bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tawards a Cleaner Environment with IRP- An Indian Case Study
Authors: Kedia Mr. Amitabh
Published: April 2022

To call India an "emerging nation" is an insult. Asa society, India has been civilized far longer than ours . Let's call it a"technically expanding " nation . In India's technical evolution, as withmany other nations, the power sector is faced with the twin chal-lenges of increasing generating capacity to combat growing powershortages, a nd at the same time reducing the environmental degra-dation caused by electricity generation . This article examines thealternativ es to traditional fossil-fuel-fired or large hydropower sta-tions .Th e conclu sion pres ents two scenarios, the first being the "busi-ness as usual " case where traditional coal-fired generation remainsthe mainstay of the Indian power sector; the other be ing an inte -grated r esourc e planning (lRP) sc enario . The installed capacityrequired and the consequent emissions of acid and greenhouse gasesare compared between the two scenarios for different years .
DuPont Cuts Energy Consumption 8%- For Starters
Authors: Wiseman Kim
Published: April 2022

DuPont's Corporate Energy Leadership Team (CELT) faced adifficult challenge at its inception in 1991-reducing the industrygiant's $900 million annual domestic en ergy bill. Seven later ,DuPont 's annual energy costs are down to $800 million, and energyconsumption has shrunk by more than 8%. And the team is on tracktoward future reduction goals.Headed by Daniel J . Logan, Conoco Power's Southern EnergyAsset Team director , CELT is a network of about 30 employees fromall ar eas of DuPont who volunteer their knowledge, skills and timetoward attainment of energy excellence. Supported by upp er manage-ment , the group uses persuasion rather than mandates to further itsobjectives .Key to persuading the company was the team 's 1992 JumpStart commitment to reduce out-of-pocket energy expenditures im-mediately . "We said, 'Over a four-month peri od, we're going to save$6 million out-of-pock et on energy costs.' That was our goal ," Logansa ys . "We actually ended up doubling that . We saved over $12 mil-lion ."The gr eatest savings- 26% of the total- came from shuttingdown spare or unne eded equipment . Equipm ent tune-ups to improveperformance and renegotiation of fuel contracts also lowered energycost s.
T he Success of Cogeneration in Europe
Authors: Hunschofsky Hannes
Published: April 2022

Cogeneration, the utilization of heat created while producing elec-tricit y from fossil fuels, is by no means a new technology. Shortly afterthe gas and die sel engines were invented, engineers started researchingwa ys to utilize the heat instead of wasting it. Cogeneration has existedin Europe for at least 70 years.
P art-Load Cogeneration Technology Meets Chilled Water and Steam Requirements
Authors: Leach Michael D.
Published: April 2022

Louisiana State University's Energy Savings Performance Con-tract with CESfWay was a groundbreaking project that applied part-load cogeneration technology to a large university campus to meetchilled water and steam requirements for expansion needs. Simulta-neously , the project provided these utilities at no additional out ofpocket cost to the institution by using the innovative financingmechanism of performance contracting, in which project savings pa yfor the investment.In addition , the work is performed via a cogeneration s ystemoperating most of the year at part-load. This mechanical cogenerationproject could also be termed a "thermal cogeneration" project, as itpro vides a dual thermal benefit from a single input energy source.Not only did the project achieve the projected energ y sa vings,but the sa vings proved to be so dependable that the Universit y optedfor an early bu yout of the project from CES/Way in 1994, after onl yabout two years of documented savings.
What End Users Should Know about Power Pools
Authors: VanHorne Philip
Published: April 2022

One of the features of the sweeping changes taking place in theUnited States electricity industry is the development of IndependentSystem Operators (ISO's) as a replacement for centralized power pools.Where power pools do not exist, ISO's are being discussed as a replace-ment for the present system of individual regional control centers thatcoordinate operations with their neighbors under coordinating agree-ments.The advent of ISO's is a significant development and will result innew products being developed and marketed to retail customers byenergy marketers. In order to deal directly with an ISO, a bu yer (orseller) will have to be a sophisticated operation with the ability to trans-act electricity on a wholesale level. The price transparency efficienc y andwider participation associated with ISO's will lead to the availability offinancial instruments that can be used to support flexible and custom-ized pricing products for retail consumers
The Effect of Regulatory Issues Power Financing Plans
Authors: Feldman Roger D.
Published: April 2022

As a result of deregulation, the power industry is enmeshed in anew and complex undertaking. It is seeking opportunities from bothtraditional corporate managers and entrepreneurs, who themselves arestill trying to anticipate the future market impact of regulatory devel-opments.They in turn are dealing with an environment where politiciansare still getting a fix on which such developments really will be ben-eficial to them; regulators, concerned with the public interest, are justrealizing what it will take to pick up the pieces; and a few cannyplayers are tipping the regulatory board toward their market advan-tage.Under these circumstances, we should look at the probably mostactive business strategies and supportive financial trends and, then toconsider , what emerging political and regulatory developments arelikely to be of most importance in that context. By doing so, perhaps wecan extract some general guidelines as to how to evaluate the signifi-cance of developments as they emerge
Lessons from Energy Deregulation in Scandinavia and England
Authors: Kogut Kenneth J.
Published: April 2022

During the period of July 1-18, 1997, the Association of EnergyEngineers (AEE) conducted its biannual stud y mission to selected Euro-pean cities and countries. The stud y mission focu sed upon northernEurope. Mr. Kogut lead an AEE del egation of engineers and profession-als, which included members of the Cogeneration and CompetitiveP ower Institute of AEE. The itinerary included England, Holland, Ger -man y, Denmark, Sweden, and Norwa y.Meetin gs were held in London, Amsterdam , Copenhagen ,Stockholm, and Oslo. AEE delegates were received by various U'S. Em-ba ssy, local countr y go vernment energy and environmental officials,ut ility executives, and energy bu siness personnel. The purpo se of thestudy mission was to explore and discuss in greater detail subject mat-ters relating to electric deregulation, cogeneration, district cooling andheating, energy rates as affected by deregulation, and current ener gyand en vironmental pol icies set forth by the countries visited.This article focuses on the 1997 AEE stud y mission and its find-ing s. The following summarizes meetings conducted at each of thedelineated Europ ean cities. Emphasis has been placed upon various sub-ject matter s addre ssed, and energy information obtained from each ofthe cities and areas visited in England and Scandinavia.
Space Solar Power- An Option for the Future
Authors: Ferraro Anthony V.
Published: April 2022

In the movie "Apollo 13" the engineers had a discussion on howto get the astronauts home safely. A number of suggestions were madeand they began to debate the options. One engineer stopped the conver-sation, and said: "Power is everything."None of the options was possible without power.Our energy resources are indeed finite, on a much larger scale ofcourse, but they must be managed. Today, more than 40% of the earth'sfive billion people are not connected to electric power grids. Althoughthe United States' more than 250 million citizens, along with other in-dustrialized nations , are the largest consumers of electricity, ourconsumption grows by only 1.4% per year. The rest of the world is in-creasing consumption by 2.5% per year.The US Department of Energy has estimated that by the year 2015,the consumption of electricity in developing countries (80% of theworld's population) will equal that of industrialized nations. Buildingmore power plants that burn nonrenewable fuels has environmentalimpacts and nuclear energy receives significant oppos ition from thegeneral public. No one energy source will satisfy this demand, so Iwould like to introduce to you an option that to the best of my knowl-edge has not been discussed in this or any AEE publication, that is SpaceSolar Power (SSP).
The Wall Street and Trillion Dollar Electricity Market Financial Fiction or Future Fact?
Authors: Wolkoff Neal L.
Published: April 2022

Energy is far and aw ay the fastest grow ing segm ent of the businessof the N ew York M ercantile Exchange. In fact, the N ew Y ork M ercantileExchange is the largest energy trading forum in the w orld. Tw enty yearsago w e launched heating oil futures, w hich w ere the w o rld 's first su ccessful energy futures contracts. Since then, we have added m ore than20 other energy futures and options contracts on com m od ities rangingfrom crude oil and natural gas to propane and electricity.In the course of designing and launching all these futures co ntracts, w e have also served as a kind of midw'ife to the various segm entsof the energy industry as they have gone through the throes of d eregulation. O ur heating oil contract w as begun in 1978 after Presid ent Jim m yC arter lifted controls on heating oil and the industry first beg an to faceprice risk. O ur crude oil contract was launched after oil prices w erefinally decontrolled, and our natural gas contract follow ed the d eregu lation of that industry.In each of these cases, the availability of a liquid, w ell functioningfutures m arket w as instrum ental in helping m arket p articipants to d iscover prices, and in providing risk m anagem ent for industries learning,m ostly for the first time, how to deal w ith the challenges of com p etitivepricing. W e really had a ringside seat for w atching the em ergence ofthese industries from the protective cocoon of regulation.
FinanCing Back Pressure Steam Turbine Cogeneration Systems
Authors: Tullio Lynn B. Di
Published: April 2022

Steam turbine cogene ration is "the newe st old technology." It w asonce the main source of our electricity in this countr y, but over the yearsc ompani es ha ve bec ome mor e and more depend ent on large centralizedutil ities to supp ly their electricity. Howe ver , as electricity costs risepl ant s are striving to find new wa ys to stream line the ir ope rations, andlow er their costs: the y are rediscovering cogeneration.Deregulation has also pu shed energ y costs on to the corpo rate ra-dar screen. Under deregulation, it seems clear that as utilities sell offtheir electricity production assets and become "T& D'" (tran smi ssion anddistribution) companies, they int end to ensure that their backs are cov-er ed , Here in Massachusett s, wh ere we' ve experienced "de reg ulation"since March 1998, we find that the lion's share of energy char ges in ournew, more complicated bills, resides T&D.Across the country, the transition to deregulation ha s been un e ven ,and in mo st states there are still el ement s of a regulated mar ket. Mean-whi le, the lur e of a trul y free mark et (and, of course, lower pr ices) ha shad man y electric cust omer s ad opt ing a "wait and see" attitude .
Merchant Power: "The New Kid on the Block"
Authors: Braquet Louis J.
Published: April 2022

The term "merchant power producer" is a relatively new concept,which has evolved from the Independent Power Producer, IPP, classifica-tion to specifically describe a particular type or 'class' of an electricpower generation facility.A more formal definition of a merchant power plant would be "apower plant built or purchased with private equity that does not havefirm customers (i.e. captive ratepayers similar to a utility) which willattempt to sell most or all of its product in the open market." The puremerchant plant would initially have no customers while a "hybrid mer-chant" would have some but not all of its capacity initially contracted toa customer(s). This can easily be contrasted to an Independent Power Pro-ducer , IPP, defined as " a power plant with all or the majority of itsoutput dedicated to contract customerts)." For discussion we will clarifya cogeneration facility (Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, FERC,qualified facility or 'QF') as "a power plant primarily constructed tomeet a given site's thermal and electric needs which meets the requiredFERC efficiency standards for a 'QF', and generally not exporting muchif any power for external sale."In summary , we'll say a utility has captive ratepayers, an IPP hascontract customers, a cogenerator has its own site as the 'customer ', anda merchant plant attempts to sell into the open market establishing cus-tomers as it produces its product.
Sharing Risks for New Energy /Efficiency Projects
Authors: Kane Christopher , Stiffler G eorge W.
Published: April 2022

Editor 's Note: New Energy /E fficiency Projects (EEP) have all the nor-m al risk s associated w ith power and ene rgy pro ject s- and m or e. Inaddi tion, the risks in volved with devel oping en er gy te chn ologies mu stbe assessed and alloca ted .The increased risks associated with deli ver y of these te chn ologies,however, are offset by significan t ben efits which includ e re du ced envi -ron men tal im pa cts, combined with impro ved gene ra tion a nd uti lizat ionefficiencies. In or der to achieve these ben efits, project risks need to bea lloca ted appropriat el y and mana g ed in order for pr ojects to be fi-nan ced , bu ilt and o pera ted successfully.Th e tw o-p art se ries- by au tho rs Kane and Stiffle r wi ll ad d ressso me pr actical risk alloca tion guide lines and mit igation stra teg ies foroverco m ing financial chall en ges and ins uring energ y pr oject success.
Cogeneration Growth Projections— European Union
Authors: Braquet Louis J.
Published: April 2022

Plans to provide a uniform platform for cogeneration grid accesswith consistent pricing rules and incentives is currently being imple-mented within the EU, although the results and problematic issues arenot clear at this time. Because of the considerable difference in utilitysupply, regulatory interface, taxation, and political structures in the vari-ous countries, the current level of cogeneration activity varies greatlyfrom country to country. For instance, there exists little technical or eco-nomic incentives to develop cogeneration in France. However, in theUnited Kingdom and Germany, with their high dependence on fossilfuels and a much more “open” political structure, cogeneration activityis significantly higher.The UK, despite its deregulated political status, still maintains atight band of very large utility operators, as contrasted to Germany’smarket with over 900 utility entities. While Germany’s cogenerationmarket is well developed, it is also the world leader in wind capacity,with approximately 1,200 MW operating in 1999, many infrastructureand political issues still prevent the full potential from being realized.Germany, along with Sweden, has initiated strong legislation to phaseout current nuclear generation capacity. This will open additional areasfor cogeneration growth, especially Sweden, where the current powersupply is over 90% nuclear and hydro. To date this has provided mini-mum room for only a very small market for specialized, highly efficientthermal cogeneration plants.
Sizing the Cogenerator
Authors: Kolanowski Bernard F.
Published: April 2022

By using the data gathered from the utility bills and the analyzingof that data, a cogenerator can be selected that meets the optimum needsof the facility. One of those optimum needs is not to overproduce eitherelectricity or thermal energy. The other need is to see that the economicsare suitable to the customer. Whatever altruistic benefits derive fromcogeneration, i.e. environmental and fuel conservation, customers willnot be attracted to spending their money unless it shows a fair return ontheir investment.The computer is a valuable tool in making this selection. Variablesin energy production and hourly operation are easily handled by a com-puter with the results readily viewable. The following analysis is froma project where the client’s actual electrical and gas usage as well as thecogenerator’s specifications have been entered to present a completepicture.Table 1 shows that this customer has consumed 199,264 thermsduring the year, which cost $122,152; Table 2 shows 4,390,560 kilowattsused at a cost of $307,339 for the energy; and Table 3 shows a demandusage of 10,284 kW, which cost $102,840.Table 4 depicts how this gathered information is put into the com-puter and is analyzed.
ntegrating CHP into An Existing District Energy System A Cogeneration Case Study
Authors: Bloomquist R. Gordon , Hazard Fred
Published: April 2022

A prime target for achieving the goals of the US Department ofEnergy’s Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Challenge is the approxi-mately 6,000 large, institutional complexes with large, aggregatedloads that are already served by thermal distribution.One of these institutions, the Washington State University(WSU), recently undertook an evaluation of the benefits of CHP tomeet future electrical as well as thermal requirements. Although ini-tially driven by an emergency need to replace an obsolete powerplant, the opportunities that CHP could provide relative to meetingthe University’s need well into the future, while shielding the Univer-sity from anticipated rate increases resulting from utility deregulation,quickly became the driving force.The preliminary design adapted a phased approach to imple-mentation of CHP that best meets the University’s present situation,staying within budgetary constraints, and yet providing the flexibilityto quickly respond to changes in electrical or thermal demand, suddenrate increases, or other unforeseeable circumstances.
Can the Marketplace Assure Customers’ Electricity Needs in 2005?
Authors: Hyman Leonard S.
Published: April 2022

Can we count on the energy market? Well we can count on themarket if we have a market to count on. That is true, almost by defini-tion. But that is not what you really want to know, which is:Can we count on the currently constituted electricity supply in-dustry to furnish us with ample, low cost and reliable powerwhenever and wherever we want it?And the answer to that question is no. Maybe we can frame thequestion better. But, before beginning, let’s not get into the battle of theprojections, the NERC projections that show gaps in supply, the RDIprojections that show oversupply, the EIA projections that always endup in the middle of the road. Those projections do not show the reac-tions of enterprising people to both challenges and opportunities, espe-cially when expressed in terms of price. Can they react by 2005?They can if you let them.
Comments on the Article “Cogeneration Blueprint for State Facilities”
Authors: Fridman Moisey O.
Published: April 2022

I found it amazing that the majority of the issues discussed in anarticle written 20 years ago are still valid today.In the preamble of the article it was stated that then Governor ofCalifornia E.G. Brown challenged utilities and industries to develop6,000 MW of electricity in California during the 1980s, through cogen-eration. I can add that in a 1982 letter the then Chairman of CEC (Cali-fornia Energy Commission) C.R. Imbrecht echoed the Governor’s con-cept, stating that “... it is estimated that as much as 4,000 megawatts ofelectricity can be produced by cogeneration by the year 2002.”Sure, some cogeneration plants were built in California. But withthe passage of time, significant changes were made to the original esti-mates, due to reasons I’ll discuss later. The referenced article dealt withstate (of California) facilities. Based on a study prepared for theGovernor’s Cogeneration Task Force the authors estimated that of thepotential 700 MW identified for development at state facilities, 490 MWof cogeneration were considered cost effective and could be developedin the immediate future.Now we regret that the challenges were not met, and the recom-mendations were not implemented
Crisis Planning for Energy Interruptions
Authors: Steffes Dale
Published: April 2022

The federal government is almost certainly doing contingencyplanning in case there is a disruption in the supply of energy due toterrorism. The likelihood of terrorist interruption of supply is muchgreater today than it was a few months ago.Unfortunately, the government may rely solely on some form ofprice controls, either mandatory or by jawboning.The Administration should publicly inform all the parties that thegovernment will not intervene in case of high (or low) energy prices. Thiswould eliminate government uncertainty. Companies, by assuming thatthe government will intervene on their behalf, are liable to postponeprotective actions. That’s human nature
Environmental Permitting for Cogeneration and Merchant Power Plants
Authors: Atkins Richard S.
Published: April 2022

Obtaining the environmental permits for a cogeneration facility isessential to the overall project’s success. This article reviews first-handexperience gained in obtaining environmental permits for more than 80different power production facilities
APPROACHING FREE ELECTRICITY: H OW THE REAL W ORLD D IFFERS FROM THERMODYNAMIC MODELS
Authors: Casten Sean , O’Brien Tom
Published: April 2022

As distributed generation moves from concept to reality, industrialand institutional steam customers are realizing that they can often usesteam turbine/generator technology in their existing steam networks tomake “opportunistic” electric power and significantly reduce their an-nual energy costs. Historically, turbines operating in this “backpressure”mode have been assumed to have a net fuel-to-electric efficiency that isapproximately equivalent to the on-site steam boiler, because every unitof energy removed as electricity must be replaced with a unit of heat.Under this assumption, backpressure turbine/generators easily becomethe most efficient power generation technology ever invented. While thislogic is thermodynamically true, it often breaks down in practice, wherethe nuances of steam plant operation make it possible to generate elec-tricity at an even higher efficiency with backpressure turbine/generators.In some cases, the power produced by backpressure turbine/generatorsis actually free.
T HE FUTURE OF THE HYDROGEN ECONOMY : BRIGHT OR BLEAK ?
Authors: Bossel Ulf , Eliasson Baldur , Taylor Gordon
Published: April 2022

In the past, many have considered the production and use of hy-drogen, assuming that it is just another gaseous fuel and can be handledmuch like natural gas in today’s energy economy. With this study wepresent an analysis of the energy required to operate an elemental hydro-gen economy, with particular reference to road transport. High-gradeelectricity from renewable or nuclear sources is needed not only to gen-erate hydrogen, but also for all the other essential stages. However, be-cause of the molecular structure of hydrogen, the infrastructure is muchmore energy-intensive than in an oil and natural gas economy.In a “Hydrogen Economy” the hydrogen, like any other commer-cial product, is subject to several stages between production and use.Hydrogen has to be packaged by compression or liquefaction, trans-ported by surface vehicles or pipelines, stored, and transferred to the enduser. Whether generated by electrolysis or by chemistry, and even if pro-duced locally at filling stations, the gaseous or liquid hydrogen has toundergo these market processes before it can be used by the customer.Hydrogen can also be derived chemically at relatively low cost fromnatural gas or other hydrocarbons. However, because there are no ener-getic or environmental advantages, we do not consider this option.In this study, the energy consumed by each stage is related to thetrue energy content—the higher heating value (HHV)—of the deliveredhydrogen. The analysis reveals that much more energy is needed to oper-ate a hydrogen economy than is required for fossil energy supply anddistribution today. In fact, the input of electrical energy to make, package,transport, store and transfer hydrogen may easily exceed the hydrogen energy delivered to the end user—implying a well-to-tank efficiency ofless than 50%. However, precious energy can be saved by packaging hy-drogen chemically in a synthetic liquid hydrocarbon like methanol orethanol. To decouple energy use from global warming, the use of “geo-carbons” from fossil sources should be avoided. However, carbon atomsfrom biomass, organic waste materials or recycled carbon dioxide couldbecome the carriers for hydrogen atoms. Furthermore, energy intensiveelectrolysis may be partially replaced by the less energy intensive chemi-cal transformation of water and carbon to natural and synthetic hydrocar-bons, including bio-methanol and bio-ethanol. Hence, the closed naturalhydrogen (water) cycle and the closed natural carbon (CO 2 ) cycle may beused to produce synthetic hydrocarbons for a post-fossil fuel energyeconomy. As long as the carbon comes from the biosphere (“bio-carbon”),the synthetic hydrocarbon economy would be far better than the elemen-tal hydrogen economy—both energetically and thus environmentally
N EW C ERTIFICATION PROGRAM AVAILABLE FOR DISTRIBUTED G ENERATION AND COMBINED HEAT AND P OWER P ROFESSIONALS
Authors: Capehart Barney L. , Salas Carl E. , Turner Wayne C. , Parker Steven A.
Published: April 2022

The Association of Energy Engineers recently created a new certi-fication program for distributed generation and combined heat andpower professionals. The purpose of this article is to discuss this newprogram, describe a new distributed generation course that will soon beoffered, and explain the topics that will be covered by the certificationexamination. The article then outlines the certification procedure forprofessionals presently working in the area.
INTEGRATED COMBINED H EAT AND P OWER AND G AS C OOLING
Authors: Meckler Mr. Milton , Hyman Lucas B.
Published: April 2022

Fully dedicated on-site combined heat and power (CHP) systemspresent both challenges and opportunities for large multi-buildingprojects; particularly when employing a combined cycle approach in the3-20 MW range 1 . While some distributed power generation systemshedge their bets through reliance on both the sale and export of power(e.g., paralleling with a serving utility to achieve favorable economics),disappointing de-regulation benefits and the failure of energy trading tosmooth out power supply vs. demand cost uncertainty has been a sober-ing experience for many California customers.Recent rethinking by concerned CHP designers has focused onexploring smaller footprint alternatives to use of higher cost heat-recov-ery-steam-generators (HRSGs). One such approach involves the use ofprefabricated and fully integrated steam generators, complete with asso-ciated heat exchangers, controls and pumping systems, employing lowpressure, non-volatile, recirculating heat transfer fluids (HTF) capable ofdirect heat extraction of turbine exhaust gas waste heat to generate steamand allow cascading the remaining captured waste heat to drive absorp-tion chiller(s), and space and domestic hot water heating systems en-abling greater utilization of available heat reclamation potentials in sat-isfying highly variable annual building power, heating and cooling loaddemands. This is achieved through maintaining favorable log-mean-tem-perature-differentials (LMTDs) at the turbine gas extraction coil also re-sulting in a lower exhaust gas temperature discharge to ambient. Variousexamples of such alternative HRSG cycles will be presented for gas turbine driven chiller and/or generator application, as well as gas turbinecombined cycle operation to demonstrate the operational versatility andlife cycle benefits of this approach for the above referenced range ofcommercially available gas turbines.
I NNOVATIVE O N-SITE INTEGRATED ENERGY S YSTEM T ESTED
Authors: Mardiat Mr. Edward
Published: April 2022

A prototype power plant could revolutionize on-site generation forbusinesses. The Department of Energy and Oak Ridge National Labora-tory teamed with Austin Energy, a municipal utility, to develop thisplant, called an integrated energy system. Burns & McDonnell devel-oped, installed and is testing one of the largest systems in the nation touse a new technology approach: use the waste heat exhaust from a natu-ral-gas–fueled generator as the only fuel source for a chiller that providesair conditioning. Recycling waste heat to power another generator or tohelp run a chiller is not new. What is new is for a chiller of this size tobe fueled by waste heat alone—without any supplemental fuel. Theproject’s chiller, called an absorption chiller, is capable of delivering 2,500tons of chilled water. By design, the full waste heat output of the natural-gas-powered 4.5-MW Solar turbine closely matches the chiller capacity.Operation, which began in June 2004, should verify fuel efficiency of 70%to 80% against 55% efficiency for the best central power plant technologyavailable today. Testing and verification of the skid-mounted designshould lead to adoption of this system in commercial and institutionalsettings
ADVANCED RECIPROCATING ENGINE SYSTEMS (ARES)
Authors: Fiskum Ron
Published: April 2022

Reciprocating engines have evolved technically more in the pastdecade than at any other time in the past 100 year history. Reciprocatingengines are the fastest-selling, lowest-cost distributed generation technol-ogy in the world today. It is a well known wide spread technology hav-ing superior reliability, low maintenance, and good durability, that canbe used to load follow, and are approaching efficiency that is better thanits nearest competitor. Primarily driven by emissions regulations, themodern piston engine has secured its future as a primary driver formultiple markets. The mission of the ARES Program is to lead a nationaleffort to design, develop, test, and demonstrate a new generation of re-ciprocating engine systems applications that are cleaner, more affordable,reliable and efficient than products that are commercially available today.
C OGENERATION AND SELF -SUPPLY I N MEXICO : O PPORTUNITIES , C ONSTRAITS AND P UBLIC P OLICY
Authors: Rodríguez Odón de Buen
Published: April 2022

The potential for power generation through cogeneration in Méxicohas been estimated in more than 10,000 MW. Cogeneration and self-sup-ply are categories considered by the 1992 electricity law. However, onlya small fraction of that potential has been exploited, minimizing its manyeconomic and environmental benefits. Barriers for these include the pricepaid for excess power—defined by law—and the uncertainty of gasprices and supply—determined by the market. Because power sectorreform definitions remain uncertain, diminishing investment in infra-structure, improvements in the cost of small generation, the need fordistributed generation, the activism of industry and environmentalgroups and a changing political environment in México are giving higherweight to cogeneration and self-supply as part of the power generationportfolio. This paper explores all of those issues from the perspective ofa public policy discussion, and suggests its possible outcomes.
Challenges and Opportunities for Fuel Cells in Stationary Power Generation
Authors: Sriramulu Dr. Suresh , Targoff Jason , Lasher Stephen , Carlson Eric , , Zogg Robert
Published: April 2022

Fuel cell power systems are considered attractive for a wide rangeof stationary power generation applications including residential, com-mercial, and industrial distributed generation, as well as large utilitypower plants. The current interest in fuel cell systems stems from theirpotential for high efficiency (lower heating value (LHV) efficiencies of35-70 percent, depending on technology and system capacity). In addi-tion, fuel-cell technology has demonstrated very low (truly negligible)emission levels and has noise characteristics similar to air-conditioningsystems (i.e., mostly air-moving equipment). Routine maintenance offuel cells has the potential for being minimal even in low-capacity sys-tems because there are no heavily loaded mechanical subsystems re-quired (unless compressors are required for pressurized operation).Four primary fuel cell technologies are being developed for station-ary applications.• Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC);• Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC);• Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC); and• Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC).The past two decades have seen impressive advancements in thescience and technology of these fuel-cell power systems. Excellent dis-cussions of the science and technology of all the major types of fuel cells,recent developments and remaining technical challenges can be found in references [1-2].We address the end-user economics of fuel cell systems for station-ary applications using planar, 5-kW anode-supported SOFC technologyas an example. Planar SOFC is receiving a great deal of attention as partof both government—the Solid State Energy Conversion Alliance (SECA)program—and industry initiatives. The increasing interest in planarSOFC is the result, in large part, to technology developments (anode-supported thin-film electrolyte designs) in which the total ohmic resis-tance of the stack is significantly reduced allowing for lower-temperatureoperation (650 °C-800°C rather than 1000 °C) than was previously thecase.We also discuss the important cost elements that determine the costof electricity from fuel cell power systems including factory, material,installation, and operating and maintenance (O&M) costs. We assess theimpact of success in ongoing R&D programs on the cost of electricity.
Relying on Fuel Cells for Emergency Backup Power
Authors: Nerschook Mr. Jim
Published: April 2022

Fuel cell technology is rapidly emerging as a viable alternative oradjunct to incumbent battery backup power in telecommunications infra-structures. Over the last several years, telecommunication service pro-viders, in a continual effort to increase network reliability and decreaseinfrastructure costs, have been evaluating existing prime and backuppower solutions for the network. Recent reliability issues surroundingthe existing battery plant during power interruptions, life-cycle costs andmaintenance have further imposed the urgency of finding a solution inthe near term.
Prioritizing Regulatory Barriers to Combined Heat and Power Adoption Using Selected Case Studies
Authors: Mueller Dr. Mueller
Published: April 2022

This study looks at five cases and assesses the influence of regula-tory requirements on the adoption of combined heat and power (CHP)technologies controlling for other adoption relevant variables. Further-more, the present study not only looks at adopters but also atnonadopters of CHP technologies. The article identifies a prioritizedapproach to reducing regulatory barriers associated with CHP adoption.
Overview of State and Federal Incentives for the Use of Distributed Generation
Authors: Smoots Carol
Published: April 2022

This article1 presents a summary of some of the primary state andfederal incentives that are currently available for the use of distributedgeneration (DG). 2 Although there are various de finitions for DG, ingeneral it refers to the use of small-scale power generation technologieslocated at or near the point of use.At present, there are many important incentives available, fromboth federal and state sources, for the development and use of DG. Al-though not all states provide incentives for the development of DG, andmany impediments to development remain, the rate of growth in thissector is impressive. In fact, it is hard to overestimate the importance ofthis energy sector. Not only does DG represent a signi ficant new sourceof electric generating capacity, it is also changing the structure of theelectric generating industry. As more businesses and homes producemuch if not all of their own electricity, the demand for new large-scalegenerating projects and new transmission and distribution facilities islikely to be reduced as well.Today, DG developers in many states still confront problems whenthey attempt to connect with the utility transmission system or grid,seek to net meter, or struggle through a mountain of bureaucratic redtape in order to qualify for incentives. The good news, however, is thatmany energy policymakers have awakened to the promise and value ofDG. This in turn is resulting in a growing body of new regulations andlegislation that seeks to foster this important new energy sector.
Fuel Cells for Cogeneration
Authors: Williams Dr. Mark C. , Buckley Mr. P.J. (Jim)
Published: April 2022

For years, fuel cell technology has been touted as the power tech-nology of the future. Robust progress has been made in the past twoyears. Low emissions, high ef ficiencies, cogeneration, and reliabilityhave been met in each type of fuel cell. However, in this article wewill discuss three fuel cell types that have signi ficant opportunities toprovide true cogeneration capabilities. Cogeneration can be de fined asthe sequential production of thermal and electrical energy from onefuel source. This heat is used to produce the second form of energy,for cooling or heat such as hot water or steam. With cogeneration, heatwould be recovered within the components, the stack, or from the hotexhaust. The three fuel cell types to be discussed include phosphoricacid, molten carbonate and solid oxide. We will discuss the basicoperating principals of fuel cells and address some of the signi ficantdifferences in the technologies.
A 60-kW Microturbine Demonstration Facility. Phase II: Instrumentation, Website Development, and Evaluation
Authors: Swedish Michael , Wrate Glenn , Betz Frederick , Blakemore Emily , Greguske Lee , Jacobsen Joe
Published: April 2022

The second phase of a joint project between the MilwaukeeSchool of Engineering, the City of Milwaukee, and Wisconsin’s Focuson Energy to develop a 60-kW microturbine demonstration facilityis described. In Phase I, the facility was designed, constructed, andcommissioned. A multidisciplinary team of students and faculty (me-chanical and electrical engineering) continues work on the project inthis second phase. Coordination among the various stakeholders iscrucial to the success of the project. Instrumentation has been acquired,installed, and calibrated. A grid connection agreement with the localutility has been achieved. Milwaukee School of Engineering person-nel interface with City of Milwaukee engineers concerning dispatchof the unit. During the heating season, the unit has been dispatchedon thermal demand, and the economics of this mode of dispatch havebeen evaluated. Website development has continued; all instrumentreadings are accessible on the website, and equations necessary for aFirst and Second Law analysis have been proofed and placed on thewebsite. Use of the facility as an off-site laboratory for the MilwaukeeSchool of Engineering has begun. An important aspect of this secondphase has been the handoff of the project from one team of studentsto the next. Information transfer has been smooth, and continuity hasbeen maintained. The experiences of the students in working throughthis phase of the project are described.
Solutions Development for Renewable and CHP Projects for the Federal Government
Authors: Stringfield Mr. Jeff
Published: April 2022

Many federal energy-savings performance contract (ESPC) projectshave more opportunities than the traditional demand-side energy con-servation measures (ECMs). Federal organizations can incorporate moreadvanced technologies, like renewable energy sources, into their projectbundles when the energy services company (ESCO) takes advantageof creative financing, incentives and rebates available. This article willcover the following aspects of solutions development for renewable andcombined heating and power (CHP) projects for the federal government.Included will be a discussion of more advanced ECMs available to aparticular location.1. Solutions development process overview2. Samples of conventional ECM projects3. Samples of advanced ECM technologies4. CHP projects5. Renewable projects
Small Modular Power System for Clean Energy Generation
Authors: Sethi Prab S.
Published: April 2022

The overall goal of this project is to design, develop and demon-strate a 50-kW modular gasi fication system for grid-connected combinedheat and power using forest residue.Building on the success of the previous 12.5-kW small modularbiomass project, this new project will result in the development anddemonstration of a 50-kW small modular biopower (SMB) system de-signed for a parallel connection to the local utility grid and capable ofcontinuous operation. This project will support the goal of a commer-cially viable small modular biopower system.A SMB system will be designed and developed and tested in atwo-phase program. The first phase involves a one-year R&D programto design, fabricate, and factory test a 50-kW system. During secondphase, this new first of its kind unit will be grid-connected, and fielddemonstrated in California for two years.The SMB system shall be designed to meet or exceed The CaliforniaAir Resources Board (CARB) emission standards, including nitrogen ox-ides, volatile organic compounds, and particulate matter, for a combinedheat and power distributed generation system. The engine/generator setwill be capable of operating 24 hours per day, 6 days per week.This project supports the Public Interest Energy Research (PIER)program objectives of improving cost competitiveness of the biomassenergy conversion technologies and reducing environmental risks andcost of electricity.
Carbonate Direct Fuel Cell Operation on Dual Fuel
Authors: Moyer David , Holcomb Frank
Published: April 2022

The ability to operate highly-ef ficient, pollution-free, distributed-generation power plants on either natural gas or HD-5 grade propaneis of interest to the U.S. Army and the U.S Department of HomelandSecurity as secure power source for critical power operations. The abil-ity to operate continuously on HD-5 propane also provides a valuableproposition to islands, remote sites, national parks, data centers, militarybases, hotels, and hospitals. HD-5 propane, as opposed to other gradesof propane, was selected as the back-up fuel of choice because of itsavailability (even in remote areas), cost, and ease of processing in thefuel cell power plant. Although natural gas distribution through utilitypipelines is convenient, it is vulnerable to natural disaster, threats ofterrorism, and simple repair outages. Propane, however, is routinelytransported and stored as a liquid at ambient temperatures and offersa convenient and secure option for fuel cell operations. An adequatequantity of propane can be stored on site to sustain operations for sev-eral days in a variety of weather climates.In response to the interest for a fuel flexible power plant, Concur-rent Technologies Corporation (CTC), under contract to the U.S. ArmyEngineer Research and Development Center’s Construction EngineeringResearch Laboratory (ERDC-CERL), is working with FuelCell Energy(FCE) to test an internally reforming 250 kW carbonate fuel cell. Previousto the demonstration at CTC, FCE operated a 250 kW carbonate directfuel cell for 1500 hours, which generated 300,000 kilowatt-hours (kWh)net AC electricity using HD-5 propane as fuel. Among the challengesaddressed, lessons learned by FCE during initial operation on HD-5propane included: 1) avoiding carbon deposition during pre-reformingof propane into a methane rich gas, 2) metering and controlling propane flow to account for variations in fuel composition, 3) removing sulfurfrom the propane, and 4) increasing the steam required for operationon propane. Peripheral issues that required additional investigationincluded identifying the number and volume of propane tanks and avaporization system to deliver the required rate and quantity of fuel.
Results of a Hydrogen Pilot Program
Authors: Lovrien Nora
Published: April 2022

State policy initiatives to support hydrogen energy and fuel celltechnology have taken various forms across the United States. The ra-tionale for different designs depends on the resources of the state andthe aims of the policy. New Jersey is situated in a region of the countrywhere relatively advanced state-level initiatives are already in place. Pol-icymakers in New Jersey recognized the need for the state to be preparedfor a transition to a hydrogen-based economy, but preferred a policy thatwould compliment the unique attributes of the state. The New JerseyHydrogen Learning Center was a pilot project funded by a grant fromthe New Jersey Board of Public Utilities (NJ BPU) and administeredby the Center for Energy, Economic & Environmental Policy (CEEEP)at Rutgers University intended to explore the options of hydrogen en-ergy in New Jersey. The Learning Center has engaged stakeholders andstudents in a statewide discussion to determine the best approach forNew Jersey to move toward a hydrogen-based economy. This article willdescribe the methods of outreach used by the New Jersey HydrogenLearning Center and discuss the results and lessons learned from itsfirst year of activities. The Learning Center focused on outreach to threespecific groups: private companies, educators and students, and localcode and zoning of ficials. New Jersey is just beginning to establish itsown hydrogen and fuel cell policy, and the Learning Center has helpedprovide a unique perspective on building a stakeholder network to in-form and develop state policy in the hydrogen and fuel cell arena.
Economics of Solar
Authors: Healey Mr.
Published: April 2022

Solar energy is readily available just about everywhere. It’s free,uninterruptible and will be available as long as it is required. To usesolar energy, however, the equipment required for capturing and con-verting it to useful heat or power must be purchased and installed.Essentially, with solar systems, you are prepaying for energy at a fixedrate over the solar system’s lifetime. This requirement to pre-pay energypresents a difficulty in comparing the economics or effective cost and/orsavings of energy delivered by a solar system to the cost of conventionalenergy sources.The purchase and installation of a solar system to heat water orgenerate electric power essentially locks in the cost of the energy at afixed price over the life of the solar equipment. Once a solar system isinstalled, the price of the energy delivered is locked in at a levelized orlife-cycle cost rate based on the cost of the solar system installation, andits operating and maintenance costs over the life of the system which isbetween 10 and 25 years depending upon the type of system.This article illustrates a simpli fied approach for developing the ef-fective cost of solar applications to the cost of conventional alternatives.The effective cost of solar water heating and photovoltaic (stand-aloneand grid-connected) systems are determined to illustrate the methodol-ogy.Given the present uncertainty of the cost of fuel oil, natural gasand electric power, locking in the price of energy delivered by a solarsystem for heating water at two to five cents per kWh or $5.00 to $15.00per million Btu is a good investment with or without the available taxcredits, State and local incentives and/or environmental bene fits. Theeconomics of the photovoltaic systems varies significantly with thesystem type (stand-alone or grid connected) and utility rates and ratestructure and is not as clear-cut as the solar thermal systems