bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Micro- and Nanosponges-Based Carriers in Advanced Drug Delivery Applications
Authors: Pathak Kamla , Vaidya Ankur
Published: February 2018

Microsponges, a patented technology for chronotherapeutic topical drug delivery, has evolved for oral, pulmonary, and parenteral drug delivery. Various advances have been made with this carrier particle resulting in the development of novel carrier particles, namely nanosponges, nanoferrosponges, and porous microbeads. This chapter deals with the application for topical delivery of pharmaceuticals and for cosmetic purpose; potential of the delivery system for oral drug delivery, pulmonary, and parenteral purpose; and also provides an insight on the recent advances made in this field and future prospect. While many commercial products are available for topical purpose, the use of the technology for sustained/controlled/targeted delivery of pharmaceuticals/biopharmaceuticals via alternative routes is still in infancy. Extensive research inputs are required to resolve preclinical and clinical intricacies before the technology can be put into use for alternative administrative routes and for tissue engineering.
Nanocarriers as Non-Viral Vectors in Gene Delivery Application
Authors: Bulbake Upendra , Jain Anjali , Khan Wahid
Published: February 2018

Gene therapy is the emerging trend in biomedical science for treatment of life-threatening diseases. This involves delivery of a therapeutic gene to the nucleus of an affected cell by a suitable vector. Gene delivery using non-viral vectors such as cationic polymer and lipid is gaining attention due to their favourable properties, including lack of immunogenicity, low toxicity, and potential for tissue specificity when compared with viral vectors. A variety of non-viral vectors have been proposed, most of which facilitate gene delivery by electrostatic interactions, encapsulation, and in some cases, condensing nucleic acids into nano-sized particles which can then be taken up by cells. Successful gene delivery within a cell is the nanocarrier's ability to protect its contents from degradation in the extracellular environment. A well-designed nanocarrier will promote cellular uptake and intracellular release of the nucleic acid. This chapter highlights different polymers, lipids, and their nanocarriers employed for gene delivery along with clinical trials.
Emergence of Polymer-Lipid Hybrid Systems in Healthcare Scenario
Authors: Jain Anamika , Gautam Laxmikant , Vishwakarma Nikhar , Sharma Rajeev , Mody Nishi , Dubey Surbhi , Vyas Suresh P.
Published: February 2018

Nanotechnology has drawn the attention of many researchers for the delivery of therapeutics used in various medical applications. Liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles represent promising nanocarriers that efficiently encapsulate drugs, which prevents their degradation along with the control and sustained drug release. Despite the many advantages of these formulations, some of the drawbacks associated with them limit their application to a certain extent. Therefore, there is need for a novel nanocarrier that possesses all of their individual advantages and excludes their drawbacks. Currently, researchers are focused on developing a novel platform that is a hybrid of a polymeric and liposomal-based carrier that combines the peculiarity of both and excludes their shortcomings. Lipid hybrid polymer nanoparticles (LPNs) contain the hydrophobic biodegradable polymeric core surrounded by a lipid layer for intensification of biocompatibility. This chapter includes an introduction of LPNs along with their advantages, composition, and method of preparation.
Conceptualization of the Dike Distribution Analysis Aiming at Identification of Eruptive Centers
Authors: Koneva Sophie , Pshenichny Cyril
Published: February 2018

Formation of dikes is typical for most of the volcanic centers. Different types of eruptive centers tend to create different patterns of dike distribution by strike. Looking at this distribution, one may suggest, by purely geometrical reasons, where the vent should be (if buried) or should have been (if removed by denudation or new eruptions). However, wide application of this technique raises the issue of interpretation of the results in the context of the geological history of a particular volcano. Impartial and universal interpretation may be possible in a framework of knowledge of eruptive center evolution that can be built by means of the event bush method. Such a framework, however, may have wide application in volcanology extending far from the initial task it has been developed for.
Modeling Spatial Evolution
Authors: Jayanthi G. , Uma V.
Published: February 2018

Geographic features in the real world are represented by spatial entities such as point, line, and area in two-dimensional surfaces. These features tend to evolve in time, thereby characterizing change in their physical identity, evolution into new species, thus describing geomorphological change of geographic features. These phenomena can be formalized using spatio-temporal relations. Formal representation of changing geographic (spatial) features is the interest of this chapter. Formal methods for representing the event and process that causes geomorphological change are presented. The formalization of geographic entities that are temporally and spatially related in a two-dimensional plane using the interval logic and spatial logic would facilitate the understanding of how modeling of space-time using spatio-temporal relations represents spatial evolution over time. Representation of temporal dynamism can be accomplished using various models. Modeling using spatio-temporal graph is more apt as it contributes to the cause-effect analysis.
Dynamic Knowledge Representation as a Formalization Conveyor for Manmade Systems With Useful Impulse
Authors: Naumov Andrey , Popov Ilya , Bondarenko Igor , Krylov Boris , Timonin Roman , Ofitserov Ivan
Published: February 2018

Many manmade systems, from tea clippers to banking database management tools, exhibit an important common feature that a useful impulse is produced and functionates in them, being affected by favorable or unfavorable circumstances. While some of these systems are highly formalized, others remain operated or investigated quite intuitively. Their structural similarity urges one to think of conveying of experience of formalization from most to least formalized systems, but this process itself needs formal grounds to avoid the errors of inadequate formalization. In this chapter, a solution in the dynamic knowledge representation method and underlying theory of multitudes are sought.
Petri Net vs. Event Bush in Description of Environments of Alternative Directed Changes
Authors: Rogalchuk Vyacheslav , Arustamov Sergey , Solovyov Nikita , Malisheva Aleksandra
Published: February 2018

Two alternative methods of knowledge representation, Petri net and event bush, have been applied to represent the same environments of alternative directed changes. The chapter examines the interrelation between the two methods and considers the ways of their mutual optimization and co-application. It discusses the balance between conceptual thoroughness and formal transparency from one side and readability, representation power, and common-sense clarity from the other. The interrelation and interplay of these two methods may bring fruitful revelations about how to treat dynamic knowledge, what strategy to choose to represent scenarios depending on the task in mind. This is seen as an important contribution to a new field of research, representation of dynamic knowledge, which may have wide application in a variety of fields, from history to technical design.
Blockade of Host β2-Adrenergic Receptor Enhances Graft-versus-Tumor Effect through Modulating APCs
Authors: Mohammadpour Hemn , O’Neil Rachel , Qiu Jingxin , McCarthy Philip L. , Repasky Elizabeth A. , Cao Xuefang
Published: February 2018

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation is a potential curative therapy for hematologic malignancies. Host APCs are pivotal to the desired graft-versus-tumor (GVT) effect. Recent studies have shown that β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) signaling can have an important impact on immune cell function, including dendritic cells (DCs). In this article, we demonstrate that pretreatment of host mice with a β2AR blocker significantly increases the GVT effect of donor CD8+ T cells by decreasing tumor burden without increasing graft-versus-host disease. β2AR-deficient host mice have significantly increased effector memory and central memory CD8+ T cells and improved reconstitution of T cells, including CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Notably, β2AR deficiency induces increased CD11c+ DC development. Also, β2AR-deficient bone marrow–derived DCs induce higher CD8+ T cell proliferation and improved tumor killing in vitro. Metabolic profiling shows that β2AR deficiency renders DCs more immunogenic through upregulation of mTOR activity and reduction of STAT3 phosphorylation. Altogether, these findings demonstrate an important role for host β2AR signaling in suppressing T cell reconstitution and GVT activity.
Total ozone trends from 1979 to 2016 derived from five merged observational datasets – the emergence into ozone recovery
Authors: Weber Mark , Coldewey-Egbers Melanie , Fioletov Vitali E. , Frith Stacey M. , Wild Jeannette D. , Burrows John P. , Long Craig S. , Loyola Diego
Published: February 2018

Abstract. We report on updated trends using different merged datasets from satellite and ground-based observations for the period from 1979 to 2016. Trends were determined by applying a multiple linear regression (MLR) to annual mean zonal mean data. Merged datasets used here include NASA MOD v8.6 and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) merge v8.6, both based on data from the series of Solar Backscatter UltraViolet (SBUV) and SBUV-2 satellite instruments (1978–present) as well as the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME)-type Total Ozone (GTO) and GOME-SCIAMACHY-GOME-2 (GSG) merged datasets (1995–present), mainly comprising satellite data from GOME, the Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY), and GOME-2A. The fifth dataset consists of the monthly mean zonal mean data from ground-based measurements collected at World Ozone and UV Data Center (WOUDC). The addition of four more years of data since the last World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ozone assessment (2013–2016) shows that for most datasets and regions the trends since the stratospheric halogen reached its maximum (∼ 1996 globally and ∼ 2000 in polar regions) are mostly not significantly different from zero. However, for some latitudes, in particular the Southern Hemisphere extratropics and Northern Hemisphere subtropics, several datasets show small positive trends of slightly below +1 % decade−1 that are barely statistically significant at the 2σ uncertainty level. In the tropics, only two datasets show significant trends of +0.5 to +0.8 % decade−1, while the others show near-zero trends. Positive trends since 2000 have been observed over Antarctica in September, but near-zero trends are found in October as well as in March over the Arctic. Uncertainties due to possible drifts between the datasets, from the merging procedure used to combine satellite datasets and related to the low sampling of ground-based data, are not accounted for in the trend analysis. Consequently, the retrieved trends can be only considered to be at the brink of becoming significant, but there are indications that we are about to emerge into the expected recovery phase. However, the recent trends are still considerably masked by the observed large year-to-year dynamical variability in total ozone.
Downwind evolution of the volatility and mixing state of near-road aerosols near a US interstate highway
Authors: Saha Provat K. , Khlystov Andrey , Grieshop Andrew P.
Published: February 2018

Abstract. We present spatial measurements of particle volatility and mixing state at a site near a North Carolina interstate highway (I-40) applying several heating (thermodenuder; TD) experimental approaches. Measurements were conducted in summer 2015 and winter 2016 in a roadside trailer (10 m from road edge) and during downwind transects at different distances from the highway under favorable wind conditions using a mobile platform. Results show that the relative abundance of semi-volatile species (SVOCs) in ultrafine particles decreases with downwind distance, which is consistent with the dilution and mixing of traffic-sourced particles with background air and evaporation of semi-volatile species during downwind transport. An evaporation kinetics model was used to derive particle volatility distributions by fitting TD data. While the TD-derived distribution apportions about 20–30 % of particle mass as semi-volatile (SVOCs; effective saturation concentration, C∗ ≥ 1µm−3) at 10 m from the road edge, approximately 10 % of particle mass is attributed to SVOCs at 220 m, showing that the particle-phase semi-volatile fraction decreases with downwind distance. The relative abundance of semi-volatile material in the particle phase increased during winter. Downwind spatial gradients of the less volatile particle fraction (that remaining after heating at 180 °C) were strongly correlated with black carbon (BC). BC size distribution and mixing state measured using a single-particle soot photometer (SP2) at the roadside trailer showed that a large fraction (70–80 %) of BC particles were externally mixed. Heating experiments with a volatility tandem differential mobility analyzer (V-TDMA) also showed that the nonvolatile fraction in roadside aerosols is mostly externally mixed. V-TDMA measurements at different distances downwind from the highway indicate that the mixing state of roadside aerosols does not change significantly (e.g., BC mostly remains externally mixed) within a few hundred meters from the highway. Our analysis indicates that a superposition of volatility distributions measured in laboratory vehicle tests and of background aerosol can be used to represent the observed partitioning of near-road particles. The results from this study show that exposures and impacts of BC and semi-volatile organics-containing particles in a roadside microenvironment may differ across seasons and under changing ambient conditions.
Air quality simulations for London using a coupled regional-to-localmodelling system
Authors: Hood Christina , MacKenzie Ian , Stocker Jenny , Johnson Kate , Carruthers David , Vieno Massimo , Doherty Ruth
Published: February 2018

Abstract. High-resolution and accurate air quality concentration data are needed for detailed exposure and health effects calculations. Simulating such data numerically requires realistic treatment of both local emissions and background concentrations transported from further afield. This study combines regional and urban scale modelling and uses adjusted emission factors for NOx and NO2 and non-exhaust emission rates of PM10 and PM2.5 to reflect real-world emissions more accurately. Three modelling approaches have been used to simulate air quality in 2012 across London: a regional chemistry-climate model with 5 km horizontal resolution and gridded emissions; a local dispersion and chemistry model with explicit road source emissions; and a coupled regional-to-local modelling system combining the two individual models. The performance of each of the models is assessed against measurements from background and near-road sites in London in terms of annual averages, high hourly average concentrations and diurnal cycles. The regional model shows good agreement compared to measurements for background sites for these metrics but under-predicts concentrations of all pollutants except O3 at near-road sites due to the low resolution of input emissions and calculations. The urban model, using measured concentrations as regional background, and the coupled model show similarly good agreement for most pollutants at both background and near-road sites. Using the coupled model, it is estimated that 13 % of the area of London exceeded the EU limit value of 40 µg m−3 for annual average NO2 in 2012.
Oxidation processes in the Eastern Mediterranean atmosphere: Evidence from the Modelling of HOx Measurements over Cyprus
Authors: Mallik Chinmay , Tomsche Laura , Bourtsoukidis Efstratios , Crowley John N. , Derstroff Bettina , Fischer Horst , Hafermann Sascha , Hueser Imke , Javed Umar , Kessel Stephan , Lelieveld Jos , Martinez Monica , Meusel Hannah , Novelli Anna , Phillips Gavin J. , Pozzer Andrea , Reiffs Andreas , Sander Rolf , Taraborrelli Domenico , Sauvage Carina , Schuladen Jan , Su Hang , Williams Jonathan , Harder Hartwig
Published: February 2018

Abstract. The Mediterranean is a climatically sensitive region located at the crossroads of air masses from three continents: Europe, Africa and Asia. The chemical processing of air masses over this region has implications not only for the air quality, but also for the long-range transport of air pollution. To obtain a comprehensive understanding of oxidation processes over the Mediterranean, atmospheric concentrations of the hydroxyl radical (OH) and the hydroperoxyl radical (HO2) were measured during an intensive field campaign (CYprus PHotochemistry EXperiment, CYPHEX-2014) in the north-west of Cyprus in the summer of 2014. Very low local anthropogenic and biogenic emissions around the measurement location provided a vantage point to study the contrasts in atmospheric oxidation pathways under highly processed marine air masses and those influenced by relatively fresh emissions from mainland Europe. The CYPHEX measurements were used to evaluate OH and HO2 simulations using a photochemical box model (CAABA/MECCA) constrained with CYPHEX observations of O3, CO, NOx, hydrocarbons, peroxides and other major HOx (OH + HO2) sources and sinks in a low NOx environment (
Field measurements of biogenic volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere using solid-phase microextraction Arrow
Authors: Feijó Barreira Luís Miguel , Duporté Geoffroy , Rönkkö Tuukka , Parshintsev Jevgeni , Hartonen Kari , Hyrsky Lydia , Heikkinen Enna , Jussila Matti , Kulmala Markku , Riekkola Marja-Liisa
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) emitted by terrestrial vegetation
participate in a diversity of natural processes. These compounds impact both
short-range processes, such as on plant protection and communication, and
long-range processes, for example by participating in aerosol particle formation
and growth. The biodiversity of plant species around the Earth, the vast
assortment of emitted BVOCs, and their trace atmospheric concentrations
contribute to the substantial remaining uncertainties about the effects of these
compounds on atmospheric chemistry and physics, and call for the development
of novel collection devices that can offer portability with improved
selectivity and capacity. In this study, a novel solid-phase microextraction
(SPME) Arrow sampling system was used for the static and dynamic collection
of BVOCs from a boreal forest, and samples were subsequently analyzed
on site by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This system offers
higher sampling capacity and improved robustness when compared to traditional
equilibrium-based SPME techniques, such as SPME fibers. Field measurements
were performed in summer 2017 at the Station for Measuring
Ecosystem–Atmosphere Relations (SMEAR II) in Hyytiälä, Finland.
Complementary laboratory tests were also performed to compare the SPME-based
techniques under controlled experimental conditions and to evaluate the
effect of temperature and relative humidity on their extraction performance.
The most abundant monoterpenes and aldehydes were successfully collected. A
significant improvement on sampling capacity was observed with the new SPME
Arrow system over SPME fibers, with collected amounts being approximately 2× higher for monoterpenes and 7–8× higher for aldehydes. BVOC
species exhibited different affinities for the type of sorbent materials used
(polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)–carbon wide range (WR) vs. PDMS–divinylbenzene (DVB)). Higher extraction efficiencies were obtained
with dynamic collection prior to equilibrium regime, but this benefit during
the field measurements was small, probably due to the natural agitation
provided by the wind. An increase in temperature and relative humidity caused
a decrease in the amounts of analytes extracted under controlled experimental
conditions, even though the effect was more significant for PDMS–carbon WR
than for PDMS–DVB. Overall, results demonstrated the benefits and challenges
of using SPME Arrow for the sampling of BVOCs in the atmosphere.
A new method for calculating number concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei based on measurements of a three-wavelength humidified nephelometer system
Authors: Tao Jiangchuan , Zhao Chunsheng , Kuang Ye , Zhao Gang , Shen Chuanyang , Yu Yingli , Bian Yuxuan , Xu Wanyun
Published: February 2018

Abstract. The number concentration of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) plays a fundamental role in cloud physics. Instrumentations of direct measurements of CCN number concentration (NCCN) based on chamber technology are complex and costly; thus a simple way for measuring NCCN is needed. In this study, a new method for NCCN calculation based on measurements of a three-wavelength humidified nephelometer system is proposed. A three-wavelength humidified nephelometer system can measure the aerosol light-scattering coefficient (σsp) at three wavelengths and the light-scattering enhancement factor (fRH). The Ångström exponent (Å) inferred from σsp at three wavelengths provides information on mean predominate aerosol size, and hygroscopicity parameter (κ) can be calculated from the combination of fRH and Å. Given this, a lookup table that includes σsp, κ and Å is established to predict NCCN. Due to the precondition for the application, this new method is not suitable for externally mixed particles, large particles (e.g., dust and sea salt) or fresh aerosol particles. This method is validated with direct measurements of NCCN using a CCN counter on the North China Plain. Results show that relative deviations between calculated NCCN and measured NCCN are within 30 % and confirm the robustness of this method. This method enables simplerNCCN measurements because the humidified nephelometer system is easily operated and stable. Compared with the method using a CCN counter, another advantage of this newly proposed method is that it can obtain NCCN at lower supersaturations in the ambient atmosphere.
Relative humidity vertical profiling using lidar-based synergistic methods in the framework of the Hygra-CD campaign
Authors: Labzovskii Lev D. , Papayannis Alexandros , Binietoglou Ioannis , Banks Robert F. , Baldasano Jose M. , Toanca Florica , Tzanis Chris G. , Christodoulakis John
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Accurate continuous measurements of relative humidity (RH) vertical profiles in the lower troposphere have become a significant scientific challenge. In recent years a synergy of various ground-based remote sensing instruments have been successfully used for RH vertical profiling, which has resulted in the improvement of spatial resolution and, in some cases, of the accuracy of the measurement. Some studies have also suggested the use of high-resolution model simulations as input datasets into RH vertical profiling techniques. In this paper we apply two synergetic methods for RH profiling, including the synergy of lidar with a microwave radiometer and high-resolution atmospheric modeling. The two methods are employed for RH retrieval between 100 and 6000 m with increased spatial resolution, based on datasets from the HygrA-CD (Hygroscopic Aerosols to Cloud Droplets) campaign conducted in Athens, Greece from May to June 2014. RH profiles from synergetic methods are then compared with those retrieved using single instruments or as simulated by high-resolution models. Our proposed technique for RH profiling provides improved statistical agreement with reference to radiosoundings by 27 % when the lidar–radiometer (in comparison with radiometer measurements) approach is used and by 15 % when a lidar model is used (in comparison with WRF-model simulations). Mean uncertainty of RH due to temperature bias in RH profiling was  ∼ 4.34 % for the lidar–radiometer and  ∼ 1.22 % for the lidar–model methods. However, maximum uncertainty in RH retrievals due to temperature bias showed that lidar-model method is more reliable at heights greater than 2000 m. Overall, our results have demonstrated the capability of both combined methods for daytime measurements in heights between 100 and 6000 m when lidar–radiometer or lidar–WRF combined datasets are available.
Vidéosurveillance et insécurités urbaines : Etude de l'efficacité préventive du dispositif de caméras installé au quartier des Pâquis à Genève
Authors: Kaenzig Raoul , Klauser Francisco
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Drawing upon police statistics, this paper explores the impacts of
the videosurveillance cameras (CCTV) installed in November 2014 in the
Pâquis neighborhood in Geneva. It focuses on the evolution of
criminality within the filmed perimeter and nearby settings. This analysis
completes a previous article on the perceived safety of residents (Klauser
and Kaenzig, 2017). In line with former studies, our results underline the
limited preventive effects of the CCTV system. The analysis shows that
cameras are inducing criminality displacement, mainly of drug trafficking.
Overall, this study provides a differentiated and complex image of CCTV
systems as instruments of territorialization of monitored areas.
ATAT 1.0, an Automated Timing Accordance Tool for comparing ice-sheet model output with geochronological data
Authors: Ely Jeremy C. , Clark Chris D. , Small David , Hindmarsh Richard C. A.
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Earth's extant ice sheets are of great societal importance given their ongoing and potential future contributions to sea-level rise. Numerical models of ice sheets are designed to simulate ice sheet behaviour in response to climate changes, but to be improved require validation against observations. The direct observational record of extant ice sheets is limited to a few recent decades, but there is a large and growing body of geochronological evidence spanning millennia constraining the behaviour of palaeo-ice sheets. Hindcasts can be used to improve model formulations and study interactions between ice sheets, the climate system and landscape. However, ice-sheet modelling results have inherent quantitative errors stemming from parameter uncertainty and their internal dynamics, leading many modellers to perform ensemble simulations, while uncertainty in geochronological evidence necessitates expert interpretation. Quantitative tools are essential to examine which members of an ice-sheet model ensemble best fit the constraints provided by geochronological data. We present an Automated Timing Accordance Tool (ATAT version 1.0) used to quantify differences between model results and geo-data on the timing of ice sheet advance and/or retreat. To demonstrate its utility, we perform three simplified ice-sheet modelling experiments of the former British-Irish Ice Sheet. These illustrate how ATAT can be used to quantify model performance, either by using the discrete locations where the data originated together with dating constraints or by comparing model outputs with empirically-derived reconstructions that have used these data along with wider expert knowledge. The ATAT code is made available and can be used by ice-sheet modellers to quantify the goodness of fit of hindcasts. ATAT may also be useful for highlighting data inconsistent with glaciological principles or reconstructions that cannot be replicated by an ice sheet model.
Brief communication: Drought likelihood for East Africa
Authors: Yang Hui , Huntingford Chris
Published: February 2018

Abstract. The East Africa drought in autumn of year 2016 caused malnutrition, illness and death. Close to 16 million people across Somalia, Ethiopia and Kenya needed food, water and medical assistance. Many factors influence drought stress and response. However, inevitably the following question is asked: are elevated greenhouse gas concentrations altering extreme rainfall deficit frequency? We investigate this with general circulation models (GCMs). After GCM bias correction to match the climatological mean of the CHIRPS data-based rainfall product, climate models project small decreases in probability of drought with the same (or worse) severity as 2016 ASO (August to October) East African event. This is by the end of the 21st century compared to the probabilities for present day. However, when further adjusting the climatological variability of GCMs to also match CHIRPS data, by additionally bias-correcting for variance, then the probability of drought occurrence will increase slightly over the same period.
Sub-seasonal thaw slump mass wasting is not consistently energy limited at the landscape scale
Authors: Zwieback Simon , Kokelj Steven V. , Günther Frank , Boike Julia , Grosse Guido , Hajnsek Irena
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Predicting future thaw slump activity requires a sound understanding of the atmospheric drivers and geomorphic controls on mass wasting across a range of timescales. On sub-seasonal timescales, sparse measurements indicate that mass wasting at active slumps is often limited by the energy available for melting ground ice, but other factors such as rainfall or the formation of an insulating veneer may also be relevant. To study the sub-seasonal drivers, we derive topographic changes from single-pass radar interferometric data acquired by the TanDEM-X satellites. The estimated elevation changes at 12 m resolution complement the commonly observed planimetric retreat rates by providing information on volume losses. Their high vertical precision (around 30 cm), frequent observations (11 days) and large coverage (5000 km2) allow us to track mass wasting as drivers such as the available energy change during the summer of 2015 in two study regions. We find that thaw slumps in the Tuktoyaktuk coastlands, Canada, are not energy limited in June, as they undergo limited mass wasting (height loss of around 0 cm day−1) despite the ample available energy, suggesting the widespread presence of early season insulating snow or debris veneer. Later in summer, height losses generally increase (around 3 cm day−1), but they do so in distinct ways. For many slumps, mass wasting tracks the available energy, a temporal pattern that is also observed at coastal yedoma cliffs on the Bykovsky Peninsula, Russia. However, the other two common temporal trajectories are asynchronous with the available energy, as they track strong precipitation events or show a sudden speed-up in late August respectively. The observed temporal patterns are poorly related to slump characteristics like the headwall height. The contrasting temporal behaviour of nearby thaw slumps highlights the importance of complex local and temporally varying controls on mass wasting.
From standard wind measurements to spectral characterization:
turbulence length scale and distribution
Authors: Kelly Mark
Published: February 2018

Abstract. In wind energy, the the effect of turbulence upon turbines is typically simulated using wind ‘input’ time-series based on turbulence spectra. The velocity components’ spectra are characterized by the amplitude of turbulent fluctuations, as well as the length scale corresponding to the dominant eddies. Following the IEC standard, turbine loads calculations commonly involve use of the Mann spectral-tensor model to generate timeseries of the turbulent three-dimensional velocity field. In practice, this spectral-tensor model is employed by adjusting its three parameters: the dominant turbulence length scale LMM (peak length scale of an undistorted isotropic velocity spectrum), the rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy ε, and the turbulent eddy-lifetime (anisotropy) parameter Γ. Deviation from ‘ideal’ neutral sheared turbulence – i.e. for non-zero heat flux and/or heights above the surface layer – is, in effect, captured by setting these parameters according to observations. Previously, site-specific {LMM, ε, Γ} were obtainable through fits to measured three-dimensional velocity component spectra recorded with sample rates resolving the inertial range of turbulence (>~ 1 Hz); however, this is not feasible in most industrial wind energy projects, which lack multi-dimensional sonic anemometers and employ loggers that record measurements averaged over intervals of minutes. Here a form is derived for the shear dependence implied by the eddy-lifetime prescription within the Mann spectral-tensor model, which leads to derivation of useful forms of the turbulence length scale. Subsequently it is shown how LMM can be calculated from commonly-measured site-specific atmospheric parameters, namely mean wind shear (dU/dz) and standard deviation of streamwise fluctuations (σu). The derived LMM can be obtained from standard (10-minute average) cup anemometer measurements, in contrast with forms based on friction velocity. The new form is tested across several different conditions and sites, and is found to be more robust and accurate than estimates relying on friction velocity observations. Assumptions behind the derivations are also tested, giving new insight into rapid-distortion theory and eddy-lifetime modelling – and application – within the atmospheric boundary layer. The work herein further shows that distributions of turbulence length scale, obtained using the new form with typical measurements, compare well with distributions P(LMM) obtained by fitting to spectra from research-grade sonic anemometer measurements for the various flow regimes and sites analyzed. The new form is thus motivated by and amenable to site-specific probabilistic loads characterization.
Impact of Buyers' Emotions on Perceived Behavioral Control
Authors: Tian Jing
Published: February 2018

This study focuses on how emotions of different types affect perceived behavioral control (PBC), which, by referencing to service marketing and organizational behavior theory, is divided into three aspects: perceived participation (PP), perceived risk (PR), and perceived organizational support (POS) here. To explore how different types of emotions affect these three variables respectively, subjects' emotions are controlled through experiment. Results reveal that the type of emotion has significant influence on the three variable values. Positive emotion parallels the highest PP and POS values, while neutral emotion comes with the lowest PR value.
The Thrower's Shoulder
Authors: Gelber Jonathan D. , Soloff Lonnie , Schickendantz Mark S.
Published: February 2018

Overhead athletes subject their shoulders to extreme repetitive torque, compression, distraction, and translation stresses, resulting in adaptive changes of the soft tissues and osseous structures within and around the glenohumeral joint. These anatomic adaptations result in biomechanical enhancements, which improve performance. Understanding the difference between necessary and adaptive changes and pathologic findings is critical when making treatment decisions. Injuries to the shoulder of the overhead athlete can be generally classified into three groups: internal impingement, internal impingement with acquired secondary anterior instability, and primary anterior or multidirectional instability. Although advances in surgical techniques have allowed surgeons to address the pathology in these groups, merely attempting to restore the shoulder to so-called normal can adversely alter adaptive changes that allow high levels of performance.
Lateral Collateral Ligament Injury About the Knee: Anatomy, Evaluation, and Management
Authors: Grawe Brian , Schroeder Amanda J. , Kakazu Rafael , Messer Malynda S.
Published: February 2018

The lateral collateral ligament is the primary varus stabilizer of the tibiofemoral joint. Diagnosing an injury to this ligament can be challenging in the setting of multiligamentous trauma; however, failure to recognize these injuries can result in instability of the knee and unsatisfactory outcomes after cruciate ligament reconstruction. Recent literature exploring the anatomy and biomechanics of the lateral collateral ligament has enhanced our understanding and improved diagnosis and management of these injuries. Physical examination and imaging studies also are important in diagnosis and can facilitate classification of lateral collateral ligament tears, which affects treatment decisions. Nonsurgical, reparative, and reconstructive techniques can all be used to manage lateral collateral ligament injury about the knee; the optimal treatment is selected on the basis of injury severity.
Analysis of the occurrence of musculoskeletal
pain in Shotokan karate kata athletes
Authors: Lisowska Anna , Ogurkowska Małgorzata Barbara , Gabryelski Jarosław
Published: February 2018

Introduction. The aim of the study was to verify whether long-term practise of the basic kata stances in Shotokan karate contributes to the occurrence of pain in the lower extremities and lumbar spine.
Material and methods. The study was conducted on a group of men taking part in Shotokan karate kata tournaments whose age ranged from 15 to 60 years with training experience between 5 and 42 years. A total of 57 valid questionnaires composed of 31 questions were selected.
Results. The percentage of the respondents who complained of musculoskeletal pain was 82% (the most common locations included: 34% knee, 28% hip, 13% ankle, 11% lumbar spine); this group was then divided into 3 subgroups with respect to the length of training experience. They were compared with a group of subjects who did not experience any pain which was divided into subgroups according to the same criteria. In the first group, with less than 10 years of training experience, 75% of the subjects experienced musculoskeletal pain, in the second subgroup, 10 to 15 years of training experience, 81% suffered from pain and in the last subgroup, over 15 years of training experience, 86% of the athletes complained of pain.
Conclusions. The occurrence of pain in the joints of the lower extremities and lumbar spine confirms that the ailments result from performing the basic stances. There is evidence for a relation between the length of training experience and the occurrence of pain in athletes taking part in kata tournaments.
Psychological determinants of motivation in coaches of martial arts
Authors: Basiaga-Pasternak Joanna , Ambroży Tadeusz , Wrześniewski Krzysztof , Mucha Dariusz
Published: February 2018

Introduction. Motivation is one of the key topics in sport psychology. The majority of researches concerning sport motivation are focused on the motivation of sport competitors. The present study concentrates on the motivation of coaches The aim of the present study was to investigate the type of sport motivation (based on distinction of types of sport achievement orientation by Gill and Deeter: competitiveness, win orientation, goal orientation) in coaches of martial arts, and to determine temperamental and personality-related determinants of motivation.
Material and methods. The participants comprised 37 male trainers of martial arts (25 boxing coaches, 12 karate coaches). The average age was 36,8 years. The study employed various research tools including: The Sport Orientation Questionnaire (SOQ) by Gill & Deeter in the Polish adaptation by Marcin Krawczyński, EPQ-R – Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire in the Polish adaptation by Brzozowski and Drwal, and FCB-TI – Formal Characteristic of Behaviour – Tempe­rament Inventory by Zawadzki and Strelau.
Results. The study has shown statistically significant differences in win orientation between the coaches of boxing and karate. Higher levels of win orientation were observed in the karate coaches. The correlations between goal oriented motivation and neuroticism, and between goal orientation and such temperamental dimensions as emotional reactivity or endurance were also noted in this group. Among the boxing coaches the correlation between sensory sensitivity and goal orientation was found.
Conclusions. The results indicate that most differentiating type of motivation between the coaches is the goal orientation, which shows correlations with temperamental and personality variables.
Global Ethics, Epistemic Colonialism, and Paths to More Democratic Knowledges
Authors: Stone-Mediatore Shari ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: February 2018

In recent decades, the literature of global ethics has promoted greater and more rigorous attention to transnational moral responsibilities. This essay argues, however, that prominent global-ethics anthologies remain burdened by Eurocentric/colonialist elements that contradict efforts to build more ethical transnational communities. Drawing on scholars of coloniality, including Enrique Dussel, Anibal Quijano, and Linda Tuhiwai Smith, the essay traces colonialist elements in deep structures of prominent global ethics texts. It examines how, even when texts argue for aid to the poor, these elements foster tendencies in the affluent world to detach from and dehumanize people on the other side of global hierarchies. They also deprive academic readers of the insights of grassroots global-justice struggles. The essay concludes by sketching some directions that those of us who study and teach global ethics might pursue in order to unsettle colonialist baggage and cultivate skills and relationships more conducive to ethical global communities.
MODEL KOLABORASI GURU, SISWA, DAN KELUARGA (KOGUSIGA) MENINGKATKAN PENGETAHUAN DAN KETERAMPILAN GURU TENTANG KEAMANAN MAKANAN ANAK SEKOLAH
Authors: Mulyono Sigit , Nurachmah Elly , Sahar Junaiti , Prasetyo Sabarinah
Published: February 2018

Abstrak Masalah kesehatan akibat makanan yang tidak aman di Indonesia masih sering terjadi, terutama pada kelompok anak usia sekolah untuk itu dikembangkan sebuah model yang melibatkan pihak sekolah, orang tua dan siswa. Penelitian ini merupakan bagian dari sebuah penelitian besar. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menguji pengaruh model kolaborasi guru, siswa, dan keluarga (KOGUSIGA) terhadap peningkatan pengetahuan dan keterampilan guru tentang keamanan makanan pada siswa Sekolah Dasar (SD). Penelitian ini menggunakan desain eksperimen semu dengan pre-post test dengan menggunakan kelompok kontrol. Subjek sampel penelitian menggunakan total sampling sebanyak 28 responden guru. Kelompok intervensi diberi perlakuan berupa proses kelompok yang dilakukan selama 10 minggu sebagai implementasi model KOGUSIGA dengan kelengkapan modul untuk guru. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan model KOGUSIGA berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap peningkatan pengetahuan (p= 0,003) dan keterampilan (p= 0,015) guru tentang keamanan  makanan pada anak usia sekolah. Model KOGUSIGA diharapkan dapat menjadi program intervensi dalam Usaha Kesehatan Sekolah (UKS) dan disarankan perawat kesehatan sekolah menjadi koordinatornya. Kata kunci: Anak usia sekolah, guru, keamanan makanan, kolaborasi, perawat UKS Abstract Improvement of Knowledge and Skills Related to Food Safety for School Age Children Through Teacher, Student and Family Collaboration (KOGUSIGA) Model. Food insecurity, especially in school-age children often caused health problems. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of collaboration model for teachers, students, and families (KOGUSIGA) toward knowledge and skills of teachers about food safety in elementary school students (SD). This study applied quasi–experiment design pre–posttest with a control group. The total sampling included 28 teachers.  Intervention was provided over 10 weeks and supported by modules for the teachers. The results showed that KOGUSIGA mode significantly affected on knowledge (p= 0.003 and the teachers’ skills (p= 0.015) about food insecurity. It is concluded that KOGUSIGA model tends to promote food safety for students. It is expected that KOGUSIGA model applied under school health nurses’ supervision.   Keywords: School age children, teachers,  food safety, collaboration, school nurse
Acute Exercise-Associated Skin Surface Temperature Changes after Resistance Training with Different Exercise Intensities
Authors: Weigert Martin , Nitzsche Nico , Kunert Felix , Lösch Christiane , Baumgärtel Lutz , Schulz Henry
Published: February 2018

Background: Studies showed, that changes in muscular metabolic-associated heat production and blood circulation during and after muscular work affect skin temperature (T) but the results are inconsistent and the effect of exercise intensity is unclear. Objective: This study investigated the intensity-dependent reaction of T on resistance training. Methods: Ten male students participated. After acclimatization (15 min), the participants completed 3x10 repetitions of unilateral biceps curl with 30, 50 or 70% of their one-repetition-maximum (1RM) in a randomized order. Skin temperature of the loaded and unloaded biceps was measured at rest (Trest), immediately following set 1, 2 and 3 (TS1,TS2,TS3) and 30 minutes post exercise (T1 - T30) with an infrared camera. Results: Two-way ANOVA detected a significant effect of the measuring time point on T (Trest to T30) of the loaded arm for 30% (Eta²=0.85), 50% (Eta²=0.88) and 70% 1RM (Eta²=0.85) and of the unloaded arm only for 30% 1RM (Eta²=0.41) (p<0.05) but time effects were independent of the exercise intensity (p>0.05). The T values at the different measuring time points (Trest - T30) did not differ between the intensities at any time point. The loaded arm showed a mean maximum T rise to Trest of 1.8°C and on average, maximum T was reached approximately 5 minutes after the third set.  Conclusion: This study indicate a rise of T, which could be independent of the exercise intensity. Infrared thermography seems to be applicable to identify the primary used functional muscles in resistance training but this method seems not suitable to differentiate between exercise intensity from 30 to 70% 1RM.
Back Squat Potentiates Both Vertical and Horizontal Jump Performance in Collegiate Ice Hockey Players
Authors: Bechtel Cale , Cotter Joshua A. , Schick Evan E.
Published: February 2018

Background: Back squats (BSQ) have been shown to transiently improve performance in explosive vertical movements such as the vertical jump (VJ). Still, understanding of this phenomenon, termed post-activation potentiation (PAP), remains nebulous as it relates to explosive horizontal movements. Objective: Therefore, the purpose of the present investigation was to assess whether heavy BSQ can potentiate both VJ and horizontal jump (HJ) performance. Method: Nine male ice hockey players from the Long Beach State ice hockey team performed five testing sessions separated by 96-hours. The first testing session consisted of a one repetition maximum (1-RM) BSQ to determine subsequent testing loads. The four subsequent testing sessions, which were randomized for order, consisted of five repetitions of BSQ at 87% 1-RM followed by horizontal jump (BSQ-HJ), five repetitions of BSQ at 87% 1-RM followed by vertical jump (BSQ-VJ), horizontal jump only (CT-HJ) and vertical jump only (CT-VJ). During the potentiated conditions, rest intervals were set at five minutes between the BSQ and either VJ or HJ. Alpha-level was set a priori at 0.05. Results: The results indicate that both vertical (p=0.017) and horizontal (p=0.003) jump were significantly increased (VJ= +5.51cm, HJ= +11.55cm) following a BSQ.  Conclusion: These findings suggest that BSQ may improve both vertical and horizontal jump performance in athletes who participate in sports emphasizing horizontal power, such as ice hockey.