduled PE lesson. Confirmatory factor analysis provided support for the factorial validity of the four-dimensional model of amotivation. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted on a sub-sample of students with moderate to high levels of amotivation in PE ( n = 164). The results showed that both physical self-concept (negatively) and attainment (positively) were predicted by students’ deficient ability beliefs. Overall, the findings support the multidimensionality of amotivation and its association with important outcomes in PE.