bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Lewd, Feeble, and Frail”
Authors: Van Dyke Christina
Published: December 2022

This paper argues that medieval European Christian women often used humility topoi not to express genuine lack of knowledge or education, but in order to establish themselves as authorities within contemplative philosophical discussions. Humility formulae were ubiquitous in such discussions and typically used by both men and women to provide an explanation of the text’s larger purpose and a defense of the author’s claim to write it, in addition to situating themselves respectfully with respect to their presumed audience. Women writers in this period frequently also employed humility formulae to foreground objections to their right to write on these subjects qua women, and then to explicitly address those objections in the voice of the only universally recognized medieval authority: God.
Al-Fārābī’s Commentary on the Eighth Book of Aristotle’sTopicsin Ṭodros Ṭodrosi’sPhilosophical Anthology(Introduction, Edition of the Text, and Annotated Translation)
Authors: Davies Daniel , Lamprakis Alexander
Published: December 2022

This article presents the editio princeps and first annotated English translation of the extant fragments of Abū Naṣr al-Fārābī’s (d. 950–51) Commentary on the Eighth Book of Aristotle’s Topics. The fragments add an important new source of al-Fārābī’s thought and include discussions of themes such as the nature and purpose of dialectic, the methods it uses, and its relation to the remaining syllogistic arts. They are preserved in a Hebrew anthology of philosophical texts composed by the translator and commentator Ṭodros ben Meshullam ben David Ṭodrosi (born 1313) around the year 1333 in Trinquetaille, Arles. Aside from presenting these fragments and reconstructing their original context, the article also aims at contributing to a better understanding of the fourteenth-century Arabic-into-Hebrew translation movement. The edition and translation is accompanied by an introduction and a glossary of technical terms.
Three Medieval Aristotelians on Numerical Identity and Time
Authors: Morrison John
Published: December 2022

Aquinas, Ockham, and Buridan all claim that a person can be numerically identical over time, despite changes in size, shape, and color. How can we reconcile this with the Indiscernibility of Identicals, the principle that numerical identity implies indiscernibility across time? Almost all contemporary metaphysicians regard the Indiscernibility of Identicals as axiomatic. But I will argue that Aquinas, Ockham, and Buridan would reject it, perhaps in favor of a principle restricted to indiscernibility at a time.
A Review of David Piché,Épistémologie et psychologie de la foi dans la pensée scolastique (1250–1350)
Authors: Faucher Nicolas
Published: December 2022

This paper is a critical examination of David Piché’s book Épistémologie et psychologie de la foi dans la pensée scolastique (1250–1350). This book deals with medieval doctrines of religious faith, examined from an epistemological and psychological point of view, a topic on which several studies have been published recently. Piché endeavors to focus on an in-depth philosophical examination of faith, taken as a “disposition to firmly believe a number of statements pertaining to divine realities.” He focuses his attention on the epistemology of faith. The book partly covers texts that have been examined in detail in recent studies, partly also neglected texts, mainly Richard of Middleton’s and Durandus of St. Pourçain’s.
Being and Existence
Authors: van Inwagen Peter
Published: December 2022

A presentation and defense of a “neo-Quinean” meta-ontology in the form of five theses: (i) Being is not an activity. (ii) Being is the same thing as existence. (iii) Being is (and hence existence is), in Frege’s words, denial of the number 0—or, what is really the same thing, ‘There are Xs’ means that not everything is not an X. (iv) The single sense of ‘there is’ and ‘exists’ is adequately captured by the existential quantifier of formal logic. The variables bound by the existential quantifier are essentially third-person-singular pronouns. (v) The “ontological commitments” of a person or theory are best revealed when the sentences of the person or theory are translated into the quantifier-variable idiom.
Competition in seasonal environments
Authors: Abrams Peter A.
Published: December 2022

This chapter analyses a version of simple models of competition for a single resource between two species with different seasonal variation in their resource capture rates. This scenario had been shown to promote coexistence in earlier studies. The chapter shows that, for different parameters, the ability of species to coexist often decreases with greater differences in their season resource uptake patterns. In addition, a given pair species often has alternative outcomes, which may be two different coexistence outcomes, two exclusion outcomes, or coexistence and exclusion. This is related to the fact that a single consumer may also have several alternative attractors, due to interaction of the inherent consumer–resource cycle and the seasonality in capture rate. Most of the models assume a single resource type with logistic growth, but the qualitative results can also be found in systems with abiotic resource growth and systems with multiple resources. Longer period lengths for the cycle in capture rates favours coexistence over exclusion outcomes, and coexistence of multiple species at long period lengths is possible. Coexistence of seasonal and aseasonal species on a single resource can occur, and the same mechanism operates in systems with type II functional responses. The results have several general messages about seasonal systems: (1) increasing similarity can make coexistence more or less likely; (2) invasion ability often does not imply persistence in cases with multiple attractors, which includes many seasonal systems; (3) differences in seasonal responses often produce qualitatively different outcomes than do other types of resource segregation.
Practical Wisdom
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind
Published: December 2022

What special knowledge does the practically wise agent have? How does the practically wise agent differ both from the person who merely has good natural dispositions of character and from the practically clever but unvirtuous agent? This article argues that the Aristotelian phronimos’s knowledge is partly characterized by good deliberation (knowing what are effective means to one’s ends), good comprehension (an accurate understanding of one’s situation and circumstances, especially in assessing the testimony of others), and correct discernment (correct understanding of how virtue and vice terms apply in particular circumstances). This explains why virtuous agents are not merely well motivated, but are effective and savvy agents in the real world, equipped with valuable life experience.
What Does the Aristotelian Phronimos Know?
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind
Published: December 2022

Although most of us have a rough-and-ready grasp of virtue and vice concepts, this article argues that the fully virtuous and practical wise agent also has a perfected and fine-grained grasp of these concepts, and other ethically relevant thick concepts like ‘the important’, ‘the fine’, and ‘the necessary’. This makes an important contribution to the debate between generalists and particularists about ethics, insofar as virtue terms often have general content but the ability to apply that general content requires the agent to have a refined ethical understanding which comes from experience and the individual’s own development of virtue.
After Hume’s Justice
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind
Published: December 2022

Contrary to mainstream liberal understandings of rights as abstractly specified and necessary conditions of justice, we should start by specifying what it would mean for human beings to flourish together and achieve eudaimonia. The rights of such a society could in turn be derived from what is required for that society to live well together and the rules that are conducive to a good society. This would avoid the possibility that a society could be just but bad or wicked, and shows how rights could differ between societies without sliding into relativism about rights. Such an account of rights would develop important insights from Hume and Anscombe, while being remaining Aristotelian in spirit.
How Indigenous Nations Have Been Transforming Public Policy through the Courts
Authors: Herb George Satsan , McNeil Kent , Abele Frances
Published: December 2022

Through political action and litigation, Indigenous people have transformed the Canadian constitutional landscape—peacefully, and in a fashion largely unremarked by casual observers. Of the many aspects of this transformation, our focus is on legal developments regarding Aboriginal rights and title and concomitant changes to federal policy. After explaining the jurisprudential starting point in British colonial law, we explore the political context of selected Supreme Court of Canada decisions and their impact on public policy. The goal of many—though not all—Indigenous leaders is to achieve acknowledgement and implementation of the status of Indigenous nations as a third order of government alongside the federal and provincial governments, with constitutional jurisdiction as an Aboriginal and treaty right recognized and affirmed by s.35 of the Constitution Act 1982. In this chapter, we assess their progress towards this goal. This chapter demonstrates how, through a succession of court cases, Indigenous leaders have challenged established colonial policies and successfully created a new landscape for policy development and negotiations between Indigenous nations and federal, provincial, and local governments. These court challenges, reaching back to the early 1970s, along with impact of the Constitution Act 1982, have been enduring and profound, and have been affecting every policy domain relating to Indigenous peoples. Even so, much has yet to be accomplished for Indigenous nations to achieve recognition as a third order of government and for Indigenous law to be accepted alongside the common law and civil law as part of the legal landscape in Canada.
The Canadian Federal 1994–1996 Program Review
Authors: Tellier Geneviève
Published: December 2022

Twenty-five years ago, the Canadian federal government launched an ambitious program review. Facing an unprecedented deficit and a ballooning debt, the newly elected Liberal government was committed to restoring fiscal discipline quickly and permanently. The outcome was impressive. Departmental operating budgets were cuts by 20 per cent on average and the federal budget came back to balance in just three years. This chapter tells the story behind this success. The 1994–1996 Program Review was developed around a clear proposition, strongly supported by political leaders, and implemented by a team of skilled and seasoned public servants. It was applauded by many stakeholders in Canada and received international recognition. However, the cuts made were highly uneven across departments and programs, with many citizens and nonprofit and for-profit organizations losing access to public services, and the nature of fiscal federalism evolved significantly to the dismay of many provinces and territories. This chapter shows that while the Program Review was an overall success, not all conditions for a ‘great policy success’ were met. Finally, the exceptional circumstances in which the review was conceived and carried out have not been fully appreciated, which explains why later governments have been unable to replicate its success.
Agree without agreement in object clitic doubling constructions
Authors: Baker Mark C.
Published: December 2022

This chapter investigates the relationship between object clitic doubling and object agreement. It is shown that, in Amharic and similar languages, the clitic on the verb is a separate pronominal element, which can trigger weak crossover and binding theory violations. At the same time, it acts like it enters into an Agree relationship with the doubled object, even though it does not c-command the object. It is shown that this unusual cluster of properties can be explained by analysing object clitic doubling on the model of how switch-reference has been analysed in recent work—particularly object=subject switch-reference in Shipibo and Yawanawa. In both constructions, particular functional heads enter into Agree-Link relations with nearby nominals, and the pointers created by this are interpreted as referential dependency holding between non-c-commanding nominals at the level of LF.
Differential object marking in sign languages?
Authors: Steinbach Markus
Published: December 2022

Differential object marking has been described for many typologically different spoken languages and seems to be also a prevalent property of agreement marking in the visual-gestural modality. Many studies on agreement in sign languages have shown that object agreement in sign languages is subject to specific restrictions which are very similar to the restrictions described for differential object marking in spoken languages. In addition, unrelated sign languages have developed a specific marker which seems to be mainly used to mark object agreement. It is thus not a surprise that recent studies have analysed (at least certain instances of) object agreement marking as an instance of differential object marking. This chapter proceeds as follows. First, the discussion of differential object marking in sign language is embedded in a broad evaluation of recent empirical studies on agreement marking in German Sign Language. Secondly, based on the results of the empirical studies, a unified analysis of agreement marking in DGS is developed. Two main insights are presented: (a) DGS has two different kinds of agreement markers, a preverbal differential object marker and a postverbal agreement marker. (b) These two markers constitute two different stages of the same grammaticalization process.
From Obama to Trump
Authors: Howarth David , James Scott
Published: December 2022

Chapter 4 presents our first case study, analysing the Obama administration’s late conversion to the cause of bank structural reform in the US. This policy shift culminated in the surprisingly stringent ban on proprietary trading by banks (the ‘Volcker Rule’) in July 2010, but also led to a lengthy and often tortuous process of implementation. We argue that this significant but highly contested outcome was a consequence of two key features of the process. First, financial industry lobbying was highly fragmented and frequently divided, giving rise to powerful dissenting voices from within the industry (i.e., competitive financial power). Large Wall Street banks also faced concerted opposition from a powerful pro-reform coalition of consumer and activist groups that maintained pressure on Congress. Second, in the absence of venue shifting through which to build a bipartisan consensus, structural reform was highly politicized and shaped by the balance of power in a deeply polarized Congress. Hence, we show that the Volcker Rule came under sustained attack as Republicans, supported by large Wall Street banks, sought to delay and disrupt the rule-writing process using a variety of political, bureaucratic, and legal channels. This culminated in the Trump administration’s attempted repeal of the proprietary trading ban in 2017, which succeeded in relaxing some provisions for smaller banks.
The Netherlands
Authors: Howarth David , James Scott
Published: December 2022

Chapter 8 considers the curious case of no reform in the Netherlands. Conditions appeared ripe for change, not least because of the size of the Dutch banking sector and the scale of the country’s bank bail-outs, but also because of the early support from several political parties and prominent political figures—including the Finance Minister during the crisis, Wouter Bos. We argue that the Dutch case represents a clear example of conflict contraction, resulting from two factors. First, the unified and disciplined Dutch banking industry was able to leverage its cooperative financial power successfully to shape the bank reform agenda more generally, and to marginalize discussions on structural reform in particular. For example, the sector established its own commission in November 2008, chaired by senior bank executive Cees Maas, which recommended a voluntary ‘code’ to change internal bank culture. Second, the Dutch government depoliticized banking reform through venue shifting to two ad hoc commissions—the De Wit Commission in 2009, and the Wijffels Commission in 2012—which narrowed engagement and largely echoed industry’s concerns about ringfencing. The outcome was that the government was able successfully to deflect blame away from the phenomenon of too-big-to-fail banks.
Functional morphology in Odonata
Authors: Büsse Sebastian
Published: December 2022

Insect tagmata are often simplified and assigned to a specific functionality: head (perception), thorax (movement), and abdomen (reproduction). However, in insects generally, all body regions show elaborate functionalities of very different kinds, often down to the nanometer level. It is likely that each part of the insect body provides a (multi)functional specialization. This chapter attempts to tackle the latest achievements in our understanding of functional morphological adaptations in both adult and larval odonates: from the head-arrester-system in adults to the predatory strike of the larvae; from the unique wings to the importance of the legs in the larval stage; and from the head–abdomen interlocking during mating to the swimming abilities of the aquatic larvae. It also attempts to highlight gaps of knowledge for potential future research where young odonatologists can (and should!) enter the field. Further on, functional singularities and curiosities of Odonata are described (as variations of the standard often hold new principles) to showcase the group describe some oup of Odonata as being fascinating model-organisms for functional and biomechanical research. This perspective often yields insights into unique solutions to cope with a constantly changing environment from one of the oldest insect orders.
Phylogeography
Authors: Sanchez-Herrera Melissa , Vega-Sánchez Yesenia M. , Beatty Christopher , Kohli Manpreet
Published: December 2022

This chapter examines the current state of phylogeographic research in the order Odonata and reviews empirical contributions at both a global scale and within the main biogeographical regions (Holarctic, Tropical, Indo–Malayan, Australasian, and Oceanic–Pacific). It highlights the fundamental processes responsible for the origin and maintenance of odonate biodiversity. In addition, it discusses the current opportunities and limitations of performing phylogeographic studies considering new advances in data acquisition (e.g. high throughput sequencing) and analytical approaches of key biological fields (e.g. landscape genetics, niche ecology modeling, phylogenetic community) to lay a foundation for future research. The last decade has been an exciting time in phylogeography, and much work remains to be done to understand the evolutionary history of odonate distributions.
Odonata collections and databases
Authors: Abbott John C. , Sandall Emily L.
Published: December 2022

The Odonata community has embraced the benefits afforded by the digital age to access specimens, promote and disseminate data, engage with an ever-growing community of enthusiasts, and answer big questions. Global databases offer the capacity to move beyond simple catalogs, link data and data providers, and create a unified and engaged community. There are millions of odonate specimens currently housed in institutional and private collections, with relatively few digitized and/or imaged. This chapter addresses approaches to data capture, including best practices when digitizing museum collections, ways to enhance the value of specimen data, integration of the Big Data of genetic and phenotypic databases, workflows for efficiency of data capture, and how the large and growing odonate enthusiast community can contribute to these efforts. It also covers how some of these digital efforts are resulting in fewer physical specimens being collected in recent years.
Odonata as focal taxa for ecological restoration
Authors: Harabiš Filip , Simaika John P. , Dolný Aleš , Luke Sarah H. , Elo Merja , Bried Jason T. , Samways Michael J.
Published: December 2022

Anthropogenic impacts on freshwater ecosystems are so extensive that conservation efforts can no longer focus solely on protecting pristine or near-natural sites. Ecological restoration tries to replace, mitigate, or recover losses and damages to biodiversity, habitats, and ecosystems. Restoration also aims to create novel habitats and ecosystems that are more resilient to human impacts. Odonates are relatively easy to survey and play important basic and applied ecological roles in aquatic, wetland, and riparian ecosystems, and are therefore a key target for restoring freshwater biodiversity and ecological networks. Many odonate species are sensitive to environmental changes and can be used as indicators of restoration progress or success. Species may also be translocated to accelerate natural colonization and augment populations. Restoration actions are likely to increase globally during the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021–2030), providing an opportune time to promote a broader restorative culture around odonates.
Cages in Rural Homes
Authors: Kim H. Yumi
Published: December 2022

Home confinement, a long-standing practice in which those considered mad and prone to violence were confined in cage-like structures inside the family home, persisted into the turn of the twentieth century. New legal and bureaucratic regulations of the practice further intensified family-based care in Japan. Yet one crucial condition that made home confinement possible in the first place has long been rendered invisible: a domestic and moral economy of caregiving that heavily relied on women’s physical and mental labor. Women performed the bulk of the intensive labor of care, from cleaning bedding and toilets, to supervising hospital visits and administering medication. This gendered labor helped create the social and emotional ties by which the relations of family were rendered meaningful in everyday life. Just as readily, the demand and toll of the labor could attenuate ties of kinship and call into question what exactly was considered “normal” family relations.
“Follow Me”
Authors: Kling David W.
Published: December 2022

This chapter focuses on Anthony, the putative founder of Christian monasticism, and the centrality of Matthew 19:16–22 (particularly Jesus’ words, “If you wish to be perfect, go, sell your possessions, and give the money to the poor”) in Anthony’s life. The text that so moved Anthony eventually became the source of what Catholic and Orthodox interpreters refer to as “the evangelical counsels”—the ideals of poverty, chastity, and obedience—given by Jesus to those who seek perfection. The chapter traces the origins of monasticism, the role of Scripture in the desert, and responses by Protestants to ascetic disciplines. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of contemporary expressions of Christian spirituality in the works of Thomas Merton, Henri Nouwen, and Kathleen Norris.
“One in Christ Jesus”
Authors: Kling David W.
Published: December 2022

This chapter focuses on the history of interpretation of Galatians 3:28 and its application to women’s ministry and ordination in the American context. Not until the nineteenth century was the text understood to mean anything other than a person’s standing before God. After tracing the historical interpretation of the text, the chapter turns to the emergence of and controversy over women in ministry in the nineteenth century. The coalescence of evangelical revivalism and the first women’s rights movement in the 1840s shifted the text’s meaning to the human dimension, namely, to a woman’s right to serve in an equal capacity to men as ordained ministers. Galatians 3:28 emerged as the decisive text in support of women’s ordination. The chapter extends the discussion into recent times, examining advocates of women in ministry from a mainline Protestant perspective (Krister Stendahl), a feminist perspective (Elizabeth Schüssler Fiorenza), and an evangelical perspective (Richard Longenecker).
Introduction
Authors: Suval John
Published: December 2022

It was a rude awakening when proslavery editor John H. Stringfellow and Charles Robinson of the antislavery New England Emigrant Aid Company faced off at the heads of their respective squatter armies in Kansas Territory in 1855. Why did men with antithetical ideologies both self-identify as squatters and claim other squatters as their allies, and why did figures commonly associated with illegal land grabs emerge as foot soldiers in clashes over slavery that convulsed the nation in the lead-up to the Civil War? Following in squatters’ footsteps from 1830 to 1860 imparts novel perspectives on how the United States grew into a continent-spanning juggernaut and how those territorial conquests fractured the body politic. During this period, the issues of land-claiming and slavery extension became stubbornly intertwined—indeed, the very act of occupying terrain and establishing communities determined whether slavery or freedom would prevail in America.
Squatter Democracy
Authors: Suval John
Published: December 2022

Squatter Democracy, the alliance between Democrats in Washington and settlers in the West, shaped antebellum politics and the map of North America. Jacksonian Democrats broke with precedent by championing settlers who illegally claimed US public lands, Indian domains, and the territory of neighboring nations. Their florid tributes to squatters put a heroic white face on territorial conquests, engendered solidarity between elites and the poor, and enabled northerners and southerners to skirt the explosive issue of slavery by rallying behind an expansionist platform framed as simply giving “hardy pioneer” farmers their due. Prompted by their frontier constituents, Democrats in the 1830s took the lead in passing Indian removal and preemption laws, which enabled squatters to retroactively obtain title to lands they had occupied, fostering a settle-first-legalize-later mentality. By decade’s end, the once vilified squatter figure had become the darling of the Democratic Party and preemption the law of the land.
“Great American Measures” and the Election of 1844
Authors: Suval John
Published: December 2022

If Whigs had made inroads with western settlers in 1840, Democrats reclaimed the lost ground in 1844, promulgating a program of conquest led by squatters in Texas and Oregon that sparked conflicts with Mexico and Great Britain. With Polk’s victory, Squatter Democracy reached its apex, ushering in an era of unprecedented expansion but also compounding sectional fissures. Proponents of slavery rallied behind the squatter figure with particular verve, and popular portrayals like those in the works of Charles Sealsfield and John S. Robb increasingly rendered squatters as compatible with slaveholding society. Yet actual settlers in the West tended to distance themselves from the institution. This disconnect would tear at the fabric of Squatter Democracy and factor in the rise of Free Soil. The bid by competing interests to claim the squatter to advance their agendas reflects the symbol’s potency and malleability, making it an increasingly unpredictable factor in American politics.
Sacramento’s Squatter Riot and the Aftershocks of Manifest Destiny
Authors: Suval John
Published: December 2022

A high-profile squatter movement in Gold Rush-era Sacramento revealed a widening breach between squatters as debated in Washington and the actual settlers in the West. As Congress clashed over California statehood in 1850—with southerners fixating on the would-be state’s antislavery constitution as evidence of “squatter sovereignty” run amok—American settlers led by Charles Robinson rallied under the “Squatter” banner to secure rights to Mexican land. While in important respects fulfilling the promise of Squatter Democracy by extending white American sovereignty over the continent, these squatters were no Democratic pawns. Instead, they inclined toward a free-soil vision of the West and charted an independent course for their cause, making clear that no party held an exclusive monopoly on pro-squatter politics. Their movement, which exploded into the 1850 Squatter Riot in Sacramento, embodied southerners’ worst fears about what to expect if squatters were left in charge of western lands.
Epilogue
Authors: Suval John
Published: December 2022

Squatter Democracy arose on promises of boundless opportunity for white male partisans and crashed because it sold greed as generosity, peddled violence as virtue, and failed to recognize the dangerous forces it had unleashed until it was too late. Rhetorically, the shapeshifting squatter yeoman could, for a time, advance the fortunes of the white populations of the North and South. In reality, this mythic figure more closely matched the small family farmer than the slaveholding planter. Squatters could embody sovereignty but not to the benefit of both free farmers and increasingly anti-democratic enslavers, nor to the exclusion of resilient non-white people across the continent such as George Bush, a pioneering settler in Washington Territory. By the time men like Robert J. Walker and Stephen A. Douglas acknowledged these truths, the Party of Jackson lay broken in two and western lands had become battlegrounds.
Introduction
Authors: Winters John C.
Published: December 2022

This book traces the lives of four members of a Seneca family who were unsung agents in the nineteenth and twentieth century invention of the historical, political, and social conception of the Empire State. They used the tools and language of the colonizers to package and deliver an image of Iroquois history and culture that has shaped New Yorkers’ conception of self. In sum, they made it possible for New Yorkers to think first of the Haudenosaunee, above all other Native American nations, as the focal point of an effort to find the indigenous “part of our national soul.”
The Political Germination of a Religious Doctrine
Authors: Ghobadzadeh Naser
Published: December 2022

This chapter shows that although the doctrine of wilāyat-i faqīh was formulated at the Najaf seminary at the most advanced level of seminary education, and by Ayatollah Khomeini, an occupant of the highest seminary rank—marjaʿ-i taqlīd—this doctrine did not meet the standards expected of a religious doctrine. Shīʿism’s written heritage, its lived history, and the accepted traditions of the seminaries of that time did not provide Khomeini with the sources necessary to support his doctrine. For this reason, he took a radical methodological approach that leaned heavily on reason in formulating his doctrine, whose populist aspects prevailed over its scholarly aspects. That is why Khomeini’s doctrine was not taken seriously in the Shīʿī seminary; it was not discussed in the name of a new idea in the academic and scholarly atmosphere of the seminary, nor did it provoke any significant debate in the seminary’s public sphere. In this chapter, the doctrine of wilāyat-i faqīh is described metaphorically as the product of a genetic mutation that, after the clerical Islamists’ consolidation of power and with the use of government resources, found the opportunity to thrive in the political arena.
A World Turned Upside Down
Authors: Brown Jeremy
Published: December 2022

The Black Death of 1348 swept through Europe and reappeared in several waves over the next two centuries. Jews were victims of both the pandemic and the antisemitic violence that followed. Hundreds of Jewish communities were persecuted even as Pope Clement IV ruled that anyone joining or authorizing the persecution would be excommunicated. But Jews were not just victims; they were physicians and diarists as well. This chapter discusses several plague tracts, including the diary of Abraham Catalano which provides a detailed insight into life in Padua during the pandemic of 1630. The chapter concludes with a description of plague that ravaged a group of three hundred Jews who had made their way from Russia to Ottoman Palestine.
The Right to Die
Authors: Brown Jeremy
Published: December 2022

Anti-vaccination movements have been around for as long as there have been vaccinations. Among the earliest anti-vaxxers was an English Jew named Joseph Levy (1838–1913) who wrote two short books against vaccinations and argued for a religious exemption for Jews. This may have been the first example of a Jew claiming a religious exemption from vaccination. Vaccine denial has been documented across Europe, Asia, and the United States, and it is not surprising that it is also espoused in some Jewish communities. This chapter examines this phenomenon and the responses of leading Jewish organizations in the light of the Jewish imperative to save life at all costs. Mainstream Jewish movements across the religious spectrum have issued calls for their members to vaccinate. The chapter concludes by noting that there is nothing particularly Jewish about the Jewish anti-vaxxers, who are really just anti-vaxxers who happen to be Jewish.
Four Galtons and a Minsky
Authors: Schwartz Herman Mark , Blyth Mark
Published: December 2022

This chapter provides the global setting for the discrete growth models analyzed in the chapters on specific countries, and for the system-level chapters on regional GMs, FDI, global supply chains, and the knowledge economy. In essence, it focuses on the relationship between the global economic system and the units embedded in that system. The critical issue is the degree to which the global system conditions unit-level growth models, or conversely, the degree of independence those models exhibit in terms of their domestic growth dynamics. We lay out four approaches with increasing system-level causal effects. The chapter concludes by showing the global economy exhibits financial Minsky cycles akin to those at the national level. This helps us assess which of the four approaches captures the system and unit-level dynamic most accurately. It also complements the chapter on financialization.
Green Growth Models
Authors: Nahm Jonas
Published: December 2022

Climate policymaking presents a stern test for state capacity, as successful emissions reductions require transformations of virtually every sector of the economy. A popular political strategy to overcome vested interest opposition to such changes has been to promise “green growth” to build coalitions of decarbonization supporters that expect material benefits from green industrial change. Yet states have varied dramatically in the types of green growth strategies that they have chosen and have only in some cases been able to deliver the promised economic co-benefits as a result of climate policy. This chapter shows that divergent patterns of green growth reflect broader cross-national differences in growth models that emphasize different types of aggregate demand in the domestic economy. The associated differences in state-business relations, labor, and wage politics have had consequences for the kinds of coalitions that have emerged behind climate policy and shape the long-term trajectory of decarbonization.
Stakeholder Analysis
Authors: Ketokivi Mikko , Mahoney Joseph T.
Published: December 2022

An organization has relationships with multiple constituencies that create value for the organization: employees, suppliers, customers, financiers, and so on. Some of these constituencies become vulnerable by voluntarily placing various bets and wagers on the outcomes of the organization; shareholders buying shares in a limited liability company is the most obvious example. We use the label stakeholder to refer to those constituencies who, by virtue of their participation in the organization, have placed sizable bets on organizational outcomes and, consequently, have something significant at stake. The purpose of the stakeholder analysis discussed in this chapter is to evaluate which constituencies have most at stake and how their cooperation can be secured by implementing the requisite governance safeguards. Because we view stakeholder governance not as a matter of categorizing constituencies into stakeholders and non-stakeholders but, rather, as a matter of degrees, informed prioritization of stakeholders becomes essential.
Saddam Hussein
Authors: Leffler Melvyn P.
Published: December 2022

Chapter 1 examines the trajectory of Saddam Hussein’s career from poverty and anonymity to unchallenged power. It highlights the role of his uncle Khairallah Talfah who introduced Hussein to Ahman Hasan al-Bakr, the future leader of the Iraqi Ba’th Party. When the Ba’th seized power in 1968, Hussein played a key role in the nationalization of the oil industry. He then employed skyrocketing revenues to modernize the country, augment its military power, and develop its weapons of mass destruction. He murdered his foes, waged war against Iran, crushed rebellious Kurds (with the use of chemical weapons), and tried to seize Kuwait. Undaunted by the coalition of nations that the United States assembled against him, Hussein spent the decade of the 1990s defying UN weapons inspectors (UNSCOM), evading sanctions, and maintaining ties with terrorist groups. Weakened but unchastened, Hussein still aspired to greatness for Iraq and unrivaled power for himself.
Conclusion
Authors: Leffler Melvyn P.
Published: December 2022

Chapter 10 summarizes the motives prompting the invasion of Iraq, examines the consequences of the decision, and assesses the reasons for the chaotic liberation and occupation. Assigning importance to three key factors—fear, power, and hubris—it analyzes the statecraft of President George W. Bush, his ideological predilections, and his practice of coercive diplomacy. It also looks at the behavior of Saddam Hussein, his affinity for weapons of mass destruction, and his impact on American public opinion. When WMD were not found and the occupation transitioned to an insurgency, public support for the war at home eroded and anti-Americanism abroad soared. The tragic consequences of the invasion adumbrated a new epoch in American history.
Introduction
Authors: O’Brien Gerald
Published: December 2022

The Introduction provides a basic description of eugenics and the main themes that the book will explore. This includes describing why the relevance of historical eugenics is especially contentious within the context of recent genetic innovations, such as the completion of the Human Genome Project and new developments in genetic testing. This chapter also describes the importance of these questions for the social work and related professions. These issues are principally crucial for members of the profession in our purported role as disability advocates, as they have relevance for how we think about disability in general, and therefore how we as a profession respond to persons with disabilities.
Meta-messages and a Tale of Two Policy Statements
Authors: O’Brien Gerald
Published: December 2022

How can the social work profession advocate for those with disabilities while at the same time supporting genetic testing policies that would target fetuses with those same conditions? This is the difficult question that is raised in this chapter. Policy statements related to persons with disabilities and genetics that have been published by the National Association of Social Workers are analyzed and discussed in light of this question. Many persons with disabilities have strong concerns about what a “new age of genetics” might mean for the conception of disability, and some of these concerns, which will be explored in greater depth in future chapters, are introduced here.
Delusions and Grandeur
Authors: Robinson Michael A.
Published: December 2022

The combination of partisan tribalism, deepening media “echo-chambers,” and the utility of military credibility seem to suggest an environment where traditional norms of civil-military relations are weaker than previously believed. Using the results of original survey experimentation on political activism by retired military officers, this chapter finds that the public does not principally sanction such behavior, instead only doing so when these officers advocate for the “wrong side.” Indeed, retired officers seeking a tailored following may actually be rewarded with increased trust from like-minded partisans. Examining the social media follower networks of prominent retired military elites, the chapter finds that these individuals can draw even more partisan audiences than elected officials. Using examples from recent electoral cycles and retired military outcry over domestic military deployments, it illustrates how the environment suggested by these results can increase active politicization from retired officers, either purposefully or through a misappraisal of the partisan political environment.
Santa Olguita and Juan Soldado
Authors: Calvo-Quirós William A.
Published: December 2022

In the 1930s, in the aftermath of the Mexican Revolution, Olga Camacho and Juan Soldado emerged as two folk border saints who manifested Mexico’s turbulent gendered and political relationship with the United States. The chapter begins with the story of Olga, an eight-year-old girl who was raped and murdered in Tijuana in 1938. It explores the strange circumstances surrounding her death and the popular riots that erupted after the arrest of Juan Castillo, a poor, low-ranking Mexican soldier, who was the main suspect in the crime. I then analyze how Castillo was popularly canonized, transformed from convicted rapist/murderer into Juan Soldado, a Baja California saint for undocumented immigrants. The chapter argues that Olga’s death and her invisibility in historical accounts are not anomalous but exemplary: they are consistent with the region’s prevalent sexual violence against women, stemming back to colonial times. The chapter ends by describing Olga’s recent feminist “resurrection” in the region as a saint protecting against injustice, police brutality, and women’s rape.
Saint Toribio Romo
Authors: Calvo-Quirós William A.
Published: December 2022

Since the 1990s, US and Mexican newspapers have occasionally reported on undocumented immigrants who say they have seen the ghost of a priest assisting those in distress as they cross the border into the United States. Known as El Santo Pollero, or the smuggler saint, Father Toribio Romo was a Mexican Catholic priest killed by forces supported by the government in 1928 during the Cristero War, an anticlerical conflict. The chapter begins by exploring the conditions that frame Romo’s death, then analyzes the profound transformation experienced by his hometown because of his skyrocketing spiritual popularity. I also show how his veneration has spread to the United States; since 2014, Romo’s relics—in the form of bone fragments—have circulated through the United States, where they are used both to campaign for comprehensive immigration reform and to promote the movement pressing for Catholic churches to offer sanctuary to undocumented immigrants. This chapter explores the evolution of El Santo Pollero within the political and economic intersections of migration and faith.
The Cartel Emerges
Authors: Acharya Avidit , Lee Alexander
Published: December 2022

Chapter 3 addresses the process by which the state system developed in Modern Europe. It explains the transition from a system without cooperation to one with cooperation, in which the key changing variables are the rising value of governance and the declining costs of governing distant territories. It looks carefully at the process by which states collaborated on drawing historical boundaries and how their control of border regions increased following border demarcation.
Challenges to the Cartel
Authors: Acharya Avidit , Lee Alexander
Published: December 2022

Cartels are inherently unstable---plagued by the temptation of their members to cheat and the challenge of deterring entry to their industry by new competitors. And yet the territorial state system has so far proven to be remarkably stable. How do we reconcile this stability with our argument that the territorial state system represents a cartel? We provide some theoretical background to the three threats to cartel stability: conflict, opportunistic entry, and the potential demand for competition in the market for governance that comes with democracy. We argue that the incentives to cooperate are so strong that the system has been able to survive periodic border revisions. They have also been strong enough to incentivize unilateral or bilateral military action to crush new entrants. Furthermore, citizens in a democratic state that redistributes tax revenue back to them may have incentives to preserve the cartel just as strong as those of authoritarian rulers.
In the Spell of Babylonian Writing
Authors: Van De Mieroop Marc
Published: December 2022

In the early second millennium bc, the Babylonian concept of writing was the norm throughout the Near East. People with a large variety of mother tongues adopted it yet also modified it. Literate people in Syrian Mari, Iranian Susa, and the Assyrian trade colony Kaneš in central Anatolia creatively engaged with the Babylonian cosmopolitan system and adapted elements of it to respond to local needs. A political decision could alter scribal practices overnight. Third-millennium documents from Ebla in western Syria show how similar processes happened at that time and that the spread of Babylonian customs was the outcome of cultural influences rather than military control.
Gradual
Authors: Berman Greg , Fox Aubrey
Published: December 2022

On both the left and the right, calls for bold change have become a common feature of American politics. But is this correct? Is bold change the only way forward? Is the United States living in an era that demands the radical transformation of society? Gradual: The Case for Incremental Change in a Radical Age argues that an incremental approach to public policy is not only the best way to describe how government actually works, but a more effective way of making change happen. Unfortunately, gradualism has become unfashionable at the precise moment when it is needed the most. Gradual documents why it is so difficult to achieve systemic change in the United States and tells the stories of a range of government reformers who achieved success gradually. In the process, Gradual makes the case for a brand of incremental change rooted in the values of honesty, humility, nuance, and respect. Based on the authors’ experience advancing criminal justice reform, Gradual argues that, given enough time, seemingly modest improvements can add up to significant change.
Epilogue
Authors: Gutacker Paul J.
Published: December 2022

The epilogue reflects on the meaning of this story. Even as American Protestants maintained they were biblicists, they consistently appealed to Christian precedent that illuminated and underscored the authority of scripture. On questions of church and state, denominational distinctives, education, women’s rights, and slavery, Americans read the Bible alongside and in relation to other texts, traditions, and interpreters. Even as they claimed to rely on the Bible alone, antebellum Protestants frequently turned to Christian saints, exegetical traditions, the practices of Christians past, and official church teachings, employing these sources to complement or clarify the authority of scripture. Perhaps this betrays a deeper sense that the Bible was not as self-interpreting as many Protestants hoped. At the very least, it shows the inescapability of tradition. American Protestants never read, nor argued over, the Bible alone.