bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Double-Coated Nanoparticle of Ribosome Inactivating Protein (RIP) from Mirabilis jalapa L. prepared from Chitosan-Sodium Tripolyphosphate and Alginate-Calcium Chloride: The New Strategy for Protein Drug in Oral Delivery
Authors: Miranda Amalia , Ismail Hilda , Martien Ronny , Hadiba Ciptasari Ummi , Kusniasari Ariyani , Ayu Arimurni Dewa , Dwi Pradipta Wahyudi S. Made , Sismindari
Published: November 2023

Oral delivery of protein drugs is challenging due to the instability of the compound and structural barrier exists in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Nanoparticle technology is known as a promising drug delivery strategy to ensure drug bioavailability. This study aims to formulate an oral delivery system of a potential anticancer agent named Ribosome Inactivating Protein from Mirabilis jalapa L.-C (RIP MJ-C) through double-coated nanoparticles prepared from Chitosan-Sodium Tripolyphosphate (TPP) and Alginate-Calcium Chloride (CaCl2). Nanoparticles were prepared through the ionic gelation method, with the core nanoparticle (RMJCN-1) formulated in the pH of 3.5-5.5 using 0.3-0.5 % w/v of chitosan and 0.03 % w/v TPP. The RMJCN-1 optimum formula was selected to be subsequently coated with the second layer of alginate and CaCl2, called RMJCN-2, with a concentration of 0.3% w/v and 0.1-0.3 %, respectively. The sample was characterized by the entrapment efficiency (EE), physical appearance, particle size, polydispersity index (PI), and potential zetta. The result showed the optimum RMJCN-1 formula with of EE value of 57.10 ± 0.04 % was obtained by formulating 0.5 % w/v chitosan and 0.3 % w/v STPP in pH 5.5. The optimum RMJCN-2 was obtained by the combination of alginate 0.3 % w/v and CaCl2 0.1% w/v in the outer layer. This final formula produces nanoparticles with a zeta potential of -14.4 mV, 739.8 nm in size, with good stability during 7 days at room temperature. This study has successfully developed a formulation of double-coated nanoparticles from Chitosan-TPP and Alginat-CaCl2 for RIP MJ-C, leads to a safe nanocarrier system for oral delivery of RIP MJ-C that ensures its bioavailability.
Community Pharmacist’ attitudes towards counterfeit medicines in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Kristina Susi Ari , Darmawan Kadek Hendra , Yuliani Rizka Prita , Mu’in Fathul , Trung Vo Quang
Published: November 2023

Counterfeit medicines (CFMs) is a catastrophic public health issue that encompasses all therapeutic classes in Indonesia. It is a consensus that community pharmacists in many countries could contribute to preventing the distribution of CFMs. Information on community pharmacists’ attitudes regarding CFMs is lacking. This study explores the attitudes of community pharmacists in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, regards to CFMs. The specific aim was to identify the perceived reason, the method used to identify CFMs, and complemented with recommendations on what aspects are lacking today. A crosssectional study involving 350 community pharmacists in Yogyakarta province was conducted. A semistructured questionnaire assessed the components of their attitude toward CFMs. The Likert-scale statements were implemented to best describe pharmacists’ attitudes in responding to specific questions. Most community pharmacists perceived a business profit induced by exceeded market demand and a medicine shortage as significant reasons for CFMs in Indonesia. They are confident in identifying CFMs through the medicine’s appearance, packaging, and noticeable price difference. This study captures the need for enforcing regulators to take more responsibility for specific CFMs regulations and build a centralized system for reporting the potential cases of CFMs, allowing for continuous country CFMs surveillance. Community pharmacists could be a crucial supporting function in preventing CFMs from reaching patients. To enhance their role, a robust reporting system is urged to be adopted and socialized in a massive way.
Motivational Interviewing Effect on Medication Adherence and Other Outcomes in People with Schizophrenia (PwS): A Review
Authors: Cahaya Noor , Kristina Susi Ari , Widayanti Anna Wahyuni , Green James
Published: November 2023

Adherence will have an impact on therapy because schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder that requires long-term treatment. One strategy to improve adherence to medications is motivational interviewing (MI), although more study is needed to see how well it works and whether it has any other effects on schizophrenia. The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of motivational interviews in improving adherence to medications and other positive impacts on PwS. A literature review using PubMed, Science Direct, Springerlink, and google scholar databases from 2010-2023 focused on keywords adherence, schizophrenia, and motivational interviewing. The results showed that MI has inconsistencies in their effect on improving medication adherence in PwS, but some studies found evidence of an association between MI and other outcomes, such as improvement in psychotic symptoms and decreased hospitalisation rates. Differences in patient characteristics and MI interventions in each study, the to perform MI techniques, and the trusting relationship built by the counsellor with the patient will affect the impact of MI on adherence. MI showed inconsistencies in improving medication adherence in people with schizophrenia. Several factors will affect the effectiveness of MI. However, MI also has the potential to improve psychosis symptoms and reduce hospitalisation rates, although more research is needed.
Prescriptions Conformity with National Formulary: A Literature Review to Explore the Need for Pharmaceutical Cost Containment
Authors: Skarayadi Oskar , Endarti Dwi , Ghufron Mukti Ali , Satibi
Published: November 2023

The government has created the National Formulary (Fornas) as a tool for control of quality and cost control. Patients’ prescriptions should be based on the national Formulary during the era of national health coverage. If prescriptions complied with the national Formulary, the cost would reduce. This research aimed to determine the factor of non-conformity between prescriptions and the national Formulary measures it and explores the need for pharmaceutical cost containment. This study applied the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method between 2014 and 2022. The search terms “Kesesuaian Fornas” were utilized on Google Scholar, Pubmed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. The evaluation was organized by factor and subsequent action. Searches of the databases Google Scholar (2,246), Pubmed (0), ScienceDirect (1), and Scopus (0) yielded a total of 247 results. Following the selection procedure, 34 articles were included in the analysis. The average conformity of prescription with Fornas was 71.02%. Prescription adherence, drug availability, and formulary Conformity with Fornas were the primary factors in the conformity of prescriptions with the National Formulary. Conformity with the national Formulary for prescriptions can be enhanced through three primary actions: increasing prescription adherence, updating the Formulary, and procuring following the electronic catalog.
The Role of E-Prescription in Reducing Medication Error in The Prescribing Stage at The Puskesmas Mojoanyar, East Java
Authors: Firas Widianto Izhhar , Kharis Nugroh Akhmad , Wiedyaningsih Chairun
Published: November 2023

Electronic prescription or e-prescription has been considered as a solution to overcome errors in the early stage of medicines use. However, the electronic prescribing is still not widely implemented in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to identify the role of electronic prescription in minimizing the incidence of medication errors at the prescribing stage. A cross-sectional study was conducted to compare errors between electronic and hand-written prescriptions in primary health care Mojoanyar. Mojokerto, East Java. Prescriptions were collected retrospectively using purposive and quota sampling based on predetermined criteria. A checklist form was used to collect and review prescriptions during the period February March 2021 (hand-written prescriptions) and December 2022 January 2023 (e-prescriptions). Errors in prescribing were identified in aspects related to the prescription writing process (incompleteness information; illegibility writing) and aspects related to drug selection decisions (drug interaction, drug dosage form, drug dosing and therapeutic duplication). The Chi-square test was used for testing relationships between categorical variables as appropriate. The data were presented in frequency and percentage using descriptive statistics. A total of 2570 prescriptions from 656 patients were reviewed for errors in which 1275 (328 patients) hand-written and 1295 (328 patients) electronic prescriptions. The results showed that incompleteness information was found to be significantly higher in hand-written compared to electronic prescriptions (p < 0.05). Illegible writing was only found in 92 (7.22%) hand-written prescriptions. The risk of drug interactions and other errors in drug selection decisions were not reduced by electronic prescribing. Electronic prescription was able to reduce prescribing errors, especially in the writing process, while for treatment decision it was necessary to add feature to the electronic support system.
Urban-Rural Difference in Adherence Treatment of Hypertensive Patients In South Sumatra Indonesia
Authors: Rikmasari Yopi , Andayani Tri Murti , Kristina Susi Ari , Endarti Dwi
Published: November 2023

Treatment adherence is essential for controlling blood pressure and preventing complications. The availability of information regarding factors related to adherence is needed to design appropriate interventions. However, this information is still limited. This study aims to evaluate medication adherence and identify the main factors associated with hypertension patients living in urban and rural areas. A crosssectional study was conducted in ten primary healthcare facilities in South Sumatra Province, consisting of 5 urban and 5 rural areas, totaling 458 hypertensive patients. Medication adherence was measured using the MGLS questionnaire, social support with the MSPSS, and level of knowledge with HK-LS. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, bivariate tests using chi-square, independent T-test, and mann-whitney tests, and then continued multivariate logistic regression analysis. Adherence to hypertension medication in urban (38.2%) and rural (23.6%) areas differed significantly (p=0.000). Medication adherence in urban areas was related to work (OR=4.787, p=0.000), social support (OR=5.054, p=0.000 ), and level of knowledge (OR=6.558, p=0.000). In rural areas, medication adherence is associated with social support (OR=4.696, p=0.000), knowledge level (OR=12.555, p=0.022), high/middle school education (OR =3.290, p=0.000), bachelor or above education (OR=12.871, p=0.000). Most patients are non-adherent to treatment hypertension in urban and rural areas. The factors most related to medication adherence in urban areas were employment status, social support, and knowledge about hypertension, while education, social support, and knowledge were the factors most related to adherence in rural areas. Interventions must be designed based on the information obtained to improve medication adherence.
Effektiv beim Harnblasenkarzinom
Authors: Arnheim Katharina
Published: November 2023

Bei vorbehandelten Patienten mit metastasiertem FGFR2/3-mutiertem Harnblasenkarzinom hat sich der FGFR-Inhibitor Erdafitinib mit einer Reduktion des Mortalitätsrisikos um mehr als ein Drittel als hoch effektiv erwiesen.
Prostatakarzinom
Authors: Schmale Ine
Published: November 2023

Die Behandlungsmöglichkeiten für das metastasierte kastrationsresistente Prostatakarzinom (mCRPC) haben sich in den letzten Jahren vervielfacht. Wie die Optionen am besten eingesetzt werden sollten, ist aber weitgehend unklar. Denn die Kontrollarme in den klinischen Studien entsprachen nicht dem derzeitigen Standard und viele Patienten mit einem metastasierten hormonsensitiven Prostatakarzinom (mHSPC) wurden nicht mit Kombinationen behandelt. Mit dem Ziel, möglichst viele Therapien anbieten zu können, verwies Prof. Silke Gillessen, Bellinzona (Schweiz), auf dem ASCO Genitourinary Cancers Symposium 2023 auf verfügbare Sequenzen nach den 4 gängigen mHSPC-Therapieoptionen.
Diffus großzelliges B-Zell-Lymphom
Authors: Krome Susanne
Published: November 2023

20–50 % der Patienten mit diffus großzelligen B-Zell-Lymphomen (DLBCL) sprechen nicht auf die Standardtherapie an oder rezidivieren. Die Risikostratifizierung erfolgt überwiegend mit dem internationalen prognostischen Index (IPI). Die Studiengruppe um Eertink et al. stellt alternativ ein PET-basiertes Vorhersagemodell vor, in das quantitative Bildmerkmale und klinische Informationen einfließen. Das clinicalPET-Modell war dem IPI überlegen und sagte die Prognose zuverlässiger voraus.
Fortgeschrittenes malignes Melanom
Authors: Krome Susanne
Published: November 2023

Bei fortgeschrittenen Fällen des malignen Melanoms haben die kombinierte PD-1-/CTLA-4-Blockade und die BRAF/MEK-Inhibition die Prognose signifikant verbessert. Unklar war bislang, welche Reihenfolge sich empfiehlt. Die Studie DREAMseq spricht für eine initiale Behandlung mit Nivolumab/Ipilimumab.
Risikofaktor Sonne bei Melanom-Überlebenden
Authors: Kretzschmar Alexander
Published: November 2023

Melanom-Überlebende haben ein erhöhtes Risiko für ein erneutes primäres Melanom. Follow-up-Berichte zeigen jedoch, dass das Risikobewusstsein und -verhalten dieser Personen trotz ihrer Vorgeschichte vielfach nicht angemessen ist. Dass die Probleme der wissenschaftlichen Aufarbeitung dieser Thematik nicht allein beim Menschen liegen, mussten jetzt die Autoren der randomisierten kontrollierten Studie Shade 2 erfahren.
Maligne Neoplasien
Authors: Bubenzer Rainer H.
Published: November 2023

Das atypische Fibroxanthom (AFX) und das pleomorphe dermale Sarkom (PDS) sind seltene maligne Neoplasien der Haut und histomorphologisch, genetisch sowie epigenetisch Varianten im Spektrum einer Tumorentität, wie Dr. Doris Helbig, Köln, erklärte. Genaue Daten zur Inzidenz existieren nicht. Die Tumoren treten typischerweise bei hochbetagten Männern in der 7. und 8. Lebensdekade in chronisch lichtexponierter Haut, beispielsweise im Bereich des Kapillitium, als unspezifische, haut- bis fleischfarbene, häufig ulzerierte und meist schnell wachsende Knoten auf. Initiale Tumoren können jedoch auch unscheinbar als kleine erythematöse oder hautfarbene Papeln imponieren. Klinisch tritt das AFX meist als gut umschriebener Tumor in Erscheinung, während das PDS häufiger unscharf abgegrenzt und infiltrativ wachsend ist. Die Wachstumsdynamik beider Tumorarten ist variabel.
Ovarialkarzinom-Rezidiv nochmal operieren?
Authors: Klein Friederike
Published: November 2023

Schon seit 20 Jahren wird über die Rolle der chirurgischen Therapie in der Rezidivtherapie des Ovarialkarzinoms diskutiert. Publikationen berichteten dabei sehr unterschiedliche Ergebnisse. Wichtig ist die Selektion der Patientinnen für eine Operation vor der obligaten systemischen Therapie.
Aggressive B-Zell-Lymphome
Authors: Krome Susanne
Published: November 2023

Mit chimärem Antigenrezeptor ausgestattete T-Lymphozyten (CAR-T-Zellen) haben sich als Salvage-Therapie bei rezidivierten/refraktären B-Zell-Lymphomen empfohlen. Dauerhafte Remissionen sind allerdings selten. Die Studiengruppe um Major et al. untersuchte retrospektiv das progressionsfreie und Gesamtüberleben von Erkrankten, die nach CAR-T-Zellen eine Immuncheckpoint-Blockade erhielten.
Venetoclax
Authors: Freye Reimund
Published: November 2023

Bereits im Jahr 1984 wurde das Protein BCL-2 als relevant für das Tumorgeschehen identifiziert, rekapitulierte Dr. Mary Ann Anderson, Melbourne (Australien), die Entwicklungsgeschichte von Venetoclax. Doch es sollten noch einige Jahrzehnte bis zur Marktreife der effektiven Substanz vergehen. Und selbst heute verbleiben wichtige Fragen zur Resistenzbildung.
Chronische lymphatische Leukämie
Authors: Freye Reimund
Published: November 2023

Das immunsuppressive Tumor-Mikromilieu (TME) der chronischen lymphatischen Leukämie (CLL) kann Therapieoptionen einschränken und zu Rezidiven führen. Hier stellt sich die Frage, inwieweit TME-gerichtete Therapien bei der rezidivierenden/refraktären (r/r) CLL eingesetzt werden können. Darüber berichtete Dr. Alan Ramsay, London (England).
Lokal fortgeschrittenes Rektumkarzinom
Authors: Maugg Doris
Published: November 2023

Neue Standards in der Behandlung des Rektumkarzinoms insbesondere im fortgeschrittenen Stadium und für junge Patienten setzen 2 aktuelle Studien. Neben der Basisdiagnostik ist ein ausführliches Staging erforderlich, zudem lohnt es sich prätherapeutisch auf Besonderheiten wie Mikrosatelliteninstabilität (MSI) und HER2-Expression zu testen.
Examining the effects of climate change perception and commuting experience on the willingness to pay for micro-transit service in Tampa, FL
Authors: Zhai Wei , Gao Shuqi , Liu Mengyang , Wei Di
Published: November 2023

As cities increasingly look for sustainable transportation options to alleviate congestion and solve the “first mile, last mile” problem, micro-transit has emerged as a promising solution. However, to ensure the long-term success of micro-transit programs, it’s essential to establish sustainable funding strategies. This research aims to investigate what factors influence people’s willingness to pay for micro-transit, with a particular focus on their perceptions of climate change and their commuting experiences. Additionally, the study explores the differences in experiences between current micro-transit users and non-users. Using the Downtowner service in downtown Tampa as a case study, we conducted online surveys in July 2020, gathering responses from 706 micro-transit users and 311 non-users. We then applied statistical analysis to understand the factors affecting willingness to pay. This study sheds light on the relatively underexplored topic of willingness to pay for micro-transit and its connection to climate change perceptions, contributing to existing research. Furthermore, recognizing differences in preferences between these groups provides valuable insights for tailoring strategies to encourage willingness to pay. As policymakers and transportation agencies aim to combat climate change and promote sustainable transportation, understanding these factors becomes increasingly important for developing effective and eco-friendly mobility solutions.
Lo status giuridico della donna nel diritto romano della
tarda Repubblica e del Principato
(II secolo a.C. – inizi del III secolo d.C.)
Authors: Petrucci Aldo
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides an overview of the situation of
women in the field of Roman private law. It deals with the various situations in
which women are placed, whether as married women, divorced women,
concubines, mothers or widows, or as daughters subject to parental
authority. Other related issues such as the tutela mulierum or the SC
Velleianum are also studied.
Warrior women
Authors: López Martínez María Paz , Ruiz-Montero Consuelo
Published: November 2023

Women are especially attractive characters in the Greek
novels. Some are queens or strategists who even lead armies while some
influential women commanded the building of public works and exercised
matriarchy. We center on five women engaged in the action described in six
papyri. They are powerful, warrior women, involved in their homeland’s
political affairs: Parthenope, Themisto, Calligone, Antheia and
Thalassia.
Achilles Tatius’ Leucippe as a puella docta
Authors: Kanavou Nikoletta
Published: November 2023

Unlike other heroines of the Greek romantic novels, who
are consistently chaste, the heroine of Achilles Tatius’ novel
Leucippe and Clitophon displays a (temporary) lack of
sexual reticence; she also possesses musical talent. These features are
central to her characterization in the novel’s first two books, which,
incidentally, bear the distinct influence of Roman love elegy. It is argued
here that Leucippe is purposedly fashioned in the early part of the novel as
a puella docta, the type of idealised artistic lady with
libertine traits that arouses erotic passion in the Augustan love poets. In
the novel’s later books, on the other hand, her characterization conforms to
a more conventional image.
Plotting Plotina? The reception of an empress in Roman provincial
prose (fiction)
Authors: Trnka-Amrhein Yvona
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores the reception of the empress
Plotina in three texts from three literary traditions within the Roman
Empire: the Acta Hermaisci, the Talmud, and Apuleius’
Metamorphoses. It argues that the Plotina character we
see in these texts is based on an idea of the Roman empress’ ability to
influence the emperor to the detriment of provincial groups. This ‘plotting
Plotina’ figure is the opposite of the official ideal found in Pliny’s
Panegyricus and may develop the suspicion we see in
Roman historical texts that Plotina exercised improper influence on
Hadrian’s succession. Indeed, the motherhood of the ‘plotting Plotina’
character may respond to the problematic childlessness of the real empress.
In addition to exploring how provincial texts fictionalized a historical
woman to articulate the powerlessness of being a Roman subject, this chapter
provides an example of how one theme could be deployed in texts from
different cultures written in the same empire. It thus offers a perspective
on how a broad understanding of ‘imperial literature’ can inform our
knowledge of connections between the literary cultures that coexisted under
Roman rule.
Queens, heroines and slaves
Authors: Manteghi Haila
Published: November 2023

This paper endeavours to portray the role of women in
two Persian versions of the Alexander Romance from Medieval period. These
women are not simply Alexander’s lovers or opponents, but his educators, an
element of independence and empowerment. They present different views of
women’s roles as the forces of wisdom, justice, and love.
Writing the Indigenous Americas
Authors: Mattes Mark Alan
Published: November 2023

Rather than reading these works as polemics invested in an either/or choice on the matter of expansive or narrow definitions of writing, I suggest that each contribution be understood as an act of scholarly generosity that proffers decolonial ways of interpreting the communicative media of the Indigenous Americas.
Genre Fiction without Shame
Authors: Goldstone Andrew
Published: November 2023

When literary scholars enter the terra incognita of cheap fiction, they risk mistaking established customs of the land for baleful signs of the times. Commercial fiction has a history of its own whose internal logic would be worth understanding more clearly, and not only in opposition to literary fiction, in order to avoid reifying either.
Cytoplasmic zoning by protein phase transition after membrane permeabilization
Authors: Sugiyama Shinju , Suda Kojiro , Kono Keiko
Published: November 2023

Biological membranes, including plasma membrane (PM) and organelle membranes, restrict the flux of ions, molecules and organelles. However, the barrier function of biological membranes is frequently compromised by various perturbations, including physical membrane damage and protein- or chemical-induced pore formation. Recent evidence suggests that, upon PM damage, protein gelation and solid condensation are utilized to restrict ion/molecule/organelle flux across the damaged membranes by zoning the cytoplasm. In addition, membrane permeabilization dramatically alters intramembrane and extramembrane ion/molecule concentrations via the flux across the permeabilized membrane. The changes in ion/molecule concentration and their downstream pathways induce protein phase transition to form zones for biological processes or protein sequestration. Here, we review the mechanisms and functions of protein phase transition after biological membrane permeabilization.
Association of Cardiovascular Diseases With Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: An Updated Review
Authors: Khan Naqeeb , Iqra Tanveer Khan Syeda , Joti Sanehia , Malik Jahanzeb , Faraz Maria , Ashraf Amna
Published: November 2023

The intricate relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has garnered increasing attention due to its bidirectional impact and potential for significant health consequences. Epidemiological evidence suggests that PTSD may serve as a risk factor for incident CVD, while acute CVD events can trigger PTSD, subsequently increasing the risk of recurrent cardiovascular events. This dynamic interplay is characterized by the human stress response, disrupted behavioral and lifestyle factors, and potential physiological mechanisms. Notably, the immediate aftermath of a cardiovascular event presents a critical window for intervention, offering the possibility of preventing the development of PTSD and its associated physiological and behavioral sequelae. However, while candidate mechanisms linking PTSD and CVD have been identified, determining which mechanisms are most amenable to intervention remains a challenge. This article emphasizes the urgency of addressing key unanswered questions in this domain. Despite an evolving understanding of the association between PTSD and CVD, causal relationships remain to be firmly established. Comprehensive investigations into the intricate interplay of behavioral and biological mechanisms are essential for identifying precise targets for intervention. Innovations in research methodologies, including the exploration of PTSD symptom dynamics and their impact on cardiovascular function, hold the potential for identifying crucial intervention points. Drawing parallels from prior challenges in translating identified risk factors into effective interventions, the field must prioritize systematic investigations and early-phase intervention trials. By doing so, researchers and clinicians can potentially develop strategies to mitigate CVD risk in the context of PTSD and improve both cardiovascular and mental health outcomes.
‘It's the party that counts’? The Rise of Labour and the Image of the Woman Politician at English Elections, c.1929–1950
Authors: Thackeray David , Berry‐Waite Lisa
Published: November 2023

This article uses election addresses to consider how the early women parliamentary candidates sought to make their case to English voters. It then explores the insights that Mass Observation's election surveys offer into public attitudes to women politicians, and gender and political leadership more broadly, from the late 1930s to the early 1950s. While the pioneer female candidates argued that they should have more representatives at Westminster to better uphold the ‘woman's point of view’ this approach was gradually undermined from the 1920s onwards with the growth of programmatic politics led by Labour. Mass Observation found that voters claimed to focus more on which party had the best programme rather than the personalities of candidates. However, their findings also indicate that women candidates continued to face many additional prejudices which their male opponents did not.
More homework improve mathematics achievement? Differential effects of homework time on different facets of students' mathematics achievement: A longitudinal study in China
Authors: Zhang Yuhuan , Li Tian , Xu Jianzhong , Chen Shuang , Lu Liping , Wang Lidong
Published: November 2023

Background

Mathematics homework is highly prevalent in East Asia. Teachers and parents expect mathematics homework to improve students' performance; however, studies have not clearly defined the effectiveness of the assignment of different amounts of homework.

Aims

This study analyses the differential effect of homework amount on various facets of Chinese students' mathematics achievement using a longitudinal design. It aims, thereby, to contribute to the existing knowledge of homework effectiveness and mathematics learning and to provide insights for student development.

Sample

The sample included 2383 grade 9 students from a mid‐sized city with a moderate level of economic and educational development in central China.

Methods

We administered a student‐reported questionnaire, collected school reports of mathematics achievements to track retrospective longitudinal variations in mathematics over half a year and analysed the differential effectiveness of homework on mathematics achievement at four hierarchical cognitive levels with Hierarchical Linear Model.

Results

The results indicated that assigning more homework at the class level could enhance students' mathematics achievement at a low cognitive level, although this effectiveness tended to disappear when the set homework time reached about 1.5–2 h. We did not find evidence that assigning more homework enhances students' mathematics achievement at higher cognitive levels.

Conclusions

Overall, this study provides evidence on the effectiveness of homework and offers implications for educational practice and future research.
Cigarette smoke aggravates asthma via altering airways inflammation phenotypes and remodelling
Authors: Huang Qiong , Li Yan , Li Chenduo , Zhang Xin , Du Xiaonan , Chen Yan , Corrigan Chris J. , Wang Wei , Ying Sun
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Many asthmatic patients are exposed to cigarette smoke actively or passively, which contributes to asthma exacerbation and poor control. This study is to explore the effects of cigarette smoke on pathological changes in murine surrogate of asthma.

Methods

C57BL/6 mice were sensitised and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) to establish a surrogate of asthma and then administered with cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Airways hyperresponsiveness (AHR) was measured using the Flexivent system. Histological staining (haematoxylin‐eosin [HE], periodic acid Schiff [PAS], Congo red and Masson's trichrome) was employed to measure pathological changes in sections of lung tissue of experimental mice. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the concentrations of total and OVA‐specific IgE, cytokines and chemokines (eotaxin‐1, IL‐13, IL‐1β, TNF‐α, IL‐17A, IL‐33) in the lung tissue homogenates. Immunoreactivity for vWF and α‐SMA in lung tissue sections was detected by immunohistochemistry.

Results

Exposure of the animals to CSE significantly reduced OVA‐induced AHR, the number of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and eosinophils infiltrating into the lung tissue, as well as concentrations of some cytokines in lung homogenate. In contrast, it significantly enhanced the number of macrophages and M2 in BALF, as well as collagen deposition, smooth muscle thickness and alveolar destruction in lung tissue.

Conclusion

CSE inhibits OVA‐induced AHR, changes inflammation ‘phenotypes’, while accelerates some aspects of airways remodelling, which might contribute to worse symptoms and be refractory to anti‐inflammation therapies for asthmatics.
Keeping a distance in neoliberal times: The politics of friendship in the City of Sanctuary movement
Authors: Bernhardt Franz
Published: November 2023

In 2010, the UK government transferred all contracts for the accommodation and reception of asylum seekers from local authorities to private contractors, followed by large financial cuts to support services. This article explores the consequences of these neoliberal reforms for the languages of asylum used by the City of Sanctuary movement, and how these languages relate to the politics of asylum of the state. Drawing on an analysis of semi‐structured interviews with the founders and volunteers of the movement in Swansea, the article uses Heideggerian and Derridean theories to show how the movement's original language of ‘friendship’ emerged in response to the UK government framing asylum seekers through languages underpinned by ‘foreignness’ and was meant to reduce relational distance. It then shows how neoliberal reforms of asylum housing caused discursive and practical changes within the movement: a moral responsibilisation of volunteers to substitute for support services lost through austerity measures, and a structural professionalisation to be able to do this support work. It was those structural changes, this article argues, which shifted the dominant framing of the relation between volunteers and asylum seekers from friends to case workers. This re‐establishment of relational distance is of conceptual importance as it highlights how friends and foreigners can often be constructed in a very similar manner.
Aberrant expression of GATA3 in metastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate: an important pitfall
Authors: Lobo João , Tenace Nazario P , Cañete‐Portillo Sofia , Carneiro Isa , Henrique Rui , Lucianò Roberta , Harik Lara R , Magi‐Galluzzi Cristina
Published: November 2023

Aims

The distinction of high‐grade prostate cancer (PCa) from poorly differentiated urothelial carcinoma (UC) can be somewhat challenging on clinical and morphological grounds alone, yet it is of great importance for prognostication and choice of treatment. GATA3 is a useful immunohistochemical marker to confirm urothelial origin. However, recent works report strong GATA3 immunoexpression in primary high‐grade PCa. The aim of this study was to explore GATA3 expression specifically in metastatic PCa.

Methods and results

The pathology databases of four tertiary institutions were queried for cases of metastatic PCa. Available slides and clinical records were reviewed by experienced genitourinary pathologists. Prostatic markers (PSA, PSAP, NKX3.1) and GATA3 immunohistochemistry were performed. A total of 163 metastatic PCa cases were included. At least one prostate marker was positive in each case of non‐regional distant metastasis, confirming prostatic origin. GATA3 strong staining was found in four (2.5%) cases: two liver, one bone and one non‐regional lymph‐node metastases. All four patients had Grade Group 5 PCa at the initial diagnosis. The metastatic prostatic adenocarcinomas were solid, either with no gland formation (n = 3) or with only focal cribriforming (n = 1).

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this is the first study exploring GATA3 expression specifically in metastatic PCa. Despite being infrequent, GATA3 positivity in high‐grade PCa may lead to misdiagnosis, with clinical implications. We recommend a panel of immunohistochemical markers, both prostatic and urothelial, for ruling out UC, either in primary tumour samples or in the event of metastases of unknown primary, when a genitourinary origin is suspected.
Advanced Pipeline Isolation Solutions to Enhance Valve Change-Outs and Minimize Downtime
Authors: Lie Rolf Gunnar
Published: November 2023

In order to stabilize the supply of gas to its domestic market, China Petroleum Corporation (CPC), Taiwan, the sole natural gas supplier, has established an integrated gas distribution network in the western part of Taiwan with an inland transmission trunk line, offshore transmission trunk line and regional transmission loops. CPC’s gas pipeline planning is based on the concept of forming a ring-shaped gas transmission network along the island. The 36-inch diameter Yung-An to Tung-Hsiao offshore pipeline (Figure 1) is the largest and longest transmission pipeline in the entire network, delivering gas from southern Taiwan to northern Taiwan, where the dominant gas market is located.

It was discovered that the emergency shutdown valves (ESDV) at both the Yung-An LNG terminal and the Tung-Hsiao gas transfer station, which are connected by a 237.7-km (147.7-mi), 36-inch offshore pipeline, required replacement or maintenance so that CPC could resume operational pigging of the pipeline and carry out regular in-line inspection (ILI), as required by regulations. For this project, CPC decided to apply advanced isolation technology known as SmartPlug® in-line isolation and hot tapping and STOPPLE® isolation technology to isolate the pipeline pressure at 60 bar (870 psi) before executing the repair work. This allowed the company to avoid having to remove the contents of the entire 237.7-km (147.7-mile) gas line, which would have significantly extended the shutdown period.

The chosen isolation method helped CPC secure the “fastest and most efficient” method to resume gas supply to northern Taiwan and increased confidence in the use of this method for inline pipeline inspection in the future. The project only allowed seven days for the work during the 2019 Chinese New Year holidays, when energy consumption in Taiwan is lower than usual. The company also conducted an in-depth risk study and several workshops to assure the risk management of this project before execution. While the 36-inch pipeline was isolated, CPC also took the opportunity to replace other leaking valves at the launching and receiving ends of the pipeline.

The isolation enabled the operator to avoid depressurizing and purging their entire gas export pipeline while mitigating safety concerns associated with defective ESDVs and corroded components.

This paper describes the steps taken from planning to site visit and engineering, to safely and successfully executing the isolation.
Circumferential Yield Strength of Line Pipe Steel Through Ring Expansion Test
Authors: Pandhare Atul , Sharma Arvind , Patidar Narendra , Saini Makkhan Lal
Published: November 2023

It is very important aspect to understand & determine the circumferential yield strength of pipe products which actually required in service condition. A limited number of paper has been published in public domain to understand & determine the circumferential yield strength through ring expansion test.

Determination of circumferential yield strength have its own importance in respect to actual service condition of pipe lines. It helps to know the sustainability of pipe lines with different pressure gradient at inner and outer radius of the pipe lines. When it comes to the actual service condition of pipe lines, the accuracy, precise & minimum standard deviation values of yield strength have the great impact for pipe line integrity.

Ring expansion test is carried out on ERW pipe samples of API 5L grade L360M (X52M), pipe diameter 355.6mm & 12.7mm and 8.6mm wall thickness.

It was observed that ring expansion test gives a highly accurate results of hoop stress than a flattened pipe sample. Ring expansion test explained the sensitivity to the metallurgical condition of steel.

In resemblance to flattened tensile test sample, ring expansion test provide 1) higher yield strength; and 2) narrow standard deviation. The major role played in higher yield strength of ring expansion test due to minimize the Bauschinger effect. Bauschinger effect significantly reduce the yield strength of flattened sample. The narrow standard deviation is the results of nullification of flatness and machining alteration that done on a flattened samples.

After several ring expansion sample test and correlation with flattened test, it is observed the ring expansion testing gives the accurate and precise values of pipe circumferential yield strength.
Influence of Impervious Cracks on the Frequency Response of a Subsea Pipelines Conveying Crude Oil
Authors: Arunesh Abhinav , Sahoo Prathamesh , Samikshya Seersha , Murugan S. Bala , Behera R. K.
Published: November 2023

Undesirable vibrations triggered by ocean currents generated in undersea crude oil pipeline systems shorten their lifespan and potentially cause them to fail. A crack is a type of damage that can occur during the pipeline transportation in the petroleum industry. Extreme weather conditions could also cause significant equipment damage. Using the energy equations, this study examines the natural frequency, link between pressure change, velocity change, and temperature change of crude oil flowing through the pipeline. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) using ANSYS® fluent is used to create a typical presence of cracks in the pipeline, which is then used to train the equations to generate a model of fluid behavior. This study shows that using frequency as a sign the system under ideal circumstances successfully identifies a fault situation as non-conforming and suggestive of a statistically significant shift in the pipeline flow. The findings revealed a clear correlation between the size of the crack and the loss of pressure; the larger the crack, the greater the pressure loss. As the crack depth increases, the frequency varies according to the pipe’s support, flow velocity, and internal temperature of the fluid. This research indicates that the use of frequency sign for pipeline operation could provide significant improvements to the business in terms of cost, safety, and environmental protection.
Optimized Metallurgy for API Pipe Body and Weld Ductility Properties for Critical Applications of Natural Gas, High Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen and CO2 Transmission
Authors: Stalheim Douglas , Litschewski Aaron , Souto Joao , Ebel Gregory , Jarreta David
Published: November 2023

Future energy needs along with efforts to combat climate change worldwide will result in the need for a sufficient network of transmission pipeline systems. This network of transmission pipelines must be designed to be able to move various forms of energy consisting of natural gas, high pressure gaseous hydrogen, blended high pressure hydrogen/natural gas along with carbon capture of CO2 both safely and economically. Safely means optimum through thickness crack arrest characteristics which comes from the ductility of the through thickness microstructure. Economically means higher operating pressures, potentially up to 10–13.8 MPa (1500–2000 psi) in larger diameters and thicker pipe walls. Recent laboratory and industrial projects have been done to better understand how to design an optimum alloy and process for an improved through thickness microstructure, grain size and homogeneity. This has resulted in gains in fracture toughness, low temperature ductility performance in average values or stability/standard deviation or both. In addition, testing in high pressure gaseous hydrogen up to 21 MPa (3000 psi) has shown an improvement and stability of fracture toughness between 5.5 MPa (800 psi) and 21 MPa (3000 psi) along with an observed improved fatigue crack growth rate, especially in the typical operating pipeline stress intensity factor (ΔK, MPa-m0.5) range of 8–12 MPa-m0.5. This paper will introduce the recent laboratory and industrial projects results along with examples of recommendations for optimum alloy/processing design for improved overall ductility performance for these critical future pipeline applications.
Failure Analysis of API X80 Steel Pipe
Authors: Kumar Karan , Manjunatha Roopa
Published: November 2023

Pipeline structural systems face challenges due to varying loading conditions, which can lead to sudden failures caused by fractures. Enhancing fracture toughness is crucial for improving structural performance. Metallic coatings offer a promising solution to increase pipeline reliability. Preventive maintenance methods are essential for ensuring structural integrity and safety, considering factors like size, weight, and material properties. This study followed ASTM standards to model and simulated a sample using API X80 steel. A 50μm thick ternary coating of Nickel Phosphorous - Graphene (NiP-G) was applied, and simulations were conducted for tensile, single-edge crack, and Charpy V-notch tests. Finite Element Analysis compared the coated and uncoated models, evaluating tensile strength, toughness, and stress intensity factor. Results indicated a 12.28% higher impact absorbed energy in the Charpy V-notch test and a 0.7% higher load-bearing capacity in the tensile test for the coated specimen compared to the uncoated specimen.
Successful Accomplishment of In Line Inspection With Challenges of Varying Hydraulic, Low Flow Constraint (.23 M/Sec), Hilly Terrain
Authors: Bose Partha
Published: November 2023

One 30″ Diameter and around 68 km length Natural Gas pipeline caters for energy supply for Pune city; supplying Gas Sectors for Auto Sectors (CNG) and few industrial Sectors. Though line is equipped with Launcher & Receiver; but onward became challenging one for pigging for many constraints:

- Low Flow Constraint

- Varying Hydraulic through out the Day

- Presence of interim Hilly Terrain (600 meter High)

The pipe line is passing through with intermittent stretches between city areas with High Consequence areas in surrounding of the pipeline along with intermittent stretches on the hilly terrain as well.

With above mentioned several aspects of the pipeline, In-Line-Inspection (ILI) is obvious first preference for online precise integrity assessment for any pipeline (i.e. without any interruption in gas transmission through the pipeline)

Site Specific Assessment, Detail Engineering & Committed approach resulted in Feasibility & Development of ILI Tool, & onward Integrity Assessment of the pipeline conducted by accomplishing Successful ILI run.
India’s Longest Horizontal Directional Drilling in Mixed Strata: Brahmaputra River Crossing
Authors: Bajaj Rajnish , Agrawal Abhishek , Kumar Hemant , Das Avijit , Chaturvedi Manoj Kumar , Sen Indranil
Published: November 2023

This paper presents case study on one of the most challenging and India’s longest HDD crossing in mixed strata across River Brahmaputra by Horizontal Directional Drilling method by utilizing electromagnetic steering technology for pilot intersection. The present crossing falls in the state of Assam and is a part of 24″ NB × 712 km (approx.) Barauni-Guwahati cross country Natural Gas pipeline project, which is an integrated part of Pradhan Mantri Urja Ganga project and is an important link for joining North-East Gas Grid (NEGG) to rest of the National gas grid. MECON Limited was the EPCM consultant of this pipeline crossing.

At 24″ NB × 3600m approx., this crossing has the rare distinction of being one of India’s longest HDD in mixed strata across Brahmaputra River and a hillock. The magnanimous scale of this crossing combined with 4 transition zones made it one of the most challenging trenchless crossings in recent times. We had failures but we learnt from those failures, improvised & persevered to eventually emerge successful. This paper discusses the design aspects of this crossing. The paper also talks about numerous challenges faced by this project and how they were mitigated by meticulous planning and risk management. The paper also summarizes the failures and lessons learnt from those failures.