bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time-clustering analysis of the 1978–2008 sub-crustal seismicity of Vrancea region
Authors: Telesca L. , Alcaz V. , Burtiev R. , Sandu I.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. The analysis of time-clustering behaviour of the sub-crustal seismicity (depth larger than 60 km) of the Vrancea region has been performed. The time span of the analyzed catalogue is from 1978 to 2008, and only the events with a magnitude of Mw ≥ 3 have been considered. The analysis, carried out on the full and aftershock-depleted catalogues, was performed using the Allan Factor (AF) that allows the identificatiion and quantification of correlated temporal structures in temporal point processes. Our results, whose significance was analysed by means of two methods of generation of surrogate series, reveal the presence of time-clustering behaviour in the temporal distribution of seismicity data of the full catalogue. The analysis performed on the aftershock-depleted catalogue indicates that the time-clustering is associated mainly to the aftershocks generated by the two largest events occurred on 30 August 1986 (Mw = 7.1) and 30 May 1990 (Mw = 6.9).
High resolution tsunami modelling for the evaluation of potential risk areas in Setúbal (Portugal)
Authors: Ribeiro J. , Silva A. , Leitão P.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. The use of high resolution hydrodynamic modelling to simulate the potential effects of tsunami events can provide relevant information about the most probable inundation areas. Moreover, the consideration of complementary data such as the type of buildings, location of priority equipment, type of roads, enables mapping of the most vulnerable zones, computing of the expected damage on man-made structures, constrain of the definition of rescue areas and escape routes, adaptation of emergency plans and proper evaluation of the vulnerability associated with different areas and/or equipment. Such an approach was used to evaluate the specific risks associated with a potential occurrence of a tsunami event in the region of Setúbal (Portugal), which was one of the areas most seriously affected by the 1755 tsunami. In order to perform an evaluation of the hazard associated with the occurrence of a similar event, high resolution wave propagation simulations were performed considering different potential earthquake sources with different magnitudes. Based on these simulations, detailed inundation maps associated with the different events were produced. These results were combined with the available information on the vulnerability of the local infrastructures (building types, roads and streets characteristics, priority buildings) in order to impose restrictions in the production of high-scale potential damage maps, escape routes and emergency routes maps.
Efficacy of estrogen plus progestin on menopausal symptoms in women with systemic lupus erythematosus: A randomized, double‐blind, controlled trial
Authors: Cravioto María‐del‐Carmen , Durand‐Carbajal Marta , Jiménez‐Santana Luisa , Lara‐Reyes Pilar , Seuc Armando H. , Sánchez‐Guerrero Jorge
Published: September 2011

Objective

To define the effects of continuous sequential estrogen plus progestin therapy on menopausal symptoms in women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Methods

We performed a randomized, double‐blind, 24‐month clinical trial involving 106 women with SLE who were in the menopausal transition or early or late postmenopause. Patients received continuous sequential estrogen plus progestin (n = 52) or placebo (n = 54). Menopausal symptoms were assessed using the Greene Climacteric Scale at 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, and 24 months. A new factor analysis of the scale reduced 21 items to 5 factors. The primary outcome was improvement of menopausal symptoms throughout the followup period. Results were analyzed by the intent‐to‐treat principle.

Results

At baseline, demographic and disease characteristics were similar in both groups. Fifteen of 21 menopausal symptoms had a prevalence of ≥50%, with a similar distribution between groups. Vasomotor factor scores decreased over time in both groups (P = 0.002), but in the estrogen plus progestin group the reduction was more pronounced than in the placebo group (1.5–2.0 versus 0.35–0.8 points on a scale of 0–6; P = 0.03). Maximum effects were observed among the most symptomatic women. Psychological, subjective–somatic, and organic–somatic factors scores also improved along time (P < 0.001), but the treatment and placebo arms improved to a similar degree. Thromboses occurred in 3 patients receiving estrogen plus progestin and in 1 patient receiving placebo.

Conclusion

Menopausal symptoms are highly prevalent in peri‐ and postmenopausal lupus patients. Estrogen plus progestin improved vasomotor symptoms at a clinically significant level, but not other menopausal symptoms. Given the thrombotic risks of menopausal hormone therapy, this should be used only in women with significant vasomotor symptoms.
Nanosized Anatase TiO2 Single Crystals with Tunable Exposed (001) Facets for Enhanced Energy Conversion Efficiency of Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Wu Xia , Chen Zhigang , Lu Gao Qing (Max) , Wang Lianzhou
Published: September 2011

This paper reports the synthesis of nanosized TiO2 single crystals with different percentages of exposed (001) facets in the presence of HF solution. Various characterizations are conducted to understand the correlation between particle morphology, exposed (001) facets and photo‐conversion efficiency of the nanosized anatase TiO2 single crystals. An enhancement in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) overall conversion efficiency is observed for the photoanode consisting of nanosized TiO2 single crystals with higher percentage of exposed (001) facets, increasing from 7.47%, 8.14% to 8.49% for the TiO2 single crystals with ca. 10%, 38%, and 80% percentage of exposed (001) facets. Experimentally confirmed by dark current potential and open‐circuit voltage decay scans, such highly exposed (001) facets are not only favorable for more dye adsorption but also effectively retard the charge recombination process in DSSCs.
Super‐Fast Switching of Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystals on 2D Single Wall Carbon Nanotube Networks
Authors: Lee Won‐Kyu , Choi Yeon Sik , Kang Young‐Gu , Sung Jinwoo , Seo Dae‐Shik , Park Cheolmin
Published: September 2011

We have developed a high performance liquid crystal (LC) alignment layer of ultra‐thin single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and a conjugated block copolymer nanocomposite that is solution‐processible for conventional twisted nematic (TN) LC cells. The alignment layer is based on the non‐destructive solution dispersion of nanotubes with a poly(styrene‐b‐ paraphenylene) (PS‐b‐PPP) copolymer and subsequent spin coating, followed by conventional rubbing without a post‐annealing process. Topographically grooved nanocomposite films with two dimensionally (2D) networked SWNTs embedded in a block copolymer matrix were created using a rubbing process in which bundles of SWNTs on the composite surface were effectively removed. The LCs were well aligned with a stable pre‐tilt angle of approximately 2° on our extremely transparent nanocomposite, which gave rise to superfast switching of the TN LC molecules that was approximately 3.8 ms, or four times faster than that on a commercial polyimide layer. Furthermore, the TN LCD cells containing our SWNT nanocomposite alignment layers exhibited low power operation at an effective switching voltage amplitude of approximately 1.3 V without capacitance hysteresis.
Efficient Regeneration of NADPH in a 3‐Enzyme Cascade Reaction by in situ Generation of Glucose 6‐Phosphate from Glucose and Pyrophosphate
Authors: Hartog Aloysius F. , van Herk Teunie , Wever Ron
Published: September 2011

We report here a promising method to regenerate NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) using the intermediate formation of glucose 6‐phosphate (G6P) from glucose and pyrophosphate (PPi) catalyzed by the acid phosphatase from Shigella flexneri (PhoN‐Sf). The G6P formed is used in turn by glucose 6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6P DH) to mediate the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH. The method was tested in a one‐pot system with three enzymes in which the NADPH generated was subsequently used by an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) from Lactobacillus kefir or Thermoanaerobium brockii to catalyze the enantioselective reduction of acetophenone to R‐(+)‐1‐phenylethyl alcohol or S‐(−)‐1‐phenylethyl alcohol, respectively with NADP+ as starting cofactor. We were able to synthesize 50 mL of 50 mM R‐(+)‐1‐phenylethyl alcohol in the presence of 5 mM PPi and 0.4 mM NADP+. The substoichiometric amount of PPi needed demonstrates that phosphate cycling occurs. Under optimal conditions a total turnover number for NADPH higher than 3000 was reached.
Use of Protease from Bacillus licheniformis as Promiscuous Catalyst for Organic Synthesis: Applications in CC and CN Bond Formation Reactions
Authors: López‐Iglesias María , Busto Eduardo , Gotor Vicente , Gotor‐Fernández Vicente
Published: September 2011

Commercially available protease from Bacillus licheniformis has been used in different non‐conventional biotransformations showing remarkable activity values. The promiscuous behaviour of this enzyme used in the cross‐linked enzyme aggregates immobilized form (Alcalase‐CLEA®), has been successfully demonstrated for the first time in CC bond formation processes such as aldol, Henry and Mannich reactions. On the other hand, the Bayllis–Hillman reaction between 4‐nitrobenzaldehyde and methyl vinyl ketone occurred through unspecific catalysis. Interestingly, aza‐ Michael addition reactions of secondary amines (diethylamine, piperidine and pyrrolidine) to acrylonitrile have been also efficiently catalyzed, observing with diethylamine the most remarkable differences between the enzyme‐mediated reaction and the one in the absence of catalyst. Higher reactivities were attained with pyrrolidine demonstrating the versatility of hydrolases in organic synthesis.
Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of α‐Aminonitriles to Form Chiral α‐Amino Acids
Authors: Yasukawa Kazuyuki , Hasemi Ryuji , Asano Yasuhisa
Published: September 2011

We have succeeded in the enzymatic synthesis of (R)‐α‐aminobutyric acid from racemic α‐aminobutyronitrile. This has been demonstrated by the use of non‐stereoselective nitrile hydratase (NHase) from Rhodococcus opacus 71D, D‐aminopeptidase from Ochrobactrum anthropi C1‐38 and α‐amino‐ε‐caprolactam (ACL) racemase from Achromobacter obae. Racemic α‐aminobutyronitrile was completely converted in 6 h at 30 °C to (R)‐α‐aminobutyric acid whose optical purity was more than 99%. (S)‐α‐Aminobutyric acid was also synthesized from α‐aminobutyronitrile by NHase, ACL racemase and L‐amino acid amidase from Brevundimonas diminuta TPU 5720. In a similar manner, other (R)‐ or (S)‐α‐amino acids with more than 97.5% ee could be synthesized from the corresponding α‐aminonitriles. This is the first report on the dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of α‐aminonitriles to form chiral α‐amino acids. The key enzyme in this DKR is non‐stereoselective NHase, which had been newly screened from soil samples, and its gene cloned.
Reliable predictors of neonatal immune thrombocytopenia in pregnant women with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: Koyama Shinsuke , Tomimatsu Takuji , Kanagawa Takeshi , Kumasawa Keiichi , Tsutsui Tateki , Kimura Tadashi
Published: September 2011

Of infants born to women with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), about 10–15% have transient neonatal immune thrombocytopenic purpura (NITP). Of concern is the lack of a reliable predictor for NITP. We conducted a retrospective study of all pregnancies with ITP at Osaka University Hospital over the past 16 years analyzing a total of 127 pregnancies in 88 women with ITP to assess the predictive value of various clinical factors regarding neonatal platelet count in the current pregnancy. We also reviewed the literature concerning ITP in pregnancy and NITP prediction. Neonatal platelet counts were less than 100 × 109/L in 20 of 130 neonates (15.4%), less than 50 × 109/L in 11 neonates (8.5%), and less than 20 × 109/L in three neonates (2.3%). There was a strong correlation between the first and second sibling regarding the occurrence and the severity of NITP with Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.55 (P = 0.001) at birth and 0.63 (P < 0.0001) at nadir after birth. A maternal platelet count less than 100 × 109/L at delivery showed a statistical trend for an association with the occurrence of NITP (P = 0.043). Moreover, maternal ITP refractory to splenectomy correlated with a higher risk for fetal or neonatal ICH according to the review of the literature. In conclusion, pregnant women who have had a previous offspring with NITP or who have ITP refractory to splenectomy may be at particular risk of delivering an offspring with significant NITP. Management decisions, including mode of delivery, may be altered by the degree of risk for potentially severe NITP. Am. J. Hematol., 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Umwandlung von Kohlendioxid mit Übergangsmetall‐Homogenkatalysatoren: eine molekulare Lösung für ein globales Problem?
Authors: Cokoja Mirza , Bruckmeier Christian , Rieger Bernhard , Herrmann Wolfgang A. , Kühn Fritz E.
Published: September 2011

In der Vergangenheit wurde eine Vielzahl von Methoden zur Verwendung von Kohlendioxid in der organischen Synthese entwickelt. Trotz der breiten Gesamtverfügbarkeit von CO2 auf der Erde ist sein Einsatz als Reaktant, insbesondere in der Synthesechemie, recht selten. In den letzten 35 Jahren wurde intensiv daran geforscht, kosten‐ und energieeffiziente katalytische Prozesse zu finden, um CO2 zu Carbonsäuren, Estern, Lactonen und Polymeren umzusetzen. Dieser Aufsatz fasst die bis heute vorhandenen homogenkatalytischen Routen zur Verwendung von CO2 als C1‐Kohlenstoffquelle für die Synthese industrieller Produkte sowie Feinchemikalien zusammen.
Acid–base behavior of an oligomer of 3‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole
Authors: Lamanna Melisa E. , de la Horra Enrique , Sanabria Juan , Jacobo Silvia E. , D'Accorso Norma B.
Published: September 2011

We report the acid–base behavior of OATA, an oligomer synthesized from 3‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole (ATA). We analyze the UV–vis spectroscopy at different media, and we analyze and discuss the acid–base equilibria taking into account tautomeric equilibria at different pH. The low aqueous solubility at neutral pH can be attributed to the neutral form. Indeed, OATA was synthesized in an ordinary filter paper, which can be used as a sensor for ammonia as well as endpoint indication. Using the OATA‐containing paper, ammonia concentrations in a solution as low as 5 ppm could be measured. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Effect of ZnS nanofiller and temperature on mechanical properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)
Authors: Agarwal Sonalika , Patidar Dinesh , Saxena N.S.
Published: September 2011

This article deals with the study of some mechanical properties of ZnS/poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposites prepared by solution casting method. The obtained ZnS/PMMA nanocomposites have ZnS nanoparticles in (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8) wt % and characterized through X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy measurements. Mechanical properties of ZnS/PMMA nanocomposites have been determined at different temperatures (30°C, 50°C, 70°C, and 90°C) through their stress–strain behavior using dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). The properties have been found to increase upto 6 wt % of ZnS nanoparticles and then decrease for 8 wt % of ZnS nanoparticles. A theoretical model has also been employed to predict the strain softening and strain hardening of the material. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Effect of the introduction of polydimethylsiloxane on the foaming behavior of block‐copolymerized polypropylene
Authors: Wang Mingyi , Ma Jun , Chu Raymond , Park Chul B. , Nanqiao Zhou
Published: September 2011

We investigated the effect of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) on the foaming properties of block‐copolymerized polypropylene (B‐PP) by blending different contents of PDMS with B‐PP in the extrusion process using supercritical CO2 as the blowing agent. The experimental results indicate that the addition of PDMS greatly increased the expansion ratio of the foamed samples. At the same time, the cell population density of foams obtained from the blends also increased to a certain degree and provided a new perspective on improving B‐PP's foaming performance. The addition of PDMS also decreased the die pressure because of the reduced viscosity of the B‐PP/PDMS blends compared with that of the B‐PP matrix. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Rapid monitoring of bisphenol‒A diglycidyl ether formation through byproduct estimation: A study by Fourier transform infra‐red spectroscopy
Authors: Sreenadhan Jayakumar , Guria Chandan
Published: September 2011

For identification and quantification of desired and undesired products during epoxy resin formation, polymerization of bisphenol‐A with the stoichiometric excess of epichlorohydrin is carried out using catalytic excess of alkali. The reaction is monitored using Fourier transform infra‐red (FT‐IR) spectroscopy technique. Major undesired products are unreacted monomers (bisphenol‐A and epichlorohydrin) and byproducts (chlorine and α‐glycol substituted diglycidal ether of bisphenol‐A), whereas the desired product is only diglycidal ether of bisphenol‐A. Molar concentrations of epichlorohydrin, bisphenol‐A, diglycidal ether of bisphenol‐A, chlorine substituted resin, and α‐glycol substituted resin in the polymerization mixture are analyzed and quantified using FT‐IR characteristic frequency bands at 925, 3448, 1344, 773, and 3641 cm−1, respectively. For optimal determination of process parameters on polymerization, effect of temperature and alkali loading on epoxy polymerization is carried to maximize the yield of diglycidal ether of bisphenol‐A with simultaneous minimizing the byproducts formation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Brain abnormalities in a Neuroligin3 R451C knockin mouse model associated with autism
Authors: Ellegood Jacob , Lerch Jason P. , Henkelman R. Mark
Published: September 2011

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used quite extensively for examining morphological changes in human and animal brains. One of the many advantages to examining mouse models of human autism is that we are able to examine single gene targets, like that of Neuroligin3 R451C knockin (NL3 KI), which has been directly implicated in human autism. The NL3 KI mouse model has marked volume differences in many different structures in the brain: gray matter structures, such as the hippocampus, the striatum, and the thalamus, were all found to be smaller in the NL3 KI. Further, many white matter structures were found to be significantly smaller, such as the cerebral peduncle, corpus callosum, fornix/fimbria, and internal capsule. Fractional anisotropy measurements in these structures were also measured, and no differences were found. The volume changes in the white matter regions, therefore, are not due to a general breakdown in the microstructure of the tissue and seem to be caused by fewer axons or less mature axons. A larger radial diffusivity was also found in localized regions of the corpus callosum and cerebellum. The corpus callosal changes are particularly interesting as the thinning (or reduced volume) of the corpus callosum is a consistent finding in autism. This suggests that the NL3 KI model may be useful for examining white matter changes associated with autism. Autism Res 2011,4:368–376. © 2011 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Täuschend ähnlich – Bemerkungen zur Geschichte des Modellexperiments
Authors: Brandstetter Thomas
Published: September 2011

Deceptively Similar. Remarks on the History of Model Experiments. The article argues for a reconsideration of what has been called ‘model experiments’ or ‘mimetic experiments’. After providing a short overview of the historical developments and the occurences of such types of experiments, three aspects pertaining to their practical functions are discussed. First, the aspect of control: Model experiments are often employed to get a grasp on phenomena that are otherwise beyond the control of human actors. Second, their aesthetic dimension: Model experiments often employ aesthetic strategies that, far from being epistemic obstacles, establish their function as models and may generate new areas of research. Third, meta‐theories: The practice of experimenting on models is often accompanied by discussions about their representativeness. Albeit triggered by problems in local contexts, this self‐reflective discourse did acquire a more general relevance with the formulation of scaling laws in the 19th century.
A novel chemiluminescence system for the determination of daidzein and its hydroxyl radical‐scavenging capacity
Authors: Cai Zhuo , Zhang Xian , Lu Deng‐Feng , Gan Jing‐Ni
Published: September 2011

A novel chemiluminescence (CL) system was established for the determinations of daidzein in pharmaceutical preparations and to assess its ability to scavenge hydroxyl radicals. It was shown that a strong CL signal generated when eosin Y was mixed with Fenton reagent was decreased significantly when daidzein was added to the reaction system due to partial scavenging of the hydroxyl radicals in the solution. The extent of decrease in the CL intensity had a good stoichiometric relationship with the daidzein concentration. Based on this, we developed a new method for the determination of daidzein, using a flow‐injection chemiluminescence (FI–CL) technique. Under the optimal conditions, the linear range of daidzein concentration was 8.0 × 10–8–3.0 × 10–6 mol/L (R = 0.9982), with a detection limit of 9.0 × 10–9 mol/L (S:N = 3), and the RSD was 5.8% for 1.0 × 10–6 mol/L daidzein (n = 11). This method was successfully used in the determination of daidzein in tablets and for evaluation of the hydroxyl radical‐scavenging capacity of daidzein. The possible reaction mechanism of the CL system is discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The N‐domain ofEscherichia coliphosphoglycerate kinase is a novel fusion partner to express aggregation‐prone heterologous proteins
Authors: Song Jong‐Am , Lee Dae‐Sung , Park Jin‐Seung , Han Kyung‐Yeon , Lee Jeewon
Published: September 2011

As a fusion partner to express aggregation‐prone heterologous proteins, we investigated the efficacy ofEscherichia coliphosphoglycerate kinase (ePGK) that consists of two functional domains (N‐ and C‐domain) and reportedly has a high structural stability. When the full‐length ePGK (F‐ePGK) was used as a fusion partner, the solubility of the heterologous proteins increased, but some of them still had a large fraction of insoluble aggregates. Surprisingly, the fusion expression using the N‐domain of ePGK (N‐ePGK) made the insoluble fraction significantly reduce to less than 10% for all the heterologous fusion proteins tested. Also, we evaluated the efficacy of N‐ePGK in making the target proteins be expressed with their own native function or structure. It was found that of human ferritin light chain, bacterial arginine deiminase, human granulocyte colony stimulating factor were synthesized evidently with the self‐assembly function,L‐arginine‐degrading activity, and the correct secondary structure, respectively, through the fusion expression using N‐ePGK. These results indicate that N‐ePGK is a highly potent fusion partner that can be widely used for the synthesis of a variety of heterologous proteins inE. coli. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:325–335. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pilot data on telmisartan short‐term effects on glucose metabolism in the olfactory tract in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Imabayashi Etsuko , Matsuda Hiroshi , Yoshimaru Kimiko , Kuji Ichiei , Seto Akira , Shimano Yasumasa , Ito Kimiteru , Kikuta Daisuke , Shimazu Tomokazu , Araki Nobuo
Published: September 2011

The possible effect of antihypertensive therapy on Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been studied, and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) have been suggested to exert an effect on cognitive decline. The purpose of this study is to clarify the functional effects of telmisartan, a long‐acting ARB, on AD brain using prospective longitudinal 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) studies. For this purpose, brain glucose metabolism of four hypertensive patients with AD was examined with FDG‐PET before and after administration of telmisartan. Studied subjects underwent three FDG‐PET studies at intervals of 12 weeks. Antihypertensive treatment except for telmisartan was started after the first FDG‐PET and continued for 24 weeks. Then 40–80 mg of telmisartan was added after the second FDG‐PET and continued for 12 weeks.Glucose metabolism was significantly decreased during the first 12 weeks without telmisartan use at an area (−10, 21, −22, x, y, z; Z = 3.56) caudal to the left rectal gyrus and the olfactory sulcus corresponding to the left olfactory tract. In contrast, the introduction of telmisartan during the following 12 weeks preserved glucose metabolism at areas (5, 19, −20, x, y, z; Z = 3.09; 6, 19, −22, x, y, z; Z = 2.88) caudal to the bilateral rectal gyri and olfactory sulci corresponding to the bilateral olfactory tracts. No areas showed decreased glucose metabolism after the introduction of telmisartan. In AD, amyloid‐β deposition is observed in the anterior olfactory nucleus (AON) of the olfactory tract. Glucose metabolism in AON may be progressively decreased and preserved by telmisartan.
Motor nerve lengths of twenty‐seven muscles in upper extremity
Authors: Kendi̇r Si̇mel , Şen Tüli̇n , Firat Tüzün , Leblebicioğlu A. Gürsel , Türker Tolga , Tekdemi̇r İbrahi̇m , Elhan Alai̇tti̇n
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study is to determine the lengths of motor nerves in the upper extremity. Motor nerves of 27 muscles in 10 cadavers (16 extremities) were dissected from their roots at the level of intervertebral foramen to the entry point of the nerves to the corresponding muscles. Distance between acromion and the lateral epicondyle of the humerus was also measured in all cadavers. Nerve length of the coracobrachialis muscle was the shortest (18.26 ± 1.64 cm), while the longest was the nerve of the extensor indicis (59.51 ± 4.80 cm). The biceps brachii, the extensor digitorum communis, and the brachialis muscles showed highest coefficient of variation that makes these nerve lengths of muscles inconsistent about their lengths. This study also offers quotients using division of the lengths of each nerve to acromion—the lateral epicondyle distance. Knowledge of the nerve lengths in the upper extremity may provide a better understanding the reinnervation sequence and the recovery time in the multilevel injuries such as brachial plexus lesions. Quotients may be used to estimate average lengths of nerves of upper extremity in infants and children. Moreover, reliability of the biceps brachii as a determinant factor for surgery in obstetrical brachial plexus lesions should be reconsidered due to its highest variation coefficient. Clin. Anat. 25:373–378, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Are there hemodynamic implications related to an axillary arch?
Authors: Provyn S. , Balestra C. , Delobel A. , Wilputte F. , Leduc O. , Pouders C. , Snoeck T.
Published: September 2011

The axillary arch (AA) has been thoroughly studied and described as a supernumerary muscle, present unilaterally or bilaterally. This study aims to provide an in vivo demonstration of the influence of an AA on vascular, biometrical, and hemodynamic parameters. Two‐hundred thirty‐nine subjects with a mean age of 21.3 ± 2.7 years participated in this study. After visual screening by two independent experts, 20 subjects (8.4%) presented with an AA unilaterally (n = 12) or bilaterally (n = 8). An echo‐Doppler examination of the vena and arteria axillaris was performed to measure blood flow, velocity of circulating elements, and blood vessel diameter in different positions of the arm (abduction: 45°, 90°, 90° combined with exorotation ‘ER’, 120°). The arteria axillaris parameters, measured in the test (n = 9; six women, three men) and control group (n = 11; six women, five men), were equivalent for all tested positions. The axillary vein parameters, compared to variations within the groups, revealed no significant differences. However, when comparing variation between groups, significant differences were found for (i) diameter in 90° abduction + ER and 120° abduction; (ii) velocity in 90° and 120° abduction. Blood flow demonstrated no significant difference between groups in any of the positions. The results of this study indicate that there is no functional vascular implication of the AA in the test samples. This study also questions the interpretation of some hypotheses regarding the AA and entrapment syndromes. Clin. Anat. 24:964–967, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Percolation in the PbM1‐xMx′O3 (M,M′: Ti, Cr, and V) Perovskites.
Authors: Arevalo‐Lopez Angel M. , Alario‐Franco Miguel A.
Published: September 2011

PbM1‐x1Mx2O3 (M1, M2: Ti, Cr, V) solid solutions are characterized by powder XRD, HRTEM, magnetization measurements, and strain mapping analysis.
ChemInform Abstract: A Mild Liquid Reduction Route Toward Uniform Blue‐Emitting EuCl2 Nanoprisms and Nanorods.
Authors: Jiang Weili , Bian Zuqiang , Hong Chenming , Huang Chunhui
Published: September 2011

Uniform EuCl2 nanoprisms and nanorods are synthesized by a new reduction route from mixtures of Eu(OOC‐CCl3)3 for nanoprisms or Eu(OAc)3 for nanorods and acetamidine hydrochloride (or picolinamidine hydrochloride) as the reductant in oleylamine (300 °C, 1 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Dimers of Ag2+ Ions — Synthesis and Characterization of the Quaternary Silver Fluoride Ag2ZnZr2F14 with [Ag2F7]3‐ Units.
Authors: Tong Jianwei , Kraus Florian , Koehler Juergen , Simon Arndt , Liu Jia , Whangbo Myung‐Hwan
Published: September 2011

Deep blue‐violet powders of Ag2ZnZr2F14 are synthesized by reaction of Zn(NO3)2, Ag, and ZrOCl2 (F2/Ar flow, 300 °C, 6 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Unprecedented Formation of Benzo[d][1,2,3,6]oxatriazocine Derivatives via Diazo‐Oxygen Bond Formation and Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure 1‐Alkyl Benzotriazole Derivatives.
Authors: Bera Saurav , Samanta Krishnananda , Panda Gautam
Published: September 2011

A series of an entirely new kind of amino acid‐derived benzo[d][1,2,3,6]oxatriazocine derivatives (II) is prepared via an one‐pot three step sequence, (i) diazotation, (ii) Tbs‐deprotection, and (iii) cyclization.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Synthesis of Homoallyloxyalcohols and 1,2‐Bis(homoallyloxy)ethanes Through Ring‐Opening Allylation of Cyclic Acetals with Allylsilanes over Solid Acids.
Authors: Motokura Ken , Yoneda Hirokazu , Miyaji Akimitsu , Sakamoto Yasuharu , Baba Toshihide
Published: September 2011

Ring opening allylation of cyclic acetals with allylsilanes proceeds smoothly over silica—alumina to give silyl ethers, e.g. (III) and (VI), which subsequently undergo hydrolysis on addition of water to the reaction mixture to give homoallyloxy alcohols, e.g. (VII), (IX) or (XI).
ChemInform Abstract: A Rapid and Simple Amine‐Catalyzed Microwave‐Assisted Isomerization of Maleamides into Fumaramides.
Authors: Majce Vita , Kocevar Marijan , Polanc Slovenko
Published: September 2011

Piperidine is shown to be the best catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium Nanoparticle‐Cored G1‐Dendrimer Stabilized by Carbon—Pd Bonds: Synthesis, Characterization and Use as Chemoselective, Room Temperature Hydrogenation Catalyst.
Authors: Kumar Venugopal K. Ratheesh , Gopidas Karical R.
Published: September 2011

The title catalyst is found to be a highly efficient, chemoselective, and reusable catalyst for the hydrogenation of carbon—carbon multiple bonds.
ChemInform Abstract: InBr3‐Catalyzed Reduction of Ketones with a Hydrosilane: Deoxygenation of Aromatic Ketones and Selective Synthesis of Secondary Alcohols and Symmetrical Ethers from Aliphatic Ketones.
Authors: Sakai Norio , Nagasawa Ken , Ikeda Reiko , Nakaike Yumi , Konakahara Takeo
Published: September 2011

An InBr3—Et3SiH reducing system is used to selectively convert ketones (I) and (III) to a variety of secondary alcohols (II) and (IV) in moderate to good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereospecific Mono‐ and Difluorination of the C7‐Bridge of Norbornenes.
Authors: Rajsfus David E. , Alter‐Zilberfarb Sari , Sharon Pessia , Meador Mary Ann B. , Frimer Aryeh A.
Published: September 2011

A series of norbornenes of type (II), (IV), and (VI), which are mono‐ or difluorinated at the C7 bridge, are prepared using DAST as fluorinating agent.
ChemInform Abstract: Green, Efficient and Practical Michael Addition of Arylamines to α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones.
Authors: Jiang Ran , Li Dan‐Hua , Jiang Jing , Xu Xiao‐Ping , Chen Tao , Ji Shun‐Jun
Published: September 2011

In the absence of a solvent and a catalyst, β‐arylamino ketones are obtained in most cases as neat products without the need of column chromatography.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Facilitated Direct Oxidative C—H Transformation of Allyl Arenes to Alkenyl Aldehydes.
Authors: Wang Teng , Xiang Shi‐Kai , Qin Chong , Ma Jun‐An , Zhang Li‐He , Jiao Ning
Published: September 2011

A direct oxidative approach to alkenyl aldehydes via allyl sp3 C—H functionalization is developed using an inexpensive iron catalyst to facilate this transformation.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Analgesic Effects of New Pyrrole Derivatives of Phencyclidene in Mice.
Authors: Ahmadi Abbas , Solati Jalal , Hajikhani Ramin , Pakzad Sara
Published: September 2011

New pyrrole derivative (VIb) shows analgesic effects against acute thermal pain in the tail immersion test and analgesic effects against acute chemical and chronic pain in the formalin test.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of 2‐Arylamino‐2‐imidazolines and 2‐Aminobenzimidazoles with Aminoiminomethanesulfonic Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Mohanazadeh Farajollah , Nami Navabe , Hosseini Samine Sadat
Published: September 2011

The reaction can also be conducted in water, but with lower yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Direct Alkenylation and Arylation of Arenes: Removable 2‐Pyridylsulfinyl Group Assisted C—H Bond Activation.
Authors: Yu Ming , Liang Zunjun , Wang Yongyong , Zhang Yuhong
Published: September 2011

In the presence of Pd(O‐Ac)2, arenes bearing a 2‐pyridylsulfinyl group undergo efficient and regioselective alkenylation and arylation to afford o‐substituted products.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of N‐Substituted 2‐[(1E)‐Alkenyl]‐4‐(1H)‐quinolone Derivatives as Antimycobacterial Agents Against Non‐Tubercular Mycobacteria.
Authors: Wube Abraham A. , Bucar Franz , Hochfellner Christina , Blunder Martina , Bauer Rudolf , Huefner Antje
Published: September 2011

The compounds (III) (30 examples) are tested in vitro against M.
ChemInform Abstract: A General Copper Powder Catalyzed Ullmann‐Type Reaction of 3‐Halo‐4(1H)‐quinolones with Various Nitrogen‐Containing Nucleophiles.
Authors: Audisio Davide , Messaoudi Samir , Peyrat Jean‐Francois , Brion Jean‐Daniel , Alami Mouad
Published: September 2011

A wide range of biologically interesting 3‐N‐substituted 4‐quinolones can be prepared in good to high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Amberlite—IRA‐402 (OH) Ion Exchange Resin Mediated Synthesis of Indolizines, Pyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinolines and Isoquinolines: Antibacterial and Antifungal Evaluation of the Products.
Authors: Mondal Nirup B. , et al. et al.
Published: September 2011

A novel one‐pot method for the synthesis of the title compounds (III), (V), (VI), (VIII), and (X) is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemoenzymatic Synthesis with Lipase Catalyzed Resolution and Evaluation of Antitumor Activity of (R/S)‐2‐[2‐Hydroxy‐3‐(4‐phenylpiperazin‐1‐yl)propyl]‐1H‐pyrrolo [3,4‐b]quinolin‐3(2H)‐one.
Authors: Nagarapu Lingaiah , Gaikwad Hanmant K. , Bantu Rajashaker , Manikonda Sheeba Rani
Published: September 2011

The compounds (+)‐(III) and (‐)‐(I) are screened for their antitumor activity against the human neuroblastoma SK‐N‐SH and human lung carcinoma A549 cell lines in vitro.
ChemInform Abstract: δ‐Carbolines and Their Ring‐Opened Analogues: Synthesis and Evaluation Against Fungal and Bacterial Opportunisitic Pathogens.
Authors: Mazu Tryphon K. , Etukala Jagan R. , Jacob Melissa R. , Khan Shabana I. , Walker Larry A. , Ablordeppey Seth Y.
Published: September 2011

A variety of substituted δ‐carbolinium analogues (VIII) (10 examples) of the natural product cryptolepine is designed and synthesized.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis, Vasorelaxant Properties and Molecular Modeling Studies of 2‐Amino‐8a‐methoxy‐4H‐pyrano[3,2‐c]pyridine‐3‐carbonitriles.
Authors: Girgis Adel S. , Ismail Nasser S. M. , Farag Hanaa
Published: September 2011

All the title compounds (IV) (14 examples), especially derivatives (IVb) and (IVc) exhibit considerable vasodilation activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Anticancer Activity of Oxindole Derived Imidazo[1,5‐a]pyridines (VIII).
Authors: Kamal Ahmed , Ramakrishna G. , Raju P. , Rao A. V. Subba , Viswanath A. , Nayak V. Lakshma , Ramakrishna Sistla
Published: September 2011

Among all the title compounds (VIII) (18 examples) synthesized, compound (VIIIc) shows significant and selective anticancer activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel Imidazo[1,5‐a]pyridine Derivatives.
Authors: Mihorianu Monica , Mangalagiu Ionel , Jones Peter G. , Daniliuc Constantin‐Gabriel , Franz M. Heiko , Neda Ion
Published: September 2011

A synthesis is given for title compounds (V) and (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Oppolzer‐Type Intramolecular Diels—Alder Cycloadditions via Isomerizations of Allenamides.
Authors: Feltenberger John B. , Hsung Richard P.
Published: September 2011

A variety of N‐tethered allenamides undergoes a tandem cycloaddition and isomerization or 1,3‐shift leading to the complex heterocyclic compounds mostly stereoselectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Transformation of Biginelli Pyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones to Pyrimidines. In vitro Evaluation as Inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Modulators of Cytostatic Activity.
Authors: Singh Kamaljit , Singh Kawaljit , Wan Baojie , Franzblau Scott , Chibale Kelly , Balzarini Jan
Published: September 2011

While none of the compounds tested for inhibition of M.tuberculosis displays useful activity, the nature of the C‐2 substituent is found to modulate the cytostatic activity in cell culture.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of Novel Pyrido[2,3‐d][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐a]pyrimidin‐5‐one Derivatives.
Authors: El‐Nassan Hala B.
Published: September 2011

All the synthesized title compounds are tested for their in vitro effect on human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF7).
ChemInform Abstract: Discovery of Fused Bicyclic Agonists of the Orphan G‐Protein Coupled Receptor GPR119 with in vivo Activity in Rodent Models of Glucose Control.
Authors: Semple Graeme , et al. et al.
Published: September 2011

Based on a known lead, a new structural series of agonists of the pancreatic and GI‐expressed orphan G‐protein coupled receptor GPR119 are designed and synthesized.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses, Structures, and Complexation of cis‐ and trans‐Cycloheptane‐1,2‐diyl‐fused Crown Thioethers ([12]ansS4).
Authors: Ishii Akihiko , Asami Sohei , Fujiwara Yoko , Ono Aya , Nakata Norio
Published: September 2011

The competitive complexation experiment indicates that cis compound (VIII) forms the complex with AgOTf more preferably than trans compound (XI).
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Germoles via the Activation of Carbon—Germanium Bonds.
Authors: Tobisu Mamoru , Baba Katsuaki , Chatani Naoto
Published: September 2011

Germylphenylboronic esters react with alkynes to yield benzogermole products with high yields and, in the case of unsymmetrical alkynes, with high regioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Access to New Chiral Ferrocenyl γ‐Lactams from Amino Alcohols.
Authors: Soueidan Mohamad , Jida Mouhamad , Bousquet Till , Niedercorn Francine Agbossou , Pelinski Lydie
Published: September 2011

The title lactams, e.g. (VII), can be used for the preparation of chiral ferrocenyl pyrrolidines such as (VIII) which are interesting precursors of ligands for metal catalysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Fischerisin A and B, Cytotoxic Sesquiterpenoid‐Geranylhydroquinones from Ligularia fischeri.
Authors: Xie Wei‐Dong , Li Xia , Weng Cheng‐Wu , Liu Shan‐Shan , Row Kyung Ho
Published: September 2011

The title compounds (I) and (II) are the first representatives of a novel sesquiterpenoid‐geranylhydroquinone hybrid.
ChemInform Abstract: Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries by Mechanochemical Methods
Authors: Yang L. C. , Qu Q. T. , Shi Y. , Wu Y. P. , Van Ree T.
Published: September 2011

Review: 112 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Nitrogen‐Modified Carbon‐Based Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction at USC.
Authors: Liu Gang , Li Xuguang , Lee Jong‐Won , Popov Branko N.
Published: September 2011

Review: 51 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Estrogen Receptor β Ligands: Recent Advances and Biomedical Applications
Authors: Minutolo Filippo , Macchia Marco , Katzenellenbogen Benita S. , Katzenellenbogen John A.
Published: September 2011

Review: 233 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Renaissance of Organic Synthesis Using Isocyanides
Authors: Tobisu Mamoru , Chatani Naoto
Published: September 2011

Review: 53 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of Imidazo[2,1‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles
Authors: Khazi Imtiyaz Ahmed M. , Gadad Andanappa K. , Lamani Ravi S. , Bhongade Bhoomendra A.
Published: September 2011

Review: synthesis, ring opening, reduction, substitution reactions, biological activities; 187 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Green Synthetic Strategies of Oxide Materials: Polysaccharides‐Assisted Synthesis. Part 1. Polysaccharide Roles in Metal Oxides Synthesis
Authors: Carp Oana , Visinescu Diana , Patrinoiu Greta , Tirsoaga Alina , Paraschiv Carmen , Tudose Madalina
Published: September 2011

Review: 49 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Modified Cyclodextrins with Pendant Cationic and Anionic Moieties as Hosts for Highly Stable Inclusion Complexes and Molecular Recognition
Authors: Kraus Tomas
Published: September 2011

Review: 104 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Asymmetric Synthesis of Monosaccharides and Analogues
Authors: Robina Inmaculada , Carmona Ana T. , Moreno‐Vargas Antonio J. , Moreno‐Clavijo Elena
Published: September 2011

Review: 127 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Synthesis of Functional Polysaccharides
Authors: Han Shuqin , Yoshida Takashi
Published: September 2011

Review: 57 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Recognition and Switching via Radical Dimerization
Authors: Spruell Jason M.
Published: September 2011

Review: 67 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Lipid Nanoemulsions for Anticancer Drug Therapy
Authors: Souto E. B. , Nayak A. P. , Murthy R. S. R.
Published: September 2011

Review: 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Protein Engineering of α/β‐Hydrolase Fold Enzymes
Authors: Jochens Helge , Hesseler Martin , Stiba Konstanze , Padhi Santosh Kumar , Kazlauskas Romas J. , Bornscheuer Uwe T.
Published: September 2011

Review: about 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Targeted Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems for Treatment of Solid Tumors
Authors: Bhattacharjee Himanshu , Balabathula Pavan , Wood George C.
Published: September 2011

Review: 133 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Protein Engineering Tools for Interfacing Proteins and Solid Supports with Exquisite Chemical Control
Authors: Camarero Julio A.
Published: September 2011

Review: 89 refs.
Chirality driven self‐assembly in a fluorescent organogel
Authors: Cicchi Stefano , Pescitelli Gennaro , Lascialfari Luisa , Ghini Giacomo , Bari Lorenzo DI , Brandi Alberto , Bussotti Laura , Atsbeha Tesfay , Marcelli Agnese , Foggi Paolo , Berti Debora , Mannini Matteo
Published: September 2011

In this work, we present the characterization of an enantiomeric pair of fluorescent dye organogelators and the properties of their stable gel at low concentration in organic solvents. The gels of both enantiomers and of their mixtures were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry, circular dichroism (CD), atomic force microscopy, UV–vis absorption, and fluorescence. The acquired data were supported by molecular modeling of the helical assembly of the gelators and by the simulation of their CD spectra by means of DeVoe method, and suggested the occurrence of an enantiomeric discrimination process during the formation of the gels. Chirality, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An estimate of the axial dispersion during flow through a compressible wood‐chip bed
Authors: Alaqqad M. , Bennington C. P. J. , Martinez D. M.
Published: September 2011

In this work, we present a methodology to characterise the axial dispersion of a solute during steady‐flow through a compressible bed of wood chips under mechanical load. We use a non‐invasive imaging technique, namely electrical resistance tomography (ERT), to visualise the uniaxial displacement of a salt solution. Here we demonstrate that under two limiting cases the porosity of the porous bed varies slowly in the flow‐direction and to the lowest order can be considered a constant. This simplified the optimisation routine we used to match the experimental data to the numerical results of the advection–diffusion equation. Using this, a methodology to estimate the axial dispersion is given by a minimisation scheme. In the experimental portion of the work we measure the axial dispersion of a bed of hemlock wood chips at three different kappa numbers κ, and compacted to three different compaction pressures pc. We find that the dispersion De in the axial direction varies as a function of the porosity ε, according to $D_{{\rm e}} = a\varepsilon {}^{b} $, where a = 7.2 × 10−4 m2/s and b = −3.8 for hemlock wood chips. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Charge density in non‐isotropic electrolytes conducting current
Authors: Kennell Glyn F. , Evitts Richard W.
Published: September 2011

This article presents applications of an electrochemical model that can predict concentrations and electric current distributions assuming neither electroneutrality nor negligible concentration gradients. This numerical model is used to analyse two cases: a liquid‐junction and a lithium‐ion cell. For both cases, it is shown how the inclusion of charge density effects on the electric field is beneficial. For the case of a liquid‐junction the predicted potential gradient is compared with values experimentally and numerically determined by other researchers. For the case of a charging lithium‐ion cell, a phenomenon seen experimentally (but not previously reported by other models) is predicted. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Direct Double Electrophilic Fluorination of Allenoic Acids and Tosylamides to Give 1,1‐Difluoroallylic Heterocyclic Compounds
Authors: Cui Haifeng , Chai Zhuo , Lu Yingpeng , Li Peng , Zhao Gang , Zhu Shizheng
Published: September 2011

A novel and facile preparation of 1,1‐difluoroallyl substituted five‐membered lactones or pyrrolidines in moderate yields through direct double electrophilic fluorination of 4,5‐allenoic acids or tosylamides with SelectfluorTM F‐TEAD‐BF4 is described.