bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Occurrence of Iron Deficiency in Growing Cattle
Authors: Lindt F. , Blum J. W.
Published: May 2010

Occurrence of iron (Fe) deficiency anaemia was investigated in 33 farms in 443 veal calves (group VC; 83 % males and 17 % females) fed whole, defatted or butter milk or milk powder without or with supplements and in 72 age‐ and weight‐matched bull calves (group BC) fed roughage, concentrates with mineral and vitamin supplements. In group VC plasma Fe concentration was much more frequently decreased and total iron binding capacity was much more frequently increased than in group BC. In group VC haemoglobin concentration (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV) and red blood cell number (RBC) in 18, 23 and 3 %, respectively, of calves were below—2 SD of the mean of reference values (Hb: 105 ± 14 g/l, PCV: 0.28 ± 0.04 l/l, RBC: 8.2 ± 1.0 T/l [means ± 2 SD]), shown in another study to remain stable throughout the growth period when veal calves were fed 52 mg Fe/kg milk replacer. In contrast, in calves of group RC only 3 % of Hb values, 3 % of PCV and 1 % of RBC were below reference values. Fe deficiency anaemia is therefore a rather frequent problem in veal calves, but not in young bulls, fed roughage, concentrates and mineral/vitamin supplements.
Der Einfluß des Pansenstoffwechsels auf zyklische N‐Verbindungen im Blutplasma von Wiederkäuern
Authors: Arui S. , Stangassinger M. , Giesecke D.
Published: May 2010

The Influence of Rumen Metabolism on Cyclic N‐Compounds in the Blood Plasma of Ruminants

The purpose of this paper was to study the effect of rumen metabolism on the concentration of certain cyclic N‐compounds in blood plasma. The plasma from two groups of lambs in the phase of rumen development during early and late weaning was used. As a second model, samples from steers fed at maintenance and after emptying of the rumen via cannula were used. Plasma samples were obtained from the jugular vein in regular intervals. The HPLC‐technique was employed as analytical method.

The plasma levels of allantoin and of hippuric acid increased about 2.2–3.7 fold and 2.4–6.4 fold in lambs during rumen development. They decreased to about 43 % and 13 % after emptying the rumen of steers. These metabolites appear to reflect rumen protein synthesis and fibre breakdown and are considered useful estimators of rumen function. Cytidine, uridine, uric acid and hypoxanthine were only influenced in part by rumen metabolism. Plasma pseudouridine was decreased and creatinine was increased in lambs in relation to body mass and remained unaffected in steers.

Um den Einfluß des Pansenstoffwechsels auf bestimmte zyklische N‐Verbindungen im Blutplasma von Wiederkäuern zu klären, wurden Proben aus zwei Untersuchungsreihen gewonnen und mittels HPLC analysiert: erstens von Lämmern vor und nach früher bzw. später Entwöhnung; zweitens von Ochsen mit Pansenkanülen vor und nach Entleerung des Pansens.

Die Plasmawerte von Allantoin und Hippursäure erhöhten sich während der Pansenentwicklung 2, 2 bzw. 2, 4 fach (frühentwöhnte Gruppe) und 3, 7 bzw. 6, 4 fach (spätentwöhnte Gruppe). Die Metabolitkonzentration im Plasma von Ochsen nahmen nach Entleerung des Pansens auf rund 43 % (Allantoin) und 13 % (Hippursäure) der Normalwerte ab. Diese Metaboliten können zur Bewertung der Proteinsynthese bzw. der Faserverdauung im Pansen herangezogen werden. Die Konzentrationen von Uridin, Cytidin, Harnsäure und Hypoxanthin im Plasma hängen weniger deutlich vom Pansenstoffwechsel ab und unterliegen auch anderen Einflüssen. Pseudouridin und Kreatinin im Plasma waren unabhängig vom Pansenstoffwechsel. Ihre Konzentrationen fielen (Pseudouridin) bzw. stiegen (Kreatinin) mit der Körpermasse.
Passage of a Heterologous Protein through Ileal Enterocytes of Newborn Piglets: Immunolabelling of Bovine Serum Albumin at the Light‐ and Electron Microscopic Level
Authors: Sierralta W. D. , Qualmann B. , Klobasa F.
Published: May 2010

The passage of bovine serum albumin through ileum enterocytes of neonatal pigs was studied by light microscopy with indirect immunoperoxidase and by electron microscopy with post‐embedding direct immunogold methods. Vacuoles filled with the heterologous protein were seen as early as 10 min after the administration of either bovine serum or solutions of bovine serum albumin by gavage. The sizes of vacuoles increased with time, their electron densities and immunoreactivities were at variance. The formation of albumin‐containing vacuoles was independent of the concentration of the solutions fed, ranging from 1 to 7%. Bovine serum albumin becomes discernible in the capillaries at 4 h after feeding. By then, the intact albumin transported through enterocytes amounted to more than 10% of the circulating plasma proteins. Of several thousand enterocytes screened in the whole study only one—from the piglet 4 h after feeding—contained lysosomes.
Methodische Aspekte für die koagulometrische Aktivitätsbestimmung der Gerinnungsfaktoren II, V, VII und X aus Hundeplasma
Authors: Mischke R.
Published: May 2010

Methodological Aspects of the Coagulometric Measurement of Factor II, V, VII and X Activity in Dog Plasma.

For optimization of single factor II, V, VII and X activity measurements in dogs, dilution series of dog pool plasma were prepared using different commercially available calcium thrombo plastins and deficient plasmas. Measured by use of a canine reference curve, the single factor activity in humans was 89% (factor II), 13% (factor V), 27% (factor VII) and 84% (factor X). Because the factor V and VII activity in dogs is much higher than in humans, in measurements using human‐deficient plasma, a high sample predilution of at least 1:40 seems to be of advantage. Otherwise extreme variations of the factor V and VII activity may also influence the results of the other single factors. For determination of factor II, V and X activity, therefore, a non‐standardized human placenta thromboplastin was especially suitable. With this reagent, the results were also reproducible at high sample dilutions (1:80, factor II and X; 1:160, factor V). Because of the low sensitivity of non‐standardized human placenta thromboplastin to factor VII, measurements of this factor at a sample dilution of 1:40 required a standardized human placenta, or rabbit brain thromboplastin had to be used. For factor II measurements, the selection of a suitable deficient plasma is particularly important. Here, the reference curve showed a clear dependence on the commercial preparation chosen.

Zur Optimierung der Faktor II‐, V‐, VII‐ und X‐Aktivitätsbestimmung beim Hund wurden Hundepoolplasma‐Verdünnungsreihen für verschiedene kommerzielle Calcium‐Thrombopla‐stine und Mangelplasmen erstellt. Gemessen an einer caninen Referenzkurve betrug die Einzelfaktoraktivität von humanem Referenzplasma 89% (Faktor II), 13% (Faktor V), 27% (Faktor VII) und 84% (Faktor X). Aufgrund der im Vergleich zum Menschen vielfachen höheren Faktor V‐ und VII‐Aktivität des Hundes ist bei der Messung mit humanem Mangelplasma eine hohe Probenvorverdünnung von mindestens 1:40 sinnvoll. Andernfalls könnten extreme Faktor V‐ und VII‐Aktivitätsschwankungen auch die Meßwerte anderer Einzelfaktoren beeinflussen. Für die Messung der Faktor II‐, V‐ und X‐Aktivität zeigte sich deshalb ein nicht standardisiertes Humanplazenta‐Thromboplastin besonders geeignet, womit die Ergebnisse auch bei hoher Probenverdünnung (1:80: Faktor II und X; 1:160: Faktor V) gut reproduzierbar waren. Aufgrund der geringen Faktor VII‐Empfindlichkeit von nicht standardisiertem Humanplazenta‐Thromboplastin muß allerdings bei der Messung dieses Faktors bei einer Probenverdünnung von 1:40 auf standardisiertes Humanplazenta‐oder Kaninchenhirn‐Thromboplastin zurückgegriffen werden. Besonders bei der Faktor II‐Messung ist ebenfalls die Auswahl eines geeigneten Mangelplasmas zu beachten. Hier ergaben sich deutliche Unterschiede zwischen verschiedenen kommerziellen Präparationen.
Are Muscarinic Receptors Involved in the Effect of Serotonin on Gastrointestinal Electrical Activity in the Conscious Piglet?
Authors: Wechsung E. , Houvenaghel A.
Published: May 2010

In conscious piglets provided chronically with electrodes in the wall of the antrum pylori, duodenum, jejunum and ileum, the effect of intravenous infusion of 5‐HT, 4 μg/kg/min for 2 h, with and without pre‐treatment with atropine, 0.5 mg/kg, on gastrointestinal myoelectrical activity was studied. In the antrum, fast oscillations were partially inhibited by 5‐HT and nearly completely blocked by the atropine/5‐HT combination and by atropine alone. In the small intestine 5‐HT induced a decrease in MMC interval, an increase in phase III activity in duodenum and jejunum and an acceleration of propagation velocity as measured for the jejunum. These effects were not influenced by atropine. Following atropine, phase II activity in the jejunum was significantly inhibited by 5‐HT. The ileum was rather insensitive to 5‐HT. It is concluded that the inhibitory effect of 5‐HT on antral electrical activity is enhanced by atropine, and that 5‐HT has a stimulatory effect on small intestinal activity which is not dependent on a muscarinic action.
Enrichment of Bovine X and Y Spermatozoa by Free‐Flow Electrophoresis
Authors: Blottner S. , Bostedt H. , Mewes K. , Pitra C.
Published: May 2010

Conditions of separation of bovine spermatozoa according to their differences in electrophoretic mobility were studied using free‐flow electrophoresis. Distribution of spermatozoa in the electric field depends on composition of buffer system, field intensities and temperature. Conditions are described for reproducible separation of anodically migrating spermatozoa into two distinct peaks both for cold‐immobilized (10–13 °C) and for motile cells (25 °C). Electrophoresis with the buffer used at 25 °C and field intensities of 70–100 V/cm provided high percentages of motile spermatozoa (50–90%) in all fractions. However, the sperm distribution across the fractions was the result of superimposed passive electrophoretic motion towards the anode and the active galvanotactic migration towards the cathode. Separation of X‐ and Y‐ spermatozoa was verified by quantification of Y‐spermatozoa by means of both in situ hybridization, using Y‐specific DNA fragments, and the Y‐specific fluorescence staining (f‐body test). Y‐spermatozoa could be enriched in anodic fractions (112 and 144% relative to control). X‐spermatozoa were enriched in cathodic fractions (80 and 68% Y‐spermatozoa, as compared to control).
Effects of α2‐Agonists on Intrauterine Pressure and Sedation in Horses: Comparison between Detomidine, Romifidine and Xylazine
Authors: Schatzmann U. , Josseck H. , Stauffer J.‐L. , Goossens L.
Published: May 2010

The effect of three α2‐agonistic sedatives, Detomidine (0.04 mg/kg), Romifidine (0.08 mg/kg) Xylazine (1.1 mg/kg) and placebo (NaCl), on intrauterine pressure was investigated with an intrauterine balloon model in four non‐pregnant warmblood mares. Within 6.0 (±2.2) min mean pressure increases of 9.80 (±3.74), 6.88 (±3.95) and 13.95 (±5.19) mmHg were recorded for Detomidine, Romifidine and Xylazine, respectively. Placebo had no significant effect. The mean duration of pressure increase was 30.0 (±5.10), 17.67 (±9.87) and 19.50 (±13.78) min for Detomidine, Romifidine and Xylazine, respectively. There was no significant difference in the degree and duration of sedation between the three treatment groups. It is concluded that α2‐agonists exert a marked pressure increase in the uterus with no statistically significant differences in degree and duration between the three substances. With equipotent doses no difference in duration and degree of sedation could be calculated.
Metabolic, Endocrine and Haematological Responses to IntravenousE. ColiEndotoxin Administration in 1‐Week‐Old Calves
Authors: Kinsbergen M. , Bruckmaier R. M. , Blum J. W.
Published: May 2010

Responses to i.v. injectedE. coliendotoxin (E), followed by saline infusion, as compared with saline infusion alone, were studied for 24 h in 1‐week‐old calves. After administration of E, respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), rectal temperature (RT), serum iron, insulin, (I), cortisol and tumor necrosis factor‐α, transiently, and urea, continuously, increased. Isoleucine and leucine became elevated at 24 h, whereas white‐blood‐cell number, free fatty acids (FFA) and triglycerides (TG) increased after an initial fall. After administration of E, packed‐cell volume, erythrocyte number, haemoglobin, glucose (G), cholesterol, phospholipids (PL), lysine, arginine, proline, citrulline, calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphorus, insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) and 3,5,3′‐triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations and alkaline phosphatase (AP) and γ‐glutamyl transferase (γGT) activities increased significantly while growth hormone decreased non‐significantly. When saline was infused alone, G, TG, PL, Ca, AP, γGT, I, IGF‐I and T3decreased, while FFA, urea and sodium increased, but, changes of G, urea, AP, IGF‐I and T3were less marked than after injection of E. Potassium, total protein and albumin concentrations, and glutamyl dehydrogenase and glutamate oxalacetate transaminase activities were not significantly affected by either treatment. In conclusion, metabolic and endocrine changes during saline infusion alone were typical for food withdrawal. Changes of variables after administration of E were transient, biphasic or sustained, thus expressing complex interactions between metabolic parameters, endocrine factors and cytokines.
An Ultrastructural Study of Pulmonary Bronchiolar and Alveolar Epithelium in Sheep
Authors: Bouljihad M. , Leipold H. W.
Published: May 2010

The cellular population lining the bronchiolar and alveolar epithelium of the lower respiratory tract of three clinically healthy, purebred Suffolk lambs of both sexes and 3–4 months old was studied using a transmission‐electron microscope. The epithelium of primary and secondary bronchioles consisted of four cell types: basal cells, intermediate cells, ciliated cells, and non‐ciliated (Clara) cells, whereas the epithelium of terminal and respiratory bronchioles consisted of only two kind of cells: ciliated and Clara cells. The alveolar wall, including alveolar ducts and saccules, was covered by type I and type II pneumocytes. In addition, the presence of pulmonary intravascular macrophages was a constant in most of the alveolar capillaries. The morphologic characteristics of all these cells are described in detail and discussed.
Effects of Drastic Changes in P Intake on P Concentrations in Blood and Rumen Fluid of Lactating Ruminants
Authors: Rodehutscord M. , Pauen A. , Windhausen P. , Brintrup R. , Pfeffer E.
Published: May 2010

The course of inorganic‐phosphate (Pi) concentrations in blood plasma and serum were determined in lactating ruminants when P intake was changed abruptly from adequate, during a control period, to very low in a period of P depletion, and back to adequate during a period of P repletion. In each of three trials, four or three goats and, in one trial, four cows were used. In addition, the course of P concentration in the rumen fluid of three fistulated goats was studied.

Piconcentrations in plasma or serum started to fall immediately with changing P intake from adequate to low, reaching a minimum plateau of less than 0.25 mM in three trials and 0.4 mM in one trial. Correspondingly, concentrations rose instantly with return of P intake to adequate, overshooting the range observed in goats during the control period and then returning to normal. P concentration in particle‐free rumen fluid declined from about 30 mM in the control period to 5.7 mM during P depletion and returned to 30 mM during P repletion, paralleling the respective course of Piin blood plasma.
Influence of the Oestrous Cycle on Experimental Intrauterine E. coli Infection in the Sow
Authors: De Winter P. J. J. , Verdonck M. , De Kruif A. , Devriese L. A. , Haesebrouck F.
Published: May 2010

The influence of the oestrous cycle on the onset of endometritis in the sow was studied. Ten pubertal, unmated gilts of the Belgian Negative Landrace were used. Nine gilts were inoculated into the uterus by laparotomy with a suspension of an E. coli strain isolated from the uterus of a discharging sow from a herd having many problems with vaginal discharge and a lowered fertility. One gilt was as a control inoculated with 2 ml of a PBS‐solution. All sows inoculated during dioestrus developed clinical symptoms, but only 1 of the 5 gilts inoculated at standing oestrus developed a vaginal discharge. These data confirm the hypothesis that the stage of the oestrous cycle has an important influence on the onset of endometritis. The resistance to E. coli infections was higher when the gilts were inoculated during oestrus.
Ultrasonography of the Bovine Postpartum Uterus with Retained Fetal Membranes
Authors: Bekana M. , Ekman T. , Kindahl H.
Published: May 2010

The aim of this study was to describe the potential application of ultrasound in combination with the rectal palpation method and to compare the results to determine the involution period in 11 Swedish dairy cows with retained fetal membranes (RFM). The animals were examined three times a week during the first 8‐week postpartum (PP) period. Significant quantity of abnormal vaginal discharges with concomitant accumulation of snowy fluid and thickening of the endometrial and uterine walls were interpreted as evidence of endometritis. The discharges decreased most markedly during the third week PP concomitantly with a marked decrease in the cervical and uterine size. Resumption of cyclical ovarian activity occurred within a month in 7 animals. Five of these cows had 2 ovulations and two animals had 1 and 3 ovulations, respectively. A slight increase of the cervix and uterine size was observed in all ovulating animals in relation to the oestrous periods. Several different calculation methods of the ultrasonographic results were evaluated to describe the completion of uterine involution and compared with findings at rectal palpation. The best congruency with rectal palpation was found to use a 0.5 cm difference for comparison of the previous pregnant and non‐pregnant uterine horns in singleton cows and an 80 % reduction of the uterine size in all studied animals.
Mechanism of Recovery in Esophageal Epithelia of Rats With Severe Zinc Deficiency
Authors: Rezaian M. , Yamashiro S. , Hardy M. H. , Bettger W. J.
Published: May 2010

Forty‐six rats fed a Zn‐deficient diet for 18 days, were divided into three groups and treated with Zn‐deficient diet (GI), a normal (Zn‐adequate) diet (GII) or a pharmacological Zn therapy diet (GIII) for 3 days. For light and electron microscopy, samples were taken at times 0, 8, 12, 24 and 72 h after treatment. In treatment GI, at all times, all rats had esophageal parakeratosis. With treatment GII, there was a variable progression toward normalization of the epithelium at 12 and 24 h. At 72 h there was almost complete recovery of normal epithelium. In treatment GIII at 8 h, large, light cells in the basal layer were shown to be present between dark cylindrical cells, a finding which was transitionary and disappeared at 12 h. Also, a thin keratinized layer was observed above the granular layer at 12 h. Recovery had progressed at 24 h and was complete after 72 h. The results are discussed in terms of a potential role of Zn in the sequence of cytochemical events in epithelial differentiation.
Sevoflurane and Oxygen Anaesthesia Following Administration of Atropine‐Xylazine‐Guaifenesin‐Thiopental in Spontaneously Breathing Horses
Authors: Hikasa Y. , Takase K. , Ogasawara S.
Published: May 2010

The effects of sevoflurane‐oxygen anaesthesia at a light‐surgical depth on clinically important features were evaluated in spontaneously breathing horses that received atropine, xylazine, and guaifenesin‐thiopental. Mean end‐tidal concentrations of sevoflurane ranged from 1.6 to 2.3 % during 90 min maintenance. Recovery from anaesthesia was extremely rapid and smooth. Heart rates did not significantly change after anaesthesia. Arrhythmia was not observed. Mean arterial pressure (mean ± SD) ranged from 86 ± 17 to 98 ± 5 mmHg during anaesthesia. Minute ventilation was low due to decreased respiratory rates during anaesthesia. Changes in arterial blood gases and pH demonstrated respiratory acidosis during anaesthesia. Haematological findings revealed haemodilution during anaesthesia. Serum potassium decreased slightly during anaesthesia, but other serum biochemical values did not significantly change for 7 days postanaesthesia. These results suggest that sevoflurane may be an effective inhalant anaesthetic which produces a rapid recovery from anaesthesia in horses.
Type I Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation of the Lungs in a Hereford Calf
Authors: Desrochers A. , St‐Jean G. , Kraft S. L. , Leipold H. W.
Published: May 2010

A 3‐day‐old Hereford calf was presented for general weakness and severe dyspnoea. Lateral radiographs projections showed several compartmentalized gas filled structures in the caudodorsal thorax. At necropsy each diaphragmatic lung lobe contained a large cyst. Gross and histopathologic findings were consistent with a congenital type I cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lungs.
Estimates of Components of Variance of the Rectal Temperature in Clinically Healthy Dogs in a Hospital Environment
Authors: Jensen A. L. , Koch J. , Wenck A.
Published: May 2010

The rectal temperature is frequently measured in the morning on a daily basis in hospitalized dogs. Besides comparing the measured temperature to a population‐based reference interval, it may also be of interest to evaluate the differences between consecutive measurements in order to follow the health status of a particular dog. In veterinary clinical chemistry, a parameter referred to as the critical difference, which can be used to judge if the difference between two consecutive measurements may be safely ascribed to random variation or not, has recently been introduced. The purpose of the present study was to obtain an estimate of the critical difference of the rectal temperature based on measurements of the rectal temperature in clinically healthy dogs in a hospital environment. The rectal temperature was measured in a standardized manner on 6 different days in 7 dogs. The total variance was estimated as 0.1015. The inter‐individual variance was 0.0428, and the intra‐analytical variance including the analytical variance was 0.0587. From these components of variance, the critical difference was calculated as 0.69 °C. Thus, the rectal temperature measured in the morning in hospitalized dogs can be expected to fluctuate about 0.7 °C from day to day due to random variation alone.
Reduction of Heart Lesions after Experimental Restraint Stress: a Study in Stress‐susceptible Pigs
Authors: Carlsten J. , Bjurström S. , Häggendal J. , Jönsson L.
Published: May 2010

Pigs, crossbreeds of Swedish Landrace and Yorkshire, about 6 months old and susceptible to develop malignant hyperthermia when exposed to halothane, were subjected to a 12‐min experimental stress provoked by the myorelaxant succinylcholine. The experimental pigs were pre‐treated before the stress: five were given propranolol for one week, six were given α‐tocopherol (vitamin E) combined with selenium for 11 days, and five pigs were pre‐treated with zinc (ZnSO4) for 1 month. A total of 12 untreated, stress‐susceptible pigs served as controls. The blood levels of noradrenaline and adrenaline recorded during the stress were significantly reduced in the groups pre‐treated with propranolol or α‐tocopherol combined with selenium. The results show significant reduction of myocardial necrosis by β‐adrenoceptor‐blocking agents and free‐radical scavengers during stress‐induced increased sympathetic activity.
Sonographic Investigation of Reticular Contractions in Healthy Sheep, Cows and Goats and in Cows with Traumatic Reticulo‐peritonitis
Authors: Kaske M. , Midasch A. , Rehage J.
Published: May 2010

The objective of the study was (a) to compare sonographically the sequence of reticular contractions between grass and roughage eaters (cows, sheep) and intermediate feeders (goats) and (b) to check whether sonography may be useful for the investigation of cattle with a history of traumatic reticulo‐peritonitis (TRP). All animals were investigated from the left ventral Regio parachondriaca with a 2.5 MHz sector scanner. Reticular contractions were recorded on video and evaluated later on. Duration of the contractions was found to be surprisingly uniform between individuals of the investigated species. However, in cattle and sheep the reticular floor moves over longer distances during both contractions in cranio‐dorsal direction compared to goats, i.e. the velocity with which the reticulum contracts was markedly higher in sheep (5.3 ± 1.4 cm* s−1) and cows (4.4 ± 2.0) than in goats (2.1 ± 0.9). Thus, in sheep and cattle feed particles are transported with a higher force in caudo‐dorsal direction resulting in a longer retention time of particles in the reticulorumen than in goats.

Sonographic investigation of eight cows with clinical symptoms of acute TRP indicated that sonography is a valuable method for the diagnosis of TRP. Implications of sonographic signs for the clinical course in such patients are discussed.
Polyamines and Pyrimidines in Blood Plasma and Urine of Dogs Bearing Mammary Tumours
Authors: Motyl T. , Ratajska K. , Jurga W. , Katkiewicz M. , Kukulska W. , Podgurniak M. , Kasterka M.
Published: May 2010

The blood plasma and urinary pattern of polyamines and pyrimidines in dogs bearing mammary tumours was examined. A large variability of pyrimidines in blood plasma and spermidine, spermine and pseudouridine in urine of healthy and tumour‐bearing dogs was observed. The blood plasma level of uracil and uridine as well as urinary concentration of pseudouridine and spermidine/spermine ratio were significantly elevated in dogs with mammary tumours.
Participation of Monocytes and Macrophages in Canine Glomerular Disease
Authors: Vilafranca M. , Ferrer L. , Wohlsein P. , Trautwein G.
Published: May 2010

The presence of monocytes/macrophages (MPs) in renal glomeruli was investigated in 86 dogs with different types of glomerulopathies. The identification of MPs in tissue sections was based on cytological criteria and the immunohistochemical demonstration of lysozyme. The highest numbers of MPs in glomeruli were observed in focal and diffuse mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (MesPGN), diffuse endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis (DEPGN), and diffuse mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis (DMCGN). In cases of minor glomerular abnormalities (MGA), focal and segmental hyalinosis and sclerosis (FGS), diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis (DMemGN), and diffuse sclerosing glomerulonephritis (DSGN) the presence of glomerular MPs was low. Particularly in MesPGN, the number of MPs was correlated with glomerular hypercellularity and, additionally in DMCGN, with the degree of proteinuria. The results of this study suggest that MPs may be involved in functional and morphological alterations in different types of canine glomerulopathies.
Endotoxin Stimulates Secretion of Cortisol, but not ACTH in Heifers Pretreated with Suppressive Doses of a Glucocorticoid
Authors: Bosu W. T. K. , Kujjo Loro Lo‐Laja , Perez G. I.
Published: May 2010

The ability of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) to suppress actions of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the pituitary‐adrenal axis was examined in Holstein heifers. The study was carried out using repeated measure / split plot factorial design involving four heifers which were repeatedly used in four experimental groups thus yielding eight experimental units (EU). Each EU received two treatments, the first at zero hour and the second at 28 h. Heifers in Groups I (n = 2) and II (n = 2) were given sterile saline as treatment (TRT) 1. For TRT 2, group I was given sterile saline, and group II received Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In group III (n = 2) and group IV (n = 2) triamcinolone acetonide was given as TRT 1. Sterile saline (SAL) was TRT 2 for GP III, and group IV heifers received LPS. Administration of LPS elicited increases in concentrations of the stress hormones ACTH (P < 0.05) and cortisol (P < 0.001) in SAL‐pretreated heifers. However, in TA‐pretreated animals, the endotoxin could only cause increase (P < 0.001) in concentrations of cortisol, but not ACTH. Therefore, the significant response of cortisol to LPS stimulation suggest that, at doses used in this study, triamcinolone acetonide did not suppress LPS‐triggered cortisol secretion from adrenal zonae fasciculata and reticularis cells. The LPS‐induced ACTH response appears to have been blunted by prior administration of triamcinolone acetonide.
Skin Diseases in a Merino Sheep Herd Related to an Excessively Rainy Winter in a Mediterranean Climatic Zone
Authors: Yeruham I. , Elad D. , Nyska A.
Published: May 2010

A retrospective study is presented here in which an outbreak of dermatophilosis and morbidity of fleece rot in a sheep herd grazing throughout the year in the Carmel hills are described for the first time in a Mediterranean climatic zone. Both diseases were closely related to intense and prolonged rains during the winter months of 1991/1992. Morbidity of dermatophilosis appeared after 650 mm and that of fleece rot after 1320 mm of precipitation. The pathogenesis of these diseases is discussed.
Persistent Truncus Arteriosus in a Diprosopic Newborn Calf
Authors: Camón J. , López‐Béjar M. A. , Verdú J. , Rutllant J. , Sabaté D. , Degollada E. , López‐Plana C.
Published: May 2010

A newborn diprosopic female calf had a partially duplicated head with two faces each exhibiting a mouth, a snout, an anomalous incomplete mandible, two eyes and a lateral ear. A single ear with two small auditory canals was present on the midline between the two medial eyes. A type 1 persistent truncus arteriosus and hypoplasia of the thoracic portion of thymus were the most outstanding extracranial defects. In the heart, a persistent foramen secundum and a large patent foramen ovale allowed communication between the right and left atria. In the right ventricle, the small conus arteriosus was separated in part from the inflow tract by an anomalous 'septomarginal muscular septum'. An interventricular septal defect was also present. A large undivided truncus arteriosus, exhibiting a tricuspid truncal valve at its origin, arose for the most part from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle. The truncus gave rise to the brachiocephalic trunk, the aortic arch, a small pulmonary trunk, from which the left and right pulmonary arteries emerged, and two coronary arteries. The etiology and pathogenetic mechanisms implicated in the appearance of persistent truncus arteriosus are reviewed. It is suggested that a deficit or insufficiency in the cranial neural crest may play a role in the pathogenetic mechanisms leading to the production of persistent truncus arteriosus and related defects in cephalic duplications.
Behavioural Studies in Healthy Ponies Subjected to Short‐term Forced Recumbency Aiming at an Adjunctive Treatment in an Acute Attack of Laminitis1
Authors: Wattle O. , Ekfalck A. , Funkquist B. , Obel N.
Published: May 2010

The authors postulated that a period of forced recumbency during an acute attack of laminitis may counteract the disabling effects on the secondary epidermal laminae. On the basis of this concept a study was made of the behavior of three healthy Shetland ponies when placed in a box in which the ceiling was too low for a standing position but allowed comfortable sternal recumbency. When the height of the box was about 125% of the vertical distance between the withers and the sternum, the ponies lay calmly during most of the experimental period and the rare attempts at rising did not seem to put any major load on the hoofs. The possibility of using short‐term forced recumbency as adjunctive treatment in an acute attack of equine laminitis is discussed.
Über den Einfluß einer unterschiedlichen Energieversorgung wachsender Doggen auf Körpermasse‐und Skelettentwicklung. 3. Mitteilung: Klinisches Bild und chemische Skelettuntersuchungen
Authors: Zentek J. , Meyer H. , Dämmrich K.
Published: May 2010

Development of Body Mass and Skeleton in Growing Great Danes, as Affected by Energy Supply

In growth studies with young Great Danes (0–6 months old), the effects of ad libitum (nine animals) or restricted feed supply (70–80% of ad libitum supply; 17 dogs, 9 of them bearing additional weight loads, 15% of body weight attached to the shoulder) were investigated with regard to the development of the skeleton and the bone composition. Growth disturbances of the skeleton were seen in every group, but the incidence increased with ad libitum feeding. Fast growth led to the valgus syndrome in fore‐ and hindlimbs, while hyperextensions of the carpal joint were seen, independently of the growth intensity. Weight loading in connection with energy restriction could not reproduce the same effects as ad libitum feeding. The mineral and protein concentrations in the bones (related to fat‐free dry matter) were not affected either by the different feeding levels or by the weight loading.

In einem Aufzuchtversuch (6 Monate) mit jungen Doggen wurden die Auswirkungen einer freien (neun Tiere) oder restriktiven Energieaufnahme (70–80% der ad libitum Energieaufnahme; 17 Tiere, davon neun mit zusätzlicher Gewichtsbelastung (15% der Körpermasse) auf die Entwicklung des Skeletts sowie die Zusammensetzung der Knochen überprüft. In allen Gruppen fielen Wachstumsstörungen am Skelett auf, vermehrt allerdings bei Ad‐libitum‐Fütterung. Ein forciertes Wachstum begünstigte Außenrotationen an Vorder‐ und Hintergliedmaßen, während Hyperextensionen im Karpalgelenk unabhängig von der Fütterungsintensität auftraten. Die Gewichtsbelastung reproduzierte die Effekte der Ad‐libitum‐Fütterung nicht in vollem Umfang. Die Mineralstoff‐ und Proteingehalte im Knochen (Bezug auf fettfreie Trockensubstanz) wurden durch die Fütterungsintensität nicht signifikant beeinflußt.
Endocardiosis and Other Heart Disease in Greyhounds
Authors: Schoning P. R.
Published: May 2010

Gross and microscopic lesions of heart disease in 230 greyhounds were recorded. The most common lesion was endcardiosis, which occurred in 24 (10.4%) of the greyhounds. Other heart lesions included endocardial fibrosis, myocardial necrosis, ossification of the aortic fibrous ring, and abscesses of the right atrium. Although females weighed less and had lighter hearts, body weights, heart weights and heart: body weight ratios did not differ between greyhounds with or without endocardiosis.
Embryo Survival Following Non‐Surgical Embryo Recovery in Superovulated Dairy Heifers
Authors: López‐Gatius F.
Published: May 2010

Embryo survival following non‐surgical embryo recovery was studied in 66 superovulated dairy heifers. Blood samples were collected at uterine flushing (6.5 days after a single AI), 72 h after flushing and then every 7 days until estrus or until pregnancy diagnosis by palpation per rectum. Luteolytic effect by uterine flushing was detected in three heifers 72 h following flushing (progesterone values < 1 ng/ml plasma). From the remaining animals 11 (17.5%) remained pregnant and 52 returned to estrus. In four heifers, embryo loss was registered 48 days after AI. Seven heifers developed gestation to term: five resulted in single and two in twin normal births. Progesterone concentrations in all samples from heifers in which embryo loss occurred were higher than in those with pregnancy to term. For non‐pregnant heifers, the average interval between uterine flushing and the following spontaneous estrus was 16.6 ± 1.3 days (± SEM). It was concluded that uterine flushing did not induce luteolysis in most heifers, and after uterine flushing, embryos remaining in the uterus were capable of developing through pregnancy to term.
Comparisons of Selenite and Selenium Yeast Feed Supplements on Se‐incorporation, Mastitis and Leucocyte Function in Se‐deficient Dairy Cows
Authors: Malbe M. , Klaassen M. , Fang W. , Myllys V. , Vikerpuur M. , Nyholm K. , Sankari S. , Suoranta K. , Sandholm M.
Published: May 2010

The dairy cows at the Estonian Agricultural University appeared to have an extremely low selenium status. The selenium level was 5.6 μg/l in whole blood and 3.2 μg/l in milk, on average. The blood glutathione peroxidase was consequently extremely low. The effects of organic selenium (selenized yeast) and sodium selenite were compared in a feeding experiment on 100 dairy cows. Selenium incorporation, udder health and thein vitrofunction of blood neutrophils were monitored.

Supplementation of the feed either with 0.2 ppm organic selenium or sodium selenite for 8 weeks, increased the blood selenium level (geometric mean) within this period from the background level (about 5.6 μg/l) to 167 (Se‐yeast) and to 91 μg/l (selenite). The respective change in whole blood glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐PX) was from 0.22 to 3.0 (Se‐yeast) and to 2.3 (selenite) μKat/g Hb. Blood GSH‐PX continued to increase up to 10 weeks after the supplementation was stopped. The bioavailability of yeast selenium was superior to selenite: the relative bioavailability (selenite = 1) of yeast selenium was 1.4 if blood GSH‐PX, 1.9 if blood selenium, and 2.7 if milk selenium was used as the response criterion. Selenium‐supplementation showed a positive effect on udder health. The percentage of quarters harbouring mastitis pathogens dropped from 22.9 to 13.0 in the Se‐yeast group and from 18.4 to 7.4 in the selenite group during the supplementation period. The effect of selenium on mastitis was also reflected as a decrease in the output of milk somatic cells and N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase (NAGase). The time‐luminescence profile of zymosan‐induced activity of blood neutrophils became skewed to the left in Se‐supplemented cows.
Lymph Node Macrophages after Application of Glucan in Calves: an Electron Microscopical Study
Authors: Kolodzieyski L. , Levkutona M. , Leykut M. , Kokardova M.
Published: May 2010

The present study was designed to reveal by electron microscopy the dynamics of degradation processes of glucan after phagocytosis in the lymph nodes. A soluble form of glucan at a dosage of 50 mg/kg body weight induced a distinct phagocytic activity. On day 7, after stimulation of the lymph nodes, glucan was gradually degraded through fibrillar, particular components, and finally into a light microscopically invisible content. The ingestive capacity of macrophages was higher compared to phagocytic ability of the sinus‐lining and reticular cells. On day 30, after stimulation, the lymph nodes indicated restoration of the architecture of their medullary pulp.
Comparison of the Kinetics of Sodium Meclofenamate Versus Meclofenamic Acid after Oral Administration to Sheep
Authors: Encinas T. , Vinagre E. , Boggio J. C. , de Vicente M. L. , San Andres M. I. , Rodriguez C.
Published: May 2010

Meclofenamates are non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory agents used in ruminants for the prevention and the treatment of anaphylactic processes. The objective of the present work was to study possible kinetic variations due to the chemical form of meclofenamates administered by the oral route to adult sheep. Six Rubia del Molar female sheep (2–3 years old, 47–57 kg) were used. Initially, an intravenous administration of sodium meclofenamate (2.2 mg/kg bwt) was given; the obtained kinetic results were in agreement with data from other authors. Oral administrations (20 mg/kg bwt) of sodium meclofenamate and meclofenamic acid were then given. When the reticular groove was opened, both drug forms showed a single meclofenamate plasma peak; t2max were 60.0 ± 10.61 min and 127.50 ± 22.5 min for the sodium and acid form, respectively. The elimination rate constants (β) were not significantly different, but the absorption half‐lives were (14.69 ± 3.21 min for the sodium form and 61.07 ± 21.7 min for the acid form). The bioavailability was 48.6 ± 4.3% for sodium meclofenamate and 65.1 ± 2.8% for meclofenamic acid. Thus, the chemical form (sodium versus acid) alters the oral bioavailability and tmax of meclofenamates in adult sheep. These findings agree with the behaviour of meclofenamates in man.
Round Cell Sarcomas of Possible Myelomonocytic Origin Localized at the Lip of Aged Dogs
Authors: Kipar A. , Baumgärtner W. , Burkhardt E.
Published: May 2010

Four round cell tumors, situated at the lip of dogs older than 4 years of age, which could not be further classified, were examined light and electron microscopically, immunocytochemically and in part functionally and cytochemically. Immunocytochemically they were positive for vimentin, but negative for cytokeratin, desmin, neurofilament, synaptophysin, S‐100 protein, neuron specific enolase, lysozyme, IgG and a pan‐T‐cell marker. Cell lines were established from two malignant neoplasms. In vitro, neoplastic cells had morphological, functional and cytochemical properties of myelomonocytic cells. A tumor cell‐specific polyclonal rabbit antiserum reacted immunocytochemically positive with primary and recurrent tumors and metastases of the original and the three other round cell tumors. Immunoblotting demonstrated a main band with approximately 65–75 kDa. All four tumors were present in aged dogs and metastasized. They most likely represent a distinct group of malignant tumors among the canine round cell tumors.
Species Specific Pharmacokinetics of Rolitetracycline
Authors: Lashev L. , Pashov D. , Kanelov I.
Published: May 2010

Comparative studies on some selected pharmacokinetic parameters of rolitetracycline (effective antimicrobial activity levels) in sheep, pigs, rabbits, chickens and pigeons were carried out after intravenous administration of the drug at a dose of 5 mg/kg. The results revealed that a two‐compartment open model was usually optimal. Interspecies differences in the rate (α) and the volume of distribution (Vda), the area under the serum concentration time curve (AUC) and the total body clearance (ClB) were small. The values of the elimination half‐life (t 1/2β) found in sheep, pigs, rabbits, chickens and pigeons were 1.51, 3.06, 2.18, 4.33 and 2.51 h respectively. These results and data in mice, rabbits and man taken from literature were analysed to determine any correlation to body mass (W). The log of the elimination half‐life values (log t 1/2β) of rolitetetracycline revealed a significant correlation with log values of (W) between animal species. This relationship was described by the equation t 1/2β= 1.27. W0.29(r = 0.93, P < 0.01, n = 5) for mammal species and t 1/2β= 1.81. W0.24(r = 0.78, P < 0.05, n = 7) for mammal and bird species.
A Standard Water Provocative Test for Dogs Anaesthetized with Acepromazine‐Ketamine
Authors: Martin E. , Molleda J. M. , Novales M. , Ginel P. J. , Lucena M. R. , Lopez R.
Published: May 2010

Administration of 60 ml/kg of water to anaesthetized dogs increased intraocular pressure; this reached its maximum at 15 min after ingestion, except in young dogs, whose maximum was attained at 10 min. Pressure fell back close to original levels by 60 min. Pressure increases in females and young dogs were greater than those of males and adults, respectively.
Influence of Endometrial Cysts on Conception Rate of Mares
Authors: Tannus R. J. , Thun R.
Published: May 2010

A total of 259 normally fertile mares were examined gynecologically by means of rectal palpation and ultrasonography in order to record the presence of uterine cysts and pregnancy. The incidence of endometrial cysts was 22.4%. Of the 95 cysts observed during the trial, 87.4% were located in the middle and posterior segments of both uterine horns. The size of all endometrial cysts ranged between 3 and 48 mm. When all mares were assigned to three age groups, A < 7 years (n = 116), B 7–14 years (n = 117) and C > 14 years (n = 26), a significant (P < 0.01) increase in the number of endometrial cysts was observed with advancing age (4.3%, 29.1% and 73.1%, respectively). The pregnancy rates at Days 14 and 40 were significantly (P<0.01) lower in mares with cysts (77.6% and 71.4%) compared to mares without cysts (91.5% and 88.0%). This suggests that the presence of uterine cysts plays an important role in the reduction of fertility of Thoroughbred mares.
Expression of Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen in Basal Cell Carcinomas and in Squamous Cell Carcinomas of Canine Skin: Correlation with Mitotic Index and Histological Features
Authors: Maiolino P. , Restucci B. , De Vico G.
Published: May 2010

In this study we evaluated the behaviour of proliferating cell nuclear antigen labelling index (PCNA‐LI), mitotic index (MI) and histological features in ten basal cell carcinomas (BCC) and ten squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of canine skin. PCNA‐LI ranged from 2.1% to 4.8% in SCC and from 0.1% to 2.0% in BCC samples. A significant statistical correlation, between PCNA‐LI and MI could be demonstrated only in SCC, but not in BCC samples. Furthermore, PCNA‐LI was also significantly and consistently greater in the three BCC of solid type and in poorly differentiated SCC. PCNA‐LI may provide additional criterion in evaluating the intrinsic malignancy and growth potential of the above tumours.
Course of Pregnancy, Steroid Hormone Levels and Maturation Process of Placentomes after Oestrone infusion in Cows near Term
Authors: Janowski T. , Zduńczyk S. , Podhalicz‐Dziȩgielewska M. , Raś A. , Chmielewski A.
Published: May 2010

The present study was designed to examine the effect of systemic oestrone infusion on the course of late pregnancy and parturition, steroid hormone concentrations and maturation of placentomes in cows. Twelve pluriparous pregnant cows with known breeding dates were used in this experiment. Starting on day 267 of pregnancy six cows (experimental group) received 20 mg oestrone daily (in four doses) infused into the vena jugularis until parturition. Six other cows infused with vehicle served as control. Concentrations of oestrone (E1), oestrone sulphate (E1S) and progesterone (P4) were measured by RIA, and after parturition placentomes were examined histologically. In experimental and control animals parturition occurred on days 276,9 ± 1,8 and 277,2 ± 1,1 of gestation, respectively. The concentrations of E1in the treated group were higher (8–12 ng/ml) than those in control animals (1–3 ng/ml), while the levels of E1S (8–14 ng/ml) were similar for both groups. The concentrations of P4in experimental and control cows were typical for late pregnancy (4–6 ng/ml), with a sharp drop of this hormone 1–2 days before calving. The histological pictures of placentomes obtained from both groups of animals were similar and maturation of the placenta was observed. These results suggest that the prepartal increase of oestrone in maternal plasma does not play a major role in the regulation of parturition and placental maturation.