bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Substrate influences mating success and transmission of courtship vibrations for the parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris
Authors: Joyce Andrea L. , Hunt Randy E. , Bernal Julio S. , Bradleigh Vinson S.
Published: February 2008

The influences of artificial and natural rearing substrates on mating success were investigated for the parasitoid wasp Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a candidate for augmentative biological control of various lepidopteran pests. Five rearing substrates were tested: plastic, glass, chiffon fabric, and leaves of two host plants, bean [Vigna unguiculata (L.) (Fabaceae)] and maize [Zea mays L. (Poaceae)]. Mating success was highest on chiffon, lowest on plastic and glass, and intermediate on maize and bean. The transmission characteristics of one component (buzz 1) of the courtship vibrations produced by male wing fanning were investigated using laser vibrometry. The duration of buzz 1 was longer on maize, bean, and chiffon than on plastic and glass. The fundamental frequency of buzz 1 (~300 Hz) was lowest on bean and highest on glass, and intermediate among other substrates. The relative amplitude of buzz 1 was higher on chiffon than on plastic, glass, or bean, and intermediate on maize. The relative importance of airborne sound and substrate vibration as courtship signals was also investigated with experiments that manipulated the production of courtship vibrations and the mating substrates. The amplitude of courtship vibrations on chiffon was significantly higher for winged males than for dealated males. The mating success of males was impacted by both the presence of wings and the mating substrate. These findings suggest that mating success and transmission of courtship vibrations are influenced by the rearing substrate, and that courtship vibrations are critical to mating success in C. marginiventris. Future efforts to mass rear this parasitoid and other insects should consider the potential influences of rearing substrates on mating.
Mesenchymal stem cells: biology and clinical potential in type 1 diabetes therapy
Authors: Liu Meng , Han Zhong Chao
Published: February 2008

Introduction

Biological characterization of mesenchymal stem cells

Aetiology and current treatment of type 1 diabetes

Mesenchymal stem cells in type 1 diabetes therapy

Concluding remarks

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be derived from adult bone marrow, fat and several foetal tissues. In vitro, MSCs have the capacity to differentiate into multiple mesodermal and non‐mesodermal cell lineages. Besides, MSCs possess immunosuppressive effects by modulating the immune function of the major cell populations involved in alloantigen recognition and elimination. The intriguing biology of MSCs makes them strong candidates for cell‐based therapy against various human diseases. Type 1 diabetes is caused by a cell‐mediated autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β‐cells. While insulin replacement remains the cornerstone treatment for type 1 diabetes, the transplantation of pancreatic islets of Langerhans provides a cure for this disorder. And yet, islet transplantation is limited by the lack of donor pancreas. Generation of insulin‐producing cells (IPCs) from MSCs represents an attractive alternative. On the one hand, MSCs from pancreas, bone marrow, adipose tissue, umbilical cord blood and cord tissue have the potential to differentiate into IPCs by genetic modification and/or defined culture conditions In vitro. On the other hand, MSCs are able to serve as a cellular vehicle for the expression of human insulin gene. Moreover, protein transduction technology could offer a novel approach for generating IPCs from stem cells including MSCs. In this review, we first summarize the current knowledge on the biological characterization of MSCs. Next, we consider MSCs as surrogate β‐cell source for islet transplantation, and present some basic requirements for these replacement cells. Finally, MSCs‐mediated therapeutic neovascularization in type 1 diabetes is discussed.
Corneal hysteresis using the Reichert ocular response analyser: findings pre‐ and post‐LASIK and LASEK
Authors: Kirwan Caitriona , O’Keefe Michael
Published: February 2008

Purpose:  To evaluate and compare corneal hysteresis in patients prior to and following laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and laser‐assisted subepithelial keratectomy (LASEK) using the Reichert ocular response analyser (ORA).

Methods:  Corneal hysteresis was recorded prior to and 3 months after corneal laser refractive surgery for myopia. Preoperative corneal hysteresis was correlated with age and preoperative central corneal thickness (CCT). Postoperative corneal hysteresis was correlated with postoperative CCT in both the LASIK and LASEK treatment groups. The correlations between postoperative change in hysteresis and stromal ablation depth, percentage of tissue ablated, optical zone and patient age were also examined.

Results:  A total of 84 eyes of 84 patients were involved in the study. LASIK was performed in 63 eyes and LASEK in 21. Mean preoperative corneal hysteresis of all eyes was 10.8 ± 1.5 mmHg. Mean age, preoperative CCT, corneal hysteresis and ablation profile were similar in both groups. A statistically significant decrease in hysteresis occurred following LASIK (p < 0.01) and LASEK (p < 0.01) with similar decrements observed in both treatment groups. A moderate correlation was found between postoperative hysteresis and postoperative CCT in LASIK (r = 0.7) and LASEK (r = 0.7) treated eyes. A weak correlation was found between postoperative decrease in hysteresis and the parameters examined.

Conclusion:  Corneal hysteresis decreased following LASIK and LASEK. Similar reductions occurred following both procedures, indicating that LASIK involving a thin 120‐μm flap did not induce additional biomechanical change. Postoperative reduction in hysteresis did not correlate with the amount or percentage of corneal tissue removed, nor with optical zone or patient age.
Five‐year retrospective review of guideline‐based management of fungal endophthalmitis
Authors: Narendran Niro , Balasubramaniam Balini , Johnson Elizabeth , Dick Andrew , Mayer Eric
Published: February 2008

Purpose:  Guidelines were introduced in 2000 at the Bristol Eye Hospital (BEH) for the management of fungal endophthalmitis. A 5‐year retrospective audit re‐evaluated the guidelines and monitored the management of this rare condition. Clinical effectiveness and management costs were considered in light of visual outcome.

Methods:  Cases were identified through a 5‐year retrospective review of theatre logbooks, Patient Administration System coded admissions with primary diagnosis of purulent endophthalmitis and pharmacy logbooks of patients receiving antifungal therapy. Data correlation and review of patient management were carried out in light of the findings.

Results:  Twenty‐three cases were included, based on clinical disease and/or positive smears or cultures. Age range was 13–74 years, with a male : female ratio of 16 : 7 and right eye : left eye ratio of 14 : 9.

Risk factors for fungal endophthalmitis included septicaemia caused by intravenous drug use (78%), presence of indwelling lines (9%), postocular surgery (9%) and post‐trauma (4%). Guidelines were rigidly followed in 56% of cases, with improved visual acuity in 9/13 patients compared to 4/10 where management deviated from guidelines. Deviation from guidelines occurred with incomplete use of the recommended drug regimen for the disease severity or use of drugs that were alternative to the suggested guidelines. Treatment was initiated on clinical judgement in 91% of cases and laboratory diagnosis in 9%.

Conclusion:  The BEH guidelines provided a useful reference when managing this uncommon condition. Voriconazole, a newer broad‐spectrum agent with good ocular penetration (used in 9%), has been added to the revised guidelines. Monitoring rare conditions over prolonged time frames supports evidence‐based medicine.
Systemic therapy for metastatic malignant melanoma – from deeply disappointing to bright future?
Authors: Lorigan Paul , Eisen Tim , Hauschild Axel
Published: February 2008

Abstract:  The last decade has seen a considerable improvement in the understanding of the biology of melanoma. Advances have come in the understanding of the importance of critical oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes, epigenetic phenomena, signalling pathways, drug resistance mechanisms, the pivotal role of the local immune system, and the importance of cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions. Many of these pathways and interactions include potentially ‘drugable’ targets. These developments have allowed the identification and/or design of a range of new, targeted therapies. Evaluation of these new drugs has brought a whole new series of challenges. These include indentification of appropriate pre‐clinical models, overcoming the redundancy inbuilt in complex biological systems, identification of appropriate molecular and clinical endpoints to show that the drug is hitting the target, how to combine treatments, and new toxicities. For the first time, there is the possibility of personalised treatment for melanoma patients, based on individual host and tumour characteristics. This paper discusses the range of new drugs and targets have been identified, the outcome of clinical trials, and the directions for future advances.
Is recurrent parotitis in childhood still an enigma? A pilot experience
Authors: Bernkopf Edoardo , Colleselli Paolo , Broia Vanna , De Benedictis Fernando Maria
Published: February 2008

Aim: To test the hypothesis that dental malocclusion with mandibular misplacement may be a causative factor for recurrent parotitis (RP) through unbalancing of masticatory muscles.

Methods: Thirteen patients (age 4–14 years) who were referred to a dental clinic for RP and malocclusion were treated by oral appliance positioning for a 6‐month period. Monthly visits were scheduled regularly.

Results: Symptoms were clearly improved in nine children. No effect was obtained in three patients. One patient was lost at follow‐up.

Conclusion: Occlusal intervention is effective in patients with RP and associated malocclusion. It should be considered an important option for the treatment of such intriguing disorder.
Neurodevelopmental outcome in prenatally diagnosed isolated agenesis of the corpus callosum
Authors: Chadie A , Radi S , Trestard L , Charollais A , Eurin D , Verspyck E , Marret S ,   for the Haute‐Normandie Perinatal Network
Published: February 2008

Aim: To evaluate long‐term neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with prenatally diagnosed, isolated agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC).

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed data for 20 children born between January 1991 and November 2003 in the Haute‐Normandie region of France with a prenatal diagnosis of isolated ACC. We collected data on pre‐and postnatal neuroimaging findings, clinical features at birth and neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Results: Follow‐up ranged from 3 to 16 years. ACC was complete in 11 patients (55%), partial in 2 (10%), hypoplastic in 3 (15%) and associated with an interhemispheric cyst in 4 (20%). Neurodevelopmental outcome was normal in 11 (55%) patients, including 8 with complete ACC; moderate disability was present in 5 (25%) patients and severe disability in 4 (20%) patients. In 3 of the 4 patients with severe disability, postnatal cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed additional major cerebral abnormalities.

Conclusion: Neurodevelopmental outcome was good in most of our patients with isolated ACC, with 80% of patients having normal outcomes or moderate disabilities. A prenatal diagnosis of isolated ACC may not warrant termination of pregnancy. A carefully interpreted prenatal cerebral MRI is crucial to detect associated cerebral abnormalities; a longer follow‐up is necessary to look for moderate disabilities.
Measurement of the Thickness of the Urethrovaginal Space in Women with or without Vaginal Orgasm
Authors: Gravina Giovanni Luca , Brandetti Fulvia , Martini Paolo , Carosa Eleonora , Di Stasi Savino M. , Morano Susanna , Lenzi Andrea , Jannini Emmanuele A.
Published: February 2008

Introduction

The physiology and anatomy of female sexual function are poorly understood. The differences in sexual function among women may be partly attributed to anatomical factors.

Aim

The purpose of this study was to use ultrasonography to evaluate the anatomical variability of the urethrovaginal space in women with and without vaginal orgasm.

Methods

Twenty healthy, neurologically intact volunteers were recruited from a population of women who were a part of a previous published study. All women underwent a complete urodynamic evaluation and those with clinical and urodynamic urinary incontinence, idiopathic detrusor overactivity, or micturition disorders, as well as postmenopausal women and those with sexual dysfunction were excluded. The reported experience of vaginal orgasm was investigated.

Main Outcome Measure

The urethrovaginal space thickness as measured by ultrasound was chosen as the indicator of urogenital anatomical variability. Designated evaluators carried out the measurements in a blinded fashion.

Results

The urethrovaginal space and distal, middle, and proximal urethrovaginal segments were thinner in women without vaginal orgasm. A direct correlation between the presence of vaginal orgasm and the thickness of urethrovaginal space was found. Women with a thicker urethrovaginal space were more likely to experience vaginal orgasm (r =0.884; P =0.015). A direct and significant correlation between the thickness of each urethrovaginal segment and the presence of vaginal orgasm was found, with the best correlation observed for the distal segment (r =0.863; P <0.0001). Interobserver agreement between the designated evaluators was excellent (r =0.87; P <0.001).

Conclusions

The measurement of the space within the anterior vaginal wall by ultrasonography is a simple tool to explore anatomical variability of the human clitoris-urethrovaginal complex, also known as the G-spot, which can be correlated to the ability to experience the vaginally activated orgasm.
Physician Attitudes Regarding Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder in a Primary Care Clinic: A Pilot Study
Authors: Harsh Veronica , McGarvey Elizabeth Lloyd , Clayton Anita H.
Published: February 2008

Introduction

Female sexual dysfunction (FSD), in particular, complaints of low desire, affects many American women. Despite the impact FSD may have on these women, many do not present their symptoms to their physicians.

Aim

To determine physician attitudes and practices regarding hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in the primary care setting.

Main Outcome Measures

A 10-item questionnaire regarding HSDD.

Methods

All residents and faculty in an academic primary care clinic were invited to participate in a web-based survey regarding HSDD. Return of the questionnaire was considered consent. Responses were downloaded into Excel and converted into an spss database.

Results

In total, 53 of 155 physicians responded (46% response rate—41.5% women, 58.5% men). Of respondents, 90% reported little confidence in making the diagnosis of HSDD, 90% of physicians had not screened a patient for HSDD, and 98% of the physicians had not prescribed medication for patients with HSDD. No significant gender differences among physicians were identified, but faculty providers had more confidence in diagnosing and treating HSDD than resident physicians.

Conclusions

These results indicate there is an opportunity to improve patient care and life satisfaction by offering physicians training on diagnosis and management of HSDD.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of ZrB2‐Based Composites Reinforced and Toughened by Zirconia
Authors: Zhang Xinghong , Li Weijie , Hong Changqing , Han Wenbo
Published: February 2008

The present work reported the effect of addition of ZrO2 on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ZrB2‐based ceramic composites by means of hot‐pressed sintering. Observation of microstructure and systematic testing results of mechanical properties were carried out. Through X‐ray diffraction analysis and calculation of the volume fraction of ZrO2 phase transformability, the toughening mechanism of the present composites was explored. The phase transformation toughening by ZrO2 additive played an important role in improving the fracture toughness of ZrB2‐based composites.
Role of Soybean GmbZIP132 under Abscisic Acid and Salt Stresses
Authors: Liao Yong , Zhang Jin‐Song , Chen Shou‐Yi , Zhang Wan‐Ke
Published: February 2008

Plant basic‐leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors play important roles in many biological processes. In the present study, a bZIP gene, GmbZIP132, was cloned from soybean and its biological function under abiotic stresses was studied. The transcription of GmbZIP132 was induced by drought and high salt treatments. Among all of the organs analyzed, its expression was the highest in cotytledon and stems. GmbZIP132 could weakly bind to the GCN4‐like motif (GLM) (5′‐GTGAGTCAT‐3′) in yeast one‐hybrid assay. Compared with wild‐type (WT) Arabidopsis plants, transgenic plants overexpressing GmbZIP132 showed reduced abscisic acid sensitivity and increased water loss rate. At the stage of germination, transgenic plants were more tolerant to salt treatment than wild‐type plants. The expression of some abiotic stress‐related genes, such as rd29B, DREB2A, and P5CS, were upregulated in the transgenic plants. These results indicated that GmbZIP132 was an abiotic stress‐related gene, and its overexpression could increase the salt tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis plants during germination, yet no significant difference of tolerance to abiotic stresses was found between transgenic and wild type plants at the seedling stage.
Nitric Oxide Reduces Hydrogen Peroxide Accumulation Involved in Water Stress‐induced Subcellular Anti‐oxidant Defense in Maize Plants
Authors: Sang Jianrong , Jiang Mingyi , Lin Fan , Xu Shucheng , Zhang Aying , Tan Mingpu
Published: February 2008

Nitric oxide (NO) is a bioactive molecule involved in many biological events, and has been reported as pro‐oxidant as well as anti‐oxidant in plants. In the present study, the sources of NO production under water stress, the role of NO in water stress‐induced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation and subcellular activities of anti‐oxidant enzymes in leaves of maize (Zea mays L.) plants were investigated. Water stress induced defense increases in the generation of NO in maize mesphyll cells and the activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the cytosolic and microsomal fractions of maize leaves. Water stress‐induced defense increases in the production of NO were blocked by pretreatments with inhibitors of NOS and nitrate reductase (NR), suggesting that NO is produced from NOS and NR in leaves of maize plants exposed to water stress. Water stress also induced increases in the activities of the chloroplastic and cytosolic anti‐oxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR), and the increases in the activities of anti‐oxidant enzymes were reduced by pretreatments with inhibitors of NOS and NR. Exogenous NO increases the activities of water stress‐induced subcellular anti‐oxidant enzymes, which decreases accumulation of H2O2. Our results suggest that NOS and NR are involved in water stress‐induced NO production and NOS is the major source of NO. The potential ability of NO to scavenge H2O2 is, at least in part, due to the induction of a subcellular anti‐oxidant defense.
FILTRATION AND REMOVAL OF FOODBORNE PATHOGENS USING DIELECTROPHORETIC PHENOMENA
Authors: WU VIVIAN C.H. , WU CHUNG‐CHUN
Published: February 2008

We tested dielectrophoresis (DEP) phenomena on removal of foodborne pathogens using a DEP chip. Also studied was the potential application of DEP in eliminating Escherichia coli O157:H7 from liquid samples by a circulating DEP filtration (DF) system. With voltage application, four types of foodborne bacteria were captured on the surface of glass beads (500 µm in diameter) in the DEP chip. Ten milliliters of bacteria in deionized water (8.6 × 107 cfu/mL) was circulated for 5 h in the DF system. Absorbance (560 nm) of the cell solution decreased from 0.125 to 0.015 after circulating DF. In contrast, absorbance of the cell solution without voltage application to the system had no significant change. Viable bacteria cells decreased to 9.9 × 101 cfu/mL after DF. Dielectrophoretic filtration efficiency (DFE) of the system was 85.71%. Total filtration efficiency including DFE and mechanic entrapment of the cells was 99.99%.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Various types of filters are available in the food industry. Most of them are based on the principle that the pores of the filter mechanically trap contaminant particles. However, clogging causes an increase in the cost of operation and maintenance due to inevitable filter replacements. Filtration based on the principle of dielectrophoresis (DEP) can be an alternative because it does not need pores to capture contaminants and it is easy to apply in automatic or continuous systems. A DEP filtration (DF) system may have potential applications by spring water companies after scale‐up optimization.
Relationship of Anger, Stress, and Coping With School Connectedness in Fourth‐Grade Children
Authors: Rice Marti , Kang Duck‐Hee , Weaver Michael , Howell Carol C.
Published: February 2008

Background:  High trait anger and stress, ineffective patterns of anger expression, and coping are risk factors for the development of disease and negative social behaviors in children and adults. School connectedness may be protective against negative consequences in adolescents, but less is known about this in school‐aged children. The purposes of this study were to characterize relationships between trait anger, stress, patterns of anger expression, resources for coping, and school connectedness and to determine if race and gender moderate these relationships in elementary school–aged children.

Methods:  Using self‐report, standardized instruments, a convenience sample of 166 fourth graders in 4 elementary schools in 1 US school district was assessed in the fifth week of the school year.

Results:  School connectedness was positively associated with social confidence and behavior control and negatively associated with trait anger, anger‐out, and stress. In multiple regression analyses to test for interactions, gender did not moderate the effects of school connectedness in any of the models, while race moderated the relationships between school connectedness and both stress and social confidence. Students with higher school connectedness had lower trait anger and anger‐out and higher behavior control, regardless of gender and/or race. White students higher in school connectedness had lower stress and higher social confidence.

Conclusions:  Findings indicate the protective effect of school connectedness on trait anger, anger‐out, and behavior control in school‐aged children, regardless of race or gender. The protective effect of school connectedness on stress and social confidence may depend on race.
Passive Versus Active Parental Permission: Implications for the Ability of School‐Based Depression Screening to Reach Youth at Risk*
Authors: Chartier Maggie , Stoep Ann Vander , McCauley Elizabeth , Herting Jerald R. , Tracy Melissa , Lymp James
Published: February 2008

Background:  Depression is prevalent among children and adolescents and often goes untreated with adverse effects on academic success and healthy development. Depression screening can facilitate early identification and timely referral to prevention and treatment programs. Conducting school‐based emotional health screening, however, raises the controversial issue of how to obtain informed parental permission.

Methods:  During implementation of a depression screening program in an urban school district in the Pacific Northwest, the district’s parental permission protocol changed from passive (information provided to parents via a school mailer with parents having the option to actively decline their child’s participation) to active (information provided to parents via a school mailer requiring the written permission of the parents for their child’s participation). This change provided an opportunity to examine differences in participation under these 2 conditions.

Results:  A total of 1533 students were enrolled in this program across both years. Compared to conditions of passive permission, participation was dramatically reduced when children were required to have written parental permission, dropping from 85% to 66% of eligible children. Furthermore, under conditions of active parental permission, participation decreased differentially among student subgroups with increased risk for depression.

Conclusions:  Successful implementation of school‐based emotional health screening programs requires careful consideration of how to inform and obtain permission from parents.
Internet Addiction and Psychiatric Symptoms Among Korean Adolescents
Authors: Jang Keum Seong , Hwang Seon Young , Choi Ja Yun
Published: February 2008

Background:  The aims of this study were to identify the independent factors associated with intermittent addiction and addiction to the Internet and to examine the psychiatric symptoms in Korean adolescents when the demographic and Internet‐related factors were controlled.

Methods:  Male and female students (N = 912) in the 7th‐12th grades were recruited from 2 junior high schools and 2 academic senior high schools located in Seoul, South Korea. Data were collected from November to December 2004 using the Internet‐Related Addiction Scale and the Symptom Checklist‐90‐Revision. A total of 851 subjects were analyzed after excluding the subjects who provided incomplete data.

Results:  Approximately 30% (n = 258) and 4.3% (n = 37) of subjects showed intermittent Internet addiction and Internet addiction, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that junior high school students and students having a longer period of Internet use were significantly associated with intermittent addiction. In addition, male gender, chatting, and longer Internet use per day were significantly associated with Internet addiction. When the demographic and Internet‐related factors were controlled, obsessive‐compulsive and depressive symptoms were found to be independently associated factors for intermittent addiction and addiction to the Internet, respectively.

Conclusions:  Staff working in junior or senior high schools should pay closer attention to those students who have the risk factors for intermittent addiction and addiction to the Internet. Early preventive intervention programs are needed that consider the individual severity level of Internet addiction.
Structure–Function Relationship Research of Glycerol Backbone‐Based Cationic Lipids for Gene Delivery
Authors: Liu Dongliang , Qiao Weihong , Li Zongshi , Chen Yanxiang , Cui Xiuyun , Li Kun , Yu Lihua , Yan Kelu , Zhu Limin , Guo Yuliang , Cheng Lvbo
Published: February 2008

Transfection activities of two series of synthetic glycerol backbone‐based cationic lipids were studied as gene delivery carriers. The variable length of hydrocarbon chains, diverse quaternary ammonium heads, different linkage, as well as alternative anion combined with them allowed to find how these factors affect cationic lipids on their gene delivery performance. The structure–function relationship of the synthetic glycerol backbone‐based cationic lipids was discussed, and the transfection efficiency of some of the cationic liposomes was superior or parallel to that of two commercial transfection agents.
Dicondylar humeral fracture stabilisation in a dog using a transilial rod and external fixation
Authors: Au K. , Mattern K. L. , Lewis D. D.
Published: February 2008

Repair of a Salter‐Harris type IV dicondylar humeral fracture was performed on a 15‐week‐old pitbull terrier. Interfragmentary compression of the intracondylar component of the fracture was achieved with a transilial rod and locking nuts (Trans‐ilial Rod; IMEX™ Veterinary, Inc.). The transilial rod was articulated with a modified type I external fixator which functioned as adjunctive stabilisation for the supracondylar component of the fracture. Fracture healing was confirmed radiographically five weeks following surgery. The dog had no appreciable lameness when examined 12 months after fracture repair.
Rotation of the femoral trochlea for treatment of medial patellar luxation in a dog
Authors: Pinna S. , Venturini A. , Tribuiani A. M.
Published: February 2008

A crossbreed dog was presented with non‐weight bearing on the right hindlimb and a semi‐flexed stifle. Clinical examination and radiographic investigation showed a grade 3 medial patellar luxation, characterised by hypoplasia of the medial trochlear ridge. No other significant skeletal abnormalities were detected. A 180° rotation of the femoral trochlea was the surgical technique chosen to treat the trochlear dysplasia, the aim being to move the normal lateral ridge to the medial side and thereby prevent patellar luxation. This technique was able to restore correct conformation of the femoral trochlea and preserve the integrity of the trochlear groove cartilage, thus potentially retarding the progression of degenerative joint disease. The dog recovered fully and postoperative radiographic examinations showed healing of the rotated trochlea with only mild signs of degenerative joint disease.
Effect of Pyrophosphate and 4‐Hexylresorcinol Pretreatment on Quality of Refrigerated White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Kept under Modified Atmosphere Packaging
Authors: Thepnuan R. , Benjakul S. , Visessanguan W.
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT:  The effect of pretreatment with pyrophosphate and 4‐hexylresorcinol in combination with modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) (80% CO2, 10% O2, 10% N2, or 80% CO2, 20% N2) on the quality of white shrimp during storage at 4 °C was investigated. Shrimp pretreated with 2% pyrophosphate and 0.25% 4‐hexylresorcinol and stored under MAP showed the lower microbiological and chemical deteriorations as evidenced by delayed microbial growth as well as lower trimethylamine (TMA) and total volatile base nitrogen (TVB) production (P < 0.05). Additionally, the growth of coliforms was inhibited effectively. White shrimp pretreated with 4‐hexylresorcinol had the lower melanosis throughout the storage compared with those without treatment (P < 0.05). This was associated with the lowered polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity in shrimp treated with 4‐hexylresorcinol. Therefore, the effective retardation of microbiological and chemical deterioration of white shrimp stored under MAP with the decrease in melanosis could be achieved by pretreatment of the shrimp with pyrophosphate and 4‐hexylresorcinol. Furthermore, decapitation could be another means to lower the microbial load and melanosis in white shrimp, particularly those stored under MAP.
Comparative Structural, Emulsifying, and Biological Properties of 2 Major Canola Proteins, Cruciferin and Napin
Authors: Wu J. , Muir A.D.
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT:  Canola is an economically important farm‐gate crop in Canada. To further explore the potential of canola protein as value‐added food and nutraceutical ingredients, a better understanding of fundamental properties of 2 major canola proteins is necessary. Two major protein components, cruciferin and napin, were isolated from defatted canola meal by Sephacryl S‐300 gel filtration chromatography. SDS‐PAGE showed that cruciferin consists of more than 10 polypeptides, and noncovalent links are more important than disulphide bonds in stabilizing the structural conformation. Napin consists of 2 polypeptides and is stabilized primarily by disulphide bonds. Purified cruciferin showed 1 major endothermic peak at 91 °C compared with that of 110 °C for napin. Emulsion prepared by cruciferin showed significant higher specific surface area and lower particle size than that of napin. The study indicated that the presence of napin could detrimentally affect the emulsion stability of canola protein isolates. Hydrolysates from cruciferin and napin showed potent angiotensin I‐converting enzyme inhibitory activity (IC50: 0.035 and 0.029 mg/mL, respectively), but weaker than that of canola protein isolate hydrolysate (IC50: 0.015 mg/mL).
Biodegradable Polylactic Acid Polymer with Nisin for Use in Antimicrobial Food Packaging
Authors: Jin T. , Zhang H.
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT: Biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) polymer was evaluated for its application as a material for antimicrobial food packaging. PLA films were incorporated with nisin to for control of foodborne pathogens. Antimicrobial activity of PLA/nisin films againstListeria monocytogenes,Escherichia coliO157:H7, andSalmonellaEnteritidis were evaluated in culture media and liquid foods (orange juice and liquid egg white). Scanned electron micrograph and confocal laser microscopy revealed that nisin particles were evenly distributed in PLA polymer matrix on the surface and inside of the PLA/nisin films. PLA/nisin significantly inhibited growth ofL.monocytogenesin culture medium and liquid egg white. The greatest inhibition occurred at 24 h when the cell counts ofL. monocytogenesin the PLA/nisin samples were 4.5 log CFU/mL less than the controls. PLA/nisin reduced the cell population ofE. coliO157:H7 in orange juice from 7.5 to 3.5 log at 72 h whereas the control remained at about 6 log CFU/mL. PLA/nisin treatment resulted in a 2 log reduction ofS.Enteritidis in liquid egg white at 24 °C. After 21 d at 4 °C theS.Enteritidis population from PLA/nisin treated liquid egg white (3.5 log CFU/mL) was significantly less than the control (6.8 log CFU/mL).E. coliO157:H7 in orange juice was more sensitive to PLA/nisin treatments than in culture medium. The results of this research demonstrated the retention of nisin activity when incorporated into the PLA polymer and its antimicrobial effectiveness against foodborne pathogens. The combination of a biopolymer and natural bacteriocin has potential for use in antimicrobial food packaging.
Rhythms of Mental Performance
Authors: Valdez Pablo , Reilly Thomas , Waterhouse Jim
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT— Cognitive performance is affected by an individual’s characteristics and the environment, as well as by the nature of the task and the amount of practice at it. Mental performance tests range in complexity and include subjective estimates of mood, simple objective tests (reaction time), and measures of complex performance that require decisions to be made and priorities set. Mental performance tasks show 2 components, a circadian rhythm and the effects of time awake. The circadian rhythm is in phase with the rhythm of core temperature and there is evidence for a causal link. Increasing time awake results in performance deterioration and is attributed to fatigue. The relative contribution of these 2 components depends upon the task under consideration; simple tasks generally show smaller effects due to increasing time awake. These contributions have been assessed by constant routines and forced desynchronization protocols and have formed the basis of several mathematical models that attempt to predict performance in a variety of field conditions. Mental performance is negatively affected by sleep loss; although short naps are beneficial, sleep inertia limits their value immediately after waking. The processes involved in cognition include attention (tonic and phasic alertness, and selective and sustained attention), working memory (phonological, used for speech, reading, and writing; and visuospatial, used for spatial processing, drawing, and mathematics), and executive function (initiative, decision making, and problem solving). These processes are illuminated by analysis of the regions of the brain involved, the presence of circadian rhythmicity, and the effects of sleep loss. The results from such laboratory‐ and field‐based observations are relevant to the issue of learning in schoolchildren and lead to suggestions for improving their performance.
Sodium hyaluronate gels as a drug‐release system for corticosteroids: release kinetics and antiproliferative potential for glaucoma surgery
Authors: Spitzer Martin S. , Yoeruek Efdal , Kaczmarek Radoslaw T. , Sierra Ana , Aisenbrey Sabine , Grisanti Salvatore , Bartz‐Schmidt Karl U. , Szurman Peter
Published: February 2008

Purpose:  To evaluate the release kinetics, biocompatibility and antiproliferative potential of a concentrated hydrophilic steroid formulation from commercially available sodium hyaluronate gels as a potential adjunct in glaucoma surgery.

Methods:  Dexamethasone and sodium hyaluronate 1% (Healon) and sodium hyaluronate 2.3% (Healon 5) were mixed to yield sodium hyaluronate formulations containing dexamethasone in concentrations of 4–20 mg/ml (7.7–38 mm). Non‐cumulative and cumulative release into balanced salt solution (BSS) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was measured spectrophotometrically over 2–6 days. For cytotoxicity assays, human tenon fibroblasts (HTFB) and human retinal pigment epithelium cells (ARPE19) were cultured in a serum‐deficient medium to ensure a static milieu; 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2, 5‐diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assay and Live/Dead™ cell‐mediated cytotoxicity assay were used to exclude cytotoxicity. Cellular proliferative activity was monitored by 5′‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU)‐incorporation into cellular DNA.

Results:  The release kinetics from sodium hyaluronate 1% and 2.3% were almost identical. Steady state was achieved after approximately 44 hrs in non‐cumulative measurements. The release plotted as a function of the square root of time was consistent with a largely diffusion‐controlled release system. No cytotoxicity could be observed. Dexamethasone‐loaded sodium hyaluronate showed a significant antiproliferative effect on HTFB and ARPE19 cells.

Conclusion:  Dexamethasone‐loaded sodium hyaluronate shows extended release of steroid over almost 2 days in concentrations high enough to inhibit the proliferation of HTFB and RPE cells without evoking cytotoxic effects. Thus, this formulation may be an easy‐to‐prepare adjunct in glaucoma surgery or other procedures in which cellular growth inhibition is desired.
Does the United States of America Have a System for Reporting Serious Hazards of Transfusion?
Authors: Haley N. Rebecca
Published: February 2008

SUMMARy

While health care providers, governmental agencies and public interest groups in the United States show concern about blood safety and transfusion reactions, there is no unified national reporting system. This lack of unity derives largely from the structure (or lack thereof) of the health care system in the U.S. The hazards of transfusion are described by a patchwork of regulations, reports and studies, many of them voluntary. Even without a unified system, the United States does have examples of reports that cover the usual elements of a national reporting or monitoring system. Most of the elements of a national system have been undertaken by cooperative groups, such as the BaCon Study Group, or by smaller but very informative public studies, such as the State of New york study of transfusion errors. The collection of very basic information‐how many units of blood are collected and where and what components are made‐is privately handled and incompletely funded.

The current reporting practices lack pro‐active approaches in dealing with emerging infectious diseases capable of being spread by blood and tissue. The West Nile Virus infections from blood and tissue that occurred last summer are examples of full investigations that were triggered by patient deaths rather than early reports.
The Pyramid of Evidence‐Based Transfusion Medicine: Definitions and Concepts
Authors: Heddle Nancy M.
Published: February 2008

SUMMARy

Evidence‐based medicine can be illustrated as a three‐dimensional pyramid where the base is anchored by the elements of: research evidence; patient's preferences and actions; the clinical state and circumstances related to the patient; and, economic and societal considerations. Linking the four corners of the pyramid base is the clinical expertise of the health care provider. The foundation for this pyramid is a well‐constructed clinical question: the “question” is the key to evidence‐based clinical decision‐making.
Should We Reconsider Recommendations for Red Blood Cell Transfusion?
Authors: Hardy Jean‐François , Bélisle Sylvain
Published: February 2008

Very few randomized controlled trials on the benefits of red blood cell (RBC) transfusions in humans have been published. Consequently, most clinical practice guidelines are based on expert opinion, animal studies and the limited human trials available. In the absence of definitive outcome studies, numerous theoretical arguments have been put forward either to support or to condone the classic transfusion threshold of 10 g/dL. However, the limited data available from randomized controlled trials suggest that a restrictive transfusion strategy (transfusion threshold between 7 and 8 g/dL) is associated with decreased transfusion requirements, that overall morbidity (including cardiac morbidity) and mortality, hemodynamic, pulmonary and oxygen transport variables are not different between restrictive and liberal transfusion strategies and, finally, that a restrictive transfusion strategy is not associated with increased adverse outcomes. In fact, a restrictive strategy may be associated with decreased adverse outcomes in younger and less sick critical care patients. Since transfusions are administered to correct inadequate oxygen delivery, whether global or regional, reliable monitors of tissue oxygenation will be required to study the benefits (or lack thereof) of RBC transfusions. The quest for a universal transfusion trigger, the holy grail of transfusion medicine, must be abandoned. All RBC transfusions must be tailored to the patient's needs, at the moment the need arises. In conclusion, most published recommendations are appropriate but their conclusions are limited, as they are commensurate with existing knowledge. Reliable monitors to guide transfusion therapy and well conducted trials to determine optimal transfusion strategies are required.
Should Albumin Be Used to Correct Hypoalbuminemia in the Critically Ill? Yes
Authors: Vincent Jean‐Louis
Published: February 2008

Hypoalbuminemia is frequent in critically ill patients and is associated with worse outcomes. From the limited clinical data available, it would seem that replenishing low albumin levels in hypoalbuminemic critically ill patients may be of benefit. Nevertheless, deciding exactly which patients to treat and what level of serum albumin to aim for remains uncertain. The results of prospective, randomized controlled trials are urgently needed to provide intensivists with sufficient, high‐grade evidence on which to base decisions regarding albumin use. In the meantime, however, there is no reason to ban the use of albumin in the critically ill patient.
Hydroxyethyl Starches and Pruritus: A Real Problem?
Authors: Dettori Nadia , Spahn Donat R.
Published: February 2008

Hydroxyethyl starches (HES) are widely used as plasma substitutes. Serious side effects are rare, but several studies report clinically relevant pruritus 3–100 days after HES administration. The incidence of pruritus varies significantly between different studies (0–54%) and is linked to the total dose of HES administered. Although pathophysiology is not fully understood, deposition of HES in Schwann cells of cutaneous nerves appears a likely mechanism. While antihistaminic drugs are ineffective, oral naltrexon and topic capsacain are recommended for treatment.
Cell Salvage in the Presence of Malignancy
Authors: Hansen Ernil
Published: February 2008

In cancer surgery there is high and ever increasing demand for blood. Transfusion‐related immunomodulation induced by the allogeneic barrier and by storage lesions with an increased risk of postoperative infections and tumor recurrence, is of particular bearing in this patient group. Intraoperative cell salvage is contraindicated as confirmed by the demonstration of vital tumor cells in the shed blood. Sensitive detection techniques have shown that leukocyte depletion filters are of limited capacity in reducing the number of tumor cells in. In contrast, a 12‐log reduction in proliferating cells is to be expected from a 50 Gy gamma irradiation, and has been experimentally confirmed. The safety of irradiation of fresh, unstored RBCs is demonstrated by minimal hemolysis, normal levels of 2,3‐DPG and ATP, and by a 24‐hour survival rate exceeding that of the venous control. Cell salvage with blood irradiation is a practical method allowing effective saving of blood in cancer surgery.
Blood Transfusion in Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Allain Jean‐Pierre , Owusu‐Ofori Shirley , Bates Imelda
Published: February 2008

The population of Sub‐Saharan Africa has an average annual income of $400–1000 and cannot afford blood produced according to the standards established by affluent countries. To prepare enough safe blood in a sustainable fashion, African countries need to optimize use of their own resources and develop ways to produce affordable safe blood appropriate to their own situations. Uncritical adoption of external advice and models, particularly those from more wealthy countries, may lead to problems of sustainability unless they are adapted for use in resource‐poor environments. Sub‐Saharan African countries have developed a variety of systems to achieve the objective of producing safe blood. These vary from centralized, high volume, modern blood centers to locally organized donor programs for isolated district health care facilities. The wide range of systems to recruit, select and retain blood donors and of availability of choice of reagents and equipment to screen blood allows flexibility so that the transfusion process can be adapted to local circumstances and resources. With variations in the prevalence rate of HIV, HBV and HCV, the cumulative prevalence is invariably high in Africa and therefore, test sensitivity is critical. Nucleic acid testing is highly sensitive but is not affordable. New inexpensive and effective testing technology as well as pathogen inactivation techniques directed towards the needs of developing countries should become a major target of external support.
Blood Transfusions and Postoperative Recovery in Orthopedic Surgery. The European Eprex Surgery Trial
Authors: Slappendel Robert , Weber Eric W. G.
Published: February 2008

This trial compared the effect of preoperative administration of epoetin alfa (EPO) and best standard of care (BSC) on transfusion rate and its impact on postoperative recovery in a daily life setting. Hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations, transfusions, time to ambulation, hospitalization time, infections, and safety parameters were evaluated in orthopedic surgery patients with preoperative Hb values 10–13 g/dL from study entry until 4–6 weeks after surgery (on‐treatment: 460 patients EPO, 235 BSC). Mean Hb values (not different at baseline) were higher in the EPO group than in the BSC group (p < 0.05) from the day of surgery until the end of the observation period. Transfusion rate was 12% in the EPO group vs. 46% in the BSC group (p < 0.05). No significant relation was detected between treatment and postoperative recovery (hospitalization time, time to ambulation, infection rate), probably due to the small number of transfused patients in the EPO group. Hospitalization time and time to ambulation were, however, longer in transfused than in nontransfused patients (p < 0.05). Postoperative infections occurred in 12.9% and 8.9% of transfused and nontransfused patients, respectively (NS). Side effects in both groups were comparable. We conclude that epoetin alfa significantly increases Hb in the perioperative period in mildly to moderately anemic patients, with a significant reduction of allogeneic blood transfusions. Patients exposed to allogeneic blood transfusion require a longer hospitalization. The number of transfusions in this study was too limited to confirm former observations on reduction of postoperative infections.