bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eosinophilia in Travelers to Tropical Countries
Authors: Mahmoud Adel A F
Published: October 2023

An increase in peripheral blood eosinophil count is a significant finding in a traveler returning from a visit to developing countries. Eosinophilia is associated with multiple etiologies; most important among these are allergic, infectious, connective tissue, and malignant conditions. It is important to realize that eosinophilia is a specific finding which is usually related to a specific etiology.
Vaccines
Authors: Bolognesi Dani P
Published: October 2023

Whereas basic public health and preventive measures have had a positive impact on the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and new powerful antiviral therapies have prolonged and improved the quality of life of HIV infected individuals, the application of these interventions to impoverished nations has and continues to face imposing barriers. The ravaging effects of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have caused enormous social and economic losses in the developing world to the point that the actual fabric of the affected populations is threatened.
The Intellectuals of the Berlin Haskala
Authors: Lowenstein Steven M
Published: October 2023

The Jewish elite created by the Seven Years War was certainly one of the vital ingredients for the spread of modernity among Berlin Jews. The wealthy coin entrepreneurs, silk manufacturers, and bankers who emerged in the 1760s helped create a new, more acculturated lifestyle that then spread to broad sections of the Berlin Jewish community. But what made developments in Berlin special were not merely external changes that caused Jews to appear to fit in better with their non-Jewish surroundings. It was the fact that these modifications were accompanied by a new intellectual movement that set up acculturation, rationalism, and a reform of Jewish traditional life as an ideology that made the changes in style of life so important and so influential on other communities. This Jewish Enlightenment, or Haskala, expressed itself in theoretical statements, literary works, periodicals, and other publications that were read not only in Berlin but also in other Jewish communities. Its members used both the Hebrew and the German languages to express their views. They often explicitly rejected the Yiddish vernacular as a mode of expression, though a few used it for their own Enlightenment purposes. The relationship between the two groups most influential in furthering the new Jewish way of life-the wealthy elite and the Enlightenment intellectuals-was a complex and sometimes ambivalent one. Without the support and protection given by the wealthy Jewish Establishment of Berlin, the Haskala might have been suppressed or at least slowed in its spread.
Death in the Fourth World
Authors: Kunitz Stephen J
Published: October 2023

The peoples who are the subject of this chapter-the indigenous peoples of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States-have much in common, and it is these commonalities that the comparisons seek to “control.” They all are members of what has been called the Fourth World: indigenous peoples submerged by an invading society.’ They all were colonized by the British. All are citizens of liberal Western democracies. The countries they inhabit all contain substantial temperate zones that attracted large numbers of Europeans. The ecological transformations caused by the introduction of Old World fauna and flora are said to have been similar. The native peoples were much reduced by the introduction of new diseases as well as by warfare and vigilantism. And finally, despite horrific losses, they all have recovered substantially over the past several generations. But if these similarities are significant, so too are the differences.
Conclusion
Authors: Kunitz Stephen J
Published: October 2023

The second half of the 19th century in the United States saw a remarkable change in the occupational structure and in what was considered valid professional knowledge. It was then that both medicine and the social sciences assumed their modem forms. Medicine became a different kind of profession than it had been, dominating other providers of care and institutions as it never had before, and the social sciences emerged as entirely new professions devoted to the understanding and control of the problems attendant on the birth of a new urban, industrial, multiethnic, and multiracial civilization. Each occupation developed characteristic modes of causal attribution as part of the process of becoming professions in the modem sense of the term. In essence, explanations became less particularistic and more universal.
Factories As Architecture
Authors: Bradley Betsy Hunter
Published: October 2023

The industrial engineering aesthetic that guided factory design work included an architectural language that translated the general aesthetic ideals of engineers into elements of the built environment. Once familiar with these design principles and elements, we can “read” the aesthetic content of industrial buildings and revise our evaluation of them as merely utilitarian facilities.
The Limits Of Communitarianism
Authors: Walker Samuel
Published: October 2023

The most important alternative to the idea that rights should serve as the organizing principle for law and public policy is the philosophy known as communitarianism. The basic principle of communitarianism is that individual rights should be balanced by responsibilities: responsibility to the needs of the larger community and responsibility for one’s personal behavior. The Communitarian Network Platform declares that no community can “long survive unless its members dedicate some of their attention, energy, and resources to shared projects. The exclusive pursuit of private interest erodes the network of social environments on which we all depend.
Ideological Roots of the Young Turks
Authors: Hanioğlu M Şükrü
Published: October 2023

Works written about the Young Turk movement, whether by its members or their contemporaries,2 all confirm a particular point: the movement was a link in the historical chain of Ottoman westernization and bureaucratic modernization and represented the modernist wing of the Ottoman intelligentsia and bureaucracy. However, it is difficult to find any evidence of these connections in relevant scholarly studies published since 1945. Nevertheless, the Young Turk and westernization movements were indisputably intertwined, and the latter, starting as early as the late eighteenth century, played an undeniable role in shaping the Young Turk Weltanschauung.In a book written nearly fifty years after the onset of the Ottoman westernization movement, the following question was posed: “Was the gravitation toward western ways precipitated by spontaneous attraction, or was it the fruit of wise counsel and foresight by Ottoman statesmen?” Undeniably both elements propelled westernization, and although it was initially a spontaneous development, it soon became the policy of Ottoman statesmen. After the Ottomans’ humiliating defeats by western powers, self-doubt and questioning became the order of the day. Initially, Ottoman intellectuals promoted their conclusion that Ottomans had been overcome by “infidels” who had mastered the “new technology.”
Introduction
Authors: Drescher Seymour
Published: October 2023

The reasons for the demise of the Atlantic slave system have been a source of endless debate. The process entailed the dismantling of one of the most dynamic institutions in the European world economy after three centuries of continuous growth. As late as the mid-eighteenth century it seemed unlikely, to those with long historical or broad geographical perspectives, like Adam Smith, that slavery would ever be abolished throughout the world.
Some Lessons
Authors: Drescher Seymour
Published: October 2023

When Colonial Secretary Edward Stanley introduced British emancipation as a mighty experiment in 1833, few commentators at home or abroad questioned the magnitude of the undertaking, either as wisdom or as folly. Who could deny that the lives of nearly a million colonial subjects, slaves, masters, and other inhabitants would be profoundly altered? Certainly no one could begin to fathom the long-range impact of the act on the progeny of the slaves and tens of millions more on both sides of the Atlantic. In the half century that followed, the experiment dwindled in significance.
Reflections On The Renaissance And Art For A New Dav
Authors: Huggins Nathan Irvin
Published: October 2023

The Depression shattered the optimism of the Harlem Renaissance. The innocent faith in easy art fell victim to breadlines. From the perspective of the 1930s, the artists of the Renaissance looked strangely foolish and irrelevant, even to themselves. Poverty, which had always been obvious in Harlem, suddenly seemed more to characterize the area than did art and jazz. What was more, Harlem was shaken by riots in 1935. By the mid-thirties, even those who had taken part in the movement had little good to say about it. Langston Hughes, James Weldon Johnson, and Carl Van Vechten found it all to have been a bit nai’ve. Challenge, a new magazine edited by Dorothy West, was to be the vehicle for a new art that was more realistic. Violence in Harlem was on all minds. Claude McKay and Alain Locke wrote essays about the riots (though Locke’s essay is too long for inclusion here).Thus, there was a new spirit of social realism in art. Locke’s critique of McKay’s autobiography reflects this new concern for art with a social purpose. There were echoes of the political radicalism of the war years in the new artistic temper which can be discerned in Richard Wright’s “Blueprint for Negro Writing.” Black American writing had outgrown its innocence. As Richard Wright’s stories in Uncle Tom’s Children indicate, the writing of the thirties, forties, and after was much more tough and self-confident than could have been possible in the twenties.
The Memory Of The Modern
Authors: Matsuda Matt K
Published: October 2023

A multidisciplinary work, Memory of the Modern examines stock markets, tango dancers, vagabond murderers, neurology, monument destruction, and colonial policies to document how individuals and institutions shaped memory in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Wonderfully written, the book studies these diverse “memory-sites” to show how memory and history are fought over, shaped, and put to personal and ideological use.
Human Arterial Pressure
Authors: Korner Paul
Published: October 2023

The BP is a highly multifactorial variable, meaning that it is influenced by virtually all that goes on in the circulation. This makes it of the utmost value as an indicator of future cardiovascular risk, assuming that it is measured by adequate methodology. Comparing the age-BP relationship between populations tells us that there are marked differences in prevalence of EH. Moreover, the prevalence of EH increases with age in populations in which EH is common. Specific intervention studies have helped to sort out the relative importance of mental stress, high dietary salt, obesity, and other factors as causes of EH. However, in all the above conditions additional analysis is required to indicate the physiological meaning of a given change in BP, as has been done in later chapters.
Output Patterns in Nonobese Hypertensives
Authors: Korner Paul
Published: October 2023

In nonobese persons, the hemodynamic and neurohumoral output patterns provide useful clues about the nature of the more proximal operations of the control system, including possible interactions about some of the inputs considered in the previous chapter. In contrast, in obese individuals the substantial vasodilatation associated with hyperinsulinemia masks the constrictor factors that raise BP. Accordingly, the output patterns in obesity are considered separately (chapter 13). The hemodynamic patterns in lean individuals with EH suggest early hypothalamic involvement, with autonomic changes accounting for much of the vasoconstriction in mild and moderate EH. Over the next few years, a number of nonautonomic factors assume increasing prominence. Initially blood volume is normal, but it declines as hypertension becomes more severe, which is a consequence of constrictor hypertension. There is also some elevation of glucocorticoid hormones as part of the defense response. Participation in some of the regulation of the renin-angiotensin system is suggested by the much greater variance in plasma renin activity (PRA) in a population of persons with EH.
More About the Kidney in Hypertension
Authors: Korner Paul
Published: October 2023

The kidney makes a major hemodynamic contribution to EH, and this chapter addresses the question whether the kidney is the source of EH or its victim. Although the kidney plays a highly significant role in the elevation of BP in either case, the answer has major implications for prevention and treatment. The notion that EH could be due to a genetic renal fault stems from the results of renal transplantation in genetically hypertensive rats (Bianchi et al., 1974; Dahl et al., 1974). A renal graft from a hypertensive donor raises the BP of a normotensive recipient, while grafting a normotensive donor kidney into a hypertensive recipient causes a fall in BP. Hence Dahl’s famous dictum, “Blood pressure travels with the kidney.” Most authorities still consider this as cast-iron evidence of a genetic or developmental renal fault (e.g., Guyton, 1980; de Wardener, 1990; Cowley, 1992). However, other factors are also involved, for example, structurally remodeled arterioles transplanted in the graft.
The Sexualization of Female Existence
Authors: Steinbrügge Lieselotte , Selwyn Pamela E
Published: October 2023

The transition to a sensualist or naturalist anthropology of woman was no mere shift of epistemological or scientific paradigms. From the very beginning, the distribution of sensory and cognitive capacities between the sexes had a social character. It was argued that woman, because of her physical constitution, possessed more sensitivity and less rationality than man and was thus better able to fulfill a particular social function. This fusion of sociability and nature becomes particularly apparent in the discourse on female sexuality. For the sensualist theoreticians, the specificity of female nature reveals itself nowhere more clearly than in those bodily functions directly dependent on sex.
Democracy in America
Authors: Mueller Dennis C
Published: October 2023

Small nations have always been the cradle of political liberty; and the fact that many of them have lost their liberty by becoming larger shows that their freedom was more a consequence of their small size than of the character of the people .It is generally believed in America that the existence and the permanence of the republican form of government in the New World depend on the existence and the duration of the federal system; and it is not unusual to attribute a large share of the misfortunes that have befallen the new states of South America to the injudicious erection of great republics instead of a divided and confederate sovereignty. . . . The confederation of all of the American states presents none of the ordinary inconveniences resulting from large associations of men. The Union is a great republic in extent, but the paucity of objects for which its government acts assimilates it to a small state. Its acts are important, but they are rare. As the sovereignty of the Union is limited and incomplete, its exercise is not dangerous to liberty; for it does not excite those insatiable desires for fame and power which have proved so fatal to great republics.
Rights
Authors: Mueller Dennis C
Published: October 2023

There is a remarkable difference between the characters of the inconveniences which attend a declaration of rights, and those which attend the want of it. The inconveniences of the declaration are that it may cramp government in its useful exertions. But the evil of this is short-lived, moderate and separable. The inconveniences of the want of a declaration are permanent, afflicting and irreparable. They are in constant progression from bad to worse. On what grounds does a society decide to protect some rights in its constitution and not others? Why would a community deem it necessary to pass a constitutional amendment to abridge an individual ‘s right to purchase or sell alcoholic beverages, and yet abridge by legislative action the similar right with respect to narcotic drugs? Why would a community protect an individual ‘s right to carry a gun, but not one ‘s right to drive a car, when the latter has an arguably greater potential effect on both the welfare of the individual actor and the welfare of the rest of the community? The United States Constitution has been amended sixteen times in the more than 200 years since its first ratification.
Dictatorship
Authors: Mueller Dennis C
Published: October 2023

One of the great challenges a constitutional democracy faces is to protect itself from those who would impose an authoritarian regime on the polity. The first observation to be made is that no set of institutions is “dictatorship proof.” A constitution is a set of rules written on a piece of paper, or perhaps written into the political history of a nation. It is words and ideas. Words and ideas do not stop bullets. Whether a constitutional democracy survives may depend on whether a general obeys a president ‘s order to incarcerate the duly elected parliament; whether someone challenges a violation of the constitution by a president or general seeking to create a dictatorship; whether the courts decide such a challenge on its merits or succumb to threats from the would-be dictator; whether the police enforce an order by the courts against the would-be dictator. Human actions, often exhibiting extreme courage in the face of grave risks, are needed to preserve democratic institutions when challenges such as these arise. No constitution can guarantee human bravery. At best, a constitution can reduce the probabilities that such bravery is needed.
Citizenship
Authors: Mueller Dennis C
Published: October 2023

We have proceeded as if the boundaries of the polity and the identities of its citizens were both known. For a given polity at a particular point in time these are reasonable assumptions. But over time a polity must decide whether to grant citizenship status to those who request it, and perhaps whether to take it away from some who do not. At a polity ‘s inception both its boundaries and the identities of its original set of citizens must be defined. In this chapter we explore some of the issues connected with choosing these definitions, including the possibility of multiple categories of citizenship.
The Normal Bone Marrow
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

The bone marrow is the major site of postnatal hematopoiesis. The bone marrow contains stromal elements (endothelial cells, fibroblast-like cells, adipocytes, macrophages), hematopoietic elements (stem cells, granulocytes, erythroid cells, megakaryocytes), and other elements (lymphocytes, plasma cells, and mast cells). Hematopoiesis is regulated and sustained by a complex cellular interaction of hematopoietic and stromal elements and a network of cytokine growth factors, including the interleukins (11-1, 11-3, 11-5, 11- 6, 11-7, 11-11, stem cell factor) and colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF, GM-CSF, erythropoietin) (Metcalf, 1989; Dorshkind, 1990). The marrow cellularity indicates the fraction of marrow space occupied by hematopoietic cells. Cellularity is commonly expressed as a percentage (0% cellularity indicating an “empty” or aplastic marrow and 100% indicating a “packed” or full marrow) and determined from the relative proportion of hematopoietic and fat cells. Marrow cellularity is greatly dependent on age. At birth, hematopoietic marrow extends into the appendicular skeleton and cellularity is 100%. In adults, hematopoietic marrow is found only in the axial skeleton (pelvis, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum) and is replaced by fatty marrow at other sites. The cellularity of the posterior iliac crest approximates 50% in adults (50% hematopoietic cells and 50% fat) varying from up to 70% (70% hematopoietic cells and 30% fat) in childhood and adolescence to less than 30% (30% hematopoietic cells and 70% fat) in advanced age (Figs. 2.1 and 2.2).
Mature T Cell Leukemias
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

The mature T cell leukemias are clonal proliferations of differentiated T lymphocytes that demonstrate the phenotype of mature, peripheral (nonthymic) T cells of helper or suppressor cell type. Mature T cell leukemias, in contrast to T cell acute lymphocytic leukemias, are negative for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. Monoclonality of the lymphocytes in the mature T cell leukemias has been shown by demonstration of clonal rearrangement of the T cell receptor gene (Aisenberg et al, 1985). Morphologically related leukemias may demonstrate a natural killer (NK) cell phenotype. NK cells share expression of some T cell antigens (CD2, CD8) but lack the T cell receptor and T cell receptor gene rearrangement. The French-American-British Cooperative Group classification of chronic (mature) lymphoid leukemias recognizes four categories of chronic T cell leukemia: (1) large granular lymphocyte leukemia (formerly considered T cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia); (2) T-prolymphocytic leukemia; (3) adult T cell leukemia-lymphoma; and (4) Sezary’s syndrome (Bennett et al, 1989). T cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia is now considered a disorder closely related to (if not identical with) T cell prolymphocytic leukemia and is distinguished from large granular lymphocyte leukemia. Large granular lymphocyte leukemia may be of either T cell or NK cell phenotype. T cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and T cell prolymphocytic leukemia are clonal proliferations of phenotypically mature T cells involving the peripheral blood and bone marrow.
Mycobacterial and Fungal Infections
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

Disseminated mycobacterial and fungal infections are the most common causes of infectious granulomas in the bone marrow (Bodem et al, 1983; Bhargava and Farhi, 1988). Bacterial, rickettsial, viral, and protozoan infections are rare causes of bone marrow granulomas. Tuberculosis results from infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Bone marrow involvement is seen in the hematogenously disseminated form of the disease (miliary tuberculosis). Tuberculosis is primarily an infection of the lung; however, hematogenous dissemination with involvement of the bone marrow and other organs occurs in miliary tuberculosis and in tuberculosis in immunocompromised hosts. There has been a resurgence of tuberculosis in the United States in the past decade as result of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the emergence of multiply drug-resistant strains.
Viral Infections
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

Several viral infections are of specific hematologic interest. These include acute infectious lymphocytosis, infectious mononucleosis, CMV mononucleosis, and Bl9 parvovirus infection. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome are discussed in Chapter 27. Acute infectious lymphocytosis is a self-limited presumed viral disorder of childhood characterized by marked peripheral blood lymphocytosis with mild constitutional symptoms. Acute infectious lymphocytosis is an uncommon disorder of childhood characterized by striking peripheral lymphocytosis and mild constitutional symptoms. Although the etiology is unestablished, the viral-like prodrome and evidence of transmission between children suggest a viral pathogenesis (Horwitz et al, 1968). Outbreaks among institutionalized children constitute many of the reported cases. No viral agent has been consistently isolated. Children with acute infectious lymphocytosis may be asymptomatic or may have fever, diarrhea, skin rash, or upper respiratory symptoms (Ryder, 1965). Lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly are characteristically absent. Laboratory studies are remarkable for a striking peripheral lymphocytosis usually in the range of 20,000 per cmm to 30,000 per cmm, but occasionally as high as 100,000 per cmm (Ryder, 1965).
Disorders of Bone Marrow Stroma
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

The bone marrow stroma consists of the supporting cells of the bone marrow, the bone marrow blood vessels and sinusoids, and the adipocytes. These elements may be involved in a variety of hematologic and nonhematologic disorders affecting the bone marrow. The disorders considered in this chapter include bone marrow infarction, vasculitis, and serous fat atrophy. Bone marrow infarction refers to coagulative necrosis of bone marrow elements. Bone marrow infarction occurs most frequently as a complication of neoplasms involving the bone marrow (Kiraly and Whelby, 1976), but is also seen occasionally in vasoocclusive disorders and hemoglobinopathies (sickle cell disease or hemoglobin SC disease). Bone marrow necrosis in hematologic neoplasms occurs most frequently in association with acute lymphocytic leukemia (Navari et al, 1983) and bone marrow necrosis may be the presenting manifestation of acute lymphocytic leukemia (Niebrugge and Benjamin, 1983). Patients with bone marrow necrosis frequently present with bone pain and fever.
Introduction
Authors: Kindleberger Charles P
Published: October 2023

This book is written as the United States is going through a debate over its world role, both political and economic. Some in political science claim the United States is “bound to lead” (Nye, 1990; Rosencrance, 1990; Nau, 1990). Others, with perhaps more of an eye to history, think nations can and do fall from positions ofleadership for one or another reason: foreign policy overstretch (Paul Kennedy, 1987); consolidation of groups looking after narrow parochial interests rather than the public interest (Olson, 1982); slowdown in investment, savings, innovation, overall productivity; a shift of national focus from industry to finance, and in particular financial manipulation. The point is repeatedly made that national decline is relative to other national economies, not absolute, that the country in the lead at a given time gets overtaken by others in a “catching-up” process that is inevitable as knowledge of new goods and new processes spreads from one country to another (Abramovitz, 1990). The process is thought not to apply to less developed or developing countries, but mainly to the developed ones that have what is called, for want of a better term, social capability. Thus socio­ logical considerations come into the question along with more purely economic and political ones. The catching-up model explains how, among the leading countries with social capability, differences in national income per capita may narrow, reducing the variance among them. Such has been the case especially since World War II in North America, Europe, and the Pacific Rim, but was not noticeable earlier, partly for lack of reliable data.
France, the Perpetual Challenger
Authors: Kindleberger Charles P
Published: October 2023

France lies on but within the clockwise circle of primary economic and/or military states from Venice, Florence, Genoa, Spain, the Low Countries, and, outside the circle, Britain. Its exclusion was not a matter of design, for it was continuously striving to gain military dominance. Fernand Braudel says, perhaps sarcastically, that France·never had economic hegemony except during the period of the Champagne fairs from 1130 to 1160 when French territory was the center of the European economy, with intermediate zones between it and a periphery (1986 [1990], vol. 2, p. 148 ). He records early attempts to escape the role of onlooker at the success of others: the attack on Italy of Charles VIII in 1494 and of Louis XIV on Holland in 1672; both fell short (ibid., pp. 163-64). The continuous wars from 1688 to 1780 were largely aggressive as well. “France failed to become, for any length of time, the leading economic power, that is, the center of Europe Itlacked the essential elements: abundant economic production, plentiful credit, thriving business, a large volume of seaborne trade” (Braudel, 1986 [1988], p. 328).
The United States
Authors: Kindleberger Charles P
Published: October 2023

Shortly before 1976 I was asked by Foreign Affairs to write an essay on two centuries of U .S. economic foreign policy to help celebrate the country’s two-hundredth anniversary. The result was published in the January 1977 issue of that periodical, again in a collection of parallel essays in a book of the Council on Foreign Relations in New York (Bundy, ed., 1977), and a third time in a collection of my own (1990). I see no need to go over the ground again except with the broadest possible brush. Thus I start this chapter after the end of the “golden age,” in 1968 or 1971 or 1973 de­ pending on the turning point chosen. I leave the description of the U.S. nation cycle-from a small country wrapped in isolation to a country claiming world dominance or leadership-to the earlier exercise, and focus, after the briefest possible summation, on the beginnings of the debated American decline.
Japan in the Queue?
Authors: Kindleberger Charles P
Published: October 2023

My knowledge of the Japanese economy is even more superficial than that of European countries outside of Britain, France, and Germany, and my library on the subject in the study at home is limited. Nevertheless the question must be asked whether Japan is in line to take over world economic primacy in the twenty-first century-asked but by necessity left less than fully answered. Japan grew fastest among the leading industrial countries in the quarter century after 1950. It seems nonetheless in the 1990s to be sharing the troubles of others, not the same troubles-unemployment in Europe; deficit, low savings, and declining productivity increase in the United States-but troubles of its own which put anyprospect of primacy it might entertain in jeopardy.
The White Image In The Black Mind
Authors: Bay Mia
Published: October 2023

How did African-American slaves view their white masters? As demons, deities or another race entirely? When nineteenth-century white Americans proclaimed their innate superiority, did blacks agree? If not, why not? How did blacks assess the status of the white race? Mia Bay traces African-American perceptions of whites between 1830 and 1925 to depict America’s shifting attitudes about race in a period that saw slavery, emancipation, Reconstruction, and urban migration. Much has been written about how the whites of this time viewed blacks, and about how blacks viewed themselves. By contrast, the ways in which blacks saw whites have remained a historical and intellectual mystery. Reversing the focus of such fundamental studies as George Fredrickson’s The Black Image in the White Mind, Bay investigates this mystery. In doing so, she uncovers and elucidates the racial thought of a wide range of nineteenth-century African-Americans--educated and unlettered, male and female, free and enslaved.
de Same Time” White People in Black Folk Thought
Authors: Bay Mia
Published: October 2023

Sitting quietly in the back of the room was the ninety-year-old Manuel, whom the inter viewer described as “the embodiment of peace, frail and thin with a kind expression on her wrinkled old face.” Despite her pleasant appearance, this serene little old lady lost her composure when the WPA worker approached her. She became angry and agitated, shouting, “You get away from me white man!” Her protest was so loud that it drew the attention of the crowd and sent both the bartender and Manuel’s granddaughter rushing to her defense, “elbowing their way through a gathering black semicircle.” After much explanation and persuasion (possibly from several quarters), Manuel reluctantly agreed to answer some questions, giving a brief and truculent account of her life.
Parenting and Educating for Success in Math and Science: From Early Childhood to College
Authors: Hrabowski III Freeman A , Maton Kenneth I , Greif Geoffrey L
Published: October 2023

The young males we focus on in this book have generally been high achievers in all disciplines. In this chapter we explore in depth what has led to their success in math and science, where they have achieved at the very highest levels. However, the lessons from this chapter can be applied to academic achievement in general. Yes, strong coursework and high grades in mathematics and science courses in high school, along with high SAT scores in math, are two of the primary criteria that led to their admission to the UMBC Meyerhoff Scholars Program. But these youth have often achieved across the board.
‘‘Old Jack̓̓ Is Not Here
Authors: Pfanz Harry w.
Published: October 2023

“Tell Gordon, Hays, Avery, and Smith to double- quick to the front,” shouted Maj. Gen. Jubal A. Early to his staff, “and open the lines of infantry for the artillery to pass.” It was one of the dramatic moments of the Civil War. Early’s division had arrived at Gettysburg on the afternoon of July 1 at just the right time to bolster the Confederate attack, and, in response to Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell’s urging, Early ordered his division into the fight. The Union Eleventh Corps was in its front, and John B. Gordon’s Georgia brigade swept toward the blue line, “moving forward through a field of yellow wheat like a dark gray wave in a sea of gold.” Confederate batteries galloped into position and opened fire, and Early’s Louisiana and North Carolina brigades swept forward along the Harrisburg Road and around the Union flank. Early struck a smashing blow that the poorly posted Eleventh Corps could not long withstand. “The Federal flank had shriveled up as a scroll,” and the men in blue retreated south, past Gettysburg College into the town.
Eggs, Aldie, Shepherdstown, and J. E. B. Stuart
Authors: Thomas Emory M
Published: October 2023

Assistant Adjutant General Henry Brainerd McClellan was perplexed and a little scared as well. His chieftain, Maj. Gen. J. E. B. Stuart, was not himself. Stuart had been riding and fighting with his cavalry command for almost a full month now. Confederate horsemen most recently had the mission of escorting the Army of Northern Virginia out of Pennsylvania, through Western Maryland, and back across the Potomac River into Virginia in the wake of the Gettysburg Campaign.
Czechoslovak-Soviet Contacts from the End of World War I to Adolf Hitler’s Machtergreifung, 1918-1933
Authors: Lukes Igor
Published: October 2023

“You hooligan, you’ll never make it,” burst out Professor Frantisek Hrdlicka at Eduard Benes, his student at the Imperial and Royal Gymnasium in Prague. The professor quickly calmed down, but he remained serious. He advised Benes to resign from the prestigious school and join the Hapsburg army. The year was 1902, and Vienna needed soldiers to deal with the latest crisis in the Balkans. After twelve years in uniform, Benes should be able to secure a position in the Austrian civil service; a post office job would be suitable, Hrdlicka thought. But the eighteen-yearold rebel laughed in his face. Benes knew he would never be a clerk. He was preparing for a more spectacular career, and he was not an idle dreamer. A year ago he had already established contact with Thomas Garrigue Masaryk, professor of philosophy at Charles University and a prominent personality on the Prague political scene. Their friendship grew, and so did their anti-Hapsburg sentiments. When the Great War broke out in 1914, Masaryk and Benes were ready to assume prominent roles in the campaign to create a new state, the Republic of Czechoslovakia. Benes did not excel in Professor Hrdlicka’s subject, Latin, but he had a great talent for politics and diplomacy.
Between the Agile East and the Apathetic West: Central Europe, 1935-1937
Authors: Lukes Igor
Published: October 2023

In the spring of 1935 Joseph Stalin’s Kremlin had established itself as one of the busiest centers of power in Europe. Anthony Eden visited the Soviet Union in late March, Pierre Laval followed him in May, then came the Czechoslovak delegation. Minister Edvard Benes’s entourage had barely left Moscow when an altogether different group of foreign visitors arrived on official business. Some five hundred foreign communists representing sixty-five parties descended on the city to attend the 7th Congress of the Communist International (Comintern). The meeting was long overdue. Despite enormous organizational endeavors orchestrated from Moscow, the international communist movement was adrift. Intuitively, communists were inclined to resist the growth of Nazi power, but the Kremlin was playing a high-stakes strategic game in which the rules tended to change quite abruptly. Even the most weathered members of the international movement found Moscow’s instructions, as well as the periods of its occasional silence, unfathomable. The Kremlin’s orders to the foot soldiers of organized communism in Europe seemed sometimes so counterintuitive that many parties were broken into factions, a serious violation in the eyes of the Moscow center. It was not hard to understand why Moscow had failed to instruct its legions regarding Nazism. Stalin and his colleagues could not make up their minds: Was Hitler a mortal enemy? Was he a potential ally? Or could he be used to prepare the ground for a communist offensive? For a long time, no one had an answer.
Beneš and the Tukhachevsky Affair: New Evidence from the Archives in Prague and Moscow
Authors: Lukes Igor
Published: October 2023

In September 1936 military diplomats and invited specialists from around the world watched large-scale Red Army maneuvers in Byelorussia. They were favorably impressed. The climax of the war games involved a parachute deployment and the reassembly, in battle formation, of more than a thousand men armed with machine guns and equipped with light artillery pieces. This was received as a sensation by the large group of foreign military observers. Even at the height of World War II the event was still viewed as groundbreaking. If the Red Army was found to be a considerable fighting force in the fall of 1936, Western specialists’ views changed dramatically within eight months. Between 1937 and 1938, the officer corps of the Soviet armed forces was more than decimated in a gigantic purge. One by one, the leaders of the Red Army confessed, according to laconically formulated newspaper articles, to high treason; they were spies for Nazi Germany. The purge weakened the Red Army and caused its perceived importance in European affairs to decline sharply.
Lord Runciman and Comrade Zhdanov: Western and Soviet Policies toward Czechoslovakia from June to Early September 1938
Authors: Lukes Igor
Published: October 2023

The partial mobilization of the Czechoslovak army in May turned, at least for a fleeting moment, into a near triumph for the Prague government. It seemed that Hitler had lost initiative. Rumors started to circulate in Berlin that the Fuhrer was in one of his ‘‘black moods’’ and that he would try to regain momentum by occupying the Sudetenland before the opening of the Nazi party congress scheduled to take place at Nuremberg in September. The leadership of the Czechoslovak army responded to this threat by requesting that the Prague government pass a law adding another twelve months to the existing two-year military service obligation. Meanwhile, an additional forty thousand reservists were called up, and the Goebbels propaganda machine appeared to have stalled when confronted with units of the Czechoslovak army deployed along the fortified borders. The tension between Prague and Berlin was such that a few cannon shots fired in error could have set in motion what many had come to fear: another war in Europe.
The Medieval Church as a Multidivisional Finn
Authors: Ekelund Robert B , Hébert Robert F , Tollison Robert D , Anderson Gary M , Davidson Audrey B
Published: October 2023

For the first three centuries of its corporate existence, Christianity thrived as a kind of underground movement, loosely organized and highly decentralized. The formal character of the Catholic Church, the single institution that came to embody Christianity in its official capacity, emerged as a result of the Edict of Milan in A.D. 313. In its early organizational structure, the primary authorities within the Church were bishops, who appointed and supervised priests at the parish level. By the time of Charlemagne, bishops were normally selected, or “invested,” by monarchs of the countries in which their dioceses were located.
Attempts to Maintain Market Dominance
Authors: Ekelund Robert B , Hébert Robert F , Tollison Robert D , Anderson Gary M , Davidson Audrey B
Published: October 2023

As a monopolist, the Church had to protect its “market” against entry by competitive firms. The product—assurances of eternal salvation—was sur rounded by doctrinal characteristics and conditions that had to be met in order to attain the final good. The power to interpret the Bible and to estab lish dogma, a set of principles that defined the product, was therefore of necessity accompanied by forms of entry control to protect the Church’s monopoly position. Those who challenged the medieval Church’s authority in this regard were considered to be transgressors, and the medieval Church wielded two major threats of punishment. Both involved exclusion, or expulsion, from the ranks of the “saved.” The first, excommunication, was fearsome and broadbased. The second, sanctions against heresy and witchcraft, was narrower in scope and more violent in practice.
High Stakes and Low Stakes in Assigning and Responding to Writing
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: October 2023

The goal of low-stakes assignments is not to produce excellent pieces of writing but to get students to think, learn, and understand the course material. Low-stakes writing is usually informal and tends to be graded informally. In a sense we get to throw away the low-stakes writing itself, but keep the neural changes it produced in students’ heads. High-stakes assignments also produce learning, but they are more fraught because students know they are writing to be judged—and we have to do the judging.
Introduction: The Cold War as History
Authors: Mastny Vojtech
Published: October 2023

Rarely has the present receded into the past more quickly than in the years that followed the end of the Cold War. Normally, people sense a continuity; even after great wars that break it do they feel an urge to come to grips with their recent experience by relating it to their new condition. No such urge has grown out of the sudden and unexpected denouement of the East-West conflict, breeding instead the bizarre notion that history itself may have ended. Although a proliferation of crises soon exposed the fallacy of such a notion, the forty-year rivalry has continued to fade from memory. That a contest of such intensity and magnitude could safely be relegated to oblivion would seem too good to be true; even if it were so, the reasons why would all the more cry for an explanation.

This book would long have been finished if the disappearance of its protagonist—the Soviet Union—had not intervened while the research was in progress, thus changing the perspective, though not necessarily the substance, of the argument. What used to be an open-ended development became closed, thus allowing us to see not only how the Cold War started but also how it ended. At the same time, our ability to tell what really happened and why has vastly increased. The partial opening of Russian archives and the eagerness of Soviet witnesses to testify have added the inside dimension that was previously missing. It has become possible not only to conceive of the Cold War as history but also to study it as such.
Stalin’s Quest for Soviet Security
Authors: Mastny Vojtech
Published: October 2023

Created by a minority coup rather than by exertion of popular will, the Soviet state was always intrinsically insecure. It was the product of momentary confusion during an avoidable war rather than of any insoluble internal crisis of the tsarist regime it replaced. Its founders did not consider it secure unless the revolution they promoted to keep themselves in power would triumph abroad as well. Although they tried their best to spread it, they did not succeed; disunity among their enemies nevertheless allowed their state to survive and grow. All the same, as taught by Marxist doctrine, they continued to insist that the outside world remained implacably hostile. Whether this was true or not, their constant perception of a threat prevented Soviet leaders from ever feeling sufficiently secure. This made them different from other leaders, and Stalin more different than most.
The Specter of Communism September 1947–June 1948
Authors: Mastny Vojtech
Published: October 2023

Never since Karl Marx had invoked the specter of communism in 1848 were its devotees so numerous, self-confident, and responsive to a single command than one hundred years later—in 1947. The Soviet victory in World War II and the resulting rise of the “fatherland of socialism” to a great power had bolstered the worldwide appeal of the idea, convincing even some of its adversaries that it might be the wave of the future. No less crucial had been the growth of Stalin’s personal prestige, making him more capable than ever before or after of advancing the communist cause—if he wanted to—by imposing his leadership upon willing followers. It was a unique opportunity to use or to lose.

Once Moscow had damned the Marshall Plan and made its Eastern European clients follow suit, its trusted man on the French party politburo, Jacques Duclos, expected its new directives to come soon. By the end of July, however, they still had not arrived; what came instead was an invitation to a conspiratorial meeting of representatives of Europe’s main communist parties at the Polish resort of Szklarska Port!ba on September 22.
A Harvest of Blunders June 1948–April 1949
Authors: Mastny Vojtech
Published: October 2023

While in fomenting the German crisis Stalin had largely been reacting, he was in full control of the Yugoslav one, which was of his own creation. Planning showdowns in two different places simultaneously showed how badly he needed a success. In Berlin, the prize was inflicting a diplomatic defeat upon the Americans that would shatter their credibility as protectors of Western Europe; in Belgrade, Stalin’s credibility as the undisputed master of Eastern Europe was at stake. If successful, he would be able to achieve in two bold strokes Soviet supremacy in both parts of the Continent—something that had eluded him after World War II. If he were to fail, however, the result would be bolstering American ascendancy in the Cold War even more while breaking the unity of international communism, with potentially disastrous consequences for the integrity of his own empire.

The Berlin blockade started surreptitiously; from contemporary documents, it even is difficult to tell exactly when it did. Ever since May 1948, Soviet authorities had been harassing Western traffic in and out of the city; the lack of a firm response did not discourage them from trying more. On June 17, the Soviet walkout from the Berlin Kommandatura signaled a desire for confrontation, though not necessarily a definite plan of action.