bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Water theft as social insurance: south‐eastern Spain, 1851–1948†
Authors: Donna Javier D. , Espín‐Sánchez José‐Antonio
Published: March 2021

For centuries, irrigation communities in south‐eastern Spain were socially stable and economically efficient. In this article, we show how these self‐governing institutions persisted by resolving conflicts over scarce resources with flexible punishment for water theft. We argue that variable penalties for violating irrigation rules provided social insurance to farmers during droughts. We develop a dynamic model in which judges trade off crime deterrence and social insurance, and test its predictions using a novel dataset on water theft in the self‐governed irrigation community of Mula, Spain, from 1851 to 1948. For the same offence, we show that recidivists were punished more harshly than first‐time offenders. When the defendant was wealthy, as indicated by the honorific title don, or the victim was poor, judgements were stricter.
Loss of soil carbon and nitrogen rather than variations in soil particle size distribution decreased microbial residues during conversion of grassland to croplands
Authors: Liang Shuang , Zhang Hao , Song Xiaoling , Liu Siwen , Yun Xinyao , Wu Yao
Published: March 2021

Conversion of grassland into cropland always induces a great degradation of soil organic carbon (SOC). However, during this process information on microbial residue C (MR‐C) and its contribution to SOC with increasing conversion age remain scarce. The relative contribution of soil properties to the accumulation of amino sugars is still poorly understood. Here, we studied variations in soil amino sugars and MR‐C, and their contribution to SOC with increasing conversion age (5 (M05), 16 (M16) and 34 (M34) years, respectively) from grassland to cropland. In contrast to the contents of glucosamine, fungal glucosamine, galactosamine, muramic acid, total amino sugars and MR‐C in grassland, those in M05 decreased in the range of 14.8–37.5%, and those in M34 decreased in the range of 31.8–65.1%, respectively. The contents of amino sugars and MR‐C did not differ between M16 and M34. The similar contribution of MR‐C to SOC (44.6–46.3%) in grassland, M16 and M34 is likely to result from a balance between microbial and non‐degraded plant residues. Decreasing ratios of fungal to bacterial residue C with conversion age indicated a decreased relative contribution of fungal residues to SOC, which probably resulted from the decreased percentage of macroaggregates. MR‐C and SOC decreased and reached a steady status in a few years (≧16 a) after conversion of grassland to cropland. The redundancy analysis model revealed that total nitrogen (TN), pH, SOC and available nitrogen (AN) played a bigger role than particle size distribution, in terms of explaining the contribution of amino sugars to soil carbon.

Highlights

Conversion of grassland into cropland decreased amino sugars and microbial residues.

The contribution of MR‐C to SOC peaked in M05.

The relative contribution of fungal residues to SOC decreased with increasing conversion age.

TN and SOC contributed more to the accumulation of amino sugars than particle size distribution.
The evolution of financial constraints
Authors: Christodoulou Demetris , Ho Shawn , Prokhorov Artem
Published: April 2021

We demonstrate that the severity of financial constraints has declined over time for two reasons: (i) improved access to external funds as evidenced by a decreased reliance on internal cash flows, and (ii) an inward shifting investment frontier with reduced investment opportunities. The decline in financial constraints coincides with the documented diminishing sensitivity of investment to cash flows, yet we show that cash flows remain a determining factor in helping constrained firms overcome restricted access to external capital. There is a flight‐to‐quality during economic shocks, where the adverse effects following periods of tightened credit are particularly pronounced for smaller firms, with larger firms appearing largely unaffected.
Model‐based robustness and bistability analysis for methylation‐based, epigenetic memory systems
Authors: Klingel Viviane , Kirch Jakob , Ullrich Timo , Weirich Sara , Jeltsch Albert , Radde Nicole E.
Published: March 2021

In recent years, epigenetic memory systems have been developed based on DNA methylation and positive feedback systems. Achieving a robust design for these systems is generally a challenging and multifactorial task. We developed and validated a novel mathematical model to describe methylation‐based epigenetic memory systems that capture switching dynamics of methylation levels and methyltransferase amounts induced by different inputs. A bifurcation analysis shows that the system operates in the bistable range, but in its current setup is not robust to changes in parameters. An expansion of the model captures heterogeneity of cell populations by accounting for distributed cell division rates. Simulations predict that the system is highly sensitive to variations in temperature, which affects cell division and the efficiency of the zinc finger repressor. A moderate decrease in temperature leads to a highly heterogeneous response to input signals and bistability on a single‐cell level. The predictions of our model were confirmed by flow cytometry experiments conducted in this study. Overall, the results of our study give insights into the functional mechanisms of methylation‐based memory systems and demonstrate that the switching dynamics can be highly sensitive to experimental conditions.
The duality of PRDM proteins: epigenetic and structural perspectives
Authors: Di Tullio Federico , Schwarz Megan , Zorgati Habiba , Mzoughi Slim , Guccione Ernesto
Published: March 2021

PRDF1 and RIZ1 homology domain containing (PRDMs) are a subfamily of Krüppel‐like zinc finger proteins controlling key processes in metazoan development and in cancer. PRDMs exhibit unique dualities: (a) PR domain/ZNF arrays—their structure combines a SET‐like domain known as aPR domain,typically found in methyltransferases, with a variable array ofC2H2 zinc fingers (ZNF)characteristic of DNA‐binding transcription factors; (b) transcriptional activators/repressors—their physiological function is context‐ and cell‐dependent; mechanistically, some PRDMs have a PKMT activity and directly catalyze histone lysine methylation, while others are rather pseudomethyltransferases and act by recruiting transcriptional cofactors; (c) oncogenes/tumor suppressors—their pathological function depends on the specific PRDM isoform expressed during tumorigenesis. This duality is well known as the ‘Yin and Yang’ of PRDMs and involves a complex regulation of alternative splicing or alternative promoter usage, to generate full‐length or PR‐deficient isoforms with opposing functions in cancer. In conclusion, once their dualities are fully appreciated, PRDMs represent a promising class of targets in oncology by virtue of their widespread upregulation across multiple tumor types and their somatic dispensability, conferring a broad therapeutic window and limited toxic side effects. The recent discovery of a first‐in‐class compound able to inhibit PRDM9 activity has paved the way for the identification of further small molecular inhibitors able to counteract PRDM oncogenic activity.
Creativity comes from interactions: modules of protein interactions in plants
Authors: Allen Jeffrey R. , Wilkinson Edward G. , Strader Lucia C.
Published: March 2021

Protein interactions are the foundation of cell biology. For robust signal transduction to occur, proteins interact selectively and modulate their behavior to direct specific biological outcomes. Frequently, modular protein interaction domains are central to these processes. Some of these domains bind proteins bearing post‐translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, whereas other domains recognize and bind to specific amino acid motifs. Other modules act as diverse protein interaction scaffolds or can be multifunctional, forming head‐to‐head homodimers and binding specific peptide sequences or membrane phospholipids. Additionally, the so‐called head‐to‐tail oligomerization domains (SAM, DIX, and PB1) can form extended polymers to regulate diverse aspects of biology. Although the mechanism and structures of these domains are diverse, they are united by their modularity. Together, these domains are versatile and facilitate the evolution of complex protein interaction networks. In this review, we will highlight the role of select modular protein interaction domains in various aspects of plant biology.
Immune and vascular contributions to organogenesis of the testis and ovary
Authors: Gu Xiaowei , Li Shu‐Yun , DeFalco Tony
Published: March 2021

Gonad development is a highly regulated process that coordinates cell specification and morphogenesis to produce sex‐specific organ structures that are required for fertility, such as testicular seminiferous tubules and ovarian follicles. While sex determination occurs within specialized gonadal supporting cells, sexual differentiation is evident throughout the entire organ, including within the interstitial compartment, which contains immune cells and vasculature. While immune and vascular cells have been traditionally appreciated for their supporting roles during tissue growth and homeostasis, an increasing body of evidence supports the idea that these cell types are critical drivers of sexually dimorphic morphogenesis of the gonad. Myeloid immune cells, such as macrophages, are essential for multiple aspects of gonadogenesis and fertility, including for forming and maintaining gonadal vasculature in both sexes at varying stages of life. While vasculature is long known for supporting organ growth and serving as an export mechanism for gonadal sex steroids in utero, it is also an important component of fetal testicular morphogenesis and differentiation; additionally, it is vital for ovarian corpus luteal function and maintenance of pregnancy. These findings point toward a new paradigm in which immune cells and blood vessels are integral components of sexual differentiation and organogenesis. In this review, we discuss the state of the field regarding the diverse roles of immune and vascular cells during organogenesis of the testis and ovary and highlight outstanding questions in the field that could stimulate new research into these previously underappreciated constituents of the gonad.
Induction and reversibility of Ceriodaphnia cornuta horns under varied intensity of predation risk and their defensive effectiveness against Chaoborus larvae
Authors: Gu Lei , Xu Xiaoqing , Li Yannan , Sun Yunfei , Zhang Lu , Lyu Kai , Huang Yuan , Yang Zhou
Published: March 2021

Phenotypic plasticity is common, and the induction and reversibility of plastic traits is closely related to the fitness of organisms in fluctuating environments. However, understanding the expression and reversion patterns of inducible traits in environments with fluctuating predation intensity is still a challenge.

The present study focused on the inducible horns of Ceriodaphnia cornuta and its interaction with predation by Chaoborus larvae. We described the expression and reversion patterns of horns under increasing predation risks, which included response time, rate, and intensity. Additionally, we used predation trials to measure the effect of inducible horns on the survival rate and resistance to Chaoborus larvae predation by juvenile and adult C. cornuta.

The results revealed that the size and expression patterns of horns at different body parts contributed to individual horn induction, which ultimately led to adaptive expression and reversion patterns under increasing predation risks. Specifically, the expression time and intensity increased linearly under increasing predation risks. Correspondingly, the reversion time also increased linearly, reversibility decreased linearly, and induction and reversion rates increased logarithmically. Corresponding with the plasticity pattern, predation trials showed that adult individuals with horns were remarkably less vulnerable to predation by Chaoborus larvae than undefended individuals. This finding provides a direct evidence of the benefit of inducible horns in C. cornuta.

By combining benefits and response patterns, the present study provided a basic understanding of the ontogenetic plasticity of horns in C. cornuta. Furthermore, our study indicates that C. cornuta could be an efficient organism for understanding the induction and reversibility of inducible defensive traits and related interspecific relationships under fluctuating conditions in aquatic environments.
Greenhouse gas production and lipid biomarker distribution in Yedoma and Alas thermokarst lake sediments in Eastern Siberia
Authors: Jongejans Loeka L. , Liebner Susanne , Knoblauch Christian , Mangelsdorf Kai , Ulrich Mathias , Grosse Guido , Tanski George , Fedorov Alexander N. , Konstantinov Pavel Ya. , Windirsch Torben , Wiedmann Julia , Strauss Jens
Published: March 2021

Permafrost thaw leads to thermokarst lake formation and talik growth tens of meters deep, enabling microbial decomposition of formerly frozen organic matter (OM). We analyzed two 17‐m‐long thermokarst lake sediment cores taken in Central Yakutia, Russia. One core was from an Alas lake in a Holocene thermokarst basin that underwent multiple lake generations, and the second core from a young Yedoma upland lake (formed ~70 years ago) whose sediments have thawed for the first time since deposition. This comparison provides a glance into OM fate in thawing Yedoma deposits. We analyzed total organic carbon (TOC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content, n‐alkane concentrations, and bacterial and archaeal membrane markers. Furthermore, we conducted 1‐year‐long incubations (4°C, dark) and measured anaerobic carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) production. The sediments from both cores contained little TOC (0.7 ± 0.4 wt%), but DOC values were relatively high, with the highest values in the frozen Yedoma lake sediments (1620 mg L−1). Cumulative greenhouse gas (GHG) production after 1 year was highest in the Yedoma lake sediments (226 ± 212 µg CO2‐C g−1 dw, 28 ± 36 µg CH4‐C g−1 dw) and 3 and 1.5 times lower in the Alas lake sediments, respectively (75 ± 76 µg CO2‐C g−1 dw, 19 ± 29 µg CH4‐C g−1 dw). The highest CO2 production in the frozen Yedoma lake sediments likely results from decomposition of readily bioavailable OM, while highest CH4 production in the non‐frozen top sediments of this core suggests that methanogenic communities established upon thaw. The lower GHG production in the non‐frozen Alas lake sediments resulted from advanced OM decomposition during Holocene talik development. Furthermore, we found that drivers of CO2 and CH4 production differ following thaw. Our results suggest that GHG production from TOC‐poor mineral deposits, which are widespread throughout the Arctic, can be substantial. Therefore, our novel data are relevant for vast ice‐rich permafrost deposits vulnerable to thermokarst formation.
Increasingly severe cyanobacterial blooms and deep water hypoxia coincide with warming water temperatures in reservoirs
Authors: Smucker Nathan J. , Beaulieu Jake J. , Nietch Christopher T. , Young Jade L.
Published: March 2021

Cyanobacterial blooms are expected to intensify and become more widespread with climate change and sustained nutrient pollution, subsequently increasing threats to lentic ecosystems, water quality, and human health. However, little is known about their rates of change because long‐term monitoring data are rare, except for some well‐studied individual lakes, which typically are large and broadly dispersed geographically. Using monitoring data spanning 1987–2018 for 20 temperate reservoirs located in the USA, we found that cyanobacteria cell densities mostly posed low‐to‐moderate human health risks until 2003–2005, after which cell densities rapidly increased. Increases were greatest in reservoirs with extensive agriculture in their watersheds, but even those with mostly forested watersheds experienced increases. Since 2009, cell densities posing high human health risks have become frequent with 75% of yearly observations exceeding 100,000 cells ml−1, including 53% of observations from reservoirs with mostly forested watersheds. These increases coincided with progressively earlier and longer summer warming of surface waters, evidence of earlier onset of stratification, lengthening durations of deep‐water hypoxia, and warming deep waters in non‐stratifying reservoirs. Among years, higher cell densities in stratifying reservoirs were associated with greater summer precipitation, warmer June surface water temperatures, and higher total Kjeldahl nitrogen concentrations. These trends are evidence that expected increases in cyanobacterial blooms already are occurring as changing climate conditions in some regions increasingly favor their proliferation. Consequently, their negative effects on ecosystems, human health, and socioeconomic wellbeing could increase and expand if warming trends and nutrient pollution continue.
Different life‐form strategies of perennial energy crops and related nutrient exports require a differentiating view specifically concerning a sustainable cultivation on marginal land
Authors: Ruf Thorsten , Emmerling Christoph
Published: March 2021

Perennial energy crops (PECs) are increasingly used as feedstock to produce energy in an environmental friendly way. Compared to traditional conversion strategies like thermal use, sophisticated technologies such as biomethanation defined different requirements of the feedstock. Whereas the first concept relies on dry, woody material, biomethanation requires a moist feedstock. Thus, over time, the spectrum of species used as PECs has widened. Moreover, harvest dates were adjusted to provide the feedstock at suitable moisture contents. It is well known that perennial, lignocellulose‐based energy crops, compared to annual, sugar‐ and starch‐based ones, offer ecological advantages such as, inter alia, improving biodiversity in landscape, protecting soil against erosion, and protecting groundwater from nutrient inputs. However, one of the main arguments for PEC cultivation was their undemanding nature concerning external inputs. With respect to the broader spectrum of PEC species and changed harvest dates, the question arises whether the concept of PECs being low‐input energy crops is still valid. This also implies the question of suitable growing conditions and sustainable management. The aims of this opinion paper were to classify different PECs according to their life‐form strategy, compare nutrient exports when harvested in different maturation stages, and to discuss the results in the context of sustainable PEC cultivation on marginal land. This study revealed that nutrient exports with yield biomass of PECs harvested in green state are in the same range than those of annual energy crops and therewith several times higher than those of PECs harvested in brown state or of woody short rotation coppices. Thus, PECs cannot universally be claimed as low‐input energy crops. These results also imply the consequences of cultivation of PECs on marginal land. Finally, the question has to be raised whether the term PECs should prospectively be better specified in written and spoken words.
Interactional practices in person‐centred care: Conversation analysis of nurse‐patient disagreement during self‐management support
Authors: Forsgren Emma , Björkman Ida
Published: March 2021

Background

Person‐centred care implies a change in interaction between care professionals and patients where patients are not passive recipients but co‐producers of care. The interactional practices of person‐centred care remain largely unexplored.

Objective

This study focuses on the analysis of disagreements, which are described as an important part in the co‐production of knowledge in interaction.

Design

A qualitative exploratory study using conversation analysis.

Setting and participants

Data were collected from a nurse‐led person‐centred intervention in a hospital outpatient setting. Interactions between adult patients with irritable bowel syndrome (n = 17) and a registered nurse were audio‐recorded. COREQ guidelines were applied.

Results

Disagreements were found after demonstration of the nurse's or patients’ respective professional or personal knowledge. Disagreements were also evident when deciding on strategies for self‐management. Although negotiations between opposing views of the nurse and patient were seen as important, the patient generally claimed final authority both in knowing how IBS is perceived and in the right to choose self‐management strategies. The nurse generally oriented towards patient authority, but instances of demonstration of nurse authority despite patient resistance were also found.

Discussion and conclusions

This study provides information on how co‐production of knowledge and decisions occur in the context of a person‐centred care intervention. Negotiations between nurse and patient views require a flexible approach to communication, adapting interaction to each context while bearing in mind the patients having the final authority. To facilitate co‐production, the patient's role and responsibilities in interaction should be explicitly stated.
Alcohol use, cigarette smoking, vaping and number of sexual partners: A cross‐sectional study of sexually active, ethnically diverse, inner city adolescents
Authors: Bartholomew Rosalie , Kerry‐Barnard Sarah , Beckley‐Hoelscher Nicholas , Phillips Rachel , Reid Fiona , Fleming Charlotte , Lesniewska Agata , Yoward Freya , Oakeshott Pippa
Published: March 2021

Context

There are few UK data on the prevalence and clustering of risky behaviours in ethnically diverse adolescents.

Objectives

To investigate the prevalence of reported alcohol use, smoking and vaping, and explore whether these behaviours are associated with increased numbers of sexual partners.

Design

Questionnaire survey of ‘Test n Treat’ chlamydia screening trial participants.

Setting and participants

Sexually active students attending six London technical colleges completed confidential questionnaires and provided genitourinary samples.

Results

The median age of the 509 participants was 17 years (IQR: 16‐18), 47% were male, 50% were of black ethnicity, 55% reported ≥2 sexual partners in the past year (67% of males and 45% of females) and 6.2% had chlamydia infection and 0.6% gonorrhoea. Almost half (48%) reported getting drunk in the past month, 33% smoked cigarettes and 7% had ever vaped.

A larger percentage of students with ≥2 sexual partners than 0‐1 partners reported getting drunk in the past month (53.7%, 144/268% versus 42.2% 94/223, adjusted prevalence ratio: 1.33, 95% confidence interval: 1.11‐1.61) and smoking cigarettes (36.6%, 100/273% versus 30.2%, 67/222, 1.34 (1.05‐1.70)). By contrast, multiple sexual partners were not associated with vaping or chlamydia infection, but numbers were small.

Conclusions

We found high prevalences of risky behaviour and an association between multiple sexual partners and smoking and/or getting drunk. Findings support the introduction of compulsory sex and relationship education in UK secondary schools, including information about the adverse effects of alcohol and smoking.

Public contribution

Participants helped with study design, conduct and interpretation.
Sustainable high‐entropy ceramics for reversible energy storage: A short review
Authors: Lin Yong , Luo Nan , Chamas Mohamad , Hu Chunfeng , Grasso Salvatore
Published: March 2021

Research on high‐entropy ceramics (HEC) is rapidly expanding; the myriad of unexplored compositions creates unique opportunities. Compared to the state of the art materials, HECs have shown favorable improvement on the long‐term stability and durability of secondary batteries (i.e., Li, Na, K, and S). This short review summarizes the recent (2015‐2020) progress done in the field of HECs for reversible energy storage (26 peer reviewed papers); it gives an overview on materials chemistry, reactivity/synthesis, processing routes, electrochemical performance, and applications. It also surveys 18 patents to trace the growing technological interest. The charge and discharge performance are analyzed and compared with reference established materials.
Raman spectroscopic study of corroded historical glass
Authors: Hruška Branislav , Nowicka Aleksandra , Chromčíková Mária , Greiner‐Wrona Elżbieta , Smolík Jan , Soltézs Vojtech , Liška Marek
Published: March 2021

The corroded surfaces of historical glass samples were studied by micro‐Raman spectroscopy. The spectra acquired from lateral and stratified mapping were analyzed by principal component analysis providing the number of linearly independent spectral components and by multivariate curve analysis resulting in spectrum of native glass and spectra of different corrosion products (loadings) and their relative abundances (scores) in each measured spot. The obtained results were qualified by comparison of results obtained by stratified mapping with the results of lateral mapping. On the basis of dominant scores, the lateral distribution of various corrosion products was identified. The quality of corrosion products was only roughly identified by the spectral database (S.T. Japan spectral database).
Ferromagnetic insulating behavior at low temperature induced by Sn doping in the ceramic SrRuO3
Authors: Liu Yanliang , Zhang Zhe , Lv Jiecheng , Qian Peihua , Cai Hongling , Wu Xiaoshan
Published: March 2021

Effects of Sn doping at Ru site on the structural, magnetic, and transport behavior of polycrystalline SrRu1−xSnxO3 (x ≤ 0.1) have been investigated here. Substitution of Sn4+ for Ru4+ remains the same crystal symmetry with that of Sn‐free SrRuO3, while induces the Ru(Sn)O6 octahedral distortions. Samples with the low doping concentration (x ≤ 0.08) show a metallic behavior at high temperature, while a metal to insulator transition occurs at low temperature. On the other hand, an insulator behavior is detected for sample with x = 0.1, which follows Arrhenius‐type process in the temperature range of 80–140 K and Mott's variable range hopping model in the temperature range of 140–300 K. Further, we find that Sn4+ has a significant effect on the magnetic behavior of Sn doping in SrRuO3 where ferromagnetic transition temperature and magnetic moment decrease rapidly due to octahedral distortion and site dilution.
Designing effective and stable S‐scheme RGO/AgVO3/AgBr hybrid with enhanced photocatalytic performance
Authors: Abulizi Abulikemu , Zhang Tao , Kadeer Kuerbangnisha , Tursun Yalkunjan , Talifur Dilinuer
Published: March 2021

The low separation of photogenerated electron‐hole pairs and cycle stability has been the main bottleneck which restricts the development of photocatalytic technology for water purification. Here, RGO/AgVO3composites were fabricated by photo‐ultrasonic assisted reduction method, and AgBr nanoparticles were assembled on the surface of RGO/AgVO3via an in situ ion exchange method. A series of characterization and experimental results indicated that the introduction of RGO influenced the growth of crystal phase for AgVO3nanorods, resulting that AgVO3nanorods became thicker and shorter with the increase in RGO content. Moreover, RGO could also work as a bridge to promote the migration of electrons, leading different improvement for photocatalytic activity. Furthermore, in situ growth of AgBr on the surface of AgVO3nanorods could prevent its agglomeration and exfoliation, thus improving the photocatalytic activity and cycle stability of composites. RGO1%/AgVO3/AgBr30%exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity and stability for methylene blue (MB) degradation due to its unique structure, and its removal ratio reached at 96.2% within 50 min. Meanwhile, the separation of photogenerated electron‐hole pairs of AgVO3was markedly improved due to the introduction of RGO and AgBr. Based on the trapping experiments and theoretical calculation of band gap, a possible S‐scheme photocatalytic mechanism for improved photocatalytic activity was proposed.
Efficient red and broadband near‐infrared luminescence in Mn2+/Yb3+‐doped phosphate phosphor
Authors: Dong Langping , Zhang Liang , Xu Yonghui , Yin Shuwen , You Hongpeng
Published: March 2021

In this work, we report a novel phosphor LSPO:Mn2+ that exhibits red emission at about 616 nm and pleasant broad near‐infrared (NIR) emission at about 800 nm with a full width at half maximum (fwhm) of 112 nm. The structure and spectra show that the doped manganese ions occupy two kinds of Sc sites forming Mn1 and Mn2 emission centers, which are responsible for red and NIR emission, respectively. The XPS and low‐temperature fluorescence spectra reveal that both red and NIR emissions come from the Mn2+ ions. Besides, NIR luminescence is improved by doping Yb3+ in LSPO:Mn2+, leading to the broadened NIR emission range (700‐1100 nm) and enhanced luminescent thermal stability. Our results suggest that the prepared LSPO:Mn2+ and LSPO:Mn2+,Yb3+ phosphors offer the potential applications as red and NIR components in phosphor‐converted white‐light‐emitting diodes (pc‐WLED) and broadband NIR pc‐LED. Meanwhile, this work provides a new way to design novel broadband NIR phosphors.
Surface plasmon resonance‐induced Ag‐BaTiO3 composites for catalytic performance
Authors: He Zemin , Yu Ping , Wang Haiyang , Gao Jianjing , Zhao Yang , Zhang Haiquan , Zhao Yuzhen , Miao Zongcheng
Published: March 2021

Ferroelectric BaTiO3 was combined with Ag nanoparticles for piezocatalytic and photocatalytic viewpoints. Microstructural characterization (X‐ray diffraction and electron microscopy images) revealed that the Ag was successfully bounded with BaTiO3. X‐ray photoelectron spectrum also confirmed the presence of Ag. Further, its performance was examined for dye degradation under visible light (for photocatalysis) and ultrasonication (for piezocatalysis). In both the catalysis processes, there was a significant improvement in Ag‐loaded BaTiO3 sample‐based catalytic reactions. Catalytic performance was evaluated for multiple cycles and was found consistent. Scavenger tests were also performed to understand catalytic reactions.
Charge transfer band excitation of La3NbO7:Sm3+ phosphors induced abnormal thermal quenching toward high‐sensitivity thermometers
Authors: Hua Yongbin , Kim Jung‐Uk , Yu Jae Su
Published: March 2021

Different luminescent behaviors of La3NbO7:Sm3+ phosphors under the excitations of charge transfer band (CTB, 250 nm) and featured absorption peak (6H5/2 → 4H7/2, 405 nm) of Sm3+ ions were demonstrated. Under the excitation wavelength of 405 nm, the optimal La3NbO7:0.1Sm3+ phosphor exhibited an orange‐red emission while the chromatic coordinate was found to be (0.609, 0.387), which also showed the excellent thermal performance, exhibiting its emission intensity of about 90.67% at 423 K with respect to 303 K. In the case of CTB excitation, the La3NbO7:0.1Sm3+ phosphor emitted an orange‐yellow region with the chromaticity coordinate of (0.540, 0.443), and the emission intensity was stronger than the above one (λex =405 nm) even though the optimized sample would be changed to the La3NbO7:0.05Sm3+ phosphor. With the increase of temperature, the obtained sample revealed an abnormal thermal quenching phenomenon between the emission peak of the host material and the emission transition of 4G5/2 → 6H9/2 under the excitation wavelength of 250 nm, which could be suggested to turn into a pair of thermal‐couple levels. Therefore, the sensing sensitivity of the obtained sample was further investigated based on the fluorescence intensity ratio theory. Eventually, the absolute and relative sensing sensitivities of the La3NbO7:0.01Sm3+ phosphor were estimated to be as high as 5.379 × 10−2 K−1 and 1.60% K−1, respectively.
Simultaneously achieved high‐energy storage density and efficiency in (K,Na)NbO3‐based lead‐free ferroelectric films
Authors: Huang Yu , Shu Liang , Zhang Suwei , Zhou Zhen , Cheng Yue‐Yu‐Shan , Peng Biaolin , Liu Lisha , Zhang Yuanyuan , Wang Xuping , Li Jing‐Feng
Published: March 2021

With the development of advanced electrical and electronic devices and the requirement of environmental protection, lead‐free dielectric capacitors with excellent energy storage performance have aroused great attention. However, it is a great challenge to achieve both large energy storage density and high efficiency simultaneously in dielectric capacitors. This work investigates the energy storage performance of sol‐gel‐processed (K,Na)NbO3‐based lead‐free ferroelectric films on silicon substrates with compositions of 0.95(K0.49Na0.49Li0.02)(Nb0.8Ta0.2)O3‐0.05CaZrO3‐xmol% Mn (KNN‐LT‐CZ5‐xmol% Mn). The appropriate amount of Mn‐doping facilitates the coexistence of orthorhombic and tetragonal phases, suppresses the leakage current, and considerably enhances the breakdown strengths of KNN‐LT‐CZ5 films. Consequently, large recoverable energy storage density up to 64.6 J cm−3with a high efficiency of 84.6% under an electric field of 3080 kV cm−1are achieved in KNN‐LT‐CZ5‐5 mol% Mn film. This, to the best of our knowledge, is superior to the majority of both the lead‐based and lead‐free films on silicon substrates and thus demonstrates great potentials of (K,Na)NbO3‐based lead‐free films as dielectric energy storage materials.
Enhanced luminescence and thermal stability of (Sr,Ca)AlSiN3:Eu2+ via superficial organic carbon modification
Authors: Tian Junhang , Zhuang Weidong , Liu Ronghui , Liu Yuanhong , Chen Guantong , Chen Siwei , Jiang Ze
Published: March 2021

The Eu2+‐activated nitride phosphors have been widely used in solid‐state lighting, but the applications in high‐power white‐light‐emitting diodes (wLEDs) field require higher thermal stability of luminescent materials. The oxidation of Eu2+ and the damage of nitride host in the Eu2+‐activated nitride phosphors are the two crucial reasons for the luminescence loss while operating. A superficial organic carbon modification is performed on the red‐emitting (Sr,Ca)AlSiN3:Eu2+ phosphor via the incorporation of organic carbon by solution mixing and thermal post‐treatment under the N2‐H2 atmosphere. After the superficial organic carbon modification, the oxidation of Eu2+ and the formation of impurity phases on the phosphor surface are effectively reduced. When the superficial organic carbon modified sample was treated in the 2 wt.% sucrose solutions, the relative brightness is strengthened by 2.15%, the thermal quenching characteristic is improved by 8.9% at 300℃, and the aging test results show an excellent thermal stability. All above indicate that the superficial organic carbon modification is a promising technique to enhance the thermal stability of analogous Eu2+‐activated nirtide phosphors.
Synthesis of ultrafine silicon carbide nanoparticles using nonthermal arc plasma at atmospheric pressure
Authors: Wang Cheng , Zhou Jiawen , Song Ming , Lu Zhongshan , Chen Xianhui , Zheng Yan , Xia Weidong
Published: March 2021

It remains a significant challenge for the scalable production of ultrafine silicon carbide (SiC) nanoparticles with sizes smaller than 10 nm. In this work, a novel process based on atmospheric nonthermal arc plasma was proposed for the continuous synthesis of ultrafine SiC nanoparticles. This low‐cost and scalable technique allows preparation of SiC nanoparticles with small size (5–9 nm) and narrow size distribution via hexamethyldisilane (HMDS) decomposition in an argon/hydrogen plasma environment. The as‐synthesized products were carbon‐rich β‐SiC nanoparticles with plentiful functional groups on the surface. The addition of hydrogen in plasma gas can tune the product characteristics, such as decreasing particle size, improving crystallinity, and reducing carbon and oxygen contents. Moreover, the as‐prepared β‐SiC nanoparticles had a high band gap (around 2.5 eV), and their photoluminescence peak showed an obvious blueshift relative to that of bulk β‐SiC, which was mainly attributed to the quantum confinement effect induced by their ultrafine size. According to the spectral information of arc plasma, the formation of SiC nanoparticles in the plasma was discussed.
Assessing glass‐ceramic homogeneity and nucleation self‐correlation by crystallization statistics
Authors: Ramírez Acosta María Helena , Raphael Rodrigues Lorena , Guarin Castro Edgar David , Dutra Zanotto Edgar
Published: March 2021

In this work, we implemented and tested a statistical method to evaluate the microstructural uniformity of partially crystallized glasses employing the aggregation index (R‐index), a parameter derived from the Poisson distribution function, which has mainly been used in Ecology studies. Since the crystal nucleation rate strongly depends on the chemical composition, the spatial crystal distribution in glass‐ceramics can be used to infer their chemical homogeneity. We also tested the hypothesis, advanced by some authors, of preferential secondary nucleation close to preexisting crystals (even in chemically homogeneous samples). To this end, we conducted a nearest‐neighbor statistical analysis of the spatial crystal distribution in partially crystallized Li2Si2O5 and Ba5Si8O21 glasses, used as model materials, by inspecting optical micrographs obtained at different magnifications. The resultant R‐indexes indicate a very high degree of homogeneity of the crystal number distribution, reflecting the uniform distribution of the chemical elements in the parent glasses. Moreover, the results for both glasses refute the suggestion that crystal nucleation is self‐correlated. These outcomes allow us to suggest the R‐index as a valuable and easily implemented tool to evaluate the chemical homogeneity of glasses that undergo internal nucleation, such as those used for glass‐ceramics.
The effects of the solution reactant concentration and temperature on the preparation of Pr3+:BaF2 transparent ceramics
Authors: Liu Xinwen , Zhou Zhiwei , Li Weiwei , Yang Yu , Mei Bingchu
Published: March 2021

Barium fluoride (BaF2) crystals are attracting much attention as efficient inorganic scintillator promising for high‐energy physics, industrial inspection, and other fields because of the fast component of the decay time (0.6 ns) and high radiation resistance. However, two major drawbacks limit its practical application: (i) a slow decay time of ~600 ns is derived from self‐trapping excitons; (ii) the absolute light yield from the fast luminescence component is not competitive. The introducing of rare earth ions and preparation of BaF2 polycrystalline ceramics is considered to be effective measures to solve these bottlenecks. Pr3+ is extremely suitable as the activated ion of scintillation materials, which possess emission peaks located in visible band and the faster 5d–4f transition. In this work, highly sinterable Pr3+:BaF2 precursor powder was synthesized via the coprecipitation method by adjusting the reactant concentration and temperature. The morphology and microstructure of as‐synthesized powders were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmittance electron microscopy analysis. The 5 at.% Pr3+:BaF2 transparent ceramic with a transmittance of 50.7% at the wavelength of 500 nm was fabricated by hot pressing the as‐prepared powders at 900°C for 4 h under the axial pressure of 50 MPa. The SEM images of ceramic cross‐section show that the residual pore is the main light scattering source. The absorption and emission spectrum of ceramic samples were discussed.
A synergistic model of stress and oxidation induced damage and failure in silicon carbide‐based ceramic matrix composites
Authors: Santhosh Unni , Ahmad Jalees , Ojard Greg , Gowayed Yasser
Published: March 2021

A micromechanics‐based modeling approach that allows for the simultaneous consideration of deformation, damage, and oxidation associated with each constituent of silicon carbide (SiC)‐based ceramic matrix composites (CMC), including the fiber, fiber coating, and matrix, is described. Chemical kinetics models from the literature are combined with a progressive damage model. Rupture predictions of unnotched and notched stress‐hold (creep) specimens are compared with experimental measurements from a SiC/SiC CMC to assess the efficacy of the modeling approach. Techniques of improving creep rupture life are explored using the model.
Self‐propelling nanomotor made from halloysite and catalysis in Fenton‐like reaction
Authors: Wang Jian , Zhang Yan , Ning Weikun , Zhang Peiping , Jin Bo , Wang Yan , Zhang Wei , Li Wenqing , Wei Cundi , Miao Shiding
Published: March 2021

A new class of catalytically self‐propelled nanomotors were fabricated by modifying natural clay tubes, halloysite, with randomly distributed particles of MnO2 and Fe3O4. The prepared MnO2–Fe3O4/HNTs composites were validated to be efficient Fenton catalysts in the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB). Compared to the previous preparation of rolled‐up microtubes or other template‐assisted syntheses, this strategy has its merits in utilizing clay minerals of abundance, cheap‐price, and no complex instruments needed. The nanomotors were able to be prepared on a large scale. The MnO2–Fe3O4/HNTs motors displayed powerful autonomous movement, and a high velocity of up to 380 µm s−1 was achieved in 5.0 wt. % H2O2 solution. For Fenton catalysis of RhB, the removal ratio of 94% dye molecules was obtained within 30 min, which was triply higher than other samples of the nonpropelling sample Fe3O4/HNTs. The autonomous movement provided adsorptive bubble separation, and the adsorption capacity was greatly enhanced by halloysite. These synergistic effects boosted the removal efficiency of dye molecules. The presence of magnetic MnO2–Fe3O4 made these motors move directionally in external magnetic fields and provided a facile recovery for collecting heterogeneous catalysts.
A threshold heating rate for single‐stage heat treatments in glass‐ceramics containing seed formers
Authors: Zandona Alessio , Groß Christoph B. M. , Rüdinger Bernd , Deubener Joachim
Published: March 2021

The development of glass‐ceramic materials is often achieved using an elementary microstructural strategy that splits the tasks of seed formation and functionality between two types of crystals. This strategy requires customized time‐temperature ceramization protocols, which have been so far implemented using empirical parameters. Here, a more fundamental approach is proposed: the extent of overlap Oe between seed formation and volume crystallization is evaluated by calorimetric and dilatometric measurements, targeting the computation of a threshold heating rate qt for effective single‐stage heat treatments. The applicability of this novel parameter is tested in TiO2‐doped lithium magnesium aluminosilicate glass‐ceramics, whose seed formation stage is thoroughly characterized by Raman spectroscopy and STEM. High‐temperature X‐ray diffraction demonstrates that insufficient seeding results in potentially weaker performances of the final products, due to large sizes and silica deficiency of the functional quartz solid solution crystals.
Registry of the Egyptian specialized hypertension clinics: Sex‐related differences in clinical characteristics and hypertension management among low socioeconomic hypertensive patients
Authors: Abdel Aal Amr , Youssef Ghada , El Faramawy Amr , El Remisy Dalia , El Deeb Heba , El Aroussy Wafaa , Ibrahim M. Mohsen
Published: March 2021

Hypertension is a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) which is a leading cause of death in developing countries affecting both genders. Gender dissimilarity in clinical characteristics and hypertension (HTN) management among hypertensive patients has been reported in several reports before. The aim was to detect sex differences in clinical characteristics and HTN management among Egyptian hypertensive patients. Data from 4701 hypertensive patients attending 9 university located Specialized Hypertension clinic (SHC) were collected from October 2014 to September 2017. The collected data included demographics, cardiovascular risk profile, hypertension‐related history, anthropometric and blood pressure (BP) measurements, antihypertensive medications used, number of patients attending the follow‐up visits, and HTN control rate. Females represented 58.5% of the recruited patients, they were younger, with higher BMI, lower education level, and employment rate compared with males. Females had lower mean office systolic and diastolic BP than males (144.2 ± 22.6 vs. 146.5 ± 22.0 mmHg and 88.1 ± 13.0 vs. 89.9 ± 12.6 mmHg, respectively) and lower rate of uncontrolled BP (54.8% vs. 61.1% in males P < .001). Antihypertensive drugs were comparable among both sexes except for angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors which were more prescribed in males. Compliance to antihypertensive medications was better in females (63.6% vs. 60.1% in males, P = .015). To conclude, Egyptian hypertensive females have different clinical characteristics as compared to their counterpart males with better BP control, adherence to antihypertensive medications, lower systolic and diastolic BP, and no major differences in the prescribed antihypertensive distribution.
Sulforaphane prevents angiotensin II‐induced cardiomyopathy by activation of Nrf2 through epigenetic modification
Authors: Su Xuling , Wang Shudong , Zhang Haiying , Yang Ge , Bai Yang , Liu Pinyi , Meng Lingbin , Jiang Xin , Xin Ying
Published: April 2021

Nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor (Nrf2) is an important regulator of cellular antioxidant defence. We previously showed that SFN prevented Ang II‐induced cardiac damage via activation of Nrf2. However, the underlying mechanism of SFN’s persistent cardiac protection remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the potential of SFN in activating cardiac Nrf2 through epigenetic mechanisms. Wild‐type mice were injected subcutaneously with Ang II, with or without SFN. Administration of chronic Ang II‐induced cardiac inflammatory factor expression, oxidative damage, fibrosis and cardiac remodelling and dysfunction, all of which were effectively improved by SFN treatment, coupled with an up‐regulation of Nrf2 and downstream genes. Bisulfite genome sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) were performed to detect the methylation level of the first 15 CpGs and histone H3 acetylation (Ac‐H3) status in the Nrf2 promoter region, respectively. The results showed that SFN reduced Ang II‐induced CpG hypermethylation and promoted Ac‐H3 accumulation in the Nrf2 promoter region, accompanied by the inhibition of global DNMT and HDAC activity, and a decreased protein expression of key DNMT and HDAC enzymes. Taken together, SFN exerts its cardioprotective effect through epigenetic modification of Nrf2, which may partially contribute to long‐term activation of cardiac Nrf2.
Recruiting and training multilingual family therapists: A content analysis of COAMFTE‐accredited marriage and family therapy program websites
Authors: Lebensohn‐Chialvo Florencia , Kalafut Meaghan J. , Hernandez Sergio Felipe , Trejo Andrea N.
Published: March 2021

Among U. S. Limited English Proficiency (LEP) communities, language needs and preferences create significant barriers to accessing quality healthcare and contribute to growing physical and mental health disparities. To mitigate these barriers, it is critical to recruit and train a new generation of linguistically diverse providers, including marriage and family therapists (MFTs). This study examined how Marriage and Family Therapy (MFT) program website content promotes a commitment to recruiting and training multilingual MFTs. The study sample consisted of all currently accredited programs (N = 122) and included coding for the presence or absence of (a) an explicit commitment to multiculturally and linguistically informed training, (b) specialized multilingual training and supports, and (c) multilingual faculty involved in training multilingual students or engaged in related scholarship. Results indicate that a majority of MFT programs are communicating a commitment to multiculturally informed training, but the same is not true of linguistically responsive training.