bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carbon accumulation in agroforestry systems is affected by tree species diversity, age and regional climate: A global meta‐analysis
Authors: Ma Zilong , Chen Han Y. H. , Bork Edward W. , Carlyle Cameron N. , Chang Scott X.
Published: July 2020

Aim

Agroforestry is a globally practised system of land use for achieving greater and more diverse biomass production, but it has other ecological benefits, such as mitigation of climate change. Despite this, long‐term carbon (C) accumulation in different components of agroforestry systems, the drivers for C accumulation and the linkages between tree biomass and soil C stocks remain unclear.

Location

Global.

Time period

From 1989 to 2019.

Major taxa studied

Trees.

Methods

Here, we report on a global meta‐analysis based on 141 studies to identify patterns of C accumulation in tree‐based agroforestry systems compared with sole cropland and pasture.

Results

We found that agroforestry systems had, on average, 46.1 Mg/ha (95% confidence interval, 36.4–55.8 Mg/ha) more C in tree biomass compared with sole cropland‐ or pasture‐based land uses without trees. Furthermore, agroforestry systems with multiple tree species contained greater biomass C stocks and accumulated biomass C faster than systems with a single tree species. The effect of agroforestry practices on soil C stock increased with tree age, although such increases varied among climatic zones. Agroforestry systems in tropical zones had the ability to increase soil C to peak levels quickly, whereas soil C in temperate zones increased at a slower rate but peaked at a greater overall soil C level. Our structural equation model did not detect a direct linkage between biomass C and changes in total soil C stock in agroforestry systems.

Main conclusions

Our results demonstrate that planting multiple tree species in agroforestry systems is an important strategy to increase biomass C sequestration, with regional climate affecting the temporal change of soil C in response to agroforestry practices.
Determination of δ44/40Ca and δ56/54Fe in Geological Materials Combined with a Simplified Method for their Separation Using a Single TODGA Resin Column
Authors: Guan Qiuyun , Sun Yali , Zhang Zhaofeng , Liu Xiaoming , An Yajun , Liu Fang , Zhao Shouqian
Published: July 2020

A measurement procedure has been developed for the determination of δ44/40Ca and δ56/54Fe in geological samples by multi‐collector inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (MC‐ICP‐MS) and thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (TIMS), combined with a single TODGA resin column for their separation. Using the TODGA resin for separation of geological materials, Fe and Ca ions were eluted by using 8 ml of 1.5 mol l−1 HNO3 and 8 ml of 2 mol l−1 HCl, respectively, and their recovery was 99.7 ± 0.4% (n = 3) for the former and 99.4 ± 0.6% (n = 3) for the latter after removal of matrix and interfering elements using 12 ml of 6 mol l−1 HCl. This procedure was validated by the reference materials AGV‐2, BCR‐2 and BHVO‐2. Their Fe and Ca isotope data were comparable to their literature values, confirming a single column containing TODGA resin can be applied to the separation of Fe and Ca in geological samples for determination of their isotope ratios free of measurement bias.
COVID‐19 and the gender gap in work hours
Authors: Collins Caitlyn , Landivar Liana Christin , Ruppanner Leah , Scarborough William J.
Published: July 2020

School and day care closures due to the COVID‐19 pandemic have increased caregiving responsibilities for working parents. As a result, many have changed their work hours to meet these growing demands. In this study, we use panel data from the US Current Population Survey to examine changes in mothers’ and fathers’ work hours from February through April 2020, the period of time prior to the widespread COVID‐19 outbreak in the United States and through its first peak. Using person‐level fixed effects models, we find that mothers with young children have reduced their work hours four to five times more than fathers. Consequently, the gender gap in work hours has grown by 20–50 per cent. These findings indicate yet another negative consequence of the COVID‐19 pandemic, highlighting the challenges it poses to women’s work hours and employment.
Accuracy of mean grey density values obtained with small field of view cone beam computed tomography in differentiation between periapical cystic and solid lesions
Authors: AlMadi D. M. , Al‐Hadlaq M. A. , AlOtaibi O. , Alshagroud R. S. , Al‐Ekrish A. A.
Published: July 2020

Aim

To determine if small and medium field of view (FOV) cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) adjusted grey density values can be used to distinguish between periapical cystic and solid lesions.

Methodology

Fifty‐seven patients with periapical lesions having retrievable small or medium FOV CBCT images and biopsy samples were included. Two oral and maxillofacial pathologists examined the biopsy samples to provide the gold standard diagnosis of cystic or solid lesion. From the CBCT images, two independent examiners recorded the minimum adjusted grey density value of each lesion twice. Intra‐examiner and inter‐examiner reliability of the measurements were analysed, and sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the minimum grey values in distinguishing a solid from cystic lesion were calculated. A receiver operating curve for diagnostic ability of adjusted grey density values to differentiate between periapical cystic and solid lesions was obtained, and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated.

Results

The intra‐ and inter‐examiner reliability of the grey density values of the lesions and dentine were excellent. The AUC was 0.44 (P‐value = 0.45). The adjusted grey density value with the greatest accuracy for differentiating between cystic and solid lesions had an accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of 0.54, 1.00 and 0.075, respectively.

Conclusions

Small FOV CBCT adjusted grey density values obtained by the device used in the study could not distinguish between periapical cystic and solid lesions. Further developments in CBCT devices are needed to improve the accuracy of grey density measurements.
Social capital and the status externality
Authors: Itaya Jun‐ichi , Tsoukis Christopher
Published: July 2020

This paper investigates how the presence of social capital affects the externality arising from status‐seeking preference as a parable for inefficient antagonistic behavior. It is assumed that the stock of social capital accumulates through the strategic interaction among a finite number of rational, infinitely‐lived individuals. Using a differential game, we show that there are two types of Markov perfect equilibrium strategy, of which one leads a society to zero social capital, while the other leads to the satiation level of social capital. When there is an unstable interior steady state, there is a threshold: with any initial stock of social capital above (below) that, society is able to build social capital (get stuck in a poverty trap of null social capital). In the latter case, the intervention of governments is called upon, because social welfare in the poverty trap is less than that in the social capital‐rich society.
Development of volatile profile of Kumpiak podlaski dry‐cured ham during traditional ripening
Authors: Karpiński Piotr , Kruszewski Bartosz , Stachelska Milena Alicja , Szabłowska Emilia
Published: July 2020

Main aim of this research was to trace the development of volatile profile of Kumpiak podlaski dry‐cured ham during traditional curing and ripening for 30 weeks. Volatiles were extracted from each 6‐week period of ripening, and overall fifty‐three aroma compounds were identified. Changes in chemical groups share between cured and fully ripened ham were observed: aldehydes (35.49 → 31.37%), ketones (25.18 → 14.62%), alcohols (17.97 → 15.74%), esters (3.37 → 12.04%), hydrocarbons (7.69 → 6.81%), fatty acids (0.02 → 0.53%), terpenes (2.26 → 9.70%) and heterocyclic aromatic compounds (0.99 → 0.78%). The 18th week of ripening is crucial for the aroma of Kumpiak podlaski ham due to start of continuous decrease in ketones and increase in esters’ and terpenes’ share. Formation of esters and terpenes originated from the presence of local herbs and the development of microflora. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed clear separation of samples from each 6‐week period of ripening. Obtained results relying on thirty‐seven compounds enabled to make a preliminary determination of ripening markers.
Effect of heat pretreatment before isoelectric solubilisation/precipitation on the characteristics of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea hongkongensis) and Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) protein isolates
Authors: Zheng Huina , Shiming Liang , Gaozhan Xue , Dingding Ren , Wenhong Cao , Chaohua Zhang , Jianjun Yuan
Published: July 2020

Heat treatment is a convenient way to eliminate the effects of endogenous enzymes on the industrial production of stable products. This study describes the preparation of protein isolates from oysters (OPI and HOPI) and krill (KPI and HKPI) by isoelectric solubilisation/precipitation (ISP) with or without heat pretreatment and comparatively presents their characteristics. The results showed that the solubilities of HOPI (24.08 ± 1.94%) and HKPI (42.29 ± 0.78%) were higher than those of OPI (13.46 ± 0.78%) and KPI (21.71.46 ± 1.51%), and the free and total sulphhydryl (‐SH) content and surface hydrophobicity of HOPI and HKPI were higher than those of OPI and KPI, which are related to higher fat content of HOPI (10.37 ± 0.55%) and HKPI (34.89 ± 1.19%). SDS–PAGE and gel chromatography pattern results showed that macromolecular proteins were degraded by endogenous enzymes in OPI and KPI, while they remained unaffected in HOPI and HKPI. The FT‐IR spectra showed similar patterns between OPI and HOPI and between KPI and HKPI. While the essential amino acid content was similar for OPI and HOPI (47.06 ± 1.33% and 47.93 ± 1.02%), that of KPI and HKPI (50.89 ± 0.89% and 51.19 ± 1.11%, respectively) was not significantly different.
Best ultrasound parameter for prediction of adverse renal function outcome after pyeloplasty
Authors: Han Jae Hyeon , Song Sang Hoon , Lee Je Seong , Nam Wook , Kim Sung Jin , Park Sungchan , Kim Kun Suk
Published: July 2020

Objective

To evaluate the clinical value of preoperative ultrasound parameters for post‐pyeloplasty outcomes in pediatric patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction.

Methods

The medical records of 187 pediatric and adolescent patients who underwent pyeloplasty as a result of ureteropelvic junction obstruction between 2010 and 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. The severity of hydronephrosis was measured by the Society for Fetal Urology grade, anteroposterior pelvic diameter, urinary tract dilation, hydronephrosis index, and the hydronephrosis area to renal parenchyma ratio at 3, 6 and 12 months. Adverse renal function outcome was defined as ≥10% decrease in postoperative differential renal function compared with preoperative values.

Results

Of the 187 patients, preoperative hydronephrosis was categorized as Society for Fetal Urology grade 3 in 26 patients (13.9%) and grade 4 in 161 patients (86.1%). No surgical failures, defined as requirement of repeat surgery or deterioration of hydronephrosis grade, were noted. The mean changes in Society for Fetal Urology grade, anteroposterior pelvic diameter, urinary tract dilation and hydronephrosis area to renal parenchyma ratio showed similar trends of recovery during the follow‐up period. In total, 19 patients (10.2%) showed >10% decrease in differential renal function during follow up (mean 42 months). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the hydronephrosis area‐to‐renal parenchyma ratio was the only significant prognostic factor for adverse renal function outcome (hazard ratio 1.806, 95% confidence interval 1.210–2.859, P = 0.005). Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that the hydronephrosis area‐to‐renal parenchyma ratio was the most significant predictive value (area under the curve 0.711, 95% confidence interval 0.618–0.804, P = 0.006).

Conclusions

Pediatric patients with high hydronephrosis area‐to‐renal parenchyma ratio values before surgery are more likely to show renal function decline after pyeloplasty.
Effect of plateletpheresis on total platelet count and mean platelet volume: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Gil‐Betancur Alejandro , Mantilla‐Gutierrez Carmen Yulieth , Cardona‐Arias Jaiberth Antonio
Published: July 2020

Objective

Currently, there are discrepancies in the reports on the extent of the reduction in platelet count after platelet donation by apheresis, and its impact on mean platelet volume (MPV). This study was conducted to meta‐analyze the effect of plateletpheresis on platelet count and on mean platelet volume, based on studies published between 1980 and 2018.

Methods

Medline‐Pubmed, Scielo, ScienceDirect, and Scopus databases were searched from inception to December 31 2019. The PRISMA guidelines, reproducibility, and evaluation of the methodological quality were guaranteed. Heterogeneity was evaluated with DerSimonian‐Laird's, publication bias with a Begg's test. Sensitivity analysis and cumulative meta‐analysis were also conducted, as well as a forest plot.

Results

Twenty‐five studies with 3769 donors were systematized to analyze platelet count, and seven studies with 1176 donors to observe MPV. Most studies were published in India and the United States. There was a postprocedure reduction in both variables. The reduction in platelet count was 14.3 × 103/μL (95% CI 11.4 to 17.1 × 103⁄μL). The reduction in MPV was 1.43 fL (95% CI 0.3 to 2.5 fL). The analysis of subgroups showed that, in the case of platelet count, the reduction is not statistically significant two weeks after donation.

Conclusion

Platelet donation by apheresis reduces platelet count and MPV in donors, which is detrimental to the purposes of the procedure; although the decrease is not clinically significant for the donor or the recipient. This demonstrates the need for subsequent studies to evaluate variables, such as donation frequency and donation intervals, should be considered to evaluate if the reported decrease is easily compensated, without adverse consequences for donors, or if modifications in donor selection criteria are required.
The digital POIP concept: Preorthodontic implant placement
Authors: Blasi Gonzalo , Blasi Ignacio , Blasi Alvaro , Elnabawi Omar , Murphy Kevin G. , Stappert Dina
Published: July 2020

Objective

The aim of this report is to present an interdisciplinary treatment involving periodontics, orthodontics, dental implant placement, and prosthodontics with a fully digital dentistry approach.

Clinical Considerations

The patient presented with an edentulous ridge on the area of the lower left lateral incisor as well as gingival recession on the adjacent teeth. After performing a digital orthodontic setup and indirect bonding bracket placement, a dental implant placement was carried out before orthodontic treatment in combination with guided bone regeneration (GBR), connective tissue graft (CTG) and periodontal accelerated osteogenic orthodontics (PAOO). In a 6‐month period, orthodontic treatment was fully completed and the dental implant was restored at 8 months. Following one‐and‐a‐half years, significant gingival recession reduction was accomplished and soft tissue augmentation around the dental implant appeared stable with a good functional and esthetic result.

Conclusion

The use of the digital POIP concept with a proper diagnosis and careful planning is crucial for reducing treatment time and enhancing precision.
Learning and the Effectiveness of Central Bank Forward Guidance
Authors: COLE STEPHEN J.
Published: July 2020

This paper examines the link between expectations formation and the effectiveness of central bank forward guidance. A standard New Keynesian model is extended to include forward guidance shocks in the monetary policy rule. Agents form expectations about future macro‐economic variables via either the standard rational expectations hypothesis or an adaptive learning model. The results show that the assumption of rational expectations overstates the effects of forward guidance relative to adaptive learning during an economic crisis. Thus, if monetary policy is based on a model with rational expectations, the results of forward guidance could be potentially  misleading.
An item response theory approach to constructing and evaluating brief and in‐depth financial literacy scales
Authors: Ranyard Rob , McNair Simon , Nicolini Gianni , Duxbury Darren
Published: July 2020

We applied item response theory (IRT) to construct and evaluate new brief and in‐depth financial literacy scales. A survey of a UK adult sample (N = 589) included 50 questions to assess knowledge about managing financial resources and competence in using personal finance‐related information—including five widely used items, on interest rates, inflation, investment diversification, mortgages and bonds. IRT applied to a scale of these items identified some limitations, overcome via further iterations to construct a new brief scale with sound psychometric properties. IRT was then applied iteratively to our pool, resulting in an in‐depth, 20‐item scale, also psychometrically sound, covering four broad financial domains: everyday money transactions; the concept of money; borrowing; and saving and investment. Parallel 10‐item sub‐scales were also evaluated. The validity of the new scales was demonstrated by regression analyses which found that, controlling for demographic variables, financial literacy predicted key indicators of financial well‐being.
Innovative approach to aesthetical medicine services quality assessment
Authors: Krasilnikova Olga , Pozdnyakova Marina
Published: July 2020

Recently, both doctors and patients pay particular attention to aesthetic medical services quality and efficacy of aesthetic adjustment implemented. It is essential to ensure research, analysis, and improving of botulinum toxin therapy quality and provide patients’ orientation on the adjustment schedule, which includes long‐term observation period, in order to accomplish the expected goals and increase degree of satisfaction. Injections of medication such as botulinum A toxin are highly demanded in many types of aesthetic treatment. However, practically, sufficient cosmetological effect may not always be achieved, and moreover, complications are possible. This article presents an attempt to evaluate botulinum toxin therapy efficacy using computer program, with calculation of integral quality factor (IQF) and plotting injection modeling visual diagram in long‐term observation period. In 3 selected clinical examples, aggregate IQF figure makes: in case of static forehead wrinkles 91.67%, for dynamic forehead wrinkles 76.67%; in case of static eyebrow wrinkles 96.67%, for dynamic eyebrow wrinkles 85%; as applied to static wrinkles of the outer corned of the eye 91.67%, whereas applied to dynamic wrinkles of the outer corner of the eye 73.33%. Although the benchmark is thought to be 100% of remodeling result, the procedures outcome still meets patients’ expectations. At the same time, present approach demands further discussion and collection for the purpose of development of procedural basis for aesthetic services quality assessment and interpretation of findings.
Addressing Provider Shortages in Rural America: The Role of State Opt‐Out Policy Adoptions in Promoting Hospital Anesthesia Provision
Authors: Feyereisen Scott L. , Puro Neeraj , McConnell William
Published: July 2020

Background

Shortages of anesthesia providers in rural areas have long resulted in access limitations in many US states. This situation prompted federal legislation designed to promote increased usage of certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs) in hospitals. Starting in 2001, state governors were afforded the option to adopt “opt‐out” provisions, giving facilities in their states flexibility in utilizing CRNAs; specifically, adopting the opt‐out policy removes physician oversight requirements for Medicare billing purposes.

Methods

We used mixed effects generalized linear models to identify predictors of CRNA service provision in hospitals from 2011‐2015.

Results

We found that being located in an opt‐out state does not result in increased odds of CRNA service provision in US hospitals. Higher levels of deprivation in counties, being located in rural geographic areas, and being a teaching hospital all influenced CRNA service provision.

Conclusions

Given that we found no evidence that being in an opt‐out state increases the odds of using CRNAs in hospitals, we contribute to the growing literature suggesting that states adopting the opt‐out policy have not realized increased health care access or reduced health care costs. As a result of other contextual restrictions on hospitals’ decision‐making, simply adopting the opt‐out policy has not been enough to address anesthesia provider shortages.
The effect of prior thecal puncture on cerebrospinal fluid analytes in normal adult horses
Authors: Chidlow Hayley , Giguère Steeve , Camus Melinda , Wells Bridgette , Berghaus Roy , McConachie Beasley Erin
Published: July 2020

Background

Serial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis might be required in clinical neurologic disease. The effect of lumbosacral (LS) or cervical (C1‐C2) centesis on subsequent CSF cytologic analyses has not been investigated in horses.

Objective

To evaluate the effect of thecal puncture on subsequent CSF analyses

Animals

Ten healthy adult horses.

Methods

Prospective study. Horses were randomly assigned to undergo CSF collection twice, 14 days apart, from either the C1‐C2 or LS space. After a 4‐month washout period, CSF collection was repeated from the alternate site. Continuous data were analyzed using linear mixed‐effects models and count data using mixed‐effects negative binomial regression. Statistical significance was set atP < .05.

Results

There was no significant effect of collection day (day 0 or day 14) for any CSF analytes, including protein concentration (C1‐C2: 45 [95% CI: 33‐57] mg/dL day 0 vs 49 [95% CI: 39‐62] mg/dL day 14,P= .12; LS: 64 [95% CI: 41‐100] mg/dL day 0 vs 83 [95% CI: 53‐129] mg/dL day 14,P= .37), or nucleated cell count (C1‐C2: 2 [95% CI: 1‐4] cells/μL day 0 vs 3 [95% CI: 1‐4] cells/μL day 14,P= .65; LS: 3 [95% CI: 2‐5] cells/μL day 0 vs 5 [95% CI: 3‐8] cells/μL day 14,P= .10). There was no significant difference in EPM titer or EPM serum : CSF ratio between days 0 and 14.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Repeat thecal puncture from the LS or C1‐C2 space 2 weeks apart does not appear to impact CSF analytes.
Comparison of Sevoflurane and Propofol on the Incidence of Postoperative Pain and Quality of Life in Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty With Chronic Pain Before Surgery
Authors: Yang Rui , Zhao Dan , Zhang Xiao‐hui , Liu Rui‐hong , Xu Guang‐hong , Shen Qi‐ying
Published: July 2020

Background

Propofol and sevoflurane as frequently used general anesthetics can affect postoperative pain. Our study explored whether the incidence of postoperative pain differed among patients with chronic pain undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) anesthetized with sevoflurane or propofol.

Methods

Patients were randomly assigned to groups receiving either sevoflurane (Group S, n = 50) or propofol (Group P, n = 47) for anesthesia maintenance during TKA. The incidences of postoperative pain and quality of life (QoL) were measured using the EuroQol 5‐Dimension (EQ‐5D) scale at 1, 3, and 7 days post‐operation (DPO), and 1 and 3 months post‐operation (MPO).

Results

At 3 DPO, fewer patients reported moderate pain (P = 0.001) and more patients reported no pain (P = 0.003) in Group S than that in Group P. At 3 MPO, more patients reported no pain (P = 0.04) and fewer patients reported moderate pain (P = 0.04) in Group S than in Group P. No significant differences were found in the incidence of postoperative pain between the 2 groups of patients at the other time points. The EQ‐5D scores were higher in Group S than in Group P (P = 0.022), and the difference was 0.15 at most, which was not optimal. The EQ‐5D clinical results might be not very significant.

Conclusions

Sevoflurane anesthesia may have potential advantages in reducing postoperative pain in patients undergoing TKA with a preoperative VAS score > 4.
Evaluating the multiple proposition strategy
Authors: Lennertz Benjamin
Published: July 2020

Contextualism about many expressions faces a common objection: in some discourses it appears that there is no single interpretation which can explain how a speaker is justified in making her assertion and how a hearer with different information or standards is justified in negatively evaluating what the speaker said. According to theMultiple Proposition Strategy, contextualists may attempt to explain these competing features pragmatically in terms of different propositions in play. In this paper I argue against the Multiple Proposition Strategy, first focusing on epistemic modals and then generalising the results to other expressions. I show how when purportedly contextualist terms are embedded in belief reports, we get similar problems but that the Multiple Proposition Strategy does not provide a satisfactory explanation of such cases. I suggest, therefore, that we reject the Multiple Proposition Strategy in favour of a theory that explains the unembedded and embedded cases in similar ways.
Health impact assessment legislation in developing countries: A path to sustainable development?
Authors: Thondoo Meelan , Gupta Joyeeta
Published: July 2020

The sixth Global Environment Outlook argues that the planet is becoming seriously polluted, with huge consequences for the health and wellbeing of people. Legal instruments for assessing and reporting environmental impacts of projects have focused on environment impact assessments (EIAs). However, increasingly health impact assessment (HIA) is being used to emphasize the health dimensions of the environment and sustainable development. This article addresses the question: How can HIA legislation help developing countries to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)? A key aspect of the SDGs is to minimize trade‐offs and enhance synergies. This could be to some extent operationalized by HIAs through enhancing synergies on health and reducing trade‐offs on health. The article first sketches the relationship between EIAs and HIAs and provides an overview of the global distribution of HIA legislation. Second, it discusses the benefits and challenges of HIA legislation oriented towards sustainable development agendas by gathering lessons learned across the globe and highlighting those relevant to developing countries. The article concludes by sketching how HIA policy can be catalysed and operationalized to achieve the SDGs.
Patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Overcoming ‘geographic isolation’
Authors: Cassidy Nicola , Powell Pippa , Wells Athol U.
Published: July 2020

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Semiclassical dynamics and coherent soliton condensates in self‐focusing nonlinear media with periodic initial conditions
Authors: Biondini Gino , Oregero Jeffrey
Published: July 2020

The semiclassical (small dispersion) limit of the focusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation with periodic initial conditions (ICs) is studied analytically and numerically. First, through a comprehensive set of numerical simulations, it is demonstrated that solutions arising from a certain class of ICs, referred to as “periodic single‐lobe” potentials, share the same qualitative features, which also coincide with those of solutions arising from localized ICs. The spectrum of the associated scattering problem in each of these cases is then numerically computed, and it is shown that such spectrum is confined to the real and imaginary axes of the spectral variable in the semiclassical limit. This implies that all nonlinear excitations emerging from the input have zero velocity, and form a coherent nonlinear condensate. Finally, by employing a formal Wentzel‐Kramers‐Brillouin expansion for the scattering eigenfunctions, asymptotic expressions for the number and location of the bands and gaps in the spectrum are obtained, as well as corresponding expressions for the relative band widths and the number of “effective solitons.” These results are shown to be in excellent agreement with those from direct numerical computation of the eigenfunctions. In particular, a scaling law is obtained showing that the number of effective solitons is inversely proportional to the small dispersion parameter.
La aplicación de la función social de la propiedad intelectual a través del abuso del derecho: Un análisis necesario para el sistema de derecho civil
Authors: Uribe Piedrahita Carlos Andrés , Contreras Jaramillo Juan Camilo , Arbouin Gómez Felipe
Published: July 2020

En los sistemas de tradición civil los límites a la propiedad intelectual suelen estar estructurados desde la perspectiva de las regulaciones generales y abstractas que el legislador ha prejuzgado como necesarios y pertinentes. Aunque reconocemos la importancia y utilidad de este tipo de decisiones normativas, también debemos señalar que las mismas pueden obviar escenarios particulares no incorporados en una norma de carácter general, o que por sus características (temporales o modales) no pudieron ser tenidos en cuenta al momento de crear el límite normativo.

 

En este sentido, proponemos el uso de la figura del abuso del derecho como un eventual remedio para el ejercicio antisocial de derechos de propiedad intelectual. Y para tal efecto, utilizaremos la función social de la propiedad intelectual como criterio para definir los casos en que el uso abusivo (contrario a los propósitos del derecho) puede ser determinado; siempre y cuando, la estructura teórica utilizada permita entender a la función social como un límite a la propiedad, dado que, en el caso contrario, el ejercicio antisocial de la propiedad intelectual deberá ser entendido simplemente como una violación al mismo derecho por parte de su titular. Finalmente, presentaremos el caso de una figura similar, el Misuse en propiedad intelectual, la cual ha servido para este mismo propósito en el sistema del common law.
A Review of Damping Models for Structures With Mechanical Joints1
Authors: Mathis Allen T. , Balaji Nidish N. , Kuether Robert J. , Brink Adam R. , Brake Matthew R. W. , Quinn D. Dane
Published: July 2020

In a standard design practice, it is often necessary to assemble engineered structures from individually manufactured parts. Ideally, the assembled system should perform as if the connections between the components were perfect, that is, as if the system were a single monolithic piece. However, the fasteners used in those connections, such as mechanical lap joints, are imperfect and highly nonlinear. In particular, these jointed connections dissipate energy, often through friction over highly localized microscale regions near connection points, and are known to exhibit history dependent, or hysteretic behavior. As a result, while mechanical joints are one of the most common elements in structural dynamics problems, their presence implies that assembled structural systems are difficult to model and analyze. Through rigorous experimental, analytical, and numerical work over the past century, researchers from several different disciplines have developed numerous damping models that give rise to the dynamical behavior attributed to joints. This work seeks to review, compare, and contrast several linear and nonlinear damping models that are known to be relevant to modeling assembled structural systems. These models are presented and categorized to place them in the proper historical and mathematical context as well as presenting numerous examples of their applications. General properties of hysteretic friction damping models are also studied and compared analytically. Connections are drawn between the different models so as to not only identify differences between models, but also highlight commonalities not normally seen to be in association.
High current density electron emission from an electrodeposited metal nanowire array
Authors: Aloui Tanouir , Kirley Matthew P. , Vick Erik , Hilton Allan , Colon Pedro , Kim William , Parker Charles B. , Amsden Jason J. , Glass Jeffrey T. , Gilchrist Kristin H.
Published: July 2020

High-current electron field emitters are of interest for many applications, but state-of-the-art devices suffer from limitations such as high turn-on macroscopic field, low macroscopic current density, poor emission stability, and short lifetime. Field emitter arrays with a high spatial density of uniform emitters have the potential to address these problems. This work presents the process development, fabrication, and testing of a novel field emitter array. The authors employed electron beam lithography and templated electrodeposition to fabricate a high spatial density array of metallic nanowires, resulting in electron emission with high macroscopic current density (2 A/cm2) and low turn-on macroscopic field (4.35 V/μm). Templated electrodeposition of metallic nanowire arrays is a promising method for producing high performance field emitters.
Comparison of sound location variations in free and reverberant fields: An event-related potential study
Authors: Zhong Xiaoli , Yang Zihui , Yu Shengfeng , Song Hao , Gu Zhenghui
Published: July 2020

This study compares event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by variations of sound location in free and reverberant fields. The virtual sound sources located at azimuths 0°–40° were synthesized with head-related transfer functions and binaural room impulse responses for free and reverberant fields, respectively. The sound stimulus at 0° was assigned as standard in the oddball paradigm. Results show that the P3 amplitude is larger in the free field and acoustical conditions have no significant effect on the amplitudes of N2 and mismatch negativity. Moreover, a linear relationship between sound angle and amplitude of ERP components is observed.
Physics meets America's defense agenda
Quantum Legacies: Dispatches from an Uncertain World
David Kaiser
University of Chicago Press, 2020. 360 pp.
Authors: Frappier Melanie
Published: July 2020

War transformed 20th-century physics in sometimes subtle ways
Protecting patient privacy in digital health technology: the Dutch m-Health infrastructure of Hartwacht as a learning case
Authors: Wierda Eric , Blok Sebastiaan , Somsen G Aernout , van der Velde Enno T , Tulevski Igor I , Stavrov Borut , de Wildt Maud C C , van den Born Bert J H , Breukel Laura , de Mol Bas A J M , Ploem M Corrette , Winter Michiel M
Published: July 2020

Innovative ways of healthcare delivery like m-Health, the practice of medicine by mobile devices and wearable devices are the promising new technique that may lead to improvement in quality of care at lower costs. While fully acknowledging the importance of m-Health development, there are challenges on privacy legislation. We address the legal framework, especially the General Data Protection Regulation, applied to m-Health and its implications for m-Health developments in Europe. We discuss how these rules are applied using a representative example of an m-Health programme with remote monitoring in the Netherlands. We consider informing patients about the data processing and obtaining their explicit consent as main responsibilities of healthcare providers introducing m-Health in their practice.
Improving diagnostic specimen management systems in an oral medicine department
Authors: Barratt Olivia , Simms Melanie , John Miriam , Lewis Michael , Atkin Phil
Published: July 2020

Histological, haematological and microbiological investigations are essential in the field of oral medicine and are a crucial adjunct to clinical findings, often being relied on to obtain a definitive diagnosis. Importantly, in some cases, these investigations can help exclude or confirm the presence of malignancy. This project highlighted some problems regarding labelling and recording of specimens in an oral medicine department and a lack of clear specimen management processes. It aimed to improve specimen management by reducing reported incidents surrounding diagnostic tests. Quality improvement methods such as process mapping were key to understanding the journey of specimens and the departments involved at each stage of the system. Initiatives included a recording log book, staff training, information signage around the clinic and delegation of responsibilities, all of which were implemented over multiple plan, do, study, act (PDSA) cycles. The project was extremely successful and since implementation there has been a clear and sustained reduction in reported incidents. The small number of incidents which did occur all involved transportation of specimens and none involved labelling or recording. One can conclude that the change in test management systems in terms of recording and labelling of specimens in the department has been sustained. Ongoing engagement with stakeholders and senior leaders is the priority to ensure further reduction in incidents in the future and that the improvements are maintained. This project demonstrates how simple, realistic, cost-effective, quality improvement initiatives can have a significant positive impact on patient care and hospital management systems.
Treatment with ACE inhibitors or ARBs and risk of severe/lethal COVID-19: a meta-analysis
Authors: Flacco Maria Elena , Acuti Martellucci Cecilia , Bravi Francesca , Parruti Giustino , Cappadona Rosaria , Mascitelli Alfonso , Manfredini Roberto , Mantovani Lorenzo G , Manzoli Lamberto
Published: July 2020

Objective

It has been hypothesised that the use of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) might either increase or reduce the risk of severe or lethal COVID-19. The findings from the available observational studies varied, and summary estimates are urgently needed to elucidate whether these drugs should be suspended during the pandemic, or patients and physicians should be definitely reassured. This meta-analysis of adjusted observational data aimed to summarise the existing evidence on the association between these medications and severe/lethal COVID-19.

Methods

We searched MedLine, Scopus and preprint repositories up to 8 June 2020 to retrieve cohort or case–control studies comparing the risk of severe/fatal COVID-19 (either mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit admission or death), among hypertensive subjects treated with: (1) ACE inhibitors, (2) ARBs and (3) both, versus untreated subjects. Data were combined using a random-effect generic inverse variance approach.

Results

Ten studies, enrolling 9890 hypertensive subjects were included in the analyses. Compared with untreated subjects, those using either ACE inhibitors or ARBs showed a similar risk of severe or lethal COVID-19 (summary OR: 0.90; 95% CI 0.65 to 1.26 for ACE inhibitors; 0.92; 95% CI 0.75 to 1.12 for ARBs). The results did not change when both drugs were considered together, when death was the outcome and excluding the studies with significant, divergent results.

Conclusion

The present meta-analysis strongly supports the recommendation of several scientific societies to continue ARBs or ACE inhibitors for all patients, unless otherwise advised by their physicians who should thus be reassured.
Identification of FABP5 as an immunometabolic marker in human hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Liu Fangming , Liu Weiren , Zhou Shuang , Yang Chunhui , Tian Mengxin , Jia Guangshuai , Wang Han , Zhu Bijun , Feng Mingxiang , Lu Yan , Qiao Tiankui , Wang Xinxin , Cao Wei , Wang Xiangdong , Shi Yinghong , Wu Duojiao
Published: July 2020

Background

Regulating T-cell metabolism is crucial for their anticancer activity. Therefore, understanding the function and metabolism of human tumor-infiltrating T cells is of broad interest and clinical importance.

Methods

CD3+CD45+T cells were sorted from adjacent area or tumor core of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), then the clusters and heterogeneity of T cells were further interrogated by single-cell transcriptomic profiling. 118 surgical samples from patients with HCC were histologically examined for infiltration of CD8+T cells in tumor and adjacent tissue.

Results

Single-cell transcriptomic profiling indicated that several exhausted T-cell (Tex) populations differentially coexisted in the tumor and adjacent tissue. CD137 identifies and enriches Tex with superior effector functions and proliferation capacity. Furthermore, enhanced fatty acid-binding protein 5 (FABP5) expression along with increased mitochondrial oxidative metabolism were evident in these CD137-enriched Tex. Inhibiting FABP5 expression and mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation impaired the anti-apoptosis and proliferation of CD137-enriched Tex. These observations have been verified by generating CD137 CART. Immunohistochemistry staining on the tissue microarray of 118 patients with HCC showed intra-tumoral FABP5highCD8+T-cell infiltration was linked to overall and recurrence-free survival.

Conclusions

The tumor microenvironment can impose metabolic restrictions on T-cell function. CD137, a costimulatory molecule highly expressed on some Tex, uses exogenous fatty acids and oxidative metabolism to mediate antitumor immunity. The immunometabolic marker FABP5 should be investigated in larger, longitudinal studies to determine their potential as prognostic biomarkers for HCC.
Leadership training in family medicine residency: a scoping review
Authors: Godard Stephanie , Ratnapalan Savithiri
Published: July 2020

Background

Graduate medical education, including family medicine residency, has historically focused on building clinical competencies with little attention paid to leadership skills, leaving residents feeling ill-prepared for leadership roles after training.

Objective

To analyse the format, content and outcomes of leadership training programmes offered to family medicine residents.

Methods

A MEDLINE (OvidSP) literature search from 1976 to October 2018 for articles on Family Medicine AND Residency AND Leadership Programs retrieved 184 articles. After reviewing inclusion and exclusion criteria, 12 articles were chosen for full review and synthesis.

Results

Three articles described leadership training available to Family Medicine all residents while nine focused on a select group. Programme format and content varied, ranging from a 1-day programme on emotional intelligence to a 5-year integrated leadership track. The most comprehensive curricula were longitudinal and offered to a small group of residents. Inclusive programmes often taught leadership through the lens of a specific competency. Mixed teaching methods were valued including online learning, simulations, small group discussions, mentorship, reflection, placements and projects. Conceptual frameworks were inconsistently used and programme evaluation seldom addressed high-level or long-term outcomes.

Conclusions

Leadership skills are important for all family physicians; however, there is limited literature on comprehensive leadership development during training. Existing curricula were described in this review and we suggest a longitudinal mixed-methods programme integrated throughout residency, covering basic comprehensive skills for all residents. However, evaluative data were limited, and a considerable gap remains in how to effectively approach leadership development in family medicine residency, warranting ongoing research.
Assessment of leadership development in the medical undergraduate curriculum: a UK consensus statement
Authors: Swanwick Tim , McKimm Judy
Published: July 2020

With the increasing prominence of leadership within the medical undergraduate curriculum, assessment becomes a significant issue. In the absence of evidence to support specific strategies, tools or approaches, faculty from universities across the UK came together in October 2019 in a workshop convened by the Faculty of Medical Leadership and Management. The workshop aimed to develop a collective view on the assessment of leadership development in the medical undergraduate curriculum. This resulting consensus statement was generated around five prompts: why, what, how, when and who? In addition to the statement’s key messages, several questions for further exploration were defined. See Box 1.
Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI analysis for prognosis of intracranial dissecting aneurysm with intramural haematoma after endovascular treatment: an observational registry study
Authors: Tian Zhongbin , Wang Zhongxiao , Li Wenqiang , Zhu Wei , Liu Jian , Zhang Ying , Yang Xinjian , Zhang Yisen
Published: July 2020

Background and purpose

Intracranial dissecting aneurysm (IDA) with intramural haematoma (IMH) is an intractable cerebrovascular disease. The outcome of IDA with IMH after endovascular treatment varies across different individuals: some IMHs stop growing after endovascular treatment, while others continue to grow, even after embolisation of the parent artery. Currently, the mechanism for the continuous growth of IMH after endovascular treatment is still unclear. Continuous haemorrhage of the vasa vasorum in the IMH is considered to be associated with continuous enlargement of the IMH; however, this theory has not been proved by in vivo imaging.

Methods and analysis

This study will establish a prospective cohort of 80 patients who had an IDA with IMH and received endovascular treatment. Demographic characteristics, IDA morphological characteristics and treatment characteristics will be collected prospectively. All patients will undergo dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) before and 6 months after the endovascular treatment. According to the follow-up results of the MRI, the IDAs will be divided into two groups: a haematoma stabilisation group and a haematoma enlargement group. Then, quantitative analysis of the vasa vasorum in the IMH will be performed, and differences between the two groups will be compared with determine the association between DCE-MRI related parameters and the outcomes of IMH changes.

Ethics and dissemination

The research was approved by the ethics committee of Beijing Tian Tan Hospital (KY 2019-024-03) and written informed consents would be obtained from all patients included in this study. The results of this study will be disseminated in professional printed media.

Trial registration number

NCT03940859. Registered: 7 May, 2019.https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03940859.
Changes in soil pH and nutrient extractability after co-applying biochar and paper mill biosolids
Authors: Manirakiza Eric , Ziadi Noura , St. Luce Mervin , Hamel Chantal , Antoun Hani , Karam Antoine
Published: July 2020

Acidification and metal mobility may present challenges in soil receiving paper mill biosolids (PB). Co-applying biochar and PB could help prevent these issues, but its effect must be assessed. The objective of this 224 d incubation study was to evaluate the effect of amending two acidic soils, a clay and sandy loam, with two PB types varying in pH (PB1, pH = 7.80; and PB2, pH = 4.51) co-applied with three rates (0%, 2.5%, and 5% w/w) of pine (Pinus strobus L.) biochar on soil pH and macro- (P, K, Ca, and Mg) and micronutrients (Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn). In both soils, co-applying biochar and PB significantly increased soil pH and extractable K concentration compared with PB-only application, whereas amending with PB significantly increased soil extractable P concentration compared with the unamended soil. In comparison with PB only, co-applying 5% biochar and PB decreased extractable Cu concentration in both soils and extractable Fe concentration in the sandy loam soil. This study showed that co-applying biochar and PB can be more beneficial to agricultural soils than application of PB alone by supplying nutrients and helping prevent metal toxicity by raising pH, especially in acidic sandy soils.