bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relational Control
Authors: Baumgartner T. , Buckley W. , Burns T.
Published: June 2017

In this paper, we introduce a theoretical perspective based on the concept of relational control, the exercise of control over social relationships. The paper focuses on three of the principal ways human agents structure cooperation and conflict among persons and groups: through control of interaction and organizational opportunities, control of differential payoffs or outcomes of interaction, and control over cultural and ideological orientations of actors in relation to one another. We consider divide-and-rule strategies used to structure noncooperative or conflictive social relationships. The role of the state in regulating management/labor relationships in industrialized or industrializing societies is examined to illustrate the structuring of more cooperative relationships. Parallels to the analysis of international relations are suggested.
Cognitive Stage Differences in Types of Speaker Uncertainty Markers
Authors: Green Michael
Published: June 2017

The relationship between cognitive stage and three types of linguistic markers used to convey speaker uncertainty was assessed. Cognitive stage was assessed on the basis of explanations given by 56 subjects on two Piagetian probability tasks. These cognitive interviews also provided context-appropriate verbal data on the production of uncertainty markers, classified referentially as (a) frequency, (b) psychological, and (c) ambiguous. Production of frequency markers was not related to cognitive stage. However, both concrete and formal operational subjects produced more ambiguous markers than preoperational subjects, and formal operational subjects produced more psychological uncertainty markers than concrete and preoperational subjects. The results are discussed in terms of Piaget's hypothesized relationship between language and thought.
A Perceptual Study of Mandarin Tones 2 and 3
Authors: Shen Xiaonan Susan , Lin Maocan
Published: June 2017

Due to their similar concave shapes, Tones 2 and 3 are said to be the most confusable pair in Mandarin, and no reliable perceptual cues have been found. The purpose of this perceptual study was to find (1) the perceptual cues for discriminating these two tones, and (2) the possible causes of listeners' misidentifications. Experiment 1 was designed to test the hypothesis that the timing of the turning point may constitute a perceptual cue. Two fundamental frequency continua were superimposed on the syllable [wu] and the location of the turning point was manipulated in each. A binary forced-choice identification test was given to Mandarin listeners. The results show that the distinction between Tones 2 and 3 is cued by the timing of the turning point, which is correlated with the degree of the initial fall. In Experiment 2, ten minimal pairs of Tones 2 and 3 spoken by four native speakers were presented to Mandarin listeners for labeling. Acoustic analysis of the mis-labeled tokens indicates that mistakes occurred when the correlation between the timing of the turning point and the degree of the initial fall was violated.
Palsaura: An urbanising village
Authors: Gill Rajesh
Published: June 2017

Extensive fieldwork in village Palsaura on the periphery of the modern planned city of Chandigarh shows that although the neighbouring city brings employment, infrastructure and money to its rural hinterland, there is also a seamy side: disintegration of the social fabric, drug abuse, crime, prostitution, and so on.
Negotiating ‘choice’: Hegemony and resistance in ante-natal clinics
Authors: Mookerjee Devalina
Published: June 2017

Based on primary research conducted at ante-natal (AN) clinics in West Bengal, this paper seeks to explore and understand women's experiences of the reproductive and child-linked healthcare (RCH) system. While official accounts claim that the RCH approach is sensitive to women's needs and contingencies, the reality on the ground shows a different picture. The hegemonic ‘ideal’ woman user of the AN clinic system is discussed, as this is the image to which women are required to conform. It is also seen that women do not passively accept this ‘ideal’ as a paradigm for their lives, but seek to subvert and resist in various ways. These forms of resistance include the use of silence, lies, gossip and rumour, avoidance and sitting-in and, occasionally outbursts.
Child abuse and neglect in a metropolitan city: A qualitative study of migrant child labour in South Kolkata
Authors: Deb Sibnath
Published: June 2017

This study of a group of 120 migrant child labourers working in households, tea stalls, garages and shops in South Kolkata reveals that that an overwhelming number of the children are abused, in some way or the other-physically, mentally or sexually. Of those with health problems, a good number of them remain untreated. In some cases, abuse and neglect become fatal. Law enforcement agencies should be very strict in dealing with the perpetrators, who badly abuse and maltreat helpless children. Simultaneously, the community should be sensitised to this issue. In this regard, nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) should take the initiative for creating social awareness.
Non-Governmental Organizations: A Select Bibliography
Authors: Ahmed Aquil
Published: June 2017

The present bibliographical compilation attempt to enlist major works (edited book, articles and monographs) on Non-profit organizations published over the last few years. It is hoped that the compilation will be beneficial for scholars, academicians working on this topic as well as managers and functionaries of voluntary organizations.
How can Growth Monitoring and Special Care of Underweight Children be Improved in Zambia?
Authors: Msefula Derrie
Published: June 2017

Despite widespread promotion and implementation, very few growth monitoring programmes have been evaluated. Where they have, the findings have often been disappointing and the value of routine growth monitoring has been questioned. There is a concern that the process has become more of a weighing ritual rather than growth promotion.

This paper highlights the findings of the evaluation study carried out to assess the performance of the Lusaka urban growth monitoring programme in Zambia. The problems faced and reasons are identified and alternate ways of offering the service are presented. Since the shortfalls are not unique to the Lusaka programme, it is hoped that this paper will stimulate a re-think in the way growth monitoring would be best implemented.
Indications for Operative Fracture Treatment in Tropical Countries
Authors: Strecker W , Elanga M , Fleischmann W
Published: June 2017

In the period 1 January 1987 to 30 June 1989, 3003 operations were performed at the regional hospital of Gbadolite, northern Zaire. In 123 patients fractures were reduced operatively, in 86 patients by internal fixation and in 37 patients by external fixation. There was no additional bone infection after external fixation but six of 28 patients (21%) with internal fixation by plate and screws developed postoperative osteitis. Non-union was observed in 12% after intramedullary nailing, in 4% after screw fixation alone, and 14% after internal fixation by Kirschner wires. Based on these data, indications and contraindications for operative fracture treatment in tropical countries are defined.
Using Peg- and Keyword Mnemonics and Computer-Assisted Instruction to Enhance Basic Multiplication Performance in Elementary Students with Learning and Cognitive Disabilities
Authors: Irish Cheryl
Published: June 2017

This paper describes the effectiveness of Memory Math, a multimedia software program developed to teach students with learning and cognitive disabilities to effectively use a peg- and keyword mnemonic strategy to learn basic multiplication facts. According to the math Standards (National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 2000), accuracy with basic facts is a critical element in the development of new skills and achievement in higher levels of math. One avenue for improving accuracy on basic skills is computer-assisted instruction (CAI). CAI offers an alternative to the teacher-intensive coaching often required to facilitate self-directed performance on basic skills. This paper demonstrates that CAI provides an effective mechanism for teaching students a mnemonic memory strategy to increase their independent performance and accuracy on tasks of basic multiplication.
Comparison of the TouchFree Switch to a Physical Switch; Children's Abilities and Preferences: A Pilot Study
Authors: Cole Jamie , Swinth Yvonne
Published: June 2017

This study compared a touch-free switch, which does not require physical access, with a physical touch-based switch, on several criteria such as speed, accuracy, and preference. Six children with physical disabilities, ages 7 to 15, completed computer activities with both switches. A mixed methodology of both quantitative and qualitative procedures was used. These included collecting data on the speed and accuracy of the participants when using each switch, and both student and caregiver/professional interviews. The findings suggested that both switches had advantages and disadvantages.
Using Word Prediction Software to Increase Typing Fluency with Students with Physical Disabilities
Authors: Tumlin Jennifer , Heller Kathryn Wolff
Published: June 2017

Although word prediction software was originally developed for individuals with physical disabilities, no previous research was found that included participants with significant physical disabilities that affected hand use. Using two-minute trials, two participants improved their typing rate using word prediction software, one participant had mixed results, and the participant with the fastest pre-intervention typing speed had a decreased typing rate with word prediction. This study indicates that the effectiveness of using word prediction software to increase typing speed may vary due to the severity of physical disability or pre-intervention typing rate.
Live, Interactive Paraprofessional Training Using Internet Technology: Description and Evaluation
Authors: Morgan Robert L. , Forbush David E. , Nelson Jon
Published: June 2017

Recent federal mandates have increased training requirements of special education and Title I paraprofessionals. State and local education agencies face challenges in meeting the mandates, such as locating and selecting from available training options, deploying local experts to deliver training, and funding development and delivery efforts. One alternative is to deliver a live, Internet-based course with real-time video and audio. In a 10-week course, an instructor interacted with groups of 16 to 20 paraprofessional participants at three remote sites. Site coordinators managed instruction and assisted participants at each site. In this article, authors describe the curriculum, instructional format, and technology, then summarize course evaluation data, and finally, examine the capacity of the delivery system in relation to training mandates.
Computer Assisted Instruction to Teach Item Selection in Grocery Stores: An Assessment of Acquisition and Generalization
Authors: Hutcherson Karen , Langone John , Ayres Kevin , Clees Tom
Published: June 2017

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a computer-based program designed to increase percentage of correct match to sample discrimination tasks and generalization of the skills to a natural setting. Four students with moderate to severe intellectual disabilities participated. The dependent variables were: (a) the percentage of correct match to sample trials completed on the computer and (b) the percentage of items correctly selected in the natural setting of a local grocery store. Pre and post generalization testing included locating items presented and not presented during instruction. The independent variable was a multimedia computer program entitled Project SHOP that provided instruction through interactive practice activities incorporating a graduated response criterion. A multiple probe design across behaviors and replicated across four participants was used to evaluate experimental control. Results indicated that following intervention, the percentage of correct response in the community increased.
Using Video Instruction Procedures with and without Embedded Text to Teach Object Labeling to Preschoolers with Autism: A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Reagon Kara A. , Higbee Thomas S. , Endicott Katie
Published: June 2017

Three preschoolers diagnosed with autism were taught how to expressively label common food items using video instruction with and without embedded text. Twenty unknown stimuli were randomly assigned to either the embedded text or no-embedded text condition. Using a commercially available video editing program, a DVD was created that presented test stimuli (photographs of food items) with the auditory instruction: “What is it?” followed by the auditory presentation of the name of the stimulus. Stimuli in the embedded text condition also included the typed name of the item below the picture. All instruction was presented via a DVD player and viewed on a 19-inch television. Probe sessions were conducted after teaching sessions via the DVD player to assess correct responses. While the impact of including embedded text was somewhat unclear, all participants acquired expressive object labeling skills by watching the DVD.
Evaluation of the Educational Effectiveness of an Instructional Package on Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Mader Lothar , Resick Patricia , Witzke Donald , Ferrara Joseph , Rudrud Eric
Published: June 2017

A newly developed audio-visual staff training package on the legal and historical aspects of developmental disabilities was assessed for its educational effectiveness. Separate evaluations were made of the component parts of the package. From a residential institution serving the developmentally disabled, 100 direct care staff were selected randomly and assigned to five groups. These groups were presented with either the audio-visual component, the workbook, or the combined audiovisual and workbook components of the package. Two groups were pretested and all five groups received a posttest and a three week follow-up test The results indicated significant learning effects which were maintained through the follow-up period. There were no differences between the three presentation modes in educational effectiveness but the slide-tape only presentation was more efficient and was preferred by the participants. Based on the results of the study, further development of audio-visual staff training packages is encouraged.
Evaluation of Instructional Products for the Severely Handicapped Learner
Authors: Sherman Eileen Randy
Published: June 2017

This paper reviews some of the major guidelines for evaluating educational materials and gives anecdotal examples from the author's experience in evaluating products designed for severely and profoundly retarded students.
The Development and Field Testing of an Instructional Module Designed to Enhance the Self-Concept of Educable Mentally Retarded Students
Authors: Musgrave C. Thomas , Fifield Marvin
Published: June 2017

An instructional module was developed and field tested to provide teachers of EMR students with an awareness of the importance of self-concept, and to provide methods and activities designed to help teachers enhance the self-concept of their students. The instructional module was field tested using two intact groups. The subjects were two teachers and their junior high school EMR students. The teachers were trained in the use of the instructional module and then used the methods and activities as outlined in the module with their students. Based on the scores of pretests and posttests of self-concept, the students viewed their own behavior more positively. Implications are discussed with recommendations.
Stimulus Variation and the Acquisition of Behavior: A Comparison of Constant Task and Varied Task Teaching Methods
Authors: Eason Linda J. , Newsom Crighton D. , Devany Jeanne M.
Published: June 2017

The use of multiple training tasks has been suggested as a means of enhancing motivation in developmentally delayed children. The present study assessed the differential effect of two methods of task presentation on the rate of response acquisition with four autistic children. Sight word identification tasks were taught under two conditions: the Constant Task method in which only trials on the target task were presented during each session and the Varied Task method in which trials for three nontarget tasks were interspersed with trials for the target task during the training sessions. The results showed that the Constant Task condition led to faster response acquisition by two of the children than did the Varied Task condition. No difference between the two training conditions was apparent for two children. The Varied Task method did not lead to more efficient learning in any child. Thus, the use of multiple training tasks during response acquisition may be detrimental to some children. It is possible that the Varied Task method may be most useful in enhancing motivation during maintenance and generalization training.
Methods of Assessing Children's Social Skills: Current Status and Future Directions
Authors: Hoier Tamara S. , Foster Sharon L.
Published: June 2017

Measures of children's social skills must begin to address several difficult issues as the development of our assessment methodologies proceeds. Four issues are discussed in this paper 1) criteria used to identify meaningful social skills, 2) content tapped by specific behavioral measures, 3) the degree to which situational factors are included in measurement procedures and devices, and 4) the applicability of traditional measures in the assessment of individual children. The review also considers future directions for research technology in the area.
Educators' Responses to Methods of Collecting, Storing, and Analyzing Behavioral Data
Authors: Walton W. T.
Published: June 2017

The methods of collecting, storing, and analyzing behavioral data have proven cumbersome and inadequate in the modem educational setting. Teachers and others consistently report their dissatisfaction with current methods, which do not allow large amounts of data to be collected quickly and which make valid analysis difficult We are using a “horse and buggy” approach in a modern world of electronic technology.

This paper summarizes the findings of a survey given in November, 1982, to regular and special education teachers in five districts in Utah and Idaho. The survey pertained to methods of collecting, storing, and analyzing data on children in an educational setting. The paper recommends solutions to the problems of time and complexity that limit the usefulness of current methods.
Learning Handicapped Students' Interactions during a Microcomputer-Based Group Writing Activity
Authors: Cosden Merith A. , Goldman Susan R. , Hine Mary Sue
Published: June 2017

Learning handicapped students were observed as they worked in dyads during a microcomputer-based writing activity. Their interactions were coded into initiation-response sequences of verbal and nonverbal behaviors. These behaviors were analyzed to determine (1) the probability of each type of behavior occurring as an initiation and as a response, (2) the dependencies between frequently occurring initiations and responses, and (3) the relationship of these initiation-response sequences to group performance on the writing task. Strategies employed by the dyads and the relationship of their interactions to group productivity and use of group resources are discussed Directions for future research on the group participation skills and needs of these students are suggested.
TTIPSS—A Computer-Based System for Training Problem Solving and Educational Planning
Authors: Mioduser David , Margalit Malka
Published: June 2017

Children with special educational needs are at risk for developing maladjustment behaviors, and special education teachers need specific training for meeting children's challenging behaviors with effective strategies. In line with Shulman's paradigm of instructional knowledge, TTIPSS as an interactive technology-based system was designed to support teachers' problem solving training for promoting interventional planning. Utilizing the advantages of the expert-system technology in teacher training, the five training stages of TTIPSS were presented: (a) case description, (b) formulating the preliminary hypothesis, (c) collecting additional information through questions from four different sources: observations, the psychologist's report, parents' inter-view and the child's view, (d) intervention planning and (e) evaluation. Preliminary pilot reflected teachers' satisfaction and focused attention at needed changes. A sample session illustrates the teachers' patterns of interactions with the system.
A Computer-Based System to Prepare Personnel for Family-Centered Interactions in the Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP) Process
Authors: Johnson Happy , Brady Sharon J. , Shenkle Ann , Amidon Edmund
Published: June 2017

This article presents the Verbal Interaction Analysis System (VIAS), a computer-based system designed to analyze verbal interactions, and describes application of the VIAS in analyzing family/professional interactions during the Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP) process. The VIAS allows for instant data entry, data analysis, data display, and report writing. The VIAS may prove to be a useful observational tool for (a) measuring the quality and quantity of interactions between professionals and families during the IFSP process, (b) providing an analysis of reciprocal influences in the interactions among professionals and families in the IFSP process, and (c) determining the extent to which those interactions truly represent family-centered principles and practices. Prospective users of the VIAS include: early intervention personnel; higher education faculty; family support and advocacy leaders; researchers interested in the effectiveness family-centered practice; and, researchers interested in interaction analysis. Pilot testing of the VIAS has been completed and further testing is underway.
Producing Accessible Video-Based Training on Assistive Technology
Authors: Thorkildsen Ron , Lowry William
Published: June 2017

In this article we describe the development of a set of video-based training materials designed to present information on the availability and use of assistive technology (AT). The purpose of the article is two-fold: (a) to briefly describe the instructional materials, and (b) to describe the processes used to make the materials accessible to persons with disabilities. Describing the instructional materials provides information for potential users of the materials, and describing the development process provides information for instructional designers about the decisions made and processes used to make the materials accessible.

The materials were designed for use in group training or stand alone training, and for in-service or pre-service2 audiences. Designing accessible training materials in a variety of instructional formats presented a challenge. The materials had to be sufficiently self-explanatory for stand-alone use while providing presentation materials for group-based instruction, in a format that could be used by persons who have visual and/or hearing disabilities. Steps taken to meet this challenge are presented in the article. We also make recommendations for increasing accessibility when developing video-based instructional materials.
An Economic Theory of Law
Authors: Schwintowski Hans-Peter
Published: June 2017

What has to be developed here is a comprehensive general economic theory of law, based on normative individualism, i.e. the notion of individual freedom. Such a theory can only be evolutionary in character. It must recognize empirical knowledge and transfer it into norms, yet remain open to innovation on all levels and have the capacity to translate these experiences normatively through a corrective rule that has only existed in current law as the norm checks implied at the level of constitutional law. An economic theory—guided by consensus and nevertheless efficiency-oriented—would be based on a negative feedback between experience and legal rules and corrective rules and experience. It would no longer be a matter of a purely descriptive, static, empirical economic theory, but rather an evolutionary, dynamic and empirically normative feedback theory. This development would imply not only an economic theory of law but also a normative theory of economics.
Constrained Entrepreneurship: An Interdisciplinary Extension of Bounded Rationality
Authors: Bruin Anne de , Dupuis Ann
Published: June 2017

The intention of this paper is to extend critiques of rationality that have been developed across a range of disciplines and within a number of strands of feminism. Initially providing a brief review of rationality critiques, the paper then focuses on bounded rationality, the key behavioural assumption of transaction cost economics (TCE). It is shown that, to some extent, this notion of rationality erodes the atomistic model of economic activity central to the economic orthodoxy and is therefore an improvement on the neoclassical orthodox view of rationality. The paper then moves on to a more critical examination of bounded rationality through the development of the feminist slanted concept of ‘constrained entrepreneurship’. This new conceptualisation also provides a means of extending TCE through the incorporation of the Coasian insight that the development of TCE has tended to lose sight of the raison d’être of the firm, that of ‘running a business’ (Coase, 1988a). The concept of constrained entrepreneurship offers a useful, integrative, interdisciplinary framework in which to work and provides a focus for synthesising aspects of social network analysis (a central concern of the new economic sociology) and a feminist oriented perspective, with TCE, an important strand within new institutional economics.
Interdisciplinary Economics and the Social Sciences
Authors: Oughton Christine
Published: June 2017

Michie, J (2000) (ed) Reader’s Guide to the Social Sciences, Volumes 1 and 2. Fitzroy Dearborn, London and Chicago.
How Internationalised are EU Transnationals?1
Authors: Ietto-Gillies Grazia
Published: June 2017

The aims of the paper are: (a) to analyse the possible motives behind international location strategies of companies with particular emphasis on why companies may locate in many foreign countries; (b) to develop two complementary methods of assessing the degree of internationalisation and introduce two related indices; (c) to give empirical estimates for the two indices and particularly for the largest EU transnational companies (TNCs); and (d) to analyse the possible impact on countries and sectors and draw relevant policy implications. The assessment is based on the international location of the TNCs’ affiliates or subsidiaries. The companies are all those appearing in the list of the world’s largest companies and the main focus is on those originating from EU countries.

The paper starts with a discussion of companies’ location strategies abroad and with an analysis of the reasons why they may want to spread their network of foreign direct activities. A methodology section introduces two indices one based on the degree of foreign projection of the company and the other designed to capture the degree of international locational spread of affiliates/subsidiaries.

Three sets of empirical estimates follow. The first one presents a comparative analysis by countries for the years 1997 and 2000 and for the largest companies originating from the EU countries. The second set analyses sectoral patterns in the degree of internationalisation. The third set of estimates relates to a longitudinal study of the locational pattern of the largest UK TNCs in manufacturing and mining from 1963 to 1997. The paper ends with a discussion of the possible impact as well as policy implications of the locational pattern emerging from the study.

JEL: F2; L2; L6; L8
Commitment and Satisfaction in Producer Co-operatives: the Role of Work Values
Authors: Oliver Nick
Published: June 2017

Although the arguments put forward in support of producer co-operatives span many levels—from the advantages for the national economy to the benefits for individuals—much of the promotion of co-operatives emphasizes the supposed advantages of cooperative working at the individual and organizational levels. It is argued that working in a co-operative can be more satisfying than working in a traditional business, and that the greater commitment sometimes found amongst the membership of cooperatives may enhance their performance relative to comparable traditional businesses.

The evidence from studies into attitudes in co-operatives indicates that the picture is less clear cut than this; some people appear to find the experience of co-operative working a satisfying one, some perceive it to be virtually indistinguishable from working in a traditional business, others become cynical and disillusioned. This paper examines responses to co-operative working in terms of the commitment and satisfaction among the members of a large well established co-operative. The role of different work values in determining commitment and satisfaction is explored, and the implications of the findings for the promotion of co-operatives discussed.
Book Revew: Input-Output Economics
Authors: Oliver FR
Published: June 2017

Input-Output Economics. 2nd edition. Wassily Leontief. ISBN 0-19-503527-5. Oxford University Press, 1986. xii, 436 p.
Book Review: Innovation, Entrepreneurs and Regional Development
Authors: Macmillen Malcolm
Published: June 2017

Innovation, Entrepreneurs and Regional Development, G P Sweeney, Frances Pinter, London 1987. pp 271. ISBN 0-86187-647-4. £25.
Toward a Non-Marginalist Theory of Economic Change
Authors: Gowdy John M.
Published: June 2017

Economics and biology have much in common in terms of their intellectual heritage and in the nature of their subject matter. It should come as no surprise, therefore, that many current controversies in biology have great relevance for economic theory. Among these is the theory of “punctuated equilibria” in evolutionary theory. This article draws on this controversy in biology in order to examine some of the issues surrounding the notion, implicit in neoclassical growth theory, that economic change occurs with the accumulation of characteristics acquired by natural selection at the margin. Implications of non-marginalist change include the following: (1) if selection is not entirely due to gradual changes at the margin, then events such as sudden turbulence must be given an important role in a general theory of economic change, and (2) once we leave the knife’s edge of marginal optimization there is more latitude in what constitutes “fitness” than the neoclassical paradigm allows. The article then presents some evidence for the existence of punctuations in economic history and ends with a discussion of some of the elements a general theory of economic change should include.
Why Active Investment Management is Popular: The Psychology of Extraordinary Beliefs
Authors: Lofthouse Stephen
Published: June 2017

If the stockmarket is efficient, and if few investors can beat the market, why are most portfolios managed actively (seeking mispriced assets) rather than passively (matching an index)? This article looks at three possible explanations, favouring an explanation in terms of cognitive psychology.
The Schumpeterian Gap and Muslim Economic Thought
Authors: Ali Ameer , Thompson Herb
Published: June 2017

Contemporary analytical economists normally date their origins from the late eighteenth century. We argue herein that a pseudo-scientificity (which omits normative information), combined with an overriding ethnocentrism, tends to lead the disciplinary agents of economics to ignore much economic thought outside the American-British-Continental axis.

The argument is developed beginning with Joseph A. Schumpeter’s classic, The History of Economic Analysis, which set what appears to have remained a trend in history of economic thought and analysis texts, by ignoring Arab/Islamic scholars.

At present, entire economies are organised, more or less, on Islamic principles. Islam is explicitly concerned with material life and provides numerous guidelines for the conduct of economic affairs for millions of people. While it is not the aim of this paper to examine the methodological or epistemological content of these principles, we argue that, at the very least, the history of economic thought should incorporate the work of Arab/Islamic thinkers.

The material foundation of Islam cannot be understood by students of a discipline which continues to promote a positivist, Cartesian, mathematical formalism, at the expense of understanding its contextual origins. The economies in which hundreds of millions of people live, work and produce, are being guided, for better or worse, by the epistemological premises of Islam. Until these premises are comprehended, and then critically evaluated, economists educated in the industrial west continue to marginalise themselves and their students in a manner which is no longer excusable.
Book Review: Time Discounting and Future Generations
Authors: Yaffey Michael
Published: June 2017

Time Discounting and Future Generations by Quorum Books, Westport and London, 1997. ISBN: 1–56720–090–7. Hb 200pp £47.95 stg.
Political Economic Person and Political Economic Organisation
Authors: Söderbaum Peter
Published: June 2017

Environmental issues are not easily handled within the scope of neoclassical economics. As alternatives to Economic Man and the profit maximising firm, a Political Economic Person and a Political Economic Organisation are suggested. The idea is to make the individual more visible in her different roles as a responsible actor. A holistic concept of economics is furthermore suggested as a way of making social and environmental dimensions visible. Against this background, the strategies of some business actors in relation to other actors are described. It is also argued that an actor A can try to influence another actor B by strategically choosing a specific interpretation of B:s behaviour.
Stabilising and Destabilising Effects of Polish Economic Integration with the European Union—the Macroeconomic Perspective
Authors: Nowak Alojzy Z. , Ryć Kazimierz , Żyżyński Jerzy
Published: June 2017

Poland is one of the countries aspiring to the European Union. In order to join with EU it is required to meet the “convergence criteria” in accordance with the Maastricht treaty. Additionally the European Union is changing, too. It introduced new monetary policy, new money—euro, etc. This means that the economic situation for new applying countries is different, than it was when Ireland, Portugal, Spain and other countries were joining the EU. Taking into account these facts, authors of this paper examine stabilising and destabilising effects of Polish economic integration with European Union from a macroeconomic perspective.
Book Review: History of Environmental Economic Thought
Authors: Söderbaum Peter
Published: June 2017

History of Environmental Economic Thought, by E. Kula, Routledge, London, 1998. ISBN 0–415–13389–0. Hb. 235pp.
Sliding Mode Control of an Impacting Elastic Element Using Inverse Model
Authors: Marghitu Dan B. , Diaconescu Cristian
Published: June 2017

In this article the sliding mode control of an impacted elastic link with parametrically excited base in rotational motion is considered. A sliding mode control strategy based on inverse model is designed and employed to suppress the vibrations of the elastic beam after the impact with a rigid surface or a rigid body. The control concept involves the usage of adaptive plant inverse as controller in feedforward configurations. The inverse model of the system becomes the controller for the plant. Such systems can be used as preliminary models for studying the dynamics and control of robot and teleoperator systems utilizing mechanical manipulators. The controller is applied successfully to reduce vibrations of the parametrically excited flexible system after the impact. Simulations for damped and undamped system are provided.
Single-chorded Plane Space Trusses
Authors: Schmidt L. C.
Published: June 2017

A discussion is presented of the mechanics of the plate-like behaviour of certain space trusses that possess a single layer of chords. The web systems are formed out of the chord plane, and consideration is given to web systems that are placed on one or both sides of the chord plane. It is recognized that a torsional mode of behaviour is utilized for the double-layer web system for carrying transverse load. A combination of flexural and torsional modes is utilized for the single-layer system.
Vector Equilibrium Synergy
Authors: Loeb Arthur L.
Published: June 2017

Although a cuboctahedron itself is unstable, arrays of 27 or more cuboctahedra in appropriate geometrical juxtaposition constitute a stable space frame having both horizontal and vertical square patterns of struts without further internal supports.
A Generalized Numerical Procedure for Nonlinear Analysis of Frames Exhibiting a Limit or a Bifurcation Point
Authors: Chan Siu Lai
Published: June 2017

A generalized numerical scheme for nonlinear analysis of framed structures is presented. The proposed numerical technique is aimed at improving the reliability and efficiency of a computer program for nonlinear analysis of structures exhibiting a limit or a bifurcation point. A simple and automatic energy method for the transformation of a bifurcation point to a limit point for the tracing of the realistic post-buckling path is also suggested. The combined numerical strategy proposed in this paper and recommended for general non-linear problems will greatly enhance the feasibility and user-friendliness of a nonlinear analysis computer program for general users.
Finite Element Nonlinear Dynamic Structural Analysis Using the Reduced Basis Method
Authors: Chan A.S.L. , Yao M.S.
Published: June 2017

The large number of unknown variables usual in a finite element idealisation for dynamic structural analysis is represented by a very small number of generalised variables, each associating with a basis vector. The large system of equations of motion is thereby reduced to a very small set by this transformation and solved in the time domain, the cost of which is greatly reduced. The paper formulates the nonlinear equations and their transformation in details, tries out a convenient way for the selection of the basis vectors and discusses its limitations. The method may be applied to dynamic problems of a certain type where the response is global in nature. Some illustrative examples are given to demonstrate the validity of the technique.
Discrete Multicriterion Optimization of a Space Truss
Authors: Karczewski Jan A. , Paczkowski Witold M.
Published: June 2017

Final forming of a space truss used as roof in a sports or market hall is a result of searching for a solution which is the best one according to various criteria such as safety, reliability, economy, functionality and so forth.

An illustration of this problem a numerical example of various optimizations of an orthogonal, double layer space truss of dimensions 24 × 24 m made of steel is shown in the paper. First, eight single-criterion objective functions such as: weight of members, weight of nodes, weight of columns, weight of whole truss, weight of walls and roofing elements made of steel, vertical displacements of a node in the middle of the truss, energy of deformation and a certain function of geometry of the truss were investigated assuming the number of divisions and the depth of the truss as decisive variables. The problems were formulated as discrete ones since the element cross-sections were selected from a finite catalogue. The All Variants Inspections Method was employed.

For three among the aforementioned objective functions, describing weight of structure, displacement of the central node and the geometry of the truss, a discrete multicriterion optimization problem was formulated and solved.

From the set of compromises a preferred sollution has been chosen by using the discrete functions and, the global criterion method.
Victimization and Crime on Campus
Authors: Sigler Robert T. , Koehlor Nancy
Published: June 2017

This study measured victimization rates on a major southern university campus. The data indicate that students demonstrate higher rates of victimization and greater monetary losses than the general population. However, it appears that these victimizations are not occurring on campus. Students appear to be more likely to be victimized off campus than on campus.
Experience Versus Potential of Multiple-Choice Tests in Marketing Courses
Authors: McMillan James R.
Published: June 2017

Most educators agree that classroom evaluation practices need improvement. One way to improve testing is to use high-quality objective multiple-choice exams. Almost any understanding or ability which can be tested by another test form can also be tested by means of multiple-choice items. Based on a survey of 173 respondents, it appears that marketing teachers are disenchanted with multiple-choice questions and use them sparingly. Further, their limited use is largely in the introductory marketing course even though there are emerging pressures for universities to take a closer look at the quality of classroom evaluation at all levels.
The Application of the Marketing Concept in Textbook Selection: Using the Cloze Procedure
Authors: Rugimbana Robert , Patel Chris
Published: June 2017

Because of increased class sizes, higher staff teaching loads, and inadequate teaching facilities, many marketing faculty have less time to evaluate textbooks effectively. This situation results in text selection processes based on criteria that favor ease of teaching rather than student learning. Since marketing education places great reliance on textbooks as the primary instructional medium, marketing academics must select textbooks using explicit, educationally sound, student-oriented criteria. A method reflecting the most fundamental law of marketing, one that ensures that the chosen texts are easy for students to read and understand, should rate as an important selection process criterion. The cloze procedure has proven to be a highly reliable and valid measure of “understandability.” This study suggests that it is an objective and responsive marketing-oriented technique for selecting marketing textbooks. To demonstrate its use, the technique is used to rank three international editions of principles of marketing textbooks by obtaining scores of understandability from first-year students at one Australian university. These objective scores of understandability, when complemented by other qualitative and quantitative criteria for evaluating textbooks, are very useful for selecting marketing textbooks.
Comparison of Betamethasone Dipropionate Lotion with Salicylic Acid (Diprosalic®) and Clobetasol Propionate Lotion (Dermovate®) in the Treatment of Psoriasis of the Scalp
Authors: Hillström Lars , Pettersson Lars , Svensson Louise
Published: June 2017

A double-blind comparison was made between Diprosalic® and Dermovate® lotions in fifty-one patients with psoriasis of the scalp. Both preparations were highly effective. No significant difference in efficacy between the preparations could be demonstrated after 3 weeks treatment except for antipruritic effect, in this respect Diprosalic® being superior to Dermovate®. Only three patients (two in the Dermovate® group, and one in the Diprosalic® group) experienced minor adverse reactions.

Plasma cortisol levels were determined in seventeen of the patients and no significant influence on the adrenal function could be shown on the part of either of the preparations.
Once Daily Application of Diflorasone Diacetate Ointment Compared with Betamethasone Valerate Ointment Twice Daily in Patients with Eczematous Dermatoses
Authors: Hersle K , Mobacken H
Published: June 2017

The clinical efficacy of 0·05% diflorasone diacetate applied once daily, for eczematous dermatoses, was compared with the twice daily application of betamethasone valerate. Both agents were supplied as ointments. Sixty patients were randomized to one of the two treatment regimens. The investigators were unaware of the regimen used. Evaluations were made at 1 and at 3 weeks. There were no statistically significant differences in eight parameters studied at any time during the study. No side-effects were reported.
The Bioavailability of Orphenadrine Hydrochloride after Intramuscular and Oral Administration
Authors: Rutigliano G , Labout J J M
Published: June 2017

The bioavailability of orphenadrine hydrochloride after a single intramuscular injection was compared to that after a single oral dose by following serial plasma concentration estimations of the unchanged drug.

The bioavailability of orphenadrine from the intramuscular dosage form proved to be equal to or even greater than that from the tablet.

Eight subjects received 40 mg orphenadrine HCl intramuscularly and 50 mg orally on separate occasions 1 week apart.

The first hour plasma concentrations after intramuscular doses were significantly higher than those after oral doses, supporting the clinical use of the intramuscular route in those indications where rapid effects of the drug are required.
Serum Concentrations of Magnesium and Parathyroid Hormone in Randomly Selected Hospital In-Patients and Out-Patients, and in In-Patients with Dementia
Authors: Yasui M , Ota K
Published: June 2017

The relationship between hypomagnesaemia and the secretion of parathyroid hormone was studied. Serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations were measured in 63 randomly selected patients and 54 hospitalized demented patients using carboxyl-terminal PTH53–84 (h-PTH53–84), mid-region PTH44–68 (m-PTH44–68) and intact PTH1–84 kits. Both groups of patients were further subdivided into those with near normal serum magnesium concentrations (1.7 – 3.2 mEq/1) and those with hypomagnesaemia (1.2 – 1.6 mEq/1). Serum h-PTH53–84, m-PTH44–68 and PTH1–84 concentrations in both the randomly selected and the demented patients with hypomagnesaemia were significantly lower than those in the groups with near normal serum magnesium concentrations. The results suggest that parathyroid hormone secretion was inhibited in randomly selected patients and dementia patients with hypomagnesaemia.
Dairy Products and Adolescent Nutrition
Authors: Agostoni C , Rottoli A , Trojan S , Riva E
Published: June 2017

Adolescence is an intense anabolic period. The requirement for all nutrients is increased, but particularly that for dietary calcium. A balanced intake of the macronutrients (protein, fats and carbohydrates) is recommended to prevent the chronic degenerative disorders of adulthood. The temporal pattern of the calorie intake also deserves attention since it may affect homeostatic regulation. Adolescents often show disorders of dietary behaviour predisposing them to both obesity and anorexia. Dietary intervention in this age-group should promote the regular consumption of breakfast, a balanced intake of animal and vegetable foods and an increased calcium supply to maximize bone density. Dairy products and vegetables (mainly enriched cereals) constitute the basis of a good diet for adolescents, to supply their needs for growth and for subsequent good health.
Endometrial Metaplasia in an Albino Rat
Authors: Yang Yong H.
Published: June 2017

Unilateral hematometra and contralateral keratometra associated with stratified squamous metaplasia of the entire endometrium was observed as a spontaneous disease in an albino rat.