bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis on the Local Evaluation of the Micro Space of Public Toilet in Linpan Integrating Industry and Tourism
Authors: Zhang Chengyan , Long Minqi , Luo Haiyan
Published: August 2020

Under the upsurge of beautiful rural construction and “toilet revolution”, the public toilets in rural areas have made remarkable achievements in environmental health, but it is still poor in micro space quality and aesthetic sense, and homogenization causes serious local deficiencies. Therefore, this paper selects Daoming bamboo art village in Chongzhou city and Chuanxi Music Linpan in Dujiangyan city of China as the research areas. Starting from the micro space of public toilet in Linpan integrating industry and tourism, On the basis of defining the concept of the micro space, this paper uses Likert scale method to acquire the local evaluation of local villagers, tourists and business operators on the micro space, and applies factor analysis method to verify the evaluation five-dimension of the micro space, including humanistic care, cultural heritage, landscape optimization, spatial design and functional innovation. The results show that the respondents have a high recognition of the local landscape of the micro space, but it is believed that there are still deficiencies in terms of humanistic care, functional innovation, spatial design and cultural heritage. It aims at providing a reference for the local evaluation and creation of the micro space of Linpan, so as to help the protection of Linpan in Western Sichuan.
Research on the Co-occurrence Characteristics of the Floods Between Lower Reaches of Jinsha River and the Chuanjiang River
Authors: Zhang Fahong , Ren Zaimin , Liu Yu , Ju Bin , Lei Xiaohui
Published: August 2020

In order to provide a theoretical basis for real-time flood control, reduce the flood disaster in the lower reaches of Jinsha River and the upstream Yangtze River (the section in Sichuan Province, also known as the Chuanjiang River), as well as alleviate flood control pressure of the downstream Three Gorges Project flood encounter characteristics between the lower reaches of Jinsha River and the Chuanjiang River were discussed in detail based on Copula Function Method. AIC criterion and OLS criterion were applied in the paper to evaluate the fitting effect of four Archimedean Copula function models, and Frank Copula function with the best effect was selected for the flood encounter analysis subsequently. The result shows that: the proportion of the maximum 3d, 7d, 15d, 30d flood volume of the lower reaches of Jinsha River in the composition of the Chuanjiang River increases in sequence. Frank Copula function has very small errors in the flood encounter problems of the lower reaches of Jinsha River and Chuanjiang River, with higher credibility, its calculation results are consistent with the flood encounter laws of the two rivers. The frequency of occurrence of the largest flood peak in the two rivers in different months is significantly different. The co-occurrence probability of floods with peak flow greater than 50-year flood for the two rivers is 0.15%. Therefore, by taking full advantages of the flood co-occurrence characteristics, it’s extremely practicable to reduce not only the flood control pressure of Chuanjiang River but also the downstream Yangtze with the cascade reservoir operation in the lower reaches of Jinsha River.
Flexural performance of Reinforced Concrete One-way Slabs Strengthened by FRP Grid
Authors: Tao Yi , Wang Wei
Published: August 2020

Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) grid is a kind of two-way fiber material. Its transverse reinforcement and longitudinal reinforcement have the same physical characteristics. Experiments on the reinforced concrete one-way slabs strengthened by FRP grid were conducted to study the influences of bonding area and FRP anchors on its flexural performance. The results showed that the flexural capacity of reinforced concrete one-way slabs strengthened by FRP grid is increased by 7% - 21%. FRP grid can effectively slow down the crack expanding, increases the stiffness and improve the flexural behavior of the slab.
Shaking table test and numerical analysis of a new method for disaster control and reinforcement of frame structure crossing ground fissures
Authors: Xiong Zhongming , Yang Shuai , Zhang Chao , Chen Xuan
Published: August 2020

In order to seek suitable reinforcement measures for disaster control of structures spanning the ground cracks in high-intensity areas, a shaking table test of a five-story frame structure model spanning the ground cracks and being supported was designed according to the scale of 1:15. ABAQUS software was used to establish the calculation model of the frame structure before and after reinforcement, and the results were compared with the results of the shaking table test. The reinforcement model was analyzed from the dynamic characteristics, acceleration, displacement and strain of the structure. Therefore, the proposed disaster control and reinforcement method is feasible. The results of this study can provide a reference for the reinforcement of this kind of straddle-crack structure.
Research on Torsional Effect of Friction Pendulum Isolation Structure Based on Nonlinear Time History Analysis
Authors: Wang Baolun , Li Cong , Jin Tao , Zhang Minghui , Huang Shan
Published: August 2020

A multi-layer irregular reinforced concrete frame structure in the 8-degree area is taken as the research object, and the working principle and hysteretic model of the friction pendulum bearing (FPB) are explained in detail. With the help of SAP2000 finite element software, a friction pendulum isolation model and its corresponding non-isolation model were established. Plastic hinge constitutive models were defined at both ends of the beams and columns of the RC frame structure, and 100 sets of two-way elastoplastic time history analysis of ground motion are carried out by using dynamic time history method. The results show that: under rare earthquakes, the seismic response of interlayer displacement, interlayer shear, interlayer torque and interlayer torsion angle of the structure after friction pendulum isolation is significantly reduced. Among them, the maximum torsional angle of the base-isolated structure is reduced by nearly 60% compared to the maximum inter-layer torsional angle of the non-isolated structure, and the torque of the first-layer base-isolated structure is reduced by nearly 74.1% compared to the torque of the non-isolated structure, which can prevent serious torsional damage under rare earthquakes and ensure the safety of the structure.
Neutrino energy loss rates due to 66-71Ni in stellar matter
Authors: Farooq Fakeha , Shehzadi Ramoona , Nabi Jameel-Un
Published: August 2020

Rates for (anti-)neutrino energy loss on nickel isotopes, due to interactions involving weak decays (β±-decay and lepton captures) are regarded as having fundamental importance during late evolutionary stages of massive stars. These rates substantially affect the leptonic ratio (Ye) of stellar interior. For the densities less than 1011 g/cm3, weak processes produce (anti-)neutrinos which cause reduction in the stellar core’s entropy. In this paper, rates for neutrino and anti-neutrino energy loss on nickel neutron-rich isotopes (66-71Ni) have been presented. Rates for energy loss have been determined by applying the deformed pn-QRPA model. The ranges for temperature and density, have been used to determine the rates, are from 0.01 to 30 (109 K) and 101 to 1011 (g/cm3), respectively. Our computed rates for energy loss, at higher temperature regions, are enhanced in comparison with previously reported rates of Pruet and Fuller (PF).
Indigenous Design and Development of Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) test setup for characterization of materials at high strain rates
Authors: Bilal Nutkani M , Abid Muhammad , Asim Pasha Riffat , Ahmed Dar Uzair
Published: August 2020

This paper presents design and development of split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) indigenously for testing of different materials at high deformation rate. SHPB is capable to measure the deformation rate 100s-1 to 2,000s-1, by maintaining the uniform and uni-axial stress in the samples. SHPB apparatus consist of the mechanical components, support structure, bars supports and the incident and transmission bars, striker bar, gas gun, piston and rod assembly. The momentum trap system is used to absorb the energy in the form of friction and heat. All components are designed, manufactured, calibrated and assembled to test the samples. Results obtained at high deformation rates are used to characterize samples of different materials by converting in the form of strain, strain rate and stress amplitude in samples.
Natural and anthropogenic landscapes of the gold-mining regions in Bashkortostan (Russia)
Authors: Kutliahmetov A N , Kulagin A A , Serova O V , Gatin I M
Published: August 2020

This article presents the results of laboratory and field studies of territories in the zone of influence of the gold extracting and mining enterprises of the Southern Urals. Researches were conducted on six sites of gold mining of the past years, in order to identify natural and technogenic mercury in various natural and man-made landscapes of mining Bashkortostan. A brief description of the mineralization of the study area and types of gold deposits is given. The mercury content in bedrock, in various types of ores, man-made soils (fine-grained tailings dump, tailings), soils, bed-silts, in the soil air, in water was determined. The largest technogenic anomalies are Hg dissemination flows in bed silts of watercourses and lakes. Technogenic Hg anomalies in soils are local and are formed in the areas of mining and old ores processing. The practical absence of anomalies in transit environments with intensive Hg accumulation in long-term deposition reflects the regressive residual nature of technogenic mercury anomalies.
Environmental impact assessment of gold underground leaching technology
Authors: Kutliahmetov A N , Kulagin A A , Iskhakov F F , Rakhmatullina I R , Nizamutdinova N R , Shaidullina G F , Safarova V I
Published: August 2020

The research assessed an impact of the underground gold mining (GM) on snow cover, surface and ground water of the industrial site and the adjacent area. It has been established that the water of observation wells located downstream the terrain contains specific pollutants typical for the GM technology. The snow cover contains dust, heavy metals, arsenic and some light organochlorine compounds, which are components of GM solutions. The article also gives recommendations on monitoring and assessment of the environmental impact of the PoE technology.
Electrical conductivity of uniaxial-deformed monocrystals Tli-xAgxInSe2(0 < X < 0,03)
Authors: Matiev A , Uspazhiev R , Khamkhoev B , Kodin V , Sidorkina N , Nalgieva M , Evteeva R , Khamsurkaev Kh
Published: August 2020

We have studied the effect of uniaxial compression (stretching) deformation on electrical conductivity along the crystallographic axis [00l] of monocrystals TlInSe2 and derivant solid solutions. It has been found that substitution of Tl atoms with Ag atoms in crystals of solid solutions based on TlInSe2 leads to a shift of the energy of indirect transitions to the long-wave zone. The obtained results have been compared to both theoretical calculations of the zone structure of TlInSe2 crystals and the multi-valley model.
The use of wind potential in the local energy of Yakutia
Authors: Ivanova I Yu , Nogovitsyn D D , Tuguzova T F , Shakirov V A , Sheina Z M , Sergeeva L P
Published: August 2020

The article is devoted to the possibility of using renewable energy sources for electricity supply to consumers in remote regions of Russia, isolated from power systems. The use of wind energy resources for power supply will reduce the consumption of diesel fuel and, thus, improve the reliability and efficiency of electricity supply to consumers. At the same time, wind power stations are considered as a complementary energy source when working together with diesel power plants, which are the main ones for power supply to decentralized consumers. The construction of wind farms in addition to existing diesel power plants in modern price conditions is cost-effective in the Arctic regions of Yakutia. The extent of the use of renewable energy sources is currently very small. Justification of the use of wind energy for each locality requires a separate specific study to assess the financial and economic efficiency with a preliminary determination of the optimal capacity of wind farms.
Obtaining sodium silicate solutions for the activation of mineral powders
Authors: Salamanova M Sh , Ismailova Z Kh , Nahaev M R , Bisultanov R G
Published: August 2020

Currently, the creation of clinker-free binders that do not require high-temperature processing and a substantial natural resource, and have high technical indicators, is an urgent task. The active component of alkali metals characterizes alkaline cement. A distinctive feature of alkali cement is its ability to interact with aluminosilicate minerals during hydration, which leads to the formation of active and hardly soluble compounds. The basis for the production of concrete composites based on chemical activation binders is the domestic and foreign experience in the use of slag-alkali composites in construction. In this work, an energy-dispersive microanalysis of clinker-free compositions based on alkaline silicate of sodium solutions from silica-containing rocks is carried out. The developed formulations of clinker-free binders based on highly dispersed powders of different nature, sealed with an alkaline solution prepared by the wet method at temperatures up to 95 °C and atmospheric pressure. This technology expands the scope of alkaline cement and produces concrete with desired properties. This work was carried out as part of research on the implementation of scientific project No 05.607.21.0320. “Development of technology for new building composites on clinkers alkaline binders using substandard natural and secondary raw materials,” which received support from the federal target program “Research and Development in Priority Directions for the Development of the Russian Science and Technology Complex for 2014–2020.”
Structure and properties of comenic acid and complex compounds of magnesium, copper (II) and zinc
Authors: Shamsutdinova M Kh , Dzhabrailova L Kh , Kurbanov Yu Ya , Volynkin V A , Bukov N N , Ivashchenko L I , Lindt D T , Panyushkin V T
Published: August 2020

The paper studies the features of complex formation of comenic acid with Mg2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions. Besides, the paper presents the forms of binding of comenic acid with magnesium, copper (II) and zinc ions as well as the composition of complex compounds formed. Using IR and NMR (1H, 13C) spectroscopy, there was studied the structure of compounds the geometry of which was confirmed by quantum chemical calculations.
Neural network application for predictive modeling
Authors: Tokarev K E , Orlova Yu A , Rogachev A F , Rudenko A Yu , Protsyuk M P
Published: August 2020

The article analyzes the approaches to the construction of predictive models based on the apparatus of artificial neural networks, in particular, the method of back propagation of errors by iterative adjustment of weight coefficients.
Surface Properties of Melts Based on Tin
Authors: Kasumov Yu N , Kutuev R A , Manukyants A R , Sozaev V A
Published: August 2020

This paper presents the results of the surface properties of the tin-based melts. It has been shown that the best wetting of Al-4 at. % Li grade aluminum, silicon, and piezoceramics are achieved by the eutectics and terectics of tin-aluminum, tin-zinc, and aluminum alloys, respectively. Preliminary photon annealing of the substrates for 3–4 sec improves the wetting of silicon and ceramics. Solder wetting is also improved by the addition of copper and nickel micro powders, alkaline, and alkaline earth elements.
Justification for increasing the performance of hydrochloric acid treatment in wells of fields with carbonate reservoir
Authors: Mukhametshin V Sh
Published: August 2020

The geological and technological parameters, which have a prevailing influence on the success of the treatment, were established on the basis of analysis and synthesis of experience of hydrochloric acid treatments in the conditions of Tournaisian oil deposits of the Volga-Ural oil and gas-bearing province. The algorithms, which allow selecting wells for hydrochloric acid treatment, determining the parameters of treatment taking into account peculiarities of geological structure of formations, time factor, peculiarities of technology of wells and deposits operation, were proposed. The conditions for the most successful implementation of this type of treatment on the bottomhole zone to intensify oil production and reduce the water cut in order to increase the level of profitability of deposits in carbonate reservoirs with hard-to-recover reserves were established.
On the determination of design and geometric parameters of a upper bit slurry grinder
Authors: Zaynagalina L Z
Published: August 2020

Experimental and field studies have identified the rational geometric dimensions of elements of upper bit sludge grinder, ensuring its operation’s stability. Laboratory studies of upper bit device model showed that the amplitude of drum oscillations depends on the shaft rotation frequency, spring stiffness, and drum inertia moment. To determine the dimensions of working channels and drum openings of a upper bit device, the analysis of slurry samples from directional and horizontal wells was carried out. Designs of a slurry grinder for drilling wells with cone bits with diameters of 146 and 215.9 mm have been developed. Field tests showed that the use of the developed design of near-bit sludge grinder allows to increase the mechanical speed by 18% compared to the conventional method of drilling.
The Basic Principles of Ecovillage Design
Authors: Blahovestova O O , Pechertsev O O , Dansheva S O
Published: August 2020

The article discusses the basic prerequisites for the emergence and development of ecological settlements, analyses the concepts of eco-settlement and sustainable development. As a result of the analysis of literature sources, the basic principles of eco-settlement’s design were identified: the principle of ecological functioning, the principle of using traditional building materials, the technogenic principle and the principle of sustainable transport development.
Symbolism and functional organization of architecture of the Orthodox religious and educational complex
Authors: Khaidukov V , Sleptsov O
Published: August 2020

The focus of the article is a scientific investigation of the symbolism, functional organization and peculiarities of the formation of the Orthodox religious and educational complex and its components: the spiritual and educational centre and the monastery complex. The topic of the article is devoted to the study of cruciform structures and the actual scientific and applied problem of forming the conceptual foundations of religious and educational complexes. A place of worship is one of the few visually recognizable types in the entire architectural typology. It is the symbolism, which is one of the foundations of sacred architecture, that formed the visual expressiveness of the structures. The cross, as one of the main symbols of Christianity, influenced the formation of temple architecture. In general, the evolution of the symbol of the cross in architecture has created three basic types of structures: cruciform, cruciform transitional and circular. The above structures directly affect the formation of the architectural space of the sacral structures. On the basis of the established principles and techniques of construction of architectural and spatial solutions of buildings and structures of Orthodox architecture and the proposed method of architectural organization of Orthodox centres and complexes, it becomes possible to develop rational architectural and construction solutions.
Design features of low-rise buildings walls erected from permanent formwork ComBlock units
Authors: Spirande K V , Bondarenko Yu V , Iakymenko M V , Shemet R M , Bielka V V
Published: August 2020

The study focuses on the design of load-bearing monolithic concrete and reinforced concrete walls of low-rise buildings erected from permanent formwork ComBlock units for construction, in areas without episodic influences and analysis of their work. While developing the recommendations the main attention was paid to working out design solutions of load-bearing monolithic walls with minimal reinforcement consumption. The guidelines contain general provisions for the design and calculation of load-bearing vertical elements of a house; numerous studies of the stress-strain state of monolithic vertical load-bearing elements of low-rise buildings with different structural schemes.
Nanomodified cement composites for thin walled architectural structures
Authors: Plugin Andrii , Pushkarova Kateryna , Sukhanevych Maryna
Published: August 2020

The article presents the studies of the processes of structure formation in the system “cement-plasticizer - crude carbon nanotubes”, established the relationship with the parameters of the structure, physical-mechanical and operational properties of composite materials from the standpoint of physico-chemical mechanics of dispersed systems and shows the influence of processes on the physical-mechanical properties of cement composites. The plastic strength and physical and mechanical properties of nanomodified cement mortars and fine-grained concretes have been studied and it has been shown that the use of the developed composite materials should be used to obtain fine-grained concretes for thin-walled architectural structures.
Influence of whitening additives on the properties of decorative slag-alkaline cements
Authors: Gots V I , Gelevera A G , Petropavlovsky O N , Rogozina N V , Smeshko V V
Published: August 2020

Traditional decorative cements are made on the basis of white cements and the demand for them is constantly growing. But such cements have all the disadvantages of clinker cements, namely, high energy intensity and high price. An alternative may be slag-alkali cements having higher physical and mechanical characteristics and lower price. Therefore, these studies were aimed at choosing such additives that would have the maximum whitening properties and would enhance the stabilization of bleaching processes during hydration and hardening of slag in the presence of alkalis, to determine the simultaneous effect of three additives on the whiteness and physical-mechanical characteristics, as well as to determine the optimal the content of these additives in slag-alkali decorative compositions. In this work, as a result of the studies performed, the possibility of obtaining effective slag-alkali white cements as the basis for the production of decorative concrete with acceptable economic characteristics is proved. The influence of each of the bleaches on such characteristics of decorative slag-alkali cements as strength, setting time, whiteness is established. Methods for optimizing compositions are identified.
Processes of structure formation and neoformation of basalt fiber in an alkaline environment
Authors: Berdnyk O Yu , Lastivka O V , Maystrenko A A , Amelina N O
Published: August 2020

Several approaches can be used to determine the effect of an alkaline environment on glass materials (basalt fibers). One of the most common approaches for the determination of the alkali resistance of a substance is to measure the relative mass loss after the interaction of the object of research with the alkaline environment. According to the practice guidelines, the approach involves determining the alkali resistance of a glass by measuring the mass loss per unit area of the glass under test after boiling it in an alkaline solution. But the disadvantage of this approach is it can’t be applied to basalt or another multicomponent fiberglass as it doesn’t introduce different speeds of fiber dissolution.
Application of the easy concentration effect in concrete technology
Authors: Shishkina Alexandra , Shishkin Alexander
Published: August 2020

The results of studies of the influence of nano-modifiers on the appearance of dimmers of colloidal surfactants on the compressive strength of concrete and the rate of its formation are presented. It has been shown that colloidal aliphatic surfactant increases the strength of concrete. Moreover, the joint introduction of a colloidal aliphatic surfactant and traditional hydrophilic surfactants leads to an even greater increase in the strength of concrete. A significant increase in concrete strength occurs at an early age in concrete.
A source of thermal energy for roasting phosphogypsum – incinerators flue gas
Authors: Vinnichenko V I , Krot O P , Krot O Y
Published: August 2020

The existing technologies for phosphogypsum utilization during its handling into building materials have been analyzed. Functioning equipment for joint utilization of municipal solid waste and phosphogypsum has been presented. An additional product of the installation, in addition to electrical and thermal energy, is gypsum. The waste gases from the incinerator are a heat source for roasting phosphogypsum. Fuel for the handling of phosphogypsum into gypsum is not used. A methodology for determining the specific amount of gases from a waste incinerator required for roasting phosphogypsum has been described in the article. The quantitative indicators for the reduction of polluting gases during the joint utilization of two waste types compared with operating independently waste treatment have been presented.
Complex multifunctional additive for anchoring grout based on alkali-activated portland cement
Authors: Krivenko P V , Petropavlovskyi O M , Rudenko I I , Konstantynovskyi O P , Kovalchuk A V
Published: August 2020

Complex multifunctional additive (further, CA) which consists of aluminum powder, surfactant, salt-electrolyte (NaNO3) and calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CaSO4·0.5H2O) is proposed for ensuring necessary properties of anchoring grouts based on alkali-activated portland cement (further, AAPC) presented by the system «ordinary portland cement clinker - sodium metasilicate». Specified consistency of fresh AAPC mortar along with it strength after hardening are provided by water reducing due to application of modified polyethylene glycol characterized by stability of molecular structure in AAPC hydration medium. CA influence on shrinkage mitigation in AAPC mortar is explained both water-reducing effect and gas release with volume increasing during formation of dispersive-coagulation structure. Expansion of crystallization-condensation structure is ensured due to stress of calcium hydrosulfoaluminate 3CaO·Al2O3·3CaSO4·32H2O and calcium hydronitroaluminate 3CaO·Al2O3·Ca(NO3)2·10H2O which form due to presence of CaSO4·0,5H2O and NaNO3 in CA. Time matching of gas release with structure formation insures dense microstructure due to filling of pores by hydrated phases that causes lower excess stress during crystallization. CA ensures necessary performances of AAPC anchoring grout: consistency 190 mm; workability retention time 15 min; tensile strength in bending / compressive strength 6.1 / 25.7 MPa and 12.9 / 68.5 MPa in 1 d and 28 d agreeably; adhesion 0.9 MPa; linear extension up to +0.37 mm/m.
Modeling of thermal conductivity of reed products
Authors: Tsapko Yu V , Tsapko A Yu , Bondarenko O P
Published: August 2020

The present work researches processes of heat transfer by samples of mats manufactured from reed. Due to the unique properties of the reed, such as medium density, low thermal conductivity, relatively high weather resistance, high chemical resistance, possibility to produce parts on-site, cost-effectiveness and others, reed products are widely used in building construction despite the high rate of development of new technologies. The mechanisms of heat insulation in the result of energy transfer through the material are established, which makes it possible to influence this process. It is proven, that the mechanisms are conditioned upon the increased porosity of the material. Thus, decreasing volume weight results in decreasing thermal conductivity, and vice versa. The simulation of the heat transfer process with the flameproof coating is carried out, the dependencies of the thermophysical coefficients on the temperature are determined. Based on the obtained dependencies, the coefficient of thermal conductivity for the products made of dry pine wood is calculated and makes 0.056 W / (m · K). Features of slowing down the process of heat transfer to material made of wood wool and glue binding agent with the formation of pores were studied. This is explained by the fact that there is no movement of air in large pores, accompanied by heat transfer. Thus, there are grounds to argue for the possibility of directed regulation of the processes of the formation of thermal insulation products using the reeds characterized by voids in the stems.
Introduction of innovative water treatment technologies - the key to sustainable development of the modern city
Authors: Petrushka K.I , Malovanyy M S , Petrushka I M , Pohrebennyk V D , Mokryy V I
Published: August 2020

The mechanism of conductivity of natural ion exchangers and resin KU-2 in ammonium and chlorine ions. On the basis of experimental data obtained dependence for pure solution and ionit-solution systems allowed to set the concentration of isoconductive solution (in which the concentration of electrical conductivity of the solution is the same as in the ionic). The method of measuring of resistance of a layer of grains of granulated ionite after removal of equilibrium solution by centrifugation is suggested. On the basis of experimental studies the types membrane backfill and determined the optimal modes of implementation of electrodialysis in the cell with membranous backfilling. The conducted researches give the possibility to implement the principle model approach to describe the conductive properties of ion-exchange materials and its experimental verification. The mathematical model of the conductivity of ion-exchange resins and columns, which combines the theoretical approaches of three wired and microheterogeneous model. To check the adequacy of the developed model was investigated the electrical conductivity of synthetic and natural ion exchangers materials, as well as columns of these materials in solutions of different salts. This has allowed us to develop a model to describe the electrical conductivity of ion-exchange materials and to measure the proportion of current which flows through the gel, solution and a mixed channel conductivity in an ion-exchange system containing two-chargers ions. The algorithm of calculation of physical-chemical parameters of water purification process by electrodialysis with ionite membranes with use of ionization in the form of granules, as a intermembrane backfilling. The use of the obtained results will predict parameters of process of ion-exchange purification of model solutions of wastewater and multicomponent industrial solutions.
The conceptual framework of sustainable development and the role of environmental and technogenic safety in achieving it
Authors: Hunchenko O , Voloshkina O , Korduba I , Kravchenko M , Stefanovych P
Published: August 2020

The article deals with the issues related to the environmental aspects of the development of economic production performance and their impact on the sustainability of production development. Reaching a certain level of technogenic safety and the ability to influence it through a number of organizational and technical measures are the factors for improving environmental safety. The formation of the optimal direction and value of the «vector of sustainable development» (VSD) which includes the «security vector» (SV) that currently may be limited by the economic development and stability indicators, the requirements of environmental legislation and the quality of the ecological fund, the labour legislation, the level of the technological effectiveness and the environmental compatibility of production, the quality of labour potential, the health and well-being standards, the social aspects of development and protectability, the level of understanding of personal safety and personal responsibility for the safety of others were justified. The directions of risk formation and technological and environmental safety reduction for the construction industry, among which the main ones are those that are being formed at the level of the global world economic and political processes, the state, the construction industry itself, the local communities, the external organizations and contractors and a specific construction organization were outlined.
Rosenthal families, pavings, and generic cardinal invariants
Authors: Koszmider Piotr , Martínez-Celis Arturo
Published: August 2020

Following D. Sobota we call a family

F

\mathcal F

of infinite subsets of

N

\mathbb {N}

a Rosenthal family if it can replace the family of all infinite subsets of

N

\mathbb {N}

in the classical Rosenthal lemma concerning sequences of measures on pairwise disjoint sets. We resolve two problems on Rosenthal families: every ultrafilter is a Rosenthal family and the minimal size of a Rosenthal family is exactly equal to the reaping cardinal

r

\mathfrak r

. This is achieved through analyzing nowhere reaping families of subsets of

N

\mathbb {N}

and through applying a paving lemma which is a consequence of a paving lemma concerning linear operators on

ℓ
1
n

\ell _1^n

due to Bourgain. We use connections of the above results with free set results for functions on

N

\mathbb {N}

and with linear operators on

c
0

c_0

to determine the values of several other derived cardinal invariants.
Extensions of the John–Nirenberg theorem and applications
Authors: Canto Javier , Pérez Carlos
Published: August 2020

The John–Nirenberg theorem states that functions of bounded mean oscillation are exponentially integrable. In this article we give two extensions of this theorem. The first one relates the dyadic maximal function to the sharp maximal function of Fefferman–Stein, while the second one concerns local weighted mean oscillations, generalizing a result of Muckenhoupt and Wheeden. Applications to the context of generalized Poincaré type inequalities and to the context of the

C
p

C_p

class of weights are given. Extensions to the case of polynomial

BMO
\operatorname {BMO}

type spaces are also given.
Corporate Political Strategies
Authors: DeMello Rodrigo B.
Published: August 2020

Firms deploy value-based strategies to achieve competitive advantage in the marketplace. However, processes of value creation and appropriation do not happen in a vacuum but are structured by a set of formal market institutions that define, among other things, policies and regulations on standards, privacy, safety, trade, and access to resources. Corporate political strategies are the ways firms use to shape these policies and regulations in favorable ways that help them achieve competitive advantage. The political activities include lobbying, participation in hearings, campaign contributions, the use of revolving-door personnel, advocacy, grass-roots mobilization, and nurturing and exploiting political ties. Firms interact with government officeholders in different government arenas, such as national and local legislatures, government agencies, and the judiciary branch.

For most corporations, being able to deploy effective political strategies is, therefore, necessary for achieving sustainable competitive advantage. The research into corporate political strategies has tried to explain why firms engage in political strategy, when, and which political activity would yield the best results. The usual theoretical framings draw from Resource Dependence Theory, Institutional Theory, Resource-Based View, Agency Theory, and Stakeholder Theory. While the strategic logic underlying each theoretical approach varies, they are better seen as complementary to each other. The fact that the phenomenon of political strategies is complex, dynamic, and an important part of daily business of several corporations favors the integration of different theoretical approaches.

Although the literature on corporate political strategies has considerably advanced, there are still areas that could benefit from future research: the integration of market and political strategies, especially the use of market actions as political influence; the integration of social and political strategies; the role that individual and managerial aspects play in choice of political strategies; and multicountry comparative studies, especially focusing on ideological turnarounds and state capitalism.
Future Climate Change in the European Alps
Authors: Gobiet Andreas , Kotlarski Sven
Published: August 2020

The analysis of state-of-the-art regional climate projections indicates a number of robust changes of the climate of the European Alps by the end of this century. Among these are a temperature increase in all seasons and at all elevations and a significant decrease in natural snow cover. Precipitation changes, however, are more subtle and subject to larger uncertainties. While annual precipitation sums are projected to remain rather constant until the end of the century, winter precipitation is projected to increase. Summer precipitation changes will most likely be negative, but increases are possible as well and are covered by the model uncertainty range. Precipitation extremes are expected to intensify in all seasons. The projected changes by the end of the century considerably depend on the greenhouse-gas scenario assumed, with the high-end RCP8.5 scenario being associated with the most prominent changes. Until the middle of the 21st century, however, it is projected that climate change in the Alpine area will only slightly depend on the specific emission scenario.

These results indicate that harmful weather events in the Alpine area are likely to intensify in future. This particularly refers to extreme precipitation events, which can trigger flash floods and gravitational mass movements (debris flows, landslides) and lead to substantial damage. Convective precipitation extremes (thunderstorms) are additionally a threat to agriculture, forestry, and infrastructure, since they are often associated with strong wind gusts that cause windbreak in forests and with hail that causes damage in agriculture and infrastructure. Less spectacular but still very relevant is the effect of soil erosion on inclined arable land, caused by heavy precipitation. At the same time rising temperatures lead to longer vegetation periods, increased evapotranspiration, and subsequently to higher risk of droughts in the drier valleys of the Alps. Earlier snowmelt is expected to lead to a seasonal runoff shift in many catchments and the projected strong decrease of the natural snow cover will have an impact on tourism and, last but not least, on the cultural identity of many inhabitants of the Alpine area.
Liberal Intergovernmentalism
Authors: Moravcsik Andrew
Published: August 2020

Liberal Intergovernmentalism (LI) is the contemporary “baseline” social scientific and historiographic theory of regional integration—especially as regards the European Union. It rests on three basic assumptions, which in turn support a three-stage theoretical model of integration and the elaboration of numerous distinctive causal mechanisms. Considerable historical and social scientific evidence supports the LI view, but room also remains for scholars to extend and elaborate its framework in promising ways. Three prominent criticisms of LI exist. Some scholars of “administrative politics” charge that it applies only to treaty-amending decisions and other rare circumstances. “Historical institutionalists” charge that it overlooks endogenous feedback from previous decisions. “Post-functionalists” and “constructivists” revive discredited claims from the 1960s that functional theories neglect the central role of identity claims and ideology in explaining national interests. While each criticism contains some truth, LI possesses rich theoretical resources with which to address them fruitfully and musters compelling evidence to support its empirical claims. This confirms LI’s preeminent role in scholarly debates and suggests a soberly optimistic future for European and regional integration.
The African, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP) Group of States: From the Lomé Convention to the Cotonou Agreement and Beyond
Authors: Carbone Maurizio
Published: August 2020

The African, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP) Group of States is an intergovernmental organization established by the Georgetown Agreement in June 1975, and it consists of 79 countries across three continents. This heterogeneous cluster of countries, originally bound by their colonial ties with the member states of the European Union (EU), came together out of the need to form a common front in the negotiations of the first ACP–EU partnership. The spirit of the Lomé Convention (1975–2000), initially considered a very progressive model of North–South cooperation, gradually evaporated; thus, the Cotonou Agreement (2000–2020), with its profound changes in the areas of aid and trade, was an attempt to normalize relations between the two blocs. The overall patchy record of the various ACP–EU partnership agreements and a number of events—notably, decreased interest within the EU, intensification of regionalization dynamics in the ACP Group, and adoption of separate strategies for cooperation with African, Caribbean, and Pacific countries and regions—cast doubts upon the relevance of the ACP–EU framework and threatened the existence of the ACP Group. Unsurprisingly, the launch of the negotiations in September 2018 for a new ACP–EU partnership was not without difficulty. While there are no doubts that the ACP Group has intrinsically been linked to the EU, at the same time it should be noted that it has attempted to promote intra-ACP cooperation, although with mixed successes at best, and to strengthen its presence in the international arena and diversify its partnerships, also in this case with limited results. Indeed, despite various pledges to support the principles of unity and solidarity, the effectiveness of the ACP Group has been compromised by the interplay of a plurality of interests, limited financial resources, and a perceived delinkage of the Brussels-based institutions from ACP national capitals. The revision of the Georgetown Agreement in December 2019, including the transformation into the Organisation of the African, Caribbean and Pacific States (OACPS), is an attempt to reinvigorate the ACP Group, with stronger emphasis on financial sustainability, joint action for the pursuit of multilateralism, and, importantly, increased autonomy from the EU.
Attitudes Toward LGBT People and Their Rights in Europe
Authors: Wilson Kath
Published: August 2020

Attitudes toward LGBT people have changed in Europe since the 1990s; there is generally much more tolerance and acceptance. Evidence drawn from surveys and research projects including the European Social Survey, European Values Study, and Pew Research Center illustrate the types of attitudes that have changed, and in which European countries change has occurred. A comparison of attitudes and tolerance across Europe indicates that some countries and groups of countries are more accepting of LGBT people. North-western European nations appear high in the tolerance rankings of trend surveys, while more easterly European nations have not always followed this progression. Indeed, in cases such as Russia and Chechnya, “propaganda laws” have denied LGBT people basic human rights. Hostility toward and violence against LGBT people is perpetrated with seeming impunity in these areas. Factors that influence attitudes toward LGBT people and their rights include democracy and economic development, religiosity, global forces, and degrees of contact.

There is a clear link between legislation and attitudes; in countries where legislation is in place and, for example, where same-sex marriage is legal, surveys overwhelmingly show a higher acceptance of LGBT people. Legislation is a powerful influence in shaping social attitudes, so it is important to consider the legislation adopted by various European countries. Institutions such as the European Union are effective in providing protections for LGBT citizens as well as leading on areas such as the Common European Asylum System (CEAS). There has been “pushback” in terms of change and one of the more contested areas is same-sex marriage. While the trend since the late 20th century has seemed to be toward introducing same-sex marriage, a number of countries, largely in Eastern Europe, have introduced constitutional bans on same-sex marriage, defining marriage as solely between a man and woman. The position of trans and non-binary people is particularly perilous since there is very little legislative protection in place for them. There has been a positive change in attitudes and legislation across Europe which has enhanced the lived lives of LGBT people; these changes, however, have not been even or uniform across the area.
Intergovernmentalism: Old, Liberal, and New
Authors: Verdun Amy
Published: August 2020

European integration theories help us understand the actors and mechanisms that drive European integration. Traditionally, European integration scholars used grand theories of integration to explain why integration progresses or stands still. Born out of assumptions that are prevalent in realist international relations theories, intergovernmentalism was first developed as a theory in opposition to neofunctionalism. In a nutshell, intergovernmentalism argues that states (i.e., national governments or state leaders), based on national interests, determine the outcome of integration. Intergovernmentalism was seen as a plausible explanatory perspective during the 1970s and 1980s, when the integration process seemed to have stalled. Despite the fact that it could not explain many of the gradual incremental changes or informal politics, intergovernmentalism—as did various other approaches—gained renewed popularity in the 1990s, following the launch of liberal intergovernmentalism. During that decade, the study of European integration was burgeoning, triggered in part by the aim to complete the single market and the signing of the Maastricht Treaty that launched the European Union (EU). Intergovernmentalism also often received considerable pushback from researchers who were unconvinced by its core predictions. Attempts to relaunch intergovernmentalism were made in the 2010s, in response to the observation that EU member states played a prominent role in dealing with the various crises that the EU was confronted with at that time, such as the financial crisis and the migration crisis. Although intergovernmentalism is unable —and is not suited—to explain all aspects of European integration, scholars revert to intergovernmentalism as a theoretical approach in particular when examining the role of member states in European politics. Outside the EU, in the international arena (such as the United Nations), intergovernmentalism is also observed when studying various forums in which member states come together to bargain over particular collective outcomes in an intergovernmental setting.