bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of microplastics in Dusky-tailed cardinalfish (Taeniamia macroptera) from natural reef and Fish Apartment in Pasir Putih Situbondo, East Java, Indonesia
Authors: Fajrinia Naurah Rizki , Muzaki Farid Kamal , Fauziah Natasya Febriani , Aunurohim Aunurohim , Saptarini Dian
Published: January 2024

In order to increase fish resources in Pasir Putih Situbondo area, hundreds of artificial reefs in the form of fish apartment (FA) units were laid on the seabottom in the area since 2008. The FA units made from plastic composed by Polypropylene (PP) dan High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) which claimed to be extremely durable for a long time. However, these types of plastic will still undergo weathering and fragmented along time and causes an increase in microplastic pollution in the seawater. The aims of the study are to determine the density as well as characteristics of microplastic in gills and gastrointestinal tract of Dusky-tailed cardinalfish (Taeniamia macroptera) inhabiting the FA. As comparison, fish specimens also collected from natural reef (NR) whereas microplastics in water column collected from both areas. The physical characteristics (colour, shape and size) observed using compound microscope and OptiLab while chemical characteristics analyzed with ATR-FTIR. In the water column, average density of microplastic was 44 particles/l; dominated by size of 0-20 μm in the surface and 20-40 μm at the depth of ±12 m. Results of independent sample t-test (for samples from the gills) and Mann-Whitney test (for samples from gastrointestinal track) show no difference in term of microplastic density from each organ. However, in the fish from FA, the average density was relatively higher, 8340 particles/gr in the gills and 14250 particles/gr in the gastrointestinal tract; compared to 6480 particles/gr in the gills and 11990 particles/gr in the gastrointestinal tract in the specimens from NA. All microplastics particles dominated by black fragment with the size of 0-20 μm and type of the polymer is PP.
The Community Structure of Plankton at Floating Net Cages Aquaculture Area in Sendang Biru Water Indonesia
Authors: Hidayati Dewi , Saptarini Dian , Wirawan Eggi Tazsya , Mulyadi Yeyes , Syahroni Nur
Published: January 2024

The leftover food and feces from fish aquaculture in the floating net cages (FNC) may contribute to the nutrient enrichment at surrounding FNC water. The phytoplankton community structure is the one of important indicator for water quality evaluation. This research aims to determine the plankton community structure and water quality around FNC, Sendang Biru, Malang. Plankton samples and physico-chemical parameters were taken at 3 locations at surrounding FNC area. The results show that phytoplankton from the Bacillariophyceae class and zooplankton from the Hexanauplia class (copepods) dominate in the community structure. Phytoplankton abundance ranges from 795-11405 ind/L, diversity index (H') ranges from 1.47-2.43, evenness index (E) ranges from 0.76-0.95, and dominance index (D) ranges from 0.1-0.3. Meanwhile, zooplankton abundance ranges from 15-634 ind/L, H' value in range of 2.05-2.58, E value in the range of 0.72-0.84, D value in the range of 0.11 -0.17. Nitrate and phosphate have values that exceed the specified quality standards.
Numerical Study of Effects of Inhomogeneous Roughness on the Ship Friction Resistance
Authors: Akbar Rajabal , Suastika I. Ketut , Utama I. Ketut Aria Pria
Published: January 2024

The cleanliness of a ship hull is crucial for energy saving. Biofouling, which can cause microbiological corrosion, can also increase ship resistance. If left unchecked, this can lead to inefficient energy use and increased emissions, contributing to global warming. Ship resistance is a critical factor in ship design, which affects ship powering. The analysis of friction resistance due to biofouling on a ship hull requires an examination of the distribution of roughness height (ks), which is randomly distributed. In this study, an analysis of friction resistance coefficient (CF) due to inhomogeneous roughness is carried out with the help of CFD simulations with a full-scale model at 19 kn and 24 kn. The roughness of three ship segments, namely aft-hull, midship, and fore-hull, varies with ks values of 125 μm (P), 269 μm (Q), and 425 μm (R), respectively, while maintaining the same wetted surface area (S) in each segment. According to the simulation results, the RQP model produces the highestCFof 2.154 x 10-3, while the PQR model produces the smallestCFof 2.119 x 10-3each at speed 24 knots. TheCFcontributes an average of 72.2% CT.
Solving a real world non-convex Quadratic Assignment Problem
Authors: Toppur Badri
Published: January 2024

The India-Japan Lighting company operates three plants in India. These three plants manufacture headlamps and taillights for the automotive industry. This study examines the facility location problem in one of these plants where 12 facilities must be placed in a two-column multi-row cellular layout. The machining sequences for the 20 parts conveyed among the 12 facilities were specified. The Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP) is classified as an NP-hard problem in large instances. We modelled the specific instance as a QAP and reported the solution obtained by an easily available generalised reduced gradient (GRG) nonlinear solver and the solution obtained from the Gurobi optimiser. The Gurobi optimiser provides an excellent incumbent solution in quick time, but takes exponential time to reduce the duality gap.
Water exchange technique improves colonoscopy in patients with spinal cord injury: Results of a matched cohort study
Authors: Brechmann Thorsten , Aach Mirko , Schildhauer Thomas A. , Grasmücke Dennis
Published: January 2024

Background and study aims Colonoscopies in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) frequently remain incomplete. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and impact of water exchange colonoscopy (WE) in patients with SCI.

Patients and methods Three matched groups, each of 31 patients (WE in SCI patients [WE-SCI]) and in the general population (WE-GP), carbon dioxide-based colonoscopy in SCI patients (CO2-SCI)) were analyzed retrospectively.

Results Intubation of the cecum and the terminal ileum was achieved in every case in both WE groups. The intubations among the CO2-SCI patients succeeded in 29 cases (93.5 %, ns) and 20 cases (64.5 %, P<0.001), respectively. The cecal insertion time (23:17 ± 10:17 min vs. 22:12 ± 16:48 min) and bowel preparation during cecal insertion did not differ between WE-SCI groups. Insertion in the general population was faster (13:38 ± 07:00 min, P<.001) and cleanliness was better. Both WE-SCI groups showed significantly better cleansing results during drawback; the improvement in cleanliness was highest in the WE-SCI (based on the five-step scale 1.4 ± 0.8 vs. 0.8 ± 0.8, P = 0.001).

Conclusions The WE in SCI patients is feasible and safe and has the potential to improve the quality of colonoscopies substantially.
Practice patterns and outcomes of endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty based on provider specialty
Authors: Gala Khushboo , Brunaldi Vitor , McGowan Christopher , Sharaiha Reem Z , Maselli Daniel , VanderWel Brandon , Kedia Prashant , Ujiki Michael B , Wilson Erik , Vargas Eric J. , Storm Andrew C , Abu Dayyeh Barham K.
Published: January 2024

Background and study aims Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty (ESG) is performed in clinical practice by gastroenterologists and bariatric surgeons. Given the increasing regulatory approval and global adoption, we aimed to evaluate real-world outcomes in multidisciplinary practices involving bariatric surgeons and gastroenterologists across the United States.

Patients and methods We included adult patients with obesity who underwent ESG from January 2013 to August 2022 in seven academic and private centers in the United States. Patient and procedure characteristics, serious adverse events (SAEs), and weight loss outcomes up to 24 months were analyzed. SPSS (version 29.0) was used for all statistical analyses.

Results A total of 1506 patients from seven sites included 235 (15.6%) treated by surgeons and 1271 (84.4%) treated by gastroenterologists. There were no baseline differences between groups. Gastroenterologists used argon plasma coagulation for marking significantly more often than surgeons (P<0.001). Surgeons placed sutures in the fundus in all instances whereas gastroenterologist placed them in the fundus in less than 1% of the cases (P<0.001>). Procedure times were significantly different between groups, with surgeons requiring approximately 20 minutes more during the procedure than gastroenterologists (P<0.001). Percent total body weight loss (%TBWL) and percent responders achieving >10 and >15% TBWL were similar between the two groups at 12, 18, and 24 months. Rates of SAEs were low and similar at 1.7% for surgeons and 2.7% for gastroenterologists (P>0.05).

Conclusions Data from a large US cohort show significant and sustained weight loss with ESG and an excellent safety profile in both bariatric surgery and gastroenterology practices, supporting the scalability of the procedure across practices in a multidisciplinary setting.
Peripartum Abdominal Compartment Syndrome Following Extracorporeal Hemodynamic Support
Authors: Lozovyy Violetta , Saoud Fawzi , Pacheco Luis D.
Published: January 2024

In massive pulmonary embolism (PE), anticoagulation and thrombolytics may increase the risk of retroperitoneal bleeding following vascular cannulation for extracorporeal hemodynamic support resulting in abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS). A 27-year-old women at 33 weeks of gestation presented with acute chest pain and shortness of breath. Massive PE was diagnosed. Intravenous unfractionated heparin was started together with catheter-directed tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) infusion and mechanical thrombectomy. During the procedure, cardiac arrest developed. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, intravenous tPA, and urgent perimortem cesarean delivery were performed. After return of spontaneous circulation, profound right ventricular failure required venoarterial membrane oxygenation. Six hours afterward, ACS secondary to retroperitoneal bleeding developed, requiring surgical intervention. ACS may result from retroperitoneal bleeding following cannulation for extracorporeal hemodynamic support.
Exploring Immunome and Microbiome Interplay in Reproductive Health: Current Knowledge, Challenges, and Novel Diagnostic Tools
Authors: Lingasamy Prakash , Modhukur Vijayachitra , Mändar Reet , Salumets Andres
Published: January 2024

The dynamic interplay between the immunome and microbiome in reproductive health is a complex and rapidly advancing research field, holding tremendously vast possibilities for the development of reproductive medicine. This immunome–microbiome relationship influences the innate and adaptive immune responses, thereby affecting the onset and progression of reproductive disorders. However, the mechanisms governing these interactions remain elusive and require innovative approaches to gather more understanding. This comprehensive review examines the current knowledge on reproductive microbiomes across various parts of female reproductive tract, with special consideration of bidirectional interactions between microbiomes and the immune system. Additionally, it explores innate and adaptive immunity, focusing on immunoglobulin (Ig) A and IgM antibodies, their regulation, self-antigen tolerance mechanisms, and their roles in immune homeostasis. This review also highlights ongoing technological innovations in microbiota research, emphasizing the need for standardized detection and analysis methods. For instance, we evaluate the clinical utility of innovative technologies such as Phage ImmunoPrecipitation Sequencing (PhIP-Seq) and Microbial Flow Cytometry coupled to Next-Generation Sequencing (mFLOW-Seq). Despite ongoing advancements, we emphasize the need for further exploration in this field, as a deeper understanding of immunome–microbiome interactions holds promise for innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for reproductive health, like infertility treatment and management of pregnancy.
Patient-Specific Synthetic Osteochondral Resurfacing of an Extensive Shoulder OCD Lesion in a Dog
Authors: Sutalo Sanja , Kühn Michael , Böttcher Peter
Published: January 2024

The aim of this study was to describe template-guided implantation and clinical outcome of a patient-specific resurfacing implant for an extensive humeral head osteochondritis in a client-owned dog. An 8-month-old intact female Irish Wolfhound, weighing 45 kg, exhibiting lameness in the right thoracic limb, and diagnosed with an extensive caudocentral humeral head osteochondritis. Based on computed tomography data, an anatomically contoured patient-specific implant (Ø 25 mm) was created. The implant consisted of a trabecular titanium base and a polycarbonate urethane bearing cup. For intraoperative guidance, a surgical drill guide, models of the affected humeral head, and trial implants were 3D printed. The implantation procedure was performed using the modified Cheli approach. Orthopaedic and radiographic follow-up examinations were conducted at 6 weeks and 10 months postoperatively. The examination revealed stable implant position, and some mild residual lameness at 6 weeks. Furthermore, the mild osteophytosis, initially evident on the day of surgery, showed a progression during each subsequent follow-up. Complications were not observed at any time point. At 10 months, the dog was free of lameness and exhibited no functional impairment, even after strenuous exercise. This level of activity remained unchanged up to the latest follow-up at 18 months, as confirmed during a telephonic interview. The utilization of a patient-specific resurfacing implant using a guided approach was technically feasible and resulted in excellent short- to mid-term clinical outcome in this case of extensive caudocentral humeral head osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesion. However, it is crucial to note that the potential influence of the implant on osteoarthritis progression requires further investigation.
Fetal Metabolic Alkalosis Resulting from Maternal Vomiting
Authors: Curtin William M. , O'Brien Emily A. , Mauro Rachel M. , Lucarelli-Baldwin Elizabeth A. , Ural Serdar H. , DeAngelis Christina T.
Published: January 2024

We describe a pregnant patient with severe compulsive water ingestion and vomiting that lead to metabolic alkalosis and preterm delivery. A 21-year-old patient was hospitalized multiple times throughout pregnancy for symptoms initially thought to be related to hyperemesis gravidarum. Overtime, it became apparent that the patient induced vomiting by rapidly drinking large volumes of water. At 32 weeks' gestation, rapid ingestion of water caused 3 days of vomiting with findings of hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypochloremia, metabolic alkalosis, and compensatory respiratory acidosis. Fetal monitoring showed minimal variability and recurrent decelerations; subsequent biophysical profile score of 2/10 prompted urgent cesarean section. A male newborn was delivered and cord blood gases reflected neonatal metabolic alkalosis and electrolyte imbalances identical to those of the mother. Compensatory hypoventilation in both mother and fetus were treated with assisted ventilation. With saline administration and repletion of electrolytes, metabolic alkalosis resolved for both patients within days.

Metabolic alkalosis was transplacentally acquired by the fetus. This case demonstrates the development of metabolic alkalosis in a pregnant woman caused by vomiting severe enough to prompt preterm delivery for nonreassuring fetal status. It also demonstrates fetal dependence on both placenta and mother to maintain physiologic acid–base and electrolyte balance.
Unusual Metastatic Sites of Testis and Rectum in Prostate Cancer Detected by 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT Imaging at Initial Staging
Authors: Parghane Rahul V. , Basu Sandip
Published: January 2024

Imaging plays a pivotal role in defining the extent of disease and deciding therapeutic strategies in recently diagnosed high-risk prostate cancer. Standard-of-care conventional imaging may often miss rare metastatic disease sites. We herein present a unique case of prostate cancer where 68Ga-PSMA-11 positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) detected two unusual metastatic sites (testis and rectum) in a single patient at initial staging, resulting in an accurate determination of the extent of disease, more tailored multimodal treatment planning, and exploration of the theragnostic potential.
Machine learning meets cytometry for anti-cancer drug performance analysis
Authors: Thompson Avery
Published: January 2024

Label-free identification of individual cell states offers single-cell resolution at low cost while allowing downstream analysis.
Microfluidics enabled multi-omics triple-shot mass spectrometry for cell-based therapies
Authors: Slusher Gianna A. , Kottke Peter A. , Culberson Austin L. , Chilmonczyk Mason A. , Fedorov Andrei G.
Published: January 2024

In recent years, cell-based therapies have transformed medical treatment. These therapies present a multitude of challenges associated with identifying the mechanism of action, developing accurate safety and potency assays, and achieving low-cost product manufacturing at scale. The complexity of the problem can be attributed to the intricate composition of the therapeutic products: living cells with complex biochemical compositions. Identifying and measuring critical quality attributes (CQAs) that impact therapy success is crucial for both the therapy development and its manufacturing. Unfortunately, current analytical methods and tools for identifying and measuring CQAs are limited in both scope and speed. This Perspective explores the potential for microfluidic-enabled mass spectrometry (MS) systems to comprehensively characterize CQAs for cell-based therapies, focusing on secretome, intracellular metabolome, and surfaceome biomarkers. Powerful microfluidic sampling and processing platforms have been recently presented for the secretome and intracellular metabolome, which could be implemented with MS for fast, locally sampled screening of the cell culture. However, surfaceome analysis remains limited by the lack of rapid isolation and enrichment methods. Developing innovative microfluidic approaches for surface marker analysis and integrating them with secretome and metabolome measurements using a common analytical platform hold the promise of enhancing our understanding of CQAs across all “omes,” potentially revolutionizing cell-based therapy development and manufacturing for improved efficacy and patient accessibility.
Māori and Pacific young people’s perspectives on testing for sexually transmitted infections via an online service: a qualitative study
Authors: Rose Sally B. , Gardiner Tracey , Dunlop Abigail , Cole Marama , Garrett Susan M. , McKinlay Eileen M.
Published: January 2024

Introduction International research suggests free online postal self-sampling for sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing is an acceptable alternative to clinic-based testing. A user-pays online STI testing service exists in Aotearoa New Zealand, but acceptability among priority populations is unknown. Aim To explore Māori and Pacific young people’s perspectives on online postal self-sampling for STI testing (as prospective service users). Methods Four wānanga (knowledge-sharing forum) were held between November 2022 and May 2023 with Māori and Pacific participants aged 15–24 years who were recruited via youth-focused community organisations. Three facilitators guided discussions about STI testing and use of an online service. Inductive thematic analysis was used to analyse data generated from audio-recorded discussions, group work notes and facilitator field notes. Results None of the 38 participants were aware of online STI testing and all considered it cost-prohibitive. Perceptions of online testing were mixed, and discussion about concerns outweighed perceived benefits. Three themes were identified: (i) potential to support autonomy (perceived benefits and positive features of self-sample collection kits); (ii) barriers and process-related concerns; and (iii) tailoring online STI testing to young people’s needs (facilitating engagement with online testing). Discussion For online STI testing to be an accessible alternative to clinic-based testing for priority populations, cost, low awareness and other barriers in the testing pathway need to be addressed. Clinician follow-up on positive results and free treatment would be critical to ensure the cycle of best practice care is completed. Regardless of where testing is accessed, investment is needed to support young people’s knowledge of when, why and how to access a sexual health check.
Targeted checkpoint control of B cells undergoing positive selection in germinal centers by follicular regulatory T cells
Authors: Ke Fang , Benet Zachary L. , Shelyakin Pavel , Britanova Olga V. , Gupta Neetu , Dent Alexander L. , Moore Bethany B. , Grigorova Irina L.
Published: January 2024

Follicular regulatory T cells (Tfr) can play opposite roles in the regulation of germinal center (GC) responses. Depending on the studies, Tfr suppress or support GC and B cell affinity maturation. However, which factors determine positive vs. negative effects of Tfr on the GC B cell is unclear. In this study, we show that GC centrocytes that express MYC up-regulate expression of CCL3 chemokine that is needed for both the positive and negative regulation of GC B cells by Tfr. B cell–intrinsic expression of CCL3 contributes to Tfr-dependent positive selection of foreign Ag–specific GC B cells. At the same time, expression of CCL3 is critical for direct Tfr-mediated suppression of GC B cells that acquire cognate to Tfr nuclear proteins. Our study suggests that CCR5 and CCR1 receptors promote Tfr migration to CCL3 and highlights
Ccr5
expression on the Tfr subset that expresses
Il10
. Based on our findings and previous studies, we suggest a model of chemotactically targeted checkpoint control of B cells undergoing positive selection in GCs by Tfr, where Tfr directly probe and license foreign antigen–specific B cells to complete their positive selection in GCs but, at the same time, suppress GC B cells that present self-antigens cognate to Tfr.
Effects of Tourist Numbers on the Welfare of Wildlife Interaction Animals: The Case of Lion Cub Petting
Authors: Wilson Ann
Published: January 2024

This case study explains how human interaction frequency can impact the behaviour of interaction animals. It will explain how key behaviours can be identified and used to establish if the interaction animal is coping with the situation it is in. The reader will then be guided on how to support their interaction animal’s behavioural needs and an African lion (Panthera leo) cub interaction case study will be used as the example.

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© The Author 2024
Inverse problem in the conditioning of Markov processes on trajectory observables: what canonical conditionings can connect two given Markov generators?
Authors: Monthus Cécile
Published: January 2024

In the field of large deviations for stochastic dynamics, the canonical conditioning of a given Markov process with respect to a given time-local trajectory observable over a large time-window has attracted a lot of interest recently. In the present paper, we analyze the following inverse problem: when two Markov generators are given, is it possible to connect them via some canonical conditioning and to construct the corresponding time-local trajectory observable? We focus on continuous-time Markov processes and obtain the following necessary and sufficient conditions: (i) for continuous-time Markov jump processes, the two generators should involve the same possible elementary jumps in configuration space, i.e. only the values of the corresponding rates can differ; (ii) for diffusion processes, the two Fokker–Planck generators should involve the same diffusion coefficients, i.e. only the two forces can differ. In both settings, we then construct explicitly the various time-local trajectory observables that can be used to connect the two given generators via canonical conditioning. This general framework is illustrated with various applications involving a single particle or many-body spin models. In particular, we describe several examples to show how non-equilibrium Markov processes with non-vanishing steady currents can be interpreted as the canonical conditionings of detailed-balance processes with respect to explicit time-local trajectory observables.
Materials Behaviour Analysis of 3D Printed Brass-PLA Filament
Authors: Rajan Dinesh , Samykano M. , Suraparaju S. K. , Moorthy K. , Kadirgama K. , Ramasamy D. , Pandey A. K.
Published: January 2024

The current study aims to bridge a crucial gap in existing research, potentially paving the way for a groundbreaking transformation in the development and application of PLA/Brass composites within diverse industries such as aerospace, automotive, consumer goods, and medical devices. The primary objective of this research is to assess the mechanical properties of a composite material made up of Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Brass, produced using Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) 3D printing technology. Brass, renowned for its exceptional mechanical properties, has been integrated into PLA to form this composite material. The study employs various analytical techniques, including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), to scrutinize the chemical and physical characteristics of the PLA/Brass composite. This research revolves around exploring the impact of different printing parameters on the mechanical behavior of the printed specimens. The investigation delves into aspects such as tensile strength, compression resistance, bending properties, and impact resistance. To achieve this, test specimens with varying compositions have been produced using a Raise3D N2 Plus FDM 3D printer, with careful manipulation of printing parameters such as layer height and printing speed. The compositional variations range from 15% wt. to 80% wt., with layer height values spanning 0.25 mm, 0.30 mm, and 0.35 mm, and printing speeds ranging from 20 mm/s to 40 mm/s. The outcomes of this research have revealed the distinct influences of specific printing parameters on various mechanical properties. For example, in the context of tensile testing, it was observed that the combination of a layer height of 0.25 mm and a printing speed of 30 mm/s resulted in the highest elastic modulus. Similarly, the study provides crucial insights into optimizing PLA/Brass composite material properties through controlled additive manufacturing parameters, catering to diverse application requirements. Key findings include an elastic modulus of 0.870 GPa, ultimate tensile strength of 17.53 MPa, yield strength (0.2% offset) of 15.47 MPa, bending strength of 42.25 MPa, bending modulus of 3.679 GPa, compression strength of 33.46 MPa, compression modulus of 5.748 GPa, and energy absorption of 0.246 J. This study advances our knowledge of PLA/brass composite while also providing a chance to create innovative materials.
Evaluation on the impact behavior of stir-casted Aluminum composites reinforced with SiC and Gr for lightweight applications
Authors: Alam Mohammad Azad , Ya H.H , Gerewal Lovejeet , Azeem Mohammad , Masood Faisal , Yusuf Mohammad , Ahmad Tauseef , Khan Muhammad Rehan , Shozib Imtiaz Ahmed
Published: January 2024

Increasing demands for lightweight materials in various industries, such as aerospace, automotive, and manufacturing, have led to a growing interest in the development of advanced materials with enhanced mechanical properties. One promising avenue for achieving lightweight and high-performance materials is the fabrication of aluminum-based composites reinforced with silicon carbide (SiC) and graphite (Gr) particles through stir casting. The current study examines the impact strength behavior of composites reinforced with AA6063 cast materials that contain different amounts of micron sized SiC particles and 5 weight percent graphite. By using liquid metallurgy, hybrid composites of AA6063, SiC, and Gr were created. The numerous created samples underwent the customary Charpy impact testing, and the impact strength was assessed. By reinforcing SiC and graphite to the aluminum matrix, a substantial increase in impact strength was observed. For the three test samples, the average impact strength of pure aluminum was found to be 7 Joule. Average Impact strength for aluminum with 10% silicon carbide was found to be 8 Joule, which is 14.28% greater than for pure aluminum. The average Impact strength for the composite of aluminum with 20% silicon carbide was 10 Joule, which represents a 42.85% increase in strength over pure aluminum.
Effect of Laser Parameters on Colour Marking of Ti6Al4V Titanium Alloy
Authors: Syakila A R , Jamaludin M N , Quazi M M , Aiman M H , Arslan A
Published: January 2024

Colour laser marking is a contemporary method for adding colours onto metal surfaces, suitable for creating logos, barcodes, metal crafts, and jewelry. This study focused on colour laser marking on the biomedical alloy Ti6Al4V (TC4), examining how different colours manifest on its surface. Power settings ranged from 9 W to 18 W, while frequencies spanned 500 kHz to 2000 kHz. The research investigated how altering laser frequency and defocus distance influenced colour variation. Surface features were assessed using 3D optical microscopy, revealing texture and roughness traits. Results illustrated a spectrum of colours, shifting from the alloy’s original silver hue to shades like blue, gold, orange, shiny silver, violet, and several greys. Each colour displayed distinct surface texture and roughness parameters. The highest mean roughness of 2.504 μm occurred with grey, while silver had the lowest at 0.504 μm. Nevertheless, trends differed when measuring parameters like maximum peak-to-valley height and valley depth, emphasizing surface topography’s role in colour effects. This research advances the understanding of colour laser marking’s intricacies on TC4 alloy, providing insights into optimizing laser settings for specific colour outcomes and underlining the nuanced relationship between colour, texture, and surface characteristics.
Archimedes Screw Pump Efficiency Based on Three Design Parameters using Computational Fluid Dynamics Software – Ansys CFX
Authors: Chan W. L. , Jamaludin U. K. , Azahari N. S.
Published: January 2024

Utilization of Archimedes screw pumps as water lifting pumps has become widespread in past decade due to frequent occurrences of floods in Malaysia. The problem of insufficient drainage in various urban areas exacerbates the impact of heavy rainfall, prompting efforts to mitigate this issue with minimal maintenance cost and low impact to the environment. Thus, this study is aiming to study the design parameters of screw pump to obtain the optimal efficiency of the Archimedes screw pump specifically for flood mitigation in Malaysia. The main design parameters affecting pump’s efficiency are rotor profile, pitch length, length of the pump, rotational speed, inclination angle, and material selection. However, only three design parameters were considered in the study, that are the angle of inclination, the number of blades, and the angular velocity of the rotating pump. These three design parameters are selected as many previous findings focusing on varying angle of inclination with number of blades with constant rotational speed. Thus, this study will find the highest efficiency when these three design parameters are integrated with variation of rotational speeds at 25, 30 and 40 RPM. Basically, screw pump is designed using SOLIDWORKS and simulations with specific boundary conditions are conducted using the ANSYS-CFX software, which utilizes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques. These boundary conditions are based on previous study by Rosly et al in 2016. The inlet flow rate of 0.002 m3/s and diameter of the screw pump are constant while the other three main parameters are varying within the acceptable ranges which are reported from prior studies. The outcomes found that the highest torque is generated by a single rotating blade at 5.65 Nm which rotates at 30 RPM at 30° angle of inclination. Meanwhile, the highest efficiency of 24.04% is obtained with a single rotating blade at 40 RPM with 20° angle of inclination. Based on the findings, it is concluded that these three main design parameters of screw pump may not be sufficient to obtain the optimal efficiency for the specific boundary conditions used in the simulation study. Thus, several combinations of design parameters should be considered in the future to increase the screw pump’s efficiency.
Fatigue Analysis of a Cracked Shaft: a Finite Element Modeling Approach
Authors: Thinesshwaran G. , Husnain M.M.N. , Akramin M.R.M , Shaari M.S. , Takahashi Akiyuki
Published: January 2024

Shafts are typically used in sophisticated mechanisms and machinery which highly depend on shafts for rotatory motion which could lead to the failure. In today’s contemporary, damages caused by cracking on mechanical components and structures have increased, causing crack and structural failure. The failure could be examined by the calculation of stress intensity factor (SIF). Once the shaft reaches the critical SIF (SIFIC), the flaw is initiated and has a potential to propagate upon loading. Typically, the flaw would spread in many patterns and tenders to the formation and initiation of different types of cracks. Thus, the objective of this research work is to analyse fatigue cracked shafts. Prediction of crack growth via SIF calculation. SIF is usually adapted to predict the stress intensity near the crack tip where crack propagation occurs. Thus, SIF is used to study and analyse the cracked surface in relation to crack initiation and propagation. The SIF is calculated through finite element method (FEM) since the FEM is capable simulating complex geometry. The SIF is calculated based on the deformation in FEM calculation. The results show the predicted crack propagation and SIF calculation. It is crucial to study the resistance of cracked shafts towards cyclic loading for maintenance preceding and retirement of the structure.
X-ray computed tomography of the periodically moving object
Authors: Vavřík D. , Fíla T. , Koudelka P. , Kytýř D. , Macháček M. , Rada V. , Žemlička J. , Zlámal P.
Published: January 2024

X-ray computed tomography is a standard method of non-destructive testing of a wide range
of static objects. In recent years, time-dependent tomography has been on the rise, for which it
is necessary to acquire a series of tomographic data covering the event of interest. For slower
processes, conventional laboratory X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanners can be used, while when
events are faster, a very intense X-ray source is usually required. For high resolution
requirements, the need for an intense X-ray source leads to the use of a synchrotron. An exception
is tomographic tracking of periodic events. As will be shown, for these, a good quality
reconstruction can be achieved even in the case of a relatively low-intensity X-ray source. To
avoid blurring of the individual X-ray images by the motion of the object, the exposure time must
be reasonably short. At motion rates of units of Hz, this time cannot be longer than tens of ms,
this requirement naturally leads to low data statistics. Sufficient statistics is achieved by
integrating images taken at an identical position of the moving object. A key requirement of such
an approach is the precise synchronization of all active components of the system. The imaging
detector must be capable of taking images on demand by hardware triggering with the capability of
adequately short exposures. The ability of the CT system to investigate periodically moving
objects will be demonstrated on the object oscillating harmonically at 3.81 Hz.
Tangentially viewing phase contrast imaging for turbulence measurements
in toroidal fusion devices
Authors: Coda S.
Published: January 2024

Phase contrast imaging (PCI) is an established and powerful technique
for measuring density fluctuations in plasmas and has been successfully
applied to several fusion devices. Rooted in a concept first developed for
microscopy, PCI belongs to the category of internal-reference interferometers
and has been shown to possess superior qualities among such techniques,
particularly in terms of spatial linearity. In essence, it produces a true image
of fluctuations in the plane perpendicular to the propagation direction of the
probing laser beam, provided their characteristic spatial scale is smaller than
the beam width. The measurement in itself is line-integrated and thus not
spatially resolved longitudinally to the beam. However, the properties of the
turbulence itself can be exploited to achieve longitudinal resolution,
particularly when the beam propagates nearly tangentially to the magnetic field.
This assertion has been recently rigorously tested through numerical
modeling, which has revealed significant additional complexity while confirming
the general principle. Tangential PCI has been employed extensively in the TCV
tokamak and has resulted in a rich body of work on broadband microturbulence in
the ion-temperature-gradient/trapped-electron-mode
range and on geodesic acoustic modes. A similar diagnostic
arrangement is also at an advanced planning stage for the new superconducting
tokamak JT-60SA.
Association between maternal exposure to environmental endocrine disruptors and the risk of congenital heart diseases in offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Pan Kai , Xu Jie , Wang Chengxing , Mao Zhen , Xu Yuzhu , Zhang Haoke , Yu Jie
Published: January 2024

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common type of congenital malformation and the leading cause of death in newborns. Some observational studies have investigated the relationship between exposure to environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs) and CHD in pregnant women. However, the findings of epidemiological studies in different countries and regions remain controversial and exhibit significant variations. This meta-analysis aimed to explore the relationship between exposure to EEDs and CHD in pregnant women, hoping to provide some insights into related research in different regions and further demonstrate the relationship between the two. Three databases (PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science) were searched, and 17 studies with 1373 117 participants were selected, including 3 on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 5 on pesticides/insecticides, 4 on phthalates, 4 on alkylphenolic compounds, and 7 on heavy metals. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale was used to evaluate the quality of the studies. Begg’s and Egger’s tests were used to determine the publication bias of the studies, and the I
2 statistics to evaluate the statistical heterogeneity among the studies. The adjusted estimates were pooled using the random-effects and fixed-effects models to explore the association between EEDs and CHD and its subtypes. Maternal exposure to PAHs [odds ratio (OR) = 1.34, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.17–1.53)] (e.g. PAHs and tetralogy of Fallot, septal defects, and conotruncal defects)], pesticides/insecticides (OR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.20–1.46), alkylphenolic compounds (OR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.14–1.86), and heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead) (OR = 2.09, 95% CI: 1.53–2.86) during pregnancy was positively associated with CHD in offspring. This study found that exposure to EEDs in pregnant women was positively associated with CHD in offspring. These findings are of great significance for researchers to further study the relationship between the two.
Transfer doping of epitaxial graphene on SiC(0001) using Cs
Authors: Göhler Fabian , Schädlich Philip , Rösch Niels , Zeißig Mike , Seyller Thomas
Published: January 2024

Control of the charge carrier concentration is essential for applications of graphene. Here, we demonstrate the doping of epitaxial graphene on SiC(0001) via charge transfer from an adsorbed layer of Cs atoms with sub-monolayer coverage. The electronic structure of the graphene is analyzed using x-ray and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. In H-intercalated, quasi-freestanding monolayer graphene (QFMLG), the Dirac point can be tuned continuously from p-type to strong n-type doping. For strong n-type doping, analysis of the core level binding energies implies a deviation from a rigid band shift. This might be explained by an increased screening of the atomic core potential due to the higher number of charge carriers per C atom in the graphene layer. Furthermore, charge transfer into the SiC substrate leads to a change in band bending at the SiC/QFMLG interface, which saturates into a flat band scenario at higher Cs coverage. An analysis of the Fermi surfaces suggests an increasing electron-phonon-coupling in strongly doped QFMLG. In monolayer graphene (MLG), which is intrinsically n-type doped due to the presence of the buffer layer at the SiC interface, n-type doping can be enhanced by Cs evaporation in a similar fashion. In contrast to QFMLG, core level spectra and Dirac cone position in MLG apparently show a rigid band shift even for very high doping, emphasizing the importance of the substrate.
Simulation of δ-phase precipitation behavior in hot compression deformation of inconel 718 superalloy
Authors: Kong Xiangwei , Jin Zhibo , Liu Gongyu , Zhou Fenglu , Ma Liang
Published: January 2024

A model for δ-phase precipitation in Inconel 718 superalloy during hot working, grounded in experimental data, was developed. A Cellular Automata (CA) simulation platform was designed to simulate the precipitation of second-phase particles in the alloy. The δ-phase precipitation behavior of Inconel 718 alloy during hot aging and hot compression was simulated. The results revealed that during hot aging, δ-phase initially precipitated on grain boundaries as particles and short rods, followed by the formation of long needle-like δ-phase with similar growth direction within grains. During hot compression deformation, flat needle-like δ-phase gradually dissolved and transformed into short rods and granular forms dispersed around grain boundaries as thermal deformation temperature increased. The simulation results for δ-phase content, morphology, and distribution were in good agreement with experimental results, demonstrating the model’s strong predictive potential for second-phase evolution.
Testing by wave packets and modified scattering in nonlinear dispersive pde’s
Authors: Ifrim Mihaela , Tataru Daniel
Published: January 2024

Modified scattering phenomena are encountered in the study of global properties for nonlinear dispersive partial differential equations in situations where the decay of solutions at infinity is borderline and scattering fails just barely. An interesting example is that of problems with cubic nonlinearities in one space dimension.

The method of testing by wave packets was introduced by the authors as a tool to efficiently capture the asymptotic equations associated to such flows, and thus establish the modified scattering mechanism in a simpler, more efficient fashion, and at lower regularity. In these expository notes we describe how this method can be applied to problems with general dispersion relations.
A novel fluorescent biosensor for detection of Pb2+ based on Pb2+-specific DNAzyme and carbon dots prepared from watermelon rind
Authors: Zhao Weiqin , Huang Chun , Li Yuangang , Wei Bizhuo , Gao Jie
Published: January 2024

A novel fluorescent biosensor was constructed to detect Pb2+. Multifunctional magnetic beads modified with substrate sequence and Pb2+-specific DNAzyme were employed as recognition probes. The fluorescence of carbon dots synthesized from watermelon rind (W-CDs) was quenched by hemin. Hemin/W-CDs were employed as fluorescent signals. The presence of Pb2+ could target-trigger the biosensor, and generated G-quadruplex which could restore the fluorescence of hemin/W-CDs. The fluorescence change of the biosensor depended on Pb2+ concentration from 1 to 20 nM.
Inhibitory effect of acetyl-CoA on a visible light–driven NADH regeneration system composed a of water-soluble zinc porphyrin and a rhodium complex
Authors: Takeuchi Mika , Amao Yutaka
Published: January 2024

Acetyl-CoA was found to act as an inhibitor of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) production by a visible light redox system consisting of a water-soluble zinc porphyrin, Zn tetrakis(4-N,N,N-trimethylaminophenyl)porphyrin, and a rhodium complex [Cp*Rh(bpy)(H2O)]2+ (Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, bpy = 2,2′-bipyridyl).
Persistently poor, left-behind and chronically disconnected
Authors: Fikri Kenan
Published: January 2024

This article explores the extent to which persistent poverty areas represent a compelling sub-category of left-behind areas. It asks why places collectively tend to have a much harder time climbing out of poverty than people do individually, and it explores three ways in which places struggling with persistent poverty exhibit disconnection from the broader economy: commuting patterns, social networks and job growth. The concept of disconnection can partially explain why the challenges of persistent poverty or being ‘left-behind’ tend not to resolve themselves naturally. The concept also provides direction for a policy agenda centred around restoring social and economic ties that have deteriorated over time.
Effect of microclimatic temperatures on the development period of 3 rice planthopper species (Hemiptera: Delphacidae): a phenology model based on field observations
Authors: Mochizuki Ryota , Yashiro Toshihisa , Sanada-Morimura Sachiyo , Maruyama Atsushi
Published: January 2024

Most pest phenology models are temperature dependent. Generally, the air temperature at reference height is used to predict pest development, but the air temperature varies between inside and outside the crop canopy, where pests reside. Here, we sampled 3 rice planthopper species—Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), Sogatella furcifera (Horváth), and Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén)—and micrometeorological observations in paddy fields to analyze how thermal environments inside the canopy affect pest development. Seasonal variations in the population density of these species were surveyed in 3 experimental fields with 2 water temperature plots (normal and low-water temperature plots). The development periods of the 3 species were predicted individually based on pest phenology models using temperatures recorded at 6 heights (0.0–2.0 m). We calculated the root mean square error (RMSE) values from the predicted and observed development periods for each rice planthopper. The development prediction using the temperature inside the canopy was more accurate than that utilizing the temperature at the reference height (2.0 m). In the low-water temperature plot, the RMSE value for N. lugens, S. furcifera, and L. striatellus was 6.4, 5.6, and 4.1 when using the temperature at the reference height (2.0 m), respectively, and 2.8, 3.8, and 2.9 when employing the temperature inside the canopy at 0.25 m, respectively. The development prediction utilizing the air temperature at the bottom (0.25 m) of canopy, where N. lugens resides, was most effective for N. lugens among the 3 species. These findings suggest the importance of utilizing microhabitat-based temperatures to predict pest development.