bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The many metaphysical commitments of secular clinical ethics: Expanding the argument for a moral–metaphysical proceduralism
Authors: Brummett Abram , Eberl Jason T.
Published: May 2022

The rich moral diversity of academic bioethics poses a paradox for the practice of giving moral recommendations in secular clinical ethics: How are ethicists to provide moral guidance in a pluralistic society? The field has responded to this challenge with a “procedural approach,” but defining this term stirs debate. Some have championed a contentless proceduralism, where ethicists work only to help negotiate resolutions among stakeholders without making any moral recommendations. Others have defended a moral proceduralism by claiming that ethicists should make moral recommendations that are grounded in bioethical consensus (e.g., relevant law, policy, professional consensus statements, and bioethics literature), which is secured using moral principles such as respect for persons or justice. In contrast, we develop a moral–metaphysical proceduralism by identifying many metaphysical commitments in points of secular bioethical consensus. The moral–metaphysical view of secular clinical ethics is important because it challenges the discipline to accept the substantive philosophical foundations required to support giving moral recommendations in a pluralistic context, which may lead to further insights about the nature of the field.
Co‐developmental trajectories of parental involvement: Relations to academic achievement and externalizing and internalizing problems among Chinese elementary schoolchildren
Authors: Guo Nan , Huebner Eugene Scott , Tian Lili
Published: May 2022

Background

Parental involvement is an important multi‐faceted factor in children's academic performance and school behaviour. However, most prior studies have involved cross‐sectional designs, with few studies exploring the co‐developmental nature of various parental involvement characteristics over time and their associations with children's academic achievement, externalizing, and internalizing problems.

Aims

This study explored (a) co‐developmental trajectories of seven parental involvement characteristics in elementary schoolchildren, and (b) relations to children's academic achievement, externalizing, and internalizing problems.

Sample and methods

A total of 3553 Chinese elementary schoolchildren (Mage = 9.90, SD = .72; 53.9% boys) completed relevant measures on 4 occasions at 6‐month intervals. Parallel process latent class growth modelling was used for examining study hypotheses.

Results

Four co‐developmental trajectories of parental involvement were identified: ‘High motivation and involvement’, ‘Low motivation and involvement’, ‘Incongruent motivation and involvement’, and ‘Incongruent motivation and high involvement’. The highest academic achievement and fewest externalizing and internalizing problems were observed for schoolchildren in the ‘High motivation and involvement’ class, followed by those who were in the ‘Incongruent motivation and high involvement’ and ‘Incongruent motivation and involvement’ classes, and finally, schoolchildren were the ‘Low motivation and involvement’ class.

Conclusions

The identification of heterogeneous trajectories with differential outcomes highlights the importance of individual differences considerations in understanding the co‐developmental patterns of parental involvement, suggesting that specific interventions need to be formulated for differing groups.
The dimensions underlying first impressions of older adult faces are similar, but not identical, for young and older adult perceivers
Authors: Twele Anita C. , Mondloch Catherine J.
Published: May 2022

First impressions based on facial cues have the potential to influence how older adults (OAs), a vulnerable population, are treated by others. The present study used a data‐driven approach to examine dimensions underlying first impressions of OAs and whether those dimensions vary by perceiver age. In Experiment 1, young adult (YA) and OA participants provided unconstrained, written descriptions in response to OA faces. From these descriptors, 18 trait categories were identified that were similar, but not identical, across age groups. In Experiment 2, YA and OA participants rated OA faces on the trait words identified for their age group in Experiment 1. In separate principal components analyses, dimensions of sternness and confidence emerged for both groups. In Experiment 3, YA and OA participants rated these same faces on new words encompassing traits, emotion cues, and other appearance cues. Correlations between these ratings and factor scores showed that sternness is analogous to approachability for both age groups. Confidence is analogous to competence for both age groups and related to perceived age/health/attractiveness. Confidence was related to shyness for YAs but dominance for OAs. The current research has implications for a lifespan perspective on first impressions and informs functional accounts.
Constructing the places of young people in public space: Conflict, belonging and identity
Authors: Gray Debra , Manning Rachel
Published: May 2022

Building on the growing discursive approach to people–place relations, we examine how young people negotiate people–place tensions and relations, and how they establish their everyday sense of place in contemporary public spaces. Facilitated by the use of Collaborative Spatial Mapping, analysis of focus group data from 51 young people focuses on three aspects of participants’ talk about the places that make up their everyday lives: appropriation of micro‐geographical spaces, the construction of autobiographical insideness and the mobilization of shared socio‐spatial histories. Our analysis illustrates young people's responses to a broader problematic of being ‘troublesome’ in public spaces, demonstrating how they construct a deep‐rooted attachment to, and sense of themselves as located members within, such spaces. We argue that place appropriation and autobiographical insideness are important concepts for understanding the practice of citizenship by young people, and how such practice is embedded in wider political processes of spatial conflict and exclusion.
Phenotypic expansion and variable expressivity in individuals with JARID2‐related intellectual disability: A case series
Authors: Cadieux‐Dion Maxime , Farrow Emily , Thiffault Isabelle , Cohen Ana S. A. , Welsh Holly , Bartik Lauren , Schwager Caitlin , Engleman Kendra , Zhou Dihong , Zhang Lei , Repnikova Elena , Amudhavalli Shivarajan M. , Saunders Carol J.
Published: May 2022

Loss of function variants in JARID2 were recently reported in 16 patients with a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by delays, intellectual and learning disability, autism, behavioral abnormalities, and dysmorphic features. Most cases were de novo, with only one variant inherited from an affected parent. Here, we present seven additional individuals from five families with pathogenic or likely pathogenic JARID2 variants, confirming this gene‐disease association and highlighting palatal abnormalities and heart defects as part of the phenotype. In addition, we report inheritance of JARID2 variants from mildly affected parents, demonstrating the variable expressivity of the disease. We also note the high prevalence of intragenic JARID2 copy number variants, emphasizing the importance of exon‐level analysis.
What are parents' and children's co‐constructed views on mobile phone use and policies in school?
Authors: Rose Sarah E. , Gears Annabel , Taylor Jennifer
Published: May 2022

Increasing ownership of mobile phones by children increases pressure on schools to create mobile phone policies. This study investigated parents' and children's co‐constructed views of mobile phone use at school. Nine parents and child (aged 10 to 11 years) dyads were interviewed. The data were analysed using Reflexive Thematic Analysis. Generally, parents and children held shared views of the importance of having phones to keep in contact alongside an awareness of the risks. Hearing the children's and parents' co‐constructed views and solutions highlight the potential positive impact of their involvement in co‐developing school mobile phone policies.
Handling the discontinuity in futures prices when time series modeling of commodity cash and futures prices
Authors: Maples Joshua G. , Brorsen B. Wade
Published: May 2022

Futures prices are discontinuous, with each future price series ending at maturity. Differencing before splicing can create a continuous future return series, but still leaves price levels with discrete jumps. When comparing cash and futures prices, there is a need to either make the futures more like the cash price by adding back the changes at rollover or removing the nonstationarity and seasonality from cash prices. In the specific situation of only testing market efficiency of futures prices, we propose using panel unit root tests. Our empirical examples using weekly prices show the null hypothesis of a unit root is not rejected in most cases regardless of the test used.
Is cerebral palsy progressive? Why do we ask?
Authors: Rosenbaum Peter
Published: May 2022

Video Podcast https://youtu.be/WeyPpC-BcLU
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors and tumor lysis syndrome in hematologic malignancies: A systemic review
Authors: Salter Brittany , Burns Ian , Fuller Katherine , Eshaghpour Ali , Lionel Anath C. , Crowther Mark
Published: May 2022

Background

Effective treatments for hematologic malignancies include therapies that target tyrosine kinase (TK) signaling pathways. Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is an oncologic emergency that can occur due to rapid turnover following the initiation of treatments for hematologic malignancy. The incidence of TLS is under‐reported and it is unclear as to whether TK inhibitors (TKIs) are associated with TLS.

Objective

To conduct a systematic review to determine the incidence of TLS with TKIs.

Methods

A search was performed using EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Web of Science electronic databases, as well as a manual search of the American Society of Hematology and American Society of Clinical Oncology abstract databases. Keywords included: “tumor lysis syndrome,” “tyrosine kinase inhibitors,” “lymphoma,” and “leukemia.”

Results

We identified a total of 57 publications that commented on the incidence of TLS with TKIs for hematologic malignancy. Thirty‐nine of those publications reported TLS as an adverse event. TLS was described as an adverse event among essentially all the subclasses of TKIs that are used to manage hematologic malignancies.

Conclusion

The overall number of articles commenting on TLS as an adverse event is sparse and there needs to be more transparency regarding the incidence of TLS when employing newer targeted therapies. Physicians should consider the risk of TLS on an individual basis and the added risk of TLS when using TKIs to treat hematologic malignancy.
Lower levels of cyclosporine between days 0 and +21 may reduce later relapses without increasing graft‐versus‐host disease in children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who undergo myeloablative TBI‐based allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation
Authors: Arcuri Leonardo Javier , Lerner Decio , Tavares Rita de Cassia Barbosa da Silva
Published: May 2022

Background

The degree of immunosuppression required for adequate graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) prevention, while keeping an adequate graft‐versus‐leukemia effect, in children with acute leukemia has not been established. We report the results of a retrospective comparison of cyclosporine levels and relapse rate in children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

Methods

Patients <21 y/o with ALL in remission who underwent TBI‐based hematopoietic cell transplantation from related or unrelated donors between 2008 and 2021 were included. Cyclosporine levels were measured twice a week and we calculated the area under the curve (AUC) from D0 to D + 7, D + 14, and D + 21.

Results

We included 76 patients. There was a trend towards a lower incidence of relapse in patients with a mean AUC < 200 ng/ml at D + 21 (HR = 0.41; p = .08). The 5‐year relapse rate was 26.9% for patients with a mean AUC < 200 ng/ml at D + 21 and 43.9% for patients with a mean AUC≥200 ng/ml at D + 21. Relapse protection was restricted to relapses happening after D + 120 (HR = 0.21; p = .04).

Conclusions

Our results show evidence that pediatric patients with ALL might benefit from lower cyclosporine levels between D0 and D + 21 without a detectable increase in GVHD. Large prospective studies comparing different cyclosporine levels are awaited.
Glycemic biomarkers in children with drug‐resistant epilepsy on various types of ketogenic diet therapies: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Teng Lip‐Yuen , Lee Vanessa Wan‐Mun , Murugesu Sumitha , Lee Jun‐Xiong , Ibrahim Nur Sakinah , Ishak Mohd Fatahudin , Mohamed Ahmad Rithauddin , Khoo Teik‐Beng
Published: May 2022

Objective

This study was undertaken to determine the hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and modified glucose‐ketone index (mGKI) in children on different types of ketogenic diet (KD) for treatment of drug‐resistant epilepsy, with attempts to evaluate their relationships with components of diet regime and other biomarkers.

Methods

We conducted a cross‐sectional study in children with drug resistant epilepsy aged between 6 months and 18 years, who were on various types of KD therapies without any change in regime for at least 3 months. Parental interview, review of medical records, and a single measurement for blood ketone, HbA1c, and plasma carnitine were performed. mGKI was the ratio of an average plasma glucose estimated from HbA1c to blood β‐hydroxybutyrate level.

Results

Thirty‐four patients were recruited with a median blood ketone of 2.90 mmol·L–1 and median HbA1c of 4.55%. Those on classical KD (cKD) had higher blood ketone (p = .031) and lower HbA1c (p = .010) and mGKI (p = .021) than those receiving modified Atkins diet, although both shared similar percentages of calories from carbohydrate (p = .211). The cKD and medium‐chain triglyceride (MCT) KD groups had similar HbA1c (p = .252) and mGKI (p = .510). Blood ketone (p = .045) and the percentage of calories from MCT (p = .037) were the two main independent variables, inversely correlating with HbA1c. Other than plasma acylcarnitine (p = .047), neither blood ketone (p = .188) nor HbA1c (p = .170) could predict seizure reduction reliably. Both plasma acylcarnitine ≥ 6 μmol·L–1 (p = .013) and mGKI ≤ 2.2 (p = .013) were significantly associated with good seizure control.

Significance

HbA1c could potentially be useful for monitoring KD adherence or, indirectly, systemic ketosis in nondiabetic children on KD for drug‐resistant epilepsy. Plasma acylcarnitine and mGKI could be important biomarkers in the management of KD therapy.
Novel animal model of combined generalized and focal epilepsy
Authors: Ohmori Iori , Ouchida Mamoru , Shinohara Masakazu , Kobayashi Kiyoka , Ishida Saeko , Mashimo Tomoji
Published: May 2022

Thioredoxin, encoded by Txn1, is a critical antioxidant that protects against oxidative damage by regulating the dithiol/disulfide balance of interacting proteins. We recently discovered the Adem rat, an epileptic rat harboring the Txn1‐F54L mutation, characterized by wild running and vacuolar degeneration in the midbrain. This study aimed to characterize the classification of epilepsy in Adem rats. We performed simultaneous video‐electroencephalographic recordings, magnetic resonance imaging, neurotransmitter measurements using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS), and immunohistochemistry. Adem rats exhibited absence, tonic, and focal seizures. The type of epilepsy was classified as combined generalized and focal epilepsy. Neurotransmitters in the midbrain and cortex were measured at 3 weeks of age, when neuronal cell death occurs in the midbrain. The results of GC‐MS ruled out the dominance of the excitatory system in the midbrain and cortex of Adem rats. Activation of astrocytes and microglia was more pronounced at 5 weeks of age, at which time epileptic seizures occurred frequently. The underlying pathology in Adem rats remains unknown. However, glial cell activation and inflammation may play a significant role in the occurrence of epilepsy.
Safety profile of hydroxychloroquine used off‐label for the treatment of patients with COVID‐19: A descriptive study based on EudraVigilance data
Authors: Motola Domenico , Bonaldo Giulia , Montanaro Nicola
Published: May 2022

At the beginning of the COVID‐19 pandemic, worldwide attempts were made to identify potential drugs effective against the COVID‐19. Hydroxychloroquine was among the first receiving attention. However, following its use in therapy, it has been shown that hydroxychloroquine was not only ineffective but probably, due to its known side effects, even responsible of increased mortality of patients. The objective of this study was to review the safety profile of hydroxychloroquine used off‐label for the treatment of COVID‐19. We analyze the reports of suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs) collected in EudraVigilance, the European database of ADR reports. We collected 2266 reports for 2019 and 6525 for 2020. The most reported ADRs during 2020 were those relating to cardiac, hepatic, renal toxicity such as QT prolongation with 400 cases in 2020 (of which, 345 cases—9.97%—with COVID‐19 as a therapeutic indication) versus 1 case only in 2019 (0.01%), long QT syndrome: 38 cases in 2020 (36 as COVID‐19 treatment) versus 0 in 2019, hepatitis: 13 cases in 2019 (0.11%) and 132 in 2020, and 32 cases (24, 0.69%) of acute kidney injury in 2020 and only 3 cases in 2019. Moreover, some important vision‐related ADRs also increased significantly during 2020, such as retinal toxicity with 92 cases in 2020 versus 7 in 2019. Even though with its intrinsic limitations, our results may be added to the most recent scientific evidence to confirm the unfavorable risk profile of hydroxychloroquine in its off‐label use in the treatment of COVID‐19 disease.
Ecological and genomic vulnerability to climate change across native populations of Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora)
Authors: Tournebize Rémi , Borner Leyli , Manel Stéphanie , Meynard Christine N. , Vigouroux Yves , Crouzillat Dominique , Fournier Coralie , Kassam Mohamed , Descombes Patrick , Tranchant‐Dubreuil Christine , Parrinello Hugues , Kiwuka Catherine , Sumirat Ucu , Legnate Hyacinthe , Kambale Jean‐Léon , Sonké Bonaventure , Mahinga Jose Cassule , Musoli Pascal , Janssens Steven B. , Stoffelen Piet , de Kochko Alexandre , Poncet Valérie
Published: May 2022

The assessment of population vulnerability under climate change is crucial for planning conservation as well as for ensuring food security. Coffea canephora is, in its native habitat, an understorey tree that is mainly distributed in the lowland rainforests of tropical Africa. Also known as Robusta, its commercial value constitutes a significant revenue for many human populations in tropical countries. Comparing ecological and genomic vulnerabilities within the species’ native range can provide valuable insights about habitat loss and the species’ adaptive potential, allowing to identify genotypes that may act as a resource for varietal improvement. By applying species distribution models, we assessed ecological vulnerability as the decrease in climatic suitability under future climatic conditions from 492 occurrences. We then quantified genomic vulnerability (or risk of maladaptation) as the allelic composition change required to keep pace with predicted climate change. Genomic vulnerability was estimated from genomic environmental correlations throughout the native range. Suitable habitat was predicted to diminish to half its size by 2050, with populations near coastlines and around the Congo River being the most vulnerable. Whole‐genome sequencing revealed 165 candidate SNPs associated with climatic adaptation in C. canephora, which were located in genes involved in plant response to biotic and abiotic stressors. Genomic vulnerability was higher for populations in West Africa and in the region at the border between DRC and Uganda. Despite an overall low correlation between genomic and ecological vulnerability at broad scale, these two components of vulnerability overlap spatially in ways that may become damaging. Genomic vulnerability was estimated to be 23% higher in populations where habitat will be lost in 2050 compared to regions where habitat will remain suitable. These results highlight how ecological and genomic vulnerabilities are relevant when planning on how to cope with climate change regarding an economically important species.
Expression of airway smooth muscle contractile proteins in children with acute interstitial pneumonia
Authors: Cheng Fang , Lu Tao , Wang Yicheng , Yuan Didi , Wei Zehong , Li Yongguo , Li Jianbo , Tang Renkuan
Published: May 2022

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the expression of α‐SMA and SM22α in airway smooth muscle (ASM) of bronchioles from children younger than 14 years who died of acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP). This is based upon the hypothesis that as contractile marker proteins α‐SMA and SM22α can serve as an index of the overcontractile phenotype of ASM that is seen in AIP. Lung tissue samples of children were obtained from autopsies and divided into the AIP group (55.9% male and 44.1% female, between 0.4 and 132 months old, n = 34) and the control group (60% male and 40% female, between 2 and 156 months old, n = 10). We recorded the post‐mortem interval (PMI), height, clinical symptoms and abdominal fat thickness (AFT) of each case. Haematoxylin‐and‐eosin‐stained sections were used to examine the luminal area and observe the morphological changes in the bronchioles. Immunohistochemistry and Masson's trichrome staining were used to detect the expression of contractile marker proteins and the degree of pulmonary fibrosis respectively. Compared with the control group, the luminal areas of bronchioles in the AIP group were smaller (p < .001). The expression differences in α‐SMA and SM22α between the two groups were statistically significant (p = .01 and p = .02 respectively). Also, there was no significant correlation of the contractile marker proteins expression with PMI, height, clinical symptoms and AFT. The collagen deposition difference in lung between the two groups was not statistically significant (p = .224). These findings suggest that enhancement of ASM contractile function appears to be involved in the death mechanism of children with AIP, which affords more insights into the understanding of AIP.
Complex effects of environment and Wolbachia infections on the life history of Drosophila melanogaster hosts
Authors: Strunov Anton , Lerch Sina , Blanckenhorn Wolf U. , Miller Wolfgang J. , Kapun Martin
Published: May 2022

Wolbachia bacteria are common endosymbionts of many arthropods found in gonads and various somatic tissues. They manipulate host reproduction to enhance their transmission and confer complex effects on fitness‐related traits. Some of these effects can serve to increase the survival and transmission efficiency of Wolbachia in the host population. The Wolbachia–Drosophila melanogaster system represents a powerful model to study the evolutionary dynamics of host–microbe interactions and infections. Over the past decades, there has been a replacement of the ancestral wMelCS Wolbachia variant by the more recent wMel variant in worldwide D. melanogaster populations, but the reasons remain unknown. To investigate how environmental change and genetic variation of the symbiont affect host developmental and adult life‐history traits, we compared effects of both Wolbachia variants and uninfected controls in wild‐caught D. melanogaster strains at three developmental temperatures. While Wolbachia did not influence any developmental life‐history traits, we found that both lifespan and fecundity of host females were increased without apparent fitness trade‐offs. Interestingly, wMelCS‐infected flies were more fecund than uninfected and wMel‐infected flies. By contrast, males infected with wMel died sooner, indicating sex‐specific effects of infection that are specific to the Wolbachia variant. Our study uncovered complex temperature‐specific effects of Wolbachia infections, which suggests that symbiont–host interactions in nature are strongly dependent on the genotypes of both partners and the thermal environment.
Effectiveness of fat grafting in scar reduction: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyuan , Li Guangxue
Published: May 2022

Background

Scar brings great physical and mental pain to patients. Fat grafting may be a new and simple way to treat scar. This review aimed to systematically evaluate the correlation between fat grafting and scar reduction.

Methods

The author searched Chinese and English literature databases such as CNKI, Wanfang Data, Cqvip, Pubmed, Web of Science, Embase, CBM, etc. for articles published in the period from 2011 to 2021 about the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to assess the effect of fat grating on scar reduction, and then performed meta‐analysis with Review Manager 5.4.

Results

A total of nine articles were included in the assessment of the effect of fat grafting on scar reduction, with meta‐analysis suggesting statistical significance (OR = 5.63, 95% CI: 3.01–10.53, p < 0.01). There was statistical significance in the difference observed between the simple fat grating group (p = 0.004) and the group of existing therapies combined with fat grafting (p < 0.0001).

Conclusion

Fat grafting may be a good method for scar treatment, especially when it's combined with other therapies. Still, due to the limitations of included RCTs, more large‐scale high‐quality RCTs must be carried out before solid conclusions can be drawn.
(Dis)passionate law stories: the emotional processes of encoding narratives in court
Authors: BERGMAN BLIX STINA , MINISSALE ALESSANDRA
Published: May 2022

In this conceptual article, we propose that legal professional decision makers’ transformation of narratives in court (encoding) influences their emotional attunement to the stories at hand. First, we argue that the process of encoding is linked to the strict demand for dispassion in legal settings. Second, we introduce three techniques that regulate the emotional processes at play during the encoding of law narratives: demarcation, fragmentation, and proximation. Demarcation and fragmentation produce emotional distance from narratives and their associated emotions, while proximation refers to the deliberate calibration of emotional attunement to law stories to enable legal decision making. Demarcation and fragmentation are sustained by background emotions of ease and interest when stories align with legal requirements, versus disinterest and irritation when ‘too many’ details are introduced. Proximation is regulated through the epistemic emotions of doubt and certainty. By scrutinizing the subtle emotions involved in legal encoding, we problematize the ideal of judicial dispassion.
Parenting stress in lockdown: The role of changes in Children's routines and Parents' relationship with live‐in grandparents
Authors: Tan Tony Xing , Wang Peng , Li Gen , Lane‐Holbert Mark
Published: May 2022

Objectives

This study examined parenting stress in relation to changes in preschool‐aged children's routines and change in relationship quality between parents and live‐in grandparents caused by the lockdown.

Background

The Chinese city of Wuhan was the first city in the world to enforce a strict citywide lockdown to curtail the spread of Covid‐19. The 76‐day (1/23–4/8/2020) lockdown affected about 13 million of Wuhan's residents, many of whom were families with young children.

Method

Survey data were collected from 130 parents in Wuhan on parenting stress, children's routines in learning, play/exercise, screen exposure and sleep before, during and after the lockdown.

Results

The lockdown led to a significant decrease in the amount of time that the children spent daily in playing/exercise and learning, but a significant increase in nighttime sleep and screen exposure. Hierarchical linear regression analyses showed that controlling for other variables, the following significantly predicted parenting stress: decrease in learning time, parent–grandparent relationship deterioration, and the interaction between decrease in learning time and parent–grandparent relationship improvement.

Conclusion

Minimizing loss of learning time and preventing parent–grandparent relationship deterioration could help reduce parenting stress during the lockdown.
Innovation is not entrepreneurship, nor vice versa
Authors: Kahn Kenneth B.
Published: May 2022

To tap into the potential opportunities offered by the phenomena of innovation and entrepreneurship, centers and programming labeled innovation and/or entrepreneurship have become prevalent on university campuses. While exciting, these centers and programming can muddle the demarcation between the two phenomena as centers for entrepreneurship pursue innovation and centers for innovation pursue entrepreneurship. Complicating the situation is a philosophical disagreement over whether one phenomenon subsumes the other or if they are distinguished. This article calls for greater attention to what constitutes innovation and entrepreneurship because a lack of understanding and clarity has the propensity to mis‐specify phenomena, and in turn, mis‐specify strategies and initiatives in practice, plus poses implications for how these phenomena are taught and researched at universities. Four specific areas that clearly distinguish innovation and entrepreneurship are the opportunity created, change orientation, risk incurred, and funding orientation. Innovation focuses on offering creation, reflects a breadth of change that includes incremental, contends with functional/technological risk (does the offering work), and attends to resource deployment. Entrepreneurship focuses on venture creation, emphasizes a need for radical (new and different) change, faces risks arounds getting the business/venture started, and is occupied with resource acquisition (securing funds). Distinguishing these two phenomena by way of these four areas provides needed definition and a demarcation around the domains associated with each phenomenon and exemplifies that what is essential for driving successful entrepreneurship will not automatically drive innovation, nor vice versa.
A screening study for COVID‐19‐associated pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill patients during the third wave of the pandemic
Authors: Er Berrin , Er Ahmet Görkem , Gülmez Dolunay , Şahin Taha Koray , Halaçlı Burçin , Durhan Gamze , Ersoy Ebru Ortaç , Alp Alpaslan , Metan Gökhan , Saribas Zeynep , Arikan‐Akdagli Sevtap , Hazırolan Gülşen , Akıncı Seda Banu , Arıyürek Macit , Topeli Arzu , Uzun Ömrüm
Published: May 2022

Background

COVID‐19‐associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) has been reported as an important cause of mortality in critically ill patients with an incidence rate ranging from 5% to 35% during the first and second pandemic waves.

Objectives

We aimed to evaluate the incidence, risk factors for CAPA by a screening protocol and outcome in the critically ill patients during the third wave of the pandemic.

Patients/Methods

This prospective cohort study was conducted in two intensive care units (ICU) designated for patients with COVID‐19 in a tertiary care university hospital between 18 November 2020 and 24 April 2021. SARS‐CoV‐2 PCR‐positive adult patients admitted to the ICU with respiratory failure were included in the study. Serum and respiratory samples were collected periodically from ICU admission up to CAPA diagnosis, patient discharge or death. ECMM/ISHAM consensus criteria were used to diagnose and classify CAPA cases.

Results

A total of 302 patients were admitted to the two ICUs during the study period, and 213 were included in the study. CAPA was diagnosed in 43 (20.1%) patients (12.2% probable, 7.9% possible). In regression analysis, male sex, higher SOFA scores at ICU admission, invasive mechanical ventilation and longer ICU stay were significantly associated with CAPA development. Overall ICU mortality rate was higher significantly in CAPA group compared to those with no CAPA (67.4% vs 29.4%, p < .001).

Conclusions

One fifth of critically ill patients in COVID‐19 ICUs developed CAPA, and this was associated with a high mortality.
The Damage Mechanisms of Dark Hypoxic Stress on Photosystem II of Cymodocea rotundata
Authors: Zhang Tie , Che Xingkai , Li Hu , Zhang Litao , Liu Jianguo
Published: May 2022

Hypoxic stress is a major threat to the survival of seagrass but its damage mechanism is unclear. In order to explore the causes of seagrass meadow decline due to hypoxia, the effects of hypoxia in the dark on photosystem II (PSII) of Cymodocea rotundata, a widely distributed seagrass in Indo‐Pacific area, were investigated in this study. The results show that dark hypoxic stress resulted in the inactivation of PSII reaction center, as well as the damage of PSII donor and acceptor sides in C. rotundata. These damages to PSII were not related to leaf senescence, but to the reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. The lower the seawater oxygen content and the longer the hypoxic duration, the harder the recovery of PSII activity under dark normoxia because of dark hypoxia caused D1 protein injury. The interference of hypoxia on the AOX respiratory pathway is an important cause of the PSII damage under dark hypoxic stress. The PSII damage would result in a significant decrease in the photosynthetic activity, thereby affecting the growth and development of C. rotundata. Based on the above results, it is suggested that dark hypoxia may be an important cause of decline of C. rotundata meadow.
The effects of additive solutions on the development of storage lesions in canine platelet concentrates stored at 4°C
Authors: Ravicini Sara , Haines Jillian M. , Hwang Julianne K. , Wardrop K. Jane
Published: May 2022

Objective

To assess platelet storage lesion development as evaluated by measurement of metabolic markers, platelet activation markers, and aggregometry, and determine the occurrence of bacterial growth in platelets stored in platelet additive solution (PAS) at 4°C for 7 days.

Design

Prospective, ex vivo experimental controlled study.

Setting

Research laboratory of a university veterinary teaching hospital.

Animals

Ten units of canine platelet concentrate collected from blood bank donations.

Interventions

Concentrates were aliquoted into 4 separate bags containing 100% plasma (control) or 30% plasma and 70% of a PAS (Plasma‐Lyte A, Isoplate, or InterSol). Samples were stored at 4°C without agitation. At days 0, 3, 5, and 7, samples were analyzed for platelet count, mean platelet volume, glucose, lactate, lactate dehydrogenase, Po2, Pco2, degree of swirling, aggregate formation, aggregation via light aggregometry, surface P‐selectin via flow cytometry, and bacterial contamination via culture.

Measurements and Main Results

Development of storage lesions was minimal, demonstrated by maintenance of a mean pH > 7.2 and mean lactate values <6 mmol/L at day 7 in all solutions. Glucose utilization did not vary significantly between any of the solutions. No significant difference was found between plasma and PAS for Po2 and Pco2. P‐selectin expression measured via flow cytometry showed a low platelet activation percent in all the solutions. InterSol had the lowest mean maximum percent aggregation (P < 0.001) and Isoplate the highest (P < 0.05). The mean maximum percent aggregation increased between day 0 and day 7 in all solutions. No bacterial growth was found in any of the solutions.

Conclusions

Overall, PASs were comparable to plasma for the cold storage of platelets. Cold‐stored platelets showed minimal storage lesion development with no bacterial growth. Plasma‐, Plasma‐Lyte A‐, and Isoplate‐stored platelets maintained function for up to 7 days at 4°C.
Mechanics of Biological Membranes in the Presence of Proteins and Implications for Their Thermal Fluctuations Behavior
Authors: Krichen Sana
Published: May 2022

Pure lipid bilayers are frequently used to mimic membranes that enclose living cells. However, real biological membranes are highly heterogeneous and have a complex structure. The so-called Helfrich Hamiltonian is frequently used to characterize the mechanical behavior of such membranes. Thermal fluctuations and, in general, statistical mechanics are used to explain a variety of cellular behaviors, but are very difficult to carry out in the case heterogeneous membranes. We propose to use a homogenized Hamiltonian that accounts for the presence of proteins to simplify the statistical mechanics analysis of realistic biological membranes. We recognize that (i) the effective Hamiltonian structure itself may be different from what is used for a homogeneous lipid bilayer and (ii) experimental evidence indicates that rigid proteins may introduce both stiffening and softening in the membrane. We consider generalized boundary conditions at the protein–lipid interface within the Helfrich Hamiltonian as a simple route to capture the protein membrane specificity and to account for both softening and stiffening due to rigid proteins. We postulate that real biological membranes require an effective elastic energy form that is far more complex than what is conventionally used and also propose to add a nonlocal elastic energy functional. The new augmented Helfrich Hamiltonian, in a mean-field setting, accounts for the presence of proteins by capturing their short- and long-range effects. Finally, by using the developed effective field theory, we present statistical mechanics results that illustrate the effect of proteins on the interaction between fluctuating membranes.
Condition Monitoring of Machine Tool Feed Drives: A Review
Authors: Butler Quade , Ziada Youssef , Stephenson David , Andrew Gadsden S.
Published: May 2022

The innovations propelling the manufacturing industry towards Industry 4.0 have begun to maneuver into machine tools. Machine tool maintenance primarily concerns the feed drives used for workpiece and tool positioning. Condition monitoring of feed drives is the intermediate step between smart data acquisition and evaluating machine health through diagnostics and prognostics. This review outlines the techniques and methods that recent research presents for feed drive condition monitoring, diagnostics and prognostics. The methods are distinguished between being sensorless and sensor-based, as well as between signal-, model-, and machine learning-based techniques. Close attention is given to the components of feed drives (ball screws, linear guideways, and rotary axes) and the most notable parameters used for monitoring. Commercial and industry solutions to Industry 4.0 condition monitoring are described and detailed. The review is concluded with a brief summary and the observed research gaps.
Recent Advances on Cryogenic Assistance in Drilling Operation: A Critical Review
Authors: Liu Hongguang , Birembaux Hélène , Ayed Yessine , Rossi Frédéric , Poulachon Gérard
Published: May 2022

Drilling operation with cryogenic assistance is beneficial toward solving critical issues in machining difficult-to-cut materials and structures, especially in terms of improving surface integrity, elongating tool life, sustainability, and so on for providing high-performance components in aerospace industries. This article presents an overview of the state of the art on this technique in recent years. It aims at analyzing its requirements and orient future directions. It starts with a summary concerning its application for different categories of work materials, including metals, composites, and hybrid stacks. Then, the main methodologies of numerical modeling and experimental characterization toward understanding the fundamentals are reviewed. The goal is to present a general view of current approaches, discuss their advantages, and disadvantages to understand the requirements toward future work. In addition, impacts of cryogenic drilling on cutting performance are reviewed in terms of thermomechanical loadings, surface integrity, tool wear, and sustainability. Finally, a brief summary is presented from different perspectives, and an outlook is recommended for future orientations.
Data Fusion With Latent Map Gaussian Processes
Authors: Eweis-Labolle Jonathan Tammer , Oune Nicholas , Bostanabad Ramin
Published: May 2022

Multi-fidelity modeling and calibration are data fusion tasks that ubiquitously arise in engineering design. However, there is currently a lack of general techniques that can jointly fuse multiple data sets with varying fidelity levels while also estimating calibration parameters. To address this gap, we introduce a novel approach that, using latent-map Gaussian processes (LMGPs), converts data fusion into a latent space learning problem where the relations among different data sources are automatically learned. This conversion endows our approach with some attractive advantages such as increased accuracy and reduced overall costs compared to existing techniques that need to take a combinatorial approach to fuse multiple datasets. Additionally, we have the flexibility to jointly fuse any number of data sources and the ability to visualize correlations between data sources. This visualization allows an analyst to detect model form errors or determine the optimum strategy for high-fidelity emulation by fitting LMGP only to the sufficiently correlated data sources. We also develop a new kernel that enables LMGPs to not only build a probabilistic multi-fidelity surrogate but also estimate calibration parameters with quite a high accuracy and consistency. The implementation and use of our approach are considerably simpler and less prone to numerical issues compared to alternate methods. Through analytical examples, we demonstrate the benefits of learning an interpretable latent space and fusing multiple (in particular more than two) sources of data.
Co-Design of the Morphology and Actuation of Soft Robots for Locomotion
Authors: van Diepen Merel , Shea Kristina
Published: May 2022

In recent years, the field of soft robotics has received considerable attention due to its potential in increasing the safety of human-robot interaction. The design of soft robots possesses great challenges. For example, the longstanding challenge of co-design morphology and actuation makes designing them by hand a trial-and-error process. Earlier work presented by the authors proposes a computational design synthesis (CDS) method for the automated design of virtual, soft locomotion robot morphologies. This work extends the CDS method for morphologies with the automated co-design of actuation. Two methods are considered. In the first method, the actuation of designs is described by parametric actuation curves (PACs) that model feedforward actuation patterns. For every morphology in the design process, a set of PACs is optimized that assumes symmetric and cyclic gaits. The second method, soft actor-critic (SAC) reinforcement learning, removes this assumption as well as models feedback control for comparison. Adding PAC optimization to the CDS method is shown to improve the performance of the resulting designs and to achieve better results within less design iterations. SAC is, however, deemed less effective, due to the need for design specific problem tuning for each new morphology. The SAC experiments also show that the best found soft robot gaits are symmetric and cyclic, although this is not a constraint in the SAC problem formulation, thus verifying the assumptions made in the PAC formulation. To validate the search space modeled in the co-design CDS method, a state-of-the-art soft robot is replicated and compared.
Gas Turbine Combustion Optimization Using Neural Network Model and Wavelet Analysis
Authors: Jia Keyu , Li Suhui
Published: May 2022

Rapid development in data science provides new methods for combustion tuning. This paper describes an artificial neural network (ANN) model that can accurately predict the key parameters in gas turbine combustion tuning and optimization, including NOx emission, combustor vibrational acceleration (ACC), and combustor dynamic pressure (DP). Wavelet denoising method was used in data preprocessing to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), which greatly improved the prediction accuracy of the neural network model. A combustion tuning simulation was then conducted to optimize NOx emissions using the acquired accurate mappings. By adjusting controllable parameters, optimization can be realized within necessary constraints. The effects of user-defined initialization parameters in the simulation were investigated for fast combustion tuning. An operating window was given considering the tradeoff between optimization results and computing time.
XPS characterization of ciprofloxacin tablet
Authors: Rincón-Ortiz Sergio A. , Botero Mónica A. , Ospina Rogelio
Published: May 2022

Ciprofloxacin tablet was characterized by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The sample was fixed to a stainless-steel sample holder with copper double-sided adhesive tape. Survey spectrum, C 1s, O 1s, N 1s, F 1s, Cl 2p, Mg 1s, and Si 2p core levels spectra were acquired. The results point out the presence of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and fluorine elements that constitute the ciprofloxacin; however, carbon and oxygen are also found in other ingredients (excipients). Additionally, chlorine, silicon, and magnesium were also detected, which are related with excipients.
In situ monitoring atomic layer doping processes for Al-doped ZnO layers: Competitive nature of surface reactions between metal precursors
Authors: Mohammad Adnan , Ilhom Saidjafarzoda , Shukla Deepa , Biyikli Necmi
Published: May 2022

In this work, surface reactions during the atomic layer doping (ALDp) process of aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) films have been studied. Conventional supercycle and alternative quasi-simultaneous codosing methods are analyzed within the 100–200 °C substrate temperature range. Two quasi-simultaneous codosing cases are investigated: (1) diethylzinc (DEZ) followed by trimethylaluminum (TMA) and (ii) TMA followed by DEZ. Quasi-simultaneous codosing experiments featured back-to-back DEZ/TMA or TMA/DEZ precursor and H2O pulses separated by nitrogen (N2) purge cycles. The grown films were characterized via (i) real-time in situ ellipsometry to monitor the individual surface ligand exchange reactions via variations in the film thickness in each half-cycle; (ii) ex situ ellipsometry to determine the film optical constants; (iii) x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to measure the elemental composition and chemical bonding structure, and (iv) x-ray diffraction to evaluate the crystal properties. The most significant finding of the study is the dominance of TMA over DEZ: for all of the quasi-simultaneous codosing samples, no matter which precursor is pulsed first and whether there is a time delay between TMA and DEZ pulses or not, zinc (Zn) incorporation within the AZO films is substantially lower than aluminum (Al). This result demonstrates the competitive nature of surface reactions between TMA and DEZ, where the winning side is TMA. Al is effectively incorporating into the film while severely limiting Zn-incorporation and even replacing chemisorbed Zn-groups via conversion surface reactions. As a result, the quasi-simultaneous codosing approach for AZO films using DEZ and TMA precursors leads to minimally (less than 2%) Zn-doped Al2O3 films (ZAO), depicting the advantages of controlled ALDp process via the conventional supercycle method.
David A. Shirley’s research group—The early years
Authors: Brewer William D.
Published: May 2022

This article is a memoir of David Arthur Shirley's early career, during his graduate student days at UC Berkeley and the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory (LRL), and later as a young professor at the College of Chemistry and LRL. It covers the 20-year period from 1955 to 1974, with a few references to earlier and later events. It derives from personal observations and private communications and, thus, gives only a few literature references.