bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The availability heuristic in person identification: The sometimes misleading consequences of enhanced contextual information
Authors: Read J. Don
Published: May 2007

Three field studies investigated the effects of post‐exposure cognitions on person identification. Subjects' beliefs that they could identify someone were significantly increased by the presentation of new information and the rehearsal of old information about the person. Misidentification errors increased as the lengths of the initial exposure duration increased and when subjects received additional contextual information about the target. These frequent misidentifications may reflect the misattribution of familiarity from enhanced contextual knowledge to familiarity arising from perceptual knowledge. Further, performance was enhanced when the identification task capitalized on 'transfer‐appropriate rehearsal' post‐event strategies. Ancillary findings contradicted research on 'verbal overshadowing', and the relationship between identification accuracy and confidence. The results were generalized to real‐world situations that encourage post‐event cognitions by eyewitnesses.
What did I eat yesterday? Determinants of accuracy in 24‐hour food memories
Authors: Fries Elizabeth , Green Pamela , Bowen Deborah J.
Published: May 2007

Large‐scale diet‐related epidemiological work relies on the quality of self‐reported food consumption. As this epidemiological work forms the basis of knowledge of the relationship of diet to disease, it is essential that the self‐reports of personal diet are understood. It is generally accepted that foods consumed are under‐reported, even over as short a period as 24 hours. However, little is known about the potential systematic biases that may affect the quality of self‐reported food intake. The current study examines the accuracy of memories of the consumption of snack foods eaten in the previous 24 hours and investigates factors that may bias these memories. All participants had previously participated in a randomized intervention trial to lower dietary fat intake to 20 per cent of calories. Fifty‐six women (intervention and control) tasted eight snack foods in a laboratory setting. They were telephoned a day later and asked to recall the type of snack foods (M&Ms, pretzels, etc.) and the quantity of each food they consumed. Subjects in general under‐reported the number of selections and the quantity of each item consumed. Women who accurately recalled an item, reported more liking for that item compared to those who forgot the item. Women currently maintaining a low‐fat diet were less accurate in their recall of low‐fat items than women on a high‐fat diet. Low‐fat eaters, however, may be slightly better at recalling how much of certain foods they consumed. Results have implications for survey research and understanding the psychological influences on reports of food consumption used in large‐scale diet studies.
Recall suffers from collaboration: Joint recall effects of friendship and task complexity
Authors: Andersson Jan , Rönnberg Jerker
Published: May 2007

Collaborative recall in episodic memory tasks was investigated in two experiments. The experiments were explicitly designed to investigate how the interaction between two subjects influences group productivity. Subjects were requested to recall twice, first individually, and second, in different subject constellations (individually, or in dyads, as friends or non‐friends). Experiment 1 employed free recall of words and story recall. In Experiment 2, a video‐taped lecture on child development was recalled. The observed score at the second recall (Recall 2) was compared with the nominal predicted score, based on the initial recall. The results of the experiments are summarized and discussed in four clusters: (1) observed productivity for dyads never reached their predicted potential; (2) the negative effects of collaborative recall can be reduced; (3) friends rather than non‐friends, and complex rather than simple tasks, reduce the loss in productivity; and (4) the data also suggest that encoding alone is superior to collaborative encoding.
Skill differences in medical laboratory diagnostics
Authors: Dollinger Stephanie M. Clancy , Hoyer William J.
Published: May 2007

Skill differences in visual diagnostics were examined by asking novice and expert medical technologists to identify bacteria in eight Gram‐stain specimens that varied in terms of diagnostically‐significant features and stain quality. Verbal protocols were analyzed for knowledge of specific cell morphology and of staining properties. There were skill‐related differences in visual diagnostic performance, particularly in terms of the quality of detail and number of explicit comments made for each relevant dimension. The implications of the findings for further research on the role of experience and the effects of practice/training in an applied domain such as medical technology is discussed.
The effects of whispers, voice‐sample duration, and voice distinctiveness on criminal speaker identification
Authors: Orchard Tara L. , Yarmey A. Daniel
Published: May 2007

A total of 156 introductory psychology students heard a taped voice of a mock kidnapper for either 30 seconds or 8 minutes. The kidnapper had either a distinctive voice or a non‐distinctive voice, and spoke either in a whisper or in a normal tone of voice. Voice identification from six‐person, tape‐recorded lineups was tested 2 days later. Participants who initially heard the perpetrator speak in a normal tone were tested with normal tone lineups. Participants who initially heard the perpetrator speak in a whisper were tested either with whispered lineups or normal tone lineups. Results showed that identification performance was superior with longer voice‐sample durations. Voice disguise through whispering, distinctiveness of suspect's voice, and changes in tone of voice from initial hearing and lineup test significantly influenced identification performance on both suspect‐present and suspect‐absent lineups. Small but significant accuracy‐confidence correlations were found in both suspect‐present and suspect‐absent lineups. Duration estimations of the length of the speaker's voice‐sample were overestimated, particularly for the short 30‐second voice sample.
Children's recognition of inconsistencies in science texts: Multiple measures of comprehension monitoring
Authors: Anderson Genevieve , Beal Carole R.
Published: May 2007

The goal of this research was to compare various indices of problem detection in children's comprehension monitoring of science passages. Three experiments were conducted with third and fifth grade students who were asked to review paragraph descriptions of unusual plants and report difficulties in understanding the material. Half of the paragraphs contained contradictory information concerning familiar and unusual plants, whereas the apparent inconsistencies were explained in the remaining paragraphs. Children were asked to report their comprehension problems (Experiments 1‐3), and to suggest additional information to include or remove to improve the comprehensibility of the paragraphs (Experiments 1 and 2). Measures of children's reading behaviour were also collected (Experiment 3). The results showed that although there was some evidence that children discriminated between the clear and inconsistent paragraphs, in general, children significantly overestimated how well they understood the new information about the unusual plants.
Memory for medical history: Accuracy of recall
Authors: Cohen Gillian , Java Rosalind
Published: May 2007

Medical diagnosis often depends on the ability of patients to recall and report their medical history. In this study 104 people kept health diaries for 3 months, recording the incidence, frequency, data, duration, and severity of health events (symptoms, illnesses, injuries, visits to health professionals, and medication). Memory for the events recorded was tested immediately after the diary‐keeping period or at 1 month or 3 months later. Effects of age, gender, education, health status, anxiety, and retention interval were observed. With a free recall procedure only 47 per cent of health events were recalled. Following the free recall two different kinds of intervention were compared. Use of a recognition checklist yielded recall of 29 per cent of the forgotten events but with a cognitive interview procedure only 6 per cent of the forgotten items were retrieved.
Ambipolar Light‐Emitting Transistors of a Tetracene Single Crystal
Authors: Takahashi T. , Takenobu T. , Takeya J. , Iwasa Y.
Published: May 2007

The first ambipolar light‐emitting transistor of an organic molecular semiconductor single crystal, tetracene, is demonstrated. In the device configuration, electrons and holes injected from separate magnesium and gold electrodes recombined radiatively within the channel. By varying the applied voltages, the position of the recombination/emission zone could be moved to any position along the channel. Because of the changes made to the device structure, including the use of single crystals and polymer dielectric layers and the adoption of an inert‐atmosphere fabrication process, the set of materials that can be used for light‐emitting transistors has been expanded to include monomeric molecular semiconductors.
Particle size distribution of organometal(loid) compounds in freshwater sediments
Authors: Duester Lars , Hartmann Louise M. , Luemers Lisa , Hirner Alfred V.
Published: May 2007

The aim of this study was to determine to what extent particle size determines the occurrence of organometal(loid) compounds of the elements As, Sb, Sn and Te in freshwater sediments. In addition, the anthropogenic impact upon the distribution through differing usage of freshwater habitats was examined vis‐à‐vis flowing water, fish farms and a maturation pond for the bio‐treatment of wastewater. All habitats sampled were located in the basin of the river Ruhr, Germany. In addition to the detection of high concentrations of total metal(loid) content of As, Sb, Sn and Te in the maturation pond sediments, this habitat also possessed the highest concentration of organometal(loid) species. Interestingly, the concentration of monomethylated metal(loid)s was up to 100‐fold higher than those of higher methylated species of the same element. A maximum of 28 µg kg−1 MMAs, 18 µg kg−1 MMSb and 8 µg kg−1 MMSn per dry weight was detected. A similar tendency was noted for all other freshwater habitats tested. In contrast to methylated arsenic (arsenic containing pesticides are banned in Germany) and antimony species, there is no doubt that the alkyltin species detected, e.g. MBSn and DBSn, are of anthropogenic origin since biogenesis of these species does not occur. Alkyltins are, however, known to enter the environment in a continuous and diffuse manner via discharge to sewage and air. In samples from the maturation pond concentrations of up to 86 and 11 µg kg−1 per dry weight were detected for MBSn and DBSn, respectively. The detection of methylated arsenic and antimony species indicates that biotransformation of these elements is occurring in freshwater habitats. Irrespective of the usage and (anthropogenic) demands on the freshwater habitats tested, the highest concentration of organometal(loid) species was always detected in the sediment fractions that contained the highest concentration of humic substances and comprised up to 40% clays and silt particles (<63 µm). Owing to their high surface area to volume ratios these particles possess a high binding capacity for metal(loid) ions and are attractive microhabitats for microorganisms. The resulting microcosmos therefore has a high potential for the biomethylation of metal(loid)s. At this point in time it is not fully clear whether the high concentrations of organometal(loid) species detected in the clay/silt fraction are produced in situ by microbial biotransformation of bound metal(loid) ions or whether, as is the case for inorganic ions, the organometal(loid) species are translocated to this fraction and bound. Regardless of the mechanism, the accumulation of organometal(loid) species in clay/silt fraction means that these species are held in contact with the interstitial water and are therefore highly bioavailable, with potentially toxic consequences for aquatic organisms. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social impact of attack on a president: Its public reverberations
Authors: Freedman Lawrence Zelic
Published: May 2007

Recent assassinations in U.S. history are reviewed and the medical and legal responses that follow such events are covered, as are conspiratorial theories. The question as to whether or not American assassins actually were conspirators is discussed and the reasons for the prevalence of conspiratorial theories are covered, as are the origins of these theories.
The impact of expert testimony on trials of battered women who kill their husbands
Authors: Blackman Julie , Brickman Ellen
Published: May 2007

Increased attention to family violence is reflected, in part, in the growing number of social scientists who have applied the results of their work in trials of battered women who have killed their husbands. Acting as expert witnesses, these individuals detail their knowledge and offer opinions in order to educate jurors about the social and psychological consequences of abuse within marital relationships. Little is known about the actual impact of expert testimony on jury deliberation in cases involving battered women. Those engaged in studying the interface of psychology and criminal justice have relied primarily on anecdotal evidence which suggests that expert testimony shapes jurors' attitudes and their ultimate decisions. (Ellison & Buckhout, 1981). This article summarizes psychological research on how individuals, including battered women, react to victimization and provides a preliminary theoretical formulation of this problem.
Child custody in historical perspective: A study of changing social perceptions of divorce and child custody in Anglo‐American law
Authors: Einhorn Jay
Published: May 2007

The history of divorce law in England and America shows that child custody decisions have tended to be made on the basis of social biases about the nature of men and women, rather than on the basis of the competence of the individual parents or of the best interests of the children. This article traces the history of divorce law with particular attention to child custody from twelfth century England to modern America. The historical flipflop from paternal custody to maternal custody is documented, and the assumptions underlying the prejudices toward paternal and maternal custody are reviewed and compared. Joint custody, when possible, provides a solution to the custody problem. However, sexual stereotypes provide no substitute for meticulous fact‐finding when parents cannot agree.
Father‐custody and child development: A review and analysis of psychological research
Authors: Warshak Richard A.
Published: May 2007

In custody decisions there is a traditional presumption that children's best interests are served by living with their mother. The past decade has seen a growing interest in father‐custody which is reflected in a large body of empirical research that has followed one of three strategies. Results indicate that a preference for maternal custody is unwarranted. Instead the impact of custody disposition is mediated by several factors including the child's sex, coparenting relationship, parenting skills, the noncustodial parent‐child relationship, and the use of support systems. Suggestions for future research are provided and the implications of current results for custody decisions are discussed.
Changing mental health law: Butting heads with a billygoat
Authors: Callahan Lisa A.
Published: May 2007

This research examines the implementation of the Davis v. Hubbard (1980) decision which granted patients at Lima State Hospital in Ohio a qualified right to refuse psychotropic medication. The issues identified by the court are addressed including informed consent, emergency administration of medication, and due process procedures. The data include a content analysis of all due process hearing records during the first 24 months of the court order which include the patient objections, staff justifications for forcing medication, and the decisions. Also included are face‐to‐face interviews with 92 patients. It is concluded that most decisions do not meet the criteria set by the court for forced medications, and that the patients perceived the procedures to be unfair.
The lawyer and the forensic expert: Boundaries of ethical practice
Authors: Slovenko Ralph
Published: May 2007

The role of attorneys in relationship to mental health experts is examined. Issues which are discussed include the necessity of expert testimony, selection of the expert, and the data underlying the expert opinion. In addition, the attorneys' responsibilities in presenting the mental health expert in court is discussed with reference to different elements of the trial process.
Death qualification and conviction proneness: witt and witherspoon compared
Authors: Neises Michael L. , Dillehay Ronald C.
Published: May 2007

A survey of registered voters in Fayette County, Kentucky compared the Witt and Witherspoon death qualification standards focusing primarily on the death penalty attitudes and criminal justice system orientations of excludable and death‐qualified potential jurors. As expected, the Witt standard excluded significantly more potential jurors (21.2%) than did the Witherspoon standard (13.6%). The Witherspoon excludable potential jurors were found to be more highly opposed to the death penalty and more due process oriented regarding the criminal justice system than their death‐qualified counterparts. The Witt standard, however, produced more heterogeneous exclusions. In addition, 24.1% of all respondents were found to be automatic death penalty potential jurors (ADPs), that is, potential jurors who stated that they would always vote for the death penalty for convicted capital defendants. Finally, the screening adequacy of the Witt standard for potential jurors who would not follow the law, particularlyfor ADPs, is questioned and discussed.
Social framework testimony in employment discrimination cases
Authors: Goodman Jane , Croyle Robert T.
Published: May 2007

The use of social framework testimony by social psychologists in employment discrimination cases is expanding. After reviewing the legal background of this type of testimony, we describe its content and discuss an important Title VII case of sex discrimination where the testimony played a critical role. We also distinguish social framework testimony from other types of expert testimony by psychologists.
Confidentiality in the military
Authors: Howe Edmund G.
Published: May 2007

This article presents and analyzes options military physicians face regarding whether or not to respect gay servicepersons' confidentiality. This situation is considered to be generic to others that involve similar conflicts. Dilemmas arising before and after the emergence of HIV‐related diseases are discussed. Recommendations regarding psychiatrists' ethical obligations when conducting forensic exams are compared with military physicians' obligations to respect servicepersons' confidentiality. It is suggested that military psychiatrists should violate servicepersons' confidentiality under some circumstances, but generally should warn them in advance that they will do so. Possible exceptions exist when warning servicepersons would increase the likelihood that justice would be violated or substantial harm would occur.
Right of active duty military personnel to refuse psychiatric treatment
Authors: Grant William H. , Resnick Phillip J.
Published: May 2007

Under Federal Court precedents, mentally ill patients have a qualified right to refuse treatment. The amount of due process that may be required to override treatment refusals by active duty military patients is discussed. Due process for these individuals need not be judicial, since medical review satisfies federal requirements. Involuntary administration of medication to active duty military personnel is justified in some circumstances. Specific criteria for overriding treatment refusals are suggested. A sample protocol for overriding the treatment refusals of active duty personnel is offered.
Legal aspects of alcohol abuse in the navy
Authors: Kallen Lowell H. , Grodin Douglas M. , Vinet Richard G.
Published: May 2007

Alcohol abuse is antithetical to order and discipline in the military. Alcohol‐related situations arise that range from inconsequential “drunken sailor” boisterousness to major scale imperiling of military missions with serious implications for readiness, safety, and security. The complex management of alcohol abuse and alcoholism in the Navy is detailed in this article, with special emphasis on legal considerations that span offenses from simple drunkenness to court martial level infractions of military and civilian criminal codes.
Urinary testing for drugs of abuse in the military
Authors: Morgan John P. , Puder Pamela S.
Published: May 2007

The military has tested urine for drugs of abuse since 1971.Testing followed the evidence of heroin use in Vietnam. The program was limited, by technical constraints, to a few drugs and in 1974by a decision that precluded the use of information gained by urinalysis in disciplinary actions. In 1980, testing expanded enormously due in part to the availability of immunoassays for cannabis metabolites. The period of 1981‐1983was marked by deficiencies in military laboratories; faulty testing, inadequate personnel, and the inability to document challenged results. As many as 50,000 discharges were subject to review and revision. The 1983Einsel Commission, a toxicology panel, submitted recommendations that reformed the testing systems. This experience affects current nonmilitary testing programs. Many give the program credit for decreasing drug use and improving performance. The empirical proof of this is not obvious and the cost effectiveness of the program can still be criticized.
The Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984: Much ado about nothing
Authors: Finkel Norman J.
Published: May 2007

The Insanity Defense Reform Act of1984(IDRA), passed in the wake of Hinckley (1981) and after two years of Senate and House testimony and debate, removed the “volitional” prong of the ALI test, leaving only the “cognitive” prong. Prior empirical research and speculation suggested that this corrective would not serve its intended purpose. In this experiment, 54 mock jurors received one of four insanity test instructions: IDRA, ALI, a wild beast/mens rea test, or no instructions. Results showed that the test instructions did not produce significantly different verdict patterns, or effect in any other way the relevant and determinative constructs that jurors used in four different insanity cases.
Law and the fireside inductions (with postscript): Some reflections of a clinical psychologist
Authors: Meehl Paul E.
Published: May 2007

Legislators and judges have relied upon the “fireside inductions” (common sense, anecdotal, introspective, and culturally transmitted beliefs about human behavior) in making and enforcing law as a mode of social control. The behavior sciences conflict at times with the fireside inductions. While the sources of error in “common knowledge” about behavior are considerable, the behavior sciences are plagued with methodological problems that often render their generalized conclusions equally dubious. Legal applications of generalizations from experimental research on humans and animals in laboratory contexts often involve risky parametric and population extrapolations. Statistical analysis of file data suffers from inherent interpretative ambiguities as to causal inference from correlations. Quasi‐experiments in the “real‐life” setting may often be the methodologically optimal data‐source. A postscript updates the original text and addresses seven additional topics: (1) abuse of significance tests, (2) failure to report overlap, (3) causal inference from correlation, (4) immediate transitions from group differences on psychological tests to “unfairness,” (5) double standard of proof of generalizability, (6) social science in legal education, and (7) incompetent testimony by psychologists.
Organized abuse: NSPCC experience
Authors: Creighton Susan J.
Published: May 2007

A survey of a national child protection agency's experience of organized abuse in 1990–1991 found awareness of incidents among 41% of the participants and direct involvement with children in 20%. The 19 cases where there was direct involvement with 61 children from 43 families were categorized by the workers as network (N = 10), ritual (N = 6) and child pornography (N = 3) and came from England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The children in the three types presented different profiles from each other and from that of the sexually abused children placed on child protection registers. The children in the network cases were more likely to be boys and abused by non‐relatives, the majority of whom were charged and convicted. The children in the ritual cases were the youngest, more likely to be abused by extended family members and most often the subjects of legal protection. The inherent difficulties in fully describing an organized abuse ‘case’ are outlined.
Sexual exploitation of children and international travel and tourism
Authors: Ireland Kevin
Published: May 2007

The sexual abuse of children in developing countries by international tourists has received increasing attention recently, much of it concentrating upon the activities of paedophiles. This paper argues that the reduction in individual and social constraints associated with tourism and international travel, and an easier access to children for sex in certain destinations, also increases the potential for ‘situational’ child sexual abuse to occur. It reports on a literature study of the situation in the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand, which found extensive evidence of the use of children for sex by international tourists. The paper suggests that remedial action is required on three levels: in the tourist receiving and sending countries and in the international arena.
Preparation of the child witness for court
Authors: Mellor Anne , Dent Helen R.
Published: May 2007

This article attempts to outline some of the obstacles to children giving effective evidence in England and Wales and how these might be overcome or at least minimized. The apparent gulf between the recommendations from research and the actual support which a child witness is likely to receive is highlighted. A practical application of these recommendations is demonstrated by description of a single case study involving a programme of preparation to assist a child witness to give evidence in court.
The knowledge and fears about court of child witnesses, schoolchildren and adults
Authors: Freshwater Kate , Aldridge Jan
Published: May 2007

Research in Scotland, Australia and North America has examined how children perceive the legal system, what they know about court and how the prospect of going to court makes them feel (Feber, 1985; Goodman and Reed, 1988; Flin et al., 1989). However, to date there are no comparable data for children in England. The present study focuses upon children who were scheduled to appear in court as witnesses, schoolchildren with no experience of litigation, and adults. Child witnesses and schoolchildren were found to have significantly more misunderstandings about terms and concepts in the English legal system than adults. Both groups of children perceived court as a stressful place. However, there were interesting differences in the types of fears that caused most concern, with the child witnesses' fears being mostly court‐focused and the fears of the schoolchildren being more wide‐ranging. The implications of these findings are discussed, including the role for individual assessment of knowledge and fears in the effective preparation of children for court and the need for the judiciary to be mindful of children and young people's limited knowledge of, and misunderstandings about the legal system.
Challenging sexual violence against girls: A social awareness approach
Authors: Kitzinger Jenny
Published: May 2007

Most strategies to prevent child sexual abuse rely on therapeutic work with abusers or direct work with children training them to recognize and resist molestation. However, many authors, activists and professionals in this field assert the need to challenge broader social attitudes towards sexuality and violence. In 1992 an attempt at such an intervention was employed by Edinburgh District Council in their “Zero Tolerance Campaign”. This was a public awareness campaign which aimed to increase people's understanding of the extent and nature of violence against women and girls and to emphasize that such crimes should not be tolerated. Through challenging misconceptions, encouraging public discussion and focusing on strategies to prevent such crimes, the campaign organizers hoped to transform the social climate which is conducive to the abuse of women at any age. This article explores public response to the Zero Tolerance Campaign and, in particular, focuses on reactions to the two advertisements which addressed the sexual abuse of girls.
Process and evaluation of a group intervention for mothers with parenting difficulties
Authors: Puckering Christine , Rogers John , Mills Maggie , Cox A. D. , Raff Magdalena Mattsson‐G
Published: May 2007

Twenty‐one mothers with severe parenting difficulties, including 12 children on the Child Protection Register, were involved in an intensive parenting intervention. The 4‐month group‐based package included psychotherapy to allow mothers to come to terms with past and present stressors, and direct and video work with mothers and children using a multi‐dimensional model of parenting. Considerable positive change in interaction and child centredness was evident when before and after videotapes of the mothers and children were compared. Negative interaction dropped to one‐quarter of the pre‐group level and mothers were more effective in exercising appropriate control. Of the 12 children on the Child Protection Register, 10 subsequently had their names removed, with both remaining children returning to the mother's care from compulsory care. This compares favourably with area figures, suggesting that about one‐third of children are removed annually from the register. The multi‐dimensional model of parenting not only provided a basis for measuring mother's skills but a coherent focus for intervention.
The literature on prevention
Authors: Gough David
Published: May 2007

Virtually all that is written about child abuse is in some way concerned with prevention, though the literature specifically described as prevention mostly concerns the avoidance of the initial occurrence of abuse. Reviews of the possibilities and limitations of such prevention can be found in Browne and Herbert (1995), Gough (1993a), Holman (1988), Willis, Holden and Rosenberg (1992) and Wolfe (1993). Detailed descriptions and discussion of preventive intervention studies can be found in Gough (1 993b), MacMillan et al. (1994) and Wekerle and Wolfe (1995).
Doing what has to be done: strategies and orientations of married and single working mothers for food tasks
Authors: Heslop Louise A. , Madill Judith , Duxbury Linda , Dowdles Melissa
Published: May 2007

Food‐related tasks are demanding activities in all households because of their regularity, frequency, and centrality to family activities and relationships. This study develops typologies for food task orientations and strategies used by mothers, and studies the relationships among them. It uses a systems‐based framework to examine related inputs and outcomes of these orientations and strategies and compares the situations of married and single mothers. The findings indicate some strategies are more successful than others as predictors of various work‐family outcomes.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Who are organic food consumers? A compilation and review of why people purchase organic food
Authors: Hughner Renée Shaw , McDonagh Pierre , Prothero Andrea , Shultz Clifford J. , Stanton Julie
Published: May 2007

This paper integrates and synthesizes the findings of published research on organic food consumption. We identify several themes that reflect the various rationales used by consumers when deciding to purchase organic food. The literature clearly indicates that the word “organic” has many meanings, that consumers of organic foods are not homogeneous in demographics or in beliefs, and that further research could help better describe the various constituencies that are often lumped together as “organic food consumers”. The organic and broader food industries must better understand the variety of motivations, perceptions, and attitudes consumers hold regarding organic foods and their consumption if their own long‐term interests, as well as those of other stakeholders of food marketing, are to be best served. We conclude with implications and suggestions for further research.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deterring illegal downloading: the effects of threat appeals, past behavior, subjective norms, and attributions of harm
Authors: Levin Aron M. , Dato‐on Mary Conway , Manolis Chris
Published: May 2007

The study employs two experiments to examine the effectiveness of various strategies used to dissuade consumers from downloading music illegally. The research investigates two specific strategies that the recording industry has used: (1) fear or threat appeals (e.g., the threat of punishment, such as fines and/or jail time), and (2) attribution of harm (informing consumers of the harm caused by the illegal downloading of music, such as financial loss to either the artist or the recording company). The study also considers whether past illegal downloading behavior reduces the effectiveness of these disincentive strategies. Finally, the impact of subjective norms (i.e., whether subjects think their friends would approve of downloading music) was also investigated.

A 3 (level of threat: low, moderate, or high) X 2 (who is harmed by illegal downloading: artist or recording company) experimental design was employed for study one. Undergraduate students (n = 388) participated in the study. Study two expanded on the design of the first study by adding a variable of subjective norms and by including previous downloading behavior in the model. Undergraduate students (n = 211) also participated in the second experiment.

Findings indicate a significant effect of threat appeal such that stronger threat appeals were found to be more effective than weaker threat appeals in reducing illegal downloading. The first study also showed that prior illegal downloading behavior does not curtail the effects of threat appeals aimed at reducing illegal downloading. In addition, results reveal no differences in downloading behavior in terms of attribution of harm deterrent strategy (harm to either the recording artist or company). The most interesting finding from the second study is that subjective norms appear to equalize low versus high past downloaders, but only under conditions of weak fear.

The current manuscript is the first to examine the impact of four different variables (threat appeals, attribution of harm, subjective norms, and previous downloading behavior) on subjects' likelihood to illegally download music in the future. In particular, this research illuminates the potential importance of social norms in discouraging a type of undesirable consumer behavior but shows that this occurs only under a restricted set of conditions: when threat is low and the consumer is not a habitually high downloader. It should be of interest to those in fields where intellectual property can be pirated on the Internet.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Replacement purchase decisions: on the effects of trade‐ins, hedonic versus utilitarian usage goal, and tightwadism
Authors: Park Sojin , Mowen John C.
Published: May 2007

The paper examines the effects of usage goal (i.e., hedonic versus utilitarian usage), whether the consumer is offered a discount or the ability to trade‐in the old product, and tightwadism on the likelihood of replacing a still‐functioning product. Supporting previous research, the results revealed that the likelihood of replacing a still‐functioning product is higher when a trade‐in is offered. As expected, however, this main effect was moderated by whether the good was purchased for utilitarian rather than hedonic purposes. If the purchase was for hedonic purchases, the likelihood of purchase was significantly lower when the promotion was a sale rather than a trade‐in. However, the promotion type did not influence the purchase if it was for utilitarian purposes. Additionally, when the usage goal was for hedonic purposes, the likelihood of replacement was significantly lower for those high in tightwadism. In contrast, tightwadism did not influence the likelihood of replacement when the usage was for utilitarian purposes.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Motives for dissolution in export relationships: evidence from the UK
Authors: Pressey Andrew D. , Selassie Hebte
Published: May 2007

This study examines the motives for dissolution in long‐term export relationships – an area that has received limited attention in the marketing literature. The primary research was conducted in two stages (in‐depth interviews followed by a mail survey) using the perceptions of export managers in the UK. The findings suggest that export relationship dissolution is attributable to 23 motives from four categories (buyer factors, supplier factors, competitor action and environmental conditions). The chief cause of export relationship dissolution was identified as being price‐related. An exploratory factor analysis of the 23 motives for dissolution resulted in six factors that reflect the multi‐attribute (and cross‐category) nature of relationship dissolution. The study offers some insights into why export relationships might dissolve and provides implications for practitioners in avoiding the premature dissolution of export relationships.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zur Darstellung von Aldehyden aus Thiolestern mit Raney‐Nickel
Authors: Bestmann Hans Jürgen , Schulz Heinz
Published: May 2007

Die Behandlung von Thiocarbonsäure‐S‐äthylestern (Thiolestern) mit Raney‐Nickel bei 0–5° in Aceton oder Tetrahydrofuran in Gegenwart von 1.2‐Dianilino‐äthan führt zu den durch Mineralsäuren leicht zerlegbaren 1.3‐Diphenyltetrahydroimidazolderivaten der entsprechenden Aldehyde. Thiolester lassen sich sehr glatt aus Säurechloriden und Natriummercaptid in absol. Äther darstellen. Sie können mit Brom titriert werden.
Studie zur Chemie der Acetylene, II. Von aliphatischen Acetylenkohlenwasserstoffen ausgehende Synthesen
Authors: Herbertz Theo
Published: May 2007

Verschiedene Acetylenkohlenwasserstoffe werden an Carbonylverbindungen zu ungesättigten Carbinolen angelagert. Sie sind zum großen Teil partiell hydrierbar. — Durch Anlagerung von Chlorwasserstoff an ein technisches Gemisch von Vinylacetylen und Diacetylen unter geeigneten Bedingungen wird das Vinylacetylen in Chloropren übergeführt, während das Diacetylen unverändert bleibt.
Untersuchungen in der Azolreihe, VII. Umsetzungen von Imidazolen mit Isocyanaten
Authors: Gompper Rudolf , Hoyer Ernst , Herlinger Heinz
Published: May 2007

Bei der Umsetzung 4.5‐disubstituierter Imidazole, die mindestens einen Arylrest tragen, mit siedendem Phenylisocyanat entstehen neben 4.5‐disubstituierten Imidazol‐carbonsäure‐(2)‐aniliden und N.N′‐Diphenyl‐harnstoff 2‐Phenylimidazo[1.2‐c]hydantoine, die in festem Zustand entsprechend ihrer Farbe gelb bis rot fluoreszieren. In siedendem Nitrobenzol setzen sich Imidazole mit Arylisocyanaten zu Imidazol‐carbonsäure‐(2)‐[N‐aryl‐amiden] um; bei Raumtemperatur wurde die Bildung des 4.5‐Diphenyl‐imidazol‐carbonsäure‐(1)‐anilids beobachtet. – Die Bildungsmechanismen sowie die UV‐Absorptions‐, Fluoreszenz‐ und IR‐Spektren der verschiedenen Verbindungen werden diskutiert. Die Reaktionen einiger weiterer Heterocyclen mit Phenylisocyanat werden besprochen.
Synthesen in der Purinreihe, IX. Synthesen in der Reihe der 4‐Amino‐ und 4.5‐Diamino‐uracile Die Konstitution des Coffein‐hydroxymethylats
Authors: Bredereck Hellmut , Kupsch Gottfried , Wieland Helmut
Published: May 2007

Die Synthese des 1.3‐Dimethyl‐4.5‐bis‐methylamino‐uracils wird beschrieben. Das daraus erhaltene 1.3‐Dimethyl‐4‐methylamino‐5‐[N‐formyl‐methylamino]‐uracil erweist sich als identisch mit dem lange bekannten „Coffein‐hydroxymethylat”︁. — Die große Reaktionsfähigkeit des Broms im 1.3‐Dimethyl‐5‐brom‐4‐methylamino‐uracil wird durch zahlreiche Umsetzungen gezeigt. — Die Synthese des 5‐Amino‐4‐methylamino‐uracils wird beschrieben.
Über Pseudo‐Azulene, I. Synthesen in der Reihe des N‐Methyl‐azalens (1‐Aza‐1‐methyl‐bicyclo‐[0.3.4]‐nonatetraens‐(2.4.5.7)
Authors: Treibs Wilhelm , Kempter Gerhard
Published: May 2007

Durch thermische Kondensation von o‐Amino‐benzaldehyd und seinen Homologen mit substituierten Cyclopentanonen werden Abkömmlinge des Cyclopentachinolinsystems dargestellt, deren Methosulfate in alkalischer Lösung in Derivate des 1‐Aza‐1‐methyl‐2.3‐benzo‐bicyclo‐[0.3.4]‐nonatriens‐(2.4.7) übergehen. Die Dehydrierung des 1‐Aza‐1.4‐dimethyl‐7‐phenyl‐2.3‐benzo‐bicyclo‐[0.3.4]‐nonatriens‐(2.4.7) mit Pd/Tierkohle in Xylol ergibt das 1‐Aza‐1.4‐dimethyl‐7‐phenyl‐2.3‐benzo‐bicyclo‐[0.3.4]‐nonatetraen‐(2.4.5.7) (1.4‐Dimethyl‐7‐phenyl‐2.3‐benz‐azalen), das als Pseudo‐Azulen anzusprechen ist. Die optischen Eigenschaften werden untersucht.
Zur Kenntnis hydrierter Pyrido[1.2‐c]pyrimidine
Authors: Winterfeld Karl , Göbel Wilhelm
Published: May 2007

Die Darstellung des 3‐Aza‐chinolizidins und des von diesem sich ableitenden tricyclischen Systems mit zwei Brückenstickstoffatomen, des Perhydro‐dipyrido‐[1.2‐a, 1′.2′‐c]pyrimidins (4a.8a‐Diaza‐perhydrophenanthrens) wird beschrieben.
Reaktionen mit Nitrosodisulfonat, XVII. Zum Reaktionsverlauf der Bildung von Chinonen aus einwertigen Phenolen
Authors: Teuber Hans‐Joachim , Thaler Gottfried
Published: May 2007

Am Beispiel der Bildung von 3‐Carbäthoxy‐2‐methyl‐6.7‐benzo‐indolchinon‐(4.5) (VI) aus 5‐Hydroxy‐3‐carbäthoxy‐2‐methyl‐6.7‐benzo‐indol (II) wird gezeigt, daß die Zwischenstufe eines Substitutionsprodukts (III) durchlaufen wird, das als solches isoliert und zum erwarteten Chinon zerlegt werden kann.
Die Bestimmung von Δ1.9‐ und Δ9.10‐Octalin nebeneinander
Authors: Hückel Walter , Fechtig Ottraud
Published: May 2007

Die UV‐Absorption der Jodkomplexe von Cycloolefinen wird gemessen und nach der von LONG und NEUZIL für Olefine entwickelten Methode zur Analyse von Δ1.9‐ und Δ9.10‐Octalingemischen verwendet.
Darstellung sekundärer aliphatischer Phosphine
Authors: Issleib Kurt , Tzschach Alfred
Published: May 2007

Alkylmagnesiumhalogenide reagieren unter geeigneten Bedingungen mit Phosphorthiochlorid vorzugsweise unter Bildung von Tetraalkyldiphosphindisulfiden, [R2PS]2, deren Reduktion mittels LiAlH4 in Äther eine einfache, rasche Darstellung sekundärer aliphatischer Phosphine ermöglicht. Außerdem wird ein Darstellungsverfahren für Dicyclohexylphosphin beschrieben.
SNcA‐Reaktionen an der Sulfonylgruppe von Arylsulfonsäureverbindungen, IV. Der Mechanismus der Sulfonamid‐Umamidierung und ‐Entalkylierung durch Aminsalze
Authors: Klamann Dieter , Fabienke Eberhard
Published: May 2007

Die Umamidierung von Sulfonamiden durch Aminsalze ist eine SNcA‐Reaktion an der Sulfonylgruppe, die neben der Beeinflussung durch sterische Effekte besonders von der relativen Elektronendichte am Sulfonamid‐Stickstoff abhängig ist. Elektronenanziehende Gruppen am Stickstoff oder an der SO2‐Gruppe benachteiligen die Umamidierungsreaktion, erleichtern dagegen die Alkylabspaltung. Elektronendonatoren begünstigen die SNcA‐Umamidierung infolge relativer Negativierung des Sulfonamid‐Stickstoffs. Eine Unterscheidung zwischen Entalkylierung und Umamidierung gelang eindeutig mit Hilfe radioaktiv markierten N‐Äthyl‐p‐toluolsulfonsäure‐[anilids‐[1‐14C]].—Vergleiche mit SN‐Reaktionen an der Sulfonylgruppe von Arylsulfonamiden zeigen, daß bei einer relativen Negativierung des Stickstoffatoms die SNcA‐Reaktionen, bei einer verstärkten Positivierung dagegen die SN‐Reaktionen begünstigt sind. Analog bedingt der Elektronegativitätsunterschied zwischen dem Sauerstoff und dem Stickstoff, daß Sulfonsäure‐phenolester den reinen SN‐Reaktionen wesentlich leichter unterliegen als den SNcA‐Umsetzungen, während die Amide bei den letzteren Reaktionen die größere Reaktivität zeigen.
Über Verbindungen mit Urotropin‐Struktur, XI. Zur Kenntnis der Bildung des 2.4.9‐Trioxa‐adamantan‐Ringsystems aus Triketonen
Authors: Stetter Hermann , Stark Herbert
Published: May 2007

Ausgehend von Methantriessigsäure wurde ein Tris diazoketon hergestellt. Die hieraus mit Halogenwasserstoffsäuren primär gebildeten Halogenketone erleiden eine „intramolekulare Trimerisierung”︁ der Carbonylgruppen unter Bildung von 1.3.5‐Tris‐chlormethyl‐ und 1.3.5‐Tris‐brommethyl‐2.4.9‐trioxa‐adamantan. Dagegen zeigt das durch Friedel‐Crafts‐Acylierung des Säurechlorides der Methantriessigsäure mit Benzol erhaltene Triketon der gleichen Struktur keine Tendenz zur Bildung des 2.4.9‐Trioxa‐adamantan‐Ringsystems. Die Trimerisierung der Carbonylgruppen unterbleibt hier wegen der Mesomeriebeteiligung der Carbonylgruppen am aromatischen System.
Konstitution von Reticulin, einem neuen Alkaloid aus Anona reticulata Linn.
Authors: Gopinath K. W. , Govindachari T. R. , Pai B. R. , Viswanathan N.
Published: May 2007

Aus Anona reticulata Linn. wurde ein neues Alkaloid, Reticulin, isoliert. Reticulin ist ein 2‐Methyl‐7‐hydroxy‐6‐methoxy‐1‐[3‐hydroxy‐4‐methoxy‐benzyl]‐1.2.3.4‐tetrahydro‐isochinolin, wie durch oxydativen Abbau gezeigt werden konnte.
Über in 2‐Stellung äthinylsubstituierte N‐Heterocyclen. 2‐Äthinyl‐benzoxazol
Authors: Neunhoeffer Otto , Georgi Volkmar
Published: May 2007

α.β‐Dibrom‐β‐[benzthiazolyl‐(2)]‐propionsäure spaltet unter der Einwirkung von Alkalien keinen Bromwasserstoff, sondern Brom ab. N‐Methyl‐chinolon, N‐Methyl‐chinoliniumjodid und N.N′‐Dimethyl‐benzimidazolon reagieren mit den Monometallverbindungen des Acetylens nicht. Dagegen gelang die Umsetzung von 2‐Chlor‐benzoxazol mit Acetylen‐natrium zum 2‐Äthinylbenzoxazol.
Synthese des Daidzins und des Ononins
Authors: Farkas Loránd , Várady József
Published: May 2007

Durch Umsetzung des 7.4′‐Dihydroxy‐isoflavons mit Acetobromglucose wurde Daidzin (7.4′‐dihydroxy‐isoflavon‐glucosid‐(7)) erhalten, welches mit dem von E. Walz beschriebenen Naturprodukt aus Soja hispida identisch ist. Die Methylierung ergab Ononin, ein Glucosid aus Ononis spinosa L., welches von einem der Autoren schon früher auf einem anderen Wege dargestellt worden war.
Über die Alkoholyse des Dichlorphosphorsäure‐anhydrids
Authors: Grunze Herbert
Published: May 2007

Bei der Reaktion von Alkoholen mit Dichlorphosphorsäure‐anhydrid entstehen äquimolekulare Mengen von Dichlorphosphorsäureestern und Dichlorphosphorsäure. Die gebildeten Ester lassen sich durch Destillation unter vermindertem Druck von der Dichlorphosphorsäure abtrennen. Auf diesem Wege wurden die Dichlorphosphorsäureester des Methanols, Äthanols, Propanols‐(1), Propanols‐(2) und Butanols‐(1) dargestellt.
Über die Schwefelnitride S15N2 und S16N2
Authors: Becke‐Goehring Margot , Jenne Helmut , Rekalić Vladimir
Published: May 2007

Durch Umsetzung von SCl2 bzw. S2Cl2 mit S7NH konnten die Schwefelnitride S15N2 und S16N2 als kristallisierte Substanzen gewonnen werden. Von diesen ist besonders S15N2 resonanzstabilisiert.
Trimethoxyphenylverbindungen, II. ω‐Dialkylamino‐fettsäure‐[3.4.5‐trimethoxy‐anilide]
Authors: Schiemenz Günter Paulus , Engelhard Hermann
Published: May 2007

ω‐Dialkylamino‐fettsäure‐[3.4.5‐trimethoxy‐anilide] und ‐[2‐brom‐3.4.5‐trimethoxy‐anilide] (IV) wurden durch Acylierung der aromatischen Amine mit Chloracetyl‐ und β‐Chlor‐propionylchlorid und Behandlung der Acylverbindungen mit sekundären Aminen dargestellt. An einem Beispiel wurde die Reduktion des Anilids mit LiAlH4 zu dem entsprechenden N‐[ω‐Dialkylamino‐alkyl]‐trimethoxy‐anilin (V) durchgeführt.