bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Clark Gillian
Published: November 2023

The aim of this book is to give some basic information on women’s lives in late antiquity, and to make a start on answering some basic questions: to what extent could women choose what to do? What social, practical, or legal constraints limited their choices? What options were available besides (or within) marriage and housekeeping? What was housekeeping like? What level of education or of health care was available? What conduct and ideals were women taught to admire? Questions like these have been asked for the last twenty years, but most writing on women in antiquity focuses on the ‘classical’ periods of Athens in the fifth and fourth centuries bc and Rome in the late Republic and early empire; it is comparatively rare to find a book or paper which ranges beyond the start of the third century ad. There are good reasons why the second century ad tends to be a cut-off point, after which we enter what historians call ‘late antiquity’ and theologians ‘the patristic period’.
Health
Authors: Clark Gillian
Published: November 2023

MEDICINE was part of the lives of ordinary women. They were agents as well as patients, the first line of defence against ill ness. Hospitals were available, as one form of Christian charity, from the late fourth century, but sick people who had homes were usually nursed there: women supervised diet and tried out traditional remedies. Some women were acknowledged experts on illness and medicines generally; others specialized in childbirth and the problems associated with reproductive life, including ‘female complaints’ and sexual difficulties. It was easier and cheaper to call on them than to employ a doctor with a professional training.
Domesticity And Asceticism
Authors: Clark Gillian
Published: November 2023

Houses and housework are a subject on which we need, more than ever, texts written by women. Domesticity was the female role, and men, having defended or merely asserted this basic point, took little further interest in it. It had been argued since the fourth century BC that staying at home is not just a social convention. Women, it was said, are physically suited to staying home just as they are to child-bearing, and households need the division of labour in which the man goes out and the woman stays in.
Book 11
Authors: Paschalis Michael
Published: November 2023

Aeneas erects on a ‘tumulus ‘ a ‘tropaeum ‘ clothed ( ‘induit ‘) with I\llezentius ‘ arms and armour ( ‘exuuias ‘) and dedicates it to I\!Iars. In 10. 762ff. Orion-like Mezentius was seen brandishing a huge spear, the trunk of an ash-tree [86pv], and in 10. 833-6 he was seen washing his wound in the waters of the Tiber and leaning against a tree-trunk ( ‘arboris acclinis trunco ‘), whi]e his helmet was hanging from the boughs of the tree. Now the tree-trunk is stripped of its leaves and clothed with l\1ezentius ‘ ‘exuuiae ‘. A ‘tumulus ‘ is ‘terra tumens ‘ and interacts semantically with ‘exuuiae ‘ ( ‘empty ‘ armour). The relation of tree-trunk [86pv] to ‘tumulus ‘ and ‘exuuiae ‘ (the latter include I\llezentius ‘ broken ‘tela ‘, Sopa-ra) varies the relation of Laocoon ‘s spear [86pv] to the hollow of the Wooden Horse [S6pv]. The trophy is in addition an offering [bwpoJJ] to a god.
Book 12
Authors: Paschalis Michael
Published: November 2023

At the opening of Aeneid 12 Turnus is compared to a wounded lion in Punic fields ( ‘Poenorum ... in aruis ‘). He announces to Latinus his determination to fight Aeneas straight away; the king attempts to dissuade him but Turnus ‘ ‘uiolentia ‘ grows worse with Latinus ‘ attempt to heal the v1mund ( ‘aegrescitque medendo ‘). The Rutu]ian replies that he, too, is capable of inflicting bloody wounds ( ‘uulnere sanguis ‘) with his missiles ( ‘tela ... ferrumque ‘).
Plato and Aristotle
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

Against this rich and intricate background the figures of Plato and Aristotle stand out, transcending but not alien to it. By the measure of their greater genius, and in particular their profound faith in the intellect, they are more conscious of Sparta’s inadequacies, and more contemptuous of superficial laconism, than even Isocrates could be. But their criticisms were destined to have less effect than their approval, limited as it was, yet rooted in the fact that their fundamental political beliefs had much in common with those associated with Sparta.
The French Revolution and its Aftermath
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

Warnings have been uttered of late against supposing that classical antiquity, far from having a significant influence upon the course of events in the French Revolution, was even referred to, by most of the leading figures of the time, with any great frequency or seriousness, and against giving too much political importance to superficial classical fashions. Such warnings are doubtless justified; but it is misleading either to take all the classical states together, or to take them in isolation from other possible sources of inspiration. In particular, Sparta’s place in the literature of and about the Revolution can only be understood if the history of her reputation in the previous half-century be kept in mind. For if many of the politicians of the time had read Livy, Cicero, and Tacitus at school, they had not learnt much about Greece there. The interest in Rome, indubitably the most discussed ancient state at this as at so many periods, may have been fed in part directly from ancient sources; but in spite of Plutarch (or for that matter Rollin) it is clear that Sparta still appears almost exclusively in the very individual dress given her by recent French writers. This is not quite the case with Athens, whose democracy gradually becomes more acceptable than ever before in modern times.
The First Book: An Ethical Self-Portrait
Authors: Rutherford R B
Published: November 2023

THE last chapter outlined the background, in literature and in life, which helps to explain the first book of the Meditations. The present chapter examines the book itself, its form and subject-matter, the philosophic ideas which give coherence to its apparent disorder, and the indications it gives of its author’s character and preoccupations. The book is not straightforwardly autobiographical; but it is a commonplace that we may learn something about a man from the qualities he praises in his friends. In the last section of this chapter I offer a broader comparison between Book I and the rest of the collection, and comment on the selectivity of the subject-matter of the work as a whole. These limitations are in part deliberate, in part the consequence of Marcus’ position, time of life, and general outlook. Comparison with the Fronto correspondence, and with other evidence concerning the emperor’s earlier years, provides many poignant contrasts.
Aspects of Style and Thought
Authors: Rutherford R B
Published: November 2023

THE guiding thread in this chapter is the intimate relation in Marcus’ writing between style and thought, between the rhetoric of his prose (vocabulary, metaphor, figures of speech, and so forth) and his philosophic argument. Sections 1-3 discuss various aspects of Marcus’ methods of composition; but consideration of his literary techniques can never be wholly separated from the ethical themes which they serve to express, and from Section 4 onwards these assume greater prominence. By examination of his imagery(§ 4) and through the study of his individual use of a number of traditional themes(§ 5), I attempt to define further his outlook and the nature of his pessimism, and so to pave the way for the fuller discussion of his religious attitudes in Chapters V and VI. Some of the limitations of his sympathy, and some negative aspects of his Stoicism, are considered in Section 6. Many ancient writers develop their ideas by a process conveniently described as ‘theme and variation’-the self-conscious literary reshaping of subject-matter and sentiments previously employed by one’s models and predecessors, or even by oneself. Ovid and Seneca provide conspicuous examples of this mode of composition, which is not, however, beneath even the greatest poets. It becomes still more marked in the first two centuries AD, and perhaps especially in the period of the Second Sophistic.
Life and Death in the Religion of Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius
Authors: Rutherford R B
Published: November 2023

It is unnecessary to spend further labour in assembling obvious parallels between Epictetus and Marcus in their language and thought. Much material bearing on this will be found in the earlier chapters of this study. My present object is to focus on a central topic in both authors, their religious outlook—that is, their conception of man in the divinely governed universe. It could reasonably be said that this is the most important of all subjects for both these authors. Logically, their further doctrines of the needs, powers, and duties of the individual man all depend on the conception of man as the offspring and servant of God, pursuing the ideal of self-improvement by submission of his will to God, by so disciplining his mind as to approximate, so far as possible, to a divine state of serenity and purity.
The Female's Role m Reproduction
Authors: Jones Lesley Dean
Published: November 2023

Early years of childhood, for boys as well as girls, would have been spent at home with the mother, and there is no reason to doubt that, generally speaking, a strong bond existed between a mother and her children. 1 But while Athenians recognized the affective power of the maternal bond, a mother played only a small role in determining a childߣs public or private identity. So, while Aristotle claims that mothers love their children more than fathers, he still asserts that the child is part of its father until it reaches a certain age. 2 In the case of widowhood or divorce, children of a marriage usually remained in their fatherߣs house while their mother returned to her father's house. 3 If a man had had a daughter but no sons, the sons of his daughter (who in this situation was called an epikleros) would inherit his property, but they were only considered to be the true continuance of their maternal grandfather's line if one of his close male relatives (e.g. his brother or first cousin) were the father.4 A woman was not thought capable of perpetuating her fatherߣs line without an infusion of the familyߣs male principle in her offspring. In such a culture, theories of reproduction were bound to emphasize the importance of the male component over the female. In the realm of mythology this emphasis took the form of stories
Venantius Fortunatus
Authors: George Judith w.
Published: November 2023

Venantius Fortunatus, writing in the latter half of the sixth century, was not only a major Latin poet, but also an important historical figure. Educated in Ravenna, he travelled to Gaul and wrote substantially in a range of genres for Merovingian patrons, who were among the central political and ecclesiastical figures of his generation. In a period of cultural transition, he adapted and developed literary traditions, and influenced not only his contemporaries, but also succeeding generations. He also played a personal role in events of national and international significance, and his verse allows us vivid glimpses of the individual lives and characters of his patrons. In this first major modern study of the poet, Judith George illuminates all aspects of Fortunatus' work and the society in which he lived. She also provides the full text and a new translation of a selection of his poetry.
The Songs of Aristophanes
Authors: Parker L P E
Published: November 2023

A comedy of Aristophanes was in large measure a musical performance, and his lyric verse covers a wide range of styles - from popular song to parody of tragedy. The music is lost, and our only way of recovering something of the experience of an Athenian audience is by studying the rhythms of the poetry. This book provides a full text, with scansions, of the lyric of the surviving plays, and an introduction to the different rhythms used by Aristophanes, their origins, and literary associations. Dr Parker pays particular attention to showing the role played by lyric metre in the structure of the plays and to distinguishing the different levels of musical style, thus illustrating the integral part metre plays in Aristophanes' dramatic art and satire. She also discusses fully the metrical aspects of textual problems in Aristophanes' lyric, and a section of the introduction traces the evolution of the study of Aristophanes' metres and the influence this has on the text.
Comedy and Tragedy—Inevitable Distinctions: Response to Taplin
Authors: Gredley Bernard
Published: November 2023

Oliver Taplin’s paper, which revisits terrain previously explored in 1986, is soundly based on the conviction that the distinctions between fifth-century tragedy and comedy matter, and that they are in no way nullified by the generic transgressions which have recently attracted critical attention. It is a broad and thought-provoking analysis, to which this reply does not pretend to be comprehensive. Instead, and focusing particularly on Bakchai and Frogs, I offer a series of related comments on each of his three test-cases—chorus, gods, and closures—along with a modest development of his remarks about laughter in tragedy.
Collectivity and Otherness—The Authority of the Tragic Chorus: Response to Gould
Authors: Goldhill Simon
Published: November 2023

Aristotle’s startling refusal to consider the role of the chorus in tragedy is a striking demonstration of how a view of the chorus can only emerge from, and in turn inform, a general theoretical perspective on ‘tragedy and the tragic’. ‘The fundamental premises of Aristotle’s theory of poetry and tragedy virtually dictate the devaluation and neglect of choral lyric’, writes Halliwell, who may indeed be right to see the confusions of the modern debate on the tragic chorus partly at least as the legacy of Aristotle’s strategic exclusion of the collective song from his privileging of agency and causality, practical reasoning and action, as the essence of tragedy. John Gould’s refusal of the Aristotelian guide-lines shows his characteristic sense of the scope of a question: I can only agree with his insistence that a treatment of the chorus will be necessary ‘to clarify ... the notion of tragedy and the tragic in the fifth-century context at least’,2 and, what is more, that such a discussion will necessarily involve a wide series of questions about collectivity, authority, ritual, and status. In what follows, I want to pick up three points where Gould’s account seems particularly telling, and, secondly, to explore three areas where Gould’s position seems to need further development.
Peripeteia and Tragic Dialectic in Euripidean Tragedy
Authors: Seidensticker Bernd
Published: November 2023

In 1961 Peter Szondi, one of the most distinguished and influential of recent German literary critics, published a short book on the nature of the tragic. In the first part of his discussion, which is certainly one of the most important modern treatments of the subject, Szondi analysed selected passages from major philosophical and aesthetic discussions of tragedy and the tragic from the end of the eighteenth century to the twentieth. As the common denominator of the approaches of philosophers and poets as different as Hegel, Schopenhauer, and Nietzsche, Holderlin, Goethe, and Hebbel, he proposed the ‘dialectical structure or modality of the tragic’, defining the tragic itself as a ‘dialectical modality of impending or actual destruction’.
Women in Ancient Persia 559-331 BC
Authors: Brosius Maria
Published: November 2023

The exploits of the Persian kings are famous, but who has heard of Irdabama, a formidable landowner who controlled a huge workforce and ran her own wine and grain business? This book is the first to examine the economic and political importance of women in the first Persian empire (559-331 BC). Governed by Achaemenid kings and their satraps, the vast realm stretched from Asia Minor to India. Ancient Greek writers on Persian history give us a glimpse of the influential role played by some individual women at these courts, but these are sporadic and hardly reliable accounts of a few colourful femmes fatales in the royal family, designed to show up scandalous machinations of barbarian women gaining political control and causing the decline and effeminacy of the Perian kings. This book is the first to examine the true impotance of not only royal but non-royal women in Persia, with the benefit of contemporary Persian and Babylonian sources. By approaching the subject from a near eastern perspective, and thoroughly re-examining the Greek sources, the author brings to life a rich and much more detailed picture of the role of women in ancient Persia.
Royal Marriage Alliances
Authors: Brosius Maria
Published: November 2023

Any discussion of the marriage alliances of the Achaemenid royal house must examine the questions whether Achaemenid kings practised polygamy and to what extent they permitted next-of-kin marriages. Polygamy and certain kinds of incestuous marriages were unacceptable in Greek society. The Greeks noticed that the Persian royal family appeared to engage in both and described these practices to emphasize the monstrosity of the Persian king, his decadence, and his domination by women. What seems to have been less well understood by Greek writers were the political motivations that underlay these practices. Both polygamy and en dogamic marriages are excellent tools to help concentrate and preserve power; they restrict the families from which a royal wife can be selected, and help to secure male offspring (XPf 28-32; Young 1988b: 71-2; Burn 1984: 277-8).
Roman Kinship: Structure and Sentiment
Authors: Saller Richard P
Published: November 2023

In the absence of developed impersonal institutions in the Roman world, individual social relationships had a special value and have a special importance in our understanding of Roman society. Over the past decade, historians have devoted their time to research of intimate family relationships on the one hand and patron-client and master-slave bonds on the other. Less attention has been given to bonds of extended kinship—that is, relationships with those who are related but live outside the household, particularly aunts, uncles, and cousins. This paper aims to analyse how Roman culture conceptualized the kinship universe and what social obligations kinship entailed.
Legal Stumbling-Blocks for Lower-Class Families in Rome
Authors: Gardner Jane F
Published: November 2023

The nuclear family of parents and children is not an institution of Roman civil law. It exists before and beyond the law, in the realm of instinct, what the Romans called ius naturale, natural law. Natural law, said Ulpian (D. r. r. r. 3 ), was common to all living creatures, on land, in the sea, in the air. From it came the joining together of male and female, ‘which we call matrimonium’, and the procreation and rearing of children.
Familial Structures in Roman Italy: A Regional Approach
Authors: Gallivan Paul , Wilkins Peter
Published: November 2023

Scholars have long recognized that for the social history of Rome the benefits to be gained from the use of the vast corpus of Latin inscriptions1 are great. Great too, however, are the pitfalls associated with the extraction of evidence from these inscriptions.
Introduction
Authors: Goldsworthy Adrian Keith
Published: November 2023

This book is about the Roman army.s methods of waging war. In it I examine the army.s structure and organization and the effects of these on its military performance, placed in the context of the military institutions of some of its chief opponents. Building on this assessment, I then discuss the way the Roman army fought a campaign, the strategy it adopted, and the factors which decided the outcome of a conflict. In greatest detail of all I discuss the behaviour of the army during a battle, assessing how its members at every level of the command structure performed or failed to perform. In short this is a study of the Roman army as a military force.
Theseus of Trozen: Euripides’ Hippolytus and its Predecessors
Authors: Mills Sophie
Published: November 2023

Euripides’ Hippolytus of 428 BC is the earliest extant play in which Theseus appears, and its Theseus is strikingly different from the hero of the plays considered in previous chapters: the only other tragedy which treated him similarly was Euripides’ other version of the Hippolytus story. The presentation of Theseus in the Hippolytus is unique in that he is no longer the wise democrat, receiver of suppliants and champion of the oppressed, but a foolish and violent father who will not listen to pleas for clemency or even for a less hasty judgement; a father whose curses condemn his son to an agonizing and undeserved death. Although consistent characterization from play to play was no concern of the Greek tragedians, the unusually unflattering portrayal of a hero who normally personifies an idealized image of Athens for Athenians invites comment, especially as this play won Euripides one of his very few first prizes, and the favourable critical reaction to the play of 428 contrasts with the disgust felt by the audience at Euripides’ earlier version of the Hippolytus story.1 If, as I have argued through earlier chapters, it is true that the Theseus of tragedies other than the Hippolytus is so closely associated with Athens that he reaffirms the beliefs and national identity of the audience by what he says and does, then the high esteem of the Athenian judges for a play in which their ancestor and role model killed his blameless son demands exploration.
Mistress and Metaphor in Augustan Elegy
Authors: Wyke Maria
Published: November 2023

A pressing and persistent problem confronts work on the women of ancient Rome: a need to determine the relation between the realities of women’s lives and their representation in Latin literature. Several of the volumes on women in antiquity which appeared in the course of the 1980s exposed the methodological problems associated with any study of women in Greek and Roman literary texts.1 Twenty years later, moreover, the historian Susanne Dixon opens Reading Roman Women: Sources, Genres and Real Life (2001) with the admission that she finds herself more sceptical than ever about the possibilities of extracting substantive information about Roman women from the ancient sources.2
Meretrix regina: Augustan Cleopatras
Authors: Wyke Maria
Published: November 2023

Propertius asks the reader of his love elegies quid mirare, meam si versat femina vitam Ô et trahit addictum sub sua iura virum? (why are you astonished if a woman drives my life Ô and drags, bound beneath her own laws, a man? 3.11.1–2).1 A catalogue of dominating women of myth and history follows, culminating in a lengthy assault on Cleopatra’s ambition to rule Rome and praise for Augustus who alone has released the citizenry from such a fearful prospect. But at the poem’s close its narrator still remains in bondage to his elegiac mistress and, therefore, locked into the position not of a resistant Augustus but of a Mark Antony enslaved by the meretrix regina (‘whore queen’, 3.11.39). The narrator’s life should be no cause of astonishment because it replays the life that Antony had recently led.
Pump up the Volume: Juvenal, Satire 1. 1-21
Authors: Henderson John
Published: November 2023

Under the Flavians, the second dynasty of Caesars, poetry wrote its powers down, either virtually erasing all scope to signify and not bothering to count for more than a few seconds at a time (Martial’s myriad epigrams of nonchalance, filth, panegyric on a pin-head) or slickly celebrating momentary ingenuity in the rough in denial of both finish and authority (Statius’ instant lyrics gilding the social calendar, putting faces on power, gawping at the grandeur of Rome). Writers of the early second century, in the third dynasty of Nerva, Trajan, and Hadrian, bind the Flavians to their JulioClaudian predecessors in a diptych: in prose, Tacitus’ Histories had their prequel, the Annals, grafted on at their start; in poetry, the colossal Satires of Juvenal stalk Roman streets populated with Flavian ghouls under Domitian, promiscuously re-doubled with monster revenants back from the days of Nero, Claudius, Caligula … As these writers play late-comer, cordoning off for us the future as ‘post-classical’ appendix, still they both press us to ask why their writing eludes the present, whether obliquity was mandatory.
Beyond Chrysanthemums
Authors: Reckert Stephen
Published: November 2023

Beyond Chrysanthemums assesses the relevance for the West of Eastern aesthetic and poetic principles in a lively discussion of over two hundred poems in seventeen Eastern and Western languages, ancient and modern, with parallel translations. The possibility of a world poetic canon is explored in the Introduction, which is followed by a detailed study of 'micropoems' from widely separated cultures and eras, but which are based on the same traditional myths and symbols. Poetic and iconographical versions of the universal myths of sacred space and the World Axis are examined in the book's next section, which looks closely at symbols such as the Taoist Isles and the Immortals, Camoes's Isle of Venus, Dante's Mount of Purgatory, and the Buddhist Mount Sumeru. The study concludes with a return to the micropoem in order to illustrate Eastern and Western ideas of liminality, personal identity and the divided self, as embodied in the Midsummer Night rite de passsage and the symbolic motifs of the mirror, the shadow, and the stone.
Lucan’s Bellum Ciuile: Epic In Extremis
Authors: Hershkowitz Debra
Published: November 2023

That place held brothers, that place held fathers. This madness, this frenzy, these crimes were yours, Caesar. Flee this part of the war, my mind, and leave it in darkness. May no age, with me as prophet, learn of such evils, how much is permitted in civil war. Rather let these tears and lamentations vanish: whatever you did in this battle, Rome, I shall keep quiet.
Visual, written, decorum
Authors: Baines John
Published: November 2023

In this volume I collect studies that focus around two overlapping major institutions of ancient Egyptian civilization. The present, introductory essay begins by setting a theoretical context and goes on to exemplify key questions through a review of the overarching symbolic institution of decorum together with selected domains of the ancient record in which it is manifest. The second part (‘Written culture’) explores the character and development of writing, its position and functions in society, and some related questions. In the third part (‘Visual culture’), I start by focusing on social and cognitive aspects of representational art and connected phenomena, subsequently siting them selectively in relation to institutional context, tradition, architecture, and verbal communication.
Four notes on literacy
Authors: Baines John , Eyre Christopher
Published: November 2023

The four studies that follow in this chapter address progressively more detailed questions in an attempt to model a context for literacy in Egypt and to suggest orders of magnitude for the numbers of literate. They are not intended to give any spurious sense of precision as to how many people were literate in ancient Egypt. Some social implications of the figures that we suggest for the percentage of literate are explored in Chapter 2.

Neither there nor in the following studies do we attempt a narrow definition of literacy. Our calculations of the proportion of the population that was literate relate not to all those who ever trained to become literate but to those who completed their training and then exercised a literate function in adult life; implications of this restriction should be apparent from the studies themselves (see also summary: Baines 1984b).
Orality and literacy
Authors: Baines John
Published: November 2023

Material culture and oral culture in language are indispensable to human existence; the same is not true of writing. People communicate meaning through visual, acoustic, tactile, and material channels, all of which are affected by aesthetic and ethical as well as narrowly instrumental considerations. Speech, music, visual shaping, and finally writing are communicative systems that often overlap in usage, and sometimes in content (compare Michalowski 1990). Communication depends upon memory and socialization. Among other distinctive contributions of writing are temporal extensions of communication and memory, as well as a broadening of spatial impact through the transport of written materials from one place to another, and to a lesser extent through their public display.
Colour terminology and colour classification: ancient Egyptian colour terminology and polychromy
Authors: Baines John
Published: November 2023

In Basic color terms, Brent Berlin and Paul Kay propose that ‘there exist universally for humans eleven basic perceptual color categories, which serve as the psychophysical referents of the eleven or fewer basic color terms in any language’ (1991[1969]: 104). Later research has not invalidated this claim, although their evolutionary ‘encoding sequence’ has subsequently been modified (Fig. 25). The ‘perceptual’ and ‘psychophysical’ component of their theory has been investigated in relation to ethnographic and other materials, and synthesized by Kay and Chad McDaniel (1978: esp. 617 n. 4, 620 n. 5; see further Cole and Scribner 1974: 43–50; Tornay 1978; von Wattenwyl 1979).
On the status and purposes of ancient Egyptian art
Authors: Baines John
Published: November 2023

The definition and evaluation of works of art, and of art as a phenomenon, continue to vex archaeologists, among others. What is intuitively seen as art looms large in the material and textual record of recent millennia and responds ill to analyses that ignore either its elite character or its symbolic and aesthetic meanings. The oldest, Palaeolithic contexts in which such meanings are at issue have been discussed, for example, by Robert Bednarik (1992), P. G. Chase and H. L. Dibble (1992), and Iain Davidson (1992).
Selectivity and Omission: Book I
Authors: Rood Tim
Published: November 2023

Thucydides made his beginning at the point where Greek affairs began to decline. This should not have been done by a Greek and an Athenian, especially one who was not among the outcasts, but was counted by the Athenians among the foremost men and thought worthy of commands and other offices of state. And such is his malice that he actually attributes the overt causes of the war to his own city, though he could have attributed them to many other sources. He might have begun his narrative not with the events at.Corcyra, but with his country̓s splendid achievements immediately after the Persian Wars (achievements which he mentions later at an inappropriate point and in a rather grudging and cursory way).
Conclusion: The Ends of History
Authors: Rood Tim
Published: November 2023

I started with two oppositions: between Plutarch’s vivid Thucydides, an incomparable writer, and the Thucydides whom historians (like Plutarch himself) have to confront when they tell their own stories about the period of his war; and between. Thucydides’ claim simply to tell a story of what people did and said, and his ambition to satisfy those who want ‘a clear picture of the past and of the similar things which will happen again at some time, the human condition being what it is’ (i. 22. 4). I shall end by considering what light my analysis of the way Thucydides tells his story has shed on the tension between literature and history, and on the way modern historians try to use or surpass him; and by asking how modern rewritings affect our view of what Thucydides’ story was trying to achieve.
Imagery, Extortion, Exploitation
Authors: Lyne R O A M
Published: November 2023

But the cave of Cacus and his vast palace were uncovered and visible; deep within the shadowy cavern lay open: even as if the earth should by some force gape deep within and unlock the infernal abode, opening up the pallid kingdom hated by the gods, and the Shades should tremble at the incoming light, as the vast abyss was descried above them.

Hercules tears open Cacus’ cave. The simile (deriving from Iliad 20.61 ff.) has a clear ‘narrative’ function: the Underworld imagery adds to the story an insinuation which Vergil makes in other ways,2 namely that Cacus has chthonic, Underworld affinities. A question occurs. Why is Cacus’ cave called a royal residence, a palace, a ‘regia’? ‘Quia ibi tyrannidem agitaret’, Tib. Claud. Donatus; ‘sicut Cacus putabat’, Servius; ‘with undertones of despotism, like arx and aula’, Eden, comparing (after Servius), Aen. 1.140, Aeolus’ ‘aula’; ‘hendiadys’ (with ‘specus’), Gransden.
Winchester
Authors: Horton Peter
Published: November 2023

I have written this post, to the Bishop & Dean of Winchester … having taken every possible shape in abusing your detestable talent & your unaccountable presumption in offering yourself as a Candidate [wrote Charles Knyvett]. I now wish you my dear Friend all success, but I much fear the result proving as I would wish, for there is a person nam’d Long. not only so nam’d, but measuring 6 ft without his night Cap, who has servd as Dr Chards Deputy for many years, & therefore may stand in your way.
Gloucester
Authors: Horton Peter
Published: November 2023

WITH his appointment to Gloucester Cathedral Wesley’s career had turned almost full circle, and it must have been with mixed feelings that he returned so close to where he had embarked on the life of a cathedral organist nearly thirty-three years earlier. As if to emphasize how little had changed, he found himself succeeding Amott, who had been appointed in April 1832, some five months before his own arrival in Hereford, and whose long tenure was in such contrast to his own restless movement from place to place. In other respects, however, things were very different, and by the r 86os the relatively small city he had known had grown into an important port and centre of manufacturing, making such physical isolation as he had experienced in Hereford a thing of the past.
Composition and culture
Authors: Cook Nicholas
Published: November 2023

Stravinsky wrote Les Noces while staying in a small village in Switzerland. His friend and collaborator C. F. Ramuz, describing the house in which the composer lived, records

how Stravinsky turned one of the attic rooms into a studio, reached by a half-hidden wooden staircase well barricaded by doors, and how of a summer afternoon the sound of the composer at his piano and percussion instruments could be heard in the little square outside, where two or three women were usually to be found on a bench, knitting in the shade of the trees. These would raise their heads for a moment in bewilderment, and then with an indulgent ‘C’est le monsieur russe!’ resume their knitting.

And one can understand the women’s bewilderment, for the sounds that composers make as they compose at the piano (not to mention the battery of percussion) can be strange indeed.
The Musica of Erasmus of Höritz
Authors: Palisca Claude V
Published: November 2023

This article was first published in 1966 in Aspects of Medieval and Renaissance Music: A Birthday Offering to Gustave Reese, edited by Jan LaRue (New York: Norton, 1966), 628–48.

I first came across the treatise that is the subject of this essay in the spring of 1961 while leafing quite systematically through the unordered handwritten catalogue (No. 336) of the Regina collection of the Biblioceca Apostolica Vaticana. The name of the author, given in the catalogue as Erasmus Horicius Germanus, was at that time unfamiliar to me.
Peri and the Theory of Recitative
Authors: Palisca Claude V
Published: November 2023

This essay was prepared as a chapter, ‘Peri und die Theorie des Rezitativs’, in the section ‘Die Jahrzehnte um 1600 in Italien’ of volume 7 of the series Geschichte der Musiktheorie, ltalienische Musiktheorie in 16. and 17. Jahrhundert: Antikenrezeptionund Satzlehre, by F. Alberto Gallo, Renate Groth, Claude V. Palisca, Frieder Rempp, edited by Frieder Zaminer under the sponsorship of the Staatliches Institut for Musikforschung, Preu!3ischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin (Darmstadt: Wis senschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1989), 293–306.
The Development of the Violin and Bow, 1650-1700
Authors: Boyden David D
Published: November 2023

In the art of violin making the extraordinary advances in violin music and technique were paralleled by an equal if not more spectacular advance. The three great makers just mentioned dominated the field: Nicola Amati, Jacob Stainer, and, at the end of the century, Antonio Stradivari, whose productive years extended well into the eighteenth century. While Stainer is the only figure outside Italy in a class with Amati and Stradivari, Hendrik Jacobs in Amsterdam may also be mentioned as an outstanding maker.
The Baroque Clarinet
Authors: Rice Albert R
Published: November 2023

The Baroque Clarinet is a sourcebook for the historical study of the European clarinet during the first half of the eighteenth century. The book is based on a comprehensive study of the theoretical, musical, and iconographical evidence, and many conclusions are presented here for the first time. The opening chapter provides a general view of the precursors of the clarinet. The remainder of the book looks in detail at the baroque clarinet: its design and construction, its playing techniques, the music written for it, and its use by both amateur and professional players. Of particular interest is the author's investigation into aspects of performance practice at various points in the instrument's development. The book is generously illustrated with pictures and music examples, and the appendix provides an inventory and short description of extant baroque clarinets.
Gioachino Antonio Rossini
Authors: Tilmouth Michael , Kimbell David , Savage Roger
Published: November 2023

Rossini is coming into fashion again; and the fashion will do no harm. The Rossini fever of the early nineteenth century infuriated musicians who could not make themselves heard above the mechanical noises of the laziest composer that ever wrote an opera once a fortnight. But Weber crowned his protestation with the admission: ‘The worst of it all is that I’m beginning to like this rubbish myself’; and Schubert not only emulated the Rossinian impudence in some ‘Overtures in Italian Style’ but was genuinely influenced by that style in one of his most serious and pathetic devices, the device of setting a melody in a minor key and falling into the tonic major before any dramatic action has had time to occur.
Heinrich Sch ütz
Authors: Tilmouth Michael , Kimbell David , Savage Roger
Published: November 2023

Heinrich Schütz (Henricus Sagittarius) was born in 1585, just a hundred years before Bach and Handel, and lived to a great old age. His work thus falls entirely within the longest and most turbulent period of transition in the history of music; and his profound and lively mind, though it could not evolve a mature style from elements partly embryonic, partly decadent and almost wholly incompatible, was sometimes inspired to produce an isolated work of art quite perfect in form and expression and, in the very nature of the case, utterly unlike anything else in classical music.
Herr Weingartner (1902)
Authors: Tilmouth Michael , Kimbell David , Savage Roger
Published: November 2023

Those who take a pessimistic view of the musical taste of London must have been pleasantly disappointed at the enthusiasm evoked by Herr Weingartner at the Queen’s Hall on Thursday and Friday last week, when two programmes consisting mainly of the most highly organized classical music were received by a large audience with that attention and evident enjoyment that show a know ledge of the right way to listen to music. After all, the right way to listen is the simplest: and the thousand and one wrong ways are all somewhat complex and ingenious.
Luigi Boccherini (1743-1805)
Authors: Tilmouth Michael , Kimbell David , Savage Roger
Published: November 2023

Luigi Boccherini, the Italian composer, son of an Italian bass player, was born at Lucca, and studied at Rome, where he became a fine cellist, and soon began to compose. He returned to Lucca, where for some years he was prominent as a player; and there he produced two oratorios and a cantata. He toured in Europe, and in 1768 was received in Paris by Gossec and his circle with great enthusiasm, his instrumental pieces being highly applauded; and from 1 770 to 1785 he held the post of’ composer and virtuoso’ to the king of Spain’s brother, the infante Luis, at Madrid. He afterwards became ‘chamber-composer’ to King Frederick William II of Prussia till 1797, when he returned to Spain. He died at Madrid on 28 May 1805.
Francois Couperin (1668-1733)
Authors: Tilmouth Michael , Kimbell David , Savage Roger
Published: November 2023

Francois Couperin, the French composer, was the most famous member of a family of musicians which may be traced from the generation born in 1626 to the death of Mlle Celeste Couperin, organist at St Gervais, 1860.

Francois Couperin (dubbed ‘le grand’) is the chief of the many French clavecinists whose ranks include a greater composer, Rameau. The clavecin works and chamber music of Couperin have earned the reward of an art which, undertaking to satisfy natural desires, sets itself the narrowest possible limits and within these limits finishes its work to the utmost perfection.
George Frideric Handel (1685-1759) [Handelian Style, And The Oratorios]
Authors: Tilmouth Michael , Kimbell David , Savage Roger
Published: November 2023

Noone has more successfully popularized the greatest artistic ideals than Han del; no artist is more disconcerting to critics who expect to follow a great man’s mental development easily. Not even Wagner effected a greater transformation in the possibilities of dramatic music than Handel effected in oratorio, yet Handel was the very opposite of a reformer. Indeed he hardly took the pains to ascertain what an art-form was, so long as something externally like it would convey his idea. But he never failed to convey his idea, and, if the hybrid forms in which he conveyed it had no historic influence and no typical character, they were none the less fit for each case. The same aptness and the same absence of method are conspicuous in his style.
Tomás Luis de Victoria (1548-1611)
Authors: Tilmouth Michael , Kimbell David , Savage Roger
Published: November 2023

Tomas Luis de Victoria (or Vittoria), the Spanish composer, was born at Avila. In 1573 he was appointed as Maestro di Cappella to the Collegium German icum at Rome, where he had probably been trained. Victoria left Rome in 1587, being then appointed to the royal convent of S. Clara at Madrid, a post which he held until 1604. In 1603 he composed for the funeral of the Empress Maria the greatest requiem of the Golden Age, which is his last known work, though in 1613 a contemporary speaks of him as still living.
Performance and Personality (1899)
Authors: Tilmouth Michael , Kimbell David , Savage Roger
Published: November 2023

There seems to be considerable difference of opinion as to what is the right relationship between a player and the compositions he plays; at least, if we may judge by the catch-words of popular criticism. They seem to range between such eulogies as: ‘Mr So-and-so gave an extremely individual rendering’ (or is ‘rendition’ the better journalese?) ‘of Haydn’s Andante con Variazioni in F minor, imparting to it an expression of which Papa Haydn could never have dreamt’; and, on the other hand: ‘Mr So-and-so’s interpretation is faithful and conscientious; he brings out the intentions of the composer with a clearness which is only matched by the reverent spirit which pervades every note of his playing.’
Appreciation of Joseph Joachim as Composer (1908)
Authors: Tilmouth Michael , Kimbell David , Savage Roger
Published: November 2023

No great player has left for posterity a record at all comparable to that contained in the small collection of compositions written by Joachim for the most part before his thirtieth year, and published in many cases at a much later period. They show none of the limitations of the music of a player: they are the early masterpieces of a classical composer. And Joachim’s adherence to classical forms is no mere sign of a school tradition; his music depends on no school, least of all on that of Schumann, from which it is often said to be derived.
The Pianoforte of Emanuel Moór (1922)
Authors: Tilmouth Michael , Kimbell David , Savage Roger
Published: November 2023

A finished work of art is a sensitive thing, and much set in its ways. It has been delicately adapted to the conditions under which, and for which, it was made, and when you try to acclimatize it to new and apparently better conditions, you may display a mistaken sympathy for what you conceive to be its sufferings in its original state. No player can do justice to his instrument unless he is disposed by instinct and training to treat all its limitations as qualities rather than as defects.
Essay before a Chopin Recital (192 3)
Authors: Tilmouth Michael , Kimbell David , Savage Roger
Published: November 2023

Chopin’s music has something more than an unmistakable personal note. If the pianoforte has a soul, Chopin personifies it. Some composers have used the pianoforte effectively to wider musical purpose, rightly feeling that instruments are made for music, and not music for instruments. Other composers, taking the latter view in its narrowest sense, have confined the pianoforte to what is implied in the literal act of striking a string with a hammer, excluding the whole range of ideas which a vibrating string can suggest while the sound is dying away. Chopin’s music moves in the world of imaginative suggestion; and thus his most ordinary conception of the tone of the pianoforte is inherently poetic.
Scales
Authors: Maconie Robin
Published: November 2023

Even the Greeks must have realized that pitch legislation has its limits. While you could prove a divinity in harmonic relation ships which satisfied the mind and the ear, it was another matter to insist that simple people sing or play strictly in tune with approved pitches of a scale or mode. Melody is by nature dynamic and transitional, driven by impulses and sensations which are not always subject to rational control. We observe the cries of animals and birds, as well as sounds of wind howling, water pouring, wood being sawn and nailed, and a host of mechanical noises associated with dynamic processes, all of which convey direction, intention, and state of completion of action by means of what the synthesizer handbooks call ‘gliding tones’: pitches which are neither here nor there, but in the process of moving from here to there. It is possible to confine gliding tones within a system of exact pitches.
Sharps and Flats
Authors: Maconie Robin
Published: November 2023

Sharps and flats appear early in the history of notation. An accidental does not signify a note, but a change of context. Weather forecasting depicts the approach of a warm or cold front respectively by rounded and pointed symbols. Sharps and flats (the words in French and German also have ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ connotations) are similarly changes in the air. Listeners are not supposed to hear sharps and flats. They are a visual concept arising from the fact that notation establishes a pitch regime within which a music is played. Corrections to a given regime arise when the ear is allowed to override what a written notation dictates. A sharp or flat indicates a correction, that the note given is to be intoned differently. An F sharp is still an F, but bent upwards.
Enclosures
Authors: Maconie Robin
Published: November 2023

What exactly is the relationship between music and architecture? Yes, a musical performance should take account of the acoustic of a concert-hall, and in practice orchestras and soloists do so. The contribution of a suitable environment can add immeasurably to the satisfaction of a concert performance, reflecting and reverberating the original sources in a number of helpful ways to increase the level of sound reaching an audience, and to prolong the reverberation time of a signal, making it appear stronger and more clearly defined to the ear.