bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Utilitarian Culture and The Uses of Leisure
Authors: Kammen Michael
Published: November 2023

At first glance, provincial New York may seem to have been what H. L. Mencken once called the South, a “Sahara of the Bozart,” that is, a cultural desert. In 1688 Charles Lodwick was requested to provide the Royal Society with “a compendious Natural History of that Countrey.” He apologized for taking four years to do the job but explained in 1692 that “where Masters of Ships are ye chiefest Mathematicians & ye Natives [the chief] Geographers, with such tools you must not expect a good Fabrick. . . .” James Petiver, a prominent Fellow of the Royal Society, tried for three years (1692-95) to establish a scientific correspondence with Dr. Alexander Innis at Boscobell House, near Hempstead, Long Island; but Innis never replied. Petiver tried again with one Robert Gamble in 1713–14; yet, once again, silence from New York. Three decades later, in 1742, Cadwallader Colden expressed his appreciation to a London correspondent for the opportunity “to communicate some thoughts in natural philosophy which have remained many years with me undigested, for we scarcely have a man in this country that takes any pleasure in such kinds of speculations.”
Settling In
Authors: Lankton Larry
Published: November 2023

Not all pioneers on the Keweenaw lived as badly as George McGill’s dirty old bachelor; some lived in even worse conditions, at least in terms of exposure to the elements. Early geologists, surveyors, and explorers who coasted along the Keweenaw shoreline in canoes or slogged their way through summer swamps or snowshoed through winter woods often had to improvise shelter at the end of an arduous day because they had no settlement in sight and no roof over their heads. Parties often left heavy, bulky tents behind—and if they brought a tent, they sometimes used it to shelter precious provisions, leaving the men to fend for themselves.

Sometimes that wasn’t a bad thing at all. Many explorers and settlers romantically recalled perfect summer nights spent on a Keweenaw beach. A small boat rested peacefully on the shore or bobbed at anchor in shallow waters. Campfire smoke and a wafting breeze kept the bugs at bay. Men tapered off and enjoyed their pipes while watching a fiery sun set over Superior, or watching the northern lights burnish a nighttime sky. Weary travelers, wrapped in a blanket or two, fell asleep listening to repetitive waves run up on the shore. Often they arose early, while the stars were still out, and pushed off in their boats again just as the sun started to rise.
Transformations
Authors: Lankton Larry
Published: November 2023

In the 1840s, a wave of pioneers washed up on the shores of Isle Royale and the Keweenaw Peninsula on Lake Superior. Armed with precious little accurate knowledge of the region but fired by enthusiasm and high hopes, investors launched speculative mining companies. The companies in turn hired voyageurs, explorers, geologists, miners, woodchoppers, cooks, clerks, and young, strong-backed laborers. Together, they set about the difficult business of finding commericial quantities of native copper in the ground beneath a remote and rugged wilderness.

The nascent copper mining industry met with scant success on Isle Royale, and the flow of capital and people to that island slowed. But the Keweenaw Peninsula proved a different story. To be sure, most ventures there soon ended in failure and discouragement. But by the late 1840s the Cliff mine on the northern end of the Keweenaw worked a rich fissure vein of mass copper and rewarded its investors with the region’s first dividends. The success of the Cliff helped rekindle enthusiasm and restore confidence in the industry, and soon a second great, profit-making success, the Minesota mine, emerged on the south ern end of the hundred-mile-long mineral range.
The Great Lakes
Authors: Kaufman Les , Chapman Lauren J , Chapman Colin A
Published: November 2023

Lake Superior is greater in surface area than Lake Victoria. Lake Baikal is deeper than Lake Tanganyika. Nonetheless, the Great Lakes of East Africa are second to none, when it comes to the wealth of native fishes and the number of people dependent on these lakes. Lake Malawi is thought to host more than 500 species of fishes, nearly all endemic (27). Endemism is also >99% among the haplochromine cichlids of Lake Victoria, where more than 400 species appear to have evolved in less than 200,000 years (29) - geologically and evolutionarily little more than an instant. The most diverse faunas occur in Lake Tanganyika, the deepest and oldest lake. Fishes and snails in Lake Tanganyika are so varied in form that the occupants of this one lake might easily be mistaken for marine organisms hailing from dozens of unrelated taxa. Through the fish protein that they produce, the Great Lakes fuel a human society with currently one of the earth’s highest rates of population growth.
Mid-elevation Forests: A History of Disturbance and Regeneration
Authors: Chapman Colin A , Chapman Lauren J
Published: November 2023

There is an increasing awareness of the value of tropical forest resources. Trees play significant roles in forest ecosystems by performing functions such as maintaining watersheds, preventing flooding and erosion, and aiding in the stability of long-term climatic patterns. More recently, however, the particular importance of tropical forests as centers of biological diversity has become apparent. Although tropical forests cover only 10 to 15% of the earth’s’ surface, they are estimated to harbor over 50% of all plant and animal species (30).
High Montane Forest and Afroalpine Ecosystems
Authors: Young Truman P
Published: November 2023

East Africa’s high mountains are central to its climate, its cultures, and its economy. They produce both essential rain catchments (most strongly on their windward sides) and arid ‘rain shadows’ (on their leeward sides). Their rivers supply electricity and scarce water for agricultural and industrial development. Their forests have provided the timber and fuel on which rural development has long depended. Their heights have inspired religious reverence and national identity (the Republic of Kenya takes its name from its highest mountain). They have a critical combination of traits with respect to conservation: they are environmentally invaluable, they house numerous endemics, they cover very little land area, and they are endangered by attractive alternative uses, such as agricultural conversion and timber exploitation. There are few ecosystems in the world that are both as valuable in their natural state and as tempting for exploitative development. Their conservation remains a high priority in East Africa.
Trying to Sell a Dream (1965–1970)
Authors: Hecht Jeff
Published: November 2023

Charles Kao saw the future of communications and it was fiber optics. Fibers would simply and elegantly avoid the problems that plagued millimeter waveguides and hollow optical waveguides. All that he needed to reach that future was glass as clear as air. Will Hicks, Toni Karbowiak, Rudy Kompfner, and Stew Miller, men of no mean imagination and intelligence, had turned back at the sheer challenge of making so perfectly transparent a solid. Only Charles Kao had the vision and daring to charge full-speed ahead. He could see no fundamental barrier blocking his goal of clear glass fibers.
Identifying and Valuing Outcomes
Authors: Gold M R , Patrick D L , Torrance G W , Fryback D G , Hadorn D C , Kamlet M S , Daniels N , Weinstein M C
Published: November 2023

Once the framework and design of a cost-effectiveness analysis have been conceptualized, the next step is to develop estimates of the numerator and denominator of the cost-effectiveness ratio. Estimation of the numerator is discussed in Chapter 6. In this chapter and in Chapter 5 we discuss issues pertaining to the denominator term, which is the difference in effectiveness between an intervention and the alternatives to which it is compared. The panel’s recommended approach to estimating the denominator is to use a system of generic health states and values to describe and measure the outcomes.
Assessing the Effectiveness of Health Interventions
Authors: Mandelblatt J S , Fryback D G , Weinstein M C , Russell L B , Gold M R , Hadorn D C
Published: November 2023

Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) requires a numerical estimate of the magnitude of the effects of an intervention on health outcomes. The denominator of a cost effectiveness (C/E) ratio is the difference in effectiveness between an intervention and the alternative to which it is being compared (the net effect), just as the numerator is the difference in cost between the two (the net cost). To estimate the net effect of an intervention, the analyst needs to know the health states that may occur as a consequence of the intervention and the alternative, the probability that each state will occur, when each is likely to occur, and how long each will last.
Introduction: Untold Stories
Authors: Berman Laine
Published: November 2023

It was already quite late on the last night of the fasting month of Ramadhan, 1993. I was sitting on the bottom bunk bed alongside Sari and her youngest brother, Otong. She had asked me to come and sit there because she had something to tell me. We were staring at the old ceramic block roof of her home, laughing at the rain that was pouring through its many holes. She repeated our old joke about my needing an umbrella to sleep there. I had been here since early afternoon, enjoying the warmth and gaiety of my adopted family in Java and helping in the preparation and celebration ofidhul Fitri. Since 6:00P.M., however, we had been anxiously awaiting the arrival of Pak Budi’s younger brother. He was driving with his family to Yogyakarta from Surabaya to mbuka pasa (“break the fast”) with us and celebrate the end of the fasting month. It was past 10:00 P.M. on a wet, chilly night when they finally did arrive. This was the cue for us to prepare trays of hot tea and snacks for these special guests.
Respectful Intimacy and the Production of Identity
Authors: Berman Laine
Published: November 2023

This chapter is the final one in the ethnographic trilogy. It presents an additional perspective on the notion of responsible agency and participation by examining Sari’s protest narratives in yet another situation. In conjunction with the previous two chapters, these sequences of conversational narratives assist us in clarifying how participation is controlled by a sense of responsibility toward others. Others can mean other participants, or it can mean a nonpresent group such as the factory workers, the factory’s management, predatory males on the streets at night, the sultan and his faithful abdi-dalem, religious organizations and clubs, and the numerous other communities through which the rules of social harmony are enforced. The nonpresent community shapes Sari’s voice in a way that makes it a significant aspect of her story and, hence, her identity. We see that Sari’s narrated experiences were those of her factory cohort’s to the extent at which it became impossible to distinguish individual agency and responsibility. Since we cannot distinguish the speaker from the community in these stories, I have argued that storytelling is a reflection of these communities more so than of the speaker. As we have also seen in theoretical discussions, storytelling is synonymous with constructing identity. We still need to examine more closely what an identity that is not distinct from community looks like. We also investigate the social burdens of adhering to such an identity.
Conclusion
Authors: Berman Laine
Published: November 2023

Four 1 1onths before 1 was to leave Java, 1 visited the Budis and found the whole family fasting and engaged m a 24 hour prayer vigil (tirakat), I immediately joined in to give my support to the cause. Pak Budi informed me that his brothers bad decided to sell their land, which meant that the Bucli warehouse was to be razed and the family forced to leave. The next evening, after another day of fasting and prayer, the brothers arrived and Pak Budi met them in the front house. The tension in the shabby, old sitting room was unbearable. No one spoke a word until Pak Budi returned, sat clown with a sigh, and remained silent. Ibu Budi brought him a glass of tea, and after his first sip he spoke in a soft voice: the Budi’s would be given a small parcel of land and money to build a house. With no visible displays of emotion, the family resumed their prayers, now of thanks, and decided to hold a small feast to share their fortune with the community (slametan).
Knowing Fieldwork
Authors: Titon Jeff Todd
Published: November 2023

Epistemology is that field of inquiry whose subject is the origins, nature, and limits of human knowing (see Rorty 1979:140). An epistemology for ethnomusicology is therefore concerned with the origins, nature, and limits of human knowledge concerning music in human life. An epistemology for ethnomusicology attempts to answer two basic questions: What can we know about music, and how can we know it? Not long ago, musical transcription was the distinguishing mark of our discipline, not only as a passage rite (Hood 1982[1971]; McAllester 1989) but as a generative practice. Transcription told us what we could know about music and how we could know it. Music was objectified, collected, and recorded in order to be transcribed; and transcription enabled analysis and comparison. Transcription-that is, listening to a piece of music and writing it down in Western notation-not only became a guild skill but also “wrote across” lived experience, eliminated the life world, and transformed what was left (sound) into a representation that could be analyzed systematically and then compared with other transcriptions so as to generate and test hypotheses concerning music’s origin and evolution. Today it is not transcription but fieldwork that constitutes ethnomusicology.
American Building
Authors: Fitch James Marston , Bobenhausen William
Published: November 2023

Few books have influenced the field of architecture more than American Building: The Environmental Forces That Shape It. Originally published in 1947, it has emerged as a classic work on the relationships among buildings, their inhabitants, and the environment. Now comes the first major revision in over twenty-five years, bringing this essential book completely up to date for a new, more environmentally aware generation of architects and designers. In this superb volume, James Marston Fitch provides a fundamental theory of buildings. “The ultimate task of architecture,” he writes, “is to act in favor of human beings: to interpose itself between people and the natural environment in which they find themselves, in such a way as to remove the gross environmental load from their shoulders”. Fitch systematically examines the various aspects of the environment which buildings control for human habitation—air, temperature, light, and sound, even space, time, and gravity. He draws on scientific research to probe deeply into these problems and he sets out the most practical solutions to these and other issues in clear, precise language. Moreover, his analysis runs to the external environment as well, as he explores the impact of buildings on the outside world. American Building: The Environmental Forces That Shape It broke new ground in the school of thought now known as “green architecture”—the philosophy of designing buildings that require a minimum amount of energy and resources to erect and operate. For this new edition, architect William Bobenhausen has included new information on sustainable design and the latest construction technology, up-to-date statistics, case studies, photographs, and illustrations. This revised edition promises to keep this work at the forefront of our thinking about design and the natural world.
The Social Consequences of Architectural Intervention
Authors: Fitch James Marston , Bobenhausen William
Published: November 2023

If, as we have seen, the central function of building is to lift the raw load of the physical environment from our backs and to create that third mesoenvironment required by civilization, then we must judge building as we do any other instrument or tool—that is, by its performance. And the central criterion for judging building performance must necessarily be amenity, well-being, ultimately health. Does the building regulate the relations between the individual and the environment in such a way as to guarantee optimal well-being? From the standpoint of society as a whole, does the total stock of building provide that control of environmental factors which guarantees maximum productivity in all its manifold processes and activities?
Pure as the Air You Breathe: Control of the Atmospheric Environment
Authors: Fitch James Marston , Bobenhausen William
Published: November 2023

In popular opinion, the ideas persist that somewhere—in Cape May, in the Smoky Mountains, at Yellowstone-there is such a thing as pure air, that such atmospheres are good for you, and that they constitute the ideal habitat for all of our activities. The first opinion is wrong and the latter two are only relatively right. There is no such thing in nature as “pure”—that is, completely clean and sterile—air and there never has been. The nearest approach to such an unnatural state is found either at the poles or in the upper levels of the atmosphere. But scientists have found dusts and pollens deep in the ancient ice of Antarctica, and some terrestrial impurities are carried to the outer limits of the earth’s atmospheric envelope. The great air currents of the globe are nature’s most important transportation network, and they are used to the maximum. Natural atmospheres are by definition impure, freighted with a vast cargo of bacteria, molds, viruses, pollens, spores, and dusts—not to mention flying insects (which are the vectors of some of humanity’s worst diseases) and birds.
Plan: The Instrument of Policy
Authors: Fitch James Marston , Bobenhausen William
Published: November 2023

A plan is many things, depending upon how one looks at it. From the point of view of society as a whole, a plan is an instrument of policy, a means of facilitating a certain line of action. Thus the plan of an American city, or entire metropolitan area, or region, may be regarded as an instrument of socioeconomic policy for the production and exchange of goods and ideas. The plans of individual buildings of which the city, or suburban satellite center, is composed are likewise expressions of smaller, individual policies. From the standpoint of the architect or physical planner, however, a plan is a representation of a horizontal plane passed through a building, city, or community. In this sense, a plan is a solution for a given line of action. It inevitably reflects the designer’s concept of how—within thelimits given—a certain amount of space may be best organized for the specific operation to be housed. For the people who live or work in the completed building or city, a plan is something else again. It is the schema of a control mechanism that, to a large extent, determines how happily they live or how well they work together.
Toward Sustainability
Authors: Fitch James Marston , Bobenhausen William
Published: November 2023

When first published in 1948, this book was predicated on the assumption that wise use of energy is basic to good design. However, energy conservation per se was then a minor consideration in the text. This remained true in the revision published in 1972, immediately preceding the energy crisis. That was a reflection of the times; with heating oil retailing at II cents per gallon, energy shortages seemed hypothetical at best. This situation is reversed today; the conservation of energy is a central concern for many serious architectural theoreticians, including such specialized groups as the green architects.
Biscuits Are Being Beaten Craig Claiborne and the Epistemology of the Kitchen Dominatrix
Authors: Witt Doris
Published: November 2023

“Beaten Biscuit” appears in a volume of plantation school poems by the discreetly credited (Miss) Weeden. Introduced to the public by Joel Chandler Harris, Bandanna Ballads is “[dedicated to the memory of all the faithful mammies who ever sung southern babes to rest” (n. pag.). Like other works from this tradition, the poems hearken to a romanticized or, more accurately, fictionalized antebellum past, a period when “the old-time quality negro” (x), as Harris puts it, was “quaint and gentle . . . tender-hearted and devoted” (xi). The speaker is clearly intended to be a slave woman; the implied listener, probably her mistress.
Spelunking, Simulation, and Slime
Authors: Walton Kendall
Published: November 2023

Works of fiction induce in appreciators thoughts about people, situations and events; let’s say that they induce appreciators to imagine them. The imagined people, situations, and events are frequently ones that do not really exist or occur, but we can (as we do) speak of them as constituting a “fictional world,” the world of the novel or story or film.
Fetishism and Objectivity in Aesthetic Emotion
Authors: Sousa Ronald De
Published: November 2023

My problem starts, as do so many, with one of Plato ‘s mad ideas: the thought that we don ‘t really love the people that we think we love, but only something else, beauty itself, of which our lovers merely occasioned the recollection. Thus, progress in love consists in extending our love from the original individual to all those of the same type, and from there to the Type itself:

In addition, Plato taught that since art merely copies life, and life is already one step away from the ideal, art is worse than useless. But when he urged us to spurn the products of art as imperfect copies, was it their imperfection that most warranted contempt or their being copies? The question seems more urgent now that we have actually become capable of making copies to an arbitrary degree of perfection, and that we are able to envisage at least a theoretical possibility of copying persons too, whether by cloning or teleportation.
Physical Well-Being and Relaxation
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma
Published: November 2023

Of the many things you can do to enhance your performance, some have a greater impact than others, especially when you perform under pressure. Your whole lifestyle is an important factor in nurturing your ability to deal with pressure. Of the many factors that could limit your success in performance, one-rarely dealt with during your training for performance-is your physical well-being and your health. You want to be able to perform well under all circumstances, but if you are ill in any way, you will not perform well. At worst, you may not be able to perform at all.
The Art of Concentrating
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma
Published: November 2023

Concentration could be deemed the “name of the game” of performance. Why? In order to apply your skills and experiences and expand your performance boundaries, you must concentrate. Proficiency at concentrating can be learned, and your present ability to concentrate can be improved upon. This is because concentration is a skill. You probably have some level of competency already and are probably somewhat able to change your focus in order to stay with the most important facets of your performance. But even if this is the case, your performances will benefit from heightened concentration skills.
Imagery in Performance
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma
Published: November 2023

Imagination is a key to all learning and problem solving-and to your performance as well. Imaging is a magical skill. It allows you to think in a very creative way while enhancing your performance. Creative imagination has sparked some of the greatest minds in the world. Einstein arrived at his scientific conclusions about time and space by mentally projecting himself out among the planets, where he rode around on moonbeams! In large part, this ability to maintain a childlike attitude helped him to become a giant among intellectuals. In the same way, your ability to use your imagination in a childlike fashion can be a tremendous advantage for you as a performer.
The Coach’s Place in Singers’ Preperformance Work
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma
Published: November 2023

Nonsingers, even musicians who are not singers, are sometimes perplexed by the mere existence of a singer’s coach, not to mention the exact parameters of his or her occupation. A flutist doesn’t have a coach; a pianist doesn’t have a coach. (In both instances the teacher acts as a coach as well as a technical adviser.) Why must a singer have a coach in addition to a voice teacher? Even singers may often fail to recognize that only solo instrumentalists are required to play from memory. In a song recital, you are accompanied by a piano or a chamber group of instruments, each player using written music. In an opera or orchestra concert, you are accompanied by an orchestra whose members and whose conductor do not memorize but use written music.
Coactivators
Authors: Semenza Gregg L
Published: November 2023

In contrast to Chapters 5 through 12, which described genetic defects involving trans-acting factors that directly bind to DNA and either activate or repress the transcription of target genes, this chapter will focus on disorders involving mutations in genes encoding coactivators, proteins that exert their effects on transcription strictly via protein-protein interactions (see Chapter 3). Coactivators function by establishing physical interactions between sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins and the transcription initiation complex containing Pol II and associated general transcription factors. In addition, many coactivators contain catalytic domains involved in the enzymatic modification of other regulatory proteins or chromatin. Both DNA-binding proteins and coactivators share in common the characteristic that they each regulate only a subset of the Pol II-transcribed sequences in the genome. Whereas the specificity of DNA binding proteins is based on the presence of high-affinity binding-site sequences in proximity to target genes, the specificity of coactivator function must be based in turn on the nature of the DNA-binding proteins that have assembled at regulatory sequences. Because multiple, relatively low-affinity interactions may be involved in determining coactivator interactions, the rules defining coactivator specificity may be more difficult to delineate than those determining DNA-binding activity.
The Role of Geography and Atmospheric CO2 in Long Term Climate Change: Results from Model Simulations for the Late Permian to the Present
Authors: Fawcett Peter J , Barron Eric J
Published: November 2023

Over the geologically long timescale (tens to hundreds of millions of years) Earth’s climate has varied considerably from periods of extreme warmth to periods of major glaciations (the so-called “greenhouse” and “icehouse” climates of Fischer, (1982). These marked variations in climate have been attributed to a variety of factors including both terrestrial and extraterrestrial processes. Since the general acceptance of plate tectonic theory, changes in geography which encompass both continental positions and orography, or elevation, have been frequently cited as an important long term climate forcing factor (e.g., Crowell and Frakes, (1970); Donn and Shaw, (1977)). The atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide is another frequently cited forcing factor, especially in view of today’s fossil fuel emissions and the global warming debate.
Reconstruction of Realistic Early Eocene Paleobathymetry and Ocean GCM Sensitivity to Specified Basin Configuration
Authors: Bice Karen L , Barron Eric J , Peterson William H
Published: November 2023

Oceanic circulation affects climate through the transport of heat, salt, and nutrients. Oceans are the second largest reservoir of carbon in the Earth’s system and ocean circulation is a primary control on the addition of carbon to significant portions of the one of the largest carbon reservoirs: Earth’s sedimentary deposits. The circulation of the oceans is controlled in part by the configuration of the ocean basins, including shelf morphology, seafloor topography, and the configuration of oceanic gateways. Considerable effort is being applied to the construction of atmosphere and ocean global general circulation models (GCMs), both coupled and uncoupled, which adequately incorporate the role of oceans in the climate system. Our attempts to use these models in the simulation of past climates are hindered by our ability to adequately reconstruct the boundary conditions to the modeled system.
Sensitivity of Phanerozoic Atmospheric CO2 to Paleogeographically Induced Changes in Land Temperature and Runoff
Authors: Berner Robert A
Published: November 2023

In a discussion of the role of tectonic boundary conditions in climate reconstruction, it is important to examine not only how changes in paleogeography directly affect climate (e.g., Fawcett and Barron, this volume, Chapter 2), but also how such changes indirectly affect climate via changes in the level of atmospheric CO2. Variations in the size and elevation of continents and migration of the continents through different climate zones will affect relief, land temperature, and river runoff which are major factors that control the rate of uptake of CO2 via rock weathering. By means of the atmospheric greenhouse effect, changes in atmospheric CO2 in turn affect land temperature and runoff.
Race and Historiography
Authors: Keita Maghan
Published: November 2023

There you have it. It may be unfair to dredge up Sir Hugh again, but his is the phrase that categorizes several generations of colonial and postcolonial historians, some of whom are writing still. It also epitomizes popular thought on the history or histories of Africa as well. As Sir Hugh has put it, there is no history of ‘‘black” Africa, and therefore no need to entertain even more specious ideas such as “Egypt in Africa,” or ‘‘.A..frica in Egypt” for that matter.
Behavior & Its Neural Control in Gastropod Molluscs
Authors: Chase Ronald
Published: November 2023

During the past quarter century, there has been a tremendous expansion in our knowledge about gastropods, their behavior and their neurobiology. We can understand a great deal about mammaliam nervous systems by studying the relatively larger and simpler structure of the gastropod nervous system. Behavior and its Neural Control in Gastropod Molluscs first reviews the broader aspects of molluscan biology and draws attention to the special features of the gastropod nervous system. The book then examines different types of behavior, reviewing progress in understanding the mechanisms of neural control, and emphasizing cases in which control can be attributed to identified neurons and indentified neural circuits.
Sensory Systems
Authors: Chase Ronald
Published: November 2023

The behavior of every animal depends on its perception of the external world. In the case of gastropods, their world has no sounds and, in most cases, no sights. Gastropods do have eyes, but in only a few species are they used for object recognition. Thus, the distance perception of gastropods usually depends on olfaction, and their perception of near objects is dependent on a combination of chemoreception and mechanoreception. The present chapter contains descriptions of the major sense organs, the receptor cells types found within them, and associated sensory structures.
Reproduction
Authors: Chase Ronald
Published: November 2023

The variation in gastropod reproductive behaviors is even greater than the variation in feeding behaviors. The internal reproductive structures are often amazingly complex, and in many cases they are sufficiently different among closely related species to constitute the main criteria for taxonomical distinctions. Some of the mating behaviors of gastropods are said to be “unusual” or even “bizarre,” but such descriptors, of course, reflect an anthropocentric point of view.
Diet and the Risk of Cancer
Authors: Fraser Gary E
Published: November 2023

Cancers that occur in different organs of the body and in different tissues are not one disease, but many different diseases. Although they share some features, they also exhibit differences. This complicates the epidemiologic picture since different cancers have different sets of causal factors, although some may be important for several cancers.

Cancers as a group are common, but cancer of a particular organ is much less so. Even the more frequent cancers, such as breast, colon, and prostate, are less common than cardiovascular disease. Thus statistical power is often a problem in prospective studies because it is difficult to find sufficient numbers of new cases of a particular cancer.

Until recently, cancer epidemiology relied mainly on retrospective case-control studies, which could identify large numbers of cancers at a specific site much more efficiently than prospective studies. But unfortunately, retrospective studies may not be so well suited to dietary epidemiology. The cases in a case-control study are those that already have cancer. These persons may well have altered their diet as a result of the disease and, further, may not be able to accurately recall what they ate before developing cancer. Nonetheless, given the focus of this book, it is worth mentioning a meta-analysis that combined a number of case-control studies in Italy (Tavani et al., 2000) and showed significantly increased risks in those eating more meat for cancers of the stomach, colon, rectum, pancreas, bladder, breast, uterus, and ovaries.
The Challenge of Nutritional Epidemiology
Authors: Fraser Gary E
Published: November 2023

Fifty years of dietary research have shown that the disease experience and risk factor status of vegetarians often differ markedly from those of others. This almost invariably seems to be in the direction of lower risk. The question of which specific nutrients or foods, either used or avoided by vegetarians, affect the risk of chronic disease has been much more difficult to answer. It will be clear to the reader that despite decades of research, what is not known still far outweighs what is known with confidence. There are many “maybes” and “probables,” and rather fewer “almost certains.”

This situation must raise questions about the adequacy of the research methods being used to define the effects of particular foods or nutrients, and indeed the methodologic challenge is quite severe. Diet is a complex matter that involves choices among hundreds or even thousands of foods. These each contribute dozens of well-known nutrients/vitamins/minerals in different combinations, and this is aside from the large number of phytochemicals that, though often poorly defined chemically, may possess important biological activity.
Gender and Depression
Authors: Bromberger Joyce T
Published: November 2023

Depression is a ubiquitous term we use to refer to transient feelings of low mood or sadness that are occasional responses to the stresses of daily life. However, major depressive disorder, or clinical depression, is characterized by a persistent low mood or loss of interest or pleasure in one’s usual activities in conjunction with other symptoms, such as decreased energy, disturbances in sleep and appetite, and feelings of worthlessness or guilt. Such symptoms are persistent and cause significant distress and/or interference with one’s functioning (see Table 3-1 below for the primary criteria used to diagnose a major depressive episode.) Major depression is frequently a recurrent disorder1,2 and in 12%-20% of cases is a chronic one. 3,4 However, it is treatable in many cases. There is increasing evidence that “subclinical or subsyndromal” depression, which reflects a constellation of symptoms that may not meet the full criteria identified below but which persists, is associated with significant morbidity. This chapter is primarily concerned with clinical depression. Research that has been conducted on depressive symptoms and may have implications for clinical depression is also discussed.
Hormones in Women
Authors: Ryan Kathleen D
Published: November 2023

There are many endocrine glands whose normal functioning is required for good health in women and men. However, the hormones secreted by the endocrine system to regulate reproduction in women, and the hormones and endocrine glands that make fertility, pregnancy, and lactation possible, are unique to women and at times contribute in a unique way to the physiology of health and (eventually) to the pathophysiology of or susceptibility to disease in women. This chapter will describe the basic mechanisms underlying the hormonal milieu in normal, healthy women to provide a foundation for considering the issues of women’s health.
Anatomic Influences on Sexually Transmitted Bacterial Diseases
Authors: Ness Roberta B
Published: November 2023

It is a common belief that women suffer adverse consequences from having sexually transmitted bacterial infections whereas men do not. Sexually transmitted pathogens are endemic in both men and women. It is estimated that in the United States, there are about two million cases of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and four million cases of Chlamydia trachomatis per year. These sexually transmitted pathogens primarily infect the cervices of women2-5 and the urethras of men. In both sexes, gonorrhea and chlamydia may then ascend into the organs inside the pelvis where they infect, induce inflammation, and damage the delicate structures involved in normal fertility. In women, this upper genital tract infection is termed pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and may involve the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and/or adjacent structures. In men, upper genital tract involvement is termed epididymo-orchitis for the typically dual involvement of epididymis and testes. Although men and women are both commonly infected with and develop cervicitis and urethritis from gonorrhea and chlamydia, women appear to be more likely to develop PID than men are likely to develop epididymo-orchitis. Women also appear to suffer more frequently than men from chronic pelvic pain and infertility after sexually transmitted infections.
Methodological and Definitional Issues in Shame Research
Authors: Andrews Bernice
Published: November 2023

Tie measurement of shame cannot be discussed without consideration of the ways in which it has been defined or the purpose for which it is being measured. The shame measures on which this chapter focuses are those that have been used to assess the extent to which individuals are inclined to feel shame. The task has been to measure shame as a trait or a disposition that may be manifested in repeated reactions to particular events. Repetitive patterns of emotional response, whether caused by endogenous or situational processes, can become dysfunctional (Oatley & Jenkins, 1992), and the main purpose of using these measures has been to in vestigate associations between shame and psychopathology or other maladaptive cognitions and behavior (e.g., Allan, Gilbert, & Goss, 1994; Andrews, 1995, 1997; Andrews & Hunter, 1997; Cook, 1988; Gilbert, Pehl, & Allan, 1994; Harder, Cutler, & Rockart, 1992; Hoblitzelle, 1987; Tangney, Wagner, & Gramzow, 1992, 1992). Very often the aim has been to compare the relation of shame and guilt to psycho pathology. Investigations of dispositional shame have also included explorations of etiological factors (e.g., Andrews, 1995; 1997; Andrews & Hunter, 1997; Gilbert, Allan, & Goss, 1996; Hoglund & Nicholas, 1995), and cross-cultural differences Uohnson et al., 1987).
The Emotional Disorders of Shame
Authors: Tantam Digby
Published: November 2023

Dick was a runner. He would set himself goals which shocked other runners, so demanding did they seem. He became something of a celebrity and even became an exemplar for others. He laughed about recreating a network of runners taking documents from place to place, and his friends took him seriously and pushed him into starting a business. It surprised him by being successful, and he felt increasingly resentful of the demands that it made of him. He felt obliged to these friends who had given him money to start it up, and he considered that, as he had played some sort of role all his life, he might as well carry on playing the role of businessman. But after a year of attending meetings, taking messages, issuing invoices, and occasionally running (he had, by now, taken on other people to do much of the actual running), he began to come in late and finally sold the business at much below its probable value, returning himself to live on welfare.
Shame in the Labeling of Mental Illness
Authors: Scheff Thomas J
Published: November 2023

Tiiis study shows how a new level can be added to an existing theory. By analyzing the details of the dialogue in a single therapy session, I propose that my earlier labeling theory of mental illness can be enriched by including discourse analysis at a microlevel. The session that I use is between an anorexic woman and her therapist. The same session was analyzed in an earlier study (Labov & Fanshel, 1977). I show how discourse analysis complements earlier work on labeling of mental illness. Unacknowledged shame is seen as a cause of both primary and secondary deviance. In family systems, it causes primary deviance, and in the interaction between the family and the community, it causes secondary deviance. Labov and Fanshel’s (1977) case, “Rhoda,” provides an extended example. It suggests that the family labeling process is subtle and outside of awareness. In the anorexic patient’s family, stigmatization is a two-way street; through innuendo, all the family members-including the patient-surreptitiously attack each other. But only the patient’s violence has an overt component. Like the family members, she attacks others through innuendo, but she also starves herself. All the others use only emotional violence. Since the violence of the family is hidden, it is the patient who was formally labeled. The labeling appears to be extremely subtle and complex, inadvertently reaffirming the status quo in the family. To the extent that the mental health professions side with the family, they too reaffirm and maintain thestatus quo.
The Sacred and the Social: Cultures of Honor and Violence
Authors: Cohen Dov , Vandello, Joseph , Rantilla Adrian K
Published: November 2023

It is a ritual for those who complain about the decline of our culture to point out all the trivial things that people have been killing their acquaintances, friends, and family members over recently. It’s almost never hard to find these examples. Open the newspaper and in a week one can pretty easily find an extensive list of things that one party deemed important enough to kill the other party over. Somewhere near the top of the list is going to be sexual jealousy, and in terms of male-on-male violence, you can add things like spilled beer, suspicious glances, escalated name calling contests, and stepped-on shoes. That’s the American list. Certainly, the lists of offenses that must be punished by death are going to vary from culture to culture, but they will have one thing in common. That is, many of the acts that led to a killing will probably seem quite trivial to outsiders.
Are Men and Women Alike Around the Globe?
Authors: Townsend John Marshall
Published: November 2023

The Don Juan of the village was a sleek, discreet man of about forty, a wid ower, a matai, a man of circumspect manner and winning ways ... he noticed that Lola had reached a robust girlhood and stopped to pluck this ready fruit by the way ... after three weeks which were casual to him, and very important to her, he proposed for the hand of the visitor ... the rage of Lola was unbounded and she took an immediate revenge, publicly accusing her rival of being a thief and setting the whole village by the ears.
The inexhaustible demand for rural Residences 1853-1856
Authors: Kowsky Francis R
Published: November 2023

For four years following Downing’s death,Vaux remained in Newburgh, where he continued to enjoy success as a designer of country houses.With Withers, who apparently graduated from assistant to partner in the firm some time in 1853,Vaux prepared designs for houses along the Hudson and elsewhere that continued to embody the values he had espoused during his days with Downing. Eventually the greater attractions and opportunities of New York City induced him to move there. In 1856,Vaux, married and with a young family, left Newburgh as a resident, but his ties to the Hudson Valley never loosened.
Theearth 1857-1858
Authors: Kowsky Francis R
Published: November 2023

As his career developed and the memory of Downing receded,Vaux must have come more and more to realize that the true path to future success lay not in Newburgh but in New York City. To be sure, Newburgh by the mid-nineteenth century ranked almost as a far suburb of the metropolis; yet it was enough removed to pose a handicap for an architect who might wish to attain a more central place in the profession. And probably forVaux, who had grown up in the heart of London, the Hudson River town of 15,000 inhabitants, no matter how agreeable, would have seemed provincial and unexciting. His frequent trips to New York would have opened his eyes to the wide possibility for business that existed there, as well as to the opportunity for him and his family to live in company with other men and women of culture. By the end of 1856, the year in which Vaux became an American citizen, he had taken up residence in New York City, where he was to remain until his death in 1895.
The Onlything That Gives Me Much Encouragement That I Have In Me The Germ Of An Architect
Authors: Kowsky Francis R
Published: November 2023

Located at the north end of the Mall, where it overlooks the lake and the Ramble, the Terrace is the architectural centerpiece of the Central Park landscape and Vaux’s most important work (Fig. 5.1). Its cascading staircases carry visitors from the formal ambience of the Mall down to the lakeside, where winding footpaths wait to lead them off into the picturesque byways of the park. An abundance of carved ornament evocative of nature and country life decorate the Terrace’s railings, posts, and walls, offering strollers a fictive sampling of the innocent beauties of flora and faun.a that the park holds to delight them. Contemporary observers held all of the park masonry in high esteem, but they regarded the handsomely molded and carved stonework of the Terrace as demonstrating the highest standards of craftsmanship yet achieved in America.1 Although it was never completed as Vaux wished it would be, theTerrace, begun in 1859, is the masterpiece of his park architecture.
Monitoring the Health of a Population
Authors: R. Owen Devine , Parrish Gibson
Published: November 2023

To react effectively to events affecting the health of a population, public health practitioners must be able to monitor accurately the occurrence and risk factors for disease and injury. This monitoring involves two separate but interdependent efforts: the efficient collection of meaningful measures of the population’s risk and the use of suitable methods to evaluate these measures. These two efforts are the focus of this chapter, which covers methodological issues related to both the collection and preliminary evaluation of public health monitoring data. We begin with a discussion of issues related to the efficient collection of information on the health of a target population. We examine the goals of public health monitoring and strategies for identifying and collecting the information necessary to attain those goals. Then we describe a variety of exploratory techniques that are useful in the preliminary analysis of public health monitoring data. The chapter concludes with a brief evaluation of the potential utility of geographic information systems (GIS) as components of public health monitoring systems.