bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Cultivation System on Bioactive Molecules Synthesis in Strawberries: Spin‐off on Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activity
Authors: D'Evoli L. , Tarozzi A. , Hrelia P. , Lucarini M. , Cocchiola M. , Gabrielli P. , Franco F. , Morroni F. , Cantelli‐Forti G. , Lombardi‐Boccia G.
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT:  Strawberries (Fragaria ananassa L., cv. favette) were studied to investigate the influence of cultivation practices (biodynamic, conventional) on the synthesis of bioactive molecules (ascorbic acid, ellagic acid, anthocyanins, flavonols) and to evaluate their antioxidant activity. Additionally, the in vitro bioactivity, in terms of antioxidant and antiproliferative activity, of the same strawberry samples in human colon carcinoma (Caco‐2) cells was also studied. Compared to conventional strawberries, biodynamic fruits had a significantly higher content of ascorbic acid (P < 0.01), pelargonidin‐3‐glucoside (P < 0.05), cyanidin‐3‐glucoside (P < 0.01), ellagic acid (P < 0.01), quercetin, and kaempferol (both P < 0.01). Antioxidant activity of biodynamic strawberry crude extract was significantly higher than that of the conventional one (P < 0.05); in addition, while the antioxidant activity of water‐soluble fraction was very similar in both biodynamic and conventional strawberries, that of water‐insoluble fraction of biodynamic fruits was significantly higher (P < 0.05). The same crude extract of biodynamic strawberry samples effectively corresponded to an increase of bioactivity, in terms of both cellular antioxidant activity and antiproliferative activity, in Caco‐2 cells differentiated to normal intestinal epithelia and in undifferentiated Caco‐2, respectively. Further studies are needed to confirm whether the practice of biodynamic agriculture is likely to increase the bioactivity of other varieties of fruits and vegetables.
Electrospinning of Sodium Alginate‐Pectin Ultrafine Fibers
Authors: Alborzi Solmaz , Lim Loong‐Tak , Kakuda Yukio
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT:  In this study, we investigated the electrospinning process of sodium alginate‐pectin fibers intended to be used as a carrier for stabilizing folic acid. Fiber‐forming solutions containing 0.01% (w/w) folic acid were prepared by blending low‐ or medium‐viscosity sodium alginate with pectin in a 70 : 30 ratio to form LSAP and MSAP solutions, respectively. Similar to other polysaccharide polymers reported previously, these solutions could not be electrospun. However, the incorporation of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) effectively enabled the electrospinning process. Electrospun fibers of different morphologies, ranging from fiber to fiber‐bead, were obtained, depending on the blend ratio, concentration, and viscosity of the polymer‐PEO solution used. Fibers electrospun from 3% MSAP/PEO (80%/20% w/w) had the smallest diameter (about 40 nm), whereas fibers containing higher PEO contents were larger in diameter. Bead‐free fibers were formed when 4% LSAP/PEO (50/50) and 5% LSAP/PEO (80/20 to 50/50) were electrospun. The electrical conductivity and surface tension lowering effects of PEO on the polymer solution were likely the contributing factors for the observed electrospinning behaviors. By adjusting the formulation of the polymer solution, fibers of various morphologies may be obtained to suit different end‐use applications. A study is currently ongoing to investigate the effectiveness of these fibers for stabilizing folic acid.
Fluorescent Probing of Urea‐induced Chemical Unfolding of Bovine Serum Albumin by Intramolecular Charge Transfer Fluorescence Probe E‐3‐(4‐Dimethylamino‐Naphthalen‐1‐yl)‐Acrylic Acid
Authors: Ghosh Shalini , Guchhait Nikhil
Published: December 2009

Changes in polarity at the immediate binding site in protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) produces distinct changes in the solvent polarity‐dependent emission band of fluorescence probe E‐3‐(4‐dimethylamino‐naphthalen‐1‐yl)‐acrylic acid. Steady‐state spectroscopy and time‐resolved spectroscopy have been used to investigate this binding process. Attaching the probe to BSA and then monitoring its spectral changes with increasing urea concentration and raising temperature has also tracked the denaturation of BSA chemically and thermally. The polarity of the microenvironment was investigated employing the Reichardt ET(30) scale. Fluorescence anisotropy, red edge excitation shifts and acrylamide‐induced quenching of fluorescence have been exploited to gain better insight into this binding process.
Depth‐dependent Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on Survivorship, Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage in Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) Embryos from the Gulf of Maine
Authors: Lesser Michael P.
Published: December 2009

A field experiment was conducted on the early embryos of the green sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis at different depths in the Gulf of Maine (GOM) to assess the effects of UV radiation (UVR: 300–400 nm) on survivorship, oxidative stress and DNA damage. Embryos experimentally placed at 1 m were exposed to UVB (300–320 nm) where a significant decrease in survivorship was observed as well as significant increases in the activity of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase and DNA damage. DNA damage includes both cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer photoproducts from direct exposure to UVA (320–400 nm) and indirect DNA damage associated with the production of reactive oxygen species. All embryos had equivalent concentrations of the UVR‐absorbing compounds known as mycosporine‐like amino acids and despite the fact that these compounds absorb primarily in the UVA portion of the spectrum they did not provide protection for embryos from DNA damage in the field at depths less than 5 m. DNA damage and survivorship of green sea urchin embryos in the GOM was directly related to the optical properties of the water column and the differential attenuation of UVB and UVA wavelengths.
Sexual Concerns and Sexual Counseling in Heart Failure
Authors: Medina Mary , Walker Cynthia , Steinke Elaine E. , Wright David W. , Mosack Victoria , Farhoud Mohammad Hussam
Published: December 2009

Patients with heart failure (HF) face significant challenges in maintaining quality of life (QOL), particularly for sexual intimacy. Although recommended for all cardiac patients, it has been suggested that few HF patients receive sexual counseling. This study explored sexual counseling needs, sexual concerns, and sexual activity using a descriptive survey with HF patients (n = 45), recruited from a HF clinic or cardiology office. Most (77%) had not discussed sexual concerns with a health care professional (HCP). Sexual concerns that were rated as occurring 'occasionally/frequently' included partner overprotectiveness (63%), partner fear of sex (36%), lack of sexual interest (42%), erectile problems (74%), orgasmic difficulties (51%). Frequency of sexual intercourse before HF to present was striking, with 53% reporting no sexual activity in the last 2 months compared with 11% before diagnosis of HF. HCPs must provide sexual counseling to HF patients and partners to enhance QOL and to assist in any adaptations to sexual activity.
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Patient Education: A Systematic Review
Authors: Fredericks Suzanne , Ibrahim Sarah , Puri Richa
Published: December 2009

Patient education post‐coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is an essential component of nursing care aimed at assisting patients in caring for themselves at home, following discharge from hospital. While there has been a recent interest in conducting meta‐analysis and systematic reviews on the effectiveness of patient education during the preoperative period, no review was found on the topic of postoperative CABG patient education. This systematic review addressed the clinically‐relevant questions: what approach, mode, and dose is most effective in producing changes in CABG patient education? Studies were included in the systematic review if they met the following selection criteria: (1) the sample represented adult (≥18 years) patients who underwent CABG surgery; (2) the educational intervention involved the provision of self‐care information following surgery but before discharge from hospital; (3) the outcome assessed related to self‐care behavior; and (4) the study report was published in English between 1986 and 2008. A descriptive synthesis was used to code and extract data on publication information, study design, sample size, and quality of study, as well as postoperative CABG teaching, self‐care behavior performance, and demographic characteristics of the patients who participated in the studies. A quantitative synthesis consisted of a statistical approach, which was used to calculate the magnitude of the treatment effects on self‐care behavior. Results indicated larger effect sizes for CABG patient education in which the content was individualized, and given in a combination of media on an individual basis, and in more than one session.
Hypertension Prevalence and Prescribing Trends in Older US Adults: 1999–2004
Authors: Aslam Farhan , Haque Attiya , Agostini Joseph V. , Wang Yun , Foody JoAnne M.
Published: December 2009

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010;12:75–81. ©2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

To describe hypertension trends in US adults aged 65 years and older using Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS) data, a cross‐sectional, nationally representative health examination survey from MCBS files between 1999 and 2004 was investigated. Overall, 62% of beneficiaries, or an estimated 20 million US adults aged 65 years and older, were hypertensive as extrapolated from MCBS data. From 1999 to 2004, the prevalence rate of hypertension increased from 59% to 65% (P<.001). Nonwhite persons and women had a higher prevalence of hypertension than whites and men. A history of diabetes mellitus, prior myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, or stroke was significantly associated with hypertension treatment. In addition, significant geographic variation in treatment was noted. There was a significant increase in hypertension prevalence in older Medicare beneficiaries from 1999 to 2004. Women, patients 85 years and older, and nonwhite patients were less likely to be treated with antihypertensive medications, and significant geographic variation existed in treatment.
Association of Increased QTc Interval With the Cardiometabolic Syndrome
Authors: Grandinetti Andrew , Chow Dominic C. , Miyasaki Marc , Low Phillip
Published: December 2009

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich).

Recent studies indicate a high prevalence of increased QTc interval length in patients affected by the metabolic syndrome, but there is no data available to demonstrate the correlation of the QTc interval with severity of the cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS). The objective of this study was to estimate the association between increasing number of cardiometabolic abnormalities and increasing QTc interval length. Electrocardiograms were collected from 1420 participants in a cross‐sectional study. The QTc interval lengths were corrected for heart rate using Bazett’s formula. CMS was determined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP‐ATP III) guidelines. Multiple linear regression models were used examining associations between increasing number of individual components of syndrome with QTc interval length. Participants with CMS had significantly longer QTc interval length, controlling for age, body mass index (BMI), sex, and ethnic group. Increasing number of CMS components was significantly associated with increased QTc interval length, even after adjusting for age, BMI, total cholesterol, fasting C peptide, and history of heart disease. These findings suggest that QTc interval length is increased in the presence of CMS and is linearly related to an increase in number of metabolic abnormalities.
Los programas de prestaciones de invalidez y enfermedad: ¿cuáles son las causas de la convergencia en las políticas?
Authors: Prinz Christopher , Tompson William
Published: December 2009

En este artículo examinamos los motivos de la aparente convergencia en las políticas en materia de discapacidad y enfermedad que está teniendo lugar en la OCDE y planteamos la pregunta de si esta convergencia debe considerarse, y en qué medida, el resultado de un aprendizaje en materia de políticas. Concluimos que la convergencia es más el resultado de la imitación que del aprendizaje en materia de políticas y que el aprendizaje (a partir de los errores del pasado) tiene más probabilidades de producirse a nivel nacional que a nivel transfronterizo. Dada la escasez de datos que demuestren qué es lo que verdaderamente «funciona», a la hora de diseñar políticas que ofrezcan una seguridad de los ingresos suficiente al tiempo que fomentan la participación en la mano de obra, los gobiernos llevan la mirada al extranjero o a organismos como la OCDE en busca de posibles ideas y modelos en los que basar una reforma. Sin embargo, para poder convertir estas ideas en políticas viables es necesaria una gran sensibilidad al contexto institucional y político‐económico, especialmente al papel de los interlocutores sociales y a la naturaleza de las políticas existentes. A la hora de aplicar las políticas, este aprendizaje sobre el contexto puede ser crucial.
Use and exchange of salmonid genetic resources relevant for food and aquaculture
Authors: Solar Igor I.
Published: December 2009

This review describes the global use and exchange of salmonid genetic resources for human food from fisheries and aquaculture. Trends in population abundance, variations in the harvest of wild stocks, historic transfers and worldwide translocations of stocks for fisheries and aquaculture are briefly described for seven species of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus), for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and for Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). Also considered are the tools currently used to assist in the conservation of endangered wild populations (e.g. captive breeding programmes and gene banks) and the major techniques developed to enhance the production of cultured stocks (selective breeding, hybridization, sex control, chromosome set manipulation and gene transfer). The review briefly discusses the significance of salmon production to the economy of selected countries and the complexity of allocating economic value to long‐range migratory fisheries resources that also hold direct and indirect value for aboriginal/native communities and recreational users.
Patterns of use and exchange of genetic resources of the striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage 1878)
Authors: Nguyen Thuy T. T.
Published: December 2009

The present paper reviews the use and exchange of genetic resources of the migratory freshwater fish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage 1878) (the striped or sutchi catfish). This species is naturally distributed in the Mekong River and Chao Phraya River basins, and is cultured in several countries, but current production occurs predominantly in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Catfish aquaculture in Vietnam has evolved from extensive systems using wild‐caught seed to an intensified farming system that is entirely dependent on hatchery‐produced seed. Genetic improvement programmes on catfish have started in Vietnam, but are still in their infancy. Genetic studies have revealed several subpopulations of the species. Apart from selective breeding and the production of hybrids with closely related species, no other technologies have been applied to improve the performance of catfish. The use and exchange of P. hypophthalmus genetic resources have brought benefits to rural communities. Aquaculture development of catfish has evolved from being seen as an exploitation of natural resources to an activity that can reduce pressure on wild fish populations. Management of aquaculture stocks need to be rationalised to minimise the potential impacts it might cause to wild populations.
Identification of Risk Factors of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) Infection in Veterinary‐Associated Populations in Southern Taiwan
Authors: Chang C.‐C. , Lin P.‐S. , Hou M.‐Y. , Lin C.‐C. , Hung M.‐N. , Wu T.‐M. , Shu P.‐Y. , Shih W.‐Y. , Lin J. H.‐Y. , Chen W.‐C. , Wu H.‐S. , Lin L.‐J.
Published: December 2009

The first case of Q fever in Taiwan was reported in 1993. The disease is considered to be emerging in Taiwan, but the route of transmission has remained unclear. The annual number of confirmed Q fever cases has been increasing up to more than 100 cases since 2005, comparing with less than 30 before 2003. The purpose of this study was to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors of Coxiella burnetii infection in veterinary‐associated populations in southern Taiwan. A total of 228 serum samples of high risk individuals engaging in veterinary‐related work or animal‐farm work, were collected between March and June in 2007. The study individuals were interviewed by a structured questionnaire designed for Q fever investigation. Serum samples from different animal species were also obtained for Q fever analysis in the same study areas. Serological test was conducted by indirect immunofluorescence antibody assay (IFA). The result demonstrated the overall seroprevalence of Q fever was 26.3% in individuals engaging in veterinary and animal‐related work in southern Taiwan. After multiple logistic regression analysis, goat exposure was significantly associated with seropositivity of Q fever in the study population in southern Taiwan (adjusted odds ratio: 2.62; 95% CI: 1.06–6.46). In addition, the highest seroprevalence (43.8%) of Q fever was identified in goats (P < 0.05). Finally, this study documented that people with prior knowledge of Q fever were less likely to be seropositive for C. burnetii. It was concluded that goat exposure was the most important risk factor associated with C. burnetii infection and appropriate health education could be useful to prevent high risk individuals from the infection in southern Taiwan.
A Study to Demonstrate Freedom fromTrichinellaspp. in Domestic Pigs in Switzerland
Authors: Schuppers M. E. , Rosenberg G. , Graf R. , Eidam V. , Wittwer C. , Zimmermann W. , Gottstein B. , Frey C. F.
Published: December 2009

Trichinellosis is a food‐borne zoonotic disease caused by the nematodeTrichinellaspp. Many omnivorous and carnivorous animal species can act as host for this parasite, including domestic pigs. To protect public health, it should be ensured that pork should not contain infectiveTrichinellalarvae. Surveillance forTrichinellaspp. can be done using direct (larval detection) and indirect (antibody detection) diagnostic techniques. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the absence of infection in Swiss domestic pigs. An ELISA was used as the initial screening test, and sera reacting in ELISA were further investigated using both a Western blot for serology and an artificial digestion test with 20 g of diaphragm tissue for larval detection. A total of 7412 adult pigs, 9973 finishing pigs and 2779 free‐ranging pigs were tested. Samples from 17 (0.23%) adult pigs, 16 (0.16%) finishing pigs and nine (0.32%) free‐ranging pigs were ELISA‐positive, but all of these sera were subsequently negative by Western blot and by the artificial digestion method. Based on these findings, an absence ofTrichinellainfections in adult pigs (target prevalence 0.04%) and finishing pigs (target prevalence 0.03%) can be concluded. The results also demonstrated that the prevalence ofTrichinellainfections does not exceed 0.11% in free‐ranging pigs, the group with the highest risk of exposure.
Measurement of platelet aggregation in ovine blood using a new impedance aggregometer
Authors: Baumgarten Andrea , Wilhelmi Mathias , Kalbantner Kerstin , Ganter Martin , Mischke Reinhard
Published: December 2009

Background: Whole blood platelet aggregometry (impedance) is an important method to investigate platelet function disorders. Examination of hemostatic function in sheep is important with respect to their role as an animal model of human disease.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate and optimize selected methodological aspects (anticoagulant, agonist concentration) of impedance aggregometry in ovine blood using the new Multiplate 5.0 analyzer.

Methods: Blood samples were collected in hirudin anticoagulant from 40 clinically healthy sheep. Samples from selected sheep were collected in citrate, with or without the addition of calcium chloride. The agonists adenosine diphosphate (ADP), collagen, ristocetin, arachidonic acid, and thrombin receptor‐activating peptide (TRAP) were added in several concentrations to induce aggregation.

Results: Based on maximum aggregation values and internal precision, no significant difference was found between ADP concentrations of 3–10 μmol/L and collagen concentrations of 3–5 μg/mL (P>.05). The lowest interindividual variation of approximately 3–4‐fold was seen with 4 and 5 μmol/L ADP and 4 and 5 μg/mL collagen. Ristocetin, arachidonic acid, and TRAP did not induce significant aggregation at any concentration. Aggregation results were significantly lower when measured in citrate‐ vs hirudin‐anticoagulated blood, regardless of the presence of calcium chloride.

Conclusions: Our results indicate that the multiplate impedance aggregometer is suitable for the measurement of platelet aggregation in sheep using optimal agonist concentrations of 4–5 μmol/L ADP and 4–5 μg/mL collagen. Hirudin‐anticoagulated blood is the preferred sample material.
Urinary Markers in Healthy Young and Aged Dogs and Dogs with Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Smets P.M.Y. , Meyer E. , Maddens B.E.J. , Duchateau L. , Daminet S.
Published: December 2009

Background: Blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine concentrations only detect a decrease of >75% of renal functional mass. Therefore, there is a need for markers that allow early detection and localization of renal damage.

Hypothesis: Urinary albumin (uALB), C‐reactive protein (uCRP), retinol binding protein (uRBP), and N‐acetyl‐β‐d‐glucosaminidase (uNAG) concentrations are increased in dogs with chronic kidney disease (CKD) compared with healthy controls and in healthy older dogs compared with young dogs.

Animals: Ten dogs with CKD, 10 healthy young dogs (age 1–3 years), and 10 healthy older dogs (age > 7 years) without clinically relevant abnormalities on physical examination, hematology, biochemistry, and urinalysis.

Methods: Urinary markers were determined using an ELISA (uALB, uCRP, and uRBP) or a colorimetric test (uNAG). Results were related to urinary creatinine (c). The fixed effects model or the Wilcoxon rank sum test were used to compare the different groups of dogs.

Results: uALB/c, uRBP/c, and uNAG/c were significantly higher in CKD dogs than in healthy dogs. No significant difference was found for uCRP, which was not detectable in the healthy dogs and only in 3 of the CKD dogs. Between the healthy young and older dogs, no significant difference was detected for any of the markers.

Conclusion: The urinary markers uALB/c, uRBP/c, and uNAG/c were significantly increased in dogs with CKD compared with healthy controls. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the ability of these markers to detect renal disease before the onset of azotemia.
Cryptosporidiosis in People: It's Not Just About the Cows
Authors: Chako C.Z. , Tyler J.W. , Schultz L.G. , Chiguma L. , Beerntsen B.T.
Published: December 2009

Cryptosporidiosis is one of the most common causes of infectious diarrhea in people. Although dairy calves are high‐risk hosts, the role of other livestock, pets, and humans in the disease should not be underestimated. Some Cryptosporidium species and strains are specific to people, others are specific to animals while some are zoonotic pathogens. Cryptosporidium hominis is the species responsible for the majority of human cases in the United States, Sub‐Saharan Africa, and Asia, while Cryptosporidium parvum accounts for more human cases in Europe and particularly in the United Kingdom. A deeper understanding of Cryptosporidium host range, reservoirs, and transmission is needed to develop preventive strategies to protect the general public.
The Brachistochrone With a Movable End-Point and the Nonsimultaneous Variations
Authors: Radomirovic D. , Djukic Dj. , Cveticanin L.
Published: December 2009

In this paper, the necessary and sufficient conditions for minima plane path with a movable end-point are developed. Using the calculus of variations the considered conditions are based on the zero first-order nonsimultaneous variation and on the positive second-order variation in the functional of integral type corresponding to mechanical systems. The applied procedure is the coordinate parametric method. The obtained solutions are tested on a brachistochrone with one end-point constrained to lie on a circle. The exact solution is compared with the approximate one obtained with Ritz’s method.
Nonlinear Dynamics of Electrically Actuated Carbon Nanotube
Resonators
Authors: Ouakad Hassen M. , Younis Mohammad I.
Published: December 2009

This work presents an investigation of the nonlinear dynamics of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) when actuated by a dc load superimposed to an ac harmonic load. Cantilevered and clamped-clamped CNTs are studied. The carbon nanotube is described by an Euler–Bernoulli beam model that accounts for the geometric nonlinearity and the nonlinear electrostatic force. A reduced-order model based on the Galerkin method is developed and utilized to simulate the static and dynamic responses of the carbon nanotube. The free-vibration problem is solved using both the reduced-order model and by solving directly the coupled in-plane and out-of-plane boundary-value problems governing the motion of the nanotube. Comparison of the results generated by these two methods to published data of a more complicated molecular dynamics model shows good agreement. Dynamic analysis is conducted to explore the nonlinear oscillation of the carbon nanotube near its fundamental natural frequency (primary-resonance) and near one-half, twice, and three times its natural frequency (secondary-resonances). The nonlinear analysis is carried out using a shooting technique to capture periodic orbits combined with the Floquet theory to analyze their stability. The nonlinear resonance frequency of the CNTs is calculated as a function of the ac load. Subharmonic-resonances are found to be activated over a wide range of frequencies, which is a unique property of CNTs. The results show that these resonances can lead to complex nonlinear dynamics phenomena, such as hysteresis, dynamic pull-in, hardening and softening behaviors, and frequency bands with an inevitable escape from a potential well.
Glitchless Static Friction Models in SIMULINK for Vehicle Simulation Study
Authors: Song Xubin , Smedley Daniel G.
Published: December 2009

The history of the challenge of friction modeling is briefly reviewed. Then, this paper focuses on the modeling and simulation study of the friction related dynamics in the SIMULINK® environment, because MATLAB®/SIMULINK® are popular engineering software tools for both industry and academia. MATLAB® and SIMULINK® are the proprietary products of MathWorks, Inc. (Natick, MA). In this paper, the static friction models are studied through SIMULINK® by applying fixed and variable step sizes. The comparison shows that the static Karnopp model is not only numerically tractable but also can be inclusive of the fundamental friction characteristics of both stick-slip and correct friction predictions. Finally, this paper presents an improved Karnopp model for clutch modeling with the use of SIMULINK®, and the simulation shows that this model is computationally tractable with smooth dynamics.
Fabrication of novel digital optical spectrometer on chip
Authors: Babin S. , Peroz C. , Bugrov A. , Goltsov A. , Ivonin I. , Yankov V. , Dhuey S. , Cabrini S. , Kley E.-B. , Schmidt H.
Published: December 2009

A novel type of digital optical spectrometer on chip is proposed and first results of their fabrication and characterization are reported. The devices are based on computer-designed digital planar holograms which involves millions of lines specifically located and oriented in order to direct the output light into the designed focal points according to the wavelength. Spectrometers were fabricated on silicon dioxide and hafnium dioxide planar waveguides using electron beam lithography and dry etching. The optical performances of the first devices with up to 1000 channels for a central wavelength of 660 nm are reported.
Subwavelength grating structures with magnetic resonances at visible frequencies fabricated by nanoimprint lithography for large area applications
Authors: Kaplan Alex F. , Chen Yi-Hao , Kang Myung-Gyu , Guo L. Jay , Xu Ting , Luo Xiangang
Published: December 2009

Transmission of TM-polarized light through a subwavelength metal-dielectric grating structure exhibits strong resonance in the visible range. Simulations by finite-difference time-domain and finite-element methods show that the resonance can be attributed to the magnetic response. Further simulation shows that the grating structure can be optimized by adding an index matching dielectric layer to produce negative refractive index response in the visible band. Easily fabricated using nanoimprint lithography and conveniently able to be excited by incident light normal to the fabrication plane, such metal-dielectric grating structure could find potential use in large area negative refractive index applications.
Void-free filling of spin-on dielectric in 22nm wide ultrahigh aspect ratio Si trenches
Authors: Trivedi Krutarth , Floresca Carlo , Kim Sangjeoung , Kim Hyunjin , Kim Deogbae , Kim Jaehyun , Kim Moon J. , Hu Walter
Published: December 2009

The authors demonstrate fabrication of ultrahigh aspect ratio nanotrenches, made by nanoimprint lithography and dimension reduction, as test bed shallow trench isolation structures for the 22nm semiconductor node. Polysilazane based spin-on dielectric (SOD) material is spin coated into the nanotrenches, of 22nm width and aspect ratio over 30, to evaluate gap filling property. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis is used to characterize the curing properties of the SOD, showing that the material can be cured in oxygen at temperatures of 600°C and higher. Transmission electron microscopy images indicate that the filling is complete and void-free along the entirety of the trench.
Fully self-aligned process for fabricating 100nm gate length enhancement mode GaAs metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors
Authors: Li Xu , Hill Richard J. W. , Longo Paolo , Holland Martin C. , Zhou Haiping , Thoms Stephen , Macintyre Douglas S. , Thayne Iain G.
Published: December 2009

This article describes a process flow that has enabled the first demonstration of functional, fully self-aligned 100nm enhancement mode GaAs metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) with GaxGdyOz as high-κ dielectric, Pt∕W as metal gate stack, and SiN as sidewall spacers. The flow uses blanket metal and dielectric deposition and low damage dry etch modules. As a consequence, no critical dimension lift-off processes are required. Encouraging data are presented for 100nm gate length devices including threshold voltage of 0.32V, making these the shortest, fully self-aligned gate length enhancement mode III-V MOSFETs reported to date. This work is a significant step forward to the demonstration of high performance “siliconlike” III-V MOSFETs.
Nanofabrication of sharp diamond tips by e-beam lithography and inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching
Authors: Moldovan Nicolaie , Divan Ralu , Zeng Hongjun , Carlisle John A.
Published: December 2009

Ultrasharp diamond tips make excellent atomic force microscopy probes, field emitters, and abrasive articles due to diamond’s outstanding physical properties, i.e., hardness, low friction coefficient, low work function, and toughness. Sharp diamond tips are currently fabricated as individual tips or arrays by three principal methods: (1) focused ion beam milling and gluing onto a cantilever of individual diamond tips, (2) coating silicon tips with diamond films, or (3) molding diamond into grooves etched in a sacrificial substrate, bonding the sacrificial substrate to another substrate or electrodepositing of a handling chip, followed by dissolution of the sacrificial substrate. The first method is tedious and serial in nature but does produce very sharp tips, the second method results in tips whose radius is limited by the thickness of the diamond coating, while the third method involves a costly bonding and release process and difficulties in thoroughly filling the high aspect ratio apex of molding grooves with diamond at the nanoscale. To overcome the difficulties with these existing methods, this article reports on the feasibility of the fabrication of sharp diamond tips by direct etching of ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD®) as a starting and structural material. The UNCD is reactive ion etched using a cap-precursor-mask scheme. An optimized etching recipe demonstrates the formation of ultrasharp diamond tips (∼10nm tip radius) with etch rates of 650nm∕min.
Defining Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index Cutoffs for Additive Interactions Based on Self-Drug Additive Combinations, Monte Carlo Simulation Analysis, andIn Vitro-In VivoCorrelation Data for Antifungal Drug Combinations againstAspergillus fumigatus
Authors: Meletiadis Joseph , Pournaras Spyros , Roilides Emmanuel , Walsh Thomas J.
Published: December 2009

The fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index range of 0.5 to 4 that is commonly used to define additivity results in no interactions in most combination studies of antifungal agents. These results may differ from those ofin vivostudies, where positive and negative interactions may be observed. We reassessed thisin vitroFIC index range based on (i) the experimental variation of the checkerboard technique using multiple replicates, (ii) the ability to correctly determine purely additive self-drug and two-drug antagonistic combinations of amphotericin B (AMB) and voriconazole (VRC), (iii) Monte Carlo simulation analysis, and (iv)in vitro-in vivocorrelation using experimental models of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis against the sameAspergillus fumigatusisolate based on visual, spectrophotometric, and colorimetric determinations of FICs after 24 and 48 h of incubation. FICs obtained after 24 h of incubation ranged from 0.5 to 1.25 for the self-drug additive combinations of AMB plus AMB and VRC plus VRC and from 2.25 to 4.25 for the antagonistic combination of AMB plus VRC. Monte Carlo simulation analysis showed that self-drug combinations were correctly classified as additive and that the combination of AMB plus VRC was correctly classified as antagonistic for >85% of the simulated FICs when deviation of the 95% confidence interval (CI) of replicate FICs from the additivity range of 1 to 1.25 was used to assess interactions after 24 h.In vitro-in vivocorrelation analysis showed that the 95% CIs of the FICs of thein vivosynergistic combination anidulafungin plus VRC determined after 24 h were lower than 1 and the 95% CIs of the FICs of thein vivoantagonistic combination AMB plus ravuconazole were higher than 1.25. Adequate insight into weak pharmacodynamic interactions within vivorelevance may be obtained by demonstrating that triplicate FICs at 24 h are outside an inclusive additivity range of 1 to 1.25.
Comparison of the Activity of a Human Simulated, High-Dose, Prolonged Infusion of Meropenem against
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Producing the KPC Carbapenemase versus That against
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
in an
In Vitro
Pharmacodynamic Model
Authors: Bulik Catharine C. , Christensen Henry , Li Peng , Sutherland Christina A. , Nicolau David P. , Kuti Joseph L.
Published: December 2009

We have previously demonstrated that a high-dose, prolonged-infusion meropenem regimen (2 g every 8 h [q8h]; 3-hour infusion) can achieve 40% free drug concentration above the MIC against
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
with MICs of ≤16 μg/ml. The objective of this experiment was to compare the efficacy of this high-dose, prolonged-infusion regimen against carbapenemase-producing
Klebsiella pneumoniae
isolates with the efficacy against
P. aeruginosa
isolates having similar meropenem MICs. An
in vitro
pharmacodynamic model was used to simulate human serum concentrations. Eleven genotypically confirmed
K. pneumoniae
carbapenemase (KPC)-producing isolates and six clinical
P. aeruginosa
isolates were tested for 24 h, and time-kill curves were constructed. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to verify meropenem concentrations in each experiment. Meropenem achieved a rapid ≥3 log CFU reduction against all KPC isolates within 6 h, followed by regrowth in all but two isolates. The targeted %
f
T>MIC (percent time that free drug concentrations remain above the MIC) exposure was achieved against both of these KPC isolates (100%
f
T>MIC versus MIC = 2 μg/ml, 75%
f
T>MIC versus MIC = 8 μg/ml). Against KPC isolates with MICs of 8 and 16 μg/ml that did regrow, actual meropenem exposures were significantly lower than targeted due to rapid
in vitro
hydrolysis, whereby targeted %
f
T>MIC was reduced with each subsequent dosing. In contrast, a ≥3 log CFU reduction was maintained over 24 h for all
Pseudomonas
isolates with meropenem MICs of 8 and 16 μg/ml. Although KPC and
P. aeruginosa
isolates may share similar meropenem MICs, the differing resistance mechanisms produce discordant responses to a high-dose, prolonged infusion of meropenem. Thus, predicting the efficacy of an antimicrobial regimen based on MIC may not be a valid assumption for KPC-producing organisms.
Protection against LethalNeospora caninumInfection in Mice Induced by Heterologous Vaccination with amic1 mic3KnockoutToxoplasma gondiiStrain
Authors: Penarete-Vargas Diana Marcela , Mévélec Marie Noelle , Dion Sarah , Sèche Edouard , Dimier-Poisson Isabelle , Fandeur Thierry
Published: December 2009

Neospora caninumandToxoplasma gondiiare closely related, obligate intracellular parasites infecting a wide range of vertebrate hosts and causing abortion and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Several lines of evidence suggest that cross immunity between these two pathogens could be exploited in the design of strategies for heterologous vaccination. We assessed the ability of an attenuated strain ofT. gondii(“mic1-3KO strain”) conferring strong protection against chronic and congenital toxoplasmosis to protect mice against lethalN. caninuminfection. Mice immunized withmic1-3KO tachyzoites by the oral and intraperitoneal routes developed a strong cellular Th1 response and displayed significant protection against lethal heterologousN. caninuminfection, with survival rates of 70% and 80%, respectively, whereas only 30% of the nonimmunized mice survived. We report here the acquisition of heterologous protective immunity againstN. caninumfollowing immunization with a live attenuatedmic1-3KO strain ofT. gondii.
Mycoplasma genitalium
Rapidly Disseminates to the Upper Reproductive Tracts and Knees of Female Mice following Vaginal Inoculation
Authors: McGowin Chris L. , Spagnuolo Rae Ann , Pyles Richard B.
Published: December 2009

Mycoplasma genitalium
is an emerging sexually transmitted infection and in women is associated with notable reproductive tract syndromes such as cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and infertility. Investigations into the causal relationships of
M. genitalium
infections and clinical disease have been hindered largely by the lack of a well-established small-animal model of genital tract infection. To establish a murine model, female Swiss Webster mice were conditioned with either progesterone or estradiol and then inoculated intravaginally with
M. genitalium
type strain G37 or a contemporary Danish strain, M2300. Persistent lower tract infection was observed at up to 77 days postinoculation (d.p.i.). Upper reproductive tract colonization was observed as early as 3 d.p.i., with long-term infection observed in estradiol-treated (65%) and progesterone-treated (18%) animals. In the upper tract, more than 90% of
M. genitalium
PCR-positive samples were from the uterus and oviducts. Ultimately, gross hydrosalpinx was observed 21 days to 10 weeks p.i. in approximately 60% of infected animals, suggesting the presence of tubal occlusion. In addition, dissemination of
M. genitalium
to the knee tissues was observed as early as 7 d.p.i., with persistent infection detected at up to 28 d.p.i. Mice infected with
M. genitalium
also developed specific antibodies to the major antigenic outer membrane protein MgPa, elongation factor Tu, pyruvate dehydrogenase E1α, and DnaK (Hsp70), indicating persistent infection despite robust humoral responses to infection. These findings provide strong experimental evidence that
M. genitalium
can establish long-term infection of reproductive tract and joint tissues, with preliminary evidence of pathological reproductive tract outcomes.
Cytolethal Distending Toxin fromAggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitansInduces DNA Damage, S/G2Cell Cycle Arrest, and Caspase- Independent Death in aSaccharomyces cerevisiaeModel
Authors: Matangkasombut Oranart , Wattanawaraporn Roongtiwa , Tsuruda Keiko , Ohara Masaru , Sugai Motoyuki , Mongkolsuk Skorn
Published: December 2009

Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) is a bacterial toxin that induces G2/M cell cycle arrest, cell distension, and/or apoptosis in mammalian cells. It is produced by several Gram-negative species and may contribute to their pathogenicity. The catalytic subunit CdtB has homology with DNase I and may act as a genotoxin. However, the mechanism by which CdtB leads to cell death is not yet clearly understood. Here, we usedSaccharomyces cerevisiaeas a model to study the molecular pathways involved in the function of CdtB fromAggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, a cause of aggressive periodontitis. We show thatA.actinomycetemcomitansCdtB (AaCdtB) expression induces S/G2arrest and death in a DNase-catalytic residue and nuclear localization-dependent manner in haploid yeasts. Yeast strains defective in homologous recombination (HR) repair, but not other DNA repair pathways, are hypersensitive to AaCdtB, suggesting that HR is required for survival upon CdtB expression. In addition, yeast does not harbor the substrate for the other activity proposed for CdtB function, which is phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate phosphatase. Thus, these results suggest that direct DNA-damaging activity alone is sufficient for CdtB toxicity. To investigate how CdtB induces cell death, we examined the effect of CdtB in yeast strains with mutations in apoptotic regulators. Our results suggest that yeast death occurs independently of the yeast metacaspase geneYCA1and the apoptosis-inducing factorAIF1but is partially dependent on histone H2B serine 10 phosphorylation. Therefore, we report here the evidence that AaCdtB causes DNA damage that leads to nonapoptotic death in yeast and the first mutation that confers resistance to CdtB.
Morphine Disrupts Interleukin-23 (IL-23)/IL-17-Mediated Pulmonary Mucosal Host Defense against
Streptococcus
pneumoniae
Infection
Authors: Ma Jing , Wang Jinghua , Wan Jing , Charboneau Richard , Chang Yaping , Barke Roderick A. , Roy Sabita
Published: December 2009

S
treptococcus
pneumoniae
is a pathogen that causes serious respiratory disease and meningitis in the immunocompromised drug abuse population. However, the precise mechanisms by which drug abuse compromises the host immune defense to pulmonary
S. pneumoniae
infection is not fully understood. Using a well-established murine model of opiate abuse and
S. pneumoniae
lung infection, we explored the influence of morphine treatment on the interleukin-23 (IL-23)/IL-17 axis and related innate immunity. Impairment of early IL-23/IL-17 production caused by morphine treatment was associated with delayed neutrophil migration and decreased pneumococcal clearance. Furthermore, morphine treatment impaired MyD88-dependent IL-23 production in alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells in response to
in vitro
S. pneumoniae
cell infection. Moreover, morphine treatment significantly inhibited the
S. pneumoniae
-induced phosphorylation of interferon response factor 3 (IRF3), ATF2, and NF-κBp65. T-cell receptor δ (TCRδ)-deficient mice showed a decrease in IL-17 production and a severely weakened capacity to clear lung
S. pneumoniae
infection. Finally, morphine treatment resulted in diminished secretion of antimicrobial proteins S100A9 and S100A8/A9 during early stages of
S. pneumoniae
infection. In conclusion, morphine treatment causes a dysfunction in IL-23-producing dendritic cells and macrophages and IL-17-producing γδT lymphocytes in response to
S. pneumoniae
lung infection. This leads to diminished release of antimicrobial S100A8/A9 proteins, compromised neutrophil recruitment, and more-severe infection.
Ultrastructure of cell division in the unicellular red alga Flintiella sanguinaria
Authors: Scott Joe
Published: December 2009

Cell division was examined with the electron microscope in the unicellular red alga Flintiella sanguinaria. Flintiella morphologically resembles Porphyridium purpureum, the only other red algal unicell that has been examined for ultra-structural details of cell division. Both genera are in the order Porphyridiales (Bangiophyceae), an unnatural assemblage of reduced forms in great need of taxonomic revision. Before mitosis, the nucleus migrates to the cell periphery. As in all red algae examined, except Porphyridium, the nucleus-associated organelle is a polar ring. At prometaphase, one or two microtubule-containing cytoplasmic invaginations penetrate the nucleus at each pole. By metaphase an intranuclear spindle is found in association with a typical metaphase chromosomal plate. The nuclear envelope is intact except for a single, large gap at each pole. Perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum is absent. An elongated anaphase interzonal midpiece is formed which breaks down at telophase. The daughter nuclei are widely separated by the chloroplast, which is constricted at the same time as daughter cell formation occurs by a cleavage furrow associated with a finely filamentous region similar to the contractile ring found in many animal cells. Because of pronounced differences in several mitotic features, it is concluded that Flintiella is not closely related to Porphyridium and instead shows closer phylogenetic ties with other macroscopic genera.
Peroxidase associated with the root surface of Phaseolus vulgaris
Authors: Albert F. G. , Bennett L. W. , Anderson A. J.
Published: December 2009

The surface of bean roots demonstrates an intense peroxidase activity which was detected by hydrogen peroxide dependent formation of chromogen from chloronaphthol or dianisidine. Other peroxidase functions, oxidation of indoleacetic acid and NADPH, were catalysed by intact roots and were stimulated by Mn2+ and p-coumarate. Oxidation of NADPH involved superoxide anion [Formula: see text] and hydrogen peroxide formation. Molecular sizing chromatography of root washes demonstrated NADPH oxidase and peroxidase to be associated with higher weight components than indoleacetic acid oxidase. Root surface and root wash peroxidase displayed optimal activity between pH 7 and 8, whereas both sources of indoleacetic acid oxidase were more active at acidic pH. Native poly aery lamide gel electrophoresis of sterile root washes displayed two fast-moving anodic bands, whereas homogenates of the plant roots had several slower moving bands in addition.
Karyotypic relationships among Astilboides, Bergenia, Darmera, and Mukdenia and their implications for subtribal boundaries in Saxifrageae (Saxifragaceae)
Authors: Soltis Douglas E.
Published: December 2009

Chromosomal studies have revealed that 2n = 34 in Astilboides, Darmera, Mukdenia, and Bergenia and that these genera have very similar karyotypes. Few taxa of Saxifrageae have x = 17, and chromosomal data therefore suggest that these four genera form a natural group. The generic affinities suggested by chromosomal data are not in agreement with the traditional interpretation of relationships in Saxifrageae. Astilboides has been placed in subtribe Astilbinae, while Bergenia, Darmera, and Mukdenia were considered members of Saxifraginae. The data presented here, in conjunction with data from earlier chromosomal studies, indicate that traditional subtribal boundaries do not accurately reflect relationships in tribe Saxifrageae.