bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Upgrading Agricultural Information Services in China: the impact of CD-ROM
Authors: Qiaoqiao Zhang , Zhuoran Miao , Weidong Tai
Published: October 2007

Records the findings and recommendations of the final evaluation of an agricultural information project in China. The project was funded by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) from 1992 to 1995 and implemented by the Scientech Documentation and Information Centre of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SDIC/CAAS), in collaboration with CAB International (CABI). The aim was to upgrade Chinese agricultural information services by establishing a network of CD-ROM workstations throughout the country and strengthening the services of SDIC/CAAS in Beijing. The final evaluation was conducted in May-June 1995 by staff from ADB, CABI and SDIC/CAAS. Data were collected by means of questionnaires, interviews, face-to-face discussions and round table meetings and used to evaluate the performance, effectiveness and impact of the new services. Considers the implications of the findings for: the library and information community; the user community; the management community; and the wider community, and present the recommendations of the evaluation report with regard to future developments.
Training African Librarians for the New Information Age: progress in Botswana
Authors: Moahi Kgomotso H.
Published: October 2007

Describes the principles and programmes for teaching information technology in the Department of Library and Information Studies of the University of Botswana. Discusses the question of why to teach information technology, the changing situation of information technology in developing countries and issues and problems in teaching information technology. Reviews the future of information technology training in the Department.
CD-ROM in Ghanaian Libraries : a survey
Authors: Alemna A.A.
Published: October 2007

Summarizes the main findings of a survey of the availability and use of CD-ROM services in three Ghanaian libraries : the National Science and Technology Library and Information Centre (NASTLIC) at the Ghana Science and Technology Information Network (GHASTINET); the University of Ghana Medical School Library; and the Balme Library of the University of Ghana. The survey found that all the CD-ROM facilities are on open access; that no library is charging fees for CD-ROM use at present; and that users are very satisfied with CD-ROM services. Presents recommendations for future development of CD-ROM services in Ghanaian libraries.
Library Services for Distance Education: the Sri Lankan experience and vision
Authors: Korale S.R.
Published: October 2007

An appraisal of library services provided to Open University students in Sri Lanka is examined against the background to the social demand for higher education and a historical account of distance education. Stages in the development of the library services at the Open University of Sri Lanka are traced and critically examined. The need to take into account the distance mode of education and information technology developments and to plan for a virtual library situation in the future is advocated as the best possible way to meet distance user information needs in the future.
Devline: building a networked host service for development information
Authors: Beer Debbie
Published: October 2007

The British Library for Development Studies is using the World Wide Web to make its online development information service, Devline, available to development researchers and practitioners in all parts of the world.
Human Rights Information in Nigeria
Authors: Awobamise Olubankole
Published: October 2007

Describes the work of the Legal Research and Resource Development Centre in disseminating information on human rights in Nigeria. Methods used include: the use of paralegals to provide basic legal advice at the local level; Legal Aid Clinics ; a Street Law programme for school students; a Human Rights Documentation Unit; a Human Rights Club; research ; and publications, including Rights Awareness Pamphlets and Newsletters. Human rights education is an important component of the programme. Discusses the future of human rights information dissemination using the latest technologies and networking.
Book Production in Nigeria: an historical survey
Authors: Apeji E.A.
Published: October 2007

Reviews the historical background to the developments of the Nigerian book industry. Christian missionaries laid the foundation for book production in Nigeria when Reverend Hope Waddell and Samuel Edgerley made history in 1846 by producing the first two books in their old Calabar Mission house. This foundation was built on by indigenous printers, multinational book publishers, governments and university presses.
Aspect of Academic Librarianship in Lesotho: a personal view
Authors: Hancock Edwina
Published: October 2007

A personal account of developments in academic libraries in Lesotho, with special reference to the library of the National Teacher Training College. Discusses: library orientation of students; library professionalism; the library catalogue; reference work; the role of foreign aid; and the role of libraries in support of research.
Current Status of Waste Management in Japan
Authors: Yamamura K.
Published: October 2007

The present status and recent progress of Japan's waste management have been overviewed. The current National Waste Disposal Law is first discussed to give the general framework for waste management. Relevant data on generation, collection and disposal are then given in tables and figures for both municipal solid waste (MSW) and specifically designated industrial waste. Latest new legislation authorizing the local authorities to construct three large-scale offshore land reclamation projects in the near future is also summarized.
Combustion, Corrosion and Fouling Aspect of Energy Recovery From Municipal Waste
Authors: Defeche J.
Published: October 2007

The characteristics of municipal waste as a fuel is marked mainly by its heterogeneous composition and relatively poor heating value. Two solutions have been proposed for its combustion, namely, in the form in which it is delivered, or after some type of preparation.

Whichever solution is chosen, refuse boilers must contain certain features aimed specifically at the prevention of corrosion and fouling. Studies and investigations carried out over a 10-year period have achieved installations characterized by high and stable efficiency, excellent availability, and low maintenance costs.

After a research of curative measures to be applied to existing plants (shield block, refractory concrete), the survey has been directed towards a research of preventive measures to be taken for new plants. These surveys have been principally based upon statistics in existing plants, evolution of the thermal balance-sheets in current operation, the physico-chemical analysis of fly ash, research of correlation between measurements of combustion chambers and phenomena of corrosion and fouling in convection banks.
Attenuation of Potential Pollutants in Landfill Leachate By Lower Greensand
Authors: Campbell D.J.V. , Parker A. , Rees J.F. , Ross C.A.M.
Published: October 2007

Unsaturated zone attenuation of contaminants common to landfill leachate, in particular heavy metals and carboxylic acids, has been studied in an in situ lysimeter constructed in calcareous clayey-sandstone (Lower Greensand), for a period of nearly 6 years. Considerable attenuation of heavy metals was found to be attributable to a combination of processes including adsorption and precipitation. Leaching with a blank carboxylic acid solution (volatile fatty acids containing no heavy metals) resulted in limited remobilization and the order of mobility of the metals (Ni > Cd > Zn > Cu > Cr > Pb) was found to be unchanged, with only nickel showing extensive remobilization. High heavy metal concentrations at the surface of the lysimeter were found to cause inhibition of carboxylic acid degradation. However at depths in the lysimeter, below the limit of heavy metal penetration, anaerobic decomposition rates of approximately 100 mg 1-1 day-1 for acetate, propionate and butyrate were obtained by extrapolation to input concentrations of 5000 mg 1-1. The degradation of the carboxylic acids was found to be dependent upon the establishment of an adapted population of micro-organisms and a single pulse of carboxylic acids was released before leachate-degrading micro-organisms could colonize the sediment.
The Development of a Heat Income Function for Regional Solid Waste Management
Authors: Wenger R.B. , Hansen J. Aa.
Published: October 2007

A heat income function is developed for the calculation of heat income obtained when heat generated in a solid waste incinerator is sold in the form of hot water to a district heating facility. The heat income function takes into account the variation in the demand for heat over the course of the year and the seasonal variation in the generation of solid waste. The use of the heat income function as a tool in regional solid waste planning is illustrated with an application to the island of Funen in Denmark. A mixed integer programming model is used to find the optimal location of incinerators based on the district heating facility demands at the potential locations.
Leaching From Land Disposed Municipal Composts: 1. Organic Matter
Authors: Christensen T.H. , Nielsen C.W.
Published: October 2007

Based on visions of using municipal compost (refuse-sludge mixture) to reclaim stripped land such as abandoned gravel pits in areas of significant groundwater resources, 17 lysimeters were monitored for a 2 1/2 year period with respect to organic contents of leachates. The lysimeters contained composts of varying origin, age (3 and 12 months), and packing depths (15-50 cm). COD concentrations of 2000-5000 mg O2 1-1 were initially observed, but decreased after 2 years of leaching to approximately one-tenth. Only the packing depth seemed to affect the amount of organic matter leached within the first year. Large variations in composts quality may have masked other potential effects, e.g. compost age or maturity. The BOD14 contents of the leachates were less than 10% of the COD contents and seemed to decrease as the leaching progressed. The organic matter of the leachates was not easily degradable, but was, on the other hand, not comparable to humic substances.
Leaching From Land Disposed Municipal Composts: 2. Nitrogen
Authors: Christensen T.H.
Published: October 2007

The leachates from 17 lysimeters containing compost of varying origin, age (3 and 12 months), and packing depths (15-50 cm) were monitored for a 2 1/2 year period. This paper reports on the results on nitrogen compounds. The leaching patterns for Kjeldahl-N and ammonia were comparable but significantly different from that of nitrate. The amount leached from the compost was affected by origin of compost (Kj.-N), age (Kj.-N, NH4, NO3), and layer thickness (NO3). The leaching of Kjeldahl-N was particularly high from 3-month compost in the thick layers. The total amount of nitrogen leached from the compost during the first 2 years accounted for 7-16% of the nitrogen content of the compost. The amount of ammonia and nitrate leached exceeded the initial compost contents of these components, indicating that further leaching of these compounds is governed by mineralization of organic nitrogen. The initial leachate concentrations exceeded drinking water standards several hundredfold indicating a significant risk of polluting the groundwater.
City of Chicago Refuse Disposal and Resource Recovery Techniques
Authors: Nigro E.F. , Ryder W.C.
Published: October 2007

This paper deals with a comparison of the two resource recovery systems most often utilized for refuse disposal in the United States; mass burn incineration and refuse-derived fuel. The City of Chicago has designed, constructed and operated facilities incorporating both of these systems.

The primary purpose of these facilities is the disposal of refuse. For either of these systems to be financially competitive with the most commonly used disposal method, sanitary landfill, resource recovery of materials and energy is an imperative.

Mass burn incineration utilizes a system of specially designed equipment to combust unprocessed refuse, i.e. without presorting or separation prior to firing. Products of resource recovery are ferrous metals and energy as steam, electricity and hot water.

Refuse-derived fuel production utilizes equipment borrowed from other industry applications to presort and size reduce refuse to derive a dry fuel for later firing, sometimes co-firing with other fuels, in utility or dedicated boilers. Products of resource recovery in this two stage process are similar to those of mass burn incineration with the possible addition of glass and aluminium depending on the availability of the market for these items.

The two systems are examined with regard to state of the art, economics, markets and management control.

Mass burning technology has proven to be reliable and efficient relative to maintenance, air pollution control and volume reduction of the solid waste.

The plant to produce refuse derived fuel was shut down following preliminary operation at 60% of its rated capacity because it was an economically unfeasible operation.
New Aspects On Enhancing Biological Processes in Sanitary Landfill
Authors: Stegmann R.
Published: October 2007

A short literature review shows that a lot of information is available concerning the biological processes that take place in sanitary landfill sites. Although there are still many unknown interactions and phenomena this information could be used to modify the conventional landfill operation technique so that methane production is enhanced. Results from research projects are presented, showing effects of landfill operation on the leachate quality with time. Laboratory scale experiments in which shredded municipal solid waste is anaerobically decomposed under optimum conditions give additional information concerning the reasons for enhancement or inhibition of the biological processes. Proposals for modified landfill operation techniques are presented.
Fate of Coxsackievirus B3 During Aerobic and Anaerobic Sludge Stabilization‡
Authors: Nielsen Anne L. , Lydholm Birgit
Published: October 2007

The survival of viruses has been measured in bench scale stabilization units. A strain of coxsackievirus B3 was seeded in sludge and recoveries were measured at intervals from 1 h to 70 days. Mesophilic anaerobic digesters were operated at 33°C with detention times of 15 and 33 days. Thermophilic digesters were operated at 50, 53 and 56°C with detention times of 4 to 10 days. Aerobic stabilization was carried out at 5, 20 and 33"C (with detention times of 30, 20 and 15 days, respectively.

Controls were run at the same temperature in Hanks' balanced salt solution.

Inactivation of virus was slower in thermophilic anaerobic digesters than in the controls and the rate of inactivation often fell off with time (tailing). In mesophilic anaerobic digesters and aerobic stabilization units, the rates of inactivation were greater than in the controls.

The rates are, nevertheless, very much faster at the higher temperatures. Up to 3 log units of destruction might be obtained if the interval between feeding and drawing at 53°C were 10 h and 5 log units if it were 24 h. Retention times would have to be serveral days at 33°C to obtain similar reduction in virus content.
The Private Sector in Waste Management in the U.K. (a New Partnership With the Public Authorities)
Authors: Holmes J.R.
Published: October 2007

The vital role played by the private sector of the waste disposal industry in the U.K. is defined. Already major participators in the disposal of domestic, commercial and industrial wastes they now offer and execute waste collection services on behalf of some local authorities. Almost all the Nations' resources for the disposal of hazardous wastes are owned and operated by private sector companies many of them members of the National Association of Waste Disposal Contractors. In the innovative field of waste recovery and reclamation, the private companies have developed and operated several novel plants and processes and they continue to invest in the future patterns of the industry. The author makes the case for a new partnership setting aside the prejudice of past times.
Development of Front Check System for Final Disposal .II. An Approach To Effective and Economical Arrangement of Equipment
Authors: Ueda Kousuke , Tanaka Masaru
Published: October 2007

The additional time required for a front check (rapid chemical analysis for criterial components) of lorry loads arriving at a landfill has been estimated by computer simulations based on observed patterns at two landfills of different types. The advantage of separating sample preparation from analysis per se is demonstrated and queue lengths have been estimated for various configurations.
A Numerical Model for Methane Production in Managed Sanitary Landfills
Authors: El-Fadel M. , Findikakis A.N. , Leckie J.O.
Published: October 2007

A mathematical model for the production and transport of biogenic gases in a landfill is developed based on earlier work on the Mountain View Landfill Project in California. The present model incorporates biokinetic model equations for the microbial landfill ecosystems dynamics in a multi-layer, time-dependent gas flow and production model. It is based on first principles of the physics, chemistry, and microbiological processes controlling the production and transport of biogenic gases in a porous media context such as a landfill. The model includes chemical/biokinetic feedback loops for chemical parameter influence on microbiological rate processes. The resulting integrated biokinetic/gas transport model is based on the first principles governing the biokinetics of municipal landfill environment, and the physics of gas-migration. The model was calibrated and verified using approximately 4 years of methane production data from the Mountain View Controlled Landfill Project. Hydrolysis rate appears to be the most sensitive parameter controlling gas generation production. The model can be used to predict the rate and total production of methane in a landfill.
The Origins of Municipal Solid Waste: the Relations Between Residues From Packaging Materials and Food
Authors: Alter H.
Published: October 2007

Data for the composition of municipal solid waste (MSW) from around the world are used to further examine a previously reported statistical correlation between the fraction of food residues and the fractions of paper and board, metal, glass and plastics residues in MSW. For data from many locations, these correlations are statistically significant; multiple linear regressions are computed. The fraction of food waste decreases as the fractions of waste from paper and board, metals and glass increase.

The situation in the U.S.A. is examined further for just packaging waste. Similar correlations are established for the fraction of food residues and the fractions of paper and board and plastics packaging residues for predicted compositions for 1980 to 2000. Similar correlations for the U.K. are not statistically significant. Some reasons for this are postulated.

The results of the statistical analyses predict that a strategy for decreasing the fraction of food waste in MSW is to increase the use of food packaging by some amount, especially plastics and metals, contrary to conventional wisdom.
Market Wastes in Ibadan, Nigeria
Authors: Bammeke A.O. , Sridhar M.K.C.
Published: October 2007

Market sanitation has been a serious problem in major cities in Nigeria. This study describes the characteristics of wastes in 12 markets in Ibadan, the capital of Oyo State. The results indicate that the wastes comprise of over 68% of easily decomposable matter originating from food, leaves and paper. The wastes on an average showed 66.7% volatile substances, 2.1 % total Kjeldahl nitrogen, 1.6% total phosphorus (PO4), and 66.5% water content. The heavy metal contents were low in the single sample analysed. The possibility of converting such wastes into compost or animal feeds is suggested.
Land Disposal of Mixed Human and Animal Wastes: A Review
Authors: Snowdon Jill A. , Cliver Dean O. , Converse James C.
Published: October 2007

Combining septic tank effluent and animal wastes (mixed wastes) for eventual application to land is being proposed as an alternative wastewater disposal system. Both types of waste are spread on land separately, and private practice may be to mix and spread them together, but in most of the United States mixing of these wastes for land disposal is illegal. No research has been done to assess the hazards associated with spreading mixed wastes on land. The concern is with the impact on public health of adding septic tank effluent to animal wastes for disposal as animal wastes. The effects of pathogens already present in animal waste are presumably allowed for in current U.S. regulations.

Pathogens in mixed wastes include viruses, bacteria and parasites. Viruses are not always present in on-site waste disposal systems, but when present are in high numbers. Most viral particles will pass through the septic tank and will remain viable. Transmission will be prevented if these particles are retained in soil or other solids until any of several factors deprive them of infectivity. As animals are the chief reservoir of most enteric bacteria that are pathogenic to man, no additional hazards from bacteria are expected in a mixed waste system. Some parasite eggs and cysts will settle into the bottom of the septic tank, but significant numbers will pass through and will remain viable. Retention with solids will minimize transmission through food and water. In all instances it is important to match land use and waste disposal carefully.
Planning Hazardous Waste Reduction and Treatment Strategies: an Optimization Approach
Authors: Baetz Brian W. , Pas Eric I. , Aarne Vesilind P.
Published: October 2007

An industry faced with escalating off-site waste disposal costs will often consider increasing on-site waste treatment capacity or the implementation of a waste reduction program. Waste reduction program options include input and process changes that decrease waste quantity and waste toxicity. Tradeoffs between capital investment and economy-of-scale in development are required, and will depend on the industry and the current level of waste reduction. A dynamic programming model is developed that allows the investigation of waste reduction and treatment strategies for industries in a changing regulatory and economic environment. The applicability of the optimization approach to industrial waste generators is illustrated through a hypothetical but representative industrial waste management example.
Small-Quantity-Generator Hazardous-Waste Production and Management in Florida
Authors: Herndon R.C. , Moerlins J.E. , Jones E.B. , Lambou V.W. , Koutsandreas J.D.
Published: October 2007

Data are presented on the production and management of hazardous waste by approximately 20 000 small-quantity hazardous-waste generators (SQHWGs) in the state of Florida. SQHWGs are generators that produce less than 1000 kg of hazardous waste in a calendar month. There were approximately 117 000 metric tonnes of small-quantity-generator (SQG) hazardous waste produced annually. Included in this total are over 43 000 tonnes of waste oils even though they were not regulated as a hazardous waste at the time of the survey. Approximately half of this hazardous waste is managed using the following methods: recycling, treatment, and disposal in permitted hazardous-waste-management facilities. However, large quantities of this SQG hazardous waste are disposed of in sanitary landfills and discharged to public sewers and these facilities are typically not designed to handle hazardous waste. These data indicate that there are potential environmental and human-health problems associated with the management of SQG hazardous waste in Florida as well as throughout the U.S.A.
Co-Disposal of Hazardous and Municipal Wastes in Landfills: Experimental Work
Authors: Rushbrook P.E.
Published: October 2007

During the past 15 years considerable research has taken place in the U.K. to investigate the decomposition processes occurring within municipal waste landfills. This, in turn, has led to a better understanding of the environmental fate of many industrial wastes currently, or formerly, co-disposed with municipal refuse. Co-disposal is defined in this paper as the disposal of chemical wastes in an admixture with domestic waste so that full advantage is taken of the attenuation and biochemical processes operating within a landfill to reduce the environmental impact to an insignificant level. Central to this philosophy is the maintenance of a balanced input of different wastes to ensure that attenuation and degradation processes are not overwhelmed. It is contended that co-disposal is an effective disposal option for a wide range of industrial wastes at correctly sited and well managed landfills.

Co-disposal research findings for three selected industrial waste types are presented and related to the scientific basis for the prohibition, or continuation of their disposal to landfills.
Development and Operation of a Waste Management System in Alberta, Canada
Authors: McQuaid-Cook J. , Simons C.S.
Published: October 2007

The successful hazardous waste treatment facility siting program in the Province of Alberta, Canada, provides an impressive example of comprehensive planning and implementation. Near Swan Hills, 250 km northwest of Edmonton, North America's first integrated Province (or State)- wide treatment and disposal facility, sited by both environmental and social criteria, was officially opened in September of 1987. Alberta's program is unique in that the public was involved from the outset and played a major role in the decision-making process.

The $CDN 50M facility receives organic and inorganic wastes from Alberta generators. Treatment by incineration, physical/chemical treatment and stabilization destroys approximately 15,000 tonnes of waste annually. Inert residues are landfilled and treated wastewaters disposed of down a deep well. The facility is fed directly from large industry and indirectly, from small industry and households, via a system of collection and transfer stations located throughout the province.
An Analysis of a European Hazardous Waste Transport Registration System (EARS)
Authors: Bartels J. , de Bruin W. , van der Meer K. , Koppelaar H. , Sol H. , de Walle F.
Published: October 2007

In this study a system analysis is presented for a European registration system for hazardous waste shipment notifications. The administrative procedures for the notifications according to the European Community (EC) directives are in use in several Member States, among others the Netherlands and Belgium. The new system should enable efficient notification procedures, without the large number of forms and the delays in obtaining transit and import permissions that are currently observed. Only one form is needed for each hazardous waste transport within the EC, accompanying the transport.

The system also allows the generation of compiled information for all EC Member States by using a database structure. Rather than manually administrating the information of the forms, this information is transmitted and stored electronically. With an estimated number of 100,000 transfrontier transports of hazardous waste per year in the European Community, this greatly decreases time and costs for aggregating hazardous waste transport data. This aggregated information is necessary for the implementation, evaluation and further development of a coherent EC waste management policy for hazardous waste treatment and disposal.
Work Safety in Waste Treatment
Authors: Ettala Matti , Rahkonen Päivi , Rahkonen Vesa
Published: October 2007

Accident risks in waste treatment were studied at five sanitary landfills, two plants using mainly manual sorting and one incineration plant in southern Finland. Work hazards were detected by means of safety analysis. In addition, accident statistics were used. Work safety problems were found at all work stages. At the sanitary landfills, the major safety problems were posed by operation of the compactor or other machinery and by hazardous wastes. In waste sorting, common problems are odour and dust, lacerations and back injuries. Falling into the waste compactor or paper silos may cause fatal injury and its probability was also high. The highest noise level measured was 97 dB(A). In waste incineration, the most serious hazards were caused by fires, clogging of the funnels and cleaning of the grate. Most deficiencies in work safety can be remedied at a moderate price. The corrective measures involve technical solutions, working methods, supervision, training and occupational health services. The accident rates for workers in the four waste treatment plants were slightly lower than the average for industry.
Compost Detoxification of Vegetable-Tannery Sludge
Authors: Vallini G. , Pera A. , Cecchi F. , Briglia Maria , Perghem Franca
Published: October 2007

The disposal problem represented by vegetable-tannery sludge is of great and ever-increasing concern in Italy. Such sludge is of a highly polluting nature and therefore, requires a reliable and safe treatment to make it harmless before release into the environment. Vegetable-tannery sludge contains some very toxic compounds, mainly polyphenols (i.e. tannins) and sulphides, that are hazardous to biological systems. This paper deals with experiments evaluating the feasibility of vegetable-tannery sludge management and recycling by an integrated composting process. Static windrow technique with forced air and temperature feedback has been adopted for composting a mixture of vegetable-tannery sludge and organic biodegradable fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) as bulking agent. Physico-chemical, microbiological and phytotoxicological aspects of this compost production from vegetable-tannery sludge are here emphasized along with some technological details.
Landfill Leachate as Irrigation Water for Tree and Vegetable Crops
Authors: Wong M.H. , Leung C.K.
Published: October 2007

The effects of landfill leachate (from Gin Drinker's Bay landfill, Hong Kong) on the growth of tree and vegetable crops were studied in a greenhouse. Higher yields were obtained for Brassica chinensis (Chinese White Cabbage) and B. parachinensis (Flowering Chinese Cabbage) with 5, 10, 20 and 40% leachate dilutions than in the non-leachate control. Yield was reduced for Acacia confusa (Acacia) under all concentrations of leachate treatments. Inhibition of root growth was also observed in the three species with 40% leachate treatment.

Leachate-treated soil had elevated levels of electrical conductivity, total-, ammonia) and nitrate-N, exchangeable Na and P. For all heavy metals analysed, only Mn significantly ( p < 0.05) accumulated in soil after leachate irrigation.

Uptake of N, Na, Fe and Mn was evident for all test species after leachate irrigation. The degree of uptake was positively correlated ( p < 0.05) with the leachate concentrations used for irrigation.
Incineration of Hazardous Waste in Cement Kilns
Authors: Benestad Christel
Published: October 2007

Stack gas analyses from a Norwegian cement kiln were performed during the incineration of hazardous waste. The kiln was operated by a dry cement process. Two studies carried out in 1983 and 1987 measured the emission of particles, organic micropollutants including PAH, PCB and PCDD, chlorine and heavy metals. Both studies concluded that the type of fuel incinerated does not influence the emission of organic micropollutants. The destruction of PCB was at least 99.9999%. The investigations show that the emission of particles, PAH and other cyclic organic hydrocarbons are more influenced by operation conditions than the fuel incinerated.
Physiological and Spectral Responses of Sugar Maple (Acer Saccharum Marsh.) To Msw Leachate Spray Irrigation
Authors: Shrive S.C. , McBride R.A. , Gillespie T.J.
Published: October 2007

Foliar gas exchange, water relations and spectral properties of understorey sugar maple ( Acer saccharum Marsh.) sapling leaves were studied in a natural forested ecosystem subjected to spray irrigation of municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill leachate and compared to similar measures taken from leaves of unirrigated saplings. Photosynthetic rates in irrigated saplings were reduced 34% to 53% in comparison to unirrigated sapling rates. Similarly, water use efficiency of sapling leaves subjected to direct leachate exposure dropped an average of 70%, while transpiration rates were similar to, and leaf temperatures were 20% higher than, those found in unirrigated leaves. Spectral patterns of understorey leaves, distorted because of the accumulation of leachate precipitate residues on the adaxial surface, demonstrated increased absorbance in the near infrared waveband and reduced reflection in visible wavebands compared to abaxial surfaces. The adaxial spectral properties of mid-canopy leaves (above maximum spray height) of mature sugar maple trees were not distorted by these residues and revealed spectra that suggested increased nitrogen uptake and benefit derived from leachate irrigation. These findings on leaf tissue integrity and energy budgets are discussed in terms of the implications for design of leachate treatment and disposal systems on land and for forest ecology in general.
Soil Atmosphere Concentration Profiles and Methane Emission Rates in the Restoration Covers Above Landfill Sites: Equipment and Preliminary Results
Authors: Jones Hilary A. , Nedwell D.B.
Published: October 2007

In an investigation into the microbial oxidation of methane in soils, a simple and robust sampling device for the collection of small samples of soil atmosphere was used. The method has the potential for determining small-scale variations in depth profiles of gases, without the potential problems of sample migration during collection. Measurements of methane concentration profiles at a number of points along a transect in a restored landfill site in Essex correlated well with the measured emission of landfill gas from the surface of the soil. Emissions were only detected where methane concentrations reached the soil surface.
Mesophilic Digestion of the Organic Fraction of Refuse: Performance and Kinetic Study
Authors: Cecchi Franco , Marcomini Antonio , Pavan Paolo , Fazzini Guido , Mata-Alvarez Joan
Published: October 2007

The anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste sorted by plant was investigated in a 3 m3 stirred digester, operating under mesophilic conditions. Yields of gas obtained at 7 kg total volatile solids per m3 per day and 15-day hydraulic residence time (about 10% biodegradeable solids, 20% total solids) were as much as 1.6 times the digester volume per day. Better sorting should improve the yields which already compare favorably with the existing literature data. A kinetic study on the substrate utilization was performed by employing the "first order" model.
Toxic Chemicals and Hazardous Waste Management in the Philippines
Authors: Tolentino A.S. , Brabante A.T. , David M.V.
Published: October 2007

The problems posed by hazardous wastes are beginning to be a priority concern of the new Philippine government, possibly due to the increasing number of transnational companies like the semiconductor industry, as well as local firms, which are generating wastes considered hazardous to health and the environment. The Philippines, like any Third World country is not properly equipped in terms of equipment and technical expertise to deal with these wastes, although steps are being done to define the regulatory and enforcement responsibilities of various government agencies. The Environmental Management Bureau (EMB), a policy making body of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) is seeing that hazardous waste management is made an integral part of the industrial planning process. In the case of new industrial projects, environmental impact assessments are used to balance economic growth with ecological protection. Other activities of the EMB are geared towards providing baseline information that would eventually lead into the development of standards for hazardous waste management, environmental monitoring and the regulation of hazardous waste disposal.
Rapid Assessment of Industrial Waste Production Based On Available Employment Statistics
Authors: Barnard Richard , Olivetti Giancarlo
Published: October 2007

A number of problems arise when trying to ascertain the types and quantities of industrial waste generated by a city or region for waste management purposes. To estimate the amount of industrial waste produced it is often necessary to carry out an industrial waste survey-this can be time consuming and costly and beyond the scope of most authorities in developing countries. INVENT is a computer program developed to predict industrial waste production within an area requiring the minimum of data gathering. It comprises a database containing information on known types and quantities of waste that arise from many different types of manufacturing industry. Using this data amounts of waste for other similar industries in an area can be predicted. Initial predictions are based on waste production per employee in other locations.
Public Attitudes Towards Glass Recycling in Scotland
Authors: Ball Robert , Lawson Shirley M.
Published: October 2007

This paper describes a research project into public attitudes towards glass recycling in Scotland which was undertaken with the objective of identifying ways of increasing the recycling rate. Interviews were carried out of users and non-users at a number of sites in different districts in Scotland with the object of ascertaining the knowledge of glass recycling, motivation and behaviour of both groups. The results gave considerable insights into the types of people that were involved in recycling, their aspirations, motivation, types of trip, mode of transport etc. Significant insights into motivation of non-recyclers were also obtained. Interestingly, it seemed that glass recycling promotional campaigns had made little impact on either group.

A number of conclusions were drawn from the study and suggestions about the appropriate targeting of future promotional campaigns put forward.
Emissions of Organic Micropollutants From Discontinuously Operated Municipal Waste Incinerators
Authors: Benestad Christel , Hagen Inger , Jebens Aksel , Oehme Michael , Ramdahl Thomas
Published: October 2007

The emission of particles and organic micropollutants (PAH, PCDD and PCDF) was measured from three intermittently operated municipal waste incinerators of medium size. The mutagenicity of the stack gas samples were measured as well. The results show a good agreement between the PAH emitted and the mutagenicity in the stack gases, but none of these parameters correlate with the PCDD/PCDF content.
Formation of Chlorinated Organics During Solid Waste Combustion
Authors: Gullett Brian K. , Bruce Kevin R. , Beach Laura O.
Published: October 2007

The formation mechanisms of the precursors of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) were examined in a laboratory reactor. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions were studied between 200 and 800°C with HCl, Cl2, and phenol as reactants in a simulated flue gas containing oxygen. Analysis of the reactor effluent showed that homogeneous phase production of chlorophenols and non-chlorinated dioxin and dibenzopdioxin and dibenzofuran, benzofuran potential precursors to PCDD and PCDF, was related to HCl concentration, reaching a maximum formation level around 650°C. However, Cl2 produced a greater variety of chlorinated aromatics at levels over three orders of magnitude greater than with HCl, with product concentrations reaching maximum formation levels around 350°C. Heterogeneous tests at 450°C using a CuCl catalyst increased formation of chlorinated organics and PCDDs and identified the major chlorinating reactant to be Cl2.
Incineration Technology for Managing Biomedical Wastes
Authors: Velzy Charles O. , Feldman J. , Trichon M.
Published: October 2007

Incineration of biomedical wastes is the preferred option in many areas. Wastes from hospitals are frequently incinerated on site, but current air pollution limits are difficult to comply with in small incinerators. The problems arising from incineration and the methods used to deal with them are summarized. A case is made for regional biomedical waste incinerators in the U.S.A.
The Incineration Research Facility
Authors: Thurnau Robert C. , Dempsey Clyde R.
Published: October 2007

The Cincinnati-based Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA operates the Incineration Research Facility (IRF) in Jefferson, Arkansas. This facility's pilot-scale experimental incineration systems include a Rotary Kiln System and a Liquid Injection System. Each system incorporates primary and secondary combustors and associated waste handling equipment, process controllers, safety equipment and air pollution control devices. These "state-of-practice" incinerators are fully permitted to test the entire range of RCRA hazardous wastes normally encountered in the hazardous waste treatment industry. This paper reports the principal features and capabilities of the IRF.
Effects of Commercial Bacterial Products On Nutrient Transformations of Pig Manure in a Pig-On-Litter System
Authors: Tam N.F.Y. , Vrijmoed L.L.P.
Published: October 2007

A preliminary study was carried out in an experimental farm in Hong Kong to investigate the changes in microbial populations and nutrient concentrations of a pig waste mixture during a 10-week in-situ decomposition of pig manure in a pig-on-litter system. The effects of two commercially available bacterial products on this decomposition process were also examined. The results show that both heterotrophs and nitrifiers increased their populations to 1015 MPN (Most Probable Number) g-1 waste mixture at the end of the 10-week study while the denitrifiers varied around 10'° MPN g-1 during the period of investigation. By contrast, the fungal Colony Forming Units (CFU) declined rapidly within the first week and remained at 105 CFU g-1 waste mixture throughout the rest of the study period. There was no accumulation of inorganic N in the pig waste mixture. The offensive odour of NH3 was not detected in the pig pens. The C: N ratios of the waste mixture gradually declined reaching a final value of 22 : 1. The concentration of total Kjeldahl N, phosphorus and potassium in the final product were significantly higher when compared with the initial phase of the study. These findings suggest that a part of the organic nutrients released from the pig manure might have been mineralized and assimilated into microbial biomass similar to compost. In general, the nutrient concentrations of the two pig waste mixtures treated by two different bacterial products were similar. This indicates that the effects of these two products on the in-situ decomposition of pig manure were fairly similar. A control pen without the addition of bacterial products became foul within one week and had to be abandoned.
Leachate From Land Disposal of Coal Fly Ash
Authors: Hjelmar Ole
Published: October 2007

The results of large-scale lysimeter tests in which two pulverized coal fly ashes (PCFA) have been exposed to natural weather conditions for up to seven years are presented and compared with those of laboratory leaching tests. Laboratory column leaching tests on PCFA show good reproducibility, and comparisons between lysimeter and laboratory leaching results are promising for several salt ions and trace elements in the leachate when expressed in terms of the leachate to solids ratio (L/S). A long-term disposal strategy which takes into account the largely insoluble nature of PCFA is suggested.
The Future Course of Solid Waste Management in the U.S
Authors: Alter H.
Published: October 2007

It is postulated that the current "garbage crisis" is due to a shortage of disposal capacity, not to burgeoning amounts of municipal solid waste (MSW). In support of this, trends in the quantity and composition of MSW, methods of waste reduction, recycling and growth of waste-to-energy capacity are examined to gain insight as to the future course of MSW management in the U.S. over about the next 15 plus years. This is the likely time to install new disposal capacity if pending legislative proposals are passed, that would enable states that provide their own disposal to ban wastes from other states.

A new term, the "intensity of waste generation", is proposed and illustrated, analogous to the intensity of mineral usage. The intensity is decreasing, implying that it is unlikely that waste generation will grow at rates projected by extrapolation or simple macroeconomic assumptions. Some other conclusions are: per capita MSW generation was nearly statistically constant from 1970 to 1984; the content of most forms of packaging in MSW are decreasing; packaging decreases the amount of food residues in MSW; and proposed national recycling targets of about 25% or more are not likely to be achieved, in part because of changes in the composition of MSW. Coupled with likely shortages of labor to process separated waste, it is forecast that there will be some future time when people will not think source separation is worth the bother and recycling will decrease. The future growth of waste-to-energy capacity is projected by assuming that a city will install capacity when others have done so, which leads to a simple quantitative model. The likely effects of impending landfill and incineration regulations are addressed.
Control and Treatment of Hazardous (Chemical) Wastes in Hong Kong
Authors: Nash J.M. , Cheung B. , Fung C.H. , Lei P.C.K. , Mak P.W. , Rootham R.C. , Stokoe M.J. , Tong R.
Published: October 2007

The development of hazardous waste disposal facilities in Hong Kong dates back only 10 years. Disposal ordinances first came in 1981, and codes of practice did not come until 1988. At present certain hazardous wastes that can be attenuated or fixed in domestic waste are buried (co-disposed) in active landfills. Wastes unsuitable for such disposal must first be treated, stored or, in the case of PCBs, exported to a country that has facilities for complete destruction of the waste. A chemical waste treatment centre including a high temperature incinerator, is to be constructed in 1991 and 1992, with a small incinerator capable of handling infectious wastes eventually being added. Additional landfill capacity will also be required to cope with non-treatable wastes and residues from the above facilities. Consideration is being given to the possibility of importing hazardous wastes for destruction in the high temperature incinerator as a source of income for the future. For linguistic reasons hazardous wastes are called chemical wastes, a term which is more readily translated into Cantonese.
Humic Substances in Composted Sewage Sludge
Authors: Garcia C. , Hernandez T. , Costa F. , Polo A.
Published: October 2007

Humic acids obtained from sewage sludge both before and after composting were characterized, and the influence of composting on the formation of more stable and polycondensed structures was studied. These humic acids showed an aliphatic character and although no great differences between humic acids from uncomposted and composted sewage sludge were observed, data from elemental analysis, E4/E 5 ratio, filtration through Sephadex G-100 gel and infra-red spectra seemed to demonstrate that more polycondensed structures and hence a more stable organic matter, was obtained with the composting process.