bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fischer Black’s Contributions to Corporate Finance
Authors: Myers Stewart C
Published: November 2023

Fischer Black’s impact on corporate finance is insufficiently noticed. He did not specialize in that subject, and the fame of “Black–Scholes” has drawn attention from his broader contributions. But Fischer was co-author of the most influential early test of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), now probably the most widely used tool for estimating the opportunity cost of capital and valuing risky real assets. The CAPM is not essential to the now-accepted framework of corporate finance—any linear asset pricing model works—but it made that framework accessible and, at least in principle, implementable.
Exploring a Two-Factor, Markovian, Lognormal Model of the Term Structure of Interest Rates
Authors: Richard Scott F
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to better understand two-factor, Markovian, lognormal models of the term structure of interest rates. This class of models is useful in valuing and hedging fixed-income securities. As such, we find it a valuable tool in managing fixed-income portfolios. The one-factor, Markovian, lognormal model of the instantaneous interest rate first appeared in Dothan (1978). The model became useful and popular because of the binomial tree solution invented by Black, Derman, and Toy (1990) (BDT). In the models of both Dothan and BDT, the logarithm of the short rate follows a random walk and does not mean-revert. The lack of mean reversion makes it difficult for the model to price interest rate options such as caps and swaptions. To remedy this problem, Black and Karasinski (1991) extended the binomial tree in BDT to include mean reversion.
Convexity and Empirical Option Costs of Mortgage Securities
Authors: Breeden Douglas T
Published: November 2023

The option to prepay is the main focus of researchers in mortgage securities, as it is extremely important for both hedging and valuation. The firstorder effect of prepayments is to shorten the lives of mortgages, thereby reducing their effective durations and price elasticities with respect to iterest rates. While researchers at major brokerage houses differ significantly in forecasting the effective durations of various fixed-rate mortgage coupons, on average their forecasts for standard fixed-rate mortgages are closely related to subsequent empirical durations (see Breeden 1994). Their forecasts of effective durations for interest-only strips vary hugely, by contrast, and are highly inaccurate forecasts of subsequent price elasticities. The risks of interest-only strips are extremely difficult to forecast, despite the major talent and resources that investment banks have devoted to research on mortgage securities. Errors in these risk estimates may have contributed to the many well-publicized losses in derivative mortgage securities in 1992–1995.
A Theory Of Customary International Law
Authors: Goldsmith Jack L , Posner Eric A
Published: November 2023

Customary international law is typically defined as the general and consistent practices of states that they follow from a sense of legal obligation (Restatement 1987, § 102[2]). This definition contains two elements: there must be a widespread and uniform practice of states, and states must engage in the practice out of a sense of legal obligation. This second requirement, often referred to as opiniojuris, is the central concept of customary international law. Because opinio juris refers to the reason a state acts in accordance with a behavioral regularity, it is often described as the “psychological” element of customary international law (Brownlie 1960, 7–9; D’Amato 1971, 47–55, 66–73). Opinio juris is what distinguishes a state act done out of interest or comity from one that a state performs because it is required to do so by law. Courts and scholars say that a long-standing practice among states “ripens” or “hardens” into customary international law when it becomes accepted by states as legally binding (The Paquete Habana 1900, 686).
Walden Wood Was My Forest Walk (1855–1861)
Authors: Maynard W Barksdale
Published: November 2023

In his new publication, Walden, Thoreau had achieved an extraordinary biography of place, so skillfully that he eventually garnered immortality for “Walden” as book, pond, and back-to-nature idea, all three. As Robert Frost once said of Thoreau’s masterpiece, “Think of the success of a man’s pulling himself together under one one-word title. Enviable!” The fame of the text and its writer continues almost inexorably to grow; according to scholar Joel Myerson, “Today, Walden is arguably the most widely translated and available book by an American author.” Researchers have published “well over one hundred articles and sections of books dealing solely with Walden,” plus full-length monographs, to make a low estimate.
What Every True Republican Ought to Depend On rejecting judicial supremacy
Authors: Kramer Larry D
Published: November 2023

With the benefit of hindsight, we can find seeds of a more ambitious theory of judicial power as early as the late 1780s, an argument that would before long blossom into the modern idea of judicial supremacy. Federalism was from the first a reaction to the popularizing, equalizing social and political effects of the Revolution: a rejection of the volatile style of politics that Revolutionary leaders had practiced against England in the 1760s and an effort to preserve the tradition of deference and the social order it implied. Somewhat muted in the 1780s, this conservatism became increasingly pronounced as time passed. Federalists were never really monarchists, as Jefferson charged, but the “democracy” they believed in was “a patrician-led classical democracy in which ‘virtue exemplified in government will diffuse its salutary influence through[out] the society.’” Federalists witnessed the effects of the Revolution, observed their leadership being challenged by farmers, mechanics, and shopkeepers, and did not like what they saw. As ordinary men began asserting an equal right to govern, suddenly all that petitioning and mobbing and rousing of public opinion started to look scary. It threatened too easily to spin out of control. During his brief period of High Federalism, Benjamin Rush complained: “It is often said that ‘the sovereign and all other power is seated in 2the people.’ This idea is unhappily expressed. It should be—’all power is derived from the people.’ They possess it only on the days of their elections.
Convertibles, MBS/CMO, and Other Bonds: The Behavioral Models
Authors: Ho Thomas S Y , Lee Sang Bin
Published: November 2023

We have discussed many types of fixed-income securities, such as Treasury securities and corporate bonds, in the previous chapters. This chapter mainly describes three other types: convertible bonds, mortgage-backed securities (pass-through), and collateralized mortgage obligations. Convertible bonds are corporate bonds that offer bondholders the option to convert their bonds to shares of the firm. Mortgage-backed securities are securitized portfolios of homeowners” mortgages. Collateralized mortgage obligations are structured securities backed by mortgage-backed securities and other collateralized mortgage obligations.
Optimal Corporate Financial Decisions: Corporate Model
Authors: Ho Thomas S Y , Lee Sang Bin
Published: November 2023

How should a corporation manage its finance? Few questions are more fundamental in corporate finance. One way to begin answering this question is to better understand the responsibilities of a corporate financial manager. There are two main responsibilities of the corporate financial manager: investment and corporate financial management.
Financial Institutions: Applications of Financial Models
Authors: Ho Thomas S Y , Lee Sang Bin
Published: November 2023

Commercial banks, property and casualty insurance companies, and life insurance companies are examples of financial institutions. Commercial banks sell loans and/or borrow from depositors. They provide the immediacy of borrowing and lending to the markets. Property and casualty companies sell insurance such as workers” compensation, auto insurance, and hurricane and flood insurance, providing financial relief for event risks, as opposed to financial risks or mortality/morbidity risks. Life insurance companies provide mortality/morbidity risk insurance. Financial institutions, in the process of providing financial immediacy in an economy, participate in capital formation and risk transformation.
Technical Matters: Market Model and Binomial Lattices
Authors: Ho Thomas S Y , Lee Sang Bin
Published: November 2023

We have described binomial lattices for modelling a security or interest rate movements, and we have shown how these models are used for valuing securities in the capital markets and for determining optimal decisions in corporate finance. In the capital markets, we can use binomial lattices to value a broad range of securities, such as securities” whose value may depend on multiple risk sources and optimal decisions of the investors or the issuers. In corporate finance, we have shown how the binomial lattice can be used in corporate and strategic investment decisions. This framework provides us with tools to determine optimal corporate decisions, and relate to the capital market by showing how corporate decisions affect the equity and bond prices of a firm. There fore, this binomial lattice framework provides a flexible and intuitive analytical tool for financial modelling.
Biography Of A Subject
Authors: Meier Gerald M
Published: November 2023

Gerald Meier - one of the world’s most prominent leading thinkers in the economics of development - interprets the past treatment of development problems with the present and future in mind.
The Impact of Globalization
Authors: Meier Gerald M
Published: November 2023

What are the effects of economic globalization on poor countries? Since the backlash demonstrations against globalization at the ministerial meetings in Seattle and Genoa in the late 1990s, this question has entered public debate. Neither globalization nor protests, however, are new. Indeed, throughout the history of development economics, attention to the implications of international integration has been of prime interest, especially regarding whether foreign trade and investment reduce or increase inequality. Now international financial “crises” and issues of global economic governance also pervade the debate. This chapter relates the response of development economics to these concerns.
Federalism
Authors: Devins Neal , Fisher Louis
Published: November 2023

The meaning of federalism has been determined more by Congress, the President, and the political process than by judicial rulings. The two political branches determine the balance between states and the national government whenever they exercise the spending power, the taxing power, and the Commerce Clause to direct state activities. These constitutional judgments are generally affirmed by the courts and in many cases never challenged. On those occasions when federal courts impose their views of federalism and choose to strike down congressional statutes, the judicial doctrine will prevail only if it is supported by Congress and the American people. Otherwise, the regular political process will force a correction.
Speech
Authors: Devins Neal , Fisher Louis
Published: November 2023

The commitment to individual conscience and free speech predates rulings by the Supreme Court and other judicial bodies. It was not until 1925 that the Court decided that the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment was incorporated in the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, to be applied against the states. Prior to that time, free speech was a matter decided by Congress, the President, and state and local communities. In his work on free speech, Zechariah Chafee Jr. counseled that the “victories of liberty of speech must be won in the mind before they are won in the courts.” Regardless of what courts decide or elected branches legislate, “the ultimate security for free and fruitful discussion lies in the tolerance of private citizens.”
Creating an Extended Customer Relationship Business
Authors: Barabba Vincent P
Published: November 2023

Metamarkets: Markets in our minds. Metamarkets are clusters of related activities that consumers engage in to satisfy a distinct set of needs. Boundaries of Metamarkets are derived from activities that are closely related in the minds of consumers. They are not created or marketed by firms in related industries. Metamarkets can be organized around major assets, major interests, major life events, or major business processes.
Creating the Business You Want
Authors: Barabba Vincent P
Published: November 2023

Detroit, Michigan-GMAC Insurance and OnStar are partnering to create new and innovative insurance products for their joint customers. Under the collaboration, GMAC Insurance will utilize the capabilities of OnStar#x2019;s in-vehicle safety and security system to offer OnStar subscribers unique insurance products and significant premium discounts.
Solving a Messy Problem Changing the Way a Product Portfolio Is Developed
Authors: Barabba Vincent P
Published: November 2023

In 1992, GM#x2019;s new group of executives decided to develop a strategic carportfolio plan that made more effective use of a market segmentation model based on customer needs, rather than on the industry-standard product segmentation based on consumer preferences for existing products. Unlike most vehicle manufacturers that sought to create a single vehicle to appeal to any number of different types of customers in broad product segments (e.g., mid-sized sedans), GM sought to develop different types of vehicles to meet the needs that clustered different customers into needs segments. This approach required a deep understanding of the underlying differences that supported strongly held competing mental models on how to develop a successful portfolio strategy. Although there were strongly held views on the solution, nearly everyone agreed that the current product portfolio had become more of a problem than an asset. This story is how they reached a consensus on a portfolio plan that synthesized market and company knowledge, and also acknowledged the importance of improved quality and a reduction in structural costs. It illustrates the hybrid approach to using the best traits of make-and-sell and sense-and-respond.
Applying What You Have Learned Restoring an Existing Brand and Establishing a New One
Authors: Barabba Vincent P
Published: November 2023

Indeed it has been said that we are now living in a second industrial revolution; but instead of steam, the new revolution is being propelled by information. And, as in the first revolution, relative success will be determined by the ability to handle the propelling force There can be little doubt that the need today is for conceptual skills, that is, the ability to process information and make judgments. But being positioned for greatness does not guarantee it. The world in general and the market in particular are becoming more complex and are changing more quickly than ever. Whatever GM did well in yesterday#x2019;s business design will not be sufficient to deliver the full promise of its improved position. This chapter identifies two initiatives: restoring a famous brand and establishing a new one.
Understanding the System in Which the Enterprise System Operates
Authors: Barabba Vincent P
Published: November 2023

Systems thinking demands that you understand more than just the interactions of the interdependent elements within your company. You must also understand how these elements interact with the external environment that influences-and is influenced by-your actions. This means that you need to understand much more than just the needs your customers are able to articulate through consumer research. You also need to understand their unarticulated needs and ensure that your employees, or members of any part of your extended enterprise, have access to what the organization knows, in order to help them meet these articulated and unarticulated needs more effectively.
Starting with Your Destination
Authors: Barabba Vincent P
Published: November 2023

All this strategic thinking is well and good, but it is insufficient without the proper competencies that lead to effective implementation. There are two competencies that are critical for the leadership of an enterprise that desires to determine its destination: First is the ability to understand and anticipate not only changes in customer preferences, but also changes in the broader system that encompasses the enterprise.
The Spreading Abuse of Trust and Deception
Authors: Frankel Tamar
Published: November 2023

Abuse of trust has spread throughout America. It has covered corporations and individuals; sellers and consumers; leaders and followers; young and mature. It has touched activities that had been “clean” and self-regulating, such asscience and journalism. And it seems that many of these abuses have been on the rise.
Toward a Different American Culture
Authors: Frankel Tamar
Published: November 2023

The preceding chapters signal more than isolated cases. They show a trend that can lead to a change in American culture—a change that is in the making. The idea of culture is central to this book. It is the key to understanding the trend and, if undesirable, how to control it.
Rising Opportunities and Temptations
Authors: Frankel Tamar
Published: November 2023

What kind of an environment supports abuse of trust and deception? Is there anything new or unique in this supportive environment in recent times? This chapter examines the role of money in American society and the drive for “more.” If it is uncontrolled, and is combined with unbridled competition, the desire for more may lead to greed and financial fraud. Greed and financial fraud are not new. And neither are the cycles of fraud and rebuilding of trust that have visited America periodically. What is new, however, is the change in the balance between the pressure to gain, which may lead to fraud, and the personal and institutional barriers on dishonesty, which prevent fraud from rising.
The Shift from Professions to Businesses
Authors: Frankel Tamar
Published: November 2023

During the past 25 years, the professions, such as physicians and the lawyers, have undergone a shift. They have become less professional and more like businesses. The impact of this change has been felt in the 1990s.
Toward an Honest Society
Authors: Frankel Tamar
Published: November 2023

If America is to retreat from the precipice of abuse of trust and deception, how can it move toward more pervasive honesty? The answer: It must redirect its culture. The mechanisms that obstruct abuse of trust and deception are rooted in the culture of a society, and in the shared assumptions that do not require proof and do not lend themselves to debate [Schein, 12]. It is culture that sets the broad definition of trust and honesty, as well as the acceptable limitations on abuse of trust and of deception.
Scandal & Civility
Authors: Daniel Marcus
Published: November 2023

A new breed of journalists came to the fore in post-revolutionary America—fiercely partisan, highly ideological, and possessed of a bold sense of vocation and purpose as they entered the fray of political debate. Often condemned by latter-day historians and widely seen in their own time as a threat to public and personal civility, these colorful figures emerge in this provocative new book as the era’s most important agents of political democracy. Through incisive portraits of the most influential journalists of the 1790s—William Cobbett, Benjamin Franklin Bache, Philip Freneau, Noah Webster, John Fenno, and William Duane—Scandal and Civility moves beyond the usual cast of “revolutionary brothers” and “founding fathers” to offer a fresh perspective on a seemingly familiar story. Marcus Daniel demonstrates how partisan journalists, both Federalist and Democratic-Republican, were instrumental in igniting and expanding vital debates over the character of political leaders, the nature of representative government, and, ultimately, the role of the free press itself. Their rejection of civility and self-restraint—not even icons like George Washington were spared their satirical skewerings—earned these men the label “peddlers of scurrility.” Yet, as Daniel shows, by breaking with earlier conceptions of “impartial” journalism, they challenged the elite dominance of political discourse and helped fuel the enormous political creativity of the early republic. Daniel’s nuanced and penetrating narrative captures this key period of American history in all its contentious complexity. And in today’s climate, when many decry media “excesses” and the relentlessly partisan and personal character of political debate, his book is a timely reminder that discord and difference were essential to the very creation of our political culture.
Introduction: The Other Founding Fathers
Authors: Daniel Marcus
Published: November 2023

In a column for the New York Times published during the presidential primary campaigns of 2008, the conservative William Kristol declared that Senator Barack Obama’s efforts to package himself as a man of unique political integrity and character had failed. “The more you learn about him,” wrote Kristol, “the more Obama seems to be a conventionally opportunistic politician, impressively smart and disciplined, who has put together a good political career and a terrific presidential campaign.” Behind the lofty rhetoric about the “audacity of hope,” he argued, lurked more mundane interests: “the calculation of ambition, and the construction of artifice, mixed in with a dash of deceit—all covered with the great conceit that this campaign, and this candidate, are different.” Kristol’s comments revealed a deep skepticism about the reliability of words, as well as his belief that political “reality” was constituted not in the realm of language and ideas but in the realm of private interest and personal advancement. According to Kristol, Obama’s “character” rather than his rhetoric was the key to understanding his political motives and behavior, and once this character was revealed by stripping away the carefully fashioned “construction of artifice” that concealed it, the spellbinding power of his oratory would be broken.

Kristol’s attack on Obama probably persuaded few readers of the liberal New York Times, but his emphasis on character and his skepticism about the self-presentation of political leaders extend across the political spectrum. Indeed, hardly a day goes by without a new example of the “hermeneutics of suspicion” that dominates American public life. In election after election, candidates for office vie with each other to establish their own authenticity and sincerity and to impugn the authenticity and sincerity of their political rivals.
John Fenno and the Constitution of a National Character
Authors: Daniel Marcus
Published: November 2023

John Fenno was a man in a hurry. During the winter of 1789, the thirty-seven-year-old journalist left his wife and children behind in Boston and moved to New York City to establish what he hoped would become a new national periodical. In the spring, he worked feverishly to outfit and organize his small printing shop at 86 William Street, close to the busy mercantile offices and shipping wharves of lower Manhattan. In February, he traveled to Philadelphia to buy type for his printing press, consulting with Benjamin Franklin and his nephew Benjamin Franklin Bache about the pitfalls of the printing business and using all of his considerable energy and ingenuity to persuade politicians and businessmen of the Federalist persuasion in New York to lend him their support and their money. Now he was ready, and on Wednesday, April 15, 1789, he published the first issue of the Gazette of the United States, priced at six pence a copy and completely free of advertising. There were to be no commercial distractions in this newspaper. In his prospectus, Fenno promised to publish the proceedings of the new federal Congress and essays on “great subjects of Government,” especially those touching “the national and local rights of american citizens,” and to keep his readers abreast of any developments, domestic or foreign, concerning the “interests of the american republick.” The newspaper, he declared, would be “a national paper,” dedicated to the propagation of “national, independent, and impartial principles.”

Publishing the Gazette of the United States was a risky venture for Fenno, who had left behind in his beloved Boston not only family and friends, but a budding career as a contributor to Benjamin Russell’s Massachusetts Centinel.
Conclusion: The Revenge of Respectability
Authors: Daniel Marcus
Published: November 2023

When Thomas Jefferson delivered his first inaugural address to the U.S. Senate on March 4, 1801, he urged Americans to put the political divisions of the past behind them. The recent election campaign or, as he put it, “the contest of opinion through which we have passed” had been savage, a fitting climax to a decade of merciless partisan conflict. But now, he argued, it was time for Americans to “unite in common efforts for the common good.” Political intolerance posed as much danger to the Republic as religious intolerance, he warned, and he struck a chord of approval with his listeners (and readers) when he urged them to “restore to social intercourse that harmony and affection without which liberty and even life itself are but dreary things.” With all of the generosity of the victorious politician, Jefferson reminded his audience that “every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle. We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all republicans—we are all federalists.”

This was a remarkable statement from the leader of a party that had spent most of the previous decade trying to convince Americans that just the opposite was true. One of the central themes of the recent Republican election campaign, the culmination of a campaign begun in 1791 by Freneau’s National Gazette, had been the threat to republican government posed by the Federalists. Uttered a decade before, Jefferson’s words would have been unremarkable, and only a few irreconcilable Anti-Federalists would have questioned his equation between republicanism and federalism. But by the mid-1790s, a Republican opposition had been formed, largely under the leadership of Jefferson himself, dedicated to portraying Federalists as an anti-republican elite that had corrupted American society and politics with its financial schemes, plundered the public purse, allied the country with its most dangerous adversary, Great Britain, and undermined the Constitution.
Escalation and Necessity
Authors: Parry John T
Published: November 2023

In the new war on terrorism, we are told, tough measures are necessary to protect our security. “After 9/11,” according to State Department counterterrorism coordinator Cofer Black,”the gloves came off.” Black’s comments dovetail with the actions of U.S. military and intelligence personnel in operations after September 11. Some U.S. officials have used “a little bit of smackyface” to provide “extra encouragement” to Afghani prisoners during interrogations. Others have “softened up” prisoners by beating them and throwing them into walls. Prisoners released from Guantanamo Bay and Bagram air base in Afghanistan claim they were “forcibly injected, denied sleep and forced to stand or kneel for hours in painful positions.” Two Afghan men died in U.S. custody at Bagram, the victims of “blunt force trauma”—presumably inflicted by U.S. forces.
Amsterdam as the Cradle of Modern Futures and Options Trading, 1550-1650
Authors: Gelderblom Oscar , Jonker Joost
Published: November 2023

Trade and risk are inseparable. Consequently, from the dawn of history merchants have sought to alleviate and, if possible, eliminate the cost of risk by devising strategies to secure stability of supply and price. The simplest way to reduce risk is to spread it over various types of commodities, commercial activities, or business partners. More complicated devices for risk management include contracts for future delivery. For ward transactions imply the buying and selling for future delivery and payment. Related to this type of contract are futures-in effect, standardized forward contracts that can be sold to third parties. Perhaps the most sophisticated means to manage risk are options, which constitute the right to buy or sell in the future. Trading such derivatives allows merchants to leverage risk.
Origins of the New York Stock Exchange
Authors: Sylla Richard
Published: November 2023

The New York Stock Exchange, measured by the market capitalization of the securities listed and traded on it, is the world’s largest organized securities market. At the end of 2001, the market cap of the NYSE was more than $12.5 trillion, of which $11.7 trillion consisted of 2,567 common stock issues. Including other stocks and warrants, the NYSE at that date listed nearly 3,000 issues of 2,800 companies. In rough terms, the NYSE market cap at the start of the twenty first century is four to five times larger than the next largest stock market, in London.
Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (SDAVF)
Authors: Suarez Drs. Guillermo A , Krauss William E
Published: November 2023

Spinal cord and nerve root biopsy specimens showed changes consistent with a vascular malformation. A second spinal angiographic study was performed, and at a second operation, a right T7 SDAVF was obliterated. SDAVF is a rare and treatable cause of myelopathy. The patient presented here had suggestive, evolving MRI findings with abnormal T2-signal changes involving the lower thoracic spinal cord and conus medullaris (Figure). However, abnormal vasculature was not seen on several studies and was documented with certainty only during a second spinal angiographic study and with spinal cord biopsy. These findings underscore the difficulty in making the diagnosis of SDAVF and the importance of including SDAVFs in the differential diagnosis of myelopathy and lower motor neuron syndromes, particularly those involving the lower thoracic spinal cord and conus medullaris. Several atypical features led to reconsideration of the original referring diagnosis of CIDP. These included 1) predominant involvement of the lower extremities, 2) electrodiagnostic features showing a thoracolumbar polyradiculopathy without multifocal conduction slowing, conduction block, or temporal dispersion, 3) abnormal MRI findings, with enlargement and enhancement of the caudal thoracic spinal cord and conus medullaris, and 4) lack of definite improvement after prolonged treatment with several immunomodulatory agents.
Paraneoplastic autonomic neuropathy and limbic encephalitis
Authors: Vernino Dr. Steven
Published: November 2023

Neurologic paraneoplastic syndromes are rare but severe neuroimmunologic complications of malignancy. The tumors most commonly associated with these syndromes are small cell lung carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, breast carcinoma, and thymoma. At surgery, a 1.0 x 1.0 x 1.0-cm grade 3 (of 4) squamous cell carcinoma was identified. These syndromes usually have a subacute onset and a relentlessly progressive clinical course leading to profound morbidity. Typically, the neurologic presentation antedates the diagnosis of malignancy, and the cancer, when found, tends to be localized and responsive to treatment. Clinical manifestations can be quite varied and multifocal in the nervous system.
Steroid-responsive Hashimoto’s encephalopathy presenting as status epilepticus
Authors: Sirven Drs. Joseph I , Drazkowski Joseph F
Published: November 2023

The patient presented with status epilepticus as a manifestation of steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis. This case demonstrates the need to consider an immunebased cause of status epilepticus when no structural or overt lesion is present. Hashimoto’s encephalopathy is a relatively rare disorder (only 50 cases have been reported since 1966), and status epilepticus is an uncommon manifestation of this disorder. Patients with Hashimoto’s encephalopathy are typically women in their forties (but it can occur in children and young adults) who present with various episodic neurologic signs and symptoms, including confusion, cognitive disturbance, aphasia, ataxia, focal deficits, myoclonus, tremor, chorea, paralysis, depression, and seizures. The patient had reported four separate episodes of transient neurologic disturbance; however, the findings mimicked those of complicated migraine.
Facial pain secondary to an intrathoracic mass lesion
Authors: Capobianco Drs. David J , Cheshire William P
Published: November 2023

Facial pain as a presenting symptom of nonmetastatic lung carcinoma was suggested initially by Fay in 1927, who wrote, “I discovered a lesion in the lung… the pain being referred to the face. This may be a coincidence but I suspect not.” This association was revived in a case report by Des Prez and Freeman in 1983. A total of 33 cases have been reported. The clinical features of this underrecognized syndrome have come into sharper focus since the original description by Fay. Of the 30 patients for whom smoking habits were reported, nearly all (91%) were either current or former smokers. The pain, often characterized as a severe aching discomfort, was typically located in or around the ear (91%); other locations included the jaw (48%) and temple (38%). In each case, the pain was ipsilateral to the occult lung lesion. An increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate was noted in 73% (11/15) of patients in whom the test was performed. Nearly 66% of patients for whom data were available met the criteria of the clinical triad of 1) smoking, 2) periauricular pain, and 3) increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Additional features that, if present, should raise concern about the possibility of an occult lung lesion include weight loss, new cough or hemoptysis, and digital clubbing.
Dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) deficiency
Authors: Cheshire Dr. William P
Published: November 2023

Norepinephrine, the principal sympathetic neurotransmitter, is synthesized within the chromaffin granules of the adrenal medulla and the synaptic vesicles of noradrenergic neurons from dopamine by DBH. Congenital DBH deficiency, a rare disorder, was first recognized in 1986 by Robertson et al. in the United States and Man in’t Velt et al. in the Netherlands. Immunohistochemical studies of perivascular cutaneous tissue have shown structurally intact sympathetic nerve terminals lacking DBH immunoreactivity, consistent with an enzymatic defect. Molecular genetic analysis of several families has revealed a heterogeneous variety of mutations in the DBH gene on chromosome 9, with a recessive pattern of inheritance. The high incidence of spontaneous abortions and stillbirths among parents of afflicted persons suggests that mutations in the DBH gene can endanger fetal survival.
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) due to small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC)
Authors: Harper Dr. C Michel
Published: November 2023

Nerve conduction studies demonstrated low-amplitude compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) with slowed conduction velocities, consistent with a peripheral neuropathy. Because the patient had proximal weakness, dry mouth, impotence, and a history of smoking, repetitive stimulation studies were performed (Figure). Repetitive stimulation of the ulnar, peroneal, and spinal accessory nerves demonstrated a 57% decrement of the ulnar CMAP, a 33% decrement of the spinal accessory CMAP, and a 40% decrement of the peroneal CMAP. The ulnar CMAP amplitude demonstrated 300% facilitation (3-fold increase) after 10 seconds of exercise. Less prominent facilitation was noted in the spinal accessory and peroneal CMAPs. Needle examination demonstrated small, polyphasic varying motor unit potentials in most muscles studied. The electrodiagnostic findings were those of a presynaptic defect of neuromuscular transmission consistent with the diagnosis of LEMS.
Sarcoidosis with lung, bone, and nervous system involvement
Authors: Lucchinetti Dr. Claudia F
Published: November 2023

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown cause characterized pathologically by the presence of noncaseating granulomas, particularly in the lung and lymph nodes (but they can occur in any organ system). It most commonly affects persons 20 to 40 years old and is often associated with the development of chronic progressive disease in patients older than 40 years. The disease incidence is highest in U.S. black and Scandinavian populations and is less common among U.S. white, Japanese, Indian, Spanish, and South American populations. The disease is thought to result from a complex interaction of multiple genes with environmental exposures or infection.
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), amnestic type
Authors: Petersen Dr. Ronald C
Published: November 2023

MCI is a transitional state between the cognitive changes of normal aging and very early dementia. As the field of aging and dementia moves toward early identification of cognitive symptoms, MCI has become an area of active research. Most clinicians believe that neurodegenerative processes evolve over years and perhaps decades. Thus, the concept of an intermediate stage of impairment between normal aging and early dementia needs to be clarified. MCI has evolved to represent this transitional zone (Figure). According to recent research, MCI can be classified into three subtypes: 1) amnestic  MCI, in which the person has a memory impairment out of proportion to performance in other cognitive areas; 2) multidomain  MCI, in which the person has a slight impairment in several cognitive domains, for example, language, attention, executive function, and visuospatial skills with or without a memory impairment, although these deficits are mild and not sufficient to constitute dementia; and 3) single  non-memory  domain  MCI, in which the person is impaired in a non-memory area in relative isolation to the other cognitive domains.
Corporate Citizenship: The Dark-Side Paradoxes of Success
Authors: Waddock Sandra
Published: November 2023

Understanding corporate citizenship is a difficult proposition at best, made more so because understanding and performance can differ depending on circumstances and context. In many parts of the world, normal business operations, strategies, and conduct are increasingly being challenged by protests against globalization and global companies.
Corporate Deception and Fraud
Authors: Hearit Keith Michael
Published: November 2023

Few ideas are more remarkable than the collective historical amnesia that accompanies a bubble economy. Like the tulip bubble that created a highly speculative financial environment in the seventeenth century in Holland, or the go-go years of the late 1920s on Wall Street, the information technology bubble of the late 1990s brought about stupendously high valuations of companies that had little or no earnings, but because of a valuable Internet domain name such companies were expected to change the nature of commerce in the twenty-first century.
Greening of Corporations?
Authors: Livesey Sharon M , Graham Julie
Published: November 2023

A new form of corporate eco-communication emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s, distinct from the crisis communication arising out of environmental disasters such as the poisonous gas leak at Union Carbide’s plant in Bhopal, India, or the nearly 11 million gallon oil spill of the Exxon Valdez in Alaska’s pristine Prince William Sound. Now companies found themselves responding to controversies caused not by their wrongdoing or negligence but by society’s changing expectations.
Discourses of Sustainability in Today’s Public Sphere
Authors: Peterson Tarla Rai , Norton Todd
Published: November 2023

At the risk of being essentialist, we ground this chapter in the claim that the tradition of identifying human society and the natural environment as mutually exclusive is the most fundamental challenge facing decision makers—indeed, any stakeholders—who seek sustainability (Agyeman, Bullard, & Evans, 2003; Busch, 1996; Latour, 2004; Leopold, 1949; World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987).
Private Profit, Public Risk: Institutional Antecedents of the Modern Military Procurement System in the Rearmament Program of 1940-41
Authors: Higgs Robert
Published: November 2023

After World War II, the United States did not fully demobilize its armed forces. It continued to maintain a military establishment that, by historical standards, can only be called immense. Keeping large numbers of men heavily armed with ever more sophisticated weapons has created a tremendous demand for munitions. Most of the munitions have been produced by privately owned corporations, many of which rely on the Pentagon for the bulk of their sales. The dealings between the armed forces and the major defense contractors form the heart of what is known as the military- industrial complex. This chapter deals primarily with one aspect of the military procurement program, namely, the arrangements by which economic risks are shifted from the private contractors to the government—that is, to the taxpayers— thereby allowing the companies to “function in a world of socialized risks and private profit” (Adams and Adams, 1972, p. 284). Also examined are two related matters: the high degree to which prime defense contracting is confined to a small fraternity of large companies, whose managers, along with their counterparts in the Department of Defense and the armed services, form a sort of “old boy network”; and how such concentration and the privileges associated with it make possible the realization of rates of return that are, given the low risk actually borne, exceptionally high. At issue here are the origins of these aspects of the modem military supply business.
Tax systems in crisis
Authors: Braithwaite John
Published: November 2023

This book attempts an empirical examination of how aggressive tax planning has been marketed in the United States and Australia during the past 30 years. My interest is also in going beyond the specificities of tax shelter marketing in these two nations at the turn of the century to learn something of the globalisation of the market for tax shelters. These markets are national, but they are just as importantly global and local (with New York very different from Peoria, Sydney from Kalgoorlie and indeed Melbourne). They are “glocal” as the globalisation theorists like to say. The story of post-1970 aggressive tax planning told in this book is one of the most important parts of the bigger story of why the super-rich are paying a lower (and declining) effective rate of income tax than the middle class, and why the situation is much worse than captured by the official figures. What Australians refer to as the market for aggressive tax planning, Americans refer to as the market for tax shelters. The Australian usage is more communicative of what is actually involved.
Comparing the drivers of and responses to aggressive tax planning in Australia and the US
Authors: Braithwaite John
Published: November 2023

Contagion is an important aspect of all four booms in aggressive tax planning considered in this book - the booms in the US and Australia of the late 1970s to early 1980s and of the late 1990s. The contagion is typically started by promoter entrepreneurship to seize structural opportunities, with a growing herd then following to take up those opportunities. The literature on contagion suggests that, at a private level, in a considerable variety of circumstances where one’s personal knowledge of a phenomenon is truncated, it can be rational to follow the herd (Bikhchandani and Sharma, 2000). Information can be too costly for investors who are not insiders, so an investor might benefit from looking at the market reaction to a tax scheme. With aggressive tax planning contagions, in those circumstances where there is economic rationality in following the herd, often the benefits are greatest for those who follow early, before ending the contagion becomes a policy priority. Contagion also becomes rational when the use of a tax arrangement becomes too big to stop. The losers then are those who fail to jump on an unstoppable bandwagon. A way of describing the history of the late 1990s Australian tax scheme boom is that the tax advice industry lived in fear of tough enforcement of Australia’s general anti-avoidance provision from the end of the aggressive tax boom in the early 1980s until more than a decade of failure to use it by the ATO and the courts led to doubts that it had teeth. Aggressive promoters of schemes first narrowcast their promotion to individual taxpayers with a taste for risk.
The Roll Model of Trade Prices
Authors: Hasbrouck Joel
Published: November 2023

In taking a microstructure perspective on security price dynamics, we shift focus from monthly or daily characteristics down to the features that come into play at horizons of a minute or second. Figure 3.1 illustrates this transition. For a randomly chosen stock (Premcor, symbol PCO, sub-sequently acquired), the figure depicts in panel A the sequence of actual trade prices over October 2003, then in panel B the prices on a particular day (October 30), and finally in panel C a particular hour on that day (11 A.M. to noon). In panel C, trade prices are augmented by plots of bid and ask quotes.
Univariate Time-Series Analysis
Authors: Hasbrouck Joel
Published: November 2023

The Roll model described in the last chapter is a simple structural model, with a clear mapping to parameters (the variance and autocovariance of price changes) that are easily estimated. There are many interesting questions, though, that go beyond parameter estimation. We might want to forecast prices beyond the end of our data sample or to identify the series of mt (the unobserved efficient prices) underlying our data. Fur-thermore, when we suspect that the structural model is misspecifled, we might prefer to make assumptions about the data, rather than about the model.
Order Flow and the Probability of Informed Trading
Authors: Hasbrouck Joel
Published: November 2023

Though the richest implications of the sequential trade models involve the joint dynamics of trades and prices, inference can also be based solely on the order arrival process. This chapter describes the procedure. First, to illustrate the general features of the problem, we examine the statistical properties of the numbers of buys and sells from the basic sequential trade model. We next turn to a more flexible model that allows for event uncertainty. The analysis is based on Easley, Kiefer, and O’Hara (1997) and Easley, Hvidkjaer, and O’Hara (2002).
Strategic Trade Models
Authors: Hasbrouck Joel
Published: November 2023

In the sequential trade framework, there are many informed agents, but each can trade only once and only if he or she is “drawn” as the arriving trader. Furthermore, if order size is a choice variable, the informed agent will always trade the largest quantity. The Kyle (1985) model, discussed in this chapter, differs in both respects. In the Kyle model, there is a single informed trader who behaves strategically. She sets her trade size taking into account the adverse price concession associated with larger quantities. Furthermore, she can, in the multiple-period version of the model, return to the market, spreading out her trades over time.
Dealers and Their Inventories
Authors: Hasbrouck Joel
Published: November 2023

Dealers, briefly discussed in section 2.3, are professional intermediaries. The descriptions of dealer behavior to this point have focused on their recovery of non informational operating costs (via c in the Roll model) and their pricing under asymmetric information. This chapter examines other aspects of the dealer’s role and behavior. The discussion first considers the inventory control models. These analyses (which generally predate the asymmetric information models) essentially view the securities dealer as being similar in key respects to a dealer in any other commodity. Normally a vendor maintains an inven-tory to accommodate randomly arriving purchasers.