bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Death of a Parent in Childhood: A Family Account
Authors: Elliott Julie L.
Published: March 2016

The death of a parent in childhood is discussed in relation to a family of three sisters who experienced the death of their mother. Qualitative analysis of interviews revealed a number of themes characterizing this family's experience. Two main themes are discussed in this article: the experience of grief and the role of communication. Grief was viewed as an individual process that followed a different path for each respondent. Communication is identified as having central importance in the sisters' ability to reconstruct and reach a satisfactory resolution of their early loss. Memories and construction of the bereavement experience are considered as the filters through which these people experienced their world.
Autologous Osteochondral Transplantation for Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus
Authors: Flynn Seán , Ross Keir A. , Hannon Charles P. , Yasui Youichi , Newman Hunter , Murawski Christopher D. , Deyer Timothy W. , Do Huong T. , Kennedy John G.
Published: March 2016

Background:

Autologous osteochondral transplantation (AOT) is used to treat osteochondral lesions (OCLs) of the talus, typically reserved for lesions greater than 150 mm2. Few studies exist examining the functional and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) outcomes following this procedure. The purpose of this study was to investigate functional and MRI outcomes, including quantitative T2 mapping following AOT.

Methods:

Eighty-five consecutive patients who underwent AOT were identified. Functional outcomes were assessed pre- and postoperatively using the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS). The Magnetic Resonance Observation of Cartilage Repair Tissue (MOCART) score was used to assess cartilage incorporation. Quantitative T2 MRI relaxation time of graft tissue and adjacent normal cartilage values were recorded in a subset of 61 patients. The mean clinical follow-up was 47.2 months, with mean MRI follow-up of 24.8 months.

Results:

Mean FAOS improved pre- to postoperatively from 50 to 81 ( P < .001). The mean MOCART score was 85.8. Lesion size was negatively correlated with MOCART score ( r = −0.36, P = .004). Superficial T2 values in graft tissue were higher than control tissue (42.0 vs 35.8, P < .001). Deep T2 values in graft tissue were similar to the control values (30.9 vs 30.0, P = .305). Functional outcomes were similar in patients irrespective of whether they had previous microfracture or concomitant procedures.

Conclusion:

AOT was an effective treatment for large OCLs of the talus in the current study. MOCART scoring indicated good structural integrity of the graft. Quantitative T2 mapping suggests that graft tissue may not always mirror native hyaline cartilage. The long-term implications of this are not yet known.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV, case series.
Clinical Outcome and Fusion Rate Following Simultaneous Subtalar Fusion and Total Ankle Arthroplasty
Authors: Usuelli Federico G. , Maccario Camilla , Manzi Luigi , Gross Christopher Edward
Published: March 2016

Background:

Patients with arthritis or severe dysfunction involving both the ankle and subtalar joints can benefit from tibiotalocalcaneal (TTC) arthrodesis or total ankle replacement and subtalar fusion. TTC fusion is considered by many as a salvage operation resulting in a stiff ankle and hindfoot, considerably limiting global foot function. With the evolution of prosthetic design and operative techniques, total ankle replacement (TAR) has become a reasonable alternative to arthrodesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the fusion rate of the subtalar joint in patients simultaneously treated with total ankle replacement (TAR) and subtalar joint fusion.

Methods:

This study included 25 patients who underwent primary TAR and simultaneous subtalar fusion between May 2011 and November 2014. Sixteen males (64%) and 9 females (36%) were enrolled with a mean age of 58 years (25-82). Patients were clinically assessed preoperatively and at 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Total follow-up time was 24.2 ± 11.6 months. Radiographic examination included a postoperative computed tomographic (CT) scan obtained 12 months after surgery. Three surgeons independently reviewed the CT scans and interobserver reliability was calculated. Functional scores were also assessed.

Results:

At 12 months postoperatively, the subtalar fusion rate in patients treated with TAR and simultaneous subtalar fusion was 92%. There was a statistically significant increase in American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society ankle/hindfoot score from 27.9 to 75.1. Ankle range of motion significantly increased from 12 to 32.8 degrees. Additionally, there was a statistically significant decrease in visual analog scale pain score from 8.6 to 2.1.

Conclusions:

TAR and simultaneous subtalar joint fusion were reliable procedures for the treatment of ankle and subtalar joint arthritis. Furthermore, CT scans showed an excellent reliability among orthopedic surgeons in determining the degree of successful fusion of subtalar arthrodesis.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV, case series.
Tribological studies on chemically modified rapeseed oil with CuO and CeO2 nanoparticles
Authors: Kashyap Amod , Harsha AP
Published: March 2016

The environmental problems that are being caused by the mineral-based lubricants has prompted for exploring the possibility of using vegetable-based oil as a lubricant and this has become a worldwide trend. In the present study, the tribological behavior of the chemically modified rapeseed oil has been studied by using a four-ball tester. The CuO and CeO2 nanoparticles of size less than 50 nm were added to the chemically modified rapeseed oil ranging from 0.1 to 1 wt%. And the friction and antiwear properties were analyzed as per the ASTM standard D4172. The size of the nanoparticles was calculated qualitatively by using Scherrer equation with the help of X-ray diffraction analysis. Tribological results showed that the chemically modified rapeseed oil has good antiwear and friction-reducing properties than the raw rapeseed oil. The addition of oxide nanoparticles at an optimum concentration in the chemically modified rapeseed oil showed the good friction-reducing property nonetheless not good antiwear property. The surface topography of the worn ball surfaces was also studied by using a scanning electron microscope.
Lessons from using iPads to understand young children’s creativity
Authors: Arnott Lorna , Grogan Deirdre , Duncan Pauline
Published: March 2016

This article explores the use of iPads as part of a child-centred data collection approach to understand young children’s creativity. Evidence is presented from a small study of three- to five-year-old children’s creative play. Analysis of the children’s engagement with iPad video diaries and free-to-use tablet applications was logged across two early educational settings over a three-month period. The findings suggest that iPads offer a mechanism to allow children to articulate their creative play and to encourage involvement in the research process. However, bespoke research software to use with early years children is required to improve this process.
After six decades: Applying the U-curve hypothesis to the adjustment of international postgraduate students
Authors: Chien Yu-Yi Grace
Published: March 2016

The research described in this article concludes that the widely cited U-curve hypothesis is no longer supported by research data because the adjustment of international postgraduate students is a complex phenomenon that does not fit easily with attempts to define and categorize it. Methodological issues, different internal and external factors, cultural expectations, individual responses or attitudes, and global developments are also discussed as aspects associated with the improper application of the U-curve hypothesis. This research adds to theoretical understanding associated with the adjustment of international students and, in practical terms, increases our current knowledge regarding student recruitment and international student support services.
The materiality of virtual war: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and the disabling effects of imperialism
Authors: Jaffee Laura Jordan
Published: March 2016

A slew of recent news coverage has reported favorably on the use of virtual reality video games as a treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in US soldiers returning from Iraq and Afghanistan. Drawing on critical disability studies work, this paper argues that such depictions (re)produce a depoliticized framework for understanding PTSD that champions medico-technological interventions and hinders broader social and political activism by taking for granted and normalizing conditions of perpetual war. Through an analysis of medical research and media portrayals extolling such technologies, this paper unravels the contradictory logic in these celebratory depictions to condemn imperialism, problematize the use of virtual reality for PTSD treatment, and ultimately call for anti-imperialist disability studies scholarship and disability activism.
The Reverse Ludloff Osteotomy for Bunionette Deformity
Authors: Waizy Hazibullah , Jastifer James R. , Stukenborg-Colsman Christina , Claassen Leif
Published: March 2016

Background. The typical bunionette deformity often presents as pain over the lateral margin of the fifth metatarsal head. There have been numerous operative treatments described for this pathology. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results after a reverse Ludloff osteotomy in cases of severe bunionette deformities. Methods. Between 2008 and 2012, 16 patients received a reverse Ludloff osteotomy of the fifth metatarsal due to a symptomatic type II or III bunionette that failed nonoperative treatment. We retrospectively reviewed charts, radiographic images, postoperative AOFAS (American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society) lesser toe scores, and the EQ-5D at a mean of 41.9 months (range, 31-74 months) of follow-up. Additionally, limitation in activities of daily living, pain, and patient satisfaction were assessed. Results. At latest follow-up, the mean AOFAS lesser toe score was 86.6 points and the mean EQ-5D score was 14.1. Fifteen patients had no or only little limitations. Fifteen out of 16 patients were satisfied or predominantly satisfied. Radiographic analysis showed for type II deformities a correction of the lateral bowing from 8.1° down to 0.67° (P < .001). The fourth-fifth intermetatarsal angle (4-5 IMA) improved from a mean of 13.2° to a mean of 5.2° (P < .001). The length of the fifth metatarsal was unchanged (P > .05). There were no observed complications, and no revision was necessary. Conclusion. In the present study, the reverse Ludloff osteotomy had a high satisfaction rate and no complications. It provided radiographic correction of the deformity and may be considered in the surgical treatment of severe bunionette deformities.

Levels of evidence: Therapeutic, Level IV: Case series
Investigating How to Support Principals as Instructional Leaders in Mathematics
Authors: Boston Melissa D. , Henrick Erin C. , Gibbons Lynsey K. , Berebitsky Dan , Colby Glenn T.
Published: March 2016

We present a framework for considering principals’ knowledge and actions to support high-quality instruction in a specific content area (mathematics). Using design research, we engaged principals in professional development and assessed principals’ ability to identify aspects of high-quality mathematical tasks and instruction through pre–post task sort analyses and classroom video analyses. Significant differences occurred in principals’ identification of high-quality mathematics tasks and instruction, students’ thinking, and teachers’ actions. Subsequent data identified changes in principals’ feedback to mathematics teachers; however, this change was not sustained in following years. We hypothesize necessary conditions for supporting principals as instructional leaders in specific content areas.
Clozapine-induced hypersalivation: an estimate of prevalence, severity and impact on quality of life
Authors: Maher Senan , Cunningham Aoife , O’Callaghan Niamh , Byrne Fintan , Mc Donald Colm , McInerney Shane , Hallahan Brian
Published: March 2016

Objectives:

The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and severity of clozapine-induced hypersalivation, and assess the impact hypersalivation has on global functioning.

Methods:

Participants attending a dedicated clozapine clinic were invited to undertake a structured interview regarding their experiences of clozapine-induced hypersalivation. Two psychometric instruments to measure hypersalivation, the Nocturnal Hypersalivation Rating Scale and the Drooling Severity and Frequency Scale were used.

Results:

Clozapine-induced hypersalivation was experienced by 92% of participants, with nocturnal hypersalivation more prevalent compared to daytime hypersalivation (85% versus 48%). Daytime drooling was severe in 18% of cases and was present on a frequent or constant basis for 20% of individuals. Hypersalivation had at least a moderate impact on the quality of life of 15% of study participants.

Conclusions:

Clozapine-induced hypersalivation is the most prevalent adverse effect experienced by patients treated with clozapine and negatively impacts on quality of life, particularly if daytime drooling is present. The development of further strategies to ameliorate this adverse effect is required given the demonstrated lack of success to date in managing this condition.
Erasmus’s Revision of the New Testament and Its Influence on Dutch Bible Translations: The Dossier Revisited
Authors: François Wim
Published: March 2016

This article re-examines the influence of Erasmus’s Latin–Greek New Testament upon Dutch vernacular Bible translations. Whereas scholarship up until the present has focused on the translation of Erasmus’s New Testament published by Cornelis Hendricksz. Lettersnijder (Delft, 1524), this article stresses that the Dutch New Testament published earlier in 1524 by the Antwerp printer Adriaen van Berghen played a more crucial role in the development of an Erasmian translation than has been assumed until now. In the Dutch vernacular editions of the years 1525–1526, which the scholarly literature has often labelled as combined Erasmian-Lutheran editions, the influence of Erasmus’s text only decreased in favour of Luther’s translation. Erasmus’s influence was felt in particular in the Low Countries by way of the Catholicized or “Vulgatized” version published by Michiel Hillen van Hoochstraten (Antwerp, 1527 and later editions).
Patellofemoral dysbalance due to femoral deformities - diagnostic, therapy and results
Authors: Dickschas Jörg , Strecker Wolf , Harrer Jörg , Ferner Felix
Published: March 2016

Aims and Objectives:

Anterior knee pain or patellofemoral instability are typical symptoms of patellofemoral dysbalance. Beside other reasons, this pathology can be caused by a femoral deformity. The two dimensions leading to this problems are torsional- and valgus deformities. This constellation often stays unrecognized. When diagnosed and analyzed, a femoral torsional or varization-osteotomy is the adequate treatment. Aim of this study was to show the diagnostic approach, the gold standard of therapy and the follow up results. Can patellofemoral stability be archived? Is the pain relief significant and how do clinical scores develop at the follow up?

Materials and Methods:

33 femoral torsional osteotomies and 18 femoral varization osteotomies were included in this study, 5 of these were combined femoral varization and torsional corrections so that 46 knees are included in 41 patients, as 5 patients were operated on both legs. Major symptoms were patellofemoral dislocations in 28 cases and anterior knee pain in 26 cases. Beside clinical and radiographic evaluation full weight bearing long leg views and a torsional computertomography was always performed. Follow up examination was after 41 (6-113) months. Visual analog scala score, Japanese Knee Society Score, Tegner activity score and Lysholm score were taken before surgery and at the follow up.

Results:

Mechanical femorotibial valgus was on average 6,4° (5°-10°), femoral internal torsion was in average 40,9° (29°-66°; normal: 24°). Surgical treatment was performed with an arthroscopy followed by an acute femoral varization 7,2°(5°-10°) and / or external torsion osteotomy of 13.8° (5°-26°). Tegner activity score, Japanese knee society score and Lysholm score all significantly improved. Pain relief could be demonstrated as shown by a significant decrease of the VAS score. No further dislocation was reported during the follow up period.

Conclusion:

Valgus or torsional deformities of the femur frequently lead to symptoms of the patellofemoral joint associated with anterior knee pain or instability. These deformities often stay undetected, leading to a long history of illness and surgical interventions not adressing the source of the symptoms. After thorough assessment and diagnostics a treatment plan involving an acute femoral varization / external torsion osteotomy should be scheduled. Correct surgical indication and performance leads to a significant pain relief and patellofemoral stability as can be demonstrated during follow up examination.
Polyurethane scaffold for the treatment of medial meniscus deficiency: clinical and mri outcomes at 48 months follw-up
Authors: Efe Turgay , Schüttler Karl , Roessler Philip , Haberhauer Felix
Published: March 2016

Aims and Objectives:

The preservation of meniscal structure and function after segmental meniscal loss is of crucial importance to prevent early development of osteoarthritis. Implantation of artificial meniscal implants has been reported as a feasible treatment option. The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results 4 years after implantation of a polyurethane scaffold for chronic segmental medial meniscus deficiency following partial medial meniscectomy.

Materials and Methods:

Twenty patients received arthroscopic implantation of an Actifit® polyurethane meniscal implant (Orteq S Medicine, London, UK) for deficiency of the medial meniscus. Patients were followed at 6, 12, 24 and 48 months. Clinical outcome was assessed using established patient-reported outcome scores (KOOS, KSS, UCLA activity scale, VAS for pain). Radiological outcome was quantified by MRI scans after 6, 12, 24 and 48 months evaluating scaffold morphology, tissue integration and status of the articular cartilage as well as signs of inflammation.

Results:

Mean patient age was 29.3 years (range 18 to 47 years) with a mean meniscal defect size of 46 mm (range 35 to 62 mm). Continuing improvement of the VAS and KSS Knee and Function Scores could be observed after 48 months compared to baseline, whereas improvement of the activity level according to UCLA continued only up to 24 months and decreased from there on. The KOOS Score showed significant improvement in all dimensions. MRI scans showed reappearance of bone bruises in 2 patients with scaffold extrusion. No significant changes of the articular cartilage could be perceived.

Conclusion:

Arthroscopic treatment of patients with chronic segmental meniscal loss using the a polyurethane meniscal implant can achieve sustainable mid-term results regarding pain reduction and knee function.
1 Year LIGAMYS - our own results, examples and problems with this innovative new procedure in anterior cruciate ligament surgery
Authors: Stößlein Robert , Reuther Falk
Published: March 2016

Aims and Objectives:

In sporty and active patient with rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament the plastic with hamstring tendons ist the standard procedure. Resection of the ACL results in new anatomic conditions and loss of proprioception of the knee. The dynamic intraligamentary stabilsation of the anterior cruciate ligament (LIGAMYS) was developed to obtain the anterior cruciate ligament due to the protection of a moderate posterior drawer and a stabile polyethlyen cable.

Materials and Methods:

During 1 year of observation we operated 30 patient with freshly ruptured ACLs with LIGAMYS. We documented patient-related factor such as age, sport level, profession, activity (Tegner score).

Results:

From march 2014 till april 2015 we operated 30 Patients with freshly ruptured anterior cruciate ligaments with LIGAMYS; in 29 cases the outcome was very well, all patients recovered in a short time with a stable and healthy function of the operated knee. All 29 patients reached full professionell and athletic function within 4 month after operation.

Conclusion:

The arthroscopic dynamic stabilisation of the anterior cruciate ligament ruptur with LIGAMYS is in our opinion till today a very safe and succesfull method to stabilize the ACL-rupture. Nevertheless more results in long-term-survival are needed, because the latest results from Switzerland document very good 3-year-results, a longer observation period is needed to obtain a generell recommendation for this technique. In our opinion LIGAMYS is a perfect and revolutionary additional method in treating ACL-ruptures before a plastic with hamstrings or ligament is needed.
Does Fatigue Alter Pitching Mechanics?
Authors: Chalmers Peter Nissen , Erickson Brandon J. , Sgroi Terrance , Vignona Peter , Lesniak Matthew , Bush-Joseph Charles A. , Verma Nikhil N. , Romeo Anthony A.
Published: March 2016

Objectives:

Background: Injuries of the adolescent shoulder and elbow are common in baseball pitchers. Fatigue has been demonstrated to be a risk factor for injury. Purpose: To determine if shoulder and elbow kinematics, pitching velocity, accuracy, and pain change during a simulated full baseball game in adolescent pitchers.

Methods:

Methods: Adolescent pitchers between the ages of 13-16 were recruited to throw a 90 pitch simulated game. Shoulder range of motion was assessed before and after the game. Velocity and accuracy were measured for every pitch and every 15th pitch was videotaped from two orthogonal views in high definition at 240 Hz. Quantitative and qualitative mechanics were measured from these videos. Perceived fatigue and pain were assessed after each inning using the visual analog scale. Data was statistically analyzed using a repeated-measures analysis of variance.

Results:

Results: Twenty-eight elite adolescent pitchers were included. These pitchers, on average, were 14.6±0.9 years old (mean ± standard deviation), had been pitching for 6.3±1.7 years, and threw 94±58 pitches per week. Our experimental model functioned as expected in that pitchers became progressively more fatigued and painful and pitched with a lower velocity as pitch number increased (p<0.001, 0.001, and <0.001 respectively). Knee flexion at ball release progressively increased with pitch number (p=0.008). Hip and shoulder separation significantly decreased as pitch number increased, from 90%±40% at pitch 15 to 40%±50% at pitch 90 (p0.271 in all cases, 91% power for elbow flexion at ball release). External rotation and total range of motion in the pitching shoulder significantly increased post-pitching (p=0.007 and 0.047 respectively).

Conclusion:

Conclusion: As pitchers progress through a simulated game they throw lower velocity pitches and become fatigued and painful. Core and leg musculature becomes fatigued before upper extremity kinematics change. Based upon these results, the authors hypothesize that core and leg strengthening may be valuable adjuncts to prevent upper extremity injury.
Functional Movement Screen and Prior Injury in National Football League Combine Athletes
Authors: Slone Harris S. , Karas Spero G. , Shani Raj H. , East Megan , Barfield William R.
Published: March 2016

Objectives:

Functional Movement Screen (FMS) testing is frequently used to assess deficits in range of motion, balance, and stability. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the results of the FMS performed at the National Football League (NFL) Combine were associated with a history of previous injury in the elite collegiate athlete.

Methods:

Records from 1263 athletes participating in FMS testing at the NFL Combine over a five-year period were reviewed. Player position, injury history (including total number of injuries), the need for surgery, and number of games missed due to injury was recorded. Comparisons between FMS score, the number of asymmetries during FMS testing, position and injury history were performed. A one-way analysis of variance was performed with Tukey post-hoc comparisons to compare FMS score and position. Chi-square was used for all categorical and dichotomous variable comparisons. Spearman correlation was also used to assess the relationship between FMS, number of asymmetries, number of games missed and number of injuries recorded. The a priori alpha level was established at p ≤.05

Results:

Overall 1228 (97.2%) of participants reported one or more injuries. Average FMS score was 13.8 ± 2.4. Offensive and defensive lineman were more likely to score lower on the FMS (p<.001). No significant difference was seen between total FMS score and number of injuries (p=.806) or number of games missed due to injury (p=.714). A significant difference was noted between the number of asymmetries during FMS testing and number of games missed (p=.002), however when games missed was stratified between zero missed games and one or more games, no significant differences were noted. (p=.628). There was also no correlation between FMS asymmetries and number of injuries (p=.362).

Conclusion:

The results of this study suggest that within elite athletes at the NFL Combine, no correlation exists between prior injury history and FMS score. A comparison between FMS asymmetry and the number of games missed was significant when games missed was not stratified, however when games missed was stratified the statistical significance was eliminated. There was no difference between asymmetries and total number of injuries. Caution should be exercised when attempting to evaluate an athlete’s FMS performance with specific movement patterns perceived to be reflective of past injury. Ultimately, further research is required to clearly outline the utility and efficacy of the FMS in the elite American football population.
Rates of Early Treatment for US Veterans With Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Xie Yan , LaFleur Joanne , Kamauu Aaron , Knippenberg Kristin , DuVall Scott L. , Haselkorn Jodie , Nelson Richard E.
Published: March 2016

Background: Early treatment of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) may prevent neurological damage and reduce the risk of disability. However, little is known about the timing of treatment initiation following diagnosis and long-term outcomes in the general population of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) benefits-eligible patients. Objective: Our objective was to characterize treatment for MS patients in the VA at various time points following diagnosis date. Methods: In our historical database cohort study of US veterans, we calculated the proportion of MS patients from 1999 through 2010 with at least one prescription for a medication used to treat the condition at 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 months following the index date. We also stratified the treatments given into 3 categories based on their role within the course of the disease: disease modifying, relapse, and symptom. Finally, we performed our calculations separately by MS subtype: relapsing-remitting, secondary-progressive, primary-progressive, and progressive-relapsing. Results: A total of 6803 patients were included in the analysis. Only 27.4% of MS patients received a prescription for MS medication within the first 6 months after diagnosis. The most common treatments were interferon β-1a, glatiramer, amantadine, and prednisone, with disease-modifying agents being more than twice as frequently prescribed as medications for relapse or symptoms. Patients with relapsing-remitting MS were the most likely to be treated, followed by progressive-relapsing MS. Conclusions: Our results suggest that treatment rates are low in VA MS patients in the 6 years following their first diagnosis of MS.
Evaluation of Statin Treatment for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Authors: Newsome Jonathan S.
Published: March 2016

Objective: To review if utilizing statin therapy in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is safe and efficacious. Data Sources: A MEDLINE literature search was performed using the search terms statins, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD, safety, effectiveness, and efficacy. The literature search was not limited to a predetermined set of dates. The literature search included information from 2003 until February 2016. Additional references were identified from a review of literature citations. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All English-language randomized controlled trials, case reports, meta-analyses, and guidelines assessing the use of statins in patients with NAFLD were evaluated. Data Synthesis: Clinical data demonstrate that statins can increase serum transaminases; however, these effects appear to be dose dependent. Data show that statins do not exacerbate liver injury. The Statin Liver Safety Task Force indicates that statins are safe to use in patients with chronic liver diseases and compensated cirrhosis. Studies conducted to determine if statins are efficacious have been limited to small trials or case reports. However, data suggest that statins can reduce elevated serum transaminases and improve liver histology. Conclusions: Guidelines indicate that statins can be used to treat dyslipidemia in patients with NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Statins may be a viable treatment option for NAFLD in patients who have an increased cardiovascular risk. Additional large, randomized controlled trials need to be conducted in order to confirm the beneficial effects of statins in NAFLD.
Chemo-genomic interrogation of CEBPA mutated AML reveals recurrent CSF3R mutations and subgroup sensitivity to JAK inhibitors
Authors: Lavallée Vincent-Philippe , Krosl Jana , Lemieux Sébastien , Boucher Geneviève , Gendron Patrick , Pabst Caroline , Boivin Isabel , Marinier Anne , Guidos Cynthia J. , Meloche Sylvain , Hébert Josée , Sauvageau Guy
Published: March 2016

Key Points

CSF3R was the most frequently mutated gene identified in this CEBPAbi AML cohort analyzed by next-generation sequencing. CEBPA bi AML that have a characteristic transcriptomic profile are more sensitive to JAK inhibitors than CEBPAwt AML.
Inequalities in lung cancer: a world ofEGFR
Authors: Carbonnaux Mélodie , Souquet Pierre-Jean , Meert Anne-Pascale , Scherpereel Arnaud , Peters Matthew , Couraud Sébastien
Published: March 2016

Epidermal growth factor receptor gene (EGFR) mutation status has emerged as a crucial issue in lung cancer management. Availability and cost of tests and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) may vary as a function of country development.

We conducted a prospective specialist opinion survey to mapEGFRtest and EGFR-TKI availability and detect associations with the Human Development Index (HDI). A questionnaire was sent to specialists in thoracic oncology in all United Nations Member States.

We obtained responses from 74 countries, comprising 78% of the worldwide population. Nonresponding countries had significantly lower HDI rank than responding countries.EGFRmutation analysis was routinely available in 57 countries (70% of the worldwide population). The cost of the test was <US$500 in 49 countries (42.5% of the worldwide population). Test availability and cost were both significantly linked to HDI. Erlotinib, gefitinib, afatinib and icotinib were routinely available in 75%, 66%, 31% and 23% of the worldwide population, respectively, also associated with HDI.

EGFRmutation testing and EGFR-TKIs are widely accessible in routine practice worldwide. However, there are large discrepancies in access to this innovative treatment path and in its cost for patients as a function of country development.
Prevalence of and treatment outcomes for patients with obstructive sleep apnoea identified by preoperative screening compared with clinician referrals
Authors: Dwarakanath Akshay , Palissery Vinod , Elliott Mark W.
Published: March 2016

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) has implications perioperatively. We compared the prevalence of OSA and outcome with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in patients diagnosed through preoperative screening and following referrals from other clinicians.

Among 1412 patients (62% males) the prevalence of OSA, Epworth Sleepiness Score (ESS), the number referred for CPAP, and short and longer term use of CPAP were compared between the two groups.

The prevalence of OSA was similar (62%versus58%). There were differences in mean±sdage (61±16versus55±13 years; p<0.0001), ESS (11±6versus8±5; p<0.0001) and oxygen desaturation index (22±20versus19±17; p=0.039). Clinician-referred patients were more likely to be offered CPAP (p<0.0001; OR 2.84). Pre-assessment patients with mild OSA were less likely to continue CPAP long term (p=0.002; OR 6.8). No difference was seen between moderate and severe OSA patients.

The prevalence of OSA was similar in both groups but pre-assessment patients were younger and less symptomatic. Preoperative screening of patients is worthwhile, independent of any effect of CPAP upon surgical outcomes; younger and less symptomatic patients are identified earlier. Pre-assessment patients with mild OSA were less likely to use CPAP; this should be considered when offering CPAP to these patients prior to surgery.
Outcome of incidentally detected airway nodules
Authors: Kim Hyung-Jun , Kim Deog Kyeom , Kim Young Whan , Lee Yeon Joo , Park Jong Sun , Cho Young-Jae , Kim Se Joong , Yoon Ho Il , Lee Jae Ho , Lee Choon-Taek
Published: March 2016

Low-dose chest computed tomography (LDCT) screening increased detection of airway nodules. Most nodules appear to be secretions, but pathological lesions may show similar findings. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) recommends repeating LDCT after 1 month and proceeding to bronchoscopy if the nodules persist. However, no reports exist about incidentally detected airway nodules. We investigated the significance of airway nodules detected by LDCT screening.

We screened patients with incidental airway nodules detected by LDCT in the Seoul National University Hospital group. The characteristics of computed tomography, bronchoscopy, pathology and clinical findings were analysed.

Among 53 036 individuals who underwent LDCT screening, 313 (0.6%) had airway nodules. Of these, 186 (59.4%) were followed-up with chest computed tomography and/or bronchoscopy. Seven (3.8%) cases had significant lesions, including leiomyoma (n=2), endobronchial tuberculosis (n=2), chronic inflammation (n=1), hamartoma (n=1) and benign granuloma (n=1). The remaining 179 lesions were transient, suggesting that they were secretions.

The use of LDCT for lung cancer screening demonstrated the low incidence of airway lesions. Most lesions were transient secretions. True pathological lesions were rare, and no malignant lesion was found. The current recommendation of the NCCN guideline is a reasonable approach that can avoid unnecessary bronchoscopy.
The effect of noise-induced variance on parameter recovery from reaction times
Authors: Vadillo Miguel A. , Garaizar Pablo
Published: March 2016

Background

Technical noise can compromise the precision and accuracy of the reaction times collected in psychological experiments, especially in the case of Internet-based studies. Although this noise seems to have only a small impact on traditional statistical analyses, its effects on model fit to reaction-time distributions remains unexplored.

Results

Across four simulations we study the impact of technical noise on parameter recovery from data generated from an ex-Gaussian distribution and from a Ratcliff Diffusion Model. Our results suggest that the impact of noise-induced variance tends to be limited to specific parameters and conditions.

Conclusions

Although we encourage researchers to adopt all measures to reduce the impact of noise on reaction-time experiments, we conclude that the typical amount of noise-induced variance found in these experiments does not pose substantial problems for statistical analyses based on model fitting.
Sample size calculation while controlling false discovery rate for differential expression analysis with RNA-sequencing experiments
Authors: Bi Ran , Liu Peng
Published: March 2016

Background

RNA-Sequencing (RNA-seq) experiments have been popularly applied to transcriptome studies in recent years. Such experiments are still relatively costly. As a result, RNA-seq experiments often employ a small number of replicates. Power analysis and sample size calculation are challenging in the context of differential expression analysis with RNA-seq data. One challenge is that there are no closed-form formulae to calculate power for the popularly applied tests for differential expression analysis. In addition, false discovery rate (FDR), instead of family-wise type I error rate, is controlled for the multiple testing error in RNA-seq data analysis. So far, there are very few proposals on sample size calculation for RNA-seq experiments.

Results

In this paper, we propose a procedure for sample size calculation while controlling FDR for RNA-seq experimental design. Our procedure is based on the weighted linear model analysis facilitated by thevoommethod which has been shown to have competitive performance in terms of power and FDR control for RNA-seq differential expression analysis. We derive a method that approximates the average power across the differentially expressed genes, and then calculate the sample size to achieve a desired average power while controlling FDR. Simulation results demonstrate that the actual power of several popularly applied tests for differential expression is achieved and is close to the desired power for RNA-seq data with sample size calculated based on our method.

Conclusions

Our proposed method provides an efficient algorithm to calculate sample size while controlling FDR for RNA-seq experimental design. We also provide an R packagessizeRNAthat implements our proposed method and can be downloaded from the Comprehensive R Archive Network (http://cran.r-project.org).
Foundation News
Authors: Talley Robert
Published: March 2016

In the past several decades, many of us have personally experienced the highs and lows of the oil and gas industry. We also have experienced the importance of having a supportive community that can assist us through the bad times and lead us to better times.
Colonial Object Relations
Authors: Eng David L.
Published: March 2016

This article investigates how colonial modernity frames not only the material development but also the psychic emergence of liberal subjectivity by reexamining Melanie Klein's notions of reparation, a key concept in both psychoanalysis and political theory. The article reconsiders the recent turn in affect studies emphasizing the redemptive quality of love in the reparative process by offering a very different reading that I describe as “colonial object relations.” Attention to colonial object relations reveals the ways in which affect is unevenly distributed in the history of liberal empire and reason. It exposes how love and hate are affectively policed to create a field of good and bad objects and liberal and indigenous subjects, regulated by a colonial morality that is not the cause but rather the effect of processes of repair. What are the colonial dimensions of object relations or, more generally, the affective contours of liberal reason? These questions become especially important given contemporary definitions of reparations in politics and political theory characterizing it as a kind of corrective justice seeking to redress a long history of colonial violence and violation.
Association between tensin 1 and p130Cas at focal adhesions links actin inward flux to cell migration
Authors: Zhao Zhihai , Tan Song Hui , Machiyama Hiroaki , Kawauchi Keiko , Araki Keigo , Hirata Hiroaki , Sawada Yasuhiro
Published: March 2016

Cell migration is a highly dynamic process that plays pivotal roles in both physiological and pathological processes. We have previously reported that p130Cas supports cell migration through the binding to Src as well as phosphorylation-dependent association with actin retrograde flow at focal adhesions. However, it remains elusive how phosphorylated Cas interacts with actin cytoskeletons. We observe that the actin-binding protein, tensin 1, co-localizes with Cas, but not with its phosphorylation-defective mutant, at focal adhesions in leading regions of migrating cells. While a truncation mutant of tensin 1 that lacks the phosphotyrosine-binding PTB and SH2 domains (tensin 1-SH2PTB) poorly co-localizes or co-immunoprecitates with Cas, bacterially expressed recombinant tensin 1-SH2PTB protein binds to Cas in vitro in a Cas phosphorylation-dependent manner. Furthermore, exogenous expression of tensin 1-SH2PTB, which is devoid of the actin-interacting motifs, interferes with the Cas-driven cell migration, slows down the inward flux of Cas molecules, and impedes the displacement of Cas molecules from focal adhesions. Taken together, our results show that tensin 1 links inwardly moving actin cytoskeletons to phosphorylated Cas at focal adhesions, thereby driving cell migration.
Sticking to the story: outstanding challenges in gecko-inspired adhesives
Authors: Niewiarowski Peter H. , Stark Alyssa Y. , Dhinojwala Ali
Published: March 2016

The natural clinging ability of geckos has inspired hundreds of studies seeking design principles that could be applied to creating synthetic adhesives with the same performance capabilities as the gecko: adhesives that use no glue, are self-cleaning and reusable, and are insensitive to a wide range of surface chemistries and roughness. Important progress has been made, and the basic mechanics of how ‘hairy’ adhesives work have been faithfully reproduced, advancing theory in surface science and portending diverse practical applications. However, after 15 years, no synthetic mimic can yet perform as well as a gecko and simultaneously meet of all the criteria listed above. Moreover, processes for the production of inexpensive and scalable products are still not clearly in view. Here, we discuss our perspective on some of the gaps in understanding that still remain; these gaps in our knowledge should stimulate us to turn to deeper study of the way in which free-ranging geckos stick to the variety of surfaces found in their natural environments and to a more complete analysis of the materials composing the gecko toe pads.
Mechanical responses of rat vibrissae to airflow
Authors: Yu Yan S. W. , Graff Matthew M. , Hartmann Mitra J. Z.
Published: March 2016

The survival of many animals depends in part on their ability to sense the flow of the surrounding fluid medium. To date, however, little is known about how terrestrial mammals sense airflow direction or speed. The present work analyzes the mechanical response of isolated rat macrovibrissae (whiskers) to airflow to assess their viability as flow sensors. Results show that the whisker bends primarily in the direction of airflow and vibrates around a new average position at frequencies related to its resonant modes. The bending direction is not affected by airflow speed or by geometric properties of the whisker. In contrast, the bending magnitude increases strongly with airflow speed and with the ratio of the whisker's arc length to base diameter. To a much smaller degree, the bending magnitude also varies with the orientation of the whisker's intrinsic curvature relative to the direction of airflow. These results are used to predict the mechanical responses of vibrissae to airflow across the entire array, and to show that the rat could actively adjust the airflow data that the vibrissae acquire by changing the orientation of its whiskers. We suggest that, like the whiskers of pinnipeds, the macrovibrissae of terrestrial mammals are multimodal sensors – able to sense both airflow and touch – and that they may play a particularly important role in anemotaxis.
Financial Liberalization, Debt Mismatch, Allocative Efficiency, and Growth
Authors: Rancière Romain , Tornell Aaron
Published: March 2016

Financial liberalization increases growth, but leads to more crises and costly bailouts. We present a two-sector model in which liberalization, by allowing debt-denomination mismatch, relaxes borrowing limits in the financially constrained sector, but endogenously generates crisis risk. When regulation restricts external financing to standard debt, liberalization preserves financial discipline and may increase allocative efficiency, growth, and consumption possibilities. By contrast, under unfettered liberalization that also allows uncollateralized option-like liabilities, discipline breaks down, and efficiency falls. The model yields a testable gains-from-liberalization condition, which holds in emerging markets. It also helps rationalize the contrasting experience of emerging markets and the recent US housing crisis. (JEL E23, E44, G01, G21, G28, O41, R31)
Epidemiology and health care situation of chronic wounds in Germany
Authors: Protz K. , Augustin M. , Herberger K. , Heyer K.
Published: March 2016

Chronic wounds are of great socioeconomic importance. Usually they are associated with a long, complicated and burdensome course of disease and require high nursing and medical expenses. The quality of life of patients with chronic wounds is substantially impaired. This article provides a systematic overview of current studies on the morbidity and the health care situation of patients with chronic wounds, especially in patients with leg ulcers in Germany.

Analyses based on routine data of statutory health insurances show higher incidence and prevalence rates, for example of patients with leg ulcers, compared with previously regional surveys. The quality of care is inadequate, particularly in diagnostics and therapy of patients with leg ulcers. To date, there is undersupply and a lack of execution and deficient knowledge about the compression treatment in patients with venous leg ulcers.

Thus, there is need for further action in order to establish better implementation of guidelines in the management of patients with chronic wounds.
PROBLEMS OF ENSURING NATIONAL SECURITY IN THE COURSE OF COUNTERACTION TO HYBRID AND «COLOR» TECHNOLOGIES
Authors: Лобанов  , Lobanov Konstantin
Published: March 2016

The author considers hybrid and «color» technologies as one of the main threats of national security in the modern world. To prove the hypothesis he opens the process of destruction of structure of national security and its key elements - safety of the state, the society and the personality with the help of these technologies. Are considered tools of destruction from «soft» to «hard» methods. The article is written with the use of the newest factual material, includes the critical analysis of the problem.
Unternehmen als Mitgestalter sozial-ökologischer Transformation: Thesen des Instituts für ökologische Wirtschaftsforschung (IÖW)
Authors: Scholl Gerd , Mewes Heike
Published: March 2016

Sozial-ökologischer Wandel braucht auch unternehmerisches Handeln. Herkömmliche Konzepte nachhaltiger Unternehmensführung greifen hier jedoch zu kurz. Es ist höchste Zeit, eine Diskussion über transformatives Unternehmenshandeln zu führen.
Transformative Unternehmen
Authors: Pfriem Reinhard , Antoni-Komar Irene , Lautermann Christian
Published: March 2016

Die Rolle von Unternehmen bei der großen Transformation in Richtung einer nachhaltigen Gesellschaft ist noch unzureichend beschrieben. Der Beitrag zeigt auf, worin die besonderen Qualitäten transformativer Unternehmen liegen.
Zeitpolitik als feministisches Politikfeld
Authors: Agena Gesine
Published: March 2016

Die Ressource Zeit ist ungleich zwischen den Geschlechtern verteilt. Dies kann als eine der zentralen Ungerechtigkeiten innerhalb der Gesellschaft aufgefasst werden. Welche Rolle können Geschlechteraspekte in der Zeitpolitik spielen?
Kurze Vollzeit für alle als Leitbild?
Authors: Reiner Sabine
Published: March 2016

Zeit und Zeitwohlstand ist schon immer ein zentrales Thema für Gewerkschaften. Eine Verkürzung der Arbeitszeit kann individuellen Bedürfnissen gerecht werden und zu einer gerechteren Verteilung von Arbeit beitragen.