bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Safety and Efficacy Pilot Study of Acupuncture for the Treatment of Chronic Lymphoedema
Authors: Cassileth Barrie R , Van Zee Kimberly J , Chan Yi , Coleton Marci I , Hudis Clifford A , Cohen Sara , Lozada James , Vickers Andrew J
Published: June 2011

Background

Lymphoedema is a distressing problem affecting many women after breast cancer surgery. There is no cure and existing treatments are marginally beneficial, rarely reducing arm swelling in any meaningful way. Needling and even lifting of objects using the affected arm has been prohibited, but our clinical experience and that of others suggested that acupuncture was safe and that it might be a useful treatment for lymphoedema.

Objective

We sought to conduct a pilot study of the safety and effectiveness of acupuncture in women diagnosed with chronic lymphoedema for at least 6 months and less than 5 years.

Methods

Women with chronic lymphoedema (affected arm with >2 cm circumference than unaffected arm) after breast cancer surgery received acupuncture twice a week for 4 weeks. Response was defined as at least a 30% reduction in the difference in size between the affected and unaffected arms. Monthly follow-up calls for 6 months following treatment were made to obtain information about side effects.

Results

Study goals were met after nine subjects were treated: four women showed at least a 30% reduction in the extent of lymphoedema at 4 weeks when compared with their respective baseline values. No serious adverse events occurred during or after 73 treatment sessions.

Limitations

This pilot study requires a larger, randomised follow-up investigation plus enquiries into possible mechanisms. Both are in development by our group.

Conclusion

Acupuncture appears safe and may reduce lymphoedema associated with breast cancer surgery.
The process and costs of publishing medical journals in Sri Lanka: an economic evaluation
Authors: Ranasinghe P , Perera Y S , Abeygunasekara A M
Published: June 2011

Objectives

Medical journals have contributed to the advancement of medicine by helping to disseminate scientific knowledge and providing a forum for medical communities to debate issues in depth. To the authors' knowledge, there are no studies examining the process of medical journal publication in developing Asian countries. The authors analysed the process and costs of publishing medical journals in Sri Lanka, a developing country in South Asia.

Methods

Data were collected by interviewing the editors and perusing the records at the editorial offices of the respective medical journals. Articles published in 2009 (or 2008 for journals not published in 2009) were analysed by perusing the respective journals.

Results

A total of 44 medical journals were published in Sri Lanka's history, of which only 28 journals remained in publication after 2007. A majority (54%) of the journals published after 2007 were published once per year. Seventeen journals in publication after 2007 were published in paper version only, and 11 journals were also available online. The mean cost of printing one issue was Sri Lankan Rupees (LKR) 97 720 (US$888) (range LKR 28 000–270 000). The cost of distribution ranged from LKR 2000 to 140 000 (US$18–1273). The mean cost of publishing one article was LKR 6646 (US$60). A total of 456 articles were published in 2009 (/2008). The total number of pages published was 1723.

Conclusion

The infrastructure for medical journal publishing in Sri Lanka has many good qualities such as free access, minimum charges for authors and potential for online availability. The journals are solely academic (non-profit), but the costs remain high.
Mass media campaigns within reach: effective efforts with limited resources in Russia's capital city
Authors: Perl Rebecca , Stebenkova Ludmila , Morozova Irina , Murukutla Nandita , Kochetova Veronika , Kotov Alexey , Voylokova Tatiana , Baskakova Julia
Published: June 2011

Mass media campaigns, while often expensive, are proven, cost-effective interventions and should not be considered out-of-reach, especially where governments have some sway over media markets, where large media discounts are possible or where other novel strategies can be employed.
EVALUATION OF THE SIGN DETECTOR FOR DCT DOMAIN WATERMARK DETECTION
Authors: DUAN FABING , ABBOTT DEREK , CHAPEAU-BLONDEAU FRANÇOIS
Published: June 2011

Reordering by the rule of decreased absolute amplitudes, the discrete cosine transformation (DCT) coefficients of an image are approximately modeled as dichotomous noise. Based on this assumption, it is interesting to note that the classical multiplicative embedding method can be transformed into an additive embedding rule, which accords with the signal processing problem of detecting a known weak signal in additive non-Gaussian noise. Then, following the generalized Neyman-Pearson lemma, a locally optimum detector, named the sign detector, is introduced to distinguish the correct watermark from the wrong ones. The statistical characteristics of this nonlinear sign detector are analytically investigated in detail. Extensive experimental results demonstrate the robustness of watermark against some common attacks, e.g., JPEG compression, cropping, filtering, additive Gaussian noise, dithering, and also verify the robust performance of the nonlinear sign detector for watermark detection.
RAPID PROTOTYPING OF A GAIT GENERATION METHOD USING REAL-TIME HARDWARE IN LOOP SIMULATION
Authors: ASIF UMAR , IQBAL JAVAID
Published: June 2011

Formal control design techniques usually rely on the plant model of a desired system. The plant model can be derived from the foundation principles of the system but often includes unidentified parameters. In order to approximate these unknown parameters, experiments are conducted to collect information from the behavior of plant dynamics. Thus, closed-loop feedback control methods can be formulated upon the estimation of an appropriate plant model using simulation techniques. Rapid prototyping techniques support this design paradigm which requires that the rapid prototype operate in real time, interact with real hardware and have supporting control functionality. This paper delivers a study on the modeling and testing of a gait generation method using a rapid prototyping technique. The objective is to develop a method of rapid prototyping to test new walking algorithms on a real-time robotic system. The paper addresses the drawbacks of a non-real-time simulation by evaluating the locomotion of a six-legged robot in terms of tracking errors and signifies the proposed methodology of tuning the gait generation algorithm online through real-time hardware in loop simulation setup. Finally, the paper inspects the improved locomotion of the robot using the proposed methodology and signifies it as a valid prototyping technique for approximating novel gait generation algorithms on real-time robotic systems.
Hydrological Excitation of Polar Motion Derived from GRACE Gravity Field Solutions
Authors: Seoane L. , Nastula J. , Bizouard C. , Gambis D.
Published: June 2011

The influence of the continental water storage on the polar motion is not well known. Different models have been developed to evaluate these effects and compared to geodetic observations. However, previous studies have shown large discrepancies mainly attributed to the lack of global measurements of related hydrological parameters. Now, from the observations of the GRACE mission, we can estimate the polar motion excitation due to the global hydrology. Data processing of GRACE data is carried out by several centers of analysis, we focus on the new solution computed by the Groupe de Recherche de Géodésie Spatiale. At annual scales, excitations derived from GRACE data are in better agreement with geodetic observations than models estimates. The main contribution to the hydrological excitation comes from the monsoon climates regions where GRACE and models estimates are in a very good agreement. Still, the effect of the north high latitudes regions, where the principal areas of snow cover are found, cannot be neglected. At these regions, GRACE and models estimated contributions to polar motion excitations show significant discrepancies. Finally, GRACE-based excitations reveal the possible influence of water storage variations in exciting polar motion around the frequency of 3 cycles per year.
Ranking Fuzzy Numbers with a Distance Method using Circumcenter of Centroids and an Index of Modality
Authors: Rao P. Phani Bushan , Shankar N. Ravi
Published: June 2011

Ranking fuzzy numbers are an important aspect of decision making in a fuzzy environment. Since their inception in 1965, many authors have proposed different methods for ranking fuzzy numbers. However, there is no method which gives a satisfactory result to all situations. Most of the methods proposed so far are nondiscriminating and counterintuitive. This paper proposes a new method for ranking fuzzy numbers based on the Circumcenter of Centroids and uses an index of optimism to reflect the decision maker's optimistic attitude and also an index of modality that represents the neutrality of the decision maker. This method ranks various types of fuzzy numbers which include normal, generalized trapezoidal, and triangular fuzzy numbers along with crisp numbers with the particularity that crisp numbers are to be considered particular cases of fuzzy numbers.
Possible Evidence for a Fall in the Prevalence of High-Functioning Pervasive Developmental Disorder with Age?
Authors: Balfe M. , Tantam D. , Campbell M.
Published: June 2011

A survey was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of high-functioning pervasive developmental disorder (HFPDD) in a community sample of teenagers and adults aged 13 and above in the city of Sheffield, UK. 112 possible and definite cases were found, of whom 65 (57%) had a previous diagnosis. The detected prevalence of possible or definite HFPDD was found to be 0.24 per 1000 of the population of Sheffield city aged 13 or over, but the prevalence by year of age fell from a maximum of 1.1 per 1000 in the group aged 13 to 14 years old (1 young adult in every 900 in this age group) to 0.03 per 1000 in the over 60s (1 person in every 38500 in this age group). The results of this study are preliminary and need follow-up investigation in larger studies. We suggest several explanations for the findings, including reduced willingness to participate in a study as people get older, increased ascertainment in younger people, and increased mortality. Another contributory factor might be that the prevalence of high-functioning pervasive development disorder may decline with age. This raises the possibility that AS symptoms might become subclinical in adulthood in a proportion of people with HFPDD.
Flavocoxid Inhibits Phospholipase A2, Peroxidase Moieties of the Cyclooxygenases (COX), and 5-Lipoxygenase, Modifies COX-2 Gene Expression, and Acts as an Antioxidant
Authors: Burnett Bruce P. , Bitto Alessandra , Altavilla Domenica , Squadrito Francesco , Levy Robert M. , Pillai Lakshmi
Published: June 2011

The multiple mechanisms of action for flavocoxid relating to arachidonic acid (AA) formation and metabolism were studiedin vitro. Flavocoxid titrated into rat peritoneal macrophage cultures inhibited cellular phospholipase A2 (PLA2) (IC50= 60 μg/mL). Inin vitroenzyme assays, flavocoxid showed little anti-cyclooxygenase (CO) activity on COX-1/-2 enzymes, but inhibited the COX-1 (IC50= 12.3) and COX-2 (IC50= 11.3 μg/mL) peroxidase (PO) moieties as well as 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) (IC50= 110 μg/mL). No detectable 5-LOX inhibition was found for multiple traditional and COX-2 selective NSAIDs. Flavocoxid also exhibited strong and varied antioxidant capacitiesin vitroand decreased nitrite levels (IC50= 38 μg/mL) in rat peritoneal macrophages. Finally, in contrast to celecoxib and ibuprofen, which upregulated thecox-2 gene, flavocoxid strongly decreased expression. This work suggests that clinically favourable effects of flavocoxid for management of osteoarthritis (OA) are achieved by simultaneous modification of multiple molecular pathways relating to AA metabolism, oxidative induction of inflammation, and neutralization of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Generalized Binomial Probability Distributions Attached to LandauLevels on the Riemann Sphere
Authors: Ghanmi A. , Hafoud A. , Mouayn Z.
Published: June 2011

A family of generalized binomial probability distributions attached to Landau levels
on the Riemann sphere is introduced by constructing a kind of generalized coherent states.
Their main statistical parameters are obtained explicitly. As an application, photon number statistics
related to coherent states under consideration are discussed.
A Biopolymer Chitosan and Its Derivatives as Promising Antimicrobial Agents against Plant Pathogens and Their Applications in Crop Protection
Authors: Badawy Mohamed E. I. , Rabea Entsar I.
Published: June 2011

Recently, much attention has been paid to chitosan as a potential polysaccharide resource. Although several efforts have been reported to prepare functional derivatives of chitosan by chemical modifications, few attained their antimicrobial activity against plant pathogens. The present paper aims to present an overview of the antimicrobial effects, mechanisms, and applications of a biopolymer chitosan and its derivatives in crop protection. In addition, this paper takes a closer look at the physiochemical properties and chemical modifications of chitosan molecule. The recent growth in this field and the latest research papers published will be introduced and discussed.
Maximization of Gain in Slow-Light Silicon Raman Amplifiers
Authors: Rukhlenko Ivan D. , Premaratne Malin , Agrawal Govind P.
Published: June 2011

We theoretically study the problem of Raman gain maximization in uniform silicon photonic-crystal waveguides supporting slow optical modes. For the first time, an exact solution to this problem is obtained within the framework of the undepleted-pump approximation. Specifically, we derive analytical expressions for the maximum signal gain, optimal input pump power, and optimal length of a silicon Raman amplifier and demonstrate that the ultimate gain is achieved when the pump beam propagates at its maximum speed. If the signal’s group velocity can be reduced by a factor of 10 compared to its value in a bulk silicon, it may result in ultrahigh gains exceeding 100 dB. We also optimize the device parameters of a silicon Raman amplifier in the regime of strong pump depletion and come up with general design guidelines that can be used in practice.
Parental Perceptions of a Manchester Service for Autistic Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Mockett Mischa , Khan Jamila , Theodosiou Louise
Published: June 2011

Background. User feedback is now an integral part of both clinical governance and service development, and it also provides a key route to engaging parents and children. Autistic spectrum disorders (ASDs) can impact on all members of a family, and close working between parents and professionals is essential. Aim. To explore parental satisfaction rates and identify areas in need of improvement. Method. A postal survey was completed by parents whose children had been diagnosed with an ASD in the past 18 months in a Manchester Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service. The National Autism Plan for Children was used as a gold standard. Results. Parents were particularly satisfied with the way team members dealt with them and their children during appointments. However, the standard of written information provided about the condition, diagnosis, and support available could be improved. The findings show the benefits of receiving a diagnosis in the recommended timeframe. Discussion. We discuss ways of effectively using scarce resources.
Surface Modification and Alloying of Aluminum and Titanium Alloys with Low-Energy, High-Current Electron Beams
Authors: Rotshtein V. P. , Shulov V. A.
Published: June 2011

The paper reviews the results of investigations of surface modification and alloying of Al, Ti, and its alloys with a low-energy (up to ~40 keV), high-current (up to 25 J/cm2) electron beams of microsecond duration under systematically varied conditions. The microstructural evolution of the surface layers of Al alloys (Al2024 and Al6061) and Ti-6Al-4V alloy subjected to pulsed melting as well as changes in surface-sensitive properties of these alloys are considered. Phase formation and properties of Al-based and Ti-based surface alloys, synthesized by liquid-phase mixing of multilayer film-substrate systems in wide range of solid solubility, including [Al/Si]/Al, [Al/C]/Al, [Zr/Ti]/Ti-6Al-4V, and Al/Ti, are studied. In case of Ti-based substrates, this method allows to fabricate the single-phase nanocrystalline α-(TiZr) surface alloy, free of Al and V, as well as nanosized and ultrafine grain TiAl/Ti3Al-based surface alloys of thickness ≥3 μm with enhanced mechanical properties.
Spatio-Temporally Adaptive Waiting Time for Cell Phone Sensor Networks
Authors: Chander Deepthi , Jagyasi Bhushan , Desai U. B. , Merchant S. N.
Published: June 2011

In cell phone sensor networks (CpSN), sensor-embedded cell phones communicate sensor data using Near Field Communication outlets such as Wi-Fi or Bluetooth. This paper considers a query dissemination application of CpSN, where sensor data belonging to a certain time window [[Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]] is needed from a region of interest. Existing approaches, such as ADAPT, use adaptive broadcast ranges at the Wireless Access Point (WAP) for query dissemination. This paper proposes the adaptation of waiting time at nodes for energy-efficient query dissemination. The design and analysis of the proposed Spatio-Temporally Adaptive Distributed Velocity Dependent (STA-DVD) waiting time is presented. The STA-DVD protocol is analytically compared with a Spatially Adaptive Distributed Velocity Dependent (SA-DVD) waiting time based protocol. Simulation results show that STA-DVD has a superior querying performance in terms of number of samples procured than SA-DVD, at a slightly higher energy cost. For the case of a Randomized Waiting (RW) time adopted by nodes in ADAPT, the ADAPT-RW protocol has the best querying performance, with significantly high energy costs. STA-DVD has a comparable querying performance with ADAPT-RW, for high residual times and a better performance for low residual times, with significantly low energy dissipation.
Global and Regional Patterns in Riverine Fish Species Richness: A Review
Authors: Oberdorff Thierry , Tedesco Pablo A. , Hugueny Bernard , Leprieur Fabien , Beauchard Olivier , Brosse Sébastien , Dürr Hans H.
Published: June 2011

We integrate the respective role of global and regional factors driving riverine fish species richness patterns, to develop a synthetic model of potential mechanisms and processes generating these patterns. This framework allows species richness to be broken down into different components specific to each spatial extent and to establish links between these components and the processes involved. This framework should help to answer the questions that are currently being asked by society, including the effects of species invasions, habitat loss, or fragmentation and climate change on freshwater biodiversity.
Descendants of Black Hawk: Generations of Identity in Sauk Portraits
Authors: Simonsen Jane
Published: June 2011

While much critical attention has been paid to white audiences' use of images of "the Indian" in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, less is known about how indigenous people at the time may have understood or used these images. This essay examines the photographs of local historian John Henry Hauberg to track the uses of portraits of the Sauk leader Black Hawk and his descendants as they were interpreted by both white audiences and by members of the Sauk nation in the early twentieth century. While Hauberg encouraged white audiences to identify with the patriotism and masculinity of Black Hawk, displaced members of the Sauk nation negotiated the symbolic system represented by photography—its claim to authenticity, its power to organize experience, its function as a tool of remembrance—to generate meanings and histories more compatible with their own experiences.
At the Vanishing Point: Theater and Asian/American Critique
Authors: Metzger Sean
Published: June 2011

This essay elaborates a notion of a "subjectless" Asian/American critique, following the work of Kandice Chuh and others but in relation to the specific aesthetic devices available through the theater. This Asian/American critique builds on a Deleuzian relationality specifically developed through a formalist interpretation of playwright Naomi Iizuka's 36 Views and At the Vanishing Point . By placing Asian American studies, theater, and the Deleuzian notion of the fold into a critical constellation, the project rethinks the value of these terms and their utility in unpacking aesthetic discourses and geopolitics.
Classics for Cool Kids: Popular and Unpopular Versions of Antiquity for Children
Authors: Murnaghan Sheila
Published: June 2011

Since Nathaniel Hawthorne's pioneering A Wonder Book for Boys and Girls (1851) and Tanglewood Tales (1853), retelling Greek and Roman myths for children has been a widespread and influential means of popularizing classical material. While Hawthorne unabashedly appropriated the myths as entertainment for young readers, works by his contemporary counterparts (such as the "Myth-O-Mania" series, Greece! Rome! Monsters! , and the Percy Jackson series) display a more anxious and conflicted approach to the same material, caught between the aims of educating their readers about antiquity and appealing to their readers' presumed hostility to school and learning.
Horace and the Pyrrhatechnics of Translation
Authors: Bowditch P. Lowell
Published: June 2011

Studying divergent translations of the same poem assists in teaching intermediate Latin students how to read Horace effectively. This essay analyzes several English versions of the Pyrrha ode, Horace 1.5, from the perspective of Ezra Pound's threefold distinction between logopoeia, melopoeia , and phanopeia as categories of poetic language captured in a good translation. As the concept that includes a poem's ironical play with the normative contexts for language, logopoeia in particular encourages students to observe how a radical departure from the original may in fact bring them closer to an understanding of the rhetorical density of Horace.
Skeptouchoi: A New Look at the Homeric Scepter
Authors: Unruh Daniel
Published: June 2011

This article examines how the Homeric scepter is used, and why it serves as the pre-eminent symbol of authority in epic. Contrary to the long-held view that it is used as a "talking-stick" and passes from speaker to speaker, in virtually every Homeric assembly, the scepter is held by only one man: the man who convened it, and whose concerns the assembly will have to address. Nor is the scepter a mystical talisman—rather, at its simplest level it is a cudgel, a symbol of the ruling class' power to inflict humiliating punishment on their inferiors.
Flattery and Platonic Philosophy: The Limits of Education in Plutarch's Life of Dion
Authors: Nerdahl Michael
Published: June 2011

For Plutarch, the importance of education is paramount, and yet in the Lives the success of education is not always guaranteed. In the Life of Dion , Plutarch depicts Plato's lasting success with Dion and inevitable failure with Dionysius through each man's relationship with outside, non-philosophical influences. The detrimental impact of such influences is a matter of constant concern for the aspiring statesman, and its significance as a theme in the Dion recalls anxieties expressed in the Republic of Plato. Ultimately, Plutarch's Dion demonstrates the practical boundaries of philosophical instruction, which proves to be largely dependent on environment and divine will.
The Meaning of Patriotism in 1789: Is Love of One’s Country Good for Humanity?
Authors: Bromwich David
Published: June 2011

Though they appear divergent at first glance, the reactions of Richard Price and Edmund Burke to the French Revolution may not be so different. Ultimately the difference between Burke on one side, and Price and Mary Wollstonecraft on the other, may be traced to the widely different degrees of suspicion with which they approached the idea of equality. Social equality, Burke thought, and the discovery of political rights to support equality were a catastrophic error that could lead to nothing but violence. For Price and Wollstonecraft, democratic equality was a natural effect of our coming to know that inequality, and institutions such as primogeniture that sanctified inequality, were a human invention that produced more misery than happiness. None of these writers was without ambivalence about democracy, but Price and Wollstonecraft were contingent allies of democratic reform and showed it in their own time; while Burke was a resolute opponent of democracy, and did his best to slow down the progress under way in Britain toward a reform of representation in parliament.
Four Myths About Teachers
Authors: Garon Ilana
Published: June 2011

Popular opinion holds that unions protect bad teachers at the cost of poor kids’ education. If only we teachers would stop being lazy and complacent, American students would catch up to their peers abroad, graduate from high school and college, and dominate the global marketplace. Fortunately, there’s a panacea for all these problems: charter schools. Unfortunately, the panacea is based on myths.
Faith in the Rubble
Authors: Apollon Gabrielle
Published: June 2011

When I returned to Haiti in July 2010 to volunteer with a campus ministry and saw the country in practically the same state as when I’d left, the churches were still overflowing. As I exchanged stories with Haitian college students and residents of tent cities, there was a distinct conversational shift when they found out that I was in Haiti at the time of the earthquake. It was as if the door opened and the thoughts and words about the friends and family that they had lost were invited to the table. I expected them to share their frustration and anger about the conditions in which they were living; I did not expect their consistent gratitude to God that they were alive.
Achieving Global and Local Justice
Authors: Walzer Michael
Published: June 2011

Relief and repair, the primary forms of global justice, are never finished, but we can imagine at least a rough agreement on the principles that guide them. And we can imagine a world in which all the existing states are capable of self-help, so that mutual aid and reparative justice are only intermittently required or required only to a modest degree. I say that the imagining is easy, but obviously we are very far from that world, very far from the global justice that people need right now. At the same time, many men and women are already engaged in the pursuit of local justice and in the unending arguments about social goods that it requires. One way of describing the political project that I am advocating here is to say that everyone should have the justice they need right now so that they are able to pursue the justice they will never finally have.
Iron Horse and Gilded Age
Authors: Gerstle Gary
Published: June 2011

[O]ne of the most distinguished historians of our time, Richard White, has written a book [ Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America ] about an epic story of the First Gilded Age: the building of the transcontinental railroads between the 1860s and the 1890s. From the moment the first of these railroads was finished at Promontory Summit, Utah, in 1869, these immense undertakings became an American obsession, eliciting both marvel and anger.
How Shall We Support Democracy?
Authors: Walzer Michael
Published: June 2011

At this moment, the outcome of the uprisings across the Arab world is radically uncertain. The massive demonstrations and the early successes in Tunisia and Egypt were exhilarating, and the courage of the Syrian demonstrators is inspiring—even though we know almost nothing about who they are. This is a revolutionary moment in the Middle East, and in most of the countries in upheaval, the rebels seem to be strongly committed to nonviolence and, at least in their public statements, to democracy. But the counterrevolution is close on the heels of the revolution, and no one knows what will happen next.
The Long Haul
Authors: Klinger Julie Michelle
Published: June 2011

My own findings make it impossible to argue with the observation that participatory development schemes really only benefit those who are already better off, and I have since made a point of sharing it in my teaching on international development at University of California, Berkeley. When my students, brimming with good intentions, ask, what is to be done, I tell them the only thing that I now know for certain: ideals may take you around the world, but if you really want to make a difference, you have to be committed to one place and you have to be in for the long haul.
Introduction: Not-So-Innocents Abroad
Authors: Mills Nicolaus
Published: June 2011

In this third installment in our Dissent series “Party of the Future: Voices from the Millennial Generation,” seven authors offer essays on their time abroad that break with the vision Mark Twain and so many novelists have put forward of naïve Americans getting life lessons from worldly Europeans. Our seven did not arrive on foreign shores carrying unearned confidence. Whether they went abroad in the role of visitor, soldier, reporter, or Peace Corps volunteer, they did everything they could to avoid being viewed as Ugly Americans who respect neither the language nor the culture of the country they are in.
The Problem That Had No Name
Authors: Tuhus-Dubrow Rebecca
Published: June 2011

What was it about Friedan’s book that struck such a chord (and a nerve)? Though Coontz [author of A Strange Stirring : The Feminine Mystique and American Women at the Dawn of the 1960 ] takes Friedan to task for exaggerating the feminist sympathies of the prewar era and the backlash of the postwar period, she concedes that there was something uniquely stultifying to women about the time that Friedan describes. In the past, women had never been expected to enjoy their lot; everyone knew that life was full of burdens and suffering. Now, at least for upwardly mobile, middleclass white women, life was objectively better in material ways, and technology eased the burdens that once made running a household a truly formidable (and sometimes creative) enterprise. The life of the modern housewife was extolled as the epitome of female fulfillment.
Sandmonkey: “Too Stupid to Govern Us”
Authors: Gitlin Todd
Published: June 2011

Young Egyptian activists like Mahmoud Salem are highly unlikely to build the political parties that will come to the fore in the next—electoral—phase of the Egyptian revolution. This is not their ambition. The online activists have no interest in ruling. Rather, many will stay busy on the social-movement front—campaigning for human rights and equality, helping to institutionalize the civil society that is a prerequisite (though not a guarantor) for democratic developments. Thus, in April, the now-famous Google executive Wael Ghonim, who in June 2010 started the Facebook group “We Are All Khaled Said,” announced that he is taking a leave from Google to start an NGO to employ technology to fight poverty. Whether the online activists can make firm connections with the unions, no one can tell. But they will surely resist any attempt to impose a harsh version of Sharia law on Egypt. They are not going away.
Women Take the Field
Authors: McAbee Leslie
Published: June 2011

In Madagascar, I gradually learned a new and intimate language and was drawn into the matter-offact, brusque nurture of Tsihombe women. Once I could leave the classroom, where in my English lessons I attempted to expose my students to some of the life from which I had come, I could step out from the artificial America I had created and into the close circle of Antandroy women. Whether sharing a sweet potato in the market, telling anecdotes during the peanut harvest, or simply sitting in shade to manao tantara, to beat out stories with rock against rock, I was no longer among them but one of them.
CouchSurfing
Authors: Leonard Sarah
Published: June 2011

The experience of my trip to Eastern Europe, so rich in human nteraction, was also in many ways a function of the Internet at its best. The Internet here was a tool to facilitate life and not to provide a shadow in its stead. It offered a widely accessible route around that consumerist orgy, the travel industry. CouchSurfing made us more humane tourists. When we enjoyed hospitality without paying for it, we instinctively tried to pay in other ways—cooking, little gifts, spending time with the host—that of course necessitated a more involved relationship than the exchange of payment for service. Each of the people we stayed with has now become a part of our visible, lasting history.
Targeting Teachers
Authors: Labaree David F.
Published: June 2011

Education reformers have zeroed in on a measure known as the value-added approach. According to this method, you calculate the effectiveness of individual teachers by the increase in test scores that students demonstrate after a year in their classroom. In this article, I explore three major questions that arise from the increased prominence of value-added metrics in the education reform movement. Why did the value-added measure of teaching emerge at this point in the history of American education? What are the core characteristics of teaching as a professional practice that make it so hard to perform effectively and so hard to measure accurately? And under these circumstances, what are the likely consequences of using the value-added measure of teaching?
Politics’ Fatal Therapeutic Turn
Authors: Bronstein Zelda
Published: June 2011

Politics is a public undertaking, and vigorous public discourse is essential to its vitality. The publication of political disagreement stimulates thought about what needs to be done and, it follows, helps shape what actually gets done. Ganz’s wish to keep criticism of his work out of the public eye calls to mind the avoidance of direct political contention abetted by digital politicking, and the corresponding enfeeblement of American citizenship.
To Krakow and Back
Authors: Khachaturian Rafael
Published: June 2011

As someone who had lived a portion of his life outside the United States and was brought up in a blend of different cultures, I have never felt comfortable with the idea of taking on a single national identity. Seeing firsthand how the landscape of the Old World was being transformed, with cultures and identities becoming more fluid and integrated, confirmed what I had felt intuitively. Nationalism or patriotism can no longer serve as a defining way of seeing ourselves. The complexity and interrelatedness of today’s world does not allow for that. When our national or ethnic identity becomes the only lens through which we acquire a worldview, we begin to lose the ability to appreciate the diversity inherent in the human condition.
The Last Page
Authors: Anonymous Anonymous
Published: June 2011

A professor argues against the demands of Wisconsin Republicans to have access to the email of academics, listing all the absurd and inane things they would find in his inbox.
The Price of Human Capital: Educational Reform and the Illusion of Equal Opportunity
Authors: Kantor Harvey , Lowe Robert
Published: June 2011

If the programs spawned by the federal interest in developing human capital contributed to the democratization of secondary schools, they have also had less desirable consequences. They seldom provided the economic benefits their proponents promised, but operated instead to displace economic anxieties onto the schools, deflecting attention from the need for more assertive labor market polices. And, at the same time, they protected the educational advantages of the nation’s most affluent and privileged citizens. This is true even though the conception of equal opportunity that has informed them has actually grown more robust over time as policy has shifted from a focus on teaching specific vocational skills to working-class and immigrant youth to a focus on equipping all students—rich and poor alike—with the cognitive skills that a more fluid, knowledge-based economy presumably requires.
Against Religious Freedom
Authors: Dacey Austin , Koproske Colin
Published: June 2011

Call us unfaithful Madisonians, but we would like to think that the framers, in their unswerving attention to legal equality for minority viewpoints, would have responded to the astonishing and unpredictable explosion of religious and moral pluralism since 1785 by recognizing that the fundamental ideal at stake is not the freedom of the God-fearing but of all persons of conscience. We may owe to God our eternal obedience, but what we owe to each other is equal liberty.
Durzay Area, Garmsir District, Helmand Province, Afghanistan
Authors: Jacobson Sam
Published: June 2011

In the morning we headed out again on patrol. I looked off toward the bazaar. The Afghan flag was gone. But Saifoolah soon found a better spot for a flag: the top of what was initially just a numbered key terrain feature on our maps but is now affectionately known as Big Guss, an old ruined hilltop fortress of unknown derivation that dominates the skyline of otherwise flat farmland. We were patrolling toward Haji Hadabad Khalay, a town in Durzay indistinguishable in color from the surrounding desert, built as it is from water and earth. We walked through the dusty central square. It was the first time Americans or ANA had been there. Another Marine patrol crisscrossed the village, spray painting the compound gates, identifying them by number in accordance with our grid reference system maps.
Dangerous Worlds: Teaching Film in Prison
Authors: Snitow Ann
Published: June 2011

When I first heard that my college had formed ties with a prison and that some of our teaching assistants were already offering courses to inmates, I leapt to join on. I don’t know how to prove that these prisoners have learned something useful and enduring. Though I think that each week was momentous, revelatory, this is a common teacher’s delusion. Sit in the back of your own classroom sometime—as I have—and discover how far away the teacher and her enthusiasms can be. But the students were so sure it had all made a difference. On the evaluations they mentioned bits of new knowledge—several described with enthusiasm those militant suffragists—and said that, yes, they had explored new ideas and learned how to look critically at movies.
Battleship Potemkin and Beyond: Film and Revolutionary Politics
Authors: Dickstein Morris
Published: June 2011

[ Battleship Potemkin ] provided not only a thrilling account of a collective uprising but a virtual textbook in how film editing could excite sympathy, fear, and revolutionary anger. The film’s purpose was no less propagandistic than Leni Riefenstahl’s Nazi productions of the 1930s, especially Triumph of the Will, but its themes were humane: not exalting the irrational cult of a supreme leader but dramatizing the oppressive violence of Russia’s old regime; the basic, universal longing for human dignity; and a bright but brief springtime of freedom and solidarity.
Marshall Ganz Responds
Authors: Ganz Marshall
Published: June 2011

The capacity to mobilize “power on behalf of the common good” is rooted in people’s lived experience: their relationships, their values, the structure they design, the strategy they devise, and the action they take. One of the major ways in which the Left often goes disastrously wrong is to act as if its abstract ideas of how the world ought to be can trump human reality. Movements are movements of people, shaped not only by their heads, but also by their hands. . . and their hearts.
William Galston Responds
Authors: Galston William
Published: June 2011

Is religion “special”? Taking this as a philosophical question, we might conclude that it is not, that religion is a specific instance within a more general category of belief or commitment. But a philosophical question is not the same as a constitutional question. After all, the U.S. Constitution might explicitly affirm or implicitly reflect propositions that philosophical reflection would refute. If so, unfettered reason must give way to the law. Jeremy Bentham famously declared, “Natural rights is simple nonsense: natural and imprescriptible rights, rhetorical nonsense—nonsense upon stilts.” He might well be right. But that is not what the Framers thought, and it is their thought that governs us, unless and until we the people decide to discard or emend it.
Austin Dacey and Colin Koproske Reply
Authors: Dacey Austin , Koproske Colin
Published: June 2011

Call us unfaithful Madisonians, but we would like to think that the framers, in their unswerving attention to legal equality for minority viewpoints, would have responded to the astonishing and unpredictable explosion of religious and moral pluralism since 1785 by recognizing that the fundamental ideal at stake is not the freedom of the God-fearing but of all persons of conscience. We may owe to God our eternal obedience, but what we owe to each other is equal liberty.
The Influence of Athanasius and the Homoiousians on Basil of Caesarea's Decentralization of "Unbegotten"
Authors: DelCogliano Mark
Published: June 2011

A tradition of argumentation against the name "Unbegotten" and in favor of "Father" can be detected in Athanasius, in the Homoiousians Basil of Ancyra and George of Laodicea, and in Basil of Caesarea. This study articulates a methodology for exploring the complex manner in which Athanasian thought was adopted by Basil of Caesarea through the intermediary of the Homoiousians by examining how each formulated this argument for the decentralization of "Unbegotten" and how the Homoiousians and Basil of Caesarea used and modified the arguments of their predecessors. It is demonstrated that Basil of Caesarea appropriated this argument in its homoiousian rather than its Athanasian form.
A Second-Century Christian Inscription from the Via Latina
Authors: Snyder H. Gregory
Published: June 2011

This article treats an early Christian inscription held in the Capitoline Museum known as NCE 156. Existing arguments for an Antonine date (138-192 C.E. ) are reconsidered and strengthened. Earlier studies of the inscription have convincingly demonstrated its Christian character and this paper extends that discussion still further. However, arguments for the Christian character of the inscription have elided its debt to an established body of Hellenistic funeral poetry. An ancient reader would surely have sensed connections between this inscription and the extensive corpus of epigrams in which the language of marriage and death are intertwined. Given this literary context, NCE 156 should probably be understood as a funerary epigram for a Valentinian Christian, not as a baptismal inscription. But if the Antonine date is accepted, NCE 156 is one of the very oldest Christian material artifacts, older even than the Abercius inscription.
Angelic Pneumatology in the Egyptian Desert: The Role of the Angels and the Holy Spirit in Evagrian Asceticism
Authors: Scully Jason
Published: June 2011

This article explains why Evagrius seemingly neglects the Holy Spirit in his ascetical writings, even though we know from doctrinal texts that he held a robust pneumatology. This paucity of Spirit references confused twentieth-century scholars, who dismissed Evagrius as having unorthodox positions regarding the Trinity. An analysis of Evagrius's references to the angels and the Spirit, however, shows that Evagrius's silence regarding the Spirit is due to his increased attention to the roles that the angels play in the beginning stages of the ascetic life. As mediators, the angels assist the monks who are in the beginning stages of the ascetic life while the Spirit interacts with those who are in more advanced stages.
Gregory of Nyssa's Pneumatology in Context: The Spirit as Anointing and the History of the Trinitarian Controversies
Authors: Radde-Gallwitz Andrew
Published: June 2011

The biblical language that associated the Spirit with the "anointing" of Christ and of believers proved intriguing to early Christian writers. From Irenaeus in the late second century C.E. until the rise of controversy about the Spirit around 360 C.E. , this language was interpreted primarily for its christological associations. Beginning with Athanasius's Letters to Serapion , it was read by a number of anti-Eunomian, pro-Nicene authors as a way of defending the Spirit's divinity. This article shows the dependence of Gregory of Nyssa's pneumatology upon this tradition. Gregory's use of the theme of "anointing" is particularly extensive: it appears in many of Gregory's works for a variety of purposes. Here, it is demonstrated that Gregory interpreted the language of "anointing" through the "hermeneutical category" of dignity, which he drew from Basil. By treating the anointing of Christ with the Spirit as an eternal exchange of glory within the Trinity, a glory that is then given by Christ to his disciples, Gregory both drew on and departed from the anti-Eunomian tradition. This article corrects an overemphasis on Gregory's argument from the Spirit's activities, showing that this was just one category Gregory used in his pneumatological doctrine.
In a Silent Way: Asceticism and Literature in the Rehabilitation of Gregory of Nazianzus
Authors: Storin Bradley K.
Published: June 2011

Gregory of Nazianzus's forty-day silence during the Easter season of 382 stands as a remarkable act of ascetic innovation. It did not occur, however, in a vacuum. This article argues that Gregory contrived the novel practice, and advertised it in five poems and twelve letters, as a complement to the collection of poems, letters, and orations that he composed in the wake of his departure from Constantinople in June 381. The ascetic practice of silence worked in concert with this literary campaign to reestablish Gregory's ecclesiastical authority, something that many of his contemporaries questioned after a tumultuous tenure in the imperial capital. The concrete goal of this literary and ascetic combination, then, was to rehabilitate Gregory's reputation and allow him to re-occupy the Nazianzan episcopacy, which he accomplished on Easter Sunday 382, the very day that he quit his silence. In sum, I argue that Gregory's silence shows how asceticism, church politics, and self-presentation could converge in the late fourth century.
A Frost/Hemingway Roundtable Co-Sponsored by the Robert Frost Society and the Hemingway Society, 28 December 2007, Modern Language Association, Chicago, IL
Authors: Del Gizzo Suzanne , Roman Camille , Lin Hsui-Ling , Donaldson Scott , Monteiro George , Travisano Thomas
Published: June 2011

Although Robert Frost and Ernest Hemingway are two of the most widely recognized American writers of the 20th century, they have rarely been considered together. In fact, only two scholars, Linda Wagner-Martin and George Monteiro, have published books on both authors. To begin filling in this surprising scholarly gap, the Robert Frost Society and the Hemingway Society cosponsored a roundtable at the 2007 Modern Language Association (MLA) meeting in Chicago. Here, session chair Suzanne Del Gizzo, moderator Camile Roman, and panelists Hsui-Ling Lin, Scott Donaldson, George Monteiro, and Thomas Travisano share their thoughts.
Pilar and Maria: Hemingway's Feminist Homage to the "New Woman of Spain" in For Whom the Bell Tolls
Authors: Guill Stacey
Published: June 2011

The emancipation of women during the Spanish Civil War provides the context for this exploration of the characters Pilar and Maria in Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls . Examining these women within the framework of the "New Woman" of Spain provides a richer understanding of each character individually as well as a new appreciation of their connections. Such context is fundamental to discerning how Hemingway encapsulates the socio-political climate of the Spanish Civil War in the novel.