bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Uncontrolled Evaluation of Inpatient and Outpatient Cognitive-Behavior Therapy for Bulimia Nervosa
Authors: Williamson Donald A. , Prather Rita C. , Bennett Sandra M. , Davis C. J. , Watkins Philip C. , Grenier Charles E.
Published: March 2007

Inpatient (n = 27) and outpatient (n = 22) cognitive-behavior therapy programs for bulimia nervosa were evaluated in an uncontrolled experiment. Both treatment conditions included exposure with response prevention and cognitive restructuring. Inpatient treatment had a mean length of stay of 5 weeks. Outpatient treatment lasted 15 weeks. Both groups were followed after the end of treatment. The results showed that both programs were effective in reducing problems associated with bulimia nervosa. The inpatient program led to very rapid progress, whereas the outpatient program led to more gradual improvement. There was, however, a trend toward relapse for inpatients. Other psychological disturbances (e.g., depression) were improved after inpatient, but not outpatient, treatment. These data were discussed in terms of their implications for treatment planning for cases of bulimia nervosa.
A Comparison of the Effects of Feedback Procedures on College Student Performance on Written Essay Papers
Authors: Serna Loretta A. , Schumaker Jean B. , Sheldon Jan B.
Published: March 2007

A variety of feedback systems was evaluated with regard to their effects on college students' pertormance on written essay papers. The first system included a very general procedure that involved the notation of total points received in each major section of the paper; the second system involved the provision of specific points on subsections within major sections of the paper; and the third system involved the provision of written descriptive comments in addition to points on each subsection of the paper. A specific format was utilized by the experimenters to provide the descriptive feedback. A multiple-baseline design across three major sections of the essay papers was used to evaluate the effectiveness of each feedback procedure on the written content of the essay papers. Additionally, students were asked how satisfied they were with each f'eedback system. An evaluation of the essay papers showed that the mean percentage scores of the written compositions were higher during the descriptive-feedback condition than during the general-points condition, the specific-points condition, or the baseline condition. Results from student ratings suggest that the descriptive-feedback procedure was the most desired by the students and was the most helpful in improving their performance on subsequent papers.
The Development and Evaluation of a Sexual Harassment Contact Person Training Package
Authors: Blaxall Michelle C. D. , Parsonsona Barry S. , Robertson Neville R.
Published: March 2007

The effectiveness of a training package to teach listening and helping skills to three pairs of sexual harassment contact person trainees was evaluated, using a multiple probe design. The training package comprised five components: behavioral specifications, rationales, situational examples, study guides, and role-play exercises, provided in a written instructional format based on guidelines developed by Fawcett and Fletcher. Evaluation involved pre-and posttraining measures of target behavior occurrence, relevant knowledge, and self-rated confidence level. Ratings of performance were also provided by potential consumers as a measure of social validity. Findings indicated that the package was effective in increasing listening and helping skills, knowledge, and confidence of trainees and that skills generalized to new simulated cases and were maintained over time.
"What Really Happens in Parent Training?"
Authors: Webster-Stratton Carolyn , Herbert Martin
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article was to describe the therapeutic processes involved in a parent-training program for families with conduct-disordered children. Videotaped transcriptions of over 100 hours of group discussion therapy sessions provided the data for this study. Findings indicated that the therapeutic process of helping parents learn to manage their children's behavior problems was based on a collaborative model. This model included six roles for therapists, which were labeled building a supportive relationship, empowering parents, teaching, interpreting, leading and challenging, and prophesizing. In addition, the script for parents included five recurring themes related to helping them cope more effectively. These were promoting parents' problem-solving, helping parents "come to terms" with their child, gaining empathy for their child, parents' accepting their own imperfection, and learning how to "refuel." Examples of each of these roles and themes are discussed.
Training Self-Feeding Skills in Children Who are Deaf and Blind
Authors: Luiselli James K.
Published: March 2007

There are very few studies that describe programs to train self-feeding skills in young children who are deaf and blind. This research reports two single-case studies on the acquisition of self-feeding in children with developmental disabilities and combined visual and auditory impairments. Study 1 included the use of prompting, prompt-fading, and contingent sensory reinforcement procedures to train independent self-feeding in a 7-year-old girl. Study 2 incorporated social reinforcement and response interruption to refine the self-feeding skills of a 6-year-old boy. Both studies were conducted by direct-care providers within an educational setting and reported maintenance of skill acquisition at 4 and 8 months posttraining.
Making the System Work
Authors: Blount Ronald L. , Powers Scort W. , Cotter Melanie W. , Swan Suzanne , Free Kay
Published: March 2007

Three 4-to 7-year-old pediatric oncology patients were taught to engage in distraction prior to painful bone marrow asporations and limber puncture and to use party blowers as a breathing technique during the painful procedures. Parents were taught to coach their children to use these coping behavior. Using a multiple baseline across subjects design, results indicated that all of the parents increased their rate of coaching. Each child responded with increased coping and decreased observable distress on the next two sessions. The other two children maintained their high rates of coping and low rates of observable distress during the remaining treatment and during the maintenance sessions. Parents' coaching of theri children to use coping behaviors also remained high during maintenance sessions.
Behavioral Assessment and Interventions in Youth Sports
Authors: Smith Ronald E. , Smoll Frank L. , Christensen Donald S.
Published: March 2007

Behavioral assessment and interventions have found an increasing range of applications in both research and applied work with youth sport populations. Behavioral assessment has been used for both descIiptive and program evaluation purposes, and one of its major uses has been in the study of coaching behaviors and their effects on young athletes. Operant and cognitive-behavioral interventions have been targeted at both athletic and psychosocial outcomes, and they have proven to be effective in both areas. Unresolved issues and promising areas for future research are discussed, and it is concluded that the sport environment is an ideal naturalistic laboratory for behavioral research and interventions.
Behavioral Momentum
Authors: Plaud Joseph J. , Gaither George A.
Published: March 2007

Historical and contemporary theories of reinforcement, as well as the clinical application of reinforcement principles to behavior modification and therapy, are critically analyzed and discusssed. A new behavioral approach to studying the allocation of behavior under changed environmental constraints, termed behavioral momentum, is also presented. Whereas traditional behavioral analysis has emphasized the role of response rate as an index of response probability and response strength, more recent studies have addressed the persistence of behavior under altered environmental conditions and reinforcement contingencies. In terms of behavior modification and therapy, issues such as generalizability and relapse prevention have major implications for the type and length of behavioral intervention strategies employed. The behavioral momentum model analyzes operant behavior not only in terms of its response rate but also in relation to its persistence under changed environmental constraints. The authors discuss the applicability of this recent addition to reinforcement theories in context of its implications for behavior modification and therapy.
Effect of a Stimulus Control Intervention on Attendance at a University Fitness Center
Authors: Estabrooks Paul A. , Courneya Kerry S. , Nigg Claudio R.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the present study was to determine the isolated effects of stimulus control on attendance at a fitness facility. Participants were members of a university fitness club randomly assigned to control (n = 50), placebo (n = 50), and stimulus control (n = 100) conditions. The control condition received no intervention, the placebo condition received a letter by mail, and the stimulus control condition received the same letter by mail plus a complimentary "EXERCISE' key chain, which was to act as the stimulus control. Attendance was monitored surreptitiously for 5 weeks baseline and 8 weeks postintervention by using the facility's computer system. Amanipulation check found that 48 of the 100 participants used the key chain. Therefore, analyses were conducted separately for "intention to treat' and "actual treatment" conditions. Repeated measures multivariate analyses of variance revealed no main or interaction effects involving experimental condition in either the "intention to treat" or "actual treatment" analyses. Discussion focused on explanations for why the stimulus control intervention was not successful, and directions for future research were provided.
Activity Measurements Support Dimensional Assessment
Authors: Pinto Lawrence P. , Tryon Warren W.
Published: March 2007

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual approach to motor excess has been to treat it as a categorical variable whose presence functions as an inclusion criterion. Motor excess is thought to occur primarily during structured settings that maximize attentional demands. Activity is rarely measured as a dimensional attribute despite availability of a wide variety of suitable instruments for more than a decade (Tryon, 1985). The present study measured activity using electronic step counters in structured and unstructured school settings, commuting from home to school and back home, and at home for 2 consecutive weeks in 60 children selected from 450 children using Factor IV (hyperactivity) scores from the Conners Teacher Rating Scale to represent three levels of hyperactivity. Results indicate that (a) children rated as hyperactive are measurably more active than children rated as normally active in unstructured as well as structured situations, (b) measured activity correlates consistenfly and substantially with rated activity in unstructured and structured situations, and (c) a single activity factor characterizes measured activity in all situations except for class transitions during school. These results and other published findings support a quantitative (dimensional) rather than qualitative (categorical) approach to motor excess.
Methylphenidate and Attentional Training
Authors: Rapport Mark D. , Loo Sandra , Isaacs Patti , Goya Susan , Denney Colin , Scanlan Sean
Published: March 2007

The effectiveness of four doses (5-mg, 10-mg, 15-mg, 20-mg) of methylphenidate (MPH) and attentional training (AT) were evaluated using neurocognitive instruments (Continuous Performance Test; Matching Unfamiliar Figures Test), narrow-and broad-band rating scales in the context of a double-blind, placebo-control, within-subject reversal design for dizygotic twin girls with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Both interventions proved effective for improving neurocognitive test performance and behavior, although broad-band ratings revealed dose-response curves different from those obtained from the neurocognitive tests. Implications for clinical management of girls with ADHD are discussed.
Does Preference for Iype of Treatment Matter?
Authors: Van Dyck Richard , Spinhoven Philip
Published: March 2007

There is evidence that preference for a given therapy may influence results. Literature also suggests that hypnotizability may be elevated in agoraphobic patients, making hypnosis a potentially powerful method for treatment. Agoraphobic patients (N = 64) were treated with either exposure in vivo or exposure combined with hypnosis in a crossover design. Half of the patients started with the treatment they preferred and the other half received the other treatnent first. Although patients' preference clearly shifted in favor of the combined therapy in the course of the study, no effect of preference on outcome was evident. Although hypnotizability clearly correlated to outcome in the combined therapy, no difference in effect between the two therapies was found on behavioral, self-report, and observer measures. No additional effect of hypnosis could be shown and preference was not found to be a powerful mediator of effect.
Effect of Reinforcement on Facial Responsivity and Persistence in Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Wigal Tim , Swanson James M. , Douglas Virginia I. , Wigal Sharon B. , Wippler Christina M. , Cavoto Kimberley Fulbright
Published: March 2007

Children with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) may learn poorly under conditions of inconsistent (partial) reinforcement because they are easily frustrated and fail to develop persistence. To test this hypothesis, a nonsense word spelling task was used with 22 ADHD and 20 control children to investigate the effects of partial and continuous reinforcement on facial responsivity (frustration measure), words spelled correctly (learning performance measure), and persistence ratings. Partially reinforced ADHD children manifested higher levels of frustration in both acquisition and extinction than any other group and gave significantly lower persistence ratings across acquisition than partially reinforced control children. ADHD children spelled fewer words correctly than controls, regardless of reinforcement schedule. These findings suggest that partial reinforcement training develops persistence in normal but not ADHD children. The findings have theoretical implications for the etiology of ADHD as well as practical implications for designing behavior modification programs to treat ADHD.
Matching Training Procedures to Outcomes
Authors: Mcconville Melissa L. , Hantula Donald A. , Axelrod Saul
Published: March 2007

To analyze the effects of matching the prompting procedure used in training to the specific behavior chain to be taught, 3 students with mild to moderate retardation were taught four independent tasks: making a bagged lunch, playing a matching game with a peer, ordering food at a restaurant, and participating in a social conversation. Following baseline, all 3 students were exposed to one of two types of training procedures for each task: a least-to-most prompting procedure or a most-to-least prompting procedure. The type of training procedure was counter-balanced across students and tasks, whereas performance on the tasks was evaluated within a combination of a multiple-baseline design across participants and multiple-probe design across tasks. When the method of prompting was matched to the naturally occurring discriminative stimulus (SD) of the training stimulus, it greatly affected acquisition and maintenance of the skill in terms of differences in levels and variability of performance. The most-to-least method of prompting, the matched method in these cases, was more efficient and effective for acquisition and generalization of the bagged-lunch and matching-game skills. The least-to-most method, the matched method in these cases, was more efficient and effective for social-questions and ordering-food skills.
Evaluating Outpatient Behavior Therapy of Sex Offenders
Authors: Crolley Josie , Roys Deloris , Thyer Bruce A. , Bordnick Patrick S.
Published: March 2007

This study compared the entrance and exit scores of 16 patients completing treatment at the Highland Institute for Behavioral Change (HIBC), an outpatient program specializing in the behavioral treatment of sex offenders. Outcome measures included the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), the Multiphasic Sexual Inventory, and recidivism (rearrest record) posttreatment. Statistically significant and clinical improvements were obtained on a number of these measures. One of the 16 graduates reoffended during the average follow-up period of 26 months (he is now incarcerated). These data are supportive of the contention that outpatient behavior therapy can be effective in reducing deviant sexual arousal and in enhancing appropriate consensual sexual behavior.
Two-Year Follow-Up of Behavioral Treatment and Maintenance for Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Authors: McKay Dean
Published: March 2007

Recent research has suggested that body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is part of the obsessivecompulsive spectrum of disorders. As such, it has been hypothesized that these disorders respond in a similar manner to obsessive-compulsive disorder when behavioral interventions are used. A continuation of follow-up was conducted with a group of patients with BDD following treatment. Ten patients completed an intensive behavioral therapy program and either participated in a 6-month maintenance program or served as controls. At 12-, 18-, and 24-month follow-up assessments, patients participating in the maintenance program were more effective at managing limited symptom return and had significantly lower anxiety and depression. Both groups remained improved for acute symptomatology and behavioral avoidance. The results suggest that maintenance programs following behavioral treatment are effective in preventing symptom relapse and assist in patient self-management of lapses typically associated with BDD.
Projection as an Interpersonal Influence Tactic: The Effects of the Pot Calling the Kettle Black
Authors: Rucker Derek D. , Pratkanis Anthony R.
Published: March 2007

In his analysis of Nazi propaganda, Ellis Freeman identified an influence tactic based on projection: accusing another person of the negative traits and behaviors that one possesses and exhibits with the goal of deflecting blame away from one’s own misdeeds and toward the accused. Although the use of projection as an influence tactic is not limited to fascist regimes and its consequences can be socially devastating, the projection tactic has not been subjected to experimental analysis. In four experiments, the authors found that projection was effective in (a) increasing the blame placed on the target of the projection and (b) decreasing the culpability of the accuser (or projectionist). These effects occurred despite (a) raising suspicions about the motives of the projectionist, (b) providing evidence that the projectionist is guilty of the deed, and (c) timing the projection so that it occurred after the misdeeds came to light.
Effects of Environmental Predictability and Personal Mastery on Self-Regulatory and Physiological Processes
Authors: Pham Lien B. , Taylor Shelley E. , Seeman Teresa E.
Published: March 2007

College student participants high and low in personal mastery were exposed to an experimental priming manipulation that made salient the unpredictable aspects of college, the predictable aspects of college, or neutral features of the college environment. They then completed a thought-listing task regarding thoughts about college and measures of self-regulatory processes. Blood pressure and pulse data were collected every 2 minutes. Participants exposed to the predictable manipulation made more references to the future and more references to personal goals and had lower systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure reactivity compared with those in the neutral condition and to those in the unpredictable condition. Participants high (vs. low) in mastery showed more evidence of active self-regulation. Implications for the study of stress are discussed.
Autonomy Support, Intrinsic Motivation, and Perceived Competence: Conceptual and Empirical Linkages
Authors: Guay Frédéric , Boggiano Ann K. , Vallerand Robert J.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to test three models with regard to the linkages among autonomy support, intrinsic motivation, and perceived competence. The first model is based on Cognitive Evaluation Theory and postulates that teachers’ autonomy support influences changes in intrinsic motivation via changes in perceived academic competence. However, the second and the third model are based on the Diathesis Stress Model of Achievement Processes and posit, respectively, that intrinsic motivation could play a mediating and a moderating role in the relation between teachers’ autonomy support and changes in perceived competence. A total of 215 fifth-grade children participated in a longitudinal study over a 1-year period. Results from regression analyses provided some support for the first model but stronger support for the second and third model.
Complementarity of Interpersonal Circumplex Traits
Authors: Tracey Terence J. G. , Ryan Jennifer M. , Jaschik-Herman Bruce
Published: March 2007

The existence of interpersonal complementarity at a stylistic level using the Interpersonal Adjectives Scales (IAS) and the optimal definition of complementarity were the foci of the study. The IAS ratings made by three samples of college students were used: 265 rated both of their parents, 346 rated themselves and their closest friend, and 136 rated how they expected themselves and the other participant to behave in one of three very different situations. The correlation matrices between the scores of the two interactants in each sample were examined using the randomization test of hypothesized order relations to determine if complementarity existed. Results indicated support for the complementarity of traits in each sample and showed that the optimal orientation of dimensions of the IAS with respect to complementarity is 22.5 degrees greater than the orientation proposed by Leary and adopted by Wiggins.
Being Committed: Affective, Cognitive, and Conative Components of Relationship Commitment
Authors: Arriaga Ximena B. , Agnew Christopher R.
Published: March 2007

This article presents the first systematic empirical examination of the state of relationship commitment as advanced by Rusbult and her colleagues, defining the state in terms of affective, cognitive, and conative components. From this perspective, the state of commitment is seen as having three distinct components: (a) psychological attachment, (b) long-term orientation, and (c) intention to persist. Two longitudinal studies of individuals in dating relationships revealed that the three components each predict both couple functioning and eventual breakup status. Both studies also provided suggestive evidence that long-term orientation is a particularly important component of commitment in dating relationships.
Inferences about Effort and Ability
Authors: Reeder Glenn D. , Hesson-McInnis Mathew , Krohse Joshua O. , Scialabba Elizabeth A.
Published: March 2007

Perceivers received information about a target person’s level of athletic performance (e.g., kicking a soccer ball) and the situational forces surrounding that performance. Perceivers’ inferences about the effort and ability of the target depended on whether the situational forces involved psychological forces (a bribe offered for low performance) or physical forces (a wind that hindered performance). Replicating past research, psychological forces had a stronger impact on inferred ability given the presence of low performance, as opposed to high performance. Additional analyses indicated that this pattern was mediated by inferences about the effort of the target. In contrast, physical forces appeared to have a direct impact on inferences of ability and affected inferences based on both low and high performance. The results suggest that perceivers make inferences about multiple attributes within a target person and, in the process, attempt to reconcile those inferences.
Female Role Models: Protecting Women’s Math Test Performance
Authors: Marx David M. , Roman Jasmin S.
Published: March 2007

Recent theory and research suggest that certain situational factors can harm women’s math test performance. The three studies presented here indicate that female role models can buffer women’s math test performance from the debilitating effects of these situational factors. In Study 1, women’s math test performance was protected when a competent female experimenter (i.e., a female role model) administered the test. Study 2 showed that it was the perception of the female experimenter’s math competence, not her physical presence, that safeguarded the math test performance of women. Study 3 revealed that learning about a competent female experimenter buffered women’s self-appraised math ability, which in turn led to successful performance on a challenging math test.
Different Partners, Different Selves: Strategic Verification of Circumscribed Identities
Authors: Swann William B. , Bosson Jennifer K. , Pelham Brett W.
Published: March 2007

It is proposed that people negotiate and receive verification for highly positive, relationship-specific selves. Study 1 indicated that although people wanted evaluations that were roughly consistent with their self-views on most dimensions, on a dimension that was crucial to a specific relationship (physical attractiveness in dating relationships) they wanted evaluations that far exceeded their self-views. Studies 2 and 3 showed that participants recognized that their desired evaluations exceeded their self-views but they expected to—and actually did—evoke exalted appraisals of their attractiveness from dating partners. Study 4 suggested that the desire to receive exceptionally positive appraisals on relationship-relevant dimensions generalized to other self-views and same-sex, nonromantic relationship partners. The authors conclude that people find ways of circumventing the conflict between their desires to be valued yet understood.
The Role of Threats in the Racial Attitudes of Blacks and Whites
Authors: Stephan Walter G. , Boniecki Kurt A. , Ybarra Oscar , Bettencourt Ann , Ervin Kelly S. , Jackson Linda A. , McNatt Penny S. , Renfro C. Lausanne
Published: March 2007

This study employed the integrated threat theory of intergroup attitudes to examine the attitudes of Black and White students toward the other racial group. This theory synthesizes previous research on the relationships of threats to intergroup attitudes. Structural equation modeling revealed that for both racial groups, realistic threats, symbolic threats, and intergroup anxiety predicted attitudes toward the other group. To varying degrees, the effects of negative contact, strength of ingroup identity, perceptions of intergroup conflict, perceived status inequality, and negative stereotyping on negative racial attitudes were mediated by the three threat variables. The model accounted for more variance in the negative attitudes of Whites toward Blacks than in the negative attitudes of Blacks toward Whites. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Self-Enhancement as a Buffer Against Extreme Adversity: Civil War in Bosnia and Traumatic Loss in the United States
Authors: Bonanno George A. , Field Nigel P. , Kovacevic Azemina , Kaltman Stacey
Published: March 2007

In a challenge to traditional views of mental health, Taylor and Brown argued that an overly positive or enhanced perception of the self was adaptive, particularly in conditions of extreme adversity. Researchers have tempered this view with evidence linking self-enhancing biases to negative social consequences. This article reports studies examining self-enhancement in the context of civil war in Bosnia (Study 1) and premature conjugal loss (Study 2). In both studies, mental health experts rated self-enhancing individuals as better adjusted than other participants. Self-enhancement proved particularly salutary for bereaved participants who suffered more adverse losses. These effects were evidenced regardless of whether global judgments or structured clinical interviews were used, whether ratings were collected cross-sectionally or longitudinally, and when negative affect was statistically controlled. However, consistent with previous studies, self-enhancers also evoked negative impressions among untrained observers. Limitations and implications for future research are discussed.
The Dissatisfaction of Having Your First Offer Accepted: The Role of Counterfactual Thinking in Negotiations
Authors: Galinsky Adam D. , Seiden Vanessa L. , Kim Peter H. , Medvec Victoria Husted
Published: March 2007

In this article, the authors explore the role of individuals’ counterfactual thoughts in determining their satisfaction with negotiated outcomes. When negotiators’ first offers are immediately accepted, negotiators are more likely to generate counterfactual thoughts about how they could have done better and therefore are less likely to be satisfied with the agreement than are negotiators whose offers are not accepted immediately. This reduction in satisfaction emerged even when the objective outcomes of negotiators whose first offers were immediately accepted were equal to or better than the outcomes of negotiators whose first offers were not immediately accepted. Evidence for a disconnect between objective outcomes and evaluations emerged in two scenario experiments and a simulated negotiation. The final experiment explored the functional and dysfunctional consequences of counterfactual activation following the immediate acceptance of first offers. Upward counterfactual thoughts were positively related to the amount of preparation for a subsequent negotiation; on the other hand, upward counterfactual thoughts were negatively correlated with the likelihood of making future first offers.
Multiple Source Characteristics and Persuasion: Source Inconsistency as a Determinant of Message Scrutiny
Authors: Ziegler René , Diehl Michael , Ruther Anja
Published: March 2007

It is argued that previous persuasion research has been concerned predominantly with the role of single source characteristics (e.g., expertise) for attitude change and thus has failed to consider the role of multiple source characteristics. This was done in two experiments that tested the hypothesis that recipients would scrutinize a message more effortfully when the combination of two source characteristics is unexpected (source inconsistency) than when the combination is less surprising (source consistency). In Experiment 1, source likability, source expertise, and argument quality were manipulated. In Experiment 2, honesty instead of likability was manipulated. Results from both experiments provide evidence supporting the predicted effects of source (in)consistency on message scrutiny; that is, argument quality affected attitudes and favorability of message-related thoughts in the case of inconsistent source characteristics but not in the case of consistent source characteristics.
The Impact of Respect Versus Neglect of Self-Identities on Identification and Group Loyalty
Authors: Barreto Manuela , Ellemers Naomi
Published: March 2007

How do targets deal with a discrepancy between their choice of identity and the way they are categorized by others? In this article, the authors demonstrate that participants’ reactions to this discrepancy depend on whether the way they are actually treated by others respects their chosen identity. Participants whose choice of identity was neglected expressed low identification and little loyalty to the group to which they had been assigned. By contrast, identification and group loyalty were stronger among participants whose choice of identity was respected and who did not differ from controls on these measures. Of importance, only participants whose self-identity was respected also were willing to self-categorize in and express willingness to cooperate with the ascribed group. The implications of these results for the understanding of identity processes in pluralist societies are discussed.
Attributional Consequences of Personal Space Invasions
Authors: Smith Robert J. , Knowles Eric S.
Published: March 2007

Two studies investigated the cognitive consequences of personal space invasions on a city sidewalk. Invaded pedestrians crossed a street faster, judged the invader more negatively, rated the invader's behavior as less appropriate, attributed specific intentions, and in one study but not the other, rated their own feelings less positively than did non-invaded pedestrians.
Recommended Punishment as a Function of Injurious Intent, Actual Harm Done, and Intended Consequences
Authors: Horai Joann , Bartek Mary
Published: March 2007

The hypothesis that the severity of recommended punish- ment increases both with increasing levels of injurious intent and actual harm done was tested and confirmed. Further, (a) estimates of similar behavior in the future varied as a function of the dis- crepancy between level of injurious intent and actual harm done and (b) actors who intended offensive consequences were judged more harshly than those who intended defensive consequences.
Self-Presentation, Self-Monitoring, and the Self-Serving Bias in Causal Attribution
Authors: Arkin Robert M. , Gabrenya William K. , Appelman Alan S. , Cochran Susan T.
Published: March 2007

Research has shown that individuals' causal attributions are affected by the degree of public scrutiny of their behavior (Bradley, 1978). An experiment was conducted to test a self-presentational explanation of this finding. High and low self-monitors were or were not closely scrutinized (videotaped) during their performance of a task at which they either succeeded or failed. Low self-monitors were expected to provide an attributional baseline (little or no self-presentation) against which the self-presentational tendencies of high self-monitors could be assessed. It was found that high self-monitors assumed significantly greater responsibility for success than for failure when videotaped, but assumed only somewhat more responsibility for success than for failure when not taped. Surprisingly, low self-monitors' attributions were affected by the manipulation of evaluation intensity. Low self-monitors assumed more responsibility for success than for failure when they were not taped, but assumed no more responsibility for success than for failure when they were taped.
Physical Attractiveness
Authors: Gillen Barry
Published: March 2007

This experiment was designed to test the idea that physically attractive (PA) persons are perceived as having two types of goodness-sex-relevant and sexirrelevant. Three hypotheses were tested to determine the validity of this notion. It was predicted that perceived masculinity increases with PA for males but not for females, that perceived femininity increases with PA for females but not for males, and that perceived social desirability increases with PA for both males and females. Subjects were asked to fill in the Bem Sex Role Inventory for males and females representing low, moderate, and high levels of PA. The obtained results supported all three experimental hypotheses.
Social Cohesion Effects on Spatial Cohesion
Authors: Knowles Eric S. , Brickner Mary A.
Published: March 2007

A systems analysis of groups implies that strengthening the social bonds among group members should increase their spatial cohesion, that is, moving to avoid an invasion of the group's space. Male and female subjects (N = 48) received false information that a female confederate had very similar or dissimilar opinions. Afterward, subjects walking down a hallway with the confederate had to respond to a potential invasion of the dyad. Male subjects showed more protection of the group space in similar than in dissimilar conditions, but females showed uniformly high spatial cohesion. These results are interpreted as supporting the systems analysis.
Perceptions of the Male Sex Role
Authors: Moore DeWayne , Nuttall James R.
Published: March 2007

In this study 75 college men used the Bem Sex Role Inventory to describe either themselves or a typical, ideal, or women's ideal man, and 30 college women described either a typical or ideal man. 7he only effect for the masculine items was that men saw themselves as relatively low on masculinity. For the feminine items the male's ratings were relatively high on femininity, with the exception of the typical male. While women described the ideal male as higher on femininity than the typical male, both of the women's ratings were relatively low on femininity. The results suggests that male role strain comes not from a failure to be expressive, but from a failure to be instrumental.
The Relation between Attitudes and Later Behavior Following Dissonance-Produced Attitude Change
Authors: Tiller Mikel G. , Fazio Russell H.
Published: March 2007

The relation between attitudes, following dissonance-produced attitude change, and later behavior was examined. Subjects who freely chose to attempt to attain a difficult goal for minimal external. justification expressed greater commitment to the goal and, subsequently, displayed superior task performance, relative to other subjects. More important, the correlation between expressed commitment and subsequent performance was of greater magnitude among these subjects. The results are discussed in terms of the apparent superior predictive utility of attitudes based upon self-revealing, prior behavior.
On Thinking about History as Social Psychology
Authors: Morawski J. G.
Published: March 2007

Several theoretical problems in social psychology have been resilient to correction or resolution as illustrated in the case of sex-role research. This article proposes that these problems require modifications in our metatheoretical bases. Although alternative metatheories have been postulated by numerous social psychologists, the development of methodology and of viable research programs remains. It is suggested that historiography may inform the social psychologist on these matters.
Own Ability in Relation to Self-Concept of Ability
Authors: Meyer Wulf Uwe , Starke Eberhard
Published: March 2007

A field study was conducted to examine whether individuals high and low in self-concept of ability differ in the extent to which they seek information about their own ability. Subjects were given both an intelligence test and a nonachievement task. Under the pretense of helping the experimenter, subjects were then asked to score one of the two tasks. Those who scored the intelligence test could directly compare their level of ability with social norms. The data showed that most subjects high in self-concept of ability chose the intelligence test to score, while most subjects low in self-concept of ability selected the nonachievement task. The results of this study contradict the findings of previous studies employing mostly hypothetical choice situations, which report no differences in information-seeking related to self-perception of ability.
Social Cognition and Health
Authors: Taylor Shelley E.
Published: March 2007

Health settings provide an important arena within which to test and refine social psychological theories. Using interview data from cancer patients, results are presented pertaining to four areas of social psychological theory: attribution theory, psychological control, social comparison theory, and victimization.
Children's Artistic Creativity
Authors: Amabile Teresa M.
Published: March 2007

Girls whose ages ranged from 7 to 11 years made paper collages during I of 2 residential parties. Those in the experimental group were competing for prizes, whereas those in the control group expected that the prizes would be raffled off Artist-judges later rated each collage on several artistic dimensions, including creativity, technical goodness, and aesthetic appeal. A high level of interjudge reliability was found, and there was a clear separation between creativity judgments and judgments of technical goodness and aesthetic appeal. The control group was significantly higher than the experimental group on judged creativity of the collages and on several other dimensions of judgment that correlated with creativity. The control group was lower, however, on some dimensions related to technical aspects of the performance. In addition, there was significantly more variability in the control group on a number of objective features of the collages. The results are consistent with the proposition that intrinsic motivation is conducive to creativity, while extrinsic motivation is detrimental.
Self-Monitoring and Eyewitness Accuracy
Authors: Hosch Harmon M. , Platz Stephanie J.
Published: March 2007

It was hypothesized that subjects high in self-monitoring (Snyder, 1974) would be more accurate eyewitnesses than their low self-monitoring counterparts. To test this hypothesis, a field experiment was conducted in which 86 clerks (45 males and 41 females) in convenience stores attempted to identify confederates who had been in the stores 2 hours earlier. A significant positive relationship was obtained between self-monitoring and accuracy of identification, r(84) = .51, p <.001. The findings are discussed and potential applications are suggested.
Lateral Asymmetry of Risky Recommendations
Authors: Drake Roger A.
Published: March 2007

Previous research has suggested that the bidirectional relationship between preference and frequency is moderated by patterns of relative cerebral activation. These patterns can be manipulated by the induction of lateral attentional orientation. It was hypothesized that recommendation of risk would be greater during manipulated rightward than during leftward or forward orientation of attention. An experiment using Stoner-like dilemmas produced significant support for the hypothesis. Consistency, affect, and perceived control were discussed as possible mediators.
Authoritarianism and Sentencing Strategies for Low and High Severity Crimes
Authors: Ryckman Richard M. , Burns Michael J. , Robbins Michael A.
Published: March 2007

This study focused on differences in the penal philosophies of high and low authoritarian subjects in sentencing offenders who had committed low or high severity crimes. Contrary to a major prediction based on Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswick, Levinson, and Sanford's psychodynamic theory of the authoritarian personality, the data indicated that high authoritarians relied more heavily on harsher sentencing strategies like general and specific deterrence than low authoritarians, but only when judging offenders who had committed high severity crimes such as murder, rape, and manslaughter. For the most part, high and low authoritarians did not differ when judging lawbreakers who committed low severity crimes such as shoplifting, car theft, and forgery. Discussion focused on the deficiencies inherent in traditional psychodynamic theories which limit their predictive utility.
Expectancy, Outcome, and Event Type
Authors: Schoeneman Thomas J. , van Uchelen Collin , Stonebrink Sandra , Cheek Paul R.
Published: March 2007

We examined the effects of event type (academic or interpersonal), expectancy (expected or unexpected), and outcome (success or failure) on attributional activity in reports of past incidents. After writing about one of the eight incident types, undergraduates disclosed the questions they asked themselves after the incident, gave an attribution, and rated the attribution on the Causal Dimension Scale. Outcome was the only significant predictor of attributional search: Subjects asked more attribution questions for failures than for successes. Compared to failures, successes generated attributions that were more internal, stable, and controllable; attributions for expected events were more stable and controllable than for unexpected events, but the stability effect held only for academic events. The most frequent attribution type was internal-unstable-controllable, especially for failures. For successes, internal-controllable attributions predominated and were about evenly split between stable and unstable causes. These findings suggest the existence of an attributional tendency of personal changeability of causes.
Is Self-Esteem a Central Ingredient of the Self-Concept?
Authors: Greenwald Anthony G. , Bellezza Francis S. , Banaji Mahzarin R.
Published: March 2007

At each of two sessions a week apart, 101 college subjects produced open-ended lists of items in nine categories of self-knowledge and also completed scales that provided measures of self-esteem, private self-consciousness, public self-consciousness, and social anxiety. Analyses showed that subjects' productions of self-knowledge were invested with self-evaluation in two ways: (a) Positiveness of self-evaluation (self-esteem) was significantly correlated with numbers of affectively positive items produced (such as liked activities, good qualities, and names of friends), and (b) concern about evaluation of self by others (social anxiety) was associated significantly with both production of relatively few items of self-knowledge and repeated production of the same items on the two testing occasions. These findings suggest that self-esteem is a pervasive component of measured self-concept, even for measures that lack manifest esteem-related content.
Bolstering Attitudes by Autobiographical Recall
Authors: Lydon John , Zanna Mark P. , Ross Michael
Published: March 2007

The present research was designed to determine whether the recall of attitudinally-relevant behavior bolsters a newly-formed attitude as evidenced by the persistence of attitudes and the selectivity of memory. Experimental subjects heard a persuasive message that changed their attitudes as compared with those of a survey control group. Half of the experimental subjects were then induced to recall autobiographical behavior relevant to the message (relevant recall condition); the other half were asked to recall behavior irrelevant to the message. Attitudes were assessed following this recall and at a second session, 2 weeks later. At the second session, a test of memory for the persuasive message and a counterattack (provided at the end of the initial session) was administered. Subjects in the relevant behavior recall condition remembered more information from the persuasive message and less from the counterattack than those recalling irrelevant behavior. The attitude persistence results were less conclusive. The selective memory results support the hypothesis that behavioral recall bolsters newly formed attitudes. However, such bolstering per se may not be sufficient to prevent attitude decay.
Self-Reference and Evaluative Biases in the Perception of Trait Information
Authors: Perdue Charles W. , Gurtman Michael B.
Published: March 2007

Research on self-referent information processing indicates that material linked to the self-concept is especially salient and accessible. In this research, we examined the effects of self-reference on recognition thresholds for personality descriptors. Two studies confirmed that self-descriptive traits are recognized at briefer exposure levels than are nondescriptive traits. In the second study, it was also found that the facilitative effects of self-reference are limited entirely to traits with strong, personal evaluative connotations; these results join with other findings suggesting an interdependence of self-reference and affect in the retrieval of information from semantic memory.