bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selected Recent Advances in the Stereoselective Synthesis of Isoquinoline and β‐Carboline Derivatives with the Use of Chiral Auxiliaries of Natural Origin
Authors: Czarnocki Zbigniew , Siwicka Aleksandra , Szawkalo Joanna
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New Generation of Ionic Liquids, Conducting Salts & Strong Bronsted Acids
Authors: Ignat'ev Nikolai V. , Welz‐Biermann Urs
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Critical Surveys Covering the Year 2003 Organometallic Compounds in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Perdicchia Dario
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nightsoil Treatment for China: Present and Future Perspectives
Authors: Choi E. , Zhou L. , Ha J. S. , Hwang H.‐J.
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Lamivudine prophylaxis reduces the incidence and severity of hepatitis in hepatitis B virus carriers who receive chemotherapy for lymphoma
Authors: Li Yu‐Hong , He Yi‐Fu , Jiang Wen‐Qi , Wang Fen‐Hua , Lin Xu‐Bin , Zhang Li , Xia Zhong‐Jun , Sun Xiao‐Fei , Huang Hui‐Qiang , Lin Tong‐Yu , He You‐Jian , Guan Zhong‐Zhen
Published: February 2006

BACKGROUND

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a common disease in China. Severe hepatitis is a well recognized complication in HBV carriers with malignant disease who receive cytotoxic chemotherapy. The objective of the current study was to assess the value of antiviral lamivudine for reducing the incidence and severity of hepatitis in HBV carriers with lymphoma who receive chemotherapy.

METHODS

Two groups were compared in this nonrandomized study. The prophylactic lamivudine group was comprised of 40 patients who received oral lamivudine at a dose of 100 mg daily before and until at least 8 weeks after they discontinued chemotherapy. The historic control group was comprised of 116 patients who received chemotherapy without lamivudine. The incidence and severity of hepatitis and other adverse clinical outcomes were compared between the two groups. Significant prognostic factors for the development of hepatitis were determined based on data derived from the control group.

RESULTS

The two groups were comparable in most clinical baseline characteristics, including gender distribution, age, tumor types, primary treatment, hepatitis Be antigen status, and the use of anthracyclines or/and prednisone. In the prophylactic lamivudine group, there was significantly less incidence of hepatitis (17.5% vs. 51.7% in the control group; P = 0.000); less severe hepatitis (according to World Health Organization [WHO] criteria) (10% with Grade 1, 5% with Grade 2, and 2.5% with Grade 3 hepatitis vs. 3.4% with Grade 1, 12.1% with Grade 2, 12.9% with Grade 3, and 23.3% with Grade 4 hepatitis in the control group; P = 0.000); and less disruption of chemotherapy (10.0% vs. 37.1% in the control group; P = 0.001). The overall mortality as a result of hepatitis in the prophylactic lamivudine group was lower compared with that in the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant (0.0% vs. 5.2%; P = 0.163). In the control group, the factor associated with a greater risk of developing hepatitis was the use of prednisone. In the prophylactic lamivudine group, 1 of 40 patients (2.5%) developed hepatitis that was attributable to HBV reactivation. Further examination demonstrated that this single patient had a variation of HBV with YMDD mutations after the use of lamivudine for 9.2 months.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the current study confirmed previous reports that lamivudine prophylaxis significantly reduced the incidence and severity of hepatitis in HBV carriers who were receiving chemotherapy for lymphoma. The chemotherapy disruption rate as a result of severe hepatitis also was decreased significantly. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Survival rates and patterns of care for patients diagnosed with supratentorial low‐grade gliomas
Authors: Claus Elizabeth B. , Black Peter M.
Published: February 2006

BACKGROUND

Detailed population‐based estimates of long‐term survival as well as patterns of care for patients with low‐grade gliomas examined by age at diagnosis, gender, and race have not been widely available.

METHODS

Time to death was examined among 2009 individuals diagnosed with a supratentorial low‐grade glioma and reported to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program of the National Cancer Institute from 1973–2001 using Kaplan–Meier estimation. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess the effect of age at diagnosis, race, gender, histology, anatomic location within the brain, first course of treatment, and year of diagnosis upon this risk.

RESULTS

The cumulative 5‐, 10‐, 15‐ and 20‐year survival rates among all individuals initially diagnosed with a supratentorial low‐grade glioma were 59.9% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 57.6–62.2); 42.6% (95% CI, 39.9–45.2); 31.9% (95% CI, 29.0–34.8); and 26.0% (95% CI, 22.7–29.2), respectively. Improved survival was significantly associated with female gender (hazard ratio [HR], 0.84; 95% CI, 0.74–0.95), younger age, white race (HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.54–0.93), histology, and later year of diagnosis. Surgical treatment was associated with increased survival. The use of radiation therapy as a first course of treatment for these lesions has significantly decreased over time with the majority of patients receiving only surgery as a first course of treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Data for patients diagnosed with low‐grade gliomas revealed increasing survival times over the past 25 years with a subset of patients surviving for decades. Differences in survival by race, gender, histology, and first course of treatment were appreciated. These data suggested that the clinical course of low‐grade glioma for some patients may be more encouraging than previously perceived and that the identification of this group of patients may allow refinement of current treatment protocols. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Weekly cisplatin plus infusional high‐dose 5‐fluorouracil and leucovorin (P‐HDFL) for metastatic urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Lin Chia‐Chi , Hsu Chih‐Hung , Huang Chao‐Yuan , Cheng Ann‐Lii , Chen Jun , Vogelzang Nicholas J. , Pu Yeong‐Shiau
Published: February 2006

BACKGROUND

Conventional systemic chemotherapy for metastatic urothelial carcinoma (UC) such as methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (M‐VAC) or cisplatin, methotrexate, and vinblastine (CMV) is associated with significant dose‐limiting toxicities and even treatment‐related death. The authors developed a regimen that was designed to maintain efficacy, while reducing toxicities.

METHODS

Between January 1998 and July 2003, 35 patients (median age, 71 yrs) with metastatic UC were treated with 4‐week cycles of P‐HDFL (cisplatin 35 mg/m2, high‐dose 5‐fluorouracil [5‐FU] 2,600 mg/m2, and leucovorin 300 mg/m2, on Days 1 and 8, all given by 24‐hr infusion). On Day 15, only HDFL was given again.

RESULTS

Among the 32 patients treated with ≥ 2 cycles, 9 (28.1%) and 11 (34.4%) were complete and partial responders, respectively, with an overall response rate of 62.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 45.9–79.2%). The median overall and progression‐free survival was 12.3 months (95% CI, 8.2–16.4 mos) and 10.5 months (95% CI, 8.4–12.6 mos), respectively. Toxicity in a total of 121 courses (mean, 3.5 per patient) was modest, with WHO Grade 3 or 4 leukopenia and thrombocytopenia noted in only 1 and 0 patients, respectively. Grade 3 or 4 nausea, vomiting, mucositis, and diarrhea were noted in 3, 2, 0, and 2 patients, respectively. In general, patients tolerated the regimen very well.

CONCLUSIONS

P‐HDFL is a moderately active and considerably low‐toxic regimen for metastatic UC. The excellent toxicity profile makes it a viable option for patients with poor general conditions. To reach any conclusion, randomized trials comparing P‐HDFL with traditional cisplatin‐based regimens are necessary. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas defined on the basis of mitosis and necrosis
Authors: Hiltzik David , Carlson Diane L. , Tuttle R. Michael , Chuai Shaokun , Ishill Nicole , Shaha Ashok , Shah Jatin P. , Singh Buvanesh , Ghossein Ronald A.
Published: February 2006

BACKGROUND

Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas (PDTC) occupy an intermediate position at the prognostic level on the spectrum of thyroid carcinoma progression. However, their histologic definition is controversial. The objective of the current study was to assess the prognostic significance of PDTC defined on the basis of mitosis and necrosis and search for prognostic markers within this group of tumors that are predictive of overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS).

METHODS

PDTC was defined as thyroid carcinoma with follicular cell differentiation at the histologic and/or immunohistochemical levels and displaying tumor necrosis and/or ≥ 5 mitoses per 10 high‐power fields (×400). Retrospective chart review and microscopic examination identified 58 patients with primary tumors meeting the above criteria and seen at the Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center between 1992 and 2004. These 58 patients were analyzed for various histologic, clinical, and imaging parameters. Each parameter was correlated with OS and PFS.

RESULTS

Of the 58 patients studied, 22 (38%) patients died of disease with a 5‐year OS rate of 60%. Forty‐three of the 58 patients (74%) developed disease recurrence or disease progression, with a 5‐year PFS rate of 25%. The median follow‐up for the entire patient population was 42.6 months (range, 4–205 mos). A tumor size > 4 cm was found to be correlated with a decreased PFS time (P < 0.001). Those tumors with a capsule demonstrated a significantly improved OS compared with unencapsulated tumors (P = 0.001). The extent of capsular invasion was found to be a significant adverse factor for PFS (P = 0.05). The presence of extrathyroid extension into perithyroid soft tissue was found to be correlated with a decreased OS (P = 0.001) and PFS (P = 0.004). Of 27 patients with distant metastasis, 19 (70%) had concentrated radioactive iodine (RAI) at their metastatic sites. On multivariate analysis, extrathyroid extension and tumor size emerged as the only significant variables in predicting PFS (P = 0.04 and P = 0.01, respectively) whereas extrathyroid extension was found to be the sole independent prognostic factor for OS (P = 0.01). Growth pattern and cell type did not appear to influence outcome.

CONCLUSIONS

PDTC defined on the basis of mitosis and necrosis constitutes a group of tumors that is more aggressive and homogeneous than PDTC defined by growth pattern. Within this group of patients, microstaging (tumor size, the extent of capsular invasion, and, especially, extrathyroid extension), and not growth pattern or cell type, is able to stratify patients into different prognostic categories. RAI uptake occurs in a significant number of patients with PDTC. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Extended follow‐up of a phase II trial in relapsed, refractory multiple myeloma:
Authors: Richardson Paul G. , Barlogie Bart , Berenson James , Singhal Seema , Jagannath Sundar , Irwin David H. , Rajkumar S. Vincent , Srkalovic Gordan , Alsina Melissa , Anderson Kenneth C.
Published: February 2006

BACKGROUND

Bortezomib, a first‐in‐class proteasome inhibitor, has shown clinical activity in relapsed, refractory multiple myeloma in a pivotal Phase II trial, SUMMIT.

METHODS

Patients received bortezomib 1.3 mg/m2 on Days 1, 4, 8, and 11 followed by a 10‐day rest period for up to 8 cycles. Dexamethasone 20 mg on the day of and the day after bortezomib was permitted for suboptimal response. Extended treatment beyond 8 cycles was offered to patients whose physicians felt they would benefit from additional therapy. Follow‐up was conducted in all patients for a median of 23 months, an additional 13 months from the original report.

RESULTS

Of 202 patients enrolled in SUMMIT, 193 were evaluable for response. Seven (4%) patients achieved a complete response, 12 (6%) achieved a nearly complete response, 34 (18%) achieved a partial response, and 14 (7%) had a minimal response while on bortezomib. The updated median duration of response to bortezomib alone was 12.7 months. The median overall time to progression for all SUMMIT patients was 7 months. For responding patients, the median time to progression was 13.9 months, whereas for those with progressive disease (PD) or who were not evaluable, the median time to progression was 1.3 months. The median overall survival (OS) for all SUMMIT patients was 17.0 months. Whereas the median OS for patients with PD or who were not evaluable was 8 months, the median OS for responding patients was not reached at 23 months of follow‐up.

CONCLUSIONS

These data demonstrate that treatment with bortezomib results in meaningful long‐term benefit for patients with relapsed and refractory myeloma. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Interstitial125I radiosurgery of supratentorial de novo WHO Grade 2 astrocytoma and oligoastrocytoma in adults
Authors: Kreth Friedrich W. , Faist Michael , Grau Stefan , Ostertag Christoph B.
Published: February 2006

BACKGROUND

Detailed long‐term outcome data are not available for adult patients with World Health Organization (WHO) Grade 2 astrocytoma or oligoastrocytoma.

METHODS

A previously published short‐term data set of 239 adult patients with circumscribed de novo supratentorial astrocytoma (187 patients) and oligoastrocytoma (52 patients) treated with interstitial iodine‐125 (125I) radiosurgery as primary treatment (1979–1992) was revisited. Survival, progression‐free survival, functionally independent survival, postrecurrence survival, and time to malignant transformation were estimated with the Kaplan–Meier method. Prognostic factors were obtained from the Cox multivariate proportional hazards model.

RESULTS

Five‐, 10‐, and 15‐year survival was 56%, 37%, and 26%, respectively (median follow‐up, 10.3 yrs). Progression‐free survival was 45%, 21%, and 14%, respectively. The corresponding malignant transformation rates were 33%, 54%, and 67%. No leveling off of the Kaplan–Meier curves could be observed for any of the chosen endpoints. Age > 50 years, a tumor volume > 20 mL, and/or a Karnofsky score ≤ 80 were associated with decreased survival or progression‐free survival. Age > 35 years and/or a tumor volume > 20 mL increased risk of malignant transformation. Prognostic factors determined subsets of patients with 10‐year survival ranging from as low as 6% to as high as 55% and progression‐free survival ranging 1–31%.

CONCLUSIONS

Long‐term tumor stabilization is rare. As outcome is mainly determined by treatment‐independent factors, minimization of any treatment‐related risk must be considered essential. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
THM and reactive transport analysis of expansive clay barrier in radioactive waste isolation
Authors: Guimarães L. do N. , Gens A. , Sánchez M. , Olivella S.
Published: February 2006

A fully coupled formulation combining reactive transport and an existing thermo‐hydro‐mechanical (THM) code is briefly described. Special attention has been given to phenomena likely to be encountered in clay barriers used as part of containment systems of nuclear waste. The types of processes considered in the chemical formulation include hydrolysis, complex formation, oxidation/reduction reactions, acid/base reactions, precipitation/dissolution of minerals and cation exchange. Both kinetically controlled and equilibrium‐controlled reactions have been incorporated. The formulation has been implemented in the finite element code CODE_BRIGHT. An application is presented concerning the performance of a large scale in situ heating test simulating high‐level nuclear waste repository conditions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simplified method for lateral response analysis of suspension bridges under wind loads
Authors: Cheng Jin , Xiao Ru‐Cheng
Published: February 2006

A simplified method for analysing lateral response of suspension bridges under wind loads is proposed in this paper. The geometric non‐linearity in the deflection theory and the three components of displacement‐dependent wind loads are taken into account in the method. The analytical formulas for calculating the torsional, vertical, and lateral responses of suspension bridges under wind loads are derived. An iterative procedure, which has a high convergence rate for solving the problem, is developed. The proposed method is sufficient and simple to use. Wind‐induced lateral response analysis of a long‐span suspension bridge demonstrates the proposed method's efficiency and accuracy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A three‐scale computational model of reactive pollutant transport in smectitic clays
Authors: Murad Márcio A. , Moyne Christian
Published: February 2006

A three‐scale model of dual‐porosity type is proposed to describe contaminant transport in swelling clays. The swelling medium is characterized by three separate length scales (nano, micro and macro) and two levels of porosity (micro‐ and macro‐pores). At the nanoscale the medium is composed of charged clay particles saturated by a binary monovalent aqueous electrolyte solution occupying the micro‐pores. At the intermediate (micro) scale the two‐phase system is represented in a homogenized fashion with averaged microscopic equations governing the behaviour of the clay clusters (or aggregates) regarded a two‐phase mixture composed of clay particles and electrolyte solution. At the macroscale, the microscale mixture of clay clusters is homogenized with the bulk solution containing non‐electrolyte species lying in the macro‐pore system. The resultant macroscopic picture appears governed by a dual‐porosity model wherein the clay clusters act as sources/sinks of mass to the macro‐pore system. Under a local equilibrium assumption between the clay clusters and macro‐pores, a quasi‐steady version of the dual‐porosity model is derived. This framework combined with a three‐scale picture of the colloidal system allows to provide nanoscopic representations for the retardation coefficient, governing the instantaneous adsorption/desorption of the ionic species in the micro‐pores, in terms of the local behaviour of the electrical double layer potential which satisfies a Poisson–Boltzmann‐type problem at the nanoscale. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical solution of the oxygen diffusion in absorbing tissue with a moving boundary
Authors: Boureghda Abdellatif
Published: February 2006

A problem of oxygen diffusion in absorbing medium is complex. A mathematical model of this problem is presented, which has previously been investigated by Crank and Gupta (J. Inst. Math. Appl. 1972; 10: 19–33) is studied using a different method of solution. Approximate analytical and numerical solutions of its partial differential equations are obtained, which describe the diffusion of oxygen in absorbing tissue. A moving boundary is an essential feature of this problem but the conditions which determine its movements are different. The results are compared with those of Crank and Gupta. In most cases the agreement is fair. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Properties of Weak and Strong Dihydrogen‐Bonded DH⋅⋅⋅HA Complexes
Authors: Cybulski Hubert , Tymińska Elwira , Sadlej Joanna
Published: February 2006

The properties of six dihydrogen‐bonded (DHB) dimers with the BeH2molecule as a proton acceptor were calculated by MP2, CCSD(T) and B3LYP methods. The structural, energetic and spectroscopic parameters are presented and analyzed in terms of their possible correlation with the interaction energy and the intermolecular H⋅⋅⋅H separation. The symmetry‐adapted perturbation theory (SAPT) calculations were performed to gain more insight into the nature of the H⋅⋅⋅H interactions. The studied complexes are divided into three groups based on the calculated intermolecular distances and the interaction energies which range from≈−1 to −42 kJ mol−1. The analysis of the interaction energy components indicates that, in contrast to conventional hydrogen bonds, the induction energy is the most important term in the BeH2⋅⋅⋅NH4+complex. On the other hand, there is no sharp boundary between the DHB complexes classified as hydrogen bonded and van der Waals systems. The complexation‐induced changes in vibrational frequencies and in proton shielding constants show a relationship with the interaction energy. The values of the2hJXHand3hJBeXcoupling constants correlate well with the interaction energy and with the intermolecular distance.
Sequential photobleaching of fluorochromes for polychromatic slide‐based cytometry
Authors: Mittag Anja , Lenz Dominik , Bocsi József , Sack Ulrich , Gerstner Andreas O. H. , Tárnok Attila
Published: February 2006

Background

Slide‐based cytometry is a key technology for polychromatic cytomic investigations. Here we exploit the relocalization and merge feature of Laser Scanning Cytometry for distinguishing fluorochromes of comparable emission spectra but different photostabilities.

Methods

Blood specimens were stained with the fluorochrome pairs: FITC/ALEXA488, PE/ALEXA532, or APC/ALEXA633. Bleaching was performed by repeated laser excitation.

Results

Since ALEXA dyes are photostable as compared to the conventional fluorochromes FITC, PE, and APC, a differentiation within one fluorochrome pair is possible.

Conclusion

The sequential photobleaching method results in an increased information density on a single cell level and represents an important component to perform polychromatic cytometry. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Simultaneous detection of antibody binding and cytotoxicity in flow cytometry crossmatch for renal transplantation
Authors: Won Dong Il , Jeong Hee Du , Kim Yong Lim , Suh Jang Soo
Published: February 2006

Background

The anti‐HLA antibody can be detected using either a complement‐dependent lymphocytotoxicity (CDC) assay or a flow cytometry crossmatch (FCXM) in renal transplantation. Discordant results are often obtained because the two methods detect different reaction phases between the donor lymphocytes and the recipient sera. This study was intended to confirm that antibody binding and cytotoxicity to the lymphocytes can be detected simultaneously in a single FCXM assay, cytotoxic FCXM.

Methods

In the cytotoxic FCXM, the antibody binding to the lymphocytes was measured using anti‐IgG‐FITC, and the cytotoxicity using 7‐aminoactinomycin D (7‐AAD) after adding complement. For an evaluation of two test parameters, the cytotoxicity test moiety (dead‐cell percentage) was compared with the anti‐human globulin (AHG)‐CDC, and the antibody‐binding test moiety (sample/control fluorescence ratio) with the conventional FCXM in 77 positive and 30 negative crossmatches.

Results

In the cytotoxic FCXM, both antibody binding and cytotoxicity could be assessed in a single anti‐IgG‐FITC/7‐AAD plot. Regarding the correlation between the presence of HLA antibodies and the test result, the cytotoxicity parameter (r = 0.55) appeared to be more suitable than that of the AHG‐CDC (r = 0.50) but the antibody‐binding parameter (r = 0.83) was worse than that of the conventional FCXM (r = 0.93). The sensitivity of both parameters of the cytotoxic FCXM was not significantly different from each conventional counterpart (P = 0.33 and P = 0.22, respectively).

Conclusions

The simultaneous detection of Ab binding and cytotoxicity was possible by the cytotoxic FCXM with the test efficiencies similar to the conventional counterparts. If this new assay is improved through the further studies to optimize the critical assay variables, this may be used as an alternative to the conventional assays to acquire more information on the characteristics of the recipient's HLA alloantibodies. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Selective advance reservations based on host movement detection and resource‐aware handoff
Authors: Lee Kyounghee , Kim Myungchul , Yu Chansu , Lee Ben , Hong Seungphil
Published: February 2006

This paper proposes a new mechanism, which addresses the excessive advance reservation requirements of QoS guarantee methods for mobile Internet. To save resources for excessive advance reservations, the proposed mechanism employs a movement detection scheme for a mobile host (MH) using link‐layer functionalities. With the movement detection scheme, advance reservations can be established at only where a MH is likely to visit soon. Another novel feature of our mechanism is resource‐aware handoff direction scheme that allows a MH to choose its next BS according to not only the link‐layer signal strength, but also the available amount of resources in the reachable base stations (BSs). It considerably decreases a probability that QoS is disrupted due to the failure in advance reservation request. Also, the proposed mechanism requires fewer functional and structural changes to the current Internet components and protocols since all the enhanced features are integrated only into leaf BSs and MHs. It does not suffer from the problems of the conventional approaches based on Mobile IP and RSVP Tunnel, such as non‐optimal routing path and signalling overhead. Our experiment results show that the proposed mechanism successfully eliminates the overhead for useless advance reservations while guaranteeing seamless QoS for MHs. The performance comparison demonstrates that our mechanism slightly outperforms the conventional approaches while requiring fewer modifications and additions to the existing Internet architecture. This performance advantage of the proposed mechanism becomes noticeable when the network is congested and the mobility of a host is high. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
QoS‐aware call admission control in wideband CDMA wireless networks
Authors: Hassanein Hossam , Oliver Alex , Nasser Nidal , Elmallah Ehab
Published: February 2006

Efficient call admission control (CAC) technique plays a major role in ensuring the quality of service (QoS) requirements of different traffic classes and achieving flexible radio resource utilization in wideband CDMA system like universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS). In this paper, we propose a novel QoS‐aware CAC framework for radio access in wideband wireless UMTS networks. It features an efficient CAC algorithm coupled with a QoS class‐separation mechanism based on the transmitted power of each individual mobile terminal. Three inter‐relating components have been introduced to extend a currently existing UMTS uplink admission control scheme. First, we introduce a measurement‐based component to calculate the current load of the system; second, this measurement‐based component is integrated with a power prediction module to estimate the load increment that the new call will bring into the system; and third, the proposed framework feeds the results obtained to a CAC algorithm with a QoS‐enforcing mechanism that gives each class of traffic different treatment based on the QoS requirement of the connections. To the best of our knowledge, ours is a first attempt towards combining the above components into one uplink CAC framework that aims to enhance system performance and to achieve per‐class QoS objectives. Simulation results show the major impact on the performance of UMTS which is reflected in increased throughput and lower blocking and dropping. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive channel borrowing for quality of service in wireless cellular networks
Authors: Wang Yao‐Tien , Sheu Jang‐Ping
Published: February 2006

In the third generation of wireless cellular system, adaptive dynamic channel borrowing is presented to maximize the number of served calls in wireless cellular networks. This has led to an intensive research in mobile computing to provide mobile users access to the Internet. In this paper, a neural‐fuzzy controller for the dynamic channel‐borrowing scheme (NFDCBS) is presented to provide multimedia services and to support increasing number of users. In a cellular network, the call‐arrival rate, the call duration and the communication overhead between the base stations and the control centre are vague and uncertain. Therefore, we propose a new efficient dynamic channel borrowing for load balancing in distributed cellular networks based on NFDCBS. The proposed scheme exhibits better learning abilities, optimization abilities, robustness, and fault‐tolerant capability, thus yielding a better performance than other algorithms. It aims to efficiently satisfy their diverse quality‐of‐service (QoS) requirements of multimedia traffic. The results show that our algorithm has lower blocking rate, lower dropping rate, less update overhead, and shorter channel‐acquisition delays than previous methods. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Signalling analysis of cost‐efficient mobility support by integrating mobile IP and SIP in all IP wireless networks
Authors: Wang Qi , Abu‐Rgheff Mosa Ali
Published: February 2006

Next‐generation wireless systems are expected to support efficient IP‐based terminal and personal mobility. Novel mobility‐support architecture called integrated MIP–SIP is designed based on the integration of mobile IP (MIP) and session initiation protocol (SIP), which dynamically combines and leverages the advantages of both protocols in a cost‐effective way. The design motivation and methodology is to make full use of standardized work from both protocols, select composite processes that are more efficient for common functions, integrate similar entities and procedures to reduce redundancies, and avoid further duplicate standardization. By these means, the system efficiency can be greatly improved. The essential mobility procedures presented are applicable to both MIPv4 and MIPv6, though IPv6 is focused on. Both analytical and simulation results show that the proposed architecture outperforms existing hybrid MIP–SIP and pure SIP mobility approaches in terms of a clear‐cut reduction in mobility signalling loads, which is crucial to the resource management in wireless networks. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zum Erdbebenwiderstand vorgespannter Mauerwerkwände
Authors: Gunkler Erhard , Budelmann Harald , Husemann Ulf
Published: February 2006

In dem am Institut für Baustoffe, Massivbau und Brandschutz (IBMB) der TU Braunschweig und an der FH Lippe und Höxter (FH LuH) durchgeführten Forschungsvorhaben “Vorgespannte Mauerwerkwände für Erdbebenbeanspruchung” wurde nachgewiesen, daß durch Vorspannung der Schubtragwiderstand von Mauerwerkwänden unter erdbebenähnlichen Einwirkungen infolge der erhöhten Normalkraft gezielt verbessert werden kann.

Es wurden raumhohe, vorgespannte Mauerwerkwände, deren Spannglieder (Monolitzen, ∅︁ 0,6′) mit leichten Spannpressen (G = 2,5 kg), wie bei Flachdecken, angespannt werden, durch statisch zyklische Kopfverschiebungen wie bei Erdbeben beansprucht. Es wurden deutlich erhöhte horizontale Widerstände im Vergleich zu unbewehrtem Mauerwerk festgestellt. Das Trag‐ und Verformungsverhalten konnte in nichtlinearen FE‐Analysen rechnerisch gut nachvollzogen werden. Eine Anwendung der Forschungsergebnisse auf erdbebenbeanspruchte Gebäude ist daher möglich. Die Ergebnisse lassen erwarten, daß vorgespannte Mauerwerkwände zur Stabilisierung von Gebäuden mit wenigen aussteifenden Wänden (z. B. bei Reihenhäusern) eingesetzt werden können, wenn der statische Nachweis mit unbewehrtem Mauerwerk allein nicht gelingt.
Vorgefertigte Mauertafeln aus Kalksandstein. Rückblick, Gegenwart und Ausblick
Authors: Caballero González Antonio , Gunkler Erhard , Budelmann Harald , Husemann Ulf
Published: February 2006

Das Beispiel einer Bauunternehmung zeigt, daß sich die zahlreichen Entwicklungsschritte vom ersten Versuchsstadium über die ersten Zulassungen, den folgenden Transportund Montagesicherheitsnachweisen bis hin zur Normung von KS‐Mauertafeln in DIN 1053‐4 gelohnt haben. Unter den richtigen technischen Randbedingungen – d. h. u. a. bei einer gegenseitigen fertigungstechnischen und baustofflichen Abstimmung – sowie bei einer ganzheitlichen wirtschaftlichen Betrachtung sind KS‐Mauertafeln auch unter den gegenwärtig sehr scharfen Wettbewerbsbedingungen nach wie vor konkurrenzfähig. Hinsichtlich der Fertigstellungszeiten für den Rohbau sind sie zudem gegenüber konventionellen Baustellen ohnehin konkurrenzlos. Soll dies so bleiben, muß die Entwicklung im KS‐Mauertafelbereich weitergehen, um durch die Vorteile der eingesetzten und wirtschaftlich einsetzbaren Technik zusätzliche Anwendungsgebiete zu erschließen.

Während sich das Bauen mit Fertigbauteilen aus Mauerwerk – unabhängig von den verwendeten Baustoffen – derzeit auf Bereiche konzentriert, die auch mit konventionell erstelltem Mauerwerk bedient werden können, eröffnet Bewehrung – ob schlaff oder vorgespannt – der Mauertafelbauweise exklusive Anwendungsbereiche. Insbesondere im Fall der Vorspannung profitieren KS‐Mauertafeln von ihrer hohen Drucktragfähigkeit.
Ziegelelementbau – Modular und wirtschaftlich
Authors: Krechting Andreas , Figge Dieter , Jedamzik Heinz‐Werner
Published: February 2006

Der Beitrag behandelt in vier Abschnitten wesentliche Aspekte des Bauens mit werksgefertigten Elementen aus Ziegelmauerwerk. Wegen des notwendigerweise begrenzten Beitragsumfanges kann das nur zusammenfassend erfolgen. Eine ausführliche und vollständige Darstellung enthält ein voraussichtlich in Kürze erscheinendes Sonderheft der Zeitschrift.

Der Abschnitt 1 des Beitrages widmet sich der allgemeinen Beschreibung der Bauweise sowie der Darstellung zweier Beispiele aus der Praxis des Ziegelelementbaus. Im Anschluß daran werden ergänzend die charakteristischen Merkmale der Bauweise sowie die “neue” DIN 1053‐4 skizziert.

Abschnitt 2 ist von hoher Praxisrelevanz gekennzeichnet und beschreibt die maßgeblichen Verfahrensabläufe der Montage der Ziegelwandelemente.

Abschnitt 3 gibt wichtige Hinweise für Planung und Ausführung von Außenputz auf Ziegelwandelementen.

Die Immobilie mit Keller ist bevorzugte Bauweise im Wohnungsbau. Ob traditionelle oder hochwertige Nutzung des Kellerraumes – vorgefertigte Ziegelwandelemente bieten hierzu die notwendigen Voraussetzungen. Abschnitt 4 dieses Beitrages gibt einen Überblick über die zu beachtenden technischen Regeln und Festlegungen in bezug auf Feuchteschutz, Bauwerkabdichtungen und Abdichtungssysteme und erläutert die Bemessung von Kellerwänden aus Ziegelwandelementen.
Nachruf auf Dr. E.h. Günter Breitschaft
Authors: Jasch Erich
Published: February 2006

Am 25. Dezember 2005 verstarb im Alter von 76 Jahren der langjährige Präsident des Deutschen Instituts für Bautechnik, Herr Dr.‐Ing. E.h. Günter Breitschaft.
Analysis of scleraxis and dermo‐1 genes in a regenerating limb of Xenopus laevis
Authors: Satoh Akira , Nakada Yasuaki , Suzuki Makoto , Tamura Koji , Ide Hiroyuki
Published: February 2006

Xenopus laevis larvae can regenerate an exact replica of the missing part of a limb after amputation at an early limb bud stage. However, this regenerative capacity gradually decreases during metamorphosis, and a froglet is only able to regenerate hypomorphic cartilage, resulting in a spike‐like structure (spike). It has been reported that the spike has tissue deformities, e.g., a muscleless structure. However, our previous study demonstrated that the muscleless feature of the spike can be improved. The existence of other kinds of tissue, such as tendon, has not been clarified. In this study, we focused on the tendon and dermis, and we isolated the scleraxis and dermo‐1 genes, which are known to be marker genes for the tendon and dermis, respectively. The expressions of these genes were investigated in both the developmental and regenerating processes of a Xenopus limb. Although muscle was needed to maintain scleraxis expression, scleraxis transcription was detectable in the muscleless spike. Additionally, although grafting of matured skin, including dermal tissue, inhibited limb regeneration, the expression of dermo‐1, a dermal marker gene, was detected from the early stage of the froglet blastema. These results indicate that tendon precursor cells and dermal cells exist in the regenerating froglet blastema. Our results support the idea that spike formation in postmetamorphic Xenopus limbs is epimorphic regeneration. Developmental Dynamics 235:1065–1073, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Practical use of the International Olympic Committee Medical Commission position stand on the female athlete triad: A case example
Authors: Sherman Roberta Trattner , Thompson Ron A.
Published: February 2006

The female athlete triad consists of the interrelated problems of disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis, and it is believed to affect female athletes in all sports and at all levels of competition.

Objective:

The current article highlights the Position Stand on the Female Athlete Triad of the International Olympic Committee's Medical Commission (IOCMC).

Method:

The literature related to disordered eating, energy availability, amenorrhea, and bone loss in athletes is briefly reviewed. A hypothetical case is presented to illustrate some of the common issues and problems encountered when working with athletes affected by the triad, such as the effect of weight on performance in “thin” sports, coach involvement, sport participation by symptomatic athletes, and treatment resistance/motivation.

Results:

Strategies recommended by the position stand for managing those issues and problems are presented regarding the referral, evaluation, and treatment phases of the management process.

Conclusion:

Implications of the position stand are discussed in terms of the IOCMC's endorsement of the athlete's health being primary to her performance. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Int J Eat Disord, 2006
Spontaneous mutations in the human CMV HLA class I homologue UL18 affect its binding to the inhibitory receptor LIR‐1/ILT2/CD85j
Authors: Cerboni Cristina , Achour Adnane , Wärnmark Anette , Mousavi‐Jazi Mehrdad , Sandalova Tatyana , Hsu Mei‐Ling , Cosman David , Kärre Klas , Carbone Ennio
Published: February 2006

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) down‐regulates cell surface expression of HLA class I molecules (HLA‐I). UL18, an HCMV‐encoded HLA‐I homologue, has been proposed to protect virus‐infected cells against NK cell recognition by engaging the inhibitory receptor leukocyte Ig‐like receptor (LIR)‐1, which also binds a broad spectrum of HLA‐I alleles, including HLA‐G1. Because genetic and biological differences exist among HCMV strains, we characterized laboratory (AD169) and clinical (4636, 13B, 109B) strain‐derived UL18 proteins. Compared to the known AD169‐derived UL18, mutations were found in clinical strain‐derived UL18. They were clustered in the α3 domain (13B), previously shown to be critical for LIR‐1 binding, or in the α1 domain (4636). In cytotoxicity assays, pretreatment of LIR‐1+ NKL with soluble 4636‐UL18 completely abolished LIR‐1‐dependent protection from NK lysis, conferred by the expression of HLA‐G1 on target cells (721.221‐HLA‐G1+). Similarly, flow cytometry, Biacore and ELISA experiments showed 4636‐UL18 and 13B‐UL18 to have the strongest binding capacity to LIR‐1. Our results suggest the importance of two independent UL18 regions for LIR‐1 binding, one localized on the tip of the α3 domain, and another composed of two loops that emerge from the α1 domain. Strain variations in these domains may result in different UL18‐mediated effects on LIR‐1+ cells during the course of HCMV infection.
Interactions of Cationic Palladium(II)‐ and Platinum(II)‐η3‐Allyl Complexes with Fluoride: Is Asymmetric Allylic Fluorination a Viable Reaction?
Authors: Hintermann Lukas , Läng Florian , Maire Pascal , Togni Antonio
Published: February 2006

The complex cations [M(η3‐R2All)(PPFPz{3‐tBu})]+ (M = PdII, R2All = 1,3‐diphenylallyl, 1,3‐dicyclohexylallyl, indenyl; M = PtII, R2All = 1,3‐diphenylallyl; PPFPz‐{3‐tBu} = 3‐tert‐butyl‐1‐{1‐[2‐diphenylphosphanyl‐ferrocenyl]ethyl}‐1H‐pyrazole)have been prepared as salts with PF6– or SbF6–. They have been characterized by NMR spectroscopy in solution and by X‐ray crystallography in the solid state. Their reactions with sources of nucleophilic and “naked” fluoride have been investigated by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. The PdII complexes did not undergo any nucleophilic substitution with concomitant release of allyl fluorides. The dicyclohexylallyl fragment was released as a 1,3‐diene by elimination, but with other allyl complexes nonspecific decomposition reactions predominated. The complex [Pt(η3‐1,3‐Ph2C3H3)(PPFPz{3‐tBu})]PF6 underwent an anion exchange with Me4NF to give [Pt(1,3‐Ph2C3H3)(PPFPz{3‐tBu})]F which existed as a mixture of interconverting allyl isomers in solution at ambient temperature. For the bromide salt, [Pt(η3‐1,3‐Ph2C3H3)(PPFPz{3‐tBu})]Br, allyl isomerization was slow at ambient temperature. Precursors of Pt0 reacted with bromo‐1,3‐diphenylprop‐2‐ene to give [Pt2(μ‐Br)2(η3‐1,3‐Ph2All)2] and precursors of Pd0 underwent oxidative additions with bromo‐ and fluoro‐1,3‐diphenyl‐2‐propene to give 1,3‐diphenylallyl complexes of PdII. Therefore, the nucleophilic attack of fluoride on the allyl fragment of PdII complexes is endergonic, and the high energy barrier of this step is difficult to overcome in a catalytic allylic fluorination reaction. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Mandelohydroxamic Acid as Ligand for Copper(II) 15‐Metallacrown‐5 Lanthanide(III) and Copper(II) 15‐Metallacrown‐5 Uranyl Complexes
Authors: Parac‐Vogt Tatjana N. , Pacco Antoine , Nockemann Peter , Yuan Yao‐Feng , Görller‐Walrand Christiane , Binnemans Koen
Published: February 2006

The formation of pentanuclear copper(II) complexes with the mandelohydroxamic ligand was studied in solution by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS), absorption spectrophotometry, circular dichroism and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The presence of lanthanide(III) or uranyl ions is essential for the self‐assembly of the 15‐metallacrown‐5 compounds. The negative mode ESI‐MS spectra of solutions containing copper(II), mandelohydroxamic acid and lanthanide(III) ions (Ln = La, Ce, Nd, Eu, Gd, Dy, Er, Tm, Lu, Y) or uranyl in the ratio 5:5:1 showed only the peaks that could be unambiguously assigned to the following intact molecular ions: {Ln(NO3)2[15‐MC‐5]2–}– and {Ln(NO3)[15‐MC‐5]3–}–, where MHA represents doubly deprotonated mandelohydroxamic acid. The NMR spectra of the pentanuclear species revealed only one set of peaks indicating a fivefold symmetry of the complex. The pentanuclear complexes synthesized with the enantiomerically pure R‐ or S‐forms of mandelohydroxamic acid ligand, showed circular dichroism spectra which were mirror images of each other. The pentanuclear complex made from the racemic form of the ligand showed no signals in the CD spectrum. The UV/Vis titration experiments revealed that the order in which the metal salts are added to the solution of the mandelohydroxamic acid ligand is crucial for the formation of metallacrown complexes. The addition of copper(II) to the solutions containing mandelohydroxamic acid and neodymium(III) in a 5:1 ratio lead to the formation of a pentanuclear complex in solution. In contrary, titration of lanthanide(III) salt to the solution containing copper(II) and mandelohydroxamic acid did not show any evidence for the formation of pentanuclear species. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Metalation Chemistry of meso‐Aryl‐Substituted Expanded Porphyrins
Authors: Shimizu Soji , Osuka Atsuhiro
Published: February 2006

meso‐Aryl‐substituted expanded porphyrins are structural analogues of meso‐aryl‐substituted porphyrins. They exhibit rich and novel coordination behaviors, including multi‐metal chelation due to the large cavities, spin–spin interaction arising from the proximity of metal centers, and large changes in their structural and electrochemical properties upon metalation. The recent discovery of a facile, one‐pot synthesis of a series of meso‐aryl‐substituted expanded porphyrins enables us to investigate their metal‐complexation chemistry. The aim of this Microreview is to highlight recent progress in the synthesis and characterization of metal complexes of meso‐aryl‐substituted expanded porphyrins. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Identification of some rancidity measures at the end of the shelf life of sunflower oil
Authors: Makhoul Hala , Ghaddar Tarek , Toufeili Imad
Published: February 2006

Sunflower oil was stored at 40 °C, and changes in peroxide value (PV), anisidine value (AnV), thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value, iodine value (IV), conjugated dienes (CD) and hexanal (Hex) levels were monitored. Changes in the odor of samples during storage were assessed sensorially. Apart from IV, which decreased as storage progressed, the other chemical rancidity measures increased. Sensory shelf life data were adequately described by the Weibull distribution, with the 95% confidence interval of the nominal shelf life of sunflower oil, at 40 °C, being 9.04–10.45 wk. The chemical rancidity measures at the end of the sensory shelf life were: PV of 338–352.8 meq peroxide/kg, CD of 1.20–1.24% conjugated dienoic acid, AnV of 21.45–45, TBA values of 23.4–37, and Hex content of 4.79 mg/kg, while IV exhibited a decrease of 8.5–10%. The chemical measures of rancidity marking the end of the sensory shelf life provide objective indices for monitoring the shelf life of sunflower oil.
Deuterium NMR study of the origin of hydrogen in fatty acids produced in vivo by chicken
Authors: Zhang Ben‐Li , Pionnier Sébastien , Buddrus Stephan
Published: February 2006

The origin of hydrogen in fatty acids produced in vivo by chicken was studied by using isotope tracing monitored by 2H NMR. Chickens were fed with deuterium‐labeled water, deuterium‐labeled glucose/fructose and trideuterated acetate. The site‐specific isotope distribution of the fatty acids produced in vivo by the chickens was analyzed after transformation into methyl esters. A connection was observed between the hydrogen atoms of the feeds and water and those of the different molecular positions of the fatty acids produced by chicken. Water hydrogen makes an important contribution to the formation of the lipids. The hydrogen of the enzyme‐bound acetyl or malonyl moiety in acyl‐CoA may be transferred from the C‐1, C‐2 or C‐6 of glucose or fructose and indirectly from water. The hydrogen introduced by the cofactor NADPH may be abstracted from C‐1 and C‐3 of glucose, through its regeneration in the pentose phosphate metabolism pathway, and contains hydrogen atoms of water. The exogenous acetate enters into the in vivo fatty acid biosynthesis pathway in an efficient way and can make an important contribution to the biosynthesis of the lipids.