bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A comparison of seismic saltbody interpretation via neural networks at sample and pattern levels
Authors: Di Haibin , AlRegib Ghassan
Published: August 2019

Saltbodies are important subsurface structures that have significant implications for hydrocarbon accumulation and sealing in petroleum reservoirs, and accurate saltbody imaging and delineation is now greatly facilitated with the availability of three‐dimensional seismic surveying. However, with the growing demand for larger survey coverage and higher imaging resolution, the size of seismic data is increasing dramatically. Correspondingly, manual saltbody interpretation fails to offer an efficient solution, particularly in exploration areas of complicated salt intrusion history. Recently, artificial intelligence is attracting great attention from geoscientists who desire to utilize the popular machine learning technologies for evolving the interpretational tools capable of mimicking an experienced interpreter's intelligence. This study first implements two popular machine learning tools, the multi‐layer perceptron and the convolutional neural network, for delineating seismic saltbodies at sample and pattern levels, respectively, then compares their performance through applications to the synthetic SEAM seismic volume, and moreover tentatively investigates what contributes to the better convolutional neural network delineation. Specifically, the multi‐layer perceptron scheme is capable of efficiently utilizing an interpreter's knowledge by selecting, pre‐conditioning and integrating a set of seismic attributes that best highlight the target saltbodies, whereas the convolutional neural network scheme makes it possible for saltbody delineation directly from seismic amplitude and thus significantly reduces the dependency on attribute selection from interpreters. It is concluded that the better performance from the convolutional neural network scheme results from two factors. First, the convolutional neural network builds the mapping relationship between the seismic signals and the saltbodies using the original seismic amplitude instead of manually selected seismic attributes, so that the negative impact of using less representative attributes is virtually eliminated. Second and more importantly, the convolutional neural network defines, learns and identifies the saltbodies by utilizing local seismic reflection patterns, so that the seismic noises and processing artefacts of distinct patterns are effectively identified and excluded.
Models of SEND: the impact of political and economic influences on policy and provision
Authors: Rolfe Susan
Published: August 2019

The content and direction of policy can be impacted upon by broader political and economic influences that are of central concern to the government in office. With regard to education, the concepts of inclusion and special educational needs and disability (SEND) are at the forefront of professional pedagogy and provision. These concepts, although well‐established educational practices, may be impacted by these influences. This article has two aims. First, it identifies and critically evaluates factors that may impact on the implementation of these concepts. This analysis focuses on the effects of national and international financial instability, the standards agenda and the use of attainment data. The second aim is to critically examine existing and new models of SEND and evaluate how they may be affected by broader political and economic influences and thus reflect current political values. The article includes a table that summarises each model of SEND and the political and economic influences that may impact on them. A conclusion is drawn that the potential to achieve inclusive educational practice is affected, not by the models of SEND impacting on policy and practice, but by political and economic influences acting at both national and international levels.
Towards a Contextual Definition of Rape: Consent, Coercion and Constructive Force
Authors: Dowds Eithne
Published: August 2019

This paper considers ‘consent‐based’ and ‘coercion‐based’ models of defining rape. It argues that the ability of these models to adequately protect against violations of sexual autonomy is dependent on their engagement with the broader circumstances within which sexual choices are made. Following an analysis of both models it is argued that attempts to contextualise consent and coercion are often undermined by evaluative framings that encourage scrutiny of the complainant's actions at the expense of engagement with the broader circumstances. This is particularly problematic where rape occurs as a result of non‐violent coercion and the victim does not verbally or physically demonstrate their lack of consent. The paper draws on United States military law and argues that the doctrine of constructive force, which has been used to deal with non‐violent coercion in these contexts, has the potential to progressively reshape our contextual and evaluative framings in domestic contexts.
Disodium Guanylate Alleviates Acute Hepatic Injury Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride Via Antioxidative Stress and Antiapoptosis In Vivo and In Vitro
Authors: Jin Shao‐Ju , Liu Chen , Wang Rong , Guo Kun‐Peng , Huang Ya‐Nan , Li Pan‐Xin , Ma Yong‐Chao , Xu Song‐Tao , Ding Chang‐He , Zhou Jun‐Jun , Chen Fu‐Sheng
Published: August 2019

Hepatic injury is one of the most common digestive system diseases worldwide in clinic. Guanylic acid or guanosine monophosphate (GMP) was an important component of nucleotides, which is mainly in the form of sodium salt (disodium guanylate, GMP‐Na2). However, its effect on hepatic injury has not yet been investigated. This study is to investigate the protective effects of GMP‐Na2 on acute hepatic injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), and to explore its mechanism. The hepatic injury models of mice and HL‐7702 cells were induced by CCl4. The alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC) were determined by biochemical method. Hematoxylin–eosin staining were used to determine the morphological changes on liver tissue in mice. The mRNA and protein expressions of caspase‐3, Bax, and Bcl‐2 were detected by RT‐PCR and Western blot analysis. Our results show that GMP‐Na2 treatment significantly decreased the activities of ALT and AST, and the levels of MDA as well as increased the levels of SOD, GSH‐Px, and T‐AOC. Importantly, GMP‐Na2 effectively enhanced the antiapoptosis function by upregulating Bcl‐2 expression and downregulating caspase‐3 and Bax expressions in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, the histopathological changes of liver tissue were obviously improved after GMP‐Na2 treatment. These findings suggest that GMP‐Na2 has protective effects on hepatic injury, and its mechanisms may be associated with antioxidative stress and antiapoptosis.
Monitoring of 49 Pesticides and 17 Mycotoxins in Wine by QuEChERS and UHPLC–MS/MS Analysis
Authors: He Jia , Zhang Bo , Zhang Huan , Hao Lan‐Lan , Ma Teng‐Zhen , Wang Jing , Han Shun‐Yu
Published: August 2019

An effective method for the determination of 49 pesticide residues and 17 mycotoxins in wine by a modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method and ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was developed. The target compounds were extracted with 1% (v/v) formic acid–acetonitrile, and no cleanup steps were required. The extracts were separated on a C18 chromatographic column (2.1 mm × 50 mm, 1.7 µm) with acetonitrile and water with 0.2% formic acid solution and ammonium acetate (10 mM) as the mobile phases under gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. The determination was conducted using electrospray ionization in positive ion mode with multiple reaction monitoring. The analytes were quantified by comparison with matrix‐matched standard solutions. The good linearities were obtained in the range of 0.05 to 500.0 µg/kg, and the correlation coefficients were all greater than 0.9935. The average recoveries of the 66 target compounds ranged from 69% to 119%, and the RSDs were in the range of 1% to 10%. The limits of detection were in the range of 0.05 to 20.0 µg/kg. The method was proved to be rapid, selective, sensitive, and stable, and it has been applied to analysis of 64 wine samples.
Soluble fms‐like tyrosine kinase‐1‐enriched exosomes suppress the growth of small cell lung cancer by inhibiting endothelial cell migration
Authors: Hao Dexun , Li Yanshuang , Zhao Gaofeng , Zhang Mingzhi
Published: August 2019

Background

Previous studies have reported that soluble fms‐like tyrosine kinase‐1 (sFlt‐1) possesses anti‐tumor effects by inhibiting angiogenesis in many cancers. Exosomes can be engineered as delivery vehicles for transferring functional biomolecules, such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids (DNA, mRNA, and miRNA) to target cells to affect inflammation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether exosomes can function as efficient carriers of sFlt‐1 in vitro and in vivo, to play a role in SCLC therapy.

Methods

We adopted three different methods: TEM, NTA and western blot analysis to characterize the cell‐derived exosomes from NCI‐H69 SCLC cell line and normal bronchial epithelial BEAS‐2B cell line. we next explored the effects of these exosomes on HUVE cell proliferation and migration in vitro.To verify sFlt‐1‐loaded exosomes suppress the tumor growth in vivo,we established subcutaneous xenografts in nude mice using the NCI‐H69 cell line.

Results

We observed that NCI‐H69‐exo significantly increased human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) migration compared to BEAS‐2B‐exo in vitro and in vivo. sFlt‐1 protein expression was statistically higher in BEAS‐2B‐exo than NCI‐H69‐exo. sFlt‐1 protein or sFlt‐1‐enriched exosomes can inhibit the migration of HUVECs. Furthermore, sFlt‐1‐enriched exosomes exhibited higher inhibition efficacy on pro‐angiogenesis of NCI‐H69‐exo in comparison with the same concentration of sFlt‐1 protein. Intriguingly, sFlt‐1‐loaded exosomes showed marked anti‐tumor activity by inhibiting the growth of NCI‐H69 tumor xenografts. CD31 staining revealed that sFlt‐1‐loaded exosomes significantly reduced the vascular density of experimental mice. sFlt‐1‐loaded exosomes markedly induced tumor apoptosis and inhibited tumor cell proliferation in mice.

Conclusion

Exosomes from a SCLC cell line contain low levels of sFlt‐1 and significantly increased the migration of HUVECs. SFlt‐1‐enriched exosomes can inhibit NCI‐H69‐exo‐induced HUVEC migration. Exosomes enriched in sFlt‐1 have the potential to be effective therapeutic agents for SCLC.
Ecological specialization is associated with high conservation concern in skates (Chondrichthyes, Rajiformes)
Authors: Barbini S. A. , Lucifora L. O. , Sabadin D. E. , Figueroa D. E.
Published: August 2019

Identifying the ecological traits of threatened species may help to identify species vulnerable to exploitation and habitat loss, predict future declines in abundance and provide the basis for their conservation. We assessed the relationship of dietary and habitat niche breadth on conservation status of skate species (Chondrichthyes, Rajiformes). We hypothesized that skate species with a narrow niche breadth have a higher conservation concern than skate species with wide niche breadth. Conservation status (IUCN), dietary and depth range data on 57 skate species were collected. Generalized linear mixed effect models were fitted with taxonomic level (genera nested within family) included as a random effect term in each model. In each model, body size of skate species was included as a variable because this life history trait is a known predictor of vulnerability. A model selection approach to test the level of support for alternative models was applied. Our results support the hypothesis that a narrow niche breadth is related to high vulnerability. Skate species with high probability of being of conservation concern have a narrow trophic niche breadth and a large body size. We conclude that dietary niche breadth together with body size may be an important trait to identify potentially vulnerable skate species. Conservation biology faces the challenge of identifying what species are vulnerable to anthropogenic stressors and to determine why this is so. The predictive value of our results may allow to know a priori which species should receive prioritary attention.
Multiple polymer plastination: Combining different types of polymers in teaching and exhibition plastinates
Authors: von Horst Christoph
Published: August 2019

Vacuum forced tissue impregnation is the signature step of the plastination process. It requires polymers with a low vapour pressure, low viscosity and a long pot life. Plastination polymers are a compromise between these mandatory requirements on the one hand and various secondary demands such as specimen stability, resistance to UV light and defined light refraction index on the other hand. Combining different polymers in one plastinate instead of using one plastination polymer alone can result in improved specimens for exhibitions and teaching including hands‐on use for students. The aim of this study was to assess the range of possible sheet plastinate modifications and how the resulting multiple polymer plastinates can fulfil the secondary requirements of user‐friendly plastinates. Adding sub‐steps of tissue impregnation and processing to the standard plastination protocol allows combining different polymer properties including the use of substances which are not suitable for conventional plastination as such but have better properties than plastination polymers. Advantages like resistance to UV light and mechanical stability can be combined and characteristic disadvantages of plastination polymers can be avoided. Acrylic protection layers (APL) offer a complete protection of the specimen in combination with advanced presentation possibilities and the option of completely refurbishing valuable specimens. Hybrid sheet plastinates provide lower preparation cost and polymer–tissue interactions for an improved visualization of fat, nerves and brain tissue. Selective impregnation is a promising approach for the clearer differentiation of various structures and tissue types.
Clinical role of frequency‐doubled double‐pulse neodymium YAG laser lithotripsy for removal of difficult biliary stones in laparoscopic common bile duct exploration
Authors: Yang Tingsong , Ma Zhilong , Xu Bin , Sun Wei , Meng Hongbo , Liu Dalu , Zhou Bo , Song Zhenshun
Published: August 2019

Background

The optimal methods for patients with difficult biliary stones remain under debate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of frequency‐doubled double‐pulse neodymium YAG (FREDDY) laser lithotripsy for removing difficult biliary stones during laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE).

Methods

Between March 2013 and January 2015, 42 consecutive patients with difficult biliary stones who underwent LCBDE with FREDDY laser lithotripsy were included in this study. The clinical data of all patients were retrospectively collected and analysed.

Results

Bile ducts were completely cleared in all patients. The complications related to laser lithotripsy were not noted. A total of 38 patients (90.5%) underwent primary closure of common bile duct, and T‐tube drainage was applied to four patients (9.5%). No bile duct injury, bleeding and perforation were observed. There were no post‐operative surgery‐related deaths. Bile leakage occurred in four patients (9.5%) with primary closure procedure, and all of them were managed successfully with conservative therapy. The median follow‐up period was 42.8 months, with no evidence of bile duct stricture and stone recurrence in all patients.

Conclusions

The LCBDE combined with FREDDY laser lithotripsy appear to be effective and safe for the treatment of difficult biliary stones.
What feeds shelf‐edge clinoforms over margins deprived of adjacent land sources? An example from southeastern Brazil
Authors: Schattner Uri , José Lobo Francisco , López‐Quirós Adrián , dos Passos Nascimento Jorge Luiz , de Mahiques Michel Michaelovitch
Published: August 2019

In southeastern Brazil, the Serra do Mar coastal mountain range blocks the sediment influx from arriving at a ca. 1,500 km long continental margin comprising Santos and Pelotas basins. Despite this deprivation, the margin accumulated a ca. 1 km thick sedimentary succession since the Mid‐Miocene. Examination of seismic reflection and oceanographic data indicates that shelf‐margin clinoform formation exhibits a regional variability, with major sigmoidal clinoforms developed in the transitional area between both basins. Laterally, poorly developed oblique clinoforms constitute isolated depocenters along the shelf margin. The continuous clinoform development in the transitional area is attributed to the major influence on sediment transport patterns of several ocean bottom currents flowing along the margin, such as the Brazil Coastal Current, the Brazil Current and the Intermediate Water Brazil Current. These currents erode, transport and distribute sediments across the shelf break and upper slope from distant sediment sources located either north or south of the study area. The progressive southward strengthening of the Brazil Current could be responsible for a major southward sediment redistribution from the northern Campos Basin, and/or for sediment entrainment from northward‐induced transport by the Brazil Coastal Current, originally derived from the De la Plata Estuary. In the transition between Santos and Pelotas basins, the Intermediate Water Brazil Current splits forming the Santos Bifurcation, allowing for a continuous depositional process and clinoform generation. We suggest that ocean bottom currents may shape other shelf‐edge ‘contouritic clinoforms’ in continental margins mainly constructed by along‐strike sediment transport largely driven by long‐term geostrophic currents.
Discovery of novel PC‐PLC activity inhibitors
Authors: Zhao YanChun , Su Le , Li Kunlun , Zhao BaoXiang
Published: August 2019

Phosphatidylcholine‐specific phospholipase C (PC‐PLC) is one of the important members of phospholipase family which is capable of specifically hydrolyzing the third phosphate linker of glycerophospholipid molecules, releasing phosphocholine and diacylglycerols (DAG). It is a crucial virulence factor of bacteria contributed to cell‐to‐cell spread and leading multiple diseases in mammals. Moreover, PC‐PLC has a wide range of biological functions and involves in various cell signaling pathway, including apoptosis, proliferation, differentiation, and metastasis. In this study, we have synthesized 2 chiral compounds ((R)‐7‐amino‐2,3,4,5‐tetrahydrobenzo[b][1,4]oxazepin‐3‐ol, called R‐7ABO, and(S)‐7‐amino‐2,3,4,5‐tetrahydrobenzo[b][1,4]oxazepin‐3‐ol, called S‐7ABO) and discovered their inhibitory effect on PC‐PLC activity which derived fromBacillus cereus(B. cereus) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Therefore, as two novel efficient PC‐PLC inhibitors, R‐7ABO and S‐7ABO might become favorable tools of antibacterial therapy inB. cereusinfection diseases and researching the function of PC‐PLC in HUVECs.
PepVis: An integrated peptide virtual screening pipeline for ensemble and flexible docking protocols
Authors: Ansar Samdani , Vetrivel Umashankar
Published: August 2019

Peptide therapeutics is proven to be highly potential in the treatment of various diseases due to its specificity, biological safety, and cost‐effectiveness. Many of the FDA‐approved peptides are currently available for therapeutic applications. In the current postgenomic era, high‐throughput computational screening of drugs and peptides are highly exploited in peptide therapeutics for cost‐effective and robustness. However, there is a paucity of efficient pipelines that automate virtual screening process of peptides through integration of open‐source tools that are optimal to perform ensemble and flexible docking protocols. Hence, in this study, we developed a GUI‐based pipeline named PepVis for automated script generation for large‐scale peptide modeling and virtual screening. PepVis integrates Modpep and Gromacs for peptide structure modeling and optimization; AutoDock Vina, ZDOCK, and AutoDock CrankPep for virtual screening of peptides; ZRANK2 for rescoring of protein–peptide complexes, and FlexPepDock for flexible refinement of protein–peptide complexes. Benchmarking of ensemble docking through PepVis infers that ModPep + Vina to outperform ModPep + ZDock in terms of detecting near‐natives from LEADS‐PEP dataset. PepVis is built modular to incorporate many other docking algorithms in the future. This pipeline is distributed freely under the GNU GPL license and can be downloaded at https://github.com/inpacdb/PepVis.
Monitoring of diffusion properties and transverse relaxation time of mouse ischaemic muscle after administration of human mesenchymal stromal cells derived from adipose tissue
Authors: Skorupa Agnieszka , Ciszek Mateusz , Pilny Ewelina , Smolarczyk Ryszard , Jarosz–Biej Magdalena , Boguszewicz Łukasz , Krakowczyk Łukasz , Szala Stanisław , Sokół Maria , Cichoń Tomasz
Published: August 2019

Objectives

Application of non‐invasive imaging methods plays an important role in the assessment of cellular therapy effects in peripheral artery disease. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the kinetics of MRI‐derived parameters characterizing ischaemic hindlimb muscle after administration of human mesenchymal stromal cells derived from adipose tissue (hADSC) in mice.

Materials and methods

MRI experiments were performed on a 9.4T Bruker system. The measurement protocol included transverse relaxation time mapping and diffusion tensor imaging. The monitoring period encompassed 14 days after femoral artery ligation and subsequent cell administration. The effect of hADSC transplantation was compared with the effect of normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) and phosphate‐buffered saline injection.

Results

The most significant differences between the hADSC group and the remaining ones were observed around day 3 after ischaemia induction (increased transverse relaxation time in the hADSC group in comparison with the control group) and around day 7 (increased transverse relaxation time and decreased third eigenvalue of the diffusion tensor in the hADSC group in comparison with the control and NHDF groups) at the site of hADSC injection. Histologically, it was associated with increased macrophage infiltration at days 3‐7 and with the presence of small regenerating fibres in the ischaemic tissue at day 7.

Conclusions

Our results underscore the important role of macrophages in mediating the therapeutic effects of hADSCs and confirm the huge potential of magnetic resonance imaging in monitoring of cellular therapy effects.
Eosinophils are surprisingly common in biopsy specimens of cutaneous herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus infections: Results of a comprehensive histopathologic and clinical appraisal
Authors: Laggis Caroline , Wada David , Shah Aatman , Zussman Jamie
Published: August 2019

Background

While usually straightforward, diagnostic features of cutaneous herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus infection (HSV/VZV) are not always present in biopsy specimens. Although intuitively the presence of eosinophils may lead the pathologist away from the diagnosis of cutaneous HSV/VZV infection, in our practice we have noted that eosinophils are often encountered in diagnostic specimens.

Methods

To deduce the frequency with which the inflammatory response accompanying cutaneous HSV/VZV infection includes significant numbers of eosinophils, we performed a retrospective review. We included 159 specimens from our database, diagnosed between 2009 and 2017. We determined the number of eosinophils in 10 high‐power fields and noted additional histologic factors including presence of follicular involvement, ulceration, and pseudolymphomatous change.

Results

Of all included cases, 63% had 0‐1 eosinophils, 24% had 2‐10 eosinophils, and 13% had more than 10 eosinophils. Statistical analysis did not reveal a significant association between any demographic or histologic features examined and the presence of increased eosinophils.

Conclusions

In this study, more than one‐third of biopsy specimens diagnostic of cutaneous HSV/VZV infection had a prominent number of eosinophils. The detection of eosinophils should not be unexpected and should not lessen diagnostic suspicion for cutaneous HSV/VZV infection.
Clinical usefulness of a deep learning‐based system as the first screening on small‐bowel capsule endoscopy reading
Authors: Aoki Tomonori , Yamada Atsuo , Aoyama Kazuharu , Saito Hiroaki , Fujisawa Gota , Odawara Nariaki , Kondo Ryo , Tsuboi Akiyoshi , Ishibashi Rei , Nakada Ayako , Niikura Ryota , Fujishiro Mitsuhiro , Oka Shiro , Ishihara Soichiro , Matsuda Tomoki , Nakahori Masato , Tanaka Shinji , Koike Kazuhiko , Tada Tomohiro
Published: August 2019

Background and Aim

To examine whether our convolutional neural network (CNN) system based on deep learning can reduce the reading time of endoscopists without oversight of abnormalities in the capsule‐endoscopy reading process.

Methods

Twenty videos of the entire small‐bowel capsule endoscopy procedure were prepared, each of which included 0–5 lesions of small‐bowel mucosal breaks (erosions or ulcerations). At another institute, two reading processes were compared: (A) endoscopist‐alone readings and (B) endoscopist readings after the first screening by the proposed CNN. In process B, endoscopists read only images detected by CNN. Two experts and four trainees independently read 20 videos each (10 for process A and 10 for process B). Outcomes were reading time and detection rate of mucosal breaks by endoscopists. Gold standard was findings at the original institute by two experts.

Results

Mean reading time of small‐bowel sections by endoscopists was significantly shorter during process B (expert, 3.1 min; trainee, 5.2 min) compared to process A (expert, 12.2 min; trainee, 20.7 min) (P < 0.001). For 37 mucosal breaks, detection rate by endoscopists did not significantly decrease in process B (expert, 87%; trainee, 55%) compared to process A (expert, 84%; trainee, 47%). Experts detected all eight large lesions (>5 mm), but trainees could not, even when supported by the CNN.

Conclusions

Our CNN‐based system for capsule endoscopy videos reduced the reading time of endoscopists without decreasing the detection rate of mucosal breaks. However, the reading level of endoscopists should be considered when using the system.
The effect of hypoglycaemia during hospital admission on health‐related outcomes for people with diabetes: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Lake A. , Arthur A. , Byrne C. , Davenport K. , Yamamoto J. M. , Murphy H. R.
Published: August 2019

Aim

To assess the health‐related outcomes of hypoglycaemia for people with diabetes admitted to hospital; specifically, hospital length of stay and mortality.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of studies relating to hypoglycaemia (< 4 mmol/l) for hospitalized adults (≥ 16 years) with diabetes reporting the primary outcomes of interest, hospital length of stay or mortality. Final papers for inclusion were reviewed in duplicate and the adjusted results of each were pooled, using a random effects model then undergoing further prespecified subgroup analysis.

Results

In total, 15 studies were included in the meta‐analysis. The pooled mean difference in length of stay for ward‐based inpatients exposed to hypoglycaemia was 4.1 days longer [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.36 to 5.79; I² = 99%] compared with those without hypoglycaemia. This association remained robust across the pre‐specified subgroup analyses. The pooled relative risk (RR) of in‐hospital mortality was greater for those exposed to hypoglycaemia (RR 2.09, 95% CI 1.64 to 2.67; I² = 94%, n = 7 studies) but not in intensive care unit mortality (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.49 to 1.16; I² =0%, n = 2 studies).

Conclusion

There is an association between inpatient hypoglycaemia and longer length of stay and greater in‐hospital mortality. Studies examining this association were heterogenous in terms of both clinical populations and effect size, but the overall direction of the association was consistent. Therefore, glucose concentration should be considered a potential tool to aid the identification of inpatients at risk of poor health‐related outcomes.
The association of imaging equipment age with other quality metrics and successful laboratory accreditation by the Intersocietal Accreditation Commission
Authors: Malhotra Saurabh , Farrell Mary Beth , Katz William E. , Soman Prem
Published: August 2019

Background

Intersocietal Accreditation Commission (IAC) accreditation is granted or delayed depending on the fulfillment of several quality metrics. Investing in up‐to‐date equipment might reflect a commitment to quality.

Methods

Data from echocardiography (n = 3079) and nuclear cardiology (n = 1835) accreditation applications submitted between 2012 and 2014 were evaluated to determine the mean age of laboratory equipment. Laboratory quality was assessed by the number of missing quality metrics, and a composite quality score was calculated as the sum of missing quality metrics. A lower score thus represented better laboratory quality. The relationship between equipment age and quality was explored as an interaction term between equipment age and the composite quality score and was incorporated into regression models for prediction of accreditation status.

Results

During the study period, 49% of echocardiography and 42% of nuclear laboratories were granted accreditation without delay. For both echocardiography and nuclear laboratories, there was a statistically significant trend toward an increasing number of missing quality metrics with increasing quartiles of equipment age. The interaction between equipment age and the composite quality score was a significant predictor of delay of accreditation for both echocardiography and nuclear cardiology laboratories, with a stronger association for 1st‐time applicants. Among sites applying for accreditation in both modalities simultaneously, accreditation in one modality predicted the accreditation decision for the other.

Conclusions

Laboratory quality is an important determinant of IAC accreditation, and equipment age is an effect modifier of this relationship. Contemporary equipment likely reflects a commitment to quality, for both echocardiography and nuclear laboratories.
WHICH COMMUNITIES COMPLAIN TO POLICYMAKERS? EVIDENCE FROM CONSUMER SENTINEL
Authors: Raval Devesh
Published: August 2019

Consumer complaints provide a signal of the problems that different American communities face. I use a large database of millions of complaints to examine how per capita complaint rates vary across communities, as well as heterogeneity in who complains to different agencies and about different consumer protection issues. I find higher complaint rates in more heavily Black, more educated, higher income, older, and more urban communities and lower complaint rates in more heavily Hispanic and higher household size communities. The demographics of complaints are quite different for the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, with much higher rates of complaints from Black and college educated areas compared to the Federal Trade Commission or Better Business Bureaus. I also find much higher rates of finance related complaints from Black communities across all reporting agencies. (JEL D18, H50, J10)
Morphological evolution of the vertebrate forebrain: From mechanical to cellular processes
Authors: Aboitiz Francisco , Montiel Juan F.
Published: August 2019

Although the cerebral hemispheres are among the defining characters of vertebrates, each vertebrate class is characterized by a different anatomical organization of this structure, which has become highly problematic for comparative neurobiology. In this article, we discuss some mechanisms involved in the generation of this morphological divergence, based on simple spatial constraints for neurogenesis and mechanical forces generated by increasing neuronal numbers during development, and the different cellular strategies used by each group to overcome these limitations. We expect this view to contribute to unify the diverging vertebrate brain morphologies into general, simple mechanisms that help to establish homologies across groups.
Evolutionary drivers of seasonal plumage colours: colour change by moult correlates with sexual selection, predation risk and seasonality across passerines
Authors: McQueen Alexandra , Kempenaers Bart , Dale James , Valcu Mihai , Emery Zachary T. , Dey Cody J. , Peters Anne , Delhey Kaspar
Published: August 2019

Some birds undergo seasonal colour change by moulting twice each year, typically alternating between a cryptic, non‐breeding plumage and a conspicuous, breeding plumage (‘seasonal plumage colours’). We test for potential drivers of the evolution of seasonal plumage colours in all passerines (N = 5901 species, c. 60% of all birds). Seasonal plumage colours are uncommon, having appeared on multiple occasions but more frequently lost during evolution. The trait is more common in small, ground‐foraging species with polygynous mating systems, no paternal care and strong sexual dichromatism, suggesting it evolved under strong sexual selection and high predation risk. Seasonal plumage colours are also more common in species predicted to have seasonal breeding schedules, such as migratory birds and those living in seasonal climates. We propose that seasonal plumage colours have evolved to resolve a trade‐off between the effects of natural and sexual selection on colouration, especially in seasonal environments.
Garden plants in medieval Iberia: the archaeobotanical evidence
Authors: Peña‐Chocarro Leonor , Pérez‐Jordà Guillem
Published: August 2019

Of all the plants that were used in early medieval times, many were grown in gardens and orchards and contributed to the subsistence of medieval communities. Archaeobotany provides direct evidence of the range of species used either for food or for other purposes. In this contribution, we explore the evidence of garden produce in early medieval Iberia focusing on archaeobotanical data. First, we will analyse the available data, taking into consideration different types of preservation. Second, we will examine the diversity of species, trying to establish the uses and purposes of the taxa identified. Finally, we will discuss results within the better‐known wider European context.
Twin introductions by independent invader mussel lineages are both associated with recent admixture with a native congener in Australia
Authors: Popovic Iva , Matias Ambrocio Melvin A. , Bierne Nicolas , Riginos Cynthia
Published: August 2019

Introduced species can impose profound impacts on the evolution of receiving communities with which they interact. If native and introduced taxa remain reproductively semi‐isolated, human‐mediated secondary contact may promote genetic exchange across newly created hybrid zones, potentially impacting native genetic diversity and invasive species spread. Here, we investigate the contributions of recent divergence histories and ongoing (post‐introduction) gene flow between the invasive marine mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis, and a morphologically indistinguishable and taxonomically contentious native Australian taxon, Mytilus planulatus. Using transcriptome‐wide markers, we demonstrate that two contemporary M. galloprovincialis introductions into south‐eastern Australia originate from genetically divergent lineages from its native range in the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Europe, where both introductions have led to repeated instances of admixture between introduced and endemic populations. Through increased genome‐wide resolution of species relationships, combined with demographic modelling, we validate that mussels sampled in Tasmania are representative of the endemic Australian taxon (M. planulatus), but share strong genetic affinities to M. galloprovincialis. Demographic inferences indicate late‐Pleistocene divergence times and historical gene flow between the Tasmanian endemic lineage and northern M. galloprovincialis, suggesting that native and introduced taxa have experienced a period of historical isolation of at least 100,000 years. Our results demonstrate that many genomic loci and sufficient sampling of closely related lineages in both sympatric (e.g. Australian populations) and allopatric (e.g. northern hemisphere Mytilus taxa) ranges are necessary to accurately (a) interpret patterns of intraspecific differentiation and to (b) distinguish contemporary invasive introgression from signatures left by recent divergence histories in high dispersal marine species. More broadly, our study fills a significant gap in systematic knowledge of native Australian biodiversity and sheds light on the intrinsic challenges for invasive species research when native and introduced species boundaries are not well defined.
Strangulation of the duodenum just oral to its caudal flexura caused by a volvulus
Authors: Rijkenhuizen A. B. M. , Lichtenberg D.
Published: August 2019

An 8‐year‐old Haflinger mare with a 10‐day‐old foal at foot was referred with mild abdominal pain. On the basis of clinical examination, blood and peritoneal fluid analysis, the cause of pain was suspected septic peritonitis. The horse was initially managed medically, with the horse placed in box confinement under close monitoring. No permission was given for an exploratory laparotomy, and it was decided to perform a diagnostic laparoscopy in the standing horse. The laparoscopy revealed a 360‐degree anticlockwise partial duodenal volvulus of the caudal descending duodenum, which was manually reduced (hand‐assisted laparoscopy). After the release, the mesentery of the duodenum showed an ischaemic band (yellowish white and dark red with a hyperaemic side) and the duodenum had a distinct ischaemic ring (orally and aborally) distinguishing the incarcerated part from the normal duodenum. Ten minutes after the release, the colour remained the same. In conjunction with the owner, it was decided to euthanise the pony. Pathology confirmed the presence of a strangulation ring and the ischaemic condition of the involved duodenum.
Equine digital tendons show breed‐specific differences in their mechanical properties that may relate to athletic ability and predisposition to injury
Authors: Verkade M. E. , Back W. , Birch H. L.
Published: August 2019

Background

Throughout the ages, human subjects have selected horse breeds for their locomotor capacities. Concurrently, tissue properties may have diversified because of specific requirements of different disciplines.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to compare the biomechanical properties of tendons with different functions between equine breeds traditionally selected for racing or sport.

Study design

This study used ex vivo tendons and compared the mechanical properties of the common digital extensor tendon (CDET) and superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) between racehorses (Thoroughbred [TB]) and sports horses (Friesian Horse [FH], Warmblood [WB]).

Methods

The SDFT and CDET of FH (n = 12), WBs (n = 12) and TBs (n = 8) aged 3–12 years were harvested. The cross sectional area (cm2), maximal load (N), ultimate strain (%), ultimate stress (MPa) and elastic modulus (MPa) were determined and tested for significant differences between the breeds (P<0.05).

Results

The SDFT from WB horses had a significantly lower elastic modulus than TB horses and failed at a higher strain and load than both FHs and TBs. The mechanical properties of the CDET did not differ between breeds. In agreement with previous studies, the CDET failed at a higher stress and had a higher elastic modulus than the SDFT and, for the WB group of horses only, failed at a significantly lower strain. Interestingly, the mode of failure differed between breeds, particularly with respect to the FHs.

Main limitations

The exercise history of horses used in this study was unknown and the age‐range was relatively large; both these factors may have influenced the absolute properties reported in this study.

Conclusions

This study shows for the first time that mechanical properties of the SDFT differ between breeds. These properties are likely to be related to selection for high‐speed vs. an extravagant elastic gait and may be an important indicator of performance ability.

The Summary is available in Spanish – see Supporting Information
The impact of public funding on the different types of private contributions
Authors: de Andres‐Alonso Pablo , Garcia‐Rodriguez Inigo , Romero‐Merino M. Elena
Published: August 2019

We analyze the effect of public funding on private contributions to 67 nongovernmental development organizations (NGDOs) in Spain from 2006 to 2011. Previous literature gives theoretical explanations for both the crowding‐in and the crowding‐out effects, while the empirical evidence presents different realities. In this study, we find a partial crowding‐out effect (€1.00 of public funding reduces private contributions by €0.43) by using generalized method of moments estimators. However, this overall effect does not hold when analyzing the influence that different sources of public funds have on each type of private contribution.
Analysis of gender vulnerability to climate‐related hazards in a rural area of Ethiopia
Authors: Belcore Elena , Pezzoli Alessandro , Calvo Angela
Published: August 2019

Identifying areas of the world, communities, and women and men that could be damaged by meteorological events (like droughts and floods) has been crucial for vulnerability studies in the last decade. Climate change may differently affect female‐ and male‐headed households, especially in rural areas of sub‐Saharan Africa, where they react in a different way to the effects of adverse weather events. The aim of this work was to analyse a population's vulnerability and resilience to climate‐related hazards, applying a sex‐disaggregated, quantitative methodology at household level. This study was realised in three Woredas (Siraro, Shalla, and Shashemene) of the Oromia Region in Ethiopia. The information used for the evaluation included climatic conditions, socio‐economic variables and natural resource availability. All data collected were analysed after disaggregation by sex. Evaluation of the indices shows that the vulnerability of the households is particularly related to the presence of governmental infrastructure, availability of water sources, and external aid. The study reveals that the Woreda of Siraro is the most vulnerable. A better situation appears in the Woredas of Shalla and Shashemene, where women and men have more skills to face vulnerability, as highlighted by the “recovery potential” index. On the other hand, the study points out some differences between women and men. While male‐headed households mainly have low vulnerability and high resilience, female‐headed households are divided into two main classes: low vulnerability associated with low resilience, and low vulnerability associated with high resilience. When the vulnerability is higher, both women and men show higher resilience.
Quality of life outcomes after low dose‐rate brachytherapy for localized prostate cancer: Current status and future perspectives
Authors: Murakami Yasukiyo , Satoh Takefumi , Tsumura Hideyasu , Tabata Ken‐ichi , Matsumoto Kazumasa , Ishiyama Hiromichi , Iwamura Masatsugu
Published: August 2019

The present review summarizes data from studies reporting on health‐related quality of life after brachytherapy and competing modalities. There are various therapeutic modalities for localized prostate cancer, including radical surgery, external beam radiotherapy and active surveillance. Advances in surgical and radiation treatment have entered clinical practice in the form of robot‐assisted surgery or intensity‐modulated radiotherapy. Brachytherapy remains the main treatment option for patients with localized prostate cancer, with 10‐year survival data showing favorable outcomes. Because each treatment modality has achieved favorable survival outcomes, focus in determining appropriate treatment has shifted toward health‐related quality of life, where each treatment has a different profile and/or adverse symptoms. The development of health‐related quality of life assessment tools has allowed the creation of a pool of specific health‐related quality of life data across many studies. The present article reviews the impact of brachytherapy and other modalities on quality of life, as well as future directions.
Thinking differently: Re‐framing family violence responsiveness in the mental health and addictions health care context
Authors: Short Jacqueline , Cram Fiona , Roguski Michael , Smith Rachel , Koziol‐McLain Jane
Published: August 2019

Aotearoa New Zealand’s high rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) and child abuse and neglect point to a clear need to develop and resource equitable mental health and addiction practices that are responsive both to people experiencing and using violence, and to their families. Current responses to IPV in mental health and addiction settings in Aotearoa New Zealand require a critical re‐framing, from an individualistic autonomy and empowerment framework that constrains practitioners’ practice, to an understanding IPV as a form of social entrapment. Using a composite story constructed from 28 in‐depth New Zealand family violence death reviews, we highlight current problematic practice and discuss alternative responses that could create safer lives for people and families. Re‐framing IPV as a form of social entrapment acknowledges it as a complex social problem that requires collective steps to secure people’s safety and well‐being. Importantly, a social entrapment framework encompasses interpersonal and structural forms of violence, such as the historical and intergenerational trauma of colonization and links to ongoing structural inequities for Māori (the indigenous people of Aotearoa) in Aotearoa New Zealand.
Patient safety culture among European cancer nurses—An exploratory, cross‐sectional survey comparing data from Estonia, Germany, Netherlands, and United Kingdom
Authors: Sharp Lena , Rannus Kristi , Olofsson Anna , Kelly Daniel , Oldenmenger Wendy H. ,   the EONS RECaN group
Published: August 2019

Aim

To explore the differences in perceived patient safety culture in cancer nurses working in Estonia, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.

Design

An exploratory cross‐sectional survey.

Methods

In 2018, 393 cancer nurses completed the 12 dimensions of the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture.

Results

The mean score for the overall patient safety grade was 61.3. The highest rated dimension was “teamwork within units” while “staffing” was the lowest in all four countries. Nurses in the Netherlands and in the United Kingdom, scored higher on “communication openness”, the “frequency of events reported”, and “non‐punitive response to errors”, than nurses from Estonia or Germany. We found statistically significant differences between the countries for the association between five of the 12 dimensions with the overall patient safety grade: overall perception of patient safety, communication openness, staffing, handoffs and transitions and non‐punitive response to errors.

Conclusion

Patient safety culture, as reported by cancer nurses, varies between European countries and contextual factors, such as recognition of the nursing role and education have an impact on it. Cancer nurses’ role in promoting patient safety is a key concern and requires better recognition on a European and global level.

Impact

Cancer Nursing Societies in any country can use these data as an indication on how to improve patient care in their country. Recognition of cancer nursing as a distinct specialty in nursing will help to improve patient safety.