bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metabolic imaging in the anesthetized rat brain using hyperpolarized [1‐13C] pyruvate and [1‐13C] ethyl pyruvate
Authors: Hurd Ralph E. , Yen Yi‐Fen , Mayer Dirk , Chen Albert , Wilson David , Kohler Susan , Bok Robert , Vigneron Daniel , Kurhanewicz John , Tropp James , Spielman Daniel , Pfefferbaum Adolf
Published: April 2010

Formulation, polarization, and dissolution conditions were developed to obtain a stable hyperpolarized solution of [1‐13C]‐ethyl pyruvate. A maximum tolerated concentration and injection rate were determined, and 13C spectroscopic imaging was used to compare the uptake of hyperpolarized [1‐13C]‐ethyl pyruvate relative to hyperpolarized [1‐13C]‐pyruvate into anesthetized rat brain. Hyperpolarized [1‐13C]‐ethyl pyruvate and [1‐13C]‐pyruvate metabolic imaging in normal brain is demonstrated and quantified in this feasibility and range‐finding study. Magn Reson Med 63:1137–1143, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A three‐dimensional quantitative method to measure meniscus shape, position, and signal intensity using MR images: A pilot study and preliminary results in knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Wirth Wolfgang , Frobell Richard B. , Souza Richard B. , Li Xiaojuan , Wyman Bradley T. , Le Graverand Marie‐Pierre Hellio , Link Thomas M. , Majumdar Sharmila , Eckstein Felix
Published: April 2010

This pilot study presents a technique for three‐dimensional and quantitative analysis of meniscus shape, position, and signal intensity and compares results in knees with (n = 20) and without (n = 11) radiographic osteoarthritis. 3‐T MR images with 2mm section thickness were acquired using a proton density–weighted, fat‐suppressed, coronal, fast spin‐echo sequence. Segmentation of the tibial, femoral, and external surface of the medial meniscus and the tibial joint surface was performed. Three‐dimensional parameters were computed to describe the shape, position, and signal intensity of the entire meniscus and three subregions (body, anterior, and posterior horn). Key results included a greater size (i.e., volume, surface areas, and thickness), increased medial extrusion (i.e., greater extrusion distance, greater meniscal area uncovered by tibial surface), and elevated signal intensity of the medial meniscus in osteoarthritis than in nonosteoarthritis knees, particularly in the meniscus body. These results need to be confirmed in larger cohorts, preferably under weight‐bearing conditions. Magn Reson Med 63:1162–1171, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multislice perfusion of the kidneys using parallel imaging: Image acquisition and analysis strategies
Authors: Gardener Alexander G. , Francis Susan T.
Published: April 2010

Flow‐sensitive alternating inversion recovery arterial spin labeling with parallel imaging acquisition is used to acquire single‐shot, multislice perfusion maps of the kidney. A considerable problem for arterial spin labeling methods, which are based on sequential subtraction, is the movement of the kidneys due to respiratory motion between acquisitions. The effects of breathing strategy (free, respiratory‐triggered and breath hold) are studied and the use of background suppression is investigated. The application of movement correction by image registration is assessed and perfusion rates are measured. Postacquisition image realignment is shown to improve visual quality and subsequent perfusion quantification. Using such correction, data can be collected from free breathing alone, without the need for a good respiratory trace and in the shortest overall acquisition time, advantageous for patient comfort. The addition of background suppression to arterial spin labeling data is shown to reduce the perfusion signal‐to‐noise ratio and underestimate perfusion. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Can we predict which patient will fail drug treatment for overactive bladder? A think tank discussion
Authors: Nitti Victor W. , Kopp Zoe , Lin Alex T.L. , Moore Kate H. , Oefelein Michael , Mills Ian W.
Published: April 2010

The treatment of overactive bladder (OAB) has evolved over the past 20 years to include a number of behavioral, pharmacological, and minimally invasive treatments. After behavioral therapy, pharmacological therapy with antimuscarinics remains the mainstay of treatment. Despite this, a large number of patients will “fail” or be unsatisfied with drugs therapy. It would be extremely helpful to patients and clinicians to be able to predict who those patients are. However, there are a number of barriers. First and foremost are defining “success” and “failure” and this can vary dramatically from one patient to another. Endpoints other than the traditional variables used in clinical trials may be more effective in evaluating treatments and helping to predict outcomes. Along similar lines, there are various definitions for OAB that is “refractory” to conventional treatments and this term needs clarification. In many cases, response to therapy may be affected by factors such as comorbidities, metabolism of drugs, concurrent therapies, etc. These factors are sometimes obvious and sometimes not, and for a variety of reasons it can be quite difficult to predict or determine their effect on outcome. Finally, many patients with OAB include have mixed (stress and urgency) symptoms. It is important to sort out the OAB component of mixed symptoms and mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) when determining effects of therapy. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:652–657, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Is mid‐urethral placement of synthetic minimal access tapes important in stress urinary incontinence surgery?
Authors: Smith Anthony R.B. , Koelbl Heinz
Published: April 2010

The introduction of the tension free vaginal tape over a decade ago heralded the adoption of sub‐urethral sling placement under the mid‐urethra rather than the proximal urethra. This paper reviews the literature which led to the change in practice and also looks at which factors concerning tape position influence surgical outcome with particular reference to the position along the urethra. There is conflicting evidence on the importance of the mid‐urethral position and there is also evidence that other factors such as the configuration of the tape under the urethra at rest and under strain and the proximity of the tape to the urethral mucosa may be as important in influencing outcome. Further research is required. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:676–678, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nocturia research: Current status and future perspectives
Authors: Van Kerrebroeck Philip E.V. , Dmochowski Roger , FitzGerald Mary P. , Hashim Hashim , Norgaard Jens Peter , Robinson Dudley , Weiss Jeffrey P.
Published: April 2010

This review summarizes the status of nocturia research, highlighting the condition's distinct nature, as well as areas where further studies are needed. Unlike other LUTS, nocturia has a specific and detrimental effect on the sleep period, and when ≥2 voids per night are experienced it is associated with various sequelae including reduced QoL and productivity, and increased morbidity and perhaps mortality. Many sources suggest that nocturia is associated with chronic medical illness, but little evidence demonstrates that successful treatment of these conditions results in normalization of nocturia, or that improvement in nocturia improves QoL and overall health. To date, management algorithms for LUTS have been based upon reasonable supposition and limited evidence, rather than controlled trials. Whilst a working clinical model is useful until conclusive research is available, a healthy scepticism should be maintained. It is likely that more than one contributory factor is responsible for nocturia, and management ought to better reflect this multifactorial pathophysiology. Indeed, traditional perspectives assuming nocturia to be part of the OAB or BPE symptom complex may have helped to propagate the misconception that therapy for these conditions is sufficient to improve nocturia. In reality, improvements in nocturia with anticholinergics, α‐blockers and/or 5‐α reductase inhibitors have been consistently disappointing. Antidiuretic therapy may represent a more tailored approach to management for many nocturia patients, given the high rates of nocturnal polyuria reported. Combination therapy may be required. Further high quality research on pathophysiology, management and patient‐reported outcomes with treatment is needed to augment existing limited data. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:623–628, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Post buckling analysis of shear deformable shallow shells by the boundary element method
Authors: Baiz P. M. , Aliabadi M. H.
Published: April 2010

This paper presents four boundary element formulations for post buckling analysis of shear deformable shallow shells. The main differences between the formulations rely on the way non‐linear terms are treated and on the number of degrees of freedom in the domain. Boundary integral equations are obtained by coupling boundary element formulation of shear deformable plate and two‐dimensional plane stress elasticity. Four different sets of non‐linear integral equations are presented. Some domain integrals are treated directly with domain discretization whereas others are dealt indirectly with the dual reciprocity method. Each set of non‐linear boundary integral equations are solved using an incremental approach, where loads and prescribed boundary conditions are applied in small but finite increments. The resulting systems of equations are solved using a purely incremental technique and the Newton–Raphson technique with the Arc length method. Finally, the effect of imperfections (obtained from a linear buckling analysis) on the post‐buckling behaviour of axially compressed shallow shells is investigated. Results of several benchmark examples are compared with the published work and good agreement is obtained. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The extended/generalized finite element method: An overview of the method and its applications
Authors: Fries Thomas‐Peter , Belytschko Ted
Published: April 2010

An overview of the extended/generalized finite element method (GEFM/XFEM) with emphasis on methodological issues is presented. This method enables the accurate approximation of solutions that involve jumps, kinks, singularities, and other locally non‐smooth features within elements. This is achieved by enriching the polynomial approximation space of the classical finite element method. The GEFM/XFEM has shown its potential in a variety of applications that involve non‐smooth solutions near interfaces: Among them are the simulation of cracks, shear bands, dislocations, solidification, and multi‐field problems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using measures from the SCL‐90‐R to screen for personality disorders
Authors: Pedersen Geir , Karterud Sigmund
Published: April 2010

Objective The Symptom Check‐List 90‐Revised (SCL‐90‐R) is a widespread instrument in clinical practice. Does it also contain useful screening properties with respect to DSM‐IV) personality disorders (PDs)?

Methods SCL‐90‐R questionnaires from 2248 patients admitted for treatment in the Norwegian Network of Personality‐Focused Treatment Programs were analysed with respect to associations between the Interpersonal sensitivity, Hostility and Paranoid ideation subscales, and avoidant, borderline and paranoid PD, as well as the Personality Severity Index (PSI) and its relationship to severe or any PD.

Results The three ‘interpersonal’ subscales and the SCL‐90‐R PSI displayed significant but modest associations with the associated DSM‐IV personality disorders. However, the associations and the diagnostic efficiency statistics were not strong enough for diagnostic inferences.

Conclusion Although the SCL‐90‐R is primarily a measure of symptom distress, it yields some valid supplement in assessing the extent of present interpersonal dysfunction, and may serve as an indicator for further diagnostic evaluations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An examination of gender differences in antisocial personality
Authors: Leahy David , O'Neill Darragh , Hammond Sean
Published: April 2010

The current study examined if gender bias in the assessment process might be the reason why males are consistently found to exhibit more antisocial traits and behaviours than females. Employing the Leahy Antisocial Personality Scale (LAPS), a brief new self‐report instrument for the assessment of antisocial traits, general population males (n = 216) were again found to exhibit more antisocial features than females (n = 391). Analysis of differential item functioning in the LAPS indicated that four items operated differently across the genders. To the extent that the LAPS measures DSM‐IV‐TR antisocial personality traits, findings suggest that this criteria set is biased with regard to gender. Implications of this for the use of overall scores for broad diagnostic purposes may be minimal as the bias occurs in both directions; however, the findings suggest that the adoption of differentially weighted criteria sets may be worthwhile in future studies examining gender differences in aspects of antisocial personality. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanopatterning of catalyst by Dip Pen nanolithography (DPN) for synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNT)
Authors: Kang S.‐W. , Banerjee D. , Kaul A. B. , Megerian K. G.
Published: April 2010

Carbon nanotubes (CNT) were synthesized on nanopatterned catalysts. The catalyst nanoparticles were obtained using dip pen nanolithographytechnique. Dip pen nanolithography technique was used to deposit NiCl2 nanopatterns with sub‐200 nm feature sizes on a silicon substrate. The deposited features were verified by using lateral force microscopy. The substrate was then placed in a plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition instrument to synthesize CNT. The synthesized CNT were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy. SCANNING 32: 42–48, 2010. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
C60 SIMS depth profiling of bovine serum albumin protein‐coating films: a conformational study
Authors: Mouhib T. , Delcorte A. , Poleunis C. , Henry M. , Bertrand P.
Published: April 2010

Characterisation of the protein films has been a subject of long‐standing interest in biomaterials research. With the advent of polyatomic ion beams such as C60, Time‐of‐Flight‐SIMS (ToF‐SIMS) depth profiling analysis is now able to provide information about the protein‐substrate interface chemistry. To investigate this effect, two types of films, bovine serum albumin (BSA) onto hydrophilic silicon wafer, and BSA onto hydrophobic silanized silicon were fabricated using the dried‐droplet procedure. Depth profiling experiments were conducted in a ToF‐SIMS instrument equipped with C60+ and Ga+ ion sources (sputtering ion, 15 keV C60+; analysis ion, 12 keV Ga+). The molecular information is kept during the protein film depth profiling for both films. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to determine the relative changes in the spectra recorded during the depth profiling. Spectral differences identified using PCA were correlated to conformational changes of the protein that occurred during drying according to the substrate properties. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards a generalizable aiding‐training continuum for human performance enhancement
Authors: Madni Azad M.
Published: April 2010

We are living in an era in which the need to train and aid people is becoming paramount due to ever increasing job and task complexities. Despite this recognition, the aiding and training of individuals and teams has not kept pace with the times. Furthermore, even though aiding and training are complementary approaches to enhancing human performance, they have largely been pursued separately. Today, there is a growing recognition that aiding and training are not distinct approaches but, in fact, lie along a human‐systems integration continuum. This paper presents a systems approach to developing standards‐compliant, integrated aiding‐training framework that is potentially generalizable to other application domains. The framework employs key architectural constructs such as dynamic content provisioning and service‐oriented architecture to achieve seamless shifts along the aiding‐training continuum. The key benefits of the aiding‐training architectural framework are improved human performance in a variety of operational contexts. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 14: 129–140, 2011
Bayesian approaches to detection and attribution
Authors: Annan J. D.
Published: April 2010

We consider the Bayesian alternative to the classical frequentist approach to detection and attribution of climate change. Some of the notable advantages of the Bayesian paradigm include a more consistent approach to competing hypotheses, a coherent interpretation of all available data, and an intuitively natural interpretation of the results Copyright. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article is categorized under:

Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Detection and Attribution
Signalementen 2009/4
Authors: Redactiebureau -
Published: April 2010

proefschriften
Geheugenproblemen bij Alzheimer en depressie
Karel Bemelmans. Serial position effects scoring in the assessment of memory in Alzheimer’s disease and Major Depression, Universiteit van Leiden, 2 april 2009, 181 p, ISBN 978 90 9024 100 5.
oratie
In beweging blijven! Bewegen is preventie en zorg voor ouderen
Marijke Hopman-Rock. In beweging blijven! Bewegen is preventie en zorg voor ouderen
Social anxiety disorder and victimization in a community sample of adolescents
Authors: Gren‐Landell Malin , Aho Nikolas , Andersson Gerhard , Svedin Carl Göran
Published: April 2010

Despite high prevalence rates of social anxiety disorder (SAD) and high rates of victimization in adolescents, studies on the relationship between these phenomena are missing. In the present study we report associations between SAD and multiple victimization experiences in a community sample of adolescents. A cross‐sectional study was conducted on 3211 Swedish high‐school students. The prevalence rate of self‐reported SAD was 10.6% (n = 340). Significantly higher rates of lifetime victimization was found in subjects with self‐reported SAD compared to non‐cases, on the total score on the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire, and on the subscales maltreatment, sexual victimization and victimization from peer/siblings. Different results emerged due to gender. In females, maltreatment and peer/sibling victimization was associated with an increased risk of SAD and, in males peer/sibling victimization increased the risk of reporting SAD. Further studies are needed to elaborate developmental models on SAD and to add to modification of prevention‐ and treatment interventions.
Molecular basis of cholera blood‐group dependence and implications for a world characterized by climate change
Authors: Holmner Åsa , Mackenzie Alasdair , Krengel Ute
Published: April 2010

Climate change has the potential to increase the threat of water‐borne diseases, through rises in temperature and sea‐level, and precipitation variability. Cholera poses a particular threat, and the need to develop better intervention tools is imminent. Cholera infections are particularly severe for blood group O individuals, who are less protected by the current vaccines. Here we derive a hypothesis as to the molecular origins of blood‐group dependence of this disease, based on relevant epidemiological, clinical and molecular data, and give suggestions on how to plan prevention strategies, and develop novel and improved pharmaceuticals.
Site‐specific interplay between O‐GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation in cellular regulation
Authors: Hu Ping , Shimoji Shino , Hart Gerald W.
Published: April 2010

Ser(Thr)‐O‐linked β‐N‐acetylglucosamine (O‐GlcNAc) is a ubiquitous modification of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. Extensive crosstalk exists between O‐GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation, which regulates signaling in response to nutrients/stress. The development of novel O‐GlcNAc detection and enrichment methods has improved our understanding of O‐GlcNAc functions. Mass spectrometry has revealed O‐GlcNAc's many interactions with phosphorylation‐mediated signaling. However, mechanisms regulating O‐GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation are quite different. Phosphorylation is catalyzed by hundreds of distinct kinases. In contrast, in mammals, uridine diphospho‐N‐acetylglucosamine:polypeptide β‐N‐acetylglucosaminyl transferase (OGT) and β‐D‐N‐acetylglucosaminidase (OGA) are encoded by single highly conserved genes. Both OGT's and OGA's specificities are determined by their transient associations with many other proteins to create a multitude of specific holoenzymes. The extensive crosstalk between O‐GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation represents a new paradigm for cellular signaling.
Myelination in the human hippocampal formation from midgestation to adulthood
Authors: Ábrahám Hajnalka , Vincze András , Jewgenow Ilja , Veszprémi Béla , Kravják András , Gömöri Éva , Seress László
Published: April 2010

Myelination, one of the last steps of neuronal development, was examined in the human fetal and postnatal hippocampal formation using immunohistochemistry to detect a protein component of the myelin sheath, the myelin basic protein synthesized by oligodendroglial cells. Myelin basic protein‐immunoreactive oligodendroglial cells were first seen at the 20th gestational week in the fimbria fornicis and in the alveus. Between the 21st and 35th weeks, myelinated axons also appeared in the fimbria fornicis. At the age of 39 gestational weeks, short and thin myelinated fibers were present in the fimbria, in the alveus, and less so in the stratum oriens of the hippocampus, while the first oligodendroglial cells appeared in the stratum lacunosum‐moleculare and in the hilus. By the 2nd postnatal week myelinated fibers appeared in the stratum lacunosum‐moleculare of Ammon's horn. At the 3rd month, myelination was strong in the alveus, moderate in the strata oriens, lacunosum‐moleculare and radiatum of Ammon's horn, while only a small number of myelinated fibers were detected in the hilus. By the 5th month, the first oligodendroglial cells were detected in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. Myelination continued in the following years, particularly in the dentate gyrus, where even at the age of 11 years the density of myelinated fibers did not reach the adult level. It appears that the first myelinated axons belong to the long‐projecting large hippocampal pyramidal cells and/or to their subcortical and cortical afferents. The sequence of myelination follows the known developmental pattern of hippocampal afferent and efferent pathways, and the prolonged myelination might be a factor in the prolonged functional maturation of hippocampal circuitry.
Comparative study of the effects of experimentally induced hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in some brain regions in albino rats
Authors: El‐bakry A.M. , El‐Gareib A.W. , Ahmed R.G.
Published: April 2010

Thyroid hormones (THs) play a crucial role in the development and physiological functioning of different body organs especially the brain. Therefore, the objective of this study was to show the histopathological effects of the different thyroid states on some brain regions (cerebrum and cerebellum) and the skeletal features of their newborns during the postnatal development from the 1st to 3rd week. The female white albino rats were allocated into 3 groups as follows: the experimental hypothyroidism group is induced by 0.02% methimazole (MMI) (w/v) in drinking water, while the experimental hyperthyroidism group is performed by exogenous T4 [from 50 to 200 μg/kg body weight intragastric administration beside adding 0.002% T4 (w/v) to the drinking water] from the gestation day 1 to lactation day 21 and control group which received tap water.

As well, both maternal hypo‐ and hyperthyroidism caused some malformation and developmental defects in the cerebellar and cerebral cortex of their newborns along the duration of the experiment. These degenerative symptoms became more prominent and widely spread at the 3rd postnatal week. Concomitantly, there were some degeneration, deformation and severe growth retardation in neurons of these regions in both treated groups throughout the experimental period. Moreover, the skeletal features of these newborns were accelerated in hyperthyroid group while these maturations were delayed partially in hypothyroid ones during the examined periods. These alterations, on both treated groups, were age and dose dependent. Thus, further studies need to be done to emphasize this concept.
NEUROBID—an EU‐funded project to study the developing brain barriers
Authors: Bueter Wolfgang , Saunders Norman R. , Mallard Carina , Bauer Hans‐Christian , Stolp Helen B. , Kavelaars Annemieke , Dammann Olaf ,   NEUROBID consortium
Published: April 2010

Brain diseases are one of the most prevalent groups of diseases in Europe with estimated annual costs amounting to €386 billion. Data collected by the WHO suggest that brain diseases are responsible for 35% of Europe's total disease burden. In the treatment of neurological disease, the blood brain barrier (BBB) still represents an obstacle for the delivery of drugs to the brain and thus a major challenge for the development of therapeutic regimens. Understanding the molecular basis and functioning of the BBB in health and disease, including transport mechanisms across the BBB, therefore holds significant potential for future strategies to prevent and ameliorate neurological disease.

Recent research indicates that some neurological disorders have a developmental etiologic component. The major goal of the NEUROBID project is thus to understand the molecular mechanisms and function of the BBB in health and disease both in the developing brain and the adult central nervous system. With an interdisciplinary consortium from the fields of developmental neurobiology and BBB research, NEUROBID aims to (i) understand the involvement of normal and disturbed BBB function in normal and abnormal brain development and (ii) to develop novel strategies for drug delivery to the brain. Unique transport mechanisms across the BBB will be used to target potential therapeutic macromolecular and cellular agents specifically to the brain barriers and transport them into the brain. The main target disorders of NEUROBID are non‐inherited neurodevelopmental disorders arising from perinatal adverse exposure, such as cerebral palsy, and classic adult neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis and stroke.

In the long term, NEUROBID hopes to pave the way for new treatment strategies and thus reduce the economic and social burden of neurological disease.
The human external nose and its evolutionary role in the prevention of obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Stupak Howard D.
Published: April 2010

The purpose of the prominent human external nose remains unclear. The external nose may play a compensatory role in the aerodynamic support of the upper airway, which in humans has been severely narrowed to enable spoken language. During times of decreased muscle tone, the wing‐like soft palate may be supported by airflow patterns, creating “lift.” Serving as an aiming nozzle, the external nose may, by creating a curvilinear intranasal airflow pattern, adjust the “angle of attack” of airflow contacting the palate, thus enhancing lift and facilitating opening of the nasopharynx. This concept was tested, comparing nasopharyngeal opening and wind speed in curvilinear and linear nonanatomic models. Statistically significant differences were found, with enhanced opening in the curvilinear model. Related findings in hominid nasal bone fossil analysis show that the external nose developed contemporaneous to the development of language. These findings may have clinical implications in the management of obstructive sleep apnea.
Changes in starch physical characteristics following digestion of foods in the human small intestine
Authors: Zhou Zhongkai , Topping David L. , Morell Matthew K. , Bird Anthony R.
Published: April 2010

Factors controlling the concentration of resistant starch (RS) in foods are of considerable interest on account of the potential for this type of fibre to deliver health benefits to consumers. The present study was aimed at establishing changes in starch granule morphology as a result of human small-intestinal digestion. Volunteers with ileostomy consumed six selected foods: breakfast cereal (muesli), white bread, oven-baked French fries, canned mixed beans and a custard containing either a low-amylose maize starch (LAMS) or a high-amylose maize starch (HAMS). Analysis showed that digesta total RS (as a fraction of ingested starch) was: muesli, 8·9 %; bread, 4·8 %; fries, 4·2 %; bean mix, 35·9 %; LAMS custard, 4·0 %; HAMS custard, 29·1 %. Chromatographic analysis showed that undigested food contained three major starch fractions. These had average molecular weights (MW) of 43 500 kDa, 420 kDa and 8·5 kDa and were rich in amylopectin, higher-MW amylose and low-MW amylose, respectively. The low-MW amylose fraction became enriched preferentially in the stomal effluent while the medium-MW starch fraction showed the greatest loss. Fourier transform IR spectroscopy showed that absorbance at 1022 per cm decreased after digestion while the absorbance band at 1047 per cm became greater. Such changes have been suggested to indicate shifts from less ordered to more ordered granule structures. Further analysis of amylose composition by scanning iodine spectra indicated that the MW of amylose in ileal digesta was lower than that of undigested amylose. It appears that high-MW amylose is preferentially digested and that MW, rather than amylose content alone, is associated with resistance of starch to digestion in the upper gut of humans.
Stroke-averaged lift forces due to vortex rings and their mutual interactions for a flapping flight model
Authors: WANG X. X. , WU Z. N.
Published: April 2010

The stroke-averaged lift forces due to various vortex rings and their mutual interactions are studied using a flapping flight vortex model (Rayner,J. Fluid Mech., vol. 91, 1979, p. 697; Ellington,Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond.B, vol. 305, 1984b, p. 115). The vortex system is decomposed into the wing plane (wing-linked) vortex ring, a loop closed by the bound vortex and (arc-shaped) trailing vortex and the wake (the vortex rings shed previously). Using the vorticity moment theory (Wu,AIAA J., vol. 19, 1981, p. 432) we are able to identify the roles of vortex rings in lift production or reduction and express the lift as function of areal contraction or expansion of vortex rings. The wake vortex rings induce areal contraction of the trailing vortex, which should decrease the lift, but this decrease is exactly compensated by the inducing effect of the trailing arc on the wake. The wake reduces the lift through inducing a downwash velocity on the wing plane. The lift force is shown to drop to a minimum at the second half stroke, and then increases to an asymptotic value slightly below the lift at the first half stroke, in such a way following the experimental observation of Birch & Dickinson (Nature, vol. 412, 2001, p. 729). The existence of the negative peak of lift is due to the first shed vortex ring which, just at the second half stroke, lies in the close vicinity to the wing plane, leading to a peak of the wing plane downwash velocity.
The Protestant ethic and the spirit of jihadism – transnational religious insurgencies and the transformation of international orders
Authors: PHILLIPS ANDREW
Published: April 2010

In the absence of comparisons with prior episodes of transformative change in the history of the state system, contemporary debates on the long-term significance of the 9/11 terror attacks and the ensuing war on terror are in danger of polarising around opposing caricatures of epochal change and obstinate durability. The tendency to organise transnationally, mobilise along religious lines, and employ terroristic violence for the purposes of achieving far-reaching religious and political transformation of target societies is not unique to Al-Qaeda, but can be seen also in the activities of the militant confessional networks that flourished in Reformation Europe. By comparing the global struggle against jihadist terrorism with early modern European rulers' struggles against transnational confessional militants, I demonstrate that existing accounts of jihadist terrorism's transformative potential have been seriously mis-specified and require substantial revision.
Protection of internally displaced persons: soft law as a norm-generating mechanism
Authors: ORCHARD PHIL
Published: April 2010

Internal displacement is increasingly perceived as an international problem. This has led to suggestions that international norms have begun to govern state behaviour towards their own displaced populations. I argue that this change occurred through the innovative use of soft law, in particular the guiding principles on internal displacement, by a consortia of norm entrepreneurs including NGOs and a UN Office, that of the Representative of the Secretary-General for Internally Displaced Persons. As soft law, these principles lack the usual markers which suggest an emerging norm. Instead, the article argues that alternative methods – including the international recognition of the principles and their adoption in domestic legislation – has triggered a change in state behaviour. This is demonstrated by examining two cases of forcible return of IDPs – the closure of the Kibeho Camp in Rwanda in 1995, before the principles were created, and the closure of the Znamenskoye camp in Ingushetia, Russia in 2002, after their creation. Both situations are similar in that the norm appears to have been rejected – forced repatriation did occur. In the Russian case, however, government statements, along with widespread international condemnation of the closures, suggest rhetorical instantiation of a norm of non forcible return for IDPs.
Beyond the absence of war: the diversity of peace in post-settlement societies
Authors: HÖGLUND KRISTINE , KOVACS MIMMI SÖDERBERG
Published: April 2010

This article introduces a novel way of conceptualising variations of peace in post-war societies. The most common way of defining peace in the academic literature on war termination is to differentiate between those cases where there is a continuation or resumption of large-scale violence and those cases where violence has been terminated and peace, defined by the absence of war, has been established. Yet, a closer look at a number of countries where a peace agreement has been signed and peace is considered to prevail reveals a much more diverse picture. Beyond the absence of war, there are striking differences in terms of the character of peace that has followed. This article revisits the classical debates on peace and the notion of the Conflict Triangle as a useful theoretical construction for the study of armed conflicts. We develop a classification captured in a Peace Triangle, where post-settlement societies are categorised on the basis of three key dimensions: issues, behaviour, and attitudes. On the basis of such a differentiation, we illustrate the great diversity of peace beyond the absence of war in a number of post-settlement societies. Finally, we discuss the relationship between the different elements of the Peace Triangle, and the challenges they pose for establishing a sustainable peace, as well as the implications of this study for policy makers concerned with peacebuilding efforts.
Locarno: a democratic peace?
Authors: WRIGHT JONATHAN
Published: April 2010

Explanations for the lack of war between democracies are many, various and contested. The main thrust of research is quantitative but there is also a growing literature of case studies. Such studies can throw light on the issues by showing in particular contexts the complex interaction of different factors, those both consistent and inconsistent with democratic peace theory. The détente in the 1920s between France and Germany offers an interesting example for several reasons. Both were democracies but one (Germany) was still undergoing democratisation. In addition, neither was content with the status quo, the distribution of power between them was unstable and that instability was not resolved by an over-arching alliance system (such as NATO) or strong international institutions. A complex interaction resulted between France's security dilemma, the German Republic's need for foreign policy success and the democratic values of political leaders on both sides.
Democratising the global order: from communicative freedom to communicative power
Authors: BOHMAN JAMES
Published: April 2010

While there is much discussion of the need for democracy in transnational institutions, there is less discussion of the conditions for their democratisation. To address this deficit, a general account of democratisation is necessary. I propose that democratisation is dependent on the joint realisation of two conditions: communicative freedom and communicative power. Democratisation thus requires, first, publics and associations in which communicative freedom is realised on the one hand; and, second, institutions that link such freedom to the exercise of communicative power to decision making on the other. In order for these conditions to be met, civil society must be expanded into the public sphere. The transformation of communicative freedom into communicative power can be promoted only by institutions that recognise the decisional status of publics, which in turn depend on civil society to generate the deliberative benefits of the plurality of perspectives. Communicative power is not merely spontaneously generated through publics, but also through publics expressly formed through democratic institutional design.
Safeguarding deliberative global governance: the case of The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
Authors: BROWN GARRETT WALLACE
Published: April 2010

It is often argued that multilateralism is no longer an effective mechanism to respond to global priorities and that more deliberative and multisectoral governance is needed. To explore this, the purpose of this article is to examine the practice of mutlisectoral deliberation within the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria and to determine whether it has resulted in providing a more deliberative response to global health priorities. To do so, this article will apply various theoretical arguments for deliberative democracy to the results of a four year study on the multisectoral organisation the Global Fund. By making links between theory and practice, the article will argue that the multisectoralism practiced by the Global Fund continues to suffer from a deliberative deficit and that it has not safeguarded equal stakeholder participation, equal deliberation between stakeholders or alleviate the asymmetric power relationships which are representative of current forms of multilateral governance. Nevertheless, by locating these gaps between theory and practice, it is possible to outline deliberative safeguards that might, if constitutionally enhanced, pull the Global Fund closer to its own normative values of multisectoral deliberative decision-making.
EQUILIBRIUM IN n-PERSON GAME OF SHOWCASE SHOWDOWN
Authors: Mazalov Vladimir , Ivashko Anna
Published: April 2010

In this article we consider a noncooperative n-person optimal stopping game of Showcase Showdown, in which each player observes the sum of independent and identically distributed random variables uniformly distributed in [0, 1]. Players can decide to stop the draw in each moment. The objective of a player is to get the maximal number of scores that does is not exceeded level 1. If the scores of all players exceed 1, then the winner is the player whose score is closest to 1. We derive the equilibrium in this game on the basis of the dynamic programming approach.
UNIVARIATE AND MULTIVARIATE LIKELIHOOD RATIO ORDERING OF GENERALIZED ORDER STATISTICS AND ASSOCIATED CONDITIONAL VARIABLES
Authors: Balakrishnan Narayanaswamy , Belzunce Félix , Hami Nasrin , Khaledi Baha-Eldin
Published: April 2010

In this article, we establish some results concerning the univariate and multivariate likelihood ratio order of generalized order statistics and the special case of m-generalized order statistics and their associated conditional variables. These results, in addition to being new, also generalizes some of the known results in the literature. Finally, some applications of all these results are indicated.
Shellfish toxicity: human health implications of marine algal toxins
Authors: JAMES K. J. , CAREY B. , O'HALLORAN J. , van PELT F. N. A. M. , ŠKRABÁKOVÁ Z.
Published: April 2010

Five major human toxic syndromes caused by the consumption of shellfish contaminated by algal toxins are presented. The increased risks to humans of shellfish toxicity from the prevalence of harmful algal blooms (HABs) may be a consequence of large-scale ecological changes from anthropogenic activities, especially increased eutrophication, marine transport and aquaculture, and global climate change. Improvements in toxin detection methods and increased toxin surveillance programmes are positive developments in limiting human exposure to shellfish toxins.
GLOMERULONEPHRITIS AND THE NEPHROTIC SYNDROME IN PREGNANCY
Authors: HALL MATT , BRUNSKILL NIGEL J
Published: April 2010

Glomerulonephritis (GN) may be manifest clinically in several ways. It may be asymptomatic and associated with only minor urinary dipstick abnormalities, GN may present with one of the classic renal nephritic or nephrotic syndromes, or may be associated with progressive chronic kidney disease with hypertension and the gradual development of uraemia, or it may present with fulminating life threatening illness with severe acute kidney injury. The development of GN may indicate a primary renal limited disease, or may be secondary in association with systemic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), myeloma, infections or diabetes. Although immunological abnormalities underlie the development of many forms of GN, precise pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear and diagnostic labels may simply reflect a description of the glomerular histological changes observed (Table 1).
ACHIEVEMENTS, LUCK AND VALUE
Authors: Pritchard Duncan
Published: April 2010

Achievements are clearly something that we care about. We want a life rich in achievements, and we value the achievements of others. To be appointed to the job of one's dreams as a result of one's hard work and raw talent, such that it constitutes an achievement on one's part, is far more satisfying and worthy than getting it through other means where no achievement is involved (e.g. as a result of nepotism). Similarly, the Olympic goal medal winner who gets her award by being the best in a strong field exhibits an achievement and is lauded for it, but her counterpart who attains the same result through, say, mere good luck (e.g. none of her competitors is able to compete due to injury), and who thus does not exhibit an achievement, is not gifted nearly as much praise. But what is an achievement, and what is it about achievements that makes us care about them so much?
IF CONTRACEPTION IS ETHICALLY PERMISSIBLE, THEN SO IS EARLY-TERM ABORTION
Authors: Mitchell Jeff
Published: April 2010

In the essay I argue that the routine use of contraception is morally tantamount to early-term abortion because it produces the same result: namely, it prevents the creation of a human life that would have otherwise probably taken place. Because it can be shown that contraception is ethically acceptable, it follows that early-term abortion is as well.
DISASSEMBLING THE MIND? A REVIEW OF GARY MARCUS'S KLUGE: THE HAPHAZARD CONSTRUCTION OF THE HUMAN MIND
Authors: Beenfeldt Christian
Published: April 2010

The main thesis of Kluge (Farber and Farber, paperback edition, 2009) is that the human mind is an evolutionary kluge (rhymes with huge, not sludge). As Gary Marcus informs us, the term was popularized by Jackson Granholm's 1962 article ‘How to Design a Kludge’ where it was defined as ‘an ill-assorted collection of poorly matching parts, forming a distressing whole’. A kluge may be clumsy and inelegant but, surprisingly, it works. And the mind, according to Marcus, is ‘[t]he most fantastic kluge of them all’. Unlike the view of the human mind that is advanced here, Kluge itself is not a kluge. It is clear, smooth, well-organized, well paced and well written; it can comfortably be read in a few sittings. Unlike a kluge, the parts match well, the collection is not ill-assorted, the whole is not particularly distressing – and, as I will argue, logically speaking it does not work.
THE ETHICS OF BELIEVING IN GOD
Authors: Mawson T.J.
Published: April 2010

In this paper, I aim to discuss not the issue of whether or not we do in fact have reasons to suppose that there is or that there is not a God, but rather an issue which looks at first glance like it might have a certain methodological priority, the issue of what is the right ‘ethics of belief’ for belief in God: should one believe in God only if one has positive reasons in favour of doing so or is it permissible to believe in Him without such reasons? In this paper, I want to see what can be done to decide which of the various options for an ethics of belief in God is right prior to deciding whether or not God exists. Let's start then by getting these options out onto the table. One of them is as follows:

1)

We should believe in God only if we have positive reasons to do so.
Local versus organic: A turn in consumer preferences and willingness-to-pay
Authors: Adams Damian C. , Salois Matthew J.
Published: April 2010

Demand for local food in the US has significantly increased over the past decade. In an attempt to understand the drivers of this demand and how they have changed over time, we investigate the literature on organic and local foods over the past few decades. We focus our review on studies that allow comparison of characteristics now associated with both local and organic food. We summarize the major findings of these studies and their implications for understanding drivers of local food demand. Prior to the late 1990s, most studies failed to consider factors now associated with local food, and the few that included these factors found very little support for them. In many cases, the lines between local and organic were blurred. Coincident with the development of federal organic food standards, studies began to find comparatively more support for local food as distinct and separate from organic food. Our review uncovers a distinct turn in the demand for local and organic food. Before the federal organic standards, organic food was linked to small farms, animal welfare, deep sustainability, community support and many other factors that are not associated with most organic foods today. Based on our review, we argue that demand for local food arose largely in response to corporate co-optation of the organic food market and the arrival of ‘organic lite’. This important shift in consumer preferences away from organic and toward local food has broad implications for the environment and society. If these patterns of consumer preferences prove to be sustainable, producers, activists and others should be aware of the implications that these trends have for the food system at large.
Constraints from the cosmic microwave background experiments
Authors: Dunkley Joanna
Published: April 2010

I will give a review of the current constrains on light element abundances from cosmic microwave background experiments, focusing on results from WMAP and discussing prospects from upcoming data from Planck and ground-based experiments. I will describe how the production of light elements affects the CMB anisotropies, and how we use the data to extract cosmological information that includes constraints on the baryon density, and primordial abundances.