bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Signatures of human regulatory T cells: an encounter with old friends and new players
Authors: Pfoertner Susanne , Jeron Andreas , Probst-Kepper Michael , Guzman Carlos A , Hansen Wiebke , Westendorf Astrid M , Toepfer Tanja , Schrader Andres J , Franzke Anke , Buer Jan , Geffers Robert
Published: July 2006

Background

Naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (TReg) are involved in the control of autoimmune diseases, transplantation tolerance, and anti-tumor immunity. Thus far, genomic studies on TReg cells were restricted to murine systems, and requirements for their development, maintenance, and mode of action in humans are poorly defined.

Results

To improve characterization of human TReg cells, we compiled a unique microarray consisting of 350 TReg cell associated genes (Human TReg Chip) based on whole genome transcription data from human and mouse TReg cells. TReg cell specific gene signatures were created from 11 individual healthy donors. Statistical analysis identified 62 genes differentially expressed in TReg cells, emphasizing some cross-species differences between mice and humans. Among them, several 'old friends' (including FOXP3, CTLA4, and CCR7) that are known to be involved in TReg cell function were recovered. Strikingly, the vast majority of genes identified had not previously been associated with human TReg cells (including LGALS3, TIAF1, and TRAF1). Most of these 'new players' however, have been described in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. Real-time RT-PCR of selected genes validated our microarray results. Pathway analysis was applied to extract signaling modules underlying human TReg cell function.

Conclusion

The comprehensive set of genes reported here provides a defined starting point to unravel the unique characteristics of human TReg cells. The Human TReg Chip constructed and validated here is available to the scientific community and is a useful tool with which to study the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate TReg cells under physiologic and diseased conditions.
Forgiven But Not Forgotten: Covert Uncertainty in Overt Responses and the Paradox of Defection‐Despite‐Trust
Authors: Rotte Kristin , Chandrashekaran Murali , Tax Stephen S. , Grewal Raj deep
Published: July 2006

Despite the widespread belief that trust is a critical determinant of loyalty, empirical and anecdotal evidence calls into question the real‐world robustness of the trust–loyalty link. An important reason for the fuzzy nature of the trust–loyalty link may be the fuzzy nature of trust itself. That is, stated trust judgments embody both a magnitude dimension (i.e., the position along a favorable‐unfavorable continuum) and an uncertainty dimension (i.e., the lack of conviction with which the judgment is held). We investigated this possibility using data pertaining to consumers’ reactions to a service failure and the provider's success in responding to their complaints. We found that the interplay between dissatisfaction with the complaint handling and past experience simultaneously influences trust magnitude and trust uncertainty. However, these two dimensions of trust are shaped by different underlying processes. Finally, uncertainty dampens the impact of stated trust on loyalty.
Promotions Spontaneously Induce a Positive Evaluative Response
Authors: Naylor Rebecca Walker , Raghunathan Rajagopal , Ramanathan Suresh
Published: July 2006

Research has suggested that conscious cognitive processes mediate positive responses to promotions. In contrast, we find that exposure to promotional stimuli evokes a positive evaluative reaction spontaneously and that this reaction generalizes to products that are evaluated subsequently. Three experiments support our predictions and rule out alternative possibilities. Specifically, we find that promotions spontaneously evoke positive evaluative responses and that these responses mediate liking for a target product. Our findings also identify conditions under which promotion‐generated evaluative responses are transferred to products unrelated to the promotion and indicate the type of product categories that are likely to produce this effect. The theoretical and substantive implications of this research are discussed.
The Spacing Effect: Enhancing Memory for Repeated Marketing Stimuli
Authors: Noel Hayden
Published: July 2006

We explore the extent to which repeating a brand‐attribute association will have a greater effect on recall when the 2 repetitions occur at different points in time rather than immediately after each other. Cued recall is generally better when the repeated items are separated. However, this depends on the extent to which information is organized by brand as well as by attribute, the number of attribute items presented about the brand, and the relatedness of the attributes.
Self‐Regulatory Resources Power the Reflective System: Evidence From Five Domains
Authors: Vohs Kathleen D.
Published: July 2006

In this commentary, I focus on the deficiencies in the reflective‐impulsive model (RIM) by Strack, Werth, and Deutsch (2006) in terms of understanding the mechanics of the reflective system. Strack et al. outlined the cognitive architecture of the consumer with the RIM but failed to specify how its most impressive feature, the reflective system, is powered. Drawing on the literature on self‐regulation (as a reconceptualization of RIM incompatibility), I argue that self‐regulatory resources drive the reflective system. Research from 5 domains—overeating among dieters, impulsive spending, logical thinking, making choices, and subjective perceptions of duration—supports this hypothesis.
Spotlight on Affect: Affect and Affective Forecasting in Impulse Control
Authors: MacInnis Deborah J. , Patrick Vanessa M.
Published: July 2006

The authors propose an alternative conceptualization to the Strack, Werth, and Deutsch (2006) model. This alternative conceptualization considers how the forecasting of emotional outcomes linked to controlling or failing to control impulses affects self‐regulatory behavior. A set of future research questions is identified based on this conceptualization. The proposed model differs from that of Strack et al. (2006) by its focus on (a) affect, (b) impulse control (versus buying), and (c) deliberative processing linked to impulse control (or lack thereof).
Explicit Persuasive Intent and Its Impact on Success at Persuasion—The Determining Roles of Attractiveness and Likeableness
Authors: Reinhard Marc‐André , Messner Matthias , Sporer Siegfried Ludwig
Published: July 2006

The effect on the impact of a message of explicitly stating a desire to persuade can depend on the communicator's physical attractiveness. Experiment 1 confirmed this possibility. Attractive male and female salespersons induced more positive attitudes and stronger intentions to purchase a product when they explicitly stated their desire to influence potential buyers. In contrast, unattractive salespersons were less likely to induce a favorable attitude toward the product under these conditions. Experiment 2 replicated these effects and provided evidence that they are mediated by the attribution of self‐serving motives to the salesperson. A 2‐step process of impression formation and attribution was used to describe the mechanisms underlying these effects.
A kinesin-like calmodulin-binding protein inChlamydomonas: evidence for a role in cell division and flagellar functions
Authors: Dymek Erin E. , Goduti Daniel , Kramer Tal , Smith Elizabeth F.
Published: July 2006

Kinesin-like calmodulin-binding protein, KCBP, is a novel member of the C-kinesin superfamily first discovered in flowering plants. This minus-end-directed kinesin exhibits Ca2+-calmodulin-sensitive motor activity in vitro and has been implicated in trichome morphogenesis and cell division. A homologue of KCBP is also found in the unicellular, biflagellate green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CrKCBP). Unlike plant cells, Chlamydomonas cells do not form trichomes and do not assemble a phragmoplast before cell division. To test whether CrKCBP is involved in additional microtubule-based processes not observed in plants, we generated antibodies against the putative calmodulin-binding domain and used these antibodies in biochemical and localization studies. In interphase cells CrKCBP primarily localizes near the base of the flagella, although surprisingly, a small fraction also localizes along the length of the flagella. CrKCBP is bound to isolated axonemes in an ATP-dependent fashion and is not a component of the dynein arms, radial spokes or central apparatus. During mitosis, CrKCBP appears concentrated at the centrosomes during prophase and metaphase. However, during telophase and cytokinesis CrKCBP co-localizes with the microtubules associated with the phycoplast. These studies implicate CrKCBP in flagellar functions as well as cell division.
Specific modulation of apoptosis and Bcl-xL phosphorylation in yeast by distinct mammalian protein kinase C isoforms
Authors: Saraiva Lucília , Silva Rui D. , Pereira Gil , Gonçalves Jorge , Côrte-Real Manuela
Published: July 2006

Mammalian protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms have been subject of particular attention because of their ability to modulate apoptotic proteins. However, the roles played by each PKC isoform in apoptosis are still unclear. Here, expression of individual mammalian PKC isoforms in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used as a new approach to study the role of each isoform in apoptosis. The four isoforms tested, excepting PKC-δ, stimulate S. cerevisiae acetic-acid-induced apoptosis essentially through a mitochondrial ROS-dependent pathway. However, their co-expression with Bcl-xL reveals a PKC-isoform-dependent modulation of Bcl-xL anti-apoptotic activity. A yeast pathway homologue to the mammalian SAPK/JNK is responsible for acetic-acid-induced Bcl-xL phosphorylation that is differently modulated by PKC isoforms. The data obtained suggest conservation of an ancient mechanism of apoptosis regulation in yeast and mammals and offer new insights into mammalian apoptosis modulation by PKC isoforms.
Proliferation of cerebellar precursor cells is negatively regulated by nitric oxide in newborn rat
Authors: Ciani Elisabetta , Calvanese Vincenzo , Crochemore Christophe , Bartesaghi Renata , Contestabile Antonio
Published: July 2006

The diffusible messenger, nitric oxide plays multiple roles in neuroprotection, neurodegeneration and brain plasticity. Its involvement in neurogenesis has been disputed, on the basis of results on models in vivo and in culture. We report here that pharmacological blockade of nitric oxide production in rat pups resulted, during a restricted time window of the first three postnatal days, in increased cerebellar proliferation rate, as assessed through tritiated thymidine or BrdU incorporation into DNA. This was accompanied by increased expression of Myc, a transcription factor essential for cerebellar development, and of the cell cycle regulating gene, cyclin D1. These effects were mediated downstream by the nitric oxide-dependent second messenger, cGMP. Schedules of pharmacological NO deprivation targeted to later developmental stages (from postnatal day 3 to 7), no longer increased proliferation, probably because of partial escape of the cGMP level from nitric oxide control. Though limited to a brief temporal window, the proliferative effect of neonatal nitric oxide deprivation could be traced into adulthood. Indeed, the number of BrdU-labeled surviving cells, most of which were of neuronal phenotype, was larger in the cerebellum of 60-day-old rats that had been subjected to NO deprivation during the first three postnatal days than in control rats. Experiments on cell cultures from neonatal cerebellum confirmed that nitric oxide deprivation stimulated proliferation of cerebellar precursor cells and that this effect was not additive with the proliferative action of sonic hedgehog peptide. The finding that nitric oxide deprivation during early cerebellar neurogenesis, stimulates a brief increase in cell proliferation may contribute to a better understanding of the controversial role of nitric oxide in brain development.
Erlin-1 and erlin-2 are novel members of the prohibitin family of proteins that define lipid-raft-like domains of the ER
Authors: Browman Duncan T. , Resek Mary E. , Zajchowski Laura D. , Robbins Stephen M.
Published: July 2006

Our laboratory was interested in characterizing the molecular composition of non-caveolar lipid rafts. Thus, we generated monoclonal antibodies to lipid raft proteins of human myelomonocytic cells. Two of these proteins, KE04p and C8orf2, were found to be highly enriched in the detergent-insoluble, buoyant fraction of sucrose gradients in a cholesterol-dependent manner. They contain an evolutionarily conserved domain placing them in the prohibitin family of proteins. In contrast to other family members, these two proteins localized to the ER. Furthermore, the extreme N-termini of KE04p and C8orf2 were found to be sufficient for heterologous targeting of GFP to the ER in the absence of classical ER retrieval motifs. We also demonstrate that all prohibitin family members rely on sequences in their extreme N-termini for their distinctive subcellular distributions including the mitochondria, plasma membrane and Golgi vesicles. Owing to their subcellular localization and their presence in lipid rafts, we have named KE04p and C8orf2, ER lipid raft protein (erlin)-1 and erlin-2, respectively. Interestingly, the ER contains relatively low levels of cholesterol and sphingolipids compared with other organelles. Thus, our data support the existence of lipid-raft-like domains within the membranes of the ER.
Organometallic Photoconductors: Dark and Photoconductive Studies on Ferrocene and Some of Its Derivatives
Authors: Chakraborty Aloke Kumar , Bhattacharjee Ashis , Mallik Biswanath
Published: July 2006

The dark conduction properties of ferrocenedicarboxylic acid have been studied as a function of voltage at different sample-temperatures by using sandwich type of cell configuration. The analysis of the results was based on the space charge limited conduction (SCLC) theory. The trap distribution in this material has been found to be exponential type as was observed in case of ferrocene and ferrocenecarboxylic acid. The dark activation energy (ohmic) of these ferrocene derivatives increases with the gradual substitution of –COOH group in the ferrocene ring system. In contrast to the nonextrinsic nature of ferrocenecarboxylic acid, ferrocenedicarboxylic acid has been observed to be extrinsic, similar to ferrocene. The photoconductivity in these materials was studied as a function of temperature and the intensity of exciting light source. The distribution of traps in these materials has been determined from the intensity dependence of photocurrent and these results have been compared with the results of dark conductivity measurements.
Proton Transfer in N-(2-Hydroxy-1-naphthylmethylene)-1-pyrenamine and N,N′-Bis(2-hydroxy-1-naphthylmethylene)-p-phenylenediamine Crystals
Authors: Inabe Tamotsu , Luneau Isabelle , Mitani Tadaoki , Maruyama Yusei , Takeda Sadamu
Published: July 2006

Two kinds of N-(2-hydroxy-1-naphthylmethylene)aniline-type compounds, N-(2-hydroxy-1-naphthylmethylene)-1-pyrenamine (NPY) and N,N′-bis(2-hydroxy-1-naphthylmethylene)-p-phenylenediamine (DNP), have heen prepared as members of the N-salicylideneaniline family and subjected to structural studies in the crystalline state. In NPY, the hydrogen in the intramolecular N···H–O hydrogen bond has been found to locate not only at the oxygen site, but also at the nitrogen site, even at 120 K. A similar hydrogen-bond structure has also been found for DNP. This is mainly due to the π-electron delocalization effect. The relative stabilization of the proton transferred form (NH-form) compared with ordianry N-salicylideneanilines has been clearly indicated by solid-state NMR measurements.
Proton Transfer Tautomerization in N-Salicylideneanilines upon Charge-Transfer Complex Formation. 7,7,8,8-Tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) and 2,3,5,6-Tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ) Complexes of N-(2-Hydroxy-1-naphthylmethylene)-1-pyrenamine and N,N′-Bis(2-hydroxy-1-naphthylmethylene)-p-phenylenediamine
Authors: Inabe Tamotsu , Hoshino-Miyajima Naomi , Luneau Isabelle , Mitani Tadaoki , Maruyama Yusei
Published: July 2006

TCNQ and F4TCNQ complexes of N-(2-hydroxy-1-naphthylmethylene)aniline-type compounds, N-(2-hydroxy-1-naphthylmethylene)-1-pyrenamine (NPY) and N,N′-bis(2-hydroxy-1-naphthylmethylene)-p-phenylenediamine (DNP) have been prepared and subjected to structural and optical studies in the crystalline state. An X-ray crystallographic study indicates that the donors and acceptors are mixed along a one-dimensional column in all complexes. The intramolecular O–H···N hydrogen bond structure is sensitively changed upon complex formation; the hydrogen atom is located at the nitrogen site in TCNQ complexes and shifts to the center of the hydrogen bond in F4TCNQ complexes. The hydrogen-bond structure is found to vary with some correlation to the strength of the charge-transfer interaction.
Crystal Structures of the (Ethylenediamine-N,N′-dipropionato)(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) Isomers
Authors: Sakagami Narumi , Yasui Takaji , Kawaguchi Hiroshi , Ama Tomoharu , Kaizaki Sumio
Published: July 2006

The crystal structures of the isomers (one α and two β) of [Co(eddp)(en)]+ were determined by X-ray diffraction methods. Crystal data for -Δ(S,S)-α-[Co(eddp)(en)]Br·5H2O (1) are monoclinic with space group P21: a = 10.558(2), b = 8.523(2), c = 11.868(2) Å, β = 112.11(1)°, and Z = 2. Crystal data for (+)536CD-Δ(R,R*)-β(e-1)-[Co(eddp)(en)]Br·H2O (2-a) are orthorhombic with P212121: a = 11.809(2), b = 16.144(2), c = 8.340(2) Å, and Z = 4. rac-β(e-1)-[Co(eddp)(en)]Cl·H2O (2-b) is characterized in the triclinic space group : a = 9.084(2), b = 10.800(2), c = 8.337(1) Å, α = 99.37(1), β = 93.14(2), γ = 105.72(2)°, and Z = 2. rac-β(e-2)-[Co(eddp)(en)](PF6)·3H2O (3) crystallizes in the monoclinic (C2/c): a = 23.216(2), b = 11.980(2), c = 19.768(2) Å, β = 133.314(2)°, and Z = 8. Two β isomers (β(e-1) and β(e-2)) were found to be conformational diastereomers arising from a difference in the chirality around one of two asymmetric nitrogen atoms in the coordinated eddp ligand.
Oxygen-Transfer Reaction of the A-Type Molybdenum-Trisubstituted Tungstophosphate Anion Salt and Spectroscopic Properties of the Isolated Oxygen-Deficient Reduced Species
Authors: Kawafune Isao , Matsubayashi Gen-etsu
Published: July 2006

The A-type trisubsituted, β-isomer of tetrabutylammonium 3-molybdo-9-tungstophosphate(3-), A-β-[NBun4]3[PMoVI3W9O40], reacted with triphenylphosphine in acetonitrile to afford triphenylphosphine oxide and an oxygen-deficient two-electron reduced species, A-β-[NBun4]3[PMoVIMoV2W9O39]. The reduced species was isolated and characterized by IR, 31P NMR, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies. The corner-sharing bridging oxygen atom in a Mo(VI)–O–Mo(VI) skeleton was eliminated upon the reduction, affording two Mo(V) ions in the polyanion moiety retaining the Keggin-type structure.
Factor F430-Like Catalysis of Ni(tmtaa) (tmtaa = Dianion of 6,8,15,17-Tetramethyl-5,14-dihydrodibenzo[b,i][1,4,8,11]tetraazacyclotetradecine) for Reductive Dehalogenation of Alkyl Halides
Authors: Arai Toru , Kashitani Kimio , Kondo Hiroshi , Sakaki Shigeyoshi
Published: July 2006

Ni(tmtaa) efficiently catalyzes the reductive dehalogenation of alkyl halide, yielding alkane with either NaBH4 or NaBH(OMe)3 under mild condition. This system is considered to be a model of factor F430, the active center of the methyl coenzyme M reductase. Deuterium incorporation into the alkane suggests that the reaction involves not only an electron transfer, but also the nucleophilic substitution of a halide. The ESR spectrum of Ni(tmtaa)/NaBH4 shows the formation of the NiI species, which is probably a catalytic-active species.
Photocycloaddition of Deoxyuridines to 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene
Authors: Haga Naoki , Ishikawa Ichiro , Takayanagi Hiroaki , Ogura Haruo
Published: July 2006

Direct and ketone (acetone or acetophenone)-sensitized photocycloaddition of 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene to 2′-deoxyuridine (1a), thymidine (1b), 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (1c), and their 3′,5′-di-O-acetyl derivatives 1d—1f by near-UV irradiation have been studied. The triplet excited state of the nucleosides was found to be the major intermeidate by the triplet quenching technique. From the respective reactants, a pair of diastereomeric products having a cyclobutane ring were isolated. The absolute configuration of the bridgehead carbon atoms was identified by X-ray crystallographic analyses with two of them as (1R, 6R)-isomer 3a and (1S, 6S)-isomer 2b and by 1H NMR. The conformations of the glycosyl bond, the pyrimidine ring, and the sugar portion in solution were identified by 1H NMR and compared with the ones in the crystalline state.
Syntheses and Catalytic Activities of New Cytochrome P-450 Model Compounds. Effect of Peptide Chains
Authors: Ohkatsu Yasukazu , Watanabe Taiki , Goto Taiji , Wakita Mitsuaki
Published: July 2006

As cytochrome P-450 model compounds with structures similar to heme proteins, we designed and synthesized novel porphyrin iron (III) chloride complexes, 11 and 12, which have three peptide chains (3PCs) and four peptide chains (4PCs), and evaluated their catalytic activities. The asymmetric porphyrin complexes are derived from etioporphyrin and peptide chains equivalent to proteins were provided by ring-opening polymerization of N-carboxy l-amino acid anhydride (l-Phe-NCA, γ-BLG-NCA, and Nε-benzyloxycarbonyl-l-Lys-NCA) initiated by amino groups on meso positions. The new asymmetric porphyrin complex, 11 or 12, was used for asymmetric epoxidations of styrene as is done by cytochrome P-450. The iron complex achieved the induction of asymmetry, although it has no special conformation, and gave S-styrene oxide in excess (ca. 60%ee). It was found, furthermore, that asymmetric induction was affected by the kind of amino acid residue, the number of peptide chains, and length of peptide chains.
Highly Conductive 1 : 1 Radical Cation Salts of Anthra[1,9-cd : 4,10-c′d′]bis[1,2]dichalcogenoles
Authors: Takimiya Kazuo , Ohnishi Akiko , Aso Yoshio , Otsubo Tetsuo , Ogura Fumio , Kawabata Kazushige , Tanaka Keiji , Mizutani Makoto
Published: July 2006

Various radical cation salts of 2,3-dimethyl-tetrathioanthracene (DMTTA) and -tetraselenoanthracene (DMTSA) with NO3−, BF4−, ClO4−, PF6−, AsF6−, and Br− counter anions were prepared by an electrocrystallization technique. It has been found that these salts have either 1 : 1 or 2 : 1 stoichiometry depending on the volumes of the anions, but all are electrically conductive regardless of the stoichiometries. In particular, the NO3 and BF4 salts of DMTSA, in spite of 1 : 1 stoichiometry, recorded unusually high room temperature conductivities of 440 and 450 S cm−1, respectively, and had metallic behaviors down to around 200 K. In addition, the other salts were semiconductors with very low activation energies. X-Ray crystallographic analyses showed that the crystal structures of all the salts consist of one-dimensional stacking columns of the donor molecules, but the two metallic salts have more favorable uniform stacking columns in which there are not only effective π electronic interactions but also strong heteroatomic interactions. Furthermore, solid electronic spectra indicated that these 1 : 1 radical cation salts have the advantage of marked reduction of on-site Coulombic repulsion in the donor molecules, which serves to suppress a Mott transition.
Analyses of the Acid Dissociation Constants of Multisubstituted Diarylamines Measured in Solvents and Micellar System
Authors: Guo Ze-jian , Miyoshi Hideto , Fujita Toshio
Published: July 2006

The acid dissociation constants of a number of multisubstituted diarylamines measured in an α-dodecyl-ω-hydroxyocta(oxyethylene) micellar system (log ) were compared with those measured in 50% (v/v) EtOH–water mixture (log ). The electronic effects of substituents on log values were similar to, whereas the steric effect of substituents was larger than, those examined previously on the log values. The acid dissociation constant of each compound was generally larger in the less polar (ε: ca. 28) micellar system than that in 50% EtOH–water mixture (ε: ca. 52). To understand this phenomenon, solvent effects on the dissociation constant of compound 37 as a model were examined. We found that compound 37 forms a hydrogen-bonded or proton-transfer complex with DMSO in CHCl3. The anionic form of compound 37 was favored in partition at a higher DMSO content in a DMSO–water mixture compared to the neutral form. These results suggest that contributions of such as hydrogen bonding and dispersion force are of primary importance regarding the effect on the acid dissociation of the series of compounds in the micellar system.
Crystal Structure and Conformational Analysis of 7,13-Abietadien-18-oic Acid
Authors: Okada Kenji , Takekuma Shinichi
Published: July 2006

The crystal and molecular structures of title compound 1 have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Crystals are monoclinic, space group P21, with a = 14.058(2), b = 11.911(1), c = 11.753(2) Å, β = 111.73(1)°, Z = 4. The structure identification was refined by full-matrix least-squares calculations to a final R of 0.054 for 2899 independently observed reflections. The crystallographic asymmetric unit contains two independent molecules with similar geometries and planar conformations. In each molecule, cyclohexane ring A has a typical chair form. Cyclohexene rings B and C, containing of two conjugated double bonds, have half-chair conformations. The relative stereochemistry for both molecules is trans fusion for the A/B ring junction [14.9(2) and 14.6(3)°], anti between C9 hydrogen and C10 methyl (steroid numbering), and coplanar for the B/C ring junction [5.7(2) and 3.5(2)°]. The dihedral angles between the mean plane of ring A and the carboxyl group are nearly right angles [74.6(2) and 86.2(2)°]. Thermal motion analysis in rigid-body approximation and potential energy calculations suggest that the isopropyl groups are more freely in these regions. The isopropyl C atoms had large thermal motions. The hydrogen bonds of carboxyl groups are rigid between two independent molecules.
Number and Structure of Solvolysis Intermediates. IV. The Phenolysis of 1-(p-Tolyl)ethyl p-Nitrobenzoate: The Mechanism via a Single Stable Ion-Pair Intermediate with High Selectivity for Nucleophiles
Authors: Kinoshita Tomomi , Shibayama Koichi , Takemoto Masaki , Takeuchi Ken’ichi
Published: July 2006

Optically active 1-(p-tolyl)ethyl p-nitrobenzoate (ROPNB) has been subjected to solvolysis in phenol where the solvolysis was previously found to proceed via a single stable ion-pair intermediate (Int-1) with high selectivity for nucleophiles, i.e., to exhibit the kinetic features expressed by the “B” pattern for the kp–kt profile. On the basis of the absolute configurations and the maximum rotations for the substrate and all of the products which have been chemically established, the stereochemical courses have been disclosed to be partial retention for ROPh formation (“retentive phenolysis”) and partial inversion for o- and p-RC6H4OH formation with predominant racemization in the solvolysis. These stereochemical outcomes indicate that the key intermediate (Int-1) which provides all of the products should have the structure of a carbocation ion pair shielded at the rear side by a phenol molecule (the rear-side shielded ion-pair intermediate) similarly to the key intermediates which are known for some other phenolysis systems. Consequently, the rear-side shielded ion-pair intermediate plays a key role regarding product formation in all retentive phenolysis systems.
Solvent Effects on the Rate of Heterolysis of t-Butyl Chloride, Bromide, Iodide, and 2,4-Dinitrophenolate
Authors: Mitsuhashi Tsutomu , Hirota Hiroshi , Yamamoto Gaku
Published: July 2006

Rates of heterolytic decompositions of t-butyl chloride, bromide, iodide, and 2,4-dinitrophenolate have been measured by an NMR method in eight deuterated or undeuterated polar solvents; methanol-d4, ethanol-d6, dimethyl-d6 sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide-d7, acetonitrile-d3, pyridine, nitrobenzene, and acetone-d6. The observed solvent effect is discussed on the basis of cation and anion solvation. With t-butyl halides, the anion solvation due to hydrogen bonding by protic solvents drastically decreases on increasing the radius of halide ions, and thus the differential solvation transferred from anion-solvating methanol to cation-solvating dimethyl sulfoxide is dramatically reversed on going from the chloride to the iodide (kMe2SO–d6/kmethanol–d4 at 60 °C: t-BuCl, 5 × 10−2; t-BuBr, 6 × 10−1; t-BuI, 7). The 2,4-dinitrophenolate behaves like the iodide. Complicated products are obtained in the decomposition of t-butyl bromide in dimethyl sulfoxide; however, a mechanism involving a bimolecular decomposition process of the bromide is ruled out. During the decomposition of t-butyl iodide in dimethyl sulfoxide, an intermediate salt t-butoxydimethylsulfonium iodide has been detected. The salt decomposes to isobutene, but the process is much slower than the heterolytic decomposition of t-butyl iodide itself at ambient temperature.
Quantitative Analysis of Solvent Effects on the Rate of Heterolysis Reactions: Relative Importance of Cation and Anion Solvation
Authors: Mitsuhashi Tsutomu , Yamamoto Gaku , Hirota Hiroshi
Published: July 2006

A number of heterolysis reactions which are insusceptible or less susceptible to hydrogen bonding by protic solvents are exemplified. It is emphasized that reactions of this type are as important as those of the hydrogen bond-susceptible type that are prone to be taken as a common feature of heterolysis reactions. Evidence that a primary factor in determining the type of reaction is the relative importance of cation and anion solvation is given by introducing a two-parameter equation for solvent effects on the rate: ΔG‡ = ΔG‡DMSO − a(χ+ + bχ− − 1) in which χ+ and χ− are scales for cation and anion solvation for a particular solvent, respectively. These scales have been derived from purely kinetic data for eight solvents; methanol, ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N,N-dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, pyridine, nitrobenzene, and acetone. The equation applies satisfactorily to twelve typical heterolysis reactions. The coefficients a and b represent the sensitivity to solvent change and the relative importance of cation and anion solvation, respectively. When b = 1, the rate in DMSO is equal to that in methanol, and thus heterolysis reactions can be classified: b > 1, hydrogen bond-susceptible; b < 1, hydrogen bond-insusceptible.
Synthesis of (E)-9,10,13-Trihydroxy-11-octadecenoic Acids
Authors: Kato Tadahiro , Hirukawa Toshihumi , Yano Masakuni
Published: July 2006

Our previous research concerning anti-rice blast fungus substances from the rice plants has led to the isolation of various types of oxygenated fatty acids as exemplified by 9,12,13-trihydroxy C-18 fatty acid. The fatty acids play an important role in the defense of the rice plants against this fungus. For evaluation of biological activity, we needed the isomeric trihydroxy fatty acids. This paper describes the synthesis of four stereoisomers of 9,10,13-trihydroxy fatty acid.
Photoelectrochemical Deposition of Nickel onto TiO2 Particles. Formation of Nickel Patterns without Resists
Authors: Morishita Shinya , Suzuki Ken-ichi
Published: July 2006

In the presence of citric acid, the photoelectrochemical deposition of nickel onto TiO2-sol particles was observed due to the quantum size effect. Selective plating of nickel onto irradiated parts of a TiO2-adhered-alumina plate without resists was accomplished in an electroless nickel plating solution containing citric acid.
Study of Reverse Micellization of Span 60 in Toluene
Authors: Rakshit Animesh Kumar , Vangani Veena
Published: July 2006

Critical reverse micelle concentration (crmc) of Span 60 in toluene was determined by iodine solubilization method at 20, 25, 30, and 35 °C. The corresponding thermodynamic quantities of reverse micellization process were computed and are discussed.
Temperature Dependence of Viscosity B Coefficients for Disodium α,ω-Alkanedisulfonates and Disodium α,ω-Alkanediyl Disulfates in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Tamaki Kunio , Ohara Yoko , Akimoto Yukiko , Koshiishi Kyoko
Published: July 2006

The viscosity B coefficients for aqueous solutions of disodium α,ω-alkanedisulfonates NaO3S(CH2)nSO3Na (n = 2, 4, 6—8, 10, and 12) and disodium α,ω-alkanediyl disulfates NaO3SO(CH2)nOSO3Na (n = 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10) have been determined at 15, 25, and 35 °C. The effect of structural changes in the solvent water upon the dissolution of these amphiphilic electrolytes is discussed.
Crystal and Molecular Structure of Asebotoxin IV
Authors: Sato Mamoru , Katsube Yukiteru , Katai Masaaki , Katakawa Jun’ichi , Tetsumi Tadahiro
Published: July 2006

The three-dimensional structure of asebotoxin IV has been determined by X-ray diffraction at room temperature. The crystals are triclinic, space group P1, with a = 9.934(2), b = 8.8746(9), c = 7.0073(9) Å, α = 71.05(1), β = 80.04(1), γ = 70.71(1)°, V = 549.8(2) Å3, Z = 1, Dc = 1.337 g cm−3. The structure was solved by the direct method and refined by the full matrix least-squares method to a final R = 0.038 for 1604 independent reflections with Fo > 3σ (Fo). The molecule is based on a tetracyclic structure consisting of two five-membered, one six-membered and one seven-membered rings with various conformations.
Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Give Unstable Carbon Oxides. Electron Transfer from the Reduction Products of Carbon Dioxide with Benzoin Carbanion to Triphenylcarbenium Ion
Authors: Akiyama Fuminori
Published: July 2006

Reaction of the reduction products of carbon dioxide (CO2) by benzoin carbanion with triphenylcarbenium ion (1) gave 1-(diphenylmethyl)-4-(triphenylmethyl)benzene (2) which was considered to be electron transfer product from the reduction products of CO2 to 1.
Co2(CO)8-Catalyzed Ring-Opening Carbonylation of Cyclic Ethers Using N-Silylamines
Authors: Watanabe Yoshihisa , Nishiyama Kazuhiro , Zhang Kunsan , Okuda Fumio , Kondo Teruyuki , Tsuji Yasushi
Published: July 2006

Co2(CO)8-catalyzed ring-opening carbonylation of oxiranes and oxetane smoothly proceeds with high regioselectivity under 1 atm of carbon monoxide at room temperature to give the corresponding β- and γ-siloxy amides in high yields, respectively. [(R3Si)2NR1R2]+[Co(CO)4]− is thought to be an active catalyst species and directs the high regioselectivity of the carbonylation.
Addition Reaction of a p-Benzoquinone Diimine Derivative to p-Substituted Phenols
Authors: Miyagi Yo , Takano Machiko
Published: July 2006

A facile reaction between N,N′-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)-p-benzoquinone diimine and electron-donating para-substituted phenols proceeded at room temperature in benzene in the presence of benzoic acid to give adducts which were formed by insertion of the diimine into the O–H bond of the phenols.
A One-Step Conversion of p-Methoxybenzyl Ethers into Methoxymethyl Ethers by the Action of Dimethoxymethane in the Presence of Tin(II) Bromide and Bromomethyl Methyl Ether
Authors: Oriyama Takeshi , Kimura Mikio , Koga Gen
Published: July 2006

The combined use of dimethoxymethane with catalytic amounts of tin(II) bromide and bromomethyl methyl ether cleaves p-methoxybenzyl ethers to give methoxymethyl ethers in good yields. The chemoselective conversion of p-methoxybenzyl ethers in the presence of the benzyl ether function into methoxymethyl ethers has also occurred successfully.
Semiempirical Calculation of the Triplet–Triplet Absorption Spectra of 2-Anthrylethylenes Undergoing Photochemical One-Way Isomerization
Authors: Karatsu Takashi , Arai Tatsuo , Sakuragi Hirochika , Tokumaru Katsumi , Wirz Jakob
Published: July 2006

Semiempirical PPP-SCF-SCI calculations support the assignment of the triplet–triplet absorption spectra of 2-anthrylethylenes to the planar trans conformations, which act as a key intermediate in adiabatic cis-to-trans one-way isomerization on the triplet energy surface.
Photolysis of 2-Amino-2′-azidobiphenyls: Formal Formation of Internally Trapped Didehydroazepines
Authors: Murata Shigeru , Tsuji Hiroshi , Tomioka Hideo
Published: July 2006

Photolysis of 2-amino-2′-azidobiphenyls in diethylamine gave 4,10-dihydroazepino[2,3-b]indoles (7), the structure of which corresponded to the didehydroazepines formally trapped with an internal amino group. However, the yields of 7 were considerably low, which was due to the significant intramolecular interaction of the photolytically generated nitrene with an amino group, to afford benzo[c]cinnoline as a final product.
Interdisciplinary Service-Learning Substance Abuse Projects
Authors: Straussner S. Lala A. , Marcus Marianne T. , Brown Richard L. , Madden Theresa , Graham Antonnette V. , Schoener Eugene P.
Published: July 2006

The purpose of this paper is to describe the development and implementation of community-based, service-learning field projects by 30 health professional faculty fellows of Project MAINSTREAM, a faculty development program on substance abuse. The fellows worked together for two years in 10 Interdisciplinary Faculty Learning Groups (IFLGs), which consisted of three academics of different disciplines. The ten projects are viewed within the context of service-learning and are based on a balance between the provision of services to the community and furthering the learning objectives of Project MAINSTREAM.
Training High School Counselors on the Use of Motivational Interviewing to Screen for Substance Abuse
Authors: Burke Pamela J. , Da Silva John D. , Vaughan Brigid L. , Knight John R.
Published: July 2006

Interdisciplinary faculty implemented a project to enhance school personnel's knowledge and skills in screening and motivational interviewing for substance abuse in two Boston high schools.
Partnering with Community-Based Professionals to Improve Substance Abuse Screening and Intervention for Youth and Young Adults
Authors: Baldwin Julie A. , Johnson Rhonda M. , Wayment Heidi A. , Callahan Edward J.
Published: July 2006

The paper describes the process by which a team conducted a needs assessment and developed training programs to address service gaps in substance abuse prevention for young people.
Teaching Substance Abuse Screening, Assessment, and Brief Intervention to Vocational Rehabilitation Counselors
Authors: Christensen Margaret , Boisse Norman , Sanchez William , Friedmann Peter
Published: July 2006

Vocational rehabilitation counselors are in key positions to screen clients for alcohol and drug abuse. An educational program improved counselors understanding of this process.
Utilizing a Substance Use Attitudes, Practices and Knowledge Survey for Multidisciplinary Curriculum Development
Authors: Alexander Dale , Waters Vicki , Mcqueen Katie , Basinger Scott
Published: July 2006

Development and administration of a substance use attitudes questionnaire to social work students and clinicians, physician assistant students and practitioners, and medical interns is described.
Reduced-Dose Influenza Vaccine
Authors: Wyatt Katleen N , Ryan Gina J , Sheerin Kathleen A
Published: July 2006

Objective:

To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of reduced-dose trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in adults.

Data Sources:

A MEDLINE search was conducted (1966–May 2006) using the key search terms inactivated, trivalent, influenza vaccine, dose, and intradermal.

Data Synthesis:

Four recent studies evaluated the safety and effectiveness of reduced-dose, inactivated, trivalent influenza vaccine. Reduced doses had immunogenicity similar to that of standard dose vaccination in healthy individuals less than 60 years old. Intramuscular administration caused fewer local adverse effects compared with the other routes of administration. The differences in vaccine administration and dosing used in these studies limit the comparison of their results.

Conclusions:

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention does not recommend vaccinating with reduced-dose influenza vaccine. If reduced-dose vaccination is to be employed during times of vaccine shortage, it should be administered only to healthy adults under the age of 60, and the intramuscular route is preferred.
SOX13 Exhibits a Distinct Spatial and Temporal Expression Pattern During Chondrogenesis, Neurogenesis, and Limb Development
Authors: Wang Yi , Ristevski Sika , Harley Vincent R.
Published: July 2006

SOX13 is a member of the SOX family of transcription factors. SOX proteins play essential roles in development, and some are associated with human genetic diseases. SOX13 maps to a multi-disease locus on chromosome 1q31-32, yet its function is unknown. Here we describe the temporal and spatial expression of SOX13 protein during mouse organogenesis. SOX13 is expressed in the three embryonic cell lineages, suggesting that it may direct various developmental processes. SOX13 is expressed in the developing central nervous system including the neural tube and the developing brain. Expression is also detected in the condensing mesenchyme and cartilage progenitor cells during endochondral bone formation in the limb as well as the somite sclerotome and its derivatives. SOX13 is also detected in the developing kidney, pancreas, and liver as well as in the visceral mesoderm of the extra-embryonic yolk sac and spongiotrophoblast layer of the placenta.
Endogenous α-Synuclein Is Induced by Valproic Acid through Histone Deacetylase Inhibition and Participates in Neuroprotection against Glutamate-Induced Excitotoxicity
Authors: Leng Yan , Chuang De-Maw
Published: July 2006

Emerging evidence suggests that α-synuclein (α-syn), which is traditionally thought to have a pathophysiological role in neurodegenerative diseases, can have neuroprotective effects. This study aimed to investigate whether endogenous α-syn in neurons can be induced by valproic acid (VPA), a mood-stabilizer, anticonvulsant and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, and if so, whether the α-syn induction is neuroprotective. VPA treatment of rat cerebellar granule cells caused a robust dose- and time-dependent increase in levels of α-syn protein and mRNA and in the intensity of α-syn immunostaining. Knockdown of VPA-induced α-syn overexpression with α-syn antisense oligonucleotides or siRNA completely blocked VPA-induced neuroprotection. α-Syn knockdown also exacerbated glutamate neurotoxicity, stimulated the expression of the proapoptotic gene ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2N, and downregulated the expression of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2. Induction of α-syn by VPA was associated with inhibition of HDAC activity, resulting in hyperacetylation of histone H3 in the α-syn promoter and a marked increase in α-syn promoter activity. Moreover, VPA-induced α-syn induction and neuroprotection were mimicked by HDAC inhibitors sodium 4-phenylbutyrate and trichostatin A (TSA). α-syn was also induced by VPA in rat cerebral cortical neurons. Additionally, treatment of rats with VPA, sodium butyrate, or TSA markedly increased α-syn protein levels in the cortex and cerebellum. Together, our results demonstrate for the first time that VPA induces α-syn in neurons through inhibition of HDAC and that this α-syn induction is critically involved in neuroprotection against glutamate excitotoxicity. Clinically, VPA may represent a suitable treatment for excitotoxicity-related neurodegenerative diseases.
Bidirectional Modifications of Visual Acuity Induced by Monocular Deprivation in Juvenile and Adult Rats
Authors: Iny Karen , Heynen Arnold J. , Sklar Erik , Bear Mark F.
Published: July 2006

Recent electrophysiological studies of rodent visual cortex suggest that, in addition to deprived-eye depression, monocular deprivation (MD) also shifts ocular dominance by potentiation of open-eye responses. We used computer-based, two-choice discrimination tasks to assess the behavioral significance of these findings in rats. As expected, prolonged MD, from postnatal day 21 until adulthood (>150 d) markedly decreased visual acuity through the deprived eye. However, we also found that the acuity through the nondeprived eye was significantly enhanced compared with normally reared controls. Interestingly, when the deprived eye was opened in adults, there was a gradual but incomplete recovery of acuity in the deprived eye preceded by a loss of the enhanced acuity in the nondeprived eye. These changes were reversed by again reclosing the eye. These findings suggest that the bidirectional changes in visually evoked responses after MD are behaviorally meaningful and that significant plasticity is exhibited well into adulthood.
The Role of Nitric Oxide and GluR1 in Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Components of Neocortical Potentiation
Authors: Hardingham Neil , Fox Kevin
Published: July 2006

In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity at the layer IV to II/III pathway in barrel cortex of mice aged 6–13 weeks. This pathway is one of the likely candidates for expression of experience-dependent plasticity in the barrel cortex and may serve as a model for other IV to II/III synapses in the neocortex. We found that postsynaptic autocamtide-2-inhibitory peptide is sufficient to block long-term potentiation (LTP) (IC50of 500 nm), implicating postsynaptic calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II in LTP induction. AMPA receptor subunit 1 (GluR1) knock-out mice also showed LTP in this pathway, but potentiation was predominantly presynaptic in origin as determined by paired-pulse analysis, coefficient of variation analysis, and quantal analysis, whereas wild types showed a mixed presynaptic and postsynaptic locus. Quantal analysis at this synapse was validated by measuring uniquantal events in the presence of strontium. The predominantly presynaptic LTP in the GluR1 knock-outs was blocked by postsynaptic antagonism of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), either with intracellularN-ω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester orN-nitro-l-arginine, providing the first evidence for a retrograde transmitter role for NO at this synapse. Antagonism of NOS in wild types significantly reduced but did not eliminate LTP (group average reduction of 50%). The residual LTP formed a variable proportion of the total LTP in each cell and was found to be postsynaptic in origin. We found no evidence for silent synapses in this pathway at this age. Finally, application of NO via a donor induced potentiation in layer II/III cells and caused an increase in frequency but not amplitude of miniature EPSPs, again implicating NO in presynaptic plasticity.