bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bach and Theology
Authors: Begbie Jeremy
Published: November 2021

Amid a flourishing of interest in the theological dimensions of Bach’s output, relatively little attention has been paid to what the disciplines of biblical exegesis and systematic theology can bring to Bach studies. In the first part of the chapter, two major issues are examined: “anti-Judaism” in Bach, and his vision of time and eternity. Approaching the St. John Passion through close exegesis of John’s Gospel shows that Bach is a subtler and more independent figure than some current discussions of his alleged “anti-Judaism” imply. With regard to time and eternity, it is argued (against Karol Berger) that Bach displays a profound understanding of what a distinctively Christian metaphysics entails. The second part of the chapter asks what Bach might bring to the theologian. Two matters are considered—Bach’s creativity, and his layering of different theological lines—to show how his music can enable theology to be better attuned to its subject matter.
Indicators as a Tool for Strengthened Monitoring
Authors: Lantschner Emma
Published: November 2021

Chapter 3 is dedicated to a discussion of the concept of indicators, since the use of such an instrument is not uncontroversial. To address critics of the concept, the chapter analyses not only the purposes for which indicators can be used and their related advantages, but also discusses the limitations and pitfalls connected with their use. This chapter also introduces the division into structural, process, and outcome indicators that measure the progress of implementation in different phases of the life cycle of a norm. It further looks at the use that is made (or not made) of indicators in monitoring procedures carried out by the Commission in the pre-accession phase to show that, to date, the concept has been used rather inconsistently. On the basis of the foregoing, it develops criteria for the development of indicators in the area of equality and non-discrimination. The main purpose of these indicators is to support consistent monitoring of the transposition and implementation of the EU non-discrimination acquis. They can, however, also be used as a tool in the political dialogue between the European Commission, civil society actors, and state institutions, as well as by policy makers to analyse the situation in view of evidence-based law and policy making.
Random Variables and Probability
Authors: Essington Timothy E.
Published: November 2021

The chapter “Random Variables and Probability” serves as both a review and a reference on probability. The random variable is the core concept in understanding probability, parameter estimation, and model selection. This chapter reviews the basic idea of a random variable and discusses the two main kinds of random variables: discrete random variables and continuous random variables. It covers the distinction between discrete and continuous random variables and outlines the most common probability mass or density functions used in ecology. Advanced sections cover distributions such as the gamma distribution, Student’s t-distribution, the beta distribution, the beta-binomial distribution, and zero-inflated models.
Skills for Fitting Models to Data
Authors: Essington Timothy E.
Published: November 2021

The chapter “Skills for Fitting Models to Data” provides worked examples of the model parameter estimation and model-selection examples presented in Part 2, both in spreadsheets and in R. This chapter presumes that the reader is reasonably comfortable setting up spreadsheets and R code and applying the modeling skills presented in Chapter 15. It begins with maximum likelihood estimation, presenting first a direct method and then numerical methods that yield more precise (usually) estimates of maximum likelihood parameter estimates. It then examines how to estimate parameters that do not appear in probability functions (e.g. a model in which survivorship rate is density dependent). The chapter concludes by discussing likelihood profiles.
Onstage Violence in Sixteenth-Century French Tragedy
Authors: Meere Michael
Published: November 2021

The performance of violence on the stage has played an integral role in French tragedy since its inception. Onstage Violence in Sixteenth-Century French Tragedy is the first book to tell this story. It traces and examines the ethical and poetic stakes of violence, as playwrights were experimenting with the newly discovered genre during decades of religious and civil war (c.1550–1598). The study begins with an overview of the origins of French vernacular tragedy and the complex relationships between violence, performance, ethics, and poetics. The remainder of the book homes in on specific plays and analyzes biblical, mythological, historical, and politically topical tragedies—including the stories of Cain and Abel, David and Goliath, Medea, Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent, the Roman general Regulus, and the assassination of the Duke of Guise in 1588—to show how the multifarious uses of violence on stage shed light on a range of pressing issues during that turbulent time such as religion, gender, politics, and militantism.
Biblical Violence in Catholic and Calvinist Tragedy
Authors: Meere Michael
Published: November 2021

This chapter analyzes biblical violence in Catholic and Calvinist tragedy by examining dramatic adaptations of the stories of Cain and Abel and David and Goliath. Thomas Lecoq’s Tragédie de Cain (1580) imitates the early sixteenth-century Mistére du Viel Testament and uses Cain’s murder of Abel as a counterexample of virtuous behavior at the peak of the religious wars, encouraging spectators to behave peacefully toward their neighbors despite differing beliefs. The chapter then considers how the Calvinist tragedies by Joachim de Coignac (La Desconfiture de Goliath, c.1551) and Louis Des Masures (David combattant, 1563/1566) use violence as a positive, liberating force. David’s defeat of Goliath mirrors the Reformed Church’s hopeful victory against the Roman Catholic Church. This chapter argues that Coignac and Des Masures depict David’s violence as a morally good act, yet their plays raise theological, moral, and epistemological questions of when and why it is acceptable to kill.
Stochastic Limit Theory
Authors: Davidson James
Published: November 2021

This book aims to introduce modern asymptotic theory to students and practitioners of econometrics. It falls broadly into two parts. The first provides a handbook and reference for the underlying mathematics (Part I, Chapters 1–6), statistical theory (Part II, Chapters 7–11), and stochastic process theory (Part III, Chapters 12–18). The second half provides a treatment of the main convergence theorems used in analysing the large sample behaviour of econometric estimators and tests. These are the law of large numbers (Part IV, Chapters 19–22), the central limit theorem (Part V, Chapters 23–26), and the functional central limit theorem (Part VI, Chapters 27–32). The focus in this treatment is on the nonparametric approach to time series properties, covering topics such as nonstationarity, mixing, martingales, and near‐epoch dependence. While the approach is not elementary, care is taken to keep the treatment self‐contained. Proofs are provided for almost all the results.
Sets and Numbers
Authors: Davidson James
Published: November 2021

This chapter covers set theory. The topics include set algebra, relations, orderings and mappings, countability and sequences, real numbers, sequences and limits, and set classes including monotone classes, rings, fields, and sigma fields. The final section introduces the basic ideas of real analysis including Euclidean distance, sets of the real line, coverings, and compactness.
Random Variables
Authors: Davidson James
Published: November 2021

Specializing the concepts of Chapter 7 to the case of real variables, this chapter introduces distribution functions, discrete and continuous distributions, and describes examples such as the binomial, uniform, Gaussian, Cauchy, and gamma distributions. It then treats multivariate distributions and the concept of independence.
Mixingales
Authors: Davidson James
Published: November 2021

Mixingales are an asymptotic generalization of the martingale concept. This chapter defines them and reviews their properties, discussing the telescoping sum representation, and the important mixingale inequalities. The most important result for subsequent applications is the uniform square integrability of mixingale sums. The final section proves bounds for the autocovariances of mixingale processes.
Convergence in L
p Norm
Authors: Davidson James
Published: November 2021

This chapter looks in detail at proofs of the weak law of large numbers (convergence in probability) using the technique of establishing convergence in Lp‐norm. The extension to a proof of almost‐sure convergence is given, and then special results for martingale differences, mixingales, and approximable processes. These results are proved in array notation to allow general forms of heterogeneity.
Extensions and Complements
Authors: Davidson James
Published: November 2021

This chapter contains treatments of a range of topics associated with the central limit theorem. These include estimated normalization using methods of heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation consistent variance estimation, the CLT in linear prrocesses, random norming giving rise to a mixed Gaussian limiting distribution, and the Cramér–Wold device and multivariate CLT. The delta method to derive the limit distributions of differentiable functions is described. The law of the iterated logarithm is proved for Gaussian processes.
The Age of Mass Child Removal in Spain
Authors: Anderson Peter
Published: November 2021

This book analyses the ideas and practices that underpinned the age of mass child removal. This era emerged from growing criticisms across the world of ‘dangerous’ parents and the developing belief in the nineteenth century that the state could provide superior guardianship to ‘unfit’ parents. In the late nineteenth century, the juvenile court movement led the way in forging a new and more efficient system of child removal that severely curtailed the previously highly protected sovereignty of guardians deemed dangerous. This transnational movement rapidly established courts across the world and used them to train the personnel and create the systems that frequently lay behind mass child removal. Spaniards formed a significant part of this transnational movement and the country’s juvenile courts became involved in the three main areas of removal that characterize the age: the taking of children from poor families, from families displaced by war, and from political opponents. The study of Spanish case files reveals much about how the removal process worked in practice across time and across democratic regimes and dictatorships. It also affords an insight into the rich array of child-removal practices that lay between the poles of coercion and victimhood. Accordingly, the book further offers a history of some of most marginalized parents and children and recaptures their voice, agency, and experience. It also analyses the removal of tens of thousands of children from General Franco’s political opponents, sometimes referred to as the lost children of Francoism, through the history and practice of the juvenile courts.
Dangerous Parents
Authors: Anderson Peter
Published: November 2021

While we know much about the cult of childhood, historians have spent less time analysing the ways in which certain parents became demonized from the late eighteenth century. This chapter traces growing criticisms across nations of parents who were felt to have endangered their offspring and to have deprived the nation of a future robust population. Industrialization and urbanization lent a growing shrillness to the debate. Doctors, opponents of child labour and slavery, and criminologists all began to denounce parents and especially those from the left who they identified as a threat to their offspring and society. As the nineteenth century progressed and competition between nations increased, the growth of eugenic thought gave extra virulence to these denunciations. This set the stage for demands for ‘dangerous’ parents to be stripped of their guardianship.
The Battle for Madrid and the Splintering of Families, 1936–1939
Authors: Anderson Peter
Published: November 2021

The Spanish Civil War displaced and split families, destroyed support networks, forced families into poverty, and led to a surge in family disputes. As a result, child removal and separation became the lot of much greater numbers of people. Widows of husbands lost to violence behind the lines formed one highly vulnerable group. Refugees and evacuees also frequently found their families split apart and poor families proved especially at risk. The mass evacuation of children also led to a surge in custody disputes. Despite the disruption of the war, the Madrid Juvenile Court pressed ahead with its work and many of its conservative members continued to exert a hold over the institution despite a strong shift in sentiment towards the left during the conflict. These officials continued to enforce traditional notions of morality and gender roles and savvy relatives could exploit this situation in custody disputes.
The Role of Family Visitors in Supervising, Removing, and Returning Children
Authors: Anderson Peter
Published: November 2021

Family visitors supervised children released on probation and strove to guide youngsters and their parents towards the faith. They insisted on children being baptized, studying the catechism, and, where necessary, placing them in Catholic boarding schools. They consistently looked to the spiritual rather than material welfare of the families. In this endeavour they targeted poor families, political families, and Protestants. Despite this, family visitors were overworked, floundered in the face of family resistance, and frequently chose the most lenient policy available. This allowed parents to petition for the return of their children or to keep their children with only a few desultory inspections of their homes carried out. Children exploited these weaknesses. In some cases they simply walked out of care homes and returned to live with their families. Children on probation also proved willing to denounce parents they despised for their immoral behaviour.
Descriptive Digressions
Authors: Mitchell Lee Clark
Published: November 2021

This chapter seizes on Hammett’s intriguing early insight that detection requires description more than violence—indeed that, at the genre’s best, description trumps narrative. Chandler and Ross Macdonald extended that premise in elaborate renderings of furniture and wardrobes, of authentic locales and even facial features as a means of inventively diverting attention in order to sustain it. In the process, objects become all but haunted, returning us to plot in a heightened state of awareness, tightening the hold of the past on the present. Admittedly, that descriptive impulse in its frequency and obtrusiveness can come to verge on parody. But as the interruptions of misdirection and diversion occur ever more self-consciously, they also increasingly draw our gaze to the configuration of the whole.
Lost Identities
Authors: Mitchell Lee Clark
Published: November 2021

Extending the implications of this turn from fleshed-out character, chapter four highlights the genre’s later focus on identities lost altogether (if only apparently). Among more recent authors, some have collapsed the mysteries earlier involving dead victims with those now entangling the unknown investigator himself. After all, the detective’s presence has always verged on a condition of invisibility, which has gradually become an informing premise within the genre. Central figures more than occasionally seem unaware of their tormented pasts, or even of their own present insights and skills. Alternatively, those who are so aware now strive to protect their identities by staying off the grid, avoiding scrutiny altogether, including the reader’s inquiring eye. Remaining invisible becomes either a chronic, unbidden condition or an increasingly hard act to sustain, with concealment having become the genre’s signature narrative line.
The Fightback
Authors: Crawford Dorothy H.
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses some of the barriers viruses must overcome in order to complete their life cycle. To survive, viruses must penetrate host cells before they can begin the process of reproducing their genetic material, and here again viruses appear remarkably resourceful. By carrying a molecular key on their surface, they can disguise themselves as normal body constituents, and latch on to and enter any cell which bears the complementary lock. As such, viruses infect only those cells which display the particular molecular lock that their key fits into, and this restriction dictates the type of cell a virus infects and therefore the symptoms it will cause. Since there are several hundred molecules to choose from, viruses cause a great variety of diseases. However, viruses are not fighting a one-sided battle. Even the simplest organisms have ways of dealing with viruses, but the sophistication and subtlety of the human immune system is unrivalled. The chapter then considers the vital role B and T cells play in the body’s defences. It also traces how viruses and their hosts have co-evolved. Finally, the chapter outlines the threats viruses may pose, including viral mutation and the use of viruses in biological warfare.
Viruses And Cancer
Authors: Crawford Dorothy H.
Published: November 2021

This chapter addresses cancer viruses. A cancer arises from a single cell in the body multiplying unchecked until it has produced a whole mass of identical cells—a tumour. This can happen in any organ of the body, in people of any age, and in any country. The chapter begins by tracing the history of tumour virus discovery, particularly the discovery of the Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV). Clearly, the evolution of a virus-associated tumour is more complex than the simple equation ‘virus infection equals cancer’. Several other factors are involved in driving just one among many virus-infected cells to tumour growth. To investigate what these factors might be, the chapter then looks at how normal cell growth and division is regulated. It is no surprise to find that tumours caused by viruses are more common in people whose immune system is suppressed than in the general population. Ultimately, the easiest way to prevent infection and tumour development is with a vaccine, and this has been particularly successful with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human papilloma virus (HPV). For those tumour viruses for which no vaccine is yet available, antiviral drug treatments are being used with some success.
Epilogue: What The Future Holds
Authors: Crawford Dorothy H.
Published: November 2021

This concluding chapter explores what the future holds for emerging viruses. Clearly, emerging viruses are on the rise, so we urgently need to find out why they are emerging so frequently and how to stop them. We know that they are generally zoonotic, having jumped to us from an animal source. Broadly speaking, the reason for the rise in these spillover events and subsequent spread is twofold: human population growth and increased international travel. The World Health Organization (WHO) regularly publishes a list of potential emerging diseases investigation into which requires urgent research and development. Presently this includes COVID-19, Ebola and related Marburg virus diseases, Lassa fever, MERS, SARS, Nipah and related henipaviral diseases, Rift Valley fever, Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever, Zika, and Disease X (the latter meaning a hitherto unknown disease). But while most would agree that it is sensible to encourage research into these potential epidemic viruses, the most likely candidate to cause the next epidemic or pandemic is Virus X—a ‘new’ virus causing Disease X. The chapter then briefly mentions the founding of the Global Alliance Vaccine Initiative (GAVI) and the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), both of which aim to prepare vaccines against emerging infections and to enable equitable access to them.
Agential Modal Contextualism
Authors: Whittle Ann
Published: November 2021

The argument for contextualism regarding freedom and moral responsibility begins with agential modals, the ‘cans’, ‘coulds’, and ‘ables’ of our discourse. Given the evidence from ordinary language, it is argued that all acceptable analyses of agential modals should be committed to contextualism. The chapter begins by introducing the notion of an agential modal and characterizing the commitments of a contextualist analysis. After this, evidence in favour of a contextualist account of agential modals is outlined and responses to data that counts against contextualism are offered. The chapter ends by contrasting contextualism, positively, with two rival views, relativism and the default rival, invariantism.
Abilities and Incompatibilism
Authors: Whittle Ann
Published: November 2021

This chapter begins the task of relating a contextualist account of agential modals to questions concerning freedom. In the first two sections, different ways of characterizing abilities and their relationship to freedom are discussed. This helps clarify the framework and assumptions that the subsequent arguments rely upon. Next, an influential argument for incompatibilism, namely the consequence argument, is argued to be problematic. Using the notion of an all-in ability, the question of how best to develop the case for incompatibilism is then considered. After criticizing an argument for incompatibilism based upon all-in abilities, the chapter ends by offering a reformulation of the consequence argument, in light of the characterization of all-in abilities.
All-In Abilities in Context
Authors: Whittle Ann
Published: November 2021

This chapter considers a significant challenge, initially raised in chapter one, that of showing why attributions of all-in abilities are not invariant. This is crucial to the wider project of showing why a contextualist analysis of agential modals has significant implications for both freedom and moral responsibility, since it is highly plausible to think that our attributions of freedom and moral responsibility concern these all-in abilities. The chapter begins by arguing that the notions which comprise the characterizations of an all-in ability should be understood contextually. After answering an objection to the proposed argument for a contextualist account of all-in abilities, semantic evidence in favour of the view is then offered. The chapter ends by discussing the wider philosophical significance of a contextualist account of agential modals which embraces all-in abilities.
A Contextualist Account of Regulative Freedom
Authors: Whittle Ann
Published: November 2021

In this chapter, attention again turns to issues surrounding freedom. In chapter two it was argued that the dual power to do otherwise, to be able to A and to refrain from A-ing, was a necessary condition of a concept of freedom, which was named ‘regulative freedom’. In this chapter, a contextualist analysis of regulative freedom is proposed. The chapter begins by considering different possible formulations of a contextualist account of freedom, after which, semantic evidence both for and against the view is examined. Next, two significant advantages of the contextualist theory are outlined, namely, a response to the (reformulated) consequence argument and the argument from manipulation. Finally, objections to a contextualist account of regulative freedom are answered.
Control
Authors: Whittle Ann
Published: November 2021

This chapter begins relating the rather abstract issues considered so far to the issue of moral responsibility. It introduces the notion of guidance control in the first section, before examining some influential analyses that have been offered of this form of control. In particular, the chapter examines both reasons-sensitivity and hierarchical analyses of this notion. It is argued that there is reason to be sceptical of the claim that such analyses can offer an adequate account independent of considerations regarding abilities to do otherwise. This discussion, in addition to a counterexample offered, challenges the view that we can cleanly divorce the concepts of regulative and guidance control as is often proposed. The chapter ends by sketching an alternative, unified ability analysis of control, which combines elements associated with both regulative and guidance analyses of control.
Cold War Space and Culture in the 1960s and 1980s
Authors: Pike David L.
Published: November 2021

Cold War Space and Culture in the 1960s and 1980s: The Bunkered Decades studies the two periods in which Americans were actively encouraged to build backyard shelters while governments exhausted their budgets on fortified super-shelters and megaton bombs. The dreams and nightmares inspired by the specter of nuclear destruction were expressed in images and forms of fallout shelters and other bunker fantasies from comics, movies, and pulp paperbacks to policy documents, protest movements, and survivalist tracts. Bunker fantasies stratified class, region, race, and gender and created often unrecognized through-lines leading from the 1960s and the less-studied 1980s into the present day. A substantial Introduction defines “bunker fantasy” and the meanings of shelter and security since the end of World War II. The five chapters of Part 1 taxonomize the primary and sometimes overlapping forms taken by the bunker and its fantasies during its first heyday in the years around the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962: the basement or backyard shelter, suburbia, and the nuclear family; the cave, tribalism, and feral humanity; the private supershelter, survivalism, and self-reliance; the community shelter, infrastructure, and urban bunkerism; and the government supershelter, paranoia, and paternalism. The four chapters of Part 2 treat the new bunker fantasies that emerged around 1983, the closest the world had come to nuclear war since 1962, in general popular culture, men’s action fiction, nuclear realism, and feminist science fiction. A conclusion briefly discusses the legacy of these decades in today’s anxieties around security, borders, and apocalypse both real and imagined.
Men’s Action Fictions
Authors: Pike David L.
Published: November 2021

No genre explored the escapist lure of apocalypse more fully than the new pulp genre of men’s action fiction, where the 1960s-style fallout shelter serves as a measure of the faith of the hero in the structure of government and authority and the society it underpins. The more elaborate the shelter and the accoutrements of survival that surround it, the more likely is nuclear war to have been a good war. For rightwing writers, the distinct probability of urban apocalypse afforded a new political equation for the 1980s: eliminating the densely packed blue-state populations, especially on the coasts, was a quick way to imagine changing the electoral balance. Nevertheless, men’s action fiction takes pains to frame its heroes’ choices in rational rather than ideological terms. The heroic protagonists recognizably follow in the hard-boiled noir tradition of antisocial guardians of society in a fallen world threatened by criminal nihilists from the right and ineffectual liberals from the left. The bunker fantasies of men’s action fiction, in the dialectic they stage between survival and survivalism, posit in pulp form the hard questions that had plagued policymakers since Harry Truman first made the decision to use the bomb. That their cartoonishly excessive qualities neatly mirror the extreme rhetoric of the Cold Warriors in the Reagan White House should also remind us that the contradictory impulses they so exuberantly narrativize remain deeply rooted in the contradictions of American identity and American history.
Introduction
Authors: Cain Andrew
Published: November 2021

The introduction briefly contextualizes Jerome’s opus Paulinum within the broader Pauline “renaissance” of the fourth- and fifth-century western church, problematizes the issues surrounding his four Pauline commentaries (on Galatians, Ephesians, Titus, and Philemon) that necessitate fresh investigation, and summarizes each of the seven chapter’s contents and arguments. It also expresses the hope that the present monograph, which is the first book-length treatment of his Pauline commentaries in any language, should begin to fill this glaring lacuna in Hieronymian studies, and that it may contribute more generally to the ever-growing bibliography on the late antique reception of Paul and his epistles.
Practice and Theory in The Concept of Law
Authors: Adams Thomas
Published: November 2021

This chapter challenges the widely held assumption that H.L.A. Hart endorsed a fatally flawed theory of rules known as ‘the practice theory’. In the first section I lay out the practice theory. The second section marshals evidence of the theory’s inconsistency with central aspects of Hart’s understanding of law, in particular his insistence on the distinction between the validity and efficacy of legal rules. In Section 3 I revisit the passages of The Concept of Law from which the practice theory is ostensibly culled and suggest an alternative. Finally, in Section 4, I consider some of the methodological implications of Hart’s style of argument and what it says about the importance or not of conceptual analysis in legal philosophy.
Law as Standing
Authors: Dorfman Avihay , Harel Alon
Published: November 2021

This article addresses a basic question of general jurisprudence, namely, what difference law makes in moral space. It argues that the difference at issue does not necessarily come to telling us what morality (or justice) might dictate but rather to establishing a way of attributing decisions to all of us and not to any one of us in particular. This also means that law’s distinctive moral virtue is not justice but legitimacy. What renders this possible is the emergence of public officials whose value lies in being public officials. In that, the article defends the standing conception of law, according to which law’s most basic moral contribution is that of establishing an entity whose normative pronouncements could count as made in the name of (or even by) the citizens.
Against Accomplice Liability
Authors: Kaiserman Alex
Published: November 2021

Accomplice liability makes people guilty of crimes they knowingly helped or encouraged others to commit, even if they did not commit the crime themselves. But this method of criminalizing aiders and abettors is fraught with problems. In this chapter, I argue that accomplice liability in the criminal law should be replaced with a system in which agents are criminalized on the basis of their individual contributions to causings of harm—the larger the contribution, the more severe the crime—regardless of whether those contributions were made “through” the actions of another person. Not only would this avoid the issues associated with making the guilt of accomplices parasitic on the guilt of the principal, it would also fill gaps in the law concerning other cases to which accomplice liability does not apply.
Why Read Keats?
Authors: Everest Kelvin
Published: November 2021

This chapter interrogates the challenges for new readers of poetry, and in particular of Keats’s poetry, of understanding and appreciating the special nature of Keats’s appeal and achievement. It considers those aspects of Keats’s poetry which can be difficult for new readers, including the reflexive nature of Keats’s thematic preoccupations: his concern with his own development as a poet, and with the place of poetry in human experience generally. Keats’s poetry can seem to be isolated from real experience in taking as its main theme the idea of poetry itself, rather than directing its attention out to matters such as personal emotion, society, and history. These issues are explored through a reading of ‘On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer’. There is then an overview of the three interlocking central concerns of the poetry: the relationship between identity and change, personal, literary, and historical.
Keats’s Formal Legacy and the Victorians
Authors: Everest Kelvin
Published: November 2021

This chapter surveys the earliest period of Keats’s posthumous reputation, with discussion of the importance of the ‘Cambridge Apostles’ and their enthusiasm for Shelley as a bridge to early appreciation of Keats. This Victorian image of Shelley and Keats is considered through a reading of Browning’s ‘Memorabilia’ and ‘Popularity’. The development of the stanza form of Keats’s odes, of particular appeal in the mid-nineteenth century, is analysed in a detailed reading of the ‘Ode to Psyche’, and its surviving manuscript forms. The stanza-form of the odes is then compared with Matthew Arnold’s adaptation in ‘The Scholar Gypsy’. Arnold’s presentation of the figure of the scholar gypsy exposes a duality in the image of Keats for subsequent generations: a poet valued for his intellectual toughness and resilience, but also primarily influential through the rich sensuousness of his versification.
Shelley’s Adonais and John Keats
Authors: Everest Kelvin
Published: November 2021

Shelley’s elegy for Keats, Adonais, is set in the context of the acquaintance of the two poets, and in Shelley’s intellectual and poetic development up to 1821. His artistic decisions in determining the ornate ‘classical’ style of the poem, including the paratexts of its first published form, are understood as deliberately chosen to honour Keats, who had in Shelley’s understanding been killed by the effects of savage, politically motivated, attacks in the Tory Reviews. The essay then reveals the true extent and complexity of Shelley’s allusions to Keats’s poetry throughout Adonais, starting with its title as a Greek pun on ‘nightingale’, and covering references of many kinds to the whole range of Keats’s published output, including some of the most famous passages in Adonais.
‘Mechanism of a kind yet unattempted’
Authors: Everest Kelvin
Published: November 2021

Prometheus Unbound is amongst Shelley’s greatest achievements, and is widely read and admired. However, it offers challenges to interpretation of an unusual kind. The characters and action of the drama are intrinsically difficult to understand, given their quasi-mythic and transhistorical nature. But most challenging is the combination in the plotting in the drama of inexplicit scientific concepts and phenomena, with elements from classical culture, including prophecy and its mechanisms. The difficulty of grasping ideas which are very obscure but nevertheless brilliantly realized, and crucial to understanding of the action (particularly in Act II), is demonstrated through detailed reading of key passages. The growing realization by Asia and Panthea of their revolutionary destiny is dramatized using contemporary understanding of chemical gases and their beneficial and harmful effects.
Conclusions
Authors: Rosillo-López Cristina
Published: November 2021

The conclusion sums up the findings of the book and addresses the question whether the political culture of conversations could be applied to previous and later periods of Roman history. The Roman political system ran on conversation and face-to-face meetings. The main objective of this book has been to offer an extra-institutional perspective on Roman politics through the proxy of conversations and meetings. Orality has long been identified as an important component for the analysis of Roman institutions and was also crucial for the circulation of rumours and public opinion. The present book has argued that in Rome, oral communication was the default mode in politics, especially for all politics carried out outside institutions. Only when they could not reach each other in person did Roman senators and their peers resort to letters.
Justifying and Demanding
Authors: Whiting Daniel
Published: November 2021

The aim of this chapter is to introduce and defend a distinction between two kinds of reasons, justifying and demanding. After illustrating the distinction via examples, it offers a number of principles that distinguish reasons that merely justify from those that also demand. Next, the chapter demonstrates that the distinction has explanatory power. By appeal to it, it is possible to explain the difference between reasons not to act and reasons against doing so and, most importantly, to explain how reasons determine what a person may, must, and ought to do. In closing, the chapter returns to the evidence-based account of reasons and shows how it captures the justifying/demanding distinction.
A Modal Theory of Reasons
Authors: Whiting Daniel
Published: November 2021

The chapter begins with the idea that a reason to act is evidence of a respect in which it is right to act and asks how the evidential relation is to be understood. A tempting answer is in terms of probabilities. This chapter rejects that answer by appeal to cases involving lotteries. In turn, reflection on such cases motivates replacing reference to probabilities with reference to possibilities, specifically, to nearby metaphysically possible worlds. What makes a fact a reason is that there is a modal connection, not a probabilistic one, between it and some respect in which it is right to act. This leads to a novel modal account of reasons—justifying and demanding—which is presented as a successor to, rather than development of, the original evidence-based account.
Knowledge
Authors: Whiting Daniel
Published: November 2021

This chapter generalizes the modal theory of possessed reasons to the epistemic domain and combines it with the first-order commitment that truth is the sole right-maker for belief. A fact is a reason for believing a proposition only if, in nearby metaphysically possible worlds in which that fact obtains, the proposition is true. A person possesses that fact as a reason for believing a proposition only if, in nearby epistemically possible worlds in which that fact obtains, the proposition is true. This is an anti-luck or safety condition on possession. The chapter goes on to argue that, if a person possesses a reason for believing a proposition, they are in a position to know it. It shows that this claim is not vulnerable to Gettier-style counterexamples and that it vindicates the idea that knowledge is a norm of belief, an idea supported by reflection on lottery cases and Moorean beliefs.
Rational Belief
Authors: Whiting Daniel
Published: November 2021

This chapter generalizes the modal theory of subjective reasons to the epistemic domain and combines it with the first-order commitment that truth is the sole right-maker for belief. The result is a modal account of epistemic rationality, according to which there is a safety condition on rational belief distinct from but mirroring the more familiar safety condition on knowledge. The chapter shows that the account delivers plausible closure principles on rational belief and offers a straightforward resolution of the lottery paradox. It also explores the implications of the view for whether it is rational to believe necessary propositions, preface propositions, and Moorean propositions.
Conclusion
Authors: Whiting Daniel
Published: November 2021

This chapter returns to the theme of unity. It explains how the book has revealed what is common to a diverse range of reasons—practical and epistemic, objective and subjective, possessed and unpossessed, for and against—while also revealing how they differ and how they relate to a range of overall verdicts. It also explains how the book has introduced a plurality of norms for belief that are nonetheless unified by an underlying principle. The chapter concludes by indicating two avenues for further research. One concerns norms governing combinations of attitudes rather than individual attitudes. The other concerns norms governing feeling, rather than belief and action.
The Indiscipline of Reading
Authors: Bell Bill
Published: November 2021

This chapter deals with the experiences and perceptions of reading within the nineteenth-century criminal system, with particular emphasis on Australian-bound transportees. It shows how attempts on the part of the authorities often fell short of their expectations, as prisoners themselves asserted their insubordination through acts of reading and writing. In particularly harsh regimes such a Norfolk Island, literacy and reading became sources of conflict among the authorities. Many took a prohibitive view of reading provision while others, like Thomas Maconachie, took a liberal attitude towards the encouragement of literacy. From transportation earlier in the period, a certain number of transportation prisoners were highly educated and often skilled in other ways. The final wave of transportation in the 1860s coincided with increased Fenian unrest in Ireland. Political prisoners in particular included a high proportion of well qualified individuals, some of them popular celebrities. Their highly literate use of reading and writing earned them the name of ‘Specials’.
Game Data Science: An Introduction
Authors: El-Nasr Magy Seif , Dinh Truong Huy Nguyen , Canossa Alessandro , Drachen Anders
Published: November 2021

This chapter introduces the topic of this book: Game Data Science. Game data science is the process of developing data-driven techniques and evidence to support decision-making across operational, tactical, and strategic levels of game development, and this is why it is so valuable. This chapter introduces this topic as well as outlines the process of game data science from instrumentation, data collection, data processing, data analysis, to reporting. Further, the chapter also discusses the application of game data science, as well as its utility and value, to the different stakeholders. The chapter also includes a section discussing the evolution of this process over time, which is important to situate the field and the techniques discussed in the book. The chapter also outlines established industry terminologies and defines their use in the industry and academia.
A Tale of Two Infinities
Authors: Bertone Gianfranco
Published: November 2021

The spectacular advances of modern astronomy have opened our horizon on an unexpected cosmos: a dark, mysterious Universe, populated by enigmatic entities we know very little about, like black holes, or nothing at all, like dark matter and dark energy. In this book, I discuss how the rise of a new discipline dubbed multimessenger astronomy is bringing about a revolution in our understanding of the cosmos, by combining the traditional approach based on the observation of light from celestial objects, with a new one based on other ‘messengers’—such as gravitational waves, neutrinos, and cosmic rays—that carry information from otherwise inaccessible corners of the Universe. Much has been written about the extraordinary potential of this new discipline, since the 2017 Nobel Prize in physics was awarded for the direct detection of gravitational waves. But here I will take a different angle and explore how gravitational waves and other messengers might help us break the stalemate that has been plaguing fundamental physics for four decades, and to consolidate the foundations of modern cosmology.
From Chronology to Theology
Authors: Macfarlane Kirsten
Published: November 2021

In the late 1580s, a controversy erupted that would devastate Broughton’s career and haunt him for the rest of his days. The source of this agitation was a short chronological pamphlet, A Concent of Scripture, which was published by Broughton in 1589 and attacked in the lectures of the Oxford theologian John Rainolds. This chapter explores how this seemingly unassuming work could provoke such intense conflict, locating the roots of the dispute in the overlap between the dynamic but difficult world of biblical chronology and the combative arena of academic theology. Influenced by the damning verdicts passed by Broughton’s antagonists, modern historians have dismissed Broughton’s Concent as motivated solely by zealous biblicism, a reaction against the daringly innovative work of the chronologer Joseph Scaliger, whose methods were upheld by Rainolds. In contrast, this chapter details the rich tradition of reformed Hebraism in which Broughton’s chronological work was situated, and outlines the manifold disciplines, from the study of rabbinic literature to biblical translation, to which it contributed. It argues that at the heart of this controversy lay not technical questions about chronological method, but larger questions about biblical exegesis and hermeneutics. It also begins to illustrate some of the dangers that faced the early modern scholar who attempted to traverse the perilous terrain of biblical history, by showing how Rainolds’ lectures and the controversy they propagated made dangerous associations between Broughton’s work and crypto-Catholicism.
From Chronology to Translation
Authors: Macfarlane Kirsten
Published: November 2021

Against the backdrop of the still-smouldering controversy over his chronological work, Broughton began to break down his contentious vision of biblical history into the raw elements needed for a new English Bible. The first signs of this were his translations of the book of Daniel into English (1596) and Latin (1599), two remarkable publications that illustrate not only the complexity and creativity that could characterize godly attitudes towards biblical translation, but also how Broughton’s longstanding interest in anti-Catholic polemics was beginning to morph into a more fraught concern with anti-Jewish controversy. Using these translations as well as Broughton’s contemporaneous debate with Cambridge professor Edward Lively over the interpretation of Daniel, this chapter argues that Broughton’s interests were drawn towards translation partly as a natural outgrowth of his interest in chronology, but partly also out of a growing desire to disseminate the findings of cutting-edge polyglot biblical scholarship to as wide an audience as possible. Drawing on previously unexamined manuscript evidence, this chapter concludes by reconstructing Broughton’s earnest but ill-fated campaign for a new translation throughout the 1590s, covering the personal, political, and confessional factors that led to Broughton’s calls remaining unanswered
Living Religion
Authors: Balbier Uta A.
Published: November 2021

The chapter explores the everyday contributions of ordinary Christians to the running of Graham’s crusades. In forming prayer groups and organizing bus rides, ordinary Christians blurred the boundaries between private religiosity and public mass evangelism, as well as between the religious and the secular. They filled the organizational structures implemented by the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association with life and by doing so turned the crusades into a powerful force of renewal for local churches and everyday religious life in London, Berlin, and New York. Women played a crucial role in this everyday running of the crusade machine. Religious practices such as prayer and pilgrimages traveled with Billy Graham and crossed the national boundaries between the different organizing committees. Organized prayer turned into a dynamic form of transnational communication that tied different crusade audiences together and became the cornerstone of Graham’s international ministry.