bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Randomized Clinical Trials on Acupuncture in Korean Literature: A Systematic Review
Authors: Kong Jae Cheol , Lee Myeong Soo , Shin Byung-Cheul
Published: October 2007

The aim of this systematic review was to summarize randomized clinical trials (RCTs) assessing the effectiveness of acupuncture as published in Korean literature. Systematic searches were conducted on eight Korean medical databases. Manual searches were also conducted through eight major Korean medical journals. The methodological quality was assessed using a Jadad score. Studies evaluating needle acupuncture or auricular acupuncture (AA) with or without electrical stimulation were considered if they were sham or placebo‐controlled or controlled against a comparative intervention. We also excluded acupuncture as an adjuvant to other treatments and other forms of acupuncture were excluded. Seven hundred and nine possibly relevant studies were identified and 10 RCTs were included. The methodological quality of the trials was generally poor. Manual acupuncture was compared to placebo acupuncture in four studies of patients with chronic low back pain, shoulder pain, premenstrual syndrome and allergic rhinitis. Three studies tested AA (two trials) and electroacupuncture (one trial) against no treatment, while three trials compared acupuncture with other active therapeutic controls. The methodological limitations of the included trials make their contribution to the current clinical evidence of acupuncture somewhat limited. The trial for premenstrual syndrome, shoulder pain and chronic low back pain added a limited contribution among those included RCTs. However, well‐designed RCTs of acupuncture with a rigorous methodology are in progress or have been completed in Korea and will contribute to establish or contribute to the current progress of research in this field.
Sensitivity and Speed of Induced Defense of Cabbage (Brassica oleraceaL.): Dynamics ofBoLOXExpression Patterns During Insect and Pathogen Attack
Authors: Zheng Si-Jun , van Dijk Jeroen P. , Bruinsma Maaike , Dicke Marcel
Published: October 2007

The lipoxygenase pathway is involved in the early steps of plant responses to herbivorous insects and phytopathogens. Induced defenses in the crucifer Brassica oleracea have been well documented. Here, we have cloned a LIPOXYGENASE (LOX) from B. oleracea (BoLOX). The sequence reveals that the BoLOX protein has a transit peptide for chloroplast targeting, which is characteristic for class 2 LOXs involved in jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis which takes place in the chloroplast. Phylogenetic analysis shows that BoLOX is closely related to B. napus BnLOX2fl and Arabidopsis thaliana AtLOX2, which mediates JA biosynthesis. BoLOX also shares functional characteristics with AtLOX2; BoLOX is inducible by wounding, JA treatment, and herbivores such as caterpillars (Pieris rapae, P. brassicae, and Mamestra brassicae), spider mites (Tetranychus urticae), locusts (Schistocerca gregaria), and a bacterial pathogen (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato). Of these, Pieris spp. caterpillars also induce AtLOX2 and JA biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. However, the aphid Myzus persicae did not induce BoLOX, which agrees with previous reports that this aphid induces neither AtLOX2 nor JA biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Quantitative expression analysis of temporal, spatial, and density-dependent BoLOX transcript levels through real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that BoLOX is maximally expressed after feeding by only two first-instar caterpillars for 24 h. Systemic expression was approximately 10-fold lower than local expression for herbivore-induced responses. The good correlation of BoLOX transcript levels with reports in the literature on induced defenses of B. oleracea is discussed.
Salicylic Acid Is Important for Basal Defense of Solanum tuberosum Against Phytophthora infestans
Authors: Halim Vincentius A. , Eschen-Lippold Lennart , Altmann Simone , Birschwilks Mandy , Scheel Dierk , Rosahl Sabine
Published: October 2007

The importance of the signaling compound salicylic acid for basal defense of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Désirée) against Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight disease, was assessed using transgenic NahG potato plants which are unable to accumulate salicylic acid. Although the size of lesions caused by P. infestans was not significantly different in wild-type and transgenic NahG plants, real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed a drastic enhancement of pathogen growth in potato plants depleted of salicylic acid. Increased susceptibility of NahG plants correlated with compromised callose formation and reduced early defense gene expression. NahG plants pretreated with the salicylic acid analog 2,6-dichloro-isonicotinic acid allowed pathogen growth to a similar extent as did wild-type plants, indicating that salicylic acid is an important compound required for basal defense of potato against P. infestans.
Transcriptome Analysis of Trichothecene-Induced Gene Expression in Barley
Authors: Boddu Jayanand , Cho Seungho , Muehlbauer Gary J.
Published: October 2007

Fusarium head blight, caused primarily by Fusarium graminearum, is a major disease problem on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Trichothecene mycotoxins produced by the fungus during infection increase the aggressiveness of the fungus and promote infection in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Loss-of-function mutations in the TRI5 gene in F. graminearum result in the inability to synthesize trichothecenes and in reduced virulence on wheat. We examined the impact of pathogen-derived trichothecenes on virulence and the transcriptional differences in barley spikes infected with a trichothecene-producing wild-type strain and a loss-of-function tri5 trichothecene nonproducing mutant. Disease severity, fungal biomass, and floret necrosis and bleaching were reduced in spikes inoculated with the tri5 mutant strain compared with the wild-type strain, indicating that the inability to synthesize trichothecenes results in reduced virulence in barley. We detected 63 transcripts that were induced during trichothecene accumulation, including genes encoding putative trichothecene detoxification and transport proteins, ubiquitination-related proteins, programmed cell death-related proteins, transcription factors, and cytochrome P450s. We also detected 414 gene transcripts that were designated as basal defense response genes largely independent of trichothecene accumulation. Our results show that barley exhibits a specific response to trichothecene accumulation that can be separated from the basal defense response. We propose that barley responds to trichothecene accumulation by inducing at least two general responses. One response is the induction of genes encoding trichothecene detoxification and transport activities that may reduce the impact of trichothecenes. The other response is to induce genes encoding proteins associated with ubiquitination and cell death which may promote successful establishment of the disease.
Expression of Stress-Response Proteins Upon Whitefly-Mediated Inoculation of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus in Susceptible and Resistant Tomato Plants
Authors: Gorovits Rena , Akad Fouad , Beery Hila , Vidavsky Favi , Mahadav Assaf , Czosnek Henryk
Published: October 2007

To better understand the nature of resistance of tomato to the whitefly (Bemisia tabaci, B biotype)-transmitted Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), whiteflies and TYLCV were considered as particular cases of biotic stresses and virus resistance as a particular case of successful response to these stresses. Two inbred tomato lines issued from the same breeding program that used Solanum habrochaites as a TYLCV resistance source, one susceptible and the other resistant, were used to compare the expression of key proteins involved at different stages of the plant response with stresses: mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), cellular heat shock proteins (HSPs, proteases), and pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. The two biotic stresses—nonviruliferous whitefly feeding and virus infection with viruliferous insects—led to a slow decline in abundance of MAPKs, HSPs, and chloroplast protease FtsH (but not chloroplast protease ClpC), and induced the activities of the PR proteins, β-1,3-glucanase, and peroxidase. This decline was less pronounced in virus-resistant than in virus-susceptible lines. Contrary to whitefly infestation and virus infection, inoculation with the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum induced a rapid accumulation of the stress proteins studied, followed by a decline; the virus-susceptible and -resistant tomato lines behaved similarly in response to the fungus.
Defense AgainstSclerotinia sclerotioruminArabidopsisIs Dependent on Jasmonic Acid, Salicylic Acid, and Ethylene Signaling
Authors: Guo Xiaomei , Stotz Henrik U.
Published: October 2007

Genotypic differences in susceptibility of Arabidopsis thaliana to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum have not been reported due to the extreme susceptibility of this cruciferous plant. To overcome this limitation, we have established inoculation conditions that enable evaluation of differences in susceptibility to S. sclerotiorum among Arabidopsis mutants and ecotypes. Two coi1 mutant alleles conferred hypersusceptibility to S. sclerotiorum. The plant defensin gene PDF1.2 was no longer induced after challenging the coi1-2 mutant with S. sclerotiorum. Hypersusceptibility of the coi1-2 mutant to S. sclerotiorum was not correlated with oxalate sensitivity. The mutants npr1 and ein2 were also hypersusceptible to S. sclerotiorum. Induction of PDF1.2 and the pathogenesis-related gene PR1 was reduced in ein2 and npr1 mutants, respectively. Actigard, a commercial formulation of the systemic acquired resistance inducer benzothiadiazole, reduced susceptibility to S. sclerotiorum. Based on histochemical analysis of oxalate-deficient and wild-type strains of S. sclerotiorum, oxalate caused a decrease in hydrogen peroxide production but no detectable changes in plant superoxide production or gene expression.
Tobacco rattle virus 29K Movement Protein Is the Elicitor of Extreme and Hypersensitive-like Resistance in Two Cultivars of Solanum tuberosum
Authors: Ghazala Walid , Varrelmann Mark
Published: October 2007

Leaf infection experiments were used to analyze the host responses of Solanum tuberosum cultivars known to be resistant or susceptible to natural, nematode-mediated infection of tubers and necrosis induction (“spraing”) by Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) isolate PpK20 (TRV-PpK20). Extreme and hypersensitive-like resistance (ER and HR-like, respectively) as well as spreading veinal necrosis and systemic infection were observed. Agroinfection of leaves with a DsRed-expressing TRV cDNA clone revealed ER to function on the single-cell level, inhibiting virus replication and possessing the potential to initiate a cell death response. HR-like necrosis was characterized by initial virus replication and cell-to-cell movement before the onset of necrosis. Transient agroexpression and Potato virus X (PVX)-mediated expression assays demonstrated that the 29K-PpK20 movement protein (MP) can elicit ER and HR-like cell-death. A TRV isolate, PpO85M, known to overcome the resistance to spraing in plants that are resistant to TRV-PpK20 encoded a variant 29K protein which did not elicit HR in PpK20-HR plants. Our results show that the TRV MP is the elicitor of both ER and HR-like cell-death, that no other TRV-encoded proteins or RNA replication are required for its elicitor activity, and that the host reactions are likely to be controlled by single dominant resistance genes.
Signaling Pathways Controlling Induced Resistance to Insect Herbivores in Arabidopsis
Authors: Bodenhausen Natacha , Reymond Philippe
Published: October 2007

Insect attack triggers changes in transcript level in plants that are mediated predominantly by jasmonic acid (JA). The implication of ethylene (ET), salicylic acid (SA), and other signals in this response is less understood and was monitored with a microarray containing insect- and defense-regulated genes. Arabidopsis thaliana mutants coi1-1, ein2-1, and sid2-1 impaired in JA, ET, and SA signaling pathways were challenged with the specialist small cabbage white (Pieris rapae) and the generalist Egyptian cotton worm (Spodoptera littoralis). JA was shown to be a major signal controlling the upregulation of defense genes in response to either insect but was found to suppress changes in transcript level only in response to P. rapae. Larval growth was affected by the JA-dependent defenses, but S. littoralis gained much more weight on coi1-1 than P. rapae. ET and SA mutants had an altered transcript profile after S. littoralis herbivory but not after P. rapae herbivory. In contrast, both insects yielded similar transcript signatures in the abscisic acid (ABA)-biosynthetic mutants aba2-1 and aba3-1, and ABA controlled transcript levels both negatively and positively in insect-attacked plants. In accordance with the transcript signature, S. littoralis larvae performed better on aba2-1 mutants. This study reveals a new role for ABA in defense against insects in Arabidopsis and identifies some components important for plant resistance to herbivory.
The Lipid Lysyl-Phosphatidylglycerol Is Present in Membranes of Rhizobium tropici CIAT899 and Confers Increased Resistance to Polymyxin B Under Acidic Growth Conditions
Authors: Sohlenkamp Christian , Galindo-Lagunas Kanaan A. , Guan Ziqiang , Vinuesa Pablo , Robinson Sally , Thomas-Oates Jane , Raetz Christian R. H. , Geiger Otto
Published: October 2007

Lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol (LPG) is a well-known membrane lipid in several gram-positive bacteria but is almost unheard of in gram-negative bacteria. In Staphylococcus aureus, the gene product of mprF is responsible for LPG formation. Low pH-inducible genes, termed lpiA, have been identified in the gram-negative α-proteobacteria Rhizobium tropici and Sinorhizobium medicae in screens for acid-sensitive mutants and they encode homologs of MprF. An analysis of the sequenced bacterial genomes reveals that genes coding for homologs of MprF from S. aureus are present in several classes of organisms throughout the bacterial kingdom. In this study, we show that the expression of lpiA from R. tropici in the heterologous hosts Escherichia coli and Sinorhizobium meliloti causes formation of LPG. A wild-type strain of R. tropici forms LPG (about 1% of the total lipids) when the cells are grown in minimal medium at pH 4.5 but not when grown in minimal medium at neutral pH or in complex tryptone yeast (TY) medium at either pH. LPG biosynthesis does not occur when lpiA is deleted and is restored upon complementation of lpiA-deficient mutants with a functional copy of the lpiA gene. When grown in the low-pH medium, lpiA-deficient rhizobial mutants are over four times more susceptible to the cationic peptide polymyxin B than the wild type.
Comparative analysis of chicken chromosome 28 provides new clues to the evolutionary fragility of gene-rich vertebrate regions
Authors: Gordon Laurie , Yang Shan , Tran-Gyamfi Mary , Baggott Dan , Christensen Mari , Hamilton Aaron , Crooijmans Richard , Groenen Martien , Lucas Susan , Ovcharenko Ivan , Stubbs Lisa
Published: October 2007

The chicken genome draft sequence has provided a valuable resource for studies of an important agricultural and experimental model species and an important data set for comparative analysis. However, some of the most gene-rich segments are missing from chicken genome draft assemblies, limiting the analysis of a substantial number of genes and preventing a closer look at regions that are especially prone to syntenic rearrangements. To facilitate the functional and evolutionary analysis of one especially gene-rich, rearrangement-prone genomic region, we analyzed sequence from BAC clones spanning chicken microchromosome GGA28; as a complement we also analyzed a gene-sparse, stable region from GGA11. In these two regions we documented the conservation and lineage-specific gain and loss of protein-coding genes and precisely mapped the locations of 31 major human-chicken syntenic breakpoints. Altogether, we identified 72 lineage-specific genes, many of which are found at or near syntenic breaks, implicating evolutionary breakpoint regions as major sites of genetic innovation and change. Twenty-two of the 31 breakpoint regions have been reused repeatedly as rearrangement breakpoints in vertebrate evolution. Compared with stable GC-matched regions, GGA28 is highly enriched in CpG islands, as are break-prone intervals identified elsewhere in the chicken genome; evolutionary breakpoints are further enriched in GC content and CpG islands, highlighting a potential role for these features in genome instability. These data support the hypothesis that chromosome rearrangements have not occurred randomly over the course of vertebrate evolution but are focused preferentially within “fragile” regions with unusual DNA sequence characteristics.
PennCNV: An integrated hidden Markov model designed for high-resolution copy number variation detection in whole-genome SNP genotyping data
Authors: Wang Kai , Li Mingyao , Hadley Dexter , Liu Rui , Glessner Joseph , Grant Struan F.A. , Hakonarson Hakon , Bucan Maja
Published: October 2007

Comprehensive identification and cataloging of copy number variations (CNVs) is required to provide a complete view of human genetic variation. The resolution of CNV detection in previous experimental designs has been limited to tens or hundreds of kilobases. Here we present PennCNV, a hidden Markov model (HMM) based approach, for kilobase-resolution detection of CNVs from Illumina high-density SNP genotyping data. This algorithm incorporates multiple sources of information, including total signal intensity and allelic intensity ratio at each SNP marker, the distance between neighboring SNPs, the allele frequency of SNPs, and the pedigree information where available. We applied PennCNV to genotyping data generated for 112 HapMap individuals; on average, we detected ∼27 CNVs for each individual with a median size of ∼12 kb. Excluding common rearrangements in lymphoblastoid cell lines, the fraction of CNVs in offspring not detected in parents (CNV-NDPs) was 3.3%. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of whole-genome fine-mapping of CNVs via high-density SNP genotyping.
A Trafficking Pathway for Anthocyanins Overlaps with the Endoplasmic Reticulum-to-Vacuole Protein-Sorting Route in Arabidopsis and Contributes to the Formation of Vacuolar Inclusions
Authors: Poustka Frantisek , Irani Niloufer G. , Feller Antje , Lu Yuhua , Pourcel Lucille , Frame Kenneth , Grotewold Erich
Published: October 2007

Plants produce a very large number of specialized compounds that must be transported from their site of synthesis to the sites of storage or disposal. Anthocyanin accumulation has provided a powerful system to elucidate the molecular and cellular mechanisms associated with the intracellular trafficking of phytochemicals. Benefiting from the unique fluorescent properties of anthocyanins, we show here that in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), one route for anthocyanin transport to the vacuole involves vesicle-like structures shared with components of the secretory pathway. By colocalizing the red fluorescence of the anthocyanins with green fluorescent protein markers of the endomembrane system in Arabidopsis seedlings, we show that anthocyanins are also sequestered to the endoplasmic reticulum and to endoplasmic reticulum-derived vesicle-like structures targeted directly to the protein storage vacuole in a Golgi-independent manner. Moreover, our results indicate that vacuolar accumulation of anthocyanins does not depend solely on glutathione S-transferase activity or ATP-dependent transport mechanisms. Indeed, we observed a dramatic increase of anthocyanin-filled subvacuolar structures, without a significant effect on total anthocyanin levels, when we inhibited glutathione S-transferase activity, or the ATP-dependent transporters with vanadate, a general ATPase inhibitor. Taken together, these results provide evidence for an alternative novel mechanism of vesicular transport and vacuolar sequestration of anthocyanins in Arabidopsis.
Development and Application of Novel Constructs to Score C:G-to-T:A Transitions and Homologous Recombination in Arabidopsis
Authors: Van der Auwera Gert , Baute Joke , Bauwens Melanie , Peck Ingrid , Piette Denis , Pycke Michael , Asselman Pieter , Depicker Anna
Published: October 2007

We report on the development of five missense mutants and one recombination substrate of the β-glucuronidase (GUS)-encoding gene of Escherichia coli and their use for detecting mutation and recombination events in transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants by reactivation of GUS activity in clonal sectors. The missense mutants were designed to find C:G-to-T:A transitions in a symmetrical sequence context and are in that respect complementary to previously published GUS point mutants. Small peptide tags (hemagglutinin tag and Strep tag II) and green fluorescent protein were translationally fused to GUS, which offers possibilities to check for mutant GUS production levels. We show that spontaneous mutation and recombination events took place. Mutagenic treatment of the plants with ethyl methanesulfonate and ultraviolet-C increased the number of mutations, validating the use of these constructs to measure mutation and recombination frequencies in plants exposed to biotic or abiotic stress conditions, or in response to different genetic backgrounds. Plants were also subjected to heavy metals, methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, and heat stress, for which no effect could be seen. Together with an ethyl methanesulfonate mutation induction level much higher than previously described, the need is illustrated for many available scoring systems in parallel. Because all GUS missense mutants were cloned in a bacterial expression vector, they can also be used to score mutation events in E. coli.
Silencing of the Mitochondrial Ascorbate Synthesizing Enzyme l-Galactono-1,4-Lactone Dehydrogenase Affects Plant and Fruit Development in Tomato
Authors: Alhagdow Moftah , Mounet Fabien , Gilbert Louise , Nunes-Nesi Adriano , Garcia Virginie , Just Daniel , Petit Johann , Beauvoit Bertrand , Fernie Alisdair R. , Rothan Christophe , Baldet Pierre
Published: October 2007

l-Galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.2.3) catalyzes the last step in the main pathway of vitamin C (l-ascorbic acid) biosynthesis in higher plants. In this study, we first characterized the spatial and temporal expression of SlGalLDH in several organs of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants in parallel with the ascorbate content. P35S:SlgalldhRNAi silenced transgenic tomato lines were then generated using an RNAi strategy to evaluate the effect of any resulting modification of the ascorbate pool on plant and fruit development. In all P35S:SlgalldhRNAi plants with reduced SlGalLDH transcript and activity, plant growth rate was decreased. Plants displaying the most severe effects (dwarf plants with no fruit) were excluded from further analysis. The most affected lines studied exhibited up to an 80% reduction in SlGalLDH activity and showed a strong reduction in leaf and fruit size, mainly as a consequence of reduced cell expansion. This was accompanied by significant changes in mitochondrial function and altered ascorbate redox state despite the fact that the total ascorbate content remained unchanged. By using a combination of transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches, we further demonstrated that several primary, like the tricarboxylic acid cycle, as well as secondary metabolic pathways related to stress response were modified in leaves and fruit of P35S:SlgalldhRNAi plants. When taken together, this work confirms the complexity of ascorbate regulation and its link with plant metabolism. Moreover, it strongly suggests that, in addition to ascorbate synthesis, GalLDH could play an important role in the regulation of cell growth-related processes in plants.
Role of the PsbI Protein in Photosystem II Assembly and Repair in the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803
Authors: Dobáková Marika , Tichý Martin , Komenda Josef
Published: October 2007

The involvement of the PsbI protein in the assembly and repair of the photosystem II (PSII) complex has been studied in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Analysis of PSII complexes in the wild-type strain showed that the PsbI protein was present in dimeric and monomeric core complexes, core complexes lacking CP43, and in reaction center complexes containing D1, D2, and cytochrome b-559. In addition, immunoprecipitation experiments and the use of a histidine-tagged derivative of PsbI have revealed the presence in the thylakoid membrane of assembly complexes containing PsbI and either the precursor or mature forms of D1. Analysis of PSII assembly in the psbI deletion mutant and in strains lacking PsbI together with other PSII subunits showed that PsbI was not required for formation of PSII reaction center complexes or core complexes, although levels of unassembled D1 were reduced in its absence. However, loss of PsbI led to a dramatic destabilization of CP43 binding within monomeric and dimeric PSII core complexes. Despite the close structural relationship between D1 and PsbI in the PSII complex, PsbI turned over much slower than D1, whereas high light-induced turnover of D1 was accelerated in the absence of PsbI. Overall, our results suggest that PsbI is an early assembly partner for D1 and that it plays a functional role in stabilizing the binding of CP43 in the PSII holoenzyme.
Stable Recombinase-Mediated Cassette Exchange in Arabidopsis UsingAgrobacterium tumefaciens
Authors: Louwerse Jeanine D. , van Lier Miranda C.M. , van der Steen Dirk M. , de Vlaam Clementine M.T. , Hooykaas Paul J.J. , Vergunst Annette C.
Published: October 2007

Site-specific integration is an attractive method for the improvement of current transformation technologies aimed at the production of stable transgenic plants. Here, we present a Cre-based targeting strategy in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) using recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) of transferred DNA (T-DNA) delivered by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The rationale for effective RMCE is the precise exchange of a genomic and a replacement cassette both flanked by two heterospecific lox sites that are incompatible with each other to prevent unwanted cassette deletion. We designed a strategy in which the coding region of a loxP/lox5171-flanked bialaphos resistance (bar) gene is exchanged for a loxP/lox5171-flanked T-DNA replacement cassette containing the neomycin phosphotransferase (nptII) coding region via loxP/loxP and lox5171/lox5171 directed recombination. The bar gene is driven by the strong 35S promoter, which is located outside the target cassette. This placement ensures preferential selection of RMCE events and not random integration events by expression of nptII from this same promoter. Using root transformation, during which Cre was provided on a cotransformed T-DNA, 50 kanamycin-resistant calli were selected. Forty-four percent contained a correctly exchanged cassette based on PCR analysis, indicating the stringency of the selection system. This was confirmed for the offspring of five analyzed events by Southern-blot analysis. In four of the five analyzed RMCE events, there were no additional T-DNA insertions or they easily segregated, resulting in high-efficiency single-copy RMCE events. Our approach enables simple and efficient selection of targeting events using the advantages of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation.
Two Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases, CPK4 and CPK11, Regulate Abscisic Acid Signal Transduction inArabidopsis
Authors: Zhu Sai-Yong , Yu Xiang-Chun , Wang Xiao-Jing , Zhao Rui , Li Yan , Fan Ren-Chun , Shang Yi , Du Shu-Yuan , Wang Xiao-Fang , Wu Fu-Qing , Xu Yan-Hong , Zhang Xiao-Yan , Zhang Da-Peng
Published: October 2007

Many biochemical approaches show functions of calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) in abscisic acid (ABA) signal transduction, but molecular genetic evidence linking defined CDPK genes with ABA-regulated biological functions at the whole-plant level has been lacking. Here, we report that ABA stimulated two homologous CDPKs in Arabidopsis thaliana, CPK4 and CPK11. Loss-of-function mutations of CPK4 and CPK11 resulted in pleiotropic ABA-insensitive phenotypes in seed germination, seedling growth, and stomatal movement and led to salt insensitivity in seed germination and decreased tolerance of seedlings to salt stress. Double mutants of the two CDPK genes had stronger ABA- and salt-responsive phenotypes than the single mutants. CPK4- or CPK11-overexpressing plants generally showed inverse ABA-related phenotypes relative to those of the loss-of-function mutants. Expression levels of many ABA-responsive genes were altered in the loss-of-function mutants and overexpression lines. The CPK4 and CPK11 kinases both phosphorylated two ABA-responsive transcription factors, ABF1 and ABF4, in vitro, suggesting that the two kinases may regulate ABA signaling through these transcription factors. These data provide in planta genetic evidence for the involvement of CDPK/calcium in ABA signaling at the whole-plant level and show that CPK4 and CPK11 are two important positive regulators in CDPK/calcium-mediated ABA signaling pathways.
Arabidopsis Cotyledon-Specific Chloroplast Biogenesis Factor CYO1 Is a Protein Disulfide Isomerase
Authors: Shimada Hiroshi , Mochizuki Mariko , Ogura Kan , Froehlich John E. , Osteryoung Katherine W. , Shirano Yumiko , Shibata Daisuke , Masuda Shinji , Mori Kazuki , Takamiya Ken-ichiro
Published: October 2007

Chloroplast development in cotyledons differs in a number of ways from that in true leaves, but the cotyledon-specific program of chloroplast biogenesis has not been clarified. The cyo1 mutant in Arabidopsis thaliana has albino cotyledons but normal green true leaves. Chloroplasts develop abnormally in cyo1 mutant plants grown in the light, but etioplasts are normal in mutants grown in the dark. We isolated CYO1 by T-DNA tagging and verified that the mutant allele was responsible for the albino cotyledon phenotype by complementation. CYO1 has a C4-type zinc finger domain similar to that of Escherichia coli DnaJ. CYO1 is expressed mainly in young plants under light conditions, and the CYO1 protein localizes to the thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts. Transcription of nuclear photosynthetic genes is generally unaffected by the cyo1 mutation, but the level of photosynthetic proteins is decreased in cyo1 mutants. Recombinant CYO1 accelerates disulfide bond reduction in the model substrate insulin and renatures RNase A, indicating that CYO1 has protein disulfide isomerase activity. These results suggest that CYO1 has a chaperone-like activity required for thylakoid biogenesis in cotyledons.
ArabidopsisRelatives of the Human Lysine-Specific Demethylase1 Repress the Expression ofFWAandFLOWERING LOCUS Cand Thus Promote the Floral Transition
Authors: Jiang Danhua , Yang Wannian , He Yuehui , Amasino Richard M.
Published: October 2007

The timing of the developmental transition to flowering is critical to reproductive success in plants. Here, we show that Arabidopsis thaliana homologs of human Lysine-Specific Demethylase1 (LSD1; a histone H3-Lys 4 demethylase) reduce the levels of histone H3-Lys 4 methylation in chromatin of the floral repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) and the sporophytically silenced floral repressor FWA. Two of the homologs, LSD1-LIKE1 (LDL1) and LSD1-LIKE2 (LDL2), act in partial redundancy with FLOWERING LOCUS D (FLD; an additional homolog of LSD1) to repress FLC expression. However, LDL1 and LDL2 appear to act independently of FLD in the silencing of FWA, indicating that there is target gene specialization within this histone demethylase family. Loss of function of LDL1 and LDL2 affects DNA methylation on FWA, whereas FLC repression does not appear to involve DNA methylation; thus, members of the LDL family can participate in a range of silencing mechanisms.
Polar Growth in the Infectious Hyphae of the PhytopathogenUstilago maydisDepends on a Virulence-Specific Cyclin
Authors: Flor-Parra Ignacio , Castillo-Lluva Sonia , Pérez-Martín José
Published: October 2007

The maize smut fungus Ustilago maydis switches from yeast to hyphal growth to infect maize (Zea mays) plants. This switching is promoted by mating of compatible cells and seems to be required for plant penetration. Although many genes distinctively expressed during this dimorphic switch have been identified and shown to be essential for the infection process, none seems to be explicitly required for polar growth control. Here, we report the characterization of pcl12, encoding a cyclin that interacts specifically with Cdk5, an essential cyclin-dependent kinase with regulatory roles in morphogenesis in U. maydis. Pcl12 fulfills the requirements to be a virulence-specific regulator of polar growth in U. maydis. First, pcl12 expression is induced during the pathogenic development. Secondly, Pcl12 is sufficient to induce hyperpolarized growth in U. maydis cells, as haploid cells overexpressing pcl12 in axenic conditions produce filaments that were morphologically indistinguishable from those produced during the infection process. Finally, cells defective in pcl12 showed impaired polar growth during the formation of the b-dependent filament, the induction of the conjugation tubes, or the formation of a promycelium in spore germination. However, in spite of this pivotal role during morphogenesis, pcl12 mutants were virulent. We discuss the implications of these results for the role of polar growth during the infection process.
Differential Requirements for RAD51 inPhyscomitrella patensandArabidopsis thalianaDevelopment and DNA Damage Repair
Authors: Markmann-Mulisch Ulrich , Wendeler Edelgard , Zobell Oliver , Schween Gabriele , Steinbiss Hans-Henning , Reiss Bernd
Published: October 2007

RAD51, the eukaryotic homolog of the bacterial RecA recombinase, plays a central role in homologous recombination (HR) in yeast and animals. Loss of RAD51 function causes lethality in vertebrates but not in other animals or in the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana, suggesting that RAD51 is vital for highly developed organisms but not for others. Here, we found that loss of RAD51 function in the moss Physcomitrella patens, a plant of less complexity, caused a significant vegetative phenotype, indicating an important function for RAD51 in this organism. Moreover, loss of RAD51 caused marked hypersensitivity to the double-strand break-inducing agent bleomycin in P. patens but not in Arabidopsis. Therefore, HR is used for somatic DNA damage repair in P. patens but not in Arabidopsis. These data imply fundamental differences in the use of recombination pathways between plants. Moreover, these data demonstrate that the importance of RAD51 for viability is independent of taxonomic position or complexity of an organism. The involvement of HR in DNA damage repair in the slowly evolving species P. patens but not in fast-evolving Arabidopsis suggests that the choice of the recombination pathway is related to the speed of evolution in plants.
The influence of culture on international business negotiations
Authors: Hurn Brian J.
Published: October 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the importance of the effect of culture when negotiating in an international business context. The paper covers language of negotiation, the need to study the culture of the parties involved, building trust and personal relationships and appropriate training for international managers.

Design/methodology/approach

The various key cultural factors are considered in international business negotiation, with examples and suggestions as to how these can be used to achieve success.

Findings

The paper presents an overview illustrated with examples of the cultural factors involved in international negotiation. From these, suggested guidelines for good practice are given.

Originality/value

The paper shows that there is relatively little literature on negotiating across cultures, although the cultural “gurus” (Hofstede, Trompenaars, etc.) cover cultural differences. Also shown is the continued spread of globalisation and joint ventures, showing advice on negotiating across cultures will assume increasing importance.
The training practices of results‐oriented leaders
Authors: Longenecker Clinton O.
Published: October 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to show that in many organizations training professionals and human resource leaders are under increasing pressure to use training to improve organizational performance, and yet, front‐line managers are often passive or even indifferent on the issue of properly training their workers. This paper will also discuss the key practices of high performance business leaders and how they use effective training practices to achieve superior results.

Design/methodology/approach

Over 2,000 managers, identified by their organizations as being “high performers”, were surveyed and the findings of this paper are based on a content analysis of both questionnaire and interview data.

Findings

The paper finds that results‐oriented leaders realized that training is critical to their success and must be handled with great care employing a systematic and disciplined process. This study revealed that results‐oriented leaders realized that properly training and educating their workers increased the likelihood of achieving high performance and that poorly trained workers can create a myriad of performance problems. The study showed that high performance leaders were doing the things necessary to develop their workers and to educate them about the bigger picture of their organization to enable them to make better decisions and be more engaged. The over‐arching finding concludes that high performance business leaders are actively engaged in the training and development process and that they do not abdicate that responsibility to others.

Originality/value

The findings of this paper make it clear that training and developing workers is a top priority for high performance managers who are serious about improving operational and organizational performance.
Enabling staff to access the knowledge they need, when they need it
Authors: Terry Colin
Published: October 2007

Purpose

The purpose of the paper is to show that most organisations invest 80 percent of their training budgets in formal learning, while 90 percent of learning takes place through on the job training or informal learning. The paper shows case studies where organisations are redressing this imbalance.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper draws on expertise from two organisations, Reuters and Liverpool Victoria, which have implemented informal learning processes. This is also complemented by the views of the author, an expert in creating individual learning strategies for private and public‐sector clients.

Findings

The paper finds how informal learning through appropriate IT support can deliver learning to an organisation and its employees in a new, effective way. The paper shows how to support employees, adapt to change, create convenience and work with the “digital onslaught”, rather than against it.

Research limitations/implications

The paper draws on information from Reuters, an article in The Age by Graeme Philipson, as well as a case study from New Wave Learning about Liverpool Victoria's experience of training 900 call centre employees. It provides UK, US and Australian experiences.

Practical implications

This paper is a very useful source for training professionals, showing how to help employees understand and learn new business critical information, at the time they need it.

Originality/value

The paper provides information, examples and advice, bringing together three prime sources of information, to bring valuable change to organisations and help make training a priority.
Valuing the investment in organizational training
Authors: Murray L.W. , Efendioglu Alev M.
Published: October 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide a better methodology for evaluating the value of corporate training to make it easier to compare with other organizational investments. The paper also seeks to propose and demonstrate how “time value of money” and “hurdle rate”, which are significant components of traditional investment valuation methods, can and should be incorporated into the valuation of organization training.

Design/methodology/approach

The training investment evaluation methods most commonly used by the training professionals were identified and compared to investment evaluation techniques used to measure the value of other investments made to improve and expand business activities.

Findings

The survey of training investment evaluation literature showed that there are two major problems in the methods utilized by the training professionals. One of the problems was associated with the measurement and monetization of costs and benefits of the training activity. The other was the non‐comparable return values’ generated by the non‐uniform methodologies used by the training professionals. Both of these issues were addressed and shortcomings of the currently used methodologies where changes should be made to improve this process were identified. A new methodology, which will make the evaluation process more acceptable to the company management, was developed and its use was demonstrated.

Research limitations/implications

Unfortunately, the issues associated with monetization of costs and benefits could not be fully addressed. This is much more organization specific and specific to the type of training provided. However, some examples were provided of how this activity could be uniformly applied.

Practical implications

The paper provides a new and more acceptable methodology for the use of training professionals and organizations to evaluate the value of training.

Originality/value

This paper applies a “financial analyst” or a Chief Financial Officer perspective to organizational investment in training and provides a tool for evaluating its value the same way organizations evaluate their other investments (e.g. acquisitions, factory expansions, product development).
Upskilling: change behaviour to change results
Authors: Hughes Tony
Published: October 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to identify why many training programmes, which are designed to provide a higher level of skills continue to fail to deliver the results companies are looking for.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper studies the approach of Huthwaite International, an external training company brought in to administer training.

Findings

It is found that Huthwaite achieved success by establishing a support and reinforcement process to ensure that the behaviour change becomes permanent. If effective skills training courses are designed and the correct people to attend, this will have an immediate effect, but will not last. However, if the effect is to be sustained, it needs to be backed up with support.

Research limitations/implications

Only one company's approach to training and sustainable change is studied.

Practical implications

The paper demonstrates how bringing in an external training consultancy can be more effective than working in house.

Originality/value

Insights are offered into how to deliver practical, relevant and sustainable training.
Discovery, difference, careers and change. Part 3: managing change
Authors: Eales‐White Rupert
Published: October 2007

Purpose

The purpose of part 3 of this paper is to demonstrate what are the individual's preferences in change management, where they are naturally located on both the creative thinking and change management continua, how they can improve their creative thinking skills and how organisations can improve profitability be adopting the appropriate change management paradigm.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper determines how the Practical or Concept preference for gathering and using information impacts on how we think creatively; summarises Dr Kirton's work on adaptive and innovative thinking; demonstrates how the two models are linked and where different preferences are located on the creative thinking and change management continua; considers how individuals with different profiles approach change management in an organisational context; introduces the change preference model and consider the implications on effective change management; considers how to overcome the limitations of individuals profiles on their ability to think creatively; and finally defines the prevailing change management paradigm and how a modification to the definition of change and the resulting paradigm will enable organisations to improve their management of change and, as a result, profitability.

Findings

The paper finds that individuals have more flexibility and ability in creative thinking and change management than they might currently perceive; whereas organisations can improve their management of change significantly be adopting the appropriate change management paradigm and using a whole‐brained or holistic approach.

Originality/value

The paper enables the reader to determine what their current approach to creative thinking and change management is, and how they and organisations can become more effective.
Making the virtual leap: ten issues to consider about telecommuting
Authors: Barron Jamie
Published: October 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to address ten key considerations regarding telecommuting that one should consider before leaving an onground position to become a telecommuter. The “insider's” view presented provides a realistic overview of changes that one can expect on a day‐to‐day basis comparing working in an office to working from home so an informed decision can be made.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper is written from the perspective of a telecommuter.

Findings

The paper finds that ten key considerations have been addressed that provide valuable insights into the telecommuting world.

Practical implications

The paper shows that anyone considering becoming a telecommuter would be well advised to weigh each of the considerations listed before making the virtual leap to working from a distance.

Originality/value

The paper is written from lived experience. The lessons learned addressed in this piece provide those considering telecommuting with a realistic overview of pros and cons to consider that can only come from an experienced telecommuter.
Implementation of an integrated information management system at the National Library of Wales
Authors: Foster Evans Manon , Thomas Siân
Published: October 2007

Purpose

This paper aims to describe the experiences of the National Library of Wales in implementing an integrated information management system.

Design/methodology/approach

Discusses the stages involved in the procurement process, data migration and general system implementation.

Findings

Emphasises the need for a well‐prepared yet flexible approach to project planning, and the need for consultation and an ongoing dialogue with staff.

Research limitations/implications

Describes the progress of the implementation to May 2007.

Originality/value

This paper provides a case study for libraries looking to procure and implement an information management system.