bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Econometric Analysis of Price Behaviour in Pakistan
Authors: Azhar B. A.
Published: July 2018

In this paper an attempt has been made to explore the major
causes of price level changes in West Pakistan during the past thirteen
years and to deter¬mine their relative importance in explaining the
price fluctuations. A supple¬mentary object of the paper is to develop a
predictive mechanism which may be used to forecast the response of price
level to changes in the explanatory variables used in the regression
model. There is vast literature on inflation theory [3] but not so much
on quanti¬tative evidence. Broadly, there are three groups of theories
of inflation: the demand pull theories, which state that inflationary
pressures result from aggregate demand exceeding aggregate supply at
full employment; the cost-push theories, which stress the producers'
power to pass on cost increases in higher prices even when demand
remains unchanged. The third group of theories, which take a mid-way
position between the demand-pull and the cost-push theories, are a
number of structural theories, notably those associated with the names
of Ackley, Eckstein, and Schultze [1,5,11]. According to Ackley,
inflation results from mark-up of prices. He considers the price
policies of the firms and the wage policies of the labour unions to be
responsible for inflation. He puts forward the hypothesis that mark ups
used by business in setting prices and those applied by the labour
unions to their cost of living for getting higher wages tend to rise in
an inflationary situation which results in pyramiding of costs.
Professor Otto Eckstein advances the hypothesis that inflation may be
caused by price increases in certain bottleneck industries even when
there is no over-all excess demand in the economy.
A Review of Labour Force Participation Rates in Pakistan
Authors: Beg M. Afzal
Published: July 2018

The purpose of this paper is to throw some light on the labour
force in Pakistan with respect to its participation in agriculture and
non-agricultural activity over the period 1961 through 1971; in addition
some comparison is provided between the activity rates of 1951 and 1961.
Finally some tentative explanations of the behaviour of labour force
participation rates over the last decade are offered. The data on which
this study is based has been drawn from the 1951 and 1961 Censuses of
Pakistan and from the Labour Force Survey of the Statistical Division,
which is carried out as a regular sample enquiry on national basis since
1963. The data from these surveys has been used to provide esti¬mates of
economic activity for each year up to 1971. The population census of
1972 did not collect information on labour force activity
A Model for Forecasting Wheat Production in the Punjab
Authors: Azhar B. A. , Chaudhry M. Ghaffar , Shafique M.
Published: July 2018

The purpose of the study is to explore the possibility of
developing an econometric model which would help in explaining and
predicting changes in wheat production in the Punjab. Wheat is a major
crop in the province occupy¬ing nearly 40 per cent of the total
cultivated area and about 2/3 of the area under Rabi crops. It is by far
the most important food crop providing nearly 2/3 of the total calorie
intake. Accurate forecasting of wheat production is critical for
planning process. Wheat production in the province increased from 27.2
lakh tons in 1949-50 to 56 lakh tons in 1972-73 or 106 per cent. The
increase in production was achieved largely by the increase in wheat
area which rose from 59.1 lakh acres in 1949-50 to 107.9 lakh acres in
1972-73 or nearly 83 per cent. About 80 per cent of the wheat acreage is
irrigated and only 20 per cent is grown in the Barani land. The yield
per acre which was 12.38 maunds in 1949-50 declined to only 9.17 maunds
in 1959-60 but increased sharply to 14.14 maund in 1972-73.
The Responsiveness of Tax Yield to Increases in National
Income
Authors: Khan Mohammad Zubair
Published: July 2018

Taxes are the most important element responsive to government
policy and in effect the major instrument for mobilising the increments
in national income for investment or expenditure by the state. However,
there are severe administrative and political limitations to the extent
to which additional taxation measures, such as the expansion of the
base, increasing the rates, or imposing new taxes, can be resorted to
for increasing the flow of tax receipts. Hence, to meet the ever
expanding expenditure requirements of the public sector, the tax
structure must rely on its built-in flexibility. The structure of
taxation should be such that an increasing portion of the increments in
national income gets automatically channeled into the public exchequer
without basic budgetary alterations.
The Problem of Agricultural Taxation in West Pakistan and an
Alternative Solution: A Comment (Notes & Comments)
Authors: Qureshi Sarfaraz Khan
Published: July 2018

In the Summer 1973 issue of the Pakistan Development Review,
Mr. Mohammad Ghaffar Chaudhry [1] has dealt with two very important
issues relating to the intersectoral tax equity and the intrasectoral
tax equity within the agricultural sector in Pakistan. Using a simple
criterion for vertical tax equity that implies that the tax rate rises
with per capita income such that the ratio of revenue to income rises at
the same percentage rate as per capita income, Mr. Chaudhry found that
the agricultural sector is overtaxed in Pakistan. Mr. Chaudhry further
found that the land tax is a regressive levy with respect to the farm
size. Both findings, if valid, have important policy implications. In
this note we argue that the validity of the findings on intersectoral
tax equity depends on the treatment of water rate as tax rather than the
price of a service provided by the Government and on the shifting
assumptions regard¬ing the indirect taxes on imports and domestic
production levied by the Central Government. The relevance of the
findings on the intrasectoral tax burden would have been more obvious if
the tax liability was related to income from land per capita.
'Planning Economic Integration7, by L.B.M. Mennes, Rotterdam
University Press, 1973.
Authors: Radhul G. M.
Published: July 2018

The book under review deals with economic integration among
deve¬loping countries from the point of view of planning. The author
believes that it is useful to approach economic integration from a
planning point of view and to develop planning models for it, because
the theory of economic integration relevant for developing countries
should be directed towards the impact of integration on future
investments and future production. The type of models used in the book
are the multisector linear programming models and the method of analysis
is essentially a comparison of two situations; one with economic
integration and the other without. For each prospective partici¬pant a
medium term planning model is drawn up taking account of its economic
situation in some base year. The results of these single country
planning models are analysed and compared to those of a similar planning
model for the integration area as a whole. The consequences of the
integration policy are then evaluated.
Measuring the Gains from Trade—A Case Study of Pakistan's Trade
with India
Authors: Afzal M. , Guisinger Stephen E.
Published: July 2018

The recent literature on the theory of tariffs and trade
restrictions has emphasized the optimality of free trade policies for
both developed and develop¬ing countries. There are exceptional cases in
which trade restrictions can be justified—when, for example, a country
has monopoly power in trade or when certain "second-best" conditions are
met.1 In general, however, it is believed that a country which imposes
restrictions on its trade suffers a decline in real income. A number of
studies for both developed and developing countries have estimated the
economic benefits that would accrue to these countries from the
elimination of all trade restrictions.* The purpose of this paper is to
provide a method for measuring the economic benefits that a country
would receive as the result of the elimination of a country-specific
restriction while maintaining all restrictions applying to commodities.
Methods of measuring the static gains to a country removing commodity
restrictions are already well known and need no further elaboration. The
elimination of a country-specific restriction on trade, however,
presents a slightly different problem of measurement since the
liberalization may affect only one portion of the country's trade and
give rise to foreign exchange savings as well as the familiar gains from
reduced producers' inefficiency and increased consumers'
surplus.
Net Nuptiality Tables for Males and Females in Pakistan:
1962-65
Authors: Afzal Mohammad , Iftikhar Naushin
Published: July 2018

The patterns of shifting of population from the stage of being
single to being married by age and sex are of great demographic
importance because of their significant role in determining the
population composition and growth through family formation and
fertility. The proportions of population getting married at different
ages are of importance for the population planning pro¬gramme since only
married persons can be the potential producers of children in a society
like Pakistan where illegitimate fertility is almost non-existant. Such
proportions have also important bearings on social and economic
charac¬teristics like school attendance and labour force participation
particularly of females. The trend in the number of marriages has
important implications for housing programmes, community planning and
for the enterprises like insurance companies who are concerned with
providing life and health insurance of the married couples.
Conventional Economic Concepts Challenged Poor Countries Must
Develop the Mass Sector
Authors: Mullick M. A. Hussein
Published: July 2018

"Development Reconsidered" [6] is not just another addition to
the numerous books already published on aid and development over the
past two decades. It is something else. The authors try to develop a
different approach to the whole process of social change. They do this
by critically examining some of the myths and fictions attached to
conventional economic concepts. In doing this they either draw heavily
on their own personal observations or if that is not sufficient, they
try to dig out relevant findings from the writings of other scholars.
The book is divided into nine chapters. The subjects treated include,
development reconsidered, efficient use of manpower, modernising
agriculture and industry, and the significance of nonformal education.
There is also one full chapter devoted to the role of the United States
in the development of the Third World. The main thesis of the book as I
understand is "Hitherto development has promoted a dualistic economic
pattern in which only the privileged few have fattened themselves and
the rest continue to suffer", This "oasis in the desert" development
pattern as the authors call it is not development inducing, but
development retarding.
The Generalized System of Preferences and the Comparative
Advantage of Less Developed Countries in Manufactures
Authors: Iqbal Zubair
Published: July 2018

One of the proposals of the first United Nations Conference on
Trade and Development in 1964 was the establishment of a system of
preferential tariff rates favouring existing imports from less developed
countries under which all developed countries would unilaterally reduce
their tariff duties charged on imports from less developed countries
while maintaining most¬ favoured-nation rates1 on imports from other
(developed) countries. The idea was later extended to cover all
manufactured products and came to be known as the Generalized System of
Preferences (GSP). The first GSP scheme was introduced by the European
Economic Community on July 1, 1972. It was followed by schemes of
Austria, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Japan, New Zealand, Sweden,
Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Some socialist countries have also
implemented GSP schemes.
Income Distribution From Outward-Looking Development
Policies
Authors: Keesing Donald B.
Published: July 2018

Income distribution has become a central concern in developing
market economies, now that breakthroughs are being achieved in expanding
output. Severe inequalities in the distribution of the benefits of
development are practi¬cally universal and appear to be growing.1 Will
these inequalities be reduced or cured by the outward-looking policies
now being recommended to developing countries ? This paper analyses
these policies and arrives at a generally negative answer. In most
developing countries, inequalities cannot be expected to cure themselves
under outward-looking policies, no matter how desirable these policies
may be for other reasons.* Inequalities may even increase unless major
efforts are made to redistribute income. The paper starts with a brief
description of the policies now being recommended. There follow sections
dealing with inequality-producing influences associated with this
development strategy. These influences are discussed under the following
headings:
Technological Dependence and Underdevelopment
Authors: Zavareei Hassan A.
Published: July 2018

A major cornerstone of the structural analysis of
underdevelopment is the character and form of technology available to
the UDCs, and their implica¬tion for economic growth. It has long been
recognized that growth in the underdeveloped countries (UDCs) of today
differs in substantial ways from that of the early stages of capitalist
development experienced in western Europe. The significant technological
achievements of European and North American capitalism have contributed
vastly to our stock of technical and scientific know¬ledge. At first
glance this technical revolution seems to hold the torch in the path of
the fight against poverty and underdevelopment. It is argued that this
knowledge can be shared profitably by all UDCs, who can thus 'skip'
techno¬logical stages given will power, good common sense and efficient
management of resources.
Wheat Production Under Alternative Production Functions
Authors: Chaudhry M. Ghaffar , Kemal A. R.
Published: July 2018

In an earlier study [1, pp.407-415] it was assumed that a
linear production function would be the best to depict the relationship
between wheat production and explanatory variables in the Punjab. After
a careful scrutiny, four of the explanatory variables, viz., area under
Mexican Wheat varieties, area under local wheat, fertilizer application
and rainfall, were employed to explain varia¬tions in wheat production.
As this linear relationship gave a good fit, it was claimed that the
equations, derived from 1967-68 to 1971-72 output and input data, can be
useful in forecasting wheat production in the Punjab for future years
well in advance of actual wheat harvests and, in fact, a forecast of
wheat production in the Punjab for 1973-74 was published [2, pp.
106-112], based on the findings of that model. Whether the linear
production function related the dependent and inde¬pendent variables in
the best possible manner was not tested. The results of our analysis in
the present paper indicated that the re-specification of the
rela¬tionship will be of little use.1 In addition, in an earlier model
the rainfall relevant to wheat production was defined as the total
rainfall during the months of November-January of each wheat season.
Publication of the article con¬taining that model elicited suggestions
that use of seven-month rainfall from July to January (instead of
three-month rainfall used in the model) might improve the results of the
model. Accordingly, it was decided to test that model using
Capacity Utilization in Manufacturing Industries of
Pakistan
Authors: Kemal A.R. , Alauddin Talat
Published: July 2018

It is a well-known fact that capital is scarce in most of the
developing countries and thus some of the production factors, such as
labour, remain unemployed, leading to a lower growth rate of G.N.P. than
would be possible under full employment. Additions to the stock of
capital not only increase the rate of growth but also provide new job
opportunities. However, in many developing countries, capital is
utilised less than one-third of the time [10,p.38], The underutilization
of capital obviously shrinks the growth rate of less deve¬loped
countries still further. Capacity underutilization discourages
technological progress which leads to an inefficient industrial
structure. This presents us with a paradox: if capital is scarce in
developing countries, why is it underutilized? A number of hypotheses
have been advanced to explain this paradox. Some of these hypotheses
relate to oligopolistic structure of the market, deficient demand,
non-availability of complementary factors of production (such as skilled
labour), imported inputs and government licensing policies. Moreover,
when aid is available for specific projects, there is a tendency to
build up addi¬tional capacity because the recipient countries prefer
some aid to no-aid. However, very little has been done so far in
building a theoretical framework which could be used in empirical
analysis to throw light on the possible causes of capacity
underutilization. Marris's theoretical framework [4] and Winston's
empirical investigation of capacity utilization in Pakistan [10] are
exceptions.
Industrial Growth and Export Expansion: The Case of West
Pakistan
Authors: Husain Ishrat
Published: July 2018

Large scale manufacturing has been the fastest growing sector
in the economic development of Pakistan during the last two decades.
Starting from almost a scratch, this sector has been able to show
spectacular performance in terms of rate of growth. The overall annual
growth rate in West Pakistan during 1960-68 was 11.4%, well in excess of
the target rate of 7.0% laid in the Second and Third Five Year Plans.
The share of manufacturing in the Gross Provincial Product (GPP) of West
Pakistan rose from 12.3% in 1960 to 16% in 1968. Not only has the share
of this sector risen in the GPP but major structural transformations
have also taken place within the sector. Consumer goods industries which
contributed about 76% of the total output in 1954 are no-longer as
important and accounted for only 57 % of the total output in 1968. The
distribution of the fixed assets has also moved in the same direction as
output during this period.
Theoretical Considerations for Studying Socio-Psychological
Factors in Migration
Authors: Anwar Ul Haq Anwar Ul Haq
Published: July 2018

Although the existing literature in social sciences provides
considerable factual information about migration which has been gathered
through refined techniques and research tools, it is often claimed that
the information on migration is still mostly in unstructured state
because of the lack of a general theory on the migration phenomena.
Social scientists, like Hauser [6, pp.70-85], Lee [8, pp.47-57], Vance
[15, pp.88-94] and Wilber [16, pp.52-61J have |expressed similar views
and emphasized the need for the development of a general theory in order
to integrate the existing diverse findings regarding the migration
process, and also to provide guidelines for future research on the
subject. Beijer [I, pp.12-21] is among the few who maintain that
migration pheno¬mena cannot be explained and understood without
understanding the economic, social, and demographic forces. He strongly
stresses that migration studies formulating theoretical statements must
take these forces into consideration. Heberle [7, pp.65-70] and
Peterson [10, pp.256-266] are among others who also realized this need
and set up typologies of migration based on migratory selec¬tive factors
such as age, sex, occupation and family status. The main purpose of
these typologies was to offer, by an ordering of conceptual types, a
basis for the possible development of theory. In spite of the fact that
these scholars felt the shared concern and came forward to set up
typologies of migration, not much attention has been given to typologies
as conceptual tools. Attempts at model building by sociologists such as
Folger [5, pp.155-164] and Taft [12, pp.141-156] also indicate a
similar concern for theoretical guidelines for the study of
migration.
Real Wages of Industrial Workers in Pakistan: 1954 to
1970
Authors: Guisinger Stephen , Irfan Mohammad
Published: July 2018

Wages perform a number of vital economic functions in all
societies. They allocate labour among different branches of the economy
according to demand and supply conditions. They provide signals
regarding the type and level of skills required for growth. They
dictate, along with the price of capital, the proportions in which
labour and capital are combined in production. And they establish
incentives for the internal migration of labour among the regions of a
country and between the rural and urban sectors. Like most developing
countries today, Pakistan faces an employment problem of major
proportions and the solution of this employment problem may very well
rest in the adoption of an appropriate labour policy—especially a
well-designed wage policy—that allows wages to perform these functions
in an effective and efficient manner. A misdirected labour policy, or no
policy at all, is likely to retard the growth of employment, promote
unnecessary internal migration and worsen the distribu¬tion of
income.
The Role of Interspousal Communication in Adoption of Family
Planning Methods: A Couple Approach
Authors: Shah Nasra M.
Published: July 2018

Of the several approaches designed to study the adoption of
family plann¬ing methods one approach emphasizes the dynamics related to
the husband-wife dyad, especially communication and interaction between
the spouses as related to family planning behaviour. Interspousal
communication has been shown to be an important variable in family
planning behaviour in relatively underdeveloped as well as developed
societies. Authors of the well-known Puerto Rican family study
attributed a great deal of importance to interspousal communication as
an explanatory factor in family planning and fertility behaviour [5 and
6]. Hill [6] described communi¬cation as the "hub" variable and
concluded that the principal factors in family planning adoption were
emphasis on planning, communication between spouses and the ability to
come to a joint decision. Using data from a survey in East Pakistan (now
Bangladesh), Green [3] showed that contraceptive use was correlated
directly with interspousal com¬munication. Among non-user couples, 75 %
of the husbands and 69 % of the wives said they had learned nothing from
their spouses, compared with only 45% and 17% of user husbands and wives
saying they had learned nothing from each other. Green feels that one of
the major barriers to diffusion of action-associated knowledge about
family planning is the lack of communication between spouses.
The Economic Price of Natural Gas in Pakistan (Notes &
Comments)
Authors: Faaland J. , Parkinson J. R.
Published: July 2018

The World Bank Study," Water and Power Resources of West
Pakistan" [1], is one of the most thorough-going and sophisticated of
its type. In re¬reading it we have been struck by a curious argument
related to the real benefits to be expected from the construction of the
Tarbela dam. It was designed to produce electricity as well as to
irrigate land and it was necessary to estimate the benefits that the
electricity would confer. One way of doing this was to estimate the
saving that would be made by using hydro-power instead of natural gas or
imported fuel, for electricity generation. This meant that an
appropriate set of prices had to be estimated for Pakistan's supply of
natural gas. The way in which this was done was, to say the least,
unusual. The relevant passage justi¬fying the approach adopted is as
follows:
A Systemic Model Proposed for the Management of Local Environmental Education, Awareness and Protection
Authors: Papakitsos Evangelos C. , Mavrakis Anastasios
Published: July 2018

The present study proposes a systemic model for the operation of small local environmental centers, as a key factor for the implementation of environmental policies that are close to local communities. The presentation and analysis of the required activities of local environmental organizations and the duties of their staff highlights their complex and demanding multidisciplinary character. The consequent necessity to optimize their operation, in order to respond more holistically and effectively to their complex mission, has been the motivation for the present study, proposing a planned operation based on techniques from Systems Science.
Comparing Effectiveness of Hay Infusion and Sugar Fermentation Solution as Ovitrap's Attractans to Aedes aegypti
Authors: Widoretno Nastiti
Published: July 2018

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is still one of the major public health problems in the world and Indonesia. There are several methods of mosquito vector control, one of them is the use of ovitrap and the addition of attractants which is a compound that may attract gravid mosquitoes to lay eggs. Some examples of attractants are hay infusion and sugar fermentation solution. This research aimed to compare effectiveness of hay infusion  and sugar fermentation solution as Aedes aegypti attractants. This research type was true experimental laboratory with complete randomized design which is divided into 3 groups of ovitrap containing aquades as control, 20% hay infusion and 20% sugar fermentation solution. Ovitraps with those attractants were put into a mosquito coop containing 25 gravid female mosquitoes. Mosquito’s eggs counting was done after 2 days with 9 times repetition. The data were then analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney test. It was found that the difference of mosquito’s eggs number in the ovitrap containing the fermentation solution of sugar and hay infusion had a significance value of 0.000 (p> 0,05). It means that hay infusion is more effective compared with sugar fermentation. Keywords                   : DHF, ovitrap, attractant, hay infusion, sugar fermentation solution
Triple Curve Scoliosis Presented with Developmental Dysplasia of the Left Hip in Marfan Syndrome
Authors: Widhiyanto Lukas , Martanto Tri Wahyu , Brahmana Febrian
Published: July 2018

Introduction: Marfan syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder of connective tissue, and skeletal system involvements are the cardinal features.  Triple rigid large major curve in conjunction with developmental dysplasia of the hip in Marfan syndrome is rare then sagittal and coronal imbalance correction on this case is challengingCase Presentation: We reported a case of 12 years old female with Marfan syndrome presented triple rigid large Major curve scoliosis on left cervico-thoracal, right main  thoracal and left thorakolumbal, also developmental dysplasia of the left hip has been done correction surgery consist of open reduction following cast immobilization of the left hip, multiple ponte osteotomy and asymetrical pedicle substraction osteotomy to correct sagittal and coronal imbalance.Discussion: the treatment of scoliosis in patients with Marfan syndrome parallels that in patients with idiopathic scoliosis and spinal fusion and instrumentation should be considered for curves greater than 45 to 50 degrees. Posterior technique, Ponte osteotomy correct 10 to 20 degrees and pedicle substraction osteotomy correct 30 to 40 degrees at each segment are effective for managing sagittal and coronal imbalance in scoliosis. Open reduction developmental dysplasia of the hip to overcome complicated coronal balance correction.Conclusion : Detailed planning scoliosis surgery is needed to correct a rare the sagittal and coronal imbalance due to scoliosis complicated with developmental dysplasia of the hip in Marfan syndrome.
Upaya Meningkatkan Aktivitas dan Hasil Belajar Siswa Melalui Model Kooperatif Tipe Think Pair Share dengan Permainan Puzzle Kebersamaan Pada Pembelajaran Tematik di Kelas IIB SD Negeri 20 Kota Bengkulu
Authors: Nurhayati Fitria , Yulita Susti Rahmah
Published: July 2018

The study aims to improve the activity and learning outcomes of students using the Think Pair Share Cooperative Share model with a puzzle game togetherness on thematic learning. Classroom Action Research, implemented two cycles. Instruments used were observation sheets and test sheets. The test data were analyzed by using the average formula and the percentage of learning mastery, on the affective and psychomotor observations using the affective and psychomotor percentage formula, the observational data using the average formula score and value range. The result of research are: (1) cycle I score of activity of teacher 34 with good category, student activity score 33,75 with good category. Student learning outcomes cycle I measured by the evaluation at the end of the learning of Mathematics 87.94 with the completion percentage of classical learning that is Mathematics 91.17. The highest affective aspect assessed 29 persons with 85.29% percentage and the lowest aspect responded to 21 people with a percentage of 61.76%. Psychomotor highest aspect imitate and articulate 34 people with 100% percentage and lowest aspect manipulate 30 people with 88.23% percentage. (2) cycle II score of teacher activity 35,5 with good category, student activity score 35 with good category. The result of student learning cycle II is measured using evaluation test at the end of learning that is Mathematics 88,23 with percentage of complete learning of classical that is Mathematics 94,11. The highest affective aspects of living and receiving 34 people with 100% percentage, lowest aspect responding 27 people with 79.41% percentage and psychomotor aspects of articulation, manipulating and imitating 33 people with 100% percentage. Based on the results of this study can be concluded that the application of Thematic model of cooperative model Think Pair Share type through the game togetherness puzzle Class II B SD Negeri 20 Kota Bengkulu can increase activity and learning outcomes.
EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF UNRIPE AEGLE MARMELOS CORR. FRUITS
Authors: D Gupta , PP John , P Kumar , J Jain
Published: July 2018

Aegle marmelos Corr. (Rutaceae), commonly known as Bael, is a tree of Indian origin, well known from ancient period andprescribed for various ailments in Ayurveda. Utilization of bael fruit in day-to-day life has a great nutritional, environmental as well ascommercial importance. Every part of Aegle marmelos including stem, bark, root, leaves, fruit and seeds at all stages of maturity possesmedicinal virtues and has been used in Ethno medicine to exploit its medicinal properties. Objective: This study was undertaken to examine theantioxidant activity of methanolic extract of Aegle marmelos unripe or half ripe fruits. Material and Methods: The antioxidant activity was doneby using DPPH free radical scavenging assay. The IC50 (The concentration of sample required to scavenge 50% of DPPH free radical) wascalculated by plotting graph between % inhibition vs concentration. The ascorbic acid was used as standard antioxidant. Result and Discussion:The IC50 value of extract and ascorbic acid was found to be 62.59μg/ml and 2.80μg/ml. The antioxidant activity found in Aegle marmelos maybe associated with their main phytochemical compounds like flavonoids, phenols and tannins. Conclusion: This activity supports that the fruitcan be used as natural antioxidant to treat free radical induced cellular damages and can also be used as adjuvant with other drugs to givesynergistic effects.
PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF CLITORIA TERNATEA- A REVIEW
Authors: GS Chakraborthy , V Kumar , S Gupta , A Kumar , N Gautam , L Kumari
Published: July 2018

Medicinal and aromatic plants have been used over the ages for its potency and minimal side effects. Due to this, the exploration is at its highestpeak. Seeing this phenomenon the climbing plant Clitoria ternatea (CT) belonging to the Fabaceae family and commonly known as 'Butterflypea' and Shankpushpi, has been taken up which is used in Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine, because of its varied uses over centuries as a memoryenhancer, nootropic, antistress, anxiolytic, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, tranquilizing and sedative agent. A wide range of secondarymetabolites including triterpenoids, flavonol glycosides, anthocyanins and steroids has been isolated from Clitoria ternatea Linn. Its extractspossess a wide range of pharmacological activities including antimicrobial, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, diuretic, local anaesthetic,antidiabetic, insecticidal, blood platelet aggregation-inhibiting and for use as a vascular smooth muscle relaxing properties. This plant has a longuse in traditional. Ayurvedic medicine for several diseases and the scientific studies has reconfirmed those with modern relevance. The pantcontains many active constitutes like alkaloids, glucosides, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, carbohydrates etc. This review is an effort to explorethe phytochemical constituents and pharmacological studies of CT, which have been in clinical use in the Ayurvedic system of medicine alongwith a critical appraisal of its future ethno pharmacological potential in view of many recent findings of importance on this well-known plantspecies.
LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT OF EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN IMPROVING HUMAN RESOURCES IN INDONESIA
Authors: Dacholfany M. Ihsan , Susanto Eko , Noviandi Andi
Published: July 2018

Educational institutions in Indonesia are expected to produce superior human resources and compete to have insight into science and technology. To achieve this expectation, educational institutions should strive and play a role in optimizing and achieving academic excellence, particularly in education, industry relevance, for new knowledge contribution, and for empowerment. Recognizing the importance of the process of improving the quality of human resources, the government, managers of educational institutions, educators and learners in Indonesia are striving to achieve the goals, vision and mission through various activities to build a better quality education through the development of human resources development and improvement of curriculum and evaluation system, improvement of educational facilities, the development and procurement of teaching materials, and training for teachers and education personnel to be more advanced and developed than other countries.
Entrpreneurship Coaching Roles as a Realization Of Furniture Industri Empowerment in Pasuruan Toward Independence
Authors: Indarti Nunuk
Published: July 2018

Competition in an industry is not only caused by the presence of the existing competitors. Yet, thereare some other forces that helped the structure of the competition. Furniture industry is one of small industriesthat is growing in Pasuruan is considered to be capable in job creation and absorb labor force in largenumbers and be able to increase revenue and local communities. Small furniture business continuity industry inPasuruan will be effective if the coaching role of entrepreneurship. In the empowerment of the industry furniturein Pasuruan, Department of Cooperatives and SMEs Pasuruan making various efforts such as: (1) to provideguidance to human resources (HR), coaching is done by providing guidance entrepreneurial in form of trainingin the furniture craft industry in Pasuruan such as training to improve the facilitation of Intellectual PropertyRights (IPR). The training procedure is dealing with the management of patents, brand rights, the legality ofoperations, product design, entrepreneurship and management; (2) assistance in accessing capital; (3) developa cooperation network with the Department of Industry and Trade (DESPERINDAG) and the private sector, tofacilitate the promotion of the need for furniture in Pasuruan; and (4) the introduction of furniture products inPasuruan through exhibitions and promotions
Lay evaluations of police and civilian use of force: Action severity scales
Authors: Celestin Bradley D. , Kruschke John K.
Published: July 2018

In modern societies, citizens cede the legitimate use of violence to law enforcement agents who act on their behalf.However, little is known about the extent to which lay evaluations of forceful actions align with or diverge from official use-of-force policies and heuristics that officers use to choose appropriate levels of responsive force.Moreover, it is impossible to accurately compare official policies and lay intuitions without first measuring the perceived severity of a set of representative actions.To map these psychometric scale values precisely, we presented participants with minimal vignettes describing officer and civilian actions that span the entire range of force options (from polite dialogue to lethal force), and asked them to rate physical magnitude and moral appropriateness.We used Bayesian methods to model the ratings as functions of simultaneously estimated scale values of the actions.Results indicated that the perceived severity of actions across all physical but non-lethal categories clustered tightly together, while actions at the extreme levels were relatively spread out.Moreover, less normative officer actions were perceived as especially morally severe.Broadly, our findings reveal divergence between lay perceptions of force severity and official law enforcement policies, and they imply that the groundwork for disagreement about the legitimacy of police and civilian actions may be partially rooted in the differential way that action severity is perceived by law enforcement relative to civilian observers.
ASESMEN RESIKO BENCANA MENGGUNAKAN METODE KUALITATIF PADA KELURAHAN AIMAS
Authors: ujunk Darfien
Published: July 2018

AbstrakBencana alam merupakan bencana yang diakibatkan oleh peristiwa atau serangkaian peristiwa yang disebabkan oleh alam antara lain berupa gempa bumi, tsunami, gunung meletus, banjir, kekeringan, angin topan, dan tanah longsor. Bencana alam ini mejadi pusat perhatian diberbagai daerah untuk bagaimna menanggulani resiko setiap bencana yang menimpah suatu daerah. Di Indonesia telah kita ketahui bersama bahwa kerap terjadi bencana alam. Dikabupaten Sorong, khususnya Kelurahan Aimas, yang mana merupakan salah satu daerah yang sering terkena bencana alam. seperti, gempa bumi, banjir, longsor dan lainnya. Pada penelitian ini mengasesmen resiko bencana tersebut. Metode yang digunakan adalah asesmen resiko bencana menggunakan metode kualitatif (Qualitative Risk Hazard Assessment). Parameter dan indikator penilaian yang digunakan mengacu pada British Columbia Provincial Emergency Program. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa resiko yang paling dominan pada daerah ini adalah bencana gempa bumi kemudian disusul oleh banjir.
Altner N, Erlinghagen M, Körber D, Cramer H, Dobos G (2018) Cultivating mindfuness within the primary school system of a whole town – a reference project of the state of Northrhine Westphalia
Authors: Altner Nils H.
Published: July 2018

Mindfulness-based interventions have been shown internationally to strengthen health promoting ressources in adults and children. Based on these findings, the Northrhine Westphalia state-funded reference project „Health, Integration and Concentration – Mindfulness in Primary Schools“ designs and evaluates mindfulness-based 20-hour- interventinons within the primary school system of the town Solingen. First all 21 school principals were addressed and then the teams of teachers in each school. Based on these experiences interventions with the children were then developed together with and implimented by the teachers. In this paper the interventions are scetched out and first qualitative results on different systemic levels within the schools. Of particular interest are possible links between individual developments in attitude, self regulation and behavior, styles of communication and interaction among colleagues and with the children as well as developments in school organisation and culture towards mindful schools. Finally the paper summarizes dos and don´ts for similar projects.Paper is in German https://rdcu.be/OD9z
Tracing Systematic Errors to Personalize Recommendations in Single Digit Multiplication and Beyond
Authors: Savi Alexander Olof , Deonovic Benjamin , Bolsinova Maria , van der Maas Han , Maris Gunter
Published: July 2018

In learning, errors are both ubiquitous and inevitable. It is widely understood that these errors may provide a clue about a person's misconceptions. In this article we propose and investigate a model that aims to identify misconceptions from observed errors. We apply the method to single digit multiplication; a domain that is very suitable for the method, is well-studied, and allowed us to analyze over 25,000 error responses from 335 actual learners. The model, derived from the Ising model popular in physics, makes use of a bigraph that links possible errors to possible misconceptions. The error responses were taken from Math Garden, a computerized adaptive practice environment for arithmetic that is widely used in The Netherlands. The results show that the model outperforms a random selection from the observed errors' possible causes, and correctly predicts the possible cause of a person's subsequent error up to over 75% of the time. Finally, we discuss the model, the findings, and the implications.
Reduced habit-driven errors in Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Bannard Colin , Leriche Mariana , Bandmann Oliver , Brown Christopher , Ferracane Elisa , Sánchez-Ferro Alvaro , Obeso Jose , Redgrave Peter , Stafford Tom
Published: July 2018

Parkinson’s Disease can be understand as a disorder of motor habits. A prediction of this theory is that early stage Parkinson’s patients will display fewer errors caused by interference from previously over-learned behaviours. We test this prediction in the domain of skilled typing, where actions are easy to record and errors easy to identify. We describe a method for categorising errors as simple motor errors or habit-driven errors. We test Spanish and English participants with and without Parkinson’s, and show that indeed patients make fewer habit errors than healthy controls, and, further, that classification of error type increases the accuracy of discriminating between patients and healthy controls. As well as being a validation of a theory-led prediction, these results offer promise for automated, enhanced and early diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease.
Is overconfidence a motivated bias? Experimental evidence (MOC)
Authors: Logg Jennifer M. , Haran Uriel , Moore Don A
Published: July 2018

Are overconfident beliefs driven by the motivation to view oneself positively? We test the relationship between motivation and overconfidence using two distinct, but often conflated measures: better-than-average (BTA) beliefs and overplacement. Our results suggest that motivation can indeed affect these faces of overconfidence, but only under limited conditions. Whereas BTA beliefs are inflated by motivation, introducing some specificity and clarity to the standards of assessment (Experiment 1) or to the trait’s definition (Experiments 2 and 3) reduces or eliminates this bias in judgment overall. We find stronger support for a cognitive explanation for overconfidence, which emphasizes the effect of task difficulty. The difficulty of possessing a desirable trait (Experiment 4) or succeeding on math and logic problems (Experiment 5) affected self-assessment more consistently than does motivation. Finally, we find the lack of an objective standard for vague traits allows people to create idiosyncratic definitions and view themselves as better than others in their own unique ways (Experiment 6). Overall, the results suggest motivation’s effect on BTA beliefs is driven more by idiosyncratic construals of assessment than by self-enhancing delusion. They also suggest that by focusing on vague measures (BTA rather than overplacement) and vague traits, prior research may have exaggerated the role of motivation in overconfidence.
Higher Trait Self-Control Is Associated with Less Intense Visceral States
Authors: Baldwin Cassandra , Finley Anna J , Garrison Katie , Crowell Adrienne , Schmeichel Brandon
Published: July 2018

Trait self-control correlates with desirable outcomes including physical and psychological well- being and is thought to facilitate the formation of effective habits. Visceral states, including internal drives that motivate specific behaviors, have been found to undermine self-control. The current study tested the hypothesis that individuals higher in trait self-control experience less intense and a lower likelihood of visceral states and explored possible mediators. We found that trait self-control negatively correlates with responses to one-shot measures of hunger, fatigue, experiencing stress, and experiencing the common cold. Reports of recent sleeping and eating behavior mediated some of these relationships, consistent with the idea that healthful behaviors help individuals higher in trait self-control minimize visceral states. This research supports emerging perspectives on trait self-control’s contributions to positive outcomes.
PENGARUH ANALISIS KREDIT TERHADAP PEMBIAYAAN BERMASALAH (KREDIT MACET) PADA PT BANK PEMBIAYAAN RAKYAT SYARIAH ARTHA MADANI CIKARANG, JAWA BARAT
Authors: Rangkuti Tavitri
Published: July 2018

Credit is a risky business, where there is a possibility of credit being given uncollectible (bad credit). Debtors (credit recipients) can present a million reasons for not paying their obligations. On the other hand the bank must pay every rupiah of public funds placed on it. The bank can not say that the loans it provides are not collectible, the public funds can not be paid. In this regard, banks should only provide financing (credit) to the appropriate debtor. The bank must be able to control the credit risk it provides. The Bank developed a selection process to screen each proposed credit (proposed financing) proposal. In giving credit, the bank must have the trust to the prospective debtor as well as the debtor has the confidence to save the funds in the bank. Funds provided will be used in accordance with the objectives and will eventually be returned to the bank in accordance with the agreed agreement. This credit grant has a high enough risk factor and has a significant effect on Bank soundness. Therefore, PT BPRS (Islamic Loan Bank) Artha Madani analyzes credit well before approving financing for prospective borrowers and gives attention to various aspects related to financing processing.This type of research is associative. Data Collection Technique is done by Library Study and Field Study. Sampling technique is based on the provisions of percentage according to Suharsini Arikunto (1993: 120). Total population The number of employees of PT BPRS Artha Madani is 53 people, so the sample is taken as many as 15 people. Data Analysis Technique is calculated by using the average value of Likert scale, correlation coefficient and determination.From the results of research, it is found that the magnitude of responses of respondents to variable credit analysis indicates a number of 4.01 which means credit analysis on PT BPRS Artha Madani has been running well. The coefficient r obtained is 0.728 and this value shows the relationship of variable x (credit analysis) with variable y (financing approval) is strong.