bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BENTHIC REPOPULATION OF THE RARITAN RIVER ESTUARY FOLLOWING POLLUTION ABATEMENT1
Authors: Dean David , Haskin Harold H.
Published: March 2010

A total of 69 samples of benthic animals was taken in the lower 20 km of the Raritan River estuary from 1957 to 1960. During 1957, under heavily polluted conditions, no freshwater species were discovered. Of the 17 marine species found, the barnacle Balanus improvisus extended 8.5 km above the river mouth; the remaining species were confined to the seaward 4.6 km of the river.

In January 1958, a trunk sewer system began operation in the lower Raritan Valley, and pollution was abated in the river. Rapid repopulation of the estuary occurred. The sequence and numbers of freshwater and marine species invading the estuary and colonizing the bottom sediments were followed in the samples of 1958, 1959, and 1960.

The most obvious change in 1958 was the distribution and density of Balanus improvisus. These barnacles coated all firm substrata in the previously uninhabited section, extending upriver to the limit of salt penetration. The 12 stations sampled in both 1958 and 1959 yielded 6 freshwater and 21 marine species in 1958 and 8 freshwater and 28 marine species in 1959. In 1960, freshwater species continued to increase, but there was a slight decrease in the number of marine species. Dominant components of the freshwater fauna were the oligochaetes Limnodrilus spp., the leech Erpobdella punctata, and the bivalve Sphaerium sp. A density of 7,102 organisms/m2 was found at one of the freshwater stations in 1960.

Marine species that invaded the river following pollution abatement are placed in five groups—three of pioneers, one of secondary invaders, and one of progressive penetrators— on the basis of their year of arrival, penetration, and length of stay.

By the end of the study, biotic recovery had so progressed that a plot of the quantitative distribution of species illustrated the classic V‐shaped curve for estuaries. A similarly shaped curve was obtained for the distribution of population densities.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF NUTRIENTS IN THE COSTA RICA DOME IN THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC OCEAN
Authors: Broenkow William W.
Published: March 2010

The distributions of salinity, dissolved oxygen, phosphate, nitrate, and silicate in the Costa Rica Dome are described from data collected during the Costa Rica Dome cruise November–December 1959. The dome is an area where nutrient‐rich, oxygen‐poor water is brought to the surface by upwelling.

The ratios of change of oxygen, phosphate, and nitrate are computed statistically from the observed data to 1,100 m depth.

A simple mixing model is used to explain the observed vertical distribution of oxygen above 65 m when allowances are made for photosynthetic oxygen production. The contributions of oxygen from various sources are estimated by use of the model. A similar model is used to compute the ratios in which nutrients are assimilated by phytoplankton.
NITROGEN METABOLISM IN LAKES III. TRACER STUDIES OF THE ASSIMILATION OF INORGANIC NITROGEN SOURCES1
Authors: Dugdale Vera A. , Dugdale Richard C.
Published: March 2010

Using a stable isotope technique, the uptake rates of three inorganic nitrogen sources were followed during a summer season in Sanctuary Lake, Pennsylvania, and compared with the amount of the dissolved inorganic nitrogen in the water. Variations in the uptake regime during the season were considerable and seemed to be connected with the seasonal changes in the phytoplankton community. In the early part of the season, high uptake rates of all three forms were noted, whereas the second main uptake pulse in nitrogen utilization involved predominantly the assimilation of molecular nitrogen at the end of the summer.
AVOIDANCE OF TOWED NETS BY ZOOPLANKTON1
Authors: Fleminger Abraham , Clutter Robert I.
Published: March 2010

Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of behavior on the accuracy of sampling populations composed of several species of marine copepods and mysids held in a large, enclosed seawater pool. Plankton nets having mouth areas of 1,600, 800, and 400 cm2 were towed in replicate sets during midday and midnight under three light conditions in plankton populations of different densities. Statistical treatment of the results showed that smaller nets were more effectively avoided and that the degree of avoidance varied among species. Estimates of the peripheral escape zone were obtained. More mysids, but not more copepods, were caught in darkness than in light, and avoidance tended to be less in denser populations. Time of day had no effect on avoidance behavior. Escape mechanisms and the possible effect of population density are discussed.
TEMPERATURE VARIATION IN THE INFAUNAL ENVIRONMENT OF A SAND FLAT
Authors: Johnson Ralph Gordon
Published: March 2010

Temperature variation within intertidal sands was observed at two stations in Tomales Bay, California. The annual range and seasonal trend temperature at 10 cm beneath the sand surface are similar to those in the open water of the bay. The daily variation resembles that observed in terrestrial soils. Animals living in the upper 1 cm are exposed to a daily temperature range as great as three times that experienced by subtidal individuals of the same species. The animals living at 10 cm or deeper are subject to a temperature regime similar to that of the subtidal environment.
THE WINTER‐SPRING DIATOM FLOWERING IN NARRAGANSETT BAY1
Authors: Pratt David M.
Published: March 2010

Weekly observations of phosphate, nitrate, silicate, and phytoplankton over a 4½‐year period are analyzed to explain year‐to‐year variations in the time of inception and magnitude of the winter‐spring diatom flowering in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. The population during this period (November June) is dominated by Skeletonema costatum. The start of growth does not appear to be related to stability, temperature, or incident radiation; Martin (1965) has shown that it is triggered by the release of zooplankton grazing pressure. The diatom maximum is independent of temperature and incident radiation, and it is regulated by the concentrations of nitrate and silicate at the beginning of logarithmic growth, which also influences the magnitude of that part of the flowering that follows the winter maximum. In most years, considerable growth takes place after the exhaustion of nitrate, whereas growth was never observed to continue after silicate depletion. The relative importance and interplay of silicate and nitrogen as limiting factors are discussed. Since the flowering is greater the earlier it begins, its success is to some degree predetermined by zooplankton activity in the fall.
EXCRETION OF SOME ORGANIC COMPOUNDS BY MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON1
Authors: Hellebust J. A.
Published: March 2010

The excretion of photoassimilated carbon was determined for 22 species of unicellular marine algae in culture during periods of log‐phase growth and for some natural marine phytoplankton populations from Vineyard Sound and the Gulf of Maine. Carbon 14 tracers gave some information about the composition of the excreted material. Most of the algae excreted 3–6% of their photoassimilated carbon during logarithmic growth. A few species excreted as much as 10–25% under the same conditions. Algae subjected to two different light intensities, 3,000 lux and 25,000 lux, varied less than 30% in their relative rates of excretion. However, algae exposed to direct sunlight (100,000–120,000 lux) had very high excretion rates, possibly resulting from damage to the cells by photooxidation.

Glycolic acid formed 9–38% of the total carbon excretion in Olisthodiscus sp., Chaetoceros pelagicus, Chlorococcum sp. and Skeletonema costatum. Lower relative amounts were excreted by most of the species studied. Skeletonena costatum excreted considerably more glycolic acid at light intensities below 15,000 lux than above. This is contrary to the findings of other investigators using the freshwater alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa.

The amount of carbon excreted as protein ranged from 0.2 to 5.9%, and that excreted as chloroform‐soluble material ranged from 2.8 to 10.3% of the total. After electrodialysis, 12–34% of the compounds were recovered in the anion fraction. Considerable quantities of amino acids and peptides were also detected as excretory products of many of the algae. A few species excreted a single substance almost exclusively. Thus, Chlorella sp. excreted mainly proline, Dunaliella tertiolecta mainly glycerol, and Olisthodiscus sp. mainly mannitol.

Apparently healthy populations of natural phytoplankton excreted 4–16% of their photoassimilated carbon. However, 17–38% was excreted by a sample taken at the end of a diatom bloom, when a large number of empty frustules was present.
NITRATE REDUCTION BY MARINE BACTERIA AT INCREASED HYDROSTATIC PRESSURES1
Authors: ZoBell Claude E. , Budge Keith M.
Published: March 2010

Thirty species of marine bacteria were examined for their ability to grow and reduce nitrate at increased hydrostatic pressures. All grew and reduced nitrate at pressures up to 300 atm, but not as rapidly as at lower pressures. Only 21 species grew in nutrient medium compressed to 400 atm, 11 grew at 600 atm, and 8 grew and reduced nitrate at 1,000 atm. Washed cells, grown at 1 atm, of all species reduced nitrate at deep‐sea pressures, the average rate being only about one‐fifth as fast at 1,000 atm as at 1 atm.

The nitrate‐reducing ability of washed cell suspensions of Pseudomonas perfectomarinus slowly diminished during storage, more slowly at 2C than at 30C. At 2C, such diminution was more rapid at 1,000 atm than at 1 atm, thereby indicating that high pressure inactivates the nitrate‐reducing enzyme system of Ps. perfectomarinus. Subjecting washed cells of this organism suspended in oxygen‐free seawater to pressures of 1,000 to 1,800 atm for a few minutes had no measurable effect on their ability to reduce nitrate after decompressing them to 1 atm, but holding such cells for several hours at high pressures inactivated their nitrate‐reducing enzyme system. Such inactivation was complete and irreversible after holding the cells for 24 hr at 10C at 1,800 atm. Enzyme inactivation by increased pressures was more rapid at low temperatures, 2C, than at higher temperatures (tests made at 10, 21, and 3OC).
CALCIUM CARBONATE SATURATION IN THE OCEAN
Authors: Pytkowicz R. M.
Published: March 2010

A procedure and a nomogram are presented for the determination of the calcium carbonate saturation of seawater at in situ pressures. This procedure was applied to data from the eastern South Pacific Ocean, and results show that these waters are generally undersaturated below the first few hundred meters. This undersaturation suggests that sinking calcareous tests will partly dissolve and that the specific alkalinity should increase with time.
DETERMINATION OF RUBIDIUM IN SEAWATER1
Authors: Smith Raymond C. , Pillai K. C. , Chow Tsaihwa J. , Folsom Theodore R.
Published: March 2010

Rubidium concentrations in seawater from various locations and depths to 3,900 m have been determined using two independent techniques—direct flame photometry and mass spectrometry. Results of these two techniques agree within estimated errors and indicate that the rubidium content in the oceans is uniform within ±8% with values varying about 120 µg/liter. Sediment from the sea floor below a depth profile, analyzed for rubidium and potassium, gave a rubidium concentration factor of 150 and a potassium to rubidium ratio of 1,270.
HYPOLIMNETIC HEATING IN CASTLE LAKE, CALIFORNIA1
Authors: Bachmann Roger W. , Goldman Charles R.
Published: March 2010

A 5‐year series of summer temperature profiles was used to calculate the coefficient of eddy conductivity in a small (20.1 ha) mountain lake. The relatively high value obtained (6.22 × 10−2= g cm−1 sec−1) prompted us to evaluate the role of direct solar heating in the hypolimnion using data on total daily solar radiation, the spectral curve of sunlight, and the light transmission properties of the lake water. It was found that an estimated 65–85% of the heating in the upper hypolimnion could be accounted for by direct solar heating. It is postulated that in Castle Lake direct solar heating rather than turbulent mixing is responsible for the shape of the hypolimnetic thermal profile.
ENERGY MEASUREMENTS IN THE SWASH—SURF ZONE1
Authors: Schiffman Arnold
Published: March 2010

A technique has been devised for obtaining energy and sediment data in the swash‐surf zone of a beach. The instruments used are a bidirectional compression spring dynamometer and a rapid surface sand sampler that have been designed specifically for use shoreward of the breakers. On the basis of the information gathered to date, three distinct depositional environments have been defined inside the breaker zone. These are: 1) the swash zone, 2) the surf zone, and 3) a well defined transition zone separating the first two.
THE ECOLOGY OF THE CALANOID COPEPOD PSEUDOCALANUS MINUTUS KRØYER IN TESSIARSUK, A COASTAL MEROMICTIC LAKE OF NORTHERN LABRADOR
Authors: Carter John C. H.
Published: March 2010

A study of the ecology of the calanoid copepod Pseudocalanus minutus Krøyer in Tessiarsuk, a deep coastal meromictic lake of northern Labrador, was made in the summer of 1961 and spring of 1962. The lake, containing two basins, is separated from Anaktalik Bay by a shallow threshold and receives periodic volumes of tidal water. Maximum salinity at depth was 21.5‰, while surface salinity was less and increased through the season. Temperatures were stable in the monimolimnion but variable in the chemocline and mixolimnion. Gradual deoxygenation occurred with depth; the profundal waters contained only traces of oxygen. In both lake basins P. minutus produced two generations each year with a possibility that some animals might have been annual. Females in the spring spawned two broods in succession. An inverse relationship existed between water temperature and copepodite length. All stages were concentrated in the upper waters; the copepodites underwent a gradual seasonal descent. The salinity gradient produced a distinct spatial separation of Pseudocalanus from the other autochthonous calanoids, Acartia clausi and Eurytemora hirundoides.
DIGGING CHARACTERISTICS AND SAMPLING EFFICIENCY OF THE 0.1 m2 VAN VEEN GRAB1
Authors: Lie Ulf , Pamatmat Mario M.
Published: March 2010

Replicate samples were collected with a 0.1 m2 van Veen grab during high tide and by hand‐digging during low tide on an intertidal sandflat. The volume of sediment in the grab samples was measured; the coefficient of variation from replicate series varied from 7.4 to 20.3%, with a mean for all stations of 13.4%. Digging characteristics of the grab were studied by SCUBA‐divers under water, and by an experiment on a sandy beach. It was concluded that the jaws approached each other horizontally when closing rather than digging a semi‐circular cut. The shock‐wave of the grab appeared to be negligible for the infauna included in this study.

Sample counts for the most abundant species obtained by digging and with the grab were compared. In only 8 out of 37 cases was there a significant difference between the two sets of samples. The vertical distribution of the fauna in the substrate in terms of numbers and biomass was studied.
CARBONATE EQUILIBRIA: A GRAPHIC AND ALGEBRAIC APPROACH1
Authors: Deffeyes Kenneth S.
Published: March 2010

Graphic solutions for a wide variety of problems in carbonate equilibrium can be obtained if one uses the total carbonate carbon and alkalinity as abscissa and ordinate. At any point on such a diagram the carbonate system is completely defined and the pH, carbon dioxide pressure, bicarbonate concentration, and carbonate concentration can be presented as contours. The diagrams can be prepared for systems which contain other buffers in addition to carbonate. On such diagrams, the addition or removal of CO2, HCO3-, CO3=, acid, or base is a vector property. Diagrams have been prepared for systems that are buffered only by H+ and OH- ions and by the carbonate species at 25C and 1 atm pressure. For solutions in equilibrium with calcite, the magnitude of the alkalinity minus the calcium can also be contoured.

An algebraic treatment that is equivalent to graphic solutions can be used either to obtain greater precision or to work with different equilibrium constants.
PROCESSES AFFECTING SEAWATER CIIARACTERISTICS ALONG THE OREGON COAST
Authors: Pattullo June , Denner Warren
Published: March 2010

Local processes that modify surface water properties are described. Temperature and salinity data from Oregon coastal waters during 1961 and 1962 are examined to assess the effects of the various processes.

The temperature‐salinity pairs are divided into sets; each set is considered as dominated by a single modifying process. The set is defined by a process sector on a T‐S field. The percentage of observations in each process sector is determined; these provide a basis for quantitative comparison of different samples of data.

During winter, rainfall is the dominant process all along the Oregon coast. Rainfall effects were found in 72% of the winter observations. During summer, two other processes dominate: along the northern Oregon coast, mixing with Columbia River water occurred 23% of the time; near Cape Blanco, upwelling in conjunction with heating was found 42% of the time.
RELATIONSHIP OF HERBIVORE GROWTH TO RATE OF GROSS PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN MICROCOSMS1
Authors: McConnell William J.
Published: March 2010

Tilapia mossambica (Peters) fry were reared in tank microcosms on the proceeds of in situ algal photosynthesis only. The cube root of average rate of individual weight gain was related linearly to average rate of gross photosynthesis. Failure of increased population density to suppress individual growth rate was attributed to inefficient foraging and rapid decomposition of uneaten settled phytoplankton.
CHANGES IN THE BOTTOM FAUNA OF WESTERN LAKE ERIE FROM 1930 TO 1961
Authors: Carr John F. , Hiltunen Jarl K.
Published: March 2010

Samples were collected at 40 stations in western Lake Erie in 1961 to determine the species composition, distribution, and abundance of macrobenthonic organisms and to document changes since 1930, when a similar survey was made. The fauna in 1961 was composed principally of Oligochaeta, Tendipedidae (7 genera), Sphaeriidac (15 species), and Gastropoda (at least 8 species). Stations with a high density of Oligochaeta were near the principal sources of pollution (Maumee, Raisin, and Detroit rivers). Stations with fewer Oligochacta and a more diverse fauna were farthest from the river mouths. The population density of the burrowing mayfly, Hexagenia spp., was reduced from an average of 139/m2 in 1930 to less than 1/m2 in 1961. Organisms more abundant near the sources of pollution than in other areas were, in addition to Oligochaeta: the midge, Procladius; the fingernail clam, Sphaerium transversum; and the snail, Valvata sincera (sens. lat.). Organisms sensitive to pollution, such as amphipods, mayfly nymphs, caddisfly larvae, and naiad clams, were scarce and usually at the more lakeward stations. The most important changes in fauna during the 31‐year period were: ninefold increase in Oligochacta; fourfold increase in Tendipedidae; twofold increase in Sphaeriidae; sixfold increase in Gastropoda; and a reduction of Hexagenia to less than 1% of former abundance. The area of pollution (as judged from the abundance of Oligochaeta) increased from 263 km2 in 1930 to 1,020 km2 in 1961.
METHANE AS A CONSTITUENT OF THE INTERNAL ATMOSPHERE OF VASCULAR HYDROPHYTES1
Authors: Hartman Richard T. , Brown Doris L.
Published: March 2010

Methane has been detected as a constituent of the internal atmosphere of Elodea canadensis and Myriophyllum exalbescens growing in ponds with organic substrates. The gas apparently diffuses from the anoxic substrates into the root or rhizoidal portion of the plants. High concentrations of the gas within the plants have been observed during the winter under an ice cover. Methane was also present during the night and early hours during summer. When the gas was added experimentally to pond water, it appeared quickly in the internal atmosphere of plants, apparently diffusing into shoot tissues. In dark‐bottle experiments methane disappeared slowly from internal tissues. It was displaced rapidly from light bottles during periods of active photosynthesis.
PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY IN A SOUTHERN GREAT PLAINS STREAM1
Authors: Duffer William R. , Dorris Troy C.
Published: March 2010

Physico‐chemical conditions and community metabolism in a relatively undisturbed stream in Oklahoma were studied from June 1963 to August 1964. Stream reaches were selected in geological formations outcropping primarily as limestone, granite, and sand. Total alkalinity decreased and carbonate alkalinity increased downstream. Summer chlorophyll concentration was highest on the granite outcrop. High chlorophyll concentrations occurred in upstream reaches on large boulders in the channel bed, and low concentrations occurred downstream on shifting sand. Gross photosynthesis varied from 10.1 g O2 m−2 day−1 in winter to 48.0 g 02 m−2 day−1 in summer on the granite outcrop and always exceeded respiration. High primary productivity and respiration resulted from large populations of benthic algae and bryophytes growing on the granite formations. Community respiration always exceeded photosynthetic productivity at reaches in limestone and sand formations. Annual primary production varied from 1.1 kg/m2 on the sand to 7.8 kg/m2 on the granite. Daily photosynthetic efficiencies ranged from 0.1 to 2.7%. As solar radiation increased during the day, photosynthetic productivity increased, but efficiency of utilization of solar radiation decreased.
BEHAVIOR AND TRANSPORT OF RADIONUCLIDES IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER BETWEEN HANFORD AND VANCOUVER, WASHINGTON1
Authors: Perkins R. W. , Nelson J. L. , Haushild W. L.
Published: March 2010

A study of the behavior and transport by the Columbia River of the eleven radionuclides 46Sc, 51Cr, 54Mn, 58Co, 59F9Fe, 60Co, 65Zn, 95Zr‐96Nb, 106Ru, 124Sb, and 140Ba was carried out in the river reach between Pasco and Vancouver, Washington, during the period January 1964 through January 1965. This study was accomplished by direct counting of water salts and filter samples on a multidimensional gamma‐ray spectrometer and represents the first measurements of the interactions of most of these radionuclides in the river. Through this multiple tracer technique, the specific and relative behaviors of these radionuclides in regard to their sorption by and movement with suspended particulate matter in the Columbia River were determined. Depletion of these radionuclides from the river during transport and the radionuclide inventory in the stream bed for the river reach between Pasco and Vancouver were also estimated.
THE EFFECTS OF THE DEPOSIT FEEDING POLYCHAETE PECTINARIA GOULDII ON THE INTERTIDAL SEDIMENTS OF BARNSTABLE HARBOR1
Authors: Gordon Donald C.
Published: March 2010

Under laboratory conditions, individual Pectinaria gouldii worked 6 g of sediment/day. This rate was related directly to sediment temperature and inversely to sediment pigment concentration. At this rate, corrected for the effects of daily tidal exposure and annual temperature fluctuations, the worm population in the flat studied (10 worms/m2) would completely work all sediment in the 6‐cm thick surface layer every 15 years. The observed activity of other deposit feeders would substantially reduce this time. P. gouldii removed 3.55 units of sediment pigment (42%) and 1.43 mg of organic carbon (45%) from each gram of sediment worked, suggesting a rapid utilization of the available organic matter.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE ASSIMILATION OF ORGANIC MATTER BY ZOOPLANKTON AND THE QUESTION OF SUPERFLUOUS FEEDING1
Authors: Conover Robert J.
Published: March 2010

A temperature increase of 3 to 5C in the range from 2 to 11C had no effect on percentage of assimilation by Calanus hyperboreus feeding on diatoms. Neither age of food culture nor the length of exposure to the food affected utilization. However, food organisms with a low ash content seemed to be more completely assimilated than those with a large amount of ash. Percentage of assimilation was not related to amount of food offered nor to the amount of food ingested by the copepods. Similarly, there was no relationship between the quantity of food available in the sea and percentage of assimilation by the zooplankton community. It is concluded that “superfluous feeding” does not normally occur in nature.
STUDIES ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE MAJOR ZOOPLANKTON GROUPS IN THE SARGASSO SEA OFF BERMUDA1
Authors: Beers John R.
Published: March 2010

A one year study was made of the carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbohydrate content of the major zooplankton groups from the surface to 500 m in the Sargasso Sea off Bermuda. Carbon content ranged from the yearly average of 41.6% of the dry weight of copepods to as low as 7.2% in the siphonophores. Nitrogen varied from approximately 9–11% of the dry weight of organisms with a low wet to dry weight ratio; 1–4% in the watery forms; and 6–8% in intermediate groups such as the chaetognaths. Average yearly phosphorus levels ranged from 1.48% of the dry weight in the euphausids‐mysids to 0.14% in siphonophores. Carbohydrate content of all groups was low, averaging less than 1% of the dry weight.
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON GROWTH, CALCIFICATION, AND COCCOLITH FORM IN COCCOLITHUS HUXLEYI (COCCOLITHINEAE)
Authors: Watabe Norimitsu , Wilbur Karl M.
Published: March 2010

Rates of growth of Coccolithus huxleyi were determined at 7, 12, 18, 24, and 27C and found to be highest at 18 and 24C. The mean minimum doubling time was about 19 hr. The Q10 of growth rates for the interval 7–18C was 2.95. The Q10 value was 1.66 in medium lacking Na2CO3. The percentage of cells forming coccoliths was twofold to threefold greater at 18 and 24C than at 7 and 27C.

Coccolith dimensions were significantly different at 12, 18, 24, and 27C. The width and length of the coccoliths and the length of the elements of the upper disc decreased progressively above 18C. In contrast, the width of the upper elements increased to a maximum at 24C. Abnormal coccoliths were produced at all temperatures and were minimal in number at 18C.
AN ANALYSIS OF FACTORS GOVERNING PRODUCTIVITY IN LAKES AND RESERVOIRS1
Authors: Brylinsky M. , Mann K. H.
Published: March 2010

Data collected as part of the International Biological Program from 43 lakes and 12 reservoirs, distributed from the tropics to the arctic, were subjected to statistical analysis to establish which factors are important in controlling production and how they are related. In the whole body of data, variables related to solar energy input have a greater influence on production than variables related to nutrient concentration; in lakes within a narrow range of latitude, nutrient‐related variables assume greater importance. Morphological factors have little influence on productivity per unit area in either case. Chlorophyll a concentration is a good indicator of nutrient conditions and when combined with an energy‐related variable constitutes a good estimator of primary production.
ENHANCEMENT OF NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY BY HERBIVORE GRAZING IN AQUATIC LABORATORY MICROCOSMS1
Authors: Cooper David C.
Published: March 2010

The role of herbivore grazing intensity as a factor affecting net primary productivity was investigated by introducing varying biomasses of a starved herbivore (Notropis spilopterus) into replicate autotrophic microcosms. After 20 days, the enhancement of net primary productivity in the experimental microcosms was directly related to herbivore biomass up to a certain density and inversely related above this. The relationship approximates the first derivative of a sigmoid population growth model. Enhancement of primary production under these experimental conditions appears to be due to reductions of standing crop and increased turnover rates of producer populations. The results suggest that these responses were independent of increased nutrient regeneration rates brought about by grazing.
CARBON DIOXIDE DYNAMICS: A RECORD OF ORGANIC CARBON PRODUCTION, RESPIRATION, AND CALCIFICATION IN THE ENIWETOK REEF FLAT COMMUNITY1
Authors: Smith S. V.
Published: March 2010

Organic carbon production, respiration, and calcification alter the CO content of water crossing the Eniwetok windward reef flat. Changes in pH and total alkalinity can be used to partition the CO2 changes into those due to production‐respiration and those due to calcification. Gas transfer across the air‐sea interface is minor.

Both a transect visually dominated by a mixture of corals and algae and a transect dominated by an algal turf calcified at an average rate of 4,000 g CaCO3 m−2 yr −1, with no apparent day‐to‐night difference. Although nighttime respiration on both transects was 0.12 g C m−2 hr−1, the algal transect exhibited a much higher daytime net production rate than did the coral‐algal transect (0.72 vs. 0.25 g C m−2 hr−1).

Although little particulate CaCO3 was removed from the reef flat during these studies, there has been virtually no net CaCO3 accumulation there over the last several thousand years.
A field fixation technique for dissolved phosphate in lake water1
Authors: SHAPIRO JOSEPH
Published: March 2010

Dissolved orthophosphate in natural waters may be determined accurately by simple field extraction of phosphomolybdic acid into isobutyl alcohol, followed by laboratory work as much as 2 weeks later.
The use of activated charcoal for the removal of oxygen from gas systems
Authors: COOKE ROBERT C.
Published: March 2010

Coconut charcoal activated in helium at 800°C has been found effective in the quantitative chemisorption of oxygen from gas samples being analyzed by gas‐solid chromatography. The removal of oxygen allows the rapid determination of argon when using standard chromatographic packings for the routine separation of dissolved gases.
Contamination of surfaces by bacterial neuston1
Authors: DISALVO LOUIS H.
Published: March 2010

Methods are described for use in assay of sea surface contribution to the initial bacteriological fouling of glass immersed in natural waters. Surfaces coming in contact with the air‐sea interface held up to three orders of magnitude more attached bacteria per unit area than surfaces kept from contact with it.
DETAILED TIME VARIATIONS IN MEAN TEMPERATURE AND HEAT CONTENT OF SOME MADISON LAKES
Authors: Stewart Kenton M.
Published: March 2010

Detailed variations in the mean temperature and heat content were studied for 5 years in Lake Mendota and 3 years in Lakes Monona and Waubesa near Madison, Wisconsin. The data show that the heat content may vary significantly within 2 or 3 days and that the specific time of maximum heat content is unpredictable. Accurate determinations of heat budgets require frequent sampling over long periods. A Birgean annual heat budget may not necessarily reflect the influence of a lake on the surrounding environment.

Thermal discharges had little influence in determining the mean temperatures of Lake Monona.
THE CHARACTERIZATION OF SOLUBLE PHOSPHORUS RELEASED BY LIMNETIC ZOOPLANKTON1
Authors: Peters Robert , Lean David
Published: March 2010

Three rapid techniques were used to characterize the main forms of soluble phosphate released by Daphnia rosea. Uniformly 32P‐labeled laboratory animals were transferred to nonradioactive water and most of the soluble radiophosphorus was shown to be similar to PO4 in anion exchange, in gel filtration chromatography, and in a kinetic analysis of incorporation by natural seston. In addition, Diaptomus minutus was labeled in situ with 32P and its release products compared to PO4 by gel filtration. This analysis and those using Daphnia indicated that the released soluble phosphorus was about 90% orthophosphate. However, molybdate analyses of the soluble phosphates released in a 10‐hr experiment showed them to be only 60% orthophosphate. Net reuptake of orthophosphate was insufficient to account for this discrepancy. Recycling of phosphorus is postulated in longer experiments, which leads to a substantial underestimate of the orthophosphate release.
FEEDING AND ASSIMILATION OF MYSIS RELICTA1,2
Authors: Lasenby David C. , Langford Raymond R.
Published: March 2010

Feeding habits and assimilation efficiencies were studied for Mysis relicta from Char Lake, N.W.T., and Stony Lake, Ontario. Stony Lake animals were rather voracious predators, feeding on Daphnia and other cladocerans during their vertical migration at night. Char Lake mysids fed primarily on diatoms and inorganic particles on a moss substrate. The gravimetric method showed an assimilation efficiency of 85% for Stony Lake mysids feeding on Daphnia pulex; the Conover ash‐ratio method showed 52%. Results of the ashratio method corrected for ash assimilation, using the gravimetric data, gave an assimilation efficiency of 87%, indicating that ash assimilation can account for the difference between the two methods. A negative assimilation efficiency was obtained by the ash‐ratio method for Char Lake mysids feeding on moss washings, suggesting that mysids may be able to select organic material from the substrate.
ANNUAL PRODUCTION OF A STREAM MAYFLY POPULATION: A COMPARISON OF METHODS1
Authors: Waters Thomas F. , Crawford Gary W.
Published: March 2010

The annual production of the mayfly Ephemerella subvaria McDunnough in a small central Minnesota stream, Luxemburg Creek, was estimated by four methods: a removal‐summation method, the instantaneous growth method, the Allen curve, and the Hynes method. Basic data on standing crop and growth rates were obtained from a series of bottom samples covering the life cycle of the mayfly. The life history of E. subvaria was clear and simple, and the data were particularly amenable to production estimation by all four methods. The first three yielded estimates of annual production that generally agreed, ranging from 26.4 to 28.9 g m−2. The Hynes method yielded an estimate 15.2 to 26.1% higher, or 33.3 g m−2. Cohort turnover ratios for the first three methods ranged from 4.2 to 4.6 (not calculable for the Hynes method); the annual turnover ratio for the first three methods ranged from 5.8 to 6.3 and was 7.2 for the Hynes method.
Estimation of mortality coefficients from field samples of zooplankton1
Authors: FAGER E. W.
Published: March 2010

Point estimates of mortality of zooplankton in the field, based on relative numbers of individuals of different developmental stages observed in samples, require either a knowledge of the initial input of young or assumptions about constancy of input and constancy of mortality over adjacent stages. As the initial input is rarely known and the assumptions of constancy are probably often violated, the resulting uncertainty should be made evident in the estimates. This can be done by reporting the ranges of values of the mortality coefficients that would be consistent with the observed relative numbers of individuals. Methods of calculating these ranges are given.
An evaluation of liquid scintillation counting techniques for use in aquatic primary production studies1
Authors: PUGH P. R.
Published: March 2010

Methods evaluated for the liquid scintillation counting of samples from aquatic primary production studies include the counting of intact filters and cells in a toluene fluor, solubilization and counting of membrane filters and cells in various reagents, and counting of a suspension of cells mixed with the fluor. A 1:1 Triton X‐100:toluene fluor was very effective for the suspension of cells and gave high counting efficiencies. Up to 5 ml of sample could be mixed with the fluor, but this was considered inadequate for most primary production studies.

The filter standardization method for the counting of intact filters was investigated further and found to be applicable over a wide range of conditions but only accurate when the weight of algae on the filters was small (< 1 mg).

Direct solubilization of the filters and cells in a naphthalene‐dioxane or 2‐methoxyethanoltoluene fluor were the simplest, most accurate, and economical methods for primary production studies; the latter dissolved both wet and dry cellulose nitrate membrane filters and gave excellent replicate counting.
The reduction of copper toxicity in a marine copepod by sediment extract1
Authors: LEWIS A. G. , WHITFIELD P. , RAMNARINE A.
Published: March 2010

Seawater extracts of marine sediments from two areas were added to copper‐enriched seawater in which the prefeeding stages (egg, NI, NII) of Euchaeta japonica (Copepoda: Calanoida) were maintained. Survival with the sediment extracts was greater than without, indicating an ability of some part of the extracted material to reduce the toxicity of the copper. The effect of the extracts was compared with that of a synthetic chelating agent to provide an “equivalent” value.
FECUNDITY OF THE ACORN BARNACLE BALANUS PACIFICUS PILSBRY: A FUGITIVE SPECIES1
Authors: Hurley Ann C.
Published: March 2010

The distribution of Balanus pacificus along the coasts of California and Baja California indicates that it probably is a fugitive species. This barnacle usually occurs on small ephemeral objects in the sand rather than in established many‐species communities on rock. It occurred in only 11% of the 94 rocky areas but in 83% of the 53 sandy areas examined. It is well suited for such an existence; when compared to other barnacles, it shows a high fecundity and an early age of maturity. It also breeds continuously throughout the year and is thus able to take advantage of suitable substrates as they become available.
The occurrence of a Noctiluca scintillans (Macartney) induced red tide in Hong Kong
Authors: FUNG Y. C. , TROTT L. B.
Published: March 2010

A red tide in June 1971 off Hong Kong immediately followed the passing of a typhoon; the causative agent was Noctiluca scintillans. Previous occurrence of N. scintillans was during winter. The summer conditions were not suitable for N. scintillans, which disappeared in a few days, causing no apparent harm. Its presence in high density is explained by convergence associated with the high velocity winds of the typhoon.
The effects of several weather disturbances on the seiches in Lake Travis, Texas1
Authors: ELLIS G. E. , SHOOTER J. A. , HORTON C. W.
Published: March 2010

Experimental observations of the seiches in a branch of Lake Travis were made before and after passage of several weather disturbances. Power spectra present the changes in energy density occurring with the passage of a squall line, a fast‐moving cold front, and steady winds.
Determination of low phosphate concentrations in seawater by an isobutyl acetate extraction procedure
Authors: CESCON B. S. , SCARAZZATO P. G.
Published: March 2010

Isobutyl acetate is proposed as an extracting reagent for the determination of low phosphate concentrations in seawater. Since this ester is immiscible with water, its use improves both the accuracy and the ease of the method.
PHYTONEUSTON ECOLOGY OF A TEMPERATE MARINE LAGOON1
Authors: Hardy John T.
Published: March 2010

Comparison of neuston (upper 0.4 cm) and plankton (10 cm deep) water samples from a temperate marine lagoon and an adjacent, less sheltered bay indicates that: 1) the surface microlayer exhibits greater and more rapid environmental fluctuations than the subsurface water; 2) no abundant phytoneuston populations develop outside the lagoon; 3) in the main lagoon fairly abundant phytoneuston populations develop; 4) phytoneuston population are most developed in the shallow sheltered pond area of the lagoon, particularly in summer; 5) taxonomic diversity is generally lower and dominance greater in well‐developed phytoneuston populations than in underlying phytoplankton populations; 6) photosynthetic assimilation ratios are greater in phytoneuston than in phytoplankton populations.
A STUDY OF PLANKTON DYNAMICS AND NUTRIENT CYCLING IN THE CENTRAL GYRE OF THE NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN1
Authors: Eppley Richard W. , Renger Edward H. , Venrick Elizabeth L. , Mullin Michael M.
Published: March 2010

The dynamics of phytoplankton growth in relation to nutrient concentrations were studied in the subtropical central gyre of the North Pacific in November 1971. Rates of excretion of phosphate, ammonium, and urea‐N by zooplankton and rates of assimilation of carbon, nitrate, ammonium, and urea‐N by phytoplankton were measured. The growth rate of phytoplankton was estimated to be about 0.2–0.3 doublings day−1 in the 70–80‐m mixed layer, apparently limited by concentrations of both nitrogen and phosphate. Only nitrogen concentration was so limiting at a station near the western edge of the California Current. No diel changes in concentrations of ambient nutrients were observed. Urea‐nitrogen appears to be an important source of nitrogen for phytoplankton growth in these waters and to be an important excretory product of zooplankton.

Concentrations of phosphate and ammonium were extremely low, but turnover times were estimated to be of the order 3–5 days for ammonium and >10 days for urea and phosphate. Bioinass of phytoplankton in the mixed layer was also very low, and corresponded approximately to that expected if a laboratory culture were operated as a nitrogen‐limited chemostat with a concentration of about 0.48 µg‐atom N liter−1 in the incoming culture medium and a dilution rate of about 0.13 per day.

Physiological differences were noted between the phytoplankton in the mixed layer and that living below the thermocline, as were differences in chemical composition (ratio of C:Chl a and C:N).
GRAZING OF PSEUDOCALANUS MINUTUS ON NATURALLY OCCURRING PARTICULATE MATTER
Authors: Poulet S. A.
Published: March 2010

The quantity and size of particulate matter consumed by Pseudocalanus minutus were studied in seawater samples collected from different depths and from closely spaced stations.

The heterogeneity in particle distribution resulted from quantitative and qualitative fluctuations in the particle spectrum, although at times the total concentration was about the same. Pseudocalanus minutus consumed particles between 4 and 100 µ. An electivity index value was more often positive for 25.4–57.0‐µ particles. On the average, particles <39 µ were more readily eaten than larger particles. The consumption by copepods at different locations was related not only to particle concentration but also to the pattern of the particle size spectrum. Pseudocalanus was able to shift its grazing pressure from small to large particles to compensate for a reduction in density of small particles.
OBSERVATIONS OF LANGMUIR CIRCULATIONS IN LAKE ONTARIO1
Authors: Harris G. P. , Lott J. N. A.
Published: March 2010

The downwelling velocities associated with Langmuir circulations in Lake Ontario correlate well with wind speed under surface cooling. With surface heating the correlations with wind speed are poor and calculations of a stability parameter indicate a different proportionality. Observations of surface phenomena indicate that surface slicks and capillary wave damping are in operation at the point of downwelling.
SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF CADMIUM, COPPER, MANGANESE, LEAD, AND ZINC IN WATER AND PHYTOPLANKTON IN MONTEREY BAY, CALIFORNIA1
Authors: Knauer George A. , Martin John H.
Published: March 2010

Surface water and mixed phytoplankton samples, collected over 1 year in Monterey Bay, California, were analyzed for Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn. The phytoplankton appeared to have little effect on the concentrations of these elements in water with the exception of Cd, which decreased during peak periods of productivity. Generally, metal levels in nearshore surface waters appeared to be more dependent on hydrographical fluctuations than on biological factors. Surface water collected on a transect between Hawaii and Monterey was analyzed for these same trace metals, for inshore‐offshore comparisons. Levels of Cu, Mn, and Zn were usually higher inshore than offshore especially during periods of strong upwelling. Concentrations of Cd and Pb were almost always an order of magnitude higher inshore.
DISTRIBUTION OF TRACE METALS IN THE PORE WATERS OF SHALLOW WATER MARINE SEDIMENTS
Authors: Duchart Patricia , Calvert S. E. , Price N. B.
Published: March 2010

The concentrations of seven trace metals in the pore waters of marine sediments from Loch Fyne, Scotland, have been analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry following solvent extraction. The samples were taken from sediments containing variable amounts of sulfide at depth and variable thicknesses of oxides at the surfaces; one core contains abundant manganese nodules and manganese‐calcium carbonate concretions.

The distribution of dissolved Mn shows a regular downward decrease in all cores examined which is interpreted as an indication of recycling of Mn between solid diagenetic mineral phases and pore solutions. Dissolved Fe, in much lower concentrations, either decreases or increases down the core depending on the type of sediment; Cu, Ni, Zn, Co, and Pb also show variable concentration profiles indicating control by different post‐depositional reactions in the sediment, which in turn depend on different physiochemical environments generated by variable amounts of contained organic material and different accumulation rates.
ANAEROBIC METABOLISM IN LAKE WASHINGTON SEDIMENTS1
Authors: Pamatmat Mario M. , Bhagwat Ashok M.
Published: March 2010

A method of measuring the dehydrogenase activity of sediments at 10°C was calibrated by direct microcalorimetry at the same temperature. Field measurements of dehydrogenase activity of sediments in Lake Washington were converted to rates of metabolic heat release by means of the significant regression of dehydrogenase activity on metabolic heat release. Simultaneous field measurements at 10°C of oxygen uptake by undisturbed sediment cores were converted to rates of metabolic heat release by the factor 4.8 cal liberated per milliliter of oxygen consumed.

Dehydrogenase activity varies from place to place and differs between layers of the same core. Although there is a general trend of decreasing activity with sediment depth, some subsurface layers have relatively high activity. Dehydrogenase activity, which was detected down to the deepest layers of the sediment cores, 21 to 31 cm, appears to be more a function of plankton remains than of total organic carbon in the sediment. The integrated metabolic heat release based on dehydrogenase activity of the entire core was invariably greater than the metabolic heat release calculated from the rates of oxygen uptake. Thus, it appears that the rate of total oxygen uptake by the sediment surface underestimates benthic community metabolism in the sediment column.
Patterns of radiocarbon uptake by a thermophilic blue‐green alga under varying conditions of incubation
Authors: SPERLING JON A. , HALE GERALDINE M.
Published: March 2010

Current‐enhanced uptake of radiocarbon by Mastigocladus laminosus Cohn was demonstrated in a laboratory stream using in situ (current flow at 40 cm sec−1 vs. 1–3 cm sec−1) and in vitro (incubation in a vial) techniques. Isotope profiles through in situ cores showed high surface incorporation. Measurements made using the in vitro technique of incubation approached results obtained under natural flow, but may be an artifact of the technique.
Can Halobates dodge nets? I: By daylight?1
Authors: CHENG LANNA
Published: March 2010

The frequency of occurrence of the ocean‐strider (Halobates spp.), taken in surface plankton samples during the EASTROPAC project, is lower in daytime than at night. The analyses indicate that these insects can see and often avoid the mouth of an approaching net.
Observations on coral mucus “flocs” and their potential trophic significance1
Authors: COLES STEPHEN L. , STRATHMANN RICHARD
Published: March 2010

Suspended mucus “flocs” were sampled selectively at Hawaii and Eniwetok and analyzed for particulate carbon and nitrogen. Visible mucus flocs contain significant quantities of organic matter compared to microscopic suspended particle concentrations in the surrounding water. C:N ratios suggest that suspended mucus “flocs” are enriched with nitrogen compared to more recently secreted coral mucus or microscopic particulate organic matter.