bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Illustrated Periodicals and Lithographs
Authors: Bellows Amanda Brickell
Published: May 2021

This chapter categorizes and analyzes representations of Russian peasants and African Americans in illustrated periodicals and lithographs between 1865 and 1905. It examines popular American publications including Harper’s Weekly, Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, the Indianapolis Freeman, the Colored American Magazine, and the lithographs of Currier and Ives. It also assesses widely circulated Russian periodicals Niva and Vsemirnaia illiustratsiia, as well as lubochnaia literatura and lubki, illustrated materials written for the peasantry. The range of portrayals reveals both the multiplicity and evolution of perspectives of peasants and freedpeople during the four decades that followed emancipation.
Oil Paintings
Authors: Bellows Amanda Brickell
Published: May 2021

After the abolition of serfdom and slavery, Russian and American artists created oil paintings of peasants and African Americans that revealed to viewers the complexity of their post-emancipation experiences. Russian painters from the Society of Traveling Art Exhibitions and American artists including Henry Ossawa Tanner, William Edouard Scott, and Winslow Homer created thematically similar works that depicted bondage, emancipation, military service, public schooling, and the urban environment. Their compositions shaped nineteenth-century viewers’ conceptions of freedpeople and peasants and molded Russians’ and Americans’ sense of national identity as the two countries reconstructed their societies during an era of substantial political and social reform.
Advertisements and Ephemera
Authors: Bellows Amanda Brickell
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the ways in which Russian and American businesses represented the histories of slavery, serfdom, and emancipation in late nineteenth-century advertisements. Images of African Americans and peasants appeared in posters, trade cards, and ephemera. A comparative analysis of these depictions illuminates businesses’ distinct marketing strategies and efforts to target specific consumer groups through portrayals of historically subjugated populations.
Literature and Visual Culture at the Turn of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Bellows Amanda Brickell
Published: May 2021

In the early twentieth century, an increasingly diverse group of Russians and Americans reflected upon their changing worlds in literature and visual culture. They produced competing representations of serfs, enslaved African Americans, peasants, and freedpeople that alternately idealized and criticized the pre and post-emancipation eras. This chapter studies the work of Joel Chandler Harris, Thomas Nelson Page, Kate Chopin, Charles Waddell Chesnutt, Thomas Dixon, Jr., W.E.B. Du Bois, Anton Chekhov, and Evgenii Opochinin.
Southern Enclosure as American Literature
Authors: Carico Aaron
Published: May 2021

Set against the backdrop of Southern land grabs in the 1830s and again in the 1930s that were meant to sustain the cotton economy, this chapter studies the literary representation of the poor whites who were side-lined by the slave plantation’s expansion and modernization, and who were then remade into a national folk by literary elites. Facilitated by these Southern enclosures, the ambivalent canonization of poor whites as the nation’s folk would have a decisive and determining influence on the constitution—and the racial covenant—of American literature, and not only on its Americaness but also on its literariness. Slavery was the condition of possibility for this literature, but its role, along with that of the enslaved, was silenced. From frontier humor to the New Criticism, this chapter reveals a submerged racial history beneath the canonization of U.S. national literature, which was undertaken in the early twentieth century in U.S. literary criticism, explainingthe roleof New Deal photography, of paper money and paperwork, and modernism in literary style in the constitution of American literature as both discipline and object.
Intolerance toward “New” Religions in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Corrigan John , Neal Lynn S.
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the power of the “cult” stereotype and how it is used against minority religious groups rhetorically, legally, and, in some cases, violently. The primary sources, ranging from internet hoaxes and jokes to FBI memos and city ordinances, demonstrate the ways that technology, law enforcement, and laws are embroiled in the spread and enactment of religious intolerance against minority religious groups. Readers explore the “cult” stereotype and these patterns through a series of case studies, including Unificationism, Wicca, Heaven’s Gate, the Nation of Islam, and Santería.
Islamophobia
Authors: Corrigan John , Neal Lynn S.
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the emergence of Islamophobia after September 11, 2001, and its continued rise in the early twenty-first century with conspiracy theories about Sharia, Christian fears about the future of America as a “Christian nation,” and the presidential campaign and election of Donald Trump. The primary sources in this chapter focus on the birther controversy surrounding President Barack Obama, the racialization of Islam and attacks on Sikhs, media and popular culture stereotypes of Islam as un-American, violent, and oppressive toward women, and the expansion of Islamophobia during the Trump presidency. Various sources, ranging from tweets and radio transcripts to T-shirts and internet art to news interviews and executive orders, demonstrate the growth and pervasiveness of Islamophobia in the twenty-first century United States.
A Theory of Translation
Authors: Davis William L.
Published: May 2021

Chapter Seven theorizes how Joseph Smith composed the Book of Mormon. Through a process of "revelatory translation," Smith spent several years crafting story outlines for the Book of Mormon, while simultaneously seeking spiritual confirmation of the historical authenticity of the narratives. Whether using a notebook of story outlines or simply his memory, Smith reviewed each of the story outlines prior to dictation, and then dictated the stories without the use of notes or manuscripts. The chapter contextualizes Smith's process within the western esoteric tradition of using seer stones and a biblical-style Urim and Thummim, with attention to the esotericism of John Dee and his scryer Edward Kelly (aka "Kelley"), who used a seer stone ("shew-stone") to translate angelic texts. The chapter further suggests the influence of biblical commentator Adam Clarke and his discussion of Paul's New Testament reference to the "tongue of angels." The chapter then reviews historical accounts by eyewitnesses to Smith's process of dictation and challenges apologetic interpretations. The chapter concludes with the theory that Smith composed the Book of Mormon by formulating the narratives in the work, after which he sought spiritual confirmation of their accuracy in a collaborative, spiritual co-authorship with the divine.
Introduction
Authors: Field Thomas C. , Krepp Stella , Pettinà Vanni
Published: May 2021

This volume uncovers a multitude of overlapping and sometimes conflicting iterations of Third Worldist movements in Latin America, and offers insights for better understanding the region’s past, as well as its possible futures, challenging us to consider how the Global Cold War continues to inform Latin America’s ongoing political struggles.
Mexican-Soviet Encounters in the Early 1960s
Authors: Pettinà Vanni
Published: May 2021

Drawing on new primary sources from former Soviet Union, US and Mexican archives this chapter analyzes the failed process of Mexican-Soviet engagement which took place between the end of the 1950s and the beginning of the 1960s. The chapter shows the factors which, for first time since the beginning of the Cold War in 1947, created the conditions for a bilateral rapprochement between the two countries. On the one hand, it shows how the ideological changes fostered by the new Khrushchev leadership made the Soviet Union particularly keen in strengthening its political and economic relations with Latin America and Mexico. Moreover, it shows how Soviet analysis of the international constraints the Western Hemisphere and Mexico faced in advancing their process of economic development fit squarely with Latin American desarrollista perception of the problem and recipes to fix it.
Chile, Algeria, and the Third World in the 1960s and 1970s
Authors: Palieraki Eugenia
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on the revolutionary connections between Chile and Algeria during the years 1961-1978. It starts at the beginning of the 1960s when the first extensive references to the Algerian War appear in the Chilean Left-Wing Press and in the reports of the Chilean Ministry of Foreign Affairs and ends with Boumediene’s passing in 1978, which closes the socialist parenthesis in Algeria. It describes the conditions of possibility that underlie the revolutionary connections between Chile and Algeria and thus, the revolutionary cosmopolitanism through the examination of 1° the agents, 2° the places and spaces where those links are created and maintained and 3° the ideas. These three elements are constitutive of a new revolutionary universalism, which allows a political meaning to be given to the diplomatic relations between Chile and Algeria from 1970 onwards.
Isolating Nicaragua’s Somoza
Authors: Ommen Eline Van
Published: May 2021

This chapter analyzes Sandinista transnational activism in Western Europe in the immediate lead-up to the Nicaraguan Revolution. The work incorporates a host of emerging trends in Cold War history and in international history more broadly. Engaging with nonstate actors, the chapter taps into the transnational turn while melding the transnational with the international. The chapter describes the Sandinista impulse to take their political struggle to the global stage, particularly as the tercera faction successfully engaged with European social democrats to build a strong and lasting base of support across the Atlantic. Meanwhile, the chapter reveals explicit link between the nonstate activism of the Sandinistas and the Western European governments themselves.
Sex, Blood, Guns, and Gambling
Authors: Flowe Douglas J.
Published: May 2021

Chapter 2 explores the meaning of public commercial spaces to African American men, with special attention to how saloons, bars, and pool halls bolstered their sense of manhood. Those spaces gave them refuge from the broader public world, connected them to a prosperous legal and illegal economy, and provided a number of services unavailable elsewhere. It also gave them a novel sense of control over a realm of leisure whether as a proprietor or a customer. However, as the chapter makes clear, saloons provided opportunities for others to criminalize them, or for them to participate in criminal enterprises.
White Women Forced to Live in Negro Dives
Authors: Flowe Douglas J.
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the subject of white slavery, interracial sex, and manhood through the 1906 abduction trial of Roosevelt Sharp, an African American man who was arrested for kidnapping white women. It argues that this trial and other accusations of white slavery indicated a contest between white and black men on the conceptual terrain of white women’s bodies, one that signified an attempt by white men to retain racial power.
He Looks Like a Big Flag
Authors: Gomer Justin
Published: May 2021

This chapter traces the articulation of colorblindness as a coherent ideology around the issues of busing and affirmative action in the years between 1974 and 1978. The chapter offers a close reading of Rocky, highlighting the manner in which the film offers race-conscious images and implications to colorblind political discourse. Just as the political struggles over integration produced a coherent colorblind ideology, they also, through Rocky, reflected the first appearance of Hollywood’s colorblind aesthetics. Rocky was instrumental in shaping colorblindness, which was fundamental in the opposition to affirmative action and busing. This analysis of Rocky highlights the integral role Hollywood played in both the white backlash of the late 1970s and the articulation of colorblindness. The chapter then turns to the intersection of the rise of colorblindness and neoliberalism. Ultimately, it argues that neoliberal thought gained momentum in the 1970s because it offered solutions to two problems: first, to the economic sluggishness of the decade, and second, perhaps more importantly, to the broad “problem” of excessive government intervention and to matters of racial inequality specifically.
Introduction
Authors: Kirchberger Ulrike
Published: May 2021

The introduction outlines the concept of the volume. It briefly sketches the state of research, it defines the key issues and it outlines the structures, dimensions and outreaches of the networks dealt with in the book. It reflects upon informal aspects of the networks, such as correspondences and exchanges between those scientists who played important parts in the global ecological networks and feature in many of the following chapters. It also refers to the institutional infrastructures which shaped the networks and are examined in the individual chapters, such as acclimatization societies, forest administrations, botanical and zoological gardens, natural history museums, agricultural colleges and colonial research stations. Following the results of actor-network-theory, the introduction defines three categories of agents of ecological change: firstly, European scientists and colonists, secondly, non-European actors, and thirdly, non-human agents of transfer, such as animals and plants. Furthermore, the introduction addresses the temporal dimensions of the networks. It problematizes their chronological organization and the role of different forms of temporality.
Science, to Understand the Abundance of Plants and Trees
Authors: Celik Semih
Published: May 2021

In the 1830s, a natural history museum and herbarium was founded in Istanbul, within the Ottoman Imperial Medical College complex in Galata Sarayı. The few accounts (mostly by botanists) written on the history of the establishment and management of the herbarium and museum consider its history in the context of the colonial ambitions of European actors and employ the concept of “westernization,” implying the asymmetrical influence of European technology, values and knowledge over the Ottoman realm, leading to the imitation and copying of European ways of imperial administration. This chapter, by contrast, argues that the first herbarium and natural history museum within Ottoman territories functioned as a hub where doctors, scientists, plant collectors and bureaucrats from the Ottoman Empire and from different parts of Europe (including Russia) formed an inter-imperial network to pursue scientific, but also political and economic interests. It emphasizes that relations in the network were characterized by conflict, cooperation and negotiation between different human and non-human actors. Relationships were dialectic rather than shaped by the asymmetries of westernization.
Inventing Colonial Agronomy
Authors: Wagner Florian
Published: May 2021

After European colonizers had appropriated the so-called “new territories” in Africa in the 1880s, their main concern was to turn them into profitable agricultural estates. This chapter examines the contribution of the Buitenzorg botanical gardens in Dutch Java to the making of the colonial plantation economy in Africa and Asia. It argues that, by 1900, Buitenzorg had become the single-most cherished model for agronomic engineering in the “new territories” and beyond. In Buitenzorg, international experts had established several research laboratories that excelled in crop genetics. They increased the yield of cocoa, tobacco, coffee or coutchouc plants and made them resistant against pests. In doing so, Buitenzorg emancipated botany from its descriptive origins and transformed it into an applied science of agronomy that served the purposes of colonial governments. At the beginning of the twentieth century, Buitenzorg was an important global hub of cash crop exchange and controlled most transfers of modern techniques to foster colonial development.
Discovery and Patriarchy
Authors: McCormack Carey
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on the famous botanist and director of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Joseph Hooker, and his journeys in South Asia. Joseph Hooker’s journeys provide a typical case study of a significant shift in the network of exchange from a diversity of people engaged in botanical “discovery” to a white, male-dominated profession. While professional botanists such as Joseph Hooker relied on indigenous knowledge about cultivation, soil erosion, adaptation and medicinal uses of plants collected in British holdings, local collectors who performed the majority of the work increasingly became silent partners in “discovery.” Botany and the expansion of Empire are intimately tied during the mid-nineteenth century and the hardening of the colonial categories of race, class and gender is evidenced by this shift towards botany as an exclusionary science. The professionalization of botany led to the exclusion of women and colonial subjects from the science of discovery.
Adapting to Change in Australian Estuaries
Authors: Frawley Jodi
Published: May 2021

In the 1880s, Eastern Australian estuaries supported thriving oyster industries. They supplied lime for building early in Australia’s development, but as cities and towns grew, it was the briny salty taste for this delicacy that saw the growth of the sector. When the oyster beds at the east coast of Australia became depleted, fishermen looked to New Zealand, where the same Oyster species grew, to supply cultivation stock for the Australian market. It was presumed that transfers would have the same impact as those already being moved within the Australian ecological networks. That is: it would present no problem at all. What was overlooked in this intercolonial exchange was the presence of the mudworm in the New Zealand estuaries. Mudworm co-habitats with oysters without killing them, but impedes the healthy development of the oysters making them inedible. This chapter places the mudworm at the center of a new narrative in the ecological networks of oysters. Rather than articulating the mudworm as a damaging invasive species, it argues that the mudworm was an agent of change that caused the fishermen to adjust their methods of oyster cultivation.
Brumbies (Equus ferus caballus) as Colonizers of the Esperance Mallee–Recherche Bioregion in Western Australia
Authors: Chalmer Nicole Y.
Published: May 2021

Before Australia was taken over by humans more than 55 000 years BP, the landscapes were shaped through animal agency. Extinct prehistoric fauna and megafauna had social ecological systems and actively organized ecosystems and landscapes that reflected patterns of herbivory, soil foraging, nutrient cycling and predation. Surviving species continued as agents in the ecosystem functions of the EM-R region until the beginning of European colonization in the 1860’s. The settlers used the inherent biological traits of their domesticated animals, including horses, as an agency of colonization. Horses (Equus ferus caballus) who escaped to become wild are known as Brumbies in the Australian vernacular. They adapted to the local environments and prospered. This chapter analyzes the ways Brumbies have adapted to and made the land their own. It shows how they became intimately engaged with landscape details and resources which are reflected through their creation of cultural horsetrails as they moved purposefully throughout their homelands.
Fendall’s Rebellion, 1650s
Authors: McIlvenna Noeleen
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes the events of 1650s Maryland, including the Battle of the Severn. Cromwell ended censorship and radical ideas, and theologies spread, with Quakers questioning inherited status. In Maryland, at first, Puritans fought against Josias Fendall and Thomas Gerard. Gradually they realized their common goals and organized another attempt to establish a republican commonwealth. The Assembly overthrew Lord Baltimore and his Council. But the rebellion ended with the Restoration of King Charles II. The Calvert family took back power. One of the rebels, John Jenkins, escaped.
Albemarle and Other Fringes, 1661–1674
Authors: McIlvenna Noeleen
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes the alternative societies built by radicals in the borderlands of the Chesapeake. John Jenkins and others created a sanctuary in the Albemarle region of North Carolina. There, Quakers and Levelers were welcome. After William Berkeley suppressed servant rebellions in Virginia, some Quakers found refuge in Somerset County, Maryland. In all these frontier places that governors could not control, radicals deviated from political, social, and cultural norms. But at the same time, the big planters of Tidewater Virginia were making the shift to a slave labor force.
Conclusion
Authors: McIlvenna Noeleen
Published: May 2021

This section takes a broad look at the history from Ingle’s Rebellion to the American Revolution, tracing how republican ideas and a belief in equality was affected by gender norms and racial slavery. It argues that the Gerard network should be seen as important players in the long American pursuit of equality and democracy..
Moving Pictures
Authors: Nobbs-Thiessen Ben
Published: May 2021

The chapter draws from an impressive corpus of visual and written materials that sought to define the March to the East in human and environmental terms. This includes the work of filmmaker Jorge Ruiz, who traveled throughout the Bolivian lowlands documenting colonization for the state and its U.S. sponsors. Ruiz played with the visual distinction between the arid highlands of Bolivia and the tropical lowlands. His camera followed the lives of fictional characters whose migrations through unfamiliar landscapes would overcome profound regional differences and unify a fractured national body. Shown in cinemas across the country, Ruiz’s films helped the state consolidate an enduring frontier imaginary that the future of the country lay in the east. Residents of Santa Cruz responded to such films in conflicting ways. Lowland elites eagerly embraced new highways and railways that would link them to the rest of the nation. Yet they harbored a deep fear of the Andean indigenous bodies that would accompany these new forms of mobility. Ruiz and his images also circulated far beyond Bolivia. His success at transplanting his aesthetic repertoire highlights the flow, pervasiveness, and flexibility of midcentury development ideology and the role of film as a powerful vehicle for representing change.
Abandonment Issues
Authors: Nobbs-Thiessen Ben
Published: May 2021

The chapter examines the intertwined movement of indigenous letters and bodies in the March to the East. In an array of letters Andeans demanded they take part in colonization in the 1950s and then denounced its shortcomings in the following decade. The chapter follows their petitions as they traveled from highland hamlets and humid settlement zones to the halls of government. Letters produced in the Andes in the 1950s and 1960s painted a provocative portrait of desperate situations in home communities with the promise and allure of the tropical environment of the lowlands. Writers attempted to shame the state by emphasizing their struggles as migrant laborers or braceros in neighboring Argentina and demanded land as part of the state’s commitments to its own revolutionary legacy. Along the lowland frontier, the reality of colonization failed to match the harmonious human experiment depicted in state propaganda. Government officials blamed a high rate of settler abandonment in new colonization zones on the “backwards” cultural practices of Indigenous migrants. Settlers flung this accusation back on the state, claiming that the MNR had abandoned them. Each group would cast failure as the justification for new rounds of intervention or radicalism in the following decades.
To Minister or Administer
Authors: Nobbs-Thiessen Ben
Published: May 2021

Across the Global South, missionary and religious organizations served as state proxies in “secular” modernization projects. In Bolivia, Protestants flocked to new colonization zones at the invitation of the MNR. This chapter explores the Methodist Mission Board and the Mennonite Central Committee (a North American relief agency). Each made Bolivia a center of its global operations and joined with several Maryknoll nuns in an improvised United Church Committee (CIU) in the wake of a devastating 1968 flood. The CIU would go on to administer the San Julián Project, the largest colonization program in Bolivian history during a period of authoritarian rule ushered in by General Hugo Banzer’s 1971 coup. Faith-based development practitioners worked on the ground with colonists, gained the confidence of Banzer, and channeled international funding. During that time, San Julián attracted a range of academics and planners who were drawn to its unique orientation program and spatial design. The chapter follows the trajectories of these mobile actors who leveraged their work in Bolivia into new roles with international agencies and NGOs across the Global South. These “go-betweens” crossed boundaries separating the revolutionary and the authoritarian, the secular and the sacred, and the frontier and the academy.
A Sort of Backwoods Guerrilla Warfare
Authors: Nobbs-Thiessen Ben
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores the intertwined migration and expansion of two temperate zone transplants—Mennonites and soybeans—in semitropical Santa Cruz. The transnational history of Bolivian Mennonites offers several interrelated ironies that drive home the paradox of national development in lowland Bolivia. A revolutionary nation-state that sought to use colonization to transform traditional Indigenous subjects into citizens welcomed foreign Mennonites and explicitly freed them from the central components of modern citizenship. Seeking to develop modern, market-oriented agribusiness on its eastern frontier, the MNR invited a traditionalist agricultural community that shunned a wide range of technological innovations. Yet, surprisingly, horse-and-buggy Mexican Mennonites emerged over the following fifty years as exactly the sort of model, mechanized farmers the Bolivian state hoped to create of its own citizenry. In particular, the chapter situates Mennonites amid the dramatic expansion of late twentieth century soybean production that has converted the forested heart of the continent into the world’s preeminent soy region. By then, the logic of the March to the East had definitively shifted from national self-sufficiency to the export of profitable cash crops. Mennonites stood at the center of this neo-extractivism even as they continued to produce dairy within an earlier logic of food security.
From Abandonment to Autonomy
Authors: Nobbs-Thiessen Ben
Published: May 2021

The Epilogue extends the history of the March to the East to the present. It returns to the personal history of current Bolivian President Evo Morales and links his personal trajectory in the March to the East to his administration’s current plans to extend the agricultural frontier. The epilogue also examines the ways that transnational and regional dynamics continue to unfold in this national state-building project. Just as ideas of abandonment provided a key framing narrative for the body of this work, conflicting notions of autonomy help us understand Santa Cruz at the beginning of the twenty-first century. During the well-publicized autonomy movement of 2008, residents of Santa Cruz challenged state authority emanating from the Andes and lashed out at the visible presence of highland indigenous migrants. This occurred even as lowland indigenous peoples voiced a very different set of demands for autonomy. Long silenced in the March to the East, the Guaraní, Chiquitano, Sirionó, Ayoreo, and other indigenous communities recast the narrative of settlement as one of displacement and organized to demand the return of their traditional lands.
Introduction
Authors: Onaci Edward
Published: May 2021

An introduction of the New Afrikan Independence Movement (NAIM) focuses on why this movement deserves the attention of scholars and activists. It explains that the NAIM is just one of many attempts all over the world by national and sub-national groupings attempting to govern themselves. In addition, the introduction explains why examining the history of this movement through the “lifestyle politics” of participants is a useful approach for understanding the long term implications of activism. Finally, the introduction provides an overview of the book’s organizations and key arguments.
Revolutionary Name Choices
Authors: Onaci Edward
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses primarily on the ideas behind and the practice of naming. It argues that name choices are the most fundamental form of individual and group self-determination developed by New Afrikans (and Black Power activists more generally). This chapter historicizes black naming practices in the United States, covering their importance from the era of racial slavery to the moments when Nation of Islam and Malcolm X, among others, were helping instil Black pride in mid-twentieth century African Americans. Specifically, it examines the ways that individual and group names, identity, cartography, and orthography became effective tools for the mechanics of liberation struggle. Taken for granted by both the name studies scholarship and histories of the Black Power Movement, this consideration of naming encourages scholars and activists to think more deeply and critically about the value of politically conscious naming practices.
Tabernacles of Clay
Authors: Petrey Taylor G.
Published: May 2021

Taylor G. Petrey’s trenchant history takes a landmark step forward in documenting and theorizing about Latter-day Saints (LDS) teachings on gender, sexual difference, and marriage. Drawing on deep archival research, Petrey situates LDS doctrines in gender theory and American religious history since World War II. His challenging conclusion is that Mormonism is conflicted between ontologies of gender essentialism and gender fluidity, illustrating a broader tension in the history of sexuality in modernity itself.
As Petrey details, LDS leaders have embraced the idea of fixed identities representing a natural and divine order, but their teachings also acknowledge that sexual difference is persistently contingent and unstable. While queer theorists have built an ethics and politics based on celebrating such sexual fluidity, LDS leaders view it as a source of anxiety and a tool for the shaping of a heterosexual social order. Through public preaching and teaching, the deployment of psychological approaches to “cure” homosexuality, and political activism against equal rights for women and same-sex marriage, Mormon leaders hoped to manage sexuality and faith for those who have strayed from heteronormativity.
Modern Mormonism and Gender Theory in Context
Authors: Petrey Taylor G.
Published: May 2021

The introduction sets the parameters of the book’s focus on Modern Mormonism in America, which arises after World War II. It further sets this period in the context of gender theory and the history of sexuality, to explore how Mormon approaches to these topics are situated between competing theories of sexual difference in modernity, gender essentialism and gender fluidity.
Pure Marriage
Authors: Petrey Taylor G.
Published: May 2021

From the 1950s to the 1970s, Mormons preached against interracial marriages and in favor of patriarchal marriages. This chapter explores the interrelationships between race, gender, and sexuality in Mormon thought in this period. As part of a broader conservative investment in values of home and family, Latter-day Saints embraced these teachings as core doctrines to stabilize racial and gender differences in the face of erosion of difference. These teachings underwent changes after a 1978 revelation ended priesthood and temple restrictions for Black LDS members.
The Death and Resurrection of “the Homosexual”
Authors: Petrey Taylor G.
Published: May 2021

This final chapter traces the intertwined theological, linguistic, psychological, and political transitions LDS leaders instituted in the first two decades of the twenty-first century. Church leaders adopted new terms like “same-sex attraction,” and eventually returned to the terms “gay,” “lesbian,” and “homosexual” as acceptable. The Church also introduced new teachings about homosexuality in the afterlife and new policies for transgender folks. As same-sex marriage was legalized in the United States, church leaders increasingly shifted away from “family values” to “religious freedom” to frame their opposition.
Mormonism in the History of Sexuality
Authors: Petrey Taylor G.
Published: May 2021

This book has explored one example of a set of teachings that are widely believed to be quite stable in Mormonism but have actually been open to dramatic changes. LDS teachings about marriage, gender roles, sexual difference, and sexuality have undergone remarkable transformation since World War II. Teachings on marriage, sexual practices within marriage, and gender roles all trended toward greater liberalization during the period of modern Mormonism, even if they lagged behind broader cultural changes. But this progress had its trade-offs. Latter-day Saints could accommodate liberalizing trends on race, marriage, sexual contacts, birth control, and gender roles in part because their attention focused on homosexuality as a particularly egregious problem.
Children of the Holocaust and Cold War
Authors: Reverby Susan M.
Published: May 2021

The prologue situates Alan Berkman as an unexpected American revolutionary. Raised in the 1950s and 1960s in small town upstate New York during the Cold War and as part of the first generation of post-Holocaust American Jews, Berkman was focused on doing his parents proud. The author grew up with him, went to his bar mitzvah, and joined him at Cornell for college. But then their paths diverged as Berkman was focused on medical school while the author saw her future in radical politics. The chapter summarizes the arguments of the book and lays out the path of Berkman’s increasingly revolutionary stances.
Violence, Death, and Their Consequences
Authors: Reverby Susan M.
Published: May 2021

Members of the May 19th Communist Organization and other of Berkman’s comrades provided support for the Black Liberation Army’s attempted robbery of a Brink’s armoured truck in Nyack, New York. In the aftermath, two policemen and a guard were killed, and several of his comrades captured. One of the get-away drivers accidently shot herself, and Berkman was called to save her life. The FBI went after him and he refused to speak before a grand jury. After seven months in jail, he was about to be indicted again. Instead he jumped bail and went underground.
Clandestine Actions
Authors: Reverby Susan M.
Published: May 2021

In the underground, Berkman and his comrades tried to answer U.S. imperial and racist actions with non-lethal bombings they thought of as armed propaganda. They learned to stockpile weapons and bombing equipment, and found eight governmental sites to target. To raise funds to support themselves, Berkman participated in a pharmacy robbery in Connecticut. After two and half years, Berkman and all his comrades were captured by the FBI.
A Conspiracy for Life
Authors: Reverby Susan M.
Published: May 2021

Once again, Berkman’s cancer care was delayed, mistreated and ignored in the prison health care system. As he would tell a CBS News interviewer on “60 Minutes,” if he hadn’t been a doctor, he would have died because again and again only his own knowledge and actions saved him. Sure that he would perish if their trial went on as planned, his comrades agreed to plead guilty and to take harsher punishments so that he would be severed from the case. Sent to a federal prison near the Mayo Clinic, Berkman finally healed and was released in July 1992.
Resurrection and Social Rage
Authors: Reverby Susan M.
Published: May 2021

Berkman was released from prison in July 1992. He returned to New York City, renewed his relationship to Dana Biberman, and tried to rebuild his life as a physician. He worked primarily with HIV/AIDS patients in the Bronx. He continued to support political prisoners, even on a TV debate with Peter Thiel and Ted Cruz, as his social rage at mistreatment in prisons continued. He and Barbara Zeller reconciled and rebuilt their family life together.
Confronting Global HIV/AIDS
Authors: Reverby Susan M.
Published: May 2021

Berkman worked with former comrades to counter the denialists who believed HIV did not cause AIDS. Through Barbara Zeller’s connections, he made contacts with radical epidemiologists at Columbia’s School of Public Health. He began involved in combating HIV/AIDS in global health with them, especially in South Africa, and began to formulate the need for global action through an organization he founded called Health GAP (Health Global Action Project). Various cancers kept recurring, however, while he fought to continue working, now on the faculty at Columbia.
Introduction
Authors: Roll Jarod
Published: May 2021

The metal miners of the Tri-State district (Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma) opposed social democratic unions and government regulation for nearly a century. Historians of organized labor in the United States have neglected workers like these, opting instead to focus on workers who joined unions. This introduction outlines how this study of the non-union and anti-union miners of the Tri-State district changes the field of labor history. The story of the Tri-State miners shows how some American workers rejected the protections of working-class solidarity because they inherited and embraced a faith in capitalism, white supremacy, and aggressive masculinity.
Nothing but His Labor
Authors: Roll Jarod
Published: May 2021

The working miners who turned to zinc production in the 1870s transformed the fundamental nature of the district in the 1880s. This chapter explores how their zinc producing operations encouraged gradual increases in the scale of mining that used more machines and a new reliance on wage labor. Although these changes threatened the continuation of the poor man’s camp, most working miners continued to expect the future to be like the past, to expect that they too could succeed in capitalism like the miners before them. These expectations frustrated organizers from the era’s biggest labor union, the Knights of Labor. Miners rejected the solidarity of the Knights, which included calls for government regulation of the mines, particularly regarding health and safety, and instead continued to pursue risk as the best chance at working-class prosperity.
Back to Work
Authors: Roll Jarod
Published: May 2021

As the Great Depression crushed the mining industry, Tri-State miners looked for ways to restore their standing as hard-working-white men and their faith in capitalism. The New Deal offered hope but brought labor unions back into the district. Some miners, but not a majority, looked to organized labor as the best way to roll back the power of the companies. This chapter explores their 1935 strike to regain what they had lost and the ways the New Deal labor regime was too weak to protect them. While strikers waited for allies in the nascent Congress of Industrial Organizations, the mining companies organized the majority of the district’s nonunion miners into a back-to-work movement that became a company union. This group rallied around old promises of racial superiority and high pay for loyal, hard-working white men who were willing to destroy the CIO union. The CIO, with the help of New Deal officials, eventually won this dispute in court, but it could not overrule the reactionary commitments in the hearts of the majority of Tri-State miners as a new world war brought the mining economy to life again.
Between Remembrance and Repair
Authors: Whitlinger Claire
Published: May 2021

Few places are more notorious for civil rights–era violence than Philadelphia, Mississippi, the site of the 1964 “Mississippi Burning” murders. Yet in a striking turn of events, Philadelphia has become a beacon in Mississippi’s racial reckoning in the decades since. Claire Whitlinger investigates how this community came to acknowledge its past, offering significant insight into the social impacts of commemoration. Examining two commemorations around key anniversaries of the murders held in 1989 and 2004, Whitlinger shows the differences in how those events unfolded. She also charts how the 2004 commemoration offered a springboard for the trial of former Klan leader Edgar Ray Killen for his role in the 1964 murders, the 2006 passage of Mississippi’s Civil Rights/Human Rights education bill, and the initiation of the Mississippi Truth Project. In doing so, Whitlinger provides the first comprehensive account of these high profile events and expands our understanding of how commemorations both emerge out of and catalyze associated memory movements.
Threading a compelling story with theoretical insights, Whitlinger delivers a study that will help scholars, students, and activists alike better understand the dynamics of commemorating difficult pasts, commemorative practices in general, and the links between memory, race, and social change.
A Philadelphia (Mississippi) Story
Authors: Whitlinger Claire
Published: May 2021

Previous research on Philadelphia, Mississippi and Neshoba County focuses overwhelmingly on the 1964 murders and subsequent legal trials (in 1967 and 2005), providing relatively little insight into the area’s commemorative practices. Furthermore, such research often depicts the twenty-five years following the murders as “the long silence,” a description that is not entirely accurate. It overlooks the annual commemoration services hosted by Mt. Zion United Methodist Church, the African American church that the three civil rights movement workers visited just before their deaths. This chapter recognizes and reconstructs the commemorative activities of Philadelphia’s African American community, including Martin Luther King Jr.’s visit to Neshoba County in 1966 and other resistance to the local Ku Klux Klan. Doing so uncovers two distinct communities of memory: one characterized by Philadelphia’s dominant white public sphere, the official, government-sanctioned memory; the other representing a powerful and persistent countermemory embedded in Philadelphia’s African American community. In doing so, this chapter positions the twenty-fifth and fortieth anniversary commemorations within historical context, uncovering the mnemonic landscape that preceded the emergence of these two community-wide commemoration services.
Rule or Ruin
Authors: Woods Michael E.
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on the 1860 presidential election and the final rupture of the antebellum Democratic Party. As Stephen Douglas and Jefferson Davis collided in a series of Senate debates over slavery, self-government, and the western territories, their Democratic Party self-destructed in its national convention held in Charleston, South Carolina. Unwilling to accept Douglas as a candidate or popular sovereignty as party doctrine, southern Democrats bolted the convention, nominated John C. Breckinridge for president, and campaigned on a frankly proslavery and anti-majoritarian platform. Northern Democrats rallied behind Douglas and popular sovereignty, completing the party fracture. The election of Abraham Lincoln and subsequent secession crisis pushed Davis and Douglas’s wings of the Democracy even further apart. Douglas denounced secession and urged compromise, while Davis tentatively pivoted toward Mississippi secessionists.
Port Royal
Authors: Walker Christine
Published: May 2021

Chapter One explores the gendered nature of the imperial policies that shaped early English settlement of Jamaica after the island’s seizure from Spain in 1655. Strategists in London and Jamaica envisioned women playing important roles in their capacities as wives and mothers on the island. They sought to attract families, not single men, to Jamaica. However, the colony’s entrepreneurial focus and its lax enforcement of sexual behavior thwarted metropolitan plans to establish well-ordered patriarchal households and enforce normative gender roles there. In the 1670s and 1680s, a motley group of wives, widows, indentured servants, and prisoners migrated to the island. These settlers seized on the economic opportunities on offer in Port Royal. Female inhabitants helped to turn Port Royal into the epicenter of licit and illicit trade in the Caribbean. Foreshadowing what was to come, this initial group of women also invested in Atlantic slavery. Soon after they settled on the island, women began acquiring slaves. In doing so, they ensured the participation of future generations of female islanders in slaveholding.
Inheritance Bequests
Authors: Walker Christine
Published: May 2021

Drawing on 1,200 colonial wills made between 1670 and 1760, Chapter Four explores the inheritance strategies devised by colonists to cope with Jamaica’s catastrophic mortality rates. Free families divided estates more equitably between male and female heirs and took measures to protect married women’s property, especially in the form of enslaved people. Loosening the gendered practices that governed marriage and inheritance enabled colonists to secure their property, and captive Africans in particular, from one generation to the next. These legal alterations influenced the lives of enslaved people, who were treated as moveable property. Thus, they became a form of gendered currency used by colonial families to support female kin. Cumulatively, colonists’ bequests transferred considerable wealth into women’s hands and deepened their involvement in slavery. Female heirs, in turn, used the fruits of inheritance to purchase more enslaved Africans, further tying the material wealth of colonial families to the Atlantic slave trade.
Introduction
Authors: Mayeux Sara
Published: May 2021

Today, thousands of public defenders around the United States represent indigent defendants in criminal proceedings. At a moment of widespread concern about mass incarceration and racial and class inequality, public defenders are seen both as participants in, and adversaries of, the carceral state. The introduction to this book provides an overview of how public defenders became so widespread in American courtrooms. At the turn of the twentieth century, many elite lawyers expressed skepticism about the public defender. They posited that the legal profession should remain independent from the state as much as possible, and that indigent defense was better handled by private charity. They established voluntary defender organizations. But by the 1960s, prevailing views had changed. Many elite lawyers now endorsed the public defender, especially after the Supreme Court decided the landmark case of Gideon v. Wainwright, which expanded the Sixth Amendment right to counsel. The book argues that these developments can be explained by shifts in liberalism and how lawyers conceived of the profession’s place within liberal democracy.