bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Undocumented and Documented International Students: A Comparative Study of Their Academic Performance
Authors: Dozier Sandra Bygrave
Published: June 2007

Researchers on international students focus on Fls, or documented students. These students are characterized as high achievers with excellent academic skills. One group of international students, the undocumented, may not be faring as well academically. To determine if this is true, the college records of 246 undocumented and 294 documented community college students were compared. The undocumented students did better on reading and writing placement tests but poorer on a mathematics placement test. Nevertheless, comparison of grade point averages and acadmic probations and dismissals showed the documented outperforming the undocumented students. Implications for programming for both groups are discussed.
ERIC Review: Community College Students Recent Findings and Trends
Authors: Bryant Alyssa N.
Published: June 2007

Recent shifts in student composition have shaped and will shape community college mission and policies. Community college faculty and administrators should be aware of enrollment shifts, changing admissions standards, and fluctuating age, gender composition, and racial and ethnic identities of students. This review of the literature discusses these findings as well as student assessment and placement, student success and retention, and postcollege earnings.
UCLA Community College Review: Community College Partnerships with the Private Sector-Organizational Contexts and Models for Successful Collaboration
Authors: Kisker Carrie B. , Carducci Rozana
Published: June 2007

Community college partnerships with the private sector have grown in significance in the past 15 years due to state budget shortfalls, evolving labor requirements, the need to provide a cutting-edge curriculum, and a desire to respond to local educational needs. This article discusses the essential elements for creating and maintaining mutually beneficial partnerships, and it describes several successful types and models of community college partnerships with local businesses and industry. The article concludes with a discussion of the benefits and challenges associated with community college partnerships with the private sector.
Funding Models of Community Colleges in 10 Midwest States
Authors: Kenton Carol Piper , Schuh John H. , Huba Mary E. , Shelley Mack C.
Published: June 2007

The extent to which community colleges in 10 Midwest states relied on 12 current funds revenue sources between 1990 and 2000 is presented in this study. Four models of funding were identified and evaluated. All models generated revenue in excess of the change in the Higher Education Price Index (HEPI), a measure of inflation over the period studied. Implications for practice are discussed.
Editor's Choice: Post-Testing in Developmental Education: A Success Story
Authors: Hodges Dawn Z. , Kennedy Nichole H.
Published: June 2007

Georgia's technical colleges and state university system have entered into an agreement that guarantees that five courses will transfer from technical colleges to the university system colleges. The agreement requires that all students requiring development work successfully test out of developmental studies before entering college-level courses in English and math. As initial scores at one technical college were dismal, a committee identified problems and created solutions. Results have shown marked improvement.
In Search of Community: Faculty Assessment of Its Presence at Three Institutions
Authors: Davis Lloyd D. , Crawford Elizabeth K. , Cutright Marc , Fry Judith E. , Liu Ruth Wang , Trevor Thomas
Published: June 2007

Boyer (Carnegie Foundation, 1990) defined six broad ideals that define a supportive college community, which can be described as purposeful, open, just, disciplined, caring, and celebrative. The authors surveyed faculty at three different institutions a community college, a public university, and a private college to determine the extent to which a sense of community existed at each institution based upon the aspects of community characterized by Boyer. The respondents at all three institutions documented a substantial sense of community, with statistically significant differences found among faculty for the community ideals of being purposeful, open, disciplined, caring, and celebrative: Faculty at the community college reported higher levels of these elements of community than those at the university, whereas those at the private college reported the highest levels.
Teaching Writing in Community Colleges: A Situated View of How Adults Learn to Write in Computer Based Writing Classrooms
Authors: Hansman Catherine A. , Wilson Arthur L.
Published: June 2007

Traditional models of writing focus on steps learners should take to produce writing without considering the learning context and its affect on the process. Proponents of situated cognition argue that adult cognitive processes can be better understood by examining how setting, culturally provided tools, and social activity structure learning and empower learners. Drawing upon these theories, the authors describe a qualitative study designed to investigate how adult learners learn to write in the social context of the computer-based developmental writing classroom. An analysis of coded data from student interviews and journals indicated that computers as writing tools gave students a sense of control over their writing and shaped their perceptions of how they wrote. The classroom's interactive social culture allowed learners to review each other's work and to construct their own knowledge about writing.
Sorting, Supporting, Connecting, and Transforming: Intervention Strategies for Students at Risk
Authors: Pérez Leonor Xóchitl
Published: June 2007

The author reviews the literature on strategies for serving students considered to be at risk because they need assistance to succeed academically and socially at the college level. After reviewing the changing demographic and functional definitions of students at risk and providing an overview of why such students need special services from colleges, the author uses Beatty-Guenter's (1994) typology to provide a research and practice framework for current intervention strategies. Sorting strategies attempt to divide the student body into meaningful subsets for intervention. Supporting strategies strive to ease students' everyday problems with academic life. Connecting strategies promote bonding between the student and others at the college to motivate continued enrollment. Transforming strategies seek to overcome barriers that might prevent students from achieving their potential. A summary of characteristics that distinguish successful intervention programs and strategies concludes this review.
Honors Programs in Community Colleges: A Review of Recent Issues and Literature
Authors: Byrne Joseph P.
Published: June 2007

The author examined information about honors programs and curricula in 38 community colleges and districts in 19 states from a 24-year period (1974 to 1998). Four primary issues framed the literature review: why colleges have honors programs, what the stated goals are for such programs, how honors curricula are structured, and whether honors programs succeed. Both motivations and stated goals varied among the colleges and districts, but honors programs generally are designed to recognize and meet the needs of excellent students and to encourage excellence. Honors courses take several forms, but many programs rely heavily on special sections of core curriculum courses. Few published reports provide longitudinal data on honors program effectiveness but rely on data from student questionnaires that indicate high satisfaction levels. Nevertheless, some studies report program dropout problems. The author asserts the need for careful and balanced evaluative studies of honors programs.
Transfer Shock in an Academic Discipline: The Relationship between Students' Majors and their Academic Performance
Authors: Cejda Brent D. , Kaylor Alice J. , Rewey Kirsten L.
Published: June 2007

The study described in this report involved associate's degree recipients who were traditional age and enrolled full-time at a two-year college before pursuing their same majors at a four-year liberal arts college. Based on their majors, students were placed into four discipline categories: fine arts and humanities, mathematics and sciences, social sciences, and professions. The authors analyzed students' preand post-transfer GPAs using a 2 x 4 mixed model ANOVA to determine that no significant differences existed among mean community college GPAs relative to students' majors, and no significant difference existed between twoand four-year college GPAS for the entire sample. The ANOVA did indicate, however, an interaction between location and major on students' GPAs: Tukey's HSD tests revealed a significant decline in the mathematics and sciences mean GPA from the community college to the four-year institution. The authors conclude by defining avenues for further research.
ERIC Review: Scholarship in the Community College System
Authors: Ford Clara V. P.
Published: June 2007

The author reviews the literature on scholarship in community colleges, discusses the notable contributions that community college scholars make through research efforts such as action research, and recommends institutional changes that can foster increased scholarship by community college practitioners.
A Scale for Measuring Film Analyticity
Authors: Robinson Deanna Campbell
Published: June 2007

The concept of film analyticity is defined. The theoretical definition of film analyticity is then operationalized in the form of a scalogram. The scalogram may be used to explore the characteristics of viewers who are high in analyticity. Results of such explorations may indicate methods for teaching people to process sequen tial audio-visual information more astutely.
Film Preferences Under Conditions of Threat
Authors: Boyanowsky Ehor O.
Published: June 2007

Upon hearing of an attack upon a coed either on campus (high threat) or across town (low threat), female nursing students showed greater preference for specific types of film content than did controls. Compared to this nonthreatened control group, subjects in both low and high threat conditions showed greater preference for film clips containing male against male aggression and sexually explicit material, but no greater preference for male against female aggression, information about attackers, comedy, or romantic sequences. Mood changes obtained on self-report scales suggest that such preferences reflect stimulus-seeking which may promote cognitive relabeling of negative affect to a more positive form among subjects under conditions of low threat.
The Analysis and Significance of Communication Effects Gaps
Authors: Galloway John J.
Published: June 2007

The potential role of communication in development is viewed in terms of a partial synthesis of two macrosocial theories in relation to the over time behavior of communication effects gaps. A study is reported which uses a special gaps methodology to assess the impact of a communication program intended to introduce new ideas and alter preexisting conditions. Over 250 effects gaps were analyzed. Overall patterns were for gaps in knowledge to narrow following the communication program, but for gaps in adoption to neither widen nor narrow. The reasons for these observations and their implications for change in or reinforcement of the social order are discussed
Satellite Television and Cultural Replacement Among Canadian Eskimos
Authors: Coldevin Gary O.
Published: June 2007

The application of a satellite television distribution system in Canadian Arctic native communities has precipitated a new form of electronic colonialism. As a test of its influence, the degree of traditional culture replacement among Eskimo adults and their adolescent offspring in a television community was examined after two and one-half years of exposure to regular C.B.C. programming. "Television town" adult and adolescent responses were also compared with those generated by a group of high school students from media-isolated settlements. The results demonstrated significantly varied acculturation levels among the samples, with the greatest shift toward Euro-Canadian structures accruing to television town adolescents, followed by settlement students. Adults tended to be more attached to traditional norms. The prognosis extended is that the cultural replacement gap between adults and adolescents will increase with sustained exposure to southern television.
Staff Ratings of Institutionalized Drug Abusers
Authors: Vann Donald H. , Koslowsky Meni , Deren Sherry , Levett Carol
Published: June 2007

A 40-item, six-point, Likert type questionnaire was developed to assess drug users' adaptation to a residential treatment program. Two hundred and sixteen residents were rated by 52 staff personnel. A principal component analysis of these ratings led to the acceptance of a three-factor solution which accounted for 47% of the total variance. From these factors, three scales were constructed: (1) Active Nonaccommodation, (2) Helpful Accommodation, and (3) Social Seclusion. The internal consistency reliability exceeded .80 for each of the three scales. Data collection that will permit the analysis of the scales' validity are currently underway.
Penile Responses To Visual Stimuli
Authors: Quinsey Vernon L. , Carrigan Wayne F.
Published: June 2007

As a greater number of treatment units have investigated the use of the penile transducer to evaluate child molesters and rapists, greater interest has focused on the issues of the validity of these procedures. Of greatest concern is the extent to which clients might fake their erection responses so as to give false information regarding their arousal patterns or response to treatment. For this reason, two papers have been included that deal with specific issues regarding fakability. In attempting to understand this problem, the reader should not receive the impression that treatment centers rely exclusively on such psychophysiologic measurement techniques. These measures are but one means of evaluating the client's response to treatment and must be incorporated in the sum total of information used to evaluate the client's current status.

Quinsey and Carrigan describe a study of nine nondeviates who were instructed to fake a deviant sexual preference during the measurement of their sexual arousal with the penile transducer. These data confirmed that normals can fake deviant arousal patterns either while simply looking at deviant slides or when looking at deviant slides while listening to audio descriptions of deviant sexual behavior with the individuals appearing in the slides. These results lend further support to the need for the cautious interpretation of penile measures in determining sexual preferences with aggressives.
Transcendental Meditation and Rehabilitation At Folsom Prison
Authors: Abrams Allen I. , Siegel Larry M.
Published: June 2007

The article responds to the challenge posed that findings by Abrams and Siegel on the TM Program at Folsom State Prison resulted from Rosenthal, experimental bias, effects, and that the data was parsimoniously interpreted by the authors. The authors noted that Rosenthal effects are not so pervasive that in every possible instance promising treatments should be discounted. Moreover, EPI Lie Scale data indicate that, if anything, the treatment reduced the inmates' modest tendency to make socially desirable, untrue responses. No consistent relations between levels of Lie Scale and criterion variables were found in a meta-analysis of the data. In conclusion, the potential cost effectiveness of the program, which was questioned by the critic, was supported by an analysis of preliminary recidivism rates of discharged participants.
Institutional Misconducts and Anxiety Levels Among Jailed Inmates
Authors: Bonta James L. , Nanckivell Geoff
Published: June 2007

The present investigation reports upon various aspects of incarceration within a jail setting. In the first study, variables that were associated with the occurrence of institutional misconducts were documented by comparing a group of inmates committing misconducts with inmates having no history of misconducts. A number of personal and demographic differences were observed between the groups, but no relationship between crowding and the occurrence of a misconduct was found. The second study investigated the effect of incarceration and sentencing upon the inmates' anxiety level. Sixty-one inmates formed four groups varying on two independent variables: pretest and sentence. Significant effects due to incarceration and sentencing were absent.
Self-Reported Delinquency as an Evaluation Measure
Authors: Blakely Craig H. , Kushler Martin G. , Parisian Julia A. , Davidson William S.
Published: June 2007

The present research investigates the relative efficacy of several of the more prominent weighting schemes frequently noted in the delinquency literature. This article presents the initial methodology involved in the construction of a self-report instrument of delinquent behavior as well as the comparison of ten frequency and seriousness weighting schemes. Reliability was assessed through internal consistency and test-retest methodology. Validity was assessed through multitrait-multimethod analysis as well as by the relationship of the self-report data to official court and police data sets. Results reveal that the inclusion of weighting schemes did not strengthen the instrument or add to its applicability, suggesting that the more concise and efficient method of single categorical weights is a sufficiently powerful method of assessing self-reported estimates of delinquent behavior.
Democratic Civil-Military Relations in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Herd Graeme P. , Tracy Tom
Published: June 2007

How might Bosnia-Herzegovina attempt to institute democratic civil control over its military? This article applies Cottey, Edmonds, and Forster’s thesis of first- and second-generation civil-military relations to the protectorate of Bosnia-Herzegovina. It argues that in the case of Bosnia-Herzegovina, this agenda does not occur in a loosely overlapping fashion with the initiation of the first-generation agenda providing the basis upon which the second-generation agenda can be implemented. Rather, the reverse occurs: the second-generation, capacity-building agenda allows for the construction of state-level institutions in the defense and security sphere—not least a functioning ministry of defense—the hallmark of the first-generation macroinstitutional structural reform agenda. This approach may well prove to be appropriate for other protectorates, and it is of rising strategic significance in an age of preemptive action against failed and rogue states, regime change, and democratization
The Development of the American Theory of Limited War, 1945-63
Authors: Cannon Michael W.
Published: June 2007

This article challenges the idea that the thinkers who developed the American theory of limited war prior to Vietnam were grossly in error. A framework for the elements of the theory is constructed through a discussion of the historical American way of war, the developments during the late 1940s and early 1950s that brought about changes in these traditions, policies, and strategies adopted by three administrations, and an examination of the writings of the limited war theorists through the early 1960s. An analysis of the theory is then undertaken using the "classical" theorists as a basis. The article closes with a discussion of the implications of the theory of limited war for today.
Civil-Military Relations in the Post-Soviet State: "Loose Coupling" Uncoupled?
Authors: Davenport Brian A.
Published: June 2007

In order to understand the incompletely reconstituted civil-military balance within an independent Russia, this article begins by re-evaluating the "loose coupling" model of Soviet civil-military relations. After examining two instances of civil-military interaction under Gorbachev through the lens of "loose coupling," it then describes the attempt to "tighten" the relationship between civil and military authority as part of overall political and economic reform. The "tightening" of authority over the military that accompanied apparent political democratization suggests a linkage between the nature of civil-military "coupling" and regime type. The article then proceeds to examine the current civil-military balance in Russia to assess whether "loose" or "tighter coupling" has persisted. It concludes by arguing in the absence of strong civil authority in the state and robust mechanisms of civilian dominance over defense decision-making that the role for the military in Russian politics will inevitably increase.
The Coup d'Etat in The Gambia, 1994: The End of the First Republic
Authors: Saine Abdoulaye S.M.
Published: June 2007

A coup d'etat in The Gambia abruptly ended the reign of the longest serving democratic government and head of state in Africa. This ministate of one million was renowned internationally for its tranquility at a time when the rest of the continent was mired in political instability. The coup resulted from perceived civilian government weakness, widespread feelings of relative deprivation among junior Gambian officers, and their resentment against senior Nigerian officers who controlled the army. Also, turbulence in the West Africa subregion and poor relations between the deposed Gambia and Senegal governments emboldened the junior officers to intervene. While the new regime enjoys considerable popular support, domestic and international pressures increase for a return to civilian rule. With elections promised in July 1996, some external aid has been restored, which could avert domestic financial collapse and repression.
Do Soldiers Hate Peacekeeping? The Case of Preventive Diplomacy Operations in Macedonia
Authors: Miller Laura L.
Published: June 2007

Military personnel presumably resist missions that diverge from their primary goal of fighting and winning wars. Little attention has been paid to reasons why they might accept or even benefit from peacekeeping service. Interviews and surveys with U.S. Army personnel deployed to Operation Able Sentry in Macedonia reveal mixed feelings. Many soldiers find that even a relatively quiet operation such as this can offer training benefits for combat units. Although some combat skills deteriorate in noncombat deployments, many troops believe that readiness can be regained quickly. Those who approved of the mission are characterized in contrast to those who disapproved on items including who should serve in these operations, acceptance of a non-American UN commander, how the mission affects their careers, and belief in the principle of limiting use of force to self-defense.
Peacekeeping and the Postmodern Soldier
Authors: Battistelli Fabrizio
Published: June 2007

This article examines the subjective experience and attitudes of Italian soldiers toward nontraditional military missions like peacekeeping, based on two surveys of Italian soldiers who served in peacekeeping missions to Albania and Somalia. It argues that the traditional "institutional/occupational" dichotomy is inadequate to explain the range of motivations of Italian peacekeepers. Instead, it offers a new typology of motivations-paleomodern, modern, and postmodern-to account for the observed data and shows how a variety of attitudes toward peacekeeping assignments varies by these motivational types. To conclude, it briefly considers the implications of these facts for military organization.
The Integration of the Military in Post-liberation South Africa: The Contribution of Revolutionary Armies
Authors: Liebenberg Ian
Published: June 2007

South Africa, following its protracted negotiation process before the adoption of the Interim Constitution (1994), embarked on the integration of its former adversarial military forces. The process was to continue under the new Constitution as adopted in 1996 (Act 108 of 1996). The South African National Defence Force (SANDF) was to consist of the South African Defence Force (SADF), the (semi) conventional military force of the Apartheid Regime, the so-called homeland-armies (referred to. by some as the "forgotten armies of the TBVC" states), and the armed wings of the ANC and PAC (Umkhonto we Sizwe [MK] and the Azanian People's Liberation Army [APLA]). This process of integration against the military history of South Africa is the subject of this article. The potential and real contribution of the former revolutionary armies to the integration process is discussed, respectively, especially areas such as intellectuality in soldiering, what the author calls adaptational doctrines, peace operations, and the role of a new, more legitimate defense force in social reconstruction.
The Military and Politics in a Theocratic State: Iran as Case Study
Authors: Cann Rebecca , Danopoulos Constantine
Published: June 2007

This article analyzes the internal as well as the external factors that have contributed to civilian control of the Iranian military in the last decade. The internal factors include the indoctrination of the military with Islamic ideology and internal division among various segments of the armed forces. The external factors, however, encompass the emergence of premilitary groups the Iran-Iraq war and the Russian influence within the Iranian military. In conclusion, the article analyzes the effectiveness of these factors in the 1990s, pointing to the various changes that are contributing to the erosion of these civilian control factors in recent years.
The Temptation of Jesus on the Mountain: A Palestinian Christian Polemic against Agrippa I
Authors: Taylor N. H.
Published: June 2007

The story of Jesus’ temptations in the wilderness originated as a Palestinian Christian response to persecution under Agrippa I during the aftermath of the Caligula crisis (c. 42 CE). Jesus, in isolation from human society, is challenged by Satan but repudiates incitement to idolatry and betrayal of God. In so doing he serves as an antitype to Agrippa, from the perspective of those whom he persecuted. The story is preserved and developed in diverse strands of the Gospel tradition, of which the most elaborate is the triple temptation story in Q.
The Evil Eye and the Curse of the Law: Galatians 3.1 Revisited
Authors: Eastman Susan
Published: June 2007

Paul’s question in Gal. 3.1, ‘Who has cast the evil eye on you?’, echoes the Deuteronomic curse in which starving parents cast the evil eye and devour their own children. This echo anticipates Paul’s presentation of Christ crucified as the antidote to the curse of the law in ch. 3. It also underwrites Paul’s use of parent-child imagery, in ch. 4, to depict his gracious gospel as the free mother who bears children for freedom, but the law-inscribing mission as an enslaved mother whose children will never reach maturity.
‘Vile Bodies’ or Transformed Persons? Philippians 3.21 in Context
Authors: Doble Peter
Published: June 2007

Arguing for a new approach to translating ‘humble’ at Phil. 3.21, this article follows three word-trajectories through the letter: ‘mindedness’, ‘citizenship’ and ‘humility’ are found both to be focused in 3.18-21 and to be pervasive throughout the letter’s thought. Within 3.18-21, a contrasting of two ways, there is evidence of Paul’s basic resurrection-eschatological language and thought, and of its scriptural subtext. Those on the way to destruction are characterized by earthy-mindedness; those on the way to salvation, by their citizenship in heaven. Its context strongly suggests that 3.21 should now be understood to say that what the awaited Lord will transform is ‘our body characterized by humility, as it is conceptualized in 2.2-5’.
Apocalypses in the History of Brazil
Authors: Vasconcellos Pedro Lima
Published: June 2007

This article discusses the influence of Apocalyptic in two periods of Brazilian history. It deals first with the activity of Pedro de Rates Henequim, who opposed Portuguese colonial policy in Brazil on the basis of an interpretation of apocalyptic. Vieira’s activity led in 1741 to his trial and condemnation under the Inquisition. The second historical event discussed is the establishment by Antônio Conselheiro of a community at Canudos, in the backlands of Bahia province. The community opposed Brazil’s political regime. Conselheiro drew on apocalyptic images to promote his vision. This article argues that the community in Canudos was encouraged by Conselheiro to expect that their resistance would establish genuine social transformation. biblical texts, particularly the Revelation of John, have played a more important role within the history of Brazil than is regularly conceded in academic studies.
Some Observations on the Text-Critical Function of the Umlauts in Vaticanus, with Special Attention to 1 Corinthians 14.34-35
Authors: Miller J. Edward
Published: June 2007

Over 750 original umlaut sigla appear in the margins of Codex Vaticanus (New Testament), as well as hundreds of bars and textual gaps. Theories have surfaced regarding the intended purpose of these fourth-century notations, principally the false identification of a so-called ‘bar-umlaut’. This article seeks to demonstrate (1) the absence of any significant relationship between Vaticanus’s bar and umlaut, (2) the sectioning function of the paragraphus and gap, (3) the text-critical function of the umlaut appearing with or without the paragraphus (accompanied by several examples), and (4) the authenticity of 1 Cor. 14.34-35, defended against a false understanding of the umlaut’s function.
Engagement, Disengagement and Obstruction: Jesus’ Defense Strategies in Mark’s Trial and Execution Scenes (14.53-64; 15.1-39)
Authors: Campbell William Sanger
Published: June 2007

This culturally cued literary study of Mark’s trial and execution scenes (14.53-64; 15.1-39) argues that Jesus does not passively acquiesce in the injustice that is perpetrated against him, as is the usual view of commentators on these narratives. Instead, Jesus alternately engages in and resists the judicial proceedings in which he becomes embroiled. Initially, he welcomes and participates in the proceedings before the Jewish council and, subsequently, before Pilate. He disengages, however, when the prosecution dissolves into a series of false allegations established by perjured testimony. Once the verdict is rendered, Jesus actively obstructs the discharge of the sentence by refusing to carry his cross as required and balking at being paraded to Golgotha.
The Politics of Identity in Ephesians
Authors: MacDonald Margaret Y.
Published: June 2007

Drawing upon recent work on the political framework of the Pauline epistles, the goal of this article is to shed light upon the problem of historical reconstruction of the context of Ephesians. In response to some commentators who have contended that the author of Ephesians failed to show interest in contemporary Jews, it is argued that Eph. 2.11-22 is best understood as reflecting significant engagement with the life and fate of the Jewish people. Both the conceptions of society and the presentation of the identity of the ekklesia are examined in light of the situation of the Jews in the empire under Domitian. It is argued that the use of ambiguous categories to refer to the relations between the ekklesia and Israel reflect concrete experiences in the ekklesia of shifting identity, in part dependent on the changing circumstances of the Jews. The existence of these social dynamics is confirmed by examining the points of contact between Ephesians and imperial ideology as revealed especially in the interplay of religious, civic, and domestic themes in the epistle. Comparison of Ephesians to Josephus’s Against Apion proves to be especially useful in bringing this interplay into full relief.
Rich Pompeiian Houses, Shops for Rent, and the Huge Apartment Building in Herculaneum as Typical Spaces for Pauline House Churches
Authors: Balch David L.
Published: June 2007

This article reevaluates previously held assumptions that the atrium house was the primary setting for Pauline house churches, and includes insulae in the discussion. There were massive social contrasts within Roman domus, so that many rich and poor lived in the same domestic spaces. Meggitt’s argument that 1 percent lived totally different lives than the other 99 percent was not the case in Pompeii. Both domus and insulae (apartment buildings) often incorporated shops, again relating owners and slaves to the same spaces. Women owned some domus, the foreign goddess Isis was influential in some wealthy Pompeiian domus, and many owners displayed gorgons to ward off evil influences.
Projection in Person Perception among Spouses as a Function of the Similarity in their Shared Experiences
Authors: Schul Yaacov , Vinokur Amiram D.
Published: June 2007

Past research has demonstrated that the psychological state of observers influences how they view others. This influence often has been termed “projection.” The current study explores projection in close relationships of cohabiting partners. In Study 1a, structural equation modeling revealed a significant component of projection when spouses reported on the depressive symptoms of their partners. In Study 1b, the same analysis was expanded to include spouses’ reports on a variety of affective states, attitudes, and behaviors of their partners. It was demonstrated that the degree of projection increases with the increase in the magnitude of the correlation between the self-views of the spouses. A cognitive process that accounts for this finding is proposed, along with a view of projection as a heuristic device rather than a bias.
Spouses’ Social Control of Health Behaviors: Use and Effectiveness of Specific Strategies
Authors: Tucker Joan S. , Mueller Jennifer S.
Published: June 2007

Forty-four couples described the strategies they used in attempting to prompt their partner to engage in particular health behaviors, strategies used by their partner that were effective and ineffective in prompting their own engagement in health behaviors, and their own psychological reactions to the partner’s use of social control. Strategies that were more frequently mentioned as effective rather than ineffective included the partner also engaging in the desired health behavior, modeling the health behavior, discussing health issues, and providing emotional support. Spouses reported feeling lower self-esteem, less positive affect, and more negative affect in response to their partner’s use of ineffective rather than effective strategies. In addition, both spouses rated their partners’ use of ineffective (compared to effective) strategies as less motivated by a concern for the participant’s welfare and more motivated by their partner’s own desire to exert control within the relationship.
When Beliefs Yield to Evidence: Reducing Biased Evaluation by Affirming the Self
Authors: Cohen Geoffrey L. , Aronson Joshua , Steele Claude M.
Published: June 2007

People often cling to beliefs even in the face of disconfirming evidence and interpret ambiguous information in a manner that bolsters strongly held attitudes. The authors tested a motivational account suggesting that these defensive reactions would be ameliorated by an affirmation of an alternative source of self-worth. Consistent with this interpretation, participants were more persuaded by evidence impugning their views toward capital punishment when they were self-affirmed than when they were not (Studies 1 and 2). Affirmed participants also proved more critical of an advocate whose arguments confirmed their views on abortion and less confident in their own attitudes regarding that issue than did unaffirmed participants (Study 3). Results suggest that assimilation bias and resistance to persuasion are mediated, in part, by identity-maintenance motivations.
Misanthropic Memory for the Behavior of Group Members
Authors: Ybarra Oscar , Stephan Walter G. , Schaberg Linda
Published: June 2007

The research reported here examined whether misanthropic memory occurs for groups, that is, whether people best remember negative behaviors of group members that have been dispositionally attributed and positive behaviors that have been situationally attributed. Experiment 1 established a baseline, showing that behaviors that were not associated with attributions displayed an incongruity effect in which behaviors incongruent with prior expectancies were better recalled than were behaviors congruent with prior expectancies. In Experiment 2, attributions were associated with the behaviors used in Experiment 1, resulting in an attenuation of the incongruity effect and the emergence of a strong misanthropy effect. Experiment 3 indicated that misanthropic memory is only found for outgroups and not for ingroups. The implications of the findings for intergroup perception were discussed.
Looking for Love? Self-Verification and Self-Enhancement Effects on Initial Romantic Attraction
Authors: Katz Jennifer , Beach Steven R. H.
Published: June 2007

Self-verification (SV) theory suggests that we seek relationship partners who view us as we view ourselves; self-enhancement (SE) theory suggests that we seek partners who view us as favorably as possible. The authors examined the effects of these types of feedback from potential romantic partners on attraction in two experiments. In Study 1, participants (N = 143) provided self-descriptions and later received four types of feedback from potential partners: SE and SV, SE only, SV only, or neither SE nor SV. In Study 2, participants (N = 198) responded to four scenarios in which potential partners provided self-relevant feedback. In both studies, there was a significant SV× SE interaction such that verification effects were more robust in the absence of enhancement. In addition, participants were most attracted to partners who provided both SE and SV and were significantly less attracted to partners who provided either SV only or SE only. The authors conclude that both self-verifying and self-enhancing feedback affect romantic attraction and their effects are not independent.
Can the Same Information be Typical and Atypical? How Perceived Typicality Moderates Assimilation and Contrast in Evaluative Judgments
Authors: Bless Herbert , Wänke Michaela
Published: June 2007

The authors investigated how the perceived typicality of context information for a target category moderates whether that information produces assimilation or contrast in the target evaluation. To manipulate context information, the accessibility of either positive or negative exemplars was increased. These exemplars were pretested to seem moderately typical with respect to the target category if participants were not provided with additional instructions. To manipulate perceived typicality, different instructions were provided so that participants categorized the same activated exemplar as either typical or atypical. Information that was perceived as typical resulted in assimilation effects, whereas information that was perceived as atypical resulted in contrast effects. The results showed that the very same context may result in assimilation or contrast as a function of the categorization decisions that operate on the context information.
Daily Well-Being: The Role of Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness
Authors: Reis Harry T. , Sheldon Kennon M. , Gable Shelly L. , Roscoe Joseph , Ryan Richard M.
Published: June 2007

Emotional well-being is most typically studied in trait or trait-like terms, yet a growing literature indicates that daily (within-person) fluctuations in emotional well-being may be equally important. The present research explored the hypothesis that daily variations may be understood in terms of the degree to which three basic needs—autonomy, competence, and relatedness—are satisfied in daily activity. Hierarchical linear models were used to examine this hypothesis across 2 weeks of daily activity and well-being reports controlling for trait-level individual differences. Results strongly supported the hypothesis. The authors also examined the social activities that contribute to satisfaction of relatedness needs. The best predictors were meaningful talk and feeling understood and appreciated by interaction partners. Finally, the authors found systematic day-of-the-week variations in emotional well-being and need satisfaction. These results are discussed in terms of the importance of daily activities and the need to consider both trait and day-level determinants of well-being.
The Effects of Depression on Impression Formation: The Role of Trait and Category Diagnosticity
Authors: Edwards John A. , Weary Gifford , von Hippel William , Jacobson Jill A.
Published: June 2007

Two studies examined the impact of trait and category diagnosticity on the social information processing of depressed and non-depressed participants. As suggested by the Weary, Marsh, Gleicher, and Edwards model of the effects of depression on social information processing, it was predicted that depressed participants would be especially sensitive to the diagnosticity of the available information when forming an impression of another person. In Study 1, depressed participants were more sensitive than nondepressed participants to trait diagnosticity when forming an impression. In Study 2, depressed participants were more sensitive than nondepressed participants to both trait and category diagnosticity when forming an impression.
Social Exclusion and Selective Memory: How the Need to belong Influences Memory for Social Events
Authors: Gardner Wendi L. , Pickett Cynthia L. , Brewer Marilynn B.
Published: June 2007

The need to belong has been forwarded as a pervasive human motive, influencing a range of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses. The current research explored the influence of belongingness needs on the selective retention of social information. Just as physical hunger results in selective memory for food-relevant stimuli, it was hypothesized that social hunger, aroused when belongingness needs were unmet, would result in selective memory for socially relevant stimuli. In two studies, the authors used a simulated computer chat room to present brief acceptance or rejection experiences to participants. Participants then read a diary containing both social and individual events. In both, rejection experiences resulted in selective memory for the explicitly social events of the diary. The implications of these results for the existence and consequences of a basic need to belong are discussed.
Sentimental Stereotypes: Emotional Expectations for High-and Low-Status Group Members
Authors: Tiedens Larissa Z. , Ellsworth Phoebe C. , Mesquita Batja
Published: June 2007

Three vignette studies examined stereotypes of the emotions associated with high-and low-status group members. In Study 1a, participants believed that in negative situations, high-status people feel more angry than sad or guilty and that low-status people feel more sad and guilty than angry. Study 1b showed that in response to positive outcomes, high-status people are expected to feel more pride and low-status people are expected to feel more appreciation. Study 2 showed that people also infer status from emotions: Angry and proud people are thought of as high status, whereas sad, guilty, and appreciative people are considered low status. The authors argue that these emotion stereotypes are due to differences in the inferred abilities of people in high and low positions. These perceptions lead to expectations about agency appraisals and emotions related to agency appraisals. In Study 3, the authors found support for this process by manipulating perceptions of skill and finding the same differences in emotion expectations.
Distinguishing Evaluation from Description in the Personality-Emotion Relationship
Authors: Fossum Thyra A. , Barrett Lisa Feldman
Published: June 2007

Personality characteristics and emotional experiences contain both descriptive and evaluative aspects. The purpose of the present study was to test whether evaluation was a mediator in two well-established personality-emotion relationships. Using structural equation modeling procedures with two samples of participants, the authors demonstrated that evaluation fully mediated the relationship between neuroticism and negative affect and partially mediated the relationship between extraversion and positive affect. The results suggest that both description and evaluation components are essential to understanding the complex relationships between personality and emotion.
Putting Threat into Perspective: Experimental Studies on Perceptual Distortion in International Conflict
Authors: Kemmelmeier Markus , Winter David G.
Published: June 2007

Conflicts are often accompanied by mutually distorted perceptions such that threat exerted by the adversary is exaggerated, whereas threat by one’s own side is minimized. The authors investigated the effects of perspective-taking on perceptual distortions using perceived power motivation as an unobtrusive measure of perceived threat. In two experiments, respondents summarized speeches made by Bill Clinton and Saddam Hussein during an episode of the September 1996 Gulf Crisis. Study 1 showed that for participants cued into the perspective of a U.S. military officer, greater levels of distortions were found compared to participants reviewing the speeches from the perspective of a historian. In Study 2, taking the perspective of a mediator in conflict did not reduce perceptual distortion, suggesting that distance to the conflict is an important factor for reducing perceptions of threat. The discussion focuses on the fluidity of threat perceptions and addresses ways in which perspective-taking can minimize the risk of conflict escalation.
A Bias Toward Short-Term Thinking in Threat-Related Negative Emotional States
Authors: Gray Jeremy R.
Published: June 2007

Some decisions must be made repeatedly and have consequences that change depending on how often each alternative is chosen. Such temporally extended decisions are pervasive and important, and often involve short-term/long-term tradeoffs. Can unrelated emotion and stress influence such decisions? In negative emotional states involving threats, people should favor what is better at the time regardless of possible long-term consequences. Supporting this hypothesis, in Experiment 1, college students randomly assigned to see aversive images repeatedly made choices that had better short-term but poorer long-term effects, and so earned less money than students shown neutral images, effect size r = .71. In Experiment 2, students reporting stress about impending exams showed a similar bias, r=.53.Thehypothesis and results are relevant to decision making, delay of gratification, distributed choice, and self-control.
From Thought to Action: Effects of Process-Versus Outcome-Based Mental Simulations on Performance
Authors: Pham Lien B. , Taylor Shelley E.
Published: June 2007

Mental simulations enhance the links between thought and action. The present research contrasted mental simulations that emphasize the process required to achieve a goal versus the outcome of goal achievement. For 5 to 7 days prior to a midterm examination, college freshmen mentally simulated either the process for doing well on the exam (good study habits) or simulated a desired outcome (getting a good grade) or both. A self-monitoring control condition was included. Results indicated that process simulation enhanced studying and improved grades; the latter effect was mediated by enhanced planning and reduced anxiety. Implications of process and outcome simulations for effective goal pursuit are discussed.