bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Every‐other‐day iron supplementation in male veterans with iron deficiency anaemia
Authors: Mellen Chadwick K. , Nguyen Emily Q. , Rindone Joseph P.
Published: February 2025

Background

Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is prevalent in the male veteran population and requires iron replacement. Current data on alternate‐day dosing for oral iron supplementation in IDA has focused on younger women.

Aim

To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of every‐other‐day (EOD) iron supplementation compared to daily dosing in men with IDA.

Method

This was a retrospective chart review which included American male veterans, aged 18 years or older, who had been diagnosed with IDA. To be included, patients required a haemoglobin (Hb) value >7 g/dL (70 g/L) but <13 g/dL (130 g/L) prior to initiation of oral ferrous sulfate and completed at least 60 days of oral ferrous sulfate therapy between January 2017–July 2021. The primary objective was to evaluate the change in Hb lab values after at least 60 days of oral ferrous sulfate 325 mg regardless of dosage regimen (twice daily [BID], daily [QD], or EOD). The secondary objectives were to evaluate changes in haematocrit, ferritin, iron saturation, and iron levels. In addition, we evaluated the rate of gastrointestinal adverse events for the previously listed dosing of ferrous sulfate. This project was exempt due to the local policy requirements that constitute research by the Southern Arizona VA Health Care System Institutional Review Board (11 February 2022, Vice Chair). The justification for this exemption was as follows: the study only included data and analysis involving the use of identifiable health information for the purposes of research. The data collection and use of the data was covered under Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and for which a waiver of HIPPA authorisation was approved.

Results

Eighteen patients were randomly selected for each dosing group. An increase in Hb (± standard deviation) of 16 g/L ± 13 in the EOD dosing, 17 g/L ± 17 in the QD group, and 21 g/L ± 22 in the BID group. There was no statistical difference in change in Hb when the EOD group was compared to the QD or BID groups. There were also no statistical differences noted in the change of haematocrit, ferritin, iron level, or iron saturation between groups. The discontinuation rate in the EOD group was lower than those of the QD or BID groups (5.6%, 11.2%, and 11.7% respectively), though they were not statistically different.

Conclusions

EOD dosing was comparable in efficacy to daily dosing in older men with IDA.
Regional Variability in Compressive Strength of the Cartilaginous Nasal Septum: Implications for Fracture Patterns
Authors: Feng Max , Punjabi Nihal , Inman Jared C.
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Septal trauma is caused by compressive forces. Defining regional variability in compressive strength (CS) may reveal areas of weakness in the septum that are more prone to fracture. The objective of this study is to determine the CS at multiple locations within the cartilaginous septum and assess if variations in strength correlate with known patterns of septal fracture.

Methods

Nineteen nasal septal quadrangular cartilages were dissected from fresh human anatomic specimens. Septa were divided into 11 sections using known anatomical and relative points. Each septum was cut into multiple 5 mm × 5 mm boxes, and the CS was measured using a force gauge.

Results

The CS of the anterior septal point (ASP) was 0.072 MPa, keystone area 0.132 MPa, anterior nasal spine (ANS) 0.182 MPa, and posterior septal point (PSP) 0.204 MPa. The highest mean CS was located at the PSP (0.204 MPa). The lowest value was located at the ASP (0.072 MPa). The greatest regional difference in CS was found at the transition between the caudal L‐strut and the ASP (0.09 MPa; 63%), the transition between the posterior caudal septum and the PSP (0.07 MPa, 42%), and the transition between mid‐septal body and the ANS (0.06 MPa, 39%).

Conclusion

There is high regional variability in CS at multiple locations within the cartilaginous septum. Septal fractures often occur between areas where there is a high regional difference in CS. This data may help inform choice of optimal donor and recipient site when considering grafting of the nasal septum.

Level of evidence

NA. Laryngoscope, 2025
Expanding the Paediatric Urology Peer Review Pipeline: A Novel Panel and Facilitated Peer Mentorship Program
Authors: Ernst Michael , Jaeger Christopher , Nelson Caleb P. , Tanaka Stacy , Regala Jennifer , Ching Christina
Published: February 2025

The modern peer review process relies on review by independent experts; however, it is threatened by time constraints and increasing review demands placed on a limited number of involved individuals. To expand the pool of reviewers in paediatric urology, a joint effort was undertaken by the Journal of Urology and Journal of Paediatric Urology via a mentorship program occurring at the 2022 Paediatric Urology Fall Congress. The objective was to increase participants' knowledge and comfort with the review process. Our experience could serve as a pilot for other academic groups looking to expand their peer review pool. Overall, 39 individuals attended the program. An increase in comfort with performing a journal review was noted by 14/23 respondents (61%), with an average increase of 1.2 points on a 10‐point Likert scale. The average rating of satisfaction with the journal review program on a 10‐point scale was 9.7, with 77% (23/30) rating the program 10/10. When asked for specific elements of the program that participants particularly liked, the most common responses were networking with senior mentors in a small group setting and the panel discussion led by editors describing specifics of what they are looking for in a review. Previous programs with goals similar to ours have required more long‐term commitment from both mentors and mentees in developing their skills as peer reviewers. Our program benefited from a short‐term commitment at a large national conference. Long term results will need to be collected moving forward. However, initial feedback was positive and participants describe increased comfort and knowledge in the review process. Our program evaluation was limited by lack of validated surveys and a lack of longitudinal data on future completion of reviews. This pilot program inspired enthusiasm and increased interest in the peer review process among young paediatric urologists. This program could serve as a model for improving recruitment of peer reviewers and could impact reviewer quality.
Digital Holography Interferometry for Refractive Index Characterization and Temperature Mapping of Aqueous Solutions at Supercooled Temperatures
Authors: Alvarez Crysthal , Baskar Balaji , Berrospe‐Rodriguez Carla , Kavian Soheil , Sellers Ronald , Powell‐Palm Matthew J. , Aguilar Guillermo
Published: February 2025

Cryopreservation of biological matter nigh‐universally requires cooling organic aqueous solutions through the metastable supercooled temperature regime. However, for many solutions of interest, very little thermophysical data exists at these temperatures, hampering the meaningful design of cryopreservation protocols or interrogation of cryopreservation processes. Digital holography interferometry (DHI) has recently emerged as a promising technique for measuring and characterizing the physical properties of liquids. Herein, DHI is proposed as a thermal imaging and characterization tool capable of measuring optical properties, such as temperature‐dependent refractive index, and providing high‐resolution two‐dimensional (2D) visualization of temperature distribution in the supercooling regime. This approach overcomes the limitations of traditional techniques such as thermocouples and thermal cameras. This work describes a DHI platform instrumented with a custom thermoelectric supercooling apparatus, demonstrates 2D temperature mapping in the supercooled regime, and measures the refractive index of water, 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and 49% DMSO solutions at sub‐273 K temperatures. Overall, DHI is demonstrated as a noninvasive optical tool with high resolution for studying supercooled liquids, potentially enhancing cryopreservation protocols and providing new thermo‐optical information on cryoprotective agents at sub‐273 K temperatures.
Enhancing the Performance of Dielectric Elastomer Actuators Through Chemical Modifications
Authors: Zhang Zhengheng , Wang An , Chen Tianyi , Wang Tengjiao , Li Peng
Published: February 2025

Current research on enhancing the performance of dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) primarily focuses on improving the properties of dielectric elastomers (DEs), including increasing the dielectric constant, reducing the elastic modulus, and minimizing dielectric losses. The commonly used composite filler method struggles to address the trade‐off between high dielectric constant and low elastic modulus in DEs. In contrast, modifying the chemical structure by introducing polar groups into the DE polymer backbone can effectively increase the dielectric constant of DEs. Meanwhile, optimizing the degree of crosslinking and molecular weight can effectively reduce the elastic modulus of DEs. Currently, there remains a lack of systematic summarization regarding the chemical modification methods of DEs. This paper summarizes the actuation principles of DEs and introduces simple electromechanical modeling methods. It focuses on methods to enhance the dielectric constant of DEs through hydrosilylation, thiol‐ene click reactions, and azide‐alkyne click reactions, as well as methods to reduce the elastic modulus of DEs by improving the degree of crosslinking and molecular weight. Additionally, this study explores the current applications of DEAs in the fields of artificial muscles and soft robotics.
Mass Spectrometry‐Based Proteomics Technologies to Define Endogenous Protein‐Protein Interactions and Their Applications to Cancer and Viral Infectious Diseases
Authors: Yu Clinton , Adavikolanu Rithika , Kaake Robyn M. , Huang Lan
Published: February 2025

An intricate network of protein assemblies and protein‐protein interactions (PPIs) underlies nearly every biological process in living systems. The organization of these cellular networks is highly dynamic and intimately tied to the genomic and proteomic landscapes of a cell. Disruptions in normal PPIs can impair cellular functions and contribute to the development of human diseases. In recent years, targeting PPIs has emerged as an attractive strategy for drug discovery. Consequently, the identification and characterization of endogenous PPIs—those occurring naturally under physiological conditions—has become crucial for unraveling the molecular mechanisms driving human pathology and for laying the groundwork for novel diagnostics and therapeutics. Owing to numerous technological advancements, mass spectrometry (MS)‐based proteomics has transformed the study of PPIs at the systems‐level. This review focuses on proteomics approaches that enable the characterization of physiologically relevant endogenous interactions, spanning complex‐centric to structure‐centric analyses. Additionally, their applications to define native PPIs in the contexts of cancer and viral infectious diseases is highlighted.
Can Enterprise Digital Transformation Improve Resource Allocation Efficiency? Evidence From China
Authors: Duan Zheng , Zhang Yifan
Published: February 2025

Digital transformation provides enterprises with the momentum for development. This study analyses a sample of Chinese listed companies from 2011 to 2021 to construct a digital transformation index and assess the resource allocation efficiency of the cities in which these companies operate. It empirically investigates the impact of digital transformation on resource allocation efficiency, while addressing issues of heterogeneity. The findings are as follows: (1) digital transformation enhances resource allocation efficiency; (2) it influences this efficiency by optimizing the structure of human capital, fostering enterprise innovation, and mitigating information asymmetries; and (3) the positive impact of digital transformation on resource allocation efficiency is more pronounced in regions with lower per capita income and smaller urban populations, as well as among high‐tech, manufacturing, and state‐owned enterprises in these areas. This study contributes to both theoretical and empirical research on resource allocation efficiency and offers a new perspective on digital transformation. It serves as a reference for policymakers in developing relevant digital policies based on regional contexts, provides a foundation for enterprises to expedite their digital transformation efforts, and establishes the groundwork for future research on the role of digital transformation in promoting development in both developed and developing countries.
Thermodynamics and kinetics of isothermal precipitation in magnesium alloys
Authors: Chen Hongcan , Sun Jingli , Yang Shenglan , Zhang Yu , Tang Kai , Zhang Chuan , Lu Yangfan , Luo Qun , Li Qian
Published: February 2025

As the lightest structural metal materials, Mg alloys are promising for wider applications but are limited by low strength and poor corrosion resistance. Precipitation is an effective way to improve the strength and other performance of Mg alloys. Facing the extremely complex precipitation process, the crystal structures of precipitates, precipitation sequence, and precipitation thermodynamic and kinetics behaviors have stimulated extensive research interests. Precipitation kinetics, which connects composition, aging processes, and precipitate microstructure, is pivotal in determining the performance of age‐hardening Mg alloys. Despite numerous studies on this topic, a comprehensive review remains absent. This work aims to bridge that gap by analyzing precipitation from thermodynamic and kinetic perspectives. Thermodynamically, the stability of precipitates, nucleation driving forces, and resistances of precipitation are discussed. Kinetically, the various kinetic theories including semi‐empirical models, mean‐field models, phase‐field model, and atomistic approaches and their applications in Mg alloys are systematically summarized. Among these, mean‐field models emerge as particularly promising for accurately predicting precipitation processes. Finally, the framework for property prediction based on precipitation kinetics is introduced to illustrating the role of integrated computational materials engineering (ICME) in designing advanced Mg alloys.
MAYA (Multiple ActivitY Analyzer): An Open Access Tool to Explore Structure‐Multiple Activity Relationships in the Chemical Universe
Authors: Espinoza‐Castañeda J. Israel , Medina‐Franco José L.
Published: February 2025

Herein, we introduce MAYA (Multiple Activity Analyzer), a tool designed to automatically construct a chemical multiverse, generating multiple visualizations of chemical spaces of a compound data set described by structural descriptors of different nature such as Molecular ACCess Systems (MACCS) keys, extended connectivity fingerprints with different radius, molecular descriptors with pharmaceutical relevance, and bioactivity descriptors. These representations are integrated with various data visualization techniques for the automated analysis focused on structure ‐ multiple activity/property relationships, enabling analysis for various problems set in user‐friendly source software. The source code of MAYA is freely available on GitHub at https://github.com/IsrC11/MAYA.git.
A database of magnetic resonance imaging‐transcranial ultrasound co‐registration
Authors: Alizadeh Maryam , Collins D. Louis , Kersten‐Oertel Marta , Xiao Yiming
Published: February 2025

Purpose

As a portable and cost‐effective imaging modality with better accessibility than Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), transcranial sonography (TCS) has demonstrated its flexibility and potential utility in various clinical diagnostic applications, including Parkinson's disease and cerebrovascular conditions. To better understand the information in TCS for data analysis and acquisition, MRI can provide guidance for efficient imaging with neuronavigation systems and the confirmation of disease‐related abnormality. In these cases, MRI‐TCS co‐registration is crucial, but relevant public databases are scarce to help develop the related algorithms and software systems.

Acquisition and validation methods

This dataset comprises manually registered MRI and transcranial ultrasound volumes from eight healthy subjects. Three raters manually registered each subject's scans, based on visual inspection of image feature correspondence. Average transformation matrices were computed from all raters' alignments for each subject. Inter‐ and intra‐rater variability in the transformations conducted by raters are presented to validate the accuracy and consistency of manual registration. In addition, a population‐averaged MRI brain vascular atlas is provided to facilitate the development of computer‐assisted TCS acquisition software.

Data format and usage notes

The dataset is provided in both NIFTI and MINC formats and is publicly available on the OSF data repository: https://osf.io/zdcjb/.

Potential applications

This dataset provides the first public resource for the development and assessment of MRI‐TCS registration with manual ground truths, as well as resources for establishing neuronavigation software in data acquisition and analysis of TCS. These technical advancements could greatly boost TCS as an imaging tool for clinical applications in the diagnosis of neurological conditions such as Parkinson's disease and cerebrovascular disorders.
Pore‐Based Modeling of Hydraulic Conductivity Function of Unsaturated Rooted Soils
Authors: Wang Hao , Chen Rui , Leung Anthony Kwan , Garg Ankit , Jiang Zhenliang
Published: February 2025

Mualem's approach has been widely used to predict hydraulic conductivity functions (HCFs) of bare soils if a soil water retention curve (SWRC) model is available. The assumption that Mualem's approach holds is that the distribution of soil pores is spatially completely random. Under this assumption, relative hydraulic conductivity (Kr) is determined by the continuance probability of water‐filled pores. However, this assumption is not valid for rooted soils, as root growth causes soil particle rearrangement, and thus soil pore rearrangement, altering the probability of pore connectivity. After reconsidering Mualem's assumption, this study attempts to develop a new approach for predicting HCF of rooted soils by modeling the root‐induced pore rearrangement and the resultant change in the continuance probability of water‐filled pores. Two approaches mentioned were incorporated with a root‐dependent SWRC model to express HCF as a function of matric suction. The proposed model was validated against nine sets of measured HCFs from published studies. It was found that the proposed model reduced the root mean square error (RMSE) of Kr and lg Kr by 33% and 53%, respectively, as compared to traditional Mualem's model. Physically, the model's effectiveness depended on soil texture and root type. In fine‐textured soils, roots were capable of displacing soil particles, thereby causing soil pore rearrangement. Also, coarse roots with high strength tend to alter pore distribution. After considering the effects of pore‐level root‐soil interaction on pore rearrangement, the proposed model provided a significant improvement in the prediction of HCF of unsaturated rooted soils.
Predictive Factors for Complete Response to Desmopressin Treatment in Children With Primary Monosymptomatic Nocturnal Enuresis
Authors: Ozgur Gunal , Sekerci Cagri Akin , Tanidir Yiloren , Tarcan Tufan , Yucel Selcuk
Published: February 2025

Objectives

Primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (MNE) is a common problem in pediatric urology and desmopressin is the first‐line medical treatment. We aimed to evaluate the predictive factors of complete response to desmopressin and the effect of desmopressin on urinary electrolyte levels in children with primary MNE.

Methods

Children with MNE who were started on sublingual 120 mcg of desmopressin treatment included in the study. Children were evaluated by physical examination, urinalysis, voiding dysfunction symptom score, voiding diary and uroflowmetrics with postvoid residuals. 24‐h urine was collected for density and electrolyte measurements before and at the first and third months of treatment. The children were divided into two groups according to wetting episodes at the third month, as those with complete response to the treatment (group 1) and the others (resistant or partial‐response) (group 2).

Results

Thirty‐four children (24 boys, 10 girls) were included in the study. Median age was 8 (5–15) years. There was no difference between the urinary density, sodium, potassium, and calcium values before and during treatment (first and third months) (p = 0.737, 0.549, 0.166, 0.386 respectively). The number of wet nights in a month and the number of wetting at a night were found as the predictive factors for complete response to desmopressin (p = 0.027, p = 0.003, respectively). The number of 17 wet nights per month was calculated as the optimized cut‐off point for predicting desmopressin treatment failure (p = 0.027, sensitivity = 92.3%, specificity = 47.6%, AUC [95%]: 0.729 [0.552–0.906]). Age, gender, family history, maximum voided volume in voiding diary (MVV)/expected bladder capacity (EBC) ratio, maximum bladder capacity (MBC)/EBC ratio and pretreatment urinary density, sodium, potassium, calcium levels could not predict complete response (p = 0.292, 0.051, 0.533, 0.552, 0.101, 0.570, 0.326, 0.735, 0.246 respectively).

Conclusions

Desmopressin treatment had no effect on urine density and urinary sodium, potassium, calcium electrolytes similar to the literature. Urine density and electrolyte levels are not helpful in predicting desmopressin treatment response in enuretic children. Low frequency of wet nights (< 17) in a month and single bedwetting at a night are the significant factors to predict complete response to desmopressin treatment in children with primary MNE.

Clinical Trial Registration

The study does not have a clinical trial registration number, because the study was not a randomized controlled trial and the data in the study were collected retrospectively.
Implications of human‐nature interactions for livelihoods and conservation in Kasungu, Malawi
Authors: Mandoloma Lessah , Clark Michael , Coad Lauren , Hughes Karl , MilnerGulland Eleanor Jane
Published: February 2025

Effective conservation strategies require a comprehensive understanding of human‐nature relationships, including the factors driving these interactions. Without this context, interventions risk being impractical or ineffective, potentially leaving both people and nature worse off.

We used mixed methods to understand human‐nature interactions in Kasungu, Malawi. We specifically examined people's use of natural resources and perceptions of wildlife conservation and their implications for livelihoods and conservation.

Over 90% of participants reported collecting natural resources such as firewood, grass, medicinal plants and fruits to support their livelihoods. While most resources were collected for household use, some served both income generation and domestic purposes. Kasungu National Park plays a critical role in providing resources, though harvesting is illegal, alongside neighbouring farms and community forests. Households near the park, women and those of lower economic status were more likely to rely on the park for resources. Additionally, crop and livestock loss experiences were linked to higher resource collection rates.

Participants generally expressed positive attitudes towards wildlife and conservation. However, certain factors including proximity to the park, women, food insecurity, and crop and livestock loss were linked to negative attitudes.

Our findings offer valuable insights for the design and implementation of conservation initiatives and policies, particularly in communities heavily dependent on natural resources for their livelihoods. Conservation programmes and policies around protected areas should capitalise on the existing positive attitudes towards nature by fostering better community engagement. Locally led, inclusive and nature‐positive programmes could simultaneously benefit conservation efforts and improve livelihoods.

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Performance optimization and reliability analysis of CFRP adhesive‐rivet hybrid joint
Authors: Su Hailiang , Wei Zhenxiao , Deng Kaibiao , An Deng , He Yuyan
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the adhesive‐rivet hybrid joining technique between carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates and aluminum alloy sheets, aiming to enhance connection performance in lightweight automotive structures. By employing a synergistic approach that integrates experimental and theoretical analyses, the research systematically examines the effects of lap length, adhesive layer thickness, and rivet length on joint performance. A regression model was developed to derive a second‐order response surface equation relevant to these variables. Comprehensive testing and high‐precision fitting analyses validate the model's robust predictive capabilities. Additionally, interaction analyses involving both single and dual factors were conducted to further confirm the model's reliability and generalizability. A surrogate model coupled with the elite non‐dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA‐II) algorithm was employed for multi‐objective optimization, resulting in significant enhancements in both failure load and energy absorption values. Post‐optimization, the hybrid joint exhibited an 8.48% increase in failure load and a 14.22% improvement in energy absorption value compared to pre‐optimization levels. Experimental validation confirmed that the performance of the optimized joints fell within an acceptable error margin relative to the predictions. Reliability analysis, utilizing the Kriging model and the optimal Latin hypercube design method, demonstrated the high reliability of the optimized process. This analysis further validated the effectiveness of the optimized hybrid joints. This research provides both theoretical and practical insights into hybrid connections between CFRP and metal materials, thereby crucially improving the reliability of structural connections.

Highlights

The impact of joint geometry on hybrid CFRP‐AL connection performance was studied.

Synergistic effects of lap length, adhesive layer thickness, and rivet length were identified.

Hybrid joint durability was improved and failure risks through optimization were reduced.

Optimized parameter interactions significantly improved joint reliability to 97.1%.

Optimized hybrid joints increased failure load by 8.48% and energy absorption value by 14.22%.
Differential lateralization to faces in infants at risk of autism spectrum disorder with expressive language delay
Authors: Araya Junko , Ikeda Takashi , Hasegawa Chiaki , Iwasaki Sumie , Yaoi Ken , Yoshimura Yuko
Published: February 2025

Aim

Face‐to‐face communication between caregiver and infant is essential for the development of language and social skills in infancy. A previous study on brain response toward human faces showed that a lateralization right fusiform gyrus (FG) response when viewing faces was associated with better social skills. However, the relationship, between infant face processing and language development remains unclear. This study aimed to examine whether brain responses to faces vary based on the ability level of language expression.

Methods

Overall, 42 Japanese infants (aged 18–34 months, Mean of age (Mage) = 24.7 months, standard deviation (SD) = 4.57, 47% female) were assessed for expressive communication skills and classified into two groups: a delayed group (20 infants) and a control group (infants with typical expressive language development, 22 infants). Brain activity was recorded using a child‐customized magnetoencephalography during presentation of a mother's face, a stranger's face, and a nonface (scrambled image). The lateralization index of the FG during face viewing was calculated using the following formula: (L − R)/(L + R).

Results

The results showed a significant difference in the lateralization index between the delayed and control groups. The control group showed rightward dominance of the FG activity when viewing the mother's face and others' faces, whereas the delayed group did not exhibit this lateralization. Based on behavioral observations, 75% of the delayed group met the criteria of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) risk, and infants with a high risk of ASD who had poor expressive language showed poor right hemispheric dominance compared to the control group in their brain responses to their mothers' faces.

Conclusion

This study suggests that lateralization of face processing in infancy may be a predictor of expressive language abilities.
4D‐printed TPU‐based magnetorheological elastomer using simplified feedstock preparation
Authors: Sukarman Ahmad Fitri , Mohd Yusuf Shahir , Mazlan Saiful Amri , Nordin Nur Azmah , Patel Dipalkumar M. , Johari Mohd Aidy Faizal , Lazim Nurul Hakimah , Kadir Khairul Anwar Abdul
Published: February 2025

Magnetorheological elastomers (MRE) show promise in creating adaptive, multifunctional materials, especially with advances in 4D printing. Preparing MRE feedstock has typically involved complex processes and multiple thermal treatments, which can degrade material quality. This study simplifies feedstock preparation by using tetrahydrofuran (THF) as a solvent for fused granulate fabrication (FGF) 3D printing, ensuring uniform dispersion of carbonyl iron particles (CIP) in a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) matrix. Printed samples were characterized for thickness, diameter, and hardness, confirming dimensional consistency and increased stiffness with higher CIP content. Microstructural analysis revealed uniform CIP distribution, supporting consistent magnetorheological properties and performance integrity. The rheological properties under strain sweep of the samples were evaluated under varying magnetic fields, which showed a significant increase in storage modulus with increased field strength due to CIP alignment. Additional assessments of rheological properties under current sweep, including the absolute magnetorheological (MR) effect, demonstrated that higher CIP content enhanced the MR effect and sample stiffness. These results indicate that 4D‐printed MREs with simplified feedstock preparation offer tunable properties suitable for adaptive applications, such as soft robotics and vibration control. Integrating MRE with 4D printing advances the creation of magnetically responsive materials with programmable mechanical performance.

Highlights

Simplification of the complex feedstock preparation process by introducing solvent casting.

Elimination of multiple thermal processing steps during feedstock preparation.

Achieving uniform carbonyl iron particle distribution within the 4D‐printed TPU matrix.

4D‐printed MRE exhibits similar trends in rheological properties as conventionally fabricated counterparts.
A Refined Score, Namely Thoracic Ultrasound Score, to Predict the Need for Surfactant in Preterm Neonates: A Prospective, Multicenter, Observational Study
Authors: Forcellini Carlo Alberto , Rossignoli Sara , Ficial Benjamim , Cenci Giorgia , Santoro Leonardo , Bonadies Luca , Franchetti Enrico , Vallortigara Francesca , Mardegan Veronica , Vecchiato Luca , Scollo Massimo , Zanetto Lorenzo , Vedovato Stefania , Tsatsaris Nicola , Cattarossi Luigi , Beghini Renzo , Pietrobelli Angelo
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Lung ultrasound score (LUS) is used to predict the need for surfactant in preterm neonates. Its performance is lower in neonates with a gestational age (GA) ≥ 34 weeks. We developed a score, thoracic ultrasound score (TUS), to overcome the shortcomings of LUS.

Objectives

To assess the feasibility and diagnostic accuracy of TUS to evaluate oxygenation and predict the need for surfactant administration, compared to LUS.

Materials and Methods

This was a prospective, multicenter, observational study. Preterm neonates in noninvasive ventilation with GA between 24 + 0 and 36 + 6 weeks were assessed for eligibility. Lung ultrasound were performed within 3 h of life, and TUS and LUS were calculated.

Results

Fifty‐eight neonates who received surfactant were compared with 112 neonates who did not receive surfactant: GA 30.2 ± 3.1 weeks versus 32.6 ± 2.3 weeks, (p < 0.001), and birth weight 1466 ± 674 g versus 1725 ± 519 g, (p = 0.006), respectively. TUS and LUS showed a similar association with S/F ratio (r = −0.670 and r = 0.615) and OSI (r = 0.524 and r = 0.423), all p < 0.001. In neonates with GA < 34 weeks, the AUC (95% CI) was similar: 0.956 (0.923–0.989) versus 0.952 (0.921–0.984). In neonates with GA ≥ 34 weeks, the AUC (95% CI) of TUS was superior to LUS: 0.971 (0.914–1.000) versus 0.797 (0.639–0.980), p = 0.02.

Conclusion

Compared to LUS, TUS showed a similar association with the oxygenation status and a superior ability to predict the need for surfactant in neonates with GA ≥ 34 weeks. The latter was similar in neonates with GA < 34 weeks.
Using Isometric Squat Strength to Predict Concentric and Eccentric Squat Strength in Young and Older Adults
Authors: Dunn Michael T. , Quach Phuong T. M. , McGraw Monica , Preus Richard I. , Barefoot Robert C. , Lancaster Winston C. , Ponder Jennifer , Singh Harshvardhan
Published: February 2025

Background

Resistive squat exercise is a well‐established technique to enhance the strength of muscles and bones of the back extensors in humans. Rehabilitation programs aimed at strengthening the muscles and bone of the back require the knowledge of the patient's 1 repetition maximum (RM) of squat exercise. Finding the 1RM value of squat exercise could lead to injury or seem nonfeasible because of the higher weights involved, especially in older adults.

Purpose

To investigate the predictive relationship between the maximum voluntary isometric squat strength and the 1RM concentric and eccentric squat strength in young and older individuals.

Methods

In our cross‐sectional study, individuals from two age populations, 21–35 years (young) and 55–75 years (older) were recruited and participated in two visits within a two‐week period. Our main outcome measures were: Maximum voluntary isometric squat strength (IsoMax) and 1RM of concentric (ConMax) and eccentric (EccMax) back squat strength were calculated for young and older adults. All the strength measures were normalized for body weight.

Results

IsoMax was a significant predictor of the ConMax (p = 0.003; Normalized ConMax = 0.708 + 1.376(Normalized IsoMax); 95%CI: 0.583–2.169) and EccMax (p = 0.003, Normalized EccMax = 0.844 + 1.433(Normalized IsoMax); 95%CI = 0.582–2.284) in older adults only. There was a trend toward significance for the relationship between IsoMax and ConMax (p = 0.058) in young adults.

Discussion

Our novel findings show that safe techniques for muscle strength assessment, such as maximum voluntary isometric squat strength, can be utilized in older populations to predict their 1RM of concentric and eccentric squat strength. Our novel equations provide the information necessary for designing effective rehabilitation regimes for strengthening the muscles and bone of the back in older adults.
High‐Performance Pressure Sensor Based on Flexible Paper with Composite Carbon Ink/Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Wang Runyang , Guo Hualing , Ma Yongqi , Yuan Ziyu , Cai Yefeng
Published: February 2025

Flexible wearable sensors have increasingly contributed to human health detection and physiological signal acquisition in recent years. Nevertheless, developing high‐performance sensors that can achieve high sensitivity and wide detection range and align with environmentally friendly principles remains a significant challenge. Herein, a novel flexible paper‐based pressure sensing platform, in which the conductive layer is made of paper with a dome structure on top, is demonstrated. The dome structure functions similarly to microstructures created via complex processes, both enhancing sensor sensitivity. The conductive material selected is carbon ink and carbon nanotubes, offering the benefits of cost‐effectiveness and high conductivity. In the results, it is shown that the sensor has high sensitivity (6.78 kPa−1, <10 kPa), a linearity of 0.99 under 10 kPa, low lower limit of detection, and a dynamic response (157 ms) and demonstrates good repeatability over 1000 cycles. Due to its high sensing performance, the sensor effectively detects both subtle and large human motions. This exceptional performance is attributed to the rough fibers on the paper's surface and the protruding dome structure, both of which enhance the sensor's ability to sense pressure signals. The paper‐based sensors proposed in this study offer an economical and environmentally friendly solution with significant potential in human detection.
Geometric Adaptive Neural Controller and Optical Flow‐Based Invariant Extended Kalman Filter for Mars Quadrotor Under Disturbance
Authors: Li Yiqun , Qiao Siyuan , Shao Haoluo , Yin Zhouping
Published: February 2025

With the continuous progress of deep space robotics technology and the deepening of human understanding of the Martian surface environment, the rotorcraft is expected to overcome the limitations of Mars orbiters and rovers in terms of exploration accuracy, range, and flexibility. Rotorcraft are poised to become essential vehicles for future deep space exploration missions. In this paper, an invariant extended Kalman filter (IEKF) and geometric adaptive neural controllers (GANC) are introduced for the state estimation and trajectory tracking of the Mars quadrotor. The IEKF fuses the IMU and depth camera information to estimate the optimal states of the quadrotor, which are used as the inputs of the trajectory tracking controller. Multilayer perceptron networks (MLP) and temporal convolutional networks (TCN) are designed and trained to predict the force and torque disturbances to improve the tracking accuracy and robustness of the proposed geometric adaptive neural controllers, including the feedforward (FF) proportional‐differential (PD) neural controller on SE(3) for large‐angle maneuver and the differential‐flatness based neural controller (DFBC) for flight in strong winds. Especially, for underpowered situations, an event‐trigger neural model predictive contouring controller (ET‐NMPCC) is designed to optimize the control inputs, foresee and adapt to potential future external forces, and ultimately achieve higher trajectory tracking accuracy. Physical simulation systems are established to mimic the terrain and atmosphere of the Martian surface in Webots and Airsim simulator. The simulation and real‐world experimental results show the effectiveness and superiority of these methods in flight navigation and control performances of the quadrotor on the Martian surface.
LCRBot: Load‐Carrying Rolling Robot Based on Truncated Hexahedral Tensegrity
Authors: Liu Jilei , Xu Zhiyin , Lu Jinyu , Gu Xun , Wu Jiarong
Published: February 2025

The tensegrity robot consists of rigid compression bars and elastic tension cables, offering several advantages over traditional load‐carrying robots, including impact resistance, lightweight design, unique movement patterns, and modularity. However, research on tensegrity robots capable of carrying loads and rolling is very limited. This paper proposes a load‐carrying and rolling tensegrity robot (LCRBot) based on truncated hexahedral tensegrity structure, which offers ample load‐carrying space and the ability to perform rolling. LCRBot can achieve active deformation by elongating and shortening its internal bars. The gait control strategies of LCRBot under different numbers of actuators and rolling directions, as well as variations in different environments are investigated. The MATLAB‐based dynamic model of LCRBot is proposed and its simulation results of basic gait are consistent with the experiment. The proposed LCRBot showcases its potential for carrying sensors, power sources, and other equipment during rolling motions, making it highly valuable for research.
Shifts in phytoplankton communities in inland waterways: Insights from the Beijing–Hangzhou Grand Canal, China
Authors: Mao Xueru , Zhu Lin , Liu Boyi , Zeng Chenjun , Yang Huijian , Shi Wenqing
Published: February 2025

Phytoplankton play a crucial role in maintaining the health of river ecosystems, and their communities are closely linked to river hydrodynamics. In inland waterways, disturbances generated by ship propellers alter flow dynamics and may affect phytoplankton communities. To clarify it, phytoplankton communities in the Zhenjiang section of the Beijing–Hangzhou Grand Canal (BHGC) in China, the world's longest canal, were studied and compared them with its undisturbed tributaries. The results revealed major alternations in seasonal patterns of phytoplankton communities in the BHGC, shifting the peak of phytoplankton density from spring to autumn and the lowest diversity from summer to autumn. Ship disturbances increased water turbidity and created optimal N/P ratios, which provided Cyanobacteria with a competitive advantage in autumn. The proliferation of Cyanobacteria resulted in a phytoplankton density in the BHGC, exceeding that in the tributaries by more than tenfold, accompanied by a decrease in diversity to its lowest level. Due to habitat alterations, functional groups emerged that are resilient to strong disturbances and high turbidity. The findings add to the understanding of the impact of ship traffic on river ecosystems.
Putting the Pieces Back Together: Challenges Recomposing Elementary Science Teaching
Authors: Canipe Martha M.
Published: February 2025

Elementary teacher educators endeavor to prepare prospective elementary teachers to teach science in ways which best support student learning. A well‐documented challenge in teacher education is the disconnect between theory and practice which many programs have worked to overcome. One framework which has been used in many teacher preparation programs is practice‐based teacher education which consists of three‐parts: representation, decomposition, and approximations of practice. This framework has been studied in a number of contexts, but the ways in which prospective teachers recompose practice have not been fully explored. In this study, I examined the science teaching of three student teachers enrolled in the same teacher education program to understand how they enacted teaching practices from their teacher education coursework. Findings showed that each student teacher adopted a different, singular practice as their primary guide for teaching science rather than a more integrated and recomposed approach. This suggests that a more explicit focus on recomposition of practice is a necessary part of teacher education.
Random Survival Forest for Censored Functional Data
Authors: Loffredo Giuseppe , Romano Elvira , Maturo Fabrizio
Published: February 2025

This article introduces a Random Survival Forest (RSF) method for functional data. The focus is specifically on defining a new functional data structure, the Censored Functional Data (CFD), for addressing the challenge of accurately modelling time‐to‐event data in the presence of censoring and irregular temporal structures. Traditional survival models struggle to incorporate complex functional patterns, making the proposed approach particularly valuable for improving prediction and interpretation. This approach allows for precise modelling of functional survival trajectories, leading to improved interpretation and prediction of survival dynamics across different groups. A medical survival study on the benchmark Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) dataset and an extensive simulation study are presented. Results show good performance of the proposed approach, particularly in ranking the importance of predicting variables.
Tunable Bi‐directional Broadband Self‐Powered Photoresponse in a 0D C60/2‐D SnS2 Nanoflower Heterostructure
Authors: Kumar Mahesh , Chen Sheng‐Chi , Saravanan Adhimoorthy , Huang Bohr‐Ran , Sun Hui
Published: February 2025

Realizing bidirectional photodetection is essential for developing next‐generation artificial neuromorphic systems, visual information processing, and future optoelectronic logic gates. Photodetectors are promising visible light communication systems due to their energy efficiency and cost‐effectiveness. Color shift keying is frequently used in visible light communication to meet non‐negative light intensity modulation demands. However, requiring a minimum of two photodetectors with filters to decode optical signals raises the device cost and complicates the communication system. Here, novel bidirectional photo response of 0‐D C60/2‐D SnS2 nanoflower heterostructure for self‐powered broadband photodetector synthesis using sol–gel methods is presented. The photodetector exhibits significantly enhanced currents, with increases of ≈17000% (365 nm), 8750% (456 nm), 3333% (532 nm), 17647% (632 nm), and 124500% (850 nm) under zero bias, compared to C60. Furthermore, by adjusting the wavelength of the incident light, controllable bidirectional photoresponse (negative for wavelength = 365 nm and positive for 456–850 nm wavelengths) is achieved through the C60/SnS2, owing to the synergistic interplay between the photothermoelectric effect of C60 and the photovoltaic effect of SnS2. Polarity switching bestows multifunctional attributes upon photoelectric devices, potentially providing innovative approaches to overcome conventional challenges and fulfill the demands of emergent technological paradigms.
CDK16+ Luminal Progenitor Cell‐Like Tumor Cells Interacted with POSTN+ Cancer‐Associated Fibroblasts Associate with Chemo‐Resistance In Breast Cancer
Authors: Ding Xinyu , Wu Qi , Du Yanhua , Ji Meng‐meng , Yang Hua , Hu Qingsong , Ye Youqiong
Published: February 2025

Tumor heterogeneity and interaction with tumor microenvironment play a crucial role in neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) resistance in breast cancer (BRCA). Unraveling this dynamic interaction may help uncover novel therapeutic targets. Here, dynamic changes in tumor states and cellular composition are systemically characterized using 175,825 single‐cell transcriptomics from naïve and post‐treatment biopsies of BRCA patients receiving NAC. CDK16+ tumors are identified featured with luminal progenitor cell (LPC)‐like tumor cells enriched in the triple‐negative subtype of BRCA, associated with chemo‐resistance. Integrating single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq), spatial transcriptomics, and six independent public gene expression profiles that underwent chemotherapy revealed that POSTN+ cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are closely localized and interacted with CDK16+ LPC‐like tumor cells to promote chemo‐resistance. In vivo, CDK16 knockdown in tumor cells combined with chemotherapy significantly enhanced therapeutic efficacy. This in‐house scRNA‐seq from a mouse model validated that CDK16 knockdown reduced the LPC‐like tumor cell signature, and the interaction of tumor featured with LPC‐like tumor cells and POSTN+ CAFs. Together, the systematically integrated analyses uncovered an interaction network of CDK16+ tumor and POSTN+ CAFs that contributed to NAC‐ resistance, providing a new strategy for targeting CDK16 to enhance chemotherapy efficacy.