bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Miles Apart?
Authors: Meisel Perry
Published: November 2023

Miles Davis remains the consummate portrait of black urbanity that we have. His fiercely agonistic relation to Louis Armstrong structures his career and explains the relation of jazz modernism, whether bop or rock, to early jazz itself. If Armstrong crosses from country to city like a jazz Moses, then Davis’s reaction to all that Armstrong represents-the full, open tone, the exuberance, the primacy-is a crossing back, a revisionary, urban curtailment of the enthusiasm of the South. Here bop and rock and roll impulses join under the common banner of a jazz modernism that, in two very different ways, revises the country fullness of the whole history of jazz in its days of enthusiasm from Dixieland to swing. Davis’s controversial turn to a rock mode in the late 1960s is an entirely natural one, since it has in common with the bop mode of his youth the intervention by the city in the country’s presumption of knowing ways. Let us consider Davis’s relation to Armstrong before surveying the movement of his career.
The Three-Dimensional Carriers of Biological Information
Authors: Loewenstein Werner R
Published: November 2023

he energy transmissions in the pathways nursing biomolecular synthesis usually wind up, as we have seen, with a 7.3 Kilocalorie puff from ATP. This energy package serves to weld together the amino-acid units of proteins and the nucleotide units of DNA and RNA, as well as the units in sugar and phospholipid molecules that abound in cells. However, this hardly fills the bill. Though the ATP package represents a significant amount of information, a lot more is needed to build those molecules up from their units. The units all must be in the right sequence and must have the right orientation before they can be welded together. The probability for these arrangements to arise spontaneously is extremely low; we would have to wait a very, very long time for any significant number of molecules to form. Biological molecules are not altogether unique in this regard. Most molecules on the earth’s surface have fairly stable electronic configurations-a sign of our Earth’s old age. Things just don’t go sizzling or exploding around us; most molecules are not very reactive. It is not that reactions cannot occur, but their probability is low. A potentially explosive mixture of H2 and02, for example, can stay for years at room temperature without appreciable reaction.
Syndromes Affecting Bone: Other Skeletal Dysplasias
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M
Published: November 2023

Reardon et al (1) described a brother and sister, the offspring of secondcousin Pakistani parents. At birth, short angulated lower limbs and forearms with dimpling of the overlying skin were noted, as well as cleft palate and microretrognathia.
Hamartoneoplastic Syndromes
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M
Published: November 2023

Although Pollitzer (62) and Janovsky (44) described acanthosis nigricans (AN) in 1890, it was Pollitzer (63), in 1909, who made the first extensive study of cases previously reported and who emphasized the relationship of the skin disease to abdominal malignancy. During the next 85 years, over 1200 cases have been reported. Several excellent surveys (11,76) have been carried out, probably the greatest contributions being those of Curth and coworkers (19–23).
Realism and the Success of Science
Authors: Kukla Andre
Published: November 2023

The bedrock of the case for scientific realism is the argument from the success, of science. Most versions of the argument have the following structure:(SS1) The enterprise of science is (enormously) more successful than can be accounted for by chance. (SS2) The only (or best) explanation for this success is the truth (or approximate truth) of scientific theories. (SS3) Therefore, we should be scientific realists. I’ll refer to this argument schema as SS. The canonical version of SS is Putnam’s (1975a), according to which the success of science (SS1) would be a “miracle” if scientific theories were not true. To say this is to claim that theoretical truth is the only available explanation for the success of science. Putnam’s version is therefore a particularly fragile form of the argument: the formulation of a single coherent alternative explanation would be enough to block the conclusion. A more robust argument is that we should be realists because theoretical truth (or approximate truth) is the best explanation for the success of science. By the “success of science”, I mean that our scientific theories enable us to make significantly more correct predictions than we could make without them. This formulation is more circumscribed than, but roughly consistent with, Laudan’s broadly pragmatic characterization: A theory is successful provided that it makes substantially correct predictions, that it leads to efficacious interventions in the natural order, or that it passes a suitable battery of standard tests. (1984b, 109). There’s nothing of central significance in this chapter that hinges on the differences between these two formulations.
The Theory-Observation Distinction II Van Fraassen’s Distinction
Authors: Kukla Andre
Published: November 2023

Van Fraassen never expected any aid or comfort from Fodor-style distinctions. His discussion begins with the assumption that the Kuhnian model is correct: All our language is thoroughly theory-infected. If we could cleanse our language of theory-laden terms, beginning with the recently introduced ones like “VHF receiver”, continuing through “mass” and “impulse” to “element” and so on into the prehistory of language formation, we would end up with nothing useful.
Realism and Epistemology
Authors: Kukla Andre
Published: November 2023

The history of antirealism in the twentieth century exhibits a pattern of progressive attenuation, wherein each version of the doctrine lays claim to strictly less than its predecessor. Van Fraassen’s 1980 brand of antirealism-“constructive empiricism” - already represents a retreat from the bold claims of the positivists. Constructive empiricists concede that statements about theoretical entities can’t be reduced to statements about actual or possible observations and that such statements are nevertheless true or false. In the terminology introduced in chapter 1, they’re both antireductionists and semantic realists. What marks constructive empiricism as a brand of antirealism is the epistemic claim that we’re never warranted in believing more of a theory than that it’s empirically adequate. Strictly speaking, the view that theories have truth-values isn’t logically weaker than the positivists’ assertion that theories don’t have truth-values. But it’s clear that van Fraassen doesn’t need semantic realism to establish what he wants to say about science. If it were shown that theories are not true or false, he would be able to greet the news with equanimity. Indeed, it would lighten his argumentative burden.
An Alternative Mechanism For The Formation of Split Patterns of Y’ Precipitates In Ni-Al Alloys
Authors: Banerjee D , Banerjee R , Wang, Y
Published: November 2023

Computer modeling is playing an increasingly important role in our fundamental understanding of the mechanisms underlying microstructure development which is of key importance to materials design. In recent years, many advaced simulation techniques have been developed to simulate and predict the formation and dynamic evolution of complex microstructural patterns in different material systems during various material processes.
Structural Correla Tions and Stress Distribution at Silicon I Silicon Nitride Interface
Authors: Bachlechner Martina E , Omeltchenko Andrey , Tsuruta Kenji , Nakano Aiichiro , Kaua Rajiv K , Vashishta Priya , Ebbsjö Ingvar , Madhukar Anupam
Published: November 2023

With increasing packing density in the VLSI stresses induced by pixellation, thermal and lattice mismatch become increasingly significant [9]. These spatially inhomogeneous stresses are known to generate defects and may affect electronic properties of devices. Therefore understanding stresses and strains in various nanostructures is of central importance for the design of nanoscale devices. The issue of lattice mismatch induced stresses has been addressed using linear elasticity finiteelement calculations [10). However, this continuum approach fails to account for many intrinsically atomistic effects, and it has been argued that atomistic molecular dynamics simulations should provide better description of stress in nanostructures[11]. In fact, recent advances in parallel computing make it possible to simulate systems containing millions of atoms and thus approach the realistic length scales.
Ab Initio Calculations of Interfaces in MateRials: Grain Boundaries in SiC and SiC/Al InterFaces
Authors: Kohyama Masanori , Hoekstra John
Published: November 2023

It is well known that the properties of ceramics as high-temperature materials are strongly influenced by internal interfaces such as grain boundaries. And it is necessary to form interfaces between ceramics and metals in their practical applications. Thus it is of great importance to investigate grain boundaries in ceramics and metal/ceramic interfaces, where an understanding of atomic bonding is essential. Currently, by virtue of the development of the first-principles molecular dynamics (FPMD) method [1-5], it is possible to apply ab initio calculations based on the density-functional theory [6,7] to such complex systems.
Band-Theoretical Approach to the Superionic Conductivity of Solid Electrolytes
Authors: Kikuchi Hideaki , Iyetomi Hiroshi , Hasegawa Akira
Published: November 2023

Solid electrolytes, also called superionic conductors, are fascinating ionic compounds which have characteristics intermediate between crystalline and molten states [l-5]: one of the ionic species forms a stable, thermally vibrating lattice, while the oppositely charged species migrate in the sublattice. Such materials exhibit ionic conductivities comparable to those of the electrolyte solutions well below the melting temperatures. The solid electrolytes have thus attracted a number of researchers with not only academic but also technological interests.
Collaborative Virtual Reality Environments for Computational Science and Design
Authors: Papka Michael E , Stevens Rick , Szymanski Matthew
Published: November 2023

We are developing a networked, multi-user, virtual-reality-based collaborative environment coupled to one or more petaFLOPs computers, enabling the interactive simulation of atom systems. The purpose of this work is to explore the requirements for this coupling. Through the design, development, and testing of such systems, we hope to gain knowledge that will allow computational scientists to discover and analyze their results more quickly and in a more intuitive manner.
Issues Involving Structural Stabilities In Multilayered Materials and Intermetallic Compounds
Authors: Fraser H L
Published: November 2023

Traditionally, most materials, but especially those for high temperature applications, have been developed using the experimental “matrix test” method. This has involved the selection of a number of trial compositions and a matrix of mechanical tests to which the given alloys would be subjected. An evaluation of the results would lead to a down-selection of compositions, and a further matrix of tests, and the process would be repeated. Eventually, there is a possibility that an improved material would result. The costs involved in undertaking these large numbers of tests are prohibitive. For commercial applications, particularly those involving high performance, new materials resulting from this matrix method must be developed to a significant degree of maturity prior to being introduced in components. Traditionally, this maturation of materials has been effected by use in military hardware such that the associated costs have been borne largely by the Government.
Failure of Herring’s Sintering Law at the Nanoscale
Authors: Zeng Pei , Clapp Philip C , Rifkin Jon A
Published: November 2023

In Herring’s original paper’ on the effect of change of scale on sintering phenomena, he considered two partially sintered clusters that were geometrically similar, the linear dimensions of the second being A times that of the first. The question he posed was how was the time At, required to produce a given change in shape of the first cluster related to the time At2 required to produce a geometrically similar shape in the second (at the same temperature). To answer this question he postulated that in the absence of externally applied stresses the sintering would be primarily driven by surface tension, or the reduction in surface energy, and that the change in shape would be a continuous process that did not require discrete nucleation events.
Genetic Counseling in an Expanding Social Context
Authors: Weil Jon
Published: November 2023

Genetic counseling occurs within and contributes to a rapidly changing world. Genetic concepts, information, and techniques have increasing importance in medicine, public health, and reproduction. There is a growing emphasis on the demonstrated or presumptive genetic contribution to a wide range of human characteristics and behaviors, including such common sources of concern as obesity, depression, and attention deficit disorder. The Human Genome Project exemplifies government and social commitment to pursuing information about the nature and role of human heredity. Yet this growing body of knowledge, when coupled with developments in genetic screening and testing, reproductive technologies, the genetic engineering of agricultural organisms, and the cloning of mammals, has raised profound ethical and existential concerns. Some individuals have deep reservations about and resistance to these rapid changes and the expansion of scientific and technological control into new domains of life.

Detailed consideration of the broad range of medical, social, ethical, legal, and practical issues raised by these developments lies beyond the scope of this book. However, I do choose to address the relevant issues from two perspectives. The first involves the research and interpretations of sociologists and other social analysts concerning genetic screening, testing, and prenatal diagnosis as they relate to reproductive issues.
Measuring Decomposition, Nutrient Turnover, and Stores in Plant Litter
Authors: Harmon Mark E , Blair Knute J Nadelhoffe,r John M
Published: November 2023

Decomposition processes represent a major flux of both fixed carbon (C) and nutrients in most terrestrial ecosystems, and quantifying rates of litter mass loss and the concomitant changes in nutrients bound in the litter are important aspects of evaluating ecosystem function. Plant litter decomposition plays an important role in determining carbon and nutrient accumulation, as well as the rate and timing of nutrient release in forms available for uptake by plants and soil biota. Litter decomposition and nutrient dynamics are controlled to varying degrees by substrate quality (litter morphology and chemistry), abiotic conditions (temperature, moisture, soil texture), and biotic activity (microbial and fauna!; Kurcheva 1960; Heath et al. 1964; Bunnell et al. 1977; Bunnell and Tate 1977; Parton et al. 1987). Thus, decomposition processes can serve as “‘integrating variables”‘ for evaluating ecosystem function, for comparing different ecosystems, and for evaluating management practices or other anthropogenic influences (Coleman and Crossley 1996).
Dinitrogen Fixation
Authors: Myrold David D , Ruess Roger W , Klug Michael L
Published: November 2023

Biological N2 fixation is the conversion of atmospheric N2 to NH3 by bacteria. The reduction of the triple bond of N2 to form NH3 is performed under anaerobic conditions by the nitrogenase enzyme complex at the expense of 12-16 ATP with H2 as a by-product. The NH3 produced by dinitrogen fixation is subsequently assimilated into organic forms of nitrogen by standard metabolic pathways. This input of organic nitrogen from N2 fixation is often the largest input to the nitrogen cycle of nonfertilized soil ecosystems.
Spinoza’s Theology
Authors: Donagan Alan
Published: November 2023

spinoza’s theolog;, although original, owes much to the cultural soil that nourished it. His parents were among the many ‘‘Marranos’’-Portuguese Jews who in their native country had been compelled outwardly to embrace Roman Catholicism-who had emigrated to Amsterdam in the early seventeenth century. In the freedom of their new country, the immigrant Marrano community set out to recover its full religious heritage, and to shed beliefs and practices contrary to it. However, some of its members, of whom Spinoza was one, not only remained attached to non Jewish elements in their Marrano culture, but, having embraced the revolution in the physical sciences associated with Galileo, Bacon, and Descartes, wished to pursue its implications for religion. When he was twenty-three, partly because he would not renounce these non-Jewish interests, the Amsterdam synagogue expelled and cursed him. Yet even among the radical Christians who befriended him, and who repudiated the trinitarian and Christological doctrines he found absurd, only a small circle of intimates were prepared to follow him when he jettisoned the conception of God as a supernatural creator of the natural universe, and developed a ‘‘naturalized’’ theology, in which the natural universe, as conceived in Baconian-Cartesian natural science, derives its existence from nothing above and beyond it.
Human Ends and Human Actions: An Exploration in St. Thoma’s Treatment
Authors: Donagan Alan
Published: November 2023

There are at least two different ways in which human beings explain one another’s actions. One, the most common, is by treating the action to be explained as behavior with a purpose, and a purpose as an end to be brought about. When we know what somebody proposed to bring about when he acted in a certain fashion, and why he believed that so acting was, in his situation, the way to bring that end about, we can claim so far to understand his action. Philosophy furnishes us with a word for such explanations: the word ‘‘teleological.’’ Human action is characteristically directed to tek, or ends; and a telos is an event of a certain kind to be made to happen, or (less accurately, I believe) a state of affairs of a certain kind to be brought about. Sometimes this event is fairly simple, such as at last getting in your first serve in a tennis game, after an ignominious string of failures; sometimes it is highly complex, such as living a happy life.
Ethics and Theology: Two Lectures
Authors: Donagan Alan
Published: November 2023

Many practicing Jews and Christians are disquieted when secular philosophers offer to defend, on purely philosophical grounds, the traditional morality that has been transmitted within their respective faiths. A bit over two years ago I published a book in which just such a defense was attempted; and last spring it moved a clergyman, also a doctoral candidate at a distinguished university, to write to me expostulating that the ‘‘ground’’ of Hebrew-Christian morality ‘‘lies in the Hebrew-Christian Scriptures, balanced with a reasonable hermeneutic.’’ This did not fail to stir some fellow feeling; for in the meantime I had accepted the Christian faith and been received into the Church. When an unbeliever I had had no more than a feeble interest in investigating the connection between the Jewish and the Christian faiths and the morality they foster, although its existence is undeniable and I had recognized it. As my beliefs changed, so did my interests; and now that I have thought more about the connection between ethics and theology, my understanding of it, although still less than adequate, is not what it was. In my second lecture I hope to explore some of the principal respects in which theology does matter to ethics. In my first, however, I propose to repeat my earlier offense, and to argue that the ground of Hebrew-Christian morality does not lie in the Hebrew-Christian Scriptures: indeed, that it does not lie in the Jewish or the Christian revelation at all.
On the Nature of Mathematical Truth
Authors: Hempel Carl G , Fetzer James H
Published: November 2023

It is a basic principle of scientific inquiry that no proposition and no theory is to be accepted without adequate grounds. In empirical science, which includes both the natural and the social sciences, the grounds for the acceptance of a theory consist in the agreement of predictions based on the theory with empirical evidence obtained either by experiment or by systematic observation. But what are the grounds which sanction the acceptance of mathematics? That is the question I propose to discuss in the present essay. For reasons which will become clear subsequently, I shall use the term “mathematics” here to refer to arithmetic, algebra, and analysis—to the exclusion, in particular, of geometry.
Deductive-Nomological versus Statistical Explanation
Authors: Hempel Carl G , Fetzer James H
Published: November 2023

This essay is concerned with the form and function of explanation in the sense in which it is sought, and often achieved, by empirical science. It does not propose to examine all aspects of scientific explanation; in particular, a closer study of historical explanation falls outside the purview of the present investigation. My main object is to propose, and to elaborate to some extent, a distinction of two basic modes of explanation—and similarly of prediction and retrodiction— which will be called the deductive and the inductive mode. The structure of deductive explanation and prediction conforms to what is now often called the covering-law model: it consists in the deduction of whatever is being explained or predicted from general laws in conjunction with information about particular facts. The logic of this procedure was examined in some earlier articles of mine, and especially in a study carried out in collaboration with P. Oppenheim.
Postscript 1976: More Recent Ideas on the Problem of Statistical Explanation
Authors: Hempel Carl G , Fetzer James H
Published: November 2023

In this postscript I would like to take issue with the ideas on the problem of statistical explanation which recently have been developed by R. C. Jeffrey,1 W. C. Salmon,2 and W. Stegmüller,3 and which deviate significantly from that in the view stated above. In short, Jeffrey and Salmon reject my statement of statistical explanation in the form of “argument,” my demand of a high assigned probability value, and the epistemological relativization of statistical explanation to given knowledge situations; however, they grant statistical laws an explanatory role (Jeffrey, certainly, only to a restricted extent) and characterize this in a new kind of way.
Rational Action
Authors: Hempel Carl G , Fetzer James H
Published: November 2023

To say of an action that it is rational is to put forward an empirical hypothesis and a critical appraisal. The hypothesis is to the effect that the action was done for certain reasons, that it can be explained as having been motivated by them; these reasons will include certain ends the agent sought to attain, and his beliefs about available means of attaining them. And the critical appraisal implied by the attribution of rationality is to the effect that, judged in the light of the agent’s beliefs, his action constituted a reasonable or appropriate choice of means for the attainment of his ends. Both the critical and the explanatory aspects of the concept of rational action give rise to various philosophical questions. The considerations that follow are an attempt to delineate and explore some of the most important among these.
Encountering Zora Neale Hurston
Authors: Williams Sherley Anne
Published: November 2023

I first encountered Zora Neale Hurston in an Afro-American literature course I took in graduate school. She was one of numerous authors surveyed in the two-semester course, which began with Lucy Terry in 1746 and ended with the Black Arts writers of the sixties. Hurston’s works were studied as a sort of holdover from the Harlem Renaissance, that period that coincided, at least in part, with the Jazz Age and witnessed the first concerted outpourings of formal artistic expression among Afro-Americans.
Metaphor, Metonymy, and Voice in Their Eyes Were Watching God
Authors: Johnson Barbara
Published: November 2023

Not so very long ago, metaphor and metonymy burst into prominence as the salt and pepper, the Laurel and Hardy, the Yin and Yang, and often the Scylla and Charybdis of literary theory. Then, just as quickly, this cosmic couple passed out of fashion again. How did it happen that such an arcane rhetorical opposition was able to acquire the brief but powerful privilege of dividing and naming the whole of human reality, from Mommy and Daddy or Symptom and Desire all the way to God and Country or Beautiful Lie and Sober Lucidity?1
IV
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H
Published: November 2023

The washerwomen were still toiling away. They had eaten lunch and returned to work. Despite the shade from the makeshift awnings they had erected, they were all wearing straw hats. Their faces glistened with sweat, they all felt feverish in that blazing furnace, their blood boiled as they digested their meals in the midday sun. Machona was arguing with a black woman who accused her of losing a pair of socks and giving her the wrong shirt. Augusta drooped above her washboard like a melting candle.
IX
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H
Published: November 2023

Weeks went by. Jeronimo now drank a big mug of coffee every morning, just like Rita, along with a shot of rum “to get the chill out of his bones.” Day by day, hour by hour, a slow but profound change was transforming him, altering his body and sharpening his senses as silently and mysteriously as a butterfly growing in its cocoon. His energy drained away; he became contemplative and easy going. He found life in the Americas and Brazil’ s landscapes exciting and seductive; he forgot his earlier ambitions and began to enjoy new, pungent, strong sensations. He was more generous and less concerned about tomorrow, quicker to spend than to save.
XVIII
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H
Published: November 2023

Meanwhile Bertoleza’ s lover saw that Liborio, having escaped death, was now hurrying toward his hovel. Joao stole after him and saw that, as soon as he had lit a candle, he began to breathlessly pull things from his filthy mattress. They were bottles. He pulled out one, two, a half-dozen. Then he hastily pulled the blanket off his mattress and made a bundle. He was about to leave when he suddenly groaned and fell forward, spewing blood and clutching the mysterious bundle to his chest. At the sight of Joao Romao, Liborio’ s torments redoubled and he twisted and turned, trying to shield the blanket with his body and darting terrified glances at the intruder. With each step the tavernkeeper took, the old man’ s tremulous panic mounted; he grunted like a frightened animal.
XIX
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H
Published: November 2023

And indeed, a few days later Sao Romao bustled with activity. The disorder left by the fire was replaced by an equally chaotic construction site. Workers hammered away from morning to night, while the women went right on pounding clothes and others ironed, adding their shrill, weepy songs to the racket.
XXII
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H
Published: November 2023

After that day, Bertoleza became even more tight-lipped and irascible, only uttering an occasional indispensable monosyllable in her dealings with Joao. They exchanged those suspicious glances that, between people who live together, open chasms of mistrust. The poor woman never relaxed for a second; she lived in constant dread of being murdered. She only ate food that she had cooked herself and locked her door when she slept. The slightest sound made her leap out of bed, her eyes bulging, panting convulsively, her mouth wide open to scream for help if she were assaulted.
XXIII
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H
Published: November 2023

Outside the door to a pastry shop and cafe on Rua do Ouvidor, Joao Romao, looking very dapper in a new pale worsted suit, waited for Miranda’ s family to finish shopping. It was two o’ clock in the afternoon, and the street was bustling. The weather was cool and pleasant. People sauntered in and out of Casa Pascoal. Dandies stood around, savoring their cigars and waiting to be seated at one of the black marble-topped tables; groups of ladies dressed in silk sipped glasses of port and nibbled pastries. There was a delightful smell of perfumes and aromatic vinegar; the atmosphere was lively but well-bred. The customers flirted discreetly, exchanging glances in the mirrors that lined the walls. Men drank at the bar, while others chatted, munching meat pastries near the heaters.
Introduction
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

This book is a work in the philosophy of mathematics. But what does that mean? Well, it might mean either of two different things, for there seem to be two strands in this area of philosophy, two projects that people have taken to be the central project of the philosophy of mathematics. One is the hermeneutical project of providing an adequate interpretation and account of mathematical theory and practice; the other is the metaphysical project of answering the question of whether or not there exist abstract objects.
The Epistemological Argument Against Platonism
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I will discuss Benacerraf s epistemological argument against platonism, which holds, in a nutshell, that platonism cannot be right because it precludes the possibility of mathematical knowledge. I will begin by formulating the argument in what I think is the best possible way. I will then move on to a discussion of some possible solutions to the problem. This discussion will serve simultaneously as a historical survey of the answers that platonists have actually given to the epistemological problem and as a search of the logical space of possible solutions that might be given. I will concern myself with seven different proposed solutions to the problem: one developed by Godel; another by Maddy; a third by a host of contemporary platonists, most notably Parsons; a fourth by Wright and Hale; a fifth hinted at by Quine and developed by Steiner and Resnik; a sixth by Katz and Lewis; and finally, a seventh by Resnik and Shapiro. I will argue that the first five suggestions fail outright.
Non-Uniqueness Embraced
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

So the best argument against platonism - Benacerraf s epistemological argument-fails. It succeeds in refuting non-full-blooded, or non-plenitudinous, versions of platonism, but it does not refute FBP. Now, the natural question to ask at this point is whether any of the other arguments against platonism refute FBP. In chapter 3, I defended FBP against a number of different criticisms, but they were all aimed at FBP in particular, rather than at platonism in general. The question I want to ask now is whether any of the traditional arguments against platonism are capable of refuting FBP. Now, there is really only one argument here, aside from the epistemological argument, that is considered important, namely, the argument from multiple reductions, or non-uniqueness. In section 5, I will suggest that there are two other problems that platonists need to deal with (and I will eventually show that FBP-ists can deal with these problems), but for now, I want to concentrate on the non-uniqueness problem.
The Pursuit of Objectivity
Authors: Hardin Garrett
Published: November 2023

We know that the tale of the ostrich that buries its head in the sand is mythical, a myth that is both ancient and con­ fusing. In the 1st century A.D., Pliny the Elder said that the stupid ostrich thrusts its head and neck into a bush, imagining “that the whole of the body is concealed.”1 Not until the 14th century was sand substituted for the bush: the altered version endured to the present (though only as a myth, not as natural history).
How to Lie with Learned Words
Authors: Hardin Garrett
Published: November 2023

A bout half a century ago Darrell Huff, statistician, signifiantly advanced his profession when he published a little book called How to Lie with Statistics. It was an instant success, remaining in print for decades. An annotated display of bad examples in any field is often more educational than an adoring exhibition of the good. Is this because our inherent jealousy makes us pay closer attention to the errors of others than to their successes? Perhaps; but motives are less important than consequences. Effective education uses any tool that works.
Clarifying Goals
Authors: Maris Barbara English
Published: November 2023

What are your goals as an early-level student who is starting or continuing the study of piano music? Why do you want to spend time at the piano? Why are you taking piano lessons or participating in a piano class? What are your previous experiences with the piano? As you begin or resume lessons, it will be useful to clarify some basic issues
Learning about Learning
Authors: Maris Barbara English
Published: November 2023

Perhaps you already have heard the story of the little boy who was given a turtle and so decided to visit his neighborhood library in order to learn more about his new pet. The friendly librarian was extremely helpful and carefully showed the boy how to use the card catalog and computer to locate a variety of encyclopedias, storybooks, videotapes, research publications, magazine articles, and Web sites. Two hours later, as the little boy sat surrounded by stacks of materials with thousands of words and pictures about turtles, he looked at the librarian, stood up to leave, and, in his most grown-up voice, said with a mournful sigh, “Thank you very much for your help, but I think that’s more about turtles than I will ever want to know.”
Learning to Play Piano
Authors: Maris Barbara English
Published: November 2023

My cellist friend chuckled a bit when she told me about the adventurous and self-confident lad who had gone backstage to talk with her after the symphony concert. The boy already had learned to ride a bike, play chess, do in-line skating, pitch a tent, bake cookies, and use a computer. After hearing the sound of a solo cello for the first time, he told my friend, “I really want to learn how to play that instrument. Will you teach me how to play cello tomorrow afternoon? I could come by your house at three-thirty. My soccer game doesn’t start ‘til four.”
Planning Effective Rehearsals
Authors: Maris Barbara English
Published: November 2023

Coaches of sport teams and conductors of music-performing organizations, including choirs, bands, and orchestras, know that they have time to work with their groups. You, too, will have limits on the time you can practice the piano. Even if you could spend ten hours a day at the piano, you would be unable to practice twenty-five hours each day.
Developing Technical Skills
Authors: Maris Barbara English
Published: November 2023

Technique is simply the development of a physical skill that enables you to accomplish something. As an adult, you have developed a wide variety of techniques and have become skillful in many areas. Some of these skills will transfer directly to the piano. Perhaps you already play another instrument and have become proficient in deciphering the standard system of rhythmic notation. Perhaps you are expert in managing resources and will use your practice time efficiently.
Preparing to Share Music
Authors: Maris Barbara English
Published: November 2023

What images occur to you when you see the word perform? For musicians, performance is simply the way we share music with one another. When we perform, we create or re-create music for ourselves or for others who are within hearing of the instrument. We change lifeless dots on a page to lively sounds that resonate in the present. We change a noun into a verb.
Avoiding Common Pitfalls
Authors: Maris Barbara English
Published: November 2023

Many difficulties can interfere with effective piano practice. In this chapter, I will respond to some of the frustrations I often have heard expressed by adult early-level piano students. If you ever encounter any of these frustrations, take heart. You are not alone.
Intersectional Identity and the Authentic Self?
Authors: Meyers Diana Tietjens
Published: November 2023

I start from the conviction that autonomy is not a figment of the philosophical imagination; rather it is a phenomenon that most people have some experience of and that they commonly value (in my opinion, rightly so). Nevertheless, the term “autonomy” is not in everyday usage, and, it must be admitted, it is a philosophical term of art. Still, it does not follow that people have no way of talking about autonomy or that they don’t talk about it. Colloquially, the exhortations “Be true to yourself!” and “Don’t cave in!” express the value people place on autonomy, and the declarations “She lives by her own lights,” “Now I know what I really want,” and “I feel solid [right in my skin, at one with myself] about this” voice their achievement of autonomy. Think, too, of the soaring refrain of the Sinatra tune, “I did it my way”—a paean to autonomy. Likewise, there are idiomatic expressions associated with heteronomy. People may bemoan their lack of autonomy—”! feel at sea [adrift],” “I’m at odds with myself,” or “How could I have given in?” And they may stand up for their autonomy and claim it as a right—”Mind your own business!” or “Butt out!” When people feel confused, irresolute, pressured, and so on, they may lament their lack of autonomy or protest incursions on it. When people are clear about what they truly want, who they deeply care about, what they genuinely believe in, and so forth, and when they are able to act on these desires, affections, and values, they may attest to their own autonomy.
Body’s Montage; History’s Mise-En-Scène
Authors: Penn Arthur , Stone Oliver
Published: November 2023

Firsts are difficult to find in film history. There are so many films and so many lost films that one is put in danger suggesting that one film or another is the first of anything. The problem is compounded when one searches for the first film that demonstrates a cinematic movement and a critical theory. Modernism is a theory, as well as an artistic practice, based as any other theory on the empirical evidence of a number of films read against the culture and ideologies of a historical period. The first films that demonstrated the self-consciousness and foregrounding of form that are an important part of the modernism occurred early in American film. We can turn to Buster Keaton’s Sherlock Jr. (1924), in which Buster plays a projectionist who walks into the film he is showing and gets caught in its montage. In the USSR, both Sergei Eisenstein and Dziga Vertov played against the already institutionalized classical form of film to bring the viewer into active participation with the meaning-making process.1 Both filmmakers took the Russian Revolution as their theme and structure, and both thought deeply about the language native to their art. Eisenstein concentrated on montage, the building of structure through the arrangement of shots. Vertov, especially in The Man with a Movie Camera (1929), gave a kind of anthropomorphic life to the movie camera as a cyborgian extension of the filmmaker.2
Of Dinosaurs and Ships
Authors: Spielberg Steven
Published: November 2023

In order to understand the movements and patterns of nineties cinema, we must understand the work of Steven Spielberg, who has established himself as the focus of filmmaking activity during the decade. At the same time, in order to understand Spielberg, we need to examine the flow of cinematic work around him. This chapter will play a bit of counterpoint, looking for some patterns in late twentieth-centuryfilm, finding Spielberg, comparing him with the work of other directors, and then moving to the center and examining his work for both form and content.
Green Island
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: November 2023

Acanthaster planci was virtually unknown by coral—reef scientists when Jack Barnes published a short paper in Australian Natural History entitled “The Crown of Thorns Starfish as a Destroyer of Coral.” 1 Barnes told of how he had come to know it. A medical doctor and naturalist, he had an interest in poisonous marine animals and he was well—known for alerting the public to the dangers of the extremely venomous “sea wasp” or box jellyfish. In the late 1950s, he had become curious about reports of the existence of a large, spiny “stinging” starfish in Queensland waters. But sightings of it were infrequent and he had given up hope of ever seeing one. Even experienced divers considered the seastar a great rarity.
Crown-of-thorns Inquisition
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: November 2023

The crown—of—thorns Committee of Inquiry was announced to the press in April 1970 with the news that there would be three members elected by the Queensland government and three from the federal government.1 The federal nominees were: R. J. Walsh, Chairman, Professor of Human Genetics, University of New South Wales. He had chaired the ad hoc crown—of—thorns committee of the Academy of Science months before.
Oceans Apart
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: November 2023

The history of the Panama Canal is inexorably linked with international politics, economics, and military concerns.1 The Spaniards of the sixteenth century planned a canal and in the seventeenth century fairly large ships were moved across the isthmus on rollers. Not until the end of the nineteenth century was serious construction started in what was then the Colombian province of Panamá. In France, Campaigne Universelie du Canal de Panamd was formed. In 1878, it obtained rights from the Re public of Colombia to build a canal across the isthmus where the continental divide dips to one of its lowest points. It was led by the French engineer Ferdinand de Lesseps, who had been successful in building the Suez Canal, which opened nine years earlier. Digging the Panama Canal began in 1881, but the attempt failed. More than 22,000 workers died, mostly from yellow fever and malaria; the company went bankrupt, and the attempt was given up in 1889.
The Search for Cures
Authors: Musto David F
Published: November 2023

Opium use was extensive before the modern era. By the Middle Ages opium was used in standard antidotes such as theriac, mithradatium, and philonium, which combined an elaborate array of sub­ stances with large amounts of opium. In the mid-sixteenth century opium was particularly associated with the Swiss firebrand Paracelsus, and it is likely that his followers began to use the word laudanum for the alcoholic tincture of opium. The laudanum that be­ mused DeQuincey and Coleridge, however, was the recipe of one of the greatest seventeenth-century English physicians, Thomas Sydenham: the opium was dissolved in sherry flavored with cinnamon, cloves, and saffron-an early cocktail. Sydenham considered opium “one of the most valued medicines in the world [which] does more honor to medicine than any remedy whatsoever.”
Marihuana and the Federal Bureau of Narcotics
Authors: Musto David F
Published: November 2023

Anslinger became the first Commissioner of Narcotics in 1930, although he had had only sporadic contact with narcotic control.1 Nonetheless, his more than ten years of government experience affected his attitude toward law enforcement and addicts. Anslinger was born in 1892 in Altoona, Pennsylvania. His father worked for the Pennsylvania Railroad, and while Anslinger went to high school and then to Pennsylvania State College, he also worked for the railroad during the summers, doing maintenance and landscaping and occasionally investigating suspicious incidents for the railroad’s captain of police. Later, when the police captain became the state fire marshal, he offered Anslinger a job compiling statistics and investigating instances of suspected arson. In 1917, after the United States declared war on Germany, Anslinger was employed in Washington in the Ordinance Division of the War Department, where his chief task was to oversee government contracts. Ordinance officers were unpopular in Washington; the public expected young men to fight abroad and, when the opportunity came, Anslinger volunteered to the State Department which was looking for reliable German-speaking employees to work in Holland. He recalls being assigned to “check up on ... and straighten out” the indirect American contacts with the Kaiser in order to let the German ruler know that President Wilson wanted him to stay on after the war, but Anslinger failed, obtaining from the whole episode only the Kaiser’s field utility kit which he later gave to the Smithsonian. In 1921 he took the necessary examinations and was appointed to the rank of vice-consul.
Determinants of Bacterial Response to Antimicrobial Agents
Authors: Scholar Eric M , Pratt William B
Published: November 2023

The formal definition of an antibiotic restricts the use of the term to chemicals that are produced by microorganisms and that have the capacity to inhibit the growth of, or to kill, bacteria and other microorganisms. This definition distinguishes between chemicals produced by microorganisms and antimicrobial compounds synthesized by chemists (e.g., sulfonamides, trimethoprim, isoniazid). The distinction is rather academic, and one finds that the word antibiotic is now often used to include both these groups of antimicrobial agents.
The Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis, I: Mechanism of Action of the Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Vancomycin, and Other Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis
Authors: Scholar Eric M , Pratt William B
Published: November 2023

The discovery of penicillin is a now classic story of serendipity in scientific investigation. In 1928, Fleming noted that bacteria growing in culture in the vicinity of a con taminating mold were lysed. He followed up this observation by culturing the mold in broth and demonstrating that filtrates of the broth were bactericidal in vitro. Almost a decade later, a group at Oxford led by H. W. Florey isolated a crude preparation of the bactericidal agent from cultures of Pen icillium notatum. These investigators subsequently demonstrated the usefulness of this antibiotic in the treatment of bacterial infections in humans.
Bacteriostatic Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis: Chloramphenicol, Macrolides, Clindamycin, Spectinomycin, Tetracyclines and Streptogramins
Authors: Scholar Eric M , Pratt William B
Published: November 2023

Like the aminoglycosides, the antibiotics presented in this chapter were originally isolated from soil actinomycetes discovered in large programs that screened extracts of plants and fungi for antibacterial properties. All of the drugs alter bacterial growth by inhibiting protein synthesis. But in contrast to the aminoglycosides, their effect at clinically achieved drug concentrations is bacteriostatic against most sensitive organisms. There is no preferred order for classifying these drugs.
Antifungal Drugs: The Polyene Antibiotics, Flucytosine, Azoles, Iodide, Griseofulvin, and Topical Agents
Authors: Scholar Eric M , Pratt William B
Published: November 2023

The treatment of fungal disease can be divided into two quite different problems ac cording to the location of the infection. The most common fungal infections are superficial and are either treated with one of several topical drugs or with oral drugs, such as ketoconazole, terbinafine, orgriseofulvin. The systemic mycoses constitute quite a different therapeutic problem. These infections are of ten very difficult to treat and long-term, par enteral therapy with potentially toxic drugs may be required. The systemic mycoses are sometimes considered in two groups according to the infecting organism.