bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: 1,2‐DIHYDRO‐1‐(2‐HYDROXYBENZYL)‐3,1‐BENZOXAZIN‐4‐ONES AS STABLE INTERMEDIATES IN THE SYNTHESIS OF MANNICH PRODUCTS FROM PHENOLS AND ANTHRANILIC ACID
Authors: AVERSA M. C. , GIANNETTO P.
Published: May 2016

Durch Mannich‐Reaktion der Phenole (I) mit Paraformaldehyd und Anthranilsäure werden die bisher unbekannten Benzoxazinone (II) dargestellt, die durch Hydrolyse in die N‐Hydroxybenzylanthranilsäure (III) übergehen.
ChemInform Abstract: YLIDE FORMATION FROM CYCLOPROPYL(ISOPROPYL)PHOSPHONIUM SALTS: VIOLATION OF THE CH‐ACIDITY RATE
Authors: SCHIER A. , SCHMIDBAUR H.
Published: May 2016

Aus dem bei der Synthese anfallenden Ylidgemisch (I)/(I I) läßt sich nach Reaktion mit Mel (III) das Phosphoniumsalz (IV) isolieren, welches zum Ylid (V) deprotoniert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES OF SOME MERCURY(II) AND CADMIUM(II) COMPLEXES WITH DICYCLOHEXYLPHOSPHINE AND (1‐(DICYCLOHEXYLPHOSPHINO))‐N‐PHENYLTHIOFORMAMIDE
Authors: DAKTERNIEKS D. , ROLLS C. L.
Published: May 2016

Hg‐ und Cd‐dihalogenide bilden mit Dicyclohexylphosphin abhängig vom stöchiometrischen Verhältnis die lzl‐ (Ia,b) und lz2‐Komplexe (IIa).
ChemInform Abstract: NOVEL CHELATED COMPOUNDS OF β‐CARBOBUTOXYETHYLTIN TRICHLORIDE
Authors: GARAD M. V.
Published: May 2016

Das aus wasserfreiem′Sn(ll)‐chlorid mit Butylacrylat und HCl gebildete, fünffach‐koordinierte β‐Butoxycarbonylethyl‐Sn‐trichIorid (I) reagiert mit Na‐chinolin‐8‐olat abhängig vom stöchiometrischen Verhältnis unter sukzessiver Bildung des Monochinolinolat‐Komplexes (II) mit Retention der Esterbindung, des Bis‐ (III) und des Tris‐[chinolinolato]‐Komplexes (IV) ohne Esterbindung.
ChemInform Abstract: COPPER(II) COMPLEXES WITH OPTICALLY ACTIVE DIAMINES. V. ENANTIOSELECTIVE EFFECTS IN EQUALLY‐PAIRED AND MIXED‐LIGAND COPPER(II) COMPLEXES WITH DIAMINES
Authors: KURGANOV A. A. , PONOMARYOVA T. M. , DAVANKOV V. A.
Published: May 2016

UV‐ und C D‐Spektren von binären und ternären Cu(Il)‐Komplexen der optisch aktiven und racemischen Formen der Diamine (1) und (II) wurden in verschiedenen Lösungsmitteln untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: Methine Dyes from 1‐Alkyl‐3‐[4‐(dialkylamino)phenyl]‐2,3‐dihydro‐2,2‐dimethyl‐1H‐indole‐5‐carboxaldehydes.
Authors: KRUTAK J. J. , BEARD H. M.
Published: May 2016

Die durch Vilsmeier‐Formylierung aus den Indolinen (Ia) zugänglichen Aldehyde (Ib) werden mit entsprechenden methylenaktiven Verbindungen zu den Methinfarbstoffen (Ic)‐(If) kondensiert.
ChemInform Abstract: STABILIZATION OF β‐TURN CONFORMATIONS IN PRO‐X SEQUENCES BY DISULFIDE BRIDGING. SYNTHESIS AND SOLUTION CONFORMATIONS OF FIVE CYCLIC CYSTINE PEPTIDES
Authors: RAVI A. , BALARAM P.
Published: May 2016

Die Titelverbindungen (I) werden synthetisiert und ihre Konformationen werden untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF THYROTROPIN‐RELEASING HORMONE ANALOGS. 1. COMPLETE DISSOCIATION OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS FROM THYROTROPIN‐RELEASING ACTIVITY
Authors: SZIRTES T. , KISFALUDY L. , PALOSI E. , SZPORNY L.
Published: May 2016

Insgesamt 24 TRH‐Analoga wie (VII)‐(IX) werden dargestellt und auf ZNS‐ sowie TRH‐Aktivität untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: Improved Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of 2‐Bromo‐2′‐deoxyadenosine.
Authors: HUANG M. , AVERY T. L. , BLAKLEY R. L. , SECRIST J. A. III , MONTGOMERY J. A.
Published: May 2016

Nach Einführung der Acetylschutzgruppe in (I) wird zum Chlorid (III) halogeniert, das nach Bromierung mit Ammoniak zum Amin (V) reagiert.
ChemInform Abstract: A SIMPLE PROCESS FOR THE PURIFICATION OF ARACHIDONIC ACID
Authors: COREY E. J. , WRIGHT S. W.
Published: May 2016

Die Reinigung von Arachidonsäure (I) erfolgt durch eine Iodlactonisierung unreiner Mischungen zu (II) das mit Trimethylchlorsilan und Nal wieder zu (I) gespalten werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Studies on Antibiotic A23187 (Calcimycin).
Authors: NAKAHARA Y. , FUJITA A. , OGAWA T.
Published: May 2016

Aus dem Glucosid (I) sind die optisch aktiven Synthesebausteine (II) und (III) zugänglich, die zusammen mit dem Aminophenol (IV) als Bausteine für die Synthese von Calcimycin (V) verwendet werden.
ChemInform Abstract: A GENERAL METHOD FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF 11‐DEOXYANTHRACYCLINONES
Authors: RAO A. V. R. , CHANDA B. M. , BORATE H. B.
Published: May 2016

Auf dem skizzierten Weg werden die für die Synthese von Anthracyclinonen interessanten Zwischenprodukte (III)‐(VIII) hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF (Z,Z,Z)‐NONADECA‐1,3,6,9‐TETRAENE AND (Z,Z,Z)‐NONADECA‐3,6,9‐TRIENE, PHEROMONES OF THE WINTER MOTH, OPEROPHTERA BRUMATA L., AND THE GIANT LOOPER, BOARMIA (ASCOTIS) SELENARIA
Authors: BAKER R. , O'MAHONY M. J. , SWAIN C. J.
Published: May 2016

Ausgehend von dem Acetylenderivat (IV) wird das Titeltetraen (VIII) ‐ wie im Formelschema skizziert ‐ unter Einbeziehung des separat dargestellten Tosylats (III) synthetisiert.
Sorption of Organophosphate Flame Retardants on Pahokee Peat Soil
Authors: Zheng Chunli , Feng Shanshan , Liu Pingping , Fries Elke , Wang Qiaorui , Shen Zhenxing , Liu Hongxia , Zhang Tiancheng
Published: May 2016

Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are classified as re‐emerging pollutants and studies on their environmental fate, e.g., sorption behavior on soil are still limited. In this paper, three kinds of OPFRs, tri (n‐butyl) phosphate (TnBP), tris (2‐butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), and tris (2‐chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) were selected and their sorption properties on Pahokee peat soil with high organic matter were investigated by solid phase micro‐extraction coupled with gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. The sorption kinetics of TnBP, TBEP, and TCEP was found to confirm to the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model and the sorption rate was controlled by boundary layer diffusion. The Langmuir isotherm model expressed the sorption equilibrium data well, in which TnBP exhibited the strongest affinity to Pahokee peat soil followed by TBEP and TCEP. Sorption thermodynamics indicated that lower temperature was beneficial to the sorption process.
Highly Luminescent Heterostructured Copper‐Doped Zinc Sulfide Nanocrystals for Application in Cancer Cell Labeling
Authors: Ang Huixiang , Bosman Michel , Thamankar Ramesh , Zulkifli Muhammad Faizal B. , Yen Swee Kuan , Hariharan Anushya , Sudhaharan Thankiah , Selvan Subramanian Tamil
Published: May 2016

The structural characteristics of the seed‐mediated synthesis of heterostructured CuS–ZnS nanocrystals (NCs) and Cu‐doped ZnS (ZnS:Cu) NCs synthesized by two different protocols are compared and analyzed. At high Cu dopant concentrations, segregated subclusters of ZnS and CuS are observed. The photoluminescence quantum yield of ZnS:Cu NCs is about 50–80 %; a value much higher than that of ZnS NCs (6 %). Finally, these NCs are coated with a thin silica shell by using (3‐mercaptopropyl)triethoxysilane in a reverse microemulsion to make them water soluble. Cytotoxicity experiments show that these silica‐coated NCs have greatly reduced toxicity on both cancerous HeLa and noncancerous Chinese hamster ovary cells. The labeling of cancerous HeLa cells is also demonstrated.
Modeling networked systems using the topologically distributed bounded rationality framework
Authors: Kasthurirathna Dharshana , Piraveenan Mahendra , Uddin Shahadat
Published: May 2016

In networked systems research, game theory is increasingly used to model a number of scenarios where distributed decision making takes place in a competitive environment. These scenarios include peer‐to‐peer network formation and routing, computer security level allocation, and TCP congestion control. It has been shown, however, that such modeling has met with limited success in capturing the real‐world behavior of computing systems. One of the main reasons for this drawback is that, whereas classical game theory assumes perfect rationality of players, real world entities in such settings have limited information, and cognitive ability which hinders their decision making. Meanwhile, new bounded rationality models have been proposed in networked game theory which take into account the topology of the network. In this article, we demonstrate that game‐theoretic modeling of computing systems would be much more accurate if a topologically distributed bounded rationality model is used. In particular, we consider (a) link formation on peer‐to‐peer overlay networks (b) assigning security levels to computers in computer networks (c) routing in peer‐to‐peer overlay networks, and show that in each of these scenarios, the accuracy of the modeling improves very significantly when topological models of bounded rationality are applied in the modeling process. Our results indicate that it is possible to use game theory to model competitive scenarios in networked systems in a way that closely reflects real world behavior, topology, and dynamics of such systems. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 123–137, 2016
Microbial sedimentary imprint on the deep Dead Sea sediment
Authors: Thomas Camille , Ebert Yael , Kiro Yael , Stein Mordechai , Ariztegui Daniel ,   the DSDDP Scientific Team
Published: May 2016

A study of an International Continental Drilling Program core recovered from the middle of the modern Dead Sea has identified microbial traces within this subsurface hypersaline environment. A comparison with an active microbial mat exhibiting similar evaporative processes characterized iron‐sulphur mineralization and exopolymeric substances resulting from microbial activity. Exopolymeric substances were identified in the drilled sediment but unlike other hypersaline environments, it appears that they have a limited effect on the precipitation of calcium carbonate in the sedimentary column. Sulphate reduction, however, plays a role in all types of evaporative facies, leading to the formation of diagenetic iron sulphides in glacial and interglacial intervals. Their synthesis seems to occur under progressive sulphidation that generally stops at greigite because of incomplete sulphate reduction. The latter may be caused by a lack of suitable organic matter in this hypersaline, hence energy‐demanding, environment. Pyrite may be found in periods of high lake productivity, when more labile organic matter is available. The carbon and sulphur cycles are thus influenced by microbial activity in the Dead Sea environment and this influence results in diagenetic transformations in the deep sediment.
Comparison between SGLT2 inhibitors and DPP4 inhibitors added to insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review with indirect comparison meta‐analysis
Authors: Min Se Hee , Yoon Jeong‐Hwa , Hahn Seokyung , Cho Young Min
Published: May 2016

Background

Both sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP4) inhibitors can be used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) that is inadequately controlled with insulin therapy, and yet there has been no direct comparison of these two inhibitors.

Methods

We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and ClinicalTrials.gov through June 2015. Randomized controlled trials published in English that compare SGLT2 inhibitor plus insulin (SGLT2i/INS) with placebo plus insulin or DPP4 inhibitor plus insulin (DPP4i/INS) with placebo plus insulin in patients with T2DM were selected. Data on the study characteristics, efficacy and safety outcomes were extracted. We compared the efficacy and safety between SGLT2i/INS and DPP4i/INS indirectly with covariates adjustment. Risk of potential bias was assessed.

Results

Fourteen eligible randomized controlled trials comprising 6980 patients were included (five SGLT2 inhibitor studies and nine DPP4 inhibitor studies). Covariate‐adjusted indirect comparison using meta‐regression analyses revealed that SGLT2i/INS achieved greater reduction in HbA1c [weighted mean difference (WMD) −0.24%, 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.43 to −0.05%], fasting plasma glucose (WMD −18.0 mg/dL, 95% CI −28.5 to −7.6 mg/dL) and body weight (WMD −2.38 kg, 95% CI −3.18 to −1.58 kg) from baseline than DPP4i/INS without increasing the risk of hypoglycaemia (relative risks 1.19, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.82).

Conclusions

Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors achieved better glycaemic control and greater weight reduction than DPP4 inhibitors without increasing the risk of hypoglycaemia in patients with T2DM that is inadequately controlled with insulin.

There has been no direct comparison of SGLT2 inhibitors and DPP4 inhibitors in patients with T2DM inadequately controlled with insulin therapy. In this study, we performed indirect meta‐analysis comparing SGLT2 inhibitors and DPP4 inhibitors added to insulin therapy. Without increasing hypoglycaemia, SGLT2 inhibitors showed better glycaemic control and greater weight reduction than DPP4 inhibitors in patients with T2DM inadequately controlled with insulin. The results of the current study could serve as the best available evidence in selecting oral agents to improve glycaemic control in insulin‐treated T2DM patients. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of a protection gradient on carnivore density and survival: an example with leopards in the Luangwa valley, Zambia
Authors: Rosenblatt Elias , Creel Scott , Becker Matthew S. , Merkle Johnathan , Mwape Henry , Schuette Paul , Simpamba Twakundine
Published: May 2016

Human activities on the periphery of protected areas can limit carnivore populations, but measurements of the strength of such effects are limited, largely due to difficulties of obtaining precise data on population density and survival. We measured how density and survival rates of a previously unstudied leopard population varied across a gradient of protection and evaluated which anthropogenic activities accounted for observed patterns. Insights into this generalist's response to human encroachment are likely to identify limiting factors for other sympatric carnivore species. Motion‐sensitive cameras were deployed systematically in adjacent, similarly sized, and ecologically similar study areas inside and outside Zambia's South Luangwa National Park (SLNP) from 2012 to 2014. The sites differed primarily in the degree of human impacts: SLNP is strictly protected, but the adjacent area was subject to human encroachment and bushmeat poaching throughout the study, and trophy hunting of leopards prior to 2012. We used photographic capture histories with robust design capture–recapture models to estimate population size and sex‐specific survival rates for the two areas. Leopard density within SLNP was 67% greater than in the adjacent area, but annual survival rates and sex ratios did not detectably differ between the sites. Prior research indicated that wire‐snare occurrence was 5.2 times greater in the areas adjacent to the park. These results suggest that the low density of leopards on the periphery of SLNP is better explained by prey depletion, rather than by direct anthropogenic mortality. Long‐term spatial data from concurrent lion studies suggested that interspecific competition did not produce the observed patterns. Large carnivore populations are often limited by human activities, but science‐based management policies depend on methods to rigorously and quantitatively assess threats to populations of concern. Using noninvasive robust design capture–recapture methods, we systematically assessed leopard density and survival across a protection gradient and identified bushmeat poaching as the likely limiting factor. This approach is of broad value to evaluate the impacts of anthropogenic activities on carnivore populations that are distributed across gradients of protection.
Impacts of climate change on mangrove ecosystems: a region by region overview
Authors: Ward Raymond D. , Friess Daniel A. , Day Richard H. , Mackenzie Richard A.
Published: May 2016

Inter-related and spatially variable climate change factors including sea level rise, increased storminess, altered precipitation regime and increasing temperature are impacting mangroves at regional scales. This review highlights extreme regional variation in climate change threats and impacts, and how these factors impact the structure of mangrove communities, their biodiversity and geomorphological setting. All these factors interplay to determine spatially variable resiliency to climate change impacts, and because mangroves are varied in type and geographical location, these systems are good models for understanding such interactions at different scales. Sea level rise is likely to influence mangroves in all regions although local impacts are likely to be more varied. Changes in the frequency and intensity of storminess are likely to have a greater impact on N and Central America, Asia, Australia, and East Africa than West Africa and S. America. This review also highlights the numerous geographical knowledge gaps of climate change impacts, with some regions particularly understudied (e.g., Africa and the Middle East). While there has been a recent drive to address these knowledge gaps especially in South America and Asia, further research is required to allow researchers to tease apart the processes that influence both vulnerability and resilience to climate change. A more globally representative view of mangroves would allow us to better understand the importance of mangrove type and landscape setting in determining system resiliency to future climate change.
Analysis of soil moisture dynamics beneath olive trees
Authors: Espejo‐Pérez Antonio Jesús , Brocca Luca , Moramarco Tommaso , Giráldez Juan V. , Triantafilis John , Vanderlinden Karl
Published: May 2016

Olive cultivation is a widespread land use in Mediterranean climates. The proper implementation of soil and water conservation practices in groves requires detailed knowledge of the governing hydrological processes. In this work topsoil moisture dynamics under wet and dry conditions and across a small catchment was investigated in the inter row (IR) and directly under the olive tree canopies (UC). We do this using a sensor network (11 stations) and a simple bucket model which was calibrated (June, 2011–2012) and validated (June, 2012–2013). During most of the year the normalized soil moisture contents (s) were greater in the IR than under UC, with an average normalized soil moisture difference of 0.12. The difference between UC and IR normalized soil moisture followed a seasonal pattern, reaching a maximum near 0.30 during spring. An analysis of the normalized soil moisture probability density functions (pdfs) was bimodal, showing characteristic dominant wet and dry soil moisture states, with the highest probability densities for the dry state. Overall the spatial variability of soil moisture was lower UC than in the IR. This was a result of the soil moisture buffering capacity of the canopy with respect to rainfall and evaporation, in addition to observed differences in soil properties. Hourly soil moisture data were successfully modelled (R2 > 0.85), both UC and in the IR, yet with the inclusion of a simple formulation for canopy interception for the former. The results provide insight into how olive trees change hydrological processes in their neighbourhood. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disorder, Promiscuous Interactions, and Stochasticity Regulate State Switching in the Unstable Prostate
Authors: Kulkarni Prakash , Getzenberg Robert H.
Published: May 2016

A causal link between benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer has long been suspected but not widely accepted. A new model is proposed that supports such a connection. In contrast to the prevailing wisdom, our model, that draws on dynamical systems theory, suggests that in response to stress, epithelial cells in the unstable gland can give rise to both types of diseases via a phenotypic switching mechanism. The central idea is that phenotypic switching is a stochastic process which exploits the plasticity of the epithelial cell. It is driven by ‘noise’ contributed by the conformational dynamics of proteins that are intrinsically disordered. In a system that is noisy when stressed, disorder promotes promiscuity, unmasks latent information, and rewires the network to cause phenotypic switching. Cells with newly acquired phenotypes can transcend the traditional zonal boundaries to give rise to BPH or prostate cancer depending on the microenvironment. Establishing causality between the two diseases may provide us with an opportunity to better understand their etiology and guide prevention and treatment strategies. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2235–2240, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hyperosmotic Stress Induces Tau Proteolysis by Caspase‐3 Activation in SH‐SY5Y Cells
Authors: Olivera‐Santa Catalina Marta , Caballero‐Bermejo Montaña , Argent Ricardo , Alonso Juan C. , Cuenda Ana , Lorenzo María J. , Centeno Francisco
Published: May 2016

Tau is a microtubule‐associated protein implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and other related tauopathies. In this subset of neurodegenerative disorders, Tau auto‐assembles into insoluble fibrils that accumulate in neurons as paired helical filaments (PHFs), promoting cellular dysfunction and cytotoxic effects. Growing evidence suggests that abnormal post‐translational regulation, mainly hyperphosphorylation and aberrant cleavage, drives Tau to this pathological state. In this work we show that sorbitol‐induced hyperosmotic stress promotes Tau proteolysis in SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. The appearance of cleaved Tau was preceded by the activation of μ‐calpain, the proteasome system and caspase‐3. Tau proteolysis was completely prevented by caspase‐3 inhibition but unaffected by neither the proteasome system nor μ‐calpain activity blockade. Concomitantly, hyperosmotic stress induced apoptosis in SH‐SY5Y cells, which was efficiently avoided by the inhibition of caspase‐3 activity. Altogether, our results provide the first evidence that Tau protein is susceptible to caspase‐3 proteolysis under hyperosmotic stress and suggest a positive relationship between Tau proteolysis and apoptosis in SH‐SY5Y cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2781–2790, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sonographic measurements of the achilles tendon, plantar fascia, and heel fat pad are reliable: A test‐retest intra‐ and intertester study
Authors: Johannsen Finn , Jensen Signe , Stallknecht Sandra E. , Olsen Lars Otto , Magnusson S. Peter
Published: May 2016

Purpose

To determine intra‐ and interobserver reliability and precision of sonographic (US) scanning in measuring thickness of the Achilles tendon, plantar fascia, and heel fat pad in patients with heel pain.

Methods

Seventeen consecutive patients referred with heel pain were included. Two evaluators blinded to the diagnosis performed independently US scanning of both feet without any dialogue with the patient. The examiner left the room, and the next examiner entered. All patients had two US scans performed by each examiner. Two months later, the US images were randomly presented to the evaluators for measurements. Reliability and agreement were assessed by calculation of intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), 95% limits of agreement (LOA), and typical error (TE). LOA was calculated as a percentage of the mean thickness of each structure to obtain a unitless parameter.

Results

We found excellent intratester reliability (ICC 0.78–0.98) and good intertester reliability using one measurement (ICC 0.72–0.91) and excellent (ICC 0.85–0.95) when using average of two measurements. The intratester agreements were good with LOA: 9.5–23.4% and TE: 3.4–8.4%. The intertester agreements were acceptable using one measurement with LOA: 16.1–36.4%, and better using two measurements with LOA: 14.4–33.2%.

Conclusions

US is a reliable technique of measurement in the daily clinic, and one single measurement is sufficient. In research, we recommend that the same observer performs the US measurements, if one single scanning is preferred; if more researchers are involved, the average measurement of two US scans is recommended. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 44:480–486, 2016
Carbon‐13 and carbon‐14 labeled dabigatran etexilate and tritium labeled dabigatran
Authors: Latli Bachir , Kiesling Ralf , Aßfalg Stefan , Chevliakov Max , Hrapchak Matt , Campbell Scot , Gonnella Nina , Busacca Carl A. , Senanayake Chris H.
Published: May 2016

Dabigatran etexilate or pradaxa, a novel oral anticoagulant, is a reversible, competitive, direct thrombin inhibitor. It is used to prevent strokes in patients with atrial fibrillation and the formation of blood clots in the veins (deep venous thrombosis) in adults who have had an operation to replace a hip or a knee. Pradaxa is the only novel oral anticoagulant available with both proven superiority to warfarin and a specific reversal agent for use in rare emergency situations. The detailed description of the synthesis of carbon‐13 and carbon‐14 labeled dabigatran etexilate, and tritium labeled dabigatran is described. The synthesis of carbon‐13 dabigatran etexilate was accomplished in eight steps and in 6% overall yield starting from aniline‐13C6. Ethyl bromoacetate‐1‐14C was the reagent of choice in the synthesis of carbon‐14 labeled dabigatran etexilate in six steps and 17% overall yield. Tritium labeled dabigatran was prepared using either direct tritium incorporation under Crabtree's catalytic conditions or tritium‐dehalogenation of a diiodo‐precursor of dabigatran.
Identification and molecular characterization of adenovirus types (HAdV‐8, HAdV‐37, HAdV‐4, HAdV‐3) in an epidemic of keratoconjunctivitis occurred in Pune, Maharashtra, Western India
Authors: Gopalkrishna Varanasi , Ganorkar Nital N. , Patil Pooja R.
Published: May 2016

Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) is a highly contagious infectious disease of the ocular surface and is caused mainly due to adenoviruses species D, B, and E. The present study was carried out to identify and characterize the viral etiological agents associated with the keratoconjunctivitis cases reported from Pune (Maharashtra), Western India between November–December 2013 and January, October–November 2014. Conjunctival swab specimens (n = 23) obtained from keratoconjunctivitis patients were subjected to detection of Adenovirus (AdV) and Enterovirus (EV) by PCR/RT‐PCR using hexon and 5′ NCR gene specific primers, respectively. Molecular typing of AdV and EV positive specimens was carried out by amplifying penton, fiber, and VP1 genes, respectively followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. In this study, human adenovirus (HAdV) was identified as an etiological agent. None of the clinical specimens were found positive for enterovirus. AdV positivity in keratoconjunctivitis cases was found to be 60.9% (14/23). Fourteen of the HAdV positive strains, all of them were amplified by hexon gene, nine strains by fiber gene, and all 14 strains by penton gene specific primers. Sequencing of all HAdV positive samples revealed the presence of HAdV‐8, HAdV‐37, HAdV‐3, and HAdV‐4. All Indian strains showed highest nucleotide identity with the reference strains reported worldwide. The study revealed the circulation of HAdV‐8 (78.6%) as predominant AdV strain followed by HAdV‐37, HAdV‐3, and HAdV‐4 (7.2%) identified in the epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. Multiple types of AdVs in EKC reported for the first time in Western India. J. Med. Virol. 88:2100–2105, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Predicting eagle fatalities at wind facilities
Authors: Bay Kimberly , Nasman Kristen , Erickson Wallace , Taylor Kenton , Kosciuch Karl
Published: May 2016

The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) recommends using a Bayesian modeling framework to predict the annual golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) fatality rate at a wind energy facility, and the modeling approach defines prior distributions for collision rate and exposure rate from data at existing wind projects. Collision rate is defined as the number of collisions per exposure. Exposure rate is a function of minutes of eagle activity and survey effort; we used site‐specific data to update the prior distribution, resulting in the posterior distribution. An expansion factor adjusts the fatality prediction by accounting for daylight hours and the hazardous area within a wind project footprint. The product of the collision rate, posterior exposure rate, and expansion factor is the predicted annual fatality rate. We reviewed the input data for the prior distribution for collision rate, and provided an updated prior distribution for collision rate using more contemporary information. As suggested by the current USFWS guidance, we updated the prior distribution for collision rate from the USFWS baseline model with data from a site with modern specifications to obtain an updated prior distribution. We also created alternative prior distributions by estimating parameters for the distributions from data at 26 modern facilities only. Using more recent data and a larger data set, we determined the predictions using the alternative prior distributions for collision rate are approximately half the estimates using the original distribution. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.
Wheat Growing and Changing Farming Systems in South African Dryland Margins: The Case of the Sneeuberg, South Africa
Authors: Suich Helen , Boardman John
Published: May 2016

The contribution of stock keeping to land degradation in the Karoo has been extensively studied, but other causes have been rarely examined. The paper uses a combination of key informant interviews and a review of published and unpublished documentary sources to describe the history of wheat growing in the Sneeuberg area of the Karoo since European settlement, until the 1970s when annual crop cultivation collapsed. Early cultivation was primarily for subsistence purposes, although the development of infrastructure and growth in markets in the 19th century encouraged commercial crop production. Some farmers continued growing wheat partly to sustain the tradition into the mid‐20th century, although by that time, most growers relied on the wheat as a winter stockfeed. Several factors were found to have contributed to the collapse, with land degradation only rarely playing a part in contemporary decisions to stop wheat farming. Far more important were the comparative advantages of other stockfeeds such as lucerne, changes in state regulations governing crops and prices, and the perceptions of farmers regarding changes in rainfall patterns. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Managerial Delegation Theory Revisited
Authors: Fanti Luciano , Gori Luca , Sodini Mauro
Published: May 2016

This article challenges the results of the ‘classical’ managerial delegation literature, where it is assumed that the weight of the managerial bonus only depends on the owner's will to maximise his own profits. By considering sales (S) (resp. relative profit (RP)) contracts, the received literature has found that (S,S) (resp. (RP,RP)) is the unique pure‐strategy sub‐game perfect Nash equilibrium in a game that contrasts S (resp. RP) with pure profit maximisation (PM). This article shows that none of the previous results may hold when the owner negotiates about managerial compensation with his manager. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent advances delivered by Mobile Cloud Computing and Internet of Things for Big Data applications: a survey
Authors: Stergiou Christos , Psannis Kostas E.
Published: May 2016

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a new technology that is growing rapidly in the field of telecommunications and especially in the modern field of wireless telecommunications. The main goal of the interaction and cooperation between things and objects sent through the wireless networks is to fulfill the objective set to them as a combined entity. In addition, based on the technology of wireless networks, both the technologies of Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) and IoT develop rapidly. In this paper, we combine the two aforementioned technologies (i.e., MCC and IoT) with the technology of the Big Data in order to examine the common features and tο discover which of the MCC and IoT benefits improve the use of the Big Data applications. Finally, we present the contribution of MCC and IoT individually to the technology of Big Data. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanotransformation products of hydrocarbons and natural compounds obtained using a magnetic nanocatalyst
Authors: Esmaeili Akbar , Kakavand Sahar , Asgarpanah Jinous
Published: May 2016

A comparative study of the oxidation products of two natural and three non‐natural aromatic monoterpene compounds as well as two nonaromatic compounds was performed using a Zn‐acetanilide@amino‐functionalized silica‐supported magnetic nanocatalyst. Products obtained were evaluated by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The catalyst bore no metal leaching and could be rapidly recovered with an external magnet and reused several times. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:1242–1247, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
The effects of music therapy in patients with high‐dose chemotherapy and stem cell support: a randomized pilot study
Authors: Tuinmann Gert , Preissler Pia , Böhmer Hauke , Suling Anna , Bokemeyer Carsten
Published: May 2016

Objective

Patients with high dose chemotherapy (HDC) with autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) are highly distressed. Psycho‐oncological support might be beneficial but is not routinely provided. Our aim was to investigate whether music therapy (MT) in addition to standard supportive treatment had any effect on quality of life, depression, anxiety, side effects of therapy, medication, and immunological changes during and within three months after HDC plus ASCT.

Methods

Patients (n = 66) with HDC plus ASCT were randomly assigned to either MT (Intervention Group = IG) or standard supportive treatment (Control Group = CG). Quality of life was measured by EORTC QLQ‐C30. Depression and anxiety were measured by the HADS‐D before transplantation, during and after the inpatient stay. In addition, adverse events (AE), medication, and immunological parameters were observed.

Results

There was no improvement of global quality of life for patients receiving additional MT, but their perception of pain significantly changed (p = 0.027). Patients were neither depressed nor anxious on admission, therefore no improvements were found. IG patients had less 3–4° toxicities (e.g., mucositis). Aprepitant for antiemetic therapy was administered significantly more often in the CG (p = 0.040). The IgA decline and T4 count was less in IG, T8, and NK count decreased most in IG. These findings failed significance.

Conclusions

MT may improve pain perception in patients receiving HDC plus ASCT. Additionally positive effects on toxicities, use of antiemetic medication, and immunological changes were observed. As some of these findings failed significance, studies with larger sample sizes are needed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A retrospective look at anthranilic diamide insecticides: discovery and lead optimization to chlorantraniliprole and cyantraniliprole
Authors: Selby Thomas P , Lahm George P , Stevenson Thomas M
Published: May 2016

Anthranilic diamides are an important commercial synthetic class of insecticides (IRAC Group 28) that bind to the ryanodine receptor with selective potency against insect versus mammalian forms of the receptor. The first commercialized diamide, chlorantraniliprole, has exceptional activity against lepidopteran pests. The second anthranilamide product, cyantraniliprole, has excellent cross‐spectrum activity against a range of insect orders, including both lepidopteran and hemipteran pests. Here, a retrospective look is presented on the discovery of the class, along with chemistry highlights of the lead evolution to both products. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Entrepreneurial Finance and Innovation: Informal Debt as an Empirical Case
Authors: Wu Jie , Si, Steven , Wu Xiaobo
Published: May 2016

Research Summary

Drawing on entrepreneurial finance theory, we examine the trade‐offs among different sources of capital for entrepreneurial firms in emerging economies and their impact on innovation. In emerging economies, one of the unique aspects of firm financing is the presence of informal capital, as many formal sources of capital for new entrepreneurs have more constrained access than is the case in mature economies. We suspect that informal debt has an important effect on innovation, and this effect is contingent on the accessibility of formal debt and institutional development. The hypotheses are tested using survey data from 3,235 entrepreneurs in an emerging economy, China.

Managerial Summary

This study demonstrates an inverted U‐shaped relationship between the level of informal debt and entrepreneurial ventures’ innovation performance. The value of informal debt for promoting innovation was found to be weaker for firms having little or no access to often less expensive institutional finance, whereas a better‐developed institutional environment strengthens the effects of informal debt. Copyright © 2016 Strategic Management Society.
Influence of micronization on physicochemical properties of maize grains
Authors: Deepa Chandran , Hebbar Hunglur Umesh
Published: May 2016

Micronization of maize varieties viz. Nityashree (NAH‐2049) and Arjun (EH‐434042) was carried out in a near‐infrared (NIR) based system. Infrared (IR) processing conditions such as moisture content and time of exposure were standardized to inactivate peroxidase and lipase enzymes and, to improve starch digestibility. Micronization of maize at 200°C for 4 min resulted in 16–20% increase in rapidly digestible starch (RDS) content. The process was effective in completely inactivating peroxidase enzyme and reducing lipase activity by 83–86%. The process did not induce any marked changes in total carbohydrates and protein contents. Reduction in pasting viscosities, peak viscosity (PV), and set back viscosity (SV) of micronized maize flour indicated partial gelatinization of starch. Micronized Arjun flour exhibited higher RDS content, which was correlated with lower viscosity profile values compared to Nityashree flour. Inactivation of enzymes in micronized maize provides the scope for shelf‐life extension of flour. Improvement in RDS content increased water absorption capacity, and low viscosity profile provides an opportunity for its inclusion in preparing calorie dense foods having high solids concentration.
Physicochemical properties of starches extracted from bambara groundnut landraces
Authors: Oyeyinka Samson A. , Singh Suren , Amonsou Eric O.
Published: May 2016

The physicochemical properties of starches extracted from three bambara groundnut landraces, maroon, brown, and cream were studied. The amylose contents (31.5–34.6%) of the bambara starches were significantly different among the landraces. All the bambara starches exhibited an A‐type crystalline pattern with an average relative crystallinity of 32%. The peak gelatinization temperature (approx. 73°C) of brown bambara starch was slightly low compared to maroon (approx. 78°C) and cream (approx. 76°C) bambara starch. The bambara starches showed substantially high proportion of resistant starch (71%) and similar predicted glycemic index (40.1) among landraces. Bambara starch can potentially be used as a thickening agent in food products and ingredient development.
Sketch-based 3D modeling by aligning outlines of an image
Authors: Li Chunxiao , Lee Hyowon , Zhang Dongliang , Jiang Hao
Published: May 2016

In this paper we present an efficient technique for sketch-based 3D modeling using automatically extracted image features. Creating a 3D model often requires a drawing of irregular shapes composed of curved lines as a starting point but it is difficult to hand-draw such lines without introducing awkward bumps and edges along the lines. We propose an automatic alignment of a user's hand-drawn sketch lines to the contour lines of an image, facilitating a considerable level of ease with which the user can carelessly continue sketching while the system intelligently snaps the sketch lines to a background image contour, no longer requiring the strenuous effort and stress of trying to make a perfect line during the modeling task. This interactive technique seamlessly combines the efficiency and perception of the human user with the accuracy of computational power, applied to the domain of 3D modeling where the utmost precision of on-screen drawing has been one of the hurdles of the task hitherto considered a job requiring a highly skilled and careful manipulation by the user. We provide several examples to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the method with which complex shapes were achieved easily and quickly in the interactive outline drawing task.

Highlights We present an efficient technique for sketch-based 3D modeling using automatically extracted image features. An automatic and real-time method is proposed to align a user's hand-drawn sketch line to the contour lines of an image, facilitating a considerable level of ease for 3D modeling. We use a geometric method to align a sketch line to the outlines of an image using the features of the sketch line and contour lines of an image, and some operations are proposed to refine the result of alignment. In the sketch-based 3D modeling method, the sketch line is represented by a editable spline, therefore, the aligned sketch line can be further adjusted interactively.
Continental Drift
Authors: Grob-Fitzgibbon Benjamin
Published: May 2016

In the aftermath of the Second World War, Churchill sought to lead Europe into an integrated union, but just over seventy years later, Britain is poised to vote on leaving the EU. Benjamin Grob-Fitzgibbon here recounts the fascinating history of Britain's uneasy relationship with the European continent since the end of the war. He shows how British views of the United Kingdom's place within Europe cannot be understood outside of the context of decolonization, the Cold War, and the Anglo-American relationship. At the end of the Second World War, Britons viewed themselves both as the leaders of a great empire and as the natural centre of Europe. With the decline of the British Empire and the formation of the European Economic Community, however, Britons developed a Euroscepticism that was inseparable from a post-imperial nostalgia. Britain had evolved from an island of imperial Europeans to one of post-imperial Eurosceptics.
Above Politics
Authors: Miller Gary J. , Whitford Andrew B.
Published: May 2016

Economic development requires secure contract enforcement and stable property rights. Normal majority-rule politics, such as bargaining over distributive and monetary policies, generate instability and frequently undermine economic development. Above Politics argues that bureaucracies can contribute to stability and economic development, but only if they are insulated from unstable politics. A separation-of-powers stalemate creates the conditions for bureaucratic autonomy. But what keeps delegated bureaucrats from being more abusive as they become more autonomous? One answer is the negotiation of long-term, cooperative relationships - that (when successful) typically bind subordinates to provide more effort in exchange for autonomy. Even more compelling is professionalism, which embeds its professional practitioners in professional norms and culture, and incidentally mitigates corruption. Financial examples are provided throughout the book, which ends with an analysis of the role played by professionalized bureaucracies during the Great Recession.
Political Opportunities for Climate Policy
Authors: Karapin Roger
Published: May 2016

Analysis of climate change policies focuses mainly on the prospects for international agreements or how climate policies should be designed. Yet effective domestic climate policies are essential to any global solution, and we know too little about how and why such policies are adopted. Political Opportunities for Climate Policy examines in depth the causes of effective climate policies in the United States, using a statistical analysis of all fifty states and long-term case studies of California, New York, and the federal government. Roger Karapin analyzes twenty-two episodes in which policies were adopted, blocked, or reversed. He shows that actors and events have positively affected climate policy making, despite the constraints presented by political institutions and powerful fossil fuel industries. Climate policy advocates have succeeded when they mobilized vigorously and astutely during windows of opportunity - which opened when events converged to raise both problem awareness and the political commitment to address them.
The Law and Economics of Framework Agreements
Authors: Albano Gian Luigi , Nicholas Caroline
Published: May 2016

Framework agreements have arisen in response to the well documented and high costs of public procurement procedures. The agreements have significant potential to improve procedural efficiency in public procurement, but are complex to operate. Inadequate preparation and implementation can also frustrate their potential both to tackle waste, abuse and corruption and to enhance value for money. In this enlightening book, Gian Luigi Albano and Caroline Nicholas look at the key decisions required for designing and using framework agreements and address both legal and economic issues to give the reader a clear understanding of the planning, variables and flexibility needed for efficient implementation. This book will be of interest to policy makers, lawyers and public procurement practitioners who want to deepen their understanding of the legal and economic issues surrounding framework agreements.
Special Functions and Orthogonal Polynomials
Authors: Beals Richard , Wong Roderick
Published: May 2016

The subject of special functions is often presented as a collection of disparate results, rarely organized in a coherent way. This book emphasizes general principles that unify and demarcate the subjects of study. The authors' main goals are to provide clear motivation, efficient proofs, and original references for all of the principal results. The book covers standard material, but also much more. It shows how much of the subject can be traced back to two equations - the hypergeometric equation and confluent hypergeometric equation - and it details the ways in which these equations are canonical and special. There is extended coverage of orthogonal polynomials, including connections to approximation theory, continued fractions, and the moment problem, as well as an introduction to new asymptotic methods. There are also chapters on Meijer G-functions and elliptic functions. The final chapter introduces Painlevé transcendents, which have been termed the 'special functions of the twenty-first century'.
The Evolution and Legitimacy of International Security Institutions
Authors: Cottrell M. Patrick
Published: May 2016

International institutions constitute the basis of global order. As they struggle to accommodate shifts in power and emerging threats, their legitimacy - their political authority and right to govern - often comes under fire, at times fuelling perceptions of crisis. Yet scholars seldom ask why some institutions are replaced while others are not. Blending theory with history, M. Patrick Cottrell examines some of the world's landmark security institutions, arguing that the possibility of replacement hinges on the sources of institutional legitimacy and the nature and timing of the challenges to it. The analysis not only reveals different pathways to replacement, but also offers a window into the future, including a potential dark side of too much legitimacy. Indeed, as global society becomes ever more dynamic, the fault lines of conflict with the most significant implications for order will not occur over territory, but rather over the legitimacy of international institutions.