bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
РЕЖИМ ГРУНТОВЫХ ВОД НА УЧАСТКАХ ОТКРЫТОГО ГОРИЗОНТАЛЬНОГО ДРЕНАЖА НА МАКТААРАЛЬСКОМ МАССИВЕ ОРОШЕНИЯ
Authors: Ә.Ә.  Жұмабеков, П.У.  Буланбаева, А.Е.  Серимбетов  , М. Мәліктайұл, М.А. Жүрсинбеков
Published: May 2021

Одним из перспективных регионов развития хлопководства в республике является Мактааральский массив, площадь орошаемых земель в настоящее время здесь составляет 154,0 тыс. га, из них в неудовлетворительном эколого-мелиоративном состоянии находятся 98 тыс. га земель. Проблема борьбы с засолением орошаемых земель требует в неотложном решении ряда вопросов, связанных с совершенствованием конструкции коллекторно-дренажных систем и оптимизации ее параметров (междренное расстояние и глубина заложения). Решение этого вопроса зависит от целого ряда обстоятельств, как от естественных условий, так и искусственных факторов. К естественным условиям, влияющим на глубину залегания грунтовых вод относится возможная величина притока воды в дрены, зависящая от литологического строения почвогрунтов и их водно-физических свойств, гидрогеологических условий включающих глубину залегания, водообильность и мощность водоносных горизонтов, наличия водоупора, водопроницаемости покровных и подстилающих слоев [1-8]. К искусственным факторам относится такие, от которых зависит техническая возможность осуществления наиболее эффективной работы дренажа при наименьших затратах на его строительство, с учетом максимального использования поверхностных и подземных вод. Заглубления регулирующих дрен позволяет увеличить расстояния между дренами, однако это усиливает неравномерность водного и солевого режимов почвогрунтов на орошаемых землях.
АБСТРАКТНЫЕ ТИПЫ ДАННЫХ ДЛЯ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЯ ДИНАМИЧЕСКОЙ ПАМЯТИ
Authors: А.Ж.Сатыбалдиева,А.А.Исмаилова.,Е.С.Голенко, К.К.Кадиркулов
Published: May 2021

В данное время с ростом возможностей вычислительных устройств возникло ощущение того, что не надо уделять внимание оптимальности вычислительных процедур: распределению, записи и хранению данных в памяти вычислительных устройств и т.д. В силу такого подхода мы получаем много неудобств при работе с такими устройствами. Одним из подходов для оптимального распределения и обработки данных в динамической памяти является исчисление алиасов (alias calculus). В данной работе рассмотрены два метода анализа указателей для проведения исчисление алиасов – логика отделимости и исчисление синонимов, и предложен новый подход к решению проблемы для логики отделимости. Данное исследование в области анализа указателей, в частности, исчисление алиасов, было предложено Бертраном Мейером и является новым подходом в исследовании алиасов. Целью анализа указателей было статически определить значения указателей, которые могут возникнуть во время исполнения программы. Такой анализ предназначен для того, чтобы найти и устранить в программе ошибки, связанные с тем, что разные выражения могут указывать на одну и ту же область памяти. В общем случае эта задача неразрешима, однако было разработано большое количество приближённых алгоритмов, осуществляющих компромисс между скоростью анализа и точностью предлагаемого решения. Данное исчисление алиасов предложено для более реалистического языка программирования с автоматической и динамической памятью с различными типами для регулярных данных и адресов с разрешимой адресной арифметикой. Все представленные варианты исчисления (в настоящее время) нечувствительны к потоку управления (как исходное исчисление Б. Мейером), но данное исчисление основано на равенствах (в отличие от исходного исчисления).
Earth system economics: a biophysical approach to the human component of the Earth system
Authors: Galbraith Eric D.
Published: May 2021

Abstract. The study of humans has largely been carried out in isolation from the study of the non-human Earth system. This isolation has encouraged the development of incompatible philosophical, aspirational, and methodological approaches that have proven very difficult to integrate with those used for the non-human remainder of the Earth system. Here, an approach is laid out for the scientific study of the global human system that is intended to facilitate seamless integration with non-human processes by striving for a consistent physical basis, for which the name Earth system economics is proposed. The approach is typified by a foundation on state variables, central among which is the allocation of time amongst activities by human populations, and an orientation towards considering human experience. A framework is elaborated which parses the Earth system into six classes of state variables, including a neural structure class that underpins many essential features of humanity. A working example of the framework is then illustrated with a simple numerical model, considering a global population that is engaged in one of two waking activities: provisioning food or doing something else. The two activities are differentiated by their motivational factors, outcomes on state variables, and associated subjective experience. While the illustrative model is a gross simplification of reality, the results suggest how neural characteristics and subjective experience can emerge from model dynamics. The approach is intended to provide a flexible and widely applicable strategy for understanding the human–Earth system, appropriate for physically based assessments of the past and present, as well as contributing to long-term model projections that are naturally oriented towards improving human well-being.
FaIRv2.0.0: a generalized impulse response model for climate uncertainty and future scenario exploration
Authors: Leach Nicholas J. , Jenkins Stuart , Nicholls Zebedee , Smith Christopher J. , Lynch John , Cain Michelle , Walsh Tristram , Wu Bill , Tsutsui Junichi , Allen Myles R.
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Here we present an update to the FaIR model for use in probabilistic future climate and scenario exploration, integrated assessment, policy analysis, and education. In this update we have focussed on identifying a minimum level of structural complexity in the model. The result is a set of six equations, five of which correspond to the standard impulse response model used for greenhouse gas (GHG) metric calculations in the IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report, plus one additional physically motivated equation to represent state-dependent feedbacks on the response timescales of each greenhouse gas cycle. This additional equation is necessary to reproduce non-linearities in the carbon cycle apparent in both Earth system models and observations. These six equations are transparent and sufficiently simple that the model is able to be ported into standard tabular data analysis packages, such as Excel, increasing the potential user base considerably. However, we demonstrate that the equations are flexible enough to be tuned to emulate the behaviour of several key processes within more complex models from CMIP6. The model is exceptionally quick to run, making it ideal for integrating large probabilistic ensembles. We apply a constraint based on the current estimates of the global warming trend to a million-member ensemble, using the constrained ensemble to make scenario-dependent projections and infer ranges for properties of the climate system. Through these analyses, we reaffirm that simple climate models (unlike more complex models) are not themselves intrinsically biased “hot” or “cold”: it is the choice of parameters and how those are selected that determines the model response, something that appears to have been misunderstood in the past. This updated FaIR model is able to reproduce the global climate system response to GHG and aerosol emissions with sufficient accuracy to be useful in a wide range of applications and therefore could be used as a lowest-common-denominator model to provide consistency in different contexts. The fact that FaIR can be written down in just six equations greatly aids transparency in such contexts.
ISWFoam: A numerical model for internal solitary wave simulation in continuously stratified fluids
Authors: Li Jingyuan , Zhang Qinghe , Chen Tongqing
Published: May 2021

Abstract. A numerical model, ISWFoam, for simulating internal solitary waves (ISWs) in continuously stratified, incompressible, viscous fluids is developed based on a fully three-dimensional (3D) Navier-Stokes equation using the open source code OpenFOAM. This model combines the density transport equation with the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equation with the Coriolis force, and the model discrete equation adopts the finite volume method. The k-ω SST turbulence model has also been modified accordingly to the variable density field. ISWFoam provides two initial wave generation methods to generate an ISW in continuously stratified fluids, including solving the weakly nonlinear models of the extended Korteweg–de Vries (eKdV) equation and the fully nonlinear models of the Dubreil-Jacotin-Long (DJL) equation. Grid independence tests for ISWFoam are performed, considering the accuracy and computing efficiency, the appropriate grid size of the ISW simulation is recommended to be one-one hundred and fiftieth of the characteristic length and one-twenty fifth of the ISW amplitude. Model verifications are conducted through comparisons between the simulated and experimental data for ISW propagation examples over a flat bottom section, including laboratory scale and actual ocean scale, a submerged triangular ridge, a Gaussian ridge and slope. The laboratory test results, including the ISW profile, wave breaking location, ISW arrival time, and the spatial and temporal changes in the mixture region, are well reproduced by ISWFoam. The ISWFoam model with unstructured grids and local mesh refinement can accurately simulate the generation and evolution of ISWs, the ISW breaking phenomenon and the interaction between ISWs and complex structures and topography.
Biochar alters hydraulic conductivity and inhibits nutrient leaching in two agricultural soils
Authors: Gelardi Danielle L. , Ainuddin Irfan , Rippner Devin A. , Abou Najm Majdi , Parikh Sanjai J.
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Biochar is purported to provide agricultural benefits when added to the soil, through changes in soil water hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), and increased nutrient retention through chemical or physical means. Despite increased interest and investigation, there remains uncertainty regarding the ability of biochar to deliver these agronomic benefits due to differences in biochar feedstock, production method, production temperature and soil texture. In this project, a suite of experiments was carried out using biochars of diverse feedstocks and production temperatures, in order to determine the biochar parameters which may optimize agricultural benefits. Sorption experiments were performed with seven distinct biochars to determine sorption efficiencies for ammonium and nitrate. Only one biochar effectively retained nitrate, while all biochars bound ammonium. The three biochars with the highest binding capacities (produced from almond shell at 500 and 800 °C (AS500 and AS800) and softwood at 500 °C (SW500)) were chosen for column experiments. Biochars were amended to a sandy loam and a silt loam at 0 and 2 % (w/w) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) was measured. Biochars reduced Ksat in both soils by 64–80 %, with the exception of AS800, which increased Ksat by 98 % in the silt loam. Breakthrough curves for nitrate and ammonium, as well as leachate nutrient concentration, were also measured in the sandy loam columns. All biochars significantly decreased the quantity of ammonium in the leachate, by 22 to 78 %, and slowed its movement through the soil profile. Ammonium retention was linked to high cation exchange capacity and a high oxygen to carbon ratio, indicating that the primary control of ammonium retention in biochar-amended soils is the chemical affinity between biochar surfaces and ammonium. Biochars had little to no effect on the timing of nitrate release, and only SW500 decreased total quantity, by 27 to 36 %. The ability of biochar to retain nitrate may be linked to high surface area, suggesting a physical entrapment rather than a chemical binding. Together, this work sheds new light on the combined chemical and physical means by which biochar may alter soils to impact nutrient leaching and hydraulic conductivity for agricultural production.
Gametophytic phase of the Indonesian ferns Amblovenatum immersum (Blume) Mazumdar and Christella subpubescens (Blume) Holttum (Thelypteridaceae)
Authors: Ruano Sofía , Seral Andrea , Vázquez Rubén , Molino Sonia , Gabriel y Galán José María
Published: May 2021

The gametophytic generation of Amblovenatum immersum and Christella subpubescens (Thelypteridaceae), including spore germination, morphological development of the gametophytes, major vegetative features and reproduction strategies, was studied. For both species, the spore germination was of the Vittaria type and the developmental pattern was of the Drynaria type. Adult gametophytes were cordate and hairy, with unicellular and secretory hairs located in the margins and both the ventral and dorsal surfaces of the prothalli. C. subpubescens has another type of acicular hairs only in the margin of the prothallus. Gametangia were of the normal type described for leptosporangiate ferns. In A. immersum all the gametophytes were female. In C. subpubescens the gametophytes produced at first instance female gametangia and then became bisexual with time. Antheridiogen activity was observed in both species, suggested by the presence of small young ameristic gametophytes with antheridia surrounding well-developed female ones.
Iniciativas productivas y construcción de un nuevo modelo productivo en la Patagonia norte. Limitantes y desafíos de futuro
Authors: Sili Marcelo Enrique , Pazzi Andrés
Published: May 2021

El proceso de expansión y transformación de la agricultura y la ganadería en la Argentina ha sido muy evidente en las últimas dos décadas. La región patagónica no es ajena a esta dinámica, no obstante, el elemento más interesante en esta zona es la emergencia de numerosas iniciativas productivas, muchas de ellas innovadoras, favorecida por la fuerte dotación de recursos naturales y especialmente de agua, y por menores precios relativos de la tierra. Este trabajo describe y analiza la emer-gencia de estas iniciativas y también los factores que limitan dicha expansión, espe-cialmente la falta de infraestructuras, de políticas públicas de apoyo, y la debilidad de los servicios necesarios para que estas nuevas producciones puedan madurar con-formando clústeres dinámicos y competitivos y no queden relegados a producciones de nicho, que solo aprovechan ciertas condiciones naturales favorables.
Actividades extractivas en la producción del territorio en Argentina. Un análisis comparado entre minería, soja e hidrocarburos
Authors: Schweitzer Mariana , Petrocelli Santiago Pablo , Scardino Marisa , Arancio Mariel Alejandra , Nerome Mariela Mitsuko , Schweitzer Pablo
Published: May 2021

l presente trabajo tiene por objetivo analizar el despliegue territorial de activi-dades clave de la economía extractiva intensiva en Argentina desde la década del 90 a la actualidad, comparando el cultivo de la soja en Charata y Villa Ángela (Provincia de Chaco), la minería a cielo abierto en Belén, Hualfín y Andalgalá (Provincia de Catamarca) y la extracción de hidrocarburos no convencionales en Añelo y Rincón de los Sauces (Provincia de Neuquén). Se indaga en la arti-culación de las actividades con su entorno regional y en la relación global-local. Como resultados se observaron diferentes desempeños vinculados a la generación de empleo y atracción de población, a las dinámicas económicas locales y a la generación de actividades complementarias, como a las políticas públicas que direccionaron su desarrollo. Este estudio permitió pensar, en función de ello, su comportamiento como enclaves regionales.
Comparación metodológica del diseño de un planeador en forma de ala volante.
Authors: Orduy Rodríguez Jaime , Rodríguez Barón Iván Felipe , Estupiñan Coconubo Duvan Arturo , Russi Moreno Brandon Nicolas
Published: May 2021

El desarrollo de la industria aeronáutica se ha enmarcado con el continuo diseño y mejora de productos aeronáuticos, sin embargo, los métodos de diseño se han venido estandarizando a tal modo que los diseñadores principiantes o inexpertos tienden a encaminarse por los procesos metodológicos que presentan autores reconocidos como: Raymer y Roskam. No obstante, al orientarse por estos procesos metodológicos se pierden aspectos importantes del diseño como la innovación y el constante contacto con los clientes o las partes interesadas (denominados stakeholders) en el desarrollo del producto, por ende, es preciso indagar el uso de una metodología que una la necesidad del cliente con el desarrollo del diseño, en donde se pueda verificar y realizar una trazabilidad coherente entre variables y componentes. Por tal motivo se analiza la metodología que presenta la Ingeniería de Sistemas (SE por sus siglas en inglés) ya que acopla la interacción con los clientes con el surgimiento de ideas innovadoras. Este documento pretende realizar una comparación entre las metodologías tradicionales con la metodología presentada por la Ingeniería de Sistemas (SE). Dicha comparación se basa en el desarrollo conceptual de un planeador, a partir de un proyecto de referencia, el cual hace uso de la metodología de Raymer y Roskam y su contraparte diseñada a través de la Ingeniería de Sistemas (SE). Se presentan los resultados del respectivo análisis y la comparación, permitiendo reconocer las ventajas y diferencias del uso de esta metodología en el diseño de componentes aeronáuticos.
A literary Review of Nidanapanchaka of Chhardi Vyadhi
Authors: Kawale Sarita Manikrao , Mhaske Rajesh
Published: May 2021

Acharya Shushruta has explained chhardi is the impurities come out of mouth with forceful impulses covering the face and producing tearing pain in body. When udanavayu join with vyanvayu, impelling doshas aggravated by the use of incompatible food forces upwards. Due to its similarity it can be co-related with modern disease emesis, vomiting. Sometime vomiting is considered as a disease and sometimes it is associate complaints with the other disease. Chhardi is explained by almost all samhita and granthas.
This article is based on Nidanapanchaka of Chhardi Roga from Ayurvedic texts as Madhavnidan, Charak samhita, Sushruta samhita, Astanga hrudaya etc with all commentaries. Annavaha srotas is chiefly involved in pathogenesis of Chhardi Roga. The changing lifestyle of human being by means of Ahara, Vihar and Manasik hetu plays a major role in manifestation of various diseases. Chhardi Roga is also one of them. The detail knowledge of Nidanapanchaka and types of Chhardi Roga will help in its diagnosis and management in this modern era also. So there is need to review of the nidanapanchaka of Chardivyadhi according to Ayurveda as well as modern science.
Architecture and Sites
Authors: Caldarola Elisa
Published: May 2021

Several contemporary architects have designed architectural objects that are closely linked to their particular sites. An in-depth study of the relevant relationship holding between those objects and their sites is, however, missing. This paper addresses the issue, arguing that those architectural objects are akin to works of site-specific art. In section (1), I introduce the topic of the paper. In section (2), I critically analyse the debate on the categorisation of artworks as site-specific. In section (3), I apply to architecture the lesson learned from the analysis of the art debate.
Davies and Levinson on the Musical Expression of Emotion
Authors: Collins David
Published: May 2021

Stephen Davies and Jerrold Levinson have each offered accounts of how music can express emotions. Davies’s ‘Appearance Emotionalism’ holds that music can be expressive of emotion due to a resemblance between its dynamic properties and those of human behaviour typical of people feeling that emotion, while Levinson’s ‘Hypothetical Emotionalism’ contends that a piece is expressive when it can be heard as the expression of the emotion of a hypothetical agent or imagined persona. These have been framed as opposing positions but I show that, on one understanding of ‘expressing’ which they seem to share, each entails the other and so there is no real debate between them. However, Levinson’s account can be read according to another—and arguably more philosophically interesting— understanding of ‘expressing’ whereas Davies’s account cannot as easily be so read. I argue that this reading of Hypothetical Emotionalism can account for much of our talk about music in terms of emotions but must answer another question—viz., how composers or performers can express emotions through music—to explain this relation between music and emotion. I suggest that this question can be answered by drawing on R. G. Collingwood’s theory of artistic expression.
Penggunaan Agregat Sungai Batu Tiakka’ dalam Campuran AC-BC
Authors: Palimbunga Gabriel Pabia , Rachman Rais , Alpius
Published: May 2021

Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui karakteristik penggunaan agregat Sungai Batu Tiakka’ dalam Campuran AC-BC. Metode dalam penelitian ini adalah melakukan serangkaian pengujian karakteristik agregat kasar, halus, dan filler kemudian merancang komposisi campuran AC-BC serta pengujian Marshall untuk mendapatkan karakteristik campuran dan pengujian Marshall immersion untuk memperoleh indeks kekuatan sisa (IKS) dengan menggunakan kadar aspal optimum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik bahan perkerasan berupa agregat Sungai Batu Tiakka Kecamatan Saluputti memenuhi Spesifikasi Umum Bina Marga 2018 sebagai bahan lapisan perkerasan jalan. Melalui uji Marshall diperoleh karakteristik campuran AC-BC dengan kadar aspal 5,00%, 5,50%, 6,00%, 6,50% , 7,00%. Hasil pengujian Marshall immersion campuran AC-BC dengan kadar aspal optimum 7,00% diperoleh Indeks Kekuatan Sisa (IKS) sebesar 93,47% yang memenuhi Spesifikasi Umum Bina Marga 2018 yaitu  90%.Dimana hasil penilitian ini dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa agregat Sungai Batu Tiakka Kecamatan Saluputti dapat digunakan sebagai bahan perkerasan jalan dalam campuran AC-BC karena memenuhi Spesifikasi Umum Bina Marga 2018.
Flotation Studies on Low-Grade Phosphate Rock of Tarnawai, District Abbottabad, KPK Province, Pakistan
Authors: Bhatti Muhammad Arif , Ahad Abdul , Kazmi Kamran Raza , Zafar Uzma , Amin Athar , Akram Adnan
Published: May 2021

A low-grade siliceous sedimentary phosphate rock assaying 22.05% P205 was upgraded by double float (direct and reverse) technology. The rock contains collophane (carbonate fluorapatite) as the valuable phosphate mineral along with siliceous, carbonaceous and clay minerals. A process was developed which yielded a high-grade phosphate concentrate with improved recovery rate. The developed process consists of three parts. The first part includes wet grinding of ore to liberation point followed by separation of fines (slimes) by cone classifier. The finely ground deslimed ore was floated by direct anionic flotation using oleic acid collector to get rougher phosphate concentrate. It was cleaned once using additional quantity of reagents. In the second part, the fines generated during grinding operation were floated by column flotation to recover phosphate values. The cleaned concentrate and column concentrate were mixed together and washed thoroughly with hot water to remove the attached reagents. The final part comprises of cationic flotation of combined phosphate concentrate with fatty amine collector to float away quartz and silicates and to leave behind phosphate values. The grade of final phosphate concentrate was found to be 32.85% P205 with an overall recovery of 88.14%. The concentrate obtained meets the specifications of fertilizer and acid grade.
Effect of Immersion Mediums on the Structural and Thermal Properties of [EP/Zr02-Y203] Nanocomposites
Authors: Al-Falahi Ahmad H. M.
Published: May 2021

This research studies is the effects of the chemical solutions on the structural properties and thermal conductivity of the nanocomposite materials. Samples were prepared via the hand lay-up molding method, using epoxy resin as a matrix and a variety of weight ratios of the nanoceramic powder (Zirconia- Yttria) as a reinforcement material with different weight ratios,using hand lay-up molding method. Distilled water H20 and diluted HCl and Na0H solutions were used as immersion mediums. Surface roughness, granularity cumulating distribution and thermal conductivity were investigated. The results showed an increase in the surface roughness and changes in the granularity cumulating distribution and thermal conductivity that were dependent on the type of immersion medium used, as well as on the addition ratio of Zirconia-Yttria.
System of protected natural areas as a resource of the Tyumen region regional development
Authors: Kalutskov V.
Published: May 2021

The  article  discusses  the  prospects  of  applying  a  cultural  and  landscape approach to the network of specially protected natural areas of the region.

Legal  issues  related  to  the  management  of  specially  protected  natural  areas  are considered.

The  main  attention  is  paid  to  the  justification  of  the  allocation  of  perspective  protected  areas  within  the  framework  of  the  emerging  Tyumen  region  cultural  framework and  the  analysis  of  the  network  structure,  relative  to  four  hubs  of  the  regional  framework: Tyumen, Tobolsk, Ishim and Yalutorovsk.
Cost-Benefit Implications in the Emerging Electronic Banking Space in Nigerian Financial Sector
Authors: Ihenetu Hyginus I. , Anaele Augustine A.
Published: May 2021

The paper evaluated the cost-benefit implications in the emerging electronic banking space in Nigerian financial sector. Data were collected from CBN statistical bulletin and NDIC annual report. Twenty one (21) banks operating in Nigeria constitutes the population of the study and sample size of twelve (14) years was selected through purposive sample method. Auto-Regressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) was used to analyze the data after stationarizing it through Augumented Dicky Fuller (ADF) unit root test. The findings show that ATM, POS and MB have no significant effect while WIT has negative significant on banks’ profit. The findings further reveal that the combination of these variables has positive and significant effect on banks’ profit. We therefore recommend that banks should fully utilize the benefits provided through electronic banking by ensuring that more ATM terminals are provided in order to reduce crowd. Professionals that can constantly put the machine in order should be emlpoyed and there should be constant money in the machine to enable the banks make more profits and serve the people better at all times. POS should be made available to the users and at a reduced cost without hidden charges to enable people of different categories have access to them. This will help to generate revenue to the banks and reduce their cost of transaction etc.
Sustainable Local Economic Development in Tanzania: Exploring Economic Challenges in Growing the Economy
Authors: Bishagazi Kaihula P.
Published: May 2021

The failure of macro-economic policies to deliver meaningful reductions in poverty and achieve basic needs in Tanzania has provoked a deep questioning of the relevance of economic growth center policies in Local Economic Development (LED). The government and development partners are increasingly shifting from the traditional top down approaches to the all-inclusive bottom up approaches for effective local development. The concept of sustainable Local Economic Development is thus examined in the context of economic activities and challenges using a case study of Shinyanga region in Tanzania.
Using Audio Visual Materials for Civil Engineering Students to Gain Field Experience in Schools: Stone Wall Example
Authors: BOZ Ediz , TOĞAN Vedat
Published: May 2021

Civil engineers taking great responsibilities in many tasks they work, get educated in university before they have such an important profession. With this education, they are expected to fulfill the responsibilities they will face in their professional life. Therefore, the education received by civil engineers is as important as their work for society. Students from schools with more theoretical education have difficulties on understanding of practical applications in the field. To overcome these understanding challenges, students have been supplemented with audio-visual materials that contain practical knowledge based on theoretical background. For this purpose, the process of the construction work were visually recorded in original form from construction site and a specific scenario was prepared and performed. Prepared audio-visual material was then presented to a total of 261 students and the efficiency of the materials was determined. As a result of this study, it was seen that the use of audio-visual material contributed to the elimination of the deficiencies of the students in the construction work applications.
Geleneksel Oyunların 3-6 Yaş Çocukların Sosyal-Duygusal Gelişimleri Üzerindeki Etkisi
Authors: KIZIL YATMAZ Aişe , GÖKÇE Nihal , ÇOK Yasin , ERDOĞAN Büşra Munise , AVAROĞLU Nuray
Published: May 2021

3-6 yaş çocuklarının, tablet, telefon ve televizyon gibi teknolojik cihazlar ile çok fazla vakit geçirmesi ile çocukların gelişimleri ve sosyal iletişim becerileri olumsuz etkilenmektedir. Özellikle, bu teknolojik cihazlarda izole şekilde yalnız ve çoğunluğu online tasarımlara dayalı birlikte oynanabilen dijital oyunlar oynamaktadırlar. Bu durum çocukların hem arkadaşları hem de ailesi ile nitelikli zaman geçirmesine engel olmakta ve asosyal davranış geliştirmelerine sebep olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, birlikte oynanan ve paylaşım gerektiren geleneksel oyunların 3-6 yaş çağındaki çocukların sosyal-duygusal gelişimlerine etkisinin öğretmen görüşleri kapsamında incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma grubunu Türkiye genelince MEB’e bağlı özel ve devlet okul öncesi eğitim kurumunda çalışan 30 okul öncesi öğretmeninden oluşturulmuştur. Nitel olarak tasarlanan araştırmada, verilerin toplanmasında açık uçlu soru formu tekniği kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler analizinde betimsel analiz yöntemi kullanılarak yorumlanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, geleneksel oyunları oynayan çocukların enerjilerini daha rahat attıkları, duygu ve düşüncelerini daha rahat ifade edebildikleri, özgüvenlerinin geliştiği, iletişim becerilerinin arttığı, işbirliği ve dayanışma gibi sosyal ve duygusal becerilerinin geliştiği görülmüştür.
Evaluation Of Physical Education Teachers' Opinions About Course Duration And Hours In Schools
Authors: YIKILMAZ Ahmet
Published: May 2021

One of the biggest goals of the education system is to increase student success academically. There are many factors that affect student success. One of these is the course hours and duration. Therefore, teachers' attitudes towards the duration and hours of the lessons are very important for the lessons to be efficient and useful. The aim of this study is to evaluate the opinions of physical education teachers about the course time and hours in schools. The research is a qualitative study. The study group of the research consists of 20 physical education teachers and this study group was determined by the maximum diversity sampling method. In the study group of the study, face-to-face interview technique was used with 20 physical education teachers within the Iğdır Provincial Directorate of National Education, on a voluntary basis. In the study, the data obtained by using the interview method, which is one of the qualitative research methods, was analyzed with the content analysis method. As a result of the research, physical education teachers stated that the duration of the lesson was sufficient, but it should be increased according to the grade level or adjusted according to the teacher. It was stated that the duration of the physical education teachers participating in the study should be adjusted by considering the developmental characteristics of the students. In addition, while the research group stated that the daily class hours were sufficient, it was concluded that the daily course hours of some teachers were insufficient and should be increased.
A Case of Cutaneous Endometriosis following Vulvar Injury
Authors: Hazard Danielle B. , Harkins Gerald J.
Published: May 2021

Background

Cutaneous endometriosis of the vulva following traumatic injury is rare.

Case

A 15-year-old presented to the emergency department complaining of vulvar swelling with painful papules and URI symptoms, 11 months after suffering a vulvar abrasion. She was admitted to the hospital for pain control and empiric antiviral therapy for a suspected herpes outbreak, although final herpes simplex virus (HSV) cultures were negative. She continued to experience similar episodic vulvar symptoms, and biopsy and surgical resection of the lesions revealed cutaneous endometriosis.

Conclusion

Although the vulva is a rare site for endometriosis, it should always remain a differential diagnosis when painful vulvar lesions are present.
Psychosomatic Aspects of Endometriosis
Authors: Bitzer Johannes
Published: May 2021

From a patient's perspective and experience endometriosis is characterized by six major challenges and stressors: 1) often the diagnosis is delayed; 2) the cause of the disease is unknown; 3) it is a chronic recurrent disease; 4) it affects young women; 5) it is accompanied by chronic pain and dyspareunia; 6) it may lead to infertility. These features create psychological needs for patients which should be responded to by an integrated basic psychosomatic care. This includes respect and empathy, patient centered communication, adequate response to negative emotions, establishment of a helpful and lasting therapeutic relationship, psychoeducation, empowerment and shared decision making.

Apart from this basic psychosomatic care which can be provided by each treating physician or nurse, some conditions need more specialized psychosomatic care in the context of a multidisciplinary team: Chronic pain services, Infertility treatment teams, Sexual counselling and therapy and treatment of psychiatric comorbities or sequelae of the disease like depression, anxiety disorder etc.

Psychosomatic care should thus be integrated into the biomedical diagnosis and therapy of endometriosis.
Grammar Teaching in the Turkish Language Course Curriculum: An Examination in the Context of Acquisitions, Activity, and Teachers’ Opinions
Authors: Kodan Hülya , Kara Kürşad
Published: May 2021

This research aimed to reveal teachers’ opinions about how the grammar-teaching process is related to the acquisitions in the curriculum, activities, and acquisitions presented in the textbooks teaching in mother tongue, the study reviewed different textbooks from four publishers, Cem, Sonuç, Koza, and Ministry of National Education (MEB) publications prepared for the 2018 primary school Turkish language course curriculum and Education Information Network (EBA) of the Turkish Ministry of Education. Moreover, opinions of ten primary school teachers who have taught all grades regarding the teaching process for grammar acquisition were investigated. The study conducted a case study method, which is one of the qualitative research techniques. Besides, a document analysis was conducted to obtain the research findings. Structured interview protocol and document review were used as the data collection tool. The findings of the study revealed that acquisition in the learning areas of reading and writing for grammar in the curriculum was not clearly and transparently identified, and the limits of the teaching framework were not specified. The study findings also revealed that information was transferred only in the majority of the grammar activities in the textbooks. Also, classroom teachers reported that they used different methods on the subjects they could embody in the teaching process, but they claimed to have difficulties in teaching abstract concepts.
Musculoskeletal Considerations for Exercise and Sport: Before, During, and After Pregnancy
Authors: Borowski Lauren E. , Barchi Elizabeth I. , Han Julie S. , Friedman David A. , Carter Cordelia W.
Published: May 2021

There is little written in the orthopaedic literature regarding common musculoskeletal problems that women encounter in relation to pregnancy and their clinical and surgical management. Exercise and other physical activity are generally recommended for most women before, during, and after pregnancy. Unfortunately, a variety of musculoskeletal issues may keep women from starting, continuing, or resuming a healthy exercise regimen throughout a notable portion of their reproductive years. Untreated and undertreated orthopaedic conditions in female athletes may therefore have further unintended negative effects on maternal and fetal health. This article reviews the existing literature on musculoskeletal health considerations before, during, and after pregnancy to provide practical information to orthopaedic surgeons who treat women of all ages and athletic abilities.
Revisiting the former approach: Low-dose dopamine in kidney transplant recipients
Authors: SENTURK DURMUS Nurdan , VELIOGLU Arzu , ARIKAN Hakki , ASICIOGLU Ebru , YEGEN Cumhur , TUGLULAR Serhan
Published: May 2021

Objective: We aim to evaluate the effects of low-dose dopamine (LDD) infusion (0.5 – 2.5 g/kg/min) on hemodynamic status and
short-term graft function in kidney transplant recipients.
Materials and Methods: Patients who underwent kidney transplantation surgery between January 2007 and December 2016 were
included in the study. Demographic and laboratory data, presence of delayed graft function, and the rates of rejection, graft loss, and
mortality were recorded. The data were compared between patients with and without LDD treatment.
Results: A total of 126 patients were included in the study (M/F:50.8%/49.2%; mean age, 38.94 ± 11.8 years). Ninety-four patients
(74.6%) received living-donor transplants. Fifty-seven patients underwent LDD infusion in the postoperative period (LDD group),
while 69 patients did not receive LDD infusion. Demographic and laboratory data of the patients did not significantly differ between
groups. Nineteen patients in the LDD group experienced delayed graft function (p=0.039). However, these patients tended to be older,
have a longer dialysis period prior to transplantation, deceased and hypertensive donors. There was no significant difference in renal
function at 6 months after transplantation between groups.
Conclusion: Although, LDD infusion increases kidney blood flow,
The First Encounter of the Golah and Their "Adversaries" (Ezra 4:1–5): Who Are the Adversaries, and on What Is the Adversity Based?
Authors: Guite Phaipi Chingboi
Published: May 2021

Ezra 4:1–5 narrates the first encounter of the golah with the “other,” after the golah arrive in the land. Against the tendency to identify the “other” with a specific group of people, the text employs only vague descriptions. A narrative analysis reveals that the “other” group includes all and any non-golah people. Claims for participation in the building by the “other,” and refusal by the golah leaders, are ultimately based on their cultic differences.
Thought Experiments in Law
Authors: Doménech-Pascual Gabriel
Published: May 2021

Thought Experiments in Law; Special Issue on Experimental Legislation in Times of Crisis, Sofia Ranchordas & Bart van Klink (eds.)

Thought experiments have been widely used in virtually all sciences and humanities. Law is no exception. We can find countless instances of such experiments in both the legal practice and the legal theory. However, this method has hardly been studied by legal scholars, which contrasts with the vast literature devoted to it in other fields of knowledge. This article analyses the role that some thought experiments – those where an imaginary legal change is made, and its social effects are observed – may play in law. In particular, we show why these empirical legal thought experiments might be useful for the practice and theory of law, the main principles for conducting them and how the law deals with them.
Costreductionin the micropropagation of Solanum lycopersicumL. var.cerasiforme
Authors: Souza Coccorese Conceição Isabela , Portela Carmo Luane , Lima-Brito Alone
Published: May 2021

The aimof this study was to establish a low-cost alternative protocol for micropropagation ofSolanum lycopersicumL. var.cerasiforme,popularly known as cherry tomato. In the in vitroestablishment, culture mediacontaining Laboratory Reagent-grade (LR)and commercialsucrose and varied concentrations of corn starch and agarwere tested. The replacement of thermal sterilization, usingautoclave,withchemicalsterilization,adding sodium hypochlorite (2%) in the medium, was also evaluated. In the multiplication stage,the mediumwas supplemented with agar and/or corn starch and commercial sucrose.Forrooting, agrowth regulator-free medium withcommercialsucrose supplemented with agar and/or starch was used. Themicroplants were thentransplanted into plasticcontainerscontainingonlygarden substrateandsubsequentlyacclimatized in a greenhouse.The results make it possibleto conclude that the reduction of costs in the micropropagation of cherry tomatocan beobtained by replacing LRsucrose with commercial sucrose,and by the use of chemical sterilization of the culture medium withsodium hypochlorite. The replacement of agar withcorn starch can be done partially, in the stages of establishment and multiplication,and totally, during rooting
Increase in the irrigated area of sugarcane and its potential in the bioenergetic generation of Brazil
Authors: Teixeira  de  Oliveira Job , Alves  de  Oliveira Rubens , Arce  Brito Oswaldo , França  da  Cunha Fernando , Gava Ricardo
Published: May 2021

Sugarcane has alarge capacity for producing electricity using completely clean technology from a renewable source, contributing to environmental preservation. This study aimed to evaluate the increase in biomass resulting from the implementation of irrigation in Brazilian sugarcane plantations, estimate the potential for cogeneration, and calculate how much it will be possible to increase the Brazilian energy cogenerated with sugarcane bagasse and the impact on the Brazilian energy matrix. The increase in irrigation in the rainfed areas of Brazilian sugarcane plantations has substantial potential in increasing biomass for energy cogeneration. Considering an increase of 15% in the sugarcane plantation yields in rainfed areas achieved by the increase in irrigation, it leadsto a potential increase of 96.39 million tons of sugarcane and 26.80 million tons biomass produced. In the energy matrix, the potential impact is 1.42 GWh of cogenerated energy, which corresponds to a 12.47% increase in cogeneration in the sugar-energy sector and a 0.85% increase in Brazil's energy matrix. The expansion of the sugarcane irrigated area contributes to the increase in the production of bagasse and bioenergetic generation in Brazil.
Juegos científicos y de construcción en la educación y en la industria: valores e interacciones en España (1920-1936)
Authors: Guijarro Victor
Published: May 2021

This study contemplates the extension and mutual influences of certain kinds of renovating practices promoted in two realms of education, formal and non-formal, in the second and third decades of the 20th century in Spain. As part of a broader critique of the traditional school, these new perspectives coincided in their rethinking of the students’ and amateurs’) relationship with the materials used in learning process. For them, the object, rather than constituting a distant, symbolic and untouchable reality –subject to a memory-based, verbalist conception of education–, should be a close, touchable tool whose handling contributes to awakening the inventive abilities of students, especially in scientific disciplines. We will analyze the connections and differences between the principles of movements included in active teaching and the strategies of companies dedicated to the manufacture of construction toys, particularly those carried out by a preeminent brand working in this sector at the time, Meccano.
La Unesco y la Ley General de Educación: La influencia de los organismos internacionales en torno a la modernización educativa en el franquismo
Authors: González-Delgado Mariano , Groves Tamar
Published: May 2021

This article analyzes the influence that the educational ideas proposed by UNESCO had on the development of the General Education Act (LGE) of 1970. More specifically, it attempts to establish the impact that this international organization had on the origin and development of the LGE during the Franco regime. To do so, the first part of the article studies the beginnings of UNESCO in Spain and how the educational conception that would give rise to one of the most important educational reforms of contemporary Spain was developed. In the second part, we examine the recommendations given by the «International Advisory Committee for the Reform of Education in Spain» regarding the debate generated by the Libro Blanco (White Paper). In the third part of the article we look at the Committe’s direct impact and the way its assessments guided the development of the LGE in its first years. This work aims to demonstrate that the LGE can be better understood as a reform born under the recommendations of UNESCO regarding the educational context originated within the framework of the Cold War and the Modernization Theory.
La Ley General de Educación (LGE) de 1970 / Cincuenta años de recuerdos…
Authors: Adell Cueva Marc Antoni
Published: May 2021

Memories of the General Education Act of 1970
Breve memoria de una maestra rural en tiempos de la Educación General Básica
Authors: López Pardo Alicia
Published: May 2021

Memories of the General Education Act of 1970
Endoscopic Evaluation of Biliary Strictures: Current and Emerging Techniques
Authors: Huynh Roy , Owers Corinne , Pinto Christopher , Nguyen Thuy-My , Kwok Titus
Published: May 2021

The diagnosis of biliary strictures in clinical practice can be challenging. Discriminating between benign and malignant biliary strictures is important to prevent the morbidity and mortality associated with incorrect diagnoses. Missing a malignant biliary stricture may delay surgery, resulting in poor prognostic outcomes. Conversely, it has been demonstrated that approximately 20% of patients who undergo surgery for suspected biliary malignancies have a benign etiology on histopathology. Traditional tissue sampling using endoscopic retrograde cholangiography does not always produce a definitive diagnosis, with a considerable proportion of cases remaining as indeterminate biliary strictures. Recent advances in endoscopic techniques have the potential to improve the diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of biliary strictures.
Iraqi Kurds as a political subject: history and modernity
Authors: Shakali Swara
Published: May 2021

This research is dedicated to examination of the relationship between the Kurdish Autonomous Region of Iraq and the central government in Baghdad. The article provides a brief overview of the history of acquisition of autonomy by the Kurds as an Iraqi region in the end of the XX century; as well as describes the ongoing contradictions from the perspective of law (the Constitution of Iraq of 2005). The novelty of this research is defined by the use of foreign sources. The theoretical framework for the case under review is the so-called “paradox of federalism”, which suggests the pursuit of the autonomous regions of extensive autonomy. The conclusion is made that on the one hand, the leadership of the Kurdish Autonomous Region does not give up its ambitions to acquire full autonomy; first and foremost, this is reflected in holding the independence referendum on 25 September 2017; the conflict between the leadership of the Kurdish Autonomous Region of Iraq and Baghdad on the issue of the conclusion of contracts with foreign companies for the production of hydrocarbons, can be regarded as another testimony. However, on the other hand, in conducting an independent policy, Kurdish leadership faces insurmountable resistance from the central government and international community, who refused to recognize the results of the referendum. Baghdad still has the tools for controlling economy of the autonomy.