bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk assessment of insect pest expansion in alpine ecosystems under climate change
Authors: Wang Chun‐Jing , Wang Rong , Yu Chun‐Mei , Dang Xiao‐Peng , Sun Wan‐Gui , Li Qiang‐Feng , Wang Xiao‐Ting , Wan Ji‐Zhong
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND

Growth in insect pest populations poses a significant threat to ecosystem functions and services, societal development, and food security in alpine regions under climate change. Risk assessments are important prioritization tools for pest management, which must be used to study insect pest expansion in alpine ecosystems under global warming. We used species distribution modeling to simulate the current and future distribution probabilities of 58 insect pest species in the Qinghai Province, China, based on a comprehensive field investigation. Subsequently, general linear modeling was used to explore the relationship between the distribution probability of these species and the damage caused by them. Finally, we assessed the ecological risk of insect pest expansion across different alpine ecosystems under climate change.

RESULTS

Climate change could increase the distribution probabilities of insect pest species across different alpine ecosystems. However, the presence of insect pest species may not correspond to the damage occurrence in alpine ecosystems based on percent leaf loss, amount of stunting, and seedling death of their host species. Significant positive relationships between distribution probability and damage occurrence were found for several of the examined insect pest species. Insect pest expansion is likely to increase extensively in alpine ecosystems under increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) emission scenarios.

CONCLUSION

The relationships between distribution probability and damage occurrence should be considered in species distribution modeling for risk assessment of insect pest expansion under climate change. Our study could improve the effectiveness of risk assessment of insect pest expansion under changing climate conditions. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Amniotic membrane-mesenchymal stromal cells secreted factors and extracellular vesicle-miRNAs: Anti-inflammatory and regenerative features for musculoskeletal tissues
Authors: Ragni Enrico , Papait Andrea , Perucca Orfei Carlotta , Silini Antonietta Rosa , Colombini Alessandra , Viganò Marco , Libonati Francesca , Parolini Ornella , Girolamo Laura
Published: March 2021

Human amniotic membrane-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hAMSCs) are easily obtained in large quantities and free from ethical concerns. Promising therapeutic results for both hAMSCs and their secreted factors (secretome) were described by several in vitro and preclinical studies, often for treatment of orthopedic disorders such as osteoarthritis (OA) and tendinopathy. For clinical translation of the hAMSC secretome as cell-free therapy, a detailed characterization of hAMSC-secreted factors is mandatory. Herein, we tested the presence of 200 secreted factors and 754 miRNAs in extracellular vesicles (EVs). Thirty-seven cytokines/chemokines were identified at varying abundance, some of which involved in both chemotaxis and homeostasis of inflammatory cells and in positive remodeling of extracellular matrix, often damaged in tendinopathy and OA. We also found 336 EV-miRNAs, 51 of which accounted for more than 95% of the genetic message. A focused analysis based on miRNAs related to OA and tendinopathy showed that most abundant EV-miRNAs are teno- and chondro-protective, able to induce M2 macrophage polarization, inhibit inflammatory T cells, and promote Treg. Functional analysis on IL-1β treated tenocytes and chondrocytes resulted in downregulation of inflammation-associated genes. Overall, presence of key regulatory molecules and miRNAs explain the promising therapeutic results of hAMSCs and their secretome for treatment of musculoskeletal conditions and are a groundwork for similar studies in other pathologies. Furthermore, identified molecules will pave the way for future studies aimed at more sharply predicting disease-targeted clinical efficacy, as well as setting up potency and release assays to fingerprint clinical-grade batches of whole secretome or purified components.
Urea‐Promoted Metal‐Free Homolytic Alkynyl Substitution (HAS): Metal‐Free C−C Coupling of Alkynyl Bromides Formed In Situ from 1,1‐Dibromoalkenes
Authors: Morri Ashok K. , Thummala Yadagiri , Ghosh Subhash , Doddi Venkata R.
Published: March 2021

Herein, the unique method reports the efficacy of abundantly available urea for the generation of alkynyl radicals from 1‐bromoalkynes under metal‐free conditions. Urea as a sole reagent enabled the transformation of 1,1‐dirbomoalkenes or 1‐bromoalkynes to 1,3‐diynes via Homolytic Alkynyl Substitution (HAS). Urea further showed efficiency in synthesizing disubstituted alkyne via Sonogashira type cross‐coupling of 1,1‐dibromalkene/1‐bromoalkyne with aryl iodide. The Azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) trap detected the existence of short‐lived alkynyl radical during the reaction. This method might be the first report with Homolytic Alkynyl Substitution under metal‐free conditions, whereas Homolytic Aromatic Substitution is well reported.
Visible‐Light‐Driven and Self‐Hydrogen‐Donated Nanofibers Enable Rapid‐Deployable Antimicrobial Bioprotection
Authors: Wu Fan , He Peiwen , Chang Xinyi , Jiao Wenling , Liu Lifang , Si Yang , Yu Jianyong , Ding Bin
Published: March 2021

The novel coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2 has prompted a worldwide pandemic and poses a great threat to public safety and global economies. Most present personal protective equipment (PPE) used to intercept pathogenic microorganisms is deficient in biocidal properties. Herein, we present green nanofibers with effective antibacterial and antiviral activities that can provide sustainable bioprotection by continuously producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). The superiority of the design is that the nanofibers can absorb and store visible light energy and maintain the activity under light or dark environment. Moreover, the nanofibers can uninterruptedly release ROS in the absence of an external hydrogen donor, acting as a biocide under all weather conditions. A facile spraying method is proposed to rapidly deploy the functional nanofibers to existing PPE, such as protective suits and masks. The modified PPE exhibit stable ROS production, excellent capacity for storing activity potential, long‐term durability, and high bactericidal (>99.9%) and viricidal (>99.999%) efficacies.
A fundamental comprehension and recent progress in advanced Pt‐based ORR nanocatalysts
Authors: Wang Yao , Wang Dingsheng , Li Yadong
Published: March 2021

Today, Pt/C catalysts are widely used in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The practical applications of PEMFCs still face many limitations in the preparation of advanced Pt‐based catalysts, including high cost, limited life‐time, and insufficient power density. A kinetically sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is primarily responsible for these issues. The development of advanced Pt‐based catalysts is crucial for solving these problems when the large‐scale application of PEMFCs is to be realized. Herein, we demonstrate the design principle of advanced Pt‐based catalysts with an emphasis on theoretical understandings to practical applications. Generally, three main strategies (including strain effect, electronic effect, and ensemble effect) that governing the initial activity of Pt‐based electrocatalysts are elaborated in detail in this review. Recent advanced Pt‐based ORR catalysts are summarized and we present representative achievements to further reveal the relationship of excellent ORR performance based on theoretical mechanisms. Then we focus on the preparation standards of membrane electrode assembles and testing protocols in practice. Finally, we predict the remaining challenges and present our perspectives with regards to design strategies for improving ORR performance of Pt‐based catalysts in the future.
Heteroditopic Calix[6]arene Based Intervowen and Interlocked Molecular Devices
Authors: Cera Gianpiero , Arduini Arturo , Secchi Andrea , Credi Alberto , Silvi Serena
Published: March 2021

Since the dawn of supramolecular chemistry, calixarenes have been employed as platforms onto which functional groups and binding sites can be loaded in a regio‐ and stereocontrolled manner for the recognition of charged and neutral species. Despite their wider annulus, potentially suitable to bind larger guests, the larger members of the calixarene series have been relatively less employed, mainly because of the synthetic difficulties to control their conformational flexibility and their regioselective functionalization. In this account, we will present the achievements gained during the last two decades on the use of the calix[6]arene as a platform to build‐up structures in which the macrocycle acts as a wheel for the synthesis of oriented (pseudo)rotaxanes. We also account on how these calix[6]arene hosts affect the reactivity or spectroscopic properties of their bound guests.
Krankheitsmodifizierende Therapie der sekundär progredienten Multiplen Sklerose
Authors: Hoffmann Olaf , Gold Ralf
Published: March 2021

Hintergrund

Bei der Multiplen Sklerose (MS) besteht ein Krankheitskontinuum vom klinisch isolierten Syndrom über die schubförmig-remittierende MS zur sekundär progredienten MS (SPMS). Es bestehen zahlreiche Therapieansätze mit Wirksamkeit auf die schubförmigen und fokal-entzündlichen Krankheitsaspekte, während die Therapie der sekundären Progredienz und der mit ihr assoziierten Aspekte der Pathologie weiterhin eine Herausforderung darstellt.

Ziel der Arbeit

Übersicht der aktuellen Optionen zur krankheitsmodifizierenden Therapie der SPMS.

Material und Methoden

Ergebnisse randomisierter klinischer Studien werden substanzspezifisch dargestellt und bewertet.

Ergebnisse

Randomisierte klinische Studien zur Behinderungszunahme bei SPMS zeigten für β‑Interferone widersprüchliche, für Natalizumab negative Ergebnisse. Orales Cladribin und Ocrelizumab reduzierten die Behinderungszunahme bei schubförmiger MS, wurden jedoch nicht gezielt in einer SPMS-Population untersucht. Positive Ergebnisse zu Mitoxantron sind für heutige SPMS-Patienten mit Blick auf das Nebenwirkungsprofil nur bedingt relevant. Für das Blut-Hirn-Schranken-gängige Siponimod wurde in der EXPAND-Studie bei typischen SPMS-Patienten eine signifikante Reduktion des Risikos der Behinderungsprogression nachgewiesen. Subgruppenanalysen sprechen für eine noch höhere Wirksamkeit von Siponimod bei jüngeren Patienten mit aktiver SPMS.

Diskussion

Für den Einsatz bisheriger krankheitsmodifizierender Therapien bei SPMS besteht begrenzte Evidenz. Mit Siponimod steht eine neue Option zur Therapie der aktiven SPMS zur Verfügung, definiert durch Schübe oder fokal-entzündliche MRT-Aktivität. Für die Indikationsstellung sind einerseits die frühe Erkennung einer schubunabhängigen Progression, andererseits die Abgrenzung der aktiven SPMS von einer nicht aktiven Erkrankung von entscheidender Bedeutung.
Calculating the gravity-free shape of sheet metal parts
Authors: Claus Felix , Hagen Hans , Hamann Bernd
Published: March 2021

This paper presents an iterative finite element (FE)–based method to calculate the gravity-free shape of nonrigid parts from an optical measurement performed on a non-over-constrained fixture. Measuring these kinds of parts in a stress-free state is almost impossible because deflections caused by their weight occur. To solve this problem, a simulation model of the measurement is created using available methods of reverse engineering. Then, an iterative algorithm calculates the gravity-free shape. The approach does not require a CAD model of the measured part, implying the whole part can be fully scanned. The application of this method mainly addresses thin, unstable sheet metal parts, like those commonly used in the automotive or aerospace industry. To show the performance of the proposed method, validations with simulation and experimental data are presented. The shown results meet the predefined quality goal to predict shapes within a tolerance of ± 0.05 mm measured in surface normal direction.
Self-assembly of coated microdroplets at the sudden expansion of a microchannel
Authors: Schirrmann Kerstin , Cáceres-Aravena Gabriel , Juel Anne
Published: March 2021

We report observations of the self-assembly of coated droplets into regular clusters at the sudden expansion of a microfluidic channel. A double emulsion consisting of a regular train of coated microdroplets was created upstream of the channel expansion, so that the inter-drop distance, droplet length, velocity and coating thickness could be varied by imposing different inlet pressures, albeit not independently. Provided that the enlarged channel remains sufficiently confined to prohibit propagation in double file, droplets can assemble sequentially into regular linear clusters at the expansion. Droplets join a cluster via the coalescence of their coating film with that of the group ahead. This coalescence occurs when the droplets approach each other to within a critical distance at the expansion, enabled by hydrodynamic interactions within the train. Clusters comprising a finite number of droplets are obtained because reconfiguration of the droplet assembly during coalescence increases the distance to the following droplet. Decreasing the inter-drop distance increases the cluster size up to a maximum value beyond which continuous clusters form. Formalising these observations in a simple model reveals that clusters of any size are possible but that they occur for increasingly narrow ranges of parameter values. Our experimental observations suggests that background experimental fluctuations limit the maximum discrete cluster size in practice. This method of self-assembly offers a robust alternative to flow focusing for encapsulating multiple cores in a single coating film and the potential to build more complex colloidal building blocks by de-confining the clusters.
Minimum distance-unbalancedness of trees
Authors: Kramer Marie , Rautenbach Dieter
Published: March 2021

For a graph G, and two distinct vertices u and v of G, let $$n_{G}(u,v)$$

n
G

(
u
,
v
)

be the number of vertices of G that are closer in G to u than to v. Miklavič and Šparl (arXiv:2011.01635v1) define the distance-unbalancedness of G as the sum of $$|n_{G}(u,v)-n_{G}(v,u)|$$

|

n
G

(
u
,
v
)

-

n
G

(
v
,
u
)

|

over all unordered pairs of distinct vertices u and v of G. Confirming one of their conjectures, we show that the stars minimize the distance-unbalancedness among all trees of a fixed order.
New Inertial Projection Methods for Solving Multivalued Variational Inequality Problems Beyond Monotonicity
Authors: Izuchukwu Chinedu , Shehu Yekini
Published: March 2021

In this paper, we present two new inertial projection-type methods for solving multivalued variational inequality problems in finite-dimensional spaces. We establish the convergence of the sequence generated by these methods when the multivalued mapping associated with the problem is only required to be locally bounded without any monotonicity assumption. Furthermore, the inertial techniques that we employ in this paper are quite different from the ones used in most papers. Moreover, based on the weaker assumptions on the inertial factor in our methods, we derive several special cases of our methods. Finally, we present some experimental results to illustrate the profits that we gain by introducing the inertial extrapolation steps.
A Kalman particle filter for online parameter estimation with applications to affine models
Authors: He Jian , Khedher Asma , Spreij Peter
Published: March 2021

In this paper we address the problem of estimating the posterior distribution of the static parameters of a continuous-time state space model with discrete-time observations by an algorithm that combines the Kalman filter and a particle filter. The proposed algorithm is semi-recursive and has a two layer structure, in which the outer layer provides the estimation of the posterior distribution of the unknown parameters and the inner layer provides the estimation of the posterior distribution of the state variables. This algorithm has a similar structure as the so-called recursive nested particle filter, but unlike the latter filter, in which both layers use a particle filter, our algorithm introduces a dynamic kernel to sample the parameter particles in the outer layer to obtain a higher convergence speed. Moreover, this algorithm also implements the Kalman filter in the inner layer to reduce the computational time. This algorithm can also be used to estimate the parameters that suddenly change value. We prove that, for a state space model with a certain structure, the estimated posterior distribution of the unknown parameters and the state variables converge to the actual distribution in $$L^p$$

L
p

with rate of order $${\mathcal {O}}(N^{-\frac{1}{2}}+\varDelta ^{\frac{1}{2}})$$

O
(

N

-

1
2

+

Δ

1
2

)

, where N is the number of particles for the parameters in the outer layer and $$\varDelta $$
Δ
is the maximum time step between two consecutive observations. We present numerical results of the implementation of this algorithm, in particularly we implement this algorithm for affine interest models, possibly with stochastic volatility, although the algorithm can be applied to a much broader class of models.
The effect of social distancing on the reach of an epidemic in social networks
Authors: Gutin Gregory , Hirano Tomohiro , Hwang Sung-Ha , Neary Philip R. , Toda Alexis Akira
Published: March 2021

How does social distancing affect the reach of an epidemic in social networks? We present Monte Carlo simulation results of asusceptible–infected–removed with social distancingmodel. The key feature of the model is that individuals are limited in the number of acquaintances that they can interact with, thereby constraining disease transmission to aninfectious subnetworkof the original social network. While increased social distancing typically reduces the spread of an infectious disease, the magnitude varies greatly depending on the topology of the network, indicating the need for policies that are network dependent. Our results also reveal the importance of coordinating policies at the ‘global’ level. In particular, the public health benefits from social distancing to a group (e.g. a country) may be completely undone if that group maintains connections with outside groups that are not following suit.
Typical patterns of malalignment in the degenerative acromioclavicular joint
Authors: Farkhondeh Fal Milad , Junker Marius , Kircher Jörn
Published: March 2021

Introduction

Although arthroscopic acromioclavicular (AC) joint resection is a frequently performed procedure, the pathophysiology of non-traumatic AC joint degeneration is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether non-traumatic AC joint degeneration shows a typical pattern and whether it starts at the posterior part of the joint with malalignment of the articular surfaces.

Materials and methods

In a retrospective monocentric diagnostic study, healthy and affected subjects were investigated using T2 magnet resonance imaging (MRI) scans in the transverse plane. Group 1 included 30 healthy asymptomatic adults with no history of trauma (mean age, 38.6 years). In group 2, 90 patients with symptomatic AC joints who underwent arthroscopic AC joint resection were included (mean age, 60.0 years). All patients with relevant pathologies that affect the AC joint were excluded. Malalignment was defined as posterior joint space smaller than 2 mm in conjunction with an AC angle lower than 12°.

Results

The measured values were (mean group 1 in mm; mean group 2 in mm; p-value): anterior joint space (6.07; 5.63; 0.50), central joint space (2.97; 2.09; 0.001), and posterior joint space (3.97; 2.38; 0,001), AC angle (7.63; 19.2; 0.001). In group 1, n = 24 (80%) of subjects showed aligned AC joints, whereas in group 2, only n = 11 (12.2%) of joints were aligned (p < 0.001). Increasing age correlated significantly with malalignment (r = 0.21, p = 0.021).

Conclusions

Patients with symptomatic degenerative changes of the AC joint show a typical pattern of anterior opening of the joint with early contact of the posterior joint surfaces in contrast to healthy subjects. Increasing age influences this effect.
How Angioedema Quality of Life Questionnaire Can Help Physicians in Treating C1-Inhibitor Deficiency Patients?
Authors: Balla Zsuzsanna , Ignácz Bettina , Varga Lilian , Kőhalmi Kinga Viktória , Farkas Henriette
Published: March 2021

The Angioedema Quality of Life Questionnaire (AE-QoL) is an angioedema (AE)-specific validated questionnaire, which surveys the quality of life of diagnosed patients. The questionnaire has been used in multiple clinical trials. Our aim was to investigate how the questionnaire can assist physicians in the everyday practice of following up and managing C1-inhibitor deficiency patients. In a prospective trial conducted in our center between 2016 and 2018, 125 hereditary angioedema and 10 diagnosed with acquired angioedema completed an AE-QoL during their annual follow-up visit. Laboratory indices (i.e., complement levels) were obtained for each patient. Statistical analysis comparing clinical data with QoL parameters was performed. Results of the analysis show that AE-QoL total score and number of AE attacks per year correlated well (r = 0.47; p < 0.0001). Women reached higher AE-QoL total score values than men, over a 3-year period (p = 0.0014). The highest AE-QoL total scores were reached by the 41–60-year age group; we obtained a similar result, when analyzing the four domains. No correlation was found between the AE-QoL total score and complement parameters. Patients with a negative correlation between AE-QoL total score and number of AE attacks had a positive correlation with psychologic attributes like fatigue/mood and fears/shame domains. Patients that acquired HAE showed a significant correlation between the annual number of AE attacks and the AE-QoL total scores (r = 0.46; p < 0.0001). The study establishes the use of AE-QoL as a clinical tool for follow-up which can help in the complex assessment of both hereditary and acquired HAE patients, and help to develop better therapeutic strategies.
Doing the right thing or doing things right: what is better for a successful manufacturing reshoring?
Authors: Boffelli Albachiara , Fratocchi Luciano , Kalchschmidt Matteo , Silva Susana Cristina Lima da Costa e
Published: March 2021

The article concerns the revision of earlier decisions to offshore production activities (so called “relocation of second degree”); more specifically it is focused on the “reshoring” (also referred as “relocation to the home country”, “back-reshoring” or “back-shoring”). The research aims are to investigate what types of mistakes occur along the decision-making and implementation process and how they affect the outcome, in terms of success or failure, of a relocation strategy. A multiple case study involving four companies in the fashion industry from Portugal and Italy was conducted. The cross-case analysis allowed to differentiate decision-making mistakes from implementation ones and to assess differences and similarities among the cases in terms of content of the relocation, drivers and outcomes. The research contributes to previous literature on reshoring by bringing evidence of different types of mistakes to be considered, thus requiring further conceptualization of the reshoring process. Managers and entrepreneurs should consider the importance of doing the things right also during the implementation, too often underestimated. The present article is the first one in the reshoring literature bringing evidence of cases of failure in the relocation decisions and discriminating among different kinds of mistakes.
Gut-liver axis modulation of Panax notoginseng saponins in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Xu Yu , Wang Ning , Tan Hor-Yue , Li Sha , Zhang Cheng , Feng Yibin
Published: March 2021

Background and aims

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an obesity-related comorbidity, and it is characterized as a spectrum of liver abnormalities, including inflammation, steatosis, and fibrosis. The gut-liver axis is implicated in the pathogenesis and development of NAFLD. A promising drug agent targeting the gut-liver axis is expected to reverse NAFLD.

Methods

We utilized high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice and obesity-prone Lepob mice to examine the gut-liver regulation of the natural medicine Panax Notoginseng Saponins (PNS) on NAFLD.

Results

PNS exhibited potent anti-lipogenesis and anti-fibrotic effects in NAFLD mice, that was associated with the TLR4-induced inflammatory signalling pathway in liver. More strikingly, PNS treatment caused a deceleration of gut-to-liver translocation of microbiota-derived short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) products. PNS-induced TLR4 inhibition and restoration of Claudin-1 and ZO-1 proteins in the gut-liver axis contributed to the reverse of leaky gut, which in turn abolished by the addition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an agonist of TLR4. Specifically, hepatic steatosis in HFD-treated mice was attenuated by PNS through regulating AMPKα, but restored by the replenishment of LPS. Meanwhile, the anti-fibrotic effect of PNS was abolished by LPS stimulation via the overproduction of collagen I/IV and α-SMA.

Conclusion

PNS exerted hepatoprotection against NAFLD in both ob/ob and HFD-induced obese mice, primarily by mediating the gut-liver axis in a TLR4-dependent manner.

Graphic abstract
The Toolbox of Methods for Multidirectional Characterization of Dietary Nucleic Acids; Verification for Raw and Processed Food Products
Authors: Cieślewicz Joanna , Koziara Zuzanna , Ćwiklińska Wiktoria , Bartoszek Agnieszka
Published: March 2021

Currently, the nutritional value of food is associated mainly with components such as proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. However, another important macromolecules present in many foods are dietary nucleic acids (dietNA), i.e., DNA as well as both coding and non-coding RNAs. In the context of food chemistry and nutrition, dietNA are nowadays vastly neglected. In consequence, there are no dedicated methodologies to characterize dietNA. In this study, using raw or processed meat and plant products as model foodstuffs, we developed a toolbox of methods borrowed from other fields (histology, toxicology, molecular biology) that enable the initial characterization of dietNA as a necessary step on the way to systematic evaluation of their nutritional role. The proposed set of methods embraces (i) paraffin embedding of food samples and their staining to visualize the distribution and variety of dietNA in situ; (ii) comet assay to assess integrity of nuclear DNA with possible detection of DNA damage; (iii) dietNA isolation with and without RNAse digestion to determine the content of both DNA and RNA; (iv) electrophoretic separation of isolates to profile dietNA fragments. Such a combined methodological approach revealed clear differences between dietNA derived from raw and processed food products. We believe that the presented set of methods will encourage the broader research on dietNA to understand their role as a nutritionally relevant food component.
Managing charity 4.0 with Blockchain: a case study at the time of Covid-19
Authors: Rangone Adalberto , Busolli Luca
Published: March 2021

The Covid-19 emergency is demonstrating the need to follow new solutions that can support the important role played by non-profit organizations around the world. Contrary to what should have happened to further combat the effect of pandemic, the majority of philanthropic organisations had a negative impact on fundraising, suffering a substantial decrease. Today, the Blockchain can play a pivotal role to re-establish pre-pandemic standards and enhance the development of global philanthropy. However, it is still too little considered due to the criticalities encountered during the launch and development of the initiatives as well as for a general incomprehension of its technology. Therefore, this work aims to demonstrate the Blockchain impact on the development of charity 4.0, especially in an extremely dramatic historical moment marked by the Covid-19 pandemic. The objective is achieved through the case study of Charity Wall, an emerging Italian social marketplace appreciated by important business associations for its innovative solutions in the charity 4.0 sector and for the important support provided to NPOs during their traditional function as well as against Covid-19 in Italy. Through a benchmark analysis, this work succeeds in highlighting the innovative solutions proposed by Charity Wall compared to the charity 4.0 systems on the market. More specifically, through the Charity Wall case study it is possible to demonstrate which aspects of Blockchain technology can be used to strengthen the philanthropic system by avoiding cases of fraud to the detriment of beneficiaries, receivers and donors as well as to create a closer network between the various philanthropic players to support charitable initiatives against the Covid-19.
Superconvergence of interpolated collocation solutions for weakly singular Volterra integral equations of the second kind
Authors: Huang Qiumei , Wang Min
Published: March 2021

In this paper, we discuss the superconvergence of the “interpolated” collocation solutions for weakly singular Volterra integral equations of the second kind. Based on the collocation solution $$u_h$$

u
h

, two different interpolation postprocessing approximations of higher accuracy: $$I_{2h}^{2m-1}u_h$$

I

2
h

2
m
-
1

u
h

based on the collocation points and $$I_{2h}^{m}u_h$$

I

2
h

m

u
h

based on the least square scheme are constructed, whose convergence order are the same as that of the iterated collocation solution. Such interpolation postprocessing methods are much simpler in computation. We further apply this interpolation postprocessing technique to hybrid collocation solutions and similar results are obtained. Numerical experiments are shown to demonstrate the efficiency of the interpolation postprocessing methods.
Regional logistics demand forecasting: a BP neural network approach
Authors: Huang Lijuan , Xie Guojie , Zhao Wende , Gu Yan , Huang Yi
Published: March 2021

With the rapid development of e-commerce, the backlog of distribution orders, insufficient logistics capacity and other issues are becoming more and more serious. It is very significant for e-commerce platforms and logistics enterprises to clarify the demand of logistics. To meet this need, a forecasting indicator system of Guangdong logistics demand was constructed from the perspective of e-commerce. The GM (1, 1) model and Back Propagation (BP) neural network model were used to simulate and forecast the logistics demand of Guangdong province from 2000 to 2019. The results show that the Guangdong logistics demand forecasting indicator system has good applicability. Compared with the GM (1, 1) model, the BP neural network model has smaller prediction error and more stable prediction results. Based on the results of the study, it is the recommendation of the authors that e-commerce platforms and logistics enterprises should pay attention to the prediction of regional logistics demand, choose scientific forecasting methods, and encourage the implementation of new distribution modes.
Improved Value Generation from Residual Resources in Iceland: the First Step Towards a Circular Economy
Authors: Finger David Christian , Saevarsdottir Gudrun , Svavarsson Halldór Guðfinnur , Björnsdóttir Bryndís , Arason Sigurjón , Böhme Lea
Published: March 2021

Improved value generation and efficient use of resources are important steps national economies can implement to minimize the use of resources and mitigate the creation of waste and toxic emissions. The increase of resource efficiency is eminent to tackle the imminent challenges of depleting resources and the emerging environmental crisis. In this study, we explore the value generation and efficiency of resource recovery in waste streams in the most important economic sectors in Iceland, namely, (i) fisheries, (ii) domestic waste processing, (iii) geothermal energy production, and (iv) aluminium production. By describing the processes, the opportunities, and the market potential of the value generation through enhanced resource efficiency in the four case studies, we identify possible solutions towards a more sustainable society. The results reveal that the increase in resource efficiency reduces the environmental impacts, increases the economic output, and enhances the resilience of the economy. We conclude that the presented concepts of added value generation could be the first step towards a circular economy, adhering to a more sustainable world while preserving vital resources for the next generations. While our results are based on the presented examples in Iceland, the described processes of resource recovery can be applied in any other country with similar resources.
Deviance, problematisation and solidarity as attributes of sustainable place-making
Authors: Mehmood Abid , Marsden Terry
Published: March 2021

This paper aims to progress a conceptual and analytical view to the appreciation and connectivity of spaces, places and nature in reconceptualising and progressing sustainability transitions. We look at the interrelationships between the distinct approaches of deviant mainstreaming of socially innovative practices, problematisation through innovative translation, and anchoring sustainable translations through solidarity assemblages. These three dimensions allow us to develop a neo-Callonist perspective for sustainable place-making and translation in sustainability science. We refer to some empirical experiences to appreciate these interrelationships that contribute to new realities and create new spaces and places of innovation.
Application of artificial intelligence in digital chest radiography reading for pulmonary tuberculosis screening
Authors: Cao Xue‐Fang , Li Yuan , Xin He‐Nan , Zhang Hao‐Ran , Pai Madhukar , Gao Lei
Published: March 2021

Currently, the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) is mainly based on the comprehensive consideration of the patient's symptoms and signs, laboratory examinations and chest radiography (CXR). CXR plays a pivotal role to support the early diagnosis of TB, especially when used for TB screening and differential diagnosis. However, high cost of CXR hardware and shortage of certified radiologists poses a major challenge for CXR application in TB screening in resource limited settings. The latest development of artificial intelligence (AI) combined with the accumulation of a large number of medical images provides new opportunities for the establishment of computer‐aided detection (CAD) systems in the medical applications, especially in the era of deep learning (DL) technology. Several CAD solutions are now commercially available and there is growing evidence demonstrate their value in imaging diagnosis. Recently, WHO published a rapid communication which stated that CAD may be used as an alternative to human reader interpretation of plain digital CXRs for screening and triage of TB.
New Approach to Managing the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Complex Tertiary Care Medical Center in Madrid, Spain
Authors: Artiga-Sainz Laura M. , Sarria-Santamera Antonio , Martínez-Alés Gonzalo , Quintana-Díaz Manuel
Published: March 2021

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is putting health-care systems under unprecedented stress to accommodate unexpected numbers of patients forcing a quick re-organization. This article describes the staff management experience of a third level referral hospital in the city of Madrid, Spain, one of the cities and hospitals with the largest number of COVID-19 cases.

A newly created COVID-19-specific clinical management unit (CMU) coordinated all clinical departments and conducted real-time assessments of the availability and needs of medical staff, alongside the hospital’s general management board. The CMU was able to (i) redeploy up to 285 physicians every week to bolster medical care in COVID-19 wards and forecast medical staff requirements for the upcoming week so all departments could organize their work while coping with COVID-19 needs, (ii) overview all clinical activities conducted in a medicalized hotel, and (iii) recruit a team of roughly 90 volunteer medical students to accelerate data collection and evidence generation.

The main advantage of a CMU composed by a member of every job category—its ability to generate rapid, locally adapted responses to unexpected challenges—made it perfect for the unprecedented increase in health-care need generated by the COVID-19 pandemic.
USE OF THE GALAXY AS A TOOL FOR SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL ORIENTATION DURING THE EARLY ISLAMIC PERIOD AND UP TO THE 15TH CENTURY
Authors: Eckart Andreas
Published: March 2021

We study to what extent the Milky Way was used as an orientation tool at the beginning of the Islamic period covering the 8th to the 15th century, with a focus on the first half of that era. We compare the texts of three authors from three different periods and give detailed comments on their astronomical and traditional content. The text of al-Marzūqī summarises the information on the Milky Way put forward by the astronomer and geographer ʾAbū Ḥanīfa al-Dīnawarī. The text makes it clear that in some areas the Milky Way could be used as a geographical guide to determine the approximate direction toward a region on Earth or the direction of prayer. In the 15th century, the famous navigator Aḥmad b. Māǧid describes the Milky Way in his nautical instructions. He frequently demonstrates that the Milky Way serves as a guidance aid to find constellations and stars that are useful for precise navigation on land and at sea. On the other hand, Ibn Qutayba quotes in his description of the Milky Way a saying from the famous Bedouin poet Ḏū al-Rumma, which is also mentioned by al-Marzūqī. In this saying the Milky Way is used to indicate the hot summer times in which travelling the desert was particularly difficult. Hence, the Milky Way was useful for orientation in space and time and was used for agricultural and navigational purposes.
The role of social exposure in predicting weight bias and weight bias internalisation: an international study
Authors: Stewart Sarah-Jane F. , Ogden Jane
Published: March 2021

Background

Whilst the consequences of weight bias and weight bias internalisation (WBI) have been explored, less is known about the factors contributing to their development. Some research has explored the role of social exposure in weight bias and WBI but has been limited in its definition of exposure and focused solely on western countries. The present study therefore aimed to assess the role of social exposure defined in terms of both population and personal exposure in predicting weight bias and WBI, in an international sample.

Methods

Participants (N = 1041) from 33 countries, aged 18–85 years completed online measures of demographics, weight bias, WBI, and population and personal social exposure. Population exposure was defined using national obesity prevalence data from the World Health Organisation to classify countries as low (obesity rates ≤19.9%; n = 162), medium (20.0–29.9%; n = 672) or high prevalence (≥30%; n = 192). Personal exposure was defined in terms of personal contact and health and attractiveness normalisation.

Results

Using regression analysis, greater weight bias was significantly predicted by being younger, male, less educated, and personal exposure in terms of normalisation beliefs that thinner body types are healthier and more attractive, greater daily exposure and overall exposure to thinner friends. The strongest predictors of weight bias (adj R2 = 13%) were gender (β = −0.24, p < .001), and personal exposure in terms of normalisation beliefs that thinner body types are more attractive (β = −0.13, p = .001). The strongest predictors of WBI (adj R2 = 6%) were attractiveness normalisation (β = −0.23, p < 0.001) and participants’ perceived body shape (β = −0.27, p < 0.001). Population exposure did not predict either weight bias or WBI.

Conclusions

Personal exposure is more important than population exposure in predicting both weight bias and WBI. Findings hold implications for improving the wellbeing and lived experiences of those living with overweight and obesity.
Microfluidics in cardiovascular disease research: state of the art and future outlook
Authors: Ma Qingming , Ma Haixia , Xu Fenglan , Wang Xinyu , Sun Wentao
Published: March 2021

Due to extremely severe morbidity and mortality worldwide, it is worth achieving a more in-depth and comprehensive understanding of cardiovascular diseases. Tremendous effort has been made to replicate the cardiovascular system and investigate the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Microfluidics can be used as a versatile primary strategy to achieve a holistic picture of cardiovascular disease. Here, a brief review of the application of microfluidics in comprehensive cardiovascular disease research is presented, with specific discussions of the characteristics of microfluidics for investigating cardiovascular diseases integrally, including the study of pathogenetic mechanisms, the development of accurate diagnostic methods and the establishment of therapeutic treatments. Investigations of critical pathogenetic mechanisms for typical cardiovascular diseases by microfluidic-based organ-on-a-chip are categorized and reviewed, followed by a detailed summary of microfluidic-based accurate diagnostic methods. Microfluidic-assisted cardiovascular drug evaluation and screening as well as the fabrication of novel delivery vehicles are also reviewed. Finally, the challenges with and outlook on further advancing the use of microfluidics technology in cardiovascular disease research are highlighted and discussed.
Clinical evidence of an interferon–glucocorticoid therapeutic synergy in COVID-19
Authors: Lu Yingying , Liu Feng , Tong Gangling , Qiu Feng , Song Pinhong , Wang Xiaolin , Zou Xiafei , Wan Deyun , Cui Miao , Xu Yunsheng , Zheng Zhihua , Hong Peng
Published: March 2021

Synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone is the first trial-proven drug that reduces COVID-19 mortality by suppressing immune system. In contrast, interferons are a crucial component of host antiviral immunity and can be directly suppressed by glucocorticoids. To investigate whether therapeutic interferons can compensate glucocorticoids-induced loss of antiviral immunity, we retrospectively analyzed a cohort of 387 PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients with quasi-random exposure to interferons and conditional exposure to glucocorticoids. Among patients receiving glucocorticoids, early interferon therapy was associated with earlier hospital discharge (adjusted HR 1.68, 95% CI 1.19–2.37) and symptom relief (adjusted HR 1.48, 95% CI 1.06–2.08), while these associations were insignificant among glucocorticoids nonusers. Early interferon therapy was also associated with lower prevalence of prolonged viral shedding (adjusted OR 0.24, 95% CI 0.10–0.57) only among glucocorticoids users. Additionally, these associations were glucocorticoid cumulative dose- and timing-dependent. These findings reveal potential therapeutic synergy between interferons and glucocorticoids in COVID-19 that warrants further investigation.
Bromodomain protein BRDT directs ΔNp63 function and super-enhancer activity in a subset of esophageal squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Wang Xin , Kutschat Ana P. , Yamada Moyuru , Prokakis Evangelos , Böttcher Patricia , Tanaka Koji , Doki Yuichiro , Hamdan Feda H. , Johnsen Steven A.
Published: March 2021

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the predominant subtype of esophageal cancer with a particularly high prevalence in certain geographical regions and a poor prognosis with a 5-year survival rate of 15–25%. Despite numerous studies characterizing the genetic and transcriptomic landscape of ESCC, there are currently no effective targeted therapies. In this study, we used an unbiased screening approach to uncover novel molecular precision oncology targets for ESCC and identified the bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) family member bromodomain testis-specific protein (BRDT) to be uniquely expressed in a subgroup of ESCC. Experimental studies revealed that BRDT expression promotes migration but is dispensable for cell proliferation. Further mechanistic insight was gained through transcriptome analyses, which revealed that BRDT controls the expression of a subset of ΔNp63 target genes. Epigenome and genome-wide occupancy studies, combined with genome-wide chromatin interaction studies, revealed that BRDT colocalizes and interacts with ΔNp63 to drive a unique transcriptional program and modulate cell phenotype. Our data demonstrate that these genomic regions are enriched for super-enhancers that loop to critical ΔNp63 target genes related to the squamous phenotype such as KRT14, FAT2, and PTHLH. Interestingly, BET proteolysis-targeting chimera, MZ1, reversed the activation of these genes. Importantly, we observed a preferential degradation of BRDT by MZ1 compared with BRD2, BRD3, and BRD4. Taken together, these findings reveal a previously unknown function of BRDT in ESCC and provide a proof-of-concept that BRDT may represent a novel therapeutic target in cancer.
Vaccines for human fungal diseases: close but still a long way to go
Authors: Oliveira Lorena V. N. , Wang Ruiying , Specht Charles A. , Levitz Stuart M.
Published: March 2021

Despite the substantial global burden of human fungal infections, there are no approved fungal vaccines to protect at risk individuals. Here, we review the progress that has been made and the challenges that lie ahead in the quest towards efficacious fungal vaccines. In mouse studies, protection has been achieved with vaccines directed against fungal pathogens, including species of Candida, Cryptococcus, and Aspergillus, that most commonly cause life-threatening human disease. Encouraging results have been obtained with vaccines composed of live-attenuated and killed fungi, crude extracts, recombinant subunit formulations, and nucleic acid vaccines. Novel adjuvants that instruct the immune system to mount the types of protective responses needed to fight mycotic infections are under development. Candidate vaccines include those that target common antigens expressed on multiple genera of fungi thereby protecting against a broad range of mycoses. Encouragingly, three vaccines have reached human clinical trials. Still, formidable obstacles must be overcome before we will have fungal vaccines licensed for human use.
Multilocus phylogeny and historical biogeography of Hypostomus shed light on the processes of fish diversification in La Plata Basin
Authors: Cardoso Yamila P. , Jardim de Queiroz Luiz , Bahechar Ilham A. , Posadas Paula E. , Montoya-Burgos Juan I.
Published: March 2021

Distribution history of the widespread Neotropical genus Hypostomus was studied to shed light on the processes that shaped species diversity. We inferred a calibrated phylogeny, ancestral habitat preference, ancestral areas distribution, and the history of dispersal and vicariance events of this genus. The phylogenetic and distribution analyses indicate that Hypostomus species inhabiting La Plata Basin do not form a monophyletic clade, suggesting that several unrelated ancestral species colonized this basin in the Miocene. Dispersal to other rivers of La Plata Basin started about 8 Mya, followed by habitat shifts and an increased rate of cladogenesis. Amazonian Hypostomus species colonized La Plata Basin several times in the Middle Miocene, probably via the Upper Paraná and the Paraguay rivers that acted as dispersal corridors. During the Miocene, La Plata Basin experienced marine incursions, and geomorphological and climatic changes that reconfigured its drainage pattern, driving dispersal and diversification of Hypostomus. The Miocene marine incursion was a strong barrier and its retraction triggered Hypostomus dispersal, increased speciation rate and ecological diversification. The timing of hydrogeological changes in La Plata Basin coincides well with Hypostomus cladogenetic events, indicating that the history of this basin has acted on the diversification of its biota.