bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Cacique of Ontario
Authors: Klinck Carl
Published: March 2013

William Richardson (1743–1814), a native of Aberfoyle who had been a theological student, a tutor, and a secretary to an ambassador, became Professor of Humanity (Latin) at Glasgow College in 1772 and taught there until his death. His oddities were certain to be discovered during those 42 years and to be recorded by clever journalists, former students of his, when they got beyond his reach. Thomas Hamilton described him in the novel Cyril Thornton; Thomas Campbell and John Gibson Lockhart left touched-up portraits of him for their biographers.
Scholarship and Criticism
Authors: Whalley George
Published: March 2013

Somebody has suggested that scholarship is to criticism what engineering is to architecture. At first sight this is an attractive analogy. Without some appreciation of engineering principles the architect's building may collapse. Perhaps that was the main point in making the analogy. However, the figure carries disturbing overtones, in the hint that criticism not only stands upon the shoulders of humble scholarship, but also may have something—as architecture does—to do with designing things. Without an architect's design an engineer may be expected to produce a structure useful and durable enough but probably inducing no sense of delight. But what does a critic design? and if he does produce a plan of some structure to be built to, is it as a critic that he does so? and who would be the builder?
Swift and the Ancients-Moderns Controversy
Authors: Pinkus Philip
Published: March 2013

There is apparently no question about Swift's loyalties in the Ancients-Moderns controversy; he is considered an Ancient. The Battle of the Books and A Tale of a Tub seem to demonstrate this unmistakably. But how much an Ancient is he? and of what kind? These are legitimate questions, for when we look closely at Swift's writings we soon realize that the standard definitions of the terms do not fit. In fact, we are no longer sure what an "Ancient" is. The difficulty is in the definitions. In Swift's day "Ancient" and "Modern" were, for the most part, epithets of abuse employed in the heat of controversy, and though they carried a meaning, that meaning was seldom precise. One might even argue that preciseness of meaning comes later, imposed by scholars in search of neat definitions.
Baudelaire
Authors: Carter
Published: March 2013

The Boulevard Richard Lenoir, between the Bastille and the Place de la République, is a typical piece of Baron Haussmann's town planning. Before the 1850's it was the St. Martin canal, joining the Seine to the network of waterways that spreads over northern France. But the Baron, with his eye for the useful and the agreeable, dropped the level by a fathom or two, vaulted it over, and planted trees and fountains on an esplanade in the middle. What had been an incongruous bit of Holland in the heart of Paris became a uniform boulevard, designed for the long parades of carriages and the swishing crinolines of the Second Empire. The quarter is commercial nowadays (warehouses, small shops) and during most of the year offers little of interest. The monotonous façades have become dirty with the passage of a hundred years. Trucks unload merchandise at the curbs, the 69 bus from Père Lachaise snorts by, a few nursemaids and their charges sit on the benches or play in the gravel around the fountains. The plane-trees are pale; they bud late and lose their leaves early; they have a sulky look, as if they knew that their roots were allotted only a meagre ration of earth between the asphalt and Haussmann's cantilevers. It is one of those places one goes through to get somewhere else.
The Need for Disbelief: A Comment on Pippa Passes
Authors: Wilkinson
Published: March 2013

Browning is not a poet who has made any very strong appeal to modern sensibilities but this, naturally and rightly, has not prevented scholars and critics from trying to ascertain and place his contribution to Victorian Letters. Within the last six or seven years there have been at least three books devoted to the study of Browning: H. C. Duffin's Amphibian (1956), J. M. Cohen's Robert Browning (1952), W. C. DeVane's Browning Handbook (1955). There is a fourth work also, E. D. H. Johnson's The Alien Vision of Victorian Poetry (1952), in which considerable space is allotted to the work of Browning. The need for accurate historical and biographical detail in all literary fields is certainly being met today by adventurous and diligent researchers both in the universities and outside them, but the need for stimulating, helpful, and scrupulous valuation of the poets' works seems as hard to come by as ever—to judge not only by these four works.
Determinism and Character
Authors: Gallop David
Published: March 2013

People who are impressed by the discoveries of the natural and social sciences are sometimes inclined to think that all human actions, like other events in nature, are inexorably determined. For these discoveries suggest to them that personality is wholly determined by factors of heredity, physique or environment; and therefore that particular actions, since they are in turn only the expressions of personality or character, must likewise be completely determined. The consequences for morality are well known and paradoxical. A man's faults and assets lie not in himself, but in his glands or his school teachers. As there is not much he can do about those things, why should he be commended for his achievements or blamed for his misdeeds?
Forword
Authors: Wickens
Published: March 2013

For the layman there is today no shortage of books and articles on the East, whether Near, Middle or Far. Some are serious and informative, more are light and "newsworthy," many downright trivial and even misleading. The fact that few are written by scholars, or by experts in any real sense of the word, does not, unfortunately, mean that those which are so written always fall perfectly into the first category. But, without the qualifications of scholarship—or that increasingly rare attainment of equivalent non-academic expertise (I am thinking, of course, of men such as Sir Reader Bullard, Sir Arnold Wilson, and C. J. Edmonds)—it is safe to say that nothing of any ultimate value to the layman will be produced. He may be amused, he may even gain many irrelevant, uncoordinated fragments of knowledge, or a useful talking point or two; but he will seize nothing of the "inwardness" of another culture, or experience moments of intellectual and spiritual kinship with its representatives. At the most, he will see "problems," without understanding people: he will assuredly never rise to an awareness of himself and his like in their capacity of potential "problems" to others.
Modern Arabic Literature
Authors: Cachia
Published: March 2013

The intrusion of the West into the Arabic-speaking world, which began with Napoleon's invasion of Egypt in 1798, may be thought of as a rock cast into a stagnant pond; the changes that have taken place in the past 150 years are the ripples and the upsurge of silt resulting from this disturbance.
Existentialism as a Philosophy
Authors: Estall H.M.
Published: March 2013

Does existentialism exist? In 1904 William James chose to ask the question does consciousness exist? and to offer a negative answer. On the face of it, James acknowledged, his proposed position seemed absurd, though he found plenty of writers who seemed to him to he on the point of abandoning the notion of consciousness altogether; however they were not quite daring enough in their negations. (One citation is worth recalling now—1959—in the year of G. E. Moore's death: "The moment we try to fix our attention upon consciousness and to see what, distinctly, it is, it seems to vanish. It seems as if we had before us a mere emptiness." So G. E. Moore in 1903. One might he disposed to detect here an anticipation of Sartre. But Moore goes on at once to dispel this mere seeming: " ... it can be distingnished, if we look attentively enough, and know that there is something to look for.") James's point was that consciousness is not something to look for, but to look with. It is, if we may continue the one-sided visual metaphor for the moment, a looking through at. "Let me explain," he wrote, "that I mean only to deny that the word stands for an eutity, but to insist most emphatically that it does stand for a function."
Commodity and Honour in King John
Authors: Calderwood James
Published: March 2013

Most critics of King John, even since the advent of the now no longer new criticism, have given their attention chiefly to the source problems of the play, especially to the relationship between King John and The Troublesome Raigne. As one result Shakespeare's play as a work of art in its own right has largely been ignored. The sporadic vigour of its verse and the vitality of the Bastard have often been remarked—the Bastard's Commodity speech is usually cited as a conspicuous example of both—but not so much for what they accomplish in the play as for what they tell us about Shakespeare's maturing dramatic powers, that is, for what light they cast before and after, but not on, the play in which they appear. Although the Commodity speech is indeed central to King John, it serves as more than an isolated instance of Shakespeare's progress from ceremonious rhetoric to a more lean and trenchant utterance: it not only underscores the principle of Commodity as one of the prevailing forces in men's lives, but by the extremity of its statement it also suggests the ethical imbalance which runs through the play. The view I am proposing is that King John represents a dramatic crucible in which Shakespeare explores and tests two antagonistic ethical principles, Commodity and Honour. The opposition between Commodity, or scheming self-interest, and Honour, loyalty in general but in its highest form loyalty to the good of England, comprises a basic theme to which almost every action and character of the play is vitally related. In its political implications the theme explores the qualities demanded of the kingly character; in its general pervasiveness and in its specific application to John and the Bastard, it imparts to the playa unity of structure generally denied it.
Review Article
Authors: Maclure Millar , Wallace Elisabeth
Published: March 2013

Couriers, Writers, and Sages, reviewed by Millar Maclure

G.D.H. Cole, A History of Socialst Thought, reviewed by Elisabeth Wallace
J.S. Mill's Theory of Poetry
Authors: Robson John
Published: March 2013

John Stuart Mill is often held up to scorn as a cold, mechanical thinker for whom ethics is no more than logic, and politics no more than political economy. Swathed in mournful black, hard-visaged and ice-veined, Mill stands for the Victorian virtues to which we (thank heaven) cannot pretend. The picture is patently a caricature, failing to do justice to the man or to his thought, but correcting it seems difficult. Mill is himself mainly responsible for the difficulty, his Autobiography being little more than the history of his education and opinions. His first biographer, Bain, was plus royalist que le roi, and recent biographers (most notably Packe), while reopening itnportant evidence, appear strangely unable to relate his personal experience to his thought. Actually, though most of Mill's work seems to hide rather than to reveal the man, and most ofhis correspondence is public rather than private, even in his System of Logic there is material to show more than a superficial relation between his life and his thought. What the evidence shows, in fact, is that Mill not only had emotions and was motivated by them, but recognized their place in a complete moral and social theory.
Social Studies I
Authors: Brady Alexander
Published: March 2013

Reviews of books about social studies published in Canada in 1959.
Poesie
Authors: Sylvestre Guy
Published: March 2013

Reviews of French-Canadian poetry published in Canada in 1959.
Romans et Théâtre
Authors: Duhamel Roger
Published: March 2013

Reviews of French-Canadian novels and books on theatre published in 1959.
Publications in Other Languages
Authors: Kirkconnell Watson
Published: March 2013

Reviews of publications in other languages published in Canada in 1959.
Reviews
Authors: Cazamian Louis , Murray  , Auld  , Foot
Published: March 2013

A. E. Houseman, The Name and Nature of Poetry, reviewed by Louis Cazamian

Humbert Wolfe, Romantic and Unromantic Poetry, reviewed by Louis Cazamian

Geoffrey Faber, The Oxford Apostles, reviewed by D. L. Murray

E. A. Knox, The Tractarian Movement, 1833–1845, reviewed by D. L. Murray

N. P. Williams and Charles Harris, eds., Northern Catholicism, reviewed by D. L. Murray

Shane Leslie, The Oxford Movement, reviewed by D. L. Murray

Morris Cohen, Law and the Social Order, Essays in Legal Philosophy, reviewed by F. C. Auld

Sir James Jeans, The New Background of Science, reviewed by A. E. Foot

Sir Arthur Eddington, The Expanding Universe, reviewed by A. E. Foot
A Forgotten Poet
Authors: Norwood Gilbert
Published: March 2013

Modern Athens has followed a plan (natural, surely, in that city beyond most others) of naming streets after distinguished citizens who lived in the days of her ancient glory. You may pace the Street of Pericles or of Themistocles: nay, so catholic is their admiration, so remote those days, that I once found myself walking (somewhat nervously) along Brasidas Street. A student of the ancient drama is delighted to discover a theatre at the end of Cratinus Street and Eupolis Street; not far away is Euripides Street, where you may buy vegetables. But despite this alert and roving sense of the past, you will search Athens in vain for the Street of Hermippus. Our histories of literature make little more of him; amid the remains of his contemporaries scarcely any mention of his work survives; his own fragments are few and mostly brief. The only place where he makes much of a figure is the d inscriptions—the battered stone records of prize-winners in the dramatic competitions at the Lenaean festival in late winter and the Great Dionysia, celebrated when spring began. Yet this neglected poet reveals himself to an attentive and sympathetic reader as the most attractive personality among Attic comedians. There can, of course, be no serious doubt that as a playwright Hermippus stood below Cratinus and Eupolis; but he wrote other kinds of poetry besides comedy, knew more of the world than did Aristophanes, and excelled all the others in poetical charm.
Conservative—Liberal—Socialist
Authors: Macphail Sir Andrew
Published: March 2013

Words remain long after they are empty of meaning and their virtue gone out from them. The present writing is an essay in ancient history to inquire into the pristine meaning of the terms Conservative and Liberal; and more strictly what the growing vitality of Socialism may in the future mean.
Research in Education
Authors: Sandiford Peter
Published: March 2013

The phrase “research in education,” when mentioned in the company of a group of professors of chemistry and physics, is apt to provoke sceptical smiles. Research to them means conclusions derived from the data obtained in controlled experiments. These experiments can be repeated by other workers and the truth or falsity of the conclusions established. But research cannot be so narrowly limited. There is research in history, in literature, in mathematics, even in philosophy and education. Any critical investigation in which the evidence is carefully weighed and evaluated is entitled to the name research. The main feature of research is care and accuracy—in fact scholarliness, and scholarliness is not confined to experimental findings, although it must be confessed that a reputation for scholarliness is easier to establish in physical and chemical laboratories than in most other places. But any investigation which brings into play those twin marks of the educated man, the weighing of evidence and knowing when a thing is proved, is research.
The Depression in Australia
Authors: Ross Lloyd
Published: March 2013

Judged by the extent and direction of state intervention, Australia before the depression was the most socialistic country in the world. Strong militant trade unionism in 1927 embraced 911,652 out of 1,566,841 employees of twenty years and over—the highest proportion in the world. Every State had had a Labour government, and Labour had been in power in the Commonwealth sufficiently long, in 1910-2, to set up a State Commonwealth Bank and to extend all the social reforms of the earlier Liberal governments. Around the individual had been built an armour of legislation, from maternity allowances, through childhood endowment and free education, to workers' compensation, old-age pensions, and widows allowances. Around the country had been built tariff and migration barriers to preserve the Australian standard against an influx of cheap goods and cheap foreign labour. Undertakings like railways and tramways, the post office, telephones, and hydro-electric development, were nationalized; in others such as canneries, banking, and insurance, the state interfered by its own competition to protect the consumer; in all trades humanitarian considerations limited profiteering by granting a minimum wage and legally-enforceable conditions. Australians, fresh from the horrors and the cramped opportunities of the Old World, were determined to keep open the road to improvement.
George III and the Whig Historians
Authors: McInnis Edgar
Published: March 2013

It was the peculiar misfortune of George III that practically all his literate contemporaries were Whigs. No doubt it was a misfortune which he could bear with equanimity. Literacy has never been a serious factor in politics, and a little quiet patronage is a more potent argument than all the prose of Burke. But the recipients of patronage died mutely and ingloriously, leaving little memory to posterity. It was the vocal and indignant opponents of the court who held the king's historical reputation at their mercy, and who wrote into the annals of subsequent generations their unsparing condemnation of all his works.
W. B. Yeats: Variations on the Visionary Quest
Authors: Zwerdling Alex
Published: March 2013

St. John's words are not intended to sum up Yeats's ideas on the subject of the visionary quest but rather to epitomize the position which he so strenuously opposed, particularly in his later work. They help us to understand Yeats's important quarrel with the traditionally accepted idea of visionary experience. As St. John suggests, the religious mind ordinarily strives to move toward perfection, toward a final union with God or a transcendent realm of spirit, and in an antinomic system of religious belief like Christianity, this implies the logical corollary of a movement away from "the desire of natural things," from the mortal world itself, multitudinous, impermanent, decaying, and ultimately undesirable. It is precisely this "necessary" corollary which Yeats could never fully accept. The central problem of visionary experience for him, the reconciliation of the two worlds, perfect and imperfect, grew out of his refusal to accept the necessity of pursuing one at the expense of the other. Yeats's dissatisfaction with either world taken separately, his unwillingness to accept one or the other as the province of ultimate value, inspired his attempt to reconcile the two apparently opposed realms.
Is Everything I See Really Inside My Head?
Authors: Remnant Peter
Published: March 2013

One might think the answer to this question too patently obvious to require the expensive attentions of a professional philosopher. After all, while I write I can see my wife—and it is hardly likely that she is inside my head. And what is more, I see her head and she sees mine—but if the principle suggested in my initial question were both true and general then her head would have to be inside my head and my head would have to be inside her head. And this is not just unlikely—it is logically impossible.
Sir Thomas Browne as "Orphan," with Some Account of his Stepfather, Sir Thomas Dutton
Authors: Endicott
Published: March 2013

The Reverend John Whitefoot, who probably provided most of the material for the first Life of Sir Thomas Browne in Posthumous Works (1712), stated in the Minutes appended to that life that Browne "spent the greatest Part of his Patrimony in his Travels," but to this statement added a note: "He was likewise very much defrauded by one of his guardians.'" Both Browne's daughter, Elizabeth Lyttleton (as reported by White Kennet), and the author of the Life gave specific figures about the patrimony, as having been £9,000, of which Mrs. Browne took her "thirds," Apparently forgetting that Browne had sisters, Dr. Johnson (in Christian Morals, 1756) allotted him £6,000, and characteristically improved the reference to the dishonest guardian—a reference already strengthened in a short life prefixed to the 1736 Religio—by the words "But it happened to him as to many others, to be made poorer by opulence; for his mother soon married Sir Thomas Dutton, probably by the inducement of her fortune; and he was left to the rapacity of his guardian, deprived now of both his parents, and therefore helpless and unprotected."
The Intellectual Revolution in China
Authors: Levenson Joseph
Published: March 2013

If we begin this story with the Opium War (1839-1842) and the first set of "Unequal Treaties" (1842-1845), we are assuming that the Western world (in the first instance, England) was the catalyst of revolution. But the Chinese communists, in whose triumph the revolution culminated, have quite another view of it. They are committed to periodization on universal Marxist lines, which would have Chinese capitalism and socialism, in necessary sequence, issuing from a feudal matrix; these stages could not depend on the interference of an outside civilization. Rather, the West connived with Confucian "feudalists" to press down on a budding democracy that was poised against them both. Chinese history on its own developed in a way not just its own; that is the primary communist statement, with equal stress on both of its halves, which, taken together, bespeak the equivalence of China and Europe. And the communists claim title to the equivalence because they are the ones, "anti-feudal" and "anti-imperialist" at the same time, who place themselves at the point of balance between a rejected Confucian China and a resisted modern West.
Rewriting Chinese History: Interpreting the Past in the People's Republic of China
Authors: Feuewerker Albert
Published: March 2013

The environment in which the writing and teaching of history in the People's Republic of China has taken place, notwithstanding certain common features, differs in several respects from the experience of the Soviet Union. Unlike Russia, where "it was almost a decade after the revolution before the Bolsheviks were in a position from the point of view of staff and organization to exert a decisive influence on the historical profession," in post-1949 China, history has been from the beginning as much under party control as any other feature of the intellectual scene. But this control has not taken the form of a Pokrovsky, who almost single-handedly dictated to the Soviet historical profession until his death in 1932 and posthumous disgrace. Nor have historical disputations in Communist China been marked by the personal vilifications, accusations, and counter-accusations such as were endemic in the Soviet Union after the death of Pokrovsky. Only during the anti-rightist campaign of 1957 were a number of historians severely attacked, and even this was only a minor sideshow to the main spectacle. In part the relative calm is explained by the fact that a significant number of prominent historians were already fully committed to the communist cause prior to 1949. I might mention Wu Han, a Ming specialist, who was active politically during the war and in 1948 left his post at Tsinghua University to join the communist forces in Manchuria. Others include, of course, Kuo Mo-jo, now president of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; the archaeologist Yin Ta; Fan Wen-Ian, director of the third office (Modern History) of the Institute of Historical Research; Chien Po-tsan, Hou Wai-lu, Lü Chen-yü, and Pai Shou-yi. And even among those historians who were not committed politically, Marxist modes of historical thinking had made considerable inroads during the 1920's and 1930's.
Assimilation and Chinese Law
Authors: Van Der Valk
Published: March 2013

For a long time it has been generally assumed, even by some of the greatest anthorities in the field, that the Chinese have always absorbed their nomadic conquerors. That Chinese civilization exerted a most important influence upon neighbouring states and tribes has justly been considered by Chinese writers as proof of their society's strength and attractiveness. But they have insufficiently realized that in many instances Chinese civilization never succeeded in absorbing either foreign aggressors or non-Chinese tribes in what these days is the interior of China, that the process was not always a continuous or smooth one, and that, on the other hand, Chinese culture absorbed elements of foreign civilizations in its turn.
The Supernatural in Chinese Poetry
Authors: Hawkes David
Published: March 2013

In the Introduction to 170 Chinese Poems, first published more than forty years ago, Arthur Waley amusingly contrasted the different images of themselves which European and Chinese poets project: the European presenting himself as the great lover, the Chinese as the sympathetic friend; the European bare-headed and unbuttoned as though half choking with emotion, the Chinese a quiet and timid recluse; and so on.
The "Caricature Value" of Parody Fantasy in Orlando
Authors: Graham John
Published: March 2013

In the Diary entry from which the epigraph to this essay is taken, Virginia Woolf paused to reflect on what she had learned from writing Orlando, what had prompted her to write it, and what its status was in relation to her more serious works. The phrase "caricature value" suggests, in a condensed and enigmatic fashion, a great deal about all three of these subjects. A caricature of a person selects his most salient features and throws them into relief by simplification and exaggeration, usually to mock but sometimes to make us recognize with amusement someone we love or respect. In either case, we look at this person through the caricature with momentary detachment, and in that moment we may go beyond recognition to the discovery of something new about his face and character. For the artist who draws it the caricature may be more exploratory than critical. The simplified and distorted treatment of many of the heads which Leonardo da Vinci scribbled in his notebooks indicates that he was testing through caricature the artistic possibilities of a certain expression or physical type, concentrating on and accentuating those features which seem to hint such possibilities. Caricature can explore because it ignores the complexity of the total object and isolates only its relevant features, thereby allowing a sharper focus of attention than is possible in a full treatment. In many ways it can function for tbe artist as a refined sort of doodling, in which he "feels out" tbe forms and designs of bis more serious work.
Poetry
Authors: Watt
Published: March 2013

Reviews of poetry published in Canada in 1960.
Humanities
Authors: Shook Laurence , McLuhan Marshall , Endicott
Published: March 2013

Reviews of books on the humanities published in Canada in 1960.
Social Studies
Authors: Brady Alexander , Cook Ramsay , Preston Richard
Published: March 2013

Reviews of books about social studies published in Canada in 1960.
Romans et Theatre
Authors: Duhamel Roger
Published: March 2013

Reviews of French-Canadian novels and books on theatre published in 1960.
East Africa: The Pattern of Political Development
Authors: Pratt Cranford
Published: March 2013

In 1948, a Commission investigating some disturbances in the Gold Coast, stated in the course of its report that: "By far the most serious problem which the administration has to face in the Gold Coast is the suspicion that surrounds government activity of any sort. Its origin apart from political propoganda is dispersed and often obscured. It does not attach to persons or individuals in government service. It is an attitude of mind based on no specific grievance." This same generalized hostility has developed in recent years in East Africa as well. There is a discontent, an element of unrest that no specific reform, no change of policy is going to cure. It is derived from the very presence of colonial rule. It reflects an increasing sense of the indignity of the colonial relationship. This feeling of indignity more than any other factor gives shape and power and psychological force to African nationalism.
Nigeria's Foreign Policy
Authors: Wachuku Jaja
Published: March 2013

Nigeria and Canada have always had very happy and friendly relations. As a result of my experiences at the United Nations, I have been encouraged to think that this friendship, which was established long before our independence, will not only be strengthened, but also prove very useful to both countries. By our mutual co-operation, we should be able to play a vital role together both in the Commonwealth and in the United Nations.
South Africa: Racialism and Republicanism
Authors: Keppel-Jones Arthur
Published: March 2013

Till about a generation ago, white South Africans spoke and argued with straight faces about "two races" in their country—the relations between the two races, their co-operation or lack of it—and they meant the English and Afrikaners. The black race was not in the picture. This usage is not possible today. In any case the very meaning of "race," if it has any scientific meaning at all, is now doubtful. But out of the old usage came the word "racialism," meaning hostility and prejudice on the part of one of the white communities with regard to the other, and the word is still often used in this sense. The hostility and the prejudice exist and are profoundly important in South African politics. The republican issue, or the political struggle for and against a republic which culminated in the recent referendum and subsequent withdrawal from the Commonwealth, is related to this hostility.
Sierra Leone: Problems ofIndependence
Authors: Keith-Lucas Bryan
Published: March 2013

In April, 1960, a conference assembled in London under the chairmanship of Mr. Macleod to discuss the granting of complete independence to Sierra Leone. It attracted little attention in the newspapers, compared with recent conferences on other African territories. There were no dramatic conflicts between opposing groups; it was attended by no defiant African leader recently released from prison to represent his people; it lacked the theatrical qualities that have been so evident in other countries. There was no great political conflict, because everyone there was already agreed that independence should come soon; there were only administrative details to be settled. And the leader of the Sierra Leone delegation was a man in ways more remarkable, but less dramatic, than those who have spoken for the Africans of other territories.
Review Article
Authors: Wilson Milton
Published: March 2013

Bernard Blackstone, The Consecrated Urn: an Interpretation of Keats in Terms of Growth and Form, reviewed by Milton Wilson

Harold Bloom, Shelley's Mythmaking, reviewed by Milton Wilson

David Perkins, The Quest for Permanence: The Symbolism of Wordsworth, Shelley and Keats, reviewed by Milton Wilson

Bernice Slote, Keats and the Dramatic Principle, reviewed by Milton Wilson

Earl R. Wasserman, The Subtler Language: Critical Readings of Neoclassic and Romantic Poems, reviewed by Milton Wilson
The Knight: The First Mover in Chaucer's Human Comedy
Authors: Neuse Richard
Published: March 2013

In recent years there seems to have been general agreement that the Knight's Tale is a "philosophical romance" which raises the problem of an apparently unjust and disorderly universe. By this reading the Tale emerges as a philosophic theodicy culminating in Theseus' speech on cosmic order. The latter implicitly denies the final reality or rule of an arbitrary Fortune, but at the same time stoically accepts the inscrutable workings "in this wrecched world adoun" of an eternal cause. The Tale is thus seen as the Knight's—and Theseus'—somewhat wistful "consolation of philosophy," the affirmation of an ultimate order that actual experience seems, often sadly, to deny.
he Two Voices of William Dunbar
Authors: Leyerle John
Published: March 2013

Dunbar's two poetic voices, one given to pasquinade and the other to panegyric, show in their separation the range of his artistic imagination, which could juxtapose, without the slightest impropriety, the gargoyle and the angel. His poetry is like the decoration—only a Dante could parallel the structure—of a mediaeval cathedral. In part, there is the remote, marmoreal serenity of saints and holy men, sculpture that once gleamed from reredos and chapel in a covering of gold leaf and colours, which must have once had the intense brilliance preserved today only in stained glass and in manuscript illuminations. In part, there is the richly bedevilled world of ylfes, orcneas, woodwoses, and calibans lurking on corbel, misericord, and water spout, creatures such as no man ever saw with eye, yet creatures as real to the imagination as the divine figures of saint and angel. Idealization and reverence produced the divine, while ridicule and contempt produced the grotesque, one beautiful, the other ugly, one proportioned, the other misshapen, one god-like, the other demonic, one that inspired aspiration and the other that tickled laughter.
The Promotion of Blake's Grave Designs
Authors: Bentley Jr.
Published: March 2013

The name Robert Hartley Cromek has been attracting invidious adjectives for a century and a half from a growing range of enthusiastic detractors. At first the complaints were quiet and personal. In 1808 the son of Blake's friend George Cumberland, who lived with the Cromeks, protested that "it is very unpleasant at Mrs Cromek's" because of their "selfish dispositions, trite Yorkshire." Sir Walter Scott discovered that in 1809 Cromek had stolen his prized Ben Jonson letter. Thomas Stothard was never paid in full for his painting of Chaucer's Canterbury Pilgrims which Cromek had commissioned, and Allan Cunningham received no credit for the ancient ballads he wrote for Cromek.
Matthew Arnold, Dialectician
Authors: Hipple Walter
Published: March 2013

"Knowing myself to be indeed sadly to seek ... in 'a philosophy with coherent, interdependent, subordinate and derivative principles'"—with jaunty insouciance, Arnold repeatedly quotes this devastating judgement upon his philosophic incompetence. Or, accused of "transcendentalism," he admits humbly, "I do not quite know what to say about the transcendental system of philosophy, for I am a mere dabbler in these great matters, and to grasp and hold a system of philosophy is a feat much beyond my strength...." Still more Heepishly, he dubs himself "an unlearned belletristic trifler."
The Concept of Man in Bertolt Brecht
Authors: Milnes Humphrey
Published: March 2013

Bertolt Brecht was born in Augsburg in 1898. He came out of World War I into the ferment of post-war Munich and Berlin, where he made his first mark by winning the Kleist Prize for his drama Drums in the Night, in 1922. He moved in the same circles with Expressionists, Dadaists, Futurists, prize-fighters, and jazz musicians, and he rubbed shoulders with producers like Max Reinhardt and Erwin Piscator at the time they were making theatrical history. Soon after he had established himself as a promising poet, dramatist, and director, Hitler's rise to power put a sudden end to the first phase of his career. He spent most of the time between 1933 and 1939 in Denmark, went to Finland in 1940, crossed the Soviet Union from west to east to arrive in the United States in 1941, where he remained until his return to Germany in 1948.
Dramaturgy in Shakespeare and Brecht
Authors: Parker
Published: March 2013

That Elizabethan plays, and particularly Shakespeare's history plays, had a great influence on "epic" drama is by now a commonplace of Brecht criticism; but no one seems to have worked out exactly how close the two dramaturgies are. This essay, therefore, aims to do three things. First, to interpret the dramaturgical theories and practice of Brecht, noting that his ideas changed towards the end of his career and that there was sometimes a gap between his theory and practice. Second, to suggest parallel theories or practices in the Elizabethan drama. And, finally, to reverse the normal process of historical criticism, and, instead of assessing the influence of Shakespeare on Brecht, to investigate whether the clear statements of intention by Brecht, when he uses certain devices, may not occasionally throw new light on Shakespeare's use of similar devices—light normally obscured for us by our predominately classical-realist training. There is a tendency in Shakespearian criticism, I think, to treat Elizabethan departures from realism solely as conventions, that is, as an agreed-on, accepted simplification of reality, a dramatic shorthand. But may they not sometimes be deliberate ruptures of the dramatic illusion as in Brecht—intended to prevent our application of everyday attitudes, our too easy sympathies, our tendency to abstract and unify into familiar patterns? At least, there can be no harm in trying such an approach. We shall thus be following T. S. Eliot's advice: using the new genius to re-interpret the old tradition. Moreover, it seems to me that several of the most recent critics and producers of Shakespeare are already moving in this direction—though, as far as I know, their tendency has not so far been associated with the influence of Brecht.
Gerhart Hauptmann
Authors: Steinhauer Harry
Published: March 2013

To his admirers he is the last of the German classics; one of his many detractors spoke of him as a Gartenlaubedichter, which I suppose is the equivalent of a writer for the Saturday Evening Post. And between these two extremes every shade of opinion is represented in Hauptmann criticism. This, in fact, is one of the Hauptmann problems: that no two critics seem to agree on any aspect of his work and influence. The literature on Hauptmann is bewilderingly subjective and contradictory. His plays, we are told, have been and still are more often performed than those of any other German dramatist. Beginning with the six-volume edition of 1906, collected editions of his writings have appeared more frequently than is the case with any other recent German writer. Academic criticism has been astonishingly kind to him, though no more agreed as to what should be praised and why. Even the free-lance and journalist critics of solid learning, like Alfred Kerr and Paul Fechter, have written of him in tones of deep, though not uncritical, admiration. Such unstuffy writers as Carl Zuckmayer and Frank Thiess have been interested enough to bring unfinished works of Hauptmann to completion. But these are all men of the older generation, some of them no longer living. One looks in vain for any show of interest in Hauptmann by the younger generation of critics or writers. Thomas Mann, Kafka, Rilke, Brecht, Benn, Musil: these are the names one is likely to encounter in any current discussion of the contemporary literary scene in Germany. Hauptmann's is never found among them.
A Segment of Durrell's Quartet
Authors: Howarth Herbert
Published: March 2013

According to one commentator, Durrell "shares a hearty love of the Arabic world" with Sir Richard Burton. The verdict is not, perhaps, utterly mistaken, but how many glosses and counter-glosses, in Durrell's own style of revelation and counter-revelation, it begs. Pursewarden supplies a number in his letters to Mountolive. Others might be extricated, by a sympathetic hand, from work written when Justine was germinating, such as the Melissa poem in The Tree of Idleness. Others might be sought in older, premonitory work: in Cefalu, now called The Dark Labyrinth; that enigmatic gargoyle, Axelos, for example, is half-Arabic, half-Greek. Others belong to yet more remote years when Durrell was living in the Egypt he commemorates.
On the Use of Martyrs: Tennyson and Eliot on Thomas Becket
Authors: Rehak Louise
Published: March 2013

The foregone conclusion of the historical subject offers an attractive restriction for drama. The immediate loss in plot suspense is recovered in possibilities for ironic exploration of character and motives. Tennyson and Eliot meet this limitation with varying degrees of success, in Becket and Murder in the Cathedral; but their differing reactions to it are of mutual interest, reflecting the theatrical conclusions of their divergent ethical premises. The work of literature has its organic nature, but it has also a context; especially significant in the ambiguous case of a Thomas à Becket. Respect for the historical "fact" butters no dramatist's bread, but it can be a standard by which to test the values implied in a play. Tennyson's strength in Becket is psychological realism and political objectivity; (or call it his weakness, call it timidity before the fact). Eliot's, his power of generaliry and his religious eloquence. (Abstractness, detractors such as Robbins call it; ritualism and contempt for humanity.)
Haliburton as Member of Parliament
Authors: Chittick
Published: March 2013

When Thomas Chandler Haliburton left Nova Scotia to take up permanent residence in England, in 1856, he bore with him overseas unaltered all the old-fashioned Tory principles and prejudices to which he had adhered throughout his entire career as legislator, judge, and satirist of his native colony's long-time prevailing political tendencies. A partial description of what his particular brand of Toryism amounted to is provided by his best known secondary comic creation and frequent spokesman for him abroad, Sam Slick's "minister," the Rev. Mr. Hopewell: "[A Tory] is a man who goes the whole figur' for the support of the monarchy, in its three orders, of King, lords, and commons, as by law established; he is for the connexion of Church and State ...; and [as a member of the wealthiest class, assuming responsibility for the welfare of the rest, he] offers to prove his sincerity, by paying the greater part of the taxes to uphold these things." To make his description complete, Mr. Hopewell, with his begetter's full approval, could have added that, in return for his assumption of such a responsibility, a Tory claimed, and should receive, appointment to any ofthe various offices in the gift of the government, and their perquisites, on the theory that what's good for "the gentry" is good for "the mob."
Reviews
Authors: Maclean Hugh , Carscallen James , Sparshott
Published: March 2013

Frank J. Warnke, European Metaphysical Poetry, reviewed by Hugh MacLean

Lowry Nelson, Jr., Baroque Lyric Poetry, reviewed by Hugh MacLean

Helen Gardner, ed., John Donne: A Collection of Critical Essays, reviewed by Hugh MacLean

Arnold Stein, John Donne's Lyrics: The Eloquence of Action, reviewed by Hugh MacLean

Jonas A. Barish, ed., Ben Jonson: A Collection of Critical Essays, reviewed by Hugh MacLean

Wesley Trimpi, Ben Jonson's Poems: A Study of the Plain Style, reviewed by Hugh MacLean

R.A. Durr, On The Mystical Poetry of Henry Vaughan, reviewed by James Carscallen

George Kubler, The Shape of Time, reviewed by F.E. Sparshott

Henry Alonzo Myers, Systematic Pluralism, reviewed by F.E. Sparshott

Colin Murray Turbayne, The Myth of Metaphor, reviewed by F.E. Sparshott

D.M. Armstrong, Berkeley's Theory of Vision, reviewed by F.E. Sparshott

Susanne K. Langer, Philosophical Sketches, reviewed by F.E. Sparshott

David Pole, Conditions of Rational Inquiry, reviewed by F.E. Sparshott

J.L. Austin, How to Do Things with Words, reviewed by F.E. Sparshott

Carl Wellman, The Language of Ethics, reviewed by F.E. Sparshott

Everett W. Hall, Philosophical Systems, reviewed by F.E. Sparshott

Karl Jaspers, The Great Philosophers, reviewed by F.E. Sparshott
Chalk and Cheese: A Comparative study of A Kiss for the Leper and A Burnt-Out Case
Authors: Stratford Philip
Published: March 2013

Morin is French and one immediately thinks of Mauriac, of his careerlong skirmishes with bien-pensant factions at home, of his international reputation, of the strain of Jansenism in his work which within the French Catholic fold is often considered a species of Protestant error, and of the imaginative daring of his novels which makes them of doubtful value to the orthodox moralist and educator. But the same general description could apply equally well to Greene. He, too, has constantly drawn the fire of conservative clements in his own country, of Evelyn Waugh, for one example, who wrote that The Heart ofthe Matter was "mad blasphemy." Greene has also enjoyed enormous popularity abroad, particularly in France, among common readers and liberal Catholic critics alike. It has become almost a cliché to speak of the individualistic, Protestant flavour of his Catholicism, and his influence has reached far beyond Catholic, or for that matter, Christian circles.
Ethics and Politics: the Example of Lord Acton
Authors: Watt
Published: March 2013

In the past, men have studied politics in connection with ethics, or, to put it differently, they have refused to set a rigid division between the ethics of private and of public life. Plato's Republic is not to be classified either as "ethics" or as "politics" to the exclusion of the other, for it is both. We must read Aristotle's Nichomachean Ethics as well as his Politics if we would understand his political theory, and, conversely, his Politics ranges wider than its English title would suggest. And the refusal to separate completely the two spheres remained a feature of Western thought during its formative centuries, the era of the Christian fathers and the Dark and Middle Ages which followed.