bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Autor w roli wydawcy. Konieczność czy wybór?
Authors: Jabłońska-Stefanowicz Ewa
Published: March 2020

THE AUTHOR AS A PUBLISHER. A NECESSITY OR A CHOICE? The article is devoted to the possibilities authors have today to publish their works. They give up the traditional path, inevitably associated with judgement and selection carried out by a commercial publishers and opt for an alternative route: a vanity press vanity publishing or a self-publishing platform. Not so long ago it became possible to self-publish e-books alongside or instead of paper books. The growing significance of this phenomenon is unequivocally evidenced by the tendencies observed in recent years on the Polish book market: a rise in the number of registered publishing entities and number of published works including first editions as well as a decrease in the total output and average number of copies published. Self-publishing increasingly becomes a conscious choice: authors want to be sure that their works will be published, they want to have a bigger say in shaping its substantive and editorial form and — using their own ideas, time and money in publicity activities — to achieve fame and fi nancial success.
Filozoficzne przesłanki pojmowania systemowości prawa w teorii wykładni Jerzego Wróblewskiego
Authors: Pulka Zbigniew
Published: March 2020

THE ASSUMPTION OF SYSTEMIC NATURE OF LAW IN JERZY WRÓBLEWSKI’S THEORY OF INTERPRETATIONThat is to say that Jerzy Wróblewski’s theory of interpretation assumes philosophical attitude consisting in acceptance of Marxist philosophy. Consequently, Jerzy Wróblewski’s theory of interpretation may be counted as theory of interpretation of “people’s law”. The author tends to point out that the notion of “people’s law” is a philosophical category, i. e. the main traits of “peoples law” are defined on the level of Marxist philosophy. Consequently, all propositions of Jerzy Wróblewski’s theory of interpretation are propositions which presuppose existence of such conceived “people’s law”. In the article, the author strives to point out that philosophical assumptions of Marxist philosophy determine Jerzy Wróblewski’s way of conceiving the systemic character of law.
Pozycja fundacji w sferze prowadzonej przez nią działalności leczniczej
Authors: Blicharz Jolanta
Published: March 2020

POSITION OF A FOUNDATION IN THE FIELD OF ITS THERAPETIC ACTIVITYThe Law on therapeutic activity provides the changes concerning both private and public sector of medical services. Those changes are relevant also for the position of foundations as non-government actors active on widely understood medical market. The foundations pursue an activity within the meaning of Article 3 of the Law on therapeutic activity, consisting in providing the therapeutic services or promoting the health or performing didactic or research tasks connected with providing therapeutic services — which creates the conditions to realize statutory tasks protection and promotion of health.
Partycypacja społeczna na tle zasady zrównoważonego rozwoju
Authors: Dziuba Robert
Published: March 2020

SOCIAL PARTICIPATION AGAINST THE PRINCIPLE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTThe problems of sustainable development take on meaning in proportion to growth of the meaning of these problems, which result from disrespect of principle of sustainable development. The matters of drawing out of resources, irrational using of them, inappropriate management of wasters, the unbalanced consumption are clearly perceptible through these problems, which appear as result from applying the simply and short-term logic of profit. In last years however, especially after financial crisis from 2008 it is quite clear, that the logic of free market is not appropriate to manage of supplies and to create stable and sustainable economic growth. In order to solve these problems and create the terms of sustainable development, it is necessary to create the mechanisms of social participation. The social commitment, which is evidence of responsibility and using a social potential can be tool to direct of social-economic development to more reasonable and sustainable tendency.
Zawieszenie zwrotu kosztów opieki zdrowotnej a dyrektywa transgraniczna
Authors: Lenio Paweł
Published: March 2020

ADJOURNMENT OF REFUND OF HEALTH CARE COSTS IN THE LIGHT OF THE CROSS-BORDER HEALTH CARE DIRECTIVEThis paper outlines the possibility of adjournment of health care costs refund in the light of the cross-border health care directive. The main purpose of this paper is to determine whether cross-border health care Directive has been correctly implemented in the national law. The Directive permits adjournment of refund of cross-border health care costs. It seems that the Directive is not properly implemented into the polish law. The controversy surrounds the act of tying reimbursements to a strict budget in the National Health Fund.
Edukacja osób niepełnosprawnych jako dobro wspólne na tle rozważań administracyjnoprawnych
Authors: Raszewska-Skałecka Renata
Published: March 2020

EDUCATION OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES AS A COMMON GOOD — CONSIDERATIONS ON ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL BACKGROUNDEducation of people with disabilities, considered as acommon good, points out legal subjectivity of adisabled person, the right to education and educational duties in the educational system. From the perspective of the state and its administration education, understood as acommon good, means performance of educational tasks in the scope of special education for a disabled person.
Pomoc finansowa podmiotów prywatnych udzielana jednostkom w stanach nadzwyczajnych
Authors: Czesak Joanna
Published: March 2020

FINANCIAL AID PROVIDED BY PRIVATE PERSONS TO ENTITIES DURING EXTRAORDINARY MEASURESIn Financial Aid Provided by Private Persons to Entities during extraordinary measures, several forms of help wire transfers, bank account deposits, charity text messages, crowdfunding are discussed. In particular, the article is focused on public fundraising events governed under the Act on the Rules of Public Fundraising dated 14th of March 2014. The analysis also refers to the no longer binding Act on Public Fundraising Events dated 15th of March 1933. Thediscussion is related to the rules of public fundraising during the period of martial law and state of emergency due to natural disaster. The article presents new public fundraising rules, especially the fundraising entity’s obligation to report afundraising event on the portal of public fundraising events.
Stan wyjątkowy jako przykład stanu nadzwyczajnego w doktrynie francuskiej. Interpretacja pojęcia
Authors: Gola Jan , Brzezińska Joanna
Published: March 2020

STATE OF EMERGENCY IN THE FRENCH DOCTRINE. INTERPRETATION OF THE CONCEPTThe basic assumption of the article was to make the characteristics of a state of emergency according to French law currently in force. For this purpose, its three key aspects were presented: historical including historical chronology of the introduction of a state of emergency, detailed scope of competence of the respective administrative services and relationships that exist between Art. 16 of the French Constitution and the provisions of the act that decrees a state of emergency. The conclusion was that, unfortunately, this instrument does not fulfill its essential role of protecting against any attack on national security.
Prawa człowieka a „śmierć Boga”
Authors: Sulikowski Adam
Published: March 2020

HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE “DEATH OF GOD”The “death of God” — a Nietzschean metaphor — is still considered as an excellent diagnosis of the condition of modern societies deprived of metaphysical ground. The author uses this metaphor to illustrate the genealogy and the present of conservative criticism of human rights. This criticism is based on the allegation that the ideology of human rights is responsible for the breakdown of the “social metaphysics” of the West. The author attempts to show the dangerous potential of conservative criticism of human rights. In the following part of his paper the author refers to the phenomenon of “the end of grand narratives” treated as another dimension of the “death of God” and formulates the question of possible solutions to the problem of justification of human rights in postmodern conditions.
Direct effect of the European Union’s mixed agreements and the rights of individuals
Authors: Gadkowski Andrzej
Published: March 2020

BEZPOŚREDNI SKUTEK UMÓW MIESZANYCH UNII EUROPEJSKIEJ W KONTEKŚCIE OCHRONY PRAW PODSTAWOWYCHSzczególną kategorią umów międzynarodowych, jakie szeroko występują w praktyce stosunków zewnętrznych Unii Europejskiej, są umowy mieszane. Umowy takie mają niejako podwójną naturę, bo pozostają na styku prawa międzynarodowego i prawa Unii Europejskiej. Jako umowy, są one źródłem prawa międzynarodowego i w stosunku do nich pozostają w mocy reguły prawa traktatów. Jednocześnie, jako umowy mieszane, zajmują one ważne miejsce w systemie źródeł prawa Unii Europejskiej. Specyfika umów mieszanych wynika zwłaszcza z określonego w traktatach, charakterystycznego podziału kompetencji między Unię Europejską i jej państwa członkowskie, zwłaszcza w stosunkach zewnętrznych.Zagadnienia te stanowią podstawę do zaprezentowania szczegółowej problematyki badawczej, a mianowicie problematyki skutku bezpośredniego umów międzynarodowych mieszanych, zwłaszcza w kontekście ochrony praw podstawowych. Prezentując tę problematykę, autor odwołuje się do odpowiednich postanowień Traktatu z Lizbony, które nie tylko określiły nowy, prawnomiędzynarodowy status Unii Europejskiej, ale które w niektórych dziedzinach współpracy określiły nowy kształt kompetencji Unii, bądź to jako kompetencji wyłącznych, bądź jako kompetencji dzielonych. Na tym tle autor prezentuje problematykę skutku bezpośredniego umów mieszanych, powołując przy tym na reprezentatywne orzecznictwo Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej.
Fundamental rights protection in the context of mass surveillance in the European Union
Authors: Grzelak Agnieszka
Published: March 2020

OCHRONA PRAW PODSTAWOWYCH W KONTEKŚCIE MASOWEJ INWIGILACJI W UNII EUROPEJSKIEJArtykuł dotyczy kwestii problematyki „masowej inwigilacji” i potencjalnego naruszenia praw podstawowych przez programy wprowadzające tę praktykę. W artykule wyjaśnia się wstępnie samo pojęcie, a także odróżnia je od inwigilacji skierowanej wobec konkretnej osoby w związku z prowadzonym postępowaniem. Celem artykułu jest zarysowanie problemu relacji między obowiązkiem państw związanym z kwestią zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa narodowego a koniecznością ochrony praw podstawowych. Podkreśla się, że powoływanie się na względy ochrony bezpieczeństwa narodowego nie w każdym przypadku mogą uzasadniać ingerencję w prawa jednostki, a także że nie oznacza to możliwości niestosowania zasad wynikających z prawa Unii Europejskiej czy dorobku prawnego Rady Europy. Podstawowym prawem, o którym mowa w artykule, jest prawo do prywatności, ale wskazane są również inne prawa, mogące być potencjalnie naruszane przez programy masowej inwigilacji.
Etyczne i prawne aspekty dopuszczalności przeprowadzania doświadczeń na zwierzętach
Authors: Żukowski Łukasz
Published: March 2020

ETHICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE ADMISSIBILITY OF CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS ON ANIMALSArticle devoted to the legal and ethical acceptability of scientific researches using animal-based models. Philosophical and legal approach to the issue of animal rights has along history and underwent significant changes. The legal status of animals and the issue of preventing the suffering of the animals are still the subject of social controversy. Against this background, there is adebate on the scope of the necessary regulations. One of them is the issue of animal testing governed by the Law of 21 January 2005 on animal experiments. The solutions adopted in the Act are to reduce animal suffering and to adjust Polish law to the requirements of the European Union law.
Praktyczny wymiar instytucji czasowego odebrania zwierzęcia właścicielowi lub opiekunowi
Authors: Sługocka Martyna
Published: March 2020

THE PRACTICAL DIMENSION OF THE INSTITUTION TEMPORARILY DETAINING THE ANIMAL OWNER OR KEEPERAnimal rights issues in particular cruelty to animals became an object of interest to the doctrine representatives as well as the whole society. This article shows how the police and representatives of social organizations, whose statutory purpose is to protect animals, can help victims of violence. The author discusses the administrative procedure according to which the public administration bodies self-government administration should operate. At the same time, the author draws attention to the problems brought about by the application of the discussed legal regulations in practice.
Nowe zasady odpowiedzialności za długi spadkowe w prawie polskim
Authors: Solarski Szymon
Published: March 2020

THE NEW RULES OF LIABILITY FOR THE DEBTS OF THE SUCCESSION IN THE POLISH LAWThis paper discusses in detail the new rules on liability for debts under the Polish law of suc­cession, that are in force from 18 October 2015. First of all their goal is to strenghten the possition of the heir. Until then, in case of lack of activity the heir was liable for the debts of his ancestor. From 18 October 2015 in the same scenario the heir would not be responsible for such debts. On the other hand, it is forseen that this amendment will weaken the possition of the creditors, what may lead to higher costs of loans in Poland.
Doktrynalna legitymizacja idei wolności słowa
Authors: Machaj Łukasz
Published: March 2020

DOCTRINAL JUSTIFICATIONS OF THE FREEDOM OF SPEECHFreedom of speech is one of the foundational values of contemporary liberal and democratic systems. The article analyzes four most important doctrinal justifications for extending afar-reach­ing protection for expression. First, respect for free speech is alogical corollary and consequence of respecting individual dignity and liberty. Second, free market of ideas is the best way of attaining truth and fostering healthy public debate. Third, freedom of speech is an indispensable condition of democratic political system. Fourth, respecting free speech helps create tolerant and open-minded society.
Terroryzm ekologiczny jako przestępstwo
Authors: Szumski Adrian
Published: March 2020

ECO-TERRORISM AS ACRIMINAL OFFENCETerrorism belongs to the most serious challenges that contemporary world must face. Ter­roristic deeds violate the foundations of states and societies, and they are threat for their proper functioning. Simultaneously they coerce the authorities of respective states to create proper legal regulations that will penalize this phenomenon. Very wide definition of terrorism includes also so called ecological terrorism. The aim of this article is to answer the question about the place of eco­logical terrorism among the deeds penalized by the Polish penal code. It is important, because not all unlawful deeds that, in common language, are called “ecological terrorism” may be considered as terrorist acts in the light of the Polish penal law. Designation of adeed as one of aterrorist nature brings also important consequences from the legal point of view. The analysis of legal regulations led me to the conclusion that admittedly the Polish penal law does not reference directly to the crime of “ecoterrorism” but binding legal regulations which concern crimes of terroristic nature may be, in some scope, aground for criminal responsibility. Ialso concluded that these regulations seem to be proper, and there is no need to formulate aseparate definition of ecological terrorism in the Polish penal law, however some utterances included in Polish regulations may cause certain doubts. My conclusion is also that the regulations concerned the financing of crimes of aterroristic nature shall be clarified.
Zasada priorytetu egzekucji nad represją w prawie karnym skarbowym a idea tak zwanej sprawiedliwości naprawczej w powszechnym prawie karnym
Authors: Czichy Krzysztof
Published: March 2020

THE PRINCIPLE OF EXECUTION PRIORITY OVER REPRESSION IN FISCAL PENAL LAW AND THE SO-CALLED “MENDING JUSTICE” IDEA IN COMMON PENAL LAWThe idea of mending justice as the reaction on crime philosophy is recently growing attention of representatives of science and practice. Presented publication tries to answer the question whether it is possible to apply that idea on the basis of fiscal penal law.
Systematisierung des Sozialrechts: Ansätze und Bedeutung
Authors: Becker Ulrich
Published: March 2020

SYSTEMATYZACJA PRAWA SOCJALNEGO: PODEJŚCIA I ZNACZENIEW czasie trwających reform prawa społecznego systematyzacja tego prawa jest trudnym, ale zarazem ważnym zadaniem nauki prawa. Systematyzacja prawa socjalnego ma ważną rolę do ode­grania w procesie jego rozumienia oraz stosowania. Podejmując się systematyzacji prawa socjalne­go, należy uwzględnić cel świadczeń socjalnych, który stanowią: zapewnienie godziwych warun­ków życia, umożliwienie uczestnictwa wżyciu społecznym i zabezpieczanie przed zagrożeniami społecznymi. W zakresie szczegółowych rozważań nad systematyzacją prawa socjalnego za celowe uznano wyróżnienie zewnętrznych granic prawa socjalnego, tj. określenie specyficznych cech tego prawa, odróżniających je od innych gałęzi prawa. Następnie podkreślono zasadność przeprowadze­nia wewnętrznych podziałów w obrębie prawa socjalnego, z wyróżnieniem typów systemów świad­czeń socjalnych. W odniesieniu do systematyzacji wewnętrznej lub klasyfikacji możemy rozróżnić różne rodzaje systemów świadczeń socjalnych, zwłaszcza te finansowane ze składek oraz te, które są finansowane przez podatki. Realizacją świadczeń rządzą cztery ogólne zasady, oddające zarazem specyfikę prawa socjalnego: bezpieczeństwo/ochrona, solidarność, odpowiedzialność za siebie oraz skuteczność ochrony socjalnej.
Filozofia polityczna a pozytywistyczna teoria prawa
Authors: Gizbert-Studnicki Tomasz
Published: March 2020

POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY AND POSITIVISTIC LEGAL THEORY The purpose of the paper is to explore the question whether the positivistic legal theory may be developed without any assumptions pertaining to political philosophy. The legal theory of H.L. Hart is examined. The author comes to the conclusion that Hart notwithstanding the declaration that his theory is purely descriptive adopts certain tacit evaluative assumptions, and, therefore does not maintain absolute neutrality vis-a-vis political values. Hart’s assumption are, however, minimal and therefore uncontroversial. This causes that his theory is not able to propose asatisfactory explanation of the normativity of law. Various understandings of the role of alegal theory in such an explanation are discussed.
Mediatorzy i instytucje mediacyjne w otoczeniu administracji
Authors: Tabernacka Magdalena
Published: March 2020

MEDIATORS AND MEDIATION BODIES SURROUNDED BY THE ENVIRONMENT ADMINISTRATIONSince 1 June 2017, mediations in administration have astatutory foundation in the provisions of the code of administrative proceedings. Mediator’s actions, which, according to Art. 96 of the code are to help parties to adispute to settle it amicably affect the administrative bodies’ jurispru­dence. It can thus be expected that, as was the case with criminal and civil legal proceedings, medi­ators will become an indispensable part of the administrative office environment, and that mediation itself will influence the organizational culture of the public administration offices. Mediator, being the part of the environment of apublic institution, acts as alink between the organization and its specific and general surroundings. Their specific role should be considered from axiological and communicative as well as praxeological perspective. The conflicts in which public administration bodies are engaged due to their fulfilment of the law dictates the specificity of interactions between these bodies and their environment. This environment is highly dynamic, therefore mediators can be counted as the task environment for such bodies. Since it is not possible to predict all the factors influencing the body’s activity, such as the frequency with which different cases are filed, from the praxeological perspective the mediator’s participation in the court proceedings, as an organ operat­ing outside the administrative structures, is justified.
Ustawowy zakaz działalności konkurencyjnej wobec członków zarządu spółek kapitałowych — zagadnienia wybrane
Authors: Podleś Marcin
Published: March 2020

PROHIBITION AGAINST COMPETITIVE ACTIVITIES OF BOARD MEMBERSAccording to Polish law paragraph 211 and 380 Commercial Companies Code management board members are among others under a ban to deal with competitive affairs. This ban comprises either acting on his/her own account or within relationships which have been entered into between any member of management board and counter-parties running competitive commercial activity or within his/her own association in partnerships being competitors. Furthermore, a management board member cannot participate in any other business entity as a member of its corporate bodies i.e. hold a post in management board or supervisory board of any competitive market player. Considering the ban on competitive activity function it is proper to speak for a wider character of this ban — i.e. that should extend over each company a said person under ban has held a management board post in. To compensate a rigidity inherent in this ban on competitive activity one has to accept concrete concessions hereof which have been corporately made in an implicit way. It is the management board member himself/herself who has to prove the fact he had been released from this ban and also a scope of concession from it. Additionally, one has to speak against an interpretation of paragraphs 211 and 380 Polish Companies Code in wider extensive sense. One is however to opt for the intact companies’ right to regulate this issue on their own — by virtue of their internal agreements with their management board members.
Przeniesienie siedziby statutowej spółki do innego państwa członkowskiego w świetle swobody przedsiębiorczości
Authors: Stefanicki Robert
Published: March 2020

TRANSFER OF THE COMPANY’S REGISTERED OFFICE TO ANOTHER MEMBER STATE IN THE LIGHT OF THE EU FREEDOM OF ESTABLISHMENTIn the light of the established case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, all normative regulations that hinder or significantly impede the exercise of fundamental freedoms guaranteed by the Treaty are considered as limitations. Deviations from the above rule should be justified, and the restrictive measure should be appropriate to ensure the accomplishment of the adopted objective and not going beyond what is necessary to achieve it. Therefore, the question arises as to what extent the company’s personal status may be determined by the law of each Member State and how the solution in this aspect is important from the point of view of implementing business conditions.
Rejestry przedsiębiorców a ochrona danych osobowych
Authors: Ciesielski Jarosław
Published: March 2020

REGISTERS OF ENTREPRENEURS AND PROTECTION  OF PERSONAL DATACurrently, in Polish law there are different regulations regarding the protection of personal data of entrepreneurs depending on whether they are natural persons disclosed in the Central Register and Information on Business Activity or are other entities capital companies, foundations, partnerships etc., disclosed in the National Court Register. Explicit data provided by the Central Registry are generally subject to the Act of 29 August 1997 on the protection of personal data. The entities that process data contained therein must perform only certain duties. None of the provisions of the Act are applied to entrepreneurs disclosed in the National Court Register. These data are not protected by the Act if they do not apply to natural persons. The personal data of natural persons disclosed in this Register are covered by the protection of the Act, if they are used for purposes other than their identification as performing functions in commercial companies or as persons appearing in the register of insolvent debtors.
Jeszcze o wątpliwościach dotyczących funkcjonowania spółki z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością utworzonej za pomocą normatywnego wzorca umowy
Authors: Leśniak Marek
Published: March 2020

SOME FURTHER DOUBTS ABOUT FUNCTIONING OF THE LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY MADE BY NORMATIVE TEMPLATE OF ARTICLE OF ASSOCIATION AVAILABLE IN THE IT SYSTEMThe study contains comments on the issue of the sale of shares and an increase of the capital in the e-limited liability company resulting from the possibility of covering the share capital after the registration of the company, which is a solution different from the traditional model of a Polish limited liability company. The purpose of the paper is primarily to determine whether it is possible to sell shares before covering the share capital and to pass a resolution to increase the share capital before full coverage in the e-limited liability company.
Kontrowersje wokół wykonywania pracy na rzecz własnego pracodawcy w rozumieniu art. 8 ust. 2a ustawy o systemie ubezpieczeń społecznych a zgodność tego przepisu z Konstytucją RP
Authors: Zieliński Maciej Jakub
Published: March 2020

ON CONTROVERSIES OVER INTERPRETATION OF THE PHRASE “PERFORMING WORK FOR THE BENEFIT OF ONE’S EMPLOYER” WITHIN THE MEANING OF ARTICLE 8 SECTION 2A OF THE SOCIAL INSURANCE SYSTEM ACT AND CONSTITUTIONALITY OF THAT PROVISIONThe article discusses controversies over interpretation of the phrase “performing work for the benefi t of one’s own employer” within the meaning of Article 8 section 2a of the Social Insurance System Act. The author criticizes interpretation of this phrase based solely on abstract theses formulated in individual judicial decisions, especially the ones of the Supreme Court. When detached from facts on which they were based, they can lead to unreasonable interpretation of the provision in question. The phrase “for the benefi t of one’s own employer”, should be construed through the prism of a relation that takes place in a typical employment relationship. In the three-subject configuration, when services are provided to the employer and the role of the third party is reduced to placement of workers which makes them similar, in terms of scope of their business, to temporary work agencies, this results in recognition that under service contracts concluded with those workers work is provided for their employer. It is quite diff erent for the situation where the third party is obliged to provide employer with a particular product, which is produced in the course of their business. Then, the key factor should rely on establishing whether the party in question bears organizational, technical and production risks related to manufactured products. Furthermore, considerations contained herein lead to the conclusion that the normative content of Article 8 section 2a of the Social Security Act settled in the Supreme Court’s case-law is incompatible with the principle of citizens’ trust in the state and its law. Article 8 section 2a of the Social Security Act itself, at least when it comes to performing work for one’s own employer within a civil-law contract concluded with a third party, is incompatible with Articles 217 and 64 section 3 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. Thus, opinions on how the law should stand were made herein.
Pracodawca jako strona stosunków cywilnoprawnych
Authors: Hajn Zbigniew
Published: March 2020

EMPLOYER AS A SUBJECT OF CIVIL LAW RELATIONSPolish law grants the ability to hire employees to internal organizational units of legal and statutory persons. At the same time, they can not have a civil legal capacity necessary to perform property legal transactions under an employment relationship and participate in civil law relationships inseparably related to the employment of employees. Neither doctrine nor judicial decisions have found a logical solution to this contradiction. For these reasons, it is necessary to postulate a return to the concept that an employer may only be a civil law person.
Reprezentacja pracodawcy w ujęciu podmiotowym
Authors: Prusinowski Piotr
Published: March 2020

SUBJECTIVE INTERPRETATION OF THE REPRESENTATION OF THE EMPLOYERThe way that employers are represented in the literature and court decisions in labour law is the subject of lively discussion. Its foundation is the unclear content and structure of article 3 of the Labour Code. While in the case of organizational units it seems that the regulation is complete, for individuals with employer status it is problematic. Regardless of this problem, a question arises concerning the contradictory meaning of the employer’s representation described in the provisions of the Civil Code. This issue becomes even more signifi cant if we take into account that article 3 § 1 of the Labour Code uses ambiguous terms such as “person or governing body” and “other designated person”. This leads to subjective interpretation of the representation of the employer.
Stosowanie prawa a kontrola jego konstytucyjności zdania odrębne Profesora Leona Kieresa do wyroków Trybunału Konstytucyjnego
Authors: Piszcz Anna
Published: March 2020

THE APPLICATION OF LAW AND THE CONTROL OF ITS CONSTITUTIONALITY DISSENTING OPINIONS FILED BY PROFESSOR LEON KIERES REGARDING THE JUDGMENTS OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL TRIBUNALThis article provides readers with information relating to dissenting opinions fi led by Prof. Leon Kieres regarding the judgments of the Constitutional Tribunal. The intention of the author is to present Professor’s views on the application of law in various contexts. Therefore, separate subsections present a review of his ideas on the following topics: the application of law and the ability to complain to the Constitutional Tribunal, the incorrect application of law/ignorance of law and the assessment of constitutionality, the application of the unconstitutional law and the need for control, the future practice of applying the law and its constitutionality.
O zmieniającej się roli polskich uczelni w obszarze studiów podyplomowych, kursów dokształcających i szkoleń
Authors: Wierzbowski Marek , Grzywacz Marek
Published: March 2020

THE CHANGING ROLE OF ACTIVITY OF POLISH UNIVERSITIES CONCERNING POSTGRADUATE COURSES, SUPPLEMENTARY COURSES AND TRAININGSLegal diversifi cation of the status of a student of postgraduate courses as well as supplementary courses and trainings in relation to the status of student and doctoral student, resulting from the Higher Education Law, caused a transformation of the primary administrative-law relationship into a civil law relationship, based on a contract, not an administrative act. As a result, the possibility of applying to students of postgraduate courses the provisions of the Code of Administrative Procedure was excluded and it became impossible to obtain control exercised by administrative courts due to a purely contractual bond covered by the jurisdiction of common courts.
Z teorii i praktyki samorządu terytorialnego
Authors: Kiczka Karol
Published: March 2020

SOME REMARKS ON THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TERRITORIAL SELF-GOVERNMENTThe legal issues of territorial self-government are the subject of interest in jurisprudence. Territorial self-government forms an important and permanent part of the organizational structure of a democratic state ruled by law, which is aff ected by constitutional and international legal factors. Determining of the status of territorial self-government by means of parliament statutes and ordinances sometimes results in departing from the relevant constitutional and international requirements. That is why it is so important to guarantee the functioning of an impartial, independent and efficient judicial power in the field of the organization and functioning of territorial self-government in a modern state.
Wyzwania legislacyjne w zakresie zarządzania obszarami metropolitalnymi w Polsce
Authors: Szydło Marek
Published: March 2020

LEGISLATIVE CHALLENGES IN THE FIELD OF GOVERNING THE METROPOLITAN AREAS IN POLANDThe present article outlines the current models of governing the metropolitan areas in the world, as well as considers the feasibility of those models in the specific circumstances of Poland. The article argues that Polish metropolitan areas should be governed by the formalized cooperation of self-government units that currently exist there. The postulated legal form of this cooperation is the metropolitan union.
Kilka uwag na temat przepisów ogólnych projektu ustawy Prawo przedsiębiorców
Authors: Blicharz Rafał
Published: March 2020

SOME REMARKS ON THE GENERAL PROVISIONS OF THE DRAFT ACT — ENTREPRENEURS’ LAWThe so-called “Constitution for Business,” covering four laws, introduces several new solutions in relation to the Act on the freedom of economic activity. They are visible, among others, in the general provisions of the act — Entrepreneurs’ Law. New solutions include the so-called unrecorded economic activity related to small-scale operations by natural persons.
Fakty oraz ich ocena jako przedmiot materialnoprawnych domniemań w procesie karnym
Authors: Giezek Jacek
Published: March 2020

FACTS AND THEIR ASSESSMENT AS THE SUBJECT OF THE SUBSTANTIVE PRESUMPTION IN THE CRIMINAL TRIALThe fundamental problem of the article can be expressed in two sequentially asked questions, namely — firstly — whether the subject of substantive presumption may be not only facts, but also assessments formulated on their basis, and — secondly — whether in the case of limiting the essence of presumptions exclusively to facts, it would be possible to include into the presumptions these elements of the dogmatic structure of crime, the occurrence of which requires, first and foremost, a series of normative assessments based on normative criteria. It is diffi cult to imagine a situation in which a subject reconstructing reality would make the subject of presumption, and therefore only “guess” that he values its elements. It would have to mean that the court must use a presumption to assess whether the realization of the signs of a prohibited act was socially harmful, unlawful and culpable. A constitutional principle of the presumption of innocence, according to which the accused should be regarded as innocent until his guilt is proved and confi rmed by a valid sentence, does not authorize to conclude that the evidence emerging from successively collected evidence indicates innocence, but it only means that before the fi nal termination of the proceedings, there is no factual and legal basis for verifying the fault and bringing to criminal responsibility.
Prawne formy podejmowania i prowadzenia działalności leczniczej jako element systemu ochrony zdrowia w Polsce. Wybrane aspekty
Authors: Kosiński Eryk
Published: March 2020

LEGAL FORMS OF UNDERTAKING AND CONDUCTING MEDICAL SERVICES ACTIVITY AS AN ELEMENT OF HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN POLAND. CERTAIN ASPECTSThe health care system in Poland is characterized by big diversity on side of patients, services delivered by medical services organizations, and medical services organizations entities. The meaning of health care in terms of modern state is quite blatant. The appropriate legal regulation and the structural organization constitutes one of biggest challenges which now-a-days states face. A constitutional provision that guarantees right to health care and to access to health services “right to medical care”, “right to health”. In Poland such right is guaranteed by art. 68 secs. 1–5 of the Polish Constitution. There are many legal forms entities of medical services organizations. Those organizations may be divided into entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs. Such division is provided by the Polish act on medical services activity of April 15, 2011. Among entrepreneurs there are all entities which are undertakings according to Polish law, and research institutions, foundations, associations, organizational units of associations with legal entity, and units which function under laws regulating relations of the State with diff erent churches. There are additionally private medical practices conducted by medicine doctors and nurses. Among non-entrepreneurs there are so-called public independent health care units, budget units and military units. Moreover, one of the most important issues in the area of health care is a phenomenon of confl ict of interests. It relates to medicine doctors who are employed at the same time in public medical services organizations and in the private sector of health care, or the owners of the private sector medical services organizations, including private medical practice. It seems that such a confl ict of interests should be stopped by non-compete clauses provided in contacts concluded with public medical services organizations. Another possibility is to provide a general prohibition of combining both employment in public medical services organizations with private activities in this sector, including any form of capital involvement in this area.
Meandry praworządności na przykładzie orzekania w sprawie zasiłku celowego z tytułu poniesienia strat w wyniku klęski żywiołowej lub ekologicznej
Authors: Lisowski Piotr
Published: March 2020

THE COMPLEXITIES OF LEGALITY — THE EXAMPLE OF THE ADJUDICATION ON THE PURPOSE-SPECIFIC BENEFIT IN THE CASES OF LOSSES AND DAMAGES CAUSED BY A NATURAL OR ECOLOGICAL DISASTERThe organisation and functioning of a democratic state ruled by law is based on the system of principles and legal institutions. The sine qua non condition of the effective implementation of this concept is the coherence unification of legal order. The latter presupposes, in turn, the systemic approach to positive law. The paper analyses the provisions of the Social Assistance Act which do not meet these requirements. This allows the author to specify the most serious threats resulting from the described deficit these primarily involve non-compliance with the standards which define the legal bases for administrative decisions and the provisions allowing for the interventions in the area of municipal activities. The conclusion off ers suggestions as to how the diagnosed deficiencies could be corrected.
Transparentność finansów partii politycznych a utrata prawa do subwencji z budżetu państwa
Authors: Rzetecki Adam
Published: March 2020

FINANCIAL TRANSPARENCY OF POLITICAL PARTIES AND THE LOSS OF STATE SUBSIDIESPolitical parties play an important role in the contemporary democratic system. However, guaranteeing their financial safety has always been a problem for the authorities. The system of financing political parties in Poland is based on the principle of budgetary subsidy because in our political conditions, subsidies seem to be the most effective solution. Thus, the finances of political parties should be fully transparent and subject to public control because of spending budgetary resources. In Poland, there exist certain circumstances which can lead to the loss of subsidies, which are connected with the financial transparency. The sanction of deprivation of the right to receive subsidies by political parties constitutes a challenge resulting from the violation of legal standards concerning financial reporting of political parties for the given calendar year.
Szczególna odpowiedzialność karna za przestępstwo ciągłe w świetle propozycji zmian dotyczących ustawowego i sądowego wymiaru kary w projekcie nowelizacji kodeksu karnego z 25 stycznia 2019 roku
Authors: Kokot Rajnhardt
Published: March 2020

REMARKS ON CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR CONTINUOUS CRIME IN VIEW OF THE DRAFT AMENDMENT TO THE PENAL CODE OF 25 JANUARY 2019The study contains an analysis and evaluation of some legal solutions proposed in the draft amendment to criminal law of 25 January 2019, especially regarding the sentence, both statutory and judicial. Attention was paid to changes that constitute the most vivid manifestations of the tendency clearly outlined in the draft — expressed explicitly in the assumptions of the postulated changes — towards increasing the repressive norms of the Penal Code of 1997. This is carried out on three main levels — 1 increasing the severity of sanctions for individual, selected types of crimes, 2 extending the application of the extraordinary institution to tighten the penalties and 3 changes to the court directive on the sentence. The study focuses on changes concerning the foundations and rules of the extraordinary progression of punishment, in particular on the modification referring to criminal liability for an offense committed in the conditions of a continuous act covered by the formula of Article 12 § 1 of the Penal Code. In this case, the project provides for mandatory toughening of the penalty by raising the lower liability threshold by half, and the upper one by two. In this regard, both the arguments of the position approving such a solution and the views of the part of the criminal law doctrine which fully accepts the law adopted in the Penal Code of 1997 and which are binding in this respect are presented.
O niekonstytucyjności § 95 ust. 2 zd. 2 Regulaminu urzędowania sądów powszechnych
Authors: Łukowiak Bartosz
Published: March 2020

ON THE UNCONSTITUTIONALITY OF § 9522 OF THE RULES OF PROCEDURE OF COMMON COURTSThe subject of this work is the issue of the constitutionality of § 9522 of the Rules of Procedure of Common Courts. Based on the analysis of regulations in the field of criminal proceedings, the author tries to demonstrate the non-compliance of this provision with the principle of the right to defence, the principle of the right to an effective remedy, the principle of the exclusivity of the act and the prohibition of creating apparent powers, and, therefore, proposes its own, different regulation of this issue, which would allow for compliance of national regulations with the standards of fair trial.
Organizacja społeczna jako strona postępowania w sprawie odebrania zwierzęcia na podstawie art. 7 ust. 3 ustawy o ochronie zwierząt
Authors: Ostojski Przemysław
Published: March 2020

SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AS A PARTY TO PROCEEDINGS ON TAKING AN ANIMAL AWAY UNDER ARTICLE 73 OF THE POLISH ANIMAL PROTECTION ACTThe article concerns the verification of the thesis that a social organization whose representative took an animal away during an intervention has a status of the party in the subsequent proceedings on issuing a decision under Article 73 of the Polish Animal Protection Act. Granting a status of the party to the social organization that collected the animal on such a basis allows it to protect its reasonable interests in administrative and administrative court proceedings. The outcome of such proceedings may result in the liability of the social organization for damages material and non-material resulting from taking the animal away. The outcome of the case related to taking an animal away under Article 73 of the Animal Protection Act directly influences the issue of settling the costs of transport, welfare and necessary treatment of the animal.
Rola samorządów zawodów zaufania publicznego w systemie organów ochrony danych osobowych
Authors: Sołtys Bogusław
Published: March 2020

THE ROLE OF PROFESSIONS OF PUBLIC TRUST ASSOCIATIONS IN THE SYSTEM OF PERSONAL DATA PROTECTIONThe article contemplates the formal and substantive admissibility of the recognition of the professions of public trust associations as the supervisory authorities under the provisions of GDPR, which supervise the compliance with the laws regarding personal data protection. The article states the necessity and proportionality of the suggested solution in order to reconcile the right to the protection of personal data with the duty to maintain professional secrecy. It is in favour of the implementation of this solution into Polish legislation and formulates appropriate remarks to the legislator about the law as it should stand.
W sprawie podlegania nieformalnych opiekunów osób niesamodzielnych ubezpieczeniu wypadkowemu
Authors: Przybyłowicz Ariel
Published: March 2020

ON THE SOCIAL INSURANCE OF THE CAREGIVERS OF DEPENDENT PERSONSThe author considers whether the caregivers of dependent persons can obtain social accident insurance. In the first place, he defines who should be treated as a caregiver of a dependent person for the purposes of the study. In the following part, he considers the legal structure of paying a contribution towards the pension and disability pension insurance for the caregivers of dependent persons. Applying the language and system interpretation, he concludes that it is a legal construction that is different from the classic insurance entitlement. In the context of caregivers, it has significant legal consequences because it deprives them of the protection of accident insurance. The legal structure applied by the legislator means that they are not subject to this insurance even though care constitutes an increased risk of an accident. Finally, the author postulates that the health damages of caregivers caused by accidents occuring as part of the caring should be protected as part of the social compensation system.
Ubezpieczenie społeczne twórców i artystów — wybrane zagadnienia
Authors: Świątek-Rudoman Justyna
Published: March 2020

SOCIAL INSURANCE OF PROFESSIONAL AUTHORS AND ARTISTS — SELECTED ISSUESCreative and artistic activity in the context of being the subject of social insurance raises a lot of controversy. It is a result of the fact of its specificity related to the irregularity of the work and income combined with the contribution charges at the level of entrepreneurs. The author analyzes and assesses the current legal regulations related to social insurance of professional authors and artists, in particular the role of the decision of a commission determining when such activity is commenced and its impact on the arising of the insurance obligation and the right to benefits. In addition, the author presents and discusses the proposed changes in the scope of including this group in a separate social insurance system that assumes the establishment of suitable support mechanisms which will allow for the real participation of these people in the system.
Władcze formy działania Państwowej Inspekcji Pracy w dziedzinie ochrony pracy
Authors: Wyka Teresa
Published: March 2020

A POWERFUL FORM OF NATIONAL LABOUR INSPECTORATE ACTION IN THE FIELD OF OCCUPATIONAL PROTECTIONThe National Labour Inspectorate, being a state supervision body for the observance of labour law, has at its disposal various forms of action, including the form of administrative decisions containing orders and prohibitions. The evolution of the legislation on the competence of the National Labour Inspectorate clearly indicates that these activities were introduced in particular for the occupational safety and health sphere, which constitutes the core of labour protection. This is evidenced by the need for the legislator to maximize the protection of the highest goods that are the life and health of the persons carrying out the work. The occupational health and safety OSH regulations of the National Labour Inspectorate should be understood broadly. These are primarily provisions stemming from labour law, but also from other branches of law mainly substantive administrative law, if their ratio legis relates to the sphere of OSH. Administrative decisions on OSH can also be based on the principles of OSH, which are non-regulatory rules resulting from life experience and the achievements of science and technology. These decisions, usually of declaratory character, are mainly preventive, enforcing the provision of healthcare for the people who work. These decisions are addressed not only to employers but also to those who employ on a different basis than the employment relationship.