bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Circulating Apoptotic Microparticles in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients Drive the Activation of Dendritic Cell Subsets and Prime Neutrophils for NETosis
Authors: Dieker Jürgen , Tel Jurjen , Pieterse Elmar , Thielen Astrid , Rother Nils , Bakker Marinka , Fransen Jaap , Dijkman Henry B. P. M. , Berden Jo H. , de Vries Jolanda M. , Hilbrands Luuk B. , van der Vlag Johan
Published: September 2015

Objective

Circulating chromatin‐containing apoptotic material and/or neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been proposed to be an important driving force for the antichromatin autoimmune response in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The aim of this study was to determine the exact nature of microparticles in the circulation of SLE patients and to assess the effects of the microparticles on the immune system.

Methods

We analyzed microparticles isolated from the plasma of patients with SLE, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and systemic sclerosis (SSc), as well as from healthy subjects. The effects of the microparticles on blood‐derived dendritic cells (DCs) and neutrophils were assessed by flow cytometry, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and immunofluorescence microscopy.

Results

In SLE patients, we identified microparticles that were highly positive for annexin V and apoptosis‐modified chromatin that were not present in healthy subjects or in RA or SSc patients. These microparticles were mostly CD31+/CD45– (endothelial), partly CD45+/CD66b+ (granulocyte), and negative for B and T cell markers. Microparticles isolated from the plasma of SLE patients increased the expression of the costimulatory surface molecules CD40, CD80, CD83, and CD86 and the production of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin‐6, tumor necrosis factor, and interferon‐α by blood‐derived plasmacytoid DCs (PDCs) and myeloid DCs (MDCs). SLE microparticles also primed blood‐derived neutrophils for NETosis. Microparticles from healthy subjects and from RA or SSc patients exhibited no significant effects on MDCs, PDCs, and NETosis.

Conclusion

Circulating microparticles in SLE patients include a population of apoptotic cell–derived microparticles that has proinflammatory effects on PDCs and MDCs and enhances NETosis. These results underline the important role of apoptotic microparticles in driving the autoimmune response in SLE patients.
Affordable échelle spectroscopy with a 60 cm telescope
Authors: Pribulla T. , Garai Z. , Hambálek Ľ. , Kollár V. , Komžík R. , Kundra E. , Nedoroščík J. , Sekeráš M. , Vaňko M.
Published: September 2015

A new fiber‐fed spectrograph was installed at the 60 cm telescope of the Stará Lesná Observatory. The article presents tests of its performance (spectral resolution, signal‐to‐noise ratio, radial‐velocity stability) and reports observations of selected variable stars and exoplanet host stars. First test observations show that the spectrograph is an ideal tool to observe bright eclipsing and spectroscopic binaries but also symbiotic and nova‐like stars. The radial‐velocity stability (60–80 m s–1) is sufficient to study spectroscopic binaries and to detect easily the orbital motion of hot‐Jupiter extrasolar planets around bright stars. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Method for Generation and Characterization of Orthogonal Three‐Component Gradient Surfaces
Authors: Kim Sehee , Nam Jungchan , Yeo Woon‐Seok
Published: September 2015

In this paper, we present a method for generating orthogonal three‐component gradients based on self‐assembled monolayers on gold. Our proposed method uses a surface chemical reaction which follows first‐order reaction kinetics. A quinone‐presenting monolayer was subjected to two sequential reduction steps in perpendicular directions, to yield an orthogonal amine gradient on the surface. The three components were conjugated to the amine functionality during all reduction steps, yielding the surface with orthogonal three‐component gradients. In our method, the ligand densities of different components can be precisely modulatory and predictable, and the resulting amine group is well suited to various conjugation reagents. Thus, we suggest that our proposed method can be used as a general platform for preparing three‐component gradients consisting not only of small organic molecules but also of macro(bio)molecules such as proteins, oligonucleotides, and nanomaterials.
Computational Chemistry in the Pharmaceutical Industry: From Childhood to Adolescence
Authors: Hillisch Alexander , Heinrich Nikolaus , Wild Hanno
Published: September 2015

Computational chemistry within the pharmaceutical industry has grown into a field that proactively contributes to many aspects of drug design, including target selection and lead identification and optimization. While methodological advancements have been key to this development, organizational developments have been crucial to our success as well. In particular, the interaction between computational and medicinal chemistry and the integration of computational chemistry into the entire drug discovery process have been invaluable. Over the past ten years we have shaped and developed a highly efficient computational chemistry group for small‐molecule drug discovery at Bayer HealthCare that has significantly impacted the clinical development pipeline. In this article we describe the setup and tasks of the computational group and discuss external collaborations. We explain what we have found to be the most valuable and productive methods and discuss future directions for computational chemistry method development. We share this information with the hope of igniting interesting discussions around this topic.
Novel methods for energy charging and data collection in wireless rechargeable sensor networks
Authors: Liu Bing‐Hong , Nguyen Ngoc‐Tu , Pham Van‐Trung , Lin Yue‐Xian
Published: September 2015

In wireless rechargeable sensor networks, sensors are responsible for sensing environment and generating sensed data, and mobile devices are responsible for recharging sensors and/or collecting sensed data to the sink. Because of the rapid development of wireless charging technology, sensors can be recharged when they are within limited charging ranges of mobile devices. In addition, because sensors' electric capacity and memory storage are often limited, sensors must be recharged, and their generated data must be collected by mobile devices periodically, or the network cannot provide adequate quality of services. Therefore, the problem of scheduling minimum mobile devices to periodically recharge and collect data from sensors subject to the limited charging range, electric capacity, and memory storage, such that the network lifetime can be guaranteed to be prolonged without limits, termed the periodic energy replenishment and data collection problem, is studied in the paper. For the problem, the grid‐based algorithm, the dominating‐set‐based algorithm, and the circle‐intersection‐based algorithm are proposed to find a set of anchor points. In addition, the mobile device scheduling algorithm is proposed to schedule minimum mobile devices to visit the generated anchor points. Simulation results show that our proposed methods provide good performance. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Targeting MicroRNAs in Prevention and Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders
Authors: Gupta Smriti , Verma Savita , Mantri Shrikant , Berman Nancy E. , Sandhir Rajat
Published: September 2015

Preclinical Research

microRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that are key regulators of gene expression. They act on wide range of targets by binding to mRNA via imperfect complementarity at 3′ UTR. Evidence suggests that miRNAs regulate many biological processes including neuronal development, differentiation, and disease. Altered expression of several miRNAs has been reported in many neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs). Many miRNAs are altered in these diseases, but miRNA 15, miRNA 21, and miRNA 146a have been shown to play critical role in many neurodegenerative conditions. As these miRNAs regulate many genes, miRNA targeted approaches would allow concurrently targeting of multiple effectors of pathways that regulate disease progression. In this review, we describe the role of miRNAs in various NDDs and their potential as therapeutic tools in prevention and treatment of neurological conditions. Drug Dev Res 76 : 397–418, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The synthesis and characterization of the ‘research chemical’ N‐(1‐amino‐3‐methyl‐1‐oxobutan‐2‐yl)‐1‐(cyclohexylmethyl)‐3‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐1H‐pyrazole‐5‐carboxamide (3,5‐AB‐CHMFUPPYCA) and differentiation from its 5,3‐regioisomer
Authors: McLaughlin Gavin , Morris Noreen , Kavanagh Pierce V. , Power John D. , Twamley Brendan , O'Brien John , Talbot Brian , Dowling Geraldine , Brandt Simon D.
Published: September 2015

This study presents the identification of N‐(1‐amino‐3‐methyl‐1‐oxobutan‐2‐yl)‐1‐(cyclohexylmethyl)‐3‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐1H‐pyrazole‐5‐carboxamide that was termed 3,5‐AB‐CHMFUPPYCA. This compound was obtained from a UK‐based Internet vendor, who erroneously advertised this ‘research chemical’ as AZ‐037 and which would have been associated with (S)‐N‐(1‐amino‐3‐methyl‐1‐oxobutan‐2‐yl)‐1‐(5‐fluoropentyl)‐5‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐1H‐pyrazole‐3‐carboxamide. The presence of the pyrazole core indicates a bioisosteric replacement of an indazole ring that is frequently associated with synthetic cannabinoids of the PINACA, FUBINACA, and CHMINACA series. The pyrazole ring system present in 3,5‐AB‐CHMFUPPYCA gives rise to the regioisomer N‐(1‐amino‐3‐methyl‐1‐oxobutan‐2‐yl)‐1‐(cyclohexylmethyl)‐5‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐1H‐pyrazole‐3‐carboxamide (named 5,3‐AB‐CHMFUPPYCA) and both isomers were synthesized using two specific routes which supported the correct identification of the ‘research chemical’ as 3,5‐AB‐CHMFUPPYCA. Both isomers could be conveniently differentiated. Interestingly, a route specific chlorine‐containing by‐product also was observed during the synthesis of 3,5‐AB‐CHMFUPPYCA and identified as N‐(1‐amino‐3‐methyl‐1‐oxobutan‐2‐yl)‐4‐chloro‐1‐(cyclohexylmethyl)‐3‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐1H‐pyrazole‐5‐carboxamide. An extensive analytical characterization included chromatographic, spectroscopic, mass spectrometric platforms as well as crystal structure analysis. The syntheses and analytical characterizations of both AB‐CHMFUPPYCA isomers are reported for the first time and serves as a reminder that the possibility of mislabeling of ‘research chemicals’ cannot be excluded. The pharmacological activities of both AB‐CHMFUPPYCA isomers remain to be explored. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Processing of false belief passages during natural story comprehension: An fMRI study
Authors: Kandylaki Katerina D. , Nagels Arne , Tune Sarah , Wiese Richard , Bornkessel‐Schlesewsky Ina , Kircher Tilo
Published: September 2015

The neural correlates of theory of mind (ToM) are typically studied using paradigms which require participants to draw explicit, task‐related inferences (e.g., in the false belief task). In a natural setup, such as listening to stories, false belief mentalizing occurs incidentally as part of narrative processing. In our experiment, participants listened to auditorily presented stories with false belief passages (implicit false belief processing) and immediately after each story answered comprehension questions (explicit false belief processing), while neural responses were measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). All stories included (among other situations) one false belief condition and one closely matched control condition. For the implicit ToM processing, we modeled the hemodynamic response during the false belief passages in the story and compared it to the hemodynamic response during the closely matched control passages. For implicit mentalizing, we found activation in typical ToM processing regions, that is the angular gyrus (AG), superior medial frontal gyrus (SmFG), precuneus (PCUN), middle temporal gyrus (MTG) as well as in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) billaterally. For explicit ToM, we only found AG activation. The conjunction analysis highlighted the left AG and MTG as well as the bilateral IFG as overlapping ToM processing regions for both implicit and explicit modes. Implicit ToM processing during listening to false belief passages, recruits the left SmFG and billateral PCUN in addition to the “mentalizing network” known form explicit processing tasks. Hum Brain Mapp 36:4231–4246, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Brain structural and functional connectivity in Parkinson's disease with freezing of gait
Authors: Canu Elisa , Agosta Federica , Sarasso Elisabetta , Volontè Maria Antonietta , Basaia Silvia , Stojkovic Tanja , Stefanova Elka , Comi Giancarlo , Falini Andrea , Kostic Vladimir S. , Gatti Roberto , Filippi Massimo
Published: September 2015

Objective

To use a multimodal approach to assess brain structural pathways and resting state (RS) functional connectivity abnormalities in patients with Parkinson's disease and freezing of gait (PD‐FoG).

Methods

T1‐weighted, diffusion tensor (DT) MRI and RS functional MRI (fMRI) were obtained from 22 PD‐FoG patients and 35 controls on a 3.0 T MR scanner. Patients underwent clinical, motor, and neuropsychological evaluations. Gray matter (GM) volumes and white matter (WM) damage were assessed using voxel based morphometry and tract‐based spatial statistics, respectively. The pedunculopontine tract (PPT) was studied using tractography. RS fMRI data were analyzed using a model free approach investigating the main sensorimotor and cognitive brain networks. Multiple regression models were performed to assess the relationships between structural, functional, and clinical/cognitive variables. Analysis of GM and WM structural abnormalities was replicated in an independent sample including 28 PD‐FoG patients, 25 PD patients without FoG, and 30 healthy controls who performed MRI scans on a 1.5 T scanner.

Results

Compared with controls, no GM atrophy was found in PD‐FoG cases. PD‐FoG patients showed WM damage of the PPT, corpus callosum, corticospinal tract, cingulum, superior longitudinal fasciculus, and WM underneath the primary motor, premotor, prefrontal, orbitofrontal, and inferior parietal cortices, bilaterally. In PD‐FoG, right PTT damage was associated with a greater disease severity. Analysis on the independent PD sample showed similar findings in PD‐FoG patients relative to controls as well as WM damage of the genu and body of the corpus callosum and right parietal WM in PD‐FoG relative to PD no‐FoG patients. RS fMRI analysis showed that PD‐FoG is associated with a decreased functional connectivity of the primary motor cortex and supplementary motor area bilaterally in the sensorimotor network, frontoparietal regions in the default mode network, and occipital cortex in the visual associative network.

Conclusions

This study suggests that FoG in PD can be the result of a poor structural and functional integration between motor and extramotor (cognitive) neural systems. Hum Brain Mapp 36:5064–5078, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Recent knowledge: Concepts of dermal absorption in relation to skin decontamination
Authors: Phuong Christina , Maibach Howard I.
Published: September 2015

Skin decontamination is an important step mitigating percutaneous absorption through the stratum corneum (SC), which is also a highly complex process. Thus, understanding diffusion mechanisms and measuring dermal absorption rates are critical to protect humans from toxic exposures. Here, highly varied literature is placed in a biological and clinical perspective in regards to decontamination. Literature from PubMed and Surge Laboratory library files were searched and reviewed for relevance. Recent data have shown multiple layers of SC structural heterogeneity, which results in unique substance partitioning characteristics across the membrane. As such, attempts to model and understand this behavior in alternative in vitro membranes prove difficult. More synthetic and natural membranes are being explored as models for in vivo behavior. In addition, commonly accepted decontamination methods are undergoing risk assessment. These recent and varied literature findings update available knowledge regarding skin decontamination and its challenges, with a focus on dermal absorption. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How I Have Changed Over Time as a Psychotherapist
Authors: Messer Stanley B.
Published: September 2015

Reflecting on my career as a psychotherapist has led me to consider 3 major areas that have affected the way I practice, namely, assimilative integration, the visions of reality, and brief psychodynamic therapy. Although starting out as a traditional psychoanalytic therapist, I became more integrative as I was exposed to other approaches and to patients with a variety of needs. As a result I developed a mode of integration, which I call assimilative. After applying the literary genres of tragedy, comedy, romance, and irony to psychoanalytic, behavioral, and humanistic psychotherapies, I found that they also could be used to describe any patient's multiple facets and psychological challenges. I demonstrate here how such visions helped in the treatment of a case of bipolar disorder. Upon recognizing the need for briefer forms of treatment, I developed an interest in conducting, conceptualizing, and researching brief psychodynamic therapy. I conclude the article by answering questions posed by the editors regarding how I have changed over time in conducting psychotherapy.
Aeromonas rivipollensis sp. nov., a novel species isolated from aquatic samples
Authors: Marti Elisabet , Balcázar José Luis
Published: September 2015

Two gram‐negative, facultatively anaerobic, motile and rod‐shaped bacteria, strains P2G1T and P1A11, were isolated from the Ter River in Ripoll, Spain. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that both strains are closely related to each other and that their closest relatives were Aeromonas media ATCC 33907T (99.4%) and Aeromonas hydrophila ATCC 7966T (99.3%). Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) based on the partial sequences of gyrA, gyrB, rpoD, recA, and dnaJ genes suggested that these two strains represent a novel species that clustered with A. media ATCC 33907T. This was further supported by DNA–DNA hybridization analysis between P2G1T and A. media LMG 9073T. Phenotypic features also allowed their differentiation from closely related species. These two strains should, therefore, be considered to represent a novel species within the genus Aeromonas, for which the name Aeromonas rivipollensis sp. nov. is proposed.
A comparison between combined open bypass revascularization and free tissue transfer versus endovascular revascularization and free tissue transfer for lower limb preservation
Authors: Hsu Honda , Chang Chien‐Hwa , Lee Cheng‐Yung , Huang Chieh‐Chi , Mark Chiu Chih‐Hung , Lin Chih‐Ming , Lee Jiunn‐Tat , Chien Sou‐Hsin
Published: September 2015

Background

Extensive defects of the lower limb as a result of diabetes and peripheral vascular disease require multidisciplinary treatment. Numerous studies with regards combining vascular bypass surgery and free tissue reconstruction of the lower limb had been published. However the trend has evolved toward a combination of endovascular revascularization and free flap reconstruction. The aim of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of this combination of treatment to the traditional combination of bypass surgery and free tissue reconstruction.

Methods

All patients who had undergone vascular bypass surgery and free tissue reconstruction of the lower limb as well as those who had undergone endovascular angioplasty with free tissue transfer for lower limb preservation, over a 10‐year period was included in this study.

Results

A total of 46 patients that underwent limb preservation were included in this study, 22 patients underwent open bypass revascularization and free flap transfer and 24 patients underwent endovascular revascularization and free tissue transfer. There were no differences between the two methods with regards to age, sex, defect size, TransAtlantic InterSociety Consensus level, Wagner classification, length of hospitalization, limb preservation rate, total flap necrosis rate, and partial flap necrosis rate. More importantly, there was no significant difference in the limb preservation rate (P = 0.14).

Conclusion

In this study we found that the safety and the success rate of lower limb preservation using a combination of endovascular revascularization and free tissue reconstruction is comparable to using a combination of bypass surgery and free tissue transfer. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 35:518–527, 2015.
Reinforcing and toughening of polyurethane by chemically modified Konjac glucomannan nanocrystal
Authors: Yang Li , Shen Dan , Gao Shanjun
Published: September 2015

Konjac glucomannan (KGM) nanocrystal obtained from native KGM by sulfuric acid hydrolysis was modified by using benzoyl chloride, and the improvement of hydrophobicity was confirmed by contact angle measurements. The chemically modified KGM nanocrystals with nanosize smaller than 100 nm, which confirmed by TEM, were used as fillers to prepare polyurethane nanocomposites. The morphology, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of the polyurethane nanocomposite films were investigated by means of SEM, TGA, and tensile testing. It is worth noting that the obtained KGM/PU nanocomposites showed simultaneous enhancements both in strength and elongation. The synergistic interaction between the fillers and the matrix played an important role in the improvement of mechanical properties. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:1447–1453, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
Cancer caregiver quality of life: need for targeted intervention
Authors: Lapid Maria I. , Atherton Pamela J. , Kung Simon , Sloan Jeff A. , Shahi Varun , Clark Matthew M. , Rummans Teresa A.
Published: September 2015

Objectives

Caregiving can negatively impact well‐being. Cancer caregivers face unique challenges given the intense nature of cancer and treatment, which increases their risk for burden, poor quality of life (QOL), and burnout. Studies to reduce caregiver burden demonstrate QOL improvement and distress reduction in the short term. However, few studies exist to address long‐term benefits. We assessed changes in various QOL domains after participation in a QOL intervention for caregivers of patients having newly diagnosed advanced cancer.

Methods

Our institutional review board‐approved study randomized patient–caregiver dyads to either usual care or an in‐person group intervention composed of six 90‐min sessions of structured multidisciplinary QOL components delivered over 4 weeks, with 10 follow‐up phone calls within 20 weeks. Caregivers attended four of the six sessions attended by patients. Sessions included physical therapy, coping and communication strategies, mental health education, spirituality, and social needs. Caregiver QOL (Caregiver Quality of Life Index‐Cancer Scale [CQOLC] and Linear Analogue Self‐Assessment [LASA]) and mood (Profile of Mood States‐Brief [POMS‐B]) were measured at baseline and 4, 27, and 52 weeks. Wilcoxon tests and effect sizes were used to compare the caregiver groups.

Results

Of the 131 caregivers (65 intervention and 66 usual care), 116 completed the study. Caregivers post‐intervention (at 4 weeks) had improved scores on LASA Spiritual Well‐being; POMS‐B total score, Vigor/Activity, and Fatigue/Inertia; and CQOLC Adaptation. At long term (at 27 weeks), caregivers retained improvement in POMS‐B Fatigue/Inertia and gained improvements in CQOLC Disruptiveness and Financial Concerns.

Conclusions

Caregivers who received the intervention had higher QOL ratings for specific QOL domains but not for overall QOL. Although a comprehensive intervention was helpful, more specific, targeted interventions tailored for individual needs are recommended. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bridging of partially negative atoms by hydrogen bonds from main‐chain NH groups in proteins: The crown motif
Authors: Leader David P. , Milner‐White E. James
Published: September 2015

The backbone NH groups of proteins can form N1N3‐bridges to δ‐ve or anionic acceptor atoms when the tripeptide in which they occur orients them appropriately, as in the RL and LR nest motifs, which have dihedral angles 1,2‐αRαL and 1,2‐αLαR, respectively. We searched a protein database for structures with backbone N1N3‐bridging to anionic atoms of the polypeptide chain and found that RL and LR nests together accounted for 92% of examples found (88% RL nests, 4% LR nests). Almost all the remaining 8% of N1N3‐bridges were found within a third tripeptide motif which has not been described previously. We term this a “crown,” because of the disposition of the tripeptide CO groups relative to the three NH groups and the acceptor oxygen anion, and the crown together with its bridged anion we term a “crown bridge.” At position 2 of these structures the dihedral angles have a tight αR distribution, but at position 1 they have a wider distribution, with ϕ and ψ values generally being lower than those at position 1. Over half of crown bridges involve the backbone CO group three residues N‐terminal to the tripeptide, the remainder being to other main‐chain or side‐chain carbonyl groups. As with nests, bridging of crowns to oxygen atoms within ligands was observed, as was bridging to the sulfur atom of an iron‐sulfur cluster. This latter property may be of significance for protein evolution. Proteins 2015; 83:2067–2076. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Comparison of Hot Deformation Behavior of High‐Cr White Cast Iron and High‐Cr White Cast Iron/Low Carbon Steel Laminate
Authors: Xu Jianzhong , Gao Xingjian , Jiang Zhengyi , Wei Dongbin
Published: September 2015

In order to study the plastic deformation characteristics of the brittle high‐Cr white cast iron in upsetting process, and find out the mechanism for improving the formability of the cast iron within the laminated composite, the hot forging process of monolithic high‐Cr white cast iron and high‐Cr white cast iron/low carbon steel laminate is simulated by means of hot compression tests using Gleeble 3500 thermo mechanical simulator and professional plastic forming software DEFORM‐3D. The results reveal that during hot compression process, the monolithic cast iron suffered severe barreling and cracking, whereas the cast iron layer within the laminate underwent large plastic deformation with barreling‐free and crack‐free. Such a significant improvement can be attributed to the simultaneous deformation of the cast iron together with the low carbon steel claddings, which is beneficial to relieving the stress in the cast iron and changing its deformation mode. Under the triaxial compressive stress state, the brittle high‐Cr white cast iron within the laminate can flow like a ductile material at high temperatures and low strain rates.
Coupling virtual watersheds with ecosystem services assessment: a 21st century platform to support river research and management
Authors: Barquín José , Benda Lee E. , Villa Ferdinando , Brown Lee E. , Bonada Núria , Vieites David R. , Battin Tom J. , Olden Julian D. , Hughes Samantha J. , Gray Clare , Woodward Guy
Published: September 2015

The demand for freshwater is projected to increase worldwide over the coming decades, resulting in severe water stress and threats to riverine biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and services. A major societal challenge is to determine where environmental changes will have the greatest impacts on riverine ecosystem services and where resilience can be incorporated into adaptive resource planning. Both water managers and scientists need new integrative tools to guide them toward the best solutions that meet the demands of a growing human population but also ensure riverine biodiversity and ecosystem integrity. Resource planners and scientists could better address a growing set of riverine management and risk mitigation issues by (1) using a ‘virtual watersheds’ approach based on improved digital river networks and better connections to terrestrial systems, (2) integrating virtual watersheds with ecosystem services technology (ARtificial Intelligence for Ecosystem Services:ARIES), and (3) incorporating the role of riverine biotic interactions in shaping ecological responses. This integrative platform can support both interdisciplinary scientific analyses of pressing societal issues and effective dissemination of findings across river research and management communities. It should also provide new integrative tools to identify the best solutions and trade‐offs to ensure the conservation of riverine biodiversity and ecosystem services.WIREs Water2015, 2:609–621. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1106

This article is categorized under:

Water and Life > Conservation, Management, and Awareness
A Systematic Review of the Factors that Patients Use to Choose their Surgeon
Authors: Yahanda Alexander T. , Lafaro Kelly J. , Spolverato Gaya , Pawlik Timothy M.
Published: September 2015

Background

Given surgery’s inherent risks, a patient should be able to make the most informed decisions possible in selecting surgical treatment. However, there is little information on what factors patients deem important when choosing a surgeon. We performed a systematic review of the literature focused on how patients select surgical care, focusing on identification of factors that influence patient choice as well as important sources of information used by patients.

Methods

A search of all available literature on factors associated with choice of surgeon/surgical care, as well as sources of information used by patients before undergoing surgery, was conducted using the MEDLINE/PubMed electronic database.

Results

Of the 2315 publications identified, 86 studies met inclusion criteria. Overall, patients draw upon a wide range of factors when choosing surgical care. Surgeon reputation and competency stood out as the most valued professional attributes. Patients also often selected surgeons based on their interpersonal skills. Many patients chose surgical care using hospital, rather than surgeon, characteristics. For these patients, hospital reputation and hospital distance were factors of primary importance. Importantly, most patients relied on word‐of‐mouth and physician referrals when choosing a surgeon. Patients also expressed interest in quality information on surgeons, indicating that these data would be useful in decision‐making.

Conclusions

Patients draw upon a myriad of factors when choosing a surgeon and the circumstances surrounding patients’ decisions maybe differ based on sociodemographic, cultural, as well as other factors. Additional information on how patients choose surgeons or hospitals will help providers assist patients in finding their preferred caregivers.
Trends in the psychopharmacological treatment of bipolar disorder: a nationwide register-based study
Authors: Bjørklund Louise , Horsdal Henriette Thisted , Mors Ole , Østergaard Søren Dinesen , Gasse Christiane
Published: September 2015

Objective

In bipolar disorder, treatment with antidepressants without concomitant use of mood stabilisers (antidepressant monotherapy) is associated with development of mania and rapid cycling and is therefore not recommended. The present study aimed to investigate the psychopharmacological treatment patterns in bipolar disorder over time, with a focus on antidepressant monotherapy.

Methods

Cohort study with annual cross-sectional assessment of the use of psychotropic medications between 1995 and 2012 for all Danish residents aged 10 years or older with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder registered in the Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register. Users of a given psychotropic medication were defined as individuals having filled at least one prescription for that particular medication in the year of interest.

Results

We identified 20 618 individuals with bipolar disorder. The proportion of patients with bipolar disorder using antidepressants, atypical antipsychotics and anticonvulsants increased over the study period, while the proportion of patients using lithium, typical antipsychotics and benzodiazepines/sedatives decreased. The proportion of patients treated with antidepressant monotherapy decreased from 20.5% in 1997 to 12.1% in 2012, and among antidepressant users, the proportion in monotherapy decreased from 47.7% to 23.9%, primarily driven by a decrease in the use of tricyclic antidepressants.

Conclusion

The results show an increase in the proportion of patients with bipolar disorder being treated with antidepressants in the period from 1997 to 2012. However, in accordance with international treatment guidelines, the extent of antidepressant monotherapy decreased during the same period.
Diffusion and protection across a random graph
Authors: GALEOTTI ANDREA , ROGERS BRIAN W.
Published: September 2015

We study the interplay between the diffusion of a harmful state in a network of contacts and the possibility of individual agents to undertake costly investment to protect themselves against infection. We characterize how equilibrium diffusion outcomes, such as the immunization rate, total prevalence and welfare, respond to changes in the architecture of the network, and show that these responses depend on the details of the diffusion process.
Editorial
Authors: VALENTE THOMAS W.
Published: September 2015

The first two research articles in this issue of Network Science have a common theme—they use workplace contact patterns, in addition to other data, to model infectious disease spread.
Canine echinococcosis: genetic diversity ofEchinococcus granulosussensu stricto (s.s.) from definitive hosts
Authors: Boufana B. , Lett W. , Lahmar S. , Griffiths A. , Jenkins D.J. , Buishi I. , Engliez S.A. , Alrefadi M.A. , Eljaki A.A. , Elmestiri F.M. , Reyes M.M. , Pointing S. , Al-Hindi A. , Torgerson P.R. , Okamoto M. , Craig P.S.
Published: September 2015

Canids, particularly dogs, constitute the major source of cystic echinococcosis (CE) infection to humans, with the majority of cases being caused byEchinococcus granulosus(G1 genotype). Canine echinococcosis is an asymptomatic disease caused by adult tapeworms ofE. granulosussensu lato (s.l.). Information on the population structure and genetic variation of adultE. granulosusis limited. Using sequenced data of the mitochondrial cytochromecoxidase subunit 1 (cox1) we examined the genetic diversity and population structure of adult tapeworms ofE. granulosus(G1 genotype) from canid definitive hosts originating from various geographical regions and compared it to that reported for the larval metacestode stage from sheep and human hosts.Echinococcus granulosus(s.s) was identified from adult tapeworm isolates from Kenya, Libya, Tunisia, Australia, China, Kazakhstan, United Kingdom and Peru, including the first known molecular confirmation from Gaza and the Falkland Islands. Haplotype analysis showed a star-shaped network with a centrally positioned common haplotype previously described for the metacestode stage from sheep and humans, and the neutrality indices indicated population expansion. Low Fst values suggested that populations of adultE. granulosuswere not genetically differentiated. Haplotype and nucleotide diversities forE. granulosusisolates from sheep and human origin were twice as high as those reported from canid hosts. This may be related to self-fertilization ofE. granulosusand/or to the longevity of the parasite in the respective intermediate and definitive hosts. Improved nuclear single loci are required to investigate the discrepancies in genetic variation seen in this study.
Partnership Program for long-term care insurance: the right model for addressing uncertainties with the future?
Authors: BERGQUIST SAVANNAH , COSTA-FONT JOAN , SWARTZ KATHERINE
Published: September 2015

Public policies that provide incentives for higher middle-income people to purchase private long-term care insurance (LTCI) have been proposed as a way to shield large numbers of middle-income people from the risk of needing costly long-term care. A proposal to promote purchases of private LTCI that has gained modest traction in the United States of America is the Partnership Program. The structure and public–private nature of the Partnership Programs are reviewed along with the trends in sales of both regular private LTCI policies and Partnership LTCI policies to show that both experienced low purchase rates. Implementation efforts for the Partnership Programs were very modest, in part because many were launched when the Affordable Care Act was passed. At the same time, several well-known insurers withdrew from selling private LTCI. Understanding why the Partnership Program is not a success provides lessons for other counties interested in creating similar public–private ventures.
Nonlinear increase of X-ray intensities from thin foils irradiated with a 200 TW femtosecond laser
Authors: Faenov A. Ya. , Colgan J. , Hansen S. B. , Zhidkov A. , Pikuz T. A. , Nishiuchi M. , Pikuz S. A. , Skobelev I. Yu. , Abdallah J. , Sakaki H. , Sagisaka A. , Pirozhkov A. S. , Ogura K. , Fukuda Y. , Kanasaki M. , Hasegawa N. , Nishikino M. , Kando M. , Watanabe Y. , Kawachi T. , Masuda S. , Hosokai T. , Kodama R. , Kondo K.
Published: September 2015

We report, for the first time, that the energy of femtosecond optical laser pulses,E, with relativistic intensitiesI > 1021  W/cm2is efficiently converted to X-ray radiation, which is emitted by “hot” electron component in collision-less processes and heats the solid density plasma periphery. As shown by direct high-resolution spectroscopic measurements X-ray radiation from plasma periphery exhibits unusual non-linear growth ~E4–5of its power. The non-linear power growth occurs far earlier than the known regime when the radiation reaction dominates particle motion (RDR). Nevertheless, the radiation is shown to dominate the kinetics of the plasma periphery, changing in this regime (now labeled RDKR) the physical picture of the laser plasma interaction. Although in the experiments reported here we demonstrated by observation of KK hollow ions that X-ray intensities in the keV range exceeds ~1017  W/cm2, there is no theoretical limit of the radiation power. Therefore, such powerful X-ray sources can produce and probe exotic material states with high densities and multiple inner-shell electron excitations even for higherZelements. Femtosecond laser-produced plasmas may thus provide unique ultra-bright X-ray sources, for future studies of matter in extreme conditions, material science studies and radiography of biological systems.
Selective Negative Allosteric Modulation Of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors – A Structural Perspective of Ligands and Mutants
Authors: Harpsøe Kasper , Isberg Vignir , Tehan Benjamin G. , Weiss Dahlia , Arsova Angela , Marshall Fiona H. , Bräuner-Osborne Hans , Gloriam David E.
Published: September 2015

The metabotropic glutamate receptors have a wide range of modulatory functions in the central nervous system. They are among the most highly pursued drug targets, with relevance for several neurological diseases and a number of allosteric modulators have entered clinical trials. However, so far this has not led to a marketed drug, largely because of the difficulties in achieving subtype-selective compounds with desired properties. Very recently the first crystal structures were published for the transmembrane domain of two metabotropic glutamate receptors in complex with negative allosteric modulators. In this analysis, we make the first comprehensive structural comparison of all metabotropic glutamate receptors, placing selective negative allosteric modulators and critical mutants into the detailed context of the receptor binding sites. A better understanding of how the different mGlu allosteric modulator binding modes relates to selective pharmacological actions will be very valuable for rational design of safer drugs.
Detection of Langat virus by TaqMan real-time one-step qRT-PCR method
Authors: Muhd Radzi Siti Fatimah , Rückert Claudia , Sam Sing-Sin , Teoh Boon-Teong , Jee Pui-Fong , Phoon Wai-Hong , Abubakar Sazaly , Zandi Keivan
Published: September 2015

Langat virus (LGTV), one of the members of the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) complex, was firstly isolated from Ixodes granulatus ticks in Malaysia. However, the prevalence of LGTV in ticks in the region remains unknown. Surveillance for LGTV is therefore important and thus a tool for specific detection of LGTV is needed. In the present study, we developed a real-time quantitative reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) for rapid detection of LGTV. Our findings showed that the developed qRT-PCR could detect LGTV at a titre as low as 0.1 FFU/ml. The detection limit of the qRT-PCR assay at 95% probability was 0.28 FFU/ml as determined by probit analysis (p ≤ 0.05). Besides, the designed primers and probe did not amplify ORF of the E genes for some closely related and more pathogenic viruses including TBEV, Louping ill virus, Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus (OHFV), Alkhurma virus (ALKV), Kyasanur Forest Disease virus (KFDV) and Powassan virus (POWV) which showed the acceptable specificity of the developed assay. The sensitivity of the developed method also has been confirmed by determining the LGTV in infected tick cell line as well as LGTV- spiked tick tissues.
Screening for recombinants of Crambe abyssinica after transformation by the pMF1 marker-free vector based on chemical selection and meristematic regeneration
Authors: Qi Weicong , Tinnenbroek-Capel Iris E. M. , Salentijn Elma M. J. , Schaart Jan G. , Cheng Jihua , Denneboom Christel , Zhang Zhao , Zhang Xiaolin , Zhao Han , Visser Richard G. F. , Huang Bangquan , Van Loo Eibertus N. , Krens Frans A.
Published: September 2015

The T-DNA region of pMF1 vector of marker-free system developed by Wageningen UR, has Recombinase R-LBD gene fusion and nptII and codA gene fusion between two recombination sites. After transformation applying dexamethasone (DEX) can activate the recombinase to remove the T-DNA fragment between recombination sites. The recombinant ought to be selected on 5-fluorocytocine (5-FC) because of codA converting 5-FC into 5-fluorouracil the toxic. A PMF1 vector was transformed into hexaploid species Crambe abyssinica. Two independent transformants were chosen for DEX-induced recombination and later 5-FC selection. In contrast to earlier pMF1 experiments, the strategy of stepwise selection based on meristematic regeneration was engaged. After a long period of 5-FC selection, recombinants were obtained successfully, but most of the survivors were wildtype and non-recombinant. The results revealed when applying the PMF1 marker-free system on C. abyssinica, 1) Increasing in the DEX concentration did not correspondingly enhance the success of recombination; 2) both of the DEX-induced recombination and 5-FC negative selection were apparently insufficient which was leading to the extremely high frequency in chimerism occurring for recombinant and non-recombinant cells in tissues; 3) the strategy of stepwise selection based on meristem tissue regeneration was crucial for successfully isolating the recombinant germplasm from the chimera.
VirtualMicroscopy: ultra-fast interactive microscopy of gigapixel/terapixel images over internet
Authors: Wang Ching-Wei , Huang Cheng-Ta , Hung Chu-Mei
Published: September 2015

As digital imaging technology advances, gigapixel or terapixel super resolution microscopic images become available. We have built a real time virtual microscopy technique for interactive analysis of super high resolution microscopic images over internet on standard desktops, laptops or mobile devices. The presented virtual microscopy technique is demonstrated to perform as fast as using a microscopy locally without any delay to assess gigapixel ultra high resolution image data through wired or wireless internet by a Tablet or a standard PC. More importantly, the presented technology enables analysis of super high resolution microscopic image across sites and time and allows multi-person analysis at the same time, which greatly speed up data analysis process and reduces miscommunication among scientists and doctors. A web site has been created for illustration purposes. (http://www-o.ntust.edu.tw/~cweiwang/VirtualMicroscopy).
A Bi-doped Li3V2(PO4)3/C cathode material with an enhanced high-rate capacity and long cycle stability for lithium ion batteries
Authors: Cheng Yi , Feng Kai , Zhou Wei , Zhang Hongzhang , Li Xianfeng , Zhang Huamin
Published: September 2015

A promising cathode material Li3V1.97Bi0.03(PO4)3/C for high-power Li rechargeable batteries shows excellent electrochemical performance.
Optimisation and costing of faecal sludge management options for Lusaka's informal settlements
Authors: Kennedy-Walker Ruth , Holderness Tomas , Alderson David , Amezaga Jaime M. , Paterson Charlotte A.
Published: September 2015

This paper presents a methodology to support the implementation of Faecal Sludge Management services in informal settlements in Lusaka, The Republic of Zambia.
Organic synthesis in fluoroalcohol-water two-phase systems
Authors: Weisner Nathaniel , Khaledi Morteza G.
Published: September 2015

Higher yields were observed for Friedel Crafts benzylations of arenes in HFIP–Water two phase systems that in pure solvents.
The reactivity of manganese dioxide towards different substrates in organic solvents
Authors: Alberti Angelo , Astolfi Paola , Carloni Patricia , Greci Lucedio , Rizzoli Corrado , Stipa Pierluigi
Published: September 2015

The diverse reactivity of MnO2 in organic solvents was evidenced, its reduction potential being estimated as 0.90 V vs. NHE.
Synthesis and formation mechanism of submicrometer ZrB2 powders via the Pechini-type polymerizable complex route
Authors: Yan Chunlei , Liu Rongjun , Zhang Changrui , Cao Yingbin , Long Xianhai
Published: September 2015

Synthesis and formation mechanism of submicrometer ZrB2 powders via the Pechini-type route.
Visual study of mass transfer characterization in the process of biological catalytic hydration of acrylonitrile using pendant drop method
Authors: Li Jiahui , Yang Lufan , Ding Xifeng , Chen Jie , Wang Yujun , Luo Guangsheng , Yu Huimin
Published: September 2015

In this work, a pendant drop method was utilized to observe visually the mass transfer process of an acrylonitrile droplet during bio-hydration.
Oxime ethers as versatile precursors in organic synthesis: a review
Authors: Mirjafary Zohreh , Abdoli Morteza , Saeidian Hamid , Boroon Sadjad , Kakanejadifard Ali
Published: September 2015

This review is a survey of the literature describing synthetic applications of oxime ethers. The cyclization and metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of oxime ethers in recent years are also highlighted.
Binding interaction of an anionic amino acid surfactant with bovine serum albumin: physicochemical and spectroscopic investigations combined with molecular docking study
Authors: Dasmandal Somnath , Kundu Arjama , Rudra Suparna , Mahapatra Ambikesh
Published: September 2015

Exploration of binding interaction between anionic amino acid surfactant and BSA.