bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oxidative Stress and Changes in α‐ and γ‐Tocopherol Levels during Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Authors: ULUS A T , AKSOYEK A , OZKAN M , KATIRCIOGLU S F , VESSBY B , BASU S
Published: March 2005

Abstract: We studied whether cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has any immediate impact on the initiation of antioxidative defenses in the body by measuring F2‐isoprostanes and α‐ and γ‐tocopherol, respectively. 8‐iso‐PGF2α levels increased significantly within 3 minutes and until the end of CPB. α‐Tocopherol levels increased gradually at 20 min during CPB and continued until 6 hours after CPB. γ‐Tocopherol levels followed a similar fashion at the end of CPB. 8‐iso‐PGF2α and tocopherol levels kept at basal level 12 and 24 hours post CPB. These findings suggest that an increased free radical‐induced oxidative stress together with a gradual appearance of antioxidative defense system during and after CPB.
Cigarette Smoking Increases Human Vitamin E Requirements as Estimated by Plasma Deuterium‐Labeled CEHC
Authors: LEONARD SCOTT W. , BRUNO RICHARD S. , RAMAKRISHNAN RAJASEKHAR , BRAY TAMMY , TRABER MARET G.
Published: March 2005

Abstract: Cigarette smoking (CS) is a well‐described oxidant burden in humans. We hypothesized that CS would accelerate α‐tocopherol (α‐T) utilization leaving less for metabolite (CEHC) production. After labeled α‐T consumption (75 mg each of d3‐RRR‐α‐TAc and d6‐all‐rac‐α‐TAc) by smokers and nonsmokers (n= 10/group), CS increased α‐T disappearance and decreased plasma and urinary CEHCs. Plasma d3/d6‐α‐T ratios were approximately 1.4 during supplementation and approximately 2 from days 5 to 17. d3/d6‐α‐CEHC ratios were on average 0.29 ± 0.05, confirming that all‐rac‐α‐tocopherol is metabolized more efficiently. CEHC may be a good marker of vitamin E status, and smokers may have an increased vitamin E requirement.
Consumption of Sesame Oil Muffins Decreases the Urinary Excretion of γ‐Tocopherol Metabolites in Humans
Authors: FRANK JAN , KAMAL‐ELDIN AFAF , TRABER MARET G.
Published: March 2005

Abstract: Sesame seed and oil consumption previously increased human plasma γ‐tocopherol (γ‐T) concentrations. This was attributed to the sesame lignans sesamin and sesamolin. Here, we studied the inhibition of vitamin E metabolism by a single dose of sesame oil lignans coingested with deuterated α‐ and γ‐tocopherols in human volunteers. The urinary excretion of γ‐T metabolites was significantly lower in sesame oil treated than in control subjects. Concentrations of tocopherols in blood were not affected by the treatment. In conclusion, a single dose of sesame oil, containing 136 mg sesame lignans (sesamin and sesamolin), reduces the urinary excretion of co‐administered γ‐T in humans.
Current Status of Vitamin E Nutriture
Authors: AHUJA JASPREET K.C. , GOLDMAN JOSEPH D. , MOSHFEGH ALANNA J.
Published: March 2005

Abstract: Vitamin E intake status requires reassessment because the recommended levels have been increased and take into account only the α‐tocopherol form of vitamin E. A database of α‐tocopherol values for more than 7,000 foods was developed and applied to dietary data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999‐2000. Usual intake distributions were determined and evaluated for adequacy. Ninety percent or more of the adults studied had their usual intakes below the current Estimated Average Requirement. Several observations—the prevalence of inadequate intakes of vitamin E, absence of signs of deficiency in the U.S. population, and increasing evidence that vitamin E helps reduce chronic disease risk—point to a need for further research.
γ‐Tocopherol Induces Apoptosis in Androgen‐Responsive LNCaP Prostate Cancer Cells via Caspase‐Dependent and Independent Mechanisms
Authors: JIANG QING , WONG JEFF , AMES BRUCE N.
Published: March 2005

Abstract: We found that γ‐tocopherol, the predominant vitamin E form in diets, but not α‐tocopherol, which is the exclusive form of vitamin E in most supplements, exhibited antiproliferation effect on prostate (PC‐3, LNCaP) and lung (A549) cancer cells. γ‐Tocopherol induced apoptosis in androgen‐sensitive LNCaP but not androgen‐resistant PC‐3 cells. Consequently, γ‐tocopherol treatment caused cytochrome c release and caspase‐9, ‐3 and ‐7 activation. However, the apoptosis could not be completely reversed by an irreversible pancaspase inhibitor, indicating that an alternative caspase‐independent pathway may also be involved. Our study suggests that γ‐tocopherol may be valuable in the prevention and therapy for certain types of cancer.
Effect of Vitamin E on Prostacyclin (PGI2) and Prostaglandin (PG) E2 Production by Human Aorta Endothelial Cells: Mechanism of Action
Authors: WU DAYONG , LIU LIPING , MEYDANI MOHSEN , MEYDANI SIMIN NIKBIN
Published: March 2005

Abstract: Vitamin E has been suggested to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Prostanoids are vasoactive molecules, the change in whose production contributes to homeostasis and pathophysiology of the cardiovascular system. In the current study, we determined the effect of vitamin E on production of vasodilative PGI2 and PGE2 by human aorta endothelial cells (HAECs) and its underlying mechanism. Results showed that vitamin E increased production of both prostanoids by HAECs. This effect of vitamin E is due to increased release of substrate arachidonic acid, which in turn results from increased expression of phospholipase A2 (PLA2).
Long‐Term Vitamin E Deficiency in Mice Decreases Superoxide Radical Production in Brain
Authors: CUDDIHY SARAH L. , MUSIEK ERIK S. , MORROW JASON D. , DUGAN LAURA L.
Published: March 2005

Abstract: We investigated the effect of long‐term vitamin E deficiency (38 weeks) on free radical (superoxide) production and free radical products (neuroprostanes and isoprostanes) and on mitochondrial function (oxygraph and electron transport chain activities) in C57B6J mice. We found that after 38 weeks, while liver was approximately 95% deficient, the brain had retained approximately 50% of its α‐tocopherol. We also found that superoxide production was lowered in multiple brain regions of male vitamin E‐deficient mice, as were neuroprostanes. Oxygraph studies showed higher respiratory control ratios (RCRs) in liver and lower RCRs in brain, which did not appear to be due to changes in electron transport chain activities. We conclude that vitamin E can function in vivo in both its traditional role as a lipid‐soluble antioxidant as well as in non‐traditional roles in the mitochondria.
Is All‐Rac‐α‐Tocopherol Different from RRR‐α‐Tocopherol Regarding Cardiovascular Efficacy?: A Meta‐Analysis of Clinical Trials
Authors: KRAEMER K , KOCH W , HOPPE P P
Published: March 2005

Abstract: A meta‐analysis of 14 clinical studies with RRR‐ or all‐rac‐α‐tocopherol (83,800 subjects) was performed to evaluate whether RRR and all‐rac differ in cardiovascular efficacy based on those clinical endpoints that are most consistently documented in the publications of the studies. Odds ratios of treatment versus control for individual studies and for studies pooled by form were centered around unity, with no significant differences between vitamin E forms. The results corroborate the present opinion that vitamin E supplements up to 800 mg/d for up to 6.5 years are safe.
Topical α‐Tocopherol Acetate in the Bulk Phase: Eight Years of Experience in Skin Treatment
Authors: PANIN GIORGIO , STRUMIA RENATA , URSINI FULVIO
Published: March 2005

Abstract: Clinical practice in dermatology indicates that α‐tocopherol acetate is beneficial in xerosis, hyperkeratosis, asteatotic eczema, atopic dermatitis, superficial burns, cutaneous ulcers, onychoschizia and, in general, skin diseases in which an inflammatory process is activated. The positive effect results from the combination of biological activity, the absence of adverse reactions, and the physical effect of the α‐tocopherol acetate oil. The viscosity of this oil in bulk phase accounts for a remarkable moisturizing effect and minimization of transepidermal water loss. This effect combines well with the antioxidant capacity of α‐tocopherol released from the ester, and the recently emerging effect on reprogramming of gene expression.
Imprinted X-inactivation in extra-embryonic endoderm cell lines from mouse blastocysts
Authors: Kunath Tilo , Arnaud Danielle , Uy Gary D. , Okamoto Ikuhiro , Chureau Corinne , Yamanaka Yojiro , Heard Edith , Gardner Richard L. , Avner Philip , Rossant Janet
Published: March 2005

The extra-embryonic endoderm lineage plays a major role in the nutritive support of the embryo and is required for several inductive events, such as anterior patterning and blood island formation. Blastocyst-derived embryonic stem (ES) and trophoblast stem (TS) cell lines provide good models with which to study the development of the epiblast and trophoblast lineages,respectively. We describe the derivation and characterization of cell lines that are representative of the third lineage of the blastocyst –extra-embryonic endoderm. Extra-embryonic endoderm (XEN) cell lines can be reproducibly derived from mouse blastocysts and passaged without any evidence of senescence. XEN cells express markers typical of extra-embryonic endoderm derivatives, but not those of the epiblast or trophoblast. Chimeras generated by injection of XEN cells into blastocysts showed exclusive contribution to extra-embryonic endoderm cell types. We used female XEN cells to investigate the mechanism of X chromosome inactivation in this lineage. We observed paternally imprinted X-inactivation, consistent with observations in vivo. Based on gene expression analysis, chimera studies and imprinted X-inactivation, XEN cell lines are representative of extra-embryonic endoderm and provide a new cell culture model of an early mammalian lineage.
Retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 and Hoxc8 are required in the murine brachial spinal cord for the specification of Lim1+ motoneurons and the correct distribution of Islet1+ motoneurons
Authors: Vermot Julien , Schuhbaur Brigitte , Mouellic Hervé Le , McCaffery Peter , Garnier Jean-Marie , Hentsch Didier , Brûlet Philippe , Niederreither Karen , Chambon Pierre , Dollé Pascal , Roux Isabelle Le
Published: March 2005

Retinoic acid (RA) activity plays sequential roles during the development of the ventral spinal cord. Here, we have investigated the functions of local RA synthesis in the process of motoneuron specification and early differentiation using a conditional knockout strategy that ablates the function of the retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (Raldh2) synthesizing enzyme essentially in brachial motoneurons, and later in mesenchymal cells at the base of the forelimb. Mutant(Raldh2L–/–) embryos display an early embryonic loss of a subset of Lim1+ brachial motoneurons, a mispositioning of Islet1+ neurons and inappropriate axonal projections of one of the nerves innervating extensor limb muscles, which lead to an adult forepaw neuromuscular defect. The molecular basis of the Raldh2L–/– phenotype relies in part on the deregulation of Hoxc8, which in turn regulates the RA receptor RARβ. We further show that Hoxc8 mutant mice, which exhibit a similar congenital forepaw defect, display at embryonic stages molecular defects that phenocopy the Raldh2L–/– motoneuron abnormalities. Thus, interdependent RA signaling and Hox gene functions are required for the specification of brachial motoneurons in the mouse.
Changing Mixed-valence State of Hexacobalt Cluster by Substituting Central Metal Ion and by Electrochemical Reduction —Different Mixed-valence States of [M{Co(prolinato)2}6]4+ (M = Ba2+ and La3+)
Authors: Komiyama Takashi , Igarashi Satoshi , Hoshino Yoshimasa , Yukawa Yasuhiko
Published: March 2005

Clusters, Ba{Co(prolinato)2}6 and La{Co(prolinato)2}6, which are bridged by prolinato ligands, were crystallized as [M{Co(prolinato)2}6](ClO4)4. The Ba{Co(pro)2}6 cluster has two CoIII and four CoII and the La{Co(pro)2}6 cluster has one CoIII and five CoII; i.e., the mixed-valence state of the cobalt cluster is different according to the oxidation number of the central ion. The both mixed-valence clusters change into divalent hexacobalt clusters by electrochemical reduction.
A High Voltage Dye-sensitized Solar Cell using a Nanoporous NiO Photocathode
Authors: Nakasa Akihiko , Usami Hisanao , Sumikura Seiichi , Hasegawa Satoshi , Koyama Toshiki , Suzuki Eiji
Published: March 2005

An np tandem dye-sensitized solar cell (np-DSC) comprising a titanium dioxide (TiO2) anode and a nickel oxide (NiO) cathode prepared as porous nanostructured films by a sol–gel method using a triblock copolymer template (P123, HO(OCH2CH2)20(OCH(CH3)CH2)70(OCH2CH2)20OH))CH2 exhibited a high open circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.92 V that surpassed the long time champion data, ≈0.8 V for conventional DSC.
Surface Conductivity in Methyl-monolayer/Si Heterojunction Structure in the Presence of Water
Authors: Niwa Daisuke , Fukunaga Hiroshi , Homma Takayuki , Osaka Tetsuya
Published: March 2005

The heterojunction between Si(111) semiconductor and the well-ordered methyl monolayer was formed to investigate the channel conduction at the surface in the heterojunction structure. With the presence of water, the methyl monolayer/Si heterojunction structure showed switching action with a high tranceconductance of 2.8 × 10−3 A/V under the application of bias voltage, while without the presence of water, such a switching behavior was not observed. The methyl monolayer/Si heterojunction structure worked as a p-type mode with the presence of water at the modified surface.
Bacterial Diskospondylitis Associated with Posterior Paresis/Paralysis in North American Farmed Mink (Mustela vison)
Authors: Olson E. J. , Parker J. B. , Carlson C. S.
Published: March 2005

Posterior paresis/paralysis in farmed mink is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality, with individual farms reporting the loss of as many as 700 animals each year. Although this disease has been recognized by North American mink farmers for approximately 40 years, there are few published reports focusing on this entity. The objective of this study was to investigate the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease. Complete necropsy examinations were done on 40 clinically affected mink, ranging from 7 to 10 weeks of age, and on three normal animals in the same age range from two mink farms. Thirty-two of the 40 clinically affected animals had an isolated vertebral lesion characterized by bone lysis and proliferation that usually was centered on an intervertebral disk space in the midthoracic area. An inflammatory reaction, composed primarily of neutrophils, was present within the vertebral sections in 25 of the 40 affected animals (62.5%), and the presence of gram-positive cocci was confirmed in 8 of 10 animals (80%) in which bacterial organisms were observed histologically. Bacterial cultures from 15 affected animals yielded Streptococcus sp. from the intervertebral disk space in 13 of 15 (86.7%) animals and from heart blood in 6 of 8 (75%). A farm visit revealed no history or evidence of traumatic wounds as a source of infection in these animals, and the diet appeared to be adequate for skeletal development. We conclude that posterior paresis/paralysis in farmed mink is associated with bacterial diskospondylitis, likely occurring secondary to bacteremia/septicemia.
An Ancillary Tool for the Diagnosis of Amyloid A Amyloidosis in a Variety of Domestic and Wild Animals
Authors: Shtrasburg S. , Gal R. , Gruys E. , Perl S. , Martin B. M. , Kaplan B. , Koren R. , Nyska A. , Pras M. , Livneh A.
Published: March 2005

Immunohistochemistry, the standard method for diagnosing amyloid A (AA) amyloidosis, is limited in animals because it requires a large array of animal-specific anti-AA antibodies, not commercially available. The Shtrasburg method (SH method) is a highly specific and sensitive technique, helping in the diagnosis and determination of AA amyloidosis in humans. The aim of this study is to determine whether the SH method is applicable in the diagnosis of AA amyloidosis in a variety of animals. Tissue samples were obtained from animals suffering from spontaneous or experimentally induced AA amyloidosis (mice, hamsters, guinea pigs, cheetahs, cats, cows, ducks, a dog, a goose, a chicken, and a turaco). Detection of the amyloid and quantitative evaluation were performed using Congo red staining, and specific AA typing was performed by the potassium permanganate technique. The studied tissues were subjected to the SH method, which confirmed the AA nature of the amyloid deposit, by displaying in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis protein bands consistent with the molecular weight of the species-specific AA, in all the animals examined, except mice, hamsters, and guinea pigs. N-terminal analysis of these bands corroborated their AA origin. We conclude that the SH method may be used as an ancillary simple tool for the diagnosis of AA amyloidosis in a large number of domestic and wild animals. Moreover, our findings further increase the feasibility of applying this method in humans.
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Naturally Infected Dogs is Associated with a T Helper-2-biased Immune Response
Authors: Brachelente C. , Müller N. , Doherr M. G. , Sattler U. , Welle M.
Published: March 2005

Skin lesions are a frequent manifestation of Leishmania infantum infections in Mediterranean countries. This study demonstrates by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction the local cytokine response in skin biopsies from Leishmania-infected dogs ( n = 10). As controls, we investigated skin biopsies from healthy ( n = 10) and fleabite hypersensitive dogs (n = 10). We established a quantitative PCR to determine the parasite burden in biopsies. The objective was to elucidate whether a correlation exists between parasite number, histologic response, and T helper-1 (TH1)/T helper-2 (TH2) cytokine expression in lesional skin of naturally infected dogs. In Leishmania-infected dogs, interleukin-4 (IL-4), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) messenger RNA production was significantly higher than controls. Furthermore, dogs with a high Leishmania burden had a significantly higher IL-4 expression, whereas no difference was noted with regard to expression of other cytokines. By comparing the pattern of inflammation and cytokine expression, a clear trend became evident in that levels of IL-4, TNF-α, and IFN-γ were elevated in biopsies with a periadnexal nodular pattern and in biopsies where the severity of the periadnexal infiltrate was equal to the perivascular to interstitial infiltrate. Expression of IL-4, IL-13, and TNF-α was slightly increased in biopsies where plasma cells prevailed on lymphocytes, whereas expression of IFN-γ was moderately higher when lymphocytes were predominating. In summary, the present study demonstrates that the local immune response in naturally occurring leishmaniasis includes TH1 as well as TH2 cytokine subsets. Furthermore, respective data suggest that increased expression of the TH2-type cytokine IL-4 is associated with both severe clinical signs and a high parasite burden in the skin lesions.
Multiple Perineuriomas in Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)
Authors: Toyoda T. , Ochiai K. , Ohashi K. , Tomioka Y. , Kimura T. , Umemura T.
Published: March 2005

Intraneural perineurioma is an extremely rare condition characterized by perineurial cell proliferation within peripheral nerve (PN) sheaths. In the veterinary field, this entity has been reported only in a dog. We examined multiple enlargements of PNs in 11 chickens ( Gallus gallus domesticus) (9 Japanese bantams and 2 specific pathogen-free White Leghorn), which were inoculated with an avian leukosis virus (ALV) causing so-called fowl glioma. All chickens clinically exhibited progressive leg paralysis. Lumbosacral plexus, brachial plexus, and/or spinal ganglion were commonly affected, and these nerves contained a diffuse proliferation of spindle cells arranged concentrically in characteristic onion bulb-like structures surrounded by residual axons and myelin sheaths. The spindle cells were immunohistochemically negative for S-100α/β protein. Electron microscopy revealed that these cells were characterized by short bipolar cytoplasmic processes, occasional cytoplasmic pinocytotic vesicles, and discontinuous basal laminae. These features are consistent with those of intraneural perineurioma. Furthermore, the specific sequence of the ALV was detected in the PN lesions of 8/11 (73%) birds by polymerase chain reaction. These results indicate that the multiple intraneural perineuriomas of chicken may be associated with the ALV-A causing fowl glioma.
Viral Antigen Distribution in the Respiratory Tract of Cattle Persistently Infected with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Subtype 2a
Authors: Confer A. W. , Fulton R. W. , Step D. L. , Johnson B. J. , Ridpath J. F.
Published: March 2005

Tissues were obtained at necropsy from the nasal vestibule, turbinates, nasopharynx, trachea, tracheobronchial bifurcation, and lung from each of 10 clinically healthy calves persistently infected (PI) with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) serotype 2a. Tissues from the nasal vestibule were obtained by biopsy from five additional PI calves. Formalin-fixed tissues were processed for immunohistochemistry to localize the distribution of BVDV throughout the respiratory tract. Antigen distribution and intensity were subjectively evaluated. Throughout the respiratory tract, mononuclear leukocytes, vascular smooth muscle, and endoneural and perineural cells had BVDV immunoreactivity (BVDV-IR). Multifocally, squamous and ciliated columnar epithelium throughout the respiratory tract contained weak to moderate BVDV antigen. Viral antigen was not seen in goblet cells. BVDV-IR in mixed tubuloalveolar glands of the nasal cavity was weak to strong in serous secretory cells and ductular epithelium. Chondrocytes of the concha often contained BVDV antigen diffusely. Nasal mucus-secreting and tracheobronchial glands multifocally contained weak viral signal. In all cases, alveolar macrophages had moderate to strong BVDV-IR, whereas BVDV-IR in alveolar epithelial cells was weak to moderate. BVDV was present in interalveolar leukocytes and mesenchymal cells. Results indicate that serous secretions of the nasal cavity, productive viral infection of epithelium, and infected leukocytes in respiratory secretions are likely major sources of infectious BVDV from PI calves. The presence of BVDV antigen in respiratory epithelium is, at least, indirect support for the notion that this virus predisposes PI cattle to secondary microbial infections.
Heterotopic Kidney Tissue in the Lung of a Free-living Common Dolphin (Delphinus delphis)
Authors: Di Guardo G. , Marruchella G. , Affronte M. , Zappulli V. , Benazzi C.
Published: March 2005

A spontaneous case of renal heterotopia involving the lung parenchyma of a free-living, adult, female common dolphin ( Delphinus delphis), which was found stranded alive on the North Adriatic Sea coast of Italy, is reported in this study. The lesion, slightly visible from the macroscopic point of view, had the histologic appearance of a ''foreign tissue island,'' which was poorly demarcated from the surrounding pulmonary tissue. Within such an island, several regularly shaped and apparently mature kidney glomeruli and tubules could be observed, with no evidence of secondary tissue reaction. To the best of our knowledge, this should be the first description of heterotopic kidney tissue occurrence in the lung of any domestic or wild animal species.
West Nile Virus Encephalitis in a Dog
Authors: Read R. W. , Rodriguez D. B. , Summers B. A.
Published: March 2005

In November 2002, a 2-year-old, spayed Maltese Terrier in central Mississippi was presented for an acute illness characterized by uncontrolled hyperactivity that rapidly progressed to generalized tremors, ataxia, and intermittent hyperthermia. Postmortem examination after a 2-week course revealed mild, multifocal, nonsuppurative meningo encephalitis, with focal necrosis in the medulla. Reverse transcriptase-nested-polymerase chain reaction for West Nile virus (WNV) was positive on brain and negative on other tissues. Immunohistochemistry was negative on all tissues. The clinical, postmortem, and laboratory findings are consistent with acute encephalitis due to WNV infection. WNV infection should be considered in dogs showing signs of encephalitis when and where WNV and mosquito vectors occur.
Ovarian Epithelioid Trophoblastic Tumor in a Cynomolgus Monkey
Authors: Giusti A. M. F. , Terron A. , Belluco S. , Scanziani E. , Carcangiu M. L.
Published: March 2005

Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor (ETT) is an unusual type of trophoblastic tumor, with features resembling carcinoma. In this study, we describe a 4-year-old cynomolgus monkey ( Macaca fascicularis) showing, at necropsy, a lobulated mass replacing the left ovary and several nodular lesions within the lungs. Histologically, the mass in the ovary and lung metastases were characterized by nests of epithelioid cells, with intermingled, occasional, multinucleate tumor cells consistent with syncytiotrophoblasts and moderate amount of eosinophilic, hyaline-like material. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were diffusely positive for cytokeratins (AE1/AE3) and inhibin-α, but only focal immunoreactivity was observed for human chorionic gonadotropin, whereas placental alkaline phosphatase was always negative. On the basis of morphology and immunohistochemical reactivity, tumor cells were identified as intermediate trophoblast.
Adrenal Myelolipoma in a Dog
Authors: Tursi M. , Iussich S. , Prunotto M. , Buracco P.
Published: March 2005

Abdominal ultrasound examination in an 11-year-old, intact, female Labrador dog with hepatic disease revealed a nodular swelling of the left adrenal gland. Hyperadrenocorticism was suspected, but endocrine tests were negative. At the owner's request, an adrenalectomy was performed. Grossly, a nodular mass protruded from the external surface of the left adrenal gland and in cut section was hemorrhagic and effaced the cortical and medullary regions. Histologic examination revealed a cortical neoplasm with medullary involvement. The mass was composed of well-differentiated adipose cells, megakaryocytes, hematopoietic cells, and macrophages containing hemosiderin deposits. A diagnosis of cortical adrenal myelolipoma was made.
A Note on the Relation between Frames, Perceptions, and Taxpayer Behavior*
Authors: JACKSON SCOTT B. , HATFIELD RICHARD C.
Published: March 2005

In this study, we incorporate taxpayers' threat /opportunity perceptions into our analysis of taxpayer behavior in order to refine and extend our understanding of the internal cognitive forces that shape taxpayer behavior. Decision‐making frames (that is, the gain and loss domains from the prospect theory value function) and individual perceptions (that is, perceptions of decision alternatives as being threats or opportunities) are both likely to influence behavior, yet prior research has generally ignored the behavioral effects of individual perceptions. The results of our experiment reveal that taxpayers who are due a tax refund (owe additional taxes) prior to considering a judgemental tax deduction tend to perceive the conservative (aggressive) tax deduction to be more of an opportunity/less of a threat. In turn, we find that taxpayer frames have a direct effect on taxpayer behavior and an indirect effect on behavior through their effect on taxpayers' threat/opportunity perceptions. Perhaps the most important message of this study is that researchers can advance our understanding of the internal cognitive processes that shape taxpayer behavior by incorporating taxpayer perceptions into their research designs.
The Impact of R&D Intensity on Demand for Specialist Auditor Services*
Authors: GODFREY JAYNE M. , HAMILTON JANE
Published: March 2005

The audit fee research literature argues that auditors' costs of developing brand name reputations, including top‐tier designation and recognition for industry specialization, are compensated through audit fee premiums. Audited firms reduce agency costs by engaging high‐quality auditors who monitor the levels and reporting of discretionary expenditures and accruals. In this study we examine whether specialist auditor choice is associated with a particular discretionary expenditure ‐ research and development (R&D). For a large sample of U.S. companies from a range of industries, we find strong evidence that R&D intensity is positively associated with firms' choices of auditors who specialize in auditing R&D contracts. Additionally, we find that R&D intensive firms tend to appoint top‐tier auditors. We use simultaneous equations to control for interrelationships between dependent variables in addition to single‐equation ordinary least squares (OLS) and logistic regression models. Our results are particularly strong in tests using samples of small firms whose auditor choice is not constrained by the need to appoint a top‐tier auditor to ensure the auditor's financial independence from the client.
Seasonal Fishery Dynamics of a Previously Unexploited Rainbow Trout Population with Contrasts to Established Fisheries
Authors: Poorten Brett T. , Post John R.
Published: March 2005

Although predator–prey interactions between anglers and fish populations are well studied and understood, little is known about whether these interactions differ between lightly and fully exploited populations. Furthermore, within-season shifts in catch rates are poorly understood. These differences have been thought to be due in part to changes in fish behavior after catch and release, which reduces the overall catchability of the population. To address these questions, angling was introduced to a previously unexploited population of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and the within-season fishery dynamics were contrasted with those of fully exploited populations. We found that catch rates rapidly decreased after the introduction of angling; moreover, once this had occurred, angler effort decreased. Catch per unit effort (CPUE) and catchability of the lightly exploited population were initially quite high compared with most exploited populations but quickly decreased throughout the summer to levels similar to those of fish populations that have been open to angling for decades. Therefore, the differences in catch rates are transitory and the unexploited population quickly becomes indiscernible from fully exploited populations. Seasonality in CPUE was observed in all lakes, with significant decreases in CPUE throughout the summer. These changes in CPUE reflected changes in catchability throughout the season. Although the relative effects of harvest and possible behavioral shifts in fish after catch and release accounted for some variation in catchability, the effects were insufficient to explain total seasonal decreases in catchability in the previously unexploited population. These findings demonstrate that any potential shifts in fish behavior subsequent to catch and release are inadequate to explain seasonal shifts in catch rates. Apparently, seasonal changes in CPUE are driven more by ecological processes than by the fishery.
Using Field Data to Estimate the Realized Thermal Niche of Aquatic Vertebrates
Authors: Huff David D. , Hubler Shannon L. , Borisenko Aaron N.
Published: March 2005

The field-derived thermal niche of aquatic vertebrates is potentially useful in determining whether resource management plans are adequate to protect sensitive vertebrates. Our objective was to use field data to estimate the thermal niches of 16 species of aquatic vertebrates and to compare these values among five geographic regions in Oregon. Thermal niche values varied among regions; for example, the upper thermal limit for rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss was 22.4°C in the Blue Mountains ecoregion and 16.9°C in the Cascades ecoregion. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS) analysis of aquatic vertebrate assemblages revealed that level-three ecoregions grouped vertebrate assemblages more cohesively than the third-order hydrologic unit code (basins). Analysis of similarities of Bray–Curtis distance measures supported NMS findings that the structures of aquatic vertebrate assemblages coincide more with ecoregions than with basins. The realized thermal niches calculated in this study are generally comparable to the maximum growth temperatures and upper thermal limits established by other field and laboratory techniques. This information is valuable for managers who devise water temperature criteria as well as fisheries ecologists interested in quantifying or delineating thermal habitat.
Juvenile Rainbow Trout Production in New York Tributaries of Lake Ontario: Implications for Atlantic Salmon Restoration
Authors: McKenna James E. , Johnson James H.
Published: March 2005

Three Pacific salmonid species Onchorynchus spp. have replaced the extirpated Atlantic salmon Salmo salar as the main migratory salmonid in the Lake Ontario drainage. One of those species, the nonnative rainbow trout O. mykiss, has become widely distributed within the historical Atlantic salmon habitat, occupying an ecological niche similar to that of juvenile Atlantic salmon. Consequently, both a tributary's carrying capacity for Atlantic salmon and competition from established nonnative species are important when considering the feasibility of Atlantic salmon restoration. Estimation of juvenile rainbow trout production will help evaluate the capacity of tributaries to produce salmonids that occupy similar niches. Geostatistical methods were applied to standardized and efficiency-corrected electrofishing data from three of New York's best salmonid-producing streams to precisely estimate juvenile rainbow trout populations. Results indicated that each study stream could produce 20,000–40,000 age-0 and 4,000–10,000 age-1 and older rainbow trout per year. Statistical interpolation indicated areas of significantly different production potential and points of significant changes in productivity. Closer examination of the niche similarity and competitive potential of these two species is needed to properly interpret these estimates with regard to Atlantic salmon restoration.
Movements and Mortality Rates of Striped Mullet in North Carolina
Authors: Bacheler Nathan M. , Wong Richard A. , Buckel Jeffrey A.
Published: March 2005

Striped mullet Mugil cephalus is an economically important species to commercial and recreational fishermen, as well as an ecologically significant detritivore linking lower trophic levels with a wide variety of estuarine and marine fish and birds. Despite this importance, striped mullet migration patterns and mortality rates are poorly understood. Approximately 15,000 striped mullet were tagged in North Carolina between 1997 and 2001, and monthly movement information was collected on recovered individuals (n = 384) from commercial and recreational fishermen and state agency personnel. A tag return model was used to estimate an instantaneous total mortality rate, and this rate was partitioned into natural and fishing components by means of life history methods. Nearly all (98.2%) striped mullet were recovered in North Carolina, the remaining few being recovered in nearby states. Striped mullet moved southward of their tagging locations and had the highest daily movement rate between the months of August and November. Movements corresponded to the months when spawning migrations are thought to occur in North Carolina. A smaller but substantial proportion of fish were recovered north of their tagging locations in late fall. Instantaneous total mortality rates of 2.12 and 1.71 were estimated using the two most parsimonious models for individuals larger than 300 mm fork length, comparing well with preliminary estimates from an independent statistical catch-at-age model. Concomitant holding tank experiments suggested that tag retention and posttagging survival, two central assumptions of the tag return model, were extremely high for adult striped mullet. These results will be incorporated into the North Carolina striped mullet fishery management plan currently in development.
Monitoring Fish Wheel Catch Using Event-Triggered Video Technology
Authors: Daum David W.
Published: March 2005

In large, turbid rivers, fish wheels are often used as a live-capture technique for monitoring migratory fish runs. After capture in the wheel's rotating baskets, fish are lifted out of the water, slid down a chute, collected in a live-box, and then sampled. To eliminate the handling and holding of fish associated with fish wheel live-boxes, an event-triggered video system was developed so that fish were video recorded during capture and then immediately released back into the river. A magnetic switch, connected to an exit door installed in the fish wheel chute, signaled a computer to videotape passing fish. Periods of no fish capture were not recorded. Reliability and accuracy were evaluated over a 3-year period, 2001–2003. In over 14,000 h of operation and 262,000 recorded fish images, the system failed only once (due to a malfunction of the exit door). Fish counts from the video system were 4% higher than counts from fish wheel live-boxes, mostly because fish were jumping out of the live-box before counting began. Compared with continuous time-lapse recordings, the video system missed 1% of captured fish, mostly small Coregonus spp. that passed under the exit door without activating the switch. Subsequent adjustments to the door and software capture settings eliminated undercounting. The advantages of the switch-triggered video system over traditional fish wheels with live-boxes were reduced handling and holding time for captured fish; improved counting accuracy; unattended operation; and lower labor costs. Future developments in image recognition and motion detection software should increase the use of event-triggered video in fishery science.
Severe Pregnancy Complication (Preeclampsia) Is Associated With Greater Periodontal Destruction
Authors: Oettinger‐Barak Orit , Barak Shlomi , Ohel Gonen , Oettinger Moshe , Kreutzer Harald , Peled Micha , Machtei Eli E.
Published: March 2005

Background: Preeclampsia is a pregnancy‐specific disease which is one of the leading causes of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. The etiology of preeclampsia remains elusive. The underlying pathology may be related to a generalized intravascular hyperinflammatory state. Since the placental histopathologic lesions of acute atherosis, seen in preeclampsia, bear resemblance to those seen in atherosclerosis, and recent evidence links atherosclerosis with chronic infection, we decided to investigate a possible link between preeclampsia and chronic periodontal infection.

Methods: Thirty primigravidas, 15 suffering from preeclampsia, had full mouth periodontal examinations. Gingival crevicular fluid samples were taken for laboratory immunological assessment. Similar examination and sampling were performed in 15 age‐ and maternal status‐matched controls.

Results: Significantly higher periodontal probing depth and clinical attachment level scores were found in the preeclamptic group compared with controls (2.98 versus 2.11 and 3.33 versus 2.30, respectively). Plaque index, gingival index, and mean gingival overgrowth scores were very similar in both groups. Furthermore, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐ α, and interleukin (IL)‐1 β levels were all significantly higher in the preeclamptic group (247.4 ngr/sample versus 89.1 ngr/sample, 8.03 pgr/sample versus 4.03 pgr/sample, and 175.7 pgr/sample versus 62.2 pgr/sample, respectively).

Conclusion: The above results suggest a possible association between periodontal inflammation and preeclampsia. J Periodontol 2005;76:134‐137.
Alveolar Bone Necrosis and Tooth Exfoliation Following Herpes Zoster Infection: A Review of the Literature and Case Report
Authors: Mendieta C. , Miranda J. , Brunet L.l. , Gargallo J. , Berini L.
Published: March 2005

Background: Herpes zoster (HZ) presents as a cutaneous vesicular eruption in the area innervated by the affected sensory nerve, usually associated with severe pain. Oral manifestations of HZ appear when the mandibular or maxillary divisions of the trigeminal nerve are affected.

Methods: This is a case report of a 63‐year‐old woman with HZ infection with trigeminal nerve involvement that led to a rapid loss of alveolar bone and exfoliation of two teeth.

Results: The initial intraoral examination showed redness of the alveolar mucosa and gingiva of the lower right quadrant with multiple well‐delimited and painful erosive lesions affecting the attached gingiva around the teeth. Two weeks later, teeth number 27 (lower right canine) and 28 (lower right first premolar) had class III mobility, flow of purulent exudate from the gingival sulcus, and deep pockets ( >11 mm). The radiological examination showed advanced alveolar bone loss around both teeth. The prognosis for teeth number 27 and 28 was considered hopeless, and they were extracted. Due to extensive necrosis there was no interdental alveolar bone. The case is presented with a review of clinical data from patients with trigeminal HZ infection associated with osteonecrosis or exfoliation of teeth previously reported in the literature. The mechanisms by which the HZ infection leads to the alveolar bone necrosis are discussed.

Conclusions: Extensive osteonecrosis and exfoliation of teeth in the area innervated by the nerve affected by HZ has been reported after HZ infection. Clinicians should be aware of this possible outcome after a trigeminal HZ infection. J Periodontol 2005;76:148‐153.
Comparative Evaluation of Decalcified and Non‐Decalcified Freeze‐Dried Bone Allografts in Rhesus Monkeys. I. Histologic Findings
Authors: Yukna Raymond A. , Vastardis Sotirios
Published: March 2005

Background: Controversy exists regarding the relative merits of decalcified (DFDBA) and non‐decalcified (FDBA) freeze‐dried bone allografts when used in periodontal or other oral surgical procedures.

Methods: Under typical sedation, six rhesus monkeys had nylon mesh cylinders containing either DFDBA or FDBA implanted into surgically created vertical grooves on the facial aspects of all posterior quadrants. Each quadrant received three cylinders containing one type of bone, plus one empty cylinder (E) as negative control, and the full thickness flaps were closed to completely cover the cylinders. Cylinders were retrieved at 1, 2, and 3 months and processed for histologic evaluation. Photomicrographs taken at 8x were randomly evaluated using a histometric grid point counting technique for new bone and old bone within the chambers, and the data were analyzed with analysis of variance plus post‐tests.

Results: The nylon chambers and their contents were well‐tolerated by the tissues. FDBA chambers contained more new bone and total bone than either the DFDBA or E chambers at all time periods (P <0.05). DFDBA was not statistically significantly different than E at any time period. FDBA had less old bone than DFDBA at 3 months (P <0.05). FDBA and DFDBA had more total bone (grafted plus new) present than E at all time periods (P <0.05).

Conclusion: These results suggest that FDBA may stimulate earlier, more rapid, and more substantial new bone formation than DFDBA in a monkey jaw defect model system. J Periodontol 2005;76:57‐65.
Increased Interleukin‐18 in Patients With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis and Early Attachment Loss
Authors: Miranda Leticia A. , Fischer Ricardo G. , Sztajnbok Flavio R. , Johansson Anders , Figueredo Carlos Marcelo S. , Gustafsson Anders
Published: March 2005

Background: Patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) have been shown to have incipient attachment loss (AL) more frequently than systemically healthy individuals. This study investigated neutrophil activity and proinflammatory cytokines in these patients and aged‐matched controls.

Methods: Elastase activity, measured with a low molecular weight substrate (S‐2484), and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), measured with the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), were analyzed in the gingival fluid of 38 patients with JIA and 29 controls. IL‐1β and interleukin‐18 (IL‐18) were measured with ELISA in the serum of the same groups. Subgingival plaque was analyzed by DNA probes to detect 12 bacteria.

Results: Significantly elevated serum levels of IL‐1β and IL‐18 were found in the JIA group. No differences were found in the gingival fluid levels of elastase and IL‐1β between groups, or in the frequency of subjects positive to most of the bacteria analyzed, except F. nucleatum, C. rectus, P. micros, and S. intermedius, which were significantly more frequent in the control group. When the JIA group was subdivided according to the presence/absence of AL, IL‐18 was significantly increased in the JIA subgroup with AL compared to those without it. There were no differences in the subgingival microbiota between the subgroups.

Conclusion: The findings of increased serum IL‐18 and IL‐1β in patients with JIA accompanied by a similar subgingival microbiota suggest that the increased frequency of incipient attachment loss observed in these patients might be due to their altered systemic inflammatory response, making them more susceptible to periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2005;76:75‐82.
Collagen Fiber Orientation in Human Peri‐Implant Bone Around Immediately Loaded and Unloaded Titanium Dental Implants
Authors: Traini Tonino , Degidi Marco , Caputi Sergio , Strocchi Rita , Di Iorio Donato , Piattelli Adriano
Published: March 2005

Background: The main factor in determining the mechanical properties of bone is the collagen configuration.

Methods: This study investigated the birefringence in human bone around loaded and unloaded titanium dental implants to evaluate the collagen fiber orientation using circularly polarized light (CPL) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A total of 10 titanium dental implants, five immediately loaded and five unloaded, were used. The birefringence measurements were performed on digitized images of both loaded and unloaded implants. All images detected at 50x were measured using a software image analysis.

Results: In the bone around loaded implants, the transverse collagen fiber area was 45,481 ± 3,037 pixel2 (mean ± SD), while the area of longitudinal collagen fibers was 13,676 ± 2,232 pixel2 (mean ± SD). In the unloaded implants, the transverse collagen fiber area was 32,174 ± 2,554 pixel2 (mean ± SD), while the area of longitudinal collagen fibers was 89,073 ± 1,960 pixel2 (mean ± SD). The CPL measurements of the birefringence for transverse collagen fibers of loaded versus unloaded implants indicated that the differences were statistically significant (P <0.05). The results for the longitudinal collagen fibers of loaded versus unloaded implants were also statistically significant (P <0.05).

Conclusions: In the bone around loaded dental implants, transverse collagen fibers were more abundant, while in the unloaded implants, collagen fibers run more longitudinally. The load seemed to determine the collagen fiber orientation.J Periodontol 2005;76:83‐89.