bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Heat Change Intensity on the Prevalence of Work-Related Accidents in Isfahan Steel Industry; A Time-Series Approach
Authors: Alimoradi Hadi , Nazari Mahsa , Zare Sakhvidi Mohammad Javad
Published: November 2020

In the steel industries, workers are exposed to heat and ambient thermal stresses on a daily basis, leading to discomfort and limited performance. In this study, the main purpose is to investigate the effect of climate heat stress on the rate of accidents in the workplace for workers for 5 consecutive years. The data of this study were received without any sampling through the HSE Center for Steel Industry and meteorological data from 2015 to 2019 from Isfahan Meteorological station. The daily number of casualties among workers in the steel industry during 2015-2019 by adjusting seasonal patterns, months, effects of the day of the week and other meteorological factors on the average daily temperature using the studied model has a decreasing effect. Eviews software (version 8) was used to model and investigate the relationship between events and meteorological variables. The mean temperature was at least 40.2-2 and at most 70.34 ° C, respectively. In the time-series study for the main model, the number of accidents shows a direct relationship with the average temperature and wind speed. Climatic indices of humidity and rainfall have the least impact on accidents compared to temperature and wind speed. A strong correlation was shown between the increase in average ambient temperature and the rate of accidents over the past 5 years. Given the fundamental differences in studies of environmental exposure and wind speed over heat stress, further analysis in workers should be considered.
Myofascial Force Transmission in the Humans: A Systematic Scoping Review of In-Vivo Studies
Authors: Ajimsha M.S. , Surendran Praveen , Jacob Prasobh , Shenoy Pramod , Bilal Mohammed
Published: November 2020

Background: The fascial system provides an environment that enables all body systems to operate in an integrated manner and is capable of modifying its tensional state in response to the stress applied to it. Recent in vitro, animal and cadaveric studies have shown that “myofascial force transfer” (MFT) has the potential to play a major role in musculoskeletal function and dysfunction.Objective: Human evidence for the existence of invivo MFT is scarce. This scoping review attempts to gather and analyse the available evidence of the in-vivo human MFT studies in order to sustain and facilitate further research and evidence based practice in this field.Methods: A search of most major databases was conducted with relevant keywords that yielded 238 articles as of August 2020. A qualitative analysis of the studies was conducted after rating it with Oxford’s Center for Evidence –based Medicine (CEBM) scale.Result: Nineteen studies ranging from randomized controlled trials to case studies covering 540 patients were included in this review. The analysed studies were highly heterogeneous and of lower methodological quality meddling with the quantitative analysis. Ten studies are confirming a ‘most likely’ existence of MFT, eight studies confirming it as ‘likely’ and one study couldn’t confirm any MFT existence in this review.Conclusion: Findings from in vivo human studies supports the animal and cadaveric studies claiming the existence of MFT which need to be corroborated by the future high quality studies. Forthcoming studies on MFT may give answers and solutions to many of the human musculoskeletal mysteries or dysfunctions.
Utilisation of Bio-binder Made of Homogenised Peat in Crumb Rubber-containing Composites
Authors: Irtiševa Kristine , Lapkovskis Vjaceslavs , Mironovs Viktors , Ozolins Jurijs , Plohuta Maksim , Goel Gaurav , Baronins Janis , Shishkin Andrei
Published: November 2020

The utilisation of the industrial residual products to create new value-added materials and to reduce footprint is a modern challenge of science and industry. Development of the new multifunctional and bio-based composites is an excellent opportunity for complex utilisation of industrial residual products. The study describes the preparation and characterisation of the three-phases bio-based composites. The main components are bio-based binder made of peat, devulcanised crumb rubber (DCR) from used tires and part of the fly ash the cenosphere (CS). Three-phase composite prepared in the form of a block for investigation of the mechanical properties and density and a form of granules for determination of the water and oil products sorption was investigated. This work investigated the dependence of the properties on the main component DCR and CS fraction. Is found, that maximum compression strength (in block form) observed for composition without CS and DCR addition - 79.3 MPa, the second highest value of compression strength is 11.2 MPa for composition with 27.3 wt% of CS. For compositions with bio binder content from 17.4 to 55.8 wt% and with DCR contents in range from 11.0 to 62.0 wt% compression strength is in range 1.1 to 2.0 MPa. Liquid sorption analysis (water and diesel) showed that the maximum saturation of liquids in both cases is set after 35 minutes and ranges from 1.05 to 1.4 g·g -1 for water and 0.77 to 1.25 g·g-1 for diesel. It was noted that 90% of the maximum saturation with diesel fuel comes after 10 minutes and for water after 35 minutes.
Educação indígena e seus modos de produção de conhecimento: um estudo sobre a produção da cerâmica entre famílias Kiriri, em Jacobina/BA
Authors: Jesus de Santana José Valdir , Silva de Oliveira Camila , Souza Pinto Danilo César
Published: November 2020

Nesta pesquisa, nosso objetivo foi identificar e analisar os modos de produção e transmissão de conhecimento e, portanto, das “experiências de aprendizagem” que indígenas Kiriri, localizados no município de Jacobina/BA, acionam no sentido de se produzirem enquanto coletivo; compreender os sentidos de educação e aprendizagem e do que é importante aprender tendo como foco central a produção da “cerâmica Kiriri”, posto que é a partir dela que os Kiriri atualizam relações com parentes que permaneceram na Terra Indígena em Banzaê/BA e com regimes de conhecimento que seriam próprios desse povo. As narrativas apresentadas pelo grupo e as etnografias sobre os Kiriri estão marcadas pela confluência da produção de cerâmica que marcam aspectos da educação deste povo e suas múltiplas formas de produção de cultura e etnicidade.
Comparison of distance education and smart education
Authors: Sharonova Svetlana , Avdeeva Elena
Published: November 2020

In the context of the pandemic caused by the spread of COVID-19, the problems of organizing the educational process based on digital technologies came to the fore, and therefore close attention was paid to distance education. At the same time, to optimize the educational process, questions arise about the use of smart technologies. In this regard, there is often a replacement of concepts such as distance education and smart education. Smart education is often viewed as a form of distance education based on communication and information technology. The article compares two educational systems: distance education and smart education. As a result of the analysis, the main positions were identified that showed the integrity of each of the educational systems under consideration.
Pengaruh Lokasi Geografis dan Vegetasi terhadap Sifat Fisikokimia Madu dari Ciwidey dan Bogor
Authors: Alodia Emanuela Rae , Bunyamin Anas , Mardawati Efri
Published: November 2020

Physicochemical properties are one of the parameters of honey quality that impacts the sales of honey as well as the economy condition of the society in Ciwidey and Bogor. The physicochemical properties of honey are significantly influenced by the origin of the honey, including its geographical location and vegetation. This study aims to determine the physicochemical properties between multiflora honey from Ciwidey and Bogor with different source of nectar where Ciwidey honey is dominated by calliandra nectar while Bogor honey is dominated by kapok nectar. Data were analyzed with descriptive and quantitative method using independent t test for data with normal distribution (water content and reducing sugar content). Data that were not normally distributed (color analysis and acidity value) were tested non-parametrically with the Mann Whitney-U. The results showed that Bogor honey has the better physicochemical properties and meets Indonesian National Standard (Standar Nasional Indonesia, SNI) 8664:2018, with a water content of 15.15% w/w, L* values of 35.26, a* value of 28.66, b* value of 59.46, c* value of 66.01, h* value of 64.27°, reducing sugar content of 78.78% and acidity value of 35.56 mL NaOH kg-1. Phytochemical screening showed positive results on alkaloid, flavonoid, phenol and tannin, and the results of GC-MS analysis showed three significant compounds which are hydroxymethylfurfural of 48.26%, levoglucosan of 13.58% and ammonium carbamate of 9.18%.
Pemberdayaan Peternak dalam Usaha Penggemukan Sapi Potong di Desa Kenteng, Kecamatan Nogosari, Kabupaten Boyolali
Authors: Emawati Shanti , Sudiyono Sudiyono , Purnomo Sutrisno Hadi , Suwarto Suwarto , Sari Ayu Intan , Rahayu Endang Tri
Published: November 2020

Domestic beef supply is fulfilled by farmers from Kenteng Village, Nogosari Sub-district, Boyolali Regency. Farmers in Kenteng Village develop beef cattle business by forming a beef cattle farmers' groups Sumber Makmur, Taruban Mulyo and Ngudi Mulyo. The problem faced by farmers in Kenteng Village is that the business of beef cattle fattening is not optimal. The purpose of this activity is to empower beef cattle farmers who are members of the livestock farmer groups in Kenteng Village. The method of taking location and respondent in this activity is purposive sampling. This activity methods include Focus Group Discussion (FGD), extension and training activities through the preparation of feed rations and fermented rice straw. The result of this activity is the empowerment of farmers in the business of beef cattle fattening through the implementation of counseling and training for the preparation of ration formulations and fermented straw making in Kenteng Village, which is seen as being more empowered because the farmers' knowledge increases and the feed tested on livestock can be consumed properly so that livestock performance increases. The conclusion of this activity is that farmers become more empowered due to increased farmer knowledge and the feed tested on livestock can be consumed properly, thereby increasing livestock performance.
Commissioning and Startup Management for Integrated and Complex Facilities
Authors: Azman M. Muaz , Ahmad Shatiry M. Sahir , Ghazali Izrie , Elarafi M. Gaberalla
Published: November 2020

Commissioning and startup is last phase for project execution of oil and gas development before it enter next Operation and Production phases. With each project requirement is unique, the commissioning and startup philosophy is crucial to be plan upfront in initial project phases in order to steer the project execution to achieve project objective. This paper outline project management process in Commissioning and Startup phase for multiple and complex facilities.

Typically in normal offshore oil and gas platforms projects, there will be only single Ready For Startup (RFSU) to be achieved as part of Contractual Milestone before the facilities will go for process commissioning and startup until completion and deliver the product to customer as per project objective. Once the product is delivered, the project will successfully claimed their commercial production and handed over the facility to the Asset as it will enter the Operation and Production Phase. With the current emerging development of dual oil and gas production complex with need of Enhance Oil Recovery (EOR) for aging fields, the single RFSU will not be enough throughout the contract in managing the commissioning of this complex, big scales and high stakes facilities. This is due to multiple packages contractors, services providers which need to be integrated in several RFSU milestone to ensure safe and smooth execution of works offshore especially dealing with aging and live facility. Without proper execution strategy, each contractors will be driven by own project milestones which may be too early or too late for other contractors since the commissioning work execution of each packages are inter-dependent with each other. The breakdown of RFSU into smaller startup and commissioning milestone needed to ensure better interfacing and integration done at more detail and refine commissioning scopes.

This method has been adopted in Malaysia field with resulted to accelerated product delivery to sales and successfully EOR program for the field. This will lead reduction of offshore non-productive time and mitigation of commercial exposure to the projects due to huge number of marine vessel involvement in offshore campaign. This is due to project execution and clashed are managed and guided through clear phases of commissioning and startup milestones. This paper will recommend how to manage the multiple facilities commissioning and startup effectively in order to meet the overall project objectives to deliver product timely to customers.
Deep Water Disposal DWD Insights for Optimized Field Development: A 25-Year Story from South Sultanate of Oman
Authors: Al-Jumah Ali , Shuabi Fakhriya , Lawati Ali , Kindi Ahmed , Urdaneta Gerardo , Brashdi Dawood , Al-Joumaa Jihad
Published: November 2020

Deep Water Disposal (DWD) project started in 1995 to process the main facility excess water output. A side-effect of this DWD injection into the shared Mehwis formation is a pressure support to the nearby fields, the impact of DWD rates can be seen clearly on measured pressures, where-initially before the start of DWD-the field was in depletion mode, after which the pressure stabilized after stable DWD rates. Similarly, recently the decline of nearby fields pressure can be noticed as a response to lower DWD rates. This study aims to evaluate the extent of the pressure support in nearby fields from DWD and the required disposal rate to maintain the desired pressures, and hence ultimately reclassify that part of deep-water disposal volume to water injection (WI), without sending the remainder water to shallow disposal site.
Self-Degradable Particles Mitigate Communication Between Stages in Multistage Acid Fracturing Completion
Authors: Alabdulmuhsin Ali , Alkulaib Hamad , Hansen Jon , Muqtadir Khan Abdul
Published: November 2020

Openhole multistage fracturing (OH MSF) completions consisting of openhole packers and ball-activated sleeves have become common to maximize reservoir contact in carbonate formations in Saudi Arabia. However, multiple cases have experienced communication between stages while performing acid fracturing treatments, caused by leaks at the openhole isolation packers. Consequently, sizeable portions of the target reservoir remain unstimulated.

The loss of isolation between stages can be detected during ball landing, followed by an injection test in the subsequent zone. When treating pressure remains essentially the same as before, and after landing the stage ball, the treating fluid is likely bypassing the openhole packer into the previously stimulated interval. To solve this problem, a small volume of fluid carrying degradable multimodal particles and fibers have been pumped at a low rate ahead of the acid fracturing treatment to stop fluid flowing behind the packers. Subsequent treating fluids are injected into the intended interval, thus evenly stimulating the entire lateral.

It was observed that when the pill arrived at the leak, pressure built rapidly, indicating effective bridging of the concentrated particulate pill. The total pressure increase was evaluated to confirm the performance of the pill material and that stage isolation had been restored. Afterward, pressure behavior during the acid fracturing treatments indicated that a new fracture was created in the target openhole interval. In several cases, the pill sustained more than 5,600-psi pressure buildup to successfully plug the leaks. Also, all materials used to form the pill are fully degradable, and no damage is left in the formation. Therefore, the entire wellbore is effectively stimulated with improved reservoir contact, resulting in higher production rates and enhanced reservoir drainage.

Degradable particulate diverters have been widely used in recent years as an effective way to increase stimulated rock volume by diverting at the fracturing face in the near-wellbore region. The cases described in this paper show the first application of this technology as temporary isolation to mitigate interstage communication inside the wellbore.
Investigation and Optimization of Deep Eutectic Solvent in Enhanced Oil Recovery Using Numerical Simulation
Authors: Hamdi Zakaria , Kumaran Prashanth Nair , Talabi Oluwole
Published: November 2020

In recent years, chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) application for heavy oil fields has been limited by low oil prices. The use of chemicals, though proven to be effective, can be toxic, expensive, and/or non-biodegradable. Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) are potentially a much cheaper, greener alternative to conventional surfactants. However, there are very limited studies on the DES application. This study focused on numerical modeling of the effectiveness of a specific DES (Choline Chloride: Glycerol), in improving oil recovery and evaluating the parameters affecting the DES behavior.

Data was gathered based on a literature review of the various but limited studies available and used to construct a black oil numerical model representing a heavy core-flooding experiment. The model was calibrated to some of the available published data. The study then used this model to examine different scenarios by comparing the performance of conventional water flooding using formation brine, with the performance of DES injection (after an initial period of brine flooding). The simulations were repeated at multiple temperatures and concentrations.

Simulation results tally with the hypothesis and published data which is in favor of oil recovery enhancement with DES injection. In brine flooding cases, the oil recovery factor was in the range of 36-39%, with the high end occurring at a higher temperature. Increasing the DES concentration reduces the interfacial tension (IFT) which further improves oil recovery with the assistance of wettability alteration. Injected DES alters the rock wettability from oil-wet to water-wet thus improving the oil mobility. It was also observed that the oil recovery factor increases significantly with the increase of temperature as this reduces the oil viscosity and in turn, the mobility ratio, given the same formation properties. The highest recovery factor (60-62%) was achieved at the maximum injected concentration although this may not be practical in field application.

Based on this, DES performance can be successfully applied as a substitute for current surfactant flooding methods in light of its low-cost, ‘greener’ nature as well as performance as a chemical EOR agent.
Dynamic Process Optimization Using a Reduced Order Modeling Framework
Authors: Guddeti Ravikishan , Sankaran Sathish
Published: November 2020

The role of process operations in upstream, midstream and downstream is critical to fundamental business resiliency and production optimization in a dynamic environment. State-of-the-art technologies today rely heavily on human intervention to react to environmental changes. Building reliable physics-based models that are continuously updated are often challenging. For dynamic models, there are no practical solutions available. Prior attempts using adaptive system identification methods have been made to model transient processes, whereas these methods don't scale to large number of variables without extensive human design or guarantee accurate prediction of nonlinear processes.

In this work, we propose to use a fast and hybrid, self-learning dynamic process modeling method from routine plant measurements that can be used for short-term forecasts, scenario modeling, process optimization and control.

A reduced order modeling (ROM) method based on input-output dynamic mode decomposition has been adapted to develop a dynamic process model based on historical data collected from plant sensors. From time series data, the ROM method computes a set of modes, each of which is associated with a fixed frequency and decay/growth rate. Hence, the ROM models are both parsimonious and meaningful. We applied the proposed approach to an upstream multi-phase separation process. The inlet streams parameters and controller setpoints are used as inputs, the effluent streams variables are used as outputs and the intermediate process variables are used as states. The trained model was used to predict unseen inputs arising from changes in well alignment and slugging. In this sense, the ROM model simplifies the physical equations to a low dimensional form. The ROM model was then used to optimize process performance to reject inlet feed disturbances by adjusting the controller setpoints to reduce process variability.

ROM method was used for moving horizon estimation of states and outputs, where the models provided very good predictions without any human intervention. Unlike black-box data-driven methods, the ROM method uses an interpretable approach that can be used to explain causal relationships. The optimization using the ROM model runs several orders of magnitude faster in closed loop and open loop modes, which can be used to evaluate several alternate scenarios. Common process disturbances such as inlet feed variations, loss of partial plant capacity, process upsets, change in target product rates and inventory are handled within the optimization framework.

The proposed ROM method provides a unique and sustainable way to combine latest analytical techniques and physics to develop an explainable reduced order dynamic model for the process facility that can be effectively used to assist operations in optimizing performance. The derived hybrid model lends itself naturally to fast computation, as would be required for real time optimization and supervisory control such as application on an IoT edge device.
Enhanced Flow Profile Evaluation by Combining Acoustic Noise Log and Thermal Modeling in Complex Design Wells
Authors: Khalaf Al-Enizi Nawaf , A. Mohsen Saleh Batoul , Zaid Al-Sulaili Mousa , Al-Ghanim Wafaa , Morad Raed , Dashti Qasem , A. Clark Robert , Rajabli Nuran , Ayyad Hazim , Mehraj Majid , Tahar Mosbah Mohamed , Yakupov Alfir , Rourke Marvin , Ismail Moustafa
Published: November 2020

The evaluation of injection efficiency is an important component of monitoring oilfield development; it is often complicated by well design, such as horizontal wells, dual or triple completions, and the use of inflow control devices (ICDs). This paper demonstrates how standard production logging (PL) measurements can be improved with the addition of a high sensitivity noise log and a quantitative temperature analysis that is sensitive to flow behind the tubing and casing.

The latest generation noise tools are highly sensitive instruments that record data during multiple short duration stations. The tools acquire noise energy across a wideband spectrum ranging from 8 to 60,000 Hz. To improve interpretation and visualization, the noise data is separated into two displays: an ultra-low frequency narrowband spectrum (8 to 4,000 Hz) and a wideband spectrum (100 to 60,000 Hz). The implementation of high-resolution temperature data with thermal modeling enables improved multiphase flow profiling using the Joule-Thomson effect and near-wellbore temperature behavior in the surrounding formations.

The integration of the noise tool and temperature modelling enables the detection of very low rate fluid flow that is not otherwise detectable with conventional production logging tools (PLT) and the quantification of multiphase flow behind the pipe in multi-barrier completions.

This paper includes three case studies that demonstrate the integration of noise spectral data, temperature modeling, and spinner data. The first case is a single-string vertical injector well with separate injection at various layers. In this case, the well completion was challenging because the upper production interval was located behind the tubing. In the second example, the injection distribution changes under different flow rate conditions. At a high injection rate, the formation fracture pressure is exceeded; at low flow, the injection is below the fracture pressure.

These results demonstrate that it is possible to qualitatively determine all injection intervals by noise logging and to quantitatively estimate the fluid distribution by thermal modeling, which was used to plan successful well workovers and restore injection. This technology identified zones that were taking injection that other conventional tools failed to identify, significantly improving the understanding of water injection conformance in the super giant Burgan field waterflood.
Screening Artificial Lift and Other Techniques for Liquid Unloading in Unconventional Gas Wells
Authors: Ejim Chidirim , Xiao Jinjiang
Published: November 2020

Unconventional gas reservoirs are characterized by steep declines in reservoir pressure as production progresses. This results in frequent liquid loading problems, thereby reducing gas production to zero. To resume production, a means of unloading the liquid is required. This paper presents a review of artificial lift methods and other techniques that can be employed to unload liquids from these wells. A ranking is also presented to highlight the most preferred system for a target well.

A detailed review of liquid loading was performed for an unconventional gas well with 5.5-inch casing size. A total of 19 artificial lift methods and other techniques capable of unloading liquids in high gas content flows were investigated. These included gas lift (continuous, plunger-assisted, gas-assisted, etc.), positive displacement pumps (progressing cavity, sucker rod pump, etc.), electric submersible pumps (ESPs), jet pump, and other techniques such as supersonic nozzles, wellbore heating and downhole wet gas compression. Subsequently, a ranking of the different methods was performed. The ranking constraints included setting depth, operating temperature, production rate, gas handling limitation, and economics.

The results indicate that the gas lift related artificial lift methods (continuous, plunger-assisted, gas-assisted), plunger/dual stage plunger lift systems, ranked highest as a suitable means to unload liquids in unconventional gas wells. This highest ranked group was followed closely by the positive displacement artificial lift methods, such as sucker rod pumps and long-stroke rod pump methods. The method with the lowest ranking was the linear ESP. The other techniques with mid-ranking showed promising applicability, which may likely become viable in the future. For methods within the highest ranked bracket, the specific method finally selected by the application engineer will depend on existing infrastructure and the economics of adding existing equipment to implement the system.

This study highlights the results from screening artificial lift methods and other techniques for use in unloading liquids from an unconventional gas well. It brings together these different unloading methods in one paper and serves as a guide for field engineers to assess operational suitability for their unconventional gas wells. Such knowledge serves as a worthwhile first step toward planning and implementation of a means to unload liquids in a target unconventional gas well.
Physics Guided Machine Learning Significantly Improves Outcomes for Data-Based Production Optimization
Authors: Staff Gunnar , Zarruk Gustavo , Hatleskog Johan , Stavland Simon , McNulty Henry , Ibarra Roberto , Calen Nicholas , Hagemann Ola , Lawrence Chris , Selanger Torbjørn , Ayati Anis , Renstrøm Therese
Published: November 2020

Hydrocarbon production systems generate huge datasets, often with time series going back many years. However, much of the data may be obsolete due to changing reservoir conditions and modification of the asset, and there may be scant data close to optimal operating conditions due to the inadequacy of existing optimization tools. It is widely recognized that data science, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning can contribute significantly to the optimization of production operations, and there is a trend towards hybrid AI, which combines data science with traditional physics-based simulators to deliver added value. In our work we show how to make use of physical principles in feature engineering to improve machine learning outcomes. This squeezes additional value from a pure data-based approach while avoiding expensive, time-consuming and often inaccurate simulations. Our toolbox includes energy, mass and force balances; PVT data for production fluids; order-of-magnitude analysis; and dimensional analysis.

We illustrate the value of physics guided machine learning with three examples from production optimisation: First example shows a significant improvement in separator operation to achieve environmental limits for safe disposal of produced water using a root-cause analysis to identify bad actors in the production system and recommending operator actions to mitigate oil-in water issues. By physics modeling of key physical processes, such as choke-dispersion and separator efficiency, the predictions were greatly improved. Second example is a data-based VFM using physics-based feature engineering, outperforming a VFM based purely on measured data. Last use-case is a dynamic maximum separator flow capacity calculation that safely allows flow rates above static design limits.

We conclude that physics-guided machine learning can add tremendous value to digitalisation rollout across a wide range of production optimisation use cases, and speed up the decision process toward mitigation of production losses in complex industrial phenomena.
Combination of Radial Drilling Technology with Acid Jetting: New Approach in Carbonate Reservoir Stimulation
Authors: Bashirov Ayrat , Lyagov Ilya , Galas Ilya
Published: November 2020

A new solution to stimulate carbonate formations with bedding water or a gas cap was proposed. It is a combination of acid jetting and Perfobur radial drilling technology. Perfobur is a technology of a mechanical radial drilling with using of slim mud motor. The main advantages of the technology are controlled trajectory and the possibility of re-entry into the channels. After channel drilling, a jetting gun with four nozzles is run into the drilled channel. Acid is injected through these nozzles at a flow rate of 100 m/s (328 ft/s). In addition to the effect of dissolving the formation, the additional caverns, which in theory are up to one meter long, are washed out.

This technology was applied on the carbonate reservoir of Bashkirian stage, which is characterized by high heterogeneity and close location of the underlying water. Two adjacent well candidates with identical reservoir properties were selected. Acid fracturing was performed on well-A. Two channels 46 feet long each were drilled on well-B using the Perfobur technology. Then acid was injected through the jetting gun. In each channel, acid was injected at two points. In total, 48 m3 of acid were injected. The productivity index of well-A was 0.4 m3/day/atm and on well-B - 1.07 m3/day/atm. Watercut on well №1 was 28%, and on well №2 - 10%.The experience of combination Perfobur technology and acid jetting showed a number of advantages. Firstly, it is an increased acid penetration length. Secondly, controlled acid injection minimizes the risk of breakthrough into the water. Thirdly, it is high productivity of wells after the workover.

The novelty of this technology is in ability to deploy acids far out in the rock away from wellbore through the mechanically drilled holes with known depths and azimuths. Precise locations of drilled channels allow to stay away from contacting the water or gas zones. The different chemicals can be deployed through the channels to treat the wells with various challenges, for example the heave oils and others.
Resolution of Step Change in Vibration Levels of a Steam Turbine
Authors: Mr. Mohammed Ashour , Mr. Sherif Mekawey
Published: November 2020

This is a Steam turbine unit of three casings (HP/IP, LP1 and LP2) connected to a Generator through a rigid coupling. The rated power of the Generator is 660 MW. The unit was commissioned in 2014 and undergone a major outage in February 2018. During the outage, the generator stator windings were replaced and coupling bolts between all rotors were modified and replaced with new design (hydraulically fitted coupling bolts) to ensure smooth assembly/ disassembly procedure. After the maintenance, the unit was started up in March 2018 and it was running at baseload with normal vibration levels below alarm set points. It was reported that sudden increase of vibration at LP2 turbine was noticed on 16th July 2018 followed by another step change on 26th July 2018. Maximum recorded vibration levels reached 130 μm PP (Alarm 120 μm PP) at LP2 BRG (towards LP1 side)). While the machine was still under service and during the period of January to April 2019, several vibration step-changes events occurred with the highest vibration levels at LP2 Bearings (both ends). All these events were recorded only on DCS trends whereas there was no online diagnostics system to capture the dynamic behavior of the machine.

A check list of maintenance activities was carried out by the customer during the planned outage to ensure the machine integrity and rule out some suspects (coupling and hold down bolts tightening, alignment check between LP2 & Generator, bearings clearances check etc.).

A multichannel analyzer was hooked to collect the data after the outage. The machine was started up with the same vibration levels!! The review of data during the transient mode (Startup) and at steady state indicated a clear symptom of unbalance. Also, the historical review of DCS data for various step changes showed that the vibration changes were localized to LP2 turbine mainly.

This case study is focused on how the unbalance was detected using the transient as well as steady state vibration plots which was matching with the inspection findings of broken LP-2 rotor blades of last two stages.

Also, this case study is focusing on how the process data from DCS data helped in identifying the root cause for the broken LP rotor blades (abnormal extraction temperature, abnormal change of LP-2 differential expansion etc.) which helped in fixing the issue permanently.
New Approach to the Development of Gas Hydrate Accumulations Located at the Bottom of the Seas and oceans
Authors: Sabawon Aminullah , Iskender Rza-zade Samad Ali , Wazeri Samandar , Rovshan Akhundova Nargiz , Oqtay Bakshaliyeva Shirin , Muxtar Mammadov Ramil , Panakhov Rasim , Ghani Ahmad Ghani , Haleemi Salman , Khyal Muhammad Muhammad Tariq , Hamidov Elmir
Published: November 2020

Nowadays fundamental scientific researches and practical works are carried out worldwide to identify and use alternative sources and resources of energy carriers in place of oil and gas. In the world practice, to date, there is no technology for the development of gas hydrate accumulations and gas hydrate deposits located at the bottom of the seas and oceans. In this article, some methods of possible drilling of conditional wells are being discussed, that is, the creation of gas-hydrodynamic channels for lifting gas through the water column and decomposition of gas hydrates inside gas-hydrate clusters-strata. The possibility of creating double-barrel horizontal wells for supplying the heat carrier and inhibitor to the bottom hole zone for fracturing the gas hydrate and producing gas by a single well is considered.
Operation Room: A Key Component for Upscaling Robotic Solutions on Site
Authors: Munoz Jean-Michel , Bartoli Eric , Macrez Serge
Published: November 2020

Many oil & gas operators are now seeing unmanned facilities as the next frontier for safer operations and further cost reductions. However, these benefits only appear once the time between site visits is extended as much as possible. In its Next-Generation Facilities concept, Total is pushing the limits by targeting planned interventions only once a year.

Tremendous challenges must be tackled to make this concept a reality, from initial lean and robust facility design to management of operations. Subsea installations remain a source of inspiration on many levels, particularly for the handling of inaccessible installations using Remote Operated Vehicles.

As a result, Total has been very active in the field of autonomous ground robotics for many years with its ARGOS project. Many other oil & gas operators or robot manufacturers are also following similar paths. Consequently, more and more videos showing a robot on site, tele-operated or not, in the direct sight of a technician in charge of its control have been published. Improving robot capabilities, testing and learning how to handle these new tools is important and a very encouraging signal for the industry, but the integration and cost scaling effect are still to be demonstrated.

A step change in the experimentation has to materialize, since one robot alone on a site will not be able to achieve much. Moreover, the reproduction of the scheme ‘one robot/one technician’ is not optimal when numerous robots are involved.

Therefore, the addition of a new component in the field architecture in charge of bridging robot site activities and the off-site Control Room is seen as essential to rise to the next level and meet the requirement of the new operating philosophy: continuous operations with multiple robots working simultaneously on an unattended site. Total calls this new function the "Operation Room". In Total's concept, the Operation Room is located next to the existing Control Room which would also become remote. From the Operation Room, robot panel operators, very much like air traffic controllers, will remotely supervise and coordinate the robots that will autonomously perform the very activities that the field operators once used to do on conventional facilities, from routine operation and maintenance tasks to emergency response.

This article will give an overview and some examples of how Total has matured the design of its Operation Room concept, including a description of the key elements that have to be addressed to manage a fleet of autonomous robots in an efficient and safe manner from a remote location.
Safety Competence Assessment SCA
Authors: Bosco Massimo , Selvaroli Giampaolo , Gallo Gabriele , Gioia Giuseppa
Published: November 2020

The analysis done on actual and direct experience on the majority of past events occurred within the Company, in particular fatalities or serious injuries, showed that among the main contributing factors, the two most recurrent are inadequate supervision and incorrect perception of actual exposure to operational risks.

Supervision shall be ensured by all functions in charge of supervising and coordinating the individual activities as well as a broad supervision of the whole operative site.

The incorrect perception of risks is usually caused by a lack of training and lack of knowledge of minimum basic principles on how to execute an activity.

If supervisors are lacking in these aspects, their leadership and the transfer of knowledge to front-liners is ineffective.

Therefore, Eni Upstream developed a simple tool with the aim to determine the level of safety knowledge and competencies of all supervisory personnel, thus identifying all safety areas that might need a specific, customized, and effective training approach that could fill competencies gaps and strengthening safety supervision at work site. Increased competence would, in turn, improve the perception of risk.

The "Safety Competence Assessment - SCA" is a web-based, two-phase tool that allows users (supervisors involved in the program) to assess their knowledge and competencies in a number of safety aspects ranging from safety leadership to basic content of safety procedures, HSE Integrated Management System (HSE IMS) principles, SIMOPS and emergency response.

During the first stage, the selected employees (or candidates hereafter) are confronted with open and closed questions that allow for the customization of the answers based on the working environment they are assigned to at the time of the assessment.

The second stage requires the involvement of HSE Managers and HR representatives to review all answers during a face-to-face discussion with the workers. This stage is aimed at the final consolidation of the user's assessment results (with possible amendments and incorporations by the Managers) and the identification of customized training paths that are facilitated by the HSE function.

Through the SCA tool, all Managers have access to valuable statistical information that could effectively help in determining areas of strengths and areas of improvements of single individuals as well as homogeneous groups or specific sites, further enhancing the effectiveness of the training that will be provided to the workforce and ultimately supervisory competence and knowledge.
No More Premature Collapse of Acid Wormholes: Extend Wells Productivity with Particulate Diversion Technique Modelling
Authors: Omer Mohammed , Fragachan Francisco E. , Rodriguez Cristian C.
Published: November 2020

The main goal of matrix acidizing in carbonate reservoirs is to create wormhole and to remove the damage caused by drilling on the wellbore wall. The critical step in acidizing design is to optimize the design parameters for uniformly distributing the stimulation fluid. Non-engineered designed acidizing jobs will lead to softening the near wellbore rock and with time it will have a negative effect on the production. In this work, we present design and modelling of particulate diversion process using an integrated Geomechanical workflow for case histories from South America.

The model utilized petrophysical data of the formation, stresses near wellbore, wellbore flow, rock dissolution and physical model. The case history of 2 deviated wells from North and South America respectively were simulated with the stimulation fluid movement within wellbore and then it was coupled with transient flow. The primary analysis determines the distribution of reactive fluid along the well and predicted skin and wormhole evolution across the wellbore upon stimulation.

This work introduced an integrated engineering workflow to optimize and simulate carbonate matrix acidizing design using bio-degradable particulate diverters and demonstrate uniform stimulation with reduction in skin. In the presented case study, 2 jobs from North and South America were analyzed. The results demonstrate effectiveness of particulate diverters in reducing the wellbore damage, uniformly distributing the treatment fluid, increasing effectiveness of stimulation fluid, retarding the softening of rock and hence enhancing the production across the target zone.

This Geomechanics model for particle diversion permits a dependable prediction of stimulation fluid distribution across the reservoir section and identifies controlling parameters to maximize conductive reservoir volume (CRV), avoids premature collapse of wormhole, uniform distribution of the stimulation slurry and hence enhances production. The presented case study can assist in building a customized diversion strategy for Middle East carbonate formations.
Optimizing Perforating Strategy with Side Mounted Gun System for Auto Gas Lift Application with Smart Completions, Offshore Malaysia
Authors: Chung Yvonne , Sandhu Harwinder , Idris Mohd Syahiran , Thien Ronny Vui , Mohd Nazir Amir Faiz , Ramamurthy Subramaniam
Published: November 2020

This paper presents a state-of-the-art, automated gas lifted smart completion design, installed safely using Side Mounted Guns (SMG) to reduce well control risks for a carbonate field in Sarawak with a dominant threat of karst losses. It demonstrates how an SMG system was used to decrease installation time and minimize formation damage. The new 3D finite element software technique represents a step change in the ability to predict shock loading from complicated perforating systems and the subsequent effect on downhole completion components.

Several challenges were addressed at the planning phase of the project, including the use of a new 3D finite element software to evaluate dynamic perforating shock loading and determine the optimal distance to safely place the key completion components in the well. A variety of system integration tests (SITs) were also introduced to verify compatibility of the SMG system in highly deviated well conditions and deploying through casing with inner diameter changes.

Three wells have been successfully perforated with a long tubing-conveyed SMG system along with the smart well completion components, such as an inflow control valve (ICV), downhole pressure gauges, and seal assembly, which were then tested as fully functional after the gun detonation. During the well cleanup operation, the perforated gas cap was successfully used to lift the oil from the reservoir underneath the gas cap as an in-situ gas lift.
Zohr Offshore Pipeline Girth Welding Using Ceramic Shoes
Authors: Hussein Hesham , Elkhafif Hesham , Badran Shady
Published: November 2020

Zohr project includes the production of sour gas from the reservoir by a combination of offshore processing facilities in Egypt and pipeline systems to transport the gas from the field, to Onshore Processing Facility. Accelerated startup phase the main production line is based on 26inch pipeline where pipes are LSAW carbon steel pipe for sour service in material grade ×52. The automatic welding procedures for sour service lines have been developed on ceramic-coated steel shoes (copper shoes is not allowed) to achieve the target data to start of production. Scope of this document is to correlate evidence in the form of photographic, visual and NDT reports to be present, in order to determine whether ceramic debris from damaged shoes would adhere to the root & course detrimental effect to the internal root bead.

Girth welds are performed with STT automatic welds with ceramic shoes. All girth welds are in the as-welded condition (no PWHT). Installation contractor confirmed that it is the first time that this type of shoes is used for a project. So, no field experience is available. During welder qualification onboard vessels required for pipeline girth welding, it was discovered that ceramic shoes could experience some damage when used in an unlimited manner and it could be a risk of inclusion to the root surface during production welding. The test campaign is designed to verify the corrosion resistance regards to SSC phenomena of girth welds in presence of ceramic debris due to ceramic shoes degradation.

Company requested more testing for welding qualification including mechanical and corrosion testing which is performed with ceramic debris on the weld root. Start of alternative solution immediately by weld qualification without any shoes, following the common procedure for welding of carbon steel pipeline in sour service. This activity shall be carried out in parallel to the above test plan for ceramic shoes to have an alternative plan. Pre-production welding testing has been agreed with the contractor to get more stringent requirement for the number of ceramic shoes used during welding. A certain number have been agreed to dispose the ceramic shoes after each 40 welds in order to be sure it will not affect welding process.

The approach of use of ceramic shoes during offshore girth welding is beneficial to speed up the laying activities during installation campaign and to meet the mechanical requirements for sour service. Maximum number of welds allowable for each individual shoe shall not exceed 40 welds by using ceramic shoes to avoid any contamination on root of weld bead has been demonstrated. Mechanical and Corrosion testing have been done on weld metal with debris and were acceptable.