bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ESTUDO DA RELAÇÃO ENTRE A UMIDADE DO SOLO, A TEMPERATURA DOS ALVOS E A PRESENÇA DE VEGETAÇÃO EM NATAL (RN)
Authors: Lima Aline Pereira
Published: March 2020

O desenvolvimento sustentável das cidades depende da forma como elas são organizadas e construídas, pois o uso e ocupação da terra pelas atividades antrópicas provoca impactos nos processos e dinâmicas da natureza, inclusive nos de caráter climático. Dentre os fatores relacionados ao clima, a temperatura merece destaque principalmente em se tratando de localidades tropicais, cujas altas temperaturas ao longo do ano afetam diretamente a vida das pessoas. A umidade do solo é um dos aspectos de interesse nesse sentido, pois influencia tanto a temperatura da superfície quanto a vegetação. Sob essa perspectiva, este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar a relação entre a disponibilidade de água no solo, a temperatura dos alvos e a presença de vegetação para a cidade de Natal (RN), isto por meio da confecção e estudo respectivamente: (a) do balanço hídrico climatológico (Thornthwaite & Matter, 1995); (b) da carta de intensidade de temperatura (∆TS-°C), e (c) da carta do Índice de Vegetação por Diferença Normalizada (NDVI) (feitas com uso de técnicas de Sensoriamento Remoto). Os resultados demonstraram que mesmo com a escassez hídrica, que tende a amenizar o cenário térmico e diminuir a biomassa vegetativa, foram encontradas na zona urbana intensidades médio-altas (maiores que 6°C) dentro da escala. Além disso, ficou evidenciado o papel determinante da vegetação, através dos exemplos das Zonas de Proteção Ambiental (ZPAs), para o desenvolvimento de ambientes mais equilibrados termicamente, pois elas apresentaram valores mais elevados de NDVI (acima de 0,5) e menores intensidades de temperatura, em comparação com áreas urbanizadas.
PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ACTIVATED BIOCHAR OF CÁSSIA FISTULA L. LEAVES
Authors: Tomassoni Fabíola , Schneider Elisângela E. , Giroletti Cristiane L. , Nagel-Hassemer Maria Eliza , Recio Maria Angeles Lobo , Lapolli Flávio Rubens
Published: March 2020

A new activated biochar was produced by carbonizing Cássia fistula L. leaves and its characterization was performed. Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) images of the activated biochar showed morphology with numerous irregular cavities and pores. BET surface area and total pore volume of produced adsorbent were 192 m².g-1 and 0.108 cm3.g-1, respectively. Mean porous diameter of the produced biochar was 2.263 nm, characterizing a mesoporous material. Crystallinity and functional groups of the adsorbent were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analyses, respectively. The pH of zero charge point (pHzcp) observed was equal to 10, demonstrating that the activated biochar has a negative surface, which facilitates the adsorption of positively charged compounds in water and wastewater treatment. Tree leaves of Cássia fistula L. represent a promising raw material for activated biochar production, given their availability and characteristics of the adsorbent produced. The use of tree leaves for activated biochar production can reduce the operational costs of adsorption process, besides providing the use of a residue for a more noble purpose.
UMA PESQUISA SOBRE A INFLUÊNCIA DAS MÍDIAS SOCIAIS NA ATITUDE PRÓ-SUSTENTÁVEL
Authors: Borges Alvim , Junior Adival Matta , Bitte Mateus Frechiani
Published: March 2020

Com os avanços tecnológicos e a crescente discussão sobre a sustentabilidade, as mídias sociais têm sido cada vez mais utilizadas por empresas, organizações e seus próprios usuários para circular informações a respeito do tema. Esse meio online tem sido bastante estudado e apontado como alternativa de comunicação com o público alvo desejado. Com isso, esse estudo teve como objetivo analisar se as mídias sociais são capazes de influenciar positivamente na atitude de seus usuários em relação a questões sustentáveis por meio de 538 questionários respondidos. Primeiramente foi feita uma análise descritiva dos dados que pode compreender que as mídias sociais podem influenciar positivamente a respeito de temas ligados a sustentabilidade ambiental, e posteriormente, uma análise discriminante e a MANOVA foram realizadas com o objetivo de encontrar agrupamento nos dados com base nas faixas de idade e analisar as diferenças entre suas médias. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os grupos, sendo possível inferir que as mídias sociais impactam a atitude pró-sustentável com mesma intensidade nos diferentes grupos de idade. A maioria das médias das covariáveis alcançaram valores altos, indicando sua importância e presença constante nas mídias sociais.
USO DE ÁGUA EM LAVANDERIA DE HOSPITAL UNIVERSITÁRIO DE LONDRINA: ESTUDO DE CASO
Authors: Trindade Matheus , Buono Livia Nunes , Costanzi Ricardo Nagamine
Published: March 2020

A conservação da água tem se tornado um dos maiores desafios atuais. Assim, este trabalho apresenta um diagnóstico de consumo de água e alternativas de tratamento dos efluentes gerados para fins de reuso em uma lavanderia de Hospital Público localizado no município de Londrina – PR. Esse estudo tem sua importância centrada na redução do consumo e reuso de água por meio de ações técnicas apropriadas e viáveis. Inicialmente, o efluente de lavanderia foi tratado por um sistema de separação por membrana de ultrafiltração de fibra oca. Porém, este processo de tratamento não atende os requisitos de reuso de água. Assim, foi proposto, projetado e determinado o custo de um sistema de biorreator a membrana com valor de R$ 278.749,50 para reusar parte do efluente gerado. O tempo de retorno obtido foi de 25 meses caso o sistema operasse com apenas uma purga a cada 3 dias de operação e de 39 meses caso a purga fosse realizada a cada 2 dias.
Prospects for Overcoming Reproduction of Social Inequality in Families of Different Types
Authors: Aperyan Anna V.
Published: March 2020

This article discusses a number of reasons that are reproduced in family communication practices that determine the reproduction of social inequality in Russian society. This is an incomplete set of role interactions in single-parent families and gender asymmetry. The problem of an incomplete set of role interactions is partially overcome in extended families, and this should be taken into account in family policy. However, special attention should be paid to the gender factor, since it is the gender asymmetry that is the most important source of reducing resource opportunities for families of a certain type. It can be overcome in two ways: either through the strengthening of traditional family values, or through the gradual disintegration of gender practices in the context of the creation of a Scandinavian-style welfare state.
Economic Inequality and Poverty in Modern Russian Society
Authors: Yakovleva Anna I.
Published: March 2020

The article shows social indicators of the level of socio-economic inequality prevailing in Russia in recent decades; specific poverty lines and categories of the poor in Russian society are revealed; the regional nature of poverty is highlighted. It is concluded that the main causes of Russian poverty lie in the organization of the economic sphere of society and the activities of political institutions.
Hipsterzy w lustrze dekadentów
Authors: Piechota Dariusz
Published: March 2020

Hipsters in adecadent mirrorIn this article the author focuses on similarties and differences between hipsters and deca­dents. The members of these subcultures have many things in common. Firstly, they do not accept bourgeois culture; they criticize their lifestyle which is strictly connected with mass consumption. Secondly, they want to create their lives as amasterpiece. That is why, they mainly focus on art; they attend to many art openings where they may meet e.g. famous painters. Thirdly, they are pessimistic about their future. They believe that the war or mass destruction is inevitable. Sometimes they suffer from depression and melancholy.What is more, their original image is very crucial in their existence. Looking for original clothes is akind of rebellion against typical dress code for townspeople. Howe­ver, there is one difference between hipsters and decadents. Hipsters are more active as far as we talk about art. They are not passive as decadents; they make an attempt to create something unique in art.
Wiersz jako parodia cytatu. „List do PI” Krzysztofa Koehlera
Authors: Staroń Ireneusz
Published: March 2020

The poem as aparody of aquote. Krzysztof Koehler’s List do PIThe article attempts to analyse the poem List do PI The letter to PI, one of the most repre­sentative of Krzysztof Koehler’s poetry. In the poem aquote from Horace’s Letter to the Pisos is treated as acrucial component of the lyrical subject creation. The lyrical “I” is both an Amfion’s creator and an ironist who changes the sense of each word during his “comic journey”. It must, however, be borne in mind that on the global level the ironisation of the lyrical world is only that what Linda Hutcheon called an “authorized transgression”. Essential for the Koelher’s parody is the reconstruction of the language.
Suplement do badań nad polskimi modlitewnikami drukowanymi XVI wieku. Próba identyfikacji i chronologizacji arkusza ze zbiorów Archiwum Archidiecezjalnego w Gnieźnie na podstawie analizy zdobiących go drzeworytów
Authors: Krzak-Weiss Katarzyna
Published: March 2020

SUPLEMENT DO BADAŃ NAD POLSKIMI MODLITEWNIKAMI DRUKOWANYMI XVI WIEKU. PRÓBA IDENTYFIKACJI I CHRONOLOGIZACJI ARKUSZA ZE ZBIORÓW ARCHIWUM ARCHIDIECEZJALNEGO W GNIEŹNIE NA PODSTAWIE ANALIZY ZDOBIĄCYCH GO DRZEWORYTÓWCharakterystyka ułomka znalezionego podczas prac inwentaryzacyjnych w Archiwum Archidiecezjalnym w Gnieźnie w tzw. luzach papierowych. Chronologizacja i identyfi kacja znaleziska na podstawie analizy zdobiących go ilustracji. Dziedzice Marka Szarfenberga czy Maciej Szarfenberg? Hortulus animae czy Horae Beatae Mariae Virginis? A SUPPLEMENT TO THE STUDY OF POLISH PRAYER BOOKS PRINTED IN THE 16TH CENTURY. AN ATTEMPT TO IDENTIFY AND ESTABLISH THE CHRONOLOGY OF A SHEET FROM THE COLLECTION OF THE ARCHDIOCESAN ARCHIVES IN GNIEZNO ON THE BASIS OF ITS WOODCUT DECORATIONSThe article is an attempt to identify a single, much damaged sheet discovered during inventory taking at the Archdiocesan Archives in Gniezno. An analysis of this historical specimen, especially its graphics content, has made it possible to establish that it is a fragment
Systemowość prawa wobec konfliktów społecznych
Authors: Bator Andrzej
Published: March 2020

THE CONCEPT OF THE SYSTEM OF LAW IN THE LIGHT OF POLITICAL CONFLICTSThe starting point for the presented text is the general belief in the culture of statutory law assumption made in the study of legal texts, that the law is systemic in character. This view has strongly influenced so far the arguments used in legal disputes. The fundamental question put here is the question whether meta-rules, being a consequence of the thesis on the systemic character of law, may be reasonably in a manner acceptable to the parties applied to such legal disputes, which may be qualified also as political conflicts. The answer is positive, yet under certain condition: “systemic character” trait, raised by analytical theories of law, should be used only in so-called “easy cases”, as “hard cases” inevitably belong to a competitive domain of so-termed “political philosophy”. This could imply a significant narrowing of the scope of application of some theorems belonging to these trends in the field of analytical legal theory, which have been dominant in the Polish legal thought. This includes mainly claims connected with the so-called “deep structure of legal science”, eg. a theorem of rationality of the lawgiver.
Okrucieństwo wobec zwierząt z punktu widzenia psychologii i filozofii — zarys problemu
Authors: Helios Joanna , Jedlecka Wioletta
Published: March 2020

CRUELTY TO ANIMALS FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF PSYCHOLOGY AND PHILOSOPHY — AN OUTLINE OF THE PROBLEMThe issue of animal rights is one of the most important problems facing society today. Topicality and relevance of topics covered in relation to the protection of animals are not in doubt, which still remind lively discussions on the rights of animals. In our opinion, the discourse about animals and their rights plays essential role in the issue of animal cruelty. This article focuses on the psychological and philosophical aspects of animal cruelty.
Hodowla rasowych psów i kotów a ochrona zwierząt — analiza polskich rozwiązań prawnych
Authors: Nowakowska Marta , Niemiec Ewa
Published: March 2020

BREEDING PUREBRED DOGS AND CATS AND ANIMAL PROTECTION — ANALYSIS OF POLISH LEGAL SOLUTIONSThe main goal of this article is to analyse the legal regulations of the conditions of purebred dog and cat kennels in Poland. During the work on the amendment of the Animal Protection Act in 2011, the issue of the existence of “puppy mills” has been raised. This phenomenon is defined as mass, profit-oriented breeding of purebred pets at the expense of animal health and well-being. It is also often accused of exacerbating the problem of stray dogs and cats due to the increase of their population. The changes implemented in the amendment were supposed to curtail the scale of this phenomenon through imposing acompulsory membership in social organisations obliged to control breeding conditions on breeders. However, it has not worked as intended — puppy mills still exist and the legal regulation is criticised both by breeders and by institutions concerned with the issue of stray animals. Current legal solutions were analysed in this paper, with special attention paid to their goals and the way they were implemented. Existing and emerging problems were also indicated. It may be of help in creating essential legislative changes as well as in fulfilling the Act’s objective.
Zasady i reguły. Pewność prawa podatkowego a ślepa ulica konkretu
Authors: Filipczyk Hanna
Published: March 2020

PRINCIPLES AND RULES. LEGAL CERTAINTY IN TAX LAW AND CUL-DE-SAC OF CONCRETENESSThe purpose of the article is to discuss and critically evaluate the legislative model adopted in lawmaking of the tax law. The model is premised upon the strategy of striving towards the max­imal available precision determinacy of legal norms through constructing the multitude of detailed prescriptive legal rules. In practice this legislative style is combined with, and goes hand in hand with textualism: aposition advocating adherence to the linguistic directives arguments of legal interpretation. As aresult, the communicativeness and clarity of tax law are impaired. In the article an alternative model is postulated, entailing that tax law is based not only on legal rules but also, if not primarily, on legal principles in case of conflicts prevailing over rules, and that in drafting legal provisions open-ended and general formulas expressions are used. Contrary to what is commonly believed, this legislative model and the corresponding drafting technique are not detrimental to legal certainty. It is argued that the opposite is true: they can serve the purpose of legal certainty better that the current model does, while at the same time improving the effectiveness of efforts to combat tax avoidance.
Prawo pacjenta małoletniego do informacji medycznej
Authors: Pacian Jolanta
Published: March 2020

THE RIGHT OF A JUVENILE PATIENT TO MEDICAL INFORMATIONFirst of all, the right of a juvenile patient to medical information belongs to constitutional rights because it is derived from Article 30 of the Polish Constitution which refers to the inherent and inalienable dignity of a person and a citizen. Pursuant to Article 9 of the Act of 06.11.2008 on Patient’s Rights and the Ombudsman for Patient’s Rights, a patient is entitled to information about his or her health. Furthermore, a patient, including a juvenile one who is at least 16 years old, or his/her statutory representative have a right to receive from a doctor comprehensible information about the patient’s health, diagnosis, suggested and possible diagnostic and treatment methods, predictable consequences of their use or abandonment, results of treatment and prognosis. The binding legal regulations are aimed at ensuring proper communication between a doctor and a patient, which is obviously indispensable for correct progress of medical treatment.
Metodologie teorii prawa a problem polityczności prawoznawstwa. Aspekt behawioralny i intensjonalny
Authors: Zirk-Sadowski Marek
Published: March 2020

THE METHODOLOGIES OF THE THEORY OF LAW AND THE PROBLEM OF THE POLITICAL NATURE OF JURISPRUDENCE. BEHAVIOURAL AND INTENSIONAL ASPECTSThe paper is devoted to the problem of the impact of theory of law methodologies on the political nature of jurisprudence. The author seeks to demonstrate that some theory of law methods are more susceptible to politicisation than other. Referring to H. Hart, he introduces a distinction between the external and internal theories of law. Among the external theories he distinguishes the so-called integrating theories and cognitive theories, while dividing the internal theories into inten­sional and extensional, drawing on the division of interpretation theories. The author demonstrates that the so-called political nature of theories is aphenomenon most often encountered in internal and intensional approaches. In particular, theories based on the agonistic discourse concept C. Mouffe politicise the legal discourse by strengthening the illocutionary force of political arguments in com­parison with legal arguments. Only consensual discourse concepts R. Alexy avoid this danger.
Konstytucjonalizm wobec „zemsty postmodernizmu”
Authors: Sulikowski Adam
Published: March 2020

CONSTITUTIONALISM AND THE „REVENGE OF POSTMODERNISM”The main purpose of this article is to discuss the current situation of constitutional discourse as aresult of „Revenge of postmodernism”. This „Revenge” shows itself in taking over the methods of the leftist critique of democratic institutions by the radical right. This „Barbarization” of subtle methods of left-wing criticism leads to far-reaching consequences unforeseen by its founding fathers — Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida or Judith Butler. The author, using various theories formulated by Chantal Mouffe, Ernesto Laclau and Artur Kozak, seeks to explain this phenomenon and to show its implications for the future evolution of the constitutional discourse.
Otoczenie polityczno-prawne administracji publicznej
Authors: Kusiak-Winter Renata
Published: March 2020

LEGAL AND POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONThe analysis of the political and legal environment of the public administration has been presented from the point of view of arational lawmaker who aims the legal framework enabling influence of politics on the administration. This is reflected in the general administrative law, the administrative law of organizational structures, the substantive administrative law and the procedural administrative law.
Instytucjonalne, światopoglądowe otoczenie administracji publicznej a jej tak zwana apolityczność
Authors: Pakuła Andrzej
Published: March 2020

INSTITUTIONAL AND IDEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTOF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND ITS SO-CALLED APOLITICISMPublic administration is aspecial kind of organization. It functions in aspecific environment. Political parties, Churches and religious organizations are its particular elements. Public administra­tion should perform public tasks taking into account public interest. Public administration should be ideologically and world-view neutral.
Specyfika relacji organów administracji publicznej z otoczeniem w sytuacjach kryzysowych
Authors: Pilarz Karina
Published: March 2020

THE SPECIFICS OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONS WITH THE ENVIRONMENT IN CRISIS SITUATIONSWe’re dealing with acrisis situation in case of serious threat to life and property. This situation requires some special methods, but don’t give basis to initiate one of the constitutional extraordinary measures. Law on crisis management contains tasks which belongs to organs of territorial self-government and organs of state administration. System of crisis management consists of organs of crisis management, subsidiary organs and crisis management centers. In crisis situations organs of public administration can also cooperate with the environment. The aim of this article is to analyze situations when organs of public administration are supported by The Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland and non-governmental organizations with their personnel, equipment and information.
Charakterystyka i sens normatywnego wyróżnienia grupy umów o świadczenie usług prawniczych
Authors: Sołtys Bogusław
Published: March 2020

PURPOSE OF NORMATIVE DISTINCTION OF THE GROUP OF LEGAL SERVICES CONTRACTSIt is necessary to be in favour of both doctrinal and normative distinction of legal services contracts. Currently the differentiation in regulations of fundamental standards of providing legal services is too large. There is no sufficient explanation for different treatment legal services providers in rudimentary and significant issues designating the essence of legal services and their safety, regardless of the regulated or deregulated market. It appears that the deregulated legal services market should  be included in the provisions concerning regulated economic activity in the Freedom of Business Activity Act. The deregulated legal services market should as well constitute an exception justified by the public interest in a higher degree than by creation of qualification requirements, which are currently the base for distinguishing the regulated legal services market. It is necessary to consider formal submission of the deregulated legal services market to the deontology of legal profession. Fundamental standards of ethics and legal pragmatics should be included in all kinds of legal services, not only those provided within the regulated market. Sanctioning of above mentioned standards is undoubtedly in the public interest and for that reason their mandatory  application at least in the basic range should not be dependent on the affiliation to a specific group of legal services providers.
Skreślenie ucznia z listy uczniów a obowiązek szkolny
Authors: Pyter Magdalena
Published: March 2020

DELETION OF A STUDENT FROM THE LIST OF STUDENTS AND SCHOOL DUTYThe article “Deletion of a student from the list of pupils and school duty” presents the problem of student relocation or relegation. This is a complex problem. The final solution depends on many factors. The basic ones are the type of school as well as the age of the student, which in turn is associated with the concept of compulsory schooling and the obligation to learn. Taking into account the fact that the transfer, and the more the removal of the student from the school, causes specific legal decisions, it is worth to familiarize the school community with the premises and consequences of these activities.
O symbiozie prawa antymonopolowego i demokracji
Authors: Molski Rajmund
Published: March 2020

ON THE SYMBIOSIS OF ANTITRUST LAW AND DEMOCRACYMultifaceted and multidirectional relationships between antitrust law and democracy are often complex and ambivalent. Some of them are of positive nature positive correlations and the others — negative contradictions. Those of the former, which absorb particular attention of law and state theoreticians and practitioners, are the subject of the presented paper. Its aim is to stimulate refl ections on the title question rather than provoking agreement or disagreement. However, in the author’s view, there are ample arguments that support the main conclusion of the survey, namely: that antitrust law and democracy clearly coexist in symbiosis if not synergy.
Obowiązek wdrożenia procedur antykorupcyjnych — uwagi na tle propozycji zawartych w projekcie ustawy o jawności życia publicznego
Authors: Jabłoński Mariusz
Published: March 2020

OBLIGATION TO IMPLEMENT ANTI-CORRUPTION PROCEDURES — COMMENTS ON THE PROPOSALS INCLUDED IN THE DRAFT LAW ON TRANSPARENCY OF PUBLIC LIFEThe fundamental issue raised in this elaboration comes down to a trial of defining the character and content of the specificities of the identify the draft law on transparency of public life, in the regulation on internal anti-corruption procedures. There were analysed the responsibilities relating to the preparation and implementation of appropriate procedures, including the obligation to prepare the required documents.
Źródła finansowania ochrony zdrowia w Polsce i we Włoszech
Authors: Lenio Paweł
Published: March 2020

SOURCES OF FINANCING OF THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN POLAND AND IN ITALYThe study found that the majority of similarities and differences in the legal structure of Polish and Italian sources of financing of health care are the result of the adoption of a specific model of health care, and therefore there are fundamental differences between the catalogues of sources of financing health care in Poland and Italy. The basis for the difference between the Italian and Polish catalogues of sources of financing health care is the obligation of patients to contribute to the costs of the health care system in Italy by paying fees in return for receiving a certain type of service. In the reforms of the Polish and Italian health care systems one can see signs of transferring more and more responsibility to local government units. However, Italian and Polish local government units have no influence on the principles of functioning of the system and the shape of basic sources of financing health care.
Glosa do uchwały Sądu Najwyższego z dnia 11 grudnia 2018 roku, III CZP 31/18 Odpis pisma procesowego zawierającego rozszerzenie powództwa nie podlega doręczeniu na podstawie art. 132 § 1 k.p.c.
Authors: Wójcik Dominika
Published: March 2020

A COMMENTARY TO THE SUPREME COURT’S RESOLUTION OF 11 DECEMBER 2018, III CZP 31/18 A COPY OF THE PLEADING CONTAINING THE EXTENSIONS IS NOT SUBJECT TO THE NOTIFICATION BASED ON ARTICLE 132 § 1 OF CODE OF CIVIL PROCEDUREThe subject of the commentary is the resolution of the Supreme Court of 11 December 2018, III CZP 31/18 which states that in a situation where both parties are represented by professional representatives a copy of the letter containing the extension of the claim should be delivered to the defendant by the court. This issue has caused discrepancies in the case law of common courts and the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court. Therefore, the study analyzes the arguments presented by the Supreme Court in the justification of the said decision; additional circumstances are also cited, which, according to the author of the commentary, prove the legitimacy of the official notification extending the claim which will ensure the efficiency of the proceedings and will counteract legal uncertainty.
Umowa o pomocy przy zbiorach — nowa podstawa prawna zatrudnienia
Authors: Florczak Izabela
Published: March 2020

THE HARVEST HELP CONTRACT — A NEW LEGAL BASIS OF EMPLOYMENTThe labour market policy that has been developed in previous years seems to promote employment based on the labour law relationship over civil law employment. The exact opposite direction is set out by the introduction of the harvest help contract. The rationality of its introduction into the legal system is explained by economic reasons — the need to help farmers with jobs which are characterized by increased seasonal intensity. Therefore, it is important to discuss the scope of its application both in terms of subject and object matter and the conditions under which farmers’ helpers should provide their work. Their differentiation of the working conditions in comparison to other employed persons should be rationally justified by axiological reasons.
Kodeksowa ochrona szczególna stosunku pracy powstałego na podstawie powołania
Authors: Mazurczak-Jasińska Eliza
Published: March 2020

THE SPECIAL PROTECTION OF EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIP ON THE BASIS OF APPOINTMENTRESULTING FROM THE LABOUR CODEThe subject matter of this study is an analysis of the legal mechanisms resulting from the provisions of the Labour Code which concern the special protection of an employment relationship which is based on appointment, regarding both their subjective scope as well as the terms of the correctness of their applications by the appellant the employer. Among the ways of establishing an employment relationship, appointment stands out by providing the smallest degree of stabilization, not only because of the scope of the claims that recalled employees are entitled to and the lack of the possibility of applying the usual modes of conduct for the termination of an employment contract, but also because of the nature of the special protection, which allows for the appointed employee to be recalled and poorly protects against the termination of the employment relationship. Measures for the protection of an employment relationship on the basis of appointment, resulting from the provisions of the Labour Code, have a limited subjective range. The legislature has also resigned from an absolute ban on the termination of an employment relationship and allows only the extension of the duration of the existing relationship or the continuation of an employment with the previous employer, but on a different legal basis.
Rozwój regulacji dotyczących ustroju i kompetencji inspekcji pracy w Polsce
Authors: Makowski Dariusz
Published: March 2020

DEVELOPMENT OF REGULATIONS REGARDING THE SYSTEM AND DUTIES OF LABOUR INSPECTION IN POLANDIn 2019, one hundred years have passed since the birth of labour inspection in Poland. From a historical point of view it is also possible to distinguish three main periods of development of regulations regarding the system and duties of this inspection: the interwar period, the communist period and the period of the Third Polish Republic. Taking into account the range of the influence of the social, economic and political conditions on the Polish legislation concerning the labour inspection, they can be divided into two groups. The first includes the conditions of the universal global character that reflect some general trends and processes. The second group has a local range. Its determinants refer to the specific conditions which are, in principle, characteristic only of the labour inspection in our country.
Najwyższa Rada Sądownictwa we Włoszech
Authors: Urbaniak Monika
Published: March 2020

HIGH COUNCIL OF THE JUDICIARY IN ITALYThe High Council for the Judiciary in Italy Consiglio Superiore della Magistratura is a constitutional organ, autonomous and independent of all other powers. It stands as a guardian of the independence of the judiciary and judges. The primary objective of the Council is to guarantee the autonomy and independence of ordinary magistrates, especially towards the executive power and the Minister of Justice. The Council also has jurisdiction for employment, assignments and transfers, promotions and disciplinary measures of judges.
Булат Окуджава, „Мне не нравится мой силуэт…”, или несколько размышлений о вкусе поэта
Authors: Sazontchik Olga
Published: March 2020

Bulat Okudzhava, Mne Ne Nravitsya Moy Siluet…I Donʼt Like My Silhouette…, or some reflections upon the taste of poetThe article deals with one of late poems by Bulat Okudzhava Mne ne nravitsja moj siluet..., in which in the first place various auto-intertextual associations are reviewed. Although in a superficial embodiment of an aged poet who is dissatisfied with himself a clear bitter reckoning with his own work can be perceived, the outcome, however, which can be discerned on the next level, is a deeper and by all means positive conception of the sense of life of an artist, hardly correlating to time and thus aging.Bulat Okudžava, Mne Ne Nravitsya Moy Siluet…,ili nekoliko misli o ukusu pjesnikaČlanak razmatra jednu od kasnijih pjesama Bulata Okudžave Mne ne nravitsja moj siluet…, pri čemu se prije svega spominju razne autointertekstualne veze. Rezultat toga je, iako se u površnom prikazu ostarjelog i samim sobom nezadovoljnog pjesnika može razaznati očit gorak obračun s vlastitim stvaralačkim radom, na drugoj se, višoj razini može naći puno dublja i u svakom slučaju pozitivna predodžba smisla života jednog umjetnika s neznatnim osvrtom na vrijeme istarenje.
„Походкой щеголеватого пророка…” Образы стариков в эпосе Фазиля Искандера „Сандро из Чегема”
Authors: Stukałowa Olga
Published: March 2020

“Walking as the dapper prophet…” An old manin Fazil Iskander’s epic Sandro from ChegemThe line what was chosen for the title of the article rather closely reflects the image of old men in Fazil Iskander’s prose — especially in the epic Sandro from Chegem. In the Iskander’s old men there are revealed the universal principle “gay relativity of life” which is typical for the writer’s artistic world. Among the heroes of the epic there are many old people — with avariety of characters and lifestyle, background and attitude to life. In the images there are interwoven tragic aspects of reality and its life-affirming qualities. Writer with the force of his art creates aworld of light, accommodating and sunlit peaks and gloomy gorge of the human soul and history. In this world patriarchal being of mountain village Chegem becomes the embodiment of the moral norm. The old men images are also related to the key symbols of Iskander’s prose. The old peasants in the Iskander’s prose live in anatural and inseparable fusion with the natural world.„Походкой щеголеватого пророка…” Obrazy starców w epopei Sandro z Czegemu Fazila IskanderaZamieszczony w tytule artykułu cytat trafnie odzwierciedla specyficzne cechy starców w prozie Fazila Iskandera, zwłaszcza w epopei Sandro z Czegemu. W wykreowanych przez pisarza portretach staruszków ujawnia się typowa dla twórczości Iskandera uniwersalna zasada „wesołej względności bytu”. Bohaterami epopei są starcy o różnych charakterach, zasadach, różnym pochodzeniu i stosunku do świata. W ich obrazach przeplatają się tragiczne strony rzeczywistości i jej afirmacja. Pisarz tworzy obraz świata, złożony z oświetlonych słońcem szczytów i mrocznych zakamarków duszy ludzkiej. W świecie tym patriarchalna egzystencja górskiej wioski Czegem odzwierciedla normy moralne. Z obrazami starców związane są kluczowe symbole prozy iskanderowskiej. W ujęciu pisarza starzy chłopi żyją w pełnej symbiozie z naturą.
Czy naród jest jak wino — im starszy tym lepszy? Odtworzenie genealogii narodu a strategie narodotwórcze
Authors: Ursulenko Anna
Published: March 2020

Is anation like fine wine — the older the better? Reformation of nation genealogy vs. nation-building strategiesThe proposed article explores the symbolism of the terms “old” and “old age” from the perspective of cultural considerations on national communities. Focusing on connections between historical memory and the process of shaping national identity, the author analyzed selected variants of the origin myth including anumber of quasihistorical theories on the ethnogenesis of Ukrainians operating in Ukrainian public sphere. The author not only characterized them showing their effect on Ukrainian public opinion, but also showed selected causes of their creation, such as the imperative to rebuild genealogical memory of the nation, cultivating romantic national mythology, and the need of apositive national auto-stereotype. Moreover, the author described several examples of the reaction of the Ukrainian scientific community on mythmaking cases in the field of national history.Чи народ, як і вино — чим старіший, тим краще? Відтворення генеалогії народу з перспективи народотворчих стратегійСтаття розглядає символіку визначень „старий”, „старість” з перспективи культурологі-чних роздумів над національними спільнотами. В центр уваги автора потрапив зв’язок пи­тань історичної пам’яті з процесом формування національної ідентичності. Проаналізовано вибрані варіанти міфу початку головним чином низку квазіісторичних теорій етногенезу українського народу, які функціонують в українському публічному просторі. Здійснено їх загальну характеристику, показано їхній вплив на українське суспільство, а також вказано на такі причини їхньої появи як: імператив відбудови генеалогічної пам’яті народу, плекан­ня романтичної національної міфології, потреба формування позитивного національного автостереотипу тощо. Описано також приклади реакції наукового середовища України на випадки такої міфотворчості на ниві національної історії.
Obraz stáří v moralitách raného novověku
Authors: Kolářová Jana
Published: March 2020

The representation of age in the moralising books of early modern periodThe study focuses on some literary representations of old age and old people in selected works of the early modern period. Those are moralising books written in the years before the Battle of White Mountain published at the turn of the 17th century, namely Třinácte tabulí věku lidského The Thirteen Images of Human Life, 1601 by Bartoloměj Paprocký from Hloholy, Věk člověka The Age of Human, 1604 by Tobiáš Mouřenín from Litomyšl, Theatrum Mundi Minoris 1605 by Nathanael Vodňanský from Uračov, and Kniha o starosti aneb věku sešlém a šedivém The Book of Misery or the Wretched and Dull Age, 1610 by Havel Žalanský Phaetön.Obraz starości w moralitetach okresu wczesnonowożytnegoArtykuł koncentruje się na niektórych literackich aspektach tematu związanego ze starością i starymi ludźmi w wybranych utworach wczesnego okresu nowożytnego. Chodzi o moralizatorskie spisy zokresu przedbiałogórskiego wydane na przełomie XVI i XVII wieku, mianowicie o Třinácte tabulí věku lidského 1601 Bartosza Paprockiego, Věk člověka 1604 Tobiasza Mouřenína z Litomyśla, Theatrum mundi minoris 1605 Nathanaela Vodňanskiego zUračova i Knihu o starosti aneb věku sešlém a šedivém 1610 Havla Žalanskiego Phaëtona.
Młodość i starość według Nikołaja Karamzina
Authors: Dąbrowska Magdalena
Published: March 2020

Nikolay Karamzin about his youth and old ageThe article consists of two parts: 1. Karamzin about his youth Karamzin’s letter to J.K. Lavater dated 14 August 1786; A Knight of Our Time — polemic with J. J. Rousseau, similarities and differences between the author’s and literary hero’s youth, 2. Karamzin about his old age Karamzin’s letters to I. Dmitriev dated 1818-1826, V. Karamzin, P. Wiazemski, correspondence of the author’s daughters, tractate: Melodor to Filaret, Filaret to Melodor, A conversation about happiness..., On the happiest lifetime — polemic with Cicero’s dialogue Cato the Elder On Old Age.Николай Карамзин: его молодость и старостьСтатья состоит из двух частей: 1. Mолодость Карамзина и по Карамзину письмо Kарамзина И.К. Лафатеру, 14 августа 1786 г.; Рыцарь нашего времени — полемика с Ж.Ж. Руссо, сходства и различия между ранним периодом жизни писателя и литературного героя, 2. Старость Карамзина и по Карамзину письма Карамзина И. Дмитриеву 1818–1826 гг.,В. Карамзину, П. Вяземскому, письма дочерей писателя; трактат: Мелодор к Филалету, Филалет к Мелодору, Разговор о счастии..., О счастливейшем времени жизни — полемика с диалогом Цицерона О старости.
Między nobilitacją a deprecjacją. Ideologiczne kody postrzegania starości w dziewiętnastowiecznej literaturze czeskiej przypadek Karla Václava Raisa
Authors: Gawarecka Anna
Published: March 2020

Between ennoblement and depreciation. Ideological codes of senility in the ninenteenth century Czech literature the case of Karel Václav Rais Interpretations of senility change in time. Successive periods of culture create codes of its description and evaluation on their own. Czech literature which from the very beginning of the nineteenth century was connected with the communication of the ideological, social and political senses of the National Revival and which was treated as the most important instrument of projecting and implementing the great collective ideas, was also directed into including these ideas in all fields of life. The glorification of senility, either as the existential category or the synonym of experience and wisdom was for the first time demonstrated in Božena Němcová’s novel Babička. The high status of this masterpiece caused the many returns of the category of senility in Czech fiction. One of them is Karel Václav Rais prose Pantáta Bezoušek which initiates the discussion on the actual function of the old men/women in contemporary Czech society.Mezi nobilitací adepreciací. Ideologické kódy vnímání stáří včeské literatuře případ Karla Václava RaiseVnímání stáří se mění v čase. Každá následující epocha vytváří vlastní kódy jeho popisu a valorizace. Česká literatura, které je od 19. století přisuzována funkce nositelky ideologických/politických/společenských obsahů ajsou jí určovány úkoly nezřídka klíčové vprogramování arealizaci velkých společenských projektů, usilovala opodřízení všech oblastí života těmto projektům. Apoteózu stáří — jako důležité existencionální kategorie azároveň synonyma zkušenosti amoudrosti — vykonala vtéto literatuře, jak známo, poprvé Božena Němcová v románu Babička. Nepochybná autorita tohoto románu způsobila, že tato kategorie byla četně aschutí využíváná, přičemž jí byly přisuzovány rozmanité funkce s využitím různých valorizačních nástrojů. Karel Václav Rais se například v románu Pantáta Bezoušek 1894 titulní postavou „moudrého venkovského starce” vrací kdiskuzi na téma nejdůležitějších identitních předpokladů Národního obrození aověřuje jejich aktuálnost vmoderní společenské realitě konce 19. století.
Старость — концепт русской стихотворной эпитафии?
Authors: Carkowa Tatiana
Published: March 2020

Old age — aconcept of Russian epitaph?The author of the article Old age — aconcept of Russian epitaph? — Tatiana S. Tsarkova is the editor together with Sergey I. Nikolaev of the first Russian anthology of the epitaph genre and author of the monographic study Russian Verse Epitaph. Sources. Evolution. Poetics Petersburg, 1999. In the monograph she, among other things, explores such concepts as ‘life’, ‘death’, ‘memory’, ‘monument’. It might seem that such arelevant cultural notion as ‘old age’, causally in most cases associated with the concept ‘death’, would appear in epitaphs with evident frequency and acquire the significance of agenre concept. However, as quite an extensive material demonstrates, nothing of the kind happens, out of 3000 epitaphic texts only 3 times the word ‘old age’ is mentioned, and no more than 15 its derivatives or paraphrases like ‘years’, ‘grey hair’, ‘of many years’. The author offers explanation to this unpredictable phenomenon.  Czy starość jest konceptem rosyjskiego epitafium wierszowanego?Autorka artykułu Czy starość jest konceptem rosyjskiego epitafium wierszowanego? jest twórcą wspólnie zS.I. Nikołajewem pierwszej rosyjskiej antologii epitafiów literackich oraz monografii Rosyjskie epitafium literackie. Źródła. Ewolucja. Poetyka Sankt Petersburg, 1999. W monografii zbadano takie koncepty, jak życie, śmierć, pamięć czy pomnik. Wydawałoby się, że starość, jako pojęcie silnie związane zkonceptem śmierci, powinna wyjątkowo często pojawiać się w epitafiach. Jednak — jak wskazują badania przeprowadzone na bardzo obszernym materiale — jest zupełnie inaczej. Wtrzech tysiącach epitafiów stwierdzić można zaledwie trzykrotne użycie słowa „starość” inie więcej niż piętnastokrotne użycie słów pochodnych iblisko związanych ze słowem „starość”, takich jak np. „lata” czy „siwe włosy”. Autorka artykułu wyjaśnia ten fenomen.
Staro sunce iliti „senilia pekiciana”
Authors: Lazarević di Đakomo Persida , Šeatović Svetlana
Published: March 2020

The old sun, or senilia pekicianaThis paper deals with the motif of aging in the works of the Yugoslav writer Borislav Pekić 1930–1992. Pekić dedicated both an essay 1987 and the drama Five O’ Clock Tea to the theme of aging, – in both works aging is shown in a very negative light, and old people are seen in an antagonistic position towards young people. The motif of aging, however, in Pekić’s work has other connotations such as creativity “Megalos Mastoras”, uncertainty and the natural inevitability of the passage from one phase of life to another 1999, eternity The Golden Fleece, and wisdom Atlantis.Stare słońce albo Pekiciowskie seniliaProponowany tekst dotyczy motywu starości w twórczości jugosłowiańskiego pisarza Borislava Pekića 1930–1992. Zarówno w zbiorze Pisma iz tuđine, jak i dramacie Five O’ Clock Tea pisarz poświęcił tej tematyce wiele miejsca. W utworach tych starzenie się ma konotację wyraźnie negatywną, gdyż osoby sędziwe przedstawione zostały tu w sposób antagonistyczny w stosunku do osób młodych. Motyw starości w twórczości Pekicia ma jednak także inne konotacje, takie jak kreatywność „Megalos Mastoras”, niepewność i naturalną nieuniknioność przechodzenia od jednej fazy życia do drugiej 1999, wieczność Złote runo, jak również mądrość Atlantyda.
Слова з новими міжнародними компонентами в сучасній українській мові на прикладі слів із компонентом кібер-
Authors: Kochan Irina
Published: March 2020

Words with the new international components in modern Ukrainian languagewords with cyber-componentThere are collected and described words with component кібер-, which have appeared re- cently in the Ukrainian language. They found their value, status in the system of linguistic units, attention to the spelling of the words was paid and their use in texts of diﬀerent styles research.Wyrazy z nowymi komponentami pochodzenia obcego we współczesnym języku ukraińskim na przykładzie wyrazów z preﬁksoidem кібер-W artykule zebrano i omówiono leksemy z komponentem кібер-, które pojawiły się w ję- zyku ukraińskim w ostatnich latach, określono ich status w systemie jednostek lingwistycznych. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na pisownię tych leksemów oraz ich zastosowanie w tekstach zróż- nicowanych stylistycznie.
Język czarnogórski na rozdrożu. Główne kierunki polityki językowej w Czarnogórze po 1991 roku
Authors: Jaroszewicz Henryk
Published: March 2020

Montenegrin language at a crossroads. The main directions of language policy in Montenegro after 1991Montenegrin language is the youngest Slavonic language standard. The creation of Monte­negrin language ultimately ended the process of disintegration of Serbo-Croat in the national lan­guages. The current language situation in Montenegro is characterized by heterogeneous language policy. In the country there are three groups of linguists that have radically different views on the past, present and future the speech of Montenegrins. Autonomists A. Čirgić, V. Nikcevic believe that Montenegrin language is genetically and systematically separate entity, whose standard should be radically changed. Evolutionists R. Glušica, I. Lakić treat speech of Montenegrins as a standard code that is part of a polycentric language Serbo-Croatian, which standard only should be modifica­ted. Integrationists J. Stojanović, D. Bojović recognize the Montenegrin language as political being and say that in the Montenegro operates only one standard language — standard Serbian. At the mo­ment, the greatest influence over official language policy have autonomists. Thanks to Montenegrin education authorities the autonomists are officially codifying the Montenegrin language and prepare the curriculum of Montenegrin language for primary and secondary schools.Црногорски језик на раскрсници. Главни правци језичке политике у Црној Гори после 1991. годинe Цногорски језик је најмлађи словенски стандардни језик. Његово проглашење коначно је завршило процес распада српскохрватског језика на посебне, националне стандарде. Дана­шњу језичку ситуацију у Црној Гори каратерише изразито хетерогена језичка политика. У зе­мљи постоје три неформалне скупине лингвиста, које се мећусобно разликују у погледима на прошлост, садашњост и будућност језика Црногораца. Аутономисти Аднан Чиргић, Војислав Никчевић сматрају да је црногорски језик генетски и системски посебан језик, чијег норму треба радикално променити. Еволуцијонисти Рајка Глушица, Игор Лакић сматрају да је говор Црногораца део полицентричног српскохрватског језика и истовремено посебан, стандардни језички код, чијег норму потребно је само модификовати. Интегралисти Јелена Стојановић, Драга Бојовић тврде да је црногорски језик само политичко биће, ана подручју Црне Горе још увек је у употреби само један језицки стандард – стандард српског језика. Чини се да у данашње време највећи утицај на црногорску језичку политику имају аутономисти, који су одлуком црно­горских државних институција добили могућност службене кодификације црногорског језика и припреме школских програма за црногорски језик.