bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accelerated corrosion analysis of dental amalgams
Authors: RAVNHOLT GERT
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The corrosion of powdered conventional and high Cu dental amalgam was studied in vitro under fixed conditions (100% oxygen, pH 4, and constant weak mechanical action). Results were retrieved from X‐ray diffraction of samples of amalgam and solid corrosion products Formed, in combination with recording of the HC1 consumed to maintain the fixed pH. In the conventional amalgam no corrosion of γ1 occurred until all γ2 had corroded, whereas in the high Cu amalgam corrosion of γ1 occurred from the beginning, concurrent with corrosion of ε and ń. Corrosion products found were AgCl, Hg2Cl2, CuCl2‐3Cu(OH)2, and SnO2. The results may be interpreted as follows: in the conventional amalgam the matrix phase γ1 is anodically protected against corrosion as long as any γ2 remians; in the high Gu amalgam the least noble phases ε and ń do not protect γ1 in a similar way.
An in vitro study of galvanic currents between amalgam and gold alloy electrodes in saliva and in saline solutions
Authors: JOHANSSON BERIT I.
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The galvanic currents between amalgam and gold alloy electrodes were higher in saline solutions than in saliva. Conventional amalgam supported higher currents than high copper amalgams when short‐circuited with a gold alloy. The galvanic currents were not affected or affected only to a very small degree when whole saliva from different persons were compared. Higher currents were recorded when short‐circuiting conventional amalgam and gold alloy electrodes using parotid saliva than when using whole saliva collected from one person. However, removing molecules with a molecular weight higher than 104 from whole and parotid saliva did not seem to affect the galvanic currents.
Lactobacilli and Streptococcus mutans in saliva, diet and caries increment in 8‐ and 13‐year‐old children
Authors: STECKSÉEN‐BLICKS CHRISTINA
Published: October 2007

Abstract — The aim of this paper was to evaiuate the correlation between some dietary factmors and prevalence of lactobacilli and S. mutans in saliva in randomly selected groups of 8‐ and 13‐yr‐old children. The relation between these parameters and caries increment over a 1‐yr period was also studied. In general there was a weak correlation between the number of these bacteria in saliva and total intake of sugar, surcose intake and meal frequency. However, the probability of finding Ilow total sugar intake, low sucrose intake and a low meal frequency was highest when there was a low prevalence of both bacteria and finding high total sugar, high sucrose and high meal frequency when there was a high prevalence of both bacteria. It was also shown at knowledge of sugar intake and meal frequency provided some supplement to bacterial tests in the selection of caries‐risk patients.
A histologic comparative study of the midpalatal suture and periodontal ligament tissue in the beagle dog
Authors: FOLLIN MARIE E. , MAGNUSSON BENGT , ERICSSON INGVAR , THILANDER BIRGIT
Published: October 2007

Abstract — The present investigation describes the morphological difference between. the suture and the periodontal ligament in beagie dogs. Specimens from fivs beagle dogs, 2 yr old, containing the anterior portion of the maxilla were used. Following routine histologic preparations frontal sections were cut with the microtome. The sections were stained and studied in the light microscope. The fibers in the midpaiatal suture seemed coarser and less organized than the fibers in the periodontal ligament tissue. The vessels in the suture had thicker walls than the vessels in the periodontal ligament. A probable reason for the morphologica differences between the two tissues is discussed.
A comparative study of healing of laser and scalpel incision wounds in rat oral mucosa
Authors: LUOMANEN MARITA
Published: October 2007

Abstract — Capillary proliferation and inflammatory cell infiltration were evaluated in healing laser and scalpel incision wounds in rat tongue mwxxa in 22 Sprague‐Dawley rats for a period of 28 days. The incisions were made in paraliel on bath sides of the midline of the tongue. Specimens for immunohistochcmical and histologic examination were taken immediately, 6 h, 2, 11, and 28 days after the surgery. The microscopic inspection of the sections stained immunohistologically for factor VIII‐related antigen, a marker for endothelial cells, suggested a smaller amount of capillaries immediately and during the early healing phase in the vicinity of the laser incisions when compared with the scalpel incisions. The proliferation of capillaries during healing was also retarded at the lasered sites. The microscopic inspection of the histologic spccnncns showed that the inflammatory ccl1 infiltration appeared slower but was more prominent in the healing laser wounds than in the healing scalpel incision wounds.
Vascular and cellular responses to guanidino propyl piperazine CK0569A, a new anti‐plaque agent
Authors: HURTTIA HELENA , KNUUTTILA MATTI , SÖDERLING EVA , LUOSTARINEN VEIKKO , PAUNIO KEIJO
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Guanidino propyl piperazine CK0569A (abbreviation piperazine) used as a 0.1% mouthrinse has been shown to be effective against plaque bacteria. In addition to its efficacy as an antibacterial agent, its safety should be taken into consideration. In this study the effect of piperazine on the microcirculation of the hamster cheek pouch was studied. The effect of this drug was also investigated on rat leukocytes in vivo and on macrophages and erythrocytes in vitro. Piperazine caused a distinct retardation in the microcirculation of the hamster cheeck pouch even at a low concentration (0.01%), but the effect was abolished in 5 min. The number of leukocytes decreased markedly in the experimentally induced inflammatory exudate in the presence of 0.05% piperazine as compared to the controls. The macrophages in vitro released their lysosomal and cytoplasmic enzymes and lost their viability. The erythrocytes in vitro were destroyed in the presence of 0.005% piperazine as well. Based on these results it can be suggested that 0.005–0.05% piperazine under experimental conditions causes changes that indicate loss of cell viability.
Proportions of Streptococcus mutans, lactobacilli and Actinomyces spp in root surface plaque
Authors: FURE S. , ROMANIEC M. , EMILSON C. G. , KRASSE B.
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The incidence of Streptococcus mutans, lactobacilli and Actinomyces was examined in root surface dental plaque from 24 subjects with root surface caries and in 24 subjects with exposed root surfaces as a consequence of periodontitis but without root surface caries. Plaque was collected from the most posterior teeth in each quadrant: in the caries group from carious lesions and in the periodontitis group from buccal root surfaces. There were significantly higher proportions of S. mutans and lactobacilli in dental plaque samples taken from subjects suffering from root surface caries than in samples from subjects without root surface caries. The level of the group A. viscosus/naeslundii in the periodontitis group was higher than that found in the root surface caries group, but the difference was not statistically significant.
Can the presence of erupting or exfoliating teeth increase the salivary lactobacillus count?
Authors: WIKNER SUNE , MOUM INGRID
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The salivary lactobacillus count was assessed during school attendance among 1734 7–15‐yr‐old children and related to the number of teeth erupting within each age group. The prevalence of extremely low lactobacillus counts (≤ 103) was inversely correlated with the number of erupting teeth (P< 0.001) but the differences were small. High counts differed only by 7% between ages with the lowest and the highest mean number of erupting teeth. It is concluded that a high number of retention sites originating from erupting or exfoliating teeth tend to elevate the lactobacillus count in individuals‐ On a population level the effect is small.
Lysozyme activity and L(+)‐lactic acid production in saliva in schoolchildren with high Lactobacillus counts
Authors: TWETMAN SVANTE , DAHLLÖF GÖRAN , WIKNER SUNE
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Out of 374 schoolchildren, aged 13–15 yr, 42 with high counts of salivary lactobacilli (≥ 105) were selected for this study. Lysozyme activity in saliva and L(+)‐lactic acid (LA) production after addition of glucose were determined. The mean values of lysozyme activity and LA concentration were 19.4 μg/ml and 1.4 mmol/l respectively. The levels of LA produced without addition of glucose were <0.2 mmol/l. The results showed a statistically significant (P<0.05) negative correlation between lysozyme activity and the levels of LA produced. The findings of this study suggest that lysozyme may be of importance in limiting acid production in saliva.
Comparison of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to Actinomyces and Arachnia species
Authors: HAPPONEN RISTO‐PEKKA , ARSTILA PERTTI , VIANDER MARKKU , SÖDERLING EVA , VILJANKN MATTI
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Polyclonal (PoAbs) and monoclonal (MoAbs) antibodies were produced to Actinomyces israelii serotypes 1 and 2, to Actinomyces naeslundii, and to Arachnia propionica, and their specificities were studied by an enzyme immunoassay (EIA). All PoAbs except those to A. propionica reacted also with at least one other Actinomyces species. Only the MoAb to A. naeslundii proved to be more specific than the corresponding PoAbs. This MoAb did not cross‐react with other Actinomyces or Arachnia species, nor with any other anaerobic or aerobic bacteria studied by inhibition EIA. Immunoblotting studies indicated that the antibody specific to A. naeslundii is directed against a large molecular weight antigen (>150 kd), probably polysaccharide in nature. The produced PoAbs and MoAbs can be used for further analyses of the antigenic determinants of different Actinomyces and Arachnia species.
Interexaminer variability in common ratings in reading Streptococcus mutans dip‐slides with or without a microscope
Authors: MURTOMAA H. , MEURMAN J. H. , RANTAMA A. , LEVO S.
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The observer variability in reading 145 S. mutans dip‐slides was assessed by a test panel consisting of a professional bacteriologist, practising dentists and unskilled laymen. The cultivated slides were read and classified into four categories by comparing them with standard photographs of previously cultivated slides with known numbers of S. mutans colonies. For reference, all the slides were also counted under a stereomicroscope. The results showed both under‐ and overestimation in the visual reading, but the scoring trend was logically increasing in relation to the microscopic reference scores in each case. The significance of the agreement on the ratings was high and it farther increased when the results were recombined by classifying them into three categories. The individual agreement percentages varied then from 54 in the laymen to 79 in the bacteriologist. The use of a microscope did not significantly increase the number of common readings and cannot be considered necessary in practice. Reading the slides, however, definitely requires understanding and experience of the method.
Activation marker analysis of mononuclear cell infiltrates of oral lichen planus in situ
Authors: KILPI ANU MARJATTA
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Monoclonal activation markers (la, Tac, T9, and 4F2) were used to detect the degree of activation of mononuclear cells in the inflammatory infiltrates of oral lichen planus in situ. In addition the specimens were stained with the following monoclonal antibodies: T4, T8, T11, Ml, and pan‐B. T‐lymphocyte was the predominant cell type in the inflammatory infiltrates. According to the results of the activation marker analysis, the majority of the Tlymphocytes were resting. However, activated cytotoxic T8 and 4F2 T‐cells were located close to damaged basal cells; this finding may suggest that they are responsible for the damage and supports the claim that a cell‐mediated immune response participates actively in local pathogenetic mechanisms in oral lichen planus.
Dentin‐polymer bond established by Gluma and tested by thermal stress
Authors: MUNKSGAARD ERIK CHRISTIAN , IRIE MASAO
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The walls of cylindrical cavities in human dentin were treated with Gluma and various resins before filling with either a microfilled or a macrofilled composite (Silux, P‐30 or Concise). The extent of gaps (crevices) along the tooth/filling interface was observed before and after thermal cycling at restorations polished either 10 min or 24 h after curing of the composite. Application of a resin containing polymerization initiators and 1% propanal before filling with Silux or Concise resulted in restorations without contraction gaps along the tooth/filling interface. When P‐30 was used in this procedure, one of six of the fillings exhibited gaps, but none of the six did so when removal of the marginal excess was postponed for 24 h.
SEM and microradiographic investigation of initial enamel caries
Authors: ARENDS JOOP , JONGEBLOED WIM , ÖGAARD BJÖRN , RÖLLA GUNNAR
Published: October 2007

Abstract – In this paper a combined microradiography and SEM study is presented on human enamel after a caries attack in vivo for a 4‐wk period. The initial enamel caries is induced under a specially designed orthodontic band; plaque accumulation takes place under a niche in the band. The microradiography and SEM were done on the same sections. A special manipulation and breaking technique of the thin sections makes it possible to observe with the SEM, demineralized enamel areas with a mineral content known from microradiography. The results show that with a mineral content of about 50 vol. %, the observable porosity is noticeable at the prism level (interprismatically) but barely noticeable at the crystallite level. The surface morphology of the demineralized enamel is at low magnifications not very different from sound enamel. At high magnifications, however, the surface porosity becomes visible. The results indicate that the mineral in vivo losses in enamel after an initial caries attack can be explained mainly by mineral losses from interprismatic areas and from the prism peripheries.
Intraoral hydrolysis of monofluorophosphate
Authors: BRUUN CARSTEN , GIVSKOV HELGA , THYLSTRUP ANDERS
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The intraoral hydrolysis of monofluorophosphate (MFP) was compared in nine subjects with natural teeth and in nine edentulous subjects after a 1‐min mouthrinse with a 100 ppm MFP solution. Analyses of total F and F‐ in whole saliva samples collected up to 15 min after the rinse suggested that apatite catalyzed breakdown of MFP mediated by dental enamel contributes significantly to the intraoral hydrolysis of MFP.
Evidence for a resorption inhibitor in dentin
Authors: WEDENBERG CECILIA , LINDSKOG SVEN
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The ability of stimulated and unstimulated peritoneal macrophages to spread in vitro on different inorganic and organic components of dental tissues was studied in order to establish morphologic evidence in favor of a resorption inhibitor in dentin. Macrophages were seeded onto enamel, dentin, predentin, demineralized dentin and collagen‐coated coverslips and examined with scanning electron microscopy after varying incubation periods. The cells readily attached and spread on enamel, dentin and collagen‐coated coverslips. Cells attached but showed no signs of spreading when incubated on predentin or demineralized dentin. It was concluded that the resistance to resorption of predentin and dentin rests in the organic, non‐collagenous component of the tissue, indicating the presence of a resorption inhibitor in dentin.
Streptococcus mutans in plaque from conventional and from non‐gamma‐2 amalgam restotations
Authors: WALLMAN‐BJÖRKLUND CATARINA , SVANBERG MONA , EMILSON CLAES‐GÖRAN
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The frequency of Streptococcus mutans in plaque material from margins of conventional amalgam and non‐gamma‐2 amalgam fillings was examined in six subjects. One and 2 months after restorative treatment the mean values of the percentage S. mutans of the total number of microorganisms were somewhat lower in samples from non‐gamma‐2 amalgams than in those from conventional amalgams. The difference in values, however, was not statistically significant.
Resorbing potential of different connective tissue types
Authors: WEDENBERG CECILIA , PIERCE ANGELA , LINDSKOG SVEN
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Pieces of dentin were implanted into five different connective tissues in rats and examined with scanning electron microscopy after observation periods of up to 2 weeks. Dentinoclast‐like cells, apparently involved in resorption of the implants, were only seen associated with periosteum and periodontal membrane. These findings indicate that the resorbing potential of connective tissues is related to their ability to induce bone formation.
Treatment of dentin with stannous fluoride – SEM and electron microprobe study
Authors: ELLINGSEN JAN EIRIK , RÖLLA GUNNAR
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The effect of SnF2‐treatment of dentin surfaces was investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron microprobe analysis. Human dentin was treated with aqueous SnF2 solutions of concentrations varying from 1 to 10%. The treatment periods lasted for 1, 5, 10, or 60 min. Both tin and fluoride were identified on the surfaces. The concentration varied depending on the extensiveness of the treatment. Immersion in 1 M KOH for 15 h removed both tin and fluoride from the surfaces. This reaction was not observed after immersion in H2O for the same time period. Examination of the SnF2‐treated dentin surfaces showed a dense layer of globular particles and in addition some larger particles. The dentinal tubules were totally covered even after the treatment with the lowest concentration of SnF2. Deposition of tin‐ and fluoride‐coniaining globules on dentin surfaces may be of clinical interest. This layer may have importance both for the caries resistance of dentin and for hypersensitivity reactions.
Transmission electron microscopy of early microbial colonization of human enamel and root surfaces in vivo
Authors: NYVAD BENTE , FEJERSKOV OLE
Published: October 2007

Abstract – This study describes the early microbial colomization of teeth by the use of light‐and transmission electron microscopy. Six dental students carried a total of 60 test pieces of unerupted enamel and root surface in intraoral acrylic appliances for 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h, during which periods oral hygiene was abandoned. Pronounced variations were recorded in structure and thickness of the pellicle across the individual surfaces of both dental tissues. Bacterial single‐cell colonization increased the electron density of the adjoining pellicle. Micro‐colonies of bacteria were observed in relation to enamel surface irregularities such as perikymata, while the distribution on root surfaces appeared incidental. Root surfaces were generally colonized by thicker deposits than homologous enamel surfaces although the structural composition of the microbiota was similar. Gram‐positive bacteria with thick cell walls appeared in coccoid or rod‐shaped configurations depending on the age of the bacterial deposit. These bacteria were further characterized by selective invasion between collagen fibers. After 48 h the complexity of the microbiota was increased by the establishment of new bacterial species in the superficial layer. It is concluded that the pattern and composition of the early microbiota on teeth is more complex and variable than hitherto assumed.
Fibronectin fragmentation induced by dental plaque and Bacteroides gingivalis
Authors: LARJAVA H. , UITTO V‐J. , HAAPASALO M. , HEINO J. , VUENTO M.
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Degradation of fibronectin (FN) by subgingival and supragingival plaque and Bacteroides gingivalis (Bg) was studied in vitro. The degradation of FN by both types of plaque was relatively rapid, continuous but incomplete. Some differences were found between supra‐and subgingival samples. Supragingival plaque extracts produced several FN fragments of 110–180 kd during short incubations, of 15–60 min. The predominant fragment after overnight incubation was a 110 kd polypeptide. With subgingival plaque extract a more extensive degradation of FN was noted. The main degradation product was a 120 kd fragment after overnight incubation. Several peptide fragments were released from fibronectin by Bg extracts. Their molecular size was different from those produced by trypsin, elastase or dental plaque. When cell extracts of Bg were fractionated by high performance liquid chromatography, three separate peaks of fibronectin degrading activity were obtained. Two of those peaks also contained trypsin‐like enzyme activity. The degradation of fibronectin and the subsequent formation of biologically active peptides may have many effects in periodontal pockets. These may include modifying effects on plaque growth and wound healing.
Plasma‐selenium, glutathione peroxidase in erythrocytes and mercury in plasma in patients allegedly subject to oral galvanism
Authors: MOLIN MARGARETA , MARKLUND STEFAN , BERGMAN BO , BERGMAN MAUD , STENMAN EVERT
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Twelve patients with subjective symptoms, ascribed by the patients themselves to mercury released from dental restorations, were investigated. In addition to a general dental examination the following parameters were registered: the total number of amalgam surfaces in the mouth; potential and polarization of existing and accessible dental metallic restorations for calculation of intraoral currents. As regards the highest calculated intraoral current for each individual there was a statistically significant difference between the patient group and a control group consisting of 12 persons. An analysis of the amount of selenium, glutathione‐peroxidase and mercury in the blood showed no differences between the patient and the control group. However, a statistically significant positive correlation could be seen between the total number of amalgam surfaces and the plasma‐mercury level for patients and controls pooled together. The numerous other blood parameters analyzed did not reveal any differences between the groups.
Clinical signs of craniomandibular disorders in patients with psoriatic arthritis
Authors: KÖNÖNEN MAUNO
Published: October 2007

Abstract – 110 patients with psoriatic arthritis (PA) and 110 individually matched control subjects were examined for clinical signs of craniomandibular (CM) disorders. Patients with PA differed significantly from control patients as regards the range of mandibular movements, tenderness to palpation of the masticatory muscles and TMJs, arid the frequency of TMJ sounds and painful mandibular movements. In the PA‐group clinical signs of CM disorders correlated with the duration, extent and severity of PA.
Monkey pulp reactions to cavities treated with Gluma Dentin Bond and restored with a microfilled composite
Authors: HÖRSTED‐BINDSLEV PREBEN
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Deep buccal cavities were cut in 72 incisors and canines in six young monkeys. The cavities were restored as follows: Group One: acid etching of the enamel followed by an intermediate layer of unfilled resin and a light‐cured microfilled composite. Group Two: acid etching of the enamel followed by treatment of the dentin with Gluma Cleanser and Gluma Bond. The cavities were restored as in Group One. Group Three: same procedure as in Group Two except for application of a calcium hydroxide cement on the pulpal wall prior to acid etching. Pulp reactions, presence and location of bacteria were studied after 8 and 90 days. A significant association between presence of bacteria and moderate to severe inflammatory reactions were observed. Bacteria were only found in a very few cavities predicated with Gluma Dentin Bond. In general, slight inflammatory changes prevailed in Groups Two and Three. When the pulpal wall was extremely thin a toxic effect of Gluma Dentin Bond was observed.
Toxic effects of two dental materials on human buccal epithelium in vitro and monkey buccal mucosa in vivo
Authors: ARENHOLT‐BINDSLEV DORTHE , HÖKSTED‐BINDSLEV PREBEN , PHILIPSEN HANS PETER
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Confluent cultures of human buccal epithelial cells were exposed to graded dilutions of Gluma Bond or 3M Etching Liquid for 5 min. The cytotoxic effects induced by this treatment were observed (epithelial cell damage, growth inhibition). In vivo, monkey buccal mucosa was exposed to Gluma Bond or 3M Etching Liquid for 5 niin. Biopsies were taken after 24 h, and the buccal epithelium processed for light microscopic examination. The toxic reactions to Gluma Bond were far more pronounced compared with the toxic reactions to 3M Etching Liquid in both models. Data obtained suggest that the in vitro model may be useful in assessing mucosal toxicity and in studying mechanisms of toxic action.
Influence of oral hygiene on the mucosal conditions beneath bridge pontics
Authors: TOLBOE HELLE , ISIDOR FLEMMING , BUDTZ‐JÖRGENSEN EJVIND , KAABER SVEND
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the relationship between the oral hygiene at the bridge pontic and the inflammatory changes in the adjacent mucosa. The study consisted of three 4‐wk periods with different hygienic measures: 1) no oral hygiene around and beneath the pontic, 2) thorough hygiene using toothbrush and toothpicks and 3) thorough hygiene using a toothbrush and dental floss every day. The amount of accumulated bacterial deposits on the pontic and the inflammation in the pontic area were estimated using quantitative microbiologic tests, and clinical and histologic examinations. When dental floss had been used the mucosa was healthy while it showed mild or moderate inflammation after the other experimental periods. There was a high correlation between the amount of mucosal exudate and the inflammation in the mucosa as measured by a modified Gingival Index, Daily use of dental floss resulted in a significantly lower number of microorganisms per mm2 compared with the other hygienic measures, Histologic sections of the biopsies showed changes in form of parakeratosis with thinning or loss of stratum corneum. The investigations have demonstrated that insufficient oral hygiene is an important factor in the development of inEammatory changes in the oral mucosa beneath bridge pontics. Regular use of dental floss ought to be a, part of the oral hygiene regimen in patients wearing fixed bridges.
Computed tomography of the normal temporomandibular joint
Authors: GHRISTIANSEN EDWIN L. , CHAN TERENCE T. , THOMPSON JOSEPH R. , HASSO ANTON N. , HINSHAW DAVID B. , KOPP SIGVARD
Published: October 2007

Abstract – A study was made in two parts, retrospective (I) and prospective (II), on two samples of 36 and 17 individuals, respectively, who had temporal bone CT studies for reasons unrelated to TMJ pain and dysfunction. Groups I and II had no radiographic signs of TMJ disease and Group II had neither radiographic nor clinical signs of TMJ disease. Both groups were considered to have normal joints. Joint morphometrics for the two groups (I/II) were as follows; transverse condylar dimensions were 18.5/18.1 mm. Condylar angulation averaged 24°/25° and intercondylar distance averaged 83/83 mm while extra condylar distance averaged 118/118 mm. The condyle in the sagittal plane showed a smooth and rounded form with anterior‐superior joint space averaging 1.9/1.7 mm while the central‐superior joint space averaged 2.3/2.2 mm. The medial‐horizontal joint space averaged 3.9/3.7 mm. The slope of the central portion of the articular eminence averaged 60°/60° in the sagittal plane.
Oral health education in Finnish schools
Authors: LAIHO MARJA , HONKALA EINO , MILÉN ANNELI , NYYSSÖNEN VILJO
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The public system of oral health care in Finland, as in the other Nordic countries, is responsible for arranging oral health education for school classes. In this study the coverage and the personnel implementing these lessons in Finnish schools were assessed, A questionnaire was sent to all health centers (n= 214). The response rate was 87%. A total of over 23 000 oral health lessons were arranged in schools during the year studied. Coverage was high in primary schools, lower in secondary schools and lower still in high schools. The main implementers of the lessons were dental assistants. The conclusions of the study were: 1) coverage of teenagers should be increased, 2) the role of dental hygienists and dentists in implementing the program should be greater, and 3) oral health personnel and teachers should cooperate more actively.
Adhesion to dentin mediated by Gluma: effect of pretreatment with various amino acids
Authors: ASMUSSEN ERIK , BOWEN RAFAEL L.
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Dentin surfaces were treated with various amino acids. The treatment caused an alteration of the dentin surface that influenced the tensile bond strength to a restorative resin obtained with the Giuma system. The bond strengths varied between 5.6 and 14.2 MPa. Among the amino acids tested, N‐phenylglycine produced the strongest bonds.
Symmetry and combinations of hypodontia in non‐cleft and cleft palate children
Authors: RANTA REIJO , TULENSALO TUULI
Published: October 2007

Abstract — Symmetry and combinations of hypodontia was studied and compared in non‐cleft (NONC) and cleft palate (CP) groups with different prevalences of hypodontia. The NONC group included 300 children with one or more congenitally absent permanent teeth, excluding the third molars, and 79 children with isolated cleft palate without accessory anomalies. There were no significant differences between the groups in distribution of children with agenesis of 1 to 11 teeth. Bilateral agenesis increased with increasing number of absent teeth per child, and it was more frequent in the maxillary teeth of the NONC group and in the mandibular teeth of the CP group. Concomitant agenesis was observed in one to four different dental fields per child, and the distribution of the subjects was similar in both groups. We conclude that the symmetry of agenesis may be dependent on the population frequency of hypodontia and on the number of absent teeth per child. The agenesis in the CP group may have a common genetic basis, but the substantially higher incidence of hypodontia in the maxilla is likely caused by factors similar to those causing the cleft itself.
Frequency of initial caries lesions as predictor of future caries increment in children
Authors: SEPPÄ LIISA , HAUSEN HANNU
Published: October 2007

Abstract — The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive power of the frequency of initial caries lesions in selecting persons at high risk for caries. The subjects (n= 124) were 11–13 yr old at the beginning of the follow‐up. Caries was registered initially and after 5 yr. Evaluation of the predictions was based on cross‐tabulations of the subjects according to their predicted caries risk and the actual 5‐yr caries increment. Logistic regression analyses were used to produce the individual risk scores. In addition to the caries scores, age of the subjects, was included in the prediction function. In bivariate analyses the total initial caries score at baseline correlated better with caries increment than FS and DS scores did (r = 0.40, 0.13, and 0.31, respectively). When past caries experience was used as predictor, 69% of the children were classified correctly into the low and high risk groups. Surprisingly, only two more subjects (2%) were classified correctly when initial caries score was included in the function. These results suggest that inclusion of initial caries score adds little to the predictive power of the conventional DS and FS scores.
Salivary parameters and efficiency of dietary instructions to reduce sugar intake among 7–8‐year‐old schoolchildren
Authors: KARJALAINEN SARA , LE BELL YRSA , KARHUVAARA LAURA
Published: October 2007

Abstract — The efficiency of dietary instructions was tested in a group of 7–8‐yr‐old schoolchildren. The instructions were given in the presence of the child's mother either verbally (control group n= 14) or both verbally and written (test group n= 12). For this purpose the salivary status of the first grade pupils (n= 79) of a primary school in Turku was screened. Salivary flow, buffer capacity, sucrase activity, lactobacillus, yeast and S. mutans counts were determined. Children whose salivary lactobacillus count was over 104 CFU/ml (n= 32) were selected for the present study. The efficiency of the dietary instructions was measured as a reduction of salivary lactobacilli. There were no differences in the number of children with reduced LB counts or in the caries increment of 1 yr between the test and the control groups. However, children who succeeded in reducing the number of salivary lactobacilli (42%) within 4 wk revealed a significantly (P<0.05) lower caries increment after 1 yr than the rest of the subjects. We concluded that children whose lactobacillus counts were reduced by the dietary instructions developed significantly less caries than children whose lactobacillus counts remained high after the instruction. No additional effect on lactobacillus counts and caries increment could be demonstrated by supplementing the verbal dietary counseling with written instructions.
Ultrastructure of a novel anaerobic Gram‐ positive nonsporing rod from dental root canal
Authors: KEROSUO EERO , HAAPASALO MARKUS , LOUNATMAA KARI , RANTA HELENA , RANTA KARI
Published: October 2007

Abstract — A novel anaerobic Gram‐positive rod, strain ES4C, was isolated from a dental root canal infection. The isolate did not produce acids from carbohydrates and showed no glycosidase activity. Most biochemical reactions were identical to Clostridium malenominatum with the exception of the production of three aminopeptidases. In addition, no spores were detected. A tetragonally arranged surface layer was consistently found by electron microscopy. The ultrastructure of closely related Eubacterium spp. was also studied, but no crystalline surface structures were found. The physiologic and ultrastructural characteristics of ES4C did not allow identification as any known species. The periapical lesion responded to routine root canal therapy, but after 18 months observation the radiologic signs indicated partial healing only.
Mercury concentrations in blood from Danish dentists
Authors: MÖLLER‐MADSEN BJARNE , HANSEN JENS C. , KRAGSTRUP JAKOB
Published: October 2007

Abstract — Blood samples from a group of 130 dentists and a control group of 40 blood‐donors were analyzed by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometry in order to evaluate the extent of mercury exposure. The median blood concentration of mercury was 4.0 (range: 1.2–19.2) μg/1 for dentists and 2.0 (1.1–4.6) μg/1 for controls (2P<0.01). Practice characteristics obtained in a questionnaire showed no statistically significant relationship to blood mercury, but 49 dentists having one or more fish meals per wk, had a median concentration of mercury, which was 47% higher than dentists seldomly consuming fish (2P<0.01). It was concluded that none of the examined dentists had blood concentrations above the level (35 μg Hg/1) associated with the hygienic threshold limit.
An etiologic study of maxillonasal dysplasia – Binder's syndrome
Authors: OLOW‐NORDENRAM MÄRTA , VALENTIN JACK
Published: October 2007

Abstract — As the etiology of maxillonasal dysplasia (Binder's syndrome) is unclear, an attempt has been made in this study to check the presence of hereditary factors. Pedigrees have been established for 50 patients with the syndrome who had actively requested orthodontic treatment and/or plastic surgery and for whom hereditary connections had been found in 36%. In some of the subjects the propositi volunteered further family data, which were included in the study. The total number thereby became 60 families. The results did not disprove the possibility of a genetic etiology although the suspicion of an autosomal recessive inheritance may not be the full explanation for the syndrome. If the syndrome is in fact of a genetic origin, one possibility is that the syndrome is indeed inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. In that case, the hypothesis of an incomplete penetrance must be added. Another possibility is that the syndrome is a threshold character with a genetically multifactorial background. Since no frequency counts among populations are available, further studies are required to collect families with maxillonasal dysplasia and to obtain population frequency data for the syndrome.
Marginal degradation and corrosion of a dispersed high copper amalgam
Authors: JOHANSSON BERIT I. , MJÖR IVAR A.
Published: October 2007

Abstract — The marginal degradation and corrosion of restorations made of a high copper dispersed amalgam were studied as a function of time for up to 5‐yr observation periods. The effect of minor defects present after finishing the restorations was included in the assessment of the initial marginal degradation. A slow progressive marginal degradation was noted and it was enhanced by initial defects. Subsurface corrosion including attacks of the phase and grain boundaries, corrosion within the bulk, and layers of corrosion products along the tooth/restoration interfaces were observed in restorations after some years in clinical service. The subsurface corrosion is considered to weaken the amalgam and it might enhance the marginal degradation, i.e. a stress corrosion type of degradation.
Implantation and cariogenicity in hamsters of Streptococcus mutans with different hydrophobicity
Authors: OLSSON J. , EMILSON C. G.
Published: October 2007

Abstract — Strains of Streptococcus mutans with different surface hydrophobicity were examined for their ability to colonize and induce carious lesions in hamsters given a high sucrose diet. In. a short‐term experiment the hydrophobic strain GW showed almost an identical colonization pattern compared to the hydrophilic strain GW36. Streptomycin resistant variants of GW and GW36 implanted at a much slower rate than the parent strains. Differences in caries score were observed between the strains. The cariogenicity of the strains seemed to be dependent on early colonization.
Tooth mortality and periodontal conditions in 60–80‐year‐old Chinese
Authors: BAELUM VIBEKE , WEN‐MIN LUAN , FEJERSKOV OLE , XIA CHEN
Published: October 2007

Abstract — The study comprised 544 persons aged 60 yr or more from two urban Residential Areas and one rural village (including a nursing home) of Beijing area. Overall, the sample accounted for 81% of the total population of elderly aged 60 yr or more in the village/areas so defined. Each person was examined for dental status, plaque, calculus, gingivitis, loss of attachment, pocket depth and tooth mobility. Edentulousness was seen in 0–29% of trie persons examined, depending on age and sex. The mean number of teeth present ranged from 6.9 to 23.9, depending on age, sex, and area. The oral hygiene was poor; approximately 50% of all surfaces had immediately visible plaque deposits and calculus. About 50% of the surfaces had a loss of attachment ≥4 mm, while less than 15% presented pockets ≥4 mm. More than 50% of the individuals had loss of attachment ≥4 mm on more than 40% of their surfaces. The proportion of surfaces per person with loss of attachment ≥7 mm; and pockets ≥4 mm, respectively, showed a pronounced skewed distribution. These findings indicate that a subfraction of individuals is responsible for a substantial proportion of the severe periodontal breakdown leading to loss of teeth. This, in turn, raises important questions as to the most appropriate strategies for the prevention and control of periodontal diseases for the Chinese population.
Endodontic retreatment decision making among a group of general practitioners
Authors: REIT CLAES , GRÖNDAHL HANS‐GÖRAN
Published: October 2007

Abstract — Large interindividual variations have been demonstrated when dentists suggest clinical management of endodontically treated teeth. Since variations also have been shown in radiographic diagnosis of the periapical tissues, a hypothesis was tested that explains variation in treatment as a function of variation in diagnosis. Fifty‐four general practitioners suggested diagnosis and management of 32 endodontically treated roots. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient reached 0.298 when the examiners were definitely sure of the presence of a periapical lesion, and 0.356 when probable lesions also were included. Conclusively, the hypothesis seemed to have a limited value in explaining why dentists carry out retreatment. Instead a multi‐aspect approach to this problem is suggested.
Effects of a β‐blocking agent, timolol maleate, on saliva in healthy volunteers
Authors: LAURIKAINEN KARI , LAURIKAINEN ESA , TENOVUO JORMA , KAILA TIMO , VILJA PEKKA
Published: October 2007

Abstract — The effects of timolol maleate on the secretion and composition of human saliva were studied in vivo. Eight healthy volunteers received orally 10 mg timolol maleate. Stimulated parotid saliva samples, resting whole saliva samples, and blood samples were collected immediately before and four times after the drug intake at intervals of 1 h. The levels of total protein, lysozyme, IgA, IgG and IgM, salivary peroxidase, myeloperoxidase, lactoferrin, amylase, thiocyanate (SCN‐), and hypothiocyanite (OSCN‐) were analyzed from saliva samples. Drug levels were measured both from parotid saliva and blood samples. Results were compared to the analyses of the samples collected in a similar way but without administration of any drugs. Decreased levels of total protein, lactoferrin, amylase, and salivary peroxidase were observed in parotid saliva after a single oral dose of timolol maleate. No such decrease was found in lysozyme, myeloperoxidase, SCN‐, OSCN‐, or immunoglobulins. Salivary flow rate was not significantly changed after drug intake. The results suggest that the β‐blocking drug may cause qualitative changes in the composition of saliva by inhibiting the synthesis and/or release of acinar proteins.
Oral mucosal lesions in patients with acute leukemia and related disorders during cytotoxic therapy
Authors: WAHLIN YLVA BRITT , MATSSON LARS
Published: October 2007

Abstract — This study reports the presence of oral mucosal lesions in 26 patients with acute leukemia during the initial weeks of treatment (induction period). For comparison, three groups of patients without malignant disorders (acute disorders, long‐term hospitalization, antibiotic treatment) were included. All patients were treated at the University Hospital of Umeå, Sweden. During the period of hospitalization hemorrhages were seen in 14 of the 26 patients with leukemia. No specific location was found. A correlation between presence of hemorrhages and low platelet counts was noted. Eighteen of the patients revealed ulcerations during the period. Ulcerations were predominantly found on the buccal mucosa, the lips, and the tongue. A tendency to an increase in the number and severity of ulcers was noted during the period of induction therapy. A correlation between presence of ulcers and low granulocyte counts was found. Candidiasis‐like changes were seen in eight of the patients with leukemia. Compared with the patients with leukemia the patients in the reference groups showed a low prevalence of oral mucosal lesions.
Endurance tests of the masticatory system on different bite force levels
Authors: DAHLSTRÖM LARS , TZAKIS MIHALIS , HARALDSON TORGNY
Published: October 2007

Abstract — Endurance tests of the masticatory system were performed in three different groups of healthy volunteers in order to investigate the relation between bite force and endurance time on different force levels. The subjects clenched a bite fork until exhaustion. Some tests were performed with and others without visual feedback of the exerted force. It was found that the subjects could sustain the maximal bite force practically at the same level during the recording time with visual feedback. The exerted force varied during the non‐feedback recordings and generally decreased on the forceful levels. The average endurance time increased at lower bite force levels and the relation between force and endurance time is described. The average integrated time‐force areas did not differ between the test levels. It is concluded that endurance tests, in the clinic may be performed on submaxirnal bite force levels.
Comparison of bone reactions to coated tricalcium phosphate and pure titanium dental implants in the canine iliac crest
Authors: GERNER BENT T. , BARTH ELIN , ALBREKTSSON TOMAS , RÖNNINGEN HELGE , SOLHEIM LUDVIG FJELD , WIE HENRIK
Published: October 2007

Abstract — Titanium and TCP‐coated implants were compared after insertion in the canine iliac crest. Observation time was 14 wk. Evaluation included pull‐out tests, energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, and histologic examination of in situ, undemineralized implants. The TCP‐coated implants were more firmly attached to bone than were the titanium implants. The calcium/ phosphorus ratios around the titanium implants were higher than around the TCP‐coated implants. Both types of implants were closely surrounded by bone after a 14‐wk implantation.
Blackening of unprotected dental X‐ray films due to scattered radiation
Authors: SEWERIN IB , STOLTZE KAJ
Published: October 2007

Abstract — Unexposed films awaiting exposure as well as exposed films awaiting processing are subjected to scattered radiation if kept unprotected in the dental X‐ray clinic. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the influence of various storing principles, film speed, and distance from X‐ray source upon the degree of film blackening. Test films were subjected to scattered radiation from 150 exposures. Maximum additional blackening (0.27 D) was recorded for type E films not protected by lead foil at the shortest distance studied (55 cm). As a distance of 200 cm blackening was reduced to 0.02 D and could be futher reduced by utilizing the inherent protective effect of the lead foil. It is concluded that if dental X‐ray films not in use are kept at a distance of 200 cm from the X‐ray source and protected by lead foil additional blackening due to scattered radiation is negligible and further protective precautions are unnecessary.
Outcome of sterilization by steam autoclaves in Danish dental offices
Authors: SCHEUTZ FLEMMING , REINHOLDT JESPER
Published: October 2007

Abstract — The aims of this study were to evaluate the performance of autoclaves and the use of biologic indicators for sterilization control, and to look for predictor variables for improperly functioning autoclaves in Danish dental offices. The study population comprised 314 Danish dental offices (participation rate 94%); 177 from the public Child Dental Service (CDS) and 137 from private practice. A minor questionnaire and five biologic indicators, (Attest Biological Indicator for Steam Sterilization, 3M) were sent to the participants. CDS offices were found more inclined to use biologic indicators than PP offices (P<0.00001). Among CDS autoclaves 2.3% (95% confidence limit: 0.9–5.7%) failed to sterilize compared to 7.3% (95% confidence limit: 4.0–12.9) of the PP autoclaves. This difference is not statistically significant, but the confidence intervals indicate a possible true difference in favor of a better outcome in the CDS offices. Looking at the whole sample no other predictor variable for inadequate sterilization could be determined as differences were statistically insignificant with regard to years of professional experience, age and brand of autoclave, and use of biological control. Recommendations from an official body stating the approved types of sterilization control in dental offices would be of value.