bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Financing and Operation for Contaminated Site Remediation
Authors: Huang Yao Xuan , Liu Li
Published: October 2011

Based on the financing and capital operation of the U.S. Superfund, the soil remediation funds of EU countries and Soil and Groundwater Pollution Remediation Fund in Taiwan, the concept of a contaminated-site-fund managed by government is proposed, followed by further illustration of its purpose, raising, application and return.
Mass Transfer Resistance Analysis and Semipermeable Membrane Optimization for Pressure Retarded Osmosis
Authors: You Yong Hua , Zhang Xi Lai , Wu Zhi Lin , Yu Xiang Fei , Jin Shi Ping , Huang Su Yi
Published: October 2011

Salinity power is a promising renewable energy with a large amount, which can be tapped by pressure retarded osmosis(PRO), however, efficient membranes are in lack. It was reported subtrates of asymmetrical reverse osmosis(RO) membranes had severe concentration polarizations in PRO process, degrading performance greatly and limiting PRO application. Based on solute transportation equations, the paper presented a common mass transfer resistance model of osmosis process, and disclosed essential differences between PRO and RO by the comparison of resistances. In PRO water permeates through membranes against solute diffusion, which facilitates solute to accumulate in porous subtrate, as a result, subtrate mass transfer resistance is big, water flux and power density is small, especially in the case of trivial subtrate mass transfer coefficient. Commercial RO membrane CA-3000 was studied for PRO application, whose subtrate resistance was found much bigger in PRO, taking the majority of total resistance. Subtrate was optimized for PRO process and membrane performance was projected. When subtrate mass transfer coefficient was improved to 4×10-6 m/s, power density of 4.75 W/m2 was obtained with average sea water, which approached the threshold of commercial salinity power exploitation.
Research on External Financing Strategies Based on Technological Capability of Entrepreneurial Firms
Authors: Wang Lan , Long Yong
Published: October 2011

We analyze how entrepreneurial firms match product innovation mode with optimal financing under the different states of technological ability and bootstraps by applying principal-agent theory. According to some assumptions that bank finance takes the form of debt whereas venture capital finance resembles private equity, a basic incentive model with two state and sub-state variables is established. The analysis shows that entrepreneur prefers to radical innovation on the circumstance of high technological ability while entrepreneur would prefer to carry out incremental innovation with medium technological capability. The optimal financing is up to cash flow distribution of product innovation pattern and firm’s bootstraps. Venture capital finance is optimal only when cash flow distribution is highly risky and positively skewed .Or vice versa, bank finance is optimistic.
Complex Social-Ecological Systems Network：New Perspective on the Sustainability
Authors: Zhao Qing Jian , Wen Zuo Min
Published: October 2011

The complex social-ecological systems network is an integrative platform of ecology, economy, management and complex networks which providing a new perspective on the comprehensive management of ecological and socio economical processes. Through research of the structures, functions and processes, one four-dimensional conceptual model of the complex social-ecological system for sustainable development was set up. The complex social-ecological systems comprise of natural subsystem, social subsystem, economic subsystem and integrative decision subsystem. The complex social-ecological systems network was defined as one six-element tuple which denotes the comprehensive spatial structure with different kinds of nodes of ecosystem, social system and economic system. The complex social-ecological systems network has some important characteristics including hierarchies, power-low, vulnerabilities, resilience, dynamics, co-evolution of flow and structure, et al. At last, based on the Multimedia Environment Pollutant Assessment System (MEPAS) of US EPA, the relationship between POPs (Persistent Organic Pollutants) exposure and lifetime fatal cancer risk was studied, and comprehensive risk network of the Taihu basin water pollution and human body health was established.
Reliable Method for the Determination of Food Additive by Capillary Electrophoresis Using a Microvolume of Foodstuffs
Authors: Xiang Qian , Gao Ying
Published: October 2011

A fast method for the separation and determination of the food additive propyl gallate has been established by using capillary electrophoresis. The effects of several factors such as the applied potential and detection running buffer were investigated in order to obtain the optimum conditions, and the assay results were satisfactory. The limit of detection for the analyte was 10-6 mol/L. This approach has remarkable advantages with respect to other methodologies involving separations and electrochemical detection including minimal sample consumption, higher analysis speed and lower cost. In order to demonstrate the capabilitiy of the method, the determination of additive in a commercial food sample is also presented.
Experimental Study of Shear Capacity under Different Temperatures
Authors: Liu Ying Li , Li Jian Fei , You Zhi Guo , Jiang Zhen
Published: October 2011

The external wall insulation system exposed to the building surface, in summer temperature of outside surface can reach 50 °C -70 °C, this article designs a new external wall insulation system shear strength test of test equipment to study at different temperatures decorative panels sandwich insulation fiber reinforced concrete shear performance, the results show that: with increasing temperature, fiber reinforced concrete decorative panels sandwich insulation ultimate shear capacity has reduced to varying degrees, damage patterns cut from the extruded plate destruction into the adhesive surface of shear failure.
Study on the Implementation of Agent Construction System in Forestation Project with Government Investment in China
Authors: Yang Si Ling , Liu Ying Zong , Gao Hong Jiang
Published: October 2011

As the nation pays more and more attention to ecological construction, the government investment in forestation projects increases every year. The project management of afforestation project with government investment is a complex systematic project which needs well coordinate of the relationship of various subjects to find a reasonable combination of every interest subjects by appropriate design of the system, so it is necessary to introduce reasonable project management mechanism. This paper points out the problems exist in the current project management of forestation project with government investment and analyses the reasons; then agent construction system is proposed to improve the management mechanism of the forestation project with government investment; finally, the advantages and disadvantages of the system were analyzed.
Experimental Study on the Carrying Capacity of Lining Structure of Hydraulic Tunnel
Authors: Shen Wei , Xu Shi Lang
Published: October 2011

In this paper, a large-scale indoor model test with water pressure is conducted in order to investigate the stress and deformation properties of reinforced concrete lining structures with circular cross-sections.Under internal water pressure, the water pressure carried by lining structure is about 20%~40% of total water pressure before cracking and less than 30% after cracking.Under external water pressure, without drainage of outer side of lining, the water pressure carried by lining structure is only less than 40% of total water pressure.
Increased Income, Energy Choice and Environment Sustainable Development : Based on the Survey in Western Mountainous Areas in China
Authors: Tai Xiu Jun
Published: October 2011

The relationship between increasing income of rural households and energy choice is explored. Previous studies have been equivocal because they ignored the consideration of out-migration, which is a distinctive characteristic of present China . This study provides additional insight by considering income structure and energy structure of rural households in western China. The research was conducted in Zhouzhi County in the jurisdiction of Xi’an city, Shaanxi Province, China. Through questionnaire survey, 1074 rural households’ detailed information about their livelihoods were obtained. After descriptive statistics analysis and econometrics model analysis, we provide evidence that migration income plays a important role when rural households choosing modern energy such as electricity or gas, which shows higher income housholds like to choose cleaner but expensive energy. We also find out-migration can reduce family firewood consumption, transforming the use of firewood to other cleaner forms of energy, which can keep the ecological environment sustainable development.
Regional Economic Harmonization and Development in the Process of Urbanization
Authors: Wu Si Biao , Li Hui
Published: October 2011

According to the current level of urbanization and the differences of eastern and western regional economic of our country, we propose the formation and content of regional economic development, multi-aspect analysising problems faced in the regional economic development coordination, and discuss regional economic harmonization and development in the process of urbanization .
Method for Cost Evaluation of the Environmental Degradation of Water
Authors: Jia Ling , Qin Chang Hai , Gan Hong
Published: October 2011

Evaluation of the cost of the environmental degradation of water is one of the difficulties in the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting for Water. In this study, the concept of the cost of the environmental degradation of water was analyzed for the first time. Based on a discussion of evaluation methods related to environmental degradation of water at home and abroad, and the characteristics of the cost of the environmental degradation of water, a set of relatively complete and operational methods to evaluate the cost of the environmental degradation of water was proposed. The calculation results obtained using the Taihu Basin as an example showed that the cost of the environmental degradation of water based on the damage assessment method was four times greater than that based on the cost assessment method. These findings indicate that source control of pollutants provides environmental protection, while reducing the cost of the environmental degradation of water and avoiding economic losses.
Magnetron Sputtering Yield and Relative Factors
Authors: Wang Li Feng , Wu Ze Yan , Meng Zhi Jun
Published: October 2011

In this work, we mainly summarize the influence of the ion bombardment cathode (target) and relative factors of magnetron sputtering yield in production thin film. Magnetron sputter deposition permits a much wider selection of film materials, produces films with higher purity and better controlled composition, provides films with greater adhesive strength and homogeneity, and permits better control of deposit thickness. Unlike most other work described about sputtering yield, sputtering for thin-film production is performed using the plasma rather than a focused ion beam. When an ion with the energy hits a surface of the target, a small fraction of the energy and momentum of the incoming ion will, through lattice collisions, be reversed and may cause ejection of surface atoms (sputtering). The average number of the atoms ejected from the cathode surface per incident ion is called the sputtering yield. The sputtering yield varies with the target material, the kind of impinging ion, and the energy of that ion. At a given ion energy, The sputtering yield increases with increasing angle of incidence up to a maximum at an angle between 55 ° and 85 ° with respect to the surface normal [1, 3].
The Study of Stress Distribution Law of Roadway Surrounding Rock Heading Advancing Coal Face
Authors: Hou Jun Ling
Published: October 2011

In background of the geological engineering and the mining technical conditions of ZhangJi coal mine 17258 fully-mechanized face and rail roadway of 1724 (1) fully-mechanized face,by the field observation and computer numerical simulation studying the stress distribution law of roadway surrounding rock heading advancing coal face.Obtain the influence scope of the dynamic pressure along coal seam trend and tendency, the stress peaks position, perturbation boundary angle of dynamic pressure,and the surrounding rock stress distribution law of roadway excavating in the zone of the stress concentration and stress reduced area. Provides the theoretical foundation for roadway layout under similar conditions.
Study on the Effect of Urban Rail Transit on Regional Economy
Authors: Huang Chang Fu , Xia Yuan
Published: October 2011

Urban rail transit plays a role of activating and leading regional economic development. It influences the spatial distribution of urban agglomeration and the progress of regional economic integration. It is a kind of virtuously cycled interactive relationship between regional economic development and regional rail transit. This paper analyzes the effect of urban rail transit construction project on regional economy based on the economic benefits arisen from it. The research results show that China’s urban rail transit construction and regional economy can not realize balanced development unless the fact that the relationship between urban rail transit planning and regional economic development can be well coordinated, and meanwhile, the construction scale and service level of different phases of rail transit can be confirmed according to urban economic development level.
Rapid Determination of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural by Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry in Glucose Diphasic Hydrolysate
Authors: Yang Liu , Liu Yu Huan , Ruan Rong Sheng
Published: October 2011

The content of 5-hydroxymethlfurfural (5-HMF) in glucose diphasic hydrolysate was measured by ultraviolet spectrophotometry (UV), while 5-HMF solution and distilled water was used as the standard sample and controlling blank instead of water-dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) diphasic solution respectively, analyzing the content of 5-HMF at wavelength 284 nm. The determination results showed us a favorable linear relationship between the absorbance and the concentration of 5-HMF, when it is fall in between 0-0.10 mmol/L. This method is suitable for rapid and accurate determine 5-HMF.
Low-Carbon Tourism in Minority Areas — A Case of Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Gansu
Authors: Bao Rui , Yan Jiang Ping , Li Wei , Zhao Yuan
Published: October 2011

Low-carbon tourism, as a new tourism type, is evolved from the background of the low-carbon economy. Located in the west part of Gansu Province, Gannan is endowed with favorably inborn conditions for the development of low-carbon tourism, for its economic development is comparatively backward and the amount of incoming tourists is limited. The paper made an analysis on the base of existing tourism circumstances in Gannan, the frailty of its ecological environment and the destruction made by the tourists to prove the idea that development and persistence of low-carbon tourism in Gannan will push the sustainable development of the tourism further in this area. At the end of this paper, several practicable suggestions are advanced for the development of low-carbon tourism in Gannan.
Response to Climate Change about Radial Growth of Larix gmelinii Main Forest Types in Daxing’anling Mountains
Authors: Qing Mei , Zhang Qiu Liang , Wang Dong Zhi , Chen Gao Wa
Published: October 2011

Tree-ring width chronologies were developed for Larix gmelini of main forest types in Daxinganling mountains, and by correlation analysis and response function analysis illustrate difference empact of main climate factors on radial growth of Larix gmelini. The result shows ring-width chronologies of Larix gmelini we have made containing a lot of climate informations. In the correlation analysis, impact of temparature on Larix gmelinii is higher than presipitation, average month temperature is negatively correlated with ring-width growth and correlation efficient is higher, especially February temperature is significantly negatively correlated with radial growth of Larix gmelini three forest types. Response functions analysis indicating that Bryaceae—Larix gmelinii forest is more sensitive to climate and the response is complex. The sensitivity are: Bryaceae—Larix gmelinii forest > Ledum palustre—Larix gmelinii forest > Bryaceae—Larix gmelinii forest.
A Structural Decomposition Analysis of CO2 Emission in China
Authors: Yuan Li Bo
Published: October 2011

This article compiles the energy input-output tables for year 2002 and 2007. Based on the energy input-out tables, we compute the carbon emission volume of China and by sector. The article also analyzes the source and change of the emission volume, based on structural decomposition analysis. The article finds that there are five factors affect the carbon dioxide. Among which the change of emission intensity, domestic need are the main reason of the decrease of emission, while production technology, trading structure and scale effect increase the emission volume. We also find that although the direct emission intensity decrease during the study period, the complete emission intensity increase by an annual rate of 3.8%, which reflect the result of energy policy is not equal in different sectors. We cannot deny the technologic and economic linkages between sectors when establish an energy policy.
Research of Interruptible Load Management Model via Incentive Compatibility
Authors: Zhang Mei Xia , Yang Xiu
Published: October 2011

In this paper interruptible load management model via incentive compatibility is researched. Simulated the interruptible load capacity and disruption of economic compensation of the interruptible load management with using MATLAB and compare the cost of interruptible load management and construction of standby units, find that interruptible load management can reduce the cost of electricity companies. But it should be noted that when the interrupt the load is too large, the implementation of interruptible load management will increase the operating costs of the utilities.
Decision Support System of Ecological Security in Mining Area
Authors: Yang Sai Ming , Lu Wen Guang
Published: October 2011

Ecological security is the basis of the sustainable development. Based on the concept of ecological security, The framework and subsystems’ functions of decision support system for mining area’s ecological security are put forward. The support system, which gets data by methods of remote sensing(RS),geographical information system(GIS),global positioning system(GPS), survey data, statistics data and experiment data, being mainly composed of database management system, knowledge management system and models management system, can make regulating and controlling decision for mining area’s ecological security.
Analysis on Restrictions and the Corresponding Countermeasures to the Advancement of Environmental Accounting in the Age of Low-Carbon Economy
Authors: Shen Ju Qin , Wang Nan
Published: October 2011

The development of low-carbon economy has opened a new chapter in environmental accounting and become a new direction of it. This paper analyzes the status of environmental accounting, describe the necessity of implementing environmental accounting, conclude new requirements that low-carbon economy poses on environmental accounting by combining them and finally give some suggestions for how to promote the development of environmental accounting.
An Active La-Doped Cu11O2 (VO4)6 Photocatalyst Prepared by Sol-Gel Method
Authors: Wang Min , Liu Qiong , Luan Hai Yan
Published: October 2011

A La-doped Cu11O2 (VO4)6 photocatalyst with optimum La/Cu molar ratio of 4% was prepared by sol-gel method. XRD,SEM and EDX have been employed to characterize the as-synthesized materials. During liquid phase photocatalytic degradation of MO under the UV-light, the as-prepared La/ Cu11O2 (VO4)6 exhibits higher activity than the pure Cu11O2 (VO4)6. It found that the La/ Cu11O2 (VO4)6 prepared with the La/Cu molar ratio of 4% and calcinated under 500°C for 4 hours was pure triclinic phase. In this conditions, the sample had highest photocatalytic activity with the photodegradation rate was about 92.45% or so in 60min under 20W UV light.
Analysis of the Technology of Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction in Ceramic Industry — A Case Study of Low-Temperature and Fast Firing
Authors: Chen Ke Li , wang Yu Ling
Published: October 2011

The ceramic industry is known as an energy-consuming and high pollutive industry. In order to meet the requirement of sustainable development, It is imperative to implement technology of energy conservation and emission reduction in the ceramic industry. Based on the production process in the architectural ceramic industry, this essay primarily discusses various energy-saving technologies, energy conservation and emission reduction, and construction of the low-temperature-fast-firing remodeling project flow chart. By analyzing the relevance of related technologies, it is hoped to make a significant contribution to the sustainable development of the ceramic industry.
Analysis of Preparation of V-Type Amylose-Hexanol Complex
Authors: Liu Yan Qi , Xiao Xin Xin , Li Hong , Li Xue Hong , Yang Liu Zhi
Published: October 2011

By means of non-aqueous solvent, V-type amylose-hexanol complex which B-type microcrystalline starch made a combination with hexanol was prepared. Study the influence of the reaction temperature, dropping time and cooling temperature on the V-type complexes’ crystallinity. The optimal synthetic conditions were found through the single factor experiment as follows：reaction temperature at 70°C, dropping time of 6min, cooling to room temperature. V-type complex was prepared under optimum conditions, the highest crystallinity reached 73.7%.
Low Carbon Transition of Power System in China: Pathways and Policy Design Implications
Authors: Zhao Chang Hong , Xu Yan , Yuan Jia Hai
Published: October 2011

This paper studies the low carbon transition of electricity system in China. The paper describes the approach, which builds on transitions and transition management using a multi-level perspective (MLP) of niches, socio-technical regime and landscape. A MLP analysis on China’s power sector is presented to understand the current landscape, regime and niches. Five transition pathways with their possible technology options are presented. The paper goes further to propose an interactive management framework for low carbon energy system transition in China and reprehensive technology options are appraised to indicate the policy package design logic in the framework. The work in the paper will be useful in informing policy-makers and other stakeholders and may provide reference value for other countries for energy transition management.
Cross Sectional Suspension Density along the Height of a CFB Riser under Fixed and Variable Bed Inventory Conditions
Authors: Somjun Jiraroch , Chinsuwan Anusorn
Published: October 2011

Experiments were performed in a cold model circulating fluidized bed riser having a cross sectional area of 100 x100 mm2 and a height of 4800 mm. Sand having an average diameter of 231m was used as the bed material. The cross sectional average suspension density along the height of the circulating fluidized bed system with a smooth exit was investigated under fixed and variable bed inventory conditions. A model is proposed for predicting the density profiles in the two conditions.
Research on China's Economic Growth and the Consumption of Energy in the Low-Carbon Economy
Authors: Li Jin Ying , Zhang Chun Lian , Tian Jun Li
Published: October 2011

With the globalization of the economy, energy constraints for economic development have become increasingly apparent. Low-carbon economy has become a necessity. China is a big country of energy consumption, the development of low carbon economy has a long way to go. Low carbon economy will be the opportunity of sustainable development,but also the core of enterprises and the national competitiveness in future. China needs to develop appropriate measures,such as learning the experience of a low carbon economy from the United Kingdom and other developed countries, introducing foreign advanced technology, strengthening independent R&D, improving efficiency of energy conversion,further implementing energy conservation based on international standards to achieve a low carbon economy.In this paper, we established a cointegration and error correction model of 1978-2009 China's economic growth and a regression model between energy consumption and industrial structure.Based on the two models,we analyzed the relationship between Chinese economy and the energy consumption.
Electrochemiluminescence Determination of Pethidine by Capillary Electrophoresis Separation
Authors: Xiang Qian , Gao Ying , Xie Feng Hui
Published: October 2011

A sensitive determination method for pethidine based on capillary electrophoresis-electrochemiluminescence detection was described. Analysis conditions affecting separation and detection were discussed and optimized in detail. The mixture solution of 5 mmol/L Ru(bpy)32+ and 50 mmol/L phosphate buffer at pH 7.46 were added to the detection reservoir. End-column detection of pethidine was performed. Sensitive electrochemiluminescence detection was obtained at applied voltage of 1.20 V. A baseline separation of pethidine was achieved using a phosphate running buffer at pH 7.46 by electrokinetic injection for 10 s at 10 kV. A detection limit of 5.0×10-8 M (S/N=3) was achieved.
Design of Readout Circuit for Pyroelectric Detector Based on Novel Pyroelectric Materials
Authors: Wang Jiang , Jing Wei Ping , Li Yan Jin
Published: October 2011

Recently, scientists discovered that relaxor-based ferroelectric single crystals, such as (1-x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 -xPbTiO3 (PMN-xPT, or PMNT) single crystals, exhibit extra-high pyroelectric responses. They are promising candidates for optical power detectors in broad bandwidth at ultraviolet, visible and infrared wavelength.To fabricate high performance infrared detectors with relaxor-based single crystals, the related readout circuit was investigated to increase signal-to-noise ratio, and 8×1 CMOS readout circuit is fabricated to gain very weak current, which provides a solution for uncooled large focal plane arrays devices based on relaxor-based single crystals.
A Decomposition Analysis of Developing Low-Carbon Economy in Dalian Industry Sector
Authors: Liu Xiao Yu , Mu Hai Lin , Li Hua Nan , Li Miao
Published: October 2011

In this paper, we utilize Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) techniques to decompose different components —CO2 emission factor, industrial energy mix, industrial energy intensity, industrial-scale structure, industrial structure, economic activity, family size and family households—which contribute to the changes in CO2 emissions in Dalian industry sector based on industry economy and CO2 emissions data in Dalian from 2000 to 2009. The results show that the economic activity was the main component for CO2 emissions increase, and energy intensity was the most favorable component in developing low-carbon economy in Dalian industry sector, and optimize energy mix could contribute to a significant reduction in CO2 emissions.
Synthesis of Aldehyde Hydrazones Containing Pyridazinone
Authors: Tao Jing
Published: October 2011

The reaction of 1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-6-pyridazinone-3-carboxylic acid hydrazides (1) and 1,6-dihydro-6-pyridazinone-3-carboxylic acid hydrazides (2) with four kind of substituted 3-formyl chromones (3a-3d) and five kind of 1-phenyl-3-aryl-4-formylpyrazoles (3e-3i) afforded the new compounds aldehyde hydrazones (4a-4i) and (5a-5i). Their structures were established by IR, 1H NMR and elemental analysis.
Evaluating the Need and Potential of Equipping North American Houses with Multi-Zone VAV Systems
Authors: Ringo Ng Ka Long , Liao Zai Yi
Published: October 2011

To identify potential energy savings and improvements to thermal comfort in the Canadian residential sector, a survey on occupant behaviour and control of thermal environment was conducted from April-June 2009 in low-rise dwellings in Ontario, Canada. A total of 396 completed responses were received. Survey results show that approximately 20% of the respondents were not satisfied with their room temperature in the winter. Inadequate level of controllability to room temperature is perceived as the most serious problem. Problems associated with overheating during the winter and overcooling during the summer was also identified. Observations from the survey results helped identify the deficiencies of the heating equipments built today and suggest improvements should be made to increase the controllability of current systems. Thermal simulation was then conducted to identify the problems with single-zone systems commonly built today, and to investigate the potential retrofit alternative. Simulation results show that a multi-zone system can effectively mitigate the deficiencies suffered by existing systems and can drastically improve the energy performances of houses.
Molecular Docking and 3D-QSAR Studies of 4-Phenylpiperidine Derivatives as μ-Opioid Agonists
Authors: Liu Ming , Hu Wen Xiang , Liu Xiao Li
Published: October 2011

A predictive 3D-QSAR model which correlates the biological activities with the chemical structures of a series of 4-phenylpiperidine derivatives as μ opioid agonists was developed by means of comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA). The stabilities of the 3D-QSAR models were verified by the leave-one-out cross-validation method. Moreover, the predictive capabilities of the models were validated by an external test set. Best predictions were obtained with CoMFA standard model(q2=0.504, N=6, r2=0.968) which revealed how steric and electrostatic interactions contribute to agonists bioactivities, and provided us with important information to understand the interaction of agonists and μ opioid receptor .
Preparation of Phosphorus by Carbothermal Reduction Mechanism in Vacuum
Authors: Liu Yu Cheng , Li Qiu Xia , Liu Yong Cheng
Published: October 2011

The purpose of this work was to investigated the carbothermic reaction of fluorapatite process by the means of thermodynamics analyses, XRD and element analysis, respectively. Thermodynamic calculations indicated that phosphorus can be prepared by heating the mixture of Ca5(PO4)3F2 and C at 1173K under the system pressure of 100Pa. CO cannot react with Ca5(PO4)3F2 in the carbothermic reduction process at 973-1873K and 100Pa. Experimental results demonstrated that phosphorus can be produced by the reaction between Ca5(PO4)3F2 and C, the main reaction phase is P2(g), CO(g), CaO and CaF2, and with increasing temperature, the greater degree of response. The best technology conditions, the molar ratio of Ca5(PO4)3F2 to C is 1:7.5 at 1723K for 1h when the system pressure was about 100Pa. This study to provide experimental evidence for preparation of phosphorus by carbothermal reaction of fluorapatite in vacuum.
Pollution Source from Gas Stations and Preventive Measures
Authors: Hu Li Ming , Dong Shi Bao , Li Xuan Min , Ouyang Xiao Dong
Published: October 2011

This document explains the pollution source from gas stations, including fuel evaporation, leak of fuel and discharge of waste water from cleaning tanks. Then it puts forward preventive measures, i.e. lessening fuel evaporation by improving operation methods, recovering fuel vapor by fuel vapor recycling system, revamping and updating facilities to prevent leak of fuel and the waste water from cleaning tanks should be properly processed before discharging.
Study on Technological Mineralogy and the Experimental of Hematite in Fengyang Anhui
Authors: Chen Jiang An , Liu Jun , Luo Xian Ping
Published: October 2011

The paper researched on hematite’s characteristic of process mineralogy in Fengyang Anhui province. The chemical compositions of the ore were analyzed. The species, components of the hematite are determined, and the grain size and embedded characteristic of the ore are statistical. Some suggestions are proposed to improve the recovery of Fe2O3 according to the result of the process mineralogy study.
Characteristics of Petroleum Geology and Prediction of Favorable Areas in Jiufotang Formation, Kazuo Basin
Authors: Guo Qiang , Zhong Da Kang , Wang Yu Lin , Zhong Yan Chun
Published: October 2011

Through the research on actual measurement 106km geological profile, the hydrocarbon source rocks mainly develop the third member of Jiufotang formation, followed by the second member. There are five distribution areas where have been divided hydrocarbon source rocks thickness is more than 400m in study area. Among them, Jiufotang area has the greatest sedimentary thickness of hydrocarbon source rocks, while Siguanyingzi-Sanjiazi area has the largest area where hydrocarbon source rocks are more than 400m. Oil shale is good hydrocarbon source rock, while dark gray and black gray mudstone (or shale) are relatively poor. The fan delta front subaqueous distributary channel and mouth bar are well-developed in basin’s fault zone and also the important favorable reservoir, followed by braided delta front mouth bar, subaqueous distributary channel and distal bar developing in northwestern area of the basin. There are four forms of source-reservoir-cap combination: (1) hydrocarbon source rock in the above layer and reservoir in the below layer; (2) hydrocarbon source rock and reservoir in the same layer; (3) normal form; (4) fingerlike intersection. The combination of fingerlike intersection is the most important forms in study area. Fan delta facies next to lacustrine facies is favorable exploration area.
Recovery a Refractory Oolitic Hematite by Magnetization Roasting and Magnetic Separation
Authors: Guo Chao , Wang Hui , Fu Jian Gang , Chen Kai Da
Published: October 2011

Orthogonal test was carried out to investigate effects of multiple factors during the magnetization roasting-magnetic separation process as follow: roasting temperature, time, ratio of reducing agent and magnetic field intensity. Significant order of those factors on grade of iron concentrate is obtained, and opportune condition for magnetic roasting is determined. As the condition that roasting temperature is 850°C, time is 40min, ratio of reducing agent is mcoal/more=12% and magnetic field intensity is 1800Gs, iron ore concentrate whose grade and recovery are 56.32% and 94.03%, respectively, is obtained. At last, through closed-circuit test including magnetization roasting, magnetic separation and reverse flotation, final result is obtained that iron concentrate with phosphorus and silicon are 0.18% and 2.63%, respectively, and its iron grade and recovery are 60.47% and 80.1%, respectively.
The Lifecycle Growth Trend and Demand Prediction of China Copper Industry
Authors: Ma Cheng , Fang Wei Xuan
Published: October 2011

With the rapid economic development in China, the domestic copper demand grows sustainedly and drives the continual expansion of China copper industry. The study is based on the industry lifecycle theory and supported by the lifecycle characteristics of non-ferrous metal industry of the current developed countries. Combined the experienced data of early developed industrial countries to our practical situation, the growth trend and development limitation of China copper industry lifecycle are analyzed by the growth curve model, which is significant for the accord development of China copper industry.
The Experimental Research on the Sedimentation Performance of one Molybdenum Ore Flotation Tailings
Authors: Li Lin , Lu Xian Jun , Qiu Jun , Li Peng
Published: October 2011

This paper adopts sedimentation experiment to study the sedimentation process of one molybdenum ore flotation tailings and to investigate the effects of lime and sodium silicate on sedimentation performance of tailings. Through the experiment on sedimentation speed and compressive layer density, it reveals the sedimentation performance rules of these tailings. Meanwhile, it explores the effects of lime and sodium silicate on sedimentation dry beach of tailings. The research shows that: lime could effectively ameliorate the non-easy sedimentation caused by sodium silicate; when the dosage of sodium silicate is 300～800g/t, the sedimentation performance can reach the best reasonable pH value 9-10. Besides, the study also indicates that both sodium silicate and lime are unfavorable to form sedimentation dry beach by tailings of concentrating mill.
Research and Design of a Spatial Attitude Measurement System for Drilling Tools
Authors: Xie Chuan , He Ling Ling , Lin Bing
Published: October 2011

Autonomous navigation research in the process of drilling has been a very challenging advanced topic and it requires the drill pole must adjust their own space attitude before the directional move. Strapdown inertial navigation has an explicit definition of the space attitude information which will be reflected by the inclination, the azimuth angle and the tool face angle specifically. For the defect in the open mathematical model solver of the spatial attitude information, we derive another mathematical model of the inclination, the magnetic azimuth angle and the tool face angle with the space coordinates transformation, the spatial straight line equation and the dog-leg angle’s definition and give the specific achievable plan by making use of the triple-axis accelerometer and the triple-axis magnetometer. The experimental result indicated that this plan can get the correct spatial attitude within ±0.1º error to the inclination and ±1.5º error to magnetic azimuth angle and the tool face angle. In addition, its cost is very low and the volume is very small, so it is really an ideal choice for the spatial attitude measurement system.
Programming Model for Offshore Platforms Site Selection
Authors: Yuan Shi Bao
Published: October 2011

The construction of offshore oil and gas development platform is a system engineering with enormous cost, in order to make rational use of limited resources to achieve maximum economic benefits, based on the industrial site selection problem and with the analyses of decision variable in the process of offshore platforms site selection decision-making, Objective function and the Constraint condition a Bi-level Programming Model Of offshore platforms Site selection with a stochastic oil price are set up. According to the characteristics of the model, an adaptive genetic algorithm to solve the problems and a tabu search algorithm to solve the lower planning are designed to improve the Optimize efficiency and effect of the model. With the Optimize of the process, the problems such as Platform deliverability of the process of offshore oil platforms site, Cost, Optimal distribution of resources and so on are successfully resolved.
Comprehensive Evaluation for Putaohua Reservoir in Sanzhao Depression
Authors: Liu Ji Yu , Feng Wei , Gan Sen Lin
Published: October 2011

With complicated geological background, Putaohua reservoir in Sanzhao depression has lots of blocks. Based on its distribution characteristics and evaluation unit division as well as combined with detailed geological characteristics, parameters of developed and undeveloped blocks were optimized and the comprehensive evaluation parameters were determined. In order to make a correct evaluation for oil content, oil distribution, reservoir physical properties and productivity, this paper has adopted comprehensive quantitative evaluation method to do the comprehensive classification and evaluation for developed and undeveloped blocks. It can not only further improve oil recovery of developed blocks but also provide scientific basis for selecting favorable blocks for productivity construction of undeveloped blocks. According to the classification standard, the developed and undeveloped blocks of Putaohua reservoir in Sanzhao depression were separately divided into three types including Class Ⅰ, Ⅱand Ⅲ. In view of the geology and development factors, undeveloped blocks of Class Ⅰ are equivalent to developed blocks of Class Ⅱ; undeveloped blocks of Class Ⅱ are equivalent to developed blocks of Class Ⅲ; undeveloped blocks of Class Ⅲ are the poorest of all.
Calculation Method of Treatment Radius about Water Plugging for Layered-Parallel Beds Model
Authors: Ma Dong , Zhao Lin , Ma Chao , Hu Jun Cheng , Zeng Ming
Published: October 2011

Profile control/water plugging is an important approach to increase production. Reasonable treatment radius and the volume of blocking agent are essential parameters not only in profile control/water plugging engineering but also in the area of reservoir simulation. Traditional calculation method used for treating layer only is derived by Darcy's equation. However, traditional calculation method neglect the influence of multilayer characteristics, which may lead to erroneous results. In this research, a new calculation method about profile control/water plugging is derived by considering the influence of multilayer characteristics. In order to derive this equation, layered-parallel beds model is established and ideal Darcy's radial flow theory is applied. In the new calculation method, treatment radius depends on desired effects, water plugging effect and multilayer characteristics. The scheme proposed by using the new calculation method is evaluated by using data from block SH2 in the HeNan oilfield. Calculation results show that the variation of treatment radius is generally in good agreement with actual situation.Introduction.
A Grey Relationship Method for Predicting Efficiency of Steam Flooding
Authors: Zhang Wei , Li Zhi Ping , Wang Yu
Published: October 2011

The steam flooding is one common way used to enhance oil recovery of heavy oil reservoir. It is difficult to use conventional treatment on steam flooding analysis because of numerous effective factors, complex relationships and no certain mapping relation among those factors. This paper applies grey relationship method to analyze correlative degree of the factors which effect on steam flooding, and then selects steam absorption effect as the comparative indicator, finally gets a sort of steam flooding effect of different parameters. Each correlation degree has a good match with steam flooding effect, and the higher of correlation degree the better of steam flooding effect. Grey relationship is an effective, fast and accurate method for appraising steam flooding effect.
Experimental Study of the Factors Influencing Filtrate Loss of the High-Density Brine Drilling Fluid
Authors: Zhang Ming , Li Tian Tai , Zhang Xi Feng
Published: October 2011

High density brine drilling fluid has been widely applied in the high pressure and complex oil and gas fields. Effectively controlling high density brine drilling fluid loss is an important factor for reducing the reservoir damage and keeping well stability. Base on general drilling fluid formulations，the affecting factors of filtrate loss of high density brine drilling fluid were analysed through mass laboratory experiments. The results show that the main fctor was the content of caustic soda and bentonite, secondly the density and the shape of adding product. The combination of adding product is one of effective method to control the filtration property of high density brine drilling fluid. The results will provide reliable foundation for successful field application.
Limited Entry Fracturing Design and Optimization for Thin-Interbedded Low-Permeability Reservoir
Authors: Wu Ya Hong , Yang Hui
Published: October 2011

Limited entry fracturing technique is an effective method to stimulate low-permeability reservoirs. Especially for thin-interbedded reservoirs, this technique can, to a large extent, save fracturing operation cost and improve effectively stimulation degree of oil layers. In order to get targeted operations, various influence factors should be taken into account, to further optimize limited entry fracturing frame. Low-permeability thin interbedded reservoirs being featured with low permeability, multiple and thin layers, the numerical simulation method is applied to analyze the effect of perforation number and formation parameters, including minimum principal stress, pay thickness, permeability and porosity, on entry flow rate and fracture geometries. Through simulation, we find: the higher minimum principal stress, which is the main factor affecting proppant length, the shorter the proppant length; the thicker the pay zone or the more the perforation number, the larger the proppant width, while pay zone thickness and perforation number are the main factors affecting proppant width; the more the perforation number, which has the largest effect on proppant height, the larger the proppant height. Nonetheless, permeability and porosity has minor effects on fracture geometries.
Study on Pumping Units with Wind Power Generation Complementary Power Supply System
Authors: Cai Wen Bin , Du Kang , Peng Xing , Liu Hua Yang
Published: October 2011

The wind power generation pumping unit has environmental protection and the energy-saving function with wind power generation complementary power supply system. Based on the calculation of the pumping power consumption during the oil production, the essential wind-power generation electric quantity for pumping equipment runs stable was analyzed, wind-electricity and electric network complementary energy transmission and control circuit were designed, When the wind speed changes, by the energy transmission and control circuit related parameters and taking the historical meteorological statistics of the corresponding period as the comparison reference, the system can control wind power generation and the battery charge and discharge flexibly to ensure the equipment runs stable, which lays a firm foundation for the wide application of the off-grid wind power. The economic analysis shows that the wind-electricity and electric network complementary pumping machine has good economic efficiency and application prospect in oilfield.
Orthogonal Test Design for Optimization of Dispersive Type Cement Slurry Fluid Loss Control Additive Used in Petroleum Drilling
Authors: Guo Sheng Lai , Bu Yu Huan
Published: October 2011

The fluid loss control additive plays a key role in reducing reservoir damage and improving the cementing quality of an oil well. Aiming at good fluid loss control ability and excellent dispersibility, a new dispersive type fluid loss control additive was synthesized through orthogonal experiment with 2-acrylamido-2- methyl propane sulfonic acid, acrylamide, N, N-dimethylacrylamide and maleic anhydride. The orthogonal experiment result shows that the influence on the properties of FLCA decreases in the order: PH value > monomer concentration > monomer mole ratio > initiator concentration > temperature. The result indicates that the optimal conditions for FLCA were 4/2.5/2.5/1 of mole ratio of AMPS/AM /NNDMA/MA, 32.5% total monomer concentration in deionized water, 1.0% (by weight of monomer) ammonium persulfate/sodium bisulfite, 4 of PH value, 40°Cof temperature. The synthesized copolymer was identified by FTIR analysis. The results show the dispersive type fluid loss control additive has excellent dispersibility, fluid loss control ability, thermal resistant and salt tolerant ability. As the temperature increases, the thickening time of the slurry containing the synthesized additive reduces. The copolymer is expected to be a good fluid loss control additive.