bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the Effects of Teaching Germ Theory on Changes in Hygiene Behaviors, Cleanliness, and Diarrheal Incidence in Rural Bangladesh
Authors: Ahmed Nasar U. , Zeitlin Marian F.
Published: May 2005

Germ theory was taught as part of a hygiene intervention in five villages in Bangladesh in which 87 percent of mothers were illiterate. Volunteer mothers taught other community mothers interactively in small groups using demonstration and teaching aids developed by a community working group. At final measurement 91 percent of mothers could explain five simple messages defining germ theory. Using germ theory in groups they identified forty high risk day-to-day practices and modified them to reduce diarrheal transmission. They adopted these new hygiene practices at rates ranging from 65 percent to 100 percent. Regression analysis suggests that understanding of germ theory was an important determinant of hygiene practices, cleanliness, and reduction in diarrheal incidence. Understanding of germ theory appeared to reduce diarrheal incidence not only through the interventions designed by the project but also changing perceptions of risk in the environment which led to spontaneous improvement in hygiene behaviors. We believe that accurate understanding of causes, transmission, and prevention of disease can 1) empower community and individual actions; and 2) contribute significantly to the impact of hygiene interventions. Therefore, it may be imperative to integrate teaching germ theory into community health education.
General Practice Present and Future in the United Kingdom and Europe
Authors: Smith A.
Published: May 2005

The present state and historical background of general practice in the United Kingdom, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, France, Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia are examined in this paper. It is noted that morale and recruitment vary considerably in different countries and in different parts of the same country, and attention is drawn to experiments, trends, and developments which seem likely to make general practice more viable. The essential need is to attract young physicians into this branch of medicine; the central role of education, before entry to medical school as well as at the undergraduate and vocational or specialist level, is emphasized. Other important factors are conditions of work and status within the profession.
Dietary Responses to Mid-Holocene Climatic Change
Authors: Sheehan Michael S.
Published: May 2005

Faunal assemblages from Paleoindian, Early Archaic, and Middle Archaic sites are compared to evaluate changes in diet related to hot and dry Altithermal conditions in the North American Great Plains. Successful completion of this comparison requires that site function and seasonality be controlled. These criteria place serious restrictions on the number of site assemblages suitable for analysis, consequently the site sample is relatively limited. Notwithstanding the limited sample, provocative results are obtained. Preliminary statistical analysis suggests significant changes in diet breadth associated with increased emphasis on medium-sized terrestrial fauna and nonmammalian fauna such as fish, amphibians, and birds during the Altithermal. Although these results are based on a limited sample of sites, and must therefore be regarded as preliminary, they do suggest that hunter-gatherer responses to major climatic shifts may be accomplished by minor adjustments in faunal resource use.
Encountering the Dead Body: Experiences of Medical Students in their Anatomy, and Pathology Training
Authors: Sanner Margareta A.
Published: May 2005

With the aim to deepen the understanding of reactions to procedures involving the dead body, medical students were interviewed after their anatomy and pathology training. The intensity of their reactions was estimated, and their attitudes toward having anatomic dissection, autopsy, and organ taking performed on themselves were explored. In the qualitative analysis, the material was integrated into themes and interpreted in terms of why the students reacted the way they did. Five themes emerged: 1) unlimited empathy, 2) the horrifying dead, 3) contra-instinctivity, 4) the superstructure of reverence, 5) and philosophy of life. They emanate from socio-cultural, psychological, and biological components, intertwined in an intricate interplay. Thus, the students' encounter with a cadaver became loaded because of these deeply rooted emotions. However, some of these reactions are of transient character, fading when more cognitively based processes start working. We must expect that the public's attitudes are influenced by the same components.
The Dexamethasone Suppression and Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Tests and Response to Treatment in Unipolar Depression
Authors: Extein Irl , Kirstein Larry S. , Pottash A.L.C. , Gold Mark S.
Published: May 2005

We examined retrospectively the response to tricyclic antidepressants and/or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in twenty-seven inpatients with major depressive disorder, primary unipolar subtype who had a thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) test and dexamethasone suppression test (DST) prior to treatment. Thirteen failed to suppress on the DST and had a blunted thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) response to TRH; nine had one test abnormality; and five had neither abnormality. Physicians selected ECT for patients with abnormalities on both tests significantly more frequently than for patients with one or neither test abnormalities. Fourteen of nineteen tricyclic trials and nine of ten courses of ECT resulted in unequivocally positive clinical response. There were no statistically significant relationships between tricyclic response and either test abnormality.
Imagery Training: A Workshop Model
Authors: Tower Roni Beth
Published: May 2005

A two-hour workshop designed to acquaint participants with the range, individuality, controllability, responsiveness and sources of their imagery is described. Attention is paid to both process and content dimensions of the workshop. Relationships between imagery, imagination and creativity are described and exercises selected to sequentially and specifically illustrate these principles are detailed. In addition, several aspects of the emotional impact of information variables are considered and imagery is used to both illuminate them and demonstrate their manipulation.
From Eulogy to Announcement: Death Notices in the Jewish Press since the Late Eighteenth Century
Authors: Roniger Luis
Published: May 2005

Qualitative and quantitative research into the Jewish press in Hebrew, Yiddish, Ladino, French, German, and English is used to trace major steps in the transformation of styles of public notice of death in modern Jewish communities, and discuss its significance in both reflecting and shaping important aspects of contemporary Jewish life.
Redefining Addiction I. Making Addiction a Scientifically and Socially Useful Concept
Authors: Peele Stanton
Published: May 2005

Addiction is both a more complex-and a more common-phenomenon than either medical personnel or laymen have realized. It is impossible to link addiction as a medical syndrome to any one drug or family of drugs, or to trace it to a specific biological mechanism. As scientists have uncovered more data leading to these conclusions, they have turned away from employing the term “addiction.” Yet many drug researchers and workers in the helping professions continue to make incorrect assumptions about both addiction and drug use. In this paper the author attempts to broaden the applicability of the addiction concept in order to give it meaning. With this broader approach, we find that many involvements that people become engaged in follow the pattern of addiction, while some involvements with supposedly addictive drugs do not follow this pattern. The addiction cycle is explored by means of the following psychological definition: An addiction is any compulsive activity or involvement which decreases a person's ability to deal with other aspects of his life to the point where that activity or involvement comprises the dominant source of emotional reinforcement and identity for the person.
Educational Software—It isn't Always
Authors: Dalal Nikunj P. , Haworth Dwight A. , Davis Michael A. , Fowler David G. , Randolph Jon T.
Published: May 2005

It is commonly assumed that well-designed instructional software for problem-solving will be effective in promoting learning. Unfortunately, many computer-aided instructional systems have fallen short of this goal. This article describes a laboratory study to investigate this issue of effectiveness in the case of a problem-solving tool that was designed to assist students in solving non-linear optimization problems. It is shown that manual procedures resulted in greater learning than with the use of the computer-based tool. Implications of these experimental results are discussed, and it is concluded that empirical testing of instructional software is required before adoption for classroom use.
An Historical Introduction to Ideas about Voluntary Euthanasia: With a Bibliographic Survey and Guide for Interdisciplinary Studies
Authors: Gruman Gerald J.
Published: May 2005

This interdisciplinary study defines voluntary euthanasia re transcendent values, and uses a “self-death” concept linking ideas about suicide and euthanasia. Attitudes and beliefs are discussed in detail along an historical perspective, Gothic to present day, and a bibliography is provided for interdisciplinary studies.

Since 1945, existentialism has defied death taboos to restate the tragic plight of the individual. Social and clinical changes that isolate and demoralize patients are challenging the biomedical revolution. Additionally, neoorthodox, Catholic humanist, New Left and counterculture ideologies are providing bases for current discussion of euthanasia reform.
Applications of Satellite Technology to the System of Global Education
Authors: Helvey T. Charles , Ordway Frederick I. , Smith Delbert D. , Christensen David L.
Published: May 2005

In the wake of skyrocketing advancements of information and communication technology, new avenues open up to broaden the scope of education. The utilization of space technology for regional and eventually global education has begun. The paper surveys the merits of the global dissemination of information by satellites and lists the attempts made so far.
Introduction to the Theme: Women and Health
Authors: Ziem Grace
Published: May 2005

This issue of the Journal is concerned with health and the delivery of health services as these relate to the needs and demands of women, both as providers and as users of those services. We have sought to develop an historical and critical analysis of social relations in the provision of services and of the material and ideological forces by which those relations were created and are maintained. Our thrust has been that the role of women must be viewed within the larger context of social relations and ideology and the broader social forces which have produced them.
Clear and Complete Presentation of Air Sampling Data
Authors: Senn Eileen
Published: May 2005

One important area in which change and improvement is needed in industrial hygiene practice is in the presentation of air sampling data. Many types of people rely on such industrial hygiene data when dealing with chemical exposures. Yet there is presently no standard of good practice among industrial hygienists and data is now presented in many different formats. Tables of data, many of which invite misinterpretation, are common. Adoption of the suggested report elements and tabular format presented here will help to establish a standard of good practice in the presentation of industrial hygiene sampling data.
Educational Technology and the Future
Authors: Bork Alfred
Published: May 2005

The computer, and such associated devices as the optical videodisc, is at present little used in the learning process. But this use is extremely likely to increase rapidly in the future. There will be important implications to those interested in learning. The present paper outlines some of those implications.
Sugar and Spice and Everything Nice: Health Effects of the Sexual Division of Labor among Train Cleaners
Authors: Messing Karen , Doniol-Shaw Ghislaine , Haëntjens Chantal
Published: May 2005

Attempts have been made to justify the sexual division of labor by referring to women's relative physical weakness, lack of technical competence, and dislike for dirty work. An analysis of the work activity of train cleaners in France showed a rigid sexual division of labor, in which the task of toilet cleaning was exclusively assigned to women. Interviews and observations revealed a number of physical constraints associated with the work, and particularly with toilet cleaning. Women employees suffered from many musculoskeletal problems and were frequently absent from work. Toilet cleaning involved traveling distances of over 20 kilometers per day and maintaining uncomfortable postures. Twenty-five percent of time during the actual cleaning was spent in a crouched position. The work was complex, involving a number of choices and decisions, as well as requiring a variety of techniques adapted to the differences in the nature and location of soil. This “women's job” was dirty and physically demanding, and required technical skill. Among train cleaners, the inability to rotate jobs due to sex-typed job assignment may be associated with specific health and safety risks for both sexes.
Training School Counselors in Substance Abuse Risk Reduction Techniques for Use with Children and Adolescents
Authors: McClanahan Kimberly K. , McLaughlin Robert J. , Loos Victor E. , Holcomb J. David , Gibbins Ann D. , Smith Quentin W.
Published: May 2005

A training project prepared school counselors for expanded roles in the prevention, early detection, and appropriate referral of students at high risk of substance abuse. The project trained middle and high school counselors to work as facilitators of support groups for students at greatest risk for substance abuse; the results were: 1) greater perceived self-efficacy, comfort, confidence, and competence by counselors as a result of Initial, Experiential, and Concurrent training, and 2) improved ability to use group counseling techniques as a result of training.
Aids is … Reflections on the Australian Research Response to the HIV and Aids Epidemics
Authors: Smith Anthony M. A.
Published: May 2005

Drawing on institutional history, biography, and interviews with key informants from the range of academic disciplines that have contributed to the Australian response to the HIV and AIDS epidemics, this article provides critical insights into the factors that have shaped the Australian research response. The author demonstrates conflicts between disciplines that are rooted in epistemological differences. While the conflicts and tensions are often expressed in terms of access to resources, the disputes are grounded in the relative power of academic disciplines, most particularly the preeminence of biomedicine, and are related to the weight attributed to the various knowledge claims of those disciplines.
Psychic Akinesia following Bilateral Pallidal Lesions
Authors: Starkstein Sergio E. , Berthier Marcelo L. , Leiguarda Ramon
Published: May 2005

After suffering a carbon monoxide intoxication, a thirty-nine-year-old patient presented a marked behavioral change, with a severe anterograde and retrograde amnesia, extreme placidity, bulimia, and hypersexuality. This picture lasted for twenty days. Placidity and anterograde amnesia persisted, while marked psychic akinesia and abnormal involuntary movements soon appeared. A CT scan disclosed bilateral low density lesions involving the pallidum. The patient showed marked improvement after treatment with bromocriptine.
Restructuring Hospital Nursing: Reversing the Trend toward a Professional Work Force
Authors: Brannon Robert L.
Published: May 2005

Registered nurses are currently threatened by a new managerial strategy to restructure work on hospital wards through the implementation of “Continuous Quality Improvement” and the “downsizing” of the professional work force. The strategy reintroduces nonprofessional and unlicensed nursing personnel in a manner that may displace large numbers of registered nurses (RNs) and affect patient care adversely. Ironically, not only is this change being implemented principally to reduce hospital costs rather than to improve quality, it reverses the cost-containment strategy implemented in the 1980s when hospitals displaced nonprofessional nursing workers and moved toward a professional work force. In this article, the author reviews the prior shift from “team nursing” with a stratified work force that included licensed practical nurses and nurses' aides to “primary nursing” and the trend toward all-RN staffing, and explains how this trend contributed to the present effort to reverse the process. The author then discusses current work redesign methods that have been adapted from traditional industrial applications to destroy work jurisdictions and further rationalize hospital production through the downsizing of the professional work force and the creation of cross-trained workers in a new team-based management approach. The article concludes by discussing nursing's response to corporate-imposed work restructuring and the significance of these changes.
A CAI Approach to Teaching an Office Technology Course
Authors: D'Souza Patricia Veasey
Published: May 2005

Computerized instruction has already affected our accepted notions of “teaching” to a considerable extent, and is certain to have increasing influence in the future. As we cultivate computerized technology into our educational systems, care must be taken to insure that these new computerized methods are in accordance with our hard-earned knowledge concerning teaching and learning. This study investigates the difference between Computer-assisted Instruction (CAI) and the more traditional lecture instruction in teaching an office technology course. Results using t-tests indicated that students in the CAI group performed better on achievement tests than those students in the lecture group. There was also a significant positive change in students' attitudes toward CAI.
The Concept of Death—“Masculine” and “Feminine” Attributes
Authors: Weller Aron , Florian Victor , Tenenbaum Rivka
Published: May 2005

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the concept of death by means of “masculine” and “feminine” characteristics attributed to it. One hundred forty-two female and male Jewish Israeli college students completed a sex role inventory and were requested to attribute the sex traits to their concept of death. Analysis of the results indicated that death is perceived more in “masculine” than in “feminine” terms, especially by the female respondents. No particular sex role type was especially attributed to death by the entire sample or by each gender separately. The possible implications of the findings for understanding the concept of death and its importance for clinical practice are discussed.
The Debate in Africa
Authors: King Maurice H.
Published: May 2005

The comparative emptiness of Africa in relation to so many other parts of the developing world makes it difficult both for the administrator and the public to see the demographic advantages of a slower rate of population increase. This difficulty is accentuated by tensions among the tribes within a country, and by the racial tensions in the continent as a whole. Political difficulties are compounded by personal ones and there are deep psychologic impediments to family limitation. Although traditional methods of family planning are common in many tribes, there is much resistance to the modern methods that attempt to replace them. Yet even if the economic arguments for family limitation are not widely understood, progress has been made and family planning is slowly coming to be more widely accepted. Still, ominous portents for the future can already be seen. The recent bloodshed in Rwanda, on a scale which has had too little international publicity, seems to have been at least partly due to the pressure of people on land. This is a warning of what the continent can expect if her countries do not make good use of the time that most of them still have to implement rational population policies.
The Effects of Three Instructional Treatments on Pain Magnitude and Pain Tolerance: Implications for Theories of Hypnotic Analgesia
Authors: Spanos Nicholas P. , Ollerhead Virginia Gail , Gwynn Maxwell I.
Published: May 2005

Between baseline and posttesting on the cold pressor test, subjects were assigned to four treatments: a) hypnotic analgesia, b) brief instructions to “Do whatever you can to reduce pain,” c) stress innoculation, and c) no instruction control. Participants in the three instructional treatments showed significantly greater baseline to posttest decrements in pain magnitude and significantly greater increments in pain tolerance than controls. However, the instructional treatments did not differ significantly from one another in these regards. Pretested hypnotic susceptibility correlated significantly with degree of pain reduction in the hypnotic analgesia treatment but not in the “Do whatever” or stress innoculation treatments. Theoretical implications are discussed.
Comparison of Younger and Older Spouses in Bereavement Outcome
Authors: Sanders Catherine M.
Published: May 2005

Forty-five bereaved spouses were interviewed shortly after the death and again eighteen months later. The Grief Experience Inventory and MMPI were administered at both interviews, responses being subsequently divided into two age categories, sixty-five years and older and sixty-three years and younger. Matched controls were utilized. Younger spouses initially manifested greater grief intensities but at eighteen months a reverse trend was noted; older spouses showed exacerbated grief reactions. While denial seemed to operate as a defense against their anxiety, nevertheless elevations on the Social Isolation, Depersonalization, Death Anxiety, and Loss of Vigor scales of the GEI for older spouses point to the debilitating effects of loneliness and fear for one's personal safety. Maslow's needs hierarchy was used to explain the two levels of motivation seen among younger and older spouses.
The Medical Detection of Simulated Occupational Injuries: A Historical and Social Analysis
Authors: Dembe Allard E.
Published: May 2005

Occupational malingering is often thought to involve the deliberate feigning of disease by workers seeking undeserved financial gain. Concern about this form of malingering grew in the late 19th century as a result of the emergence of the new industrial economy and the institution of workers' compensation insurance. Medical judgments about the simulation of work injuries have placed physicians in a crossfire between the interests of employers and workers in numerous medicolegal debates. Because of uncertainty about the true cause of many occupational disorders and the highly charged social environment in which medical opinions are rendered, physicians' views about malingering are often swayed by cultural, political, and economic forces. The historical record shows that a medical diagnosis of occupational malingering can reflect deep-seated cultural and social biases toward women, Jews, immigrants, and other groups representing a potential threat to the privileged social class. Current efforts to eliminate fraudulent workers' compensation claims must be sensitive to the inherent ambiguities in the medical determination of work-relatedness and the potential for judgments about simulated work injuries to conceal deep-seated social biases and class prejudices.
Effective Group Work to Enhance Student Achievement and Pro-Social Behaviors in a Computer-Based Science Learning Environment
Authors: Yu Fu-Yun
Published: May 2005

Different ways of structuring learning tasks and situations lead to different interaction patterns and cognitive outcomes among students. The present study examined the instructional effects of two grouping methods, specifically, cooperation with or without inter-group competition, on student academic achievement and pro-social behaviors in a computer-based science learning environment in Taiwan. The results indicated that the external contingency imposed upon by inter-group competition was not helpful in inducing pro-social behaviors within the learning groups and that inter-group competition tended to inhibit socially responsive behaviors among the learning groups through the inter-group tensions that inter-group competition inevitably generated. Furthermore, the non-significant results on achievement yielded from the present study supported the assertions that it was unnecessary to have inter-group competition built under a cooperative learning environment so as to actualize the cognitive benefits of cooperative learning.
Instructor-Controlled versus Student-Controlled Training in a Videodisc-Based Paramedical Program
Authors: Balson Paul M. , Manning D. Thompson , Ebner Donald G. , Brooks Franklin R.
Published: May 2005

An experiment was undertaken as part of an ongoing effort to elucidate the full range of advantages and disadvantages of videodisc-based programs for training military paramedics. Instructor-controlled and student-controlled videodiscs groups were compared to each other and to a group of control students taught by traditional methods on the task of learning to administer an intramuscular injection. This task was chosen because historically it had the highest failure rate of any taught to the students. Results indicated that the objective was met of reducing instructional time with no loss in achievement; the instructor-controlled group actually saved the equivalent of one class period. Results also showed high user satisfaction with videodisc instruction.
Sexism and Racism in the American Health Care Industry: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Weaver Jerry L. , Garrett Sharon D.
Published: May 2005

By drawing on a wide range of material, a picture emerges of extensive abuse, discrimination, and exploitation of women and ethnic minorities at the hands of the American health industry. The numbers of minorities and women in professional schools and among the “elite” strata of the industry remain disproportionately low. As patients, they receive often inferior, insensitive treatment. Overall, there is a remarkable similarity in the situation of women and minorities, a condition which reflects the pervasiveness of racism and sexism in American institutions and ideologies.
A Study of Possible Prehistoric Wild Rice Gathering on Lake of the Woods, Ontario
Authors: Rajnovich Grace
Published: May 2005

Archaeological surveys of Lake of the Woods have located about 200 prehistoric sites including Palaeo, Archaic, Middle Woodland (Laurel) and Late Woodland (Blackduck and Selkirk) components. None have contained direct evidence of wild rice usage prehistorically, but this may be due to the archaeological record rather than a real reflection of non-use of wild rice. This article presents a discussion of the palynological record of the area to determine the advent of wild rice and a settlement pattern study of Middle and Late Woodland components in relationship to known wild rice stands. Both Middle and Late Woodland components tend to cluster around wild rice stands. This factor, along with the palynological record, leads to the hypothesis that wild rice was gathered as early as the Middle Woodland period on Lake of the Woods.
Death and Bereavement: The Role of the Black Church
Authors: Masamba Jean , Kalish Richard A.
Published: May 2005

The role of the Black Church in death and bereavement is explored by a Black African clergyman-pastoral psychologist and an American social psychologist. As expressed in Black spirituals, major death themes include death as a symbol for liberation, as an integral part of life, as the basis for fear, as cessation of this life but not extinction of all life, and as social extinction. Case history material is also cited. Description and analysis of Black funerals suggests that grief work is facilitated by the relatively free expression of feelings.
Social Health Insurance in the Six Countries of the European Economic Community
Authors: Van Langendonck J.
Published: May 2005

The possibility of harmonizing health insurance, the most important and most controversial sector of social security, is analyzed in this article. Harmonization of economic and social systems is a major objective of the European Economic Community. Social security is an important aspect of this policy, and extensive developments in social welfare have been made in these countries. Tracing a common pattern of social health insurance in the six countries by a comprehensive comparison of the systems was an original objective of this study. It proved, however, that no common pattern existed. The “European model” of health insurance did not appear. On all points remarkable differences in the various national systems can be found. A different approach in the second part of the study produced better results. A historical comparison of the various systems showed the existence of very important convergent trends, tending toward a common model of health insurance for the future.
Illness Behavior in Guineaworm Disease
Authors: Ramakrishna Jayashree , Brieger William R. , Adeniyi Joshua D. , Kale Oladele O.
Published: May 2005

Guineaworm, a waterborne helminthic disease, affects a large portion of the population in Idere, Nigeria. Although preventive health education interventions are experiencing success, it is slow due to the low economic status of the community. In the meantime people suffer and seek treatment. The decision-making process during illness with guineaworm does not fit neatly into individual psychosocial theoretical models. Concepts of the disease and potential remedies are strongly influenced by the local culture. In the process of studying these cultural influences, suggestions for new models have arisen. These suggest a mediating role for health education between traditional and Western scientific viewpoints in promoting efficacious illness behavior in endemic tropical diseases.
The Secret Health Care System: Guatemala 1988
Authors: Watnick Murray , Winder Alvin E.
Published: May 2005

There is currently widespread use of health care by undemocratic governments in an effort to control elements of their populations. A number of recently published articles have dealt with this problem. What has not been widely reported is the peoples' response to this situation. This article relates the response of the people of Guatemala and addresses those conditions in Guatemala that reflect the health needs of the people and the government's measures to meet and use these needs for political and military ends. The peoples' response, namely the creation of a clandestine health care system based on the secret training and practice of village health workers is presented. The data were obtained by personal observations, interviews and accounts from recently published periodicals.
Evaluation of a Hospice Volunteer Training Program
Authors: Wilkinson H. Jean , Wilkinson John W.
Published: May 2005

Hospice patient/family volunteers responded to personality questionnaires–Trait Anxiety Scale, Internal-External Control Scale, Mehrabian and Epstein Empathy Scale–prior to a training program and to the Winget Questionnaire for Understanding the Dying Patient and His Family and the Bugen Coping with Death Scale before and after the training program. Results showed that the volunteers were relatively low in anxiety, internally controlled, and empathic before training. Highly statistically significant differences between the pre- and post training questionnaire scores showed that, following training, the volunteers reported better understanding of patients and their families and felt much more able to cope with death. Subscale scores derived from the Mehrabian and Epstein Empathy Scale were the best predictors of the after training questionnaire responses.
External Examiners for Technical Writing Courses
Authors: Sawyer Thomas M.
Published: May 2005

External examiners drawn from industry and from other universities have been used in a course in technical writing. The evolution of this scheme is described and other teachers of technical writing are urged to adopt it.
The Use of Highlighting to Indicate Artifacts of the User Interface
Authors: Harvey M. L.
Published: May 2005

This article shows how an apparently minor innovation, special highlighting to indicate that a term represents an artifact of the user interface, has implications for sentence grammar. In short, the highlighting increases the semantic complexity of the sentence in which it appears, and unless the highlighting is used with the utmost care problems can arise in interpretation.
Illness Behavior in Children of Chronic Pain Patients
Authors: Jamison Robert N. , Walker Lynn S.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

Recent studies on pain behavior have pointed to a relationship between expression of illness in patients with chronic pain and reports of physical complaints in other family members. This article includes two related studies. The aim of the first study was to determine whether, among pain patient families, parents who exhibited higher levels of illness behavior and emotional distress were more likely to report that their children had frequent pain complaints. The aim of the second study was to assess whether children of patients with chronic pain were perceived by their parents to have more pain and illness behavior than children of non-pain parents.

Method:

In the first study, forty-two primary caregivers in families with a parent with chronic pain completed questionnaires regarding their children's pain and illness behavior. In the second study, report of somatic complaints in children of chronic pain parents was compared to complaints in fifty-five children of parents without chronic pain.

Results:

Results of the first study showed that frequently reported pain in the child was associated with significantly higher levels of parent disability, pain behavior and emotional distress. Results of the second study showed that children of patients with chronic pain were reported to have more frequent abdominal pain and to use more medication than children of parents without pain.

Conclusions:

The findings of these studies suggest that children of parents with chronic pain may be at risk for illness behavior, especially when the parents exhibit emotional reactions to their pain.
Inequalities in Health in the City of Bristol: A Preliminary Review of Statistical Evidence
Authors: Townsend Peter , Simpson Don , Tibbs Nigel
Published: May 2005

This article compares statistical indicators of health with those of material and social deprivation for 28 wards of the city of Bristol, England. Four general indicators of health were examined—a combined rate per 1,000 live births of stillbirths and infant deaths; deaths of persons aged 15 to 64 per 1,000 of that age; deaths of persons aged 65 and over per 10,000 of that age, and numbers of babies born after 40 weeks gestation weighing less than 2,800 (and 2,500) grams per 1,000 births having that period of gestation. Measures of average and cumulative rank were used to augment tests of the significance of correlations between different indicators. The degree of rank consistency was high, and several wards at the top and the bottom of the rankings were clearly distinct on all indicators. Five indicators of deprivation were also examined—the percentages of: 1) households with fewer rooms than persons; 2) households lacking a car; 3) economically active persons seeking work; 4) children aged 5 to 15 who receive school meals free; and 5) households experiencing disconnection of electricity in the previous 12 months. Again the consistency of ranking according to the five indicators was high, with marked differences on all five indicators between the highest and lowest ranking wards. Between 1971 and 1981 some forms of deprivation increased in nearly all wards. According to some criteria, deprivation increased more inwards already most deprived in 1971 than in those least deprived. Finally, a strong association between the two sets of indicators was found. On the data available to health and planning authorities poor health is significantly correlated with deprivation. There are therefore implications for new forms of joint policy-making on the part of different departments of local and central government.
The Impact of Drug Abuse upon Adolescent Suicide
Authors: Downey Ann M.
Published: May 2005

The alarming rate of suicidal behavior among United States youth constitutes a major public health problem. Since selfdestruction has become an increasingly common method for coping with life's difficulties and the unique stresses of the adolescent years, this nation must stop and ask: “Why are so many youngsters making the statement that life is no longer worth living? Why has the rate of youth suicide skyrocketed to epidemic proportions? What can be done to prevent this tragic and unnecessary waste of human potential?” This article explores one hypothesis, that the increased use, misuse, and abuse of drugs is one of the myriad explanations for the escalation in youth suicidal behavior during the past twenty-five years. Drug abuse may be a form of “slow suicide,” but eventually the drugs fail to deaden the psychic pain, to fulfill the unmet needs, and to combat the conflicting and confusing feelings and emotions long repressed. Clinical case histories and research results are used to exemplify the impact of heightened drug usage as an argument for the upsurge in youth suicide. Substance abuse prevention, along with more effective treatments and referrals for adolescents experiencing alcohol and drug problems, is vital to suicide prevention, intervention, and mental health promotion among youth.
Empirical Study on an Inpatient Psychogeriatric Unit: Diagnostic Complexities
Authors: Mei-Tal Varda , Meyers Barnett S.
Published: May 2005

Retrospective analysis of the phenomenology and the diagnostic process of 112 consecutive psychogeriatric admissions revealed the majority (61%) were suffering from affective illness. In 53 percent, the reason for admission was depression and 8 percent were in the manic phase of a bipolar disorder. Dementia was diagnosed in 32 percent, with a third of these patients having an associated depression. The remaining 7 percent had a schizophrenic or paranoid disorder. Ninety-two patients (82%) were found to have at least one coexisting medical and/or neurological disorder(s) requiring early intervention. Associated acute organic brain syndromes were common (18%) and often difficult to diagnose. The AOBS was at times the only sign of an underlying active medical condition. The diagnosis of this condition often required serial observations for fluctuations in mental status accompanied by appropriate laboratory investigations. These findings underscore the complexity of the diagnostic process in psychogeriatric patients suffering from concomitant medical and psychiatric disorders. High index of awareness is recommended for the need to search for coexisting delirium, which may be masked at times by the major psychiatric disorder.
Amplification in Technical Manuals: Theory and Practice
Authors: Killingsworth M. Jimmie , Gilbertson Michael K. , Chew Joe
Published: May 2005

Amplification is the set of rhetorical techniques by which a discourse is elaborated and extended to enhance its appeal and information value. Even in the manual, long considered the most laconic of the genres of technical communication, amplification has its place. Drawing on the theory of classical and modern rhetoric, this article shows how amplification tends to increase and improve the coverage, rationale, warnings, behavioral alternatives, examples, previews, reviews, and general emphasis of technical manuals.
Discourses on Death: Obituaries and the Management of Spoiled Identity
Authors: Williams Joyce E.
Published: May 2005

What do obituaries disclose about the death of persons who die of AIDS or where AIDS-related death is indicated? Obituaries meeting pre-established criteria were collected from a major metropolitan newspaper for a sixteen-month period in 1992 and 1993. A total of 184 obituaries were collected, content analyzed, and broken into three disclosure categories based on: 1) AIDS-related complications as published cause of death, 2) same-sex partner named as survivor, and 3) association with the AIDS cause or with the gay community. All three categories are stigmatized in the context of today's social norms. Discourse analysis revealed similarities and differences in topical and in subtextual themes and in varying degrees of identity management for the three categories. Descriptive findings suggest areas for further research and reveal much about the public management of death to counter the social stigma of “spoiled identity.”
Work Requirements: Criteria for Scheduling Formal School Training
Authors: Goodgame Doug
Published: May 2005

Procedures for designing instructional systems which use the job inventory method to collect occupational data from incumbent workers and job supervisors can, in the data analysis phase, provide the designer information for making decisions on cost effective scheduling of formal school training. Two situations substantiate this assertion. One situation describes correlational relationships between task factor ratings (measuring work requirements at the job site) which dictate that formal school training should be scheduled prior to job assignment. The second situation reveals relationships which allow formal school training to be delayed indefinitely.

The results of three occupational studies are reviewed to demonstrate sample applications. The studies reveal that uniform relationships do not exist for work requirements in similar occupations and indicate that unique conditions in the work environment affect relationships among work requirements.
Gender and Physician-Assisted Suicide: An Analysis of the Kevorkian Cases, 1990–1997
Authors: Canetto Silvia Sara , Hollenshead Janet D.
Published: May 2005

This study examines the seventy-five suicide cases Dr. Jack Kevorkian acknowledged assisting during the period between 1990 and 1997. Although these cases represent a range of regional and occupational backgrounds, a significant majority are women. Most of these individuals had a disabling, chronic, nonterminal-stage illness. In five female cases, the medical examiner found no evidence of disease whatsoever. About half of the women were between the ages of forty-one and sixty, and another third were older adults. In contrast, men were almost as likely to be middle-aged as to be older adults. Men's conditions were somewhat less likely than women's to be chronic and nonterminal-stage. The main reasons for the hastened death mentioned by both the person and their significant others were having disabilities, being in pain, and fear of being a burden. The predominance of women among Kevorkian's assisted suicides contrasts with national trends in suicide mortality, where men are a clear majority. It is possible that individuals whose death was hastened by Kevorkian are not representative of physician-assisted suicide cases around the country, because of Kevorkian's unique approach. Alternatively, the preponderance of women among Kevorkian's assisted suicides may represent a real phenomenon. One possibility is that, in the United States, assisted suicide is particularly acceptable for women. Individual, interpersonal, social, economic, and cultural factors encouraging assisted suicide in women are examined.
Impact of Contextual Variables on Adolescent Situational Expectation of Substance Use
Authors: Ashby Jeffrey S.
Published: May 2005

The relationship between contextual variables and situational expectation of drug and alcohol use at the school level suggested by Interactive theory was investigated [1, 2]. A canonical correlation analysis supported a significant relationship between situational expectation of drug and alcohol use and several contextual variables including Students' Perceptions of What Teachers Expect of Them Academically, Percentage of White Students, and the Prosperity of the School. The results indicated that the more prosperous the school and the greater the students' perceptions of what teachers expect of them academically, the lower the situational expectation of smoking cigarettes or taking depressants and the higher the percentage of white students the higher the situational expectation of drinking beer and liquor. Implications for prevention programs and school environment are discussed.
Subconscious Percepts as “Unmonitored” Percepts: An Empirical Study
Authors: Kunzendorf Robert G.
Published: May 2005

In explaining unattended or “subconscious” perception, Dixonian theory supposes that unattended percepts are unconscious. Alternatively, the theory of cognitive-state monitoring supposes that one's unattended percepts are conscious sensations, which are accompanied by no selfconsciousness that one is perceiving, rather than imaging, them. Consistent with the latter theoretical supposition, the results of the current experiment show that previously unattended stimuli are memorially indistinguishable both from previously attended stimuli and from previously imaged stimuli.
Assessing Technology Enhanced Instruction: A Case Study in Secondary Science
Authors: Woodrow Janice E. J. , Mayer-Smith Jolie A. , Pedretti Erminia G.
Published: May 2005

The paper describes an evaluation program designed to assess the effectiveness of Technology Enhanced Instruction (TEI). The study is situated within the context of the Technology Enhanced Secondary Science Instruction (TESSI) project, a seven-year, field-based research program of technology integration into secondary science (grades 9–12). Evaluation procedures include analyses of student enrollment and achievement, teacher-researcher reports, an independent ethnographic assessment, the project's scalability, and interviews with graduates from the program. Taken together, these evaluations of TESSI support claims that TESSI is a scaleable and reproducible model of successful TEI implementation, which encourages greater student enrollment and retention in senior science electives (i.e. greater success for more students), and prepares students for post-secondary education and the realities of an information-based workplace. The effectiveness of the project's implementation of technology is supported by both quantitative and qualitative data.
The College Curriculum Information System: A Strategy for Planned Changing
Authors: McBrayer John
Published: May 2005

There is a continual need for curricular change in higher education. In America's pluralistic society, rapidly accumulating knowledge and changing conditions create new trends, opportunities, needs and problems. Our pluralistic society's survival literally depends on the ability of institutions of higher education to educate and train individuals to deal with these new challenges. Correspondingly, the survival of each college or university ultimately depends on its continual demonstration of its relevant societal responsiveness. The chief vehicle for responsiveness to new challenges in higher education is a curriculum binded in traditional disjointed incrementalism and bound in ivory tower emulations. Management of curricular change in higher education is difficult, but possible through systemic development strategies. This paper presents an approach to planned curricular change in higher education. Change is operationally defined here as “purposive intervention into articulated congeries of dynamic university systems, in order to achieve appropriate outcomes….” The “purposive intervention” is founded on the development of a Curriculum Information System.