bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF MATERNAL PARITY AND INFANT SEX UPON THE HAEMATOLOGICAL VALUES OF CORD BLOOD
Authors: LIND T. , GERRARD J. , SHERIDAN T. S. , WALKER W.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Coulter Counter (Model S) analysis of 400 cord blood samples are presented, together with differential white cell counts for 249 of these. The mean values for haemoglobin and red cell count are somewhat higher than previous values determined by manual methods, while those for haematocrit and mean cell volume are slightly lower. An unexpected finding was that the red cell count, haemoglobin concentration, and haematocrit, are significantly higher in male than in female infants. A parity effect was also demonstrated: infants of both sexes born as second or subsequent births had lower values for total white cell count, haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit, than first‐born infants.
EFFECT OF OBESITY ON THE HYPOTHALAMO‐PITUITARY‐GONADAL FUNCTION IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: CACCIARI E. , CICOGNANI A. , PIRAZZOLI P. , ZAPPULLA F. , TASSONI P. , BERNARDI F. , SALARDI S. , MAZZANTI L.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. In 22 normal and 35 obese boys a gonadal function test (2 000 IU of hCG i. m. daily for three days and assays of plasma testosterone before and after the hCG administration) was carried out. All the “short normal” children and 31 obese subjects underwent the LH‐RH test (50 μg i.v.). While basal testosterone was similar in the two groups of children, after hCG testosterone was significantly (p<0.001) lower in the obese boys. In the normal children a significant positive correlation between bone age and basal and after hCG testosterone was demonstrated; this correlation was not found in the obese boys. The pituitary reserve of gonadotrophins did not show significant differences between the two groups of children. Finally a significant positive correlation (p<0.01) between the LH curve area during the LH‐RH test and bone age was found only in the normal boys.
ADAPTATION OF A SINGLE INJECTION CLEARANCE METHOD TO PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL FACTS A Review of Data Obtained in Infancy and Childhood
Authors: WASSMER M. , SCHAFROTH M. , BRETSCHER D. , SCHNEIDER A. , OETLIKER O.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A retrospective analysis of 395 51Chromium‐ethylenediaminotetraacetate single injection clearances performed in infants and children is presented. In 61% of infants and 30% of the children the clearance values were calculated on the basis of a plasma disappearance half time of the reference substance, which was longer than the standard study, i.e. on the basis of extrapolated data. Plasma creatinine and urea levels were found to be appropriate indicators for predicting the plasma disappearance half time of the marker substance. 14 additional patients were studied prospectively with a duration of the study predicted by means of the plasma creatinine and urea levels. In these patients, separate determinations of the clearances using either the data obtained during the standard time of procedure only, or the data of the entire study, clearly demonstrated that the clearances obtained by means of the standard procedure overestimated glomerular filtration rate. The analysis of the data in infants show that the plasma urea level is a reasonably good indicator for predicting the time schedule of the study whereas plasma creatinine should not be used. Additionally the retrospective data indicate that a prolongation of the study should be recommended in all infants. This study demonstrates the necessity and offers means of adapting the time schedule of isotope single injection clearances to physiological and pathophysiological facts.
SERUM IMMUNOGLOBULIN LEVELS IN THE COURSE OF ANAPHYLACTOID PURPURA IN CHILDREN
Authors: SIMILÄ S. , KOUVALAINEN K. , LANNING M.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Serum levels of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE) were determined at frequent intervals in the course of anaphylactoid purpura (AP) in children. AP was cured without complications in 16 out of 26 cases, recurring in 7 cases. Melena was manifested in 9 cases and nephropathy in 5. The levels of IgA and IgM were elevated in AP, but serum IgG, IgD and IgE showed no significant changes. The serum level of IgM was significantly (p<0.0125) higher in patients with AP nephropathy than in those with recent AP. The elevated serum IgA and IgM levels are possibly related to the pathogenesis of AP and/or its renal involvement.
PERSISTENCE OF IN VITRO LYMPHOCYTE RESPONSE TO TUBERCULIN IN SKIN TEST NEGATIVE CHILDREN IMMUNIZED WITH BCG IN INFANCY
Authors: SPIRER Z. , ASSIF E. , ZAKUTH V. , BOGAIR N. , SCHWARTZ J. , MENDES M.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. PPD stimulated lymphocyte reactivity was tested in 119 children aged 11 to 12 years. The lymphocyte responses was evaluated by measuring the extent of tritiated thymidine incorporation by cultured cells. In a group of sixty‐four tuberculin negative children who had been BCG vaccinated in the neonatal period, lymphocyte response was significantly greater than in a group of non‐vaccinated tuberculin negative children matched for sex. The highest reactivity appeared in another group of children vaccinated in infancy and tuberculin positive. Lymphocytes from BCG vaccinated children retain some sensitivity to tuberculin even years after the BCG vaccination and even at the time when the skin reactivity disappeared.
THE GASTROINTESTINAL ABSORPTION OF PENICILLIN V IN CHILDREN WITH SUSPECTED COELIAC DISEASE
Authors: BOLME P. , ERIKSSON M. , STINTZING G.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The gastrointestinal absorption of penicillin V (pc‐V) was investigated in 6 children, 6–12 months old, with suspected coeliac disease. The diagnosis was set after small bowel biopsy and absorption tests of vitamin A and d‐xylose. As control groups served 7 children with diarrhoea but with normal small bowel biopsy and/or absorption tests and a group of 9 children with upper respiratory tract infection of the same ages as the children in the test group. The absorption of calcium pc‐V in oil suspension (Penicals®) was impaired in the patients with suspected coeliac disease compared to that of the control groups. There was no significantly different absorption of pc‐V between the control children with diarrhoea and those with upper respiratory tract infection. After 6–8 months of gluten free diet in the children with suspected coeliac disease their absorptive ability of oral calcium pc‐V in suspension form was equal with that of a control group.
A CASE OF APPARENT HYPOPITUITARISM COMPLICATING CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE
Authors: GREEN J. R. B. , O'DONOGHUE D. P. , EDWARDS C.R.W. , DAWSON A. M.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. There is conflicting evidence regarding the adequacy of hypothalamic‐pituitary function in children and adolescents with chronic inflammatory bowel disease complicated by growth retardation and delayed sexual maturation. A child with Crohn's disease, who has never received corticosteroid therapy, had delay of both growth and sexual maturation and has been investigated over the course of his disease. In addition to a skull X‐ray (normal) and thyroid function tests (normal), a standard insulin tolerance test (insulin 0.15 u/kg) and a standard gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (Gn‐RH) test (100 μg Gn‐RH i/v) were performed when the bowel disease was in relapse and again during a remission of the bowel disease, achieved by surgery. When the bowel disease was in relapse (coincident with growth arrest) results showed an inadequate release of gonadotrophins and of growth hormone (even after pre‐treatment with stilboestrol) but normal release of Cortisol and prolactin. During a remission of the bowel disease coinciding with a period of rapid “catch‐up” growth, release of growth hormone was normal and that of gonadotrophins supranormal. The demonstration of a reversible apparent partial hypopituitarism in this boy not only requestions the adequacy of hypothalamic‐pituitary function in inflammatory bowel disease but also indicates a potential diagnostic pitfall in the routine investigation of growth retardation if gastrointestinal symptoms are not prominent at presentation.
ANEURYSM OF THE NONPATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS IN THE NEWBORN
Authors: RUTISHAUSER M. , RONEN G.
Published: January 2008

F. WYLER1

Abstract. Aneurysm of the nonpatent ductus arteriosus in the newborn is a rare, but potentially fatal condition. Of reported ductal aneurysm up to 1969, diagnosis was made at autopsy only. We report here to our knowledge for the first time on a two week old infant with correct preoperative angiographic diagnosis followed by a successful surgical cure.
THE GROWTH OF THE KIDNEYS IN CHILDREN WITH VESICOURETERIC REFLUX
Authors: IBSEN K. KAAS , ULDALL P. , FRØKÆR O.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. In a retrospective study, 69 kidneys with VUR were divided into 2 groups: One group (A) where VUR stopped within 1 year after operation or conservative treatment and a second group (B) where VUR continued for more than 1 year. Group A had somewhat more severe grades of reflux than group B. The number of infections were practically the same in the two groups. The length of the kidneys was measured at the time of diagnosis and compared with the length at the most recent urography after VUR stopped (group A) on average 2 years and 3 months later and with the most recent urography while VUR was still present (group B) on average 1 year and 9 months later. It was found that 85% in group A had increased in absolute length while the figure was 60% in group B. If the relative growth is calculated (the kidneys' length in relationship to L1 ‐ L3 distance), 60% in group B had decreased while only 30% in group A had decreased.
HUMAN PROINSULIN IN INSULIN‐TREATED JUVENILE DIABETICS
Authors: HEDING L. G. , LUDVIGSSON J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Human proinsulin was determined in a group of 73 diabetics, aged 5–20 years, with onset of diabetes at the age of 1–16 years and a duration of diabetes of 2–17 years. At the time of the investigation, the patients were receiving conventional 5 times crystallized insulin and all had detectable insulin binding IgC. Because of the binding of human proinsulin to insulin antibodies the serum was extracted with acid ethanol. Proinsulin was then determined in fasting serum after removal of human C‐peptide which would have interfered with the proinsulin radioimmunoassay. The detection limit in normal serum not containing antibodies was 0.01 pmol/ml. The detection limit in sera that had to be extracted was approximately 0.05 pmol/ml. 31 of the patients (42 %) had detectable serum proinsulin, ranging from 0.055 to 2.00 pmol/ml. In the same group of patients, 19 (26%) had detectable C‐peptide. There was a strong correlation between the concentration of human proinsulin and C‐peptide (P < 0.001). 38 normal fasting sera contained from 0 to 0.033 pmol/ml, mean ±S.D.: 0.009 ± 0.008 pmol/ml. The human proinsulin constituted from 0.1 to 92% of the total immunoreactive insulin (IRI) in the 31 patients with detectable proinsulin (mean: 8.5%). Thus it appears that proinsulin was secreted in 42% of 73 insulin treated juvenile diabetics who had had diabetes for 3–14 years, whereas C‐peptide was found in 26% of the patients. The insulin antibodies bind a portion of the secreted proinsulin, prolonging its half‐life and increasing its serum concentration. Hence, the levels of proinsulin in patients having insulin antibodies are not comparable to those in persons without antibodies.
C‐PEPTIDE IN JUVENILE DIABETES
Authors: LUDVIGSSON J. , HEDING L. G.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. C‐peptide can be used as a measure of endogenous insulin secretion in insulin treated diabetics with insulin antibodies. At the onset of juvenile diabetes insulin production is thought to be absent or minimal, but we have found rather high levels of C‐peptide, even in ketoacidotic patients. The ketoacidosis does not mean an irreversible beta cell failure. In the postinitial remission period with stable metabolism many patients have normal or almost normal C‐peptide levels and their beta cells have the capacity to respond to natural stimulation with an increased insulin secretion. For some unknown reason the metabolism becomes more labile coinciding with decreasing C‐peptide values. However, even several years beyond the postinitial remission period many juvenile diabetics have some persistent beta cell function, and it has been shown that even trace remnants of beta cell function are of importance for stabilization of the metabolism. There is no reason to believe that the beta cell failure should be predetermined e.g. by genetic factors. However, little is known how to influence the progression and stop the increasing beta cell failure. Some of our results suggest that an early detection and an intensive treatment of diabetes before severe metabolic disturbances and pronounced insulin deficiency have appeared, may increase the possibility of preserving some beta cell function.
TRANSCUTANEOUS Po2MONITORING IN NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE
Authors: LÖFGREN O. , HENRIKSSON P. , JACOBSON L. , JOHANSSON Ö.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The transcutaneous Po2 monitoring technique was applied in 20 newborns. The method proved reliable during hypoxemia, normoxemia and hyperoxemia, with a high correlation between Ptco2 and Pao2 simultaneously obtained arterial samples. Although Ptco2 reliably reflects changes in Pao2 occasional arterial samples are still required for establishing the relationship between Ptco2 and Pao2, especially in patients with impaired circulation. When this relationship has been determined, the therapist may rely on the recorded Ptco2 level for hours, given that the energy supply required to maintain the electrode at a preset temperature level remains constant. A considerable difference between Ptco2 and Pao2 or a change in the energy supply level to the electrode may alert the therapist to check the patient's circulatory status. The Pao2 technique is now fully developed and can be recommended for use in neonatal intensive care.
SELENIUM AND VITAMIN E IN CORD BLOOD FROM PRETERM AND FULL TERM INFANTS
Authors: HÅGÅ P. , LUNDE G.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Selenium was determined in erythrocytes and serum, and vitamin E and β‐lipoprotein in serum from cord blood samples of 31 full term and 20 preterm infants. Venous samples from 21 mothers at birth and 15 normal adult women were also analyzed. No difference for either selenium or vitamin E was found between the preterm and full term infants. The selenium concentration in red blood cells was the same for newborn, mothers at birth, and normal adult women. The serum concentration of selenium was, however, significantly lower in the newborn, the mean level in the children being 64% of that in the mothers. The level in the mothers did not differ from that in non‐pregnant women. The vitamin E concentration was found to correlate very well with the β‐lipoprotein concentration. This indicates that differences in the transport capacity account for the large difference in the serum tocopherol levels of mothers at birth and newborn.
SOMATOMEDIN IN NEWBORNS AND THE RELATIONSHIP TO HUMAN CHORIONIC SOMATOTROPIN AND FETAL GROWTH
Authors: KASTRUP K. W. , ANDERSEN H. J. , LEBECH P.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The significance of somatomedin A (SM) and human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS) in fetal growth was examined. SM, determined by chick embryo assay, was studied during the last trimester of pregnancy, in maternal serum and cord blood at term and in a group of normal newborns in the first week of life. Furthermore a group of newborns of diabetic mothers was studied in the first or second day of life. HCS was measured in maternal serum and in cord blood at term. In amniotic fluid inhibitory factors caused a low SM activity as measured by the bioassay. The following results were obtained: 1) Normal values of SM in the last trimester with a decline at term were found in 3 normal primigravidae. 2) The mean levels of SM in 22 mothers and their offspring were decreased. The difference between the two values was significant, but a positive correlation was found between the maternally related pairs of SM values. Moreover, a positive correlation was found between maternal SM, birth weight and length. HCS was not correlated to above‐mentioned parameters, but there was positive correlation between placental weight and birth weight. 3) In 6 newborns during the first 5 days SM rose from very low values to normal values found in infants in their first year. 4) The mean value of SM in ten newborns of diabetic mothers was not significantly different from the mean value of control group. The results do not exclude the possibility of a transplacental transport of SM and the positive correlation between SM levels and birth weight found in this investigation supports the concept that SM plays an important role in fetal growth.
LONGTERM FOLLOW‐UP OF NEONATAL SEPTICEMIA
Authors: ALFVÉN G. , BERGQVIST G. , BOLME P. , ERIKSSON M.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The longterm prognosis of neonatal septicemia during the first four weeks of life has been estimated. Of 90 infants with the diagnosis of neonatal septicemia during a five‐year period, 1969–1973, 65 infants survived the initial treatment. Another two infants died with complications of their main disease, intestinal atresia, at the age of two months. Thus the total mortality in neonatal septicemia in this series was 30%. The remaining 63 children have been investigated between ages of 21/2 and 61/2 years. Of these 63 children we have found 14 children (22% of the surviving) with handicaps where the septicemia can be regarded as a possible cause of the handicap. Of these 14 children only six had an “uncomplicated” septicemia while four of them had meningitis and four had osteomyelitis. Furthermore, of the 14 handicapped children nine were delivered preterm (28–36 weeks) and all of them had one or more additional neonatal diagnoses than septicemia. The prognosis, both immediate and longterm, of neonatal septicemia in the present series compares favourably to most international studies. The importance of early detection together with an aggressive treatment of the septicemia is stressed and is considered as the main reason for the good prognosis.
RELATIVE UNDERWEIGHT IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS AND ITS PROGNOSTIC VALUE
Authors: KRAEMER R. , RÜDEBERG A. , HADORN B. , ROSSI E.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. On the basis of observations in 117 children with cystic fibrosis, seen from January 1956 to June 1976, it is demonstrated that the relative underweight (weight loss corrected for height) is most pronounced in children with predominantly pulmonary symptoms. The degree of underweight closely correlates inversely with survival. Because of its prognostic value, it is recommended that this clinical parameter be included in the checkups which are periodically carried out on children suffering from cystic fibrosis.
PROGNOSIS OF NEONATES WITH SYMPTOMATIC RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY SURVIVING WITH THE AID OF VENTILATOR THERAPY
Authors: KAMPER J.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Twenty‐one survivors representing all survivors of neonatal symptomatic respiratory distress treated with intermittent positive pressure ventilation have been followed‐up at an age of 2.9 to 7.0 years. The chance of survival proved to be relatively favourable in infants ventilated for perinatal pneumonias and unfavourable in infants ventilated for haemorrhagic diseases and respiratory insufficiency secondary to surgical conditions. At the follow‐up half of the children presented with neurological symptoms but only 10% were found severely handicapped. One infant had a tracheostomy due to a laryngeal stenosis, while none developed broncho‐pulmonary dysplasia. The late prognosis seemed unfavourable when the children had suffered from severe birth asphyxia and in infants ventilated for prolonged recurrent apnoeic spells. The relation between the clinical indications for ventilator therapy and later outcome is obscured however, by a vast number of complicating perinatal events.
CESSATION OF THERAPY IN CHILDHOOD LEUKEMIA A Survey of 160 Cases from the Nordic Countries
Authors: MOE P. J.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. A Survey is presented of 160 children from the Nordic countries who had their antileukemic therapy discontinued prior to November 1976. Twenty‐seven of the 160 cases (17%) had suffered a relapse before May, 1977. Sixty‐nine cases had their therapy stopped in the first ten months of 1976. All cases have been reported as acute lymphocytic leukemia. Different types of therapy schedules have been used. Thirty‐five cases in sustained remission for more than 3 years without cessation of therapy are also included in the report, seventeen of whom had relapsed while still on therapy. Central nervous system or testicular relapse occurred in 21 of the total 44 cases who relapsed after three or more years of continuous remission, and whether they were on therapy or not.
LEFT‐SIDE PREFERENCE IN HOLDING AND CARRYING NEWBORN INFANTS
Authors: CHÂTEAU PETER DE , HOLMBERG HERTHA , WINBERG JAN
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Eighty to ninety per cent of primiparous and multiparous women held their newborn infants to the left of the body midline. Left side preference was independent of handedness and was typical also of non‐pregnant female—but not male—students and may therefore be a genetically determined human, female behaviour. Right‐holding, occurring in 10 to 20% of non‐separated women, was observed in 30 to 40% when mother and infant had been separated for about 24 hours. This observation may be of general interest, suggesting that perinatal maternal anxiety and uncertainty can alter a pre‐existing behaviour. The right‐holding, non‐separated mothers differed from left‐holding ones in a number of ways: they held their babies with less body contact, they perceived a delay in accepting the foetus or newborn as their own, and—when checked 3 years after delivery—they had had a more frequent contact with the Child Health Center during this time. Right‐holding may in some mothers be an early sign of a disturbed mother‐infant relationship. It may indicate either an insensitivity of the mother to the signals of the infant or that the infants signals are inappropriate. Carrying differed somewhat from holding. In addition to right and left preference a third modality—“in hands”—was observed. Immediate post partum naked skin‐to‐skin and suckling contact between mother and infant eliminated the “carrying‐in‐hands” behaviour. This observation adds to others showing that experiences during the immediate postnatal period may mould the maternal behaviour pattern.
ANTIBODY‐COATED BACTERIA IN THE URINE OF INFANTS AND CHILDREN WITH THEIR FIRST TWO URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS
Authors: PYLKKÄNEN J.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The presence of antibody‐coated bacteria in urine has been shown to be an indicator for renal bacteriuria in adults with chronic UTI. To evaluate this method (ABCU test) in pediatric patients, 128 infants and children with their first UTI were investigated. Twenty‐nine patients of the 78 who had a first clinically defined upper UTI had antibody‐coated bacteria in urine. The test was seldom (2/20) positive in the infants under six months. In the older patients (27/58 ABCU‐positive) the frequency of positive tests increased with the duration of symptoms. When the symptoms had lasted for over one week, 11 out of the 13 children with their first upper UTI showed antibody‐coated bacteria in urine. Four of the 36 first lower UTIs and 5 out of the 14 asymptomatic cases were ABCU‐positive. The patients were followed‐up for an average of 9 months. Those who were classified as having first upper UTI had in most cases a positive ABCU test in recurrences, independently of the clinical picture. The recurrences after the first lower UTIs showed antibody‐coated bacteria in urine only when the recurrence was classified as upper UTI on the grounds of the clinical criteria used.
CONGENITAL DISLOCATION OF THE HIP IN NORWAY Late Diagnosis CDH in the Years 1970 to 1974
Authors: BJERKREIM INGJALD , ÅRSETH PEDER H. , Palmén Kurt
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. A survey of 274 late detected cases of CDH born in the years 1970–74 is presented. The incidence of late cases in southeast Norway was calculated to 2.2 per 1000 live births. The hips of all patients were examined at birth, the majority by trained pediatricians, without disclosing any hip affections. 86% were females. Only 6.9% were delivered in the breech position. One–half of the patients had luxation (20%) or subluxation (30%), the rest had dysplasia without dislocation. In 19% both hips were involved. The low incidence of breech presentations in late CDH‐cases compared with the incidence among neonatal cases (15.7%) point to some etiological differences. It seems that we in Norway have two types of CDH, one caused by joint laxity and detectable at birth and another, not present at birth, with progressive dysplasia of the hip and dislocation developing during the first year of life.
ACUTE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA RELATED TO DIPHTHERIA‐PERTUSSIS‐TETANUS VACCINATION
Authors: HANEBERG BJØRN , MATRE ROALD , WINSNES RANDI , DALEN ARE , VOGT HELGE , FINNE PER H.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Three infants developed severe hemolytic anemia following the second or third diphtheria‐pertussistetanus vaccination. Direct antiglobulin tests were positive, and the infant most severely affected also had reduced serum complement levels, indicating an immunological mechanism for the hemolysis. The presence of IgM on the erythrocytes from 2 of the infants could be demonstrated by antiglobulin tests or immunization experiments. Heat eluates of the erythrocytes from one of the infants contained antibodies to tetanus and diphtheria toxoids, as well as to Bordetella pertussis, suggesting that these antibodies were antigenically bound to the erythrocytes. Virus antibodies or isoagglutinins, present in the serum, were not found in the eluate. No antibodies against the vaccine components could be demonstrated in eluates of erythrocytes from control subjects. In vitro experiments showed that tetanus and diphtheria toxoids were easily bound to human erythrocytes. This finding could help explain the pathogenesis of the autohemolysis.
EFFECTS OF THIAMINE IN A PATIENT WITH A VARIANT FORM OF BRANCHED‐CHAIN KETOACIDURIA
Authors: DURAN M. , TIELENS A. G. M. , WADMAN S. K. , STIGTER J. C. M. , KLEIJER W. J.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT.A boy with the intermediate variant of branched‐chain ketoaciduria was studied. Treatment with an amino acid mixture was discontinued at the age of 7.5 years. Reintroduction of normal protein‐containing foods precipitated the biochemical abnormalities, characteristic of MSUD, which were relieved by 10 mg thiamine/day. Adaptation to this regimen developed and thiamine intake was increased to 100 mg/day, later to 1000 mg/day. The patient developed well and had no attacks of ketoacidosis. 1‐14C‐leucine degradation in intact fibroblasts was 15% of controls and did not increase upon addition of thiamine to the incubation medium.
ABNORMAL NEUTROPHIL CHEMOTAXIS IN A SYNDROME OF UNUSUAL FACIES, PROPORTIONATE SMALL STATURE AND SENSORINEURAL DEAFNESS‐MUTISM
Authors: THONG Y. H. , DOUGLAS B. S. , FERRANTE A.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Two of 5 children in one family presented with unique facies, proportionate small stature and sensorineural deafness‐mutism. One of the children who had a history of recurrent infections, was shown to have a defect of leukocyte chemotaxis. Although impairment of chemotaxis could not be demonstrated in the other affected sibling, it is unlikely that the association of a previously undescribed syndrome and a rare disorder of chemotaxis is a chance occurrence.
SERUM PROLACTIN, FSH AND LH DURING PUBERTY IN GIRLS AND BOYS
Authors: APTER D. , PAKARINEN A. , VIHKO R.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT.Serum prolactin, follicle‐stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone were determined in 200 girls and 80 boys. The boys have been examined on three occasions at one‐year intervals and the girls twice at 1.5‐year intervals. In girls, serum FSH rapidly increased in the youngest age groups (7.5–11.5 years), whereas in boys, the increase took place later and the first significant increase was seen between age groups 9.5 and 12.5 years. In girls, a rise in serum LH took place later than that of FSH (between 10.5 and 11.5 years), and LH peaked at 13.0–13.5 years. In boys, the timing in the changes of serum LH closely resembled that of FSH. The girls displayed a significant increase in serum prolactin between 7.5 and 8.5 years, and this was followed by a slow progressive increase. In the group of boys, serum prolactin did not show any significant changes. In girls, there was a correlation between serum LH and body weight, as well as calculated fat amount and body fat percentage early in puberty. There was no correlation between serum LH and chronological or bone age in this age group, which suggests that the correlation found is not due to age‐related parallel phenomena.
CLINICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF FOOD ALLERGY IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: DANNAEUS A. , JOHANSSON S. G. O. , FOUCARD T.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT.36 children of atopic mothers (group I) and 17 children of healthy mothers (Group II) were selected for a study of the relationship between the onset of atopic symptoms and the occurrence of IgE‐, IgG‐ and IgA‐antibodies, with special regard to the development of antibodies to β‐lactoglobulin (BLG) and ovomucoid (OM). Atopic symptoms developed in 50 % of the children in group I and in no one of group II. The cord serum IgE concentrations were shown to be predictive of subsequent development of atopic symptoms, and the levels remained higher in group I than in group II. The serum IgA concentrations were low and within normal limits in both groups and bore no relationship to atopic heredity or to later development of atopic symptoms. However, at six months of age the serum IgA levels were lower in the children of atopic mothers (p<0.1). Low titers of IgE antibodies to BLG and OM occurred in several children of Group I but seemed to have clinical significance in only a few children. IgG antibodies to BLG and OM were shown to occur frequently and in equivalent titers in cord sera and maternal sera indicating a transport across the placental barrier. High cord titers were found in children of group I who remained asymptomatic, indicating a possible protective function by these antibodies. The titers to BLG were higher in group I than in group II. Most titers decreased during the first months of life and then a rise occurred.
EFFECTS OF STABILIZERS IN PREPARATIONS OF HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN ON THE SERUM BILIRUBIN IN GUNN RATS
Authors: BALLOWITZ L. , SCHMID J. , SIEGERT M. , STEFFEN B.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Commercially available preparations of human serum albumin (HSA) containing stabilizers (i.e. 16 mmol/I Na caprylate plus 16 mmol/I Na N‐acetyl‐dl‐tryptophan) were injected either s.c., i.p. or i.v. into homozygous infant Gunn rats. 30 min and 3 hours after s.c. injection, a serum bilirubin decline which surpassed dilution by the injected volume could be ascertained. It was mainly caused by N‐acetyl‐dl‐tryptophan since s.c. injections of appropriate amounts of this substance alone or a mixture of both components of the stabilizer without HSA brought about similar results. HSA without these stabilizers had not such an effect. It is postulated that under these conditions Na N‐acetyl‐dl‐tryptophanate displaced bilirubin from albumin bonds. It became obvious that after s.c. injection equilibration of HSA between skin and plasma was delayed, whereas Na N‐acetyl‐dl‐tryptophan was rapidly transported to the blood. As for Na caprylate, a displacing effect of short duration could not be excluded by the experimental arrangement used, since the metabolism of the substance in the rat is very fast. When HSA and the stabilizers entered the plasma simultaneously (i.v. injection) no effect on serum bilirubin concentration could be proved 30 min and 3 hours later. All the bilirubin and the Na N‐acetyl‐dl‐tryptophan present in the plasma at that time can be bound to the large amount of albumin which is directly given into the circulation of the animal. 30 min after i.p. injection of HSA preparations containing stabilizers a small decrease of serum bilirubin concentration could be recognized. It was less pronounced and less persisting than after s.c. injection. Probably equilibration of HSA between peritoneum and plasma went on faster than between skin and plasma. Only for a short period a lack of albumin binding sites in the plasma of the rat pointed to a surplus of Na N‐acetyl‐dl‐tryptophan.
KAWASAKI DISEASE IN KUWAIT A Report of Two Cases
Authors: MAJEED H. A. , OLSON I. A.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Kawasaki disease was first reported in Japan in 1967. Since then, it has been reported from the United States, South Korea, Greece, Canada, Australia, Scandinavia and Scotland. Two cases of Kawasaki disease are presented from Kuwait and believed to be the first report of the disease from the Arab world.
THE ABSENCE OF FACTOR II IN A CHILD WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
Authors: LILLQUIST K. B. , DYERBERG J. , KROGH‐JENSEN M.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. This report describes a patient with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), who developed haemorrhagic diathesis due to a lowering of plasma factor II activity. No evidence was found suggesting a plasma inhibitor of factor II. The present case indicates that in some patients with SLE, factor II activity may be low or completely absent due to impairment of factor II synthesis, further that prednisone, but not azathioprine, may ameliorate this defect.
BREAST FEEDING AND BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: ROYER P.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The superiority of human milk as compared with milk of other origin for the feeding of newborns, term or preterm, can be analysed in terms of biological development related to digestive, metabolic and excretory functions during foetal and postnatal life. The macro‐ and micro‐anatomical developments of the intestine are complete in the 6th foetal month. The brush border and some of its enzymes (saccharase‐isomaltase) exist already from the 6th foetal week, whereas other enzymes (lactase and intracellular transport enzymes) appear much later. The major gastric and pancreatic enzymes, as well as the synthesis of biliary acids, do not reach maturity until after birth. Several metabolic functions, e.g. the synthesis of cystine from methionine, of tyrosine from phenylalanine, and of urea from ammonia, are still limited at the time of birth. The capacity for excretion of sodium, the osmotic urinary load, and hydrogen ions is suboptimal, especially in the prematurely born. All these circumstances imply that human milk, with its protective properties, represents optimal adaptation to the needs of the child in the perinatal period.
NITROGEN AND PROTEIN COMPONENTS OF HUMAN MILK
Authors: HAMBRÆUS L. , LÖNNERDAL B. , FORSUM E. , GEBRE‐MEDHIN M.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The true protein content of human milk is 0.9%, in well‐nourished as well as malnourished mothers. Casein constitutes only about 20% of the protein nitrogen in human milk. The remaining 80 % is derived from the whey proteins, the three dominant components being α‐lactalbumin, lactoferrin and secretory IgA. α‐lactalbumin is a subunit of lactose synthetase. Lactoferrin is an iron‐binding glycoprotein which plays a role in the defence against gastro‐intestinal infections and is probably also involved in iron transport in the gut. Secretory IgA is comparatively stable at low pH; it is resistant to proteolytic enzymes and plays an essential role in the immunological defence against gastro‐intestinal infections. Lysozyme is a minor component of the whey proteins and represents an active enzyme with a bactericidal effect. The nutritional and immunological significance of the marked differences with respect to the nitrogen and protein compositions of human milk and cow's milk should not be underestimated, but need further elucidation.
EFFECT OF MATERNAL ANAEMIA ON THE PLACENTA AND THE NEWBORN INFANT
Authors: SINGLA P. N. , CHAND S. , K. HANNA SUSHILA , AGARWAL K. N.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Foetal birthweight, placental morphometry and maternal, cord blood and placental haemoglobin and iron levels were studied in 69 anaemic mothers (haemoglobin <110 g/1) and 16 mothers without anaemia (haemoglobin ≥110 g/1). The birthweight, placental weight and number of placental cotyledons were significantly reduced in the severely anaemic mothers (haemoglobin ≤60 g/1) and had direct relationships with the maternal haemoglobin levels. However, placental volume and surface area showed no constant relation to maternal haemoglobin. The haemoglobin and iron levels in the cord blood and placental tissue were found to have linear correlations with the maternal haemoglobin levels. The low levels of placental and cord serum iron in the severely anaemic mothers suggest that iron supply to the placenta and the foetus is affected in maternal anaemia and the foetus takes iron in direct proportion to the levels available in the mother.
PRESSURE PASSIVE CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW AND BREAKDOWN OF THE BLOOD‐BRAIN BARRIER IN EXPERIMENTAL FETAL ASPHYXIA
Authors: LOU H. C. , LASSEN N. A. , TWEED W. A. , JOHNSON G. , JONES M. , PALAHNIUK R. J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Lou, H. C., Lassen, N. A., Tweed, W. A., Johnson, G., Jones, M. and Palahniuk, R. J. (Departments of Anaesthesia, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Canada). Pressure passive cerebral blood flow and breakdown of the blood‐brain barrier in experimental fetal asphyxia. Acta Paediatr Scand, 68: 57, 1979.—Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was studied in non‐exteriorized near‐term sheep fetuses using the radioactive microsphere technique. By partially occluding the umbilical vessels for a period of 1–1 1/2 hours a progressive and severe asphyxia with a final arterial pH of 6.90 was achieved. Varying the mean arterial blood pressure in the fetuses by blood withdrawal or infusion in this state, CBF was measured at different perfusion pressures (mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) minus central venous pressure (CVP)). A passive flow/pressure relationship—loss of autoregulation—was found, with hyperemia reaching CBF values up to 6 times normal at normal MABP of about 60 to 70 mmHg, and severe ischemia reaching CBF values close to zero in large cortical areas at MABP of 30 mmHg. CVP remained essentially unchanged at 10–15 mmHg. The severe and prolonged asphyxia rendered the blood‐brain barrier leaky to the albumin tracer Evans blue. In four other fetuses umbilical cord clamping was omitted. However, only in one of these cases was acidosis completely avoided, and CBF autoregulation maintained. The three other fetuses were acidotic at the end of the surgical procedure and had impaired autoregulation.
SERUM RETINOL‐BINDING PROTEIN AND VITAMIN A LEVELS IN MALNOURISHED CHILDREN
Authors: REDDY V. , MOHANRAM M. , RAGHURAMULU N.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Reddy, V., Mohanram, M. and Raghuramulu, N. (National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India). Serum retinol‐bindin protein and vitamin A levels in malnourished children. Acta Paediatr Scand 68: 65, 1979.—Serum levels of vitamin A and retinol‐binding protein (RBP) were measured in children with vitamin A deficiency, in children with protein‐energy malnutrition (PEM) and in normal children, before and after administration of 100000 IU of water‐miscible vitamin A. Serum vitamin A and RBP levels were significantly low in children with vitamin A deficiency and in children with severe PEM, whereas the values in milder grades of PEM were similar to those of normal subjects. In severely malnourished children with corneal lesions, serum vitamin A concentration was reduced to a much greater extent than the level of serum RBP. Administration of vitamin A resulted in a significant increase in serum levels of both the components within 4 hours in all the 3 groups of children. The increase in RBP concentration observed in children with PEM was similar to that in vitamin A deficient children. These results indicate that in malnourished children, particularly in those who are at risk of developing keratomalacia, vitamin A is the main limiting factor. It is, therefore, recommended that children with PEM should be treated with vitamin A in addition to dietary protein and calories.
FINGERPRINTS IN CONGENITAL RUBELLA FOLLOWING MATERNAL GAMMA GLOBULIN
Authors: ROSS L. J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Ross, L. J. (Departments of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, New York, U.S.A.). Fingerprints in congenital rubella following maternal gamma globulin. Acta Paediatr Scand, 68: 71, 1979.—The fingertip skin ridge patterns of ten children with the congenital rubella syndrome whose mothers had received gamma globulin following exposure to german measles during pregnancy were compared with those of 29 patients whose mothers had not received gamma globulin and with those of 162 control children. Statistical evaluation of the pattern profiles by the Mann‐Whitney U‐test showed that the dermatoglyphics of the two groups of patients differed significantly from each other. Each group also differed from the control children: there was a significant (p>0.001) increase in whorls in patients whose mothers had not had gamma globulin, but an increase (p=0.001) in ulnar loops in those whose mothers had received gamma globulin.
MONONUCLEAR CELL MIGRATION INHIBITION IN CHILDREN WITH NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
Authors: KUCHARSKA K. , KOWALCZYK D. , SANCEWICZ‐PACH K. , ZEMBALA M.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Kucharska, K., Kowalczyk, D., Sancewicz‐Pach, K. and Zembala, M. (Institute of Paediatrics, Medical Academy, Kraków, Poland). Mononuclear cell migration inhibition in children with nephrotic syndrome. Acta Paediatr Scand, 68: 81, 1979.—The relative number of T/B lymphocytes and the response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to PHA in the migration inhibition test was studied in a group of patients with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. It has been found that the level of T lymphocytes and the response to PHA was decreased in patients in particular those with frequent relapses. The possible implications of these finding for pathogenesis of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome is briefly discussed.
PREDICTION OF ADULT HEIGHT WITH VARIOUS METHODS IN FINNISH CHILDREN
Authors: LENKO HANNA LIISA
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Successive height predictions were made by several methods for a group of healthy Finnish children (30 boys and 30 girls), examined annually at ages of 7 to 17 years (1st series) and for 7 boys aged 14 to 19 years with familial delayed growth and puberty (2nd series). The methods used were those of Bayley & Pinneau (BP), Walker (W), Tanner et al. (T) and RWT, and two simple principles: the relative height method (RH) which assumes constancy of height S.D.S. throughout growth, and the index of potential height (IPH) method which assumes constancy of height S.D.S. for bone age (BA). The predictions with RH, W and IPH were inaccurate. BP, T and RWT were for the 1st series as accurate as for the basic series of the respective methods, and none was superior to the others. The BA of average Finns was delayed as compared with the standards of Greulich‐Pyle Atlas. When corrections were made for this delay, the IPH method gave predictions comparable in accuracy to BP, T or RWT. In the 2nd series prediction was more accurate with the corrected IPH, BP and RWT methods than with those using BA according to TW 2 RUS.
A VARIANT FORM OF 2‐METHYL‐3‐HYDROXYBUTYRIC AND 2‐METHYLACETOACETIC ACIDURIA
Authors: HALVORSEN S. , STOKKE O. , JELLUM E.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A new case of assumed β‐ketothiolase deficiency, excreting 2‐methyl‐3‐hydroxybutyrate and tiglylglycine is described in a 15‐year‐old boy. The patient presented with episodes of metabolic acidosis following intercurrent infections in the early childhood. After the age of 7 years he has had periods of headache, but no acidotic episodes have occurred even during infections. Systematic dietary treatment has not been instituted, and the patient is physically and mentally normal. This indicates a mild variant of the β‐ketothiolase deficiency. Diagnosis of the condition may be obscured by large quantities of ordinary ketone bodies, and requires gas chromatographic and mass spectrometry techniques.
THE ROLE OF ZINC IN TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION
Authors: PRINCIPI N. , GIUNTA A. , GERVASONI A.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Zinc deficiency was observed in an infant receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) for chronic untractable diarrhoea. Clinical findings included low zinc plasma levels, skin lesions and loss of all the advantages of TPN such as weight gain, serum proteins and albumin increase and normalization of intestinal mucosa. Oral administration of zinc sulphate was the decisive factor making possible both the improvement of clinical and laboratory findings and alimentation by natural route.
BENIGN PAROXYSMAL TORTICOLLIS IN INFANCY
Authors: SANNER GUNNAR , BERGSTRÖM BJÖRN
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Benign paroxysmal torticollis is a condition characterized by attacks of head‐tilting often accompanied by lateral curvature of the trunc. The first onset of these attacks usually occurs during the first months of life and they recur with a remarkable periodicity for 6–12 months after which time they gradually subside in intensity and frequency. As a rule the attacks have ceased completely before the age of 2 years but in some cases they continue in a modified form as attacks of ataxia. The aetiology is unknown and there is no evidence of bilateral peripheral vestibular disturbances as has been suggested in earlier reports. The ataxia seen in some cases rather suggests a dysfunction of the cerebellum or of the vestibulo‐cerebellar connections. Four own patients with this syndrome are presented and discussed.
MYOTONIA CONGENITA (THOMSEN'S DISEASE) Early Diagnosis in Infancy
Authors: HAREL S. , CHUI L. A. , SHAPIRA Y.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A family with myotonia congenita. (Thomsen's disease) is reported in which the father and his two offspring are affected. The course was characterized by the early onset of clinical manifestations in both the father and his two children. In one child, a clinical and electrical diagnosis of the disease was made as early as two weeks of age. Early manifestations were breathing difficulty and eye closure myotonia. The importance of early recognition of the disorder is emphasized.
EARLY DETECTION OF PRESCHOOL HEALTH PROBLEMS—ROLE OF PERINATAL RISK FACTORS
Authors: KÖHLER LENNART , SVENNINGSEN NILS W. , LINDQUIST BERTIL
Published: January 2008

Abstract. To evaluate a perinatal riskgrouping system, 1262 4‐year‐old children went through a comprehensive health examination. A total of 41.5% of the newborns were included in the wide criteria of risk, which were more common among boys and among children of the youngest and oldest mothers. Among the 4‐year‐old, the frequency of significant physical health problem was 15.8%, including 10.1% visual disturbances and 2% neurological disorders. In some combinations of riskgroups and later health problems there were statistically significant correlations, e.g. regarding prematurity and cerebral irritation vs. cerebral palsy, hut not sufficient to serve its purpose as a screening instrument. Even the accumulation of especially serious events in the perinatal period gave no clue to later neurological disorders. The addition of low socioeconomic status as a perinatal risk did not influence the outcome either. The reasons for the weak correlation between perinatal risk factors and later outcome of health disorders and handicaps are discussed, and it is concluded that to detect children with health problems, there seems to he no acceptable alternative to a comprehensive health surveillance as part of a general health service programme of all children, including clinical examinations and screening procedures by well trained personnel.