bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Trimetallic Au/Pd/Ag Hollow Dendrite for Enhancing Electrochemical Sensing Ability Toward Nitrofurans
Authors: Lin Chun-Wei , Chou Po-Chuan , Hsieh Yi-Ting
Published: September 2023

This study demonstrated a galvanic replacement reaction that synthesized trimetallic Au/Pd/Ag hollow dendrites in a choline chloride deep eutectic solvent. The dendrites' compositions of Au:Pd: Ag ratio can be well controlled by changing the displacement time and the precursor concentration. Their morphologies, chemical compositions, and electronic properties were carefully characterized by TEM, SEM, and XPS techniques. The synthesized dendrites were also employed as modified electrodes for the reduction of nitrofurans. The results show that the trimetallic Au/Pd/Ag hollow dendrites provided better sensing ability than those obtained from bimetallic Pd/Ag and Au/Ag electrodes and monometallic counterparts. This study demonstrated that both the atomic ratio of constituent metal and hollow interior structure strongly affect the catalytic activities of the synthesized Au/Pd/Ag hollow dendrites.
Electrodeposition of Alkali Metals in Nonaqueous Electrolytes: Classical and Nonclassical Phenomena
Authors: Bai Peng
Published: September 2023

The electrodeposition of metals in aqueous electrolytes is an important technology for corrosion protection, surface beautification, complex pattern formation, and many other applications. In most cases, a smooth surface finish is desired and achieved, thanks to the precision understanding of the nucleation and growth mechanisms. However, the electrodeposition of alkali metals in nonaqueous electrolytes, which is critical for anode-free alkali-ion batteries to achieve the highest possible energy density, is still poorly understood. During battery recharge, alkali ions stored in the positive electrode of the battery would move toward the negative electrode to deposit on the current collector. However, due to the very low intrinsic redox potentials of alkali metals (Li, Na, and K for battery applications), even nonaqueous electrolytes would spontaneously react with the metal deposits to form a solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer composed of organic and inorganic reduction products that allow ions to pass through but not electrons. The SEI layer, which is heterogeneous in nature, not only undermines the uniformity of incoming ion flux but also impedes the surface diffusion of adatoms, leading to undesired localized nucleation and growths that pose short-circuiting risks. In this presentation, we will introduce our latest results on the operando characterization and mathematical modeling of electrodeposition of alkali metals in various nonaqueous electrolytes, yet against a porous separator. Our analyses in three different dynamic regimes will facilitate the precision understanding of the nonclassical electrodeposition behaviors and reveal the remaining challenge that the electrodeposition community can contribute toward achieving revolutionary stable metal electrodes.
Panel - the IE&EE Division at 80
Authors: Kenis Paul , Inman Maria
Published: September 2023

The Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering (IE&EE) division was established in 1943. This session will feature a panel discussion where experts in the field will share their thoughts on the evolution of in industrial electrochemistry and electrochemical engineering over the years, as well as current trends and future opportunities in these fields. Confirmed panelists will be announced in this abstract before the meeting.
(Invited) Simulation of Battery Chemo-Mechanical Physics Incorporating Degradation
Authors: Smith Kandler
Published: September 2023

Computer-aided engineering models have accelerated the design cycle for large-format battery cells, packs, and systems. Building on that success, researchers are developing physics-based models to accelerate advancements in battery manufacturing, degradation/lifetime prediction, and materials research. This talk highlights achievements and challenges. The first simulates the reaction sequences of solid/electrolyte interfacial growth, coupling atomistic- to continuum-scale models to identify pathways to extend the calendar life of the silicon anode. The second describes electrochemical-mechanical degradation of 3D polycrystalline cathode particles to quantify degradation processes and identify optimal material architectures and fast-charge protocols. Third, artificial intelligence algorithms are coupled with electrochemical and degradation physics to identify electrochemical performance parameters, diagnose degradation, and predict lifetime.
3D Microstructure Modeling of Lithium Ion Batteries during Rapid Charging
Authors: Lopata Joseph Steven , Garrick Taylor R. , Wang Fengkun , Zhang Han , Zeng Yangbing , Shimpalee Sirivatch
Published: September 2023

Battery models can be used to predict conditions ripe for lithium metal plating in the anode during rapid charging. One common procedure is to simulate a rapid charge using a pseudo-two-dimensional (P2D) model and determine if and when the minimum local potential reaches 0.0 V with respect to metallic lithium in the anode. This normally occurs at higher states of charge during a DC fast charging or rapid regenerative charging event. However, we have recently determined that three-dimensional (3D) models, while broadly agreeing with P2D results, demonstrate much variation in the in-plane and through plane direction, which P2D models cannot resolve. Because P2D models employ effective medium approximations, any “local” value in the P2D space along the through-plane coordinate represents an average across a slice of the domain. Therefore, it may be insufficient to use minimum anode potentials from P2D models as indicators of local plating and may only be representative of global lithium plating onset.

In this work, the results of rapid-charge 3D microstructure simulations are compared to P2D results. This allows us to verify whether rapid charging induces negative local potentials at the anode active material surface that are left undetected in a P2D model. The expected result implies that the 3D microstructure model is necessary to predict the onset of lithium plating.
Predicting the Heat Generation Rate in Large Format Pouch-Type Lithium-Ion Battery Cells for Automotive Applications
Authors: Zhang Han , Garrick Taylor R. , Labaza Christine , Gao Jing , Koch Brian , Du Xiaoniu , Choi Chihwan , Choe Song-Yul
Published: September 2023

Accurate prediction of the heat generation rate of lithium ion batteries is critical for driving towards a cost effective and efficient design of a thermal management system for various applications.[1, 2] because of the increase in battery cell dimensions associated with an increase in battery cell capacity to drive towards a reduction in range anxiety for automotive applications, as well as more aggressive operating conditions that are typically seen in the automotive industry, such as direct current fast charge and sustained driving under load, heat generation at the cell level must be considered as spatially nonuniform during operation. Proper design of the thermal management system requires prediction[3] of the heat generation of the battery cell in both a lumped fashion for system sizing, as well as a distributed mode in order to focus cooling appropriately to decrease local temperature extremes. Local temperature extremes can adversely affect the aging of the battery cell due to the non-uniformities in electrochemical utilization of the active material, increased local reaction rates, and increased mechanical stresses in active materials.

In this work, we detail our efforts to characterize the heat generation[4] of a battery cell under a variety of operating conditions, quantify the impact of temperature non-uniformities[5] on the aging of the battery cell, and experimentally[6, 7] evaluate the localized aging in the battery electrodes based on local temperature conditions. Here, we will describe the modeling methods developed to link operating conditions, aging, and heat generation with the electrochemical performance of the battery cell. A discussion of the model performance for relevant automotive applications will also be included.

References

M. Song, Y. Hu, S.-Y. Choe and T. R. Garrick, J Electrochem Soc, 167, 120503 (2020).

Y. Hu, S.-Y. Choe and T. R. Garrick, Electrochim Acta, 362, 137124 (2020).

M. Song, Y. Hu, S.-Y. Choe and T. R. Garrick, J Electrochem Soc, 169, 070502 (2022).

Y. Hu, S.-Y. Choe and T. R. Garrick, Applied Thermal Engineering, 189, 116709 (2021).

Y. Hu, S.-Y. Choe and T. R. Garrick, J Power Sources, 532, 231350 (2022).

U. Janakiraman, T. R. Garrick and M. E. Fortier, J Electrochem Soc, 167, 160552 (2020).

T. R. Garrick, J. Gao, X. Yang and B. J. Koch, J Electrochem Soc, 168, 010530 (2021).
Research and Evaluation of Cathode Dispersant for Improving the Performance of Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: KIM Young SU , Kim Kwang In , Song Shi jin , Seong Hoon moh , Eom Jin ju , Oh Sang yeop
Published: September 2023

Various attempts have been made to increase the efficiency of the anode. In this way, in order to improve the battery performance of the cathode, the performance of not only the cathode material but also the materials used together has a great influence. Among them, a conductive material is needed to improve the performance of the battery by promoting the movement of electrons between active materials. Representative materials of such a conductive material are carbon black and carbon nanotubes (CNT). However, due to the characteristics of such a material, the dispersibility in the positive electrode slurry is poor, which is a limitation in improving battery efficiency. Therefore, this study was conducted to confirm the improvement of the dispersibility of the conductive material and the improvement of the battery performance through it.

In the study, H-NBR, a representative anode dispersant, was used as a reference material by applying carbon nanotube (CNT), which has recently been increasingly used as a conductive material. The evaluation items were largely divided into the characteristics of the dispersant and the battery performance. The characteristics of the dispersant were viscosity, particle size, processability, dispersion stability, etc., and the battery characteristics could be confirmed through evaluation of LSV, CV, DC-IR, etc.
First-Principles Investigation of Doping Engineering Towards Mitigating Phase Transformation in LiNiO2
Authors: Cheng Jianli , Persson Kristin A.
Published: September 2023

Cobalt-Free Layered LiNiO2 Has Resurfaced to Attract Intensive Research Due to the Scarcity and High Cost of Cobalt. Despite Its High Theoretical Capacity, LiNiO2 Suffers from Poor Cycling Stability, Which Is Mainly Due to Oxygen Loss and Phase Transformation Induced Structural Instability, Especially When Operated at High Voltages. Herein, We Present a Doping Strategy to Mitigate Phase Transformation in Li1−XNiO2 during Cycling from First-Principles Calculations. Temperature-Composition Phase Diagrams of Pristine and Doped Li1−XNiO2 Are Obtained Using a Cluster-Based Monte Carlo Simulation Approach. We Investigate the Effects of Dopant Oxidation States, Sizes and Concentrations on the Dopant Distribution in As-Synthesized LiNi1−YMyO2 As Well As the Phase Transitions during Delithiation. By Comparing Phase Transformations across Different Cathode Chemistries As Well As Li-Dopant and Dopant-Dopant Interactions, We Propose to Introduce High-Valence Dopants with Ionic Radii Similar to That of Ni3+ into LiNiO2 to Stabilize the Cathode Bulk Structure. the Derived Materials Design Principles Not Only Provide the Guidance on Doping Engineering Ultrahigh-Ni, Zero-Co Cathodes, but Also Shed Light on Stabilizing the Bulk Structure of All High Energy-Density Cathodes.
Covalent Organic Frameworks As Functional Support Materials
Authors: Streater Daniel , Chiromo Humphrey
Published: September 2023

Covalent Organic Frameworks are photoactive materials that could play a future role in photophysical devices

or as photocatalyst anchoring sites. Despite challenges associated with processing them into usable forms

there is reason to be optimistic about the possibilities they could hold for functional support materials. One

reason for optimism is the simplicity with which their topological symmetry can be altered to enhance

photogenerated charge separation which may open the door for their use as functional support materials with

novel properties that may open new doors for device engineers.

Figure 1
Machine Learning-Assisted Exploration of Optimal Conditions for Electrochemical Synthesis Using Microflow Reactor
Authors: Sato Eisuke , Tachiwaki Gaku , Fujii Mayu , Suga Seiji
Published: September 2023

Machine learning-assisted organic synthesis has been receiving increasing attention in the past decade. In particular, we have focused on a Gaussian process regression, a kernel-based statistical learning algorithm, to predict optimal conditions of chemical reactions performed by an electrochemical microflow reactor. In this presentation, we will report that a catalytic amount of electricity enables efficient chemical transformations by using an electrochemical microflow reactor. Furthermore, applying a Gaussian process regression could construct the prediction models which suggest optimal reaction conditions with rational explanations.

Figure 1
Pressure-Electrochemistry as a Pathway to Novel Metal Hydrides
Authors: Sugano Karen , Phuthi Mgcini Keith , Guan Pinwen , Viswanathan Venkat , Chiang Yet-Ming
Published: September 2023

We have developed a pressure-electrochemical cell apparatus to electrochemically insert hydrogen into metals at applied pressures of 1GPa. The coupling of pressure and potential (P^2) was motivated by our recent density functional theory calculations that predicted the stability of novel metal hydride phases when both pressure and potential are applied [1]. In this work, we adapted a traditional piston-cylinder pressure apparatus into a pressure-electrochemical cell by replacing the inert pressure transmitting medium with a proton-conducting liquid electrolyte (1M NaOH + polyvinyl alcohol) such that it not only provides hydrostatic pressure but also reduces into hydrogen, which is then absorbed into the metal cathode. The pressure being applied by the electrolyte was verified by measuring an increase in the electrical resistance of manganin alloy with pressure. We then electrochemically hydrogenated yttrium foil under varying pressures ranging from 0.25 to 1GPa, measuring the extent of hydrogenation post-mortem using x-ray diffraction. We find that the application of pressure suppresses hydrogen evolution, improving the current efficiency of hydrogenation of Y into YH3 from 45% at 0.25GPa to 75% at 1GPa. The development of the pressure-electrochemical apparatus unlocks a new pathway in potentially synthesizing novel metal hydrides.

[1] P.-W. Guan, R. J. Hemley, V. Viswanathan, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118, e2110470118 (2021).
Synchrotron Resonant X-Ray Scattering Reveals New Multiscale Ionomer Morphology
Authors: Rongpipi Sintu , Bird Ashley , Freychet Guillaume , Kusoglu Ahmet , Su Gregory
Published: September 2023

Ion-conducting polymer, or ionomer, membranes play a key role as the ion-conducting electrolyte in electrochemical devices, including fuel cells and electrolyzers. The performance of ionomers, for example, its proton conductivity, is defined by its unique molecular structure and multiscale morphology. Perfluorinated sulfonic acid ionomers are the most used ionomers, and they are cast into membranes and thin films from alcohol-rich dispersions. In this work, we examine the connections between the dispersion solvent used for casting and resulting membrane properties. Understanding and controlling the hierarchical phase separated morphology of ionomer membranes and elucidating its relationship to transport properties is crucial for improving device performance. Synchrotron-based x-ray scattering is well-suited to probe the morphology in polymers that lack a high degree of long-range order, including ionomer membranes. However, it is still challenging for conventional high energy hard x-ray scattering to resolve all the morphological details in chemically heterogeneous ionomers. Here, we use emerging synchrotron tender resonant x-ray scattering (TReXS) near the sulfur K-edge to improve scattering contrast and enhance chemical specificity to the sulfonate groups in perfluorinated sulfonic acid ionomers. We find that TReXS reveals unique energy-dependent mesoscale morphological features not apparent in hard x-ray scattering, and these features depend on dispersion composition and ionomer chemistry. These structure-property relationships can be used to guide design of next-generation ionomers for energy applications. Furthermore, this work highlights synchrotron resonant x-ray scattering as an emerging tool for structural characterization of ionomers and electrochemically active polymers in general.
(Digital Presentation) PLA Additive Manufactured Electrode for Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Detection of Urea in Human Urine
Authors: Sundeep Dola , K Varadharaj Eswaramoorthy , Umadevi Kovuri , Jhansi Ragala , Chebiyyam Chandrasekhara Sastry
Published: September 2023

The fourth industrial revolution is currently seeing the emergence of additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, which has the potential to transform current manufacturing procedures. In this work we present an electrochemical sensor for detection of urea in human urine by using the 3D-printed electrode. A commercial 3D conductive filament of carbon black and polylactic acid (PLA) is used by the fused deposition modeling (FDM) printer for the manufacturing of the electrode. The mechanical strength of the electrode was analyzed by performing the tensile, flexural, and impact tests using a Universal testing Machine. The fracture failures were studied using the Scanning Electron Microscope. The stability and reproducibility of the electrode is analyzed by performing fifteen repeated cyclic voltammetric responses to 0.1M of uric acid. The 3D printed electrode offered the detection limit of uric acid with 1.18 μM and a sensitivity of 97.9 nA μM-1.

Keywords: 3D-Printing, Additive Manufacturing, Polylactic acid, Uric Acid and Electrochemical Sensor
Large Area Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Stack Development for Cost-Effective Hydrogen Production
Authors: Meinhardt Kerry , Zaengle John , Royer Nathanael , Coyle Christopher , Le Long , Seymour Lorraine , Jin Tongan , Marina Olga A
Published: September 2023

This presentation will provide an overview of the SOEC stack development effort at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory aiming to construct and operate efficient high temperature electrolyzers for hydrogen and syngas production. Electrode-supported cells with a 300 cm2 active area were fabricated using state of the art materials: Ni-YSZ hydrogen electrode, LSCF oxygen electrode, YSZ electrolyte, and a ceria barrier layer. Stack repeat units consisting of cells, metal frames and interconnects with protective coatings were assembled into several short stacks and tested at 750oC. Initial stack shakedown tests revealed multiple sealing and assembling issues that were timely addressed. Short duration, 200-300 hours parametric tests were then performed to obtain realistic steam utilizations, 50-70%, and hydrogen production rates as a function of operating voltage/current. The electrochemical performance was monitored using dc and ac techniques to determine degradation rates and ohmic and polarization losses.
Bipropellant Enabled Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack Power Supply: Energy Agility for Space Vehicles
Authors: Plumley John Bryan , Benavidez Angelica , Jemison Noah , Spears Andre , Elangovan S , Pike Jenna , Hollist Michele , Larsen Dennis , Garzon Fernando H. , Peng Thomas
Published: September 2023

Spacecraft often have instances where they are required to operate for long periods of time with significant power requirements and no access to solar power. While a battery system could be designed to meet these occasional, and possibly unexpected requirements, creating a power supply to meet these infrequent demands results in having a battery system that is excessively large, massive, and inefficient. A Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) system capable of running on the same fuel and oxidizer as the onboard thruster of a bipropellant thruster equipped spacecraft can eliminate much of the added mass and volume needed to enable batteries to meet extreme power demands and create more operational flexibility on how the chemical energy in stowed bipropellants are used. If the spacecraft needs thrust, the bipropellant can be ignited to provide thrust. If the spacecraft needs electric power, the spacecraft can consume bipropellant to generate auxiliary power. In this work, the proven bipropellant pair ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are shown to be a viable fuel and oxidant for hydrogen (H2) consuming air breathing SOFCs, as spontaneous NH3 decomposition will generate H2 and spontaneous N2O decomposition will generate O2. A scale up to a 5-cell SOFC stack fed NH3 and N2O produced power up to ~89W. Higher power can be achieved by scaling up the number of cells in a stack to achieve required power demands. The results of this study demonstrate the potential and feasibility of integrating SOFCs with a bipropellant thruster to creating a dual functioning spacecraft system that can satisfy operational power requirements and on-orbit maneuverability.

This material is based on research sponsored by Air Force Research Laboratory under agreement number FA9453-21-C-0060. The views expressed are those of the authors and do not reflect the official guidance or position of the United States Government, the Department of Defense or of the United States Air Force. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Public Affairs release approval #AFRL20230023.

Figure 1
The Influence of Water Concentration on High-Temperature Reactive Evaporation and Condensation of Cr in 800°C Air
Authors: van Leeuwen Travis Kent , Dowdy Ryan , Guerrero Amberly , Gannon Paul
Published: September 2023

Deleterious reactive evaporation of chromium from stainless steels commonly used in solid oxide electrochemical systems is well-documented; however, interactions between Cr vapor species and surrounding interfaces during complex and dynamic system exposures is poorly understood. Understanding the interactions between Cr vapor species and downstream components during operation is critical for improving system performance and safeguarding environmental, health and safety, as many condensed Cr compounds contain toxic and carcinogenic hexavalent chromium Cr(VI). Furthermore, the interactions between volatilized Cr species and surrounding interfaces are dependent upon dynamic chemical environments. The objective of this study is to systematically investigate and report on condensation pathways of Cr vapors within representative system environments with variable water concentrations. To accomplish this objective, an experimental platform was designed to generate Cr vapor species from the reactive evaporation of chromia (Cr2O3) powder with high-temperature (>1100 K) air/H2O mixtures, and expose downstream ceramic insulation materials (e.g., aluminosilicate fibers) at reduced temperatures (<600 K). Insulation material chemical compositions investigated include pure silica (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3) to combinations thereof with and without inclusions of alkaline earth metals (e.g., Ca, Mg, Sr). Materials are studied as a function of exposure conditions using complementary materials characterization tools such as SEM-EDX, XPS, and diphenyl carbazide reactions to assess Cr(VI) concentrations. Reactive evaporation of Cr from chromia occurs in the presence of oxygen and/or water vapor to form various Cr-containing vapor species. Thermodynamic data reveals an equilibrium partial pressure increase of several orders of magnitude at elevated (>500 K) temperatures for all Cr vapor species. In the presence of water vapor, the partial pressure of Cr oxyhydroxide (CrO2(OH)2(g)) is greater by many several orders of magnitude and becomes the dominant species up to ~1500 K. The research objective is to explore effects of water vapor in air on Cr condensation and speciation on different ceramic insulation materials. The experimental setup thus far has exposed aluminosilicate fibers to volatilized Cr species from Cr oxide powder at 1100 K for 150 hours under varying water vapor conditions: 0 vol%(dry), 3 vol%, and 10 vol% H2O. Preliminary results show an increase in Cr(VI) formation on fibers exposed to volatile Cr species as water vapor content increases. See Figure 1 for an overview of the experimental concept, Cr(VI) test kit, and preliminary results for dependency on water vapor. Analyses of these results will be presented and discussed in context of potential implications for SOFC/SOEC systems.

Figure 1
Electrochemical Study of La0.31Sr0.58Ti0.97Ni0.03O3-δ Thin Film and Pt-10Sc1CeSZ Electrodes
Authors: Ainsar Mait , Kooser Kuno , Kodu Margus , Romann Tavo , Nurk Gunnar
Published: September 2023

La and Ni-doped Sr-titanates, LaxSr1-xTi1-yNiyO3-
d, are considered to be promising solid oxide fuel cell anode materials with Ni exsolution possibilities [1]. In this work two different types of La0.31Sr0.58Ti0.97Ni0.03O3-δ (LSTN) thin film microelectrodes were studied. Electrodes with photolitographycally microstructured Pt current collectors under ceramic electrode layer [2] and microelectrodes without current collectors were made using pulsed laser deposition and measured using EIS at different temperatures around 650 ℃ in water-hydrogen atmosphere at reduced pressures (0.5, 1 and 1 mbar) and at 1 atm ambient pressure. Measurements were carried out using single chamber 2-electrode configuration where large area porous GDC-Pt electrode was used as counter electrode [3]. Main aim of this study was to collect additional information to understand electrochemical data collected during in situ NAP-XPS measurements of LSTN thin film electrode and also link the data collected at ambient pressure with data measured at pressures where NAP-XPS experiments are performed. The measurements showed differences between electrodes with Pt current collectors and microelectrodes without Pt current collectors. LSTN electrodes without Pt showed weak relationship between anodic overpotential and polarization resistance suggesting that overpotential acted mainly on LSTN defect chemistry while electrodes with Pt current collectors were activated more by anodic overpotential. Oxide ion transport resistance from electrolyte to thin film | gas phase surface seems to be the main contributor to the resistance of the electrodes.

J. T. S. Irvine et al., Nature Energy, 1, 15014 (2016).

A. Nenning, A. K. Opitz, T. M. Huber, and J. Fleig, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 16, 22321–22336 (2014).

A. Nenning and J. Fleig, Surface Science, 680, 43–51 (2019).
Three-dimensional electrical impedance tomography to study regional ventilation/perfusion ratios in anesthetized pigs
Authors: Larrabee Shannon , Nugen Sarah , Bruhn Alejandro , Porter Ian , Stowe Symon , Adler Andy , Martin-Flores Manuel , Araos Joaquin
Published: September 2023

In this study, we introduce a novel 3-D method for assessing ventilation-perfusion (V/Q̇) ratios using electrical impedance tomography (EIT). Heterogeneity in V/Q̇ distribution showcases the significant potential for enhanced understanding of pulmonary conditions. This work signifies a substantial step forward in the application of EIT for monitoring and managing lung diseases.
Effects of Formulated Diet and Frozen Fresh Fish on Growth, Serum Biochemical Indexes, Liver Antioxidant, and Lipid Metabolism of Juvenile Cobia (Rachycentron canadum)
Authors: Huang Jian-sheng , Chen Dian-yu , Jin Jing-hui , Xie Rui-tao , Lu Yi , Amenyogbe Eric
Published: September 2023

Feed is the main source of material and energy for farmed fish, and its nutritional value and balance are important factors affecting fish’s growth rate and physical health. In order to explore the effects of two different feed sources on the growth, serum biochemical indexes, liver antioxidant capacity, and lipid metabolism of young cobia fish, 300 young cobia fish with an initial body weight of 43.14 ± 1.25 g were selected for the experiment and randomly divided into two treatments. Each treatment had five replicates, and each replicate had 30 fish. They were fed with formulated feed and frozen fresh fish, respectively, for 12 weeks. The results showed that the weight gain rate, specific growth rate, and feed conversion rate of juvenile cobia fish fed with formulated diet were extremely significantly lower than those of the frozen fresh fish group (

P
<
0.01

), and condition factor was significantly lower than that of the frozen fresh fish group (

P
<
0.05

). However, protein efficiency rate, hepatosomatic index, and viscerosomatic index were significantly higher than those of frozen fresh fish group (

P
<
0.05

). The content of water, crude protein, and crude ash in the whole fish had no significant difference (

P
>
0.05

), while the content of crude lipid decreased significantly (

P
<
0.05

). The serum aspartate aminotransferase activity and sugar content of cobia in the formulated diet group were significantly higher than those in the frozen fresh fish group (

P
<
0.05

). In contrast, the total cholesterol, triglyceride content, alkaline phosphatase activity, and phosphorus content were significantly lower than those in the frozen fresh fish group (

P
<
0.05

). Compared with the frozen fresh fish group, the antioxidant enzyme activities in the liver of the formulated diet group were significantly decreased (

P
<
0.05

) except malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of fatty acid synthase, while there was no significant difference in the malate dehydrogenase. The study showed that under the experimental conditions, frozen fresh fish was more suitable for feeding juvenile cobia, and the formulated diet had adverse effects on the liver of juvenile cobia. Therefore, the nutritional composition of frozen fresh fish and the metabolic characteristics of cobia were used for reference to optimize and adjust the nutritional formula of juvenile cobia.
Care Transitions for People with Acquired Neurological Disability in the First 12 Months following Inpatient Rehabilitation: Health Service Use and Obstacles
Authors: Xie Yanfei , Nielsen Mandy , Kendall Melissa , Jones Rachel , Ownsworth Tamara , Geraghty Timothy
Published: September 2023

Due to their complex and fluctuating needs requiring multiple transitions of care through different services and systems, the early postdischarge period is one of the vulnerabilities for people with acquired neurological disability. This study aimed to (1) map and examine system-level care transitions, including change in transition patterns and service use among people with acquired neurological disability during the first 12 months postdischarge and (2) explore the relationship between early perceptions (3 months postdischarge) of obstacles and difficulty with health service access to the pattern of care transitions. From July 2019 to March 2020, this study recruited 93 participants with acquired neurological disability resulting from acquired brain (44%) or spinal cord injury (56%) from a tertiary hospital in Queensland, Australia. Data linkage methods were used to capture system-level care transitions as movements between three levels of health care: primary, specialist, and emergency care. Health service use during care transitions was also characterised. Standardised questionnaires were used to measure obstacles and difficulty accessing health services in relation to transportation, finance, and resource availability at 3 months postdischarge. The median number of care transitions was 8 (range: 0–47), and the most frequent category of care transition pattern was where participants transit between all levels of care: primary, specialist, and emergency (n = 51/93, 54.8%). However, the frequency, direction, and sequence of transitions between different levels of care were diverse amongst participants. Most participants used primary (96%) and specialist (97%) services, while 59% used emergency services. Overall, postdischarge care transitions were common and highly variable for people with acquired neurological disability. Early perceptions of transportation being an obstacle to service access was a marginally significant contributor (

p
=
0.051

) to more care transitions. Further research to delineate the characteristics and complications of care transitions and service use will aid in developing more personalised, coordinated postdischarge trajectories.
Influence of Siliconized Zn-Graphene Oxide Complex Nanoparticles on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AA5083: Focus on Gas Metal Arc Welding
Authors: Rahmati Farhad , Aghakhani Masood , Kolahan Farhad
Published: September 2023

Aluminum alloy 5083 has low density, mechanical properties, high corrosion resistance, and high welding capability. Due to high thermal conductivity, specific heat, and latent heat, as well as the relatively high coefficient of thermal expansion of aluminum, achieving a connection with good mechanical properties is always very important. This study aimed to investigate nanoparticles’ surprising and unexpected effects in forming various microstructures, which directly improve the mechanical properties of the welding process as a new and surprising idea. The effects of siliconized Zn-graphene oxide complex nanoparticles on weld geometry, mechanical properties, and microstructure of AA5083 were investigated. The gas metal arc welding process welded the samples, and different amounts of nanoparticles were investigated. The results reveal that utilizing nanoparticles can be affected by the weld geometry and the properties of weld metal. 0.25 g of nanoparticles had low face reinforcement, and the bead width and penetration depth dramatically increased. The presence of nanoparticles inside the molten zone and its effect on grain size improved mechanical properties, according to the Hall–Petch relationship. The ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of the S0.25 sample increased by 58.24 and 28.28%, respectively, compared to the welded sample without the presence of nanoparticles. Also, the ductility of this sample during the failure test showed that elongation increased by 36.75%.
Transfer Accuracy of 3D-Printed Customized Devices in Digital Indirect Bonding: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Campobasso Alessandra , Battista Giovanni , Fiorillo Gianluigi , Caldara Giulia , Lo Muzio Eleonora , Ciavarella Domenico , Gastaldi Giorgio , Muzio Lorenzo Lo
Published: September 2023

Aim. To evaluate in vitro and in vivo the accuracy of 3D-printed customized transfer devices during indirect bonding technique (IBT). Methods. A search for articles published in the English language until April 2022 was carried out using PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases and by applying a specific search strategy for each database to identify all potentially relevant in vivo or in vitro studies. After the removal of duplicate articles and data extraction according to the participants-intervention-comparison-outcome-study design schema scheme, the methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care Criteria for Grading Assessed Studies. Results. The initial search identified 126 articles, 43 of which were selected by title and abstract. After full-text reading, 15 papers were selected for the qualitative analysis and seven studies for the quantitative analysis. The evidence quality for the selected studies was moderate. Conclusions. Except for the bucco-lingual direction, the 3D-printed customized devices have a transfer accuracy within the clinically acceptable limits established by the American Board of Orthodontics. Therefore, 3D-printed transfer devices may be considered an accurate method for bonding position during IBT, both in vitro and in vivo. Additional randomized clinical studies in vivo should be suggested.
Ultrasound-Assisted Management for Tracheal Intubation in the Patient with Tracheal Diverticulum
Authors: Wan Tingting , Gao Ya , Wu Changyi
Published: September 2023

Tracheal diverticulum (TD) is a rare disease. Due to the worldwide pandemic of COVID-19, the increase of routine preoperative chest CT examination has led to a higher detection rate of TD. Although TD is very rare, it is one of the reasons for difficult intubation and difficult ventilation. Improper treatment can cause severe airway emergencies such as diverticulum tearing, tracheal rupture, and subcutaneous or mediastinal emphysema. Unfortunately, there are few studies on TD, especially in perioperative airway and anesthesia management. This paper reports a case of TD found by preoperative chest CT examination who required tracheal intubation under general anesthesia. For the first time, ultrasound was used to confirm the position of tracheal tube and TD, and good results were achieved. This attempt provides a new idea and method for airway management in patients with TD.
A Comprehensive Review of Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene Fibers for Applications Based on Their Different Preparation Techniques
Authors: Faruk Omar , Yang Yang , Zhang Jiangliang , Yu Junxin , Lv Jiaojiao , Lv Weichao , Du Yueying , Wu Jindan , Qi Dongming
Published: September 2023

Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fiber is widely recognized for its exceptional properties, including high strength-to-weight ratio, toughness, and chemical resistance, making it a preferred material for reinforcement in various applications. However, its low melting point, surface inertness, and weak adhesion to polymer matrices have limited its potential use in some fields. Researchers have addressed these shortcomings by focusing on surface modifications through physical treatment or chemical coating, thereby enhancing the versatility of materials in numerous UHMWPE fiber composites. By improving the tribological and interfacial properties of UHMWPE, various applications can be explored, including prosthetic joints, energy-absorbing road safety systems, microelectromechanical system devices, and protective materials for defense and personal thermal management. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the remarkable performance of UHMWPE and its composites, providing insights into its wide array of applications.
Developing Clinical Phenotype Data Collection Standards for Research in Africa
Authors: Zass Lyndon , Johnston Katherine , Benkahla Alia , Chaouch Melek , Kumuthini Judit , Radouani Fouzia , Mwita Liberata Alexander , Alsayed Nihad , Allie Taryn , Sathan Dassen , Masamu Upendo , Seuneu Tchamga Milaine Sergine , Tamuhla Tsaone , Samtal Chaimae , Nembaware Victoria , Gill Zoe , Ahmed Samah , Hamdi Yosr , Fadlelmola Faisal , Tiffin Nicki , Mulder Nicola
Published: September 2023

Modern biomedical research is characterised by its high-throughput and interdisciplinary nature. Multiproject and consortium-based collaborations requiring meaningful analysis of multiple heterogeneous phenotypic datasets have become the norm; however, such analysis remains a challenge in many regions across the world. An increasing number of data harmonisation efforts are being undertaken by multistudy collaborations through either prospective standardised phenotype data collection or retrospective phenotype harmonisation. In this regard, the Phenotype Harmonisation Working Group (PHWG) of the Human Heredity and Health in Africa (H3Africa) consortium aimed to facilitate phenotype standardisation by both promoting the use of existing data collection standards (hosted by PhenX), adapting existing data collection standards for appropriate use in low- and middle-income regions such as Africa, and developing novel data collection standards where relevant gaps were identified. Ultimately, the PHWG produced 11 data collection kits, consisting of 82 protocols, 38 of which were existing protocols, 17 were adapted, and 27 were novel protocols. The data collection kits will facilitate phenotype standardisation and harmonisation not only in Africa but also across the larger research community. In addition, the PHWG aims to feed back adapted and novel protocols to existing reference platforms such as PhenX.
The sFlt-1/PlGF Ratio Trend Is Useful in Predicting Preeclampsia Severity in Hyperreactio Luteinalis Complicated with Preeclampsia
Authors: Miyatake Risa , Fujii Tatsuya , Kumasawa Keiichi , Ichinose Mari , Toshimitsu Masatake , Sayama Seisuke , Seyama Takahiro , Iriyama Takayuki , Nagamatsu Takeshi , Osuga Yutaka
Published: September 2023

Hyperreactio luteinalis (HL) is a rare condition that presents as bilateral ovarian enlargement during pregnancy. Typically, it is thought to be caused by increased production of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) associated with gestational trophoblastic diseases or multiple pregnancies. The prognosis is relatively good, with many cases resulting in term birth. However, some obstetric complications, such as preeclampsia (PE) and preterm births, have been reported. We present a serious case of HL with subsequent PE that resulted in preterm delivery at 31 weeks of gestation. The soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1)/placental growth factor (PlGF) ratio was very high at the onset of PE at 24 weeks of gestation, followed by a modest decline, which then increased in proportion to the exacerbation of symptoms. Since HL cases have also been reported to be associated with PE, repeated measurement of the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio proved useful for better pregnancy management.
Value of Diaphragm Ultrasonography for Extubation: A Single‐Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Toledo T. G. , Bacci M. R.
Published: September 2023

Introduction. Daily evaluation of mechanically ventilated (MV) patients is essential for successful extubation. Proper withdrawal prevents complications and reduces the cost of hospitalization in the intensive care unit (ICU). Diaphragm ultrasonography (DUS) has emerged as a potential instrument for determining whether a patient is ready to be extubated. This study compared the efficacy rate of extubation using a standard withdrawal protocol and DUS in patients with MV. Methods. A randomized, parallel, single‐blind, controlled study was conducted on ICU patients undergoing MV. Patients were randomly assigned to either the control (conventional weaning protocol) group or intervention (DUS‐guided weaning) group in a 1 : 1 ratio. The primary outcome measure was the rate of reintubation and hospital mortality. Results. Forty patients were randomized to the trial. The mean age of the sample was 70 years, representing an older population. The extubation success rate was 90% in both groups. There was no reintubation in the first 48 hours and only two reintubations in both groups between the second and seventh days. The hospital mortality risk in patients with acute kidney injury was positively correlated with age and the need for hemodialysis. Discussion. This study demonstrates the usefulness of DUS measurement protocols for withdrawing MV. The rate of reintubation was low for both cessation methods. As a parameter, the diaphragm thickness fraction comprehensively evaluates the diaphragm function. The results demonstrate that DUS has the potential to serve as a noninvasive tool for guiding extubation decisions. In conclusion, using DUS in patients with respiratory failure revealed no difference in reintubation rates or mortality compared with the conventional method. Future research should concentrate on larger, multicentered, randomized trials employing a multimodal strategy that combines diaphragmatic parameters with traditional clinical withdrawal indices.
Synthesis of Modified Magnetic Graphene Oxide with Mesoporous Silica for Extraction of the Pharmaceutical Compound Quercetin
Authors: Heidari Delnia , Bahar Soleiman
Published: September 2023

In this study, magnetic mesoporous silica-Fe3O4-graphene oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4@GO@mSiO2) were synthesized and used as sorbents for magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) of trace amounts of quercetin in natural samples (spinach, green pepper, dill, and red onion). The sorbent produced was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The effects of various experimental factors on the percent recovery of quercetin, including extraction time, desorption time, sample solution pH, and adsorbent amount were investigated. The Fe3O4@GO@mSiO2 strategy showed excellent stability and sensitivity for the determination of quercetin, with a suitable linear range of 20–800 µg L−1 and a detection limit of 5.2 µg L−1. The data indicate that Fe3O4@GO@mSiO2 has a specific surface area and suitable adsorption capacity for the determination of quercetin.
Delay Discounting and the Income-Food Insecurity-Obesity Paradox in Mothers
Authors: Epstein Leonard H. , Rizwan Ashfique , Paluch Rocco A. , Temple Jennifer L.
Published: September 2023

Food insecurity, defined as unpredictable access to food that may not meet a person’s nutritional needs, is paradoxically associated with higher BMI (kg/m2) and obesity. Research has shown delay discounting, a behavioral economic measure of the preference for immediate rather than delayed rewards, is related to higher BMI, and moderates the relationship between income and food insecurity. Based on this research, we used regression models to test whether delay discounting, consideration of future consequences, and perceived stress were atemporal mediators of the food insecurity-BMI relation in 313 mothers, controlling for demographic variables. A secondary aim was to replicate the finding that delay discounting moderates the relationship between low income and high food insecurity. Results showed that low income was associated with higher food insecurity, and higher food insecurity was associated with higher BMI. Delay discounting was the only variable that was indirectly related to both paths of the food-insecurity-BMI relation. Delay discounting accounted for 22.2% of the variance in the low-income-food insecurity-obesity relation, and the total model accounted for 38.0% of the variance. The relation between low income and food insecurity was moderated by delay discounting. These data suggest that delay discounting is a potential mediator of the relationship between food insecurity and high BMI, which suggests reducing discounting in the future could be a novel target to reduce food insecurity and help people with food insecurity to reduce their excess body weight. Trial Registration. This trial is registered with NCT02873715.