bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some Practical Aspects of Kinetic Heating Calculations
Authors: Bore C. L.
Published: July 2016

This paper is concerned primarily with some of the practical difficulties encountered in connection with the prediction of kinetic heating temperatures. Attention will be concentrated upon methods for estimating temperatures and heat transfer rates for practical aircraft designed to fly at Mach numbers up to about five.

One factor common to all kinetic heating calculations is the variation of temperature through the thickness of the boundary layer, with consequent variation of viscosity. At Mach numbers above about 3, these temperature variations also lead to considerable variations of other properties of air—which are commonly assumed to remain constant—even in classical compressible flow aerodynamics. These factors complicate the aerodynamic equations.
Icing Flight Development
Authors: Cheverton B. T.
Published: July 2016

The aircraft designer must clearly ensure that his aircraft will fly in all climatic conditions normally to be expected. Over and above this, aircraft must be able to cope with a change in weather also.

Since the last war, research into the problem of ice accretion on aircraft has done much to widen understanding of this serious flying hazard. In the flight testing and development of ice protection systems for aircraft, however, one of the principal difficulties encountered is that of finding natural icing conditions sufficiently uniform through which to fly the test aircraft. Because of this it has been found more profitable not to seek natural conditions, but instead to fly in clear air at temperatures below 0°C, while spraying the test surface from a water spray rake fitted to the test aircraft.
Iterative Solutions of the Equations Jor Plane Oblique Shock Waves
Authors: Collar A. R.
Published: July 2016

If a plane oblique shock wave, inclined to the free stream at the angle ε, is produced in two-dimensional supersonic flow of Mach number M by (for example) a wedge which deflects the flow through an angle δ, the equation connecting these quantities may be written

In this form, δ is given explicitly when M, ε are fixed. Similarly, we may obtain M explicitly when ε, δ are fixed; equation (1) may be written (see, for example, Liepmann and Puckett, Equation 4.27)
Safety and Regularity in Landing
Authors: Calvert E. S.
Published: July 2016

The paper I have presented to you here is a brief account of the work we have been doing in the past six years at Farnborough and B.L.E.U. In studying visual judgments during the past few years, we have been driven to one conclusion which is pretty well the same as that which Capt. Prowse put before you, namely, that we are reaching the limit of what the human being can do. Every visual task has a certain failure rate, and I think this rate depends on the value of V|ak, where V is the approach speed, a is the acceleration which the pilot is able and willing to apply during a corrective manoeuvre, and k is an index representing the goodness of the visual stimuli. The tendency is for V|a to increase as aircraft get larger and heavier, but we have hitherto managed to counteract this by improving the visual aids, i.e. by increasing k.
MISLEADING APPEARANCES IN THE TORT OF DECEIT
Authors: Murphy John
Published: July 2016

This article explores certain key features of the tort of deceit which, if looked at only superficially, are apt to mislead as to the gist, nature, and province of this tort. In particular, the article addresses three main issues. The first is the way in which the reliance test used in this tort comes apart from a simple (more familiar) test of causation, and why this has important theoretical ramifications. Secondly, the article seeks to reveal the true gist and province of this tort. In this regard, it is argued that it is a mistake – made by many – to suppose that the infliction of economic loss forms the gist of deceit. Instead, it is suggested that the tort is better seen as being rights-based and that, consequently, it ought not to be seen as a specifically economic tort, but rather as one which protects the victim's decision-making autonomy. Lastly, the article unearths the juristic explanation for the curious fact that, in the tort of deceit, the operation of the contributory negligence defence is excluded while the mitigation principle is applied openly. (The incoherence here inheres in the fact that both these principles are animated by the self-same concern: a desire to exclude the recovery of losses that are attributable to an unreasonable lack of self-regard on the part of the claimant.) The juristic explanation I unearth is then subjected to critical analysis in the course of which I suggest that we ought not to confuse explanation with justification. I conclude that there is no sound reason of principle to exclude the operation of the contributory negligence defence in this tort.
Management of airway obstruction with nebulised adrenaline resulting in takotsubo cardiomyopathy: case report
Authors: Keshtkar F , Dale O T , Bennett W O , Hall C E
Published: July 2016

Background:

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy has been associated with the use of catecholamines; however, its development after the use of nebulised adrenaline for the management of acute airway obstruction has not previously been described.

Case report:

A 66-year-old man with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx, with tumour–node–metastasis staging of T3N2cM0, confirmed by biopsy and computed tomography, presented to the emergency department with acute airway obstruction. He was treated twice with nebulised adrenaline and intravenous dexamethasone. After a period of 24 hours, cardiac rhythm changes were noted on telemetry. A 12-lead electrocardiogram showed widespread T-wave inversion and QT prolongation suggestive of an acute coronary syndrome. Coronary angiography demonstrated no coronary artery disease, but left ventricular angiography showed marked apical ballooning and apical wall akinesia consistent with a diagnosis of takotsubo cardiomyopathy.

Conclusion:

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy can mimic true ischaemic heart disease and the diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion in patients managed with nebulised adrenaline.
Spontaneous bilateral and concurrent cerebrospinal fluid otorrhoea: case presentation and literature review
Authors: Tikka T , Opeodu A , Irving R , Murphy J
Published: July 2016

Background:

Cerebrospinal fluid otorrhoea is a rare entity. Only a few cases of spontaneous bilateral cerebrospinal fluid otorrhoea have been reported. In all cases, there was a definite time interval between the two (left and right) presentations.

Objectives:

To raise awareness and report on the very rare entity of bilateral spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid otorrhoea.

Case report:

This paper reports the case of a bilateral, synchronous, spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid otorrhoea in a 44-year-old female. The patient had grommets surgically inserted on two separate occasions for treatment of otitis media with effusion, and received several courses of oral and topical antibiotics. Five years following the patient's initial presentation, a suspicion of concurrent bilateral cerebrospinal fluid otorrhoea was raised. The otorrhoea sample collected proved to be cerebrospinal fluid. Cross-sectional imaging revealed bilateral defects in the tegmen tympani of the skull base. She underwent staged middle fossa craniotomies to repair the defects.

Conclusion:

Careful observation of the middle-ear fluid characteristics following myringotomy can allow for prompt diagnosis.
Extended negative impact of secondary infrastructure on the high conservation values of sparsely developed areas
Authors: Morán-López Ricardo , Sánchez Guzmán Juan M. , Perales Casildo Alejandra Bettina , Tolosa Óscar Uceda
Published: July 2016

Although there is increasing evidence for the effects on wildlife of primary infrastructure (paved roads and human settlements), the effect of secondary infrastructure (tracks and isolated buildings) is generally assumed to be low in sparsely developed areas. We hypothesized that secondary infrastructure may have a negative effect similar to that of primary infrastructure, and hence may be the source of extended impacts in landscapes that are otherwise relatively undisturbed. We studied multi-year breeding site data for a community of large birds (raptors and storks) in the Monfragüe Biosphere Reserve, in the south-west Iberian Peninsula. Using a bootstrap model selection approach we modelled the distribution of breeding sites, using as predictors measures of habitat accessibility (relief, hydrography) and various types of infrastructure (primary and secondary) at different scales. Distance effect functions were developed. Secondary infrastructure exerted a negative effect on breeding sites that was equivalent to that of primary infrastructure, in terms of both transport (track vs road) and dwellings (scattered vs aggregated). The negative effect was distance (rather than density) mediated, and remained within the 1 km scale. The potential impact of secondary infrastructure is greater than that of primary infrastructure as it occupies more extensive areas and includes richer communities, with significant proportions of threatened populations. Our results contradict common assumptions about the negligible impact of secondary infrastructure on biodiversity, reveal new challenges for biodiversity conservation, and provide insights relevant for the spatial planning of isolated buildings and tracks in sparsely developed areas with species of conservation interest.
Lexical tone variation and spoken word recognition in preschool children: effects of perceptual salience
Authors: SINGH LEHER , TAN ALOYSIA , WEWALAARACHCHI THILANGA D.
Published: July 2016

Children undergo gradual progression in their ability to differentiate correct and incorrect pronunciations of words, a process that is crucial to establishing a native vocabulary. For the most part, the development of mature phonological representations has been researched by investigating children's sensitivity to consonant and vowel variation, with a much lesser focus on lexical tones. The current study investigates sensitivity to lexical tones in word recognition with specific attention to role of perceptual salience. Chinese-speaking preschoolers were presented with familiar words that were correctly pronounced, substituted for a subtle tone variant (Tones 2 and 3), or substituted for a salient tone variant (Tones 1 and 4). Results demonstrated that subtle tone variants were mistakenly perceived as correct pronunciations and only salient tone variants were recognized as mispronunciations. Findings suggest that tone integration follows a more complex developmental course that previously concluded.
Case assignment in English-speaking children: a paired priming paradigm
Authors: WISMAN WEIL LISA , LEONARD LAURENCE B.
Published: July 2016

This study employed a paired priming paradigm to ask whether input features influence a child's propensity to use non-nominative versus nominative case in subject position, and to use non-nominative forms even when verbs are marked for agreement. Thirty English-speaking children (ages 2;6 to 3;7) heard sentences with pronouns that had non-contrasting case forms (e.g. Dad hugs it and it hugs Tigger) and it was hypothesized that these forms would lead to more errors (e.g. Himhugs Barney) in an elicited phrase more often than if the children heard contrasting case forms (e.g. Dad hugs us and we hug the doggie). Tense/agreement features were also examined in children's elicited productions. The findings were consistent with predictions, and supported the input ambiguity hypothesis of Pelham (2011). Implications for current accounts of the optional infinitive stage are discussed.
Replacement of Piston Engines by Gas Turbines in Air Liners
Authors: Sammons H.
Published: July 2016

From time to time, both military and civil aircraft have had a change of power plant to meet special circumstances but in all cases considerable redesign has been necessary and I know of no instance where it has been done in the field by means of a “ modification kit.” It has become quite commonplace to do so for test purposes, that is to make the aeroplane a flying test bed. Douglas DC-3 aircraft have been fitted with Darts and Mambas, Varsity with Elands, Canberras with Olympus and many others.
Guided Weapons and Aircraft— Some Differences in Design and Development
Authors: Serby J. E.
Published: July 2016

In considering this subject we should first briefly examine how guided missiles came on to the scene. Manned flight in heavier-than-air vehicles is some 50 years old and, once the early scepticism of sopie critics had been overcome, very large and highly successful efforts were made to use flying machines of this kind for direct military purposes. The scope of these efforts and the measure of success that attended them are well known and have been the subject of many of the papers and much of the discussion which the Royal Aeronautical Society has enjoyed in the past 50 years or so of its 90 years of active life. It is indeed significant that the two World Wars of the past 40 years have, by reason of the extra effort they focused on military aviation, been the cause of most of the advances in aviation and thus brought about commercially and economically successful civil aviation as we have it today.
Flow Visualisation Techniques Applied to Combustion Problems
Authors: Winter E. F.
Published: July 2016

Workers in the field of continuous combustion have long been aware of the importance of the part played by the aerodynamic factors in the satisfactory operation of combustion systems. Although only part of a complex process, the air flow in a combustion system can, to some extent, be studied as an isolated individual factor, without the complications of fuel injection and heat release. This may appear to involve a rather long step from reality, but observations of the basic “cold” flow conditions in such a system can provide a valuable basis for the prediction of the effects of variations in the equipment, particularly in systems conforming to a particular type.
Thirteenth British Commonwealth Lecture—Why Airlines are Hard to Please
Authors: Shenstone B. S.
Published: July 2016

This paper contains nothing new to airline people. It is not an original contribution. For some time I had been under the impression that the ideas we use and the troubles we have in the airline business were clearly understood by technical people outside the airlines. Recently, however, I have been surprised to discover that this is not so and this fact is the excuse for the shape of this lecture. So I am not talking to airline people but for them. If, when you have heard me, you have heard nothing you did not know, I shall be happy.
Aircraft in Agriculture
Authors: Gibson E. A.
Published: July 2016

Aircraft have been used for agricultural purposes for at least thirty years. Probably the first country to use them to any extent in agriculture was the United States where there are now probably some 7,000 or more aircraft in more or less continuous employment on some aspect of agricultural aviation.

Up to the present, although many countries, since the end of the Second World War, have employed aircraft on agricultural work, the total world employment of aircraft on this activity has been small in comparison to that obtaining in the U.S.A.
Linear Computations over a Complex Field
Authors: Schmidtmayer Josef
Published: July 2016

Two methods are given concerning the following problems of linear algebra over the field of complex numbers (or, less rigorously, linear problems with complex coefficients): the solving of a system of linear algebraic equations, the inversion of a matrix and the evaluation of a determinant. The second method is especially suitable for use with computers. In addition to the usual numerical checking, the second method also provides an effective form check.
A Standardised Method of Representing Fatigue Test Results
Authors: Fine M.
Published: July 2016

Figure 1 is a set of S-N curves for DTD. 150, taken from Rotol Structures Department Report No. 337. It is difficult to estimate N accurately on the flat part of the curve, and estimates of fatigue life by different people can be very different. Fig. 1, although based on scanty test results, is typical of S-N curves.
The Forty-Sixth Wilbur Wright Memorial Lecture
Authors: Gardner G. W. H.
Published: July 2016

I feel deeply honoured to have received the Society's invitation to deliver the 46th Wilbur Wright Memorial Lecture. I undertook the task with humility in the light of the illustrious company who have preceded me but, more particularly, because of the greatness of the contribution of Wilbur Wright whom we honour tonight which, together with that of his brother Orville, continues to provide a tremendous inspiration to all concerned with aeronautics.
Guided Weapons and Aeronautics
Authors: Cockburn R.
Published: July 2016

Although the Guided Flight Section of the Society was only established last year, there have already been a number of valuable lectures and discussions and we can rely on the Section to provide a series of authoritative papers on various aspects of design and development. It might, therefore, be timely and appropriate for the Society to consider these new weapons in a somewhat wider context; and I propose to discuss the impact of guided weapons on our concept of air power and on the field of aeronautics as a whole. I must make it quite clear that I am expressing my own views; I am not describing official policy.
Photoelastic Determination of Stress Concentration Factors Caused by a Single U-Notch on One Side of a Plate in Tension
Authors: Cole A. G. , Brown A. F. C.
Published: July 2016

There is very little information on the stress concentration which is caused by a notch on one side of a plate in tension and the authors are not aware of any published data based on experiment. The theoretical solutions due to Neuber are for notches of hyperbolic or elliptic form and only give an approximate result for U-notches of varying depth.
Exhaust Nozzles For Supersonic Aircraft
Authors: Pearson H.
Published: July 2016

The Ordinary convergent exhaust nozzle is a perfectly satisfactory and efficient device for converting pressure in the jet pipe into velocity, so long as the pressure ratio across it remains below about 2.0; or, put another way, so long as the velocity at exit from the nozzle is not theoretically greater than that of sound at the jet temperature prevailing. If the pressure ratio is greater than this however, full expansion cannot take place and some losses in thrust occur. The pressure ratio across a jet pipe on modern jet engines is of the order of on the test bed, so already under these conditions some losses occur. The amount is insignificant however, but in flight at supersonic speeds the pressure ratio across the jet pipe may become very large, and in this case important losses result.
The Lowest Natural Frequency of an Axial Compressor Blade
Authors: Dunham J.
Published: July 2016

Published Works discuss the calculation of the natural frequencies of uniform beam systems, but not simple calculations on beams of arbitrary cross section. This note describes a simple method evolved for estimating the lowest natural frequency of an axial compressor blade, and compares its results with measurements and with other calculations. The logical extension of the method to calculating the frequency of any mode of any cantilever of arbitrary cross section is made in the Appendix.
Some Design Problems in Inertia Navigation
Authors: Cawood W.
Published: July 2016

Until the past few years inertia navigation has been a little known subject due to a cloak of security; but recently a number of informative reports and articles have been published, notably those by Adams, Schnerb, and Klass, all published during 1956. Moreover, many of the components of inertial systems have emerged from the early development stage, during which they were largely monitored by military agencies, and may now be purchased with a guaranteed performance specification.
Fail-Safe Structural Design
Authors: Koiter W. T.
Published: July 2016

MR. Harpur's interesting and stimulating paper (page 363, May 1958 Journal) is obviously of great importance to all who have to face the problem of fatigue strength of aircraft. These comments all refer to Section 3—Design Loads. Mr. Harpur's conclusions are based on analysis of a typical flight plan of a medium haul civil transport, and are formulated as a proposal for two fail-safe design requirements.
On the Effect of Flow Separation on the Lift of Slender Bodies
Authors: Pivko Svetopolk
Published: July 2016

A Phenomenon of interest in the study of high-speed aerodynamics concerns the flows generated around very slender bodies of revolution. It has been observed that these bodies, at moderate and large angles of attack, produce a kind of flow pattern that differs considerably from the ones assumed in perfect-fluid treatment according to the usual slender-body analysis.

Photographs reveal that the flow above the upper surface of the body contains two symmetrically disposed spiral vortex sheets which roll up and are carried down-stream. Viewed in respect to the stationary body, the shed vortices appear fixed. The vortices increase in strength as anybody cross plane moves rearward, being eventually discharged to form a Karman vortex street as viewed in the moving cross plane.
Effects of Small Changes in the Elements Aij on the Zeros of |Aij|
Authors: Culick F. E. C.
Published: July 2016

A Method is presented for determining approximately the effects of small changes in the characteristics of a dynamical system on its free motion. Successive factorisations of the determinantal equation, as the system is altered, are avoided at the expense of accuracy, but the influence of the small changes on, for example, the stability of the system, are quite easily determined.
The de Havilland Spectre I
Authors: Neat W. N.
Published: July 2016

Work on rocket propulsion was begun by the de Havilland Engine Co. in 1946, almost exactly a year after the end of the Second World War. For about the first year activities were confined largely to a general appreciation of rocket problems and techniques and to an assessment of the experience which had been obtained elsewhere. At that time “elsewhere” meant almost exclusively Germany, from where many technical reports were then becoming available.

In 1946 the policy in this country regarding guided weapons was, to say the least, obscure and the part which the liquid propellant rocket engine was to play in that field, even more obscure. It was not surprising, therefore, that the de Havilland Engine Co., being already well established in the field of aircraft propulsion, should very soon tend to concentrate its rocket propulsion efforts to manned aircraft applications. They were encouraged in this policy by the successful German use of the Me. 163 and of rocket take-off units fitted to the He.lll, Ju.88 and other aircraft. In particular, it was foreseen that the defence requirements of the United Kingdom might necessitate at an early date the use of a fast climbing rocket-propelled fighter.
Inertial Navigation
Authors: Pateman J. E.
Published: July 2016

Inertial navigation is a completely new approach to the navigational problem initiated to a very large extent by the military requirement for a blind navigational system which could not be jammed by, nor give actual assistance to, any potential enemy. It relies for its operation on principles which were understood by Newton, but the practical realisation of a working system has become possible only by the intensive development in both the design and manufacturing techniques of gyroscopes and accelerometers. This development work has, to a considerable extent, been stimulated by Dr. Draper of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and, although he may not be the inventor of inertial navigation as such, there is little doubt that but for the work carried out under his direction, inertial navigation would still be little more than a dream.

Inertial navigation depends basically on the simple fact that if we can measure the acceleration vector of a body in any convenient axis system, then by carrying out the suitable integration processes we can determine its path in space, its position and its distance from its initial position.
Annular Flow—A Note on the Turbulent Velocity Profile
Authors: Squire William
Published: July 2016

In connection with the note by Henry Barrow in the November 1958 JOURNAL (page 830) it may be of interest to call attention to a little known reference which describes an extensive series of experiments. A 190 mm. pipe with 10, 35 and 100 mm. inserts was studied up to a Reynolds number of 106. Besides the fully developed profiles some interesting measurements showing the development of the flow in the inlet are included.

The general neglect of these results which constitute an appreciable fraction of the available data for this type of flow is surprising.
The NATO Defense College
Authors: Kenyon G.
Published: July 2016

The College owes its origin to the early days of NATO when the first Supreme Allied Commander Europe, General Eisenhower, was confronted with the problem of finding suitably trained staff to fill the posts in the NATO organisation. He therefore proposed to the Standing Group that a Defense College should be formed to fulfil this function. This proposal was agreed and the French Government set aside part of the historic Ecole Militaire building in Paris to house the college. The first course began in November 1951, some two years after the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty and since then fifteen courses have been held, each of approximately six months duration.

The first Commandant was Admiral Lemonnier of France, who was succeeded by Air Marshal Sir Lawrence Darvall, R.A.F., Great Britain, Lieutenant General Clovis E. Byers, United States Army, Lieutenant General de Renzi, Italian Army, and Major General Estcourt, British Army. The present Commandant is Lieutenant General Ariburun of the Turkish Air Force.
Hypersonic Boundary Layers with Special Reference to Heat Transfer
Authors: Crabtree L. F.
Published: July 2016

On the face of it boundary layer problems at hypersonic speed present enormous difficulties. However some aspects have turned out to be somewhat simpler than was visualised some years ago, and with the aid of certain simplifying assumptions many problems have been solved, at least to a good design approximation, and inaccuracies in the results are due not so much to the approximations involved, but to our lack of knowledge of the physical properties of air such as viscosity and Lewis number.
Dynamics of a Dissociating Gas
Authors: Lighthill M. J.
Published: July 2016

Having agreed with Dr. Shercliff that I would discuss dissociation and its applications, after which he would speak about ionisation and its applications, it seemed appropriate that I should repeat the lecture I gave to the International Congress of the Aeronautical Sciences on “Dynamics of a Dissociating Gas”—although with apologies to those few in the audience who may have come back from Madrid with memories of anything except Flamenco and Paella and Goya and Sangria.
A Closed Formula for the Drag of a Flat Plate with Transition in the Absence of a Pressure Gradient
Authors: Collar A. R.
Published: July 2016

Most University students of fluid mechanics are familiar with the problem of the evaluation of the skin friction drag of a flat plate in the absence of a pressure gradient: transition is specified, usually by the free stream velocity and the transition point, or directly by the transition Reynolds number. The solution is normally obtained numerically: so far as the writer is aware, the processes used have not been written down in closed analytical form, though to do so presents no difficulty.
Aerial Operations Planning in the United Kingdom
Authors: King Peter J. W.
Published: July 2016

Sporadic commercial aerial spraying operations have been undertaken in the United Kingdom for more than a decade but only over the past two or three years has it been possible for companies to make a sustained attempt to plan their work in a way which will put operations on a self-supporting annual basis.

Today, the degree to which an operator will plan his work is largely a matter for him to decide; there are few legislated requirements. The law as it stands specifically permits the work of the agricultural operator and leaves him—in the main—to order his affairs as he thinks proper. However, it cannot be long before the incidence of accidents and public anxiety about the effects of drifting chemicals brings about a change in the official attitude towards the Industry. Looking ahead we must expect some form of licensing to be introduced, which will require all operators to meet a standard set by the Ministries of Aviation and Agriculture.
Solar Probes
Authors: Greenwood S. W.
Published: July 2016

The Soviet Deputy Premier, Mr. Anastas Mikoyan, is reported to have stated recently that Russia has a missile ready to “visit the Sun.“

The Russians have been achieving a notable series of “firsts” in space exploration, and this statement may have led some to speculate on whether they will be the first to reach the Sun.

It is, of course, strictly impossible to talk in terms of hitting or reaching the Sun, as it has no solid surface. Indeed the streams of matter and radiation it emits travel out into space beyond the orbit of our planet. However, for practical purposes the Sun is opaque over a diameter of just under a million miles, and this constitutes a generally agreed boundary for purposes of such a study as this.

Conditions on the bodies that constitute the Solar system are dominated by the Sun, and this alone would justify the continued examination of its behaviour. Additional justification is provided by the fundamental knowledge of matter obtained through observing the Sun and its radiated energy.
High Speed Flow through Perforated Plates
Authors: Morgan P. G.
Published: July 2016

The flow through porous screens has been widely studied from both the theoretical and experimental points of view. The most widely used types of screen are the wire mesh and the perforated plate, and the majority of the literature has been concerned with the former. Several attempts have been made to correlate the parameters governing the flow through such screens, i.e. the pressure drop, the flow conditions and the geometry of the mesh.
Current Problems in Aero Engine Design
Authors: Moult E. S.
Published: July 2016

I am deeply appreciative of the great honour you have bestowed upon me in asking me to address you tonight. When Louis Bleriot made his memorable flight I was a boy of six and, I am sorry to say, not yet at school. In fact, I had to wait until I was nine to see my first aeroplane which, believe it or not, was a Bleriot monoplane fitted with a Gnome engine and flown by another pioneer aviator, B. C. Hucks.

The simplicity of the aircraft and the apparent ease of flight made a deep impression on my boyish imagination. So much so that the same imagination was quite affronted when it first saw the pusher biplanes with which we prepared to fight the First World War. Having had nothing to do with it, I can now claim it took a further 25 years for the advancing march of aviation finally to confirm my childish fancy!
The Airline Pilot's View
Authors: Miles E. C.
Published: July 2016

Before examining the Airline Pilot's views on Flight Safety, a brief look at this Airline Pilot will be taken to get a rough idea of the viewpoint from which he speaks.

The Chairman, in his opening remarks, referred to pioneering. In the early days of aviation the pilot was a pioneer, and as such he had to take risks. At the present time, and in some parts of the world many years ago, the pioneering adventure of flying has grown up into a serious transport industry, and the airline pilot has grown up with it. Today, the airline pilot is an executive of that transport industry; a highly skilled employee or a highly specialised manager depending on the way you look at him.
The Accident Investigator's View
Authors: Tweedie P. G.
Published: July 2016

When I was asked to take part in this Symposium it was suggested to me that I should talk about the Accident Investigator's view on Flight Safety. Now I do not suppose that the accident investigator's view is very different from the view of anyone else working in the safety field. The whole object of flight safety is to prevent accidents and the whole object of the accident investigator is to ascertain the causes of accidents so that remedial measures may be taken.
A Note on Shock Detachment Distance
Authors: Stollery J. L. , Maull D. J.
Published: July 2016

There have been numerous attempts to predict the stand—off distance of bow shock waves, ranging from the exact solutions of the inviscid flow equations by Mangier (1959) and Van Dyke (1959) to the semi—empirical treatment of Moeckel (1949) and Love (1957). Sinnott (1959) has recently proposed a single formulaΔ/R=KcotθmwhereKis a numerical constant given as 0·77 for axisymmetric bodies and the symbols are defined in Fig. 1.
Creep-Stress Analysis of Thin-Walled Structures
Authors: Patel S. A. , Pandalai K. A. V. , Venkatraman B.
Published: July 2016

In the present era of supersonic and hypersonic flight, structural analysts are well aware of the new problems that arise from the exposure of aircraft and missile structures to elevated temperatures. The task of solving these problems is in its early stage of development. Since the problems are diversified in nature, a different method of solution has to be developed in each case. It is probable that in some cases radically new techniques may have to be devised. Until such time, the structural designer is forced to take a realistic view and use satisfactory extensions of existing methods of analysis.
A History of the Development of Flight Refuelling
Authors: Miller J. A.
Published: July 2016

Whenever a new and truly great idea is put forward for the first time it is usually received with scorn and derision by those whom it directly concerns. Such was the initial reception of the idea of refuelling aircraft in flight.

Soon after the First World War air carnivals became very popular around the flying fields of the United States of America and it was in a search for new stunts that two intrepid fliers hit on the idea of transferring fuel by hose pipe from one aircraft to another. The two single-seater aeroplanes flew one above the other, the upper one carrying the extra fuel; in order to transfer it the pilot threw a length of hose overboard leaving it trailing behind him. The receiver aircraft then manoeuvred into position and the pilot caught the hose and put the nozzle into his reserve fuel tank. When a small quantity of fuel had been transferred, he pulled out the hose and threw it clear of his aircraft, leaving the donor aircraft to haul it in.
Deck Landing Problems
Authors: Suggett G. W.
Published: July 2016

I read Lt. Cdr. Whitehead’s article in the April Journal (p. 183) with considerable interest. As a summary of current problems I found it most illuminating. In my opinion however the author has rather over-simplified the mirror calculations and I feel that it may be worthwhile recording in slightly greater detail the basis of mirror calculations and the magnitude of the errors implicit in them.
Substance and Change in Congressional Ideology: NOMINATE and Its Alternatives
Authors: Caughey Devin , Schickler Eric
Published: July 2016

Poole and Rosenthal's NOMINATE scores have been a boon to the study of Congress, but they are not without limitations. We focus on two limitations that are especially important in historical applications. First, the dimensions uncovered by NOMINATE do not necessarily have a consistent ideological meaning over time. Our case study of the 1920s highlights the challenge of interpreting NOMINATE scores in periods when party lines do not map well onto the main contours of ideological debate in political life. Second, the commonly used DW-NOMINATE variant of these scores makes assumptions that are not well suited to dealing with rapid or non-monotonic ideological change. A case study of Southern Democrats in the New Deal era suggests that a more flexible dynamic item-response model provides a better fit for this important period. These applications illustrate the feasibility and value of tailoring one's model and data to one's research goals rather than relying on off-the-shelf NOMINATE scores.
Bipolar and related disorders in DSM-5 and ICD-10
Authors: Kaltenboeck Alexander , Winkler Dietmar , Kasper Siegfried
Published: July 2016

Bipolar disorders are a group of psychiatric disorders with profound negative impact on affected patients. Even if their symptomatology has long been recognized, diagnostic criteria have changed over time and diagnosis often remains difficult. The Fifth Edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), issued in May 2013, comprises several changes regarding the diagnosis of bipolar disorders compared to the previous edition. Diagnostic categories and criteria for bipolar disorders show some concordance with the internationally also widely used Tenth Edition of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10). However, there are also major differences that are worth highlighting. The aim of the following text is to depict and discuss those.
SIMPLE JOINT INVERSION LOCALIZED FORMULAE FOR RELAXATION SPECTRUM
RECOVERY
Authors: ANDERSSEN R. S. , DAVIES A. R. , de HOOG F. R. , LOY R. J.
Published: July 2016

In oscillatory shear experiments, the values of the storage and loss moduli, $G^{\prime }(\unicode[STIX]{x1D714})$ and $G^{\prime \prime }(\unicode[STIX]{x1D714})$, respectively, are only measured and recorded for a number of
values of the frequency $\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}$ in some well-defined finite range $[\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{\text{min}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{\text{max}}]$. In many practical situations, when the range $[\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{\text{min}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{\text{max}}]$ is sufficiently large, information about the associated polymer
dynamics can be assessed by simply comparing the interrelationship between the
frequency dependence of $G^{\prime }(\unicode[STIX]{x1D714})$ and $G^{\prime \prime }(\unicode[STIX]{x1D714})$. For other situations, the required rheological insight can only be
obtained once explicit knowledge about the structure of the relaxation time spectrum $H(\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F})$ has been determined through the inversion of the measured storage
and loss moduli $G^{\prime }(\unicode[STIX]{x1D714})$ and $G^{\prime \prime }(\unicode[STIX]{x1D714})$. For the recovery of an approximation to $H(\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F})$, in order to cope with the limited range $[\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{\text{min}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{\text{max}}]$ of the measurements, some form of localization algorithm is
required. A popular strategy for achieving this is to assume that $H(\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F})$ has a separated discrete point mass (Dirac delta function)
structure. However, this expedient overlooks the potential information contained in
the structure of a possibly continuous $H(\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F})$. In this paper, simple localization algorithms and, in particular,
a joint inversion least squares procedure, are proposed for the rapid recovery of
accurate approximations to continuous $H(\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F})$ from limited measurements of $G^{\prime }(\unicode[STIX]{x1D714})$ and $G^{\prime \prime }(\unicode[STIX]{x1D714})$.
Konstruktion eines Sprachstandserhebungsverfahrens für Kinder im Alter zwischen 3 und 5 Jahren
Authors: Rißling Julia-Katharina , Melzer Jessica , Petermann Franz
Published: July 2016

Zusammenfassung. Umschriebene Entwicklungsstörungen des Sprechens und der Sprache gehören zu den häufigsten Entwicklungsstörungen und beeinträchtigen die psychosoziale, kognitive und schulische Entwicklung eines Kindes. Insbesondere im Vorschulalter gewinnt die Diagnostik sprachlicher Kompetenzen zunehmend an Bedeutung. Die Anforderungen an eine valide Diagnostik gestalten sich vor dem Hintergrund der Heterogenität der Symptomatik und der Abhängigkeit vom Alter der Kinder entsprechend komplex. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde der Sprachstandserhebungstest für Kinder im Alter zwischen 3 und 5 Jahren (SET 3 – 5) entwickelt, der eine umfassende Beurteilung sprachlicher Kompetenzen ermöglicht. Es werden die Ergebnisse der Konstruktionsstichprobe des Verfahrens berichtet. Hierfür wurden 316 Kinder im Alter von 3;0 bis 5;11 Jahren mit dem SET 3 – 5 überprüft. Die Aufgabenanalyse zeigt gute Itemschwierigkeiten und Itemtrennschärfen im mittleren bis hohen Bereich. Die internen Konsistenzen (Cronbachs Alpha) sind ebenfalls als zufriedenstellend bis gut zu bewerten.
Ein Blick in die Black-Box
Authors: Holzberger Doris , Philipp Anja , Kunter Mareike
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Zwar konnte bisherige Forschung bereits zeigen, dass intrinsische motivationale Orientierungen von Lehrkräften im Zusammenhang mit günstigen Ergebnisvariablen (z. B. Unterrichtsqualität oder Schülermotivation) stehen, mögliche Wirkmechanismen sind jedoch noch wenig erforscht. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist es, diese vermittelnden Prozesse am Beispiel des Unterrichtsenthusiasmus von Lehrkräften zu untersuchen. Es wird angenommen, dass angehende Lehrkräfte mit hohem Unterrichtsenthusiasmus quantitativ (höhere Intensität) und qualitativ (Nutzung von unterrichtsbezogenen Lerngelegenheiten) anderes Arbeitsverhalten zeigen, was zu besserem Unterricht führt. Die Variablen wurden bei 362 deutschen Lehramtsanwärter(inne)n in der Mitte ihres zweijährigen Vorbereitungsdienstes per Fragebogen erhoben. Latente Mediatoranalysen belegen eine Teilmediation durch die Intensität ebenso wie die Nutzung von Lerngelegenheiten auf kognitive Aktivierung und emotionale Aspekte des Unterrichtshandelns. Die Ergebnisse stellen einen ersten Hinweis auf mediierende Variablen im Zusammenhang zwischen intrinsischen motivationalen Orientierungen und Unterrichtshandeln dar.
Contamination Sensitivity Among Children and Adults in Rural Uganda
Authors: Gauvain Mary , McLaughlin Heidi
Published: July 2016

Research on the development of contamination sensitivity, detecting when water or food is safe to consume, has been conducted mainly in western, industrialized settings. Little is known about it in the developing world where contamination is a significant health hazard. In this study, 48 children and adults (4 to 60 years of age) in rural Uganda were asked if 23 food and water items, shown in photographs or drawings and that varied in contamination status, would be safe to eat or drink. They were also interviewed about several of the photographs in more detail and asked how they learned about contamination. Analyses focused on age-group differences. Contamination knowledge, biological explanations of illness, and awareness of invisible contaminants (i.e., germs) were evident in all age-groups. The few age-related differences found pertained to water contamination and some vulnerabilities of young children (4–6-year-olds) were identified. Participants in all age-groups said they had been taught to avoid contaminated substances and how to handle food and water safely. Implications for health interventions in rural Uganda and similar areas of the developing world are discussed.
Dual function of partitioning-defective 3 in the regulation of YAP phosphorylation and activation
Authors: Zhang Peng , Wang Shuting , Wang Sai , Qiao Jing , Zhang Lei , Zhang Zhe , Chen Zhengjun
Published: July 2016

Partitioning-defective 3 (Par3), a key component of the evolutionarily conserved polarity PAR complex (Par3/Par6/aPKC), controls cell polarity and contributes to cell migration, proliferation and tumor development. Emerging evidence indicates that cell polarity proteins function as upstream modulators that regulate the Hippo pathway. However, little is known about Par3’s involvement in the Hippo pathway. Here, we find Par3 and YAP dynamically co-localize in different subcellular compartments; that is, the membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus, in a cell-density-dependent manner. Interestingly, Par3 knockdown promotes YAP phosphorylation, leading to a significant impairment of YAP nuclear translocation at low cell density, but not at high density, in MDCK cells. Furthermore, via its third PDZ domain, Par3 directly binds to the PDZ-binding motif of YAP. The interaction is required for regulating YAP phosphorylation and nuclear localization. Mechanistically, Par3, as a scaffold protein, associates with LATS1 and protein phosphatase 1, α subunit (PP1A) in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Par3 promotes the dephosphorylation of LATS1 and YAP, thus enhancing YAP activation and cell proliferation. Strikingly, we also find that under the condition of PP1A knockdown, Par3 expression promotes YAP hyperphosphorylation, leading to the suppression of YAP activity and its downstream targets. Par3 expression results in differential effects on YAP phosphorylation and activation in different tumor cell lines. These findings indicate that Par3 may have a dual role in regulating the activation of the Hippo pathway, in a manner possibly dependent on cellular context or cell type in response to cell–cell contact and cell polarity signals.
Selective catalytic two-step process for ethylene glycol from carbon monoxide
Authors: Dong Kaiwu , Elangovan Saravanakumar , Sang Rui , Spannenberg Anke , Jackstell Ralf , Junge Kathrin , Li Yuehui , Beller Matthias
Published: July 2016

Upgrading C1 chemicals (for example, CO, CO/H2, MeOH and CO2) with C–C bond formation is essential for the synthesis of bulk chemicals. In general, these industrially important processes (for example, Fischer Tropsch) proceed at drastic reaction conditions (>250 °C; high pressure) and suffer from low selectivity, which makes high capital investment necessary and requires additional purifications. Here, a different strategy for the preparation of ethylene glycol (EG) via initial oxidative coupling and subsequent reduction is presented. Separating coupling and reduction steps allows for a completely selective formation of EG (99%) from CO. This two-step catalytic procedure makes use of a Pd-catalysed oxycarbonylation of amines to oxamides at room temperature (RT) and subsequent Ru- or Fe-catalysed hydrogenation to EG. Notably, in the first step the required amines can be efficiently reused. The presented stepwise oxamide-mediated coupling provides the basis for a new strategy for selective upgrading of C1 chemicals.
Temperature mediates continental-scale diversity of microbes in forest soils
Authors: Zhou Jizhong , Deng Ye , Shen Lina , Wen Chongqing , Yan Qingyun , Ning Daliang , Qin Yujia , Xue Kai , Wu Liyou , He Zhili , Voordeckers James W. , Nostrand Joy D. Van , Buzzard Vanessa , Michaletz Sean T. , Enquist Brian J. , Weiser Michael D. , Kaspari Michael , Waide Robert , Yang Yunfeng , Brown James H.
Published: July 2016

Climate warming is increasingly leading to marked changes in plant and animal biodiversity, but it remains unclear how temperatures affect microbial biodiversity, particularly in terrestrial soils. Here we show that, in accordance with metabolic theory of ecology, taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of soil bacteria, fungi and nitrogen fixers are all better predicted by variation in environmental temperature than pH. However, the rates of diversity turnover across the global temperature gradients are substantially lower than those recorded for trees and animals, suggesting that the diversity of plant, animal and soil microbial communities show differential responses to climate change. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating that the diversity of different microbial groups has significantly lower rates of turnover across temperature gradients than other major taxa, which has important implications for assessing the effects of human-caused changes in climate, land use and other factors.