bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Education and Male-Female Differences in Later-Life Cognition: International Evidence From Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Maurer Jürgen
Published: July 2011

This study explores the role of early-life education for differences in cognitive functioning between men and women aged 60 and older from seven major urban areas in Latin America and the Caribbean. After documenting statistically significant differences in cognitive functioning between men and women for six of the seven study sites, I assess the extent to which these differences can be explained by prevailing male-female differences in education. I decompose predicted male-female differences in cognitive functioning based on various statistical models for later-life cognition and find robust evidence that male-female differences in education are a major driving force behind cognitive functioning differences between older men and women. This study therefore suggests that early-life differences in educational attainment between boys and girls during childhood have a lasting impact on gender inequity in cognitive functioning at older ages. Increases in educational attainment and the closing of the gender gap in education in many countries in Latin America and the Caribbean may thus result in both higher levels and a more gender-equitable distribution of later-life cognition among the future elderly in those countries.
The emerging role of Mule and ARF in the regulation of base excision repair
Authors: Khoronenkova Svetlana V. , Dianov Grigory L.
Published: July 2011

The ARF (Alternative Reading Frame) protein is encoded in the Ink4a locus of human chromosome 9 that is frequently mutated in cancer cells. It was recently demonstrated that ARF is induced in response to DNA damage and inhibits, by direct interaction, the E3 ubiquitin ligase Mule that regulates p53 protein levels. Mule inhibition leads to p53 accumulation and activates cellular DNA damage responses. Mule has also recently been identified as a major E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in the regulation of DNA base excision repair. In this review, we will summarise the major properties of Mule and ARF and their roles in the coordination of DNA repair and DNA replication.
Membrane targeting of palmitoylated Wnt and Hedgehog revealed by chemical probes
Authors: Gao Xinxin , Arenas-Ramirez Natalia , Scales Suzie J. , Hannoush Rami N.
Published: July 2011

Palmitoylation of the Wnt and Hedgehog proteins is critical for maintaining their physiological functions. To date, there are no reported studies that characterize the cellular distribution of the palmitoylated forms of these proteins. Here, we describe the subcellular localization of palmitoylated Wnt and Sonic Hedgehog by using a highly sensitive and non‐radioactive labeling method that utilizes alkynyl palmitic acid. We show that palmitoylated Wnt and Sonic Hedgehog localize to cellular membrane fractions only, highlighting a role for palmitoylation in the membrane association of these proteins. The method described herein has the utility to validate inhibitors of Wnt and Hedgehog acyltransferases in drug discovery, and enables further investigations of the role of palmitoylation in the secretion and signaling of these proteins.
Mitochondrial DNA protects against salt stress‐induced cytochrome c‐mediated apoptosis in yeast
Authors: Gao Qiuqiang , Ren Qun , Liou Liang-Chun , Bao Xiaoming , Zhang Zhaojie
Published: July 2011

Here we report that budding yeast mitochondrial DNA protects against salt stress‐induced apoptosis. Yeast cells lacking mitochondrial DNA (ρ0) are hypersensitive to salt stress‐induced apoptosis, which is mediated by mitochondrial cytochrome c release. In addition, cytochrome c expression is downregulated upon salt stress, suggesting a transcriptionally regulated, homeostatic protection mechanism. The repression of cytochrome c transcription is mediated by transcription factor Mig1. Consistently, deletion of MIG1 induces cytochrome C transcription and yields ρ0 cells that are more sensitive to salt stress. In summary, deletion of mitochondrial function leads to salt stress‐induced transcriptional deregulation of cytochrome C, causing apoptosis in yeast.
2D versus 3D transabdominal sonography for the measurement of lower uterine segment thickness in women with previous cesarean delivery
Authors: Cheung Vincent Y.T. , Yang Fang , Leung Kwok‐Yin
Published: July 2011

Objective

To evaluate the intermethod reliability of using 3D versus 2D transabdominal sonography in the measurement of lower uterine segment (LUS) thickness in women with previous cesarean delivery, in addition to determining the interobserver reliability of 2D and 3D transabdominal sonography in LUS measurement.

Methods

Between February and July 2010 at Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, 40 pregnant women with a history of previous cesarean delivery at 36–39 weeks of pregnancy underwent LUS measurement via 2D and 3D transabdominal sonography by 2 observers. The 3D examination was performed on the multiplanar display of the longitudinally acquired LUS volume. Inner myometrial thickness (MT) and full thickness (FT) were measured at the thinnest portion and perpendicular to the contour of the LUS.

Results

The 2D and 3D LUS measurements obtained by the 2 observers were comparable (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]: MT, 0.81 and 0.98, respectively; FT, 0.76 and 0.98, respectively). For transabdominal LUS measurement, 2D MT provided the best interobserver reliability (ICC: 2D MT, 0.95; 2D FT, 0.91; 3D MT, 0.82; 3D FT, 0.77).

Conclusion

Compared with the 2D approach, 3D transabdominal sonography does not seem to improve the reliability of LUS measurement. 2D measurement of MT seems to be most reliable between different observers.
Cohomological invariants for orthogonal involutions on degree 8 algebras
Authors: Quéguiner-Mathieu Anne , Tignol Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2011

Using triality, we define arelativeArason invariant for orthogonal involutions on a -possibly division- central simple algebra of degree 8. This invariant detects hyperbolicity, but it does not detect isomorphism. We produce explicit examples, in index 4 and 8, of non isomorphic involutions with trivial relative Arason invariant.
Nutraceutical value and safety of tomato fruits produced by mycorrhizal plants
Authors: Giovannetti M. , Avio L. , Barale R. , Ceccarelli N. , Cristofani R. , Iezzi A. , Mignolli F. , Picciarelli P. , Pinto B. , Reali D. , Sbrana C. , Scarpato R.
Published: July 2011

Tomato fruit has assumed the status of ‘functional food’ due to the association between its consumption and a reduced likelihood of certain types of cancers and CVD. The nutraceutical value of tomatoes can be affected by the cultivation conditions, e.g. the phytochemical content of the fruits may increase with the establishment of beneficial mycorrhizal symbioses in the plants. A multidisciplinary study was carried out to gain knowledge on the antioxidant, oestrogenic/anti-oestrogenic and genotoxic activity of tomato fruits produced by mycorrhizal plants. The present results showed that the symbiosis positively affected the growth and mineral nutrient content of tomato plants and enhanced the nutritional and nutraceutical value of tomato fruits through modifications of plant secondary metabolism, which led to increased levels of lycopene in fruits obtained from mycorrhizal plants, compared with controls. Moreover, such changes did not result in the production of mutagenic compounds, since tomato extracts induced no in vitro genotoxic effects. Fruit extracts, both hydrophilic and the lipophilic fractions, originating from mycorrhizal plants strongly inhibited 17-β-oestradiol–human oestrogen receptor binding, showing significantly higher anti-oestrogenic power compared with controls. The present study shows that beneficial plant symbionts, such as mycorrhizal fungi, can lead to the production of safe and high-quality food, which is an important societal issue strongly demanded by both consumers and producers.
Rich micronutrient fortification of locally produced infant food does not improve mental and motor development of Zambian infants: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Manno Daniela , Kowa Priscilla K. , Bwalya Hellen K. , Siame Joshua , Grantham-McGregor Sally , Baisley Kathy , De Stavola Bianca L. , Jaffar Shabbar , Filteau Suzanne
Published: July 2011

It is uncertain whether multiple micronutrients benefit the mental and psychomotor development of young children in developing countries. We conducted a randomised double-blind controlled trial to evaluate the effect of a richly micronutrient-fortifiedv.a basal fortified porridge on mental and psychomotor development in Zambian infants. Infants (n743) were randomised at age 6 months to receive either the richly fortified or the basal fortified infant food and were followed up until 18 months of age. All the infants were evaluated monthly for achievement of a series of developmental milestones. The Bayley scales of infant development II were administered to a subsample of 502 infants at 6, 12 and 18 months. Rich micronutrient fortification had no significant benefit on the following: (a) number of developmental milestones achieved (rate ratio at 12 months = 1·00; 95 % CI 0·96, 1·05;P = 0·81, adjusted for sex, socio-economic status and maternal education, with similar results at 15 and 18 months); (b) ages of walking unsupported (hazard ratio (HR) 1·04; 95 % CI 0·88, 1·24;P = 0·63, adjusted for the above covariates) and of speaking three or four clear words (HR 1·01; 95 % CI 0·84, 1·20;P = 0·94, adjusted for the above covariates); (c) mental development index (MDI) and psychomotor development index (PDI) of the Bayley scales (scores difference adjusted for baseline scores, age at the assessment, sex, socio-economic status, maternal education, language, age and HIV status: MDI 0·3 (95 % CI − 0·5, 1·1),P = 0·43; PDI − 0·1 (95 % CI − 0·9, 0·7),P = 0·78). In conclusion, the results do not support the hypothesis that rich micronutrient fortification improves Zambian infants' mental and motor development.
How much should I eat? Situational norms affect young women's food intake during meal time
Authors: Hermans Roel C. J. , Larsen Junilla K. , Peter Herman C. , Engels Rutger C. M. E.
Published: July 2011

Portion size and the intake of others have been found to influence people's food intake. No study, however, has tested the potential influences of both types of situational norms on intake during the same eating occasion. We experimentally tested the effects of manipulating portion size and the intake of others on young women's meal intake during a 20 min eating opportunity. An experimental design with a three (confederate's intake: small, standard, large) by two (portion size: small, standard) between-participants design was used. A total of eighty-five young women participated. Portion size and the confederate's intake both influenced young women's intake. Participants consumed more when offered a larger portion than when offered a smaller portion, and they also ate more when their eating companion ate more. The present results indicate that the effects of portion size and the intake of others were independent but additive. Thus, both types of situational norms might independently guide an individual's intake during a single eating occasion.
Retraction technique in open-approach rhinoplasty
Authors: Ellul D , Sheikh S
Published: July 2011

Background:

Various techniques are used to maintain retraction of the skin flap during open-approach rhinoplasty.

Objective:

This report aims to present the use of maxillofacial retractors in open-approach rhinoplasty, a previously undescribed technique.

Conclusion:

Use of these retractors provides excellent exposure of the lower lateral cartilages for surgery of the nasal tip, as well as access for surgery on the upper lateral cartilages. This technique allows the surgeon and assistant to proceed with surgery without needing to maintain retraction with a hand-held instrument.
Systematic review of vestibular disorders related to human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Authors: Heinze B , Swanepoel D W , Hofmeyr L M
Published: July 2011

Introduction:

Disorders of the auditory and vestibular system are often associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. However, the extent and nature of these vestibular manifestations are unclear.

Objective:

To systematically review the current peer-reviewed literature on vestibular manifestations and pathology related to human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Method:

Systematic review of peer-reviewed articles related to vestibular findings in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Several electronic databases were searched.

Results:

We identified 442 records, reduced to 210 after excluding duplicates and reviews. These were reviewed for relevance to the scope of the study.

Discussion:

We identified only 13 reports investigating vestibular functioning and pathology in individuals affected by human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. This condition can affect both the peripheral and central vestibular system, irrespective of age and viral disease stage. Peripheral vestibular involvement may affect up to 50 per cent of patients, and central vestibular involvement may be even more prevalent. Post-mortem studies suggest direct involvement of the entire vestibular system, while opportunistic infections such as oto- and neurosyphilis and encephalitis cause secondary vestibular dysfunction resulting in vertigo, dizziness and imbalance.

Conclusion:

Patients with human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome should routinely be monitored for vestibular involvement, to minimise functional limitations of quality of life.
Intangible Heritage and Erasure: Rethinking Cultural Preservation and Contemporary Museum Practice
Authors: Alivizatou Marilena
Published: July 2011

This article builds on recent discussions on intangible heritage following the adoption of the relevant convention by UNESCO in 2003. The emergence of intangible heritage in the international heritage scene is tied up with fears of cultural homogenization and the need to protect the world's diversity. For a number of critics, however, UNESCO's normative framework raises questions around the institutionalization of culture as a set of endangered and disappearing ways of life. The article reviews these institutional approaches to cultural preservation in relation to the politics of erasure, the creative interplay of heritage destruction and renewal. This is then further examined against the backdrop of indigenous identity politics played out in two contested public arenas: the National Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa in Wellington and the Quai Branly Museum in Paris.
Winning Title to Land but Not to Its Past: The Toledo Maya and Sites of pre-Hispanic Heritage
Authors: Parks Shoshaunna
Published: July 2011

The struggle for indigenous rights to pre-Hispanic cultural heritage parallels the struggle for indigenous land rights in Belize. By Belizean law, material objects and sites of activity older than 100 years in age are the property of the state. Similarly, land inhabited by indigenous communities in southern Belize is held in trust by the government. In 2007 the community of Santa Cruz in southern Belize won customary land tenure over their lands for the first time from the Belizean government. This change in land ownership presents new challenges to the definition of ownership of ancient places in Maya territory. In particular, the transfer of land rights to the community has potential implications for the ownership and management of the local pre-Hispanic site of Uxbenká that may ultimately serve as a paradigm for the future relationship between Maya peoples and ancestral remains throughout the nation.
People's Republic of China Provisional Regulations on Art Import and Export Administration
Authors: Potter Pitman
Published: July 2011

China's increased interaction with the global community has led to significant changes in art and artistic expression. The China art market is expanding by leaps and bounds, and artists are subject to an increasingly broad range of influences. Not least of these are the discourses of artistic criticism, with targets that range from international financial institutions to domestic policies. Art in China has for millennia been used as a vehicle for political criticism. Among early examples are the bamboo and landscape paintings of the Yuan dynasty that conveyed a sense of whimsical alienation from the affairs of formal society—implicitly a critique of Mongol rule. During the revolutionary period prior to 1949, the Communist insurgency encouraged painters like Shi Lu to enliven popular resistance to Japanese imperialism and against China's Goumindang rulers.
Comparison of Experiences of Stress and Coping Between Young People at Risk of Psychosis and a Non-Clinical Cohort
Authors: Phillips Lisa Jane , Edwards Jane , McMurray Nancy , Francey Shona
Published: July 2011

Background:Although the experience of stress and associated coping responses are thought to play a role in the onset of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, there is little empirical evidence to support such a relationship. The relatively recent development of validated and reliable criteria for identifying young people at “ultra” high-risk (UHR) of psychosis has enabled the process of illness onset to be studied more closely than was previously possible.Method:This longitudinal study compared the experiences of stress and coping between a UHR cohort (N= 143) and a healthy comparison group (HC group,N= 32).Results:The UHR group experienced significantly fewer life events over a 12-month period than the HC group, but there was no difference in the experience of minor events or “hassles”. However, the UHR group reported feeling significantly more distressed by events, felt they coped more poorly and utilized different coping strategies.Conclusions:The appraisals made about stressors differentiated the groups and was associated with differences in coping and distress levels. This suggests that treatment strategies focusing on stress management and enhancing coping skills might be important components of preventive interventions.
Using a Semi-Structured Interview to Explore Imagery Experienced During Social Anxiety for Clients with a Diagnosis of Psychosis: An Exploratory Study Conducted Within an Early Intervention for Psychosis Service
Authors: Lockett S. Helen , Hatton Judith , Turner Ruth , Stubbins Claire , Hodgekins Joanne , Fowler David
Published: July 2011

Background:Social phobia frequently occurs as a comorbid condition, with high rates reported among people with psychosis. Little is known about the nature of social anxiety in this population or whether current psychological theories apply.Aims:This paper aims to develop and pilot a suitable measure to explore imagery experienced by participants with comorbid psychosis and social anxiety and to provide preliminary indications as to its nature.Method:A semi-structured interview exploring imagery was used with seven participants (adapted from Hackmann, Surawy and Clark, 1998) and the results were analysed using qualitative template analysis.Results:Initial indications from this sample suggest that some participants experience typical social anxiety images, as identified by Hackmann et al. (1998). However, some experience images that appear more threatening, and may be related to residual psychotic paranoia. Image perspective was also explored: typical social anxiety images tended to be seen from an observer perspective, while those that may have been more related to psychosis tended to be seen from a field perspective.Conclusions:This exploratory study has facilitated the careful adaptation and development of an imagery interview for use in this population and has suggested areas for further research and raised questions around clinical implications.
Pirate attacks affect Indian Ocean climate research
Authors: Smith Shawn R. , Bourassa Mark A. , Long Michael
Published: July 2011

Pirate attacks in the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean off the coast of Somalia nearly doubled from 111 in 2008 to 217 in 2009 [International Maritime Bureau, 2009, International Maritime Bureau, 2010]. Consequently, merchant vessel traffic in the area around Somalia significantly decreased. Many of these merchant vessels carry instruments that record wind and other weather conditions near the ocean surface, and alterations in ship tracks have resulted in a hole sized at about 2.5 million square kilometers in the marine weather‐observing network off the coast of Somalia. The data void exists in the formation region of the Somali low‐level jet, a wind pattern that is one of the main drivers of the Indian summer monsoon. Further, a stable, multidecadal record has been interrupted, and consequently, long‐term analyses of the jet derived from surface wind data are now showing artificial anomalies that will affect efforts by scientists to identify interannual to decadal variations in the climate of the northwestern Indian Ocean.
Symposium focuses on Arctic science and policy needs
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: July 2011

The most important step the United States needs to take for the future of the Arctic is ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS), U.S. Senator Mark Begich (D‐AK) told attendees at the 4th Symposium on the Impacts of an Ice‐Diminishing Arctic on Naval and Maritime Operations, held 20–22 June in Washington, D. C. With the Arctic region undergoing rapid transformation due to climate change, scientists at the symposium provided details about diminishing ice and other concerns, while U.S. Naval and Coast Guard officers discussed research and operational needs and policy makers called for more resources to deal with Arctic issues and for LOS ratification.
Briefing highlights space weather risks to GPS
Authors: Tretkoff Ernie
Published: July 2011

Solar storms, which are expected to increase as the Sun nears the most active phase of the solar cycle, can disrupt a variety of technologies on which society relies. Speakers at a 22 June briefing on Capitol Hill in Washington, D. C., focused on how space weather can affect the Global Positioning System (GPS), which is used in a wide range of industries, including commercial air travel, agriculture, national security, and emergency response. Rocky Stone, chief technical pilot for United Airlines, noted that GPS allows more aircraft to be in airspace, saves fuel, and helps aircraft move safely on runways. “Improvements in space weather forecasting need to be pursued,” he said. Precision GPS has also “changed the whole nature of farming,” said Ron Hatch, Director of Navigation Systems, NavCom Technology/John Deere. GPS makes it possible for tractors to be driven in the most efficient paths and for fertilizer and water to be applied precisely to the areas that most need them. Space weather‐induced degradation of GPS signals can cause significant loss to farms that rely on GPS. Elizabeth Zimmerman, Deputy Associate Administrator for the Office of Response and Recovery at the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), described how FEMA relies on GPS for disaster recovery. The agency is developing an operations plan for dealing with space weather, she said.
Another call to increase STEM education
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: July 2011

As science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education becomes increasingly important, U.S. students are lagging behind other nations on international assessments, according to a recent Trends in International Mathematics and Science study. A 22 June report from the U.S. National Research Council (NRC) calls for increasing the focus on STEM education in the United States. “To make progress in improving STEM education for all students, policy makers at the national, state, and local levels should elevate science to the same level of importance as reading and mathematics,” states the report, “Successful K–12 STEM Education: Identifying Effective Approaches in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics.” It outlines several goals: expand the number of students who pursue advanced degrees and careers in STEM fields; expand the STEM‐capable workforce, while also broadening the participation of women and minorities; and increase STEM literacy for all students, whether or not they pursue STEM‐related careers or additional study in those areas.
The size of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake need not have been a surprise
Authors: Stein Seth , Okal Emile A.
Published: July 2011

The devastating 11 March 2011 magnitude 9.1 earthquake along the Tohoku coast of northeastern Japan reminded seismologists again of the adage, “It ain't what you don't know that gets you into trouble—it's what you know for sure that just ain't so.” Many seismologists—and hence disaster planners—thought that such huge earthquakes could not occur on this subduction zone [Chang, 2011; Geller, 2011]. Great earthquakes—magnitude 8—were expected and planned for. However, a giant magnitude 9 earthquake, which would release 30 times more energy, was not considered.
AGU journals increase in importance according to 2010 Impact Factors
Authors: Cook Bill
Published: July 2011

AGU journals continue to rank highly in many categories in the 2010 Journal Citation Report (JCR), which was released by Thomson Reuters on 28 June. JCR reports on several measures of journal usage, including a journal's Eigenfactor score, its Article Influence score, its Impact Factor, and its rank within a cohort of similar journals. According to the 2010 statistics, AGU again has outperformed its larger competitors. Four different AGU titles are ranked in the top three journals in six different cohorts. The Impact Factor of several AGU journals increased significantly over the previous year.
Bowring and Keppler receive 2010 N. L. Bowen Awards: Citation
Authors: Grotzinger John P.
Published: July 2011

Samuel Bowring and Hans Keppler each received the 2010 N. L. Bowen Award at the 2010 AGU Fall Meeting, held 13–17 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award recognizes “outstanding contributions to volcanology, geochemistry, or petrology.”
Bowring and Keppler receive 2010 N. L. Bowen Awards: Response
Authors: Bowring Samuel A.
Published: July 2011

Samuel Bowring and Hans Keppler each received the 2010 N. L. Bowen Award at the 2010 AGU Fall Meeting, held 13–17 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award recognizes “outstanding contributions to volcanology, geochemistry, or petrology.”
Bowring and Keppler receive 2010 N. L. Bowen Awards: Citation
Authors: Kohlstedt David
Published: July 2011

Samuel Bowring and Hans Keppler each received the 2010 N. L. Bowen Award at the 2010 AGU Fall Meeting, held 13–17 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award recognizes “outstanding contributions to volcanology, geochemistry, or petrology.”
Bowring and Keppler receive 2010 N. L. Bowen Awards: Response
Authors: Keppler Hans
Published: July 2011

Samuel Bowring and Hans Keppler each received the 2010 N. L. Bowen Award at the 2010 AGU Fall Meeting, held 13–17 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award recognizes “outstanding contributions to volcanology, geochemistry, or petrology.”
Dufek and Rust receive 2010 Hisashi Kuno Award: Citation
Authors: Ghiorso Mark S.
Published: July 2011

Josef Dufek and Alison Rust each received the Hisashi Kuno Award at the 2010 AGU Fall Meeting, held 13–17 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award recognizes “accomplishments of junior scientists who make outstanding contributions to the fields of volcanology, geochemistry, and petrology.”
Cold snaps still a threat despite global warming
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: July 2011

Long stretches of extreme cold weather can cause serious damage to agriculture as well as to transportation, water, and energy infrastructure. Cold snaps have the potential to kill people, with deaths attributed to cold weather often outpacing those caused by extreme heat. With climate projections anticipating at least 2°C increases in global average temperature by the end of the century, some regional planners may be taking solace in the idea that the threat of cold weather extremes could fade as the world warms. Research by Kodra et al., however, suggests that on a global scale the intensity and duration of extreme cold weather events will persist and in some regions will possibly even increase by the end of the 21st century. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2011GL047103, 2011)
Hydroclimatic mechanisms of cholera transmission in the Bengal Delta
Authors: Tretkoff Ernie
Published: July 2011

Cholera, a deadly waterborne disease, remains a major threat in many areas of the world, including the Bengal Delta region. In this region, cholera outbreaks have two annual peaks; the first occurs during the dry season in the spring, and the second occurs in the fall following the wet season. However, the large‐scale hydroclimatic processes underlying the propagation of the disease have not been well understood. Akanda et al. show that cholera outbreaks in the Bengal Delta region propagate from the coast to inland and from spring to fall following two distinct transmission cycles. The first outbreak begins in the spring near the coast when northward movement of plankton‐rich seawater and increasing salinity promote the growth of cholera‐causing bacteria in rivers, which are used for irrigation, sanitation, and consumption. The second outbreak begins in the fall, after summer floods and monsoons affect sanitation conditions that aid in bacterial transmission by contaminating waters over much of Bangladesh. (Water Resources Research, doi:10.1029/2010WR009914, 2011)
How North Atlantic cooling alters Southern Ocean wind
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: July 2011

At least seven times during the last ice age, large portions of the polar glaciers crumbled, sending rafts of ice floating into the North Atlantic Ocean. When these icebergs melted, the resultant injection of cold freshwater was enough to drive down ocean temperatures by as much as 12°C. These so‐called Heinrich events are associated with rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, but a mechanism to explain the connection convincingly has yet to arise. One proposed explanation sees the melting‐iceberg‐triggered North Atlantic cooling tied to increases in CO2 venting from the Southern Ocean, which surrounds Antarctica, through increased wind‐driven upwelling. To test this hypothesis, which was initially proposed by researchers in 2009 based on paleoclimate evidence, Lee et al. ran ocean‐atmosphere coupled climate simulations to determine the physical mechanism that could support this cross‐hemisphere connection. (Paleoceanography, doi:10.1029/2010PA002004, 2011)
Indigenous Language Revitalization: Role of a Bilingual Speech-Language Pathologist
Authors: Nahwegahbow Monica
Published: July 2011

Due to the risk of language extinction, immersion education is being implemented by Aboriginal communities in Canada and the United States as a language revitalization strategy. This paper describes one successful initiative, the Biidaaban Kinoomaagegamik Immersion Program (BKIP), started in 2006 by the community of Sagamok Anishnawbek (population: 1,400) situated on the north shore of Lake Huron in northern Ontario. The students are educated in Anishnaabemowin (Ojibwe), the primary language of instruction, through the day from senior kindergarten (SK) to Grade 3 with one hour allotted daily to English-language study. Aboriginal speech-language pathologists (SLPs), as speakers of an Indigenous language, can play a critical role in immersion education and language preservation. The role of the bilingual SLP in immersion programs is multifaceted. The varied aspects and responsibilities of this role are discussed.
Multiliteracies: An Approach for Framing Service Delivery With Indigenous Children
Authors: Inglebret Ella , Pavel (CHiXapkaid) D. Michael , Pavel Kaid'dub
Published: July 2011

A multiliteracies framework holds potential for use in facilitating communication development for children from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. This article describes the framework and its application through an educational program being implemented with Indigenous students from Northwest tribes. The framework is further explored through insights provided by a young student who is being mentored to become a cultural and spiritual leader for his tribal nation.
Responding to Clinicians' Challenges in Working With Geriatric Patients
Authors: Milliken Lisa Y. , Ralph Dawn , Jones-McNamara Sally
Published: July 2011

Clinicians work with older residents who have not only multiple physical limitations, but cognitive loss, communication deficits, dysphagia, and multiple medical diagnoses. They must work within procedural, regulatory, and reimbursement systems that challenge them to provide optimal resident care. In this article, the authors will discuss some specific challenges brought forth by clinicians in response to a clinical scenario and will provide information and feedback from several health-care consultants.
Ethical Challenges for Speech-Language Pathologists in the Long-Term Care Setting
Authors: Tonkovich John D.
Published: July 2011

Clinicians can use American Speech-Language-Hearing Association's Code of Ethics (2010) to help them determine the best course of action in situations that they face across various settings. This article will consider several specific challenges that clinicians face in the long-term setting and will reference the Code of Ethics to assist in navigating the skilled nursing facility (SNF) health-care environment and as a guide for dealing with anticipated change.
Nonlinear optics
Authors: Giordmaine J. A.
Published: July 2011

IN THE TEN YEARS since the invention of the laser, there has occurred a vigorous expansion of research and development in optics comparable with the growth of nuclear physics following the invention of the cyclotron. The impact of the laser on optical physics can be seen not only in the flowering of such previously established fields as inelastic light scattering from excitations in solids, holography, and optical coherence and photon statistics, but also in the birth of entirely new fields such as nonlinear optics, the present subject.
The sarcoplasmic reticulum takes on a supporting role
Authors: Leslie Mitch
Published: July 2011

Membrane network keeps muscle fibrils in line.
Sorting of GPI-anchored proteins into ER exit sites by p24 proteins is dependent on remodeled GPI
Authors: Fujita Morihisa , Watanabe Reika , Jaensch Nina , Romanova-Michaelides Maria , Satoh Tadashi , Kato Masaki , Riezman Howard , Yamaguchi Yoshiki , Maeda Yusuke , Kinoshita Taroh
Published: July 2011

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchoring of proteins is a posttranslational modification occurring in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). After GPI attachment, proteins are transported by coat protein complex II (COPII)-coated vesicles from the ER. Because GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are localized in the lumen, they cannot interact with cytosolic COPII components directly. Receptors that link GPI-APs to COPII are thought to be involved in efficient packaging of GPI-APs into vesicles; however, mechanisms of GPI-AP sorting are not well understood. Here we describe two remodeling reactions for GPI anchors, mediated by PGAP1 and PGAP5, which were required for sorting of GPI-APs to ER exit sites. The p24 family of proteins recognized the remodeled GPI-APs and sorted them into COPII vesicles. Association of p24 proteins with GPI-APs was pH dependent, which suggests that they bind in the ER and dissociate in post-ER acidic compartments. Our results indicate that p24 complexes act as cargo receptors for correctly remodeled GPI-APs to be sorted into COPII vesicles.
Pten mediates Myc oncogene dependence in a conditional zebrafish model of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Gutierrez Alejandro , Grebliunaite Ruta , Feng Hui , Kozakewich Elena , Zhu Shizhen , Guo Feng , Payne Elspeth , Mansour Marc , Dahlberg Suzanne E. , Neuberg Donna S. , Hertog Jeroen den , Prochownik Edward V. , Testa Joseph R. , Harris Marian , Kanki John P. , Look A. Thomas
Published: July 2011

The MYC oncogenic transcription factor is overexpressed in most human cases of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), often downstream of mutational NOTCH1 activation. Genetic alterations in the PTEN–PI3K–AKT pathway are also common in T-ALL. We generated a conditional zebrafish model of T-ALL in which 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4HT) treatment induces MYC activation and disease, and withdrawal of 4HT results in T-ALL apoptosis and tumor regression. However, we found that loss-of-function mutations in zebrafish pten genes, or expression of a constitutively active Akt2 transgene, rendered tumors independent of the MYC oncogene and promoted disease progression after 4HT withdrawal. Moreover, MYC suppresses pten mRNA levels, suggesting that Akt pathway activation downstream of MYC promotes tumor progression. Our findings indicate that Akt pathway activation is sufficient for tumor maintenance in this model, even after loss of survival signals driven by the MYC oncogene.
ModeRNA server: an online tool for modeling RNA 3D structures
Authors: Rother Magdalena , Milanowska Kaja , Puton Tomasz , Jeleniewicz Jaroslaw , Rother Kristian , Bujnicki Janusz M.
Published: July 2011

Summary: The diverse functional roles of non-coding RNA molecules are determined by their underlying structure. ModeRNA server is an online tool for RNA 3D structure modeling by the comparative approach, based on a template RNA structure and a user-defined target-template sequence alignment. It offers an option to search for potential templates, given the target sequence. The server also provides tools for analyzing, editing and formatting of RNA structure files. It facilitates the use of the ModeRNA software and offers new options in comparison to the standalone program.

Availability and implementation: ModeRNA server was implemented using the Python language and the Django web framework. It is freely available at http://iimcb.genesilico.pl/modernaserver.

Contact:  iamb@genesilico.pl
Rice WRKY45 plays important roles in fungal and bacterial disease resistance
Authors: SHIMONO MASAKI , KOGA HIRONORI , AKAGI AYA , HAYASHI NAGAO , GOTO SHINGO , SAWADA MIYUKI , KURIHARA TAKAYUKI , MATSUSHITA AKANE , SUGANO SHOJI , JIANG CHANG‐JIE , KAKU HISATOSHI , INOUE HARUHIKO , TAKATSUJI HIROSHI
Published: July 2011

Plant ‘activators’, such as benzothiadiazole (BTH), protect plants from various diseases by priming the plant salicylic acid (SA) signalling pathway. We have reported previously that a transcription factor identified in rice, WRKY45 (OsWRKY45), plays a pivotal role in BTH‐induced disease resistance by mediating SA signalling. Here, we report further functional characterization of WRKY45. Different plant activators vary in their action points, either downstream (BTH and tiadinil) or upstream (probenazole) of SA. Rice resistance to Magnaporthe grisea, induced by both types of plant activator, was markedly reduced in WRKY45‐knockdown (WRKY45‐kd) rice, indicating a universal role for WRKY45 in chemical‐induced resistance. Fungal invasion into rice cells was blocked at most attempted invasion sites (pre‐invasive defence) in WRKY45‐overexpressing (WRKY45‐ox) rice. Hydrogen peroxide accumulated within the cell wall underneath invading fungus appressoria or between the cell wall and the cytoplasm, implying a possible role for H2O2 in pre‐invasive defence. Moreover, a hypersensitive reaction‐like reaction was observed in rice cells, in which fungal growth was inhibited after invasion (post‐invasive defence). The two levels of defence mechanism appear to correspond to Type I and II nonhost resistances. The leaf blast resistance of WRKY45‐ox rice plants was much higher than that of other known blast‐resistant varieties. WRKY45‐ox plants also showed strong panicle blast resistance. BTH‐induced resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae was compromised in WRKY45‐kd rice, whereas WRKY45‐ox plants were highly resistant to this pathogen. However, WRKY45‐ox plants were susceptible to Rhizoctonia solani. These results indicate the versatility and limitations of the application of this gene.
Short- and medium-term efficacy of specific hydrotherapy in inherited ichthyosis
Authors: Bodemer C. , Bourrat E. , Mazereeuw-Hautier J. , Boralevi F. , Barbarot S. , Bessis D. , Blanchet-Bardon C. , Bourdon-Lanoy E. , Stalder J.-F. , Ribet V. , Guerrero D. , Sibaud V.
Published: July 2011

Background Management of inherited ichthyoses is symptomatic. Despite treatment, skin symptoms have a major impact on patients’ quality of life (QoL).

Objectives To assess the short- and medium-term efficacy of hydrotherapy on QoL and clinical symptoms of patients with inherited ichthyosis.

Methods In this 9-month prospective, open-label, multicentre study, 20 children and 24 adults with ichthyosis were enrolled in several French reference and competence centres, 2 months before undergoing a 3-week treatment with specific hydrotherapeutic management at Avène Hydrotherapy Centre. At baseline (2 months before hydrotherapy), beginning (D0) and end of hydrotherapy (D18), and 3 and 6 months later at the reference and competence centres, patients self-assessed QoL using the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) or its paediatric version (Children’s DLQI), and investigators evaluated ichthyosis severity using a specific clinical ichthyosis score.

Results The DLQI scores were significantly improved not only at the end of the hydrotherapy treatment (−56% vs. baseline; mean ± SD 3·59 ± 4·30 at D18 vs. 8·35 ± 5·71 at D0; P <0·0001), but also at 3 months (−28% vs. baseline; P =0·01) and 6 months after hydrotherapy (−26% vs. baseline; mean ± SD 5·21 ± 5·11 vs. 6·89 ± 5·38; P =0·03) (primary criterion). Clinical symptoms were also significantly improved at all post-treatment visits, with a decrease of the mean clinical ichthyosis score by −38% between D0 and D18, by −30% at 3 months and by −31% at 6 months vs. baseline.

Conclusions A 3-week treatment at Avène Hydrotherapy Centre provided significant and persisting improvement of QoL and clinical symptoms in patients with inherited ichthyoses.
Evidence-based (S3) guideline on topical corticosteroids in pregnancy
Authors: Chi C.-C. , Kirtschig G. , Aberer W. , Gabbud J.-P. , Lipozenčić J. , Kárpáti S. , Haustein U.-F. , Zuberbier T. , Wojnarowska F.
Published: July 2011

Women with skin conditions may need topical corticosteroids during pregnancy. However, little is known about the effects of topical corticosteroids on the fetus. A guideline subcommittee of the European Dermatology Forum was organized to develop an evidence-based guideline on the use of topical corticosteroids in pregnancy (http://www.euroderm.org/edf/images/stories/guidelines/EDF-Guideline-on-Steroids-in-Pregnancy.pdf). The evidence from a Cochrane Review suggested that the major possible adverse effects on the fetus of topical corticosteroids were orofacial clefts when used preconceptionally and in the first trimester of pregnancy, and fetal growth restriction when very potent topical corticosteroids were used during pregnancy. To obtain robust evidence, a large population-based cohort study (on 84 133 pregnant women from the U.K. General Practice Research Database) was performed, which found a significant association of fetal growth restriction with maternal exposure to potent/very potent topical corticosteroids, but not with mild/moderate topical corticosteroids. No associations of maternal exposure to topical corticosteroids of any potency with orofacial cleft, preterm delivery and fetal death were found. Moreover, another recent Danish cohort study did not support a causal association between topical corticosteroid and orofacial cleft. The current best evidence suggests that mild/moderate topical corticosteroids are preferred to potent/very potent ones in pregnancy, because of the associated risk of fetal growth restriction with the latter.
Milestones in umbilical cord blood transplantation
Authors: Gluckman Eliane , Ruggeri Annalisa , Volt Fernanda , Cunha Renato , Boudjedir Karim , Rocha Vanderson
Published: July 2011

Much has been learned about umbilical cord blood (UCB) since the first human cord blood transplant was performed back in 1988. Cord blood banks have been established worldwide for the collection, cryopreservation and distribution of UCB for allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. UCB has now become one of the most commonly used sources of haematopoietic stem cells for allogeneic transplantation. Today, a global network of cord blood banks and transplant centres has been established with a large common inventory, allowing for more than 20 000 transplants worldwide in children and adults with severe haematological diseases. Several studies have been published on UCB transplant, assessing risk factors such as cell dose and human leucocyte antigen mismatch. New strategies are ongoing to facilitate engraftment and reduce transplant‐related mortality and include the use of reduced‐intensity conditioning regimen, intra‐bone injection of cord blood cells, double cord blood transplants or ex vivo expansion of cord blood cells. The absence of ethical concern and the unlimited supply of cells explain the increasing interest of using UCB for developing regenerative medicine.
CD4+ T cells defined by their Vβ T cell receptor expression are associated with immunoregulatory profiles and lesion size in human leishmaniasis
Authors: Keesen T S L , Antonelli L R V , Faria D R , Guimarães L H , Bacellar O , Carvalho E M , Dutra W O , Gollob K J
Published: July 2011

Leishmaniasis is caused by infection with the protozoan parasite, Leishmania, that parasitizes human cells, and the cellular immune response is essential for controlling infection. In order to measure the host T cell response to Leishmania infection, we have measured the expansion, activation state and functional potential of specific T cells as identified by their T cell receptor Vβ region expression. In a group of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) patients, we evaluated these characteristics in nine different T cell subpopulations as identified by their Vβ region expression, before and after specific Leishmania antigen stimulation. Our results show: (1) an increase in CD4+ T cells expressing Vβ 5·2 and Vβ 24 in CL compared to controls; (2) a Leishmania antigen-induced increase in CD4+ T cells expressing Vβ 5·2, 11, 12 and 17; (3) a profile of previous activation of CD4+ Vβ 5·2-, 11- and 24-positive T cells, with higher expression of CD45RO, HLA-DR, interferon-γ, tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-10 compared to other Vβ-expressing subpopulations; (4) a positive correlation between higher frequencies of CD4+Vβ5·2+ T cells and larger lesions; and (5) biased homing of CD4+ T cells expressing Vβ 5·2 to the lesion site. Given that CL disease involves a level of pathology (ulcerated lesions) and is often followed by long-lived protection and cure, the identification of specific subpopulations active in this form of disease could allow for the discovery of immunodominant Leishmania antigens important for triggering efficient host responses against the parasite, or identify cell populations most involved in pathology.