bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Concerted Action of Aldehyde Dehydrogenases Influences Depot-Specific Fat Formation
Authors: Reichert Barbara , Yasmeen Rumana , Jeyakumar Shanmugam M. , Yang Fangping , Thomou Thomas , Alder Hansjuerg , Duester Gregg , Maiseyeu Andrei , Mihai Georgeta , Harrison Earl H. , Rajagopalan Sanjay , Kirkland James L. , Ziouzenkova Ouliana
Published: March 2011

Vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid (RA) regulates life-sustaining differentiation processes and metabolic homeostasis. The aldehyde dehydrogenase-1 (Aldh1) family of enzymes (Aldh1a1, a2, and a3) catalyzes RA production from retinaldehyde and thereby controls concentrations of this transcriptionally active metabolite. The hierarchy of Aldh1 functions in adipose tissue has not been elucidated. We hypothesized that Aldh1 enzymes produce endogenous RA and regulate adipogenesis and fat formation in a fat depot-specific manner. We demonstrate that adipogenesis in vitro is accompanied by RA production generated primarily by Aldh1a1. In Aldh1a1-deficient adipocytes, adipogenesis is impaired compared with wild-type adipocytes due to markedly reduced expression of PPARγ regulated through zinc-finger protein 423 (ZFP423)-dependent mechanisms. These effects were recovered to some extent either by RA stimulation or overexpression of any of the Aldh1 enzymes in Aldh1a1−/− cells arguing that Aldh1a1 plays a dominant role in autocrine RA production. In vivo studies in C57/BL6 and Aldh1a1−/− mice on a regular diet revealed that multiple Aldh1 enzymes regulate differences in the formation of sc and visceral fat. In Aldh1a1−/− mice, visceral fat essentially lacked all Aldh1 expression. This loss of RA-producing enzymes was accompanied by 70% decreased expression of ZFP423, PPARγ, and Fabp4 in visceral fat of Aldh1a1−/−vs. wild-type mice and by the predominant loss of visceral fat. Subcutaneous fat of Aldh1a1−/− mice expressed Aldh1a3 for RA production that was sufficient to maintain expression of ZFP423 and PPARγ and sc fat mass. Our data suggest a paradigm for regulation of fat depots through the concerted action of Aldh1 enzymes that establish RA-dependent tandem regulation of transcription factors ZFP423 and PPARγ in a depot-specific manner.
Correlation Between Water Vapor and Air Permeability of Building Materials: Experimental Observations
Authors: Mukhopadhyaya Phalguni , Batcheller Devin , Kumaran Kumar , Lackey John , van Reenen David , Normandin Nicole
Published: March 2011

Two fundamental properties of building materials that influence the hygrothermal performance of building envelope systems are water vapor permeability and air permeability. The driving forces for water vapor and air transmission through building materials are, respectively, partial water vapor pressure and total air pressure differentials. The theoretical similarity of the driving forces would suggest the possibility of a relationship between water vapor and air permeability. During past two decades, researchers at the National Research Council of Canada—Institute for Research in Construction have compiled a database of measured air permeability and water vapor permeability properties of building materials commonly used in North America. This material properties database was examined to identify the degree to which air permeability and water vapor permeability of the building materials might be functionally related. The database was segregated into categories for different material types. An approximately linear relationship could, within some categories, be observed between water vapor permeability and air permeability. There were however approximately as many categories within which no relationship between the parameters was apparent as there were categories within which functional relationships between the parameters were apparent. Within categories where functional relationships were apparent, the form of the relationships generally depended on the mean relative humidity at which water vapor permeability was measured. In most cases, a definitive functional form of the relationship between water vapor permeability and air permeability could not be established.
To grow up with Crohn’s disease
Authors: B. Kovács Judit , Nagy Anikó , Szabó András , Lőrincz Margit
Published: March 2011

Objective: To assess the characteristics and course of childhood-onset Crohn’s disease among Hungarian patients. Methods: Records of 81 patients admitted between 1984 and 2006 and treated at least for one year until the 18th year of age were reviewed. Results: There was a 62% male dominance and a rate of 12.5% of familial cases. The diagnostic lag was 11.36 (1–96) months. The mean age was 13.6 years (4–17), the activity index was 37.88 (5–80) at diagnosis and the initial frequencies were as follows: ileal affection 87%, stricturing and penetrating forms 27%, perianal manifestation 26%, giant cells or granuloma formation 47%, malnutrition 23,5%, growth failure 11%. Steroid therapy and azathioprin treatment were given in 84% and 62% of the patients, respectively. Biologic treatment was not possible during the study period. 31% of the patients underwent surgery (abdominal surgery 20%, perianal surgery 11%). When patients reached the 18th year of age the mean activity index decreased to 6.63 (0–35), the rate of malnutrition to 9.9% and that of growth failure to 2.5%. All these changes were statistically significant. Conclusions: Characteristics of childhood-onset Crohn’s disease in Hungary are similar to those obtained in other European countries. The prolonged diagnostic lag, the high initial activity index, the granuloma formation and the stricturing/penetrating behavior may predict subsequent complications and need for surgery, and, therefore, justify intense initial therapy. The early introduction of immunomodulatory therapy affects favorably the course of illness. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 546–554.
Introducing the new laboratory standard of HbA1cdetermination in Hungary
Authors: Bekő Gabriella
Published: March 2011

A new laboratory standard, specific for HbA1cwas prepared by the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. Consequently, manufacturers will supply their calibrators with the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine standard. Laboratories in Hungary switch to this new method in April 1, 2011. After this date, results of HbA1cmeasurements will be reported in International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine units (mmol/mol) and in the derived National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program units (%) calculated by master equation from the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine/National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program methods. Using the new standardization the HbA1cmeasurements will be traceable to the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine reference method and interlaboratory comparisons will be possible. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 555–558.
Coinfection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis C Virus: Challenges and Therapeutic Advances
Authors: Deming Paulina , McNicholl Ian R.
Published: March 2011

In the United States, approximately 30% of all human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐positive patients are also infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). Both viruses share similar routes of transmission. Unlike HIV or hepatitis B virus, HCV is curable if treated and the patient achieves a sustained virologic response. The impact of coinfection includes greater morbidity and mortality, with higher rates of opportunistic disease, development of cirrhosis, and death. The standard of treatment for HIV‐HCV coinfection is similar to that for HCV monoinfection and consists of pegylated interferon alfa and ribavirin. As with HCV monoinfection, the best predictor of response to therapy for HIV‐HCV coinfection is infection with an HCV genotype other than genotype 1 or 4. Adherence to treatment is critical for improving response to HCV therapy. However, considerable toxicities are associated with pegylated interferon alfa and ribavirin and pose particular problems in the coinfected patient. Coinfected patients are more likely to experience significant weight loss with HCV therapy. Neutropenia and anemia are both common laboratory abnormalities that necessitate dosage reductions and are concerns for development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome‐defining events. The effect of CD4+ cell count has been evaluated both as a factor in response to HCV therapy and in stratification of risk for infection. Immunosuppression is not a contraindication to HCV therapy, although CD4+ counts above 350 cells/mm3 are associated with increased response rates in patients with HCV genotype 1 coinfection. Antiretroviral therapy does need to be adjusted to minimize adverse effects. Concomitant use of zidovudine is contraindicated because of its profound exacerbation of bone marrow suppression. The use of didanosine is also not indicated during HCV therapy because of the risks of hepatic decompensation. Controversy exists regarding the use of abacavir. Newer agents for HCV include the protease inhibitors telaprevir and boceprevir. Although results with the protease inhibitors are highly encouraging, their effects in coinfected patients have not been evaluated. Treatment for HCV in patients with HIV poses potential obstacles to success, but the benefits of viral eradication warrant the challenge of therapy.
Empiric Antifungal Therapy in Patients with Febrile Neutropenia
Authors: Ferrara Jenna J. , MacDougall Conan , Gallagher Jason C.
Published: March 2011

Invasive fungal infections, most commonly candidiasis or aspergillosis, are a major cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with neutropenia. Difficulty in diagnosing invasive fungal infections in these patients complicates decisions regarding pharmacotherapy. Because of the difficult diagnosis and the significant morbidity and mortality of fungal infections in patients with neutropenia, systemic antifungal agents are used as empiric antifungal therapy in patients with febrile neutropenia who are not responding to antibacterial therapy. The pharmacotherapy of invasive fungal infections has evolved rapidly within the past several years as numerous antifungal agents—different formulations of amphotericin B, azoles, and echinocandins—have become available for use as empiric antifungal therapy in patients with febrile neutropenia. Various levels of evidence support the use of these agents for this indication. Their use is limited, however, by drug intolerance, drug interactions, adverse‐event profiles, and limited activity with some mold species. Thus, considerations for selecting an antifungal drug for empiric use in patients with febrile neutropenia should include the epidemiology of fungal infections in the individual patient's institution and the specific clinical circumstances of the patient.
Brand Name versus Generic Warfarin: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Dentali Francesco , Donadini Marco P. , Clark Nathan , Crowther Mark A. , Garcia David , Hylek Elaine , Witt Dan M. , Ageno Walter ,   Warfarin Associated Research Projects and Other Endeavors (WARPED)
Published: March 2011

The use of generic drugs has become increasingly common in clinical practice. However, for drugs with a narrow therapeutic index, such as warfarin, there may be some concern regarding the definition of bioequivalence. Clinical studies that compared brand name and generic warfarin products provided conflicting results. Therefore, we performed a systematic review of the literature to better assess the characteristics of each generic warfarin product. Several sources were searched, including MEDLINE and EMBASE, electronic records of meetings' abstracts, and reference lists of included articles. Articles were considered relevant if they were original studies, enrolled patients receiving oral anticoagulant treatment, and compared any approved generic warfarin with brand name warfarin in at least one clinical, laboratory, or management outcome. Eleven studies, with a total of more than 40,000 patients, were included; five were randomized controlled trials, and six were observational studies. In three crossover trials evaluating the mean difference of the international normalized ratio (INR) after switching to the alternate formulation of warfarin, no statistically significant difference was found between patients randomly assigned to receive brand name or generic warfarin. The two other randomized trials found no significant differences in the magnitude or number of dosage changes between patients switched to brand name or generic warfarin. The results of the observational studies are more conflicting, suggesting different features for different generic warfarin products. In these observational studies, the time in the therapeutic range and the number of thromboembolic and hemorrhagic complications were similar in studies that compared the anticoagulation control before and after the switch to a generic warfarin product. In one observational study, however, a change in therapeutic INR control after the switch to generic warfarin was reported at the individual patient level. The results of our systematic review suggest that generic warfarin products may be as safe and effective as brand name products and that patients may be safely treated with these products. However, closer monitoring may be reasonable when switching brands, as variations in individual INR response may be seen.
Epileptogenic Potential of Carbapenem Agents: Mechanism of Action, Seizure Rates, and Clinical Considerations
Authors: Miller April D. , Ball Amanda M. , Bookstaver P. Brandon , Dornblaser Emily K. , Bennett Charles L.
Published: March 2011

Antimicrobials are the most frequently implicated class of drugs in drug‐induced seizure, with β‐lactams being the class of antimicrobials most often implicated. The seizure‐inducing potential of the carbapenem subclass may be directly related to their β‐lactam ring structure. Data on individual carbapenems and seizure activity are scarce. To evaluate the available evidence on the association between carbapenem agents and seizure activity, we conducted a literature search of the MEDLINE (1966—May 2010), EMBASE (1974–May 2010), and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970—May 2010) databases. Reference citations from the retrieved articles were also reviewed. Mechanistically, seizure propensity of the β‐lactams is related to their binding to 7‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. There are numerous reports of seizure activity associated with imipenem‐cilastatin, with seizure rates ranging from 3–33%. For meropenem, doripenem, and ertapenem, the seizure rate for each agent is reported as less than 1%. However, as their use increases and expands into new patient populations, the rate of seizures with these agents may increase. High‐dose therapy, especially in patients with renal dysfunction, preexisting central nervous system abnormalities, or a seizure history increases the likelihood of seizure activity. Although specific studies have not been conducted, data indicate that carbapenem‐associated seizure is best managed with benzodiazepines, followed by other agents that enhance GABA transmission. Due to the drug interaction between carbapenems and valproic acid, resulting in clinically significant declines in valproic acid serum concentrations, the combination should be avoided whenever possible. Clinicians should be vigilant regarding the possibility of carbapenem‐induced seizures when selecting and dosing antimicrobial therapy.
Changing Oral Contraceptives from Prescription to Over‐the‐Counter Status: An Opinion Statement of the Women's Health Practice and Research Network of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy
Authors: McIntosh Jennifer , Rafie Sally , Wasik Mitzi , McBane Sarah , Lodise Nicole M. , El‐Ibiary Shareen Y. , Forinash Alicia , Kachlic Marlowe Djuric , Rowe Emily , Besinque Kathy
Published: March 2011

Addressing the issue of unintended pregnancy is a national priority. One proposed strategy to reduce unintended pregnancy is to improve access to oral contraceptives by changing them to over‐the‐counter (OTC) status. Existing data indicate that oral contraceptives meet safety criteria required of OTC products. Available literature demonstrates that women can self‐screen for contraindications to oral contraceptives and can do this as well as clinicians, and experience with OTC emergency contraception suggests that OTC oral contraceptives would not increase sexual risk‐taking behavior. Women support OTC access to oral contraceptives, but express an interest in accessing pharmacist counseling. On the basis of these data, the Women's Health Practice and Research Network of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy supports changing oral contraceptives to OTC status under two conditions: that they are sold where a pharmacist is on duty and that there are mechanisms in place to cover OTC contraceptives through Medicaid. Future research should address the issues of out‐of‐pocket costs to individuals, label‐comprehension studies, and models for pharmacist reimbursement for time spent counseling on contraception.
Pharmacokinetics of the Long‐Acting, First‐Generation Antipsychotic Fluphenazine
Authors: Purvis Tara L. , Hieber Robin N. , Dellenbaugh Timothy , Sommi Roger W.
Published: March 2011

Despite the advantages of second‐generation antipsychotics, effectiveness trials and cost‐effective analyses have caused first‐generation antipsychotics to be reexamined with regard to place in therapy. Developing an understanding of all aspects of first‐generation antipsychotics, including the pharmacokinetic complexity of long‐acting decanoate formulations, are essential for practitioners in order to optimally manage both symptoms and adverse events. We describe a 55‐year‐old schizophrenic man with a severe movement disorder whose symptoms were mistaken for lithium toxicity. Further examination revealed that his fluphenazine plasma level was still detected 4 months after his last dose of fluphenazine decanoate had been administered. The incorrect diagnosis of lithium toxicity resulted in delayed treatment of his severe extrapyramidal symptoms. Administration of a routine dosage of benztropine titrated to 4 mg/day resolved his drug‐induced movement disorder within 72 hours. This case report demonstrates the persistent need for practitioners' awareness of the complex pharmacokinetic properties of long‐term fluphenazine decanoate treatment, resulting in prolonged absorption, and the continued importance of both recognizing adverse events resulting from dopamine D2‐receptor antagonism and developing the ability to distinguish between various types of movement disorders. The potential for increasing use of first‐generation antipsychotics highlights the need to revisit the nuances of long‐acting, injectable pharmacokinetics to improve patient outcomes.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Patients Coinfected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Disseminated Mycobacterium avium Complex
Authors: Dunn Keith J. , Skolnik Paul R. , Azis Leyla , Hardy Helene
Published: March 2011

In patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), antiretroviral therapy has decreased the risk of progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or death significantly. However, many individuals still present with an opportunistic infection as the first clinical manifestation of HIV infection. This complicates therapy due to frequent and complex drug interactions between antiretrovirals and the drugs used to treat the opportunistic infection. We describe a 48‐year‐old man coinfected with HIV and disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). His treatment for MAC started about 2 weeks before he started antiretroviral therapy. The MAC regimen consisted of clarithromycin 500 mg/day, ethambutol 1200 mg/day, rifabutin 150 mg every other day, and ciprofloxacin 500 mg twice/day. His antiretroviral therapy consisted of atazanavir 300 mg/day, ritonavir 100 mg/day, and emtricitabine 200 mg‐tenofovir 300 mg/day. Approximately 95 days after receiving these concomitant therapies, his rifabutin peak concentration was 0.08 μg/ml (goal peak concentration > 0.45 μg/ml); thus, the dosage of rifabutin was increased to 300 mg every other day. Fourteen days later, his rifabutin peak concentration was 0.43 μg/ml. Drug interactions between antiretrovirals and antimycobacterials are complex and not fully understood in patients with HIV infection. Although the recommended dosage of rifabutin in patients receiving a ritonavir‐boosted protease inhibitor, such as atazanavir, is 150 mg every other day, higher dosages may be required to attain optimal rifabutin concentrations in patients receiving these drugs concomitantly.
Congenital Zygomatico-Mandibular Fusion (Pseudo-Syngnathia?) in Conjunction with Unilateral Anophthalmia: Review of Terminology and Classification
Authors: Tauro David P. , Kallappanavar N.K. , Kiran H.Y. , Girhe Vijaykumar J.
Published: March 2011

Syngnathia per se is a rare congenital disorder. A literature survey reveals a total of 26 cases of syngnathia in the English literature since 1936, of which only seven cases involved fusion of the ascending ramus of the mandible to the posterior portion of the maxilla and zygomatic complex. The remaining 19 involved fusion of the alveolar ridges of the maxilla and mandible. This is a unique case of fusion of the mandible to the zygomatic complex presenting with a unilateral anophthalmic orbit in an 18-day-old neonate. The use of the term syngnathia has been reviewed and a modification in classification has been suggested.
Development of prefabricated timber–concrete composite floor systems
Authors: Fragiacomo Massimo , Lukaszewska Elzbieta
Published: March 2011

The timber–concrete composite structure consists of timber joists or beams effectively interconnected to a concrete slab cast on top of the timber members. This type of structure is finding new applications in multi-storey buildings and short-span bridges. Most of the research performed to date has focused on systems where ‘wet' concrete is cast on top of timber beams with mounted connectors. This paper presents a novel composite system where the concrete slab is prefabricated off-site with connectors already embedded and then connected to the timber joists on site. The advantages of this method include reduced cost and better quality control of the materials, absence of ‘wet' components on site during building erection and reduced concrete shrinkage effects on the composite beam. The paper reports an overview of a pilot research project conducted at Luleå University of Technology, Sweden, which includes direct shear tests to failure of different connection systems, bending tests to failure, dynamic (vibration) tests and long-term tests under sustained load of full-scale composite beams. The paper also reports the mechanical properties of the connection, which can be used within a simple design method given in Eurocode 5. The economic advantages of prefabrication and the possibility of demounting the structure make the proposed floor system very promising.
Ductility of timber joints under static and cyclic loads
Authors: Piazza Maurizio , Polastri Andrea , Tomasi Roberto
Published: March 2011

The paper illustrates recent research on timber joints assembled with traditional and innovative dowel-type connectors. The experimental results are presented in terms of force–displacement relationships for specimens tested under a monotonic procedure and hysteretic diagrams for specimens tested under the cyclic procedure. The aim is to determine some quantitative values from the experimental data in order to characterise the ductility and dissipation capability of timber joints while taking account of design standards for earthquake-resistant structures. The paper presents and discusses procedures for the analysis of experimental data proposed in test standards and the scientific literature, the purpose being to evaluate the ability of current procedures to mechanically characterise a joint's behaviour as a function of different kinds of connector – traditional dowel-type systems or innovative self-tapping screws inserted with different inclinations with respect to the shear plane. For some cases, alternative more robust procedures are proposed, especially where a lack of consistency in the current standard procedures was noted.
Long-term load–deformation behaviour of timber–concrete joints
Authors: Van de Kuilen Jan Willem G. , Dias Alfredo M. P. G.
Published: March 2011

This paper discusses the long-term mechanical behaviour of timber-to-concrete joints made with dowel-type fasteners. Despite the influence that the long-term behaviour of joints has on the mechanical behaviour of a timber–concrete structure and consequently on its design, there is still a lack of research in this area. This paper presents experimental research, carried out at the University of Coimbra and Delft University of Technology, on seven joint configurations using different types of fasteners and different materials. For each joint configuration, either four or ten tests were performed resulting in a total of forty tests. A comprehensive description of the test specimens and test setup is given. The experimental creep–time curves were fitted to a creep–time model and used to predict joint creep values over longer timeframes (10 and 50 years). The values obtained were compared with values available in the literature for timber-to-concrete joints with other types of fasteners and timber-to-timber joints with dowel-type fasteners. The approach for timber-to-timber joints suggested by Eurocode 5 was used to determine creep values for timber-to-concrete joints. The results obtained were compared with test results to assess the accuracy of predicting creep values of timber-to-concrete joints with dowel-type fasteners. It was concluded that creep values measured in long-term experimental tests are usually higher than those obtained from the model indicated in Eurocode 5, particularly for environmental conditions corresponding the service class 2.
Timber–concrete practical applications – bridge case study
Authors: Dias Alfredo M. P. G. , Ferreira Miguel C. P. , Jorge Luis F. C. , Martins Helder M. G.
Published: March 2011

Despite its advantages, the use of timber–concrete composite systems for road bridges is still relatively rare. There are a number of applications mostly located in Northern Europe, a good example being the Vihantasalmen bridge in Finland. In Portugal, composite timber–concrete systems have been successfully used on floors, especially in the rehabilitation and strengthening of old structures. This paper presents the application of composite timber–concrete systems in a road bridge in Portugal. The most significant difficulties and challenges found during the whole process are presented and discussed together with the alternative solutions considered in order to fulfil all the requirements (users, authorities, owner, code regulations). Finally, a detailed description of the post-construction phase is presented. The service behaviour of the bridge is assessed through regular inspections and a full-scale load test. The experiences and analysis presented in this paper suggest that the proposed solution may offer an advantageous alternative for many bridge constructions or reconstructions for a wide range of applications, from pedestrian paths to motorways subject to the highest traffic load levels.
Optimisation of pre/post-stressed embedment-type timber joint
Authors: Shiratori Takeshi , Leijten Adrian J. M. , Komatsu Kohei
Published: March 2011

This paper analyses the optimisation studies of a pre-stressed embedment-type timber joint system, the Kusabi–Nageshi (K–N) timber joint system, designed to be used for structures in seismic-prone countries. The K–N joint is composed of a triangular-sectioned beam and wedges in combination with bolts. Its resistive mechanism utilises the embedment strength of timber and the pre-stress in association with friction. In addition, elastic energy deposited in the bolt as storage fills the gap as it is deformed during the embedment. With the aim of optimising both mechanically and physically, several alterations were tested in terms of shape (taper angle) and of combining densified veneer wood (DVW) with the joint members. A cyclic loading test of the cross joints was made to examine their structural behaviour. The use of less tapered wedges showed higher stiffness and strength, but the beam beneath was undesirably embedded. Different combinations of reinforcement with densified veneer wood showed that the use of the wedges alone provided high optimisation, and an increase in bolt axial force. The successful test results observed in the alteration using the densified veneer wood are expressed using the ‘analytical K–N joint diagram', an analytical method modified from a conventional joint diagram used in mechanical engineering, which showed itself to be an applicable method to predict the trend of the altered K–N joint. The use of the new tapered angle and densified veneer wood for optimisation, and the performance predictions using the analytical K–N joint diagram, will need further precise investigations but their great benefits are potentially promising.
Use of volcanic aggregates in asphalt pavement mixes
Authors: Akbulut Hüseyin , Gürer Cahit , Çetin Sedat
Published: March 2011

Aggregates are one of the most important raw materials used in the construction industry. It is almost impossible to create a structure without using aggregates. The worldwide mining industry generates 16·5 billion tons of aggregates annually. An increase in domestic and industrial areas limits the regional aggregate resources, and highlights the need to find new sources of aggregate. Difficulties in using regional resources force aggregate suppliers to transport aggregate over long distances, resulting in additional time and expense, as well as rapid deterioration of highway infrastructures. Thus, it is vitally important to use available aggregate resources effectively and to find new environmentally friendly potential aggregate resources to meet the increasing demand. Therefore, aggregate samples taken from two different aggregate resources in the Afyonkarahisar–Seydiler region of Turkey were examined. In order to determine the physical properties of crushed aggregate samples, standard tests were carried out to evaluate whether the volcanic aggregate samples were suitable to use in bituminous pavement layers. In the present study, four different aggregate samples were used: volcanic aggregate 1 (V1), volcanic aggregate 2 (V2), limestone 1 (L1) and limestone 2 (L2). The V1 and V2 samples were volcanic rocks taken from the Tekerek and Kepez areas, respectively. These samples had trachy-andesite composition based on their geochemical and petrographical observations. The L1 and L2 samples were provided from quarries in the Karacaoglan and Cobanlar areas, respectively. Both L1 and L2 samples have been currently used in hot-mix asphalt pavements. The test results indicate that the sample V1 made of volcanic aggregates displayed adequate performance on a wearing course with heavy traffic. Sample V2 did not display enough deformation resistance as a bituminous mix; however, it could be used for surface courses because of its good friction properties.
Examining modal choice disparities in high school students
Authors: Alemu Daniel , Tsutsumi Jun-Ichiro G.
Published: March 2011

This research evaluates the significance of a wide range of factors that influence the decisions of high school students in Okinawa on how to travel to school. The data set used in the analysis was collected from four high schools in different locations in Okinawa, Japan. A general model and two other specific models were estimated to analyse the modal share and modal choice decision characteristics of representative high schools in the prefecture. The empirical results indicate that factors related to household car possession, school distance, and travel time significantly influence decisions on mode of transport. The study focuses on two specific high schools where considerable modal choice decision differences had been observed. The predictions made based on a multinomial logit model show significant modal choice disparities between these high schools. The sensitivity analysis matches students' ratings of the bus service, and both illustrate that bus frequency and waiting time affect bus ridership and the likelihood of using a car to school trip.
A new approach for GIS-supported mapping of traffic accidents
Authors: Gundogdu Ismail Bulent
Published: March 2011

The use of geographic information systems (GIS) is the most effective way of examining and evaluating the results of analyses which use a multitude of data and different criteria. GIS is a tool with which many types of data can be analysed and it can be used to evaluate traffic accidents and map out the most dangerous places or segments of road on a highway according to traffic accident data from previous years. In researching the reasons for traffic accidents, several statistical methods can be used to determine the most critical points, referred to as hot spots, where traffic accidents happen frequently. Traffic accident causes and consequences are not limited to the point at which the accident occurs. Since the hot spot concept was first used in accident analysis, many methods of detecting hot spots have been described in the literature. In this study, instead of using the classic methods of hot spot detection, the hot pieces (HPCS) method has been used to determine the critical stretches of road where the accidents happen. The probable hot spots (PRHS) process aims to anticipate the critical points. Both HPCS and PRHS have the same importance. Whereas HPCS evaluates the road in lengths to determine the dangerous zones, PRHS identifies risky candidate points which may become hot spots in the near future. The main purpose of the study was the analysis of traffic accidents which occurred in Konya, to identify causal factors and take action to reduce future accidents. To establish the feasibility of the project, data were collected on traffic accidents occurring on the highways and junctions of the central roads of Konya city during the last 10 years. Some reconstruction applications and temporal precautions based on statistical results and related prediction maps are suggested to prevent traffic accidents in Konya.
Letter: Scaling rules for pico‐projector laser safety
Authors: Buckley Edward
Published: March 2011

Abstract— This letter presents a set of scaling rules for the laser safety analysis of scanned‐beam and LCOS projection systems, providing a simple method for determining the impact of changes in key system parameters upon the maximum eye‐safe luminous flux.
An OTFT‐driven rollable OLED display
Authors: Noda Makoto , Kobayashi Norihito , Katsuhara Mao , Yumoto Akira , Ushikura Shinichi , Yasuda Ryouichi , Hirai Nobukazu , Yukawa Gen , Yagi Iwao , Nomoto Kazumasa , Urabe Tetsuo
Published: March 2011

Abstract— An 80‐μm‐thick rollable AMOLED display driven by an OTFT is reported. The display was developed so as to be rollable in one direction with an integrated OTFT gate driver circuit. It was successfully operated by an originally developed organic semiconductor, a peri‐xanthenoxanthene derivative. The display retained its initial electrical properties and picture quality even after being subjected to 1000 cycles of a roll‐up‐and‐release test with a radius of 4 mm.
High‐speed pixel circuits for large‐sized 3‐D AMOLED displays
Authors: Park Dong‐Wook , Kang Chul‐Kyu , Park Yong‐Sung , Chung Bo‐Yong , Chung Kyung‐Hoon , Kim Keumnam , Kim Byung‐Hee , Kim Sang Soo
Published: March 2011

Abstract— Large‐sized active‐matrix organic light‐emitting diode (AMOLED) displays require high‐frame‐rate driving technology to achieve high‐quality 3‐D images. However, higher‐frame‐rate driving decreases the time available for compensating Vth in the pixel circuit. Therefore, a new method needs to be developed to compensate the pixel circuit in a shorter time interval. In this work, image quality of a 14‐in. quarter full‐high‐definition (qFHD) AMOLED driven at a frame rate of over 240 Hz was investigated. It was found that image degradation is related to the time available for compensation of the driving TFT threshold voltage. To solve this problem, novel AMOLED pixel circuits for high‐speed operation are proposed to compensate threshold‐voltage variation at frame rates above 240 Hz. When Vth is varied over ±1.0 V, conventional pixel circuits showed current deviations of 22.8 and 39.8% at 240 and 480 Hz, respectively, while the new pixel circuits showed deviations of only 2.6 and 5.4%.
AMOLED displays with transfer‐printed integrated circuits
Authors: Cok Ronald S. , Hamer John W. , Bower Christopher A. , Menard Etienne , Bonafede Salvatore
Published: March 2011

Abstract— Small integrated circuits of crystalline silicon (chiplets) transfer‐printed onto a flat‐panel‐display substrate provide greatly improved electrical performance and uniformity in active‐matrix organic light‐emitting‐diode (OLED) displays. The integrated circuits are formed in high‐performance crystalline silicon using conventional photolithographic processes and then transfer‐printed onto a substrate using a stamp that transfers hundreds or thousands of chiplets at once. The chiplets are connected to an external controller and to pixel elements using conventional photolithographic substrate processing methods. Active‐matrix OLED (AMOLED) displays using transfer‐printed chiplets have good yields, excellent uniformity, and electrical performance and are thermally robust.
Desorption rate of volatile compounds in polishing ponds
Authors: Alves Eudes M. , Cavalcanti Paula F. C. , van Haandel Adrianus
Published: March 2011

Increase of pH in polishing ponds can be predicted quantitatively from variations in alkalinity and acidity. These variables are affected by processes that develop simultaneously in ponds: (1) CO2 desorption, (2) biological CO2 removal by photosynthesis and (3) NH3 desorption. An experimental investigation was carried out to determine the desorption rate of carbon dioxide and ammonium. It is shown that CO2 and NH3 desorption can be described by Fick’s law, which describes desorption of a gaseous compounds from water as a first order process with respect to the degree of oversaturation, which is the driving force of the process. An experimental investigation was carried out to determine the desorption rate constants. The value of the constant proved to be inversely proportional to the depth of the pond (H) and its value for H=1 m and at 26°C was established as KCO2=0.34/H d−1 for carbon dioxide and KNH3=0.33/H d−1 for ammonium.
Baffled primary facultative ponds with inlets and outlets set at different levels treating domestic wastewater in northeast Brazil
Authors: De Oliveira R. , Pearson H. W. , Silva J. V. N. , Sousa J. T. , Leite V. D. , Lopes W. S.
Published: March 2011

This study evaluates the performance of four 2.3 m deep pilot-scale, independently loaded, primary facultative ponds treating predominantly domestic sewage in northeast Brazil. The ponds contained longitudinal baffles giving different length to width ratios from 3.55 to 32.4. The ponds had mean hydraulic retention times of ~15 days, and mean surface organic loadings of 330 kg BOD5.ha.d−1 during the first experimental phase and 375 kg BOD5.ha.d−1 in the second. The vertical inlets and outlets pipes were positioned at 1.8 m and 5 cm respectively below the pond surface in the first phase and at 50 cm and 1.8 m respectively in the second. All the ponds functioned as efficient primary facultative ponds but statistical analysis demonstrated no differences in effluent quality for most of the parameters measured for the various configurations of baffles and inlet and outlet depths. All behaved similarly to the unbaffled pond. The only exceptions were suspended solids and chlorophyll a concentrations which tended to be lower for all combinations of baffles with the outlets set 1.8 m below the surface. This study suggested that the longitudinal baffling of primary facultative ponds when using vertical inlets and outlets may well not significantly improve pond performance.
UASB-polishing ponds design parameters: contributions from a pilot scale study in southeast Brazil
Authors: Bastos R. K. X. , Rios E. N. , Bevilacqua P. D. , Andrade R. C.
Published: March 2011

This paper presents the results of five years monitoring of an experimental wastewater treatment plant in southeast Brazil, comprised of a UASB reactor followed by a submerged aerated biofilter (BF) (field scale) and shallow polishing ponds (pilot scale). Three ponds in series achieved high quality effluent standards in terms of ammonia and E.coli, but a fourth pond did not result in further efficiency. Well established models to predict ammonia and E.coli removal in facultative and/or maturation ponds were, in a way, validated for polishing ponds too. The paper also includes results of input design parameters, such as pH and E.coli die-off rate constants, and their variation along the pond series.
Thermo-tolerant coliform bacteria decay rates in a full scale waste stabilization pond system in Northeast Brazil
Authors: Macedo S. L. , Araújo A. L. C. , Pearson H. W.
Published: March 2011

This paper presents the results for thermo-tolerant coliform (TTC) decay rates (Kb) in a full scale WSP system located in Natal-RN, northeast Brazil. The series comprises a primary facultative pond (2 m deep), followed by two maturation ponds (1.5 m deep) giving a total area of 11 ha. The influent sewage and the pond effluents were monitored weekly during a seven month period. The results showed that the Kb values predicted by the Marais equation assuming a hydraulic regime of complete mixing overestimated TTC die-off rates. The Kb value adopted in the project design was 6.20 d−1 but the mean value found for the WSP system during the monitoring programme was only 0.85 d−1. This value is low compared to the values cited in the literature for shallow ponds (<1.25 m deep) but similar to values for deeper ponds. The sub optimal TTC removal rate in this WSP system may be caused by the adoption of too high a Kb value at the design stage and the negative influence of high wind conditions on the mixing regime in the water columns of the ponds. Thus values for Kb adopted at the design stage of WSP systems should be coherent with the hydraulic flow model, the type of pond, pond depth, and with the surface organic loading.
Identification and distribution of antimicrobial- active marine bacteria along the heavily polluted coastal area of Alexandria, Egypt
Authors: El-Bestawy E. , El-Shenway M. , Abou-Elela G. , Gohar Y. M. , Wefky S. M.
Published: March 2011

The main objective of the present study was to screen, identify and to study distribution of marine bacteria with antimicrobial activity in the heavily polluted coast of Alexandria, Egypt. The highest bacterial density positively correlated with pollution strength and localized in the central part of the coast in both water and sediments. Thirty four active bacterial isolates dominating the water and sediments of six highly polluted sites during winter and spring were identified. The most promising active bacterial strain was molecularly characterized as Enterococcus S29. Results confirmed the superiority and richness of the local coastal environment of Alexandria with active bacteria consisting up to 30.43% of sea water and 36.36% of sediments populations respectively at specific sites. These results provide an excellent potential for manipulating such natural and renewable source in the production of new and active antimicrobial agents for pharmaceutical applications.
Application of a revised Water Poverty Index to target the water poor
Authors: Garriga R. Giné , Foguet A. Pérez
Published: March 2011

The Water Poverty Index (WPI) has been recognized as a useful tool in policy analysis. The index integrates various physical, social and environmental aspects to enable more holistic assessment of water resources. However, soundness of this tool relies on two complementary aspects: (i) inadequate techniques employed in index construction would produce unreliable results, and (ii) poor dissemination of final outcome would reduce applicability of the index to influence policy-making. From a methodological point of view, a revised alternative to calculate the index was developed in a previous study. This paper is therefore concerned not with the method employed in index construction, but with how the composite can be applied to support decision-making processes. In particular, the paper examines different approaches to exploit the index as a policy tool. A number of alternatives to disseminate achieved results are presented. The implications of applying the composite at different spatial scales are highlighted. Turkana District, in Kenya has been selected as initial case study to test the applicability and validity of the index. The paper concludes that the WPI approach provides a relevant tool for guiding appropriate action and policy-making towards more equitable allocation of water resources.
Evaluation of deammonification process performance at different aeration strategies
Authors: Zubrowska-Sudol M. , Yang J. , Trela J. , Plaza E.
Published: March 2011

In a deammonification process applied in the moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) oxygen is a crucial parameter for the process performance and efficiency. The objective of this study was to investigate different aeration strategies, characterised by the ratio between non-aerated and aerated phase times (R) and dissolved oxygen concentrations (DO). The series of batch tests were conducted with variable DO concentrations (2, 3, 4 mg L−1) and R values (0-continuous aeration; 1/3, 1, 3-intermittent aeration) but with the same initial ammonium concentration, volume of the moving bed and temperature. It was found that the impact of DO on deammonification was dependent on the R value. At R=0 and R=1/3, an increase of DO caused a significant increase in nitrogen removal rate, whereas for R=1 and R=3 similar rates of the process were observed irrespectively of the DO. The highest nitrogen removal rate of 3.33 g N m−2 d−1 (efficiency equal to 69.5%) was obtained at R=1/3 and DO=4 mg L−1. Significantly lower nitrogen removal rates (1.17–1.58 g N m−2 d−1) were observed at R=1 and R=3 for each examined DO. It was a consequence reduced aerated phase duration times and lesser amounts of residual nitrite in non-aerated phases as compared to R=1/3.
Experimental evaluation of intermittent aeration of a hollow fibre membrane bioreactor
Authors: Verrecht Bart , James Christopher , Germain Eve , Ma Wenjing , Judd Simon
Published: March 2011

Intermittent membrane aeration provides a substantially improved energy efficiency in hollow fibre-based immersed membrane bioreactors (HF iMBRs). The benefits of intermittent aeration have been assessed with respect to sustaining a target flux and/or limiting the fouling rate to a sustainable level based on a small plant using full-scale HF modules. Results show that for the same specific aeration demand per unit of permeate produced (SADp), fouling rates were significantly lower for 10 s filtration, 30 s relaxation (“10:30” intermittent aeration) compared to 10:10 and continuous aeration. At a net flux (Jnet) of 23.3 litres m−2 h−1 (LMH), a SADp of 4.6 was found sufficient to sustain operation, this value being up to 75% and 50% lower compared to continuous and 10:10 aeration respectively. This empirical data was compared with heuristic data from 5 large scale HF iMBR plants, which revealed that 10:30 aeration can sustain a relatively high flux (up to 25.3 LMH) under dry weather conditions in warm climates, with the recorded SADp ranging from 5.3–10.9.