bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Simple Hydrothermal Route to Large‐Scale Synthesis of Uniform Silver Nanowires
Authors: Wang Zhenghua , Liu Jianwei , Chen Xiangying , Wan Junxi , Qian Yitai
Published: November 2004

This paper describes the preparation of uniform silver nanowires by reducing freshly prepared silver chloride with glucose at 180 °C for 18 hours in the absence of any surfactants or polymers. Scanning electron microscopy studies indicated that the silver nanowires are about 100 nm in diameter and up to 500 μm in length. High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy analyses showed that the silver nanowires grow perpendicularly to the Ag(200) plane. The silver nanowires are believed to grow through a solid–solution–solid process. Some influential factors on the growth of silver nanowires are also discussed.
α1‐Acid glycoprotein fucosylation as a marker of carcinoma progression and prognosis
Authors: Hashimoto Shinji , Asao Takayuki , Takahashi Junko , Yagihashi Yuko , Nishimura Toyo , Saniabadi Abby R. , Poland Dennis C. W. , van Dijk Willem , Kuwano Hiroyuki , Kochibe Naohisa , Yazawa Shin
Published: November 2004

BACKGROUND

Serum α1‐acid glycoprotein (AGP), an acute‐phase protein secreted by the liver, carries α(1,3)‐fucosylated structures on its 5 highly branched, N‐linked sugar chains.

METHODS

Serum AGP levels in patients with various types of malignancies (n = 214 patients) were measured using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay with anti‐AGP antibody. To investigate glycoforms that differed in their degree of branching and extent of fucosylation, serum AGP samples were analyzed by crossed affinoimmunoelectrophoresis (CAIE) with concanavalin A, and Aleuria aurantia lectin (AAL), and anti‐AGP antibody.

RESULTS

A significant difference (P < 0.001) in serum AGP levels was observed in preoperative patients compared with levels in the healthy control group, but the levels in individual patients did not reflect their clinical status. Conversely, it was found not only that the patterns of AGP glycoforms differed widely in the patient group compared with the healthy control group, but they also changed depending on each patient's clinical status. Furthermore, AGP glycoforms seemed to be appropriate markers of disease progression and prognosis according to follow‐up studies of 45 patients during prolonged preoperative and postoperative periods.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with advanced malignancies who had AGP glycoforms that contained highly fucosylated triantennary and tetraantennary sugar chains for long periods after surgery were likely to have a poor prognosis. However, patients who had AGP glycoforms without such changes were expected to have a good prognosis. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Longitudinal study of smoking patterns in relation to the development of smoking‐related secondary primary tumors in patients with upper aerodigestive tract malignancies
Authors: Do Kim‐Anh , Johnson Marcella M. , Lee J. Jack , Wu Xi Feng , Dong Qiong , Hong Waun K. , Khuri Fadlo R. , Spitz Margaret R.
Published: November 2004

BACKGROUND

The authors set out to assess the correlation between smoking‐related second primary tumor (SPT) development and cigarette smoking habits after diagnosis and definitive treatment in patients with early‐stage head and neck squamous cell carcinoma who were enrolled in a placebo‐controlled randomized chemoprevention trial of 13‐cis‐retinoic acid.

METHODS

Longitudinal data collected for 10 years after the index diagnosis are presented for 1190 patients. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to examine the effects of changes in smoking behavior on smoking‐related SPT development.

RESULTS

One‐third of all patients who quit smoking within 12 months before randomization experienced recurrence, compared with 6.9% and 10.4% of all never‐smokers and former smokers, respectively. Approximately 16% of all current smokers stopped smoking, and nearly 22% of current smokers developed SPTs, compared with 14.5%, 13.2%, and 8.8% of all recent smokers, former smokers, and never‐smokers, respectively. The probability of developing a smoking‐related SPT was highest among patients who were current smokers at randomization. These patients, regardless of whether they ceased smoking during follow‐up, were nearly three times more likely than patients who had never smoked to develop a smoking‐related SPT. In contrast, former smokers and recent quitters who continued to abstain from smoking during follow‐up were approximately 1.5 times more likely to develop an SPT compared with patients who had never smoked.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients who continue to smoke after the successful treatment of their index head and neck malignancies have a substantially higher risk of developing smoking‐related SPTs. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Heterogeneous cell response to topotecan in a CFSE‐based proliferation test
Authors: Matera Giada , Lupi Monica , Ubezio Paolo
Published: November 2004

Background

Carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) is currently used to investigate migration and proliferation of hemopoietic cells. In principle, CFSE is retained by the cells and is shared by the daughter cells at each division, resulting in multimodal flow cytometric CFSE histograms, with each cell generation clustering around half the fluorescence intensity of the previous one. However, intercell variability of CFSE loading results in overlapping peaks, thereby limiting its use with cancer cell lines.

Methods

We used IGROV1 ovarian cancer cells loaded with CFSE at the time of seeding; 24 h later cells were treated with an anticancer drug (topotecan). Potential pitfalls of the analysis were examined, and a procedure of evaluation of CFSE efflux was applied to fix the peak positions with good approximation in advance. Histograms were fitted by a series of gaussians, with each representing cells in a given generation.

Results

Effects of topotecan on IGROV1 cells were analyzed in terms of the time course of the percentage of cells that remained undivided or entered the second, third, and subsequent division cycles. A simple algorithm, which combined flow cytometric data with the absolute cell number independently measured by Coulter counter, provided an estimate of the 96‐h outcome of the starting cell population by quantifying cells that remained undivided, those able to divide at least once, or those that had died.

Conclusions

We assessed experimental and data analytic procedures for a CFSE‐based measurement of antiproliferative activity of drugs in cancer cell lines. A quantitative level was achievable but required a strict procedure for control of the experimental data, which was not straightforward. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nicht von dieser Welt
Authors: Vossen Joachim
Published: November 2004

Für die Amish‐People in Lancaster/Pennsylvania scheint die Uhr stehen geblieben zu sein. Die Nachkommen deutscher Glaubensflüchlinge leben nach althergebrachten Regeln in der modernen Welt
Ein ausgezeichneter Kommunikator
Authors: Streier Eva‐Maria
Published: November 2004

Der Kirchenhistoriker Hubert Wolf
Caspr reveals an aggregation of nodes and flanking node free zones at the rat trigeminal sensory root and dorsal root entry zones
Authors: Henry Michael A. , Rzasa Rachael S. , Beeler Joshua J. , Levinson S. Rock
Published: November 2004

The sensory root entry zone demarcates the transition from the peripheral nervous system (PNS) to the central nervous system (CNS). In this study, we describe the organization of nodes of Ranvier at the trigeminal sensory and dorsal root entry zones of the rat. Caspr immunoreactivity (IR) was used to identify the paranodal region of nodes of Ranvier, while L‐MAG‐IR was used to identify CNS oligodendrocytes. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy revealed a dense aggregation of nodes precisely at the PNS to CNS transition with prominent node‐depleted zones on either side, while L‐MAG‐IR was confined to ensheathing fibers on the central side of nodes located in this dense band and identified these as transitional nodes. Morphometric analysis of the PNS and CNS sides of the trigeminal and the PNS side of the dorsal root entry zones confirmed the presence of virtually node‐free domains flanking the transitional zone. Further, the reappearance of nodes on the far side of the node‐free zones strongly correlated with nodal diameter, with small nodes reappearing first. These findings suggest that the PNS/CNS transition may represent the initial site of myelination of the primary afferent axon within this area. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Parallelization of MRCI based on hole‐particle symmetry
Authors: Suo Bing , Zhai Gaohong , Wang Yubin , Wen Zhenyi , Hu Xiangqian , Li Lemin
Published: November 2004

The parallel implementation of multireference configuration interaction program based on the hole‐particle symmetry is described. The platform to implement the parallelization is an Intel‐Architectural cluster consisting of 12 nodes, each of which is equipped with two 2.4‐G XEON processors, 3‐GB memory, and 36‐GB disk, and are connected by a Gigabit Ethernet Switch. The dependence of speedup on molecular symmetries and task granularities is discussed. Test calculations show that the scaling with the number of nodes is about 1.9 (for C1 and Cs), 1.65 (for C2v), and 1.55 (for D2h) when the number of nodes is doubled. The largest calculation performed on this cluster involves 5.6 × 108 CSFs. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 26: 88–96, 2005
Solid‐phase microextraction gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry determination of monoterpenes in honey
Authors: Peña Rosa M. , Barciela Julia , Herrero Carlos , García‐Martín Sagrario
Published: November 2004

Solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) using a 100 μm poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) fiber, followed by gas chromatography (GC‐MS) determination, has been applied to the analysis of some monoterpenoids in honey. The extraction was performed by direct immersion of the fiber using a sampling period of 15 min with constant magnetic stirring (1100 rpm) and an extraction temperature of 20°C. A 7 mL sample volume of an aqueous solution of honey with 25% of NaCl was placed in 15 mL glass vial fitted with screw cap and PTFE/silicone septum. Desorption was performed directly in the gas chromatograph injector port during 5 min at 250°C using the splitless mode. The method is sensitive with detection limits between 11 and 25 μg L–1, precise with coefficients of variation in the range 1.28 and 3.71%, and linear over more than one order of magnitude. The related conditions were used for honey sample analyses with recoveries between 71.8 and 90.9%. SPME remains an attractive alternative technique due to its rapidity and because it is a solvent free extraction method.
Liquid‐phase microextraction utilising plant oils as intermediate extraction medium – Towards elimination of synthetic organic solvents in sample preparation
Authors: Pedersen‐Bjergaard Stig , Rasmussen Knut Einar
Published: November 2004

Hollow fibre based liquid‐phase microextraction (LPME) using fatty oils and essential oils as the organic phase was evaluated to develop sample preparation technology eliminating the use of hazardous organic solvents. Basic drugs were extracted from different aqueous samples (0.2 to 1 mL) through approximately 15 μL of either almond oil, arachis oil, olive oil, soy‐bean oil, anise oil, fennel oil, lavender oil, or peppermint oil (organic phase) immobilised within the pores of a polypropylene hollow fibre and into 20 μL of 10 mM HCOOH (acceptor phase) present inside the lumen of the hollow fibre. The extraction performance of the essential oils was comparable with the solvents normally used in LPME (dihexyl ether, n‐octanol, and dodecyl acetate) in terms of extraction recovery and extraction speed. Whereas all essential oils tested were compatible with human urine, only anise oil was successful for plasma. The fatty oils provided lower recoveries than the essential oils due to higher viscosity, but all the fatty oils were compatible both with urine and plasma samples. In spite of the multi‐component nature of the oils tested, they were not found to seriously contaminate the acceptor phases during extraction. In conclusion, fatty oils and essential oils may serve as alternative organic phase in LPME, eliminating the use of hazardous organic solvents.
Thymidylate synthase, thymidine phosphorylase, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase expression, and histological tumour regression after 5‐FU‐based neo‐adjuvant chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer
Authors: Jakob Christiane , Aust Daniela E , Meyer Wolfdietrich , Baretton Gustavo B , Schwabe Wolfgang , Häusler Peter , Becker Heinz , Liersch Torsten
Published: November 2004

Pre‐operative 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU)‐based chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer (UICC‐II/III) may significantly reduce local tumour mass. Response to pre‐operative treatment, however, varies significantly. Thymidylate synthase (TS), thymidine phosphorylase (TP), and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) are thought to be important predictors for the efficiency of 5‐FU‐based treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between TS‐, TP‐, and DPD‐gene expression and the response to 5‐FU‐based long‐term pre‐operative chemoradiotherapy assessed by histopathological tumour regression. Additionally, the predictive value of intra‐tumoural TS‐, TP‐, and DPD‐gene expression in pre‐operative rectal tumour biopsies was assessed by correlation with the histopathological regression grade. Formalin‐fixed, paraffin wax‐embedded pre‐operative biopsies (n = 14) and surgical resection specimens (n = 40) from patients with rectal carcinoma (clinical UICC stage II/III) receiving neo‐adjuvant 5‐FU‐based chemoradiotherapy were studied for TS‐, TP‐, and DPD‐gene expression by quantitative TaqMan real‐time PCR after laser microdissection. Results were compared with standardized histopathological tumour regression analysis. There was a significant association between low TS‐gene expression in pre‐operative tumour biopsies and tumour response (p = 0.02). TS‐ and TP‐gene expression was significantly lower in resection specimens of responders than of non‐responders (p = 0.02) when microdissection was used. Statistical significance was even higher when TS and TP were combined (p = 0.0001). For the DPD gene, no significance was found at all. In conclusion, this study shows that TS gene expression in a pretreatment biopsy predicts the response of local rectal cancer to neo‐adjuvant 5‐FU‐based chemoradiotherapy in a high percentage. Moreover, intra‐tumoural TS‐ and TP‐gene expression in surgical rectal specimens after neo‐adjuvant chemoradiotherapy correlates significantly with histopathological tumour regression when microdissection is applied. Copyright © 2004 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The early transcription factor GATA‐2 is expressed in classical Hodgkin's lymphoma
Authors: Schneider Eva‐Maria , Torlakovic Emina , Stühler Albert , Diehl Volker , Tesch Hans , Giebel Bernd
Published: November 2004

Hodgkin/Reed–Sternberg (HRS) cells of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma (cHL) are thought to be derived from germinal centre B‐cells in almost all cases. However, expression profiling has revealed that HRS cells do not show a germinal centre B‐cell‐like phenotype. Although the nature of this aberrant phenotype and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown, it has been reported that the activity of NOTCH1 plays an important role in the growth and survival of HRS cells. In some leukaemic cell lines, the effect of Notch signalling is mediated by the early transcription factor GATA‐2. This and the fact that HRS cells lack expression of PU.1, which can repress Gata‐2, led to an investigation of GATA‐2 expression in HRS cells. GATA‐2 expression was found in all the cHL‐derived cell lines studied, but not in a Burkitt lymphoma‐derived cell line. In addition, 50% of biopsies from patients with cHL contained GATA‐2‐expressing HRS cells. In contrast, neither normal germinal centre B‐cells nor malignant cells of nodular lymphocyte‐predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma or diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma expressed GATA‐2. Thus, GATA‐2 expression was found specifically in HRS cells of cHL, suggesting that GATA‐2 is important in establishing the abnormal B‐cell phenotype of HRS cells. Copyright © 2004 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calculating the Flexure Resistance of Bulk Solids Transported on Belt Conveyors
Authors: Wheeler Craig A. , Roberts Alan W. , Jones Mark G.
Published: November 2004

Belt conveyors are used extensively in the mining and mineral processing industries to transport bulk solid. As industry demands arise and conveying technology improves, belt conveyor installations are becoming progressively longer and belt speeds significantly faster. With longer conveying distances it becomes increasingly important to accurately calculate the motion resistances at the design stage, with the view of minimising these resistances to improve the efficiency of the installation. The motion resistances that occur along the length of the conveyor are known as the main resistances and include the belt and bulk solid flexure resistance, the rotational resistance of the idler rolls and the indentation rolling resistance of the conveyor belt.
Functional Analysis of Tube Chain Conveyors
Authors: Krause Friedrich , Katterfeld André
Published: November 2004

This paper describes some of the aspects necessary for the design and use of tube chain conveyors. It is based on the reports of experienced experts and recent tube chain conveyor experimental results. The aim of the research work is the formulation of general technical regulations for tube chain conveyors. Theoretical models were developed, which allow the calculation of the motion resistances in all parts of the conveyor by the use of empirical extracted correction factors. Specially designed measurement equipment enabled the measurement of the important chain tractive force from the closed tube system. The measurements show the influence of the major operational parameters and the bulk solid properties.
Compaction of Powders due to Vibrations and Shocks
Authors: Linemann Roman , Runge Jürgen , Sommerfeld Martin , Weißgüttel Udo
Published: November 2004

Bulk density and compactibility of bulk materials play an important role in process engineering. Reliable data are required for dimensioning plants and for supplying load data for static design. Furthermore, the data are useful for the production of sintered materials or catalyst beds and the characterization of bulk materials. While compression by normal stress can be reproduced and mathematically described, the influence of shocks and vibrations remains very poorly understood. All known standard methods for bulk material compression under vibrations and shocks are based on individual equipment. The parameters of shocks or vibrations, however, have not yet been defined. Therefore, an investigation was carried out to examine the influence of uniaxial stress and defined shocks and vibrations on bulk material compression. The shocks and vibrations were controlled by an electrodynamic shaker. The first results for highly disperse Kaolin powders are presented. Using the chosen parameters, the random mode and the uniaxial compression cause the highest increase in density. High compression rates can also be obtained by shocks. With sinusoidal vibrations much lower bulk densities can be reached.
Association of CYP17, GSTP1, and PON1 polymorphisms with the risk of prostate cancer
Authors: Antognelli Cinzia , Mearini Luigi , Talesa Vincenzo Nicola , Giannantoni Antonella , Mearini Ettore
Published: November 2004

BACKGROUND

Dietary factors, life‐style as well as environmental conditions may contribute to the risk of prostate tumor together with genetic susceptibility, that may be an important factor in determining who is more likely to develop prostate malignancy. We have undertaken a case‐control study in order to elucidate the association between polymorphisms in some metabolizing genes with the risk of prostate cancer (PCa).

METHODS

Polymorphisms of three xenobiotic genes (CYP17, GSTP1, PON1) were characterized in 384 patients with untreated PCa and 360 age‐matched control patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). All polymorphisms were investigated by PCR/RFLP methods using DNA from lymphocytes.

RESULTS

We found that men with the CYP17/A1A1–A1A2 genotypes, GSTP1/IleVal genotype, PON192/QR and PON55/LM–MM genotypes had a significantly higher risk of PCa compared with the others genotypes.

CONCLUSIONS

The three polymorphisms appear to be common genetic traits that are associated with an increased risk for PCa: the analysis of them all in each single case may be a predictable factor, particularly among groups exposed to PCa‐related carcinogens. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antiferromagnetic phase of a 2‐D Wigner crystal
Authors: Rajeswarapalanichamy R. , Iyakutti K.
Published: November 2004

The antiferromagnetic phase of a 2‐D Wigner crystal is investigated, using a localized representation for electrons. In our model, the electrons are located at the lattice sites of a face‐centered square lattice (corresponding to bcc in the 3‐D case). This lattice may be thought of as consisting of two equivalent interpenetrating sublattices. The ground‐state energies of the antiferromagnetic phase of a 2‐D Wigner electron crystal are computed with uniform neutralizing, Gaussian‐type, and Yukawa‐type positive backgrounds in the range of rs = 5 to 130. The role of correlation energy is suitably taken into account. The possibility of the antiferromagnetic phase of the 2‐D Wigner crystal having a square or circle as the region of occupation in momentum space is also analyzed. The low‐density region favorable for the antiferromagnetic phase of Wigner crystallization is found to be at rs = 7.0. Our results agree well with experimental and other theoretical results for the 2‐D Wigner crystal. The structure‐dependent Wannier functions, which give proper localized representation for Wigner electrons, are constructed and employed in the calculation for the first time. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Partial characterization of glycosphingolipids of Agelas sponges in their peracetylated form by liquid secondary ionization mass spectrometry and high‐performance liquid chromatography combined with direct electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection
Authors: Szilágyi Zoltán , Pócsfalvi Gabriella , Costantino Valeria , Mangoni Alfonso , Malorni Antonio , Fattorusso Ernesto
Published: November 2004

Electrospray ionization (ESI) and liquid secondary ionization (LSI) mass spectrometry were applied for characterization of glycosphingolipids (GSLs) isolated in their peracetylated form from four Agelas marine sponge species. Since peracetylated glycosphingolipids are not soluble in solvents traditionally used for ESI, lithium chloride was added to the samples in order to obtain lithium cationized molecules. Although the preferred fragmentation seems to be the sequential loss of acetic acid molecules, it was found that tandem mass spectra obtained from peracetylated diglycosyl ceramides might provide direct information about the structure of the long‐chain base (formation of W″/Z0 fragments). The utility of ESI and LSI in the analysis of these compounds has also been compared. It was found that the tandem mass spectra obtained by LSI‐MS/MS experiments could provide information about the chain‐length (carbon atom number) variations within a certain ceramide mass. Thus, from one of our samples, 25 different ceramide compositions have been identified from 8 precursor (Z0) ions. Comparison of the two ionization modes (LSI and ESI) highlights the fact that molecular mass distributions obtained by LSI‐MS, especially the presence of unsaturated species, have to be interpreted carefully. For the first time a direct high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/ESI‐MS method was used for characterization of complex mixtures of peracetylated GSLs. The results demonstrate that HPLC/ESI‐MS is able to analyze mono‐ and diglycosylated GSLs, and other kinds of glycolipids that are actually present in the sample. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isotope‐coded N‐terminal sulfonation of peptides allows quantitative proteomic analysis with increased de novo peptide sequencing capability
Authors: Lee Yong Ho , Han Hoon , Chang Seok‐Bok , Lee Sang‐Won
Published: November 2004

Recently various methods for the N‐terminal sulfonation of peptides have been developed for the mass spectrometric analyses of proteomic samples to facilitate de novo sequencing of the peptides produced. This paper describes the isotope‐coded N‐terminal sulfonation (ICenS) of peptides; this procedure allows both de novo peptide sequencing and quantitative proteomics to be studied simultaneously. As N‐terminal sulfonation reagents, 13C‐labeled 4‐sulfophenyl[13C6]isothiocyanate (13C‐SPITC) and unlabeled 4‐sulfophenyl isothiocyanate (12C‐SPITC) were synthesized. The experimental and reference peptide mixtures were derivatized independently using 13C‐SPITC and 12C‐SPITC and then combined to generate an isotopically labeled peptide mixture in which each isotopic pair differs in mass by 6 Da. Capillary reverse‐phase liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry experiments on the resulting peptide mixtures revealed several immediate advantages of ICenS in addition to the de novo sequencing capability of N‐terminal sulfonation, namely, differentiation between N‐terminal sulfonated peptides and unmodified peptides in mass spectra, differentiation between N‐ and C‐terminal fragments in tandem mass spectra of multiply protonated peptides by comparing fragmentations of the isotopic pairs, and relative peptide quantification between proteome samples. We demonstrate that the combination of N‐terminal sulfonation and isotope coding in the mass spectrometric analysis of proteomic samples is a viable method that overcomes many problems associated with current N‐terminal sulfonation methods. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategic community‐based theory of firms: case study of dialectical management at NTT DoCoMo
Authors: Kodama Mitsuru
Published: November 2004

The greatest issue that leading corporations are facing in the twenty‐first century is how they can achieve innovation in a speedy yet reliable manner. For example, on one side of this double‐faceted issue is speed in introducing innovative new products and services to market ahead of the competition, while on the other side is expansion of the market for these products and services. To attain success, leading companies need to balance a variety of paradoxes both inside and outside the organization and exercise their practical abilities. In this paper, the author discusses a case of innovation by NTT DoCoMo, Inc. (DoCoMo), in becoming the first leading mobile telecommunications carrier in the world to offer mobile Internet services, and analyzes this case from the viewpoint of the paradox perspective on organizational performance. In this case, a leadership‐based strategic community uses the practical method of dialectical management that includes top management to merge and integrate the community competences of an existing traditional community infrastructure with a new, creative community infrastructure and promote an emergent yet deliberate integrative strategy. With the integrative competences generated by this leadership‐based strategic community, DoCoMo balances paradoxes such as creativity and efficiency to achieve innovations in creating and propagating new services. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Economic process accounting. Full disclosure
Authors: Swanson G. A.
Published: November 2004

Recent economic events may be forcing the current system of public disclosure of financial information to an evolutionary cusp. The current system of disclosure has been developing over the last seven decades. It was born in an effort to introduce governance to markets without interfering with their useful processes. A choice was made against government regulation and for required public disclosure backed by an independent auditor function. The realization of the degree of auditor independence envisioned and needed has been evasive. It now seems necessary to enhance the disclosure aspect of the system to offset the weakness of achievable auditor independence. This article suggests that fairly minor changes in currently used accounting information systems can support public disclosure of the actual measurements taken by accountants on economic processes. These values should be disclosed to support the accountant‐adjusted values, much like a physician's disclosure of medical test results supports his or her diagnosis. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applying systems modelling to public health
Authors: Fahey D. K. , Carson E. R. , Cramp D. G. , Muir Gray J. A.
Published: November 2004

Public health is complex and previous work has demonstrated the value of systems modelling in understanding its complexity. Today the need for systems modelling in public health has increased because the delivery of the public health function is being re‐engineered with an additional layer of complexity. The service is now more distributed and as a consequence there is a demand that information and communication technologies (ICT) should be employed to a greater extent in ensuring public health provision. It is essential that a good public health service is maintained within this new framework and the public health network (PHN) has been proposed as the solution. We aim to demonstrate the potential value of systems modelling in this newly re‐engineered public health environment by showing how it can be used to convert the complex input of the public health network project into a realistic, holistic and potentially successful plan to implement and evaluate the network. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative analysis of radio occultation processing approaches based on Fourier integral operators
Authors: Gorbunov M. E. , Benzon H.‐H. , Jensen A. S. , Lohmann M. S. , Nielsen A. S.
Published: November 2004

We analyze and compare two approaches to processing radio occultation data: (1) canonical transform method and (2) full spectrum inversion method. We show that these methods are closely related and can be explained from two view points: (1) both methods apply a Fourier transform like operator to the entire radio occultation signal, and the derivative of the phase of the transformed signal is used for the computation of bending angles, and (2) they can be explained from a signal processing view point as the location of multiple tones constituting the complete signal. The full spectrum inversion method is a composition of phase correction and Fourier transform, which makes the numerical algorithm computationally more efficient as compared to the canonical transform method. We investigate the relative performance of the two methods in simulations using a wave optics propagator. We use simple analytical models of the atmospheric refractivity as well as radiosonde data in order to reproduce complex multipath situations. The numerical simulations as well as the analytical estimations indicate that a resolution of 60 m (or even higher) can be achieved.
Comparison of ionospheric observations from UV limb scans and radar altimetry
Authors: Coker Clayton , Henderlight Erin E. , Dymond K. F. , Thonnard S. E. , McDonald S. E. , Nicholas A. C. , Budzien S. A. , McCoy R. P.
Published: November 2004

Ionospheric nighttime electron density profiles were derived using 1356‐Å ultraviolet limb scans from the Low‐Resolution Airglow and Aurora Spectrograph (LORAAS) instrument on the Advanced Research and Global Observing Satellite (ARGOS). Successive limb scans along the Sun‐synchronous orbit were inverted using a tomographic algorithm and were used to reconstruct the ionosphere in latitude and altitude in the 0230 local time frame. Total electron content (TEC) as a function of latitude was obtained by vertically integrating the tomographic densities. Similarly, dual‐frequency radar altimeter on TOPEX/Poseidon provided estimates of vertically integrated TEC along the satellite orbit. Comparisons were made between coincident ARGOS and TOPEX satellite passes for several days in December 1999 and November 2000. The comparisons demonstrate the performance of the tomographic algorithm to reconstruct latitudinal variations in the ionosphere, namely the location and magnitude of the nighttime tropical arcs. The comparisons also demonstrate a technique for independently calibrating the limb imager sensitivity.
Discrete modes and turbulence in a wave‐driven strongly magnetized plasma
Authors: Dmitruk Pablo , Matthaeus William H. , Lanzerotti Louis J.
Published: November 2004

We show the coexistence of discrete modes and turbulence in numerical experiments of magnetohydrodynamics with a strong background magnetic field. The particular system we consider is a model of an open magnetic region which we have previously used in coronal heating studies. In the simulations shown here, Alfven waves at discrete frequencies with values corresponding to solar g‐modes and p‐modes are injected at the boundary (although the question of how those modes could generate Alfven waves is not addressed). Numerical probes are used to compute the magnetic field fluctuations at the output. The frequency spectra obtained from those probes are broadband, but with peaks at the driving frequencies. The perpendicular (to the mean magnetic field) wavenumber energy spectrum is of a turbulent Kolmogorov‐like type, and formation of small scale structures is observed. This shows, numerically, the possibility of persistence of discrete modes in a turbulent system.
Evidence for serpentinization of the forearc mantle wedge along the Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica
Authors: DeShon Heather R. , Schwartz Susan Y.
Published: November 2004

Characterizing the hydration state of the forearc mantle wedge yields valuable information on frictional stability at the downdip edge of subduction megathrusts. Simultaneous inversion of P‐ and S‐wave arrival times collected as part of the Costa Rica Seismogenic Zone Experiment yields 1D and 3D P‐ and S‐wave velocity models (VP and VS) for the Nicoya Peninsula segment of the Middle America Trench. Nicoya Peninsula 1D velocity models show similar velocity gradients to country‐wide 1D velocity models from 5–30 km depth but diverge at expected Moho depths due to proximity to the subducting Cocos plate. 3D VP values range from 7.2–7.6 km/sec in the forearc mantle wedge. Receiver functions computed at Global Seismic Network station JTS in northwestern Costa Rica confirm these VP values, yield VP/VS of ∼1.85, and place the continental Moho at 36 ± 4 km depth. VP and VP/VS are consistent with 15–25% serpentinization of the forearc mantle wedge.
Multi‐instrument derivation of 90 km temperatures over Svalbard (78°N 16°E)
Authors: Hall C. M. , Aso T. , Tsutsumi M. , Höffner J. , Sigernes F.
Published: November 2004

For 90 km above Svalbard at 78°N, 16°E, neutral air temperatures derived from potassium lidar and OH spectrometer observations are combined and used to calibrate the corresponding estimates derived from meteor echo fading times. While lidar and spectrometer results depend heavily on observing conditions, a meteor radar can easily provide daily measurements; the three instruments thus complement each other to yield daily temperature estimates, hence providing a temporal coverage hitherto unprecedented at this location.
Construction, Control and Family Planning in Tanzania: Some Bodies the Same and Some Bodies Different
Authors: Richey L.A.
Published: November 2004

The benefits of family planning for those who desire it, and the possibilities of coercion against those who do not, are well-known aspects of international population policies. Family planning technologies, more than simply a means for preventing conception, are involved as identity artefacts in the construction of bodies and in the reproduction of power relations. As such, modern contraceptives, organized by and implemented through, donor-funded programmes constitute a discursive apparatus through which scattered hegemonies are disseminated. Women's use of family planning, traditional and modern, allows them to counter the expectations of these hegemonies at some times, and to embody them at others. Both service providers and clients, construct identities, referenced through women's bodies, using the discourses of international population control and family planning. This paper uses data collected in Tanzania to understand how notions of modernity in the family planning programme construct Tanzanian female bodies as ‘traditional’ and ‘modern’, how these discursive inequalities reflect and compound material disparities and how these logics come into play in the ways that women construct themselves and each other.
Performing Breastfeeding: Embodiment, Ethics and the Maternal Subject
Authors: Shaw Rhonda
Published: November 2004

Many feminist sociologists would agree that most breastfeeding research to date has been primarily undertaken from the perspective of medical and public health discourses. While there is evidence of a shift in research on breastfeeding to qualitative studies that focus on the lived experiences of breastfeeding women, this article addresses a number of concerns remaining in the literature surrounding breastfeeding. First, it questions the absence of breastfeeding as a legitimate philosophical topic, and, as a corollary, the invisibility of breastfeeding women as moral or ethical subjects. Second, by drawing on Michel Foucault's account of ethics and Judith Butler's notion of performativity, it is suggested that breastfeeding is best conceptualized as a gendered and embodied ethical practice rather than an aspect of one's being. Finally, this materialist approach to theorizing breastfeeding is discussed in relation to the Lucy Lawless poster that was released in Aotearoa New Zealand to launch World Breastfeeding Week in August 2002.
Matching the conditional variance as a criterion for selecting parameters in the simplest multiple mapping conditioning models
Authors: Klimenko A. Y.
Published: November 2004

The simplest model within the multiple mapping conditioning (MMC) approach, that involves a single mixture-fraction-like reference variable, is considered in the Brief Communication. An important parameter—the minor dissipation time—remains unknown in the probabilistic version of the model. The present work demonstrates by the specially developed asymptotic analysis that the simplest MMC possesses an ability (although somewhat limited) to match the physical intensity of the conditional fluctuations and this match represents the criterion for proper selection of the minor dissipation time.
Interfacial-fluid dynamics and the mixing efficiency of turbulent flows
Authors: Catrakis Haris J. , Aguirre Roberto C.
Published: November 2004

An approach is suggested that is useful for studies of the turbulent mixing efficiency, or mixed-fluid volume fraction, based on the dynamics of the interface between pure fluid and mixed fluid. Above the mixing transition, the volume of mixed fluid bounded by this interface is strongly dominated by the large-scale interfacial features. This is examined using high-resolution measurements in jets at Re∼20 000. Robustness to resolution effects is found with ∼98% of the mixing efficiency captured by coarse graining at ten times lower resolution per dimension. Such reduction in interfacial information has implications for computations, experiments, and physical modeling.
Molecular dynamics study of kinetic boundary condition at an interface between a polyatomic vapor and its condensed phase
Authors: Ishiyama Tatsuya , Yano Takeru , Fujikawa Shigeo
Published: November 2004

The kinetic boundary condition for the Boltzmann equation at an interface between a polyatomic vapor and its liquid phase is investigated by the numerical method of molecular dynamics, with particular emphasis on the functional form of the evaporation part of the boundary condition, including the evaporation coefficient. The present study is an extension of a previous one for argon [Ishiyama, Yano, and Fujikawa, Phys. Fluids 16, 2899 (2004)] to water and methanol, typical examples of polyatomic molecules. As in the previous study, molecular dynamics simulations of vapor–liquid equilibrium states and those of evaporation from liquid into a virtual vacuum are carried out for water and methanol. In spite of the formation of molecular clusters in the vapor phase and the presence of the preferential orientation of molecules at the interface, essentially the same results as in the previous study are obtained. When the bulk liquid temperature is relatively low, the evaporation part is the product of the half range Maxwellian for the translational velocity of molecules of saturated vapor at the temperature of the bulk liquid phase, the equilibrium distribution of rotational energy of molecules at the temperature, and the evaporation coefficient (or the condensation coefficient in the equilibrium state). The evaporation coefficients of water and methanol are determined without any ambiguity as decreasing functions of the temperature, and are found to approach unity with the decrease of the temperature.
Linear stability analysis of immiscible two-phase flow in porous media with capillary dispersion and density variation
Authors: Riaz Amir , Tchelepi Hamdi A.
Published: November 2004

Linear stability analysis of immiscible displacements is carried out for both viscously and gravitationally unstable two-phase flows in porous media with very large adverse viscosity ratios. Capillary dispersion is the proper dissipative mechanism in this case which sets both the preferred length scale and the band width of the spectrum of unstable length scales. The growth rate, the most dangerous and the cutoff wavenumbers, all scale linearly with the capillary number. We show that the instability is governed by fluid properties across the shock rather than those across the full Buckley–Leverett profile. The shock total mobility ratio provides a sufficient condition for the onset of instability; however, it is not an appropriate criterion for predicting the magnitude of the growth rate, particularly for large viscosity ratios. The details of the relative permeability functions are observed to have a significant influence on the stability characteristics. For neutrally buoyant flows the maximum growth rate scales linearly with the viscosity ratio while the most dangerous and the cutoff wavenumbers scale with the square root of the viscosity ratio. In the case of displacements with density contrast, the maximum growth rate scales with the square of the unstable gravity number while the most dangerous and the cutoff wavenumbers scale with an exponent of 1.2, for all viscosity ratios. A marginal stability curve is computed for stable and unstable regions in the parameter space of the viscosity ratio and the gravity number. It is found that flows with unstable viscosity contrasts are more readily stabilized with buoyancy as compared to the viscous stabilization of gravitationally unstable flows.
A setup for probing collisions of highly charged ions with liquid droplets
Authors: Padmashree G. K. , Roy A. , Kanjilal D. , Rodrigues G. , Ahuja R. , Somashekar R. , Safvan C. P.
Published: November 2004

We describe the design and implementation of an experimental setup for investigating the collisions of highly charged ions (HCI) with liquid droplets. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the feasibility of such experiments, since studies on HCI–droplet interactions were hitherto precluded following design constraints. Visible, UV, and x-ray emissions from the collisional interaction of liquid droplets with HCI is reported here. The preliminary results from our experiment strongly suggest that charge-exchange appears to be a dominant process. In light of the recent investigations and reports on x-ray and extreme ultraviolet emissions from comets due to solar–wind interaction with cometary coma, our experiment suggests that liquid droplet–HCI interaction might mimic the astrophysical processes, and are promising candidates for laboratory simulations of such processes.
Design and initial operation of the Auburn Linear Experiment for Instability Studies: A new plasma experiment for studying shear driven flows
Authors: Wallace Edwynn , Thomas Edward , Eadon Ashley , Jackson Jon David
Published: November 2004

The Auburn Linear Experiment for Instability Studies (ALEXIS) is a new plasma physics experiment that is designed to investigate the role of spatially nonuniform E×B drifts using a cylindrical plasma column. This article discusses the design and construction of the ALEXIS device and preliminary measurements of the electric and magnetic field configuration of the device.
Optimal two-point static calibration of measurement systems with quadratic response
Authors: Pallàs-Areny Ramon , Jordana Josep , Casas Óscar
Published: November 2004

Measurement devices and instruments must be calibrated after manufacture to correct for component and assembly tolerances, and periodically to correct for drift and aging effects. The number of reference inputs needed for calibration depends on the actual transfer characteristic and the desired accuracy. Often, a linear characteristic is assumed for simplicity, either for the overall input range (global linearization) or for successive input subranges (piecewise linearization). Thus, only two reference inputs are needed for each straight line. This two-point static calibration can be easily implemented in any system having some basic computation capability and allows for the correction of zero and gain errors, and of their drifts if the system is periodically calibrated. Often, the reference inputs for that calibration are the end values of the measurement range (or subrange). However, this is not always the optimal selection because the calibration error is minimal for those reference inputs only, which are not necessarily the most relevant inputs for the system being considered. This article proposes three optimization criteria for the selection of calibration points: limiting the maximal error (LME), minimizing the integral square error (ISE), and minimizing the integral absolute error (IAE). Each of these criteria needs reference inputs whose values are symmetrical with respect to the midrange input (xc), have the form xc±Δx/(2√n) when the measurand has a uniform probability distribution function, Δx being the measurement span, and do not depend on the nonlinearity of the actual response, provided this is quadratic. The factor n depends on the particular criterion selected: n=2 for LME, n=3 for ISE, and n=4 for IAE. These three criteria give parallel calibration lines and can also be applied to other nonlinear responses by dividing the measurement span into convenient intervals. The application of those criteria to the linearization of a type-J thermocouple illustrate their performance and advantages with respect to the customary end-point linearization (n=1) even for nonquadratic responses. For quadratic responses, n=1 yields the maximal error at the center of the input measurement range.