bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CIE 048-1980 Light Signals for Road Traffic Control
Authors:   CIE TC 1.6
Published: October 2022

Superseded by A Guide for the Design of Road Traffic Lights-\n--\n-CIE 079-1988-\n--\n-This document, drafted in collaboration with the Permanent International Association of Road Congresses (PIARC) is a Guide concerned with photometric and colorimetric matters that are related to the design of road traffic lights. Its main purpose is to provide a basis for relevant national standards and codes of practice, but it should also be of direct use to road traffic authorities and manufacturers of the lights. It is derived from the Technical Report CIE 048-1980 (TC-1.6) Light Signals for Road Traffic Control, which contains the experimental evidence on which the Guide is based. The guide has taken account of more recent findings, but essentially it is supplement to CIE 048-1980.-\n--\n-The visibility of a signal light depends on many factors, the most important of which are the colour, luminous intensity and luminous intensity distribution of the light. The Guide deals with these factors as well as with various symbols and cut-out figures that are used with traffic lights.-\n--\n-The information given in the Guide is classified at four levels of confidence, which depend upon supporting research or practical experience. These levels are called:-\n--\n- Recommendations-\n- Proposals-\n- Advice-\n- Suggestions-\n--\n--\n-The Guide contains detailed information regarding the colour for traffic lights.-\n--\n-Current CIE practice is followed, although in some cases restricted chromaticity regions are recommended.-\n--\n-Details are given in the luminous intensities and the luminous intensity distributions. In most cases, day and night regimes will be required. Additionally, data regarding luminance and uniformity of luminance are given. Remarks are made regarding sun phantom, measurement of lights, screening of lights, the influence of disturbing factors and the standardization of appearance.-\n--\n-The Guide contains information on a number of particular lights, lights on high speed roads, the size and shape of arrows and their symbols, notably for lights for cyclists and pedestrians, low mounted lights, lane indicators, general warning lights, lights for special purposes, and optically programmed lights. Keywords: information systems, motorized traffic, signals & signs, traffic control
CIE 052-1982 Calculations for interior lighting: Applied method
Authors:   CIE TC 1.5
Published: October 2022

A method is presented that deals with average illuminances of the working plane, walls, ceiling. It represents a design method (determination of light distribution and arrangement of luminaires with required or specified illuminances) as well as a verification method (calculation of illuminances of a design or an existing installation). The method differs from most existing methods by its ability to take into account the influence of the luminaire arrangement. The method is based on CIE 40-1978 Calculations for Interior Lighting: Basic Methods. Keywords: calculations, interior lighting, lighting design & specifications
CIE 054.2-2001 Retroreflection: Definition & Measurement
Authors:   CIE TC 2-36
Published: October 2022

The purpose of this report is to update and replace CIE 54-1982 Retroreflection: Definition and Measurement.-\n--\n-This report is divided into nine main sections. These begin with chapter 2 which is concerned with general definitions of retroreflection, while chapter 3 defines geometrical terms.-\n--\n-Chapter 4 combines their collection into four geometric systems applicable for different elements of the retroreflection phenomena.-\n--\n-Chapter 5 defines the photometric terminology as did the original publication 54, but defines the photometric terms with reference to spectroradiometric concepts as is the current international standards procedure.-\n--\n-The corresponding laboratory calibration and measurement techniques are described in the next section, chapter 6, together with basic instrument requirements and traceability to national metrology laboratories.-\n--\n-To relate the driver's geometry to the four systems, vector notation and a series of typical examples are given in chapter 7. This approach will aid the transportation community in accessing the necessary discrete angles to assure procurement compliance and the field service life of retroreflective devices and materials.-\n--\n-An important section in the original publication 54, dealing with the colorimetry of retroreflectors, is expanded in chapter 8 to include new instrumentation presently available and to recommend standard test geometries for both daytime and nighttime measurements.-\n--\n-A new section, chapter 9, describes general field instruments available for in-situ measurements of retroreflectors. Included in this section is a guide for manufacturers to use in their specifications, listing important parameters of the instruments which can be a part of the data sheet.-\n--\n-Lastly, chapter 10 addresses the computer format for retroreflectance data in order to allow measurement results to be exchanged world-wide.-\n--\n-Four appendices complete the report with all the transformation equations between the four systems with examples, a list of keywords, data format examples and a treatise on aperture synthesis. Keywords: retroreflectors
CIE 059-1984 Polarization: Definitions and nomenclature, instrument polarization
Authors:   CIE TC 2.3
Published: October 2022

This report reviews the effects of polarization on photometric and other measurements which are of particular relevance to photometry. It should not be regarded as comprehensive with regard to all aspects of polarization. The degree of polarization introduced by an optical system into a beam of light varies with the complexity of the instrument. In general, it is wavelength dependent in a given system. Furthermore, the effect of any polarization on the determination of photometric properties will depend on the actual measurement being undertaken. Thus, although polarization can have a very significant effect on many photometric measurements, it is difficult to quantify this in a generalized way. The report discusses polarization effects in the individual optical components which comprises a complete instrument, including the source and detector.-\n--\n-Additional information is given on the main properties of polarizers, particularly those relevant to photometry. Keywords: polarization
CIE 066-1984 Road surfaces and lighting (joint technical report CIE/PIARC)
Authors:   CIE TC 4.6
Published: October 2022

This technical report deals with the relationship between the photometric characteristics (reflection properties) of road surfaces and their construction (compositions and texture). It was drafted by CIE experts on reflection by road surfaces in collaboration with PIARC experts on road construction, and is intended as a guide for road constructors and for lighting designers.-\n--\n-The report is a summary of recommendations contained in CIE technical reports, and gives supplementary information not previously published by CIE or PIARC. Some of this information is provisional. It is hoped that the report will stimulate the collection of additional data that lead to more accurate information. Keywords: luminance, motorized traffic, reflection, road lighting, road surfaces
CIE 075-1988 Spectral luminous efficiency functions based upon brightness matching for monochromatic point sources, 2� and 10� fields
Authors:   CIE TC 1-02
Published: October 2022

In CIE 41-1978 a difference was clearly shown to exist between the luminous efficiency function of the CIE, V(?), and the function obtained by the direct heterochromatic brightness matching method, the efficiency of the latter being much higher than that of the former at both long and short wavelengths when both functions were normalized at 570 nm.-\n--\n-This Technical Report summarizes spectral luminous efficiency functions based on heterochromatic brightness matching for point sources, 2� and 10� fields. Their averaged functions are derived with the intention that they be used to evaluate the luminous efficiency for the brightness of monochromatic lights. These functions could be used as the basis for further work to evaluate light sources with compound spectra.-\n--\n-The spectral luminous efficiency function for a point source may be adequately represented by the Judd modified V(?) function.-\n--\n-The spectral luminous efficiency functions for the brightness of a 2� field and a 10� field at photopic levels are different from the CIE V(?) function and are tabulated in the Technical Report. These functions should be used only to evaluate the luminous efficiencies of monochromatic light sources in terms of their brightnesses. Further work utilizing these functions is required to evaluate lights with compound spectra with allowance for additivity failure. Keywords: heterochromatic photometry, photometry, spectral luminous efficiency
CIE 076-1988 Intercomparison on measurement of (total) spectral radiance factor of luminescent specimens
Authors:   CIE TC 2-08
Published: October 2022

There are two kinds of luminescent materials widely used in industry, differing only in the locations of their excitation and emission wavelength regions. The first, which is mainly considered in this report, are the chromatic luminescent materials used for safety and signal applications. These materials are generally excited by absorption of radiation in the ultraviolet and short-wavelength visible region. The second type, containing fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs), absorbs in the ultraviolet and emits in the short-wavelength visible region, otherwise the two types are very similar.-\n--\n-The most widely used type of instrumentation for measuring specimens of these luminescent materials is the one-monochromator spectrophotometer, with the viewing beam. The large majority of these instruments in the field have integrating-sphere geometry.-\n--\n-This Technical Report describes an intercomparison of measurements of the (total) spectral radiance factor (SRF) of luminescent materials. Seven luminescent specimens were provided as painted panels: two were white containing FWAs and five were chromatic (green, yellow, two orange, red).-\n--\n-The SRFs were to be measured with direct specimen illumination by a source simulating CIE D65. The SRFs that would have been obtained under D65 illuminations were to be calculated by a method from among those previously studied by the committee.-\n--\n-The report reviews the nature of the problem producing systematic errors in the measurement and possibilities for correcting the measurements results.-\n--\n-From the performed investigation described in detail, the committee concluded that the measurement and calculation of the SRFs of luminescent materials can be made, on various one-monochromator instruments in different laboratories, to within an average CIELAB color difference of about 2,6 units from the mean results, with a range among specimens from 1,9 to 3,4 units, and a range among data sets from 1,5 to 4,2 units. Similar orders of magnitude are found if one laboratory is selected as the reference and the color differences are calculated relative to it. The range of maximum SRFs among samples is, however, quite large, varying from 11,4% to 33,6%. These results include correction for integrating-sphere-efficiency effects where this geometry was used.-\n--\n-The conclusion drawn from the intercomparison and the evaluation of the different data reduction and correction procedures described in the literature is that no officially agreed CIE recommendation should be formulated at this time. The report has been presentedfor study and use. The readers will find, however, a number of methods in this publication, by the application of which their measurement results can be made more accurate. Keywords: colorimetry, fluorescence, luminescence, radiance factor
CIE 078-1988 Brightness-luminance relations: Classified bibliography
Authors:   CIE TC 1-05
Published: October 2022

This work is a result of a renewed activity of the CIE in the field of brightness as defined as the psychological attribute. The Commission started its duties with the compilation of a classified bibliography the results of which may be found in this publication.-\n--\n-The bibliography consists of two parts:-\n--\n- An alphabetical part listing all first authors for quick reference-\n- A classified part.-\n--\n--\n-The following items are covered in the classified part of the bibliography:-\n--\n- 1. Methodology brightness (contrast) measurement-\n--\n- brightness and contrast scaling-\n- brightness and contrast matching-\n- indirect brightness and contrast determination-\n--\n- 2. Brightness (contrast)-luminance relations for static stimuli-\n--\n- for relatively simple configurations-\n- for complex scenes (luminance reproduction curve)-\n--\n- 3. Brightness (contrast)-luminance relations for dynamic stimuli-\n--\n- for time dependent stimuli-\n- followed in the time domain-\n--\n- 4. Lightness-tone relations-\n--\n- for relatively simple stimuli-\n- for complex scenes (ambient lighting, wavelength, surround luminance)-\n--\n- 5. Brightness (contrast) and spatial aspects-\n--\n- contour effects-\n- surround-\n- retinal location-\n- sharpness/frequency-\n- luminance gradient-\n--\n- 6. Brightness (contrast) of a point source-\n--\n- effects of intensity-\n- background luminance-\n--\n- 7. Brightness (contrast) and state of adaptation; after images-\n--\n- background luminance-\n- preadaptation-\n- duration-\n--\n- 8. Brightness (contrast) models-\n--\n- scaling models-\n- effects of spatial parameters-\n- dynamic models-\n--\n- 9. Various-\n--\n- binocular brightness, interocular effects-\n- colour, Helmholz, Kohlrausch, Troxler's effect-\n- special apparatus. Keywords: adaptation, brightness, heterochromatic photometry, luminance
CIE 079-1988 A Guide for the Design of Road Traffic Lights
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

Superseded by Road Traffic Lights - Photometric Properties of 200 mm Roundel Signals-\n--\n-Joint ISO/CIE Standard-\n--\n-ISO 16508:1999(E)/CIE S 006.1/E-1998-\n--\n-National and international standards for road traffic signal lights usually specify requirements for the luminous intensity of the lights to ensure that the signals will be visible in adequate time for an approaching driver to safely and efficiently respond to the signal on roads where speeds are low.-\n--\n-The official guidance of the CIE for traffic signal luminous intensity (CIE 79-1988: A Guide for the Design of Road Traffic Lights) has been widely followed as providing sound direction for standard development. This guidance was based on a comprehensive review of the subject published as a CIE Technical Report (CIE 48-1980: Light Signals for Road Traffic Control).-\n--\n-The CIE undertook a major review of its recommendations in the period 1989 to 1994 (see CIE 107-1994 Review of the official recommendations of the CIE for the colours of signal lights and CIE DS 004.2-1996 Colours of light signals) and this Standard is based on that review. Technical Committee 4-29 (Standard on Road Traffic Lights) of Division 4 of the CIE (Lighting and Signalling for Transport) was responsible for the review and the drafting of this Standard. This Standard deals with the colour, luminous intensity and luminous intensity distribution for 200 mm road traffic signals. The serious problem of sun phantom, which can affect the correct recognition of the light, is included in the Standard.-\n--\n-It should be noted that this Standard considers only a few of the topics covered in CIE 79-1988. These are the topics for which supporting research and practical experience were strong enough to support standardisation. For topics not covered in this Standard, such as guidance concerning higher speed roadways and traffic lights using symbols, the user is advised to follow the guidance provided in CIE 79-1988.-\n--\n-This Standard has been approved by the CIE and replaces the recommendations made on 200 mm roundel signals in CIE 79-1988. It has been approved by ISO as a joint ISO/CIE Standard.-\n--\n-This Standard may be obtained from the CIE National Committees or the Central Bureau of the CIE. A French and a German version (ISO 16508:1999/CIE S 006.1/F-1998 and CIE S 006/G-1998) are also available. Keywords: information systems, motorized traffic, signals & signs
CIE 089-1991 CIE Technical Collection 1990
Authors:   CIE TC 2-06
Published: October 2022

089/1 Results of a CIE Detector Response Intercomparison-\n--\n-A total of fifteen laboratories participated in the CIE detector response intercomparison which was designed to assess the level of agreement among participating laboratories in the absolute measurement (with respect of SI) of photodetector response in the visible spectral region. Most participants were either commercial laboratories or university laboratories with the National Institute of Standards of Technology (NIST) serving as the host laboratory. Each laboratory determined the absolute response of each of two silicon photodiode radiometers which were designed for the intercomparison by NIST, Approximately two thirds of the laboratories reported response values which agreed with the NIST values to within +/- 1,0 % at the two wavelengths of 488 and 633 nm.-\n--\n-089/2 Photobiological Effects of Sunlamps-\n--\n-The different types of sunlamps now in use are reviewed and their spectral irradiances compared. The short and long term risks of the use of such devices are discussed according to the type of radiation, the skin types and the conditions of use. A short review of the existing or proposed regulations or recommendations of Official Committees is presented.-\n--\n-089/3 On the Deterioration of Exhibited Museum Objects by Optical Radiation-\n--\n-The colour change of light sensitive materials caused by irradiation of typical light sources depends on the:-\n--\n- level of irradiation (illumination),-\n- spectral power distribution of the light source,-\n- spectral responsivity (action spectrum) of the material, and-\n- duration of the irradiation.-\n--\n--\n-Action spectra s(lambda)dm,rel and threshold effective radiant exposure Hs,dm of 54 samples of museum objects have been developed from irradiation measurements. A standard function of s(lambda)dm,rel and some standard values of Hs,dm are recommended, some consequences and conservational aspects for the lighting of museums are suggested.-\n--\n-089/4 Guide for the Measurement of Underground Mine Lighting-\n--\n-The purpose of this report is to provide guidance for measurement of and reporting on the lighting characteristics of mine lighting installations. By this means it will be possible to compare the performance of alternative lighting systems on a common basis at the design stage of the project, and relate this directly to the measurement made on site under the completed lighting installations. Guidance is given which will allow the user or specifier to select the the procedure most suited to a particular project. Keywords: actinic radiation effects, detectors, erythemal effect, mine lighting, museum lighting, photobiology
CIE 105-1993 Spectroradiometry of pulsed optical radiation sources
Authors:   CIE TC 2-21
Published: October 2022

This technical report describes principles of measurement for the determination of the spectral and temporal characteristics of pulsed optical radiation sources. It contains detailed information on the characteristics of the individual elements of the apparatus required for accurate and precise measurement, a discussion on sources of error and a section on terminology, much of which is specific to this area of application. Finally, as an example of the application of the principles discussed, the details of a practical method of measuring the spectral energy distribution of a single flash from a pulsed xenon flash source are described in an appendix. Keywords: radiometry, spectroradiometry
CIE 108-1994 Guide to recommended practice of daylight measurement + Disk D006
Authors:   CIE TC 3-07
Published: October 2022

The CIE designated the year 1991 International Daylighting Measurement Year , as the first year of the International Daylighting Measurement Programme , referred to as the IDMP. The objective of this programme is for participants worldwide to measure daylight availability parameters under a common set of guidelines. There are two categories of IDMP measuring stations: the General Class, in which illuminances and irradiances are the principal quantities measured; and the Research Class, in which the stations also record sky luminance distributions as well as other meteorological quantities. This guide describes the measurement and instrumentation requirements of both classes of stations, provides guidelines and recommendations on data quality control, archiving and dissemination.-\n--\n-The guide was prepared as part of the activities of CIE TC 3-07. This guide is dedicated to the late Prof. J�rgen Krochmann, a pioneer and leader in daylighting research.-\n--\n-A disk to be used on a PC with DOS operating system will be available within short at the CIE Central Bureau as CIE D006. Keywords: daylight, skylights, solar radiation
CIE 110-1994 Spatial distribution of daylight - Luminance distributions of various reference skies
Authors:   CIE TC 3-09
Published: October 2022

The terms of reference of TC 3-09 were to study standard reference skies between the two skies already standardized, clear sky and overcast sky, and to propose a method of composing average and mean skies . Accordingly, this technical report reviews studies on various sky luminances and specification of reference skies, with a method of composing average sky and mean sky as an appendix. Several reference skies including the average sky and mean sky are given, definitions and various studies on these sky luminances are introduced, with a bibliography, in three appendices.-\n--\n-Although several kinds of average and mean skies have been proposed in Europe, USA and Japan since 1981, their definitions and the methods of composing them were not standardized. Also the two CIE Standard skies (Clear sky and overcast sky) are reviewed in the present publication, thus CIE 22-1973 is now outdated and withdrawn. The standardization of reference skies between the two standard skies was left to a new technical committee, TC 3-15 (Standardization of intermediate sky luminance), which was formed at the CIE Venice Session in June 1987. In this report a references sky means a clearly defined sky to be used for daylighting design and calculation. For example, one reference sky is the uniform sky which has been used for a number of theoretical applications and for certain design purposes. The skies treated in this report do not include direct sunlight, though the BRE average sky developed by Littlefair consists of two components, direct sunlight and the sky.-\n--\n-In order to estimate annual energy consumption of electrical lighting, the effect of direct sunlight should be taken into consideration in calculating illuminance on the interior working plane, whether this is done for every weather condition or for a certain average condition. Hence, each standard sky luminance has to be combined with a standard direct sunlight illuminance. These items are to be decided in another technical committee in future, but a proposal is tentatively shown. Keywords: daylight, overcast sky, sky models, skylights, solar radiation,
CIE 115:2010 Lighting of roads for motor and pedestrian traffic, 2nd Edition
Authors:   CIE TC 4-44
Published: October 2022

This report is a revision and update of CIE 115-1995 ?Recommendations for the Lighting of Roads for Motor and Pedestrian Traffic?. Since it was issued in 1995 power consumption and environmental aspects have become more important and at the same time, the improved performance of luminaires and lamps, and especially the introduction of electronic control gear, has made it possible to introduce adaptive lighting for roads for motorised traffic, conflict areas and areas for pedestrians. A structured model has been developed for the selection of the appropriate lighting classes (M, C, or P), based on the luminance or illuminance concept, taking into account the different parameters relevant for the given visual tasks. Applying for example time dependent variables like traffic volume or weather conditions, the model offers the possibility to use adaptive lighting systems.-\n--\n-The publication replaces CIE 115-1995 Recommendations for the Lighting of Roads for Motor and Pedestrian Traffic . Keywords: motorized traffic, motorway lighting, street lighting
CIE 121-SP1:2009 The photometry and goniophotometry of luminares - Supplement 1: Luminaires for emergency lighting
Authors:   CIE TC 2-52
Published: October 2022

This report provides information regarding the photometric measurements of emergency lighting luminaires. It is the intention of this document to provide measurement methods for testing the compliance of emergency luminaires with the photometric requirements of IEC safety standards IEC 60598-2-22 and IEC 61347-2-7 issued by IEC/TC34 Lamps and related equipment . Photometric methods for the measurement of other photometric parameters currently in use are also provided, but the measurement of safety signs is not included. Measurement procedures relate to the editions in use at the date of publication of this report and may vary for future editions. It is the responsibility of the laboratory to check for current applicable procedures. The concept of emergency ballast lumen factor applies only to emergency luminaires equipped with classical discharge lamps and for which a reference ballast has been normalised. For LED luminaires mostly absolute values apply, not related to the luminous flux of the LEDs alone. This publication is a supplement to CIE 121:1996. Keywords: photometry, goniophotometry, luminous intensity, luminaires, emergency lighting
CIE 123-1997 Low Vision - Lighting needs for the partially sighted
Authors:   CIE TC 1-16
Published: October 2022

The report brings together a wide range of material from various specialists to produce, for the first time, a comprehensive annotated review of the subject. It also draws conclusions from the various studies and it is hoped that it will provide the basis for further research. It is intended for all those that have dealings with the visually handicapped and the provision of lighting regardless of their professional discipline.-\n--\n-It summarises the features of the major diseases causing partial sight. It also reviews some studies that have been undertaken into the effects of light on refraction, accommodation and ocular movement, and of its effects on visual functions such as visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, visual field and colour vision.-\n--\n-A section is devoted to the lighting aspects of visual aids, such as neutral and selective absorbing glasses, light amplification systems, high power additions, magnifiers, telescopes, closed circuit television systems, etc. Finally, detailed recommendations are made for the adaptation of a range of lighting environments to the needs of the partially sighted. Keywords: low vision, visual performance, visual aids, lighting design & specifications; interior lighting, school lighting
CIE 138-2000 CIE Collection in photobiology and photochemistry 2000
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

his volume contains short Technical Reports prepared by various Technical Committees within Division 6.-\n--\n-138/1 Blue Light Photochemical Retinal Hazard-\n-The results of studies of acute photochemical retinal injury, frequently referred to as the blue light hazard (BLH) are described in this technical report. The BLH results from a photochemical injury to the human retina and is termed by ophthalmologists photoretinitis. The studies were performed by a number of scientists, these works provided the basis for threshold limit values (TLV) and the BLH action spectrum recommended by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) in the 1970's, and more recently, after completion of the work of TC 6-14, by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP).-\n--\n-The potential for photoretinitis resulting from viewing the sun, tungsten-halogen lamps, high intensity discharge lamps, xenon short-arc lamps, welding arcs, etc., is provided in this report. Means and methods to evaluate potential BLH were studied by the CIE committee and one technique employing the ACGIH TLV is proposed for general use.-\n--\n-Both national and international standards for eye protectors exist. The recognized international standard (ISO 4850: Personal Eye Protectors for Welding and Related Techniques - Filters - Utilization and Transmittance Requirements) is followed internationally. It is concluded that actual specifications for maximal blue-light transmittance may be a desirable addition to future editions of eye protection standards. Keywords: actinic radiation effects, photobiology, ultraviolet radiation
CIE 142-2001 Improvement to industrial colour-difference evaluation
Authors:   CIE TC 1-47
Published: October 2022

In this Technical Report recommended practice for industrial colour-difference evaluation is presented. The recommended model is an extension of the CIE 1976 (L*a*b*) colour-difference model with corrections for variation in colour-difference perception dependent on lightness, chroma, hue and chroma-hue interaction. The corrections for the chroma dependence of chroma and hue differences in the CIE94 model have been retained and supplemented by several additional corrections based on new experimental data and analysis. Reference conditions define material and viewing environment characteristics to which the colour-difference model applies. Factors are introduced to correct for the parametric effects of various conditions of use. Keywords: adaptation, colorimetry, colour, colour difference, colour perception
CIE 143-2001 International recommendations for colour vision requirements for transport
Authors:   CIE TC 4-31
Published: October 2022

This Technical Report details the official CIE Recommendations for requirements of colour vision that are necessary to ensure safe and reliable recognition of coloured signal lights and other colour coded visual information devices.-\n--\n-The aim of the report is to encourage international harmonisation in colour vision requirements in maritime, air, rail and road transport, and the use of valid methods for the assessment of colour vision.-\n--\n-The recommendations take into account the complexity of the colour codes used, the observation conditions likely to be encountered and the importance of colour recognition to safety in the various transport modes. The report summarises the studies that document the kind of difficulties experienced by persons with defective colour vision and the studies that show defective colour vision is a risk factor.-\n--\n-The report defines three colour vision standards:-\n--\n- normal colour vision,-\n- defective colour vision A where those with a mild colour vision deficiency can demonstrate their ability to see and recognise coloured signal lights, and-\n- defective colour vision B where those with defective colour vision can demonstrate their ability to recognise surface colour codes at a short distance, such as those used on colour coded computer screens.-\n--\n--\n-The report also recommends test procedures for the assessment of colour vision. Detailed information on the recommende colour vision tests is given in an appendix. Keywords: colour, colour perception, motorized traffic, signals & signs, task demand factor & performance, visual performance
CIE 151:2003 Spectral weighting of solar ultraviolet radiation
Authors:   CIE TC 6-25
Published: October 2022

Solar radiation has long been correlated with many beneficial and harmful biological effects. Excessive ultraviolet radiation exposure has been identified as a contributor to several short- and long-term health problems, including erythema, photokeratitis, cataract, and skin cancer. The photobiological effectiveness of ultraviolet radiation at causing a biological effect varies with wavelength, and the variation of a given effectiveness function with wavelength is referred to as the action spectrum for that type of effect. When the spectral distribution of sunlight or of an artificial light source is weighted by an action spectrum, the result is the effective irradiance of that light source for causing the biological effect. Comparison of the effective irradiances of light sources is a valuable tool for risk assessment. Outdoor solar radiation is the most common source of chronic ultraviolet radiation exposure for the general public. This document lists the effective solar irradiances for various environmental conditions and types of photobiological effects. These effective irradiances at a horizontal ground surface (i.e. the global ultraviolet irradiance) were determined with the use of a multiple scattering model for ultraviolet radiation spectral irradiance. Keywords: actinic action spectrum, actinic radiation effects, eythemal effect, photobiology, radiation effects, solar radiation
CIE 160:2004 A review of chromatic adaptation transforms
Authors:   CIE TC 1-52
Published: October 2022

This report reviews a number of studies on chromatic adaptation. Four different experimental techniques are first described and their pros and cons are analysed. Eight experimental data sets commonly used to evaluate chromatic adaptation transforms are detailed. Thirteen chromatic adaptation transforms are also described and their equations are given in full. Finally, various studies for testing different transformations are reviewed. The results show that there are four possible candidates for future CIE recommendation, CMCCAT2000, CMCCAT97, CAT02 and CIECAT94. Overall four formulae give quite similar performances and the TC members have not found it possible to agree on which if any of the four should be recommended. Keywords: chromatic adaptation, colorimetry, colour appearance, colour perception
CIE 163:2004 The effects of fluorescence in the characterization of imaging media
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

The addition of fluorescence to either the inks or the substrate greatly increases the level of uncertainty in instrumental readings of the optical properties of printed images. CIE 76-1988 Intercomparison on measurement of (total) spectral radiance factor of luminescent specimens shows that even research and standards laboratories experience a degradation in their reproducibility of up to one order of magnitude (10x), in the readings of total spectral radiance factor of strongly coloured, fluorescent materials. There are no recent studies of this magnitude or reliability but it is the opinion of the Reporter who prepared CIE 163:2004 that the state-of-the-art has significantly advanced in the 15 years since the approval of CIE 76-1988.-\n--\n-This report contains results from a study of the measurement of total spectral radiance factor of digital halftone printing over a range of substrates exhibiting various levels of fluorescence. Colorimetric properties were computed for CIE Illuminant D50 when the UV component was included and when the UV component was excluded from the measurement source. The results indicate and quantify that the fluorescence of the substrate can be measured in both solid ink areas and halftone ink area with the effect being far larger in the latter. The magnitude of the CIELAB colour differences indicate that a significant lack of reproducibility may be experienced between two imaging centers who attempt to apply colour management principles to their individual measurements of the same image printed on fluorescent substrates or between two laboratories who attempt to quantify the colour differences between images printed on fluorescent stock and measured using instruments with different sources. The preliminary reports of CIE TC 1-44 Practical daylight simulators for colorimetry have shown that significant variability exists among instruments claiming daylight simulations and an even greater difference between instruments with UV-rich pulsed xenon lamps and those with UV-poor incandescent lamps. Keywords: colorimetry, colour, fluorescence, image technology
CIE 167:2005 Recommended practice for tabulating spectral data for use in colour computations
Authors:   CIE TC 1-38
Published: October 2022

This Technical Report describes several difficulties resulting from incompatibility of tables of spectral data used for computations, such as colour computations, with automatic digital computers, and provides guidance in tabulating spectral data to facilitate such applications. The recommended practices, with regard to spectral ranges, spectral intervals, etc., are based on the experience of members of the committee, who were experts in the field of colour measurement and computation. Keywords: calculations, chromaticity coordinates, colorimetry, spectroradiometry
CIE 196:2011 CIE Guide to Increasing Accessibility in Light and Lighting
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

his guide was written for lighting designers and engineers, as well as scientists of light, colour, and vision to assist them in taking account of the needs of older persons and persons with disabilities. The guide was developed in accordance with ISO/IEC Guide 71:2001 ?Guidelines for standard developers to address the needs of older persons and persons with disabilities? and its technical guidelines ISO/TR 22411:2008 ?Ergonomics data and guidelines for the application of ISO/IEC Guide 71 to products and services to address the needs of older persons and persons with disabilities? in order to implement accessible design in the field of light and lighting. Some content has been shared with those two documents. The guide was prepared by a Working Group (Ad-hoc) in the CIE Board of Administration in cooperation with TC 1-54 ?Age-related change of visual response? and TC 3-44 ?Lighting for the elderly?. Keywords: Colour contrast. Luminance contrast, Contrast sensitivity, Visual acuity, Defects of colour vision, Accessibility, Visually impaired, Accessible design, Low Vision
CIE 218:2016 Research Roadmap for Healthful Interior Lighting Applications
Authors:   CIE TC 3-46
Published: October 2022

Although light is defined as electromagnetic radiation that provides the stimulus for vision, we now know conclusively that ocular detection of this signal also has many other physiological and psychological effects in humans and other organisms. This knowledge has led some to argue for rapid adoption of lighting recommendations that incorporate ?lighting for health? elements, whereas others have argued that a more cautious approach would be wiser. CIE created Technical Committee 3-46 to outline a research agenda that could lead to evidence-based recommendations for healthful interior lighting within the context of delivering good lighting quality. The starting point for this work was CIE publication 158:2004/2009 and its five principles for healthy lighting. Although not a comprehensive review of the literature on this vast topic, this report summarizes the state of knowledge at the time of publication and identifies gaps in our understanding that in the view of the committee ought to be filled in order to support safe and beneficial future uses of light. The report delivers a research roadmap of questions in themed groups: Fundamental Processes, Daily Pattern, Longer Patterns, Application, Application ? Specific, and Individual Differences. The roadmap indicates the ease with which each question might be answered and its importance to lighting application in the short term. Design considerations and the ethics of using light to influence health also receive attention. Keywords: interior lighting, lighting quality, healthful lighting, human centric lighting
CIE 220:2016 Characterization and Calibration Methods of UV Radiometers
Authors:   CIE TC 2-47
Published: October 2022

This technical document prepared by CIE Technical Committee TC 2-47 describes quality indices for UV radiometers, which are helpful for manufacturers and users to characterize instruments on a common basis. To harmonize CIE documents, the quality indices described in this document relate to the quality indices described in Joint ISO/CIE International Standard ISO/CIE 19476:2014(E) (formerly CIE S 023/E:2013), and references are made to those where applicable.-\n-Different from photometers, the subject of ISO/CIE 19476:2014(E), UV radiometers may be designed for various actinic spectra and different spectral ranges. Therefore, instead of only one defined reference-spectrum source (CIE Source A) used in ISO/CIE 19476:2014(E) three reference-spectrum sources are proposed in this document to support the generic spectral characterization of UV radiometers for various applications. The defined spectra of reference sources for the characterization of UV radiometers are given in Annex A.-\n-This document also describes source-based and detector-based methods along with measurement conditions and limiting boundary conditions for the calibration of UV radiometers used for laboratory as well as industrial applications. Keywords: radiometry, spectrophotometry, ultraviolet rays, calibration
CIE 222:2017 Decision Scheme for Lighting Controls in Non-Residential Buildings
Authors:   CIE TC 3-49
Published: October 2022

This report offers guidelines in order to balance lighting quality, user comfort and energy efficiency in lighting controls solutions for lighting in non-residential buildings (i.e. for commercial, institutional and industrial buildings). It provides a decision scheme with a focus on the user requirements (visual comfort, performance, personal control) to determine the most applicable control solution, including the consequences for possible savings. In this, it assumes that there are no technological or financial hurdles. The decision scheme identifies 16 possible control strategies, for both daylight and electric lighting, and provides guidance for which strategy would be most effective in each of the 12 cases defined by space usage and occupancy.-\n-The publication is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 44 pages with one figure and 18 tables and is readily available from the CIE Webshop or from the National Committees of the CIE. Keywords: interior lighting, lighting design, lighting control, energy efficiency, lighting quality
La inserción laboral de las mujeres inmigrantes negras en el servicio doméstico de la ciudad de Cali
Authors: Posso Quiceno Jeanny Lucero
Published: October 2022

Tanto para las residentes como no residentes, el trabajo en el servicio doméstico se constituye en una estrategia de sobrevivencia no sólo para la empleada sino también de su unidad doméstica familiar en el área rural del Pacífico. Las empleadas no residentes usan su salario para el mantenimiento de su propia unidad doméstica, bien si se hallan en familia monoparental o como complemento a los ingresos en la familia nuclear constituida. La validez del libro de Jeanny Posso es acercarnos al conocimiento del trabajo doméstico y del servicio doméstico que se realiza en la ciudad de Cali con mujeres migrantes afrodescendientes del Pacifico colombiano. Constituye un trabajo pionero de tales relaciones en esta ciudad. Igualmente nos recrea con análisis y conceptos teórico-metodológicos que se están alcanzando en este continente sobre género, raza y clase, en estudios con mujeres en las más variadas condiciones laborales en el mercado de trabajo, con particular énfasis en el servicio doméstico. Al respecto esta problemática nos muestra cómo las mujeres trabajadoras domésticas de diverso origen étnico, cultural y social son sujetas de discriminación racial, social, de exclusión en los derechos ciudadanos, y unas relaciones asimétricas de género entre las mismas mujeres en su condición de empleada y patrona al interior de la unidad familiar.
Simulation and Regression Modeling of NASA’s X-59 Low-Boom Carpets Across America
Authors: Doebler William J. , Wilson Sara R. , Loubeau Alexandra , Sparrow Victor W.
Published: October 2022

NASA’s X-59 aircraft is predicted to produce a significantly quieter cruise sonic boom than traditional [Formula: see text]-wave-producing aircraft. A propagation simulation study was undertaken to quantify loudness levels, exposure size, and variability of the X-59’s low-boom carpet using realistic atmospheric profiles across the contiguous United States of America (CONUS). Near-field pressure data of the X-59 in supersonic cruise from NASA’s fully unstructured Navier–Stokes three-dimensional (known as FUN3D) computational fluid dynamics code were propagated using NASA’s PCBoom code, which solves an enhanced Burgers equation along acoustic rays. Atmospheric profiles from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Climate Forecast System Version 2 database were used for propagation at 138 locations across the CONUS. Carpets at each location were generated for aircraft headings in the four cardinal directions. Over one million X-59 carpets were generated in total. The effects of the heading, season, geography, and climate zone on boom levels and exposure size are presented. Multiple linear regression models were developed to estimate carpet width and loudness metrics across the CONUS. These results inform regulators and mission planners on expected variations in boom levels and carpet extent from atmospheric variations. Understanding potential carpet variability is important when planning community noise surveys using the X-59.
Revitalisasi Pancasila Sebagai Upaya Memupuk Pemahaman Multikultural Bagi Mahasiswa Universitas Galuh
Authors: Nurholis Egi , Budiman Agus , Danurahman Jeni
Published: October 2022

Indonesia adalah salah satu negara multikultural terbesar di dunia. Hal ini terlihat dari kondisi sosial budaya dan geografis Indonesia yang sangat kompleks, beragam dan luas. Indonesia terdiri dari banyak suku, budaya, agama dan kelompok lain, yang semuanya secara bersamaan pluralistik dan heterogen. Namun, keragaman dapat menyebabkan perpecahan jika tidak semua warga memahaminya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Pendekatan penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, yaitu mengumpulkan dan membandingkan beberapa jurnal yang disusun, diseleksi dan diklasifikasi sehingga benar-benar memuat informasi yang relevan dan valid tentang multikulturalisme. Sejak didirikan, telah membentuk budaya Indonesia. Namun hari ini, pemahaman kita tentang multikulturalisme mulai berkembang dari konsep dasar ini. Isu kebhinekaan perlu dikaji secara mendalam agar masyarakat Indonesia tidak terlena dengan semboyan bahwa kebhinekaan adalah anugerah bukan kewajiban. Penamaan nilai-nilai Pancasila merupakan pendekatan konkrit terhadap persoalan multikultural di Indonesia, dengan demikian lima sila yang menjadi inti dari kesamaan semua bangsa yang berbeda warna menjadi prinsip dasar bangsa. , yang terkandung dalam dan merupakan salah satu sila Pancasila, tidak dapat dikembalikan. Bukan pula negara sekuler yang memisahkan urusan negara dan urusan agama, tetapi negara agama adalah negara kesatuan dalam Republik Indonesia yang merupakan negara positif yang disepakati oleh semua negara, termasuk semua penyelenggara negara yang agamanya beragam. berarti membutuhkan hukum. Negara memiliki kewajiban untuk melindungi semua agama yang diakui, dan negara tidak boleh ikut campur dalam masalah keyakinan.