bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adult Psychopathology and Intimate Partner Violence among Survivors of Childhood Maltreatment
Authors: Lang Ariel J. , Stein Murray B. , Kennedy Colleen M. , Foy David W.
Published: September 2004

Childhood maltreatment is associated with psychopathology and revictimization in adulthood. Whether different types of childhood maltreatment have different long-term consequences, however, is largely unknown. The participants in this study included 42 female victims of intimate partner violence and 30 women with no history of serious trauma. These women completed measures of their trauma history, current psychological symptoms, and severity of current abuse. Regression-based techniques were used to assess the relationships among these constructs. Childhood maltreatment was associated with current distress and current conflict in relationships. There was a positive relationship between number of types of childhood traumatization and psychopathology. Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression were negatively associated with current relationships involving physical assault. This work underscores the importance of assessing multiple types of childhood maltreatment and of considering the cumulative effects of such experiences.
Dissociation and Variability of Adult Attachment Dimensions and Early Maladaptive Schemas in Sexual and Violent Offenders
Authors: Baker Elina , Beech Anthony R.
Published: September 2004

The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of constructs that may indicate the presence of disorganized attachment style in sexual and violent offenders. Constructs measured were dissociation, variability on self-report measures of attachment style and early maladaptive schemas, and variability in observed behavior. Data on variability was collectedat fourtime intervals, approximately3 weeks apart. No differences between the groups were found in variability of self-reported attachment style. Both offending groups showed greater variability in early schemas and higher levels of dissociation than the nonoffending group. Sex offenders showed greater variability than violent offenders in behaviors related to distress.
The Long-Term Effects of Child Sexual Abuse by Female Perpetrators
Authors: Denov Myriam S.
Published: September 2004

Although the long-term effects of sexual abuse by men have been studied extensively, minimal research has explored the effects of sexual abuse by women. This qualitative study explores the experience and long-term impact of sexual abuse by women. The data were derived from in-depth interviews with 14 adult victims (7 men, 7 women) of child sexual abuse by females. Most respondents reported severe sexual abuse by their mothers. The vast majority of participants reported that the experience of female-perpetrated sexual abuse was harmful and damaging. As a result of the sexual abuse, male and female respondents reported long-term difficulties with substance abuse, self-injury, suicide, depression, rage, strained relationships with women, self-concept and identity issues, and a discomfort with sex. In light of the popular and professional perceptions that sexual abuse by women is relatively harmless as compared to sexual abuse by men, the implications of these long-termeffects are discussed, particularly in relation to professionals working in the area of child sexual abuse.
The Impact of Past Sexual Experiences on Attributions of Responsibility for Rape
Authors: Mason Gillian E. , Riger Stephanie , Foley Linda A.
Published: September 2004

Two factors potentially affect observers’attributions of responsibility to a rape survivor: how closely they identify with the survivor and how much they adhere to rape myths. To assess the impact of these factors, 157 female college students categorized by their sexual assault history and by their acceptance of rape myths, evaluateda sexual assault scenario. It was hypothesized that previously victimized participants would attribute less blame, and that those participants who self-identify as rape survivors would view the assault as rape more often than other participants. Neither hypothesis was supported. As expected, those who scored higher on the Rape Myths Acceptance Scale(RMAS) blamed the victim more and were less likely to believe rape had occurred. Only one subscale of the RMAS, Adversarial Sexual Beliefs, was consistently associated with participants’evaluation of the scenario, suggesting that this dimension may be especially important to understanding an observer’s assessment of rape.
A Comparison of Nonviolent, Psychologically Violent, and Physically Violent Male College Daters
Authors: Lundeberg Kirsten , Stith Sandra M. , Penn Carrie E. , Ward David B.
Published: September 2004

This brief report explores dating violence by comparing three groups of male college students (nonabusive, psychologically abusive only, and physically abusive). These men were compared on measures of impulsivity, problems with alcohol, life satisfaction, anger management skills, history of witnessing abuse, history of experiencing abuse, and relationship satisfaction. Data for this analysis were obtained from a sample of 115 male college students. Differences between the three groups of men were found in the levels of problems with alcohol, relationship satisfaction, and anger management skills. Anger management skills best differentiated the three groups of men leading to the conclusion that dating violence prevention and intervention strategies with male college students should address anger management skills.
Cross-Validation of the Self-Appraisal Questionnaire (SAQ)
Authors: Loza Wagdy , Cumbleton Anita , Shahinfar Ariana , Neo Lee Hong , Evans Maggie , Conley Michael , Summers Roger
Published: September 2004

The Self-Appraisal Questionnaire (SAQ) is a 72-item self-report measure designed to predict violent and nonviolent recidivism among adult criminal offenders. The results from using samples from Australia, Canada, England, Singapore, and two samples from the United States (North Carolina and Pennsylvania) indicated that (a) the SAQ has sound psychometric properties, with acceptable reliability and concurrent validity for assessing recidivism and institutional adjustment; (b) there were nosignificant differences among the scores of the White, African American, Hispanic, and Aboriginal Australian offenders on the SAQ; (c) there were no significant differences among offenders who completed the SAQ for research purposes versus offenders who completed it as part of a decision-making process. Results provided support for the validity of the SAQ to be used with the culturally diverse offenders involved in this research and provided further evidence that contradicts concerns that the SAQ as a self-report measure may be susceptible to lying, and self-presentation biases.
Psychology as a Moral Science: Aspects of John Dewey’s Psychology
Authors: Brinkmann Svend
Published: September 2004

The article presents an interpretation of certain aspects of John Dewey’s psychological works. The interpretation aims to show that Dewey’s framework speaks directly to certain problems that the discipline of psychology faces today. In particular the reflexive problem, the fact that psychology as an array of discursive practices has served to constitute forms of human subjectivity in Western cultures. Psychology has served to produce or transform its subject-matter. It is shown first that Dewey was aware of the reflexive problem, and found that it needed to be addressed. Next, three concepts of Dewey’s psychology are drawn in: subjectivity, habit and morality. Dewey is interpreted as articulating what we today would call a practice-orientated approach to psychology, in which moral and practical reasoning is seen as a dimension of all knowledge and action. Subjectivity is understood as a function emerging with complex interaction. Finally, a Deweyan approach to how psychology and other social sciences can cope with, and make positive use of, the reflexive problem, is outlined. By acknowledging their existence in the world they study, i.e. by becoming moral sciences that realize their moral and political implications, the social sciences can become problem-solving instruments that serve to help create a democratic public, a community as an actual social idea. It is pointed out that Dewey had an attractive view both of psychology – the subject-matter and of Psychology – the discipline and its practices – and ventured on the rare attempt at explicating how they are connected in what he called Great Societies, what we today would call post- or late-modernity, and how Psychology can help to constitute Great Communities in which human beings might flourish.
Making Policy Debate Matter: Practical Reason, Political Dialogue, and Transformative Learning
Authors: Healy Paul
Published: September 2004

In a provocative recent study, Bent Flyvbjerg makes a sustained case for the need for a revitalized conception of social inquiry with direct input into the policy-making and planning process, contending that it is only in this way that social science can be made to matter again. Flyvbjerg further contends that to do justice to the reality of contemporary policy forums, we need to embrace a thoroughgoing dialogical conception of the policy-making process itself. To vindicate this contention and theoretically ground the envisaged dialogical ideal, Flyvbjerg draws extensively on the work of both Habermas and Foucault. In so doing, he makes a valuable contribution to delineating the requirements that contemporary policy forums must meet if participants can judiciously claim to be engaging in decision-making in the best interests of the community at large. However, the overall tenability of Flyvbjerg’s proposal is diminished because, motivated by his convictions about the importance of power relations in determining real-world policy outcomes, he engages in a one-sided defence of the merits of Foucault’s contribution to the neglect of Habermas’s input in informing us about the ground rules needed to structure policy debate to ensure an equitable outcome. The aim of the present article is to redress this imbalance. To this end, I argue that given certain weaknesses in Foucault’s formulation of his position, we must draw on Habermas as a corrective if we are to succeed in advancing the dialogical ideal envisaged by Flyvbjerg. Beyond defending the need for a complementary reading of these theorists, I undertake to facilitate the implementation of the envisaged dialogical ideal by further elucidating the discursive conditions needed to underpin it.
Synthesis and Characterization of 1,1-bis(3-Methyl-4-Cyanatophenyl) Cyclohexane-Epoxy-Bismaleimide Matrices
Authors: Dinakaran Kannaiyan , Alagar Muthukaruppan , Ravichandran Narayanasamy Murugan
Published: September 2004

A new cyanate ester monomer, 1,1-bis(3-methyl-4-cyanatophenyl) cyclohexane has been synthesized and characterized. Epoxy modified with 4, 8 and 12% (by wt) of cyanate ester were made using epoxy resin and 1,1-bis(3-methyl-4-cyanatophenyl) cyclohexane and cured by using diaminodiphenyl-methane. The cyanate ester modified epoxy matrix systems were further modified with 4, 8 and 12% (by wt) of bismaleimide ( N,N′-bismaleimido-4,4′-diphenyl methane). The formation of oxazolidinone and isocyanurate during cure reaction of epoxy and cyanate ester blend was confirmed by IR spectral studies. Bismaleimide-cyanate ester-epoxy matrices were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and heat deflection temperature (HDT) analysis. The matrices, in the form of castings, were characterized for their mechanical properties; namely tensile strength, flexural strength and unnotched Izod impact test as per ASTM methods. Mechanical studies indicate that the introduction of cyanate ester (CE) into epoxy resin improves the toughness and flexural strength with reduction in tensile strength and glass transition temperature, whereas the incorporation of bismaleimide (BMI) into epoxy resin enhances the mechanical and thermal properties according to its percentage content. However, the introduction of both CE and BMI enhances the values of thermo-mechanical properties according to their percentage content. DSC thermogram of cyanate ester modified epoxy and BMI-modified epoxy show an unimodal reaction exotherms. The thermal degradation temperature and heat distortion temperature of the cured BMI-modified epoxy and CE-epoxy systems were increased with increasing BMI content. The morphology of the BMI modified epoxy and CE-epoxy systems were also studied by scanning electron microscope.
A Comparative Analysis of Techniques Used to Estimate the Mean Recoil Compressive Strength of High Performance Polymers
Authors: Spence Meghan , Newell James A. , Lynch Michael , Lee T. J. , Demetrio Jenn , Mattson Crystal
Published: September 2004

This study provides the first experimental analysis comparing multiple methods of interpreting recoil compressive failure data. A two-parameter Weibull model was used to provide an accurate mean recoil compressive strength for a batch of Kevlar-29 fibers. The Weibull model provides highly accurate results, but requires the testing of more than 1000 filaments. The results from the Weibull model were used as a basis to compare two simplified and less data-intensive models: The method of Allen and the moving average method. Each method was applied to 10 sets of 80 filaments each and the results of these tests were compared with the two-parameter Weibull model results from the same fiber batch. The results of these tests have shown that both the method of Allen and moving average method tend to slightly over-estimate the compressive strength calculated by the two-parameter Weibull model, yet both estimation methods fall in the range of published values (200-400 MPa) for the recoil compressive strength of Kevlar-29. This inaccuracy probably results from the assumption of a symmetric failure distribution that is made in both simplified models, but not in the Weibull model. A statistical analysis of the results was completed and shows with a 95% confidence level that there is no statistical significant difference between the two methods.
The Influence of Conformational Parameters on Some Physical Properties of Polyamides Containing Pendant Acetoxybenzamide Groups
Authors: Sava Ion , Bruma Maria , Ronova Inga
Published: September 2004

Conformational parameters of some aromatic polyamides containing pendant acetoxybenzamide groups have been calculated by Monte Carlo method taking into consideration the hindered rotation produced by the side groups. Several physical properties such as solubility, glass transition temperature, initial decomposition temperature and dielectric constant were studied with regard to the rigidity of the chain of these polyamides. It has been shown that glass transition temperature is correlated with chain rigidity, whereas initial decomposition temperature and dielectric constant are not.
Synthesis and Preliminary Characterization of Novolak Epoxies Containing Maleimide Groups
Authors: Mustata Fancia , Bicu Ioan
Published: September 2004

Formaldehyde resin at various molar ratios of monomers (pNP/CHx/AM/pF) under acid catalysis has been obtained. The resultant resins were reacted with a large excess of epichlorohydrin and transformed in multifunctional epoxy resins. The multifunctional maleimide resins were obtained by reaction of multifunctional epoxy resins in the presence of triethylamine with carboxy phenyl maleimide. These resins were characterized by 1H-NMR spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Thermal properties of these resins were also investigated.
Synthesis and Characterization of Polyurethane-Toughened Epoxy-Bismaleimide Matrices
Authors: Mahesh K. P. Ochathevar , Alagar Muthukarupan , Kumar Ramasmy Suresh
Published: September 2004

Interpenetrating polymer networks of bismaleimide-modified polyurethane-epoxy systems were developed using chain-extended bismaleimide (BMI) and polyurethane-modified epoxy with 4,4′-diamino-diphenylmethane as curative. Infrared spectral analysis was used to confirm the polyurethane cross-linked epoxy (PU-EP). The chain-extended BMI was synthesized from a previously reported procedure and its structure and purity was confirmed by FTIR, 1H and 13C-NMR spectra. The prepared matrices were characterized by mechanical, water absorption, thermal and electrical studies. The results obtained from these studies indicate that the incorporation of polyurethane into epoxy increases the mechanical strength and water absorption behavior and decreases the thermal and electrical properties of epoxy resin. Whereas, the incorporation of chain-extended bismaleimide into a polyurethane-modified epoxy system increases the tensile and flexural properties, thermal stability, and electrical properties of epoxy resin and decreases the impact strength, water absorption behavior, glass transition temperature and heat distortion temperature according to its percentage content.
Space Environmental Testing of Thermal Control Foils at Extreme Temperatures
Authors: Semprimoschnig Christopher O. A. , Heltzel Stan , Polsak Andreas , Van Eesbeek Marc
Published: September 2004

Our current understanding regarding the evaluation of the thermal endurance and UV radiation stability of two different types of commercially available aromatic polyimides at elevated temperatures is presented. Such materials are typically used as thermal control foils. To characterize the thermal endurance a high vacuum thermal ageing campaign was performed at 350 'C up to 4452 h. During that test the mass loss was found to be higher for the Kapton HN (DuPont, USA)-film than for the Upilex S (UBE Industries, Japan)-film material. Further UV/VIS/NIR transmission and thermo-optical measurements revealed the degradation behaviour of both films versus time at 350 'C. It was found that in general the Upilex S-film degrades at a slower rate. To screen the radiation stability an environmental UV test was performed with samples being simultaneously at 100, 230 and 350 'C. After the test it was noted that the Kapton HN-film shows for all three temperatures a higher mass loss than the Upilex S-film. A non-linear correlation of the activation energies for the mass loss of the Kapton-HN film as a function of temperature was also found. Furthermore, a higher loss of transmittance (UVIVIS) was found for the Kapton HN-film and a higher degradation of the a/E ratio when compared with the Upilex-S-film. For the latter material it seems that this degradation is temperature activated.
A Detailed Study on the Thermal Endurance of Kapton HN®i and Upilex S®
Authors: Heltzel Stan , Semprimoschnig Christopher O. A.
Published: September 2004

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the thermal endurance of two types of thermal control foils. This is an important parameter for selecting materials for inner solar system missions. Assessing the thermal endurance by isothermal testing in a thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) is a time-consuming method. A quicker method is to perform kinetic modelling on several decomposition curves. Four temperature scans at different heating rates were recorded with the TGA for two thermal control foils, Kapton HN (DuPont, USA) and Upilex S (UBE Industries, Japan). Two methods of kinetic modelling were used to calculate the activation energy, namely the ASTM E 1641 and the approach of model free kinetics (MFK). The first assumes a constant value for the activation energy whereas the latter calculates it as a function of the conversion. With the activation energy it is possible to make a lifetime prediction that indicates the mass loss that occurs at a certain temperature for a certain duration. The lifetime predictions are used to compare the two materials and also the two modelling methods. The modelling is verified by comparing the results to isothermal TGA tests and thermal ageing of samples in high vacuum chambers at 350'C for durations up to half a year and in combination with UV irradiation screening tests. All the experiments performed indicate that Upilex S has a better thermal endurance than Kapton HN. The results of the kinetic modelling were in good agreement with the isothermal experiments in the TGA and in the vacuum facilities. The MFK approach for kinetic modelling was found to be more adequate than the ASTM method.
Evaluation of Thermal Control Coatings Degradation in Simulated Geo-Space Environment
Authors: Marco Joseph , Remaury Stephanie
Published: September 2004

This paper describes a study carried out to evaluate solar absorptance and infrared emissivity degradation of many different thermal control materials (white paints, second-surface mirrors and aluminized films) exposed to geostationnary orbit. For this purpose, a long-term test of about 3 months in constant vacuum was performed reproducing a 3-year space environment exposure including ultraviolet and charged particle effects on North/South panels of a geostationary three-axis stabilized spacecraft. Reflectance spectra were measured in situ in the solar range (250-2500 nm) and the corresponding solar absorptance values were calculated. The test methodology and the obtained degradations of many materials are discussed. Instead of a constant increase with irradiations, oscillations of solar absorptance were obtained for some materials depending on the test sequence. The most important degradations were found in white silicone paints whereas second surface mirrors and aluminium paints remained quite stable.
Simulated Low Earth Orbit Environment Interaction with Different Types of Polyethylene
Authors: Intrater R. , Lempert G. , Gouzman I. , Grossman E. , Cohen Y. , Rein D. M. , Khalfin R. L. , Hoffman A.
Published: September 2004

The present study investigated the interactions of four different types of polyethylene (PE) surfaces with RF oxygen plasma components, simulating the low Earth orbit (LEO) environment. The samples were exposed in the plasma afterglow, with and without the plasma-generated vacuum UV (VUV) radiation. The polymers studied were low-density polyethylene (LDPE), ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and a composite of highly-oriented fibres of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (PolyEitan) having crystalline-to-amorphous phases ratio of 65, 74, 87 and 92%, respectively. Erosion of the LDPE, UHMWPE, and HDPE samples under atomic oxygen (AO) irradiation showed an etching rate dependence on the degree of crystallinity - the higher the crystallinity level the lower the erosion rate. The addition of VUV radiation to the AO flux resulted in a significant increase of the etching rate. An increase of the crystallinity level resulted in a decrease of the total oxygen uptake and an increase of the surface roughness. The composite polyethylene, although highly crystalline, revealed similar erosion rate and chemical composition changes as highly amorphous LDPE. The erosion mechanism of the different PE samples under AO or AO+VUV is discussed in terms of the initial internal structure.
Vacuum Ultraviolet Radiation in Sources of Hyperthermal Atomic Oxygen. Photodestruction of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and Teflon FEP for hdication of this Radiation
Authors: Skurat Vladimir E. , Samsonov Pavel V , Nikiforov Alexander P
Published: September 2004

Most facilities for testing the stability of spacecraft materials under attack by fast atomic oxygen (AO) are based on the generation of hypersonic beams of AO in nozzle sources with the use of continuous electrical discharges or in laser pulse-induced breakdown of the gaseous oxygen. In both cases, the sources of fast AO are simultaneously quite intense sources of vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation. In the present study the intensity of VUV radiation with wavelengths > 115 nm from fast AO source were directly measured in the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute facility VAT- 103. The intensity of this VUV radiation at the nozzle exit was shown to be almost equal to the intensity of the commercial lamp XeR-2 emitting at 147.0 nm (at its window). This VUV radiation can take part in destruction and erosion of polymer materials simulating the oxydative effects of fast AO. Its contribution to observed mass losses is greatly dependent on the material under test. For polymers consisting of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen the main role in erosion is played by fast AO. The decisive role of VUV radiation is shown in the erosion of fully fluorinated polymers. The mass losses of Teflon and Teflon FEP films in facilities for generation of fast AO are suggested as a means of measuring the VUV radiation dose in these facilities. The main features of mass losses that depend on duration of VUV irradiation are formulated. They are based on the previously proposed model of mass losses from these polymers during VUV photodestruction. The key feature of this model is the limited rate of photofragment evaporation (sublimation) into vacuum.
Electron Radiation Effects on Candidate Solar Sail Material
Authors: Edwards David L. , Hubbs Whitney S. , Wertz George E. , Hoppe David T. , Nehls Mary K. , Hollerman William A. , Gray Perry A. , Semmel Charles L.
Published: September 2004

Solar sailing is a unique form of propulsion in which a spacecraft gains momentum from incident photons. Solar sails are not limited by reaction mass and provide continual acceleration, reduced only by the lifetime of the lightweight film in the space environment and the distance to the Sun. Once thought to be difficult or impossible, solar sailing has come out of science fiction and into the realm of possibility. Any spacecraft using this propulsion method would need to deploy a thin sail that could be as large as many kilometres in extent. The availability of strong, ultra lightweight, and radiation-resistant materials will determine the future of solar sailing. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) is concentrating research into the utilization of ultra lightweight materials for spacecraft propulsion. The Space Environmental Effects Team at MSFC is actively characterizing candidate solar sail material to evaluate the thermo-optical and mechanical properties after exposure to space environmental effects. This paper will describe the irradiation of candidate solar sail materials to energetic electrons, in vacuum, in an effort to determine the in-space operational survivability of several candidate sail materials. Results from this research indicate that the candidate sail materials can survive significant doses of electron radiation while under high uniaxial stress.
In-Situ Space Charge Measurement System for Space Environment Monitoring
Authors: Fukunaga Kaori , Maeno Takashi , Griseri Virginie
Published: September 2004

An in-situ, internal space charge measurement system for dielectric materials under irradiation has been developed by using the pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) method. This system can observe space charge profiles in dielectric materials under irradiation, and was applied to an irradiation chamber at the Office National d'Etudes et de Recherches Mrospatiales, Centre de Toulouse (ONERA-CERT), supported by Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES). Space charge profiles in a several kinds of polymeric materials were clearly observed under and after electron beam irradiations. Negative charges accumulated at the position corresponding to the energy of the electron beam in all the specimens. The in-situ observation of the internal space charge behaviour can give valuable information for the investigation of charging and discharging phenomena and of ageing mechanisms of dielectric materials used in the space.
An Investigation of the Resistance of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Polyimide to Atomic-Oxygen Attack
Authors: Brunsvold Amy L. , Minton Timothy K. , Gouzman Irina , Grossman Eitan , Gonzalez Rene
Published: September 2004

Hybrid inorganic/organic polymers have been prepared by copolymerizing a polyimide having the same chemical repeat unit as Kapton with an open-cage polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS). These POSS/polyimide hybrid polymers are Kapton-like polymers containing POSS nanoparticles that are chemically bound into the polymer chain. Samples of these POSS polyimides, as well as polyimide controls, have been exposed to a hyperthermal 0-atom beam that is produced by a laser-detonation source. Exposed and unexposed surfaces have been characterized by surface profilometry, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy The data indicate that the POSS-containing polyimides have significantly lower erosion yields than Kapton, because they form a surface SiO2 layer which passivates the surface and protects the underlying polymer from further 0-atom attack. These results suggest promise for the use of a POSS polyimide polymer as a "drop-in" replacement for Kapton on spacecraft operating in the low-Earth orbital environment.
Nucleation and Growth of Nanoscale to Microscale Cylindrical Pits in Highly-ordered Pyrolytic Graphite upon Hyperthermal Atomic Oxygen Exposure
Authors: Nicholson Kenneth T , Sibener S. J. , Minton Timothy K.
Published: September 2004

The erosion of highly-ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) caused by exposure to hyperthermal atomic 0(3P) atoms was explored. Profilometry has revealed that the overall erosion yield is linear with respect to increasing atomic oxygen exposure at a constant sample temperature of 373 K. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was employed to image the eroded material that contains numerous nanoscale to microscale cylindrical etch pits. As there is also a linear relationship between the etch pit diameter and atomic oxygen fluence, it is proposed that the largest cylinders are nucleated at or near the topmost sheet of the original graphite material. There is a large distribution of depths for cylinders of a chosen diameter. This suggests that the chemical and physical nature of the nucleation event plays a key role in the final depth of the etch pit.
Ground-Based Durability Projection of ePTFE on ISS Based on Hubble Space Telescope Degradation Data
Authors: De Groh Kim K. , Banks Bruce A. , Dever Joyce A. , Hodermarsky Janet C.
Published: September 2004

Ground-based environmental durability tests have indicated that exposing materials in accelerated tests to environmental model predicted spacecraft mission exposures of known degradation sources does not simulate the extent of damage that occurs in the space environment. One approach to overcoming the difficulties in simulating the space environment using ground-based testing is to calibrate the facility using data from actual space-exposed materials to determine exposure levels required to replicate degraded properties observed in space. This paper describes a ground-to-space correlation method that uses a multiple step process to determine the durability of expanded-polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) for International Space Station (ISS) applications based on ground-based X-ray irradiation and heating exposure that simulates bulk embrittlement as occurs in fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) thermal insulation covering the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). This method was designed to damage the back surface of equivalent thickness ePTFE to the same amount of scission damage as occurred in HST FEP (based on elongation data) and then correct for differences in ground test ionizing radiation versus space radiation effects, temperature variations, space ionizing radiation environment variations (spacecraft altitude, inclination and duration), and thickness variations. The analysis indicates that after a 10-year mission, the ISS ePTFE will have an extremely embrittled front surface, with surface cracks induced under any given strain, and a very ductile back surface. This study also found that a thermal induced strain of 0.1 will develop in the ePTFE, and under this strain condition, microscopic cracks will start developing very early in the mission at the exposed surface and develop to a depth of approximately 300 am after 10 years.
Existential Encounter in the Asylum: Ludwig Binswanger’s 1935 Case of Hysteria
Authors: Lanzoni Susan
Published: September 2004

This paper examines the Swiss psychiatrist Ludwig Binswanger’s view of the doctor-patient relationship as a direct and trusting existential encounter in a 1935 clinical case of hysteria. Drawing upon unpublished materials from the patient record and correspondence, I show that his conception of existential encounter emerged from the Bellevue asylum context, where treatment choices were linked to maintaining order in a communal setting, and addressing a complex array of bodily and psychological symptoms. Binswanger touted the underlying, positive relationship with his patients as the critical factor in the efficacy of a wide variety of treatments, including some of the most forceful and authoritative. Sources from the patient’s perspective, however, demonstrate that, in this case, a mutual relationship of trust was not clearly achieved.
A History of Norwegian Psychiatry
Authors: Kringlen Einar
Published: September 2004

In Norway the building of asylums started in 1855 with the establishment of Gaustad State Asylum. Until the 1950s Norwegian psychiatry was mainly a hospital psychiatry, strongly influenced by the pre-war German tradition. After World War II, it was influenced by British social psychiatry and American psychoanalysis. Psychiatric units in general hospitals were established in the 1960s onwards and outpatient clinics from the 1970s. During the last twenty years Norwegian psychiatry has taken a more biological trend with stronger emphasis on diagnostics and drug treatment. The increase in the number of psychiatrists and especially psychologists has been formidable during the last fifty years.
Moritz Benedikt’s (1835-1920) Localization of Morality in the Occipital Lobes: Origin and Background of a Controversial Hypothesis
Authors: Verplaetse Jan
Published: September 2004

During the 1870s the Austro-Hungarian neuropsychiatrist Moritz Benedikt (1835-1920) proposed a remarkable neurological localization of morality in the human brain. More precisely, he thought of the ultimate parts of the occipital lobes as the seat of the moral sense. The so-called non-coverage of the cerebellum that was discovered in apes and criminals underpinned his localization. This paper studies the origin, background and reception of Benedikt’s unique but opiniated localization of human morality. It is argued that his self-labelling as a freethinker offers the most understandable reason why Benedikt looked so eagerly for the seat of the moral sense in the human brain and why he was ultimately bold enough to suggest a cerebral localization.
The Sin in the Aetiological Concept of Johann Christian August Heinroth (1773-1843)
Authors: Steinberg Holger
Published: September 2004

Throughout his work Johann Christian August Heinroth regarded sin to be the cause of mental illness. The present two-part paper investigates what exactly Heinroth understood by sin. Based on a thorough analysis of his own texts, this study shows that on the one hand Heinroth referred to sin in a Christian-Protestant sense. On the other, however, a moral-ethical code of conduct was also involved. Thus, Heinroth did not regard sin as a singular event, but rather as a life conducted in a wrong way for years or even decades, by which he meant a steady striving towards earthly, bodily satisfaction.
On the Origin of the Clinical Standpoint in Psychiatry
Authors: Kraam Abdullah
Published: September 2004

Ewald Hecker (1843-1909), a friend and disciple of Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum (1828-1899), was a relentless advocate of his teacher’s psychiatric nosology. This paper is an early manifesto of their ideas and sets the context for the following publications, namely Hecker’s seminal paper on hebephrenia to be published in the same journal and in the same year (1871) and Kahlbaum’s catatonia published in 1874. Their idea that age of onset and time course of an illness, together with close clinical observation, helps to delineate disease forms out of the mass of confusing psychiatric symptoms proved to be one of the most important paradigm shifts in middle to late nineteenth-century psychiatry. This had a strong influence on Kraepelin’s dichotomy between dementia praecox and manic depressive insanity, and thus on our modern notions of schizophrenia and bipolar illness.
Media Coverage of Cloning: A Study of Media Content, Production and Reception
Authors: Holliman Richard
Published: September 2004

This paper presents the results of empirical research that analyzed UK news media coverage of cloning. More specifically, it describes how quantitative and qualitative methods were used to examine the production, content and reception of newspaper and television news coverage of cloning. The paper documents the results of a systematic analysis of two years of media content (1996 and 1997), a period that includes the announcement that a Finn Dorset sheep (Dolly) had been cloned from a somatic cell. Interviews with media professionals and the Roslin Institute examined the processes of mediation involved in producing this coverage. A reception analysis, which investigated the significance of this coverage in informing respondents’ views about cloning, showed that these respondents were particularly influenced by coverage of Dolly the sheep. In conclusion, the paper considers how media coverage of cloning might influence the construction of scientific citizenship.
Dispute, Dissent and the Place of Health Promotion in a “Disrupted Tradition” of Health Improvement
Authors: Duncan Peter
Published: September 2004

Dispute over the nature and purpose of health promotion has characterized the development of this field of activity in recent times. This paper explores such disputes and offers an explanation for them. I argue that health promotion and related fields (such as public health and health education) share in a “disrupted tradition.” I assert that “health promotion” can be seen as the term presently favored by some to represent an extensive “tradition of protecting and improving the health of the public.” Its relative favor and currency can be ascribed to a degree of power shift between competing groups operating with separate conceptions of health, away from biomedicine and towards more socially rooted understanding. Relative degrees of power and influence possessed by these groups at different historical times have contributed to the “disruption” of the tradition. Understanding this disruption helps explain a number of historiographical and theoretical problems be setting the field.
Gender Differences in Attitudes toward Science in Switzerland
Authors: von Roten Fabienne Crettaz
Published: September 2004

This article addresses the debate initiated in this journal on analyses exploring the extent to which sociodemographic background and scientific knowledge explain gender differences in attitudes toward science. Using data from a nationally stratified Swiss survey on attitudes toward science, initial results suggest that, although men have more positive attitudes toward science and greater levels of scientific knowledge than women, gender differences are non-significant once the sociodemographic variables are included in the multiple regression models. More specifically, scientific knowledge and education have an independent effect on attitudes toward science. However, the interpretation of these results is slightly different if the hypothesis, that the effect of any single explanatory variable is the same among men and women in the regression model, is validated. Results show that the interaction between gender and scientific knowledge is significant, so that the effect of scientific knowledge on attitude toward science depends on gender.
Preferences Need no Inferences, Once Again: Germinal Elements in the Public Perceptions of Genetically Modified Foods in Colombia
Authors: Parales-Quenza Carlos José
Published: September 2004

This paper explores the public perceptions of genetically modified foods in Colombia in a phase considered germinal: the topic was too novel at the time of research. The analysis covers media, informal conversations, and the word associations made by a sample of residents in the city of Bogotá. The results show that the public capability of associating with the topic, even intuitively, is due to the availability of cultural themes, the primary categories that help conceptual elaborations, and the construction of common-sense theories. Three themes are proposed: natural/artificial, tradition/change, and health/disease. It is argued that cultural themes are not only cognitive, but also affectively laden entities, which explains the evaluative force expressed by social beliefs. Acknowledging the relevance of the non-attitude thesis, the author suggests that people associate novel objects with latent cultural meanings, explaining why words, images, and metaphors are readily available in elaborating social knowledge.
Dynamics of List-Server Discussion on Genetically Modified Foods
Authors: Triunfol Marcia L. , Hines Pamela J.
Published: September 2004

Computer-mediated discussion lists, or list-servers, are popular tools in settings ranging from professional to personal to educational. A discussion list on genetically modified food (GMF) was created in September 2000 as part of the Forum on Genetically Modified Food developed by Science Controversies: Online Partnerships in Education (SCOPE), an educational project that uses computer resources to aid research and learning around unresolved scientific questions. The discussion list “GMF-Science” was actively supported from January 2001 to May 2002. The GMF-Science list welcomed anyone interested in discussing the controversies surrounding GMF. Here, we analyze the dynamics of the discussions and how the GMF-Science list may contribute to learning. Activity on the GMF-Science discussion list reflected some but not all of the controversies that were appearing in more traditional publication formats, broached other topics not well represented in the published literature, and tended to leave undiscussed the more technical research developments.
Environmental Risks in the News: Issues, Sources, Problems, and Values
Authors: Major Ann M. , Atwood L. Erwin
Published: September 2004

Studies of news media reports of environmental risks generally have observed that environmental news tends to be dramatic and ambiguous with little information that would help the public understand the risks that exist in communities. This analysis was designed to identify differences between environmental news stories that report risks with those that do not. The sample of 841 news stories was drawn from 12,000 stories published between 1 September 1997 and 31 August 1998 in 93 Pennsylvania daily newspapers. Nearly 60% of the news stories and releases did not mention risk. The findings suggest that the environmental issues and the environmental values supporting those issues predicted whether a news story would report risks. Sources, problem definitions, and traditional news values were less useful in differentiating risk from non-risk news stories and releases. The stories provided limited information that would facilitate public understanding of environmental risks.
Public Understanding of, and Attitudes toward, Scientific Research: What We Know and What We Need to Know
Authors: Miller Jon D.
Published: September 2004

Over the last four decades, a substantial body of national survey material has been collected in the US concerning the public understanding of science and technology. Using this body of research, this analysis outlines the major trends from 1957 to 1999 and discusses their implications for public understanding of, and attitudes toward, scientific research. The analysis found that although the rate of civic scientific literacy in the US is only now approaching 20 percent, there is a strong and continuing public belief in the value of scientific research for economic prosperity and for the quality of life. Even though there are some continuing reservations about the pace of change engendered by science and technology and the relationship between science and faith, the public consistently reconciles these differing perceptions in favor of science.
The Cognitive Dimension of Public Perceptions of Science: Methodological Issues
Authors: Pardo Rafael , Calvo Félix
Published: September 2004

The cognitive dimension of public perceptions of science is a central component of the interdisciplinary field devoted to their study. The subset of this dimension that has received the most attention is the one known as scientific literacy (SL), and particularly scientific knowledge of the “know-what” type. People’s appropriation of scientific theories of the world and also of the inner workings of scientific practice is of interest in itself and also for its role in explaining—in interaction with other variables—public attitudes toward science. Despite its significance, the understanding of science has received progressively less attention since the late 1990s. This paper reviews the substantive characteristics and formal properties of the scale of SL most widely used in the literature, which has been constructed on the basis of Eurobarometer measurements. It considers a number of steps, such as content, item analysis, and differential reliability, both for the total sample and for different nations and social groups, that are usually omitted in the literature. This new analysis shows that the standard SL test barely achieves satisfactory metric properties and that although it captures major (but not fine-grained) differences in SL by nation and sociodemographic groups, it is in need of significant theoretical and formal improvements. Our analysis also shows that a well-known thesis in the literature, the so-called “knowledge-ignorance paradox,” rests on a statistical misinterpretation of the data.
Attracting Teen Surfers to Science Web Sites
Authors: Weigold Michael F. , Treise Debbie
Published: September 2004

Attracting teens to science Web sites can be difficult because teens spend less time online than other groups and because teens most frequently use the Internet for social and entertainment gratifications. Two studies sought to increase understanding about how to attract teens to science Web sites. The first study was a content analysis of state-of-the-art science Web sites and popular non-science teen Web sites. The second study used teen focus groups to gain insights about their Internet use and about how they use the Web to find science information. Implications from both studies for improving Web-mediated science communication to a teenage audience are discussed.
Science in the News: A Study of Reporting Genomics
Authors: Kua Eunice , Reder Michael , Grossel Martha J.
Published: September 2004

Scientists and academicians in the field of science writing agree that context and method are important components of research to be reported. This ideal is balanced by science journalists who try to relay findings with a minimum of complex and potentially confusing facts. Here, a specific report on genomics is traced from its original source in a scientific journal through to popular press publications. These data were examined in the context of previously published findings that have shown that the reader needs a clear understanding of the context of reported results to make an informed judgment about their meaning. This study reveals that these five reports, ranging from research article to popular press news article, differ in what is said rather than how it is said. This is surprising given the premise that in science reporting, the primary role of the journalist is to translate science into non-scientific language.