bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expanded dengue syndrome presenting with acute liver failure, acute kidney injury, pancreatic involvement, coagulopathy, and multiple intracranial hemorrhages in a young child: a case report
Authors: Thadchanamoorthy V. , Dayasiri Kavinda
Published: March 2022

Background

Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral infection that typically occurs in tropical and subtropical countries. The clinical manifestations of dengue infection range from an asymptomatic subclinical course to severe dengue shock syndrome. Besides, dengue can affect any organ in the body and can present with atypical manifestations.

Case presentation

We report a 6-year-old previously healthy Tamil child who had dengue complicated with multiorgan involvement. She initially presented with high fever, headache, body aches for 5 days, blood and mucus diarrhea, hematuria, and right knee joint swelling for 2 days. Dengue NS1 antigen was positive on day 2 of febrile illness. She was managed symptomatically in the local hospital for 3 days and transferred to the tertiary care hospital for further management. She was eventually diagnosed as having dengue hemorrhagic fever complicated with multiorgan involvement including acute liver failure, pancreatic involvement, coagulopathy, arthritis, acute kidney injury, and multiple intracranial hemorrhages. The constellation of disease manifestations was identified as expanded dengue syndrome. She was managed with fresh blood, platelet, and cryoprecipitate transfusions and intravenous antibiotics in addition to renal and liver support in the intensive care unit. On day 14 of illness, she deteriorated while on the ventilator and died due to multiple intracranial hemorrhages.

Conclusion

The reported child with dengue hemorrhagic fever developed several unusual presentations such as acute liver and renal failure, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, pancreatic involvement, and multiple intracranial hemorrhages, which form part of expanded dengue syndrome. In the seriously unwell child, it is important to look for unusual complications actively to improve outcomes.
Automated Reinforcement Management System (ARMS): focused phase I provider feedback
Authors: Smith Crystal L. , Rodin Nicole M. , Hwang Julie Y. , Miguel André Q. C. , Johnson Kim , McDonell Michael G. , McPherson Sterling M.
Published: March 2022

Background

Alcohol use increases risk for morbidity and mortality and is associated with over 3 million annual deaths worldwide. Contingency Management (CM) is one of the most effective interventions for substance use disorders, and has recently been coupled with technologies to promote novel treatments for alcohol use disorders (AUD). Leveraging these technological advances, we are developing the Automated Reinforcement Management System (ARMS), an integrated CM system designed to enable CM treatment as a component of a digital therapeutic or adjunct therapy remotely to anyone with a smartphone.

Objective

To collect detailed provider feedback on ARMS and determine the need for modifications to make the system most feasible, acceptable, and useful to providers.

Methods

Seven providers completed one-hour structured interviews/focus groups wherein we described the ARMS system and its application to clinical care. Providers viewed screen shots of the ARMS provider facing and patient facing systems. Providers gave feedback on their current AUD treatment practices, preferences for the functionality and appearance of the system, preferences for receipt of information on their patients, why they and their patients would or would not use the system, suggestions for improvement, and the proposed intervention overall. To analyze the qualitative data gathered, we used a qualitative descriptive approach with content analysis methods.

Results

The overarching theme ofIndividualized Treatmentemerged throughout the interviews. This sentiment supports use of ARMS, as it is intended to supplement provider communication and intervention as an adjunctive and customizable tool with the ability to reach rural patients, not a stand-alone option. Themes ofAccountabilityandObjective Assessmentarose during discussions of why people would use the system. Themes within provider obstacles included, Information OverloadandClinical Relevance, and in patient obstacles,Sustained EngagementandSecurity Concerns. Two themes emerged regarding suggestions for improvement:Increasing AccessibilityandBi-directional Communication.

Discussion

Themes from provider input are being used to modify ARMS to make it more user friendly, time saving, and relevant to treatment of AUD. If successful, ARMS will provide effective, individualized-digital therapeutic for those needing adjunctive treatment or those living in rural remote areas needing better connected care.
The prevalence of hepatitis C and hepatitis B in lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Moradi Ghobad , Soheili Marzieh , Rashti Roya , Dehghanbanadaki Hojat , Nouri Elham , Zakaryaei Farima , Amini Elnaz Ezzati , Baiezeedi Sheno , Ahmadi Sanaz , Moradi Yousef
Published: March 2022

Objectives

This study aimed to systematically review the literature on the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections in transgender and LGBT people and determine their pooled estimates worldwide.

Methods

Databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, Ovid, Cochrane, PsycInfo) were searched from April 2000 to July 2021. The analyses were executed using the random-effects model in Stata 16.

Results

Ten studies, including eight studies on four transgender people and two studies on 2150 LGBTs, were included. The pooled prevalence of HCV and HBV in all transgender populations globally were 9% (95% CI 3–15%) and 11% (95% CI 2–20%), respectively. The corresponding prevalence in male-to-female transgender people were estimated as 5% (95% CI 1–9%) and 6% (95% CI 3–10%), respectively. These estimates in American transgenders were 10% (95% CI 5–25%) and 16% (95% CI 8–23%), respectively.

Conclusion

This study was identified the overall prevalence of HBV and HCV infections in transgender people, which were higher than those in the general population.
Coproduction of xylo-oligosaccharides and glucose from sugarcane bagasse in subcritical CO2-assisted seawater system
Authors: Zhang Leping , Zhang Xiankun , Lei Fuhou , Jiang Jianxin , Ji Li
Published: March 2022

Abundant seawater resources can replace the shortage of freshwater resources. The co-production of xylo-oligosaccharides and glucose from sugarcane bagasse by subcritical CO2-assisted seawater pretreatment was studied in this paper. We investigated the effects of pretreatment conditions of temperature, CO2 pressure and reaction time on the yield of xylo-oligosaccharides in subcritical CO2-assisted seawater systems. The maximum xylo-oligosaccharide yield of 68.23% was obtained at 165 °C/2 MPa/5 min. After further enzymatic hydrolysis of the solid residue, the highest glucose yield of 94.45% was obtained. In this system, there is a synergistic effect of mixed ions in seawater and CO2 to depolymerize xylan into xylo-oligosaccharides with a lower degree of polymerization. At the same time, the addition of CO2 increased the pore size and porosity of sugarcane bagasse, improved the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis and increased the yield of glucose. Therefore, this study provides a more environmentally friendly and sustainable process for the co-production of xylo-oligosaccharides and glucose from sugarcane bagasse, and improves the utilization of seawater resources.

Graphical Abstract
Content validation of a new measure of patient-reported barriers to antiretroviral therapy adherence, the I-Score: results from a Delphi study
Authors: Engler Kim , Vicente Serge , Mate Kedar K. V. , Lessard David , Ahmed Sara , Lebouché Bertrand
Published: March 2022

Background

Over a third of people living with HIV (PLHIV) have suboptimal adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Measures of barriers to ART adherence often lack comprehensiveness. To help manage ART adherence barriers in HIV care, we are developing a new patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) of these barriers (the I-Score).

Methods

We assessed the content validity of 100 items (distinct barriers) to retain only those most relevant to both PLHIV and HIV health/social service providers. A web-based Delphi was conducted in Canada and France, collecting data from December 2018 to October 2019. Items were evaluated on relevance (the combined rated importance and actionability for HIV care of items among both PLHIV and providers); comprehensibility (rated item clarity); comprehensiveness (examined against our conceptual framework); cross-cultural equivalence (based on comparisons by questionnaire language (English, French) and country of residence). Pearson’s chi-square tests were used for comparisons by language, country, gender, and stakeholder group (PLHIV, providers).

Results

Panelists included 40 PLHIV and 57 providers (66% response rate). Thirty-one items were retained based on consensus thresholds for relevance (minimum: 50% for PLHIV, 60% for providers) and showed good comprehensibility and comprehensiveness, when compared to our conceptual framework (representation of: 6/6 domains, 15/20 subdomains). No significant difference in relevance based on language or country was found among retained items, suggestive of cross-cultural equivalence. Among all 100 items, only 6 significant differences on relevance were observed for gender. For 62 items, the relevance ratings of PLHIV and providers differed significantly, with providers showing greater endorsement of all items but one.

Discussion

The Delphi led to a much-needed item reduction. Remaining items highlight the panel’s multidimensional priorities for the PROM on ART adherence barriers, with few, if any, differences by language, country, and gender. While the analyses may lack generalizability and power, the sample size is considered adequate for a PROM validation study.

Conclusion

Retained items showed good content validity. The different patterns of item endorsement observed underscore the utility of engaging multiple stakeholder groups in PROM development for use in clinical practice. The greater endorsement of items by providers versus patients merits further investigation, including the implications of such differentials for measure development.
Properties of natural adsorbent prepared from two local Sudanese agricultural wastes mango seeds and date's stones and their uses in removal of contamination from fluid nutrient
Authors: ElNasri Nazar A.aziz , Wadidi Nazar Abdallazim , Idris Alkhair Abd Almahmoud , Woldemicheal Saba Kidane , El Haj Sabah Ibrahim Ahmed
Published: March 2022

Background

In recent years, special attention has been focused on the use of natural adsorbents as an alternative to replace the conventional adsorbents, based on both the environmental and the economical points of view. The study aimed to produce natural absorbent (activated carbon) from two local agricultural wastes: mango seeds (MS) and date stones (DS) and their uses in removal of contamination from fluid nutrient. Chemical properties such as ash content, moisture content, carbon content percentage and percentage of methylene blue reduction of the two samples were investigated.

Results

The results of study indicated that activated carbon produced from both MS and DS samples have the same pH value of 7 (neutral).The ash content of activated carbon prepared from mango seeds and date’s stones was 9.7 and 9.5%, respectively.Our statistical analysis showed no significant difference (p ≥ 0.05)for ash determinations, while the moisture content of (19.5 and 19.9%) was found for mango seeds and date's stones, respectively. There was no significant difference at p > 0.05 for moisture content of the two samples. A significant difference was observed in carbon contents for mango seeds (61.4%) and date's stones (21.8%) at p ≤ 0.05). There was no significant difference at p > 0.05 for moisture content of the two samples. Statistical analysis showed significance difference (p ≤ 0.05) for carbon determination for both samples. The results also indicated that there was significant correlation between reduction in methylene blue and percentage of activated carbon.

Conclusions

Activated carbon produced from MS and DS was found to be very effective in color removal and of acceptable quality in pH, carbon content, ash content, moisture content and solubility.
Investigating GNSS PPP–RTK with external ionospheric constraints
Authors: Zhang Xiaohong , Ren Xiaodong , Chen Jun , Zuo Xiang , Mei Dengkui , Liu Wanke
Published: March 2022

Real-Time Kinematic Precise Point Positioning (PPP–RTK) is inextricably linked to external ionospheric information. The PPP–RTK performances vary much with the accuracy of ionospheric information, which is derived from different network scales, given different prior variances, and obtained under different disturbed ionospheric conditions. This study investigates the relationships between the PPP–RTK performances, in terms of precision and convergence time, and the accuracy of external ionospheric information. The statistical results show that The Time to First Fix (TTFF) for the PPP–RTK constrained by Global Ionosphere Map (PPP–RTK-GIM) is about 8–10 min, improved by 20%–50% as compared with that for PPP Ambiguity Resolution (PPP-AR) whose TTFF is about 13–16 min. Additionally, the TTFF of PPP–RTK is 4.4 min, 5.2 min, and 6.8 min, respectively, when constrained by the external ionospheric information derived from different network scales, e.g. small-, medium-, and large-scale networks, respectively. To analyze the influences of the optimal prior variances of external ionospheric delay on the PPP–RTK results, the errors of 0.5 Total Electron Content Unit (TECU), 1 TECU, 3 TECU, and 5 TECU are added to the initial ionospheric delays, respectively. The corresponding convergence time of PPP–RTK is less than 1 min, about 3, 5, and 6 min, respectively. After adding the errors, the ionospheric information with a small variance leads to a long convergence time and that with a larger variance leads to the same convergence time as that of PPP-AR. Only when an optimal prior variance is determined for the ionospheric delay in PPP–RTK model, the convergence time for PPP–RTK can be shorten greatly. The impact of Travelling Ionospheric Disturbance (TID) on the PPP–RTK performances is further studied with simulation. It is found that the TIDs increase the errors of ionospheric corrections, thus affecting the convergence time, positioning accuracy, and reliability of PPP–RTK.
Stability-indicating RP-HPLC method development and validation for estimation of Mupirocin calcium in bulk and in pharmaceutical formulation
Authors: Kalal Durgeshwari J. , Redasani Vivekkumar K.
Published: March 2022

Background

A simple, rapid, sensitive and selective stability-indicating (RP-HPLC) method is suggested for the determination of Mupirocin calcium in bulk drug and in pharmaceutical formulation. Mupirocin calcium was eluted from a PrincetoneSPHER-100 C8 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) column with mobile phase consisting of methanol and water (75:25 v/v) pH adjusted to 4 with acetic acid. The gradient was optimized with a flow rate of 1 mL/min and a wavelength of 221 nm.

Result

The complete analytical method validation was successfully carried out as per ICH guidelines. The retrieval study was carried out at 80% to 120% level of working concentration, and results were in the range of 99 to 101%. The linearity was proven in range of 4–24 µg/mL of working concentration with linear regression curve (R2 = 0.999) with limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) being 0.35 and 1.08 µg/mL, respectively. The retention time for Mupirocin calcium was 5.09 min. The method shows good recoveries and intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations were less than 2%. Validation parameters as ruggedness and robustness were also determined as per ICH guidelines and were found to be satisfactory. For stability study, the drug was exposed to various stress conditions such as acid, base, oxidation and sunlight as per recommendations of ICH guidelines.

Conclusion

The developed HPLC method could be successfully used for the estimation of Mupirocin calcium in bulk and in Pharmaceutical formulation. The high recovery and low relative standard deviation confirm the suitability of proposed method that can be employed for the routine analysis in bulk and Pharmaceutical formulation.
Neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodiversity: definition of terms from Scotland's National Autism Implementation Team
Authors: Shah Premal J. , Boilson Marie , Rutherford Marion , Prior Susan , Johnston Lorna , Maciver Donald , Forsyth Kirsty
Published: March 2022

Adults with neurodevelopmental disorders frequently present to, but fit uneasily into, adult mental health services. We offer definitions of important terms related to neurodevelopmental disorders through unifying research data, medical and other viewpoints. This may improve understanding, clinical practice and development of neurodevelopmental disorder pathways within adult mental health services.
Assessment of a Naloxone Coprescribing Alert for Patients at Risk of Opioid Overdose: A Quality Improvement Project
Authors: Nelson Scott D. , McCoy Allison B. , Rector Hayley , Teare Andrew J. , Barrett Tyler W. , Sigworth Elizabeth A. , Chen Qingxia , Edwards David A. , Marcovitz David E. , Wright Adam
Published: March 2022

BACKGROUND:

Patients taking high doses of opioids, or taking opioids in combination with other central nervous system depressants, are at increased risk of opioid overdose. Coprescribing the opioid-reversal agent naloxone is an essential safety measure, recommended by the surgeon general, but the rate of naloxone coprescribing is low. Therefore, we set out to determine whether a targeted clinical decision support alert could increase the rate of naloxone coprescribing.

METHODS:

We conducted a before-after study from January 2019 to April 2021 at a large academic health system in the Southeast. We developed a targeted point of care decision support notification in the electronic health record to suggest ordering naloxone for patients who have a high risk of opioid overdose based on a high morphine equivalent daily dose (MEDD) ≥90 mg, concomitant benzodiazepine prescription, or a history of opioid use disorder or opioid overdose. We measured the rate of outpatient naloxone prescribing as our primary measure. A multivariable logistic regression model with robust variance to adjust for prescriptions within the same prescriber was implemented to estimate the association between alerts and naloxone coprescribing.

RESULTS:

The baseline naloxone coprescribing rate in 2019 was 0.28 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.24–0.31) naloxone prescriptions per 100 opioid prescriptions. After alert implementation, the naloxone coprescribing rate increased to 4.51 (95% CI, 4.33–4.68) naloxone prescriptions per 100 opioid prescriptions (P < .001). The adjusted odds of naloxone coprescribing after alert implementation were approximately 28 times those during the baseline period (95% CI, 15–52).

CONCLUSIONS:

A targeted decision support alert for patients at risk for opioid overdose significantly increased the rate of naloxone coprescribing and was relatively easy to build.
Factors Associated With Postreperfusion Syndrome in Living Donor Liver Transplantation: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Umehara Kaoru , Karashima Yuji , Yoshizumi Tomoharu , Yamaura Ken
Published: March 2022

BACKGROUND:

Postreperfusion syndrome (PRS) after portal vein reperfusion during liver transplantation (LT) has been reported to cause rapid hemodynamic changes and is associated with a prolonged postoperative hospital stay, renal failure, and increased mortality. Although there are some reports on risk factors for PRS in brain-dead donor LT, there are a few reports on those in living donor LT. Therefore, we retrospectively reviewed the factors associated with PRS to contribute to the anesthetic management so as to reduce PRS during living donor LT.

METHODS:

After approval by the ethics committee of our institution, 250 patients aged ≥20 years who underwent living donor LT at our institution between January 2013 and September 2018 were included in the study. A decrease in mean arterial pressure of ≥30% within 5 minutes after portal vein reperfusion was defined as PRS, and estimates and odds ratio (OR) for PRS were calculated using logistic regression. The backward method was used for variable selection in the multivariable analysis.

RESULTS:

Serum calcium ion concentration before reperfusion (per 0.1 mmol/L increase; OR, 0.74; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.60–0.95; P < .001), preoperative echocardiographic left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (per 1-mm increase: OR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.85–0.95; P < .001, men [versus women: OR, 2.45; 95% CI, 1.26–4.75; P = .008]), mean pulmonary artery pressure before reperfusion (restricted cubic spline, P = .003), anhepatic period (restricted cubic spline, P = .02), and graft volume to standard liver volume ratio (restricted cubic spline, P = .03) were significantly associated with PRS.

CONCLUSIONS:

In living donor LT, male sex and presence of small left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, large graft volume, and long anhepatic period are associated with PRS, and a high calcium ion concentration and low pulmonary artery pressure before reperfusion are negatively associated with PRS.
The Agriburb: Recalling The Suburban Side Of Ontario, California’s Agricultural Colonization
Authors: SANDUL PAUL J. P.
Published: March 2022

This essay spotlights the development of Ontario, California, in the last decades of the nineteenth century. It demonstrates that many agricultural communities in California, particularly so-called agricultural colonies, represent a unique rural suburban type labeled here as "agriburbs." Agriburbs, such as Ontario, were communities consciously planned, developed, and promoted based on the drive for profit in emerging agricultural markets. Advertised as the perfect mix of rural and urban, they promised a superior middle-class lifestyle. On the one hand, agriburbs evoked the myths of agrarian security and virtue, a life on a farm in an environment that was good for both soil and soul. On the other hand, agriburbs were ideally urbane but not urban because of their many amenities that represented cultural symbols of modernity, refinement, and progress. An understanding of California’s agriburbs deepens an appreciation for both the growth and development of California at the turn of the twentieth century and the diversity of suburban types across the American landscape.
Origins of Pioneer Apple Orchards in the American West: Random Seeding versus Artisan Horticulture
Authors: DIAMOND DAVID H.
Published: March 2022

Before the Revolution, colonial American consumers reconstituted the English apple orchard. Unremarkable random seedling apples and "high" flavored English cider fruits were devalued. Late colonial consumers selected a range of sweeter, more versatile apples for fresh use and culinary preparations, others for drying, and many "winter keepers" for long-term storage. These trees were supplied by distinctive, horticulturally trained farmers who produced grafted trees as part of their mixed crop output. Demand for this first catalog of American apple trees exploded in the Ohio Valley, where surging farm establishment fueled commercial agricultural enterprises. By 1800 pioneer artisan horticulturists were selling America’s favorite cultivated apple tree varieties to frontier farmers while mythologized peddlers of unimproved, random seedlings contributed only marginally. By 1820 craft nurserymen marketed tens of thousands of grafted apple trees annually and were among the most commercially oriented farmers in the Old Northwest.
Investigating local and systemic intestinal signalling in health and disease with Drosophila
Authors: Medina Andre , Bellec Karen , Polcowñuk Sofia , Cordero Julia B.
Published: March 2022

Whole-body health relies on complex inter-organ signalling networks that enable organisms to adapt to environmental perturbations and to changes in tissue homeostasis. The intestine plays a major role as a signalling centre by producing local and systemic signals that are relayed to the body and that maintain intestinal and organismal homeostasis. Consequently, disruption of intestinal homeostasis and signalling are associated with systemic diseases and multi-organ dysfunction. In recent years, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as a prime model organism to study tissue-intrinsic and systemic signalling networks of the adult intestine due to its genetic tractability and functional conservation with mammals. In this Review, we highlight Drosophila research that has contributed to our understanding of how the adult intestine interacts with its microenvironment and with distant organs. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding intestinal and whole-body pathophysiology, and how future Drosophila studies might advance our knowledge of the complex interplay between the intestine and the rest of the body in health and disease.
PLK1 controls centriole distal appendage formation and centrobin removal via independent pathways
Authors: Le Roux-Bourdieu Morgan , Dwivedi Devashish , Harry Daniela , Meraldi Patrick
Published: March 2022

Centrioles are central structural elements of centrosomes and cilia. In human cells, daughter centrioles are assembled adjacent to existing centrioles in S-phase and reach their full functionality with the formation of distal and subdistal appendages one-and-a-half cell cycles later, as they exit their second mitosis. Current models postulate that the centriolar protein centrobin acts as placeholder for distal appendage proteins that must be removed to complete distal appendage formation. Here, we investigated, in non-transformed human epithelial RPE1 cells, the mechanisms controlling centrobin removal and its effect on distal appendage formation. Our data are consistent with a speculative model in which centrobin is removed from older centrioles due to a higher affinity for the newly born daughter centrioles, under the control of the centrosomal kinase PLK1. This removal also depends on the presence of subdistal appendage proteins on the oldest centriole. Removing centrobin, however, is not required for the recruitment of distal appendage proteins, even though this process is equally dependent on PLK1. We conclude that PLK1 kinase regulates centrobin removal and distal appendage formation during centriole maturation via separate pathways.
A review of the technology standards for enabling digital twin
Authors: Wang Kai , Wang Yamin , Li Yizheng , Fan Xiaohui , Xiao Shanpeng , Hu Lin
Published: March 2022

In the process of developing digital twin enabling applications, a lack of reference to standards related to digital twin terms, architecture and models leads to differences between users' understanding of digital twin, and it is difficult to realize the interconnection of data, models, and services between different enterprises or fields. Therefore, digital twin, by its nature of interoperability between multiple domains, requires standardization as a pilot tool for implementation. This paper provides the background and introduction of digital twin technology based on the digital twin five-dimension model, then refers to the latest developments of digital twin standardization. We further analyze the challenges and provide suggestions of future digital twin standardization. The analysis of the standards landscape for digital twin consolidates information from governing bodies such as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), International Telecommunication Union (ITU), and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Training neural networks on domain randomized simulations for ultrasonic inspection
Authors: Schlachter Klaus , Felsner Kastor , Zambal Sebastian
Published: March 2022

To overcome the data scarcity problem of machine learning for nondestructive testing, data augmentation is a commonly used strategy. We propose a method to enable training of neural networks exclusively on simulated data. Simulations not only provide a scalable way to generate and access training data, but also make it possible to cover edge cases which rarely appear in the real world. However, simulating data acquired from complex nondestructive testing methods is still a challenging task. Due to necessary simplifications and a limited accuracy of parameter identification, statistical models trained solely on simulated data often generalize poorly to the real world. Some effort has been made in the field to adapt pre-trained classifiers with a small set of real world data. A different approach for bridging the reality gap is domain randomization which was recently very successfully applied in different fields of autonomous robotics. In this study, we apply this approach for ultrasonic testing of carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics. Phased array captures of virtual specimens are simulated by approximating sound propagation via ray tracing. In addition to a variation of the geometric model of the specimen and its defects, we vary simulation parameters. Results indicate that this approach allows a generalization to the real world without applying any domain adaptation. Further, the trained network distinguishes correctly between ghost artifacts and defects. Although this study is tailored towards evaluation of ultrasound phased array captures, the presented approach generalizes to other nondestructive testing methods.
What (Exactly) Is Novelty in Networks? Unpacking the Vision Advantages of Brokers, Bridges, and Weak Ties
Authors: Aral Sinan , Dhillon Paramveer S.
Published: March 2022

The strength of weak ties and brokerage theory both rely on the argument that weak bridging ties deliver novel information to create “vision advantages” for actors in brokerage positions. However, our conceptualization of novelty is itself fundamentally underdeveloped. We, therefore, develop a theory of how three distinct types of novelty—diversity, non-redundancy, and uniqueness—combine with network structure to create vision advantages in social networks. We test this theory using panel data on an evolving corporate email network. Three main results emerge from our analysis. First, we confirm the diversity-bandwidth tradeoff (DBT) at the heart of the vision advantage. As brokers’ networks become more diverse, their channel bandwidth contracts, creating countervailing effects on access to novel information. Second, we uncover a mechanism driving the DBT, which helps explain differences in vision advantages across strong and weak ties. Strong, cohesive ties deliver greater information diversity and non-redundancy, whereas weak bridging ties contribute the most unique information (the information that is most different from what other contacts deliver). Third, we find network diversity (in contrast to network constraint) to be positively associated with longitudinal entropy, a measure of the accumulation of novel information over time. This suggests that weak bridging ties, which provide the most unique information through low bandwidth, structurally diverse channels, contribute the most to one’s aggregation of novel information over time. Collectively, these results take a step toward resolving a long-standing debate in network theory about whether strong, cohesive networks or weak bridging networks contribute more to vision advantages. This work firmly establishes that it depends.

This paper was accepted by Kartik Hosanagar, information systems.

Supplemental Material: The code and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4377 .
Analysis of crosstalk in spectral beam combining of diode laser bar
Authors: Song Yuyan , Yu Xiao , Hu Cong , Wang Ping , Ma Haojie , Tang Xiahui
Published: March 2022

Spectral beam combining (SBC) of laser diodes has been proven to be an effective method to improve beam brightness. The crosstalk between different emitters in the SBC system will significantly affect the beam-combining efficiency and output beam properties without effective control. The interfering factors of the crosstalk beam intensity in semiconductor laser SBC have been theoretically analyzed, and experiments have been built to carry out the SBC of a semiconductor laser bar with a high filling factor of 80%. It is found that by adding an inverted Kepler telescope, reducing the focal length of the transmission lens or increasing the spacing of the grating and the output coupling mirror, the crosstalk can be suppressed. In an experiment of beam combining with five emitters, the ratio of the first-order crosstalk peak energy to that of the central beam spot is about 0.34 when the spacing of the grating and the output coupling mirror is 50 mm and the focal length of the transmission lens is 200 mm. The ratio decreases to 0.035 when the spacing of the grating and the output coupling mirror is 200 mm. With the addition of an inverted Kepler telescope with a magnification of 2, the ratio decreases to 0.085. In addition, the ratio decreases to 0.07 when the focal length of the transmission lens is 80 mm.
Alignment algorithm of nonsymmetric off-axis reflective astronomical telescopes based on the modified third-order nodal aberration theory
Authors: Wang Jinxin , He Xu , Luo Jing , Zhang Xiaohui , Xu Tianxiao
Published: March 2022

For pupil-offset off-axis reflective astronomical telescopes with designed tilts and decenters, owing to the absence of symmetry, axial and lateral misalignments exhibit strong coupling. The astigmatic and coma aberration fields of the misaligned optical systems are not only effected by lateral misalignments but also closely related to axial misalignments. However, the traditional misalignment algorithm based on nodal aberration theory (NAT) usually ignore the effect of axial misalignments on the aberration fields of optical systems when constructing calculation models. As a result, the presence of axial misalignments in pupil-offset off-axis telescopes with designed tilts and decenters will invalidate the traditional NAT-based lateral misalignment algorithm, which makes it difficult to be applied to actual computer-aided alignment experiments. In order to solve this issue, on the framework of modified NAT, third-order astigmatic, third-order coma, and third-order spherical net aberration fields of pupil-offset off-axis systems with designed tilts and decenters induced by axial and lateral misalignments are separated from the total aberration fields, and their inherent relations are analytically expressed. On this basis, in order to construct a solution model that can simultaneously and quantitatively calculate the axial and lateral misalignments, a method is proposed to fit the partial derivative coefficient matrix of misalignments according to field dependence of the net aberrations induced by misalignments. The simulation and actual alignment experiments were performed on a real wide-field off-axis three-mirror telescope using the constructed solution model, which proved the feasibility of the proposed method. Simulation experiments show that for different misalignment conditions generated randomly, both axial and lateral misalignments have achieved convergent solution results. In the actual alignment experiment, the average RMS wavefront errors of the nine field of views is corrected from 1.9 λ to 0.12 λ (λ = 632.8nm) through 3-5 iterations.
Tapered Yb-doped fiber enabled a 4 kW near-single-mode monolithic fiber amplifier
Authors: Ye Yun , Lin Xianfeng , Yang Baolai , Xi Xiaoming , Shi Chen , Zhang Hanwei , Wang Xiaolin , Li Jinyan , Xu Xiaojun
Published: March 2022

In this Letter, we demonstrate a monolithic high-power master oscillator power amplifier by using a home-made double-clad tapered Yb-doped fiber (T-YDF) with an input end of ∼20/400 µm and an output end of ∼30/600 µm. Thanks to perfect core/cladding matching with the fiber components at both ends of the T-YDF, the laser is pumped bidirectionally and an output power of over 4 kW with a high slope efficiency of 84.1% and excellent beam quality M2 ∼ 1.46 is achieved. In contrast to previous work on common fiber lasers, experimental results also reveal that the co-pump scheme has a higher transverse mode instability (TMI) threshold and power-boosting capability than that of a counter-pump scheme. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest output power demonstrated to date from such a T-YDF with excellent beam quality. This work indicates the great potential of the T-YDF to realize further power scaling, high laser efficiency, and excellent beam quality in high-power fiber lasers.
Quantum correlation measurement of laser power noise below shot noise
Authors: Venneberg Jasper R. , Willke Benno
Published: March 2022

In this article, the quantum correlation measurement technique as a method of power noise monitoring is investigated. Its principal idea of correlating two photodetector signals is introduced and contrasted to the conventional approach, which uses only a single photodetector. We discuss how this scheme can be used to obtain power noise information below the shot noise of the detected beam and also below the electronic dark noise of the individual photodetectors, both of which is not possible with the conventional approach. Furthermore, experimental results are presented, that demonstrate a detection of technical laser power noise one order of magnitude below the shot noise of the detected beam.
Expression characteristics and interaction networks of microRNAs in spleen tissues of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)
Authors: Zhao Yinli , Fan Shengxin , Yuan Pengtao , Li Guoxi
Published: March 2022

The spleen is an important immune organ in fish. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to play an important role in the regulation of immune function. However, miRNA expression profiles and their interaction networks associated with the postnatal late development of spleen tissue are still poorly understood in fish. The grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) is an important economic aquaculture species in China. Here, two small RNA libraries were constructed from the spleen tissue of healthy grass carp at one-year-old and three-year-old. A total of 324 known conserved miRNAs and 9 novel miRNAs were identified by using bioinformatic analysis. Family analysis showed that 23 families such as let-7, mir-1, mir-10, mir-124, mir-8, mir-7, mir-9, and mir-153 were highly conserved between vertebrates and invertebrates. In addition, 14 families such as mir-459, mir-430, mir-462, mir-7147, mir-2187, and mir-722 were present only in fish. Expression analysis showed that the expression patterns of miRNAs in the spleen of one-year-old and three-year-old grass carp were highly consistent, and the percentage of miRNAs with TPM > 100 was above 39%. Twenty significant differentially expressed (SDE) miRNAs were identified. Gene ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis showed that these SDE miRNAs were primarily involved in erythrocyte differentiation, lymphoid organ development, immune response, lipid metabolic process, the B cell receptor signaling pathway, the T cell receptor signaling pathway, and the PPAR signaling pathway. In addition, the following miRNA-mRNA interaction networks were constructed: immune and hematopoietic, cell proliferation and differentiation, and lipid metabolism. This study determined the miRNA transcriptome as well as miRNA-mRNA interaction networks in normal spleen tissue during the late development stages of grass carp. The results expand the number of known miRNAs in grass carp and are a valuable resource for better understanding the molecular biology of the spleen development in grass carp.
Procedimentos de extração e recuperação de ligantes asfálticos: uma revisão da literatura
Authors: S. Pinheiro Gustavo , Vasconcelos Kamilla
Published: March 2022

São diversas as técnicas utilizadas para obtenção do ligante de misturas asfálticas, sejam produzidas em laboratório, usina, ou envelhecidas, provenientes da fresagem dos revestimentos (RAP). Além do controle tecnológico, os procedimentos visam recuperar da maneira mais íntegra possível esse material, a fim de caracterizá-lo e avaliar suas propriedades. Há, ainda, divergências entre pesquisadores quanto às variações das características intrínsecas do ligante asfáltico, após passar por procedimentos de extração e recuperação (ER). O presente artigo abordou as distintas técnicas de extração de ligantes, bem como de recuperação, usualmente empregadas. E discutiu como os procedimentos e os tipos de solventes podem afetar as propriedades químicas, físicas e reológicas de ligantes asfálticos recuperados. Constatou-se que o brometo de n-propila (BnP) e o blend de solventes clorados são alternativas mais vantajosas dentre os solventes avaliados, juntamente com as extrações automatizadas (recuperação de ligante) e por ignição (definição de teor), e da recuperação pelo rotavapor.
Sistem Equity Crowdfunding (ECF) Dalam Hukum Di Indonesia
Authors: Kadir Muhammad Rusydi
Published: March 2022

Perkembangan tekhnologi informasi berdampak pada kegiatan ekonomi dunia termasuk Indonesia, kecepatan dan efesiensi waktu adalah manfaatnya. Namun kecepatan itu melahirkan sistem yang masih sporadis dan dapat membahayakan setiap individu yang menggunakan transaksi keuangan tanpa kesesuaian hukum yang ada. Di Indonesia kemajuan dalam bidang ekonomi diimbangi dengan peraturan operasional yang dikeluarkan oleh otoritas jasa keuangan dan Fatwa DSN-MUI berfungsi dalam menciptkan suasana ekonomi tanpa kebatilan. Melalui pendekatan hukum yang ada di Indonesia terhadap kemunculan sistem Equity Crowdfunding disebabkan kebutuhan masyarakat society 5.0. Penulis akan menggunakan jenis penelitian hukum normatif (Normative law research) jenis ini dapat memfokuskan penelitian pada inventaris hukum positif, asas-asas dan doktrin hukum, sinkronisasi hukum, sistematika hukum, perbandingan hukum, dan sejarah hukum. Kata Kunci: Tekhnologi informasi; Hukum; Equity Crowdfunding
Perkembangan Perbankan Syariah di Timur Tengah dan Pakistan
Authors: Rambe Laila Afni
Published: March 2022

Perbandingan pesatnya perkembangan perbankan syariah di Indonesia dengan daerah Timur-Timur serta Pakistan memberikan gambaran yang sangat berbeda. Mengapa tidak, harus diakui negara-negara di bagian Timur Tengah merupakan negara pelopor pertumbuhan perbankan syariah. Sehingga sangat tidak diherankan jika perkembangannya juga begitu pesat di Timur Tengah dibandingkan di Indonesia. Begitu juga dengan dorongan-dorongan dari berbagai pihak baik pemerintah maupun warga negaranya. Di Pakistan dukungan dari pemerintah begitu kuat dengan dilakukan pelarangan penggunaan sistem perbankan konvensional. Seiring dengan perkembangan perbankan syariah tersebut, tingkat penerimaan dari masyarakat juga begitu meningkat. Meskipun dibersamai oleh pandangan sebagian masyarakat yang menganggap bahwa perbankan syariah hanya merupakan labelisasi semata. Kata Kunci: Perbankan Syariah; Sejarah; Perkembangan; Timur Tengah dan Pakistan
Industri Bisnis Slimming Injection Perspektif Hukum Bisnis Syari'ah
Authors: Khikmah Nurul
Published: March 2022

Sumber hukum sangat penting, sebelum seseorang melakukan aktifitas (perbuatan) bisnis harus mempelajari dulu hukumnya. Dalam praktik bisnis syari'ah, sumber hukumnya yaitu pada Al-Qur’an, Hadist, Ijma’, Ijtihad, dan prinsip-prinsip hukum lainnya. Keutamaan dari hukum bisnis syari'ah bahwa selalu mendasarkan pada prinsip-prinsip syari'ah. Yang mana Al-Qur’an dan Al-Hadist memiliki tingkat kebenaran yang sudah pasti. Dengan membaca dan memahami secara sungguh-sungguh, seseorang akan mampu menerapkan prinsip-prinsip hukum yang bersifat tekstual (manthuq) maupun yang bersifat kontekstual (mafhum). Untuk menjelaskan tujuan dari penelitian ini menggunakan studi Pustaka serta data yang di peroleh dari Bellissima Skincare. Menarik untuk dibahas industri bisnis seperti ini apakah telah menjalankan syaria’at islam, mengingat subjek dari industri slimming injection adalah manusia, selain itu bisnis yang baik tidak hanya semata-mata mencari keuntungan materil, melainkan tetap mengutamakan imateril, yang mana mencari keridloan Allah SWT. Sehingga akan tahu bagaimana berbisnis sesuai dengan syariat islam, baik secara akad, kontrak, pendirian industry, maupun objeknya. Objek dalam penelitian ini adalah slimming injection, dimana penggunaan slimming injection haram, di sebabkan terdapat kandungan haram di dalam cairan suntik kurus tersebut. Serta industri slimming injection yang tidak dijalankan sesuai dengan bisnis syari’ah, hal ini terlihat dari kontrak pendirian yang tidak menerapkan hukum bisnis syari’ah yang berdampak pada proses penggunaannya.Kata Kunci: Industri Bisnis; Slimming Injection; Hukum Bisnis Syari’ah
Tratamento de Classe III utilizando miniparafusos extra-alveolares na buccal shelf, associados a aparelhos autoligáveis passivos com prescrição individualizada: relato de caso
Authors: Villela Henrique Mascarenhas
Published: March 2022

INTRODUÇÃO: As más oclusões de Classe III de Angle de natureza dentoalveolar ou esquelética moderada podem ser tratadas por meio de exodontias e distalização da arcada inferior e/ou da mesialização da arcada superior. Para atingir a relação dentária final desejada, pode-se utilizar dispositivos intermaxilares ou diversos tipos de recursos
de ancoragem convencionais; porém, todos promovem algum tipo de efeito colateral, que pode ser indesejado e de difícil controle. O uso dos miniparafusos extra-alveolares
na buccal shelf aumentou a eficiência na distalização da arcada inferior, simplificando a mecânica ortodôntica e controlando os efeitos colaterais indesejados, por meio de
um procedimento minimamente invasivo. A maior vantagem desse dispositivo é posicionar o corpo dos miniparafusos afastado das raízes dos dentes a serem movimentados, permitindo maiores movimentos sagitais, sem a necessidade de
reposicionamento desses dispositivos ou utilização de cursores. Além disso, outra vantagem a ser destacada é a simplicidade da instalação, com boa aceitação dos pacientes. OBJETIVO: Relatar um caso clínico no qual foram utilizados miniparafusos extra-alveolares na buccal shelf como recurso de ancoragem para efetuar a distalização
da arcada inferior, associados a aparelhos autoligáveis passivos com prescrição individualizada, para correção de uma má oclusão de Classe III de natureza esquelética
suave, com altura facial anterior inferior aumentada. Conclusão: A associação dos miniparafusos extra-alveolares com o sistema de aparelhos autoligáveis passivos se mostrou eficiente na correção da má oclusão de Classe III; simplificou a mecânica ortodôntica; inibiu os efeitos colaterais indesejados na arcada superior; obteve excelente controle de torque; reduziu a inclinação dos incisivos inferiores; distalizou os molares inferiores com componente de intrusão; promoveu uma suave rotação anti-horária da mandíbula; diminuiu a altura facial anterior inferior; e reduziu a necessidade de colaboração do paciente.