bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early interactions with newly diagnosed TB patients in hospital can support linkage to care
Authors: Viljoen L. , Hendricks P. , Hoddinott G. , Vanqa N. , Osman M. , Hesseling A. C. , Meehan S-A.
Published: September 2022

BACKGROUND: In South Africa, failure to link individuals diagnosed with TB to care remains an important gap in the TB care cascade. Compared to people diagnosed at primary healthcare (PHC) facilities, people diagnosed in hospitals are more likely to require additional support
to be linked with PHC TB treatment services. We describe a patient interaction process to support linkage to TB care.METHODS: We implemented a step-by-step early patient interaction process with 84 adults newly diagnosed with TB in one district hospital in Khayelitsha, Cape Town,
South Africa (August 2020–March 2021). We confirmed patient contact details, provided TB and health information, shared information on accessing care at PHC facilities and answered patients’ questions in their home language.RESULTS: Most patients (54/84, 64%) provided
updated telephone numbers, and 19/84 (23%) reported changes in their physical address. Patients welcomed practical and health information in their home language. The majority (74/84, 88%) were linked to care after hospital discharge.CONCLUSIONS: A simple early patient interaction
process implemented as part of routine care is a feasible strategy to facilitate early TB treatment initiation and registration.
IPT coverage and determinants of care coverage in Tanzania
Authors: Manisha H. , Amani W. , Garrib A. , Senkoro M. , Mfinanga S.
Published: September 2022

BACKGROUND: TB is a major cause of mortality worldwide, with the highest risk in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT), in combination with antiretroviral therapy (ART), reduces the overall incidence and mortality from TB by up to 90% among PLWHA.
Tanzania has limited published data on IPT coverage among PLWHA.OBJECTIVE: To investigate coverage and determinants of IPT among PLWHA receiving care in selected care and treatment clinics in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.METHODS: An analytical cross-sectional design to study
31,480 HIV-positive adults. Proportions and comparisons were obtained using χ2 tests, while determinants for IPT were assessed using adjusted multivariable analysis.RESULTS: The IPT coverage among eligible PLWHA was generally low (28.9%), with increased coverage over
time. The determinants for IPT coverage included age >36 years, having WHO Clinical Stages 1 and 2 compared to 3 and 4, and having normal weight, or being overweight and obesity compared to underweight.CONCLUSION: IPT coverage in Dar es Salaam is very low; individuals with minor
HIV disease severity were more likely to initiate IPT. This shows a possible gap in the prescribing practices among healthcare providers. More efforts to ensure IPT coverage implementation in Dar es Salaam are required.
“QUE COUSA SÃO OS INDIOS” NO TRATADO DA PROVÍNCIA DO BRASIL, DE GANDAVO, E NO NOTICIÁRIO MARANHENSE, DE JOÃO DE SOUZA FERREIRA
Authors: Bernardo Carla da Penha
Published: September 2022

Nosso trabalho trata da escravidão dos indígenas e dos africanos a partir da leitura de alguns textos acerca do Brasil, dentre os quais o Noticiário maranhense, descrição do Estado do Maranhão, suas contendas e peregrinas circunstâncias, de 1685, de João de Souza Ferreira, por nós editado em nossa dissertação de Mestrado, e o Tratado da província do Brasil, de Pero Magalhães de Gândavo, autor da primeira História do Brasil. A escravidão, no país, atingiu dois grandes grupos que sofreram um mesmo problema e que interagiram desde os primeiros tempos: o dos brasilianos nativos e o dos africanos para cá trazidos. O índio, como o negro, era um ser reificado pelos europeus, como demonstra, em cada passo, o texto de Gândavo, e como afirma Souza Ferreira no segundo capítulo de seu livro, intitulado “Que cousa são os indios”. Mais conhecida é a obra do primeiro autor, que viveu no Brasil por alguns anos, inclusive em terras da Bahia. Seu texto é um apelo ao colonialismo português de fixação e não apenas de exploração, como vinha sendo feito. Mostra, como de praxe à época, um discurso laudatório e uma visão eldorada das coisas da terra, mesmo quando elas, de fato, vão de encontro ao retrato pintado por Gândavo. Pouco ou nada conhecida é a obra de Ferreira, que apresenta diferentes versões. Ferreira possui ainda outra produção, intitulada América abreviada, tratando, como a anteriormente referida, da colonização e de seus problemas no antigo estado do Maranhão e Grão-Pará e demonstrando bastante conhecimento de causa, visto que o padre vivia há muitos anos na localidade. Os textos de Ferreira e Gândavo indicam a maneira pela qual o processo de colonização se deu entre nós, de modo a afirmar as questões identitárias dos colonizadores, estendo-as ao domínio do Outro e negando, assim, a alteridade, práxis então naturalizada. Na ausência de textos produzidos pelos antigos habitantes brasílicos e pelos africanos para cá trazidos como escravos, tais escritos documentais mostram não só a visão quinto-imperialista do português, mas também entremostram, aqui e ali, a visão dos grupos subjugados, sobretudo em momentos de censura do colonizador a sua atitude. Os textos historiográficos, em seu todo ou em suas frestas, ajudam a compor um perfil do Brasil antigo e a compreender muitos dos problemas contemporâneos enfrentados por descendentes de indígenas e negros, além de desvendarem a raiz de muitos dos preconceitos atribuídos aos brasileiros, em geral, e a sua cultura, nos dias atuais. Por questões históricas e filológicas, mantivemos a ortografia das antigas crônicas.
TRANSPORTE MULTIMODAL: ALTERNATIVA PARA REDUÇÃO DE TEMPO DE VIAGEM EM UMA CIDADE POLINUCLEADA NA AMAZÔNIA ORIENTAL
Authors: Oliveira Antonio Carlos Santos do Nascimento Passos de , Dias Eduardo Ronildo Costa , Silva Alysson Costa , Silva Eduarda Guimarães , Oliveira Gabriela Rillary Rodrigues , Lima Jean Lucas de Souza , Pessoa Marcela Sabino , Moreira Marcos Nonato Formento
Published: September 2022

Este artigo apresenta a percepção dos usuários de Núcleos da cidade de Marabá, uma cidade polinuleada na Amazônia Oriental, em relação ao transporte público coletivo. Para conseguir coletar essa percepção 120 viagens cuja origem era a Marabá Pioneira tiveram seus usuários entrevistados, e, 76 viagens cujo destino era a Marabá Pioneira, também foram ouvidos. Considerou-se deslocamentos de bairros distantes atendidos pela frota de ônibus, Novo Horizonte e Liberdade, localizados no Núcleo Cidade Nova e também do distrito Morada Nova. Devido a insatisfação dos usuários uma solução possível e fazer uso do rio Tocantins que separa parte da cidade de Marabá, para assim, reduzir o percurso e desafogar a demanda por transporte que é feito somente por via rodoviária.
TRADE-OFF, PECKING ORDER E MARKET TIMING: UMA ANÁLISE EMPÍRICA DA HETEROGENEIDADE NA VELOCIDADE DE AJUSTE DA ESTRUTURA DE CAPITAL EM FIRMAS BRASILEIRAS
Authors: Sabino Pedro Augusto Alvim , Iquiapaza Robert Aldo
Published: September 2022

O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar firmas brasileiras quanto: i) à existência de uma meta de endividamento, à la Trade-Off dinâmica, mesmo nas firmas mais alinhadas à Pecking Order ou à Market Timing; e ii) à diferença na velocidade de ajuste estimada ao segregar as firmas conforme o alinhamento delas a essas duas teorias. Para tanto, utilizou-se uma amostra não balanceada de 165 firmas não-financeiras listadas na bolsa de valores brasileira, de 2010 a 2021. Esta foi dividida em subamostras, conforme o alinhamento das firmas à Pecking Order ou à de Market Timing, mensurado pelos parâmetros de sensibilidade dos testes de Shyam-Sunder e Myers (1999) e de Baker e Wurgler (2002), respectivamente. As velocidades de ajuste estimadas foram positivas em todos os recortes amostrais, mas houve redução significativa nesta ao comparar a subamostra de firmas mais alinhadas à Pecking Order, ou à Market Timing, com a de firmas menos alinhadas a estas. Evidenciando, portanto, que mesmo as firmas mais aderentes às outras duas teorias possuem uma meta de endividamento, mas a velocidade de ajuste é heterogênea, conforme as diferenças de alinhamento às estas teorias.
Penerapan E-Litigasi Dimasa Pandemi Covid-19 Perspektif Al-maslahah
Authors: Hartono Hasim , Habir Yusril
Published: September 2022

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh adanya PERMA No. 1 Tahun 2019 untuk mendukung terwujudnya tertib penanganan perkara yang professional, transparan, akuntabel, efektif, efisien dan modern. Namun semenjak berlakunya PERMA tersebut sampai tahun 2021 serta adanya pandemi covid-19, dari 3900 (tiga ribu Sembilan ratus) perkara yang masuk hanya 6(enam) perkara yang diselesaikan secara e-litigasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui esensi, efektivitas, dan perspektif al-maslahah tentang penerapan sisteme-litigasi dimasa pandemi covid-19. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian Hukum Normatif, metode Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah Pendekatan Kasus (Case Approach). Sumber Data dalam Penelitian ini yakni Primer dan Sekunder dengan Teknik Pengumpulan Data yaitu observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data adalah reduksi data, sajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan serta teknik Keabsahan data menggunakan triangulasi sumber, triangulasi teknik, dan triangulasi waktu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1) Esensi penerapan e-litigasi pada masa pandemi covid 19 tahun 2019-2021 adalah untuk mempermudah pelayanan baik secara administrasi maupun dalam persidangan dimasa pandemi covid-19. 2) Efektivitas Penerapan e-litigasi tahun 2019-2021 di Pengadilan Agama Kendari belum efektif disebabkan hanya 2 (dua) faktor yang efektif yaitu faktor hukumnya sendiridan faktor sarana atau fasilitas.Sedangkan 3 (tiga) faktor lainnya seperti faktor penegakkan hukumnya, faktor masyarakatnyadan faktor budaya belum efektif.3) E-litigasi dimasa pandemi covid-19 perspektif al-Maslahahdari segi tingkatnnya termasuk maslahahdharuriyahkarena e-litigasi ini bermanfaat untuk dilakukan sehingga menjauhkan seseorang dari kerusakan yang disebabkan covid-19.Sedangkan dari segi adanya keserasian atau anggapan baik oleh akal termasuk dalam kategori maslahah mu’tabarahkarenaAllah SWT melarang membunuh diri sendiri dalam hal ini adanyae-litigasidimasa pandemi covid-19diharapkan dapat memanfaatkannya unutk mempermudah dan memperlancar persidangan juga menghindarkan seseorang dari dampak covid-19.
Travel mode choice for domestic intercity travel: A case study in Suzhou, China
Authors: Deng Qi , Henderson Isaac
Published: September 2022

This study examines how residents in Suzhou, China choose between different travel modes for domestic intercity travel. Suzhou provides an interesting case study because of its developed high-speed rail (HSR) network and proximity to three major airports. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were administered to 158 participants to obtain information about their most recent intercity trip and important factors for choosing travel modes. The interviews were thematically analysed, and participants were coded as being in or out of themes to allow for chi-squared tests of independence (to examine associations between themes and demographic variables) and binary logistic regressions (to predict travel mode choice based upon themes). The findings show that accessibility, convenience, and price increase the likelihood of a participant having chosen HSR. However, the more important contribution is methodological, highlighting the importance of studying actual behaviours (rather than attitudes and preferences) and avoiding the issues of self-generated validity and construct creation.
Eco-friendly Hospitality in Himalayas: An Investigation on Homestay Services in India
Authors: Jasrotia Dr. Aruditya , Kour Parvinder
Published: September 2022

The hospitality sector has been considered as an equal contributor to tourism impacts. As far as the sustainable destination development is concerned, there requires a balanced approach by the authorities for economic benefits and the benefits to the environment. Where the concept of homestays is attaining is popularity among tourists, the realization for its contribution to economic development to the local population is also important along with keeping in view that these hospitality services are aligned with eco-friendly practices, thereby reflecting upon the sustained life of the Himalayan tourism. Hence, the present study was conducted to inspect the part of home stay practices in local socio-economic growth of people and to examine if these practices are aligned with environmental safety. The study has been conducted in various regions of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Sikkim. The study revealed a requirement for the awareness and increase in knowledge among the homestay authorities for adopting the sustainable hospitality practices in regular service operations along with considering its benefits for local economic development.
Shock Effects on Tourism Demand Cycles to Bali
Authors: Kurniawati Rina
Published: September 2022

Various kinds of shocks can influence tourism demand cycles. However, previous studies have typically concentrated within economic frameworks in explaining variations of tourism demand cycles, ignoring the possibility of different shocks influencing tourism demand cycles.  This paper analyses various shocks in explaining the variation of tourism demand cycles to Bali on different source market countries.  Monthly tourist arrivals data from January 2002 to January 2020 are decomposed into cyclical and irregular components. The cyclical patterns represent tourism demand cycles, and shock events are represented by irregular component patterns of international tourist arrivals data series.  This study employs an unobserved component model (UCM) procedure to decompose the data, unit root tests to examine data stationarity, and logistic regression to analyse the relationship between shock effects on tourism demand cycles. The unit root test result indicates that shock effects on tourism demand cycles are not permanent. However, the persistence and magnitude of shock effects vary between source market countries. Shock effects could be persistent and influence the negative phase of the cycles for several countries. The persistence and magnitude of shock effects are the highest for tourist arrivals from the United States, India, and Germany. The results provide theoretical and managerial implications.
Job Crafting, Performance, and the Mediating Role of Gratitude:
Authors: R Bala subramanian , Bhattacharya Subhajit , Thakur Munsih
Published: September 2022

Job crafting plays a key role in many aspects of the job. Providing support and autonomy to craft the job, makes the employees grateful and influences job related outcomes. We intended to examine the mediating role of gratitude on the relationship between job crafting and job performance. We surveyed the salesperson of tourism and hospitality organizations in India. Results showed that job crafting positively influences job performance mediated by the emotion of gratitude. Key theoretical and practical implications of our study are discussed followed by direction for future research.
The Impact of COVID-19 on Music Event Organizers Work Plan in Indonesia: A Case Study of Emvrio Production
Authors: Wahyuni Sari , Fahmi Safira Syahdani Guci , Taifur Natasha Radinda Putri , Anggraeni Andrea Kirana , Putri Hanni Hafsari
Published: September 2022

This study aims to analyze the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on changes in the work plan of music event organizers in Indonesia. This case study was conducted on Emvrio Production as we believe that Emvrio, as one of the music event organizers in Indonesia with various successful projects such as their Berdendang Bergoyang Festival, would most likely experience changes in their work plan amidst this Covid-19 pandemic. We conducted the case study by interviewing 6 members of Emvrio Production from various positions within the company.
Appraisal of Theoretical Interlinkages between Infrastructure, Services and Sustainable Tourism
Authors: WANI GOWHAR AHMAD
Published: September 2022

This paper explored conceptual replica of interlinkages between infrastructure, services and sustainable tourism. The major perception is to develop a conceptual replica and lay solid foundations for future research. Infrastructure problems have a wide-ranging impact on service delivery and quality assurance, increasing the problem of tourist destination sustainability. The sustainable infrastructure and services are crucial in putting sustainability practices in place. Destinations with poor infrastructure and services generate a slew of negative externalities that jeopardise their long-term viability. For methodology, the models and theories related to concepts described above are taken from standard data webs of Elsevier, J store, Taylor and Francis, Emerald, SAGE, ABDC journal papers, Springer, and MDPI. The theoretical framework confirms strong relations and recommends further scientific investigations. It is inferred that the better infrastructure and standard services could be beneficial for tourism stakeholders in ensuring the better operation of sustainable tourism at destinations. As a result, broad opportunities for empirical research are generally brought into the light to help researchers for further studies.
Analisa Kinerja PT Bakrie Sumatera Plantations Tbk Menggunakan Metode Economi Value Added
Authors: Surangga Bayu , Parinduri Luthfi , Sibuea Siti Rahma
Published: September 2022

Penelitian ini dilakukan bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisa pengukuran kinerja perusahan pada perusahaan PT. Bakrie Sumatera Plantation Tbk menggunakan metode EVA dengan cara meneliti pada sektor keuangan perusahaan pada periode laporan keuangan 2008 sampai 2019. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah pada IC, analisa biaya tertimbang (WACC), analisis NOPAT, dan analisis EVA. Hasil analisis kinerja keuangan perusahaan dengan menggunkan metode EVA, menunjukan bahwa kinerja perusahaan pada keuangan mengalamin fluktuasi. Penelitian pada kinerja perusahaan berdasarkan laporan laba rugi dan laporan neraca perusahaan dengan menggunakan metode EVA dalam 12 tahun terakhir pada PT. Bakrie Sumatera Plantation Tbk. Kineja perusahaan pada tahun 2008, 2011, 2014, 2015, 2016, dan 2019, belum dapat memberikan nilai tambah ekonomi karena nilai Capital Chargers lebih besar dari pada nilai NOPAT yang didapatkan maka nilai EVA mengalamin penurunan.
Analisa Kualitas Pelayanan menggunakan Metode Importance Performance Analysis
Authors: Siregar Muhammad Syafrizal Azmi
Published: September 2022

PT. Andiarta Muzizat adalah perusahaan ekspedisi pengiriman barang Logistik Forwarding. Pada dasarnya pelayanan mempunyai sasaran atau tujuan yang sederhana, yaitu memenuhi apa yang diharapkan oleh pelanggan sebagai pengguna jasa. Meskipun sasaran pelayanannya cukup sederhana, namun pelaksanaannya tidak semudah yang dikatakan karena untuk mencapai itu semua diperlukan pelayanan yang berkualitas. Begitu juga dengan PT. Andiarta Muzizat sebagai perusahaan jasa harus dapat memberikan pelayanan yang berkualitas kepada pelanggan, data Servqual telah dilakukan, kemudian data tersebut akan dianalisa untuk faktor-faktor penyebab kesenjangan antara kenyataan (Perceptation) dan Harapan (Expectation) serta perbaikan solusi yang dapat dilakukan. dijadikan sebagai acuan dalam meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan. Dari keempat kuadran tersebut, kuadran I merupakan kuadran yang menjadi fokus perbaikan dalam penelitian karena kuadran ini memiliki penilaian dengan tingkat harapan pelanggan yang tinggi namun kinerja perusahaan yang rendah
Health implications of witchcraft beliefs and practices in Uhehe: a historical pespective
Authors:   , Edward Frank
Published: September 2022

The study had one major concern which was to investigate the implications of witchcraft beliefs and practices on health in Uhehe from the late 19th century to the end of the 20th century. To achieve its goal, the study examined the context of witchcraft and health in Uhehe using the temporal approach, covering the period from the late 19th century to the present. The study integrates information from oral and written sources to understand witchcraft beliefs and practices in Uhehe and highlight its health implications. The study found out that during the late 19th century witchcraft was medicalized in the Hehe health seeking tradition. The consequences of witchcraft beliefs and practices on health were thus commonly identified as misfortunes and ill health, and were rationalized in the local cosmology and perceptions of health. During the colonial period, a new health seeking tradition – western medicine – was introduced in Uhehe by the colonial state and missionaries. The new comers perceived witchcraft as one of the remnants of uncivil cultural elements that had to be controlled and removed in modern societies using political and legal mechanisms. Consequently, the influence of witchcraft on health was understood from the viewpoint of western medicine. Medical syncretism, incomplete dosage in biomedical treatment and consolidation of witchcraft beliefs during times of ill health were some of consequences experienced in the colonial era. Some of the effects of witchcraft beliefs persisted long after the end of colonialism. The study concludes that witchcraft beliefs had impacted differently over time on people’s health and their health systems, as revealed by the case of Uhehe.
Editorial Notes
Authors: Lawi Yusufu
Published: September 2022

Our esteemed readers will recall that, in recent years, successive issues of this journal have typically featured four articles per issue. However, in a recent routine review the journal stakeholders recommended that the minimum number of articles per issue be increased to five. We are glad to report that we have taken that recommendation on board with immediate effect. The current issue therefore consists of five articles and a book review. The articles are notably diverse both thematically and in spatial scope. Readers will especially note that one of the articles included in this issue focuses on Mozambique, which is obviously outside of the journal’s geographical scope. The decision to include this article was based on its unambiguous relevance to the history of Tanzania, given that the theme it covers, that is, a cholera pandemic in northern colonial Mozambique, has historically been matter of public concern in colonial and post-colonial Tanzania. In addition, northern Mozambique as an ecological and cultural zone can hardly be distinguished from southern Tanzania.
A Comparative Analysis of Age-Set and Generation Sets in East Africa: Lesson for the Teaching of History in Tanzania
Authors: Magoti Iddy Ramadhani , Kochomay Samuel , Akotir Jackson
Published: September 2022

The article addresses a practical problem in the teaching of a particular sub-theme in Tanzania’s secondary school History syllabus, namely age-set systems in pre-colonial Tanzania. Based on their reading of the school syllabus, textbooks and other reference materials, the authors submit that the contents of this sub-theme are sometimes wrongly perceived and presented. According to the authors, the problem partly arises from confusions arising from failure to distinguish age-set systems from generation-set systems. Hence, the authors set out to examine how age-sets and generation-sets were formed, how they worked, and the extent to which they influenced socio-economic and political developments in societies where these systems existed. Drawing examples from Kuria, Kipsigis, Maasai, Pokot and Karamajong communities of East Africa, the authors conclude that there are notable errors in textbook sections that present these systems, and that there is no standard definition that fits the characteristics of these systems across all the ethnic groups in which the systems existed. They also argue that, contrary to what the textbooks say, age-set and generation-set systems are not post-colonial phenomena only, as they continued to exist and function in post-colonial societies.
The Government’s Interventions and Anti-famine Campaigns and Kalyongo Movement in Singida Region (1962-1985).
Authors: Sumbai Gasiano G.N.
Published: September 2022

The article discusses anti-famine measures taken by the post-colonial government of Tanzania and local people’s responses to the interventions, specifically in Singida District from 1962 to 1985. Framing his inquiry and analysis within the political economy and social constructionist theories, the author examines the variety of government policy and enforcement strategies applied on one hand, and local communities’ agency and creativity on the other. The empirical data for the article was gathered from archival sources and through in-depth oral interviews. The main argument running through the article is that, although the post-colonial government introduced new methods and strategies for enhancing food security in the district, in the final analysis it was the resilience of time-tested local communities’ practices that effectively allayed food insecurity threats in post-colonial Singida District.
The Historical Marginalisation of Small-holder Cotton Farmers in the Cotton Value Chain in Western Cotton Growing Area, Tanzania, c. 1920 to 1960
Authors: Seimu Somo M.L.
Published: September 2022

This article provides an historical account of small-holders’ cotton growing and marketing in an area of colonial Tanzania known as the Western Cotton Growing Area. Covering the period from 1920-1960, the article focuses on the colonial government’s efforts to promote cotton growing and marketing, which included establishment of relevant legislation and enforcement of such laws and related regulations. The article reveals that the colonial policies and legislation on cotton production and marketing favoured Indian merchants and facilitated exploitation of African producers. As a result, during the 1940s and 1950s the African producers formed associations that brought them together in the effort to pressurise the colonial administration to allow formation of Africans’ cotton marketing societies. This effort was supported by local chiefs, and in due course it resulted in remarkable achievements; such that by 1954 the societies were handling one-third of the total crop successfully. By 1960 they had established monopoly in the marketing of cotton in the entire area.
Burying, Unearthing and Archiving German Colonial Records in Tanganyika, 1914-1960s.
Authors: Kirey Reginald E.
Published: September 2022

The article is about the intricacies involved in the handling of government records, with particular reference to German colonial records in Mainland Tanzania during and after the First World War. It provides an account of how the Germans hid their official records before departing from their East African colony upon defeat by the allied forces, and how the records were eventually uncovered and used by both the British colonial regime and the post-colonial administration. The author explains the manner in which official records were handled during and after the War in terms of cultural symbolism, which ultimately contributed to the shaping of state power, collective memory and national identity. This explanation leads to the author’s main argument; that besides the direct and practical functions they are intended to serve, archival records also function as cultural objects which eventually contribute to the shaping of collective memory and national identity.
Liberation and Technology: Development Possibilities in Pursuing Technological Autonomy by Gussai Sheikheldin.
Authors: Edward Frank
Published: September 2022

With an introduction and six chapters, Sheikheldin’s Liberation and Technology has successfully ducked one of the limitations of technological determinism namely, the politically insensitive characteristic. He ducks this by suggesting that the global South nations should adopt state-driven adoption of technologies that suit their ecological conditions, fits their people and that reduce dependence on foreign technologies. One would say, he is calling for delinking from the global technical development as a way attaining social development to individual nations of the South. Such a proposition is not fundamentally novel. In the politics and history of social development, delinking is a paradigm that surfaced in the early postcolonial development practice in the South through the industrialization drive.
Disease, Science and Religiosity: A Case Study of Leprosy in German East Africa
Authors: Larson Lorne
Published: September 2022

Leprosy generated an intense amount of interest (and activity) in German East Africa in the immediate years before the First World War. It was an interest quite different from the economic and demographic considerations of most other diseases. This is not a judgement specific to this location. Across time, across diverse cultures, across the globe leprosy often functioned as a metaphor for wider concerns and metaphysically diverse discussions. When John Iliffe published The African Poor in 1989 he devoted a whole chapter to leprosy; no other disease received this preferential treatment in his book. Two years later Megan Vaughan used the same device in Curing Their Ills, a more focused study of illness and disease on the African continent. This essay is more specific. It traces the narrative thread of this disease from a specific metropolitan perspective in the German Reich down to actions at a territorial and district level in German East Africa. It looks at the diversity of responses in that space, including the differential involvement of Christian missionary societies. It considers the possibility that the proposals for expanded care of lepers arrived at a time when Roman Catholic nuns in particular were looking for a role that could fit their more restricted and cloistered status. It also looks at leprosy care in the parallel context of an increased African awareness of European bio-medicine, an acceptance that would have long-term consequences for the shape of medical care in Tanzania.
The 1891 Battle of Lugalo: An Initial Archaeological Investigation of the Hehe- German Battlefields in Iringa, Tanzania
Authors: Masele Frank
Published: September 2022

The 1891 battle of Lugalo in Tanzania is one of the many the Germans faced against the local people in their endeavour to impose colonial rule. The Hehe warriors under chief Mkwawa, mostly equipped with spears and shields, defeated the German forces with superior weaponry. The aftermath was bloody and costly based on the number of causalities sustained by both parties. Until recently, the battlefield has received no attention from archaeologists. This article presents results of the first archaeological survey. The battlefield is full of bullet cartridges linked to the fight. Over a dozen bullet cartridges were recovered. The assemblage provides an opportunity to broaden the understanding of the military engagement, and to clarify, validate, and reconcile the historical and oral accounts. The Mauser rifle, which so often gave military triumphs in Europeans’ warfare against Africans, was the main firearm used by the German forces. The interpretation is supported by a large number of fired Mauser cartridges. The paper also provides recommendations and directions for future research.
“Drinking too much, they can’t Work”: The Settlers, the Hehe Work Discipline and Environmental Conservation in Mufindi, Tanzania, 1920-1960
Authors: Kangalawe Hezron
Published: September 2022

The colonial state’s relation with the settlers and with plantation owners in Tanganyika was largely precarious. This article uses the Mufindi area to navigate the contrasting views of the settlers and the colonial state on poor response of the black labourers to work and ‘poor environmental management’ amidst increasing number of ‘natives’ between 1920 and 1960. The available data indicates that the colonial state remained a settlers’ broker in securing farming land while acting as the guardian of the natives’ interests of land ownership. As such, state responses exhibited a high degree of pragmatism. In Mufindi area of Iringa district, German settlers specialized in tea farming while British nationals were engaged in wheat production in the Sao Hill. The settlers, despite their numerical inferiority, pressed hard the government to grant them more land and create policies to compel Africans to work on their farms. Building on primary and secondary sources, this article adds to the existing historiography on colonial agriculture by analyzing the settler complaints over labourers’ low work discipline in previously unexplored area of Mufindi.
Opposition and Survival Strategies of African Independent Churches in Mbeya, Tanzania, 1960s– 2000s
Authors: Jackson Ashura
Published: September 2022

This paper focuses on the opposition to, and survival strategies of, African Independent Churches (AICs), which emerged in Mbeya region in the 1920s. These churches were against historical churches and colonialism because historical churches would not incorporate African traditional beliefs in Christianity and the colonial government exploited Africans, which led to the AICs experiencing opposition, resulting in their decline in other places in Tanzania. In Mbeya, AICs remained and continued to flourish in the post-colonial period, contrary to people’s expectations, which prompted the researchers to carry out this study, drawing on oral interviews, archival documents and secondary sources. This article examines the opposition to the growth of AICs and their various strategies for surviving the opposition. It argues that post-colonial opposition emerged from different spiritual doctrines, the disturbance to historical churches’ economy, the failure to abide by government laws and the lack of direct impact on the community in areas with established AICs. Regardless of the opposition, AICs spread their teaching intensively, which comprised giving people the opportunity to overcome some psychological problems; combining faith and culture; and women being given opportunities in the churches that operated independently. Hence, AICs flourished in Mbeya and Christianity kept on growing.
Exploitation Paradox: Sao-Hill Forest Plantation and the Indigenous Community Livelihoods in Mufindi, Tanzania, 1970s to 2010.
Authors: Kifyasi Andrea Azizi
Published: September 2022

This paper discloses the fundamental paradox of independent African states, which promised to be pro- “poor” (wanyonge), consultative, and consensual – the reality of centralised, bureaucratic and disciplinarian governance committed to communities’ livelihoods. It shows that nationalistic goals of using surrounding resources to improve peoples’ wellbeing, fronted by political elites in most independent African countries, were hardly realised. Indeed, numerous development projects launched to mitigate economic and social hurdles that faced the people aroused great expectations. Yet, the failure of the projects to improve peoples’ livelihoods resulted in great despair. The paper uses Sao-Hill Forest Plantation, which was among state development projects espoused by the Tanzanian government soon after independence, to illuminate the ways in which local communities’ expectations turned to desperation. It shows that, prior to the establishment and expansion of the plantation, the government assured the surrounding communities of social and economic benefits. However, the study reveals that the indigenous communities marginally benefitted from the yields of the plantation. Communities’ weak bargaining power and lack of political will were behind the despair. The paper integrates archival, oral, and secondary sources to contribute knowledge to studies examining resources and the wellbeing of the adjacent communities.
Cholera: The Victorian Plague
Authors: Edward Frank
Published: September 2022

The Victorian Britain was swept by five cholera epidemics which led to evolution of sanitary culture that was punctuated by sanitary reforms and engineering. The epidemic made social, political and spatial relations to change. It also led to the emergence of a concept ‘sanitary city’ in the urban planning, a concept that circulated to other parts of the world. Victorian ideas were on the move. Many works on cholera epidemics and sanitary cities discuss mainly about the contributions of few actors, particularly Sir Edwin Chadwick, the main sanitation infrastructures and about a select of cholera epidemics that the swept across towns and cities during the Victorian era. On the contrary, the monograph by a historian Amanda J. Thomas sets out a novel departure by examining all five epidemics and explaining how knowledge and experience of each epidemic drew many actors as well as a series of interventions. It weaves together the social and epidemiological histories of cholera; biographical contributions of key Victorian figures particularly Sir Joseph Bazalgette, Dr. John Snow and William Farr; social history of urban poverty; and the critical accounts that portray reactions of people in the times of epidemics.
IPTV Standards of Professional Practice in the Age of Digitization
Authors: Al-Qabbani Enas Abdel Hafez
Published: September 2022

After the tremendous development that occurred in the transmission of news and events through television channels, by adopting (IPTV), which works directly on directing the data unit over the Internet instead of transmitting it through analog broadcasting, this development opened the way for content to be broadcast and received as soon as the Internet was available, and a device Newly innovative, which in turn led to increased competition in the speed of news broadcasting with lower costs than before.These modern features in satellite channels imposed on the caller or the gatekeeper additional standards in addition to the traditional media standards. The speed and high ability to transmit visual and audio information added to the responsibilities of the TV star (newscaster, program presenter, news reporter) new burdens, including ethical ones. Within the ethics of practicing the profession, which consists in deliberating and scrutinizing the news before putting it before the eyes and ears of the recipients, as well as other burdens that pertain to the professionalism of media work.The research problem was rooting to make the developments in the digital field supportive of the speed of performance in media work and the accuracy of the news.The aim of the research is to prove that digital development does not call for a decrease in the level of professional media work, but rather to upgrade it, and to engage in honest competition between satellite channels.The research tagged (IPTV Standards of Professional Practice in the Age of Digitization) was divided into five sections. In the first topic, we deal with the methodological framework for research, in the second topic, the basics of IPTV work, and in the third section presenting the added standards in media work after the development in the means of communication, while in the fourth topic The impact of the development of electronic digitization on media work and the outcome of the content analysis study are explained. The fifth section presents the results, conclusions and recommendations.
The use of social networks in e-marketing
Authors: Najeeb Saham Hazem , Hanna Rasha Duraid
Published: September 2022

The research aims to provide a theoretical and applied framework to know the relationship and influence between social networks and e-marketing. The research contributes to raising awareness among organizations about the importance of e-marketing in organizations as an important tool in facing challenges and variables and as a lever for development in addition to the importance of social networks in marketing. It enables organizations to reach the stage of excellence in light of the complexity of global data and the intensity of competition among them. A questionnaire was relied on to collect data for a sample of (50) employees in Carrefour Company, Erbil branch, and the research hypotheses were tested using the SPSS statistical program statistics and results indications. There is a correlation and a significant effect between social networks and electronic marketing. The conclusions and proposals of the research were formulated in a way that enables the researched organization to keep pace with the rapid developments.
The reality of e-learning and its impact on education in Iraq
Authors: Moataz AlDabbas Hadeel , Jabbar Ahmed Younes
Published: September 2022

E-education and training has become a feature of the present era characterized by rapid change and work to benefit from the applications of digital technology (electronic) in all areas of life. Especially after the outbreak of the (Corvid 19) epidemic recently. This research aims to assess the impact of e-learning on student satisfaction and commitment to the College of Business and Economics at the University of Baghdad. Where the descriptive analytical approach was applied, the primary data was collected based on a questionnaire designed for this purpose, and the five-step LIKERT scale was adopted in analyzing the data related to the subject of the electronic study.
The data was analyzed using the statistical group (SPSS PC), where the correlation coefficient, mean, and standard deviation are calculated at a confidence level (0.95), and a standard deviation at a level (0.05). The Internet, which is now remarkably available, where the results of the overall evaluation among the variables appeared with an arithmetic mean (72%) and a standard deviation (3%).
 The results confirm the need to expand e-learning at all educational levels, which requires more government and local support; To achieve: quality, speed and ease, low expenditure, and taking into account the conditions of people with special circumstances and needs. The results confirm the need to expand e-learning at all educational levels. This requires more government and local support; To achieve: quality, speed and ease, low expenditure, and taking into account the conditions of people with special circumstances and needs.
Crypto Currencies (challenges, risks, and ways to confront)
Authors: Abbas Iman Kazem , Khader Nagm Hamid Abdel
Published: September 2022

This study mainly aims to clarify the concept of virtual currencies (encrypted) mainly and the extent to which they are related to the rest of the other digital currencies, as technological progress and the resulting innovations have contributed to bringing about radical changes with regard to the way the institutional unit manages its business and provides its services, the most prominent of which is related to the emergence of  Encrypted virtual currencies, as Bitcoin is one of the most widespread and famous globally, in addition to the severe fluctuations in its currency and the presence of many risks associated with it.  However, it has gained the confidence of its dealers within the global Internet due to its ability to benefit from financial services closely related to it easily and smoothly through the electronic platforms available on the Internet, which encouraged some institutions around the world to deal with it and accept it as a means of payment.  Therefore, this study will review and analyze the benefits and advantages of cryptocurrencies, in addition to diagnosing the challenges and risks, and what these digital currencies require in all their forms and types of appropriate infrastructure for their adoption and application, because of their direct impact on the level of the financial and banking industry, especially the payment sector and money transfer through systems  Advanced payment and settlement.  Therefore, it is necessary to focus on tracking developments in these currencies and analyzing the results of combining information technology and policy analysis with the aim of diagnosing their potential effects on payments and monetary policies, as well as financial services, targeting financial stability, and adopting the necessary measures to deal with these currencies and their effects
The Internet and Its Role in the Acquisition of the Scientific Knowledge
Authors: Al Hamid Barzan Muiser , Hamad Abdul Rahman Ibrahim
Published: September 2022

Internet is one of the most important sources of information, knowledge and culture, through which the student, professor, researcher, technician, media, political, economic, social reformer, artist, and all official and civil institutions interact. It is an important tool for written, visual and audio communication, and the different spectrums of human society have gathered in different locations to issue their ideas and culture, which proves the sincerity of the scientifically known name of the World Wide Web. The contemplator on the nature of the work of (the spider) realizes that this small animal weaves its fine threads in a geometric shape that extends from the center to the rest of the walls to prey on insects, flies and mosquitoes so that it picks up prey from any location it wants according to the way God Almighty deposited his secrets in it and has affairs in his creation.
    The nature of the study necessitated that we divide it into three sections preceded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion and recommendations. While the second topic dealt with: the human relationship with the various uses of the Internet. The third and final topic was devoted to talking about the advantages and disadvantages of the Internet. Then we strengthened the end of the research with the most prominent results and recommendations. By referring to the references and articles related to the subject of the study.
Extraordinary Patent License
Authors: Khader Basem Mohamed
Published: September 2022

Moral rights represent a middle stage between personal rights and rights in rem, as they take some of the characteristics of these and those, and can not be considered absolutely within any of these groups, and these rights constitute a group of elements represented by innovations and other industrial and commercial rights, such as patents, industrial models and marks What separates these rights and rights in kind is that they do not remain monopolized by their owner throughout the period of legal protection assigned to them. Rather, the essence of these rights is to benefit others from them despite the fact that their ownership remains at the disposal of the owner, as the law imposes on the owner of the patent to grant the license to others. By benefiting from the invention within a certain period of granting the patent for the purpose of the public interest. If he refuses to license with consent, the legislator intervenes by granting a license against his will and with the knowledge of the public authority in order to achieve the interest of the group, all without prejudice to the rights of the patent owner in terms of ownership and in return for that license within a certain period of time Under the so-called exceptional license patent.
Fatwa Controls on Social Networking Sites
Authors: Makhlaf Taha Hammad , Mahmoud Rehab Nazir
Published: September 2022

Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, and prayers and peace be upon our Prophet Muhammad, his pure family, his good companions, and those who followed them in goodness until the Day of Judgment and after:It is well known that the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, reached what was revealed to him from his Lord, so he used to teach the noble Companions, may God be pleased with them, the rulings, and the Companions sometimes asked him about the ruling on an issue and he gave them fatwas. .