bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A carbon–carbon hybrid – immobilizing carbon nanodots onto carbon nanotubes
Authors: Strauss Volker , Margraf Johannes T. , Clark Timothy , Guldi Dirk M.
Published: August 2015

The thrust of this work is to integrate small and uniformly sized carbon nanodots (CNDs) with single-walled carbon nanotubes of different diameters as electron acceptors and electron donors, respectively, and to test their synergetic interactions in terms of optoelectronic devices.
The effect of mechanical-driven volumetric change on instability patterns of bilayered soft solids
Authors: Tang Shan , Li Ying , Yang Yang , Guo Zaoyang
Published: August 2015

If a soft solid is compressible, its volume changes with imposed loading.
Thermodynamic regulation of CH3NH3PbI3crystal growth and its effect on photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells
Authors: Ahn Namyoung , Kang Seong Min , Lee Jin-Wook , Choi Mansoo , Park Nam-Gyu
Published: August 2015

We report a theoretical analysis on the crystallization of CH3NH3PbI3and the control of grain sizes by varying the two-step reaction temperature from −10 °C to 50 °C based on the present analysis.
Lead(ii) uptake by aluminium based magnetic framework composites (MFCs) in water
Authors: Ricco Raffaele , Konstas Kristina , Styles Mark J. , Richardson Joseph J. , Babarao Ravichandar , Suzuki Kiyonori , Scopece Paolo , Falcaro Paolo
Published: August 2015

MIL-53(Al) based magnetic framework composites with iron oxide nanoparticles exhibit high uptake of lead(ii) from aqueous solution.
Fabrication of defect-rich MoS2ultrathin nanosheets for application in lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors
Authors: Wu Zhengcui , Li Baoer , Xue Yejing , Li Jingjing , Zhang Yali , Gao Feng
Published: August 2015

Defect-rich MoS2ultrathin nanosheets with abundant unsaturated sulfur atoms are constructed for high performance in lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors.
Highly regenerable alkali-resistant magnetic nanoparticles inspired by mussels for rapid selective dye removal offer high-efficiency environmental remediation
Authors: Wang Zhenxing , Guo Jing , Ma Jun , Shao Lu
Published: August 2015

Mussel-inspired adsorbents with an excellent alkali resistance, recyclability and selectivity are fabricated via the incorporation of PDA and poly(ethylenimine) on Fe3O4 nanoparticles.
An efficient hole transport material based on PEDOT dispersed with lignosulfonate: preparation, characterization and performance in polymer solar cells
Authors: Li Yuan , Hong Nanlong
Published: August 2015

As a hole transport material, PEDOT dispersed with lignosulfonate was prepared and showed promising performance in polymer solar cells.
Rationally engineered surface properties of carbon nanofibers for the enhanced supercapacitive performance of binary metal oxide nanosheets
Authors: Kim Ji Hoon , Kim Chang Hyo , Yoon Hyeonseok , Youm Je Sung , Jung Yong Chae , Bunker Christopher E. , Kim Yoong Ahm , Yang Kap Seung
Published: August 2015

Electrochemically active binary metal oxide nanosheets on the surface of electrically conductive and porous carbon nanofibers exhibited a high pseudo-capacitive performance.
Hydraulic power and electric field combined antifouling effect of a novel conductive poly(aminoanthraquinone)/reduced graphene oxide nanohybrid blended PVDF ultrafiltration membrane
Authors: Liu Haiyan , Zhang Guoquan , Zhao Chuanqi , Liu Jiadong , Yang Fenglin
Published: August 2015

A novel conductive PDAAQ/rGO nanohybrid blended PVDF membrane exhibited superior antifouling performance under an appropriate external electric field.
Enhanced photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4 for selective CO2 reduction to CH3OH via facile coupling of ZnO: a direct Z-scheme mechanism
Authors: Yu Weilai , Xu Difa , Peng Tianyou
Published: August 2015

A direct Z-scheme g-C3N4/ZnO binary composite photocatalytic system was constructed and exhibited enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction activity compared to g-C3N4 or ZnO.
Reduced graphene oxide nanosheets decorated with Au, Pd and Au–Pd bimetallic nanoparticles as highly efficient catalysts for electrochemical hydrogen generation
Authors: Darabdhara Gitashree , Amin Mohammed A. , Mersal Gaber A. M. , Ahmed Emad M. , Das Manash R. , Zakaria Mohamed B. , Malgras Victor , Alshehri Saad M. , Yamauchi Yusuke , Szunerits Sabine , Boukherroub Rabah
Published: August 2015

Reduced graphene oxide nanosheets decorated with gold–palladium bimetallic nanoparticles are synthesized by a simple solution chemistry approach for efficient electrochemical hydrogen generation.
CdSe quantum dots/molecular cobalt catalyst co-grafted open porous NiO film as a photocathode for visible light driven H2 evolution from neutral water
Authors: Meng Peng , Wang Mei , Yang Yong , Zhang Shuai , Sun Licheng
Published: August 2015

An open porous NiO film photocathode that was chemically co-grafted by CdSe quantum dots and a cobaloxime catalyst displayed a high photocurrent and good stability.
Direct extrapolation in near‐field acoustic holography
Authors: Mao Jin , Xu Zhongming , Chen Si , Li Shu , He Yansong
Published: August 2015

The size and shape of a reconstruction surface is the same as a holography surface in conventional near‐field acoustic holography (NAH), which limits the size and shape of the measurement surface. To reduce the measurement points and use any shape of measurement array, the direct extrapolation in NAH based on wave superposition is proposed. According to the transitive relation of the acoustic signal in the sound field, the sound field information on a reconstruction surface could be directly extrapolated by the holography surface. A set of simulations are performed with an 18‐channel wheel‐type array to obtain more sound pressure data on a grid reconstruction surface. On comparing the reconstruction errors produced by different parameters, which are the source frequency, signal‐to‐noise ratio, reconstruction distance, point numbers, and grid spacing, the results show that the errors are all very low. Moreover, the experiment verifies the feasibility of the direct extrapolation method.
Time‐sharing PWM control scheme for isolated multi‐output DC–DC converter
Authors: Hwu K.I. , Jiang W.Z.
Published: August 2015

A novel multi‐output pulse‐width‐modulated control scheme based on time sharing is presented and applied to a two‐output forward converter. Unlike the traditional two outputs, the main voltage output and the auxiliary voltage output can be controlled independently via two different switching periods and controllers, by inserting one auxiliary switch into the circuit. Put simply, the main turn‐on time is used to control the main switch, the auxiliary turn‐on time is used to control the auxiliary switch, and there are several auxiliary turn‐on times within one main turn‐on time. By this means, two stabilised output voltages are obtained with good cross‐regulation. The prototype is verified by a 24 V input, the main voltage output, which has a rated output voltage of 56 V and a rated output power of 50 W, and the auxiliary output, which has a rated output voltage of 44 V and a rated output power of 40 W.
Chaos‐based selected mapping scheme for physical layer security in OFDM‐PON
Authors: Hu Xiaonan , Yang Xuelin , Hu Weisheng
Published: August 2015

A novel chaos‐based selected mapping (SLM) scheme is proposed for physical layer security in OFDM‐PONs, where a Hénon chaos map is employed to create a large key space for OFDM data encryption. The transmission performance is significantly improved due to the peak‐to‐average power ratio reduction in the SLM scheme. High quality 8.9 Gbit/s 16‐QAM OFDM encrypted data transmission is demonstrated over a 20 km single‐mode fibre.
Accurate 3D measurement using optical depth information
Authors: Traumann A. , Daneshmand M. , Escalera S. , Anbarjafari G.
Published: August 2015

A novel three‐dimensional measurement technique is proposed. The methodology consists in mapping from the screen coordinates reported by the optical camera to the real world, and integrating distance gradients from the beginning to the end point, while also minimising the error through fitting pixel locations to a smooth curve. The results demonstrate accuracy of less than half a centimetre using Microsoft Kinect II.
Revenue and ancillary benefit maximisation of multiple non‐collocated wind power producers considering uncertainties
Authors: Majumder Subir , Khaparde Shrikrishna A.
Published: August 2015

In this study, optimal scheduling of multiple non‐colocated, price taker, independent wind power producers (WPPs) participating in forward day‐ahead (DA) distribution electricity market is described; where, a WPP is comprised of multiple wind turbine generator (WTG) and battery storage device (BSD). Cost equivalent of reduction in network losses and improvement in voltage profile for non‐colocated placement of WTG and BSD in Distribution Network (termed as ancillary benefit) is included in the objective function resulting in a scheduling strategy dependent upon location of WPP in the network. Objective function comprises of following sub‐objectives: (i) maximize return from energy market, (ii) maximize benefit obtained from providing ancillary services, and (iii) minimize uncertainties in schedule by providing reserve from BSDs. Non‐linear programming (NLP) technique is used for scheduling. Location of a WPP is varied to obtain a ‘profit map’; which can be used as an ‘offline‐tool’ to find out relative location of WTG and BSD for profit maximization. Proposed formulation is extended to participation of multiple WPP, where ancillary benefit is proportionally shared. Wind power forecast uncertainty leads to risk of not meeting the schedule and is probabilistically modeled in this work. Impact of reserve on DA energy schedule of is also studied.
Optimal power flow tool for mixed high‐voltage alternating current and high‐voltage direct current systems for grid integration of large wind power plants
Authors: Aragüés‐Peñalba Mònica , Egea Alvarez Agustí , Galceran Arellano Samuel , Gomis‐Bellmunt Oriol
Published: August 2015

This study presents a tool for solving optimal power flows (OPFs) in hybrid high‐voltage direct current (HVDC) and high‐voltage alternating current (HVAC) systems for grid integration of large wind power plants, located either offshore or onshore. The OPF departs from the assumption that the power being produced from the wind power plants is known, as well as the demand from the AC grid. To model the interaction between the DC and AC grids, the active power conservation is expressed between the AC side and DC side of each converter, taking into consideration converter losses (modelled as a second‐order polynomial). The tool developed determines the voltages and the active and reactive power in each bus and branch that ensure the selected objective function. All the electrical variables are limited. Moreover, the currents flowing in each DC and AC branch are also limited. The maximum AC voltage that can be applied by the converters is also limited. To develop the tool, both HVDC and HVAC grids need to be represented appropriately through its impedances and admittances. The tool has been implemented through MATLAB® optimisation toolbox and through a more specific optimisation software GAMS®, leading to the same results for the study case presented.
Photovoltaic‐battery scheme to enhance PV array characteristics in partial shading conditions
Authors: Aldaoudeyeh Al‐Motasem I.
Published: August 2015

Photovoltaic (PV) arrays may be shaded by neighbouring buildings, power lines, trees, clouds, birds, grass and so on. This study begins by discussing the effects of partial shading on PV arrays characteristics and efficiency. It also provides a comparative literature review on methods used to mitigate these effects. Afterwards, this study proposes a novel unit called shading compensation unit (SCU). SCU is intended to alter the P–V characteristics of partially shaded arrays to become closer to these of non‐shaded ones. Simulations are carried out using MATLAB/Simulink for different shading conditions and temperatures. The results show that SCUs enhance the maximum power of partially shaded arrays by 5–58%. Furthermore, maximum power of partially shaded arrays after adding SCUs is within 85–97% of an unshaded array (without SCUs) which significantly reduces intermittency of PV generation.
Using empirical mode decomposition and fractional Fourier transform‐segment filtering algorithm to suppress high‐power interference in non‐linear chirp radars
Authors: Elgamel Sherif A.
Published: August 2015

A jamming filtering algorithm in linear frequency modulation (FM) chirp radar systems is introduced before depending on the conjunction work of empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and fractional Fourier transform (FrFT). A new jamming filtering algorithm (EMD‐FrFT‐segment filtering) based on EMD‐FrFT is carried out for non‐linear (logarithmic) chirp radar systems. EMD‐FrFT‐segment filtering algorithm is used as a pre‐filtering stage to decrease the additive high‐power interference signal to the radar useful signal. The idea of the proposed EMD‐FrFT‐segment filtering algorithm is to break down the logarithmic chirp into a set of approximately linear chirps. Each approximate linear chirp segment is filtered using FrFT filtering before appending all these filtered segments to reconstruct the received filtered vector. Up to 18 dB improvement in the signal‐to‐f is achieved for different target signal‐to‐interference noise ratio.
Sparse time–frequency representation for signals with fast varying instantaneous frequency
Authors: Orović Irena , Draganić Andjela , Stanković Srdjan
Published: August 2015

Time–frequency (TF) distributions have been used for providing high‐resolution representation in a large number of signal processing applications. However, high resolution and accurate instantaneous frequency (IF) estimation usually depends on the employed distribution and complexity of signal phase function. To ensure an efficient IF tracking for various types of signals, a class of complex‐time distributions (CTD) has been developed. These distributions facilitate analysis in cases when standard distributions cannot provide satisfactory results (e.g. for highly non‐stationary signal phase). In that sense, an ambiguity‐based form of the fourth‐order CTD is considered, in a new compressive sensing (CS) context. CS is an intensively growing approach in signal processing that allows efficient analysis and reconstruction of randomly under‐sampled signals. In this study, randomly chosen ambiguity domain coefficients serve as CS measurements. By exploiting sparsity in the TF plane, it is possible to obtain highly concentrated IF using just small number of randomly chosen coefficients from the ambiguity domain. Moreover, in noisy signal case, this CS approach can be efficiently combined with the L‐statistics producing robust TF representations. Noisy coefficients are first removed using the L‐statistics and then reconstructed by using the CS algorithms. The theoretical considerations are illustrated using experimental results.
Algorithm for dealing with time‐varying signal within sliding‐window for harmonics estimation
Authors: Jain Sachin Kumar
Published: August 2015

In many state‐of‐the‐art signal processing techniques, a signal within sliding‐window (SW) is assumed stationary for analysing non‐stationary signals. Whenever this assumption is violated, inaccuracies increase to the unacceptable levels. A narrow window‐width is recommended for limiting the effect of variations within window, however, it results in poor frequency resolution and demands for increased computational resources. This study presents a simple and efficient algorithm to address amplitude‐variation in a signal within SW, thus, allowing time resolution of 1‐cycle and frequency resolution of 5 Hz (as per IEC Std. 61000‐4‐7) with improved accuracy and reliability of the fast Fourier transform of the time‐varying signal. The proposed algorithm computes and applies necessary corrections to provide accurate estimates of the integer harmonics for the most recent cycle, irrespective of the number of cycles within the SW. The proposed algorithm is computationally efficient and fast, therefore, can be implemented easily either on digital signal processor or field programmable gate arrays hardware platform. The salient features of the proposed algorithm have been validated on variety of simulated and experimental signals, and have been compared with similar existing techniques in practice nowadays.
Hybrid algorithm for rotor angle security assessment in power systems
Authors: Wadduwage D. Prasad , Annakkage Udaya D. , Wu Christine Qiong
Published: August 2015

Transient rotor angle stability assessment and oscillatory rotor angle stability assessment subsequent to a contingency are integral components of dynamic security assessment (DSA) in power systems. This study proposes a hybrid algorithm to determine whether the post‐fault power system is secure due to both transient rotor angle stability and oscillatory rotor angle stability subsequent to a set of known contingencies. The hybrid algorithm first uses a new security measure developed based on the concept of Lyapunov exponents (LEs) to determine the transient security of the post‐fault power system. Later, the transient secure power swing curves are analysed using an improved Prony algorithm which extracts the dominant oscillatory modes and estimates their damping ratios. The damping ratio is a security measure about the oscillatory security of the post‐fault power system subsequent to the contingency. The suitability of the proposed hybrid algorithm for DSA in power systems is illustrated using different contingencies of a 16‐generator 68‐bus test system and a 50‐generator 470‐bus test system. The accuracy of the stability conclusions and the acceptable computational burden indicate that the proposed hybrid algorithm is suitable for real‐time security assessment with respect to both transient rotor angle stability and oscillatory rotor angle stability under multiple contingencies of the power system.
Photocatalytic reduction and oxidation activities of nanosheet‐assembled anatase TiO2 microspheres
Authors: Liu Hui , Liu Tingting , Dong Xiaonan , Zhu Zhenfeng
Published: August 2015

Nanosheet‐assembled anatase titanium dioxide (TiO2) microspheres (ST) have been successfully synthesised using the hydrothermal method. The physical and chemical properties of ST were well characterised by X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, photoluminescence and Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) analysis. The photocatalytic reduction and oxidation activities of the as‐prepared sample were evaluated by removing heavy metal Cr (VI) and by degradation of organic dyes (methyl orange (MO) and rhodamine B (Rh B)), respectively. P25 and commercial pure anatase TiO2 were used for comparison. The nanosheet‐assembled anatase TiO2 microspheres displayed better photocatalytic efficiency towards the photo‐reductive conversion of Cr (VI). Moreover, it also exhibited higher photocatalytic activity for the degradation of organic dyes compared with that of P25 and commercial pure anatase TiO2.
Point force and point electric charge applied to the boundary of three-dimensional anisotropic piezoelectric solid
Authors: Borovikov V. A. , Kalinin S. V. , Khavin Yu. , Mirman B. , Karapetian E.
Published: August 2015

The Green's functions for a three-dimensional semi-infinite fully anisotropic piezoelectric material are derived using the plane wave theory method. The solution gives the complete set of electromechanical fields due to an arbitrarily oriented point force and a point electric charge applied to the boundary of the half-space. The solution constitutes generalization of Boussinesq's and Cerruti's problems of elastic isotropy for the anisotropic piezoelectric materials. On the example of piezoceramics PZT-6B, the present results are compared with the previously obtained solution for the special case of transversely isotropic piezoelectric solid subjected to the same boundary condition.
In-situ piezoresponse force microscopy cantilever mode shape profiling
Authors: Proksch R.
Published: August 2015

The frequency-dependent amplitude and phase in piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) measurements are shown to be a consequence of the Euler-Bernoulli (EB) dynamics of atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilever beams used to make the measurements. Changes in the cantilever mode shape as a function of changes in the boundary conditions determine the sensitivity of cantilevers to forces between the tip and the sample. Conventional PFM and AFM measurements are made with the motion of the cantilever measured at one optical beam detector (OBD) spot location. A single OBD spot location provides a limited picture of the total cantilever motion, and in fact, experimentally observed cantilever amplitude and phase are shown to be strongly dependent on the OBD spot position for many measurements. In this work, the commonly observed frequency dependence of PFM response is explained through experimental measurements and analytic theoretical EB modeling of the PFM response as a function of both frequency and OBD spot location on a periodically poled lithium niobate sample. One notable conclusion is that a common choice of OBD spot location—at or near the tip of the cantilever—is particularly vulnerable to frequency dependent amplitude and phase variations stemming from dynamics of the cantilever sensor rather than from the piezoresponse of the sample.
Negligible substrate clamping effect on piezoelectric response in (111)-epitaxial tetragonal Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 films
Authors: Yamada Tomoaki , Yasumoto Jun , Ito Daisuke , Sakata Osami , Imai Yasuhiko , Kiguchi Takanori , Shiraishi Takahisa , Shimizu Takao , Funakubo Hiroshi , Yoshino Masahito , Nagasaki Takanori
Published: August 2015

The converse piezoelectric responses of (111)- and (001)-epitaxial tetragonal Pb(Zr0.35Ti0.65)O3 [PZT] films were compared to investigate the orientation dependence of the substrate clamping effect. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) and piezoelectric force microscopy revealed that the as-grown (111)-PZT film has a polydomain structure with normal twin boundaries that are changed by the poling process to inclined boundaries, as predicted by Romanov et al. [Phys. Status Solidi A 172, 225 (1999)]. Time-resolved synchrotron XRD under bias voltage showed the negligible impact of substrate clamping on the piezoelectric response in the (111)-PZT film, unlike the case for (001)-PZT film. The origin of the negligible clamping effect in the (111)-PZT film is discussed from the viewpoint of the elastic properties and the compensation of lattice distortion between neighboring domains.
Self-consistent modelling of electrochemical strain microscopy in mixed ionic-electronic conductors: Nonlinear and dynamic regimes
Authors: Varenyk O. V. , Silibin M. V. , Kiselev D. A. , Eliseev E. A. , Kalinin S. V. , Morozovska A. N.
Published: August 2015

The frequency dependent Electrochemical Strain Microscopy (ESM) response of mixed ionic-electronic conductors is analyzed within the framework of Fermi-Dirac statistics and the Vegard law, accounting for steric effects from mobile donors. The emergence of dynamic charge waves and nonlinear deformation of the surface in response to bias applied to the tip-surface junction is numerically explored. The 2D maps of the strain and concentration distributions across the mixed ionic-electronic conductor and bias-induced surface displacements are calculated. The obtained numerical results can be applied to quantify the ESM response of Li-based solid electrolytes, materials with resistive switching, and electroactive ferroelectric polymers, which are of potential interest for flexible and high-density non-volatile memory devices.
Multiscale modeling and characterization for performance and safety of lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Pannala S. , Turner J. A. , Allu S. , Elwasif W. R. , Kalnaus S. , Simunovic S. , Kumar A. , Billings J. J. , Wang H. , Nanda J.
Published: August 2015

Lithium-ion batteries are highly complex electrochemical systems whose performance and safety are governed by coupled nonlinear electrochemical-electrical-thermal-mechanical processes over a range of spatiotemporal scales. Gaining an understanding of the role of these processes as well as development of predictive capabilities for design of better performing batteries requires synergy between theory, modeling, and simulation, and fundamental experimental work to support the models. This paper presents the overview of the work performed by the authors aligned with both experimental and computational efforts. In this paper, we describe a new, open source computational environment for battery simulations with an initial focus on lithium-ion systems but designed to support a variety of model types and formulations. This system has been used to create a three-dimensional cell and battery pack models that explicitly simulate all the battery components (current collectors, electrodes, and separator). The models are used to predict battery performance under normal operations and to study thermal and mechanical safety aspects under adverse conditions. This paper also provides an overview of the experimental techniques to obtain crucial validation data to benchmark the simulations at various scales for performance as well as abuse. We detail some initial validation using characterization experiments such as infrared and neutron imaging and micro-Raman mapping. In addition, we identify opportunities for future integration of theory, modeling, and experiments.
Temperature dependence of atomic vibrations in mono-layer graphene
Authors: Allen Christopher S. , Liberti Emanuela , Kim Judy S. , Xu Qiang , Fan Ye , He Kuang , Robertson Alex W. , Zandbergen Henny W. , Warner Jamie H. , Kirkland Angus I.
Published: August 2015

We have measured the mean square amplitude of both in- and out-of-plane lattice vibrations for mono-layer graphene at temperatures ranging from ∼100 K to 1300 K. The amplitude of lattice vibrations was calculated from data extracted from selected area electron diffraction patterns recorded across a known temperature range with over 80 diffraction peaks measured per diffraction pattern. Using an analytical Debye model, we have also determined values for the maximum phonon wavelength that can be supported by a mono-layer graphene crystal and the magnitude of quantum mechanical zero point vibrations. For in-plane phonons, the quantum mechanical zero point contribution dominates the measured atomic displacement at room temperature, whereas for out-of-plane modes, thermally populated phonons must be considered. We find a value for the maximum phonon wavelength sampled that is several orders of magnitudes smaller than the physical crystallite size.
Control of the external photoluminescent quantum yield of emitters coupled to nanoantenna phased arrays
Authors: Guo Ke , Lozano Gabriel , Verschuuren Marc A. , Gómez Rivas Jaime
Published: August 2015

Optical losses in metals represent the largest limitation to the external quantum yield of emitters coupled to plasmonic antennas. These losses can be at the emission wavelength, but they can be more important at shorter wavelengths, i.e., at the excitation wavelength of the emitters, where the conductivity of metals is usually lower. We present accurate measurements of the absolute external photoluminescent quantum yield of a thin layer of emitting material deposited over a periodic nanoantenna phased array. Emission and absorptance measurements of the sample are performed using a custom-made setup including an integrating sphere and variable angle excitation. The measurements reveal a strong dependence of the external quantum yield on the angle at which the optical field excites the sample. Such behavior is attributed to the coupling between far-field illumination and near-field excitation mediated by the collective resonances supported by the array. Numerical simulations confirm that the inherent losses associated with the metal can be greatly reduced by selecting an optimum angle of illumination, which boosts the light conversion efficiency in the emitting layer. This combined experimental and numerical characterization of the emission from plasmonic arrays reveals the need to carefully design the illumination to achieve the maximum external quantum yield.
Comparison of the alkane-based herbage intakes and the liveweight gains of young sheep grazing forage oats, dual-purpose wheat or phalaris-based pasture
Authors: Dove H. , Kelman W. M.
Published: August 2015

Two experiments were conducted between 2004 and 2006 near Canberra, Australia, to provide information about herbage intake and liveweight gains of young sheep grazing dual-purpose crop cf. pasture. In an indoor feeding trial (2004–2005), dual-purpose wheat (cv. Mackellar) and oats (cv. Blackbutt) had estimated organic matter (OM) digestibilities of 0.849 ± 0.0070 and 0.847 ± 0.0001, respectively. The indoor trial also provided data for the concentrations and faecal recoveries of the cuticular wax alkane and long-chain alcohol (LCOH) markers used to estimate diet composition and intake in the grazing trial. The faecal recoveries of both alkanes and LCOH were well described by asymptotic regressions. Alkane recovery differed between crops, though not between years. Faecal LCOH recovery did not differ between crops or years. Under grazing conditions in 2004–2005, the OM digestibility (OMD) of crop herbage was 0.825–0.871, significantly higher than the OMD of phalaris-based pasture (0.752–0.758). The estimated OMD of wheat in 2006 (0.792) was lower than in the earlier years. Sheep consumed ~1 kg/day digestible OM intake (DOMI) from crop in 2004–2005. In 2004 this was significantly higher than the DOMI of sheep grazing pasture (0.75 kg/day) whereas in 2005 the DOMI from pasture was slightly (1.15 kg/day) but significantly higher than that from crop (mean 0.97 kg/day). Regardless of the source of herbage consumed, sheep daily liveweight gains were in the range 200–250 g/kg DOMI. Liveweight gains of sheep grazing crop were also predicted from their calculated metabolisable energy intakes and requirements for maintenance and were within 1% of the observed liveweight gains. Our results demonstrate that in high-rainfall areas, the quantity and quality of the herbage provided by sowing dual-purpose crops, and the resultant increased animal liveweight gains, justify the inclusion of dual-purpose crops in grazing systems.
Dietary supplementation of a bacteriocinogenic and probiotic strain of Enterococcus faecium CCM7420 and its effect on the mineral content and quality of Musculus longissimus dorsi in rabbits
Authors: Simonová M. Pogány , Chrastinová L'. , Lauková A.
Published: August 2015

The effect of freeze-dried bacteriocinogenic and probiotic strain Enterococcus faecium CCM7420 on the mineral content and carcass quality of rabbits was investigated. Significant increase in iron content in the carcass samples was recorded during the probiotic treatment, whereas the concentrations of calcium and copper decreased in the experimental groups compared with the Control. The treatment did not have a negative influence on the pH, colour, water-holding capacity, protein and fat contents or energetic value of the rabbit carcass. Inferring from the higher iron content we conclude that the diet supplementation with bacteriocinogenic and probiotic strain E. faecium CCM7420 may enhance the mineral quality of rabbit meat.
Variability of total soil respiration in a Mediterranean vineyard
Authors: Lardo Egidio , Palese Assunta Maria , Nuzzo Vitale , Xiloyannis Cristos , Celano Giuseppe
Published: August 2015

Total soil respiration (TSR) is the major component of the CO2 global flux. The knowledge of the temporal-spatial variability of TSR allows for a better interpretation of a critical component of global greenhouse gas flux measurements. The objective of the research was to evaluate the TSR dynamic over a long measurement period in a vineyard in the South of Italy. A static home-made automatic system was used to measure TSR for a three year period. A portable gas analyser (Li-Cor 6400-09) was used to study TSR spatial variability. A non-invasive geophysical technique (Electromagnetic Induction – EMI) was applied to search for a significant relationship between apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa), the EMI signal and TSR. Long-term measurements of TSR enabled to study its temporal dynamics. CO2 rates ranged from 0.78 to 43.7 g CO2 m–2 day–1. TSR increased during spring and decreased by 45–50% during the mid-summer. The daily trend of TSR showed differences between the seasons studied reporting a clearly variation among TSR measured on row and inter-row positions. The supplemental irrigation significantly affected (P < 0.001) CO2 soil effluxes which showed a weekly mean increase of 300%. Significant inverse relationships were found by interpolating TSR values and ECa (coefficient of correlation ranging from –0.43 to –0.83 at P < 0.001). The spatialisation of TSR at field scale was performed using the linear regression between TSR values and EMI signals. TSR spatialisation gave a more detailed view of CO2 emissions distribution within the vineyard. EMI technique could be a useful tool to compute accurately the global CO2 emissions which are a complex and hard to measure component of the agrosystem carbon balance.
Runoff and sediment yield of tilled and spontaneous grass-covered olive groves grown on sloping land
Authors: Palese A. M. , Ringersma J. , Baartman J. E. M. , Peters P. , Xiloyannis C.
Published: August 2015

Soil erosion in olive groves is a widespread phenomenon in the Mediterranean Basin. Many studies have investigated the effects of tillage and herbaceous ground cover (spontaneous or seeded) in their effectiveness to reduce soil erosion in a wide range of Mediterranean sites under different pedoclimatic and topographic conditions. The present study was performed in Ferrandina, southern Italy: a small drip-type rainfall simulator was used on square microplots (0.25 × 0.25 m) to evaluate the propensity to erosion of a steep rain-fed olive grove (mean slope ~10%) with a sandy loam soil by measuring runoff and sediment load under extreme rain events. Two types of soil management were compared: (1) spontaneous grasses as ground cover (GC) providing a maximum ground cover close to 100%; and (2) tillage (T). In the tillage treatment, a further distinction was made between runoff and sediment produced 1 day (T1) and 10 days (T2) after tillage in order to assess the temporal evolution of tillage effects. The results show that GC reduced surface runoff to approximately one-third and soil losses to zero compared with T1. T2 microplots, tested 10 days after tillage, produced only one-tenth the sediment compared with T1 microplots that were subjected to rainfall simulations 1 day after tillage. Total runoff between the two tilled microplots was similar, although runoff on T1 microplots increased steadily over time whereas runoff on T2 microplots remained stable over the duration of simulations. Such findings may be useful to direct and strengthen the policy towards measures to prevent further soil degradation, as clearly requested by the European Union via the cross-compliance concept. A further economic recognition to the olive growers for the achievable environmental benefits could convince them to a shift towards alternative soil management strategies.
The use of survival analysis methods to model the control time of forest fires in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Morin Amy A. , Albert-Green Alisha , Woolford Douglas G. , Martell David L.
Published: August 2015

This paper presents the results from employing survival analysis methods to model the probability distribution of the control time of forest fires. The Kaplan–Meier estimator, log–location–scale models, accelerated failure time models, and Cox proportional hazards (PH) models are described. Historical lightning and people-caused forest fire data from the Province of Ontario, Canada from 1989 through 2004 are employed to illustrate the use of the Cox PH model. We demonstrate how this methodology can be used to examine the association between the control time of a suppressed forest fire and local factors such as weather, vegetation and fuel moisture, as well as fire management variables including the response time between when a fire is reported and the initiation of suppression action. Significant covariates common to both the lightning and people-caused models were the size of the fire at the onset of initial attack, the Fine Fuel Moisture Code and the Initial Spread Index. The response time was also a significant predictor for the control time of lightning-caused fires, whereas the Drought Code and time of day of initial attack were significant for people-caused fires. Larger values of the covariates in these models were associated with larger survival probabilities.
Color from hierarchy: Diverse optical properties of micron-sized spherical colloidal assemblies
Authors: Vogel Nicolas , Utech Stefanie , England Grant T. , Shirman Tanya , Phillips Katherine R. , Koay Natalie , Burgess Ian B. , Kolle Mathias , Weitz David A. , Aizenberg Joanna
Published: August 2015

Significance

Controlling the internal structure over multiple length scales can produce materials with superior properties. This hierarchical design is ubiquitous in nature where materials have evolved to show maximum functionality from a limited choice of available building blocks. Mimicking the emergence of functionality from simple building blocks is a key challenge for man-made materials. Here, we show how a simple confined self-assembly of colloidal particles leads to a complex geometry that displays a surprising variety of optical effects. These effects are a result of the intricate interaction of light with the structural features at different length scales, and the geometry of the self-assembled structure. The results underline the importance of controlling assembly processes over multiple length scales to tailor properties and maximize performance.
E-cadherin junction formation involves an active kinetic nucleation process
Authors: Biswas Kabir H. , Hartman Kevin L. , Yu Cheng-han , Harrison Oliver J. , Song Hang , Smith Adam W. , Huang William Y. C. , Lin Wan-Chen , Guo Zhenhuan , Padmanabhan Anup , Troyanovsky Sergey M. , Dustin Michael L. , Shapiro Lawrence , Honig Barry , Zaidel-Bar Ronen , Groves Jay T.
Published: August 2015

Significance

Epithelial (E)-cadherin-based adherens junctions are the basis of epithelial tissue integrity in Metazoans. They are composed of E-cadherin molecules interacting with each other from apposed cells. Using artificial supported lipid bilayers functionalized with the full-length extracellular domain of E-cadherin and live cells, we show that E-cadherin junction formation involves a nucleation process mediated by active filopodia retraction and requiring reduced mobility of E-cadherin on supported lipid bilayers. These results underscore the importance of controlling physical aspects of the cellular microenvironment with synthetic materials for in vitro live cell applications. In this case, tuning the mobility of a viscous fluid display surface enabled functional reconstitution of a cadherin-mediated adhesion junction.
The Simpsons
Authors: Rodríguez Martín Gustavo A.
Published: August 2015

Phraseological Units rank high among the most complex linguistic segments for translators, whether because of their figurative nature, their culturally specific meaning or their pragmatic peculiarities. Such difficulties increase exponentially when PUs are expressed in a multimodal fictional environment, especially if the situated meaning of the unit relies on visual elements for its correct interpretation: the so-called visual phraseological units (PUs). In these cases, the literal wording of a PU is portrayed physically, thus making both the phraseological and literal meanings overlap. These visual PUs have progressively become a common device in TV programs such as sitcoms and cartoon series — this paper, in particular, uses the case-study of the well-known American cartoon seriesThe Simpsons. However, their ubiquity has not triggered a comparable scholarly response, either from the field of phraseology or from that of translation studies, with some notable exceptions. The combination of a limited theoretical framework and the inherent traductological obstacles these units pose accounts for the poor or, at times, non-existent solutions when it comes to rendering them in other languages. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the felicity of the Spanish translations of visual PUs appearing inThe Simpsons. Some tentative traductological solutions will also be provided alongside the inevitable shortcomings of the target language versions, in an attempt to provide practical ground with which to foster further research on the question.
Venuti versus Nida
Authors: Shureteh Halla
Published: August 2015

In western translation theories, Lawrence Venuti and Eugene Nida appear to be standing at too opposing poles regarding the equivalence theory, and are notable for their prominent disagreement on the issue. Their theories diverge in their responses to equivalence, and disagree, essentially, on the functions of translation as well as the aspects of an acceptable translation. This disagreement unfolded itself clearly during a conference at Binghamton University in 1991. In this essay, I intend to juxtapose the exceptionally different theoretical approaches of these two prominent translation scholars. I also intend to show how Venuti’s views on translation in practice challenges Nida’s theoretical approaches to translation, and surprisingly enough his own theories particularly speaking, foreignizing and domesticating translations in which he has been extensively engaged. Finally I intend to show how Venuti’s practice of translation challenges his earlier attack on Nida’s conceptions of the “dynamic equivalence,” “naturalness of expression” (Nida 1964: 159) and the notion of “the equivalent effect” (de Waard & Nida 1986: 9).
Revisiting the apology as a speech act
Authors: Murphy James
Published: August 2015

By looking at both apologies made in everyday conversation and those made by politicians in public, I aim in this paper to provide a full set of felicity conditions for the speech act of apology. I also discuss how refinements to previously proposed categories of apology strategies are needed to accurately describe how (British) politicians apologise. I endeavour to show that with these refinements, the speech act approach to apologies is applicable to those of a political nature, as well as those in everyday conversation. Using these developments I analyse how Members of the U.K. Parliament apologise for a variety of offences. This analysis shows that MPs make more fulsome apologies than the apologies found in everyday conversation. The type of offence has an effect on how an MP apologises, with apologies for financial irregularities being the more detailed and making use of more conventional strategies than other apologies.
‘Saying sorry’ in Turkey
Authors: Efe Ibrahim , Forchtner Bernhard
Published: August 2015

Dominant self-complacent national narratives (not only) in Turkey have long silenced past wrongdoings. Among these, the massacre of thousands of Kurds in Dersim during the 1930s, being part of the wider suppression of the Kurdish minority until the present day, is a particularly significant example. However, against the background of an almost global emphasis on recognising past crimes, the Turkish Prime Minister, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, offered an apology on 23 November 2011. Erdoğan’s unexpected move has been both viewed as an opportunity for a more inclusive understanding of Turkish citizenship, as well as criticised for being a calculated manoeuvre in order to sideline political opponents. In this article, we investigate both this performance and its public reception. Drawing on the discourse-historical approach to critical discourse analysis, we ultimately illustrate how Erdoğan instrumentalised an ‘apology’ for political gain.
The shifting representation of common people in China’s news media
Authors: Zhang Wei
Published: August 2015

This paper examines the meanings associated with the high-frequency social address term baixing (‘common people’) in China’s contemporary news media, through the analysis of a sizable corpus of data from China’s online news portals, together with the results of qualitative research derived from participation in an online discussion forum. The findings of this project indicate that the term baixing is closely associated with discourses of insignificance, obedience, and powerlessness. This study sets out to make a contribution to current research on Chinese address terms through the use of a corpus-based methodology, by expanding the site of investigation beyond face-to-face encounters to a wider media public, and thereby to provide insights into the discourses of citizen identity in contemporary China.
Competing motivations and ditransitive encoding and ordering
Authors: Li Chao
Published: August 2015

The paper proposes that the three main ditransitive alignment patterns result from the competition between the Event Construal Constraint (ECC) motivated from event semantics and the Animacy(/Definiteness) Hierarchy Constraint (AHC) motivated from inherent role properties. The ECC and the AHC lead, respectively, to the Theme (T) and the Recipient (R) of a ditransitive verb being coded in the same way as the Patient (P) of a monotransitive verb. The competition model also correctly predicts the difference in the frequency of the indirective and secundative alignments. The indirective preference in flagging results from flagging’s being more sensitive to event role properties (cf. ECC) and the secundative preference in indexing results from indexing’s being more sensitive to animacy and definiteness (cf. AHC). Moreover, the paper argues that both the ordering of R and T nominal arguments in flagging and the ordering of R and T bound forms in indexing can be successfully accounted for through the interaction of the following constraints: the Animacy (/Definiteness) Effect on Ordering, the Weight Effect on Ordering, and the Coding Effect on Ordering (i.e. which ditransitive role is coded in the same way as the P).
Transglossic language practices
Authors: Sultana Shaila
Published: August 2015

This paper contributes to a recent development in Applied Linguistics that encourages research fromtrans-approaches. Drawing on the results of an ethnographic research project carried out in a university of Bangladesh. It is illustrated how young adults actively and reflexively use a mixture of codes, modes, genres, and popular cultural texts in their language practices within the historical and spatial realities of their lives. The paper shows that the interpretive capacity ofheteroglossiaincreases when complemented by an understanding derived from transgressive approaches to language. The paper proposes a reconceptualised version of heteroglossia, namelytransglossia, which explores the fixity and fluidity of language in the 21th Century. On the one hand, transglossia is a theoretical framework that addresses the transcendence and transformation of meaning in heteroglossic voices. On the other hand, atransglossic frameworkuntangles the social, historical, political, ideological, and spatial realities within which voices emerge. Overall, it is suggested that transglossia and a transglossic framework can provide us with an understanding of language that notions such as code-mixing or code-switching or any language-centric analysis fail to unveil.