bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
North American Biliary Stricture Management Strategies in Children After Liver Transplantation: A Multicenter Analysis From the Society of Pediatric Liver Transplantation (SPLIT) Registry
Authors: Valentino Pamela L. , Wang Tianhao , Shabanova Veronika , Ng Vicky Lee , Bucuvalas John C. , Feldman Amy G. , Gonzalez‐Peralta Regino P. , Gupta Nitika Arora , Miloh Tamir A. , Mohammad Saeed , Pace Erika , Sundaram Shikha S. , Yazigi Nada A. , Soltys Kyle ,   Society of Pediatric Liver Transplantation (SPLIT)
Published: November 2021

Biliary strictures affect 4%‐12% of pediatric liver transplantations. Biliary strictures can contribute to graft loss if left untreated; however, there remains no consensus on the best course of treatment. Study objectives included analyses of outcomes associated with biliary stricture management strategies via percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC), endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), or surgery. We identified pediatric liver transplantation recipients (2011‐2016) with biliary strictures from the Society of Pediatric Liver Transplantation (SPLIT) registry and retrieved imaging, procedural, and operative reports from individual centers. Subanalyses were performed to specifically evaluate PTC and ERCP for “optimal biliary outcome” (OBO), defined as graft survival with stricture resolution and without recurrence or surgery. A total of 113 children with a median follow‐up of 3.9 years had strictures diagnosed 100 days (interquartile range, 30‐290) after liver transplantation; 81% were isolated anastomotic strictures. Stricture resolution was achieved in 92% within 101 days, more frequently with isolated anastomotic strictures (96%). 20% of strictures recurred, more commonly in association with hepatic artery thrombosis (32%). Patient and graft survival at 1 and 3 years were 99% and 98% and 94% and 92%, respectively. In a subgroup analysis of 79 patients with extrahepatic strictures managed by PTC/ERCP, 59% achieved OBO following a median of 4 PTC, and 75% following a median of 3 ERCP (P < 0.001). Among patients with OBO, those with ERCP had longer time intervals between successive procedures (41, 47, 54, 62, 71 days) than for PTC (27, 31, 36, 41, 48 days; P < 0.001). Allograft salvage was successful across all interventions. Stricture resolution was achieved in 92%, with 20% risk of recurrence. Resolution without recurrence was highest in patients with isolated anastomotic strictures and without hepatic artery thrombosis.
Optimization and Analysis of Transparent Bamboo Performance Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Linear Analysis Method
Authors: Shi Ruisen , Sheng Xueru , Jia Haiyuan , Zhang Jian , Li Na , Shi Haiqiang , Niu Meihong , Ping Qingwei
Published: November 2021

Transparent bamboo (TB) is an attractive biomass‐derived material. However, the interrelation between process parameter and product performance is not clear yet. In this paper, the process parameter during preparation is optimized by orthogonal experiment and finally TB with excellent optical and mechanical properties is successfully prepared. Among the investigated runs, TB‐12 exhibited the best performance with high transmittance (89.2%), good color difference property (L: 76.8, A: 5.4, B: 5.9), and excellent tensile strength (119.3 MPa). As the final aim of this work, deeper insight into the interrelation between process parameters and product performance is also investigated by response surface methodology (RSM) and linear analysis method. Based on the analysis result, it can be concluded that i) X2‐ temperature is the most influential factor to the lignin content (p‐value = 0.0532) during delignification process; ii) during resin impregnation process, lignin content has strong correlation with optical property: for example, transmittance (R2 = 0.90423) and A value (R2 = 0.92073), but has no significant correlation with mechanical property (tensile strength: R2 = 0.04186). Moreover, it is found that the correlation between lignin content and transmittance can be preliminarily predicted before the experimental start. This hypothesis has been validated by importing experimental data of previous references into the model. This work demonstrates a deep analysis of TB preparation process and may provide the referenced gist for parameter selection.
Light‐Switching Surface Wettability of Chiral Liquid Crystal Networks by Dynamic Change in Nanoscale Topography
Authors: Zhang Yan‐Song , Wang Zhi‐Qun , Lin Jia‐De , Yang Po‐Chih , Lee Chia‐Rong
Published: November 2021

Nano‐ and microscale morphology endows surfaces that play conspicuous roles in natural or artificial objects with unique functions. Surfaces with dynamic regulating features capable of switching the structures, patterns, and even dimensions of their surface profiles can control friction and wettability, thus having potential applications in antibacterial, haptics, and fluid dynamics. Here, a freestanding film with light‐switchable surface based on cholesteric liquid crystal networks is presented to translate 2D flat plane into a 3D nanometer‐scale topography. The wettability of the interface can be controlled by hiding or revealing the geometrical features of the surfaces with light. This reversible dynamic actuation is obtained through the order parameter change of the periodic cholesteric organization under a photoalignment procedure and lithography‐free mode. Complex tailored structures can be used to encrypt tactile information and improve wettability by predesigning the orientation distribution of liquid crystal director. This rapid switching nanoprecision smart surface provides a novel platform for artificial skin, optics, and functional coatings.
Dysprosody in Isolated REM Sleep Behavior Disorder with Impaired Olfaction but Intact Nigrostriatal Pathway
Authors: Rusz Jan , Janzen Annette , Tykalová Tereza , Novotný Michal , Zogala David , Timmermann Lars , Růžička Evžen , Šonka Karel , Dušek Petr , Oertel Wolfgang
Published: November 2021

Background

Impairments of olfactory and speech function are likely early prodromal symptoms of α‐synucleinopathy.

Objective

The aim of this study is to assess whether dysprosody is present in isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) with hyposmia/anosmia and a normal nigrostriatal system.

Methods

Pitch variability during speech was investigated in 17 iRBD subjects with normal olfactory function (iRBD‐NOF), 30 iRBD subjects with abnormal olfactory function (iRBD‐AOF), and 50 healthy controls. iRBD subjects were evaluated using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test and [123I]‐2ß‐carbomethoxy‐3ß‐(4‐iodophenyl)‐N‐(3‐fluoropropyl)‐nortropane dopamine transporter single‐photon emission computed tomography (DAT‐SPECT). All iRBD subjects completed the 24‐month follow‐up with DAT‐SPECT, speech, and olfactory testing.

Results

At baseline, only iRBD‐AOF showed monopitch when compared to iRBD‐NOF (P = 0.04) and controls (P = 0.03), with no difference between iRBD‐NOF and controls (P = 1). At follow‐up, dysprosody progressed only in iRBD‐AOF with abnormal DAT‐SPECT (P = 0.03).

Conclusion

Prosody is impaired in hyposmic but not in normosmic iRBD subjects before the nigrostriatal dopaminergic transmission is affected (Braak stage 2). © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
StimFit—A Data‐Driven Algorithm for Automated Deep Brain Stimulation Programming
Authors: Roediger Jan , Dembek Till A. , Wenzel Gregor , Butenko Konstantin , Kühn Andrea A. , Horn Andreas
Published: November 2021

Background

Finding the optimal deep brain stimulation (DBS) parameters from a multitude of possible combinations by trial and error is time consuming and requires highly trained medical personnel.

Objective

We developed an automated algorithm to identify optimal stimulation settings in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients treated with subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS based on imaging‐derived metrics.

Methods

Electrode locations and monopolar review data of 612 stimulation settings acquired from 31 PD patients were used to train a predictive model for therapeutic and adverse stimulation effects. Model performance was then evaluated within the training cohort using cross‐validation and on an independent cohort of 19 patients. We inverted the model by applying a brute‐force approach to determine the optimal stimulation sites in the target region. Finally, an optimization algorithm was established to identify optimal stimulation parameters. Suggested stimulation parameters were compared to the ones applied in clinical practice.

Results

Predicted motor outcome correlated with observed outcome (R = 0.57, P < 10−10) across patients within the training cohort. In the test cohort, the model explained 28% of the variance in motor outcome differences between settings. The stimulation site for maximum motor improvement was located at the dorsolateral border of the STN. When compared to two empirical settings, model‐based suggestions more closely matched the setting with superior motor improvement.

Conclusion

We developed and validated a data‐driven model that can suggest stimulation parameters leading to optimal motor improvement while minimizing the risk of stimulation‐induced side effects. This approach might provide guidance for DBS programming in the future. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Design of assembly‐type frequency selective surface structure using Lego‐type blocks
Authors: Cho Sung‐Sil , Hong Ic‐Pyo
Published: November 2021

A frequency selective surface (FSS) structure was designed using Lego blocks, which can be stacked or assembled to produce various structures. The unit structure of the designed frequency selection surface structure is a patch‐type cross‐dipole and a dipole structure that can be easily fabricated using Lego‐type blocks among the basic structures. Since the unit structure is designed using Lego‐type dielectric blocks and metal blocks, the structure can be easily changed and the resonance frequency can be easily reconfigured. The designed unit structure was fabricated using actual Lego‐type blocks of 4 mm × 4 mm × 5 mm, and the transmission coefficient of the fabricated FSS structure using the free space measurement method was measured. When the measurement result according to the change of polarization and incident angle was compared with the simulation result, the error of the resonance frequency was 1.2% and 0.64% at the maximum for each structure, confirming that the measurement result is relatively similar to the simulation result.
Image retrieval‐based parenchymal analysis for breast cancer risk assessment
Authors: Padilla Astrid , Arponen Otso , Rinta‐Kiikka Irina , Pertuz Said
Published: November 2021

Purpose

This research on breast cancer risk assessment aims to develop models that predict the likelihood of breast cancer. In recent years, the computerized analysis of visual texture patterns in mammograms, namely parenchymal analysis, has shown great potential for risk assessment. However, the visual complexity and heterogeneity of visual patterns limit the performance of parenchymal analysis in large populations. In this work, we propose a method to create individualized risk assessment models based on the radiological visual appearance (radiomic phenotypes) of the mammograms.

Methods

We developed a content‐based image retrieval system to stratify mammographic analysis according to the similarities of their radiomic phenotypes. We collected 1144 mammograms from 286 women following a case‐control study design. We compared the classical parenchymal analysis with the proposed approach using the area under the ROC curve (AUC) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Statistical significance was assessed using DeLong's test (0.05).

Results

At a patient level, AUC values of 0.504 (95% CI: 0.398‐0.611) with classical parenchymal analysis increased to 0.813 (95% CI: 0.734‐0.892) when the radiomic phenotypes are incorporated with the proposed method. In risk estimation from individual, standard mammographic views, the highest performance was obtained with the mediolateral oblique view of the right breast (RMLO), with an AUC value of 0.727 (95% CI: 0.634‐0.820). Differences in performance among views were statistically significant ()

Conclusions

These results indicate that the utilization of radiomic phenotypes increases the performance of computerized risk assessment based on parenchymal analysis of mammographic images. Significance: The creation of individualized risk assessment models may be leveraged to target personalized screening and prevention recommendations according to the person's risk.
Noise reduction profile: A new method for evaluation of noise reduction techniques in CT
Authors: Hasegawa Akira , Ishihara Toshihiro , Thomas M. Allan , Pan Tinsu
Published: November 2021

Purpose

Noise power spectrum (NPS) is a commonly used performance metric to evaluate noise‐reduction techniques (NRT) in imaging systems. The images reconstructed with and without an NRT can be compared via their NPS to better understand the NRT's effects on image noise. However, when comparing NPSs, simple visual assessments or a comparison of NPS peaks or medians are often used. These assessments make it difficult to objectively evaluate the effect of noise reduction across all spatial frequencies. In this work, we propose a new noise reduction profile (NRP) to facilitate a more complete and objective evaluation of NPSs for a range of NRTs used specifically in computed tomography (CT).

Methods and materials

The homogeneous section of the ACR or Catphan phantoms was scanned on different CT scanners equipped with the following NRTs: AIDR3D, AiCE, ASiR, ASiR‐V, TrueFidelity, iDose, SAFIRE, and ADMIRE. The images were then reconstructed with all strengths of each NRT in reference to the baseline filtered back projection (FBP) images. One set of the baseline FBP images was also processed with PixelShine, an NRT based on artificial intelligence. The NPSs of the images before and after noise reduction were calculated in both the xy‐plane and along the z‐direction. The difference in the logarithmic scale between each NPS (baseline FBP and NRT) was then calculated and deemed the NRP. Furthermore, the relationship between the NRP and NPS peak positions was mathematically analyzed.

Results

Each NRT has its own unique NRP. By comparing the NPS and NRP for each NRT, it was found that NRP is related to the peak shift of NPS. Additionally, under the assumption that the NPS has one peak and is differentiable, a relationship was mathematically derived between the slope of the NRP at the peak position of the NPS before noise reduction and the shift of the NPS peak position after noise reduction.

Conclusions

A new metric, NRP, was proposed based on NPS to objectively evaluate and compare methods for noise reduction in CT. The NRP can be used to compare the effects of various NRTs on image noise in both the xy‐plane and z‐direction. It also enables unbiased assessment of the detailed noise reduction properties of each NRT over all relevant spatial frequencies.
Aeroelastic analysis and flutter control of wings and panels: A review
Authors: Chai Yuyang , Gao Wei , Ankay Benjamin , Li Fengming , Zhang Chuanzeng
Published: November 2021

Flutter is a self‐excited vibration under the interaction of the inertial force, aerodynamic force, and elastic force of the structure. After the flutter occurs, the aircraft structures will exhibit limit cycle oscillation, which will cause catastrophic accidents or fatigue damage to the structures. Therefore, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to study the aeroelastic characteristics and flutter control for improving the aeroelastic stability of aircraft structures. This paper reviews the recent advances in aeroelastic analysis and flutter control of wings and panel structures. The mechanism of aeroelastic flutter of wings and panels is presented. The research methods of aeroelastic flutter for different structures developed in recent years are briefly summarized. Various control strategies including the linear and nonlinear control algorithms as well as the active flutter control results of wings and panels are presented. Finally, the paper ends with conclusions, which highlight challenges of the development in aeroelastic analysis and flutter control, and provide a brief outlook on the future investigations. This study aims to present a comprehensive understanding of aeroelastic analysis and flutter control. It can also provide guidance on the design of new wings and panel structures for improving their aeroelastic stability.
Influence of Stocking Density on Growth Performance, Intestinal Antioxidant Status, and Immune-Related Gene Expression of Endangered Megalobrama pellegrini Reared in a Flow-Through System
Authors: Wang Yao , Zheng Zhi , Sun Yuejia , Wu QingJun , Gao Yujie
Published: November 2021

A 42-d feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of stocking density on the growth and health status of juvenile Megalobrama pellegrini. Fish (initial body weight = 0.45 ± 0.01 g) were reared in a flow-through system under five stocking densities: 0.15, 0.24, 0.34, 0.42, and 0.50 kg/m3. Significantly lower growth performance (weight gain and specific growth rate) and a higher feed conversion ratio were recorded in fish reared at the highest stocking density (0.50 kg/m3). Similarly, intestinal oxidative stress analyses indicated that activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase were reduced in M. pellegrini reared at the highest stocking density; the highest malondialdehyde content was also recorded in this group. In addition, intestinal glutathione content was significantly increased in higher-density groups compared with the lowest density group (0.15 kg/m3), and the highest value appeared in the 0.34-kg/m3 group. Intestinal CYP1A* (cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A gene) expression was significantly lower in the 0.15-kg/m3 group than in the 0.42-kg/m3 group. Furthermore, the 0.50-kg/m3 group had significantly higher gene expression of Nrf2* (nuclear factor [erythroid-derived 2]-like 2), NF-κB* (nuclear factor kappa beta), and MyD88* (myeloid differentiation factor 88) than the lower-density groups. This study indicated that 0.45–1.36-g M. pellegrini could be cultured at a density of 0.34 kg/m3 for maximum growth in a flow-through system without negative effects on the measured physiological indicators of stress and immunity.
Temporary Retention in Cold Water Reduces Postrelease Behavioral Impairment in Angled Rainbow Trout
Authors: Chhor Auston D. , Reid Jessica L. , Holder Peter E. , Nowell Liane B. , Brownscombe Jacob W. , Danylchuk Andy J. , Cooke Steven J.
Published: November 2021

The effectiveness of catch and release as a conservation practice assumes minimal impacts to released fish. In most cases, angling-related stressors can be mitigated via changes to angler behavior that reduce fight duration, handling, and air exposure. In some cases, stressors may significantly impact the ability of fish to engage in normal swimming behavior upon release. In these scenarios, it may be beneficial for anglers to assist recovery or retain fish until they are adequately recovered. We investigated the effectiveness of two assisted-recovery devices at facilitating behavioral recovery in angled Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss: (1) retention in a flow box, or (2) retention in a water-filled cooler. Additionally, we compared the effects of assisted recovery in surface water (24–27°C) or cool water pumped from the hypolimnion (17–19°C). From July to mid-September 2020, 169 fish were angled from five stocked lakes at Kenauk Nature (Montebello, Quebec). Fish were air exposed for 30 s, for 15 s, or not at all (0 s) and were held in a flow box or a water-filled cooler for 3 min, while fish in a control group were immediately released. Triaxial acceleration and temperature biologgers were temporarily fixed around the trunk of the fish with Velcro to observe postrelease swimming behavior for 10 min. Rainbow Trout that were held in assisted-recovery devices regained equilibrium significantly more quickly than those that were immediately released, and fish that were held in 17–19°C water regained equilibrium the most rapidly. In fish that were air exposed for 30 s, individuals that were held in recovery devices exhibited greater swimming activity compared to those that were immediately released. Our study demonstrates that for Rainbow Trout, assisted-recovery devices can reduce equilibrium impairment, especially when water in the recovery devices is significantly cooler than the relatively warm surface water temperature. Global water temperatures are expected to rise as a result of anthropogenic climate change, and best practices for angling should be adapted to reflect increased thermal stressors for many game fish species. Ensuring that fish are vigorous upon release is imperative for reducing postrelease mortality caused by predation or thermal stress.
High‐resolution pH imaging using ratiometric chemical exchange saturation transfer combined with biosensor imaging of redundant deviation in shifts featuring paramagnetic DOTA‐tetraglycinate agents
Authors: Mihailovic Jelena M. , Huang Yuegao , Walsh John J. , Khan Muhammad H. , Mishra Sandeep K. , Samuels Sara , Hyder Fahmeed , Coman Daniel
Published: November 2021

Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) and biosensor imaging of redundant deviation in shifts (BIRDS) methods differ respectively by detecting exchangeable and nonexchangeable proton signals by magnetic resonance. Because CEST contrast depends on both temperature and pH, simultaneous CEST and BIRDS imaging can be employed to separate these contributions. Here, we test if high‐resolution pH imaging in vivo is possible with ratiometric CEST calibrated for temperature variations measured by BIRDS. Thulium‐ and europium‐based DOTA‐tetraglycinate agents, TmDOTA‐(gly)4− and EuDOTA‐(gly)4−, were used for high‐resolution pH mapping in vitro and in vivo, using BIRDS for temperature adjustments needed for a more accurate ratiometric CEST approach. Although neither agent showed pH dependence with BIRDS in vitro in the pH range 6 to 8, each one's temperature sensitivity was enhanced when mixed because of increased redundancy. By contrast, the CEST signal of each agent was affected by the presence of the other agent in vitro. However, pH could be measured more accurately when temperature from BIRDS was detected. These in vitro calibrations with TmDOTA‐(gly)4− and EuDOTA‐(gly)4− enabled high‐resolution pH imaging of glioblastoma in rat brains. It was concluded that temperature mapping with BIRDS can calibrate the ratiometric CEST signal from a cocktail of TmDOTA‐(gly)4− and EuDOTA‐(gly)4− agents to provide temperature‐independent absolute pH imaging in vivo.
Topology optimization of damage‐resistant structures with a predefined load‐bearing capacity
Authors: Barbier Tobias , Shakour Emad , Sigmund Ole , Lombaert Geert , Schevenels Mattias
Published: November 2021

This article presents a novel strategy for structural topology optimization considering damage. In engineering practice, structures are typically designed to have a certain load‐bearing capacity, with a minimal material volume or cost. We aim to optimize the topology of a structure to have a minimal weight while guaranteeing a predefined load capacity, considering the softening behavior of quasi‐brittle materials. Two different optimization strategies are presented: a fully nonlinear strategy and a simplified strategy. The fully nonlinear strategy relies on existing nonlinear damage models, which require iterative solution methods, for structural analysis and the computation of the corresponding sensitivities. The simplified strategy uses a simplified damage model, which computes a structure's damage distribution in only one step, greatly reducing computation time. The accuracy of the simplified damage model is controlled by occasional nonlinear simulations—without sensitivity analysis—to calibrate the results. Benchmark tests compare the simplified optimization strategy with the fully nonlinear optimization strategy. While the simplified damage model does not have the same accuracy as nonlinear damage models, results show similar optimized topologies and structural efficiency, with a significant improvement regarding computation time for the simplified optimization strategy.
Searching for recipes to compete in the charitable contributions market: A configurational approach
Authors: Rossi Gina , Leardini Chiara , Landi Stefano , Orsini Luca Piubello
Published: November 2021

Nonprofits that compete for charitable contributions often question which are the most effective factors that lead to high levels of donations. To date, the research has been dominated by linear models mainly based on the economic model of giving, and has reported mixed and sometimes conflictual findings about the net effect of certain individual organization‐specific factors on donations. In this study, we introduce a configurational approach to explore how the factors considered by the economic model of giving may be combined with each other in multiple configurations with the goal of obtaining high levels of donations. Applying fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis, we focus on a sample of British community foundations and identify four combinations that lead these organizations to collect large amounts of charitable contributions. The results show that, whereas young foundations should rely on high levels of program spending and large amounts of online disclosure combined with, alternatively, efficiency or aggressive fundraising, old foundations should contain administrative costs and strengthen fundraising efforts while, alternatively, spending the most part of their resources on programs or disseminating large amounts of information through their public websites.
Ballistic performance of synergistically toughened Kevlar/epoxy composite targets reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes/graphene nanofillers
Authors: Nitin Mathusoothanaperumal Sukanya , Suresh Kumar Sundaram
Published: November 2021

The individual and synergistic effects of multi‐walled carbon nano tubes (MWCNT) and graphene nano‐platelets (GNP) on the ballistic performance (low and high velocity) of functionalized Kevlar reinforced polymer matrix composites have been investigated. Low‐velocity impact tests were carried out on the composite targets (6 layers) using a gas gun setup. Surface hardened conical nose projectiles of 10 mm diameter were used and the inlet velocity was in the range of 122–128 m/s. Similarly, high‐velocity ballistic impact experiments were conducted on the targets (24 layers) using a 9 mm full metal jacketed (FMJ) projectile with an initial velocity of 430 ± 15 m/s. Acid treatment was done to functionalize the Kevlar fiber surface. From the low‐velocity impact experiments, the hybrid targets had better ballistic resistance when compared to the unfilled and individually filled nanocomposites. A reduced projectile exit velocity, improved impact energy absorption (32.5 J), and an improved energy absorption percentage of 27.57 were observed for the hybrid combination. Similar improvements were observed during high‐velocity ballistic experiments which were evident from the fractographic analysis. The macroscopic investigation on the target containing both the nano‐fillers had the least penetration depth of 5.8 mm and a high damage area compared to the other targets. This is due to the addition of f‐MWCNT and f‐GNP which has increased the matrix toughening and functionalization of Kevlar which increased the interfacial bonding. In addition, the crack bridging property of CNTs and encapsulation behavior of graphene due to stacking has synergistically improved the overall toughness of the composites.
Mechanical properties of low‐density heat‐resistant polyimide‐based advanced composite sandwich panels
Authors: Çakir Mustafa , Akin Emre
Published: November 2021

This study presents low‐density heat‐resistant polyimide (PI)‐based advanced composite sandwich panels (HRACS) consisting of carbon fiber‐reinforced PI matrix thermoset and thermoplastic advanced composite laminates (outer faces) and PI foams (core materials). For the outer faces, thermoplastic composite laminates were prepared from poly (amic acid) ammonium salt precursor resin, and the thermoset was prepared from nadic anhydride (NA)‐terminated poly (amic acid) precursor resin. 3,3,4,4‐Benzophenone tetracarboxylicdianhydride and 4,4‐diamino diphenylsulfone were used as monomers for the polymer backbones. For the thermosetting composite, NA was also used as an end capper and to provide crosslinking of the polymer chains. On the other hand, the HRACSs had two kinds of core materials with low densities. As core materials, isocyanate‐based PI foams were used. Pyromellitic anhydride and polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate were used for the PI foams and the amounts of the additives such as the surfactant, water, and triethylamine. As a result of these variations, different compressive properties and densities were obtained. On the other hand, a polymerization of monomeric reactant (PMR)‐type adhesive PI resin was synthesized in this study. The HRACSs were prepared with the curing and crosslinking of this synthesized PMR‐type adhesive PI resin at the interfaces of the outer face and core materials. These HRACSs exhibited outstanding compressive and flexural properties. The flexural force of the HRACSs increased up to 535 N while the composite laminates exhibited values of 197 and 255 N. Additionally, the thermomechanical properties determined with dynamic mechanical analysis, especially those related to the composite faces, were promising.
Meso‐ and microscale response to variation in cloudiness at three forested sites in the Maritime Continent
Authors: Vincent Claire L. , Huang Yi
Published: November 2021

This study examines the relationships between the diurnal precipitation cycle, local morning insolation, and local and large‐scale moisture availability using local radiative flux and precipitation observations from three forested tropical sites, together with ERA5 reanalysis data. Our results suggest that, away from the coast, there is a weak positive correlation between local morning insolation and the magnitude of the afternoon precipitation peak, and a weak negative relationship between locally observed surface moisture in the morning and the magnitude of the afternoon precipitation peak. There is little relationship between large‐scale column moisture and the local afternoon precipitation peak. We examine analogous results in convection‐permitting simulations. Results suggest that the simulated afternoon precipitation rate shows almost no dependence on surface radiative forcing or moisture availability, while the observed afternoon precipitation rate is dominated by radiative forcing. Simulated and observed satellite precipitation and cloud estimates for a single case study suggest a diversity of surface‐flux–precipitation relationships amongst model configurations.
Accelerating AFM Characterization via Deep‐Learning‐Based Image Super‐Resolution
Authors: Kim Young‐Joo , Lim Jaekyung , Kim Do‐Nyun
Published: November 2021

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is one of the most popular imaging and characterizing methods applicable to a wide range of nanoscale material systems. However, high‐resolution imaging using AFM generally suffers from a low scanning yield due to its method of raster scanning. Here, a systematic method of data acquisition and preparation combined with a deep‐learning‐based image super‐resolution, enabling rapid AFM characterization with accuracy, is proposed. Its application to measuring the geometrical and mechanical properties of structured DNA assemblies reveals that around a tenfold reduction in AFM imaging time can be achieved without significant loss of accuracy. Through a transfer learning strategy, it can be efficiently customized for a specific target sample on demand.
Biomimetic Nanoparticles Enabled by Cascade Cell Membrane Coating for Direct Cross‐Priming of T Cells
Authors: Chen Fangjie , Geng Zhongmin , Wang Lu , Zhou Yan , Liu Jinyao
Published: November 2021

Despite the activation of T lymphocytes by antigen‐presenting cells being responsible for eliciting antigen‐specific immune responses, their crosstalking suffers from temporospatial limitations and endogenous influencing factors, which restrict the generation of a strong antitumor immunity. Here, cascade cell membrane coating is reported to prepare biomimetic nanoparticles (BNs) that can manipulate the cross‐priming of T cells. BNs are obtained from coating nanoparticulate substrates with cell membranes extracted from dendritic cells (DCs) that are pre‐pulsed with cancer cell membrane‐coated nanoparticles. With a DC membrane that presents an array of cancer cell membrane antigen epitopes, BNs inherit the intrinsic membrane function of DCs, which can directly cross‐prime T cells and provoke robust yet antigen‐specific antitumor responses in multiple mouse models. Combination with clinical anti‐programmed death‐1 antibodies demonstrates a robust way of BNs to achieve desirable tumor regression and survival rate. This work spotlights the impact of nanoparticles on direct cross‐priming of T cells and supports a unique yet modulate platform for boosting an effective adaptive immunity for immunotherapy.
A Fluoride‐Ion‐Conducting Solid Electrolyte with Both High Conductivity and Excellent Electrochemical Stability
Authors: Wang Jinzhu , Hao Jipeng , Duan Chaomin , Wang Xinchao , Wang Kai , Ma Cheng
Published: November 2021

Solid‐state fluoride‐ion batteries (FIBs) circumvent multiple formidable bottlenecks of lithium‐ion batteries, but their overall performance remains inferior due to the absence of appropriate solid electrolytes. Presently the conductivity of most solid electrolytes for FIBs is too low to enable room‐temperature cycling, while the few sufficiently conductive ones only allow for very low discharge voltages because of the narrow electrochemical stability window (ESW). Here, high room‐temperature conductivity and a decent ESW are simultaneously achieved by designing a solid electrolyte CsPb0.9K0.1F2.9. Its room‐temperature conductivity is 1.23 × 10−3 S cm−1, comparable to the most conductive system reported so far (PbSnF4, 5.44 × 10−4–1.6 × 10−3 S cm−1), but the ESW is several times broader. With these appealing characteristics simultaneously achieved in the solid electrolyte, a cell with much higher voltages than other room‐temperature‐operable solid‐state FIBs in literature is successfully constructed, and stably cycled at 25 °C for 4581 h without considerable capacity fade.
Self‐Assembly of All‐DNA Rods with Controlled Patchiness
Authors: Gvozden Katarina , Novak Ratajczak Sanja , Orellana Alberto G. , Kentzinger Emmanuel , Rücker Ulrich , Dhont Jan K. G. , De Michele Cristiano , Stiakakis Emmanuel
Published: November 2021

Double‐stranded DNA (dsDNA) fragments exhibit noncovalent attractive interactions between their tips. It is still unclear how DNA liquid crystal self‐assembly is affected by such blunt‐end attractions. It is demonstrated that stiff dsDNA fragments with moderate aspect ratio can specifically self‐assemble in concentrated aqueous solutions into different types of smectic mesophases on the basis of selectively screening of blunt‐end DNA stacking interactions. To this end, this type of attractions are engineered at the molecular level by constructing DNA duplexes where the attractions between one or both ends are screened by short hairpin caps. All‐DNA bilayer and monolayer smectic‐A type of phases, as well as a columnar phase, can be stabilized by controlling attractions strength. The results imply that the so far elusive smectic‐A in DNA rod‐like liquid crystals is a thermodynamically stable phase. The existence of the bilayer smectic phase is confirmed by Monte‐Carlo simulations of hard cylinders decorated with one attractive terminal site. This work demonstrates that DNA blunt‐ends behave as well‐defined monovalent attractive patches whose strength and position can be potentially precisely tuned, highlighting unique opportunities concerning the stabilization of nonconventional DNA‐based lyotropic liquid crystal phases assembled by all‐DNA patchy particles with arbitrary geometry and composition.
Efficient Organic Solar Cells Enabled by Simple Non‐Fused Electron Donors with Low Synthetic Complexity
Authors: Gao Yueyue , Cui Minghuan , Qu Shengchun , Zhao Huaping , Shen Zhitao , Tan Furui , Dong Yulian , Qin Chaochao , Wang Zhijie , Zhang Weifeng , Wang Zhangguo , Lei Yong
Published: November 2021

Fused‐ring electron donors boost the efficiency of organic solar cells (OSCs), but they suffer from high cost and low yield for their large synthetic complexity (SC > 30%). Herein, the authors develop a series of simple non‐fused‐ring electron donors, PF1 and PF2, which alternately consist of furan‐3‐carboxylate and 2,2′‐bithiophene. Note that PF1 and PF2 present very small SC of 9.7% for their inexpensive raw materials, facile synthesis, and high synthetic yield. Compared to their all‐thiophene‐backbone counterpart PT‐E, two new polymers feature larger conjugated plane, resulting in higher hole mobility for them, especially a value up to ≈10−4 cm2 V−1·s for PF2 with longer alkyl side chain. Meanwhile, PF1 and PF2 exhibit larger dielectric constant and deeper electronic energy level versus PT‐E. Benefiting from the better physicochemical properties, the efficiencies of PF1‐ and PF2‐based devices are improved by ≈16.7% and ≈71.3% relative to that PT‐E‐based devices, respectively. Furthermore, the optimized PF2‐based devices with introducing PC71BM as the third component deliver a higher efficiency of 12.40%. The work not only indicates that furan‐3‐carboxylate is a simple yet efficient building block for constructing non‐fused‐ring polymers but also provides a promising electron donor PF2 for the low‐cost production of OSCs.
Lithiophilic Carbon Nanofiber/Graphene Nanosheet Composite Scaffold Prepared by a Scalable and Controllable Biofabrication Method for Ultrastable Dendrite‐Free Lithium‐Metal Anodes
Authors: Hu Zongmin , Su Hai , Zhou Mengfan , Liu Jinzhi , Wan Yizao , Hu Jimin , Xu Yunhua
Published: November 2021

Li metal is regarded as a promising anode for high‐energy‐density Li batteries, while the limited cycle life and fast capacity decay caused by notorious Li dendrite growth seriously impedes its application. Herein, a robust and highly lithiophilic bacterial cellulose‐derived carbon nanofiber@reduced graphene oxide nanosheet (BC‐CNF@rGO) composite scaffold is fabricated as a host for dendrite‐free Li metal anode through an in situ biofabrication method. The abundant lithiophilic functional groups, conductive 3D network, and excellent mechanical property can effectively regulate uniform Li nucleation and deposition, enable fast reaction kinetics, and alleviate volume change. As a result, the BC‐CNF@rGO skeleton achieves exceptional Li plating/stripping performance with a high average Coulombic efficiency of 98.3% over 800 cycles, and a long cycle life span of 5000 h at 2 mA cm−2@1 mAh cm−2 with a low overpotential of ≈15 mV for lithium plating. Furthermore, full cells coupling BC‐CNF@rGO‐Li anode with LiFePO4 cathode achieves an unprecedented cycling stability with a long cycle life of 3000 cycles at 1 C. This work sheds light on a promising material design and fabrication strategy for realizing high performance Li metal batteries.
Boosting Oxygen Reduction Activity of Manganese Oxide Through Strain Effect Caused By Ion Insertion
Authors: Hao Yixin , Sun Shuo , Du Xihua , Qu Jiangtao , Li Lanlan , Yu Xiaofei , Zhang Xinghua , Yang Xiaojing , Zheng Rongkun , Cairney Julie M. , Lu Zunming
Published: November 2021

Transition‐metal oxides with a strain effect have attracted immense interest as cathode materials for fuel cells. However, owing to the introduction of heterostructures, substrates, or a large number of defects during the synthesis of strain‐bearing catalysts, not only is the structure–activity relationship complicated but also their performance is mediocre. In this study, a mode of strain introduction is reported. Transition‐metal ions with different electronegativities are intercalated into the cryptomelane‐type manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieves (OMS‐2) structure with K ions as the template, resulting in the octahedral structural distortion of MnO6 and producing strains of different degrees. Experimental studies reveal that Ni‐OMS‐2 with a high compressive strain (4.12%) exhibits superior oxygen reduction performance with a half‐wave potential (0.825 V vs RHE) greater than those of other reported manganese‐based oxides. This result is related to the increase in the covalence of MnO6 octahedral configuration and shifting down of the eg band center caused by the higher compression strain. This research avoids the introduction of new chemical bonds in the main structure, weakens the effect of eg electron filling number, and emphasizes the pure strain effect. This concept can be extended to other transition‐metal‐oxide catalysts.
Protrudent Iron Single‐Atom Accelerated Interfacial Piezoelectric Polarization for Self‐Powered Water Motion Triggered Fenton‐Like Reaction
Authors: Lan Shenyu , Jing Binghua , Yu Chuan , Yan Dengming , Li Zhi , Ao Zhimin , Zhu Mingshan
Published: November 2021

Water in motion presented in natural systems contains a rich source of renewable mechanical energy. Harvesting this water energy to trigger the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) for water purification is a desirable yet underexplored solution. Herein, the authors report a self‐powered water motion triggered Fenton‐like reaction system for wastewater treatment through the piezo‐activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS). Isolated protrudent Fe single atomic sites are immobilized on the surface of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheet to improve piezoelectric polarization of MoS2, to accelerate piezoelectric charge separation, and to enhance PMS activation for water purification. ROS (•OH, SO4•−, O2•−, and 1O2) generation for PMS piezo‐activation are observed, and different water contaminants, including antibiotic, industrial chemicals, and dyes are efficiently removed under the natural water fluid. Aimed at solving concurrent issues of environmental pollution and energy crisis, this study provides a pathway for single atomic‐mediated piezo‐activation of Fenton‐like reactions through ambient self‐powered water motion for water purification.
Self‐Propulsion of a Light‐Powered Microscopic Crystalline Flapper in Water
Authors: Obara Kazuma , Kageyama Yoshiyuki , Takeda Sadamu
Published: November 2021

A key goal in developing molecular microrobots that mimic real‐world animal dynamic behavior is to understand better the self‐continuous progressive motion resulting from collective molecular transformation. This study reports, for the first time, the experimental realization of directional swimming of a microcrystal that exhibits self‐continuous reciprocating motion in a 2D water tank. Although the reciprocal flip motion of the crystals is like that of a fish wagging its tail fin, many of the crystals swam in the opposite direction to which a fish would swim. Here the directionality generation mechanism and physical features of the swimming behavior is explored by constructing a mathematical model for the crystalline flapper. The results show that a tiny crystal with a less‐deformable part in its flip fin exhibits a pull‐type stroke swimming, while a crystal with a fin that uniformly deforms exhibits push‐type kicking motion.
Non‐Local Electrostatic Gating Effect in Graphene Revealed by Infrared Nano‐Imaging
Authors: Deng Aolin , Hu Cheng , Shen Peiyue , Chen Jiajun , Luo Xingdong , Lyu Bosai , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Wang Rongming , Liang Qi , Ma Jie , Shi Zhiwen
Published: November 2021

Electrostatic gating lies in the heart of field effect transistor (FET) devices and modern integrated circuits. To achieve efficient gate tunability, the gate electrode has to be placed very close to the conduction channel, typically a few nanometers. Remote control of a FET device through a gate electrode located far away is highly desirable, because it not only reduces the complexity of device fabrication, but also enables the design of novel devices with new functionalities. Here, a non‐local electrostatic gating effect in graphene devices using scanning near‐field optical microscopy (SNOM)—a technique that can probe local charge density in graphene—is reported. Remarkably, the charge density of the graphene region tens of micrometers away from a local gate can be efficiently tuned. The observed non‐local gating effect is initially driven by an in‐plane electric field induced by the quantum capacitance of graphene, and further largely enhanced by adsorbed polarized water molecules. This study reveals a non‐local phenomenon of Dirac electrons, provides a deep understanding of in‐plane screening from Dirac electrons, and paves the way for designing novel electronic devices with remote gate control.
Surface Phase Engineering Modulated Iron‐Nickel Nitrides/Alloy Nanospheres with Tailored d‐Band Center for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Chen Qiming , Gong Ning , Zhu Tanrui , Yang Changyu , Peng Wenchao , Li Yang , Zhang Fengbao , Fan Xiaobin
Published: November 2021

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) plays a key role in many electrochemical energy conversion systems, but it is a kinetically sluggish reaction and requires a large overpotential to deliver appreciable current, especially for the non‐noble metal electrocatalysts. In this study, the authors report a surface phase engineering strategy to improve the OER performance of transition metal nitrides (TMNs). The iron‐nickel nitrides/alloy nanospheres (FeNi3‐N) wrapped in carbon are synthesized, and the optimized FeNi3‐N catalyst displays dual‐phase nitrides on the surface induced by atom migration phenomenon, resulting from the different migration rates of metal atoms during the nitridation process. It shows excellent OER performance in alkaline media with an overpotential of 222 mV at 10 mA cm−2, a small Tafel slope of 41.53 mV dec−1, and long‐term durability under high current density (>0.5 A cm−2) for at least 36 h. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further reveal that the dual‐phase nitrides are favorable to decrease the energy barrier, modulate the d‐band center to balance the absorption and desorption of the intermediates, and thus promote the OER electrochemical performance. This strategy may shed light on designing OER and other catalysts based on surface phase engineering.
Evaluation of TEOS Plasma Polymerized Carboxymethyl Starch/Alginate Hydrogels as Controlled Drug Delivery Systems
Authors: Dalei Ganeswar , Das Subhraseema , Das Smruti Prava
Published: November 2021

To design a controlled delivery device for the potent glucocorticoid dexamethasone; smart hydrogels composed of carboxymethyl starch, and sodium alginate are fabricated and exposed to tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) cold plasma treatment using oxygen as an oxidant gas. Surface hydrophobization ensuing from plasma treatment is evidenced from FTIR and water contact angle analyses. It is also observed that the water uptake capacity of TEOS‐plasma modified hydrogel is much lower than the pristine hydrogel. The release studies of dexamethasone illustrated a slower release from TEOS‐plasma treated hydrogel in simulated intestinal fluid that conformed to the oral delivery of the drug to the colon. The preliminary kinetics of drug release demonstrated that TEOS‐plasma influenced the polymer chain relaxation thereby leading to a slower rate of drug release. The cytocompatibility studies on MCF‐7 cells clearly depicted that plasma treatment of the hydrogels does not evoke any detrimental effects on the cellular viability. Lastly, the in vitro degradation studies of the hydrogels in lysozyme solution demonstrated their good degradation behavior. Overall, the findings of this study implied that the TEOS‐plasma modified hydrogel could be explored as potential biomaterial for the oral controlled delivery of dexamethasone.