bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Flow Dependency Introduced by Background Error in Frequent and Dense Assimilation of Radial Winds Using Observation Error Correlated in Time and Space
Authors: Fujita Tadashi , Seko Hiromu , Kawabata Takuya
Published: March 2022

We investigated the effect of flow dependency in the assimilation of high-density, high-frequency observations. Radial winds from a Doppler radar are assimilated using a regional hybrid four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) scheme with a flow-dependent background error covariance. To consistently assimilate 5 km × 5.625° cell-averaged radial winds at an interval of 10 min, the spatial and temporal correlations of the observation error are statistically diagnosed to be incorporated into the hybrid 4D-Var. The spatial correlation width is larger than that expected from instrument error, suggesting a contribution from representation error whose propagation is also considered to lead to temporal correlation, the width of which is diagnosed to increase with forecast time. The background error covariance also has an important role in incorporating observational information into the analysis. Single observation experiments show that the hybrid 4D-Var has more small-scale structure in its flow-dependent background error correlation than the 4D-Var limited from the climatological background error covariance mainly in the former part of the assimilation window. This suggests the higher potential of the hybrid 4D-Var to allow more higher-wavenumber components in the increment. A case study shows that the hybrid 4D-Var makes better use of the dense and frequent observations, reflecting more detailed representation of flow throughout the assimilation window, leading to promising results in the forecast. Sensitivity experiments also show that it is important to use the optimal observation error correlation. It is suggested that the flow-dependent background error becomes necessary to effectively use high-resolution, high-frequency observations.
Overlapping Windows in a Global Hourly Data Assimilation System
Authors: Slivinski Laura C. , Lippi Donald E. , Whitaker Jeffrey S. , Ge Guoqing , Carley Jacob R. , Alexander Curtis R. , Compo Gilbert P.
Published: March 2022

The U.S. operational global data assimilation system provides updated analysis and forecast fields every 6 h, which is not frequent enough to handle the rapid error growth associated with hurricanes or other storms. This motivates development of an hourly updating global data assimilation system, but observational data latency can be a barrier. Two methods are presented to overcome this challenge: “catch-up cycles,” in which a 1-hourly system is reinitialized from a 6-hourly system that has assimilated high-latency observations; and “overlapping assimilation windows,” in which the system is updated hourly with new observations valid in the past 3 h. The performance of these methods is assessed in a near-operational setup using the Global Forecast System by comparing forecasts with in situ observations. At short forecast leads, the overlapping windows method performs comparably to the 6-hourly control in a simplified configuration and outperforms the control in a full-input configuration. In the full-input experiment, the catch-up cycle method performs similarly to the 6-hourly control; reinitializing from the 6-hourly control does not appear to provide a significant benefit. Results suggest that the overlapping windows method performs well in part because of the hourly update cadence, but also because hourly cycling systems can make better use of available observations. The impact of the hourly update relative to the 6-hourly update is most significant during the first forecast day, while impacts on longer-range forecasts were found to be mixed and mostly insignificant. Further effort toward an operational global hourly updating system should be pursued.
Laparoscopic Right Hemicolectomy With Complete Mesocolic Excision and Central Vascular Ligation Using a Right Colon Rotation Technique (Flip-Flap Method)
Authors: Tei Mitsuyoshi , Sueda Toshinori , Yoshikawa Yukihiro , Hasegawa Junichi
Published: March 2022

Background: Laparoscopic right hemicolectomy (Lap-RHC) with complete mesocolic excision (CME) and central vascular ligation (CVL) is technically challenging. A standardized procedure is thus needed to minimize technical hazards. Technique: We have developed the “flip-flap method,” comprising repeated inversion and restoration of the mobilized right colon according to the anatomical complexity and vascularity in Lap-RHC, and showed that this technique is safe, feasible, and useful in terms of CME and CVL. Our study included 30 consecutive patients who underwent Lap-RHC using the flip-flap method between April 2018 and December 2020. The short-term surgical outcomes suggested this method was safe and feasible. We report herein the surgical procedure for this flip-flap method. The hepatic flexure is mobilized, then the ileocecal vessels are divided, and the cecum is separated from the retroperitoneal space. The mobilized right colon is rotated to the left of the superior mesenteric vein, continuing to separate the mesentery from right to left, and the right colic vessels are divided. If division of the right colic vessels is technically difficult, the inverted right colon is restored to its original position, and the right colon vessels are divided. Finally, the transverse mesenteric fat is dissected along the left edge of the superior mesenteric artery to the inferior border of the pancreas. Conclusions: We consider that the most useful point of this technique is the ability to develop an optimal operative field according to the anatomical complexity and vascularity of the individual, securing CME without unexpected bleeding or damage to other organs.
Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction in COVID-19: A Global Bibliometric and Visualized Analysis
Authors: Zyoud Sa’ed H. , Shakhshir Muna , Koni Amer , Shahwan Moyad , Jairoun Ammar A. , Al-Jabi Samah W.
Published: March 2022

Objectives:

Coronavirus illness (COVID-19) has been found to alter infected people’s sense of smell and taste. However, the pathobiology of this virus is not yet known. Therefore, it is critical to investigate the influence of COVID-19 infection on olfactory and gustatory processes. Therefore, we use bibliometric analysis on COVID-19 and olfactory and/or gustatory dysfunction publications to provide studies perspective.

Methods:

A bibliometric literature search was performed in the Scopus database. The number and type of publications, countries for publications, institutional sources for publications, journals for publications, citation patterns, and funding agencies were analyzed using Microsoft Excel or VOSviewer. In addition, the VOSviewer 1.6.17 software was used to analyze and visualize hotspots and collaboration patterns between countries.

Results:

Scopus has published 187 088 documents for COVID-19 in all study fields at the time of data collection (July 26, 2021). A total of 1740 documents related to olfactory and/or gustatory dysfunction were recovered. The countries most relevant by the number of publications were the United States (n = 362, 20.80%), Italy (n = 255, 14.66%), and the United Kingdom (n = 173, 9.94%). By analyzing the terms in the titles and abstracts, we identified 2 clusters related to olfactory and/or gustatory dysfunction research, which are “diagnosis and test methods” and “prognosis and complications of the disease.”

Conclusions:

This is the first bibliometric analysis of publications related to COVID-19 and olfactory and/or gustatory dysfunction. This study provides academics and researchers with useful information on the publishing patterns of the most influential publications on COVID-19 and olfactory and/or gustatory dysfunction. Olfactory and/or gustatory dysfunction as indices of suspicion for the empirical diagnosis of coronavirus infection is a new hotspot in this field.
The challenges ahead for psychedelic ‘medicine’
Authors: Muthukumaraswamy Suresh , Forsyth Anna , Sumner Rachael L
Published: March 2022

With the extensive public, commercial and scientific interest from what has been widely termed the psychedelic renaissance, it is important that the scientific practices and results obtained from its implementation into medicine are put under a critical microscope. While there are numerous works on the potential benefits and applications of psychedelics as medicines, relatively little has been written about the challenges this field will face when incorporated into modern medical practice. Indeed, as a new or at least revived area of investigation, psychedelic medicine has a particular set of challenges which need to be addressed. In this viewpoint, we identify a number of these challenges. First, challenges related to the design of individual research studies are discussed, particularly focusing on current practices surrounding blinding, expectancy, the use of therapy and sources of bias. Second, the broader context of the research environment is considered, including how medical science typically establishes evidence, funding bodies and the impact of psychedelics being scheduled at odds with their risk profile. Finally, we describe challenges relating to the implementation of psychedelic therapies into modern medicine, considering the social and economic context. Alongside, we provide suggestions for what could be included into current research protocols to mitigate these challenges.
Occupational Therapy Practice in Palliative and End-of-Life Care in Québec
Authors: Talbot-Coulombe Claudia , Bravo Gina , Carrier Annie
Published: March 2022

Background. There is an emerging evidence base about the scope of occupational therapy in palliative and end-of-life care, but little is known about this practice in Québec or barriers impeding it. Purpose. To describe Québec occupational therapists’ practice in palliative and end-of-life care and barriers they encounter. Method. Using the Québec regulatory board members list, we invited occupational therapists working in palliative and end-of-life care to answer an online survey comprising 24 closed- and 5 open-ended questions. We analyzed data using descriptive statistics and content analysis. Findings. The 67 survey participants mainly optimized comfort and safety in meaningful occupations such as mobility, transfers, and hygiene. Barriers to their practice included organizational obstacles and unfamiliarity with their role. Implications. Findings highlight the need to improve education and awareness among occupational therapists and other healthcare professionals about the scope of what occupational therapists can do in palliative and end-of-life care.
Policing in a Post-Conflict State: Evidence from Uganda
Authors: Dow David A.
Published: March 2022

How do governments in post-conflict settings provide for policing within their countries? I argue that leaders respond to both electoral concerns and security threats in shaping the geographic provision of policing infrastructure. Focusing on Uganda, I contend that the territorial expansion of policing has followed a distinct political logic. First, I use panel data on police infrastructure to demonstrate increased construction in counties with previously lower electoral support for the incumbent regime. Additionally, I find that counties with violence are more likely to experience increases in construction, but especially in areas where the incumbent has more support. Finally, I show that (1) proximity to police infrastructure is associated with worse individual perceptions of the police and (2) that increased construction of police infrastructure has large significant effects on reducing voter turnout while increasing vote share for the incumbent president. These findings have important implications for post-conflict reconstruction, stability, and violence.
“Not for the Weak”: The Lived Experience of Women in Romantic Relationships With Incarcerated Individuals
Authors: Tadros Eman , Presley Sarah , Gomez Eunice
Published: March 2022

The impacts of incarceration extend to the entire family system. The relational impact of incarceration is compounded by the increasing stressors romantic partners experience during incarceration. Romantic relationships are multifaceted and necessitate honoring the voices at the center of experience that are often silenced. Individuals in a romantic relationship with an incarcerated individual were interviewed to understand their lived experience using a phenomenological approach. Five themes (stigma, mental health services, suggestions, impact of incarceration, and limitations) emerged from the eight interviews. Implications are discussed to advocate for this population through research and clinical work.
Nuance in “No Excuses”: Unexpected Progressive Pedagogy and Policy
Authors: Harrison Monique H.
Published: March 2022

“No Excuses” charter schools are at the center of many debates in education policy. First, what accounts for their test success, excellent learning environments or merely test preparation? Second, are strict behavior policies necessary to create efficient learning environments or are they harmful to students and their ability to navigate authority? This study uses classroom observations, student surveys, and interviews of administrators, teachers and students to understand the dynamics of pedagogy and discipline in two high-performing charter schools in New York City. Surprisingly, what makes these top “no excuses” schools successful is what distances them from the “no excuses” standard definitions. The schools displayed progressive mathematics pedagogy, reflective and abridged discipline practices, and strong school cultures that retained both students and teachers. These findings suggest that there are more nuances in the “no excuses” model than previously known and which need to be understood before continued replication.
Severity and Hospitalization Cost Related to Warfarin-Related Adverse Events in a Tertiary Malaysian Hospital
Authors: George Doris , Wong Chung Aun , Thanimalai Subramaniam , Tan Hoo Seng
Published: March 2022

Introduction: Oral anticoagulant is essential for the treatment and prevention of thromboembolism. Warfarin is an effective oral anticoagulant in prevention and treatment of thromboembolism. However, warfarin is frequently associated with adverse event (AE) requiring hospitalization. Method: We performed a retrospective cohort study of all patients admitted to a large tertiary public hospital for warfarin-related AEs. Patients were grouped based on bleeding severity and the direct medical cost was also calculated. Results: During the 4 years study period, a total of 224 patients were admitted for warfarin-related AEs. Mean age of patients admitted was 65.1 years (standard deviation [SD] = 11.5). More than half, 59.6%, of them were on warfarin for prevention of stroke in atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. Major bleeding occurred among 50.9% of the patients with gastrointestinal bleed, 34 (29.8%), as the common site of bleed. Patients with major bleed had longer median hospital stay of 4 days (interquartile range [IQR] = 5) compared to 3 (IQR = 3) days in non-major bleed. There were 17 (14.9%) death among the major bleeders. Mean medical cost for managing warfarin-related AEs was USD 708.08. Conclusion: The admitted patients were equally distributed in terms of bleeding severity. Medical cost incurred for managing warfarin-related AEs increased with the severity of bleeding.
Technology Intensive Exports and Growth of Asian Economies
Authors: Siddiqui Areej Aftab
Published: March 2022

The emphasis on enhancing and specialising in technology exports and altering policy environment in Asian economies has been dominant since 2000. The present study is an attempt to empirically investigate the effect of technology exports on enhancing growth of Asian economies during the period 2001 to 2018. To assess the linkages between growth, investments, labour productivity and technology exports, panel least squares with cross section weights is applied for the economies. To assess the relationship between the variables for each individual country ARDL technique is applied. The results indicate long run relationship between low, medium low and medium high technology exports and growth as well as domestic investment and growth. For individual nations, the results indicate varying intensity of technology exports have a different relationship with growth. The results also suggest the need for Government of each nation to enhance its effort on the development of policies which focus on attracting investments and further promoting exports of technology intensive sectors.

JEL Codes: F14, F60, O19
Mental health help-seeking among Brazilian medical students: Who suffers unassisted?
Authors: Bastos Tamires Martins , Bumaguin Daniela Benzano , Astolfi Vitória Rech , Xavier Aurora Zamora , Hoffmann Mauricio Scopel , Ornell Felipe , Spritzer Daniel Tornaim , Bassols Ana Margareth Siqueira , von Diemen Lisia , Laskoski Pricilla Braga , Hauck Simone
Published: March 2022

Introduction:

Several barriers for mental health help-seeking were identified among medical students, including minimizing mental illness. Studies examining aspects particular to those who perceive psychological impairment but do not access treatment are necessary for planning interventions.

Aims:

To identify help-seeking barriers based on the students’ perception about their need for treatment and psychiatric symptoms. Methods: Cross-sectional study assessing 436 Brazilian medical students (833 attending the medical school = 52.3% response rate). Data collection covered sociodemographic data, mental health, academic environment, and Beck Inventories of Depression (BDI) and Anxiety (BAI). Non-parametric tests and hierarchical logistic regression were used to compare students undergoing treatment, those willing to access treatment, and the ones reporting no need for treatment.

Results:

Among the 382 students who completed the survey (87.6% completion rate), 38.5% ( n = 147) were in treatment, and 33% ( n = 126) were in need. Moderate to severe risk of alcohol abuse was observed in 45.9% ( n = 50) of students reporting no need for treatment. Regression models suggested that perceiving need for treatment – whether already undergoing it or not – was associated with the severity of depressive symptoms (OR 1.14 [95% CI 1.07–1.21]), female assigned sex (OR 2.18 [95% CI 1.23–3.88]), LGBTQ+ (OR 2.47 [95% CI 1.09–5.60]) and reporting good relationship with the family (OR 0.26 [95% CI 0.08–0.83]). Models comparing students in treatment and those in need, pointed that the factors associated with lacking mental health care were age (OR 0.90 [95% CI 0.82–0.99]), perception of a heavy workload (OR 2.43 [95% CI 1.35–4.38]) and good relationship with colleagues (OR 3.51 [95% CI 1.81–6.81]).

Discussion:

Social variables and the severity of depressive symptoms are positively associated with perceived need for treatment. Age and academic environment factors were related to help-seeking behavior among students with appropriate self-awareness. We discuss these findings’ implications for planning interventions.
Beyond the state: Developments and trends in critical social work in Switzerland and Hungary
Authors: Temesváry Zsolt , Drilling Matthias
Published: March 2022

This article examines the developments and current trends in the practice of critical social work in Hungary and Switzerland based on the international literature on critical social work, as well as Hungarian and Swiss publications that are less known to the international scientific community. The study concludes that contemporary Swiss and Hungarian critical social work is in close relationship with civil society and is particularly effective in intervening where state-run social services are less efficient. This includes the areas of migration aid and homeless care in both countries, and the support of the Roma people in Hungary.
Scenario of Higher Education in North-East India with Special Reference to Tribals of Tripura
Authors: Narzary Pralip Kumar , Debbarma Solomon , Brahma Heya , Basumatari Sibani , Baglari Jeemina
Published: March 2022

All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) 2019–2020 exhibits a mix scenario of higher education in North-East India. Tripura is the only state among North-Eastern states whose GER of ST students is lower than the GER of ST students at the national level and is much lower than other North-Eastern states. In Tripura, the female–male ratio of enrolment in higher education is in favour of male throughout all the levels of education. The scenario of higher education in Tripura suggests that there is a need to take immediate steps to encourage students, especially female students, to enrol in higher education.
Improving the Recruitment and Retention of Counselors in Rural Substance Use Disorder Treatment Programs
Authors: Murphy Jennifer
Published: March 2022

While access to drug treatment has increased in recent years, there is still a shortage of substance use disorder (SUD) treatment counselors in the United States, especially in rural areas. This study examined recruitment and retention issues for counselors in rural substance use disorder treatment programs. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 26 program, clinical, and/or human resource directors of SUD treatment programs. Almost all interviewees had problems recruiting high-quality counselors although only a small number saw retention as a significant issue. Improving educational opportunities and training related to addictions counseling could result in more people entering the SUD treatment field. Strategies for improving retention of counselors include more supportive and inclusive management practices. The stigma of SUD also contributed to recruitment and retention problems.
Do Diacritics Entail an Early Processing Cost in the Absence of Abstract Representations? Evidence from Masked Priming in English
Authors: Perea Manuel , Gomez Pablo , Baciero Ana
Published: March 2022

Using the masked priming technique, word recognition experiments in various languages have shown slower response times for a target word like NEVEU (nephew, in French) when preceded by a diacritical prime like néveu than by the identity prime neveu. The most common account of this effect is linguistic: diacritical and non-diacritical vowels (e.g., é and e) activate different letter representations (e.g., compare neveu /nə.vø/ vs. néveu /ne.vø/). However, another explanation is that the reduced effectiveness of the diacritical primes is merely due to the perceptual salience of accent marks in the first moments of word processing. Here, we designed a masked priming experiment that tested this perceptual salience account by comparing the effectiveness of diacritical versus non-diacritical primes in a language where diacritics have no linguistic value, namely, English (e.g., nórth-NORTH vs. north-NORTH). We found a small but reliable cost due to the diacritical primes, thus revealing that perceptual salience reduced the effectiveness of the primes. However, the effect sizes were substantially smaller than in the experiments in languages with diacritical marks, thus suggesting that the néveu-NEVEU versus neveu-NEVEU difference relies on both linguistic and perceptual sources.
Awareness, Acceptance, Avoidance: Home Care Aides’ Approaches to Death and End-of-Life Care
Authors: Tsui Emma K. , Reckrey Jennifer M. , Franzosa Emily , LaMonica Marita , Gassama Seedoumuktar , Boerner Kathrin
Published: March 2022

Death and dying are woven throughout the work of home care aides, and yet the care they provide at the end of life (EOL) remains poorly understood. This is due in part to the multiple circumstances under which aides provide EOL care. In this paper, we elucidate the EOL care experiences of aides working in home care agencies in New York City. We conducted in-depth interviews with 29 home care aides, and we analyzed these data using inductive, team-based methods. Our findings show that aides may not be aware of or accept a client’s EOL status, and they may avoid EOL care. These conditions shape EOL care, and we detail the committed forms of care aides provide when they are aware and accepting. We recommend improved training, support systems, and policy change to enhance aides’ contributions to EOL care, while protecting aides’ health and well-being.
The Role of Novel Citizenship Norms in Signing and Sharing Online Petitions
Authors: Vaughan Michael , Vromen Ariadne , Porten-Cheé Pablo , Halpin Darren
Published: March 2022

Ideas about what makes a ‘good citizen’ continue to evolve alongside the digitalisation of political participation. We examine these interrelated trends through an in-depth analysis of the normative basis for contemporary online petitioning. This article uses original survey data in Australia and Germany to confirm the emergence of distinctive ‘contribution’ citizenship norms which emphasise the importance of sharing content through networked communications infrastructures. We then examine the relationship between these novel citizenship norms and online petitioning, differentiating online petitioning along two dimensions of mode (signing versus sharing) and frequency. First, we find ‘contribution’ norms are more associated with sharing online petitions than signing them. Second, ‘contribution’ norms are more associated with high-frequency sharing and signing, as opposed to more casual instances of participation. In combination, these findings show that contribution norms are distinctively associated with more intensive forms of online petitioning (e.g. frequent sharing), while more casual forms (such as casual signing) are supported by a more diverse range of normative orientations. We conclude that the way citizens engage with online petitions reflects, in part, their normative orientation to contributing information towards networked communication infrastructures.
The Formalization of Informal Workers at Hyundai Motor Company
Authors: Kang Minhyoung
Published: March 2022

Hyundai Motor Company (HMC) has departed from the general tendency in the neoliberal era toward labor casualization. Nonregular workers at HMC have succeeded in having their employment status converted from precarious to permanent. I investigate why informal workers at HMC have been more successful in regularizing their status than informal workers in the shipbuilding industry. I contend that the deskilled labor process in automobile production provides favorable conditions for informal workers to organize themselves and stage disruptive protests. These differences in the labor process, however, cannot fully explain the success of HMC given the failure in other automobile factories. I argue that self-organization and protests led by rank-and-file informal workers as well as solidarity from left-leaning formal workers played decisive roles in formalizing informal workers at HMC. I conclude by stressing the importance of structural conditions and workers’ collective actions in explaining the divergent outcomes in limiting dualization.
Long-Term Impact of Grandchild Caregiving Trajectories on Depression in Middle-Aged and Older Chinese People: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Li Haomiao , Gan Li , Xu Dong (Roman) , Chen Jiangyun
Published: March 2022

There has been little research investigating the effects of caregiving for grandchildren on grandparents’ mental health from a dynamic perspective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects on caregivers’ depression of changes in grandparenting intensity. The study population included 8,157 respondents obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Latent growth mixture modeling was used to group respondents into five classes of trajectory of caregiving intensity as follows: “sharply decreasing”, “never or rarely”, “slowly decreasing”, “increasing”, and “continuously high”. A generalized additive mixed model (GAMM) and a marginal structural model (MSM) both associated the “continuously high” and “sharply decreasing” intensities with depression. “Continuously high” intensity significantly increased the risk of depression in the male group only. Further research should be conducted to analyze the deep-seated mechanisms of association between grandparenting and mental health, in different cultural contexts and among subgroups with different characteristics.
Functional Deficits in Juveniles Evaluated for Adjudicative Competence
Authors: Riggs Romaine Christina L.
Published: March 2022

Evaluations of juvenile adjudicative competence (AC) are frequently ordered, yet significant gaps remain in the field’s understanding of referred youth. Using a sample of 277 court-ordered evaluations of juvenile AC, this study provides further support for the relationship of age and intelligence with competence, but other factors remain inconsistent. In the current study, developmental immaturity was associated with competence. Youth showed highest rates of deficits in the functional capacities of rational appreciation, ability to assist counsel, and decision-making. Within factual understanding, the highest rates of deficits were seen for the understanding of charges, plea bargains, the trial purpose, and juvenile justice commitment. This study provides the first empirical estimate of the proportion of youth (9%–30%) who demonstrate factual, but not rational understanding, and highlights areas that may be underreported in reports to the court. Implications for evaluations and research are described, including a focus on mental health symptoms and rational appreciation.
Who Believes the “50 Great Myths of Psychology”?
Authors: Meinz Elizabeth J. , Tennison Jennifer L. , Dominguez Whitney A.
Published: March 2022

Background

Furnham and Hughes (2014) previously reported that a sample of adults was only able to recognize 37% of 249 myths based on those presented in Lilienfeld et al.’s (2009) Great Myths of Popular Psychology.

Objective

We sought to replicate these findings and to investigate predictors (e.g., education, cognitive ability, and personality) of beliefs in these myths in both lower- and upper-division courses.

Method

Over 150 psychology students completed a test of psychomythological beliefs, demographics, tests of cognitive ability, and measures of personality.

Results

Our sample identified a similar, but slightly higher percentage of the myths than those recognized by Furnham and Hughes’ sample. Myth acceptance was high among both introductory- and senior-level psychology students, but seniors believed significantly fewer myths, and the number of psychology courses taken was negatively related to false beliefs in the full sample. A larger general knowledge base and high intellectual openness predicted myth rejection; group membership did not moderate these effects.

Conclusion

Education and some individual differences variables likely play a role in psychomythological beliefs.

Teaching Implications

Psychology faculty should continue working to dispel psychological myths, and also redouble their efforts to enhance students’ core knowledge base, critical thinking, and intellectual curiosity.
Defensive Confidence and Certainty in Unchanged Attitudes: The Role of Affect–Cognition Matching
Authors: Ng Wei Jie Reiner , Bu Chi , See Ya Hui Michelle
Published: March 2022

Despite much prior research on matching appeals to the affective–cognitive orientation of attitudes, little attention has focused on the consequences of affect–cognition (mis)matching when individuals resist persuasion. We propose that unlike a matched attack, an attack that is mismatched to the affective–cognitive orientation of attitudes would result in low defensive confidence individuals holding onto their unchanged attitudes with less certainty than high defensive confidence individuals. As hypothesized, low defensive confidence participants were less certain after an affective than a cognitive attack for a cognitive issue (Study 1), and the opposite was true for an affective issue (Study 2). Both patterns occurred again when the affective–cognitive orientation of attitudes was manipulated (Study 3) or measured as an individual difference (Study 4). Moreover, perceived knowledge mediated the effects on attitude certainty (Study 4). We end by discussing implications for our understanding of affect–cognition matching and attitude certainty.
MathUSE: Mathematical information retrieval system using universal sentence encoder model
Authors: Dadure Pankaj , Pakray Partha , Bandyopadhyay Sivaji
Published: March 2022

In the scientific field, mathematical formulae are a significant factor in communicating the ideas and the fundamental principles of any scientific knowledge. Nowadays, the scientific research community generates a huge number of documents that comprise both textual and mathematical formulae. For the retrieval of textual information, numerous retrieval systems are present that generate excellent results. Nevertheless, these textual information retrieval systems are insufficient to handle the structure and scripting styles of the mathematical formulae. The recent past has perceived the research, which intends to retrieve the textual and mathematical formulae, but their impoverished results are symptomatic to the scope of improvement. In this article, we have implemented the formula-embedding approach, which encodes the formulae into fixed dimensional embedding vectors. For encoding of formula, we have used universal sentence encoder–based sentence-embedding model, which relies on transformer architecture and deep averaging network. The proposed models take the latex formula as an input and produce an output of fixed dimensional embedding representation. To achieve more promising results, the transformer model follows stacked self-attentions, point-wise fully connected layers and positional encoding for both the encoder and decoder. The obtained results have been compared with state-of-the-art existing approaches, and the comparison study revealed that the proposed approach offers better retrieval accuracy in terms of [Formula: see text] = 0.217, [Formula: see text] = 0.178 and P@10 = 0.378 measures.
Critical Republicanism and the Discursive Demands of Free Speech
Authors: Whitten Suzanne
Published: March 2022

A growing body of literature in feminist philosophy exposes the way in which occupying a particular group identity inhibits an affected agent’s ability to engage in communicative exchange effectively. These accounts reveal a fault in standard liberal defences of free speech, showing how, if free speech is a goal worth pursuing, then it must involve both a concern about the legitimate limits of state interference and of the effect of social norms on an agent’s communicative capacities. Building on the emergence of a ‘critical’ branch of neo-republicanism, this article argues that such speech-related injustices are best understood as a feature of structural domination that threatens the agency of those affected. Recalibrating our understanding of free speech along critical republican lines thus secures discursive agency in our communicative exchanges in a way that both ensures democratic legitimacy and realises equal status for all.
Perceptions of Nonreligious Parents
Authors: Kelley Heather H. , Marks Loren D. , Dollahite David C.
Published: March 2022

Although religious intolerance and marginalization still exist today, research suggests that perhaps one of the most marginalized groups is those who report no religion. Through interviews with 31 nonreligious couples ( N = 62 individuals), we investigated what nonreligious parents want religious people to understand about them and their families. Using a team-based approach to qualitative data analysis, we identified three themes related to what our participants wanted religious people to know: (1) we are good people, good parents, and not that different from you; (2) religion does not equate with morality; and (3) do not judge beliefs, actions are what matter. We identified an additional theme regarding how they would like to convey these and other matters to religious people, that we termed as (4) I do/do not want to talk about religion and here is why. Implications include suggestions and recommendations to increase understanding, tolerance, and respect between religious and nonreligious individuals, family members, and groups.
Spatial Assimilation at a Halt? Intergenerational Persistence in Neighborhood Contexts among Immigrant Minorities in Norway
Authors: Hermansen Are Skeie , Hundebo Pål Oskar , Birkelund Gunn Elisabeth
Published: March 2022

Spatial assimilation theory claims that immigrants’ acculturation and socioeconomic progress will lead to converging neighborhood attainment relative to non-migrant natives. Recently, it has been argued that equalization of local services and life chances across neighborhoods in egalitarian welfare states may delay spatial assimilation by reducing immigrants’ incentives to move out of low-income areas with many (co-ethnic) immigrant neighbors. In this article, we extend this argument to study whether neighborhood equalization also contributes to intergenerational persistence in neighborhood contexts among descendants of immigrants in Norway. Using administrative data, we find that immigrant descendants as adults often remain in neighborhood contexts that resemble their childhood neighborhoods, characterized by relative economic disadvantage and comparatively few ethnic majority residents. Intergenerational persistence in neighborhood contexts is strongest among descendants of immigrants from Pakistan, the Middle East, and Africa. The remaining immigrant–native gaps in spatial economic inequality largely reflect differences in individuals’ education and earnings, family background, and childhood neighborhood context, but these factors matter less for ethnic neighborhood segregation. For both economic and ethnic dimensions of neighborhood attainment, childhood neighborhood context is the factor that matters most in accounting for immigrant–native gaps, whereas individual socioeconomic attainment is the least important. Overall, our findings point to a pattern of “uneven assimilation” among immigrant descendants, where spatial assimilation is slow despite rapid socioeconomic progress across immigrant generations in the egalitarian Norwegian welfare state.
Glutamate levels across deep brain structures in patients with a psychotic disorder and its relation to cognitive functioning
Authors: Broeders Tommy AA , Bhogal Alex A , Morsinkhof Lisan M , Schoonheim Menno M , Röder Christian H , Edens Mirte , Klomp Dennis WJ , Wijnen Jannie P , Vinkers Christiaan H
Published: March 2022

Background:

Patients with psychotic disorders often show prominent cognitive impairment. Glutamate seems to play a prominent role, but its role in deep gray matter (DGM) regions is unclear.

Aims:

To evaluate glutamate levels within deep gray matter structures in patients with a psychotic disorder in relation to cognitive functioning, using advanced spectroscopic acquisition, reconstruction, and post-processing techniques.

Methods:

A 7-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging scanner combined with a lipid suppression coil and subject-specific water suppression pulses was used to acquire high-resolution magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging data. Tissue fraction correction and registration to a standard brain were performed for group comparison in specifically delineated DGM regions. The brief assessment of cognition in schizophrenia was used to evaluate cognitive status.

Results:

Average glutamate levels across DGM structures (i.e. caudate, pallidum, putamen, and thalamus) in mostly medicated patients with a psychotic disorder ( n = 16, age = 33, 4 females) were lower compared to healthy controls ( n = 23, age = 24, 7 females; p = 0.005, d = 1.06). Stratified analyses showed lower glutamate levels in the caudate ( p = 0.046, d = 0.76) and putamen p = 0.013, d = 0.94). These findings were largely explained by age differences between groups. DGM glutamate levels were positively correlated with psychomotor speed ( r(30) = 0.49, p = 0.028), but not with other cognitive domains.

Conclusions:

We find reduced glutamate levels across DGM structures including the caudate and putamen in patients with a psychotic disorder that are linked to psychomotor speed. Despite limitations concerning age differences, these results underscore the potential role of detailed in vivo glutamate assessments to understand cognitive deficits in psychotic disorders.
Activation of lactate receptor HCAR1 down-modulates neuronal activity in rodent and human brain tissue
Authors: Briquet Marc , Rocher Anne-Bérengère , Alessandri Maxime , Rosenberg Nadia , de Castro Abrantes Haissa , Wellbourne-Wood Joel , Schmuziger Céline , Ginet Vanessa , Puyal Julien , Pralong Etienne , Daniel Roy Thomas , Offermanns Stefan , Chatton Jean-Yves
Published: March 2022

Lactate can be used by neurons as an energy substrate to support their activity. Evidence suggests that lactate also acts on a metabotropic receptor called HCAR1, first described in the adipose tissue. Whether HCAR1 also modulates neuronal circuits remains unclear. In this study, using qRT-PCR, we show that HCAR1 is present in the human brain of epileptic patients who underwent resective surgery. In brain slices from these patients, pharmacological HCAR1 activation using a non-metabolized agonist decreased the frequency of both spontaneous neuronal Ca2+ spiking and excitatory post-synaptic currents (sEPSCs). In mouse brains, we found HCAR1 expression in different regions using a fluorescent reporter mouse line and in situ hybridization. In the dentate gyrus, HCAR1 is mainly present in mossy cells, key players in the hippocampal excitatory circuitry and known to be involved in temporal lobe epilepsy. By using whole-cell patch clamp recordings in mouse and rat slices, we found that HCAR1 activation causes a decrease in excitability, sEPSCs, and miniature EPSCs frequency of granule cells, the main output of mossy cells. Overall, we propose that lactate can be considered a neuromodulator decreasing synaptic activity in human and rodent brains, which makes HCAR1 an attractive target for the treatment of epilepsy.
Racial capitalism, coloniality and the financialization of Caribbean remittances
Authors: Mullings Beverley
Published: March 2022

Diaspora remittances are a faithful source of capital, a vital social safety net and a source of local economic investment for many households, communities and states across the Caribbean. But recent efforts by powerful interests to exercise control over these flows of capital are beginning to threaten the continuity and accessibility of this lifeline. As financial institutions, fiscally constrained governments and imperializing states have become increasingly attuned to the value of Caribbean remittances, so too have their efforts to gain control over the volume and flow of these private transfers of funds. For governments, remittances promise the possibility of access to funds that can be used to bridge finance gaps, and among financial institutions they offer opportunities to generate profits from the cross-border movement of money. But for imperializing states, remittances are increasingly viewed as a potential threat to their efforts to control the movement of money. I argue that these different and sometimes conflicting views of remittances reflect the complex forms of coloniality and racial subjugation that continue to reproduce economies of dispossession.
The centrality of working memory networks in differentiating bipolar type I depression from unipolar depression: A task-fMRI study
Authors: Xi Chang , Liu Zhening , Zeng Can , Tan Wenjian , Sun Fuping , Yang Jie , Palaniyappan Lena
Published: March 2022

Objectives

Up to 70%–80% of patients with bipolar disorder are misdiagnosed as having major depressive disorder (MDD), leading to both delayed intervention and worsening disability. Differences in the cognitive neurophysiology may serve to distinguish between the depressive phase of type 1 bipolar disorder (BDD-I) from MDD, though this remains to be demonstrated. To this end, we investigate the discriminatory signal in the topological organization of the functional connectome during a working memory (WM) task in BDD-I and MDD, as a candidate identification approach.

Methods

We calculated and compared the degree centrality (DC) at the whole-brain voxel-wise level in 31 patients with BDD-I, 35 patients with MDD, and 80 healthy controls (HCs) during an n-back task. We further extracted the distinct DC patterns in the two patient groups under different WM loads and used machine learning approaches to determine the distinguishing ability of the DC map.

Results

Patients with BDD-I had lower accuracy and longer reaction time (RT) than HCs at high WM loads. BDD-I is characterized by decreased DC in the default mode network (DMN) and the sensorimotor network (SMN) when facing high WM load. In contrast, MDD is characterized by increased DC in the DMN during high WM load. Higher WM load resulted in better classification performance, with the distinct aberrant DC maps under 2-back load discriminating the two disorders with 90.91% accuracy.

Conclusions

The distributed brain connectivity during high WM load provides novel insights into the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying cognitive impairment of depression. This could potentially distinguish BDD-I from MDD if replicated in future large-scale evaluations of first-episode depression with longitudinal confirmation of diagnostic transition.
Fe-POM/attapulgite composite materials: Efficient catalysts for plastic pyrolysis
Authors: Attique Saira , Batool Madeeha , Goerke Oliver , Abbas Ghayoor , Saeed Faraz Ahmad , Din Muhammad Imran , Jalees Irfan , Irfan Ahmad , Gregory Duncan H , Tufail Shah Asma
Published: March 2022

This article describes the catalytic cracking of low-density polyethylene over attapulgite clay and iron substituted tungstophosphate/attapulgite clay (Fe-POM/attapulgite) composite materials to evaluate their suitability and performance for recycling of plastic waste into liquid fuel. The prepared catalysts enhanced the yield of liquid fuel (hydrocarbons) produced in cracking process. A maximum yield of 82% liquid oil fraction with a negligible amount of coke was obtained for 50% Fe-POM/attapulgite composite. Whereas, only 68% liquid oil fractions with a large amount of solid black residue was produced in case of non-catalytic pyrolysis. Moreover, Fe-POM/attapulgite clay composites showed higher selectivity towards lower hydrocarbons (C5–C12) with aliphatic hydrocarbons as major fractions. These synthesised composite catalysts significantly lowered the pyrolysis temperature from 375°C to 310°C. Hence, recovery of valuable fuel oil from polyethylene using these synthesised catalysts suggested their applicability for energy production from plastic waste at industrial level as well as for effective environment pollution control.
Scaling Social Impact: Marketing to Grow Nonprofit Solutions
Authors: Nardini Gia , Bublitz Melissa G. , Butler Caitlin , Croom-Raley Staci , Edson Escalas Jennifer , Hansen Jonathan , Peracchio Laura A.
Published: March 2022

Nonprofit organizations addressing societal challenges such as hunger, poverty, and racial inequities want to grow the impact of their promising solutions to these problems—scaling social impact. Yet, local, community-based nonprofits often struggle to identify a path to scale their impact. To address this problem, the authors partnered with 11 nonprofits engaged in social impact scaling. By integrating insights on scaling from these nonprofit research partners together with academic research on scaling across a range of disciplines, they outline a framework for scaling community-based nonprofits and the marketing practices that support it. This research advances a two-stage social impact scaling framework termed “T-shaped Scaling.” Within this framework, the vertical bar of the T refers to “scaling deep,” grounding solutions within a community, and the horizontal bar of the T represents “scaling wide,” adapting and transferring the scaled deep solutions to new communities. This framework advances both conceptual and practical understandings of social impact scaling. Finally, the authors explore the policy implications of social impact scaling and call on researchers in marketing to further investigate the scaling strategies and marketing practices that grow social impact.