bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Natural skin coating of the apple and its influence on scald in storage III.—α‐farnesene
Authors: Meigh D. F. , Filmer A. A. E.
Published: November 2006

In a study of apple fruits grown under English conditions it was found that at the time of the respiratory climacteric the concentration of α‐farnesene in the waxy skin coating began to increase rapidly from a low level and at 12° reached a peak after about 30 days. in the relative amounts of farnesene produced there was little to distinguish the scald‐resistant from the scald‐sensitive apple variety.

Under the various conditions of low‐temperature storage in use, it was found that the farnesene content of the skin was most influenced by the nature of the atmosphere, whether air or 8% CO2, white the farnesene content of the waxy skin coating was more responsive to delay at room temperature before storage, diphenylamine treatment or wrapping in oiled wraps.

The results are discussed in relation to the theory that farnesene is a chemical factor in the induction of superficial scald.
Observations on the growth‐promoting effects of procaine penicillin and zinc bacitracin on chicks in different environments
Authors: Coates Marie E. , Harrison G. F.
Published: November 2006

The growth‐promoting effects of procaine penicillin and zinc bacitracin in the diet of chicks have been compared in a series of trials, during which the general level of hygiene of the premises was varied. ‘Dirty’ conditions were deliberately produced by the introduction of droppings from older birds, and good conditions were re‐established by cleaning and fumigation. the growth response to the two antibiotics was comparable whatever the condition of the premises. the average weight achieved after cleaning and fumigation was superior to that in the less clean premises. the order of response to either antibiotic showed that there had been no diminution of effect over the sixteen years during which antibiotics had been in continuous use in the same premises.
Some β‐glycosidases in barley and other cereals
Authors: Gelman A. L.
Published: November 2006

The levels of β‐glucosidase and β‐galactosidase in barley, wheat, oats and rye were compared. It was found that while the nature of these enzymes in the cereals appeared to be the same, there was a marked difference in the ratio of their occurrence in the cereal seed.

A comparison of β‐glucosidase and β‐galactosidase activities in different varieties of barley growing at different centres showed that enzyme activity was significantly affected both by variety and environment.
Use of sulphur analysis in the prediction of the protein value of middle‐eastern diets
Authors: Pellett P. L. , Kantarjian A. , Jamalian J.
Published: November 2006

A rapid procedure for the analysis of sulphur in foodstuffs is described and is compared with the barium chloranilate procedure.

The prediction of the protein value of Middle‐Eastern diets from the S : N ratio has been compared with that obtained by rat‐feeding experiments. the agreement found depends more on the relationship with protein quantity than with any quality measurement. Furthermore, the correlation between S : N ratio and SAA (sulphur‐containing amino acid) score was not significant for 22 diets where SAA data were available. Calculation shows that the proportion of total sulphur from methionine and cystine can show large variations both for individual food components and also for mixed diets. the S : N prediction procedure does not appear to be suitable for Middle‐Eastern diets.
Stability of the molecular weight distribution in wheat flour proteins during dough making
Authors: Meredith O. B. , Wren J. J.
Published: November 2006

The dissociating solvent 'AUC, consisting of urea (3 M), acetic acid (0.1 M), and cetyllrimethylammonium bromide (0.01 M) dissolved in water, facilitates comparison of the molecular weight distributions in wheat flour and doughs by means of gel filtration on Sephadex G‐200. Dough making raises protein extract‐ability from about 95% to nearly 100%. the increase is found in the high molecular weight (glutenin) fractions. No other measurable change is found in the molecular weight distribution, even after over‐mixing or after the use of several chemical additives. Hence, intermolecular disulphide reactions between glutenins and the other proteins appear to be insignificant in normal doughs. However, thiols and sodium sulphite do shift the distribution to lower values and give a new peak corresponding to a molecular weight between 80,000 and 100,000. Continuous speetrorphotometric measurement of the effluent from a gel column can be made accurately by using a siphoning cell of simple design.
Pesticide residues in the total diet in england and wales, 1966–1967 II.—Organochlorine pesticide residues in the total diet
Authors: Abbott D. C. , Holmes D. C. , Tatton J. O'G.
Published: November 2006

Details are given of the methods of analysis used for the determination of the Organochlorine pesticide residues in each of the food groups into which the total diet samples were divided. the results obtained for each food group and the calculated result for the total diet are given and comparison is made between the observed daily intakes and the acceptable daily intakes recommended by F.A.O. and W.H.O.
Separation and classification of the brown pigments of aqueous infusions of black tea
Authors: Millin D. J. , Swaine D. , Dix P. L.
Published: November 2006

Rapid thin‐film counter‐current dialysis of a typical infusion of black tea indicates that 10–12% of the soluble solids are non‐dialysable. the major components of this fraction are polysaccharides and a complex mixture which could not be separated into its protein and polyphenolic constituents. This latter complex accounts for 30–40% of the colour (E450) of the infusion. Solvent extraction of the infusion followed by dialysis of the various extracts reveals that the polyphenol‐protein complex may be approximately equated with ‘SII thearubigins’.

Chromatography of infusions and various extracts thereof on alkylated Sephadex allows a partial separation of the coloured components largely owing to differences in molecular size. At least 7 distinct zones can be recognised.
Composition and rheological and baking simulating whole wheatmeal quality of a by‐product of wheat milling
Authors: Tara K. A. , Rao P. Haridas , Bains G. S.
Published: November 2006

Studies were made of the composition, rheological and baking characteristics of sixteen samples of a by‐product of roller wheat milling, which is used as human food in the same way as whole wheatmeal. The by‐product consisted of variable proportions of fine bran, shorts, clears, and tail fines. Compared with the grist, it contained on average about twice as much thiamine, and one and half times as much fat, riboflavin and lysine, respectively. Mean phytic phosphorus, as a percentage of total phosphorus, was about the same as in wheat. The doughs of the by‐product were stable to mixing and showed considerably higher baking absorptions than the values indicated by the farinograph. A significant positive correlation (+ 0.72) between loaf volumes and percentage of fines passing through a lOXX sieve was observed. The fractions separated on 60W and 6XX sieves had no gluten, but contained a high percentage of lysine, 0.694.88 and 11.8–19.3 μg/g pentosans; and 10.5–13.9 μg/g thiamine.
Plant resistance to aphids induced by chemicals
Authors: van Emden H. F.
Published: November 2006

Evidence is presented that the effect on aphids of various chemicals applied to plants, e.g. water, N and K fertilisers, chlormequat chloride, and the amino acid antagonist 1‐amino‐2‐nitrocyclopentane‐1‐carboxylic acid, is dependent on a common nutritional mechanism. The value of content of soluble nitrogen compounds in a plant as an indicator of suitability for attack by aphids is demonstrated. Plant resistance as an added restraint contributing to integrated pest control is discussed.
Observations on diseases of blackcurrants
Authors: Corke A. T. K.
Published: November 2006

Changes in the relative importance of the fungi attacking blackcurrants have possibly been due, in part, to the replacement of lime sulphur for insect control. The dwarfing due to sulphur can also be induced by the use of (2‐chloroethyl)‐trimethylammonium chloride or N‐dimethylaminosuccinamic acid, and these chemicals may also affect the incidence and severity of certain fungal diseases. While some growth regulators may be generally beneficial in reducing infection, the results are unpredictable, and the effects are examined in the light of other ways in which host resistance may be altered.
Purothionin analogues from barley flour
Authors: Redman D. G. , Fisher N.
Published: November 2006

Acid treatment of a light‐petroleum extract of barley flour yielded two proteins (termed hordothionins) closely similar in electrophoretic behaviour to the purqthionin doublet obtained from wheat by the same procedure. The major (faster) component, hordothionin a has been obtained apparently pure. Comparison of its amino acid composition, peptide maps, immunological reactions and C‐terminal end group with those of purothionin a has confirmed the relationship between the proteins from the two genera although some differences in amino acid composition and sequence have been found. Extraction of barley flour with buffered saline followed by acid treatment yielded proteins with similar properties to the hordothionins; this supports previous observations on the relationship between the purothionins and their corresponding globulins.
Soyabean saponins IX.—Studies of their effect on birds, mammals and cold‐blooded organisms
Authors: Ishaaya I. , Birk Yehudith , Bondi A. , Tencer Y.
Published: November 2006

The effect of soyabean saponins on the growth of chicks, mice, rats and Tribolium castaneum larvae and on the survival time of tadpoles and guppies was studied. Soyabean saponins did not impair growth of chicks when added at five times the concentration in a normal soyabean‐supplemented diet. They had also no effect on the growth response of rats and mice and on the amount of ingested food, but caused slight growth retardation of Tribolium castaneum larvae. Soyabean saponins showed a pronounced detrimental effect on tadpoles and guppies.
Extraction, chemical nature, and properties of soil organic sulphur
Authors: Freney J. R. , Melville G. E. , Williams C. H.
Published: November 2006

Organic sulphur in soil appeared to be stable in mildly alkaline solutions at 20°, and thus reagents such as bicarbonate or the sodium form of a chelating resin may be used for the partial extraction of organic sulphur in a chemically unmodified form. More complete extraction of organic sulphur from soil could be achieved by the use of sodium hydroxide solutions at pH 12.6, but degradation of humic acid sulphur to fulvic acid sulphur and conversion of organic sulphur to inorganic sulphur occurred in both hot and cold hydroxide solutions at this pH. A comparison of N : S ratios and percentages of reducible sulphur in soils and extracts suggested that none of the reagents studied extracted a sample of organic matter that was fully representative of the organic matter in soil. The results confirm that most of the sulphur in these surface soils is organic and that there is very little inorganic sulphate present.

Sulphur that could be reduced by hydriodic acid occurred in compounds of both high and low molecular weight but data obtained from extraction with bicarbonate and the chelating resin suggested that much of the reducible sulphur occurred in the high molecular weight fraction of soil organic matter.
Tocopherol content of seaweed and seaweed meal: II.—Individual, diurnal and seasonal variations in some fucaceae
Authors: Jensen A.
Published: November 2006

The seasonal variation in tocopherol content in four brown seaweeds was followed through a two‐year period. Considerable variation especially in the concentration of δ‐tocopherol was established. The higher concentrations were found during autumn and winter, and low contents in spring. Individual and diurnal variations were also studied. Considerable differences in tocopherol content between various types of tissue were established. Surprisingly high concentrations of tocopherols were found in the older parts of the plants.
Diffusion of organophosphorus insecticides in soils
Authors: Graham‐Bryce I. J.
Published: November 2006

Diffusion of disulfoton and dimethoate in a silt loam soil was studied over a range of concentrations and moisture contents. Apparent diffusion coefficients were calculated from the distribution of insecticide in a column of soil after diffusion from one half of the column to the other for a known time. The distribution was determined by slicing the column into narrow; sections using a specially constructed diffusion cylinder. Diffusion coefficients varied little with concentration for both insecticides, but increased rapidly with increasing moisture content for dimethoate from 3.31 × 10−8 cm2/sec at 10% volumetric moisture content to 1.41 × 10−6 cm2/sec at 43% moisture content. In contrast, for disulfoton which is more volatile, less soluble and more strongly sorbed than dimethoate, diffusion coefficients were smaller (2.83 × 10−8 cm2/sec at 41% moisture content) but did not change much as the soil became drier (2.74 × 10−8 cm2/sec at 8 % moisture content). The influence of partition between solid, solution and vapour phases in the soil and of the geometry of the pathway‐through the soil pores on the apparent diffusion coefficient is discussed. The likely behaviour of other pesticides is considered in the light of these results.
Reduction and RE‐oxidation of the purothionins
Authors: Redman D. G. , Elton G. A. H.
Published: November 2006

The disulphide bonds of the purothionins have been fully reduced with 2‐mercaptoethanol. Starch‐gel electrophoresis of the products and also of the reduced proteins after blocking with acrylonitrile confirms previous tentative evidence that purothionins a and 0 both consist of single polypeptide chains. Reduced purothionin doublet has been re‐oxidised under various conditions, the major finding being that in dilute solution re‐formation of structure predominates whereas in very concentrated solution, extensive intermolecular cross linking appears to occur.
Determination of molybdenum in biological materials with 2‐amino‐4‐chlorobenzenethiol
Authors: Ssekaalo H. , Johnson R. M.
Published: November 2006

A routine method has been developed for the determination of molybdenum in biological materials (e.g. rolled oats and whole milk). The sample is wet‐oxidised with hydrogen peroxide and sulphuric acid, any calcium sulphate precipitate being removed by centrifugation, and molybdenum is separated from phosphate using cupferron (ammonium nitroso‐2‐phenylhydroxylamine). The molybdenum‐cupferron extract (in chloroform) is evaporated to dryness, and the complex is oxidised with hydrogen peroxide and sulphuric acid. After adjustment to the pH range 2–0–2–2 using ammonium hydroxide‐sulphuric acid, the molybdenum is complexed with 2‐amino‐4‐chorobenzenethiol, the complex is extracted with chloroform, and the optical density is measured at 720 nm. Satisfactory recoveries ( ± 10%) were obtained.
Amino acid content of seeds of orchard crops
Authors: Ekpenyong T.
Published: November 2006

In agreement with previous research it has been found that the most prominent amino acid in seeds of 12 orchard crops was glutamic acid followed by arginine and aspartic acid while the least represented in all cases was methionine. Although correlation figures have not been worked out the results show that the percentage lysine content was highest in the group where the percentage protein content was lowest.
Volatile compounds in dried grapes
Authors: Ramshaw E. H. , Hardy P. J.
Published: November 2006

Volatile compounds were isolated from fresh Sultana grapes, from pale golden‐brown sultanas prepared by drying on racks after treatment with a commercial dipping solution, and from dark brown sultanas dried in sunlight without dipping. The fresh grape yolatiles were found in the dipped sultanas but not in the undipped sultanas. Undipped sultanas contained considerable amounts of furfural and related compounds which were present in relatively small amounts in the dipped sultanas. It is suggested that these compounds, commonly associated with non‐enzymic browning, may account for the malty, caramel‐like aroma of the undipped sultanas and that their production is inhibited by the drying conditions given to the dipped sultanas. The dipped sultanas contained several carbonyl compounds which were not observed in the undipped sultanas.
Action of A ring‐cleaving oxygenase in preventing oxidative darkening of apple juice
Authors: Kelly S. H. , Finkle B. J.
Published: November 2006

Prevention of browning of apple juice by catechol oxidase was brought about through enzymic cleavage of the aromatic ring of juice‐darkening constituents. Protocatechuate‐3,4‐dioxygenase in the presence of ascorbate oxidatively attacked the catechol compounds in juice, nullifying their darkening capacity.
Investigations on starches from major starch crops grown in Ghana: II.—Swelling and solubility patterns: Amyloclastic susceptibility
Authors: Rašper V.
Published: November 2006

The patterns of progressive swelling and solubilisation of various starches from major Ghanaian starch crops have been evaluated over the range of pasting temperatures to provide evidence of the associative bonding (i.e. hydrogen bonding) within the granules. The swelling patterns were greatly influenced by the species of the starch tested, but all the starches, except those of maize and cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium), exhibited a single‐stage swelling, reflecting the presence of one set of internal bonding forces. The dissolving action of amylases on granular starches, which provides another means for studying granule structure, was examined by measuring the starch degradation at different enzyme concentration levels and fixed amount of substrate. There was considerable variation in resistance to enzyme action among the starches. With ‘root’ starches, the resistance increased in parallel with increasing size of the granules.
Changes in polyphenols of sapota fruit (Achras zapota L.) during maturation
Authors: Lakshminarayana S. , Mathew A. G. , Parpia H. A. B.
Published: November 2006

The changes in polyphenols of sapota fruit during maturation have been determined by chemical analysis, paper chromatography and taste evaluation. Simple polyphenols are shown to decrease while polymeric leucoanthocyanidins increase with maturation. The reduction in astringency as the fruit develops has been found to be due to polymeric changes, the influence of other constituents such as sugar, and ‘dilution’ of polyphenols by increase in fruit size.
Effects of nitrogen and potassium fertilisers on contents of carbohydrates and free amino acids in Italian ryegrass: I.—Effects on growth and soluble‐carbohydrate contents of leaves, stubble and roots
Authors: Nowakowski T. Z.
Published: November 2006

Italian ryegrass S22, grown in K‐deficient sandy loam in pots under glass, was given 40,80 and 160 ppm N as ammonium nitrate and 0, 60, 120 and 240 ppm K as potassium chloride. In the absence of K fertiliser, increasing N fertiliser decreased root weights, but with the largest dressing of K, grass which was given high rates of N produced more roots than grass receiving the smallest amount of N. K fertiliser increased root weights and the content of soluble carbohydrates in roots. Irrespective of K supply, roots contained very little fructosan. Adequate K was needed to give maximum amounts of sugars and fructosan in the tops and stubble. Excessive K in relation to N fertiliser was detrimental to the accumulation of fructosan in the stubble. The importance of the effect of K on soluble carbohydrates is briefly discussed.
Mineral balance in grass as influenced by fertility conditions in soil
Authors: Khan D. H. , Ali M. I.
Published: November 2006

Studies on the mineral balance in paragrass, Brachiaria mutica (Forsk.) Stapf, showed that the K/(Ca+Mg) ratio only once exceeded 1.80 under different fertiliser treatments; this was taken to be due to a relatively high Mg content in the plant tissue. Fertiliser N decreased the K/(Ca+ Mg), K/Mg, and K/Ca ratios in the grass, and the percentage of nitrogen in the tissue was negatively correlated with the K/(Ca+Mg) ratio.
Fermentation studies on lucerne
Authors: Carpemtero M. C. , Holding A. J. , McDonald P.
Published: November 2006

Two experiments are reported. In the first, lucerne grown on replicated plots treated with and without nitrogenous fertiliser was ensiled in laboratory silos (capacity 1.2 kg) before and after being wilted for 24 h. The water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content of the lucerne decreased significantly after wilting in both treatments, but application of nitrogenous fertiliser did not depress the WSC content. None of the resultant silages was well preserved.

In a second experiment using a second cut of lucerne, the following treatments were used: molasses, formic acid, sodium metabisulphite, and wilting. Of these, only material treated with either molasses or formic acid was preserved satisfactorily. In both experiments, changes in organic acids and buffering values are given.
Chemotherapy of fascioliasis: I.—Derivatives of di‐(p‐aminophenyl) methane and p‐aminophenol
Authors: Collins R. F. , Daves M. , Rosenbaum J.
Published: November 2006

Di‐(p‐aminophenyl)methane and certain p‐aminophenyl ethos, known to possess activity against the trematodes Schistosoma mansoni and Fasciola hepatica, have been converted into various derivatives in an attempt to enhance their effect on F. hepatica. Other compounds studied include 4‐amino‐7‐chloro‐quinolines and 6‐aminobenz‐l,3‐dioxans.
Isolation and characterisation of a water‐soluble wheat‐flour protein
Authors: Fish W. W. , Abbott Donald C.
Published: November 2006

The main component of the water‐soluble proteins of wheat flour has been isolated in sufficient quantity for chemical and physical characterisation. This was achieved by a combination of ion‐exchange chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose and gel filtration through Sephadex G75. The protein isolated was judged to be 90% pure by zone electrophoresis. Sedimentation analysis yielded a single symmetrical peak with an S°20,w value of 2.45. The molecular weight was found to be 19,300 by gel filtration, and the diffusion coefficient estimated by the same method was 10.47 × 10−7. A molecular weight of 16,000 was calculated from sedimentation equilibrium analysis in a dissociating medium. The ultra‐violet spectrum of the isolated albumin exhibited a maximum at 278 nm and from this an E1% 278 value of 13.1 was calculated. No free sulphydryl groups could be detected. Amino acid analysis showed that this protein has a composition similar to those of other soluble wheat‐flour preparations. A molecular weight of 16,300 was calculated from the amino acid analysis. End‐group analysis of the protein showed that serine is the N‐terminal amino acid. The C‐terminal amino acid was found to be resistant to release by both carboxypeptidase A and carboxypeptidase B.
Isolation and characterisation of A wheat albumin
Authors: Ewart J. A. D.
Published: November 2006

A major albumin from Cappelle‐Desprez wheat flour has been isolated by carboxymethyl‐cellulose chromatography in a sufficiently pure state for characterisation. The water‐soluble protein is free from phenylalanine and histidine, and this enables the purity to be estimated as > 95 %. It appears to consist of a single chain with a mol. wt. of 26,000. The absorbance coefficient at 280 nm is 1.9 × 103, the high value being due to 8 tryptophan and 8 tyrosine residues per molecule. There are 10 S. S bonds but no sulphydryl groups or sugar residues in the molecule. Sedimentation studies indicate that the molecules tend to aggregate in 0.2 M‐NaCl. No protease or amylase activity was detectable.
Determination of moisture and oil in the seed of winter rape (Brassica napus): I.‐Comparison of oven methods for the determination of moisture
Authors: Hughes M.
Published: November 2006

The method for estimating moisture in winter rape seed (Brassica napus) by drying at 130° for 1 h gives results significantly higher than methods of drying at 103° and 105°. For the routine estimation of moisture in large numbers of samples a convenient method is to dry 10 g of whole seed for 16 h. This method compares favourably with results obtained on milled samples dried at 103° for 5 h or 105° for 16 h.
Inactivation of α‐Amylase in wheat and flour with acid
Authors: Fuller P. , Hutchinson J. B. , McDermott E. E. , Stewart B. A.
Published: November 2006

The inactivation of α‐amylase in flour and wheat by hydrochloric acid treatment, followed by neutralisation with ammonia gas, has been investigated. A considerable degree of irreversible inactivation could be achieved by the hydrochloric acid gas treatment of ‘dry’ flour, and the aqueous hydrochloric acid conditioning of wheat. Careful control of the experimental conditions was necessary to minimise deleterious effects on the other flour constituents. The practical possibilities of such processes are considered.
Analysis of minor volatile constituents of wine
Authors: Hardy P. J. , Ramshaw E. H.
Published: November 2006

The analysis of minor volatile constituents in alcoholic beverages presents difficulties because of the relatively high concentrations of a few higher alcohols. Volatile components were extracted from a freshly prepared Riesling white table wine using the solvent trichlorofluoromethane, and analysed by combined gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. The higher alcohols were then removed from the trichlorofluoromethane extracts by treatment with propylene glycol, and the remaining components, mainly esters, were concentrated further. The final concentrate, whose volume represented about 0·01% of that of the wine, was analysed again, and in all, over 40 components were identified. Some of the esters observed, including the mixed ester, 3‐methylbutyl ethyl succinate, have not been reported previously.
Vitamin B content of cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata walp) II.–Pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, biotin and folic acid
Authors: Ogunmodede B. K. , Oyenuga V. A.
Published: November 2006

The microbiological estimations of pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, biotin and folic acid were carried out on thirty varieties of cowpeas. Precautions needed to obtain consistent results for each of the vitamins were recorded.

Individual values of the vitamins in the samples were recorded and statistical analyses of the results for both the varieties and the three types of cowpeas are discussed. Varietal differences in the vitamin contents were noted.
Glucosinolate content and amino acid composition of rapeseed (Brassica napus) meal as affected by sulphur and nitrogen nutrition
Authors: Josefsson E.
Published: November 2006

Rapeseed plants have been grown in soil‐free culture with varying amounts of nitrogen fertiliser applied as nitrate, and with 50% of the nitrate‐N exchanged for ammonium. The experiment was performed at two levels of sulphate fertiliser. Yield, protein content, glucosinolate content and amino acid composition were studied. The glucosinolate content was lower and the protein content was higher at a high level of nitrogen fertiliser. Exchange of 50% of the nitrate‐N for ammonium caused no significant change in glucosinolate or protein content. The amount of glucosinolate was higher at the high sulphate level. There were no sulphur‐nitrogen interactions. Content of total aspartic acid increased with nitrogen fertilisation, while total content of other amino acids did not change significantly with fertilisation.

The effect of a wide variety of applications of sulphate fertiliser on glucosinolate and total amino acid content have been studied in a separate experiment. Although both protein content and methionine content were reduced at a low sulphate level, glucosinolate content was reduced considerably more.

Experiments in the field revealed that although a reduction in glucosinolate content of rapeseed may be obtained from using fertilisers low in sulphur on sandy soils this does not seem possible on heavy soils.
Decomposition of the organic materials from hill soils and pastures I.—Incubation method for studying the mineralisation of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus
Authors: Floate M. J. S. , Torrance C. J. W.
Published: November 2006

Plant materials and sheep faeces from 2 hill sites were used to develop a method suitable for measuring the production of CO2 and mineral N and P during incubation with aqueous soil extract. Variation in sample size (2 or 5 g) and source of the extract inoculum (from A0 or A1 soil horizon) had little effect on the results, but production of mineral N and P was reduced in the absence of any inoculum. Nitrogen was lost during incubation in both open and closed systems, but by absorption of evolved ammonia in 50% sulphuric acid almost complete recovery of nitrogen was achieved in the closed system. More NH3, nitrate‐N and CO2 were produced at 25% moisture‐holding capacity than at 100%, but variation in moisture content had little effect on ammonium‐N production. Lowering the incubation temperature resulted in reduced production of CO2 and mineral‐N and P, but sheep faeces produced most ammonium‐N at 10°.
Automated amino acid analysis of grass and silage
Authors: Macpherson H. T. , Wall R. A.
Published: November 2006

Water‐soluble extracts of grass and silages have been subjected to detailed amino acid and amine analysis by means of automated column chromatography. Some nitrogen still remains to be accounted for.
Evaluation of whisky distillery by‐products IV.—Evaporated spent wash as a supplementary food with low‐quality roughages for cattle
Authors: Sheehan W. , Topps J. H. , Miller T. B.
Published: November 2006

Evaporated spent wash, a whisky distillery by‐product, has been evaluated as a supplementary food with low‐quality roughage for beef cattle. Three levels of the material were used, the two lower levels with small amounts of barley. None of the supplements produced a marked increase in intake of roughage. Digestibility of the diet was substantially increased when spent wash or spent wash and barley was included and an intake of metabolisable energy of approximately 80% of the animal's maintenance requirement was obtained. The spent wash was found to be rich in nitrogenous compounds, phosphorus and copper but very low in calcium and sodium.
Nutritive value of wheat bran I.—Effects of fine grinding upon bran, and of added bran upon the protein quality of white flour
Authors: Hutchinson J. B. , Martin H. F.
Published: November 2006

The addition of bran to a diet based upon white flour, and thereby deficient in lysine, improved the growth rate and food consumption of weanling rats on this diet, partly because of the supplementary effect of the lysine of the bran upon the protein of the flour.

The increasing replacement of flour by bran continued to improve growth rate towards an upper value where much of the flour in the diet had been replaced. However, growth rates were still poor, and well below that attainable if flour without bran is supplemented with small amounts of lysine and threonine. Fine grinding of the bran affected neither growth rate nor food intake significantly in a 50 : 50 mixture of bran and flour, but it slightly depressed the apparent digestibility of the nitrogen of the diet.
Freeze‐dried turkey muscle I.—Changes in nitrogenous compounds and lipids of dehydrated turkey during storage
Authors: Fishwick M. J. , Zmarlicki S.
Published: November 2006

Changes in proteins and lipids were followed during the storage of freeze‐dried turkey breast muscle in air and in nitrogen. Oxidation of sulphydryl groups accounted for part of the oxygen uptake of air‐stored samples, and was accompanied by a decrease in soluble nitrogen greater than in controls stored in nitrogen. The major deteriorative process at low moisture content was a type of ‘lipid’ browning reaction which was dependent on oxygen and caused discoloration and objectionable odours. Autoxidation of lipids catalysed by haem pigments and resulting in rancid flavours was not a major deteriorative process in freeze‐dried turkey muscle. Lipid hydrolysis occurred at water contents of 8·2 and 5·4% but not at 0·8%.
Freeze‐dried turkey muscle II.—Role of haem pigments as catalysts in the autoxidation of lipid constituents
Authors: Fishwick M. J.
Published: November 2006

A study by reflectance spectroscopy of the haem compounds of turkey breast and leg muscle showed that the structure of the main component, myoglobin, changed during the freeze‐drying process to form a low‐spin complex, ferromyochromagen. Ferrimyoglobin, either present in fresh muscle or introduced as an oxidation product during dehydration, forms the corresponding ferrimyochromagen. During storage in the freeze‐dried state the iron complexes do not catalyse the autoxidation of unsaturated lipids. When freeze‐dried muscle is rehydrated to a water content not less than 50% of that of fresh muscle, a proportion of the haem pigment is present in the form of a high‐spin complex, metmyoglobin, which catalyses autoxidation of unsaturated lipids in the rehydrated muscle.
Relationship between wheat proteins
Authors: Booth M. R. , Ewart J. A. D.
Published: November 2006

Recent evidence including amino acid analyses, immunological tests and fingerprinting suggests that the gliadins of wheat varieties have evolved from a common ancestral protein by a series of mutations. No evidence to support a relationship of this nature between the gliadin, albumin and globulin classes was found. Confirmation of the genetic link between wheat and barley is provided by the close structural affinity between purothionin and its barley counterpart. There are some similarities in amino acid composition between a barley trypsin inhibitor and a wheat albumin. Available evidence, though scanty, is significant enough to justify the generalisation that storage proteins of identical mobility in different wheat varieties have closely similar primary and tertiary structures. Although the individual gliadins within a given variety are mutationally linked, their tertiary structures as judged by immunological tests show characteristic differences.
Analysis of arsenic and selenium in marine raw materials
Authors: Lunde G.
Published: November 2006

The content of arsenic and selenium has been analysed in the following marine organisms: cod (Gadus morhua), herring (Clupea harengus), mackerel (Scomber scomber), Norway haddock (Sebastes marinus), lobster (Homarus vulgaris), mussel (Mytilus edulis), clam (Pecten maximus), oyster (Ostrea edulis), squid (Ommastrephes sagittatus) and whale (Balaenoptera physalus). The analyses were performed both on the raw material and in the water‐soluble phase after the samples had been boiled (the N liquor). An enrichment of arsenic is observed in the N liquor, compared with the raw material. The results indicate that selenium is also enriched in the N liquor from fish, but not from the invertebrate animals analysed.

The N liquor and the water‐soluble phase of the enzyme‐hydrolysed presscake (the water‐insoluble phase after boiling) were fractionated by molecular gel nitration. Fractions from these elutions were analysed for arsenic and selenium. Selenium was present in the fractions with a molecular weight above about 5000. Arsenic was connected with the lower molecular weight fractions, and may be present as more arseno‐organic compounds.
‘Firmly‐bound’ lysolecithin of wheat starch
Authors: Wren J. J. , Merryfield Danuta S.
Published: November 2006

Wheat‐starch granules were isolated in a highly purified state from Cappelle and Manitoban hard red spring wheats. After exhaustive extraction with methanol or dioxan they still gave measurable yields of hydrolysate lipid. The lipid present was readily released when the granular structure was disrupted, by gelatinisation in boiling water or 80% dioxan (at 30°) or by erosion in pure dimethyl sulphoxide. The lipid consisted chiefly of lysolecithin, with some lysophosphatidylethanolamine and traces of other lipids. It was confirmed that lysolecithin is a native constituent of the starch granule. Some can be extracted without disrupting the granular structure and the remainder, according to the results of erosion by dimethyl sulphoxide, is distributed at all depths within the structure. Up to one‐quarter of the amylose in the wheat‐starch granule appears to be bound to lipid in helical complexes. Starch granules not pre‐extracted contained ˜ 0·8% of lysolecithin, representing 83% of the total lipid. No other native biological material is known in which the proportion of lysolecithin in total lipid is so high.
Note on L‐Ascorbic acid content of english early tomatoes
Authors: Twomey D. G. , Ridge B. D.
Published: November 2006

An analysis was made of the vitamin C content of English early tomatoes harvested in the spring and early summer.

As the season progressed, the reduced ascorbic acid content was observed to increase from 12·3 mg/100 g in May to 22·1 mg/100 g in July.

The 20 mg ascorbic acid/100 g tissue for tomatoes quoted in McCance & Widdowson's ‘Tables of the Composition of Foods’ probably applies only to tomatoes ripened on the plant in midsummer and overestimates the content of the earlier crop.
Water‐soluble carbohydrates of tropical pasture grasses and legumes
Authors: Hunter R. A. , McIntyre B. L. , McIlroy R. J.
Published: November 2006

The soluble carbohydrate composition of the leaves and stems of 5 tropical grass species—Cenchrus ciliaris, Chloris gayana, Cynodon dactylon, Digitaria decumbens and Setaria sphacelata—and 5 tropical legume species—Desmodium intortum, Desmodium uncinatum, Glycine javanica, Phaseolus atropurpureus cv. Siratro and Stylosanthes humilis—has been studied at two stages of growth.

Reducing sugars, total soluble sugars, fructosan, starch and pectin have been estimated.

Chromatographic analysis of 80% ethanol extracts indicated the absence of the oligosaccharides, raffinose and stachyose, from the leaves and stems of the tropical grass species. They were present in the tropical legumes.

None of the tropical grass or legume species were found to accumulate appreciable amounts of fructosan.

The carbohydrate storage form in the grass species appeared to be sucrose, with starch of less importance. The carbohydrate storage forms in the legume species appeared to be sucrose, starch and pectin. The nature of the principal carbohydrate storage form appeared to be a characteristic of the species.
Nitrate reductase activity as an indicator for assessing the nitrogen requirement of grass crops
Authors: Bar‐Akiva A. , Sagiv J. , Leshem J.
Published: November 2006

The enzymic nitrate reduction capacity of leaves, which is defined as the rate of response to the inducing stimulus of externally added NO3 substrate to incubated leaf fragments, is proposed as a measure for assessing the nitrogen fertilisation requirement of grass crops. The assay was tested in an annual ryegrass field experiment plot, where the effect of increasing N levels was studied. The rate of response diminished from 11 to 1 and was negatively correlated with the yield and NO3 concentration in the leaves.
Determination of sulphur in plant material by X‐ray emission spectrometry
Authors: McLachlan K. D. , Crawford Merrilyn
Published: November 2006

A simple, rapid technique for the routine determination of total sulphur in pasture samples is described. Eighty samples a day could be measured, with little additional time needed for the sample preparation.

Measurements were made directly on loosely packed plant material.

The intensity of emission at the sulphur‐Kα line for each plant sample was related to that of a fused reference standard used in silicate analysis.

Variations in sample density, due mainly to particle size of the material and ambient humidity, influenced the results, but were eliminated readily.

A linear expression, Y = 0.4162X–0.0047 (r = 0.9968; P <0.001) relating X, the ratio, and Y, the chemically determined sulphur content of the sample, was derived.
Analysis of trace elements in seaweed
Authors: Lunde G.
Published: November 2006

The following trace elements have been analysed in various algae samples: arsenic, copper, molybdenum, manganese, zinc, cobalt, antimony, selenium and iron. The ash content has also been determined. The samples were collected from two different localities in Norway, one (Trondheimsfjord) characterised by a relatively strong influence of river water, industrial waste etc.; the other (Reine in Lofoten) is free from this type of contamination. In the case of two species, Ascophyllum nodosum and Laminaria hyperborea, the variation in the content of trace elements has been studied during a one‐year period, samples being taken every second month. Considerable differences in the content of trace elements was found between the Laminariaceae and Fucaceae.
Effect of drying temperature on quality of fish protein
Authors: Yáñez E. , Ballester Digna , Donoso G.
Published: November 2006

Hake fillets (Merluccius gayi) obtained by freeze‐drying and oven‐drying at 105° and 170°c were analysed for their chemical composition and biological quality in relation to nitrogen and sulphur utilisation. Nitrogen utilisation was not affected by heating at 105°. Net protein utilisation (NPU) (balance) values were 79 and 77 for the freeze‐dried sample and that heated at 105°, respectively. These results showed a good correlation with available lysine contents (8.6 and 8.3 g/100 g crude protein). However, sulphur utilisation suffered slight damage at 105°.

Heating at 170° for 6 h considerably reduced both nitrogen and sulphur utilisation. NPU fell from 79 to 51 and net sulphur utilisation decreased from 89 to 60.

It is concluded that the intensity of heating during manufacture is a factor of critical importance in obtaining fish protein concentrate for either human or animal feeding.
Effect of pH, concentration, and temperature on the strength of cytoplasmic protein foams
Authors: Buckingham J. H.
Published: November 2006

The strength of foams generated from solutions of red clover cytoplasmic protein is dependent on pH, protein concentration, arid temperature. The variation of foam strength as a function of these three parameters has been studied and results indicate that the onset of foam stability occurs over very short concentration and temperature ranges.

A phase diagram for these foams is proposed which defines the differences between stable and unstable states in terms of protein concentration and temperature. The results show that above 40°c only unstable foams are generated, irrespective of protein concentration. Below 40°c, stable foams can be generated provided the protein concentration is greater than a certain critical concentration for the system. A possible implication in bloat studies is suggested.
Determination of dimethyl sulphide in beer and lager
Authors: Sinclair A. , Hall R. D. , Burns D. Thorburn , Hayes W. P.
Published: November 2006

A gas chromatographic method is described for the determination of dimethyl sulphide in beer. The peak height of the dimethyl sulphide is compared with that of an n‐butanol standard and the concentration calculated using their relative response factors.

When authentic dimethyl sulphide was added to beer good recoveries (99% average) were obtained. Determination of the reproducibility from duplicate analyses of beer samples gave an average coefficient of variation of 7.7 % for the concentration range of 0‐35 μg/l.
Composition of wheat‐flour lipids
Authors: Macmurray T. A. , Morrison W. R.
Published: November 2006

Lipids were extracted from a single sample of wheat flour using three solvent systems: ethanol–diethyl ether–water (2:2:1 by vol.); chloroform–methanol (2:1 by vol.); and water‐saturated n‐butanol. Analysis of the extracts and of residual lipid in the extracted flour showed that water‐saturated n‐butanol was the most efficient solvent.

Wheat‐flour lipids were extracted with water‐saturated n‐butanol and separated by chromatographic procedures into individual components. The lipid classes which were isolated and studied were steryl ester, free sterol, 6‐O‐acyl steryl glucoside, steryl glucoside, triglyceride, diglyceride, monoglyceride, free fatty acid, monogalactosyl diglyceride, 6‐O‐acyl monogalactosyl diglyceride, digalactosyl diglyceride, digalactosyl monoglyceride, monoglycosyl ceramide, diglycosyl ceramide, N‐acyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine, N‐acyl lysophosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, lysophosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline, lysophosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl inositol. Monogalactosyl monoglyceride was also tentatively identified. The quantitative distributions of the lipid classes were determined.

Monoglycosyl ceramide contained small amounts of normal fatty acids (12:0–24:0) and large amounts of 2‐hydroxy fatty acids (principally 16:0 and 20:0), with similar amounts of dihydroxy long‐chain bases (18:0 and 18:1) and trihydroxy long‐chain bases (18:0, 18:1, 19:0, 19:1, 20:0, 22:0). The principal sterols were identified as β‐sitosterol, campesterol, and C28 and C29 saturated sterols.

The fatty acids in the sterol lipids were principally 16:0 (50–60%) and 18:2 (28–30%) with small amounts of 16:1, 18:0, 18:1 and 18:3. The fatty acids in all the glycerides were principally 18:2 (51–84%) with lesser amounts of 16:0, 18:0, 18:1 and 18:3.
Browning reaction in drying cacao
Authors: Quesnel V. C. , Jugmohunsingh K.
Published: November 2006

The polyphenol oxidases of fermented and unfermented cacao have the same pH optimum and the same response to the inhibitors diethyldithiocarbamate, cyanide and ethylenediaminetetra‐acetic acid. Temperature optima and activation energies differ, the oxidase of fermented cacao having a higher temperature optimum and a lower activation energy than that of unfermented cacao. Activity is unrelated to total copper content and the conclusion is drawn that the activity of the fermented seed is not due to inorganic copper or unspecific copper‐protein complexes but to a modified form of the original enzyme. Some data on heat inactivation are given and the relevance of the findings to drying temperatures for cacao is discussed.
Spectrophotometric determination of boron in plant and soil samples by a new solvent extraction procedure
Authors: Weir C. C.
Published: November 2006

A routine method has been developed for the determination of boron in plant and soil samples. The boron in the prepared samples is converted into BF4‐ in a H2SO4‐HF system, then extracted as a coloured complex with Azure‐C (or mthylne blue) into dichloroethane and finally determined spectrophotometrically. Satisfactory recoveries (±7%) were obtained for plant tissue analyses.
Amylose content as a difference between heat‐sterilised smooth and wrinkled garden peas
Authors: Thung S. B.
Published: November 2006

A method of determining the amylose content in starch of heat‐sterilised garden peas is described. By this method a number of smooth and wrinkled peas and garden peas of the type Cennia in different size grades were analysed. The amylose content of wrinkled peas showed values between 38.6 and 85.8%, of smooth peas between 19.9 and 43.4% and of Cennia between 10.8 and 25.6%.

These values overlap, but, in the corresponding size grades, the amylose content of the wrinkled peas is much higher than that of the smooth peas and this in turn is much higher than that of Cennia. Given a known size grade, the amylose content can be used to identify heat‐sterilised garden peas when a microscopical examination is inconclusive.