bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study of a Morphometric Model for Histological Evaluation of the Collagen in Dentin Carious Lesions
Authors: Pinheiro Sérgio Luiz , Frasson Amanda Dias , Bincelli Iris Nogueira , Barros Pedro Paulo , Silva Gustavo Henrique
Published: April 2015

Objective: The guidelines of minimum intervention recommend the maintenance of the affected dentin; in the other hand, there are few methods able to analyze the presence of intratubular collagen. The objective of this study was to assess the collagen structure in carious dentin. Study design: Ten collected samples of infected and affected dentin were stained with hematoxilin-eosin (HE) and Sirius Red (SR). The areas intensively stained with SR were delimited and the percentage of these areas was measured by double-blind calibrated examiners. The mean results were subjected to the t-student test. The amount of dentinal tubules and their area (pixels) were evaluated by HE, and subjected to the Mann Whitney test. Results: The mean of dentinal tubules in the infected dentin was 213.22 and in the affected dentin it was 120.85 (p<0.05). The mean area of dentinal tubules in the infected dentin was 1175.16 and in the affected dentin was 1420.70(p>0.05). The percentage of intratubular organized collagen in the infected dentin was 12.71% and in the affected dentin it was 32.37% (p<0.05). Conclusions: The histological evaluation of the collagen is a reproducible method to perform the morphometry in carious dentin and the affected dentin presents structured collagen areas where reorganization is possible.
Type 2 Dens Invaginatus in a Maxillary Lateral Incisor: A Case Report of a Conventional Endodontic Treatment
Authors: Aguiar C , Ferreira J P , Câmara A , de Figueiredo J
Published: April 2015

Dens invaginatus is a rare malformation of the teeth resulting from the invagination of the tooth crown before biological mineralization occurs. In most cases, the thin or incomplete enamel lining of the invagination cannot prevent the entry of bacteria into the pulp, which leads to pulp necrosis with an eventual periapical inflammatory response. The treatment options include preventive sealing or filling of the invagination,root canal treatment, endodontic apical surgery and extraction. The root canal treatment of such teeth is often complicated because of their anatomical complexity. This case describes a successful non-surgical endodontic treatment of a maxillary lateral incisor with type 2 dens invaginatus with a large periradicular lesion. At follow-up examinations after 6 and 12-months, the tooth was asymptomatic and the healed lesion was evident radiographically.
An Analysis of the Antimicrobial Activity of Ten Root Canal Sealers - A Duration Based in vitro Evaluation
Authors: Neelakantan Prasanna , CV Subbarao
Published: April 2015

Aim and Design: Sealers with prolonged antimicrobial activity are needed by the fact that microorganisms are commonly recovered from teeth with failed endodontic therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the duration of antimicrobial activity of ten root canal sealers (Apexit plus, Tubli Seal Xpress, Endoflas FS,Endomethasone, Endomethasone N, AH Plus, Epiphany, EndoRez, Ketac Endo, Roeko Seal) against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans by the agar diffusion test. The zones of inhibition were examined immediately and after 24, 48, 72 hours, 5 and 7 days. Statistical analysis was done using Kruskal - Wallis test and Mann Whitney U test.

Results and conclusions: Against Enterococcus faecalis, Endoflas FS showed the largest inhibitory zones immediately and 24 hours after manipulation, whereas, there was no significant difference between Endoflas FS and Endomethasone after 48 hours. Against Candida albicans, Endoflas FS performed better than the other sealers. All the sealers (except AH Plus, Epiphany and Roeko Seal) demonstrated higher antimicrobial action in the first 24 hours after manipulation The antimicrobial action of all the sealers (except AH Plus and Roeko Seal which showed no antimicrobial activity in any studied time and Epiphany which ceased to show any antimicrobial action after 24 hours) decreased significantly with time.
Assessment of the Anesthetic Effectiveness of Anterior and Middle Superior Alveolar injection Using a Computerized Device versus Traditional Technique in Children
Authors: Amoudi Najlaa Al , Feda May , Sharaf Aly , Hanno Azza , Farsi Najat
Published: April 2015

The study aims to evaluate the anesthetic effectiveness of the Anterior and Middle Superior Alveolar (AMSA)injection administered through a computer-controlled local anesthetic delivery system (CCLAD), and compare it with the traditional buccal and palatal injections used to anesthetize maxillary primary molars.Materials and methods: the sample included 80 primary maxillary molars, divided into 2 equal groups:Pulpotomy and extraction groups. Each group was divided equally into 4 subgroups: A. First molars anesthetized with the traditional technique, B. first molars anesthetized with the CCLAD, C. second molars anesthetized with the traditional technique, and D. second molars anesthetized with the CCLAD. The evaluation was done single blind using SEM scale. Results: the AMSA injection with the CCLAD was found to be effective in anesthetizing maxillary primary molars in pulpotomy and extraction procedures. There was no significant difference between the two anesthetic techniques except in the step of gingival retraction buccally in, which the traditional injections were more effective than the CCLAD during extractions. No significant difference was found between first and second primary molars in the effectiveness of both techniques. Conclusion:the AMSA injection using CCLAD was found to be effective in children.
An Impacted Malformed Primary Maxillary Central Incisor Diagnosed as a Compound Odontoma.
Authors: Aizenbud Dror , Front Yael Pery
Published: April 2015

An odontoma is usually found in the surrounding area of the unerupted permanent tooth bud and rarely adjacent to the primary central incisor. This report presents a case of an unerupted malformed primary central incisor, histologically diagnosed as a compound odontoma. A 5.5 year-old healthy boy presented with an unerupted maxillary left primary central incisor and mild gingival buccal swelling. No history of traumatic injury was recorded. Radiological examination revealed a tooth-like mass with a partially developed root and a malformed crown in the area of the left primary central incisor. Delayed development of the successor left permanent incisor in comparison to the right one was noted. The rational for early surgical intervention to enable normal development and eruption of permanent incisors is described. Clinical and radiographic diagnoses as well as several etiological factors and a differential diagnosis are considered and reviewed.
Reimplantation of an Inverted Maxillary Premolar: Case Report of a Multidiscplinary Treatment Approach
Authors: Ulusoy Ayca , Akkocaoglu Murat , Akan Seden , Kocadereli Ilken , Cehreli Zafer
Published: April 2015

Inversion of premolars is an extremely rare condition, which usually requires extraction. This case report describes the inversion of an impacted maxillary second premolar in an 11-year-old male, and the multidisciplinary treatment approach for bringing the tooth into a normal position within the arch. In order to provide sufficient space for surgical reimplantation of the tooth, the mesially-drifted neighbouring maxillary first molar was first endodontically treated, followed by orthodontic distalization of the tooth. The inverted tooth was removed surgically and reimplanted without the use of splints for stabilization. After a 12-month follow-up period, the tooth maintained its vitality without any root resorption.

Reimplantation of impacted inverted premolars can be a viable treatment alternative to extraction
Oral Hygiene Indirect Instruction and Periodic Reinforcements: Effects on Index Plaque in Schoolchildren
Authors: Rodrigues Jonas Almeida , dos Santos Patrícia Aleixo , Baseggio Wagner , Milori Corona Silmara Aparecida , Palma-Dibb Regina Guenka , Sasso Garcia Patrícia Petromilli Nordi
Published: April 2015

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the indirect instruction and the influence of the periodic reinforcement on the plaque index in schoolchildren. Forty schoolchildren aged from 7 to 9 years old were selected from a public school. After determining the initial O'Leary Plaque Index all schoolchildren were submitted to a program for oral hygiene through indirect instruction –"The Smiling Robot". The schoolchildren were divided into 2 groups: with and without motivation reinforcement. The index plaque exam was performed in both groups after 30, 60 and 90 days of the educational program. Comparing the groups, the plaque index decreasing could be observed in the group with reinforcement with statistically significant difference. For the group with reinforcement, statistically significant difference among the evaluations was found. For the group without reinforcement, significant decrease in the plaque index was found after 30 days when compared to the first, third and fourth evaluations. The indirect instruction with "The Smiling Robot" promoted a positive initial impact on the decrease of plaque index in the schoolchildren. The periodic reinforcements showed more suitable results and significant reduction of the plaque index in the course of the evaluations.
Leaching of Ions from Materials used in Alternative Restorative Technique under Neutral and Acidic Conditions: A Comparative Evaluation
Authors: Prabhakar A , Sekhar V Raja , Kurthukoti Ameet
Published: April 2015

This study was undertaken to gain an insight into the interaction of conventional glass ionomers (GC Fuji II, GC Fuji IX GP and Chem Flex™ restorative materials) commonly used in Alternative Restorative Technique(ART) with aqueous solutions in terms of water sorption, solution buffering and ion release. Both immature and mature specimens of all materials evaluated, showed a substantial increase in mass, pH and release of Na, Ca, Sr, Al, Si, P and F following immersion in deionized water, lactic acid (pH 2.7) and lactic acid (pH 5.2). However, the ion release profiles were found to be greater in acidic media (Lactic Acid pH 2.7 > Lactic Acid pH 5.2) than in deionized water.
Presurgical Nasoalveolar Molding Assisted Primary Reconstruction in Complete Unilateral Cleft Lip Palate Infants
Authors: Radhakrishnan Vasant , Sabarinath VP , Thombare Pallavi , Hazarey PV , Bonde Raman , Sheorain Anil
Published: April 2015

Background: Various methods have been described for the primary surgical reconstruction of the unilateral cleft lip and palate deformity (UCLP) in infants. There have been several attempts at restoring the normal anatomy of the nose at the time of lip repair in the affected individuals with varying degrees of success. Presurgical nasoalveolar molding (PNAM) is a presurgical infant orthopedic procedure that attempts to target the nasal deformity leading to a more esthetic surgical repair. Objective: At our center we aimed to use PNAM to help in providing the surgical team with a better foundation for an easier and more esthetic single stage repair at the level of nose in addition to the lip and alveolus. Method: The infant nasal cartilages are amenable to correction in the first few weeks of life when they retain their plasticity. Three infants with complete unilateral cleft lip palate (CUCLP) were operated upon after a course of PNAM. No nasal stents were use after repair to retain the results. Results: PNAM reduced the extent of the cleft deformity and improved the anatomic relationship between the affected structures. Postoperative recovery was uneventful. Subjective evaluation immediate post surgery and at the time of palate repair reveals adequate nasolabial esthetics. Long term results of PNAM assisted repair are to be ascertained. Conclusions: The use of PNAM enables in reducing the severity of the deformity the surgical team has to tackle thereby enabling in a better and esthetic primary repair
Congenital Ranula
Authors: Licéaga Rodrigo , González Cristian , Licéaga Carlos , Vargas Gustavo
Published: April 2015

This article presents 3 cases of infants with congenital ranula, a rare salivary gland pathology. Pathophysiology is discussed, differential diagnosis, and different treatment choices are explained.
Finite Element Method – An Effective Research Tool for Dentistry
Authors: Shetty Preeth , Hegde Amitha , Rai Kavita
Published: April 2015

Stress analysis of dental structures has been a topic of interest in recent years with the objective of determination of stresses in the tooth and it's supporting structures and improvement of the mechanical strength of these structures. The purpose of this article is to give an insight of the finite element analysis which has totally overtaken other experimental analysis due to its ability to model even the most complex of geometries with is immensely flexible and adaptable nature. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is a computer-based numerical technique for calculating the strength and behavior of structures. It can be used to analyze either small or large-scale deflection under loading or applied displacement. However it is extremely expensive and can be used only with the help of an expert engineer who has mastered this technique. Still this methodology of stress analysis has become extremely popular in dentistry as various properties of dental tissues and materials can be just fed into it and with the ease and accuracy the analysis is done is just remarkable.
Localized Idiopathic Internal Resorption in the Primary Dentition.
Authors: Lad Navneet , Hosey Marie Therese , Hunter Keith
Published: April 2015

Case report: We present the clinical and histological findings in a case of a six year old male patient who had unexplained sequential spontaneous abscesses associated with an unusual pattern of resorption, resulting in the loss of his non-carious second primary molars. Conclusions: Despite a wide differential diagnosis,the case represents unusual clinical and histological features of resorption in multiple primary teeth.
Intralingual Dermoid Cyst in an Infant Presenting Swallowing and Sleeping Difficulties
Authors: Dimtsas Stefanos , Theologie-Lygidakis Nadia , Iatrou Ioannis
Published: April 2015

Dermoid cysts of the oral cavity are extremely rare. The most common site is the floor of the mouth whereas intralingual location is the most unusual. They may be congenital or acquired and according to their histological appearance they are distinguished in "true" dermoid, epidermoid or teratoid cysts. We present the clinical and radiographic findings of a large congenital intralingual "true" dermoid cyst in a 10-month-old boy. The large size of the lesion and the subsequent enlargement of the tongue caused difficulties in swallowing and sleeping, symptoms which subsided after the surgical treatment. The uncommon location, the large size and the very young age of the patient were the noteworthy parameters.
Retentive Strength of Luting Cements for Stainless Steel Crowns: An in vitro Study
Authors: Subramaniam Priya , Kondae Sapna , Gupta Kamal Kishore
Published: April 2015

The present study evaluated and compared the retentive strength of three luting cements. A total of forty five freshly extracted human primary molars were used in this study. The teeth were prepared to receive stainless steel crowns. They were then randomly divided into three groups, of fifteen teeth each, so as to receive the three different luting cements: conventional glass ionomer, resin modified glass ionomer and adhesive resin. The teeth were then stored in artificial saliva for twenty four hours. The retentive strength of the crowns was determined by using a specially designed Instron Universal Testing Machine (Model 1011). The data was statistically analyzed using ANOVA to evaluate retentive strength for each cement and Tukey test for pair wise comparison. It was concluded that retentive strength of adhesive resin cement and resin modified glass ionomer cement was significantly higher than that of the conventional glass ionomer cement.
Prenatal Counseling for Pregnant Women: A Survey of General Dentists
Authors: Salama Fouad , Kebriaei Amy , McFarland Kimberly , Durham Timothy
Published: April 2015

Objective: To assess the attitudes, behavior, and demographics of general dentists in the state of Nebraska with regard to overall prenatal oral health counseling for pregnant women. Study Design: The survey asked for demographic information, number of years practicing dentistry, and patient base. The survey also asked questions about prenatal oral health counseling for pregnant women. A self-addressed stamped envelope was enclosed for dentists' returned responses. Results: Out of the 800 surveys sent, 371(46.4%) were returned. Nearly 50% of general dentists in Nebraska who responded to the survey do not provide any prenatal counseling (45.6%) and 5.9% provide prenatal counseling only once a year. There were no correlations between providing prenatal counseling and age of general dentists, gender of general dentists, type of practice, and length of time in practice or additional training completed. When asked why they do not provide prenatal counseling, 19.7% say that it is not a priority for the office and 9.5% do not provide prenatal counseling because they are not reimbursed by a third party payer. Conclusions: Fifty percent of general practitioners do provide prenatal counseling. The most common reason for not providing prenatal counseling was it is not a priority for the office and the parents are not interested.
Dental Pulp Stem Cells from Primary and Permanent Teeth: Quality Analysis
Authors: Tandon Shobha , Saha Rooposhi , Rajendran Ramesh , Nayak Rashmi
Published: April 2015

Objective: The objective of the study was to identify and isolate stem cells from healthy and inflamed dental pulp and characterize their differentiation potential into multiple lineages. Study design: Study was conducted in dental pulp tissues obtained from the children in the age range of 5-14 years. Tissue samples were collected from teeth indicated for pulp therapy and extractions for orthodontic purpose. Samples were processed in the laboratory including cell culture, isolation and differentiation into multiple lineages. The results for the analysis of various cell surface markers used for dental pulp were compared with bone marrow which is considered as a gold standard. Results: There was no statistically significant difference found in the expression of various surface markers between inflamed dental pulp and bone marrow. Healthy pulp from the primary teeth was not sufficient to use as a source for harvesting stem cells moreover the healthy tissue obtained from permanent teeth failed to show any results at all. Conclusion: Inflamed pulp discarded during pulp therapy procedures is a potential source for harvesting adult stem cells.
In vitro Determination of the Chromatic Effect of a Silver Nanoparticles Solution Linked to the Gantrez S-97 Copolymer on Tooth Enamel
Authors: Hernández-Sierra Juan Francisco , Ruíz Facundo , Castanedo-Cázares Juan Pablo , Martinez-Ruiz Vera , Mandeville Peter , Pierdant-Pérez Mauricio , Gordillo-Moscoso Antonio , de J Pozos-Guillén Amaury
Published: April 2015

Silver nanoparticles (NNPs), alone or in combination with the bioadhesive Gantrez S-97, have demonstrated their efficacy against Streptococcus mutans; however, it is not known if this combination changes the color of teeth. The aim of this work was to measure the color changes occurring after the use of a Gantrez-NNP combination on enamel tooth blocks. Two study groups were randomly formed: enamel blocks brushed with a) the Gantrez-NNP combination and b) conventional toothpaste, for 1 minute once daily for 4 weeks, then rinsed with distilled water and placed in thymol solution. Color changes in the enamel blocks were measured using a Minolta colorimeter CR300. Analysis of mixed models was performed with R 2.10.1 at a 95%confidence level, using the nonlinear mixed effects (NLME) package. The results showed that there were no color changes over time, only a high luminosity equal in both groups. Our study showed that the use of the Gantrez-NNP combination is safe with respect to dental esthetics in the control of S. mutans.
Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Chlorhexidine Chewing Gums on Streptococcus Mutans Counts– An in vivo Microbiological Study
Authors: Marwaha Mohita , Bhat Manohar
Published: April 2015

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of Chlorhexidine chewing gums and to assess the effect of dosage and frequency of intake of Chlorhexidine gums on Streptococcus mutans(SM)count. Method: The sample consisted of 30 subjects, divided into two groups AI & AII. Each group consisted of 15 subjects. Group AI chewed 2 Chlorhexidine Chewing gum X Twice Daily for 20 minutes (Total = 4 gums Daily) & Group AII chewed 2 Chlorhexidine Chewing gum X Four times daily for 20 minutes (Total= 8 gums Daily) & saliva sample was collected & agar plates were inoculated for SM colony count. The study was carried for a week's time and salivary sample collected were Baseline, Day 1 morning and evening, Day 4 evening, Day7 morning and evening. Results: After the gum was chewed, it was observed that the colony count started to decrease when compared with baseline in both the groups. The fall in SM count was statistically highly significant with p < 0.001 in both the groups. When comparing between Group AI (Dosage 20mg daily) and Group AII (Dosage 40mg daily), the fall in SM count for both the groups was not statistically significant with p-value > 0.05. It was concluded that there was reduction in the level of Salivary SM, but was not statistically significant, by increasing the dosage and frequency of intake of Chlorhexidine containing gums. Conclusions: We recommend that dosage of Chlorhexidine containing chewing gums can be restricted to four gums instead of eight gums per day.
Antibacterial Activity of Triclosan Incorporated Glass Ionomer Cements – An in vitro Pilot Study
Authors: Sainulabdeen Sajad , Neelakantan Prasanna , Ramesh Sindhu , Subbarao CV
Published: April 2015

Objectives: The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of glass ionomer cement impregnated with different concentrations (0.5%, 1.25% and 2.5%) of a non releasing bactericide –Triclosan (TC) against two common cariogenic bacteria – Lactobacillus acidophilus and Streptococcus mutans; and to compare Triclosan incorporated GIC with chlorhexidine (CHX) incorporated GIC (2.5%)in terms of antibacterial activity. Methods: Chlorhexidine or Triclosan were added to glass ionomer cement powder to achieve 2.5% CHX – GIC (positive control – Group II), 0.5%, 1.25% and 2.5% TC-GIC (experimental groups III, IV and V respectively) formulations. Restorative glass ionomer cement (Fuji IX GC –Group I) served as negative control. The powder and liquid were mixed and inserted into the wells punched in agar plates (10mm × 4mm). The agar diffusion method was used to determine the antibacterial activity of the cements after 1, 7 and 30 days. Mean values were compared between different study groups using One-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD procedure at a significance level of 5%. Results: Triclosan incorporated GIC was more effective against L.acidophilus and S.mutans than Chlorhexidine incorporated GIC. Triclosan at a concentration of 2.5% was more effective than at lower concentrations. At all time periods studied, the maximum zone of inhibition against L.acidophilus was produced by Group V. Against S.mutans, on days 1,7 and 30, there was no significant difference between Groups II and IV (p>0.05), while the other groups showed significant differences. Conclusion: The use of triclosan as an antibacterial additive in GIC holds promise and further clinical research is needed in this direction.
Pulp Therapy in Primary Teeth - Profile of teaching in Brazilian Dental Schools
Authors: Bergoli Anieli Dossa , Primosch Robert Eliot , de Araujo Fernando Borba , Ardenghi Thiago Machado , Casagrande Luciano
Published: April 2015

This study investigates the profile of teaching primary tooth pulp therapy practiced by Brazilian dental schools. A multiple-choice questionnaire was sent by e-mail to 191 dental schools in Brazil, addressed to the pediatric dentistry Chairperson. The two-part survey consisting of multiple-choice questions regarding specific materials and techniques on pulp therapies, moreover, hypothetical clinical scenarios were presented so that the respondents could guide the treatment approach. The questionnaires were returned by 46.5% of the dental schools. Ninety-five percent of surveyed schools teach IPT for the treatment of deep carious lesions in dentin and indicate the calcium hydroxide as capping material (59,3%). The direct pulp capping is taught by 68.7% of schools and calcium hydroxide (97%) was the capping material most indicated. Pulpotomy is taught in 98.7% of schools and formocresol (1:5 dilution) was the medicament of choice(50%). All schools taught pulpectomy and Iodoform paste was the filling material preferred (55%). The results showed a lack of consensus in certain modalities and techniques for primary tooth pulp therapy taught by Brazilian dental schools.
Dental Pulp Neuropathophysiology
Authors: Manuja Naveen , Nagpal Rajni , Pandit I , Chaudhary Seema
Published: April 2015

Mechanisms of pulpal pathophysiology are complex and the low compliance environment in which the dental pulp is allocated, further enhances the complexity of this process. Although it is known that it involves the interaction of the immune cells, pulpal cells, cytokines, chemokines and multiple neuropeptides but still there are many gaps in our current knowledge. The understanding of the biochemical and molecular pathways involved in the pulpal inflammation is important so that it can be used clinically to keep the dental pulp vital and healthy. It may thus provide an opportunity to develop potentially new treatment modalities for the inflamed dental pulp in future.
Muscle Response during Treatment of Class II Division 1 Malocclusion with Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device
Authors: Sood S , Kharbanda Om , Duggal R , Sood M , Gulati S
Published: April 2015

Purpose: To evaluate the muscle response in order to determine the mechanism of neuromuscular adaptations with Forsus Fatigue Resistant DeviceTM which has greater elasticity and flexibility; allows greater range of movement of mandible; is available in pre fabricated assembly of springs, tubes and rods and is a simple, effective and reliable corrective appliance that benefits not only growing patients but also malocclusions that previously required extractions, headgears and surgery. Method: Bilateral EMG activity from anterior temporalis and masseter muscles was monitored longitudinally on 10 young growing females with Class II Division 1 malocclusion to determine changes in postural, swallowing, and maximal voluntary clenching over an observation period of 6 months. Results: There was a significant decrease in the muscle activity at one month after Forsus Fatigue Resistant DeviceTM insertion during swallowing of saliva and maximal voluntary clenching which gradually returned to pre treatment levels at the end of six months.Conclusion: This study suggests that Forsus Fatigue Resistant DeviceTM should be given for at least six months to allow for adequate neuromuscular adaptations to occur for long term stability of the result.
Accuracy of an Electronic Apex Locator: A Clinical Evaluation in Primary Molars with and without Resorption
Authors: Enes Odabaş Mesut , Bodur Haluk , Tulunoğlu Özlem , Alaç am Alev
Published: April 2015

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of electronic apex locator (Root ZX) in primary teeth with and without apical root resorption in vivo.

Study Design: The electronic working length was determined in 28 primary teeth (A total of 46 primary molar root canals with 24 roots without resorption and 22 roots with resorption) from twenty-eight healthy children using Root ZX. The teeth were then extracted. The actual length of each root was measured placing a K-File until the tip was visible at the apical foramen or the apical resorption level and approved with digital microscopic evaluation under 20× magnification and then withdrawn 1 mm. The distances from the file tip to the base of the rubber stop were measured and compared with the measurement obtained from apex locator. The data were evaluated with t test using standard statistical software (SPSS 13.0). The critical value of statistical significance was 5%. Results: For root canals without resorption, the accuracy of Root ZX was 79.16% and 95.82% within ± 0.5 and ± 1 mm, respectively. For root canals with resorption,the accuracy of Root ZX was 63.63% and 86.35% within ± 0.5 and ± 1 mm, respectively. No statistically significant differences were detect between the electronically determined lengths and the actual lengths regardless of whether or not resorption. Conclusion: Using a Root ZX Electronic Apex Locator in primary teeth with or without resorption is recommended for the determination of working length.
A Rare Case of Gingival Fibromatosis Associated with Hypertrichosis and a Dysmorphic Face
Authors: Kulkarni Parimala , Agrawal Neeraj , Tyagi Sanjeev , Kambalimath Halaswamy
Published: April 2015

Several forms of hypertrichosis have been described with and without gingival hyperplasia; some of them are recognized as genetic disorder and associated with syndromes. In all reported cases the most striking differences from other are the craniofacial features. We present a case of a 6-year-old boy with hypertrichosis associated with gingival hyperplasia and a characteristic, coarse face and we consider this case to be a distinctive entity.
An in vitro Evaluation of Radicular Penetration of Hydrogen Peroxide from Bleaching Agents During Intra-Coronal Tooth Bleaching with an Insight of Biologic Response
Authors: Sharma Divya , Sharma Sanjay , Natu SM , Chandra Satish
Published: April 2015

Objectives: External root resorption is the complication of intra-coronal bleaching done with 30% H2O2alone or mixed with sodium perborate but not with sodium perborate mixed with water. The study was done to comparatively evaluate the H2O2 leakage from three H2O2 liberating bleaching agents. Study design:Fifty one single rooted human teeth were used. After root canal therapy gutta percha was removed below cemento-enamel junction. Three bleaching agents: sodium perborate mixed with water , sodium perborate mixed with 30% H2O2 and 30% H2O2 alone were used. Teeth without defect , with cervical root defect and with mid root defect constituted group A, group B and group C. According to various bleaching agents groups were subdivided into subgroup 1, 2 and 3. H2O2 leakage was measured with the help of spectrophotometer. Results: Almost all teeth showed H2O2 leakage. It was maximum in B1 followed by C1, B2,A1, A2, C2, B3, A3 and C3. Conclusion: Sodium perborate mixed with water was found to be the best bleaching agent.
Micro-Shear Bond Strength of Different Adhesives to Human Dental Enamel
Authors: Nagayassu MP , Shintome LK , Arana-Chavez VE , Fava M
Published: April 2015

The aim of this study was to evaluate the micro-shear bond strength of 5 adhesive systems to enamel, one single-bottle acid-etch adhesive (O), two self-etching primers (P) and two all-in-one self-etching adhesives(S). Method: Sixty premolar enamel surfaces (buccal or lingual) were ground flat with 400- and 600-grit SiC papers and randomly divided into 5 groups (n=12), according to the adhesive system: SB2 - Single Bond 2 (O); CSE - Clearfil SE Bond (P); ADS - AdheSE (P); PLP - Adper Prompt L-Pop (S); XE3 - Xeno III (S). Tygon tubing (inner diameter of 0.8mm) restricted the bonding area to obtain the resin composite(Z250) cylinders. After storage in distilled water at 37° C for 24h and thermocycling, micro-shear testing was performed (crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min). Data were submitted to one-way ANOVA and Tukey test(a=5%). Samples were also subjected to stereomicroscopic and SEM evaluations after micro-shear testing. Mean bond strength values (MPa±SD) and the results of Tukey test were: SB2: 36.36(±3.34)a; ADS:33.03(±7.83)a; XE3: 32.76(±5.61)a; CSE: 30.61(±6.68)a; PLP: 22.17(±6.05)b. Groups with the same letter were not statistically different. It can be concluded that no significant difference was there between SB2,ADS, XE3 and CSE, in spite of different etching patterns of these adhesives. Only PLP presented statistically lower bond strengths compared with others.
Comparison Between Rotary and Manual Techniques on Duration of Instrumentation and Obturation Times in Primary Teeth
Authors: Ochoa-Romero Tania , Mendez-Gonzalez Veronica , Flores-Reyes Hector , Pozos-Guillen Amaury
Published: April 2015

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the duration of instrumentation and obturation times and quality of root canal filling between rotary and manual instrumentation techniques in primary teeth. Study design: A randomized, controlled clinical trial was performed that included deciduous teeth with pulp necrotic. Forty necrotic teeth were included; 20 were instrumented with a rotary technique (experimental group) and 20 with a manual technique (control group). The time taken for instrumentation and for obturation were recorded in minutes, and the quality of the root canal filling was recorded as optimal, underfilled,or overfilled. Results: The use of the rotary technique diminished the time of instrumentation to 63%and time of obturation to 68%, and it improved the quality of the root canal filling. Conclusion: The use of rotary instruments in the pulpectomy of primary molars represents a promising technique; the time is significantly reduced.
In vitro Cytotoxicity of Silver Nanoparticles on Human Periodontal Fibroblasts
Authors: Hernández-Sierra Juan Francisco , Galicia-Cruz Othir , Salinas-Acosta Angélica , Ruíz Facundo , Pierdant-Pérez Mauricio , Pozos-Guillén Amaury
Published: April 2015

Silver nanoparticles (NNPs) are extensively used for all kinds of antimicrobial applications in medical research. Their efficacy has been demonstrated against Streptococcus mutans, which is associated with dental caries. However, their cytotoxic effects on human periodontal tissue are not completely understood.Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible toxic cellular effects of different concentrations and sizes of silver nanoparticles, less than 10 nm, 15–20 nm, and 80–100 nm, respectively, on human periodontal fibroblasts. Study design: Primary culture cells isolated from human periodontal tissue were exposed to 0–1,000 µM silver nanoparticles of each size for 24-, 72-, and 168-hour periods. Cytotoxicity was evaluated with a nonradioactive, soluble MTS/PMS assay. Results: The results demonstrated that silver nanoparticles of less than 20 nm increased cytotoxicity in human periodontal fibroblasts in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Conclusion: The 80–100-nm-sized nanoparticles did not modify the viability of human primary culture cells.
Congenital Granular Cell Lesion: Clinical, Microscopic and Immunohistochemical Aspects in a Case of Multiple Lesions
Authors: Damante José Humberto , de Souza Tolentino Elen , Mazzottini Reinaldo , Monteiro-Amado Flávio , Fleury Raul Negrão , Soares Cleverson Teixeira
Published: April 2015

Congenital granular cell lesion of the newborn, also known as congenital epulis, is a rare benign oral cavity tumor presenting at birth. Usually, it appears as a solitary mass arising in the mouth and originates from the anterior alveolar ridge. The objective of the present article is to report a case of congenital granular cell lesion in an 8-day-old female newborn. The patient presented four intraoral pedunculated lesions. Diagnosis, treatment, microscopic and immunohistochemical characteristics are also discussed.
Association of Age Specific Body Mass Index, Dental Caries and Socioeconomic Status of Children and Adolescents
Authors: Subramaniam Priya , Singh Deepesh
Published: April 2015

Aims and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the association of BMI-for-age with dental caries and socioeconomic status. Method: A random sample of 2033 school going children aged 6-15 years were selected from ten different schools located in the south of Bangalore city. Height and weight of each child was recorded to obtain BMI-for-age. The socioeconomic status (SES) was assessed based on educational status, profession and annual income of parents. Dental caries was recorded according to WHO criteria. A diet recording sheet was given to each child to record his/her dietary intake of the four basic food groups and snacks for 5 consecutive days including one weekend day. The data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis. Results: The results showed that a higher number of children who were overweight and at a risk of overweight were seen in the upper SES and both showed a higher mean dietary intake of all the four food groups and snacks. The mean deft score was significantly higher in underweight children. A significantly higher mean DMFT score was observed in children at risk of overweight and overweight children. Conclusions: Children from the upper classes consumed more food, including snacks and were either at a risk of overweight or overweight. They had more caries in their permanent dentition. Underweight children were seen in the lower class. Although their intake of snacks was less, they had higher caries in their primary dentition.
Multiple Supernumerary Teeth Associated with Bony Malformations
Authors: Kamatham Rekhalakshmi , Sharada J , Mohapatra Abinash , Nuvvula Sivakumar
Published: April 2015

Full blown cases of cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) have been reported earlier, but a case with a rarity of 60 teeth associated with bony malformations, is seldom observed. Because of the oral findings this condition has been diagnosed at an early age, thus helping to achieve a better oral harmony. This article reports an atypical case with 16 supernumerary teeth associated with bony malformations.
Extensive Idiopathic External Apical Root Resorption on a 13 Year Old Child
Authors: Hegde S , Shubha AB , Kakti A , Rao BD
Published: April 2015

External root resorption in permanent teeth can occur as a result of a multitude of local and systemic factors. Root resorption that is idiopathic or occurring without any identifiable underlying cause is an unusual phenomenon, especially in children. This article describes a rare case of extensive external apical root resorption affecting multiple teeth and occurring concomitantly with localized periodontitis in a 13 year-old child. No significant systemic, local or familial findings could be identified as a plausible cause for the root resorption.
Risk Factors Associated with Caries Experience in Children and Adolescents with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Bakry NS , Alaki SM
Published: April 2015

Purpose: the purpose of this study was to examine caries experience and associated risk factors in children and adolescents with intellectual disability (ID). Methods: a total of 86 participants aged 3-13 years (33 with ID and 53 healthy) were included in the study. Participants received an oral examination and their caregivers completed a questionnaire. Caregivers were required to determine the “level of function” of their children with regards to performing self care daily activities (brushing teeth, feeding and self dressing, walking and performing toilet activities). Four levels of function were determined; (A) being completely independent, (D) completely dependent, (B) and (C) partially dependent on caregivers. Results: In healthy participants the mean dft score was 8.83 ± 4.99 whereas in those with ID the mean dft score was 6.81± 6.11. The mean DFT score in healthy participants was 2.32 ± 2.98 while the mean DFT in those with ID was 0.92±1.57. Both dft and DFT scores were significantly different between participants with ID and healthy ones (p = 0.042, p = 0.044 respectively). Caries status was not associated with gender, age or caregivers’ education in the study sample. Significant associations were found between caries experience in participants with ID and their type of school (p = 0.01), nature of diet (p = 0.001) and “level of function” (p = 0.007). Conclusions: the type of school, nature of diet and “level of function” may be considered as influential risk factors associated with caries experience in children and adolescents with ID.
Premedication Intake Behavior - Does It Predict Behavior During Dental Treatment?
Authors: Davidovich E , Naser S , Shapira J , Ram D
Published: April 2015

Objectives: to investigate whether behavior during hydroxyzine administration predicts children's behavior during dental treatment and whether behavior during treatment is affected by the complexity of treatment. Materials and method: 118 children aged 2 to 6.5 years old were treated under conscious sedation with oral premedication (3.7 mg/kg of hydroxyzine in a concentration of 50mg/5 cc. hydroxyzine) and 50% nitrous oxide/oxygen sedation. Children were divided in two age groups: aged 2 to ≤ 4 years old, and aged 4 ≯ to 6 years old. Behavior during first examination; cooperation during premedication administration, cooperation during nitrous oxide nose-mask placement, behavior during dental treatment, treatment duration and complexity of treatment were recorded. Results: More children in the older group took the premedication willingly (p=0.026). Significant correlation (p=0.002) between behavior during examination and nitrous oxide mask acceptance was found in the older age group. No correlation was found regarding the cooperation during premedication intake and behavior during treatment within and between age groups. No statistical differences within the groups and between the groups were found between complexity of treatment and behavior during treatment. Conclusions: Premedication intake is not a reliable predictive tool for behavior during treatment in children aged 2-6.5 years. Complexity of treatment does not influence behavior during treatment in children aged 2-6.5 years.
The Autotransplantation and Orthodontic Treatment of Multiple Congenitally Missing and Impacted Teeth
Authors: Park SY , Choi SC , Choi BJ , Kim SJ , Park JH
Published: April 2015

Congenitally missing teeth are one of the most common dental anomalies. When permanent teeth are absent, various problems can occur. It is important to consider the facial profile, position of the incisor teeth, skeletal and dental development, and available dental space before planning treatment. Possible treatment methods include preserving and retaining the deciduous tooth, replacing the missing tooth with prosthesis, placing an implant, or performing a transplant after extracting the deciduous tooth. Among these possibilities, autotransplantation combined with orthodontic treatment corrects both function and esthetics. This report describes the case of a 7-year-old girl with multiple congenitally missing teeth and an impacted right mandibular second premolar. Timely autotransplantation of the impacted mandibular tooth to the region of the congenitally missing right maxillary second premolar produced favorable results.
Cariogenic Potential of Pediatric Liquid Medicaments- An in vitro Study
Authors: Dalpian DM , Casagrande L , Franzon R , Dutra GMC , Araujo FB
Published: April 2015

Aim: To evaluate the dentin microhardness of primary teeth undergoing indirect pulp capping (IPC) after partial caries removal. Materials: Primary molars were treated with IPC, restored with self-etching primer (Clearfil SE Bond; CSE), and filled with composite resin (Filtek Z250) with (n = 10) or without (n = 7) a calcium hydroxide base liner (Dycal; Dy). After tooth exfoliation, the microhardness of the demineralized dentin remaining under the restoration (n = 17) was analyzed and compared with that of sound and carious primary dentin (n = 20). Microhardness measurements were obtained from the deepest portion of the cavity until the roof of the pulp chamber. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test (p < 0.05). Results: There was no difference in microhardness values at all depths between the treated groups (DY and CSE), but when the exfoliated carious teeth were included, the CSE had significantly higher values at 35-?m depth. This difference was only detected in the DY group after a depth of 200 µm. At 700 ?m, there was no difference in microhardness values between all 4 groups. Conclusions: Primary teeth that underwent IPC showed the same microhardness, regardless of the capping material used.
Modified Thermoplastic Plate: A New Proposal for Correction of Exaggerated Overbite in Mixed Dentition
Authors: Pithon MM , Alves LP , Alves GO , Teixeira NS
Published: April 2015

Exaggerated overbite can be corrected by several treatment modalities. As the primary objective is to correct the problem by addressing its root cause, treatment options are closely related to etiology. Therefore, the main treatment strategies are: the extrusion of posterior teeth, intrusion of teeth (maxillary/mandibular) or the combination of these. The purpose of this paper is to describe the fabrication of a modified thermoplastic plate (MTP) for correction of exaggerated overbite in mixed dentition and describe a clinical case treated with this device. MTP favored the extrusion of posterior teeth, in addition to being shown to be a device that was easy to manufacture and effective in the treatment of excessive overbite, enabling patients to return to normal condition during the development of occlusion.
Parental Cooperation Scale in the Pediatric Dentistry Setting: Reliability and Criteria
Authors: Kupietzky A , Tal E , Vargas KG
Published: April 2015

Objective: The purpose of this study was to provide reliability and criteria data on a newly defined parental cooperation scale (PCS) and in addition correlate between parent scores and their child's behavior in the dental setting. Study design: 244 parents accompanying their child to a dental visit were evaluated by two independent pediatric dentist evaluators. 150 parents were designated to be revaluated at least two weeks following the initial evaluation by the same examiner. Children's dental behavior was previously evaluated using the Frankl rating scale. Results: A majority of the parents were found to be highly positive and positive (40% of the parents were evaluated as being PCS rating 4, 26% were rated 3). 35% of the parents were rated as being negative or extremely negative (27%, 8% respectively). 139 parents were re-evaluated at least two weeks following their initial assessment. 64% were rated as highly cooperative and cooperative; 36% were negative or extremely negative. 244 children participated in the study (mean age ± SD, 6.8 years ± 2.86). 67% were rated as Frankl scale extremely cooperative and cooperative (31%, 35.5% respectively). 33% were negative or extremely negative (26.1%, 7.3% respectively). When comparing the Frankl behavior of each child to their parent's PCS a significant association was found (McNemar test value 17.668, p=0.007). Conclusion: The PCS was evaluated and found to be a reliable tool to evaluate parental dental behavior. Parents with negative behavior were more likely to present with children who also exhibit negative dental behavior and vice versa.