bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formulation and characterisation of O/W emulsions stabilised with modified seaweed polysaccharides
Authors: Melanie Hakiki , Taarji Noamane , Zhao Yiguo , Khalid Nauman , Neves Marcos A. , Kobayashi Isao , Tuwo Ambo , Nakajima Mitsutoshi
Published: July 2019

In this study, seaweed polysaccharides (alginate and carrageenan) were modified with dodecenylsuccinic anhydride (DSA), and their stabilising properties in oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsion system were evaluated. The physicochemical characteristics were determined by droplet size, interfacial tension and ζ‐potential and structurally verified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Both CRG‐DSA and ALG‐DSA applied in O/W emulsion system exhibited smaller droplet sizes over the increasing concentration and were more stable during storage than native ones. The ζ‐potential of DSA‐modified seaweed polysaccharides has more negative charge compared with their native forms, owing to the additional carboxyl groups from modification reaction. In addition, DSA‐modified seaweed polysaccharides decreased the interfacial tension at soybean oil–water interface from 23.1 and 23.9 mN m−1 to 14.2 and 13.6 mN m−1, respectively. The successful modification reaction was confirmed by FTIR analysis. This study demonstrated that DSA‐modified seaweed polysaccharides may serve as prospective emulsifiers in food, pharmaceutical and other industrial fields.
Maternal blood pressure mediates the association between maternal obesity and infant weight gain in early postpartum
Authors: Berger Paige K. , Plows Jasmine F. , Jones Roshonda B. , Pollock Norman K. , Alderete Tanya L. , Ryoo Ji Hoon , Goran Michael I.
Published: July 2019

Background

It is unknown to what extent higher maternal blood pressure (BP) in early postpartum impacts the relationship between higher maternal weight status and greater infant weight gain in early postpartum.

Objective

To evaluate the mediating role of higher maternal BP at 1 month postpartum on the association between higher maternal weight status at 1 month postpartum and greater infant weight gain over 6 months postpartum.

Methods

Participants were 169 Hispanic mother‐infant pairs. Maternal body mass index (BMI) and BP were assessed at 1 month postpartum. Infant weight was measured at 1 and 6 months postpartum to calculate weight‐for‐age z scores (WAZ). Multiple linear regression models were used for prediction, and Sobel test was used to determine mediation.

Results

Controlling for maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI, age, delivery mode, infant sex, and infant birth weight revealed that both maternal BMI (β = .29) and BP (β = .32) predicted infant WAZ gain (both P ≤ .03). However, the relationship between infant WAZ gain and maternal BMI was no longer significant after further adjustment for maternal BP, which remained significant (P < .05). Maternal BP explained 23.6% (Sobel T = 2.01) of the association between maternal BMI at 1 month and infant WAZ gain over 6 months.

Conclusion

Our data suggest that higher maternal weight status at 1 month postpartum is related to greater infant weight gain over 6 months postpartum, and this relationship is mediated by higher maternal BP at 1 month postpartum.
Perceived motivators, training supports and challenges to career advancement among pharmacists in the Malaysian public healthcare system
Authors: Chang Chee-Tao , Hassali Mohamed Azmi , HSS Amar-Singh , Lee Jason Choong Yin , Chan Huan-Keat
Published: July 2019

Objectives

To explore the perceived motivators, training supports and challenges to career advancement among fully and provisionally registered pharmacists (FRPs and PRPs) in the Malaysian public service.

Methods

Nine hundred and fifty-three pharmacists in the public service of Perak State, Malaysia, were invited for participation in an online survey that was conducted in October 2018. Based on a 5-point Likert scale, they were required to respond to 56 items, ranging from the perceived availability and importance of both motivators and training supports, the challenges to career advancement, to the awareness of the need for career planning. Their responses were subsequently dichotomized into ‘agree’/‘important’ and ‘disagree’/‘not important’.

Key findings

Four hundred and eighty pharmacists participated in the survey, yielding a response rate of 51.2%. More than half of them agreed with the inflexibility of working time and the absence of a performance-based salary and promotion scheme. More than 80% of them also highly valued the training in both pharmacy-related areas and management. Apart from inadequate training, no specialization in pharmacy as a profession and the absence of a performance-based promotion scheme were identified as the major challenges to their career advancement. As compared with the PRPs, the FRPs had greater concern over the absence of a performance-based salary and promotion scheme, flexible working time and periodic feedback for their work performance.

Conclusions

The findings indicate the inadequacy of the current system in providing recognition, training, feedback for work performance and a clear career pathway to pharmacists in the Malaysian public service, which warrants a change.
Incumplimiento del salario mínimo en Europa central y oriental
Authors: GORAUS‐TAŃSKA Karolina , LEWANDOWSKI Piotr
Published: July 2019

En este estudio se analiza el incumplimiento del salario mínimo durante el periodo 2003–2012 en diez países de Europa central y oriental con salario mínimo obligatorio nacional. A partir de los datos de EU‐SILC y la metodología propuesta por Bhorat, Kanbur y Mayet (2013), se cuantifica la incidencia y magnitud del incumplimiento. Se realizan análisis de regresión sobre determinantes individuales, laborales y macroeconómicos. Aunque la incidencia permanece relativamente baja, los trabajadores a los que se dirigen las políticas de salario mínimo parecen los más expuestos a su incumplimiento. Con el tiempo, una mayor incidencia se asocia a una razón más alta entre salario mínimo y salario medio.
Molecular survey of the phosphoserine phosphatase involved in L‐serine synthesis by silkworms (Bombyx mori)
Authors: Haque M. R. , Hirowatari A. , Saruta F. , Furuya S. , Yamamoto K.
Published: July 2019

Phosphoserine phosphatase (PSP) catalyses the synthesis of l‐serine via the phosphorylated pathway by facilitating the dephosphorylation of phosphoserine. A cDNA encoding PSP from the silkworm Bombyx mori (bmPSP) was isolated using reverse transcription‐PCR and then sequenced. The resulting clone encoded 236 amino acids with a molecular weight of 26 150, exhibiting 14–60% sequence identity with other PSPs. The recombinant PSP was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified. Kinetic studies showed that bmPSP possessed activity toward l‐phosphoserine, and Asp20, Asp22 and Asp204 in bmPSP were found to be critical for modulating bmPSP activity. Real‐time PCR analysis provided evidence that the amount of bmpsp transcript was reduced in middle silk glands of a sericin‐deficient silkworm strain. These findings revealed that bmPSP may play important roles in synthesizing one‐carbon donors of l‐serine, which is abundant in silk, as well as other cell metabolites in B. mori.
Not just a policy; this is for real. An affirmative action policy to encourage Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples to seek employment in the health workforce
Authors: Roseby Robert , Adams Karen , Leech Michelle , Taylor Karinda , Campbell Don
Published: July 2019

Delivery of culturally safe healthcare is critical to ensuring access to high‐quality care for indigenous people. A key component of this is for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people to be participants in the health workforce. The proportion of indigenous people in the health workforce should at least equate to the proportion in the population served. We describe the development and implementation of a successful affirmative action employment policy at Monash Health, one of Australia's largest Academic Health Centres, and provide perspective on its adoption.
Understanding the interplay of institutional logics and management practices in impact sourcing
Authors: Malik Fareesa , Nicholson Brian
Published: July 2019

This article draws on the evidence gathered from a research project in the area of global information technology outsourcing (GITO) involving a US‐based vendor of medical billing and transcription processing with a subsidiary in a remote area of Pakistan. It contributes to recent debates on impact sourcing—understood as GITO offering social value for marginalized groups in society. Prior research to date has focused on “social mission”–driven impact sourcing initiatives, but examples of mainstream “market‐driven” GITO's engagement in impact sourcing work are largely absent in the impact sourcing literature. Using qualitative methods, this study explores the interplay between institutional logics and management practices of a market‐driven GITO organization engaged in impact sourcing work. The findings identify family, community, and profession logics existing in the subsidiary location and management practices of the GITO organization responding to these logics. We abstract the practices into three mechanisms (ie, synchronization, bridging, and embedding) and present a process model that explains the dynamics of institutional logics and institutionally aligned management practices. This study offers both theoretical and practical implications to understand the implementation of impact sourcing initiatives in market‐driven GITO scenarios.
Significantly enhanced pyroelectric performance in novel sodium niobate‐based lead‐free ceramics by compositional tuning
Authors: Zhou Mingxing , Liang Ruihong , Zhou Zhiyong , Dong Xianlin
Published: July 2019

In this study, (1 − x)NaNbO3–xBa0.6(Bi0.5K0.5)0.4TiO3 (abbreviated as NN‐xBBKT, x = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20) lead‐free pyroelectric ceramics were synthesized by conventional solid‐state reaction method. Moreover, their microstructure, phase structure, dielectric, ferroelectric, piezoelectric, and pyroelectric characteristics were studied systematically. The X‐ray diffraction result showed that the phase structure of NN‐xBBKT ceramics changed from orthorhombic to tetragonal and finally became pseudocubic symmetry. The ferroelectric‐paraelectric phase transition temperature and depolarization temperature shifted to lower temperature with the increase in BBKT content. Furthermore, with increasing BBKT content, piezoelectric coefficient, figures of merit, and pyroelectric coefficient first increased and then decreased. The optimum pyroelectric properties (eg Fd = 0.81 × 10−5 Pa−1/2, Fv = 1.02 × 10−2 m2 C−1, Fi = 1.04 × 10−10 m V−1, and p = 3.11 × 10−8 C cm−2 K−1) were observed in sample composition with x = 0.15. More importantly, the pyroelectric coefficient of ceramic with x = 0.15 also displayed relatively high thermal stability because of high depolarization temperature (~110°C). These parameters demonstrate that the novel Pb‐free NaNbO3‐based ceramics form an important class of pyroelectric material with broad range of application prospect.
Managerial academic experience, external monitoring and financial reporting quality
Authors: Ma Zhiming , Novoselov Kirill E. , Zhou Kaitang , Zhou Yi
Published: July 2019

This study examines the effect of managerial academic experience on firms’ financial reporting quality. Using data from China, we find that firms with top managers possessing academic experience exhibit lower levels of both accrual and real earnings management, along with a lower probability of future restatements. This effect is more pronounced for firms with inefficient external monitoring, suggesting that the higher financial reporting quality is mainly explained by the managers’ intrinsic motivation to report truthfully. The results hold when we use firm fixed‐effect regressions, instrumental variable two‐stage regressions, and a propensity score matching (PSM) approach to mitigate the omitted variable and endogeneity concerns. Our study suggests that academic experience can serve as a source of valuable expertise for corporate executives.
Differentiation of human adipose derived stem cells into Leydig‐like cells with molecular compounds
Authors: Chen Yong , Li Chao , Ji Weiping , Wang Long , Chen Xianwu , Zhao Shenzhi , Xu Zhangye , Ge Renshan , Guo Xiaoling
Published: July 2019

Leydig cells (LCs) are the primary source of testosterone in the testis, and testosterone deficiency caused by LC functional degeneration can lead to male reproductive dysfunction. LC replacement transplantation is a very promising approach for this disease therapy. Here, we report that human adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) can be differentiated into Leydig‐like cells using a novel differentiation method based on molecular compounds. The isolated human ADSCs expressed positive CD29, CD44, CD59 and CD105, negative CD34, CD45 and HLA‐DR using flow cytometry, and had the capacity of adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation. ADSCs derived Leydig‐like cells (ADSC‐LCs) acquired testosterone synthesis capabilities, and positively expressed LC lineage‐specific markers LHCGR, STAR, SCARB1, SF‐1, CYP11A1, CYP17A1, HSD3B1 and HSD17B3 as well as negatively expressed ADSC specific markers CD29, CD44, CD59 and CD105. When ADSC‐LCs labelled with lipophilic red dye (PKH26) were injected into rat testes which were selectively eliminated endogenous LCs using ethylene dimethanesulfonate (EDS, 75 mg/kg), the transplanted ADSC‐LCs could survive and function in the interstitium of testes, and accelerate the recovery of blood testosterone levels and testis weights. These results demonstrated that ADSCs could be differentiated into Leydig‐like cells by few defined molecular compounds, which might lay the foundation for further clinical application of ADSC‐LC transplantation therapy.
Mannose 6‐phosphonate labelling: A key for processing the therapeutic enzyme in Pompe disease
Authors: Godefroy Anastasia , Daurat Morgane , Da Silva Afitz , Basile Ilaria , El Cheikh Khaled , Caillaud Catherine , Sacconi Sabrina , Schoser Benedikt , Charbonné Henry‐Vincent , Gary‐Bobo Magali , Morère Alain , Garcia Marcel , Maynadier Marie
Published: July 2019

In the search of a better enzyme therapy in Pompe disease, the conjugation of mannose 6‐phosphonates to the recombinant enzyme appeared as an enhancer of its efficacy. Here, we demonstrated that the increased efficacy of the conjugated enzyme is partly due to a higher intracellular maturation because of its insensitiveness to acid phosphatases during the routing to lysosomes.
Psychological distress and its association with job satisfaction among nurses in a teaching hospital
Authors: Ghawadra Sajed Faisal , Abdullah Khatijah Lim , Choo Wan Yuen , Phang Cheng Kar
Published: July 2019

Aim and objectives

To determine the prevalence of psychological distress and its association with job satisfaction among nurses in a teaching hospital in Malaysia.

Background

Nurses constitute the majority of health care workers, and, compared with other professions, nursing profession is highly stressful and, hence, a cause of anxiety and depression. This may affect nurses' job satisfaction.

Method

Using self‐administered questionnaires, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS‐21) and Job Satisfaction Scale for Nurses (JSS), a cross‐sectional study of 932 nurses from the inpatient departments of a teaching hospital was conducted in December 2017. Descriptive analyses and multiple logistic regressions were used for the analysis. The STROBE guideline was used in this study.

Results

The overall prevalence of psychological distress was 41%. The prevalence of stress, anxiety and depression were 14.4%, 39.3% and 18.8%, respectively. It was found that single and widowed nurses had a higher level of stress, anxiety and depression compared with married nurses. In addition, nurses in the age of 26–30 years had a higher level of depression than nurses in other age groups. Also, nurses who worked in the paediatric departments had a higher level of depression compared with nurses in other departments. The majority of the nurses were satisfied with their job at 92.0%. Those nurses who were not satisfied were found to be significantly associated with a high level of stress and depression.

Conclusion

This study revealed that the level of stress, anxiety and depression is high. Stress and depression were found to be associated with nurses' low job satisfaction.

Relevance to clinical practice

Stress and depression can affect nurses' job satisfaction, it is important for nursing managers to institute strategies to address this issue.
Clinical and pathological comparisons of adnexal torsion between pregnant and non‐pregnant women
Authors: Seo Seok K. , Lee Jun B. , Lee Inha , Yun Jisun , Yun Bo H. , Jung Yeon S. , Chon Seung J.
Published: July 2019

Aim

We evaluated and compared the clinical and pathological differences between pregnant and non‐pregnant women with adnexal torsion.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 239 women with adnexal torsion from January 2006 to December 2015 in a tertiary hospital. The clinical and pathological differences between pregnant and non‐pregnant women who underwent surgery for adnexal torsion were analyzed.

Results

The most common pathologies were corpus luteum cysts in pregnant women and dermoid cysts in non‐pregnant women. Eight of the pregnant women (24.2%) had a history of exogenous ovarian stimulation, and their episodes were only caused by corpus luteum or a stimulated ovary. In pregnant women, 72.7% of the torsion occurred before the 14th week of gestation.

Conclusion

The common pathology causing adnexal torsion was different, depending on the pregnancy status. Exogenous ovarian stimulation increases the risk of adnexal torsion, and the majority of episodes occurred in the first trimester in pregnant women.
Cannabinoid receptors in osteoporosis and osteoporotic pain: a narrative update of review
Authors: Wang Jing , Lu Hong-xia , Wang Jing
Published: July 2019

Objective

Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease with decreased bone mass and alteration in microarchitecture of bone tissue, and these changes put patients in risk of bone fracture. As a common symptom of osteoporosis and complication of osteoporotic fracture, chronic pain is a headache for clinicians. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), selective COX-2 inhibitors and opioid drugs can temporarily reduce osteoporotic pain but have relevant side effects, such as addiction, tolerability and safety. The review summarized the recent advancements in the study of CB receptors in osteoporosis and osteoporotic pain and related mechanisms.

Key findings

Recent studies indicated the two nociceptive receptors, cannabinoid receptor (CB) and transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) channel, are co-expressed in bone cells and play important role in the metabolism of bone cells, suggesting that dualtargeting these 2 receptors/channel may provide a novel approach for osteoporotic pain. In addition, both CB receptor and TRPV1 channel are found to be expressed in the glial cells which play vital role in mediating inflammation, chronic pain and metabolism of bone cells, suggesting a role of glial cells inosteoporotic pain.

Multiple-targeting against glial cells, CB receptors and TRPV1 channel may be one effective therapeutic strategy for osteoporotic pain in the future, following the elucidation of the complicated mechanism.
Non‐Random Distribution and Ecophysiological Differentiation of Pyropia Species (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) Through Environmental Gradients
Authors: Zapata Javier , Meynard Andrés , Anguita Cristóbal , Espinoza Camila , Alvear Paula , Kumar Manoj , Contreras‐Porcia Loretto
Published: July 2019

Recently 18 Bangiales seaweed species were reported for the Chilean coast, including Pyropia orbicularis and Pyropia variabilis (large [LM] and green [GM] morphotypes). Porphyra/Pyropia spp. occur mainly in the upper intertidal where desiccation stress is triggered by tidal fluctuations. However, the influence of environmental and ecophysiological variables and seasonal differences on Porphyra/Pyropia (microhabitats) intertidal distributions is unknown. Accordingly, we determined (i) the effect of environmental variables (temperature [T], relative humidity [RH], and photosynthetically active radiation [PAR]) and season on distribution, and (ii) physiological (cellular activity and lipid peroxidation [LPX]) and molecular responses (antioxidant enzymes expression at biochemical and transcript level) to desiccation stress in both Pyropia species and morphotypes (common garden experiment, on flat rocky platforms). Multivariate analyses of coverage and abundance in relation to environmental variables revealed a significant effect of temperature on P. variabilis GM distribution, GM dominating almost exclusively on rocky walls (where lowest PAR and T values but maximum RH were registered). Conversely, Pyropia orbicularis and Pyropia variabilis LM were found in high abundance on flat rocky platforms in summer, LM and GM also dominating flat rocky platforms in winter and spring. LPX and catalase activity did not differed among species in summer, while in winter activity and transcription of cat were higher in P. orbicularis than P. variabilis. Results suggest that tolerance to environmental stresses such as temperature could regulate the occurrence of P. variabilis GM on rocky walls; conversely, abundances of P. variabilis and P. orbicularis on flat rocky platforms would be also regulated by other abiotic and/or biotic factors.
Robust consumption‐investment problem under CRRA and CARA utilities with time‐varying confidence sets
Authors: Liang Zongxia , Ma Ming
Published: July 2019

We consider a robust consumption‐investment problem under constant relative risk aversion and constant absolute risk aversion utilities. The time‐varying confidence sets are specified by Θ, a correspondence from [0, T] to the space of the Lévy triplets, and describe a priori drift, volatility, and jump information. For each possible measure, the log‐price processes of stocks are semimartingales, and the triplet of their differential characteristics is almost surely a measurable selector from the correspondence Θ. By proposing and investigating the global kernel, an optimal policy and a worst‐case measure are generated from a saddle point of the global kernel, and they constitute a saddle point of the objective function.
Option pricing with orthogonal polynomial expansions
Authors: Ackerer Damien , Filipović Damir
Published: July 2019

We derive analytic series representations for European option prices in polynomial stochastic volatility models. This includes the Jacobi, Heston, Stein–Stein, and Hull–White models, for which we provide numerical case studies. We find that our polynomial option price series expansion performs as efficiently and accurately as the Fourier‐transform‐based method in the nested affine cases. We also derive and numerically validate series representations for option Greeks. We depict an extension of our approach to exotic options whose payoffs depend on a finite number of prices.
Functional Coefficient Cointegration Models Subject to Time–Varying Volatility with an Application to the Purchasing Power Parity
Authors: Tu Yundong , Wang Ying
Published: July 2019

This paper analyses functional coefficient cointegration models with both stationary and non‐stationary covariates, allowing time‐varying (unconditional) volatility of a general form. The conventional kernel weighted least squares (KLS) estimator is subject to potential efficiency loss, and can be improved by an adaptive kernel weighted least squares (AKLS) estimator that adapts to heteroscedasticity of unknown form. The AKLS estimator is shown to be as efficient as the oracle generalized kernel weighted least squares estimator asymptotically, and can achieve significant efficiency gain relative to the KLS estimator in finite samples. An illustrative example is provided by investigating the Purchasing Power Parity hypothesis.
Self‐management after hospitalisation
Authors: Geryk Tamra , Jacelon Cynthia S. , LeBlanc Raeann , Choi Jeungok
Published: July 2019

Aims and objectives

The aim of this research was to explore the processes used by older individuals to self‐manage their health during the first 30 days after being discharged from the hospital. The underlying philosophy for this research was symbolic interactionism. From this perspective, individuals make meaning out of their experiences and act on the basis of those meanings.

Background

Little is known about the processes older adults use to adjust to and self‐manage their evolved health status after returning home from the hospital. Few studies have explored this period from the perspective of the older individual living in the situation.

Methods

We used case study method to develop a collective, instrumental case to explain the phenomena of older individuals self‐managing their health after hospitalisation. Data included interviews, participant diaries and researcher field notes.

Results

The sample included three women who were at least 75 years old, had been hospitalised for at least 24 hr and had been discharged within the week prior to the first interview. Data from the participants were used to create a composite case, Mrs. C. She managed her autonomy, activity, attitude, health and relationships across three phases of posthospitalisation, returning home, adjusting and the evolved normal.

Conclusions

This study provides insight into the experience of older individuals during the first 30 days after a stay in a healthcare facility and supports previous research findings regarding hospitalisation and self‐management of chronic health problems.

Implications for practice

The findings provide evidence that returning home is a process that usually takes about a month to get into a new routine. Nurses can use this case study to describe some people’s experience after discharge, and to help the older individual to identify friends and family who can provide physical and emotional support during the time immediately after discharge.
Evaluation of “Stop the Bleed” training among K‐12 faculty and staff in Alabama
Authors: Jones Allison R. , Brown Michelle R. , Esslinger Amanda , Strickland Virginia S. , Kerby Jeffrey D.
Published: July 2019

Objectives

To evaluate “Stop the Bleed” (STB) training among/K12 personnel in an Alabama school system, and to assess participants’ perceived readiness to train peers in STB methods.

Design and Sample

We performed a cross‐sectional observational study with a convenience, nonprobability sample of 466 full‐time personnel who received STB training. Data were collected using an anonymous online survey.

Measurements

We asked participants to recall feelings related to STB both prior to and after completing training using a 5‐point Likert scale (5 = “Strongly Disagree”, 1 = “Strongly Agree”). We used logistic regression to evaluate the association among posttraining feelings and perceived preparedness to train others in STB.

Results

Participants were primarily female (78%), aged 41 ± 10 years, who held faculty positions (94%). Results revealed increased knowledge of (4 [IQR 2–4] vs. 2 [1–2], p < .001) and comfort with (4 [2–5] vs. 2 [1–2], p < .001) STB skills. Participants felt more empowered to organize STB training (4 [3–5] vs. 3 [2–4], p < .001); those who felt empowered to organize STB training were eight times more likely to feel capable of teaching STB.

Conclusions

After STB training, K‐12 personnel felt empowered to organize additional STB trainings and capable of teaching STB methods to others.
A validation study of whole slide imaging for primary diagnosis of lymphoma
Authors: Amin Saiful , Mori Taro , Itoh Tomoo
Published: July 2019

Whole slide imaging (WSI) is being increasingly used worldwide. Although previous studies have asserted the validity of WSI diagnosis, they have primarily targeted only small specimens and excluded cases requiring immunohistochemistry or special staining, such as lymphoma. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of WSI diagnosis of lymphoma, for which 240 biopsies and resections of lymphoma cases were selected from the study set of lymphomas. All slides including H&E, immunohistochemical and special staining were digitized using a WSI image scanner. An experienced pathologist performed the WSI diagnoses, which were compared with original diagnoses based on light microscopic examinations. Discrepancy between the two interpretations were classified into three categories: concordance, minor discrepancy (no clinical significance), and major discrepancy (with clinical significance). Overall concordance between the light microscopic and WSI diagnosis was found in 223 cases (92.92%; 95%CI = 88.90–95.82), minor discrepancy in fifteen (6.25%; 95%CI = 3.54–10.10), and major discrepancy in two (0.83%; 95%CI = 0.10–2.98). Diagnosis of lymphoma using WSI appeared to be mostly accurate, suggesting that WSI may be a reliable technology for the diagnosis of lymphoma.
Inhaler device use: Should we just forgo the detail and go for the ‘big picture’ approach?
Authors: Bosnic‐Anticevich Sinthia
Published: July 2019

See related Article
Measuring the Disaster Resilience of an Urban Community Using ANP‐FCE Method from the Perspective of Capitals
Authors: Cui Peng , Li Dezhi
Published: July 2019

Objective

Facing increasingly frequent disasters, the resilience concept can make up the limitations of traditional community disaster management. This article evaluated the disaster resilience in an urban community from the perspective of capital, and provides measurements for stakeholders to enhance the community resilience.

Methods

On the basis of selected capital indicators using systematic literature review, the urban community resilience framework is established based on analytic network process and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. Finally, the results are analyzed using the importance–performance analysis.

Results

First, 12 indicators within three dimensions of community capitals are identified. Then, the weights of social, economic, and natural capital are calculated as 33, 41, and 26 percent, respectively. Afterward, taking a waterlogging disaster as an example, an aged community acquired a 46.57 score of resilience. The importance–performance quadrant shows the priority of factors to be improved.

Conclusion

Relationship, norms, demographic characteristics, voluntary activity, physical facilities, communication system, general property, dedicated assets, resources, energy, ecological environment, and artificial environment are considered as key capitals of community resilience. In addition, a general framework to calculate and evaluate the resilience in a community is established that provides a benchmark for rating the resilience of urban communities.
Invasion by activated macrophages requires delivery of nascent membrane‐type‐1 matrix metalloproteinase through late endosomes/lysosomes to the cell surface
Authors: Röhl Joan , West Zoe E. , Rudolph Maren , Zaharia Andreea , Van Lonkhuyzen Derek , Hickey Danica K. , Semmler Annalese B. T. , Murray Rachael Z.
Published: July 2019

Macrophage migration into injured or infected tissue is a key aspect in the pathophysiology of many diseases where inflammation is a driving factor. Membrane‐type‐1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1‐MMP) cleaves extracellular matrix components to facilitate invasion. Here we show that, unlike the constitutive MT1‐MMP surface recycling seen in cancer cells, unactivated macrophages express low levels of MT1‐MMP. Upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activation, MT1‐MMP synthesis dramatically increases 10‐fold at the surface by 15 hours. MT1‐MMP is trafficked from the Golgi complex to the surface via late endosomes/lysosomes in a pathway regulated by the late endosome/lysosome R‐SNAREs VAMP7 and VAMP8. These form two separate complexes with the surface Q‐SNARE complex Stx4/SNAP23 to regulate MT1‐MMP delivery to the plasma membrane. Loss of either one of these SNAREs leads to a reduction in surface MT1‐MMP, gelatinase activity and reduced invasion. Thus, inhibiting MT1‐MMP transport through this pathway could reduce macrophage migration and the resulting inflammation.
Using a motivator and deterrent questionnaire to predict actual donation return behavior among first‐time African‐origin blood donors
Authors: Swanevelder Ronél , Reddy Ravi , Chowdhury Dhuly , Olmsted Murrey , Brambilla Don , Jentsch Ute , Murphy Edward L. ,   for the REDS‐III South Africa Investigators
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND

In South Africa, success in recruiting first‐time African‐origin blood donors at low risk for HIV infection has been tempered by lower‐than‐anticipated return rates. We studied whether self‐reported motivators and deterrents could predict actual donor return among first‐time donors.

METHODS

We administered a questionnaire on blood donation motivators and deterrents within 2 months after donation to a cohort of first‐time African‐origin blood donors in 2014 and followed their return behavior for 1 year. Survey responses associated with return within 1 year were assessed using separate multivariate logistic regression models for motivators and deterrents.

RESULTS

A total of 2902 first‐time African origin donors with median age of 23 years and female predominance (59%) were included. Within 1 year 1574 (54% of donors) attempted at least one additional donation. Donors were more likely to return if they strongly agreed with the statement “Blood donation is an easy way to make a difference” (odds ratio [OR], 2.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3‐2.9) and “I donated in response to advertisements on the radio, TV or newspaper” (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2‐2.1). English language preference and nonstudent employment status were also associated with donor return. Poor customer service (OR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.28‐0.71), geographic region, and nonstudent employment status were associated with donor return in the deterrent model.

CONCLUSIONS

Prosocial motivators and marketing communications predicted return, while poor customer experience predicted nonreturn. This novel design allowed us to study the link between donation motivators and deterrents and actual return for donation in the African context.
Progenitor cells expressing nestin, a neural crest stem cell marker, differentiate into outer root sheath keratinocytes
Authors: Onishi Saki , Baba Yuta , Yokoi Fumika , Ide Kaori , Ohyama Manabu , Nishifuji Koji
Published: July 2019

Background

Nestin, which was originally described as a neural crest stem cell marker, is known to be expressed in bulge follicle cells of human, canine and murine anagen hairs. However, the capacity of nestin‐expressing cells to differentiate into the components of the hair follicle or the epidermis has been insufficiently investigated.

Hypothesis/objectives

To determine whether nestin‐expressing cells are capable of differentiating into keratinocytes.

Animals/materials

A double‐transgenic mouse line Nes‐Cre/CAG‐CAT‐EGFP, in which enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) is expressed upon Cre‐based recombination driven by the nestin promoter.

Methods and materials

The tissue distribution of EGFP+ and nestin+ cells in the skin of the mouse line was analysed by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical analyses.

Results

EGFP+ cells were recognized in the outer epithelial cell layers of anagen and telogen hair follicles, but rarely seen in the interfollicular epidermis. The EGFP+ cells in the outer layers of the hair follicles coexpressed keratin 14, a marker of the outer root sheath (ORS) keratinocytes, but not trichohyalin granules, an inner root sheath keratinocyte cell marker. Immunostaining for nestin failed to detect its expression in the majority of hair follicle epithelial cells, suggesting that the EGFP+ cells in the ORS were derived from nestin‐expressing progenitor cells that had become further committed along the epithelial cell lineage, where nestin is no longer expressed.

Conclusions and clinical importance

These results suggest that progenitor cells that differentiate into ORS keratinocytes are distinct from those for other hair follicle or epidermal components and provide implications for regenerative medicine and the molecular classification of hair follicle tumours.
Muscle fibre activation is unaffected by load and repetition duration when resistance exercise is performed to task failure
Authors: Morton Robert W. , Sonne Michael W. , Farias Zuniga Amanda , Mohammad Ibrahim Y.Z. , Jones Amanda , McGlory Chris , Keir Peter J. , Potvin Jim R. , Phillips Stuart M.
Published: July 2019

Key points

Performing resistance exercise with heavier loads is often proposed to be necessary for the recruitment of larger motor units and activation of type II muscle fibres, leading to type II fibre hypertrophy. Indirect measures [surface electromyography (EMG)] have been used to support this thesis, although we propose that lighter loads lifted to task failure (i.e. volitional fatigue) result in the similar activation of type II fibres.

In the present study, participants performed resistance exercise to task failure with heavier and lighter loads with both a normal and longer repetition duration (i.e. time under tension).

Type I and type II muscle fibre glycogen depletion was determined by neither load, nor repetition duration during resistance exercise performed to task failure.

Surface EMG amplitude was not related to muscle fibre glycogen depletion or anabolic signalling; however, muscle fibre glycogen depletion and anabolic signalling were related.

Performing resistance exercise to task failure, regardless of load lifted or repetition duration, necessitates the activation of type II muscle fibres.

Heavier loads (>60% of maximal strength) are considered to be necessary during resistance exercise (RE) to activate and stimulate hypertrophy of type II fibres. Support for this proposition comes from observation of higher surface electromyography (EMG) amplitudes during RE when lifting heavier vs. lighter loads. We aimed to determine the effect of RE, to task failure, with heavier vs. lighter loads and shorter or longer repetition durations on: EMG‐derived variables, muscle fibre activation, and anabolic signalling. Ten recreationally‐trained young men performed four unilateral RE conditions randomly on two occasions (two conditions, one per leg per visit). Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis before and one hour after RE. Broadly, total time under load, number of repetitions, exercise volume, EMG amplitude (at the beginning and end of each set) and total EMG activity were significantly different between conditions (P < 0.05); however, neither glycogen depletion (in both type I and type II fibres), nor phosphorylation of relevant signalling proteins showed any difference between conditions. We conclude that muscle fibre activation and subsequent anabolic signalling are independent of load, repetition duration and surface EMG amplitude when RE is performed to task failure. The results of the present study provide evidence indicating that type I and type II fibres are activated when heavier and lighter loads are lifted to task failure. We propose that our results explain why RE training with higher or lower loads, when loads are lifted to task failure, leads to equivalent muscle hypertrophy and occurs in both type I and type II fibres.
Reduced-Order Modeling for Stability and Steady-State Response Analysis of Asymmetric Rotor Using Three-Dimensional Finite Element Model
Authors: Zheng Zhaoli , Xie Yonghui , Zhang Di
Published: July 2019

A generalized and efficient technique of reduced-order model (ROM) is proposed in this paper for stability and steady-state response analysis of an asymmetric rotor based on three-dimensional (3D) finite element model. The equations of motion of the asymmetric rotor-bearing system are established in the rotating frame. Therefore, the periodic time-variant coefficients only exist at a tiny minority of degrees-of-freedom (DOFs) of bearings. During the model reduction process, the asymmetric rotor-bearing system is divided into rotor and bearings. Only the rotor was reduced. And the physical coordinates of bearings are kept in the reduced model during reduction. Then, the relationship between the rotor and bearings is established by inserting periodic time-variant stiffness and damping matrix of bearings into the reduced model of rotor. There is no reduction to the matrices of bearings, which guarantees the accuracy of the calculation. This technique combined with fixed-interface component mode synthesis (CMS) and free-interface CMS is compared with other existing modal reduction method on an off-center asymmetric rotor and shows good performance.
Effect of Operational Parameters on a Novel Combined Cycle of Ejector Refrigeration Cycle and Kalina Cycle
Authors: Seckin Candeniz
Published: July 2019

A Kalina cycle is coupled to an ejector refrigeration cycle to generate power and refrigeration outputs, simultaneously. Ejector refrigeration cycle is driven by the heat which is extracted from a high-temperature/pressure stream of Kalina cycle working fluid since the energy content of this fluid stream is not directly utilized in power production in the Kalina cycle. Supplied heat to the proposed combined cycle is produced by combustion of biomethane which is obtained from anaerobic digestion of biomass, namely, food waste. System reactions to altering operation conditions (entrainment ratio, condenser pressure, evaporator pressure, and superheating degree) in terms of refrigeration production, power production, energy efficiency, exergy efficiency, and exergy of produced power and refrigeration are analyzed. The results are reported for R290, R134a, and R152a working fluids of the ejector refrigeration cycle and an extensive discussion of the results are provided. It is shown that the entrainment ratio strongly affects the thermal and exergy efficiency results. The highest thermal and exergy efficiency results are performed when R290 and R134a are used, whereas the lowest thermal and exergy efficiencies are obtained when R152a and R290 are used as the refrigerant, respectively.
Commissioning of a Combined Hot-Streak and Swirl Profile Generator in a Transonic Turbine Test Facility
Authors: Adams Maxwell G. , Povey Thomas , Hall Benjamin F. , Cardwell David N. , Chana Kam S. , Beard Paul F.
Published: July 2019

By enhancing the premixing of fuel and air prior to combustion, recently developed lean-burn combustor systems have led to reduced NOx and particulate emissions in gas turbines. Lean-burn combustor exit flows are typically characterized by nonuniformities in total temperature, or so-called hot-streaks, swirling velocity profiles, and high turbulence intensity. While these systems improve combustor performance, the exiting flow-field presents significant challenges to the aerothermal performance of the downstream turbine. This paper presents the commissioning of a new fully annular lean-burn combustor simulator for use in the Oxford Turbine Research Facility (OTRF), a transonic rotating facility capable of matching nondimensional engine conditions. The combustor simulator can deliver engine-representative turbine inlet conditions featuring swirl and hot-streaks either separately or simultaneously. To the best of our knowledge, this simulator is the first of its kind to be implemented in a rotating turbine test facility.The combustor simulator was experimentally commissioned in two stages. The first stage of commissioning experiments was conducted using a bespoke facility exhausting to atmospheric conditions (Hall and Povey, 2015, “Experimental Study of Non-Reacting Low NOx Combustor Simulator for Scaled Turbine Experiments,” ASME Paper No. GT2015-43530.) and included area surveys of the generated temperature and swirl profiles. The survey data confirmed that the simulator performed as designed, reproducing the key features of a lean-burn combustor. However, due to the hot and cold air mixing process occurring at lower Reynolds number in the facility, there was uncertainty concerning the degree to which the measured temperature profile represented that in OTRF. The second stage of commissioning experiments was conducted with the simulator installed in the OTRF. Measurements of the total temperature field at turbine inlet and of the high-pressure (HP) nozzle guide vane (NGV) loading distributions were obtained and compared to measurements with uniform inlet conditions. The experimental survey results were compared to unsteady numerical predictions of the simulator at both atmospheric and OTRF conditions. A high level of agreement was demonstrated, indicating that the Reynolds number effects associated with the change to OTRF conditions were small. Finally, data from the atmospheric test facility and the OTRF were combined with the numerical predictions to provide an inlet boundary condition for numerical simulation of the test turbine stage. The NGV loading measurements show good agreement with the numerical predictions, providing validation of the stage inlet boundary condition imposed. The successful commissioning of the simulator in the OTRF will enable future experimental studies of lean-burn combustor–turbine interaction.
Frequency-difference beamforming in the presence of strong random scattering
Authors: Douglass Alexander S. , Dowling David R.
Published: July 2019

Frequency-difference beamforming [Abadi, Song, and Dowling (2012). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 132, 3018–3029] is a nonlinear, out-of-band signal processing technique used to beamform non-zero bandwidth signals at below-band frequencies. This is accomplished with the frequency-difference autoproduct AP(Δω)=P(ω2)P*(ω1), a quadratic product of complex field amplitudes that mimics a genuine field at the difference frequency, Δω=ω2−ω1. For frequency-difference beamforming, AP(Δω) replaces the in-band complex field in the conventional beamforming algorithm. Here, the near-field performance of frequency-difference beamforming is evaluated in the presence of 1 to 30 high-contrast spherical scatterers with radius a placed between, and in the plane defined by the source and a 12-element linear receiving array with element spacing d. Based on the center frequency wave number, k, of the 150–200 kHz frequency sweep source signal, the scatterers are large, ka ≈ 15; the array is sparse, kd = 37; and the average source-to-receiver distance is up to 4.3 mean-free-path lengths. Beamforming results from simulations and experiments show that in-band beamforming loses peak-to-sidelobe ratio and fails to reliably locate the source as the scatterer count increases. Using the same signals, frequency-difference beamforming with difference frequencies from 5 to 25 kHz localizes sources reliably with higher peak-to-side-lobe ratios, though with reduced resolution.
The nucleolus functions as a phase-separated protein quality control compartment
Authors: Frottin F. , Schueder F. , Tiwary S. , Gupta R. , Körner R. , Schlichthaerle T. , Cox J. , Jungmann R. , Hartl F. U. , Hipp M. S.
Published: July 2019

Phasing-in quality control in the nucleus

The fundamental process of protein quality control in the nucleus is not well understood. The nucleus contains several non–membrane-bound subcompartments forming liquid-like condensates. The largest of these is the nucleolus, the site of ribosome biogenesis. Frottin
et al.
found that metastable nuclear proteins that misfold upon heat stress enter the nucleolus. In the nucleolus, they avoid irreversible aggregation and remain competent for heat shock protein 70–dependent refolding upon recovery from stress. Prolonged stress or the uptake of proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases prevented this reversibility. Thus, the properties of a phase-separated compartment can assist in protein quality control.

Science
, this issue p.
342