bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Channels of Distortion
Authors: Barnard Stephen R.
Published: August 2024

This chapter considers the structures and practices that were essential to establishing footholds of media power. By focusing on the strategies of right-wing broadcast media personalities like Bill O’Reilly, Sean Hannity, and Rush Limbaugh, the chapter sheds light on the capital and practices that drove media influence in the 20th century and beyond. After considering the history of partisan news media in the United States and the power of echo chambers, the chapter grapples with shifts in audience behavior and recounts the rise of conservative talk radio and cable news. Next, the chapter turns its attention to Fox News, addressing their role in confirming the beliefs of a captive and politically homogeneous audience while undermining trust in other sources. The chapter concludes with an assessment of how conservative mass media wields and generates power using various forms of capital as well as numerous practices of manipulation.
Hacking Meaning and Influence in the (Dis)Information Age
Authors: Barnard Stephen R.
Published: August 2024

This chapter focuses on strategies of persuasion and amplification employed by digital news sites. Through a multimethod analysis of information flows pertaining to the alleged assault of a White House intern by CNN reporter Jim Acosta in November 2017, it examines the role publishers, pundits, platforms, and publics played in creating and amplifying related content. By considering factors such as actors’ field position, promotional practices, audience participation, and the partisan leanings of publishers, the chapter sheds light on where problematic information was most likely to flow online, and how. While mainstream sites typically drove the most traffic on Facebook, others were able to attract a disproportionate amount of attention using ordinary and innovative methods. The chapter concludes by unpacking the tactics used for content promotion and, in congruence with other forms of capital, theorizing their existence as an emergent form of “networked media capital” that provides greater opportunities for manipulation.
Trouble with Power, Practice, and Information in the Hybrid Media System
Authors: Barnard Stephen R.
Published: August 2024

The concluding chapter reviews and reflects on some of the most notable implications emerging from the analyses presented throughout the book. The chapter begins with a brief discussion of how long-standing debates about media, democracy, and the public sphere inform and relate to this work. Organized around the issues of power, practice, and problematic information, the following three sections offer a summary of the respective lessons the book offers as well as reflections on their implications within and beyond the fields of American journalism and politics. The final section considers some potential structural and cultural efforts that could help counteract the effects of manipulation and problematic information. It also reflects on what the future of (anti)democratic communication may look like as the cycle of disinformation continues.
The Third Tale
Authors: Bitel Lisa M.
Published: August 2024

Óengus was famous for his hospitality at Brug na Bóinne. His hall was built for feasting. It was 700 feet across and had four doors, pillars of wood from faraway Cyprus, and a roof of woven birds’ feathers. There was room for 150 men in it and a cauldron that could boil 160 wild boars at once. The best thing about the Mac Óc’s hall, though, is that the drinking there never stopped. It had plenty of space for a family, too. Óengus Mac ind Óc was clever to have bargained such a house away from Elcmar. Everyone agrees, however, that Óengus Mac ind Óc’s greatest adventure took place when he fell in love with a bird-girl.
The Seventh Tale
Authors: Bitel Lisa M.
Published: August 2024

You might sense that once upon a time in Ériu, love was fickle, fragile, and fraught, and you would be right. Love interrupted peaceful marriages. Heroic husbands strayed and wives had little recourse but to practice their own secret adultery. If they were caught, women suffered harsher penalties than men. Medb was an exception. She selected and discarded men, one by one. There was but one moment in their lives when other women might control the warriors of their affections: before they agreed to yield themselves. The greatest hero in all of Ériu’s history struggled long and hard to win a woman who held him at bay. She built a fortress of impossible demands around herself and set Cú Chulainn many arduous tasks before she went to his bed. He adored nothing more than a challenge. Not even Emer. As the poet says, however, love dies young.
Conjuring the DREAMer
Authors: Young Michael P.
Published: August 2024

Chapter 1 presents a history of the creation of the public image of the DREAMer at the hands of nonprofit professional advocates for immigration reform. It traces the rise of a field of nonprofit organizations advocating for immigrant rights. It links the legislative origins of the DREAM Act to professionals working in this nonprofit field and explores how this piece of proposed legislation led to the reified character of the DREAMer. The chapter also documents early efforts by nonprofit organizations in this field to create a national network of undocumented students to advocate for the passage of the DREAM Act.
Conclusion
Authors: Balserak Jon
Published: August 2024

The conclusion summarizes the argument of the volume and explores why Calvin and his colleagues acted as they did—a difficult question to answer satisfactorily. The chapter also examines how Calvin understands mendacious behavior. He speaks differently about mendacity depending on what aspect of it he is addressing. When speaking of it as found in the Nicodemites, Calvin could not have condemned it more harshly. But when commenting on the lies of biblical characters such as Rebecca, the Hebrew midwives, and Rahab, Calvin softens his condemnation. He disapproves of the “judicious lie.” Thus he acknowledges these biblical women sinned, but he argues that their conduct represents tarnished obedience. So I argue Calvin may have gradually become willing to engage in deeper forms of deception, as he moved from France to settle in Geneva and began to work from there to establish Christ’s kingdom in France.
Hopped Up
Authors: Pilcher Jeffrey M.
Published: August 2024

Hopped Up is a global history of beer describing how diverse local styles became standardized through industrialization into the light, crisp style known as Pilsner. Beer is considered broadly as a fermented, grain-based or similar beverage, including African sorghum beer, Japanese sake, Bolivian chicha, and Mexican pulque in addition to European barley beers. Technological change and scientific brewing contributed to this standardization by allowing greater control over the fermentation process. European imperialism also contributed to the global spread of lager beer by equating it with purity and dismissing strong-flavored alternatives as uncivilized. Industrial scale and imperial growth also contributed to the masculinization of brewing, which had formerly been a largely female trade around the world. By the post–World War II era, economies of scale allowed the consolidation of brewing within a handful of firms in any given national market. The global brewing industry was consolidated in the final decades of the twentieth century through a series of international mergers that ironically displaced legacy firms from the Global North with more efficient competitors from the Global South. The craft beer movement seeking to revitalize distinctive local styles, although seemingly in opposition to industrial standardization, was itself a form of commodification that sought to achieve high status through status indicators of flavor, local origins, sustainability, and small batch production. Indeed, the concept of beer style is itself a product of industrialization.
Before Hops
Authors: Pilcher Jeffrey M.
Published: August 2024

This chapter surveys preindustrial brewing traditions around the world with a focus on production technologies, social distinctions, and flavor differences. Beer is considered to be any fermented grain-based or similar beverage, including African sorghum beer, Japanese sake, Bolivian chicha, and Mexican pulque, in addition to European barley beers. Staple grains were preferred by the masses because they provided the cheapest alcohol, compared with fruit-based wines or honey mead. Archaeological evidence dates the earliest beers to 13,000 years ago, before the Neolithic revolution. Diverse approaches to brewing were adopted based on local ingredients but spread through technology transfers and trade. Alcohol was used from the earliest times to celebrate special occasions and to mobilize labor. Alcohol often defined the boundaries of civilization, while local flavor differences became associated with status.
Brewing Capitalism
Authors: Pilcher Jeffrey M.
Published: August 2024

Hopped beer became a commercial beverage beginning in port towns of northern Germany in the thirteenth century and spread throughout much of Europe by the sixteenth century. Hops acted as a preservative allowing long-distance trade in beer and the growth in scale of production through male guilds, thereby displacing female domestic brewers. Beer and taverns facilitated the growth of markets throughout Europe. Commercialization also led to the differentiation of beer styles, as consumers sought social distinction through distinctive beverages. Commercial brewing also took place in the early modern era in diverse other societies, including sake in Japan and pulque in Mexico. Industrial brewing began in eighteenth-century England. Rich, dark porter beer, which could be produced on a large scale, became a favorite of factory workers, while fine pale ales were brewed for the gentry. Bottom-fermenting lager yeast developed in early modern Bavaria in response to municipal regulations limiting brewing to winter.
Inventing Pilsner
Authors: Pilcher Jeffrey M.
Published: August 2024

Beer styles were named after particular towns such as Pilsen, Budweis, Munich, and Vienna, but they responded to globalization, as consumers sought out distinctive products. These industrial brews resulted from a combination of British technologies of malting and brewing and Bavarian bottom fermentation. The distinctive colors of these styles served as a form of product differentiation in international markets. Pure yeast helped to avoid contamination, while analytical chemistry used for industrial quality control helped to standardize beer styles. New technologies of advertising and spaces of consumption, such as beer gardens, also contributed to the commodification of beer. In addition to European markets, migrants carried these new beers to the Americas. At a time when workers were increasingly well fed, Pilsner’s light taste helped to convert beer from the category of food to recreation. The style’s light color and clean taste made it a favorite because of its associations with purity.
You Are Your Circumstance
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto
Published: August 2024

I consider circumstantialism to be one of four important or major themes in Mexican philosophy, the others being accidentality, nepantla, and anti-essentialism. The Spanish philosopher José Ortega y Gasset introduces a foundational principle to Mexican philosophy: “I am myself and my circumstance, and if I don’t save it, I don’t save myself.” With this principle in hand, Mexican philosophy comes into its own in the mid-twentieth century. Motivating this movement were readings of the work of Ortega and the German Martin Heidegger. Marrying Ortega’s notion of circumstance with Heidegger’s conception of “mineness,” Mexican philosophers found the justification for a Mexican philosophy, a philosophy that was truly their own and truly circumstantial. In this chapter, we think about the power of this idea.
Don’t Fear Ghosts . . . or Death
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto
Published: August 2024

This chapter begins with a ghost story. The point of the story is to highlight the Mexican idea of death. This idea is one in which one’s death is not necessarily an event of the future. In fact, Mexican philosophers seek to disentangle death from the linearity of time altogether, and instead to talk about death in the language of community and sociality. Death, for them, is not an event to come, but a presence in the now. Thus, death does not bestow meaning on our lives, as it does for Freud and others; rather, our lives bestow meaning on death, which is a mirror and a coexistence.
Don’t Be Too Judgy
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto
Published: August 2024

In this chapter we think about the “process of understanding the other” proposed by Luis Villoro. Villoro suggests that there are three “levels” in this process: objectification, assimilation, and subjugation. While I use an example of an alien civilization trying to make sense of us earthlings as a way to illustrate these steps, Villoro appeals to historical precedent: the colonization of the Indigenous peoples in the Valley of Mexico. The lesson here is that understanding others has a limit, and to go beyond this limit is to violate them. As in the previous chapter, we are reminded that we must allow others to retain what makes them different, and that not doing so can lead to violence and totalization.
The Space Between
Authors: Randles Clint
Published: August 2024

This chapter lays groundwork for understanding the role of the Middle Ground in being and becoming a songwriter. Advice is provided for how to think about the Middle Ground in the development of a personal voice in between covering songs and songwriting. Strategies are provided to help both students and their teachers think about the process of creating remixes and sampling so that the lesson seeds can be accomplished more successfully. Small group music-making is presented as a way to nurture the best of what can be accomplished through the Middle Ground. Remixing and sampling ideas, terminology, and technology are shared across the chapter, as well as “water” and “sunlight” for help and inspiration.
What Should a Scientific Theory of Free Will Look Like?
Authors: Baumeister Roy F.
Published: August 2024

Many scientific arguments about free will boil down to different definitions. Both sides largely agree that the human mental system for controlling action—how the brain tells the muscles to move—is very different from anything else in nature. Explaining that system is the scientific problem. A scientific theory of free will would not include supernatural elements, such as souls. Scientific theories are causal theories, so free will is not an exemption from all causes—though it might include being able to resist or overcome specific causes. The “will” part of “free will” is purely metaphor, because modern psychology does not talk about will. The “free” part is fine, however, especially if one recognizes that freedom exists along a continuum: Some actions are freer than others.
Why Free Will Evolved
Authors: Baumeister Roy F.
Published: August 2024

A scientific theory has to be plausibly consistent with evolution. Free will, as the ability to act differently in the same situation, probably evolved in steps. Animals are arguably freer than plants, given that only animals can leave their current situation. Humankind evolved to solve the eternal problems of survival and reproduction by creating culture to organize social life. Human free will is therefore likely one of the traits designed to enable culture. The properties of free will are therefore based more on the requirements of advanced social systems than on anything inside the individual brain. Responsibility and autonomy are the main requirements.
The Time Dimension
Authors: Baumeister Roy F.
Published: August 2024

Most animals live in the immediate here and now, but humans have a greatly extended awareness of past and future. Being able to imagine various future outcomes, including how present actions would produce them, and to use those thoughts as input into current action, is an important increase in freedom. Another advantage of the human awareness of time is being able to understand oneself and one’s actions in narrative form: The present action is part of a story, with meaningful relations to both past and future. Free will enables the pursuit of enlightened self-interest, especially doing what will be best in the long run even if it is not the most appealing in the immediate present.
Free Will Is No Free Lunch
Authors: Baumeister Roy F.
Published: August 2024

Brains consume energy, and the advanced activity required for free will requires extra energy. The evolution of free will happened as the brain became able to use the body’s energy supply to enact complicated mental processes. How the self regulates itself is a centrally important feature of human psychology. Much research has shown the advanced energy requirements of self-control, rational thinking, planning, and active initiative. This evidence often shows that after performing such a mental feat, subsequent acts of self-control or decision-making are curtailed, as if the brain gets tired from exertion. The common energy supply for self-control, rational choice, planning, and initiative is an important aspect of free will.
From Heirlooms to Tacos
Authors: Matthes Erich Hatala
Published: August 2024

This chapter argues that what we save holds profound implications for who we are, and thus that identity always has a role to play in our thinking about what to conserve. The chapter discusses a range of common targets for conservation (physical material, meaning and memory, history, feeling, authenticity), and demonstrates the ways that identity is bound up with all of these other potential answers to the question of what we should save. The discussion features a wide range of cases and contexts, including family heirlooms, culinary traditions, and places, exploring how considerations of identity, both individual and collective, can guide our thinking about what to save.
From Wilderness to Pottery
Authors: Matthes Erich Hatala
Published: August 2024

This chapter argues that conservation doesn’t just shape identity, but moreover, the shaping of identity, both individual and collective, can help explain why conservation matters. The chapter considers three commonly invoked rationales for conservation (appeals to intrinsic value, irreplaceability, and respect), and argues that while each consideration brings something to the table, they are each inadequate on their own. The framework of meaning provided by identity helps to explain when and why appeals to intrinsic value, irreplaceability, and respect matter for conservation. Some intrinsically valuable things are irreplaceable because their loss would threaten our sense of self. Respect for these things, however, doesn’t always require conservation. Sometimes respect requires letting something change, or even be destroyed.
Decaying, Dying, Decomposing
Authors: McNicholl Adeana
Published: August 2024

This chapter explores the aesthetics of disgust in preta literature. It argues that disgust does not simply operate as a scare tactic to discourage bad behavior. Rather, disgust is integral to the ethical and soteriological framework of preta narratives. Depictions of decaying, dying, and decomposing abject preta bodies help shock (saṃvega) individuals and instill in them a sense of urgency to act toward their own soteriological good. Shock also acts as a transitory emotion that prompts individuals to cultivate confidence (śraddhā) and mental clarity (prasāda) regarding the Buddha’s teachings on actions and their fruits. As a result, disgust forms part of the affective ethos modeled and produced in preta stories, illustrating how Buddhist texts utilize literary aesthetics to produce affective experiences that are constitutive of embodied ethical action.
Doctor, Will You Pray for Me?
Authors: Klitzman Robert L.
Published: August 2024

New technologies are redefining the beginning and end of life, raising religious, spiritual, and existential quandaries about whether and when to turn off the machines and “play God.” COVID-19 made these dilemmas ever more acute. Increasingly, public discourse on religion and spirituality is polarized, with believers battling atheists. This book explores how patients and families, facing serious disease and threats of death, commonly struggle in the middle to make sense of these crises, seeking hope, meaning, purpose, and larger connections beyond themselves. Physicians, though, generally lack training and are uncomfortable regarding these issues. Healthcare chaplains have been filling the void, developing valuable approaches and insights. However, most people know little about them: Who are they? What do they do? What challenges do they face? Based on interviews with chaplains, patients, other providers, and the author’s own experiences, this book illuminates the many ways in which chaplains aid patients and families. These spiritual care providers reframe and construct narratives of illness and notions of spirituality, draw on psychotherapeutic approaches, and provide fresh eyes, uncovering vital information that can assist in medical care. They also confront challenges and are often marginalized and under-resourced. This book argues that religion and spirituality play critical roles in medicine but are often misunderstood; that chaplains are unsung heroes and deserve far more recognition and appreciation; and that by working together, doctors and chaplains can better address these realms. Understanding these amazing providers can aid us all as we face, at some point, the ultimate challenges in our lives.
“The thousand kinds of atheism”
Authors: Klitzman Robert L.
Published: August 2024

Chaplains assist not only religious and spiritual patients but also atheists and agnostics, who are rapidly increasing in numbers but have varying views. Although such patients have often been hurt by religious institutions, they nonetheless grapple to find meaning, purpose, and hope and larger sources of ultimate connection. They often have difficulty doing so, and chaplains seek to understand and help. Patients use the terms “atheism” and “agnosticism” in differing ways and may remain unsure about their beliefs, and/or fluctuate. These categories frequently blur. Individuals vary in how much they tolerate the inherent murkiness of agnosticism, and many prefer atheism as a more definitive answer. Patients who want to believe, but find doing so difficult, can also become depressed, though questions arise of which came first: skepticism or despair. This chapter describes how chaplains work to assess and aid these varied individuals.
Finding meaning and hope in a rapidly changing world
Authors: Klitzman Robert L.
Published: August 2024

While various critics have argued that religions are wholly harmful and should be abandoned, patients and chaplains illuminate how religious and spiritual beliefs can be used for good or bad, and can provide crucial and unique aid. Chaplains provide new models for religion and spirituality, illustrating needs to expand our conceptions and vocabulary. Religion and spirituality can inspire us to recognize how much we all deserve respect and can facilitate cooperation. Given growing political, religious, and cultural polarization, such understandings and perspectives are ever more vital. Unfortunately, pundits both for and against religion often dispute these perspectives. New religious and spiritual movements are emerging. The internet disrupts traditional religions, forging new human bonds and allowing people to connect in new ways. These chaplains illustrate how more acceptance of such varied and evolving forms of spirituality, and heightened appreciation of nature and unknown aspects of the cosmos, can aid us all.
Introduction
Authors: Kane Robert
Published: August 2024

This chapter explains that the book will address the author’s latest views on four fundamental questions about free will that have been much debated in the past half century: The (i) “Compatibility Question”: Is free will compatible or incompatible with determinism? (ii) The “Significance Question”: What kinds of freedoms are “worth wanting” and why? (iii) The Intelligibility Question”: Can we make sense of a libertarian freedom of will that would be incompatible with determinism, and answer common objections that such a view would reduce freedom of will either to mere chance or luck or mystery? And (iv) Can such a freedom be reconciled with modern natural and human sciences? The chapter ends by briefly sketching some crucial changes to the author’s libertarian view in the past decade in meeting these challenges, changes that will be developed in more detail in Chapters 2–5 and later chapters.
Ultimate Desert, the Dialectic of Selfhood, Kant’s Three Questions, Aspiration, Eastern Views, Theism, and Predestination
Authors: Kane Robert
Published: August 2024

This concluding chapter explains in a personal way why the author came to believe in a free will that is incompatible with determinism. It also discusses how, beginning in the 1990s, the author began relating these concerns to three great metaphysical questions that Kant introduced at the end of his Critique of Pure Reason: What can we know? How should we live and act? What should we aspire to? The remainder of the chapter pursues these thoughts, relating them to ultimate desert, to what the author has called the “dialectic of selfhood” and to the Kantian ethical ideal of treating persons as ends because they have the capacity to be ultimate creators of their own ends. The chapter concludes with some reflections on the religious dimensions of debates about free will, in Eastern religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism, and the theism of Western and Middle Eastern religions.
Ellipses
Authors: Barton Jill
Published: August 2024

Ellipses fill the void when writers take a word or phrase out of the middle or end of a quote. In our online world, cutting and pasting is so easy that plenty of lawyers overload their writing with quotations. The justices do not. When they do insert a quote, they make sure every word is necessary. Then they make sure to quote every part perfectly, down to the capitalization and punctuation with ellipses filling any void. There are a few finicky rules here, depending on whether the beginning, middle, or end of a quote is deleted. First, do not put an ellipsis at the beginning of a quote. Use a bracket there instead. Second, use three spaced periods to show a deletion in the middle of a quote. And use four spaced periods to show a deletion at the end. That fourth period? It ends the sentence.
Emoticons and Emojis
Authors: Barton Jill
Published: August 2024

Emoticons and emojis are creeping into lower court opinions, along with emails, texts, and other online communications. In one case, two defendants are appealing their convictions relating to the January 6, 2021, insurrection at the United States Capitol, in part, because the emojis in their text messages were not admitted into evidence. The defendants argued, “the Court would have found three of their communications to reflect sarcasm if the emojis included in them had been admitted.” An emoticon is the text-based representation of an emoji. A colon with a closed parentheses, for example, can create a smile. Emojis are the smiley face graphic and similar images. The justices do not use emoticons or emojis, though one reference to an emoji appeared in a 2021 free speech case about student profanity on social media.
Periods
Authors: Barton Jill
Published: August 2024

Periods end each and every point in legal writing, even if it’s not a complete sentence as with, “True enough.” “Tough as a three-dollar steak.” “Pure applesauce.” The justices revel in the chance to pack a punch, especially when they quip a pithy phrase that is not quite a sentence. All the justices add fragments, on occasion, to make a point. In writing, the comma creates a brief pause; the semicolon, a touch longer; the colon, a tough longer than that. Then there’s the all-powerful period, the full stop. Periods have a few extra jobs in legal writing. This essential punctuation mark ends fragments and sentences, of course, but it also ends citations and point headings in motions and briefs. Groups of periods—three and sometimes four—create ellipses.
The Chinese Propaganda System and Media Campaigns
Authors: Wang Frances Yaping
Published: August 2024

Chapter 2 contextualizes the misalignment theory and its competing theories in the Chinese propaganda system and media campaigns. The first section provides an overview of the Chinese propaganda system, establishing the background for the empirical tests to follow. The second section conducts a medium-N test of the theory in twenty-one Chinese diplomatic crises. The medium-N test of twenty-one cases serves a dual purpose: on the one hand, it operates as a plausibility probe for the misalignment theory; on the other hand, it offers a summary of Chinese media campaigns concerning territorial disputes, thereby laying the groundwork for more thorough case studies in the ensuing chapters.
A New Look at Presidential Campaigns in the Modern Era
Authors: Shaw Daron R. , Althaus Scott L. , Panagopoulos Costas
Published: August 2024

This introductory chapter outlines the arguments of the book with regard to American presidential elections and specifically the Electoral College. Over the last seventy years, presidential election campaigns have been evolving in systematic ways, so that today’s campaigning looks different than the campaigning of the mid-twentieth century. When it comes to winning American presidential elections, both strategic choices and campaign execution can contribute to success, so studying them can help us understand who wins and who loses. The chapter briefly reviews other research and studies of presidential campaigning and then sets out the three campaign eras covered in the following book chapters: wholesale campaigning (1952–1972), zero-sum campaigning (1976–2000), and micro-targeted campaigning (2004–2020). Finally, it presents chapter outlines.
Empire Inside Out
Authors: Loewy Shacham Ilanit
Published: August 2024

Empire Inside Out examines the emperor-poet Kṛṣṇadevarāya (r. 1509–1529), his magnum opus, the Āmuktamālyada (Giver of the Worn Garland), and a wide array of texts from South India, bringing to light the richness and complexity of a local culture and its ideas. The monograph explores the Vijayanagara Empire (fourteenth to seventeenth century) at its zenith, during the reign of its most celebrated monarch. The book considers how a royal author navigates cosmopolitan and regional, public and personal, convention and innovation, political duty and religious devotion. It highlights how profoundly literary texts from this period were both influenced by classical and conventional models of South Asian literature and invigorated by personal experiences, linguistic experimentation, and new modes of poetic expressivity. Empire Inside Out argues that Kṛṣṇadevarāya’s text was groundbreaking, reflective of the dynamic period in which it was produced—replete with religious, political, historical, and ethnographic detail. It argues that the Śrīvaiṣṇava community, its ideology, and its Tamil landscape helped to define a new imperial idiom.
Introduction
Authors: Loewy Shacham Ilanit
Published: August 2024

The introduction situates Kṛṣṇadevarāya within the broader history of South India, and particularly of the Vijayanagara Empire. Looking at historical records as well as modern accounts, the introduction outlines key features of Kṛṣṇadevarāya’s reign, with special attention to his literary court and the place of the Āmuktamālyada within it. The introduction also delineates the main theoretical and methodological issues at the core of this study. Among these are theories regarding the connection between courtly culture and (Sanskrit) court poetry; Sheldon Pollock’s influential study on the shift in literary production from Sanskrit to vernacular languages and its connection to the royal court and articulation of political power; and theories about the political models of South India and the role of temples and religious institutions within these models. It provides a synopsis of the Āmuktamālyada, the main sources used in the book, the main themes discussed, and the book’s structure.
Overfitting and Heuristics in Philosophy
Authors: Williamson Timothy
Published: August 2024

The main aim of this book is to encourage philosophers to take a more sophisticated and scientific attitude to their handling of evidence, both in theory and in practice, by introducing two categories neglected in current metaphilosophy. The first category is heuristics. These are typically efficient ways of solving problems of some kind, quick and easy to use, and mostly but not always reliable. Those most probably central to philosophical methodology are more or less humanly universal general cognitive heuristics which we employ without conscious reflection. In many plausible cases, they can be shown to be implicitly inconsistent, and so cannot be perfectly valid, though for evolutionary reasons they are likely to be fairly reliable in normal cases. Such heuristics may well generate false but convincing data as applied to some actual or hypothetical. Arguably, the heuristics also generate philosophical paradoxes, just as heuristics embedded in our perceptual systems generate perceptual illusions. The second category is that of overfitting. This is a recognized pathology in science, when models are allowed to become very complicated to achieve a close fit with data, and further complications typically keep having to be made as new data comes in. When the data contains errors, such theorizing provides little insight. Scientists guard against overfitting by strongly preferring comparatively simple models. Philosophers should learn to do the same. This approach is applied to debates between coarse-grained (intensionalist) and fine-grained (hyperintensionalist) theories of metaphysics, ascriptions of propositional attitudes, and other topics, in favour of intensionalism.
Frege Puzzles
Authors: Williamson Timothy
Published: August 2024

In Frege puzzles, substituting co-referential expressions in the scope of verbs for intentional attitudes such as ‘believe’ appears to alter the truth-values of attitude ascriptions. In the Fregean tradition, this is supposed to motivate a semantic distinction between sense and reference. The Fregean approach is shown to misconceive radically the workings of attitude ascriptions in natural language. It is argued that subsequent non-Fregean attempts to save the appearances in Frege puzzles are futile because the same phenomena occur when substituting synonymous expressions, when only gerrymandering will save the appearances. That is, standard approaches to Frege puzzles involve overfitting. Instead, standard verdicts in Frege puzzles can be explained as outputs of a disquotational heuristic for ascribing belief which gives manifestly incorrect results in some other cases. Heuristics for ascribing other attitudes, including knowledge, are also discussed. Arguably, hyperintensional treatments of attitude ascriptions are ill-motivated.
After the Floods
Authors: Conca Ken
Published: August 2024

Ellicott City, a historic mill town in central Maryland, suffered two fatal flash floods in 2016 and 2018. Each was the result of a supposedly “once in a thousand years” rainfall event. This book recounts the town’s struggle to find a pathway to watershed resilience in the wake of the floods. Despite advantages of wealth, expertise, and a strong community identity, the community and local government struggled with conflict, as controversial proposals to tear down historic buildings, ban development, and construct massive infrastructure projects battled for support. At the heart of the controversies were conflict over what counts as knowledge and whose knowledge counts, how to hold an effective participatory dialogue, and how to understand and protect the core meaning of the place at risk. The book identifies lessons from the town’s experience that can help other small towns and communities staring at a future of risk from floods, wildfires, drought, and other disasters.
A single sample of continuous data
Authors: Neuhäuser Markus , Ruxton Graeme D.
Published: August 2024

Methods for analysing a single sample of continuous data are discussed. The paired t test and nonparametric methods such as the sign test and the signed rank test are introduced. Ways how the commonly adopted approach for removing zeros before applying a sign or signed rank test can be avoided are shown. In addition, the Hodges–Lehmann estimator and (bootstrap) confidence intervals are described. The robustness of the paired t test is discussed and permutation and bootstrap tests are offered as possible alternatives. We show how the presented methods can also be applied to differences between paired measurements. Example data and R code are given.
Binomial data
Authors: Neuhäuser Markus , Ruxton Graeme D.
Published: August 2024

This chapter starts with methods for a single sample of binomial data. The binomial test and confidence intervals are introduced. Moreover, confidence intervals for the comparison of two binomial proportions are presented. A range of measures for comparison (e.g. the difference, the relative risk, and the odds ratio) are considered. In addition, tests for the null hypothesis of two or more identical proportions are discussed, such as Fisher’s exact test and the Cochran-Armitage trend test. Paired binomial data, as well as the concepts of association and agreement, are discussed, before the chapter concludes with logistic regression. Different approaches, including the conditional logistic regression, are considered. Example data and R code are given.
The Philosophy of Free Will
Authors: Tse Peter Ulric
Published: August 2024

This chapter considers several of the key philosophical arguments against the possibility of free will. It begins by defining the term “free will,” and evaluates what conditions are necessary to attain a free will that meets this definition. It then considers positions that are compatible or incompatible with determinism. It considers the consequence argument against compatibilism, the exclusion argument against mental causation, and the luck argument against the possibility of free will. It counters these arguments and concludes that the conditions required for a libertarian free will are met in the human brain, assuming ontological indeterminism to be the case. This chapter examines evidence from physics in support of the view that reality is ontologically indeterministic. It concludes that there are two types of libertarian free will: one involving the weighing and the selection of options (which might really happen, and could have turned out otherwise) and the other involving choosing to become a new kind of chooser in the future.
Introduction and Overview
Authors: Beal Jennifer S. , Dostal Hannah M. , Easterbrooks Susan R.
Published: August 2024

Chapter 1 provides an overview of the diversity of DHH learners. This range of diversity is wide and includes language(s), listening technology, literacy outcomes, early intervention, and learning environments. The chapter then shows how literacy theories and models are applied to DHH learners and it goes on to present considerations for literacy instruction, such as learner motivation, learning standards, accommodations and modifications, and learning environment. A discussion of criteria that define evidence-based instructional practices and causal factors is presented. Finally, a review of curricula for DHH learners and how to make informed choices during instruction with DHH learners closes the chapter.
Assessment for Reading Instruction
Authors: Beal Jennifer S. , Dostal Hannah M. , Easterbrooks Susan R.
Published: August 2024

Chapter 2 provides an extensive overview of language and literacy assessments and how to use assessment results to guide literacy instruction for deaf/hard-of-hearing (DHH) students. A myriad of assessment purposes is covered, including documentation of eligibility, vocabulary, language(s), emergent reading skills, print awareness, phonological skills, fluency, comprehension, writing, spelling, and motivation. Administration and application of assessment results is addressed through seven case vignettes with DHH learners. Assessment accommodations and modifications, considerations when creating assessments, and the roles of educators in the assessment process are discussed. A summary of recommended assessment practices concludes this chapter.
Political Parties in Brazil
Authors: Krause Silvana , Schaefer Bruno Marques
Published: August 2024

In the current Brazilian scenario, it is possible to observe the general weakening of political parties, particularly concerning the main parties that led the democratic political transition. What challenges do these party organizations have in relation to the chronic high party fragmentation and electoral volatility? In this chapter, we present factors that impact the country’s political state, such as: (a) the combination of majority voting presidential elections and open-list proportional elections; (b) the presence of solely regional (state-level) electoral districts for the national legislature; and the (c) formation of political careers independent of political parties, grounded on regional electoral support. Additionally, we explore the consequences of this situation: the instability of party preference; the loss or stability of the number of affiliates, party fragmentation and volatility; and the concentration of (public) resources in the national directorates of the parties. Based on the analysis of three cases in greater depth (PT, PSDB, and MDB), we propose to contribute to the analysis of the relationship between parties and democracy in Brazil.
The Coast of (Labour Law’s) Utopia
Authors: Langille Brian
Published: August 2024

The relationship between the fundamental values of labour law (its utopian vision) and our understanding of what labour law is—its content and range—is often misunderstood. This chapter encourages looking beyond what labour law is and moving away from the way of thinking that labour law’s role is best conceived as cleaning up some of the damage done in the world of work. This way of thinking puts a real limit on labour law’s possible utopias. Recent events both force and offer us the opportunity to contemplate these truths and to re-imagine labour law as Labour Law Utopias does.
Social Security and the Right to Laziness Beyond just Basic Income
Authors: Becker Alexander De , Claus Flore
Published: August 2024

This contribution examines the positioning of the right to laziness and the potential for guaranteeing a basic income within a utopian, post-productive labour paradigm. That necessitates a profound shift in the financing of social security. While social security systems in various countries historically relied on the Bismarck or Beveridge models, this distinction has become fluid. Several countries combine elements from both models but inadequately address the need to reform the social security system in light of demographic shifts. With a shrinking workforce, the pressure to finance the current system is increasing. Work is progressively considered an obligation rather than a fundamental right. Establishing the right to laziness, granting individuals the freedom to choose whether to work or not, requires a fundamental shift in perspective. By financing social security through alternative means, such as consumption taxes instead of labour and income taxes, a pathway to generating a basic income within a utopian context becomes possible.
Jacob’s Ladder
Authors: Werth Tiffany Jo
Published: August 2024

Jacob’s ladder provides the template for the complex relationality of human to stone. The stone pillow that undergirds the dream is more than dull matter; it vitally binds heavenly and earthly realms to create a “hybrid geography” (Sarah Whatmore) where geographical terrains intermix with human anatomies and cultural systems. This scala naturae is not a stable hierarchical chain, but one where horizontal axes embed humans within a violent macrocosm. The introduction next outlines the book’s methodological investments in two subfields of Renaissance study—religion and ecocriticism—while offering a prehistory to twenty-first-century new materialisms. It prompts future discussion between eco-studies and premodern critical race studies by focusing on the elemental substance of embodiment and the category of “human.” It then explains the book’s morphology across early modern English texts and visual culture that cluster around three thresholds of a human life cycle: 1) lithic creations and petrogenesis, 2) lithic–fleshly conversions and, 3) lithic continuum or petrologic ontologies extending into the afterlife.
The Callous Stony Heart and Conversion
Authors: Werth Tiffany Jo
Published: August 2024

“The Callous Stony Heart and Conversion” explores how the Reformation renews scrutiny into the nature of a “stony heart.” The emerging fascination with anatomical dissection and drawing coupled with the medical and biblical injunction of nosce te ipsum (know thyself) revealed the heart to be quite unlike a stone; yet, the Calvinist refrain to beware the stony-hearted reprobate insists on humankind’s double nature. These contexts inform mid-seventeenth-century devotional lyrics’ obsession with the trying of the heart: most familiarly George Herbert’s poems, but also in the popular emblem book Schola Cordis (School of the Heart), and Henry Vaughan’s alchemical poetry. These male-authored ruminations frequently find a salvational spark within their stony cores. By contrast, female poets like Hester Pulter find calcification to herald an undistinguished oblivion. As with Niobe, whose tears endure despite her petrified state, the conversion to stone amplifies suffering. Within a range of religious devotional lyric, then, stone is never simply an antithesis to the human. Instead, it lies at the core of human anatomy and human salvation.
Hewing the Human
Authors: Werth Tiffany Jo
Published: August 2024

“Hewing the Human” considers the Ovidian figures of Echo and Narcissus as two templates for imagining posthumous life via stone. The Narcissus story illustrates a self-preservative fantasy by mirroring the self in a stony effigy. A focal case study is John Donne’s effigy in St. Paul’s which heralds Donne’s vision of reuniting with Christ, the cornerstone, in the heavenly afterlife. By contrast, Echo’s story offers a more dialogic reanimation. Voice collaborates with stone to project life across time. Through a reading of George Herbert’s meditations on Christ’s sepulcher (in devotional lyrics) and of Edmund Spenser and Sir John Harington’s depiction of Merlin’s lively entombment (in their rewriting of Orlando Furioso), the chapter demonstrates how the desire for a stony afterlife is stubbornly syncretic. Yet while these lithic posthumous futures promise reanimation via the monumental human, they do so in ways that are both startlingly familiar and unnervingly alien.