bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of recycling number on the mechanical, chemical, thermal, and rheological properties of PBT/PC/ABS ternary blends: With and without glass‐fiber
Authors: Kuram Emel , Ozcelik Babur , Yilmaz Faruk , Timur Gokhan , Sahin Zeynep Munteha
Published: January 2014

The recycling possibilities of poly(butylene terephthalate)/polycarbonate/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (PBT/PC/ABS) ternary blend with and without glass‐fiber content were investigated using repeated injection molding process. In this study, PBT/PC/ABS ternary blends were reprocessed at five times and the results were presented after each recycling process. The recycling possibility of PBT/PC/ABS ternary blend was evaluated by measuring the mechanical, chemical, thermal, and rheological properties. Mechanical properties were determined by the tensile strength, yield strength, strain at break, elastic modulus, impact strength, flexural strength, and flexural modulus. Chemical and thermal properties were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. Rheological properties of the ternary blends were studied by melt flow index measurement. From the results, it was found that mechanical properties of recycled composites were better than virgin PBT/PC/ABS ternary blends. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:2074–2084, 2014. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Biodegradability of nonwoven flax fiber reinforced polylactic acid biocomposites
Authors: Alimuzzaman Shah , Gong R.H. , Akonda Mahmudul
Published: January 2014

Biocomposites of flax reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) were made using a new technique incorporating an air‐laying nonwoven process. PLA and flax fibers were mixed and converted to the webs in the air‐laying process. Prepregs were then made from the fiber webs by thermal consolidation. The prepregs were finally converted to composites by compression molding. This study was investigated the biodegradability and water absorption properties of the composites. The composites were incubated in compost under controlled conditions. The percentage weight loss and the reduction in mechanical properties of PLA and biocomposites were determined at different time intervals. It was found that with increasing flax content, the mechanical properties of the biocomposites decreased more during the burial trial. The increasing of flax content led to the acceleration of weight loss due to preferential degradation of flax. This was further confirmed by the surface morphology of the biodegraded composites from scanning electron microscope image analysis. Morphological observations indicated severe disruption of biocomposites structure between 60 and 120 days of incubation. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:2094–2102, 2014. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Hydrogen bond nature in formamide (CYHNH2···XH; YO, S, Se, Te; XF, HO, NH2) complexes at their ground and low‐lying excited states
Authors: Bedoura Sultana , Xi Hong‐Wei , Lim Kok Hwa
Published: January 2014

A theoretical study on the nature of hydrogen bond for formamide and its heavy complexes (CYHNH2···XH; YO, S, Se, Te; XF, HO, NH2) was performed on the basis of density functional theory and the quantum chemistry analysis. Except for the CYHNH2···NH3 complexes, the substitution of O atom at formamide with less electronegative atoms (S, Se, and Te) is found to weaken the hydrogen bond (H‐bond). This substitution results in cyclic structure of hydrated and ammoniated formamide complexes by the formation of bifunctional H‐bonds (Y···H4X; X···H3C). Natural bond orbital analysis indicates that the H‐bond is weakened because of less charge transfer from a lone pair orbital of H‐bond acceptor to antibonding orbital of H‐bond donor. The quantum theory of atoms in molecules analysis reveals that the acyclic structure with single H‐bond stabilizes the complexes more than the cyclic structure formed by bifunctional H‐bonds. Natural energy decomposition analysis (NEDA) and block‐localized wavefunction energy decomposition (BLW‐ED) analyses show that the H‐bond stabilization energies of NEDA and BLW‐ED have good correlation with the dissociation energy of formamide complexes and charge transfer from donor to acceptor atom play an important role in H‐bonding. We have also studied the low‐lying electronic excited states (T1, T2, and S1) for CYHNH2···H2O complexes to explore the nature of H‐bond on the basis of electronegativity and found that NEDA also establishes a good correlation with relative electronic energy (with respect to their ground state) and H‐bond strength at their excited states. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CTED: the new aromaticity index based on corrected total electron density at bond critical points
Authors: Tokatlı Ahmet , Ucun Fatih
Published: January 2014

In this work, the corrected total electron densitybased on ellipticity (ε) at C–C bond critical points in a given ring and bond length alternations was introduced to estimate π‐electron density distributions in the ring. Then, to evaluate aromaticity of rings with any number of members, thewas normalized relative to a system assumed as a full aromatic, which is named as the corrected total electron density (CTED) aromaticity index. For a wide range of aromatic, nonaromatic and antiaromatic compounds, we have compared CTED index with the other commonly used aromatic indices, such as HOMA, PDI, FLU, NICS and recently introduced EL. CTED index was seen to be in agreement with the defined indices, and with general expectations. Hence, as similar to the other indices except from PDI, we have proposed that CTED index could be applied to study the aromaticity of rings without any restriction in the number of members of rings and used to analyze both the local and global aromatic character of rings as a new aromaticity index. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved screening for cystic fibrosis‐related diabetes by an integrated care team using an algorithm
Authors: Rayas Maria Socorro , Willey‐Courand Donna Beth , Lynch Jane Lockwood , Guajardo Jesus Ramon
Published: January 2014

Objective

To determine whether implementation of a standardized, clinic‐based algorithm improves compliance with cystic fibrosis‐related diabetes (CFRD) screening guidelines.

Study Design

A CFRD screening algorithm was developed as part of a quality improvement initiative through collaboration between the pediatric pulmonary and endocrine divisions and implemented prospectively to children aged 8–17 years in our CF center for a 6‐month period. The primary outcome measure was the percentage rate of CF patients who were appropriately screened with an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) during the quality improvement period as compared to the year prior.

Results

Ninety‐seven percent (37/38) of OGTTs were appropriately ordered by providers, and 89% (34/38) of patients obtained the OGTT at the completion of the quality improvement period. Compared with the percentage of eligible patients completing the OGTT the year prior, the use of the algorithm significantly improved screening (P = 0.03). Data collected 1‐year post‐algorithm implementation revealed 97% (33/34) of OGTTs were ordered and 79% (27/34) of OGTTs were completed. The use of the algorithm 1‐year post‐implementation did not reveal a significant improvement in screening when compared to the reference year and implementation period (P = 0.08).

Conclusions

Implementation of a clinical algorithm resulted in a statistically significant improvement in screening during the quality improvement period, but this improvement was not sustained the following year despite continued physician compliance with ordering the OGTT. Barriers to patient compliance need to be explored. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:971–977. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ERG–SOX4 interaction promotes epithelial–mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer cells
Authors: Wang Lin , Li Yanjiang , Yang Xiaoqing , Yuan Huiqing , Li Xiangzhi , Qi Mei , Chang Yannicca W.Y. , Wang Chunni , Fu WeiWei , Yang Muyi , Zhang Juan , Han Bo
Published: January 2014

BACKGROUND

Approximately 50% of prostate cancer (PCa) patients in Western countries harbor ERG rearrangement with concurrent ERG overexpression. Overexpression of SOX4 has been shown to play important roles in multiple cancers including PCa. However, the link between these two critical genetic aberrations was unclear.

METHODS

Fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were utilized to detect ERG rearrangement and SOX4 expression. Cellular function was evaluated by transwell, wound healing assays, and cell adhesion assay, respectively. Interaction between ERG and SOX4 was arrayed by co‐immunoprecipitation, Real‐time PCR, Western blot, and siRNA. Direct binding of ERG to the promoter of SOX4, as well as epigenetic modifications of their promoters after TGF‐β1 treatment was monitored by chromatin immunoprecipitation.

RESULTS

ERG regulated SOX4 expression via binding to its promoter. Silencing both of them showed duplicate effects on restoring the epithelial characteristics, increasing cellular adhesion and decreasing capacity of cellular migration and invasion. ERG and SOX4 have cooperative roles in TGF‐β1‐induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. In addition, TGF‐β1 stimulation increased levels of chromatin marks associated with active genes (H3K4me3, H416ac), and decreased levels of repressive marks (H3K27me3) at their promoters. 5‐aza and TSA treatment changed expressions of ERG and SOX4. Clinically, overexpression of SOX4 is associated with ERG rearrangement status in PCa and ERG+/SOX4+ defined a subset of PCa patients with poor prognosis.

CONCLUSION

Our findings define a key role for ERG/SOX4 in the development of a subset of PCa and highlight the clinical importance of identifying molecularly defined tumor subgroups. Prostate 74:647–658, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Post‐traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Mediate the Relationship Between Trauma Exposure and Smoking Status in College Students
Authors: Gabert‐Quillen Crystal A. , Selya Arielle , Delahanty Douglas L.
Published: January 2014

The present study examined the relationship between trauma exposure and smoking status and the extent to which post‐traumatic stress disorder symptoms mediated this relationship in a sample of 329 college students who experienced a prior traumatic event. Participants experienced an average of 2.2 prior traumas, and approximately 15% (n = 49) were smokers. Bootstrapping analyses revealed that after controlling for age, gender and time since trauma, post‐traumatic stress disorder symptoms served as a pathway through which trauma exposure increased the risk of smoking [BC 95% CI (0.02, 0.18)]. Results appeared to be due largely to the influence of hyperarousal symptoms [BC 95% CI (0.05, 0.22)]. Comprehensive interventions for undergraduate smokers may be improved by attending to the impact of prior trauma and mental health needs. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlation between the effects of local and intracerebroventricular infusions of galanin on 5‐HT release studied by microdialysis, and distribution of galanin and galanin receptors in prefrontal cortex, ventral hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, and striatum of awake rats
Authors: Yoshitake Shimako , Kuteeva Eugenia , Hökfelt Tomas , Mennicken Françoise , Theodorsson Elvar , Yamaguchi Masatoshi , Kehr Jan , Yoshitake Takashi
Published: January 2014

The neuropeptide galanin is implicated in regulation of affective behavior, including modulation of 5‐HT signaling. Here, we investigated, by use of microdialysis in freely moving rats, the effects of intracerebral (i.c.) and intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusions of galanin on basal extracellular 5‐HT levels in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), CA1 area of ventral hippocampus (vHPC), central amygdaloid nucleus (CeA), ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus ventrolateral part (VMHvl), and ventromedial caudate putamen (CPu). These results were compared with a parallel immunohistochemical analysis of the distribution of galanin, 5‐HT, and noradrenaline (NA) nerve terminals, and with data on galanin receptors. Galanin i.c.v. significantly decreased the 5‐HT levels in mPFC to 79% and in vHPC to 72%. Local infusions of galanin caused a long‐lasting decrease in 5‐HT levels in vHPC to 88%, and a moderate decrease in CeA, whereas the 5‐HT levels in mPFC significantly increased to 121%. These effects of i.c. galanin correlated well with the density of 5‐HT and galanin nerve terminals and galanin receptors autoradiography in mPFC, vHPC, and CeA. No effects of i.c. or i.c.v. galanin on 5‐HT levels were observed in CPu or VMHvl, in agreement with the low numbers of galanin‐positive terminals and low/moderate galanin receptor density. Galanin was often found to coexist in NA, but could never be detected in 5‐HT terminals. Together the results show a neuroanatomical correlation between the effects of galanin infusions on 5‐HT release and distribution of galanin and its receptors, and that i.c.v. and i.c. administration can give opposite effects on 5‐HT release. Synapse 68:179–193, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Flaws of Formal Relationism
Authors: Almotahari Mahrad ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2014

Formal relationism in the philosophy of mind is the thesis that folk psychological states should be individuated, at least partially, in terms of the purely formal inference-licensing relations between underlying mental representations. It’s supposed to provide a Russellian alternative to a Fregean theory of propositional attitudes. I argue that there’s an inconsistency between the motivation for formal relationism and the use to which it’s put in defense of Russellian propositions. Furthermore, I argue that formal relationism is committed to epiphenomenalism about singular mental content.
Coupling Doppler radar‐derived wind maps with operational turbine data to document wind farm complex flows
Authors: Hirth Brian D. , Schroeder John L. , Gunter W. Scott , Guynes Jerry G.
Published: January 2014

The first known dual‐Doppler (DD) measurements collected within a utility‐scale wind farm are presented. Various complex flow features are discussed, including detailed analyses of turbine wakes, turbine‐to‐turbine interaction, high wind speed channels that exist between individual wakes and intermittent gust propagation. The data have been collected using innovative mobile Doppler radar technologies, which allows for a large observational footprint of ~17 km2 in the presented analyses while maintaining spatial resolution of 0.49° in the azimuthal dimension by 15 m in the along‐beam range dimension. The presented DD syntheses provide three‐dimensional fields of the horizontal wind speed and direction with a revisit time of approximately 1 min. DD wind fields are validated with operational turbine data and are successfully used to accurately project composite power output for several turbines. The employed radar technologies, deployment schemes, scanning strategies and subsequent analysis methodologies offer the potential to contribute to the validation and improvement of current wake modeling efforts that influence wind farm design and layout practices, enhanced resource assessment campaigns, and provide real‐time wind maps to drive ‘smart’ wind farm operation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amplitude relations in non-linear sigma model
Authors: Chen Gang , Du Yi-Jian
Published: January 2014

Abstract

In this paper, we investigate tree-level scattering amplitude relations in U(N) non-linear sigma model. We use Cayley parametrization. As was shown in the recent works [23,24], both on-shell amplitudes and off-shell currents with odd points have to vanish under Cayley parametrization. We prove the off-shell U(1) identity and fundamental BCJ relation for even-point currents. By taking the on-shell limits of the off-shell relations, we show that the color-ordered tree amplitudes with even points satisfy U(1)-decoupling identity and fundamental BCJ relation, which have the same formations within Yang-Mills theory. We further state that all the on-shell general KK, BCJ relations as well as the minimal-basis expansion are also satisfied by color-ordered tree amplitudes. As a consequence of the relations among color-ordered amplitudes, the total 2 m-point tree amplitudes satisfy DDM form of color decomposition as well as KLT relation.
What do non-relativistic CFTs tell us about Lifshitz spacetimes?
Authors: Keeler Cynthia , Knodel Gino , Liu James T.
Published: January 2014

Abstract

We study the reconstructability of (d + 2)-dimensional bulk spacetime from (d + 1)-dimensional boundary data, particularly concentrating on backgrounds which break (d + 1)-dimensional Lorentz invariance. For a large class of such spacetimes, there exist null geodesics which do not reach the boundary. Therefore classically one might guess some information is trapped in the bulk and thus invisible at the boundary. We show that this classical intuition correctly predicts the quantum situation: whenever there are null geodesics which do not reach the boundary, there are also “trapped scalar modes” whose boundary imprint is exponentially suppressed. We use these modes to show that no smearing function exists for pure Lifshitz spacetime, nor for any flow which includes a Lifshitz region. Indeed, for any (planar) spacetime which breaks (d + 1)-dimensional Lorentz invariance at any radius, we show that local boundary data cannot reconstruct complete local bulk data.
Overcoming Short Gaps in Peripheral Nerve Repair: Conduits and Human Acellular Nerve Allograft
Authors: Isaacs Jonathan , Browne Timothy
Published: January 2014

Nerve conduits and acellular nerve allograft offer efficient and convenient tools for overcoming unexpected gaps during nerve repair. Both techniques offer guidance for migrating Schwann cells and axonal regeneration though utilizing very different scaffolds. The substantially greater amount of animal and clinical data published on nerve conduits is marked by wide discrepancies in results that may be partly explained by a still poorly defined critical repair gap and diameter size. The available information on acellular allografts appears more consistently positive though this tool is also hampered by a longer but also limited critical length. This article reviews the current relative literature and examines pertinent parameters for application of both acellular allograft and nerve conduits in overcoming short nerve gaps.
Polynomial propagation of moments and global existence for a Vlasov–Poisson system with a point charge
Authors: Desvillettes Laurent , Miot Evelyne , Saffirio Chiara
Published: January 2014

In this paper, we extend to the case of initial data constituted of a Dirac mass plus a bounded density (with finite moments) the theory of Lions and Perthame [8] for the Vlasov–Poisson equation. Our techniques also provide polynomially growing in time estimates for moments of the bounded density.
The relationship between temperament and character and subclinical psychotic-like experiences in healthy adults
Authors: Nitzburg G.C. , Malhotra A.K. , DeRosse P.
Published: January 2014

Background

Considerable data support phenomenological and temporal continuity between psychotic disorders and subclinical psychotic-like experiences (PLE's). Although numerous studies have found similar personality correlates for schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder patients, their unaffected first-degree relatives, and healthy adults characterized for schizotypal traits, no study has yet investigated personality correlates of PLE's measured by the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE). Our study sought to examine personality correlates of PLE's using the CAPE in healthy adults.

Method

The CAPE and temperament and character inventory (TCI) were administered to 415 healthy adults. Regressions examined links between TCI traits and overall PLE levels as well as positive and negative PLE's separately.

Results

Consistent with past studies, lower self-directedness (SD) and reward dependence (RD) and higher self-transcendence (ST) and harm avoidance (HA) significantly predicted overall PLE levels. Higher ST and persistence (P) and lower SD significantly predicted higher levels of positive PLE's while lower SD and RD and higher HA, ST, and cooperativeness (C) predicted higher levels of negative PLE's.

Conclusions

Associations between TCI and PLE's using the CAPE are strikingly similar to past work in non-clinical and patient samples and provide additional support for phenomenological continuity between psychotic disorders and sub-syndromal psychotic symptoms.
Microvascular network alterations in the retina of patients with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Cheung Carol Yim‐lui , Ong Yi Ting , Ikram M. Kamran , Ong Shin Yeu , Li Xiang , Hilal Saima , Catindig Joseree‐Ann S. , Venketasubramanian Narayanaswamy , Yap Philip , Seow Dennis , Chen Christopher P. , Wong Tien Yin
Published: January 2014

Background

Although cerebral small‐vessel disease has been implicated in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the cerebral microcirculation is difficult to visualize directly in vivo. Because the retina provides a noninvasive window to assess the microcirculation, we determined whether quantitatively measured retinal microvascular parameters are associated with AD.

Methods

We conducted a case‐control study (case:control matching ≈ 1:2). Retinal photographs were analyzed using a computer program, and a spectrum of quantitative retinal microvascular parameters (caliber, fractal dimension, tortuosity, and bifurcation) were measured. Logistic regression models were used to compute the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval for AD adjusting for age, gender, ethnicity, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and history of myocardial infarction.

Results

We included 136 demented patients with AD and 290 age‐gender‐race‐matched controls. Persons with narrower venular caliber (OR per standard deviation [SD] decrease, 2.01 [1.27–3.19]), decreased arteriolar and venular fractal dimension (OR per SD decrease 1.35 [1.08–1.68], 1.47 [1.17–1.84], respectively) and increased arteriolar and venular tortuosity (OR per SD increase, 1.84 [1.40–2.31], 1.94 [1.48–2.53], respectively) were more likely to have AD. These associations still persisted when only AD cases without a history of cerebrovascular disease were included.

Conclusions

Patients with AD have altered microvascular network in the retina (narrower retinal venules and a sparser and more tortuous retinal vessels) compared with matched nondemented controls. These changes in retinal microvasculature may reflect similar pathophysiological processes in cerebral microvasculature in the brains of patients with AD.
Familial benign frontotemporal deterioration with C9ORF72 hexanucleotide expansion
Authors: Gómez‐Tortosa Estrella , Serrano Soledad , de Toledo María , Pérez‐Pérez Julián , Sainz M. José
Published: January 2014

Background

In recent years, a benign variant of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) has been recognized, with a particularly slow progression of cognitive deficits and scarce frontotemporal atrophy or hypoperfusion in neuroimaging studies. Patients with FTLD have been considered “phenocopies,” with an underlying nondegenerative neurologic process.

Results

We report the first family with three affected members having benign FTLD associated with C9ORF72 gene hexanucleotide expansion. Onset of symptoms occurred during the fifth decade, with naming and memory problems as the main features. Two siblings have stabilized at mild cognitive impairment or incipient dementia for more than a decade, and remain quite independent for their activities of daily living at the current ages of 69 and 65 years, respectively. Their mother's cognitive deterioration evolved slowly during >30 years.

Conclusion

This family demonstrates that a benign evolution can be part of the growing spectrum of clinical phenotypes associated with neurodegenerative diseases caused by the C9ORF72 hexanucleotide expansion. Screening of this genetic marker should be considered in cases with this slow deterioration, especially if there is a family history.
miR181b is induced by the chemopreventive polyphenol curcumin and inhibits breast cancer metastasis via down‐regulation of the inflammatory cytokines CXCL1 and ‐2
Authors: Kronski Emanuel , Fiori Micol E. , Barbieri Ottavia , Astigiano Simonetta , Mirisola Valentina , Killian Peter H. , Bruno Antonino , Pagani Arianna , Rovera Francesca , Pfeffer Ulrich , Sommerhoff Christian P. , Noonan Douglas M. , Nerlich Andreas G. , Fontana Laura , Bachmeier Beatrice E.
Published: January 2014

Chronic inflammation is a major risk factor for the development and metastatic progression of cancer. We have previously reported that the chemopreventive polyphenol Curcumin inhibits the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines CXCL1 and ‐2 leading to diminished formation of breast and prostate cancer metastases. In the present study, we have analyzed the effects of Curcumin on miRNA expression and its correlation to the anti‐tumorigenic properties of this natural occurring polyphenol.

Using microarray miRNA expression analyses, we show here that Curcumin modulates the expression of a series of miRNAs, including miR181b, in metastatic breast cancer cells. Interestingly, we found that miR181b down‐modulates CXCL1 and ‐2 through a direct binding to their 3′‐UTR. Overexpression or inhibition of miR181b in metastatic breast cancer cells has a significant impact on CXCL1 and ‐2 and is required for the effect of Curcumin on these two cytokines. miR181b also mediates the effects of Curcumin on inhibition of proliferation and invasion as well as induction of apoptosis. Importantly, over‐expression of miR181b in metastatic breast cancer cells inhibits metastasis formation in vivo in immunodeficient mice. Finally, we demonstrated that Curcumin up‐regulates miR181b and down‐regulates CXCL1 and ‐2 in cells isolated from several primary human breast cancers.

Taken together, these data show that Curcumin provides a simple bridge to bring metastamir modulation into the clinic, placing it in a primary and tertiary preventive, as well as a therapeutic, setting.
Clinical Challenges and Opportunities of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Musculoskeletal Medicine
Authors: Centeno Christopher J.
Published: January 2014

The use of stem cells in orthopedics has been researched for many years, with robust animal data that show efficacy in cartilage healing, tendon repair, and intervertebral disk treatment. Early clinical data are also just starting to be published, and these results are encouraging. Safety data in large case series, some that lasted for many years, have also been published. The field of tissue engineering with stem cells in musculoskeletal impairments has the potential to reduce morbidity and improve clinical outcomes. The regulatory environment for this area of medicine is still developing.
Variable Criteria for Patellofemoral Bracing Among Sports Medicine Professionals
Authors: Solinsky Ryan , Beaupre Gary S. , Fredericson Michael
Published: January 2014

Objective

To examine whether the frequency of bracing, geographic region, clinical specialty, or percentage of practice devoted to knee pain influences the criteria used by sports medicine professionals to determine whether a brace should be prescribed for treating patients with nontraumatic patellofemoral pain syndrome.

Design

Cross‐sectional study.

Setting

Sports medicine practices in the United States.

Participants

A total of 1307 athletic trainers, physical therapists, and sports medicine physicians recruited from the e‐mail listings of the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine, the American Osteopathic Academy of Sports Medicine, the American Physical Therapy Association Sports Physical Therapy Section, the International Patellofemoral Study Group, the International Patellofemoral Retreat list, and National Collegiate Athletic Association Division 1 athletic team registries.

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcomes Measures

Thirty‐seven potential patellofemoral bracing criteria encompassing history and function, alignment, physical examination, previous treatments, and radiographic evidence.

Results

A total of 1307 of 7999 providers replied (response rate, 16.3%). Mean bracing frequencies were 19.8% for athletic trainers, 13.4% for physical therapists, and 25.1% for physicians. The mean number of total bracing criteria used was 10.5. The 10 most commonly cited criteria for prescribing a patellofemoral brace in descending order of frequency were: (1) hypermobile patella on physical examination; (2) positive J sign on physical examination; (3) failure of previous rehabilitation; (4) pain when performing squats or going up/down stairs on history; (5) success with previous taping; (6) pain with running activities on history; (7) pain with jumping activities on history; (8) increased dynamic Q angle; (9) vastus medialis oblique deficiency in timing or strength; and (10) positive apprehension sign on physical examination. No statistically significant trends were noted with regard to experience or percentage of practice devoted to knee pain. Increased bracing frequency was significantly associated with an increased number of bracing criteria (r = 0.89, P < .0001).

Conclusions

This study identified little overall consensus and showed that significant differences exist in the criteria used to prescribe a brace for patellofemoral pain syndrome among specialties and in relation to bracing frequency.
Optical ages on loess derived from outwash surfaces constrain the advance of the Laurentide Ice Sheet out of the Lake Superior Basin, USA
Authors: Schaetzl Randall J. , Forman Steven L. , Attig John W.
Published: January 2014

We present textural and thickness data on loess from 125 upland sites in west-central Wisconsin, which confirm that most of this loess was derived from the sandy outwash surfaces of the Chippewa River and its tributaries, which drained the Chippewa Lobe of the Laurentide front during the Wisconsin glaciation (MIS 2). On bedrock uplands southeast of the widest outwash surfaces in the Chippewa River valley, this loess attains thicknesses > 5 m. OSL ages on this loess constrain the advance of the Laurentide ice from the Lake Superior basin and into west-central Wisconsin, at which time its meltwater started flowing down the Chippewa drainage. The oldest MAR OSL age, 23.8 ka, from basal loess on bedrock, agrees with the established, but otherwise weakly constrained, regional glacial chronology. Basal ages from four other sites range from 13.2 to 18.5 ka, pointing to the likelihood that these sites remained geomorphically unstable and did not accumulate loess until considerably later in the loess depositional interval. Other OSL ages from this loess, taken higher in the stratigraphic column but below the depth of pedoturbation, range to nearly 13 ka, suggesting that the Chippewa River valley may have remained a loess source for several millennia.
The importance of mentoring and coaching for family businesses
Authors: Núñez-Cacho Utrilla Pedro , Grande Torraleja Félix Ángel
Published: January 2014

Mentoring and coaching practices are helping businesses grow by supporting the development of their human capital. Family businesses have a unique atmosphere and distinctive features that make it especially important to discover whether mentoring and coaching affect their performance. We have used a resource-based vision and knowledge-based vision to analyse this relationship using structural equation methodology in a sample of 630 companies. The results show that there is a direct relationship between mentoring and coaching and the performance of family businesses.
MODELLING THE VICIOUS CIRCLE BETWEEN OBESITY AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS USING A BIVARIATE PROBIT MODEL WITH ENDOGENOUS REGRESSORS
Authors: YEH C-Y. , CHEN L-J. , KU P-W , CHEN C-M.
Published: January 2014

The increasing prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents has become one of the most important public health issues around the world. Lack of physical activity is a risk factor for obesity, while being obese could reduce the likelihood of participating in physical activity. Failing to account for the endogeneity between obesity and physical activity would result in biased estimation. This study investigates the relationship between overweight and physical activity by taking endogeneity into consideration. It develops an endogenous bivariate probit model estimated by the maximum likelihood method. The data included 4008 boys and 4197 girls in the 5th–9th grades in Taiwan in 2007–2008. The relationship between overweight and physical activity is significantly negative in the endogenous model, but insignificant in the comparative exogenous model. This endogenous relationship presents a vicious circle in which lower levels of physical activity lead to overweight, while those who are already overweight engage in less physical activity. The results not only reveal the importance of endogenous treatment, but also demonstrate the robust negative relationship between these two factors. An emphasis should be put on overweight and obese children and adolescents in order to break the vicious circle. Promotion of physical activity by appropriate counselling programmes and peer support could be effective in reducing the prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents.
Effect of feeding linseed oil in diets differing in forage to concentrate ratio: 1. Production performance and milk fat content of biohydrogenation intermediates of α-linolenic acid
Authors: Saliba Leacady , Gervais Rachel , Lebeuf Yolaine , Chouinard P. Yvan
Published: January 2014

To evaluate the interaction between the levels of dietary concentrate and linseed oil (LO) on milk fatty acid (FA) profile, 24 Holstein cows were used in a randomised complete block design based on days in milk, with a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Within each block, cows were fed one of four experimental diets containing 30% concentrate (LC) or 70% concentrate (HC), without LO (NLO) or with LO supplemented at 3% of dietary dry matter. Milk FA profiles were analysed with a special emphasis on the intermediates of the predominant trans-11, and a putative trans-13 pathways of ruminal biohydrogenation of cis-9, cis-12, cis-15 18:3. Feeding LO increased the concentrations of cis-9, cis-12, cis-15 18:3 and trans-11, cis-15 18:2 in milk fat, and these increases were of a higher magnitude when LO was added in HC as compared with LC diet (interaction of LO by concentrate). A treatment interaction was also observed for the level of trans-11 18:1 which was higher when feeding LO, but for which the increase was more pronounced with the LC as compared with HC diet. The concentrations of cis-15 18:1 and cis-9, trans-11, cis-15 18:3 were higher in cows fed LO, but feeding HC diets decreased milk fat content of cis-15 18:1 and a tendency for a decrease in cis-9, trans-11, cis-15 18:3 was apparent. Feeding LO increased milk fat content of trans-13 18:1 and cis-9, trans-13 18:2, while the concentrations of these two isomers were not affected by the level of dietary concentrates. The isomer cis-9, trans-13, cis-15 18:3 has not been detected in any of the milk samples. In conclusion, interactions were observed between LO and dietary concentrates on the proportions of some intermediates of the trans-11 biohydrogenation pathway. The presence of trans-13 18:1 and cis-9, trans-13 18:2 supports the existence of a trans-13 pathway, but an 18:3 intermediate with a trans-13 double bond has not been identified.
Detection of hydatid-specific antibodies in the serum and urine for the diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis in patients from the Kashmir Valley, India
Authors: Chirag S. , Fomda B.A. , Khan A. , Malik A.A. , Lone G.N. , Khan B.A. , Zahoor D.
Published: January 2014

Serological diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis (CE) is usually made by detecting specific antibodies in serum samples. However, collection of blood samples is difficult and may be hazardous and unsafe. Thus, it is important to assess alternative simple methods of sampling body fluids that give similar results. Saliva and urine have been suggested as possible alternatives to detect specific antibodies for the diagnosis of various diseases. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no previously published study regarding the detection of CE-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G subclass antibodies (IgG1–4) in urine. Therefore, the present study was designed to assess the value of hydatid-specific antibodies of IgG, IgM, IgE and IgG subclass in urine and serum samples for the diagnosis of CE. Serum and urine samples of 41 surgically confirmed patients of CE, 40 patients with other diseases and 16 healthy subjects were included in the study. CE-specific total IgG, IgE and IgG4 in sera and total IgG, IgG4 and IgG1 in the urine of CE patients were the most important specific antibodies for the diagnosis of CE. However, total IgG usually persists for an extended period and has a very high cross-reactivity. The diagnostic sensitivity of hydatid-specific IgM in serum and urine samples was very low and therefore cannot be used as a diagnostic marker. There was no significant difference between IgG1 and IgG4 in serum and urine and both showed the best correlation for the diagnosis of CE. These considerations suggest that detection of antibodies in urine could provide a new approach in the diagnosis of CE.
Wave theories of non-laminar charged particle beams: from quantum to thermal regime
Authors: Fedele Renato , Tanjia Fatema , Jovanović Dusan , De Nicola Sergio , Ronsivalle Concetta
Published: January 2014

The standard classical description of non-laminar charged particle beams in paraxial approximation is extended to the context of two wave theories. The first theory that we discuss (Fedele R. and Shukla, P. K. 1992 Phys. Rev. A45, 4045. Tanjia, F. et al. 2011 Proceedings of the 38th EPS Conference on Plasma Physics, Vol. 35G. Strasbourg, France: European Physical Society) is based on the Thermal Wave Model (TWM) (Fedele, R. and Miele, G. 1991 Nuovo Cim. D13, 1527.) that interprets the paraxial thermal spreading of beam particles as the analog of quantum diffraction. The other theory is based on a recently developed model (Fedele, R. et al. 2012a Phys. Plasmas19, 102106; Fedele, R. et al. 2012b AIP Conf. Proc.1421, 212), hereafter called Quantum Wave Model (QWM), that takes into account the individual quantum nature of single beam particle (uncertainty principle and spin) and provides collective description of beam transport in the presence of quantum paraxial diffraction. Both in quantum and quantum-like regimes, the beam transport is governed by a 2D non-local Schrödinger equation, with self-interaction coming from the nonlinear charge- and current-densities. An envelope equation of the Ermakov–Pinney type, which includes collective effects, is derived for both TWM and QWM regimes. In TWM, such description recovers the well-known Sacherer's equation (Sacherer, F. J. 1971 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.NS-18, 1105). Conversely, in the quantum regime and in Hartree's mean field approximation, one recovers the evolution equation for a single-particle spot size, i.e. for a single quantum ray spot in the transverse plane (Compton regime). We demonstrate that such quantum evolution equation contains the same information as the evolution equation for the beam spot size that describes the beam as a whole. This is done heuristically by defining the lowest QWM state accessible by a system of non-overlapping fermions. The latter are associated with temperature values that are sufficiently low to make the single-particle quantum effects visible on the beam scale, but sufficiently high to make the overlapping of the single-particle wave functions negligible. This lowest QWM state constitutes the border between the fundamental single-particle Compton regime and the collective quantum and thermal regimes at larger (nano- to micro-) scales. Comparing it with the beam parameters in the existing accelerators, we find that it is feasible to achieve nano-sized beams in advanced compact machines.
Exact equilibria for nonlinear force-free magnetic fields with its applications to astrophysics and fusion plasmas
Authors: Moawad S. M.
Published: January 2014

Knowledge of the structure of coronal magnetic field originating from the photosphere is relevant to the understanding of many solar activity phenomena, e.g. flares, solar prominences, coronal loops, and coronal heating. In most of the existing literature, these loop-like magnetic structures are modeled as force-free magnetic fields (FFMF) without any plasma flow. In this paper, we present several exact solution classes for nonlinear FFMF, in both translational and axisymmetric geometries. The solutions are considered for their possible relevance to astrophysics and solar physics problems. These are used to illustrate arcade-type magnetic field structures of the photosphere and twisted magnetic flux ropes through the coronal mass ejections (CMEs), as well as magnetic confinement fusion plasmas.
Seasonal and spatial distribution of chaetognaths on the north-west continental shelf of the South China Sea
Authors: Wu X. , Li K. , Huang L. , Yin J. , Tan Y.
Published: January 2014

The seasonal variation and spatial distribution of chaetognaths were studied based on samples collected from July to August 2006 (summer), December 2006 to January 2007 (winter), and in April 2007 (spring) on the north-west continental shelf of the South China Sea. A total of 19 species of chaetognaths were identified. The average chaetognath abundances (mean ±SD) were 54.0 ± 44.5, 36.8 ±16.7 and 48.9 ± 95.5 ind. m−3in summer, winter and spring, respectively.Flaccisagitta enflataandSerratosagitta pacificawere the dominant species during the whole sampling period, andF. enflatadetermined the spatial distribution of total chaetognath abundance. According to the topography and hydrological conditions, the survey area was divided into three sub-regions: inshore waters of the western Guangdong (Region I), inshore waters to the east of Hainan Island (Region II) and offshore waters from the western Guangdong to Hainan Island (Region III). The community structure and abundance distribution of chaetognaths varied significantly between the three sub-regions. The species richness was significantly different among the three sub-regions, with the lowest in Region I and the highest in Region III. The species richness was correlated positively with temperature and salinity. The abundance of chaetognaths was significantly higher in Region I than in both Regions II and III in summer and spring. The increasing food availability caused by the cold eddy, coastal upwelling and the western Guangdong coastal current was able support a greater abundance of chaetognaths during warm seasons on the north-west continental shelf of the South China Sea.
Indian Institutions in the Early 1980s: The pre-history of the great transformation
Authors: MAIORANO DIEGO
Published: January 2014

In 1989 India's political system underwent a process of profound change which affected the entire institutional setup of the country. Power was radically redistributed—it began to flow from the central government to the states, and from the Prime Minister's Office to the other institutions of the state. By analysing the severe institutional crisis which occurred during Mrs Gandhi's final term in office, this paper seeks to show how state institutions worked on the eve of such a redrawing of India's institutional setup. In addition, an effort is made to link the working of India's institutions to the configuration of the party system, thus stressing the importance of political dynamics in the functioning of parliamentary democracies.
Measuring growth and obesity across childhood and adolescence
Authors: McCarthy H. David
Published: January 2014

The dramatic rise in childhood obesity has driven the demand for tools better able to assess and define obesity and risk for related co-morbidities. In addition, the early life origins of non-communicable diseases including type 2 diabetes are associated with subtle alterations in growth and body composition, including total and regional body fatness, limb/trunk length and skeletal muscle mass (SMM). Consequently improved tools based on national reference data, which capture these body components must be developed as the limitations of BMI as a measure of overweight and obesity and associated cardiometabolic risk are now recognised. Furthermore, waist circumference as a measure of abdominal fatness in children is now endorsed by the International Diabetes Federation and National Institute for Clinical and Health Excellence for diagnostic and monitoring purposes. The present paper aims to review the research on growth-related variations in body composition and proportions, together with how national references for percentage body fat, SMM and leg/trunk length have been developed. Where collection of these measures is not possible, alternative proxy measures including thigh and hip circumferences are suggested. Finally, body ratios including the waist:height and muscle:fat ratios are highlighted as potential measures of cardiometabolic disease risk. In conclusion, a collection of national references for individual body measures have been produced against which children and youths can be assessed. Collectively, they have the capacity to build a better picture of an individual's phenotype, which represents their risk for cardiometabolic disease beyond that of the capability of BMI.
The Spirit in creation
Authors: Williams David T.
Published: January 2014

The result of the Arian controversy was the affirmation of the total equality of the trinitarian persons. This led to the realisation that all three persons of the Trinity are involved in every external action of God. Despite this, the role of the Holy Spirit in creation has not been clear, partly due to few specific references in the creation narratives. However, it may be suggested that the Spirit does not act in the creation of matter, which is the role of the second person, but in the provision of the underlying form and order necessary for very existence, and specifically for the dynamic interaction which is of the essence of life, as in the second account of the creation of the man (Gen 2). This reflects the fact that the action of the Spirit is also essential in salvation to link Christ's work on the cross to the believer. While separation is a feature of the Genesis creation narrative, this is balanced by the interrelating of what had been created.

So, although Christian theology has commonly seen the world as ‘spirit’-less, restricting the action of the Holy Spirit to the church, this would be understood as referring to the limitation of his direct action. His immanent presence is nevertheless essential in all for very existence. The Spirit is not in the world, but underlies it.

Creation may be seen as a theistic act, by transcendent intervention to give matter, and giving interaction in immanent presence. The nature of the world therefore reflects the theistic nature of God, involving both distinction and relating. Indeed it then reflects the trinitarian nature of the creator, in which the persons maintain their absolute distinction at the same time as their total equality through the interaction ofperichōrēsis, specifically enabled by the action of the Spirit as generating and undergirding relationship. The parallel between the created and the creator is seen especially insofar as the discrete elements of matter interrelate to give form and interaction.

It is in their interaction that the elements of creation fulfil their purpose, and so specifically that humanity reflects its nature as created inimago Dei.