bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cis-Selective Iodinative Etherification of N-Alkenyl-N-(2-hydroxyalkyl)anilines
Authors: Nishiyama Tomihiro , Kitano Kouji , Kishi Hiroshi , Yamada Fukiko
Published: August 2006

Several 6-alkyl- or 6-aryl-2-(iodomethyl)morpholines were prepared in good yields with regio- and cis-selectivity from N-alkenyl-N-(2-hydroxyalkyl)anilines by electrophilic iodinative etherification.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Dimethoxy[n.2]metacyclophanes
Authors: Okada Yukihiro , Ishii Fuyuhiko , Nishimura Jun
Published: August 2006

Dimethoxy[n.2]metacyclophanes were obtained in 5—45% yields through [2+2] photocycloaddition of corresponding styrene derivatives. These cyclobutane-fused metacyclophanes were assigned to be of only syn conformation (n = 6, 8, 10, and 12). The cyclobutane ring exclusively took the opposite direction to the alkyl bridged chain.
X-Ray Analysis of a Captodative Diphosphene, 1-(N-Mesityl-9-fluorenylamino)-2-[2,4,6-tris(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]diphosphene
Authors: Yoshifuji Masaaki , Abe Masatoshi , Toyota Kozo , Miyahara Ikuko , Hirotsu Ken
Published: August 2006

The N-mesityl-9-fluorenylamino group was utilized as an electron-donating new sterically protecting group for stabilizing low coordinate organophosphorus compounds. A push–pull substituent effect on the P–P double bond was demonstrated by the X-ray analysis of a captodative diphosphene, 1-(N-mesityl-9-fluorenylamino)-2-[2,4,6-tris(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]diphosphene.
Purification and Crystallization of the Reaction Center from the Thermophilic Purple Sulfur Bacterium Chromatium tepidum
Authors: Kobayashi Masayuki , Nozawa Tsunenori
Published: August 2006

The reaction center of Chromatium tepidum was crystallized by the vapor diffusion method using octyl β-d-glucoside and polyethylene glycol-4000 (PEG) as a detergent and a precipitant, respectively. Good crystals were obtained at reservoir PEG concentrations between 20—27.5% for a PEG concentration in protein solution of 8%.
Determination of substituent distribution of viscoses by GPC
Authors: Rußler Axel , Potthast Antje , Rosenau Thomas , Lange Thomas , Saake Bodo , Sixta Herbert , Kosma Paul
Published: August 2006

Based on previous investigations on the substitution pattern of stabilized and fresh viscose, different viscoses were analyzed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) with multiple-angle laser light scattering, refractive index (RI), and UV detection. Viscoses derivatized with N-methyl-N-phenyl-iodoacetanilide are stable over a long time and largely improve handling for analytical purposes. In addition, the derivatized xanthogenate groups exhibit UV absorbance that can be used to detect their distribution along the polymer molecule, once the polymer is dissolved. UV assay indicated that in technical viscoses the distribution of substituents is uniform. Enzymatic degradation with endoglucanases was followed by analysis of the degradation pattern by GPC. Even though the degree of substitution (DS) of xanthogenate groups ranged from γ=0.4 to 0.6, endoglucanases were able to slightly degrade the viscose. Ultrasonic degradation resulted in a narrow molecular weight distribution (MWD), notably without cleavage of substituents, and was also used to improve the solubility of the stabilized viscoses for further analysis. The techniques applied provide more insight into the xanthogenate distribution along the MWD. Remarkable differences in the degradation behavior of both viscose samples were observed.
Influence of amide content on the crystal structure of chitin
Authors: Tamura Hiroshi , Sawada Makoto , Nagahama Hideaki , Higuchi Taiichi , Tokura Seiichi
Published: August 2006

The crystalline structure of chitin and chitosan was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Chitosan filaments were prepared using a saturated solution of calcium chloride dihydrate in methanol (CaCl2-MeOH) as a mild solvent and the study focused on the interaction between the degree of acetylation (DA) and crystallinity. There were pronounced differences in the XRD patterns for specimens with DA values between 44.2% and 52.2%. We suggest that the crystalline structure changes from an anhydrous-type chitosan to an α-chitin type without any additives. CaCl2-MeOH is a good solvent for chitin and a poor solvent for chitosan and we found that it can regulate the distribution of N-acetyl glucosamine and glucosamine between amorphous and crystalline regions.
Measurement of the shear modulus of wood by the square-plate twist method
Authors: Yoshihara Hiroshi , Sawamura Yuya
Published: August 2006

In this research, square-plate twist test methods for obtaining the shear modulus of wood were examined. Square plates of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla Sarg.) were used as specimens. Twist tests were conducted according to three different methods for various length/thickness and span/plate diagonal ratios, and the shear modulus corresponding to each test condition was obtained. To examine the validity of shear modulus obtained by these tests, asymmetric four-point bending tests and finite element calculations were independently conducted and the results were compared. Specimens had a length/thickness ratio greater than 47 and were supported at two or three points close to each corner while applying a load to the remaining corner. Under these conditions, the shear modulus could be properly obtained over a wide range of span/plate diagonal ratios.
Dielectric relaxation of water adsorbed on chemically treated woods
Authors: Sugiyama Masaki , Norimoto Misato
Published: August 2006

Changes in the dielectric relaxation due to water adsorbed on eight types of chemically treated woods, as well as untreated wood (Picea sitchensis Carr.), with moisture content (MC) were investigated in the temperature range between −150°C and 20°C and in the frequency range between 100 Hz and 1 MHz. Cole-Cole's circular arc law was applied to the results of dielectric measurements conducted at seven levels of relative humidity (RH), and the relaxation spectra at −75°C were calculated. The theory of rate processes was applied to the dielectric relaxation resulting from the motions of water molecules adsorbed on the untreated and chemically treated woods, and the binding state of adsorbed water was examined. The relaxation magnitude increased with increasing MC, irrespective of the chemical treatment. The distribution of relaxation times decreased in the MC range below 1%, but increased with increasing MC at higher levels. The generalized relaxation time increased up to 5% MC, then decreased. The enthalpy-entropy compensation phenomenon was observed in the dielectric relaxation, which was derived from the adsorption of water molecules on the chemically treated woods. The binding states of adsorbed water and ice were similar. The water molecules adsorbed on wood may have produced a very wide variety of cohesive structures in the chemically treated woods.
Early Postnatal Astroglial Cells Produce Multilineage Precursors and Neural Stem CellsIn Vivo
Authors: Ganat Yosif M. , Silbereis John , Cave Clinton , Ngu Hai , Anderson George M. , Ohkubo Yasushi , Ment Laura R. , Vaccarino Flora M.
Published: August 2006

To identify the fates that astroglial cells can attain in the postnatal brain, we generated mice carrying an inducible Cre recombinase (Cre-ERT2) controlled by the human GFAP promoter (hGFAP). In mice carrying the GCE (hGFAP-Cre-ERT2) transgene, OHT (4-hydroxy-tamoxifen) injections induced Cre recombination in astroglial cells at postnatal day 5 and allowed us to permanently tag these cells with reporter genes. Three days after recombination, reporter-tagged cells were quiescent astroglial cells that expressed the stem cell marker LeX in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and dentate gyrus (DG). After 2–4 weeks, the tagged GFAP lineage included proliferating progenitors expressing the neuronal marker Dcx (Doublecortin) in the SVZ and the DG. After 4 weeks, the GFAP lineage generated mature neurons in the olfactory bulb (OB), DG, and, strikingly, also in the cerebral cortex. A major portion of all neurons in the DG and OB born at the end of the first postnatal week were generated from GFAP+cells. In addition to neurons, mature oligodendrocytes and astrocytes populating the cerebral cortex and white matter were also the progeny of GFAP+astroglial ancestors. Thus, genetic fate mapping of postnatal GFAP+cells reveals that they seed the postnatal brain with neural progenitors/stem cells that in turn give rise to neural precursors and their mature neuronal and oligodendrocytic progeny in many CNS regions, including the cerebral cortex.
Tetrameric Hub Structure of Postsynaptic Scaffolding Protein Homer
Authors: Hayashi Mariko Kato , Ames Heather M. , Hayashi Yasunori
Published: August 2006

Homer is a crucial postsynaptic scaffolding protein involved in both maintenance and activity-induced plasticity of the synapse. However, its quaternary structure has yet to be determined. We conducted a series of biophysical experiments that provide the first evidence that Homer forms a tetramer via its coiled-coil domain, in which all subunits are aligned in parallel orientation. To test the importance of the tetrameric structure for functionality, we engineered dimeric and tetrameric Homer by deleting a part of coiled-coil domain or replacing it with artificially engineered dimeric or tetrameric coiled-coil domain from a yeast protein. The structure–activity relationship was determined by assaying cocluster formation with its ligand in heterologous cells, distribution in dendritic spines, and turnover rate of protein exist in dendritic spines. Our results provide the first insight into the structure of native Homer protein as a tetramer and the functional significance conferred by that structure.
Multiprotein Complexes of the Survival of Motor Neuron Protein SMN with Gemins Traffic to Neuronal Processes and Growth Cones of Motor Neurons
Authors: Zhang Honglai , Xing Lei , Rossoll Wilfried , Wichterle Hynek , Singer Robert H. , Bassell Gary J.
Published: August 2006

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons, is caused by mutations or deletions of theSMN1gene encoding the survival of motor neuron (SMN) protein. In immortalized non-neuronal cell lines, SMN has been shown to form a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex with Gemin proteins, which is essential for the assembly of small nuclear RNPs (snRNPs). An additional function of SMN in neurons has been hypothesized to facilitate assembly of localized messenger RNP complexes. We have shown that SMN is localized in granules that are actively transported into neuronal processes and growth cones. In cultured motor neurons, SMN granules colocalized with ribonucleoprotein Gemin proteins but not spliceosomal Sm proteins needed for snRNP assembly. Quantitative analysis of endogenous protein colocalization in growth cones after three-dimensional reconstructions revealed a statistically nonrandom association of SMN with Gemin2 (40%) and Gemin3 (48%). SMN and Gemin containing granules distributed to both axons and dendrites of differentiated motor neurons. A direct interaction between SMN and Gemin2 within single granules was indicated by fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis of fluorescently tagged and overexpressed proteins. High-speed dual-channel imaging of live neurons depicted the rapid and bidirectional transport of the SMN–Gemin complex. The N terminus of SMN was required for the recruitment of Gemin2 into cytoplasmic granules and enhanced Gemin2 stability. These findings provide new insight into the molecular composition of distinct SMN multiprotein complexes in neurons and motivation to investigate deficiencies of localized RNPs in SMA.
Measurement of fission neutron spectrum averaged cross sections of some threshold reactions on zirconium: Production possibility of no-carrier-added 90Y in a nuclear reactor
Authors: Abbasi I. A. , Zaidi Jamshed H. , Arif M. , Waheed Shahida , Subhani Muhammad Sadiq
Published: August 2006

Employing the activation technique in combination with radiochemical separations and high-resolution γ-ray spectroscopy fission neutron spectrum averaged cross sections were measured for several (n, p) and (n, α) reactions on isotopes of zirconium; our measurements constitute the first systematic study. The special interest was in the investigation of the 90Zr(n, p)90Y reaction for the production of no-carrier-added 90Y in a nuclear reactor. At a fast neutron flux density of 7.5 × 1013 cm−2 s−1 and an irradiation time of 120 h, using 100% enriched 90Zr target 0.548 GBq of no-carrier-added 90Y per batch could be produced. The method is thus suitable for medium-scale production of this radionuclide.
Excitation functions of proton induced nuclear reactions on natural copper using a medium-sized cyclotron
Authors: Al-Saleh F. S. , Al-Harbi A. A. , Azzam A.
Published: August 2006

Activation techniques have been used to measure the excitation functions of proton induced nuclear reactions on natural copper from their thresholds up to 27.5 MeV. The beam current was measured using a Faraday cup with secondary electron suppression, and the radioactivity of the products was determined via high-resolution gamma ray spectrometry. The data were compared with the data recommended by the IAEA wherever it was possible. A comparison of the new excitation functions with the theoretical calculations reported in the literature was undertaken to check the order of agreement between them. Good agreement was found for the results of 63Zn while the theoretical calculations overestimate the cross sections for 61Cu and 62Zn. The excitation function for the reaction natCu(p, x) 61Co was measured for the first time during this work. The integral yields of the radionuclides 62,63,65Zn, 61Cu and 61Co were calculated. 63Zn and 65Zn are produced over the whole energy range of 3 to 27.5 MeV and the yield gets saturated above 20 MeV. 62Zn, 61Cu and 61Co are produced at relatively high energies and have integral yield values between those of 63Zn and 65Zn. The relatively high yield of 62Zn is useful for the production of 62Zn/62Cu generator system.
Precise and accurate determination of alpha decay half-life of 244Pu by relative activity method using thermal ionization mass spectrometry and alpha spectrometry
Authors: Aggarwal S. K.
Published: August 2006

Alpha decay half-life of 244Pu has been re-determined using thermal ionization mass spectrometry for atom ratios measurements and alpha spectrometry for alpha activity ratios measurements. Two different samples of enriched 244Pu were used and the 244Pu half-life was determined using 240Pu and 242Pu isotopes as reference nuclides in the relative activity method. A value of (8.12 ± 0.03) × 107 yr is recommended for the half-life of 244Pu based on the present data. This value is of high precision and accuracy compared to the two data reported in 1966 and 1969 with significantly larger uncertainties.
Measurement of the half-life of 132I
Authors: Mao Guo-Shu , Zhang Sheng-Dong , Yang Lei , Ding You-Qian , Cui An-Zhi
Published: August 2006

The half-life of 132I was determined using a HPGe detector by place-relay method; calibrating efficiency was avoided by counting alternately at different places. In order to simplify the treatment of data, the realtime of every counting interval was set the same. Two ways, iteration and translation, were adopted to deal with the data. The obtained half-life value of 132I was (2.283 ± 0.002) h which has been checked and proven to be credible.
Retention of Sn(IV) and Pu(IV) onto four argillites from the Callovo–Oxfordian level at Bure (France) from eight equilibrated sedimentary waters
Authors: Latrille C. , Ly J. , Herbette M.
Published: August 2006

Within the framework of studies concerning the migration of radionuclides in a potential nuclear waste disposal host rock, the retention properties of clayey materials towards Sn(IV) and Pu(IV) are approached. Chemical sorption is quantified with the partitioning coefficientKd, whose value is dependent on the physico-chemical conditions. Four argillites are selected from three different deep boreholes at Bure to characterise the retention of Pu(IV) and Sn(IV) in eight waters close to the interstitial solution. No differences in major mineralogical composition distinguished these argillite samples. However, significant differences in retention properties of these argillites in the same water towards Sn, could be attributed to minor phases not identified by DRX. Retention of Sn or Pu is not sensitive to weak physico-chemical conditions variations.Ehconditions were imposed in the stability domain of Pu(IV). An auxiliary redox couple was tested and its impact on the results is briefly discussed. Sorption reversibility is verified for Sn(IV) and Pu(IV).
Sorption characteristics of99Tc onto bentonite material with different additives under anaerobic conditions
Authors: Vinšová Hana , Večerník Petr , Jedináková-Křížová Věra
Published: August 2006

The radionuclide99Tc is one of the fission products of spent nuclear fuel. The chemical forms of this element depend primarily on the pH andEhof the environment. The aim of this study was to describe the sorption of the pertechnetate anion onto bentonite under anaerobic conditions, which accurately simulate the environment of a deep repository. Several additives were tested to determine whether they increase the retention of99Tc on this material — Fe, FeS, Fe3O4and activated carbon.

It was found that it is very difficult to create the same conditions present in the deep repository in the laboratory, which is why the reduction of the pertechnetate anion to its lower oxidation state (Tc(IV)) was not achieved. The retention of the pertechnate anion on bentonite is very low (KD∼1 mL/g), the uptake of the pertechnetate anion onto bentonite was achieved by the addition of suitable additives to the bentonite mixturese.g.activated carbon, Fe and FeS (KD∼102–103 mL/g). Various chemical forms of technetium were obtained in the solution, dependant on the various reaction mechanisms of the pertechnetate anion. Fe and FeS enabled the reduction of the pertechnetate anion to its lower oxidation state in the form of insoluble TcO(OH)2or TcO2·nH2O, physical sorption is the dominant mechanism with activated carbon.
Studies on sorption of cadmium (II) ions onto Haro river sand from aqueous media using radiotracer and voltammetric techniques
Authors: Ahmed Riaz , Yamin Tayyaba , Ansari Muhammad S. , Hasany Syed Moosa
Published: August 2006

Sorption of Cd(II) ions on Haro river sand has been studied using radiotracer technique. The effects of pH and acid concentrations on the sorption were studied. The sorption increases with pH, reaches a maximum at pH7 and decreases at higher pH values. With acids, it was found that sorption decreases with increasing acid concentration, and for more oxidizing acids sorption was less. Kinetic studies indicate that mostly intra particle diffusion occurs with first order rate constant of 18.45 × 10−2min−1. The sorption data follow the Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) isotherms. In addition to the radiotracer method, voltammetric technique was applied and the results by the two techniques are in good agreement. The sorption free energy value indicates that adsorption process is chemisorption. The effect of temperature was studied and values of ΔH, ΔSand ΔGfor Cd(II) have been calculated which are 20.15 kJ mol−1, 74.04 J mol−1K−1and −1.754 kJ mol−1. Adsorption of Cd(II) on Haro river sand is endothermic, spontaneous and entropy driven. The effect of different anions and cations at different concentrations was studied. Levels of cadmium have been monitored in water and sediments.
Synergistic extraction of Nd(III), Tb(III) and Lu(III) ions with a mixture of picrolonic acid and benzo-15-crown-5 in chloroform
Authors: Rehmann Habib-ur , Ali Akbar , Anwar Chaudhary Jamil , Ahmed Shafaat
Published: August 2006

The synergistic mixture comprising picrolonic acid (HPA) and benzo-15-crown-5 (B15C5) in chloroform has been used for the extraction of Nd3+, Tb3+and Lu3+as representatives of lanthanide(III) ions from pH 1-2 solutions having ionic strength of 0.1 mol l−1(K+/H+, Cl−). The composition of the extracted species has been determined as M(PA)3·nB15C5 where M is Nd, Tb and Lu andn= 1 or 2. The acid dissociation constant (pKa) has been evaluated to be 2.52 ± 0.01. The influence of various anions and cations on the extraction of these lanthanide(III) ions has also been studied and only oxalate and thiosulphate among the anions and Cu2+, Fe3+, Zn2+and Ni2+among the cations have some deleterious effect. The extraction equilibrium constants have been evaluated and discussed.
Corticotrope hypersecretion coupled with cortisol hypo-responsiveness to stimuli is present in patients with autoimmune endocrine diseases: evidence for subclinical primary hypoadrenalism?
Authors: Giordano Roberta , Balbo Marcella , Picu Andreea , Bonelli Lorenza , Berardelli Rita , Falorni Alberto , Ghigo Ezio , Arvat Emanuela
Published: August 2006

Objective: In autoimmune polyglandular syndrome types 1, 2, and 4 primary adrenal insufficiency is present, but its diagnosis is often late. We investigated the function of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in a group of patients with autoimmune diseases (AP) without any symptoms and signs of hypoadrenalism.

Design: In 10 AP and 12 normal subjects (NS), we studied cortisol (F), aldosterone (A), and DHEA responses to 0.06 μg adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) (1–24) followed by 250 μg, ACTH and F responses to human corticotropin-releasing hormone (hCRH; 100 μg) and insulin tolerance test (ITT) (0.1 UI/kg).

Results: Basal F, A, DHEA, as well as urinary free cortisol and plasma renin activity levels in AP and NS were similar, whereas ACTH levels in AP were higher (P<0.05) than in NS. NS showed F, A, and DHEA response to both consecutive ACTH doses. In AP, the F, A, and DHEA responses to 250 μg ACTH were similar to those in NS, whereas the 0.06 μg ACTH dose did not elicit any significant response. The ACTH responses to hCRH and ITT in AP were higher (P<0.05) than in NS. The F response to hCRH in AP was lower (P<0.05) than in NS, whereas the F response to ITT in AP did not significantly differ from NS.

Conclusions: Enhancement of both basal and stimulated corticotrope secretion coupled with reduced adrenal sensitivity to low ACTH dose is present in AP patients without symptoms and signs of hypoadrenalism. This functional picture suggests that normal adrenal secretion is maintained due to corticotrope hyperfunction, suggesting the existence of some subclinical primary hypoadrenalism.
Cetrorelix suppression test to assess the source of androgen overproduction in postmenopausal hirsutism
Authors: de Boer Hans , de Man Marian , de Bruyn Kim , van Sorge Adriaan
Published: August 2006

A 75-year-old woman presenting with recent onset hirsutism and severely elevated serum androgen levels was evaluated to assess the source of excessive androgen production. Commonly recommended hormonal stimulation and suppression tests, and the usually employed imaging techniques were non-diagnostic. In this report, we describe a new suppression test based on the use of the GnRH receptor antagonist, cetrorelix, to determine whether androgen production was LH-dependent. Cetrorelix, administered in a daily dose of 250 μg subcutaneously, suppressed serum LH within 24 h and reduced serum androgen levels to normal within 48–72 h, indicating that androgen overproduction was of ovarian origin. This diagnosis was confirmed by laparoscopic ovariectomy.

Conclusion: The cetrorelix suppression test is a simple procedure that provides valuable information regarding the source of androgen excess in postmenopausal hirsutism.
The risk of fractures in postmenopausal women with primary hyperparathyroidism
Authors: De Geronimo Simona , Romagnoli Elisabetta , Diacinti Daniele , D’Erasmo Emilio , Minisola Salvatore
Published: August 2006

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of vertebral (vFr) and non-vertebral (nvFr) fractures in postmenopausal women with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT).

Materials and Methods: We studied 98 patients with PHPT, divided into ‘mild’ (M, n = 25) and ‘non-mild’ (NM, n = 73) sub-groups, according to recently published guidelines (2002), and 89 healthy women (C) matched for age, years since menopause and body mass index. vFr was evaluated according to a visual semiquantitative method; bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine (LS), and femoral sites (femoral neck, FN and total femur, FT) was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Volumetric BMD of the third lumbar vertebra (vBMDL3) was also calculated.

Results: The prevalence of vFr was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in both M and NM PHPT patients compared with C; this prevalence did not differ between M and NM patients. BMD was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in NM patients compared with both C and M patients. BMD at LS in M patients was also significantly higher with respect to C. Similar results were also obtained for vBMDL3; in M patients, vBMDL3 was also significantly higher compared to C. When M and NM patients were subdivided according to the presence or lack of vFr, no difference was found between fractured and unfractured patients for either BMD or vBMDL3 values.

Conclusions: The risk of vFr is higher in postmenopausal patients with mild PHPT even if BMD appears well preserved. This finding suggests that other factors, such as bone quality, seem to be relevant in determining fracture risk, especially when gonadal function is lacking.
Blockade of oestrogen biosynthesis in peripubertal boys: effects on lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and body composition
Authors: Hero Matti , Ankarberg-Lindgren Carina , Taskinen Marja-Riitta , Dunkel Leo
Published: August 2006

Objective: In males, the pubertal increase in sex hormone production has been associated with proatherogenic changes in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Aromatase inhibitors, a novel treatment modality for some growth disorders, may significantly influence these risk factors for cardiovascular disease by suppressing oestrogen biosynthesis and stimulating gonadal androgen production. In the current study, we explored the effects of aromatase inhibition on lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, body composition and serum adiponectin in peripubertal boys.

Design: Prospective, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical study.

Methods: Thirty-one boys, aged 9.0–14.5 years, with idiopathic short stature were treated with the aromatase inhibitor letrozole (2.5 mg/day) or placebo for 2 years. During the treatment, the concentrations of sex hormones, IGF-I, lipids, lipoproteins and adiponectin were followed-up. The percentage of fat mass (FM) was assessed by skinfold measurements and insulin resistance by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index.

Results: In pubertal boys, who received letrozole, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) decreased by 0.47 mmol/l (P<0.01) during the study. Simultaneously, their percentage of FM decreased from 17.0 to 10.5 (P<0.001), in an inverse relationship with serum testosterone. The concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides and HOMA index remained at pretreatment level in both groups. Serum adiponectin decreased similarly in letrozole- and placebo-treated pubertal boys (2.9 and 3.3 mg/l respectively).

Conclusions: In males, aromatase inhibition reduces HDL-C and decreases relative FM after the start of puberty. The treatment does not adversely affect insulin sensitivity in lean subjects.
Adipose tissue 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 expression in obesity and Cushing’s syndrome
Authors: Mariniello Barbara , Ronconi Vanessa , Rilli Silvia , Bernante Paolo , Boscaro Marco , Mantero Franco , Giacchetti Gilberta
Published: August 2006

Objective: To evaluate the expression of 11β-hydrxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) in omental adipose tissue of patients with Cushing’s syndrome and simple obesity, compared with normal weight controls.

Design and methods: We have performed a case-control study and studied omental adipose tissue from a total of 24 subjects (eight obese subjects, ten patients with Cushing’s syndrome due to adrenal adenoma, and six normal weight controls). Body mass index, blood pressure, plasma glucose, plasma insulin, plasma cortisol, urinary free cortisol and post dexamethasone plasma cortisol were measured with standard methods. 11β-HSD1 mRNA and protein expression were evaluated in real-time PCR and western blot analysis respectively.

Results: 11β-HSD1 mRNA was 13-fold higher in obese subjects compared with controls (P=0.001). No differences were found between Cushing’s patients and controls. Western blot analysis supported the mRNA expression results.

Conclusions: Our data show the involvement of 11β-HSD1 enzyme invisceral obesity, which is more evident in severely obese patients than in Cushing’s syndrome patients. The lack of increase of 11β-HSD1 expression in Cushing’s syndrome could suggest downregulation of the enzyme as a result of long-term overstimulation.
Gh and igf-i increase leptin receptor expression in prepubertal pig ovaries: The role of leptin in steroid secretion and cell apoptosis
Authors: Gregoraszczuk Ewa L. , Rak Agnieszka , Wójtowicz Anna , Ptak Anna , Wojciechowicz Tatiana , Nowak K. W.
Published: August 2006

Leptin (L) is recognised as an important regulator of puberty and a factor which controls reproduction. Whole pig ovarian follicles were incubated with different doses of leptin (2, 20 and 200 ng/ml) added alone or in combination with 100 ng/ml of GH or 50 ng/ml of IGF-I. The expression of the functional long form leptin receptor (Ob-Rb) mRNA was examined by semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in follicular cells cultured with GH or IGF-I. Both GH and IGF-I increased leptin receptor expression in prepubertal pig ovaries. In separate experiments, the action of leptin on ovarian follicular steroidogenesis and cell apoptosis was examined. After 24 h of incubation with leptin alone or in combination with GH or IGF-I, oestradiol (E2) levels were determined in the culture medium while follicular tissue was used for the estimation of caspase-3 activity. Leptin increased E2 secretion and significantly diminished caspase-3 activity at all doses used. Both GH and IGF-I stimulated oestradiol secretion and decreased caspase-3 activity. No differences were demonstrable in oestradiol secretion and caspase-3 activity between cells treated with GH plus leptin and GH alone or cells treated with IGF-I plus leptin as compared to cultures treated with GH or IGF-I alone. However, GH diminished leptin-stimulated oestradiol secretion while IGF-I was without effect on it. Both GH and IGF-I reversed the anti-apoptotic action of leptin. In conclusion, we infer that (1) leptin directly affects ovarian function in prepubertal animals by its action on oestradiol secretion and cell apoptosis, (2) GH and IGF-I modulate the action of leptin, and (3) at least in part, the direct effect of GH/IGF-I on leptin production is due to an action on leptin receptor expression.
Prevalence and features of canine atopic dermatitis in Hungary
Authors: Tarpataki Noémi , Pápa Kinga , Reiczigel J. , Vajdovich P. , Vörös K.
Published: August 2006

Medical records of 600 dogs diagnosed with atopic dermatitis were reviewed and evaluated with reference to history, geographical distribution, breed predilection, clinical signs and positive reactions to allergens as determined by intradermal skin testing (IDT) manufactured by Artuvetrin Laboratories**. In 66.6% of dogs, the age of onset of atopic dermatitis was between 4 months and 3 years. Dogs living in the garden suburb of Budapest were more sensitive to house dust mites, fleas and moulds, and dogs from the western part of Hungary were more sensitive to weeds than to other allergens (p < 0.01). Positive reactions were most common toDermatophagoides farinaefollowed by human dander. The breed distribution found in the present study was consistent with that reported in the literature, except for the breeds Hungarian Vizsla, Pumi, French bulldog, Doberman Pinscher and Bobtail which were over-represented among atopic dogs compared to the breed distribution of the general dog population of a large city in Hungary. Breeds with verified adverse reaction to food were Cocker spaniels, French bulldogs, Bullmastiffs, Bull terriers, St. Bernards, Tervurens, West Highland White terriers and American Staffordshire terriers (p < 0.05). The clinical signs of atopic dermatitis and their occurrence are in accordance with the data described in the literature.
Effect of myog genotypes on growth rate and production traits in Hungarian Large White pigs
Authors: Anton I. , Zsolnai A. , Komlósi I. , Király A. , Fésüs L.
Published: August 2006

The effect of the porcine myogenin (Myog) 3' polymorphism on birth weight, growth rate, carcass weight, lean weight, lean meat percentage and backfat thickness has been investigated in Hungarian Large White pigs. MYOG genotypes were determined by PCR-RFLP assay. The obtained MYOGA frequency value was 0.6275. Due to the small number of BB piglets the effect of the MYOG genotypes on birth weight was not significant; however, an increasing tendency was observed from genotype AA to BB. The growth rate difference between MYOG genotypes was significant: BB animals showed the highest growth rate values during the fattening period. Since few results are available on the possible use of MYOG gene polymorphism in selection to improve carcass and growth traits, by this study the authors hope to provide additional data on this particular subject.
Some Points in the Study of English Prose Style
Authors: Shepherd Henry E.
Published: August 2006

I purpose in the present paper to direct attention to certain influences by whose action the character of our English prose style is being more or less affected. It will be apparent at a glance that I do not design an elaborate exposition of any one phase of our modern literary life, but simply a concise discussion of some of its aspects that have been impressed upon me during a varied and changeful career as teacher of English literature.
I. On the Impersonal Verb
Authors: Goebel Julius
Published: August 2006

The question concerning the origin and nature of the so-called impersonals is one of great interest to the philosopher as well as to the philologian; for it is here where logic and grammar meet to solve a problem that belongs to both of these sciences. The impersonals and the sentences formed by them, seem to present an exception, if not a contradiction, not only to the syntactical rule that every sentence should consist of a subject and a predicate, but also to the law of logic, according to which a judgment is composed of two members. A linguistic investigation of this problem can, therefore, not be made without seeking aid from logic and psychology, and the results of such an inquiry may help to throw light on the relation of grammar to logic, and on the psychological basis of language. We could, of course, also proceed exclusively according to the historical method by inquiring after the origin of the impersonals in general as well as in particular cases. But such an investigation, too, would have had to be assisted by psychological and logical considerations without which it would scarcely rise above a mere collection of material Before we attempt, however, an explanation of this apparently irrational linguistic phenomenon we may do well to cast a glance at the history of the various attempts made in the direction of a solution of the problem.
III. The Allegory as employed by Spenser, Bunyan, and Swift
Authors: Greene Herbert Eveleth
Published: August 2006

In a dissertation on “The Anglo-Saxon Metaphor,” Professor Gummere has shown conclusively that while the metaphor, “the corner-stone of all poetical style,” is a figure native to our literature, the simile had no existence in Old English poetry, until it was brought in through the influence of the Bible and of sacred Latin poetry. He also refutes the position taken by Professor Heinzel in his essay “Ueber den Stil der altger-manischen Poesie,” that the simile existed in Old English poetry previous to the introduction of Christianity, but was given up as a concession to a foreign culture; showing that, on the contrary, only a few sporadic cases of the simile occur before the sacred writings were made known to our ancestors, and that the development of that figure was distinctly hastened by the influence of the church.
V. The Huguenot Element in Charleston's Pronunciation
Authors: Primer Sylvester
Published: August 2006

In a paper read a year ago before this body I endeavored to sketch the main features of the Anglo-Saxon element in the pronunciation of Charleston, reserving for some future occasion the Huguenot, German, and negro influences upon the same. In the present paper, I purpose investigating the influence which the Huguenots may have had upon the English sounds; for it is evident that such a large foreign element as that of the Huguenots of Charleston, could not have been incorporated into the body politic of the State in its very infancy without exerting a considerable influence upon the manners and customs, the politics and legislation, the grammar and language, of the whole community.—But a short sketch of the Huguenot refugees in South Carolina, of their first settlements and incorporation into the state, and the gradual disappearance of the French language will, however, be necessary in order to show clearly the conditions under which the two languages met and struggled for the mastery. The conflict resulted in the supremacy of the English and the suppression of the French.
Extending analyticK-subanalytic functions
Authors: Piękosz Artur
Published: August 2006

Letg:U→ℝ (U open in ℝn) be an analytic and K-subanalytic (i. e. definable in ℝanK, whereK, the field of exponents, is any subfield ofℝ) function. Then the set of points, denoted Σ, whereg does not admit an analytic extension is K-subanalytic andg can be extended analytically to a neighbourhood of Ū\∑.
On log canonical divisors that are log quasi-numerically positive
Authors: Fukuda Shigetaka
Published: August 2006

Let (X Δ) be a four-dimensional log variety that is projective over the field of complex numbers. Assume that (X, Δ) is not Kawamata log terminal (klt) but divisorial log terminal (dlt). First we introduce the notion of “log quasi-numerically positive”, by relaxing that of “numerically positive”. Next we prove that, if the log canonical divisorK
X+Δ is log quasi-numerically positive on (X, Δ) then it is semi-ample.
Abstract version of the Cauchy-Kowalewski problem
Authors: Zubelevich Oleg
Published: August 2006

We consider an abstract version of the Cauchy-Kowalewski Problem with the right hand side being free from the Lipschitz type conditions and prove the existence theorem.
Lattice valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets
Authors: Gerstenkorn Tadeusz , Tepavĉević Andreja
Published: August 2006

In this paper a new definition of a lattice valued intuitionistic fuzzy set (LIFS) is introduced, in an attempt to overcome the disadvantages of earlier definitions. Some properties of this kind of fuzzy sets and their basic operations are given. The theorem of synthesis is proved: For every two families of subsets of a set satisfying certain conditions, there is an lattice valued intuitionistic fuzzy set for which these are families of level sets.
Electrotunable Non‐reciprocal Laser Emission from a Liquid‐Crystal Photonic Device
Authors: Song M. H. , Park B. , Nishimura S. , Toyooka T. , Chung I. J. , Takanishi Y. , Ishikawa K. , Takezoe H.
Published: August 2006

A liquid crystal (LC) photonic device with an anisotropic optical heterojunction structure has been fabricated. The device has a phase‐retarding nematic LC (NLC) layer sandwiched between two polymer cholesteric LC films with right‐handed helices of different pitches. Electrotunable non‐reciprocal light transmittance and unidirectional circularly polarized (CP) lasing emission have been successfully demonstrated for this device structure. Two left CP (LCP) lasing emission peaks are observed at the edges of the overlapping region between the two photonic bands in the structure and are shifted upon the application of a voltage. In contrast, a non‐reciprocal right CP (RCP) lasing emission peak emerges at one of the band edges and diminishes upon the application of a voltage. These phenomena are interpreted based on the selective reflection of RCP light and the reorientation of the NLC molecules by the application of a voltage.
Octakis(3‐propylammonium) Octadecaiodopentaplumbate(II): A New Layered Structure Based on Layered Perovskites.
Authors: Billing David G. , Lemmerer Andreas
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Solvothermal Synthesis and Electrical Transport Properties of Skutterudite CoSb3.
Authors: Mi J. L. , Zhao X. B. , Zhu T. J. , Tu J. P. , Cao G. S.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Ternary Ln—Si—B Systems (Ln: Dy, Ho, Er and Y) at 1270 K: Solid State Phase Equilibria and Magnetic Properties of the Solid Solution LnB2‐xSix (Ln: Dy and Ho).
Authors: Roger Jerome , Babizhetskyy Volodymyr , Guizouarn Thierry , Hiebl Kurt , Guerin Roland , Halet Jean‐Francois
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
High‐Energy Ball Milling — A Possible Synthesis Route for Cryolite and Chiolite.
Authors: Scholz Gudrun , Korup Oliver
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Generation and Cyclization of Unsaturated Carbamoyl Radicals Derived from S‐4‐Pentynyl Carbamothioates under Tin‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Benati Luisa , Bencivenni Giorgio , Leardini Rino , Minozzi Matteo , Nanni Daniele , Scialpi Rosanna , Spagnolo Piero , Zanardi Giuseppe
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Unprecedented Highly Efficient Solvent‐Free Oxidation of Alkynes to α,β‐Acetylenic Ketones with tert‐Butyl Hydroperoxide Catalyzed by Water‐Soluble Copper Complex.
Authors: Ajjou Abdelaziz Nait , Ferguson Gabriel
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Direct Aldol Reaction of Trifluoroacetaldehyde Ethyl Hemiacetal with Ketones by Use of the Combination of Amines and Acids.
Authors: Funabiki Kazumasa , Nagaya Hideyuki , Ishihara Mika , Matsui Masaki
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Aminoalkylation of “Push‐Pull” Enamines Having a Methyl Group at the α‐Position with Imines of Methyl 3,3,3‐Trifluoropyruvate.
Authors: Sibgatulin Dmitriy A. , Volochnyuk Dmitriy M. , Rusanov Eduard B. , Kostyuk Aleksandr N.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nucleophilic α‐Addition to β‐Nitroacrylates: Application to the Synthesis of α‐Thioacrylates.
Authors: Lewandowska Elzbieta
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Dimerization of Cyclopropyl Ketones and Cross Reactions of Cyclopropyl Ketones with Enones as an Entry to Five‐Membered Rings.
Authors: Liu Lei , Montgomery John
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
First Example of Direct Reductive Amination of Aldehydes with Primary and Secondary Amines Catalyzed by Water‐Soluble Transition Metal Catalysts.
Authors: Robichaud Andre , Ajjou Abdelaziz Nait
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Traditional Morita—Baylis—Hillman Reaction of Aldehydes with Methyl Vinyl Ketone Co‐Catalyzed by Triphenylphosphine and Nitrophenol.
Authors: Shi Min , Liu Ying‐Hao
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reaction of N‐(2,2,2‐Trichloroethyl)arenesulfonamides with Activated Alkenes.
Authors: Rozentsveig I. B. , Evstaf'eva I. T. , Levkovskaya G. G. , Mirskova A. N.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Facile Polyethylene Glycol (PEG‐400) Promoted Synthesis of β‐Ketosulfones.
Authors: Suryakiran N. , Reddy T. Srikanth , Ashalatha K. , Lakshman M. , Venkateswarlu Y.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Base‐ and Phosphine‐Free Palladium‐Catalyzed Homocoupling of Arylboronic Acid Derivatives under Air.
Authors: Yamamoto Yoshihiko , Suzuki Ryo , Hattori Kozo , Nishiyama Hisao
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nickel(0)/Tetra‐n‐butylammonium Bromide (TBAB) Catalyzed Suzuki—Miyaura Reaction.
Authors: You Erli , Li Pinhua , Wang Lei
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enediynes from Aza‐Enediynes: C,N‐Dialkynyl Imines Undergo Both Aza‐Bergman Rearrangement and Conversion to Enediynes and Fumaronitriles.
Authors: Feng Liping , Zhang Aibin , Kerwin Sean M.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Indenes via Palladium‐Catalyzed Carboannulation of Diethyl 2‐(2‐(1‐Alkynyl)phenyl)malonate and Organic Halides
Authors: Guo Li‐Na , Duan Xin‐Hua , Bi Hai‐Peng , Liu Xue‐Yuan , Liang Yong‐Min
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
One‐Pot Synthesis of 5‐Alkylfuran‐2(5H)‐ones
Authors: Ma Jie , Wang Si Hong , Tian Guan Rong
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.