bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermogravimetric Analysis of Raw and Demineralized Biomass Materials
Authors: Li Wen Yan , Zhang Zhi Bo , Zhao Lei Qiang , Lu Qiang
Published: March 2013

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was employed to study the pyrolysis characteristics of two biomass materials (poplar and pine wood) and their demineralized samples under nitrogen atmosphere. Based on the experimental results, the pyrolysis kinetics were calculated. The results indicated that the starting and ending time of devolatilization were delayed after the demineralization of the biomass. For all the materials, the temperature of the maximum weight loss rate occurred at around 390°C, while the maximum values increased a little after demineralization. The pine wood was more difficult to decompose than the poplar wood, due to its high activation energy values. In addition, after demineralization, the activation energy values of the pine wood decreased, while the values of the poplar wood were not significantly changed.
Direct Conversion of Glucose in Ethanol and Ethanol/Water Mixed Medium
Authors: Chang Chun , Li Bo , Xu Gui Zhuan , Sun Pei Qin
Published: March 2013

Eethyl levulinate (EL) can be produced by direct conversion of glucose in ethanol medium. Both sulfuric acid and solid acid catalyst (USY) can be used as effective acid catalyst. The maximum EL yields were almost same. However, the usage of USY is helpful to limit the diethyl ether (DEE) production efficiently for recycling of ethanol. In ethanol/water mixed medium, water addition has significant effect on the products distribution. EL yield decreased obviously in water-rich medium. Meanwhile, the amount of DEE decreased with the increase of water addition. However, water addition has the opposite effect on the humic solid formation, and more humic solid can be formed in water-rich medium.
Effective Viscosity of Chlorella Sp. USTB-01 Suspension for Biofuel Production
Authors: Chou Ai Hui , Chen Liang , Zhang Xin Ru , Jiang Ze Yi , He Fang
Published: March 2013

Rheological properties of microalgae suspensions affect the mixing and mass transport in photobioreactor systems and the design of downstream biomass processing technologies，and directly impact the energy demand and system performance of algae biofuel production. The purpose of this paper is to obtain the rheological properties as a function of volume fraction. The volume fractions of microalgae suspensions φ were derived according to the size distribution of the microalgae cells and cell number concentrations per cubic meter liquid. We found that at low concentrations, microalgae suspensions display a Newtonian fluid behavior. At high concentrations, microalgae suspensions behave as a shear thinning non-Newtonian fluid. The results are of potential scientific relevance and also useful in relation to the design of algae bioprocessing for the large scale production of economic biofuels.
Investigation and Analysis of Biomass Energy Utilization in Tianjin
Authors: Li Jun , Ren Sheng Feng , Yu Jian Jun
Published: March 2013

Tianjin biomass energy utilization situation is surveyed and the result shows there have five kinds of use pattern in Tianjin biomass energy utilization: household biogas, livestock and poultry farm biogas project, straw biogas project for centralized supply, straw gasification for centralized supply, and biomass thermal utilization. Then the using scale, advantages and problems of these five kinds of use pattern are described. Finally, this paper analyzes the biomass energy utilization strategy in Tianjin, respectively from the perspective of biomass project construction and management, energy comprehensive utilization, new countryside planning and construction.
The Stress Finite Element Analysis of Die-Holes in Biomass Flat Die Briquetting Process
Authors: Tu De Yu , Wang Xu , Xu Ai Hua , Chen Xin , Hu Yun
Published: March 2013

Biomass briquetting technology is one of the key technologies in the utilization of biomass energy. In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of the die holes were analyzed to set up mathematical model in the briquettes forming process. The effects of the three key structure parameters, which include the inlet angle, forming taper angle and length-diameter ratio, were carried out by using the finite element software. The results indicated that the die hole with forming taper is easy to form back pressure, and the higher taper angle, the greater equivalent stress value is found in the corresponding parts, which is helpful for forming process. Combined with processing cost, energy consumption and wear analysis, the die hole forming taper should not be too big. For the corn straw, it can satisfy the molding pressure requirements to take 2° forming taper. The parameter of inlet angle main influences material grabbing, production efficiency and flat die manufacturing cost. For the corn straw, the inlet angle between 40° and 50° of die hole is not only beneficial to material grabbing and forming, but also can control flat die manufacturing cost and guarantee a certain production efficiency. Length to diameter ratio main influences the stress distribution in shape-preserving section and reflects the compressed extent of the material. Combined with energy consumption analysis, length to diameter ratio between 4:1 and 5:1 can guarantee the corn straw forming requirements. The above numerical simulation method and results can provide some reference for the flat die structure design and parameter optimization.
An Empirical Model for Methane Generation Rate during Anaerobic Digestion of Kitchen Wastes
Authors: Wu Yun , Zhang Xian Ming
Published: March 2013

In order to solve inconvenience of previous mathematical models in engineering practice and decision analysis, the empirical models of methane generation rate for single-phase and two-phase anaerobic digestion of kitchen wastes were established and revised by means of experimental observation and function fitting. The experiments of single-phase and two-phase anaerobic digestion of kitchen wastes were carried out by controlling temperature and pH of system at about 35°C and 7. Experimental results showed variation trend of methane production in single-phase and two-phase anaerobic digestion of kitchen wastes were similar to quadratic curve and linear curve respectively under neutral condition. Base on the observation, the benchmark empirical models of methane generation rate were created by method of function fitting, correlation coefficients of fitting function reached 0.9682 and 0.9772, respectively. The benchmark empirical models were revised by introducing load ratio, inhibition coefficients of pH and ammonia nitrogen. Results of significance variance test for empirical model showed the regression of empirical model was notable. It illustrated the empirical model could be used to predict methane production during single-phase and two-phase anaerobic digestion system of kitchen wastes. Moreover, the calculative process of empirical model was very simple.
Diethanolamine Pulping Process of Pinus Kesiya
Authors: Xiang Hao Liang , He Jie
Published: March 2013

In this paper, under the premise of maximum temperature not more than 200 °C, the diethanolamine pulping process of pinus kesiya was optimized. AQ was used as the additive for pulping. Under the optimum pulping condition, the pulp properties were as follows: screened pulp yield 61.9%, viscosity 1306mL•g-1 and kappa number 24.3. The handsheets physical properties were as follows: tensile index 77.6N•m•g-1, bursting index 6.40kPa•m2•g-1, tearing index 10.63mN•m2•g-1
Pyrolysis Characteristics of Rice Husk Using TG-DTG Analysis
Authors: Wang Qing , Jia Chun Xia , Liu Hong Peng
Published: March 2013

The rice husk from China has been non-isothermally pyrolysed on thermogravimetric analyzer(TGA). The analyses were performed at different heating rates (20, 40, 60, 80, 100°C/min) up to 900°C with nitrogen as purge gas. The weight loss curve showed that the main pyrolysis of rice husk took place in the range of 200~500°C. On the basis of experiment data, a pyrolysis kinetic model was proposed. The kinetic parameters of activation energy(E) and frequency factor(A) were obtained by the Direct Arrhenius Plot Method. There was no clear relationship between activation energy and heating rate.
Synthesis of Biodiesel by Phase Transfer Catalysis
Authors: Huang Yan Qin
Published: March 2013

Biodiesel was synthesized starting soybean oil and methanol using K2CO3 and phase-transfer catalysis TBAB. It was studied that the yield of biodiesel can be changed with reaction factors such as the kind and the amount of phase-transfer catalysis, the amount of K2CO3, reaction time, molar ratio between methanol and soybean oil, reaction temperature. The results show that the reaction conditions are as following: mass ratio of TBAB to soybean oil weight 0.6%, mass ratio of K2CO3 to soybean oil weight 1.5%, molar ratio between methanol and soybean oil 6∶1, reaction time 20 min, reaction temperature 40 °C. The yield of biodiesel reached 95% under the optimum reaction conditions.
Using Backcasting Methodology in Decision-Making of Biomass Energy Development
Authors: Li Jun , Ding Wen Bin , Jing Si Jiang
Published: March 2013

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a methodology-Backcasting for policy makers in renewable energy development, with expect to enable the development of an alternative strategy and the facilitation of a more flexible and responsible policy agenda. Take biomass energy domain as a case to explain the application of this methodology, and multiple factors should be taken into account. The study indicates that China’s renewable energy is still in the transition period from research and development to industrial production, and the effective, scientific and timely decision-making from government policy makers is utmost crucial to the healthy development of renewable energy industry in China because it regulates the development path of this innovative industry. It is an innovation to link biomass industry development with urbanization strategy in China rural area in the long run.
Green Biodiesel Production Catalyzed by Basic Ionic Liquid
Authors: Guo Yong Gang , Huang Bao Hua , Shi Na , Ma Xiao Zhong , Huo Yan Ping , Zhou Jian Hui , Zhang Kun
Published: March 2013

Transesterification were carried out under microwave irradiation conditions and the effects of imidazolium hydroxide with different branched alkyl side-chains ([Cnmim]OH, n = 2, 3, 4) were investigated. The results showed that less than conventional amount of NaOH, and the alkaline ionic liquids formed clearly biphasic systems immediately after the transesterification of soybean oil with methanol was finished. The method offers significant improvement over conventional techniques in terms of operational simplicity, processing time reduction and excellent yields. Among the imidazolium salts studied, [C2mim]OH proved to be the most efficient catalyst, affording 96 % yield.
A Discussion of the Impact of Building Wind Deflector on Changes in Wind Field by Using the Numerical Simulation
Authors: Chen Nien Tsu , Chung Poren , Chiang Che Ming , Liu Kuang Sheng , Chen Cheng Chen
Published: March 2013

Based on the local acceleration effect generated by air flow passing through obstacles, this study explored changes in the surrounding wind field of buildings and the possibility to develop the potential wind energy by installing wind deflector in building according to the concept of “dredging” to facilitate the integrated application of small-scale wind turbine in buildings. With a nine-story building as the research subject, this study used the wind deflector installed on the building roof to generate the contracted flow effect (Venturi effect) to accelerate the air flow, change wind field and thus increase the possibility of wind power use as well as the power generation efficiency of the small-scale wind turbine. This study applied the numerical simulation method to discuss differences in three cases of no wind deflector (N-WD), installing lower wind deflector (L-WD) and installing upper and lower wind deflectors (2-WD). It also evaluated the impact on wind field and contribution to wind speed acceleration.
A New Method for Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Angle of Attack Determination
Authors: Moshfeghi Mohammad , Lu Kun , Xie Yong Hui
Published: March 2013

This paper proposes a new method for horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) angle of attack (AOA) determination. Despite common circular planes for data extraction, here, data is extracted on rectangular planes. NREL Phase VI is used for validation of the method. Results show that even in a high velocity wind the proposed plane can be an appropriate choice. Furthermore, the average radial distributions of axial and tangential induction factors are calculated based on the velocity values at the planes. Moreover, local normal force coefficients are calculated and then, the local AOA are compared with 2D results and other 3D values for different wind speeds.
A Robust Algorithm for Wind Power Forecasting Based on Projection Pursuit and Back Propagation Neural Network
Authors: Liu Wen Xia , Li Ying Zhi
Published: March 2013

This paper has proposed a wind farm generation output forecasting model based on projection pursuit (PP) and back propagation neural network (BPNN), in order to eliminate the influence of the bad points and mutations on and enhance robustness of the forecasting model. A median absolute deviation is used as projection index function, effectively avoiding the influence of the outlier. Firstly, Extract the principal components of each factor by PP. Then, input the principal components to the BPNN for training the network. Finally, forecast the wind farm generation output via the trained network. The simulation shows that the proposed approach is of higher accuracy.
Field Experiment of Blade Surface Pressure of a HAWT
Authors: Li De Shun , Li Ren Nian
Published: March 2013

Field experimental study is performed on a 33 kW horizontal axis wind turbine with rotor diameter of 14.8 m. The distribution of pressure is gathered by disposed 191 taped pressure sensors span-ward on seven particular sections of a blade. The results will provide a comparative basis to wind tunnel experiment and numerical calculation of the flow of the wind turbine.
Rotational Turbulent Wind Field Simulation of Wind Turbine
Authors: He Wei , Tian De , Li Qi , Wang Ning Bo
Published: March 2013

In order to accurately obtain the influence of rotational effect on fluctuating component of turbulent wind acted on wind turbine, rotational Fourier spectrum with considering rotational effect of rotor was deduced. Physical nature of the rotational Fourier spectrum embodied by coherence function and phase lag was indicated. Auto power spectral density and cross power spectral density of rotational Fourier spectrum with introducing phase lag were proposed. The spectrum matrix constructed by the module of rotational Fourier spectrum was decomposed with Cholesky's method, according to the spectrum representation method with introducing phase lag, the random turbulent wind speed field was generated by superposing a set of cosine functions. Finally, an example involving simulation of the longitudinal turbulent wind velocity time series of a 1.5 MW three-bladed pitch regulated wind turbine was investigated. The target spectrum and simulated spectrum were compared. The result shows that the proposed algorithm is more accurate to simulate the fluctuating wind velocity of rotational blade.
The Realization of Individual Pitch Control
Authors: Chen Lei , Luo Zhen
Published: March 2013

This paper describes the classical individual pitch control algorithm. Firstly, transform the out-of-plane bending moment of each blade in the rotational coordinate to the hub loads proportional to the tilt and yaw moment in the fixed coordinate. Secondly, design the PI controllers to minimize the load. And then attach the increment pitch angle to the collective one. Simulations in the Bladed show that the individual pitch control can minimize the loads not only in hub tilt and yaw, but also in blade root.
Using Dynamic Reactive Power Compensation Equipments to Enhance Low Voltage Ride-Through Capability of Fixed Speed Asynchronous Wind Farms
Authors: Hu Yu Lin , Shi Lei , Liu Hao Ming
Published: March 2013

This paper presents wind energy conversion model, drive shaft’s dual-mass model and generator’s transient mathematical model for the transient analysis of fixed speed asynchronous wind generators, and analyzes the transient characteristics of the wind generators under the condition of low voltage fault. The control principles of two dynamic reactive power compensation equipments as static var compensator (SVC) and static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) are introduced. Take a wind farm consists of fixed speed asynchronous wind generators as an example, the two compensation equipments are simulated in PowerFactory/DIgSILENT to compare the effort of them on enhancing the low voltage ride-through capability of the wind farm.
Stall Nonlinear Flutter of Wind Turbine Blade Modeled as Thin-Walled Composite Beam Integrated with Structural Damping
Authors: Ren Yong Sheng , Liu Ting Rui
Published: March 2013

The effects of structural damping on the aeroelastic stability have been investigated for composite thin-walled blade. Structural model of the composite thin-walled blade exhibits bending-bending-twist coupling, with accounting for the presence of pretwist angle. The aerodynamic model used in the present paper is the differential dynamic stall model developed at ONERA. The structural damping of the blade is predicted based on the analytical formulas of the modal damping of thin-walled composite structure. The effect of structural damping on aeroelastic stability is taken into account by using proportional damping matrix. By means of Galerkin method, the nonlinear aeroelastic equations are reduced to ordinary equations. The general aerodynamic forces are obtained from strip theory. The resulting equations are then linearized for small perturbation about the equilibrium point and the stability characteristics are investigated through eigenvalue analysis and time domain integration.
Wind Turbine Pitch Angle Control Based on ANFIS
Authors: Xiao Jun , Xiao Jiang , Chen Wei
Published: March 2013

Wind turbine pitch control need a higher demand due to the random changes in wind speed, this paper proposes using adaptive neural fuzzy inference system to control wind turbine pitch, and constructs a mathematical model of the wind turbine. Consider the error between the measured and the actual value of generator speed as the input to the controller. Take a simulation analysis to the adaptive neural fuzzy inference system controller under random wind speed. The simulation results show that the adaptive neural fuzzy inference system control strategy has good robustness and dynamic performance, to improve wind turbine pitch control is feasible and effective.
WTG’s Gearbox Condition Assessment by Matching the Hilbert-Huang Spectrum of Vibration Signal
Authors: Pan Hai Ning , Qin Ming , Pan Lei
Published: March 2013

A gearbox condition assessment method for the Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) is proposed. Vibration signal’s Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMF) are decomposed by Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD). Normalized Hilbert-Huang and Direct Quadrature (DQ) method are used to determine the instantaneous frequency. The HHS of vibration signals is plotted and then is shifted to match the pre-defined faulty gear condition by the Iterative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm to diagnose their similarities. The principle and effectiveness of the proposed method are illustrated by simulation, the fault types of gearbox can be identified by ICP algorithm effectively.
Aerodynamic Performance Analysis of a Large Scale Wind Turbine Blade under Variable Condition
Authors: Zhou Peng Zhan , Tan Fang Sheng
Published: March 2013

Based on BLADED software, the aerodynamic performance of a large scale wind turbine blade was analyzed under variable condition. The results show that the rated power of the blade under variable condition is increased 10%, when the rated wind speed is changed from 10.5m/s to 11.0 m/s. The blade’s wind power coefficient is above 0.46, and its tip speed ratio is between 7.8 and 11.4. When its tip speed ratio is 9.5, the blade’s maximum wind power coefficient is 0.486. It is indicated that the blade has good aerodynamic performance and wide scope of wind speed adaptive capacity. The blade root’s equivalent fatigue load is 2.11 MN•m, and its extreme flapwise load is 4.61 MN•m. The loads under variable condition are both less than that of the designed condition, so the blade’s application under variable condition is safe.
Detailed Nuclear Power Plant Model for Power System Analysis Based on Matlab-Simulink
Authors: Tan Jin , Huang Yue Feng , Xu Zheng
Published: March 2013

To research the load-following capability of the nuclear power generating unit, this paper proposed a detailed mathematical model of the pressurized water reactor (PWR) which is suitable for medium- and long-term stability analysis of power systems. Analyzed the interactions between the nuclear power generating unit and the power system, through the simulations of a single machine infinite bus (SMIB) system. The results show that PWR nuclear power generating unit can meet load following requirements to some degree.
The Effect of the Precipitator Concentration on the Activity of Mesoporous Cu-Ce-La Mixed Oxide Catalyst for Water-Gas Shift Catalyst
Authors: Zhi Ke Duan , Liu Quan Sheng , Li Jing , He Run Xia , Wu Fang
Published: March 2013

Cu-Ce-La mixed oxide catalysts were prepared by co-precipitation methods with a series of precipitator concentration and characterized using X-ray diffraction, BET, TPR, and catalytic reaction for the water-gas shift. The Cu-Ce-La mixed oxide prepared by 4.0 mol/L NaOH concentration presented the highest activity and thermal stability. the precipitator concentration influence the activity of catalyst via the stability of crystal structure and mesoporous structure. La3+ or Ce4+ substituted copper ion of CeO2 framework during reaction process. The concentration of precipitator can control pore diameter of catalyst in synthetical process. The raising of precipitator concentration, from 0.5 to 2.0 mol/L, lead to enhancing of synergistic effects between CuO and CeO2.
Simultaneous Electricity Generation and Electrochemical Decolorization of Azo Dyes in Microbial Fuel Cells
Authors: Liu Liang , Zhang Wen Yi
Published: March 2013

In this study we investigated the use of a microbial fuel cell (MFC) to abioticlly cathodic decolorization of a model azo dye, Methyl Orange (MO). Experimental results showed that electricity could be continuously generated the MO-fed MFC and MO was successfully decolorized in the cathode. The decolorization rate was highly dependent on the catholyte pH. When pH was varied from 3.0 to 9.0, the k value in relation to MO degradation decreased from 0.298 to 0.016 μmol min-1, and the maximum power density decreased from 34.77 to 1.51 mW m-2. Sulfanilic acid and N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine were identified as the decolorization products of MO by HPLC-MS.
Economics Reasearch for Photovoltaic Power Generation Project Based on Different Business Model
Authors: Li Rui , Li Yue , Liu Hai Tao
Published: March 2013

This paper presents an in-depth economic analysis on Photovoltaic power generation (PV) project. The research is based on nine business and technical proposals which with different investment operational pattern and different distributed generation (DG) integration technology of PV project. An all-life-cycle benefit/cost (B/C) assessment methods was used to assess the feasibility of the project. Through the accurately simulate of an annual PV output and load curves from typical time, received electric power and energy balance calculations and revenue forecast results. And then different operators’ electricity price benefits based on china’s complex tariff mechanism was estimated in this paper, while the initial PV panel investment, operation and maintenance, distribution network investment and losses of PV projects were calculated. Finally, through the PI value come to the best business model. Calculation results show that if power grid enterprise as the PV power producer, and use of virtual power plant technology for DG integration means more investment value than other business mode.
Effect of the Supernatant Liquid Recirculation on H2 and CH4 Production in the Two-Phase Anaerobic Fermentation
Authors: Wang Yuan Yuan , Ai Ping
Published: March 2013

A two-phase fermentation process that combined H2 and CH4 production with supernatant liquid recirculation to adjust the pH, was suggested in this study. It was found that with the suitable recirculation, the phase separation performance was improved in the hydrogen production reactor. The highest average H2 and CH4 yield were 2.02, 7.30 L / kg TS • d, respectively, when the RRs were 45 L/2d, 30 L/3d, respectively. The main degradation pathway of organic matter was propionic acid and butyric acid mixed fermentation types. The change of RR affected the fermentation pathway and gas production rate slightly.
Review on Biopolymer Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications
Authors: Ab. Rahman Nur Fatin , Shyuan Loh Kee , Mohamad Abu Bakar , Kadhum Abdul Amir Hassan
Published: March 2013

Tremendous efforts are being made to produce polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) for fuel cell using advanced materials in order to replace Nafion due to the high costs and its complicated synthesis procedures. One of the efforts include an extensive research on natural polymer to produce biopolymer based electrolyte membranes with desirable properties such as high proton conductivity, as well as good chemical and thermal stabilities. The examples of biopolymer that have been used are polysaccharide (e.g. cellulose, starch and glycogen), chitin and chitosan. This paper presents an overview of the types of biopolymer used to produce a PEM, comprised also their chemical and physical properties, and its performances in fuel cell applications.
An Experimental Investigation of a Cold Thermal Energy Storage System
Authors: Ahmed Saad , Gadalla Mohamed
Published: March 2013

This research work investigates the heat transfer characteristics of a direct contact heat exchanger. A cold two phase refrigerant R134a is injected into water stored in an evaporator to exchange directly heat with the water and form clathrates during the charging mode of the operation. The clathrate is used later for obtaining chilled water for air-conditioning purposes. It was found that the performance of the system depends on the refrigerant, its ratio to water, compressor speed and the mass flow rate of the refrigerant.
Wind/Storage System Capacity Configuration Research Based on the Benefits of Energy Saving and Emission Reduction
Authors: Li Jian Lin , Xiong Xiong , Yang Shui Li
Published: March 2013

Rational configuration of energy storage system is an effective means to improve power system energy utilization and solve the bottleneck problem of wind power. To energy saving and emission reduction as study object, analyse energy storage system energy saving and emission reduction benefit evaluation index. Establish the wind/storage system benefit evaluation model to calculate wind/storage optimum matching capacity used nested genetic algorithm. The calculated results show that the wind/storage system with reasonable configuration can improve the social benefits of energy saving and emission reduction.
Performance Evaluation of a Thermal Energy Storage
Authors: Gadalla Mohamed , Ahmed Saad
Published: March 2013

The direct contact heat transfer technique gives better heat transfer rates. In this paper, the operation of a simple system was simulated under different operating conditions. During the charging mode of the operation, refrigerant R134a is injected into water stored in an evaporator to exchange directly heat with the water and form clathrates. Later, the clathrate is used to cool water which is used for air-conditioning purposes. Direct contact charging and/or discharging eliminate the necessity of a heat exchanger inside the storage tank and leads to an effective heat transfer method. The results indicate that the performance of the system depends on the refrigerant type, compressor speed and the mass flow rate of the refrigerant.
Research on the Mechanism of Energy-Saving Technology Innovation in Energy Service Companies
Authors: Wang Yu Lu , Zhang Xiao Hong
Published: March 2013

This paper analyzed the moderating effect of COP’s identity and COP’s competition between network structure of COP and energy-saving technology innovation. The empirical analysis illustrates that the relationship between the COP’s relation strength and energy-saving technology innovation is fully mediated by COP’s identity and COP’s competition, and the relationship between the COP’s status disparity and energy-saving technology innovation is partly mediated by COP’s identity and COP’s competition.
Behavior-Based Detection of Abnormal Power Consumption for Power Saving
Authors: Huang Chiao Ching , Tsao Yi Ting , Hsu Jane Yung Jen
Published: March 2013

Abnormalities are caused by incorrect or inappropriate behaviors or appliance malfunctions. They may lead to electricity waste and safety hazards. This paper describes a novel appliance management system for detecting abnormal power consumption in convenience stores based on power meters. Our system detects abnormal power consumption through historical behavior models. Generalized extreme studentized deviate (GESD) and regression methods are applied to build behavior models. The behavior based abnormal detection methods can assist in preventing these waste and safety problems and improve the appliance management to achieve power saving.
An Upgrade of Seawater Reverse Osmosis with Work Exchanger - A Case Study
Authors: Chen Jin Zeng , Li Yan Fei , Li Guang Hua , Wang Dong Bo
Published: March 2013

The present work describes the upgrade of one type seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) unit by Work-Exchanger Energy-Recovery (WEER) system to increace the product flowrate. Before the upgrade, the unit operated at a capacity of 120t/d, and a specific electricity of 7.4kWh/m3. Tests conducted on the unit after the upgrade, when the plant operated at essentially the same pressure conditions, the capacity increase to 150t/d, and a 67.6% reduction in specific electricity to 2.4kWh/m3. This confirmed that the reduction in specific electricity was due to the WEER system. The operating experience with the plant of the first month is presented.
Deduction and Analysis of Driving Exergy Loss in Oil Pipeline System
Authors: Cheng Qing Lin , Zhang Meng , Wang Xuxu
Published: March 2013

Pipeline transportation is a substance conveying process that makes crude oil flowing from first station to ultimate station and at the same time takes a certain amount of driving energy for cost. Based on related theories of engineering fluid mechanics, mathematics analytic formula of driving exergy in oil pipeline transportation is deduced by micro-element analysis. We can get the conclusion that driving exergy loss has a positive correlation with diameter and throughput, and also a contrary trend with insulation thickness and outbound temperature by analyzing the influence on driving exergy loss from operation parameters in pipeline process,. This research can provide theoretical guidance for energy consumption classification, and further more, the technical support for energy consumption in pipeline system.
Corrosion Behavior of AZ91/AZ91-0.4%Nd Alloys in 3.5wt.% NaCl
Authors: Zhang Jumei , Wang Zhi Hu , Cai Hui , Zhu Ming , Niu Li Bin
Published: March 2013

The microstructure and corrosion behavior of commercial AZ91/AZ91-0.4%Nd alloys were investigated by OM, immersion test and weight-loss method. It was found that the number of Nd element in the AZ91 magnesium alloy has effect on the grain refining efficiency, the coarse β-Mg17Al12 phase distributed along the grain boundaries transformed into granular, and the granular or acicular Al3Nd phase precipitated in matrix. The addition of Nd element significantly reduces the corrosion rate of AZ91-0.4%Nd magnesium alloy, as a result the corrosion resistance of alloy was improved obviously.
Porous LiMn2O4 Spheres Synthesized by Topochemical Route Using the Porous Mn2O3 as Precursor
Authors: Wang Ya Zhou , Shao Xuan , Xie Ming , Deng Si Xu , Wang Hao , Liu Jing Bing , Yan Hui
Published: March 2013

A facile topochemical route has been developed to synthesize porous LiMn2O4 spheres by using molten LiOH and porous Mn2O3 spheres as a precursor. The formation of porous LiMn2O4 spheres was inherited from porous Mn2O3 spheres which were obtained from the thermal decomposition of the MnCO3 precursors and the presence of pores was confirmed by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). When applied as cathode materials for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, it shows good capacity retention after cycling. Taking the excellent electrochemical performance and facile synthesis into consideration, the presented porous LiMn2O4 spheres could be a competitive candidate cathode material for high-performance lithium-ion batteries.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Interaction between the Mixture of Glycerol and 1,6-Hexanediol and Silicon Dioxide Surface
Authors: Chen Zhan Xiu , Chen Guan Yi , Lan Wei Juan
Published: March 2013

The interaction between amorphous silicon dioxide (SiO2) with surface (100) and mixture of glycerol and 1,6-hexanediol was simulated with periodic boundary conditions using the method of molecular dynamics. The properties of silicon dioxide depend on polarity of the groups of the surface. The simulation was respectively calculated that silicon dioxide surface with all silanol groups (Si-OH bonds) or all Si-O bonds interacts with hydroxyl of mixture of glycerol and 1,6-hexanediol in the paper. The results show that the peak of radial distribution function of hydroxyl of mixture on silicon dioxide surface with Si-O bonds is higher than that of the hydroxyl of the mixture on the surface with Si-OH bonds. And self-diffusion coefficient of hydroxyl of the mixture on the surface with the Si-O bonds was smaller than that of hydroxyl of the mixture on the surface with the Si-OH bonds. Interaction energy of silicon dioxide surface with Si-O bonds and the mixture is stronger than that of silicon dioxide surface with Si-O bonds and the mixture at different temperature respectively.
Synthesis of TiO2 - CNT Nanocomposites and its Application to Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Li Qun
Published: March 2013

The improved dye-sensitized solar cells were fabricated using TiO2-carbon nanotube nanocomposite photoanodes. An improvement of 91 % for power conversion efficiency is achieved through the incorporation of carbon nanotubes into TiO2 mesoscopic film photoanodes. The further investigation indicates that enhancement of power conversion efficiency depends on the carbon nanotube content in nanocomposite photoanodes. With the carbon nanotube content increasing from 1 to 3 wt. %, the power conversion efficiency of solar cells significantly improves from 3.02 to 5.78 %. When the carbon nanotube content is up to 5 wt. %, however, its value is down to 4.24 %.
Model Used for On-Line Testing Resolution Ratio of Baked Limestone in Lime Furnace
Authors: Yi Zheng Ming , Xiao Hui , Song Jia Lin
Published: March 2013

Based on the principle of thermal balance and materials balance in lime furnace, a calculation model used for on-line testing the resolution ratio of baked limestone in lime furnace is conducted by using of parameters that can be measured in spot. For a lime furnace in operating, the resolution ratio of baked limestone can be predicted on time by this model when mass input of limestone, coke ratio, air flux, concentration of carbon dioxide in outlet, temperature of flue in outlet and temperature of output lime are measured in-line. The calculation model has been testified with actual parameters and proved to be operable.
Electrical Energy per Order and Photodegradation Efficiency of Advanced Oxidation Processes
Authors: Wu Chung Hsin , Lai Chih Hao , Chung Wei Yang
Published: March 2013

This study investigates the decolorization of C.I. Reactive Red 2 (RR2) by the UV/TiO2, UV/ZnO, UV/TiO2/ZnO, O3, UV/O3, O3/MnO2, UV/H2O2, UV/H2O2/Fe3+, UV/O3/H2O2, and UV/O3/H2O2/Fe3+ systems. The values of the electrical energy per order of pollutant removal (EEO) and decolorization rate were determined and compared for all tested systems. The decolorization rate constant (ka) fit pseudo-first-order kinetics. Under 365 nm irradiation, the highest ka value and lowest EEO value were with the UV/O3 (0.0924 min-1) and O3/MnO2 (1.68) systems, respectively. Moreover, under 254 nm irradiation, the highest ka value and lowest EEO value were with the UV/O3/H2O2/Fe3+ (0.096 min-1) and UV/H2O2/Fe3+ (2.01) systems, respectively.
Analysis of the Pressure Drop of the Horizontal Liquid-Solid Circulation Fluidization Bed with Kenics Static Mixers
Authors: Liu Yan , Zhang Shao Feng , Wang Jiang Tao
Published: March 2013

In order to obtain the pressure drop of the horizontal liquid-solid circulation fluidization bed with Kenics static mixers, experiments were carried out in four Kenics static mixers with different aspect ratio of mixing element(AR) over a range of 30000 to 51000 to get pressure drop data. Dimension analysis revealed that the pressure drop characteristic of the Kenics static mixer can be described by three dimensionless parameters, such as the friction factor, Reynolds number, and aspect ratio of mixing element. According to the experiment data, a new dimensionless pressure drop correlation was developed. The results indicate that the value of Cf becomes constant and has no correlation with the value of Re in fixed AR. The value of Cf was increased with the increase of AR.
Theoretical Investigations of the Mechanism of CO2-CH4 Reforming Reaction Catalyzed by Transition Metals (Pt, Rh, Ru) under a Supercritical Condition
Authors: Xu Wen Yuan , Xu Na Na , Long Wei , Hu Lin , Hong San Guo
Published: March 2013

A mechanism of CO2-CH4 reforming over supported transition metal catalysts (platinum, rhodium, ruthenium) under a supercritical condition (304.13K, 72.90atm) was investigated using the B3LYP density functional method and MP2 method. Results obtained show that there are two channels in this reaction. The oxidized material is the most important catalyst in each reaction channel. For Pt, Rh and Ru, the rate-determining step of the reaction is the same - the step of CO2 activation. Because of the large activation energies, the oxide reforming on Rh and Ru catalysts can't proceed under the supercritical condition. For Pt, the CO2 activation reaction proceeds easier than the other two kinds of catalysts. According to the energy calculation results, specific activities of three kinds of the transition metals follow in the order: Pt ＞ Rh ＞ Ru.
Research on the Making of Activated Carbon from Disposable Chopsticks and its Adsorption Characteristics for Cr(VI)
Authors: Peng Li Xiu , Wang Shang Shang
Published: March 2013

The adsorption process of Cr (VI) in aqueous solution on activated carbon prepared by discarded disposable chopsticks was investigated to study the effect factors on adsorption properties. adsorption mechanism was discussed. The results showed that the adsorption performance was influenced by partical size, dosage, pH of medium, initial concentration and adsorption time. Adsorption reached equilibrium after 60min at temperature 25°C, pH=3, 80 mesh of adsorbent particle size. The highest removal efficiency can reach 92%. The results indicated that activated carbon as adsorbent can effectively deal with waste water containing (VI).
Regional Energy Security Analysis with Cluster Eensemble Method: A Case of Typical Regions in China
Authors: Sun Jin Hua , Hu Jian , Yan Jian Ming , Liu Zhen , Shi Yu Ren
Published: March 2013

Energy is the foundation of regional economy sustainable development. it is more and more serious of regional energy security problem with the rapid economic growth, industrialization and city development. The concept of regional energy security is defined. According to the characteristic of regional energy security problem, a cluster ensemble structure with system energy theory and an algorithm, called F-ETMC, are put forward to analysis regional energy security problem. The experiment shows that the method not only effectively analysis the regional energy security, but also provides the reference for energy development strategy and policy making.
Influences of Clean Syngas Preheating Temperature on IGCC Power Plant Performances
Authors: Han Long , Deng Guang Yi
Published: March 2013

400 MW IGCC power plants were modeled by using commercial software GT PRO. The high pressure unsaturated water extracted from heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) was used to heat clean syngas to various temperatures. The influences of clean syngas preheating temperature on plant performances were investigated. Results showed that net power output and coal consumption both reduced with the increase of syngas preheating temperature, and coal consumption reduced to a larger extent. Moreover, when syngas preheating temperature increased, the net electric efficiency increased and the net heat rate decreased gradually. It was concluded that preheating clean syngas in a reasonable way was beneficial to improve the performances of IGCC power plant.
Effect of Acid-Washing on the Distribution of Phenols from Wulagai Lignite Pyrolysis
Authors: Guan Jun , He De Min , Zeng Fan Hu , Zhang Qiu Min
Published: March 2013

At the pyrolysis temperature range of 460°C to 560°C, the pyrolysis of Wulagai lignite and the acid-washed lignite is completed on the fixed-bed reactor. The phenols are detected by GC. Study shows that the minerals in coal may influence the decomposition of the phenols intermediates or suppress the producing of final phenols, acid-washing helps improving the yield of phenols. The minerals in lignite have no effect on the generation of low boiling-point phenols in the lower pyrolysis temperature, but have significant effect on the yield of high boiling-point phenols. The minerals in Wulagai lignite have a significant effect on the distribution of the fixed bed low temperature pyrolysis phenols.
Effect of FeSO4 on the Reactivity of Petroleum Coke with CO2 by TG-FTIR
Authors: Liu Qiao , Li Han Xu , Dong Zhong Bing
Published: March 2013

The petroleum coke (refered to as PC) with the addition of FeSO4 was obtained by impregnation method, and the reactivity of PC with CO2 are analysed by TG.PC samples were heated from room temperature to 1300 °C with heating rate of 20 °C / min at the atmosphere of CO2 (40 ml/min) and N2 (60 ml/min).At the same time, FTIR spectral of the gasflowing was obtained every 30 seconds. The results show that the TG curve of raw petroleum coke begin to decline, and the CO peak in its 3D infrared spectrogram plot has appeared at the temperature of 1100°C, which proved that the raw petroluem coke (refered to as RPC) has reacted with CO2 at 1100°C. And as the FeSO4 added amount increased,the gasification beginning temperature and initial release time of CO are all in advance,which prove that FeSO4 can enhance the reactivity of PC carbon dioxide gasification.
Primary Study on Relationship between PAHs and Macerals in Coal
Authors: Zhang Li Ping , Deng Qing Hai , Jiang Nan , Cao Jia Yuan
Published: March 2013

The study of relationship between PAHs(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) and macerals contributes to understand the occurrence and distribution of PAHs in coal. Ten coal samples were collected and then tested macerals and 15 PAHs quantitatively. The concentration of total PAHs, single PAH and every-ring of PAHs tend to increase with and reduce with the increasing inertinite, vitrinite and liptinite contents. The higher the PAHs ring number is, the more obvious the effect of macerals exert on them. Higher H/C, O/C atomic ratios and higher aromaticity in inertinite groups are the main reasons for the positive relationship between inertinite and PAHs. Degree of coalification had a significant effect on the relationship between PAHs and maceral groups in coal.
Research on the Development of New Energy Vehicle Industry in China
Authors: Li Zhao , Xu Wen , Hu Xin
Published: March 2013

With the developing of new energy technology, China’s new energy vehicle industry has been developing positively, but also accompanied with some problems. On the basic of the systematic analysis of new energy vehicle and its characteristics, and the situation of new energy vehicle industry in China, we deeply analyzed the existing problems of new energy vehicle industry. In the light of the government, research institute and enterprise, this paper proposed some improvement measures. Finally, in accordance with the policy in China, ten years goal of new energy vehicle industry was investigated. Aiming to provide some theoretical guidance for China’s new energy vehicle industry.
Research on Load Modeling of Electric Vehicles
Authors: Fan Jian Lei , Liu Jun , Zhang Lei , He Hong Peng
Published: March 2013

The accurate electric vehicle charging load model shall be established to analyze potential challenges of static and dynamic stability brought by electric vehicles. In this paper, experiments with the electric vehicle charger and battery were carried out to analyze the model characteristics. And then this model was compared to the composite load model. At last, the modeling approach of static and dynamic model of electric vehicles was proposed.
Control Strategy Design and Simulation for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Authors: Yu Jun Wei , Wang Bin , Zhang Yong
Published: March 2013

The plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have the potential of petroleum displacement with electric energy. The dynamic model and control strategy for PHEV are designed in this paper. Simulation models of PHEV components are built based on Simulink. The control rules of energy management and engine operation model are defined to improve the fuel consumption of the PHEV. Simulation results show that the efficiency of PHEV is improved with the proposed methods.
Analysis of Welding Fatigue on Electric Scooter Using CAE Approach
Authors: Hsia Shao Yi , Chou Yu Tuan
Published: March 2013

Since Industrial Revolution, fossil fuel has played an important role in technology, industry, and transportation, where an enormous amount of fossil fuel has been consumed, causing short supply. Transportation with other energy therefore has become the development objective for many countries. With the progress of technology, electric scooters have become popular because of the great supports of the governments. Corresponding to consumers’ demands, the requirements for functions and styles are also enhanced. With present engineering drawing and analysis software, this study aims to discuss the change of stress and fatigue endurance of welded electric scooter frames under loads. A real vehicle is proceeded road tests in order to verify the feasibility on various combinations of roads. The analyses show that, with proper design, the maximum stress of the self-weight of electric scooter frames or when considering carrying a person is lower than the yield stress of the frame itself. Regarding the fatigue endurance analyses, the operational life could satisfy the anticipation of the manufacturers to the functions. The research outcomes are expected to assist domestic manufacturers in designing new-style electric scooters or making improvement.