bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DAMAGE INSPECTION OF WIPER BLADES USING IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
Authors: Nguyen Hoang Thai Son , Nguyen Duy Anh , Nguyen Tan Tien
Published: June 2024

The working part of Wiper Blades (WBs), made from PU material, are more vulnerable to contactbased solutions than other methods. In conventional approaches, sharp styluses employed as probes for tracking damaged edges are usually forced to wear out after a long time of the scanning process, thereby producing unreliable results. As a result, a machine vision-based system is proposed in this paper for WB damage inspection. Double threshold and morphological operations are used for defect verification. Defects are then derived using the background subtraction method before applying region-based algorithm for assessment. Results of experiments have demonstrated the reliability and flexibility of the new approach. Differences between the novel approach and the conventional method, which uses piezoelectric sensor, are also presented in this paper.
A CMOS CURRENT CONTROLLED RING OSCILLATOR WITH WIDE AND LINEAR TUNING RANGE
Authors: Leelarasmee Ekachai
Published: June 2024

A new CMOS current controlled ring oscillator is investigated. It is based on a 3 stage ring oscillator. Each stage uses a simple NMOS for switching a current source to charge a capacitor and discharging it thereby generating a ramp output. Its oscillation frequency depends on the current source. This simple circuit can have a wide tuning range but has some non-linearity problem. A modification of the original circuit using inverters can significantly improve the linearity without consuming a lot of additional current and layout. Simulation result using 1pF indicates that the oscillator has 476KHz/uA frequency sensitivity and can be tuned from 476Hz at 1nA to 476KHz at 1000nA with good linearity.
EDGE-PRESERVING WAVELET IMAGE REPRESENTATIONS WITH APPLICATIONS TO COMPRESSION OF AERIAL ORTHO IMAGES
Authors: Langi Armein
Published: June 2024

This paper describes a new second-generation-type lossy image compression scheme using wavelets for aerial ortho images. For map applications where some losses are allowed, aerial ortho images present a possibility of having a very high compression ratio, because they are natural images with many uniform (coherent) subregions. However classical compression schemes such as the joint-photograph expert group (JPEG) standard do not preserve image edges, which are critical in preserving precision of the objects' positions. In our compression scheme, an image is seen as a collection of edges and textures, instead of pixels, hence edge preservation can be made explicit. This scheme is particularly promising because the images contain many man-made, regular objects, such as roads, houses, parks, and farmlands. The scheme uses wavelet extrema to extract the edges. The paper shows that an excellent reconstruction of aerial ortho images can be obtained from edges. The paper also discusses techniques to compress edges of the aerial ortho images.
FIRE RESISTANCE EVALUATION FOR THE STEEL ROOF STRUCTURE OF A TYPICAL WAREHOUSE
Authors: Panedpojaman Pattamad , Pothisiri Thanyawat
Published: June 2024

The fire resistance of the steel roof structure of a typical warehouse is investigated in the current study. Various fire scenarios are simulated using the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) program. The simulation considers the fuel type and the clearance height of the warehouse as the varying parameters. The fire modeling results demonstrate that the fuel types significantly affect the behavior of the modeled fire in terms of the fire growth and the spread of flames. For each of the modeled fire scenarios, the behavior of the roof structure is examined using nonlinear structural analysis, taking into account the varying properties of steel under fire, with and without fire protection. It has been found that the failure time of the roof structure depends upon the fuel type and whether or not the roof members are protected from fire and that the fire resistance of protection for structural steel sections based on ASTM E 119 may not be conservative.
IMPROVEMENT IN HARDNESS AND CORROSION RESISTANCE OF STEEL THROUGH RED MUD COATING
Authors: Purwasasmita Bambang Sunendar , Putra Khalifa Aldila , Nurdiwijayanto Leanddas
Published: June 2024

Red mud is a waste product produced during alumina extraction from bauxite by the Bayer’s process and has become a major issue in connection with its disposal. As the aluminum demand in the world is increasing, the disposal of red mud waste into the environment also increases, bringing with its environmental issues coupled, however, a potential for the waste to generate a huge amount of unutilized resources still contained in the red mud, such as Fe2O3, Al2O3, SiO2, and others. As a possible useful utilization of the disposable waste, red mud can be used as a fine ceramic coating material onto metal substrates. For a fine ceramic coating, fine red mud powder was mixed with other substances to form a non-aqueous coating slurry with toluene as the solvent, PEG 6000 as the binder and plasticizer, and sesame oil as the dispersant. The coating process was performed by a dip-coating method onto ST-37 steel with a withdrawal speed of 0.23 mm/sec. The densification of coating material took place after calcinations at 900 °C, 1100 °C, and 1300 °C for 2 hours in nitrogen atmosphere. This treatment evinced an improvement of the surface hardness from 146.2 HV to 1738.8 HV for the sample calcined at 1100°C and the corrosion resistance by 4.14 times, for the sample calcined at 1300°C.
A STUDY ON ACTIVATION PROCESS OF RED MUD 1 TO USE AS AN ARSENIC ADSORBENT
Authors: Ha Huynh Ky Phuong , Mai Tran Thi Ngoc , Truc Nguyen Le
Published: June 2024

Red mud, an industrial waste from the alumina-producing Bayer process, releases a huge amount quantity in the world and becomes an important pollution resource. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of activation conditions on the properties of the treated red mud to use as an Arsenic adsorbent. Five parameters of the activation process including calcination temperature, calcination time, acid concentration, reaction temperature, and reaction time were studied using Response Surface Methodology. The optimum conditions were obtained at calcination temperature of 274.42°C in 3.04 hours and activating concentration of H2SO4 is 1.18M at 87.88°C in 3.93 hours. The As5+ adsorption ability from simulated solutions was conducted to test effect of activating parameters.
EFFECT OF PRE-TREATMENT ON THE ANAEROBIC CO-DIGESTION OF RICE STRAW AND VEGETABLE WASTE FOR BIOGAS PRODUCTION
Authors: Syamsiah Siti , Herawati Dewi A , Sulistyo Hary
Published: June 2024

Co-digestion of rice straw and vegetable waste (represented by green mustard, Brassica juncea) was conducted in a laboratory scale experiment for biogas production run in batch mode. Rice straw and B. juncea were mixed at certain composition to obtain the C/N ratio of 20 and used as the raw material of the digestion process. Rice straw was subject to biological and physical pre-treatment prior to the digestion. Biological pre-treatment was conducted by mixing the rice straw with EM-4, a commercial enriched microbial source, and physical method of pre-treatment was done by grinding the material. Liquid effluent from an existing biodigester of cow manure was used as inoculums. Digestion process was conducted at mesophilic condition, 35oC. Biogas production was observed daily, whereas concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA), total solid (TS), and volatile solid (VS) were observed weekly. Following the digestion for about 50 days, the average yields of biogas production were 0.016 L/g VS, 0.030 L/ g VS and 0.017 L/g VS, for non pre-treated, biologically pre-treated and physically pre-treated substrates, respectively. The highest production of biogas was achieved on the day 20 after which the production decreased gradually. The maximum methane concentration in all cases (with and without pre-treatment) was not significantly different. The decrease of pH in all system was observed in the first 15 days and then back gradually to neutral. Slight decrease of pH was again noticed at the end of digestion period, especially in the case of physical pretreated and non pretreated substrates. Residual volatile solid was found to be 33%, 88.5%, and 81.4% of the initial volatile solid for the biologically pretreated, physically pretreated and unpretreated substrates, respectively. Significant increase of biogas production in biological pretreated substrate is mainly attributed to the improvement of rice straw digestibility.
OPTIMIZATION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF MICROBIAL ELECTROLYSIS CELL FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN FROM SAGO WASTEWATER SUBSTRATE
Authors: Mohd Asrul Mohamad Afiq , Atan Mohd Farid , Abdul Halim Yun Hafizah , Abdul Wahab Noraziah , Hung Hu Hin , Hui Lai Josephine Chang , Wei Tan Ivy Ai
Published: June 2024

The nonlinear phenomenon of the profile of substrate concentration and hydrogen production rate over 16 retention days in a 4 L double chamber of a microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) for bioelectrochemical production of hydrogen from sago wastewater validates the mathematical modeling results based on simplified microbial biofilm growth. The stoichiometric reaction and kinetics affect the substrate concentration curve behaviour, but the effects also include the bioelectrochemical balance for hydrogen production rate. The artificial neural network (ANN) predicts the experimental hydrogen production rate according to the input of pH of the catholyte at controlled applied potential of 0.8 V and current density of 0.632 A‧m-2. The convex method assists the model in finding the optimal input values that lead to the minimum mean square error (MSE) between modelling and experimental data. Evaluation of the COD removed efficiency, coulombic efficiency, and energy efficiency determines the process limit of the model MEC. At an optimum applied potential of 0.485 V, anode surface area of 0.098 m2, anodic chamber volume of 4 L, and initial substrate concentration of 2,500.99 mg‧L-1, the MEC model reached maximum steady-state percentage at 81.99% of COD removed efficiency, 69.01% of Coulombic efficiency, and 7.47% of energy efficiency.
MODIFIED MATRIX CODES FOR SHIELDING MEMORIES AGAINST ADJACENT ERRORS
Authors: K Neelima , Subhas C.
Published: June 2024

Soft errors are caused in memories due to radiation effects as the technology scales down. This paper concentrates on correcting adjacent errors in memories using indirect decoding mechanisms. Several matrix codes were also used to correct a maximum of two adjacent and random errors. In this paper, matrix representation of two rows for half the data bits matrix representations is used and each row is encoded with extended hamming code parity bits. Three ways of decoding are proposed. Among them, the method-1 uses only extended hamming bits of rows and vertical parity bits for decoding which is capable of correcting odd number of adjacent bits in half of data bits. The method-2 uses all parity bits and is capable of correcting 1 bit less than half the data bits. The method-3 uses all parity bits and with a change in decoding mechanism allows correction of half erroneous data bits. The method-3 based decoder proves to be more reliable either in lower half or upper half of Data, enabling it to be used in image processing applications. But method-3 compromises with decrease in code rate, increase in bit overhead, area and power delay product by atleast 26.38%, 10.76%, 9.6% and 5%.
OPTIMIZATION OF COMMERCIAL SILICA GEL REGENERATION VIA RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY
Authors: Ong Mark Vicente , Chua Alvin
Published: June 2024

Silica gel, a highly porous form of silicon dioxide, is widely used as a desiccant due to its hygroscopic properties and superior characteristics compared to organic materials. Although silica gel can be regenerated and reused, conventional methods often involve prolonged heating and limited ventilation, resulting in energy waste and reduced efficiency. To optimize the regeneration process, this paper presents an experimental approach to regenerate silica gel using response surface methodology (RSM). The study explores the influence of temperature, duration, and natural convection rate, which is regulated by adjusting the vent size of the oven. The results indicate that saturated silica gel at 98-100% equilibrium relative humidity (RH) can be effectively regenerated to nearly its dry weight by applying a temperature of 70°C for a duration of 10 minutes in a cubic oven measuring 15cm on each side, with an approximate vent area of 225cm2. Moreover, assigning different levels of importance to the influencing factors in the Design Expert software allows calibration of these factors to achieve the desired equilibrium RH.
ENHANCEMENT OF TRAFFIC IMAGES UNDER DIFFERENT WEATHER CONDITIONS USING PYNET
Authors: Shamsul Azmi Miza Fatini , Kamaru Zaman Fadhlan Hafizhelmi , Zainol Abidin Husna
Published: June 2024

Convolutional neural networks have real practical application potentials, such as for autonomous driving and semantic segmentation, but they are known to be sensitive to image degradations and corruption. Over the years, image enhancement in deep learning has shown drastic improvement. However, the clarity and quality of images still badly affect the robustness of semantic segmentation, especially for traffic images under different weather conditions. This paper proposes image enhancement performance using PyNET deep learning methods for more robust semantic segmentation of traffic images under different conditions. This work also proposes a new metric to objectively estimate the performance known as Image Similarity Metrics (ISM). Modification to PyNET is made in this work to allow this deep learning model to be used to enhance traffic images under various weather conditions such as fog, night, and rain. We compared PyNET performance against the Deep Convolutional Networks (DPED) and the Cycle Generative Adversarial Networks (CycleGAN) to evaluate the improvement gained by these image enhancement methods. Based on our experiment, PyNET gives the best image enhancement performance among those three methods in all weather conditions according to our proposed ISM. To support the validity of the ISM result, we performed tests by semantic segmentation of traffic images using ResNet-18 on the PyNET-enhanced images. Based on semantic segmentation results, PyNET improves the semantic segmentation of traffic images under different weather conditions by as much as 17% accuracy and delivers performance that directly validates the ISM scores, by showing that PyNET delivers the best semantic segmentation improvement in fog and night images
PRESSURE DROP IN VERTICAL TURBULENT BUBBLY FLOWS: A THEORETICAL MODELLING APPROACH
Authors: Nauman Malik Muhammad , Mehdi Murtuza , Yousuf Muhammad Uzair , Abid Muhammad , Zaini Juliana , Esa Zulfikre , Iqbal Asif
Published: June 2024

A method based on the concept of eddy viscosities due to turbulence and bubble agitation is utilized along with appropriate correlations available in the literature in order to estimate the total pressure drop in a vertical bubbly flow. The method aims to minimize the experimental measurements required to calculate the pressure drop which remains the most significant quantity of engineering interest in fluid flows. It has been shown in this work through experimental comparisons that these correlations can make the procedure independent from the knowledge of experimental measurements and yet are able to estimate the total pressure drop with good accuracy.
FABRICATION AND EVALUATION OF A CLAMSHELL LINE INSPECTION ROBOT
Authors: Ferrer Mark James , Lee Jeongrok , Linsangan Marc Heinz , Santillan Nygel Gian , Sybingco Matthew Ezekiel , Chua Alvin , Chu Timothy Scott
Published: June 2024

There are several hazards associated with the task of power line inspection mainly relating to electrocution especially if there is damage to the wire. This hazard is mitigated with the use of power line inspection robots which allow for inspection from a safe distance. However current inspection robot designs are designed for high-tension wires instead of residential power lines making the robots unsuitable for use in residential power line inspection. In this study, an inspection robot for residential power lines is fabricated through 3D printing. A radio control system to control the robot was also built using Arduino Pro Minis and RF24 modules. The robot’s performance was tested in several different categories for both quantitative and qualitative results. Tests included measuring the speed of the robot, the amount of rotation or roll, battery life, signal range, and camera quality. In conclusion, the robot met several set parameters with a speed of 3.2455 km/h, a controllable range of 24 meters, a battery life exceeding 1 hour 14 minutes, and an average roll of 5.6 degrees. The camera feed and mirror setup also provided a clear view of both the top and underside of the wire allowing for inspection of wire damages.
COMPARISON AND EVALUATION OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT CLOUD COMPUTING TECHNIQUES WITH LOAD BALANCING APPROACHES
Authors: Shah Rudresh , Jain Suresh , Bandhu Kailash Chandra
Published: June 2024

The advent of Cloud Computing has revolutionized the IT landscape by offering computing resources as a service, similar to conventional utilities like electricity. This paradigm shift has made cloud computing a cornerstone of the contemporary digital economy, attracting substantial focus from both academic and industrial sectors. Its unique pay-as-you-go model provides customers with on-demand resource availability, enhancing operational flexibility. However, this convenience is offset by the growing energy demands of cloud data centers, which not only escalate operational expenses but also contribute to environmental degradation through increased carbon footprints. To combat these issues, Green cloud computing has been introduced, striving for energy-efficient and sustainable operations. This involves employing strategies that minimize energy consumption and resource utilization through the application of energy-conscious algorithms. Although numerous algorithms based on server consolidation have been proposed to optimize energy use in cloud environments, they often lack uniform evaluative comparisons and vary in performance due to differing experimental conditions. This variance presents a challenge in selecting the most effective algorithm tailored to specific needs. This study aims to provide a nuanced analysis of existing energy-efficient algorithms, assisting researchers in identifying the algorithm that best suits their requirements. We undertake an exhaustive comparison of various algorithms, examining their architecture, modelling approaches, and performance metrics. These algorithms are then implemented and tested under uniform conditions using the CloudSim toolkit. Our findings offer an in-depth comparative analysis of these algorithms, shedding light on their respective advantages and shortcomings. Additionally, we delve into a thorough discussion of each algorithm's features and their implications for cloud computing environments.
THE EXOSKELETON HAND FOR PARALYSED FINGERS: AN OVERVIEW AND IOT BASED APPLICATION FOR PRACTICAL EXAMPLE
Authors: Hussin Muhammad Zulhilmi , Jalani Jamaludin , Sadun Amirul Syafiq , Lung Wei David Ting , Mohd Rejab Sujana
Published: June 2024

Restoring finger mobility is crucial for overall movement recovery, particularly for individuals with paralyzed fingers, as fingers are instrumental in grasping and releasing actions. This study begins by providing an overview of the current state of exoskeleton hand technology, highlighting its strengths and weaknesses. Subsequently, it introduces a novel exoskeleton hand with integrated IoT capabilities, focusing on four fingers: the index, middle, ring, and small fingers to address paralysis. The IoT functionality is achieved using the Blynk application, allowing remote control of the exoskeleton hand via a mobile phone. Successful remote-control demonstrations showcase optimal responses during gripping and releasing motions. This study offers an efficient alternative for the rehabilitation process, empowering patients to regain control over their paralyzed fingers.
VALIDATION OF THE HULL GIRDER DEFLECTION OF A MULTIPURPOSE CARGO SHIP
Authors: Abedin Joynal , Franklin Francis , Mahmud S M  Ikhtiar
Published: June 2024

When a ship encounters head-sea conditions, it can experience still water bending and wave-induced vertical moments. These moments can cause the hull girder to undergo longitudinal deflection, which can negatively impact the shaft alignment of the propulsion unit and the sealing of hatch covers and other onboard machinery. On the other hand, beam sea conditions can lead to transverse hull girder deflection, which is especially problematic for open-deck ships and can cause significant hatch-coming deflection. A numerical strength check has been performed using FEA software FEMAP with NX Nastran and an analytical review based on Euler-Bernoulli's beam theory to analyse the ship's strength. The ship is represented as a simply supported beam, and both analytical and numerical methods are used to calculate deflection for different sea conditions (head and beam seas). A mesh sensitivity analysis has been done to ensure the accuracy of the numerical analysis, and the results from both techniques are compared to validate their accuracy. Finally, a numerical analysis is conducted to confirm the accuracy of the analytical study when considering the ship as a complex structure. Overall, this research underscores the greater significance of longitudinal deflection over transverse deflection in the hull girder of a multipurpose cargo ship. Combining both approaches, a comprehensive understanding of the ship's hull girder strength and deflection behaviour is achieved, enhancing overall structural integrity and safety.
THE FIRST APPLICATION OF ULTRA‑HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE LINK SLAB IN MALAYSIA
Authors: Tan Lay Boon , Hafezolghorani Milad , Mohamed Azman , Voo Yen Lei , A. Gopal Balamurugan , Ghaedi Khaled
Published: June 2024

Conventional expansion joints in road bridges often suffer from issues like leakage, debonded seals, concrete damage, and short service life. To address these problems, a solution involving flexible link slabs using normal strength concrete (NSC) was proposed. While this method can enhance serviceability and reduce maintenance costs, it lacks durability and tensile strength. Recent interest has focused on cast-in-situ ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) link slabs due to their exceptional mechanical properties, early strength, durability, ductility, and energy-absorption capabilities. However, there is limited information on their field implementation. To address this gap, a pilot UHPC link slab was designed and implemented to replace a damaged bituminous plug expansion joint in a Malaysian road bridge. The pilot link slab followed New York State Department of Transport (NYSDOT) guidelines and used a high early strength UHPC mix with minimal shrinkage through the combination of expansive agents and shrinkage-reducing admixture (SRA). Monitoring the project over two years has shown no performance concerns with the UHPC link slab. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the construction process, along with experimental results on the mechanical properties and shrinkage characteristics of the new UHPC.
DEVELOPMENT AND MANUFACTURING OF A MEASUREMENT APPARATUS FOR NC MACHINE TOOLS DIAGNOSIS BY DOUBLE SHAFT-HOLE BAR (DSB) METHOD
Authors: Prakosa Tri , Bakri Nasril , Yuwana Yatna , Nurhadi Indra
Published: June 2024

Manufacturing industries rely mostly on machine tools. Product quality produced by these industries depends on machine tools quality used to machine the product. In order to determine the machine tools quality, measurement must be conducted by using measurement apparatus. One of the apparatus is DBB (double ball bar) system. Unfortunately, the price of commercial DBB is quite expensive. To solve the problem, a new measurement apparatus based on Double Shaft-Hole Bar (DSB) method has been developed. The new design uses two precision shaft-hole pairs, instead of two high precision balls, connected by an extension bar. The design resembles ISO 230-1 basic design with some modifications, according to developing countries manufacturing capability. Data acquisition for the measurement system consists of 1µm accuracy LVDT as a position sensor, amplifier, 14 Bit ADC and personal computer. The measurement apparatus capability is measured by comparing apple-to-apple with Renishaw® ball bar system. The results show that an accuracy of 5 µm can be reached in CCW direction. While, in CW direction the accuracy is about 22 µm, due to mechanical clamping system stability, which needs further study. The system, apart from the computer, can be manufactured with a budget less than USD 1,500.
POSES SELECTION USING GENETIC ALGORITHM TO IMPROVE THE LOCAL POE KINEMATICS CALIBRATION
Authors: Arifin Ahmad Suryo , Ang Jr. Marcelo , Ma Chongyou , Lim Chee Wang
Published: June 2024

This paper investigates the use of genetic algorithm to optimize poses selection to improve kinematic calibration for manipulator. Genetic algorithm is used to determine the optimal poses while iterative least square algorithm is used to calibrate the kinematics model of the manipulator. Observability index are used to evaluate the optimality of the set of poses. The fitness function of genetic algorithm is chosen from the observability index. In addition, local POE (Product of Exponential) method is used to model the manipulator kinematics. The objective of this paper is to design an algorithm which optimizes the number of poses while improving the calibration performance. The experiments utilize 7-DOF Mitsubishi PA-10 manipulator as the platform and a LEICA laser tracker as the measurement tool. The experiment shows that genetic algorithm can optimize the number of poses and improve the calibration performance.
DEVELOPMENT OF INDONESIAN GAIT DATABASE USING 2D OPTICAL MOTION ANALYZER SYSTEM
Authors: Mahyuddin Andi Isra , Mihradi Sandro , Dirgantara Tatacipta , Moeliono Marina , Prabowo Tertianto
Published: June 2024

In the present work, a previously developed optical motion-capture system combined with software for 2D clinical gait analysis is utilized to obtain gait data of Indonesian subjects. The system consists of a video camera with a maximum speed of 90 fps, LED markers, PC and technical computing software, which are developed for tracking markers attached to human body during motion and to calculate kinematics and kinetics parameters of human gait. This work presents only the kinematics gait parameters of 212 participating subjects obtained by the developed optical 2D motion analyzer system and software. Prior to measurement, the body posture of each subject is evaluated to ensure normalcy. The subject is instructed to walk in a specially-arranged measurement area. The spatiotemporal gait parameters such as stride-length, cadence, cycle-time, and speed as well as joint angles, are evaluated. The gait data of the 212 participating subjects that has been collected are compared to data available in literature. Based upon favorable comparisons, the data presented in this work could serve as the basis for the establishment of Indonesian normal gait database. Future works involving more participating subjects and comparative analysis to abnormal gait is deemed necessary and should be useful to assist physicians in diagnosing, and planning the rehabilitation program for the patients.
SUSTAINABLE AMMONIA: A KEY TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGE FOR ASIA
Authors: Razon Luis
Published: June 2024

Ammonia is one of the most important industrial chemicals in the world. The availability of an inexpensive and environmentally sustainable supply of ammonia which is an important ingredient in fertilizer is important for the security of the world food supply. Asia is one of the biggest consumers of ammonia. The Haber-Bosch process makes ammonia widely available now but it requires high temperatures and pressures, consumes large quantities of fossil fuels and releases large amounts of greenhouse gases. Sustainable ammonia is also important because it may make biomass-based alternatives to fossil fuels more practical. Possible alternatives under development are those that mimic the enzymatic processes that occur at mild conditions in nature and those that seek to obtain ammonia-based compounds from large-scale culture of microalgae and cyanobacteria. Many of the alternatives are still in the very early stages of development and researchers are urged to enter the field.
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF DEEP BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION OF BANK OF THAILAND ALONG CHAO PHRAYA RIVER CLOSED TO HISTORICAL PALACES
Authors: Teparaksa Wanchai
Published: June 2024

The Bank of Thailand headquarter (BOT) is a large building located in the innerRattanakosin Island where high-rise building more than 4 storey is not permitted. Thisbuilding consists of 3 story and 5 basements with excavation depth of 15.8 m. The head officewas constructed along Chao Phraya river, the main river of Bangkok. The basement of thebuilding was constructed only 5m and 10m away from two historical palaces, Tewavej andBangkhunphrom. Hence, protection policy has been set for the construction and damageassessment by means of Finite Element Method (FEM) with simulation of basementconstruction method was carried out to predict any potential damage to both palaces. Atlast, the top down construction method was employed for basement construction using1m thick and 20m long of diaphragm wall combined with 50m long of bored pile. Theinstrumentation was installed at the palaces, diaphragm and ground settlement to observefield performance both during and after construction. Furthermore, the field measurement datais compared and discussed with prediction data from FEM analysis and the time dependent oflateral wall movement will be presented. Currently, the construction of Bank of Thailand headoffice is finished without damage to both palaces.
FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF CFRP BOX BEAMS WITH DIFFERENT LAMINATE STRUCTURES
Authors: Sakuraba Hiroki , Matsumoto Takashi , Hayashikawa Toshiro
Published: June 2024

This paper presents an experimental study on the flexural strength of CFRP box beams with two laminate structures: a cross-ply (CP) and a quasi-isotropic (QI). Three specimens were prepared for each laminate structure. The specimens were tested under four point bending, and the material tests of each laminate structure were conducted. The bending tests showed that QI exhibited higher flexural strength than CP and that they had different failure configurations. Also, flexural strength is calculated based on beam theory with Tsai-Wu criterion or maximum stress criterion to be compared with the experimental one. Moreover, in order to discuss a buckling behavior, buckling stress is calculated. It is shown that the calculated flexural strength based on Tsai-Wu criterion agrees well with the experimental one and that the buckling stress exhibits higher value than compressive stress at the flexural strength in the bending test.
DRY MECHANOSYNTHESIS OF CARBONATESUBSTITUTED HYDROXYAPATITE
Authors: Othman Radzali , Tram Nguyen Xuan Thanh , Noor Ahmad Fauzi Mohd
Published: June 2024

Dry mechanosynthesis was used to prepare carbonate-subtituted hydroxyapatite powders via a solid-state reaction between calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate and calcium carbonate. The synthesized powders were characterised by x-ray diffraction, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, x-ray fluorescence, elemental analysis, inductively coupled plasma analysis, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Results showed that the synthesized powders were preferentially carbonatesubtituted hydroxyapatite, of the B-type, in the form of agglomerates formed after 7 hours of mechanical alloying at 400 rpm with a ball to powder weight ratio equal to 10:1. Increasing the milling duration improved the formation of the apatite phase due to the higher impact energy transference to the compounds, accelerating the kinetics of phase transformation. Chemical analysis by inductively coupled plasma method showed that the as-milled powder fulfilled the requirements of ASTM F1185-03, the standard that specifies the chemical requirements necessary for biomaterials. Consequently, the high efficiency of the process paves the way to produce commercial amounts of nanocrystalline carbonate-substituted hydroxyapatite powder, which is promising for the fabrication of bone-resembling implants.
CHARACTERISTICS OF BSCF5582 POWDER AND FUEL CELL PERFORMANCE UNDER SINGLE CHAMBER CONDITIONS EVALUATION
Authors: Vien Le Minh , Ha Huynh Ky Phuong , Tsai Dah-Shyang
Published: June 2024

The Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3 (BSCF5582) powder is synthesized as the cathode material for Single Chamber Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SC-SOFC) La1.8Dy0.2Mo2O9 (LDM) based electrolyte. The crystal size, which was calculated from the XRD result, is around 48.59 nm by taken the (110) plane. The morphology of cell cross-section is good adhesion without any reaction between layers. The single cell NiO+GDC/LDM/i-GDC/GDC-BSCF5582 consisting 26 μm-thick cathode generates peak power density of 200 mW/cm2 at 650 oC under flowing mixture of CH4/air in temperature range of 575-675 oC. The BSCF5582 can be used for SC-SOFC using LDM electrolyte under single chamber conditions.
ESTIMATING RAINFALL IN THE PHILIPPINES USING AN AUTOMATED INTERPRETATION OF FORECAST IMAGES
Authors: Basa Tristan , Regonia Paul Rossener , Racho Samantha May , Naval Jr. Prospero
Published: June 2024

Flood forecasting is a process that relies on hydrologic models to predict water levels and flow rates in different basins. These hydrologic models depend on the predicted amount of water in rain clouds. A common form of this data for these models comes from color-configured forecast map images. These images are manually interpreted. However, manual interpretation is slow, tedious, and prone to error especially if there are numerous images. We propose a method to automate the interpretation of these images for a faster and more efficient means to predict the amount of water in the clouds. We identify two computational sub-problems: (1) localization and recognition of the region of interest (ROI), and (2) interpretation of the values in the ROI. We use the Speed-up Robust Features (SURF) technique to localize the ROI‟s, and a look-up table which makes use of Hue Saturation Value (HSV) color space. Experimental results show higher accuracy compared to the manual interpretation, and a significantly faster processing time.
TRACING THE ORIGIN OF SPRING WATER BY USING ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPES IN THE SOUTHERN SLOPE OF MOUNT MERAPI, INDONESIA
Authors: BudhieWijatna Agus , Sudarmadji  , Sunarno  , Hendrayana Heru
Published: June 2024

The first and most fundamental question to conserve a springs is where the boundaries of springs’ recharge zone. Research in determining recharge zone of Wadon springs (631 m.asl) which located at the southern slope of mount Merapi has been conducted. Topography and hydro-geological data used to find out the locations of groundwater sampling or recharge zone hypothetic, meanwhile the isotopic compositions (H, O, and C) utilized to determine the origin of groundwater. The isotopic compositions in groundwater samples were collected from wells, springs, and boreholes at southern slope of mount Merapi. Merapi meteoric water line (MMWL) describing the relationship between isotopic compositions and elevation [6] was used as a reference of isotopic compositions of water samples to find out the origin of groundwater. Based on the δ2H and δ18O values and MMWL, it can be concluded that the recharge zone of Wadon springs is ranging from the elevation of 650 m.asl (Pagerjurang) to 1260 m.asl (Plawangan). The δ13C value as well as tritium supports the conclusion; mostly δ13C in recharge zone and Wadon springs comes from the same source of carbon; that is -17.74±0.27‰ to -10.96±0.66‰ Pee Dee Belemnite (PDB); this holds for δ13C in the range of groundwater Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC). Based on the tritium concentration decreasing from ≥ 4.20 TU to <4.20 TU exhibits that groundwater also comes from recharge zone to Wadon springs. By referring to the recharge elevation and topography maps, it can be estimated that the area of recharge zone is 8.033 km2.
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ORIGINS OF NATURAL RUBBER ON THE PROPERTIES OF CARBON BLACK FILLED NATURAL RUBBER COMPOSITES
Authors: Phanny Yos , Azura Rachid , Ismail Hanafi
Published: June 2024

Two different origins of natural rubber (NR) from Malaysia; SMR CV60 and Vietnam; SVR 3L filled with 0 and 30phr carbon black (CB) were investigated. Compounds were prepared by a two-roll mill with conventional (CV) and efficient (EV) cure systems. Results obtained show that SVR 3L has higher Mooney viscosity compared to SMR CV60. A different origin of NR has influenced the cure characteristics of rubber compounds. In EV system, SVR 3L compounds showed faster cure rate index (CRI) while in CV system showed contrary results. However, CRI of NR compounds with EV system increased with addition of CB due to high amount of accelerator while CRI in CV system decreased with addition of CB. Torque difference for both NR compounds with each cured system showed similar value. However, mechanical and physical properties were dependent on addition of CB. SVR 3L composites exhibited better tensile strength and recovery from loading force compared to SMR CV60.
ANALYSIS OF PLUNGE POOL SCOUR HOLE FORMATION BELOW A CHUTE SPILLWAY WITH FLIP BUCKET USING A PHYSICAL MODEL
Authors: Heng Sokchhay , Tingsanchali Tawatchai , Suetsugi Tadashi
Published: June 2024

Plunge pool scouring due to water jet impingement from flip bucket spillways is a major concern for stabilization of hydraulic structures and their downstream channel. The objectives of this study are to select an appropriate movable riverbed material for reproducing scour hole in the physical model and to analyze the characteristics of its formation using the selected material. The whole tasks were carried out using Nam Ngum 3 Spillway Physical Model constructed with an undistorted scale of 1:75. Different types of movable riverbed material were tested and the most appropriate one was then selected in order to conduct the scour study. Based on a set of criteria, cohesive movable riverbed material of Sand (40): Cement (1): Water (5) was found to reproduce more reliable scour hole than non-cohesive material of 25 mm graded gravel. Utilizing the selected material, the overall model test demonstrated that spillway operation, river morphology and natural topography of the plunge pool are the main factors governing irregular trend of scour development. Scour hole tends to develop toward the left bank and the maximum scour depth, about 74 m deep below the original riverbed, is located approximately 252 m downstream of the spillway’s bucket lip. For a discharge of 1,000 m3 /s, the scour hole result revealed the model scale effect (surface tension and capillary effect).
MULTI-ATTRIBUTE DECISION-MAKING FOR CNC MACHINE TOOL SELECTION IN FMC BASED ON THE INTEGRATION OF THE IMPROVED CONSISTENT FUZZY AHP AND TOPSIS
Authors: Dawal Siti Zawiah Md , Yusoff Nukman , Nguyen Huu-Tho , Aoyama Hideki
Published: June 2024

Globalization of business and the competitiveness of manufacturing have motivated companies to improve the facilities to respond to the market requirements. Machine tool selection plays a major role in the improvement of productivity, flexibility in uncertain manufacturing. The objective of this study is to present the simple approach for machine tool selection based on the integration of consistent fuzzy AHP and TOPSIS. In particular, the fuzzy linguistic reference relation is integrated into AHP to solve the imprecise and vague information, and simplify the data collection in the pair-wise comparison matrix, which determines the weight of attributes. The output of fuzzy AHP is imported into the TOPSIS method for ranking alternatives through the closeness coefficient. The numerical example is implemented based on the data collecting by questionnaire and literature to validate the model. The results show that the proposed approach is a simple tool and reaches an effective multi-attribute decision in machine tool selection.
APPLICATION OF PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL TO SAVE AIR CONDITIONING ENERGY IN BUILDING
Authors: Indartono Yuli Setyo , Suwono Aryadi , Pasek Ari Darmawan , Christantho Alexander
Published: June 2024

Energy saving in Air Conditioning (AC) system is quite important for climate-change mitigation, since AC system consumes around 60% of building electricity. Air conditioning technology also deals with ozone depletion problem. Chilled-water AC system needs smaller amount of primary refrigerant, so it can minimize possible CFC or HCFC (Ozone Depleting Substances) emission into the atmosphere. Latent heat transportation system applied in chilledwater system open opportunity to save energy. In the second aspect, integration of Phase Change Material (PCM) in building wall can increase heat capacity of the wall and reduce and stabilize indoor temperature. Both technologies can mutually contribute in reducing AC energy consumption. In this paper, application of some PCMs in chilled water system and wall model are reported.
DISTORTION-INDUCED FATIGUE CRACKING AT WEB-GAP OF WELDED I-BEAMS
Authors: Dinh Hung The , Lenwari Akhrawat , Senjuntichai Teerapong , Hayashikawa Toshiro
Published: June 2024

Distortion-induced fatigue cracking has occurred in many types of steel bridge structures, especially welded structures where high local stresses exist. This research experimentally investigates the fatigue cracking behaviors around the web gap of welded I-beam. A total of nine specimens in three series of experiments were tested under constant cyclic loading to observe the cracking behaviors that include crack initiation, crack propagation, and final failure. The test results show that the crack initiates along the weld toe and grows upward to the lower stress field with lower strain energy, whereas the second crack occurs inside the “weak zone” depending on the critical stress or spot available in the area. This second crack is critical as it leads to the beam failure.
LIFE-CYCLE GREENHOUSE GAS AND NONRENEWABLE ENERGY ASSESSMENT OF AMMONIA-DIESEL MIXTURES AS TRANSPORT FUEL
Authors: Are Kristian Ray Angelo , Razon Luis
Published: June 2024

The global warming potential (GWP) and non-renewable energy consumption (NREC) of using ammonia-diesel mix as transportation fuel were assessed. The environmental impacts in using ammonia produced from steam reforming and partial oxidation processes were considered and differentiated. The assessments were compared to the GWP and NREC of the conventional pure diesel-fueled transport. The results suggest that using the steam reforming ammonia – diesel mix would have lesser GWP compared to pure diesel. However, the partial oxidation ammonia – diesel fuel mix has higher GWP than pure diesel, also its NREC is the highest among the three fuel systems. The NRECs of steam reforming ammonia – diesel fuel and pure diesel fuel are similar. The results suggest that steam reforming ammonia – diesel fuel mixture may offer some advantages over pure diesel fuel in terms of reducing global warming potential.
DECARBURIZATION OF MOLTEN IRON UNDER REDUCED PRESSURE
Authors: Bui Anh-Hoa , Le Thanh-Hai , Nguyen Bao-Trung
Published: June 2024

in molten iron, especially at ultra low level of carbon content. In order to achieve this, it is required a reduced pressure or vacuum atmosphere or a combination of both with a low oxygen source. From this point of view, the paper presents an experimental work of decarburization of molten iron with oxygen in air under reduced pressure. The investigation was performed in the range of 1623-1723K from 0-120 minutes. The results show a high decarburization of molten iron. The carbon content decreased to 0.016 weight percent (wt. %) after 120 min at 1723 K. In the present work, reaction constant for the decarburization at 1673 K and 1723 K were calculated as 0.0252 min-1 and 0.0470 min-1, respectively. Optical microscopy observation of the sample containing 0.016 wt. % carbon showed a typical ferrite microstructure of ultra low carbon steels. It was concluded that decarburization of molten iron could be conducted in reduced atmosphere to lower the carbon content to an ultra low level.
THE EFFECT OF FeSO4 CONTAINING SOLUTION ON MICROBIOLOGICAL INFLUENCED CORROSION BY DESULFOVIBRIO BACULATUS BACTERIA ON API 5L X65 STEEL
Authors: Widyanto Bambang , Tambun Altur
Published: June 2024

Microbiological Influenced Corrosion (MIC) is a common cause of metallic failure and currently known as one of the important case in pipeline failure. Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) is a bacteria that frequently caused corrosion in steel surface by creating pits. In this research, the corrosion test was done by using one species of SRB which is Desulfovibrio Baculatus. The water that contains bacteria growth medium (API Sulfate Broth) is used as a media for API 5L X65 steel corrosion test. Sulfate for the growing of SRB was added in the solution for 8.56, 17.12, 42.8 and 85.64 ppm, and the immersion test was carried out for 1, 7, 14 and 21 days. The source of sulfate is FeSO4.7H2O, and this compound was also considered as a source of Iron (II). The result shows that the weight loss increased at 7 to14 days of immersion time with immersion period as well as the increase of FeSO4 content. But, it decrease after 14 days of immersion that represents a maximum weight loss attained at this moment. Morphologic observation revealed that the corrosion product consists of Iron Oxide and biological deposits that formed at the beginning of corrosion test, and after that, the formation of Iron Sulfide occurred were associated with the increase of corrosion rate. So, the increase of FeSO4 content as the SRB nutrition in the solution, gives a strong influence in the increasing of corrosion rate and formation of an unstable corrosion product.
THE LAND CONUNDRUM
Authors: Razon Luis
Published: June 2024

Fossil fuels, particularly petroleum, have been the primary source of energy of the world for a very long time. Under its aegis, the world has been changed, for better or for worse. Can we imagine the world without vehicles powered by oil, gas or coal, the road networks meant to accommodate them and the buildings that could not have been built or operated without fossil fuels? The very production of our food depends greatly on the energy available for cultivation, irrigation, harvest and processing.
THE INFLUENCE OF LIQUID FLOW RATE ON NUCLEUS FORMATION IN HIGH SHEAR GRANULATION
Authors: Le Phung , Salman Agba
Published: June 2024

This paper looks at the nucleation stage, which is a fundamental stage of the granulation process. In order to clarify this mechanism the penetration time of the liquid into the powder bed was studied in both the cases of static and moving beds. Then the formation of the nuclei was studied by slowing down the binder addition rate. The effect of binder addition rate and viscosity on the size and binder fraction of the nuclei and granules was also demonstrated in this study. It was revealed that the penetration time is second power of drop size. Linear relationships between nucleus size and drop size onto both a static powder bed and a moving bed have also been found. It was shown the significant effect of the viscosity of binder on the drop sizes in both static and moving bed cases and granules keep their integrity; large nuclei produce large granules.