bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantum Fields and Their Excitations
Authors: Raymer Michael G.
Published: November 2020

What are classical particles and fields?

In a classical physics description of Nature, all elementary entities are considered to be either particles or fields. In this theory, a particle
is an object that has mass—meaning it has inertia and is subject to...
The National Front 1958-1974
Authors: Mahoney Richard D.
Published: November 2020

What was the National Front?

In the course of Colombian history, Liberals and Conservatives had, on critical occasions, put aside their partisan hatreds in order to save their country—and themselves—but the most durable constitutional construct of them all was the National Front (NF). Approved...
Conquest and Colony
Authors: Mahoney Richard D.
Published: November 2020

How did Spain conquer the New Kingdom of Granada?

In the wake of Christopher Columbus’s discovery of the New World in 1492, Spanish explorers began traveling to the Caribbean coast of modern-day Colombia, looking for gold and slaves while continuing their quest to discover...
Health, Safety, and Violence In Competitive Sport
Authors: Simon Robert L.
Published: November 2020

What concerns about health and safety might be raised about the social effects of recreational and elite sport?

There are many concerns that might be addressed in response to this question. In this section, we will focus on three. First, what issues arise in...
Campaign Finance
Authors: Mutch Robert E.
Published: November 2020

The one percent has been providing an ever larger share of campaign funds since the 1980s. Well over half of the money contributed to the presidential race in 2015 came from only about 350 families. One-fourth of it came from just seventy-eight donors, all of whom made contributions of $1 million or more. Can we still say we live in a democracy if a few hundred rich families provide such disproportionate shares of campaign funds? Congress and the courts are divided on that question, with conservatives saying yes and liberals saying no. The debate is about the most fundamental of political questions: how we define democracy, and how we want our democracy to work. The debate may ultimately be about political theory, but in practice it is conducted in terms of laws, regulations, and court decisions about PACs, super PACs, 527s, 501(c)(4)s, dark money, the Federal Election Commission, and even the IRS. This book explains how those laws, regulations, and court decisions fit into the larger debate about how we want our democracy to work.
Vaccines
Authors: Feemster Kristen A.
Published: November 2020

Immunization is regarded by many as one of the greatest advances in modern civilization. The widespread use of vaccines has led to increases in life expectancy, reductions in the occurrence of childhood diseases, and is generally credited with saving millions of lives annually. But since their discovery two centuries ago, vaccines have been dogged by pockets of persistent distrust among those who are skeptical of their science or who find compulsory immunization at odds with personal liberty. The rise of these voices in contemporary culture has contributed to trends of vaccine delay and vaccine hesitancy in some communities -- a chasm between the general population and the scientific establishment that has persisted and grown at times across the last several decades. VACCINES: What Everyone Needs to Know® offers a scientifically grounded overview of the science, manufacture, and culture of vaccines in the United States and internationally. Aiming to offer an unbiased resource on this hotly debated subject, it provides accessible, authoritative overviews of the following: · How vaccines work · The history of vaccines · Vaccine policy -- who writes it, and does it matter? · The contents and manufacture of vaccines · Vaccine injury · The alleged link between vaccines and autism · Vaccines and new outbreaks Written by a leading authority in both infectious disease and vaccine education, this book offers a clear-eyed resource for parents or anyone with an interest in the use, efficacy, and controversy surrounding vaccines. In a subject area defined by partisanship, it offers reliable resource for what everyone needs to know.
How do Countries Shift from High to Low Corruption?
Authors: Fisman Ray , Golden Miriam A.
Published: November 2020

The world’s wealthy democracies all have relatively honest governments. However, that wasn’t true a hundred or two hundred years ago, when they looked like governments in today’s poor countries. How did they do it? How do countries escape a high-corruption equilibrium?

In this chapter, we...
Mexico’s Economic Development
Authors: Ai Camp Roderic
Published: November 2020

How poor is Mexico?

The most serious problem in Mexico today is poverty. Indeed, as General Clemente Vega, President Fox’s secretary of national defense once suggested, it is the number one national security problem in Mexico. There is no question that several of Mexico’s other...
The Mexican Revolution and a New Political Model for Mexico
Authors: Ai Camp Roderic
Published: November 2020

The Mexican Revolution

What were the causes of the Mexican Revolution of 1910?

Historians have argued for a century about which were the most important causes of the Mexican Revolution. Although they do not agree on their relative importance, they do agree on what the...
Cultural, Economic, and Social Developments
Authors: Ai Camp Roderic
Published: November 2020

What are Mexican religious beliefs and religious relationships?

The World Values Survey, which is the most comprehensive global survey of citizen values and attitudes, clearly demonstrates that Mexicans view themselves as strong believers in God. Indeed, 98 percent said they believed in God, compared with...
Peace Or More War?
Authors: Rubin Barnett R.
Published: November 2020

The 2014–19 term of President Ghani and the National Unity Government (NUG) overlapped with that of President Donald Trump. Trump struggled to reconcile his America-first impulses with the global hegemonic national security commitments and ideologies of Republican Party elites from whom he originally recruited...
Alzheimer’s Disease: Biological Aspects
Authors: Sabat Steven R.
Published: November 2020

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was first identified by Alois Alzheimer in 1906 in his patient, Frau Auguste D. Dr. Alzheimer saw Frau D in 1901 and observed her rather striking symptoms that normally would have been described as “senile dementia.” It would have been called this...
People with Alzheimer’s Disease and the Social World
Authors: Sabat Steven R.
Published: November 2020

Life in the everyday social world can be a very difficult, even foreboding, experience for a person diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or another type of dementia, or it can be an experience characterized by acceptance, understanding, and nurturance and can be rewarding despite the...
Resilience, Selfhood, and Creativity
Authors: Sabat Steven R.
Published: November 2020

Kate Swaffer is co-founder and co-chair of Dementia Alliance International, chair of the Alzheimer’s Australia Dementia Advisory Committee, and speaks internationally to educate people about dementia and enlightened care of people diagnosed. In 2015, she was among the finalists in the Australian of the Year...
The Business of Advertising
Authors: Einstein Mara
Published: November 2020

What is the economic impact of advertising?

Advertising affects virtually every product category. You would be hard pressed to find a computer, book, toothpaste, shampoo, spaghetti sauce, or jar of mayonnaise that has not been marketed to you, save for perhaps the store’s generic...
Advertising in the Digital Age
Authors: Einstein Mara
Published: November 2020

How come ads seem to follow me around the Internet?

This is what is known as retargeting. Remember we talked about the sales funnel? In that paradigm, marketers want to interact with you as far down the funnel as possible, the best...
Introduction
Authors: Einstein Mara
Published: November 2020

Three thousand. Some have even said five thousand.

That’s the number of marketing messages the average American confronts on a daily basis. True, we are not aware of all of those communications, which come from everything from packaging to television commercials to native advertising...
The Politics of Professors and Students
Authors: Zimmerman Jonathan
Published: November 2020

Are American professors mostly liberal?

Yes. But you knew that already.

What you didn’t know, perhaps, is that 43 percent of professors oppose affirmative action for racial minorities in college admissions. And you probably wouldn’t have guessed that 44 percent of them disagree with...
What Is Scholarly Publishing and How Does It Work?
Authors: Anderson Rick
Published: November 2020

What is the difference between scholarly communication and scholarly publishing?

As discussed in Chapter 2, scholars communicate with each other in a wide variety of ways, all of which exist on a spectrum of formality. At the informal end of the spectrum are the conversations...
What Is the Role of Copyright?
Authors: Anderson Rick
Published: November 2020

Why do we have copyright law?

Although there have been various laws throughout history designed to regulate publishing, modern copyright law has its clearest roots in the Statute of Anne, established in England in 1709. This act of Parliament was intended to stop “Printers, Booksellers,...
Google Books and Hathitrust
Authors: Anderson Rick
Published: November 2020

What is the Google Books Project?

Google Books has its origins in an idea that occurred to Google founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page in the mid-1990s, when they were graduate students and the World Wide Web was still in its infancy. They imagined a...
Measuring Research
Authors: Sugimoto Cassidy R. , Larivière Vincent
Published: November 2020

Policy makers, academic administrators, scholars, and members of the public are clamoring for indicators of the value and reach of research. The question of how to quantify the impact and importance of research and scholarly output, from the publication of books and journal articles to the indexing of citations and tweets, is a critical one in predicting innovation, and in deciding what sorts of research is supported and whom is hired to carry it out. There is a wide set of data and tools available for measuring research, but they are often used in crude ways, and each have their own limitations and internal logics. Measuring Research: What Everyone Needs to Know® will provide, for the first time, an accessible account of the methods used to gather and analyze data on research output and impact. Following a brief history of scholarly communication and its measurement — from traditional peer review to crowdsourced review on the social web — the book will look at the classification of knowledge and academic disciplines, the differences between citations and references, the role of peer review, national research evaluation exercises, the tools used to measure research, the many different types of measurement indicators, and how to measure interdisciplinarity. The book also addresses emerging issues within scholarly communication, including whether or not measurement promotes a "publish or perish" culture, fraud in research, or "citation cartels." It will also look at the stakeholders behind these analytical tools, the adverse effects of these quantifications, and the future of research measurement.
Locating True North
Authors: Dodds Klaus , Nuttall Mark
Published: November 2020

It is common to point to the Arctic Circle (66°N) as indicative of the start of the Arctic and “true north.” If you land at Rovaniemi airport in Finnish Lapland, you are told you have arrived at the home of Santa Claus. The town lies...
Warming Arctic
Authors: Dodds Klaus , Nuttall Mark
Published: November 2020

Climate change and its effects on Arctic societies, wildlife, and environments has been a recurring theme of this book. And for good reason. In many parts of the Arctic, these effects are inescapable, and, given that Arctic temperatures are rising faster than anywhere else on...
Sex Segregation
Authors: Schultz Jaime
Published: November 2020

Why do we segregate sport on the basis of sex?

In Playing With the Boys: Why Separate Is Not Equal, scholars Eileen McDonagh and Laura Pappano argue that there have been “three I’s” historically used to justify sex segregation in sport:

Women’s physical differences from...
Religion
Authors: Campbell John , Page Matthew T.
Published: November 2020

Nigerians like to say that they are the “happiest people in the world and the most religious.” Religiosity permeates public life; events big and small are routinely ascribed to divine intervention. Sickness and other misfortunes are the result of spiritual, rather than physical, causes,...
Politics
Authors: Campbell John , Page Matthew T.
Published: November 2020

Under its current constitution, Nigeria is a federal republic. Executive, legislative, and judicial powers at the national and state levels, as well as state and local authorities, have some autonomy and many responsibilities. Government at all levels is—in theory—supposed to be directly responsible to...
Schools
Authors: Landrigan Philip J. , Landrigan Mary M.
Published: November 2020

School is a time for new experiences for both parent and child. New learning situations challenge and help the child grow to meet ever larger challenges in the world. But the school environment may contain exposures to environmental hazards that can detract from the child"s...
Origin and Function
Authors: Wilson Mary Elizabeth
Published: November 2020

What is an Antibiotic?

The word “antibiotic” comes from the terms “anti,” meaning “against” or “opposing,” and “bios,” meaning “life,” and refers to a substance that works against bacterial life. Originally the term was used to describe substances, such as penicillin or streptomycin, produced by...
Other Uses of Antibiotics (Nonhuman Use)
Authors: Wilson Mary Elizabeth
Published: November 2020

What are the uses of Antibiotics other than to Treat Infections in Humans?

Antibiotics are used widely in human medicine, in many other species—food animals, work and recreational animals, pets, fish, and honeybees—and on plants. They are also used in research laboratories to prevent the...
Concluding Thoughts
Authors: Giugale Marcelo M.
Published: November 2020

Through questions and answers, this book has brought to you the issues actually faced by those working on economic development. Implicit across those answers were a number of broad messages. Politics can make reforms difficult if not impossible, no matter how sensible and beneficial those...
Overview: What Is Economic Development and What Does This Book Say about It?
Authors: Giugale Marcelo M.
Published: November 2020

At its most basic level, economic development is the process through which a community creates material wealth and uses it to improve the well-being of its members. This calls for many interrelated ingredients: healthy and educated workers, more machines and better infrastructure, advanced knowledge and...
Pollution and the Public Response
Authors: Gardner Daniel K.
Published: November 2020

What Are the Public’s Sources of Environmental Information?

Environmental information is more widely available than ever, from an increasingly wide range of sources.

News Media

The state-operated television network, CCTV, and state-directed news outlets, like Xinhua, the People’s Daily, China Daily, China...
Buddhist Practices
Authors: Wright Dale S.
Published: November 2020

What is the relationship between Buddhist teachings and the practice of Buddhism?

Buddhist practices are spiritual activities or exercises intentionally undertaken to cultivate the mental states and ideal ways of living that are articulated in the teachings. The teachings explain what Buddhism is about in...
Causes of Terrorism
Authors: Sandler Todd
Published: November 2020

What Are the Main Causes of Terrorism?

The four waves of terrorism, presented in chapter 1, demonstrate some general causes of terrorism: anarchy, nationalism, leftist ideology, and religious fundamentalism. This list is by no means exhaustive. At times, terrorism may be motivated by issue-specific political...
Role of Terrorist Groups
Authors: Sandler Todd
Published: November 2020

What Is a Terrorist Group?

The main “player” or participant in terrorist attacks is the terrorist group; hence, it is essential that such a group be defined. A terrorist group is a subnational collective of individuals who pursue a common political goal...
Effectiveness of Counterterrorism
Authors: Sandler Todd
Published: November 2020

What Are the Primary Tools of Counterterrorism?

Counterterrorism consists of actions by a government to inhibit terrorist attacks, to lessen their consequences, and to speed postattack recovery. Effective countermeasures can inhibit terrorist attacks by curtailing an attack’s likelihood of success or anticipated payoff to...
The Future of Terrorism
Authors: Sandler Todd
Published: November 2020

How Are Forecasts about Terrorism Made?

As long as there are grievances, there will be conflict and, thus, terrorism. Since the start of recorded history, terrorism has played a role in politics and will continue to do so. Terrorism provides a cost-effective means for...
Conclusion
Authors: Moskalenko Sophia , McCauley Clark
Published: November 2020

What is wrong with radicalization and extremism?

Radicalization is change in beliefs, feelings, or actions toward increased support for one side of an intergroup conflict. Extremism refers to beliefs, feelings, or actions that go against the political status quo. What is wrong...
Climate Science Basics
Authors: Romm Joseph
Published: November 2020

This chapter focuses on climate science as it applies to what science can tell us about the changes we have observed to date and what caused them. The goal is to answer the key questions that people ask about the science.
Extreme Weather and Climate Change
Authors: Romm Joseph
Published: November 2020

Extreme weather is the earliest manifestation of climate change that most people will be exposed to. This chapter will focus on what science tells us about the remarkable spate of once-in-a-century (and rarer) extreme weather events we have observed in the last few years. It...
Projected Climate Impacts
Authors: Romm Joseph
Published: November 2020

This chapter will discuss what climate science projects will happen this century. The focus will be on the so-called business-as-usual case, which assumes no significant global action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions trends in the foreseeable future. The primary source will be the latest scientific...
Avoiding the Worst Impacts
Authors: Romm Joseph
Published: November 2020

This chapter will examine the 2°C warming target. It will explain why the major governments and scientific associations have embraced it as the limit for minimizing/avoiding dangerous climate change. It will take a big-picture perspective on how to avoid the worst impacts—including discussions...
Understanding Authoritarian Politics
Authors: Frantz Erica
Published: November 2020

Who Are the Key Actors in Authoritarian Regimes?

Politics in authoritarian regimes typically centers on the interactions of three actors: the leader, elites, and the masses.

The leader is the individual in charge of the regime. The leader cannot maintain this position, however, without the support of...
Authoritarian Leadership
Authors: Frantz Erica
Published: November 2020

Why Study Authoritarian Leaders?

Authoritarian leaders operate at the helm of the authoritarian political system. They nearly always wield disproportionately more power than other domestic political actors do. In many ways, they function as a veto player: key decisions require their support, and major policies...
How Authoritarian Regimes Fall
Authors: Frantz Erica
Published: November 2020

How Do Authoritarian Regimes Fall?

Given the persistent centrality of notorious dictatorships to the foreign policy agendas of many of the world’s states, identifying the vulnerabilities of authoritarian regimes is of fundamental importance. One way to gain insight into these vulnerabilities is to examine...
Polygamy
Authors: Givens Terryl
Published: November 2020

Why did the Latter-day Saints practice polygamy?

Joseph Smith never left a record of his thoughts on the origin of a practice that Latter-day Saints called plural marriage, celestial marriage, or “the principle.” Nor did he ever present to his people or to an...
Trade Policy
Authors: Krueger Anne O.
Published: November 2020

Why are special policies needed for trade?

In all countries, there are laws and regulations affecting private economic activity. They are necessary to enable private economic activity to thrive, as well as to provide for honesty in information, consumer protection, and much more. Laws...
The TPP and the CPTTP
Authors: Krueger Anne O.
Published: November 2020

What was the TPP and what happened to it?

By the turn of the century, NAFTA was so successful that President George W. Bush called for a “free trade area of the Americas” to be negotiated with the entire Western Hemisphere. That never really...
Helping the Unemployed
Authors: Krueger Anne O.
Published: November 2020

How should those who have lost their jobs be supported?

Most citizens of modern societies recognize that the involuntary loss of one’s job or being laid off is painful. In a growing economy, there are always new firms springing up and retrenchment or failures...
Eclipse Facts and Fictions
Authors: Close Frank
Published: November 2020

What is a solar eclipse?

The Moon’s diameter is 400 times smaller than the Sun’s, but the Moon is also 400 times closer to us, so, remarkably, the two bodies appear exactly the same size when viewed from the Earth. For about 14 days a...
Celestial Dynamics: what, why, and how
Authors: Close Frank
Published: November 2020

Which is more likely, a solar or a lunar eclipse?

Most of us have seen a lunar eclipse, possibly several, whereas solar eclipses seem to occur rarely. In your lifetime, you will have the chance to see several total lunar eclipses, but unless you are...
Eclipses and Science
Authors: Close Frank
Published: November 2020

What science has come from eclipses?

The philosophers of Ancient Greece used eclipses and occultation to build the first conception of a three-dimensional universe and overthrow the impression that Earth is at the center of a celestial dome on which the Sun, Moon, planets, and...
Eclipses in History and Myth
Authors: Close Frank
Published: November 2020

What links eclipses, Romulus, and the foundation of Rome?

Classical literature has associated Romulus’s birth, his foundation of Rome, and his death, with eclipses. The most common years assigned to these events are 771, 753, and 715 bc, but modern information about eclipses...
Introduction
Authors: Gerhardt Michael J.
Published: November 2020

Donald Trump’s presidency has brought the nation back to familiar constitutional territory: talk of impeachment, this time based on a wide range of alleged misconduct, including possible financial conflicts of interest,1 his presidential campaign’s possible collusion with the Russian government to influence the...
The History of the Federal Impeachment Process
Authors: Gerhardt Michael J.
Published: November 2020

How many people have been impeached, and why?

Over the course of American history, the House of Representatives has formally impeached nineteen individuals.1 Most of these people have been lower-court federal judges, and the Senate has convicted only eight of the nineteen people...
Will Donald Trump Be Impeached?
Authors: Gerhardt Michael J.
Published: November 2020

My concern in this chapter is the same as it has been throughout this book: it is not with questions of fact or with whether or not someone actually did something bad or not. Whether or not President Trump will ever be subject to the...
The Opioid Epidemic
Authors: Olsen Yngvild , Sharfstein Joshua M.
Published: November 2020

An incisive, essential guide to understanding one of today’s most urgent -- and complex -- problems. The opioid epidemic is responsible for longest sustained decline in U.S. life expectancy since the time of World War I and the Great Influenza. In 2017, nearly 50,000 Americans died from an opioid overdose - with an estimated 2 million more living with opioid addiction every day. The Opioid Epidemic: What Everyone Needs to Know is an accessible, nonpartisan overview of the causes, politics, and treatments tied to the most devastating health crisis of our time. Its comprehensive approach and Q&A format offer readers a practical path to understanding the epidemic from all sides. This includes:

• the basic science of opioids

• the nature of addiction

• the underlying reasons for the opioid epidemic

• effective approaches to helping individuals, families, communities, and national policy

• myths and common misunderstandings related to opioid addiction Written by two expert physicians and enriched with stories from their experiences in the crosshairs of this epidemic, this book is a critical resource for any general reader -- and for the individuals and families fighting this fight in their own lives.
Taxing Spending
Authors: Burman Leonard E. , Slemrod Joel
Published: November 2020

What is a consumption tax?

A consumption tax is a tax triggered by spending. In the United States, the most common form of consumption tax is the retail sales tax administered by most states and many local governments. There are also specific consumption taxes called...
The Burden of Taxation
Authors: Burman Leonard E. , Slemrod Joel
Published: November 2020

What makes a tax system fair?

The issue of tax fairness is highly contentious, and, unfortunately, economics provides little precise guidance. For example, some people think that a flat tax on wages is fair because it taxes everyone at the same rate; to those...
Evolution and Natural Selection
Authors: Dunbar Robin
Published: November 2020

Why do we need a theory of evolution?

We live in a world of immense diversity. There are around 5,500 species of mammals and some 10,000 species of birds. But even that pales into insignificance beside the 12,000 species of roundworms, about half of whom...
Evolution of Life
Authors: Dunbar Robin
Published: November 2020

Can we say how life on earth started?

The origins of life on earth must predate the earliest fossils, and presumably must be simpler in form than even those earliest fossils. It is very unlikely that we will ever know what these life forms were,...
Evolution of Species
Authors: Dunbar Robin
Published: November 2020

What is a species?

Having some way of classifying the natural world is important. That is the starting point of all science. For biology, it is also important for undertaking the kinds of very sophisticated statistical analyses that involve comparisons across different species and genera—the...
Evolution of Humans
Authors: Dunbar Robin
Published: November 2020

Who were our earliest ancestors?

Our lineage can be said to have started when the African great apes of the late Miocene gave rise to a new, more terrestrial group, the australopithecines, some six or seven million years ago. Two important things had happened at...
Where Do People Get Eating Disorder Treatment?
Authors: Walsh B. Timothy , Attia Evelyn , Glasofer Deborah R.
Published: November 2020

Once an eating disorder has been diagnosed, decisions about treatment options may seem daunting. Quick Internet searches may lead to an alphabet soup of treatment offerings (CBT, FBT, IPT, DBT, etc.) and long lists of programs that may not include any of the familiar...
Cognitive Neuroscience
Authors: Walsh B. Timothy , Attia Evelyn , Glasofer Deborah R.
Published: November 2020

Cognitive neuroscience is the name of a field of study with the aim of understanding the biological processes that underlie thinking and behavior, with a specific focus on the connections in the brain involved in mental processes. The tools of cognitive neuroscience include...
Genetics
Authors: Walsh B. Timothy , Attia Evelyn , Glasofer Deborah R.
Published: November 2020

As we described in Chapter 4, eating disorders tend to run in families. One of the reasons for this is that the genes we inherit from our parents contribute to the risk of developing an eating disorder. Exactly how this works is...
PTSD
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara O. , Rauch Sheila A.M.
Published: November 2020

What is posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and who experiences it? Why do some people develop PTSD after a traumatic event, while others do not? What are the unique impacts of trauma on children? Are there effective treatments for traumatic stress disorders? PTSD: What Everyone Needs to Know is a scientifically-supported yet accessible resource on a disorder that affects up to 7% of adults during their lifetime. Utilizing a reader-friendly Q&A format, the book demystifies and defines PTSD, explaining that, despite popular opinion and countless media portrayals, this is not simply a disorder for combat veterans. Instead, survivors of any life-threatening event can experience PTSD. Beginning with an overview of common types of trauma, internationally-renowned experts on traumatic stress Barbara Rothbaum and Sheila Rauch then go on to describe the effects of PTSD, what can trigger the disorder, and who is likely to experience it. They explain how the most effective treatments work, and guide readers on how to be a source of support and understanding for those who have experienced trauma. Drawing attention to the pervasiveness of traumatic experiences in our lives and in culture and society, PTSD: What Everyone Needs to Know is a must-read for anyone seeking authoritative and current information about this often misunderstood disorder.
How are Children Impacted by Trauma?
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara O. , Rauch Sheila A. M.
Published: November 2020

Children are not just little adults. Children understand the world differently and have “rules” for the way their world is supposed to work. It can be very difficult for an adult to make sense of a traumatic event; it can be nearly impossible for...
Introduction
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara O. , Rauch Sheila A. M.
Published: November 2020

What is trauma?

When we listen to the news or go online, we often hear or read about trauma and traumatic events rocking our world. Some of these events have ripple effects beyond those directly affected, and many events go undocumented, unreported, and often...
Korean Society: North and South
Authors: McEachern Patrick
Published: November 2020

What is North Korea’s Songbun social classification system?

After the Korean War, North Korea’s founder and leader Kim Il Sung aggressively moved to enhance his personal power at the top of the North Korean system. He continued to purge individuals and factions that...
Hoarding
Authors: Steketee Gail , Bratiotis Christiana
Published: November 2020

Hoarding disorder is the excessive saving of objects and difficulty parting with them to a point that interferes with one's ability to properly use rooms and furnishings in the home. Hoarding can become dangerous, sometimes resulting in structural problems and fires, or in hazardous sanitary conditions. Studies indicate that around one in every 25 people suffers from hoarding. This means that almost all of us know someone who hoards. Hoarding: What Everyone Needs to Know demystifies this complex problem, what it looks like and why it may develop, and how it can be treated. With their combined expertise in psychological treatments for hoarding and community interventions, Drs. Steketee and Bratiotis explain how to understand hoarding as a mental illness, describing the disorder in layman's terms and explaining the various facets and manifestations of the behavior. Chapters focus on one or more common questions regarding diagnosis, features, how to assess severity, and treatment. The book will dispel myths and help readers identify hoarding that touches their own lives. As such it will be of great value not only to those who suspect a loved one may be hoarding, but also to first responders, such as firefighters, public health officials, and housing and social service personnel, who will find here an essential resource for use in the field.
Creating History
Authors: Judah Tim
Published: November 2020

Every nation has a story, its myths about history and ancestry. In the Serbian story Kosovo looms large. Serbs like to hark back to the Middle Ages as a high point in their past and thus common identity. Before, there were only disparate lords...
From the Golden age to the Memorandum
Authors: Judah Tim
Published: November 2020

Today the 1970s are seen by Kosovo Albanians as a golden age. They were freer than they had ever been in Yugoslavia and better educated and in better health than they had ever been in the whole of their history. Of course this was...
The Milošević-Rugova Years
Authors: Judah Tim
Published: November 2020

Slobodan Milošević was the right man (or the wrong one, of course) in the right place at the right time. He was born in 1941 to Montenegrin parents in Požarevac, close to Belgrade. When Milošević was small his father left the family and then,...
The War
Authors: Judah Tim
Published: November 2020

The second part of the Kosovo war, the 78-day bombardment of Serbia, including Kosovo and also Montenegro, in 1999, was so spectacular that it is easy for foreigners to forget the prologue to this tragic drama: the preceding year of conflict between the Kosovo...
Not the Last Chapter: Independence
Authors: Judah Tim
Published: November 2020

Kosovo’s Albanians declared independence on February 17, 2008. On the eve, one European diplomat who had played a key role in developments in Kosovo over the past couple of years sighed that he had mixed feelings about what was about to happen. It was,...
Challenges of Causing Change
Authors: Bornstein David , Davis Susan
Published: November 2020

What are the main financial constraints?

It is often assumed that start-up capital is a significant hurdle for social entrepreneurs. Although it is never easy to obtain the initial investment or grant funding for a new idea, most social entrepreneurs have less trouble in...
The Making of Modern Ukraine
Authors: Yekelchyk Serhy
Published: November 2020

Was Ukraine always part of Russia?

This popular misconception is based on a recent and relatively brief period in Ukrainian history—1945 to 1991—when the entire territory of the present-day Ukrainian state (then constituted as the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic) was part of the Soviet...
The Orange Revolution and the Euromaidan
Authors: Yekelchyk Serhy
Published: November 2020

What did the two recent revolutions in Ukraine (2004 and 2013–2014) have in common?

Both the Orange Revolution and the EuroMaidan were massive popular revolts that used Kyiv’s main square, the Maidan, as their central political stage. Both involved long standoffs with the authorities...
The War in Ukraine as an International Issue
Authors: Yekelchyk Serhy
Published: November 2020

What sanctions did the West introduce against Russia, and did they work?

The United States, the European Union, and allied countries like Canada, Australia, and Japan introduced several rounds of sanctions against Russia in connection with its violation of Ukraine’s sovereignty. The first round...
Shariah
Authors: Esposito John L. , Delong-Bas Natana J.
Published: November 2020

Shariah is a word that evokes condemnation from politicians, pundits, and others, yet it carries deep spiritual and social meaning for Muslims around the world. Understanding the origin and development of Shariah is critical to addressing widespread misunderstandings about Islamic law in the West as...
Women, Gender, and the Family
Authors: Esposito John L. , Delong-Bas Natana J.
Published: November 2020

Muslim family law governs the rights and responsibilities of men and women in marriage, divorce, and inheritance. The Quran introduced important rights for women in marriage, divorce, and inheritance within a strong patriarchal society where men’s superiority was taken for granted. The development of Islamic...
Criminal Law and Justice
Authors: Esposito John L. , Delong-Bas Natana J.
Published: November 2020

Criticisms of Islam and Islamic law often focus on reports and media coverage of harsh hudud punishments in Muslim countries. This chapter compares the rationales and goals of Islamic criminal laws in their original context with hudud punishments in the post-colonial period. The original rigorous...
Islamic Finance in A Global World
Authors: Esposito John L. , Delong-Bas Natana J.
Published: November 2020

The Shariah principle of moderation occupies a middle position between liberal capitalism and socialism. Islam is a practical religion. Its links to trade and commerce originated with Muhammad’s experience with caravan trade and his marriage to Khadijah, a wealthy merchant. The prophetic messages in the...
God and Humans
Authors: Ruse Michael
Published: November 2020

Who Is God?

Hold on, you might say. Before we start to talk about God, tell us why we should talk about God. This is supposed to be a book on atheism. Shouldn’t we start there, and bring in God only as needed? The...
Questions for the Christian
Authors: Ruse Michael
Published: November 2020

Is God an Ethnic Cleanser?

Let’s start right in with the God of the Bible. Literal, allegorical, whatever. One thing is crystal clear. If you take a disinterested view of the God of the Jewish tradition, the God of the Old Testament—Yahweh—and don’t read...
Origin of the Species
Authors: Prados John
Published: November 2020

Critical to the antecedents of modern Special Operations Forces is the question of how you define their mission. If the notion is that these troops are bands of heroes, then their history can be traced into antiquity, for in warfare there has always been...
What Is Violence against Women and Girls (VAWG)?
Authors: True Jacqui
Published: November 2020

What do we mean by VAWG?

“Violence against women and girls” (VAWG) is a catch-all phrase. It includes a wide range of forms of violence. Often when people talk about VAWG in Western societies, they are referring to intimate partner violence or domestic violence...
Mapping VAWG Globally
Authors: True Jacqui
Published: November 2020

Is VAWG a global epidemic?

Violence against women and girls is a global epidemic. It has been described as the most prevalent yet least recognized human rights violation, widespread across all countries in both urban and rural areas. On average, 35 percent of women...
Employment, Precarity, and VAWG
Authors: True Jacqui
Published: November 2020

What type of VAWG occurs at work?

There are several types of VAWG that can occur in the context of employment and “precarious work,” which refers to work that is typically low paid, insecure (in the sense that ongoing employment is uncertain or the...
Migration, Human Trafficking, and VAWG
Authors: True Jacqui
Published: November 2020

What forms of VAWG do migrant women workers most frequently experience at work?

Women and girls are increasingly on the move. In some cases, gender-based violence is pushing them to move; in other cases, they experience gender-based violence on their journey or at their...
International Security and VAWG
Authors: True Jacqui
Published: November 2020

Why is VAWG a threat to international peace and security?

Gender-based violence against women, girls, men, boys, and gender-diverse groups invokes conflict and fuels acts of revenge, perpetuating cycles of violence. As conflicts flow over borders and/or draw in the militaries of other states...
VAWG and Health and Reproductive Rights
Authors: True Jacqui
Published: November 2020

What are the health impacts of VAWG?

Violence against women and girls has health consequences that can be immediate and acute, long-lasting and chronic, and even fatal (e.g., from prolonged illness or death due to femicide or suicide). Generally, the more severe the violence,...
Economics and VAWG
Authors: True Jacqui
Published: November 2020

What economic factors affect VAWG?

There are many economic factors that affect the incidence and prevalence of VAWG. As discussed in chapter 9, poverty is a key player, along with stable and secure employment and conflict-free societies in which national economies can prosper. With...
The Catholic Church
Authors: Allen John L.
Published: November 2020

Roman Catholicism stands at a crossroads, a classic ''best of times, worst of times'' moment. On the one hand, the Catholic Church remains by far the largest branch of the worldwide Christian family, and is growing at a remarkable clip. Yet the Church has also been rocked by a series of scandals related to the sexual abuse of minors by clergy, and, even more devastating, the cover-up by the Church hierarchy. The decade-long crisis has taken a massive financial toll, but the blow to both the internal morale and the external moral standing of the Church has been even steeper. Today, the Church has enormous residual strength and exciting future prospects, but also faces steep internal and external challenges. The question of ''whither Catholicism'' is of vital public relevance, for believers and non-believers alike. In The Catholic Church: What Everyone Needs to Know, John L. Allen, Jr., one of the world's leading authorities on the Vatican, offers an authoritative and accessible guide to the past, present, and future of the Church. This updated edition includes a new chapter on the resignation of Pope Benedict XVI, the election of Pope Francis, and his extraordinary tenure thus far.
Economy
Authors: Finkel Andrew
Published: November 2020

What is Turkey’s economic potential . . . ?

Turkey comfortably takes its place at G20 summits. It is, according to most reckonings of nominal GDP, the seventeenth largest economy in the world and the eighth largest and fastest growing in Europe. Istanbul alone...
Animal Rights
Authors: Waldau Paul
Published: November 2020

In this compelling volume in the What Everyone Needs to Know series, Paul Waldau expertly navigates the many heated debates surrounding the complex and controversial animal rights movement. Organized around a series of probing questions, this timely resource offers the most complete, even-handed survey of the animal rights movement available. The book covers the full spectrum of issues, beginning with a clear, highly instructive definition of animal rights. Waldau looks at the different concerns surrounding companion animals, wild animals, research animals, work animals, and animals used for food, provides a no-nonsense assessment of the treatment of animals, and addresses the philosophical and legal arguments that form the basis of animal rights. Along the way, readers will gain insight into the history of animal protection-as well as the political and social realities facing animals today-and become familiar with a range of hot-button topics, from animal cognition and autonomy, to attempts to balance animal cruelty versus utility. Chronicled here are many key figures and organizations responsible for moving the animal rights movement forward, as well as legislation and public policy that have been carried out around the world in the name of animal rights and animal protection. The final chapter of this indispensable volume looks ahead to the future of animal rights, and delivers an animal protection mandate for citizens, scientists, governments, and other stakeholders. With its multidisciplinary, non-ideological focus and all-inclusive coverage, Animal Rights represents the definitive survey of the animal rights movement-one that will engage every reader and student of animal rights, animal law, and environmental ethics.
The Animals Themselves
Authors: Waldau Paul
Published: November 2020

A central issue in any discussion of protections for living beings outside our own species is the question of the animals’ actual biological realities. Intuitively, we know that other animals have their own experiences of the world, but some philosophers have aggressively denied that...
The Future of Animal Rights
Authors: Waldau Paul
Published: November 2020

In the 1957 documentary The Battle of Algiers, directed by Gillo Pontecorvo, the Algerian strategist Larbi Ben M’Hidi says to one activist, “It’s hard enough to start a revolution, even harder still to sustain it, and hardest of all to win it....
The Cyprus Problem
Authors: Ker-Lindsay James
Published: November 2020

For nearly 60 years--from its uprising against British rule in the 1950s, to the bloody civil war between Greek and Turkish Cypriots in the 1960s, the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in the 1970s, and the United Nation's ongoing 30-year effort to reunite the island--the tiny Mediterranean nation of Cyprus has taken a disproportionate share of the international spotlight. And while it has been often in the news, accurate and impartial information on the conflict has been nearly impossible to obtain. In The Cyprus Problem, James Ker-Lindsay offers an incisive, even-handed account of the conflict. Ker-Lindsay covers all aspects of the Cyprus problem, placing it in historical context, addressing the situation as it now stands, and looking toward its possible resolution. The book begins with the origins of the Greek and Turkish Cypriot communities as well as the other indigenous communities on the island (Maronites, Latin, Armenians, and Gypsies). Ker-Lindsay then examines the tensions that emerged between the Greek and Turkish Cypriots after independence in 1960 and the complex constitutional provisions and international treaties designed to safeguard the new state. He pays special attention to the Turkish invasion in 1974 and the subsequent efforts by the UN and the international community to reunite Cyprus. The book's final two chapters address a host of pressing issues that divide the two Cypriot communities, including key concerns over property, refugee returns, and the repatriation of settlers. Ker-Lindsay concludes by considering whether partition really is the best solution, as many observers increasingly suggest. Written by a leading expert, The Cyprus Problem brings much needed clarity and understanding to a conflict that has confounded observers and participants alike for decades.
A Divided Island, 1974–
Authors: Ker-Lindsay James
Published: November 2020

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What Treats Drug Abuse?
Authors: Kleiman Mark A. R. , Caulkins Jonathan P. , Hawken Angela
Published: November 2020

Do all drug abusers need treatment?

No. Natural recovery—also called “self-change” or “spontaneous remission”—is the most frequent exit from all manner of problem behaviors, including abuse of, or dependency on, alcohol, illicit drugs, cigarettes, shopping, and gambling. Calling the process “spontaneous” or “natural” is a...
How Much Crime Is Drug-Related?
Authors: Kleiman Mark A. R. , Caulkins Jonathan P. , Hawken Angela
Published: November 2020

Is it drugs that cause crimes, or drug policies?

Both. The relationship between drug use and crime is complicated. It isn’t as simple as a drug-crazed person losing control and going on a rampage. Although certain types of substance-abusing offenders actively engage in crimes directly...
What Are the Benefits of Drug Use?
Authors: Kleiman Mark A. R. , Caulkins Jonathan P. , Hawken Angela
Published: November 2020

Can abusable drugs be beneficial?

Yes, in many ways, some recognized by the current laws, others not.

The international drug-control treaties and associated national drug-control laws include explicit lists (“schedules”) of substances that have medical use and also carry a risk of abuse. Painkillers, notably...
Economic Overfishing
Authors: Hilborn Ray , Hilborn Ulrike
Published: November 2020

Is overfishing only a biological problem?

The Pacific halibut fishery has long been considered the outstanding success of sustainable management. The International Pacific Halibut Commission was formed in 1923 by the United States and Canada to jointly manage the halibut stock on the Pacific...
Deepwater Fisheries
Authors: Hilborn Ray , Hilborn Ulrike
Published: November 2020

What happened to the orange roughy stocks?

In 1987, the director of the primary fisheries research laboratory in Australia, Roy Harden Jones, announced that a research survey for a species called orange roughy had found schools off southern Australia with an estimated total biomass...