bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Les marbriers génois entrepreneurs et marchands
Authors: Franchini Guelfi Fausta
Published: September 2012

À Gênes, les sculpteurs de marbre forment à partir du xvie siècle une corporation à part, qui défend ses intérêts et réglemente ses activités. Jusqu’à la fin du xviiie siècle, les membres de cette corporation, presque tous d’origine lombarde (région qui correspond à l’actuelle Suisse italienne), ont le monopole de la production des sculptures et des décors en marbre pour les églises et les palais. Ils y ajoutent celui du commerce des marbres bruts et sculptés en provenance des carrières de Carrare et du territoire de la République de Gênes vers les autres États italiens, l’Espagne et la France. Les maîtres d’atelier, parmi les plus connus Orsolino, Carlone, Casella, Ferrandino, étroitement unis par des liens familiaux, constituent des sociétés très actives pour la réalisation des œuvres les plus complexes. Pour autant, ils ne rompent pas les relations avec leur pays d’origine, Bissone, Carona, Lugano, Scaria, Rovio dans le val d’Intelvi au sud du Tessin. En effet, leur origine lombarde, étrangère à Gênes, leur permet de profiter de privilèges particuliers. Parmi les marbres, ces entrepreneurs et marchands exportent le jaspe de Sicile, le rouge mischio di Narbona de France et le rouge d’Arzo de Lombardie pour les commandes génoises ; ils représentent les diffuseurs les plus importants en Europe des marbres de Carrare, aussi bien que des marbres colorés de Ligurie (le portor de Portovenere, l’albâtre de Sestri, le vert de Polcevera).
Mosaïques de pierres dures
Authors: Giusti Annamaria
Published: September 2012

Crée par Ferdinand Ier de Médicis en 1588, l’Opificio delle Pietre Dure a consacré son activité à la production de commessi et de mosaïques de pierres dures. Par leur fantaisie, leur perfection technique et la préciosité de leur matériau, ces œuvres sont particulièrement appréciées au-delà même des frontières du grand-duché de Toscane. En effet, les Médicis en ont fait cadeau aux souverains des autres cours d’Europe. Leur politique a provoqué une véritable émulation : Rodolphe II d’Augsbourg, enthousiasmé par les travaux qu’il commanda lui-même à Florence, décida le premier d’appeler des artisans florentins à Prague pour y créer une manufacture. Il est suivi par Louis XIV qui forme un atelier de pierres dures au sein des Gobelins, tandis qu’au xviiie siècle, Charles de Bourbon fonde deux manufactures sur le modèle de Florence, dans le royaume de Naples et en Espagne. Les mosaïques florentines continuent à jouir du prestige international sous le règne des Lorena (1737-1799). Pendant tout le xixe siècle, alors que Florence n’est plus le siège de la cour, l’Opificio compte parmi ses commanditaires Louis II de Bavière et le Tsar de Russie. Ces commandes sont les dernières d’une manufacture royale qui a duré pendant trois siècles. Désormais l’Opificio se consacre à la restauration des œuvres d’art.
Entre utilitarisme et pessimisme : pour une recherche utile, utilisable et utilisée
Authors: Tonneau Jean-Philippe , Barros Edonilce da Rocha
Published: September 2012

Pas un jour sans qu'un livre, un débat, une déclaration ne soulignent les limites de notre développement : limites économiques, limites écologiques, limites sociales. La croissance ne crée jamais assez d'emplois. Le réchauffement climatique devient une évidence pour tous. Les pollutions se multiplient et posent des problèmes de santé publique. Les manifestations de l'exclusion, même si la misère est, bien sûr, plus marquée au Sud, s'imposent partout. Pourtant, la science n'a jamais été aussi productive en connaissance et en technologie. Mais malgré ces progrès, force est de constater que le mal-développement et ses manifestations (la crise des ressources, les pollutions industrielles, la misère, l'exclusion) sont toujours présents. Ce paradoxe est d'autant plus fort que la science n'a jamais été aussi attentive à la demande sociale ni aussi préoccupée par son « utilité ». L'expression « demande sociale » suggère que des acteurs extérieurs à la communauté scientifique contribuent à la définition des problèmes de recherche (Grossetti, 2000). Gibbons et al. (1994) défendent l'hypothèse d'un nouveau mode de production du savoir, centré sur les problèmes à résoudre tels que définis par l'industrie ou les pouvoirs publics, en rupture avec l'organisation académique des disciplines et des universités. Ces choix, à priori peu discutables, se traduisent par une recherche utilitariste conçue pour ses applications, mais sans capacité réelle à penser le futur. Les auteurs défendent l'idée que le futur est si incertain que la science ne peut être pleinement mobilisée. Ils justifient cette hypothèse en montrant l'insuffisance des réponses aux défis du développement durable et en soulignant la faible capacité d'innovation des sociétés dans leur ensemble pour répondre aux changements. Reprenant la notion de « capacité d'adaptation » développée dans le cadre de la réflexion sur le changement climatique, ils proposent l'adaptation des processus d'innovation en entreprise au développement durable grâce à des processus d'apprentissage et de renforcement de compétences. Ils préconisent une recherche « citoyenne » éclairant les choix des acteurs. Ils insistent et détaillent sur les rôles principaux de cette recherche : expérimentation sociale et gestion de l'information pour élaborer à la fois un projet de société et développer les réponses que ce projet nécessite.
Olfactory Sensing Using Quartz Crystal Microbalances with Radio-Frequency Sputtered Organic Films Based on Phenomenological Gas-Sorption Dynamics
Authors: Sugimoto Iwao , Seyama Michiko
Published: September 2012

Olfactory information is made up of a wide range of volatile chemical compounds that can be detected by gas sensors with sensing layers, which play a crucial role in gas detection. The sorption-desorption dynamics in the vicinity of the top surface of the sensing layer are largely responsible for the sensor response. Carbonaceous films produced by the radio frequency sputtering of organic materials have granular structures with unsaturated chemical bonds that make them promising olfactory sensing layers. The pre-adsorbates of carbonaceous films, such as water in realistic circumstances, are regarded as dynamic active sites that affect the gas sorption characteristics. The authors have focused on surface water as the most common pre-adsorbate and ionic liquid as an artificial ionic pre-adsorbate. These pre-adsorbates modulate the structures of the sensing layers and act as an absorbent that generates dynamic changes in the sensory responses.
Odor Sensing Using Spherical Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors (Ball SAW Sensors) with Organic Sensing-Films
Authors: Wyszynski Bartosz , Nakamoto Takamichi , Nakaso Noritaka
Published: September 2012

As the olfactory modality gains a well-deserved importance and understanding among the human senses, there are numerous attempts to mimic performance of the sense of smell using man-made machine olfaction. One of the important problems in the machine olfaction field is the availability of miniature, bio-inspired gas/odor sensors capable of working in conditions similar to those for olfactory receptors. One of the emerging technologies with enormous potential for odor sensing is the spherical surface acoustic wave—ball-SAW—sensors. The chapter introduces the ball-SAW technology and presents the developments made in the field by describing methods of fabricating the chemically interactive membranes onto the ball-SAW devices, properties of the obtained sensors, and their practical implementation. A subsection is devoted to the perspectives of the gas/odor sensing using the ball-SAW sensors.
Cross-Immunoreactivity between Bacterial Aquaporin-Z and Human Aquaporin-4: Potential Relevance to Neuromyelitis Optica
Authors: Ren Zhihua , Wang Yan , Duan Tao , Patel Jilpa , Liggett Thomas , Loda Eileah , Brahma Sarang , Goswami Rajendra , Grouse Carrie , Byrne Richard , Stefoski Dusan , Javed Adil , Miller Stephen D. , Balabanov Roumen
Published: September 2012

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the CNS that is mediated, in part, by a self-reactive Ab against the astrocyte aquaporin-4 protein. In the current study, we examined the possibility and the biological significance of cross-immunoreactivity between bacterial aquaporin-Z and human aquaporin-4 proteins. Sequence-alignment analysis of these proteins revealed several regions of significant structural homology. Some of the homologous regions were also found to overlap with important immune and disease-relevant epitopes. Cross-immunoreactivity between aquaporin-Z and aquaporin-4 was investigated and ascertained in multiple immune-based assays using sera from patients with neuromyelitis optica, immune mouse serum, and Abs raised against aquaporin-Z. The biological significance of this phenomenon was established in series of experiments demonstrating that induction of an immune response against aquaporin-Z or its homologous regions can also trigger an autoimmune reaction against aquaporin-4 and inflammation of the CNS. Our study indicates that the autoimmune response against aquaporin-4 in neuromyelitis optica may be triggered by infection-induced cross-immunoreactivity and presents a new perspective on the pathogenesis of this disease.
COX-2 Expression Is Upregulated by DNA Hypomethylation after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Authors: Domingo-Gonzalez Racquel , Huang Steven K. , Laouar Yasmina , Wilke Carol A. , Moore Bethany B.
Published: September 2012

Hematopoietic stem cell transplant therapy is limited by pulmonary infections. Mice with fully reconstituted hematopoietic compartments, including alveolar macrophages (AMs), after bone marrow transplantation (BMT) have impaired host defense against Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Impaired innate immunity is related to increased production of PGE2 by AMs. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is the rate-limiting enzyme for synthesis of PGE2 from arachidonic acid, and COX-2 expression is elevated in AMs post-BMT. We hypothesized that epigenetic mechanisms may be responsible for upregulation of COX-2 in AMs. Using bisulfite sequencing, we observed the 5′-untranslated region and exon 1 of the COX-2 gene is hypomethylated in the AMs of BMT mice compared with control. COX-2 expression was increased in primary AMs and in the AM cell line (MHS) after treatment with 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (a methyltransferase inhibitor). Methylation by SssI methyltransferase of a 698-bp region of the COX-2 promoter including the beginning of exon 1 driving a luciferase reporter silenced luciferase expression. Because TGF-β1 is elevated in lungs post-BMT, we tested whether TGF-β1 could promote expression of COX-2 in a hypermethylated COX-2 vector, and observed TGF-β1–induced modest expression of COX-2, suggesting an ability to demethylate the promoter. Finally, BMTs performed with marrow from mice expressing a dominant-negative form of the TGF-βRII on CD11c-expressing cells (which includes AMs) demonstrated improved host defense and AM function. Our findings suggest impaired innate immunity and PGE2 elevation post-BMT are due to hypomethylation of the COX-2 gene, which is at least partly regulated by TGF-β1.
Antigen-Specific Suppression of Humoral Immunity by Anergic Ars/A1 B Cells
Authors: Aviszus Katja , MacLeod Megan K. L. , Kirchenbaum Greg A. , Detanico Thiago O. , Heiser Ryan A. , St. Clair James B. , Guo Wenzhong , Wysocki Lawrence J.
Published: September 2012

Autoreactive anergic B lymphocytes are considered to be dangerous because of their potential for activation and recruitment into autoimmune responses. However, they persist for days and constitute ∼5% of the B cell pool. We assessed their functional potential in the Ars/A1 transgene model, where anergic B cells express a dual-reactive Ag receptor that binds, in addition to a self-Ag, the hapten p-azophenylarsonate (Ars). When Ars/A1 B cells were transferred into adoptive recipients that were immunized with foreign proteins covalently conjugated with Ars, endogenous IgG immune responses to both were selectively and severely diminished, and the development of T helper cells was impaired. Approximately 95% inhibition of the anti-Ars response was attained with ∼4000 transferred Ars/A1 B cells through redundant mechanisms, one of which depended on their expression of MHC class II but not upon secretion of IL-10 or IgM. This Ag-specific suppressive activity implicates the autoreactive anergic B cell as an enforcer of immunological tolerance to self-Ags.
Epizootic ulcerative syndrome: Exotic fish disease threatens Africa’s aquatic ecosystems
Authors: Huchzermeyer Karl D.A. , Van der Waal Benjamin C.W.
Published: September 2012

In late 2006 an unusual ulcerative condition in wild fish was reported for the first time in Africa from the Chobe and upper Zambezi Rivers in Botswana and Namibia. Concern increased with subsistence fishermen reporting large numbers of ulcerated fish in their catches. In April 2007 the condition was confirmed as an outbreak of epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS). The causative agent, Aphanomyces invadans, is a pathogenic water mould of fish that shows little host specificity. Ulcers follow infection of tissues by oomycete zoospores, resulting in a granulomatous inflammation associated with invading oomycete hyphae. Granulomatous tracts surrounding oomycete hyphae within the necrotic tissues characterise the diagnostic histological picture. The upper Zambezi floodplain at the confluence with the Chobe River spans the four countries of Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe, making disease control a challenge. The floodplain ecosystem supports a high fish diversity of around 80 species, and is an important breeding and nursery ground. The annual cycle of flooding brings about changes in water quality that are thought to favour the infectivity of A. invadans, with diseased fish appearing soon after the plains become flooded. Since 2006 the disease has spread rapidly upstream along the upper Zambezi and its tributaries. By 2010 the disease was reported from the Okavango Delta in Botswana and in 2011 from the Western Cape Province of South Africa. EUS has the potential to disrupt floodplain ecosystems elsewhere in Africa where high fish diversity forms the basis of subsistence fisheries and local economies, and is a direct threat to freshwater fish culture.
Reward preferences for generations in selected Information and Communication Technology companies
Authors: Moore Annetjie , Bussin Mark
Published: September 2012

Orientation: Previous research suggests that different generations have different reward preferences based on differences in values, frames of reference and life goals. Research purpose: The focus of this study was to determine whether different generations prefer different rewards in the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) industry in South Africa.Motivation for the study: The rationale for this study was to obtain a better understanding of the reward preferences of Veterans, Baby Boomers, Generation X and Generation Y in the ICT industry.Research design, approach and method: The research was a quantitative, cross-sectional, correlational design. Participants from two ICT companies completed a structured electronic survey. One hundred and sixty four valid responses were received. A Cronbach’s alpha of 0.821 indicates that the survey was reliable.Main findings: Contrary to previous research, the results show that generations do not display different reward preferences.Practical/managerial implications: It would be more beneficial to use individual interrelationship factors to develop a reward strategy than generations.Contribution/value-add: The research has added insight and value to reward preferences for generations in the ICT sector.
TRAP Sequence - An Interesting Entity in Twins
Authors: Prasad R. H. Srinivas , Prasad T. Ramachandra , Kumar K. Dayananda
Published: September 2012

Twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence, is a rare malformation occurring in monozygotic multiple gestations. One well-developed normal (pump) twin and the other twin with absent cardiac structure (acardiac), who is hemodynamically dependent on the normal (pump) twin are characteristic of this syndrome. The acardiac twin develops multiple anomalies that make survival difficult. The prognosis of the pump twin is variable with mortality rate ranging from 50% to 70%. Complications that affect the prognosis of the pump twin include complications of congestive cardiac failure due to increased cardiac demand, prematurity secondary to preterm delivery, and polyhydramnios. Because of these complications prompt detection, follow-up, and treatment of this condition is very important. We report two cases of TRAP sequence that emphasizes the importance of gray-scale and color Doppler imaging in diagnosis, detection of poor prognostic features, follow-up, and management of TRAP sequence.
The orthodontist′s responsibility and the bioethical aspects in the current jurisprudence
Authors: Franco Ademir , Alqerban Ali , de Lima Antonio A. S. , Tanaka Orlando M. , França Beatriz H. S.
Published: September 2012

Context: The orthodontists usually have to manage patient′s expectations and treatment plans at the same time. Consequently, the civil responsibility and the bioethics involved on orthodontic routine are matters of relevance. Therefore, the importance of adequate conducts is addressed in this research. Aim: The present aim is to analyze the tendency of the courts judging the orthodontists′ responsibility and to observe the bioethical aspects on the current jurisprudence. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 108 lawsuits related to the orthodontist′s civil responsibility, dated from 2003 to 2009. The qualitative data were obtained by the Bardin′s method for detailed reading. The quantitative collection was performed by observing statistical distribution of the following variables: (1) reason of the complaint against the orthodontist, (2) type of obligation designated to the professional, (3) presence of expert′s examination, and (4) jury decision. The correlations between the jury decision and the other variables were verified by applying the Chi-square test. Results: The main reason of the complaints against the orthodontist was the personal dissatisfaction (32%). Subjective and objective obligations had pair incidence (26% and 27%, respectively). The experts′ examination was present in 63, 89%, of the cases, and the jury decision acquitted 57, 78%, of the orthodontists. The passages involving bioethical principles supported properly the qualitative approach. Conclusion: The orthodontists show deviations from the correct daily attitudes. In order to avoid further conflicts, more attention must be given to the principles of bioethics.
Removable partial denture use among a selected group of Nigerian undergraduates
Authors: Azodo C. C. , Akinboboye B.
Published: September 2012

Objective: To determine the self-reported prevalence of removable partial denture use among a selected group of Nigerian undergraduates. Materials and Methods: Four hundred non-dental undergraduates of University of Benin recruited over four week′s period were studied. Results: The prevalence of removable partial denture use among the respondents was 1.8%. Denture use was more among those aged 17-25 years, females and right handed individuals. Removable partial denture users were less likely to have received professional instruction on tooth brushing and brush their teeth more than once-daily than non-denture users. Removable partial denture users were more likely to be cigarette smokers, regular soft drink consumer and report perceived efficacy in oral self-care and prevention of gingivodental diseases than non-denture users. Removable partial denture users were also more likely to have opened bottled drink with their teeth and experienced shocking sensation from their teeth than non-denture users. Conclusion: The prevalence of removable partial denture use was low among the respondents. The denture wearer were more likely to report higher perceived efficacy in oral self-care and prevention of gingivodental disease despite indulgence in unhealthy oral health practices and lower receipt of professional instruction on tooth brushing. The implication of this study is that dental practitioner should endeavor to give oral health instruction to removable partial denture users to improve their oral health practices and decrease the risk of preventable oral diseases.
Prevalence of dental caries among five-year-old school children in Shimla city, Himachal Pradesh
Authors: Bhardwaj Vinay Kumar , Vaid S. , Chug A. , Jhingta P. , Negi N. , Sharma D.
Published: September 2012

Objective: The purpose of the study was to assess the prevalence of dental caries among five year old school children in Shimla city-Himachal Pradesh. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 800 school going children 421 (52.62%) boys and 379 (47.38%) girls from government primary schools which were selected randomly from four different zones of Shimla city. Type -III examination was conducted. The data obtained was analyzed by SPSS version 15 ( Inc., Chicago) using proportion test for comparison. Results: Boys were having higher caries prevalence than girls, (46.8% vs 41.6%) and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Caries prevalence was higher in the mandibular arch than in the maxillary arch among both the gender with a difference which was significant statistically. Caries prevalence was higher on left than right side in both male and female subjects. When the caries prevalence of the anterior teeth was compared between the gender, boys showed higher caries prevalence than girls and this difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Comparison of caries between the arches in the anterior segment revealed that caries attack was higher in the maxillary arch and the difference was highly significant statistically (P<0.01). Conclusion: Dental caries is a significant public health problem among this population. It is a cause of concern which point out to the utmost necessity of dental health education of children, school teachers and parents. Emphasis should be given on regular check-up and application of preventive measures and treatment modalities.
Parents′ perceptions of factors influencing the oral health of their preschool children in Vadodara city, Gujarat: A descriptive study
Authors: Thakare Vrushali G. , CG Ajith Krishnan , Chaware Sachin
Published: September 2012

Objectives: To assess parents′ perceptions about the factors influencing the oral health of preschool children. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was carried out among the parents of the preschool children in Vadodara City, India. A list of preschools was obtained from the Social Science Department of the MS University, Vadodara, India. The study included 828 parents, out of whom 597 responded, with the response rate of 72.10%. Twenty-seven questionnaires were incompletely filled and were excluded from the analysis. The remaining 570 forms were analyzed for the results. Results: The study included 828 parents, with a response rate of 72.10%. A majority of the parents were aware of the importance of primary teeth (85.33%), need for treating decayed primary teeth (100%), harmful effects of bottle feeding at night (99.64%), appropriate oral hygiene aid (84,56%), appropriate size of a toothbrush for a child (99.12%), and supervision and guidance of a parent, while cleaning the child′s teeth (96.49%) . The parents′ understanding, however, was found to be poor with respect to certain factors. Very few of the parents had adequate knowledge about the appropriate time to start cleaning, correct position of the parent during supervised brushing, proper quantity of toothpaste to be used, and proper time for the first dental visit of the child; 29.12% felt that the child′s teeth should be cleaned when the first tooth erupts. A majority of parents identified the importance of fluoridated toothpaste (62.10%) and preferred to visit the dentist only when there was pain (58.07%). Conclusions: Parents′ knowledge with respect to the first dental visit of a child, correct time to start cleaning the child′s teeth, quantity of toothpaste to be used, position of parent during supervised brushing, the best time to give sugary drinks and snacks to the child, cariogenic effects of foods like cakes and pastries, and so on, needs to be improved.
Sensitivities of sulfate aerosol formation and oxidation pathways on the chemical mechanism employed in simulations
Authors: Stein A. F. , Saylor R. D.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. The processes of aerosol sulfate formation are vital components in the scientific understanding of perturbations of earth's radiative balance via aerosol direct and indirect effects. In this work, an analysis of the influence of changes in oxidant levels and sulfur dioxide oxidation pathways was performed to study the underlying pathways for sulfate formation. Sensitivities of this constituent were calculated from a series of photochemical model simulations with varying rates of NOx and VOC emissions to produce variations in oxidant abundances using a photochemical model (CMAQ) that covers the eastern US for part of the ICARTT 2004 campaign. Three different chemical mechanisms (CBIV, CB05, and SAPRC99) were used to test model responses to changes in NOx and VOC concentrations. Comparison of modeled results and measurements demonstrates that the simulations with all three chemical mechanisms capture the levels of sulfate reasonably well. However, the three mechanisms are shown to have significantly different responses in sulfate formation when the emissions of NOx and/or VOC are altered, reflecting different photochemical regimes under which the formation of sulfate occurs. Also, an analysis of the oxidation pathways that contribute to sulfur dioxide conversion to sulfate reveals substantial differences in the importance of the various pathways among the three chemical mechanisms. These findings suggest that estimations of the influence that future changes in primary emissions or other changes which perturb SO2 oxidants have on sulfate abundances, and on its direct and indirect radiative forcing effects, may be dependent on the chemical mechanism employed in the model analysis.
Glass formation and unusual hygroscopic growth of iodic acid solution droplets with relevance for iodine mediated particle formation in the marine boundary layer
Authors: Murray B. J. , Haddrell A. E. , Peppe S. , Davies J. F. , Reid J. P. , O'Sullivan D. , Price H. C. , Kumar R. , Saunders R. W. , Plane J. M. C. , Umo N. S. , Wilson T. W.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Iodine oxide particles are known to nucleate in the marine boundary layer where gas phase molecular iodine and organoiodine species are produced by macroalgae. These ultra-fine particles may then grow through the condensation of other materials to sizes where they may serve as cloud condensation nuclei. There has been some debate over the chemical identity of the initially nucleated particles. In laboratory simulations, hygroscopic measurements have been used to infer that they are composed of insoluble I2O4, while elemental analysis of laboratory generated particles suggests soluble I2O5 or its hydrated form iodic acid, HIO3 (I2O5·H2O). In this paper we explore the response of super-micron sized aqueous iodic acid solution droplets to varying humidity using both Raman microscopy and single particle electrodynamic traps. These measurements reveal that the propensity of an iodic acid solution droplet to crystallise is negligible on drying to ~0% relative humidity (RH). On applying mechanical pressure to these droplets they shatter in a manner consistent with an ultra-viscous liquid or a brittle glass. Water retention in amorphous material at low RH is important for understanding the hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles and uptake of other condensable material. Subsequent water uptake between 10 and 20% RH causes their viscosity to reduce sufficiently that the cracked droplets flow and merge. The persistence of iodic acid solution in an amorphous state, rather than a crystalline state, suggests they will more readily accommodate other condensable material and are therefore more likely to grow to sizes where they may serve as cloud condensation nuclei. On increasing the humidity to ~90% the mass of the droplets only increases by ~20% with a corresponding increase in radius of only 6%, which is remarkably small for a highly soluble material. We suggest that the small growth factor of aqueous iodic acid solution droplets is consistent with the small aerosol growth factors observed in previous experiments.
Ice cloud processing of ultra-viscous/glassy aerosol particles leads to enhanced ice nucleation ability
Authors: Wagner R. , Möhler O. , Saathoff H. , Schnaiter M. , Skrotzki J. , Leisner T. , Wilson T. W. , Malkin T. L. , Murray B. J.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. The ice nucleation potential of airborne glassy aqueous aerosol particles has been investigated by controlled expansion cooling cycles in the AIDA aerosol and cloud chamber of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology at temperatures between 247 and 216 K. Four different solutes were used as proxies for oxygenated organic matter found in the atmosphere: raffinose, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-DL-mandelic acid (HMMA), levoglucosan, and a multi-component mixture of raffinose with five dicarboxylic acids and ammonium sulphate. Similar to previous experiments with citric acid aerosols, all particles were found to nucleate ice heterogeneously before reaching the homogeneous freezing threshold provided that the freezing cycles were started well below the respective glass transition temperatures of the compounds; this is discussed in detail in a separate article. In this contribution, we identify a further mechanism by which glassy aerosols can promote ice nucleation below the homogeneous freezing limit. If the glassy aerosol particles are probed in freezing cycles started only a few degrees below their respective glass transition temperatures, they enter the liquid regime of the state diagram upon increasing relative humidity (moisture-induced glass-to-liquid transition) before being able to act as heterogeneous ice nuclei. Ice formation then only occurs by homogeneous freezing at elevated supersaturation levels. When ice forms the remaining solution freeze concentrates and re-vitrifies. If these ice cloud processed glassy aerosol particles are then probed in a second freezing cycle at the same temperature, they catalyse ice formation at a supersaturation threshold between 5 and 30% with respect to ice. By analogy with the enhanced ice nucleation ability of insoluble ice nuclei like mineral dusts after they nucleate ice once, we refer to this phenomenon as pre-activation. We propose a number of possible explanations for why glassy aerosol particles that have re-vitrified in contact with the ice crystals during the preceding homogeneous freezing cycle exhibit pre-activation: they may retain small ice embryos in pores, have footprints on their surface which match the ice lattice, or simply have a much greater surface area or different surface microstructure compared to the unprocessed glassy aerosol particles. Pre-activation must be considered for the correct interpretation of experimental results on the heterogeneous ice nucleation ability of glassy aerosol particles and may provide a mechanism of producing a population of extremely efficient ice nuclei in the upper troposphere.
Glassy aerosols with a range of compositions nucleate ice heterogeneously at cirrus temperatures
Authors: Wilson T. W. , Murray B. J. , Wagner R. , Möhler O. , Saathoff H. , Schnaiter M. , Skrotzki J. , Price H. C. , Malkin T. L. , Dobbie S. , Al-Jumur S. M. R. K.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Atmospheric secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is likely to exist in a semi-solid or glassy state, particularly at low temperatures and humidities. Previously, it has been shown that glassy aqueous citric acid aerosol is able to nucleate ice heterogeneously under conditions relevant to cirrus in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). In this study we test if glassy aerosol distributions with a range of chemical compositions heterogeneously nucleate ice under cirrus conditions. Three single component aqueous solution aerosols (raffinose, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-DL-mandelic acid (HMMA) and levoglucosan) and one multi component aqueous solution aerosol (raffinose mixed with five dicarboxylic acids and ammonium sulphate) were studied in both the liquid and glassy states at a large cloud simulation chamber. The investigated organic compounds have similar functionality to oxidised organic material found in atmospheric aerosol and have estimated temperature/humidity induced glass transition thresholds that fall within the range predicted for atmospheric SOA. A small fraction of aerosol particles of all compositions were found to nucleate ice heterogeneously in the deposition mode at temperatures relevant to the TTL (<200 K). Raffinose and HMMA, which form glasses at higher temperatures, nucleated ice heterogeneously at temperatures as high as 214.6 and 218.5 K respectively. We present the calculated ice active surface site density, ns, of the aerosols tested here and also of glassy citric acid aerosol as a function of relative humidity with respect to ice (RHi). We also propose a parameterisation which can be used to estimate heterogeneous ice nucleation by glassy aerosol for use in cirrus cloud models up to ~220 K. Finally, we show that heterogeneous nucleation by glassy aerosol may compete with ice nucleation on mineral dust particles in mid-latitudes cirrus.
Bacteria in the ECHAM5-HAM global climate model
Authors: Sesartic A. , Lohmann U. , Storelvmo T.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Some bacteria are among the most active ice nuclei found in nature due to the ice nucleation active proteins on their surface, which serve as active sites for ice nucleation. Their potential impact on clouds and precipitation is not well known and needs to be investigated. Bacteria as a new aerosol species were introduced into the global climate model (GCM) ECHAM5-HAM. The inclusion of bacteria acting as ice nuclei in a GCM leads to only minor changes in cloud formation and precipitation on a global level, however, changes in the liquid water path and ice water path are simulated, specifically in the boreal regions where tundra and forests act as sources of bacteria. Although bacteria contribute to heterogeneous freezing, their impact is reduced by their low numbers compared to other heterogeneous IN. This result confirms the outcome of several previous studies.
On the isotopic fingerprint exerted on carbonyl sulfide by the stratosphere
Authors: Schmidt J. A. , Hattori S. , Yoshida N. , Nanbu S. , Johnson M. S. , Schinke R.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. The isotopic fractionation in OCS photolysis is studied theoretically from first principles. UV absorption cross sections for OCS, OC33S, OC34S, OC36S and O13CS are calculated using the time-depedent quantum mechanical formalism and recent potential energy surfaces for the lowest four singlet and lowest four triplet electronic states. The calculated isotopic fractionations as a function of wavelength are in good agreement with recent measurements by Hattori et al. (2011) and indicate that photolysis leads to only a small enrichment of 34S in the remaining pool of OCS. A simple stratospheric model is constructed taking into account the main stratospheric sink reactions of OCS and it is found that stratospheric removal overall slightly favors light OCS in constrast to the findings of Leung et al. (2002). These results show, based on isotopic considerations, that OCS is an acceptable source of background stratosperic sulfate aerosol in agreement with a recent model study of Brühl et al. (2012). The 13C isotopic fractionation due to photolysis of OCS is significant and will leave a strong signal in the pool of remaining OCS making it a candidate for tracing using the ACE-FTS and MIPAS data sets.
Characterization of long-term and seasonal variations of black carbon (BC) concentrations at Neumayer, Antarctica
Authors: Weller R. , Minikin A. , Petzold A. , Wagenbach D. , König-Langlo G.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Continuous black carbon (BC) observations were conducted from 1999 through 2009 by an Aethalometer (AE10) and from 2006 through 2011 by a Multi-Angle Absorption Photometer (MAAP) at Neumayer Station (NM) under stringent contamination control. Considering the respective observation period, BC concentrations measured by the MAAP were somewhat higher (median ± standard deviation: 2.1 ± 2.0 ng m−3) compared to the AE10 results (1.6 ± 2.1 ng m−3). Neither for the AE10 nor for the MAAP data set a significant long-term trend could be detected. Consistently a pronounced seasonality was observed with both instruments showing a primary annual maximum between October and November and a minimum in April with a maximum/minimum ratio of 4.5/1.6 = 3.8 and 2.7/0.64 = 4.2 for the MAAP and AE10 data, respectively. Occasionally a secondary summer maximum in January/February was visible. With the aim to assess the impact of BC on optical properties of the aerosol at NM, we evaluated the BC data along with particle scattering coefficients measured by an integrating nephelometer. We found the mean single scattering albedo of ω550 = 0.992 ± 0.0090 (median: 0.994) at a wavelength of 550 nm with a range of values from 0.95 to 1.0.
What I say isn’t always what I do: Investigating differences in children’s reported and actual snack food preferences
Authors: Jones Sandra C , Kervin Lisa , Reis Samantha , Gregory Parri
Published: September 2012

The current study sought to explore discrepancies between children’s stated snack food motivations and actual food choices, using the Implicit Association Test (IAT) as a measure of implicit attitudes towards ‘healthy’ and ‘unhealthy’ foods. Participants were children aged 6-12 years (n=118), from two primary schools on the South Coast of NSW, Australia – a public school in a semi-rural suburb south of a sea-side city and a public school in a largely residential northern suburb of the same city. The children completed a questionnaire about motivations for snack choices, participated in an activity, completed two further questionnaires, selected snack foods from an in-class store, and participated in two rounds of an IAT ‘game’ pairing pictures of snack foods with positive and negative words. As hypothesized, the majority of children reported ‘healthiness’ as their primary motivator for snack food choice, but when faced with an actual purchase decision predominantly chose unhealthy snacks. It appears that children may have internalized the ‘moral’ values attributed to healthy and unhealthy foods and that this process influences both their explicit and implicit attitudes. However, their actual food choices are likely to be influenced by other factors, and thus more complex to understand and influence.
Rejection of Known and Previously Accepted Foods During Early Childhood: An Extension of the Neophobic Response?
Authors: Brown Steven Daniel , Harris Gillian
Published: September 2012

Children begin to reject new foods (food neophobia) at around 18 to 30 months. At this time parents also report the rejection of known and previously accepted foods. The studies presented here are the first to examine this rejection of previously accepted foods in isolation and presents a number of significant findings. Using a parental questionnaire, it was found that the rejection of known and previously accepted food begins towards the end of infancy, commonly occurs during nursery age, reduces in frequency after 30 months and most often involves the rejection of vegetables, mixed foods and fruit.
It is hypothesised that some known and previously accepted foods are rejected due to an extension of the neophobic response. When neophobia begins, infants become hyper-vigilant to the visual perceptual features of food in order to recognise the food given. Foods not matching learnt expectations, due to perceptual changes between servings, may be categorised as ‘new’ or ‘different’ and rejected in a neophobic response. A second study offers some support for this hypothesis, showing that those children who are reported as having rejected a known and previously accepted food score higher on neophobia and ‘picky’ eating scales. Implications are discussed.
Programa de treinamento de habilidades sociais para a prática do futebol
Authors: Da Rocha Giovana Munhoz , Monteiro Mariana Fernanda Bertassoni
Published: September 2012

O presente estudo consistiu no desenvolvimento de um programa de treinamento em habilidades sociais, com intervenções psicológicas em grupo, voltado para o esporte, especificamente o futebol. Os participantes eram atletas juvenis (14 a 16 anos), de um Clube profissional da cidade Curitiba. Todos eram estudantes e parte deles moravam no alojamento do Clube e outra parte em suas residências. Ocorreram aplicações de pré-teste e pós-teste de um inventário que avaliou as habilidades sociais dos pesquisados, para delimitar os escores destes antes e depois da intervenção. O programa de habilidades sociais consistiu em 11 sessões, com duração de 1 hora e 30 minutos cada, duas vezes por semana, com vivências das principais habilidades necessárias para o desenvolvimento da competência social. As vivências foram adaptadas ao contexto do esporte. O programa revelou-se uma ferramenta adicional eficaz no processo de formação do atleta, apontando para a presença da psicologia como cada vez mais importante no esporte; uma vez que os atletas recebem treinamentos técnicos e táticos, recebem apoio médico, fisioterápico e nutricional, mas muitas vezes não contam com o acompanhamento psicológico, o que poderá ser no futuro um fator determinante para o sucesso profissional. Os resultados desse estudo sugerem ser possível propor um programa de Habilidades Sociais para o futebol e considerá-lo válido para a formação do atleta, pois o ajudará em seu desenvolvimento pessoal, o que invariavelmente o auxiliará em seu rendimento esportivo.
A orientação profissional (OP) como elo entre a universidade e a escola
Authors: Da Silva Mariita Bertassoni , De Faria Rafaela Roman , De Abreu Fochesato Isabel Cristina
Published: September 2012

O presente trabalho tem por finalidade apresentar a experiência desenvolvida em um programa de extensão de uma universidade particular, da cidade de Curitiba, tendo como enfoque principal a Orientação Profissional (OP), na modalidade clínica como proposta por Bohoslavski (1987). O trabalho foi desenvolvido por três psicólogas, durante os anos de 2009 e 2010. Em dois anos foram atendidos 121 estudantes. As escolas tinham autonomia para estabelecer critérios para a participação dos alunos no programa, e cada escola tinha um número de vagas pré estabelecido, o que por sua vez, dependia do número de escolas parceiras. A participação no processo da OP era voluntária e gratuita. Os alunos cursavam primeiro, segundo e terceiro ano do Ensino Médio e possuíam idade entre 15 e 20 anos. Foram realizados dez encontros com cada grupo, ou indivíduo, e em todos desenvolvidas atividades que propiciassem autoconhecimento e conhecimento da realidade profissional. Como resultado verificou-se que mais de 50% dos estudantes, que concluíram o processo de OP, aumentaram a maturidade em relação a escolha profissional, estes resultados foram constatados pelo levantamento da Escala de Maturidade para Escolha Profissional, que foi aplicada no início e final do processo de OP. Além desse resultado quantitativo, pôde-se coletar respostas qualitativas que indicaram a eficácia do trabalho realizado.
Crença de autoeficácia e identidade profissional: Estudo com professores do ensino médio
Authors: Castelo Leticia Benvenuti , Luna Iúri Novaes
Published: September 2012

A investigação visa contribuir para a compreensão da categoria profissional dos professores mediante a identificação da relação, ainda pouco explorada na literatura, entre a crença de autoeficácia e a identidade profissional. A autoeficácia refere-se à crença da pessoa sobre sua capacidade para exercer determinada atividade, enquanto que a identidade profissional é entendida como o resultado das percepções da pessoa a respeito de si mesma e dos outros sobre ela, em seus aspectos profissionais Foi realizado um levantamento, por meio de uma escala de autoeficácia docente, com professores do Ensino Médio de duas escolas brasileiras, uma pública e uma privada. Posteriormente foram efetuadas entrevistas com oito professores, os dois com maior e os dois com menor crença de autoeficácia de cada escola. Mediante a análise de conteúdo as informações coletadas foram sistematizadas, com base nos dois constructos centrais do trabalho. Não obstante os resultados da escala, os oito professores se identificam com sua profissão e se percebem capazes de ensinar. Destarte, a crença de autoeficácia aparece como um fator significativo no processo de construção da identidade profissional de professores.
O estresse entre vestibulandos e suas relações com a família e a escolha profissional
Authors: De Faria Rafaela Roman , Dobrianskyj Weber Lidia Natalia , Ton Cláudia Tucunduva
Published: September 2012

O estresse é um tema bastante estudado por pesquisadores de diferentes áreas, contudo, apesar de crescente, ainda é escassa a literatura voltada ao estresse na adolescência e no processo de Orientação Profissional. Os fatores como cobranças em relação à escolha da profissão, aprovação no vestibular, o início do planejamento da carreira, além das mudanças físicas e psicológicas, bem como as expectativas da família e seus próprios anseios podem contribuir para a manifestação de sintomas de estresse. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivos identificar a presença de estresse em jovens em preparação para o vestibular e relacionar com variáveis do contexto familiar e demográficas. Os participantes foram 268 alunos do terceiro ano do ensino médio e curso pré-vestibular, de escolas públicas e privadas, de ambos os sexos, com idade de 16 a 24 anos, da cidade de Curitiba. Para coleta de dados, realizada em sala de aula, foram respondidos os seguintes instrumentos: Escalas de Práticas Parentais, o Inventário de Sintomas de Stress Para Adultos de Lipp (ISSL), questionário de identificação sociodemográfica elaborado com base na literatura e o Critério de Classificação Econômica Brasil. Os resultados, dos dados coletados pelo ISSL, indicam que as respostas de 62% dos participantes indicavam estresse, com média de 5,45 (máximo de 10 pontos e desvio padrão de 2,85). Os resultados apontam que os fatores que mais contribuem para o estresse destes jovens são: estudos (38%) família (24%) e o vestibular (19%). Considerando esses dados, verifica-se a importância de incluir esta temática nos processos de orientação profissional, uma vez que o estresse, quando não administrado de maneira eficaz, pode trazer prejuízos acadêmicos, sociais, psicológicos e físicos para o indivíduo.