bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electronic structure and prediction of atomization energy of naked homoleptic uranium hexacarbonyl U(CO)6
Authors: Malli Gulzari L.
Published: January 2006

Our ab initio all-electron fully relativistic Dirac-Fock and nonrelativistic Hartree-Fock self-consistent field (SCF) calculations predict the octahedral (Oh) uranium hexacarbonyl U(CO)6 to be bound with the calculated atomization energy of 49.84 and 48.76eV at the predicted U–C bond lengths (assuming the C–O bond distance fixed at 1.17Å) of 2.53 and 2.63Å, respectively. Moreover, our all-electron fully relativistic Dirac-Fock SCF calculations predict U(CO)6 to be lower in energy by 3.90eV with respect to dissociation into U plus six CO ligands. We predict U(CO)6 (Oh) to be very stable in view of our predicted large atomization energy (∼49eV) and stability (∼4eV) with respect to dissociation into U plus six CO molecules. Innovative techniques should be devised for the synthesis of uranium hexacarbonyl since the usual synthetic methods have failed so far for this naked actinide hexacarbonyl.
Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity in placental tissue from patients with pre-existing and gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Pustovrh Carolina , Jawerbaum Alicia , Sinner Debora , Pesaresi Mario , Baier Mario , Micone Paula , Gimeno Martha , Gonzalez Elida T.
Published: January 2006

The activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 was evaluated in placental
tissue from healthy subjects (controls) and from patients with gestational and
pre-existing diabetes mellitus (GDM and PDM, respectively). Compared with
controls, MMP-9 activity was greater in placental tissue from patients with
PDM and lower in placental tissue from patients with GDM. The modulatory role
of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) on MMP-9 activity in
placental tissue was evaluated. In healthy placenta, NO synthase inhibitors
diminished MMP-9 activity, whereas NO donors enhanced it. The addition of
xanthine/xanthine oxidase or hydrogen peroxide to placental incubates
enhanced MMP-9 activity, while the addition of superoxide dismutase (SOD)
diminished it. In placental tissue from patients with PDM, MMP-9 activity was
stimulated by NO and by ROS. In placental tissue from patients with PDM,
concentrations of nitrates/nitrites and thiobarbituric acid-reactive
substances (TBARS) were enhanced, whereas SOD activity was decreased,
suggesting that elevated concentrations of NO and ROS may be related to the
enhanced MMP-9 concentrations found in these tissues. In placenta from GDM
patients, in which a diminished concentration of MMP-9 were detected,
nitrate/nitrite concentrations were increased, but placental MMP-9
activity did not change in the presence of either NO donors or inhibitors. The
activity of MMP-9 in placental tissue from patients with GDM was stimulated by
ROS donor systems and was inhibited by the addition of SOD; however, TBARS and
SOD concentrations were unchanged in these tissues compared with controls.
These findings demonstrate that placental MMP-9 activity is modulated by NO
and ROS and that, in diabetic pathology, NO and ROS may determine changes in
MMP-9 activity, which are probably involved in the structural and functional
abnormalities of diabetic placental tissue.
Aetiology of attenuated luteal development in prednisolone-induced eosinopenic ewes
Authors: Murdoch William J. , Van Kirk Edward A.
Published: January 2006

Eosinophilic leukocytes infiltrate the wall of postovulatory ovine follicles.
The objective of this investigation was to assess a putative role of resident
eosinophils in the folliculo–luteal transition. Eosinophils accumulated
where new blood vessels were evident along connective tissue trabeculae that
pervaded the parenchyma of formative corpora lutea. Mid-phase function of
corpora lutea (progesterone output) was suppressed in ewes in which
eosinophils were ablated by systemic administration of prednisolone following
ovulation. Glandular dysfunction was related to a diminished angiogenic
response (quantitative image analysis of vascular space in histological
specimens and scanning electron microscopy of corrosion casts) during the
luteinization process. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was localized
by immunofluorescence microscopy to luteal eosinophils. It is suggested that
VEGF of eosinophilic origin contributes to the neovascularization mechanism of
corpora lutea in sheep.
Rescuing Businesses through Transnationalism: Embedded Chinese Enterprise and Nationalist Activities in Singapore in the 1930s Great Depression
Authors: Kuo Huei-Ying
Published: January 2006

This article argues that the embeddedness of Chinese enterprises in Singapore society explains the limited success of the nationalist movement in Singapore. To respond to the economic crisis in the 1930s, Chinese business elites employed nationalist rhetoric to appeal to their compatriots in the British colony to support Chinese “national products.” With dual allegiance to both British rule and Chinese national identity, Chinese business nationalists took a transnational approach. Because Chinese business communities in Singapore were organized along subethnic lines, Chinese transnationalism failed to surmount these social divisions.
Hemimacroglossia Caused by Isolated Plexiform Neurofibroma: A Case Report
Authors: Guclu Ender , Tokmak Abdurrahman , Oghan Fatih , Ozturk Ozcan , Egeli Erol
Published: January 2006

Objectives: The present case is a diffuse isolated plexiform neurofibroma of the tongue that was not associated with neurofibromatosis that we treated with intraoral surgery.

Study Design: A case report.

Methods: We present a 5‐year‐old girl with isolated plexiform neurofibroma of the tongue with infiltration of the tongue base and review treatment approaches for this very rare tumor.

Results: An intraoral approach appears to be a good alternative method that allows both an acceptable exposure for total excision and limited postoperative sequelae.

Conclusions: Isolated plexiform neurofibroma of the tongue is very rare. It causes a massive macroglossia that is progressive with advance of years and disturbs the patient's speech, occlusion, and tongue movements. Involvement of the tongue may be associated with infiltration into the deep structures of the neck by the tumor, thereby presenting considerable operative difficulties.
Odd‐Skipped Related 2 gene transcription is regulated by CCAAT enhancer‐binding protein δ in mesenchymal C3H10T1/2 cells
Authors: Kawai Shinji , Kato Takahiro , Sato Masahiro , Amano Atsuo
Published: January 2006

Odd‐skipped related 2 (Osr2) gene is mouse homolog of Drosophila Odd‐skipped gene involved with the pair‐rule segmentation phenotype in Drosophila mutant embryos. In this study, to examine Osr2 expression regulation, the mouse Osr2 promoter region was cloned and characterized, and found to have two enhancer elements in the −1463/−1031 (distal) and −581/+3 (proximal) regions, and a repressor region (−4845/−1463, far distal). CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) binding sites were found in both the distal and proximal enhancer elements. Osr2 promoter activity was enhanced by C/EBPδ, a member of the C/EBP family, in a dose‐dependent manner. Electrophoresis mobility shift assays showed that purified GST‐C/EBPδ bound to distal (−1295/−1261) and proximal (−89/−55) C/EBP binding motifs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated that acetylated histones H3, H4, and C/EBPδ in the proximal region (−280/−43), but not the distal region (−1438/−1196), indicating that the Osr2 promoter proximal region was transcriptionally activated in C3H10T1/2 cells. Our results suggest that Osr2 expression is regulated by C/EBP regulatory elements.
A cluster randomized‐controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of Stepping Stones in preventing HIV infections and promoting safer sexual behaviour amongst youth in the rural Eastern Cape, South Africa: trial design, methods and baseline findings
Authors: Jewkes R. , Nduna M. , Levin J. , Jama N. , Dunkle K. , Khuzwayo N. , Koss M. , Puren A. , Wood K. , Duvvury N.
Published: January 2006

Objective  To describe the study design, methods and baseline findings of a behavioural intervention trial aimed at reducing HIV incidence.

Method  A cluster randomized‐controlled trial (RCT) conducted in 70 villages in rural South Africa. A behavioural intervention, Stepping Stones, was implemented in 35 communities in two workshops of 20 men and 20 women in each community who met for 17 sessions (50 h) over a period of 3–12 weeks. Individuals in the control arm communities attended a single session of about 3 h on HIV and safer sex. Impact assessment was conducted through two questionnaire and serological surveys at 12‐month intervals. The primary outcome was HIV incidence and secondary measures included changes in knowledge, attitude and sexual behaviours. Qualitative research was also undertaken with 10 men and 10 women from two sites receiving the intervention (one rural and one urban) and five men and five women from one village in the control arm. They were interviewed individually three times prior to the workshops and then 9–12 months later.

Results  A total of 2776 participants (1409 intervention and 1367 control) were enrolled at baseline and had an interview, and HIV sero‐status was established. HIV baseline prevalence rates in women were 9.8% in the intervention arm and 12.8% in the control arm. In men the prevalence was 1.7% in the intervention arm and 2.1% in the control arm. Demographic and behavioural characteristics were similar in the two arms. In the intervention groups 59.9% of participants attended more than 75% of the sessions. In the control group 66.3% attended the control session.

Conclusion  This is the third RCT to be conducted in sub‐Saharan Africa evaluating a behavioural intervention using HIV incidence as a primary outcome. It is of particular interest as the intervention in question is used in many developing countries. There is good baseline comparability between the study arms and the process data on the workshops suggested that the interventions were feasible and adequately implemented.
Shifting Imperatives: An Integrative View of Resource Scarcity and Agency Reasons for Franchising
Authors: Castrogiovanni Gary J. , Combs James G. , Justis Robert T.
Published: January 2006

Alternative explanations of franchising offer contrasting predictions as to how the proportion of franchised outlets changes as franchisors age. We propose that two dominant views—resource–scarcity and agency theory—can be integrated by delineating when each is most relevant. Data from 102 franchisors over a 21–year period suggest that resource–scarcity considerations take precedence when franchisors are young, but that agency considerations prevail as franchisors age. Thus, the proportion franchised exhibits a cubic pattern as franchisors age—increasing rapidly at first, decreasing, and then increasing again. Future researchers and practitioners alike can benefit from understanding how the relative influences of resource and agency considerations shift over time.
Effects of Boundary Conditions on the Estimation of the Planar Biaxial Mechanical Properties of Soft Tissues
Authors: Sun Wei , Sacks Michael S. , Scott Michael J.
Published: January 2006

Evaluation and simulation of the multiaxial mechanical behavior of native and engineered soft tissues is becoming more prevalent. In spite of this growing use, testing methods have not been standardized and methodologies vary widely. The strong influence of boundary conditions were recently underscored by Waldman et al. [2002, J. Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 13, pp. 933–938] wherein substantially different experimental results were obtained using different sample gripping methods on the same specimens. As it is not possible to experimentally evaluate the effects of different biaxial test boundary conditions on specimen internal stress distributions, we conducted numerical simulations to explore these effects. A nonlinear Fung-elastic constitutive model (Sun et al., 2003, JBME 125, pp. 372–380, which fully incorporated the effects of in-plane shear, was used to simulate soft tissue mechanical behavior. Effects of boundary conditions, including varying the number of suture attachments, different gripping methods, specimen shapes, and material axes orientations were examined. Results demonstrated strong boundary effects with the clamped methods, while suture attachment methods demonstrated minimal boundary effects. Suture-based methods appeared to be best suited for biaxial mechanical tests of biological materials. Moreover, the simulations demonstrated that Saint-Venant’s effects depended significantly on the material axes orientation. While not exhaustive, these comprehensive simulations provide experimentalists with additional insight into the stress–strain fields associated with different biaxial testing boundary conditions, and may be used as a rational basis for the design of biaxial testing experiments.
Energy losses in an acoustical resonator
Authors: Ilinskii Yurii A. , Lipkens Bart , Zabolotskaya Evgenia A.
Published: January 2006

A one-dimensional model has recently been developed for the analysis of nonlinear standing waves in an acoustical resonator. This model is modified to include energy losses in the boundary layer along the resonator wall. An investigation of the influence of the boundary layer on the acoustical field in the resonator and on the energy dissipation in the resonator is conducted. The effect of the boundary layer is taken into account by introducing an additional term into the continuity equation to describe the flow from the boundary layer to the volume. A linear approximation is used in the development of the boundary layer model. In addition to the viscous attenuation in the boundary layer, the effect of acoustically generated turbulence is modeled by an eddy viscosity formulation. Calculatons of energy losses and a quality factor of a resonator are included into the numerical code. Results are presented for resonators of three different geometries: a cylinder, a horn cone, and a bulb-type resonator. A comparison of measured and predicted dissipation shows good agreement.
Influences of a temperature gradient and fluid inertia on acoustic streaming in a standing wave
Authors: Thompson Michael W. , Atchley Anthony A. , Maccarone Michael J.
Published: January 2006

Following the experimental method of Thompson and Atchley [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117, 1828–1838 (2005)] laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) is used to investigate the influences of a thermoacoustically induced axial temperature gradient and of fluid inertia on the acoustic streaming generated in a cylindrical standing-wave resonator filled with air driven sinusoidally at a frequency of 308 Hz. The axial component of Lagrangian streaming velocity is measured along the resonator axis and across the diameter at acoustic-velocity amplitudes of 2.7, 4.3, 6.1, and 8.6 m/s at the velocity antinodes. The magnitude of the axial temperature gradient along the resonator wall is varied between approximately 0 and 8 K/m by repeating measurements with the resonator either surrounded by a water jacket, suspended within an air-filled tank, or wrapped in foam insulation. A significant correlation is observed between the temperature gradient and the behavior of the streaming: as the magnitude of the temperature gradient increases, the magnitude of the streaming decreases and the shape of the streaming cell becomes increasingly distorted. The observed steady-state streaming velocities are not in agreement with any available theory.
Theory and design of sound field reproduction in reverberant rooms
Authors: Betlehem Terence , Abhayapala Thushara D.
Published: January 2006

With the recent emergence of surround sound technology, renewed interest has been shown in the problem of sound field reproduction. However, in practical acoustical environments, the performance of sound reproduction techniques are significantly degraded by reverberation. In this paper, we develop a method of sound field reproduction for reverberant environments. The key to this method is an efficient parametrization of the acoustic transfer function over a region of space. Using this parametrization, a practical method has been provided for determining the transfer function between each loudspeaker and every point in the reproduction region. Through several simulation examples, the reverberant field designs have been shown to yield a reproduction accuracy as good as conventional free-field designs, and better than multipoint least squares designs when loudspeaker numbers are limited. The successful reproduction of sound over a wide frequency range has also been demonstrated. This approach reveals the appropriate choices for fundamental design parameters.
Effects of environmental uncertainties on sonar detection performance prediction
Authors: Sha Liewei , Nolte Loren W.
Published: January 2006

The development of effective passive sonar systems depends upon the ability to accurately predict the performance of sonar detection algorithms in realistic ocean environments. Such environments are typically characterized by a high degree of uncertainty, thus limiting the usefulness of performance prediction approaches that assume a deterministic environment. Here we derive closed-form receiver operating characteristic (ROC) expressions for an optimal Bayesian detector and for several typical suboptimal detectors, based on a statistical model of environmental uncertainty. Various scenarios extended from an NRL benchmark shallow-water model were used to check the analytical ROC expressions and to illustrate the effect of environmental uncertainty on detection performance. The results showed that (1) optimal detection performance in an uncertain environment in diffuse noise depends primarily on the signal-to-noise ratio at the receivers and the rank of the signal matrix, where the rank is an effective representation of the scale of environmental uncertainty; (2) the ROC expression for the optimal Bayesian detector provides a more realistic performance upper bound than that obtained from conventional sonar equations that do not incorporate environmental uncertainty; and (3) detection performance predictions can be performed much faster than with commonly used numerical methods such as Monte Carlo performance evaluations.
The effect of contralateral stimulation on spontaneous acoustic emissions
Authors: Grose John H.
Published: January 2006

Subjects exhibiting spontaneous acoustic emissions (SAEs) were presented with wideband noise in the ear contralateral to that in which their SAE was being recorded. The SAE magnitudes were monitored while the noise was incremented in 5-dB steps. Some SAE components were markedly reduced with increasing contralateral stimulation while others appeared to be enhanced, despite frequency separations between components of less than 200 Hz. The effects were in the order of 3–10 dB, though occasionally greater, and the threshold for the SAE change was generally below the acoustic reflex threshold for that subject. The rms level of the ear canal noise in the ipsilateral ear was also monitored to ensure that none of the observations were a result of transcranial transmission of the stimulus. Pure tones were substituted for the noise in order to determine whether the effect was tuned; however no sharp tuning was observed.
Insights into dolphin sonar discrimination capabilities from broadband sonar discrimination experiments with human subjects
Authors: Au Whitlow W. L. , Martin Douglas W.
Published: January 2006

A wide variety of dolphin sonar discrimination experiments have been conducted, yet little is known as to the cues utilized by dolphins in making fine target discriminations. Hammer and Au [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 68, 1285–1293 (1980)] found a correlation between dolphin discrimination capabilities and the matched filter response of the target echoes. Sonar discrimination experiments have also been conducted with human subjects using the same targets employed in the Hammer and Au and other dolphin experiments. When digital recordings made of the target echoes ensonfied with a dolphinlike signal were played back at a slower rate to subjects, humans could make fine target discriminations under controlled laboratory conditions about as well as dolphins under less controlled conditions. Most of the cues reported by human subjects can be described by time-domain echo-features. The results of several dolphin sonar and human listening experiments will be discussed along with the target echo characteristics.
Critical ratio and bandwidth of the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)
Authors: Moore Patrick W. B. , Au Whitlow W. L.
Published: January 2006

Masked underwater pure-tone thresholds were obtained for an Atlantic bottlenose dolphin using an “up-down staircase” method of stimulus presentation and a “go/no-go” response procedure. Broadband noise at two levels was used to measure the animal's critical ratio at test frequencies of 30, 60, 90, 100, 110, 120, and 140 kHz. For frequencies of 100 kHz and below, the critical ratios were similar to those measured by Johnson [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 44, 965–967 (1968)]. The results indicate a sharp increase in the critical ratio to 51 dB at 110 kHz followed by a slight decline to 46 dB at 120 kHz. Different bandwidths of noise with very sharp cutoffs were used to measure the dolphin's critical bandwidth at test frequencies of 30, 60, and 120 kHz. The critical bandwidth was approximately 10 times (10 dB) wider than the critical ratio at 30 kHz and 8 times wider (9 dB) at 60 kHz. At 120 kHz, the critical bandwidth was approximately the same as the critical ratio.
The near-ground structure of the nocturnal sound field
Authors: Waxler Roger , Talmadge Carrick L. , Dravida Shantharam , Gilbert Kenneth E.
Published: January 2006

The near-ground behavior of the low-frequency (100Hzto500Hz) sound field in the nocturnal sound duct is studied theoretically and experimentally. In the first few meters of the atmosphere, narrow-band sound fields are found to have a characteristic vertical structure. The sound field is the superposition of a “surface mode,” whose magnitude decreases monotonically with altitude, with a sum of “higher modes,” each of whose magnitudes has a pronounced minimum a few meters from the ground at approximately the same height. The surface mode attenuates to negligible levels after a few hundred meters from the source. Consequently, more than a few hundred meters from a narrow-band source, there is a “quiet height” at which the sound level is reduced by 10to15dB relative to its value on the ground. The narrow-band quiet height is shown to be a robust feature of nocturnal sound propagation.
Alterations in 5-HT
1B
Receptor Function by p11 in Depression-Like States
Authors: Svenningsson Per , Chergui Karima , Rachleff Ilan , Flajolet Marc , Zhang Xiaoqun , Yacoubi Malika El , Vaugeois Jean-Marie , Nomikos George G. , Greengard Paul
Published: January 2006

The pathophysiology of depression remains enigmatic, although abnormalities in serotonin signaling have been implicated. We have found that the serotonin 1B receptor [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT
1B
) receptor] interacts with p11. p11 increases localization of 5-HT
1B
receptors at the cell surface. p11 is increased in rodent brains by antidepressants or electroconvulsive therapy, but decreased in an animal model of depression and in brain tissue from depressed patients. Overexpression of p11 increases 5-HT
1B
receptor function in cells and recapitulates certain behaviors seen after antidepressant treatment in mice. p11 knockout mice exhibit a depression-like phenotype and have reduced responsiveness to 5-HT
1B
receptor agonists and reduced behavioral reactions to an antidepressant.
THE KNOWLEDGE-BASED FUZZY RULES EMULATED NETWORK AND ITS APPLICATIONS ON DIRECT ADAPTIVE ON NONLINEAR CONTROL SYSTEMS
Authors: TREESATAYAPUN CHIDENTREE
Published: January 2006

This paper proposes an adaptive network architecture, which can emulate the human knowledge as the fuzzy logic rule, and its applications as the controller for nonlinear systems. The structure of this proposed network, multi-input Fuzzy Rule Emulated Network or FREN, is derived based on human knowledge in the form of fuzzy IF-THEN rules. The initial setting of its parameters can be intuitively chosen from expert's experience. During the learning phase based on the gradient search, the learning rate can be adapted itself to remain the stability with the Lyapunov method. The performance of our network is presented by using this network as controller for the single invert pendulum plant and the water bath temperature control system. The comparison results with other conventional control algorithms such as artificial neural networks and PID controllers can be illustrated in each example.
HIERARCHICAL AND TOPOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE PROTEIN–PROTEIN INTERACTION NETWORKS
Authors: LEE PO-HAN , HUANG CHIEN-HUNG , FANG JYWE-FEI , LIU HSIANG-CHUAN , NG KA-LOK
Published: January 2006

We employ the random graph theory approach to analyze the protein–protein interaction database DIP. Several global topological parameters are used to characterize the protein–protein interaction networks (PINs) for seven organisms. We find that the seven PINs are well approximated by the scale-free networks, that is, the node degree cumulative distribution Pcum(k) scales with the node degree k (Pcum(k) ~ k-α). We also find that the logarithm of the average clustering coefficient Cave(k) scales with k (Cave(k) ~ k-β), for E. coli and S. cerevisiae. In particular, we determine that the E. coli and the S. cerevisiae PINs are better represented by the stochastic and deterministic hierarchical network models, respectively. The current fruit fly protein–protein interaction dataset does not have convincing evidence in favor of the hierarchical network model. These findings lead us to conclude that, in contrast to scale-free structure, hierarchical structure model applies for certain species' PINs only.

We also demonstrate that PINs are robust when subject to random perturbation where up to 50% of the nodes are rewired. Average node degree correlation study supports the fact that nodes of low connectivity are correlated, whereas nodes of high connectivity are not directly linked.
Oxidation of myosin heavy chain and reduction in force production in hyperthyroid rat soleus
Authors: Yamada Takashi , Mishima Takaaki , Sakamoto Makoto , Sugiyama Minako , Matsunaga Satoshi , Wada Masanobu
Published: January 2006

We tested the hypothesis that a force reduction in hyperthyroid rat soleus muscle would be associated with oxidative modification in myosin heavy chain (MHC). Daily injection of thyroid hormone [3,5,3′-triiodo-l-thyronine (T3)] for 21 days depressed isometric forces of whole soleus muscle across a range of stimulus frequencies ( P < 0.01). In fiber bundles, hyperthyroidism also led to pronounced reductions ( P < 0.01) in both K+- and 4-chloro- m-cresol-induced contracture forces. The degrees of the reductions were similar between these two contractures that were induced by distinct reagents. Treatment with T3 elicited a significant decrease (∼14%; P < 0.05) in the relative content of MHC contained in myofibrillar proteins. The content of carbonyl groups in myofibrillar protein extracts was elevated ( P < 0.05) by ∼50% in T3-treated muscles. Immunoblot analyses on T3-treated muscles showed a greater increase (106%; P < 0.05) of the carbonyl content in MHC than in myofibrillar protein extracts. These data suggest that in hyperthyroidism the decrease in force production of skeletal muscles may stem primarily from failure in myofibrillar protein function resulting from oxidative modification of MHC.
POTE Paralogs Are Induced and Differentially Expressed in Many Cancers
Authors: Bera Tapan K. , Fleur Ashley Saint , Lee Yoomi , Kydd Andre , Hahn Yoonsoo , Popescu Nicholas C. , Zimonjic Drazen B. , Lee Byungkook , Pastan Ira
Published: January 2006

To identify new antigens that are targets for the immunotherapy of prostate and breast cancer, we used expressed sequence tag and genomic databases and discovered POTE, a new primate-specific gene family. Each POTE gene encodes a protein that contains three domains, although the proteins vary greatly in size. The NH2-terminal domain is novel and has properties of an extracellular domain but does not contain a signal sequence. The second and third domains are rich in ankyrin repeats and spectrin-like helices, respectively. The protein encoded by POTE-21, the first family member discovered, is localized on the plasma membrane of the cell. In humans, 13 highly homologous paralogs are dispersed among eight chromosomes. The expression of POTE genes in normal tissues is restricted to prostate, ovary, testis, and placenta. A survey of several cancer samples showed that POTE was expressed in 6 of 6 prostate, 12 of 13 breast, 5 of 5 colon, 5 of 6 lung, and 4 of 5 ovarian cancers. To determine the relative expression of each POTE paralog in cancer and normal samples, we employed a PCR-based cloning and analysis method. We found that POTE-2α, POTE-2β, POTE-2γ, and POTE-22 are predominantly expressed in cancers whereas POTE expression in normal tissues is somewhat more diverse. Because POTE is primate specific and is expressed in testis and many cancers but only in a few normal tissues, we conclude POTE is a new primate-specific member of the cancer-testis antigen family. It is likely that POTE has a unique role in primate biology. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(1): 52-6)
Complexity of Astrocyte-Motor Neuron Interactions in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Pehar Mariana , Vargas Marcelo R. , Cassina Patricia , Barbeito Ana G. , Beckman Joseph S. , Barbeito Luis
Published: January 2006

Neurons and surrounding glial cells compose a highly specialized functional unit. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) astrocytes interact with motor neurons in a complex manner to modulate neuronal survival. Experiments using chimeric mice expressing ALS-linked mutations to Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) suggest a critical modulation exerted by neighboring non-neuronal cell types on disease phenotype. When perturbed by primary neuronal damage, e.g. expression of SOD-1 mutations, neurons can signal astrocytes to proliferate and become reactive. Fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1) can be released by motor neurons in response to damage to induce astrocyte activation by signaling through the receptor FGFR1. FGF-1 stimulates nerve growth factor (NGF) expression and secretion, as well as activity of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) transcription factor. Nrf2 leads to the expression of antioxidant and cytoprotective enzymes such as heme oxygenase-1 and a group of enzymes involved in glutathione metabolism that prevent motor neuron degeneration. However, prolonged stimulation with FGF-1 or SOD-mediated oxidative stress in astrocytes may disrupt the normal neuron-glia interactions and lead to progressive neuronal degeneration. The re-expression of p75 neurotrophin receptor and neuronal NOS in motor neurons in parallel with increased NGF secretion by reactive astrocytes may be a mechanism to eliminate critically damaged neurons. Consequently, astrocyte activation in ALS may have a complex pathogenic role.
Lead Exposure as a Risk Factor for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Kamel F. , Umbach D.M. , Hu H. , Munsat T.L. , Shefner J.M. , Taylor J.A. , Sandler D.P.
Published: January 2006

Background: The etiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) likely involves an environmental component. We qualitatively assessed literature on ALS and lead exposure. Problems of study design make case reports and studies of lead in blood or tissues difficult to interpret. Most previous case-control studies found an association of ALS with self-reported occupational exposure to lead, with increased risks of 2- to >4-fold. However, these results may have been affected by recall bias. Objective: To address inconsistencies among published reports, we used both lead biomarkers and interview data to assess lead exposure, and we evaluated the role of genetic susceptibility to lead. Methods: We conducted a case-control study in New England in 1993–1996 with 109 ALS cases and 256 population-based controls. We measured blood and bone lead levels, the latter using X-ray fluorescence, and interviewed participants regarding sources of lead exposure. Results: In our study, ALS was associated with self-reported occupational lead exposure, with a dose response for cumulative days of exposure. ALS was also associated with blood and bone lead levels, with a 1.9-fold increase in risk for each µg/dl increment in blood lead and a 2.3- to 3.6-fold increase for each doubling of bone lead. A polymorphism in the δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase gene was associated with a 1.9-fold increase in ALS risk. Conclusion: These results, together with previous studies, suggest that lead exposure plays a role in the etiology of ALS. An increase in mobilization of lead from bone into blood may play a role in the acute onset of disease.
Eco‐efficiency for Pollution Prevention in Small to Medium‐Sized Enterprises: A Case from South Korea
Authors: Suh Sangwon , Lee Kun Mo , Ha Sangsun
Published: January 2006

A simple method of representing the eco‐efficiency (E/E) of a product system has been developed and applied to a pollution prevention program at a small to medium‐sized enterprise (SME). Cost‐side and environment‐side indicators were derived using total cost accounting and life‐cycle assessment, respectively. The derived indicators were subsequently normalized to reference values representing the current cost and environmental situation. By combining these normalized indicators, the E/E of a product system can be expressed on a simple graph. The method was applied in a case study carried out at a South Korean SME producing components for electronic equipment such as mobile communication base stations. A silver‐plating process was identified as one of the key processes driving a substantial fraction of the total cost and aggregate environmental impact of the product system. Focusing on the key issues identified, a series of alternative processes, including use of a product insulation cover, a sieve‐type ancillary electrode, a balanced‐uniform plating technique, stream segregation, and noncyanide electroplating, were proposed. The feasibility of these alternatives was validated against product specifications as well as the company's financial and spatial capacity. The potential improvements accruing from these alternatives are presented as a simple graph that can be used by decision makers to readily identify trade‐offs between economic and environmental issues.
How Can the Eco‐efficiency of a Region be Measured and Monitored?
Authors: Seppäläa Jyri , Melanen Matti , Mäenpää Ilmo , Koskela Sirkka , Tenhunen Jyrki , Hiltunen Marja‐Riitta
Published: January 2006

The concept of eco‐efficiency is commonly referred to as a business link to sustainable development. In this article, ecoefficiency is examined at a regional level as an approach to promoting the competitiveness of economic activities in the Finnish Kymenlaakso region and mitigating their harmful impacts on the environment. The aim is to develop appropriate indicators for monitoring changes in the eco‐efficiency of the region. A starting point is to produce indicators for the environmental and economic dimensions of regional development and use them for measuring regional eco‐efficiency. The environmental impact indicators are based on a life‐cycle assessment method, producing different types of environmental impact indicators: pressure indicators (e.g., emissions of CO2), impact category indicators (e.g., CO2 equivalents in the case of climate change), and a total impact indicator (aggregating different impact category indicator results into a single value). Environmental impact indicators based on direct material input, total material input, and total material requirement of the Kymenlaakso region are also assessed. The economic indicators used are the gross domestic product, the value added, and the output of the main economic sectors of Kymenlaakso. In the eco‐efficiency assessment, the economic and environmental impact indicators are monitored in the same graph. In a few cases eco‐efficiency ratios can also be calculated (the economic indicators are divided by the environmental indicators). Output (= value added + intermediate consumption) is used as an economic indicator related to the environmental impact indicators, which also cover the upstream processes of the region's activities. In the article, we also discuss the strengths and weaknesses of using the different environmental impact indicators.
A Microphysical Bulk Formulation Based on Scaling Normalization of the Particle Size Distribution. Part I: Description
Authors: Szyrmer Wanda , Laroche Stéphane , Zawadzki Isztar
Published: January 2006

The authors address the problem of optimization of the microphysical information extracted from a simulation system composed of high-resolution numerical models and multiparameter radar data or other available measurements. As a tool in the exploration of this question, a bulk microphysical scheme based on the general approach of scaling normalization of particle size distribution (PSD) is proposed. This approach does not rely on a particular functional form imposed on the PSD and naturally leads to power-law relationships between the PSD moments providing an accurate and compact PSD representation. To take into account the possible evolution of the shape/curvature of the distribution, ignored within standard one- and two-moment microphysical schemes, a new three-moment scheme based on the two-moment scaling normalization is proposed. The methodology of the moment retrieval included in the three-moment scheme can also be useful as a retrieval algorithm combining different remote sensing observations. The developed bulk microphysical scheme presents a unified formulation for microphysical parameterization using one, two, or three independent moments, suitable in the context of data assimilation. The effectiveness of the scheme with different combinations of independent moments is evaluated by comparison with a very high resolution spectral model within a 1D framework on representative microphysical processes: rain sedimentation and evaporation.
Examination of the Psychometric Properties of the Adult Manifest Anxiety Scale-Elderly Version Scores
Authors: Lowe Patricia A. , Reynolds Cecil R.
Published: January 2006

The psychometric properties of the Adult Manifest Anxiety Scale-Elderly Version (AMAS-E) scores were evaluated in two studies. In Study 1, the temporal stability and construct validity of the AMAS-E test scores were examined in a group of 226 older adults, aged 60 years and older. Results indicated adequate to excellent temporal stability (2-week interval) for the AMAS-E test scores. Evidence supporting the construct validity of the AMAS-E scale scores as measures of various aspects of anxiety was found. In Study 2, the factor structure of the AMAS-E was examined across gender for a sample of 863 older adults, 555 women and 308 men, aged 60 to 100 years. Coefficient of congruence and salient variable similarity index values reported suggest that the pairs of matched factors of each of the four factors (i.e., Fear of Aging, Physiological Anxiety, Worry/Oversensitivity, and Lie) and the general anxiety ( g anx) or Total Anxiety factor were invariant across gender. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Impulsivity and Schemas for a Hostile World
Authors: James Matthew , Seager James A.
Published: January 2006

Forty male prisoners at a medium-security Canadian penitentiary completed the I Questionnaire, a measure of impulsivity, and two measures of schemas for a hostile world. Both hypervigilance for hostile words during a dichotic shadowing task and hostile attributions made about actors in social vignettes correlated greater than .30 with a criminal history of persistent violence. Impulsivity did not significantly correlate with the schema measures but correlated .30 with persistent violence. The results provide support for the Serin and Kuriychuk model of aggression that links impulsivity and hostile attributions with persistent male violence.
Risk Principle of Case Classification in Correctional Treatment
Authors: Andrews D. A. , Dowden Craig
Published: January 2006

Recent meta-analyses have documented considerable evidence demonstrating that correctional treatment programs are indeed effective for reducing recidivism in offender populations. The effect of client risk, an issue that has received extensive coverage in the extant literature from an assessment perspective, has been relatively ignored in these efforts. The present study marks the first exhaustive meta-analytic investigation of the risk principle and its effects on correctional treatment program effectiveness. The results reveal moderate support for its utility, although the magnitude of the findings are affected by the reporting practices used in the primary studies. Finally, the evidence supporting the risk principle is much stronger for female offenders and young offenders and within programs that are deemed appropriate according to the principles of need and responsivity. It should be noted that justice interventions that did not include elements of human service (e.g., increased sanctions) yielded negative results regardless of level of client risk.
Suture Anchors and Tacks for Shoulder Surgery, Part II
Authors: Park Hyung Bin , Keyurapan Ekavit , Gill Harpreet S. , Selhi Harpal S. , McFarland Edward G.
Published: January 2006

The use of suture anchors and tacks around the shoulder requires a thorough knowledge of the proper use of the devices and how to insert them. Although typically not technically demanding, suture anchors and tacks can present unique and frustrating challenges to the patient and the surgeon. These challenges can occur whether the procedure is performed via an open or arthroscopic approach, but knowledge of the potential challenges may optimize the surgical result and prevent complications. Complications can be categorized as technique-related or device-related issues (mechanical or biologic failure). Techniquerelated complications include problems with the delivery systems, anchor malpositioning, and suture management issues, such as knots not sliding. Device-related complications include implant fracture, migration secondary to poor fixation, synovitis from implant degradation, and osteolysis. This review describes the prevention of these and other complications, addresses the indications or need for intervention, and suggests potential solutions when intervention is indicated.
A Master Reflects on the Sociology of Work and the Discipline
Authors: Hirsch Paul M.
Published: January 2006

William Form helped found the field of work and occupations. He also headed the American Sociological Association during some of its most turbulent years. In this autobiography, Form shares his story and reflections on how the field has developed and his experiences with some of our most important and colorful forbears. As C. Wright Mills's only doctoral student, and the first sociologist to document that the working class, across nations, is not reliably or consistently left in its politics, Form has made many contributions to the discipline. In this depiction of the discipline as a guild, and his role in shaping it, Bill Form provides a fascinating and well-paced review of how our field has developed and grown up.
Fungal Opportunistic Infections in HIV Disease
Authors: Duffalo Melody L.
Published: January 2006

Fungal pathogens can lead to many of the complications seen in advanced HIV disease and are commonly identified in HIV-infected populations with decreased immune function. Common fungal organisms affecting individuals with AIDS include Cryptococcus neoformans, various Candida species, and Histoplasma capsulatum. While infection with these organisms can be fatal, appropriate identification and management of the condition can result in reduced mortality and the opportunity for effectivemanagement of HIV disease with highly active antiretroviral therapy. This article describes the clinical presentation and treatment of 3 fungal infections common in the immunocompromised individual with AIDS. Current antifungal therapy for themanagement of these infections is discussed. In addition, the role of newer antifungal agents in the setting of these conditions is reviewed.
Mycobacterial Diseases in HIV-Positive Patients
Authors: Thomas Dia-Jeanette
Published: January 2006

Mycobacterial infections comprise the largest group of opportunistic infections in the HIV-infected population. The incidence of these and other opportunistic infections has declined significantly since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Mortality from these illnesses has decreased as optimal combinations of antibiotics were discovered. Despite these facts, mycobacterial infections still pose a major threat to AIDS patients, particularly in underserved populations. The most common mycobacterial infections found in HIV-infected individuals are Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium intracellulare, and Mycobacterium kansasii, although other nontuberculous mycobacteria have been isolated. While established guidelines have made the task of preventing and treating opportunistic infections easier, resistance, toxicity, adherence, and drug interactions remain barriers to providing optimal therapy.
Scottish Football
Authors: Morrow Stephen
Published: January 2006

The past few years have been financially challenging for Scottish football clubs: sustained losses, record levels of indebtedness, and several clubs placed in administration. There are numerous reasons why Scottish football finds itself in this state. External factors such as changes in the economics of football, in particular changes in football's relationship with broadcasters, have contributed; so have internal factors such as poor financial management. Although the need to adopt decision-making and control procedures appropriate to the present financial circumstances of Scottish football is recognized, there is also a need for structural reform at both the domestic and European levels.
Spanish Football
Authors: Ascari Guido , Gagnepain Philippe
Published: January 2006

The authors analyze the financial situation of the Spanish football industry. They first argue that a relevant analysis of the industry's financial results relies on a careful description of how historical and cultural factors have influenced its organization. Moreover, they stress the important relationship between the industry and television. The authors suggest that the situation of the Spanish football industry suffers from some structural weaknesses in its accounts. However, the situation seems less severe than in other major European football leagues, partly because local authorities in Spain have strong incentives to back football teams.
The Financial Crisis in European Football
Authors: Lago Umberto , Simmons Rob , Szymanski Stefan
Published: January 2006

Is there currently a crisis in European professional football? Surely there exists a common set of problems afflicting clubs, with negative financial implications for all. Moreover, a crisis in one large club or group of clubs threatens to damage the financial stability of other clubs. This introduction reviews the financial crises in football in several European countries, searches for common explanations of these crises, and proposes a few solutions, ranging from tighter financial regulation to the restructuring of competition, with the aim of easing the financial burden for smaller clubs in particular.