bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The influence of hydrology and hydraulics on salmonids between spawning and emergence: implications for the management of flows in regulated rivers
Authors: MALCOLM I. A. , GIBBINS C. N. , SOULSBY C. , TETZLAFF D. , MOIR H. J.
Published: February 2012

Abstract  Flow regulation is a major constraint on fish populations in many river systems. Current scientific understanding of the direct and indirect influence of hydrology on salmonids between spawning and emergence is reviewed and used to identify key knowledge gaps. The review emphasises difficulties in linking ecological response to physical process understanding and, conversely, the difficulties in applying detailed process understanding to large‐scale management. It is suggested that the lack of process understanding in the development of current environmental standards reflects differences in perspective, language and scale consideration between researchers and river managers. This presents considerable difficulties for the development of new and more defensible environmental standards. Although upscaling of process understanding should remain a focus for researchers, it is also necessary to acknowledge the ‘uniqueness of place’ and consequently that local data collection may frequently be required.
Are introduced gibel carp Carassius gibelio in Turkey more invasive in artificial than in natural waters?
Authors: TARKAN A. S. , COPP G. H. , TOP N. , ÖZDEMİR N. , ÖNSOY B. , BİLGE G. , FİLİZ H. , YAPICI S. , EKMEKÇİ F. G. , KIRANKAYA Ş. G. , EMİROĞLU Ö. , GAYGUSUZ Ö. , GÜRSOY GAYGUSUZ Ç. , OYMAK A. , ÖZCAN G. , SAÇ G.
Published: February 2012

Abstract  The underlying mechanisms responsible for ecological plasticity and consequent invasive character of non‐native freshwater fish species, variations in growth and life history traits in gibel carp Carassius gibelio (Bloch) were compared in natural and artificial water bodies of Turkey. Females significantly outnumbered males in all natural and most artificial waters. Discriminate function analysis differentiated gibel populations into three separate groups (natural lakes, artificial water bodies and running waters), with significant differences among separated groups in growth index, standard length and age at maturity, relative fecundity and gonado‐somatic index, but not in egg diameter and both generalised and relative condition. Growth features (e.g. growth index and relative condition) and reproductive features (e.g. relative and absolute fecundity) positively correlated with water body area. No correlations were found for any growth or life history trait with depth, latitude and altitude. With the exception of smaller size at maturity, all traits were higher in populations from artificial water bodies than those inhabiting running waters, suggesting gibel carp is required to exert more reproductive effort to invade natural ecosystems than artificial waters.
Biomass production and nutrient removal by tropical grasses subsurface drip‐irrigated with dairy effluent
Authors: Valencia‐Gica R. B. , Yost R. S. , Porter G.
Published: February 2012

Effluent lagoons on dairy farms can overflow and potentially pollute adjacent land and associated water bodies. An alternative solution to effluent disposal is needed by dairy operators in island environments. An attractive win‐win alternative is to recycle nutrients from this resource through effluent irrigation for forage grass production that minimizes environmental pollution. This study assessed biomass production and nutrient removal by, and high application rates to, tropical grasses that were subsurface drip‐irrigated with dairy effluent. Four grass species – Banagrass (Pennisetum purpureum K. Schumach.), California grass (Brachiaria mutica (Forssk.) Stapf.), Stargrass (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst) and Suerte grass (Paspalum atratum Swallen) – were subsurface (20–25 cm) drip‐irrigated with effluent at two rates based on potential evapotranspiration (ETp) at the site (Waianae, Hawaii) −2·0 ETp (16 mm d−1 in winter; 23 mm d−1 in summer) and 0·5 ETp (5 mm d−1 in winter; 6 mm d−1 in summer). Treatments were arranged in an augmented completely randomized design. Brachiaria mutica and P. purpureum had the highest dry‐matter yield (43–57 t ha−1 year−1) and nutrient uptake especially with the 2·0 ETp irrigation rate (1083–1405 kg ha−1 year−1 N, 154–164 kg ha−1 year−1 P, 1992–2141 kg ha−1 year−1 K). Average removal of nutrients by the grasses was 25–94% of the applied nitrogen, 11–82% of phosphorus and 2–13% of the potassium. Average values of crude protein (90–160 g kg−1), neutral detergent fibre (570–620 g kg−1) and acid detergent fibre (320–360 g kg−1) were at levels acceptable for feeding to lactating cattle. Results suggest that P. purpureum and B. mutica irrigated with effluent effectively recycled nutrients in the milk production system.
Learning intravenous infusion in haemophilia: experience from the Netherlands
Authors: SCHRIJVERS L. H. , BEIJLEVELT‐van der ZANDE M. , PETERS M. , SCHUURMANS M. J. , FISCHER K.
Published: February 2012

Summary.  Nowadays, nearly all severe haemophilia patients in the Netherlands practice self infusion at home. Learning intravenous administration of clotting factor requires time and effort. In order to inform patients about the burden and time‐investment needed to learn intravenous infusion, we performed a two‐centre retrospective study. All data on the learning processes, involving haemophilia patients born between 1980 and 2010 treated in Utrecht or Amsterdam, were extracted from patient files. A total of 154 patients and their parents were analysed (168 learning processes). Almost all patients had severe haemophilia and started prophylaxis at a median age of 2.7 years. 152/154 patients successfully learned intravenous infusion, including nine patients who temporally stopped and succeeded later. Overall, parents or patients needed a median of eight visits (IQR 4.3–14) in a median of 7 weeks (IQR 4–14.8) to learn home treatment. Parents who began to infuse by CVAD started at a median age of 1.9 years and succeeded within a median of 12 visits during 7.5 weeks. Parents who learned to perform intravenous infusion started at a median age of 4 years and needed 11 visits during 9 weeks. In 77% of cases, the mother was the first who started learning to infuse the child. Patients started with self infusion at a median age of 12.9 years, requiring a median of five visits in 12 weeks. The majority of patients and parents were able to learn intravenous infusion, with 50% of all parents and patients succeeding within eight visits during 7 weeks.
Expression of vascular Notch ligands Delta‐like 4 and Jagged‐1 in glioblastoma
Authors: Jubb Adrian M , Browning Lisa , Campo Leticia , Turley Helen , Steers Graham , Thurston Gavin , Harris Adrian L , Ansorge Olaf
Published: February 2012

Jubb A M, Browning L, Campo L, Turley H, Steers G, Thurston G, Harris A L & Ansorge O  (2012) Histopathology 60, 740–747 Expression of vascular Notch ligands Delta‐like 4 and Jagged‐1 in glioblastoma

Aims:  The coordinated expression of the Notch ligands Delta‐like 4 (Dll4) and Jagged (Jag)1 is believed to define appropriate endothelial sensitivity to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Preclinical data suggest that Dll4‐Notch signalling may confer resistance to anti‐VEGF therapy with bevacizumab, and Jag1 may antagonize Dll4–Notch. The aims of this study were to characterize the expression of Dll4 and Jag1 in primary glioblastomas.

Methods and results:  Immunohistochemistry was performed on 40 glioblastomas and normal brain using validated antibodies against Dll4 and Jag1. In‐situ hybridization for Dll4 was performed on serial sections and compared with protein expression. Dll4 expression was localized to the cytoplasm and membrane of endothelial cells in all glioblastomas; it was weak or absent in normal brain. Jag1 expression was observed in the cytoplasm and membrane of glomeruloid and non‐glomeruloid endothelial cells from 76% and 67% of glioblastomas, respectively. However, endothelial Jag1 expression was less intense and less prevalent than Dll4. There was no association between Dll4 and Jag1 expression.

Conclusions:  In summary, Dll4 and Jag1 are expressed in glioblastoma vasculature. These data may define subsets of glioblastoma that might be sensitive (Dll4+/Jag1+) or resistant (Dll4+/Jag1–) to bevacizumab. Our data also suggest that anti‐Dll4 therapy should be evaluated experimentally in glioblastoma.
ImmunoMembrane: a publicly available web application for digital image analysis of HER2 immunohistochemistry
Authors: Tuominen Vilppu J , Tolonen Teemu T , Isola Jorma
Published: February 2012

Tuominen V J, Tolonen T T & Isola J  (2012) Histopathology 60, 758–767 ImmunoMembrane: a publicly available web application for digital image analysis of HER2 immunohistochemistry

Aims:  Assessment of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) with immunohistochemistry (IHC) is routine practice in clinical pathology laboratories. Visual classification of the staining reaction (usually into 0/1+, 2+ or 3+) is subjective and prone to significant inter‐ and intra‐observer variation. In this study, we describe ImmunoMembrane, an easy‐to‐use HER2 IHC analysis software, which is freely available as a web application, requiring no download or installation.

Methods and results:  ImmunoMembrane uses colour deconvolution for stain separation and a customized algorithm for cell membrane segmentation. A quantitative score (IM‐score, 0–20 points) is generated according to the membrane staining intensity and completeness. Specimens are classified into 0/1+, 2+ or 3+ based on IM‐score cut‐offs defined using a training set. The classification and membrane segmentation are presented as a pseudo‐coloured overlay image. With a validation set (144 HercepTest®‐stained whole tissue sections), ImmunoMembrane matched well with the pathologist’s visual classification (weighted kappa κw = 0.80), as well as fluorescence in‐situ hybridization (FISH) (IHC disagreement 3.5%, n = 144) and chromogenic in‐situ hybridization (CISH) (IHC disagreement 2.8%, n = 144).

Conclusions:  We anticipate that publicly available web applications, such as ImmunoMembrane, will accelerate the adoption of automated image analysis in clinical diagnostics of HER2 IHC. ImmunoMembrane is freely accessible at: http://jvsmicroscope.uta.fi/immunomembrane/.
The C134W (402 C>G) FOXL2 mutation is absent in ovarian gynandroblastoma: insights into the genesis of an unusual tumour
Authors: Oparka Richard , Cassidy Andrew , Reilly Stephanie , Stenhouse Alasdair , McCluggage W Glenn , Herrington C Simon
Published: February 2012

Oparka R, Cassidy A, Reilly S, Stenhouse A, McCluggage W G & Herrington C S  (2012) Histopathology 60, 838–842 The C134W (402 C>G) FOXL2 mutation is absent in ovarian gynandroblastoma: insights into the genesis of an unusual tumour

Aims:  Ovarian gynandroblastomas are rare tumours that, by definition, comprise a combination of components resembling both female, typically granulosa cell tumour (GCT), and male, typically Sertoli or Sertoli/Leydig cell tumour (ST/SLT), sex cord/stromal differentiation. The histogenesis of these tumours is unknown and, in view of the very strong association between the C134W (402 C>G) FOXL2 mutation and adult‐type GCT, we analysed a series of gynandroblastomas for this mutation.

Methods and results:  Both components of each lesion were isolated by laser capture microdissection and the C134W (402 C>G) FOXL2 mutation was analysed by polymerase chain reaction sequencing. No mutation was identified in either the GCT or ST/SLT component of six cases, three of which contained adult‐type GCT.

Conclusions:  This suggests that, despite their similar morphological appearances, the GCT‐like component of gynandroblastoma has a different molecular basis from conventional adult‐type GCT. This finding underscores a more general principle that morphological similarity does not necessarily indicate molecular identity.
An analysis of five clear cell papillary cystadenomas of mesosalpinx and broad ligament: four associated with von Hippel‐Lindau disease and one aggressive sporadic type
Authors: Nogales Francisco F , Goyenaga Pablo , Preda Ovidiu , Nicolae Alina , Vieites Begoña , Ruiz‐Marcellan Maria Carmen , Pedrosa Alberto , Merino Maria J
Published: February 2012

Nogales F F, Goyenaga P, Preda O, Nicolae A, Vieites B, Ruiz‐Marcellan M C, Pedrosa A & Merino M J  (2012) Histopathology 60, 748–757 An analysis of five clear cell papillary cystadenomas of mesosalpinx and broad ligament: four associated with von Hippel‐Lindau disease and one aggressive sporadic type

Aims:  Clear cell papillary cystadenoma (CCPC) is associated with von Hippel‐Lindau disease (VHLD), but rarely involves mesosalpinx and broad ligament (M/BL). This study provides new data about its behaviour and immunophenotype.

Methods and results:  We performed an analysis of four benign cases of CCPC of M/BL with either characteristic clinical features or genetic markers [loss of heterozygosity (LOH)] of VHLD in patients ranging from 24 to 36 years and a sporadic case in a 52‐year‐old presenting with peritoneal metastases. All CCPCs were papillary but had solid and tubular areas. Haemorrhage, thrombosis and scarring were constant features and related to an unusual pattern of sub‐epithelial vascularity. All clear or oxyphilic cells co‐expressed cytokeratin 7 (CK7), CAM5.2 and vimentin, with strong apical CD10 and nuclear paired box gene 2 (PAX2) immunoreactivity. Three cases also showed positivity for VHL40, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), Wilms’ tumour suppressor gene (WT‐1) and cancer antigen 125 (CA125) but only one expressed renal cell carcinoma (RCC) antigen. Vascular plexus overexpressed nuclear and cytoplasmic WT‐1.

Conclusion:  The VHLD‐associated cases appeared to be benign, but the sporadic case exhibited a low malignant potential. CCPCs show histological and immunophenotypical similarities with the recently reported clear cell papillary RCC, although the previously unreported apical CD10 and nuclear PAX2 expression may be related to their mesonephric origin. CCPC has a distinctive sub‐epithelial vascular pattern that is consistent with its pathogenesis.
Children’s experiences of participation in the cleft lip and palate care pathway
Authors: HALL MELANIE , GIBSON BARRY , JAMES ALLISON , RODD HELEN D.
Published: February 2012

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2012; 22: 442–450

Aim.  This qualitative study sought to explore children’s perspectives on their participation in the cleft lip and palate care pathway.

Design.  Eight boys and nine girls (aged 8–17 years), with a range of cleft types and who were patients at a British dental hospital each took part in two child‐centred interviews which incorporated participatory activities. An initial interview focused on children’s general life stories, and these often encompassed a discussion about cleft lip and/or palate. A follow‐up interview explored specific aspects of the condition and its related treatment.

Results.  Data revealed the varying roles that young people can play in decision‐making, which can be described as active or passive. In addition, the dynamic degree of participation was highlighted with patients occupying different roles throughout the care pathway.

Conclusion.  The research provides an insight into treatment decisions, and how young people, their families, and clinicians interact to arrive at these. Findings provide further evidence to support the important contribution young patients can make in their own treatment choices.
Association between parent reports of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder behaviours and child impulsivity in children with severe intellectual disability
Authors: Bigham K. , Daley D. M. , Hastings R. P. , Jones R. S. P.
Published: February 2012

Background  Although children with intellectual disability (ID) seemed to be at increased risk for Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)/hyperactivity problems when assessed with parent report questionnaires and clinical interviews, there has been little attention to the associations between parent reports and observed child behaviours. The purpose of the present study was to compare clinical symptoms and observed impulsivity in children with ID whose parents reported them as being relatively high and low in ADHD symptoms, and to examine whether any differences were associated with developmental level.

Methods  Parents of 28 children with ID completed a behaviour rating scale of hyperactivity symptoms. Parents were also interviewed using a robust clinical interview tool focused on hyperactivity symptoms. The children were all tested by an experimenter to measure their impulsive behaviour.

Results  Those children with clinical range scores on parent questionnaire ratings were also reported by parents to have more ADHD symptoms using a parent report clinical interview. Although these children were also more impulsive on an experimental task, when children's developmental ages were statistically controlled impulsivity differences disappeared.

Conclusions  Parent reports of ADHD symptoms in children with ID may be positively associated with data derived using clinical interview methods, but they may be less sensitive to developmental expectations when compared with observed child behaviour. Practical implications include the need for multiple sources of information and normative data for children with ID on simple experimental tasks that can be used to aid diagnosis of ADHD in clinical settings.
Investigating low adaptive behaviour and presence of the triad of impairments characteristic of autistic spectrum disorder as indicators of risk for challenging behaviour among adults with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Felce D. , Kerr M.
Published: February 2012

Background  Identification of possible personal indicators of risk for challenging behaviour has generally been through association in cross‐sectional prevalence studies, but few analyses have controlled for intercorrelation between potential risk factors. The aim was to investigate the extent to which gender, age, presence of the triad of impairments characteristic of autism and level of adaptive behaviour were independently associated with level of challenging behaviour among adults with intellectual disabilities.

Methods  Five datasets were merged to produce information on challenging behaviour, adaptive behaviour, presence of the triad of impairments, gender and age of 818 adults. Variables were entered into a multivariate linear regression, which also tested the interaction between the presence of the triad of impairments and level of adaptive behaviour.

Results  Presence of the triad of impairments, level of adaptive behaviour, their interaction, and age, but not gender, significantly and independently contributed to the prediction of challenging behaviour. Presence/absence of the triad of impairments moderated the effect of adaptive behaviour on challenging behaviour. The inverse relationship found in the absence of the triad of impairments was virtually removed when present.

Conclusions  This study has shown that it is necessary to control for intercorrelation between potential risk factors for challenging behaviour and to explore how interaction between them might moderate associations.
Interleukin‐6 Receptor α is Co‐localised with Melanin‐Concentrating Hormone in Human and Mouse Hypothalamus
Authors: Schéle E. , Fekete C. , Egri P. , Füzesi T. , Palkovits M. , Keller É. , Liposits Z. , Gereben B. , Karlsson‐Lindahl L. , Shao R. , Jansson J.‐O.
Published: February 2012

Interleukin (IL)‐6 deficient mice develop mature‐onset obesity. Furthermore, i.c.v. administration of IL‐6 increases energy expenditure, suggesting that IL‐6 centrally regulates energy homeostasis. To investigate whether it would be possible for IL‐6 to directly influence the energy homeostasis via hypothalamic regulation in humans and rodents, we mapped the distribution of the ligand binding IL‐6 receptor α (IL‐6Rα) in this brain region. In the human hypothalamus, IL‐6Rα‐immunoreactivity was detected in perikarya and first‐order dendrites of neurones. The IL‐6Rα‐immunoreactive (‐IR) neurones were observed posterior to the level of the interventricular foramen. There, IL‐6Rα‐IR neurones were located in the lateral hypothalamic, perifornical, dorsal and posterior hypothalamic areas, the hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus and in the zona incerta. In the caudal part of the hypothalamus, the density of the IL‐6Rα‐IR neurones gradually increased. Double‐labelling immunofluorescent studies demonstrated that IL‐6Rα immunoreactivity was localised in the same neurones as the orexigenic neuropeptide, melanin‐concentrating hormone (MCH). By contrast, IL‐6Rα‐immunoreactivity was not observed in the orexin B‐IR neurones. To determine whether the observed expression of IL‐6Rα is evolutionary conserved, we studied the co‐localisation of IL‐6Rα with MCH and orexin in the mouse hypothalamus, where IL‐6Rα‐immunoreactivity was present in numerous MCH‐IR and orexin‐IR neurones. Our data demonstrate that the MCH neurones of the human hypothalamus, as well as the MCH and orexin neurones of the mouse hypothalamus, contain IL‐6Rα. This opens up the possibility that IL‐6 influences the energy balance through the MCH neurones in humans, and both MCH and orexin neurones in mice.
Proteomic Analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid from Obese Women with Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: A New Approach for Identifying New Candidates in the Pathogenesis of Obesity
Authors: Lecube A. , Poca M. A. , Colomé N. , Bech‐Serra J. J. , Hernández C. , García‐Ramírez M. , Gándara D. , Canals F. , Simó R.
Published: February 2012

Body weight control is tightly regulated in the hypothalamus. The inaccessibility of human brain tissue can be partially solved by using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as a tool for assessing the central nervous system’s production of orexigen and anorexigen factors. Using proteomic analysis, the present study investigated the differentially displayed proteins in human CSF from obese and non‐obese subjects. We designed a case–control study conducted in a reference hospital where eight obese (cases) and eight non‐obese (controls) women with idiopathic intracranial hypertension were included. Intracranial hypertension was normalised through the placement of a ventriculo‐ or lumboperitoneal shunt in the 12 months before their inclusion in the study. Isotope‐coded protein label (for proteins > 10 kDa) and label‐free liquid chromatography (for proteins < 10 kDa) associated with mass spectrometry analysis were used. Eighteen differentially expressed proteins were identified. Many of them fall into three main groups: inflammation (osteopontin, fibrinogen γ and β chain, α1 acid glycoprotein 2 and haptoglobin), neuroendocrine mediators (neurosecretory protein VGF, neuroendocrine protein 7B2, chromogranin‐A and chromogranin B), and brain plasticity (testican‐1, isoform 10 of fibronectin, galectin‐3 binding protein and metalloproteinase inhibitor type 2). The differential production of osteopontin, neurosecretory protein VGF, chromogranin‐A and fibrinogen γ chain was further confirmed by either enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay or western blotting. In conclusion, we have identified potential candidates that could be involved in the pathogenesis of obesity. Further studies aiming to investigating the precise role of these proteins in the pathogenesis of obesity and their potential therapeutic implications are needed.
Relational and sexual fluidity in females partnered with male‐to‐female transsexual persons
Authors: ARAMBURU ALEGRÍA C.
Published: February 2012

Accessible summary

Healthcare providers are in a privileged position to counsel and offer resources to patients who identify as sexually or gender‐diverse, or who are in relationships with sexually or gender‐diverse persons. To optimize health outcomes in these persons, a call has been made to increase providers' awareness of sexually diverse populations.

This research builds upon existing knowledge on female sexuality through its examination of female sexuality in relationships in which one partner discloses as male‐to‐female transsexual.

Sexual and relational orientation can be fluid, and can evolve within a relationship. Females partnered with male‐to‐female transsexual persons reported reforming their sexual relations with their partners. They reported maintaining a heterosexual identity, yet reconceptualizing their relationships and sexuality to be situation‐dependent. For example, language such as ‘situational lesbian’ was reported. The study findings also demonstrate that female sexuality within these relationships can range from cessation of sexual relations to a continuation of relations without disruption.

Healthcare providers need to be aware of fluidity and diversity among sexuality and relationships, and allow for expression of an expansive range of relationships and/or sexual activity.

This paper reports on a study examining sexuality in females who remain partnered with male‐to‐female transsexual persons. Participants' self‐view and sexual fluidity following their partners' transition from man to woman is examined. Sixteen females participated in in‐depth, semi‐structured interviews. An inductive process of data analysis was conducted, using the constant comparative method, an iterative process by which data are compared within and across subjects. Data were collected until thematic saturation was achieved. Four themes related to sexuality emerged: (1) questioning of sexual orientation; (2) sexual orientation categorization; (3) relational fluidity without sexual relations; and (4) relational fluidity with sexual relations. Participants maintained a heterosexual identity, yet modified their self‐view to include an identity that reflected their reformed relationship. The majority of the respondents reported sexual lives that were active or evolving. Others remained in relationships that no longer included sexual activity. The study findings highlight the potential fluidity within the sexual and relational lives of females, and can enhance healthcare providers' preparedness and efficacy with diverse populations. Providers are in a unique position to offer resources to patients who identify as sexually or gender‐diverse, or who are in relationships with sexually or gender‐diverse persons.
Immigrant patients with chronic hepatitis C and advanced fibrosis have a higher risk of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Chen W. , Tomlinson G. , Krahn M. , Heathcote J.
Published: February 2012

Summary.  To explore the impact of the differences in baseline characteristics between immigrants with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and native‐born patients on the prognosis of advanced fibrosis. A retrospective cohort study was conducted in 318 patients (including 128 immigrants) with CHC and advanced fibrosis attending a tertiary referral clinic. Patients’ medical records were reviewed to collect data describing immigrant status, baseline characteristics, and liver‐related clinical outcomes. Kaplan–Meier (KM) analyses and Cox proportional‐hazards regression analyses were performed to explore the differences between the two groups with respect to clinical outcomes. Relative to native‐born patients, immigrant patients were older, more likely to be female, and more likely to be Asian. Immigrants were less likely to be heavy drinkers, heavy smokers, injection drug users, and more likely to have type 2 diabetes. KM analyses indicated that immigrant patients had a significantly higher risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) than Canadian‐born patients (P = 0.005). Univariate Cox proportional‐hazards analyses indicated that immigrant status (hazard ratio (HR) 2.22; P = 0.006), age (HR 1.07; P < 0.001), heavy drinking (HR 2.69; P = 0.001), heavy smoking (HR 2.03; P = 0.019), and type 2 diabetes (HR 2.06; P = 0.011) were significantly associated with the risk of HCC. Multivariable Cox proportional‐hazards analyses showed that immigrant status was not an independent risk factor for HCC (HR 1.37; P = 0.318) after adjusting for age and type 2 diabetes. Older age and higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes accounted for the increased risk of HCC among immigrant patients with CHC and advanced fibrosis.
Ca2+ sensitivity of the maxi chloride channel in interstitial cells of Cajal
Authors: Wright G. W. J. , Parsons S. P. , Huizinga J. D.
Published: February 2012

Background  Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) associated with the myenteric plexus of the small intestine express maxi chloride channels. Our aim was to investigate whether or not these channels would be activated by increases in intracellular Ca2+, as that would strengthen evidence for their potential role in ICC pacemaking. A further aim was to examine whether inwardly and outwardly rectifying maxi chloride currents signify different channels.

Methods  We used Fluo‐4 AM Ca2+ imaging and patch clamp electrophysiology (cell‐attached and inside‐out) on isolated ICC in short term culture.

Key Results  Increasing intracellular Ca2+ by three functionally distinct mechanisms (blocking sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ refilling, creating membrane Ca2+ pores and a solution designed to block plasmalemmal Ca2+ extrusion) was followed by inwardly rectifying maxi chloride channel activation assessed in the cell‐attached configuration. Furthermore, in the inside‐out configuration, increased outwardly rectifying maxi‐chloride channel activity followed an increase in Ca2+ to 2 mmol L−1 at the cytoplasmic face of the channel.

Conclusions & Inferences  Increase in intracellular Ca2+ will activate the maxi chloride channels. Maxi chloride currents are inwardly rectifying in the cell‐attached patch clamp configuration under physiological conditions and are outwardly rectifying in the inside‐out configuration. The same channel is responsible for both currents. Ca2+ does not appear to regulate the rectification.
Optimisation of mesenchymal stromal cells karyotyping analysis: implications for clinical use
Authors: Muntión S. , Sánchez‐Guijo F. M. , Carrancio S. , Villarón E. , López O. , Diez‐Campelo M. , San Miguel J. F. , del Cañizo M. C.
Published: February 2012

Purpose: The aim of this study was to optimise the yield of metaphases in mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) in vitro cultures and to study the karyotype of MSC expanded in good manufacturing practice (GMP) conditions for clinical use.

Background: MSC are being increasingly used in clinical trials for a number of diseases. Biosafety demonstration in all cases is mandatory. Unfortunately, current standard karyotyping methods fail to obtain enough number of evaluable metaphases.

Methods and materials: In the present work, to optimise the yield of metaphases in MSC expanded in vitro, we have tested several conditions by modifying colcemid concentration (we have tested 0·01, 0·05 and 0·1 µg mL−1) and exposure time (during 5, 15 and 24 h). We further applied these optimised conditions to 61 MSC expansions in GMP conditions for clinical use.

Results: Our results show that the highest number of metaphases was obtained when MSC were incubated with 0·05 µg mL−1 of colcemid overnight (15 h), compared to the remaining experimental conditions. In most cases (59/61 cases) enough number of metaphases was obtained. And what is more relevant, only in one case a karyotypic abnormality was found (trisomy of chromosome 10), and cells were subsequently discarded for clinical use.

Conclusion: We describe here an optimal method to obtain enough number of metaphases for karyotype analysis of in vitro expanded MSCs, what is essential for their clinical use in cell therapy programmes.
Correlation of Pfg377 ortholog gene expression of Plasmodium vivax and mosquito infection
Authors: Chansamut N. , Buates S. , Takhampunya R. , Udomsangpetch R. , Bantuchai S. , Sattabongkot J.
Published: February 2012

Objective  To determine the expression of Pfg377 ortholog gene in Plasmodium vivax, and examine its correlation with mosquito infection.

Methods  Seventy clinical blood samples positive for P. vivax by microscopy, were used for the mosquito infectivity assay. Infectivity to female Anopheles dirus was determined from oocyst counts. The transcripts of Pfg377 ortholog gene of P. vivax from blood samples infective and non‐infective to mosquitoes were examined using quantitative real‐time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR).

Results  Of 70 P. vivax positive blood samples, 50 (71.4%) samples were mosquito‐infective and 20 (28.6%) were not. In infective samples, the expression level of Pfg377 ortholog gene was significantly higher than in the non‐infective group (P < 0.05). In infective samples, the expression level of Pfg377 ortholog gene at ≥100 copies/ml of blood cut‐off point correlated with ≥10 oocysts/mosquito cut‐off point of average oocyst numbers and with ≥50% cut‐off point of per cent infected mosquitoes (Pearson’s chi‐square correlation, P = 0.014 and P = 0.026, respectively).

Conclusion  The cut‐off point of the expression level of Pfg377 ortholog gene could be used to predict the infectiousness of P. vivax gametocytes leading to mosquito infection and parasite transmission in the field.
Public health services, an essential determinant of health during crisis. Lessons from Cuba, 1989–2000
Authors: De Vos Pol , García‐Fariñas Anaí , Álvarez‐Pérez Adolfo , Rodríguez‐Salvá Armando , Bonet‐Gorbea Mariano , Van der Stuyft Patrick
Published: February 2012

During the 1990s, Cuba was able to overcome a severe crisis, almost without negative health impacts. This national retrospective study covering the years 1989–2000 analyses the country’s strategy through essential social, demographic, health process and health outcome indicators. Gross domestic product (GDP) diminished by 34.76% between 1989 and 1993. In 1994 slow recuperation started. During the crisis, public health expenses increased. The number of family doctors rose from 9.22 to 27.03 per 104 inhabitants between 1989 and 2000. Infant mortality rate and life expectancy exemplify a series of health indicators that continued to improve during the crisis years, whereas low birth weight and tuberculosis incidence are among the few indicators that suffered deterioration. GDP is inversely related to tuberculosis incidence, whereas the average salary is inversely related to low birth weight. Infant mortality rate has a strong negative correlation with the health expenses per inhabitant, the number of maternal homes, the number of family doctors and the proportion of pregnant women receiving care in maternal homes. Life expectancy has a strong positive correlation with health expenses, the number of nursing personnel and the number of medical contacts per inhabitant. The Cuban strategy effectively resolved health risks during the crisis. In times of serious socio‐economic constraints, a well conceptualized public health policy can play an important role in maintaining the overall well‐being of a population.
Evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of the Haemoglobin Colour Scale to detect anaemia in young children attending primary healthcare clinics in Zanzibar
Authors: Aldridge Catherine , Foster Hamish M. E. , Albonico Marco , Ame Shaali M. , Montresor Antonio
Published: February 2012

Objectives  This study evaluates the diagnostic accuracy of Haemoglobin Colour Scale (HCS), compared with clinical diagnosis, to detect anaemia and severe anaemia in preschool‐age children attending primary healthcare clinics in rural Zanzibar.

Methods  In all participants, haemoglobin (Hb) concentration was independently estimated by clinical examination for palmar pallor, HCS and HemoCue™. HemoCue was considered the reference method. Data collection was integrated into the usual health services and performed by local healthcare workers (HCWs). Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were calculated for HCS and clinical examination for palmar pallor. The limits of agreement between HCS and HemoCue, and inter‐observer variability for HCS, were also defined.

Results  A total of 799 children age 2–59 months were recruited to the study. The prevalence of anaemia (Hb < 11 g/dl) and severe anaemia (<5 g/dl) were 71% and 0.8% respectively. The sensitivity of HCS to detect anaemia was 33% [95% confidence interval (CI) 29–36] and specificity was 87% (83–91). The sensitivity of HCS to detect severe anaemia was 14% (95% CI 0–58) and specificity was 100% (99–100). The sensitivity of palmar pallor to detect anaemia was low, but superior to HCS (58%vs. 33%, P < 0.001); specificity was inferior to HCS (55%vs. 87%, P < 0.001). There was no evidence of a difference in either sensitivity (P > 0.1) or specificity (P > 0.1) between HCS and palmar pallor to detect severe anaemia.

Conclusions  Haemoglobin Colour Scale does not improve the capacity of HCWs to diagnose anaemia in this population. Accuracy is limited by considerable variability in the performances of test operators. However, optimizing the training protocol for those using the test may improve performance.
Resistance evaluation for herbicide resistance–endowing acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene mutations using Raphanus raphanistrum populations homozygous for specific ALS mutations
Authors: YU Q , HAN H , LI M , PURBA E , WALSH M J , POWLES S B
Published: February 2012

Yu Q, Han H, Li M, Purba E, Walsh MJ & Powles SB (2012). Resistance evaluation for herbicide resistance–endowing acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene mutations using Raphanus raphanistrum populations homozygous for specific ALS mutations. Weed Research 52, 178–186.

Acetolactate synthase (ALS)‐inhibiting herbicide resistance is common in Raphanus raphanistrum (wild radish) populations across the Western Australian (WA) grain belt. This study investigates the molecular and biochemical basis of ALS herbicide resistance in five R. raphanistrum populations. Five known ALS herbicide resistance–endowing mutations (Pro‐197‐Ala, Pro‐197‐Thr, Pro‐197‐Ser, Asp‐376‐Glu and Trp‐574‐Leu) were identified, and their resistance spectrum to ALS‐inhibiting herbicides was determined using purified populations individually homozygous for each mutation (except for Pro‐197‐Ala). Plants homozygous for ALS mutations at Pro‐197 were found to be cross‐resistant to ALS‐inhibiting sulfonylurea (SU) and triazolopyrimidine (TP) herbicides, while plants homozygous for Trp‐574‐Leu were resistant to SU, TP and imidazolinone (IMI) ALS herbicide classes. The Asp‐376‐Glu mutation is reported here for the first time in R. raphanistrum populations and characterised at both the whole‐plant and enzyme level. Plants homozygous for Asp‐376‐Glu were highly resistant to SU and TP herbicides, based on LD50 R/S ratios (>130 and 128 respectively) and I50 R/S ratios (170 and >110 respectively). In contrast, these plants were moderately resistant to the IMI imazamox (LD50 R/S ratio of 8, I50 R/S ratio of 3) and imazethapyr (I50 R/S ratio of 8) and susceptible to imazapyr (I50 R/S ratio of 0.76). A novel observation in this study is that resistance of homozygous Glu‐376 plants is associated with a remarkable growth reduction in the presence of the ALS herbicides tested, making early resistance diagnosis and management difficult.
Risk factors for patient‐reported medical errors in eleven countries
Authors: Schwappach David L. B.
Published: February 2012

Objectives  The aim of this study was to identify common risk factors for patient‐reported medical errors across countries. In country‐level analyses, differences in risks associated with error between health care systems were investigated. The joint effects of risks on error‐reporting probability were modelled for hypothetical patients with different health care utilization patterns.

Design  Data from the Commonwealth Fund’s 2010 lnternational Survey of the General Public’s Views of their Health Care System’s Performance in 11 Countries.

Setting  Representative population samples of 11 countries were surveyed (total sample = 19 738 adults). Utilization of health care, coordination of care problems and reported errors were assessed. Regression analyses were conducted to identify risk factors for patients’ reports of medical, medication and laboratory errors across countries and in country‐specific models.

Results  Error was reported by 11.2% of patients but with marked differences between countries (range: 5.4–17.0%). Poor coordination of care was reported by 27.3%. The risk of patient‐reported error was determined mainly by health care utilization: Emergency care (OR = 1.7, P < 0.001), hospitalization (OR = 1.6, P < 0.001) and the number of providers involved (OR three doctors = 2.0, P < 0.001) are important predictors. Poor care coordination is the single most important risk factor for reporting error (OR = 3.9, P < 0.001). Country‐specific models yielded common and country‐specific predictors for self‐reported error. For high utilizers of care, the probability that errors are reported rises up to P = 0.68.

Conclusions  Safety remains a global challenge affecting many patients throughout the world. Large variability exists in the frequency of patient‐reported error across countries. To learn from others’ errors is not only essential within countries but may also prove a promising strategy internationally.
Glomerular and tubulointerstitial miR‐638, miR‐198 and miR‐146a expression in lupus nephritis
Authors: LU JIANXIN , KWAN BONNIE CHING‐HA , LAI FERNAND MAC‐MOUNE , TAM LAI‐SHAN , LI EDMUND KWOK‐MING , CHOW KAI‐MING , WANG GANG , LI PHILIP KAM‐TAO , SZETO CHEUK‐CHUN
Published: February 2012

Aim:  MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. We studied the intra‐renal expression of miRNA targets that were reported to be differentially expressed in peripheral blood or urine between lupus nephritis (LN) patients and normal controls.

Methods:  We quantified the expression of in glomerulus and tubulointerstitium of miR‐146a, miR‐155, miR‐198 miR‐638 and miR‐663 in 42 patients with LN and 10 healthy controls.

Results:  As compared with controls, LN patients had lower glomerular expression of miR‐638 (P < 0.001) but higher tubulointerstitial expression of this target (P = 0.001). Both glomerular and tubulointerstitial expression of miR‐198 were higher in LN patients than controls (P < 0.001). For miR‐146a, LN patients only had higher expression in glomerulus (P = 0.005) but not in tubulointerstitium. Tubulointerstitial miR‐638 expression was significantly correlated with proteinuria (r = 0.404; P = 0.022) and disease activity score (r = 0.454; P = 0.008), while glomerular miR‐146a expressions were correlated with estimated GFR (r = 0.453; P = 0.028) and histological activity index (r = 0.494; P = 0.027).

Conclusion:  We found that intra‐renal expression of miR‐638, miR‐198 and miR‐146a are differentially expressed between LN patients and normal controls. Furthermore, the degree of change in glomerular miR‐146a and tubulointerstitial miR‐638 expression correlated with clinical disease severity. The results suggested that these miRNA targets may play a role in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis.
Weight management issues and strategies for people with high cardiovascular risk undertaking an Australian weight loss program: A focus group study
Authors: Gallagher Robyn , Kirkness Ann , Armari Elizabeth , Davidson Patricia M.
Published: February 2012

Obesity is particularly hazardous for people with multiple cardiovascular risk factors and existing cardiovascular disease, although few studies investigate experiences and perceptions of weight loss in this population. This study provides an understanding of participants' knowledge, attitudes, and experiences of managing multiple risk factors and/or existing cardiovascular disease of participants who were undertaking a weight loss program. Thirty‐five participants were recruited from the first 50 completing a multicomponent group‐based weight loss intervention designed to follow cardiovascular disease and diabetes disease management programs. Four focus group interviews were conducted using a semistructured interview schedule. Data were analyzed using an inductive approach, and themes developed. Participants found the process of weight loss to be complex, dynamic, and challenging, as the conflicting needs of existing health conditions, social support, ambivalence, and time limitations required careful balance. In response, participants determinedly developed and tested strategies based on simplified principles, establishing routines for new health habits and portion control, and going back to basics in food selection. Therefore, weight loss programs for this population need to be specifically tailored to support patients' efforts and strategies.
Nursing students' time management, reducing stress and gaining satisfaction: a grounded theory study
Authors: Mirzaei Tayebeh , Oskouie Fatemeh , Rafii Forough
Published: February 2012

In the course of their studies, nursing students must learn many skills and acquire the knowledge required for their future profession. This study investigates how Iranian nursing students manage their time according to the circumstances and obstacles of their academic field. Research was conducted using the grounded theory method. Twenty‐one nursing students were purposefully chosen as participants. Data was collected through semi‐structured interviews and analyzed using the method suggested by Corbin and Strauss. One of the three processes that the nursing students used was “unidirectional time management.” This pattern consists of accepting the nursing field, overcoming uncertainty, assessing conditions, feeling stress, and trying to reduce stress and create satisfaction. It was found that students allotted most of their time to academic tasks in an attempt to overcome their stress. The findings of this study indicate the need for these students to have time for the extra‐curricular activities and responsibilities that are appropriate to their age.
The Size 1 ProSeal™ laryngeal mask airway in infants: a randomized, noncrossover study with the Classic™ laryngeal mask airway
Authors: López‐Gil Maite , Mantilla Ignacio , Blanco Teresa , Teigell Enrique , Hervias Mónica , Fernández‐López Rosa
Published: February 2012

Background:  In recent years, numerous scientific publications have endorsed the superiority of the ProSeal™ laryngeal mask airway (PLMA) over the Classic™ laryngeal mask airway (cLMA) in adults, children, and infants. The PLMA forms a better seal for both the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, provides easier access to the gastrointestinal tract, and exerts lower mucosal pressures for a given seal pressure. This study aims to determine whether this superiority can also be observed for the size 1 PLMA used in anesthetized neonates and infants with positive pressure ventilation.

Methods:  Sixty consecutive neonates and infants undergoing elective surgical procedures were randomized to airway management with the size 1 PLMA or cLMA. For all patients, we recorded ease of insertion, effective airway time, number of placement attempts, oropharyngeal leak pressure, fiberoptic position, audible leaks, mask displacement, number of reinsertions during maintenance, gastric insufflation, and frequency of blood stain.

Results:  Ease of insertion, successful insertion in <3 attempts, fiberoptic position of the airway tube, and frequency of blood stain were similar in both groups. Effective airway time was lower for the PLMA group (30.5 vs 35.6 s). Oropharyngeal leak pressure was higher with the PLMA (32.9 vs 22.2 cm H2O, P < 0.001) and gastric insufflation less common (0% vs 6%, P = 0.492). There were fewer mask displacements during maintenance of anesthesia with the PLMA (0% vs 26.7%, P < 0.001). Mask reinsertion was not necessary during maintenance of anesthesia with the PLMA, although it was necessary in 14 cases in the cLMA group (0% vs 46%, P < 0.001). Audible leaks were less common with the PLMA (0% vs 46%, P < 0.001).

Conclusions:  We conclude that the size 1 PLMA is a stable, safe, and efficacious airway control device during neonatal and infant anesthesia, allowing higher peak airway pressure during positive pressure ventilation, with fewer mask displacements and gastric insufflations than the cLMA.