bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shifting forest composition and primate diets: a 13‐year comparison of the Tana River mangabey and its habitat
Authors: Wieczkowski Julie , Kinnaird Margaret
Published: October 2007

We compared the feeding behavior of a group of Tana River mangabeys (Cercocebus galeritus), densities of 25 diet species, and fruit availability of nine species in a 16.25 ha Tana River forest in southeastern Kenya studied in 1988 and in 2000–2001. For both studies, we enumerated all reproductively sized individuals of the 25 diet species and sampled nine of those species monthly for fruit availability. Mangabey feeding data were collected monthly from January to December 1988 and August 2000 to July 2001 using identical methods. We found a 17% increase in stem number of the 25 species between studies. Estimates of fruit production were lower in 2000 for five of the nine species monitored. Species composition of the mangabey diets shifted between 1988 and 2000–2001. We suggest that changes in forest composition may be due to declining human disturbance, elephant loss, changes in the river's hydrologic regime, and the 1997/98 ENSO event. Possible reasons for lower fruit availability are a younger demographic profile of the forest and changes in the river's hydrological regime. Only some of the changes in the mangabey diet mirrored changes in stem abundance and/or fruit availability. Mangabey dietary changes underscore their high degree of flexibility that allows them to persist in such a dynamic forest habitat. Am. J. Primatol. 70:339–348, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Information seeking behavior of academic scientists
Authors: Hemminger Bradley M. , Lu Dihui , Vaughan K.T.L. , Adams Stephanie J.
Published: October 2007

The information seeking behavior of academic scientists is being transformed by the availability of electronic resources for searching, retrieving, and reading scholarly materials. A census survey was conducted of academic science researchers at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill to capture their current information seeking behavior. Nine hundred two subjects (26%) completed responses to a 15‐minute Web‐based survey. The survey questions were designed to quantify the transition to electronic communications and how this affects different aspects of information seeking. Significant changes in information seeking behavior were found, including increased reliance on web based resources, fewer visits to the library, and almost entirely electronic communication of information. The results can guide libraries and other information service organizations as they adapt to meet the needs of today's information searchers. Simple descriptive statistics are reported for the individual questions. Additionally, analysis of results is broken out by basic science and medical science departments. The survey tool and protocol used in this study have been adopted for use in a nationwide survey of the information seeking behavior of academic scientists.
People search: Searching people sharing similar interests from the Web
Authors: Li Quanzhi , Wu Yi‐fang Brook
Published: October 2007

On the Web, there are limited ways of finding people sharing similar interests with a given person. The current methods are either ineffective or time consuming. In this paper, we present a new approach for searching people sharing similar interests from the Web. Given a person, to find similar people from the Web, there are two major research issues: person representation and matching persons. In this study, we propose a person representation method which uses a person's website to represent this person. Our design of matching process takes person representation into consideration to allow the same representation to be used when composing the query. Under this person representation method, the proposed algorithm integrates textual content and hyperlink information of all the pages belonging to a personal website to represent a person and match persons. Other algorithms are also explored and compared to the proposed algorithm. Experimental results are presented.
Heterotapes: A Persistent, Dual‐Synthon Hydrogen‐Bonding Motif
Authors: Turner David R. , Pek Sze Nee , Batten Stuart R.
Published: October 2007

The small dinitrile anion carbamoyldicyanomethanide, [C(CN)2‐(CONH2)]− (cdm), reproducibly forms a hydrogen‐bonded tape containing two different supramolecular synthons: a “heterotape”. The tape incorporates both an amide dimer and a nitrile‐containing ring. The robustness of the motif is confirmed by its persistence from an isolated tape in a separated ion‐pair structure, [K(15c5)2](cdm)⋅ H2O, to its incorporation into coordination complexes of octahedral metals, thus facilitating the formation of 2D sheets. Complexes containing coligands that occupy the equatorial coordination sites, [Cu(2,2′‐py2NH)2(cdm)2]⋅ 2MeOH, [Ni(cyclam)(cdm)2], and [Cu(cyclam)(cdm)2]⋅2MeOH (cyclam=1,4,8,11‐tetraazacyclotetradecane, 2,2′‐py2NH=di(2‐pyridyl)amine), show retention of the heterotape motif, whilst the ethylene diamine complex [Cu‐(en)2(cdm)2] (en=ethylene diamine) displays an alternative hydrogen‐bonding motif due to interference from the diamine ligands.
Effects of tert–butyl acetate on maternal toxicity and embryo‐fetal development in Sprague‐Dawley rats
Authors: Yang Y.S. , Ahn T.H. , Lee J.C. , Moon C.J. , Kim S.H. , Park S.C. , Chung Y.H. , Kim H.Y. , Kim J.C.
Published: October 2007

This study investigated the potential adverse effects of tert‐butyl acetate (TBAc) on maternal toxicity and embryo‐fetal development after maternal exposure of pregnant rats from gestational days 6 through 19. TBAc was administered to pregnant rats by gavage at 0, 400, 800, and 1,600 mg/kg/day. All dams were subjected to a Caesarean section on day 20 of gestation, and their fetuses were examined for any morphological abnormalities. At 1,600 mg/kg, maternal toxicity manifested as increases in the incidence of clinical signs and death, lower body weight gain and food intake, increases in the weights of adrenal glands and liver, and a decrease in thymus weight. Developmental toxicity included a decrease in fetal weight, an increase in the incidence of skeletal variation, and a delay in fetal ossification. At 800 mg/kg, only a minimal developmental toxicity, including an increase in the incidence of skeletal variation and a delay in fetal ossification, were observed. In contrast, no adverse maternal or developmental effects were observed at 400 mg/kg. These results show that a 14‐day repeated oral dose of TBAc is embryotoxic at a maternally toxic dose (i.e., 1,600 mg/kg/day) and is minimally embryotoxic at a nonmaternally toxic dose (i.e., 800 mg/kg/day) in rats. However, no evidence for the teratogenicity of TBAc was noted in rats. It is concluded that the developmental findings observed in the present study are secondary effects to maternal toxicity. Under these experimental conditions, the no‐observed‐adverse‐effect level of TBAc is considered to be 800 mg/kg/day for dams and 400 mg/kg/day for embryo‐fetal development. Birth Defects Res (Part B), 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Achieving R0 resection in the colorectum using endoscopic submucosal dissection
Authors: Hurlstone D P , Atkinson R , Sanders D S , Thomson M , Cross S S , Brown S
Published: October 2007

Background

Endoscopic mucosal resection is established for the removal of non-invasive colorectal tumours smaller than 20 mm but is unsatisfactory for larger lesions. Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) enables en bloc resection of lesions larger than 20 mm. A UK-based prospective feasibility study of ESD for colorectal tumours was undertaken; primary endpoints were R0 resection, safety and recurrence.

Methods

Patients with Paris 0-II adenomas or laterally spreading tumours (LSTs) greater than 20 mm in diameter were enrolled between November 2004 and August 2006. Lesions were assessed by chromoscopy and high-frequency ultrasonography. Dysplasia, resection status, 30-day complication rates and recurrence after ESD were recorded.

Results

ESD was performed in 42 of 56 identified patients; en bloc resection was possible in 33. Fourteen Paris 0-II lesions and 28 LSTs were identified; 40 were dysplastic adenomas and two adenocarcinomas. R0 resection was achieved in 31 patients (74 per cent). The 30-day mortality rate was 0 per cent. Perforation occurred in one patient and uncomplicated bleeding in five. The 6-month cure rate was 81 per cent (34 of 42 patients).

Conclusion

High cure rates are achievable using ESD for Paris 0-II adenomas and LSTs greater than 20 mm in diameter, with R0 resection possible in most patients. ESD is feasible throughout the colorectum with no increase in complication rates. It should be considered for selected Tim/T1 N0 colorectal lesions.
Second thoughts on sentinel lymph node biopsy in node-negative breast cancer
Authors: Kuijt G P , Roumen R M H
Published: October 2007

Not quite as safe as was thought
Variant anatomy of the cystic artery in adult Kenyans
Authors: Saidi Hassan , Karanja Tharao M. , Ogengo Julius A.
Published: October 2007

Knowledge of the variant vascular anatomy of the subhepatic region is important for hepatobiliary surgeons in limiting operative complications due to unexpected bleeding. The pattern of arterial blood supply of 102 gallbladders was studied by gross dissection. The cystic artery originated from the right hepatic artery in 92.2% of cases. The rest were aberrant and originated from the proper hepatic artery. Accessory arteries were observed to originate from proper hepatic artery (n = 5), left hepatic artery (n = 2), and right hepatic artery (n = 1). Most of the arteries approached the gallbladder in relation to the common hepatic duct (anterior 45.1%, posterior, 46.1%). The other vessels passed anterior to common bile duct (2.9%), posterior to common bile duct (3.9%), or were given off in Calot's triangle. Cystic arteries in this data set show wide variations in terms of relationship to the duct systems. In about one tenth of patients, an accessory cystic artery may need to be ligated or clipped during cholecystectomy. Clin. Anat. 20:943–945, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The evidence for the spinal segmental innervation of bone
Authors: Ivanusic Jason J.
Published: October 2007

Dermatomes and myotomes are areas of skin and muscle, respectively, that are innervated by single spinal segmental nerves, and reflect a principle of organization that appears in just about every clinical textbook available today. The evidence for the existence of dermatomes and myotomes has a long and substantial history. A lesser known, but similar principle exists for the skeletal system. The term “sclerotome” was first used in the non‐embryological sense by Inman and Saunders ([1944] J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 99:660–667) to define a region of bone and periosteum that is innervated by a single spinal segment. It is used by clinicians in many healthcare settings to aid in the diagnosis and description of a variety of deep and/or skeletal tissue pathologies and pain syndromes. In this article, the evidence for the existence of the sclerotomes is described in detail. Early clinical studies that define the sclerotomes, evidence from studies of the development of skeletal innervation, and the contributions of anatomical and physiological investigations are explored. It is suggested that there is in fact little direct evidence for the existence of discrete spinal segmental innervation patterns for the skeleton. Clin. Anat. 20:956–960, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomic variation of the spinal origins of lateral and medial pectoral nerves
Authors: Lee Kyu‐Seok
Published: October 2007

Lateral and medial pectoral nerves are distributed to the pectoralis major and minor muscles. The purpose of this study was to identify the spinal origins of lateral and medial pectoral nerves and to evaluate the participating amounts of each spinal nerve composing both pectoral nerves. Two types of spinal origins appeared in lateral pectoral nerves. The first type was composed of nerve fibers from C5, C6, and C7 with a frequency of 50.0% and the second type was composed of nerve fibers from C6 and C7 at a frequency of 50.0%. Regarding the average participating diameter to the lateral pectoral nerve, C7 was the thickest with a value of 1.60 ± 0.35 mm (mean ± SD), next was C6 at 0.83 ± 0.18 mm, and C5 was the third at 0.42 ± 0.24 mm. Three types of spinal origin appeared in the medial pectoral nerve. The first type was comprised of nerve fibers from C8 and T1 in 73.3% of cases. The second type was comprised of C8 only in 23.4% of cases, and the third type was comprised of T1 only in 3.3% of cases. The average participating diameter was 0.71 ± 0.22 mm from C8 and 0.52 ± 0.17 mm from T1. These results show that the spinal origins of the both pectoral nerves were various. Participating amounts of the lateral pectoral nerve appeared sequentially in the order of C7, C6, and C5. In the medial pectoral nerve, C8 participated more amounts than T1. Clin. Anat. 20:915–918, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The meningo‐orbital foramen in a Scottish population
Authors: O'Brien Alexandra , McDonald Stuart W.
Published: October 2007

The meningo‐orbital foramen is a small opening in the orbit lateral to the lateral end of the superior orbital fissure. It is widely reported to contain an orbital branch of the middle meningeal artery. The foramen may be single or multiple and may occur in the posterosuperior part of the lateral orbital wall or in the posterolateral part of the orbital roof. There is a lack of clarity in the literature as to whether foramina occurring in the orbital roof are the same entity as those occurring in the lateral wall. The disposition of the lesser wing of the sphenoid at the anterior limit of the middle cranial fossa makes it difficult to see how a foramen communicating with the anterior cranial fossa could transmit a branch of the middle meningeal artery. Our study contained 16 meningo‐orbital foramina in the orbital roof that would transmit a fine probe. Fourteen of these passed into canals that tracked posteriorly in the bone to open into the middle cranial fossa close to the lateral extremity of the superior orbital fissure. The other two of these foramina communicated with the anterior cranial fossa and both were associated with a more posterior foramen that communicated with the middle cranial fossa. We hope this study clarifies an issue with relevance to surgery in the anterior cranial fossa. Clin. Anat. 20:880–885, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Specificity Fingerprinting of Retaining β‐1,4‐Glycanases in theCellulomonas fimiSecretome Using Two Fluorescent Mechanism‐Based Probes
Authors: Hekmat Omid , Florizone Christine , Kim Young‐Wan , Eltis Lindsay D. , Warren R. Antony J. , Withers Stephen G.
Published: October 2007

Functional proteomics methods are crucial for activity‐ and mechanism‐based investigation of enzymes in biological systems at a post‐translational stage. Glycosidases have central roles in cellular metabolism and its regulation, and their dysfunction can have detrimental effects. These enzymes also play key roles in biomass conversion. A functional profiling methodology was developed for direct, fluorescence‐based, in‐gel analysis of retaining β‐glycosidases. Two spectrally nonoverlapping fluorescent, mechanism‐based probes containing different recognition elements for retaining cellulases and xylanases were prepared. The specificity‐based covalent labelling of retaining glycanases by the two probes was demonstrated in model enzyme mixtures. Using the two probes and mass spectrometry, the secretomes of the biomass‐converting bacteriumCellulomonas fimi, under induction by different polyglycan growth substrates, were analysed to obtain a specificity profile of theC. fimiretaining β‐glycanases. This is a facile strategy for the analysis of glycosidases produced by biomass‐degrading organisms.
Ambiphilic Diphosphine–Borane Ligands: Metal→Borane Interactions within Isoelectronic Complexes of Rhodium, Platinum and Palladium
Authors: Bontemps Sébastien , Sircoglou Marie , Bouhadir Ghenwa , Puschmann Horst , Howard Judith A. K. , Dyer Philip W. , Miqueu Karinne , Bourissou Didier
Published: October 2007

Coordination of an ambiphilic diphosphine–borane (DPB) ligand to the RhCl(CO) fragment affords two isomeric complexes. According to X‐ray diffraction analysis, each complex adopts a square‐pyramidal geometry with trans coordination of the two phosphine buttresses and axial RhB contacts, but the two differ in the relative orientations around the rhodium and boron centres. DFT calculations on the actual complexes provide insight into the influence of the π‐accepting CO co‐ligand, compared with previously reported complexes [Rh(μ‐Cl)(dpb)]2 and [RhCl(dmap)(dpb)]. In addition, comparison of the $\tilde \nu $(CO) frequency of [RhCl(CO)(dpb)] with that of the related borane‐free complex [RhCl(CO)(iPr2PPh)2] substantiates the significant electron‐withdrawing effect that the σ‐accepting borane moiety exerts on the metal. Valence isoelectronic [PtCl2(dpb)] and [PdCl2(dpb)] complexes have also been prepared and characterized spectroscopically and structurally. The pronounced influence of the transition metal on the magnitude of the M→B interaction is highlighted by geometric considerations and NBO analyses.
Solubilizing Sodium Fluoride in Acetonitrile: Synthesis, Molecular Structure, and Complexation Behavior of Bis(organostannyl)methyl‐Substituted Crown Ethers
Authors: Reeske Gregor , Bradtmöller Gerrit , Schürmann Markus , Jurkschat Klaus
Published: October 2007

The synthesis of the crown‐ether‐substituted bis(organostannyl)methanes Ph3SnCH2Sn(Ph2)‐CH2‐[16]crown‐5 (1) and Ph2ISnCH2Sn(I)(Ph)‐CH2‐[16]crown‐5 (2) is reported. Both compounds have been characterized by elemental analyses, 1H, 13C, 19F, and 119Sn NMR spectroscopy, and in the case of compound 2 also by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed for the aqua complex 2⋅H2O trigonal–bipyramidal‐configured tin atoms with intramolecular Sn(1)O(1) and Sn(2)O(1W) distances of 2.555(2) and 2.440(3) Å, respectively. The water molecule is trapped in a sandwich‐like fashion between the crown ether oxygen atoms O(2) and O(4) and the Sn(2) atom. NMR spectroscopy unambiguously proved the ability of compound 2 in acetonitrile to overcome the high lattice energy of sodium fluoride and to complex the latter under charge separation.
Multifunctional “Clickates” as Versatile Extended Heteroaromatic Building Blocks: Efficient Synthesis via Click Chemistry, Conformational Preferences, and Metal Coordination
Authors: Meudtner Robert M. , Ostermeier Marc , Goddard Richard , Limberg Christian , Hecht Stefan
Published: October 2007

Click chemistry has been utilized to access 2,6‐bis(1‐aryl‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)pyridines (BTPs) as versatile extended heteroaromatic building blocks for their exploitation in supramolecular chemistry, in particular foldamer and ligand design. In addition to their high‐yielding synthesis using CuI‐catalyzed Huisgen‐type 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reactions the formed triazole moieties constitute an integral part of the BTP framework and encode both its pronounced conformational preferences as well as its chelating ability. A diverse set of symmetrical and non‐symmetrical BTPs carrying electron‐donating and ‐withdrawing substituents at both terminal aryl and the central pyridine moieties has efficiently been synthesized and could furthermore readily be postfunctionalized with amphiphilic side chains and porphyrin chromophores. In both solution and solid state, the BTP scaffold adopts a highly conserved horseshoe‐like anti–anti conformation. Upon protonation or metal coordination, the BTP scaffold switches to the chelating syn–syn conformation. Iron and europium complexes have been prepared, successfully characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis, and investigated with regard to their spin state and luminescent properties. The extended heteroaromatic BTP scaffold should prove useful for the design of responsive foldamer backbones and the preparation of new magnetic and emissive materials.
Tautomerism in Novel Oxocorrologens
Authors: Xie Yongshu , Hill Jonathan P. , Schumacher Amy Lea , Karr Paul A. , D'Souza Francis , Anson Christopher E. , Powell Annie K. , Ariga Katsuhiko
Published: October 2007

A novel corrole‐type macrocycle, oxocorrologen (2), substituted with hemiquinone groups, has been synthesized. It was found to undergo multiple tautomerism of its exchangeable protons between electronegative atom sites at the macrocyclic core (nitrogen atoms) and periphery (phenol oxygen atoms). Alkylation at one macrocyclic nitrogen atom with a 4‐nitrobenzyl group gave 3, which can exist in only two tautomeric forms depending on the solvent. Tautomerism has been studied by means of 1H NMR spectroscopy in a variety of solvents and solvent mixtures. Tautomer structure assignments have been supported by DFT calculations of the relative energies of the tautomers. X‐ray crystallography of the N‐nitrobenzyl derivative has revealed that intramolecular hydrogen bonding may be responsible for stabilizing the observed tautomers. The solvent dependence of the tautomerism of 2 and 3 confers solvatochromism. Electrochemical measurements on 2 and 3 in their respective quinone forms have revealed irreversible processes, but indicate that they are both electron‐deficient with a small HOMO–LUMO gap and first reduction potentials close to those of fullerene electron acceptors.
Molecules that Target beta‐Amyloid
Authors: Stains Cliff I. , Mondal Kalyani , Ghosh Indraneel
Published: October 2007

The devastating effects of Alzheimer’s and related amyloidogenic diseases have inspired the synthesis and evaluation of numerous ligands to understand the molecular mechanism of the aggregation of the beta‐amyloid peptide. Our review focuses on the current knowledge in this field with respect to molecules that have been demonstrated to interact with either oligomeric or fibrillar forms of the beta‐amyloid peptide. We describe natural proteins, peptides, peptidomimetics, and small molecules that have been found to interfere with beta‐amyloid aggregation. We also detail recent efforts in selecting molecules that target beta‐amyloid isolated from antibody, protein, and peptide libraries. These new molecules will likely aid in deciphering the details of the aggregation pathway for the beta‐amyloid peptide and provide reagents that may stabilize relevant oligomeric intermediates which likely have bearing on the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease. Moreover, the described anti‐amyloid molecular toolbox will also provide an avenue for designing new diagnostic and therapeutic reagents.
Analysis of System Structure–Function Relationships
Authors: Fliri Anton F. , Loging William T. , Volkmann Robert A.
Published: October 2007

Preclinical pharmacology studies conducted with experimental medicines currently focus on assessments of drug effects attributed to a drug's putative mechanism of action. The high failure rate of medicines in clinical trials, however, underscores that the information gathered from these studies is insufficient for forecasting drug effect profiles actually observed in patients. Improving drug effect predictions and increasing success rates of new medicines in clinical trials are some of the key challenges currently faced by the pharmaceutical industry. Addressing these challenges requires development of new methods for capturing and comparing “system‐wide” structure–effect information for medicines at the cellular and organism levels. The current investigation describes a strategy for moving in this direction by using six different descriptor sets for examining the relationship between molecular structure and broad effect information of 1064 medicines at the cellular and the organism level. To compare broad drug effect information between different medicines, information spectra for each of the 1064 medicines were created, and the similarity between information spectra was determined through hierarchical clustering. The structure–effect relationships ascertained through these comparisons indicate that information spectra similarity obtained through preclinical ligand binding experiments using a model proteome provide useful estimates for the broad drug effect profiles of these 1064 medicines in organisms. This premise is illustrated using the ligand binding profiles of selected medicines in the dataset as biomarkers for forecasting system‐wide effect observations of medicines that were not included in the incipient 1064‐medicine analysis.
Viable germ cell tumor at postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection
Authors: Spiess Philippe E. , Tannir Nizar M. , Tu Shi‐Ming , Brown Gordon A. , Liu Ping , Kamat Ashish M. , Wood Christopher G. , Evans James G. , Pisters Louis L.
Published: October 2007

BACKGROUND.

Patients with viable tumor at time of postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (PC‐RPLND) are at an increased risk of disease progression. The objective of the current study was to determine the clinical variables that predict this adverse outcome.

METHODS.

Between 1980 and 2003, 236 patients with testicular cancer underwent PC‐RPLND, 41 of whom (17%) were found to have viable tumor. The authors retrospectively reviewed the patients' medical records for pertinent clinical and treatment‐related outcomes. At a median follow‐up of 3.9 years, 18 patients (44%) had developed disease recurrence and 12 patients (29%) had died of disease.

RESULTS.

The group of patients who developed postoperative disease recurrence had a larger median dimension of the retroperitoneal mass (7.0 cm and 3.5 cm, respectively;P= .03). The use of adjuvant chemotherapy after PC‐RPLND was less common in those patients developing postoperative disease recurrence (P= .06). On multivariate analysis, patients classified as being at intermediate or poor risk according to the International Germ Cell Consensus Classification (IGCCC) had a poorer recurrence‐free survival (P= .006 andP= .07, respectively). On multivariate analysis, predictors of disease‐specific survival (DSS) included an elevated α–fetoprotein (AFP) level before PC‐RPLND (P= .003) and postoperative disease recurrence (P= .02). A serum AFP level >5.3 ng/mL before PC‐RPLND was found to be predictive of a poorer DSS (P= .0007).

CONCLUSIONS.

Patients with viable tumor at the time of PC‐RPLND are at an increased risk of disease progression. Clinical variables including classification as intermediate or poor IGCCC risk, a preoperative serum AFP level >5.3 ng/mL, and postoperative disease recurrence help to better define those patients who are at risk of future adverse outcomes. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Potential cure of acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Yanada Masamitsu , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo , Borthakur Gautam , Ravandi Farhad , Kantarjian Hagop , Estey Elihu
Published: October 2007

BACKGROUND.

Potential cure of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is now a widely accepted idea, but it is uncertain whether there is heterogeneity in the failure rate in patients once they have been in complete remission (CR) for various periods of time.

METHODS.

The long‐term outcomes were analyzed in 1069 consecutive AML patients in first CR who were diagnosed and treated at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center between 1991 and 2003.

RESULTS.

The failure rates as yearly risk of treatment failure were 69.1 in the first year, 37.7 in the second year, 17.0 in the third year, 7.6 in the fourth year, and 6.6 in the fifth year, suggesting that 3 years from the CR date is a convenient time to consider patients potentially cured. The effect of cytogenetics on relapse‐free survival (RFS) remained constant throughout the first 3 years, whereas the effect of age increased with time. The probability of RFS for patients alive without disease recurrence at 3 years was 84.0% at 6 years. When the interaction between age and cytogenetics was examined for these patients, the outcomes of those with favorable cytogenetics were found to be excellent regardless of age. However, in the intermediate cytogenetic group, although patients aged <60 years had excellent outcomes, those aged ≥60 years were found to be at a substantial risk of disease recurrence even after 3 years of CR, with a 6‐year RFS rate of 56.5%. There were only 6 patients with adverse cytogenetics in this cohort.

CONCLUSIONS.

The results of the current study demonstrate that the risk of treatment failure differs over time according to a combination of cytogenetics and age. Cancer 2007. Published 2007 by the American Cancer Society.
Expression of hepatocyte growth factor and c‐MET in skull base chordoma
Authors: Naka Takahiko , Kuester Doerthe , Boltze Carsten , Scheil‐Bertram Stefanie , Samii Amir , Herold Christian , Ostertag Helmut , Krueger Sabine , Roessner Albert
Published: October 2007

BACKGROUND.

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a multipotent cytokine that is mediated by its receptor, c‐MET. HGF/c‐MET contributes to tumor progression in many human malignancies; however, HGF/c‐MET is inversely correlated with aggressive biologic behavior in other cancers. Conversely, to the authors' knowledge, little is known regarding the significance of HGF/c‐MET expression in skull base chordoma.

METHODS.

Using immunohistochemical techniques, the authors investigated HGF/c‐MET expression in 46 primary and 25 recurrent lesions, and compared it with the expression of proteinases and cell differentiation markers, proliferative ability, and other clinicopathologic parameters.

RESULTS.

c‐MET was found to be expressed in 70.0% of primary and 88.0% of recurrent lesions. HGF expression was scarcely detected. Higher c‐MET expression was found to be correlated with younger patient age. Lesions with a higher expression of low molecular weight cytokeratin (CAM5.2) demonstrated significantly higher c‐MET scores in both primary and recurrent lesions compared with those with lower CAM5.2 expression. In recurrent lesions, higher c‐MET expression was found to be associated with the scores of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐1, MMP‐2, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase‐1, and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA); however, only uPA was found to be correlated with higher c‐MET expression in primary lesions. c‐MET expression did not appear to be correlated with MIB‐1 labeling index. Patients with higher c‐MET expression were found to have longer survival.

CONCLUSIONS.

In the current study, c‐MET expression was a common event, and was found to be correlated with CAM5.2 expression, younger patient age, and a favorable prognosis in patients with skull base chordoma. However, HGF/c‐MET paracrine signaling also may contribute to its invasive ability, especially in recurrent lesions. Cancer 2008. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Regulated expression of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors and associated proteins in teleost electrosensory system and telencephalon
Authors: Harvey‐Girard Erik , Dunn Robert J. , Maler Len
Published: October 2007

Several types of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor‐dependent synaptic plasticity are characterized by differences in polarity, induction parameters, and duration, which depend on the interactions of NMDARs with intracellular synaptic and signaling proteins. Here, we examine the NMDAR signaling components in the brain of the weakly electric fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus. Compared with mammalian orthologs, high levels of sequence conservation for known functional sites in both NMDAR subunits (NR1, NR2A–C) and signaling proteins (fyn tyrosine kinase, RasGRF‐1 and ‐2) were found. In situ hybridization analysis demonstrated that, similar to the case in the adult mammal brain, NR2A and NR2B are expressed at moderate levels in most brain regions and at very high levels in the dorsal telencephalon. RasGRF‐1 and fyn have a similar distribution and appear to be coexpressed with NR2B in telencephalic regions known to support learning and long‐term memory. Both NR2A and NR2B are highly expressed in pyramidal cells of the electrosensory lateral line lobe (ELL) known to exhibit the short‐term synaptic plasticity that underlies adaptive feedback cancellation of redundant sensory input. In contrast, nonplastic pyramidal cells expressed only the NR2A subunit. Furthermore, field recordings show that ifenprodil‐sensitive NR2B‐containing NMDARs predominate for the plastic feedback input to ELL pyramidal cells. However, RasGRF‐1 and fyn are expressed only at low levels in a subset of these pyramidal cells. Our data suggest that NMDAR functions are highly conserved between fish and mammals and that synaptic plasticity dynamics in different brain regions are related to the expression patterns of the synaptic signaling proteins interacting with NMDARs. J. Comp. Neurol. 505:644–668, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interhemispheric connections of the ventral premotor cortex in a new world primate
Authors: Dancause Numa , Barbay Scott , Frost Shawn B. , Mahnken Jonathan D. , Nudo Randolph J.
Published: October 2007

This study describes the pattern of interhemispheric connections of the ventral premotor cortex (PMv) distal forelimb representation (DFL) in squirrel monkeys. Our objectives were to describe qualitatively and quantitatively the connections of PMv with contralateral cortical areas. Intracortical microstimulation techniques (ICMS) guided the injection of the neuronal tract tracers biotinylated dextran amine or Fast blue into PMv DFL. We classified the interhemispheric connections of PMv into three groups. Major connections were found in the contralateral PMv and supplementary motor area (SMA). Intermediate interhemispheric connections were found in the rostral portion of the primary motor cortex, the frontal area immediately rostral and ventral to PMv (FR), cingulate motor areas (CMAs), and dorsal premotor cortex (PMd). Minor connections were found inconsistently across cases in the anterior operculum (AO), posterior operculum/inferior parietal cortex (PO/IP), and posterior parietal cortex (PP), areas that consistently show connections with PMv in the ipsilateral hemisphere. Within‐case comparisons revealed that the percentage of PMv connections with contralateral SMA and PMd are higher than the percentage of PMv connections with these areas in the ipsilateral hemisphere; percentages of PMv connections with contralateral M1 rostral, FR, AO, and the primary somatosensory cortex are lower than percentages of PMv connections with these areas in the ipsilateral hemisphere. These studies increase our knowledge of the pattern of interhemispheric connection of PMv. They help to provide an anatomical foundation for understanding PMv's role in motor control of the hand and interhemispheric interactions that may underlie the coordination of bimanual movements. J. Comp. Neurol. 505:701–715, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuropathogical features of a rat model for perinatal hypoxic‐ischemic encephalopathy with associated epilepsy
Authors: Kadam Shilpa D. , Dudek F. Edward
Published: October 2007

Hypoxic‐ischemic (HI) encephalopathy is an important neurological problem of the perinatal period. Little is known of the long‐term progression of HI insults or the maladaptive changes that lead to epilepsy. Using rats with unilateral carotid occlusion followed by hypoxia at postnatal day 7, this study provides an initial analysis of the epilepsy caused by a perinatal HI insult with chronic and continuous behavioral monitoring. The histopathology was investigated at postnatal day 30 and later at ≥6 months of age using cresyl violet, Timm, and rapid Golgi staining and immunocytochemistry. The resultant epilepsy showed an increase in seizure frequency over time, with a preponderance for seizure clusters and behavioral features of an ipsilateral cerebral syndrome. In addition to parasagittal infarcts and porencephalic cysts in severe lesions, columnar neuronal death was found with cytomegaly in isolated groups of dysmorphic cortical neurons. Cortical dysgenesis was seen in the form of deep laminar cell loss, microgyri, white matter hypercellularity, and blurring of the white and gray matter junction. Mossy fiber sprouting was not only detected in the atrophied ipsilateral dorsal hippocampus of HI rats with chronic epilepsy, but was also found in comparable grades in spared ipsi‐ and contralateral ventral hippocampi. The cortical lesions in this animal model show histological similarities with those found in humans after perinatal HI. The occurrence of cortical abnormalities that are associated with epilepsy in humans correlates with the consequent detection of spontaneous recurrent seizures. J. Comp. Neurol. 505:716–737, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Control of Drug Release through the In Situ Assembly of Stimuli‐Responsive Ordered Mesoporous Silica with Magnetic Particles
Authors: Zhu Shenmin , Zhou Zhengyang , Zhang Di
Published: October 2007

A site‐selective controlled delivery system for controlled drug release is fabricated through the in situ assembly of stimuli‐responsive ordered SBA‐15 and magnetic particles. This approach is based on the formation of ordered mesoporous silica with magnetic particles formed from Fe(CO)5 via the surfactant‐template sol‐gel method and control of transport through polymerization of N‐isopropyl acrylamide inside the pores. Hydrophobic Fe(CO)5 acts as a swelling agent as well as being the source of the magnetic particles. The obtained system demonstrates a high pore diameter (7.1 nm) and pore volume (0.41 cm3 g−1), which improves drug storage for relatively large molecules. Controlled drug release through the porous network is demonstrated by measuring the uptake and release of ibuprofen (IBU). The delivery system displays a high IBU storage capacity of 71.5 wt %, which is almost twice as large as the highest value based on SBA‐15 ever reported. In vitro testing of IBU loading and release exhibits a pronounced transition at around 32 °C, indicating a typical thermosensitive controlled release.
Singlet Oxygen in Microporous Silica Xerogel: Quantum Yield and Oxidation at the Gas–Solid Interface
Authors: Cantau Christophe , Pigot Thierry , Manoj Narayanapillai , Oliveros Esther , Lacombe Sylvie
Published: October 2007

The quantum yields of singlet oxygen (1O2) production (ΦΔ) and 1O2 lifetimes (τΔ) at the gas–solid interface in silica gel material are determined. Different photosensitizers (PS) are encapsulated in parallelepipedic xerogel monoliths (PS‐SG). PS were chosen according to their known photooxidation properties: 9,10‐dicyanoanthracene (DCA), 9,10‐anthraquinone (ANT), and a benzophenone derivative, 4‐benzoyl benzoic acid (4BB). These experiments are mainly based on time‐resolved 1O2 phosphorescence detection, and the obtained ΦΔ and τΔ values are compared with those of a reference sensitizer for 1O2 production, 1H‐phenalen‐1‐one (PN), included in the same xerogel. The trend between their ability to oxidize organic pollutants in the gas phase and their efficiency for 1O2 production is investigated through photooxidation experiments of a test pollutant dimethylsulfide (DMS). The ΦΔ value is high for DCA‐SG relative to the PN reference, whereas it is slightly lower for 4BB‐SG and for ANT‐SG. ΦΔ is related to the production of sulfoxide and sulfone as the main oxidation products for DMS photosensitized oxidation. Additional mechanisms, leading to CS bond cleaveage, appear to mainly occur for the less efficient singlet oxygen sensitizers 4BB‐SG and ANT‐SG.
Acid–Base Chemistry at the Ice Surface: Reverse Correlation Between Intrinsic Basicity and Proton‐Transfer Efficiency to Ammonia and Methyl Amines
Authors: Park Seong‐Chan , Kim Joon‐Ki , Lee Chang‐Woo , Moon Eui‐Seong , Kang Heon
Published: October 2007

Proton transfer from the hydronium ion to NH3, CH3NH2, and (CH3)2NH is examined at the surface of ice films at 60 K. The reactants and products are quantitatively monitored by the techniques of Cs+ reactive‐ion scattering and low‐energy sputtering. The proton‐transfer reactions at the ice surface proceed only to a limited extent. The proton‐transfer efficiency exhibits the order NH3>(CH3)NH2=(CH3)2NH, which opposes the basicity order of the amines in the gas phase or aqueous solution. Thermochemical analysis suggests that the energetics of the proton‐transfer reaction is greatly altered at the ice surface from that in liquid water due to limited hydration. Water molecules constrained at the ice surface amplify the methyl substitution effect on the hydration efficiency of the amines and reverse the order of their proton‐accepting abilities.
Optical and dielectric studies on pure and Ni2+, Co2+ doped single crystals of bis thiourea cadmium chloride
Authors: Uthrakumar R. , Vesta C. , Raj C. Justin , Dinakaran S. , Dhas Rani Christhu , Das S. Jerome
Published: October 2007

Good quality single crystals of Ni2+, Co2+ ions doped Bisthiourea Cadmium Chloride (BTCC) are some of the excellent and efficient non‐linear optical materials grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation method. The lattice parameters of the grown crystals are determined by single crystal X‐ray analysis. UV spectral analyses on these samples reveal the improved transparency of the doped crystals ascertaining the inclusion of metal ion in the lattice. FTIR spectral analysis carried out on the materials confirm the presence of functional groups. Dielectric measurements reveal that the dielectric constant of pure and doped crystals decreases with increase of frequency. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth and structural characterization of [ZnL(DMSO)]
Authors: Dong Wenkui , Ding Yujie
Published: October 2007

A novel mononuclear zinc(II) complex [ZnL(DMSO)] (1) with chelating bisoxime ligand 4,4′‐dinitro‐2,2′‐[ethylenedioxybis(nitrilomethylidyne)]diphenol (H2L) was synthesized and structurally characterized by X‐ray crystallography. The complex crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P‐1, with unit cell parameters a = 8.9730(16), b = 11.9080(18), c = 20.701(2) Å, α = 103.893(3), β = 101.975(3), γ = 90.029(2) and Z = 4. The Zinc(II) ion is five‐coordinated by four N2O2 donor atoms of L2‐ and one oxygen atom from DMSO molecule. Interestingly, the unit of cell contains two crystallographically independent but chemically identical mononuclear complexes. (© 2007 WILEY ‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Hydrothermal synthesis and crystal structure of a three‐dimensional polyoxovanadate
Authors: Ma Huiyuan , Wang Xiaodan , Dong Baoxia , Li Chunxiang , Wu Lizhou
Published: October 2007

A three‐dimensional polyoxovanadate formulated as HV3O8·H2O has been synthesized by hydrothermal method. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Microhardness studies of nanocrystalline calcium tungstate
Authors: Anandakumar V. M. , Khadar M. Abdul
Published: October 2007

Nanocrystals of calcium tungstate (CaWO4) of three different grain sizes were synthesized through chemical precipitation technique and the grain sizes and crystal structure were determined using the broadening of X‐ray diffraction patterns and transmission electron microscopy. The microhardness of compacted pellets of nanocrystalline calcium tungstate (CaWO4) with different grain sizes were measured using a Vickers microhardness tester for various applied loads ranging from 0.049 N to 1.96 N. The values of microhardness showed significant reverse indentation size effect at low indentation loads. The microhardness data obtained for samples of different grain sizes showed grain size dependent strengthening obeying normal Hall‐Petch relation. The dependence of compacting pressure and annealing temperature on microhardness of the nanostructured sample with grain size of 13 nm were also studied. The samples showed significant increase in microhardness as the compacting pressure and annealing time were increased. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characterization of melt grown phthalic anhydride single crystal
Authors: Ramesh Babu R. , Sethuraman K. , Vijayan N. , Bhagavannarayana G. , Gopalakrishnan R. , Ramasamy P.
Published: October 2007

The bulk organic single crystal of phthalic anhydride (PA) was grown by vertical Bridgman technique. The structural perfection of the grown crystal was analysed by high resolution X‐ray diffraction (Multicrystal X‐ray diffractometry) studies. The thermal and mechanical properties have been studied. The second harmonic generation relative efficiency of Phthalic anhydride crystal is compared with KDP crystal. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Investigation on birefringence property in uniaxial crystal (Ca0.28Ba0.72)0.75(Sr0.60Ba0.40)Nb2O6
Authors: Gao Ch. Y. , Xia H. R. , Xu J. Q. , Si Sh. Ch. , Zhang H. J. , Wang J. Y.
Published: October 2007

The birefringence of (Ca0.28Ba0.72)0.75(Sr0.60Ba0.40)Nb2O6 crystal is measured basing on polarization‐ extinction method and conoscopic interference method. Experimental results show that the birefringence in this crystal is up to 10‐5, the natural birefringence in this crystal is (no ‐ne) = 5.89 x 10‐5 with the He‐Ne laser wavelength at 632.8nm and the birefringence grads with wavelength at 532nm is 5.68 x 10‐5, which indicate the good optical homogeneity of this crystal. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Study of crystalline perfection and thermal analysis of zinc cadmium thiocyanate single crystals grown in silica gel
Authors: Nisha Santha Kumari P. , Kalainathan S. , Bhagavannarayana G.
Published: October 2007

Zinc cadmium thiocyanate ZnCd(SCN)4 abbreviated as ZCTC is a bimetallic thiocyanate complex that exhibits excellent nonlinear optical property. Single crystals of ZCTC have been grown in silica gel by the process of diffusion. Colorless transparent crystals of size 12 mm x 2 mm x 1.3 mm have been obtained. High resolution X‐ray diffraction study was carried out to investigate the crystalline perfection of the grown crystal and the quality of the crystal was found to be quite good. Thermal stability of the grown crystal was investigated by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses. Fourier Transform Infrared spectrum was recorded to confirm the functional groups. Microhardness of the crystal is also studied. Being a nonlinear optical material, a comparative study of its second harmonic generation efficiency with urea has been made. (© 2007 WILEY ‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Shape‐controlled synthesis of ZnO architectures
Authors: Wang Debao , Song Caixia , Hu Zhengshui
Published: October 2007

Several ZnO nanoarchitectures have been selectively prepared through hydrothermal method including urchin‐shaped, flower‐shaped, butterfly‐shaped, and cacti‐shaped microstructures. The influence of reaction temperature and the concentration of amphiphilic copolymer on the morphologies and shapes of ZnO samples have been studied. The samples were characterized using XRD, TEM, and SEM. It was found that ZnO nanorods or their assemblies were fabricated at higher temperature, whereas ZnO nanosheet architectures were produced at lower temperature. These flower‐shaped architectures possess high BET surface area of 27.43 m2/g. Room temperature UV‐VIS and PL spectra of the as‐obtained ZnO nanoarchitectures have been examined. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of active afterheater on the induction heating process in oxide Czochralski systems
Authors: Tavakoli M. H. , Samavat F. , Babaiepour M.
Published: October 2007

Different shapes and orientations of an active afterheater for oxide Czochralski crystal growth systems are considered and corresponding results of electromagnetic field and volumetric heat generation have been computed using a finite element method (Flex‐PDE package). For the calculations, the eddy current in the induction coil (i.e. the self‐inductance effect) has been taken into account. The calculation results show the importance of an active afterheater, its shape as well as its geometry and position with respect to the crucible on the heat generation distribution in a CZ growth system. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)