bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Governance
Authors: Williams Cynthia A.
Published: July 2016

Corporate social responsibility is a subject of growing importance in business and law. Today, no analysis of corporate governance systems would be complete without considering the pressures on companies to be seen as responsible corporate citizens. This chapter provides a descriptive overview of developments in the field, including increasing voluntary and required environmental, social, and governance (ESG) disclosure; and proliferating voluntary and multilateral standards for responsible corporate behavior. It reviews some of the more significant empirical evidence on the financial results of companies’ implementation of corporate responsibility initiatives, including the effects of such initiatives on innovation, trust, and social welfare. It concludes with an analysis relating these developments to arguments about the objectives of the corporation and the shareholder/stakeholder debate—with particular reference to the argument between Cornell Distinguished Professor of Corporate and Business Law, Lynn A. Stout, and Chief Justice of the Delaware Supreme Court, Leo E. Strine, Jr.
The Rise of Foreign Ownership and Corporate Governance
Authors: Fox Merritt B.
Published: July 2016

This chapter explores the link between corporate governance and the rise of foreign ownership. It presents statistics that illustrate the dramatic rise in foreign ownership over the last few decades and then seeks to explain this rise and its relationship to corporate governance. In order to situate the subject under study within its larger context, this explanation starts with an exploration of the factors independent of corporate-governance considerations that favor a global market for securities and those that impede it. It will be shown that the rise in foreign ownership globally can be explained in significant part by the weakening of the impeding factors. The chapter then shows why, as a matter of theory, improvements in corporate governance can be expected to cause a rise in foreign ownership and a rise in foreign ownership can be expected to cause improvements in corporate governance, with the weakening in the non-corporate-governance factors that impede a global market for securities acting as a catalyst for the causal pathwayings going in both directions. The chapter concludes with a review of substantial empirical evidence suggesting that both causal pathways are in fact at work.
The Dancing Ground
Authors: Santoro Daniella
Published: July 2016

The performative traditions of New Orleans second line parades offer profound insight into localized expressions of health and disability. As public, festive, and symbolic spaces of music, dance and movement, second lines privilege the body as a site of knowledge production and individual improvisation within a collective tradition. This essay focuses on the relationship between dance and disability as observed during second line parades in New Orleans from 2010 to 2013. The narratives of those participants who are marked as disabled by age or circumstance reveal how the public space of dance and embodied movement at a second line parade enables a rewriting of ableist scripts about the body and its potential. This research focuses on the corporeal landscape and how musical traditions inscribe embodied knowledge, and embolden social commentary on the wider workings of race and disability in contemporary New Orleans.
Subhuman or Superhuman?
Authors: Stras Laurie
Published: July 2016

This essay begins a discussion of ethical and aesthetic responses to the performances of disabled musicians, using critical/analytical frameworks for debates concerning prosthesis and doping drawn from sports philosophy. Music performance is mapped onto a definition of games, and then sport, identifying points of correlation in terms of its rules and goals. Specific instances drawn from sporting events of 2012 are examined in relation to a five-level model against which ethical responses to technology in sport may be mapped. The same model is then adjusted to consider responses to the postproduction music application, Auto-Tune, with specific reference to the singers Imogen Heap and Janelle Monáe. Performances by disabled musicians that occurred during the Paralympics and London’s Cultural Olympiad are then considered using a second model for aesthetic responses to sporting performance.
Toward an Ethnographic Model of Disability in the Ethnomusicology of Autism
Authors: Bakan Michael B.
Published: July 2016

This essay proposes an ethnographic model of disability in contradistinction to existing social and medical models. Building from an ethnomusicological study of the Artism Ensemble, a neurodiverse music performance collective comprising children on the autism spectrum, their coparticipating parents, and professional musicians of diverse musicultural lineage, it discusses issues of autistic self-advocacy, Disability Studies and rights, the anthropology of autism, and epistemological and pragmatic debates and consequences of competing autism discourses and philosophies. The essay argues that musical projects like Artism hold the capacity to contribute productively and meaningfully to the causes of autistic self-advocacy and quality of life, transforming public perceptions of autism from the customary tropes of deficit and disorder to alternate visions of wholeness, ability, and acceptance. Artism is also addressed from a critical vantage point that demonstrates its partial entrenchment in some of the very same negating constructs it ostensibly resists and defies.
“Good Bye, Old Arm”
Authors: Burke Devin
Published: July 2016

Over 45,000 soldiers became amputees during the Civil War. The scale of wartime disability challenged American beliefs that masculinity and patriotism were virtually inseparable from able-bodiedness. By the war’s end, the amputated limb had become a recurring subject in music, photography, and literature. This essay discusses representative Civil War era songs about amputee veterans and analyzes how they musically and lyrically negotiated the cultural scripts of disability, masculinity, and patriotism. These scripts became especially complex when able-bodied women performed the songs in the voices of disabled veterans. Three songs are discussed in detail, including the song “Old Arm, Good Bye,” in which a soldier sings a love ballad to his freshly amputated arm, thanking the arm for its strength and loyalty to the Union. These songs reconstructed the disabled veteran, and indeed the amputated arm itself, as complex symbols of both patriotism and Victorian masculinity.
Oh, the Stories We Tell!
Authors: Beckerman Michael
Published: July 2016

The way listeners and performers understand and experience music is inflected by what they know, that is, the stories they have been told. Restricting the field to stories about disability, this essay explores the effect on performers (in this case, the Mivos Quartet) of stories of experiences of disability in the lives of Dvořák, Smetana, and Martinů.
Musical Prosthesis
Authors: Quaglia Bruce
Published: July 2016

This essay explores prosthesis as a hermeneutic model for the analysis of musical form and expression in Beethoven, with special attention given to codas and other parageneric spaces such as slow introductions. Codas in general, and Beethoven’s in particular, are theorized as extrinsic musical spaces that serve compensatory functions in relation to the normalized musical body of the sonata form. In a literal sense, a prosthetic compensates the disabled body by enhancing or remediating functions that deviate from the normal. Prosthesis thus becomes the means through which the relationships of inclusion and difference are mediated. By focusing on Beethoven’s slow introductions and codas and then recasting them as prosthetic spaces, the essay also revisits a famous exchange between critics Joseph Kerman and Charles Rosen on the topic of Beethoven’s codas, in order to resituate relational musical difference within more recent theories of musical form.
That “Weird and Wonderful Posture”
Authors: Murray Sean
Published: July 2016

Sometime in the late 1820s to early 1830s, a little-known white theatre performer named Thomas Dartmouth Rice modeled a blackface song and dance on a “crippled Negro”; his performances of “Jump Jim Crow” became extraordinarily popular in pre–Civil War America. The extensive literature on these performances has generally been silent on two key characteristics of the phenomenon: the importance of “audience” performance to the act’s popularity and reception and the fact that the pleasure of jumping “Jim Crow” was rooted in the spectacular performance of disability by presumably able-bodied people: usually white and usually male. This essay demonstrates that blackface performance almost always involved performances of disability (physical and cognitive), which constructed both privileged white citizens and stigmatized defective Negroes, unworthy of citizenship. As such, they participated in contemporary discourses about citizenship in which race and disability play central and deeply entwined roles.
Broken Facture
Authors: Gimbel Allen
Published: July 2016

Allan Pettersson (1911–1980) was a Swedish composer of distinction who had extensive experience of trauma and disability in his life (physical abuse, rheumatoid arthritis, manic depression, nephritis). His compositions are deeply engaged with the exploration of disability as an expressivetopos, and in his symphonies (the focus of this essay) representations of disability play a central role. The secondary literature on Pettersson is largely skeptical of analytical consideration of “extramusical” features, especially those that bear on Pettersson’s experiences of disability. This essay argues, on the contrary, that these experiences and their musical expressions are central to any satisfactory understanding of this music.
Representing the Extraordinary Body
Authors: Straus Joseph
Published: July 2016

Art historian Tobin Siebers has recently argued that modern visual art is centrally concerned with representing and finding new sorts of beauty in the fractured, disfigured, disabled human body. This essay asks whether the modern in music manifests itself as disability. Focusing on the Stravinskian strand of musical modernism and taking the second of his Three Pieces for String Quartet as a case study, this essay notes that the music can be understood as representing disability in its shape and appearance, its movements, and its implicit mental capacity and affect. Stravinsky’s description of this music as his effort to represent musically the appearance and “the jerky, spastic movements” of a famous music hall performer, Little Tich, whose small stature was perceived by contemporary observers as a grotesque deformation, suggests the music may be understood not only to represent disability generically and metaphorically but also to represent a particular disabled body.
Understanding Is Seeing
Authors: Johnson Shersten
Published: July 2016

Music notation, often thought of as a neutral vehicle of communication between composer and performer—a mere memory aid or set of performance instructions—is in truth hardly unbiased. It not only shapes music, but also shapes how we think and talk about it and, by extension, how we analyze it. This essay studies the influences of notation on traditional analytical understandings of music and how through the lens of disability––particularly blindness––those understandings can be “reread.” The discussion explores narratives of analysis that explicate musical structure by relying on visual means of interpretation. An obvious place to begin critiquing these narratives is by examining how tactile representations like Braille notation conceptualize music. Accounts of visually impaired musicians’ experiences with notation and analysis will motivate discussion of alternative ways of hearing and representing musical structure. The essay then contemplates other means of understanding that serve the goals of music analysis with reference to concepts of “universal design.”
The Imperative of Diverse and Distinctive Musical Creativities as Practices of Social Justice
Authors: Burnard Pamela
Published: July 2016

Social injustice and intercultural tensions are often bound up with conflicts that create intolerances: conflicts of memory, conflicts of value, and conflicts of cultural stereotyping, which serve to demarcate one group from the alien “other.” Raising awareness through research needs to position academics, researchers, non-academics, and arts organizations as collaborative partners for deliberating about and developing intercultural translation; this requires dialogue, exchange, and co-construction. What forms the core of this chapter, then, are findings of ongoing research, presented as a layered story interlocking elements in theory and practice relating to how different types of creativities are recognized and communicated in the diverse practices of a particular organization, Musicians without Borders, whose projects work with the power of music to connect communities. This chapter presents an exploration of the empathic and intercultural creativities that emerge in the songwriting and improvisational practices of musical creativities, empathy, interculturality, practices, improvisation, and songwriting.
Social Justice in the English Secondary Music Classroom
Authors: Philpott Chris , Kubilius Jason
Published: July 2016

Taking as its context the development of music education within English secondary schools (students aged 11–18) over the last 50 years, and supported by “vignettes” from a practicing music teacher in a secondary school on the outskirts of London, this chapter seeks to address some key questions around social justice and music education, including: What is meant by social justice in the music classroom? What are the indicators for a socially just classroom? The chapter goes on to explore significant moments in the history of classroom music in England and how, in spite of best efforts, the promotion of social justice has been “confounded” by subtle cultural forces. The chapter concludes by speculating on the implications of this analysis for the music classroom in the twenty-first century and by reflecting on whether the classroom can ever provide the appropriate “space” for a socially just approach to music education.
Competition between Female Friends
Authors: Nagamuthu Chenthila , Page-Gould Elizabeth
Published: July 2016

Many theories of cross-group friendship are based on the assumption that friends are inherently equal in status. This chapter discusses the idea that, even among same-sex friends, this assumption may be premature. It compares evidence for two contrasting arguments concerning competition between female friends: (a) intrasexual competition is highest among friends, and (b) friendship nullifies competition between friends. The chapter argues that equality may not be as normative in close friendships as the field has intuitively assumed. It also discusses how acknowledging and embracing these differences can lead to better predictions for the role of close relationships in interpersonal dominance and cooperation.
Information Structure
Authors: Aboh Enoch
Published: July 2016

This chapter discusses the cartographic approach to clause structure according to which information structure directly relates to syntactic heads that project within the clausal left periphery. This view is supported by data from languages in which information-structure-sensitive notions (e.g. topic, focus) are encoded by means of discourse markers that trigger various constituent displacement rules. Such empirical facts are compatible with the cartographic view in which lexical choices condition information packaging and clause structure. Put together, the cross-linguistic data presented in this chapter indicate that [FOCUS], [TOPIC], and [INTERROGATIVE] represent formal features that are properties of lexical elements and may sometimes trigger generalized-piping and snowballing movement.
Contrast
Authors: Repp Sophie
Published: July 2016

This article critically evaluates the notion of contrast and discusses the role that contrast has been claimed to have in grammar. It argues that a precise understanding of grammatical effects of contrast can only be gained if both the contrastive constituents with the kind of alternative set they evoke as well as the discourse relations that connect the discourse segments containing the contrastive constituents are subjected to detailed analysis for their effects on grammar (prosody, morphosyntax). It presents three hypotheses specifying the details for the identification of (a) contrast-related alternative formation, (b) contrastive discourse relations, and (c) grammatical manifestations of contrast. It reviews previous research on contrast in relation to these hypotheses, examining the linguistic materials that have been used to elicit grammatical manifestations of contrast, and discussing specific findings for particular languages from the prosodic and the morphosyntactic literature on contrast.
Syntactic and Prosodic Effects of Information Structure in Romance
Authors: Poletto Cecilia , Bocci Giuliano
Published: July 2016

The chapter presents a general overview of several phenomena related to information structure in the Romance languages and varieties spoken in Europe and takes into account the left and the right side of the clause as the locus where information structure is encoded. The first part presents an overview of the syntactic and phonological properties of constructions like Hanging Topics, Left Dislocation, and fronted foci and of their pragmatic import as well as of the properties of constructions which occur on the right side of the clause (i.e. Right Dislocation, Marginalization, word order alternations, and focus). In the second part a general overview of syntactic and prosodic accounts proposed in the literature is provided with special attention to the problems each type of account raises with respect to the empirical domain considered.
The Nature of Spiritual Experience
Authors: Ryrie Alec
Published: July 2016

This article surveys the question of how early Protestantism was experienced by its practitioners, using the perspective of the history of emotions. It argues that justification by faith derived its power from its emotional impact, and that the Calvinist doctrine of predestination, too, could be emotionally attractive and absorbing as well as, to some, repellent. It considers how Protestant spiritual experience varied during the life course from childhood to old age. It argues that doctrinal controversies, notably those over the Eucharist, were decisively shaped by emotional and experiential factors. It argues that the Protestant encounter with the Bible was itself experiential, based on what Calvin called the “feeling” that the Bible’s authority is self-authenticating. It concludes by suggesting that historians need to attend to devotion in the daily lives of ordinary believers as well as to polemics and controversies.
Protestantism and Non-Christian Religions
Authors: Gow Andrew , Fradkin Jeremy
Published: July 2016

Early Protestant assessments of Judaism, Islam, or other non-Christian religions were rarely positive. For Luther and most German-speaking Reformers the Jewish question revolved primarily around theological concerns. This was true even as they repeated centuries-old topoi sustained by medieval urban hostility to the emperor’s Jews. Reformed attitudes toward Jews were more theological still, developing in areas without substantial Jewish populations. Following Calvin, the Reformed tradition accorded the Jews a central role in sacred history, both biblical and apocalyptic, but agreed with Luther’s persistent denigration of contemporary Judaism. “Mahomedanism” received universal condemnation from Protestants of all stripes, drawing on long-standing medieval discourses. Judaism and Islam were equated with Catholicism in Protestant polemics against “Papist” religion. In time, this Protestant move to equate “popery” with a sacerdotal, superstitious Judaism or “Mahomedanism” established a conceptual framework for understanding “false” religion that would form the basis for Enlightenment perspectives on all human religious authority.
Perceptual Features in Singing
Authors: Howard David M. , Hunter Eric J.
Published: July 2016

Humans sing to communicate with other humans. Basic to communication are the links and commonalities between singing voice production and human hearing. This chapter introduces the hearing system and how it enables pitch, loudness, and timbre to be perceived, and how the frequency ranges of voice production and hearing are linked to best advantage. The role of singing environment factors in relation to the acuity of hearing of a listener are discussed along with the presence and importance of high frequency energy above that associated with the perception of the sounds of language. Knowledge of the essential perceptual features in singing provides performers with strategic possibilities for enhancing overall communication during performance. In addition, such knowledge is important in the recording studio where the frequency responses of contributing musical parts can be and are altered in the context of achieving clarity and an artistic “sound stage” in the overall sound.
Religion and European Politics
Authors: Gryzmala-Busse Anna
Published: July 2016

Historical institutionalist approaches have been critical (if unacknowledged) in the study of religion and politics in two ways. First, a particular set of ideas—religious doctrine—profoundly shaped preferences both over secular institutional forms and the strategies of religious and secular actors. Second, the historical relationship between state, nation, and religion continues to shape the political context in which churches operate and institutions arise. Several developments, such as the rise of secular education and welfare states, the rise of Christian Democratic parties, the founding of the EU, and contemporary patterns of religiosity are historically grounded in earlier episodes of church-state relations and religious doctrine.
The Rise, Character, and Evolution of International Order
Authors: Ikenberry G. John
Published: July 2016

Historical institutionalism offers original ways of thinking about the origins, evolution, and consequences of political institutions—including, international order. This chapter argues that a “rise and decline” theory of international order based solely on the distribution of power is inadequate. The idea that leading states periodically have found themselves in a position to build or at least shape international order is not in dispute. But the explanation for the variations in the character of orders depends on more than simply the presence of a powerful lead state. Moments of opportunity for order building open up and close. The character of the state that finds itself with the opportunity to build order also matters. Employing insights from historical institutionalism, this chapter directs attention to the temporal dynamics that shape international orders, including the timing and sequence of past events that set the stage for subsequent struggles over political institutions.
Introduction
Authors: Rothstein Bo
Published: July 2016

Sweden is often portrayed as the archetypal welfare state, emphasizing universalism, equality, and redistribution. The chapters in the section show that popular support for the welfare state remains strong and is indeed growing; that the global tendency toward neoliberalism has not left a major impact on the welfare state and neoliberals in Sweden actually subscribe to the basic idea of the welfare state; that although the welfare state promotes gender equality Sweden still has yet to achieve the goal of equality; and that the normative foundation of the welfare state can be seen as related to the ideas put forth by Habermas and Sen.
Leading the European Union
Authors: Sundström Malena Rosén
Published: July 2016

This chapter analyzes how Sweden acted as Presidency of the European Union in 2001 and 2009. It explores the different roles associated with the Presidency:administrator, agenda-setter, mediator, andrepresentative. Using role theory, the analysis focuses on the Swedish government’s own role conceptions, and the expectations of other actors with regard to how the government would perform these various roles, and how it actually enacted them. The analysis demonstrates that role conceptions, external expectations, and actual execution were quite similar both times Sweden held the Chair, despite notably different Presidency contexts. Overall, both of Sweden’s Presidency periods were considered fairly successful.
The Welfare State and Gender Equality
Authors: Bergqvist Christina
Published: July 2016

In all welfare states there is a general pattern where women have more substantial care obligations than men. Women usually do more household work than men, including taking care of children and elderly relatives. However, the pattern takes different shapes according to how social arrangements and policies are constructed. Welfare state policies have an impact on how work and family commitments are combined, and thereby also affect gender equality. The Swedish welfare state has explicitly been designed with the goal to increase gender equality. In this individual earner-carer model women as well as men are encouraged and expected to be breadwinners as well as caregivers. The question is how far it has succeeded.
The Swedish Model of Industrial Relations
Authors: Svensson Torsten
Published: July 2016

This chapter examines Sweden’s labor market organizations and labor market institutions, showing what is distinctive about Sweden’s current labor market model, and how it differs from the highly centralized model of the past. The first section deals with the classical “Swedish model,” the challenges to this model in the 1980s and 1990s, and the manner in which it has been reformed. A section on the employer organizations and a section on the unions are followed by a section that analyzes contemporary industrial relations. The ultimate break with centralization came in 1990 when the employers’ peak-level organization openly abdicated as a corporatist negotiating partner. However, the decentralization and movement toward an uncoordinated labor market in the 1990s became an interregnum between two different means of wage coordination. Basically, there has been a transition from central wage bargaining to coordination through pattern bargaining.
One Hundred Years of Swedish Economic Policy
Authors: Lewin Leif , Lindvall Johannes
Published: July 2016

This chapter analyzes the development of Swedish economic policy from the early 1920s to the present. The chapter has three objectives: to describe how Swedish economic policy-making has evolved over time, concentrating on a few especially important periods: the adoption of expansionary fiscal policies in the 1930s, the development of Sweden’s postwar economic model in the 1950s, the struggle to maintain full employment in the 1970s and 1980s, the financial crisis of the early 1990s, and Sweden’s response to worldwide recession in the 2000s. The second objective is to show if and when Swedish governments have pursued economic policies that set Sweden apart from other rich democracies; and the third is to examine a number of scholarly debates concerning how to explain some of the economic policy shifts that have occurred in Sweden since its transition to democracy in the 1910s.
Introduction
Authors: Ahlbäck Öberg Shirin
Published: July 2016

The contributions in this section reveal the constitutional design of Sweden. Considering the number of fundamental laws and the length of the Instrument of Government (IG), the impression might be that constitutional principles are of great importance in Swedish political life. However, Swedish political culture is best described as pragmatic and consensual, where the government’s ability to take action has been given deliberate precedence over constitutional ideas that focus on limiting government under higher law. Furthermore, from a constitutional design perspective, Sweden is an interesting case. During the previous IG of 1809, which was based on the principle of separation of powers, comprehensive changes in the practice of government were made without any corresponding amendments of the IG itself. The most noteworthy of these changes were the introduction of universal suffrage, parliamentarism, and the abolition of the Parliament of the Four Estates, which was replaced by a bicameral system.
Introduction
Authors: Bäck Hanna , Erlingsson Gissur Ó.
Published: July 2016

This introduction to the section on the party system in Sweden starts with the premise that political parties are essential for the upholding of legitimacy in parliamentary democracies. Four chapters make up the section. The first focuses on the changing Swedish party system, where Social Democrats historically have held an exceptionally strong position, which has weakened during recent years. The second analyzes the parties’ internal organizational structure, suggesting that although Swedish parties have become more professionalized, and the ‘mass party’ has faded away, this does not imply they have become internally less democratic. The third chapter focuses on representation, arguing that Swedish parties today face a more complex environment than before, with more diversity among representatives. The concluding chapter suggests that some features of Swedish cabinets stand out in a comparative perspective, with many single-party minority governments, where the Social Democrats have ruled with the help of ‘support party coalitions’.
Swedish Local and Regional Government in a European Context
Authors: Lidström Anders
Published: July 2016

Although Swedish local government shares a set of traits that are common to all other European local government systems, it stands out, in many respects, as unique. The particular combination of local responsibility for costly tax-financed national welfare policies, strong and mainly nationally organized political parties at local level, consistent decision-making collectivism, and a type of representative democracy that leaves little room for means of direct democracy make Sweden different. These features are intertwined, reflecting core values of the Scandinavian welfare model. Although many of them have been challenged during recent decades, popular support for the welfare system remains strong.
“A Force for Good”?
Authors: Aggestam Lisbeth , Hyde-Price Adrian
Published: July 2016

This chapter examines the politics of Swedish military activism and the paradoxes they involve. Since the end of the Cold War, Sweden has been involved a range of international military operations—from Bosnia and Congo to Afghanistan and Libya—that are very different from traditional peacekeeping. We argue that this military activism is driven both by the Swedish internationalist tradition of “doing good” in the world, but also for instrumental purposes. These include a desire for political influence in international institutions, an interest in collective milieu shaping, and a concern to improve the interoperability and effectiveness of the Swedish military.
Introduction
Authors: Pierre Jon
Published: July 2016

This handbook examines Swedish politics as well as institutional changes, political decision-making, foreign affairs, and political behavior. It discusses political change and political mobilization in relation to society’s transition into a postindustrial economy, along with the impact of the growing international embeddedness, de jure or de facto, on policy objectives such as non-alliance and neutrality. This introduction first provides an overview of two parallel trajectories that reshaped and modernized Sweden since the 1880s: industrialization and urbanization as well as the consolidation of a capitalist economy; and democratization and the mobilization of social class. It then considers the degree of Swedish exceptionalism in areas such as welfare state politics, constitutional design, the party system, electoral behavior, public administration, subnational government, international relations, Sweden’s membership in the European Union, and the political economy of Swedish governance. It also speculates about what caused the decline in Swedish exceptionalism and concludes by outlining the book’s organization and themes.
Legislation as an Instrument of Islamic Law
Authors: Wood Leonard
Published: July 2016

This article examines legislation as an instrument of Islamic law in the history of the Islamic world and in Islamic legal theory, with particular emphasis on the scholarly analysis of whether Islamic law can be legislated at all, and if so, how. It first reviews the scholarship on legislation in the Islamic world before the mid-nineteenth-century Ottoman reforms (tanzimat)—the “premodern” centuries. It then considers legislation after the mid-nineteenth century—the “modern” centuries—by looking at scholars’ preoccupations with the apparent novelty of modern legislation and its debatable Islamicity. It also discusses empirical dilemmas underlying these preoccupations and competing scholarly approaches to theorizing and studying the proper relationship between legislation and Islam. The article concludes by suggesting four paths forward in the analysis of legislation as an instrument of Islamic law.
Friedrich von Hardenberg (Pseudonym Novalis)
Authors: O'Brien William Arctander
Published: July 2016

For Hardenberg, the poets are surely ‘unacknowledged legislators of the world’, as Shelley would have it; and still more, they are the makers of the legitimacy that grounds legislation, that grounds the very existence of the state. InHeinrich von Afterdingen, legitimacy is a product of the poets’ manipulation of spectacle, convention, sign. It is a fiction that becomes a working fiction, a fiction actualized and institutionalized in the reality of the state. Hardenberg’s tale is no escape from political realities, as some claim of the Romantics, but a lesson in how political reality is made. Fiction makes the real, or, as Hardenberg noted at the time,notsentimentally: ‘The more poetic, the more true’ (III. 647). In politics, as in all else, this is the final word in Hardenberg’s Romanticism.
Goethe the Writer
Authors: Nicholls Angus
Published: July 2016

The late Goethe’s apparent total condemnations of what he calleddas Romantischehave often been used to argue that, although Goethe lived through and influenced the period known as German Romanticism, he, like his friend Friedrich Schiller,did not belong to it. The middle phase of Goethe’s life (roughly 1786–1805) came to be defined as Weimar Classicism, a reassertion of Classical aesthetic models that rejected all things redolent of mysticism and the Middle Ages, which in the early nineteenth century meant all things Romantic. But with even a cursory investigation of Goethe’s famous remark on aesthetic health and sickness this narrative begins to unravel: only a few lines later he claims that theNibelungenlied, that paragon of the mystical German Middle Ages, isklassischand therefore healthy, suggesting that the surface opposition between the Classical and the Romantic is more complicated than one might have first thought.
Literary History and Political Theory in Germaine de Staël’s idea of Europe
Authors: Fontana Biancamaria
Published: July 2016

The key question that needs to be addressed when considering Germaine de Staël’s contribution to what is conventionally called European Romanticism, is: how did she get there? How can we trace the path that led from the shapeless intellectual ambitions of an exceptionally talented young woman, thoroughly educated in the tradition of the Enlightenment, to a set of novel intuitions about modern society, about the politics, morals, and aesthetics of a new age? This chapter explains how Staël became a political activist, a leading figure (if not a leader) in her own party, the catalyst of a set of converging reflections on republicanism and representative government; a dissident writer and intellectual with an international reputation, the promoter of exchanges amongst cultures and of new aesthetic trends; a historian whose narrative of the Revolution of 1789 would become an essential reference for posterity.
Alexander Pushkin as a Romantic
Authors: Golburt Luba
Published: July 2016

This chapter maintains that Pushkin’s artistic project illuminates a paradoxical convergence of nationalism and internationalism at the core of both European and Russian Romanticism: the period’s concurrent commitment, on the national as well as individual scale, to creative solipsismandto circuits of intellectual exchange opened up by the Enlightenment across Europe; its introspection and extroversion; its vitalizing yet ambivalent comparatism. Pushkin’s formal and stylistic versatility appears to revel in, but also critically interrogate, the creative possibilities inherent in a country fashioning its modern national culture by means of appropriation. This investment in comparative cultural (de)construction, at once playful and serious, persists as a unifying thread throughout Pushkin’s otherwise insistently versatile oeuvre and could be productively singled out as the defining feature of his Romanticism.
Stendhal
Authors: Manzini Francesco
Published: July 2016

Romanticism was often construed in France, not least after Mme de Staël, as a German phenomenon, given over to philosophy and the pleasures of the imagination. But Henri Beyle, as he set about constructing Stendhal, sought to lay claim to expertise not just in German but in European Romanticism more generally. Stendhal spent much of his considerable free time between his expulsion from Milan in 1821 and the 1830 Revolution posing as an expert on Romanticism, whether German, English, Scottish or Italian. Yet this chapter argues thatLe Rougeis at least as Romantic as it is Realist and that this novel, as well as many of Stendhal’s subsequent literary productions across a wide variety of genres, not only maintained his dialogue with various currents of European Romanticism, but also reflected his ongoing, highly critical engagement with the multiple strands of French Romanticism.
Romantic Drama
Authors: Paraschas Sotirios
Published: July 2016

The French Romantic artist often has to define his place and his function in society in ways external to the essence of his work or to the aesthetic domain: he has to assume a mask. This conflict between the artist of genius or the exceptional individual and his time is explored in multifarious ways in Romantic texts. Strategically, drama was of crucial importance for the Romantics, not least because it was the last stronghold of neo-classicism; the stage was the field in which the battle between the ‘Classicists’ and the ‘Romantics’ was fought at its fiercest. The underlying idea of the plays discussed in the chapter is the internal conflict between the ‘authentic’, ‘pure’, ‘innocent’ self of the artist (the genius) and the ‘mask’ he has to assume in order to survive in a materialistic society and in the literary marketplace.
Johann Georg Hamann
Authors: Regier Alexander
Published: July 2016

This chapter follows a neglected tradition (Kierkegaard, Heidegger, Benjamin, Celan) which finds in Hamann a problem that, in its many different forms, becomes the problem of a Romanticism that goes beyond a Kantian framing of philosophy, namely the problem of poetical thinking that encompasses the world or, to put it in Schlegelian terms, conceiving of the world as poesy. Hamann is a figure who offers completely new and unusual ways of thinking about issues that are central to our understanding of the Enlightenment, Romanticism, and modernity. One example for this is the connection of thought and language. Such enquiries can uncover historically specific, and important, material as well as go beyond this recovery. They suggest that Hamann’s unorthodox way of framing the problem of poesis, thinking, and language constitutes a real invitation radically to reconsider many assumptions that we recognize as central to both us and to the period.
Cognitive Pragmatics
Authors: Bara Bruno G.
Published: July 2016

Cognitive pragmatics focuses on the mental states and, to some extent, the mental correlates of the participants of a conversation. The analysis of the mental processes of human communication is based on three fundamental concepts: cooperation, sharedness, and communicative intention. All of the three were originally proposed by Grice in 1975, though each has since been refined by other scholars. The cooperative nature of communication is justified by the evolutionary perspective through which the cooperative reasoning underlying a conversation is explained. Sharedness accounts for the possibility of comprehending non-standard communication such as deceit, irony, and figurative language. Finally, communicative intention presents the unique characteristic of recursion, which is, according to most scientists, a specific trademark of humans among all living beings.
Public Health Policy and Prevention of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Drug Problems
Authors: Holder Harold D. , Green Lawrence W.
Published: July 2016

The misuse of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs by youth and young adults is a major public health challenge across nations and the world. This chapter reviews the extensive international research concerning the use of public policy approaches to reducing these problems associated with the use and misuse of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs. In general, wide differences arise in public policies both in the type of research undertaken and the practical application of policy approaches to reduce harm. For illegal drugs and for alcohol, research concerning public health effects has been associated with policies addressing specific control mechanisms, whereas many public health policy approaches for tobacco harm prevention have been multifaceted. Overall, the cumulative international evidence offers public health policy approaches with demonstrated potential to reduce harm from and use of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs and can have specific effects for adolescents and young adults.
Party Systems and the Politics of Development
Authors: Hicken Allen
Published: July 2016

This article examines the correlation between economic development and the party system. More specifically, it considers the extent to which certain features of the party system should be included on the right-hand side of development regression equations, or whether the party system should be taken into account when selecting cases for a qualitative study of development. The chapter first outlines some necessary conditions for economic development, with particular emphasis on those conditions with roots in policy-making and actor agency. It then discusses three dimensions of the party system—the number of political parties, nationalization, and institutionalization—and whether they help shape the incentives and capabilities of policy-makers to adopt policies that promote development.
Africa’s Political Economy in the Contemporary Era
Authors: Lewis Peter M.
Published: July 2016

This article discusses Africa’s political economy in the contemporary era. It begins with an overview of various theories, models and debates that address African economic performance before turning to a discussion of the interrelationships between institutions, politics, and economic change. It then proceeds with an analysis of the politics of economic change in Africa following years of colonization; how the development strategies charted at independence came under stress from internal and global factors in the 1970s; the shifts in development strategy and policy orientation that African states went through in the 1980s; the influence of political reform and democratization on the trajectory of African economies during the 1990s; and the acceleration of economic growth in many African countries in the twenty-first century. Finally, the article assesses African economies under the contemporary period in which enhanced performance and a more propitious context create opportunities for a shift in developmental trajectories.
Composition
Authors: Korman Daniel Z. , Carmichael Chad
Published: July 2016

This article is intended as an introduction to the central questions about composition and a highly selective overview of various answers to those questions. §1 reviews some formal features of parthood that are important for understanding the nature of composition. §2 examines the special composition question: which pluralities of objects together compose something? §§3–4 examines the argument from vagueness for unrestricted composition. §5 addresses questions concerning the uniqueness of composition, coincident objects, hylomorphism, and the so-called grounding problem. §6 concernes the question of which composites existfundamentally.
Early Tudor Literary Criticism?
Authors: Stamatakis Chris
Published: July 2016

This article considers whether the activity that we recognize as criticism existed in the literary culture of early Tudor England. Before the appearance of formal poetic defenses and literary treatises in English (an Elizabethan phenomenon associated with Sir Philip Sidney and George Puttenham), English vernacular culture of the early sixteenth century seems to have been devoid of a fully fledged poetics or literary theory. Yet the composite evidence of printed prefaces, various endeavors to translate classical rhetorical terminology, and poetic practice itself in these early decades reveals a series of literary-critical interests that recur in the writing and intellectual history of this period. Literary theory in early Tudor England evolves as it addresses a set of preoccupations that cluster around questions of authorial inventiveness, models of style and vernacular eloquence, the domestication of imported critical terminology, and the agency of readers.
Nationalism in the Renaissance
Authors: Schwyzer Philip
Published: July 2016

Although an influential school of thought locates the origins of nationalism in the late eighteenth century, the Tudor era has long been associated with the rise of English national consciousness. This chapter surveys recent studies of sixteenth-century nationalism and argues that the national community imagined in Tudor literature was in many respects more British than English. Whether or not a developed nationalist ideology was present in sixteenth-century England, the works of Shakespeare and his contemporaries have been crucial to the development and expression of national consciousness in later eras. Indeed, it is precisely where early modern literary texts look forward to the nation as something yet to come that they speak most powerfully to nationalist sensibilities.
Key Players
Authors: Zenou Yves
Published: July 2016

This chapter provides an overview of the literature on key players in networks. The text first introduces the theoretical concept of the key player, who is the agent that should be targeted by the planner so that, once removed, she will generate the highest level of reduction in total activity. The chapter also considers another notion of key players where the planner is targeting a set of network nodes that are optimally positioned to quickly diffuse information, attitudes, behaviors, or goods. Then, the chapter examines the empirical tests of the key-player policies for criminal networks, education, R and D networks, financial networks, and diffusion of microfinance. The chapter shows that implementing such a policy outperforms other standard policies such as targeting the most active agents in a network.
Strategic Models of Intermediation Networks
Authors: Condorelli Daniele , Galeotti Andrea
Published: July 2016

This chapter surveys a set of papers that analyze strategic intermediation in networks. In all these papers, the architecture of the network has an impact on how surplus is shared across trading parties by determining the level of competition and outside options of traders,. The chapter emphasizes the insights that are most recurrent in the literature .