bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth and body composition of entire and castrated fallow bucks (Dama dama) treated with zeranol
Authors: Mulley R. C. , English A. W. , Thompson J. M. , Butterfield R. M. , Martin P.
Published: September 2010

A 2 × 2 factorial experimental design was used to compare growth in entire and castrated fallow bucks, implanted with zeranol at 6 and 9 months of age, or left as controls (no. = 10 per group). Growth pattern at pasture was assessed using 10-monthly growth periods from weaning (6 months) to 17 months. There were no overall castration or zeranol effects on growth rates from weaning to 17 months (P > 0·05), although there were significant interactions of zeranol and castration with time (P < 0·05). Zeranol-treated animals grew faster than the controls from 6 to 14 months, compared with the last 3 months (P < 0·05), indicating that the zeranol implants given at 6 and 9 months of age were no longer effective over the last 3 months of the experiment. The interaction between castration and time was significant (P < 0·05), whereby entire males grew relatively faster than the castrated males in both spring and the average of the winter and spring periods, whilst there was little difference in growth rates between entire and castrated males during the autumn period.

At 17 months of age all animals were slaughtered following a 16-hfast. Entire bucks were 46g/kg live weight and 56 g/kg carcass weight heavier than the castrated bucks at slaughter (P < 0·05), although there was no effect of zeranol treatment on either live or carcass weights (P > 0·05). The mean dressing proportion for deer in all groups was 0·61.

A subset of each treatment (no. = 5) were slaughtered and half carcasses dissected into muscle, bone and fat. When compared at the same carcass weight, both castration and treatment with zeranol significantly reduced the muscle weight and increased carcass fat weight (P < 0·05). There was no effect of either castration or zeranol treatment on the distribution of primal cuts. There were significant castration × zeranol interactions (P < 0·05) for muscle: bone and muscle: fat ratios, the entire control group having the highest muscle: bone and muscle: fat ratios.

It was concluded that there is little commercial basis for the use of the growth promotant zeranol in fallow bucks being grown for venison. Although castration resulted in lower carcass weights and muscle proportion, these disadvantages should be considered against the management advantages of easier handling and lower bruising of castrates.
Voluntary dry-matter intake and digesta kinetics of twin- or single-bearing Manchega ewes given Italian ryegrass hay or alfalfa hay in late pregnancy
Authors: Ferret A. , Gasa J. , Caja G. , Prió P.
Published: September 2010

Forty-eight pregnant Manchega dairy ewes bearing twins or singles penned in groups of six during the last 11 weeks of gestation were used to study the effects offorage type (Italian ryegrass hay or alfalfa hay) and number of foetuses (one or two) on voluntary dry-matter (DM) intake and digesta kinetics. Hays were supplemented with 0·6 kg/day of concentrate. When measured directly for group-fed ewes, forage DM intake was affected byforage type (P < 0·01), whereas litter size had no significant effect. An internal (rumen-undegradable DM) and an external (chromium III oxide) marker were also used to determine intake of individual ewes to account for errors in diagnosing litter size. Estimated DM intake confirmed the effect offorage type on DM intake and revealed the effect of litter size on food intake (F < 0·05). Forage type also affected chromium III oxide fractional outflow rate and flow of undegradable DM, whereas litter size only had an effect at the end of pregnancy by reducing hay intake, rate of passage and digesta flow mainly with alfalfa diets. In conclusion, DM intake, rate of passage and digesta flow was higher with alfalfa hay than with ryegrass hay, in spite of the similar DM apparent digestibilities of both hays. Furthermore, litter size affected DM intake at the end of pregnancy causing an intake decline, which was greater with alfalfa hay than with ryegrass hay.
Deutsche Suchthilfestatistik 2003 für ambulante Einrichtungen
Authors: Sonntag Dilek , Welsch Karin
Published: September 2010

Fragestellung: Die regelmäßige Auswertung von statistischen Daten über die Merkmale und Tätigkeit ambulanter Einrichtungen der Suchthilfe in Deutschland ermöglicht eine Beschreibung und Analyse der Versorgungsstruktur, der Klientencharakteristika sowie der erzielten Ergebnisse. Sie erlaubt Trendanalysen und dient als Grundlage für die Planung von Forschungsprojekten und Modellprogrammen zur Verbesserung der Struktur und Qualität ambulanter Einrichtungen.

Methodik: Die Statistik für 2003 basiert auf den Daten von 242.225 Klienten aus 707 ambulanten Einrichtungen für Personen mit substanzbezogenen Störungen in Deutschland (2002: 161.553 Klienten aus 454 Einrichtungen). Ausgewertet werden Aggregatdaten auf Basis des Bundesdatensatzes und des Deutschen Kerndatensatzes.

Ergebnisse: Alkohol (schädlicher Gebrauch und Abhängigkeit) steht bei 59,8 % der Klienten mit eigener Diagnose im Vordergrund der Betreuung (Hauptdiagnose), 19,8 % der Klienten haben eine opiatbezogene und 9,5 % eine cannabisbezogene Hauptdiagnose. Der Anteil der Klienten mit einer kokainbezogenen Hauptdiagnose liegt bei 2,5 % und der Anteil derer mit stimulanzienbezogener Hauptdiagnose (Ecstasy u. ä.) bei 2,3 %. Weitere Substanzen sind mit weniger als einem Prozent der Hauptdiagnosen vertreten, Essstörungen mit 1,5 % und Pathologisches Glücksspiel mit 2,1 %. Die durchschnittliche Behandlungsdauer liegt zwischen 25 und 40 Wochen. 42 % der Klienten mit alkoholbezogener Hauptdiagnose und 22 % derer mit opiatbezogener Hauptdiagnose werden planmäßig entlassen; 17 % bzw. 27 % werden weitervermittelt, 37 % bzw. 40 % brechen die Betreuung ab.

Schlussfolgerungen: Durch die Erhöhung der Einrichtungszahl von 454 auf 707 Einrichtungen ist im ambulanten Bereich nahezu eine Vollerhebung erreicht worden. Allerdings dürfen Trends wegen der Veränderungen der Einrichtungsstichprobe nur unter Vorbehalt interpretiert werden.
Konsummuster und Trends des Kokaingebrauchs in Deutschland
Authors: Kraus Ludwig , Semmler Claudia , Augustin Rita
Published: September 2010

Ziel: Untersucht wurden zeitliche Veränderungen des Gebrauchs und der Gebrauchsmuster von Kokain in Deutschland von 1980–2003.  Methodik: Grundlage der Analyse waren die Daten wiederholter Querschnitterhebungen zum Gebrauch und Missbrauch psychoaktiver Substanzen bei Jugendlichen (Drogenaffinitätsstudie, DAS) und Erwachsenen (Epidemiologischer Suchtsurvey, ESA).  Ergebnisse: Im Vergleich zur Gesamtdrogenerfahrung ist die Kokain-Lebenszeiterfahrung seit 1990 überproportional gestiegen. Der Anteil an der Gesamtprävalenz stieg von 8,8 % signifikant auf 14,2 %. Der Anteil der Kokainerfahrenen, die ihren Konsum fortsetzten, ging jedoch zurück.  Schlussfolgerungen: Die Ergebnisse weisen auf eine vergleichsweise geringe Verbreitung des Konsums von Kokain in der Allgemeinbevölkerung hin. Informationen über Konsummuster und die damit verbundenen negativen Konsequenzen in verschiedenen Risikogruppen sollten durch Dunkelfeldstudien ergänzt werden.
Konzeption und Methodik des Epidemiologischen Suchtsurvey 2003
Authors: Kraus Ludwig , Augustin Rita
Published: September 2010

Ziel: Der Epidemiologische Suchtsurvey untersucht seit 1980 Konsum und Missbrauch von psychoaktiven Substanzen in der deutschen Bevölkerung. Der Beitrag beschreibt Konzeption und Methodik des Suchtsurvey 2003.  Methode: Die Stichprobe wurde disproportional zur Altersverteilung der Bevölkerung aus den Einwohnermelderegistern zufällig gezogen. An der schriftlichen Befragung nahmen 8.061 Personen im Alter zwischen 18 und 59 Jahren teil. Die Antwortrate betrug 55 %. In einer telefonischen Non-response-Befragung wurden 68 % der Nichtantworter erreicht.
Schlussfolgerungen: Die im Vergleich zu persönlichen und telefonischen Befragungen niedrigere Ausschöpfungsquote des Epidemiologischen Suchtsurvey wird durch geringere Verzerrungen der Angaben der schriftlichen Befragungssituation ausgeglichen. Die geringen Unterschiede in den Angaben zum Substanzkonsum zwischen Teilnehmern und Nonrespondern unterstreichen die Datenqualität.
Illegale Drogen, Einstiegsalter und Trends. Ergebnisse des Epidemiologischen Suchtsurvey 2003
Authors: Kraus Ludwig , Augustin Rita , Orth Boris
Published: September 2010

Ziel: Mit dem Epidemiologischen Suchtsurvey 2003 werden die Beobachtungen des Konsums illegaler Drogen bei Erwachsenen in Deutschland fortgesetzt.  Methode: Die Stichprobe umfasst 8.061 Personen im Alter von 18 bis 59 Jahren. Die Datenerhebung erfolgte schriftlich, die Antwortrate betrug 55 %.  Ergebnisse: Die Lebenszeitprävalenz des Konsums von Cannabis, Amphetaminen, Ecstasy und Kokain/Crack der 18-bis 39-Jährigen ist signifikant gestiegen. Nach der Severity Dependence Skala wurden 1,1 % der Stichprobe als cannabisabhängig und 0,1 % als kokainabhängig eingestuft.  Schlussfolgerungen: Die zunehmende Prävalenz des Gebrauchs illegaler Drogen ist vor allem auf den Anstieg des Cannabiskonsums zurückzuführen. Die wachsende Zahl von Cannabiskonsumenten erfordert effektive präventive Maßnahmen.
Alkoholkonsum, alkoholbezogene Probleme und Trends. Ergebnisse des Epidemiologischen Suchtsurvey 2003
Authors: Kraus Ludwig , Augustin Rita
Published: September 2010

Ziel: Mit dem Epidemiologischen Suchtsurvey 2003 werden die Beobachtungen des Alkoholkonsums bei Erwachsenen in Deutschland fortgesetzt.  Methode: Die Stichprobe umfasst 8.061 Personen im Alter von 18 bis 59 Jahren. Die Datenerhebung erfolgte schriftlich, die Antwortrate betrug 55 %.  Ergebnisse: Trendanalysen lassen nur geringfügige Veränderungen des Konsumverhaltens erkennen. Die Mehrheit der Personen mit einem riskanten Trinkverhalten (Rauschtrinken) trank im Durchschnitt moderate Alkoholmengen.  Schlussfolgerungen: Die nur geringen zeitlichen Veränderungen bei einem vergleichsweise hohen Pro-Kopf-Konsum sowie die hohe Prävalenz des Rauschtrinkens mit hohen Risiken für alkoholbezogene Probleme bei Konsumenten mit einem im Durchschnitt moderaten Konsum erfordern gezielte alkoholpolitische Maßnahmen.
Katersymptome nach Alkoholkonsum: Epidemiologie, Risikofaktoren und Pathophysiologie
Authors: Haas Stephan L. , Feick Peter , Singer Manfred V.
Published: September 2010

Fragestellung: Der Kater (auch Hangover oder wissenschaftlich Veisalgie) hat eine nicht zu unterschätzende volkswirtschaftliche Bedeutung. In den USA werden die daraus resultierenden jährlichen Kosten auf 2000 Dollar pro Arbeitnehmer geschätzt. In der vorliegenden Übersichtsarbeit werden die zahlreichen pathophysiologischen Faktoren und deren Evidenz diskutiert,die zum Kater beitragen.

 Methodik: Es erfolgte eine MEDLINE-basierte Sichtung aller verfügbaren Publikationen zu diesem Themenkomplex.

 Ergebnisse: Es gilt als belegt, dass das Auftreten wie auch die Schwere von Hangover mit psychopathologischen Parametern assoziiert sind und Hangover ein Risikofaktor für die Entwicklung des Alkoholismus darstellt. Kürzlich konnten genetische Faktoren identifiziert werden, die mit Rauschtrinken (binge-drinking) und dem Auftreten von Kater assoziiert sind.

 Schlussfolgerungen: Insbesondere weitere Untersuchungen zur psychomotorischen Einschränkung bei vorliegendem Kater sind erforderlich, da eine Vielzahl von Studien zu diesem Thema methodische Schwächen aufweisen. Nur wenige Studien zur Prophylaxe und Therapie erfolgten randomisiert und kontrolliert. Keine konnte einen überzeugenden Benefit nachweisen.
Community Reinforcement Approach (CRA) – Überblick über ein integratives Konzept zur Behandlung von Abhängigkeitserkrankungen
Authors: Lange Wolfgang , Reker Martin , Driessen Martin
Published: September 2010

Einleitung: Der Community Reinforcement Approach (CRA) ist ein in den USA entwickeltes umfassendes verhaltenstherapeutisches Konzept zur Behandlung von substanzbezogenen Störungen und Problemen. Es basiert auf der Grundannahme, dass Verstärker aus dem sozialen Umfeld erheblichen Einfluss darauf nehmen, ob eine Person mit Substanzabhängigkeit den Konsum von Alkohol oder Drogen fortsetzt oder einstellt.

 Ziel: Darstellung der wichtigsten Module und der Untersuchungen zur Effektivität des Behandlungskonzeptes.

 Methodik: Literaturrecherche in der Datenbank MEDLINE.

 Ergebnisse: Die überwiegende Anzahl der veröffentlichten Studien belegt eine gegenüber einer Standardbehandlung bessere Wirksamkeit von CRA hinsichtlich einer Suchtmittelabstinenz sowohl bei alkohol- als auch bei opioid- und kokainabhängigen Patienten.
Qualitätsmerkmale von Raucherbehandlungen – die Notwendigkeit für definierte Standards
Authors: Batra Anil , Kröger Christoph , Lindinger Peter , Pötschke-Langer Martina
Published: September 2010

Fragestellung: Die wichtigste Maßnahme zur Senkung der tabakbedingten Todesfälle in den nächsten zwei Jahrzehnten ist die Reduktion der aktuellen Raucherprävalenz durch Bereitstellung wirksamer Ausstiegs angebote. Verbindliche Qualitätsstandards für die Entwicklung, das Angebot und die Vermittlung geeigneter Behandlungen existieren bislang nicht.

 Methodik: Auf der Basis aktueller Leitlinienempfehlungen u. a. der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Suchtforschung und Suchttherapie (DG-Sucht) und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Nervenheilkunde (DGPPN) werden Standards für die Konzeption von Raucherbehandlungen entwickelt.

 Ergebnisse: Ein Bedarf für die Qualitätssicherung ergibt sich für motivierende Kurzinterventionen, medikamentöse Unterstützungen und verhaltenstherapeutisch orientierte Behandlungen. Die Therapie der Tabakabhängigkeit erfordert wissenschaftlich fundierte, effektive, wirtschaftliche und durch qualifizierte Anbieter vermittelte Angebote.

 Schlussfolgerungen: Die Qualitätsmerkmale sollten eine akzeptierte und verbindliche Grundlage für die Anerkennung von Entwöhnungsprogrammen durch Leistungsträger und Anbieter im Gesundheitswesen sein.
Tabakkonsum, Nikotinabhängigkeit und Trends. Ergebnisse des Epidemiologischen Suchtsurveys 2006
Authors: Baumeister Sebastian E. , Kraus Ludwig , Stonner Tina , Metz Karin
Published: September 2010

Ziel: Die Studie untersucht Rauchverhalten, Nikotinabhängigkeit und Passivrauchen in der erwachsenen Bevölkerung in Deutschland und nimmt Trendanalysen zum Rauchverhalten zwischen 1980 und 2006 vor.

 Methodik: Die Stichprobe des Epidemiologischen Suchtsurveys (ESA) 2006 umfasst 7.912 Personen im Alter von 18 bis 64 Jahren. Die Antwortrate betrug 45 %.

 Ergebnisse: 2006 waren 35,8 % der Männer und 27,8 % der Frauen aktuelle Raucher (letzte 30 Tage) und von den Zigarettenrauchern/innen rauchten 36,6 % der Männer und 22,7 % der Frauen täglich 20 Zigaretten oder mehr. Bei 18- bis 24-Jährigen Westdeutschen sank die Raucherrate zwischen 1980 und 2006 von 57,4 % auf 39,4 %. Die Raucherraten von Männern und Frauen haben sich über die Zeit angeglichen. Auch der Anteil starker Raucher ist bei 18- bis 59-Jährigen Deutschen zwischen 1995 (14,7 %) und 2006 (9,6 %) signifikant gefallen. Eine Nikotinabhängigkeit nach DSM-IV wiesen 7,3 % auf. Zuhause waren insgesamt 7,9 % und am Arbeitsplatz jeder fünfte Erwerbstätige dem Passivrauchen ausgesetzt.

 Schlussfolgerungen: Im internationalen Vergleich ist der Anteil der Raucher in Deutschland insbesondere bei den Frauen als hoch zu bewerten. Bestehende Präventionsbemühungen scheinen weniger die Raucherrate als die Konsumintensität beeinflusst zu haben. Zur Reduktion des Tabakkonsums und den damit verbundenen gesundheitlichen Folgen sind weitere Anstrengungen in der Kontrollpolitik, der Prävention und der Tabakentwöhnung erforderlich.
Zertifizierung von Einrichtungen der Sucht-Rehabilitation – Erwartungen und Erfolge
Authors: Winkler Hildegard , Prinz Aloys
Published: September 2010

Fragestellung: Bisher ist wenig darüber bekannt, welche internen bzw. externen Effekte eine erfolgreiche Zertifizierung hat. Hier setzt eine Studie an, die Anfang 2007 von der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Qualitätsmanagement in der Suchttherapie e. V., Kassel (deQus) in Zusammenarbeit mit Prof. Dr. Aloys Prinz (Gesundheitsökonom am Fachbereich Wirtschaftswissenschaften an der WWU Münster) durchgeführt wurde. Ziel der Studie war es, die internen und externen Auswirkungen einer Zertifizierung zu untersuchen.

 Methodik: Zertifizierte deQus-Mitglieder wurden anhand eines Fragebogens nach ihren anfänglichen Erwartungen bzgl. interner und externer Effekte einer Zertifizierung und nach den tatsächlich erzielten Wirkungen gefragt.

 Ergebnisse: Die Ziele der Einrichtungen, mit der Zertifizierung einen insbesondere von den Leistungsträgern anerkannten Qualitätsnachweis zu erbringen, wurden nicht erreicht. Die intern realisierte Qualitätsentwicklung überstieg jedoch die ursprünglichen Erwartungen.

 Schlussfolgerungen: Die gesetzliche Zertifizierungspflicht und die diesbezüglichen Vorgaben der Bundesarbeitsgemeinschaft für Rehabilitation (BAR) lassen erwarten, dass zukünftig eine Zertifizierung auch als Nachweis eines guten Qualitätsniveaus gelten wird.
Introducing a new assessment instrument: The Measurements in the Addictions for Triage and Evalution (MATE)
Authors: Schippers Gerard M. , Broekman Theo G. , Buchholz Angela , Rutten⁴ Ruud
Published: September 2010

Ein neues Messinstrument: Der Measurements in the Addictions for Triage and Evaluation (MATE)

Fragestellung: Es wird ein neues Messinstrument, der Measurements in the Addictions for Triage and Evaluation (MATE) vorgestellt. Der MATE wurde für die Zuweisung von Patienten zu Behandlungen verschiedener Intensität (Triage) und zur Behandlungsevaluation im Suchtbereich entwickelt.

 Konzeptueller Hintergrund: Im MATE werden Konzepte aus der ICD-10 und der ICF verwendet. Dies schließt Umweltfaktoren, also fördernde und hindernde Faktoren mit ein. Dadurch ist eine universale Anwendbarkeit des Instruments gewährleistet.

 Aufbau des Instruments: Der MATE besteht aus 10 unabhängigen Modulen: (1) Substanzkonsum, (2) Abhängigkeit und ‑missbrauch, (3) Verlangen, (4) Depression, Angst und Stress, (5) Indikatoren für psychiatrische und medizinische Konsultationen, (6) Persönlichkeit, (7) körperliche Beschwerden und Symptome, (8) Aktivitäten und Partizipation, Hilfe und Unterstützung, Hilfebedarf, (9) Umweltfaktoren mit Einfluss auf die Rehabilitation und (10) frühere Suchtbehandlungen.

 Schlussfolgerungen: Der MATE 2.0 ist hilfreich bei der Erfassung von Patientenmerkmalen in der Behandlung substanzbezogener Störungen. Seine psychometrischen Eigenschaften sind akzeptabel, er fördert den Wissensaustausch und unterstützt die standardisierte Zuweisung und Evaluation von Behandlungsmaßnahmen.
Statistical selection of the “best” seismic source mechanisms from inversions of synthetic volcanic long‐period events
Authors: O'Brien G. S. , Lokmer I. , Bean C. J.
Published: September 2010

Inversions for the source mechanism of long‐period (LP) seismicity recorded on volcanoes have become increasingly common and are used to interpret fluid‐driven processes. The source mechanism considered for LP inversions usually consists of a symmetric moment tensor with and without single forces. Also, constrained inversions have been performed where one presumes a specific source geometry that reduces the degrees of freedom in the inversion. To select the correct solution from the different possible mechanisms, the Akaike information criterion (AIC) has been used. However, since AIC performs well only if the inverted model is close to the true model, we tested its ability to select the correct model in LP inversions. Using synthetic data sets generated on Mt. Etna, Italy, with a tomography velocity model and the Green's functions calculated for a simplified, homogeneous velocity model, we have investigated (1) if any of the inversion source models can recover the true mechanism and (2) the ability of the Akaike and Bayesian information criteria (BIC) to select the correct model. Results show that in some cases it is possible to recover the mechanism but never the source magnitude and that the BIC is a better measure than the AIC in selecting the true source model, although in numerous cases both criteria fail to select the correct solution. Therefore, the BIC should be used as opposed to the AIC if it is necessary to select an appropriate source. Caution should be used when using the statistical measure in any seismic inversion application.
Internal structure of Planum Boreum, from Mars advanced radar for subsurface and ionospheric sounding data
Authors: Selvans M. M. , Plaut J. J. , Aharonson O. , Safaeinili A.
Published: September 2010

An investigation of the internal structure of the ice‐rich Planum Boreum (PB) deposit at the north pole of Mars is presented, using 178 orbits of Mars advanced radar for subsurface and ionospheric sounding data. For each radargram, bright, laterally extensive surface and subsurface reflectors are identified and the time delay between them is converted to unit thicknesses, using a real dielectric constant of 3. Results include maps of unit thickness, for PB and its two constituent units, the stratigraphically older basal unit (BU) and the stratigraphically younger north polar layered deposits (NPLD). Maps of the individual units' surface elevation are also provided. Estimates of water ice volume in each unit are (1.3 ± 0.2) × 106 km3 in PB, (7.8 ± 1.2) × 105 km3 in the NPLD, and (4.5 ± 1.0) × 105 km3 in the BU. No lithospheric deflection is apparent under PB, in agreement with previous findings for only the Gemina Lingula lobe, which suggests that a thick elastic lithosphere has existed at the north pole of Mars since before the emplacement of the BU. The extent of BU material in the Olympia Planum lobe of PB is directly detected, providing a more accurate map of BU extent than previously available from imagery and topography. A problematic area for mapping the BU extent and thickness is in the distal portion of the 290°E–300°E region, where MARSIS data show no subsurface reflectors, even though the BU is inferred to be present from other lines of evidence.
Tree‐based reinforcement learning for optimal water reservoir operation
Authors: Castelletti A. , Galelli S. , Restelli M. , Soncini‐Sessa R.
Published: September 2010

Although being one of the most popular and extensively studied approaches to design water reservoir operations, Stochastic Dynamic Programming is plagued by a dual curse that makes it unsuitable to cope with large water systems: the computational requirement grows exponentially with the number of state variables considered (curse of dimensionality) and an explicit model must be available to describe every system transition and the associated rewards/costs (curse of modeling). A variety of simplifications and approximations have been devised in the past, which, in many cases, make the resulting operating policies inefficient and of scarce relevance in practical contexts. In this paper, a reinforcement‐learning approach, called fitted Q‐iteration, is presented: it combines the principle of continuous approximation of the value functions with a process of learning off‐line from experience to design daily, cyclostationary operating policies. The continuous approximation, performed via tree‐based regression, makes it possible to mitigate the curse of dimensionality by adopting a very coarse discretization grid with respect to the dense grid required to design an equally performing policy via Stochastic Dynamic Programming. The learning experience, in the form of a data set generated combining historical observations and model simulations, allows us to overcome the curse of modeling. Lake Como water system (Italy) is used as study site to infer general guidelines on the appropriate setting for the algorithm parameters and to demonstrate the advantages of the approach in terms of accuracy and computational effectiveness compared to traditional Stochastic Dynamic Programming.
The Short‐Term Effect of Diacylglycerol Oil Consumption on Total and Dietary Fat Utilization in Overweight Women
Authors: Hibi Masanobu , Sugiura Youko , Yokoyama Rika , Takase Hideto , Shiiba Daisuke , Meguro Shinichi , Katashima Mitsuhiro , Shimizu Akira , Tokimitsu Ichiro
Published: September 2010

Diacylglycerol (DAG) is a natural component of edible oils with metabolic characteristics distinct from those of triacylglycerol (TAG). Consumption of DAG oil (containing >80% DAG) induces greater fat oxidation than consumption of TAG oil. We compared the effects of 4 days of DAG oil consumption with those of TAG oil consumption on total and dietary fat oxidation over 24 h in overweight women using a whole‐room respiratory chamber. Overweight (BMI (kg/m2) ≥25) females participated in this double‐blind, crossover‐controlled trial. The subjects consumed test diets containing either TAG or DAG oil as 15% of their total caloric intake (mean test oil intake was 33.0 ± 3.1 g/day) during each 4‐day treatment. Fat oxidation and energy expenditure were measured in a respiratory chamber on the 4th day of each treatment. Compared with TAG oil, DAG oil consumption significantly increased total fat oxidation and dietary fat oxidation in overweight subjects. Total energy expenditure (TEE) and carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation did not significantly differ between DAG oil and TAG oil consumption in overweight subjects. Compared with TAG oil, DAG oil consumption enhanced total fat oxidation and dietary fat oxidation in overweight subjects. The enhanced fat metabolism in overweight subjects that consumed DAG oil partly explains the greater loss of body weight and body fat related to DAG oil consumption in weight‐loss studies.
Local Isotropy in the Turbulent Wake of a Cylinder
Authors: Townnsend AA
Published: September 2010

To investigate the validity of
Kolmogoroff's theory of local isotropy, a series of turbulence measurements
have been made in the wake of a circular cylinder, and the results have been
compared with the predictions of the theory. Using a cylinder of 0.953 cm.
diameter in an air-stream of velocity 1,280 cm. sec.-1, measurements
have been made of the mean squares of the spatial derivatives in the
mean-stream direction of the three components of the turbulent velocity
fluctuation, and also of the skewness and flattening factors of the statistical
distributions of these derivatives. Observations were taken at three traverses
across the wake, respectively at 80, 120, and 160 cylinder diameters
down-stream from the cylinder. Except in the immediate neighbourhood of the
wake centre, the turbulent flow is observed to be intermittent, consisting of
regions of fully developed turbulent flow separated by comparatively sharp
boundaries from regions of almost completely laminar motion. If an
"intermittency factor " is introduced to describe this phenomenon,
and if inside each turbulent region local isotropy exists, then all the
experimental results are consistent with the theory of local isotropy, and in
agreement with previous measurements in flows possessing ordinary isotropy. It
is concluded that, within the boundaries of the turbulent regions, local
isotropy in the sense used by Kolmogoroff exists, and that the theory is
applicable to this example of shear flow. The general applicability of the
theory to turbulent shear flow at high Reynolds numbers must be considered very
probable.
Studies on the Lignin of Eucalyptus regnans. II. The Nature of the Hydroxyl Groups and the Presence of the Carbonyl Group in Thiolignin
Authors: Merewether JWT
Published: September 2010

E.
regnans thiolignin reacts with p-toluenesulphonyl
chloride in pyridine to form a hexatosyl derivative ; its trimethyl ether
reacts likewise to form a tritosyl derivative. Both compounds still have a free
hydroxyl group which can be acetylated. Similarly they yield a hexabenzoate and
tribenzoate respectively by the Schotten-Baumann reaction, but in pyridine,
thiolignin reacts with benzoyl chloride to give a heptabenzoate and
trimethylthiolignin a tetrabenzoate. No reaction takes place when trimethyl thiolignin
is treated with triphenylchloromethane in pyridine. The above data are
interpreted as evidence that of the four alcoholic hydroxyl groups three are
secondary and one tertiary.

With phenylhydrazine, thiolignin yields a
phenylosazone ; with p-nitrophenylhydrazine
it yields a p-nitrophenylhydrazone.
On the other hand, trimethylthiolignin does not react with phenylhydrazine,
indicating the absence of non-enolizable carbonyl groups. Thiolignin condenses
with benzaldehydes indicating the presence of an active methylene group. From
this evidence it is deduced that the grouping CH2-CO-CHOH- is
present.
The Influence of Vertical Ionic Drift on a 'Chapman Region'
Authors: Kirkpatrick CB
Published: September 2010

Vertical transport of ions is taken into
account in a theoretical treatment of an ionized region in which ion production
and decay are operative. Methods are evolved for computing the electron density
in both a "moving" and a static layer. Ionic drift is believed to be
caused by tidal motion of the upper air and so, for conditions representative
of the E region and the solar atmospheric tide, the effect of ionic drift is
investigated and the theoretical departure from normal " Chapman "
behaviour is measured.
Alkaloids of the Australian Rutaceae: Melicope fareana. III. Oxidative Demethylation of Melicopicine
Authors: Crow WD
Published: September 2010

Melicopicine and normelicopicine undergo
oxidative demethylation with nitric acid giving rise to isomeric
dimethoxyquinones. These are further demethylated by alkali to the same
hydroxymethoxyquinone which is converted by hydrobromic acid to a dihydroxyquinone.
All the quinones can be reductively methylated back to melicopicine.
Graphical Study of the Dispersion of Electro-Magneto-Ionic Waves
Authors: Bailey VA , Roberts JA
Published: September 2010

A graphical method for approximating to
all the eight roots of the equation of dispersion, corresponding to any
numerically specified case, is described.

This method uses curves drawn with ω
and l as coordinates to give readily the following information about the waves
which can exist in the medium : (i) the frequency- bands in which undamped
waves or wave-groups can grow as they progress, (ii) the wave-number bands in
which unattenuated waves can grow in time, (iii) the phase- and group-velocities,
refractive indices, and coefficients of positive and negative attenuation and
damping, (iv) the general effect of collisions between electrons and other
particles on the attenuation or damping of a wave or wave-group.

Several illustrative examples are given.
The same method is also applied to a special case of the more comprehensive
equation of dispersion which includes the effects due to the motions of the
positive ions, and it is shown that there can then exist unattenuated waves
which grow with the lapse of time.
The Contraction of Nuclear Emulsions
Authors: Martin SL
Published: September 2010

A technique for measuring the fractional
change in thickness which occurs when a nuclear emulsion is processed, is
described. The method involves the registration in the emulsion of the tracks
of α-particles from a radiothorium source and this permanent record can be
used to follow any subsequent thickness variations. Some observations on Ilford C2 emulsions, 50μ in thickness, have been made
and these show considerable variations in thickness over a period of time.
Tests indicated that some of the change is probably due to humidity variations.
The application of this method to the monitoring of variations in k for
emulsions, in which deuterons or other tracks have been registered, is
described.
Deformation and Recrystallization of Alloys containing Two Phases
Authors: Clarebrough LM
Published: September 2010

Using mainly silver-magnesium alloys, the
deformation of the phases was determined from observations of slip lines and
recrystallization behaviour. The relative deformation of the two phases is
influenced both by the total deformation of the alloy and by the volume
fractions of the phases. When very little of the hard β phase is present
most of the deformation occurs in the soft α crystals and there is
additional flow of the matrix around the hard particles. If the proportion of
the β phase is not greater than 30 per cent. by volume the soft α
deforms more than the β for reductions of up to 60 per cent., but for
heavier reductions the two phases deform more uniformly. When both phases are
present in about equal proportions they deform to the same extent.�The
recrystallization behaviour of the phases in a duplex alloy is affected by the
state of order of the phases, and by precipitation occurring in one of the
phases on annealing the deformed alloy. Experiments were designed to show the
influence of various factors.

An alloy that is ordered before
deformation recrystallizes at a lower temperature than an alloy disordered
before deformation. It is shown that this behaviour is not due to a difference
in work hardening characteristics.

On annealing silver-magnesium and
copper-zinc alloys quenched before deformation, precipitation of α occurs
in the β crystals and the recrystallization temperature of the β is
higher in these alloys than in slowly cooled alloys. It is shown that
precipitation relieves internal stresses in the deformed matrix and thus causes
the Increase in recrystallization temperature.

The general case of recrystallization of
the phases in slowly cooled and quenched silver-magnesium alloys is interpreted
in terms of these results.

The inhomogeneity of deformation of the
phases is indicated by their mode of recrystallization.
Experimental Designs Balanced for Pairs of Residual Effect
Authors: Williams EJ
Published: September 2010

When different treatments are applied In
succession to the same unit of experimental material, it is necessary to
consider the residual effects of preceding treatments on the present treatment.
To facilitate the interpretation of the results of such experiments, balanced
designs have been developed. In the designs discussed in this paper, each
treatment is preceded by each pair of other treatments, so that the designs are
balanced for the effects of pairs of residual effects.

It is shown that balanced designs are possible
for n treatments, using n(n-1) replications. Solutions of the combinatorial
problem involved can be derived from solutions of the Round Table problem, discussed
m many books of mathematical puzzles.

The method of analysis of designs of this
type is described, and exemplified by application to a set of experimental data
Asymptotic Expressions for the Energies of Certain Long Molecules
Authors: Brown RD
Published: September 2010

Asymptotic values for the increment in
total π-electron energy and in resonance energy for addition of one
structural unit to a long polyene and to a long polyacene molecule are derived.
The values are obtained, both neglecting and including the overlap integral, by
the usual LCAO molecular-orbital method. The results are compared with the
corresponding increments for the lower members of each series of molecules
calculated by direct summation.
Sulphonamides. I. ' Marfanil ' and its o- and m-Isomers
Authors: Angyal SJ , Jenkin SR
Published: September 2010

" Marfanil " has been
synthesized by a new method from p-toluenesulphonyl chloride. o- and
m-Aminomethylbenzenesulphonamide were prepared and found to possess low
bacteriostatic activity.
Dunnione and related naphthoquinones. I. The isodunnione series
Authors: Cooke RG , Somers TC
Published: September 2010

Synthesis of hydroxyhydroisodunniol proves
the structure of this compound, and of α- and β-isodunnione.
Experiments on the synthesis of isodunniol do not support the structure
previously assigned to it, and the alternative formula, 2-hydroxy-3-(1,2-dimethylally1)-1,4-naphthoquinone,
is suggested. Evidence is presented for the occurrence of steric inhibition of
resonance in certain 2-hydroxy-3-alkylene-1,4-naphthoquinones. Synthetic
homologues of the lapachol and dunnione series are described.
Colouring Matters of Australian Plants. I. The Structure of Droserone
Authors: Cooke RG , Segal W
Published: September 2010

Droserone, one of the pigments occurring
in Drosera whittakeri, is proved to be
3,s-d'ihydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone by a five step synthesis from the known
5-methoxy-1-tetralone. From an intermediate product,
2-hydroxy-5-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, the droserone isomer
2,5-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1,4-naphtl1oquinone and 2-hydroxyjuglone are also
obtained. The latter compound is significant in the chemistry of the natural
pigment juglone. 4n interpretation is given for some orientation effects observed
in the nucleophilic substitution of certain naphthoquinones.
Solution of a Heat Flow Problem
Authors: Radok JRM
Published: September 2010

This paper deals with the heat flow
through a rectangle subject to the following boundary conditions : One end is
completely insulated (without heat flux across it) and at the opposite end a
constant temperature gradient is maintained; the remaining sides radiate into a
medium which is at zero temperature. Initially the rectangle is at zero
temperature. The problem is converted into a homogeneous one by considering a
rectangle of twice the length with a uniformly distributed heat source along
the centre line. The solution of this problem is effected by using particular
solutions given in Carslaw and Jaeger. The problem considered is of interest in
connection with the testing of heat-insulating materials.
The Momentum Spectrum and Positive Excess of Cosmic Ray Mesons at Sea-Level
Authors: Caro DE , Parry JK , Rathgeber HD
Published: September 2010

A spectrometer for momentum measurements
on cosmic ray particles is described. Charged C.R. particles are deflected in
the air gap of an electromagnet and the deflection is recorded by an array of
G.M. counters. The momentum distribution and positive excess of particles which
penetrate 10 cm. of lead is determined over a momentum range 2.4 x 108
eV/c. to 5 X 1010 eV./c.
from measurements on 6056 particles.
The Solution of Polynomial Equations with the Aid of the Electrolytic Tank
Authors: Tasny-Tschiassny L , Doe AG
Published: September 2010

A practical method is presented of solving
polynomial equations with real or complex coefficients with the aid of an
electrolytic tank. The roots may be determined with any desired degree of
accuracy by means of an iterative procedure.

A method of generating the electrode
currents, and a method of ascertaining root points with the aid of a rotatable
quadruple probe assembly and passive phase shifting and differential networks
are described. A mathematical investigation of the accuracy to be expected is
made, and tests have been carried out in a tank, verifying the theoretical
conclusions. The methods developed are applicable to the computation of the
complex values of rational functions, for instance, impedance functions.
Approximations in Transient Surface Heating
Authors: Jaeger JC
Published: September 2010

A number of exact solutions for the
surface temperature of a semi-infinite solid which is heated over a region of
its surface is given. These have applications to edge effects in surface
induction heating, to the heating of the anode of an X-ray tube, and to heating
by friction. The regions discussed are a half-plane, a strip, a square, a
rectangle, and a circle. Temperatures within the solid and the way in which
they approximate to those of a continuous point source are discussed. Holm's
approximation (heating of the region bounded internally by a sphere) and heat
generation over a spherical region are also studied.
The High Latitude East-West -Asymmetry of Cosmic Rays
Authors: Burbury DWP , Fenton KB
Published: September 2010

Measurements of the east-west asymmetry of
cosmic rays at sea-level have been made at Hobart and Macquarie Island in
geomagnetic latitudes 51.7 and 60.7 �S. respectively. The values obtained have
been found to agree satisfactorily with values calculated using a revised form
of Johnson's theory.
The Dielectric Properties of Systems Containing Straight Polar Chains
Authors: Sack RA
Published: September 2010

A mathematical derivation is given of the
dielectric properties of systems containing straight polar chains such that to
each value of the total moment of a chain there corresponds only one
arrangement of its dipoles. If the moments of the individual dipoles and the
probability of an elementary transition are fixed, both the total dielectric
loss and the effective relaxation time of the system increase in proportion to
the square of the number of states of each chain. These conclusions are not
valid for kinked chains and apply only qualitatively if the chains are
branched.

The theory provides an explanation for the
high dielectric losses at low frequencies observed in many solids containing
hydroxyl groups. It can further explain the low frequency absorption found in
ionic crystals containing lattice imperfections ; in this interpretation the
theory is related to Jaffe's theory of conductivity in polarizable media.
The Optinium Space-Charge-Controlled Focus of an Electron Beam
Authors: Hollway DL
Published: September 2010

The problem of apace-charge defocusing of
circular electron beams is considered. and expressions for the condition of
optimum focus are derived from the equations of the beam profile.

It is shown that, over a wide range of
spot radii, the optimum-focus expressions may be replaced by much simpler
relationships suited to electron-beam design problems.
Study of adsorption on metals by the contact potential technique
Authors: Anderson JR , Alexander AE
Published: September 2010

The change in contact potential between
metals due to physical adsorption of water vapour, isopropanol, and ethyl
acetate has been studied. The plot of contact potential against relative vapour
pressure showed a hysteresis loop, the behaviour varying for different methods
of surface preparation. An initial irreversible potential change was always
found, due to chemisorption. By studying the dependence of the contact
potential on the temperature of one of the metal surfaces it has been possible
to determine the change in work function of a gold surface due to physical
adsorption.
The behaviour of fluids of Quasi-Spherical molecules. I. Gases at low densities
Authors: Hamann SD , Lambert JA
Published: September 2010

Consideration of the spherically smoothed
mutual potential energy between nearly spherical polyatomic molecules leads to
the conclusion that it can often be well represented by a (28,7) type of
Lennard-Jones potential. Second and third virial coefficients have been
calculated for this potential and also for (∞,6) and (∞,7)
potentials.

The (28,7) interaction energy gives a good
description of the properties of gases of quasi-spherical molecules. For these
gases it is markedly superior to the more usual (12,6) potential.
The Mechanism of the Alkali catalysed Phenol-Formaldehyde reaction
Authors: Fitzgerald JS , Martin RJL
Published: September 2010

Kinetic studies on the 2,3,4,5-tetramethylphenol(prehnitenol)-
and 2,6-xylenol-formaldehyde reactions indicate that the alkali catalysed
reaction is not a simple bimolecular reaction. The rate of the 2,6-xylenol-formaldehyde
reaction in the presence of excess alkali has been shown to be proportional to

[phenoxide]1.4 [formaldehyde]1.4 [free alkali]-0.4.

The mechanism of the reaction has been
interpreted as a reaction between the phenoxide ion and CH2=O
together with other simultaneous reactions. It is unlikely that the +CH2OH
plays any part in the alkali catalysed reaction. Attempts have been made to interpret
the results on the basis that a hemiformal rearranges to a phenol alcohol and
that the ion +CH2OPh reacts with a phenoxide ion. In any
case it is not possible to give a complete mechanism with certainty. The degree
of formation of hemiformal is too small to be detected by hydrogen ion
measurements.

When the Cannizzaro reaction of
formaldehyde is carried out in the presence of a phenol, the phenoxide Ions
catalyse a condensation which 1s presumably an aldol condensation. This reaction
having a long induction period and being autocatalytic does not assume
importance In the early stages of the reaction.

A compound, probably 2,2'-dihydroxy-3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-octamethyldiphenylmethane,
has been isolated from the alkaline reaction between prehnitenol and
formaldehyde.
Water-soluble constituents of fruit. III. An examination of the sugars and polyold of apricots, peaches, pears, and apples by paper chromatography
Authors: Ash ASF , Reynolds TM
Published: September 2010

The sugars and polyols in 80 per cent.
ethanolic extracts of apricots, peaches, pears, and apples were examined by
paper chromatography using several solvents. Xylose, fructose, glucose,
sucrose, sorbitol, a cyclitol (probably mesoinositol), and one or more ketose
oligosaocharides were detected in all the fruits. Galactose was detected in
pears and may also be present, in trace amounts, in peaches and apples.
Apricots, peaches, and pears picked in several seasons were examined.
Liquid-vapour equilibria. VII. The systems nitromethane + benzene and nitromethane + carbon tetrachloride at 45°C
Authors: Brown I , Smith F
Published: September 2010

The liquid-vapour equilibrium data are
given for the systems nitromethane+benzene and nitromethane+carbon
tetrachloride at 45.00 �C. These data are used to calculate the excess free
energy of mixing for these systems.
Interaction of sodium dodecyl sulphate with a soluble keratin
Authors: O'Donnell IJ , Woods EF
Published: September 2010

Electrophoretic studies have shown that
sodium dodecyl sulphate combines with α-keratose in solution in amount far
in excess of that required for stoichiometric binding to the positive groups on
the protein. However, an amount equivalent to the number of positive sites on
the protein is more firmly bound than the remainder.

The variation of the relative viscosity
and sedimentation coefficients with the amount of sodium dodecyl sulphate
present on the protein has been attributed to changes in the configuration and
state of aggregation of the protein molecules.

A molecular weight of approximately 48,000
has been determined for a-keratose in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate.
Natural derivatives of furan. II. The structure of evodone
Authors: Birch AJ , Richards RW
Published: September 2010

2-Acetyl-5-methylcyclohexan-1,3-dione (IV)
has been synthesized and is probably identical with a degradation product of
evodone. On the basis of this synthesis and of published work, evodone is
probably III.
The condensation of acetylenes with deoxyanisoin
Authors: Wailer PC
Published: September 2010

Although deoxyanisoin underwent fission on
attempted reaction with sodium or lithium acetylide in liquid ammonia, it
condensed normally with 1-hexyne and propyne via the Grignard reagent, the
intermediate aoetylenic carbinols dehydrating on distillation. The reaction of
acetylenedimagnesium bromide and deoxyanisoin at room temperature afforded the
stable 1,2-di-(p-methoxyphenyl)but-3-yn-2-ol, whereas
the same reagents under more vigorous conditions resulted in cyclization to
2-methoxy-6-p-methoxyphenylnaphthalene, synthesized from anisil or deoxyanisoin
by a Reformatsky reaction via the tetralone.
Reactions of Aroyl Peroxides. I. Benzoyl Peroxide with Benzene
Authors: Lynch BM , Pausacker KH
Published: September 2010

A quantitative study of the products from
the reaction of benzene with benzoyl peroxide, under varying conditions, is
reported. The mechanisms of formation of the various products are discussed.
The ionization constants of p-Aminobenzoic Acid in Aqueous solution at 25°C
Authors: Robinson RA , Biggs AI
Published: September 2010

The ionization constants of benzoic acid
and of four esters of p-aminobenzoic acid, as well as the two ionization
constants of p-aminobenzoic acid itself, have been deter- mined by
spectrophotometric measurements. The extent of zwitterion formation in
p-aminobenzoic acid is discussed.
Thermodynomic data from Gas-Liqud partition Chromatography
Authors: Anderson JR , Napier KH
Published: September 2010

Partition coefficients obtained from
gas-liquid partition chromatography have been compared with those obtained in a
static system to show that the former are true equilibrium values. The heats
and entropies of solution have been obtained from the temperature dependence of
the partition coefficients.