bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Normalizing Intersex: The Transformative Power of Stories
Authors: Davis Georgiann
Published: August 2015

The voices of 13 people with intersex traits are shared in this symposium to shape dominant medical discourse about intersex bodies and experiences. Four commentaries on these narratives by experts from various disciplines are included in this issue, with each raising questions that hopefully enhance rather than regulate the voices of people with intersex traits.
Military Health Care Dilemmas and Genetic Discrimination: A Family’s Experience with Whole Exome Sequencing
Authors: Helm Benjamin M. , Langley Katherine , Spangler Brooke B. , Schrier Vergano Samantha A.
Published: August 2015

Whole–exome sequencing (WES) has increased our ability to analyze large parts of the human genome, bringing with it a plethora of ethical, legal, and social implications. A topic dominating discussion of WES is identification of “secondary findings” (SFs), defined as the identification of risk in an asymptomatic individual unrelated to the indication for the test. SFs can have considerable psychosocial impact on patients and families, and patients with an SF may have concerns regarding genomic privacy and genetic discrimination. The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (GINA) currently excludes protections for members of the military. This may cause concern in military members and families regarding genetic discrimination when considering genetic testing. In this report, we discuss a case involving a patient and family in which a secondary finding was discovered by WES. The family members have careers in the U.S. military, and a risk–predisposing condition could negatively affect employment. While beneficial medical management changes were made, the information placed exceptional stress on the family, who were forced to navigate career–sensitive “extra–medical” issues, to consider the impacts of uncovering risk–predisposition, and to manage the privacy of their genetic information. We highlight how information obtained from WES may collide with these issues and emphasize the importance of genetic counseling for anyone undergoing WES.
Pigskin Power Region: Dominance of Southern Collegiate Football
Authors: Morgan Larry Joe , Klimasewski Ted
Published: August 2015

La importancia cultural del fútbol universitario no es en ningún lugar más evidente que en el sur de los Estados Unidos donde el fútbol adquiere las características de una religión civil en el sentido de Rousseau (1762), como cemento social o un medio de organizar el estado. La enormidad del fútbol universitario revela una expresión ritual de orgullo sureño y patriotismo elaborada a través de las victorias contra equipos de fútbol universitarios en el escenario nacional del deporte. El propósito de este estudio es mostrar el poder del fútbol sureño y retratar su dominio geográfico a través de un índice de dominancia (IOD). El IOD identifica la Southeastern Conference (SEC) y su poderoso grupo de equipos como el programa más fuerte en porcentaje de triunfos y en porcentaje de margen de victoria. Las otras conferencias del Bowl Championship Series figuran por debajo de la SEC. El cálculo del IOD ayuda a delinear una región de Pigskin Power compuesta por el corazón de Dixie y Luisiana.
Neglected Yards and Community Landscaping
Authors: Krishnaswami Rebecca Johns , Merton Elizabeth
Published: August 2015

El debate entre académicos y paisajistas profesionales sobre los problemas relacionados con los jardines residenciales en los Estados Unidos se ha centrado casi por completo en el impacto ecológico del jardín americano. Aunque el uso de productos químicos y agua en los jardines residenciales es un asunto serio, este estudio piloto explora la hipótesis de que los jardines descuidados component la mayoría del área de una ciudad típica del sur y por lo tanto, presentan sus propios problemas ecológicos. Un sondeo fotográfico de 28 vecindades de San Petersburgo, Florida, que abarca más del 60 percent del área total de la ciudad, permite un análisis del peso relativo de jardines de cuidado intensivo comparado con jardines moderada o gravemente desatendidos, paisajes mixtos y jardines xeriscape. Los jardines de cuidado intensivo forman, de hecho, sólo un pequeño porcentaje de los jardines en la muestra, en la que los jardines xeriscape representan una proporción aún menor. Este artículo destaca el problema de los jardines descuidados y ofrece sugerencias para remediar este extenso problema y para futuras investigaciones.
The Impact of Increased diversity on the Residential Landscape of a Sunbelt Metropolis: Racial and Ethnic Segregation Across the Atlanta Metropolitan Region, 1990–2010
Authors: Strait John Byron , Gong Gang
Published: August 2015

Los paisajes residenciales a través del sur urbano han sido significativamente alterados en los últimos años por la creciente diversidad racial y étnica evidente en toda la región. Atlanta, Georgia representa una región urbana que recientemente ha sido identificada como una nueva puerta de entrada de inmigrantes, al haberse convertido en el hogar de una amplia gama de comunidades étnicas atraída al crecimiento y la diversificación del mercado de trabajo de esta área. Este estudio investiga el impacto que el incremento de diversidad ha tenido en los niveles de segregación residencial entre grupos raciales y/o étnicos en el núcleo de la región de Atlanta desde 1990 a 2010. El análisis empírico incluyó la medida de dos dimensiones de segregación evidente entre los blancos no hispanos, los afroamericanos, los hispanos y los asiáticos. Las medidas de segregación residencial se separaron para investigar los impactos relativos del cambio de composición en toda la región y del cambio redistributivo intra-urbano sobre la segregación entre los cuatro grupos. Durante las dos décadas, Atlanta exhibió muy modestas formas de integración residencial, sin embargo, en algunos contextos la región realmente se volvió más segregada en áreas residenciales. Los resultados sugieren que los blancos no hispanos, los asiáticos y los hispanos exhibieron cierto grado de auto-selectividad étnica (o racial) que sirvió para concentrar estos grupos en áreas residenciales, aunque estas fuerzas fueron parcialmente anuladas por otras que operaban a escala metropolitana y de vecindad. La evidencia además sugiere que las experiencias residenciales entre las minorías se vieron fuertemente impactadas por el comportamiento redistributivo de los blancos. Los resultados llevan a la conclusión de que Atlanta continua siendo una región urbana altamente segregada, aunque cada vez más diversa.
Temporal Variability in Climate Response of Eastern Hemlock in the Central Appalachian Region
Authors: Saladyga Thomas , Maxwell R. Stockton
Published: August 2015

El cambio en la relación entre el clima y el crecimiento en los bosques de latitudes altas del hemisferio norte se han demostrado en numerosos estudios de anillos de árboles. Las posibles causas de los cambios en esa relación son numerosas y los factores a menudo covarían en el espacio y el tiempo, complicando el desarrollo de las recon-strucciones climáticas y la conservación de especies forestales fundacionales. Aquí se presentan los resultados de un estudio que examina la respuesta climática del abeto canadiense ( Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière) en la latitud media de la región central de Appalachia. Se recogieron muestras de núcleo de árbol dentro del parque estatal Pipestem Resort, situado en el sur de West Virginia. Para esta área de estudio se desarrolló una cronología de anchura de anillo que abarca 145 años desde 1868 hasta 2012, y se analizó la relación entre el clima y el crecimiento para el período entre 1896 y 2012. Nuestros resultados indican que la respuesta de crecimiento del abeto canadiense al clima ha variado con el tiempo, particularmente en respuesta a un cambio abrupto a temperaturas más bajas del promedio durante la mitad del siglo XX y como resultado de una plaga de pulgón de la tsuga ( Adelges tsugae Annand).
Regional Income Convergence in Appalachia: Exploring the Factors of Regional Economic Growth in a Transitioning Economy
Authors: James Ryan D. , James Autumn C.
Published: August 2015

La teoría de convergencia, derivada de la teoría neoclásica de crecimiento, sugiere que las diferencias regionales de salario disminuirán con el tiempo. Estudiada en una variedad de marcos, hay evidencia de que la convergencia ocurre, aunque condicionada por la capacidad económica regional y su participación en la más amplia economía neoclásica. Dentro de los Estados Unidos, la evidencia de convergencia está presente a niveles nacionales y subnacionales. De interés particular en este proceso es la Appalachia, una región que ha tomado un papel periférico al de la amplia economía neoclásica y que no está sujeta a la convergencia. Recientes investigaciones sugieren la posibilidad de convergencia y movimiento hacia un proceso de crecimiento neoclásico, aunque la evidencia es indirecta y ambivalente. Este trabajo examina la convergencia en Appalachia y la influencia de factores de crecimiento tanto neoclásicos como específicos a esa región. Los resultados indican la convergencia y un movimiento de la economía de Appalachia que se aleja de una estructura centro-periferia hacia un proceso más neoclásico impulsado en gran medida por la estructura industrial y el capital humano.
Experimental Forensic and Bioanthropological Aspects of Soft Tissue Taphonomy: 1. Factors Influencing Postmortem Tissue Desiccation Rate
Authors: Aturaliya S , Lukasewycz A
Published: August 2015

Euthanized rats' carcasses were exposed in an environmental chamber to multiple variables including: (1) position, (2) enveloping clothing, and (3) soil interment in an effort to determine the individual variables' effect on postmortem rate of body and visceral organ water loss. Results indicated that body water loss was enhanced by a horizontal position versus vertical, probably because of wider spread of bacteria- and enzyme-laden abdominal fluid secondary to diaphragm digestion with consequent greater tissue digestion and liquefaction. Clothing also accelerated the desiccation rate. Desiccation was about equally as effective by soil interment as by air exposure, though simulating windy conditions by tripling the air flow rate resulted in much more rapid desiccation in the air-exposed specimen. These studies suggest that the single most important factor influencing postmortem body water loss rate is the environment at the skin surface that acts to enhance or impair water removal from the skin surface and thus influences the water concentration gradient between the skin and underlying deeper tissues.
Marine Taphonomy: Adipocere Formation in a Series of Bodies Recovered from a Single Shipwreck
Authors: Kahana T , Almog J , Levy J , Shmeltzer E , Spier Y , Hiss J
Published: August 2015

Taphonomy of marine environments has been studied mostly from individual cases. The formation of adipocere, or “grave-wax,” is an important indicator of the postmortem interval.

In the present paper, the conditions and the timing of adipoceric formation are observed in a series of 15 cadavers recovered at different times, over a period of 433 days, from the same contained environment. Initial foci of adipocere on the subcutaneous tissue of the cadavers were detected as early as 38 days from the time of immersion in cold (10–12°C) sea water. The discrepancies between our findings and previous reports on the correlation between time since death and decomposition stages in marine environments are discussed.
Suicidal Drowning in South Florida
Authors: Davis LG
Published: August 2015

Autopsy protocols at the office of the Chief Medical Examiner were reviewed with respect to suicidal drowning. Between July 1, 1994 and June 30, 1998, there were 267 drownings and 873 people committed suicide in Broward County, Florida. Of those, 25 were suicidal drownings, representing 2.86% of all suicides, and overall the 8th leading cause of suicidal death.

When considering suicide in the age group of 65 years and older, (n = 239), which accounts for 19.8% of the population and 27.4%, of all suicides, drowning represents 6.7% of all suicidal deaths, and within females in this group represents the third most common form of suicidal death (13.8%).

The presence of alcohol or other drugs is less usual in elderly suicide victims than younger victims. Of the 25 drowning suicides, there was a preference for swimming pools, canals, and lakes as the locations of choice. Additional drowning and suicide related criteria were evaluated including marital status, mental health, clothing worn, previous attempts or threats, suicide notes, and personal effects at the scene; with the intention of establishing a profile for drowning by suicide.

Given the relative abundance of water, the suicidal drowning rate appears to be lower than what might otherwise be anticipated.
Self-Assessment of the Forensic Value of Dental Records
Authors: Delattre VF , Stimson PG
Published: August 2015

One of the most important aspects of a person's dental record may well prove to be it's potential value should the forensic dental identification of their remains become necessary. The better the quality of the antemortem dental records, the easier and faster the identification of the remains will be. The forensic dentist must be able to select identifying features by decoding the deceased's antemortem dental records. A study was conducted on two groups of dentists who were asked to self-assess the forensic dental value of the dental records maintained in their own practices. The three most frequently recorded identifying dental features, other than caries and restorations, were the presence of diastemas, displaced or rotated teeth, and dental anomalies. Surveyed dentists imbedded identifying information into the removable prosthetic devices fabricated for their patients an average of only 64% of the time. Only 56% of the two groups combined felt that their dental chartings and written records would be extremely useful in dental identifications. It is concluded that the quality of antemortem dental records available for comparison to postmortem remains varies from inadequate to extremely useful. Practicing dentists can become valuable members of the dental identification process by developing and maintaining standards of record keeping which would be valuable in restoring their patients' identity.
Digital Dental Radiographic Identification in the Pediatric, Mixed and Permanent Dentitions
Authors: Wood RE , Kirk NJ , Sweet DJ
Published: August 2015

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the utility of digital dental radiographic superimposition in the various stages of development of the human dentition. Digital, computer assisted dental identification is a means of identification which allows the spatial relationships of the root and support structures of the teeth to be compared one to the other. The technique has not been tested in patients with developing dentitions. Dental radiographs from patients in the pediatric, mixed and permanent dentition stages of development, simulating “antemortem” and “postmortem” radiographs, were digitized using a flat field radiograph scanner. Anatomic features were used as points of comparison utilizing image editing software whereby anatomic sections were digitally cut from the antemortem image and compared to the same anatomic locations on the postmortem image to assess for points of concordance. The technique was applied to 25 cases within the primary dentition, 25 cases within the mixed dentition and 25 cases within the permanent dentition. Results showed that this was a viable technique within both the pediatric and permanent dentition although it was of little value within the mixed dentition.
Developing Permanent Tooth Length as an Estimate of Age
Authors: Liversidge HM , Molleson TI
Published: August 2015

Developing teeth are widely used to predict age in archaeology and forensic science. Regression equations of tooth length for age is a direct method, however, data for permanent teeth is incomplete. The aims of this study were: (a) to calculate regression equations predicting age from tooth length of all permanent teeth from birth to maturity, and (b) to evaluate the difference between radiographic and actual tooth length. The sample studied (N=76, age range 0 to 19 years) was the Spitalfields juveniles of recorded age-at-death. Tooth length was measured from incisal tip to developing edge of crown or root of 354 dissected teeth. Data for upper and lower teeth were combined except for the lateral incisor. The least squares regression method was used to analyze the data for each tooth type; age being regressed against tooth length for prediction. For most tooth types, growth followed an S-shaped (polynomial) curve with initial fast growth and a further growth spurt around the time of mid root formation. No difference was found between radiographic and true tooth length. These regression equations provide an easy method of predicting age from any developing permanent tooth by measuring tooth length from isolated teeth or from unmagnified, undistorted radiographs.
Osteometric Analysis of Sexual Dimorphism in the Sternal End of the Rib in a West African Population
Authors: Wiredu EK , Kumoji R , Seshadri R , Biritwum RB
Published: August 2015

This study, and others, are being carried out in order to establish a Forensic Anthropology databank on age estimation and sex determination of skeletonized remains in Ghana. An osteometric study of sexual dimorphism in the sternal end of the right fourth rib on 346 consecutive coroner's autopsy cases (221 males, 125 females) of known age, sex, and race was conducted. The height and width of the sternal end of the rib were measured in each case. The sample was analyzed in three groups: young (<30 years), old (≥30 years), and total sample (total group). Stepwise discriminant function analysis showed that the accuracy of sex determination varied from 80% in the young and 74% in the old groups to 78% for the total group. Statistical analysis of the results obtained when the functions derived from the study were tested using another batch of ribs showed the functions to be effective and reliable in determining sex. When functions derived from a previous study of American Whites were used to determine sex in our study sample, the vast majority of males were misclassified as females. This is the first time, to our knowledge, that a Black African population has been studied osteometrically to evaluate sexual dimorphism in the sternal end of the fourth rib.
A New Method for Discriminating African-American from European-American Skeletons Using Postcranial Osteometrics Reflective of Body Shape
Authors: Holliday TW , Falsetti AB
Published: August 2015

A discriminant function analysis based on seven postcranial measurements for the metric assessment of race is presented. A sample from the Terry Collection (NMNH) was used to create independent functions for African-American males and females, and European-American males and females. The functions were tested using known forensic cases from the Maxwell Museum of Anthropology and the C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory.

Based on the Terry Collection sample, correct classification of race for males was 87.0%, and for females 100.0%. For the independent test population, correct classification for males was 81.8%, and for females only 57.1%. The low classification for females is most likely due to sample bias.
Evaluation of Seven Methods of Estimating Age at Death from Mature Human Skeletal Remains
Authors: Baccino E , Ubelaker DH , Hayek L-AC , Zerilli A
Published: August 2015

Different approaches to the estimation of age at death in mature human skeletal remains were evaluated utilizing samples from 19 recent French autopsy individuals of known age at death. Methods of estimating age at death from single-rooted teeth, the sternal ends of the fourth ribs, the symphyseal face of the pubis and femoral cortical remodeling were evaluated by two independent observers (three observers for the teeth). Comparison included ages estimated from three more comprehensive approaches utilizing data from the application of two or more of the individual methods. The results indicate that the comprehensive approaches are superior to the individual ones and the success of the latter reflects not only the morphological expression of the aging process, but also the technique complexity and the experience of the investigator. Of the individual techniques, the “Lamendin” dental technique was most effective for individuals of ages greater than 25 years.
Morphological Variation in Cervical Spinous Processes: Potential Applications in the Forensic Identification of Race from the Skeleton
Authors: Duray SM , Morter HB , Smith FJ
Published: August 2015

Determination of race (ancestry) is an important step in the identification of individuals in forensic cases. Race is most commonly assessed using cranial traits. Few reliable postcranial indicators are known. In this study, the frequency of bifidity of cervical spinous processes at different vertebral levels was examined in a sample of 359 Americans of African (black) and European (white) descent. The sample was selected from the Hamann-Todd collection, a large modern anatomical collection of known sex and race. Spinous processes were classified as “bifid,” “partially bifid,” or “nonbifid” based on previously defined criteria. Sex and race were kept entirely unknown to the classifier (S.M.D.) during data collection. Data were analyzed using Chi-square and logistic regression analysis. At C2, most individuals (91%) had bifid spinous processes. At C7, nearly all (98%) had nonbifid spinous processes. Significant differences between race/sex subgroups were found at C3-C6. At each of these levels, whites showed a higher frequency of bifidity than blacks and males a higher frequency of bifidity than females. Differences between races were greater than differences within races. Logistic regression analysis revealed C3 and C4 to be the most useful levels for identifying race. Based on these levels, 76.05% of a validation subsample was correctly classified by race (80.25% for whites, 72.09% for blacks). Pending further study, morphology of the cervical spinous processes may provide an additional method for the determination of race in skeletal forensic cases.
Recovery of Human Skeletal Elements from a Recent UK Murder Inquiry: Preservational Signatures
Authors: Cox M , Bell L
Published: August 2015

Factors that control bone preservation are not fully understood but generally include those that reflect “natural” taphonomic or diagenetic processes and also those reflecting anthropogenic activity. The aim of this paper is to examine whether the survival of skeletal elements from a recent UK serial murder investigation (n = 12) and three archaeological cemetery sites from England (n = 112, 95, 182; Roman to early-medieval), share a similar recovery signature. Examination of this data demonstrates that even when clear evidence of traumatic and perimortem dismemberment exists within an assemblage, the distribution of missing elements can be almost identical to archaeological material buried in normal attrition cemeteries.

Given that these preservational signatures are so similar, it is concluded that careful observation of bone surfaces is necessary to confidently interpret bone loss, particularly where dismemberment and/or element excision is suggested by the non-anatomical position of the skeleton within the grave. Where postmortem exicision of bone is suspected, careful examination of contiguous bone surfaces, both macroscopic and microscopic, is suggested to detect fine cutmark lesions indicative of anthropogenic excision. Without this evidence other preservational factors must be considered both taphonomic and diagenetic.
Potassium Nitrite Reaction with 11-Nor-Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-9-Carboxylic Acid in Urine in Relation to the Drug Screening Analysis
Authors: Lewis SA , Lewis LA , Tuinman A
Published: August 2015

Recently potassium nitrite has been used as an adulterant to interfere with the analysis of 11-nor-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH) in urine. A comprehensive study of the THC-COOH and nitrite reaction chemistry and stability under various conditions is presented. Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and negative electrospray mass spectrometry (ESMS) results are given to substantiate the derived reaction mechanism and properties leading to reaction termination. The addition of potassium carbonate as a buffering agent prior to or following sample void as a means of preventing the formation of a nitroso-complexed form of the 11-nor-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid is evaluated.
The Extent of Postmortem Drug Redistribution in a Rat Model
Authors: Hilberg T , Ripel Å , Slørdal L , Bjørneboe A , Mørland J
Published: August 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate the postmortem redistribution of several drugs in a rat model and to examine if any of the pharmacological properties was related to the extent of this phenomenon. One of the following drugs: phenobarbital (phenobarbitone), acetaminophen (paracetamol), carbamazepine, codeine, verapamil, amphetamine, mianserin, trimeprazine (alimemazine) or chloroquine was administered together with nortriptyline orally to rats 90 min prior to sacrifice. Heart blood was sampled immediately before sacrifice and after 2 h postmortem, as it has previously been shown that this is sufficient time for postmortem concentration changes to occur in heart blood. Blood was also sampled from the clamped abdominal inferior vena cava (representing peripheral blood) and tissue samples were taken from lungs, myocardium, liver, kidney, thigh muscle, forebrain, and vitreous humor together with a specimen from the minced carcass. Drugs were analyzed by high performance liquid or gas chromatography. For phenobarbital, acetaminophen and carbamazepine the postmortem to antemortem blood drug concentration ratios were close to 1.0 and tissue concentrations were low. The postmortem to antemortem heart blood drug concentration ratio for chloroquine (6.9 ± 1.5) was higher than for nortriptyline (3.5 ± 0.3), and the remaining drugs (codeine, verapamil, amphetamine, mianserin, and trimeprazine) showed ratios of the same magnitude as nortriptyline. The postmortem to antemortem blood drug concentration ratios for both heart blood and blood from the vena cava and also the lung to antemortem blood drug concentration ratio were closely related to the apparent volume of distribution for the drugs studied (p < 0.001). Accordingly, an apparent volume of distribution of more than 3–4 L/kg is a good predictor that a drug is liable to undergo postmortem redistribution with significant increments in blood levels. The postmortem drug concentration in blood from vena cava was closely related to the antemortem blood level, confirming that among the postmortem samples, the peripheral blood sample was the most representative for the antemortem blood concentration.
A Chronological Review of Fingerprint Forgery
Authors: Geller B , Almog J , Margot P , Springer E
Published: August 2015

The article reviews the history of fingerprint forgery chronologically, based on about 70 papers, books and private communications. More than 30 known cases of fingerprint forgery are considered. Various techniques of fingerprint forgery are described and discussed as well as methods of fingerprint forgery detection.
Graphical Tools for RFLP Measurement Quality Assurance: Single-Locus Charts
Authors: Duewer DL , Liu H-K , Reeder DJ
Published: August 2015

Forensic restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses typically provide two results for each sample, one result for each unique allele, at each genetic locus probed. In collaboration with the member laboratories of the Technical Working Group for DNA Analysis Methods, we have developed graphical techniques that compactly summarize even large numbers of such paired measurements. This paper provides a detailed description of the basic tool, a modified bivariate control chart for data from one sample at one locus. We demonstrate how various modifications and combinations of these “single-locus charts” can be used for within- and among-laboratory quality assurance activities.
Genetic Variation of Three Tetrameric Tandem Repeats in Four Distinct Israeli Ethnic Groups
Authors: Amar A , Brautbar C , Motro U , Fisher T , Bonne-Tamir B , Israel S
Published: August 2015

The allele frequency distributions of three STR loci amplified by PCR have been studied in four Israeli communities: Ashkenazi Jews and three non-Ashkenazi groups, namely Moroccan, Yemenite, and Ethiopian Jews. The loci analyzed were CSF1PO, TPOX, and HUMTHO1. The typing was performed in sequencing polyacrylamide gels under denaturing conditions that could separate alleles with differences of a single base. The population data were analyzed with respect to Hardy-Weinberg (H-W) equilibrium and found that all loci meet the H-W expectations. Noticeable differences were encountered between the four Jewish ethnic groups studied hereby indicating the importance of establishing a local database to be used in human identity testing in these different Israeli Jewish groups.
Interpreting DNA Mixtures in Structured Populations
Authors: Curran JM , Triggs CM , Buckleton J , Weir BS
Published: August 2015

DNA profiles from multiple-contributor samples are interpreted by comparing the probabilities of the profiles under alternative propositions. The propositions may specify some known contributors to the sample and may also specify a number of unknown contributors. The probability of the alleles carried by the set of people, known or unknown, depends on the allelic frequencies and also upon any relationships among the people. Membership of the same subpopulation implies a relationship from a shared evolutionary history, and this effect has been incorporated into the probabilities. This acknowledgment of the effects of population structure requires account to be taken of all people in a subpopulation who are typed, whether or not they contributed to the sample.
GC/MS Data from Fire Debris Samples: Interpretation and Applications
Authors: (Jack) Wallace JR
Published: August 2015

Mass chromatography is currently being adapted by many forensic laboratories as the preferred approach for interpreting GC/MS data from fire debris samples. This paper first describes software approaches for minimizing interferences and for facilitating the identification of petroleum liquids when using this approach. Next, guidelines are developed for recognizing chromatographic distortion that often occurs when petroleum liquids are recovered using the popular solid adsorption/elution method. It is seen that for a given petroleum liquid, paraffinic:aromatic ratios can vary eight fold depending on the recovery conditions and sample concentration. Finally, the application of these software tools and guidelines to case samples is illustrated, and an approach for categorizing an exemplar collection on the basis of qualitative features and peak height ratios is demonstrated.
Identifications and Quantitative Measurements of Narcotics in Solid Mixtures Using Near-IR Raman Spectroscopy and Multivariate Analysis
Authors: Ryder AG , O'Connor GM , Glynn TJ
Published: August 2015

Raman spectroscopy offers the potential for the identification of illegal narcotics in seconds by inelastic scattering of light from molecular vibrations. In this study cocaine, heroin, and MDMA were analyzed using near-IR (785 nm excitation) micro-Raman spectroscopy. Narcotics were dispersed in solid dilutants of different concentrations by weight. The dilutants investigated were foodstuffs (flour, baby milk formula), sugars (glucose, lactose, maltose, mannitol), and inorganic materials (Talc powder, NaHCO3, MgSO4·7H2O). In most cases it was possible to detect the presence of drugs at levels down to ∼10% by weight. The detection sensitivity of the Raman technique was found to be dependent on a number of factors such as the scattering cross-sections of drug and dilutant, fluorescence of matrix or drug, complexity of dilutant Raman spectrum, and spectrometer resolution.

Raman spectra from a series of 20 mixtures of cocaine and glucose (0–100% by weight cocaine) were collected and analyzed using multivariate analysis methods. An accurate prediction model was generated using a Partial Least Squares (PLS) algorithm that can predict the concentration of cocaine in solid glucose from a single Raman spectrum with a root mean standard error of prediction of 2.3%.
Analysis and Comparison of Bullet Leads by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Keto RO
Published: August 2015

Inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) was used to determine eight elements in 9-mm bullet lead from 12 manufacturers. The purpose was two-fold: 1) to develop a feasible ICPMS method for bullet lead analysis, and 2) to observe the range of variability in elemental compositions for bullet lead from diverse sources. The first of these was significantly aided by reduction of the lead concentration by precipitation; the second was demonstrated by the application of numerical correlation analyses to the data.

The results showed that good reproducibility (±5% relative standard deviation) and sensitivity (generally in the sub-part-per-million range) can be obtained. No bullets from different sources had similar elemental signatures, whereas very different signatures could be found within a single box of bullets. Numerical criteria were developed to separate “matching” bullets from all different-source bullets for the subject population.
The Examination of Disguised Numbers
Authors: Seaman-Kelly J
Published: August 2015

Numbers in a requested text bear valuable insight into whether the exemplar bears disguised writing. If a writer disguises the writing on a requested exemplar, the numbers are usually written naturally, free of disguise. The paper discusses the methods of disguise used when the writer is asked to disguise the numbers in a requested exemplar.

Two hundred participants completed a four-page exemplar consisting of three pages of naturally executed numbers and one page of disguise. For the disguised exemplar, the participant was requested to disguise the set of numbers to avoid identification.

Results of the 200 participants in this study indicate the use of the alternate number form as the most popular method of disguising numbers. This paper lists the participants' preferences as to the method of disguise employed and to the choice of alternate number form used.
Substitution of H2O for Formamide in the Sample Preparation Protocol for STR Analysis Using the Capillary Electrophoresis System: The Effects on Precision, Resolution, and Capillary Life
Authors: Biega LA , Duceman BW
Published: August 2015

Water has been evaluated as a suitable solvent to replace formamide in the preparation of samples for capillary electrophoresis analysis. Critical aspects relevant to forensic analysis were studied to test the validity of the substitution. Correct assignment of allele labels was reproducibly performed on known samples, and size determination was found to be precise. Three hundred injections, regardless the method of preparation, may be run on a single capillary without loss of precision or resolution.
Spanish Population Data on the Loci D13S317, D7S820, and D16S539 Generated Using Silver Staining (SilverSTR III™ Multiplex)
Authors: Entrala C , Lorente JA , Lorente M , Alvarez JC , Budowle B , Villanueva E
Published: August 2015

A set of 212 samples from unrelated Spanish Caucasians living in Andalucia (southern Spain) were analyzed with a new commercially-available kit for multiplex amplification of 3 STR loci (D13S137, D7S820, and D16S539), manual denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining. These three loci are of special interest for the forensic community since they are a part of the 13 CODIS-core STR loci. The results show that the loci D13S317 and D16S539 meet Hardy-Weinberg expectations (HWE), but the locus D7S820 did not meet HWE (p = 0.003). However, there was no detectable departures from independence (i.e., linkage disequilibrium) between any pair-wise combination of loci. The D7S820 data were further investigated. The excess homozygosity was due to an excess of D7S820 10, 10 homozygotes. To determine if the allele frequency data are meaningful and can be applied to forensic identity cases, the Spanish D7S820 allele frequency data were compared with four other Caucasian sample populations. The D7S820 allele frequencies were statistically similar; thus, the results support that the allele frequency data can be used reliably for estimating DNA profile frequencies.
A Systematic Analysis of PCR Contamination
Authors: Scherczinger CA , Ladd C , Bourke MT , Adamowicz MS , Johannes PM , Scherczinger R , Beesley T , Lee HC
Published: August 2015

In light of the strict legal scrutiny surrounding DNA typing at this time, it has become necessary to systematically address the issue of PCR contamination. To precisely define the parameters affecting PCR contamination under casework analysis conditions, PCR amplification reactions were intentionally compromised by employing sub-standard laboratory technique and by introducing secondary sources of DNA.

The PCR parameters considered for potential sources of contamination include amplification set-up, amplification product handling, aerosol DNA and storage. In addition, analyst technique was evaluated by modifying or eliminating standard safeguards.

Under the circumstances normally encountered during casework analysis, PCR contamination was never noted. Significantly, using the dot blot detection method, contamination was never observed when nanogram quantities of genomic DNA were mishandled or aerosolized. Contamination occurred only when amplification product was carelessly manipulated or purposefully sprayed near or directly into open tubes containing water or genomic DNA. Although standard precautions should be employed during PCR-based DNA typing, our data indicates that contamination during amplification procedures is not prevalent when detected by dot blot analysis.
NaOH Treatment to Neutralize Inhibitors of Taq Polymerase
Authors: Bourke MT , Scherczinger CA , Ladd C , Lee HC
Published: August 2015

The introduction of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) into the forensic field has greatly extended the ability to analyze DNA from small or degraded samples. However, one significant problem with PCR analysis is the sensitivity of Taq Polymerase to inhibitors found in many substrates commonly encountered with evidentiary materials. We hypothesize that the most problematic of these compounds intercalate into double stranded DNA (dsDNA) and have significantly less affinity for single stranded DNA (ss-DNA). This study presents a comprehensive analysis of a novel method for the neutralization of Taq inhibitors by denaturation and washing with NaOH in Microcon-100 filtration units. The data show that DNA recovered following NaOH repurification routinely amplifies when other inhibitor neutralization techniques are unsuccessful. Genetic profiles have been obtained with both AmpliType PM + DQA1 and D1S80 systems. However, the NaOH protocol is not advised when the quantity of DNA is limited since the treatment results in significant loss of DNA.
The Analysis of Fire Debris for the Presence of Propan-2-ol Using Dynamic Headspace Concentration and Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection
Authors: Lewis RJ , Denieul SE , Langford AM , Okely M
Published: August 2015

We describe a simple procedure for the identification of propan-2-ol in fire debris. Vapors collected from samples of debris at elevated temperatures, were subsequently dissolved in water prior to being analyzed by headspace gas chromatography with flame ionization detection.
Chorionic Villus Sampling Prior to Pregnancy Termination, a Tool for Forensic Paternity Testing
Authors: Reshef A , Brauner P , Shpitzen M , Gallili N , Marbach A , Motro U , Shmueli E , Meiner V
Published: August 2015

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS), prior to pregnancy termination (pre-termination CVS), is suggested as a tool for forensic paternity testing. Unlike the abortion material, which consists of ruptured tissues of fetal and maternal origin, extra-embryonic membranes obtained through CVS can provide an uncontaminated source of fetal tissue for genotyping. We discuss the possibility of confined placental mosaicism (CPM) and its implications on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based analyses of short tandem repeats (STRs) and the D1S80 loci.
Analysis of Salivary DNA Evidence from a Bite Mark on a Body Submerged in Water
Authors: Sweet D , Shutler GG
Published: August 2015

A female body was recovered after approximately 5.5 h in a river with slow-moving current. On the victim's right breast, a patterned injury was discovered and determined to be from human adult teeth. Evidence was collected according to established techniques including recovery of saliva from the bite mark area despite the body being found submerged in water. DNA analysis by PCR using polymorphic STR markers revealed a DNA profile of mixed origin. In addition to the victim's DNA profile, a genotype contribution from the perpetrator was identified as a minor component. The DNA typing results from the bite mark correlated with the DNA typing results obtained from other biological trace evidence identified from the victim's genital samples. The bite mark and the DNA evidence were used to screen suspects and played an important role in obtaining resolution of this case. Consequently, it is advisable that investigators routinely swab for salivary DNA in bite mark cases, even when the amount is thought to be minimal.
Airway Obstruction by a Ball
Authors: Jumbelic MI
Published: August 2015

A toddler died as the result of choking on a toy ball that occluded his upper airway. The size of this toy was within the federal safety standards for use by children under the age of three years. Though it has been recognized since 1987 that the minimum safe diameter set by the Federal Hazardous Substances Act may be too small, no change has been made to the regulation (1). In 1995 a comprehensive review of asphyxia related to the size of the foreign object found 4.44 cm diameter and 7.62 cm length a more comprehensive standard (1). Currently federal warning labels are required on some items that contain balls smaller than 4.44 cm to prevent use by children less than three years of age (2). The small parts fixture test in use by the federal government is available as a safety tool for parents to use at home. Unfortunately the “safe” diameter of 3.17 cm is too small to provide assurance that a toy is not a choking hazard.
Wischnewski Ulcers and Acute Pancreatitis in Two Hospitalized Patients with Cirrhosis, Portal Vein Thrombosis, and Hypothermia
Authors: Wolf DA , Aronson JF , Rajaraman S , Veasey SP
Published: August 2015

Accidental hypothermia has been described in the forensic literature but reports of occurrence in hospitalized patients are rare. Associated anatomic lesions include acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis and characteristic acute gastric ulcers termed Wischnewski ulcers. We report here two patients with cirrhosis and ascites; one also had hepatocellular carcinoma. Portal vein thrombosis, acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis and Wischnewski ulcers were present in both. The clinical records documented hypothermia that progressed over several days. Temperature nadirs of 31.0°C (87.8°F) and 32.2°C (90.0°F) were recorded in each patient, respectively, one day before death, although each transiently reached temperatures that did not register on standard monitoring devices. This is the first report that chronicles antemortem body temperatures in hypothermic patients with Wischnewski ulcers and pancreatitis at autopsy. Also, the association of these findings with portal vein thrombosis and cirrhosis has not been previously described. We discuss this constellation of findings with regard to possible mechanistic interrelations.
Chloropicrin Found in Industrial Grade Nitrogen
Authors: Brewer WE , Amick GD
Published: August 2015

Industrial grade nitrogen cylinders were analyzed for the presence of adulterants after several individuals became ill following a nonfatal exposure. A preliminary report from another laboratory indicated the presence of chloropicrin and phosgene, a known decomposition product of chloropicrin. Our results confirmed the presence of chloropicrin and demonstrated phosgene to be an artifact of GC/MS analysis. A possible contamination scenario is discussed.
Construction of a Roller Device for the Collection of Hair and Fiber Evidence
Authors: Swinton SF
Published: August 2015

The discovery of hair and fiber evidence can be of critical importance in the investigation of crimes, particularly violent crimes. A procedure is described for the construction and assembly of a roller device that utilizes readily available components and single-sided adhesive tape. The advantages over previously described roller devices include decreases in both the potential for contamination and the time required for construction of the device, as well as the ability to disinfect all of the roller components.
Commentary on Swalwell CI, Davis GG. Methamphetamine as a Risk Factor for Acute Aortic Dissection. J Forensic Sci 1999;44(1):23–6
Authors: Fikar CR
Published: August 2015

Commentary on Swalwell CI, Davis GG. Methamphetamine as a risk factor for acute aortic dissection. J Forensic Sci 1999;44(1):23–6.
Review of Under Oath, Tips for Testifying
Authors: Zimmerly JG
Published: August 2015

Under Oath is not a comprehensive text but rather a brief guidebook (43 pages). Each of the eight chapters and three appendices is clear, concise, and organized. Chapter One addresses “Discovery and Pretrial matters” including depositions. It should be studied by any health care provider facing their first appearance at trial. Chapter Two explains the “Subpoena.” Chapter Three is loaded with examples of various personality types among lawyers, ranging from Mr. Rogers to Ghengis Khan, and several types in between. The author gives sage advice on responding to the cross examination directed by all of these characters. Chapter Four, on “Direct and Cross Examination” advises the reader on how to respond to the usual questions.
Review of The Scientific Expert in Court, Principles and Guidelines
Authors: Zimmerly JG
Published: August 2015

You could fill a small room with the books an expert witness testimony that have appeared in the last two years. This reviewer has read many and reviewed several. In terms of volume of text, this book is one of the smaller ones. Ninety-two pages including Index and Appendices. But this is a Guide Book and not a library reference text. The author, a very experienced forensic pathologist and seasoned expert witness, covers all of the important topics. The book is aimed at the novice expert witness and hits the target in providing basic guidelines to prepare for a court appearance.
Testing of the National Crime Information Center Missing/Unidentified Persons Computer Comparison Routine
Authors: Bell GL
Published: August 2015

For many years the effectiveness of the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) missing and unidentified persons matching program has been in question. The reliability of the NCIC matching system was tested using actual cases. When entered with the original information as provided by the investigating agencies, none of the four test cases were successfully matched. The NCIC system is the only source that links the states with this type of information. The use of NCIC for the entry of missing and unidentified persons information is still recommended, however, entered information should be reviewed by a qualified individual to insure accurate data entry. For accurate matching of information a proven parallel system should be used by every state.