bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effectiveness of Radiowave Surgery in the Treatment of Patients with Melanoma of Iris, Ciliary Body and Choroid
Authors: Maletsky A. , Khomyakova O.
Published: April 2020

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of radiowave surgery in the treatment of uveal melanoma.

Materials and Methods: The study was performed on the basis of the oncoophthalmology department of the State Institution «Institute of Eye Diseases and Tissue Therapy named by academician V.P. Filatov of the NAMS of Ukraine» during 2009-2019.

Treatment with radio wave knife "Surgitron" manufactured by "Ellman International", was performed in 71 patients with melanoma of the iridociliary and chorioid (mean age 55.7 ± 1.6 years, minimum age 20 years, maximum age 77 years, Me (25%, 75%) = 59.0 (46.0; 65.0). These patients were split into two groups: 45 (61.6%) patients with melanoma localization in the iris and ciliary body (I group) and 28 (38.4%) patients with melanoma mostly affecting the ciliary body and choroidea (II group). In patients with melanoma of the ciliary choroidal region, a 40-day course of external β-therapy (Sr90+ Y90) was performed (25-30‘, RD = 40 Gy, LAD = 400 Gy). The follow-up period after the intervention was 10 years. Statistical analysis was performed by analysis of variance using Statistica 13.0 software (Dell StatSoft Inc, USA).

Results and Discussion: The use of a radio wave knife in resection of the UM allowed to maintain the ascending visual acuity in 100% operated for 12 months. The frequency of eye subatrophy in the subsequent stages of observation did not exceed 5%. The frequency of tumor recurrence when using a radio wave knife within 24 months of observation does not exceed 15%. The incidence of postoperative complications with the use of a radio wave knife does not exceed 5%. Low incidence of complications and recurrences, better five-year survival rate using radiowave surgical method allows to recommend it for wide use in combined treatment of uveal melanoma.

Conclusion: Radiowave knife is safe and clinically effective method of surgical treatment of uveal melanoma.
INFLUENCE OF EMULSIFICATION METHODS AND SPRAY DRYING PARAMETERS ON THE MICROENCAPSULATION OF TURMERIC OLEORESIN
Authors: FERREIRA S. , MALACRIDA C. R. , NICOLETTI V. R.
Published: April 2020

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) oleoresin possess valuable phenolic compounds that are susceptible to degradation, and microencapsulation is a powerful technique to increase its stability. Emulsification is a preponderant step in microencapsulation of hydrophobic compounds and physical-chemical properties of the parent emulsion affects effectiveness of spray-drying process and functional properties of the produced microcapsules. The present work aimed to evaluate the influence of emulsion formulation, emulsification methods, and spray-drying operational conditions on the encapsulation efficiency of turmeric oleoresin using maltodextrin/gelatin blends as wall material. The effects of different concentrations of maltodextrin (12 - 31.7 wt %) and gelatin (0.6 - 6 wt %), combined with three methods of emulsification - high shear homogenization with and without emulsifier addition, and sonication – were evaluated regarding emulsion droplet mean diameter and stability. Based on the results, an emulsion formulated with 26 g of maltodextrin and 0.6 g of gelatin per 100 g of emulsion was selected to study the influence of spray drying conditions - drying-air temperature (124 – 190 oC), atomization airflow (275 – 536 L h-1), and emulsion feeding flow (1.4 – 8.6 mL min-1) - on encapsulation efficiency, water content, and solubility of turmeric oleoresin microcapsules. Sonication resulted in higher emulsion stability and, although drying-air temperature did not affect significantly the microcapsule properties, the best set of spray drying conditions was drying-air at 160 ºC, atomization airflow of 420 L h-1, and emulsion feeding flow of 6 mL min-1. Combinations of higher atomization airflow and lower emulsion feeding flow resulted in lower values of curcumin encapsulation efficiency.
Targeted Editing of the StPDS Gene using the CRISPR/Cas9 system in Tetraploid Potato
Authors: Ma Jie
Published: April 2020

The CRISPR/Cas9 system has been applied in a variety of plants for targeted gene editing due to its accuracy, high efficiency, and low price. It has been reported that the CRISPR/Cas9 system can lead to mutation in potato, however, the mutation patterns and genotypes of CRISPR/Cas9-induced mutants in tetraploid potato plants have not yet been disclosed in detail. In the present study, the Solanum tuberosum phytoene desaturase (StPDS) gene was selected for inducing targeted mutagenesis. The obtained StPDS knockout mutants exhibited a mutation frequency of 46.67% and clear albino phenotypes. All transgenic plants were tested for the hygromycin resistance gene and a high positive transformation frequency (96.77%) was observed in all tested resistant plants. Genotype analysis of the mutants revealed that heterozygotes accounted for 35.51%, chimeras accounted for 64.29%, and no homozygotes and biallelic mutations were detected. The patterns of the detected mutations consisted mainly of 1 to 2-nucleotide insertions and deletions, followed by 2-bp replacements. In short, the results of this study prove that the CRISPR/Cas9 system is an effective approach for cultivated potato gene engineering.
Influence of gelling agent concentration on the characteristics of functional sugar-free guava preserves
Authors: Pimenta Pereira Patrícia Aparecida , Souza V.R de
Published: April 2020

Response surface methodology was used to determine the influence of gelling agents and their concentrations on the sensory characteristics and texture of functional sugar-free guava preserves. The gelling agents used were locust bean gum (0.16% to 1.84%), carrageenan (0.16% to 1.84%) and low methoxyl pectin (1.16% to 2.84%). The effects on the sensory and texture characteristics were studied using a central composite design. The results showed that the carrageenan and locust bean gums strongly influenced the texture and sensory characteristics of the functional sugar-free guava preserves. It is recommended that low methoxyl pectin at a concentration of 2.0% can be used together with carrageenan and locust bean gums. The results suggest that for the best scores of the sensory attributes, locust bean gum and carrageenan concentrations ranging from 0.16% to 0.41% must be used. Higher instrumental values of the texture characteristics were achieved with higher concentrations of these two gums.
Qualidades latinas no Brasil
Authors: Maceda José
Published: April 2020

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Um documento inédito da história do tráfico negreiro
Authors: UFBA Centro de Estudos Afro-Orientais -
Published: April 2020

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Escravos brasileiros no Daomé
Authors: Turner J. Michael
Published: April 2020

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A África vista do Brasil
Authors: Dzidzienyo Anani
Published: April 2020

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A revolta dos Malês
Authors: Ignace Etienne
Published: April 2020

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O Teatro Nô
Authors: Sakai Kazuya
Published: April 2020

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Curriculum Vitae de Roger Bastide
Authors: Bastide Roger
Published: April 2020

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Roger Bastide e o Brasil
Authors: De Queiróz Maria Isaura Pereira
Published: April 2020

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Lembrança de Roger Bastide na Bahia e em Paris
Authors: Amado Jorge
Published: April 2020

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Ideas de Bastide sobre las Américas negras
Authors: Saignes Miguel Acosta
Published: April 2020

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Roger Bastide e Angola - a Lunda - na obra de Castro Soromenho
Authors: Mourão Fernando Augusto Albuquerque
Published: April 2020

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Alguns marcos na evolução histórica e situação atual de Exu na Umbanda do Rio Janeiro
Authors: Da Costa P. Valdeli Carvalho
Published: April 2020

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Etudes de litterature africaine francophone A state of blood Peace with horror
Authors: Gerard Albert
Published: April 2020

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Agnaldo Manoel dos Santos: Origem e Revelação de um Escultor Primitivo
Authors: Valladares Clarival Do Prado
Published: April 2020

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Das línguas africanas ao português brasileiro
Authors: De Castro Yeda Pessoa
Published: April 2020

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O conhecimento erudito da tradição afro-brasileira
Authors: Ferretti Sergio Figueiredo
Published: April 2020

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Candomblé: força e resistência
Authors: Braga Júlio
Published: April 2020

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O deus supremo iorubá; uma revisão das fontes
Authors: Verger Pierre
Published: April 2020

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O nascimento do CEAO
Authors: Da Silva Agostinho
Published: April 2020

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Festa e religião no Centro Histórico
Authors: Lima Vivaldo Da Costa
Published: April 2020

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Personalidade: identidade nas comunidades afrobaianas
Authors: De Freitas Edmundo Leal
Published: April 2020

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Thales Olympio Góes de Azevedo (1904-1995) - Thales de Azevedo, a institucionalização das Ciências Sociais na Bahia e o ciclo dos estudos das relações inter-étnicas
Authors: Brandão Maria De Azevedo
Published: April 2020

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Paul Gilroy. The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness. London, Verso, 1993. 261p Paul Gilroy. Small Acts. Thoughts on the Politics of Black Cultures. Londres, Serpent's Tail, 1993. 257p
Authors: Tomichi Dale
Published: April 2020

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Resistência escrava em São Paulo: a luta dos escravos da fábrica de ferro São João de Ipanema, 1828-1842
Authors: Florence Afonso Bandeira
Published: April 2020

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Um romanista entre a escravidão e a liberdade
Authors: Pena Eduardo Spiller
Published: April 2020

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Usos e abusos da mestiçagem e da raça no Brasil: uma história das teorias raciais em finais do século XIX
Authors: Schwarcz Lilia K. Moritz
Published: April 2020

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Nem somente preto ou negro: o sistema de classificação racial no Brasil que muda
Authors: Sansone Livio
Published: April 2020

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George Agostinho Baptista da Silva (1906-1994): o fundador do CEAO
Authors: De Estudos Afro-Orientais Centro
Published: April 2020

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Ístvan Iancsó. Na Bahia contra o Império: história do ensaio de sedição de 1798. São Paulo, Hucitec; Salvador, Edufba, 1976. 222p.
Authors: De Araújo Ubiratan Castro
Published: April 2020

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Walter Fraga Filho. Mendigos, Moleques e Vadios na Bahia do Século XIX. São Paulo, HUCITEC; Salvador, EDUFBA, 1996.188p
Authors: Pereira Cláudio Luiz
Published: April 2020

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O índio e o negro: uma relação legendária
Authors: Gandon Tania Aimeida
Published: April 2020

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Luta religiosa ou luta política? O levante dos malês da Bahia segundo uma fonte islâmica
Authors: Quiring-Zoche Rosemarie
Published: April 2020

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Browning, Barbara. Samba: Resistence in Motion. Indianapolis, Indiana University Press, 1955. 190p; Guillemoprieto, Alma.Samba. New York, Columbia University Press, 1994. 244p; Hess, David. Samba in the Night. New York, Columbia University Press, 1994. 20
Authors: MacAdams Alison J.
Published: April 2020

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Africa e América Latina: gigantes desconhecidos
Authors: Segal Aaron
Published: April 2020

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Boxer; "Portuguese society in the tropics" - La vie quotidiene au royaume de Kongo du XVI.e au XVIII.e siécle
Authors: UFBA Centro de Estudos Afro-Orientais
Published: April 2020

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Rebelião escrava na Comarca do Rio das Mortes, Minas Gerais: o caso Carrancas
Authors: De Andrade Marcos Ferreira
Published: April 2020

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Argélia: a tirania da identidade e a ascensão fundamentalista
Authors: Izerrougene Bouzid
Published: April 2020

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Costa, Emília Viotti da. Coroas de glória, lágrimas de sangue: a rebelião dos escravos de Demerara em 1823. Trad. Anna Olga de Barros Barreto. São Paiilo. Companhia das Letras, 1998. 415p.
Authors: Reis João José
Published: April 2020

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O Islão na África negra
Authors: Monteil Vincent
Published: April 2020

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Negros e mulatos em Gregório de Matos
Authors: Peres Fernando Da Rocha
Published: April 2020

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Religiões africanas e estruturas de civilização
Authors: Bastide Roger
Published: April 2020

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Gregório de Mattos e Guerra em Angola
Authors: Peres Fernando Da Rocha
Published: April 2020

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Esquema para um estudo do tabaco baiano no período colonial
Authors: Lapa José Roberto Do Amaral
Published: April 2020

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Os documentos árabes do Arquivo Público do Estado da Bahia ? 3ª Série: Amuletos, exercícios de escrita, etc, editados, transcritos, traduzidos e comentados por Rolf Reichert
Authors: Reichert Rolf
Published: April 2020

Tradução
Considerações sobre o preconceito racial no Brasil
Authors: Oliveira Waldir Freitas
Published: April 2020

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Contribuição ao estudo da língua portuguesa no Daomé
Authors: Braga Júlio Santana
Published: April 2020

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O Islã, a cultura e a língua árabes na África negra
Authors: Beltrán Luis
Published: April 2020

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DEVELOPING ‘ELF COMPETENCE’ IN LANGUAGE LEARNERS AND TEACHERS
Authors: Blair Andrew
Published: April 2020

‘Competence’ is a contested term, its definition for language learners and teachers challenged by the realities of lingua franca and translingual communication. Similarly, attitudes towards language standards, models, variability and change tend to condition responses to ELF-influenced ideas on pedagogy and teacher education. Educators play a key role facilitating shifts in understanding, enabling teachers to mediate a reconceptualised view of learner/user capability, progress and success inside and outside the classroom. This paper discusses the impact of ELF-aware course content and approach for experienced practitioners, aimed at developing ‘ELF competence’, and reflects on potential future directions.
DEVELOPING INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION AND INTERCULTURAL AWARENESS IN THE EFL CLASSROOM
Authors: Cavalheiro Lili
Published: April 2020

Throughout multiples regions around the world, waves of migrants and refugees search for better and safer living conditions. As a result, classrooms are becoming increasingly multicultural and multilingual, with many teachers feeling challenged when faced with this ‘new’ reality. Being English the most commonly shared language around the world, the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classroom can be a ‘safe’ place where dialogue and intercultural communication are fomented. Not only can it facilitate the integration of migrant/refugee students, but it can also contribute to expanding learners’ (inter)cultural awareness and knowledge of how English may be used by multiple speakers (native and non-native) in diverse settings. In light of this, it is imperative that educators develop more inclusive English-language lessons that help break down barriers and taboos, in terms of language and culture. In order to achieve this, however, it is vital that these issues be developed at the beginning of any teacher training. Bearing this in mind, this paper begins by presenting the concept of English as a Lingua Franca and intercultural communication and follows up by reflecting upon how the traditional EFL classroom should to be reconsidered in light of today’s international role of English. Taking into account the specific growing multicultural/multilingual Portuguese context, the last section of this paper presents how these issues are developed in two pre-service MA programs in English Language Teaching at the University of Lisbon, and also how student teachers have integrated ELF-related activities/resources in their practicum, along with a commentary on their learners’ reactions.
TWO OBSTACLES TO ENABLING CHANGE IN ELF-AWARE TEACHER EDUCATION AND HOW TO OVERCOME THEM
Authors: Sifakis Nicos C.
Published: April 2020

In this paper I discuss the possibilities, opportunities, challenges and (even) perils in applying the ELF-aware perspective in teacher education. I focus on presenting two obstacles in enabling this application, the first related to teachers’ attitudes, which tend to be fundamentally negative, and the second referring to an uncertainty about establishing, applying and evaluating appropriate ELF pedagogy. The obstacles are discussed with reference to examples from my personal experience as teacher educator, and argue (a) that these obstacles are also present in more “traditional” teaching and teacher education practices and (b) that they can be overcome if they are perceived as opportunities for integrating real-life interactions involving non-native English language users in the EFL classroom and prompting EFL teacher reflection and growth.
Association of Quadriceps Adiposity With an Increase in Knee Cartilage, Meniscus, or Bone Marrow Lesions Over Three Years
Authors: Kumar Deepak , Link Thomas M. , Jafarzadeh S. Reza , LaValley Michael P. , Majumdar Sharmila , Souza Richard B.
Published: April 2020

Objective

To evaluate the association of fatty infiltration of the quadriceps and vastus medialis (VM) with an increase in knee cartilage, meniscus, or bone marrow lesions, using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in knee osteoarthritis (OA) over 3 years.

Methods

Participants (n = 69) with and without radiographic knee OA underwent MRI at baseline and 3 years later. Chemical shift–based water/fat MRI was used to quantify the intramuscular fat fraction and the lean anatomical cross‐sectional area (ACSA) for the VM and entire quadriceps muscles. MRI images of the knee were analyzed using the semiquantitative modified whole‐organ MRI score (mWORMS) grading to assess change in lesions in the articular cartilage, meniscus, and bone marrow. Logistic regression was used to assess whether baseline quadriceps and VM fat fraction and lean ACSA were associated with an increase in mWORMS scores. Odds ratios (ORs) were adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index.

Results

Overall, of the 69 subjects, 43 (62%) had an increase in cartilage lesions (26 of 43), meniscus lesions (19 of 43), or bone marrow lesions (22 of 43) scores. The quadriceps (OR 2.13 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.09–4.15]) and VM (OR 2.05 [95% CI 1.25–3.36]) fat fraction were both associated with an increase in cartilage, meniscus, or bone marrow lesion scores over 3 years. The association of quadriceps or VM lean ACSA with the outcomes was not significant.

Conclusion

These longitudinal findings using quantitative MRI methods for assessment of muscle adiposity highlight the role of quadriceps adiposity, specifically in the VM, in knee OA progression. However, studies in larger cohorts are needed to confirm these findings.
Shared Decision‐Making Applied to Knee Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review of Randomized Trials
Authors: Riddle Daniel L. , Sando Trisha , Tarver Talicia , Slover James , Sierra Rafael J. , Brito Juan P. , Montori Victor M.
Published: April 2020

Objective

Shared decision‐making (SDM) is a strongly endorsed approach by which patients and clinicians work together to formulate a sensible care plan. The present study was undertaken to conduct a systematic review of SDM trials in patients considering knee arthroplasty (KA) to characterize how SDM was supported and the impact on care received.

Methods

We searched multiple bibliographic databases from inception to December 31, 2019. A pair of reviewers working independently selected studies for inclusion, extracted data, and evaluated each trial’s risk of bias.

Results

We found 6 eligible randomized trials (4 included KA and hip arthroplasty), all of which tested the same proprietary decision aid (DA) (Treatment Choices for Hip or Knee Osteoarthritis), with some adding other materials to support SDM. These trials, all of which had moderate‐to‐high risk of bias, focused on assessing the effect of the DA on patient knowledge about the options while not explicitly supporting other aspects of SDM, such as choice awareness, deliberation, or decision‐making. One trial found an increase in the number of African American patients undergoing KA in the 12 months following the intervention. No other trials found that SDM impacts clinical outcomes.

Conclusion

Evidence for SDM in patients considering KA is mostly limited to a single DA. While use of this DA improves patient knowledge about their treatment options, this tool has not been shown to promote SDM, impact treatment decisions, or satisfaction with care. Future work should seek to support SDM directly and assess effects on treatment decisions, functional outcomes, and satisfaction.
Ultrasmall Semiconducting Polymer Dots with Rapid Clearance for Second Near‐Infrared Photoacoustic Imaging and Photothermal Cancer Therapy
Authors: Men Xiaoju , Wang Fei , Chen Haobin , Liu Yubin , Men Xiaoxiao , Yuan Ye , Zhang Zhe , Gao Duyang , Wu Changfeng , Yuan Zhen
Published: April 2020

Phototheranostic agents in the second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) window (1000–1700 nm) are emerging as a promising theranostic platform for precision medicine due to enhanced penetration depth and minimized tissue exposure. The development of metabolizable NIR‐II nanoagents for imaging‐guided therapy are essential for noninvasive disease diagnosis and precise ablation of tumors. Herein, metabolizable highly absorbing NIR‐II conjugated polymer dots (Pdots) are reported for the first time for photoacoustic imaging guided photothermal therapy (PTT). The unique design of low‐bandgap D‐A π‐conjugated polymer (DPP‐BTzTD) together with modified nanoreprecipitation conditions allows to fabricate NIR‐II absorbing Pdots with ultrasmall (4 nm) particle size. Extensive experimental tests demonstrate that the constructed Pdots exhibit good biocompatibility, excellent photostability, bright photoacoustic signals, and high photothermal conversion efficiency (53%). In addition, upon tail‐vein intravenous injection of tumor‐bearing mice, Pdots also show high‐efficient tumor ablation capability with rapid excretion from the body. In particular, both in vitro and in vivo assays indicate that the Pdots possess remarkable PTT performance under irradiation with a 1064 nm laser with 0.5 W cm−2, which is much lower than its maximum permissible exposure limit of 1 W cm−2. This pilot study thus paves a novel avenue for the development of organic semiconducting nanoagents for future clinical translation.
Engineering Facets and Oxygen Vacancies over Hematite Single Crystal for Intensified Electrocatalytic H2O2 Production
Authors: Gao Ruijie , Pan Lun , Li Zhengwen , Shi Chengxiang , Yao Yunduo , Zhang Xiangwen , Zou Ji‐Jun
Published: April 2020

Hydrogen peroxide is a highly valuable chemical, and electrocatalytic oxygen reduction towards H2O2 offers an alternative method for safe on‐site applications. Generally, low‐cost hematite (α‐Fe2O3) is not recognized as an efficient electrocatalyst because of its inert nature, but it is herein reported that α‐Fe2O3 can be endowed with high catalytic activity and selectivity via the engineering of facets and oxygen vacancies. Density‐functional theory (DFT)calculations predict that the {001} facet is intrinsically selective for H2O2 production, and that oxygen vacancies can trigger the high activity, providing sites for O2 adsorption and protonation, stabilizing the *OOH intermediate, and preventing cleavage of the OO bond. The synthesized oxygen‐defective α‐Fe2O3 single crystals with exposed {001} facets achieve high selectivities for H2O2 of >90%, >88%, and >95% in weakly acidic, neutral, and alkaline electrolytes, respectively, and the H2O2 production rate reaches 454 mmol g−1cat h−1 at 0.1 V versus RHE under alkaline conditions. In an anion exchange membrane fuel cell, a maximum H2O2 production of 546.8 mmol L−1 with a high Faradaic efficiency of 80.5% is achieved. Thus, this work details a low‐cost catalyst feasible for H2O2 synthesis, and highlights the feasibility of theoretical catalyst design for practical applications.
Recent Advances in Non‐Noble Bifunctional Oxygen Electrocatalysts toward Large‐Scale Production
Authors: Zeng Kai , Zheng Xiangjun , Li Cong , Yan Jin , Tian Jing‐Hua , Jin Chao , Strasser Peter , Yang Ruizhi
Published: April 2020

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are crucial reactions in energy conversion and storage systems including fuel cells, metal–air batteries, and electrolyzers. Developing low‐cost, high‐efficiency, and durable non‐noble bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts is the key to the commercialization of these devices. Here, based on an in‐depth understanding of ORR/OER reaction mechanisms, recent advances in the development of non‐noble electrocatalysts for ORR/OER are reviewed. In particular, rational design for enhancing the activity and stability and scalable synthesis toward the large‐scale production of bifunctional electrocatalysts are highlighted. Prospects and future challenges in the field of oxygen electrocatalysis are presented.
Self‐Powered Flexible TiO2 Fibrous Photodetectors: Heterojunction with P3HT and Boosted Responsivity and Selectivity by Au Nanoparticles
Authors: Zheng Lingxia , Deng Xiaolei , Wang Yongzhi , Chen Jiaxin , Fang Xiaosheng , Wang Liang , Shi Xiaowei , Zheng Huajun
Published: April 2020

A novel inorganic–organic heterojunction (TiO2/P3HT (poly(3‐hexylthiophene)) is easily prepared by a combination of anodization and vacuumed dip‐coating methods, and the constructed flexible fibrous photodetector (FPD) exhibits high‐performance self‐powered UV–visible broadband photoresponse with fast speed, high responsivity, and good stability, as well as highly stable performance at bending states, showing great potential for wearable electronic devices. Moreover, Au nanoparticles are deposited to further boost the responsivity and selectivity by regulating the sputtering intervals. The optimal Au/TiO2/P3HT FPD yields an ≈700% responsivity enhancement at 0 V under 350 nm illumination. The sharp cut‐off edge and high UV–visible rejection ratio (≈17 times higher) indicate a self‐powered flexible UV photodetector. This work provides an effective and versatile route to modulate the photoelectric performance of flexible electronic devices.
A One‐Pot Route to Faceted FePt‐Fe3O4 Dumbbells: Probing Morphology–Catalytic Activity Effects in O2 Reduction Catalysis
Authors: Jenkinson Kellie J. , Wagner Andreas , Kornienko Nikolay , Reisner Erwin , Wheatley Andrew E. H.
Published: April 2020

The design and synthesis of faceted nanoparticles with a controlled composition is of enormous importance to modern catalyst engineering. Faceted FePt‐Fe3O4 dumbbell nanoparticles are prepared by a simple, one‐pot technique that avoids the need for expensive additives or preformed seeds. The faceted product consists of an FePt octopod and a cubic Fe3O4 lobe, of mean diameter 13.6 and 14.9 nm, respectively. The mass normalized activity for electrocatalytic oxygen reduction shows that this new structure types outperforms related catalysts in alkaline media. This work illustrates the power of morphology control and tailoring crystal facet abundance at the nanoparticle surface for enhancing catalytic performance.
Durable Antibacterial Cotton Fabrics Based on Natural Borneol‐Derived Anti‐MRSA Agents
Authors: Yang Liu , Zhan Chengdong , Huang Xiangyue , Hong Liangzhi , Fang Liming , Wang Wen , Su Jianyu
Published: April 2020

Borneol, a natural extract with unique bicyclic monoterpene structure, has attracted increasing attention due to its broad‐spectrum antibacterial properties via membrane disruption mechanism. However, the negligible water solubility of borneol limits its antibacterial efficiency. Herein, borneol‐based water‐soluble antibacterial agents are designed and synthesized to combat multi‐drug resistant bacteria. The integration of borneol with hydrophilic poly(N,N‐dimethylethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) polymer chains boosts the antibacterial capability of borneol against Gram‐negative, Gram‐positive, and even multi‐drug resistant bacteria. Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are completely killed upon treatment with 50 µg mL−1 of borneol‐based polymers and Escherichia coli are annihilated at 39 µg mL−1. It is further demonstrated that the borneol‐based antibacterial agents can be grafted onto cotton fabrics as a nonleaching antibacterial agent, which have higher sustained antibacterial activity than cotton fabrics coated with the commercial quaternary ammonium finishing agents (AEM 5700). The functionalized fabrics with excellent bactericidal activity, especially against MRSA, may have great potential applications in managing hospital‐acquired infections.
3D Printing of Bioinspired Biomaterials for Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Li Tian , Chang Jiang , Zhu Yufang , Wu Chengtie
Published: April 2020

Biological systems, which possess remarkable functions and excellent properties, are gradually becoming a source of inspiration for the fabrication of advanced tissue regeneration biomaterials due to their hierarchical structures and novel compositions. It would be meaningful to learn and transfer the characteristics of creatures to biomaterials design. However, traditional strategies cannot satisfy the design requirements of the complicated bioinspired materials for tissue regeneration. 3D printing, as a rapidly developing new technology that can accurately achieve multimaterial and multiscale fabrication, is capable of optimizing the fabrication of bioinspired materials with complex composition and structure. This review summarizes the recent developments in 3D‐printed bioinspired biomaterials for multiple tissue regeneration, and especially highlights the progresses on i) traditional bioinspired designs for biomaterials fabrication, ii) biological composition inspired designs for the 3D‐printed biomaterials, and iii) biological structure inspired designs for the 3D‐printed biomaterials. Finally, the challenges and prospects for the development of 3D‐printed bioinspired biomaterials are discussed.
Shadow Epitaxy for In Situ Growth of Generic Semiconductor/Superconductor Hybrids
Authors: Carrad Damon J. , Bjergfelt Martin , Kanne Thomas , Aagesen Martin , Krizek Filip , Fiordaliso Elisabetta M. , Johnson Erik , Nygård Jesper , Jespersen Thomas Sand
Published: April 2020

Uniform, defect‐free crystal interfaces and surfaces are crucial ingredients for realizing high‐performance nanoscale devices. A pertinent example is that advances in gate‐tunable and topological superconductivity using semiconductor/superconductor electronic devices are currently built on the hard proximity‐induced superconducting gap obtained from epitaxial indium arsenide/aluminum heterostructures. Fabrication of devices requires selective etch processes; these exist only for InAs/Al hybrids, precluding the use of other, potentially superior material combinations. This work introduces a crystal growth platform—based on 3D structuring of growth substrates—which enables synthesis of semiconductor nanowire hybrids with in situ patterned superconductor shells. The platform eliminates the need for etching, thereby enabling full freedom in the choice of hybrid constituents. All of the most frequently used superconducting hybrid device architectures are realized and characterized. These devices exhibit increased yield and electrostatic stability compared to etched devices, and evidence of ballistic superconductivity is observed. In addition to aluminum, hybrid structures based on tantalum, niobium, and vanadium are presented.
Graphdiyne‐Based Flexible Photodetectors with High Responsivity and Detectivity
Authors: Zhang Ye , Huang Pu , Guo Jia , Shi Rongchao , Huang Weichun , Shi Zhe , Wu Leiming , Zhang Feng , Gao Lingfeng , Li Chao , Zhang Xiuwen , Xu Jialiang , Zhang Han
Published: April 2020

Graphdiyne (GDY), a newly emerging 2D carbon allotrope, has been widely explored in various fields owing to its outstanding electronic properties such as the intrinsic bandgap and high carrier mobility. Herein, GDY‐based photoelectrochemical‐type photodetection is realized by spin‐coating ultrathin GDY nanosheets onto flexible poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) substrates. The GDY‐based photodetectors (PDs) demonstrate excellent photo‐responsive behaviors with high photocurrent (Pph, 5.98 µA cm‐2), photoresponsivity (Rph, 1086.96 µA W‐1), detectivity (7.31 × 1010 Jones), and excellent long‐term stability (more than 1 month). More importantly, the PDs maintain an excellent Pph after 1000 cycles of bending (4.45 µA cm‐2) and twisting (3.85 µA cm‐2), thanks to the great flexibility of the GDY structure that is compatible with the flexible PET substrate. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are adopted to explore the electronic characteristics of GDY, which provides evidence for the performance enhancement of GDY in alkaline electrolyte. In this way, the GDY‐based flexible PDs can enrich the fundamental study of GDY and pave the way for the exploration of GDY heterojunction‐based photodetection.
Sprayable, Superhydrophobic, Electrically, and Thermally Conductive Coating
Authors: Baldelli Alberto , Ou Junfei , Barona David , Li Wen , Amirfazli A.
Published: April 2020

A simple to make, multifunctional, heatable, and sprayable superhydrophobic and electrically conductive coating is developed by dispersing carbon nanofibers (CNFs) into a water repelling polymer matrix. The developed coating exhibits an average static and hysteresis contact angles of 160° and 5°, respectively. An electrical conductivity of 1100 S m−1 and a thermal conductivity of 0.001 W m−1 K−1 are obtained with a sample of dimensions: 3 cm × 1 cm × 20 µm. A 12 µm thick coating under an average electric current of 75 mA reaches to a surface temperature of more than 140 °C for a dry coating. The coating when in contact with ice or water (water at 25 °C for 300 h, and at 85 °C for less than an hour) does not show a deterioration of wetting performance. Furthermore, it is shown how this coating can be used to mitigate the ice formation on cold surfaces. The ability of application of the developed coating to various substrates is also shown.
The Influence of Ozone: Superstoichiometric Oxygen in Atomic Layer Deposition of Fe2O3 Using tert‐Butylferrocene and O3
Authors: Schneider Joel R. , Baker Jon G. , Bent Stacey F.
Published: April 2020

Understanding the chemical mechanisms at play in atomic layer deposition (ALD) is critical for effective process development and expansion of ALD into more complex classes of materials. In this work, a mechanistic study of iron oxide deposited by ALD using tert‐butylferrocene and ozone as reactants is performed. Iron oxide ALD using ozone is a useful model system for mechanistic studies due to the prevalence of ozone‐based ALD processes and the uses of iron oxide in ternary and quaternary metal oxides. Results show that saturation conditions require significantly greater exposures of both reactants than is typically reported in the literature, and growths per cycle of greater than one monolayer of Fe2O3 per cycle are observed and explained. A growth mechanism is proposed whereby increased ozone exposure results in uptake of superstoichiometric oxygen into the film. X‐ray characterizations reveal the presence of excess oxygen stored near the surface of films deposited with larger ozone exposures and show that increased ozone exposures cause crystalline domain rearrangement and conversion of the film from the γ‐maghemite phase to the α‐hematite phase. The mechanism described here has implications for the wider class of ozone‐based ALD processes, and potential applications of this growth phenomenon are discussed.
Hybrid Manufacturing of 3D Hierarchical Porous Carbons for Electrochemical Storage
Authors: Wang Panfeng , Zhang Hao , Wang Huizhi , Li Dawei , Xuan Jin , Zhang Li
Published: April 2020

Carbon is one of the most attractive electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage. An ideal electrode structure requires a pore distribution ranging from nanoscale to milliscale to simultaneously enable efficient mass transfer, enlarge the specific surface area, and minimize the electrical resistance. Here, a novel hybrid method to fabricate carbon electrodes with a designable hierarchical pore structure is presented. The proposed manufacturing combines stereolithography, pyrolysis, and chemical activation, which contribute to producing pores in millimeter, micrometer, and nanometer, respectively. The prepared hierarchical microarchitectural material outperforms the commercial carbon paper by five times in current density. Further enhancement in the electrochemical performance can be achieved through optimizing the distribution of hierarchical pores, which is proved feasible in the applications of vanadium redox flow battery and supercapacitor applications.
Laser‐Induced Forward Transfer: A Digital Approach for Printing Devices on Regular Paper
Authors: Sopeña Pol , Sieiro Javier , Fernández‐Pradas Juan M. , López‐Villegas José M. , Serra Pere
Published: April 2020

Inkjet printing (IJP) is the most widespread direct‐write technique in paper electronics. However, this technique cannot be used for printing devices on untreated regular paper, since its low‐viscosity nanoinks leak through the cellulose fibers. Thus, a planarization coating is frequently used as a barrier, even though this makes substrates more expensive and less eco‐friendly. Alternatively, high solid content screen printing (SP) inks could allow printing on regular paper due to their high viscosity and large particle size; however, they cannot be printed through IJP. Another digital technique is then required: laser‐induced forward transfer (LIFT). This work aims at proving the feasibility of LIFT for printing devices on regular paper. The main transfer parameters are systematically varied to obtain uniform Ag‐SP interconnects, whose performance is improved by a multiple‐printing approach. It results in low resistances with much better performance than those typical of IJP. After optimizing the functionality of the printed lines, a proof‐of‐concept consisting of a radio‐frequency inductor is provided. The characterization of the device shows a substantially higher performance than that of the same device printed with IJP ink in similar conditions, which proves the potential of LIFT for digitally fabricating devices on regular paper.
High‐Contrast Optical Modulation from Strain‐Induced Nanogaps at 3D Heterogeneous Interfaces
Authors: Cho Donghwi , Shim Young‐Seok , Jung Jae‐Wook , Nam Sang‐Hyeon , Min Seokhwan , Lee Sang‐Eon , Ham Youngjin , Lee Kwangjae , Park Junyong , Shin Jonghwa , Hong Jung‐Wuk , Jeon Seokwoo
Published: April 2020

The realization of high‐contrast modulation in optically transparent media is of great significance for emerging mechano‐responsive smart windows. However, no study has provided fundamental strategies for maximizing light scattering during mechanical deformations. Here, a new type of 3D nanocomposite film consisting of an ultrathin (≈60 nm) Al2O3 nanoshell inserted between the elastomers in a periodic 3D nanonetwork is proposed. Regardless of the stretching direction, numerous light‐scattering nanogaps (corresponding to the porosity of up to ≈37.4 vol%) form at the interfaces of Al2O3 and the elastomers under stretching. This results in the gradual modulation of transmission from ≈90% to 16% at visible wavelengths and does not degrade with repeated stretching/releasing over more than 10 000 cycles. The underlying physics is precisely predicted by finite element analysis of the unit cells. As a proof of concept, a mobile‐app‐enabled smart window device for Internet of Things applications is realized using the proposed 3D nanocomposite with successful expansion to the 3 × 3 in. scale.
Inorganic Halide Perovskite Solar Cells: Progress and Challenges
Authors: Tian Jingjing , Xue Qifan , Yao Qin , Li Ning , Brabec Christoph J. , Yip Hin‐Lap
Published: April 2020

All‐inorganic perovskite semiconductors have recently drawn increasing attention owing to their outstanding thermal stability. Although all‐inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved significant progress in recent years, they still fall behind their prototype organic–inorganic counterparts owing to severe energy losses. Therefore, there is considerable interest in further improving the performance of all‐inorganic PSCs by synergic optimization of perovskite films and device interfaces. This review article provides an overview of recent progress in inorganic PSCs in terms of lead‐based and lead‐free composition. The physical properties of all‐inorganic perovskite semiconductors as well as the hole/electron transporting materials are discussed to unveil the important role of composition engineering and interface modification. Finally, a discussion of the prospects and challenges for all‐inorganic PSCs in the near future is presented.
Mechanical Regulation Triboelectric Nanogenerator with Controllable Output Performance for Random Energy Harvesting
Authors: Yin Mengfei , Lu Xiaohui , Qiao Guangda , Xu Yuhong , Wang Yuqi , Cheng Tinghai , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: April 2020

Recycling of random mechanical energy in the environment has become an important research hotspot. The triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) were invented to harvest energy, and have been widely applied due to their simple structure, small size, and low cost. This paper reports a mechanical regulation triboelectric nanogenerator (MR‐TENG) for the first time with controllable output performance used to harvest random or irregular energy in the environment. It comprises a transmission unit, switch structure, generator unit, flywheel, and shell. Random linear motion or rocking motion is transferred via the transmission unit to the flywheel. The rotor of the generator unit fixed on the flywheel and the stator of the generator unit fixed on the shell combine. By controlling the storage and release of energy in the flywheel, the switch structure assists the flywheel to convert random or irregular energy into a controllable and stable energy output. The MR‐TENG can generate an open‐circuit voltage of 350 V, a short‐circuit current of 12 μA, a transfer charge of 130 nC, and a peak power of 2.52 mW. Furthermore, a thermometer and more than 300 light emitting diodes (LEDs) are separately powered by this MR‐TENG in simulated water waves, demonstrating its potential application in water wave energy harvesting.
Role of New Plant Breeding Technologies for Food Security and Sustainable Agricultural Development
Authors: Qaim Matin
Published: April 2020

New plant breeding technologies (NPBTs), including genetically modified and gene‐edited crops, offer large potentials for sustainable agricultural development and food security while addressing shortcomings of the Green Revolution. This article reviews potentials, risks, and actually observed impacts of NPBTs. Regulatory aspects are also discussed. While the science is exciting and some clear benefits are already observable, overregulation and public misperceptions may obstruct efficient development and use of NPBTs. Overregulation is particularly observed in Europe, but also affects developing countries in Africa and Asia, which could benefit the most from NPBTs. Regulatory reforms and a more science‐based public debate are required.
A Winding Road to Peace Building: Longitudinal Outcomes of a Peace Intervention for Survivors and Génocidaires of the1994 Genocide Against the Tutsiin Rwanda
Authors: Kang Ezer , Delzell Darcie A.P. , Snyder Jordan , Mwemere Grace K. , Mbonyingabo Christophe
Published: April 2020

This longitudinal study examined outcomes of a local peace‐building intervention that applied principles of intergroup contact to promote reconciliation between génocidaires and survivors whom they have directly harmed during the1994 Genocide Against the Tutsiin Rwanda. Individual interviews were conducted with 46 génocidaires and 45 survivors whom they have directly harmed during the genocide at 7‐time points over the course of their 22‐month participation in three programmatic activities (workshops, cell groups, and cooperative cow raising). One thousand bootstrapped samples generated to measure changes in outcomes indicated that survivors and génocidaires regarded themselves and those who directly impacted them during the genocide more positively after 22 months. Although both survivors and génocidaires experienced significant decline in trauma symptomatology after 22 months, they responded to programmatic activities differently. Cell group interactionssustainedsome positive outcomes (génocidaires perceived forgiveness by others) after the workshops andfurther improvedothers (génocidaires self‐forgiveness). Survivors who participated in cell groups and raised cows with génocidaires demonstrated further willingness to reconcile compared to survivors who participated in cell groups alone. Our findings empirically support the benefits of promoting different forms of intergroup interactions long after a period of intense violence and highlight the importance of considering how the trajectories of outcomes can inform program and theory development.

Highlights

Survivors and génocidaires in Rwanda benefited from a local intergroup contact intervention (CI).

However, génocidaires and survivors they directly harmed benefited differently over 22‐months.

Preparing survivors and génocidaires with skills to participate in communal life is critical for CI.

Highlighting both CI outcomes and trajectories are essential for program and theory development.
Measurement of Social Processes at the Neighborhood Level in Baltimore City
Authors: Williams Stacey C. , Milam Adam J. , Furr‐Holden C. Debra M. , Salgado Carlos Castillo
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Small‐area ecological research is critical to inform place‐based interventions at the neighborhood level; however, objective measurement of the social context has been limited. The current study extends the application of the Neighborhood Inventory for Environmental Typology (NIfETy) through the development and evaluation of measures of social context for a longer period of observation (3 years) and at a larger area of aggregation (census tract clusters) compared to previous studies using measures at the block‐face level from a single observation. Observations from the 172‐item inventory were collected from a random sample of block faces (n = 793) in Baltimore City annually over a three‐year period. Through a multistep process including replication of previous measures, data reduction, and factor analysis, six unique neighborhood‐level indices were generated to describe the environmental context: drug and alcohol use, violence, physical disorder, epicenter, youth activity, and improvements. An assessment of measurement consistency and validity provided support for some indices, while others had notable limitations. These indices can assist local policymakers and public health practitioners assessing the needs of individual neighborhoods and evaluating the effectiveness of place‐based interventions designed to improve the neighborhood environment and population health outcomes.
Wässrige Hochleistungsbatterien: Herausforderungen und Strategien
Authors: Zhang Huang , Liu Xu , Li Huihua , Hasa Ivana , Passerini Stefano
Published: April 2020

Wässrige wiederaufladbare Batterien sind eine zentrale Technologie für die Realisierung erneuerbarer Energiequellen. Sie versprechen, den Anforderungen stationärer Speicheranwendungen in Bezug auf Kosteneffizienz und Leistung gerecht zu werden. In den letzten zehn Jahren lag der Fokus der Bemühungen auf der Verbesserung von Elektrodenmaterialien und ihrer Anwendung in hochkonzentrierten Elektrolyten. Dieser Aufsatz beleuchtet die neuesten Erkenntnisse zu diesen Elektrolyten und deren wässrigen Batteriesystemen, die eine erhöhte Energiedichte, Zyklenfestigkeit und Sicherheit bieten. Es wird eine aktuelle Zusammenfassung der vorgeschlagenen Strategien zur Überwindung der noch bestehenden Herausforderungen bei konzentrierten wässrigen Elektrolyten präsentiert. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf wässrigen Batteriesystemen mit Lithium und Post‐Lithium‐Ansätzen, die verbesserte Energiedichten infolge einzigartiger Vorteile konzentrierter Elektrolyten bieten.