bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANALISIS PROGRAM PEMASARAN PRODUK UMKM DODOL GARUT
Authors: Hamid Satim
Published: December 2019

ABSTRAK

Dodol adalah jenis makanan ringan semi basah dan merupakan salah satu jenis makanan ringan khas yang banyak dijurnpai di berbagai daerah di Indonesia. Dilihat dari sifat produknya, dodol mempunyai tekstur yang halus, liat, lunak, memiliki bentuk yang unik, rasa yang beragam dan dapat disimpan untuk jangka waktu tiga sampai empat bulan. Sedangkan berdasarkan karakteristik produknya, dodol memang tergolong ringan dan bukan sebagai makanan utama atau lauk pauk. Pada umumnya produk dodol Garut yang ada di pasaran memiliki karakteristik yang serupa antara satu merek dengan merek laimya baik dari bentuk, aroma, cita rasa, harga dan kemasan, akibatnya konsumen menemui kesulitan dalam membedakan mana produk dodol yang berkualitas baik dan mana produk dodol yang berkualitas rendah. Hal ini pula yang menyebabkan persaingan di bisnis ini semakin ketat.

Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Pengumpulan data di lapangan dilaksanakan pada tahun 2017. Teknik analisis data menggunakan Analisis SWOT.

Hasil analisa data ada pengaruh yang signifikan antara kualitas produk, kemasan, selera masyarakat, promosi serta munculnya kompetitor langsung terhadap keputusan pembelian produk Dodol Garut. Oleh karena itu untuk dapat bersaing di pasaran dan mampu mendapat pasar dan mempertahankannya pada jangka panjang, diperlukan suatu perancangan promosi periklanan yang meliputi perencanaan media dan konsep kreatif yang tepat sasaran dan komunikatif agar dapat bersaing di pasaran dan mampu mendapat pasar dan mempertahankannya pada jangka panjang serta dapat membentuk brand awereness sehingga berdampak positif pada peningkatan jumlah target market dan meningkatkan hasil penjualan dari yang sekarang

Kata Kunci : Bauran Pemasaran, Keputusan Pembelian
DETERMINAN BUDAYA ORGANISASI, MOTIVASI DAN DISIPLIN KERJA DALAM MENINGKATKAN KINERJA GURU SEKOLAH ISLAM TERPADU
Authors: Fadli Uus MD , Dewanti Dini , Jamaludin Asep
Published: December 2019

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan Budaya Organisasi, Motivasi, Disiplin dan Kinerja Guru serta mengetahui hubungan diantara keempat variable tersebut. Metoda penelitian menggunakan deskriptif verifikatif, explanatory survey. Sampel dari penelitian ini adalah guru di Sekolah Islam Terpadu Al-Irsyad Al-Islamiyyah Karawang. Teknik penarikan sampel dengan menggunakan stratified random sampling, pada strata unit lembaga TK, SD dan SMP, dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 94 orang guru. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Guru di Lembaga terebut memiliki Budaya Organisasi, Motivasi, Disiplin dan Kinerja yang tinggi yang mendukung berjalannya pendidikan yang baik.Budaya organisasi berpengaruh pada taraf yang sedang terhadap motivasi kerja, dan berpengaruh kuat terhadap disiplin kerja. Terdapat korelasi yang rendah antara motivasi dan disiplin kerja. Motivasi guru berperan rendah terhadap kinerja guru, tetapi displin kerja berpengaruh kuat terhadap kinerja guru. Secara simultan Motivasi dan disiplin berpengaruh kuat terhadap kinerja guru.

Kata Kunci : Budaya Organisasi, Motivasi, Disiplin, Kinerja.
ANALISIS STRATEGI PEMASARAN AYAM GEPREK â€œTHE CRUNCHâ€ DI KABUPATEN KARAWANG
Authors: Savitri Citra
Published: December 2019

Abstrak Perkembangan UMKM di Kabupaten Karawang yang terus meningkat merupakan sebuah tantangan dalam ersaingan bisnis. Ayam geprek â€œThe Crunchâ€ yang baru berdiri di tahun 2015 harus menetapkan strategi pemasaran yang tepat agar mampu bersaing. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui strategi pemasaran ayam geprek â€œThe Crunchâ€ di Kabupaten Karawang yang sesuai dengan menggunakan analisis SWOT dengan metode penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif. Data penelitian diperoleh dari data primer dan sekunder yang berasal dari bisnis ayam geprek â€œThe Crunchâ€ dengan jumlah 30 butir pertanyaan yang mewakili setiap variabel Kekuatan (Strenght), Kelemahan (Weakness), Peluang (Opportunities) dan Ancaman (Threat). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bisnis ayam geprek â€œThe Crunchâ€ masuk kedalam kuadran I mendukung strategi agresif dengan nilai peluang lingkungan sebesar 0,8 dan kekuatan internal sebesar 1,4 maka strategi yang harus dilakukan adalah penetrasi pasar, pertumbuhan pasar, pengembangan pasar melalui pengembangan dan inovasi produk serta melaksanakan strategi terintegrasi.

Kata Kunci : Strategi Pemasaran, Analisis SWOT, Faktor Internal-Eksternal, Matrik Internal-Eksternal
An Analysis of Trade Integration in the Commonwealth of Independent States Region
Authors: Terzi Nuray , Turgan Erdem
Published: December 2019

Most of the countries in Eurasia have significantly re-integrated with the global economy. Economic integration of Eurasia carries a global significance, especially in CIS region. Economic integration proceeds in different areas. One of the major areas is trade integration. Further trade integration can depend on different factors. The aim of this article is to identify trends in the trade integration of the CIS by explaining changes in the commodity composition of foreign trade, and by providing an insight into the trade policy, transport system and trade facility of the CIS region.
Banking System of Ukraine under Conditions of Overcoming the Consequences of 2008 Global Crisis
Authors: Orlova Valentina
Published: December 2019

In the modern market models state banking system plays the most significant role in the functioning of economic mechanism. It ensures control of total money supply, regulates movement of cash flows, and realizes accumulation and investment of financial resources, crediting different trades and people.
In transition from socialist model of economics to market economy a precondition for the start of reformation of economic relations is multi-branch state banking system.
In the beginning of 1990-s creation of such banking system began in Ukraine. However, crisis situation in economics that developed in 2008 has shown how imperfect and unadapted to the regularities of market economy was banking system in Ukraine.
Now Ukrainian economics like world economy is recovering. However, the problem of growing treasury deficit and national debt becomes issue of the day for the Government as drastic, not predicted variations of foreign currency are able to make an impact on loan market.
The article describes history of building Ukrainian banking system starting from market reforms. It gives analysis of the reasons that have caused collapse of the banking system under conditions of the global economic crisis of 2008. It also evaluates prospects for further development of banking sector in Ukraine.
Competition in the Banking Sector in the Czech Republic
Authors: Stavarek Daniel , Rapkova Iveta
Published: December 2019

The paper estimates the level of competition of the banking industry in the Czech Republic during the period 2000-2008. We apply Panzar-Rosse model on data from banks comprising almost 90% of the market. We found that the market was alternately in equilibrium and disequilibrium, which demonstrates a dynamic development of the Czech banking sector. While the market can be described as perfectly competitive during the period 2000-2004, the intensity of competition decreased after joining the EU in 2004 and the market can be characterized as one of monopolistic competition in 2004-2008.
The Relationship between Economic Growth and Income Distribution: The Case of Transition Economies
Authors: Özdemir Dilek , Emsen Ömer Selçuk , Gencer Ayşen Hiç , Kılıç Cemil Hakan
Published: December 2019

In the literature on economic growth, Kuznets curve shows the relationship between growth and income distribution. According to the Kuznets curve, as per capita income rises, income distribution would first become more unequal, and then less unequal. This means that, in a less developed country poverty is shared; in a developing country the difference between the rich and the poor becomes wider; and in a developed country richness is shared. In economies in transition, from socialism to market economy, however, income distribution should be less unequal because of the socialist system. But during the transition, there occurred recessions that led to falls in income. Therefore, during the transition process, as income decreased, income distribution became more unequal. In this study, the relationship between per capita income and income distribution on the transition economies are investigated by means of panel data analysis. The results obtained are then compared with the Kuznets curve.
The Relationship between Growth and Employment: The Case of Turkey
Authors: Muratoğlu Yusuf
Published: December 2019

One of the main problems of the Turkish economy in many years is unemployment. Policy makers apply many policies to increase employment. One of the most important of these policies is increasing economic growth by both ensure economic growth and increase employment in this way. This study analyzes relationship of economic growth and employment by using quarterly data of TUIK for Turkey. The variables used are GDP as a economic growth and employment rate as a employment. First types of employment are explained then growth models are discussed. In empirical application integration levels of the variables are investigated with the using DF, PP and KPSS tests. After this applications long run relationship is investigated by using Engle-Granger Analysis. Then the relation between growth and employment rate is tested by using Granger causality.
Kyrgyzstan’s Relations with International Financial Organizations: Curse or Curve?
Authors: Sarı Yaşar
Published: December 2019

Kyrgyzstan since the collapse of Soviet Union went to the transition path and while it is argued that it succeeded at some points, levels or degree. It is certainly that major obstacles to the successful transition are not overcome. First of all it was necessary to get out of Russian dominated economy since it was itself declining. Kyrgyzstan was the first former Soviet republics left Russian ruble zone and accepted its own currency, som in 1993. Moreover, it is also the first former Soviet republics entered to World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1998.
Second, finding new trade partners and external markets was a challenge. Kyrgyz governments wanted to go outside for two reasons: trading with outsiders at time of economic downturn in CIS was rise profitable and trading with outsiders would be a manifestation of their independence and sovereignty.
It is obvious that since the independence Kyrgyzstan still serves as supply of raw material such as Kyrgyzstan’s primary budget income is still composed from natural resources (gold export). The Kyrgyz Republic is also classified as a low-income country with high debt vulnerability, due to these characteristics it is eligible to receive a significant level of grant from international financial organization, like World Bank.
In this paper, Kyrgyzstan’s relations with the International Financial Organizations will divide three stages: Romantic years in 1990s, Debate on Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative in 2000s, and the last one, after HIPC and Revolution in 2010.
An Evaluation of Turkish Mortgage System from the Perspective of Global Economic Crisis
Authors: Topaloğlu Mustafa
Published: December 2019

Turkish mortgage system was established by the law number 5582 and the title of "The Law Amending the Laws Related to Housing Finance System" in 2007. Even though the entry into force of this act expressed as "Pay the rent as the landlord-performing”, no bring up short of the interest rates of a housing loan were observed. In fact, Mortgage application could not be branch out yet. The distinguishing feature of the mortgage system, mortgage collateral pools of consumer loans with guaranteed by mortgage backed securities to be issued, sold in the capital market, also called the mortgage money is the safeguard of cheap funds. Using this fund for financing provided by banks as a result of re-housing resource for the consumer to pay the cost of housing loan interest rate is relatively go into a decline.
Meanwhile, after the abundance of finance in the world, the so-called subprime mortgage, loans to non-qualified borrower, triggered the world economic crisis occurred. May well be, Turkey was unimpressed the crisis because of the not being set secondary mortgage market. All the public in charge of economy has introduced prevention of packages of measures.
The Possibilities for the Development of Kyrgyz-Georgian Cooperation
Authors: Tsuladze Iuri , Koychuev Turar
Published: December 2019

Since independence, post-soviet republics have formed own foreign policy in all directions. Both Georgia and Kyrgyzstan already have economic, trade and other relation with many countries, for example, relations with Turkey cover not only economy and trade, but also science, culture and other areas. Kyrgyzstan and Georgia have favorable conditions for revival of cooperation.
Given article analyzes the formation and development of economic and social cooperation, exchange of experience in post soviet reforming period.
There are promising possibilities for the deep, effective and mutually beneficial cooperation, establishment of political trust between the authorities, strengthening of friendship and of broad social contacts between our peoples.
Official Website as a Means of Stakeholder Dialogue on Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Harmoni Ati
Published: December 2019

As part of the fulfillment of CSR, companies are expected to engage with its stakeholders through an activity called stakeholder dialogue. Stakeholders can demonstrate an interest and influence to the company through direct pressure or through the dissemination of information, acting formally or informally, individually or collectively. The dynamics of the relationship between companies and stakeholders, particularly through the Internet are becoming increasingly attractive because, on one side, the growing demand for transparency in the company - including transparency in CSR programs and activities - and advances in communications technology and information on the other side. This paper will review whether the company's official website allows the dialogue between companies and stakeholders, in particular about CSR. Considering the number of stakeholders who have different interest to the company then the company should provide information and appropriate means of communication for each stakeholder group. A survey conducted on the company website to analyse the facilities provided by the company on its website which is intended to CSR communication and dialogue with stakeholders. The companies selected for this study were public company listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange and included in Bisnis-27 index and must have an accessable official website. The study was conducted by observing information about CSR presented on the web and the used of web interactivity features. The results indicate that the company has tried to show information about the CSR on the website but not yet fully take advantage of the interactivity features to establish a dialogue with stakeholders.
An Analysis of External Debts of Turkey (1980–2012)
Authors: Erkan Çisil , Tutar Erdinç , Tutar Filiz , Eren Mehmet Vahit
Published: December 2019

One of the most important goals of developing countries is to materialize sustainable economic growth and development. Foreign external debts play a key role in accelerating economic growth, investment and exports. Insufficient level of domestic capital accumulation generally forces developing countries to source finances by means of debts from foreign countries, banks and international organizations. External debt is also important resource for Turkey. In Turkish economy, external debt is taken generally in order to counter the saving deficit and foreign Exchange deficit and reach the high growth rate. External debts, which are initially taken as additional resources, can accelerate the investments, economic growth and development when they are used efficiently. But if the external debts aren’t used efficiently and the principal and interest payments of the external debts become higher than national income increase, it is required to get debts again to pay debts and thereby it causes to increase external debt burden and decrease the country welfare. In this study, development of external debts has been analyzed, starting from Ottoman Period until today. it is concluded that, external debts have created a negative impact on total investments between 1980 and 2010 in Turkey, and this negative impact on total investments has prevented economic growth. This conclusion suggests that the amount of foreign debt should be reduced so as to increase the level of economic growth in Turkey.
The Role of Rural Tourism in Economic Development: Example of Turkey
Authors: Ün Emre , Tutar Filiz , Tutar Erdinç , Erkan Çisil
Published: December 2019

Involvement in the tourism movements has been rising every passing day along with the globalization concept. Tourism sector contributes doubly to economy. One of them is interpreted as social activity, and the other one as economic activity or industry. Ultimate purpose of tourism is marketing a particular service to an individual who participates either as a day tripper or as a recreationist. In this respect tourism sector is a commercial sector. Today, tourism has gone beyond sea, sun and sand. A variety of tourism forms exist; such as nature tourism, adventure travel, science tourism, eco-tourism, cultural tourism, alternative tourism and rural tourism. Rural tourism plays a vital role in tourism sector. This study aims to emphasize among other tourism forms rural tourism is an accelerator power for developing countries like Turkey. Ultimately, rural tourism prevents rural immigration and is a significant medium for the publicity of Turkey; which can be integrated in various forms of tourism, which has assorted authentic recreational activities those can be done in all seasons, which contributes to the protection of natural and cultural heritage, which serves sustainable tourism concept. The paper also includes; the rural tourism policies which are applied, and applications of rural tourism. Moreover SWOT analysis for Turkey’s rural tourism will be carried out.
The Role of Entrepreneurship in Local Economic Growth: Example of Gaziantep
Authors: Eren Mehmet Vahit , Tutar Erdinç , Tutar Filiz , Erkan Çisil
Published: December 2019

In order to avoid social inequality of opportunity and improvement of local economies have become government policies in Turkey, as it is in other countries around the world. Incentives, regional development agencies, techno parks and also local entrepreneurs play crucial role in the improvement process of local economies. The increasing rivalry and globalization concept necessitate entrepreneurs to take more risks, to reach innovations to seize opportunities in optimum level. Entrepreneurship is a motor vessel in financial growth and in development, and entrepreneurship is also the source of innovation and creativity. In this regard, the more entrepreneurship develops in a country, the higher level of welfare possesses the chance to advance.
The purpose of this report, in which it has been aimed to reveal vital role of entrepreneurship in the progress of local economies, is emphasizing the status of entrepreneurship that transformed Gaziantep’s socio-economic level of development into its present position. Thus with this aim a SWOT analysis, in terms of Gaziantep’s economic entrepreneurship has been carried out. Positive contributions of Gaziantep’s immensely developed industry, facilitation of local innovative entrepreneurs’ involvement in various local economic sectors and in accordance channeling immigration into deployment in local economy have been observed in this study. Significantly it has been observed that plenitude of “opportunist entrepreneurship” or in other words “the entrepreneurs with strategic growth plans” in this region contributed local economy positively.
Ecological Environment Friendly Business Approach: The Example of Unilever
Authors: Kalburan Çetin , Haşıloğlu Selçuk Burak
Published: December 2019

Environmental awareness has increased as a result of disruption of the ecological balance. As consumers' concerns about the natural environment have been increasing with each passing day, consumers act environmentally-friendly in developed societies. In fact, environmental awareness is not only for consumers, but also it is important for companies. Because the companies are required to meet consumers' needs and expectations. Many companies are implementing environmental awareness within the framework of green marketing practices. They also try to be superior to their competitors. In today's world, companies must be sensitive to the ecological environment in order to be able to survive and compete.
Economic and Strategic Expectations of Trans-Anatolian Natural Gas Pipeline Project
Authors: Aras Osman Nuri , Suleymanov Elchin , Hasanov Fakhri
Published: December 2019

The Republic of Azerbaijan is one of the oil and gas rich countries of the former Soviet Union. After the second stage of the Shah Deniz gas field, natural gas extraction and exportation became one of the key elements of Azerbaijan’s oil and gas strategy. Diversification of the oil and gas transportation has a great importance in Azerbaijan’s energy security policy and in this regard, TANAP is an important project after Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline. TANAP is a proposed natural gas pipeline project to transport Azerbaijani natural gas through Turkey to Europe in two directions. The project was firstly announced on 17 November 2011 at the Third Black Sea Energy and Economic Forum in Istanbul. It was launched in 2014 and will be expected to finish in 2018. TANAP will cost seven billion USD and will have the capacity of 23 billion cubic meters by 2023 and 31 billion cubic meters by 2026. This paper analyzes expected strategic and economic outcomes of TANAP.
Renewal Process Approach to Companies Effects of Exports
Authors: İnce Ali Rıza , Erol Yücel , Biçer Enis Baha
Published: December 2019

In this study, it has been discussed that whether the results of the reengineering is limited and remarkable or not. In this respect, it has been questioned whether there is a significant increase in the amount of exports of a furniture company before and after carrying out the reengineering project. It has been follow-up the same six-month periods of company's situation and the export amount before and after the reengineering project. The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test was applied on the data obtained. It has been concluded that reengineering was an important tool not only in increasing the amount of the production but also increase the amount of exports and profitability dramatically.
Analysis of Competitiveness of Turkey and Commonwealth of Independent States in their Automotive Market
Authors: Bozdağ Emre Güneşer , Saraçoğlu Sıtkıcan
Published: December 2019

Automotive sector is a driving sector for countries due to forward and backward linkages and employment and value added it creates. Starting from this point, this study aims to analyze the competitiveness of CIS and Turkey automotive sector in their market. The competitiveness of the countries should be assessed with their production potential. The countries subject to the study are thirteen Eurasian countries, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. The data from UNCTAD for 1995-2011 period for these countries and Liesner Index (RCAL), Balassa Index (RCA), Relative Trade Advantage Index (RTA) and Relative Competitiveness Index (RC) are used and the rank correlation between the outcomes are checked via Spearman Rank Correlation coefficient. According to the outcomes, Belarus, Turkey and Uzbekistan have higher comparative advantage compared to the other countries. The cooperation of these countries with Russia and Ukraine on production and trade of automotive sector will enhance their comparative advantage against third countries.
Regionalism Tendency in Post – Soviet Countries
Authors: Erdem Ekrem , Mammadov Halit
Published: December 2019

We drew attention in our study to two directions of the growing regionalism in the Post – Soviet countries. The regionalism in the Post – Soviet Space has an indecisive character. A group of the country (Ukraine, Moldova, South Caucasus countries) is evaluating the regionalism as a medium of the integration with global markets and liberal world, but the other group (leading through Russia, Belarus and countries of Central Asia) see the regionalism as a factor, which is against the globalism. We made a conceptional analyze in the first part of our study. The second part of our study contents the implementation. The main these of our study “Regionalism processes in the Post – Soviet space” have been researched and analyzed under the title of Commonwealth of Independent States and Eurasian Economic Union. The foundation of the Eurasia Economic Union with the aim of more supporting of the economically integration in the Post – Soviet countries is a very important example of the new regionalism tendencies. There will be analyzed in our studies the phases of the Eurasian Economic Union – Eurasian Economic Community, Custom Union and Common Economic Space in scope of regionalism concept. It will be also explained the strategically aims of the mentioned regional structure.
Poverty Alleviation and Microfinance in post-Soviet Central Asia
Authors: Fritz Heiko
Published: December 2019

Microfinance has played an important role in poverty alleviation throughout the developing world. Though some Central Asian countries are blessed with abundant natural resources, uneven income distribution and poverty are prevalent. Microfinance, however, has not been much in the public discussion in the region. The aim of this paper is to take stock of microfinance in Central Asia; to review recent developments in the context of the global development in the sector; to assess the regulatory and supervisory environment; and to identify untapped potential with respect to the future development of the industry.
Dynamics Affecting Gold Prices in the Global Crisis
Authors: Karataş Togan , Ürkmez Emre
Published: December 2019

Gold prices have been one of the most observed financial indicators in the global economy. Various macro dynamics that historically determine the price of gold, as a precious metal have been initiated. In this scope, gold price fluctuations are closely linked to the global economic conjuncture. In this study, the role of gold in the global economy and historical gold prices are examined briefly, and in the course of global finance crisis, the elements Dow- Jones Index, petrol prices and silver prices as assigning gold prices are dealt with. An economic and econometric analysis is carried out for these indicators since it is regarded that they are crucially instrumental in gold prices. Study period is determined monthly and covers between 2007:01 and 2013:02. Johansen co-integration test, VECM and impulse response analyses are used in the econometric analysis. According to VECM analysis, it has been found out that the indicators do not act in unison in the short term, but the results of co-integration analysis reveal that gold prices are associated with the related economic indicators in the long term. As a result of impulse response analysis, it is seen that gold prices are more influenced by the fluctuations in petrol prices than other indicators. Within the frame of findings, it has been revealed that gold prices unsurprisingly increase during the crisis periods and are influenced by the indicators stated above.
Usury by Using Credit Card as an Increasing Unlawful Economic Activity in Turkey
Authors: Karakehya Hakan
Published: December 2019

Usury is regulated in article 241 of the Turkish Penal Code as a crime in the field of the economy, industry and trade. The state aims with the regulation to protect continuation of the economic order in the country. Usury by using credit card is one of the most common committing methods of the usury crime in Turkey. Due to this crime, there are many people in the economic difficulties and too much tax losing for the state, recent years in Turkey. Nevertheless usury by the credit card is getting increase with each passing day, because of the easiness, profitability, being risk-free of the action. Increasing controls and reduction to more reasonable levels of the prescribed interest for the credit card debts will be effective in the fight against the crime.
Turkish Labor Migration to Germany and its Socio-Economic Impacts in the Context of International Labor Migration
Authors: Yaprak Şenol
Published: December 2019

Germany being encountered great destruction during the World War 2 has gone through a process of reconstruction and development. However, as it could not be able to find sufficient labor force during this process, Germany has signed subsequent labor migration agreements with Italy, Greece and finally with Turkey in the year of 1961. From this date onwards, a constant labor migration has started in Germany and currently it can be concluded that 3 million Turkish origin people are living in Germany. This study aims to analyze socio-economically the point that the situation has reached in 50-year period of time. As opposed to the existing aged German population, Turkish people having relatively younger population provides support to necessary labor force. Recently, Turkish people are not only laborers in the context but also with their increasing number they began to become employers in Germany whereby contributing to Germany economy. The number of Turkish entrepreneurs in Germany is estimated to be 70-80 thousand; they operate in diverse sectors and employing approximately 400 thousand laborers. It is estimated that the Turkish businesses are making annual return of 35-40 billion Euros in Germany. More and more, a new Turkish generation has been formed there, which embraced Germany as home country and they form plans about future around Germany values. Turkish population living in Germany is crucial in terms of improving the relationships with Germany; therefore importance should be given to this issue and establishment of novel policies by the central authorities in both countries.
Effects of Public Policy on Arbitration
Authors: Topaloğlu Mustafa
Published: December 2019

Public policy is a ambiguous concept. Public policy can be defined as a set of rules which protecting the essential structure of society and its interests. Under New York Convention dated 1958, an arbitration verdict which breaching of public policy in the executing country can’t be executed. Same provision valid under Turkish Act Related International Private Law and Procedure Law. An arbitration verdict can’t be subject to appeal directly. But, it can be sued for annulment before court of first instance. The public policy is stipulated as a ground of annulment in the Turkish International Arbitration Act. New Turkish Civil Procedure Act accepted same solution about domestic arbitration. In this paper was tried to define the public policy concept and examined point of view of legal rules questioned above.
Environmental Accounting and Environmental Costs
Authors: Yılmaz Baki , Yılmaz Fatma Özlem , Atabey Naim Ata
Published: December 2019

The result of economic improvement and growth; rapidly population increase, technologic development, rapid industrialization, extreme water, air and soil pollution bring the enviromental problems. The increase lived in the environmental problems has caused an environmental conscious emerges, roots, and spills. With environmental conscious aganist the environmental problems; in the environmental costs and environmental accounting topics significant developments appear. Environmental Accounting aims at explaining the interaction between economy and environment by the information that it produces. The main approach in understanding of environmental accounting and environmental costs are to include changes in the natural environment into the national/regional accounts or corporate balance sheet. Our this Study serves the goal of the necessity of the subject of Environmental Accounting and Environmental Costs by aiming at providing for evaluating the damages in the natural environment in our world inside the process of globalization, in both a macro and micro level, and in a social, cultural, and economical structure.
The Effects of Destination Personality Items on Destination Brand Image
Authors: Unurlu Çiğdem , Küçükkancabaş Selin
Published: December 2019

The purpose of this research is to investigate the perceived destination brand personality of Istanbul and to examine the relationships among destination brand personality and destination brand image. A convenience sample of 200 visitors to Istanbul was surveyedvia face-to-face interviews. Initially, a series of exploratory factor analyses (EFA) were conducted for each measurement scales (brand personality and destination brand image) in order to identify the potential underlying factor structure of the data. Then multiple regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship between variables using PASW 18. The findings of this study indicate that destination brand personality has a positive impact on destination brand image. However, the results are not fully represent all personality traits associated with tourism destinations.While four dimensions of the destination brand personality scales (vibrancy, competence, contemporary and sincerity) are found to be significantly related to the destination brand image, sophistication dimension is not significant in predicting destination brand image.
World Financial Crisis and its Affects on the Kyrgyz Economy
Authors: Karatalov Omurbek
Published: December 2019

Аbstract
This paper has been investigated the main reasons world financial and economic crisis and defined the bases of split of the world financial environment. The paper offers ways of overcoming on financial and economic crisis in conditions of Kyrgyzstan within development of Eurasian economy. Priorities and strategy of development of the country on the near-term outlook for recovery from the crisis has been developed.In this paper has been used empirical, available historical data and individual professional knowledge in determination of priorities and strategy of development of the country on the near-term outlook for recovery from the crisis, improvement and preservation of stability of a macroeconomic situation, ensuring stability of a banking system, improvement of food, energy, industrial and ecological security are defined.This paper has been stated the main reasons of world financial and economic crisis and defined the bases of split of the world financial environment. The paper has identified the ways of overcoming on financial and economic crisis in conditions of Kyrgyzstan within development of Eurasian economy. The new economic model of development of the country is developed. Measures for demand stimulation are provided: reorientation to sectors with fast return; formation of the competitive environment for the purpose of the monopolist prevention, rendering financial support to subjects of small and average business.
Factors Impacting Capital Structure in Indonesian Food and Beverage Companies
Authors: Suhendra Euphrasia Susy
Published: December 2019

Capital structure is directly related with the financial decision of the company. Capital structure theories seek to explain why businesses choose different mixes of debt and equity to finance their operations. The concept is generally described as the combination of debt & equity that make the total capital of firms. It usually comprises all the sources of finance that a company is utilizing to finance its operations. The aim of this study is to know the major determinants of capital structure, the factors that affect capital structure. This study has used the data from 17 food and beverages Indonesian firms over a time period of 3 years (20010-2012). Debt to equity ratio (DER) is a dependent variable which is defined as the ratio of total debt to equity of the observed company, and there are five independent variables, which are liquidity, profitability, asset tangibility, firm size, and firm growth. As a result of this study, there are two variables that have a significant effect toward Capital Structure in sector of Food and Beverages Companies; they are Liquidity and Asset Structure with significant negative correlation. The other three remaining independent variables which are Profitability, Firm Size, and Asset Growth do not have significant effect toward the Capital Structure in sector of Food and Beverages Company.
The Paradoxical Effect of International Funds in Turkey: Dutch Disease
Authors: Akçacı Taner , Karaata Aydan
Published: December 2019

International funds flow freely across the countries both quantitatively and legally as a result of financial liberalization carried out by globalization process and huge amount of money flows into the countries in liberal system. Particularly for developing countries, these fund flows refer as hot money are mentioned frequently with respect of positive and negative signs. High export performance of the Netherlands as a result of discovering large natural gas reserve leads to increase rapidly its own currency. In 1959 when economic indicators getting worse, the reason of crisis appears as decreasing export in consequence of over-valued currency leads to decrease the industrial production. This paradoxical situation is named as “Dutch Disease” in economics literature. The purpose of this study is examining the effect of hot money inflow on the manufacturing sector of Turkey and testing Dutch disease for Turkish economy. In this paper, the monthly data 2006:01-2013:12 from Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey is used. Test results of causality tests that Toda-Yamamoto method (1995) and Hacker-Hatemi-J (2006) bootstrap method approve that there is no causality between portfolio investment and manufacturing industrial production index and also export. The results confirm that portfolio investments do not lead to Dutch disease for Turkey.
Recent Developments in the Banking Sector following the Global Crisis: The Effects of Regulations in the Banking Sector in Turkey
Authors: Fırat Emine , Erdem Ekrem
Published: December 2019

Banking sector is susceptible to the social and economic events. With accelerating of the globalization movement in the world, financial crises experienced not only affected one sector, but also showed itself in the world. After financial crises, while banks face to the great hazards, on the other hand, they caught opportunities. For example, the spread of the approach of non-interest banking in the world led Islamic finance sector to grow. The Turkish banking sector, after 2000 November Crisis and 2001February Crisis, also experienced a rapid change process. In the recent years, the structures and banking understandings in the banks in our country changed. In the institutional meaning, a number of innovations, positive or negative, concerning the bank staff and customers, were conducted. As of October 8, 2013, with regulations published in official newspaper, the code on credit cards and banking cards was amended. The regulations conducted, economic and political events engaging in the agenda, and unexpected increase in the exchange rate caused the banks to be influenced and to react rapidly. In our study, the effects of the regulations conducted in the recent times and the economic fluctuations experienced on banking sector were studied. The state of banking sector in Turkey and the regulations conducted in the banking sector were studied in detail, basically using the observation method and by means of examples. As a result in Turkey, in order to provide the economic stability and to be able to sustain it, the banking sector should be powerful.
Turkey-Macedonia Relations from Cultural and Historical Perspective
Authors: Özgün Tevfik Orçun , Koçak Onur
Published: December 2019

Balkans can be defined as a region which had been under different cultures’ and civilizations’ reign, and experienced different nations, religions and cultures. It is likely possible to see the effects of these multicultural and multinational structure on international politics and economy. In that sense, Macedonia is inevitably placed in an important point for Balkan and Ottoman history, and even for international politics. It is very possible to see Turkish influence on Macedonia, which -ruled by Ottoman for 542 years- has gained its independence, as a result of disintegration of Yugoslavia in 1991.When we take a look at condensing political and economic relations between Macedonia and Turkey, the effect of shared cultural and historical heritage on regional and wide economic development and cooperation can be seen with no huge effort. From that point of view, Ottoman Empire’s historical, sociological and cultural effect on sustainable and improvable economic relations are a topic of discussion. If we focus on the changing balance in Europe, resulted by disintegration of Yugoslavia, and developing approaches towards Macedonia, Turkey’s relations with Greece and other regional countries become very important, which are still being operated in terms of development and sustaining. In this study, Turkey’s attitude in recognition of Macedonia, and structure of Turkic population in Macedonia will be inspected and from Macedonia perspective, international politics and economic cooperation will be examined with historical, political and cultural emphasis.
Validity of Triple Deficit Hypothesis in Transition Economies
Authors: Özdemir Dilek , Buzdağlı Özge , Emsen Ömer Selçuk , Çelik Ahmet Alkan
Published: December 2019

Triple deficit hypothesis defined as a status in which budget deficit, current account deficit and saving-investment gap are seen together has become important to explain the equalization problems of the countries in recent years. Also, the cases where saving-investment gaps are equalized by means of external deficit or public deficit is attempted to equalize by means of external deficit define twin deficit. While Conventional Keynesian Approach argues that budget deficit causes current account deficit, Ricardian Equivalence Approach claims that there is no correlation between budget deficit and current account deficit. In this study, the validity of the triple deficit hypothesis for the 17 transition economies between 2003-2011 by means of convenient and uninterrupted data set was analyzed via panel regression models. The data set was collected from World Bank and IMF databases. The data belonging to the variables of current account deficit, budget deficit and saving-investment gap were employed. The findings showed that the triple deficit hypothesis for the 17 transition economies is not valid in the period among 2003-2011. However, some evidence was found about the validity of Ricardian Equivalence Approach and the private sector saving-investment gap was found to be the primary riser of the current account deficit.
The Transition of Kyrgyzstan to a Social Market Economy: The Features, Quality and Ways to Success
Authors: Koychuev Turar , Koichueva Merim
Published: December 2019

The purpose of the study is to analyze the economic reform process of socialist economy and give them theoretical estimate over the past 20 years; to reflect the political, economic and social readiness of society to reforms; to point on the process of substitution of economic reform by political power struggle. The reforms had to initiated by economic sphere was held by government that consisted from the same political entity that was in Soviet period. The research methodology based on the principle of complexity and systemic, that reflects effects of historical, economic, social, cultural and educational factors of social development, the mentality of society, the scientific and theoretical level of labor on the processes of economic reform. The lack of experience in market economy pointed on largely insufficient knowledge of processes of market economy that developed economies had passed. The results of the study is identifying the opportunities for proper theoretical approach to the reform process, giving recommendations to society and the government to select real, positive economic policies that will contribute to the development and extending of modern economic outlook in the social environment.
Extreme Coexceedances in South Eastern European Stock Markets with Focus on EU Accession Countries
Authors: Tevdovski Dragan
Published: December 2019

The aim of this paper is to investigate and document the financial contagion of the South Eastern Europe (SEE) stock markets. Using a modification of the Bae et al. (2003) coexceedance approach based on multinomial logistic regressions we model the occurrence of the large negative or positive stock returns on a given day across the SEE stock markets. Specifically, we divide the SEE stock markets on two groups based on country’s EU membership in order to allow for transmission mechanism from major EU economies stock markets to EU member countries from SEE, and in addition, transitory effect from EU member countries from SEE to accession countries from SEE region. We test the persistence, asset class and volatility effects on the likelihood of the coexceedances in both SEE groups. We find that effects differ: (i) between negative and positive coexceedances and (ii) between the EU member countries and EU accession countries stock markets from SEE. The empirical evidence for the persistence effects, asset class and volatility effects in the SEE region should draw the attention of both investors and policy makers.
Effect of 2008 Global Economic Crisis on Turkey’s Manufacturing Sector’s Performance: An Application on the Borsa Istanbul Campanies
Authors: Karaca S. Serdar , Ağcadağ Derya , Sağlam Müge , Baysa Eray
Published: December 2019

In this study we analyzed the effect of 2008 financial crisis on firm performance. With this aim we used manufacturing sector in Turkey. In our study we used 119 firms traded on Borsa Istanbul and quarterly data belong to 2004-2012 period. In this study we examined the period before and after 2008 crisis. We applied one sample kolmagorov-smirnov test to know whether the data has normal distribution. Also we used T-Test Analysis to compare average of the data. At the result of analysis financial ratios that accounts receivable turnover, liquidity, net working capital, short term debt / Total Debt, Financial Leverage Ratio, founded different in before and after year 2008, according to year 2008.
Emissions Responsibility and Relative Importance of the Productive Sectors in Turkey: 2002-2011
Authors: Taşdoğan Celal , Taşdoğan Bilgen
Published: December 2019

Turkey has realized high growth rates during the period of 2002-2011, except in 2008 and 2009 years. It is thought that the rapidly growing in the country may cause a lot of environmental damage, especially air pollution problems. In other words, the productive sectors have produced two outputs which are economic value added and air pollutants. This study used input output matrixes are to find out the strategically important sectors as it is known key sectors and weak sectors caused the environmental effects in the country. For this purpose, it has been tried to investigate air pollutant quantities which caused by the production process of the sectors in the period of 2002-2011 and performed the input-output tables for Turkey constructed in the World Input Output Database (WIOD) Project. These input-output tables include the emission satellite accounts, which are CO2 emissions and other air pollutants, respectively N2O, CH4, N2O, NOx, SOx, CO, NMVOC and NH3, disaggregated for the 34 sectors. It is expected that the outcomes of the study may contribute to sustainable growth debates and environmental policy implementations in Turkey.