bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Role of Life Events and Sustaining Conditions in Weight Loss Maintenance
Authors: Epiphaniou Eleni , Ogden Jane
Published: June 2010

Background.Recent qualitative research indicates that life events can enhance behaviour change maintenance. if a number of sustaining conditions are met. This study aimed to quantitatively test this theory in the context of weight loss maintenance.Method.Based upon their weight histories participants were classified as either successful () or unsuccessful () dieters and all completed questionnaires relating to life events, choice, the function of eating and exercise and the model of their weight problem.Findings.Successful dieters reported a higher number of life events than unsuccessful dieters particularly for events such as “clothes did not fit me”, “doctor's recommendation” and “reached my heaviest weight”. Successful participants also indicated reduced choice over their previous unhealthy diet, more choice over their exercise behaviours and more benefits from the new healthy behaviours. They were also less likely to attribute their previous increased weight to any medical and psychological factors. This was accompanied by a belief about the effectiveness of behavioural solutions to their weight problem.Discussion.Life events can promote behaviour change for some individuals. This change is facilitated by a reduction in choice and disruption of function over the unhealthy behaviours, and a belief that behavioural solutions will be effective.
New Thermal and Microbial ResistantMetal‐ContainingEpoxy Polymers
Authors: Ahamad Tansir , Alshehri Saad M.
Published: June 2010

A series of metal‐containing epoxy polymers have been synthesized by the condensation of epichlorohydrin (1‐chloro‐2,3‐epoxy propane) with Schiff base metal complexes in alkaline medium. Schiff base was initially prepared by the reaction of 2,6 dihydroxy 1‐napthaldehyde and o‐phenylenediamine in 1  :  2 molar ratio and then with metal acetate. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by elemental, spectral, and thermal analysis. The physicochemical properties, viz., epoxy value, hydroxyl content, and chlorine content [mol/100 g] were measured by standard procedures. The antimicrobial activities of these metal‐containing epoxy polymers were carried out by using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods against S. aureus, B. subtilis (Gram‐positive bacteria), and E. coli, P. aeruginosa (Gram‐negative bacteria). It was found that the ECu(II) showed higher antibacterial activity than other metal‐chelated epoxy resin while EMn(II) exhibited reduced antibacterial activity against all bacteria.
Appropriateness of Crohn’s Disease Therapy in Gastroenterological Rehabilitation
Authors: Reichel Christoph , Streit Jürgen , Ott Karin , Wunsch Steffen
Published: June 2010

Background/Aims: The treatment criteria developed by the European Panel on the Appropriateness of Crohn’s Disease (CD) Therapy (EPACT) have not been applied to rehabilitation. Thus, we retrospectively evaluated appropriateness of treatments during CD rehabilitation using the EPACT website. Methods: We included our 1-year inpatient rehabilitation patients that had been assigned the International Classification of Disease Code for CD. The appropriateness of treatment was assessed in CD categories exhibiting frequent treatment changes. Treatment plans were compared to EPACT recommendations. Results: Charts of 337 proven CD patients (median age 42 [range 17–65] years, 250 women, median Crohn’s Disease Activity Index 140 [range –3 to 427] units) were assigned to EPACT categories. The categories ‘steroid-dependent’ and ‘steroid-refractory’ exhibited frequent treatment changes. In these 59 patients, 16 treatments (13 azathioprine, 1 methotrexate, 2 infliximab) were rated as appropriate. One certolizumab treatment was uncertain. 22 treatments with azathioprine were inappropriate (21 due to underdosing), and 93 treatments (30 mesalamine, 59 steroid, 4 budesonide) were not rated. The number of differences between treatment plans and EPACT recommendations decreased from 45 to 25 in both CD categories (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: We introduce the EPACT website as a practical advance towards an optimal therapy in rehabilitants with steroid-dependent or -refractory CD.
Colonic Adenomas Found via Colonoscopy: Yield and Risk Factors for High-Grade Dysplasia
Authors: Kristjansdottir Sjofn , Jonasson Jon G. , Cariglia Nick , Thjodleifsson Bjarni
Published: June 2010

Background and Aims: The adenoma-carcinoma sequence is the model for colorectal carcinoma (CRC) developing through high-grade dysplasia (HGD) to CRC. The aim was to assess prevalence and location of adenomas found during colonoscopy and risk factors for HGD. Material and Methods: A population-based study using all colonoscopies and polyp specimens registered between 2000 and 2004 in Iceland. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess independent risk factors for HGD. Results: A total of 3,315 adenomas were removed from 2,385 patients. Only 14.0% were >1 cm in size. HGD was found in 135 (4.1%) of the adenomas and tubulovillous/villous histology in 15.0%. The prevalence of adenomas in the 50- to 69-year age group was 15.5%, and 21.5% in the ≧70-year group. 60.9% of them were located distal to the splenic flexure. Independent risk factors for HGD were in the order of importance: size; multiplicity; tubulovillous/villous histology; location in rectum, and age. The prevalence of HGD in the group with an adenoma size of 0.6–1.0 cm was 4.1% and in the 40- to 69-year age group it was 3.7%. Conclusion: The study suggests a potential 15% yield per colonoscopy of adenomas in 50- to 69-year-olds. There is an appreciable risk of HGD in diminutive polyps and in middle age.
Expression of a Hypoxia-Associated Protein, Carbonic Anhydrase-9, Correlates with Malignant Phenotypes of Gastric Carcinoma
Authors: Kato Yukihiro , Yashiro Masakazu , Noda Satoru , Kashiwagi Shinichiro , Matsuoka Junko , Fuyuhiro Yuhiko , Doi Yosuke , Hirakawa Kosei
Published: June 2010

Background/Aims: Gastric cancers are characterized by a heterogeneously hypoxic environment. Hypoxia might stimulate the malignant potential of cancer cells. The purpose of our study was to clarify the significance of hypoxia in gastric carcinoma by evaluating the expression of a hypoxic marker, namely carbonic anhydrase-9 (CA-9). Methods: A total of 265 patients who had undergone a resection of the primary tumor and were confirmed histologically to have sporadic gastric cancer were enrolled in this study. We evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of CA-9 in the paraffin-embedded specimens of 265 gastric adenocarcinomas. Results: The CA-9 expression was positive in 88 (33%) of 265 gastric carcinomas. The CA-9 expression level was significantly high in cases of type 4 carcinoma (60%, p < 0.001) and diffuse type carcinoma (41%, p < 0.001), and significantly correlated with the invasion depth (p < 0.001), lymph node metastasis (p < 0.001) and lymphatic invasion p = 0.002). The prognosis for CA-9-positive patients was significantly poorer than that of CA-9-negative patients (p = 0.003, log-rank). Conclusion: Hypoxia might be associated with aggressive tumor phenotypes of gastric carcinomas. The hypoxic marker CA-9 may be a useful prognostic indicator.
Antiseptic Efficacy and Tolerance of Tissue-Tolerable Plasma Compared with Two Wound Antiseptics on Artificially Bacterially Contaminated Eyes from Commercially Slaughtered Pigs
Authors: Hammann A. , Huebner N.-O. , Bender C. , Ekkernkamp A. , Hartmann B. , Hinz P. , Kindel E. , Koban I. , Koch S. , Kohlmann T. , Lademann J. , Matthes R. , Müller G. , Titze R. , Weltmann K.-D. , Kramer A.
Published: June 2010

Aim: To compare the tissue tolerance and efficacy of two wound antiseptics with tissue-tolerable plasma (TTP) on enucleated contaminated eyes from slaughtered pigs in order to draw consequences for the use of TTP on wounds. Method: The corneas of extracted eyes were contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. One and 10 min after application of 10% povidone (PVP)-iodine and 0.04% polyhexanide, respectively, the eyes were rinsed with inactivating solution. To test TTP, the plasma pen meandered over the eyes at a speed of 30 mm/s and a distance of 5 mm; the eyes were then rinsed with balanced salt solution. The reduction factor was calculated by the difference between the logarithm of colony-forming units in the rinse before and after antisepsis or TTP application. Results: The efficacy of TTP (reduction factor 2.4–2.9) was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than that of PVP-iodine and polyhexanide (reduction factor 1.7–2.1). Conclusion: TTP is more effective than the tested wound antiseptics. The lack of histological damage to the eyes of slaughtered pigs would seem to make its use as a wound antiseptic a viable alternative. In contrast to antiseptics, it supplies additional energy in the form of heat, electric fields and radicals by TTP.
Malnutrition-Inflammation Score Independently Determined Cardiovascular and Infection Risk in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients
Authors: Ho Li-Chun , Wang Hsi-Hao , Chiang Chih-Kang , Hung Kuan-Yu , Wu Kwan-Dun
Published: June 2010

Background: The malnutrition-inflammation score (MIS) is an indicator of malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome and an outcome-predictor in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. However, its utility in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients and its association with the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) have not yet been examined. Methods: All chronic stable PD outpatients in the PD center of National Taiwan University Hospital in January 2006 were studied and followed for up to 18 months. The baseline MIS and CCI at the beginning of the study and the dates and causes of mortality or hospitalization during the study period were obtained. Results: A total of 141 PD patients were enrolled. During the study period, 8 patients died and 40 patients had major cardiovascular or infection events. The CCI correlated positively and significantly with the MIS (r = +0.344, p < 0.001). The MIS and CCI were both independent predictors of cardiovascular and infection events in the multivariate Cox proportional hazard model. For every one unit increase in the MIS, the adjusted hazard ratio for mortality was 1.177 (95% CI 1.050–1.320, p = 0.005). For every one unit increase in the CCI, the adjusted hazard ratio for mortality was 1.180 (95% CI 1.046–1.330, p = 0.007). Conclusions: MIS can predict fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular and infection events in chronic stable PD patients. The CCI, which is closely associated with the MIS, is an independent determinant of cardiovascular and infection events as well. Interventional studies are indicated to confirm the utility of the MIS in PD populations who undergo nutritional or anti-inflammatory treatments.
What Infusion Flow Should Be Used for Mid-Dilution Hemodiafiltration?
Authors: Maduell Francisco , Arias Marta , Fontseré Néstor , Vera Manel , Masso Elisabeth , Garro Julia , Barros Xoana , Martina Maria N. , Elena Montserrat , Bergadá Eduardo , Cases Aleix , Bedini Jose Luis , Campistol Josep M.
Published: June 2010

Background: There is still no consensus on the optimal infusion flow (Qi) in mid-dilution hemodiafiltration. The aim of this study was to compare mid-dilution with varying Qi. Subjects andMethods: Prospective study in 25 patients who underwent seven hemodialysis sessions with a Qi of 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 ml/min. Results: All sessions were well tolerated except Qi 300 ml/min. No significant differences in urea, creatinine, α1-microglobulin or α1-acid glycoprotein reduction ratios were observed. β2-Microglobulin, myoglobin and prolactin reduction ratios were higher with Qi 150, 200, 250 and 300 ml/min in comparison with Qi of 0, 50 and 100 ml/min. There were no differences in the removal of small or larger molecules when Qi was 150 ml/min or higher. Conclusions: Optimal Qi in mid-dilution appears to be in the range of 150–250 ml/min since good clinical outcomes, similar efficiency and no technical complications up to a Qi of 250 ml/min were observed.
Correlation between the Indexes of Insulin Resistance and Renal Function in the Presence of Hypertension
Authors: Matsunaga Hiroaki , Kotani Kazuhiko , Taniguchi Nobuyuki
Published: June 2010

Background/Aims: It is important to establishthe association between insulin resistance and renal function; however, the reported associations differ across studies. Different underlying pathophysiologies of the studied populations may affect the associations. There have been no reports on the relationship between insulin resistance and renal function in the presence of hypertension (HT). We investigated the correlation between a homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in subjects with and without HT. Methods: The study included 214 individuals (mean age: 65.6 years) who were nonmedicated and cardiovascular disease-free. Clinical variables, including blood pressure (BP), creatinine, glucose and lipid panels, were measured. Results: The HT group showed significantly higher levels of systolic/diastolic BP than the non-HT group. A multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the eGFR in the non-HT group was independently, significantly and inversely correlated with HOMA-IR, while the eGFR in the HT group was independently, significantly and inversely correlated with systolic BP, but not with HOMA-IR. Conclusions: A clearer correlation between HOMA-IR and eGFR was observed in the non-HT group than the HT group, suggesting that HT may attenuate the direct correlation between the insulin resistance and renal function indices.
Gender-Related Determinants of Advanced Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Patients Undergoing Kidney Transplantation
Authors: Pitha Jan , Teplan Vladimír , Kalousova Marta , Racek Jaroslav , Stollova Milena , Marečková Olga , Lanska Vera
Published: June 2010

Background: Cardiovascular disease caused by atherosclerosis remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). We evaluated the potential association of cardiovascular risk factors including asymmetric dimethyl L-arginine (ADMA) and the soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) with preclinical atherosclerosis in patients undergoing kidney transplantation. Patients and Methods: In 92 males and 47 females undergoing the first cadaveric renal transplantation, ADMA, sRAGE and common risk factors including lipid parameters were evaluated as potential predictors of preclinical atherosclerosis defined as the Belcaro score (focused on advanced atherosclerotic changes) measured by ultrasound. Results: The prevalence of atherosclerotic changes was approximately 70% in men and women. In logistic regression, age, history of smoking, presence of diabetes mellitus, and plasma triglycerides were the strongest independent predictors for advanced atherosclerosis in the whole group. In unadjusted analyses advanced atherosclerosis was also associated with sRAGE in men and with the atherogenic index of plasma in women. Conclusion: Apart from traditional cardiovascular risk factors, plasma triglycerides were found to be strong and independent predictors of advanced atherosclerosis in patients with ESRD. In addition, sRAGE was associated with atherosclerosis in men and the atherogenic index of plasma in women.
Stereotactic Approach to the Trigeminal Ganglion Using a Stereotactic Frame and Intraoperative Computed Tomography Scans: Technical Note
Authors: Patil Arun-Angelo
Published: June 2010

Objective: In this paper, a technique to place a probe at the trigeminal ganglion using a stereotactic frame and intraoperative computed tomography (CT) scans is described. Method: The procedure is performed on the CT table using a stereotactic frame. After the coordinates have been obtained and then adjusted, the target is probed using the frame. In this study, intraoperative scans were obtained to confirm the accuracy of probe placement. After successful stimulation studies, radiofrequency lesions were made. Thirty-two procedures were performed on 26 patients. Results: Twenty patients were free of pain at a follow-up which lasted a median of 30 months. There was no permanent complication from the procedure. Conclusions: The technique is straightforward, accurate and safe. It also enables the surgeon to obtain intraoperative confirmation of accurate probe placement on CT images.
Closed-Loop Stimulation in the Control of Focal Epilepsy of Insular Origin
Authors: Smith Joseph R. , Fountas Kostas N. , Murro Anthony M. , Park Yong D. , Jenkins Patrick D. , Morrell Martha , Esteller Rosanna , Greene David
Published: June 2010

Background: Previous studies have shown that closed-loop or responsive neurostimulation can abort induced or spontaneous epileptiform discharges. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of a programmable cranially implanted closed-loop neurostimulation system in the control of seizures originating from an area relatively inaccessible by open craniotomy. Method: A patient with drug-resistant partial epilepsy had previously undergone open resection of the left frontal opercular cortex and the underlying insular area. Although subdural-depth electrode ictal recordings had been nonlocalizing, depth electrode insular stimulation had produced the patient’s habitual aura. Postoperatively, there was a sustained 50% reduction in seizure frequency. The residual seizures were identical to the preoperative seizures. Repeat depth electrode monitoring revealed that the ictal focus was immediately posterior to the previously resected insular area. A closed-loop cranial internal pulse generator system including left anterior insular and posterior orbitofrontal depth electrodes was implanted. Result: There was an additional 60% reduction of seizures. Conclusion: Preliminary observation indicates that responsive neurostimulation may be an effective alternative to higher-risk resective epilepsy surgery.
Avoidance and Management of Surgical and Hardware-Related Complications of Deep Brain Stimulation
Authors: Hu Xiaowu , Jiang Xiufeng , Zhou Xiaoping , Liang Jinchuan , Wang Laixing , Cao Yiqun , Liu Jianmin , Jin Aiguo , Yang Pengfei
Published: June 2010

Objective: Although deep brain stimulation (DBS) is nonablative, it may give rise to many complications. In order to identify and reduce factors contributing to the complications, we performed a retrospective analysis of patients who received DBS in our institution over a 9-year period from March 2000 to December 2008. Methods: Included in this study were 161 patients (85 male and 76 female). Data from these patients were collected and analyzed with respect to the complications and factors potentially related to these complications. Results: A total of 25 surgical and hardware-related complications occurred in 24 patients, including confusion in 11 cases (6.83%), asymptomatic intracranial hemorrhage in 1 case (0.62%), electrode misplacement in 2 cases (1.24%), infection of the subcutaneous pocket receiving the pulse generator in 1 case (0.62%), skin erosion in 2 cases (1.24%), pulse generator seroma formation in 6 cases (3.72%), and device malfunction in 1 case (0.62%). There was no permanent neurological deficit. Conclusion: Confusion is the most common complication in simultaneous bilateral DBS targeting the subthalamic nucleus, especially in patients with severe Parkinson’s disease. With increasing experience of surgeons, complete obedience to intraoperative surgical routines and reasonable application of the microelectrode recording technique, other complications could also be reduced.
An Updated Overview on Wnt Signaling Pathways
Authors: Rao Tata Purushothama , Kühl Michael
Published: June 2010

Abstract
:

Growth factor signaling is required for cellular differentiation, tissue morphogenesis, and tissue homeostasis. Misregulation of intracellular signal transduction can lead to developmental defects during embryogenesis or particular diseases in the adult. One family of growth factors important for these aspects is given by the Wnt proteins. In particular, Wnts have important functions in stem cell biology, cardiac development and differentiation, angiogenesis, cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac failure, and aging. Knowledge of growth factor signaling during differentiation will allow for improvement of targeted differentiation of embryonic or adult stem cells toward functional cardiomyocytes or for understanding the basis of diseases. Our major aim here is to provide a state of the art review summarizing our present knowledge of the intracellular Wnt-mediated signaling network. In particular, we provide evidence that the subdivision into canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling pathways solely based on the identity of Wnt ligands or Frizzled receptors is not appropriate anymore. We thereby deliver a solid base for further upcoming articles of a review series focusing on the role of Wnt proteins on different aspects of cardiovascular development and dysfunction.
The Role of the Central Asian Mountains on the Midwinter Suppression of North Pacific Storminess
Authors: Park Hyo-Seok , Chiang John C. H. , Son Seok-Woo
Published: June 2010

The role of the central Asian mountains on North Pacific storminess is examined using an atmospheric general circulation model by varying the height and the areas of the mountains. A series of model integrations show that the presence of the central Asian mountains suppresses the North Pacific storminess by 20%–30% during boreal winter. Their impact on storminess is found to be small during other seasons. The mountains amplify stationary waves and effectively weaken the high-frequency transient eddy kinetic energy in boreal winter. Two main causes of the reduced storminess are diagnosed. First, the decrease in storminess appears to be associated with a weakening of downstream eddy development. The mountains disorganize the zonal coherency of wave packets and refract them more equatorward. As the zonal traveling distance of wave packets gets substantially shorter, downstream eddy development gets weaker. Second, the central Asian mountains suppress the global baroclinic energy conversion. The decreased baroclinic energy conversion, particularly over the eastern Eurasian continent, decreases the number of eddy disturbances entering into the western North Pacific. The “barotropic governor” does not appear to explain the reduced storminess in our model simulations.
On the Propagation of Information and the Use of Localization in Ensemble Kalman Filtering
Authors: Yoon Young-noh , Ott Edward , Szunyogh Istvan
Published: June 2010

Several localized versions of the ensemble Kalman filter have been proposed. Although tests applying such schemes have proven them to be extremely promising, a full basic understanding of the rationale and limitations of localization is currently lacking. It is one of the goals of this paper to contribute toward addressing this issue. The second goal is to elucidate the role played by chaotic wave dynamics in the propagation of information and the resulting impact on forecasts. To accomplish these goals, the principal tool used here will be analysis and interpretation of numerical experiments on a toy atmospheric model introduced by Lorenz in 2005. Propagation of the wave packets of this model is shown. It is found that, when an ensemble Kalman filter scheme is employed, the spatial correlation function obtained at each forecast cycle by averaging over the background ensemble members is short ranged, and this is in strong contrast to the much longer range correlation function obtained by averaging over states from free evolution of the model. Propagation of the effects of observations made in one region on forecasts in other regions is studied. The error covariance matrices from the analyses with localization and without localization are compared. From this study, major characteristics of the localization process and information propagation are extracted and summarized.
Transient Growth of Thermodynamically Coupled Variations in the Tropics under an Equatorially Symmetric Mean State*
Authors: Vimont Daniel J.
Published: June 2010

The dynamics of thermodynamically coupled disturbances in the tropics that bear a strong resemblance to observed meridional mode variations are investigated using two simple linear coupled models. Both models involve an ocean equation coupled to the atmosphere via the linearized effect of zonal wind variations on the surface bulk latent heat flux. The two models differ in their atmospheric components, which consist of (i) a Gill–Matsuno style model of the free troposphere in which atmospheric heating is parameterized to be linearly proportional to sea surface temperature and (ii) a reduced-gravity model of the tropical boundary layer in which SST anomalies are associated with hydrostatic pressure perturbations throughout the boundary layer. Both atmospheric models follow the standard shallow-water equations on an equatorial beta plane.

Growth rates and propagation of coupled disturbances are calculated and diagnosed via eigenanalysis of the linear models and singular value decomposition of the Green’s function for each model. It is found that the eigenvectors of either model are all damped, not orthogonal, and not particularly meaningful in understanding observed tropical coupled variability. The nonnormality of the system, however, leads to transient growth over a time period of about 100 days (based on the choice of parameters in this study). The idealized initial and final conditions that experience this transient growth resemble observed tropical meridional mode variations and tend to propagate equatorward and westward in accord with findings from previous theoretical and modeling studies. Instantaneous growth rates and propagation characteristics of idealized transient disturbances are diagnosed via the linearized atmospheric potential vorticity equation and via propagation characteristics of atmospheric equatorial Rossby waves.

Constraints on the poleward extent of initial conditions or imposed steady forcing that can lead to tropical meridional mode variations are identified through analysis of the steady coupled equations. Three constraints limit the poleward extent of forcing that can generate tropical meridional mode variations: (i) a dynamical constraint imposed by the damping rate of the temperature equation as well as the propagation speed of the mode along its wave characteristic; (ii) a constraint imposed by the effectiveness of zonal wind variations in generating surface latent heat flux anomalies; and (iii) the surface moisture convergence, which limits the poleward extent and strength of ocean to atmosphere coupling.
Observed Diurnal Cycle Climatology of Planetary Boundary Layer Height
Authors: Liu Shuyan , Liang Xin-Zhong
Published: June 2010

An observational climatology of the planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) diurnal cycle, specific to surface characteristics, is derived from 58 286 fine-resolution soundings collected in 14 major field campaigns around the world. An objective algorithm determining PBLH from sounding profiles is first developed and then verified by available lidar and sodar retrievals. The algorithm is robust and produces realistic PBLH as validated by visual examination of several thousand additional soundings. The resulting PBLH from all existing data is then subject to various statistical analyses. It is demonstrated that PBLH occurrence frequencies under stable, neutral, and unstable regimes follow a narrow, intermediate, and wide Gamma distribution, respectively, over both land and oceans. Over ice all exhibit a narrow distribution. The climatological PBLH diurnal cycle is strong over land and oceans, with a distinct peak at 1500 and 1200 LT, whereas the cycle is weak over ice. Relative to midlatitude land, the PBLH variability over tropical oceans is larger during the morning and at night but much smaller in the afternoon. This study provides a unique observational database for critical model evaluation on the PBLH diurnal cycle and its temporal/spatial variability.
The Tidally Averaged Momentum Balance in a Partially and Periodically Stratified Estuary
Authors: Stacey Mark T. , Brennan Matthew L. , Burau Jon R. , Monismith Stephen G.
Published: June 2010

Observations of turbulent stresses and mean velocities over an entire spring–neap cycle are used to evaluate the dynamics of tidally averaged flows in a partially stratified estuarine channel. In a depth-averaged sense, the net flow in this channel is up estuary due to interaction of tidal forcing with the geometry of the larger basin. The depth-variable tidally averaged flow has the form of an estuarine exchange flow (downstream at the surface, upstream at depth) and varies in response to the neap–spring transition. The weakening of the tidally averaged exchange during the spring tides appears to be a result of decreased stratification on the tidal time scale rather than changes in bed stress. The dynamics of the estuarine exchange flow are defined by a balance between the vertical divergence of the tidally averaged turbulent stress and the tidally averaged pressure gradient in the lower water column. In the upper water column, tidal stresses are important contributors, particularly during the neap tides. The usefulness of an effective eddy viscosity in the tidally averaged momentum equation is explored, and it is seen that the effective eddy viscosity on the subtidal time scale would need to be negative to close the momentum balance. This is due to the dominant contribution of tidally varying turbulent momentum fluxes, which have no specific relation to the subtidal circulation. Using a water column model, the validity of an effective eddy viscosity is explored; for periodically stratified water columns, a negative effective viscosity is required.
Measurement of Vertical Kinetic Energy and Vertical Velocity Skewness in Oceanic Boundary Layers by Imperfectly Lagrangian Floats
Authors: Harcourt Ramsey R. , D’Asaro Eric A.
Published: June 2010

The effects of upward buoyancy on the accuracy with which Lagrangian floats can measure the Eulerian mean variance 〈ww〉E and skewness SwE of vertical fluid velocity w in the wind-driven upper-ocean boundary layer is investigated using both simulated floats in large-eddy simulation (LES) models and two float datasets. Nearly neutrally buoyant floats are repeatedly advected by the turbulent velocities across the boundary layer. Their vertical position Z is determined from pressure measurements; their W variance 〈WW〉F and skewness SWE are determined from the time series of float W = dZ/dt. If the float buoyancy is small, then the simulated floats measure the Eulerian velocity accurately; that is, δW2 = 〈WW〉F − 〈ww〉E and δSW = SWF − SwE are small compared to 〈ww〉E and SwE respectively. If the floats are buoyant, and thus have an upward vertical velocity Wbias relative to the water, then δW2 and δSW can become significant. Buoyancy causes the floats to oversample both shallow depths and strong vertical velocities, leading to positive values of δW2 and negative values of δSW. The skewness SZ′F of depth measures the degree to which shallow depths are oversampled; it is shown to be a good predictor of Wbias/〈WW〉F1/2, δW2/〈WWF〉, and δSW/SWF over a wide range of float buoyancies and boundary layer forcings. Float data collected during two deployments confirm these results, but averaging times of several float days are typically required to obtain stable statistics. Significant differences in the magnitude of the effect may occur between datasets from different ocean forcing regimes and float designs. Other measures of float buoyancy are also useful predictors. These results can be used to correct existing float measurements of 〈ww〉E for the effects of buoyancy and also can be used as a means to operationally assess and control float buoyancy.
Pretraining Influences and Readiness to Change Dimensions: A Focus on Static Versus Dynamic Issues
Authors: Steele-Johnson Debra , Narayan Anupama , Delgado Kristin M. , Cole Phyllis
Published: June 2010

This study examined pretraining influences on dimensions of readiness to change under nonoptimal training conditions. The authors predicted that individual difference factors (i.e., goal orientation, social support, and perceived choice) would have different influences on pretraining motivation (self-efficacy, motivation to learn, and readiness to change) for individuals who were more focused on changing behavior (dynamic focus) versus maintaining current behavior (static focus). We used a sample who had experienced nonoptimal training conditions (i.e., DUI [driving under the influence] offenders [ N = 310] completing a court-ordered 2- or 3-day intervention program). Results supported a different pattern of relationships in the static focus versus dynamic focus model. Results highlighted the importance of examining antecedents of readiness to change to increase our understanding of pretraining motivation under adverse training conditions.
Patterns of Cognitive Impairments Among Heroin and Cocaine Users
Authors: Severtson Stevan G. , Hedden Sarra L. , Martins Silvia S. , Latimer William W.
Published: June 2010

This study used data from six neuropsychological measures of executive function (EF) and general intellectual functioning (GIF) administered to 303 regular users of heroin and/or cocaine as indicators in a latent profile analysis (LPA). Results indicated the presence of three profiles: impaired GIF and EF profile (30.8%), intact GIF and EF profile (58.8%), and high GIF/intact EF profile (10.4%). Using a multinomial logistic regression, it was determined that individuals who reported being diagnosed with either a learning disability (LD) and/or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were more likely to be in the impaired GIF and EF profile than other profiles. Results from a logistic regression indicated that the impaired GIF and EF profile was associated with a greater prevalence of past hepatitis B and/or C infection. Implication for harm reduction and treatment programs and the need to take into account individuals with LD and ADHD are discussed.
An Examination of Multiple Predictors of Orthographic Functioning
Authors: Mesman Glenn R. , Kibby Michelle Y.
Published: June 2010

The purpose of this study was to compare three variables in terms of how well they predict orthographic functioning. To this end, the authors examined the relative contributions of rapid automatic naming, exposure to print, and visual processing to a composite measure of orthographic functioning in a heterogeneous group of 8- to 12-year-old children. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that rapid naming, exposure to print, and visual processing were each predictive of orthographic functioning when controlling for the other variables as well as vocabulary knowledge and phonological awareness. Thus, it appears that both linguistic and visual abilities are related to orthographic functioning.
Analysis of electrical accidents in UK domestic properties
Authors: Barrett M. , O'Connell K. , Sung Cma , Stokes G.
Published: June 2010

Electricity is one of the most convenient forms of energy that is used in every building today. However, it causes a number of fatalities every year and has the potential to cause harm to anyone exposed to it. This article, investigates the cause and effects of electrical accidents in domestic properties over a 3-year period (2000—2002) in the UK based on the 24th Report of the Home and Leisure Accident Surveillance System (HASS/LASS). The electrical accident data from this database was analysed to establish electrical injury trends for various categories and groups. This highlighted the high-risk activities, which led to receiving an electric shock in a domestic property and identified at-risk groups that could most benefit from electrical safety interventions. In order to enhance electrical safety and to aid in the formulation of the relevant national wiring regulations, it is imperative that the narrative reports and statistics presented in the HASS/LASS document and this article are considered by regulators, manufacturers, educators, safety officers and engineers so that the whole of society can benefit. Based on the evidence and analysis presented in this article, it was concluded that there are a number of recommended protective measures designers, installers and regulators could consider implementing to advance electrical safety in the home.

Practical application: Engineers, educators, manufacturers and regulators can use the information highlighted in this article to improve electrical safety in the built environment.
Still accounting for difference? Cross-national comparative joint regulation and pay inequality
Authors: Vernon Guy
Published: June 2010

The comparative industrial relations literature now displays ambivalence about the continued significance of national architectures of joint regulation for employment relations outcomes. This article considers the capacity of such architectures to account for the marked cross-national comparative variation in the extent of overall pay inequality among the nations of the established advanced industrialized world at the turn of the millennium, with a particular focus on differences in pay inequality among continental European and coordinated market economies. The article demonstrates that the architecture of joint regulation can still account for pay inequality, but that it is the sheer strength of unions or weight of joint regulation, rather than the procedural formalities often emphasized in the comparative industrial relations literature, which are of purchase.
Perceptions of Coronary Heart Disease Risk in African American Women With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: McKenzie Carolyn , Skelly Anne H.
Published: June 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of coronary heart disease (CHD) risk in a group of southern African American women with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).

Methods

Semistructured interviews were conducted in participants’ homes or setting of choice. The interviews were conducted with 6 participants from a larger study of 48 women who were stratified into levels of low, medium, and high perception of CHD risk, with 2 participants in each group. The interviews were analyzed using NVivo software; both investigators recoded and analyzed the data.

Results

African American women with T2DM do not believe they are at risk for CHD unless they are told specifically by their primary health care provider that they have heart disease. The African American women in the study expressed that managing their diabetes to prevent heart disease can be overwhelming. Participants identified faith beliefs called not claiming the illness as a reason they did not perceive themselves at risk for CHD.

Conclusions

Not claiming an illness may influence health and preventive behaviors. Many African American women with T2DM may not claim their illness. Diabetes educators should acknowledge and address women’s beliefs to create an appropriate plan of care.
Predictors of Physical Activity Patterns Across Adulthood: A Growth Curve Analysis
Authors: Kern Margaret L. , Reynolds Chandra A. , Friedman Howard S.
Published: June 2010

Activity level is a core but understudied individual difference. Understanding patterns of physical activity over long periods may be key to understanding why some individuals develop healthy lifestyles. The present study transformed qualitative information from the Terman Life Cycle Study to examine patterns of leisure time physical activity across four decades (1936-1972). Activities were converted into metabolic equivalent (MET) ratings, and then activity patterns, individual variation, and child and adult personality predictors of differing trajectories were examined using growth curve modeling. For overall activity, a quadratic model fit best, with decelerating decline as people aged. Males were consistently more active than females. Much individual variation was present, but childhood energy and sociability, and adult extraversion and neuroticism predicted average activity levels and change. Results suggest that physical activity needs to be understood within the context of the individual’s personality and long-term trajectory, not merely current motivations.
A Meta-Analysis of Gender Group Differences for Measures of Job Performance in Field Studies
Authors: Roth Philip L. , Purvis Kristen L. , Bobko Philip
Published: June 2010

There are multiple views in human resource management and organizational behavior concerning gender differences in measures of job performance. Some researchers suggest that males generally are evaluated higher than females across a variety of situations that include job performance measurement. At the same time, the presence of specific status cues in expectation states theory (EST; similar to the concept of individuating information) suggests that measures of job performance will be more similar than different for males and females. Previous analyses are unclear in their results for the measurement of the construct of job performance because they have included, and/or focused on, additional constructs (e.g., hiring suitability, leadership performance aggregated with leadership satisfaction) or have used student samples in lab experiments. The authors of this article conducted a meta-analysis of job performance measures from field studies. They found that females generally scored slightly higher than males (mean d = −.11, 80% credibility interval of −.33 to .12). Other analyses suggested that, although job performance ratings favored females, ratings of promotion potential were higher for males. Thus, ratings of promotability may deserve further attention as a potential source of differential promotion rates. These findings and processes are discussed within the context of EST.
Time Management for Preclinical Safety Professionals
Authors: Wells Monique Y.
Published: June 2010

A survey about time management in the workplace was distributed to obtain a sense of the level of job satisfaction among preclinical safety professionals in the current economic climate, and to encourage reflection upon how we manage time in our work environment. Roughly equal numbers of respondents (~32%) identified themselves as management or staff, and approximately 27% indicated that they are consultants. Though 45.2% of respondents indicated that time management is very challenging for the profession in general, only 36.7% find it very challenging for themselves. Ten percent of respondents view time management to be exceedingly challenging for themselves. Approximately 34% of respondents indicated that prioritization of tasks was the most challenging aspect of time management for them. Focusing on an individual task was the second most challenging aspect (26%), followed equally by procrastination and delegation of tasks (12.4%). Almost equal numbers of respondents said that they would (35.2%) or might (33.3%) undertake training to improve their time management skills. Almost equal numbers of participants responded “perhaps” (44.6%) or “yes” (44.2%) to the question of whether management personnel should be trained in time management.
Non-pulsatile circulation with axial-flow left ventricular assist device preserves neurocognitive function
Authors: Argiriadou Helena , Megari Kalliopi , Antonitsis Polychronis , Kosmidis Mary H. , Papakonstantinou Christos , Anastasiadis Kyriakos
Published: June 2010

Concerns about the potential impact of the non-pulsatile circulation pattern generated by the new generation axial-flow left ventricular assist devices on neurocognitive function led us to evaluate a patient in whom a Jarvik 2000 pump was implanted. We assessed the patient’s baseline neurocognitive function preoperatively as well as at 1-month and 6-month follow-up, using a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests. A slight improvement in circumscribed neurocognitive domains was noted, with no evidence of further decline at the end of a 6-month follow-up period.
Superior venous drainage in the “LifeBox”: a portable extracorporeal oxygenator with a self-expanding venous cannula
Authors: Berdajs Denis , Born Frank , Crosset Monique , Horisberger Judith , Künzli Andreas , Ferrari Enrico , Tozzi Piergiorgo , von Segesser Ludwig K.
Published: June 2010

Background: In an experimental setting, the performance of the LifeBox, a new portable extracorporeal membrane oxygenator (ECMO) system suitable for patient transport, is presented. Standard rectilinear percutaneous cannulae are normally employed for this purpose, but have limited flow and pressure delivery due to their rigid structure. Therefore, we aimed to determine the potential for flow increase by using self-expanding venous cannulae. Methods: Veno-arterial bypass was established in three pigs (40.6±5.1 kg). The venous line of the cardiopulmonary bypass was established by cannulation of the external jugular vein. The arterial side of the circulation was secured by cannulation of the common carotid artery. Two different venous cannulae (SmartCanula 18/36F 430mm and Biomedicus 19F) were examined for their functional integrity when used in conjunction with the centrifugal pump (500-3000 RPM) of the LifeBox system. Results: At 1500, 2000, 2500, and 3000 RPM, the blood flow increased steadily for each cannula, but remained higher in the self-expanding cannula. That is, the 19F rectilinear cannula achieved a blood flow of 0.93±0.14, 1.47±0.37, 1.9±0.68, and 1.5±0.9 l/min, respectively, and the 18/36F self-expanding cannula achieved 1.1±0.1, 1.9±0.33, 2.8±0.39 and 3.66±0.52 l/min. However, when tested for venous line pressure, the standard venous cannula achieved -29±10.7mmHg while the self-expanding cannula achieved -13.6 ±4.3mmHg at 1500 RMP. As the RPM increased from 2500 to 3000, the venous line pressure accounted for −141.9±20 and −98±7.3mmHg for the 19F rectilinear cannula and -30.6±6.4 and -45±11.6mmHg for the self-expanding cannula. Conclusion: The self-expanding cannula exhibited superior venous drainage ability when compared to the performance of the standard rectilinear cannula with the use of the LifeBox. The flow rate achieved was approximately 40% greater than the standard drainage device, with a maximal pump flow recorded at 4.3l/min.
Paternal Smoking and Breastfeeding in Xinjiang, PR China
Authors: Xu Fenglian , Binns Colin , Zhang Hong , Yang Guirong , Zhao Yun
Published: June 2010

A cohort of 1088 couples in Xinjiang, PR China, were recruited to study infant feeding practices and paternal smoking. Mothers were interviewed in hospital and at 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, and 6 months. Survival analysis was used to calculate breastfeeding rates in smokers and nonsmokers. The paternal smoking rate was 64.8% and maternal smoking rate 1.7% ( P < .01). The rates for any breastfeeding in the smoking group were significantly lower than in the nonsmoking group from 3.5 months to 6 months ( P < .05). The rates for exclusive breastfeeding in the paternal smoking group were lower than in the nonsmoking group from discharge to 6 months ( P < .05). The median duration of exclusive breastfeeding in the paternal smoking group was shorter than in the nonsmoking group. Paternal smoking was a risk factor for stopping any breastfeeding (hazard risk, 1.84; 95% confidence interval, 1.11-3.04) and exclusive breastfeeding (hazard risk, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.09-1.64) compared with nonsmokers. J Hum Lact. 26(3):242-247.