bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘You are just an idiot for not doing any physical activity right now’
Authors: Varea Valeria , Underwood Mair
Published: December 2015

Research among former Physical Education (PE) school students has demonstrated how fat phobia in PE classes is oppressive and makes it extremely difficult for most students to develop positive subjectivities. This study explores how a group of pre-service Health and Physical Education (HPE) specialist teachers from an Australian university construct fatness discourses. Taking a Foucauldian perspective, focusing particularly on the concepts of surveillance and normalisation, this paper explores the dominant discourses that pre-service HPE specialist teachers construct about fatness. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews (three interviews per participant) were conducted with 14 students (11 females and three males) aged between 18 and 26 at the time of the first interview. The results of a content analysis of the interview data suggest that students generally tend to classify certain bodies as ‘decent’ and ‘normal’, implying the existence of ‘indecent’ and ‘abnormal’ bodies. Participants also expressed a paternalistic approach and moral judgments towards people they considered to be fat. The results suggest that HPE specialist teachers have certain constructions of fatness that could be explored in their undergraduate degrees so as to minimise any possible ramifications for their teaching.
TRUST-tPA trial: Telemedicine for remote collaboration with urgentists for stroke-tPA treatment
Authors: Mazighi Mikael , Meseguer Elena , Labreuche Julien , Miroux Patrick , Le Gall Catherine , Roy Patricia , Tubach Florence , Amarenco Pierre
Published: December 2015

Background

Previous observational studies have shown that telemedicine is feasible and safe to deliver intravenous (IV) recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA). However, implementation of telemedicine may be challenging. To illustrate this fact, we report a study showing that telemedicine failed to improve clinical outcome and analyze the reasons for this shortcoming.

Methods

We established a tele-stroke network of 10 emergency rooms (ERs) of community hospitals connected to a stroke center to perform a randomized, open-label clinical trial with blinded outcome evaluation. Eligible patients were randomly assigned to either a usual care arm (i.e. immediate transfer to the stroke center and administration of IV rt-PA if indication was confirmed upon stroke arrival) or tele-thrombolysis arm (i.e. immediate administration of IV rt-PA in ER and transfer to the stroke center). The primary efficacy outcome was an excellent outcome (modified Rankin scale (mRS) 0–1 at 90 days). Secondary endpoints included favorable outcome (90-day mRS 0–2) and early neurological improvement (NIHSS score 0–1 at 24 hours or a decrease of ≥ 4 points within 24 hours). Safety outcomes included symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) per ECASS II definition, any ICH and all-cause mortality.

Results

During an accrual time of 48 months, because of a slow enrollment rate, only 49 of 270 patients initially planned for inclusion were randomized into usual care ( n = 23) and tele-thrombolysis ( n = 26). Despite random assignment, patients allocated to tele-thrombolysis were older and had more severe stroke than patients allocated to usual care. The median duration of video-conference was 23 minutes in the usual care arm and 73 minutes in the tele-thrombolysis arm. Eighty-four percent of patients in the tele-thrombolysis arm were treated by IV rt-PA in comparison to 18% in the usual care arm. In univariate analysis but not after adjustment for age and baseline NIHSS, patients allocated in the usual care arm had a higher rate of excellent or favorable outcome. There were no differences in safety outcomes, with only one symptomatic ICH occurring in the tele-thrombolysis arm.

Conclusions

Stroke patients included in the telemedicine arm of the TRUST-tPA trial increased their rt-PA eligibility five-fold. However, the efficacy and safety remains to be determined (ClinicalTrials.org, NCT00279149).
Examining the complementarity of ‘children’s rights’ and ‘bioethics’ moral frameworks in pediatric health care
Authors: Carnevale Franco A , Manjavidze Irma
Published: December 2015

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child has inspired numerous initiatives to recognize children’s health-related rights. Whereas children’s rights have served as the dominant moral framework for child health concerns in Europe, pediatric bioethics has emerged as the principal framework used in North America. Despite their similarities, these two frameworks differ significantly. Children’s rights initiatives tend to be universalist, highlighting substantive standards for all children, while pediatric bioethics has developed norms, models, and procedures for the ethical analysis and management of individual cases. The aim of this article is to critically examine the respective contributions and intersections of children’s rights and pediatric bioethics moral frameworks in child health. We describe our collaboration bridging our work with these two frameworks to address pediatric health-care concerns in the Republic of Georgia. We conclude with recommendations for how the complementarity of these two frameworks can be further bridged and promoted internationally.
Identity attribution and resistance among Swedish-speaking call centre workers in Moldova
Authors: Kahlin Linda , Tykesson Ingela
Published: December 2015

Based on calls to an outsourced call centre in Moldova, where the agents have received training in Swedish, this article deals with some cases when agents are attributed categorical belonging associated with the issue of outsourcing. The aim of the study is to examine how these challenges are handled within interaction. The analysis is implemented by a combination of conversation analysis and membership categorization analysis, primarily through the notion of omnirelevance, used to demonstrate the participants’ orientation to social contexts. A main result is the subtle forms of resistance that agents exhibit when they respond to various category-based compliments, oriented to the location and language skills of the agent. One form of resistance is giving minimal responses and another is to return to the transactional procedure. The calls are part of a corpus of 800 calls. A comparative analysis also includes a call to a centre in Sweden.
Children’s social literacies: Meaning making and the emergence of graphical signs and texts in pretence
Authors: Worthington Maulfry , van Oers Bert
Published: December 2015

This study builds on recent research into young children’s pretend play. Social literacy practices and events in which children engaged were investigated to reveal features of their meaning making. Drawing on Vygotsky’s view of the social nature of symbol use and writing, it stresses the significance of cultural and social features of meanings and literacies within children’s play narratives. Data were collected from case studies of seven children aged three to four years in an inner-city maintained nursery school in southwest England, as part of a larger longitudinal ethnographic study. Data comprise written documentation of the children’s play and their visual representations, and the analysis follows an interpretive, social semiotic multimodal paradigm. The findings make a compelling case for greater appreciation of pretence as a potentially valuable context for the enculturation of literacies, highlighting the diversity and richness of children’s spontaneous meaning making and self-chosen literacy events. Informed by cultural and literacy practices of home and nursery, the children’s communications show how meanings and signs are carried across time, space and contexts. Rich and sustained play supported the children’s self-initiated literacies in which they explored a heterogeneous range of textual genres, revealing their developing semiotic understandings and expanding repertoire.
The use of touch-screen tablets at home and pre-school to foster emergent literacy
Authors: Neumann Michelle M , Neumann David L
Published: December 2015

Young children living in technology-based communities are using touch-screen tablets (e.g. iPads) to engage with the digital world at an early age. The intuitive touch-screen interface, easily downloadable apps (applications) and mobility of tablets drive their increasing popularity with pre-schoolers. This review examines research to date on tablets, apps and emergent literacy in young children in the home and at pre-school. Evidence is building that suggests tablets have the potential to foster emergent writing and letter knowledge. Although the impact of tablets on emergent literacy is not yet fully known, developing themes highlight potential benefits and hindrances of tablets for emergent literacy. Two important considerations are the quality of emergent literacy apps and the importance of scaffolding young children's use of tablets at home and pre-school to support emergent literacy development. Directions for future research and recommendations for parents and teachers are discussed.
Living with a parent with dementia: A family resilience study
Authors: Deist Melanie , Greeff Abraham P
Published: December 2015

The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with family resilience in families caring for a parent with dementia. A mixed-methods approach was followed to collect data from a convenience sample drawn from the Cape Metropolitan area in the Western Cape, South Africa. The study sample comprised 47 families in which adult children were caring for a parent with dementia. The quantitative data analysis was conducted using analyses of variance (ANOVA), Pearson’s product–moment correlation coefficients and a best-subsets multiple regression analysis. Qualitative data were analysed using thematic content analysis. It was found that acceptance, optimism, positive communication patterns, family connectedness, spirituality, social support, economic resources and the effective management of symptoms helped these families adapt to the burdens of dementia care. In addition to expanding the literature regarding family resilience, the findings could be used to develop interventions tailored to the needs of these families caring for a parent with dementia to create a family environment that enhances adjustment and adaptation.
Transformative research as knowledge mobilization: Transmedia, bridges, and layers
Authors: Anderson Colin R , McLachlan Stéphane M
Published: December 2015

Mainstream knowledge production and communication in the academy generally reflect the tenets of positivist research and predominantly embody hierarchical processes of knowledge transfer. In contrast, a transformative research paradigm is rooted in knowledge mobilization processes involving close collaboration between researchers and community actors as co-enquirers as a part of a broader agenda for progressive social change. They also involve strategic communication strategies that mobilize knowledge beyond those directly involved in the research process. We illustrate the cyclical pattern and transgressive potential of knowledge mobilization processes through a reflective case study of a participatory action research program in the Canadian Prairies. Based on this work, we present three key knowledge mobilization strategies. These include: using transmedia to exchange knowledge across a range of communication media; building bridges to invite communication amongst diverse knowledge communities; and layering to communicate knowledge at varying levels of detail. We critically examine our own practice as a contested and partial process in tension with the institutional and cultural durability of the more linear knowledge transfer paradigm. Knowledge mobilization strategies provide a framework to implement research methods, communication processes, and outcomes that are high in impact and relevant in struggles for a more just and resilient society.
Smokescreens and Beer Goggles
Authors: Jones Sandra C. , Wyatt Austin , Daube Mike
Published: December 2015

Corporate social marketing (CSM) is one of several initiatives companies can undertake to demonstrate their corporate social responsibility (CSR). While there are many motivations for CSR and CSM, all are linked to profit in some way, including promoting the reputation of the organization. While CSM is often seen as evidence of organizations making a contribution to their community, there are some industries whose CSM campaigns have drawn considerable controversy and criticism. This article discusses the role of the alcohol industry in developing and disseminating “responsible drinking” CSM activities. It discusses some of the problems identified with alcohol industry CSM campaigns—including evidence that industry education campaigns communicate ambiguous messages; improve public perceptions of the industry but do not discourage harmful or underage drinking; and divert attention from more effective approaches, such as controls on price and availability. The paper also addresses the issue of other CSM/CRM activities undertaken by the alcohol industry, such as encouraging consumers to purchase a brand by donating a proportion of the profits to health and social causes (including those that are exacerbated by alcohol consumption). It discusses the value of these activities for the industry and their potential negative impact on the health of the community. In summary, the evidence suggests that industry CSM and CRM activities protect the industry (from restrictive policies and declining sales) but may in fact be detrimental to the community.
The Maltreatment–Offending Association: A Systematic Review of the Methodological Features of Prospective and Longitudinal Studies
Authors: Malvaso Catia Gaetana , Delfabbro Paul , Day Andrew
Published: December 2015

Although the association between childhood maltreatment and the subsequent development of offending behavior is well documented, the association does not necessarily reflect a causal relationship. This paper provides a systematic review of prospective and longitudinal studies using official records of maltreatment to gain insights into the extent to which methodological variations are likely to influence the conclusions drawn about the likely relationship between maltreatment and offending. Sixty-two original studies met the inclusion criteria. These studies were assessed according to a set of seven methodological criteria: (1) inclusion of comparison groups, (2) the use of statistical controls, (3) valid outcome measures, (4) operationalization of maltreatment, (5) proper temporal order of associations, (6) data relating to unsubstantiated maltreatment, and (7) consideration of mediating and moderating factors. The strength of evidence in support of the maltreatment–offending association was influenced by a number of methodological factors. Despite the increasing sophistication of studies, there is a need to be mindful of how these factors are taken into account in future research in order to gain a deeper understanding of the adverse consequences of maltreatment and how this might influence outcomes and inform interventions.
“Food Porn” as Postfeminist Play
Authors: Dejmanee Tisha
Published: December 2015

The styling and online circulation of food photography has become a phenomenon endemic to social media. In this article, I explore this digital “food porn” within the feminized space of food blogs and contextualize it within a postfeminist culture rife with contradictions about women’s bodies, consumption, and sexuality. Drawing on postfeminist and feminist corporeal theory, I historicize the longstanding associations between food and the female body, eating and sex. I then analyze digital “food porn” as a form of women’s media production that draws on conventional representations of the female body in pornography, fashion, and popular culture. It is these qualities that distinguish digital “food porn” from “food porn” on other media platforms, and allow it to offer useful insights into the postfeminist subject’s construction of digital femininity. I maintain that digital “food porn” can be read as a playful, pleasurable, and entrepreneurial response to postfeminist contradictions.
Deficits in Attention and Visual Processing but not Global Cognition Predict Simulated Driving Errors in Drivers Diagnosed With Mild Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Yamin Stephanie , Stinchcombe Arne , Gagnon Sylvain
Published: December 2015

This study sought to predict driving performance of drivers with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) using measures of attention, visual processing, and global cognition. Simulated driving performance of individuals with mild AD (n = 20) was contrasted with performance of a group of healthy controls (n = 21). Performance on measures of global cognitive function and specific tests of attention and visual processing were examined in relation to simulated driving performance. Strong associations were observed between measures of attention, notably the Test of Everyday Attention (sustained attention; r = −.651, P = .002) and the Useful Field of View ( r = .563, P = .010), and driving performance among drivers with mild AD. The Visual Object and Space Perception Test–object was significantly correlated with the occurrence of crashes ( r = .652, P = .002). Tests of global cognition did not correlate with simulated driving outcomes. The results suggest that professionals exercise caution when extrapolating driving performance based on global cognitive indicators.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adult ADHD
Authors: Puente Antonio N. , Mitchell John T.
Published: December 2015

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder that regularly persists into adulthood and is associated with a number of maladaptive functional outcomes. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is an empirically based treatment that has demonstrated effects on core ADHD symptoms and related impairments in adult samples. One manualized CBT in particular is proposed to target both core symptoms of ADHD and underlying executive functioning (EF) deficits. Targeting underlying dysfunction is important to ongoing treatment development efforts and may enhance efficacy. This manualized CBT was developed for groups. The aims of this case study were twofold. First, we adapted a manualized group-based CBT for adult ADHD for an individual format. Second, we discuss a case study to exemplify how clinicians can measure and track EF symptoms in a clinic setting using a multi-method approach. Self-report and collateral-report questionnaire data provided initial support for adaptation of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adult ADHD: Targeting Executive Dysfunction to an individual format. Outcome data were more limited with cognitive test scores. The discrepancy between questionnaire and cognitive test data along with the complications observed at 2-month follow up are discussed.
Of Research Pings and Ping–Pong Balls
Authors: Strickert G. E. H. , Bradford L. E. A.
Published: December 2015

Communicating research information to stakeholders can be challenging, but it increases research uptake and impact beyond the academic audience. Using art-based methods to convey research results has been shown to be very effective in reaching diverse audiences. The project reported herein used Forum Theater to convey study results on different perspectives about water security. Performances included built-in data collection procedures, which verified previous research findings from more conventional study types. Postperformance focus groups examined the efficacy of Forum Theater for research communication. Audience members suggested that the play was very engaging and a salient, credible, and legitimate means of communicating research results. Implications for researchers, policy makers, and stakeholders are discussed.
Presentation of China in online West European media: More fairness and accuracy required
Authors: Nimmegeers Dirk
Published: December 2015

This article focuses on the presentation of China in online West European media and examines reporting on China in British, Dutch and Belgian online newspapers and weblogs. Through concrete case studies he uncovers the reasons for the predominantly negative coverage of China-related topics in the above-mentioned sources, in particular, to explain the inaccuracy, bias and partisanship. It further studies the complex relationship between journalism and activism and presents a number of analyses that shed light upon the process of construction of an unfavourable opinion about China that the attitudes of the media industry have contributed to. By showing the weaknesses in the coverage of China of the West European media such as distortion of the information or self-censorship, the article criticizes the absence of objectivity in reporting, and proposes a number of measures that both European and Chinese journalists could take so as to overcome the imbalance and prejudice in reporting and move towards more fairness and accuracy.
Does using ‘imagefare’ as a state’s strategy in asymmetric conflicts improve its foreign media coverage? The case of Israel
Authors: Yarchi Moran
Published: December 2015

In their 2014 article in Terrorism and Political Violence, Ayalon, Popovich and Yarchi proposed a different strategy for states to better manage asymmetric conflict, presenting the notion of ‘imagefare’ – ‘the use, or misuse, of images as a guiding principle or a substitute for traditional military means to achieve political objectives’ (p. 12). The current study tests their theoretical framework, and examines whether the use of imagefare as part of a political actor’s conflict strategy improves its foreign image as presented by its ability to promote its preferred frames to the foreign press. The study compares the foreign media’s coverage of two recent rounds of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, in one of which (operation ‘Pillar of Defence’) image considerations played a significant role in the Israeli policy-making process. Findings suggest that whenever a country uses imagefare as part of its strategy, it increases its ability to promote its preferred messages to the foreign press and to improve the country’s image.
Medium- to long-term results of a randomized controlled trial to assess the efficacy of arthoscopic-subacromial decompression versus mini-open repair for the treatment of medium-sized rotator cuff tears
Authors: Bidwai Amit Sharad Chandra , Birch Ann , Temperley David , Odak Saurabh , Walton Michael J , Haines John F , Trail Ian
Published: December 2015

Background

We report on the medium- to long-term results of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) aiming to determine whether rotator cuff repair confers any advantage over arthroscopic sub-acromial decompression (ASAD) alone in the management of medium-sized rotator cuff tears.

Methods

Ethical approval was sought to follow-up patients previously enrolled in a completed and previously published RCT comparing the outcome of ASAD with mini-open cuff repair for the treatment of rotator cuff tear. Forty-two patients were enrolled in the original study, with a mean of 64 years (range 54 years to 77 years).

Results

Fifteen of the original 17 patients randomized to ASAD alone and 18 of the original 25 patients randomized to cuff repair were available for follow-up. Each patient underwent American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES), Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) and Constant scoring, and clinical and ultrasound examination. Mean duration of follow-up was 7 years (range 5 years to 11 years). There was no statistically significant difference in terms of ASES, DASH and Constant scores at follow-up between the two groups. Some 33% of patients in the cuff-repair group had a proven re-rupture on ultrasound. This patient subgroup had significantly worse Constant scores compared to patients where the repair remained intact. None of the patients from either group developed cuff-tear arthropathy requiring arthroplasty surgery.

Conclusions

In this medium- to longer-term study, there is no demonstrable significant benefit of cuff repair over decompression alone for the treatment of medium-sized rotator cuff tears, in terms of ASES, DASH and Constant scores for pain, function and strength modules. The presence of cuff tear does not necessitate surgical repair. This conclusion should drive surgical strategies and shared decision-making between patients and surgeons.
Understanding factors influencing the choice of discharge destination by older patients post total lower limb replacement: A qualitative study
Authors: Chee Shuzhen , Neo Annabelle Yen Peng , Chen Lynette Suxin , Seah Eunice Yee Lin , Li Chi Ling , Aung Nay Linn , Vellasamy Thurgathavi
Published: December 2015

Background:

In Singapore, the clinical pathway for total knee replacement was introduced in 1997 to streamline multidisciplinary care and reduce length of stay for patients in acute hospitals. However, patients who chose to be discharged to a community hospital for rehabilitation currently have a longer length of stay due to the higher demand and longer waiting time for beds in these step-down care facilities. To our knowledge, no qualitative studies have been done in Singapore to investigate the post-discharge issues faced by these patients. This study aims to understand how decisions about discharge were being made among elderly patients post-discharge.

Design:

Grounded theory qualitative methodology was applied.

Method:

Data was collected from nine inpatients who recently underwent total knee replacement or total hip replacement surgery in a tertiary hospital in Singapore by in-depth interviews conducted between October 2012 and July 2013. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis.

Findings:

Three major themes emerged from the interviews when participants were asked about the reasons for choosing a community hospital instead of going home after discharge. The themes were: perceived lack of caregiver; lack of confidence; and services provided in the community hospitals.

Conclusion:

This study showed that factors related to perceived unavailability of caregivers, low level of confidence and accessibility of comprehensive community rehabilitation services were important considerations among elderly patients when choosing their discharge destinations and care. Relevant stakeholders can then explore solutions to these problems so as to correctly site patients.
Intensive Foreign Language Learning Reveals Effects on Categorical Perception of Sibilant Voicing After Only 3 Weeks
Authors: Nielsen Andreas Højlund , Horn Nynne Thorup , Sørensen Stine Derdau , McGregor William B. , Wallentin Mikkel
Published: December 2015

Models of speech learning suggest that adaptations to foreign language sound categories take place within 6 to 12 months of exposure to a foreign language. Results from laboratory language training show effects of very targeted training on nonnative speech contrasts within only 1 to 4 weeks of training. Results from immersion studies are inconclusive, but some suggest continued effects on nonnative speech perception after 6 to 8 years of experience. We investigated this apparent discrepancy in the timing of adaptation to foreign speech sounds in a longitudinal study of foreign language learning. We examined two groups of Danish language officer cadets learning either Arabic (Modern Standard Arabic and Egyptian Arabic) or Dari (Afghan Farsi) through intensive multifaceted language training. We conducted two experiments (identification and discrimination) with the cadets who were tested four times: at the start (T0), after 3 weeks (T1), 6 months (T2), and 19 months (T3). We used a phonemic Arabic contrast (pharyngeal vs. glottal frication) and a phonemic Dari contrast (sibilant voicing) as stimuli. We observed an effect of learning on the Dari learners’ identification of the Dari stimuli already after 3 weeks of language training, which was sustained, but not improved, after 6 and 19 months. The changes in the Dari learners’ identification functions were positively correlated with their grades after 6 months. We observed no other learning effects at the group level. We discuss the results in the light of predictions from speech learning models.
Mobile art: Rethinking intersections between art, user created content (UCC), and the quotidian
Authors: Hjorth Larissa
Published: December 2015

In many countries across the world, mobile media has become an embedded part of everyday life. And yet, despite the influence of mobile media in and around art, the notion of “mobile art” or “mobile media art” remains relatively undertheorized and discussed. So what constitutes mobile art? Is it defined by a mobile interface in the process or delivery of the artwork? Or is it defined by a relationship to mobile content or context? Located in and around the field of mobile communication, mobile art has often been sublimated with locative, hybrid, mixed reality, or media arts. This paper argues for an understanding of mobile art as a broader field of creative practice than just locative media practice or media arts. Rather than survey all the examples of mobile art on offer today, this paper will structure mobile art into key three thematic rubrics: intimate copresence, emplaced visuality, ambient play.
Situated empowerment: Mobile phones practices among market women in Kampala
Authors: Svensson Jakob , Wamala Larsson Caroline
Published: December 2015

In this article we depart from studies on empowerment and its intersections with the informal economy and market women in the Global South and promises of the mobile phone in so-called developing regions. Conducting an explorative study among market women in Kampala, the aim is to examine what roles (if any) the mobile phone plays for them in terms of empowerment. Our findings resonate with studies from other parts of the world, suggesting that while pivotal for their business endeavors, mobile phone practices are also embedded in patriarchal structures. By discussing how these market women navigate the tensions between using the phone for their business and in relations to their partners, the article contributes a more nuanced and context-specific understanding of mobile phone practices and the empowerment of market women. We conclude the article by suggesting a situated approach to the study of empowerment.
The sampling design of the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS)
Authors: Xie Yu , Lu Ping
Published: December 2015

The China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) is an on-going, nearly nationwide, comprehensive, longitudinal social survey that is intended to serve research needs on a large variety of social phenomena in contemporary China. In this article, we describe the sampling design of the CFPS sample for its 2010 baseline survey, and methods for constructing weights to adjust for sampling design and survey non-responses. Specifically, the CFPS used a multi-stage probability strategy to reduce operation costs and implicit stratification to increase efficiency. Respondents were oversampled in five provinces or administrative equivalents for regional comparisons. We provide operation details for both sampling and weights construction.
Private entrepreneurs and political developments in China: The Chinese version of ‘no bourgeoisie, no democracy?’
Authors: Huang Dongya
Published: December 2015

Private entrepreneurs play an invisible but increasingly influential role in Chinese political life. Therefore, more studies on government–business relations are needed for a better understanding of political developments in contemporary China. Based on the theoretical assumption of ‘no bourgeoisie, no democracy’, existing research studies explore whether there is an autonomous and opposing capitalist class in the process of market transition. Most of these studies conclude that the capitalist class in China is quite dependent on and colludes with the state because of their shared political values and interests as well as the political co-optation and corporatism of the party-state. Other studies reflect on these viewpoints and contend that it is improper to consider private entrepreneurs to be a homogeneous social class with common interests and a common identity. The theoretical assumption of ‘no bourgeoisie, no democracy’ is also questioned and modified. Based on these studies, the article argues that existing studies have placed too much emphasis on private entrepreneurs’ role in the democratization process, acting either for or against it, while neglecting the actual individual or collective influences of private entrepreneurs on policymaking and implementation. This situation, however, signifies great political change in contemporary China. Therefore, this paper suggests that it is necessary to reflect on the existing theoretical assumption in order to deepen our understanding of the relationship between private entrepreneurs and the Chinese government. Furthermore, future research studies on private entrepreneurs in China may need to shift their focus from democratization to policy influence and from autonomy to influence.
Gender differences in anomie among China’s rural migrant workers in the context of gender imbalance and population migration
Authors: Li Weidong , Li Shuzhuo , Feldman Marcus W
Published: December 2015

Most research findings agree that women have higher levels of anomie than men; that is, socially derived feelings of depression and alienation that sometimes result in deviance. These conclusions are derived from general population samples in industrialized western countries and may or may not apply to China for various reasons. At present, Chinese society is undergoing two major structural changes: gender imbalance resulting from the One-child Policy, and population migration. This article studies the factors that determine anomie and its gender difference among rural migrant workers in the context of gender imbalance in China. Multivariate analyses of data from a survey of rural migrant workers in Xiamen city, Fujian province, conducted in 2009 show that gender, marital status, social role, and characteristics related to breadwinning have significant influences on anomie among rural migrant workers; men have higher levels of anomie than women, and unmarried people, especially older unmarried people have higher levels of anomie than married people, but there is little gender difference in the influence of marital status on anomie. There are gender differences in the influence of social role and characteristics relating to breadwinning on anomie.
Polygenic Risk for Externalizing Psychopathology and Executive Dysfunction in Trauma-Exposed Veterans
Authors: Sadeh Naomi , Wolf Erika J. , Logue Mark W. , Lusk Joanna , Hayes Jasmeet P. , McGlinchey Regina E. , Milberg William P. , Stone Annjanette , Schichman Steven A. , Miller Mark W.
Published: December 2015

The frequent co-occurrence of antisocial behavior and other disinhibited phenotypes reflects a highly heritable externalizing spectrum. We examined the molecular genetic basis of this spectrum by testing polygenic associations with psychopathology symptoms, impulsive traits, and cognitive functions in two samples of primarily military veterans ( n = 537, n = 194). We also investigated whether polygenic risk for externalizing moderated the effects of trauma on these phenotypes. As hypothesized, polygenic risk positively predicted externalizing psychopathology and negatively predicted performance on inhibitory control tasks. Gene-by-environment effects were also evident, with trauma exposure predicting greater impulsivity and less working memory capacity, but only at high levels of genetic liability. As expected, polygenic risk was not associated with internalizing psychopathology or episodic memory performance. This is the first independent replication of the polygenic score as a measure of genetic predispositions for externalizing and provides preliminary evidence that executive dysfunction is a heritable vulnerability for externalizing psychopathology.
Caregiver Perception, Self-efficacy, and Knowledge of Methadone Tapers for Children With Iatrogenic Opioid Abstinence Syndrome
Authors: Capino Amanda C. , Miller Jamie L. , Hughes Kaitlin M. , Miller Michael J. , Johnson Peter N.
Published: December 2015

Background: There are no definitive guidelines regarding the management of iatrogenic opioid abstinence syndrome (IOAS), but methadone tapers are one common approach. Methadone tapers can be complex for caregivers to manage, and there is a paucity of data about caregiver experiences administering medication tapers postdischarge. Objective: The primary objective was to describe caregiver perception, self-efficacy, and knowledge of administering methadone tapers. Secondary objectives included an assessment of the change in self-efficacy and knowledge of methadone and IOAS before and after discharge as well as clinical outcomes occurring postdischarge. Methods: This was an exploratory, descriptive, institutional review board–approved study surveying caregivers of children receiving methadone tapers for IOAS. Caregivers were included if they had a child ≤12 years of age discharged to home on a methadone taper. The study consisted of 2 phases: a questionnaire and observation/counseling session predischarge and a telephone interview after taper completion. Univariate descriptive statistics were utilized for data analysis. Results: Phase 1 of the study was completed by 12 caregivers, and only 5 completed phase 2. The majority of caregivers were completely confident predischarge (83.3%) and postdischarge (80%) in administering methadone as prescribed. However, some caregivers were confused about the purpose of the taper and experienced difficulty in measuring oral solutions. Conclusions: Despite high self-efficacy, caregivers experienced difficulties in understanding taper management and during the observation session. The results of this study suggest presenting information to caregivers utilizing minimal medical jargon, conducting a counseling/observation session predischarge, and utilizing the teach-back method with caregivers to assess for understanding.
Essential control of early B-cell development by Mef2 transcription factors
Authors: Herglotz Julia , Unrau Ludmilla , Hauschildt Friderike , Fischer Meike , Kriebitzsch Neele , Alawi Malik , Indenbirken Daniela , Spohn Michael , Müller Ursula , Ziegler Marion , Schuh Wolfgang , Jäck Hans-Martin , Stocking Carol
Published: December 2015

Key Points

Mef2c and Mef2d are activated by the pre-B-cell receptor and are essential for pre-B-cell transition. Mef2c complexes with B-cell transcription factors to shut down the immediate early response and to initiate a new transcriptional network.
Emerging therapeutic drugs for AML
Authors: Stein Eytan M. , Tallman Martin S.
Published: December 2015

Multiple new drugs are being developed to treat acute myeloid leukemia (AML), including novel formulations of traditional chemotherapy-antibody drug conjugates and agents that target specific mutant enzymes. Next-generation sequencing has allowed us to discover the genetic mutations that lead to the development and clinical progression of AML. Studies of clonal hierarchy suggest which mutations occur early and dominate. This has led to targeted therapy against mutant driver proteins as well as the development of drugs such as CPX-351 and SGN-CD33A whose mechanisms of action and efficacy may not be dependent on mutational complexity. In this brief review, we discuss drugs that may emerge as important for the treatment of AML in the next 10 years.
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for patients with AML in first complete remission
Authors: Cornelissen Jan J. , Blaise Didier
Published: December 2015

Postremission therapy in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) may consist of continuing chemotherapy or transplantation using either autologous or allogeneic stem cells. Patients with favorable subtypes of AML generally receive chemotherapeutic consolidation, although recent studies have also suggested favorable outcome after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Although allogeneic HSCT (alloHSCT) is considered the preferred type of postremission therapy in poor- and very-poor-risk AML, the place of alloHSCT in intermediate-risk AML is being debated, and autologous HSCT is considered a valuable alternative that may be preferred in patients without minimal residual disease after induction chemotherapy. Here, we review postremission transplantation strategies using either autologous or allogeneic stem cells. Recent developments in the field of alternative donors, including cord blood and haploidentical donors, are highlighted, and we discuss reduced-intensity alloHSCT in older AML recipients who represent the predominant category of patients with AML who have a high risk of relapse in first remission.
Expression profiling and functional analysis of Toll‐like receptors in primary healthy human nasal epithelial cells shows no correlation and a refractory LPS response
Authors: van Tongeren J. , Röschmann K. I. L. , Reinartz S. M. , Luiten S. , Fokkens W. J. , de Jong E. C. , van Drunen C. M.
Published: December 2015

Background

Innate immune recognition via Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) on barrier cells like epithelial cells has been shown to influence the regulation of local immune responses. Here we determine expression level variations and functionality of TLRs in nasal epithelial cells from healthy donors.

Methods

Expression levels of the different TLRs on primary nasal epithelial cells from healthy donors derived from inferior turbinates was determined by RT‐PCR. Functionality of the TLRs was determined by stimulation with the respective ligand and evaluation of released mediators by Luminex ELISA.

Results

Primary nasal epithelial cells express different levels of TLR1‐6 and TLR9. We were unable to detect mRNA of TLR7, TLR8 and TLR10. Stimulation with Poly(I:C) resulted in a significant increased secretion of IL‐4, IL‐6, RANTES, IP‐10, MIP‐1β, VEGF, FGF, IL‐1RA, IL‐2R and G‐CSF. Stimulation with PGN only resulted in significant increased production of IL‐6, VEGF and IL‐1RA. Although the expression of TLR4 and co‐stimulatory molecules could be confirmed, primary nasal epithelial cells appeared to be unresponsive to stimulation with LPS. Furthermore, we observed huge individual differences in TLR agonist‐induced mediator release, which did not correlate with the respective expression of TLRs.

Conclusion

Our data suggest that nasal epithelium seems to have developed a delicate system of discrimination and recognition of microbial patterns. Hypo‐responsiveness to LPS could provide a mechanism to dampen the inflammatory response in the nasal mucosa in order to avoid a chronic inflammatory response. Individual, differential expression of TLRs on epithelial cells and functionality in terms of released mediators might be a crucial factor in explaining why some people develop allergies to common inhaled antigens, and others do not.
Hematopoietic LTβR deficiency results in skewed T cell cytokine profiles during a mucosal viral infection
Authors: Sun Tian , Rojas Olga L , Li Conglei , Philpott Dana J , Gommerman Jennifer L
Published: December 2015

The lymphotoxin signaling pathway plays an important role in the homeostasis and function of peripheral and mucosal dendritic cells, and dendritic cell-intrinsic lymphotoxin β receptor expression is required for optimal responses to opportunistic intestinal bacteria. However, it is unknown whether dendritic cell-intrinsic lymphotoxin β receptor signaling is required for responses to intestinal viral infections. We explored this question by orally administrating murine rotavirus to chimeric mice that lack lymphotoxin β receptor signaling in the myeloid compartment but retain lymphoid tissues. We found that although clearance of rotavirus was unimpaired in the lymphotoxin β receptor−/− → wild-type chimeric mice compared with wild-type → wild-type chimeric mice, IFN-γ-producing CD8+ and CD4+ T cells were significantly increased in the small intestinal lamina propria of lymphotoxin β receptor−/− → wild-type chimeric mice. In contrast, IL-17-producing CD4+ T cells were reduced in lymphotoxin β receptor−/− → wild-type chimeric mice in the steady state, and this reduction persisted after rotavirus inoculation. In spite of this altered cytokine profile in the small intestinal lamina propria of lymphotoxin β receptor−/− → wild-type chimeric mice, the local production of rotavirus-specific IgA was unperturbed. Collectively, our results demonstrate that lymphotoxin β receptor signaling in radio-sensitive myeloid cells regulates the balance of IFN-γ and IL-17 cytokine production within the small intestinal lamina propria; however, these perturbations do not affect mucosal antiviral IgA responses.
Epidural Blockade Affects the Pharmacokinetics of Propofol in Surgical Patients
Authors: Sitsen Elske , Olofsen Erik , Lesman Agnes , Dahan Albert , Vuyk Jaap
Published: December 2015

BACKGROUND:

Neuraxial blockade reduces the dose requirements of sedative agents. It is unclear whether neuraxial blockade affects the pharmacokinetics and/or the pharmacodynamics of IV hypnotics. We therefore studied the influence of epidural blockade on the pharmacokinetics of propofol in patients scheduled for general surgery.

METHODS:

Twenty-eight patients were randomly divided into 4 groups, in a double-blind manner, to receive 0, 50, 100, or 150 mg epidural ropivacaine. When the epidural blockade had stabilized, a target-controlled infusion of propofol was started at a target concentration of 1, 2.5, 4, and 6 µg/mL at 0, 6, 12, and 18 minutes, respectively. The infusion was terminated at 24 minutes. Arterial blood samples for blood propofol concentration determination were taken during and up to 150-minute postinfusion. The influence of epidural blockade on propofol pharmacokinetics was determined by mixed-effects modeling.

RESULTS:

With a ropivacaine dose increasing from 0 to 150 mg, the number of blocked segments (median [range]) increased from 0 (0–3) to 16 (6–21). With increasing epidural dose, blood propofol concentration increasingly exceeded target concentration. An epidural blockade of 20 segments reduced propofol’s elimination clearance from 2.64 ± 0.12 to 1.87 ± 0.08 L/min. Adjusting for weight and sex further improved the propofol pharmacokinetic model.

CONCLUSIONS:

Epidural blockade affects the pharmacokinetics of propofol and the performance of a target-controlled infusion of propofol. At an epidural ropivacaine dose that blocks 20 segments, the propofol dosage or target concentration may be reduced by 30% compared with when no epidural blockade is present. An epidural-induced reduction in hepatic and/or renal blood flow may explain this pharmacokinetic interaction.
Laplace transform identities for the volume of stopping sets based on Poisson point processes
Authors: Privault Nicolas
Published: December 2015

We derive Laplace transform identities for the volume content of random stopping sets based on Poisson point processes. Our results are based on anticipating Girsanov identities for Poisson point processes under a cyclic vanishing condition for a finite difference gradient. This approach does not require classical assumptions based on set-indexed martingales and the (partial) ordering of index sets. The examples treated focus on stopping sets in finite volume, and include the random missed volume of Poisson convex hulls.