bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interpreting the Interpretationes of the Breviarium
Authors: Matthews John F
Published: November 2023

Mommsen’s edition of the Codex Theodosianus (Theodosian Code), begun in 1898 and published in 1905 after the death of its initiator on I November 1903, is a truly amazing achievement.1 It is not, however, a book for the faint-hearted or casual reader. The complex presentation, with its exhaustive documentation of manuscript readings and other sources, can give an impression of finality, when it is really intended to show the variety of alternative possibilities that have to be considered. Nor is it easy to track down, in the dense Latin print of his Prolegomena, Mommsen’s justification for an important editorial policy in which he differed from the advice of his collaborator Paul Kruger. This was the decision not to include in the printed version of the incomplete early books of the Code texts recovered from the Codex Justinianus (Code of Justinian) of a century later; Kruger’s partial edition of the Theodosian Code, published two decades after Mommsen’s, is technically far less accomplished than its predecessor, but in its first five books includes from the Codex Justinianus more than two hundred and thirty texts not printed by Mommsen.
The Survival of Roman Family Law after the Barbarian Settlements
Authors: Arjava Antti
Published: November 2023

One of the most intriguing unsolved questions of early medieval history concerns the nature of the endurance of Roman social practices during the sixth and seventh centuries. The sources are not particularly rich on this issue in any of the new Germanic kingdoms,1 and legal texts are the kind of evidence that pays more than casual attention to the secular life of the Roman population. Consequently, legislation provides a context in which the interaction of Roman and barbarian culture can be investigated. The purpose of this study is to examine the vicissitudes of Roman family law after the late fifth century, when the promulgation of new imperial constitutions ceased in the west.
The Legacy of Roman Law in Post-Roman Britain
Authors: Jones Michael E
Published: November 2023

A logical approach to a study of the transmission and influence of Roman law in post-Roman Britain would be to look both at late Roman legislation associated with Britain and at legal systems operating within the former Roman diocese during the early Middle Ages, and then to try to squeeze these two endpoints together to meet in the historical context of Late Antiquity. Unfortunately, this method would fail at both ends. The Romano-British imprint on late Roman law codes is astonishingly slight, and provides no safe basis for anything beyond speculation. The legal systems of early medieval Britain, and in particular the Welsh and Anglo-Saxon laws, show no evidence of significant, direct influence of Roman law traceable to the Roman governance of Britain. The exceptional lack of impact of Roman law on Roman and post-Roman Britian surely deserves discussion and explanation.
Lawyers and Historians 1n Late Antiquity
Authors: Greatrex Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

For a Roman historian an education in the artes liberales was essential; only thus would he gain not only the skill in rhetoric that the genre required, but also familiarity with earlier histories, both Greek and Roman.1 In addition, in the late Republic and early Principate most historians had some passing knowledge of the law.2 In Late Antiquity, on the other hand, a significant number of historians (and chroniclers) were not merely acquainted with the law, but also had received a formal legal training. It is in this sense that the term ‘lawyer’ will usually be employed below; advocates who had only a passing knowledge of the law also will receive some consideration here, but experts in the minutiae of jurisprudence (for instance in the imperial scrinia, or bureaux) and academic lawyers, exemplified by Tribonian, will not.
Imperial Honorifics and Senatorial Status in Late Roman Legal Documents
Authors: Mathisen Ralph W
Published: November 2023

For most senators during the late Roman period, the reality of power and authority had been replaced by its mere appearance, which was manifested most clearly in the ranks and offices they held.1 The quest for status was non-ending,2 and the best kind of status was that bestowed by the emperor. It could be granted and manifested in many ways. During the course of the fourth century, for example, imperial officeholders came to be endowed with ranks that ranged from inlustris (‘illustrious’) for officials of the highest status, such as Praetorian and Urban Prefects, Masters of Soldiers, and members of the comitatus (the imperial court); to spectabilis (‘respectable’) for such middle-ranking officials as Proconsuls, Counts, Dukes, and Vicars; to clarissimus (‘most distinguished’), the ‘entry level’ senatorial rank, for provincial governors and lesser officials of the comitatus.
Relationships
Authors: Rawson Beryl
Published: November 2023

DEMOGRAPHY dominates, or at least is the ever-present background in any discussion of children’s relationships in Roman society. The early death of infants and young children, high mortality rates generally, age gaps between spouses and between siblings, and frequent divorce, remarriage, or other changes in parents’ relationships are factors which must always be taken into account, along with conditions of slavery. They made it inevitable that most children would experience changing sets of relationships.
Public Life
Authors: Rawson Beryl
Published: November 2023

So ME of the relationships discussed in the preceding chapter, and some of the activities discussed in earlier chapters, extended beyond the home into the public sphere. Even the home was a semi-public space —more so than it is for most modern homes. The large upper-class house was designed to accommodate many callers, and poorer housing was necessarily crowded and lacking in privacy. Moreover, climate and culture were conducive to much outdoor activity, or activity in public spaces, so children were often spectators or participants at public festivals, entertainment, and ritual. All of this had a role in a child’s development and socialization.
Repetition: The Crisis of Posterity
Authors: Whitmarsh Tim
Published: November 2023

In 1964 Bernard van Groningen responded to an invitation to speak on the subject of ‘General literary tendencies of the second century AD’ at the fourth International Congress of Classical Studies in Philadelphia. His oration, subsequently published, is one of the most hostile of the many attacks upon Greek literary culture under Roman rule, a blunt, historically insensitive, and occasionally incoherent diatribe against what he sees as ‘an essentially weak literature’.‘Reading the bulk of second-century litera-ture,’ he argues, ‘… one is not transported into a real world, but into [sic] a sham one, in a museum of fossils. ‘The reason he suggests for this decadence is a ‘weakening of the will’ ,caused by the supplanting of rationality by religion, and particularly by Roman conquest: Real art, real literature as well, cannot thrive unless in freedom. It is the achievement of independent, responsible minds … The Greek literature of the second century is the work of a powerless community … It [?the literature?] is a neglected one in a neglected century, and, generally speaking, it deserves this neglect.
Comedy and the Material World
Authors: Wilkins John
Published: November 2023

r.r. THE SCOPE OF THIS CHAPTER

Comedy is a particularly materialist form of drama; if the subject is lmvcourts, voting funnels and the bar of the court ,vill come into play, if peace, hoes and mattocks will be wielded by farmers; in the context of eating, the verses of comedy are filled with foods, with the pots and pans in which food was prepared and served and with the cups and bowls in which liquids were contained. In this chapter I consider first the things, the inanimate physical objects of the polis. And secondly, the nature and structure of bodies, with which comedy is greatly concerned: both the fish and animals that were consumed by humans and the human body itself, the mouth which took the food into the body, the belly which benefited from the nourishment, and the rectum from which waste matter was extruded. For this chapter, the human (and even the divine) body is considered as a physical entity.
Food in the Comic Social Order
Authors: Wilkins John
Published: November 2023

2.r. THESCOPE OF THIS CHAPTER

The material things of the previous chapter, which are so import ant to comedy, were rarely presented in a cultural and social vaccum. Next I consider the social context of eating: first, ‘normal ‘ eating in comedy and then infringements of that ‘normality ‘ thesolitary eater, the glutton, the parasite or unequal eater at the feast, the comic cook who prepares food as well as discourse, the foreign eater, and finally Heracles, the paradigmatic eater of myth who accordingly appeared in many comedies. The relationship between comedy and certain forms of eating and drinking will be of particular concern.
Comedy on Agriculture and the Blessings of Peace
Authors: Wilkins John
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores the idealizing of the Attic countryside in Old Comedy and the blending of agriculture, comic gods, festivals, and peace into a comic version of Athens that had markedly different objectives, particularly during the Peloponnesian War, from the real polis in which comedy was produced. In this version of the comic polis, war is rejected and the protagonist and his entourage enjoy sympotic pleasures and the festivals of Dionysus. These festive symposia anticipate the full treatment of the comic symposium in Chapter 5.
Conclusion
Authors: Wilkins John
Published: November 2023

The time has now come for the mageiros to be elevated from ‘cook ‘ to ‘chef ‘. The term borrowed from French confers upon the chef in English culture that claim to status and exclusivity on which his boasting and philosophizing is based. The mageiros is no mere ‘cook ‘, to be compared with humble assistants at sacrifice or women and slaves working at the domestic level. I have called him the ‘cook ‘ until now because my aim was not to rehearse once again the development of the stock character that has been presented in detail by Giannini ( r 960) and his successors. Rather, I have tried to tie him into the themes of this book and his predecessors in Old Comedy. As far as themes are concerned, the mageiros works in the kitchen with his equipment and prepares all the materials necessary for a meal, those derived from animals, fish, and plants
The Earlier Mannerists
Authors: Mannack Thomas
Published: November 2023

Beazley had already recognized Myson as the teacher of the Pig Painter in 1925. In H,)33 he thought that the Pig Painter’s vases were late works of Myson,3 bm finally chose the description ‘continues the style of Myson’.; Berge described tl1e Leningrad Painter as a student of Iv1yson,5 Beazley called him a companion and brother of the Pig Painter,” and labelled the Agrigento Painter initially a companion of the Pig and Leningrad Painters.’ Later he wrote: ‘[The Agrigento Painter] takes off from the Pig Painter.
Shapes
Authors: Mannack Thomas
Published: November 2023

The red-figure Mannerists decorated mainly column-kraters, pelikai, and hydriai. In addition to Lhese, belly- and neck-amphorae, bell-krnters, loutrophoroi, lebetes, one volute- and one calyx-krater, one dinos, two stamnoi, one oinochoe, one pyxis, and one lekythos cm be attributed to the Earlier Man nerists.
lntratextuality: Texts, Parts, and (W)holes in Theory
Authors: Sharrock Alison
Published: November 2023

in the same way a plot, being a mimesis of an action, should be a mimesis of one action and that a whole one, with the different sections so arranged that the whole is disturbed by the transposition and destroyed by the removal of any one of them; for if it makes no visible difference whether a thing is there or not, that thing is no part of the whole.
Sense and Sententiousness 1n the Greek Novels
Authors: Morales Helen
Published: November 2023

Digressions are striking features of the ancient Greek novels. They occur frequently in Achilles Tatius’ Leucippe and Clitophon and Heliodorus’ An Ethiopian Story and to a lesser degree in Longus’ Daphnis and Chloe and Chariton’s Callirhoe. Far from finding the digressions ‘incontestably pleasurable’, however, many modern readers judge them ‘extremely tiresome’ (Gaselee 1984: 341), and the cause of ‘such frustration’ (McDermott 1989: 33).
Catullus, 64: Footprints 1n the Labyrinth
Authors: Theodorakopoulos Elena
Published: November 2023

Like a complicated poem, a labyrinth is a highly unnerving structure, and especially so for its scholarly interpreter, for whom inextricability and repetition are undesirable elements of the most frightening kind. Plato describes the confusion resulting from the failure of teleology as a kind of labyrinth in which it is impossible to distinguish the end from the beginning.
Design and Designation in Virgil’s Aeneid, Tacitus’ Annals, and Michelangelo’s Conversion of Saint Paul
Authors: Laird Andrew
Published: November 2023

Readers’ perceptions of the relations between texts have a great deal in common with their perceptions of the divisions or structures of texts. Or-to put it another way intertextuality and intratextuality might almost come down to the same thing.
Defining Statues in Word and Image
Authors: Stewart Peter
Published: November 2023

What is a statue? There is little ambiguity in the modern usage of the word. We use it to refer to free-standing sculptural representations of full figures; they are usually life-size or larger. The word is sometimes more loosely applied to include, for example, architectural sculptures, but the basic sense is clear. There is no doubt about the prominence of such objects in the Graeco-Roman world. Hundreds of artefacts survive that meet our expectations of the statue. Classical statuary is familiar not least for its influence on the art of recent centuries. In light of this it may seem perverse to ask whether statues really existed in Roman culture or what they actually were; but insofar as we are trying to think in Roman terms, the question is crucial, for the study of Roman culture—the analysis of language above all—would suggest that statues were not conceptualized exactly as they are today.
The Appearance of Statues
Authors: Stewart Peter
Published: November 2023

There are, no doubt, good psychological reasons why the head should have received individual attention in most artistic traditions, but from one perspective it is strange that the representation of people should so often have been achieved by this kind of visual synecdoche.1 It has sometimes been suggested that the concentration on the head in ancient portraiture—an emphasis inherited by modern Western art—was a particularly Roman or Italian characteristic, whereas the Greek artistic tradition made use of the entire human body for the representation of the individual. Less effort is now devoted to identifying the distinctive characteristics of Roman art in this manner, and as Richter acknowledges, isolated heads, and specifically the ‘bust form’, are products of the Greek world. Portrait busts or heads are attested in the Hellenistic period, though we tend to associate them with Rome. Nevertheless, it is clear that portrait heads have a specially prominent place not only amidst extant Roman sculpture but in the conceptions of individual identity expressed in Roman literary sources.
The Other Population of Rome
Authors: Stewart Peter
Published: November 2023

The other populace. The stone and bronze crowd. A forest of sculpture. There is no doubt that statues proliferated in the public spaces of the Roman city in a manner quite alien to our experience of the modern civic centre with its carefully elevated sculptural furniture. The recurring metaphors of the second population or the forest of statues are the result of later generations’ astonishment at this burgeoning assemblage. Yet we should not immediately assume that ancient viewers were surprised by or even particularly conscious of the statues around them. Graeco-Roman writers often describe and scrutinize the city of Rome, but few dwell on the abundance of images. Statues were important in Roman society, certainly, but did Roman responses to them accommodate an awareness of statuary as a discrete urban phenomenon?
Inroduction
Authors: Henderson John
Published: November 2023

The stories in this book come from a source close to the palace in the formative decades of the Roman Empire. Phaedrus was a freedman of Augustus who put Aesop’s Fables into five books of Latin verse in the reign of Tiberius. (The sparse and tantalizing biographical evidence is examined in Chapter 3.) He included a fair number of stories and anecdotes on everyday life situations and topics, and as he went on, he expanded the range to include, as well as assorted satirical bits and pieces, several distinctive ‘Roman tales’.
Praefanda
Authors: Henderson John
Published: November 2023

This book does its level best to accommodate all sorts of reader . The format is for each chapter to tackle one story, announced with twin illustrations: first come the Latin text and an English translation, then follows an introductory essay of analysis; finally, a ‘slo’mo’ commentary works through the lines of the poem, exploring literary, social, and cultural topics in detail. (Chapter 4 smuggles in a second tale (in fact, a tail); Chapter 8 moves away from ‘anecdotes’ to open up consideration of four ‘fables’ on kingship, before craning to survey the whole Aesopic take on monarchy, autocracy, and empire.)
The Only Good Caesar: Divus Augustus and the Case of the Widow and the Wicked Freedman
Authors: Henderson John
Published: November 2023

Both trust and distrust are full of pitfalls. I’ll give you a prime case of each. It won’t take long: Hippolytus came to grief because his stepmother was trusted;
Another Hard Luck Story: Phaedrus” Tale (3. Prologue)
Authors: Henderson John
Published: November 2023

Phaedra libelous lagers desideria’s laces portlet, Eutyches, a egotist, Ut liber animus striatum carmines’. ‘ Verminous ‘tanti no nest ingenium tucum, momentum horas preheat offcomers.
Romancing the Market, Reviling the State: Historicizing Liberalism, Privatization, and the Competing Claims to Civil Society
Authors: Somers Margaret
Published: November 2023

In the wake of the Eastern European revolutions of the 1980s citizenship has been rediscovered even while it is being continually reinvented. Its rediscovery is a result of world events: we live in a post-1989 geopolitical world stunningly reconfigured by revolutionary transformations in Eastern Europe. Its ongoing reinvention results from the wild unpredictability of this new world set off against the limitations of those few theories we have available to make sense of it all. Central to this project has been the recuperation of the concept of civil society.1 One of the most significant in a conceptual cluster I call the citizenship concepts,2 the civil society concept holds immense promise. It promises a fresh political vocabulary liberated from the stifling constraints of cold war Manichean dichotomies, and it resonates to the desiderata of conceptualizing more generally the necessary conditions for democratic and participatory social organization.
Prospects for Effective Social Citizenship in an Age of Structural Inactivity
Authors: Hemerijck Anton
Published: November 2023

One of the paradoxes of the contemporary European welfare state is that, while today practically every adult male and female seeks gainful employment, jobs are hard to come by. There is a growing number of (economically) inactive citizens, people of working age who are structurally dependent on social policy for their livelihood. The predicament of inactivity is concentrated among the low-skilled, ethnic minorities, and the long-term unemployed. A comparison of six European countries, considering unemployment, sickness, occupational disability, maternity, general need, and early retirement, reveals that levels of inactivity have dramatically increased over the past decade (see Table 7.1).
Sainsbury’s Spectra and Penrose’s Triangle
Authors: Sorensen Roy
Published: November 2023

Have I created an impossible problem for myself? I want to reconstruct genuine vagueness, the kind involving absolute borderline cases, from only those resources permitted by bivalent logic. Am I like an engraver who sets out to create shades of gray by scratching sharp black lines into a white surface? Well I hope so! Take a close look at George Washington’s picture on a one dollar bill. His face is gray. Washington’s face looks gray even after you notice that the picture is composed solely of fine black lines. All engraved portraits exploit the ‘spreading effect’: at a sufficiently fine scale, black and white are optically fused into gray. Shadows and shades of gray are rendered by varying the density of the lines.
Does Apriority Agglomerate?
Authors: Sorensen Roy
Published: November 2023

Must a valid syllogism with a priori premises have an a priori conclusion? Only if apriority collects over conjunction: (Ap & Aq) ⊃ A(p & q). Philosophers have presupposed this agglomeration principle rather than argued for it–or even asserted it. Historically, supporting arguments could have been quickly mustered. Apriority has long been closely associated with analyticity and necessity. They both agglomerate. Therefore, any account which implies that apriority is co-extensive with either of these notions also implies that apriority agglomerates. Agglomeration could have also been supported by appeals to the certainty, irrevisability, or the infallibility traditionally (and disastrously) associated with apriority. However, recent commentators would consider all of these arguments as outdated. They think traditional rationalists imposed an overly ambitious epistemology on a humble but useful concept. Once we pare away the extraneous, mistaken claims about apriority, we find a concept that a scientific naturalist could welcome (Goldman 1999). Recent progress in the psychology of mathematics may change this’could welcome’ into ‘should welcome’. I contend that this spare conception of apriority correctly undermines all the positive arguments in favor of agglomeration. It also paves the way for a re-examination of agglomeration that illuminates the sorites paradox.
What is the Sound of One Piano Plummeting?
Authors: Davies Stephen
Published: November 2023

I predict that many music lovers would feel uneasy on witnessing a rendition of this work. That is how I felt when I attended a performance of Adrian Sherriff’s A Little Water Music for Gamelan (1998).1 Various brass pots were removed from Javanese musical instruments, turned upside down, and filled with water. The water was stirred, using the beaters with which the pots are normally struck, and poured from pot to pot according to a palindromic structure. As I watched, I cringed. I was glad that comparatively few Javanese were present. They treat their musical instruments with great respect. For instance, it is not appropriate to allow dogs to walk around within the orchestra and neither is it acceptable for anyone to step over the instruments, most of which are low to the ground. When ritual meals are made, an extra portion is set aside for the large gong, and the entire gamelan, as well as the players, are blessed.
Contra the Hypothetical Persona in Music1
Authors: Davies Stephen
Published: November 2023

The listener’s phenomenal experience of music’s expressiveness is more like a face-to-face encounter with someone who publicly and vividly displays his feeling than it is like hearing a dispassionate description of an emotional state. The expressiveness is immediate and direct, not filtered through an arbitrary symbol system. It is immanent in the music rather than something beyond the music’s boundaries to which its sound refers. But if the experience of the expressiveness is as of an occurrent emotion, whose emotion could that be? Given that the music is non-sentient, it appears that an owner of the emotions expressed in it must be found.
Morality, Human Understanding, and the Limits of Language
Authors: Tilghman Ben
Published: November 2023

It is clear to us now that Wittgenstein’s concern in his earlier work was ethical. The Tractatus is an ethical document and was written not to expound, but to show the ethical point of view. M. O’C. Drury made a general comment about Wittgenstein’s work when he said that along side his interest in mathematics, logic, and psychology there is an ethical demand.1 Drury saw this ethical dimension in the drawing of the limits of language that puts ethics in its proper place. He said that to draw the limits of language requires self-denial and a renunciation of a very strong tendency in our nature. I have argued in other places that the Philosophical Investigations is also an ethical document. In addition to Drury’s point about the ethical demand implicit in drawing the limits of language it has, I think, an additional ethical dimension. I want to explain what that other dimension is and then draw attention to some of the passages in the Investigations and Remarks on the Philosophy of Psychology as well as Zettel where this other dimension meets with the necessity of drawing the limits of language and then show where some of these limits are when we run up against contemporary American materialism.
The Investigations’ Everyday Aesthetics of Itself
Authors: Cavell Stanley
Published: November 2023

We have all, I assume, heard it said that Wittgenstein is a writer of unusual powers. Perhaps that is worth saying just because the powers are so unusual, anyway in a philosopher, and of his time and place. But why is this worth repeating-I assume we have all heard it repeated since as far as I know no one has denied it? Evidently the repetition expresses an uncertainty about whether Wittgenstein’s writing is essential to his philosophizing; whether, or to what extent, the work of the one coincides with the work of the other. If you conceive the work of philosophy as, let’s say, argumentation, of some well-understood sort, then it will be as easy to dismiss as to admire the writing-to admire it, perhaps, as a kind of ornament of the contemporary, or near contemporary, scene of professional philosophy, hence as something that lodges no philosophical demand for an accounting. But if you cannot shake an intuition, or illusion, that more is at issue than ornamentation (indeed that the issue of ornamentation is itself quite unclear), and yet you do not wish to deny argumentation, or something of the sort, as internal to philosophy, then a demand for some philosophical accounting of the writing is, awkwardly, hard to lose.
Synopsis of Hittite History
Authors: Bryce Trevor
Published: November 2023

The kingdom of the Hittites rose in the central Anatolian plateau, in the region called the Land of Hatti, during the early decades of the seventeenth century BC. In the course of the next 500 years, the period we call the Late Bronze Age, the Hittites built an empire which extended across much of the Anatolian landmass and from there through northern Syria to the western fringes of Mesopotamia.
The Scribe
Authors: Bryce Trevor
Published: November 2023

This well-known passage from Bellerophon’s story in the Iliadhas often been remarked upon as the only reference which Homer makes to writing. In his version of the story Proitos, king of Argos in Greece, sends Bellerophon (whom he wrongly believes to have seduced his wife) to Lyda in south-western Anatolia with a letter inscribed on wooden tablets for delivery to the Lycian king, Proitos’ father-in-law. Bellernphon himself is unaware of what the letter says. In fact it contains his death warrant (which fortunately for him was never put into effect).
The Farmer
Authors: Bryce Trevor
Published: November 2023

1n our investigations of almost all aspects of Hittite life and society we are constantly aware of one basic fact: the prosperity and well being and sustenance of the kingdom depended, to a critical degree, on the industry of its food-producers, the productivity of its soil, and the benevolence of the elements. That a country needs to produce sufficient quantities of food to feed its population may appear self evident.
The Merchant
Authors: Bryce Trevor
Published: November 2023

From our study of Hittite agriculture it is clear that a great many Hittites lived off the land. Indeed the revenues of the kingdom depended to a very large extent on the land’s agricultural produce and the taxes which it generated. Other sources of revenue came from the tribute of vassal states, in the form of a wide range of goods, including consignments of food, precious metals, and various other raw materials, or from war booty in the form of livestock and looted objects of gold, silver, and copper.
Marriage
Authors: Bryce Trevor
Published: November 2023

ln a number of respects, the Hittites adopted a quite liberal and pragmatic approach to the institution of marriage. De facto as well as formal marriages were recognized. There were regulations to ensure that marriage contracts were fulfilled, and due compensation paid to the aggrieved party when they were not. Prenuptial agreements were entered into which envisaged the possibility of a marriage breaking down. Divorce was apparently not uncommon, and divorce proceedings could as easily be initiated by a woman as by a man.
The Curers of Diseases
Authors: Bryce Trevor
Published: November 2023

As elsewhere in the Near East, medicine in the Hittite world was a skilled and respected occupation. It was also an internationally shared one. Medical expertise frequently crossed national bound aries, and foreign doctors found ready acceptance in the lands of their neighbours, particularly if they came from Egypt or Babylon. On more than one occasion the kings of these countries lent doctors to Hattusa for service in the Hittite court.
The Capital
Authors: Bryce Trevor
Published: November 2023

In these words King Anitta condemned to oblivion the city he had just destroyed.--Hattusa, the chief obstacle to his expanding empire in central Anatolia during the pre-Hittite Assyrian Colony period. How lay in ruins, never again to be resettled! But its destroyer’s curse had short-lived effect. Some 150 years later, a new city arose on the abandoned, weed covered site. Its founder, very likdy, was King Hattusili L Whether or not he knew of the curse, it was dearly incompatible with his developing vision of a brave new world, a powerful new kingdom, of which this derelict place would be the focal point. Ho: natural advantages were obvious.
Heterogeneous Preferences
Authors: Hakim Catherine
Published: November 2023

The central tenet of preference theory is that women are not a homogeneous group but divide into three groups that are not only qualitatively different but also have conflicting interests. Table 6.1 summarizes the key features of the three groups more fully than in Table 1.1, and gives our best estimate of the relative sizes of the three groups in societies where government policy does not actively force women into accepting only one model of women’s role. That is, Table 6.1 shows the relative size of the three groups in liberal and laissez faire societies. In Britain and the USA, by the end of the 20th century, the female population of working age divided very roughly into one-fifth in each of the two extreme groups: home-centred and work-centred, and over half in the adaptive group, which is generally the largest and most vocal in most countries.
Policy Applications
Authors: Hakim Catherine
Published: November 2023

Social policies work best if they go ‘with the grain of the wood’ rather than against the grain. The presence of three separate preference groups among women complicates the policy process. Chapter 6 explored the conflicting interests of home-centred, adaptive, and work-centred women. This chapter extends the analysis by showing how policies have varying relevance to, and impact on the three groups. We cannot attempt a comprehensive review of all fiscal, social, family and welfare policies and their impact on women, but we discuss examples of each of them, to show their differential impact on the three groups of women.
Conclusions
Authors: Hakim Catherine
Published: November 2023

There has been a flood of new research on women’s employment and position in society since the 1960s. Within this rich harvest of new information and ideas, it can be difficult to discern any broad pattern or common conclusions. Preference theory is one attempt to structure the evidence into a coherent perspective that makes sense of the diversity of research findings as well as the common themes. The theory is concerned primarily with the conditions of life for women, and the social changes that are creating a new scenario for women in the 21st century. The underlying theme of theories of social change has so far been ‘progress’, but the underlying theme of preference theory is ‘diversity and choice’.
Discovery
Authors: Painter Kenneth S
Published: November 2023

The Eruption of Vesuvius on 24 August ad 79 resulted in the deposit at Pompeii and Herculaneum and in the surrounding countryside of a number of groups of silver plate as well as isolated pieces, dishes with figured emblemata, and statuettes. Not only does this silver form the largest collection of surviving Roman plate, but its deposit is dated precisely, forming a unique chronological marker for the history of Roman art and manners.
Use of the Silver Plate in the House
Authors: Painter Kenneth S
Published: November 2023

The most obvious possibility is that the plate was used in a dining-room. In the case of the Boscoreale villa and its treasure this hypothesis at first caused problems. In 1897, as has already been described, Pasqui thought that the silver was either the proceeds of a robbery or a service brought from another villa belonging to the same owner. The reason for arguing this was that the triclinium (C) had not then been excavated, the smaller room F, which is probably a bedroom, was interpreted as the dining-room, and there did not seem to be room for a triclinium.
Addresses between Relatives
Authors: Dickey Eleanor
Published: November 2023

In this passage Ovid describes how the girl Byblis, who developed an incestuous passion for her brother, began by her use of address to reveal her feelings even before she herself was fully aware of them. Byblis tries to move away from specifically familial addresses, thus providing us with important clues to how sisters were normally addressed. In this chapter we shall examine the way Romans addressed their siblings and other people who were related to them by blood or marriage (except spouses, who are discussed in Chapter 11).
Weber, Mickwitz, and the Economic Characterization of Late Antiquity
Authors: Banaji Jairus
Published: November 2023

In ‘Finance, Coinage and Money from the Severans to Constantine’, which he published in 1975, Michael Crawford summed up the economic background of the late empire in the following terms: ‘Empire-wide, the debasement of the silver coinage brought about a move to the collection of taxes and the payment of soldiers and offcials largely in kind … The monetary circle simply became increasingly meaningless. It was doubtless completely abolished in the end by Theodosius I.’1 Crawford’s assertion illustrates an important fact: the crux of the theory of a late imperial economic decline has always been some set of postulates about the monetary history of the fourth century.
Wage Labour and the Peasantry
Authors: Banaji Jairus
Published: November 2023

Ge  ō rgoi regularly described themselves as ‘ge  ō rgoi of such and such owner’, as in P. K  ö ln III 152 (477?) where John son of Apphu called himself in an advance sale of fodder,1 or in P. Berl. Zilliacus 8 (663) where Sarapion son of Victor signed a good conduct bond with Peter, bishop of Arsinoe, calling himself . he implication is that such ‘peasants’ worked as regular employees of the owner rather than tenants bound by short-term contracts. SPP X 128 (Fayum, 7c.) refers to the ampelourgoi of the clarissimus Apphous, again with the implication that these were workers normally employed in this owner’s vineyards at Ampeliou.
The language of Shakespeare
Authors: Crystal David
Published: November 2023

You would expect a chapter on language near the beginning of a volume on Shakespeare. After all, that is what you hear and see, as soon as you open a book or watch a play. But that first encounter is deceptive in its apparent ease and obviousness, for we all bring to the book and the theatre our own language; and therein lies the problem. Reading a text is a meeting of minds; and when the minds are separated by 400 years of linguistic change, we must expect some difficulties.
Humanist interpretations
Authors: Bristol Michael D
Published: November 2023

Humanism is a word with too many meanings. It can mean simply the state of being human, or, more commonly, a concern for the welfare of human beings. In this sense being humanistic means more or the less the same as being humanitarian. But humanism refers specifically to an educational programme based on the study of Greek and Latin classical literature that originated in Italy in the fourteenth century.
Materialist criticisms
Authors: Harris Jonathan Gil
Published: November 2023

‘Always historicize!’1 This imperative, issued by Marxist literary critic Fredric Jameson in 1981, has become the watchword of a diverse array of critical methodologies that tend to be grouped under the umbrella of ‘materialism’.
Deconstruction
Authors: Ryan Kiernan
Published: November 2023

Deconstruction has much in common with several of the approaches to Shakespeare discussed in this section. It shares with the approach in Chapter 28 a commitment to the close reading of Shakespeare’s texts. Like psychoanalytic criticism (see Chapter 31), deconstruction is intrigued by the conflict in the plays between what they overtly assert and what they unconsciously disclose.
Shakespeare’s influence
Authors: Gross John
Published: November 2023

Shakespeare has had a huge influence on other writers and artists. It began during his own lifetime, it has spread through many different cultures, and it continues today. In some cases individual plays or characters have served as an inspiration, in others it has been an aspect of his work as a whole-his freedom in handling time and space, for instance, or his skill at relating public and political themes to private lives.
The Odyssey
Authors: Buxton Richard
Published: November 2023

As we examine the significance of corporeal transformations within the Odyssey, our point of departure will be what is, apparently, nothing but a tiny detail. However, the scholarly debate over this detail repays scrutiny. It raises large questions not only about metamorphosis in Homer, but also about the nature of Greek religion, and about the assumptions of those who attempt to understand it

Telemachos has sailed to Pylons in search of news about his long-absent father; the young man is accompanied by Athene, who has adopted the form and voice of Odysseus’ trusty companion Mentor. Having assured herself that Nestor, the stalwart old ruler of Pylos, has granted Telemachos a splendidly hospitable reception, Athene can, for the time being, leave the action to the mortals.
Visual Arts
Authors: Buxton Richard
Published: November 2023

At all periods of ancient Greek culture, verbal narratives of myths were complemented, supplemented, and sometimes contradicted by visual representations. Images of metamorphosis illustrate how artists faced quite challenges from those confronting composers of literary narratives. Modern interpreters too face challenges when viewing these images. One recurrent problem involves deciding whether what is being depicted should or should not be regarded as metamorphosis, an issue bound up with the relationship between metamorphosis and hybridity. A point which has been less often highlighted concerns the degree of’strangeness’ to be detected in images of transformation.
Final Thoughts on Contexts
Authors: Buxton Richard
Published: November 2023

In Part I of this study I analysed Greek metamorphosis narratives in a range of historical, literary, and artistic contexts. So far in Part II I have looked for cross-contextual patterns, a ‘logic’, underlying the beliefs investigated, and I have juxtaposed the metamorphic tradition with the views of thinkers who engaged with it from a variety of critical standpoints. There remains one question to ask. How far can a contextual approach to interpretation claim to throw light on a strange, indeed an astonishing, belief such as that in metamorphosis?

The frequency with which thambos recurs in Greek metamorphosis narratives demonstrates that, already for the Greeks themselves, metamorphoses were liable to unsettle and shock in virtue of their strangeness.
Male Chivalry: Heyne’s Eighteenth-Century Commentary
Authors: Skoie Mathilde
Published: November 2023

The three editions of Christian Gottlob Heyne’s commentary on the Corpus Tibullianum published between 1755 and 1798 are the first commentaries to give Sulpicia ‘a room of her own’.1 The Sulpicia poems are mentioned in the title, given a separate preface, and even visual room in the form of a depiction of Sulpicia herself. Heyne is also one of the first to question the Tibullan authorship of these poems and the very first to suggest that these poems might have been written by an Augustan Sulpicia. Thus this book is an important step in the development of Sulpicia’s reception and an obvious choice of text for investigation. Heyne’s commentary also marks a significant stage in Tibullan scholarship generally.
Introduction
Authors: Fowler† Don
Published: November 2023

The analysis of narrative has a history almost as long as narrative itself, and it is not difficult to find passages in ancient commentators like Servius which ‘anticipate’ (to use a word which self-reflexively emphasizes the omnipresence of plot) later observations. The modern discipline of ‘narratology’ however is a twentieth-century phenomenon. One branch of the subject begins with the Morph ology of the Folk Tale of V. Propp, and has as its most famous practitioner C. Levi-Strauss. Propp and Levi-Strauss, however, though they have had great influence through the Paris School on structuralist readings of Greek literature,3 were concerned primarily with the analysis of story-patterns themselves, rather than the relation between a particular story and its tellings, an approach which found its most abstract and algebraic representation in the work on narrative positions of A.-J. Greimas.
Picturing the Future: The Proleptic Ekphrasis from Homer to Vergil*
Authors: Harrison Stephen
Published: November 2023

The work of modern literary theory on narrative has since the 1980s come to be applied with some fruitfulness to the texts of classical antiquity. One aspect which has drawn particular attention is that of ekphrasis or description, and its role within narrative: do passages of formal description, often long and apparently digressive, play an organic or functional role in the narratives in which they appear, or are they mere decorations, examples of ‘narrative pause’? Don Fowler, in an important treatment of the theoretical aspects, has indicated that the organic view is clearly correct for at least some classical instances; the purpose of this paper is to support this notion through practical analysis and an attempt at categorization.
A False Dilemma: Thucydides’ History and Historicism*
Authors: Moles John
Published: November 2023

For a laboratory on historicism, Thucydides, greatest and most influential of ancient historians, yet still today an immensely controversial figure, seemed an appropriate case-study. This participant had only murky notions about ‘historicism’, and consultation of a range of co11eagues elicited two (and only two) responses: ‘Historicism? I’m confused’; ‘Historicist? That’s what Don Fowler calls people he disagrees with.’ Nor are such reactions confined to the ignorant. E. H. Carr complained that ‘Popper uses the word historicism as a catch-all for any opinion he dislikes’, and as late as 1988 John Cannon dismissed historicism as ‘a confused and con fusing word, which should be abandoned, since it obscures more than it illuminates’. Such typically British poverty of response to theory was fecund ground for the conference’s educative work.
Giants on the Shoulders of Dwarfs? Considerations on the Value of Renaissance and Early Modern Scholarship for Today’s Classicists
Authors: Smet Ingrid A R De
Published: November 2023

The list of contributors at the beginning of the recently published Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Humanism (1996) reveals three specialists of English, three ‘straightforward’ historians, and three ‘curators or librarians’. Of the remaining six, four are professionally occupied with (respectively) comparative literature, the history of philosophy, Renaissance studies, and Italian. Only the professional description of the last two experts in this alphabetical list points to the discipline of ‘classical studies’, and in one case indirectly: they are the ‘Director of the Warburg Institute and Professor of the Classical Tradition at London University’ (Nicholas Mann, who is of course a well-known Petrarch specialist) and a ‘Professor of Latin at Cambridge’ (Michael Reeve, who needs no further introduction here). Obviously, this list reveals the heterogeneity, widespread appeal, and interdisciplinary potential of the field of Renaissance humanism. It is indeed one of the aims of the volume ‘to counter the view that Renaissance human ism was a narrowly philological exercise, concerned only with the technicalities of classical scholarship and with a definable curriculum consisting of grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history and moral philosophy’.
Buildings and Discipline
Authors: Fortna Benjamin C
Published: November 2023

The architectural and disciplinary record of the late Ottoman schools reveals the state’s program to distinguish its educational offerings from the competition by adopting a conspicuously Ottoman and Islamic stance. The use of symbolically powerful architectural motifs matched the politico-moral policies of the Hamidian regime. Complementing the schools’ external forms and lesson content was a state agenda that sought to instill a suitably Islamic mode outside the classroom. As both the buildings and the disciplinary agenda of the Hamidian schools are subjects that must be situated in the context of relations between the Ottoman Empire and the West, this chapter begins with a poignant scene taken from one of the most important contemporary literary attempts to address the issue of education against the backdrop of the East-West dynamic.
Maps
Authors: Fortna Benjamin C
Published: November 2023

We have seen how the aggressive presence of Western educational competition spurred Ottoman officialdom to create its own educational system. The increasingly adversarial Ottoman approach to education manifested itself very clearly in the way the system envisioned during the preceding period of the Tanzimat reforms was refitted or “Ottomanized’’ in the Hamidian period (1876-1909). Some measures, such as the restructuring of curriculum to include more patently religious material for instruction while eliminating subjects like Western philosophy, were relatively overt. Others were more subtle. Geography is one area where it is possible to discern a significant movement away from the construct of the Tanzimat-and one with far-reaching consequences.