bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of welfare of suckling lambs following intradermal injection of cetrimide as a non‐surgical alternative to conventional mulesing
Authors: Colditz IG , Lloyd JB , Paull DR , Lee C , Giraudo A , Pizzato C , Fisher AD
Published: January 2009

Objective  To assess in suckling lambs the impact of intradermal injection of cetrimide, a quaternary ammonium compound formulated to induce non‐surgical mulesing, on some physiological and behavioural indicators of welfare.

Procedures  We allocated 32 suckling lambs (9–11 weeks old) to three groups: (1) control (n = 10), (2) conventional surgical mules (n = 11) and (3) non‐surgical mules (n = 11). Non‐surgical mulesing was induced by intradermal injection of 4% (w/w) cetrimide + 3% (w/w) polyvinylpyrrolidone in water. Lambs were run in pens of four together with their dams. Haematology, cortisol, beta‐endorphin and haptoglobin levels, and rectal temperature were monitored at least daily for the first 7 days after treatment, then weekly until day 28. Body weight was measured weekly and behaviour was measured every 15 min for 12 h on the day of treatment, then on days 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 21 and 28 following treatment.

Results  The intradermal treatment induced local tissue swelling, systemic signs of severe inflammation, including high fever (> 41.0°C) and elevated blood cortisol levels, by 12 h. Rectal temperatures were significantly elevated until 6 days after treatment, cortisol levels were elevated until 4 days after treatment, haptoglobin levels for at least 7 days after treatment and the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio until 5 days after treatment. Peak cortisol values were comparable in mulesed lambs and lambs receiving the intradermal treatment, whereas the areas under the curves for cortisol and temperature were greater in lambs receiving the intradermal treatment than in mulesed lambs. Beta‐endorphin levels were significantly elevated in mulesed sheep at 12 h. There was no effect of intradermal treatment on average daily gain, fibre diameter or beta‐endorphin concentration. Mulesed lambs spent 44% of the time in abnormal behaviours (hunched standing, stiff walking, pawing, lateral lying and lying intention) on the day of treatment. On the day after treatment, lambs receiving the intradermal treatment spent 11% of the time (comparable to mulesed lambs) in abnormal behaviours. In comparison, control lambs spent 0.4% of their time in abnormal behaviours on the same day.

Conclusions  The welfare of suckling lambs that were non‐surgically mulesed by intradermal injection of cetrimide was measurably poorer than control lambs.
Equine amnionitis and fetal loss: The case definition for an unrecognised cause of abortion in mares
Authors: Todhunter KH , Perkins NR , Wylie RM , Chicken C , Blishen AJ , Racklyeft DJ , Muscatello G , Wilson MC , Adams PL , Gilkerson JR , Bryden WL , Begg AP
Published: January 2009

A series of abortions occurred in mares in New South Wales during 2004 that involved similar and unusual findings on post mortem examination of aborted fetuses and fetal membranes. The term Equine Amnionitis and Fetal Loss (EAFL) was developed to describe the condition. This form of abortion had not been previously recognised in Australia. The pathology alone is not specific for EAFL and diagnosis requires demonstration of a combination of certain pathological and bacteriological features. The purpose of this paper is to describe patterns considered consistent with EAFL cases as a working case definition for use by veterinarians and veterinary pathologists in identifying future cases of EAFL. More detailed papers are in preparation to fully describe the epidemiological, histopathological, and microbiological aspects of EAFL.
Family Characteristics and Traumatic Consequences Associated with the Duration and Frequency of Sexual Assault
Authors: Fahrudin Adi , Edward Durin
Published: January 2009

The objective of this study was to analyse the relationship between family characteristics and the trauma associated with the duration and frequency of sexual assault on child survivors in the state of Sabah, Malaysia. Eighty children who reported sexual assault through a one stop crisis centre in an urban hospital were studied. The main research instrument used was adapted from the trauma symptoms checklist for children. The results of the study show that there are significant differences between the symptoms of trauma of victims according to the frequency of sexual assault, but not according to its duration. Social workers need both to understand and to take note of the relationship of the variables of family characteristics, frequency of sexual assault and trauma effects on the victims in their intervention work with child sexual assault survivors who report having been abused. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of providing crisis intervention by social workers in Malaysia for child victims of sexual assault.
The novel primers for sex identification in the brown eared‐pheasant and their application to other species
Authors: WANG N. , ZHANG Z‐W.
Published: January 2009

We designed a pair of primers for sex identification in the brown eared‐pheasant (Crossoptilon mantchuricum) based on the mechanism of PCR amplification of CHD fragments, and identified the number of products. The new primers were considered to have more sensitivity than P2/P8, and cross‐species application indicated that they can also be used for sex identification in other species of Phasianidae and Passeriformes.
Characterization of microsatellite loci in the European pond turtle Emys orbicularis
Authors: CIOFI CLAUDIO , TZIKA ATHANASIA C. , NATALI CHIARA , CHELAZZI GUIDO , NAZIRIDIS THEODORUS , MILINKOVITCH MICHEL C.
Published: January 2009

A set of eight highly polymorphic microsatellite markers was isolated and characterized from a genomic library enriched for dinucleotide repeats in the European pond turtle, Emys orbicularis. The markers were tested for polymorphism in a total of 33 turtles sampled in two natural ponds in the nature reserve of Kerkini, northern Greece. Number of alleles varied from 10 to 18, and expected heterozygosity ranged between 0.738 and 0.921. This novel set of loci will be particularly useful to assess fine‐scale population structure and for parentage analysis in E. orbicularis.
A nondestructive method for obtaining maternal DNA from avian eggshells and its application to embryonic viability determination in herring gulls (Larus argentatus)
Authors: EGLOFF C. , LABROSSE A. , HEBERT C. , CRUMP D.
Published: January 2009

Many avian studies, aimed at collecting samples for genetic analysis, rely upon invasive procedures involving the capture and handling of parents and their offspring. Our goal was to develop a nondestructive method for sampling maternal DNA that would not require blood collection from the mother. Herein, we describe a method for isolating genomic DNA from eggshell powder, obtained by filing the outer shell of an avian egg. Comparison of microsatellite profiles, obtained from genomic DNA found within eggshell matrices and their corresponding parents, verified the presence of maternal DNA in the eggshell matrix in 100% of the herring gull nests assessed (n= 11). In addition, the microsatellite profiles of eggshell DNA were identical among eggs from the same clutch. The ability to rapidly obtain a DNA sample from an avian eggshell in a noninvasive manner could aid in a wide range of genetic sampling studies, and in this study, we provide one potential application of this finding: assessing the fertilization status of nonviable herring gull (Larus argentatus) eggs from the Laurentian Great Lakes. Detection of fertilization was successful as the microsatellite profiles of eggshell powder (maternal only) and the fertilized embryonic contents of those eggs did not match. Ideally, the application of such an approach will help to discriminate unfertilized eggs from embryos aborted early in development and provide insights into avian reproductive health.
Cross‐species characterisation of polymorphic microsatellite loci in the giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis)
Authors: PICKLES ROBERT S. A. , GROOMBRIDGE JAMES J. , ROJAS VERONICA D. ZAMBRANA , JORDAN WILLIAM C.
Published: January 2009

Nineteen microsatellite loci developed for the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) and 15 loci developed for the North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) were tested for ease of amplification and degree of polymorphism on a set of 20 giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) faecal samples from the Bolivian Amazon basin. Nineteen loci amplified consistently well, with polymorphisms ranging from two to nine alleles and observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.15 to 0.85.
Expressed sequence tag–simple sequence repeats isolated from Shorea leprosula and their transferability to 36 species within the Dipterocarpaceae
Authors: NG KEVIN KIT SIONG , LEE SOON LEONG , TSUMURA YOSHIHIKO , UENO SANEYOSHI , NG CHIN HONG , LEE CHAI TING
Published: January 2009

Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) derived from expressed sequence tags (ESTs) are valuable markers because they represent transcribed regions and often transferable to related taxa. Here, we report the development and characterization of EST–SSRs from Shorea leprosula. Fifty‐four sequences containing SSRs were identified in 2003 unigenes assembled from 3159 ESTs. Twenty‐four EST–SSRs were developed, of which four gave multiple amplifications, five were found to be monomorphic and 15 showed polymorphism, with allele numbers ranging from two to 17 in a single Pasoh Forest Reserve population of 24 individuals. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.05 to 0.91 and from 0.16 to 0.93, respectively. Cross‐species transferability of the 15 loci to 36 species within Dipterocarpaceae revealed between four and 14 loci that gave positive amplification and 10 loci were found to be transferable to more than 15 species.
Development and characterization of polymorphic markers for the sap‐stain fungus Ophiostoma quercus
Authors: GROBBELAAR J. W. , BARNES I. , CORTINAS M‐N. , BLOOMER P. , WINGFIELD M. J. , WINGFIELD B. D.
Published: January 2009

Eight polymorphic markers were developed from South African isolates of Ophiostoma quercus. The genome was screened for repeat regions using the fast isolation by amplified fragment length polymorphism of sequences containing repeats protocol and 20 de novo primer pairs flanking putative microsatellite regions were designed. Eight loci were optimized and their polymorphisms evaluated by sequencing. The repeat and flanking regions were highly polymorphic containing both indels and base‐pair substitutions revealing a total of 46 alleles in 14 isolates and an average heterozygosity of 0.68. Substantial sequence variability makes these markers useful for genotyping populations in order to calculate diversity and monitor global movement of O. quercus.
Characterization of 24 microsatellite loci in delta smelt, Hypomesus transpacificus, and their cross‐species amplification in two other smelt species of the Osmeridae family
Authors: FISCH KATHLEEN M. , PETERSEN JESSICA L. , BAERWALD MELINDA R. , PEDROIA JOHN K. , MAY BERNIE
Published: January 2009

We characterized 24 polymorphic tetranucleotide microsatellite loci for delta smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus) endemic to the San Francisco Bay Estuary, CA, USA. Screening of samples (n = 30) yielded two to 26 alleles per locus with observed levels of heterozygosity ranging from 0.17 to 1.0. Only one locus deviated from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, suggesting these individuals originate from a single panmictic population. Linkage disequilibrium was found in two pairs of loci after excluding the locus out of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Twenty‐two primer pairs cross‐amplified in wakasagi smelt (Hypomesus nipponensis), and 15 primer pairs cross‐amplified in longfin smelt (Spirinchus thaleichthys).
Development of tetranucleotide microsatellite markers for the cushion star, Asterina gibbosa, and cross‐species amplification
Authors: ACEVEDO I. , BLOOR P. , CABEZAS P. , TOLEDO C. , CALVO M. , MACHORDOM A.
Published: January 2009

We describe nine polymorphic tetranucleotide microsatellite loci from the starfish, Asterina gibbosa. Loci were isolated from a partial genomic library that had been enriched for AAAC repeat sequences. Number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 14 in a sample of 85 individuals from three populations (two from Spain and one from the UK). Observed and expected heterozygosities per population ranged from 0.000 to 0.400 and from 0.040 to 0.784, respectively. All loci presented significant heterozygote deficits in one or more populations. Eight of these loci were amplified and variable in A. pancerii and A. phylactica. These loci will be used to study population structure in A. gibbosa.
Eight polymorphic microsatellite markers in the Andalusian belladonna (Atropa baetica, Solanaceae)
Authors: SUÁREZ‐SANTIAGO VÍCTOR N. , LÓPEZ‐FLORES INMACULADA , ROMERO‐GARCÍA ANA T. , DE LA HERRÁN ROBERTO , BLANCA GABRIEL
Published: January 2009

We report on the isolation and characterization of eight microsatellite markers from enriched libraries for the critically endangered Atropa baetica. These are the first microsatellite loci reported for Atropa species. The total number of alleles found was 18, the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.198 to 0.505. These markers will be useful to establish the real census of individuals and the genetic diversity both within and among the different populations of A. baetica.
Isolation and characterization of 16 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the endemic Hawaiian damselfly Megalagrion xanthomelas (Odonata: Coenagrionidae)
Authors: JONES BRANDON R. , BOGDANOWICZ STEVEN M. , JORDAN STEVE
Published: January 2009

Microsatellite loci have been isolated from two species of endemic Hawaiian damselflies, Megalagrion xanthomelas and M. eudytum, that are of conservation concern. Sixteen polymorphic loci were characterized in 32 M. xanthomelas from one population on Molokai and one on Hawaii Island. The total number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 16 and observed population heterozygosity ranged from 0.0 to 0.963. Eleven of these loci amplified successfully in M. eudytum as well. These loci will be used to further conservation efforts and infer genetic consequences of Pleistocene glaciations.
Characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci in Yucca filamentosa
Authors: SKLANEY MARY R. , ALTHOFF DAVID M. , SEGRAVES KARI A.
Published: January 2009

Yuccas and their pollinator moths are a textbook example of mutualism, yet we lack sufficiently variable markers to properly study the population genetics of the plants. We characterized 13 polymorphic microsatellite loci for Yucca filamentosa by screening primers derived from an expressed sequence tag database. We found four to 13 alleles per locus and the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.31 to 1. These markers will be useful in future ecological studies of Y. filamentosa.
Characterization of 15 tetranucleotide microsatellite markers in the ringtail (Bassariscus astutus)
Authors: SCHWEIZER RENA M. , ROEMER GARY W. , POLLINGER JOHN P. , WAYNE ROBERT K.
Published: January 2009

We characterized 15 polymorphic tetranucleotide microsatellite markers for the ringtail, Bassariscus astutus. We tested these loci in 21 individuals captured in Arizona and Texas and found six to 19 alleles per locus. Observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.381 to 1.000 and from 0.381 to 0.941, respectively. All loci were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, and none were in linkage disequilibrium. These markers may be used to investigate population genetics and mating patterns in this species.
Development and characterization of eight polymorphic microsatellite markers for Daphnia atkinsoni (Crustacea: Ctenodaphnia)
Authors: ORTELLS R. , VAN HOUDT J. K. J. , GELDOF S. , DE MEESTER L. , MERGEAY J.
Published: January 2009

A microsatellite‐enriched genomic library was developed for the water flea Daphnia atkinsoni Baird, 1859, a dominant species of intermittent wetlands in Europe. Eight polymorphic microsatellite markers were successfully optimized. Characterization of 77 individuals from Belgium and Spain showed moderate (in the former) to high (in the latter) levels of polymorphism with two to 11 alleles per locus and an observed heterozygosity ranging from 0 to 0.87. Some of these microsatellite markers were successfully amplified in three other Daphnia species (D. magna n = 4, D. similis n = 6; D. obtusa n = 6).
Twenty‐four microsatellite markers for the aflatoxin‐producing fungus Aspergillus flavus
Authors: GRUBISHA L. C. , COTTY P. J.
Published: January 2009

Aspergillus flavus infects both plants and humans and contaminates diverse agricultural crops with aflatoxins, highly carcinogenic fungal metabolites. We describe 24 microsatellite markers developed to assess genetic diversity and recombination within and between three vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) of Aspergillus flavus. These loci are polymorphic within at least one VCG or between VCGs. For loci polymorphic across all three VCGs, the number of alleles ranged from two to 19. These markers will be useful for genetic studies of this economically important pathogen.
Development of 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci isolated from the mountain beaver, Aplodontia rufa rufa (Rafinesque)
Authors: PIAGGIO ANTOINETTE J. , NEUBAUM MELISSA A. , YUEH HESTHER , RITLAND CAROL E. , JOHNSTON JOHN J. , PERKINS SUSAN L.
Published: January 2009

We developed 10 microsatellite markers for the mountain beaver, Aplodontia rufa rufa. In three populations of A. r. rufa, the number of alleles for these loci ranged from monomorphic to nine. Average observed heterozygosities in these populations ranged from 0.29 to 0.60. We also tested previously published markers from the endangered subspecies A. r. nigra in A. r. rufa populations.
GeneticStudio: a suite of programs for spatial analysis of genetic‐marker data
Authors: DYER RODNEY J.
Published: January 2009

The analysis of genetic marker data is increasingly being conducted in the context of the spatial arrangement of strata (e.g. populations) necessitating a more flexible set of analysis tools. GeneticStudio consists of four interacting programs: (i) Geno a spreadsheet‐like interface for the analysis of spatially explicit marker‐based genetic variation; (ii) Graph software for the analysis of Population Graph and network topologies, (iii) Manteller, a general purpose for matrix analysis program; and (iv) SNPFinder, a program for identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms. The GeneticStudio suite is available as source code as well as binaries for OSX and Windows and is distributed under the GNU General Public License.
Isolation and characterization of 10 MHC Class I‐associated microsatellite loci in tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii)
Authors: CHENG YUANYUAN , WAKEFIELD MATTHEW , SIDDLE HANNAH V. , COGGILL PENNY C. , HERBERT CATHY A. , BECK STEPHAN , BELOV KATHERINE , ELDRIDGE MARK D. B.
Published: January 2009

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) contain genes which play a key role in immune response and mate choice, and are therefore of functional importance to molecular ecologists. Here we describe the design of 10 MHC Class I‐associated microsatellite loci from the tammar wallaby. All 10 loci are highly polymorphic, with the expected heterozygosity ranging from 0.547 to 0.919. Six loci successfully cross‐amplify in other macropodid species. These microsatellites will serve as useful tools for studying the level of MHC diversity, the impact of selection on genetic variation and the unique structure of the tammar wallaby MHC.
Polymorphic microsatellite markers in Euryale ferox Salisb. (Nymphaeaceae)
Authors: QUAN ZHIWU , PAN LEI , KE WEIDONG , DING YI
Published: January 2009

Eleven polymorphic microsatellite markers were isolated and identified in the aquatic plant Euryale ferox Salisb. (Nymphaeaceae). This species, which belongs to basal Magnoliophyta, reproduces sexually. All of these 11 microsatellite markers yielded 25 alleles in a survey of a wild population of 34 individuals. Two or three alleles per locus were detected, with expected heterozygosity ranging from 0.056 to 0.634 and observed heterozygosity from 0.000 to 0.088. These simple sequence repeat markers will be useful for evaluating the genetic structure of the E. ferox population in the future.
Characterization of 12 polymorphic microsatellite markers for Georgia false indigo (Amorpha georgiana Wilbur var. georgiana), an endangered species, and their utility in other dwarf Amorpha L. species
Authors: STRAUB SHANNON C. K. , BOGDANOWICZ STEVEN M. , DOYLE JEFF J.
Published: January 2009

In order to facilitate the addition of a genetic component to conservation management plans for Georgia false indigo (Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana), a rare legume of the southeastern USA, 12 polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed. No gametic disequilibrium was detected among locus pairs, but observations for five of the loci significantly deviated from expected Hardy–Weinberg proportions. Cross‐species testing was successful and demonstrated the utility of the majority of the markers in congeners Amorpha georgiana var. confusa and Amorpha herbacea. The results also suggested that A. georgiana var. confusa is tetraploid rather than diploid.
Eight polymorphic microsatellite loci markers for the barnacle Balanus amphitrite (syn. Amphibalanus amphitrite) Darwin 1854
Authors: ROBSON M. A. , THOMASON J. C. , WOLFF K.
Published: January 2009

Balanus amphitrite is a widespread species of barnacle. It is frequently studied, and of great importance to the marine coatings industry due to its significant abundance as a fouling organism on commercial shipping. We isolated and characterized eight highly polymorphic microsatellite loci, to aid in the determination of population genetic structure within this species. All loci showed considerable genetic variation with the number of alleles ranging from two to 14. Expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.74 to 0.98.
Eight polymorphic microsatellite markers for Rhinanthus minor
Authors: HOUSTON KELLY , WOLFF KIRSTEN
Published: January 2009

Little research has been carried out on the genetics of Rhinanthus minor to date. To enable study of this species, eight polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed, using a genomic library enriched for microsatellites. All loci are polymorphic in the two UK populations tested, Bardister and Oxwich Bay. These microsatellite markers will be useful for studying genetic structure and subspecies differences of R. minor.
Isolation of polymorphic microsatellite markers in the tree sparrow (Passer montanus)
Authors: IZUMI H. , HASEGAWA O. , HIGASHI S.
Published: January 2009

To enable the study of the population genetics of the tree sparrow (Passer montanus), which is distributed in many islands of Japan, nine polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated from 32 individuals. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 17, and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.1250 to 0.9375. In eight of the nine loci, the heterozygosities were not significantly different from those expected from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Cross‐species amplification in the russet sparrow (P. rutilans) was successful with all primer sets, which were highly polymorphic, suggesting these markers are useful for the population genetics of genus Passer.
Isolation and characterization of nine microsatellite loci for the tropical understory tree Miconia affinis Wurdack (Melastomataceae)
Authors: JHA SHALENE , DICK CHRISTOPHER W.
Published: January 2009

We isolated nine microsatellite loci from the Neotropical understorey tree Miconia affinis (Melastomataceae) and optimized them for research on gene flow and genetic structure. Loci screened in 43 individuals from a 2.26‐km2 region were shown to be unlinked and polymorphic, with 5 to 14 alleles per locus and observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.394 to 0.810.
Novel primers for the amplification of nuclear DNA introns in the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and their cross‐amplification in seven other Heterorhabditis species
Authors: REGEAI S. O. , DOLAN K. M. , FITZPATRICK D. A. , BROWNE J. A. , JONES J. T. , BURNELL A. M.
Published: January 2009

We describe 24 novel primers that amplify intron regions in housekeeping and structural genes of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. The cross‐amplification potential of these primers in seven other Heterorhabditis species was determined. The results obtained showed interspecific nucleotide, length and splice site variability in the sequenced introns and for one gene, an intron gain was observed. These primers will be useful tools for studying population genetics, genetic diversity and intron DNA evolution within the genus Heterorhabditis and other genera of rhabditid nematodes.
Development and characterization of novel microsatellite markers from the Chinese rufous horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus sinicus) with cross‐species amplification in closely related taxa
Authors: LIU WENCHAO , ZHANG JINSHUO , HUA PANYU , ZHANG SHUYI , ROSSITER STEPHEN J.
Published: January 2009

We isolated nine polymorphic microsatellite markers from the Chinese rufous horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus sinicus) using an enriched library method. We assessed genetic polymorphism at these loci in 42 individuals from a single population. We recorded high genetic diversity with four to 17 alleles per locus, and estimated expected and observed heterozygosity values ranging from 0.492 to 0.910 and from 0.462 to 0.881, respectively. No locus departed from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium following Bonferroni correction, and no linkage disequilibrium was detected. Most loci successfully cross‐amplified congeneric species. These loci will be used to characterize phylogeographical history of Rhinolophus sinicus in China.
Twenty‐three new microsatellite loci in the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: ASCUNCE MARINA S. , (SCOTTY) YANG C. C. , GEDEN CHRIS , SHOEMAKER DEWAYNE
Published: January 2009

The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), is a significant pest of cattle. Twenty‐three microsatellite markers were isolated from a repeat‐enriched genomic library of S. calcitrans. We characterized variation at these markers and found that 17 loci were polymorphic in two fly populations from Florida. Two to nine alleles were observed among the variable microsatellite loci and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.03704 to 0.85115. These markers will be useful for characterizing population genetic differentiation and for tracking the migration patterns of stable flies in the USA and worldwide.
Development of polymorphic microsatellite markers for the human botfly,Dermatobia hominis(Diptera: Oestridae)
Authors: BITARELLO BÁRBARA DOMINGUES , TORRES TATIANA TEIXEIRA , LYRA MARIANA LÚCIO , DE AZEREDO‐ESPIN ANA MARIA LIMA
Published: January 2009

In this report, we describe the development of 17 polymorphic microsatellite markers for the human botfly,Dermatobia hominis, an obligatory parasite of mammals of great veterinary importance in Latin America. The number of alleles ranged from 5 to 21 per locus, with a mean of 12.2 alleles per locus. The expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.2571 to 0.9206 and from 0.2984 to 0.9291 in two populations from Brazil. These markers should provide a high resolution tool for assessment of the fine‐scale genetic structure of natural populations of the human botfly.
Development of microsatellite markers inDendrobium fimbriatumHook, an endangered Chinese endemic herb
Authors: FAN W. J. , LUO Y. M. , LI X. X. , GU S. , XIE M. L. , HE J. , CAI W. T. , DING X. Y.
Published: January 2009

As an endangered endemic herb,Dendrobium fimbriatum, is under threat from numerous impacts. In order to analyse the genetic diversity and structure of this endangered species, we provide details of 10 microsatellite loci (out of 15 primer pairs designed) which showed polymorphic forD. fimbriatum. These loci were used to screen 25 individuals from across the species’ geographical range. Ten loci were polymorphic with 2 to 19 alleles; three loci were monomorphic, while the rest produced no amplification fragments. These loci will be used to investigate population genetic structure, genetic diversity, conservation, and individual authentication in the endangeredD. fimbriatum.
Isolation of novel microsatellites from Jatropha curcas L. and their cross‐species amplification
Authors: PAMIDIMARRI D. V. N. SUDHEER , SINHA RAMINI , KOTHARI PRAGYA , REDDY MUPPALA P.
Published: January 2009

Jatropha curcas L., a member of the Euphorbiaceae, is widely distributed in different parts of the globe. In the present study, 12 microsatellites were isolated from J. curcas and their cross‐species amplification was checked in six species of genus Jatropha. Within J. curcas, observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.94 to 0.54 and from 0.95 to 0.56, respectively. Of the 12 loci, five showed significant deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. There was no significant linkage disequilibrium detected between any of the loci. The markers isolated in the present investigation will be useful for assessing the population diversity and genetic structure of J. curcas and also in other species of Jatropha.
Transferability and characterization of nine microsatellite markers for the tropical tree species Tabebuia roseo‐alba
Authors: FERES JULIANA MASSIMINO , MARTINEZ MARCELO L. L. , MARTINEZ CARLOS A. , MESTRINER MOACYR A. , ALZATE‐MARIN ANA LILIA
Published: January 2009

Microsatellite loci that were previously developed in the tropical tree Tabebuia aurea were used for the genetic analysis of Tabebuia roseo‐alba populations. Nine of 10 simple sequence repeat markers were amplified, and the polymorphism was assessed in 58 individuals sampled from two stands in southeastern Brazil. All loci were polymorphic with Mendelian inheritance. The allele numbers were high, ranging from 5 to 13 in population I and 3 to 7 in population II, with means of 8.9 and 5.5, respectively. We conclude that these markers can be efficiently used for parentage and gene‐flow studies.
A program to test linkage disequilibrium between loci in autotetraploid species
Authors: JULIER BERNADETTE
Published: January 2009

No software currently implements a test of linkage disequilibrium in autotetraploid species. We propose a program, LD4X that performs a Fisher's exact test between pairs of alleles at two loci. All combinations of alleles from two loci are treated in turn. If two alleles of a pair of loci have a nonrandom distribution, the markers are considered as linked. The program was tested on a set of microsatellite markers in synthetic alfalfa populations.
Social Class Segregation within Ethnic Groups in Toronto*
Authors: Marston Wilfred G.
Published: January 2009

La structure de classe a l'interieur des groupes ethniques n'a pas fait l'objet d'etudes particulieres dans les recherches ecologiques. Etant donne que pour les donnees du Recensement de 1961, nous disposons de renseignements speciaux, il nous a ete possible d'etudier les modeles de meme que les niveaux de la segregation residentielle en se basant sur les differences dans l'occupation et le revenu de groupes de Toronto choisis en fonction de leur langue maternelle et de leur milieu de naissance. On a decouvert que la segregation de classe chez les groupes ethniques est aussi prononcee qu'elle Test dans les communautes de noirs des villes americaines. Le niveau du revenu a tendance a separer les residents d'une maniere plus determinante encore que le niveau professionnel. Les patrons de segregation, a l'interieur de chacune des communautes, s'inserent d'une maniere coherente dans un modele concentrique (pour evaluer la distance du centre de la ville).

Social class segregation within ethnic groups has been neglected in ecological research. With the availability of 1961 special‐run census data, it was possible to analyse the extent and pattern of residential segregation based on occupation and income differences for selected mother‐tongue and birthplace groups in Toronto. It was found that social class segregation within ethnic groups is as high as that found within Negro communities of American cities. Income tends to sort out residents to a greater degree than does occupation and the pattern of segregation within each community is consistent with the distance (concentric) model.
Bilingualism And The Myths Of Culture
Authors: Porter John
Published: January 2009

Les propositions pour un bilinguisme planifie et les politiques mises de 1'avant pour le realiser sont audacieuses dans leur conception. A travers la structure linguistique, on vise a realiser une veritable revolution sociale.

On retrouve dans les deux rapports de la Commission deux themes fonda‐mentaux: (1) le Canada est constitue de deux cultures et societes distinctes, Tune francaise et l'autre anglaise, et (2) puisque la societe et la culture francaises sont menacees dans leur existence, elles doivent etre protegees. Toutefois, on ne considere pas comme un probleme serieux l'americanisation de la culture et de la societe canadiennes anglaises.

La Commission d'enquete a rendu un fier service en rejetant l'idee que le dualisme canadien etait compose d'une alliance unique de la societe francaise et anglaise. En detruisant ce mythe, elle a suscite un separatisme intellectuel et social qui remet en question 1'unite canadienne.

La validite et 1'utilite des propositions de la Commission sont liees a la possibilite de trouver des definitions unanimes des concepts de culture et de societe. Cependant, les commissaires ne reussissent ni a donner une definition claire de la notion de culture ni a presenter le Canada comme societe globale qui aurait une structure et une coherence propres.
The Impact of Community Prestige upon Personal Appraisals of Life Conditions: A Comparative Analysis*
Authors: Smucker Joseph
Published: January 2009

On a recolte des donnees sur une ville manufacturiere de Costa Rica, une communaute paysanne du Guatemala et un village rural de l'Etat du Michigan, dans le but d'examiner les relations qui existent entre les systemes de prestige de la communaute et revolution personnelle des habitants de leur situation dans la vie. La liaison entre ces deux variables est faible dans ces trois unites sociales. Cependant, les criteres utilises dans chaque communaute pour refleter les deux systemes devaluation comportent des differences importantes. S'ap‐puyant sur ces resultats, l'auteur suggere que le prestige communautaire et 1'evaluation personnelle de sa situation dans la vie subissent independamment l'influence de quatre attributs structurels majeurs. C'est en tenant compte de la configuration de ces attributs structurels que Ton en vient a saisir la nature des liens qui existent entre ces deux systemes dévaluation.

Data from a Costa Rican factory town, a Guatemalan peasant community and a Michigan rural community are utilized to inquire into the relationship between community prestige systems and individuals' private appraisals of their conditions in life. In each community, little relationship exists between these two variables. However, there are important variations among the communities in the criteria involved in both systems of evaluation. On the basis of these findings it is suggested that community prestige and personal appraisals of life conditions are independently influenced by four key structural attributes. The relationship between the two evaluative systems is dependent upon the configuration of the structural attributes.
The New Theology and the Sociology of Religion*
Authors: Hiller Harry H.
Published: January 2009

La nouvelle theologie represente une forme contemporaine d'expression religieuse qui est d'un interet tout particulier pour la sociologie des religions. Non seulement pouvons‐nous decouvrir quelques‐uns des facteurs sociaux qui ont suscité ces changements dans la theologie, mais aussi certaines des consequences sociologiques de la nouvelle theologie suggerent une revision theorique de la perspective traditionnelle (centree sur l'Eglise) de la sociologie des religions. Nous pretendons que cette nouvelle theologie peut fournir des donnees objectives dans noire recherche d'une comprehension sociologique plus exhaustive et universelle de la religion.

The New Theology represents a contemporary form of religious expression that is of specific interest to the sociology of religion. Not only can we uncover some of the social sources of this change in theology, but there are also sociological implications of the new theology that encourage a theoretical review of the previously restricted church‐oriented perspective of the sociology of religion. It is our contention that the new theology can provide objective data in the quest for a more comprehensive and universal sociological understanding of religion.
Canine Intraspinal Meningiomas: Imaging Features, Histopathologic Classification, and Long‐Term Outcome in 34 Dogs
Authors: Petersen S.A. , Sturges B.K. , Dickinson P.J. , Pollard R.E. , Kass P.H. , Kent M. , Vernau K.M. , LeCouteur R.A. , Higgins R.J.
Published: January 2009

Background:Meningioma is the most common primary intraspinal nervous system tumor in dogs. Clinical findings, clinicopathologic data, and treatment of these tumors have been reported sporadically, but little information is available regarding cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, histologic tumor grade, or efficacy of radiation therapy as an adjunct to cytoreductive surgery.

Animals:Dogs with histologically confirmed intraspinal meningiomas (n = 34).

Methods:A retrospective study of dogs with intraspinal meningiomas between 1984 and 2006 was carried out. Signalment, historical information, physical examination, clinicopathologic data, radiation therapy protocols, surgery reports, and all available images were reviewed. All tumors were histologically classified and graded as defined by the international World Health Organization classification scheme for central nervous system tumors.

Results:Intraspinal mengiomas in dogs are most common in the cervical spinal cord but can be found throughout the neuraxis. Location is correlated with histologic grade, with grade I tumors more likely to be in the cervical region than grade II tumors. Myelography generally shows an intradural extramedullary compressive lesion. On magnetic resonance imaging, the masses are strongly and uniformly contrast enhancing and a dural tail often is present. CSF analysis usually shows increased protein concentration with mild to moderate mixed pleocytosis. Surgical resection is an effective means of improving neurologic status, and adjunctive radiation therapy may lead to an improved outcome.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Biopsy is necessary for definitive diagnosis, but imaging and CSF analysis can suggest a diagnosis of meningioma. Treatment of meningiomas with surgery and radiation therapy can result in a fair to excellent prognosis.
Effect of Pimobendan on Case Fatality Rate in Doberman Pinschers with Congestive Heart Failure Caused by Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Authors: O'Grady M.R. , Minors S.L. , O'Sullivan M.L. , Horne R.
Published: January 2009

Background:Despite traditional therapy of a diuretic, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, digoxin, or a combination of these drugs, survival of dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is low. Pimobendan, an inodilator, has both inotropic and balanced peripheral vasodilatory properties.

Hypothesis:Pimobendan when added to conventional therapy will improve morbidity and reduce case fatality rate in Doberman Pinschers with congestive heart failure (CHF) caused by DCM.

Animals:Sixteen Doberman Pinschers in CHF caused by DCM.

Methods:A prospective randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study with treatment failure as the primary and quality of life (QoL) indices as secondary outcome variables. Therapy consisted of furosemide (per os [PO] as required) and benazepril hydrochloride (0.5 mg/kg PO q12h) and dogs were randomized in pairs and by sex to receive pimobendan (0.25 mg/kg PO q12h) or placebo (1 tablet PO q12h).

Results:Pimobendan‐treated dogs had a significant improvement in time to treatment failure (pimobendan median, 130.5 days; placebo median, 14 days;P= .002; risk ratio = 0.35,P= .003, lower 5% confidence limit = 0.13, upper 95% confidence limit = 0.71). Number and rate of dogs reaching treatment failure in the placebo group precluded the analysis of QoL.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Pimobendan should be used as a first‐line therapeutic in Doberman Pinschers for the treatment of CHF caused by DCM.
Bradycardia‐Associated Syncope in 7 Boxers with Ventricular Tachycardia (2002–2005)
Authors: Thomason J.D. , Kraus M.S. , Surdyk K.K. , Fallaw T. , Calvert C.A.
Published: January 2009

Background: Syncope is a recognized problem in Boxers and often is the result of rapid ventricular tachycardia (VT). Affected dogs may have echocardiographic evidence of dilated cardiomyopathy, but frequently have normal echocardiograms. Although VT is probably the most common cause of syncope in Boxers, neurocardiogenic bradycardia can also occur.

Objective: We describe 7 Boxers with comorbid VT and neurocardiogenic bradycardia, wherein the syncope was secondary to bradycardia rather than VT.

Animals: Seven Boxers were selected from a larger population of Boxers with Holter‐documented VT because these dogs had documented bradycardia at the time of syncope.

Methods: Retrospective study.

Results: Although all dogs had Holter‐documented VT, the etiology of the syncopal episodes was consistent with neurocardiogenic bradycardia.

Clinical Importance: Neurocardiogenic bradycardia or VT can occur as isolated problems in Boxers. In some Boxers, VT and potential or manifest neurocardiogenic bradycardia coexist. The administration of a β‐blocker or sotalol to such dogs can aggravate or precipitate neurocardiogenic bradycardia‐related syncope.
Clinicopathologic and Diagnostic Imaging Characteristics of Systemic Aspergillosis in 30 Dogs
Authors: Schultz R.M. , Johnson E.G. , Wisner E.R. , Brown N.A. , Byrne B.A. , Sykes J.E.
Published: January 2009

Background:Systemic aspergillosis is a serious disease of dogs for which the clinical characteristics are poorly described.

Objective:To describe the clinical and diagnostic imaging characteristics of dogs with systemic aspergillosis.

Animals:Thirty dogs with systemic aspergillosis.

Methods:Retrospective case review. Medical records were reviewed for signalment, clinical features, and results of clinicopathologic testing and diagnostic imaging. Diagnosis was confirmed by culture ofAspergillus terreus(n = 13),Aspergillus deflectus(n = 11), or otherAspergillusspp. (n = 6).

Results:Compared with the background hospital population, German Shepherd dogs and female dogs were overrepresented (odds ratio [OR] 43, 95% confidence interval [CI] 20–91,P< .0001, and OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.2–6.7,P= .02), respectively, with 20 of the 30 dogs being German Shepherd dogs and 77% (23 of 30) of the dogs being female. The median age was 4.5 years (range 2–8 years). Anemia, leukocytosis, hyperglobulinemia, azotemia, hypercalcemia, and hypoalbuminemia were present in 8, 21, 12, 9, 8, and 6 dogs, respectively. Diskospondylitis, osteomyelitis and thoracic lymphadenomegaly were present in 16, 10, and 5 dogs, respectively. Sonographic findings were enlarged hypoechoic lymph nodes (n = 12), mottled and irregular kidneys with or without masses (n = 12), pyelectasia, and an aggregate of echogenic material in the renal pelvis (n = 9). Thirteen dogs were treated with antifungal drugs, with survival times ranging from 0 to 25 months after diagnosis.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Systemic aspergillosis typically involves young to middle‐age female German Shepherd dogs, and there are characteristic abdominal ultrasound findings with the disease process. Infection withA. deflectuswas as common asA. terreus, and in rare cases, long‐term survival was associated with antifungal therapy.
A Comparison of Five Different Bone Resorption Markers in Osteosarcoma‐Bearing Dogs, Normal Dogs, and Dogs with Orthopedic Diseases
Authors: Lucas P.W. , Fan T.M. , Garrett L.D. , Griffon D.J. , Wypij J.M.
Published: January 2009

Background:Various bone resorption markers in humans are useful for supporting the diagnosis of malignant skeletal pathology, with certain bone resorption markers appearing to be more discriminatory for detecting cancer‐induced osteolysis than others. Canine osteosarcoma (OSA) is characterized by focal bone destruction, but a systematic investigation for determining which bone resorption marker best supports the diagnosis of OSA in dogs has not been reported.

Hypothesis:Dogs with OSA will have increased concentrations of bone resorption markers compared with healthy dogs and dogs with orthopedic disorders. Differences will exist among various bone resorption markers for their ability to support the diagnosis of malignant osteolysis in dogs with OSA.

Animals:Single time point, cross‐sectional, cohort study including dogs with OSA (n = 20) or orthopedic disorders (n = 20) and healthy dogs (n = 22).

Methods:Basal concentrations of urine and serum N‐telopeptide (NTx), urine and serum C‐telopeptide (CTx), and urine deoxypyridinoline (DPD) were compared among all 3 groups.

Results:Compared with healthy dogs and dogs with orthopedic disorders, urine NTx, serum NTx, and serum CTx concentrations were significantly increased in dogs with OSA. For urine NTx and serum NTx, the calculated lower and upper 95% confidence limits in dogs with OSA did not overlap with dogs diagnosed with orthopedic disorders or healthy dogs.

Conclusions and clinical importance:Of the markers evaluated in this study, urine NTx and serum NTx appear to be the most discriminatory resorption markers supporting the diagnosis of focal malignant osteolysis in dogs with OSA.
Adrenal Response to Adrenocorticotropic Hormone in Dogs before and after Surgical Attenuation of a Single Congenital Portosystemic Shunt
Authors: Holford A.L. , Tobias K.M. , Bartges J.W. , Johnson B.M.
Published: January 2009

Background:Dogs with single congenital portosystemic shunts (CPSS) often develop postoperative hypoglycemia and prolonged anesthetic recovery. These abnormalities could be attributable to inadequate adrenal response. However, adequacy of adrenal response after CPSS surgery is unexplored.

Hypothesis:Dogs with CPSS have inadequate postoperative adrenal response.

Animals:Eight nonoperated, 8 ovariohysterectomy (OHE), and 16 CPSS dogs.

Methods:Consecutive day ACTH stimulation tests were performed on nonoperated healthy dogs, healthy dogs before and after OHE, and CPSS dogs before and after surgery. Adequate response was defined as >50% or >30 ng/mL increase in cortisol after ACTH administration. Blood glucose (BG) was monitored before and after surgery. Prolonged anesthetic recovery and refractory hypoglycemia episodes were recorded.

Results:Results of consecutive day ACTH stimulation tests did not vary in normal dogs. Results of preoperative ACTH stimulation tests of CPSS and OHE dogs were not significantly different. Dogs with CPSS had higher postoperative baseline cortisol concentrations (median, 329 ng/mL) than OHE dogs (median, 153 ng/mL). Postoperative cortisol increase after ACTH in CPSS was ≤50% in 10/16 and ≤30 ng/mL in 6/16. After surgery, BG was ≤60 mg/dL in 7/16 CPSS dogs. Cortisol concentrations were not correlated with BG. Two CPSS dogs had refractory hypoglycemia and 4 had delayed recovery; all improved with dexamethasone administration (0.1–0.2 mg/kg/IV).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Contrary to previous reports, baseline cortisol concentrations in CPSS and healthy dogs are similar. Many CPSS dogs have postoperative hypercortisolemia. Response to ACTH does not correlate with postoperative hypoglycemia or prolonged anesthetic recovery.