bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Unexpected Role of Carbonate Impurities in Polyphosphate Corrosion Inhibition
Authors: Morsch Suzanne , Emad Seyedgholamreza , Farren Lee A. , Goodall Matthew D. , Lyon Stuart B. , Gibbon Simon R.
Published: November 2018

Polyphosphate corrosion inhibitors are increasingly marketed as chromate replacements for coil coated steel. The mechanisms underpinning corrosion prevention by these species is, however, not fully understood; corrosion inhibition is ordinarily assessed using electrochemical techniques, followed by ex-situ surface analysis. As a result, the formation of a clear film over cathodic sites is known to contribute to corrosion prevention, but little is known about its formation. Here, we apply advanced microscopy techniques (in-situ fluid cell AFM, SEM-EDX, and AFM-IR nano-chemical analysis) to examine early cathodic film formation by strontium aluminium polyphosphate (SAPP) in detail. For a model cut edge system, it is found that cathodic inhibition dominates during the first 24 hours of immersion, and surprisingly, that strontium carbonate impurities play a significant role. Rapidly precipitated zinc carbonate provides protection almost immediately after immersion, before the film structure evolves to include (poly)phosphate species. This suggests that the purposeful inclusion of carbonates may provide a new, environmentally sound approach to enhancing inhibitor efficacy.
Nickel-catalysed carbonylative homologation of aryl iodides
Authors: Peng Jin-Bao , Wu Fu-Peng , Qi Xinxin , Ying Jun , Wu Xiao-Feng
Published: November 2018

Homologation is an important organic transformation which extends the carbon chain of a parent molecule, and many procedures have been established. However, although carbonylation reactions are now well developed as valuable methods for the synthesis of carbonyl-containing compounds, studies of carbonylative homologation are limited. Here we report a nickel-catalysed carbonylative homologation of aryl iodides. With molybdenum hexacarbonyl as the solid carbon monoxide source and silane as the deoxygenation reagent, benzylic units can be effectively produced. Various (hetero)arenes can be successfully benzylated and give the corresponding products in moderate to excellent yields.
An in situ chemically and physically confined sulfur–polymer composite for lithium–sulfur batteries with carbonate-based electrolytes
Authors: Ma Jingjing , Xu Guangri , Li Yuanchao , Ge Chuangye , Li Xiaobo
Published: November 2018

A sulfur–polymer composite synthesized by one-step thermal sulfurization of PANI is proposed to show excellent long-term cycling stability in carbonate-based electrolytes.
Copper-catalyzed, silver-mediated formal [3+2] cycloaddition of simple alkynes with β-ketoesters through propargylic C(sp3)–H functionalization
Authors: Liu Zhen-Ting , Hu Xiang-Ping
Published: November 2018

The propargylic C(sp3)–H functionalization strategy has been successfully employed in the copper-catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition of simple alkynes with β-ketoesters. Under optimal conditions, the reaction proceeds smoothly to give a variety of highly functionalized furans in moderate to high yields.
Organic chelate-free and azido-rich metal clusters and coordination polymers from the use of Me3SiN3: a new synthetic route to complexes with beautiful structures and diverse magnetic properties
Authors: Stamatatos Theocharis C. , Rentschler Eva
Published: November 2018

A new synthetic route to structurally novel and magnetically interesting 3d-metal azido clusters and coordination polymers is presented; the key reagent for the preparation of solely azido-bridged molecule-based species is the organic azide precursor Me3SiN3.
Ab initio electronic structure calculations of entire blue copper azurins
Authors: Romero-Muñiz Carlos , Ortega María , Vilhena J. G. , Díez-Pérez I. , Cuevas Juan Carlos , Pérez Rubén , Zotti Linda A.
Published: November 2018

We present a theoretical study of the blue-copper azurin extracted from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and several of its single amino acid mutants.
Nanomedicine and macroscale materials in immuno-oncology
Authors: Sun Qingxue , Barz Matthias , De Geest Bruno G. , Diken Mustafa , Hennink Wim E. , Kiessling Fabian , Lammers Twan , Shi Yang
Published: November 2018

Nanomedicine and macroscale materials are increasingly impacting cancer immunotherapy.
Tetrazastannoles versus distannadiazanes – a question of the tin(ii) source
Authors: Schulz Axel , Thomas Max , Villinger Alexander
Published: November 2018

Depending on the Sn(ii) compound used, reactions with two equivalents of azide led to the formation of tetrazastanols [R2N4SnR′2] or cyclo-distannadiazanes [R2Sn(μ-NR′)]2.
In vivo and in vitro efficient textile wastewater remediation by Aspergillus niger biosorbent
Authors: Li Shuhui , Huang Jianying , Mao Jiajun , Zhang Liyuan , He Chenglin , Chen Guoqiang , Parkin Ivan P. , Lai Yuekun
Published: November 2018

We report a facile and high-efficiency technology using eco-friendly Aspergillus niger as a biosorbent to treat textile wastewater. Excellent adsorption ability with nearly 98% decoloration was achieved. The bioadsorption technology could be used to fight environmental damage caused by organic or inorganic pollutants.
Synthesis, characterization and tumor inhibitory activity of a novel Pd(ii) complex derived from methanethiol-bridged (2-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)methylthio)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-6-yl)(phenyl)methanone
Authors: N. Sunil Kumar , G. Krishnamurthy , Bodke Yadav D. , Malojirao Vikas H. , T. R. Ravikumar Naik , Kandagalla Shivananda , B. T. Prabhakar
Published: November 2018

This manuscript demonstrates the synthesis and tumor inhibitory activity of (2-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)methylthio)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-6-yl)(phenyl)methanone and its Pd(ii) complex.
Fabrication of 2D heterojunction photocatalyst Co-g-C3N4/MoS2 with enhanced solar-light-driven photocatalytic activity
Authors: Chen Tao , Yin Dongguang , Zhao Feifei , Kyu Kyu Khaing , Liu Bingqi , Chen Dongwei , Huang Kexian , Deng LinLin , Li Luqiu
Published: November 2018

Co-Doping and formation of a 2D heterojunction with MoS2 can significantly boost the photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4.
Emerging applications of peptide–oligonucleotide conjugates: bioactive scaffolds, self-assembling systems, and hybrid nanomaterials
Authors: MacCulloch Tara , Buchberger Alex , Stephanopoulos Nicholas
Published: November 2018

Peptide–oligonucleotide conjugates (POCs) are covalent constructs that link a molecule like DNA to a synthetic peptide sequences.
Organocatalytic asymmetric synthesis of highly substituted pyrrolidines bearing a stereogenic quaternary centre at the 3-position
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Soumendranath , Pan Subhas Chandra
Published: November 2018

An organocatalytic asymmetric cascade reaction has been developed between N-tosyl aminomethyl enones and trans-α-cyano-α,β-unsaturated ketones for the synthesis of highly substituted pyrrolidines having a stereogenic quaternary centre at the 3-position.
Multicomponent synthesis of pyrano[2,3-c]coumarins
Authors: Hsieh Wan-Chi , Lin Chi-Hui , Yang Yu-Ju , Yang Ding-Yah
Published: November 2018

A base-catalyzed, pseudo-four-component reaction of 4-hydroxycoumarin, two molecules of acetone, and amine towards the synthesis of pyrano[2,3-c]coumarins is reported.
Scope of sulfur dioxide incorporation into alkyldiallylamine–maleic acid–SO2 tercyclopolymer
Authors: Yaagoob Ibrahim Y. , Ali Shaikh A. , Al-Muallem Hasan A. , Mazumder Mohammad A. J.
Published: November 2018

Alternate copolymerization of diallylamine derivatives [(CH2 =CH–CH2)2NR; R = Me, (CH2)nPO(OEt)2] (I)–maleic acid (MA) and (I·HCl)–SO2 pairs have been carried out thermally using ammonium persulfate initiator as well as UV radiation at λ of 365 nm.
Adapting FeS2 micron particles as an electrode material for lithium-ion batteries via simultaneous construction of CNT internal networks and external cages
Authors: Lu Jianhao , Lian Fang , Guan Liangliang , Zhang Yuxuan , Ding Fei
Published: November 2018

Schematic of the structural evolution of FeS2@B–CNTs in the lithium-storage reaction.
Hypoxia potentiates monocyte-derived dendritic cells for release of tumor necrosis factor α via MAP3K8
Authors: Paardekooper Laurent M. , Bendix Maura B. , Ottria Andrea , de Haer Lieke W. , ter Beest Martin , Radstake Timothy R.D.J. , Marut Wioleta , van den Bogaart Geert
Published: November 2018

Dendritic cells (DCs) constantly sample peripheral tissues for antigens, which are subsequently ingested to derive peptides for presentation to T cells in lymph nodes. To do so, DCs have to traverse many different tissues with varying oxygen tensions. Additionally, DCs are often exposed to low oxygen tensions in tumors, where vascularization is lacking, as well as in inflammatory foci, where oxygen is rapidly consumed by inflammatory cells during the respiratory burst. DCs respond to oxygen levels to tailor immune responses to such low-oxygen environments. In the present study, we identified a mechanism of hypoxia-mediated potentiation of release of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), a pro-inflammatory cytokine with important roles in both anti-cancer immunity and autoimmune disease. We show in human monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) that this potentiation is controlled exclusively via the p38/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. We identified MAPK kinase kinase 8 (MAP3K8) as a target gene of hypoxia-induced factor (HIF), a transcription factor controlled by oxygen tension, upstream of the p38/MAPK pathway. Hypoxia increased expression of MAP3K8 concomitant with the potentiation of TNF-α secretion. This potentiation was no longer observed upon siRNA silencing of MAP3K8 or with a small molecule inhibitor of this kinase, and this also decreased p38/MAPK phosphorylation. However, expression of DC maturation markers CD83, CD86, and HLA-DR were not changed by hypoxia. Since DCs play an important role in controlling T-cell activation and differentiation, our results provide novel insight in understanding T-cell responses in inflammation, cancer, autoimmune disease and other diseases where hypoxia is involved.
Joint beamforming optimisation for NOMA‐based wireless powered multi‐pair two‐way AF and DF relaying networks
Authors: Zhang Chaozhu , Jia Xinghua
Published: November 2018

Joint beamforming optimisation for a wireless‐powered multi‐pair two‐way relay network (MP‐TWRN) is studied. Different from the existing works, the authors investigate relay beamforming and power‐domain non‐orthogonal multiple access for the wireless powered MP‐TWRN. The authors' goal is to optimise the energy‐transfer beamforming matrix and the relaying beamforming matrix in the sense of maximising the minimum of the achievable rates among all the users with the power constraint at the relay. Further, they explore the above issue under two relaying schemes: amplify‐and‐forward and decode‐and‐forward. The formulated problems are highly non‐convex, and thus, it is challenging to solve. To address these, they propose two iterative algorithms to solve those two problems based on the difference of convex programming transformation and the successive convex approximation. Simulations demonstrate that the proposed schemes outperform the orthogonal multiple access schemes.
Design, analysis, and implementation of a multiport DC–DC converter for renewable energy applications
Authors: Farakhor Amir , Abapour Mehdi , Sabahi Mehran
Published: November 2018

This study studies a two‐input boost DC/DC converter with high‐output voltage gain. The presented converter has several advantages such as high step‐up capability, continuous input current, bidirectional power flow from one of the ports, and its simple and low‐cost structure. The presented converter can achieve a high‐output voltage gain without using a coupled inductor or a transformer in its structure. Coupled inductors can cause voltage spikes on the main power switch, so active/passive clamp circuits are additionally required to eliminate the voltage spikes. The continuous input current of the presented converter makes it suitable for renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic panels and fuel cells.‏ An energy storage source such as a battery pack can be used in the presented converter. Charging and discharging of the energy storage source is possible using the presented converter. Pulsating charging current of the battery can improve the lifetime of the battery. In addition, discharging of the battery can be done without any constraints in the duty cycles. The thorough analysis and design of the proposed converter are discussed. A 300 W prototype of the presented converter is also used to verify the feasibility and proper operation of the converter.
Computational modelling approach for the optimisation of a pulsed electric field system for liquid foods
Authors: Araujo Eduardo J. , Lopes Ivan J. S. , Ramirez Jaime A.
Published: November 2018

The microbial inactivation and specific energy of a pulsed electric field treatment system are dependent on the electric field distribution and treatment time since they have opposite behaviour in relation to these parameters, featuring a problem of multi‐objective optimisation. This study proposes a computational methodology capable of providing Pareto optimal solutions for these two objectives, using a coupled electrical‐thermal model, solved by COMSOL, which has been integrated to a multi‐objective algorithm NSGA‐II implemented in MatLab. The simulations were run for a computational design of experiment with the following variables: applied voltage, treatment time and the internal electrode radius (three levels for each one). In the post‐processing analysis, the Pareto curves were plotted for two typical microorganisms of grape juice: E. coli and S. aureus, providing a set of solutions in terms of the log of the survival rate versus the specific energy. The methodology enables the decision maker to select the best solution from the Pareto curves as a function of a required microbial inactivation and energy features.
Characterization of fresh EMPIrE and SEMPER FIDELIS U(Mo)/Al fuel plates made with PVD-coated U(Mo) particles
Authors: Iltis Xavière , Palancher Hervé , Allenou Jérôme , Vanni Florence , Stepnik Bertrand , Leenaers Ann , Van Den Berghe Sven , Keiser Dennis D. , Glagolenko Irina
Published: November 2018

The HERACLES group and the US-DOE work jointly to develop dispersed U(Mo)/Al as LEU fuel for conversion of high performance nuclear research reactors. Within this frame, two irradiation programs are in progress. In the first, EMPIrE, mini-plates are tested in the ATR reactor (USA) and in the second, SEMPER FIDELIS, full-size plates are irradiated in BR2 (Belgium). In both experiments, U(Mo)/Al plates with optimized microstructure are tested under high duty conditions. This paper focuses on analyses made at CEA Cadarache on seven fresh plates made of atomized particles, with or without Mo homogenization, and with ZrN coating. Five EMPIrE mini-plates and two SEMPER FIDELIS full-size plates were examined by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). A particular attention is paid to the integrity of the ZrN coating (thickness, cracks…) and to the U(Mo) particles microstructure.
Targeted and Untargeted Metabolite Profiling of the Ethnobotanical Martynia annua L. Identifies Bioactive Compounds with Medicinal Properties
Authors: Muazzam Saba , Harvey Joe , Deviese Thibaut , Farman Muhammad , McCullagh James
Published: November 2018

Martynia annua is an indigenous plant found endemic in the Indian subcontinent where it is commonly used for self-treatment of a variety of ailments and diseases. Previous studies have shown that preparations from the plant have antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, and antiepileptic effects in vitro, but the biochemical composition and active compounds responsible for health benefits remain unknown. The aim of this study was to take extracts from different parts of the M. annua plant and, using targeted and untargeted metabolite profiling and quantitation, provide a comprehensive secondary metabolite profile to identify potential biotherapeutic metabolites.

Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography, coupled directly to a Thermo Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometer, was used for high-resolution targeted and untargeted analysis. 89 metabolites were identified and their relative and selected absolute abundances measured across 5 different parts of the plant (leaf, flower, fruit, stem, and root). A number of the compounds identified are known to have bioactive and therapeutic properties; these include trans-ferulic acid, homovanillic acid, syringic acid, isorhamnetin, apigenin, luteolin, and hispidulin. We report their concentrations in different parts of the plant.

Our findings significantly extend the plant metabolite profile of M. annua and amongst the compounds identified, we have highlight those with known biotherapeutic properties. These results provide a foundation for future studies addressing specific compounds that may be responsible for the bioactivity and therapeutic use of M. annua.
Anti-inflammatory and Quinone Reductase-Inducing Compounds from Beilschmiedia mannii
Authors: Ahoua Angora , Monteillier Aymeric , Borlat Frédéric , Ciclet Olivier , Marcourt Laurence , Nejad Ebrahimi Samad , Koné Mamidou , Bonfoh Bassirou , Christen Philippe , Cuendet Muriel
Published: November 2018

Previous studies on the therapeutic potential of plant species found in the diet of chimpanzees living in Taï National Park have shown that they could be potential candidates for the search of new molecules useful for humans. Based on the screening of some of these plants, the fruits of Beilschmiedia mannii, whose dichloromethane extract showed cancer chemopreventive properties, were selected. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the extract resulted in the isolation and identification of two γ-pyrones, including desmethoxydihydromethysticin (1), found in a natural source for the first time, and a new congener, beilschmiediapyrone (2), as well as five known alkamides (3 – 7). Their structures were established by using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry methods. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their cancer chemopreventive potential by using quinone reductase induction and nuclear factor-kappa B inhibition tests in Hepa 1c1c7 and HEK-293/NF-κB-Luc cells, respectively. Among them, compounds 1 and 2 were the most active. The concentrations to double the quinone reductase activity were 7.5 µM for compound 1 and 6.1 µM for compound 2. Compounds 1 and 2 inhibited nuclear factor-kappa B with IC50 values of 2.1 and 3.4 µM, respectively. These results are promising with regard to cancer chemoprevention, especially because this plant is also used for cooking by the local population around the Taï forest.
Applications of Rozen’s Reagent in Oxygen-Transfer and C–H Activation Reactions
Authors: Singh Kuldeep , Kulbir Kulbir , Gupta Tarang , Kaur Rajneesh , Singh Raman
Published: November 2018

Rozen’s reagent (hypofluorous acid–acetonitrile complex, HOF·MeCN) is a robust nonspecific oxygen-transfer reagent and became a proven tool for the oxidation of difficult-to-oxidize molecules. It has been applied to instant oxygen transfers to functional groups such as alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons, epoxidation, oxidation of alcohols, amines, and alkynes, oxygen-transfer reactions with nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur-containing substrates, and α-hydroxylation of carbonyl groups. Apart from being a potential green oxidizing agent, the complex has applications in 18O-labeling and C–H functionalization strategies. Recent uses of Rozen’s reagent in developing nanomaterials and oxidized expanded graphite indicate the enormous potential of the reagent. These aspects are discussed in this review.

1 Introduction

2 Synthesis and Physical Properties

3 Safety and Handling

4 Oxygen-Transfer Reactions

4.1 General Mechanism of Oxygen Transfer

4.2 Epoxidation

4.3 Oxidation of Alkynes

4.4 Oxidation of Aromatic Alcohols and Phenols

4.5 Oxidation of Nitrogen-Containing Compounds

4.6 Conversion of Aldehydes into Nitriles

4.7 Oxidation of Alcohols and Ethers

4.8 Oxidation of Sulfur-Containing Compounds

4.9 Oxygen-Transfer Reaction with Phosphine, Phosphite, and Phosphinite Compounds

5 C–H Activation Reactions

5.1 Hydroxylation of Nonactivated Tertiary Saturated Carbon Center

5.2 Hydroxylation of Aromatic Carbon Center

5.3 α-Hydroxylation of Carbonyl Group

5.4 Activation of α-Hydrogens of α-Amino Acids

6 Other Uses

7 Green Chemistry and Rozen’s Reagent

8 Experimental Problems

9 Further Applications

10 Conclusions
Mango and diabetes
Authors: Kalra Bharti , Gupta Lovely , Khandelwal Deepak , Choubey Nishant
Published: November 2018

The mango is considered as the king of fruits. It is one of the most consumed seasonal fruits in South Asia. Most persons with diabetes and health-care providers assume that mango should be strictly avoided by persons with diabetes. However, mango is a fruit with good nutritive value, low glycemic load as well as with acceptable glycemic index. In this short review, we summarize the nutritive values of mango, as well as the ways in which mangoes can be enjoyed, in moderation, by persons with diabetes.
The sweet ‘truth’ of Gujarat – Gujarati diet & lifestyle and diabetogenesis
Authors: Lakhani Om , Shaikh Altamash
Published: November 2018

Gujarat is a state in Western part of India. It is well known for its cuisine which is predominantly lacto-vegetarian and has characteristic ‘sweet tinge’ in all the food items. The occupation and lifestyle of Gujarati people is mainly sedentary and participation in sports and other physical activities is limited. In this article we have explored the components and characteristics of Gujarati diet and lifestyle in relation to the risk of diabetes. Though prima facie the Gujarati diet and lifestyle may seem more diabetogenic compared to the cuisine of other states of India, there is very little objective evidence to suggest the same. Infact, the prevalence of diabetes in the state of Gujarat is lower compared to other states with equivalent GDP. In this is article we have also tried to find possible explanations of this paradoxical observation.
Absenteeism and the impact of a 38-hour week, rostered day off option
Authors: Williams Ged , Slater Karen
Published: November 2018

We undertook a comparative analysis of nurses working in two consecutive years: one in a 40-hour standard workingweek and the other in a 38-hour week with a rostered day off per month, in order to determine whether there wasany effect on absenteeism. We found that total absenteeism between the two years fell significantly from 4.58% to4.36% ( 2 =5.09, P=0.024). Sick leave decreased but not to a significant degree.We conclude that the change to the 38-hour week and 19-day month (rostered day off ) arrangements led to asignificant reduction in overall absenteeism but not in sick leave. However, the cost in implementing a 19-day monthis far in excess of any savings made through absenteeism reductions.
Australian Aboriginal trainee healthservice management program:a new initiative
Authors: Courtney Mary , Bellaire Lavern , Briggs David , Irwin Lyn , Madison Jeannie , Short Leonie
Published: November 2018

This paper explores the development, implementation and evaluation of the Australian Aboriginal trainee healthservice management program in New South Wales. In 1997, the two-year pilot program commenced with ten trainees.The program consisted of a combination of work-based placements, formal university education and AustralianCollege of Health Service Executives (ACHSE) professional development sessions. The program has allowed traineesto gain professional skills and knowledge and broader work experience, in order to increase their employmentopportunities throughout the Australian health care system.
Transforming Allied Health
Authors: Astley Julie
Published: November 2018

In 1995, the Division of Allied Health at the Women's and Children's Hospital Adelaide (WCH) began a process ofcritical review of its service delivery models and organisational structure in order better to meet the vision and valuesof the WCH and the needs of consumers. This paper describes the change management process. Barriers to andfacilitators of change are highlighted. The outcomes of the change process are described, including the newmultidisciplinary team and program-based organisational structure and culture.
National Case Management Standards in Australia — purpose, process and potential impact
Authors: Cooper Bradley J , Yarmo Roberts Deborah D
Published: November 2018

The use of case management has been increasing
within Australia. The Case Management
Society of Australia was established in 1996 to
promote the developing case management profession
and the viability of the service model in
coordinating care and resources for clients with
complex needs.
In an effort to unify the debate around what is
expected of a case manager, the Society has
reviewed its interim standards of practice. This
paper explains the purpose, process and potential
impact of the National Standards of Practice for
Case Management. The intent of this article is to
describe a process that unifies a diverse range of
professionals and non-professionals who practise
under the banner of case management. The
Standards are not described in detail in this article
but are available at www.cmsa.org.au.
Can job sharing work for nurse managers?
Authors: Dubourg Laurence , Ahmling Janette A , Bujas Lenka
Published: November 2018

Addressing employer reluctance to employ nurse
managers in a job-sharing capacity, the aim of this
paper is to explore job sharing among nurse
managers. The literature highlighted potential
fragmentation of leadership, breakdown of communication
and higher costs as issues, with the
retention of experienced highly motivated managers
identified as an advantage. A staff survey
explored whether the job-sharing arrangement
trialled in a day surgery setting by two nurse
managers was successful compared with similar
roles held by full-time managers. This paper suggests
that nurse managers can successfully job
share. Overall, this paper recommends that
employers consider a job-sharing arrangement
when they wish to retain experienced nurse managers,
and highlights aspects that can enhance a
successful outcome.
Discovery and trait association of single nucleotide polymorphisms from gene regions of influence on meat tenderness and long-chain omega-3 fatty acid content in Australian lamb
Authors: Knight M. I. , Daetwyler H. D. , Hayes B. J. , Hayden M. J. , Ball A. J. , Pethick D. W. , McDonagh M. B.
Published: November 2018

Whole genome association studies in humans have shown a strong relationship between omega-3 levels in plasma and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) located close to genes whose protein products are involved in the biosynthesis of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. In sheep and other livestock species, the calpain/calpastatin system is the principal influence on natural variation in meat tenderness between animals. Using targeted next generation sequencing, we sequenced the fatty acid desaturase locus (FADS1/2/3), ELOVL2 and SLC26A10 and the calpain/calpastatin (CAPN1/2/3 and CAST) gene loci of 35 industry sires from the Australian flock. A total of 753 SNP were identified and 182 of these SNP were selected for incorporation onto a research SNP panel that represented the genetic variation across the nine genes. A total of 1252 animals were genotyped from the Australian Sheep CRC Information Nucleus Flock for these SNP and the genomic association was calculated for omega-3 fatty acid content and objective meat tenderness in lamb. Six SNP within CAST and CAPN2 showed association with shear force at Day 5 post-mortem at a significance level of P ≤ 0.01. When these were fitted simultaneously in a mixed-model analysis with fixed effects and covariates, three SNP remained significant. These SNP each had an unfavourable effect on shear force of between 1.1 and 1.8 N, with a combined effect of 4.1 N. The frequency of the favourable alleles in the progeny measured indicates that these SNP hold good potential for improving the management of meat tenderness across Merino, Border Leicester and Terminal sire types. No SNP within the FADS1/2/3, ELOVL2 and SLC26A10 gene regions were associated with lamb muscle omega-3 levels. This indicates that genetic variation in the long-chain omega-3 biosynthesis pathway genes analysed here may not be important for omega-3 content in lamb within the Information Nucleus Flock population.
Postpartum anoestrous interval in first-lactation beef and dairy-beef crossbred cows
Authors: Hickson R. E. , Laven R. L. , Lopez-Villalobos N. , Kenyon P. R. , Morris S. T.
Published: November 2018

In New Zealand, beef-breeding cows are required to wean a calf every year, and the weight of calf at weaning is a major driver of the efficiency of the breeding cow. Weaning weight can be increased by increasing milk yield of the cow such as by incorporating dairy breed genetics into the breeding cows, and by having early born calves which are, therefore, older at weaning. This experiment examined postpartum anoestrous interval and pregnancy rate to rebreeding in 109 beef-breed and beef-cross-dairy breed first-lactation cows suckling their own calves. Cows with a Jersey component had a shorter postpartum anoestrous interval than cows without (90 versus 97–101 days; P < 0.05). Pregnancy rates after 42 days of joining with bulls were 83–97% for straight-bred Angus, Angus-cross-Friesian, Angus-cross-Jersey and Angus-cross-Kiwicross (Friesian-cross-Jersey) cows, but only 41% for straight-bred Friesian cows (P < 0.05). For every day younger heifers reached puberty, postpartum anoestrous interval was reduced by 0.07 ± 0.02 days (P < 0.01) indicating that age at puberty could be used as a predictor of subsequent fertility. The Jersey-component cows offered advantages in fertility traits and may be worthwhile incorporating into beef-breeding cow herds.
The impact of system changes to a dairy farm in south-west Victoria: risk and increasing profitability
Authors: Heard J. W. , Leddin C. M. , Armstrong D. P. , Ho C. K. M. , Tarrant K. A. , Malcolm B. , Wales W. J.
Published: November 2018

A case study modelling approach was used to examine changes to a dairy farm in south-west Victoria to maintain or increase profit in the future 5–10 years in the face of some ‘cost-price squeeze’, emphasising impacts on both returns and risk. Five changes to the status quo system were analysed. Each involved increasing pasture consumption on the milking area and non-milking leased area (where appropriate). The five changes were: (1) reducing leased non-milking area by 100 ha; (2) converting 60 ha of non-milking leased area to milking area, reducing leased non-milking area by 100 ha and reducing stocking rate on the milking area; (3) converting 187 ha of leased non-milking area to milking area, increasing herd size to 800 cows and reducing stocking rate on the milking area; (4) discarding all leased area, reducing herd size to 370 cows and reducing stocking rate; and (5) converting 127 ha of non-milking leased area to milking area, discarding all other lease arrangements and reducing stocking rate. Mean ± standard deviation of nominal owner’s equity at the end of Year 10 was $2.59M ± $1.33M, $5.42M ± $1.26M, $5.76M ± $1.21M, $7.47M ± $1.64M, $6.01M ± $0.78M and $6.10M ± $1.19M for the status quo and development options 1–5, respectively. For most but not all of the development options, the risk associated with the profit, cash and equity as measured by a range of indicators improved markedly over the performance of the farm system under the status quo. Both substantial increases and decreases in herd size were attractive. Irrespective of the direction of change in herd size, the most profitable options involved reducing stocking rate per ha and reducing purchased supplementary feed compared with the status quo. Significantly, changing to increase productivity greatly reduced the risk of having less equity at the end of Year 10 than the starting equity. Optimising the amount of home-grown grazed feed, and using purchased supplements efficiently are important, particularly if the milk being sold is subject to export market prices and variation. The most appropriate changes to dairy farm businesses in response to changes in the operating environment will vary from farm to farm – but maintaining the status quo in the face of change is not an option that meets farm family goals.
Food and feed, mycotoxins and the perpetual pentagram in a changing animal production environment
Authors: Bryden Wayne L.
Published: November 2018

G. L. McClymont developed a unique paradigm in which to consider the challenges that confront agriculture and it is based on an understanding of the interrelationships of plants, animals, soils and water within an economic and social framework. The major changes in our environment are the consequence of rapid population growth and the need to increase world food supplies. Within this context, this paper provides an overview of the link between agriculture, especially animal production and population health and how mycotoxins, fungal secondary metabolites, can perturb this link. Examples from New Zealand and Australian animal agriculture are described. The underlying premise of this paper is that agriculture is a major determinant of human health through the supply of food derived from both plant and animal sources. In other words, nutrition is the conduit between agriculture and human health. Against this backdrop the potential role of mycotoxins in determining food and feed supplies is discussed. Globally, mycotoxins have significant human and animal health, economic and international trade implications.
Preliminary investigations indicate that the lack of growth in Indonesian goat consumption is linked to negative perceptions of goat meat
Authors: Murray-Prior R. , Natsir A. , Asja M. A. , Nasrullah  , Murray P. J. , Yusmasari  , Nurhayu A.
Published: November 2018

The present paper discusses goat consumption by consumers in Makassar, Indonesia, on the basis of interviews with households from April to May 2009, using a survey that included questions on criteria for purchasing meat, attitudes to goat meat, goat and goat-meat purchases and consumption, and demographics of the respondents. Consumers rarely bought goat or goat meat for family, visitors or gifts and most commonly bought it for religious and birth ceremonies. Cluster analysis identified four consumer segments that were not significantly correlated with demographic variables but were with purchasing patterns and the likelihood of increasing consumption. The evidence supports the hypothesis that goat meat is consumed mainly for cultural ceremonies and that the reason for the lack of growth in consumption of goat meat is negative perceptions of many consumers about its effects on their health.
Evaluation of village-based diets for increasing the weight and condition of Ongole (Bos indicus) and Bali (Bos javanicus) cows in Indonesia
Authors: Antari R. , Syahniar T. M. , Mayberry D. E. , Marsetyo  , Pamungkas D. , Anderson S. T. , Poppi D. P.
Published: November 2018

The aim of this research was to compare different feeding strategies to increase the weight and body condition score (BCS) of Ongole (Bos indicus) and Bali (Bos javanicus) cows kept by smallholder farmers in Indonesia. Thirty mature, non-pregnant, non-lactating Ongole and Bali cows were allocated to one of three treatment groups in a randomised block design, with five cows of each breed per treatment. The experiment consisted of a 2-week adaptation period and 24-week experimental period. In Weeks 1–17 cows were offered one of three diets; rice straw ad libitum plus gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) at 3 g DM/kg W.day (RSG3), rice straw at 10 g DM/kg W.day plus gliricidia at 10 g DM/kg W.day, or elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) ad libitum. During Weeks 18–24 the cows previously fed the RSG3 diet were offered rice straw ad libitum plus rice bran at 10 g DM/kg W.day. There was no change to diets of the other groups. Feeding untreated rice straw plus gliricidia or rice bran only provided enough metabolisable energy for maintenance of both breeds. Ongole and Bali cows consuming elephant grass gained weight at 0.25 and 0.33 kg/day, respectively. However, even at these higher growth rates it would still take ~4–6 months for cows to gain 1 BCS unit (1–5 scale). Maintaining a good BCS would be a better management strategy.
Effects of cloprostenol and flurogestone acetate sponge on embryo yields and quality in indigenous ewes in Bangladesh
Authors: Zohara B. F. , Azizunnesa  , Islam M. F. , Alam M. G. S. , Bari F. Y.
Published: November 2018

The effects of two doses of cloprostenol and two doses of flurogestone acetate sponge on the onset of oestrus, and embryo recovery and quality were evaluated. Thirty-two indigenous ewes (Wera breed) were allocated into four groups of eight. All ewes were synchronised with 100 µg (Group I) or 175 µg (Group II) cloprostenol injection, 9 days apart, or insertion of intravaginal sponges containing 30 mg (Group III) or 45 mg (Group IV) flurogestone acetate (FGA) for 12 days. The ewes were superovulated with 600 IU PMSG intramuscularly 10 days after the second cloprostenol injection or immediately after sponge removal on Day 12. After the detection of oestrus, the ewes were mated naturally at 6 and 12 h, and some ewes were inseminated laparoscopically. Embryos were recovered surgically 5 or 6 days after service. All ewes exhibited oestrus. The onset of oestrus occurred significantly (P < 0.05) earlier in FGA-treated (50.0 ± 1.5 and 48.0 ± 0.00 h) than in cloprostenol-treated groups. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the mean time of onset of oestrus (50.0 ± 1.5 and 48.0 ± 0.00 h) between the two doses of cloprostenol. The mean number of corpora lutea (8.1 ± 1.26) and embryos recovered (6.1 ± 1.00) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in ewes treated with 45 mg FGA than in ewes treated with cloprostenol. Embryo recovery rate was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in ewes treated with 45 mg FGA (75.4%) than in other groups (41.7% and 51.6% in 100 μg and 175 μg cloprostenol- and 52.7% in 30 mg FGA-treated groups, respectively). Fertilisation rate was 93.3% in ewes given 100 µg cloprostenol, whereas other groups showed 100% fertilisation rate. The highest percentage (100%) of Grade 1 embryos was in FGA groups. In conclusion, despite FGA protocol presenting superior results, cloprostenol protocol was equally efficient in synchronising oestrus. The embryo recovery rate was better after 45 mg FGA than 30 mg FGA or after either dose of cloprostenol.
SNP included in candidate genes involved in muscle, lipid and energy metabolism behave like neutral markers
Authors: Sevane Natalia , Cañon Javier , Williams John L. , Levéziel Hubert , Valentini Alessio , Dunner Susana , the GemQual Consortium
Published: November 2018

Studies of population structure and diversity in cattle have provided insights into the origins of breeds, their history and evolution, and allow the identification of global livestock diversity hotspots, which is important for conservation of diversity. Genetic diversity, genetic relationship, population structure, and the presence of hotspots of genetic diversity among 15 European bovine breeds from five countries were assessed using 435 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers identified in candidate genes for muscle, lipid and energy metabolism, thus providing the opportunity to compare the breed relationships obtained using putatively functional markers with previous data using neutral loci. Individuals belonging to 11 breeds tended to be clearly assigned to a single cluster when the number of pre-defined populations reached a maximum in the likelihood of the data at K = 12, whereas Asturiana de los Valles, Danish Red, Simmental, and Avileña-Negra Ibérica displayed a greater degree of admixture, which may be explained by their diverse ancestry. Although overall results were in agreement with those reported by studies based on neutral genetic variations, some additional breed relationship information emerged using markers in candidate functional loci, including the relationship between the Asturiana de los Valles and Piedmontese, and Danish Red and Charolais breeds. This study indicates that the analysed loci have not been main targets for selection or for adaptation processes, but also that SNP within candidate genes related with beef characteristics and performance may provide a slightly new perspective on past breeding and may also help in the development of strategies for the rational conservation of livestock diversity.
Identifying current challenges and research priorities to guide the design of more attractive dairy-farm workplaces in New Zealand
Authors: Eastwood C. R. , Greer J. , Schmidt D. , Muir J. , Sargeant K.
Published: November 2018

Globally, dairy farmers face issues with attracting and retaining high-quality staff. In the present study, a qualitative research method was used to explore the current challenges in relation to people on farm, the approaches currently used by farmers to make dairying more attractive and productive for people, and perspectives on the challenges for attracting and retaining people on future farms. Current challenges were in the areas of recruitment, productivity, skills and learning, farm and industry structural issues, and impact of farm profitability on ability to implement new people practices. Participants’ vision of the future dairy workplace was one that is highly dynamic, more open to consumers and the community, and largely data-driven. We suggest that dairy workplace research priorities focus on the design and testing of new systems to provide people with meaningful work and a good lifestyle, without compromising profit. Specific priorities include using new ways of connecting and communicating to create engaged and effective teams, developing flexible farm teams who deeply understand their role in the value chain and the consumer connection, defining the opportunity for technology to make the job easier and more enjoyable, developing farm systems that are safe, innovative, and provide a good career, and helping farming businesses demonstrate their people performance to consumers.
Effects of Prolonged Intravenous Infusions of Adrenaline on Glucose Utilization, Plasma Metabolites, Hormones and Milk Production in Lactating Sheep
Authors: Leenanuruksa D , McDowell GH
Published: November 2018

Lactating ewes received continuous intravenous infusions of adrenaline (0�05 Itg/kg liveweight) for 4 days. Prior to, during and after adrenaline infusions, milk yield and composition were monitored. Plasma concentrations of metabolites and hormones were measured each day and glucose biokinetics were measured in non-steady state at the start and end of adrenaline infusions.
Do generalisations of global trade-offs in plant design apply to an Australian sclerophyllous flora?
Authors: Meers Trevor L. , Bell Tina L. , Enright Neal J. , Kasel Sabine
Published: November 2018

Functional-trait analysis at a global scale has found evidence for evolutionary specialisation of species into those designed to acquire resources rapidly and those designed to conserve resources. The present study aimed to determine whether such a trade-off exists in sclerophyllous vegetation in Australia. We measured 10 traits for 167 plant species. The first axis of a principal components analysis represented a trade-off between resource acquisition and resource conservation, consistent with global trends. Common traits shared by resource-conservative species included low specific leaf area (SLA), resprouting, ant-dispersal, and ericoid mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal associations. These attributes were typical of 3 of 13 functional groups produced by cluster analysis (eucalypts, ant-dispersed shrubs, ericoid heaths) that had the lowest SLA, and were almost exclusively native shrubs and trees. Resource-acquisitive species had high SLA, a small stature, annual life cycle, arbuscular mycorrhizal or non-mycorrhizal associations, and small, wind-dispersed seeds. These attributes are similar to those identified for species with a ruderal strategy and were typical of the functional groups representing wind-dispersed composites, AM annuals and non-mycorrhizal annuals that had the highest SLA and were dominated by introduced species. Comparable trait associations have been found in other studies, suggesting that similar processes drive plant design at a global scale. However, there were some patterns specific to the flora studied that were attributable to adaptations to suit the nutrient-poor soils and arid conditions typical of the Australian environment.
Evidence of pseudomonad pollen formation in Hypolytrum (Mapanioideae, Cyperaceae)
Authors: Coan Alessandra Ike , Alves Marccus Vinícius , Scatena Vera Lucia
Published: November 2018

Cyperaceae are characterised by typical simultaneous microsporogenesis that results in the formation of pseudomonad pollen. Morphological studies indicate the occurrence of a distinct pollen type in Mapanioideae, the spherical and monoporate Mapania-type pollen, found in representatives of Hypolytreae. This study investigates anther and pollen development in species of Hypolytrum for a better understanding of the mapanioid pollen type. Stages in microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis were analysed in both Hypolytrum (Mapanioideae, Hypolytreae; five species sampled) and Rhynchospora (Cyperoideae; two species studied). The latter was used as a comparator, known for the occurrence of pseudomonads. The results presented here confirm those already reported for the family, regardless of genus. The most important differences are morphological, not developmental. All species sampled of both genera had Cyperaceae-type simultaneous microsporogenesis resulting in pseudomonad pollen. Predictions that Mapania-type pollen in Hypolytrum would be monad are refuted. Anthers examined of Rhynchospora showed phenolic idioblasts, while those of species of Hypolytrum did not. There is need for ontogenetic studies on the other genera of Hypolytreae, such as Mapania and Scirpodendron, to extend and test the generality of our observations across the Hypolytreae.
Inhibition of abscisic acid-induced stomatal closure by ethylene is related to the change of hydrogen peroxide levels in guard cells in broad bean
Authors: Song XiGui , She XiaoPing , Wang Juan
Published: November 2018

We analysed the role and relationship between hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) reduction and the inhibition of abscisic acid (ABA)-induced stomatal closure by ethylene. Like ascorbic acid (ASA), the most important reducing substrate for H2O2 removal, catalase, one of the H2O2 scavenging enzymes and diphenylene iodonium, an inhibitor of the H2O2-generating enzyme NADPH oxidase, both ethylene-releasing compound 2-chloroethylene phosphonic acid (ethephon, ETH) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), the immediate precursor of ethylene, were found to inhibit stomatal closure by ABA and to reduce H2O2 levels by ABA in guard cells, indicating that ethylene-caused inhibition of ABA-induced stomatal closure involves reduction of H2O2 levels in guard cells. Additionally, similar to ASA and catalase, ACC/ETH not only suppressed H2O2-induced stomatal closure and H2O2 levels in guard cells treated with exogenous H2O2 in light, but also reopened the stomata which had been closed by ABA and reduced H2O2 levels that had been generated by ABA. The abovementioned effects of ACC and ETH were dissimilar to that of diphenylene iodonium, an inhibitor of the H2O2-generating enzyme NADPH oxidase, which not only had incapability to reduce H2O2 levels by exogenous H2O2 but also could not abolish H2O2 that had been generated by ABA. So we suggest that ethylene probably induces H2O2 removal and reduces H2O2 levels in Vicia faba guard cells, and finally inhibits stomatal closure induced by ABA.