bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial Pattern of the Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genetic Variation in Poland as a Result of the Migration of Abies alba Mill. from Different Glacial Refugia
Authors: Litkowiec Monika , Lewandowski Andrzej , Rączka Grzegorz
Published: November 2016

Currently, the information on the gene pool of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) at the northeastern edge of its distribution in Poland is scarce and insufficient. Using the advantage provided by markers with different modes of inheritance, a hypothesis that gene flow via both seeds and pollen contributed to the genetic structure across the entire analyzed region was investigated. The geographic distribution of maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA, nad5-4) and paternally inherited chloroplast DNA (cpDNA, psbC) variation was studied in 81 Polish populations and three reference populations from Ukraine and Romania. The spatial pattern of mtDNA haplotypes (dispersed via seeds) indicated that the Apennine Peninsula was the only maternal glacial refugium for the entire territory of Poland and also the Ukraine no 1 population, whereas the other two populations—Ukraine no 2 and Romania—had the haplotype representing the Balkan origin. By contrast, the cpDNA haplotypes (dispersed via pollen) from all studied Polish and reference populations showed that A. alba colonized the current natural range from two genetically distinct glacial refugia located on the Apennine and Balkan peninsulas. The occurrence of cpDNA haplotypes varied among the studied populations. Additionally, statistical analyses were used to infer the genetic structure of examined populations. Two distinct groups of A. alba populations were identified showing the postglacial geographic distribution of haplotypes of both mtDNA and cpDNA. A. alba is an important ecological and economic component of forest ecosystems in Europe. An understanding of the Holocene history of this species is relevant for planning sustainable forest management, and acquired data can contribute to strategies of conservation and restoration.
Land Use and Land Cover Change in the Bale Mountain Eco-Region of Ethiopia during 1985 to 2015
Authors: Hailemariam Sisay , Soromessa Teshome , Teketay Demel
Published: November 2016

Anthropogenic factors are responsible for major land use and land cover changes (LULCC). Bale Mountain Eco-Region in Ethiopia is a biodiversity-rich ecosystem where such LULCC have occurred. The specific objectives of this study were to: (i) determine which LULC types gained or lost most as a result of the observed LULCC; (ii) identify the major drivers of the LULCC/deforestation; and (iii) assess the approximate amount of carbon stock removed as a result of deforestation during the study period. Remote sensing and GIS were used to analyze LULCC. Landsat images acquired in 1985, 1995, 2005, and 2015 were used. Additionally, data from the Central Statistics Agency on cropland expansion, and human and livestock population growth were analyzed and correlations were made. The results showed that forest lost 123,751 ha while farmland gained 292,294 ha. Farmland and urban settlement expansion were found to be major drivers of LULCC. Aboveground carbon stock removed from forest and shrubland was more than 24 million tons. In the future, allocation of land to different uses must be based on appropriate land use policies. Integrating biodiversity and ecosystem values for each land cover as per the UN Sustainable Development Goal (UN-SDG) 15.9 may be one of the mechanisms to limit unplanned expansion or invasion of one sector at the expense of another.
Evaluating and Modeling the Internal Diffusion Behaviors of Microencapsulated Rejuvenator in Aged Bitumen by FTIR-ATR Tests
Authors: Su Junfeng , Wang Yingyuan , Yang Peng , Han Shan , Han Ningxu , Li Wei
Published: November 2016

Microencapsulated rejuvenator has been attracted much attention for self-healing bitumen. The diffusion coefficient is one of the key parameters to estimate the feasibility of rejuvenator to age bitumen. The objective of this research was to evaluate diffusion behaviors of microencapsulated rejuvenator in aged bitumen by a FTIR-ATR method. Various microcapsule samples were mixed in bitumen to form thin films. The core material of microcapsules used as rejuvenator was diphenylsilane (DPS), its fairly specific absorption band at 843 cm−1 was selected as a marker band to calculate the diffusion coefficient (D). The microstructure parameters, including contents, mean size and mean shell thickness of microcapsules, were considered to understand the diffusion behaviors under different temperatures (20, 30, 40 and 50 °C) in bitumen. The results showed that a larger mean size of microcapsules did not greatly affect the D values under the same temperature. In contrast, a higher mean shell thickness decreased the D values because of the decrement of damage probability of microcapsules under the same content. With the same microcapsule sample in bitumen, the D values presented a trend of linear increase when the content of microcapsules was increased. All these results indicated that the microstructure affected the diffusion behaviors based on the concentration of released rejuvenator. A preliminary model of diffusion behaviors of microencapsulated rejuvenator in bitumen was given based on the Arrhenius equation considering the microstructure of microcapsules, the amount of released rejuvenator and the age degree of bitumen. This model may be a guide to the construction and application of self-healing bitumen using microcapsules.
A 5(4) Embedded Pair of Explicit Trigonometrically-Fitted Runge–Kutta–Nyström Methods for the Numerical Solution of Oscillatory Initial Value Problems
Authors: Demba Musa , Senu Norazak , Ismail Fudziah
Published: November 2016

A 5(4) pair of embedded explicit trigonometrically-fitted Runge–Kutta–Nyström (EETFRKN) methods especially designed for the numerical integration of second order initial value problems with oscillatory solutions is presented in this paper. Algebraic order analysis and the interval of absolute stability for the new method are also discussed. The new method is capable of integrating the test equation y ″ = − w 2 y . The new method is much more efficient than the other existing Runge–Kutta and Runge–Kutta–Nyström methods.
Characteristics of the Protoporphyrin IX Binding Sites on Human Serum Albumin Using Molecular Docking
Authors: Sułkowski Leszek , Pawełczak Bartosz , Chudzik Mariola , Maciążek-Jurczyk Małgorzata
Published: November 2016

Human serum albumin (HSA) is the main plasma protein responsible for a distribution of drugs in the human circulatory system. The binding to HSA is one of the factors that determines both the pharmacological actions and the side effects of drugs. The derivative of heme, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), is a hydrophobic photosensitizer widely used in photodynamic diagnosis and therapy of various malignant disorders. Using absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, it has been demonstrated that PpIX forms complexes with HSA. Its binding sites in the tertiary structure of HSA were found in the subdomains IB and IIA. PpIX binds to HSA in one class of binding sites with the association constant of 1.68 × 105 M−1 and 2.30 × 105 M−1 for an excitation at wavelength λex = 280 nm and 295 nm, respectively. The binding interactions between HSA and PpIX have been studied by means of molecular docking simulation using the CLC Drug Discovery Workbench (CLC DDWB) computer program. PpIX creates a strong ‘sandwich-type’ complex between its highly conjugated porphine system and aromatic side chains of tryptophan and tyrosine. In summary, fluorescent studies on binding interactions between HSA and PpIX have been confirmed by the results of computer simulation.
Podophyllotoxin-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Skin Targeting: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies
Authors: Zhao Jihui , Piao Xianghua , Shi Xiaoqin , Si Aiyong , Zhang Yongtai , Feng Nianping
Published: November 2016

Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) exhibit high skin targeting efficiency and good safety. They are promising vehicles for topical drug delivery. This study aims to increase the skin distribution of podophyllotoxin (POD) by incorporating it into NLCs. Two kinds of POD-loaded NLCs (POD-NLCs)—POD-NLCformulation 1 and POD-NLCformulation 2—were prepared and characterized. Their skin targeting efficiencies were compared by conducting in vitro and in vivo experiments. Obviously smaller mean particle size was observed for POD-NLCformulation 1 (106 nm) than POD-NLCformulation 2 (219 nm), whereas relatively low POD loadings (less than 0.5%) were observed for both POD-NLCformulation 1 (0.33%) and POD-NLCformulation 2 (0.49%). Significantly higher in vitro and in vivo rat skin deposit amounts of POD (p ˂ 0.01) were detected after the topical application of POD-NLCformulation 1 compared to POD-NLCformulation 2. To visualize the skin distribution behavior of hydrophobic active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) when NLCs were used as carriers, POD was replaced with Nile red (NR—a hydrophobic fluorescent probe), and the distribution behavior of NR-NLCformulation 1 and NR-NLCformulation 2 in rat skin in vivo was observed using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Higher fluorescent intensity was observed in rat skin after the topical application of NR-NLCformulation 1 than NR-NLCformulation 2, suggesting that higher skin targeting efficiency might be obtained when NLCs with smaller mean particle size were used as carriers for hydrophobic APIs. This result was in accordance with those of skin distribution evaluation experiments of POD-NLCs. Skin irritation property of POD-NLCformulation 1 was investigated and no irritation was observed in intact or damaged rabbit skin, suggesting it is safe for topical use. Our results validated the safety of NLCs when applied topically. More importantly, mean particle size might be an important parameter for formulation optimization when NLCs are used as carriers for hydrophobic APIs for topical application, considering that their loading is relatively low.
Correction: Griffith, D.M., et al. Novel Improved Synthesis of HSP70 Inhibitor, Pifithrin-μ. In Vitro Synergy Quantification of Pifithrin-μ Combined with Pt Drugs in Prostate and Colorectal Cancer Cells. Molecules 2016, 21, 949
Authors: McKeon Aoife , Egan Alan , Chandanshive Jay , McMahon Helena , Griffith Darren
Published: November 2016

n/a
Biogenesis of Triterpene Dimers from Orthoquinones Related to Quinonemethides: Theoretical Study on the Reaction Mechanism
Authors: Quesadas-Rojas Mariana , Mena-Rejón Gonzalo , Cáceres-Castillo David , Cuevas Gabriel , Quijano-Quiñones Ramiro
Published: November 2016

The biogenetic origin of triterpene dimers from the Celastraceae family has been proposed as assisted hetero-Diels-Alder reaction (HDA). In this work, computational calculation of HDA between natural quinonemethides (tingenone and isopristimerol) and hypothetical orthoquinones has been performed at the M06-2X/6-31G(d) level of theory. We have located all the HDA transition states supporting the biogenetic route via HDA cycloadditions. We found that all reactions take place through a concerted inverse electron demand and asynchronous mechanism. The enzymatic assistance for dimer formation was analyzed in terms of the calculated transition state energy barrier.
Three-Dimensional Biologically Relevant Spectrum (BRS-3D): Shape Similarity Profile Based on PDB Ligands as Molecular Descriptors
Authors: Hu Ben , Kuang Zheng-Kun , Feng Shi-Yu , Wang Dong , He Song-Bing , Kong De-Xin
Published: November 2016

The crystallized ligands in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) can be treated as the inverse shapes of the active sites of corresponding proteins. Therefore, the shape similarity between a molecule and PDB ligands indicated the possibility of the molecule to bind with the targets. In this paper, we proposed a shape similarity profile that can be used as a molecular descriptor for ligand-based virtual screening. First, through three-dimensional (3D) structural clustering, 300 diverse ligands were extracted from the druggable protein–ligand database, sc-PDB. Then, each of the molecules under scrutiny was flexibly superimposed onto the 300 ligands. Superimpositions were scored by shape overlap and property similarity, producing a 300 dimensional similarity array termed the “Three-Dimensional Biologically Relevant Spectrum (BRS-3D)”. Finally, quantitative or discriminant models were developed with the 300 dimensional descriptor using machine learning methods (support vector machine). The effectiveness of this approach was evaluated using 42 benchmark data sets from the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) ligand library and the GPCR decoy database (GLL/GDD). We compared the performance of BRS-3D with other 2D and 3D state-of-the-art molecular descriptors. The results showed that models built with BRS-3D performed best for most GLL/GDD data sets. We also applied BRS-3D in histone deacetylase 1 inhibitors screening and GPCR subtype selectivity prediction. The advantages and disadvantages of this approach are discussed.
Palladium(ii)-Acetylacetonato Complexes with Mesoionic Carbenes: Synthesis, Structures and Their Application in the Suzuki-Miyaura Cross Coupling Reaction
Authors: Hettmanczyk Lara , Schmid Bianca , Hohloch Stephan , Sarkar Biprajit
Published: November 2016

A series of novel palladium(ii) acetylacetonato complexes bearing mesoionic carbenes (MICs) have been synthesized and characterized. The synthesis of the complexes of type (MIC)Pd(acac)I (MIC = 1-mesityl-3-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene (1), 1,4-(2,4,6-methyl)-phenyl-3-methyl-1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene (2), 1,4-(2,6-diisopropyl)-phenyl-3-methyl-1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene (3); acac = acetylacetonato) via direct metalation starting from the corresponding triazolium iodides and palladium(ii) acetylacetonate is described herein. All complexes were characterized by 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy and high resolution mass spectrometry. Additionally, two of the complexes were characterized by single crystal X-ray crystallography confirming a square-planar coordination geometry of the palladium(ii) center. A delocalized bonding situation was observed within the triazolylidene rings as well as for the acac ligand respectively. Complex 2 was found to be an efficient pre-catalyst for the Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling reaction between aryl-bromides or -chlorides with phenylboronic acid.
Pilot-Scale Production and Thermostability Improvement of the M23 Protease Pseudoalterin from the Deep Sea Bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. CF6-2
Authors: Yang Jie , Yu Yang , Tang Bai-Lu , Zhong Shuai , Shi Mei , Xie Bin-Bin , Zhang Xi-Ying , Zhou Bai-Cheng , Zhang Yu-Zhong , Chen Xiu-Lan
Published: November 2016

Pseudoalterin is the most abundant protease secreted by the marine sedimental bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. CF6-2 and is a novel cold-adapted metalloprotease of the M23 family. Proteases of the M23 family have high activity towards peptidoglycan and elastin, suggesting their promising biomedical and biotechnological potentials. To lower the fermentive cost and improve the pseudoalterin production of CF6-2, we optimized the fermentation medium by using single factor experiments, added 0.5% sucrose as a carbon source, and lowered the usage of artery powder from 1.2% to 0.6%. In the optimized medium, pseudoalterin production reached 161.15 ± 3.08 U/mL, 61% greater than that before optimization. We further conducted a small-scale fermentation experiment in a 5-L fermenter and a pilot-scale fermentation experiment in a 50-L fermenter. Pseudoalterin production during pilot-scale fermentation reached 103.48 ± 8.64 U/mL, 77% greater than that before the medium was optimized. In addition, through single factor experiments and orthogonal tests, we developed a compound stabilizer for pseudoalterin, using medically safe sugars and polyols. This stabilizer showed a significant protective effect for pseudoalterin against enzymatic thermal denaturation. These results lay a solid foundation for the industrial production of pseudoalterin and the development of its biomedical and biotechnological potentials.
A Targeted Nanoprobe Based on Carbon Nanotubes-Natural Biopolymer Chitosan Composites
Authors: Wu Baoyan , Zhao Na
Published: November 2016

A novel targeting theranostic nanoprobe based on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)-natural biopolymer chitosan composites was developed for cancer cell targeting imaging and fluorescence imaging-guided photodynamic therapy. First, chitosan was respectively conjugated with a tumor-homing molecule folic acid, or a photosensitizing drug pyropheophorbide a using a water-soluble carbodiimide coupling chemistry. Chitosan was fluorescently labeled by fluorescein isothiocyanate via the covalently linkage of the isothiocyanate group with the amino group. Second, SWCNTs were sonicated in the functional chitosan aqueous solution for 6 h at room temperature in order to obtain the nanoprobe (PPa/FITC-SWCNT-FA). The as-prepared nanoprobe has been characterized with transmission electron microscope, confocal microscopy, and cell cytotoxicity tests. Chitosan was decorated onto SWCNTs resulting in the water-dispersible PPa/FITC-SWCNT-FA, and can be selectively transported inside folate receptor-positive tumor cell with good targeting imaging. PPa/FITC-SWCNT-FA exhibited low dark toxicity about 7%–13%, and high phototoxicity about 60%–74% against HeLa cells upon a 635 nm laser irradiation, indicating satisfying biocompatibility and antitumor activity. These results suggest the study could offer a feasible alternative to presently available nanoparticle-based theranostic agents.
Approach for Self-Calibrating CO2 Measurements with Linear Membrane-Based Gas Sensors
Authors: Lazik Detlef , Sood Pramit
Published: November 2016

Linear membrane-based gas sensors that can be advantageously applied for the measurement of a single gas component in large heterogeneous systems, e.g., for representative determination of CO2 in the subsurface, can be designed depending on the properties of the observation object. A resulting disadvantage is that the permeation-based sensor response depends on operating conditions, the individual site-adapted sensor geometry, the membrane material, and the target gas component. Therefore, calibration is needed, especially of the slope, which could change over several orders of magnitude. A calibration-free approach based on an internal gas standard is developed to overcome the multi-criterial slope dependency. This results in a normalization of sensor response and enables the sensor to assess the significance of measurement. The approach was proofed on the example of CO2 analysis in dry air with tubular PDMS membranes for various CO2 concentrations of an internal standard. Negligible temperature dependency was found within an 18 K range. The transformation behavior of the measurement signal and the influence of concentration variations of the internal standard on the measurement signal were shown. Offsets that were adjusted based on the stated theory for the given measurement conditions and material data from the literature were in agreement with the experimentally determined offsets. A measurement comparison with an NDIR reference sensor shows an unexpectedly low bias (<1%) of the non-calibrated sensor response, and comparable statistical uncertainty.
Nano-Engineered Biomimetic Optical Sensors for Glucose Monitoring in Diabetes
Authors: Rauf Sajid , Hayat Nawaz Muhammad , Badea Mihaela , Marty Jean , Hayat Akhtar
Published: November 2016

Diabetes is a rapidly growing disease that can be monitored at an individual level by controlling the blood glucose level, hence minimizing the negative impact of the disease. Significant research efforts have been focused on the design of novel and improved technologies to overcome the limitations of existing glucose analysis methods. In this context, nanotechnology has enabled the diagnosis at the single cell and molecular level with the possibility of incorporation in advanced molecular diagnostic biochips. Recent years have witnessed the exploration and synthesis of various types of nanomaterials with enzyme-like properties, with their subsequent integration into the design of biomimetic optical sensors for glucose monitoring. This review paper will provide insights on the type, nature and synthesis of different biomimetic nanomaterials. Moreover, recent developments in the integration of these nanomaterials for optical glucose biosensing will be highlighted, with a final discussion on the challenges that must be addressed for successful implementation of these nano-devices in the clinical applications is presented.
Real-Time Lane Region Detection Using a Combination of Geometrical and Image Features
Authors: Cáceres Hernández Danilo , Kurnianggoro Laksono , Filonenko Alexander , Jo Kang
Published: November 2016

Over the past few decades, pavement markings have played a key role in intelligent vehicle applications such as guidance, navigation, and control. However, there are still serious issues facing the problem of lane marking detection. For example, problems include excessive processing time and false detection due to similarities in color and edges between traffic signs (channeling lines, stop lines, crosswalk, arrows, etc.). This paper proposes a strategy to extract the lane marking information taking into consideration its features such as color, edge, and width, as well as the vehicle speed. Firstly, defining the region of interest is a critical task to achieve real-time performance. In this sense, the region of interest is dependent on vehicle speed. Secondly, the lane markings are detected by using a hybrid color-edge feature method along with a probabilistic method, based on distance-color dependence and a hierarchical fitting model. Thirdly, the following lane marking information is extracted: the number of lane markings to both sides of the vehicle, the respective fitting model, and the centroid information of the lane. Using these parameters, the region is computed by using a road geometric model. To evaluate the proposed method, a set of consecutive frames was used in order to validate the performance.
Analysis of Multi-Antenna GNSS Receiver Performance under Jamming Attacks
Authors: Vagle Niranjana , Broumandan Ali , Lachapelle Gérard
Published: November 2016

Although antenna array-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers can be used to mitigate both narrowband and wideband electronic interference sources, measurement distortions induced by array processing methods are not suitable for high precision applications. The measurement distortions have an adverse effect on the carrier phase ambiguity resolution, affecting the navigation solution. Depending on the array attitude information availability and calibration parameters, different spatial processing methods can be implemented although they distort carrier phase measurements in some cases. This paper provides a detailed investigation of the effect of different array processing techniques on array-based GNSS receiver measurements and navigation performance. The main novelty of the paper is to provide a thorough analysis of array-based GNSS receivers employing different beamforming techniques from tracking to navigation solution. Two beamforming techniques, namely Power Minimization (PM) and Minimum Power Distortionless Response (MPDR), are being investigated. In the tracking domain, the carrier Doppler, Phase Lock Indicator (PLI), and Carrier-to-Noise Ratio (C/N0) are analyzed. Pseudorange and carrier phase measurement distortions and carrier phase position performance are also evaluated. Performance analyses results from simulated GNSS signals and field tests are provided.
Acid Water Neutralization Using Microbial Fuel Cells: An Alternative for Acid Mine Drainage Treatment
Authors: Leiva Eduardo , Leiva-Aravena Enzo , Vargas Ignacio
Published: November 2016

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a complex environmental problem, which has adverse effects on surface and ground waters due to low pH, high toxic metals, and dissolved salts. New bioremediation approach based on microbial fuel cells (MFC) can be a novel and sustainable alternative for AMD treatment. We studied the potential of MFC for acidic synthetic water treatment through pH neutralization in batch-mode and continuous-flow operation. We observed a marked pH increase, from ~3.7 to ~7.9 under batch conditions and to ~5.8 under continuous-flow operation. Likewise, batch reactors (non-MFC) inoculated with different MFC-enriched biofilms showed a very similar pH increase, suggesting that the neutralization observed for batch operation was due to a synergistic influence of these communities. These preliminary results support the idea of using MFC technologies for AMD remediation, which could help to reduce costs associated with conventional technologies. Advances in this configuration could even be extrapolated to the recovery of heavy metals by precipitation or adsorption processes due to the acid neutralization.
Antecedents of Tourists' Behavioral Intentions: The Role and Influence of Tourists' Perceived Freedom of Choice, Destination Image, and Satisfaction
Authors: Liu Xiaoming(Rose) , Li Jun(Justin) , Fu Yi(David)
Published: November 2016

A theory-based pattern is assessed in this article, examining the relationships among three concepts—traveler perceived freedom of choice, destination image, and satisfaction—that are the antecedents of travelers' behavioral intentions. More specifically, this study aims
at finding the influence of travelers' perceived freedom of choice (including food, trip mode, travel time, route, and activity) on their image perception, degree of satisfaction, and behavioral intentions. Based on confirmatory factor analysis, the reliability and the effectiveness of the
survey were assessed. Using information based on the research of outbound travelers from Mainland China, a structural equation model with maximum likelihood estimation was made to determine the relationships. According to these findings, the more favorable destination image, higher level of
tourist satisfaction, higher intention to revisit, and higher willingness to recommend can be achieved by offering more options to travelers. In terms of the theoretical and practical significance of tourism, these research results serve as a vital inspirational and influential element.
Tourism, Quality of Life, and Residents of A Rural Town
Authors: Alonso Abel Duarte , Nyanjom Julie
Published: November 2016

Numerous studies have discussed the potential impacts of tourism on residents' quality of life (QOL). Despite this rich body of research, some researchers have identified the need to investigate this dimension using a qualitative approach as well as in rural areas where tourism is under
development. Partly in response to these calls, the present study uses the case of a Western Australian town to investigate QOL through the lens of social exchange theory. Through focus groups, face-to-face interviews, and online questionnaires, qualitative data were gathered among the town's
residents. Overall, the impacts of tourism on participants' QOL are positive. Four predominant exchanges related to QOL from tourism's effects emerged: economic, bonding, material, and cultural. Although economic exchanges—including job creation and income—are the main triggers
of QOL, bonding exchanges—through volunteering and attending events—are also considered as fundamental. This study discusses key implications and suggests future research avenues.
Theory of Vulnerability and Remarkable Resilience of Tourism Demand to Climate Change: Evidence from the Mediterranean Basin
Authors: Dogru Tarik , Bulut Umit , Sirakaya-Turk Ercan
Published: November 2016

Climate change has become one of the most important challenges for societies around the world. However, the tourism industry's vulnerability and readiness to cope with climate change are unclear. This study advances the current body of knowledge by conceptualizing and empirically analyzing
the effects of climate change on tourism demand using a vulnerability theoretical framework. Specifically, the effects of exposure; sensitivity; human well-being; and economic, social, and political development are tested on 17 countries located in the Mediterranean Basin during the period
of 1995–2012. The findings of the study demonstrate the remarkable resilience and adaptive capacity of the tourism industry. Contrary to the notion that climate change will result in disastrous outcomes for the tourism industry in the Mediterranean Basin, improvements in overall well-being
and progress in economic, social, and political developments seem to more than offset the decline in tourism demand due to climate change. The findings point to new theoretical and practical implications for coping with negative climatic changes and advance future academic research in the
area.
Promotional Factors Affecting Potential College Student Consumer's Decisions to Attend Minor League Baseball Games
Authors: Tavormina Alyssa L. , Won Doyeon
Published: November 2016

This study explored different types of promotions within the selected factors (game day, distance, ticket price discount, concession discount, giveaway, and special event), their influence on a potential consumer's choice of attending a Minor League Baseball (MiLB) game, and the influences
of consumption situation (attending with friends versus significant other). Two hypothetical consumption situations were used to examine college students' (N=201) preferences of promotional situations. Conjoint analyses indicated that the relative importance of all factors did not largely
depend on the consumption situation. However, there was a significant difference of the consumer's decision to attend based on the type of promotion within each factor. This study encourages sport managers of MiLB teams to consider these types of promotions that most affect the potential consumer's
decision to attend games.
A new protocol for the synthesis of 4,7,12,15-tetrachloro[2.2]paracyclophane
Authors: Pan Donghui , Wang Yanbin , Xiao Guomin
Published: November 2016

We report a green and convenient protocol to prepare 4,7,12,15-tetrachloro[2.2]paracyclophane, the precursor of parylene D, from 2,5-dichloro-p-xylene. In the first bromination step, with H2O2–HBr as a bromide source, this procedure becomes organic-waste-free and organic-solvent-free and can appropriately replace the existing bromination methods. The Winberg elimination–dimerization step, using aqueous sodium hydroxide solution instead of silver oxide for anion exchange, results in a significant improvement in product yield. Furthermore, four substituted [2.2]paracyclophanes were also prepared in this convenient way.
Protonated paramagnetic redox forms of di-o-quinone bridged with p-phenylene-extended TTF: A EPR spectroscopy study
Authors: Chalkov Nikolay O , Cherkasov Vladimir K , Abakumov Gleb A , Starikov Andrey G , Kuropatov Viacheslav A
Published: November 2016

The chemical oxidation and reduction processes of deprotonated, direduced o-quinone-exTTF-o-quinone in protic solvents were studied by EPR spectroscopy. The formation of relatively stable paramagnetic protonated redox forms of the parent triad was very surprising. The character of spin-density distribution in the semiquinone–quinone and semiquinone–catechol redox forms indicates that the p-phenylene-extended tetrathiafulvalene connector provides a quite effective electronic communication channel between dioxolene coordination sites. It was found that the deprotonated, direduced o-quinone-exTTF-o-quinone is capable to reduction of the metal copper in solution. The radical anion species formed in this reaction exists in solution as a solvent-separated ion pair with a copper cation. A character of spin-density distribution in a radical anion species leads to the conclusion that the ligand corresponds to type III of the Robin–Day classification.
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS FOR BERTRAND COMPETITION MODEL WITH EXPONENTIAL FORM∗
Authors: Ma Huili , Feng Hui
Published: November 2016

This paper will consider a nonliear system of difference equations which describes a qualitative study of Bertrand oligopoly games with two boundedly rational players. With nonlinear demand function of exponential form, the local stability of equilibria and the global convergence of positive solutions for the dynamical system are analyzed.
THE ORBIT AND MASS OF THE THIRD PLANET IN THE KEPLER-56 SYSTEM
Authors: Otor Oderah Justin , Montet Benjamin T. , Johnson John Asher , Charbonneau David , Collier-Cameron Andrew , Howard Andrew W. , Isaacson Howard , Latham David W. , Lopez-Morales Mercedes , Lovis Christophe , Mayor Michel , Micela Giusi , Molinari Emilio , Pepe Francesco , Piotto Giampaolo , Phillips David F. , Queloz Didier , Rice Ken , Sasselov Dimitar , Ségransan Damien , Sozzetti Alessandro , Udry Stéphane , Watson Chris
Published: November 2016

While the vast majority of multiple-planet systems have orbital angular momentum axes that align with the spin axis of their host star, Kepler-56 is an exception: its two transiting planets are coplanar yet misaligned by at least 40° with respect to the rotation axis of their host star. Additional follow-up observations of Kepler-56 suggest the presence of a massive, non-transiting companion that may help explain this misalignment. We model the transit data along with Keck/HIRES and HARPS-N radial velocity data to update the masses of the two transiting planets and infer the physical properties of the third, non-transiting planet. We employ a Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampler to calculate the best-fitting orbital parameters and their uncertainties for each planet. We find the outer planet has a period of 1002 ± 5 days and minimum mass of 5.61 ± 0.38

M

Jup

. We also place a 95% upper limit of 0.80 m s−1 yr−1 on long-term trends caused by additional, more distant companions.
INTERSTELLAR PICKUP ION PRODUCTION IN THE GLOBAL HELIOSPHERE AND HELIOSHEATH
Authors: Wu Y. , Florinski V. , Guo X.
Published: November 2016

Interstellar pickup ions (PUIs) play a significant part in mediating the solar wind (SW) interaction with the interstellar medium. In this paper, we examine the details of spatial variation of the PUI velocity distribution function (VDF) in the SW by solving the PUI transport equation. We assume the PUI distribution is isotropic resulting from strong pitch-angle scattering by wave–particle interaction. A three-dimensional model combining the MHD treatment of the background SW and neutrals with a kinetic treatment of PUIs throughout the heliosphere and the surrounding local interstellar medium has been developed. The model generates PUI power-law tails via second-order Fermi process. We analyze how PUIs transform across the heliospheric termination shock and obtain the PUI phase space distribution in the inner heliosheath including continuing velocity diffusion. Our simulated PUI spectra are compared with observations made by New Horizons, Ulysses, Voyager 1, 2, and Cassini, and a satisfactory agreement is demonstrated. Some specific features in the observations, for example, a cutoff of PUI VDF at v = V
SW and a f ∝ v
−5 tail in the reference frame of the SW, are well represented by the model.
CHROMOSPHERIC CONDENSATION AND QUASI-PERIODIC PULSATIONS IN A CIRCULAR-RIBBON FLARE
Authors: Zhang Q. M. , Li D. , Ning Z. J.
Published: November 2016

In this paper, we report our multiwavelength observations of the C3.1 circular-ribbon flare SOL2015-10-16T10:20 in active region (AR) 12434. The flare consisted of a circular flare ribbon (CFR), an inner flare ribbon (IFR) inside it, and a pair of short parallel flare ribbons (PFRs). The PFRs located to the north of the IFR were most striking in the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) 1400 and 2796 Å images. For the first time, we observed the circular-ribbon flare in the Ca ii H line of the Solar Optical Telescope on board Hinode, which has a similar shape as observed in the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly 1600 Å on board the Solar Dynamic Observatory (SDO). Photospheric line-of-sight magnetograms from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board SDO show that the flare is associated with positive polarities with a negative polarity inside. The IFR and CFR were cospatial with the negative polarity and positive polarities, implying the existence of a magnetic null point (

) and a dome-like spine–fan topology. During the impulsive phase of the flare, “two-step” raster observations of IRIS with a cadence of 6 s and an exposure time of 2 s showed plasma downflow at the CFR in the Si iv
λ1402.77 line (

), suggesting chromospheric condensation. The downflow speeds first increased rapidly from a few km s−1 to the peak values of 45–52 km s−1, before decreasing gradually to the initial levels. The decay timescales of condensation were 3–4 minutes, indicating ongoing magnetic reconnection. Interestingly, the downflow speeds are positively correlated with the logarithm of the Si iv line intensity and time derivative of the GOES soft X-ray (SXR) flux in 1–8 Å. The radio dynamic spectra are characterized by a type III radio burst associated with the flare, which implies that the chromospheric condensation was most probably driven by nonthermal electrons. Using an analytical expression and the peak Doppler velocity, we derive the lower limit of energy flux of the precipitating electrons, i.e., 0.65 × 1010 erg cm−2 s−1. The Si iv line intensity and SXR derivative show quasi-periodic pulsations with periods of 32–42 s, which are likely caused by intermittent null-point magnetic reconnections modulated by the fast wave propagating along the fan surface loops at a phase speed of 950–1250 km s−1. Periodic accelerations and precipitations of the electrons result in periodic heating observed in the Si iv line and SXR.
Globalization, Innovation, and Marketing Philosophy
Authors: Mohanty Sandeep Kumar
Published: November 2016

Globalization has brought innovation to center stage of marketing activities. This can be related to opportunities as well as scope for consumer proficiency. Initial years of this decade have found that over dependence on innovation has made it consistent, compulsive and converging. With this impetuous innovation, certain aspect of critical thought process brings technology to the spot-light. Marketing philosophy that recognizes technology as the rationale of foundation of globalization and innovation must retrospect and further critically assess that how far technology has dissociated both the terms. Globalization by nature has been divergent, yet struggling to ensure marketing success because innovation is converging with the help of technology. Global Marketing is in a precarious juncture where every alternate day new technology is wiping out the old and with this new market is superimposing the old one. This transition is threatening concepts like segmentation, targeting and branding. This chapter is a critical assessment of role of technology in redefining the relationship between globalization, innovation and marketing. Secondary data of 51 Indian business sectors, consisting some of the leading market players have been analyzed to explore the relationship and propose a conceptual model.
Building Brands in Emerging Economies
Authors: Nunez Sandra , Castaño Raquel
Published: November 2016

One of the most important goals of brand managers is to build strong, long-lasting brands. The meaning consumers give to brands comes from a dynamic process of interpretation formed in terms of the context in which they are used, the socio-psychological nature of their consumers, and the cultures to which these costumers belong. By acknowledging the importance of understanding how brands can be built in emerging economies, this paper analyzes the case of three brands in three different emerging economies. We highlight how successful firms develop their marketing strategies based on their understanding of the local consumer market they are serving. Ultimately, this paper is intended to provide managerial guidance on the basis of the analysis of brands and consumers in emerging economies.
A Discussion on Indian Consumers' Hedonic and Non-Hedonic Values
Authors: Mishra Manit
Published: November 2016

The present study aims at attaining a better understanding of the hedonic consumer value of materialism and non-hedonic values of happiness, life-satisfaction and religiosity. As a conceptual paper, the study refers to literature and prior empirical research with the objective of linking a significant body of literature on these apparently diverse constructs into a unifying theoretical framework. The study offers new research directions in the form of propositions for further empirical investigation.
Use of Fuzzy Set Theory in DNA Sequence Comparison and Amino Acid Classification
Authors: Das Subhram , Ghosh Soumen , Pal Jayanta , Bhattacharya Dilip K.
Published: November 2016

This chapter describes the use of fuzzy set theory and intuitionistic fuzzy set theory in DNA sequence comparison. It also shows an indirect application of fuzzy set theory in comparing protein sequences. In fact, protein sequences consist of 20 amino acids. The chapter shows how such amino acids can be classified in six different groups. These groups are obtained purely from theoretical considerations. These are entirely different from the known groups of amino acids based on biological considerations. Also it is known how these classified groups of amino acids help in protein sequence comparison. The results of comparison differ as the groups differ in number and their compositions. Naturally it is expected that newer results of comparison will come out from such newer classified groups of amino acids obtained theoretically. Thus fuzzy set theory is also useful in protein sequence comparison.
Decision Making by Using Intuitionistic Fuzzy Rough Set
Authors: Das T. K.
Published: November 2016

This chapter begins with a brief introduction of the theory of rough set. Rough set is an intelligent technique for handling uncertainty aspect in the data. This theory has been hybridized by combining with many other mathematical theories. In recent years, much decision making on rough set theory has been extended by embedding the ideas of fuzzy sets, intuitionistic fuzzy sets and soft sets. In this chapter, the notions of fuzzy rough set and intuitionistic fuzzy rough (IFR) sets are defined, and its properties are studied. Thereafter rough set on two universal sets has been studied. In addition, intuitionistic fuzzy rough set on two universal sets has been extensively studied. Furthermore, we would like to give an application, which shows that intuitionistic fuzzy rough set on two universal sets can be successfully applied to decision making problems.
Embracing Innovation and Creativity through the Capacity of Unlearning
Authors: Martins Ana , Martins Isabel , Pereira Orlando
Published: November 2016

The capacity for unlearning is important for organizations to embrace innovation and creativity, due to the urgent need give up obsolete knowledge. A critique of organizational learning models highlights the unlearning capacity in organizational learning processes. We anticipate new paths for organizational learning arising from a critique of the models. Research shows that a lack of the unlearning capacity in the organizational learning models can be regarded as a weakness. We propose the internalization phase be included, an intermediate step that absorbs, reflects upon and internalizes all the previous phases, accommodating this additional phase and integrating it into the organization increasing the value of the organization's heritage. The level of internalization should be backed by a specific leadership and associated with humanizing organizational values. The self-efficacy construct placed at the center of this model indicates its umbrella capacity embracing a range of efforts needed to obtain the best possible results.
Intellectual Capital Report in the Healthcare Sector
Authors: Bronzetti Giovanni , Baldini Maria Assunta , Sicoli Graziella
Published: November 2016

In the healthcare sector the growing interest in intellectual capital begins with the understanding that the ability to maintain and develop knowledge within it is one of a major reason for the success of the structure. Knowledge presents in health care organizations is a valuable asset, essential to ensure a good quality of services, which has been not only enhanced but also continuously developed. In this sense, analyzing the intellectual capital in healthcare means put at the centre of attention knowledge, the processes that make it possible. This exploratory study aims to investigate the importance of intellectual capital in the healthcare sector, thorough the examination and interpretation of Intellectual Capital Report in a specific realty: the hospital in Udine, which systematically by few years prepares this report.
University Partnerships
Authors: D'Haem Jeanne Martha , Feola Dorothy , Norris-Bauer Nancy
Published: November 2016

This chapter describes the evolution of a multifaceted international partnership that includes international visitors to local schools and university classes, faculty and student exchanges, a study abroad program, and collaborative faculty research. The study reports how a continuum of international activities were developed between the host university and a university in The Netherlands. Despite the documented need for international experiences, few education majors take advantage of study abroad programs. These projects have expanded a traditional study abroad program to the wider university and local communities. Many local schools and educators can participate. The rewards and challenges in the development of multiple international activities are detailed.
“Should I Go to Ireland or Mexico?”
Authors: Roberts Scott L. , Rouech Kristina
Published: November 2016

This chapter presents and discusses the experience of two university professors' participation in two different study abroad programs. Within the first two years of employment at the university, one professor went to Oaxaca and the other went to Ireland with groups of pre-student teachers. The chapter discusses previous literature and the impact of study abroad programs on teacher education, program basics from the authors' university, the authors' personal experiences travelling with students for the first time, commonalities and differences among the two programs, benefits from their experiences, and ideas for further development of effective study abroad programs for education students.
Study Abroad Australia
Authors: Bentz Johnell , Pearson Jamie N. , Witt Allison
Published: November 2016

Research findings suggest that teaching experiences abroad have a significant impact on participant outcomes and perceptions; however, findings have also indicated that short-term experiences in particular, may not have the same impact as long-term study abroad experiences. This chapter highlights the facilitators and challenges of planning and developing a short-term, faculty-led experience abroad to Australia for preservice teachers. This three-week study abroad experience included immersive experiences and a commitment to critically examining issues surrounding diversity. The authors also describe a research study that was embedded in the study abroad program, known as Photovoice. Photovoice was employed as a means to document the preservice teachers' experiences and perceptions related to diversity. Participant photos and descriptions represent student perceptions of how diversity is represented in Australian schools and society.