bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Pt® 370 Ascend™ (Avermectin Bl) Against the Red Imported Fire Ant, Solenopsis Invicta Buren, Fall, 1990
Authors: Bhatkar Awinash P.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of Avermectin Bl-based red imported fire ant (RIFA) bait was tested. Ten 15 m radius circular test plots (approx. 0.1 ha) containing 5-8 mounds were laid out in a single-queen RIFA-infested fallow lot. For each treated plot an adjacent plot was selected as control, being part of the same colony population. The mounds were staked and numbered for identification. A single broadcast application of 0.011% Avermectin B-l was made at the rate of 1.12 kg/ha (8.2 mg Al/plot) on 21 Sep, using a precalibrated, hand-held seed spreader. The plots were treated by walking along the circumference of circles subtended by 1.5, 4.6, 7.6, 10.6, and 13.7 m radii and applying insecticide pacing normally. The activity of ants in the five treated and untreated (control) plots (replicates) was monitored by thrusting five 20 ml Fluon®-rimmed scintillation vials into each mound and pooling the ants sampled. The samples were taken at the time of application (21 Sep) and at 10 d post-application intervals (2 Oct, 12 Oct, 22 Oct, 2 Nov, and 13 Nov). Ambient and soil temperatures during the sampling were 25.19 ° 5.97°C and 24.07 ° 5.87°C, respectively. The capture of workers was used as a parameter to deduce the decline in ant activity in the mounds as a result of insecticidal application.
Fall Webworm Control, 1991
Authors: Nixon Philip L.
Published: March 2022

Fall webworm larvae on black cherry, rose, and white mulberry growing at the edge of a natural stand of mixed hardwood tree species 5.2 miles west of Monticello, IL, were sprayed on 21 Aug. Variously-aged larvae, mostly older larvae from 2 to 3 cm long, were sprayed with a hand-pressurized portable sprayer to the point of runoff. Treatments included chlorpyrifos (Pageant DF and XRM-5184) and cyfluthrin (Tempo 2 and Tempo 20 WP) diluted with water, as well as controls consisting of water only. The nozzle of the sprayer was inserted into the webbing so that the larvae were sprayed directly. There were three replications per treatment. The no. of live larvae per web was counted before treatment and 2, 4, and 12 DAT. Moribund larvae were recorded as dead.
Choke Cherry, Efficacy of Selected Insecticides Against Eastern Tent Caterpillar, Wayne Co., Ohio, 1990
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Choke cherry, 2-5 m tall, growing along a roadside were used to evaluate insecticides against eastern tent caterpillar. An Echo backpack mistblower operating at half-throttle on aperture setting # 2 for 30 s was used to deliver ca. 600 ml of finished spray to each of 3 replicate trees per treatment. Sprays were directed to the dominant tent and surrounding foliage on 3 May when larvae were 6-12 mm long and conditions were cloudy, 12°C, with 24-32 km/h winds. There were 3.1 cm rainfall in the experimental area during the test period. A slight mist occurred within 1 h after the last treatment was applied. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 11 May by assessing the condition of larvae on each replicate tree.
Bagworm Control on Chinese Juniper, 1991
Authors: Doss M. , Pinkston K.
Published: March 2022

The insect growth regulator, RH 5992, was evaluated for bagworm control on Chinese juniper. Plants were 3 to 4 ft tall and 4 to 5 ft wide and were part of an ornamental planting at a local motel. Three rates of the IGR were tested and Orthene 9.4 EC was used as a standard. A spreader sticker, Latron B-1956, was added to all IGR treatments at 6 ml/gal of finished spray. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications and were applied on 17 Jun using a Marco R-20 sprayer which delivered 1.2 gal/min at 150 psi. Temperature and wind velocity at time of application were 75°F and 0-5 mph respectively. Measurable precipitation during the test period occurred on 22 Jun (.10 inch) and 24 Jun (.61 inch). Mortality was determined by examining 10 larvae from each treatment in all replicates at 5 and 10 DAT.
Gypsy Moth Control in Small Red Oak Trees, Michigan, 1991
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. , Kearns K. A. , Papp C. M.
Published: March 2022

Small red oak trees sprouting from old stumps in Crawford County were treated in this test. Each clump of 6-20 stems was 6-10 ft tall, 5-8 ft wide, and were spaced at least 15 ft apart from the nearest clump in an area that had been clearcut 12-15 yrs before. The area was surrounded by forest (35-50 ft tall) with an indigenous population of gypsy moth. On 25 Apr, egg masses from Gladwin County, MI, were collected and treated in the lab for 1 hr with formalin to eliminate NPV surface contamination. These egg masses were introduced because none was found in the immediate plot area. Approximately 700 eggs per tree were introduced on 2 May. On 29 May the leaves had expanded to 1 to 3 inches and the first set of applications was applied. Approximately 10-20 larvae were seeded into each tree located more than 150 ft from the edge of the forest. Treatments 1-4 and 9-17 were calibrated based on a rate of 200 gals of finished spray per acre with 400 trees per acre. Each treatment was replicated 5 times. Each tree was sprayed with 1893 ml of finished spray (to first runoff). Treatments 1-4 and 9-17 were mixed in 3 gals of water and were applied through a single 80° 06 flat fan nozzle on an R & D C02 backpack sprayer at 50 psi. Treatments 5, 6, 7, and 8 were applied with a model 723 Solo mist blower. Treatment 5 and 6 were applied undiluted by running the straight material through a Micronair AU8000 rotary atomizer nozzle attached to the mist blower and were applied at a rate of 24 RlU/acre. Since we assumed 400 trees/acre this meant that 4.73 ml of Foray 48 B and 3.02 ml of the Foray 75 B respectively were applied to each tree. Treatments 7 and 8 were applied through the mist blower without the rotary atomizer nozzle and were diluted 20:1 with water and were also applied at 24 BlU/acre (99.3 ml/tree for the 48 B and 63.5 ml/tree for the 75 B). Treatments 10, 17, and 18 were applied on 4 Jun. Treatments 9 and 10 were applied last on both treatment days (after 6pm). A 2yd2 piece of burlap was soaked with water, wadded, and placed at the base of each tree prior to the application of nematodes. The 3 gal sprayer tank contained 3 plastic bottles of ‘BioSafe’ nematodes (Steinernema carpocapsae) from Biosys. A sample of the nematodes used in these treatments was observed under a microscope. More than 75% of the nematodes were actively moving. Gypsy moth larvae were counted 6 d after treatments on 29 May and 10 d after treatment on 4 Jun. Larvae were counted by observing each tree for a 2 min sample period. Gypsy moth larvae were “blowing in” from the surrounding forests throughout the test accounting for an increase in the number of larvae/tree in the control treatment during the test.
Comparison of two Volumetric Rates of Foray 48 B Against the Gypsy Moth, 1988
Authors: Kolodny-Hirsch Douglas M.
Published: March 2022

Spray trials were conducted in Salem County, NJ. Treatments consisted of an aqueous based HD-1 strain of Bacillus thuringiensis formulated by NOVO as Foray 48 B diluted with water and Foray 48 B applied undiluted. All treatments were applied at 20 billion international units (BIU)/acre (43 oz/acre). For the diluted applications, Foray 48 B was applied at a volumetric rate of 1 gal/acre including 2% (v/v) Bond (Loveland Industries, Inc.) as a sticker. No sticker was added to the undiluted sprays. Each Foray 48 B treatment was replicated two times while the control was replicated three times. Woodlots were 15-40 acre in size and supported gypsy moth egg mass (EM) population densities of 395 to 2532 EM/acre. The tree vegetation consisted primarily of white oak, red oak, and sweetgum. Fifteen 0.025-acre fixed radius plots were established within each woodlot where treatment effects were measured. Treatments were applied with a Grumman AGCat 600 aircraft equipped with eight AU-5000 Micronair rotary atomizers with inner and outer blades pitched at 35° and 35°, respectively. Pump pressure was set at 40 psi and the variable restrictor unit (VRU) on the nozzles was set at 5. Diluted applications were applied with the same aircraft equipped with 37-8004 flat-fan nozzles angled downward 35° forward. The aircraft was operated at an airspeed of 100 mph on a 100 ft swath width, about 50 ft above the forest canopy. Woodlots were treated on May 27 when leaves had expanded more than 50% and larvae were predominately in the third instar. Pre- (Spring) and postspray (Fall) EM counts were made within each of the 15 subplots. Relative larval and pupal density was made by counting the number of larvae and pupae under burlap bands placed on one dominant preferred tree 25 ft outside each 0.025-acre plot. Insects were counted at weekly intervals until peak pupation. Defoliation estimates were made at peak defoliation. Estimates of feeding damage were based on examination of each burlapped tree and were rated in one of seven classes: 1, 0%; 2, 1-5%; 3, 6-10%; 4, 11-25%; 5, 26-50%; 6, 51-75%; and 7, >75%. The average index of all 15 trees was used to compute an average defoliation value for each woodlot.
Spring Control of Pales Weevil on Fresh Cut Scotch Pine Stumps with Conventional Formulations in Indiana, Pennsylvania, 1991
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: March 2022

Five treatments were applied to evaluate control of pales weevil on fresh cut stumps of Scotch pine Christmas trees. Each treatment was applied on 4 Apr and replicated five times in a randomized complete block design. Stump treatments were completed by using a hand pump compression sprayer. Treatments were applied at the rate of 180 ml/stump. At treatment time, the following conditions existed: air temperature, 76°F; water pH, 7.0; RH, 26%; and skies were sunny. At 183 DAT (4 Nov), the number of new chip cocoons was recorded to the first lateral root.
Early Summer Control of Striped Pine Scale Male and Female Nymphs on Scotch Pine with Riorational and Conventional Formulations in Indiana, Pennsylvania, 1991
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: March 2022

Nine treatments were applied to evaluate control of striped pine scale male and female crawlers on heavily infested 6-8 ft Scotch pine Christmas trees. Each treatment was applied twice with applications completed on 3 Jun and 10 Jun, and replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Foliar treatments were completed by using a C02 sprayer with one Spraying System no. 12 cone nozzle mounted on the end of a 24 inch boom operating at 28 psi. Treatments were applied at the rate of 156 gal/acre (473 ml/tree). The following conditions existed on 3 Jun: air temperature, 78°F; water pH, 7.0; RH, 40%; and skies were partly cloudy. The following conditions existed on 10 Jun: air temperature, 84°F; water pH, 7.0; RH, 40%; and skies were clear. At 19 DAT (29 Jun), at least 5 infested needle fascicles were randomly removed from each tree at each of four cardinal locations. Fascicles were then individually placed in plastic bags and transported in an ice cooler to the laboratory, where the viability of the first 100 male nymphs was observed under a stereo dissecting microscope. Counts were always made from a minimum of 5 fascicles Female nymphs were sampled by randomly removing four 6 inch twigs of 1991 growth from each tree at each of four cardinal locations. Twigs were then individually placed in plastic bags and transported in an ice cooler to the laboratory. Next, the viability of the first 25 female nymphs located at the base of each twig from each cardinal location was recorded under a stereo dissecting microscope.
Field Trials of Insecticidal Sprays, 1991
Authors: Bohnert T. J. , Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W.
Published: March 2022

Field tests determined the relative efficacy and residual life of six spray treatments: 0.1% Tempo EC (TEC); 0.1% Tempo EW (TEW); 0.2% permethrin, 0.2% pyrethrins, and 0.5% piperonyl butoxide (PPPB); 0.1% cyfluthrin, 0.05% pyrethrins, 1.0% Baygon, 1.0% piperonyl butoxide (CPBPB); 1.0% Baygon (B); and 0.1% pyrethrins, 0.4% tetramethrin, and 0.15% cypermethrin (PTC). The Dorie Miller Homes, Dorie Miller Homes East, Ivanhoe Gardens, Duneland Village, and Concord Village, multi-family public housing complexes located in Gary, Indiana, served as the test sites; individual apartments served as the replicated experimental unit. PPPB, CPBPB, B, and PTC treatments were made with self-pressurized aerosol cans containing formulated active ingredients. The other treatments were applied using 3.8 liter compressed air sprayers equipped with Multee-jet nozzles. Due to the high cockroach populations and poor sanitation, a general “clean-out” procedure was followed. All accessible harborages throughout the apartment were treated. After 4 wk, all apartments received a second treatment. Population levels were estimated by visual counts throughout the kitchen and bathroom areas, and a minimum pretreatment count of 20 cockroaches was required for any apartment to be considered as a test. Each treatment was replicated in 10-15 apartments, but posttreatment counts varied due to apartment vacancy or lack of resident cooperation. To determine insecticidal efficacy, posttreatment visual counts were reduced to percentage of reductions of the pretreatment counts. Some counts were terminated after 10 wks. Prior to statistical analysis, percentage of reduction data were transformed to ranks. These were analyzed with ANOVA models, followed by the Fisher’s protected least significant difference (P = 0.05) to determine significance among the treatments at each posttreatment census.
Field Trials of Various Bait Products, 1990
Authors: Bohnert T. J. , Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W.
Published: March 2022

Field tests determined the relative efficacy and residual life of seven cockroach baits: 1) Raid Max™, standard matrix (bait station), 1.0% sulfluramid; 2) no trade name, standard matrix (bait station), 1.5% sulfluramid; 3) no trade name, alternate matrix (bait station), 1.0% sulfluramid; 4) Maxforce Control™, standard matrix (bait station), 1.65% hydramethylnon; 5) no trade name, alternate matrix (bait station), 0.5% chlorpyrifos; 6) Roach Gel, formula A (gel), 1.38% sulfluramid; and 7) Roach Gel, formula B (gel), 1.38% sulfluramid. The Done Miller Homes, Dorie Miller Homes East, Duneland Terrace, and Delaney West, multi-family public housing complexes located in Gary, Indiana, served as the test sites; individual apartments served as the replicated experimental unit. Bait stations (12) were positioned at sites following the label recommendations. Seven bait stations throughout the kitchen area; sites included: cabinets under the kitchen sink (3 stations), cabinets above the sink (2), and on the floor near the stove (1) and refrigerator (1). Three stations were positioned within the kitchen at “optional sites” near active infestations noted during the pretreatment visual counts: e.g., garbage collection, closets, miscellaneous kitchen furniture, etc. The remaining bait stations were placed in the bathroom behind the toilet (1 station) and beneath the sink (1). All bait stations were oriented horizontally (if this was possible) and attached to surfaces with sticky fasteners. The Roach Gel applications were made in an attempt to mimic the placements of the bait stations. Approximately 60, 0.5-g placements were distributed throughout the kitchen and bathroom area. Population levels were estimated by visual counts throughout the kitchen and bathroom areas, and a minimum pretreatment count of 20 cockroaches was required for any apartment to be considered as a test. Each treatment was replicated in 11-21 apartments, but posttreatment counts varied due to apartment vacancy or lack of resident cooperation. Some counts were terminated after 10 weeks. To determine insecticidal efficacy, posttreatment visual counts were reduced to percentage of reductions of the pretreatment counts. Pretreatment counts and percentage data were converted to ranks and analyzed with ANOVA models, followed by the Fisher’s protected LSD (P = 0.05) to determine significance among the treatments.
Evaluation of Pirate Against Late Season Populations of Bollworm, Tobacco Budworm and Beet Armyworm, 1992
Authors: Graves J. B. , Leonard B. R. , Clay P. A.
Published: March 2022

Cotton was planted on 6 Jul with plots consisting of 4 rows (102 cm centers) × 15 m. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 4 times. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 93.5 liters total spray/ha through Teejet X-12 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 2.8 kg/cm2. Insecticide treatments were applied on 10, 14, 18, and 28 Sep against an established population of bollworms and tobacco budworms (primarily tobacco budworms). Efficacy against bollworms and tobacco budworms was determined by examining 25 squares/plot for evidence of feeding damage and the presence of larvae on each of 3 observation dates. Efficacy against beet armyworms was determined by taking 10 sweeps/plot with a standard (38 cm diameter) sweep net.
Control of Aphids in Cotton, 1990
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Studebaker Glenn
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied on 2 and 8 Aug to ‘DES 119’ cotton in Lonoke County, AR using a Spirit high clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 powered system for spraying small plots. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 13 gal/acre at 50 psi through TX-6 hollowcone nozzles on a 19-inch spacing. Plots were 2, 38-inch rows, 50 ft long arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Evaluations were made 4 DAT using a hand-lens to count the number of aphids on a total of 3.6-inches2 of leaf area on the upper portion of the cotton plants in the center 2 rows in each plot.
Control of Aphids in Cotton with Insecticide Combinations, 1991
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Studebaker Glenn
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied on 8 Aug to ‘DPL 51’ cotton in Lonoke County, AR using a John Deere Hi-Cycle 6000 sprayer equipped with a CO2 powered system for spraying small plots. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 12.5 gal/acre at 60 psi through TX-6 hollowcone nozzles on a 19-inch spacing. Plots were 4, 38-inch rows, 50 ft long arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Evaluations were made 4 DAT using a hand-lens to count the number of aphids on a total of 3.6 inches2 of leaf area on the upper portion of the cotton plants in the center 2 rows in each plot.
Control of Boll Weevils in Cotton, 1990
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Studebaker Glenn
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied on 24, 30, Aug and 3, 7, 12 Sep on ‘DPL 90’ cotton in Lonoke County, AR using a John Deere Hi-Cycle 6000 sprayer equipped with a CO2 powered system for spraying small plots. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 10 gal/acre at 50 psi through TX-8 hollowcone nozzles on a 19-inch spacing. Plots were 9, 38-inch rows, 75 ft long arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications and a skip row between plots to discourage boll weevil movement between plots. Boll weevil ratings were made 4-5 DAT by examining 25 squares/plot for boll weevil damage. Bollworms were controlled using Bolstar 6 EC at 1.0 (AI)/acre in all plots. Plots were harvested using a John Deere 2-two picker, harvesting the center 2 rows of each plot.
Control of Bollworm and Budworm in Cotton Using Insecticide Combinations in South-Central Arkansas, 1990
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Studebaker Glenn
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied on 9, 24, Jul and 10, 20 Aug on ‘DPL 50’ cotton in Jefferson County, AR using a Spirit high clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 powered system for spraying small plots. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 9 gal/acre at 50 psi through TX-6 hollowcone nozzles on a 19-inch spacing. Plots were 10, 38-inch rows, 50 ft long arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Insect counts were made at 2-3 DAT. Counts were made by whole plant examinations of 14 row ft in each plot counting larvae and larval damage. Yields were taken by harvesting the center 2 rows of each plot.
Early to Mid-Season Control of Bollworm and Budworm in Cotton Using BT Insecticides, 1990
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Studebaker Glenn
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied on 14 and 24 Jul on ‘DES 119’ cotton in Lonoke County, AR, using a John Deere Hi-Cycle 6000 sprayer equipped with a CO2 powered system for spraying small plots. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 9 gal/acre at 50 psi through TX-6 hollowcone nozzles on a 19-inch spacing. Plots were 10, 38-inch rows, 50-ft long arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insect counts were made at 3 DAT by whole plant examinations of 14 row ft in each plot counting bollworms and bollworm damage. Plots were oversprayed with 2 applications of pyrethroids on 7 and 17 Aug to control bollworms in late season. Plots were harvested using a John Deere 2-row picker, harvesting the center 2 rows of each plot.
Eakly Season Insect Control with Foliar Insecticides, 1992
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Clay P. A. , Burris E. , Graves J. B.
Published: March 2022

Cotton was planted in a Gigger silt loam on 1 May. Plots consisted of 4 rows on 101.6 cm centers x 15.2 m. The test field was not treated with an in-furrow insecticide at planting, but Terraclor Super X (11.2 kg form/ha) was applied to control seedling diseases. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. In Test 1, insecticides were applied with a tractor mounted boom equipped with a compressed air delivery system calibrated to deliver 93.6 liters total spray/ha through Teejet TVS 8002 flat fan nozzles (2/ row) at 2.11 kg/cm2. In Test 1, plots were treated on 29. May and sampled on 1 Jun (3 DAT), 3 Tun (5 DAT), and 5 Jun (7 DAT). In Test 2, insecticides were applied with a hand boom equipped with CO2 delivery system calibrated to deliver 93.6 liters total spray/ha through Teejet 80015 flat fan nozzles (2/row) at 2.11 kg/cm2. In Test 2, plots were treated on 10 Jun and sampled on 12 Jun (2 DAT), 15 Jun (5 DAT), and 17 Jun (7 DAT). Treatments were evaluated by randomly collecting 10 plants each plot and processing samples with whole plant washing procedures. The plots in Test 1 received 1.1 cm rainfall on 1 Jun, 0.5 cm rainfall on 2 Jun, and a trace amount of rainfall on 3 Jun. The plots in Test 2 received 1.4 cm rainfall on 10 Jun, a trace amount of rainfall on 11 Jun, and 4.9 cm of rainfall on 14 Jun.
Efficacy of Pirate Plus Adjuvants for Control of the Bollworm-Tobacco Budworm Complex, 1992
Authors: Micinski S. , Fitzpatrick B. J.
Published: March 2022

Pirate in combination with 4 adjuvants was compared with Pirate alone, Karate, and an untreated check at the Red River Research Station, Bossier City, LA, to determine their efficacy against the bollworm-tobacco budworm complex on cotton. Cotton was planted 6 May on 102 cm centers. Experimental plots were 4 rows x 30.5 m and were arranged in a RCB with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system for spraying small plots. Insecticides were applied in 56.1 liters of finished spray solution/ha at 4.22 kg/cm2 with TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles spaced 50.8 cm apart (2 nozzles/row). Treatments were applied on 13, 20, and 27 Jul; and 3, 10, 17, and 24 Aug. Square damage was monitored 3 days following each application by examining 25 squares/plot. Additionally, a 7-day posttreatment count was made following the 27 Jul and 3 Aug applications. A standard cotton insecticide program was followed for the entire test area after the last observation on 27 Aug. Yields were determined by mechanically harvesting the center 2 rows of each plot on 8 and 21 Oct.
Control Of The Bollworm-Tobacco Budworm Complex Using Insecticide Combinations, 1992:
Authors: Micinski S. , Fitzpatrick B. J. , Graves J. B.
Published: March 2022

Fourteen treatments were evaluated at the Red River Research Station, Bossier City, LA, to determine their efficacy in controlling the boUworm-tobacco budworm complex on cotton. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Cotton was planted 6 May and plots were 4 rows x 30.5 m on 102 cm centers. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system for spraying small plots. Insecticides were applied in 56.1 liters of finished spray solution/ha at 4.22 kg/cm2 with TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles spaced 50.8 cm apart (2 nozzles/row). Treatments were applied on 14, 21, and 27 Jul; and 4, 11, and 18 Aug. Square damage was monitored 3-4 days following each application by examining 25 squares/plot. A standard cotton insecticide program was followed for the entire test area after the last observation on 20 Aug. Yields were determined by mechanically harvesting the center 2 rows of each plot on 12 and 21 Oct.
Foliar Sprays for Bollworm Control in Cotton, 1992:
Authors: Speese J.
Published: March 2022

Cotton was planted on 21 May at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Plant spacing was 3-4 plants/ft with 36 inches between rows. Temik 15 G (0.75 lb [AI]/acre) was applied in the furrow at planting. Each plot consisted of a double 25 ft row bordered on each side by an untreated border row, replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Sprays were applied with a single (TXVS 4) hollow cone nozzle backpack sprayer delivering 10 gal H2O/acre at 60 psi. Evaluation criteria consisted of numbers of damaged fruiting forms (bolls and squares) from 25 randomly chosen fruiting forms/plot. Due to an unusually cool, wet summer, BW pressure was very low and late. Egg threshold was exceeded on 2 Sep (28 eggs/100 terminals), and Dipel 2 X (2 lb product/acre) and Larvin 3.2 EC (0.25 lb (Ai/acre) were applied on 3 Sep. A cool, rainy spell occurred the following week, resulting in low survival of the eggs. Larval threshold occurred on 11 Sep (3-4 BW/100 fruiting forms) and all treatments were applied on 14 Sep.
Early Season Control of Thrips in Cotton, 1992
Authors: Speese John
Published: March 2022

Cotton was planted on 21 May at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each treatment consisted of 3, 25 ft rows with an untreated border row separating treatments. Row spacing was 36 inches. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Orthene 15 G and Temik 15 G were applied in the furrow before planting using a hand-held shaker. Orthene 75 S foliar sprays were applied on 8 Jun using a single nozzle hollow cone boom backpack sprayer delivering 15 gal water/acre at 40 psi. The second spray for the Orthene 75 S split application treatment was made on 22 Jun. Evaluation criteria consisted of height measurements and percent thrips injury ratings on the dates indicated in the table.
Evaluation of Selected Bt Compounds for Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm Control, 1992:
Authors: White C. A. , Graves J. B. , Leonard B. R. , Burris E.
Published: March 2022

The efficacy of selected Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticides was evaluated for bollworm/tobacco budworm (BW-TBW) control at the Macon Ridge location of the Northeast Research Station near Winnsboro, LA. The tests consisted of a RBD with 3 replications repeated on 3 rows (1.01 m centers) by 15.2 m of ‘DPL 51’ cotton planted 8 May. Treatments were applied with a tractor mounted spray boom equipped with a compressed air delivery system calibrated to deliver 93.5 liters/ha at 2.2 kg/cm2 through 2 TX-8 hollow cone nozzles equally spaced per row. Insecticides were applied 21 Jul, 20 Aug and 25 Aug. Treatments were evaluated at 3, 5 and 7 DAT for each test. BW-TBW square damage, etching and feeding evaluations were made after the first test by visually examining 100 squares from each of the 2 center rows of each plot. BW-TBW square damage, etching and feeding evaluations were made after the 2nd and 3rd test by examining 50 squares from each of the 2 center rows of each plot. Etching is a rating based on visible signs of feeding without puncturing the square. Feeding is squares that were damaged plus squares that were etched. For date 1, the plots received 0.4 and 0.3 cm rainfall on 22 and 23 Jul respectively. For date 2, the plots received 0.3 cm rainfall on 23 Aug. For date 3, the plots received 11.4 and 1.27 cm rainfall on 26 and 27 Aug respectively.
Selected Seed, Hopper Box and In-Furrow Insecticide Treatments for Control of Tobacco Thrips in Peanut, 1992:
Authors: Herbert D. A. , Harrison-Bryan W. W.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of planting time insecticide treatments was evaluated against TT injury in Virginia-type peanut in Suffolk, VA. Peanuts were planted 11 May with 36-inch row spacing. In-furrow (IF) treatments were applied into the seed furrow at planting, granules using a tractor-mounted Noble applicator, liquids using a CO2 pressurized tractor-mounted sprayer calibrated to deliver 5 gal/acre at 24 psi through 1, SS8001E flat fan nozzle per row mounted just above planter disks and turned parallel to row direction. Hopper box treatments were applied at planting. The planter box was filled ½ full of seed with ½ the measured amount of product (dry) sprinkled evenly over the surface and gently mixed. The hopper box was then filled and the remainder of the product was sprinkled over the surface and gently mixed. Seed treatments were applied by gently rolling seeds in a plastic bag containing product until seeds were evenly coated. Some seed treatments (indicated by *) were commercially applied. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 30 ft. Treatments were evaluated by determining plant injury based on a 0-10 scale where 0 = no TT injured leaves and 10 = 100 percent leaves injured. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with a Seed Treatment, 1991:
Authors: Bernhardt J. L.
Published: March 2022

Two rates of NTN 33893 as a seed treatment were compared with carbofuran (Furadan 3 G) and an untreated check for control of RWW. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Plot size was 9 rows with 17.8 cm spacing X 4.88 m. Rice was drill-seeded at 123 kg seed/ha 13 May and emerged 19 May. Propanil and thiobencarb at 2.24 kg (AI)/ha each were applied 29 May for week control. Plots were temporarily flooded (flushed) 23 May and permanently flooded 4 Jun. Urea, 151.2 kg/ha, was applied in a 3-way split of 84 kg/ha on 4 Jun and 33.6 kg/ha on 10 and 22 Jul. Carbofuran was applied with a hand shaker 12 Jun. On 26 Jun and 3 Jul five 10.2 x 10.2 cm (diam by depth) soil cores were removed from each plot. Soil and plant roots were washed into 40-mesh screens. Screens were immersed in salt water, and RWW immatures were recovered and counted. The center 4 rows of plots were harvested on 13 Sep with a small plot combine. Reported yields were adjusted to 12% moisture.
Lorsban Treatment Timing and Number of Applications for Sorghum Midge Control, 1992:
Authors: Parker Roy D. , Livingston Stephen D.
Published: March 2022

Twelve Lorsban 4 E (chlorpyrifos) treatment regimes for control of sorghum midge and an untreated control were compared in an experiment planted on the Texas A & M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center Farm at Corpus Christi. Sorghum plots 4-rows by 30-ft were planted 14 Apr on 38-inch row centers. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Lorsban 4 E treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 8.2 gal total spray volume/acre through size 3X hollow-cone nozzles (3 nozzles/row) at 44 psi. Initial treatments were made on 13, 16 and 19 Jun corresponding to panicle bloom stage. Therefore, treatments were based on 2 factors: (1) panicle bloom stage (10, 40 or 70%) and (2) number of treatments (1, 2, 3 or 4) applied at 3-day (72-h) intervals. This arrangement resulted in 12 insecticide treatment combinations. Two untreated rows served as a buffer between each 2 treated rows in each plot. Treatment effects were measured by visually estimating the percentage of midge damage to sorghum panicles on 13 Jul and harvesting 13.75 ft row from each of the center 2 rows in each plot on 24 Jul. Grain was removed from the panicle with an Amaco brand plot thrasher and grain weight was corrected to that corresponding to 14% moisture.
Thistle Caterpillar Control on Vegetative Soybean, 1992:
Authors: Ostlie K. R. , Luedeman J.
Published: March 2022

An unusually large spring influx of migrating painted lady butterflies created outbreaks of thistle caterpillars on early-planted soybean in the Midwest. Since efficacy data are rare, performance of 11 rescue insecticides was evaluated in a commercial soybean field planted 3 May near Glencoe, MN. Plots, measuring 2 rows (76 cm spacing) x 15 m, were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Insecticides were banded (38 cm width) over the row on 16 May using a CO2 powered back pack sprayer delivering 187 liters/ha through 8004 nozzles. Weather conditions (persistent winds of 3-4 m/s, 24°C) necessitated the higher carrier volume and 2 buffer rows between plots to reduce drift potential. Efficacy was evaluated 2 DAT by visually counting larvae on 2 7.6 m sections of row per plot. Concerns about larval mobility biasing untreated checks downward prompted creation of external checks adjacent to each block.
Control of Threecornered Alfalfa Hopper on Soybean, 1992:
Authors: Wier Alan T. , Thomas Jamey D. , Boyd Michael L. , Boethel. David J. , Leonard B. Roger
Published: March 2022

A small plot insecticide screening trial was conducted at the Macon Ridge Branch of the Northeast Research Station near Winnsboro, LA, to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides for control of TCAH. Plots measuring 12.2 m by 4 rows (1.02 m row spacing) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 140.3 liters/ha at 2.66 kg/cm2 through 8002 flat fan nozzles. Treatments were applied on 4 Sep to soybeans in the R5 plant growth stage. Posttreatment samples consisted of 1 set of 25 sweeps per plot (38.2 cm diam sweep net) taken at 3 and 7 DAT, and one beat net sample per plot taken at 5 DAT. Beat net sampling involved beating several plants at 10 sites per plot, 3 times into a sweep net.
Control of Tobacco Wikeworms with Winter and Spring Applications of Lorsban, 1992:
Authors: Lampert E. P. , Stephenson A. S.
Published: March 2022

Plots were established at the Border Belt Tobacco Research Station near Whiteville, NC, on 3 Mar. Plots were 22 plants long (ca 13.7 m) and 4 rows wide (1.2 m between rows) and were arranged according to a randomized complete-block design having 8 treatments and 4 blocks. The predominant soil type was Goldsboro fine sandy loam (pH 6.5). Winter treatments were made on 3 Mar and spring treatments were made on 23 Apr. Sprays were applied using a CO2-powered sprayer fitted with 5, 8004 Spraying Systems flat-fan nozzles (20 inches apart) on a 80 inch boom at 30 psi and a delivery rate of 25 gal/acre. All treatments were incorporated via ridging immediately after application. Tobacco was transplanted on 24 Apr. Soil moisture was excellent at the time of transplanting. Twenty-six days after transplanting, 10 consecutive plants from row 2 in each plot were gently pulled from the soil. The roots and underground portions of the stems were visually examined and rated for wireworm damage as follows: 0 = no damage; 1 = feeding scars on root surface; 2 = feeding reaching pith with tunneling < 1 cm; 3 = pit tunneling from 1-5 cm; 4 = pith tunneling > 5 cm; and 5 = dead plant. Using this data, the avg wireworm rating and the proportion of wireworm damaged plants was calculated. Data were subjected to ANOVA and WD, K = 100. Proportion of plants infested was transformed to arcsine √ proportion before ANOVA.
Control of Tobacco Aphids with Confidor and Orthene, 1992:
Authors: Lampert E. P. , Stephenson A. S. , Etheridge A. S.
Published: March 2022

Flue-cured tobacco was transplanted at the Central Crops Research Station, Clayton, NC, on 30 Apr with a 2-row transplanter. The soil type was Norfolk loamy sand and soil moisture was good. Individual plots were 2 rows (1.14 m apart) wide by 22 plants (ca. 13.7 m) long and were arranged in a randomized-complete block design with 5 treatments and 4 blocks. On 1 May, the Confidor drench treatment was applied. Using a wooden stake, a hole was dug adjacent to each plant in the plot. Four oz of the insecticide suspension was applied in each hold to deliver 0.01 gr [AI] per plant. Once a wk after transplant, all plants in 1 row (20 plants) of the Confidor drench treatment and the control were rated for aphid abundance (0-7 scale). On 23 Jun, the entire test was rated for aphid abundance and the foliar treatments were applied. Foliar treatments (Confidor 240 FS at 50 gr [AL]/ha, Confidor 240 FS at 50 gr [AI]/ha tank mixed with Silwet L-77 at 8 oz per 100 gal, & Orthene TIS at 840 gr [AI]/ha) were applied using a 2-row, CO2-powered sprayer. Materials were applied through a single D2-33 Spraying Systems full-cone nozzle per row at 414 kpa (60 psi) and a delivery rate of 234 li/ha (25 gal/acre). At 3, 10 and 17 d after treatment, aphid abundance in all plots was rated (0-7). Using these aphid abundance data, the avg aphid ratings were calculated. Aphid ratings were subjected to ANOVA and WD, K = 100, was used to separate treatment means.
Wheat Seed-Treatment Efficacy Against Hessian Fly and Aphids, 1992:
Authors: Chapin Jay W. , Thomas James
Published: March 2022

Three rates of NTN 33893 240 FS seed treatment were compared to a standard of Disyston 15 G in-furrow for suppression of HF, aphids, and barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) symptoms. The test was planted 13 Nov on a Marlboro sandy loam in Barnwell County, SC. The experimental design was a RCB with 5 replicates. The experimental unit was a plot 50 x 5.3 ft (8 rows on 8 inch spacing). Granular Disyston was placed in-furrow with electric Gandy applicators. Seed treatments were made by adding 40-ml total volume dilutions of 6 lb of seed and thoroughly mixing in a plastic bag. HF counts were taken by randomly uprooting 10 plants from each of 4 plots (40 plants/treatment) and examining them in the laboratory for larvae and puparia. Aphids were sampled on 3 Feb by counting aphids on 2, random 6-inch samples per plot in 4 replicates (8/treatment). Aphid counts on 9 Mar were taken by shaking wheat plants from 6 inches of row into a sheet metal sampler, (2 samples/e.u., 8 samples/treatment) which extended beyond the full length of the plants. Specimens which could not be field identified were returned to the laboratory for microscopic examination. BYDV ratings were determined by counting the number of symptomatic flag leaves from four 50-ft rows (200 row ft) per plot (1,000 row ft/treatment). These were converted to % based on 2, random 1 m culm counts per plot. Yields were taken by harvesting the middle 6 rows with an Almaco plot combine.
Cereal Leaf Beetle Control in Wheat and Barley, 1992:
Authors: Jensen G. L. , Johnson G. D. , McLendon M. E.
Published: March 2022

These tests were conducted in irrigated spring wheat and barley in fields located near Billings, MT. Plots were 10 ft wide by 30 ft long and were arranged according to a RCB design having 5 treatments with 3 blocks for wheat and 4 treatments with 3 blocks for barley. Insecticides were applied on 3 Jun with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with a 10-ft hand held spray boom and Teejet 8001 flat fan nozzles. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 10.5 gal/acre at 20 psi. Insecticide efficacy was determined by counting the number of CLB larvae on each of 50 randomly selected flag leaves from each treated and untreated replicate. Data were subjected to ANOVA, and treatment means were separated by LSD test.
Control of Thrips on Anthurium, HI, 1992:
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy trials were conducted from 4 Nov 91 through 29 May 92. Mature plants growing in 7.6 liter bags in volcanic cinder media under 80% polypropylene shade cloth were used in this study. Experimental plots measured 1.8 by 1.8 m with 36 plants per block, arranged in a RCB with four blocks. Seven biweekly applications of NTN 33893 240F were applied from 5 Nov through 28 Jan to runoff using a compressed air sprayer with an 8004 Teejet nozzle at 276 KPa. Triton B-1956 was added to NTN 33893 240F and the control at a rate of 0.23 ml per liter solution. NTN 33893 0.5 G was applied once on 4 Nov and watered immediately after treatment. Anthurium flowers were harvested biweekly at ¾ to full maturity and observed for thrips injury characterized by distinct bleached streaks on the front and/or back of the spathe. Pre-treatment data was taken on 11 and 25 Oct. Biweekly data were pooled for analysis.
Phytotoxicity on Anthurium, HI, 1992:
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara. A. H.
Published: March 2022

Phytotoxicity trials were conducted from 5 Nov 91 through 28 Jan 92. Mature plants growing in volcanic cinder media in 7.6 liter bags under 80% polypropylene shade cloth were used in study 1. Plants in study 2 were grown in a fiberglass greenhouse using the same cultural practices as study 1. In both studies, experimental plots measured 1.8 by 1.8 m with 18 plants per treatment. Both NTN 33893 0.5 G and NTN 33893 240F were evaluated in study 1. Only NTN 33893 0.5 G was evaluated in study 2. Treatments in study 1 consisted of eight weekly foliar applications of NTN 33893 240F at a rate of 0.03 g Al/liter applied to runoff using a compressed air sprayer with an 8004 Teejet nozzle at 276 KPa. In both studies 1 and 2, NTN 33893 0.5 G was applied once at a rate of 0.12 g AI/7.6 liter pot and watered immediately after treatment. Plants were observed for phytotoxicity weekly continuing for 5 weeks after the last application.
Insecticide Evaluation for Control of the Red Imported Fire Ant in Tift County, GA, 1991:
Authors: Diffie Stan , Bass Max
Published: March 2022

Plots were 0.15 acre circles marked by an orange surveyor stake in the center. Pretreatment mound counts were made in the central 0.1 acre (subplot) of the larger 0.15 acre circle on 24 Jun. Posttreatment counts were made on 1 Jul (1 wk), 30 Jul (5 wk), 3 Sep (10 wk), and 22 Nov (21 wk). Three replicates were used for each treatment. Treatments were applied between 9:30 am and 3:30 pm when the soil temperature averaged 85°F.
Spring Mole Cricket Control on Golf Courses in South Mississippi, 1992:
Authors: Harris Joseph P.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted on Fairway 18-E (east) at the Jackson County Golf Course on the Gulf Coast. Soil type was a sandy clay loam. Experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Each replication was 2,000 ft2. Treatments were made on 20 May. Granular formulations were applied with a ferti-lome, hand-pushed spreader. Liquids were applied with a Solo knapsack sprayer using a fan nozzle at 25 psi, and a spray volume of 2 gal per 2,000 ft2. Irrigation was used once a day, late in the afternoon applying 0.5 inch. Rainfall from 20 May to 17 Jun was a total of 3.5 inches. All plots were irrigated the afternoon of treatments immediately prior to applications. Mole cricket damage ratings were made using aim2 frame divided into nine equal, square-shaped sections. The frame was placed on the ground in 10 locations/rep. The presence of mounds and tunnels was determined visually and by touch. Damage ranged from zero (no damage in any of the nine sections) to nine (nine sections contained mounds and/or tunnels). Pretreatment counts were made on 20 May and post-treatment counts were made on 29 May, 3, 10 and 17 Jun.
Fall Mole Cricket Control on Golf Courses in South Mississippi, 1992:
Authors: Harris Joseph P.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted on fairways at the Jackson County Golf Course on the Gulf Coast. Soil type was a sandy clay loam. Experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Each replication was 2,000 ft2. Treatments were made on 6 Aug. Granular and bait formulations were applied with a ferti-lome, hand-pushed spreader. Liquids and wettable powders were applied with a Solo Knapsack sprayer using a fan nozzle at 25 psi, and a spray volume of 2 gal per 2,000 ft2. Rainfall from 6 Aug to 24 Aug was a total of 8.5 inches. All plots received 0.5 inch rainfall within 1 h after applications. Mole cricket damage ratings were made using a I m2 frame divided into nine equal, square-shaped sections. The frame was placed on the ground in 10 locations/rep. The presence of mounds and tunnels was determined visually and by touch. Damage ranged from zero (no damage in any of the nine sections) to nine (nine sections contained mounds and/or tunnels). Pretreatment counts were made on 6 Aug and posttreatment counts were made on 14, 21 and 28 Aug and 4 Sep.
Evaluation of Conventional and Experimental Formulations to Control Green June Beetle Grubs on Golf Course Fairway in Wayne, PA, 1992:
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: March 2022

The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (50%) and creeping bentgrass (50%). Treatment plots were 9 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand held shaker and mixed with top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (5 Oct), the following soil and environmental conditions existed; air temperature, 68°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 62°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 62°F; RH, 65%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inches; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 24.2% sand, 71.1% silt, 4.7% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 30.5%; organic matter, 5.0%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.8; and cloudy skies. Immediately after treatment, Dylox 9.2G and Sevin 7.15G were watered in with 0.25 inches of water. Twelve h after treatment all treatments were irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 4 d later (9 Oct). The total number of new freshly constructed green June beetle burrows was recorded from each replicate (54 ft2).
Fall Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Conventional and Experimental Formulations on a Golf Course Fairway in Lewistown, PA, 1992:
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: March 2022

The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (40%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (20%). Treatment plots were 9 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 3 times. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 8004 VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. At treatment time (25 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 82°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 74°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 74°F; RH, 92%; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.25 inches; soil type, loam; soil particle size analysis: 45.3% sand, 45.6% silt, 9.1% clay; organic matter, 2.6%; soil moisture (oven baked), 22.1; water pH, 7.0; soil pH 5.6; and clear skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 34 d later (28 Sep). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs ft2 was recorded.