bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abating Biomechanical Risks: A Comparative Review of Ergonomic Assessment Tools
Authors: Tang Kuok Ho Daniel
Published: October 2020

Ergonomic assessment tools are crucial for evaluation of biomechanical risk factors at workplaces to understand the contributing factors and reduce the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) which have negative implications on employees’ health and productivity. This review examines a range of methods and ergonomic assessment tools. It shows ergonomic assessment tools, particularly postural analysis to comprise self-reports from workers, observation methods, direct measurement method and advanced techniques for assessment of postural change in executing highly dynamic activities. These tools have been designed for different work activities consisting typically of manual handing, repetitive tasks and static loading. Some of the tools target at specific body parts while others at multiple body parts. The tools have the strengths particularly in the assessment of recurring tasks in standing or sitting postures involving specific or multiple body parts. However, the tools also have obvious limitations in terms of not considering vibration, contact stress and trauma to other body parts for tools assessing specific body parts, and undifferentiated weight of different ergonomic risks for whole-body tools. These strengths and shortcomings prompt a user to consider the job nature and tasks to be assessed prior to selecting the tools. This review advocates an integrated approach in ergonomic assessment using a combination of general and specific methods with direct measurements if permissible. It contributes to the accurate selection of the postural analysis tools through systematically presenting their features and limitations besides highlighting improvement of methods and approaches in ergonomic assessment.
Effectiveness of Aromatherapy on Menstrual Distress among Adolescent Girls
Authors: Thenmozhi P. , Bhuvaneshwari K.
Published: October 2020

Aim: To determine the effectiveness of Aromatherapy on menstrual distress among young adolescent girls with primary dysmenorrhea.

Study Design: Quantitative approach with Pre-experimental research design.

Place and Duration of Study: Saveetha College of Nursing, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, from December 2019 to February 2020.

Methodology: Sixty adolescent girls were selected for the study by using a convenience sampling technique. The participants who participated in the study were adolescent girls with 17 - 19 years of age, have regular menstrual cycle, having primary dysmenorrhea, and willing to participate in the study. Demographic variables and clinical variables were collected by using structured questionnaire. Followed by pre-test assessment on primary dysmenorrhea symptom was assessed on 5th day of menstruation by primary dysmenorrhea symptoms questionnaire. Aromatherapy was administered by inhalation method in alternate days from 7th day of menstrual cycle for two consecutive menstrual cycles. Post test was conducted at the end of intervention on the first day of menstrual cycle using the same tool. The data were tabulated and analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS statistical package.

Results: The result of the study shows that in the pre-test, 54(90%) had moderate menstrual distress and 6(10%) had severe menstrual distress. Whereas in the post test, almost all 60(100%) had mild menstrual distress. pre-test and post-test mean score of menstrual distress was 62.83±2.93 and 33.03± 2.48. Which was compared by paired ‘t’ test revealed that the post-test mean value is lower than the pre-test mean value and  found statistically significant at the level of p<0.001

Conclusion: The finding of the present study concludes that aromatherapy using lavender oil is significantly effective in reducing the menstrual distress without side effects among adolescent girls with primary dysmenorrhea and also reduces the risk pharmacological intervention.
Future Perspectives of Biomimetics in Restorative Dentistry
Authors: Basheer Nazwin , Madhubala Manavalan Madhana , Mahalaxmi Sekar
Published: October 2020

The main goal of tooth restoration aims at achieving mineralization of initial enamel and dentinal lesions in native form.  Most of the restorative materials and remineralization adjuvants for enamel and dentin mineralization are evidenced in the literature. Although commercially available restorative materials exhibit superior esthetics, mechanical properties and cost effectiveness, durability of the restoration threatened by the occurrence of inadequate strength, long-term solubility, and weaker adhesion to tooth and accelerated degradation after being bonded to tooth structure. Recently, the role of biomimetic science in restorative dentistry aims at creating a restoration that can be highly compatible with the structural, functional and biologic properties of dental tissues to reproduce and emulate the original performance of the intact tooth with high durability. In order to recover the prismatic structure in mineral-depleted enamel and to achieve interfibrillar mineralization in dentin, non-collagenous protein analogues have been proposed as templates for apatite deposition. Biomimetic analogues must be necessary to achieve functional mineralization and to recover the dynamic mechanical properties of teeth. The use of these analogues associated with ion-releasing materials seems to be a promising approach for both enamel and dentin remineralization. This review enlightens the current and future perspectives of biomimetic analogues used for enamel and dentin remineralization as the clinical translation of this biomimetic research can be considered as the boon to restorative dentistry.
An Exploratory Study of Consumers’ Social Behavior towards Role of Malaysian Community Pharmacists in Providing Healthcare
Authors: Alabid Alamin Hassan Mohamed Alamin , Ibrahim Mohamed Izham Mohamed , Hassali Mohamed Azmi , Palaian Subish
Published: October 2020

Aims: Consumers’ awareness, perceptions, expectations and experiences are integral components of their satisfaction towards the quality of care provided by community pharmacists. This study aims to assess consumers’ awareness, perceptions, expectations and experiences about the role of Malaysian community pharmacists in providing healthcare.

Study Design:  Cross-sectional study.

Place of Study:  Penang state in the north of Malaysia. 

Methodology: A survey was carried out by conveniently selecting the consumers patronizing the community pharmacies.  A pretested and validated survey tool with different domains (Cronbach’s alpha ranged from 0.577 to 0.774) was used. Descriptive and inferential statistics (Chi-Square, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests) were used for analyzing the data using SPSS program, Version 26.

Results:  Of the total 424 questionnaires distributed, 195 (46%) were returned and usable.  The median age of the consumers was 30 (IQR = 28-38).  Majority of them were female, Chinese, living in urban area and having a bachelor degree. The mean awareness score was 8.39 (± 2.00), mean perception score was 2.95 (± 0.83), mean expectation score was 3.70 (± 0.13), and mean experience score was 3.17 (± 0.97). Trusting a pharmacist’s advice about medicines was significantly associated with the consumer’s age (p= 0.030). age of the consumers was a significant determinant in their perception of community pharmacists suggestions about the use of certain prescription medicines to patients and physicians (p = .001 and p = 0.014, successively).  The strongly anticipated that community pharmacists should monitor responses to drug therapy and        be more concerned with the patient rather than being profit-oriented (medians = 5 and 4, respectively).

Conclusion:  The consumers in this study were aware of the role of community pharmacists in community pharmacies and healthcare settings.  They also reported high perception, expectation and positive experience with the community pharmacists.
An inventory of lysosomal ABC transporters
Authors: Szakacs Gergely , Abele Rupert
Published: October 2020

ABC transporters fulfill diverse physiological functions in different cellular localizations ranging from the plasma membrane to intracellular membranous compartments. Several ABC transporters have been spotted in the endolysosomal system, which consists of endosomes, autophagosomes, lysosomes, and lysosome‐related organelles. In this review, we present an overview of lysosomal ABC transporters including ABCA2, ABCA3, ABCA5, ABCB6, ABCB9, and ABCD4, discussing their trafficking routes, putative substrates, potential physiological functions, and associated diseases. In addition, we offer a critical evaluation of the literature linking ABC transporters to lysosomal drug sequestration, examining pitfalls associated with in vitro models of drug resistance.
A missense mutation in a patient with developmental delay affects the activity and structure of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway enzyme AGX1
Authors: Chen Xiping , Raimi Olawale G. , Ferenbach Andrew T. , van Aalten Daan M.F.
Published: October 2020

O‐GlcNAcylation is a post‐translational modification catalysed by O‐GlcNAc transferase (OGT). Missense mutations in OGT have been associated with developmental disorders, OGT‐linked congenital disorder of glycosylation (OGT‐CDG), which are characterized by intellectual disability. OGT relies on the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) for provision of its UDP‐GlcNAc donor. We considered whether mutations in UDP‐N‐acetylhexosamine pyrophosphorylase (UAP1), which catalyses the final step in the HBP, would phenocopy OGT‐CDG mutations. A de novo mutation in UAP1 (NM_001324114:c.G685A:p.A229T) was reported in a patient with intellectual disability. We show that this mutation is pathogenic and decreases the stability and activity of the UAP1 isoform AGX1 in vitro. X‐ray crystallography reveals a structural shift proximal to the mutation, leading to a conformational change of the N‐terminal domain. These data suggest that the UAP1A229T missense mutation could be a contributory factor to the patient phenotype.
GDF15 knockdown suppresses cervical cancer cell migration in vitro through the TGF‐β/Smad2/3/Snail1 pathway
Authors: Li Li , Zhang Ruihong , Yang Hailei , Zhang Donghua , Liu Jiwei , Li Jinfang , Guo Bin
Published: October 2020

Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), a member of the transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β) superfamily, is a prognostic biomarker of cervical cancer. In addition, GDF15 has been reported to enhance the migration of colorectal cancer cells and liver cancer stem‐like cells. However, the mechanism by which GDF15 promotes cervical cancer cell migration is not completely understood. Here, we report that GDF15 expression is enhanced in cervical cancer tissues, as well as in cultured cervical cancer cells. ShGDF15 transfection markedly inhibited expression of Vimentin, N‐cadherin and Snail1, and resulted in up‐regulation of E‐cadherin expression in HT‐3 and HeLa cells. Moreover, knockdown of GDF15 suppressed wound healing rate and reduced the number of invasive cells. Furthermore, knockdown of GDF15 significantly suppressed the expression of phosphorylated Smad2 and Smad3. The addition of TGF‐β1 partially abolished the inhibitory effects of GDF15 knockdown on the migration and invasion of cervical cancer cells. In summary, we report here that GDF15 knockdown inhibits migration and invasion of cervical cancer cells in vitro through the TGF‐β/Smad2/3/Snail1 pathway.
Are criminals better lie detectors? Investigating offenders' abilities in the context of deception detection
Authors: Schindler Simon , Wagner Laura K. , Reinhard Marc‐André , Ruhara Nico , Pfattheicher Stefan , Nitschke Joachim
Published: October 2020

The present research examined lie detection abilities of a rarely investigated group, namely offenders. Results of the studies conducted thus far indicated a better performance of offenders compared to non‐offenders when discriminating between true and false messages. With two new studies, we aimed at replicating offenders' superior abilities in the context of deception detection. Results of Study 1 (N = 76 males), in contrast, revealed that offenders were significantly worse at accurately classifying true and false messages compared to non‐offenders (students). Results of Study 2 (N = 175 males) revealed that offenders' discrimination performance was not significantly different compared to non‐offenders (clinic staff). An internal meta‐analysis yielded no significant difference between offenders and non‐offenders, questioning the generalizability of previous findings.
Association of Hydroxychloroquine Use With Decreased Incident Atrial Fibrillation in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Gupta Alisha , Shields Kelly J. , Manzi Susan , Wasko Mary Chester , Sharma Tarun S.
Published: October 2020

Objective

To study the relationship between hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) use and new‐onset atrial fibrillation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Methods

A retrospective cohort of adult patients with SLE was constructed from December 1, 2014 to May 30, 2017. Patients were categorized as either HCQ users or nonusers. The primary outcome was incident atrial fibrillation. Secondary outcomes included incident ventricular arrhythmias (composite of ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, or torsades de pointes). Outcomes were adjudicated by review of the electronic health record. Statistical analyses included simple and multivariable logistic regression tests to estimate the association between HCQ use and incident atrial fibrillation after adjusting for relevant confounders. Propensity score matching analysis was completed.

Results

Our study included 1,647 patients with SLE, of which 917 were HCQ users and 730 were nonusers. A total of 23 atrial fibrillation events occurred, including 3 in HCQ users and 20 in nonusers. Logistic regression analysis showed an odds ratio (OR) of 0.12 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.034–0.39, P = 0.0005) for incident atrial fibrillation and 2.39 (95% CI 0.25–23.0, P = 0.45) for ventricular arrhythmias. Results remained significant in the fully adjusted and propensity score–matched models.

Conclusion

In this exploratory study, HCQ use was associated with an 88% decrease in the risk of incident atrial fibrillation in patients with SLE. Considering the increased cardiovascular risk in SLE, incorporation of HCQ into the regimen may be beneficial for both disease manifestations and reducing the risk of atrial fibrillation. Further studies would be needed to confirm the antifibrillatory benefit of this relatively safe and low‐cost medication.
Data‐enabled extremum seeking: A cooperative concurrent learning‐based approach
Authors: Poveda Jorge I. , Benosman Mouhacine , Vamvoudakis Kyriakos G.
Published: October 2020

This paper introduces a new class of feedback‐based data‐driven extremum seeking algorithms for the solution of model‐free optimization problems in smooth continuous‐time dynamical systems. The novelty of the algorithms lies on the incorporation of memory to store recorded data that enables the use of information‐rich datasets during the optimization process, and allows to dispense with the time‐varying dither excitation signal needed by standard extremum seeking algorithms that rely on a persistence of excitation (PE) condition. The model‐free optimization dynamics are developed for single‐agent systems, as well as for multi‐agent systems with communication graphs that allow agents to share their state information while preserving the privacy of their individual data. In both cases, sufficient richness conditions on the recorded data, as well as suitable optimization dynamics modeled by ordinary differential equations are characterized in order to guarantee convergence to a neighborhood of the solution of the extremum seeking problems. The performance of the algorithms is illustrated via different numerical examples in the context of source‐seeking problems in multivehicle systems.
AAAP gets $32 million from SAMHSA for OUD training program
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: October 2020

The American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry (AAAP) has received $16 million a year for two years from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) to help train local groups on opioid and stimulant use disorders. According to the AAAP, which is based in Providence, Rhode Island, the money is to provide training and assistance in the SAMHSA‐created national training program, which uses local teams to deliver training. The grant supports the ongoing work of the Opioid Response Network initiative, which launched in February 2018.
Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of a Commercial Pure Zirconium during Rolling and Annealing at Different Temperatures
Authors: Chen Xin , He Weijun , Chen Wenhuan , Liu Qing
Published: October 2020

Rolling and annealing are important processes for the fabrication of zirconium alloy sheets. Herein, the microstructure and mechanical properties of a commercial pure zirconium during rolling and annealing at different temperatures are investigated. Compared with rolling at room temperature (RT), liquid nitrogen temperature (LNT) rolling will cause more inhomogeneous deformation and higher dislocation density, which significantly influences the subsequent annealing. For a given rolling reduction, the higher dislocation density in the LNT‐rolled specimen causes faster recovery and recrystallization and leads to larger average grain size in subsequent annealing compared with that in the RT‐rolled specimen. The inhomogeneous grain size may be attributed to the nonuniform deformation in the LNT rolling. Compared with RT rolling, higher yield strength is obtained in the LNT‐rolled specimen, which is caused by the suppression of dynamic recovery in low‐temperature deformation. With higher strength, the elongation of the LNT‐rolled specimen is not lower than that in the RT‐rolled specimen, which may be related to the inhomogeneous microstructure‐induced extra work‐hardening capability.
Biomimetic Human Disease Model of SARS‐CoV‐2‐Induced Lung Injury and Immune Responses on Organ Chip System
Authors: Zhang Min , Wang Peng , Luo Ronghua , Wang Yaqing , Li Zhongyu , Guo Yaqiong , Yao Yulin , Li Minghua , Tao Tingting , Chen Wenwen , Han Jianbao , Liu Haitao , Cui Kangli , Zhang Xu , Zheng Yongtang , Qin Jianhua
Published: October 2020

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is a global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). The models that can accurately resemble human‐relevant responses to viral infection are lacking. Here, a biomimetic human disease model on chip that allows to recapitulate lung injury and immune responses induced by SARS‐CoV‐2 in vitro at organ level is created. This human alveolar chip reproduce the key features of alveolar‐capillary barrier by coculture of human alveolar epithelium, microvascular endothelium, and circulating immune cells under fluidic flow in normal and disease. Upon SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, the epithelium exhibits higher susceptibility to virus than endothelium. Transcriptional analyses show activated innate immune responses in epithelium and cytokine‐dependent pathways in endothelium at day 3 post‐infection, revealing the distinctive responses in different cell types. Notably, viral infection causes the immune cell recruitment, endothelium detachment, and increased inflammatory cytokines release, suggesting the crucial role of immune cells involved in alveolar barrier injury and exacerbated inflammation. Treatment with remdesivir can inhibit viral replication and alleviate barrier disruption on chip. This organ chip model can closely mirror human‐relevant responses to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, which is difficult to be achieved by in vitro models, providing a unique platform for COVID‐19 research and drug development.
MacEmerg Podcast: A Novel Initiative to Connect a Distributed Community of Practice
Authors: Dong Junghwan Kevin , Khalid Maroof , Murdock Michelle , Dida Joana , Sample Spencer , Trotter Brendon , Chan Teresa M.
Published: October 2020

Background

Regional knowledge dissemination and information sharing is a challenge among physically divided groups of physicians. Many staff and resident physicians do not have easy access to share clinical and medical education and research information with each other in an academic setting. Our divisions of emergency medicine could benefit from a novel approach aimed at improving overall connection and collaborative engagement.

Innovation

By harnessing the sociomateriality properties of podcasting, we could achieve the dual goals of better connecting our faculty as well as educating the audience on aspects of clinical practice and education that are especially relevant to our region. We sought to primarily draw on local expertise for content. We developed a standardized structure for our monthly releases, with each episode composed of a main faculty segment, a resident‐focused segment, and a medical education segment. Accessibility to the podcast was maximized through its publication across multiple platforms and detailed individual show notes were made available.

Outcomes

We applied logic model methodology with the intended goal of having much of our content consumed by local faculty and trainees. Using Web‐based analytic data, we were able to ascertain the proportion and number of listens that occurred from within our local university‐affiliated and/or catchment region. Episodes averaged 227.7 ± 67.2 listens with an overall 44.1% of those originating from within our defined region.

Reflection

Given the number of regional listeners we are consistently reaching, we have been effective in serving to connect a widely distributed group of academic physicians. As we continue to grow the podcast, we plan on collecting quantitative data to better ascertain its effect on our stated goals.
Molecular simulations on the hydration and underwater oleophobicity of zwitterionic self‐assembled monolayers
Authors: Chen Zheng , Liao Mingrui , Zhang Lizhi , Zhou Jian
Published: October 2020

Zwitterionic materials have attracted increasing attentions in the underwater super‐oleophobic applications for its strong hydration via electrostatic interactions. Herein, molecular dynamics simulations were used to investigate the hydration and underwater oleophobicity of sulfobetaine‐terminated self‐assembled monolayers (SB‐SAMs) with different carbon spacer lengths (CSL) between oppositely charged groups of SB molecules. Simulation results show that the hydration of SB‐SAMs is positively dependent on CSL; the underwater oleophobicity is strengthened and then weakened with the increase of CSL, reaching optimal performance when CSL = 3; adhesion force of oil droplet on SB‐SAMs is inversely correlated with their contact angles, reaching the minimum value when CSL = 3. Moreover, the addition of NaCl can weaken the self‐association of SB molecules resulted from interactions between cationic and anionic groups, which promotes hydration and enhances underwater oleophobicity of SB‐SAMs. These results will benefit for the design of novel zwitterion‐based materials for anti‐fouling and oil–water separation applications.
Mucopolysaccharidosis type I newborn screening: Importance of second tier testing for ethnically diverse populations
Authors: Bosfield Kerri , Regier Debra S. , Viall Sarah , Hicks Rebecca , Shur Natasha , Grant Christina L.
Published: October 2020

Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I)/Hurler syndrome newborn screening was added to the recommended uniform screening panel (RUSP) in 2016. As states have added screening for MPS I, programs have reported increased rates of false positives. Reasons for false positive screens include carrier status, true false positive, late‐onset/attenuated forms, and in about half of cases, pseudodeficiency alleles. These alleles have DNA variants that can cause falsely decreased enzyme activity on biochemical enzyme studies and have increased frequency in individuals of African American and African descent. We describe the District of Columbia (DC) experience with MPS I screening from December 2017 to February 2019. In the context of a review of the literature on newborn screening and family experiences and this DC‐based experience, we offer potential solutions to address preliminary concerns regarding this screening. The impact of overrepresentation of screen positives in a minority group and unintentional creation of health disparities and community wariness regarding medical genetics evaluations must be considered to improve the newborn screen programs nationally and internationally.
Atypical 7q11.23 deletions excluding ELN gene result in Williams–Beuren syndrome craniofacial features and neurocognitive profile
Authors: Alesi Viola , Loddo Sara , Orlando Valeria , Genovese Silvia , Di Tommaso Silvia , Liambo Maria Teresa , Pompili Daniele , Ferretti Daniele , Calacci Chiara , Catino Giorgia , Falasca Roberto , Dentici Maria Lisa , Novelli Antonio , Digilio Maria Cristina , Dallapiccola Bruno
Published: October 2020

Williams–Beurens syndrome (WBS) is a rare genetic disorder caused by a recurrent 7q11.23 microdeletion. Clinical characteristics include typical facial dysmorphisms, weakness of connective tissue, short stature, mild to moderate intellectual disability and distinct behavioral phenotype. Cardiovascular diseases are common due to haploinsufficiency of ELN gene. A few cases of larger or smaller deletions have been reported spanning towards the centromeric or the telomeric regions, most of which included ELN gene. We report on three patients from two unrelated families, presenting with distinctive WBS features, harboring an atypical distal deletion excluding ELN gene. Our study supports a critical role of CLIP2, GTF2IRD1, and GTF2I gene in the WBS neurobehavioral profile and in craniofacial features, highlights a possible role of HIP1 in the autism spectrum disorder, and delineates a subgroup of WBS individuals with an atypical distal deletion not associated to an increased risk of cardiovascular defects.
Growth hormone deficiency in a child with branchio‐oto‐renal spectrum disorder: Clinical evidence of EYA1 in pituitary development and a recommendation for pituitary function surveillance
Authors: Muthusamy Karthik , Hanna Christian , Johnson Derek R. , Cramer Carl H. , Tebben Peter J. , Libi Sharon E. , Poling Gayla L. , Lanpher Brendan C. , Morava Eva , Schimmenti Lisa A.
Published: October 2020

Branchio‐oto‐renal spectrum disorder (BORSD) is a rare autosomal dominant condition characterized by ear abnormalities with hard of hearing/deafness, second branchial arch malformations and renal anomalies. Pathogenic variations in EYA1 gene are found in the majority of clinically diagnosed individuals with BORSD. We describe an infant with BORSD related to a paternally inherited heterozygous pathogenic variation in EYA1 gene presenting with poor growth and hypoglycemia due to growth hormone deficiency. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a diminutive pituitary gland and morphologically abnormal sella. Upon initiation of growth hormone therapy, the hypoglycemia resolved and catch up growth ensued. Pituitary abnormalities have not been reported previously in patients with BORSD. The zebrafish ortholog of eya1 is important for the development of adenohypophysis, suggesting that this patient's growth hormone deficiency and pituitary abnormality are part of BORSD. Inclusion of screening for pituitary hormone deficiency and pituitary imaging should be considered as a part of surveillance in patients with BORSD.
Biological anthropology's critical engagement with genomics, evolution, race/racism, and ourselves: Opportunities and challenges to making a difference in the academy and the world
Authors: Fuentes Agustín
Published: October 2020

Biological anthropology can, and should, matter in the Anthropocene. Biological anthropologists are interested in human biology and the human experience in a broader ecological, evolutionary, and phylogenetic context. We are interested in the material of the body, the history of the body, and interactions of diverse bodies, communities, ecologies, and evolutionary processes. However, the cultural realities of bodies, histories, communities, livelihoods, perceptions, and experiences are as central to the endeavor and inquiry of biological anthropology as are their material aspects. Biological anthropology is a constant dialectic between the cultural and the biological. In this essay, I argue that Biological Anthropology has much to offer, a history to contend with, and a future that matters. To illustrate this, I highlight theoretical and methodological issues in genomics, evolutionary theory and connect them to the study of Race and Racism to emphasize specific arenas where Biological Anthropology has a great capacity, and a strong obligation, to play a central role. However, Biological Anthropology also has substantive internal issues that hinder our ability to do the best possible science. If we are to live up to our potential and make a difference in the 21st century we need to ameliorate our structural shortcomings and expand our voice, and impact, in academic and public discourse. The goal of this perspective is to offer suggestions for moving us toward this goal.
Oxidation Control of Bottlebrush Molecular Conformation for Producing Libraries of Photonic Structures
Authors: Li Yu‐Lian , Chen Xi , Geng Hong‐Kun , Dong Yun , Wang Bin , Ma Zhe , Pan Li , Ma Gui‐Qiu , Song Dong‐Po , Li Yue‐Sheng
Published: October 2020

Self‐assembly is important for creating photonic structures and structural color is typically tunable by varying the size of building blocks, which are themselves obtained after time‐consuming chemical syntheses. The molecular conformation of bottlebrush block copolymers (BBCPs) in solution can be manipulated to create libraries of photonic structures. Amphiphilic BBCPs bearing oxidation‐responsive ferrocene groups on the hydrophilic block are used to fabricate porous particles via evaporation‐induced self‐assembly of water‐in‐oil‐in‐water (W/O/W) double emulsions stabilized by the BBCP surfactant. In situ oxidation of the ferrocene groups by hydrogen peroxide at the W/O interface leads to enhanced hydrophilicity, more hydration, and chain extension of the hydrophilic block. Consequently, larger internal water droplets are spontaneously formed, yielding larger pores within the microparticles. The pore diameter is readily tunable from 144 to 301 nm with a single BBCP, thereby generating full‐spectrum structural colors. This work provides a straightforward method for fabrication of libraries of photonic pigments in an easy and scalable manner.
Real‐Time Visual Monitoring of Kinetically Controlled Self‐Assembly
Authors: Huang Zizhao , Jiang Tao , Wang Jie , Ma Xiang , Tian He
Published: October 2020

The construction of artificial structures through hierarchical self‐assembly based on noncovalent interactions, as well as monitoring during the self‐assembly process, are important aspects of dynamic supramolecular chemistry. Herein we describe the complex dynamics of chiral N,N′‐diphenyl dihydrodibenzo[a,c]phenazine derivatives (S)/(R)‐DPAC, whose different assemblies were found to have distinct optical and morphological characteristics. With ratiometric fluorescence originating from vibration‐induced emission (VIE), the self‐assembly process from kinetic traps to the thermodynamic equilibrium state could be monitored in real time by optical spectrometry. During the morphology transformation from particles to nanobricks, strong circularly polarized luminescence was induced with glum=1.6×10−2. The excited‐state characteristics of the self‐assemblies enabled investigation of the relationship between molecular aggregation and conformational change, thus allowing effective monitoring of the sophisticated supramolecular self‐assembly process.
Defects on CoS2−x: Tuning Redox Reactions for Sustainable Degradation of Organic Pollutants
Authors: Ji Jiahui , Yan Qingyun , Yin Pengcheng , Mine Shinya , Matsuoka Masaya , Xing Mingyang
Published: October 2020

It is important to develop self‐producing reactive oxygen species (ROSs) systems and maintain the continuous and effective degradation of organic pollutants. Herein, for the first time, a system of ultrasound‐treated CoS2−x mixed with Fe2+ is constructed to sustainably release singlet oxygen (1O2) for the effective degradation of various organic pollutants, including dyes, phenols, and antibiotics. Ultrasonic treatment produces defects on the surface of CoS2 which promote the production of ROSs and the circulation of Fe3+/Fe2+. With the help of Co4+/Co3+ exposed on the surface of CoS2−x, the directional conversion of superoxide radical (.O2−) to 1O2 is realized. The CoS2−x/Fe2+ system can degrade organic pollutants efficiently for up to 30 days, which is significantly better than the currently recognized CuPx system (<3 days). Therefore, CoS2−x provides a new choice for the long‐term remediation of organic pollutants in controlling large area river pollution.
Dual Emission of a Free‐Base 5‐Oxaporphyrinium Cation from its cis‐ and trans‐NH Tautomers
Authors: Takiguchi Asahi , Kang Seongsoo , Fukui Norihito , Kim Dongho , Shinokubo Hiroshi
Published: October 2020

Replacement of the meso methine carbon atoms of porphyrins with heteroatoms is a powerful strategy for tuning their optical and electronic properties. In particular, 5‐oxaporphyrin is an attractive target due to its importance as an intermediate in heme catabolism. In this work, we describe the synthesis and properties of a free‐base 5‐oxaporphyrinium cation, which was prepared by the ring‐closure of a bilindione with trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride. This free‐base 5‐oxaporphyrinium cation exhibits dual fluorescence originating from its unique NH tautomerism. In contrast to normal porphyrins, the cis form of the 5‐oxaporphyrinium cation is more stable than the trans form due to the effective delocalization of its positive charge. We thus demonstrate here that meso‐modified heteroporphyrins enable the manipulation of NH tautomerism in porphyrinic macrocycles.
Flammability, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer/polypropylene composites filled with intumescent flame retardant and inorganic synergists
Authors: Chen Can , Zhou Ying , He Weidi , Gao Chengtao , Chen Xiaolang , Guo Jianbing , Wang Meng
Published: October 2020

Three kinds of inorganic particles, zinc borate (ZB), organic montmorillonite (OMMT), and expanded graphite (EG) as synergistic flame retardants, are incorporated into ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer/polypropylene (EPDM/PP) composites filled with intumescent flame retardants (IFR). The effect of three synergistic flame retardants on the combustion, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of the EPDM/PP/IFR composites are investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94 test, cone calorimeter test (CCT), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy, mechanical property testing, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The results from LOI, UL‐94, and CCT show that the synergistic effect of IFR with ZB and EG is better than IFR with OMMT in the flame retardant EPDM/PP/IFR composites. The TGA results indicate that the thermal stability and char residues of the composites is improved with the addition of inorganic particles, which is attributed to the formation of dense char layers to isolate heat flow. DMA results including storage modulus (G'), loss modulus (G"), and loss factor (tan δ) suggest that the composites with inorganic particles exhibit more rubber‐filler interaction, which limits the movement of the rubber chains.
Fabrication of superhydrophobic and self cleaningPVA‐silicafiber coating on304L SSsurfaces by electrospinning
Authors: Vanithakumari Sampathkumar Chrisolite , Athulya Vijayan , George Rani Pongachira , Philip John
Published: October 2020

In this work superhydrophobic coating with self cleaning property is fabricated on 304L SS samples directly using a simple one step electrospinning process followed by silane treatment by using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and tetraethyl orthosilicate solution. A maximum water contact angle of 169.2° ± 2.1° is obtained at an electrospinning potential of 15 kV for 2 h, with a distance of 18 cm between the collector and needle. The hierarchical nanostructures thus formed on 304L SS composed of poly(vinyl alcohol)‐silica microbeads and nanofibers. The surface morphologies are optimized by varying the electrospinning voltage, time, distance between needle and the collector and aging duration of the precursors. Attenuated total reflectance‐infrared spectroscopy studies at different stages of preparation confirmed the presence of PVA/SiO2composite nanofibers deposited on the 304L SS surface. The reaction of SiO2nanofibers with hexamethyl disilazane resulted in the formation of SiOSi bonds that provided water repellent property. The developed SHP surface coating on 304L SS sample showed dynamic bouncing of water droplets and excellent self cleaning performance. The sample retained the SHP behavior in chloride solutions with different ionic strengths and pH.
Rheological study of EPDM/silicone rubber blends phase inversion and characterization of resultant mechanical and thermal properties
Authors: Barbosa Rafael , Blanco Guilherme Eduardo de Oliveira , Kasama Alexander Hiroshi , Barbosa Diego Alexandre Belmonte , Peçanha Rafael de Almeida , Ambrósio José Donato
Published: October 2020

This study was committed to the characterization of the rheological, thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties of ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer (EPDM)/silicone rubber (SR) blends. These blends are a potential new class of materials for the insulation of circuits and electrical components that actuate in environments with high heat generation. The blends were produced in a torque rheometer with a Banbury type rotor, varying the concentration of EPDM and SR. Results obtained by capillary rheometry were applied to three theoretical models to analyze the phase inversion threshold, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy images. Such analyzes were important to describe the consequence of phase inversion on the evaluated properties. It was reported that the increase in SR concentration decreased the elastic modulus and increased the tensile strength of the blends. For blends with composition situated after phase inversion, the SR becomes the matrix, leading to a significant rise in the Vicat softening temperature and reduced thermal conductivity. Such improvements extend the range of applications of these materials as electrical insulators in environments with higher heat generation.
Sulfonated and cross‐linked polystyrene ultrafine fibers for the esterification of palmitic acid for biodiesel production
Authors: Du Yijun , Shao Linjun , Qi Chenze
Published: October 2020

For the need of green and sustainable development, a fibrous solid acid catalyst was developed for the transformation of low cost oils to biodiesel in an efficient and green manner. Polystyrene was electrospun into ultrafine fibers with mean diameter of ~1.34 μm, and then simultaneously cross‐linked and sulfonated in sulfuric acid/acetic acid mixed solvent with paraformaldehyde as the external cross‐linker. The cross‐linking and sulfonation degrees were controllable by changing the ratio of sulfuric acid/acetic acid. After sulfonation and cross‐linking, the solvent resistance, chemical structure, and composition of these fibers were separately characterized by scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. At last, this novel fibrous solid acid catalyst was used to catalyze the esterification reaction of palmitic acid and methanol for biodiesel production. After optimizing the reaction conditions, this fibrous solid acid catalyst can catalyze the esterification of palmitic acid and methanol with the conversion up to 92% under mild reaction conditions. Moreover, due to the fibrous structure, this fibrous solid acid catalyst could be readily separated and reused.
Exfoliated and functionalized boron nitride nanosheets towards improved fire resistance and water tolerance of intumescent fire retardant coating
Authors: Wang Cheng , Huo Siqi , Liu Shi , Zhang Qi , Liu Zhitian
Published: October 2020

In this work, the exfoliated and functionalized boron nitride (f‐BN) nanosheets were prepared via facile treatment and used in the intumescent fire retardant (IFR) coatings, which offer passive fire protection to the steel. To acquire the best fire resistance, the formula of the coating was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design. According to the result, the optimal sample, with 36.2 wt% ammonium polyphosphate (APP), 27.4 wt% pentaerythritol (PER), 16.8 wt% melamine (MEL), and 7.9 wt% f‐BN, was prepared and its fire resistance was tested in our lab. At the end of fire resistance test, the backside temperature of optimal sample was only 185.2°C, which was very close to the RSM‐predicted result, indicating satisfactory fire resistance. During the test, the coating decomposed to form an intumescent char layer with high graphitization degree and compactness, thus suppressing the transfer of heat and protecting the underlying steel. In addition, the optimal coating possessed great water tolerance and thermal stability, and its water contact angle and char yield reached up to 66.7° and 40.5%, respectively. Hence, this IFR coating with satisfied fire retardancy and water tolerance has broad practical future in the fire safety of steel structure.
Interaction of Treatment Intensity and Autism Severity on Frequency and Maturity of Spontaneous Communication in Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Yoder Paul , Rogers Sally , Estes Annette , Warren Zachary , Munson Jeff , Hellemann Gerhard , McEachin John
Published: October 2020

This study tested whether the effect of treatment intensity or treatment style on children's frequency and maturity of spontaneous communication varied by initial severity of disability. Eighty‐seven toddlers with autism spectrum disorders were randomly assigned to either (a) 15 hrs per week of discrete trial teaching (DTT), (b) 25 hrs per week of DTT, (c) 15 hrs per week of a naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention (NDBI), or (d) 25 hrs per week of NDBI. Trained research staff implemented the 1:1 treatments in homes or educational centers over 12 months. We quantified the frequency and maturity of spontaneous communication during monthly 6‐min communication samples. We quantified disability severity at Time 1 using the developmental quotient from the Mullen Scales of Early Learning and the total calibrated severity score from the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule‐second edition. Higher levels of treatment intensity (i.e., more hours per week) benefited frequency and maturity of spontaneous communication growth rate only in children with relatively mild autism symptoms. Other results were nonsignificant. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1902‐1912. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals LLC

Lay Summary

Eighty‐seven toddlers with autism spectrum disorders were randomly assigned to 15 hrs per week of discrete trial teaching (DTT), 25 hrs per week of DTT, 15 hrs per week of a naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention (NDBI), or 25 hrs per week of NDBI. Trained research staff implemented the treatments in homes or educational centers over 12 months. More hours of treatment per week benefited frequency and maturity of spontaneous communication growth rate only in children with relatively mild autism symptoms. Other results were nonsignificant.
Becoming digitally literate: Reinstating an educational lens to digital skills policies for adults
Authors: Eynon Rebecca
Published: October 2020

The development of digital skills for all is a key focus of many educational policies across the globe. Despite the significant attention paid to the nature and suitability of such policies targeted at young people, there has been far less focus on digital skills policies targeted at adults. This article contributes to this literature. It outlines current digital skills policy in England. Having established this background, it analyses 30 interviews with digitally competent adults from lower socio‐economic backgrounds about their experiences of learning to use the Internet. In doing so, the article highlights that a narrow and instrumental digital skills agenda is emerging in the education of adults, driven by the needs of the commercial sector, that is in stark contrast to the experiences, motivations and hopes of adults who learn about, and use, digital technologies. Reframing digital skills as part of a broader adult education agenda may offer a way to facilitate the development of digital literacies that individuals seek.
A key leadership issue of the twenty‐first century: Religion in schools in England, Wales and the Republic of Ireland
Authors: Lumby Jacky , Mac Ruairc Gerry
Published: October 2020

This article argues that engagement with religion is a key challenge for all leaders of schools in twenty‐first‐century multifaith societies. It outlines the historic and current context of the UK and the Republic of Ireland, and national and European policies that prioritise community cohesion in education. The functional and substantive roles of religion are considered as reflected in education, where they adjudicate power and shape values and behaviours. The article analyses data from nine schools in England, Wales and the Republic of Ireland to provide a snapshot of a range of leaders’ philosophies, policies and practice in relation to religion. The preferential attention and resources given to the dominant community are evident in some cases. It is argued that, irrespective of whether a school is affiliated to a specific religion or not, school leaders have some freedom in positioning religion. Their influence significantly shapes how religion and/or secular values are understood and enacted. The article concludes by suggesting that policy at national and European level that emphasises shared identities and community cohesion masks the differential power and struggles between communities that cannot be resolved by anodyne exhortation. Rather, leaders need to be selected, trained and supported to recognise the centrality of belief in the lives of many of their learners and their families and to engage with the inevitability of ongoing disagreement and struggle.
Destabilising data: The use of creative data visualisation to generate professional dialogue
Authors: Burnett Cathy , Merchant Guy , Guest Ian
Published: October 2020

Whilst there is plenty of debate on the nature and role of data in social science research, data in schools tend to be understood in terms of numbers and used in limited ways linked primarily to attainment. The ‘datafication’ of schooling has been strongly critiqued for its powerful impacts on policy and practice, pupils’ experience, the curriculum, teaching and learning, and —as is particularly relevant to this article—teachers’ professional and personal lives. There is a need therefore to expand what counts as data in schools, to think creatively about how data are communicated, and to consider what data do when inserted differently into professional dialogue. In exploring such possibilities and speaking to the field of critical data studies, this article reports on a project that set out to ‘do data differently’ by inviting teachers to create, visualise and share their own data on what mattered to them in their everyday literacy teaching using a postcard format. Characteristics of teachers’ response to this project are explored, linked to: impressionism, imperfection and subjectivity in data collection; complexity and opacity of visualisation; and professional discussion as drift. Rooted in a sociomaterial perspective and drawing on Latour’s ideas about immutable mobiles, it is argued that shifting the focus, visualisation and sharing of data can have ‘complicating effects’ which—through foregrounding the instability and partiality of data—can produce generative spaces for teachers’ professional dialogue.