bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the Eco-environmental Quality Index in the Tropical Rainforest National Park in China during 1990-2020
Authors: Jian Kai , Wang Shengnan , Wu Xiaoqi , Zhang Qing
Published: September 2022

To precisely clarify the eco-environment quality status of the Tropical Rainforest National Park, this study develops and validates an eco-environmental quality index (EQI) model applicable to the evaluation of the eco-environment quality of the Tropical Rainforest National Park by using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) as a platform, based on the RSEI model, and applying standardized processing of indicators, artificial correction of PCA eigenvectors, and stepwise regression analysis modeling. And the EQI change trends, change processes, and spatial distribution of significant changes in the Tropical Rainforest National Park are analyzed at two different levels, namely dynamic changes in ecological environmental quality and spatial identification of time series changes, respectively. We also investigate the effects of factors such as the model's internal indicators, topographical elements, and the distribution of land use cover types on the changes in EQI. The results indicate that: 1) The application of the EQI4 model could invert the EQI spatial distribution map consistent with the RSEI model, and the overall change of EQI in tropical rainforest national parks estimates using the EQI4 model reveals a stable and slightly decreasing trend with obvious process volatility. 2) The Tropical Rainforest National Park's EQI spatial distribution and fluctuation zoning has shown obvious spatial heterogeneity. The proportion of spatial area with significant changes in EQI increases as the study time series progress, and the deterioration trend of its time series EQI is the most pronounced in the two regions represented by Jianfengling and Diaoluoshan. (3) The distribution of EQI coefficients of variation in Tropical Rainforest National Park is in excellent agreement with those of NDVI and WET, as measured by R2 values of 0.69 and 0.79, respectively. The bivariate clustering of EQI coefficients of variation with topographic elements reveals that low-elevation, gently sloping areas with frequent human activities, and forest cash crop cultivation areas have greater EQI fluctuations. Consequently, timely, accurate, and rapid quantitative assessment and spatial and temporal change analysis of the eco-environmental quality of Tropical Rainforest National Park can promote the protection of natural resources and ecologically sustainable development of the national park.
Towards Automatic Text-Based Estimation of Depression through Symptom Prediction
Authors: Milintsevich Kirill , Sirts Kairit , Dias Gaël
Published: September 2022

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is one of the most common and comorbid mental disorders that impacts a person's day-to-day activity. Additionally, MDD affects one's linguistic footprint, which is reflected by subtle changes in speech production. This allows us to use natural language processing (NLP) techniques to build a neural classifier to detect depression from speech transcripts. MDD is often assessed with a self-reported questionnaire; the final diagnosis is made by summing up question scores and checking them against a predefined cut-off point. This approach, however, disregards the complexity of the clinical picture of depression, as different people with MDD can suffer from different sets of depression symptoms for the same self-reported depression severity score. In this work, we look at the depression classification problem through the prism of the symptom network analysis approach, which shifts attention from categorical analysis of depression towards personalized analysis of symptom profiles. For that purpose, we trained a multi-target hierarchical regression model to predict individual depression symptoms from patient-psychiatrist interview transcripts from the DAIC-WOZ corpus. Our model achieved results on par with state-of-the-art models on both binary diagnostic classification, and depression severity prediction while at the same time providing a more fine-grained overview of individual symptoms for each person. The model achieved a mean absolute error (MAE) from 0.438 to 0.830 on eight depression symptoms and showed state-of-the-art results in binary depression estimation (73.9 macro-F1) and total depression score prediction (3.78 MAE). Moreover, the model produced a symptom correlation graph that is structurally identical to the real one. The proposed symptom-based approach provides more in-depth information about the depressive condition by focusing on the individual symptoms rather than a general binary diagnosis.
Transplantation of A2 Type Astrocytes Promotes Neural Repair and Remyelination After Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Chang Jie , Qian Zhanyang , Wang Binyu , Cao Jiang , Zhang Sheng , Jiang Fan , Kong Renyi , Yu Xiao , Cao Xiaojian , Yang Lei , Chen Hongtao
Published: September 2022

Background
Limited progress in terms of an effective treatment for spinal cord injury (SCI) emphasizes the urgent need for novel therapies. As a vital central nervous system component, the resident astrocytes play crucial roles in regulating recovery after SCI. In this study, recovery after SCI was compared following the transplantation of either A1 or A2 astrocytes. A1 astrocytes are harmful as they upregulate the neurotoxic classical complement cascade genes. Conversely, A2 astrocytes are characterized as neuroprotective as they upregulate the production of many neurotrophic factors.
Methods
We used different supernatant obtained from microglia stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or interleukin-4 to generate A1 and A2 astrocytes. We detected the influence of astrocytes on neurons by co-culturing A1 and A2 astrocytes with neurons. We transplanted astrocytes into the lesion site of the spinal cord and assessed lesion progression, neural restoration, glia formation and locomotor recovery.
Results
Astrocytes were polarized into A1 and A2 phenotypes following culture in the supernatant obtained from microglia stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or interleukin-4, respectively. Furthermore, co-culturing A2 astrocytes with neurons significantly suppressed glutamate-induced neuronal apoptosis and promoted the degree of neuron arborization. Transplantation of these A2 astrocytes into the lesion site of the spinal cord of mice significantly improved motor function recovery, preserved spared supraspinal pathways, decreased glia scar deposition, and increased neurofilament formation at the site of injury compared to the transplantation of A1 astrocytes. Additionally, enhanced A2 astrocytes with potentially beneficial A2-like genes were also detected in the A2 group. Moreover, luxol fast blue staining and electron microscopy indicated increased preservation of myelin with organized structure after transplantation of A2 astrocytes than of A1 astrocytes.
Conclusions
A2 astrocyte transplantation could be a promising potential therapy for SCI.
Classification on Boundary-equilibria and Singular Continuums of Continuous Piecewise Linear Systems
Authors: Chen Hebai , Feng Zhaosheng , Yang Hao , Zhou Linfeng
Published: September 2022

In this paper, we show that any switching hypersurface of n-dimensional continuous piecewise linear systems is an (n − 1)-dimensional hyperplane. For two-dimensional continuous piecewise linear systems, we present local phase portraits and indices near the boundary equilibria (i.e., equilibria at the switching line) and singular continuum (i.e., continuum of non-isolated equilibria) between two parallel switching lines. The definition of the index of singular continuum is introduced. Then we show that boundary-equilibria and singular continuums can appear with many parallel switching lines.
2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 34C05; 34A26; 49J52.
5-Aminolevulinic Acid Tumor Paint and Photodynamic Therapy for Chordoma: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Kenan Shachar , Nixon Ryan , Liang Haixiang , Goodman Howard J. , Grande Daniel A. , Levin Adam S.
Published: September 2022

Background:
Chordomas are malignant tumors originating from embryonic notochord remnants. Wide resection is challenging due to lack of intraoperative visualization, leading to unacceptably high recurrence rates. Known techniques using five-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) for tumor paint and photodynamic therapy (PDT) may improve outcomes but have not been well described for chordomas. The purpose of this study was to analyze chordoma cell response to 5-ALA tumor paint and PDT in vitro.
Methods:
Tumor Paint: Experiment 1: Human chordoma cells (MUG-Chor1) co-cultured with green fluorescence protein (GFP) rat adipose derived stromal cells (ADS) were observed 5 hours after 5-ALA exposure using emission filters showing GFP cells as green and 5-ALA positive cells as red. Experiment 2: GFP-ADS and MUG-Chor1 micromass pellets were co-cultured and observed 5 hours after 5-ALA exposure. Experiment 3: co-cultured human ADS and MUG-Chor1 cells were observed 5 hours after 5-ALA exposure.
Photodynamic Therapy: MUG-Chor1 cells that had been exposed to 3 hours of 5-ALA were visualized at 10× with 405-nm excitation and emission at 603-738-nm. Time-lapse images of live cells were captured every second for 15 minutes and then visualized sequentially at 50× speed.
Results:
Tumor Paint: In the first experiment, chordoma cells displayed minimal red fluorescence while GFP-ADS cells appeared to fluoresce expectedly green. In the second experiment, chordoma cells fluoresced brightly red. As a micromass, the distinction between chordoma cells and GFP-ADS cells was clearly seen. The third experiment showed strong red fluorescence in high cellular density areas, yet minimal fluorescence in low cellular density areas.
PDT: Initially, chordoma cells fluoresced red in response to the 405-nm excitation laser exposure. As time progressed, increased intracellular swelling occurred with concomitant rapid formation of multiple vesicles exiting from the cellular membrane.
Conclusions:
The results of these experiments demonstrate the effective in vitro application of 5-ALA tumor paint and PDT on chordoma cells. This will be the first time this phenomenon is documented visually using time-lapse photography for this tumor subtype, further validating prior research in this field. 5-ALA, with its double-edged applications of selective tumor identification and kill may lead to transformative change in the management of soft tissue sarcomas.
Monitoring phage-induced lysis of Gram-negatives in real time using a fluorescent DNA dye
Authors: Egido Julia E. , Toner-Bartelds Catherine , Costa Ana Rita , Brouns Stan J. J. , Rooijakkers Suzan H. M. , Bardoel Bart W. , Haas Pieter-Jan
Published: September 2022

Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that specifically attack bacteria. Their use as therapeutics, which constitutes a promising alternative to antibiotics, heavily relies on selecting effective lytic phages against the pathogen of interest. Current selection techniques are laborious and do not allow for direct visualization of phage infection dynamics. Here, we present a method that circumvents these limitations. It can be scaled for high-throughput and permits monitoring of the phage infection in real time via a fluorescence signal readout. This is achieved through the use of a membrane-impermeant nucleic acid dye that stains the DNA of damaged or lysed bacteria and new phage progeny. We have tested the method on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae and show that an increase in fluorescence reflects phage-mediated killing. This is confirmed by other techniques including spot tests, colony plating, flow cytometry and metabolic activity measurements. Furthermore, we illustrate how our method may be used to compare the activity of different phages and to screen the susceptibility of clinical isolates to phage. Altogether, we present a fast, reliable way of selecting phages against Gram-negative bacteria, which may be valuable in optimizing the process of selecting phages for therapeutic use.
WITHDRAWN: Technological Profile of Small-diameter Forest Species in a Managed Area in the Amazon
Authors: Nascimento Cristiano Souza , Cruz Irineide Almeida , Nascimento Claudete Catanhede , Araújo Roberto Daniel , Higuchi Niro , Santos Joaquim dos
Published: September 2022

The use of wood from small-diameter species is still restricted, and knowledge of its characteristics is limited. In this context, the objective of this study was to characterize the technological properties of eight species of small diameters of greater occurrence in the Central Amazon to indicate sustainable use. Samples were obtained from a managed area of secondary forest (Amazonas/Brazil). 24 trees (diameter ≤ 50 cm) were selected for the determination of chemical and physicomechanical properties. The highest concentrations of extractives and total polyphenols were detected for Eschweilera odora (7.08 and 2.63%), and lignin and cellulose were detected for Micrandropsis scleroxylon (34.80%) and Byrsonima crispa (55.62%). For the physical-mechanical properties, the average moisture content was 12.84%. For density, the species were classified in the medium to high range (0.56-0.93 g/cm3). In general, the studied species presented a high calorific value (~4,907 cal/g), and Eschweilera truncata presented higher mechanical strength (modulus of elasticity 17,350 MPa; modulus of rupture 173.93 MPa). The multivariate analysis using the K-means algorithm, based on the centroid of the data, indicated the formation of five groups, where the group of Eschweilera truncata was represented by higher values of MOE, MOR, and ash, while the group of Inga alba had characteristics of low-strength wood. The quality of the small-diameter wood studied here has the potential to be indicated for management since the technological characterization is a fundamental tool to assist decision-making in management plans that may indicate the use of new species in the forestry sector.
Partial Replacement Imputation Estimation for Partially Linear Models with Complex Missing Pattern Covariates
Authors: Zhan Zishu , Li Xiangjie , Zhang Jingxiao
Published: September 2022

Missing data is a common problem in clinical data collection, which causes difficulty in the statistical analysis of such data. In this article, we consider the problem under a framework of a semiparametric partially linear model when observations are subject to complex missing pattern covariates. One natural question in the partially linear model is the choice of model structure, that is, how to decide which covariates are linear and which are nonlinear. If the correct model structure of the partially linear model is available, we propose to use a new imputation method called Partial Replacement IMputation Estimation (PRIME), which can overcome problems caused by incomplete data in the partially linear model. In the more challenging setting where the model structure is unknown a priori, we use PRIME in conjunction with model averaging (PRIME-MA) to adapt to the unknown model structure in the partially linear model. In simulation studies, we use various error distributions, sample sizes, missing data rates, covariate correlations, and noise levels, and PRIME outperforms other methods in almost all cases. With an unknown correct model structure, PRIME-MA has satisfactory performance in terms of prediction. Moreover, we conduct a study of influential factors in the Chinese Provincial Legal Funding Dataset from the Harvard Dataverse, which shows that our method performs better than the other models.
Effects of 6 weeks of low-volume combined training on muscle power, muscular strength, and aerobic power in active young adults.
Authors: Martins Ricardo Jorge Costa , Loureiro Nuno Eduardo Marques
Published: September 2022

Background: The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of low-volume CT performed during 6 weeks on muscle power, muscular strength, maximal aerobic power (Wmax) and internal load in active young adults.
Methods: Eighteen healthy, active young adults men (mean ± SD, 20.06 ± 1.66 years; 22.23 ± 2.76 kg-1m2) performed either a low-volume CT (GE, n=9), or maintained a normal life (CG, n=9). The CT was composed of a resistance training (RT, 2 sets of 3 exercises with 80 to 85% 1RM) followed by a high intensity-interval training (HIIT, 5 sets of 60’’ with 95% Wmax). The measures of jump height, 1 maximal repetition (1RM) in bench press and back squat, Wmax and internal load were obtained before (pre) and after (post) training to analysis. Furthermore, an ANOVA test of repeated measures and t-test paired samples were used with a p ≤ 0.05.
Results: Low-volume CT increased from pre to post on jump height (29.28 ± 3.81 to 32.02 ± 3.09cm, p ≤ 0.05), 1RM on bench press back squat (56.11 ± 11.35 to 67.67 ± 13.36kg, p < 0.001 and 63.11 ± 12.25 to 74.00 ± 12.02kg, p < 0.001, respectively) and Wmax (200 ± 30 to 220 ± 30.92W, p ≤ 0.01). The internal load had not significant differences between weeks (p > 0.05).
Conclusions: In healthy, active young adults men the low-volume CT is effective to improve, jump height, 1RM in bench press and back squat, and Wmax without increase internal load.
A dark side of conservation biology: protected areas fail in representing subterranean biodiversity
Authors: Colado Raquel , Abellán Pedro , Pallarés Susana , Mammola Stefano , Milione Roberto , Faille Arnaud , Fresneda Javier , Fernández David Sánchez
Published: September 2022

The conservation of biodiversity is a central imperative of the 21st century. Subterranean ecosystems deliver critical nature’s contributions to people and harbour a broad diversity of poorly-understood specialized organisms that are of interest from both a conservation and evolutionary perspective. However, the subterranean biome is still systematically overlooked in global biodiversity targets and conservation agendas. The main objective of this study was to assess how far subterranean biodiversity is represented in protected areas (Natura 2000 and Emerald networks) in two global hotspots of subterranean biodiversity (the Pyrenees and the Alps). For this, we used the most complete databases of terrestrial subterranean biodiversity known to us, i.e., leiodids (beetles) from the Pyrenees and spiders from the Alps, and identified priority areas in each region using both species richness and geographic rarity patterns. Our results show the incapacity of surface protected area networks to represent subterranean fauna, as more than 70 and 90% of the identified priority areas (and the 40 and 22% of the species) are not effectively covered by protected areas in the Pyrenees and the Alps, respectively. These findings call for urgent policies and would be key to developing a coherent plan for subterranean biodiversity conservation within the European Biodiversity Strategy for 2030.
Older adults access to mental health and social care services during COVID-19 restrictions in Western Australia
Authors: Adams Claire , Gringart Eyal , McAullay Daniel , Sim Moira , Scarfe Brigitta , Budrikis Amy , Strobel Natalie
Published: September 2022

Objective: This study aimed to understand the impact of COVID-19 on access to mental health and social services among older adults in Western Australia.
Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 194 adults aged ≥70 years or ≥60 years with chronic conditions. A questionnaire co-developed by a consumer reference group was used to collect data on social networks and service access. Frequency analyses were used to assess quantitative data. Qualitative data were assessed using thematic analyses.
Results: 62.7% of participants reported being not at all/slightly affected by COVID-19; 40.7% reported having three/four people to chat with. 76.3% of participants did not access mental health or social services during the 2020 COVID-19 restrictions. The remaining 23.7% mostly accessed mental health-related services, with GPs the most common source of support. 18.0% of the total sample reported choosing not to access services even though they would have liked to.
Conclusions: Most older adults in this sample did not access mental health or social care services. 18.0% of all participants felt they needed services but did not access them. This suggests there were some unmet needs within the community. Strengthening social networks may help protect older adults against psychosocial declines during and post-COVID-19.
Determination of moisture in walnut seeds by near-infrared spectrophotometry
Authors: Campbell Robert C. , Martin George C.
Published: September 2022

In the paper “Determination of moisture in walnut seeds by near-infrared spectrophotometry” by Robert C. Campbell and George C. Martin, (HortScience 11(5):494. 1976), two errors on page 495 have been noted.
In Short, In Hort
Authors: Jefferson Thomas
Published: September 2022

FOOD GLEANING FEEDS PORTLAND’S POOR

RELEASE OF DWARF MUGO PINE SELECTIONS

AG COLLEGE ENROLLMENTS SOAR

SQUANTO – AMERICA’S FIRST EXTENSION HORTICULTURIST

AG RESEARCH EATS LOW ON THE HOG

FARM POPULATION, UP IN WEST, DOWN ELSEWHERE

ROOT ZONE HEATING SAVES FUEL

PRODUCTION OF CHLORDIMEFORMS HALTED

PESTICIDE USAGE FOR UNNAMED PESTS

‘CONCORD’ GRAPES WEAKENED BY OZONE

MEAN BEAN STABS LEAFHOPPERS

OH YE HYPOCRITES!

ORNAMENTALS BIG BUCKS IN L.A. COUNTY

LEAD IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS INHABITING OLD ORCHARD SOILS

International
The Maintenance of Professional Integrity in the Interdisciplinary Team Research Effort
Authors: Mitchell Roger L.
Published: September 2022

The identity and integrity of our professional disciplines is of special importance. We believe those disciplines make unique contributions to the intellectual environment of the university, research laboratory, or field station in addition to the problem solving expected of us by the citizens of our several states, the nation, and indeed the world community. Each of us has invested major portions of our lives toward building and maintaining a foundation and a framework for specialization and uniqueness. We find it necessary to keep others informed about the intellectual areas on which we are well qualified to serve. And while we have not resorted to unionization to maintain our positions we do expend significant energy in committee meetings, curricular review, degree program building, promotion and tenure review processes, and professional society activities to ensure quality performance and preparation by our peers as well as to maintain our own professional integrity.
Promotion of Rooting in Stem Cuttings of Several Ornamental Plants by Pretreatment with Acid or Base1
Authors: Lee C. I. , Paul J. L. , Hackett W. P.
Published: September 2022

Rooting of stem cuttings of Bougainvillea cv. San Diego Red, Ceratonia siliqua L., Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. cvs. Golden Anne and Mandalay, Euonymus japonica L. cv. Yellow Edge, Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. cv. Eckspoint C-1 Red, Hedera helix L., Trachelospermum jasminoides [Lindl.] Lem., Juglans hindsii (Jeps.) Jeps., Pistacia chinensis Bunge, and Salix laevigata Bebb. is greatly promoted by basal dipping in H2SO4 prior to applying indolebutryic acid. Pre-treatment with NaOH results in considerable increase of rooting of cuttings of Rhododendron (Pericat) cv. Sweetheart Supreme, Bougainvillea, Liquidambar styraciflua L., Osmanthus heterophyllus G. Don cv. Ilicifolius, and Pinus radiata D. Don.
Germination and Container Production of Franklinia1
Authors: Farmer R. E. , Chase S. B.
Published: September 2022

Unstratified seed of Franklinia alatamaha Marsh germinated slowly in light at 16° to 29°C. During stratification at 3° for 4 to 12 weeks, seed acquired the capability for germination in the dark and at lower temperatures. Data on germination percent and speed suggested that 4 to 8 weeks' stratification followed by germination at relatively high temperatures should result in good stands within 20 days. A greenhouse production system was developed using this information, and plants were grown to salable size in marketing containers.
In Vitro Culture of Immature Embryos of American Elm1
Authors: Anagnostakis S. L.
Published: September 2022

Immature 2n embryos of Ulmus americana L. were excised aseptically from seeds to 20 different media. A low salts medium with coconut water allowed the largest number of embryos to become green and begin stem elongation and true leaf formation. None of the resulting plants survived transplanting.
Influence of Temperatures during Long-night Exposures on Growth and Flowering of ‘Mace’, ‘Thor’, and ‘Telstar’ Kalanchoe1
Authors: Pertuit A. J.
Published: September 2022

Kalanchoe × sp. cvs. Mace, Thor, and Telstar were subjected to 2, 3, 4, or 5 weeks of long nights (LN) at 10, 16, or 21°C. The cultivars varied in the number of LN for 100% flowering, and this was influenced by temperature. No temperature was more inductive than 16°C; yet, ‘Thor’ required twice as many LN as ‘Mace’. After 2 weeks of LN the relative growth-rate patterns among ‘Mace’ plants under non-inductive conditions continued, but the patterns of ‘Thor’ and ‘Telstar’ changed. Flowering after 2 weeks of LN averaged 91.7% for ‘Mace’, nil for ‘Thor’, and 25.3% for ‘Telstar’.
Phyllotaxy Variability in Pelargonium1
Authors: Skirvin Robert M. , Janick Jules
Published: September 2022

Phyllotaxy (the arrangement of leaves on the stem) in scented geranium is typically 2/5, i.e., in order to reach a leaf directly above another, it is necessary to maneuver 2 complete turns around the stem and pass 5 other leaves. We have observed variable phyllotaxy of certain clones of Pelargonium. For instance, in ‘Rober’s Lemon Rose’ (RLR) (Pelargonium graveolens L’Heritier ex. Ait on) nearly all plants change their phyllotaxy from 2/5 to 1/2 (Fig. 1, 2) (3) on either the main axis or lateral shoots. Most plants show: a) a region of 2/5 (usually the oldest growth near the base of the plant), b) a region of 1/2 (the newest growth), and c) a variable (1/2 + 2/5) region between these two (Table 1). The 2/5 phyllotaxy is associated with vegetative growth, while the 1/2 or 1/2 + 2/5 phyllotaxy is associated with flowering. The phyllotaxy switch was reversible. Lateral buds developing within a phyllotactic region could segregate all 3 patterns (Table 1).
Effect of Low Dosage Gamma Irradiation on Emergence, Growth, Yield, and Sugar and Protein Content of Potato1
Authors: Boe A. A. , DeMoura John
Published: September 2022

‘Russet Burbank’ and ‘Nampa’ seed potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) were irradiated with gamma rays at 328 rads/minute for ¾, 1½ and 3 minutes for greenhouse studies and 167 rads/minute for 2, 4, and 7 minutes for Geld trials. The higher rates of irradiation delayed plant emergence and decreased tuber yield and tended to increase reducing sugar content of tubers. Total sugar content was variable depending on cultivar and culture. Number of stems and tubers, tuber size, and soluble protein of tubers produced by plants from irradiated seed pieces were unaffected by irradiation.
Evaluation of Herbicides for Container-grown Citrus1
Authors: Currey W. L. , Tucker D. P. H. , Oswalt T. W.
Published: September 2022

Three applications granular formulations of herbicides were applied broadcast over a 7-month period to budded citrus trees growing in 7.6 liters (4-gal) containers with a soil mix containing equal parts of peat, bark, and sand. Materials and rates at each application were alachlor + simazine 4.48 + 2.24 and 8.96 + 2.24 kg/ha; oryzalin 5.60 and 11.20 kg/ha; trifluralin 5.60, 11.20 and 22.40 kg/ha; oxadiazon 4.48 and 8.96 kg/ha; napropamide 11.20 and 22.40 kg/ha; and alachlor 11.20, 22.40 and 44.80. Good to excellent weed control was obtained at all rates of all herbicides used with no phytotoxicity to citrus trees observed.
Method of Grove Establishment and Elemental Concentration of Pecan Leaves1
Authors: Sparks Darrell , Madden George D.
Published: September 2022

Pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang) K. Koch] trees were established in the grove with either intact or severed taproots. After 7 growing seasons, trees with severed taproots had slightly higher Mg, Fe, B and Sr and slightly lower K, Al, and Si concentrations in leaves than those with intact taproots but N, P, Ca, Mn, Cu, Zn, Mo, Na and Ba were unaffected.
Vacuum Infiltration of Calcium Chloride: A Method for Reducing Bitter Pit and Senescence of Apples during Storage at Ambient Temperatures1
Authors: Scott K. J. , Wills R. B. H.
Published: September 2022

Bitter pit was controlled and senescence delayed in apples stored at ambient temperature (~20°C) by dipping the fruit in calcium chloride after harvest. The application of a partial vacuum while fruit were submerged was the most effective method. This permitted rinsing of the fruit afterwards to reduce the likelihood of skin injury.
Reduction of Soft Scald in Apples with Methyl Linoleate1
Authors: Wills R. B. H. , Scott K. J. , Hopkirk G.
Published: September 2022

The application of methyl linoleate to ‘Jonathan’ apple fruit (Malus domestica Borkh.) after harvest reduced the level of hexanol in the fruit and the incidence of soft scald that developed in the fruit during cool storage.
A Comparison of Pressure Tests, Acid Levels, and Sensory Evaluations of Overripeness in Apples1
Authors: Blanpied G. D. , Blak Virginia A.
Published: September 2022

Sensory evaluations of ripeness were made for ‘McIntosh’, ‘Delicious’, ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Idared’, and ‘Rome’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) in 3 storage seasons. Samples rated overripe by the taste panel did not have flesh firmness values (3 seasons) or acid levels (1 season) which were consistently lower than apples of the same cultivar which were not rated overripe.
‘Cheyenne’ Blackberry1
Authors: Moore J. N. , Brown Elvin , Sistrunk W. A.
Published: September 2022

‘Cheyenne’, an erect tetraploid blackberry, (Rubus, subgenus Eubatus) is the third in a series of blackberry cultivars developed at the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, being preceded by ‘Cherokee’ and ‘Comanche’ (1, 2). It appears to be more widely adapted than ‘Comanche’ and of larger fruit size than ‘Cherokee’.
‘Aristocrat’ Pear1
Authors: Milbocker Daniel C. , Straw William T.
Published: September 2022

The wild Chinese pear, Pyrus calleryana Decaisne was introduced into the U.S. as a possible source of fire blight resistance for pear improvement but was not used as an ornamental plant because of its low branching habit and thorniness. In 1918 Frank Meyer collected seed of P. calleryana in China which were subsequently planted at the USD A Plant Introduction Station at Glenn Dale, Maryland. A thornless individual was discovered among the resulting seedlings which was named ‘Bradford’ in honor of F. C. Bradford, a former director of the Station. ‘Bradford’ is one of the few ornamental trees without serious disease and insect problems. It is valued for its profuse white flowers, glossy, dense summer foliage and burgundy red fall color – a combination of characteristics found in very few trees. It was introduced to nurserymen in 1960 as “the tree for all seasons,” a medium sized shade tree for the southern and eastern United States including zone 5 (1). It has since been found to be adaptable to a larger area and is increasing in popularity with its full potential still being developed.
Does Washing Frost from Plants Reduce Cold Damage? A Postal Symposium
Authors: Burke Michael J. , George Milon F. , Gerber John F. , Janick Jules , Martsolf J. David , Weiser C. J.
Published: September 2022

In March of 1975, the News & Views newsletter of the American Horticultural Society offered the following anonymous tip under the heading of Cold Shower Treatment: “Here is a trick that will reduce the amount of damage caused by morning sunlight on frozen buds. Where plants have been lightly touched with frost, take a hand syringe and spray the vulnerable buds with water before sunlight strikes them.” The following spate of correspondence formed the basis of this “postal symposium.”
Computer Indexing of ASHS Publications1
Authors: Pratt Charlotte , Barnard J. , Broderick E. J. , Krauss R. E.
Published: September 2022

Since the purpose of an index is to retrieve information rapidly, the index must be closely correlated with the objectives of its users (2). An index may deal with general or specialized information. Examples within the field of agriculture range from the computerized Catalog and Index (CAIN, AGRICOLA) for the Bibliography of Agriculture (3) to the table of contents of the Pisum Newsletter. The scope of subject matter is the most important determinant of the method and format of indexing.
Cell and Tissue Culture for Breeding and Developmental Studies of Citrus1
Authors: Kochba J. , Spiegel-Roy P.
Published: September 2022

Breeding methods which are successfully applied in the production of new and superior cultivars of grains and vegetables are often less effective when used with perennial species such as fruit trees. Fruit trees, especially outbreeding species, are highly heterozygous and have remained thus unchanged for generations because of vegetative propagation. These species are characterized by a more or less prolonged juvenile period. Limited available space and high costs involved in maintenance of orchard plots reduce the number of hybrids that can be studied.
Effects of Prestorage Carbon Dioxide Treatments and Delayed Storage on Stem-end Rind Breakdown of ‘Marsh’ Grapefruit1
Authors: Hatton T. T. , Cubbedge R. H.
Published: September 2022

Prestorage treatments of 10, 20, and 40% CO2 for 3 and 7 days at 21°C significantly reduced stem-end rind breakdown in grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) held at 4.5° for 8 and 12 weeks. Three days’ exposure to CO2 was as effective as 7 days’ exposure; however, 20 and 40% concentrations of CO2 were significantly more effective in reducing stem-end rind breakdown than was 10% CO2. Fruit stored continuously at 4.5° in air or that exposed to 21° in an air prior to storage at 4.5° had significantly more stem-end rind breakdown than that exposed to CO2.
Current Status of Plant Cell and Organ Cultures
Authors: Murashige Toshio
Published: September 2022

In 1902, Haberlandt published on his unsuccessful but pioneering attempt to cultivate cells from leaves of several angiosperms (5). Today, nearly 75 years later, plant cell and organ cultures are established as potent research tools and economical agricultural practices. Cell cultures enabled the demonstration of totipotentiality of plant cells as Haberlandt first suggested (22). Furthermore, they played a critical role in the discovery of cytokinins, an important group of plant hormones (8). Cell and organ cultures provide unique systems to explore organ initiation (17), cell and tissue differentiation (21), and other morphogenetic processes. They furnish new opportunities in somatic cell genetics (2). Organ growth and development can be studied with minimum interference by correlative influences (1, 14, 18, 19, 24).
Tissue Culture Technique Developed for Asparagus Propagation
Authors: Yang Hsu-Jen
Published: September 2022

Asparagus officinalis L. is a cross-pollinated dioecious crop. Staminate plants are more productive than pistillate plants (12, 23, 24). If a field of all staminate plants, representing superior selections, could be established, then increased yields would result. Propagation of asparagus by seeds results in almost equal numbers of staminate and pistillate plants and in individual plants of varying yielding ability (4, 5, 8, 11, 12, 23, 24, 39). Propagation by stem cuttings has not been possible (29, 30) and division of individual crowns has not been commericially feasible as only a few genetically identical plants at any one time can be developed. It would be an advantage to propagate genetically identical asparagus plants in large quantities from superior selections. Tissue culture shows promise as a useful method to reach this objective. It has been estimated that 300,000 transplantable asparagus plants may be produced from a single shoot apex culture in a year (9), but it remains to be demonstrated in actual practice. This discussion will summarize the tissue culture methods that have been developed and describe a possible procedure for vegetative mass production of asparagus plants through tissue culture.
Tissue Culture of Tropical Ornamental Plants
Authors: Kunisaki John T.
Published: September 2022

Because clonal multiplication through conventional methods of asexual propagation is not rapid enough to meet the sharp increase in demand for tropical ornamental plants, the feasibility of the use of tissue culture for rapid clonal propagation has been increasingly investigated. Through this method, it has become possible to asexually propagate rapidly some plants which are difficult or slow to increase through conventional means. Even in cases where plants can be readily propagated by conventional methods, tissue culture may be used advantageously for rapid clonal increase of newly selected cultivars or cultivars available in limited numbers to establish propagation stocks in a much shorter time. The objective of this paper is to summarize our work on the tissue culture of tropical ornamental plants.
Multiple Applications of Dicofol and Dodine Sprays on Net Photosynthesis of Apple Leaves1
Authors: Sharma Dharam P. , Ferree David C. , Hartman Fred O.
Published: September 2022

The effect of dicofol and dodine on photosynthesis (Pn) of greenhouse-grown apple trees (Malus domestica Barkh.) was determined by infrared CO2 analysis. Multiple sprays of dicofol reduced Pn of apple foliage significantly; the reduction was greater in ‘Golden Delicious’/M#7 than in ‘Delicious’/M#7. The maximum decline occurred after the second spray and subsequent applications did not cause further decrease. Multiple sprays of dodine had no significant influence on Pn.
Pesticides Increase True Seed Production of Sweet Potato1
Authors: Jones Alfred , Dukes P. D. , Cuthbert F. P.
Published: September 2022

Application of systemic fungicides to sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) increased the total number of healthy seed harvested 50% by increasing pod set, number of seed per pod and the proportion of healthy seed. Insecticides aldicarb and naled gave dramatic responses and increased the number of seedlings obtained per parent plant 2- to 5-fold. Insect damage appeared to be an important cause of low seed set and low seed quality in sweet potato.
Florida 1974, Cos-type Lettuce Breeding Line1
Authors: Guzman V. L. , Zitter T. A.
Published: September 2022

Florida 1974, a cos-type lettuce, has achieved some of the goals of our lettuce breeding program. It is homozygous for resistance to lettuce mosaic virus (LMV) and bidens mottle virus (BMoV) and is released primarily for breeding purposes.
‘Ohio 736’ Tomato1
Authors: Berry S. Z. , Gould W. A.
Published: September 2022

‘Ohio 736’ is an early, well-adapted machine-harvest tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) with superior canning quality.
Tea in South Carolina1
Authors: Robbins M. LeRon
Published: September 2022

The French botanist Andre Micheaux, who set out tea plants circa 1800 at Middleton Barony on the Ashley River a few miles from Charleston, S. C., is the first person known to have grown tea in the United States. Dr. Henry Perrine, of plant introduction fame, and Dr. Junius Smith were among the earliest men to campaign for tea production in the United States.
Industry — Institutional Cooperation and Coordination in Horticulture: A Questionnaire
Authors: Barham W. S.
Published: September 2022

The Committee developed a questionnaire to obtain information about ASHS members professional activities, affiliations, and age distribution. The questionnaire was also intended to determine members opinions and preferences on topics of importance to horticulturists. Over 2400 questionnaires were mailed to U.S. and Canadian members of which 40% were returned. Data obtained were key punched and analyzed by the Data Processing Department of Basic Vegetable Products, Inc.
Introduction to The Session
Authors: Looney Norman E.
Published: September 2022

Probably the area of horticultural science changing most rapidly in recent years is that concerned with chemical plant growth regulation. Certainly the technology of fruit production has been dramatically influenced by growth regulators and the list of cultural practices that can benefit from growth regulators is growing steadily. Many of us have been hard pressed to keep up with the required field testing. We have little time to explore more fundamental aspects of growth regulator research such as synthesis and formulation of new materials, or even more importantly, to examine the mode of action of plant growth regulators in our particular horticultural systems. It is hoped that these invited papers, with their emphasis on fundamentals, will help many of us to put our research effort into a more realistic perspective.
Contaminants in Solvents and Chromatographic Materials
Authors: Martin George C. , Nishijima C.
Published: September 2022

Analysis for hormones in plant material received impetus from the early studies of Went (4). Since that time, scientists have used living plant materials to estimate the presence of specific hormones. Among the advantages of the bioassay are sensitivity to the nanogram and in some cases, picogram range, ease of use, functionality with high levels of contaminants, and low cost of operation. The disadvantages include lack of specificity, variable response, and, in most instances, the need to use a species foreign to the one under examination.
Summer Girdling and 2,4-D Effects on Grapefruit Sizes1
Authors: Hochberg R. , Monselise S. P. , Costo J.
Published: September 2022

Girdling followed by reopening of the girdle (late in June and July) increased fruit size on mature trees of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) while effects of 1 or 2 applications of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) superimposed in a factorial layout were marginal. Girdling caused some delay in fruit maturation as did the 2,4-D applications. Girdling caused no apparent damage to trees the following year.
Stylar-end Breakdown: A Pulp Disorder in ‘Tahiti’ Lime1
Authors: Davenport T. L. , Campbell C. W.
Published: September 2022

Observations of pulp and rind tissue of stylar-end breakdown in ‘Tahiti’ lime (Citrus latifolia Tan.) fruit indicate that the disorder is a result of juice invasion of rind tissue at the stylar end causing a tan, watery patch.
Simple Procedure for Preparing Dilute Concentrations of Ethylene in Air or Oxygen in High Pressure Cylinders1
Authors: Saltveit Mikal E. , Dilley David R.
Published: September 2022

Investigations employing gases other than air, e.g. mixtures of O2, CO2, N2, C2H4, etc., in dynamic systems usually employ gas mixtures prepared in high pressure cylinders or by elaborate metering devices and mixing chambers using component gases from high pressure sources (1, 2, 3). Both systems require analysis of the resultant mixture to confirm that the composition is within the desired range. Physiological investigations often require thousands of liters of unique and portable gas mixtures. Commercially prepared mixtures in high pressure cylinders are expensive and metering systems are cumbersome. We have devised a simple method for rapidly preparing (ca. 10 min) dilute (μl/liter) gas mixtures in portable laboratory-owned cylinders at pressures of ca. 140 kg/cm2 (2000 psi). This method can also be used to prepare gas mixtures in percentage composition at lower pressures, ca. 70 kg/cm2 (1000 psi). This method uses a pressure differential between 2 cylinders of compressed gas to inject a known quantity of another gas from a connecting manifold into the lower pressure cylinder.
Chemical Pruning of Chrysanthemums with a Surface Active Agent1
Authors: Tjia B. , Johanson Sonja , Buxton J.
Published: September 2022

The surfactant alkaryl polyoxyethylene glycol containing free fatty adds and isopropanol (X -77) destructs apical meristems on Chrysanthemums morifolium Ramat: and shows potential for chemical pruning at concentration of 3.5 to 4%.
Flower Longevity in New Guinea Impatiens1
Authors: Winters Harold F.
Published: September 2022

Flower longevity in 52 clones of New Guinea and other collections of Impatiens spp. varied from 12.7 days for PI 354253 to 5.2 days for PI 367704.
‘Rojo Blanco’ Sweet Potato1
Authors: Whatley Booker T. , Phills Bobby R.
Published: September 2022

‘Rojo Blanco’, a new cultivar of sweet potato (Impomoea batatas Lam), has been released by Tuskegee Institute for the Latin trade in New York, Chicago, and Denver marketing areas, as well as Latin American countries. ‘Rojo Blanco’ should be considered a substitute for the ‘Boniato’ or ‘Cuban’ sweet potato, which is rough, veiny, produces less than 5% U.S. no. 1 roots and does not store well. ‘Rojo Blanco’ is intermediate in resistance to fusarium wilt, (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. batatas), which is comparable with that of ‘Centennial’ and therefore, should be satisfactory for most growing conditions. It is susceptible to the southern root-knot nematode, (Meloidogyne incognita), (Table 1).
‘Welder’ Muscadine Grape1
Authors: Mortensen J. A. , Hayslip N. C.
Published: September 2022

‘Welder’ is a bronze muscadine grape, Vitis rotundifolia Michx., developed by a private grape grower of that name in Lake County, Florida. ‘Welder’ is vigorous, high yielding, self fertile, and suitable for both wine and fresh fruit consumption (Fig. 1).
‘Brandywine’ Purple Raspberry1
Authors: Ourecky Donald K.
Published: September 2022

‘Brandywine’ (tested as NY 905) is a purple raspberry released by the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY. It is recommended for home gardens and for commercial trial because of its superior vigor, productivity, large fruit size and good processing qualities compared to the cultivars now grown (1).
Nectarine Production in Italy1
Authors: Loreti F.
Published: September 2022

Nectarines have long been grown in Italy but cultivation has been limited to small areas and to old cultivars. However, new cultivars are more productive, larger, better colored, earlier maturing, and more resistant to some diseases.
Dormancy and Hardiness of Fruit Trees
Authors: Dennis Frank G.
Published: September 2022

The National Peach Council sponsored a workshop for scientists working on dormancy and hardiness of peach and other fruit trees on March 2, 1977 during its National Convention. The purpose of the workshop was to exchange ideas and to develop new ones with the aim of developing better techniques for preventing winter and spring freeze injury.

The workshop, attended mainly by participants from the Eastern U.S., included sessions on breaking and/or prolonging dormancy, environmental and cultural control of hardiness, freeze control systems, and natural control of hardiness. The following is a brief report on material covered. A more detailed report and a list of participants may be obtained upon request.
Flavonoid Chemical Markers as an Adjunct for Cultivar Identification1
Authors: Asen Sam
Published: September 2022

A high pressure liquid chromatographic procedure for the separation and quantitation of naturally occurring flavonoids is described. Attributes of the technique include rapid analysis, high sensitivity and resolution, no derivatization or risk of thermal decomposition, and easy quantitation. The method is superior to existing classical chromatographic procedures. The use of flavonoid absorption profiles, obtained by this technique, is an important adjunct to the descriptive morphological and physiological methods presently used to identify plant cultivars.
Propagating Chinese Cabbage by Axillary Bud Culture1
Authors: Kuo C. G. , Tsay J. S.
Published: September 2022

Axillary buds of heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. Pekinensis group) cultured on a modified Murashige-Skoog medium containing 0.1 mg/liter 6-benzylamino purine and 1 mg/liter naphthalene acetic acid produced roots within 2 weeks. Plantlets grew into true-to-source plants when transplanted to soil in the greenhouse.