bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring the Relationship between Quantitative Reasoning Skills and News Habits
Authors: Attaway Bennett , Voiklis John , Barchas-Lichtenstein Jena , Hochberg Eric , Hammerman Jim , Thomas Uduak Grace , LaMarca Nicole , Santhanam Laura , Parson Patti
Published: January 2023

Because people are constantly confronted with numbers and mathematical concepts in the news, we have embarked on a project to create journalism that can support news users’ number skills. But doing so requires understanding (1) journalists’ ability to reason with numbers, (2) other adults’ ability to do so, and (3) the attributes and affordances of news. In this paper, we focus on the relationship between adults’ news habits and their quantitative reasoning skills. We collected data from a sample of 1,200 US adults, testing their ability to interpret statistical results and asking them to report their news habits. The assessment we developed differentiated the skills of adults in our sample and conformed to the theoretical and statistical assumption that such skills are normally distributed in the population overall. We also found that respondents could be clustered into six distinct groups on the basis of news repertoires (overall patterns of usage, including frequency of news use overall and choice of news outlets). As often assumed in the literature on quantitative reasoning, these news repertoires predicted quantitative reasoning skills better than the amount of quantification in the outlets, but they still predicted only a small fraction of the variance. These results may suggest that news habits may play a smaller or less direct role in quantitative reasoning than has previously been assumed. We speculate that the presence (or absence) of quantification in everyday activities – namely work and hobbies – may be a better predictor of adults’ quantitative reasoning, as may additional dimensions of news habits and affective responses to numbers.
Focused on Pedagogy: QR Grading Rubrics for Written Arguments
Authors: Daniels Ruby , Appenzeller Knowles Kathryn , Naasz Emily , Lindner Amanda
Published: January 2023

Institutional assessments of quantitative literacy/reasoning (QL/QR) have been extensively tested and reported in the literature. While appropriate for measuring student learning at the programmatic or institutional level, such instruments were not designed for classroom grading. After modifying a widely accepted institutional rubric designed to assess QR in written arguments, the current mixed method study tested the reliability of two QR analytic grading rubrics for written arguments and explored students’ reactions to the grading tools. Undergraduate students enrolled in a business course (N = 59) participated. A total of 415 QR artifacts from 40 students were assessed; an additional 19 students provided feedback about the grading tools. A new QR writing rubric included three main criteria (numerical evidence, conclusions, and writing), while a second rubric added a fourth criterion for assignments with data visualization. After two coders rated students’ QR assignments, data analysis found both new QR rubrics had good reliability. Cohen’s kappa found the study’s raters had substantial agreement on all rubric criteria (κ = 0.69 to 0.80). Both the QR writing (α = 0.861) and data visualization (α = 0.859) grading rubrics also had good internal consistency. When asked to provide feedback about the new grading tools, 89% of students shared positive comments, reporting the rubrics clarified assignment expectations, improved their performance, and facilitated the writing process. This paper proposes slight modifications to the phrasing of the new rubrics’ writing criterion, discusses best practices for use of rubrics in QR classrooms, and recommends future research.
Building a community of experts in medication-assisted treatment (MAT) using the Project ECHO© model
Authors: Canakis, DO Justin P. , Momjian, BA Matthew P. , Yousefian, DO Faraz , Pond, BS Hayden , White, MS Adrienne , Mayer, MD Gregory , Essary, DHSc, PA-C Alison C.
Published: January 2023

Background: Project Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes (ECHO) utilizes telemedicine to connect a multidisciplinary team of experts with a network of primary care physicians to enable rapid dissemination of evidence-based guidelines and practices at scale. In this study, the Project ECHO model disseminated the Arizona Pain and Addiction Curriculum to providers in rural Arizona with the goal to educate providers on medication-assisted treatment (MAT).Methods: Participants engaged in biweekly, virtual teleECHO sessions, and post-session surveys were used to collect data on provider satisfaction, self-efficacy, knowledge, barriers to change, and changes in practice behavior.Results: Between February 2020 and November 2020, the MAT-ECHO program hosted 20 teleECHO sessions (N = 20) with 255 unique participating providers and delivered 877 learning hours. Analysis of a 6-month post-ECHO survey (N = 13) demonstrated that teleECHO sessions had broad geographic outreach. Participants had an average of 12 years of experience, 38 percent held NP/PA professional degrees, and 54 percent practiced in opioid treatment program settings. Assessment of job satisfaction and well-being revealed overall improved satisfaction among the small cohort of nonwaivered respondents (N = 8), except for meeting patient’s needs. MAT-waivered respondents reported no post-session changes.Conclusions: Data from this study demonstrated that teleECHO sessions were well attended, consisted of a diverse cohort with various degrees, and had broad geographic outreach; hence, the utilization of the teleECHO model has the potential to reach rural providers and subsequently increase the availability and efficacy of MAT in rural America.
Monitoring long-term opioid therapy and chronic noncancer pain in primary care: Whole Health Primary Care Pain Education and Opioid Monitoring Program (PC-POP)
Authors: Martinson, PhD Amber , Hopkins, PhD Patricia , Kutz, PhD Amanda , Marchand, MD William R. , Carney, RN Julie , Sadler, RN Katherine , Clinton-Lont, MS, CNP Jamie
Published: January 2023

Objective: To replicate and extend previous research by examining, among a larger sample, the effectiveness of a Whole Health Primary Care Pain Education and Opioid Monitoring Program (PC-POP) at increasing adherence to the Veteran Affairs/Department of Defense (VA/DoD) recommended guidelines for long-term opioid therapy among chronic noncancer patients seen in primary care—medications, hospitalization, monitoring/safety, assessment, and  nonpharmacological pain treatment referrals.Design/methods: Using data collected from medical records, a between-subjects comparison (PC-POP enrollees vs nonenrollees) was conducted to determine if there were differences between the groups 12 months post-enrollment in PC-POP (12 months post-index date for nonenrollees). Additionally, a within-subjects comparison of outcomes was also conducted with PC-POP enrollees, ie, 12 months pre-enrollment to 12 months post-enrollment.Subjects: A convenience sample of adult Veterans with chronic noncancer pain receiving opioid therapy consecutively for ≥3 months in primary care.Results: A total of 734 Veterans (423 PC-POP enrollees and 311 nonenrollees) were included in the analyses. Results showed increased concordance with VA/DoD guidelines among those enrolled in PC-POP, characterized by increased documentation of urine drug screens, Stratification Tool for Opioid Risk Mitigation reports, Narcan education/prescriptions, assessment measures for mental health/substance use/physical function, and referrals for nonpharmacological pain treatment. A decrease in morphine equivalent daily dose among patients enrolled in PC-POP across a 2-year timeframe was also found.Conclusions: PC-POP increases guideline concordant care for providers working in primary care.
The effect of intravenous trehalose administration in a patient with multiple sulfatase deficiency
Authors: Radbakhsh Shabnam , Mobini Moein , Gumpricht Eric , Banach Maciej , Jamialahmadi Tannaz , Sahebkar Amirhossein
Published: January 2023

Introduction

We describe the case of a female child with multiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD) who received intravenous (IV) trehalose (15 g/week) for 3 months.

Material and methods

The efficacy of trehalose was evaluated by comparing serum biomarkers, a quality-of-life questionnaire (HRQoL), and imaging (brain MRI and ultrasonography of liver and spleen) at weeks 0 (W0) and 12 (W12).

Results

The improvement in quality of life assessments along with a slight decrease in the spleen dimensions were observed after 3 month intervention.

Conclusions

Future research with a larger MSD population and a longer-term follow-up is warranted to determine whether trehalose can improve MSD patient health and clinical outcomes.
Silver Nanoparticles' Therapeutic Antibacterial, Antiproliferative, and Toxicological Effects.
Authors: Al-alwani Safa , Almashaleh Aseel
Published: January 2023

Silver nanoparticles, among others, have broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. Silver nanoparticles have suppressed dangerous microorganisms in medical and agricultural settings in several studies. Chemicals are harmful to humans and the environment, raising awareness of bioactive synthetic methods. These methods produce nanoparticles with better physicochemical qualities, stability, and toxicity. Biogenic nanoparticles can be made from bacterial and fungal byproducts that reduce and stabilize. Encapsulating these nanoparticles with biomolecules from the producing organisms may boost stability and biological activity. Nanoparticles' quick, clean, cheap, and ecological biologic manufacturing technique increases biocompatibility. Silver nanoparticles affect fish, algae, cell-based in vitro procedures, and microbes. Even though most of these studies were done quickly in well-regulated labs with much higher silver ion concentrations than in real life. Many silver types undergo long-term chemical transformation at extremely low levels (ng/L to g/L) in aquatic ecosystems. Thus, silver nanoparticles' environmental and health hazards need additional investigation. Recently detected antimicrobial silver at 10102 μg/mL. Multiple processes make silver nanoparticles dangerous. Basic (Ag0) and monovalent (Ag+) silver are most poisonous. Silver framework free ions affect silver toxicity. ROS damage DNA when elemental or zero-valent silver penetrates tissues. Packaged foods, contaminated water, swimming pools, antifouling, nasal and throat medicines, and other pharmaceuticals include silver nanoparticles. Consumption accumulates silver ions in subcutaneous fat. Prolonged exposure causes argyria-blue-gray skin. Silver inhibits Na+ and Cl absorption, disrupting electrolytes. Airborne silver nanoparticles may influence chronic pulmonary disease patients. Silver ions oxidize enzyme thiols, hindering electron transport and DNA replication. Ag+ rapidly damages DNA and RNA. Silver nanoparticle breakdown into silver ions creates germ-killing ROS. Silver nanoparticles are more hazardous than silver ions in the same atmosphere.
Analisis kelayakan usaha serkap ayam di Desa Panton Mesjid Kecamatan Makmur Kabupaten Bireuen
Authors: Aulia Aulia , Nur T M
Published: January 2023

Penelitian ini dilakukan di Desa Panton Mesjid Kecamatan Makmur Kabupaten Bireuen yaitu pada usaha kerajinan serkap ayam Bapak Yusuf, yang dilaksanakan pada bulan Desember 2017. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelayakan usaha serkap ayam di Desa Panton Mesjid Kecamatan Makmur Kabupaten Bireuen. Metode analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan menggunakan rumus analisis biaya, penerimaan, keuntungan, Revenue Cost Ratio (R/C) dan Benefit Cost Ratio (B/C). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan analisis yang telah dilakukan diketahui bahwa usaha kerajinan serkap ayam di Desa Panton Mesjid Kecamatan Makmur Kabupaten Bireuen menguntungkan, dengan total keuntungan adalah sebesar Rp. 1.888.056,-/bulan atau Rp. 22.656.667,-/tahun. Dari besarnya keuntungan yang diperoleh dan berdasarkan perhitungan nilai R/C rasio dan B/C rasio, dapat disimpulkan bahwa usaha kerajinan serkap ayam di Desa Panton Mesjid Kecamatan Makmur Kabupaten Bireuen layak untuk diusahakan.

Kata kunci : Analisis Kelayakan, Kerajinan Serkap Ayam
Analisis pemasaran kerupuk rengkan di Desa Gampong Raya Dagang Kecamatan Peusangan Kabupaten Bireuen
Authors: Amiruddin Amiruddin
Published: January 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Saluran Pemasaran dan keuntungan agen pada Pemasaran Kerupuk Rengkan di desa Gampong Raya Dagang Kecamatan Peusangan Kabupaten Bireuen. Penelitian telah dilaksanakan pada tanggal bulan April 2017 sampai dengan selesai penelitian. Analisis biaya pemasaran dan margin pemasaran dalam saluran pemasaran digunakan alat analisis biaya dan margin pemasaran (cost margin analysis) yaitu dengan menghitung besarnya biaya, keuntungan, dan margin pemasaran pada tiap  perantara pada berbagai saluran pemasaran. Berdasarkan hasil dan pembahasan yang telah diuraikan, maka dapat diambil kesimpulan bahwa Agroindustri kerupuk rengkan di desa Gampong Raya dagang Kecamatan Peusangan Kabupaten Bireuen memiliki tingkat efisien pemasaran yang baik, dapat dilihat dari hasil perhitungan margin pemasaran pada saluran I dan persentase bagian yang diterima produsen kerupuk rengkan. Dianggap efisien secara ekonomis dikarenakan nilai persentase margin pemasaran yang diperoleh adalah 20% sedangkan bagian yang diterima produsen kerupuk rengkan di desa Gampong Raya dagang Kecamatan Peusangan Kabupaten Bireuen lebih besar dari 50% yaitu 80%, maka dengan demikian bagian yang diterima oleh produsen kerupuk rengkan di desa Gampong Raya dagang Kecamatan Peusangan Kabupaten Bireuen adalah efisien.

Kata Kunci : Analisis, Pemasaran, Margin Pemasaran, Biaya Pemasaran.
Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pendapatan usaha tani karet di Desa Salah Sirong Kecamatan Jeumpa Kabupaten Bireuen
Authors: Saputra Ferial
Published: January 2023

Penelitian ini dilakukan pada usaha tani karet di Desa Salah Sirong Kecamatan Jeumpa Kabupaten Bireuen, yang dilaksanakan pada bulan Agustus 2017. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor- faktor yang mempengaruhi pendapatan Usaha Tani Karet di Gampong Salah Sirong Kecamatan Jeumpa Bireuen. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 31 orang petani pada usaha tani karet yang ada di Desa Salah Sirong. Metode analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan menggunakan analisis regresi linear berganda. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan analisis data maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa Variabel modal memiliki nilai probabilitas signifikan sebesar 0,000 < α = 0,05 berarti bahwa variabel modal berpengaruh signifikan secara parsial terhadap pendapatan usaha tani karet di Kecamatan Jeumpa Kabupaten Bireuen. Hasil uji F menunjukkan bahwa nilai sig FChange  sebesar  0,000< 0,05. Hal ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa uji hipotesis pada penelitian ini sangat signifikan dan dapat diterima yang berarti secara serempak modal, produksi, harga, berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pendapatan usaha tani karet di Kecamatan Jeumpa Kabupaten Bireuen.

Kata kunci : Analisis Faktor-Faktor, Pendapatan Usaha Tani Karet.
Analisis Komparatif Pendapatan Agroindustri Tahu Dan Tempe Di Desa Cot Gapu Kecamatan Kota Juang Kabupaten Bireuen
Authors: Sry Suryandani Sry Suryandani
Published: January 2023

Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Desa Cot Gapu Kecamatan Kota Juang Kabupaten Bireuen. Penentuan lokasi dilakukan secara sengaja (purposive) dengan pertimbangan bahwa di Desa Cot Gapu Kecamatan Kota Juang Kabupaten Bireuen merupakan salah satu Desa yang memiliki agroindustri tahu dan tempe yaitu  UD. Aceh Setia dan UD. Tempe Indah. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Juli 2018. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan pendapatan agroindustri tahu dan tempe di Desa Cot Gapu Kecamatan Kota Juang Kabupaten Bireuen. Metode analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan menggunakan rumus analisis biaya, penerimaan, pendapatan (keuntungan). Dari hasil analisis diketahui bahwa pendapatan bersih (keuntungan) yang diperoleh usaha Tempe UD. Tempe Indah lebih tinggi dibandingkan rata-rata pendapatan bersih yang diperoleh dari usaha Tahu UD. Aceh Setia. Rata-rata pendapatan bersih yang diperoleh usaha Tempe UD. Tempe Indah sebesar Rp. 40.297.917,-/bulan, sedangkan rata-rata pendapatan bersih usaha Tahu UD. Aceh Setia sebesar Rp. 29.905.944,-/bulan, sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan pendapatan antara usaha Tahu UD. Aceh Setia dengan usaha Tempe UD. Tempe Indah di Desa Cot Gapu Kecamatan Kota Juang Kabupaten Bireuen.

Kata Kunci: Analisis Perbandingan Pendapatan, Agroindustri Tahu dan Tempe.
Pengaruh Pertumbuhan Dan Produksi Jamur Tiram Putih (Pleurotus Ostreatus) Akibat Penambahan Em4 Padamedia Tanam
Authors: Sanjani Rafi
Published: January 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat produksi dan kecepatan tumbuh jamur tiram akibat penambahan EM4. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada tanggal 30 Mei 2017 sampai 15 September 2017, di Kantor BP3K Kota Juang Desa Meunasah Dayah Kecamatan Kota Juang Bireuen, dengan ketinggian tempat 15-20m dpl. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) nonfaktorial yang terdiri dari 8 taraf perlakuan : K0 = 0 ml, K1 = 5ml, K2 = 10ml, K3 = 15ml, K4 = 20ml, K5 = 25ml K6 = 30ml, K7 = 35ml. Peubah yang di amati antara lain : Berat badan buah jamur tiram, Umur panen, Jumlah badan buah jamur tiram, Diameter tudung jamur tiram, Umur tumbuh pinhead. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan penambahan EM4 pada media jamur menunjukan pengaruh sangat nyata terhadap umur tumbuh pinhead, umur panen, jumlah badan buah, diameter tudung jamur tiram dan berat badan buah jamur tiram pada panen I, II, III, IV. Perlakuan terbaik dijumpai pada perlakuan 5ml EM4 (K1).

Kata Kunci: Dosis, Efective Mikroorganisme (EM4), Jamur Tiram Putih
La relevancia del deber (profesional) de lealtad constitucional en la enseñanza como medio para la defensa de la Constitución y el orden democrático-liberal
Authors: Martín Guardado Sergio
Published: January 2023

El presente comentario jurisprudencial aborda el caso Godenau vs. Alemania y reflexiona acerca del deber de lealtad a la Constitución de los docentes en el país germano. Una profesora es despedida y, posteriormente, incluida en una lista de docentes no aptos para su desempeño como maestros en las escuelas públicas regionales debido a su vinculación y militancia activa en formaciones políticas de extrema derecha, entendiendo que se ha incumplido este deber profesional que parte de la Norma Fundamental de la República Federal de Alemania. El Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos avala la medida del Land de Hesse, atendiendo a determinadas actuaciones de la señora Godenau.
Dimensional Analysis of Service Fairness on Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction: A Local Municipality study
Authors: Masitenyane Lehlohonolo , Mokoena Bakae
Published: January 2023

The recent series of service delivery protests directed at various local municipalities across South Africa, as frequently reported in the media, render it indispensable to examine the underlying association between service fairness, service quality and customer satisfaction within local municipalities in the country. The objective of the study is to investigate the impact of service fairness on service quality and customer satisfaction from the South African local municipal service context. A structured questionnaire elicited data through a convenient sample of 400 rates and taxes payers within three municipal districts in the Vaal Triangle. Descriptive statistics, correlations and regression analysis were used to evaluate relationships between the study constructs. Two of the four predictor variables, namely interactive and informational fairness showed significant predictive relationships towards service quality in municipality services provision among rates and taxes payers. Service quality towards customer satisfaction also emerged as a significant predictor. Municipality managers should embrace customer interaction and participation because customers evaluate the degree of service fairness displayed by the municipal employees and its effects of the service they deliver.
Introduction
Authors: Smethurst James
Published: January 2023

The introduction outlines the project and lays out the importance of the South for different streams and formations of Black radicalism in the United States, including Black Power and Black Arts. It describes how the South assumes this position for intertwined historical, cultural, ideological, and demographic reasons. It also defines and periodicizes key terms and concepts, including what constitutes the South and what and when was the Black Arts Movement.
Becoming Black, Becoming Southern
Authors: Smethurst James
Published: January 2023

Chapter Two takes up the movement of cultural and educational institutions in the Gulf Coast South, with special focus on Texas and Louisiana, from an identification as interracial Civil Rights organizations to more self-consciously Black institutions as the national Black Power and Black Arts movements took shape. At the same time, groups of, for the most part, young African Americans began to set up new institutions. It also considers how Black artists, intellectuals, and activists, who had gained entrée to various institutions that had previously been entirely, or almost entirely, reserved for white people found in these institutions lingering restrictions and not so transparent ceilings that moved them in a more nationalist direction. A key event in this regard is the separation of the writers and theater workshops of the Free Southern Theater from the theater and the formation of BLKARTSOUTH in New Orleans. Both Nkombo, the journal of BLKARTSOUTH, and the tours of the BLKARTSOUTH performance group helped inspire African American artists to form like groups from Texas to Florida, laying the basis of the Southern Black Cultural Alliance (SBCA).
The Southern Black Cultural Alliance, the Neighborhood Arts Center, and the Institutionalization of Community-Based Black Arts in the South
Authors: Smethurst James
Published: January 2023

Chapter Five lays out the further growth of a Black Arts network in the South with the emergence of the SBCA and its annual business meeting and yearly performance festival in different cities or on historically Black college campuses. It also delineates new ways in which Black Arts became institutionalized as African Americans gained new political power in southern cities in large part due to an increased priority on the region by Black political and cultural activists nationally. One aspect of this new emphasis put on political and cultural organizing in the urban South is increased migration of Black artists and intellectuals to the region.
From Stephen Ricks to Tamir Rice
Authors: Webster Crystal Lynn
Published: January 2023

The epilogue traces Black children’s treatment from the nineteenth century to today. It examines trends including adultificaiton, school-to-prison pipeline, education, criminalization, and police brutality. It identifies the significance of studying Black children.
Ends of War
Authors: Janney Caroline E.
Published: January 2023

The Army of Northern Virginia's chaotic dispersal began even before Lee and Grant met at Appomattox Court House. As the Confederates had pushed west at a relentless pace for nearly a week, thousands of wounded and exhausted men fell out of the ranks. When word spread that Lee planned to surrender, most remaining troops stacked their arms and accepted paroles allowing them to return home, even as they lamented the loss of their country and cause. But others broke south and west, hoping to continue the fight. Fearing a guerrilla war, Grant extended the generous Appomattox terms to every rebel who would surrender himself. Provost marshals fanned out across Virginia and beyond, seeking nearly 18,000 of Lee's men who had yet to surrender. But the shock of Lincoln's assassination led Northern authorities to see threats of new rebellion in every rail depot and harbor where Confederates gathered for transport, even among those already paroled. While Federal troops struggled to keep order and sustain a fragile peace, their newly surrendered adversaries seethed with anger and confusion at the sight of Union troops occupying their towns and former slaves celebrating freedom. In this dramatic new history of the weeks and months after Appomattox, Caroline E. Janney reveals that Lee's surrender was less an ending than the start of an interregnum marked by military and political uncertainty, legal and logistical confusion, and continued outbursts of violence. Janney takes readers from the deliberations of government and military authorities to the ground-level experiences of common soldiers. Ultimately, what unfolds is the messy birth narrative of the Lost Cause, laying the groundwork for the defiant resilience of rebellion in the years that followed.
Waiting
Authors: Janney Caroline E.
Published: January 2023

This chapter details the feelings and emotions of the defeated Army of Northern Virginia soldiers as they waited in their camps to be paroled. It explores the messy process of figuring out who was and who was not present at the surrender as well as the formal surrender ceremony on April 12.
Body Drop
Authors: Oliu Brian
Published: January 2023

Professional wrestling is a strange beast full of contradictions--part live soap opera, part hypermasculine violent spectacle. It is an indelibly American pastime enjoyed by millions and leads a select group of wrestlers to international fame. It’s also a sport that leaves many of its athletes broken and battered, at serious risk of addiction, poverty, and early death. Body Drop looks deeply at the nuances of professional wrestling and its strange place within American culture. Brian Oliu offers deeply personal meditations on such topics as disability, chronic pain, body image, masculinity, class, and more, all through the lens of American professional wrestling.
Wrestling is a sport that is gleefully fake, but the people who love it are very real. In holding up this particular part of American culture to scrutiny, Oliu acknowledges that the wrestling world, like our own, is one that has been crafted, but by showing readers the scaffolding that holds everything up, he invites us to figure out what holds our own realities straight.
The Problem of Texas
Authors: Blair William A.
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores why the violence in Texas overshadowed that of other states. During the late secession crisis, fissures grew between white Unionists and secessionists that often turned violent. The friction continued during the war with mass hanging of Unionists in Gainesville. After the war, the addition of Black voters to the Unionist side threatened the economic and political power of Confederates, escalating the violence already embedded in the culture. Another aspect setting Texas apart was that it had a military officer in control of the state, Winfield Scott Hancock, who did not sympathize with Unionists and would not use the army to keep the peace. Unionists resorted to data collection, especially the Freedmen’s Bureau efforts, to try to convince Congress to extend military oversight, which was eventually unsuccessful.
Reyna
Authors: Nabhan-Warren Kristy
Published: January 2023

This final chapter focuses on Reyna’s migration story from rural Guatemala, and her desire to stay in the United States. Like Rosa, featured in the book’s Introduction, and the other refugee men and women featured in the book, Reyna has embraced an American Dream and journeyed to the United States to make a better life for herself and her children. Like many of the men and women featured in the book, Reyna draws on her religious faith to deal with the challenges of being a migrant in America. Despite the many challenges she has faced, Reyna is determined to stay.
Introduction
Authors: Wells-Oghoghomeh Alexis
Published: January 2023

The introduction outlines the concepts of dismemberment and re/membrance and posits the importance of enslaved women’s religious history as a separate category of inquiry in the study of American religion and Atlantic slavery. Encompassing experiences from West Africa, the Middle Passage, and the colonial and antebellum eras of slavery in the Lower South, dismemberment defines the social, psychological, geo-cultural, and physiological crises born of African-descended people’s enslavement. Re/membrance describes the function of enslaved women’s religiosity, or rather, the logic through which acts and ideas became religious. Together, dismemberment and re/membrance provide the methodological structure of the book and highlight the distinctiveness of enslaved women’s religious history.
Georgia Genesis
Authors: Wells-Oghoghomeh Alexis
Published: January 2023

Chapter one surveys the material conditions of enslavement that are critical to apprehending the religious consciousness and cultures of enslaved, African-descended women in the Lower South. Through an examination of the ontological meanings of enslavement, the resignification of the womb, work cultures, and structures of violence the chapter explores the material and psychic conditions that shaped enslaved women’s and other enslaved people’s experiences of dismemberment from West Africa to North America. Moreover, by highlighting the gendered nature of West African slavery prior to the transatlantic slave trade, the chapter argues that gender and race are equally salient vectors in the “genesis” of African American religious consciousness and cultures in the enslaved South.
A Safe Valley
Authors: Givens Terryl L.
Published: January 2023

Eugene England came from Mormon pioneer stock. He was raised in small-town Downey, Idaho and absorbed the devout faith of his parents. He excelled academically, fell under the influence of Lowell Bennion, and married Charlotte Hawkins.
A Mountain in the Ocean
Authors: Givens Terryl L.
Published: January 2023

Eugene England applied to serve as a missionary; unexpectedly, he was called to serve in Samoa along with his new bride, Charlotte. They did mostly educational work, struggling to be effective while adjusting to married life in a foreign culture. England’s immersion in a life of service and deep interpersonal connections reoriented him toward a future in humanistic studies.
Dialogue
Authors: Givens Terryl L.
Published: January 2023

Mormonism’s intellectual culture, once vibrant and unfettered, had become, by the 1940s, conservative and increasingly reactionary. By the 1960s, countercurrents were developing among Mormon intellectuals. England was one of the founders in this era of Mormonism’s most influential independent journal, Dialogue, whose title epitomized his passion for fruitful conversation across difference. The journal was immediately successful but also controversial for its progressive views on race and war and for its willingness to embrace a more complex view of the Mormon past. Mormonism’s confrontation with modernism, long delayed, was unfolding at last.
Introduction
Authors: Milteer Warren Eugene
Published: January 2023

This section introduces the book’s main arguments about the situation of free people of color in the South, including arguments about the connections among racial categories, gender, and differences in wealth and the politicization of free people of color. The section defines “free people of color” as a concept and category and explains its connection to related historical terms such as “negro,” “mulatto,” “mustee,” “Indian,” “black,” “mestizo,” “pardo,” “moreno,” “quadroon,” and “octoroon.” The discussion in this section also engages with the historiography about free people of color in the South.
Preserving Freedom in a Divided South
Authors: Milteer Warren Eugene
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores the experiences of the South’s free people of color during the Civil War. It covers the challenges faced by free people of color who lived the under control of the rebel Confederate government and lives of those who remained in sections of the South held by the United States military. The chapter discusses the experiences of civilians as well as free people of color who served in the military.
Battling for Equality
Authors: Roth Tanya L.
Published: January 2023

By the early 1960s, servicewomen and their advocates continued to press for changes they believed were important. DACOWITS members teamed with other well-known civilians and female military leaders to revise key regulations on women’s service. Rank limitations became one of the first targets to be removed. Rank limitations established in the Women’s Armed Services Integration Act in 1948 were shortening the length of women’s careers and preventing women from holding certain military jobs. Into the 1970s, servicewomen and their allies continued to fight for equality. However, the idea of equality in military service was changing, as more and more women fought to combine motherhood and military service and to obtain benefits for their civilian spouses.
Reimagining Equality
Authors: Roth Tanya L.
Published: January 2023

This chapter shows how the second wave feminist movement and momentum from the Equal Rights Amendment led to major military changes for servicewomen beginning in the 1970s. The definition of equality broadened and became based on gender sameness rather than gender difference and cultural assumptions. By 1973, efforts to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment prompted military leaders to rethink many policies that regulated womanpower. Military structures created specifically for women began to be eliminated, such as the Women’s Army Corps. Recruiting images now began to shift how women were portrayed as well.
Introduction
Authors: Chard Daniel S.
Published: January 2023

The history of counterterrorism started decades before 9/11, specifically during the late 1960s and early 1970s as a product of violent conflicts between the US government and homegrown leftist guerrilla groups like the Weather Underground and the Black Liberation Army. This introduction outlines how state violence and guerrilla violence influenced one another as the war in Vietnam and police violence in Black communities helped push some leftist radicals to embrace urban guerrilla warfare. It also illustrates how bombings and other attacks prompted the FBI to develop new preemptive policing methods in the name of fighting terrorism. Additionally, this introduction explains how domestic guerrilla insurgency incited a bureaucratic conflict between FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover and President Richard Nixon that helped bring about the Watergate scandal.
The Huston Plan
Authors: Chard Daniel S.
Published: January 2023

The Huston Plan has often been portrayed as a side story to the larger drama of Watergate, but it was much more than that as this chapter demonstrates. The March 1970 death of three Weatherman members in an accidental bomb explosion in a Greenwich Village townhouse prompted the FBI to begin developing new strategies and tactics to combat what officials increasingly called “terrorism.” At the same time, Tom Huston drafted a plan for the nation’s first federal institution explicitly dedicated to fighting terrorism. The Huston Plan would have coordinated all federal intelligence agencies under the White House and lifted mid-1960s restrictions that FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover had placed on illegal surveillance tactics such as break-ins, mail-opening, and warrantless electronic wiretapping. The plan was never implemented, however, because Hoover sabotaged it, escalating a jurisdictional dispute into a full-out bureaucratic conflict that set Nixon down the road to Watergate.
Improvising Counterterrorism
Authors: Chard Daniel S.
Published: January 2023

Shortly after J. Edgar Hoover sabotaged the Huston Plan, a series of deadly leftist attacks prompted the FBI director, under pressure from President Nixon, to reinstitute illegal surveillance tactics outlined in the secret plan. This chapter reveals how, following Jonathan Jackson’s hostage raid on a courtroom in Marin County, California, a bombing at University of Wisconsin that killed a physicist, a police killing in the Boston area, and the Weather Underground’s 1970 “Fall Offensive” of bombings throughout the country, Hoover lowered the FBI’s minimum informant age from twenty-one to eighteen and began to informally instruct special agents to use break-ins and other illegal surveillance tactics to investigate the Weather Underground and other leftist guerrillas. Hoover also authorized a dramatic expansion of domestic surveillance, targeting the New Left, the Black Power movement, the Puerto Rican independence movement, and the women’s movement—all in the name of preempting terrorism.
Deep Throat’s Secret Wars
Authors: Chard Daniel S.
Published: January 2023

FBI associate director W. Mark Felt had two claims to fame: first, for authorizing illegal break-ins as part of the bureau’s Weather Underground investigation, and second, for his role as the shadowy figure known as “Deep Throat,” whose leaks to the press from the FBI’s investigation of the Watergate burglary helped topple President Nixon. For the first time, this chapter explains why Felt worked to officially reinstitute break-ins for the FBI’s Weather Underground investigation while actively opposing break-ins carried out by the Nixon administration’s team of secret operatives known as the Plumbers. Nixon’s aides formed the Plumbers in July 1971 after J. Edgar Hoover refused to launch an aggressive investigation of former RAND analyst Daniel Ellsberg, who leaked a damning classified report on the Vietnam War to the Washington Post. Following Hoover’s death on May 2, 1972, Felt worked to officially reauthorize break-ins for terrorist investigations to improve morale among special agents while waging a secret counterintelligence operation against Nixon and acting FBI director L. Patrick Gray to defend the FBI’s autonomy from the White House.
Arab Scare
Authors: Chard Daniel S.
Published: January 2023

This chapter explains how the FBI and Nixon administration responded to a deadly attack carried out by the Palestinian nationalist group Black September against Israeli athletes at the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich, West Germany. W. Mark Felt and assistant director Edward Miller used the Munich attack as an opportunity to officially reauthorize break-ins for terrorism investigations, not only for the Weather Underground, but also for suspected Palestinian nationalist militants. Nixon, meanwhile, formed the Cabinet Committee to Combat Terrorism, the nation’s first federal institution explicitly dedicated to fighting terrorism, which gave the FBI jurisdiction over terrorist attacks in the United States. Seeking to prevent a Munich-style attack in the US, the FBI cast a wide net, launching an “Arab scare” that involved harassing Arabs and Arab Americans throughout the country, targeting this group as a racialized suspect community.
Epilogue
Authors: Chard Daniel S.
Published: January 2023

This epilogue traces the legacies of Nixon’s war at home through the development of American counterterrorism in the 1980s, through the post-9/11 War on Terror, into the Trump era. It illustrates how since the 1980s, US officials have continued to pour resources into counterterrorism—preemptive policing, surveillance, and militarism—without addressing underlying problems of social inequality and state violence that help motivate non-state political violence.
Setting Hispanic Caribbean Tables in New York City
Authors: Fuster Melissa
Published: January 2023

This chapter outlines the histories of Cubans, Puerto Ricans, and Dominicans, and their foodways (including food markets and restaurants), in New York City, covering the early arrivals in the mid-1800s, the large migratory waves of the mid-twentieth century, and the contemporary communities using archival sources (city guides, magazines, newspapers), and existing scholarship from historians and migration scholars. The history is used to show how global and structural factors influenced the movement of these communities to the city, and how these same factors resulted in different racialization processes, which in turn have affected the communities’ wellbeing and health outcomes.
Sensational Violence
Authors: King Amy K.
Published: January 2023

This chapter looks beyond the recurrent trope of jealousy to examine the dynamics and limits of power and intimacy in scenes when white women act violently against enslaved women. The chapter begins with salacious representations of women in pulp novels, which helped popularize depictions of plantation violence in the second half of the twentieth century. Surveying a variety of novel covers in the Falconhurst series and Dragonard series, the chapter argues that mediated violence inflicted by white women with instruments of torture in pulp novel cover artwork maintains violence as a tool of social separation. As such, a scene of violence on a paperback cover of Edgar Mittelhölzer’s novel Children of Kaywana distances audiences from social critique. The chapter then continues to examine stereotypical depictions of women in Richard Fleischer’s exploitation film Mandingo (1975). Though Mandingo is not revolutionary, it provides a sense of how characters perform power, thereby exposing some of the fault lines of sadistic violence. Finally, the chapter provides a counterpoint to exploitative stereotypes via Steve McQueen’s film 12 Years a Slave (2013). Here, the woman who enslaves increases her power on the plantation by manipulating the system’s corrupted intimacies through briefly employing violent skin-to-skin touch.
Within and Beyond Sadistic Violence
Authors: King Amy K.
Published: January 2023

Using Gayl Jones’s poem “The Machete Woman” as a framework, this chapter traces a trajectory of consciousness through how narratives set during the Enlightenment contextualize enslaved women’s resistance and resilience with white women’s sadistic violence. To do so, the chapter examines the relationships between intimacy, touch, power, and retributive violence in two novels, Madison Smartt Bell’s All Souls’ Rising (1995) and Marlon James’s The Book of Night Women (2009). While these texts contain white and Black women within their plantation societies’ strictures, the novels offer glimpses of what it means to look at the norms of slavery head-on. Then, the chapter analyzes how Jean Van de Velde’s film Hoe Duur Was de Suiker (2013) depicts an enslaved woman’s narrative that is shaped by violence perpetrated by white women in Suriname. Though the film creatively situates an enslaved woman’s identity in the context of enslavers’ violence, it also culminates in an unimaginative romance plot. Though texts might fall into narrative traps of sensationalism and/or romantic ideals, this chapter ultimately argues that some texts more fully explore how enslaved women experience, process, and react to the sadism of plantation regimes.
A Nation of Descendants
Authors: Morgan Francesca
Published: January 2023

From family trees written in early American bibles to birther conspiracy theories, genealogy has always mattered in the United States, whether for taking stock of kin when organizing a family reunion or drawing on membership—by blood or other means—to claim rights to land, inheritances, and more. And since the advent of DNA kits that purportedly trace genealogical relations through genetics, millions of people have used them to learn about their medical histories, biological parentage, and ethnic background.
A Nation of Descendants traces Americans’ fascination with tracking family lineage through three centuries. Francesca Morgan examines how specific groups throughout history grappled with finding and recording their forebears, focusing on Anglo-American white, Mormon, African American, Jewish, and Native American people. Morgan also describes how individuals and researchers use genealogy for personal and scholarly purposes, and she explores how local businesspeople, companies like Ancestry.com, and Henry Louis Gates Jr.’s Finding Your Roots series powered the commercialization and commodification of genealogy.
There’s No Market for Being Told We’re All Related
Authors: Morgan Francesca
Published: January 2023

The epilogue pulls together the book’s themes, among them Americans’ treasuring of biogenetic descent, genealogy’s commodification, and racial and gender politics of genealogy, in analyzing recent history. DNA testing results, combined with the regime of identity documentation following the 9/11 attacks, have done more to chain American personhood to personal pasts than at any time in the American past. But after Barack Obama Jr. became the country’s first president of color in 2008, some white Americans sought refuge in falsehood. Led by Donald J. Trump when he was known mainly for his reality shows of yesteryear, “birthers” insisted Obama had been born in his father’s homeland of Kenya, notwithstanding the documentation that placed the president’s 1961 birth in the US state of Hawaii (the US Constitution insists that the president be a “natural born citizen,” widely understood to indicate a birth on US soil). In contrast to such wishful thinking from birthers, genealogy cultures and businesses instead rewarded and valued Americans’ search for knowledge.
“To Sunder Every Tie”
Authors: Seeley Samantha
Published: January 2023

In 1806, Virginia legislators passed a bill restricting the residency of free Black Virginians by exiling all newly emancipated people from the state within a year of manumission. The law put early colonization ideas into effect. The Virginia law, however, left room for exceptions. Free people could, and did, by the hundreds, petition county courts and the state legislature for the right to remain on a case-by-case basis. In hundreds of petitions, Virginia free people made rich and sometimes unorthodox descriptions of the meaning of freedom and belonging. Petitioners knew the law well, and they worked within its prejudices by seeking to prove their exceptional merit, skill, and experience to the state legislature. At the same time, they also defied the demographic ideas of colonizationists by presenting themselves as firmly a part of Virginia families and communities.
Public Confessions
Authors: Davis Rebecca L.
Published: January 2023

Personal reinvention is a core part of the human condition. Yet in the mid-twentieth century, certain private religious choices became lightning rods for public outrage and debate. Public Confessions reveals the controversial religious conversions that shaped modern America. Rebecca L. Davis explains why the new faiths of notable figures including Clare Boothe Luce, Whittaker Chambers, Sammy Davis Jr., Marilyn Monroe, Muhammad Ali, Chuck Colson, and others riveted the American public. Unconventional religious choices charted new ways of declaring an “authentic” identity amid escalating Cold War fears of brainwashing and coercion. Facing pressure to celebrate a specific vision of Americanism, these converts variously attracted and repelled members of the American public. Whether the act of changing religions was viewed as selfish, reckless, or even unpatriotic, it provoked controversies that ultimately transformed American politics. Public Confessions takes intimate history to its widest relevance, and in so doing, makes you see yourself in both the private and public stories it tells.