bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Syntax and Semantics of Imperative Subjects
Authors: Jensen Britta
Published: October 2015

In this paper I examine the distributional and typological constraints on subjects of imperatives in English, Danish, Norwegian and Swedish and aim to account for all the facts call for explanation (interpretation of imperative subject, word order variation, etc.) with as few departures as possible from declarative clauses. In fact, all the observed differences are shown to reduce to features of one functional X°. After charting the typology of licit imperative DPs for each language, I present an analysis which accounts for with reference to two points of difference: ±identity and ±case neutralisation.
The Fate of Complex Languages: Classical Arabic and Old Norse in the Age of Globalisation
Authors: Kusters Wouter
Published: October 2015

I discuss the effects of globalisation on verbal inflection in two language groups, Arabic and Scandinavian. With the term ‘globalisation’ I do not only refer to most recent world history, but also to earlier expansions of empires, cultures and languages. I compare the social and cultural situation and the verbal inflection of Classical Arabic and Old Norse with those of modern Arabic and Scandinavian varieties. The hypothesis that factors of the historical social dimension influence variables of verbal inflection is confirmed for these cases. It was found that the more second language learning takes place, the more internal dialect contact and migrations occur, and the less prestige a language has, the more transparent and economic the verbal inflection becomes. On the other hand, tight small communities with strong language traditions and few second language learners are found to be the best environment for inflectional complexities. When such small communities expand, and when the earlier ‘ethnic’ language becomes a tool for smoother communication, restructuring takes place. In Arabic and Scandinavian this restructuring is sensitive to phonological changes, and appears to be almost ‘natural’. Other evidence from cases like Quechua and Swahili indicate that simplification is morphologically and semantically driven and needs favorable social circumstances to take place. This strongly suggests that simplification has some universal characteristics, like the tendency towards more economy and transparency, but is also dependent on language particular morphological structure.
Language mixing and exoskeletal theory: A case study of word-internal mixing in American Norwegian
Authors: Grimstad Maren Berg , Lohndal Terje , Åfarli Tor A.
Published: October 2015

This paper discusses word-internal mixing in American Norwegian. The data show that the functional vocabulary is Norwegian whereas many of the lexical content items come from English. We argue that language mixing provides important evidence for grammatical theory: Specifically, the data support a late-insertion exoskeletal model of grammar like Distributed Morphology, in which the primitives of syntax are abstract feature bundles (morphemes) and bare roots. In such a theory, the structure is a separate entity, a sort of skeleton or frame, built of abstract morphemes. The phonological exponents of the roots and abstract morphemes are inserted late into designated slots. We show how such a model can explain the observed pattern for mixing within verb phrases and noun phrases in American Norwegian.
The algebraic structure of morphosyntactic features
Authors: Bank Sebastian
Published: October 2015

The most common way of separating homophony from syncretism — which is a basic challenge for any inflectional analysis: to distinguish between accidental and systematic form-identity — is attributing only the latter to a coherent feature combination instantiating a natural class. Features predetermine which form-identities can or cannot be analyzed as natural-class syncretism. Hence, they are crucial for the restrictiveness and predictions of morphological grammar. However, most current theoretical frameworks (e.g.] Anderson 1992, Corbett & Fraser 1993, Halle & Marantz 1993, Stump 2001) do not make explicit their assumptions regarding the formal status of features. They miss out on state-of-the-art formalisms to introduce feature notations like Formal Concept Analysis (FCA, going back to Wille 1982, Ganter & Wille 1999) which provides a formal model of conceptualization in general. In this paper, I will show how FCA provides an all-embracing terminology to reproduce, visualize, and compare feature systems from different morphological frameworks, enables more precise and consistent morphological analyses, and crucially serves to rule out excessively powerful notations where the feature combinatorics are decoupled from the distributional facts they represent.
Sequence-of-tense and the features of finite tenses
Authors: Zagona Karen
Published: October 2015

Sequence-of-tense (SOT) is often described as a (past) tense verb form that does not correspond to a semantically interpretable tense. Since SOT clauses behave in other respects like finite clauses, the question arises as to whether the syntactic category Tense has to be distinguished from the functional category tense.  I claim that SOT clauses do in fact contain interpretable PRESENT tense.  The “past” form is analyzed as a manifestation of agreement with the (matrix past) controller of the SOT clause evaluation time.  One implication of this analysis is that finite verb forms should be analyzed as representing features that correspond to functional categories higher in clause structure, including those of the clausal left periphery. SOT morphology then sheds light on the existence of a series of finer-grained functional heads that contribute to tense construal, and to verbal paradigms. These include Tense, Modality and Force.
On Reflexive Binding in North Sami
Authors: Outakoski Hanna
Published: October 2015

Principle A of the Binding Theory states that an anaphor must be A-bound in the local domain containing it, its governor and an accessible subject. However, if the anaphor is contained in an infinitival complement clause, it may, in North Sami, be bound either by the clause-mate subject or by the subject of the tensed clause. Thus, it appears that there is a larger binding domain for anaphors in addition to that determined by the condition A of standard binding theory. This domain can in some languages, as in North Sami, be defined by the notion of Tense whereas in other languages this need not be case, as in English. This supports the approach that the characterization of binding domains is parameterized and that languages pick different values of the parameter.
Multi-Variety Code-Switching in Conversation 903 of the Køge Project
Authors: Jørgensen Jens Normann
Published: October 2015

This article documents some of the ways in which the languages, or varieties, are taken into possession by the young speakers and made their own. It is illustrated how they play with language, in particular switches between codes, both as contributions to social negotiations and as pure performance. The material comes from a group conversation between four male bilingual students in the last grade of the Danish public school system. The young people have Turkish as their mother tongue, and Danish is their L2. By grade 9, they have had several years of experience with English, and almost all of the students have had two years of German. The conversation is a part of the Køge material (see Turan 1999). The four boys were asked to create a collage or a picture series with free post cards and glue them on a large piece of cardboard. The theme of the collage was to be “My worst nightmare”. The conversation lasts about half an hour, and all four boys participate actively in the conversation. The conversation has been transcribed according to the CHILDES conventions (MacWhinney 1995), but have been simplified slightly for the excerpts given in the article. In the excerpts, Turkish is italicized. The lines beginning with %eng give translations into English. Lines beginning with %com give background information or comments to the transcript.
Why Should Children Adapt, and When?
Authors: Tenbrink Thora
Published: October 2015

This paper is a contribution to the debate on children‚s perspective taking skills, addressing the question which kinds of adaptation are related to different functions of children‚s utterances in their everyday life. A longitudinal home-based study of the contents of a child‚s speech focuses on the child‚s growing ability to present new information to his interaction partner. The functions of the child‚s talk are analysed using Halliday‚s (1975, 1994) framework. The results show that the earliest functions of the child‚s talk are predominantly representational, expressing reflections on (shared) experience that do not necessitate perspective taking. Later on, interpersonal functions emerge, involving emotional sharing with the interlocutor, but not necessarily any understanding of the listener‚s mind. Finally, starting with explanations and elaborations of situations observable by both interlocutors, the child becomes increasingly able to convey information which is new to the listener. Talk which serves the predominant function of conveying information is most effective when the child takes into account the listener‚s informational status. In contrast, the interlocutors‚ knowledge and beliefs are irrelevant for the other speech functions developed earlier. Thus, at an earlier age children do not need to take into account others‚ conceptual perspectives in talking, which may be one reason why they do not exhibit sophisticated perspective taking skills, a fact well-established in the literature. The option of dealing with, and affecting, their interaction partners‚ informational status simply does not exist before children have learned how to use language as a substitution for experience, i.e., to present experiential meaning to others who have no access to the experience itself.
On the Acquisition of Word Order in WH-Questions in theTromsø Dialect
Authors: Westergaard Marit Richardsen
Published: October 2015

This article reports on a study of three children acquiring a dialect of Norwegian which allows two different word orders in certain types of WH-questions, verb second (V2) and and verb third (V3). The latter is only allowed after monosyllabic WH-words, while the former, which is the result of verb movement, is the word order found in all other main clauses in the language. It is shown that both V2 and V3 are acquired extremely early by the children in the study (before the age of two), and that subtle distinctions between the two orders with respect to information structure are attested from the beginning. However, it is argued that V3 word order, which should be ìsimplerî than the V2 structure as it does not involve verb movement, is nevertheless acquired slightly later in its full syntactic form. This is taken as an indication that the V3 structure is syntactically more complex, and possibly also more marked.
Resuming Reflexives
Authors: Grohmann Kleanthes K. , Haegeman Liliane
Published: October 2015

In this paper, we offer an analysis for the prenominal possessor doubling construction (PPDC) as it occurs in Germanic, paying particular attention to the differences between Norwegian and West Flemish. Our analysis implements recent theoretical proposals concerning locality relations, the Anti-Locality Hypothesis, the idea that movement not only must not target a position too far away, but it cannot be too close either. Anti-Locality is formulated over derivational sub-domains relevant for the operation Spell Out, so-called Prolific Domains, and the ban on Domain-internal movement is PF-driven. In order to yield a well-formed PF-object, anti-local movement may be repaired by spelling out a copy with a different PF-shape; this operation of Copy Spell Out inserts a grammatical formative to save a PF-violation. We take pronominal elements to be grammatical formatives par excellence and develop an application of this approach to the nominal layer, focusing on the PPDC. This framework derives the occurrence of a possessive pronoun doubling the possessor, which we analyse in terms of an anti-local movement dependency in which the moved possessor spells out a lower copy as the doubling possessive pronoun. We further discuss comparisons across Germanic dialects. Our main proposal is that the doubling pronoun is a resumptive element, understood more generally as a spelled out copy of the (moved) possessor DP and as such inserted into the computation derivationally.
Introduction to Nordlyd 31: The Proceedings of the 19th Scandinavian Conference of Linguistics
Authors: Svenonius Peter
Published: October 2015

This special five-volume edition is both Nordlyd number 31 and the Proceedings for the Nineteenth Scandinavian Conference of Linguistics. Here I provide a little background for the conference and the Proceedings. SCL 19 was held in Tromsø on January 10–12, 2002, under the auspices of the Nordic Association of Linguists (NAL) and with support from the Nordic Academy for Advanced Study (NorFA), the University of Tromsø, the Faculty of Humanities, and the English Department at the University of Tromsø. The Center for Advanced Study in Theoretical Linguistics (CASTL) also contributed to the production of this Proceedings.
The Interaction of Input and UG in the Acquisition of Verb Movement in a Dialect of Norwegian
Authors: Westergaard Marit R.
Published: October 2015

In this paper it is argued that a principle of information structure provided by Universal Grammar (UG) may interact with input in the acquisition of word order. In a study which investigates three children from the age of approximately 1;9 to 3 acquiring a Northern dialect of Norwegian, it has previously been shown that word order patterns in certain types of wh-questions which are sensitive to subtle distinctions in the information value of the subject (given vs. new) are acquired extremely early (Westergaard 2003a). This paper presents a study of the same children’s topicalization constructions, and it is shown that, although these patterns of information structure do not appear in the input, the children nevertheless show traces of these patterns in the non-target forms that they occasionally produce. Thus, in their very early production of topicalization constructions the children seem to be guided by a word order principle based on information structure, which could be taken as support for this as a word order preferred by UG.
The lexical and superlexical verbal prefix iz- and its role in the stacking of prefixes
Authors: Milićević Nataša
Published: October 2015

In this paper I show that there are two distinct iz- prefixes in Serbian: a lexical, and a superlexical one. I show that there are criteria for the distinction between the two types of verbal prefixes (restricting my claims to the superlexical prefixes that stack after the secondary imperfectivization). I focus on the lexical iz- occurring with transitive verbs and show that it can be analyzed along the same lines as the English resultative particles up and out. I also consider the role of the lexical iz- as a perfectivizer and point to the distinction between the notion of telicity and overtly marked boundedness on the lexical level. It also follows from the discussion below that a more elaborate event structure would be necessary for the analysis of superlexical iz-.
The Axial Part Phrase in Japanese
Authors: Takamine Kaori
Published: October 2015

In this paper, I investigate the categorial status of spatial terms in locative/directional expressions in Japanese. I will show that a certain class of spatial terms have a distinct categorial status from both regular postpositions and nouns. On one hand, syntactic diagnostics such as doubling, coordination by to, and co-occurrence with demonstratives indicate that these spatial terms belong to a nominal category rather than to a postpositional category. On the other hand, the fact that these spatial terms are modified by range modifiers indicates that they are more similar to regular postpositions than to nouns. On the basis of these diagnostics, I will argue that spatial terms in Japanese need to be assigned a new category Axial Part Phrase which is proposed by Svenonius 2006.
Directed Motion and Non-Predicative Path P
Authors: Son Minjeong
Published: October 2015

In this paper, I argue that an atelic path PP headed by -(u)lo ‘toward’ in Korean is an argument of a directed motion verb on a par with its telic counterpart headed by the locative -ey ‘(be) AT’. I further argue that, despite having the same argumental status, the atelic path PP is distinguished from the goal-marking locative PP in terms of an entailment of a result state and predicativity; while the goal PP in directed motion constructions forms a secondary predicate associated with a resultative interpretation, the atelic path PP merges with the verb as a non-predicative complement and does not license a resultative interpretation.
Prepositions in Krio
Authors: Van de Vate Marleen
Published: October 2015

This paper is part of Peter Svenonius’ Adposition Seminar at the University of Tromsø which was taught in 2005-2006. The main focus was the distinction between locative path and locative place constructions. The aim of this paper is descriptive in nature and focuses on the complete prepositional system of Krio, an English-based Creole language spoken in Sierra Leone. The paper starts with a general introduction to prepositions in Krio. Three different categories are distinguished. This is followed by a description of each preposition individually and a discussion of intransitive prepositions and verb-particle constructions.
The ASIS enterprise: a view on the construction of a syntactic atlas for the Northern Italian dialects
Authors: Poletto Cecilia , Benincà Paola
Published: October 2015

In this article we intend to illustrate how the ASIS (Atlante Sintattico dell’Italia Settentrionale “Syntactic Atlas of Northern Italy”) project has been created and developed. We discuss the theoretical, empirical, and practical problems that we encountered working on such an enterprise, and the choices we made in order to solve them. We have created a layered methodology, which has proved useful in gathering more and more detailed data in an interplay between theoretical analysis and field work. As no method is perfect, we will here also outline some of the problematic aspects of our project.
Extending Hawkins’ comparative typology: Case, word order, and verb agreement in the Germanic languages
Authors: De Vogelaer Gunther
Published: October 2015

In a well-known book, Hawkins (1986), expanding on an original idea by Sapir (1921), attributes a number of typological differences between German and English to the fact that German uses morphological means (i.e. case) to distinguish grammatical relations, whereas English makes use of a strict-SVO word order. Dutch seems problematic to Hawkins’ generalisation, in that neither case nor word order can be used consistently to express the basic grammatical relations. Using verb agreement as an extra parameter, Dutch can be integrated in Hawkins’ typology. In addition, data from Scandinavian languages and Afrikaans indicate that Hawkins’ notion of ‘grammatical word order’ can be replaced by a more precise word order feature, viz. the possibility to place verbs in between subjects and objects in all sentence types.
Hav, hage, teater og temperatur i Cora Sandels Alberte-bøker
Authors: Bartnæs Morten
Published: October 2015

Current readings of Cora Sandel’s Alberta-trilogy (1926-1939) frequently tend to reuse the novels’ imagery in their own descriptive and interpretive statements – instead of treating this characteristic of the novels with the same degree of attention as, e.g., the trilogy’s psychological and political aspects, or its narrative technique. The present article attempts to draw attention to the trilogy’s imagery as a both autonomous and integral element in Cora Sandel’s novelistic art. Three metaphorical ways of thought which show their presence throughout the trilogy, are singled out: In the novels, the persons (and thus, implicitly or explicitly, the human condition) are frequently pictured as being situated on the high sea, in a garden or in a theatre. In the Alberta-trilogy, these time-honoured metaphors are the object of a refined practice of re-contextualization. In my attempt to trace this process, I draw special attention to the relationship between these metaphorical fields and the trilogy’s pervasive use of thermal imagery. In each case, I attempt to show that the thermal descriptions that are associated with the metaphorical views of human existence as a boat trip, a garden sojourn or a theatre performance have a central function in Cora Sandel’s use of these images.
Irritation, Impudence, Insight: A Critical Reading of Knut Hamsun's På turné
Authors: Kruszelnicki Michał
Published: October 2015

The article brings the critical reading of Knut Hamsun’s På turné – the collection of Hamsun’s three polemic lectures entitled: “Norsk litteratur”, “Psykologisk litteratur” and “Modelitteratur”. These texts make up Hamsun’s theoretical and literary manifesto (1891), which up to the present has remained an important introduction to his early and most acclaimed work. In two first sections of the text I follow Hamsun’s scornful arguments against Norwegian realistic literature (as represented mainly by “the great four” writers: Bjørnson, Ibsen, Lie and Kielland) in an attempt to concisely present Hamsun’s reformatory plan according to which Norwegian literature should be freed from its entanglement in didacticism and social bias and redirected onto a path of a deeper psychology. The final part of the article presents a critical assessment of Hamsun’s endeavor. I believe some of Hamsun’s opinions in the matter of literature are still up-to-date and thoughtprovoking. These insights, however, have to be separated from Hamsun’s hasty generalizations concerning the work of Bjørnson, Lie, Kielland, and Ibsen which I defend against Hamsun’s malicious argumentation. In the final part of the paper På turné is assessed with regard to the ways of how Hamsun’s oeuvre has evolved in time. This approach enables one to grasp some of På turné paradoxes, e.g.: the discrepancy between Hamsun’s early literary stance (neo-romanticism and militant, anti-bourgeois views) and the shape his work assumed later on (didacticism, the tendency to morally judge his heroes, support for the vulgar ideology of fascism, etc.).
From ”naked country” to ”sheltering ice”: Rudy Wiebe’s Revisionist Treatment of John Franklin’s First Arctic Narrative
Authors: Birkwood Susan
Published: October 2015

Rudy Wiebe's A Discovery of Strangers (1994) offers a revisionist construction of Franklin's first expedition to find the North-West Passage, one that attempts to show the disparate views of the landscape held by the British explorers and the Yellowknife of the Coppermine region-one of the Dene peoples-and to sound a warning about the devastating effects of the arrogant will to dominate the environment. True to the conventions of historical fiction, Wiebe, makes Franklin, himself, a largely peripheral figure, choosing to focus on lesser known participants in the events of 1821.
Sexual Polarities: Shelley’s Frankenstein and Polar Exploration as a Search for Origins Beyond ‘woman’
Authors: Gould Polly
Published: October 2015

This paper is about our parents and our predecessors in life and in literature. It specifically interrogates the choice of Polar landscapes for the playing out of narratives of gender difference in stories of Arctic and Antarctic exploration. I have chosen to pay attention to three narratives: Shackleton's South, Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and Ursula Le Guin's short story Sur. They all take place in the icy expanse of the Arctic and Antarctic. I will read them in the light of the question of origins: ‘where do I come from?'
Fridtjof Nansen’s Farthest North: Scientific Report or Personal Account?
Authors: Karlsen Silje Solheim
Published: October 2015

Being an exploration account from the 19th century, Farthest North is on the one hand an objective account based on facts and details. To prove the route, the final destination and the scientific results - and emphasise that all these experiences were true - the book gives a detailed account of all preparations and equipment, the designs for the ship, temperature, the ice-drifting, the soundings, the gathering of different sea animals, etc. The discourse is represented by tables of scientific results and measures, new mappings and corrections of old maps. Photographs and illustrations, some of them even by Nansen himself, contribute to reinforce the truthfulness of the account. On the other hand, the travelogue gives evidence of a dramatic and outstanding expedition, and is a story about courage, strength and an almost unbelievable deed, which ended in the farthest north record of the time. In particular, the fifteen months' sleigh journey undertaken by Fridtjof Nansen and Hjalmar Johansen is adventurous. This part of the narrative resembles the pattern we find in other kinds of popular literature.
NAROS: Northern Areas Open Scholarly Documents
Authors: Longva Leif
Published: October 2015

A living discourse needs to be communicated and disseminated. The Internet is a very powerful tool in this respect. Internet has been around for a while now, but how to utilize the Internet as a communication and dissemination tool, is still evolving (Tananbaum, 2007).NAROS is a planned service. The intention of NAROS is to utilize the possibilities of the Internet to improve the awareness and the accessibility of scholarly works on topics related to northern areas, thus hopefully paving the way for expanding the arctic discourses. NAROS will collect information on applicable documents through a standard way of automatically harvesting metadata, and utilize the fast growing trend of making scholarly works available through open archives and open access journals. Through the search service of NAROS, researchers, students, and others will have easy access to scholarly documents within the thematic scope of the northern areas.
Ralph Erskine, (Skiing) Architect
Authors: McGowan Jérémie Michael
Published: October 2015

In this paper I focus on Ralph Erskine's enduring image in architectural discourse as the Arctic Architect of Modernism. My interest lies with the relationship between portrayals of Erskine - both in textual accounts an  images - and the way his sub-Arctic projects, especially his unrealised utopian projects for an ‘Ideal Town' north of the Arctic Circle, have been canonised in architectural discourse as exemplars of an architecture that is truly regional in character and, moreover, ideally suited to the unique cultural - especially with regard to indigenous populations - and environmental habitats of Arctic and sub-Arctic environments.
Touristic and Chauvinistic Perspectives on the Arctic in the Italian Popular Press Some cases of literary and artistic reception, from the fin-de-siècle to the Fascist era
Authors: D’Ayala Valva Margherita
Published: October 2015

In this paper, I will focus on non-scientific Italian perspectives on the Arctic at the beginning of the 20th century. Based on selected journalistic travel writings and on children's books and their pictorial and photographic illustrations, I will examine some illustrative instances of the Italian perception of the Great North during this era. More specifically, I will focus on the Duke of Abruzzi's Polar Expedition of 1900 and Umberto Nobile's expedition of 1928. These cases are of particular interest in terms of artistic and literary reception, popular imagery, and political implications.
Becoming the World Versus Identity Politics
Authors: Bal Mieke
Published: October 2015

Taking up some moments from the documentary film Becoming Vera, in this article I offer a plea for a cultural life "de-limited" by identity (Schimanski and Wolfe). Through the awaking cultural awareness of a three-year-old girl who negotiates borders established by education, linguistics, gender, and nationality, mostly by ignoring their relevance, I speculate that too exclusive or tenacious a focus on cultural, ethnic, racial, and other identities erects more boundaries than it levels. Secondarily, I contend that a messy mixture of identities not only enhances but in fact constitutes the vibrancy of cultural life. The film also shows the unavoidable framing of individuals - in this case, the framing of a child - that occurs simultaneously to their negotiation of borders.
Seeking Byzantium on the Borders of Narration, Identity, Space and Time in Julia Kristeva's Novel Murder in Byzantium
Authors: Bodin Helena
Published: October 2015

This article discusses the notion of Byzantium and Byzantium's potential capacities as a multifaceted borderland, as shaped and perceived in Julia Kristeva's novel Murder in Byzantium. In spite of its title, this is not a historical, but rather a so-called total novel, which reconciles several different plots - romantic, criminal, political and philosophical. It relies on both fictive and historical texts, especially on The Alexiad, written in the 12th century by the Byzantine princess and the first female historian ever, Anna Comnena. Through a literary analysis, this article shows how Byzantium is shaped in the novel by transgressions of the borders of narration, identity, space and time. Byzantium is thus of great interest to the general public and an academic discussion of borders, origin, history and culture, so important for the discussion of Europe's role today in - or, as suggested in the novel, perhaps between - Eastern and Western cultures.
Identity Challenges Affecting the Spanish Enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla
Authors: Pinos Jaume Castan
Published: October 2015

This article will examine the border and identity challenges for the Spanish (semi)enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla, which are surrounded by the Moroccan state. This issue is obviously related to the study of territorial boundaries and more specifically to the EU's relationship with the underdeveloped economic sphere to its south. Indeed, Ceuta and Melilla highlight the double standards of the EU, which was founded to build bridges across borders but at the same time has built barriers (in Ceuta and Melilla actual physical barriers) at its southern border which have underpinned the idea of fortress Europe. Thus, the anomalous geographical location of both Spanish cities exposes them to border and identity challenges as well as to a complex situation of interdependent concentric circles which involves the enclaves (first circle), Spain, Morocco (second circle) and the EU (third circle). The aim of this article is to analyse the three concentric circles, paying special attention to the implications of having African enclaves for an EU state. Finally, the article scrutinises the importance of symbolism and its pivotal role in creating lines of division and political conflict at the local and national level.
Kenningar og Metaforar
Authors: Lutter Silvia
Published: October 2015

Metaforen er eit kjent stilistisk middel i litteraturen. Han er allereie omtalt hjå Aristoteles og brukt i prosa og lyrikk den dag i dag. Kenningen, derimot, vart framom alt brukt av skaldane i den norrøne tida. I dag kjennes det heller tilgjort å bruke kenningar som stilistiske middel. Eg vil setje fram ein hypotese om at kenningar kan vere metaforar, til trass for forskjellen i bruken av dei to. Først skal eg presentere korleis eg kom fram til hypotesen. Så skal eg prøve hypotesen på døme frå eit norrønt skaldedikt og sjå om påstanden verkar sannsynleg. Viss han gjer det, bør han drøftast vidare ved ei seinare anledning.
Mottakelse/mottakelse; Tilbakekomstene til den østerrikskungarske nordpolekspedisjonen, 1872-1874
Authors: Schimanski Johan , Spring Ulrike
Published: October 2015

This article investigates the welcoming receptions held on the return of the Austro- Hungarian Polar Expedition (1872-1874) as part of a Scandinavian and Central European discourse of the Arctic and of Arctic exploration. Also called the Payer-Weyprecht or Tegetthoff Expedition, it was subjected to a long series of such public celebrations on its way home to Austria-Hungary via Norway, Sweden and Germany. While our access to these celebrations is through written sources such as newspaper reports, the celebrations themselves are here seen as constituting a discourse primarily made up of performative and material elements. This discourse is formed by values such as heroism, national identities, local identities, class and gender. The article focuses on welcoming receptions in Bergen and in Vienna, exploring the central role of the explorers’ bodies and traces/recreations of the Arctic. It also follows connections between these celebratory receptions and the literary reception of the expedition in Christoph Ransmayr’s novel Die Schrecken des Eises und der Finsternis (1984). Parts of the argument have been developed further in ”Explorers’ Bodies in Arctic Mediascapes: Celebrating the Return of the Austro-Hungarian Polar Expedition in 1874”, Acta Borealia, 26.1 (2009), pp. 50-76, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08003830902951532.
A Little Magazine Called Mak. In the Periphery of the Revolution
Authors: Kromann Thomas Hvid
Published: October 2015

The Danish avant-garde magazine Mak contained throughout its short life an extensive discussion on whether or not art could be used as a weapon in the struggle for the new society the counterculture was dreaming about in the late nineteen sixties. Mak was devoted to this question: How can art move from the (aesthetic) periphery to the centre of (political) influence?
Danish Sixties Avant-Garde and American Minimal Art
Authors: Ipsen Max
Published: October 2015

Denmark is peripheral in the history of minimalism in the arts. In an international perspective Danish artists made almost no contributions to minimalism, according to art historians. But the fact is that Danish artists made minimalist works of art, and they did it very early.Art historians tend to describe minimal art as an entirely American phenomenon. America is the centre, Europe the periphery that lagged behind the centre, imitating American art. I will try to query this view with examples from Danish minimalism. I will discuss minimalist tendencies in Danish art and literature in the 1960s, and I will examine whether one can claim that Danish artists were influenced by American minimal art.
Eric Robertson, Arp. Painter, Poet, Sculptor 2006.
Authors: Hemus Ruth
Published: October 2015

Gertrude Stein's 1909 extended textual portrait of Picasso at once tries to capture the artist anew, as he has never been rendered before, and resists closure and flatness of meaning. It is multi-faceted, cubist, repetitive but never static, trying to arrive at the essence of the artist, but acknowledging the slipperiness of its objective. In writing a portrait, biography or monograph, the author's challenge is to apprehend a subject and to distil the themes and techniques of his/her life and work, but without reducing that person to a one-dimensional outline. This is especially difficult when the figure is well-known, or at least when some aspect or aspects of that figure are well-known. It is a challenge that Eric Robertson not only faces, but relishes, in Arp: Painter, Poet, Sculptor (Yale University Press, 2006). When he writes that Arp, "seems to have fostered his multiple identity with a quite deliberate disregard for the biographer's task" (p. 3), it is in a spirit of admiration rather than complaint.
Game-Boards and Gaming-Pieces in Funerary Contexts in the Northern European Iron Age
Authors: Whittaker Helène
Published: October 2015

Gaming-pieces, dice, and game-boards are found in connection withburials at various times and places from an early date. For instance, inEgypt there was a clear association between the game known as Senetand burials from the time of the Old Kingdom (Pusch 1979; Piccione1984). Dice are not uncommonly found in Greek, Etruscan, and Romantombs (Vermeule 1979, 80; Pallottino 1955, fig. 95; Egidi 1983). It canreasonably be assumed that the playing of board games was seen as apleasurable pastime which one could hopefully continue to pursue inthe Afterlife. However, it can in some cases be argued that gamingequipment in burial contexts was related to the social status of the deceased or to religious beliefs and therefore had a more complex significance. In this article I will look at the occurrence of gaming-pieces,dice, and game-boards in burials in the northern European Iron Age.
”Den laglösa fantasin till makten!” Det svenska 70-avantgardets uppror mot den rationella poesin
Authors: Bäckström Per
Published: October 2015

Syftet med denna artikel är att, med utgångspunkt i stenciltidskriftenGuru Papers och uttalanden av Bruno K. Öijer, ge en bild av deavantgardistiska stämningar som härskade i svenskt kulturliv underden första hälften av 1970-talet. Denna strömning var inte barainspirerad av 1910- och 20-talens europeiska avantgarde, utan även avandra traditioner såsom amerikansk modernism och avantgarde.
Om dyr og folk
Authors: Greve Anniken
Published: October 2015

Et av de prekære spørsmålene i tenkningen om mennesket er hvordan vi skal forstå forholdet mellom menneske og dyr. Denne relasjonen sier noe om oss selv og vår egen plass i verden. I denne artikkelen vil jeg reflektere over hvordan vi kan fange inn det menneskelige uten å mistesyn for forbindelseslinjene våre til dyr. Artikkelen starter med en diagnostisk del, mer presist med en redegjørelse for det jeg kaller eksklusivitetsmistaket, et mistak som jeg tar for å være en av kildene til at vi ikke ser disse forbindelseslinjene. Den fortsetter med en refleksjon over begrepet menneske og det menneskelige, ikke minst ut fra betraktninger om hvordan det menneskelige kan gå tapt. Siktemålet er å nå fram til en måte å tenke på det vi har og deler i kraft av at vi er mennesker som noe som er forbundet med (om enn ikke identisk med, og ikke reduserbart til) noe vi deler med ikke-menneskelig liv i verden.Artikkelen forsøker å kombinere et mangfoldig materiale. Filosofisk tar artikkelen utgangspunkt i en tolkning av et moment i senfilosofien til Ludwig Wittgenstein. Sentralt i resonnementet står desssuten den amerikanske filosofen Cora Diamonds oppgjør med den utilitaristiske australske filosofen Peter Singer. Jeg gir også lesninger av noen litterære tekster av henholdsvis Seamus Heaney og J. M. Coetzee, samtidig som selvbiografiske bidrag fra Lévinas spiller en vesentlig rolle for fremstillingen. Men først og sist er artikkelen et forsøk på å indikereen forhåpentligvis fruktbar filosofisk arbeidsmåte for strevet med det antropologiske spørsmålet "Hva er et menneske?", en arbeidsmåte som ikke svikter sitt store emne altfor fort og lett.
”Elveland” – Irony and Laughter as Power Media in Sea Sámi Folk-Song Tradition
Authors: Fredriksen Lill Tove
Published: October 2015

The article is a literary analysis of the satirical Sámi folk-song ”Elveland”. The song about about the road man, forester and river attendant Elveland on the west side of the municipality of Porsanger was made in the beginning of the 1900s, as a form of revenge on the part of the local community because he would not let them cut as much firewood as they needed. With irony as an important device, the text serves as a meeting point for dialogues between different voices, and where power relations and the political nature of cultural identity is revealed.
Det samiske i Markens grøde. Erfaringer formidlet og fornektet i teksten
Authors: Jernsletten Kristin
Published: October 2015

Hamsuns forfatterskap omfatter samer som folkegruppe, det boddemange samer på Hamarøy der Hamsun vokste opp, og man kanhevde at nærheten til et annet folkeslag har preget forfatterskapet.Særlig ser vi samer og rasistisk motiverte fordommer mot samer iMarkens grøde, som ga Hamsun Nobelprisen i 1920, tre år etter at denvar utgitt.
Lars Bergs erotiske romaner
Authors: Engelskjøn Ragnhild
Published: October 2015

Lars Berg skriver om nordnorsk kystmiljø, om fiskere, lærere og andre slitere, men det som gjør forfatterskapet originalt og spennende, er at han setter kjærlighetsliv og seksualitet så sentralt i sine litterære skikkelsers liv.Den seksuelle fokuseringen i debutboken Men det var det ingen som visste (1934) og Du er den første kvinne (1935) gjorde at bøkene ble mye lest. Men det er svært galt å tro at Berg la vekt på å være moderne eller sjokkerende. Han skrev med et trykk som viser at det ligger ham på hjertet å få formidlet dette stoffet, og han distanserer seg fra dem som ropte "Freud" og "perversitet", ved å uttale at han bare hadde skrevet om ting han selv har hørt om og sett i bygdemiljøene.I debutboka følger vi Tor Sollid fra han er smågutt til han er midt i 20-årene. Fra 7-årsalderen utvikler han et komplisert forhold tilkvinner som gjør at han som voksen bare vil omgås dem på en åndelig måte. Dette gjelder selv i ekteskapet. Han etablerer altså en seksuell avholdenhetsfilosofi. I bok nummer to følger vi Einar Utnes fra gutt til voksen. Han blir tidlig seksuelt vakt, og tilbringer siden mye tid i seng med forskjellige kvinner. Han er en "nordnorsk Casanova", skrev flere kritikere. For begge mennene fører livsførselen til store problemer både i privatlivet og i arbeidslivet, men det ser ut til at problemene løser seg til slutt. De finner endelig fram til hva slags kvinne som passer for dem, og kommer seg tilsynelatende videre.Lars Berg ble tildelt "gullmedalje for fremragende litterær ytelse i 1934", og han fikk stipend fra forfatterforeningen samme år. Men de to første bøkene ga ham også tilnavnet "rikspornograf", og i Nord-Norge ble bøkene kalt "svinbøker". De var kanskje langt dristigere for sin tid, enn det Agnar Mykles var, 20 år etter.
“Jeter à la face de son siècle le plus excessif outrage" La critique d'art de Joris-Karl Huysmans, une démarche décadente
Authors: Jeannerod Aude
Published: October 2015

Although Joris-Karl Huysmans is mostly known for his famous novel À Rebours (1884), his first steps as a writer were made in art criticism, with an article published in La Revue mensuelle about the landscape painters at the Exposition Universelle that took place in Paris in 1867. From then on, his work as an art critic often echoed his novels, expressing the same views on aesthetics and civilisation. This article discusses to what extent Huysmans's art criticism during the eighteen-eighties comes under the Decadence and an aesthetic of transgression, as well as À Rebours does. Indeed, the art critic promotes a renewal of French painting which would transgress all the prevailing policies. Furthermore, Huysmans himself breaks the laws in various ways: he violates aesthetic rules by blaming academism and standing up for independent painters; he oversteps moral boundaries asserting that art has nothing to do with morality; he infringes social standards by satirizing the bourgeoisie. On numerous occasions, Huysmans uses the transgressive power of humour to show his contempt for the constraints of tradition and his hatred toward his time.
La représentation de l’artiste chez J.-K.Huysmans
Authors: Fukuda Momoko
Published: October 2015

The object of this article is to situate J.-K. Huysmans' En ménage in his work as a whole and more generally in the tradition of the "roman d'art" in 19th Century French literature. "Roman d'art" works, such as the Goncourt brothers' Manette Salomon or Zola's OEuvre, often focus on the incompatibility of the artist's creative force and his love for a woman. Even if a woman appears as a muse at first, she often becomes an obstacle to the vocation of the artist.Even though the artist is very important in Huysmans' novels, he does not directly treat the opposition between love and creation. If a woman brings problems, it is not because of her influence on the creativity of the artist, but due to a particular theme developed by Huysmans: how to assure material comfort without being disturbed by 21 Ibid., p. 474. Fukuda, La représentation de l'artiste chez J.-K.Huysmans Nordlit 28, 2011 62 female presence? This problem is exaggerated by the artistic profession, which involves working at home.Not being capable of doing housework, Huysmans' hero cannot live totally alone. André, the hero of En ménage, leaves his wife who has been unfaithful to begin a single life with a housemaid. In his relationships with his wife, his housemaid and his lover, all he worries about is his work environment. Nevertheless, he ends up creating nothing, not because of a woman, but because of his own mediocrity and laziness. In this "roman d'art" without a muse, André's character is typical of Huysmans' comical but harsh realism, which subverts the myth of the artist torn between love and creation.
L’Afrique à rebours: la décadence dans un corpus de littérature Togolaise
Authors: Amedegnato Ozouf Sénamin
Published: October 2015

During the past fifteen years, the West African country of Togo has witnessed the emergence of a new generation of writers - a third generation since independence from colonisation - working in the French language. Born around 1960, these writers have been making their way onto the literary scene since approximately 1990. A certain number of distinctive traits, which have attracted the attention of critics, unequivocally delineate this generation from the two that preceded it. Among these is a new literary aesthetic that resonates with the fin de siècle - with the end of the twentieth century, but also with the end of the second millennium. Moreover, such ends of time cycles, because they exacerbate apprehension about the future and provoke a desire to re-evaluate the past, are propitious to the development of Decadent literatures.The goal of this contribution is to examine parallels between the nineteenth century Decadence movement and the new literary aesthetic being employed by Togolese writers of the third generation - and to thereby demonstrate that their aesthetic is without question a neo-Decadent one. Not only does it emerge at the end of the century/millennium, a time when humanity is inevitably reflecting on its fate, but it also coincides with the accelerating globalisation of information (the Internet) and of commercial markets, a context worth taking into account in that it represents a symbolic loss of landmarks, and a doing away with traditional frontiers - both themes that have preoccupied Decadents of all times and all places. Using the work of two Togolese writers (Kossi Efoui and Sami Tchak), this article will explore in exactly what ways these writers can be categorized as Decadents, and the different methods of transgression they use to depict their discontent with their society of origin, which, at the end of the twentieth century, is in a situation of political, economic and social decay.
Gisèle d’Estoc: Portraits of a decadent woman
Authors: Hawthorne Melanie
Published: October 2015

A quarrel in the pages of the literary review Le Décadent in 1888 recalls the often belligerent existence of Gisèle d'Estoc, a shadowy figure who stalks the margins of the decadent period and whose life beyond the pages of specialized reviews has long presented something of a mystery. Who was she, and what did she look like? The first question proves the easiest to answer. Tied intimately - by love, by hatred, or by both - to numerous figures of the French decadent movement (Léo Pillard d'Arkaï, Laurent Tailhade, Rachilde), d'Estoc's real name was Marie-Paul Alice Courbe Desbarres. In addition to being the lover of Guy de Maupassant, and of being accused of planting a bomb at the Foyot Restaurant, d'Estoc had an independent career as an artist before launching her literary career in the 1880s. It proves more difficult to know what she looked like, even though she was often represented in paintings, drawings, and photographs. This article analyses some of these representations in order to understand why it is sometimes so difficult to see the decadent woman even when she emerges from the shadows of literary history.