bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fine-Grained Encrypted Traffic Classification Using Dual Embedding and Graph Neural Networks
Authors: Liu Zhengyang , Wei Qiang , Song Qisong , Duan Chaoyuan
Published: February 2025

Encrypted traffic classification poses significant challenges in network security due to the growing use of encryption protocols, which obscure packet payloads. This paper introduces a novel framework that leverages dual embedding mechanisms and Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) to model both temporal and spatial dependencies in traffic flows. By utilizing metadata features such as packet size, inter-arrival times, and protocol attributes, the framework achieves robust classification without relying on payload content. The proposed framework demonstrates an average classification accuracy of 96.7%, F1-score of 96.0%, and AUC-ROC of 97.9% across benchmark datasets, including ISCX VPN-nonVPN, QUIC, and USTC-TFC2016. These results mark an improvement of up to 8% in F1-score and 10% in AUC-ROC compared to state-of-the-art baselines. Extensive experiments validate the framework’s scalability and robustness, confirming its potential for real-world applications like intrusion detection and network monitoring. The integration of dual embedding mechanisms and GNNs allows for accurate fine-grained classification of encrypted traffic flows, addressing critical challenges in modern network security.
PSAIP: Prior Structure-Assisted Identity-Preserving Network for Face Animation
Authors: Zhao Guangzhe , Xu Jun , Wang Xueping , Yan Feihu , Qiu Shuang
Published: February 2025

Face animation aims to render the source image according to the motion of the driving images while preserving the identity information of the source image. Despite significant advancements with the introduction of additional information, the literature lacks a thorough exploration of identity preservation. This paper proposes a Prior Structure-Assisted Identity-Preserving (PSAIP) network for face animation. Specifically, we introduce the additional priors of portrait segmentation images and face landmarks, which provide rich face geometric information while masking background interference to generate more realistic face images. Furthermore, we design an identity-enhancing generator network to adaptively fuses the identity feature information extracted from the source portrait and motion representations. Also, we utilize an identity-aware feature loss based on segmentation to avoid background distractions and monitor the identity preservation ability of the model. Extensive experiments on the VoxCeleb dataset and HDTF dataset show that our method is superior in identity preservation and realistic visual effects.
On the Exploitation of Lignin Slow Pyrolysis Products
Authors: Busca Guido , Spennati Elena , Borella Matteo , Casazza Alessandro A. , Garbarino Gabriella
Published: February 2025

The potential of technical lignins as secondary raw materials is discussed. The characteristics of lignin pyrolysis, with particular emphasis on slow pyrolysis technologies, are briefly summarized. The slow pyrolysis process, which can be self-sustained by burning the coproduced gas, can primarily produce high-quality biochar in significant amounts, to be used as a fuel, as a reductant in metallurgy, and as an adsorbent and catalyst component. Together, significant amounts of bio-oil can be produced, rich in guaiacols, which are commercial and expensive chemicals produced today via petrochemical routes and used in pharmacology, food chemistry, polymer chemistry, etc. Such compounds, or bio-oil itself, can also be converted by hydrodeoxygenation into biofuels. A possible simplified flowsheet for a lignin slow pyrolysis process in the frame of a ligneocellulosics-based biorefinery is proposed.
Research on Economic Operation of Cascade Small Hydropower Stations Within Plants Based on Refined Efficiency Models
Authors: Wei Daohong , Feng Chunpeng , Liu Dong
Published: February 2025

In order to enhance the overall power generation efficiency of cascade hydropower, it is essential to conduct modelling optimization of its in-plant operation. However, existing studies have devoted minimal attention to the detailed modelling of turbine operating performance curves within the in-plant economic operation model. This represents a significant challenge to the practical application of the optimization results. This study presents a refined model of a hydraulic turbine operating performance curve, which was established by combining a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and a backpropagation (BP) neural network. The model was developed using a cascade small hydropower group as an illustrative example. On this basis, an in-plant economic operation model of a cascade small hydropower group was established, which is based on the principle of ’setting electricity by water’ and has the goal of maximizing power generation. The model was optimized using a genetic algorithm, which was employed to optimize the output of the units. In order to ascertain the efficacy of the methodology proposed in this study, typical daily operational scenarios of a cascade small hydropower group were selected for comparison. The results demonstrate that, in comparison with the actual operational strategy, the proposed model and method enhance the total output by 3.38%, 2.11%, and 3.56%, respectively, across the three typical scenarios. This method enhances the efficiency of power generation within the cascade small hydropower group and demonstrates substantial engineering application value.
Correction: Fu et al. Synergistic Effect of Combined Walnut Peptide and Ginseng Extracts on Memory Improvement in C57BL/6 Mice and Potential Mechanism Exploration. Foods 2023, 12, 2329
Authors: Fu Junxi , Song Wentian , Song Xiaobing , Fang Li , Wang Xiyan , Leng Yue , Wang Ji , Liu Chunlei , Min Weihong
Published: February 2025

The authors would like to make the following correction to a published paper [...]
Effect of Chinese-Yam-Based Emulsion Gel on Beef Emulsification Characteristics
Authors: Zhang Hao , Yang Xujin , Gao Aiwu , Li Limin
Published: February 2025

Addressing the prevalent issue of excessive fat consumption in contemporary diets, a novel method has been devised for the preparation of an emulsion gel enriched with healthful fatty acids which possesses superior emulsification characteristics. This innovative approach aims to serve as a viable substitute for the fat content in beef mince. This paper aims to evaluate the effect of emulsion gels, formulated primarily with Chinese yam as the key ingredient, on the emulsification properties and microstructural characteristics of beef mince. The findings indicate that, when the proportion of fat substituted by the emulsion gel reaches 50%, the surface hydrophobicity of the beef mince attains a value of 37.34%, which approximates that of beef tallow. Furthermore, the water retention capacity of this formulation is significantly superior to that of the other test groups (p < 0.05). Additionally, when the fat replacement with emulsion gel is increased to 75%, the protein solubility is observed to be 22.85 mg/mL. As the quantity of emulsion gel increases, the gel structure of the beef mince undergoes a gradual densification. This alteration is accompanied by a statistically significant upward trend in the overall α-helix content (p < 0.05), whereas the β-turn angle exhibits an opposite trend and the β-sheet content demonstrates a biphasic pattern, initially increasing and subsequently decreasing. Notably, the random coil of the emulsion gel reaches its minimum when the fat content is at 50%, corresponding to a state of maximal stability in the beef mince. This study provides a basis for developing research into meat products with a healthier fat profile.
AI-Based Data Analysis of Contaminant Transportation with Regression of Oxygen and Nutrients Measurement
Authors: Khan Hasib , Alzabut Jehad , Tounsi Mohamed , Almutairi Dalal Khalid
Published: February 2025

This research is based on the artificial intelligence approach for the error and regression analysis of contaminants, nutrients, and oxygen level in water bodies using a Caputo’s difference model. The model is composed of four subgroups including contaminant concentration (which is denoted by C), the temperature of the fluid T, oxygen concentration O, and nutrients N. ξC,ξT,ξO,ξN are assumed as diffusion constants for the respective classes. The fractional-order difference model is investigated for the existence and uniqueness of solutions as well as Hyers–Ulam stability, subjected to certain assumptions. The computational results demonstrate that the maximum contaminant concentrations reach 0.01046 mg/L for ξC=0.1 and WR = 0.1, resulting in nutrient levels as low as 4.9969 mg/L. The model predicts that increased pollutant loads increase local temperatures to 20.009 ∘C. Furthermore, an inverse correlation between reaction rates and contaminant concentrations is also observed, whereby an increase in WR from 0.1 to 0.2 reduces concentrations to 0.0038327 mg/L.
Observation of Molecular Complexes in Oligo-Phenylenevinylene (OPV) Organogels by Neutron Diffraction
Authors: Guenet Jean-Michel , Ajayaghosh Ayyappanpillai , Praveen Vakayil K.
Published: February 2025

In an earlier report, we conjectured that oligo-phenylenevinylene (OPV) molecules bearing terminal OH groups may form molecular complexes in organogels prepared in benzyl alcohol. This assumption was based on circumstantial evidence only. In this paper, we report on new experimental evidence by means of neutron diffraction that unambiguously demonstrates this conjecture. After ascertaining that the thermodynamic properties of OPV gels are not altered by the use of a solvent isotope (hydrogenous vs. deuterated benzyl alcohol), we show that the neutron diffraction pattern in hydrogenous benzyl alcohol differs from that in deuterated benzyl alcohol. These patterns also exhibit additional peaks with respect to those obtained by X-ray. Comparison is further achieved with an OPV molecule without hydrogen bond terminal groups. In the latter case, no molecular complex is formed. These molecular structures may have a direct bearing on the differences observed in the gel morphologies.
Identification and Expression Patterns of Critical Genes Related to Coat Color in Cashmere Goats
Authors: Wu Dubala , Fan Jing , Pang Yue , Wen Binhong , Li Wei , Yang Guanghao , Cheng Huiyu , Shi Jiahui , Wang Ting , Hu Sile , Li Chun , Liu Bin , Yin Jun , Wu Jianghong
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Research on cashmere goat coat color is crucial for optimizing cashmere goat breeds and increasing their economic value. To identify key genes associated with the formation of cashmere goat coat color and to provide molecular markers for breeding purposes, three healthy, 3-year-old does with similar weights and distinct coat colors—white, black, and light brown—were selected. Methods: Skin samples were collected for transcriptome sequencing, and bioinformatics methods were applied to screen for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the skin of cashmere goats with varying coat colors. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunofluorescence were subsequently conducted to examine the expression patterns of these DEGs. Results: The results showed that a total of 1153 DEGs were identified across the three groups of cashmere goats. According to GO and KEGG analyses, these DEGs were involved in key biological processes and structures, such as the melanin biosynthetic process (GO:0042438), melanosome membrane (GO:0033162), and melanin biosynthesis from tyrosine (GO:0006583). Employing Cytoscape, a gene interaction network was plotted, highlighting a compact network of DEGs associated with coat color formation. Critical genes identified included TYRP1, TYR, DCT, ASIP, PMEL, LOC102180584, MLANA, TSPAN10, TRPM1, CLDN16, AHCY, LOC106503350, and LOC102175263. qRT-PCR and fluorescence immunohistochemistry further determined that TYRP1, TYR, DCT, and PMEL expression levels were high in black goats (BGs), while ASIP and AHCY expression levels were high in white goats (WGs). The expression levels of these six genes in light brown goats (RGs) were intermediate between those in BGs and WGs. Conclusions: TYRP1, TYR, DCT, and PMEL were believed to play pivotal roles in the formation of black coat color, while ASIP and AHCY regulated the formation of white coat color in cashmere goats.
Identification of Ziziphus jujuba cv. Dongzao DNA Demethylase ZjROS1 Gene Family and Construction of CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Gene-Editing Vector
Authors: Wang Jiaqi , Wang Huiran , Zhai Jiayi , Zhu Fulun , Ren Yufeng , Zhou Jun , Zhang Zhikai , Luo Lan , Xu Wendi
Published: February 2025

DNA methylation is one of the earliest and most extensively studied epigenetic regulatory mechanisms. The ROS1 (Repressor of Silencing 1) gene was first discovered in Arabidopsis thaliana, and it is a DNA demethylase that can remove 5-methylcytosine from DNA, thereby affecting DNA methylation levels and gene expression. Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the role of ROS1 in the development and maturation of Ziziphus jujuba cv. “Dongzao” fruit. Methods: We cloned the ROS1 gene and conducted bioinformatics and expression characteristics analyses on it. Results: Three ROS1 genes, named ZjROS1-1~3, was identified, and each member protein was localized in the nucleus, cytoskeleton, chloroplast, and vacuole. The promoter contained cis-elements such as light response, plant hormone signal transduction, and stress response cis-elements, and it interacted with many proteins such as CMT, MET, and ZDP. The results of the real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR show that ZjROS1 has specific expression patterns in different tissues of Z. jujuba cv. Dongzao, and the expression of ZjROS1-2 in flowers and fruits is high. At the same time, CRISPR/Cas9 technology was used to construct a gene-editing vector for ZjROS1, which provided a basis for the subsequent genetic transformation. Conclusions: In this study, the biological function of ZjROS1 was clarified and a gene-editing vector was constructed, which provided a theoretical basis for the regulation mechanism of demethylase ZjROS1 in the fruit ripening and development of Z. jujuba cv. Dongzao.
Foundations for an Operational Earthquake Prediction System
Authors: De Santis Angelo , Cianchini Gianfranco , Perrone Loredana , Soldani Maurizio , Rahimi Habib , Alimoradi Homayoon
Published: February 2025

Earthquake prediction is one of the most challenging enterprises of science. Any prediction system must be based on the search for a precursor appearing during the preparation phase of an earthquake in the ground, atmosphere, or ionosphere that can anticipate its occurrence. We present methods to detect potential pre-earthquake anomalies. In particular, we show the analysis of lithospheric, atmospheric, and ionospheric data and the detection of anomalies under specific criteria. When we apply these methods retrospectively, we find that their accuracy goes from 69% to 83%. The combination of two or more methods is expected to improve the accuracy.
An Ecological Comparison of Two Abandoned Heritage Orchards in Northern Israel
Authors: Ashkenazi Eli , Wachtel Ido , Bar-Oz Guy , Marom Roy , Horwitz Liora Kolska
Published: February 2025

In this study, we documented two relict traditional Palestinian orchards; one was abandoned following the 1948 war when the farmers were exiled to Lebanon and the second was tended by farmers up until the early 1970s. The orchards examined are located in two different Mediterranean phytogeographic regions, one in the hilly Upper Galilee and the other on the slopes of Mount Carmel in the hinterland of the Mediterranean coast. We found differences in the species composition and spatial layout of trees in each orchard which followed the dictates of the geographic settings, demonstrating the farmer’s knowledge of their environment. We discuss the importance of these orchards as part of the heritage horticultural systems of the region and explore possible measures that can be taken to preserve this unique historical arboricultural landscape and ways to empower local, traditional knowledge in promoting awareness for the conservation and preservation of heritage horticulture.
Valorisation of Sunflower Crop Residue as a Potentially New Source of Bioactive Compounds
Authors: Veličković Ivona , Samardžić Stevan , Milenković Marina T. , Petković Miloš , Maksimović Zoran
Published: February 2025

Reducing agricultural waste through reuse has become one of the most important strategies to minimise impact on the environment—an emerging global issue. Sunflower ranks fourth in the world in the production of vegetable oilseeds and therefore generates large amounts of agricultural waste. The aim of this study was to investigate the phytochemical composition and bioactivity of sunflower crop residues in order to open up new opportunities for waste management. TPC and TFC were determined spectrophotometrically, while the dominant compounds were identified by LC-DAD-ESI-MS as ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid (KA) and 6Ac-7OH-dimethylchromone (DMC). Both compounds were present in higher concentrations in the ethyl acetate fraction (245.5 and 16.8 mg/g, respectively) than in the ethanol extract. None of the tested samples showed antimicrobial effects in the microdilution test. DMC showed remarkable antioxidant activity by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and TRC in vitro assays, while both compounds proved to be promising enzyme inhibitory agents, being particularly efficient in inhibiting anti-neurodegenerative enzymes (IC50 values of DMC and KA were 1.20/1.37 mg/mL and 1.44/1.63 mg/mL for AChE/BChE, respectively) and tyrosinase. The results presented indicate that sunflower crop residues are a good candidate for the extraction of bioactive compounds with potential application in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.
Effects of Selenium/Iodine Foliar Application and Seasonal Conditions on Yield and Quality of Perennial Wall Rocket
Authors: Tallarita Alessio Vincenzo , Golubkina Nadezhda , De Pascale Stefania , Sękara Agnieszka , Pokluda Robert , Murariu Otilia Cristina , Cozzolino Eugenio , Cenvinzo Vincenzo , Caruso Gianluca
Published: February 2025

The biofortification of leafy vegetables with selenium (Se) and iodine (I) provides the basis for the Se/I status optimization and preservation of human health. The effect of foliar Se, I, and Se + I supply in three different crop cycles (autumn, autumn–winter, and winter) on yield, quality, and mineral composition of wall rocket leaves was investigated using biochemical and ICP-MS methods of analysis. Joint foliar supply with selenate/iodide increased yield, antioxidant activity, total phenolic, ascorbic acid, and protein levels by 1.63, 1.24, 1.22, 1.25, and 1.50 times, respectively, and the content of Ca, Mg, P, K, Fe, Cu, and Zn by 1.27, 1.24, 1.35, 1.46, 3.67, 2.76, and 1.44 times, respectively. High correlations between Se, antioxidants, P, Mg, and Ca (r > 0.80) as well as between yield and K/protein content were recorded. Despite a significant decrease in yield, protein, and K, Fe, Cu, and Mn contents in the third crop cycle, compared to the first one, 50 g of wall rocket biofortified with Se/I may provide up to 100% of the Se adequate consumption level, 34.3% of I, 9% of K, 24% of Fe, and 17.7% Ca. The results of the present research confirm the high efficiency of Se/I supply to produce D. tenuifolia leaves as a new functional food.
Integrative Treatment Strategies for Chronic Back Pain: A Literature Review with Clinical Recommendations
Authors: Russin Nina H. , Koskan Alexis M. , Manson Lesley
Published: February 2025

Problem: Chronic back pain (CBP) is a major cause of disability, contributing significantly to healthcare costs and primary care visits. Pharmacotherapy alone is insufficient in managing CBP. Integrated behavioral health interventions that include psychoeducation are critical for a more holistic, sustainable treatment of CBP. Objectives: This review explores CBP treatments that includes psychoeducation as part of patient care. Methods: In the Fall of 2024, the first author searched Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus using search terms related to chronic back pain and integrated behavioral interventions to increase patients’ self-efficacy to manage CBP. The team included articles in the review that were published more recently and seminal articles in the field of managing CBP. Results: Given the complex biopsychosocial factors influencing CBP, and the individualized nature of each patient’s pain experience, patient psychoeducation should include a multimodal approach, which may include cognitive behavioral strategies to address pain, pain neuroscience education, and education related to lifestyle behaviors such as physical activity, sleep, nutrition, and stress management. Patient education and behavioral interventions integrated within primary care can significantly improve patient engagement and self-reported improvements in pain intensity, functionality, and quality of life. Conclusion: Psychoeducation is foundational for integrative programs aimed at managing CBP.
Consumers’ Health and Environmental Attitudes and Local Food Purchases
Authors: Tran Lan , Su Ye
Published: February 2025

There has been increasing interest in the health and environmental benefits of the growth of local food, especially since the COVID-19 pandemic. In the United States, local food and labels have many implications and attributes, such as organic, non-GMO, and reduced-chemical production. Therefore, consumers’ purchase decisions and willingness to pay for local labels with sustainable attributes are heterogeneous. This study uses a consumer survey in Missouri to examine how differences and differentiations in health and environmental attitudes affect consumers’ willingness to pay for local food. A discrete choice experiment and a structural equation model (SEM) were employed to measure how personal attitudes affect consumer’s willingness to pay for local labels (typical label and state-grown). Results show that supportive attitudes toward local farms and farmers positively affect consumer preferences for locally labeled produce, but the premiums will be lower if they are more concerned about GMOs and pesticide residue in food. No evidence was found for the effects of general environmental attitudes on willingness to pay for local food.
The Physical Activity Environment, Nature-Relatedness and Wellbeing
Authors: Furjes-Crawshaw Josh , Heke Ihirangi , Jowett Tim , Rehrer Nancy J.
Published: February 2025

This study explored the relationship between the physical activity (PA) environment, nature affinity and wellbeing. An online survey was used incorporating the Nature-Relatedness Scale (NR-6), EQ-5D health questionnaire, WHO-5 wellbeing questionnaire and International Physical Activity Questionnaire—Short Form (IPAQ-SF), with additional questions on PA environment and connection to place (n = 179). Statistical analyses were conducted using generalised linear mixed effects and quantile regression. PA in nature was correlated with wellbeing, with each additional bout of PA in nature associated with an increase in EQ-5D score of 3.13 and an increase in WHO-5 score of 5.62, (p = 0.0058, ηp2 = 0.074; p < 0.0001, ηp2 = 0.089, resp. (medium effect sizes)). PA indoors was also positively associated with physical and psychological wellbeing (p = 0.0192, ηp2 ₌ 0.018; p = 0.0009, ηp2 = 0.03, resp. (small effect sizes)), but PA in nature had a greater effect than PA indoors on both physical (p = 0.008) and psychological wellbeing (p = 0.001). There was a significant interaction between nature-relatedness and PA in nature on wellbeing (p = 0.0002), indicating a difference in the association between nature-relatedness and both physical and psychological wellbeing, i.e., there was a greater effect of PA in nature on wellbeing in those with greater nature-relatedness. Nature-relatedness was also associated with physical activity in nature (p ≤ 0.0001).
An Osteoblast-Specific Enhancer and Subenhancer Cooperatively Regulate Runx2 Expression in Chondrocytes
Authors: Matsuo Yuki , Qin Xin , Moriishi Takeshi , Kawata-Matsuura Viviane K. S. , Komori Hisato , Sakane Chiharu , Yabuta Suemi , Jiang Qing , Kaneko Hitomi , Ito Kosei , Shigeta Mayo , Abe Takaya , Komori Toshihisa
Published: February 2025

Runx2 is an essential transcription factor for osteoblast differentiation and chondrocyte maturation. The spatiotemporal expression of Runx2 is regulated by enhancers. We previously identified a 1.3 kb osteoblast-specific enhancer; however, mice with this deletion showed no phenotypes. A 0.8 kb conserved region detected near the 1.3 kb enhancer did not exhibit enhancer activity in reporter assays, whereas four tandem repeats of 452 bp (452 × 4) containing the most conserved region of 0.8 kb induced strong reporter activity in chondrocyte cell lines. However, chondrocytes of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter mice using 452 × 4 did not express EGFP. When 452 × 4 was combined with the 1.3 kb enhancer, hypertrophic chondrocytes highly expressed EGFP. Moreover, the 0.8 kb region combined with the 1.3 kb enhancer induced EGFP expression in prehypertrophic and hypertrophic chondrocytes. The deletion of both the 1.3 kb enhancer and the 0.8 kb conserved region slightly reduced Runx2 expression in the limbs. However, neither homozygous nor heterozygous deletions in the Runx2+/− background showed phenotypes. The 0.8 kb conserved region itself lacked enhancer activity, but when combined with the 1.3 kb enhancer, EGFP expression was induced in chondrocytes with a similar expression pattern to Runx2. Therefore, the 0.8 kb conserved region has a novel function as a subenhancer.
Adiponectin C1Q and Collagen Domain Containing rs266729, Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2A and 2B rs10811661, and Signal Sequence Receptor Subunit 1 rs9505118 Polymorphisms and Their Association with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Case-Control Study in a Romanian Population
Authors: Muntean Mihai , Mărginean Claudiu , Bernad Elena Silvia , Bănescu Claudia , Nyulas Victoria , Muntean Irina Elena , Săsăran Vladut
Published: February 2025

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are public health concerns worldwide. These two diseases share the same pathophysiological and genetic similarities. This study aimed to investigate the T2DM known single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the adiponectin C1Q and collagen domain containing (ADIPOQ), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A and 2B (CDKN2A/2B), and signal sequence receptor subunit 1 (SSR1) genes in a cohort of Romanian GDM pregnant women and perinatal outcomes. DNA was isolated from the peripheral blood of 213 pregnant women with (n = 71) or without (n = 142) GDM. Afterward, ADIPOQ (rs266729), CDKN2A/2B (rs10811661), and SSR1 (rs9505118) gene polymorphisms were genotyped using TaqMan Real-Time PCR analysis. Women with GDM had a higher pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) (p < 0.0001), higher BMI (p < 0.0001), higher insulin resistance homeostatic model assessment (IR-HOMA) (p = 0.0002), higher insulin levels (p = 0.003), and lower adiponectin levels (p = 0.004) at birth compared to pregnant women with normoglycemia. GDM pregnant women had gestational hypertension (GH) more frequently during pregnancy (p < 0.0001), perineal lacerations more frequently during vaginal birth (p = 0.03), and more macrosomic newborns (p < 0.0001) than pregnant women from the control group. We did not find an association under any model (allelic, genotypic, dominant, or recessive) of ADIPOQ rs266729, CDKN2A/2B rs10811661, and SSR1 rs9505118 polymorphisms and GDM. In correlation analysis, we found a weak positive correlation (r = 0.24) between the dominant model GG + CG vs. CC of rs266729 and labor induction failure. In the dominant model TT vs. CC + CT of rs10811661, we found a weak negative correlation between this model and perineal lacerations. Our results suggest that the ADIPOQ rs266729, the CDKN2A/2B rs10811661, and the SSR1 rs9505118 gene polymorphisms are not associated with GDM in a cohort of Romanian pregnant women.
Association of Basal Serum Androgen Concentration with Follicles Number on the Day of Triggering Final Oocyte Maturation in Low Responders According to the Bologna Criteria: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Bosdou Julia K. , Venetis Christos A. , Anagnostis Panagiotis , Savvaidou Despoina , Chatzimeletiou Katerina , Zepiridis Leonidas , Goulis Dimitrios G. , Grimbizis Grigoris , Kolibianakis Efstratios M.
Published: February 2025

Studies in animals have shown that androgens promote early follicular development and granulosa cell proliferation by augmenting follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) receptor expression in granulosa cells. Inconsistency exists regarding the association between basal serum androgen levels and follicular development in low responders undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF), although the number of studies is limited. The aim of the current study was to assess the association between basal serum androgen concentrations and the number of follicles ≥ 11 mm on the day of triggering final oocyte maturation in low responders undergoing IVF. This prospective study was performed from June 2020 to September 2024 in 96 low responders, categorized according to the Bologna criteria. Total testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), 17-OH progesterone (17-OH-P), Δ4-androstenedione (Δ4-A), and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were measured on the day of initiation of ovarian stimulation. No association was found between basal serum testosterone (coef.: −0.002, p = 0.98), DHEAS (coef.: −0.096, p = 0.35), 17-OH-P (coef.: +0.086, p = 0.40), Δ4-A (coef.: −0.028, p = 0.79), and SHBG (coef.: +0.160, p = 0.12) concentrations and the number of follicles ≥ 11 mm on the day of triggering final oocyte maturation. The results of the current study challenge the usefulness of basal serum androgen measurements prior to ovarian stimulation in low responders as predictors of ovarian response.
Sample Preparation Protocol for Laboratory Cryo-Soft X-Ray Microscopy for Studying Cellular Nanoparticle Uptake
Authors: Arsana Komang G. Y. , Svenda Martin , Hertz Hans M.
Published: February 2025

Soft X-ray microscopy (SXM) is a powerful technique for high-resolution biomedical imaging, enabling the observation of bio–nano interactions in near-native conditions without the need for heavy metal staining and fluorescence labeling. A laboratory soft X-ray microscope (LSXM) was developed to bridge the resolution gap between light microscopy and electron microscopy in cellular imaging. However, LSXMs employ a lower-brightness X-ray source in comparison to those operated in synchrotron facilities, which can negatively affect the contrast of X-ray micrographs. Therefore, proper sample preparation is essential to achieve optimal imaging results. This paper details an LSXM sample preparation protocol for investigating cellular nanoparticle uptake. Samples are prepared using optimized parameters for both manual plunge-freezing and automated vitrification, ensuring the rapid transition of biological material into a solid state with controllable thickness in the 5–10 μm range, preserving cellular structures and enabling optimal X-ray transmission for cellular imaging. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this protocol in facilitating the observation of nanoparticle uptake in two different biological samples: murine macrophages and acanthamoeba. Controlling ice thickness improves X-ray transmission through the specimen, enhancing the contrast and image quality of SXM.
Using Lignans from Magnolia officinalis Bark in the Assessment of the Quality of Dietary Supplements—The Application of 1H NMR and HPLC-DAD
Authors: Siudem Paweł , Wasiak Aleksandra , Zielińska Agnieszka , Kowalska Violetta , Paradowska Katarzyna
Published: February 2025

In the present day, the use of dietary supplements is becoming increasingly common. This is due to two main reasons: a lack of nutrients from highly processed foods and the increasing popularity of dietary supplements. Supplements with anti-inflammatory properties, such as those containing magnolia bark extract, are particularly popular. Research has shown that magnolia bark extracts have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidepressant, anti-anxiety, and anticancer effects, mainly due to the components magnolol and honokiol. With the increasing availability of magnolia bark extract dietary supplements, there is a need for fast analytical methods to assess their quality. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of two analytical techniques, 1H NMR spectroscopy and HPLC-DAD chromatography, in evaluating dietary supplements containing magnolia bark extract. The results show that both techniques provide similar results and can be used for quality control. However, there is a significant difference between the actual and declared composition of the supplements, highlighting the importance of quality control for these products. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing the use of the 1H NMR method in the routine quantitative control of magnolia dietary supplements.
Molecular Structure of the mRNA Export Factor Gle1 from Debaryomyces hansenii
Authors: Jang Min Jeong , Lee Soo Jin , Chang Jeong Ho
Published: February 2025

Gle1 functions as a regulator of Dbp5, a DEAD-box-containing RNA helicase that is a component of the nuclear pore complex. In association with Gle1 and inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6), ADP-bound Dbp5 facilitates the release of RNA. The RNA-bound Dbp5 undergoes ATP hydrolysis and is activated by Gle1 in the presence of IP6. The formation of a ternary complex involving Dbp5, Gle1, and the nucleoporin Nup159 promotes ADP secretion and prevents RNA recombination. To date, several complex structures of Gle1 with its binding partners have been described; however, the structure of unbound Gle1 remains elusive. To investigate the structural features associated with complex formation, the crystal structure of N-terminally truncated Gle1 from Debaryomyces hansenii (DhGle1ΔN) was determined at a resolution of 1.5 Å. The DhGle1ΔN protein comprises 13 α-helices. Structural comparisons with homologs, all of which have been characterized in various complexes, revealed no significant conformational changes. However, several distinct secondary structural elements were identified in α1, α3, α4, and α8. This study may provide valuable insights into the architecture of yeast Gle1 proteins and their interactions with Dbp5, which is crucial for understanding the regulation of mRNA export.
Correlations Between Amelioration of Rotenone-Induced Parkinson’s Symptoms by Amomum tsaoko Flavonoids and Gut Microbiota in Mice
Authors: Liu Li , Zhao Yan , Yang Weixing , Han Lixiang , Mo Xiaohan , Sheng Jun , Tian Yang , Gao Xiaoyu
Published: February 2025

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, but the existing therapeutic drugs for PD have limitations; thus, there is an urgent need to discover new methods of prevention and treatment. Amomum tsaoko Crevost et Lemarie (AT) is a classic traditional Chinese medicine and food. Its main pharmacological effect is the regulation of the gastrointestinal tract. To date, no studies on the use of AT or its extracts to treat PD have been reported. In this study, a rotenone-induced PD mouse model was utilized to evaluate the protective effect of Amomum tsaoko flavonoids (ATFs) and to elucidate the role of the gut microbiota in this effect. The results demonstrated that ATFs not only ameliorated the motor and constipation symptoms but also reduced the loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Furthermore, ATFs reduced the expression of inflammation-related genes (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2, and MCP-1) and increased the expression of gut barrier-related genes (Muc-2, ZO-1, Occludin, Claudin3, and Claudin4) in the colon. Notably, ATFs were able to reverse rotenone-induced gut dysbiosis, including a significant decrease in the abundance of conditionally pathogenic bacteria (Desulfovibrio, Provotellaceae UCG-001, the Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, norank_f_Erysipelotrichacea, and the Eubacterium nodatum group) and an increase in the abundance of probiotics (Bifidobacterium and Faecalibaculum). Interestingly, these genera were found to be significantly associated with PD motor symptoms and constipation indicators. This suggests that ATFs have the potential to alleviate PD symptoms through the modulation of gut microbes. These findings provide a solid foundation for further investigations into the anti-PD mechanism of ATFs and their potential in the prevention and treatment of PD.
Exploring Asthma as a Protective Factor in COVID-19 Outcomes
Authors: Quinn Anthony E. , Zhao Lei , Bell Scott D. , Huq Muhammad H. , Fang Yujiang
Published: February 2025

Asthma has long been associated with increased susceptibility to viral respiratory infections, leading to significant exacerbations and poorer clinical outcomes. Contrarily and interestingly, emerging data and research surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic have shown that patients with asthma infected with SARS-CoV-2 experienced decreased severity of disease, lower hospitalization rates, as well as decreased morbidity and mortality. Research has shown that eosinophils could enhance immune defense against viral infections, while inhaled corticosteroids can assist in controlling systematic inflammation. Moreover, reduced ACE-2 expression in individuals with asthma may restrict viral entry, and the Th2 immune response may offset the Th1 response typically observed in severe COVID-19 patients. These factors may help explain the favorable outcomes seen in asthmatic patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. This review highlights potential protective mechanisms seen in asthmatic patients, including eosinophilia, the use of inhaled corticosteroids, reduced ACE-2 expression, and a dominate Th2 immune response. Such a study will be helpful to better manage patients with asthma who have contracted COVID-19.
Effective Dose Reduction of Emamectin Benzoate Through Inhibition of Bx-SDR3 in Pine Wood Nematode Management
Authors: Zhuang Yuting , Xia Rui , Yang Fan , Xu Zhao , Liang Guanjun , Zhang Ruizhi , Bao Yue , Wang Feng
Published: February 2025

Pine wood nematodes (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, PWNs) are a major threat to Pinus koraiensis in northeast China, and emamectin benzoate (EB) is commonly used for their control. Although high doses of EB can alleviate symptoms of pine wilt disease (PWD), they do not fully eradicate PWNs due to their detoxification mechanisms. This study investigates the content of EB in P. koraiensis and its efficacy in controlling PWNs after exogenous application of EB. We found that while EB significantly reduced PWN populations, it did not eliminate them. Transcriptomic analysis of PWNs treated with concentration at 20% (LC20) revealed that PWNs exhibit detoxification responses to low EB concentrations (LC20), driven by the Bx-SDR3 gene. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated silencing of this gene decreased the detoxification ability of PWNs and enhanced the toxic effects of LC20 EB by 20.9%. These results highlight the key role of Bx-SDR3 in PWN detoxification and suggest that targeting this gene could improve the effectiveness of EB, offering a promising strategy for more efficient and eco-friendly pest management.
High-Density Lipoprotein in Patients with Diabetic Kidney Disease: Friend or Foe?
Authors: Liu Ke , Cooper Mark E. , Chai Zhonglin , Liu Fang
Published: February 2025

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) exhibits multiple metabolic protective functions, such as facilitating cellular cholesterol efflux, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and anti-thrombotic properties, showing antidiabetic and renoprotective potential. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is considered to be associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). The hyperglycemic environment, non-enzymatic glycosylation, carbamylation, oxidative stress and systemic inflammation can cause changes in the quantity and quality of HDL, resulting in reduced HDL levels and abnormal function. Dysfunctional HDL can also have a negative impact on pancreatic β cells and kidney cells, leading to the progression of DKD. Based on these findings, new HDL-related DKD risk predictors have gradually been proposed. Interventions aiming to improve HDL levels and function, such as infusion of recombinant HDL (rHDL) or lipid-poor apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), can significantly improve glycemic control and also show renal protective effects. However, recent studies have revealed a U-shaped relationship between HDL-C levels and DKD, and the loss of protective properties of high levels of HDL may be related to changes in composition and the deposition of dysfunctional particles that exacerbate damage. Further research is needed to fully elucidate the complex role of HDL in DKD. Given the important role of HDL in metabolic health, developing HDL-based therapies that augment HDL function, rather than simply increasing its level, is a critical step in managing the development and progression of DKD.
Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the Aux/IAA Gene Family in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)
Authors: Zhang Jingqing , Xu Yikun , Wu Guize , Niu Chaoyong , Zhang Yibo , Hao Jinghong , Wang Baoju , Liu Ning
Published: February 2025

The Aux/IAA proteins are key regulators of auxin signaling transduction, mediating various physiological and developmental processes in higher plants; however, little information on Aux/IAAs is known in lettuce, an economically important vegetable. In this study, a total of 29 LsAux/IAA genes were identified from the lettuce genome. Sequence alignment and domain analyses suggested the presence of conserved Aux/IAA subdomains (Domain I-IV) in those LsIAAs, and Phylogenetic analysis indicated that members of LsAux/IAA could be classified into 10 subgroups by their homology to Arabidopsis Aux/IAAs, which is also supported by exon-intron structure, consensus motifs, and domain compositions. Transcriptome data suggested that most of the LsIAA genes were expressed in all tissues, whereas some of them were preferentially expressed in specific tissues. Analysis of cis-acting elements indicated the LsIAA genes might be regulated by hormonal treatments and abiotic stresses, which was confirmed by qRT-PCR experiments. Taken together, our study provides valuable information for further investigation of the biological roles of LsIAA genes in high-temperature conditions.
In Vitro Assessment of Bacillus thuringiensis Exopolysaccharides and Their Effects on Gut Microbiota from Ulcerative Colitis In Vitro
Authors: Gao Zexin , Tang Jie , Wu Chuanchao , Ding Wenping , Wang Xianyi , Long Yaohang , Wang Yaping , Liu Hongmei
Published: February 2025

Bacillus thuringiensis exopolysaccharide BPS-2 inhibits malondialdehyde secretion, enhances antioxidant enzyme activities, and significantly improves the antioxidant status of inflammatory cells. In the present study, the apparent morphology and spatial conformation of BPS-2 were analyzed further, and several functional properties were investigated. The results demonstrated that BPS-2 was a polymeric straight-chain polysaccharide with good thermal stability, exhibiting non-Newtonian properties and good antioxidant and anticancer activities. Notably, this study systematically investigated the impact of BPS-2 on the intestinal microbiota composition in patients diagnosed with ulcerative colitis. Through in vitro fermentation of fecal bacteria collected from six volunteers, it was found that BPS-2 exerted a positive influence on the intestinal flora of ulcerative colitis patients, augmenting the secretion of short-chain fatty acids and facilitating an increase in the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium spp. These results suggest that BPS-2 has the potential to be a food additive for suppressing ulcerative colitis and for other medically related applications.
Applications of Multiplex Immunohistochemistry in Evaluating Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity of T Cells
Authors: Machuca-Ostos Mercedes , de Martines Tim , Yoshimura Kanako , Mitsuda Junichi , Saburi Sumiyo , Kimura Alisa , Morimoto Hiroki , Yoshizawa Koichi , Sakurai Nana , Murakami Nanako , Kitamoto Kayo , Yasuda Makoto , Sugiyama Yoichiro , Ogi Hiroshi , Shibata Saya , Miyagawa-Hayashino Aya , Konishi Eiichi , Itoh Kyoko , Tsujikawa Takahiro , Hirano Shigeru
Published: February 2025

T cell phenotypes and kinetics are emerging as crucial factors associated with immunotherapeutic responses in a wide range of solid cancer types. However, challenges remain in understanding the spatial and temporal profiles of T cells with differential phenotypes due to difficulties in single-cell analysis with preserved tissue structures. Here, we provide an optimized 12-marker multiplex immunohistochemical (IHC) panel and single-cell-based quantitative assessment to identify the spatial distributions of T cell phenotypes in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections. This panel revealed differential T cell populations with spatial localizations in human tonsil tissue, where the percentages of CD8+ T cell-expressing programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM3), and other T cell phenotypic markers vary by tonsillar tissue components such as follicles, parenchyma, and epithelium. A specimen from salivary gland adenocarcinoma during hyper-progression, followed by anti-PD-1 treatment, exhibited the exclusion of CD8+ T cells from the intratumoral regions. Although the vast majority of peritumoral CD8+ T cells exhibited proliferative effector T cell phenotypes with PD-1−TIM3−Ki67+CD45RA+, intratumoral CD8+ T cells showed exhausted phenotypes with PD-1+TIM3− and increased Eomes expression, which might be related to poor therapeutic response in this case. To verify these findings in the context of temporal changes, we analyzed six longitudinal samples from a single patient with maxillary sinus cancer, observing increased T cell exhaustion along with metastasis and progression. Together, highly multiplexed IHC can be applied to analyze the spatiotemporal phenotypes of T cells, potentially contributing to the understanding of the mechanisms of resistance to immunotherapy.
A Fully Coupled Electro-Vibro-Acoustic Benchmark Model for Evaluation of Self-Adaptive Control Strategies
Authors: Kletschkowski Thomas
Published: February 2025

The reduction of noise and vibration is possible with passive, semi-active and active control strategies. Especially where self-adaptive control is required, it is necessary to evaluate the noise reduction potential before the control approach is applied to the real-world problem. This evaluation can be based on a virtual model that contains all relevant sub-systems, transfer paths and coupling effects on the one hand. On the other hand, the complexity of such a model has to be limited to focus on principal findings such as convergence speed, power consumption, and noise reduction potential. The present paper proposes a fully coupled electro-vibro-acoustic model for the evaluation of self-adaptive control strategies. This model consists of discrete electrical and mechanical networks that are applied to model the electro-acoustic behavior of noise and anti-noise sources. The acoustic field inside a duct, terminated by these electro-acoustic sources, is described by finite elements. The resulting multi-physical model is capable of describing all relevant coupling effects and enables an efficient evaluation of different control strategies such as the local control of sound pressure or active control of acoustic absorption. It is designed as a benchmark model for the benefit of the scientific community.