bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A descriptive mapping review of suicide in vulnerable populations in low and middle countries
Authors: Vijayakumar Lakshmi , Ray Somidha , Fernandes Tanya Nicole , Pathare Soumitra
Published: April 2021

Introduction

In 2016, low‐and‐middle income countries (LMICs) accounted for 79% of the global suicide deaths. In LMICs, vulnerable groups—women, sexual minorities and refugees, and internally displaced persons (IDPs)—are at high risk of suicidal ideation, attempts and deaths by suicide, but information for designing targeted interventions for them is fragmented and missing, making it difficult to address gaps in the existing system. This review highlights these gaps by mapping: (a) risk factors associated with suicides and suicidal behavior including challenges in implementing targeted programmes for vulnerable groups; and (b) recommendations for effective suicide prevention interventions and strategies in LMICs as documented in the literature.

Methods

A descriptive mapping review of literature was conducted. Three electronic databases—PubMed, Google Scholar, and Refworld—were searched for specific keywords. The researchers mapped and reviewed 34 studies on suicide and suicide prevention across three main vulnerable groups.

Results

This review highlighted the need for gender‐specific interventions for women and sexual minorities, addressing gender‐based discrimination, access to healthcare, abuse and violence, while for refugees and IDPs, critical concerns are monitoring and understanding suicidal behaviors and to address psychological and emotional responses to resettlement.

Conclusion

In LMICs, specific and unique socio‐cultural and environmental factors may increase the risk of vulnerable groups to suicidal behaviors. In order to develop effective and comprehensive suicide prevention strategies, it is crucial to evaluate these differential risk factors and develop culturally appropriate and sensitive interventions and strategies.
‘It's not fair’: Custodial grandparents' access to services and supports in Australia
Authors: Fernandes Christina , Blundell Barbara , Moran Rebecca J. , Gilbert Jessica M. , Liddiard Mark
Published: April 2021

Grandparents become custodial carers of their grandchildren for a variety of reasons, including love, fear of losing the children to the system, efforts to protect children while managing relationships with the adult child (parent), policy impetus, and even for the convenience of child protection systems. As obvious candidates for care provision, grandparents report feeling pressured to take on care, and yet many grandcarers are poorly supported and feel taken for granted. Drawing on a mixed method study of grandparent carers and service providers located in Western Australia, we argue that there are important issues of inequity and injustice associated with being a grandcarer, in particular due to systemic and discursive failures to recognize the complexity and challenges of care provision. Misrecognition and epistemic injustice result in further marginalization and disempowerment, compounding barriers to accessing services and supports, which in turn impact upon child and family wellbeing. The aim of this article is to analyse the complex circumstances described by grandcarers and service providers in interview and survey data, highlighting issues of inequity and injustice and therefore areas for improving policy and services to support grandfamilies.
Shark conservation and blanket bans in the eastern Pacific Ocean
Authors: Castellanos‐Galindo Gustavo A. , Herrón Pilar , Navia Andrés F. , Booth Hollie
Published: April 2021

Sharks are one of the most threatened marine animals, with fishing identified as the prime human activity responsible for population declines. The tropical eastern Pacific, a biogeographic region spanning the coastal areas from Mexico to Peru including the Colombian Pacific coast and the Galapagos archipelago, forms critical habitat and migratory routes for sharks and other marine megafauna. The Colombian government recently announced a total (blanket) ban on all forms of shark fishing in the country, including artisanal and industrial. Prohibiting shark fisheries in Colombia could drive fishing and trade under‐ground, fueling criminality, and marginalization. This will not only undermine recent efforts of local communities and researchers to manage small‐scale fisheries, but will criminalize a key source of income for a historically marginalized part of Colombian society. To be effective and ethical, this government decision needs to be rethought incorporating a more holistic management strategy consented among different stakeholder groups.
Structural analysis of behavioral freedom in free‐ranging and captive chimpanzees
Authors: Morimura Naruki
Published: April 2021

Behavioral freedom is becoming an increasingly important issue bridging animal welfare and conservation biology. This study focused on range size and spatiotemporal variation in Western chimpanzees, creating a novel index for behavioral freedom. Direct observations were conducted on a group of seven free‐ranging chimpanzees in Bossou, Guinea, during 10‐hr observation periods over 10 days, and on a group of five captive individuals at the Kumamoto Sanctuary during 7‐hr observation periods over 7 days. Bossou chimpanzees showed dynamic ranging patterns; their range size was larger, and their day and time‐of‐day ranges did not generally overlap. Additionally, the average time‐of‐day range was 5.2 times greater than the day range. In contrast, sanctuary chimpanzees showed a static ranging pattern, with a smaller range size and a time‐of‐day range to day range ratio of 1.0. Therefore, the time‐of‐day range to day range ratio is a suitable quantitative index of behavioral freedom in chimpanzees.
The efficacy of interleukin‐1 antagonist drugs in combination with colchicine in patients with FMF‐AA with colchicine resistance after kidney transplantation: A study with histopathologic evidence
Authors: Simsek Cenk , Karatas Murat , Tatar Erhan , Yildirim Ali Murat , Alkan Funda Tasli , Uslu Adam
Published: April 2021

Background

The efficacy of anti‐interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) drugs in kidney transplant patients with FMF‐AA who developed colchicine resistance has not been clearly demonstrated.

Method

Thirty nine kidney transplant recipients with FMF‐AA were evaluated. Group 1 consisted of patients who were in remission after transplantation with colchine and Group 2 included those who developed colchicine resistance.

Results

The mean follow‐up of the patients was 88.5 ± 61.9 months. Following the treatment with IL‐1 antagonists; serum Amyloid A (SAA) averages (79.4 ± 35.3 mg/L) as well as the average number of hospitalizations per month due to FMF episodes (1.4 ± 0.5 times/month) decreased significantly (26.6 ± 25.9 mg/L and 0.1 ± 0.3 times/month) (p < .001). Rates of death with a functional graft were 30% and 0% in group 1 and 2 (p = .086). Biopsy‐proven AA amyloidosis recurrence in the allograft was observed in 11 of 19 (58%) and seven of nine (78%) patients in group 1 and 2, respectively. Interestingly, glomerular amyloid deposition was not present in the vast majority of biopsies. De novo vasculer amyloid deposition was observed during treatment.

Conclusion

IL‐1 antagonist drug and colchicine combination almost completely prevented acute FMF attacks in kidney transplant patients with colchicine resistance. However, amyloid accumulation did not cease during IL‐1 antagonist drug treatment.
An evaluation on the association of vancomycin trough concentration with mortality in critically ill patients: A multicenter retrospective study
Authors: Ren Jiajia , Hou Yanli , Li Jiamei , Gao Ya , Li Ruohan , Jin Xuting , Zhang Jingjing , Wang Xiaochuang , Wang Gang
Published: April 2021

To determine the impact of initial vancomycin trough concentration (VTC) on mortality in adult patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) undergoing vancomycin therapy. During their first ICU stay, patients with initial VTC records after vancomycin treatment were recruited from the eICU Collaborative Research Database to this multicenter retrospective cohort study, and classified into four groups according to VTC: less than 10, 10–15, 15–20, and greater than 20 mg/L. Multivariable logistic regression and sensitivity analyses were performed to explore the association of VTC, as a continuous and categorical variable, with mortality. This study enrolled 7220 patients from 335 different ICUs at 208 hospitals. Multivariable logistic regression models indicated that VTC was positively correlated with ICU (odds ratio [OR], 1.028, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.019–1.037) and hospital (OR 1.028, 95% CI, 1.020–1.036) mortalities. Moreover, compared with VTC less than 10 mg/L, VTCs of 10–15, 15–20, and greater than 20 mg/L were associated with a higher risk of ICU mortality (OR, 1.330, 95% CI, 1.070–1.653; OR, 1.596, 95% CI, 1.265–2.015; abd OR, 1.875, 95% CI, 1.491–2.357, respectively), and VTCs of 15–20 and greater than 20 mg/L were also correlated with increased hospital mortality (OR, 1.482, 95% CI, 1.225–1.793; and OR, 1.831, 95% CI, 1.517–2.210, respectively). Similar results persisted in patients with different Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Ⅳ scores, creatinine clearance levels, ages, and body mass indexes. Our findings indicated a potential relationship of initial VTC with ICU and hospital mortalities in patients in the ICU. However, due to the retrospective nature of this study, future prospective studies or randomized controlled trials are needed to validate those results.
Lower heart failure and chronic kidney disease risks associated with sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitor use in Japanese type 2 diabetes patients without established cardiovascular and renal diseases
Authors: Komuro Issei , Kadowaki Takashi , Bodegård Johan , Thuresson Marcus , Okami Suguru , Yajima Toshitaka
Published: April 2021

Aims

To examine heart failure (HF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) risks reduction associated with sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitors (SGLT‐2i) compared to other glucose‐lowering drugs (oGLD) in the early stage of type 2 diabetes patients without established cardiovascular or renal diseases (CVRD‐free T2D).

Materials and Methods

We performed an observational cohort study using a Japanese hospital claims registry, Medical Data Vision. CVRD‐free T2D patients were identified between 1 April 2014 and 30 September 2018. SGLT‐2i and oGLD new users (and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors [DPP‐4i] separately) were subjected to 1:1 propensity‐score matching analysis. Hazard ratios (HRs) of cardiorenal disease (HF and/or CKD), HF, CKD, stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), and all‐cause mortality, were estimated using unadjusted Cox regression.

Results

A total of 108 362 CVRD‐free patients including 54 181 SGLT‐2i and 54 181 oGLD users were matched. Baseline characteristics were well balanced (mean age 59.1 years, 63% male, and follow‐up 1.50 years [162 970 patient‐years]). Compared to oGLD group, SGLT‐2i group had lower risk of cardiorenal disease, HF, CKD, stroke, and all‐cause mortality with HRs (95% confidence intervals) 0.55 (0.49‐0.61), 0.73 (0.61‐0.87), 0.45 (0.39‐0.52), 0.69 (0.59‐0.81), and 0.52 (0.46‐0.58), respectively, while no difference in MI. These were consistent in 1:1 propensity‐score matching analysis between SGLT‐2i and DPP‐4i users (n = 17 232 in each group).

Conclusions

In Japanese CVRD‐free T2D patients, SGLT‐2i initiation was associated with lower risk of cardiorenal diseases, stroke, and all‐cause mortality compared to oGLD, suggesting preventive effect of SGLT‐2i treatment in the early stage of T2D patients without CVRD manifestation.
Current trends in diabetes mellitus database research in Japan
Authors: Kohsaka Shun , Morita Naru , Okami Suguru , Kidani Yoko , Yajima Toshitaka
Published: April 2021

With the widespread use of electronic medical records and administrative claims databases, analytic results from so‐called real‐world data have become increasingly important in healthcare decision‐making. Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous condition that involves a broad spectrum of patients. Real‐world database studies have been recognised as a powerful tool to understand the impact of current practices on clinical courses and outcomes, such as long‐term glucose control, development of microvascular or macro‐vascular diseases, and mortality. Diabetes is also a major global health issue and poses a significant social and economic burden worldwide. Therefore, it is critical to understand the epidemiology, clinical course, treatment reality, and long‐term outcomes of diabetes to determine realistic solutions to a variety of disease‐related issues that we are facing. In the present review, we summarise the healthcare system and large‐scale databases currently available in Japan, introduce the results from recent database studies involving Japanese patients with diabetes, and discuss future opportunities and challenges for the use of databases in the management of diabetes.
A novel prognostic score to assess the risk of progression in relapsing−remitting multiple sclerosis patients
Authors: Pisani Anna Isabella , Scalfari Antonio , Crescenzo Francesco , Romualdi Chiara , Calabrese Massimiliano
Published: April 2021

Background

At the patient level, the prognostic value of several features that are known to be associated with an increased risk of converting from relapsing−remitting (RR) to secondary phase (SP) multiple sclerosis (MS) remains limited.

Methods

Among 262 RRMS patients followed up for 10 years, we assessed the probability of developing the SP course based on clinical and conventional and non‐conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) parameters at diagnosis and after 2 years. We used a machine learning method, the random survival forests, to identify, according to their minimal depth (MD), the most predictive factors associated with the risk of SP conversion, which were then combined to compute the secondary progressive risk score (SP‐RiSc).

Results

During the observation period, 69 (26%) patients converted to SPMS. The number of cortical lesions (MD = 2.47) and age (MD = 3.30) at diagnosis, the global cortical thinning (MD = 1.65), the cerebellar cortical volume loss (MD = 2.15) and the cortical lesion load increase (MD = 3.15) over the first 2 years exerted the greatest predictive effect. Three patients’ risk groups were identified; in the high‐risk group, 85% (46/55) of patients entered the SP phase in 7 median years. The SP‐RiSc optimal cut‐off estimated was 17.7 showing specificity and sensitivity of 87% and 92%, respectively, and overall accuracy of 88%.

Conclusions

The SP‐RiSc yielded a high performance in identifying MS patients with high probability to develop SPMS, which can help improve management strategies. These findings are the premise of further larger prospective studies to assess its use in clinical settings.
Fog‐assisted virtual reality‐based learning framework to control panic
Authors: Sood Sandeep Kumar , Rawat Keshav Singh
Published: April 2021

The biggest challenges for several universities and educational institutions throughout the COVID‐19 pandemic are online and e‐learning infrastructure availability. The incorporation of Information and Communication Technologies in the domain of disaster management is one such dimension, which focuses on the sustainability of human beings regarding the handling of unexpected pandemics. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the panic well‐being of the student in this situation. Moreover, virtual reality technology provides a virtual classroom environment that improves the skill and knowledge of the students at remote sites. In this paper, a fog‐assisted cyber physical system is proposed that deals with the various aspects of the panic well‐being of the student, including the virtual reality platform for remote learning. The proposed system utilizes the concepts of physical and cyberspace. The physical space facilitates real‐time data acquisition, and cyberspace determines and predicts the panic well‐being of the student. The performance assessment of the proposed model acknowledges the efficiency of the virtual learning system and panic well‐being determination and prediction. The proposed system also discussed a virtual learning system that provides a virtual classroom environment to the students at remote sites and reduces the panic due to stressful times during the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Optimal pooling of data for the reliable estimation of trait probability distributions
Authors: Botta‐Dukát Zoltán , Lukács Balázs András
Published: April 2021

Aim

Functional diversity indices that summarize trait variation between organisms within communities are widely used tools in community ecology. Although intraspecific trait variation is often an important component of the total variation, traditional functional diversity indices neglect this component. Recently, Carmona et al. proposed a framework to overcome this limitation based on fitting trait probability distributions (TPDs). Unfortunately, this article does not contain any guidance on pooling data before fitting TPDs.

Innovation

Reliable fitting of TPDs needs larger sample size than usually used. This larger sample size can be reached pooling of data comes from different localities. If the TPD is the same in these localities, pooling results in a more reliable estimation. Moreover, if pooled data represent different TPDs, the fitted distribution is an artefact. In this paper, we suggest an algorithm for the automated selection of optimal pooling. It is based on fitting Gaussian mixture models and model selection using Bayes information criterion (BIC).

Main conclusions

The new algorithm was able to select the optimal pooling of data, which is illustrated using artificial data. Analysis of field data examples showed that optimal pooling is often not obvious: both merging all data and analysing measurements from each locality separately might result in unreliable estimates.
Recommendations for improving dental care for dentate home‐based older people: A qualitative New Zealand study
Authors: Smith Lee , Smith Moira , Thomson W. Murray
Published: April 2021

Background and objective

A small number of national studies have explored the barriers to older people accessing dental care; however, to date none have investigated older people's recommendations for overcoming these barriers.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 40 dentate older people (65 years and over) who resided in New Zealand's Otago region and received home‐support. A joint inductive thematic analysis was undertaken, based on the constant comparative method.

Results

Recommendations for boosting community‐dwelling older people's access to dental care included publicly funding or subsiding the cost of dental care for older people, aligning the pension with the real cost of living, and making the environment at Work and Income less hostile and the emergency dental grant more readily available, making dental clinics more accessible, initiating domiciliary dental care, having mobile dental clinics visit neighbourhoods with high proportions of older people, as well as subsidised transport to the dental clinic. Other suggestions were having GPs, pharmacists and social workers emphasise oral health during appointments, along with dental education campaigns.

Conclusion

In order to boost the rates of dental care access among older New Zealanders who receive home support, multiple structural changes are necessary, but these should primarily focus on reducing the cost and increasing accessibility.
Automated identification of glomeruli and synchronised review of special stains in renal biopsies by machine learning and slide registration: a cross‐institutional study
Authors: Wilbur David C , Smith Maxwell L , Cornell Lynn D , Andryushkin Alexander , Pettus Jason R
Published: April 2021

Aims

Machine learning in digital pathology can improve efficiency and accuracy via prescreening with automated feature identification. Studies using uniform histological material have shown promise. Generalised application requires validation on slides from multiple institutions. We used machine learning to identify glomeruli on renal biopsies and compared performance between single and multiple institutions.

Methods and results

Randomly selected, adequately sampled renal core biopsy cases (71) consisting of four stains each (haematoxylin and eosin, trichrome, silver, periodic acid Schiff) from three institutions were digitised at ×40. Glomeruli were manually annotated by three renal pathologists using a digital tool. Cases were divided into training/validation (n = 52) and evaluation (n = 19) cohorts. An algorithm was trained to develop three convolutional neural network (CNN) models which tested case cohorts intra‐ and inter‐institutionally. Raw CNN search data from each of the four slides per case were merged into composite regions of interest containing putative glomeruli. The sensitivity and modified specificity of glomerulus detection (versus annotated truth) were calculated for each model/cohort. Intra‐institutional (3) sensitivity ranged from 90 to 93%, with modified specificity from 86 to 98%. Interinstitutional (1) sensitivity was 77%, with modified specificity 97%. Combined intra‐ and inter‐institutional (1) sensitivity was 86%, with modified specificity 92%.

Conclusions

Feature detection sensitivity degrades when training and test material originate from different sites. Training using a combined set of digital slides from three institutions improves performance. Differing histology methods probably account for algorithm performance contrasts. Our data highlight the need for diverse training sets for the development of generalisable machine learning histology algorithms.
SKILL, AGGLOMERATION, AND INEQUALITY IN THE SPATIAL ECONOMY
Authors: Farrokhi Farid
Published: April 2021

This paper develops a spatial equilibrium model with skill heterogeneity and agglomeration forces that stem from local idea exchange. I structurally estimate the model using American census data to study policy effects on real wage inequality between and within college and noncollege workers. Using the estimated model, I find: (1) Skill composition and local spillovers, respectively, account for 30% and 70% of the city‐level relationship between productivity and employment. (2) Recent skill‐biased technological changes largely increased the welfare inequality between groups and within college workers. (3) Small transfers from larger to smaller cities may reduce inequality without changing aggregate welfare.
Leukemic stem cells shall be searched in the bone marrow before “tyrosine kinase inhibitor‐discontinuation” in chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Ilhan Osman , Narli Ozdemir Zehra , Dalva Klara , Arslan Aysenur , Okay Ozgeyik Mufide , Ipek Senay , Saydam Guray , Haznedaroglu Ibrahim C.
Published: April 2021

Background

Leukemic stem cells (LSCs) of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), persisting in the bone marrow (BM) niche, could be responsible for the relapses within the patients of whom the treatment‐free remission (TFR) had been attempted. We assessed the presence of the CML LSCs in the peripheral blood (PB) and concurrently in the BM in the patients with chronic‐phase CML (CP CML).

Patients and Methods

Thirty‐eight patients with CP CML were included into the study. CD45+/CD34+/CD38− cells with positive CD26 expression were considered as CML LSCs (CD26+ LSC) by using multiparameter flow cytometry (FCM).

Results

Mean BCR‐ABL, PB LSC, and BM LSC were 58.528 IS (37.405‐83.414 IS), 237.5 LSC/μL (16‐737.5 LSC/μL), and 805 LSC/106 WBCs (134.6‐2470 LSC/106 WBCs), respectively, in newly diagnosed CML patients. In the patients with BCR‐ABL positive hematopoiesis, mean BCR‐ABL, PB LSCs, and BM LSCs were 30.09 IS (0.024‐147.690 IS), 13.5 LSC/μL (0‐248.7 LSC/μL) and 143.5 LSC/106 WBCs (9‐455.2 LSC/106 WBCs), respectively. No CML LSCs were detected in PB of patients who achieved deep molecular response (DMR). BM LSCs of the patients who were in DMR were 281.1 LSC/106 WBCs (3.1‐613.7 LSC/106 WBCs). The amount of PB LSCs was highest in patients with newly diagnosed CML (P < .001).

Conclusion

LSCs persisted in the BM of the patients with DMR, whereas there was no LSCs in the peripheral blood. The investigation of the CML LSCs in bone marrow before deciding TKI discontinuation could be justified to achieve and maintain stable TFR.
NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and caspase 1 (CASP1) modulation by intracellular Cl– concentration
Authors: Clauzure Mariángeles , Valdivieso Ángel G. , Dugour Andrea V. , Mori Consuelo , Massip‐Copiz María M. , Aguilar María Á. , Sotomayor Verónica , Asensio Cristian J. A. , Figueroa Juan M. , Santa‐Coloma Tomás A.
Published: April 2021

The impairment of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) activity induces intracellular chloride (Cl–) accumulation. The anion Cl–, acting as a second messenger, stimulates the secretion of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), which starts an autocrine positive feedback loop. Here, we show that NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and caspase 1 (CASP1) are indirectly modulated by the intracellular Cl– concentration, showing maximal expression and activity at 75 mM Cl–, in the presence of the ionophores nigericin and tributyltin. The expression of PYD and CARD domain containing (PYCARD/ASC) remained constant from 0 to 125 mM Cl–. The CASP1 inhibitor VX‐765 and the NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor MCC950 completely blocked the Cl–‐stimulated IL‐1β mRNA expression and partially the IL‐1β secretion. DCF fluorescence (cellular reactive oxygen species, cROS) and MitoSOX fluorescence (mitochondrial ROS, mtROS) also showed maximal ROS levels at 75 mM Cl–, a response strongly inhibited by the ROS scavenger N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine (NAC) or the NADPH oxidase (NOX) inhibitor GKT137831. These inhibitors also affected CASP1 and NLRP3 mRNA and protein expression. More importantly, the serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) inhibitor GSK650394, or its shRNAs, completely abrogated the IL‐1β mRNA response to Cl– and the IL‐1β secretion, interrupting the autocrine IL‐1β loop. The results suggest that Cl– effects are mediated by SGK1, in which under Cl– modulation stimulates the secretion of mature IL‐1β, in turn, responsible for the upregulation of ROS, CASP1, NLRP3 and IL‐1β itself, through autocrine signalling.
Traumatic and non‐traumatic dental presentations to the paediatric emergency departments of two UK children's hospitals: A multi‐centre evaluation
Authors: Heggie Claudia , Gallichan Nathalie , Gartshore Laura , Hartshorn Stuart , Messahel Shrouk , Clark Victoria , Albadri Sondos
Published: April 2021

Background

Dental attendances to paediatric emergency departments (PEDs) represent suboptimal use of resources of an unknown scale.

Aim

To evaluate dental attendances at two PEDs in the UK and compare traumatic dental injury (TDI) and non‐traumatic dental conditions (NTDCs).

Design

Retrospective data were collected for a 12‐month period including demographics, attendance pattern, assessment, and management. Maxillofacial conditions were excluded, and attendances were grouped as TDI and NTDC.

Results

Of 667 attendances, 35.1% (n = 234) were TDI and 64.9% (n = 433) NTDC. Nineteen children reattended. Proportionately, more TDI attenders were male, White British, of lower mean age, and resided in less deprived areas than NTDCs. Over half (52.3%, n = 339) of attendees resided in the 10% most deprived UK areas. Saturday and Monday were modal attendance days; attendance peaked in summer. Over half (56.4%, n = 376) attended out of hours. A majority (74.8%, n = 499) self‐referred and half accessed no other service prior to PED attendance. No PED dental input was received for 38.7% (n = 258), and dental treatment was received for 12.4% (n = 83). Antibiotics were provided for 42.1% (n = 281), and 15.4% (n = 103) were admitted.

Conclusion

Dental abscesses and toothache accounted for half of attendances, many of these children may be managed in primary care. Improved signposting to alternative dental services for non‐urgent conditions may better allocate resources to those with urgent need.
Global burden of non‐communicable diseases attributable to dietary risks in 1990–2019
Authors: Qiao Jie , Lin Xiling , Wu Yiwen , Huang Xin , Pan Xiaowen , Xu Jingya , Wu JunYun , Ren Yuezhong , Shan Peng‐Fei
Published: April 2021

Background

Dietary risks have raised attention worldwide during recent decades. The present burden‐of‐disease study aimed to evaluate the global dietary risks for non‐communicable diseases (NCDs) from 1990 to 2019 and quantify their impact on mortality and disability‐adjusted life‐years (DALYs). Data from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study on deaths and DALYs from NCDs attributable to worldwide dietary risks were obtained and underwent deep analysis by year, age, gender, location, leading risks and leading causes, and their associations were examined. The socio‐demographic index (SDI) was used as an indicator of national socio‐economic status, as well as the relationships between age‐standardised rates of deaths or DALYs and socio‐economic status.

Results

In 2019, 7.9 million deaths and 187.7 million DALYs were attributable to dietary risk factors. High intake of sodium and low intake of whole grains and fruits were leading dietary risks for deaths and DALYs worldwide. However, both indices showed a decreasing trend by year, an increase by age and a higher disease burden in males. The main distribution of dietary‐related NCDs was located in highly populated countries. A negative association between the SDI and disease burden and a positive association between the SDI and male preponderance were found.

Conclusions

Dietary risk factors for NCDs increased significantly and varied across regions during 1990–2019. Therefore, greater efforts are needed to raise public awareness of interventions and improve dietary practices aiming to reduce the disease burden caused by suboptimal dietary intake, especially in developing countries and among males.
Unconventional Monetary Policy and Auction Cycles of Eurozone Sovereign Debt
Authors: SPRONSEN J.J.M. VAN , BEETSMA R.M.W.J.
Published: April 2021

We provide evidence that the European Central Bank (ECB's) unconventional monetary policy dampens yield cycles in secondary markets for Eurozone sovereign debt around new sovereign debt auctions. This dampening effect tends to be larger when market volatility is higher. Cycles caused by domestic auctions and the role of market volatility are largest for countries with low credit ratings. Auctions by these countries also generate significant auction cycles in other countries. Such cycles can have a nonnegligible effect on debt‐servicing costs, but these can be limited through central bank purchases in turbulent periods, debt issuance in tranquil periods, and coordination of national auction calendars.
Recognition and the development potential of mobile shopping of customized cosmetic on untact coronavirus disease 2019 period: Focused on 40's to 60's women in Seoul, Republic of Korea
Authors: Lee Jinkyung , Kwon Ki Han
Published: April 2021

Background

Our research results will be helpful in the development of the K‐beauty customized cosmetics industry as well as consumers who are having difficulty in purchasing cosmetics due to the rapid transition to a non‐face‐to‐face society due to COVID‐19.

Objectives

This paper attempted to investigate the recognition and development potential of customized cosmetics, focusing on mobile shopping in the era of COVID‐19 untact period.

Methods

The women included in the study consumer Seoul residence in the mobile shopping experience 40–60 targets for women 380 were the people. Statistical processing of data collected by the data analysis method is analyzed using the SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) WIN25.0 statistical package program through the process of data coding and data cleaning.

Results

As the untact era enters, the frequency of using non‐face‐to‐face mobile shopping for customized cosmetics is increasing, and it is believed to be deeply related to the level of interest in skin and recognition of customized cosmetics, such as the use of hands‐on apps that incorporate new technologies of the 4th industrial revolution. Looking at the Kaiser–Meyer‐Olkin to confirm the normality and validity of the population proved its validity. January 2020 (after COVID‐19 spread), the use of mobile shopping was increased. In the future, it was significantly higher to continue shopping for cosmetics using mobile devices p < 0.001.

Conclusion

The present study focused on the recognition and development potential of customized cosmetics on mobile shopping in the era of COVID‐19 untact period. Our results suggested that the possibility of developing customized cosmetics through mobile shopping in the untact era after COVID‐19 will be endless, and it is believed that various marketing strategies will be supported in the future.
Better to brag: Underestimating the risks of avoiding positive self‐disclosures in close relationships
Authors: Chan Todd , Reese Zachary A. , Ybarra Oscar
Published: April 2021

Objective

Capitalization, or disclosing positive news in close relationships, is interpersonally and intrapersonally beneficial and expected by relational partners. Why do some individuals avoid capitalizing? How do close relational partners react when they later discover that positive news was not directly disclosed to them?

Method

We conducted nine correlational and experimental studies using vignettes and recalled events (N = 2,177).

Results

We find that individuals who are concerned about being seen as braggarts tend to avoid capitalizing with their close relationships even when it is likely their partner would ultimately learn of the news. Yet this concern may be relatively unwarranted and these individuals show a forecasting error: They overestimate how negatively their partner would react to disclosure and predict that their partner would react more positively if they discovered the news through external means. However,they neglect to predict that partners who later learn of the news and realize they were not disclosed toward in fact feel devalued. We discuss how this concern with bragging is linked to decreased extraversion, perspective taking, and empathy.

Conclusions

Uniquely in close relationships, being concerned about bragging may elicit negative relational outcomes, by hindering the positive self‐disclosures that one's partners expect.
Risk factors associated with use of coercive practices in adult mental health inpatients: A systematic review
Authors: Beames Lewys , Onwumere Juliana
Published: April 2021

Accessible Summary

What is known on the subject?

Coercive practices such as restraint (physically holding a person) or seclusion (containing a person in locked room) are frequently used in mental health care.

How often and which specific practices are used is not consistent across different healthcare systems, hospitals or wards.

Internationally, there is agreement on the need to monitor and reduce the use of coercive practices.

What this paper adds to existing knowledge?

The reviewed evidence suggests a number of different factors affect a person's risk of experiencing coercive practices, while admitted to a mental health ward.

However, there is currently not enough high‐quality research evidence to say which factors are most important or how they work to influence the likelihood of a person experiencing coercive practice.

What are the implications for practice?

When carrying out risk assessments, mental health professionals must take into account that a number of different factors are important and explore these with the patient.

Care plans aimed at minimizing the use of coercive practices, such as restraint, must be personalized and developed with the individual.

Introduction

Coercive practices, such as physical restraint and seclusion, are a common feature of all mental healthcare systems. However, there is considerable variation in their use, concern about their iatrogenic potential and agreement internationally on the need to monitor and reduce their use.

Aims

To examine the evidence concerning risk factors associated with use of coercive practices in adults admitted to inpatient psychiatric services.

Method

A systematic review, consistent with PRIMSA guidelines, of four databases (PsychINFO, Medline, CINHAL and Embase). Peer‐reviewed, English language articles from database inception to February 2020 were included. Methodological quality was assessed using the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies.

Results

Twenty studies met inclusion criteria. Risk factors examined in the studies organized around four categories: patient socio‐demographic; patient clinical; staff; and organizational factors. Overall, methodological quality of papers was deemed weak, and there was insufficient evidence to support any singular risk factor.

Discussion

The reviewed evidence suggests risk of coercive practice in inpatient mental health settings is multifactorial. Further research to standardize concept definitions and elucidate the mechanisms behind variance in use is required.

Implications for Practice

Assessment of patients at risk of coercive practice must take a multifactorial approach.
Validation of Direct Boiling Method for Simple and Efficient Genomic DNA Extraction and PCR‐based Macroalgal Species Determination
Authors: Shin Sook Kyung , Lee Yeonhui , Kwon Hayoung , Rhee Jae‐Sung , Kim Jang Kyun
Published: April 2021

A rapid, simple, and cost‐effective total DNA extraction method referred to as a direct boiling method for PCR‐based algal species determination was validated using representative species of green, brown, and red algae. Each sample was briefly minced in two buffers, Tris‐EDTA (TE) or PCR buffer, and transferred to a heat block for boiling at 98°C for 5 min. No detergent was used in this experiment. The entire DNA isolation procedure was completed within 10 min. After brief centrifugation, the supernatant was directly used as a template for PCR. As a result, all genomic DNA markers were successfully amplified and sequenced from each algal taxon. Regardless of DNA quality, the direct boiling method is very suitable to identify unknown species of algae from a large amount of samples in a limited time and can be applied broadly to routine seasonal or annual monitoring of algae. DNA from an Undaria pinnatifida sporophyte, however, was not successfully extracted by this direct boiling method, probably due to a high concentration of polysaccharides.
The Swiss Primary Hypersomnolence and Narcolepsy Cohort study (SPHYNCS): Study protocol for a prospective, multicentre cohort observational study
Authors: Dietmann Anelia , Wenz Elena , van der Meer Julia , Ringli Maya , Warncke Jan D. , Edwards Ellen , Schmidt Markus H. , Bernasconi Corrado A. , Nirkko Arto , Strub Mathias , Miano Silvia , Manconi Mauro , Acker Jens , von Manitius Sigrid , Baumann Christian R. , Valko Philip O. , Yilmaz Bahtiyar , Brunner Andreas‐David , Tzovara Athina , Zhang Zhongxing , Largiadèr Carlo R. , Tafti Mehdi , Latorre Daniela , Sallusto Federica , Khatami Ramin , Bassetti Claudio L. A.
Published: April 2021

Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is a disorder with well‐established markers and a suspected autoimmune aetiology. Conversely, the narcoleptic borderland (NBL) disorders, including narcolepsy type 2, idiopathic hypersomnia, insufficient sleep syndrome and hypersomnia associated with a psychiatric disorder, lack well‐defined markers and remain controversial in terms of aetiology, diagnosis and management. The Swiss Primary Hypersomnolence and Narcolepsy Cohort Study (SPHYNCS) is a comprehensive multicentre cohort study, which will investigate the clinical picture, pathophysiology and long‐term course of NT1 and the NBL. The primary aim is to validate new and reappraise well‐known markers for the characterization of the NBL, facilitating the diagnostic process. Seven Swiss sleep centres, belonging to the Swiss Narcolepsy Network (SNaNe), joined the study and will prospectively enrol over 500 patients with recent onset of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), hypersomnia or a suspected central disorder of hypersomnolence (CDH) during a 3‐year recruitment phase. Healthy controls and patients with EDS due to severe sleep‐disordered breathing, improving after therapy, will represent two control groups of over 50 patients each. Clinical and electrophysiological (polysomnography, multiple sleep latency test, maintenance of wakefulness test) information, and information on psychomotor vigilance and a sustained attention to response task, actigraphy and wearable devices (long‐term monitoring), and responses to questionnaires will be collected at baseline and after 6, 12, 24 and 36 months. Potential disease markers will be searched for in blood, cerebrospinal fluid and stool. Analyses will include quantitative hypocretin measurements, proteomics/peptidomics, and immunological, genetic and microbiota studies. SPHYNCS will increase our understanding of CDH and the relationship between NT1 and the NBL. The identification of new disease markers is expected to lead to better and earlier diagnosis, better prognosis and personalized management of CDH.
Early modified primary closure for treatment of cardiac implantable electronic device pocket infections
Authors: Baldawi Mustafa , Bogue Shelly , Mandapati Ravi , Cooper Joshua , Rabkin David G. , Contractor Tahmeed
Published: April 2021

Background

Guidance for wound management of the vacated generator pocket in cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) pocket infections after removal of all hardware and tissue debridement is limited. The typical surgical technique for management of a purulent wound is to allow healing by secondary intention. An alternative approach uses negative pressure wound therapy with or without delayed primary closure. While effective in managing infection, these approaches increase hospital length of stay and costs. We present our experience with a third option: modified early primary wound closure over a suction device.

Methods

All patients with CIED pocket infections who presented to our institution between September 2018 and October 2020 underwent extraction of hardware and modified primary wound closure over a negative pressure Jackson–Pratt drain. Length of hospital and postoperative stay, complications, and recurrent infections were recorded.

Results

During the study period, 14 patients underwent modified primary wound closure for CIED pocket infections. Mean length of hospital stay was 6.64 days ± 4.01 days (standard deviation [SD]). Mean postoperative length of stay was 3.92 ± 2.21 days (SD). Two patients (both on intravenous heparin for mechanical valve prostheses) required re‐exploration for bleeding. No patients developed recurrent infection at a mean follow up of 363 ± 245 days (SD).

Conclusion

Based on our experience, early modified primary wound closure for CIED pocket infections appears to be safe and allows for prompt discharge with no observed re‐infections.
Safety of cryoballoon ablation for the treatment of atrial fibrillation: First European results from the cryo AF Global Registry
Authors: Földesi Csaba , Misiková Silvia , Ptaszyński Paweł , Todd Derick , Herzet Jean‐Manuel , Braegelmann Kendra M. , Kueffer Fred J. , Drephal Christian , Steinwender Clemens , Zucchelli Giulio , Neuzil Petr , Chun Kyoung Ryul Julian
Published: April 2021

Background

Cryoballoon ablation for the treatment of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) has been utilized in Europe for >15 years.

Objectives

Report patient and procedural characteristics that influence the safety of cryoablation for the treatment of AF.

Methods

Patients enrolled in the prospective, multicenter Cryo AF Global Registry were treated at 38 European centers. Freedom from a ≥30s episode of AF/atrial flutter (AFL)/atrial tachycardia (AT) at 12‐months and serious complications were analyzed. Univariate and multivariable models identified baseline patient and procedural characteristics that predicted a procedure‐related complication.

Results

Of the 1418 subjects who completed an index procedure, the cohort was 62 ± 11 years of age, 37.7% female, and 72.2% paroxysmal AF (PAF). The mean procedure, left atrial dwell, and fluoroscopy times were 81 ± 34, 54 ± 25, and 14 ± 13 min, respectively. Among the 766 patients with 12‐month follow‐up, freedom from a ≥30 s AF/AFL/AT recurrence was 83.3% (95% CI: 79.8%–86.3%) and 71.6% (95% CI: 64.6%–77.4%) in patients with PAF and persistent AF. The serious procedure‐ and device‐related adverse event rates were 4.7% and 2.0%. No baseline patient characteristic independently predicted a procedure‐related adverse event; however, prolonged procedure duration (OR = 1.01 [95% CI: 1.00–1.01]), use of general anesthesia (OR = 1.71 [95% CI: 1.01–2.92]), and delivery of a cavotricuspid isthmus line (OR = 3.04 [95% CI: 1.01–9.20]) were each independently associated with the occurrence of a serious procedural safety event (all p < .05).

Conclusions

Cryoballoon ablation is safe and effective in real‐world use across a broad cohort of patients with AF.
Expert opinions on the regulation of plant genome editing
Authors: Lassoued Rim , Phillips Peter W.B. , Macall Diego Maximiliano , Hesseln Hayley , Smyth Stuart J.
Published: April 2021

Global food security is largely affected by factors such as environmental (e.g. drought, flooding), social (e.g. gender inequality), socio‐economic (e.g. overpopulation, poverty) and health (e.g. diseases). In response, extensive public and private investment in agricultural research has focused on increasing yields of staple food crops and developing new traits for crop improvement. New breeding techniques pioneered by genome editing have gained substantial traction within the last decade, revolutionizing the plant breeding field. Both industry and academia have been investing and working to optimize the potentials of gene editing and to bring derived crops to market. The spectrum of cutting‐edge genome editing tools along with their technical differences has led to a growing international regulatory, ethical and societal divide. This article is a summary of a multi‐year survey project exploring how experts view the risks of new breeding techniques, including genome editing and their related regulatory requirements. Surveyed experts opine that emerging biotechnologies offer great promise to address social and climate challenges, yet they admit that the market growth of genome‐edited crops will be limited by an ambiguous regulatory environment shaped by societal uncertainty.
Photo‐experiencing and reflective listening: A trauma‐informed photo‐elicitation method to explore day‐to‐day health experiences
Authors: Sinko Laura , Saint Arnault Denise
Published: April 2021

Despite the promise of photography in research, few methods offer a guide to leverage this medium in conjunction with experience sampling to facilitate individual reflection while capturing the experiences of participants as they interact with their social world. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new photo‐elicitation method to add to the photography research repertoire, Photo‐experiencing and Reflective Listening (PEARL). PEARL leverages the benefits of experience sampling, mindful self‐awareness, and trauma‐informed interviewing to document daily health experiences. After engaging in an at‐home photography activity, participants meet for a one‐on‐one interview to share and cluster their photographs to discuss key themes and needs going forward. Using a study aimed to understand the recovery experiences of survivors of sexual violence, we illustrate how PEARL can be applied to study a population of interest. The products developed through PEARL provide rich opportunities for analysis, dissemination, story amplification, and action, making it a research method helpful for those interested in improving health equity and catalyzing social change. Because of the high satisfaction voiced by the participants of this approach, PEARL shows promise as a therapeutic data collection method, where the participants leave with some benefit through new awareness gained.