bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The latency location routing problem with split deliveries: mathematical formulation and metaheuristic algorithm
Authors: Nucamendi‐Guillén Samuel , Gómez‐Rocha José Emmanuel , Camacho‐Vallejo José‐Fernando , Pardo Javier A. Moraga , González‐Ramírez Rosa G.
Published: December 2024

Integrating location and routing into a unified decision‐making framework offers a more comprehensive reflection of real‐world scenarios where different facility layouts directly influence routing plans. Consequently, addressing the issue holistically becomes imperative, especially when considering service level metrics like customer waiting times. In this paper, we address the latency location routing problem with opening costs and split deliveries (LLRP‐OCSD). This complex problem involves optimizing the design of a supply chain network by determining depot locations, assigning vehicles and demand nodes to these depots, and designing routes. This must be done while accommodating split deliveries and prioritizing minimizing waiting times for demand nodes. We formulate a mathematical model and propose an iterated local search (ILS) algorithm to solve the problem. To validate the performance of our approach, we adapted a set of benchmark instances previously used for LLRP‐OC without considering split deliveries. Computational results demonstrate that the proposed model is able to optimally solve only 2 out of the 38 tested instances within a 2‐hour timeframe. On the other hand, the proposed ILS algorithm is able to find good‐quality solutions in significantly less computational time for the LLRP‐OCSD. Extensive experimentation on larger instances (up to 200 nodes) yields consistent results within reasonable computational limits. In summary, our findings highlight how split deliveries enhance vehicle utilization, enabling the use of smaller vehicles and creating balanced routes with minimal increases in latency costs.
Impact of Melatonin Application on Wheat Agronomic Traits Under Abiotic Stress: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Fahad Shah , Muhammad Ihsan , Zhang Shaohong , Alwahibi Mona S. , Elshikh Mohamed S. , Wang Jun
Published: December 2024

This meta‐analysis assesses the effects of melatonin (Mel) on various wheat agronomic traits, revealing significant heterogeneity and potential publication bias. This comprehensive analysis highlights the variability across studies (I2 > 98% for overall, leaf area, root and shoot weight), indicating a potential for selective reporting in the analysed studies. Grain yield and root weight showed I2 values of 93.78% and 99.54%, respectively, confirming the complex nature of melatonin's impact, which necessitates the use of random‐effects models. Notably, the study uncovers significant heterogeneity in wheat traits (p < 0.05). Mel increased grain yield by 33.50% and positively influenced root and shoot weights compared to control (no melatonin; nMel). However, the effects varied across different Mel concentration, application method and environmental stressors. Grain yield significantly increased with Mel application, particularly in foliar spray by 41.40%, compared to nMel. Mel consistently enhanced the overall response ratio (lnRR) of grain yield, grain weight, root length, shoot length, leaf area, plant height, shoot weight and root weight by 33.50%, 24.01%, 21.28%, 32.99%, 36.33%, 15.94%, 22.14% and 20.86% compared to nMel. Compared to nMel, the most pronounced grain yield was observed in Mel under salt stress conditions. The benefits of Mel were more pronounced in Egypt, where grain yield increased by 52.91%, suggesting that local environmental factors significantly influence its efficacy. Its impact varied across different cultivars, with Jimai_22 increased root length by 70.83% and Sids_14 by 56.39% compared to nMel, emphasising the importance of genetic factors. Mel application under salt and Cd stress conditions increased root weight by 336% and 470%, respectively, while decreased by 87% under waterlogging compared to no stress conditions. This indicates that Mel greatly increased plant resistance to abiotic stresses by modulating stress‐responsive pathways and improving agronomic traits.
Contributing Factors to the Rise in Adolescent Anxiety and Associated Mental Health Disorders: A Narrative Review of Current Literature
Authors: Anderson Thea L. , Valiauga Rasa , Tallo Christian , Hong Catriona Blythe , Manoranjithan Shaminy , Domingo Catherine , Paudel Manasvi , Untaroiu Ana , Barr Samantha , Goldhaber Kate
Published: December 2024

Background

The prevalence of anxiety among adolescents has seen a notable increase in recent years, becoming a significant public health concern. In fact, anxiety is substantially more prevalent in Generation Z (individuals born between 1997 and 2012) than in any of the past three generations. We aimed to examine what factors contribute to the increased prevalence in teen anxiety and identify points of intervention.

Methods

This study employed a narrative review method. We performed a literature search of the PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Medline databases and identified original research and review articles discussing increased anxiety and other mental health disorders in Generation Z.

Results

We provide a comprehensive overview of the factors contributing to the increased rates of adolescent anxiety, including academic pressures, social media influence, family dynamics, and broader societal stressors.

Conclusions

In this narrative review, we examine the multifaceted nature of adolescent anxiety, identifying contributing factors. Additionally, we discuss potential clinical, educational, and community‐based interventions to prevent and treat adolescent anxiety. By understanding and addressing the underlying causes of anxiety, it is possible to mitigate its impact and promote healthier developmental trajectories for young individuals.
Translucency of Enamel and Dentin: A Biomimetic Target for Esthetic Dental Materials
Authors: Paravina Rade D. , Cevik Pinar , Ontiveros Joe C. , Johnston William M.
Published: December 2024

Objective

This study aimed to assess the relative translucency parameter (RTP) of human enamel and dentin and set target RTP values for dental material development. Additionally, it seeks to validate the spectral RTP concept as supplementary quantitative information.

Materials and Methods

Slides of extracted human teeth, 1 and 2 mm thick enamel or dentin slides, were evaluated. RTP was calculated using CIEDE2000 (RTP00) and CIELAB (RTPab) color difference formulas. Spectral RTP (SPECTRAL RTP) curves were also generated from differences between spectral reflectance values obtained against white and black backgrounds. Statistical analyses included multifactorial ANOVAs for each RTP and spectral RTP, and Pearson correlations between RTP and spectral RTP.

Results

Significant correlations were observed between the RTP and spectral RTP values (p < 0.001) at all studied wavelengths. RTP00 and RTPab values were significantly different (p < 0.001). Enamel showed more translucency than dentin (p < 0.001), and 1 mm slices were more translucent than 2 mm slices (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Spectral RTP values were influenced by the type of tissue (enamel, dentin), thickness (1 mm, 2 mm), and color difference formula (CIELAB2000, CIELAB). RTP curve values were influenced by tissue type, thickness, and wavelength. Spectral RTP and RTP curve values were correlated.
Morphological diversity of the genus Telmatochromis from the Lake Tanganyika drainage with the description of a new riverine species and the generic reassignment of the Malagarasi River lamprologine
Authors: Indermaur Adrian , Schedel Frederic D. B. , Ronco Fabrizia
Published: December 2024

The lamprologine cichlid genus Telmatochromis was long considered primarily lacustrine and endemic to Lake Tanganyika until an undescribed Telmatochromis species was reported from the Lufubu River (Lake Tanganyika drainage, Zambia). A phylogenomic study in 2021 confirmed the association of Telmatochromis sp. “lufubu” with Telmatochromis along with another riverine species, Neolamprologus devosi (Malagarasi drainage, Tanzania). Here, we quantify the morphological diversity of the genus Telmatochromis and the two associated riverine species using a multivariate dataset combining geometric and classical morphometrics, as well as meristics. We identify three distinct morphological clusters: the “Telmatochromis vittatus complex” with highly elongated bodies and short heads, the “Telmatochromis temporalis complex” with deeper bodies, and the two riverine species with intermediate body elongation and large heads. Further, we formally describe the species endemic to the lower Lufubu River as Telmatochromis salzburgeri sp. nov. and reassign N. devosi to Telmatochromis. Telmatochromis devosi comb. nov. differs from all congeners by the absence of bi‐ and tricuspid teeth in the inner tooth rows of the oral dentition. T. salzburgeri sp. nov. can be distinguished from all other Telmatochromis species by a prominent orange stripe along the base of the dorsal fin and from T. devosi comb. nov. by the relatively smaller size of the lower pharyngeal jaw. Both riverine species differ from all lacustrine Telmatochromis by a lower number of dorsal‐fin spines. Additionally, the riverine species can be distinguished from the T. vittatus complex by having larger heads and longer oral jaws, and from the T. temporalis complex by their lower relative body depth. With the inclusion of new riverine members, the genus Telmatochromis is revealed to be more morphologically and ecologically diverse than previously recognized.
A Positive Relationship Between Caffeine Intake and Endometriosis: A Cross‐Sectional Study of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2006
Authors: Qin Rongyan , Yang Yuni , Xie Baoli , Huang Yingqing , Guo Yuying , Li Yanhui , Yu Jiaxin , Liao Ming , Qin Aiping
Published: December 2024

Background

Caffeine has been suggested to have a relationship with endometriosis as a widely consumed psychoactive substance, although findings are inconsistent.

Objective

This study explored the potential associations and threshold effects between caffeine intake and endometriosis using cross‐sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2006.

Methods

The study included 248 women with endometriosis and 2944 without, aged 20–50 years. Caffeine intake was assessed through a 24‐h dietary recall, and endometriosis was identified via self‐report. Logistic regression models were used to investigate the associations between caffeine intake and endometriosis, adjusting for age, race, body mass index, marital status, education, ever pregnant, smoke, drink, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, energy, protein, total fat and dietary fibre. The restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression was employed to examine nonlinear relationships and threshold effects.

Results

This study found a significant correlation between endometriosis and caffeine intake, with both high and low levels associated with the condition (OR 1.65, 95% CI: 1.12, 2.42, p = 0.011 for high; OR 1.60, 95% CI: 1.05, 2.44, p = 0.028 for low). Their relationship is still significant after adjustment for covariates. This suggests a complex dose–response relationship, confirmed by RCS regression, which revealed a U‐shaped curve. Endometriosis incidence was lowest at 170.25 mg/day caffeine intake.

Conclusion

The research suggests that an optimal caffeine intake is 170.25 mg/day, with both higher and lower levels associated with endometriosis. We acknowledge that the cross‐sectional design limits causal inference and that reliance on self‐reported data may introduce bias. Nevertheless, our findings lay the groundwork for future investigations into the dose–response relationship between caffeine intake and endometriosis.
Oil discovery, energy transition, and the decline in wholesale prices during the Great Depression
Authors: Kennedy Christopher A.
Published: December 2024

Statistical tests are used to examine the role of prices for petroleum, coal, and farm products in the Great Depression. A new empirical mapping of relationships between monthly energy and farm product prices and key macroeconomic variables shows how biophysical factors intersected with the price system in the 1930s US economy. Deflation was a critical feature of the Depression, with the US aggregate wholesale price index falling by 37 percentage points between October 1929 and February 1933. Petroleum product prices and farm product prices can explain 89% of changes to the aggregate wholesale price index over the 1930s. Granger causality tests show that petroleum product prices led changes to money supply in the 1930s, by 8 months, while farm product and all‐commodities prices Granger caused changes to industrial production. Changes in prices from October 1929 to February 1933 varied substantially between commodities, with prices of coal, metals, and building materials—the essential ingredients for capital formation—all increasing in real terms. Real bituminous coal prices are found to Granger cause changes to money supply, personal income, and industrial production over the 1930s. Overall, the results add further support to the hypothesis that the Great Depression was caused by an energy transition, following discovery of large quantities of petroleum in the US Southwest.
Observational study of the third delay in emergency obstetric triage at the referral national hospital in Tanzania: Baseline survey
Authors: Mahungururo Mugara Joseph , Horiuchi Shigeko , Shishido Eri
Published: December 2024

Aim

This study aimed to grasp the third delay using an observational method of actual nurses/midwives' practice overtime during care provision to emergency obstetric patients in a tertiary referral national hospital.

Methods

A prospective quantitative design was employed to observe the 24‐h obstetric triage process from February 4 to March 7, 2023.

Results

This study involved observations of 120 obstetric patients with mean maternal age of 29.1 years (SD = 5.5); 81.6% were between 20 and 35 years, 14.2% were over 35 years, and 4.2% were under 20 years. There were 99 (82.5%) pregnant women: 67.7% were preterm, 29.3% term, and 3% postdate, and there were 21 (17.5%) postpartum women. Initial diagnoses were postpartum hemorrhage, 9 (7.5%), antepartum hemorrhage, 15 (12.5%), eclampsia, 13 (10.8), severe preeclampsia, 19 (15.9), preeclampsia, 12 (10%), obstructed labor, 3 (2.5%), previous scar, 13 (10.8%), and others, 36 (30%). Waiting time was within 15 minutes for 30.8% of the observations. Median waiting time from registration to consultation was 9 min. Interquartile range (IQR) for postpartum hemorrhage was 3.5–23.5 min, and IQR for eclampsia was 11.5–117.5. There were no maternal deaths during the 24‐h observation of each obstetric patient.

Conclusion

The obstetric triage process requires additional training for triaging time‐sensitive obstetric complications; the wide IQR of waiting time indicated management misalignments thus causing the third delay. The clinical priority of obstetric patients with leading risk factors for morbidity and mortality, such as hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and hemorrhage, needs to be approached within a continuum of care.
Solution‐Focused Brief Therapy for Improving Couple Dyadic Relationships in Iran: A Systematic Review
Authors: Naseh Mitra , Badiezadeh Sahar , Rafieifar Maryam , Taridashti Sarvenaz , Reddy Swathi M. , Panisch Lisa S.
Published: December 2024

Despite the popularity of Solution‐Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) in Iran, the existing literature synthesis has limitations due to the reliance on studies published primarily in Farsi. This systematic review addresses these gaps by synthesizing and evaluating the effectiveness of SFBT on the marital outcomes of couples in Iran, incorporating both Farsi and English sources. The search for this review yielded 1523 records, from which 26 randomized controlled trials were included. The participants across the included studies (n = 1110) were predominantly married women and couples experiencing marital discord, from varied educational backgrounds across multiple Iranian cities. SFBT, primarily delivered in a group format, demonstrated medium to large effect sizes in improving marital outcomes such as dyadic adjustment, satisfaction, and intimacy. However, the presence of bias in study design and reporting necessitates caution in interpreting findings. This review highlights the potential of SFBT to improve marital relationships within the Iranian context.
Recommendations on Ultrasound‐Guided Hyaluronic Acid Soft Tissue Augmentation of the Upper Face in Asians
Authors: Jung Jae Yoon , Choi Hosung , Han Sang Chul , Wanitphakdeedecha Rungsima , Luo Qian , Zhou Lijun , No Jung Im , Jang Woonji E. , Kim Hee‐Jin
Published: December 2024

Background

Ultrasonography allows real‐time imaging of facial soft tissue during hyaluronic acid (HA) filler injections. However, there is currently limited guidance relating to ultrasound‐guided HA filler placement in the upper face.

Aims

To develop guidance for the effective use of ultrasonography to improve the safety of HA filler injection procedures.

Methods

Through a series of online video conferences and anatomical studies conducted on a model and a cadaveric specimen, specialists from Korea, Thailand, and China drew recommendations for ultrasound‐guided filler injections of the upper face.

Results

The authors outlined critical anatomical landmarks for safe HA filler placement to correct volume deficits or treat hollowness of the forehead, temple, and upper eyelids. They provide insights on treatment indications and injection techniques using ultrasound for safe HA filler placement. The recommendations are presented in this paper.

Conclusions

Where there are anatomic variations in the vasculature of the forehead, temple, and periorbital area, ultrasound‐guided filler placement can provide an additional safety measure. Current evidence may give rise to standard practices incorporating ultrasound in injection protocols for the preventive and therapeutic management of adverse events.
The gendered economic consequences of forming a single‐parent household after separation
Authors: Fadel Luisa , Boertien Diederik , Schnor Christine
Published: December 2024

Objective

To document gender differences in income trajectories before and after forming a single‐parent household following separation in Belgium between 2005 and 2018.

Background

Previous research has shown that the economic consequences of partnership dissolution are less severe for fathers than for mothers because of the greater likelihood for women to live with children after separation than men. However, it remains unclear how economic conditions change when men live with children after partnership dissolution.

Method

Combining information from the Belgian National Register and the Tax‐register over 14 years, we estimate time‐distributed fixed effects (TDFE) models on a sample of 47,496 men and 151,389 women to investigate how the transition into a single‐parent household after separation impacts equivalized household income, as well as other income measures, from 5 years before to 5 years after the event.

Results

Overall, there is an economic disadvantage related to becoming a single parent co‐residing with children after separation for both men and women. Hence, single fathers are at risk of economic vulnerability, but, after transitioning into a single‐parent household, men lose less in terms of partner income and are faster to recover in terms of couple and equivalized household income than women do.

Conclusion

Men experience important drops in income after becoming a single parent co‐residing with children, but drops in income are greater for women.
The Role of Resident‐Place Identification in Mediating Consumption Localism and Mobility Intentions
Authors: Leicht Thomas , Giovanardi Massimo , Darler William , Kavaratzis Mihalis
Published: December 2024

Residents' personal identification with places (regions, cities, towns, and so on) and with what places are supposed to stand for often determines their place‐supportive attitudes and behaviors. However, little is known about how residents' identification with the characteristics of places and their adoption of place‐related norms and values specifically affect residential mobility intentions and pro‐local consumption tendencies, which are key topics in many spatial development plans and place marketing. The present study addresses this gap in the literature by using a structural equation modeling approach and a cross‐place survey in Germany with 612 residents. The findings show that resident‐place identification, on the basis of residential need satisfaction, increases residents' intentions to stay in a place and pro‐local consumption preferences. These findings suggest that spatial planners and public managers can support the socioeconomic development of cities and regions and increase residents' willingness to stay in a place by strengthening their individual identification with places. We discuss the implications of our findings for the marketing and branding of places.
Immaturity of gut functions and induction of tolerance during early infancy
Authors: Ohtsuka Yoshikazu , Shimizu Toshiaki
Published: December 2024

Tolerance to foreign molecules is primarily induced through three pathways: anergy, active suppression, and clonal deletion. The immaturity of gut functions, including digestion and barrier protection against foreign molecules during early infancy, is closely linked to the induction of tolerance. A significant number of undigested peptides can pass through leaky gut walls during this period, making it an opportune time to introduce active suppression and clonal deletion in the intestine. Increased production and expression of TGF‐β and CXCL13 with lymphoid hyperplasia in early infancy can be a convenient way to introduce tolerance and immunoglobulin A (IgA) synthesis against food and other antigens to protect hosts from allergic diseases. In this article we will discuss the immaturity of gut functions and mucosal immunity in infancy and its relationship to the introduction of tolerance.
Enhancing Bovine Reproduction: The Progress of Artificial Insemination in Ethiopia
Authors: Hambisa Abdi Bedassa
Published: December 2024

Artificial insemination (AI) has emerged as a transformative technology in bovine reproduction, revolutionising the agricultural sector globally. In countries like Ethiopia, where livestock is a vital component of the economy and plays a crucial role in ensuring food security and supporting rural livelihoods, advancements in AI hold immense promise and potential. AI has been instrumental in improving the genetic quality of bovine populations, increasing milk and meat production, and facilitating the dissemination of superior genetic traits across diverse breeds. In Ethiopia, traditional breeding practices often face challenges related to limited access to superior breeding stock and inadequate breeding management. The adoption of AI techniques can address these constraints and pave the way for sustainable livestock development. The importance of bovine AI in Ethiopia is underscored by the country's large bovine population, which primarily consists of indigenous zebu cattle breeds known for their adaptability to local environmental conditions. However, challenges persist regarding its widespread adoption and implementation in Ethiopia. Key obstacles include limited access to quality semen from superior sires, inadequate infrastructure and facilities for AI services, insufficient training and capacity building among veterinary professionals and inseminators, and socioeconomic barriers faced by smallholder farmers in accessing AI services. This review aims to critically examine the progress made in bovine AI in Ethiopia, identify the obstacles and constraints hindering its full‐scale adoption, and explore prospects and strategies for overcoming these challenges. By delving into the latest research findings, policy frameworks and practical experiences in bovine AI, this review seeks to provide valuable insights and recommendations for leveraging AI technology to enhance livestock productivity, genetic diversity and sustainable agricultural development in Ethiopia.
Leadership in Scholarship: Editors' Appointments and Scientific Narrative
Authors: Önder Ali Sina , Popov Sergey V. , Schweitzer Sascha
Published: December 2024

Academic journals disseminate new knowledge and therefore can influence the direction and composition of ongoing research by choosing what to publish. We study the change in the topic structure of papers published in the American Economic Review (AER) after the appointments of editors and coeditors of the AER between 1985 and 2011 using a textual analysis of accepted publications. The change due to the appointment of new AER editors, we find, is not an indicator of editors' personal taste in topics, but rather indicates the desire of those who appoint editors to premediate trends in other Top 5 journals.
A Review of Multi-Objective Optimization Methods of Grid-Connected Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems Combined with Electrical Vehicle Technique
Authors: Al-Sahlawi Ameer A. Kareim , Shahrin bin Md. Ayob  , Chee Wei Tan  , Hussein Mohammed Ridha
Published: December 2024

Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) are regarded as highly promising and rapidly advancing forms of renewable energy. The commonly used RESs are solar energy and wind energy. However, obstacles are found in designing RESs. Using vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology in combination with electric vehicles (EVs) and RESs in smart grid are of great significance for ensuring energy security, preventing air pollution, and promoting energy saving and emission reduction. Over the past decade, V2G technology has enabled EVs to become a potential energy storage capacity for alleviating the random fluctuation in renewable energy generation. Nevertheless, the primary drawbacks of these systems are inefficient energy conversion and substantial initial investment. The sizing of each piece of equipment in the hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) is challenging. Hence, it is imperative to employ a precise sizing technique to determine an ideal arrangement and meet the requisite load requirements. Hence, before the installation of RESs, it is crucial to consider the types and arrangements of photovoltaic (PV) panels and wind turbines (WTs), mathematical models of PV modules and WTs, storage battery options, environmental-economic-technical considerations, sizing methods based on techno-economic objectives, and the ultimate selection of the most optimal configuration. This work lists the general classification of optimization formulation framework, and multi-objective optimization methods of HRESs integrated with electrical vehicle technique are reviewed. This workprovided a thorough examination of the current advancements in the design optimization of HRESs using multi-objectiveoptimization (MOO). This study aims to select the most appropriate design before installing HRESs and provides afoundational platform for scholars interested in exploring the integration of RESs with EVs for further advancement.
A Review on Strategies to Enhance the On-Body Read Range of Passive UHF RFID Tag
Authors: Paramasivam DiviyaDevi , Dewan Raimi , You Kok Yeow  , Faishal Adilah Suryanata
Published: December 2024

Passive Ultra-High-Frequency Radio Frequency Identification (UHF RFID) tag has been implemented as a wearable device for numerous healthcare applications. However, the tag possesses limitations owing to the absorption of electromagnetic radiation by the human body, which significantly reduces the read range of the tag. Thus, the potential strategies to mitigate the effect of the human body need to be addressed. Recently, significant efforts have been made to overcome this shortcoming by incorporating metamaterials or introducing slots to the tag antenna structure. Therefore, this article provides insight into strategies that specifically employ slots, Artificial Magnetic Conductor (AMC), and Split Ring Resonator (SRR). Prior to this, the factors affecting the read range and previously reported studies are briefly discussed. Finally, the future directions for further improvement of these strategies are discussed.
THE EFFECT OF THE IODINE-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS ON GENE EXPRESSION OF PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS
Authors: Kenesheva S.T. , Jumagaziyeva A.B. , Turganbay S. , Iskakbayeva Zh. A. , Jumabayeva S.M. , Zhaumitbayeva G.A. , Ilin A.I. , Azembayev A.A.
Published: December 2024

The global increase in multidrug resistance highlights the need for new, effective antimicrobial agents. Iodine-containing complexes, due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties, low likelihood of resistance development, and stability under various conditions, represent a promising avenue for the development of innovative therapeutic approaches.
The aim of this study was to collect and analyze research assessing the impact of iodine-containing complexes with organic ligands on the gene expression of certain pathogenic strains of microorganisms with multidrug resistance. Bioinformatics approaches were employed to investigate gene expression, protein interactions, and metabolic pathways, utilizing tools like STRING, KEGG, Reactome, and UniProt. Models of gene and proteome interaction analysis were also used to interpret the data.
Key findings include the suppression of central metabolic cycles, such as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), increased glycolytic activity, a shift in metabolism toward anaerobic respiration, and activation of oxidative stress defense systems. The study also highlights changes in gene expression associated with membrane remodeling, DNA repair, regulation of virulence factors, and nutrient transport. These adaptive responses reflect the multifaceted antimicrobial action of iodine-containing complexes, which target key cellular components and processes, making them highly effective against multidrug-resistant pathogens.
Iodine-containing complexes exhibit high antimicrobial potential due to their ability to disrupt essential bacterial life processes, impairing metabolism, structure, and adaptive mechanisms. Further research into the molecular mechanisms of iodine’s action and its effects on pathogen virulence could open new avenues for addressing the challenge of antibiotic resistance.
Nutritional Evaluation of Wheat (Triticum aestivum: Poaceae) Varieties Infested with Rhizoglyhphus tritici (Acari: Acaridae)
Authors: Mahmood Syed Usman , Bashir Muhammad Hamid , Idrees Atif , Abrar Muhammad , Qadir Ziyad Abdul , Mao Runqian , Fang Xiaoduan
Published: December 2024

Stored grain mites are found worldwide, but infestation is difficult to detect due to their small size. Despite extensive taxonomic studies on mites, further research is required to evaluate the nutritional losses caused by their infestation. In this study, we assessed the nutritional composition and varietal differences of the wheat varieties, Faisalabad-08 and Sehar-06, infested with Rhizoglyphus tritici (Bashir, Afzal, Honey and Khan) after one, three and six months of storage at 25 ± 2 °C and relative humidity of 70 ± 5%. The results showed significant variations in thousand kernel weight (TKW), moisture, crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), crude fiber, ash and nitrogen-free extract (NFE) of wheat grains and wheat flour. The mite population in Sehar-06 increased significantly, reaching 6562 individuals after six months at the highest infestation level (T3). Over the six-month period, both wheat varieties experienced a reduction in thousand kernel weight (TKW), with Sehar-06 showing a greater decrease. Sehar-06 also showed the largest increase in moisture content, rising from 16.10% in the control to 17.87% in T3 after six months. It also had significant decreases in crude protein (CP) and crude fat (CF), from 14.35% and 1.31% in the control to 11.55% and 0.57% in T3, respectively. Crude fiber and ash increased, whereas nitrogen-free extract (NFE) decreased from 65.64% in the control to 62.12% in T3. These findings provide valuable information on the nutritional impact of mite infestation in stored wheat for farmers, grain storage managers and food manufacturers.
Supplemental Material: The two-sided continental subduction of the Adria microplate (Mediterranean)
Authors: Menichelli Irene , al. et
Published: December 2024

Additional figures (S1–S5) and a text analyzing Vp and Vp/Vs perturbations at lithospheric mantle depths, synthetic slab test beneath the Dinarides, checkerboard and recovery tests for the Adria plate, comparisons with previous tomographic studies, and a detailed discussion of the observed velocity anomalies and model comparisons. 
Comparative effectiveness and safety of single inhaler triple therapies for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: new user cohort study
Authors: Feldman William B , Suissa Samy , Kesselheim Aaron S , Avorn Jerry , Russo Massimiliano , Schneeweiss Sebastian , Wang Shirley V
Published: December 2024

Objective

To compare the effectiveness and safety of budesonide-glycopyrrolate-formoterol, a twice daily metered dose inhaler, and fluticasone-umeclidinium-vilanterol, a once daily dry powder inhaler, in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) treated in routine clinical practice.

Design

New user cohort study.

Setting

Longitudinal commercial US claims data.

Participants

New initiators of budesonide-glycopyrrolate-formoterol or fluticasone-umeclidinium-vilanterol between 1 January 2021 and 30 September 2023 who had a diagnosis of COPD and were aged 40 years or older.

Main outcome measures

In this 1:1 propensity score matched study, the main outcome measures were first moderate or severe COPD exacerbation (effectiveness) and first admission to hospital with pneumonia (safety) while on treatment. Potential confounders were measured in the 365 days before cohort entry and included in propensity scores. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using a Cox proportional hazards regression model.

Results

The study cohort included 20 388 propensity score matched pairs of new users initiating single inhaler triple therapy. Patients who received budesonide-glycopyrrolate-formoterol had a 9% higher incidence of first moderate or severe COPD exacerbation (hazard ratio 1.09 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.14); number needed to harm 38) compared with patients receiving fluticasone-umeclidinium-vilanterol and an identical incidence of first admission to hospital with pneumonia (1.00 (0.91 to 1.10)). The hazard of first moderate COPD exacerbation was 7% higher (1.07 (1.02 to 1.12); number needed to harm 54) and the hazard of first severe COPD exacerbation 29% higher (1.29 (1.12 to 1.48); number needed to harm 97) among those receiving budesonide-glycopyrrolate-formoterol compared to fluticasone-umeclidinium-vilanterol. Prespecified sensitivity analyses yielded similar findings to the primary analysis.

Conclusions

Budesonide-glycopyrrolate-formoterol was not associated with improved clinical outcomes compared with fluticasone-umeclidinium-vilanterol. Given the added climate impact of metered dose inhalers, health systems seeking to decrease use of these products may consider steps to promote further prescribing of fluticasone-umeclidinium-vilanterol compared with budesonide-glycopyrrolate-formoterol in people with COPD.

Study registration

Center for Open Science Real World Evidence Registry (
https://osf.io/6gdyp/
).
Quantitative evaluation of GPT-4’s performance on US and Chinese osteoarthritis treatment guideline interpretation and orthopaedic case consultation
Authors: Li Juntan , Gao Xiang , Dou Tianxu , Gao Yuyang , Li Xu , Zhu Wannan
Published: December 2024

Objectives

To evaluate GPT-4’s performance in interpreting osteoarthritis (OA) treatment guidelines from the USA and China, and to assess its ability to diagnose and manage orthopaedic cases.

Setting

The study was conducted using publicly available OA treatment guidelines and simulated orthopaedic case scenarios.

Participants

No human participants were involved. The evaluation focused on GPT-4’s responses to clinical guidelines and case questions, assessed by two orthopaedic specialists.

Outcomes

Primary outcomes included the accuracy and completeness of GPT-4’s responses to guideline-based queries and case scenarios. Metrics included the correct match rate, completeness score and stratification of case responses into predefined tiers of correctness.

Results

In interpreting the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons and Chinese OA guidelines, GPT-4 achieved a correct match rate of 46.4% and complete agreement with all score-2 recommendations. The accuracy score for guideline interpretation was 4.3±1.6 (95% CI 3.9 to 4.7), and the completeness score was 2.8±0.6 (95% CI 2.5 to 3.1). For case-based questions, GPT-4 demonstrated high performance, with over 88% of responses rated as comprehensive.

Conclusions

GPT-4 demonstrates promising capabilities as an auxiliary tool in orthopaedic clinical practice and patient education, with high levels of accuracy and completeness in guideline interpretation and clinical case analysis. However, further validation is necessary to establish its utility in real-world clinical settings.
Co-designing a low-intensity psychological therapy for fear of recurrence in psychosis using translational learning from fear of recurrence in oncology: protocol for intervention development for future testing in a feasibility study
Authors: Allan Stephanie , Sinclair Fiona , Correia Marta , Fragkandrea-Nixon Ioanna , Phiri Alie , Jones Gareth , Thomson David , Yanga Francis , Brown George , McCann Mark , Simpson Sharon Anne , Evans Jonathan , Robb Katie , Gumley Andrew
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Fear of recurrence is a transdiagnostic problem experienced by people with psychosis, which is associated with anxiety, depression and risk of future relapse events. Despite this, there is a lack of available psychological interventions for fear of recurrence, and psychological therapies for schizophrenia are often poorly implemented in general. However, low-intensity psychological therapy is available for people who experience fear of recurrence in the context of cancer, which means there is an opportunity to learn what has worked in a well-implemented psychological therapy to see if any learning can be adapted for schizophrenia care. This article describes the design, methods and expected data collection of development, acceptab

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lity, feasibility, a

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d preliminary outcome signals for a copro

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uced low-intensity psycholo

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ical intervention targeting fear

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f relapse in people with schizophrenia (INDIGO), which aims to develop an acceptable psychological intervention for fear of recurrence.

Methods and analysis

INDIGO will use a mixed-methods approach to co-design and deliver a model and treatment pathway for a psychological intervention for people diagnosed with schizophrenia who experience fear of recurrence. The study will consist of four stages. First, in-depth interviews with mental health staff and people diagnosed with schizophrenia (with a further social network mapping task for patient participants only) to develop the intervention. Second, in-depth interviews with people who have accessed the Glasgow Fear of Recurrence service and oncology staff will be conducted to inform further development of the intervention. Third, co-design workshops will be held with people diagnosed with schizophrenia and mental health staff to co-design intervention content and the treatment pathway. Finally, people diagnosed with schizophrenia will be presented with an intervention prototype and invited to complete ‘think-aloud’ interviews to gather further feedback so adaptations can be implemented.

Ethics and dissemination

The INDIGO study received ethical approval from East Midlands—Nottingham 2 Research Ethics Committee (24/EM/0124). The study received independent peer review prior to funding. This co-design study is expected to lead to a future feasibility study and, if indicated, a randomised controlled trial.
Abstracts from international emergency medicine journals
Authors: Production EMJ
Published: December 2024

Editor’s note: EMJ has partnered with the journals of multiple international emergency medicine societies to share from each a highlighted research study, as selected by their editors. This edition will feature an abstract from each publication.
Private Bank Lending to Small Business in China: An Analysis of Default Rates
Authors: Cao Min , Sarath Bharat , Du Jingyi
Published: December 2024

This study examines small business loans and default rates using a unique proprietary dataset from a private bank in China. As Chinese regulations preclude differential interest rates, alternative tools such as auditing, relationship length, and group lending are used to mitigate default risk. Although the audit process for small businesses in China is not of high quality compared to international standards, they still lower default rates as borrowers use audits as a positive signal of the firms’ likelihood of success. We also find that a longer relationship length reduces default risk as it likely increases the bank’s soft information regarding borrowers. Group lending is another popular mechanism for reducing default rates, especially for microfinance loans. While this strategy’s risk-sharing and monitoring aspects have been widely analyzed, we focus on a free rider problem using a game-theoretic model that suggests the optimal group size may be smaller than conventional wisdom suggests and empirically confirm this hypothesis.
Proteomic and phosphoproteomic identified structural and functional changes in the aorta associate with age-dependent hypertension in male Sprague-Dawley rats
Authors: Amraei Razie , Lampl Noah , Nist Kayla M. , Zhang Yanhang , Wainford Richard D.
Published: December 2024

The mechanisms of age-dependent hypertension remain unclear. Male Sprague-Dawley rats develop age-dependent hypertension and increased sympathetic outflow to the vasculature. Age-dependent hypertension involves significant alterations in the abdominal aorta proteome and phosphoproteome involving the extracellular matrix, cytoskeleton, neuron and synapse, VSMCs, and focal adhesions with hyperphosphorylation of proteins in hypertensive rats predominantly involving serine residue phosphorylation. We speculate these changes in the abdominal aorta contribute to arterial remodeling and age-dependent increases in blood pressure.
Fluorescence Labeling to Study the Distribution of Radix Puerariae lobatae Polysaccharide in Cells and Mice
Authors: Cao Wen , Lv Qiuyue , Zhan Xin , He Shihan , Yu Jie , Yang Zhu , Wang Guodong , Wu Jiangping , Han Jun
Published: December 2024

Radix Puerariae lobatae polysaccharide (PLP1, Mw = 10.43 kDa), a novel polysaccharide isolated in our previous studies, possesses remarkable hepatoprotective properties. In this study, a highly sensitive fluorescent probe, namely, PLP1‐tyrosine (TYR)‐fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), was developed to investigate the distribution of PLP1 in vitro and in vivo. The fluorescent probe was characterized using fluorescence, high‐performance gel permeation chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, with a substitution degree of 0.53%. Toxicity assessments indicated that PLP1‐TYR‐FITC was nontoxic both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, fluorescence microscopy revealed that PLP1‐TYR‐FITC may enter cells by endocytosis. In vivo, the distribution pattern of oral administration was as follows: small intestine > liver > kidney > spleen > stomach > heart > lung > brain. The distribution of intravenous administration was as follows: liver > small intestine > kidney > stomach > spleen > lung > heart > brain. FITC‐labeled PLP1 was primarily distributed in the liver, supporting the hepatoprotective properties of PLP1. In summary, this study synthesized a PLP1 fluorescent probe to investigate PLP1 distribution in vitro and in vivo. Our findings lay the groundwork for further exploring the pharmacological mechanism of polysaccharides in Pueraria lobata.
Lactobacillus acidophilus LA‐5 Postbiotic Induces Apoptosis by Activating the Mitochondrial Apoptotic Pathway in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Yavaş Adem , Akan Ecem , Aksel Mehran , Erbay Zafer
Published: December 2024

Background and Aims: Chemotherapy uses agents that selectively target cancer cells but can also cause collateral damage to healthy tissues and lead to significant side effects. These toxic agents have major adverse effects on noncancerous tissues. It is therefore imperative to develop safe and efficacious alternative therapeutic strategies capable of inducing apoptosis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate in vitro how postbiotics derived from heat‐killed Lactobacillus acidophilus LA‐5 affect human prostate cancer cells.

Methods: Lactobacillus acidophilus LA‐5 strain was cultured in MRS broth at a concentration of 109 colony forming units (cfu) per milliliter. The activated probiotics were then heat treated at 75°C for 60 min to inactivate them and postbiotics were obtained. The inhibitory effects of heat‐killed Lactobacillus acidophilus LA‐5 on LNCaP and PC3 cells were assessed through an MTT assay. The apoptotic impact of postbiotics on the cells was validated using Hoechst 33342/propidium iodide (HO/PI) staining. Additionally, western blotting was employed to examine the expression of cytochrome‐c (cyt‐c), Bcl2, Bax, and caspase‐3–9 proteins associated with the apoptotic pathway. Additionally, the levels of antioxidant and oxidant enzymes were measured in both cell lines using established colorimetric methods and commercial kits.

Results: MTT results showed that the postbiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus LA‐5 had IC50 values of 107 and 108 cfu/mL on LNCaP and PC3 cells, respectively. HO/PI results showed postbiotic‐induced apoptosis in both cell lines. Heat‐killed Lactobacillus acidophilus LA‐5 increased the expression of cyt‐c, caspase‐9, Bax, and caspase‐3 protein levels and decreased Bcl2 expression in LNCaP and PC3 cell lines. However, caspase‐8 was not detected. In addition, high‐dose postbiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus LA‐5 (108 and 109 cfu/mL) increased the activity of oxidants ROS and MDA and suppressed the activity of antioxidants GSH, SOD, and CAT.

Conclusions: This study demonstrated that postbiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus LA‐5 from heat inactivation could cause apoptosis and impede the proliferation of LNCaP and PC3 prostate cancer cells in vitro.
From Outbreaks to Artificial Intelligence: A Comprehensive Review of Monkeypox Virus Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, Vaccination, and Deep Learning Applications
Authors: Ahmadi Shahed , Amirzadeh Mahdi , Ahmadi Mousa , Soleiman-Meigooni Saeed
Published: December 2024

Objectives: After the global impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic, concerns over virus transmission have risen. A state of health emergency was declared in 2022 due to Clade 2 of the monkeypox (MPOX) virus. In August 2024, another emergency was declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) because of the widespread Clade 1b, which caused a more severe and lethal disease. This review synthesizes current MPOX knowledge to assist policymakers, clinicians, and researchers in developing effective diagnostics, therapeutic interventions, vaccination strategies, and outbreak management.

Methods: This systematic review study searched for articles on virus epidemiology, virology, clinical features, transmission routes, available drugs and vaccines, and new artificial intelligence (AI) applications in diagnosis and drug discovery.

Results: MPOX virus is a 200–250‐nm, double‐stranded DNA (ds‐DNA) virus that causes smallpox‐like skin lesions. Tecovirimat is the primary drug for severe cases, especially in people with suppressed immune systems. Smallpox vaccines can help prevent MPOX infection because of the genetic similarities between the MPOX and smallpox viruses. AI‐based models can assist medical teams in promptly diagnosing MPOX skin lesions, improving decision‐making for treatment.

Conclusion: This review highlights the importance of using traditional public health knowledge alongside modern AI to manage MPOX outbreaks effectively. It shows that we need strong public health policies, focused interventions, and ongoing research on how AI can help control infectious diseases.