bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Myxoma virus lacking the host range determinant M062 stimulates cGAS-dependent type 1 interferon response and unique transcriptomic changes in human monocytes/macrophages
Authors: Conrad Steven J. , Raza Tahseen , Peterson Erich A. , Liem Jason , Connor Richard , Nounamo Bernice , Cannon Martin , Liu Jia
Published: September 2022

The evolutionarily successful poxviruses possess effective and diverse strategies to circumvent or overcome host defense mechanisms. Poxviruses encode many immunoregulatory proteins to evade host immunity to establish a productive infection and have unique means of inhibiting DNA sensing-dependent type 1 interferon (IFN-I) responses, a necessity given their dsDNA genome and exclusively cytoplasmic life cycle. We found that the key DNA sensing inhibition by poxvirus infection was dominant during the early stage of poxvirus infection before DNA replication. In an effort to identify the poxvirus gene products which subdue the antiviral proinflammatory responses (e.g., IFN-I response), we investigated the function of one early gene that is the known host range determinant from the highly conserved poxvirus host range C7L superfamily, myxoma virus (MYXV) M062. Host range factors are unique features of poxviruses that determine the species and cell type tropism. Almost all sequenced mammalian poxviruses retain at least one homologue of the poxvirus host range C7L superfamily. In MYXV, a rabbit-specific poxvirus, the dominant and broad-spectrum host range determinant of the C7L superfamily is the M062R gene. The M062R gene product is essential for MYXV infection in almost all cells tested from different mammalian species and specifically inhibits the function of host Sterile α Motif Domain-containing 9 (SAMD9), as M062R-null (ΔM062R) MYXV causes abortive infection in a SAMD9-dependent manner. In this study we investigated the immunostimulatory property of the ΔM062R. We found that the replication-defective ΔM062R activated host DNA sensing pathway during infection in a cGAS-dependent fashion and that knocking down SAMD9 expression attenuated proinflammatory responses. Moreover, transcriptomic analyses showed a unique feature of the host gene expression landscape that is different from the dsDNA alone-stimulated inflammatory state. This study establishes a link between the anti-neoplastic function of SAMD9 and the regulation of innate immune responses.
Digital fashion: Solutions and limitations for the LGBTQIA+ community
Authors: Bernat Sara Emilia , Domoszlai-Lantner Doris
Published: September 2022

As many LGBTQIA+ community members face gender dysphoria, aligning their sexual and gender identities through appearances can make a significant positive impact in their lives. But while many queer people find that fashion can be a power instrument to create, maintain and express their personal identity, ‘In Real Life’ (IRL) fashion has severe limitations, too. Off-the rack clothes can be a source of physical discomfort and frustration, as they tend to be designed for cisgender consumers. Dominant styles of the community at a given time and space can be limiting as well when it comes to experimentation across the spectrum, as they also tend to promote cuts, colours and garments that may be more reflective of the zeitgeist than of peoples’ personal preferences. Digital fashion may offer solutions for many of these problems, as designs can be entirely fitted and personalized for consumers. Furthermore, many digital garments have prices that are a fraction of their IRL counterparts, reducing financial barriers to entry and participation. Digital fashion taps into issues such as self-creation and expression, while also addressing issues in both social representation, diversity and inclusion. Moreover, because most digital fashion experiences occur in a private setting, participants are offered an element of emotional and physical protection, an important consideration for individuals from communities where their gender and sexual identities are accepted or stigmatized. Digital fashion may be used as a means to establish identity and social relationships, and as a facilitator to bridge communities. This article explores the possibilities, solutions and also limitations that digital fashion offers to the LGBTQIA+ community, while exploring the ethical considerations that creators of digital fashion should consider implementing.
Oyarzun, Oyarzo y Oyarzún
Authors: Pérez Pablo Antonio
Published: September 2022

El objetivo de este trabajo es exponer las corrientes etimológicas del topónimo (y luego apellido) Oyarzun, individualizando cada una de las variantes de este apellido toponímico encontradas en distinta documentación en la zona histórica de Chiloé (Chile), lugar donde existe descendencia actual de un emigrante vasco originario del valle homónimo. Se da cuenta del descubrimiento y análisis de variantes gráficas con tilde en la penúltima o en la última sílaba, lo que certifica que la primera pronunciación (conforme al uso vascongado) existía todavía en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, y la segunda (que es la denominación usual hoy en día en Chile) ya aparece documentada a fines del siglo XVIII.
Soportes y textos performativos de la creación emergente contemporánea
Authors: Zapata Vázquez Manuel
Published: September 2022

La artista visual María Alcaide ha recurrido a la palabra escrita en un buen número de trabajos que ha formalizado a través de diferentes formatos a lo largo de su joven trayectoria. Desde la publicación encuadernada al fanzine y pasando por soportes de como el cartel, en este artículo se analizan algunas de estas propuestas que serán abordadas desde su potencialidad como herramientas para la extensión del carácter performativo de su trabajo. Bien como evidencias de acciones previas, como material complementario a sus proyectos instalativos o como piezas únicas, estos materiales suponen un testimonio original que conectan a la artista con los modos de hacer y las preocupaciones de los artistas de su generación en línea con la más absoluta contemporaneidad donde no solo el texto sino su oralidad juega un papel significativo.
Correspondencias interdisciplinares, una escritura libre
Authors: Gómez Alemany Joan
Published: September 2022

Se analiza la situación presente y el legado artístico de la vanguardias, para comprender en qué dirección se puede realizar una escritura y arte libre ejemplificado en el género de la carta o epístola, el e-mail y la videocarta. Se muestran diversos casos y sus antecedentes, analizando sus características más relevantes y la época que se desarrollan. En el caso de las cartas y los e-mails, queda ejemplificado en una novela que rompe todas las estructuras establecidas por este género a lo largo del siglo XIX y XX. En el caso de la videocartas, los ejemplos corresponden a periodos históricos como el del cine clásico, de la modernidad y el cine contemporáneo. Analizando además la ruptura del sistema disciplinar de las artes por un nuevo interdisciplinar, favorecido por la tecnología digital, la era de internet y el conocimiento libre.
Nola irudikapena hala errepresentazioa
Authors: Otalora Landa Olatz , Vegas Moreno Natalia
Published: September 2022

Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoaren Hezkuntza Sailak laster aurkeztuko duen curriculumaren birformulazio eta eguneratzeak artearen hezkuntzari buruz zer esateko duen ikusteko zain, eta artearen jakintzaren inguruan idatzi eta esateak berezkoa duen zailtasunetik abiatuta, egun indarrean dagoen Heziberri 2020 berriztapen planak (2016) proposatzen duen Arterako konpetentzia definitzen duen testua aztertuko dugu. Helburua artearen praktikan eta komunikazio-sistema batean esanahia eraikitzeko prozesuen bereizketa egitea izango da, arteari buruz zer esateak eta nola idazteak artearen ezagutzan dituen ondorioetan sakonduz. Horretarako, Aitor Izagirre artista eta filosofia irakaslearen Artea eta hizkuntza: Analogia desegokia artikuluak (Gogoa, 2008) proposatzen duen esana eta esanahiaren arteko dikotomia arestian egindako bi ikerketen ondorioekin osatuko dugu, artearen jakintzaren eta hizkuntza-sistemen erabateko bereizketa aldarrikatuz. Finean, artea praktika komunikatiboaren esparrutik ateratzen saiatuko den hezkuntza-proiektu berri baten beharra azalduko dugu, komunitate akademikoari eta artearen esparruko ekoizleei EAEko Hezkuntza Sailak orain arte proposatu duen ikuspegiaren berrikusketa sustatzeko asmoz, idazkerarako lexiko berriak imajinatuz.
¿Qué posición ocupa la escritura en el campo artístico?
Authors: García Rodríguez Jessie
Published: September 2022

¿Existe en el ámbito del arte contemporáneo un lugar para la escritura? Desde este artículo nos planteamos repensar el papel de la escritura dentro del campo artístico. Buscamos entender así mismo la escritura como una práctica más dentro del sistema del arte y no como mera herramienta. Para ello, se procede, por una parte, a reflexionar en torno a la escritura en sí misma, y por otro lado, a una revisión por artistas y autores cuya práctica se inscribe en éste área que surge con la hibridación de ambos campos (de manera tanto práctica como teórica), para desmitificar las ideas preconcebidas en torno a la postura de la escritura dentro de la práctica artística. Adoptando esta nueva forma de comprender la escritura y las relaciones que surgen en el acto de escribir, intentamos atraer ese campo desplazado al sistema académico de la enseñanza artística, para que se ofrezca y se genere así una educación más multi e interdisciplinar.
Apám nehéz álmot ígér? – A társas-érzelmi vagyon prioritásainak változása a generációváltó családi vállalkozásokban = In the name of the father: the role the role of changing socio-emotional wealth priorities in hungarian family businesses under succession
Authors: Mosolygó-Kiss Ágnes , Heidrich Balázs , Chandler Nicholas
Published: September 2022

A társas-érzelmi vagyon (röviden: TÉV) kitüntetett szerepet élvez a családi vállalkozási elméletek között, köszönhetően a családi vállalkozásokat a nem családiaktól megkülönböztető szerepének. A társas-érzelmi vagyon koncepciója 2007 óta széles körben használt a családi vállalkozások sajátosságainak magyarázatára, miközben a nemzetközi tudományos közösségben az elméletet kritizáló hangok is erősödtek. A tanulmány célja egy friss, magyar nyelvű szakirodalmi áttekintést adni a társas-érzelmi vagyonról, fókuszáltan a TÉV prioritásainak változásáról a többgenerációs családi vállalkozásokban, mely méltatlanul elhanyagolt kutatási terület, figyelembe véve a családi vállalkozások dinasztikus aspirációt és a családi kontroll megőrzésére gyakorolt következményeket. A szerzők az eredményeik ismertetését követően propozíciókat és jövőbeni kutatási irányokat fogalmaznak meg.
Prospecção de águas subterrâneas em Morfoestruturas Anelares que controlam os Sistemas Aquíferos da Bacia do Paraná, no Rio Grande do Sul (RS)
Authors: Lisboa Nelson Amoretti , Dani Norberto , Reginato Pedro Antonio Roehe
Published: September 2022

A interpretação visual de pares estereoscópicos obtidos a partir da imagem Google Earth Pro, em diferentes escalas, propiciou o reconhecimento de diversas morfoestruturas anelares na Bacia do Paraná, no Rio Grande do Sul cuja geometria é essencial para a locação de sítios favoráveis à captação de água subterrânea. O estudo efetuado resultou no reconhecimento de cinco megadomos e sete morfoestrutuas anelares com diâmetros entre 10 e 20km. Estas morfoestruturas foram analisadas em função de padrões de drenagem e mapeamento de “dipslopes”, visando a identificação de sítios positivos ou negativos para a acumulação de água subterrânea. A metodologia foi testada através de dados de poços localizados em três morfoestruturas (duas localizadas na região de Quaraí, uma na região de Muitos Capões) para validação da metodologia proposta. Os resultados encontrados indicaram que em domos e antiformes, o centro da estrutura e suas proximidades são negativos para a captação de água subterrânea, enquanto que em bacias e sinclinais o centro e proximidades da estrutura são sítios positivos. Também as bordas das morfoestruturas com padrão de drenagem anelar, tanto domos como bacias, delimitadas por padrão de drenagem anelar, consistem em sítios positivos.
Seguridad alimentaria y nutricional en México durante la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2: Revisión sistemática
Authors: Cuatlayo Meza Elisa , Luna Lopez Paola , Enriquez-Martinez Oscar Geovany , Villaseñor Lopez Karen , De Abreu Quintela Castro Fernanda Cristina , Silva Pereira Taísa Sabrina
Published: September 2022

Introducción: La seguridad alimentaria y nutricional de los individuos se vio afectada, debido a la pandemia por el coronavirus (COVID-19). El incremento de la inseguridad alimentaria limita a los individuos a tener una calidad de vida plena y digna. Objetivo: Evaluar el acceso y disponibilidad de la seguridad alimentaria en la población mexicana afectada por la pandemia de COVID-19 en México mediante una revisión de literatura.
Metodología: Revisión de literatura en bases de datos como: PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scielo, FAO, ONU, ENSANUT, Salud Pública de México y CONACYT. La búsqueda de información se realizó de noviembre de 2021 a mayo de 2022, se consideraron artículos publicados a partir de marzo de 2020 y en relación con el periodo de contingencia sanitaria. Para la búsqueda se empleó una ecuación de búsqueda y, además, se aplicó la evaluación metodológica de Munns y cols. Fueron incluidos artículos en idioma español e inglés, con contenido referente a México.
Resultados: Se identificaron 274 artículos en bases de datos, a partir de los criterios de elegibilidad se contemplaron encuestas y/o artículos sobre nutrición, seguridad alimentaria y estilo vida durante la pandemia en México. Se excluyeron artículos por tener otro diseño de estudio (2), título (100), resumen (82), información no relevante (54) y (9) por texto completo, debido a que no cumplían con las características propuestas. Finalmente se seleccionaron 10 artículos para la revisión de literatura. Con esto, los datos mostraron que la pandemia por COVID-19 provocó diversas afectaciones en el territorio mexicano, esto se evidenció tras un incremento de la inseguridad alimentaria y cambios en el estilo de vida.
Conclusiones:  La seguridad alimentaria y nutrición de los individuos se vieron afectados en la población mexicana, debido a cuestiones económicas, cambios en los patrones alimentarios, además de pérdidas de empleo y pérdidas de ingresos.
Historical Reindeer Corrals as Portraits of Human-Nature Relationships in Northern Finland
Authors: Stark Sari , Manninen Outi H. , Ilmolahti Oona , Lähteenmäki Maria
Published: September 2022

Reindeer herding has been practised in northern boreal and subarctic regions of Fennoscandia for several centuries. The gathering and separation of reindeer for slaughter and calf marking are significant and cyclical activities of reindeer herding that are commonly carried out in reindeer corrals composed of circular-shaped fences of wood or stone construction leading into the corral. Using archaeological databases, we mapped historical reindeer corrals in northern Finland dating from the late 1800s to the 1960s for the entire reindeer herding area and characterized the legacies of their past use on present-day vegetation in Peräpohjola. In total, 94 corrals were located. Reindeer separations created a niche for novel plant communities with increasing graminoids in relation to dwarf shrubs and formation of a dense birch grove. Corrals have also preserved old rare trees left standing inside the corral to provide shelter for reindeer. The positioning of the corrals in the landscape was usually planned in a way that utilized man-made constructions and natural barriers, such as peatlands, and the typical behaviour of the reindeer in combination with both. When the wooden constructions had collapsed and decomposed, only the different vegetation indicates their past existence.
Behaviors of High Arctic Wolves in Response to Humans
Authors: Marquard-Petersen Ulf
Published: September 2022

This paper reports results of the first range-wide study of the behaviors of free-living wolves in the High Arctic in response to human presence and discusses these behaviors from a conservation perspective. The study focused on wolves believed to have had little, if any, contact with humans and excluded data from areas where wolves have become habituated to people. Data consisted of incidental sightings of wolves on the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and in Greenland from 1819 to 2019. A total of 325 behavioral observations were identified: 163 from Greenland and 162 from Canada. The most commonly reported behaviors (71.4%) involved wolves seeking out humans: coming to campsites, following traveling dog teams, closely approaching a person, and following people. These behaviors are not typical of canids in lower latitudes and have the potential to create conflicts with people who might feel threatened owing to the centuries-old belief that wolves are dangerous. Some Arctic wolves have been shot in perceived self-defense, when in all likelihood the animals were only curious. In addition, aggression directed towards domestic dogs was the most common form of wolf-dog interaction and produced another source of conflict. The findings are important from a conservation perspective because of the small wolf population and the fact that vanishing sea ice is increasing human access to the Arctic wolf range. Appropriate and humanely used hazing techniques and outreach to stakeholders on what constitutes normal Arctic wolf behavior can mitigate the risk of conflict and contribute to the conservation of Arctic wolves on the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and in Greenland, while minimizing the risk that the natural behavior of this subspecies is altered by increased human activity.
Valoración de docentes multigrado sobre un marco que orienta el diseño de unidades STEM integradas
Authors: Jiménez-Villarroel Rodrigo , Medina-Paredes Jhonny , Castro-Inostroza Angela , Chávez-Herting David , Castrelo-Silva Nicole
Published: September 2022

El diseño de unidades STEM integradas en contextos escolares tradicionales ha sido ampliamente investigado. Sin embargo, no se ha explorado cómo elaborar este tipo de propuestas en contextos multigrado. Este estudio tiene como objetivo determinar la valoración de un grupo de docentes sobre la pertinencia y viabilidad de un marco que orienta el diseño de unidades STEM integradas en contextos multigrado. Además, se exploraron sus percepciones sobre la educación STEM y su implementación en estos contextos. Utilizando un diseño de investigación evaluativa con modalidad participativa en el contexto de un curso de desarrollo profesional en STEM, se implementaron grupos focales a lo largo de las sesiones, y se elaboró y aplicó un cuestionario al final del desarrollo profesional. Los hallazgos sugieren que el marco analizado es relevante y factible, pero se podrían integrar mejor algunas etapas. El profesorado está abierto a aprender para implementar este tipo de educación, la cual ve como una oportunidad para contextualizar e integrar conocimientos. Aun así, informan que necesitan un apoyo más constante y duradero para aplicarlo en sus aulas.
Mapas de información colaborativa para la delimitación de predios, bicirrutas y sitios turísticos en Tunja, Boyacá
Authors: Romero-Hernández Wilmer-Andrés , González-Sanabria Juan-Sebastián , Güiza-Pinzón Fabián-David
Published: September 2022

Las nuevas tecnologías y los avances tecnológicos han contribuido a una mayor interacción con plataformas como el crowdmapping, que permiten a las personas u organizaciones tener un flujo informativo con el cual pueden realizar aportes a través de mapas colaborativos. Con el fin de conocer sus aplicaciones y usos, se realizó una revisión sistemática de la aplicación e importancia del crowdmapping y su contribución en la creación de mapas en diferentes sectores o áreas en la sociedad. A partir de esta revisión se determinó la utilidad y eficiencia de este tipo de mapeo en la delimitación de predios y bicirrutas, así como en la geolocalización de los sitios turísticos en Tunja (Boyacá, Colombia), con el fin de que cualquier persona que accediera a los mapas pudiera participar, apropiarse de la información y aportar según su interés. Dicha implementación muestra un aporte para que las personas conozcan y puedan guiar y brindar información relevante tanto a ciudadanos como a turistas sobre las diferentes rutas para biciusuarios o lugares turísticos de la cuidad. En estos casos, dicha información es proporcionada por personas que han vivido la experiencia y desean compartirla, creando así mapas colaborativos en tiempo real. Ante dichos mapas, es importante validar toda la información en aras de que esta sea completamente real y este tipo de plataformas genere confianza para su posterior implementación en otros proyectos con objetivo social.
Good Corporate Governance dan Kurang Efektifnya Direktur Independen di Indonesia
Authors: Khameswary Indria Kinasih
Published: September 2022

Isu corporate governance menjadi perhatian para pengamat ekonomi setelah terjadinya krisis ekonomi yang melanda Indonesia, yang salah satu penyebabnya adalah kondisi dunia usaha di Indonesia tidak mendukung terciptanya iklim perekonomian yang baik. Penyebab krisis ekonomi di negara-negara Asia, termasuk Indonesia, adalah mekanisme pengawasan dewan komisaris/direksi (board of director) perusahaan tak berfungsi efektif dalam melindungi kepentingan pemegang saham. Selain krisis ekonomi, skandal-skandal perusahaan publik juga mendorong meningkatnya kesadaran para ekonom akan pentingnya penerapan good corporate governance. Kondisi tersebut seolah mengatakan bahwa struktur perusahaan yang polos, yang terdiri dari dewan direksi dan dewan komisaris tanpa disertai adanya direktur dan komisaris yang independen. Board (dewan direksi dan dewan komisaris) memang berperan sentral dalam good corporate governance. Kerangka good corporate governance tergantung hukum, peraturan, lingkungan institusi dan etika komunitas. Untuk mencegah terulangnya kembali krisis ekonomi yang disebabkan oleh gelombang skandal perusahaan, pengadopsian prinsip-prinsip good corporate governance sekaligus penerapannya di suatu negara menjadi sesuatu yang sangat penting. Salah satu unsur kelembagaan dalam konsep good corporate governance yang diharapkan mampu memberikan kontribusi tinggi dalam level penerapannya adalah direktur independen dan juga komisaris independen.
The Duty of Care and Business Judgment Rule in Austrian Company Law
Authors: Winner Martin
Published: September 2022

The duty of care is a core instrument to incentivise managers to act diligently and in the best interest of the company. The following article highlights some key points under Austrian law and puts special emphasis on the business judgment rule, which aims to limit the liability risk of board members arising from the problem of judicial hindsight bias.
Newton e os Dinossauros: uma proposta de aplicação da paleontologia no ensino das Leis de Newton
Authors: Freitas Calheiros Lucas , Figueiredo Maia Ana
Published: September 2022

O entendimento mais atual de ensino exige que ele seja feito de forma interdisciplinar, para uma melhor compreensão da natureza e os seus fenômenos. Apoiado nisso, este trabalho apresenta um material didático em formato audiovisual que permite trabalhar conteúdos de Física de forma interdisciplinar usando a Paleontologia, que é uma das especialidades da Biologia. Foram elaboradas e publicadas 5 videoaulas, agrupadas em uma lista de reprodução intitulada “Newton e os Dinossauros”. Nas videoaulas, são apresentadas informações sobre a biomecânica e o comportamento do combate de dinossauros, e, a partir destas situações, são apresentadas as Leis de Newton.
Aprendizagem interdisciplinar da Astronomia e da Física por meio da bandeira brasileira: considerando habilidades e competências da BNCC
Authors: Ferreira Santos Edigênia , Scarano Jr Sergio
Published: September 2022

Relatamos neste trabalho a aplicação de componentes curriculares centrados interdisciplinarmente na aprendizagem da Astronomia e da Física por meio da bandeira brasileira no contexto da participação dos alunos do segundo ano do ensino médio do Colégio Estadual Presidente Juscelino Kubistchek em Sergipe, envolvidos na maior Feira de Ciências da região: a CIENART. Durante a atividade foram contempladas unidades temáticas, objetos de conhecimento, habilidades e competências nas áreas Artes, História, Matemática, Ciências, Geografia e Filosofia além Física e Astronomia conforme os preceitos da Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BNCC). Todos os envolvidos tiveram que aprender a articular e multiplicar as aprendizagens decorrentes não apenas no evento, mas no ambiente escolar, de modo a incluir todos que não puderam participar diretamente da feira de ciências.
Neuroprotective effects of crocin and crocin-loaded niosomes against the paraquat-induced oxidative brain damage in rats
Authors: Daneshvar Afsoon , Jouzdani Ali Fathi , Firozian Farzin , Asl Sara Soleimani , Mohammadi Mojdeh , Ranjbar Akram
Published: September 2022

Paraquat (PQ) is a nonselective herbicide that induces oxidative reactions and multiple-organ failure on exposure. Crocin, a carotenoid obtained from saffron, has demonstrated many therapeutic effects against neural conditions because of its antioxidant properties. In this study, 30 male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups to evaluate the protective effects of crocin and crocin-loaded niosomes (NC) against PQ in the brain. The levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), lipid peroxidation (LPO), total thiol groups (TTG), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activity were measured as the markers of redox status. Histopathological changes in the CA1 region of the hippocampus were evaluated by cresyl violet staining. Results indicated that both crocin and NC were able to attenuate the adverse effects of PQ at the histopathological level, which was following the changes in LPO (P < 0.0001), TAC (P < 0.01), and TTG (P < 0.05) level. The activity of CAT (P < 0.01) and SOD (P < 0.01) could be restored either by crocin or NC. Also, results indicated that nanoformulation of crocin in niosomes appears to be more promising. In conclusion, both crocin and NC showed favourable effects of PQ in the brain of rats, and were determined to be excellent agents to prevent acute toxicities of PQ. Furthermore, these two compounds can be known to provide neuroprotection.
Role of cerebellar cortex in associative learning and memory in guinea pigs
Authors: Li Rui , Li Qi , Chu Xiaolei , Li Lan , Li Xiaoyi , Li Juan , Yang Zhen , Xu Mingjing , Luo Changlu , Zhang Kui
Published: September 2022

Time-related cognitive function refers to the capacity of the brain to store, extract, and process specific information. Previous studies demonstrated that the cerebellar cortex participates in advanced cognitive functions, but the role of the cerebellar cortex in cognitive functions is unclear. We established a behavioral model using classical eyeblink conditioning to study the role of the cerebellar cortex in associative learning and memory and the underlying mechanisms. We performed an investigation to determine whether eyeblink conditioning could be established by placing the stimulating electrode in the middle cerebellar peduncle. Behavior training was performed using a microcurrent pulse as a conditioned stimulus to stimulate the middle cerebellar peduncle and corneal blow as an unconditioned stimulus. After 10 consecutive days of training, a conditioned response was successfully achieved in the Delay, Trace-200-ms, and Trace-300-ms groups of guinea pigs, with acquisition rates of >60%, but the Trace-400-ms and control groups did not achieve a conditioned stimulus-related blink conditioned response. It could be a good model for studying the function of the cerebellum during the establishment of eyeblink conditioning.
Optical bone densitometry insensitive to skin thickness
Authors: Miura Kaname , Khantachawana Anak , Wakamori Tsuyoshi , Matsubara Hidenori , Tanaka Shigeo M.
Published: September 2022

Skin thickness, including the adipose layer, which varies from individual to individual, affects the bone density measurement using light. In this study, we proposed a method to measure skin thickness using light and to correct the bias caused by differences in skin thickness and verified the proposed method by experiments using a phantom. We measured simulated skin of different thicknesses and bovine trabecular bone of different bone mineral densities (BMDs) using an optical system consisting of lasers of 850 and 515 nm wavelengths, lenses, and slits. Although the slope of the light intensity distribution formed on the surface of the material when irradiated by the 850 nm laser is affected by the thickness of the skin phantom. The difference of the intensity distribution peaks (δy) between the 850 and 515 nm lasers was strongly correlated with the thickness of the skin phantom. The coefficient of determination between the measurements and the BMD was improved by correcting the 850 nm laser measurements with δy. This result suggests that the method is applicable to optical bone densitometry, which is insensitive to differences in skin thickness.
Effect of plasma treatment on the surface characteristics and adhesive penetration performance of heat-treated wood
Authors: Huang Yaqian , Wang Junfeng , Zhan Xianxu , Mei Changtong , Li Wanzhao , Deng Yuhe , Wang Xinzhou
Published: September 2022

The present study used an atmospheric dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma treatment to modify the interfacial properties of heat-treated wood (HTW). The changes in the wood surface characteristics, such as the microstructure, chemical structure, and wettability, were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Further, the fluorescent tracer technique was used to analyze the effect of plasma treatment on the adhesive penetration inwood. Results showed that the wettability of water and phenol-formaldehyde adhesives on the surface of HTW significantly improved after plasma treatment due to the increase in the hydrophilic and oxygen-containing functional groups. The average penetration (AP) and effective penetration (EP) of the phenolic adhesive into HTW also increased significantly after plasma treatment; the AP value of the E-E (earlywood bound to earlywood) HTW samples increased from 909 to 1674 μm, and the EP value from 60 to 183 μm upon plasma treatment. These observations indicate that the DBD plasma treatment is a promising method to improve the bonding properties of the glued HTW products.
Finding the right balance: student perceptions of using virtual simulation as a community placement
Authors: Wik Victoria , Barfield Samuel , Cornwall Morgan , Lajoie Rachel
Published: September 2022

Objectives

Finding appropriate community clinical placements has been challenging in recent years, most especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. During the 2020-2021 semesters, a university in the province of Alberta, Canada chose to use the community health virtual simulation program, Sentinel City®3.1, to provide clinical placements for three groups of undergraduate students. This expository paper, co-authored by students and faculty, sought to further explore how virtual simulation can be used to best support student learning by identifying practices that students find most helpful.

Method

Jeffries’ (2005) simulation framework was used to guide a quality improvement analysis which explored feedback received from 16 students regarding the use of Sentinel City®3.1 as a clinical placement, with additional contributions from the student co-authors.

Results

Students felt Sentinel City®3.1 was an effective tool to learn community and population health concepts, however, all students indicated that they would have preferred more opportunities to work with real communities.

Conclusion

Virtual simulation programs like Sentinel City®3.1 might be best as a learning supplement rather than as students’ sole clinical placement experience.
The Political Economy of Bilateral Lending from Emerging Creditors
Authors: Morgan Pippa
Published: September 2022

A paucity of data has thus far made systematic comparative analysis of emerging bilateral creditors a major challenge. In this study I take advantage of new World Bank data on the sovereign creditors of low- and middle-income countries to map the distribution of lending from the key emerging bilateral official creditors during the 21st century, focusing on the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India, and China). I then statistically analyze the political and economic factors that drive BRICs’ lending and investigate whether their motivations and terms are different from each other and from “traditional” creditors. The results suggest that concerns about the BRICs using bilateral credit as a foreign policy tool may be overblown. Instead, BRICs official loan commitments are driven by their trading ties with borrowers, and are complements to rather than substitutes for traditional lenders. However, the results also show that countries which borrow proportionately more from the BRICs face significantly less concessional terms on their official external debts compared to borrowing from traditional OECD lenders. Given the growing importance of emerging bilateral creditors, systematic comparative understanding of their motives and behavior has substantial policy relevance, in particular amid COVID-19 induced economic distress across much of the developing world.
Assessing the vibration response of foundation embedment in gypseous soil
Authors: Hussein Mazin Ali , Zedan Adnan Jayed , Al-Obaydi Moataz A.
Published: September 2022

One of the most critical engineering problems that occur in the foundations of machines resting on soil is the problem of the transmission of vibration from the machine to the foundation and then to the soil. This leads to increased stresses on the soil layers and increased settlement as well. In this article, an experimental model of the foundation of a rotary machine foundation located on gypseous sandy soil (36% gypsum content) has been studied. The weight of the machine model with the foundation was 26 kPa subjected to 10 Hz frequency. The study comprises investigating the effect of embedment depth on the behavior of the rotary machine foundation. The results indicated that resting the foundation on the surface of the soil leads to an increase in the amplitude displacement and the pressure in the region under the foundation. The increased embedment of the foundation to half the thickness of the foundation (0.5H) leads to a reduction in the displacement of the foundation. The amplitude displacement values remained within the permissible limits, while the settlement decreased about 37%. The increased embedment of the foundation to 1.0H gives more stability to the foundation, and increases the pressure in the soil layers, while the settlement decreases about 50%.
A Note on Law and Economics of Legal Deposit Systems
Authors: Shiozaki Ryo
Published: September 2022

How can documentary heritage institutions protect the rights of publishers and creators while archiving their digital works for future generations? Is such an intervention of collecting, archiving and making available digital work justifiable and, if so, why? A legal deposit system is implemented in most national libraries to balance protecting rights holders and guaranteeing public interest. However, the expansion of collection coverage such as e-books and social media content has resulted in legal and ethical conflicts. Legal and economic approaches can convert legal conflicts into analysable trade-off phenomena. Therefore, we explore whether and to what extent economic reasoning applies to the legislative process. This is primarily for electronic legal deposit systems, specifically focusing on copyright and privacy issues. For copyright, legal deposits serve a public domain function and a correction function for market failures. Preserving the function of legal deposits can mitigate legal and ethical risks over time. However, such risks remain, as long as privacy is subjective and contextual. Even if documentary heritage institutions are granted legislative authority to collect digital work mandatorily, they must pursue other methods to minimise such risks. This suggests that collection coverage diversifies between countries and regions.
A duality of belief in conspiracy theories amplification: how active communicative actions work differently by trust in the Trump and Biden administrations
Authors: Lee Hyelim , Andreu Perez Loarre , Kim Jeong-Nam
Published: September 2022

Purpose

The digital setting empowers users to actively engage in communicative actions. The problem is that this active communication can increase misjudgment in determining the facts around social issues. When this communication is integrated with partisan biases, the effects can be particularly detrimental. Our study tested whether active communication actions regarding social issues and different trust levels toward presidential administrations (Trump vs. Biden) would increase belief in conspiracy theories.

Design/methodology/approach

To examine this, the study used online survey datasets (Amazon Mechanical Turk,N = 1355) collected during July and August 2021 concerning three political issues: the Afghanistan issue, the Black Lives Matter issue, and the Voter Fraud issue.

Findings

The findings show that among participants with more active communication actions, the higher Trump government trust is and the lower Biden government trust is, the more belief in conspiracy theories increases. Interestingly, interaction effects of trust in government and active communicative actions were found among both Trump and Biden supporters.

Practical/Social Implications

Combined with preexisting efforts to tackle misinformation online, there are extensive efforts underway to educate laypeople about the dangers of misinformation. People must understand that any person could fall into belief in conspiracy theories if they do not carefully diagnose their information behaviors.

Originality/Value

Our study can increase knowledge about people’s situational belief in conspiracy theories based on their political stance. The study can support future research, promoting a deeper understanding of belief in conspiracy theories.
Constructing future parental suitability: prospective adoptive parents’ communicative strategies in adoption assessment interviews
Authors: Wirzén Madeleine
Published: September 2022

This study examines how Swedish prospective adoptive parents display parental suitability in assessment interviews with social workers. In adoption assessment interviews, applicants are invited, through question-and-answer sequences, to present their knowledge about adoption-related issues and demonstrate their suitability as future adoptive parents. Adoption applicants are also faced with social workers’ attempts to prepare them for future parenthood with advice and guidance. In this high-stakes interaction, however, guidance might indicate the applicants’ lack of central knowledge or insights, which can have potential face-threatening consequences. The data consist of 36 hours of audio recorded assessment interviews. Using interaction analytical methods, the analysis shows how adoption applicants engage in the multi-layered task of managing social workers’ guidance while also demonstrating parental suitability. Adoption applicants are found to take on the perspectives presented by social workers, and simultaneously to maintain their own standpoint, using a two-step procedure: (i) they eagerly claim their knowledge and align with the social worker, and (ii) they demonstrate their adoption-specific knowledge or personal characteristics that support the presentation of their parental suitability. The findings provide insights into the practice of assessing prospective adoptive parents and contribute to the understanding of how applicants establish their self-presentations as suitable future parents while adjusting to institutional requirements in situ.
Modernising the village
Authors: Kunkel Sarah
Published: September 2022

This article analyses the development of state-controlled farms in Ghana in the 1960s. To boost the economy of the new nation, Nkrumah focused on agricultural development for the export and domestic markets to increase national revenue but also availability of affordable foodstuffs through state farms and co-operative farms. These farms became rural sites of modernisation, as modern and mechanised agricultural farming methods were implemented. Farm machinery and vehicles were visible and tangible signs of progress and modernity. This in combination with the unprecedented employment opportunities on state-controlled farms created support for Nkrumah in rural areas, thereby fostering state-society relations. The article is specifically interested in state-led post-independence agricultural modernisation, and contributes a rural perspective on processes of decolonisation, rural nation-building, and the transition to socialism.
The Tail of the Mouse Striatum Contains a Novel Large Type of GABAergic Neuron Incorporated in a Unique Disinhibitory Pathway That Relays Auditory Signals to Subcortical Nuclei
Authors: Ogata Shigeru , Miyamoto Yuta , Shigematsu Naoki , Esumi Shigeyuki , Fukuda Takaichi
Published: September 2022

The most caudal part of the striatum in rodents, the tail of the striatum (TS), has many features that distinguish it from the rostral striatum, such as its biased distributions of dopamine receptor subtypes, lack of striosomes and matrix compartmentalization, and involvement in sound-driven behaviors. However, information regarding the TS is still limited. We demonstrate in this article that the TS of the male mouse contains GABAergic neurons of a novel type that were detected immunohistochemically with the neurofilament marker SMI-32. Their somata were larger than cholinergic giant aspiny neurons, were located in a narrow space adjacent to the globus pallidus (GP), and extended long dendrites laterally toward the intermediate division (ID) of the trilaminar part of the TS, the region targeted by axons from the primary auditory cortex (A1). Although vesicular glutamate transporter 1-positive cortical axon terminals rarely contacted these TS large (TSL) neurons, glutamic acid decarboxylase-immunoreactive and enkephalin-immunoreactive boutons densely covered somata and dendrites of TSL neurons, forming symmetrical synapses. Analyses of GAD67-CrePR knock-in mice revealed that these axonal boutons originated from nearby medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the ID. All MSNs examined in the ID in turn received inputs from the A1. Retrograde tracers injected into the rostral zona incerta and ventral medial nucleus of the thalamus labeled somata of TSL neurons. TSL neurons share many morphological features with GP neurons, but their strategically located dendrites receive inputs from closely located MSNs in the ID, suggesting faster responses than distant GP neurons to facilitate auditory-evoked, prompt disinhibition in their targets.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThis study describes a newly found population of neurons in the mouse striatum, the brain region responsible for appropriate behaviors. They are large GABAergic neurons located in the most caudal part of the striatum [tail of the striatum (TS)]. These TS large (TSL) neurons extended dendrites toward a particular region of the TS where axons from the primary auditory cortex (A1) terminated. These dendrites received direct synaptic inputs heavily from nearby GABAergic neurons of the striatum that in turn received inputs from the A1. TSL neurons sent axons to two subcortical regions outside basal ganglia, one of which is related to arousal. Specialized connectivity of TSL neurons suggests prompt disinhibitory actions on their targets to facilitate sound-evoked characteristic behaviors.
Project Earth and Art’s Exposability
Authors: Steeds Lucy
Published: September 2022

Seeking salvage from the wreckages of colonialism and capitalism, this essay offers a transcultural historiography for art that also seeks to be useful for art practices in the present. While drawing on the writing of Walter Benjamin, Denise Ferreira da Silva, and Anna Tsing, among others, it centers on Projeto Terra, an initiative by Juraci Dórea in the rural northeast of Brazil, started in the 1980s and exhibited in the art biennials of São Paulo (1987), Venice (1988), and Havana (1989). The point is not to narrate Projeto Terra into any canon but to demonstrate how studying it might anchor a heuristic articulated as art’s exposability. This heuristic attends to art’s shaping—and being shaped by—a particular durational field; foregrounding art’s capacity to expose, while being exposed. Prompted by the public outings of Projeto Terra and using writing experiments to connect different times and places, the essay reflects on the cultural use and worldwide trade of wood, leather, and beef—highlighting some of the intricacies by which the lives and deaths of humans, trees, and cows are imbricated.
Chemical composition of Dalbergia tonkinensis heartwood extracts and comparison with Dalbergia odorifera
Authors: Wei Zhongmian , Luo Jia , Ma Ruoke , Fu Yunlin
Published: September 2022

Dalbergia tonkinensis is very similar to Dalbergia odorifera in material, texture, and other macroscopic characteristics, and a comparison of the commonalities and differences in the chemical composition of the extractives may help to distinguish the two. However, the chemical composition of Dalbergia tonkinensis heartwood is unknown. The total flavonoid content of Dalbergia tonkinensis heartwood was determined to range between 49.67 to 101.95 mg, which indicated that Dalbergia tonkinensis is as equally rich in flavonoids as Dalbergia odorifera. Thirty-one flavonoids were identified via ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in Dalbergia tonkinensis. Among them, the contents of 15 medicinal active flavonoids with were determined, and the liquiritigenin, naringenin, formononetin, pinocembrin, and biochanin A contents were found to be high. The 12 volatile compositions of Dalbergia tonkinensis heartwood identified via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were very similar to those of Dalbergia odorifera and were dominated by trans-nerolidol, caryophyllene oxide, and eudesmol. The relationship between the chemical composition of Dalbergia tonkinensis and Dalbergia odorifera heartwood extracts was determined via a principal component analysis, and the results indicated that there was no significant difference in chemical composition between the two. This suggested that Dalbergia tonkinensis could be used as a potential substitute for Dalbergia odorifera.
Перспективи виробництва альтернативного автомобільного палива в Україні
Authors: Жук Геннадій Віліорович
Published: September 2022

У доповіді зазначено, що однією з нагальних проблем, які постали сьогодні перед Україною і потребують термінового вирішення, є зменшення імпортозалежності нашої держави в паливній галузі. Установи НАН України мають значний науковий потенціал і накопичили багаторічний досвід з розвитку та впровадження новітніх технологій виробництва, переробки й ефективного використання альтернативних автомобільних палив — біометану, біодизелю, синтетичного моторного палива, а також водню.
Ідея українського культурного європеїзму в повоєнну добу
Authors: Василенко Вадим Сергійович
Published: September 2022

У статті здійснено хронологічний зріз історії ідеї європеїзму як складової української культурної та історичної свідомості, зокрема висвітлено основні моменти і специфіку її функціонування в працях українських інтелектуалів кінця 1940-х років. Розглянуто проблему історичних основ українського європеїзму в статтях Бориса Крупницького, його геополітичну візію України між Заходом і Сходом. Приділено увагу питанню європейської ідентичності української культури в есеїстиці Юрія Шереха (Шевельова), його спробі ревізії концепції історії Арнольда Тойнбі та ідеї «азіатського ренесансу» Миколи Хвильового. Розкрито погляди Юрія Косача на культурні процеси європейського повоєння, зокрема його спроби аналізу концепції Освальда Шпенглера про «присмерк культур» і «атлантійської концепції» Андре Мальро.