bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early-life cold stress and broiler breeder age: effects on metabolism and performance in broiler chicks
Authors: Moreira Ludmyla Martins , Lopes Tainá Silva Brandão , Guato Guamán Cesar Andres , Sousa Lorena Salim , Santini Matheus Barros , Cardoso Alexandre Rodrigues , Santos Lucas B. C. , Leme Fabíola Oliveira Paes , Lara Leonardo José Camargos , Araújo Itallo Conrado Sousa
Published: November 2024

Context Understanding the interaction between breeder age and environmental stressors, such as cold, is crucial for poultry production. Previous research has highlighted the impact of these factors on chick development, but there is limited information on how breeder age specifically influences stress resilience and growth performance in broilers, particularly under suboptimal conditions. Aims The study aimed to assess the impact of broiler breeder age and 8-h exposure to cold stress on chicks during the first 7 days of rearing. Methods A total of 600 male chicks from two Cobb flocks were divided into groups based on breeder age (29 or 42 weeks) and rearing temperature (thermoneutral or cold-stressed for 8 h/day during the first week). Key results Chicks from 42-week-old breeders exhibited faster yolk sac absorption under thermal comfort conditions (P < 0.05). Corticosterone levels were higher in chicks from 29-week-old breeders exposed to cold stress (P < 0.05). Cold-exposed birds showed elevated heterophil/lymphocyte ratios regardless of breeders’ age (P < 0.05). Feed intake and weight gain were superior in birds from 42-week-old breeders up to 35 days, whereas cold stress negatively impacted the feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05). Viability was lower in chicks from 29-week-old breeders and those subjected to cold stress (P < 0.05). Conclusion Although cold stress did not affect weight gain at 35 days, it impaired the feed conversion ratio. Moreover, chicks from 29-week-old breeders were more susceptible to cold stress during the first week of life compared with those from 42-week-old breeders. Implications The study reveals that breeder age significantly influences chick resilience to cold stress, with older breeders (42-week-old) producing more robust offspring. The findings suggest that optimizing the management of thermal conditions is critical for enhancing feed efficiency, growth performance and overall viability in broiler production.
Profiling the omega-3 content of annual and perennial forages during growth and development and the relationship with other quality parameters
Authors: Clayton E. H. , Dale T. J. , Orchard P. , Burns H. M. , Pitt W. M. , Hildebrand S. M. , Ward J. B.
Published: November 2024

Context Omega-3 in pasture-fed beef and lamb is related to its availability in the forage species grazed. The variation in omega-3 content of several forages has been examined in the USA and UK, but not in south-eastern Australia across different stages of maturity. Aims This study aimed to determine the change in omega-3, at different stages of plant development, in four species of forage commonly grazed by ruminants in south-eastern Australia. Methods Four species, oats (Avena sativa L. cv. Eurabbie), annual ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv. Rambo), phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L. cv HoldfastGT) and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterrraneum L. cv. Coolamon) were grown in a replicated pot trial and harvested at seven stages of maturity corresponding to early vegetative, late vegetative, stem elongation, boot, anthesis, soft dough and ripening for oats, phalaris and ryegrass, or relative to day of flowering in clover. Proximate analysis and the concentration of fatty acids including C18:3n-3 and C18:2n-6 as well as the ratio of n-6:n-3 was determined. Key results The mean (±s.e.) proportion of C18:3n-3 was highest in clover (50.6 ± 0.8), and higher in ryegrass (45.1 ± 0.5) and phalaris (44.0 ± 0.6) compared with oats (39.4 ± 0.5). Omega-3 proportion decreased with increasing maturity for oats (13.9 ± 0.86 vs 64.3 ± 0.68), ryegrass (17.3 ± 0.86 vs 68.2 ± 0.65) and phalaris (21.6 ± 1.63 vs 65.1 ± 0.79) but not to the same extent for sub clover (41.5 ± 1.38 vs 57.4 ± 0.79). The proportion of omega-3 was positively correlated with crude protein content. Conclusions Omega-3 levels decreased in forages during development and was positively related to crude protein content, which is likely associated with total leaf chloroplasts. Although crude protein content remained higher for clover compared with other species, this did not translate to a higher proportion of omega-3 for any crude protein level. Implications Grazing forages at earlier stages of maturity and maximising the amount of crude protein available for growth will increase the amount of omega-3 in plant material. The availability of this omega-3 for incorporation into meat and milk should be examined.
Using computational modeling to validate the onset of productive determiner–noun combinations in English-learning children
Authors: Alhama Raquel G. , Foushee Ruthe , Byrne Dan , Ettinger Allyson , Alishahi Afra , Goldin-Meadow Susan
Published: November 2024

Language is a productive system––we routinely produce well-formed utterances that we have never heard before. It is, however, difficult to assess when children first achieve linguistic productivity simply because we rarely know all the utterances a child has experienced. The onset of linguistic productivity has been at the heart of a long-standing theoretical question in language acquisition––do children come to language learning with abstract categories that they deploy from the earliest moments of acquisition? We address the problem of when linguistic productivity begins by marrying longitudinal behavioral observations and computational modeling to capitalize on the strengths of each. We used behavioral data to assess when a sample of 64 English-learning children began to productively combine determiners and nouns, a linguistic construction previously used to address this theoretical question. After the onset of productivity, the children produced determiner–noun combinations that were not attested in our sample of their linguistic input from caregivers. We used computational techniques to model the onsets and trajectories of determiner–noun combinations in these 64 children, as well as characteristics of their utterances in which the determiner was omitted. Because we knew exactly what input the model was trained on, we could, with confidence, know that the model had gone beyond its input. The parallels found between child and model in the timing and number of novel combinations suggest that the children too were creatively going beyond their input.
Problematizing and reexamining the notion of taking another introductory-level language class at
college
Authors: Liu Hsuan-Ying
Published: November 2024

Existing literature shows that discrepancies between the expectations of students and language instructors might
discourage high school students from progressing in their language learning at college. This study aims to address such
discrepancies by examining students who studied Chinese in high school but were still taking an introductory-level language course
at college, with the intention of declaring a minor or major in Chinese Studies at a Midwestern university in the United States.
Drawing on the concept of identity and investment, a qualitative research method was employed to address the time- and
context-sensitive nature of identity and investment. Data were collected from interviews and reflection journals to reveal their
investment in Chinese language learning and how they coalesced their identities as Chinese language learners in high school and
college. Findings show that they firmly fought against the stereotypical assumption that taking another introductory-level class
at college was for an easy A, as current world language education policy and implementation rendered them voiceless in the
top-down implementation process. This present study provides new insights into the connections between investment and articulation
in world language education, and invites stakeholders to reevaluate the predominant emphasis placed on language proficiency in
foreign language research and education.
Is variation a sign of decreolization?
Authors: Kainz Emma
Published: November 2024

The sociolinguistic situation in Guyana is one in which Creolese has intensive contact with its lexifier language,
English, creating a continuum of varieties in which the acrolect varieties behave much like Standard English (Rickford 1987a). The
creole continuum has been associated with decreolization following the pidgin-creole lifecycle (Hall 1962). Decreolization is the theory of contact induced change wherein a creole becomes more similar
to its lexifier language over time (Bickerton 1980). Many researchers (e.g. Mayeux 2019, Patrick 1999b) call into question the existence of decreolization as separate
from regular language change. This study will add evidence to these critiques and challenge the association of the creole
continuum with decreolization and thus language change. Using a meta-analysis of the habitual marker doz and
singular pronouns in Guyanese Creolese over a nearly twenty-year period, this paper will investigate whether the linguistic
variation observed on the creole continuum shows evidence of loss of creole variants. The findings of this paper help to support
earlier critiques of decreolization, and arguments against its usefulness in describing diachronic change observed in creole
languages.
An eye-tracking study on the cognitive processing, reception, and perception of swearword translation in
films
Authors: Jiang Qihang , Doherty Stephen
Published: November 2024

Technological advances lead to an increasing array of widely accessible online audiovisual (AV) products. However, translating
these AV products poses challenges, especially for culturally sensitive content like swearwords. Using eye-tracking, this study
investigates how audiences cognitively process translated swearwords in films from English to Chinese. The experiment involved 150
participants distributed among five different subtitling groups, with each group (n = 30) exposed to four clips
under a distinct translation strategy for swearwords. While cognitive processing measures showed no significant differences across
strategies, the mean fixation duration was notably higher in the softening strategy group during gunfight scenes, suggesting
heightened audience engagement. Pre- and post-questionnaire responses revealed participants’ functional awareness of swearwords
and a preference for literal translation. Additionally, no significant differences were found in immersion, satisfaction,
enjoyment, comprehension, or perceived offensiveness across film clips. This study contributes empirically and methodologically to
understanding subtitling practices, offering insights into audience reception.
Analysis of the relationship between light intensity and electrical power of corona discharges
Authors: Riba Jordi-Roger
Published: November 2024

This work analyzes the intensity of the light emitted by corona discharges using a smartphone camera, which is compared to the electrical power associated with the corona discharges. The raw images from the camera provide essential information for the experiment. Data at different atmospheric pressures are also provided to help students understand that at lower pressures, due to the increased mean free path of the electrons, they are more efficient at ionizing neutral air molecules. An analysis of the data obtained also makes it possible to estimate the values of the energy of the electrons involved in the discharge process, the mean free path of the electrons and the cross section for electron collision, using much simpler equipment compared to other studies. The data and approach presented in this paper can be adapted for a group project or a guided practical session for both undergraduate and graduate courses.
Opportunities and challenges of eutectic electrolytes for advanced zinc-iodine batteries
Authors: Han Mingming , Hu Jun , Xian Jinglin , Cai Jie , Wang Bo , Yang Peihua
Published: November 2024

Aqueous zinc–iodine batteries have garnered extensive attention due to their low cost, high safety and favorable voltage characteristics. However, their performance is limited by the severe shuttle effect and side reactions, which impede operability, energy density and cycling stability. This perspective begins by outlining the configuration of zinc–iodine batteries, detailing their chemical redox mechanism and associated challenges. It then shifts focus to zinc salt-based eutectic electrolytes, exploring their fundamental properties and potential applications in zinc batteries. The role and functions of eutectic electrolytes in zinc–iodine batteries are emphasized in following, highlighting their achievements in enhancing stability and energy density. Given that research on eutectic electrolytes is still in its infancy, remaining challenges and future directions are also discussed, offering insights for the rational design of advanced eutectic electrolytes and zinc–iodine batteries.
Terahertz six-channel metasurface for the dynamic modulation of OAM
Authors: Guo Kaiyu , Xin Jinhao , Song Zhengyong
Published: November 2024

Dynamic wavefront modulation enables the performance enhancement of optical devices. Few reseachers have achieved the dynamic wavefront modulation of orbital angular momentum (OAM). In this work, a dynamic modulation of six-channel OAMs is realized. When VO2 is metallic, the metasurface realizes OAM with a mode of l = − 3 in the left-handed circularly polarized (LCP) copolarized reflection channel. In the right-handed circularly polarized (RCP) copolarized reflection channel, a vortex beam is generated with a mode of l = − 1. In CP cross-polarized reflection channels, OAMs are generated with a mode of l = − 2. Relatively, as VO2 is insulating, OAM is presented with a mode of l = 1 in the LCP copolarized reflection channel. In the RCP copolarized reflection channel, a vortex beam is achieved with a topological charge of l = 3. In CP cross-polarized reflection channels, the obtained OAMs have a mode of l = 2. As a result, our design has flexible multichannel characteristics. Furthermore, it shows considerable application value in beam shaping and optical encryption.
Experimental and numerical study on surface streamer evolution in SF6/N2 gas mixtures
Authors: Wang Wei , Wang Xinyan , Yang Xin , Wu Zhenyu , Xu Hao , Meng Yongpeng , Lv Zepeng , Wu Kai
Published: November 2024

The SF6/N2 gas mixture is a promising alternative to reduce SF6 usage in the power industry, with surface streamers being the dominant discharge form. This study develops an electrical-optical system based on the Pockels effect to measure the spatiotemporal morphology of surface streamers in pure N2 and SF6/N2 gas mixtures. In pure N2, surface streamers are filamentary with bifurcations. In contrast, in SF6/N2 gas mixtures, the morphology of surface streamers initially appears filamentary and transforms into clusters under alternating current applied voltage. The formation of clustered channels may be explained in terms of the lateral drift and diffusion of the net space charge. Two fluid models analyze the experimental results. The fluid simulation reveals a sheath between the surface streamer and the dielectric surface. The propagating surface streamer floats above the dielectric, with a net space charge layer lying at its bottom, sustaining its propagation through the net-charge-induced field. Due to the presence of the sheath, the surface streamer’s morphology and properties are similar to those of volume streamers. This study enhances the understanding of surface streamer properties in insulating gases.
Right-handed neutrino dark matter in U(1)XSSM
Authors: Liu Ming-Yue , Zhao Shu-Min , Gao Song , Ruan Long , Feng Tai-Fu
Published: November 2024

There is strong evidence for the existence of dark matter in a number of current experiments. We study dark matter using the U(1)
X
SSM obtained from the U(1)
X
extension of the minimal supersymmetric standard model. In the U(1)
X
SSM, we use the right-handed neutrino as a dark matter candidate, whose lightest mass eigenstate has cold dark matter features. In this paper, the relic density of right-handed neutrino as dark matter is investigated. For dark matter scattering, both spin-independent and spin-dependent cross sections are studied. In the final numerical results obtained, some parameter spaces can satisfy the constraints of the relic density and dark matter direct detection experiments.
Exploring moiré skyrmions in twisted double bilayer and double trilayer

Cr

I

3
Authors: Jabakhanji Bilal , Ghader Doried
Published: November 2024

Moiré magnets have emerged as intriguing platforms for hosting exotic magnetic states due to the competing interactions within these materials. Recent experiments have reported noncollinear magnetic states in moiré

Cr

I

3

, particularly focusing on twisted double bilayer (tDB) and double trilayer (tDT) configurations. However, atomistic simulations of moiré

Cr

I

3

have largely been limited to the bilayer case. Here, we use stochastic Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert simulations to investigate skyrmion nucleation in tDB and tDT

Cr

I

3

and to estimate the threshold Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (th-DMI) required for their stabilization. Our findings show that the th-DMI decreases significantly with reduced twist angles. Above this threshold, three skyrmions nucleate at the monoclinic regions of the moiré supercell, randomly distributing across the interfacial layers and imprinting onto adjacent layers. Additionally, a substrate-induced DMI further reduces the th-DMI without affecting skyrmion localization. These results suggest that small twist angles and substrate-induced DMI can facilitate skyrmion formation in moiré structures.
Evolution of tunable energy bandgap and magnetic anisotropy in Mn substituted ferrimagnetic nickel-chromates
Authors: Datta A , Sarkar T , Roy-Chowdhury M , Tiwari P , Singh H , Dey J K , Thota S
Published: November 2024

We report a detailed study on the composition (x) dependence of structural, electronic, magnetic, and optical studies of nickel chromate spinel (NiCr2O4) at various levels of Mn substitution at B sites. No significant structural distortion from cubic symmetry Fd-3m was noticed for all the compositions in the range 0 ⩽ x⩽ 1 of Ni(Cr1−x
Mn
x
)2O4. However, there is significant alteration in the bond angles ∠B–O–B (90.51°-93.86°) and ∠A–O–B (122.48°–124.90°) (both of which follow completely opposite trend with increasing x) and bond lengths A–O (1.82–1.94 Å) and B–O (2.02–2.08 Å). The corresponding lattice parameter (a) follows Vegard’s law (8.32 ± 0.001 Å ⩽ a ⩽ 8.45 ± 0.001Å). The electronic structure determined from the x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals the divalent nature of Ni (with spin–orbit splitting energy Δ ∼ 17.62 eV). While the Cr and Mn are stable with trivalent electronic states having Δ =8 and 11.7 eV, respectively. These results are in consonance with the cationic distribution (Ni)A[(Cr1−x
Mn
x
)2]BO4 obtained from the Rietveld refinement analysis. Interestingly, the current series shows a direct bandgap (E
G) semiconducting nature in which E
G varies from 1.16 to 2.40 eV within the range of x = 0.85–0. Such variation of E
G (x) is consistent with the compositional variation of the crystal structure data with anomalous change between x = 0.25 and 0.6. Beyond this range, the E
g mode (140 cm−1) in Raman spectra arising from Mn–O octahedral decreases continuously and vanishes at higher Mn concentrations. Our analysis shows that all the investigated compounds show long-range ferrimagnetic ordering below the Néel temperature, T
FN due to the unequal magnetic moments of the cations. However, both the ordering temperature T
FN and saturation magnetization (M
S) increases progressively from 73.3 K (1500 emu mol−1) to 116 K (3600 emu mol−1) with increasing the Mn content from 0 to 1, yet the maximum anisotropy (HK
~4.5 kOe, K
1~2.5 × 104 erg cc−1) shows an opposite trend with x. Such variation is ascribed to the altered magnetic superexchange interactions between the cations located at A and B sites following the trend J
BB > J
AB > J
AA, (J
BB/k
B =13.36 K).
Three-dimensional colour reconstruction of aviation spiral bevel gear tooth surface through fusion of image and point cloud information
Authors: Zhou Hanbin , Chen Longting , Xia Fujia , Li Danni , Tang Jinyuan , Feng Ke
Published: November 2024

Contact pattern measurement is commonly applied to assess gear transmission and meshing performance in aviation spiral bevel gear (ASBG) manufacturing enterprises. However, these patterns cannot be directly segmented and obtained from point clouds or images because each tooth of the spiral bevel gear has complex 3D spiral surface and texture information. Moreover, research on the high-precision 3D colour reconstruction of spiral gear tooth surfaces is relatively rare. Aimed at these problems, the current work proposed a high-precision 3D colour reconstruction method of spiral bevel gear. This method is based on the fusion of the image and point-cloud information. It includes two core steps to satisfy the practical demands of high precision and high efficiency. First, dense point clouds of the 3D calibration block are converted to a plane using the bird’s eye view method for corner detection. Second, the corners are quickly and accurately detected using a two-stage corner detection algorithm based on the inherent geometric features of the calibration block. The identified corners are then used to solve the transformation matrix from the pixel coordinate system to the line laser coordinate system. Image textures can be precisely projected and fused onto a 3D geometry for the coloured reconstruction of the gear tooth surface on the basis of this transformation matrix. The proposed method was validated by applying it to the 3D colour reconstruction of tooth surfaces of 10 distinct types of ASBGs. The experimental results demonstrated that the re-projection error of the proposed method is less than 0.1 millimetres. The minimal margin of error enables high-precision 3D colour reconstruction of the spiral bevel gear tooth surface. Compared to other classic 3D colour reconstruction methods, the proposed method achieves superior accuracy and efficiency. An experimental device was also developed for the 3D colour reconstruction of the tooth surface of ASBGs, as illustrated in figure 1.
Alarm data mining in complex industrial facilities using adaptive discretization based on time clustering and unified pattern fusion mining
Authors: Hu Tao , Liu Zhiping , Shao Wenjun , Guo Zhen , Zeng Yuhao
Published: November 2024

Alarm systems in complex industrial facilities are crucial for ensuring operational efficiency and safety. However, the intricate interconnections and collaborations among facility components often lead to fault propagation, resulting in alarm redundancy and thereby increasing the difficulty of addressing genuine faults. One effective way to address this issue is to mine meaningful alarm patterns, which can be used to optimize alarm management. Existing alarm data mining techniques lack effective discretization methods for unlabeled continuous time-series alarm data during the data preprocessing stage, compromising the accuracy of mining results. Moreover, these methods typically identify only single association rules or sequential patterns, making it challenging to comprehensively reveal the interactions and dependencies among complex events—a critical factor for effective alarm management. To address these challenges, this paper proposes an adaptive discretization based on time clustering (ADTC) method, which transforms historical alarm data into transaction sets while effectively preserving the key features of the original data. Building on this, a unified pattern fusion mining (UPFM) method is developed to mine co-occurrence relationships and sequential dependency rules of alarm events, utilizing directed graphs for visualization. This approach enhances the accuracy of analyzing interactions and dependencies among complex equipment. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed methods, experiments were conducted on both synthetic alarm datasets and historical alarm data from a port transshipment system in northern China. Compared to discretization methods with different time window sizes and the density clustering discretization method based on DBSCAN, the ADTC method outperformed other methods in both support and confidence metrics. Additionally, the UPFM method successfully mined sequential dependencies and co-occurrence relationship rules of alarm events, demonstrating its effectiveness and accuracy in data mining within complex industrial environments.
Research on a multi-sensor information fusion method for wind turbine gearbox fault diagnosis based on the BLSCFN model
Authors: Wang Chengyu , Wan Shuting , Zhang Xiong , Wang Xuan
Published: November 2024

The internal structure of wind turbines is complex, and their operating conditions vary widely. When a gearbox failure occurs, complex coupling effects emerge among different parts of the turbine, causing collected signals to be easily interfered with by other components. Traditional methods relying on a single signal for wind turbine gearbox fault diagnosis often result in low accuracy. This paper proposes a wind turbine gearbox fault diagnosis method based on the bilinear sensor complementary fusion network model with multi-sensor information fusion to address this issue. First, the collected gearbox vibration signals are processed using fast Fourier transformation, and the frequency spectrum of the vibration signals is used as the training input for a convolutional neural network. Simultaneously, the stator current signals are input into a Bi-directional long short-term memory network to capture the temporal relationships of the stator current from both forward and backward directions. Then, a cross-attention mechanism is introduced to calculate the attention scores between the stator current features and the gearbox vibration features. Using a designed linear weighted fusion strategy, information interaction and fusion of the two different source feature signals are conducted to obtain the relevant parts of the input features. Experimental results show that compared to other commonly used methods and single-sensor gearbox fault diagnosis techniques; the proposed method achieves superior diagnostic performance. This multi-sensor fusion approach effectively improves accuracy and reliability of wind turbine gearbox fault diagnosis.
A model-based and efficient parameters correction method for low-cost MEMS IMU
Authors: Xu Tongxu , Xu Xiang , Ye Hualong , Zhang Lingling
Published: November 2024

With the wide use of intelligent mobile terminals, inertial measurement unit (IMU) made by micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) has become an important part of their positioning systems. MEMS IMU has advantages of low cost, low power consumption and small size. However, the scale factor error, nonorthogonality error, and bias affect the measurement accuracy of MEMS IMU. In this paper, the output data of MEMS IMU at the six-position were analyzed and modelled. A parameter correction method based on the model was proposed for obtaining more accurate scale factor, nonorthogonality parameters and bias. The proposed method has low-cost and the obtained parameters’ accuracy are consistency. Ten groups of two MEMS IMUs parameter correction experiments show that the parameters obtained by the proposed method have small fluctuation and high consistency. The rotation navigation test shows that the navigation errors of the corrected data of one MEMS IMU reduce to 15.2 %, 9.3% and 5.1% in the east, north and up directions compared with the position errors of the original data, which proves the effectiveness of the proposed method.
A novel fault diagnosis model based on deep feature fusion network under imbalanced data: towards railway dual-switch machines traction occasion
Authors: Xiao Shuai , Feng Qingsheng , Hu Xiaoxi , Song Yakun , Cong Guanglin , Yao Zeyuan , Li Hong
Published: November 2024

Fault diagnosis of railway switch machines is crucial for ensuring safe and efficient train operations, as well as for the maintenance of intelligent Switching & Crossing systems. Current methods primarily focus on single-switch machine traction modes, often overlooking the challenges of effectively utilizing multi-source data and comprehensively representing fault information. This limitation results in restricted applicability and suboptimal recognition accuracy. To address these challenges, we propose a novel fault diagnosis model based on a deep feature fusion network (DFFN) specifically designed for railway dual-switch machines in traction occasion, particularly under imbalanced data conditions. First, we introduce an improved synthetic minority oversampling technique that integrates clustering technology with neighbor-based strategies to balance the experimental data and mitigate training bias. Second, we incorporate a cross-branch convolutional collaborative self-attention mechanism network and an adaptive weight learning network into the DFFN, facilitating the extraction of multi-scale fault feature correlations and promoting efficient fusion. Experimental results, based on multiple vibration sensing signals, demonstrate an average diagnostic accuracy of 96.66% and an F1-score of 96.85% in real railway environments. Comparative analyses with other state-of-the-art methods confirm that our approach achieves superior diagnostic performance.
Parametric model of resonant differential MEMS pressure sensors: enabling rapid structural optimization and automated layout design
Authors: Chen Aobei , Gao Ge , Li Dapeng , Na Rui , Zheng Dezhi
Published: November 2024

This paper aims to enhance the efficiency of sensor structural optimization design and achieve rapid performance evaluation and automatic layout drawing. To this end, we propose a parameterized model of a resonant differential MEMS pressure sensor (PRDMP). It can complete sensitivity calculations within 1 ms, far faster than traditional finite element analysis (FEA) methods. Additionally, compared to FEA results, its accuracy exceeds 90

%

. Furthermore, we reconstructed the uncertainty analysis part of PRDMP based on an error model. Compared to the Monte Carlo method used in existing studies, our method is faster and yields more stable results. Benefiting from the speed and accuracy of PRDMP, we achieved, for the first time, the multi-parameter collaborative automatic optimization of this sensor. Optimization results show that sensitivity increased by 36.2

%

while uncertainty decreased by 15.8

%

. Finally, we developed a sensor performance analysis and automatic layout drawing tool based on PRDMP, further enhancing design efficiency.
LSYOLO: an algorithm for linear scan PCB defect detection
Authors: Chen Rui , Yu Zehuan
Published: November 2024

Aiming at the current problems that different defects in linear scan PCB have scale differences and some defects have high similarity with the background, which are difficult to localize and classify, an expanded receptive field PCB defect detection algorithm is proposed to be applied to the defect detection of linear scan circuit boards. The expanded receptive field module (ERFM) is used in the backbone of YOLOv8 to replace C2f, which can avoid information loss and gridding artifacts while obtaining better contextual information to improve the detection performance of defects with high background similarity. Then, the spatial selective feature pyramid (SSFPN) is used as the FPN to enhance the model’s ability to detect defects at different scales while reducing the model performance requirements by utilizing the information of the spatial dimensions of the feature maps to fuse the feature maps at different scales. Wise-intersection over union is used as the bounding box loss function, and slide loss is used as the classification loss function to enhance the model’s focus on difficult-to-localize and difficult-to-classify samples. Comparison experiments are conducted on a linear scan printed circuit board dataset, and the experimental results show that the improved model obtains a significant improvement in the detection performance of defects with high detection difficulty; the average precision of the overall defects is improved by 9.6%, the number of model parameters is reduced by 40%, the amount of computation is reduced by 20%, and the size of the model weights file is only 3.64MB. Detecting defects in linear scan PCB is more efficient and lighter than other algorithms.
Friction-enhanced formation of Cu microwire on Si wafer
Authors: Liu Chenxu , Song Yang , Chai Zhimin , Zeng Hongbo , Tian Yu , Meng Yonggang
Published: November 2024

Tribological printing is emerging as a promising technique for micro/nano manufacturing. A significant challenge is enhancing efficiency and minimizing the need for thousands of sliding cycles to create nano- or microstructures (2018 ACS Appl. Mater. Inter. 10 335–47, 2019 Nanotechnology 30 302). This study presents a rapid approach for forming Cu microwires on Si wafers through a friction method during the evaporation of an ethanol-based lubricant containing Cu nanoparticles. The preparation time is influenced by the volume of the lubricant added, with optimal conditions reducing the time to 300 s (600 sliding cycles) for producing Cu microwires with a thickness of 200 nm. Key aspects include the lubricating effect of ethanol on the friction pairs and the role of ethanol evaporation in the growth of Cu microwires. Successful formation requires a careful balance between microwire thickening and wear removal. The resulting Cu microwires demonstrate mechanical and electrical properties that make them suitable as micro conductors. This work provides a novel approach for fabricating conductive microstructures on Si surfaces and other curved surfaces, offering potential applications in microelectronics and sensor technologies.
On the rigidity of uniformly rotating vortex patch near the Rankine vortex
Authors: Huang Yupei
Published: November 2024

The uniformly rotating vortex patch solutions(also known as V-states) are a class of important periodic solutions for the 2D incompressible Euler equations. In this paper, we perform the bifurcation analysis and give a rigidity result of the V-states near the Rankine vortex in some weak topology.
Multi-acquisition multi-resolution full-waveform shear wave elastography for reconstructing tissue viscoelasticity
Authors: Elmeliegy Abdelrahman M , Guddati Murthy N
Published: November 2024

Objective. Motivated by the diagnostic value of tissue viscosity beyond elasticity, the goal of this work is to develop robust methodologies based on shear wave elastography (SWE) to reconstruct combined elasticity and viscosity maps of soft tissues out of the measurement plane. Approach. Building on recent advancements in full-waveform inversion in reconstructing elasticity maps beyond the measurement plane, we propose to reconstruct a complete viscoelasticity map by novel combination of three ideas: (a) multiresolution imaging, where lower frequency content is used to reconstruct low resolution map, which is then utilized as a starting point for higher resolution reconstruction by including higher frequency content; (b) acquiring SWE data on multiple planes from multiple pushes, one at a time, and then simultaneously using all the data to invert for a single viscoelasticity map; (c) sequential reconstruction where combined viscoelasticity reconstruction is followed by fixing the elasticity map (and thus kinematics), and repeating the reconstruction but just for the viscosity map. Main results. We examine the proposed methodology using synthetic SWE data to reconstruct the viscoelastic properties of both homogeneous and heterogeneous tumor-like inclusions with shear modulus ranging from 3 to 20 kPa, and viscosity ranging from 1 to 3 Pa·s. Final validation is performed in silico, where the annular inclusion is reconstructed using noisy data with varying signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) of 30, 20 and 10 dB. While elasticity images are reasonably reconstructed even for poor SNR of 10 dB, viscosity imaging seem to require better SNR. Significance. This work, analogous to reconstructing 3D images from 2D measurements, offers a feasibility study for achieving 3D viscoelasticity reconstructions using conventional ultrasound scanners, potentially leading to biomarkers with greater specificity compared to currently available 2D elasticity images.
High-resolution positronium lifetime tomography by the method of moments
Authors: Huang Bangyan , Qi Jinyi
Published: November 2024

Objective. Positronium lifetime tomography (PLT) is an emerging modality that aims to reconstruct 3D images of positronium lifetime in humans and animals in vivo. The lifetime of ortho-positronium can be influenced by the microstructure and the concentration of bio-active molecules in tissue, providing valuable information for better understanding disease progression and treatment response. However, efficient high-resolution lifetime image reconstruction methods are currently lacking. Existing methods are either computationally intensive or have poor spatial resolution. This paper presents a fast, high-resolution lifetime image reconstruction method for PLT. Approach. The proposed method, called SIMPLE-Moment (Statistical IMage reconstruction of Positron annihilation LifetimE by Moment weighting), first reconstructs a set of moment images and then estimates the ortho-positronium lifetime image using the method of moments. The implementation of SIMPLE-Moment requires minimal modification to the conventional ordered subset expectation maximization algorithm. Main results. With reasonable assumptions, the proposed method can reconstruct an ortho-positronium lifetime image with a computational cost equivalent to three standard positron emission tomography (PET) image reconstructions. A Monte Carlo simulation study based on an existing time-of-flight PET scanner demonstrates that the ortho-positronium lifetime image reconstructed by SIMPLE-Moment is accurate and comparable to results obtained using the more computationally intensive Statistical Positronium Lifetime Image reconstruction via time-Thresholding (SPLIT) method. Significance. The proposed SIMPLE-Moment method provides an efficient approach to high-resolution reconstruction of ortho-positronium lifetime images. By reducing computational costs while enhancing spatial resolution, this method has the potential to make PLT more accessible and practical for clinical and research applications.
Feasibility study of modularized pin ridge filter implementation in proton FLASH planning for liver stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy
Authors: Ma Chaoqiong , Yang Xiaofeng , Setianegara Jufri , Wang Yinan , Gao Yuan , Yu David , Patel Pretesh , Zhou Jun
Published: November 2024

Objective. We previously developed a FLASH planning framework for streamlined pin-ridge-filter (pin-RF) design, demonstrating its feasibility for single-energy proton FLASH planning. In this study, we refined the pin-RF design for easy assembly using reusable modules, focusing on its application in liver stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR). Approach. This framework generates an intermediate intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) plan and translates it into step widths and thicknesses of pin-RFs for a single-energy FLASH plan. Parameters like energy spacing, monitor unit limit, and spot quantity were adjusted during IMPT planning, resulting in pin-RFs assembled using predefined modules with widths from 1 to 6 mm, each with a water-equivalent-thickness of 5 mm. This approach was validated on three liver SABR cases. FLASH doses, quantified using the FLASH effectiveness model at 1–5 Gy thresholds, were compared to conventional IMPT (IMPT-CONV) doses to assess clinical benefits. Main results. The highest demand for 6 mm width modules, moderate for 2–4 mm, and minimal for 1- and 5-mm modules were shown across all cases. At lower dose thresholds, the two-beam case reduced indicators including liver V
21Gy and skin D
max by >19.4%, while the three-beam cases showed reductions

⩽

11.4%, indicating the need for higher fractional beam doses for an enhanced FLASH effect. Positive clinical benefits were seen only in the two-beam case at the 5 Gy threshold. At the 1 Gy threshold, the two-beam FLASH plan outperformed the IMPT-CONV plan, reducing dose indicators for all relevant normal tissues by up to 31.2%. In contrast, the three-beam cases showed negative clinical benefits, with skin D
max and liver V
21Gy increasing by up to 17.4% due to lower fractional beam doses and closer beam arrangements. Significance. This study evaluated the feasibility of modularizing streamlined pin-RFs in single-energy proton FLASH planning for liver SABR, offering guidance on optimal module composition and strategies to enhance FLASH planning.
Multiphysics simulation study in a microwave plasma reactor coupling a non-Maxwellian EEDF
Authors: Wang Ge , Hu Yedai , Li Xingxing , Yin Changbao , Zhu Huacheng , Yang Yang
Published: November 2024

The microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) processes making use of microwave cavity system allows the preparation of diamond with important industrial application values. A carefully designed and optimized microwave plasma reactor can effectively improve the size and quality of MPCVD diamond. This poses a challenge to the accuracy of microwave plasma multiphysics simulation. This paper presents a simulation study of the microwave plasma reactor for MPCVD. The electric field mode type of the cavity is designed as TM012 and the electric field has its maximum intensity above the substrate. In the plasma modeling module, we first construct a global model based on the geometry of the electric field focusing region to study the electron energy distribution function (EEDF) of the plasma. The Boltzmann equation in the two-term approximation should be solved in the global model for a more accurate EEDF. However, to make the computation as simple as possible, we propose to fit the two-term approximation Boltzmann EEDF with a non-Maxwellian EEDF described by an analytic function, which is then coupled with the fluid equations for a self-consistent multiphysics simulation of the plasma space dependent model. The multiphysics modeling combines transient and stationary analyses and solves the plasma transport equations fully coupled with Helmholtz equation, fluid flow, and heat transfer. Finally, the simulation results are in great agreement with the experimental results. The morphology of the electron cloud in the reactor is consistent with simulated electron density distribution and the temperature error of the substrate is less than 12%. For plasma diagnostics, the hydrogen Balmer lines (H
α
and H
β
) based on optical emission spectroscopy are discussed. Additionally, this work can also serve as a reference for designing and optimizing other microwave plasma devices.
Electron impact excitation of allowed and forbidden transitions between fine-structure levels in Ti III
Authors: Wang Yang , Cao Qiu-Yao , Zhu Xi-Ming , Du Chun-Meng , Bartschat Klaus
Published: November 2024

Introduction: We present an extensive theoretical investigation of the electron impact excitation of doubly-ionized titanium (Ti III) to meet the needs of spectral analysis and plasma modeling. OBJECTIVES: The main objective of this work is to extend the currently scarce database of both structure and collision data for Ti III. METHODS: The calculation was performed in the close-coupling approximation using the B-spline R-matrix method. The multi-configuration Hartree–Fock method in combination with B-spline configuration interaction expansions and the non-orthogonal orbitals technique is employed for accurate descriptions of the target wave functions and adequate accounts of the various interactions between the target states. Relativistic effects are treated at the semi-relativistic Breit-Pauli approximation level. RESULTS: The present close-coupling expansion includes 138 fine-structure levels of Ti III belonging to the

3

d
2

,

4

s
2

,

4
s
4
p

,

3
d
4
l

(

l

=

0

−

3

),

3
d
5
l

(

l

=

0

−

3

),

3
d
6
s

, and

3
d
6
p

configurations. Comprehensive sets of radiative and electron collisional data are reported for all of the possible transitions between the 138 fine-structure levels. Thermally averaged collision strengths are determined using a Maxwellian distribution for a wide range of temperatures from

10
2

K to

10
5

K. The accuracy of the calculated radiative parameters is validated by comparing with available values from the NIST database and previous literature. CONCLUSION: Given the lack of sufficient currently available experimental and theoretical data, the electron impact excitation cross sections of the Ti III fine-structure levels presented here are systematic, extensive, and internally consistent, thus making them suitable for many modeling applications.
CMOS dual-band terahertz on-chip antenna array and detector design
Authors: Xu Leijun , Huang Lei , Ma Yujie , Bai Xue , Chen Jianfeng
Published: November 2024

In this paper, in response to the limitations of conventional single-pixel terahertz (THz) detectors in detecting a single frequency band and having a low imaging resolution. A dual-band high responsivity (Rv) array detector scheme is proposed. Includes dual-band high-gain on-chip antenna, matching circuit, dual-band self-mixing receiver circuit and integrated voltage amplifier. The proposed on-chip antenna uses a multi-loop nested design based on the octagonal antenna to realize the dual-band high gain characteristics. In addition, the use of ‘cross-loop’ metal modules as ground plane isolation effectively reduces the electromagnetic interference between the units in the array and ensures the stable operation of the detector array. The matching circuit realizes the maximum power transmission of THz signals between the antenna and the receiving circuit, improved detector Rv. The integrated two-stage voltage amplifier is able to effectively amplify the signal output from the receiver circuit to further increase the detector response voltage. The designed detector is fabricated using 0.18 μm CMOS process. Simulation results show that the antenna has a maximum gain of 5.23 dBi in the 0.37 THz band and 6.77 dBi in the 0.76 THz band. The detector can detect in both 0.37 and 0.76 THz bands. The experimental results demonstrate that the THz detector array, configured according to the proposed design scheme, exhibits a maximum Rv of 55 kV W−1 and a minimum noise equivalent power of 52.4 pW Hz1/2 at a single detector pixel operating within the 0.37 THz band.
A novel magnetorheological-polyethylene glycol shear thickening gel based on a lower temperature-sensitive gel matrix
Authors: Ge Maohui , Du Chengbin , Wang Hanyan , Jiang Shouyan , Fu Yankai
Published: November 2024

A novel polyethylene glycol shear thickening gel (PSTG) with lower temperature sensitivity is developed to prepare a magnetorheological-PSTG (MR-PSTG). An evaluation system for temperature-sensitive characteristics is proposed with indicators named the thermal relative effect constant (α) and the temperature coefficient of the relative effect (TCRE), which depict the physical properties and change rate of the relative shear thickening effect (RSTE), respectively. The mechanism of the reduction in temperature sensitivity is analyzed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Finally, the RSTE and relative MR effect (RMRE) of MR-PSTG are investigated under different mass fractions of carbonyl iron powder (CIP). At temperatures ranging from 5 °C to 65 °C, the α of STG is a maximum of 162% greater than that of PSTG. The TCRE of PSTG decreases with increasing temperature, with a minimum of 0.016 25 and a maximum of 0.070 02. The new molecular chains in PSTG form a more compact and stable cross-linked network, which leads to a decrease in the temperature sensitivity of PSTG. The maximum RSTE and RMRE values of MR-PSTG based on PSTG-400 are 12 418.18 and 31.42, which correspond to CIP mass fractions of 20% and 30%, respectively.