bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Is there no place like home?’
Authors: Brosius Christiane , Yazgi Nicolas
Published: January 2008

This article explores the different qualities of ‘home’ and ‘homeland’ as they are visualised in various films produced by Indian filmmakers between 1970 and 2001; on the one hand, by commercial Mumbai cinema, and on the other hand, overseas, non-commercial film directors. The key question is how notions such as longing and belonging to a country and cultural heritage are articulated and contested by Non-Resident Indians (NRIs). The article proposes that in terms of values and identification, there is a shift from national responsibility to familial loyalty to individually chosen habitats. The first section of the article examines three films that address the question of how Indians can uphold and rejuvenate patriotic values and loyalties towards their motherland and family traditions. This idea of a ‘portable identity’ is counterposed in the second section of the article, which examines two films about second-generation Indians living in North America who feel estranged by their parents’ traditions and the idea of return and seek to root themselves permanently abroad.
Wearing Union T-Shirts
Authors: Seif Hinda
Published: January 2008

Numerous scholars have analyzed the political victimization of undocumented Mexican (im)migrant women. A study of women farm workers and state legislative politics in the Salinas Valley reveals gendered circuits of power that link undocumented women to Latino elected officials through their participation in electoral mobilizations led by the United Farm Workers union and facilitated by Latina organizers. Power flows from politicians to immigrant women and circulates in the reverse direction through the organizing efforts of undocumented activists. The political agency of these women farm workers is severely limited, however, by the mutual reinforcement of their immigration status and their economic marginalization.
Negotiating Borders with Valores del Rancho
Authors: Petrón Mary A.
Published: January 2008

While much has been written on the effects of Mexican immigration in the United States, little research exists on the ways in which transnationals who have returned to Mexico have adapted to and/or transformed Mexican society. Ethnographic research conducted in Mexico shows how second-generation transnationals span class and national boundaries. The valores del rancho (rural values) that they see as traditional and that they believe they have received from their immigrant parents have in actuality been redefined and negotiated on the basis of transnationalism.
Constructing the Family
Authors: Bianet Castellanos M.
Published: January 2008

Recent research on migrant settlement shows that women play an important role in consolidating migrant households and facilitating permanent settlement in migrant sites. Other studies demonstrate that government policies and legislation also determine the contours of migrant communities. A case study of a Maya migrant community in Cancún, Mexico, shows that state policies and the economic systems associated with an international tourist industry restrict the actual process of settlement to men and women who enter into a marriage contract, replicate the model of the “nuclear family,” and demonstrate good citizenship. This case suggests that the global economy and state policies play a key role in reifying gender relations in migrant communities.
The Defeat of the Golden Gate Authority
Authors: Dyble Louise Nelson
Published: January 2008

In 1958, John F. McCarthy and Edgar F. Kaiser proposed the Golden Gate Authority to coordinate, plan for, and develop regional transportation in the San Francisco Bay Area. This agency would have incorporated all Bay Area bridges, seaports, and airports and would have provided the foundation for general regional planning and metropolitan area government, with capacity to expand its jurisdiction and functions. As such, the proposal threatened the autonomy of local governments, whose officials rallied against it, evoking the principle of federalism under the rubric of “home rule.” In accounting for the defeat of the authority, this article describes local government officials as an independent interest group engaged in the decision-making process. It also considers some of the long-term implications of the defeat, including the reinforcement of a fragmented, federalist governmental structure at the local level.
The Privatized City
Authors: O'Connor Alice
Published: January 2008

This article discusses the founding of the Manhattan Institute as part of a wider mobilization of conservative ideology and activism in 1970s New York. Important to the success of this mobilization was the concerted effort to reframe the “urban crisis” as a problem of values and culture and to construct a narrative of moral decline—and ultimately of conservative redemption—based in liberal New York.
Shades of Black and Green
Authors: Siskind Peter
Published: January 2008

Over the course of the 1960s and early 1970s, the nature and public perception of racial and environmental crises in American metropolitan areas shifted dramatically. In response to emboldened and expanding numbers of activists, urban politicians both re-doubled old efforts and adopted new approaches. But how and to what extent did policymaking change? This article focuses on a New York powerfully shaped by Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller, a pragmatic and ambitious man who forthrightly embodied a liberal approach to governing that placed confidence in the state's ability to solve social problems. The complex storm of 1960s era activism and the Rockefeller administration's attempts to adapt to the times revealed important contours of postwar American liberalism—its internal tensions and evolutions and its potential and limitations.
Why Don't American Cities Burn Very Often?
Authors: Katz Michael B.
Published: January 2008

Prompted by the 2005 urban riots in France, this article asks why, with very few exceptions, American cities have not experienced widespread civil disorders since the late 1970s, especially when many of the conditions underlying the earlier disorders persist or have worsened. The answer lies in three factors: the changing ecology of power, techniques for managing marginalization, and distinctive U.S. approaches to the incorporation and control of immigrants.
The Commercial Sector in an Early-Twentieth Century Spanish City, La Coruña 1914-1935
Authors: Mirás Araujo Jesús
Published: January 2008

The aim of this study is to examine the weight and evolution of commercial distribution in a medium-sized Spanish city. The paper is divided into four main parts, the first of which analyzes retail studies within a historical context. The second looks at the basic structure and the evolution of the commercial sector in La Coruña from an aggregate perspective, and subsequently distinguishes between retail and wholesale activities. Finally, details are given as to the composition of the sector, according to subgroups of activity. Although the paper has a local focus, an attempt has been made to situate the city's commercial activity within the wider context of the Spanish urban system, and in particular, of medium-sized Spanish cities. The discussion continues to reach some general conclusions about this sector as a whole.
Sentinel Physician Networks as a Technique for Rapid Immunization Policy Surveys
Authors: Crane Lori A. , Daley Matthew F. , Barrow Jennifer , Babbel Christine , Beaty Brenda L. , Steiner John F. , Kempe Allison , Miriam Dickinson L. , Stokley Shannon
Published: January 2008

This study compared the use of mail and Internet surveys of sentinel networks of physicians with traditional random sample mail surveys for three national vaccine policy surveys. Three nationally representative sentinel networks of physicians were established (pediatricians, n = 427; general internists, n = 438; and family physicians, n = 433). Surveys of the sentinel networks were compared with simultaneous surveys conducted with random samples of the American Medical Association (AMA) Physician Masterfile. Response rates were 74% to 78% for sentinel surveys and 29% to 43% for traditional random sample surveys. Respondents to the two methods were generally comparable in demographic characteristics. While there were some differences in responses to survey topic questions, none of the differences were likely to affect policy decisions. Sentinel networks represent the opinions and experiences of physicians in a manner equivalent to traditional mail surveys and may provide a more efficient approach to conducting physician surveys.
A Process to Manage Recruitment to Multiple Competing Studies
Authors: Carpenter Janet S. , Ziner Kim
Published: January 2008

Although strategies for decreasing barriers to research participation have been previously published, specific strategies for managing recruitment in the context of multiple, competing studies have not been addressed. This article addresses the development and implementation of a coordinated recruitment core aimed at managing recruitment to multiple studies competing for patients within a breast cancer clinic. The discussion centers around the process used to define the problem and need for change, the proposed change, steps in implementing the change, strategies to facilitate implementation of the change, and initial evaluation, including expected and unexpected benefits. Also included is a discussion of future directions.
Nurse Burnout and Patient Safety Outcomes
Authors: Halbesleben Jonathon R. B. , Wakefield Bonnie J. , Wakefield Douglas S. , Cooper Lynn B.
Published: January 2008

This article examines the relationship between nurse burnout and patient safety indicators, including both safety perceptions and reporting behavior. Based on the Conservation of Resources model of stress and burnout, it is predicted that burnout will negatively affect both patient safety perceptions and perceived likelihood of reporting events. Nurses from a Veteran's Administration hospital completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory and safety outcomes subset of measures from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Patient Safety Culture measure. After controlling for work-related demographics, multiple regression analysis supported the prediction that burnout was associated with the perception of lower patient safety. Burnout was not associated with event-reporting behavior but was negatively associated with reporting of mistakes that did not lead to adverse events. The findings extend previous research on the relationship between burnout and patient outcomes and offer avenues for future research on how nurse motivation resources are invested in light of their stressful work environment.
Effects of addiction-associated and affective stimuli on the attentional blink in a sample of abstinent opiate dependent patients
Authors: Ning Liu  , Bo Li  , Sun Ninglei , Yuanye Ma
Published: January 2008

The attentional blink reveals the limits of the brain's ability in information processing. It has been extensively studied in people with neurological and psychiatric disturbances to explore the temporal characteristics of information processing and examine attention deficits. The aim of the present study is to examine the attentional blink in abstinent opiate dependent patients (AODPs). Also, we planned to study whether addiction-associated and affective stimuli can influence the attentional blink in AODPs. A dual-target rapid serial visual presentation test (RSVP) was used in the present study. The second target consisted of three kinds of stimuli: neutral, addiction-associated and negative. We found that there was an exaggerated attentional blink in AODPs. It suggested that there were the deficits of information processing and attention in AODPs. Addiction-associated stimuli reduced the attentional blink in AODPs, suggesting addiction-associated information were selected by the brain for attentive and perceptual processing. In addition, affective effects on the attentional blink in AODPs were not in the similar level to those in controls.
Risk of stroke with typical and atypical anti-psychotics: a retrospective cohort study including unexposed subjects
Authors: Sacchetti Emilio , Trifirò Gianluca , Caputi Achille , Turrina Cesare , Spina Edoardo , Cricelli Claudio , Brignoli Ovidio , Sessa Emiliano , Mazzaglia Giampiero
Published: January 2008

The purpose of the study was to investigate the risk of stroke with typical and atypical anti-psychotics in elderly subjects, weighting for a number of known risk factors, including dementia. Data were retrospectively drawn from the primary care setting from the Health Search Database, which stores information on about 1.5% of the total Italian population served by general practitioners. All elderly patients (65+ years) prescribed an anti-psychotic in monotherapy from January 2000 to June 2003 were selected for the study. A cohort of patients not exposed to anti-psychotics was taken from the same database. Subjects who had previously had a stroke were excluded. The main outcome measure was the incidence of first-ever stroke during exposure to an anti-psychotic.The sample included non-users (69,939), users of atypicals (599), butyrophenones (749), phenotiazines (907) and substituted benzamides (1,968). The crude incidence of stroke in subjects not exposed to anti-psychotics was 12.0/1000 person-years. Risk was significantly higher for those on butyrophenones (47.1/1000), phenotiazines (72.7/1000) and in the atypical anti-psychotic group (47.4/1000). Substituted benzamides had an almost significant higher risk (25.0/1000). Cox regression modelling, weighting for demographic and clinical variables with non-users as the reference group, showed that the risk for stroke was 5.79 times for phenotiazines, 3.55 times for butyrophenones, and 2.46 times for atypicals. Clinicians should be cautious in prescribing phenotiazines and butyrophenones in elderly patients, since the risk for stroke would seem comparable or even greater than with atypicals.
Reduced thalamic grey matter volume in opioid dependence is influenced by degree of alcohol use: a voxel-based morphometry study
Authors: Reid Alastair G. , Daglish Mark R. C. , Kempton Matthew J. , Williams Tim M. , Watson Ben , Nutt David J. , Lingford-Hughes Anne R.
Published: January 2008

The aim of this study was to make a comparison of brain structure between a group of opioid-dependent subjects and healthy controls. We report the results of an `optimized' voxel-based morphometry study on a sample of nine opioid-dependent subjects with no comorbid substance misuse disorders versus 21 healthy controls. We found a significant reduction in grey matter volume of the thalamus after controlling for age and total grey matter volume. Regression analysis of substance use variables in the opioid-dependent sample shows that only level of alcohol use negatively predicts grey matter volume for this region of difference. We suggest that level of nondependent alcohol use could influence reduced thalamic grey matter volume in opioid-dependent subjects.
Development and initial validation of a caffeine craving questionnaire
Authors: West Oliver , Roderique-Davies Gareth
Published: January 2008

Craving for caffeine has received little empirical attention, despite considerable research into the potential for caffeine dependence. The main aim of this study was to develop, and initially validate, a multi-item, multidimensional instrument to measure cravings for caffeine. Participants were 189 caffeine consumers who completed the Questionnaire of Caffeine Cravings, which was based on the Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (QSU), in one of five naturally occurring periods of abstinence; 1—15 min; 16—120 mins; 3—7 h; 12—48 h and +48 h. Exploratory factor analysis suggested a three-factor solution best described the data; Factor 1 reflected strong desires, intentions and positive reinforcement; Factor 2 reflected mild/general positive and negative reinforcement and Factor 3 reflected functional/mood—based negative reinforcement. Significantly higher Factor 1 and Factor 2 scores were recorded for high frequency users; significantly higher Factor 1 and Factor 3 scores were recorded as a function of increased levels of dependence. Duration of abstinence did not significantly effect cravings across all three factors. Regression analyses suggested level of dependence best predicted both current cravings and frequency of daily use. These findings suggest caffeine cravings may be conceptualized multidimensionally and further validates the use of multidimensional, multi-item instruments. Cravings for caffeine may manifest and be detected across varying levels of dependence and, frequency of use and independently of duration of abstinence.
Treatment of Life-Threatening Self-Injurious Behavior Secondary to Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy Type II: A Controlled Case Study
Authors: Kuhn David , Hagopian Louis , Terlonge Cindy
Published: January 2008

Although self-injurious behavior is present in all subtypes of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy, the literature has not sufficiently addressed the issue of treatment of self-injury in this population. Therefore, the purpose of the current case study was to describe a method for assessing and treating self-injurious behavior associated with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies. This study was conducted with an 11-year-old boy diagnosed with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type II admitted to an inpatient behavioral unit over a 4-month period. A simplified version of a habit reversal treatment was used, consisting of awareness training, self-monitoring, competing responses, and social support. Treatment resulted in a 98% reduction in the rate of self-injurious behavior relative to pretreatment baseline rates. This case study illustrates that behavioral interventions may be a viable option for treating self-injury secondary to hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies.
Cerebral Venous Thrombosis After Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura and Anti-D Immune Globulin Therapy
Authors: Kayyali Husam R. , Abdelmoity Ahmed T. , Morriss M. Craig , Graf William D.
Published: January 2008

Cerebral venous thrombosis has multiple etiologies and a wide variety of clinical manifestations. This article reports on a young girl who developed cerebral venous thrombosis after intravenous anti-D immune globulin therapy for immune thrombocytopenic purpura. In this case, venous infarction was manifested by an unusual pattern of restricted diffusion limited to the corpus callosum. The cause of cerebral venous thrombosis in this patient may be related to both immune thrombocytopenia and immunoglobulin therapy.
Predictive Factors of Early Mortality in Children With Developmental Disabilities: A Case-Comparison Analysis
Authors: Cohen Ayala , Asor Eyal , Tirosh Emanuel
Published: January 2008

The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors for early mortality in children with neurodevelopmental disabilities. Of 1000 children who were sequentially referred to the same child developmental center over the period 1975—1985, 81 children died between the ages of 6 months and 22 years (mean, 8.04 years; 6.1 SD). A group of 81 age-matched children and another group of 81 developmentally and age-matched children also referred to the center served as comparison groups. Following multivariate analysis, low developmental quotient, restricted mobility, assisted feeding, and genetic etiology were risk factors for early mortality when compared to the age-matched group ( P < .01). In comparison to the developmentally matched group, restricted mobility, genetic etiology, and hearing deficit were identified as significant risk factors ( P < .01). Comprehensive treatment at the child development center was demonstrated to be a significant protective factor ( P = .004). Socioeconomic variables were not significant in predicting an increased mortality risk in disabled individuals. In conclusion, in addition to mobility and feeding skills, a genetic etiology and hearing deficit are risk factors for early mortality, whereas socioeconomic variables are not. A comprehensive treatment program was found to be a protective factor.
Dealing with the inevitable: strategies of self-presentation and meaning construction in the final statements of inmates on Texas death row
Authors: Schuck Andreas R.T. , Ward Janelle
Published: January 2008

Last statements of death row inmates represent a genre of discourse characterized by an acute situation in which to express final reflections. This article describes how Texas death row inmates give meaning to their situation by examining their last statements. Between December 1982 and November 2006, 379 offenders were executed on the Texas death row. Through the inspection of 283 last statements made available on the Texas Department of Criminal Justice website, we identify strategies of self-presentation. In a first stage, we build a textual framework that uncovers a sequential structuring of what these individuals chose to express. Using this framework, the second stage analyzes the individual texts on a micro-level. Depending on the content of the statements, e.g. accepting or denying guilt, we identify key patterns of how inmates attach meaning to their situation and what they choose to express.
Daily political communication and argumentation in direct democracy: advocates and opponents of nuclear energy
Authors: Windisch Uli
Published: January 2008

In a direct democracy, the public and media debate by referendums and popular votes presupposes a particular type of political communication and argumentation. The example chosen is the debate between the advocates and opponents of nuclear energy, a very conflictual debate based on daily argumentation which cannot be defined as simply irrational. There are specific logics involved. The struggle for social and political representation and the `game of placement—displacement' are fundamental. Specific discourse strategies permit the definition of a larger conception of argumentation and a multidimensional approach to communication and discourse, as well as shade typologies of effective discourses.
Biotech as `biothreat'?: metaphorical constructions in discourse
Authors: Holmgreen Lise-Lotte
Published: January 2008

In Denmark, as in many other European countries, biotechnology continues to be a much debated and controversial issue. The article takes its starting point in this debate, investigating how metaphorical constructions in media discourse reproduce and promote the viewpoints of particular societal groups. In this, the article tries to make up for the limited focus upon the role played by metaphor and discourse in shaping public attitudes to biotechnology. The article has two parts: a theoretical part discussing the combination of conceptual metaphor studies and critical discourse analysis to provide a more comprehensive frame for explaining the function of metaphor in use; and an empirical part analysing biotech-metaphors in the Danish print press. Although not conclusive, the analysis points to metaphorical constructions in the press being both grounded in basic image schematic structures and highly influenced by attitudes expressed by societal groups, based on the notions of risk, fear and danger.
Exploring the Construction of Threats: The Securitization of HIV/AIDS in Russia
Authors: Sjöstedt Roxanna
Published: January 2008

In April 2006, Russian President Vladimir Putin publicly declared HIV/AIDS to be a threat to Russia's national security and proposed a guiding strategy to handle it. This move stood in sharp contrast to previous policies of the Russian government. Despite the fact that Russia has experienced one of the fastest growing rates of HIV/AIDS in the world since the turn of the millennium, the government's involvement had previously been minimal, not recognizing AIDS as a national security threat. The question then arises: when is a threat really threatening? This article contributes to the development of theories on threat-framing and security decisionmaking by suggesting an analytical framework that incorporates explanatory variables from different levels of analysis. The adoption of a broad theoretical position facilitates a comprehensive understanding of time and space variations in the securitization of issues. The article demonstrates that norms and identity constructions at the international and domestic levels, combined with their internalization by individual decisionmakers, can together explain Putin's move, and that these factors are of different importance at difference stages of the threat-construction process.
Human Security from Paradigm Shift to Operationalization: Job Description for a Human Security Worker
Authors: Glasius Marlies
Published: January 2008

This article shows how human security has functioned as both a paradigm-shifting and a bridging concept, with its most significant implications being, first, the shift from a focus on state security to one on human rights, and, second, the indivisibility of physical and material security. The article will argue that, despite attempts at narrowing and appropriation, human security has lost neither its radical edge nor its holistic character; however, the bulk of the literature on the subject is theoretical, and there has not been a serious enough effort to operationalize the term so as to enable a real shift in policymaking. The second half of the article is an attempt to operationalize human security while respecting its paradigm-shifting and holistic character. It discusses necessary connections with wider policy shifts before outlining ways in which current intelligence, development, military and `state-building' practices would have to be transformed to serve human security. Finally, a sketch is drawn of the ideal `human security worker' of the future and the contexts in which she might work.
Truth-Telling as Talking Cure? Insecurity and Retraumatization in the Rwandan Gacaca Courts
Authors: Brounéus Karen
Published: January 2008

This article presents unique material from in-depth interviews with 16 women in Rwanda who have testified in the gacaca, the village tribunals initiated to enhance reconciliation after the 1994 genocide. The aim of the interviews was to learn more about how testifying in such a public event as the gacaca affects psychological health. Do the women find the experience healing or retraumatizing? Are there other effects involved? There has been an assumption that testifying in truth and reconciliation commissions is a healing experience for survivors, and healing has been a central concept in the general reconciliation literature and in political rhetoric around truth commissions. However, the findings of the present study are alarming. Traumatization, ill-health, isolation, and insecurity dominate the lives of these testifying women. They are threatened and harassed before, during, and after giving testimony in the gacaca. The article provides a picture of the reconciliation process that we seldom see.
Commercial Security: Conditions of Growth
Authors: Rosén Frederik
Published: January 2008

Today, in what has been described as a re-emergence of privately organized extraterritorial force, the private military and security industry supplies the major military powers with a range of core services. This article asks how such a development came about, and why it has become politically uncomplicated to outsource such intimate state functions as the executive branches of foreign policy programmes. How did certain states arrive at a situation where it is unclear whether core military and security affairs are run by public or private agencies? The article answers these questions by presenting and commenting on general explanations as to why the private military industry has grown so much in post-invasion Iraq. It adds new perspectives to existing scholarly work by suggesting that the reappearance of private extraterritorial force could not have occurred on such a scale without a restructuring of neutrality in international relations. It is suggested that this change in neutrality might constitute the sine qua non of the re-emergence of private extraterritorial force.
Ethical Leadership
Authors: Cohen Perrin , Qualters Donna M.
Published: January 2008

The AIR Modelsm of Reflective Ethical Inquiry (Cohen et al. 2005) is a practical framework that leads toward more caring, compassionate and appreciative ethical actions in administration, teaching, research and student life. In this article, we consider a corollary of the model: AIR practitioners are prepared to effectively meet anticipated and unanticipated ethical challenges. By being present to, curious about and responsive to ethical concerns as they arise in everyday situations, AIR practitioners emerge as both ‘direct ethical leaders’ (Gardner 1995) who embody an ethical tone and set an ethical direction, as well as an ‘indirect leaders’ (ibid.) who exert an impact through personal and collective works. The underlying AIR process is the foundation for individual and shared ethical leadership and leadership training, both of which reduce costly mistakes and enhance productivity.
Societal, Environmental and Stakeholder Value Drivers
Authors: Sen Salil K. , Swierczek Fredric William
Published: January 2008

There is a shift in the role of business in society where societal, environmental and stakeholder value drivers could reshape the basis of economic competitive advantage. Investors are willing to pay a premium for well-governed companies because of positive perceptions of CSR. Organizations respond to the value drivers to endure and function effectively along the societal, environmental and stakeholder dimensions. In this article case analysis is performed for four international firms, chosen from USA/Europe and Asia, with distinguished records of sustainability. The case studies were based on the company sustainability reports and related material published in EthicalCorp, CSRWire and Covalence online publications. Assessments were performed using publicly available information. The non-parametric correlation analysis shows that firms with better commitment to CSR respond more to societal, environmental and stakeholder drivers through strategic initiatives. This improves their competitive advantage as assessed by economic value added.
Science and Polity in the Writings of Swami Vivekananda
Authors: Banerjee Parthasarathi
Published: January 2008

This article questions the reading of Vivekananda. By drawing several fine lines of separations between a text and an utterance, we argue that Vivekananda spoke. Such separations have been drawn on three major aspects of locating a text as consciousness, as intention or as transmitted. Indeed, Vivekananda spoke as performance, and as knowledge has intimate relation with performance, this article draws major conclusions relating to science as from speaking. Much of science could be otherwise considered as myth and apprehending Vivekananda as speaker would demythify knowledge and science. Vivekananda as we understood situated a dialogue in and about knowledge and about its epistemic. Such an analysis did not require an ‘other’ to be there. This suggests that India embraced knowledge as its weapon. Vivekananda rejected the putatively ‘spiritual’. Science and technology, insofar as this was mythic, did not appear to him attractive beyond what was called for by the necessity of pragmatism. Vivekananda talked about a state and about nationalism as a stepping stone only. He spoke on personal knowledge and freedom from ignorance and from poverty.
The ‘Happy Productive Worker Thesis’ and Australian Managers
Authors: Hosie Peter , Sevastos Peter , Cooper Cary L.
Published: January 2008

Few conundrums have captured and held the imagination of organizational researchers and practitioners as has the ‘happy productive worker’ thesis, or the proposition that ‘a happy worker is a good worker’. This thesis is revisited by investigating the impact of job-related affective well-being and intrinsic job satisfaction on Australian managers’ performance. Decades of research have been unable to establish a strong link be-tween intrinsic job satisfaction and performance. Despite mixed empirical evidence, there is support in the literature to suggest that a relationship exists between affective well-being, intrinsic job satisfaction and managers’ performance. Affect has rarely been used as a predictor of managers’ job performance outcomes. Indicators of their affective well-being and intrinsic job satisfaction were shown to predict dimensions of their contextual and task performance.
A Multidisciplinary Model of Care for Childhood Cancer Survivors With Complex Medical Needs
Authors: Carlson Claire A. , Hobbie Wendy L. , Brogna Melinda , Ginsberg Jill P.
Published: January 2008

Long-term survival for children with cancer is often achieved at a considerable cost in terms of medical and psychological sequelae. Although many survivors are well and require only routine follow-up and surveillance, a cohort of survivors require comprehensive management of complex, chronic medical issues by multiple subspecialists. For these survivors, care delivered within the context of an annual visit to a traditional hospital—based late effects clinic or by a primary care physician in the community is often not adequate. A specialized clinic was implemented at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia that crosses disciplines and provides same-day, same-clinic access to oncology/survivorship, endocrinology, pulmonology, cardiology, nutrition, and psychology. This multidisciplinary approach supports clinical efficiency and fosters seamless patient-centered care both for patients with identified late effects and for those with the highest risk for problems because of intense treatment exposures. The model is described with a focus on clinic structure/process, clinical outcomes, and benefits to survivor, health care provider, and institution. The diverse roles for nursing within this model are highlighted.
Using an Evaluation Hotline to Promote Stakeholder Involvement
Authors: Skolits Gary J. , Boser Judith A.
Published: January 2008

This article addresses the design and application of a hotline to promote broader community-wide participation in a public school evaluation. Evaluations of community resources such as public schools present evaluators with challenges from the perspective of promoting stakeholder involvement. Although many evaluation stakeholders are readily identifiable, there are potentially many unknown and hard-to-reach community leaders and residents who may want to participate in the evaluation. An evaluation hotline offers a mechanism for potentially identifying and reaching some of these interested community stakeholders and enabling their participation. This article introduces an evaluation hotline design and implementation, along with perceived hotline strengths and weaknesses observed in its use.
Combining Campbell Standards and the Realist Evaluation Approach
Authors: van der Knaap Leontien M. , Leeuw Frans L. , Bogaerts Stefan , Nijssen Laura T. J.
Published: January 2008

This article presents an approach to systematic reviews that combines the Campbell Collaboration Crime and Justice standards and the realist notion of contexts-mechanisms-outcomes (CMO) configurations. Both approaches have their advantages and drawbacks, and the authors will make a case for combining both approaches to profit from their advantages without having to deal with their separate weaknesses. They proceed to discuss how their approach should be put into practice and illustrate its use by giving a concise description of an example from their own work on the effects of prevention of violence. The authors conclude with a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of their suggested approach and state that combining Campbell standards and the realist evaluation approach should be done more often.
Identifying Unique Ethical Challenges of Indigenous Field-Workers
Authors: Smith Nick L.
Published: January 2008

In contrast with nonindigenous workers, to what extent do unique ethical problems arise when indigenous field-workers participate in field studies? Three aspects of study design and operation are considered: data integrity issues, risk issues, and protection issues. Although many of the data quality issues that arise with the use of indigenous workers appear similar to those found in conventional studies, unique problems may arise in terms of risk and protection of confidentiality, especially when field-workers occupy dual roles of both data collectors and service providers. Much is known about ethical problems in the use of conventional field-workers, but the use of indigenous field-workers has been less well studied. It is important to understand which ethical issues may be unique to their work so that specialized training, study design, and management procedures can be developed.
Students' attitudes and perceived purposes of physical education in Singapore: Perspectives from a 2 × 2 achievement goal framework
Authors: Wang C.K. , Lim B.S. , Aplin N.G. , Chia Y.H.M. , McNeill M. , Tan W.K.
Published: January 2008

The aim of the present study was to re-examine the relationships between achievement goals and perceived purposes of PE, perceived motivational climates, attitudes towards PE teachers and affective outcomes using the 2 × 2 achievement goal framework. Questionnaires were completed by 493 secondary school students (222 males, 262 females, 9 missing) in Singapore. Cluster analysis revealed three distinct clusters that differed significantly in their achievement goals profiles. One cluster consisting of high scores on mastery approach, mastery avoidance and performance avoidance achievement goals was linked to the most positive set of characteristics and outcomes, while the cluster with low achievement goals was linked to most negative characteristics and outcomes. There was another cluster with moderate levels of mastery approach that had relatively positive perceptions and attitudes towards PE. The findings of these three goal profiles provide insight and add knowledge to the existing literature. Research that ignores the independence of the 2 × 2 achievement goal framework may risk making spurious conclusions.
The problem of ideology in making sense of physical education and sport: Reflections on the Colwell—Mansfield debate
Authors: Liston Katie
Published: January 2008

Two papers in the European Physical Education Review by Colwell (1999) and Mansfield (this issue) have argued respectively against, and in favour of, a potential synthesis between feminism and figurational sociology as a vehicle for making more adequate sense of physical education and sport. This paper offers both selective summaries and reflections upon some of the theoretical implications arising from this exchange, specifically as it relates to sport in schools. The first sections offer some remarks about sociological theory and the ways in which the theoretical endeavour is bound up with what C. Wright Mills has termed `the sociological imagination', one aspect of which has included the relatively recent emergence of a more reflexive, democratizing and synthesizing generation of sociologists. The paper concludes that we do not have to either agree or disagree with Colwell or Mansfield. Nor is there a need for a present-centred approach to, or resolution of, the theoretical issues arising from the exchange. Rather, there is scope for stimulating further this kind of dialogue between researchers of physical education, sport and gender and being well versed in these concerns.
Communities of practice and international development
Authors: Johnson Hazel
Published: January 2008

This paper examines the concept of ‘communities of practice’ for promoting joint learning and knowledge production for international development. How and why communities of practice may or may not lead to socially inclusive and innovative outcomes in the context of international development needs further exploration. The paper reflects on the conceptualization of communities of practice in the light of previous research into learning in state-private sector-civil society and North-South partnerships. It argues that the concept of communities of practice can be useful heuristically to understand joint learning and knowledge production if accompanied by other conceptual insights, for example, from critical participation and experiential or action learning. It also suggests that conceptualizing communities of practice as action learning spaces captures the often complex social relations and dynamics of learning and knowledge production for development.
Increasing uptake of physical activity: a social ecological approach
Authors: Cochrane Thomas , Davey Rachel Caroline
Published: January 2008

Aims: Increasing population physical activity (PA) is a public health priority. An approach to increasing PA in an urban community, based on the social ecology model, is presented and evaluated.

Methods: A quasi-experimental (non-equivalent control group) design was chosen to test whether this approach can increase, significantly, the population proportion that is physically active. Two deprived inner-city electoral ward areas of Sheffield, UK, with similar socio-demographic and health profiles were selected. Implementation was carried out in five phases over 21 months: preparation and piloting, initial survey estimates, community awareness campaign, PA intervention and evaluation. Impact was evaluated by recording uptake and attendance at all sessions, and using a post-intervention postal survey. At follow-up, questionnaires were sent to 2500 randomly selected addresses in both areas, which assessed changes in PA, health and PA participation over the last year.

Results: A pilot baseline survey confirmed similar proportions taking some form of PA on most days: intervention 36% (25—47), control 33% (21—45). At follow-up, 38 different activity groups were in place and 1275 individuals had attended at least one activity. Satisfactorily completed responses were received from 1532 (31%), 55% (846) intervention, 45% (686) control. Relative to the control, the intervention sample demonstrated trends towards: being more physically active compared with one year ago, greater readiness to take up PA, better general health and improved health compared with one year ago (p ≤ 0.001). Further, 30.6% (intervention) vs 18.3% (control) reported an increase in PA compared with one year ago, while 13.7% (intervention) vs 24.5% (control) reported no intention to exercise. These differences in proportions translated to an overall effect size estimate of 0.23 for the intervention. Relative to those whose PA had remained the same, intervention area residents were more likely to report being more active (odds ratio (95% confidence interval) = 1.79 (1.38—2.32), p < 60; 0.001). Conclusion: These results suggest that, even within one of the most deprived inner-city areas in the UK, a community-based social ecological approach can positively change PA behaviour and attitudes.
Lessons to be learned — Langerhans' cell histiocytosis
Authors: Dewan Madhu , Al-Ghamdi Abdulmonem Almutawa , Zahrani Mubarak B.
Published: January 2008

Langerhans' cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a neoplastic disease due to uncontrolled proliferation of Langerhans' cells (LCs); damage to organs involved appears to be due to the various cytokines secreted. The true cause of LCH remains a mystery. LCH can present at any age; there is female predominance and the skin is often the first site to be involved. Scaly papules, vesicles, purpuric nodules, plaques and ulcers are the main diverse presentations typically found on the scalp, flexures (including the perineum), crease below the breast, palms, soles and nails. The patient described here is a 35-year-old Saudi Arabian woman with a vulval ulcer that had been misdiagnosed as an infective lesion 11 months before the correct diagnosis of LCH was made by means of biopsy examination. Diffuse infiltration of LCs with large pale reniform/convoluted nuclei and abundant amphophilic cytoplasm in the company of neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells were observed on light microscopy. Immunohistochemical staining, indicating S100 protein positivity in LCs and the demonstration of Birbeck granules by means of electron microscopy, confirmed the diagnosis.

The `skin-only' LCH may later progress to involve other organs; alternatively skin lesions may be part of the multisystem, disseminated disease. There is need for careful follow-up of all LCH patients, as the course of the disease cannot be reliably predicted from either the clinical presentation or histology of the lesion. In many cases the prognosis is good, there being limited involvement that does not progress. Surgery or local steroids might suffice as therapy. However, for severely symptomatic disease, in which there are complications associated with dysfunction (or failure) of vital organs such as the liver, lungs, and central nervous system, the use of a variety of immunosuppressive treatments — and the recently described 2-chloro-2-deoxyadenosine (2CdA) (cladribine) — have been suggested; however, the type and extent of disease that will respond to this therapy has not yet been clarified. Solid laboratory research and rigorous clinical trials are required for more effective and less toxic therapies for patients with progressive LCH.
Attitudes towards health and exercise of overweight women
Authors: Khanam Salma , Costarelli Vassiliki
Published: January 2008

Aim: To investigate the attitudes and beliefs held by UK Bangladeshi women on health and exercise and explore possible ways of increasing levels of physical activity in this group.

Methods: A survey based on an interview-guided questionnaire, with 25 British Bangladeshi females, 30—60 years old, from the Borough of Tower Hamlets, East London, who have been referred to a gym by their general practitioner (GP) in order to improve health. Main reasons for referral were: obesity, metabolic syndrome, risk of type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure.

Results: Forty per cent of the subjects were obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2) and the remaining 60% were overweight (BMI 25—30 kg/m2). The great majority of the subjects (96%) reported that they were only willing to take up exercise if they were referred to the gym by their GP as an alternative or additional treatment for their complaints. They would not exercise voluntarily. Even though all women in our sample were either overweight or obese, 16% of the subjects reported that they did not know if they were overweight and 20% thought that they were actually of normal weight. Most women identified swimming as the type of physical activity of preference, if they had to exercise, followed by slow walking, with running being the least enjoyed activity.

Conclusion: Bangladeshi women take little regular exercise to improve their health, predominant because of certain cultural beliefs and attitudes. More needs to be done to encourage levels and types of exercise that would be more appropriate for this ethnic group.
Different Responses to Rivastigmine in Subcortical Vascular Dementia and Multi-Infarct Dementia
Authors: Moretti Rita , Torre Paola , Antonello Rodolfo M. , Cazzato Giuseppe , Pizzolato Gilberto
Published: January 2008

Vascular dementia (VaD) is associated with a large amount of heterogeneity, as it groups together a broad category of patients in whom various manifestations of cognitive decline are attributed to cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease. Thus, a study was designed to determine the effects of rivastigmine on cognitive function, global daily living performance, and behavioral disorders in VaD patients versus an active control (nimodipine), stratifying patients according to the type of VaD, subcortical vascular dementia (sVAD), and multi-infarct dementia (MID). The trial was a prospective study. This study shows that long-term treatment with rivastigmine, at dosages approved for therapeutic use in Alzheimer's disease, produces significant improvement in all behavioral symptoms in 2 forms of VaD, MID and sVaD, except delusions. It also suggests that rivastigmine may enable a reduction in concomitant neuroleptics and benzodiazepines in VaD, especially in MID. The results are discussed with an overview of the literature.