bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physical and biogeochemical spatial scales of variability in the East Australian Current separation zone from shelf glider measurements
Authors: Schaeffer A. , Roughan M. , Jones E. , White D.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. In contrast to physical processes, biogeochemical processes are inherently patchy in the ocean, which affects both the observational sampling strategy and the representativeness of sparse measurements in data assimilating models. In situ observations from multiple glider deployments are analyzed to characterize spatial scales of variability in both physical and biogeochemical properties, using an empirical statistical model. We find that decorrelation ranges are strongly dependent on the balance between local dynamics and mesoscale forcing. The shortest horizontal (5–10 km) and vertical (45 m) decorrelation ranges are for chlorophyll $a$ fluorescence. Whereas those variables that are a function of regional ocean and atmosphere dynamics (temperature and dissolved oxygen) result in anisotropic patterns with longer ranges along (28–37 km) than across the shelf (8–19 km). Variables affected by coastal processes (salinity and colored dissolved organic matter) have an isotropic range similar to the baroclinic Rossby radius (10–15 km).
Climatological variations of total alkalinity and total dissolved inorganic carbon in the Mediterranean Sea surface waters
Authors: Gemayel E. , Hassoun A. E. R. , Benallal M. A. , Goyet C. , Rivaro P. , Abboud-Abi Saab M. , Krasakopoulou E. , Touratier F. , Ziveri P.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. A compilation of data from several cruises between 1998 and 2013 was used to derive polynomial fits that estimate total alkalinity (AT) and total dissolved inorganic carbon (CT) from measurements of salinity and temperature in the Mediterranean Sea surface waters. The optimal equations were chosen based on the 10-fold cross-validation results and revealed that second- and third-order polynomials fit the AT and CT data respectively. The AT surface fit yielded a root mean square error (RMSE) of ± 10.6 μmol kg−1, and salinity and temperature contribute to 96 % of the variability. Furthermore, we present the first annual mean CT parameterization for the Mediterranean Sea surface waters with a RMSE of ± 14.3 μmol kg−1. Excluding the marginal seas of the Adriatic and the Aegean, these equations can be used to estimate AT and CT in case of the lack of measurements. The identified empirical equations were applied on the 0.25° climatologies of temperature and salinity, available from the World Ocean Atlas 2013. The 7-year averages (2005–2012) showed that AT and CT have similar patterns with an increasing eastward gradient. The variability is influenced by the inflow of cold Atlantic waters through the Strait of Gibraltar and by the oligotrophic and thermohaline gradient that characterize the Mediterranean Sea. The summer–winter seasonality was also mapped and showed different patterns for AT and CT. During the winter, the AT and CT concentrations were higher in the western than in the eastern basin. The opposite was observed in the summer where the eastern basin was marked by higher AT and CT concentrations than in winter. The strong evaporation that takes place in this season along with the ultra-oligotrophy of the eastern basin determines the increase of both AT and CT concentrations.
Image-based surface reconstruction in geomorphometry – merits, limits and developments of a promising tool for geoscientists
Authors: Eltner A. , Kaiser A. , Castillo C. , Rock G. , Neugirg F. , Abellan A.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. Photogrammetry and geosciences are closely linked since the late 19th century. Today, a wide range of commercial and open-source software enable non-experts users to obtain high-quality 3-D datasets of the environment, which was formerly reserved to remote sensing experts, geodesists or owners of cost-intensive metric airborne imaging systems. Complex tridimensional geomorphological features can be easily reconstructed from images captured with consumer grade cameras. Furthermore, rapid developments in UAV technology allow for high quality aerial surveying and orthophotography generation at a relatively low-cost. The increasing computing capacities during the last decade, together with the development of high-performance digital sensors and the important software innovations developed by other fields of research (e.g. computer vision and visual perception) has extended the rigorous processing of stereoscopic image data to a 3-D point cloud generation from a series of non-calibrated images. Structure from motion methods offer algorithms, e.g. robust feature detectors like the scale-invariant feature transform for 2-D imagery, which allow for efficient and automatic orientation of large image sets without further data acquisition information. Nevertheless, the importance of carrying out correct fieldwork strategies, using proper camera settings, ground control points and ground truth for understanding the different sources of errors still need to be adapted in the common scientific practice. This review manuscript intends not only to summarize the present state of published research on structure-from-motion photogrammetry applications in geomorphometry, but also to give an overview of terms and fields of application, to quantify already achieved accuracies and used scales using different strategies, to evaluate possible stagnations of current developments and to identify key future challenges. It is our belief that the identification of common errors, "bad practices" and some other valuable information in already published articles, scientific reports and book chapters may help in guiding the future use of SfM photogrammetry in geosciences.
The impact of road and railway embankments on runoff and soil erosion in eastern Spain
Authors: Pereira P. , Gimeìnez-Morera A. , Novara A. , Keesstra S. , Jordán A. , Masto R. E. , Brevik E. , Azorin-Molina C. , Cerdà A.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. Road and railway infrastructure increased in the Mediterranean region during the last three decades. This included the building of embankments, which are assumed to be a~large source of sediments and runoff. However, little is known about soil erosion rates, the factors that control them, and the processes that contribute to detachment, transport and deposition of sediments from road and railway embankments. The objective of this study was therefore to assess the impacts of road and railway embankments as a source of sediment and water, and compare them to other land use types (citrus plantations and shrublands) representative of the Cànyoles watershed to evaluate the importance of road embankments as a~source of water and sediment under high magnitude low frequency rainfall events. Sixty rainfall experiments (1 m2 plots; 60 min duration; 78 mm h−1 rainfall intensity) were carried out on these land use types: 20 on two railway embankments (10 + 10), 20 on two road embankments (10 + 10), and 10 on citrus and 10 on shrubland. Road and railway embankments were characterized by bare soils with low organic matter and high bulk density. Erosion processes were more active in road, railway and citrus plots, and null in the shrublands. The non-sustainable soil erosion rates of 3 Mg ha−1 y−1 measured on the road embankments were due to the efficient runoff connectivity plus low infiltration rates within the plot as the runoff took less than one minute to reach the runoff outlet. Road and railway embankments are both an active source of sediments and runoff, and soil erosion control strategies must be applied. The citrus plantations also act as a~source of water and sediments (1.5 Mg ha−1 y−1), while shrublands are sediment sinks, as no overland flow was observed due to the high infiltration rates.
A three-pillar approach to assessing climate impacts on low flows
Authors: Laaha G. , Parajka J. , Viglione A. , Koffler D. , Haslinger K. , Schöner W. , Zehetgruber J. , Blöschl G.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. The objective of this paper is to present a new strategy for assessing climate impacts on low flows and droughts. The strategy is termed a three-pillar approach as it combines different sources of information. The first pillar, trend extrapolation, exploits the temporal patterns of observed low flows and extends them into the future. The second pillar, rainfall–runoff projections uses precipitation and temperature scenarios from climate models as an input to rainfall–runoff models to project future low flows. The third pillar, stochastic projections, exploits the temporal patterns of observed precipitation and air temperature and extends them into the future to drive rainfall–runoff projections. These pieces of information are combined by expert judgement based on a synoptic view of data and model outputs, taking the respective uncertainties of the methods into account. The viability of the approach is demonstrated for four example catchments from Austria that represent typical climate conditions in Central Europe. The projections differ in terms of their signs and magnitudes. The degree to which the methods agree depends on the regional climate and the dominant low flow seasonality. In the Alpine region where winter low flows dominate, trend projections and climate scenarios yield consistent projections of increasing low flows, although of different magnitudes. In the region north of the Alps, consistently small changes are projected by all methods. In the regions in the South and Southeast, more pronounced and mostly decreasing trends are projected but there is disagreement in the magnitudes of the projected changes. These results suggest that conclusions drawn from only one pillar of information would be highly uncertain. The three-pillar approach offers a systematic framework of combining different sources of information aiming at more robust projections than obtained from each pillar alone.
Summertime evolution of snow specific surface area close to the surface on the Antarctic Plateau
Authors: Libois Q. , Picard G. , Arnaud L. , Dumont M. , Lafaysse M. , Morin S. , Lefebvre E.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. On the Antarctic Plateau, snow specific surface area (SSA) close to the surface shows complex variations at daily to seasonal scales which affect the surface albedo and in turn the surface energy budget of the ice sheet. While snow metamorphism, precipitation and strong wind events are known to drive SSA variations, usually in opposite ways, their relative contributions remain unclear. Here, a comprehensive set of SSA observations at Dome C is analysed with respect to meteorological conditions to assess the respective roles of these factors. The results show an average 2-to-3-fold SSA decrease from October to February in the topmost 10 cm in response to the increase of air temperature and absorption of solar radiation in the snowpack during spring and summer. Surface SSA is also characterized by significant daily to weekly variations due to the deposition of small crystals with SSA up to 100 m2 kg−1 onto the surface during snowfall and blowing snow events. To complement these field observations, the detailed snowpack model Crocus is used to simulate SSA, with the intent to further investigate the previously found correlation between interannual variability of summer SSA decrease and summer precipitation amount. To this end, some Crocus parameterizations have been adapted to Dome C conditions, and the model was forced by ERA-Interim reanalysis. It successfully matches the observations at daily to seasonal timescales, except for the few cases when snowfalls are not captured by the reanalysis. On the contrary, the interannual variability of summer SSA decrease is poorly simulated when compared to 14 years of microwave satellite data sensitive to the near-surface SSA. A simulation with disabled summer precipitation confirms the weak influence in the model of the precipitation on metamorphism, with only 6 % enhancement. However, we found that disabling strong wind events in the model is sufficient to reconciliate the simulations with the observations. This suggests that Crocus reproduces well the contributions of metamorphism and precipitation on surface SSA, but snow compaction by the wind might be overestimated in the model.
De las playas frías a las playas templadas: la popularización del turismo de ola en España en el siglo XX
Authors: Larrinaga Carlos
Published: December 2015

En el presente artículo se pretende hacer un análisis de cómo a lo largo del siglo XX se produjo un cambio sustancial en la actividad turística europea. En concreto, se dio un cambio de paradigma. El higienismo dio paso a nuevas modas, como el bronceado, y a nuevas prácticas turísticas, que empezaron a poner en valor las playas cálidas del sur de Europa. Además, en la medida en que la situación económica mejoró tras la puesta en marcha del Plan Marshall y el poder adquisitivo de buena parte de los ciudadanos de la Europa occidental empezaron a demandar servicios turísticos, España se convirtió en uno de los principales destinos de sol y playa. Para mediados del siglo XX se había producido ya una verdadera meridionalización del turismo y su democratización o popularización. Un fenómeno que empezó a afectar a los propios españoles desde la década de los sesenta.
¿Bendición del cielo o plaga? El turismo en la España franquista, 1939-1975
Authors: Vallejo Pousada Rafael
Published: December 2015

En este artículo se plantea como España, de país rezagado en el turismo internacional durante el primer tercio del siglo XX, pasó a convertirse en una potencia turística. Nos preguntamos cómo y por qué se produjo esta transformación; qué papel jugó el turismo de masas en el modelo de desarrollo español entre 1939 y 1975; y abordamos algunas de sus consecuencias socioeconómicas, para preguntarnos si “el turismo fue una bendición del cielo o una plaga” en la España franquista.
El PCE y el movimiento comunista internacional (1969-1977)
Authors: Treglia Emanuele
Published: December 2015

El artículo se centra en la actividad internacional del Partido Comunista de España (PCE) desde las secuelas de la represión de la Primavera de Praga hasta 1977. Fue un período caracterizado por el principio del declive definitivo del movimiento comunista internacional. El análisis abarca múltiples cuestiones. Examina las crecientes críticas del PCE hacia el modelo soviético, y sus repercusiones en las relaciones entre el partido liderado por Santiago Carrillo y el movimiento comunista. Además, el artículo explora el intento del PCE de promover un nuevo tipo de internacionalismo en Europa occidental, auspiciando una renovada colaboración entre comunistas y socialistas y aprovechando las condiciones brindadas por la distensión. En este contexto tuvo lugar el surgimiento del eurocomunismo, que el ensayo analiza ilustrando los factores internos y externos que determinaron su crisis en la segunda mitad de los setenta.
Fabricando falsas verdades: la prensa italiana de izquierdas y la construcción de la imagen de palestinos e israelíes (1947-1957)
Authors: Migliucci Dario
Published: December 2015

El objetivo del presente estudio es analizar la forma en la que la prensa italiana de izquierdas construyó la imagen de palestinos e israelíes entre 1947 y 1957. La investigación se ha centrado en el estudio de los artículos publicados por algunos destacados periódicos de la época, con la finalidad de comprender cómo ha ido cambiando el lenguaje empleado por dichos órganos de prensa a la hora de referirse a los moradores de la tierra de Palestina. La tesis de este artículo es que dichos periódicos construyeron múltiples y contradictorias representaciones de judíos y palestinos, representaciones que no tenían nada que ver con la realidad de Oriente Medio, sino que obedecían a cuestiones ideológicas de carácter nacional e internacional (relaciones entre los partidos italianos y evolución de las dinámicas de la guerra fría).
The Gilded Man in Nickel City
Authors: Bell Madison Smartt
Published: December 2015

As the transcript of the author's 9 October 2009 keynote at the 10th International F. Scott Fitzgerald Society Conference in Baltimore, Maryland, this essay examines Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald's relationship to “Nickel City,” a site that between 1932 and 1935 found the pair struggling with some of the darkest years of their marriage, with mental illness, and with their artistic competitiveness over their lives together. This period witnessed the completion of Tender Is the Night after a nine-year struggle as well as of the final book Fitzgerald published in his lifetime, the short story collection Taps at Reveille. It is also the timeframe in which Zelda published her only novel, Save Me the Waltz. That the Baltimore years marked the couple's last effort to establish a home together—first in a house known as La Paix on a family estate owned by future biographer Andrew Turnbull, then at 1307 Park Avenue in Bolton Hill, not far from a monument to Fitzgerald's ancestor and namesake Francis Scott Key—is oddly poignant given the city's reputation as “nickel city,” a nickname reputedly given to it for its supposed cheapness compared to Washington, DC Fitzgerald himself was the gilded man who attempted to cover up his own sense of diminished value in the 1930s. As such he identified with Baltimore. As he told one interviewer, “I belong here, where everything is civilized and gay and rotted and polite.”

Ed. note: This is the first in a series in which we will publish conference keynotes for the sake of the historical record. The editors thank Madison Smartt Bell for the opportunity to publish his remarks from that memorable occasion.
“Mending Sails by Candlelight”: A Preface to Clothes for a Summer Hotel
Authors: Williams Tennessee
Published: December 2015

On 26 March 1980, Tennessee Williams premiered his final play on Broadway, Clothes for a Summer Hotel, a biodrama based loosely on the lives and final days of F. Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald. As was his tradition, Williams wrote a pre-opening piece to accompany the opening that was intended for the theater section of the New York Times. On this occasion, the Times refused to publish the essay. Williams had been battling the newspaper's drama critics for over a decade, and the essay, embittered and oozing with self-pity, bears the wounds he had received from their repeated confrontations. Published here for the first time (the essay had been lost for over three decades), “Mending Sails by Candlelight” is a playwright's plea for sincere criticism on his play's own terms and not in comparison to his early great works, such as A Streetcar Named Desire (1947), The Glass Menagerie (1945), and Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1955).
“Civilization's Going to Pieces”: The Great Gatsby, Identity, and Race, From the Jazz Age to the Obama Era
Authors: Vogel Joseph
Published: December 2015

With the release of Baz Luhrmann's bold and controversial adaptation of The Great Gatsby in 2013, F. Scott Fitzgerald's once-neglected story reached an unprecedented level of popularity. The film grossed a remarkable $144 million in the U.S. and $350 million worldwide. Meanwhile, the novel, already a perennial classroom favorite, reached the top of bestseller lists. From these statistics alone, one might conclude that The Great Gatsby resonates more in the Obama era than it ever did in the Jazz Age. Its remarkable popularity, however, raises the question: Why? This essay contends that its currency—both as a film and a novel—has to do with its intersectional exploration of identity. Race and ethnicity in particular have been the focus of a growing body of scholarship on Gatsby over the past two decades. This essay attempts to add to this relatively new body of work by focusing on how The Great Gatsby functions as a multi-media text in the Obama era, and speaks in strikingly familiar—and incisive—terms to the intersectional identity politics of our time..
Landscape with a Tragic Hero: F. Scott Fitzgerald'sTrimalchio
Authors: Antonelli Sara
Published: December 2015

Drawing attention to both characters and landscapes, this essay proposes a reading of F. Scott Fitzgerald's Trimalchio that assesses its differences from and similarities to The Great Gatsby. In the first part of the essay a comparison between the two novels shows that the behavior and features of Jay Gatsby in Trimalchio are borrowed from Petronius's Trimalchio and Homer's Odysseus. As a consequence, the first Jay Gatsby turns out to be a more vulgar and astute version of his second and more successful incarnation; he is, nevertheless, a coherent persona. We have ultimately two Gatsbys and, therefore, two different novels. In spite of that, these two texts share the same literary landscape, of which Fitzgerald was evidently sure from the very beginning of his composition process. The second part of the essay focuses on the ways in which Fitzgerald consciously grafted into Gatsby's American landscape the imperialistic vision exposed in Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness. In this respect, the opposition Fitzgerald—through his narrator Nick Carraway—established between the East and Midwest of the USA also allows for a surprising but compelling connection with David Foster Wallace, an author strongly anchored in his Midwestern point of view.
My Own Personal Public: Fitzgerald's Table of Contents in Tales of the Jazz Age
Authors: Tangedal Ross K.
Published: December 2015

Scholars have questioned the veracity of F. Scott Fitzgerald's table of contents in Tales of the Jazz Age, especially with respect to his writing habits and creative process. Many contemporary critics thought his assertions were true, only weakening his authority; yet recent critical approaches recognize the pose Fitzgerald assumed. I argue that the table of contents falls within a line of authorial self-fashioning exercised by several past writers, and whether frivolous or satirical, lazy or self-critical, it places Fitzgerald within a significant authorial continuum, allowing his authority to function on a variety of planes. I aim to position this piece as a crucial nexus in the trajectory of Fitzgerald's professional writing career; by understanding the authorial means by which such a piece is created, one can trace the resulting effect it has on that text and the author's canon. Given the editorial considerations and market demands placed upon Fitzgerald in 1922, the table of contents for Tales of the Jazz Age shows an author at a turning point. This table of contents changes the way we read the fiction, and inevitably, the way we read Fitzgerald.
F. Scott Fitzgerald and Mary Harriman Rumsey: An Untold Story
Authors: Kruse Horst H.
Published: December 2015

Hidden in brief and cryptic entries in his ledger and notebooks, the story of Fitzgerald's encounter with Mary Harriman Rumsey, one of the most powerful women in America during the author's lifetime, has gone largely unnoticed. In addition to helping Fitzgerald discover the lifestyle of the moneyed aristocracy of Old Westport, Long Island, and their involvement in the movement of eugenics as material for “The Great Gatsby,” Mary Harriman Rumsey shaped the author's view of the very rich and won his applause for her work in New Deal politics. Fitzgerald's assessment of her role in breaking away from the traditional behavior of her class is reflected in his “Count of Darkness” stories, strengthening the argument that these stories can be read as political allegory and commentary on the Depression and the New Deal. There is a parallel, moreover, between the protagonist's humbling and that of the author, each leading to recognition of the power of women and their role in politics. Full appreciation of all documentary evidence supports the argument that Fitzgerald's portrayal of “the pretty woman in a brown riding habit” in a scene in chapter 6 of The Great Gatsby is a lasting memorial to Mary Harriman Rumsey.
Party-Going in Fitzgerald and His Contemporaries
Authors: Seed David
Published: December 2015

This essay examines the visual techniques that Fitzgerald applies in the party-scenes in his fiction. It explores the tension between spectatorship and participation throughout and argues that he draws on the resources of the cinema in his fine control of perspective, close-up, and long shots—as well as montage. Although he acquired the reputation of the chronicler of the new generation, the essay argues that Fitzgerald constantly brought out the ironies of parties, particularly their fleeting and theatrical aspects, especially their dependence on material display. Comparisons are drawn with Zelda Fitzgerald's party scenes and with contemporaries such as Carl Van Vechten in order to bring out Fitzgerald's implicitly critical dramatization of sexual motifs.
This Side of Sexuality: Reproductive Discourse in the Works of F. Scott Fitzgerald
Authors: Tunc Tanfer Emin
Published: December 2015

This essay evaluates the reproductive discourse in Fitzgerald's work by examining the depiction of birth control and abortion in two of his short stories, “Salute to Lucie and Elsie” (unpublished) and “Benediction” (1920), and two of his novels, The Beautiful and Damned and Tender Is the Night. While Fitzgerald's deployment of reproductive narratives was certainly a reflection of the political dialogues and social and cultural values of his era, these narratives were also connected to the tensions and contradictions that existed in his own life as a writer struggling to define himself in a chaotic new world. However, Fitzgerald's treatment of procreation in his works also transcends the personal, reflecting his larger criticism of American society as a modernist and a member of the Lost Generation. For Fitzgerald, the sterility and disillusionment of post–World War I America, with its shift away from family and community toward individual, self-centered values, is paralleled in the sterile and disillusioned lives of his characters. Furthermore, his portrayal of the excessive New Woman as mentally disturbed, psychologically unbalanced, and “feebleminded” or “chill-minded,” to use language that he once regrettably applied to his own wife, Zelda Sayre, thus perhaps rendering this character type eugenically unfit to reproduce, also suggests why she rarely ever does in Fitzgerald's works.
Narrative Authority and Competing Representations: The Pat Hobby Stories and F. Scott Fitzgerald's Hollywood
Authors: Stamant James
Published: December 2015

F. Scott Fitzgerald spent the end of his life writing about the Hollywood movie industry and its forced writing collaborations, lack of authority for writers, and inferior stories that were claimed as superior representations of the world. While critics and scholars have largely acknowledged and praised Fitzgerald's The Last Tycoon, his stories about a hack Hollywood writer named Pat Hobby have not been similarly acclaimed. These stories have been overlooked, and when they have been addressed, critics have claimed that the connection between those stories and The Last Tycoon was solely one of expedience. This same argument has been used to discuss many of Fitzgerald's magazine stories; whether or not that treatment is valid, this judgment of the Pat Hobby Stories is unjust. Not only in The Last Tycoon but also in the Pat Hobby stories readers discern Fitzgerald's linkage between the inability of Hollywood to represent American experience in anything but the tritest ways and the movie industry's dysfunctional handling of its writers. In the Pat Hobby stories, Fitzgerald also expresses his dismay with the Hollywood system by creating a main character who can hardly claim the job title “writer.”
Master and Model: F. Scott Fitzgerald's Role in Richard Yates's “Saying Goodbye to Sally”
Authors: Goldleaf Steven
Published: December 2015

The American fiction writer Richard Yates, whose life bore many biographical parallels to F. Scott Fitzgerald's, explicitly described Fitzgerald as his “master” in an essay and wrote a short story, “Saying Goodbye to Sally,” focused on the personal and professional parallels between Fitzgerald's final years as a Hollywood screenwriter in the late 1930s and the period in the early 1960s when Yates worked in Hollywood writing movie scripts. This essay discusses recent criticism of Yates's life and work, and closely examines his short story's use of Yates's thinly disguised alter ego.
Strategies for Creating New Venture Legitimacy
Authors: Karlsson Tomas , Williams-Middleton Karen
Published: December 2015

New ventures, being heavily subjected to liabilities of newness, are seen to engage in legitimacy strategies to overcome these liabilities. Building on an adapted theoretical framework of organizational legitimacy, self-reported weekly diaries of twelve entrepreneurs were analysed to identify strategies used by new ventures to create legitimacy. New ventures appear to prefer pragmatically related strategies over moral and cognitive ones, and adopt malleability with respect to moral strategies. The novelty of the venture technology increases the focus on conformity strategies, whereas more established technologies use manipulative strategies to gain legitimacy. New ventures also appear to engage strongly in moral selection strategies in terms of goal formulation.
Measuring the Impact of Enterprise Education and Entrepreneurship Support in Higher Education
Authors: Smith Kelly
Published: December 2015

Policy makers and others charged with driving economic growth often assume a link between entrepreneurship education and business start-up. However, there is little by way of supporting literature in this regard, with few studies exploring impact measures that relate to actual venture creation. This paper considers two routinely collected data sets in the UK that directly relate to graduate self-employment and business start-up over a five-year period – the Higher Education– Business and Community Interaction survey (HE–BCI), and the survey of Destinations of Leavers of Higher Education (DLHE) – and explores whether the data can be used to assess impact. There is some evidence that HE–BCI may be affected by changes in data collection requirements, but it remains the most complete, extensive and useful longitudinal data set on graduate business start-up. DHLE would appear to be the best source of data for measuring the impact of both enterprise education and start-up support initiatives at an institutional level.
Leveraging Effectual Means through Business Plan Competition Participation
Authors: Watson Kayleigh , McGowan Pauric , Smith Paul
Published: December 2015

This paper explores whether the business plan competition (BPC), as a classically causational mechanism for extracurricular entrepreneurship education, can facilitate the development of the means that underpin an effectual approach to new venture creation. In-depth, open-ended qualitative interviews were conducted with participants in a regional university-based extracurricular BPC before, immediately after and six months after the competition. The BPC was found to facilitate the means that could be used to adopt an effectual approach. The competition afforded valuable networking opportunities and collaborative contacts with regard to ‘who they know’; and it enhanced ‘what they know’ through enabling the acquisition, development and application of key competencies. Participants were able to gain and project a confident sense of ‘who they are’ in terms of their venture, changing their perception of the venture from a student project to a credible and viable business prospect. There were strong indications that these acquired means endured in the six months following participation. The implication is that education in which a business plan is dominant need not automatically impede the promotion of an effectual approach.
A Postcolonial Education: Using End of Empire Autobiographies to Introduce Postcolonial Studies
Authors: Rasch Astrid
Published: December 2015

This article reviews the experiences with teaching Jill Ker Conway’s autobiography The Road From Coorain (1989). The two weeks of lectures and seminars were part of a six-week introductory course to Postcolonial Studies for first year undergraduates at the English Department at the University of Copenhagen. The lectures provided a theoretical and historical framework and the seminars consisted of close reading and discussion of the texts. I describe how four concepts which are central to postcolonial theory, discourse, identity, representation and agency, were used in readings of the text. The article takes its point of departure in discussions about the post-imperial time of writing, the creation of individual identity in dialogue with one’s context, the ambiguous representation of Aboriginal people and the agency involved in writing a life story which goes against the expected narrative. I discuss the difficulties of the course and provide recommendations for improvements for future iterations of the course. Despite occasional difficulties, I argue that autobiographies are useful sources for an introduction to Postcolonial Studies. This article was submitted to the European Journal of Life Writing on 28 July 2015 and published on 12 December 2015.
Skin Stories & Skin Portraits
Authors: Dobbelaar Tanny
Published: December 2015

What personal stories do people with a chronic skin disease have to tell? This was Tanny Dobbelaar's main question in 2001 when she initiated the project “Heftig Vel’’, which may be translated from Dutch as “Severe Skin”. In this essay Dobbelaar shows a selection of what she and photographer Adrienne Norman tried to communicate at that time through a highly hybrid project that has many sides to it. The selection starts with the preface of the book, which was specially designed to enhance the experiences of the subjects in the eyes the viewer. The preface of the book is followed here by several Skin Portraits & Stories of the participants. This article was submitted to the European Journal of Life Writing on 28 August 2015 and published on 12 December 2015.
The Effect of Institutional Ownership on Firm Performance: Evidence from Jordanian Listed Firms
Authors: AL-Najjar Dana
Published: December 2015

Last decade witnessed successive corporate scandals for various firms that points to a failure of corporate control. Expertize and interested parties all over the world proposed to focus on monitoring the management decisions to reduce such failure in firms. Therefore, the structure of ownership became more and more as an important issue to increase both efficiency and effectiveness of management decisions. This study seeks to investigate whether institutional ownership affects the firm’s performance for one of the emerging markets; Jordan. Firm’s performance is measured through applying two accounting measures Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE), with 6 explanatory variables. Our sample is unique and contains 82 non-financial Jordanian firms listed at Amman Stock Exchange (ASE) for the period of 2005-2013, by applying panel data regression analysis. It depends on building three OLS models: Pooled, Fixed Effects Model and Random Effects Model. In addition, a test for Breusch and Pagan Lagrangian multiplier (LM), and Hausamn test to choose among the three models which model is most suitable for our data. A main finding of the panel data analysis is that; fixed effect regression is the most convenient model. As a result, there is no strong evidence that there is a relationship between both institutional ownership and firm performance for Jordanian listed firms. This conclusion can be due to the fact that institutional ownership has its own pros and cons, therefore, their existence and influence could affect materially the types and risk level of investment decisions taken by the management which in return will affect the firm’s performance as a whole. ociation with external reserve and net credit to the economy. Based on these results; it is recommended that, the Nigeria government should designed programmes and incentives to boost industrial capacity utilization in the country. Markets determine nominal exchange rate should prevail in the economy. The country should regulate its foreign reserve policy by setting a threshold, above which excess deposit should be plough back to the domestic economy inform of investments rather than support excessive importation.

 
Development of Geography Text Books Used by Senior High School Teachers Case Study at East Java-Indonesia
Authors: Purwanto Edy , Fatchan Ach. , - Purwanto , Soekamto Hadi
Published: December 2015

The aim of this study was to analyze the geography text book for: (1) identify and describe the errors in the organization of geography textbooks, and (2) identify and describe the content of the textbook standard errors of geography. The text book is currently being used by teachers of Senior High School in East Java. To analyze the contents of the textbook errors using indicators blend of organizing textbook of Beck and McKeown and content standard textbooks of National Education Standards Agency of the Republic of Indonesia. Data collected by survey techniques against various geography text books used by teachers in Malang, East Java Province. The results showed that the errors found in the textbook Geography: first, errors in organizing textbook includes: (1) aside that overwhelm the purpose amounted of 28.69%, (2) inagequate examples and comparisons amounted of 30.65%, (3) poorly odered components of an explanation of 22.85% and, (4) inadequate explanation of 17:35%. Second, the standard error of the contents of the textbook includes: (1) exposure draft of 54.80%, (2) exposure of the facts of 57.10%, (3) exposure generalization of 28.60%, (4) the use of language of 21.40%, and (5) the effective functioning media amounted of 59.50%. Found media functionality in geography text book shows the worst, which is equal of 59.50. It would be bad for the implementation of the national curriculum in 2013 that is currently being used by teachers. Describing the content of bad geography textbooks in the exposure draft (error of 54.80%) and the fact (error of 57.10%) will result in a weak student mastery of concepts and facts in learning geography material at the Senior High School.
Ballomma, a new Afrotropical genus in the Cryptothelinae (Araneae, Zodariidae): eyes on the run
Authors: Jocqué Rudy , Henrard Arnaud
Published: December 2015

Ballomma gen. nov. is described in the zodariid subfamily Cryptothelinae. It is characterized by the pairs of adjacent anterior median eyes and anterior lateral eyes and triangular palpal tarsus in the female, the concave tegulum with thin embolus in the male. Apart from the type species B. erasmus gen. et sp. nov. (♂♀), the genus contains B. haddadi gen. et sp. nov. (♂♀), B. neethlingi gen. et sp. nov. (♂♀), and B. legala gen. et sp. nov. (♀). A key to the species is provided. The restricted distribution of the genus is discussed.
Termodinâmica da fratura: uma nova abordagem do problema da fratura nos sólidos
Authors: de Lima Rocha João Augusto
Published: December 2015

A mecânica da fratura é um campo de grande relevância, atestada pela quantidade de abordagens distintas do problema crucial da caracterização do limite último de resistência dos sólidos. Com uma base teórica consistente, este livro inclui ainda a utilização de ferramentas recentes, tais como a Análise de Sensibilidade e o Método dos Elementos de Contorno.
Signaling cascades and the importance of moonlight in coral broadcast mass spawning
Authors: Kaniewska Paulina , Alon Shahar , Karako-Lampert Sarit , Hoegh-Guldberg Ove , Levy Oren
Published: December 2015

Many reef-building corals participate in a mass-spawning event that occurs yearly on the Great Barrier Reef. This coral reproductive event is one of earth's most prominent examples of synchronised behavior, and coral reproductive success is vital to the persistence of coral reef ecosystems. Although several environmental cues have been implicated in the timing of mass spawning, the specific sensory cues that function together with endogenous clock mechanisms to ensure accurate timing of gamete release are largely unknown. Here, we show that moonlight is an important external stimulus for mass spawning synchrony and describe the potential mechanisms underlying the ability of corals to detect environmental triggers for the signaling cascades that ultimately result in gamete release. Our study increases the understanding of reproductive chronobiology in corals and strongly supports the hypothesis that coral gamete release is achieved by a complex array of potential neurohormones and light-sensing molecules.
The cation channel TRPA1 tunes mosquito thermotaxis to host temperatures
Authors: Corfas Román A , Vosshall Leslie B
Published: December 2015

While most animals thermotax only to regulate their temperature, female mosquitoes are attracted to human body heat during pursuit of a blood meal. Here we elucidate the basic rules of Aedes aegypti thermotaxis and test the function of candidate thermoreceptors in this important behavior. We show that host-seeking mosquitoes are maximally attracted to thermal stimuli approximating host body temperatures, seeking relative warmth while avoiding both relative cool and stimuli exceeding host body temperature. We found that the cation channel TRPA1, in addition to playing a conserved role in thermoregulation and chemosensation, is required for this specialized host-selective thermotaxis in mosquitoes. During host-seeking, AaegTRPA1-/- mutants failed to avoid stimuli exceeding host temperature, and were unable to discriminate between host-temperature and high-temperature stimuli. TRPA1-dependent tuning of thermotaxis is likely critical for mosquitoes host-seeking in a complex thermal environment in which humans are warmer than ambient air, but cooler than surrounding sun-warmed surfaces.
Modulated structures and associated microstructures in the ferroelectric phase of Ba1−
xSrxAl2O4 for 0.7 ≤ x ≤ 1.0
Authors: Tsukasaki Hirofumi , Ishii Yui , Tanaka Eri , Kurushima Kosuke , Mori Shigeo
Published: December 2015

In order to understand the ferroelectric and ferroelastic phases in Ba1−

x
Sr
x
Al2O4 for 0.7 ≤ x ≤ 1.0, we have investigated the crystal structures and their associated microstructures of the ferroelectric and ferroelastic phases mainly by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy–high-angle angular dark-field (STEM–HAADF) experiments, combined with powder X-ray diffraction experiments. Electron diffraction experiments showed that the ferroelectric and ferroelastic phases of Ba1−

x
Sr
x
Al2O4 for 0.7 ≤ x ≤ 1.0 should be characterized as a modulated structure with the modulation vector of

, whose space group should be monoclinic P21. High-resolution TEM experiments revealed that the microstructures in the monoclinic phase can be characterized as twin structures and nanometer-sized planar defects due to the monoclinic structure with the modulated structures, which are responsible for anomalous elastic behaviors and mechanoelectro-optical properties. In addition, subatomic-resolution STEM–HAADF images clearly indicated that the displacement of Al3+ ions involved in the AlO4 tetrahedra should play a crucial role in the formation of the modulated structures and twin structures.
Effects of gas flow rate on deposition rate and number of Si clusters incorporated into a-Si:H films
Authors: Toko Susumu , Torigoe Yoshihiro , Keya Kimitaka , Seo Hyunwoong , Itagaki Naho , Koga Kazunori , Shiratani Masaharu
Published: December 2015

The suppression of cluster incorporation into a-Si:H films is the key to better film stability, because incorporated clusters contribute to the formation of SiH2 bonds and hence lead to light-induced degradation of the films. To deposit stable a-Si:H solar cells at a high deposition rate (DR), we studied the effects of the gas flow rate on DR and the number of Si clusters incorporated into a-Si:H films with discharge power as a parameter, using a multihollow discharge-plasma chemical vapor deposition method. We succeeded in depositing high-quality a-Si:H films with the incorporation of few clusters at DR of 0.1 nm/s. We also found that, under a low gas flow rate and a high discharge power, high-density clusters exist in plasma and hence DR is reduced as a result of radical loss to the clusters.
Lignin
Authors: Gargulak Jerry D. , Lebo Stuart E. , McNally Timothy J.
Published: December 2015

The word lignin is derived from the Latin word lignum meaning wood. It is one of the main components of all vascular plants and the second most abundant polymer in nature. This article describes the current understanding of the structure of this complex natural polymer. The number and types of different chemical bonds present in lignin are discussed, as are the ways in which different lignins are identified and their distributions determined in plant tissues. Means for isolating lignin from wood are described, and the chemical and physical properties of the resulting lignins are reviewed. The various chemical and instrumental methods for characterizing isolated lignins are also discussed. The article concludes with a review of commercial lignin products including a discussion of producers, production methods, modification reactions, and the many industries in which lignins are used.
VitaminA
Authors: Bonrath Werner , Bruins Maaike , Mair Peter , Medlock Jonathan , Netscher Thomas , Schütz Jan , Wüstenberg Bettina
Published: December 2015

An overview of vitamin A from its use in ancient times to structural elucidation in the 1930s and commercially important retinoids and carotenoids is presented and their physical and chemical properties are discussed. The current industrial syntheses of vitamin A as well as the syntheses of β‐carotene are compared and contrasted. Biological aspects of vitamin A and β‐carotene in animal and plant systems are reviewed as well as important dietary sources of these substances.
Digital Audio Watermarking
Authors: Steinebach Martin
Published: December 2015

Digital audio watermarking is a technology to embed and retrieve information into audio data. We give an overview on the topic discussing history, applications, technologies, components, and evaluation methods. The focus of this article is to give the reader an idea how audio watermarking works and what it is used for. It also provides basic ideas how to decide which algorithm is best suited for a given application.
Torsion of a cylinder of partially molten rock with a spherical inclusion: Theory and simulation
Authors: Alisic Laura , Rhebergen Sander , Rudge John F. , Katz Richard F. , Wells Garth N.
Published: December 2015

The processes that are involved in migration and extraction of melt from the mantle are not yet fully understood. Gaining a better understanding of material properties of partially molten rock could help shed light on the behavior of melt on larger scales in the mantle. In this study, we simulate three‐dimensional torsional deformation of a partially molten rock that contains a rigid, spherical inclusion. We compare the computed porosity patterns to those found in recent laboratory experiments. The laboratory experiments show emergence of melt‐rich bands throughout the rock sample, and pressure shadows around the inclusion. The numerical model displays similar melt‐rich bands only for a small bulk‐to‐shear‐viscosity ratio (five or less). The results are consistent with earlier two‐dimensional numerical simulations; however, we show that it is easier to form melt‐rich bands in three dimensions compared to two. The addition of strain‐rate dependence of the viscosity causes a distinct change in the shape of pressure shadows around the inclusion. This change in shape presents an opportunity for experimentalists to identify the strain‐rate dependence and therefore the dominant deformation mechanism in torsion experiments with inclusions.