bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Enterococcus faecium EF 55 on morphometry and proliferative activity of intestinal mucosa in broilers infected with Salmonella Enteritidis
Authors: Ševčíková Zuzana , Blanár Ján , Lauková Andrea , Revajová Viera , Strompfová Viola , Levkut Mikuláš
Published: September 2016

Introduction: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of Enterococcus faecium EF55 on chickens, as well as its influence on proliferative activity of epithelial intestinal cells after infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis phage type 4 (SE PT4). Moreover, the length and area of duodenal and jejunal villi of the birds were examined.

Material and Methods: A pool of 80 birds was divided randomly into four groups. Probiotic group (EF) and Salmonella + probiotic group (EFSE) received E. faecium EF55 (109 CFU – 3 g per group/day) during 22 d. Salmonella group (SE) and EFSE group were infected with Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 (108 CFU in 0.2 mL PBS) in a single dose per os on day four of the experiment, whereas control birds (C group) received only 0.2 mL of PBS on that day. Samples were taken on the 4th and 18th day post infection.

Results: Supplementation of feed with E. faecium EF 55 confirmed its selective antibacterial activity against SE PT4. The chickens infected with SE PT4 and fed E. faecium EF55 supplemented diet showed increased proliferative activity of enterocytes in the jejunum in both samplings. Applied probiotic strain demonstrated positive impact on intestinal morphometry in the jejunum of both non-infected groups and in Salmonella-infected chickens. In the latter group, the beneficial effect of E. faecium EF 55 was manifested by more efficient tissue turnover in the jejunum.
Activity of β-lactam antibiotics against certain microorganisms which cause mastitis in cows
Authors: Burmańczuk Artur , Kowalski Cezary , Roliński Zbigniew , Zań Rafał , Krasucka Dorota
Published: September 2016

Introduction:The objective of this study was to determine the current profile of bacteria responsible for the infection of the mammary gland and to assess their sensitivity to selected β-lactam antibiotics.

Material and Methods:The study was conducted on 119 (n = 119) dairy cows of the Polish Black-White breed aged 4 to 10 years with inflammation of the mammary gland. The cows came from different farms: smallholder farms and large dairy cattle farms in the Lublin and Bialystok Provinces. Before the process of collection of milk samples, the teats were cleaned and immersed in a liquid disinfectant. The first streams were collected into containers which were subsequently utilised. Afterwards, 2-4 mL of milk or secretions was milked into sterile disposable tubes. The milk samples were collected into plastic bottles and kept in a cooler with ice until transportation to the laboratory. Tests of resistance to β-lactam antibiotics were performed by disc diffusion.

Results:Contagious and environmental bacteria were isolated from all dairy barns. In the group of contagious bacteria, the presence of typical pathogens responsible for the mammary gland infections,i.e. Staph. aureus,Str. agalactiae, andC. bovis, was detected. A relatively broad group of the isolates was formed by environmental bacteria responsible for inflammation of the mammary gland:Str. dysgalactiae, Str. uberis, Staph. chromogenes, Staph. hyicus, Staph. warneri, andE. coli.Among the environmental organisms, streptococci constituted the largest percentage (23%), followed by staphylococci (13.2%), andE. coli(8.8%). The largest group of infectious pathogens comprisedStr. agalactiae(29.6%) andStaph. aureus(20.8%).

Conclusion:Our investigation of the current profile of the isolates responsible for mastitis in the Lublin and Bialystok Provinces showed that environmental bacteria are the major cause of the disease. In view of the substantially varying degrees of sensitivity of the microorganisms isolated from cases of mastitis to β-lactam antibiotics, each therapeutic treatment should be preceded by susceptibility testing.
Effect of doxycycline concentrations in chicken tissues as a consequence of permanent exposure to enrofloxacin traces in drinking water
Authors: Gbylik-Sikorska Małgorzata , Posyniak Andrzej , Śniegocki Tomasz , Sell Bartosz , Gajda Anna , Tomczyk Grzegorz , Żmudzki Jan
Published: September 2016

Introduction: The main problem in poultry farming is the difficulty in producing food of animal origin without using antibacterial agents. Because most antibacterial compounds are dispensed in water, some water supply systems can be contaminated by antibiotics which are then administered to the animals unintentionally. This can lead to unexpected increases in antibiotic residues in food of animal origin. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the constant exposure of chicken broilers to enrofloxacin affects the withdrawal time of a therapeutic doxycycline that is intentionally administered to the chickens.

Material and Methods: The concentrations of doxycycline, enrofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin were determined by LC-MS/MS in muscles and liver of the chickens.

Results: Doxycycline residue concentrations in the chicken tissues from the group that received trace amounts of enrofloxacin were nearly 50% greater than those of the group that received only doxycycline.

Conclusion: These results indicated that constant exposure to enrofloxacin in trace amounts significantly influences the residual doxycycline concentration in chicken tissues.
Influence of post-mortem muscle glycogen content on the quality of beef during aging
Authors: Onopiuk Anna , Półtorak Andrzej , Wierzbicka Agnieszka
Published: September 2016

Introduction: Glycolic changes which occur post-mortem have an impact on the physical and sensory features of beef, which in turn determine the successive processes and influence such beef quality traits as colour, tenderness, and cooling loss. The aim of this study was evaluation of the post-mortem changes in bovine meat during aging, quantitative analysis of glycogen and lactic acid, as well as examination of their impact on technological and sensory quality of selected muscles from Holstein-Friesian × Limousin breed carcasses.

Material and Methods: The study included three muscles of different metabolic qualities and sarcomere length: m. semitendinosus, m. longissimus dorsi, and m. psoas major, collected from nine bull carcasses aged 24 ±2 months.

Results: Significant correlations were found between the volume of cooling loss on individual days of aging and the pH value of muscle tissue, lactic acid and glycogen content, as well as beef lightness. However, no significant dependency between the volume of glycogen and the intensity of red and yellow colours was detected.

Conclusion: The colorimetric analysis of glycogen and lactic acid can be an effective tool in predicting the quality of beef.
Identification of novel pathways in pathogenesis of ketosis in dairy cows via iTRAQ/MS
Authors: Shu Shi , Xu Chuchu , Xia Cheng , Xiao Xinhuan , Wang Gang , Fan Ziling , Cao Yu , Wang Yanhui , Zhang Hongyou
Published: September 2016

Introduction: To identify novel pathways involved in the pathogenesis of ketosis, an isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation/mass spectrometry was used to define differences in protein expression profiles between healthy dairy cows and those with clinical or subclinical ketosis.

Material and Methods: To define the novel pathways of ketosis in cattle, the differences in protein expression were analysed by bioinformatics. Go Ontology and Pathway analysis were carried out for enrich the role and pathway of the different expression proteins between healthy dairy cows and those with clinical or subclinical ketosis.

Results: Differences were identified in 19 proteins, 16 of which were relatively up-regulated while the remaining 3 were relatively down-regulated. Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SORD) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PD) were up-regulated in cattle with ketosis. SORD and G3PD promoted glycolysis. These mechanisms lead to pyruvic acid production increase and ketone body accumulation.

Conclusion: The novel pathways of glycolysis provided new evidence for the research of ketosis.
Epidemiological and histopathological analysis of 40 apocrine sweat gland carcinomas in dogs: a retrospective study
Authors: Kycko Anna , Jasik Agnieszka , Bocian Łukasz , Otrocka-Domagała Iwona , Mikiewicz Mateusz , Śmiech Anna , Łopuszyński Wojciech , Dolka Izabella , Nowak Marcin , Madej Janusz A.
Published: September 2016

Introduction: Apocrine sweat gland carcinomas (ASGCs) are malignant neoplasms of dogs and other animals, rarely reported worldwide. The aim of this study was to summarise the occurrence of this cancer in a population of dogs in Poland between 2009 and 2014 with regards to histological features and body location of the tumours, as well as age, sex and breed of the cancer-affected dogs.

Material and Methods: The study involved 40 canine ASGC cases diagnosed in five national veterinary pathology laboratories. The material was processed according to routine histological methods.

Results: Histological types of the tumours involved simple and complex apocrine carcinoma of cystic/papillary (62.5%), solid (15%), and tubular type (12.5%), as well as apocrine ductal carcinoma (10%). The epidemiological analysis revealed peak incidence of the cancer in dogs between 8 and 14 years of age, with the most commonly affected sites being forelimbs and thorax. The highest number of the cancer cases was diagnosed in mixed breed dogs and German Shepherds; no sex predilection was noted.

Conclusion: To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report recounting the study on canine malignant apocrine sweat gland tumours in Poland providing detailed phenotypical and histological data, which are otherwise rarely described in veterinary literature. This type of cancer appears to be diagnosed more frequently in dogs than in humans. Being an easily accessible material for research, canine ASGCs might serve as a relevant animal model for studies related to pathogenesis of sweat gland tumours.
Biomarkers of injury to neural tissue in veterinary medicine
Authors: Płonek Marta , Wrzosek Marcin , Nicpoń Józef
Published: September 2016

There are numerous biomarkers of central and peripheral nervous system damage described in human and veterinary medicine. Many of these are already used as tools in the diagnosis of human neurological disorders, and many are investigated in regard to their use in small and large animal veterinary medicine. The following review presents the current knowledge about the application of cell-type (glial fibrillary acidic protein, neurofilament subunit NF-H, myelin basic protein) and central nervous system specific proteins (S100B, neuron specific enolase, tau protein, alpha II spectrin, ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1, creatine kinase BB) present in the cerebrospinal fluid and/or serum of animals in the diagnosis of central or peripheral nervous system damage in veterinary medicine.
Nicht-alkoholische Fettlebererkrankung (NAFLE): kann eine einfache Labordiagnostik die Progression der NAFLE aufzeigen?
Authors: Canbay Ali , Leven Anna-Sophia , Fingas Christian , Heider Dominik
Published: September 2016

Die nicht-alkoholische Fettklebererkrankung (NAFLE) ist ein zentraler Bestandteil des metabolischen Syndroms. Die NAFLE kann über eine Fibrose zur Leberzirrose und letztendlich zur Entstehung eines hepatozellulären Karzinoms führen. Die Diagnostik der NAFLE erfolgt durch Anamnese, klinische Symptome und bildgebende Verfahren. Derzeit gilt die invasive Leberbiopsie als Goldstandard der Beurteilung von Lebererkrankungen. Diese ist jedoch komplikationsträchtig und kostenintensiv. Als nicht-invasives und dynamisches Verfahren ist die Verwendung von serologischen Biomarkern eine wegweisende Möglichkeit eine einfache und reproduzierbare Beurteilung der Lebererkrankung zu erlangen. Aufgrund der zentralen Einbettung der Leber in das metabolische Syndrom, sind Marker des metabolischen Syndroms und der Leber in der Labordiagnostik von größter Wichtigkeit. Zytokeratin-18 (CK-18) ist ein Intermediärfilamentprotein, welches während der hepatischen Schädigung von den Zellen sezerniert wird. Adiponektin wird in den Adipozyten, abhängig von der Größe der Adipozyten, produziert. Somit kann die zusätzliche Bestimmung von CK-18 und Adiponektin eine Aussage über die Aktivität und das Ausmaß der Lebererkrankung zulassen und kann zukünftig im klinischen Alltag zur Therapieentscheidung und zum Monitoring beitragen.
Identity Tensions: The Case of Michail Golovatov’s Release
Authors: Lingevičius Justinas
Published: September 2016

The aim of this article is to investigate what perceptions towards European Union, Austria and Russia exist in terms of Lithuanian identity. This question arises from a chosen case of Michail Golovatov’s release and intense discussions within Lithuanian media about this issue in summer of 2011. Although it seems that incident and later diplomatic conflict is directly related with Austria and judicial arguments, but Austria and its actions provoked broad considerations what Lithuania’s relations with European Union, its member states and even Russia are. First, article analyses theoretical significance of identity and its relation with foreign policy. Second, methodological tools of discourse analysis are formulated in order to analyse selected texts which compose the discourse of the case. Third, according to the meanings found interpretations explaining how Lithuanian identity is constructed through perceptions towards EU, Austria and Russia are presented.
Study of the Synchronous Reluctance Motor Design
Authors: Dirba J. , Lavrinovicha L. , Dobriyan R.
Published: September 2016

The paper focuses on studying the external-rotor synchronous reluctance motor. The analysis is performed to estimate the influence of the number of stator slots and non-magnetic areas in the rotor (i.e., flux barriers) on the electromagnetic torque and torque ripple of the studied motor. It is concluded that the increase in the number of stator slots Z = 6 to Z = 18 causes an approximately twofold decrease in the ripple factor, but torque increases by 5 %. Electromagnetic torque will be increased approximately by 24 %, if non-magnetic flux barriers are created in the rotor of the studied synchronous reluctance motor.
Magnetic Field Control of Combustion Dynamics
Authors: Barmina I. , Valdmanis R. , Zake M. , Kalis H. , Marinaki M. , Strautins U.
Published: September 2016

Experimental studies and mathematical modelling of the effects of magnetic field on combustion dynamics at thermo-chemical conversion of biomass are carried out with the aim of providing control of the processes developing in the reaction zone of swirling flame. The joint research of the magnetic field effect on the combustion dynamics includes the estimation of this effect on the formation of the swirling flame dynamics, flame temperature and composition, providing analysis of the magnetic field effects on the flame characteristics. The results of experiments have shown that the magnetic field exerts the influence on the flow velocity components by enhancing a swirl motion in the flame reaction zone with swirl-enhanced mixing of the axial flow of volatiles with cold air swirl, by cooling the flame reaction zone and by limiting the thermo-chemical conversion of volatiles. Mathematical modelling of magnetic field effect on the formation of the flame dynamics confirms that the electromagnetic force, which is induced by the electric current surrounding the flame, leads to field-enhanced increase of flow vorticity by enhancing mixing of the reactants. The magnetic field effect on the flame temperature and rate of reactions leads to conclusion that field-enhanced increase of the flow vorticity results in flame cooling by limiting the chemical conversion of the reactants.
Limits to CO2-Neutrality of Burning Wood. (Review)
Authors: Abolins J. , Gravitis J.
Published: September 2016

Consumption of wood as a source of energy is discussed with respect to efficiency and restraints to ensure sustainability of the environment on the grounds of a simple analytical model describing dynamics of biomass accumulation in forest stands – a particular case of the well-known empirical Richards’ equation. Amounts of wood harvested under conditions of maximum productivity of forest land are presented in units normalised with respect to the maximum of the mean annual increment and used to determine the limits of CO2-neutrality. The ecological “footprint” defined by the area of growing stands necessary to absorb the excess amount of CO2 annually released from burning biomass is shown to be equal to the land area of a plantation providing sustainable supply of fire-wood.
Scenario Analysis for Future Oil Demand and Supply on the Horizon of 2022
Authors: Mustafa Hasan
Published: September 2016

This study indicates signs of recovery in the oil price beyond 2020 and predicts oil prices will reach $80 in 2022. This scenario posits an opposite view to a large number of experts who believe that oil prices will remain low for a long time. The second less preferred scenario predicts oil prices of $60 in 2022 due to a big spread in shale oil production technology worldwide, combined with a significant increase in oil production costs.
Investigation on Maximum Available Reach for Different Modulation Formats in WDM-PON Systems
Authors: Kurbatska I. , Bobrovs V. , Spolitis S. , Gavars P. , Ivanovs G. , Parts R.
Published: September 2016

Considering the growing demand for broadband of access networks, in the present paper we investigate various modulation formats as a way of increasing the performance of optical transmission systems. Non-return-to-zero (NRZ) on-off keying, return-to-zero (RZ) OOK, carrier suppressed RZ (CSRZ) OOK, duobinary (DB), NRZ differential phase shift keying (NRZDPSK), RZ-DPSK and CSRZ-DPSK formats are compared using the maximal achievable reach with bit error rate less than 10−9 as a criterion. Simulations are performed by using OptSim software tool. It is shown that using the transmission system without dispersion compensation the best results are shown by duobinary and CSRZ-OOK modulation formats, but with the system using dispersion compensating fiber (DCF) the longest transmission distance is achieved by RZ-DPSK modulation format. By investigating the influence of channel spacing for best-performed modulation formats, network reach decrease for transmission systems with DCF fiber has been observed due to channel crosstalk.
Seven or Fewer Core Contents of Social Responsibility?
Authors: Zore Mira , Bastič Majda , Mulej Matjaž
Published: September 2016

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) replaces causes of the current crisis by principles of accountability, transparency, ethics, and respect for organizational stakeholders, the law, international standards, and human rights (International Organization for Standardization, 2010). Interdependence and a holistic approach link them and CSR’s core contents. We examined if Slovene companies involve all seven CSR core contents of ISO 26000 (CSR to employees, customers, local community, environment, human rights, ethical behavior, and leadership). The analysis united three of them—CSR to employees, ethical behavior, and human rights—into CSR leadership to employees.
Genetically modified organisms (GMO) in opinions completing secondary schools in Lublin
Authors: Lachowski Stanisław , Florek-Łuszczki Magdalena , Jurkiewicz Anna , Chmielewski Jarosław , Żeber-Dzikowska Ilona
Published: September 2016

The objective of the conducted analysis is the opinion of adolescents completing secondary schools concerning genetically modified organisms (GMO) and determination of the relationship between the level of knowledge concerning GMO, and evaluation of the safety of their use in industry and agriculture.

The scope of problems undertaken was elaborated based on the survey studies conducted on a group of 500 adolescents completing secondary schools from the Lublin Region, including 250 attending general profile secondary schools and 250 from agricultural technical schools. The study was conducted by the method of a diagnostic survey, using the questionnaire technique. The results of the study showed that the respondents perceived both positive and negative aspects of producing genetically modified (GM) products. These evaluations were significantly related with the respondents’ level of knowledge concerning GMO. The higher the level of knowledge, the more positive the evaluations of the adolescents concerning the cultivation and breeding of GMO, and more frequent indications that the consumption of products manufactured from these organisms is safe.
On uninorms and nullnorms on direct product of bounded lattices
Authors: Kalina Martin
Published: September 2016

We will study uninorms on the unit square endowed with the natural partial order defined coordinate-wise. We will show that we can choose arbitrary pairs of incomparable elements, (a, e) and construct a uninorm whose neutral element is e and annihilator is a. As a special case we construct uninorms which are at the same time also nullnorms (or, expressed another way, we construct proper nullnorms with neutral element). We will also generalize this result to the direct product of two bounded lattices. I.e., we will show that it is possible to construct nullnorms with a neutral element on the direct product of two bounded lattices.
Comparison of treatment plans: a retrospective study by the method of radiobiological evaluation
Authors: Puzhakkal Niyas , Kallikuzhiyil Kochunny Abdullah , Manthala Padannayil Noufal , Singh Navin , Elavan Chalil Jumanath , Kulangarakath Umer Jamshad
Published: September 2016

There are many situations in radiotherapy where multiple treatment plans need to be compared for selection of an optimal plan. In this study we performed the radiobiological method of plan evaluation to verify the treatment plan comparison procedure of our clinical practice. We estimated and correlated various radiobiological dose indices with physical dose metrics for a total of 30 patients representing typical cases of head and neck, prostate and brain tumors. Three sets of plans along with a clinically approved plan (final plan) treated by either Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) or Rapid Arc (RA) techniques were considered. The study yielded improved target coverage for final plans, however, no appreciable differences in doses and the complication probabilities of organs at risk were noticed. Even though all four plans showed adequate dose distributions, from dosimetric point of view, the final plan had more acceptable dose distribution. The estimated biological outcome and dose volume histogram data showed least differences between plans for IMRT when compared to RA. Our retrospective study based on 120 plans, validated the radiobiological method of plan evaluation. The tumor cure or normal tissue complication probabilities were found to be correlated with the corresponding physical dose indices.
Redox speciation of uranium with phenylphosphonic acid (PPA) in aqueous medium
Authors: Srivastava Ashutosh , Kumar Pranaw , Tomar Bhupendra S.
Published: September 2016

Studies on complexation of uranium with organophosphorous ligands in aquatic systems are important from point of view of mobility of uranium in environment. In the present paper, we report the results of complexation of U(VI) by a model ligand for organophosphorus functionalities in humic substances (HS), that is, phenylphosphonic acid (PPA), using electro analytical techniques. The UO2
2+ has been found to form 1:1 and 1:2 complexes with mono-protonated PPA (HPhPO3
−) and 1:1 complex with non-protonated PPA, (PhPO3)2−, with the latter complex (UO2PhPO3) dominating over the other two species. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were used to investigate the redox behavior of UO2PhPO3 species and to explore the kinetics of its reduction by evaluating heterogeneous electron-transfer kinetic (D, k
s and α) parameters. The diffusion coefficient (D) value was found to be 6.76×10−5 cm2 s−1 and 5.03×10−5 cm2 s−1 at pH 5 and 3, respectively, with rate constant, k
s=0.304×10−3 cm/s. Using the DeFord and Hume formalism the stability constant (log β) of UO2PhPO3 was calculated to be (6.98±0.12), which is in agreement with the literature data. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) studies corroborated the existence of UO2PhPO3 complex.
Biomarkers in spinal cord compression Ethics and perspectives
Authors: Iencean A.St. , Tascu A. , Iencean St. M.
Published: September 2016

The phosphorylated form of the high-molecular-weight neurofilament subunit NF-H (pNF-H) in serum or in cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) is a specific lesional biomarker for spinal cord injury. The lesional biomarkers and the reaction biomarkers are both presented after several hours post-injury. The specific predictive patterns of lesional biomarkers could be used to aid clinicians with making a diagnosis and establishing a prognosis, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. Diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment guidance based on biomarker used as a predictive indicator can determine ethical difficulties by differentiated therapies in patients with spinal cord compression. At this point based on studies until today we cannot take a decision based on biomarker limiting the treatment of neurological recovery in patients with complete spinal cord injury because we do not know the complexity of the biological response to spinal cord compression.
The role of the basal cisterns in the development of posterior fossa skull base meningiomas
Authors: Florian Ioan Stefan , Ungureanu Gheorghe , Florian Alexandru
Published: September 2016

Meningiomas account for more than 30% of all intracranial brain tumors, with 25% of them originating somewhere along the skull base and about 20% of these located in the posterior fossa. The intimate relation of these tumors with neural and vascular structures make them difficult to treat, both surgically and nonsurgically. Their treatment is further hampered by the lack of definitive recommendations, which is partially due to the fact that there is no general accepted model of classification. The present report proposes a new concept of classification of posterior fossa skull base meningiomas, one that takes into account the intimate relation of these tumors with arachnoid structures, simplifies the overcrowded landscape of their systematization and can be extended to oher skull base locations.
Giant posterior fossa mature teratoma with adjacent subacute haematoma, compressive on the brainstem, with acute hydrocephalus. Case report
Authors: Balasa D. , Carp O. , Mocanu L. , Butoi G. , Taran V.
Published: September 2016

Mature teratoma of the vermis is a rare entity in neurosurgical adulthood pathology. We present the case of a 65 years old patient, admited as an emergency for intense headache (VAS 8/10), nausea, vomiting, gait ataxia, orizontal nistagmus, dismetria, disdiadocokinezia, predominant on the left side, long tracts signs, predominant on the left side. Native and contrast CT and MRI scan of the head revealed a tumoral lesion, in the vermian, paravermian and in the fourth ventricle, with the aspect of a teratoma with intratumoral subacute haemorrhage including a giant lesion 5,5/5/4,5 cm, compressive on mesencephalon, and with suprajacent acute internal hidrocephalus. Emergency neurosurgery was performed (occipital infratentorial craniectomy, microneurosurgical total tumoral resection and haematoma evacuation). Postoperative, the patient recovered progressivelly , subtotal neo and arhicerebellar symptoms. The motor long tract signs recovered slower and persisted incomplete.
Diagnostic criteria in invasive pituitary adenomas
Authors: Moldovan Ioana-Maria , Melincovici Carmen , Mihu Carmen Mihaela , Susman Sergiu , Constantin Anne-Marie , Florian Stefan Ioan
Published: September 2016

Pituitary adenomas are benign pituitary primary tumors, the most frequent type of tumor in the pituitary fossa. An important part, around 1/3 of the pituitary adenomas manifests an aggressive behavior, growing faster and invading into parasellar areas (cavernous sinus, neural tissues and bones). Objectives: the first aim of this paper is to review the last findings about invasiveness diagnostic criteria, imagistic and biomarkers, which can be used in the classification of pituitary tumors and also to predict the probability of invasiveness, tumor recurrence and suspicion of malignancy. The second aim is to highlight the morphological and clinic types of invasive pituitary adenomas. Materials and methods: we performed a systematic review and analysis of the published articles, searching PubMed between January 1985 and December 2015. There were selected articles published in English, reviews and abstracts. During the advanced search type in PubMed, combinations of the following keywords were used: “pituitary adenoma”, “invasive”, “aggressive”, “biomarkers”, “classification”, “histological subtypes”, ‘”immunohistochemical markers”. Results: 215 articles were selected, regarding diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic aspects. There were some histological subtypes of pituitary adenomas known as having an aggressive clinical behavior. Several biomarkers were identified as being associated with the invasive feature: proliferation markers (Ki-67 index, number of mitoses, p53 & p27 expression, microvascularization density, telomerase, topoisomerase 2 Alpha), matrix metalloproteinases, protein kinase C, cyclooxygenase-2, E-cadherin, transcription Factors, genetic alterations (PTTG gene, Galectin-3 protein/ LGALS3 gene), apoptosis markers. Based on their invasion and proliferation characteristics, pituitary tumors are proposed to be classified into five grades (1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3), the grade 2b tumor with high risk of recurrence being considered as tumor suspected of malignancy. Conclusions: Using a set of specific biological markers for invasive process, there is hope to establish an early diagnosis and prevention of invasive pituitary adenomas. Due to the fact that aggressive pituitary tumors are generally difficult to manage, unresponsive to therapy, quickly recurrent and associated with poor prognosis, the early diagnosis and the search for new therapeutic approaches is becoming mandatory. Instead of using “invasive” or “aggressive” adenoma, the term “tumor suspected of malignancy” would be used for more accuracy
Acute spontaneous subdural hematomaas unusual complication after tooth extraction
Authors: Calderon-Miranda Willem Guillermo , Hernandez Nidia Escobar , Moscote Salazar Luis Rafael , Agrawal Amit
Published: September 2016

Background: Intracranial bleeding has been reported in the literature associated with tooth extraction. Coagulation disorders are often associated with complications after dental extraction. In this case report, we describe a case of spontaneously intracranial subdural hematoma possible after tooth extraction.

Case description: The patient was a 26-y-old female without any underlying diseases. A computerized tomography scan showed a subdural hematoma 48 hours after the dental extraction. She was managed with a burr hole, good postoperative evolution and discharged to home.

Conclusion: Although rare, the presence of headache with signs of alarm after the extraction of a tooth, we must discard intracranial abnormalities. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report in the literature of a spontaneously intracranial subdural hematoma possible after tooth extraction.
Solitary plasmocytoma of the skull: case report and review of the literature
Authors: Moscote-Salazar Luis Rafael , Alvis-Miranda Hernando Raphael , Calderon-Miranda Willem Guillermo , Carmona Meza Zenen Antonio , Hernandez Nidia Escobar , Blancas-Rivera Marco Antonio , Agrawal Amit
Published: September 2016

Solitary plasmacytoma and extramedullary plasmocytoma are tumors of malignant character composed of plasma cells, with a mean age of onset at 60 years. They can appear anywhere where the reticuloendothelial system is present. Usually these tumors lead to the development of multiple myeloma in a period of time ranging from 3 to 5 years. We present a rare case handled in our neurosurgery service associated with an unusually long period of evolution.
Chronic subdural hematoma associated with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in an elderly female: A rare case report
Authors: Chhabra Sachin , Gupta Ashok
Published: September 2016

Intracranial hemorrhage is the most fatal complication of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura(ITP) and is very rare(<1%) mostly in young females and intraparenchymal or subarachnoid in most of the cases. We report a case of 63 years of female presented with acute SDH with petechiae in both lower limbs and headache. After ruling out all causes patient was diagnosed as having idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura(ITP).Considering her haematological and neurological profile patient was kept conservatively. Platelets and steroids were given to the patient following which platelet counts improved but patient deteriorated clinically. Hence patient was operated and surgical evacuation of SDH was done through burr hole. Although some studies have shown disappearance of chronic SDH with medical management, but it failed in our case and so surgical evacuation was done.
Epidermoid cyst in Anterior, Middle & Extension of Posterior cranial fossa: rare Imaging with review of literature
Authors: Kankane Vivek Kumar , Jaiswal Gaurav , Gupta Tarun Kumar
Published: September 2016

Epidermoid cysts are benign slow growing more often extra-axial tumors that insinuate between brain structures, we present the clinical, imaging, and pathological findings in 35 years old female patients with atypical epidermoid cysts which was situated anterior, middle & posterior cranial fossa. NCCT head revealed hypodense lesion over right temporal and perisylvian region with extension in prepontine cistern with mass effect & midline shift and MRI findings revealed a non-enhancing heterogeneous signal intensity cystic lesion in right frontal & temporal region extending into prepontine cistern with restricted diffusion. Patient was detoriated in night of same day of admission, emergency Fronto-temporal craniotomy with anterior peterousectomy and subtotal resection was done. The histological examination confirms the epidermoid cyst. The timing of ectodermal tissue sequestration during fetal development may account for the occurrence of atypical epidermoid cysts.
Traumatic dural venous sinus thrombosis: A Mini Review
Authors: Moscote-Salazar Luis Rafael , Calderón- Miranda Willem Guillermo , Escobar-Hernandez Nidia , Cabeza-Morales Marticela , Rubiano Andrés M. , Alvis-Miranda Hernando Raphael , Zabaleta-Churio Nasly , Agrawal Amit
Published: September 2016

The dural venous sinus thrombosis is a benign disease, representing about 1% of cerebral vascular events. In some cases the development of the disease increased intracranial pressure or symptomatic epilepsy. The development towards a dural venous sinus thrombosis is rare, but is a condition to be considered before the development of ischemic vascular events and a history of recent head trauma. Intracranial hematomas or skull fractures can lead to the establishment of obstructive pathology of the dural venous sinuses. The knowledge of this entity is necessary for the critical care staff and neurosurgery staff.
The rise and fall of metaphor: A study in meaning and meaninglessness
Authors: Rupp Nathan Black
Published: September 2016

I propose the specific words used by a community define that community, yet at the same time the community is defined by those words. This ever-changing lexicon of communal metaphor is the storehouse of all the meanings and their usages used by a given group. By looking at the metaphors that permeate any communal language, we see that all language is metaphoric. With the use of Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Conceptual Blending Theory, I investigate how new meanings enter our lexicon and become social meaning. This investigation also provides a closer understanding of “literal” meanings. We come to see they are just stale metaphors or neglected blendings devoid of potency. The process by which meanings are created illuminates how they become “literal.” Thus, showing us the danger that accompanies us in the modern, literal age.
Renovascular Hypertension: Clinical Features, Differential Diagnoses and Basic Principles of Treatment
Authors: Petrovic Dejan , Sreckovic Miodrag , Nikolic Tomislav , Zivkovic-Radojevic Marija , Miloradovic Vladimir
Published: September 2016

Renovascular hypertension is caused by renal artery stenosis. Its prevalence in populations of hypertensive patients is 1-8%, and in populations of patients with resistant hypertension, it is up to 20%. The two main causes of stenosis are atherosclerosis and fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal artery. The main clinical consequences of renal artery stenosis include renovascular hypertension, ischemic nephropathy and “flash” acute pulmonary oedema. Unilateral stenosis of the renal artery causes angiotensin II-dependent hypertension, and bilateral stenosis of the renal arteries produces volume-dependent hypertension. Renovascular aetiology of hypertension should be questioned in patients with resistant hypertension, hypertension with a murmur identified upon auscultation of the renal arteries, and a noticeable side-to-side difference in kidney size. Non-invasive diagnostic tests include the determination of concentrations of peripheral vein plasma renin activity, the captopril test, captopril scintigraphy, colour Doppler ultrasonography, computed tomography angiography, and nuclear resonance angiography. Renovasography represents the gold standard for the diagnosis of renovascular hypertension. The indications for revascularization of the renal artery include haemodynamically significant renal artery stenosis (with a systolic pressure gradient at the site of stenosis of - ΔP ≥ 20 mmHg, along with the ratio of the pressure in the distal part of the renal artery (Pd) and aortic pressure (Pa) less than 0.9 (Pd/Pa < 0.9)), resistant hypertension, loss of renal function after administration of ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor II blockers, and recurrent flash pulmonary oedema associated with bilateral renal artery stenosis. The contraindications for renal artery revascularization include a longitudinal diameter of the affected kidney that is less than 8.0 cm, the resistance index measured from the segmental arteries peak blood flow (RI) > 0.8, chronic kidney disease (GFR <30 ml/min/1.73 m2) and negative captopril scintigraphy (lack of lateralization).
The Two Faces of Galectin-3: Roles in Various Pathological Conditions
Authors: Radosavljevic Gordana D. , Pantic Jelena , Jovanovic Ivan , Lukic Miodrag L. , Arsenijevic Nebojsa
Published: September 2016

Galectin-3, a unique chimaera-type member of the lectin family, displays a wide range of activities. This versatile molecule is involved in fundamental biological processes, including cell proliferation, cell-cell adhesion, apoptosis and immune responses.

This review is aimed at providing a general overview of the biological actions and diverse effects of Galectin-3 in many pathological conditions, with a specific focus on autoimmunity, inflammation and tumour progression. We report herein that Galectin-3 exerts deleterious functions determined by promotion of tumour progression and liver inflammation or aggravation of T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. On the other hand, Galectin-3 exhibits a protective role in metabolic abnormalities and primary biliary cirrhosis.

The paradoxical “yin and yang” functions of Galectin-3 depend not only on its tissue and cellular localization but also on its availability, glycosylation status and the expression level of its ligands.
Updates on the Treatment of Pterygium
Authors: Todorovic Dusan , Vulovic Tatjana Sarenac , Sreckovic Suncica , Jovanovic Svetlana , Janicijevic Katarina , Todorovic Zeljko
Published: September 2016

Pterygium is an ocular disease characterised by the growth of fibrovascular conjunctiva on the cornea. It occurs more often in men, at an older age, and in individuals exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Surgical treatment is the primary treatment for pterygium and there are two common procedures for pterygium excision. In the first method, the head of the pterygium is separated from the corneal surface using a surgical blade. The second method is based on avulsion. Other approaches to excising the pterygium include the use of argon laser and excimer laser. Because of a high recurrence rate, adjuvant therapies, including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and graft procedures, are used after pterygium excision. These procedures have become the standard long-term treatments for pterygium. Radiotherapy is based on beta irradiation. Chemotherapy includes the use of mitomycin C, 5-fluorouracil, bevacizumab, and loteprednol etabonate. Graft procedures include amniotic membrane grafts and conjunctival autografts. Many surgeons believe that using mitomycin C and conjunctival autografts provides the best outcomes in terms of recurrence, cosmetics and patient satisfaction.
The Talent Development Environment in a Norwegian top-level football club
Authors: Aalberg Ruben Ringereide , Sæther Stig Arve
Published: September 2016

Because international elite football is concerned with talent identification, this has generated a great deal of knowledge about what it takes to become a professional footballer. This research has however primarily focused on individual development and how external factors affect athletic performance. In this article we sought to describe the characteristics of the developmental environment in the youth department of the Norwegian elite club Rosenborg BK. Our case study, using a holistic and ecological development perspective as a framework, we followed the club’s under-19 team for a total of 21 days, during 3 separate weeks in the 2014 season. The results showed that Rosenborg seems to offer an environment focusing on aspects highlighted by the ecological model athletic talent development environment (ATDE). The club seems to focus on giving players tools and resources both on and off the field, using a holistic and systematic methodology. Yet it appears that the club has a weak relationship between the youth department and its own senior team, even indicating a competitive relationship, also found in other elite academies. Furthermore, it may seem that the importance of developing players with local ties is downgraded because of the club’s need for short-term success.
A Kinematic Analysis of Fundamental Movement Skills
Authors: Clark Cain C. T. , Barnes Claire M. , Holton Mark , Summers Huw D. , Stratton Gareth
Published: September 2016

Fundamental movement skills are considered the basic building blocks for movement and provide the foundation for specialized and sport-specific movement skills required for participation in a variety of physical activities. However, kinematic analyses of fundamental movement has not been performed. The aims of this study were to, (1) characterise the relationship between facets of fundamental movement and, (2) characterise the relationship between overall integrated acceleration and three-dimensional kinematic variables whilst performing fundamental movement skills. Eleven participants (10±0.8y, 1.41±0.07m, 33.4±8.6kg, body mass index; 16.4±3.1 kg·m2) took part in this study, had anthropometric variables recorded and performed a series of fundamental movement tasks, whilst wearing a tri-axial accelerometer and were recorded using a three-dimensional motion capture system. Maximum shoulder external rotation (°) and maximum shoulder internal rotation velocity (°.s−1) (r=0.86, p<0.001), mediolateral centre of mass range (cm) and centre of mass coefficient of variation (%) (r=0.83, p<0.001), maximum stride angle (°) in the jog and walk (r=0.74, p=0.01) and maximum sprint stride angle and maximum shoulder internal rotation velocity (°.s−1) (r=0.67, p<0.02) were significantly correlated. Maximum sprint stride angle (hip: r=0.96, p<0.001, ankle: r=0.97, p<0.001) and maximum internal rotation velocity (ankle: r=0.6, p=0.05) were significantly correlated to overall integrated acceleration. Overall integrated acceleration was comparable between participants (CV: 10.5), whereas three-dimensional variables varied by up to 65%. Although overall integrated acceleration was comparable between participants, three-dimensional variables were much more varied. Indicating that although overall activity may be correspondent, the characteristics of a child’s movement may be highly varied.
Improvement of lower limbs specific endurance-speed combined motor ability in elite athletes of Qwan Ki Do martial art
Authors: Cojocariu Adrian , Ungurean Bogdan , Oprean Alexandru
Published: September 2016

The present study wishes to highlight the effects of some physical training means within the preparatory phase on specific endurance-speed combined motor ability in lower limbs, in Qwan Ki Do martial art. We started from the hypothesis that using an efficient planning and adequate means it is possible to improve the combined motor ability in lower limbs, with positive effects on athletes’ efficiency.

The experiment was performed over 5 weeks. In the study were included 11 male (group 1) and 8 female (group 2) elite athletes from the Romanian Qwan Ki Do national team. The team was in the preparatory phase for participating in European Championships. The means used for the experiment included long runs with constant tempo, Fartlek runs, intermittent long, medium, and short runs and also general and specific force–endurance and endurance–speed circuits.

The results reveal a general significant progress in tests in both groups, suggesting that an adequate programme could conduct to the improvement of specific endurance-speed combination in lower limbs, which may represent an important support in athletes’ physical training.
The potential role of omega-3 fatty acids supplements in increasing athletic performance
Authors: Gligor Șerban , Gligor Răzvan
Published: September 2016

Polyunsaturated omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are essential fatty acids that cannot be produced by the body itself and therefore must be provided through nutrition. Omega-6 and particularly omega-3 fatty acids have important roles in the organism, contributing to the maintenance and promotion of health. The optimal proportion of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids is 2:1, or even better 1:1. They are involved in normal growth and development, play a role in the prevention of coronary and cardiovascular diseases, of diabetes mellitus, of arterial hypertension, arthritis and cancer. Omega-3 fatty acids mainly have an anti-inflammatory effect, but also act as hypolipidemic and antithrombotic agents. A potential role of omega-3 fatty acids is that of increasing physical performance. Their role in the physical activity refers on one side to the global health of athletes and on the other side to their anti-inflammatory effect, as high intensity physical exercise induces increased free-radical production and microtraumas, with the induction of an inflammatory status. The anti-inflammatory effect of these fatty acids manifests through an increased production of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, through decreasing the production of prostaglandins metabolites, decreasing the production of leukotriene B4, etc. They are also effective on reducing muscle pain post eccentric exercise and on decreasing the severity of bronchoconstriction induced by exercise, as well as improving pulmonary function variables. In conclusion it seems that supplementing diets with omega-3 fatty acids, apart from having benefic effects on health and on the prevention and management of certain affections, proves to be a beneficial for physical activity and athletic performance.