bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solid and cystic papillary neoplasm of the pancreas: A clinico‐cytopathologic and immunocytochemical study of five new cases diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration cytology and a review of the literature
Authors: Pelosi Giuseppe , Iannucci Antonio , Zamboni Giuseppe , Bresaola Enrica , Iacono Calogero , Serio Giovanni
Published: February 2007

We report here on five new cases of solid and cystic papillary neoplasm (SCPN) of the pancreas diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). All cytologic samples were obtained by ultrasonography, and the smears were conventionally fixed and stained. Special histochemical and immunocytochemical stains were also performed in some samples. Cytology revealed in all but one case numerous pseudopapillary structures composed of fibrovascular stalks lined with one or more layers of bland‐appearing, uniform tumor cells. The tumor cells had round‐to‐oval euchromatic nuclei with frequently folded smooth contours and one or two small nucleoli. Their cytoplasm often contained eosinophilic, PAS‐positive, and diastase‐resistant inclusions. Foamy cells, psammoma bodies, blood, and cellular debris were found in the background. The criteria for the differential diagnosis versus other pancreatic lesions are discussed in some detail, as is the role of immunocytochemistry (ICC). In the literature, only 28 cases of cytologically investigated SCPN have been reported to the best of our knowledge. The most helpful criteria for the conclusive identification of SCPN by FNAC include the pseudopapillary arrangement with bland‐appearing tumor cells, and, especially, the finding of acidophilic, PAS‐positive, and diastase‐resistant cytoplasmic granules. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Typing and grading breast carcinoma on fine‐needle aspiration: Is this clinically useful information?
Authors: Robinson I. A. , McKee G. , Kissin M. W.
Published: February 2007

The ability of fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) to diagnose breast cancer is beyond question. The established role of cytopathology is to maintain a low benign to malignant biopsy ratio by reducing the number of benign lesions excised. Both typing and grading of breast cancers on FNA have received attention in the cytology literature but how this knowledge can influence management has not been fully explored.

Recently we described a method for the cytological grading of breast cancer that compares well with the established Bloom and Richardson grades. In this paper we present our experience of 1,387 breast cancer FNAs reported by us with histological verification. We show that cytologically typing and grading breast cancers are valid exercises that can predict the true nature of the neoplasm. This information may assist in the clinical approach to the malignant breast. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytospins—an alternative method for fine‐needle aspiration cytology of the breast: A study of 148 cases
Authors: Sirkin Wilma , Auger Manon , Donat Eva , Lipa Michael
Published: February 2007

The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytospin technique as an alternative method to prepare fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) specimens of the breast. To do so, the cytology of 148 breast FNAs that had been prepared by the cytospin technique and that had histologic correlation, was reviewed. All the cases that were diagnosed as malignant by cytology were proved malignant after surgical excision, and there were no false‐positive results. All but two cases diagnosed as benign by cytology proved to be benign on excision. The two false‐negative cases were missed due to sampling error. The cytological features seen on cytospins were similar to those seen on conventional direct smears. The major advantage of this method is that no aspirate is unsatisfactory due to unskilled direct smear technique. This, along with its good correlation with histology, proves that the cytospin method is an effective alternative to conventional direct smears for breast FNA. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aspiration cytology of chromophobe cell carcinoma of the kidney
Authors: Akhtar Mohammed , Ali M. Ashraf
Published: February 2007

Fine‐needle aspiration biopsy findings in three cases of chromophobe cell carcinoma are described and correlated with histologic and ultrastructural observations. In addition, comparisons are made with three cases each of oncocytoma and granular cell carcinoma. The cells in aspiration smears from chromophobe cell carcinoma closely correlated with histologic pattern of three cell types which were not present in oncocytomas and granular cell carcinomas. These cells had prominent cell borders, and their cytoplasm was either opaque and granular (type I) or variably translucent and reticular (type II and III). Ultrastructurally, the translucent areas within the cytoplasm contained large numbers of microvesicles which were unique to chromophobe cell carcinoma and were not seen in other neoplasms. Fine‐needle aspiration may be used to diagnose chromophobe cell carcinoma and distinguish it from other related renal neoplasms. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration of normal tissue from enlarged salivary glands: Sialosis or missed target?
Authors: Henry‐Stanleys Michelle J. , Beneke Janet , Bardales Ricardo H. , Stanley Michael W.
Published: February 2007

Salivary gland enlargement by hypertrophy of normal‐appearing parotid or submaxillary tissue is known as sialosis. It can be idiopathic, or may be associated with malnutrition, diabetes, bulimia, or alcoholism. When normal tissue is aspirated from an enlarged gland, one is tempted to diagnose sialosis. We performed 26 such aspirates over a 5‐yr period. In all cases, the cytology featured abundant acinar and ductal tissue in a clean (noninflammatory) background. Six cases were excluded when the records showed no return visits to the clinic. The remaining 20 patients included 9 men and 11 women, aged 24–92 yr (median 56), who harbored 12 parotid (2 bilateral) and 8 unilateral submaxillary enlargements. Clinical findings included ethanol abuse (2), diabetes (1), and previously diagnosed head and neck carcinoma (3). In six patients, the duration of the mass was described as months or years. Excision (6), reaspiration (3), radiographic evaluation (2), and clinical follow‐up of patients not evaluated by other means (9 cases with median follow‐up of 6 months) revealed no malignancies. One excised gland contained a pleomorphic adenoma measuring 0.5 cm in diameter. This had been diagnosed by repeat fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) prior to surgery. We suggest that sialosis is a meaningful FNA diagnosis in patients who are carefully examined, skillfully aspirated, and reasonably followed. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytologic findings of collecting duct carcinoma of the kidney
Authors: Caraway Nancy P. , Wojcik Eva M. , Katz Ruth L. , Ro Jae Y. , Ordóñez Nelson G.
Published: February 2007

We report the cytologic features of eight fine‐needle aspirations (FNA) and eight exfoliative specimens of collecting duct carcinoma (CDC) obtained from six patients. The four men and two women ranged in age from 27 to 69 years (mean = 45 yr) and all had advanced stage disease at presentation (one stage III, five stage IV). Five of the six patients died of widespread disease, and one is alive and well (mean survival, 28 mo; range, 11–48 mo). The smears of the FNA and exfoliative specimens were scantly to moderately cellular. Tumor cells showed moderate pleomorphism and were arranged primarily in cohesive groups that rarely had a papillary configuration. Nuclei had irregular nuclear contours, coarse chromatin, and one to three nucleoli. In the majority of cases the cytoplasm was finely vacuolated, and occasionally there were large intracytoplasmic vacuoles. Intracytoplasmic mucin was demonstrated in two aspirates. Psammoma bodies were present in four of the seven fluids. In two patients, the cytologic diagnosis was supported by positive immunostaining for high‐molecular‐weight keratin and Ulex europaeus agglutinin I lectin. Leu M‐1 was focally positive in one case and negative in the other. The cytologic features of CDC were readily identified as malignant; however, they were not distinctive and overlapped with those of high‐grade renal cell carcinoma with papillury features and transitional cell carcinoma. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Value of ancillary studies in fine‐needle aspiration biopsy
Authors: Saleh Husain , Masood Shahla
Published: February 2007

With growing interest in the application of fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) in primary diagnosis of benign and malignant lesions, there has been a significant increase in the use of ancillary studies in the aspirated material. To assess the value of such studies, we reviewed 254 morphologically difficult aspiration biopsy cases obtained from different sites that underwent ancillary studies which included microbiology (MC), special stains (SS), immunocytochemistry (ICC), electron microscopy (EM) and flow cytometry (FC). Correlation with available histologic material and/or pertinent clinical information was used as a “gold” standard. In some cases, more than one ancillary study was performed on a single aspirate. According to the impact of the ancillary studies on the final diagnosis, these studies were divided into three categories: confirmatory/ diagnostic (22%), helpful (41%), and non‐helpful (37%). Overall, more studies had positive contributory effect to the diagnosis (63%) than those with non‐helpful results (37%). Among these adjunct testings, ICC were the most commonly used tests (135/296, 46%), while the EM studies had more positive impact in establishing the diagnosis. These findings emphasize the usefulness of ancillary testings in FNAB and justify the more selective use of these studies in the aspirated material. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Carbon‐laden macrophages in pleural fluid of crack smokers
Authors: Singh Baljit , Greenebaum Ellen , Cole Randolph
Published: February 2007

Carbon‐laden macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage have been noted to be associated with a history of crack smoking. We report herein the finding of carbon‐laden macrophages in four cytological preparations of pleural fluid from two crack smokers. The etiology of the two patients' pleural effusions differed; neither had a bronchopleural fistula. Patient 1 had AIDS, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and Kaposi's sarcoma of the right lung with an associated bilateral pleural effusion. Patient 2 was HIV seropositive, had pulmonary tuberculosis, hepatitis A, B, and C, cardiomyopathy, pulmonary embolism, and bilateral pleural effusions, the latter of which were probably due to cardio‐pulmonary dysfunction. An additional two crack smokers with pleural effusions due to malignancy, one primary pulmonary adenocarcinoma and the other metastatic melanoma, did not have carbon‐like material in their pleural fluid cytology. We hypothesize that intracellular accumulation of carbonaceous material in the lung parenchyma and pleural space occurs when normal clearance mechanisms are overwhelmed. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytomorphologic features of scleromatous lymphadenitis on fine‐needle aspiration cytology: A case report
Authors: Gera Neeru , Bhatia Arati , Tickoo S. K.
Published: February 2007

Scleroma is a chronic granulomatous inflammatory disease of the upper respiratory tract caused by Klebisella rhinoscleromatis. Scleromatous involvement of lymph node is rare. The smears on fine‐needle aspiration reveal a characteristic picture. The cytomorphologic features of this rare lymph node lesion are reported. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (rosai‐dorfman disease): Diagnosis with fine‐needle aspiration in a case with nodal and nasal involvement
Authors: Alegret Ramiro Alvarez , Tello Amelia Martinez , Ramirez Teresa , Gállego Paz , Martinez David , Julián Gregorio García
Published: February 2007

Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (SHML) is a rare entity characterized by the proliferation of cells belonging to the macrophage‐histiocyte family, but whose exact origin is unknown. A case of SHML occurring in a 62‐yr‐old female is described in which the diagnosis is initially suggested by fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) of a cervical node. The smears show a background of lymphocytes and plasma cells and large histiocytes with well‐preserved lymphocytes in their cytoplasm (emperipolesis or lymphophagocytosis). Both nodal and extranodal (nasal mass) involvement are confirmed by surgical biopsy. The immunohisto‐chemistry suggests that SHML cells are functionally activated macrophages. Eight months after diagnosis, the patient is clinically well, with partial improvement of lymphadenopathy. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytology of suture granulomas in post‐hysterectomy vaginal smears
Authors: Bardales Ricardo H. , Valente Philip T. , Stanley Michael W.
Published: February 2007

In histologic sections, foreign body giant cells are often associated with a granulomatous reaction to embedded suture material. However, this finding is unusual in exfoliative cytology samples. We describe the cytologic findings associated with suture granulomas in nine vaginal smears obtained from four women, ages 53 to 72. The patients had undergone hysterectomy for endometrial adenocarcinoma (three patients) and cervical carcinoma in situ (one patient). Smears taken 6 to 34 mo after surgery showed a moderate to severe acute inflammatory reaction, foreign body giant cells, and polarizable suture material. A vaginal cuff biopsy from one patient confirmed the diagnosis. Although multinucleated giant cells in postmenopausal vaginal smears are usually a non‐specific finding, phagocytosed refractile material observed post hysterectomy may reflect a chronic tissue reaction to suture material. The presence of an acute inflammatory reaction, foreign body type giant cells, and the appropriate past surgical history, should prompt the pathologist to rapidly screen the slide under polarized light to evaluate the possibility of suture granulomas. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aspiration cytology of a case of tumoral calcinosis
Authors: Zaharopoulos Paul , Patre Pier Luigi Di
Published: February 2007

The fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) cytologic findings in a case of non‐familial tumoral calcinosis are described. These include abundant calcific amorphous deposits, mononuclear histiocytes, osteoclast‐type multinucleated giant cells, and fragments of tissue consisting of osteoblast‐type cells with atypical epithelial‐like features mimicking an epithelial malignancy.

This is the first reported case describing the cellular morphology of tumoral calcinosis in an FNA specimen. A previously reported case described the evacuation of acellular calcific fluid only. In the present case, vigorous aspiration of the solid portions of the lesion yielded cellular material representative of the histology of the lesion. Points of caution for a correct interpretation of the cytologic findings are discussed. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reporting of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance on cervical smears: Is it significant?
Authors: Selvaggi Suzanne M. , Haefner Hope K.
Published: February 2007

A retrospective 7‐mo study (June 1, 1993‐December 31, 1993) was performed to evaluate the significance of reporting atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) on cervical smears. During this period 114 (0.7%) of 17,330 smears were diagnosed as ASCUS, 62 of which resulted in either follow‐up cervical biopsies and/or endocervical curettages (61%) or repeat smears (39%), and form the basis of this study. Tissue specimens (38 cases) were negative in 24 cases (63%) and were positive in 14 cases (37%). Of the positive specimens, there were 9 low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) and 5 high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). Repeat smears (24 cases) were negative in 19 cases (79%) and were persistent for a lesion in 5 cases (21%). The persistent lesions consisted of 2 ASCUS and 3 LSIL. Overall, of the 62 cases, 43 (69%) were negative and 19 (31%) showed a lesion on follow‐up tissue specimens or smears. Of the 62 cases, ASCUS diagnoses included cellular changes suggestive of human papillomavirus infection in 17 (27%) cases, nondiagnostic cellular changes in 16 (26%) cases, atypical squamous metaplasia vs. a squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) in 15 (24%) cases, inflammatory cell changes vs. a LSIL in 5 (8%) cases, 2 of which contained candida, and atrophic cellular changes in 1 (2%) case. In the remaining 8 (13%) cases, proper cytologic analysis was hampered by partially obscuring acute inflammation (3 cases) and low cellularity (5 cases). The results of this study would indicate that the reporting of ASCUS on cervical smears does lead to the detection of SILs in a significant number of cases (31% in this study). Therefore, further evaluation of the patient is suggested. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Toward optimal use of the cytology laboratory: Quality improvement and cerebrospinal fluid specimens
Authors: Walts Ann E. , Strigle Stephen
Published: February 2007

Review of 203 consecutive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens submitted concurrently to the cytology and hematology laboratories identified several quality improvement (QI) opportunities. Clinician/laboratory, interlaboratory, and intralaboratory issues are addressed. Data are utilized to formulate a multifaceted approach that would decrease patient expenditure, conserve laboratory resources, and improve the clinical value of CSF reports. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tumor genes and their proteins in cytologic and surgical specimens: Relevance and detection systems
Authors: Leong Anthony S.‐Y. , Robbins Peter , Spagnolo Dominic V.
Published: February 2007

Oncogenesis is the consequence of a series of genetic alterations that allow unrestrained cellular growth, tissue invasion, and eventual metastases. Tumor‐related genes can be classified into functional categories. Proto‐oncogenes/oncogenes have a stimulatory role in cell growth, and the inactivation of cancer‐suppressor genes/antioncogenes results in the loss of cell cycle regulation. More recently, three other groups of tumor‐related genes have been recognized. They include the antiapoptosis genes which protect from programmed cell death, the antimetastasis genes, and multidrug resistance genes. Besides aiding in tumor diagnosis, the detection of such tumor‐associated genes and their products allows the identification of individuals with an inherited predisposition to neoplastic growths, and the overexpression of many of these oncogene products has been shown to be a potential marker of tumor behavior and a predictor of treatment outcome and response. The ability to utilize DNA and RNA probes for nucleic acid hybridization and polymerase chain reaction procedures in cell and tissue preparations of solid tumors and lymphoid proliferations expands and complements the information provided by immunohistochemical techniques. These probes allow direct visualization and correlation of specific genes and their protein products with cytomorphologic features, and form a powerful addition to the armamentarium of the cytopathologist and surgical pathologist. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Semiautomatic PAPNET analysis of proliferating (MIB‐1‐positive) cells in cervical cytology and histology
Authors: Boon Mathilde E. , Beck Samuel , Kok L. P.
Published: February 2007

With the event of microwave‐antigen retrieval it has become possible to detect proliferating cells (staining positive for MiB‐1) in cervical smears containing epithelial fragments and in paraffin sections containing cancerous cervical epithelium. The PAPNET system, using neural network computing, is able to collect from the slides epithelial fragments with positive‐staining nuclei. The nuclei in epithelial fragments are semiautomatically quantitated using the PAPNET‐digitized images. The parameter PPN (proportion‐positive nuclei), in which the nuclear area of the positive nuclei is taken into account, prove to be superior to the proliferation index for distinguishing moderate dysplasia from carcinoma in situ. In repair cells, all four quantitative parameters are close to those of moderate dysplasias, indicating that this method is unfit for distinguishing these two entities. However, we show that MiB‐1 staining is valuable for the analysis of “false‐negative” and “false‐positive” smears, and for quantifying proliferation in sections of carcinoma in situ. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential diagnostic considerations and potential pitfalls in fine‐needle aspiration biopsies of the mediastinum
Authors: Geisinger Kim R.
Published: February 2007

The mediastinum is the host for a number of relatively unusual primary neoplasms, as well as a frequent recipient of metastatic tumors. From the perspective of fine‐needle aspiration cytomorphology, several distinct patterns are yielded. The polygonal (or epithelial‐like) cell pattern may be seen with benign and malignant thymomas, germinomas, embryonal carcinoma, and many metastatic carcinomas. An intimate admixture of small lymphocytes with these epithelial cells may occur in this category. The small cell pattern may be produced by malignant non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas, neuroblastoma, carcinoid tumors, and metastatic oat cell carcinoma. Uncommon morphologic forms of thymoma and carcinoid tumors, as well as benign mesenchymal lesions, may yield a picture of a spindle‐cell proliferation. In addition to cytomorphology, the cytologist needs to integrate clinical, radio‐graphic, immunocytochemical, and ultrastructural data to formulate a final diagnosis. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish): A user's guide to optimal preparation of cytologic specimens
Authors: Abati Andrea , Sanford Jeffrey S. , Fetsch Patricia , Marincola Francesco M. , Wolman Sandra R.
Published: February 2007

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a reliable method for tagging centromeric regions of specific chromosomes in interphase nuclei. Not only is FISH useful for chromosome enumeration, but as region‐specific chromosome probes are developed, the clinical applications and potentials for use by pathologists are extensive. This technique lends itself particularly to use in cytology preparations because the cells are disaggregated and monolayer preparations yield excellent technical hybridization results. Over a 7‐mo period we processed cytologic samples in an attempt to define and outline a method for optimal specimen processing for FISH use in cell suspensions, techniques applicable to all fresh cytology specimens which can also be used for the processing of surgical pathology aspirates and other material. All samples should be promptly processed to ensure specimen viability, and triaged on an individual basis to ensure preparation of moderately cellular monolayered cytospins. Equivalent nuclear probe signals have been obtained with several sample fixation methods air‐drying, 95% ethanol, methanol (Diff‐Quik fixative), and Carnoy's solution. No difference was noted in the nuclear probe signals or specimen adhesion on positively charged or noncharged slides. After initial fixation our slides remained at room temperature until FISH was performed, without any adverse effects. A short digestion with proteinase K and subsequent rehybridization yielded positive results on samples that originally yielded poor nuclear probe signals. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Leptin decreases apoptosis and alters BCL‐2 : Bax ratio in clonal rodent pancreatic beta‐cells
Authors: Brown James E. P. , Dunmore Simon J.
Published: February 2007

Aims/Hypothesis

The adipocyte derived peptide hormone leptin is known to regulate apoptosis and cell viability in several cells and tissues, as well as having several pancreatic islet beta‐cell specific effects such as inhibition of glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion. This study investigated the effects of leptin upon apoptosis induced by serum depletion and on expression of the apoptotic regulators B‐cell leukaemia 2 gene product (BCL‐2) and BCL2‐associated X protein (Bax) in the glucose‐responsive BRIN‐BD11 beta‐cell line.

Methods

BRIN‐BD11 cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 and subsequently serum depleted ± leptin (10 and 50 ng/mL) for 24 h. Cell viability and apoptosis were measured using a modified MTS assay and TUNEL/YO‐PRO‐1 assays, respectively. BCL‐2 and Bax expression were measured by real‐time PCR and Western blotting.

Results

Leptin caused a reduction in serum‐depleted apoptosis, although it failed to have any effect on the overall cell viability, causing a 68% shift from apoptosis to necrosis. Leptin significantly increased the level of BCL‐2 mRNA expression (150% compared to serum depletion alone), without altering Bax mRNA expression. At the protein level, leptin increased BCL‐2 and decreased Bax, altering the BCL‐2 : Bax ratio.

Conclusions

We conclude that leptin reduces apoptosis in beta‐cells at physiological concentrations, possibly via its ability to up‐regulate BCL‐2 and Bax expression. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iron(III) Tris(pyridinehydroxamate)s and Related Nickel(II) and Zinc(II) Complexes: Potential Platforms for the Design of Novel Heterodimetallic Supramolecular Assemblies
Authors: Mulcahy Clodagh , Krot Krystyna A. , Griffith Darren M. , Suponitsky Kyrill Yu. , Starikova Zoya A. , Marmion Celine J.
Published: February 2007

The reaction of 3‐ and 4‐pyhaH (pyhaH = pyridinehydroxamic acid) with hydrated metal salts (FeIII, NiII, ZnII) in aqueous solution affords tris(pyridinehydroxamate)s in the case of FeIII and bis(pyridinehydroxamate)s in the case of ZnII and NiII in both the solid state and in solution. These metal pyridinehydroxamates that have the hydroxamato moiety coordinated in an O,O′‐bidentate fashion all contain free pyridine nitrogen donor atoms that might allow them to be used as building blocks in the construction of pyridinehydroxamato‐bridged supramolecular assemblies. The crystal and molecular structures of the two novel FeIII tris(pyridinehydroxamate) building blocks [FeIII(3‐pyha)3]·5.125H2O (1a) and [FeIII(4‐pyha)3]·5.5H2O (2a) are found to have different packing systems despite the similar nature of the two complexes. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Highly Selective and Sensitive Membrane Sensors for Copper(II) Ion Based on a New Benzo‐Substituted Macrocyclic Diamide 6,7,8,9,10‐Hexahydro‐2H‐1,13,4,7,10‐benzodioxatriazacyclopentadecine‐3,11(4H,12H)‐dione
Authors: Shamsipur Mojtaba , Mizani Farhang , Saboury Ali Akbar , Sharghi Hashem , Khalifeh Reza
Published: February 2007

Novel PVC membrane (PME) and coated graphite (CGE) Cu2+‐selective electrodes based on 5,6,7,8,9,10‐hexahydro‐2H‐1,13,4,7,10‐benzodioxatriazacyclopentadecine‐3,11(4H,12H)‐dione are prepared. The electrodes reveal a Nernstian behavior over wide Cu2+ion concentration ranges (1.0×10−7–1.0×10−1 M for PME and 1.0×10−8–1.0×10−1 M for CGE) with very low limits of detection (7.8×10−8 M for PME and 9.1×10−9 M for CGE). The potentiometric responses are independent of the pH of the test solutions in the pH range 2.7–6.2. The proposed electrodes possess very good selectivities for Cu2+over a wide variety of the cations including alkali, alkaline earth, transitions and heavy metal ions. The practical utility of the proposed electrodes have been demonstrated by their use in the study of interactions between copper ions and human growth hormone (hGH) in biological systems, potentiometric titration of copper with EDTA and determination of copper content of a sheep blood serum sample and some other real samples.
Closed‐form parameter estimates for a truncated gamma distribution
Authors: Brawn Dan , Upton Graham
Published: February 2007

Gamma distributions are used by atmospheric scientists to model the distribution of raindrop diameters. However, the recording instruments (known as disdrometers) are unable to record the sizes of the smallest drops, so that the recorded distribution (which consists of group frequencies) is truncated. Although the method of maximum likelihood can be used to estimate the parameters of such a truncated and grouped distribution, this method is not customarily used by practitioners. Their preference has been for the very simple method of moments. Many different combinations of moments have been suggested, with a preference for the use of higher moments both because of their physical relevance (to the volume of water, the attenuation of radio signals or radar reflectivity) and because of the low‐end truncation. However, the difficulty in accurately estimating higher moments leads to these estimates often being biased and invariably having high variance. Recognising the attraction of a computationally simple procedure, we introduce a method that uses a combination of moment relationships and weighted linear regression to give explicit formulae for parameter estimates. We compare the performance of these estimates with both maximum likelihood and moment estimates for untruncated, singly truncated and doubly truncated gamma distributions. We show that our simple closed‐form estimates compare favourably with the optimal maximum likelihood estimates. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Germ‐line and somatic mutations of the APC gene in patients with turcot syndrome and analysis of APC mutations in brain tumors
Authors: Mori Takahiro , Nagase Hiroki , Horii Akira , Miyoshi Yasuo , Nakatsuru Shuichi , Aoki Takahisa , Arakawa Hirofumi , Nakamura Yusuke , Shimano Takashi , Yanagisawa Akio , Ushio Yukitaka , Takano Sadamu , Ogawa Michio , Nakamura Masato , Shibuya Masabumi , Nishikawa Ryo , Matsutani Masao , Hayashi Yasuhide , Takahashi Hitoshi , Ikuta Fusahiro , Nishihira Tetsuro , Mori Shozo
Published: February 2007

The Turcot syndrome (TS) is a rare, probably autosomal recessive, disorder characterized by development of primary neuroepithelial tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) and numerous adenomatous colorectal polyps. To examine the possible involvement of mutations of the APC gene, which is responsible for familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), in Turcot syndrome, we examined DNAs from TS patients for alterations in this gene by means of ribonuclease protection analysis. Germ‐line APC mutations were detected in each of three unrelated cases of TS, and additional (somatic) mutations were observed in colonic adenomas that had developed in one of these patients. However, no somatic mutations in APC were found among 91 neuroepithelial tumors (medulloblastoma, glioblastoma, astrocytoma, and oligodendroglioma). whether sporadic or associated with TS. These results suggest that the APC gene is associated with pathogenesis of one feature of TS, but that at least one other gene is responsible for the genesis of neuroepithelial tumors in the CNS. Genes Chrom Cancer 9:168‐172 (1994). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
t( 12;21): A new recurrent translocation in acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Romana Serge P. , Coniat Maryvonne Le , Berger Roland
Published: February 2007

A t(12;21)(p11 ‐p12;q22) was detected by chromosome painting in three patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) among eight ALL cases with 12p‐ abnormalities. The three leukemias had similar immunophenotypes (DR+, CD10 +, CD19 + ). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) experiments using YAC clones from 21q21‐q22 were performed to better localize the breakpoint on chromosome 21. This breakpoint was localized to 21q22.2 in one patient. Although only one case of ALL with t( 12;21) has been reported previously, the present results suggest that t( 12;21) is a recurrent translocation in ALL. Genes Chrom Cancer 9:186‐191 (1994). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck region
Authors: Van Dyke Daniel L. , Worsham Maria J. , Drumheller Timothy , Benninger Michael S. , Krause Charles J. , Baker Shan R. , Wolf Gregory T. , Carey Thomas E. , Tilley Barbara C.
Published: February 2007

We characterized the breakpoints, gains, and losses of chromosome material in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck region from 29 patients. Cell lines were karyotyped in 1/3 of cases, direct preparations or early in vitro harvests in 1/3, and both in 1/3 of cases. GTG‐banding was employed in all cases, as were C‐banding and RBG‐ and AgNOR‐staining in most. Some tumors were near‐diploid and others near‐tetraploid, but many had mixed populations, with diploid, tetraploid, and octoploid subclones representing essentially the same karyotypic pattern. The most frequent changes were deletions. Losses affecting 3p13‐p24, 5q12‐q23, 8p22‐p23, 9p21 ‐p24, and 18q22‐q23 ranged in frequency from 40% to 60% of tumors. Loss of the short arm of the inactive X occurred in 70% of tumors from female patients, and loss or rearrangement of the Y occurred in 74% of tumors from male patients. Loss of 18q appeared to be associated with short survival, as did the presence of multiple deletions. There was gain (2‐5 extra copies) of 3q21 ‐qter, 5p, 7p, 8q, and 11q 13‐q23 in 28‐38% of tumors. Three tumors had an hsr involving 11q13‐q21. Gain of material at 11q13 is postulated to be associated with amplification of the PRADI/CCND gene at that locus. A translocation between proximal 1 p and either an acrocentric short arm or proximal 8p or 9p was observed in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck region but not in female genital tract tumors. No other abnormalities appeared to be site specific, suggesting a pattern of genetic evolution in squamous cell carcinoma that is independent of anatomic site. Genes Chrom Cancer 9:192‐206 (1994). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
DNA rearrangements and altered transcripts of the MLL gene in a human T‐all cell line karpas 45 with a t(X;II) (q13;q23) translocation
Authors: McCabe Norah R. , Kipiniak Magdalena , Kobayashi Hirofumi , Thirman Michael , Gill Heidi , Rowley Janet D. , Diaz Manuel O.
Published: February 2007

Translocations involving chromosome band 11q23 are found in both lymphoid and myeloid leukemias as well as in lymphomas, and we have recently reported that rearrangement of the MLL gene is involved in these translocations. The chromosomes most frequently involved in reciprocal translocations include chromosomes 4, 6, 9, and 19, and we and others have reported that chromosomes 1, 2, 10, 15, 17, 18, 22, and X are also involved. In the cell line Karpas 45, which has a t(X;II) (q13;q23) translocation, we report here that the MLL gene is rearranged and that there are two altered transcripts of MLL that come from the der(11) chromosome. Genes Chrom Cancer 9:221‐224 (1994). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chromosome abnormalities in benign prostatic hyperplasia
Authors: Aly Magdy S. , Cin Paola Dal , Van Den Berghe Herman , Van De Voorde Wim , Van Poppel Hein , Ameye Filip , Baert Luc
Published: February 2007

We combined conventional cytogenetic analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization of short‐term cultures of 28 samples from benign prostatic hyperplasia. Lou of the Y chromosome was the most common chromosome change, followed by trisomy 7. Trisomy 7, however, may be unrelated to the origin of benign prostate hyperplasia, in which the only and not very specific change seems to be the loss of the Y chromosome. Genes Chrom Cancer 9:227‐233 (1594). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular analysis of simple variant translocations in acute promyelocytic leukemia
Authors: Borrow Julian , Howe Kathy , Goddard Audrey , Solomon Ellen , Shipley Janet , Kiely Fiona , Sheer Denise , Srivastava Arun , Antony Asok C. , Fioretos Thoas , Mitelman Felix
Published: February 2007

The primary cytogenetic abnormality in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL; FAB M3) is a reciprocal translocation, t(15;17)(q22;q12), which serves to fuse the PML gene on chromosome 15 to the retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARA) gene on chromosome 17. A PML‐RARA fusion message transcribed from the der(15) is thought to mediate leukemogenesis. Two APL patients with simple variants of this translocation, t(3;15)(q21;q22) and t(X15)(p11;q22), have previously been reported who lack cytogenetic involvement of chromosome 17, although their breakpoint positions on chromosome 15 still suggest the involvement of the PML gene. Here we report on a combined analysis by molecular genetics and in situ hybridization of these two patients, in which we wanted to determine whether the PML gene has alternative fusion partners or whether cryptic rearrangement of the RARA locus has occurred instead. A cryptic involvement of RARA was demonstrated in both patients by a combination of Southern analysis, reverse transcription coupled to PCR (RT‐PCR), and fluorescence in situ hybridization. The results indicate an absolute requirement for the rearrangement of the RAARA gene in the pathogenesis of APL and underline the importance of RARA during normal myeloid differentiation. Genes Chrom Cancer 9:234‐243 (1994). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chromosome 13 transfer provides evidence for regulation of RBI protein expression
Authors: Anderson Michael J. , Fasching Clare L , Stanbridge Eric J. , Xu Hong‐Ji , Benedict William F.
Published: February 2007

The human retinoblastoma susceptibility gene (RBI) located on chromosome 13 has been shown to function as a growth/tumor suppressor gene in a large number of human cancers. Although constitutive expression has been observed in most cultured cells and normal tissues, overexpression of RBI protein has not been well documented. Perhaps regulating the level of normal RBI protein expression is one of several ways of controlling its function. To test this hypothesis we transferred normal copies of chromosome 13 via microcell fusion into the human fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080. Microcell hybrids were generated that contained one, two, or three extra copies of the transferred fibroblast chromosome 13. Compared to the parental cell line, the hybrids were completely unaltered with respect to several properties in vitro and in vivo, including morphology, growth rate, and tumor formation. Northern blot analysis revealed a stepwise increase in RBI mRNA expression which increased in proportion to the number of alleles present in each cell line. Although RBI protein exhibited correct nuclear localization and was phosphorylated in a normal cell cycle‐dependent manner in the hybrids, the increased level of protein expression in each hybrid was nearly identical and did not increase beyond a threshold amount, although mRNA expression continued to increase. These results demonstrate that HT1080 cells can tolerate an increased level of RBI protein, but that expression beyond a certain level may be down‐regulated. These transfer studies provide evidence for regulation of RBI protein expression and may suggest an alternative form of monitoring and controlling normal RBI functioning. Genes Chrom Cancer 9:251‐260 (1994). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Breakpoints of burkitt's lymphoma t(8;22) translocations map within a distance of 300 kb downstream of MYC
Authors: Zeidler Reinhard , Lipp Martin , Joos Stefan , Delecluse Henri‐Jacques , Bornkamm Georg W. , Klobeck Gustav , Vuillaume Michele , Lenoir Gilbert M.
Published: February 2007

The variant translocation t(8;22) in Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) cells joins band q24 of chromosome 8 distal to the proto‐oncogene MYC to the immunoglobulin lambda locus. The distribution of breakpoints on chromosome 8 of 11 cell lines with t(8;22) has been investigated by in situ fluorescence hybridization and pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis. We show that these chromosomal breakpoints generally fall within a region of about 300 kb 3′ of MYC and that at least 8 out of 11 affect the previously characterized transcriptional unit PVT1. Comparable results were obtained in earlier experiments analyzing the variant t(2;8). Recently, in a series of BL cells carrying t(8;14), breakpoints upstream of MYC have been described at a similar distance. Therefore, our results suggest that deregulation of MYC by the immunoglobulin loci can occur at a distance of up to about 350 kbp of MYC. Genes Chrom Cancer 9:282‐287 (1994). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A synovial sarcoma with a complex t(X; 18;5;4) and a break in the ornithine aminotransferase (OAT)LI cluster on Xp11.2
Authors: Olde Weghuis D. , De Leeuw B. , Suijkerbuijk R. F. , Van Kessel A. Geurts , Stoepker M. E. J. , Van Den Berg E. , De Jong B. , Molenaar W. M.
Published: February 2007

The initial cytogenetic analysis of a biphasic synovial sarcoma revealed complex anomalies involving six different chromosomes: 46,Y,t(X185;4)(p11;q11;p13;q12),t(2;5)(q35;q11). After fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis, using chromosome X‐specific plasmid library and YAC probes, the situation appeared to be even more complex, with an insertion of part of the X chromosome short arm into the der(5)t(5;18). In spite of these complex chromosomal rearrangements, the Xp11 breakpoint could be mapped to within the ornithine aminotransferase (OAT)LI cluster, very similar to that reported previously for the standard t(X 18)(p11;q11) in synovial sarcomas. These findings suggest common pathogenetic pathways in these cytogenetically different but morphologically similar tumors. Genes Chrom Cancer 9:288‐291 (1994). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative genomic hybridization as a tool to define two distinct chromosome 12‐derived amplification units in well‐differentiated liposarcomas
Authors: Suijkerbuijk Ron F. , Weghuis Daniel E. M. Olde , Van Den Berg Margot , Van Kessel Ad Geurts , Pedeutour Florence , Turc‐Carel Claude , Forus Anne , Myklebost Ola , Glier Cliff
Published: February 2007

Well‐differentiated liposarcomas (WDLPS) are frequently characterized by a near‐diploid karyotype with supernumerary ring and/or giant rod‐shaped marker chromosomes. We have shown, using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and molecular strategies, that these markers contain chromosome 12‐derived sequences. Here we report the analysis of six WDLPS for the presence of amplified DNA segments by means of the recently developed comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) strategy. Two distinct chromosome 12‐derived amplification units could be identified in all tumors examined, one located in the q 14‐q 15 region as expected, the second unexpectedly mapping to q21.3‐q22. Our results indicate that the concerted amplification of these two distinct regions on the long arm of chromosome 12 may be a consistent characteristic of WDLPS. These amplifications are most likely directly related to the presence of supernumerary ring and/or giant marker chromosomes in this group of soft tissue tumors. Genes Chrom Cancer 9:292‐295 (1994). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Allelic loss at 1 p is associated with tumor progression of meningiomas
Authors: Bello M. Josefa , Pestaña Angel , Rey Juan A. , De Campos Jose M. , Kusak M. Elena , Vaquero Jesus , Sarasay Jose L.
Published: February 2007

Next to chromosome 22 anomalies, deletions of the short arm of chromosome I have previously been described as the most frequent alteration detected by cytogenetic analysis of meningiomas. To determine the incidence of these deletions, we have analyzed a series of 50 meningiomas for the loss of alleles at four chromosome I loci. Thirteen samples displayed LOH for the markers studied; in one instance, the results were compatible with loss of the entire chromosome I, whereas in the other 12 samples deletions of the short arm were observed. Eleven of the meningiomas had previously been shown to have loss of alleles on chromosome 22, and 12 of them were characterized by increased tumor aggressiveness. These findings suggest that deletion of 1p (or the alteration of a locus located there) might represent a secondary, but nonrandom alteration in meningiomas, perhaps contributing to meningioma tumor progression. Genes Chrom Cancer 9:296‐298 (1994). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss. Inc.
Definition of a new entity of malignant extragonadal germ cell tumors
Authors: van Echten Jannie , de Jong Bauke , Sinke Richard J. , Weghuis Daniël Olde , Sleijfer Dirk Th. , Wolter Oosterhuis J.
Published: February 2007

Two malignant extragonadal germ cell tumors are reported, histologically classified as immature teratomas, having pseudodiploid karyotypes with complex structural rearrangements but lacking isochromosome 12p or other rearrangements involving 12p. The absence of 12p material in structural rearrangements was confirmed by chromosome painting. In the two tumors the following common chromosomal breakpoints were found: 6p21, 6p22, 6q23, and 11q13. Exactly the same chromosomal regions, 6p22::6q23 and 6p21::11q13, were involved in fusions. The two tumors belong to a new entity of extragonadal immature teratomas of adults which may be located in the retroperitoneum and posterior mediastinum and are prone to blood borne metastasis.
Allelic imbalance on chromosome I in human breast cancer. I. Minisatellite and rflp analysis
Authors: Loupart Marie‐Louise , Adams Susan , Brammar William , Armour John , Walker Rosemary , Varley Jennifer
Published: February 2007

In order to characterise the role of chromosome I more fully in breast cancer, polymorphic markers mapping along the length of the whole chromosome were used to assess a panel of 71 tumour‐lymphocyte pairs for allelic imbalance. Complex patterns of alterations were established that are consistent with cytogenetic data in the literature. Deletion mapping of individuals with loss of heterozygosity identified five independent smallest common regions of deletion, two of which are novel. There are also three discrete regions showing a gain in copy number of one homologue. The two arms of the chromosome may be subject to different events; the short arm primarily undergoes interstitial deletions, whereas the long arm is subject to whole arm events (as both gains and losses) as well as regional deletions.
Diffuse large cell lymphomas exhibit frequent deletions in 9p21–22 and 9q31–34 regions
Authors: Chaganti Seeta R. , Louie Diane C. , Chaganti R. S. K. , Gaidano Gianluca , Dalla‐Favera Riccardo
Published: February 2007

We have previously identified deletions of 9p and 9q in a cytogenetic analysis of a large series of non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs), which suggested loss of candidate tumor suppressor genes (TSGs). In order to define these deletions at the molecular level, we performed an LOH analysis of a panel of paired normal and tumor DNAs comprising 13 cases of diffuse lymphoma with a large cell component (DLLC) and 18 cases of Burkitt's lymphoma (BL). The loci tested comprised eight polymorphic probes mapped to 9p (D9S33, D9S25, IFNB, IFNA, IFNW, D9S126, D9S3, and D9S19) and seven polymorphic probes mapped to 9q (D9S29, ASS, AKI, ABL, D9S10, D9S7, and D9S14). In this analysis, among cases informative for all loci in each subset, 5/13 (38%) DLLC and 4/18 (22%) BL showed LOH at 9p loci, whereas 5/13 (38%) DLLC and 3/18 (16%) BL showed LOH at 9q loci. Among the 9p loci partial homozygous or heterozygous losses were observed in 20–50% of informative cases of DLLC at D9S25, IFNB, IFNA, IFNW, D9S126, and D9S3, whereas in BL, losses at these loci ranged from 0% to 11%. Among the 9q loci, heterozygous losses were observed in >20% of informative cases of DLLC at D9S7 (23%) and D9S29 (27%), whereas no losses were seen at these two loci in BL. These data demonstrate a high level of molecular deletion in DLLC, but not in BL, suggesting that loss of one or more TSGs on chromosome 9 plays an important role in DLLC development.