bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Climatological analyses of LMA data with an open‐source lightning flash‐clustering algorithm
Authors: Fuchs Brody R. , Bruning Eric C. , Rutledge Steven A. , Carey Lawrence D. , Krehbiel Paul R. , Rison William
Published: July 2016

Approximately 63 million lightning flashes have been identified and analyzed from multiple years of Washington, D. C., northern Alabama, and northeast Colorado lightning mapping array (LMA) data using an open‐source flash‐clustering algorithm. LMA networks detect radiation produced by lightning breakdown processes, allowing for high‐resolution mapping of lightning flashes. Similar to other existing clustering algorithms, the algorithm described herein groups lightning‐produced radiation sources by space and time to estimate total flash counts and information about each detected flash. Various flash characteristics and their sensitivity to detection efficiency are investigated to elucidate biases in the algorithm, detail detection efficiencies of various LMAs, and guide future improvements. Furthermore, flash density values in each region are compared to corresponding satellite estimates. While total flash density values produced by the algorithm in Washington, D. C. (~20 flashes km−2 yr−1), and Alabama (~35 flashes km−2 yr−1) are within 50% of satellite estimates, LMA‐based estimates are approximately a factor of 3 larger (50 flashes km−2 yr−1) than satellite estimates in northeast Colorado. Accordingly, estimates of the ratio of in‐cloud to cloud‐to‐ground flashes near the LMA network (~20) are approximately a factor of 3 larger than satellite estimates in Colorado. These large differences between estimates may be related to the distinct environment conducive to intense convection, low‐altitude flashes, and unique charge structures in northeast Colorado.
Seismic evidence of the Hainan mantle plume by receiver function analysis in southern China
Authors: Wei S. Shawn , Chen Y. John
Published: July 2016

The Lei‐Qiong region is the largest igneous province in southern China and may be a surface expression of a mantle plume beneath the region (the Hainan mantle plume). To investigate the existence of the Hainan mantle plume, we used P‐to‐S receiver function to image the major seismic discontinuities beneath this region with a regional dense broadband array. We found that the Moho discontinuity beneath the Leizhou Peninsula, mostly covered by Cenozoic basaltic outcrops, is 10–15 km deeper compared to the adjacent region of Eurasian continental margin, showing a thickened local crust by upwelling mantle materials. Additionally, the imaged 410‐ and 660‐km discontinuities suggest a thinner‐than‐normal mantle transition zone beneath the region, implying that hot materials penetrate through the transition zone from the lower mantle. Both seismic evidences support the existence of the mantle plume, which might be 170–200°C hotter than the surrounding mantle.
Can faults become barriers for deep fluid circulation? Insights from high‐resolution seismic VSP tomography at the Soultz‐sous‐Forêts geothermal site
Authors: Calò Marco , Dorbath Catherine , Lubrano Lavadera Paul
Published: July 2016

Vertical Seismic Profile (VSP) surveys are generally used for modelling converted phases of the seismic body waves propagating in the medium allowing the detection of waves interpreted as reflections on steeply dipping reflecting structures such as faults, abrupt lateral changes of lithology, and fractures. At the Enhanced Geothermal System geothermal field of Soultz‐sous‐Forêts the analysis of data recorded during a VSP experiment allowed describing the presence of at least two structures near the wells. Here we show how seismic tomography method can be applied to the VSP data to reconstruct the 3‐D shape of structures in the volume surrounding the geothermal wells. The three‐dimensional P wave velocity model obtained shows positive velocity anomalies associated with the main faults observed by the VSP analysis and negative anomalies in the regions affected by massive hydraulic stimulations performed in the past. This pattern can be explained as a different response of the rock volume to the fluid injections where regions marked by relative pre‐existing high permeability were less affected by the hydraulic stimulations. This difference in permeability produced regions that could work as barriers for fluid diffusion through the reservoir. Comparisons of our high resolved model with the location of the induced seismicity and with another model obtained using seismic noise correlation give evidence of the presence of these structures and may explain the poor connection between the wells GPK4 and GPK2–GPK3 system.
Nature/Nurture – A Philosophical Analysis
Authors: Ariew André , Shorey Katy
Published: July 2016

The debate about whether an attribute or idea is a product of human ‘nature’ or ‘nurture’ has a long, interdisciplinary history. In the work of Socrates and Plato, we see the first philosophical arguments for the view that some of our ideas originate from innate concepts. Even today, many philosophers hold that certain ideas are part of a shared human nature, rather than a product of 'nurture' (i.e. environment). Perhaps the most controversial aspect of the current debate is whether the concept of ‘innateness’ has a place in modern genetics. The implications of genetic theories of human nature are not obvious since genes alone do not produce attributes.

Key Concepts

‘Nativists’ employ ‘poverty of stimulus’ arguments to demonstrate that an idea or cognitive ability could not have been learned.

‘Empiricists’ believe that our beliefs about the world come from our perceptual connection to the world and not from our natures.

IQ is likely to be influenced by nurturing environments.

Likely, there is no such thing as the singular good life; rather, there are numerous valid conceptions of the good life.

The gene/environment dichotomy is false, so ‘nature’ and ‘nurture’ are not mutually exclusive. But, that does not mean we cannot distinguish between robust and plastic developmental events.
Jasmonates: Synthesis, Metabolism, Signal Transduction and Action
Authors: Wasternack Claus
Published: July 2016

Jasmonic acid and other fatty‐acid‐derived compounds called oxylipins are signals in stress responses and development of plants. The receptor complex, signal transduction components as well as repressors and activators in jasmonate‐induced gene expression have been elucidated. Different regulatory levels and cross‐talk with other hormones are responsible for the multiplicity of plant responses to environmental and developmental cues.

Key Concepts

Jasmonates are important signalling compounds in plant stress responses and development.

Jasmonates are lipid‐derived signals.

Active and inactive jasmonates are generated by metabolic conversion.

Key components of jasmonate perception and signalling have been elucidated.

There is an increasing number of repressors, co‐repressors, adaptors and activators (transcription factors) in JA‐Ile‐induced gene expression
Deinococcus–ThermusGroup
Authors: Battista John R
Published: July 2016

TheDeinococcus–Thermusgroup represents an ancient lineage that contains some of the most conspicuous species within the domainBacteria. The group is distinguished by species that resist the lethal effects of exposure to ionising radiation and ultraviolet light, and by species that thrive at high temperature.Deinococcus–Thermusis comprised of two orders, theDeinococcalesand theThermales. The mostly mesophilic species ofDeinococcalesdemonstrate uncommon resistance following exposure to electromagnetic radiations, tolerating doses that normally destroy vegetative bacteria. TheThermalesare thermophilic with optimal growth at temperatures between 60 and 80 °C, but show no evidence of resistance to electromagnetic radiation. Despite these striking and distinctive phenotypic differences, 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequences verify that members of these orders are specifically related to each other.

Key Concepts

Species within theDeinococcus–Thermusgroup exist over a wide geographic distribution within the natural and built environments.

All species within theDeinococcus–Thermusgroup are specifically related to each other through their 16S rRNA sequences.

Members of theDeinococcalesandThermalesshare only three phenotypic characteristics: all are nonmotile, none form endospores and all utilise menaquinone 8 as their major respiratory lipoquinone.

Members of theDeinococcalesare aerobic, chemoorganotrophic and display respiratory metabolism. Other chemotaxonomic characteristics of this order are more varied than might be expected for closely related species.

Most members of theDeinococcalesdisplay extreme resistance to the lethal effects of ionising radiation and UV light; there is a subset of species that are substantially less resistant to these agents.

Members of theThermalesare thermophilic or slightly thermophilic rods. Optimal growth temperature for the type strains within the order falls between 60 and 70 °C, but there is considerable variation in growth temperature among nontype species.

Most members of theThermalesare aerobic chemoorganotrophs reported to grow between pH 5.0 and 10.5 with optimal growth between pH 6 and 7. In the presence of an appropriate electron acceptor, some species will grow anaerobically.

Members of theThermalesare routinely isolated from hydrothermal features worldwide at freshwater and marine sites, including deep sea hydrothermal vents.
Emotion and aggressive intergroup cognitions: The ANCODI hypothesis
Authors: Matsumoto David , Hwang Hyisung C. , Frank Mark G.
Published: July 2016

Previous research has suggested an important role for the emotion of hatred in intergroup aggression. Recent theoretical and empirical work has strongly suggested that the combination of anger, contempt, and disgust (ANCODI) comprise the basic elements of hatred, and are the key emotions associated with intergroup aggression. No study, however, has provided evidence that these emotions cause hostile cognitions about specific groups. We report two studies that provide initial evidence. In both, participants were members of ideologically motivated groups and were primed with ANCODI. In Study 1 participants primed with ANCODI produced more aggressive cognitions relative to their opponent outgroup than a neutral outgroup; this effect did not occur for participants primed with fear‐sadness. In Study 2 participants primed with ANCODI engaged in more competitive decision making against their opponent outgroups than a neutral outgroup; this effect did not occur for participants primed with disgust only. These findings contribute to the literature on the role of emotion in intergroup aggression and hostility, and provide a more nuanced view of the role of emotions in intergroup relations, possibly identifying the basic emotional elements of hatred. Aggr. Behav. 43:93–107, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
System identification of a class of Wiener systems with hysteretic nonlinearities
Authors: Radouane Abdelhadi , Giri Fouad , Ikhouane Faycal , Ahmed‐Ali Tarek , Chaoui Fatima‐Zahra , Brouri Adil
Published: July 2016

Existing works on Wiener system identification have essentially been focused on the case where the output nonlinearity is memoryless. When memory nonlinearities have been considered, the focus has been restricted to backlash like nonlinearities. In this paper, we are considering Wiener systems where the output nonlinearity is a general hysteresis operator captured by the well‐known Bouc–Wen model. The Wiener system identification problem is addressed by making use of a steady‐state property, obtained in periodic regime, referred to as ‘hysteretic loop assumption’. The complexity of this problem comes from the system nonlinearity as well as its unknown parameters that enter in a non‐affine way in the model. It is shown that the linear part of the system is accurately identified using a frequency method. Then, the nonlinear hysteretic subsystem is identified, on the basis of a parameterized representation, using a prediction‐error approach. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Active and Recyclable Polyethylene‐Supported Iridium‐(N‐ Heterocyclic Carbene) Catalyst for Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Reactions
Authors: Romanenko Iuliia , Norsic Sébastien , Veyre Laurent , Sayah Reine , D'Agosto Franck , Raynaud Jean , Boisson Christophe , Lacôte Emmanuel , Thieuleux Chloé
Published: July 2016

The multistep synthesis of a polyethylene‐supported iridium(III)‐(N‐heterocyclic carbene) hydrogen/deuterium exchange catalyst was performed starting from an iodo‐polyethylene obtained via catalyzed polyethylene chain growth (CCG) on magnesium. Unique thermomorphic polyethylene properties give the possibility to perform catalytic hydrogen/deuterium exchange reactions at 100 °C in the homogeneous phase with simple catalyst separation as a precipitate at room temperature. The catalytic activity of the polymer‐supported catalyst was compared with that of its monomeric analogue. The catalytic studies showed that the supported catalyst exhibits similar profiles and turnover numbers as homogeneous counterparts without deactivation.

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Influence of Nano‐Sized Calcium Carbonate on Adhesion of HDPE/ Cross‐Linked High Density Polyethylene Multilayer Structures
Authors: Dastjerdi Javad , Garmabi Hamid
Published: July 2016

Novel composites of silane cross‐linked high‐density polyethylene (PEX) reinforced by nanosized calcium carbonate (NCC) were welded to high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) using lamination method. The effects of NCC content on interfacial interactions of the bilayer structures were studied through morphological, mechanical, and thermal observations. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs indicated that transcrystalline layer could be generated by adding NCC up to 5 wt%, which improves crystallinity in the interfacial region; however, incorporation of 10 wt% NCCs restricted lamellar alignments and did not change interfacial crystallinity. Impact resistance synergy was also observed in multilayer structures containing transcrystalline layer. The results showed improvement of peel energy of neat PEX up to 50% by addition of 5 wt% NCCs which is attributed to transcrystallization and chain attraction on the nanofiller's surface. The adhesion of layers promoted generally by annealing because of increasing possibility of interfacial interactions via chain mobility.
Mathematical simulation of wet spinning coagulation process: Dynamic modeling and numerical results
Authors: Xu Nan , Ding Yongsheng , Schiesser William E. , Kothare Mayuresh V.
Published: July 2016

A dynamic model of polymer wet spinning coagulation process is proposed in this article. The model is based on the double diffusion phenomenon, phase separation process, continuity balance, and momentum balance of the entire coagulation process. The uniqueness of the model lies in its dynamic feature. The model can simulate the system's dynamic response to variations in system inputs/parameters. Steady‐state system solutions can also be produced as the long‐time solutions of the dynamic model; a settling time can be observed at the same time. This paper employs a computationally efficient method of lines numerical algorithm for solving the dynamic model. A simulation experiment on a selected non‐solvent‐solvent‐polymer ternary system is carried out to verify the model as well as the numerical method. The dynamic simulation results are analyzed and discussed. At the end of the article, h‐refinement and p‐refinement are used to confirm the spatial convergence of the numerical solutions. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 3432–3440, 2016
Dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry spine scans to determine abdominal fat in postmenopausal women
Authors: Bea J.W. , Blew R.M. , Going S.B. , Hsu C.‐H. , Lee M.C. , Lee V.R. , Caan B.J. , Kwan M.L. , Lohman T.G.
Published: July 2016

Body composition may be a better predictor of chronic disease risk than body mass index (BMI) in older populations.

Objectives

We sought to validate spine fat fraction (%) from dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) spine scans as a proxy for total abdominal fat.

Methods

Total body DXA scan abdominal fat regions of interest (ROI) that have been previously validated by magnetic resonance imaging were assessed among healthy, postmenopausal women who also had antero‐posterior spine scans (n = 103). ROIs were (1) lumbar vertebrae L2‐L4 and (2) L2‐Iliac Crest (L2‐IC), manually selected by two independent raters, and (3) trunk, auto‐selected by DXA software. Intra‐class correlation coefficients evaluated intra and inter‐rater reliability on a random subset (N = 25). Linear regression models, validated by bootstrapping, assessed the relationship between spine fat fraction (%) and total abdominal fat (%) ROIs.

Results

Mean age, BMI, and total body fat were 66.1 ± 4.8 y, 25.8 ± 3.8 kg/m2 and 40.0 ± 6.6%, respectively. There were no significant differences within or between raters. Linear regression models adjusted for several participant and scan characteristics were equivalent to using only BMI and spine fat fraction. The model predicted L2‐L4 (Adj. R2: 0.83) and L2‐IC (Adj. R2: 0.84) abdominal fat (%) well; the adjusted R2 for trunk fat (%) was 0.78. Model validation demonstrated minimal over‐fitting (Adj. R2: 0.82, 0.83, and 0.77 for L2‐L4, L2‐IC, and trunk fat, respectively).

Conclusions

The strong correlation between spine fat fraction and DXA abdominal fat measures make it suitable for further development in postmenopausal chronic disease risk prediction models. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:918–926, 2016. © 2016Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessment of cardiovascular risk factors in a Roma community from Southwestern France
Authors: Papon Catherine , Delarche Nicolas , Le Borgne Christophe , Bauduer Frédéric
Published: July 2016

Objectives

Roma from Central‐Eastern Europe experience a reduced life expectancy in comparison with the general population. Predisposing cardiovascular risk factors could be the underlying reason for this. Here for the first time epidemiologic data on the distribution of cardiovascular risk factors in a subgroup of French Roma has been presented.

Methods

A descriptive epidemiological field survey was conducted in the Manouche community of Pau, Southwestern France. Fifty participants were included (17 men and 33 women) all living in caravans. A questionnaire to ask for demographic and health information was used, and biometric measurements were took in order to assess cardiovascular risk factors.

Results

Our sample included 18% diabetics, 32% people suffering from hypertension, 28% subjects with hypercholesterolemia, and 34% smokers. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was, respectively, 40% and 38% and that of abdominal obesity 64%. These frequencies were about twice those found in the general French population.

Conclusion

Although our sample was of limited size, our data suggest that French Manouches express a high‐risk profile regarding cardiovascular disease, as has been reported for Roma from various countries. Both intrinsic and environmental factors may explain this.
Failure of ossification of the occipital bone in mandibuloacral dysplasia type B
Authors: Haye Damien , Dridi Hend , Levy Jonathan , Lambert Véronique , Lambert Maurice , Agha Mohamed , Adjimi Frédéric , Kohlhase Jürgen , Lipsker Dan , Verloes Alain
Published: July 2016

Mandibuloacral dysplasia with type B lipodystrophy is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by atrophic skin, lipodystrophy, and skeletal features. It is caused by mutations in ZMPSTE24, a gene encoding a zinc metalloproteinase involved in the post‐translational modification of lamin. Nine distinct pathogenic variants have been identified in 11 patients from nine unrelated families with this disorder. We report a 12‐year‐old boy with mandibuloacral dysplasia with type B lipodystrophy and a novel homozygous c.1196A>G; p.(Tyr399Cys) mutation in ZMPSTE24. The patient had typical dermatological and skeletal features of mandibuloacral dysplasia with type B lipodystrophy, sparse hair, short stature, mild microcephaly, facial dysmorphism, and a striking failure of ossification of the interparietal region of the occipital bone, up to the position where transverse occipital suture can be observed. Newly recognized signs for mandibuloacral dysplasia with type B lipodystrophy were gaze palsy and ptosis. Delayed closure of cranial sutures and Wormian bones have been described in three patients, but an ossification failure strictly limited to the occipital bone, as seen in the present patient, appears to be unique for mandibuloacral dysplasia with type B lipodystrophy. This observation illustrates that ZMPSTE24 could play a specific role in membranous ossification in the interparietal part of the squama (Inca bone) but not in the intracartilaginous ossification of the supraoccipital. This failure of ossification in the squama appears to be a useful feature for the radiological diagnosis of mandibuloacral dysplasia with type B lipodystrophy. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sulfoxid‐gelenkte C‐H‐Kupplungsreaktionen: Eine alte funktionelle Gruppe lernt neue Tricks
Authors: Pulis Alexander P. , Procter David J.
Published: July 2016

Sulfoxide sind klassische funktionelle Gruppen zur Lenkung der stöchiometrischen Metallierung und Funktionalisierung von C‐H‐Bindungen. Neuerdings machen Sulfoxide durch die Entwicklung moderne Synthesemethoden, die auf ihrer einzigartigen Reaktivität beruhen, wieder auf sich aufmerksam, so etwa kürzlich bei der katalytischen C‐H‐Aktivierung durch Koordination eines internen Sulfoxids an ein Metall oder die Wirkung eines externen Sulfoxidliganden. Außerdem können Sulfoxide Nukleophile und Elektrophile einfangen und Sulfoniumsalze ergeben, die anschließend die Bildung von C‐C‐Bindungen auf Kosten von C‐H‐Bindungen ermöglichen. Dieser Aufsatz fasst eine Renaissance der Sulfoxide zusammen, die auf der Anwendung dieser vielseitigen Gruppe bei der Lenkung von C‐H‐Funktionalisierungen zurückzuführen ist.
On‐Demand Dissolution of a Dendritic Hydrogel‐based Dressing for Second‐Degree Burn Wounds through Thiol–Thioester Exchange Reaction
Authors: Konieczynska Marlena D. , Villa‐Camacho Juan C. , Ghobril Cynthia , Perez‐Viloria Miguel , Tevis Kristie M. , Blessing William A. , Nazarian Ara , Rodriguez Edward K. , Grinstaff Mark W.
Published: July 2016

An adhesive yet easily removable burn wound dressing represents a breakthrough in second‐degree burn wound care. Current second‐degree burn wound dressings absorb wound exudate, reduce bacterial infections, and maintain a moist environment for healing, but are surgically or mechanically debrided from the wound, causing additional trauma to the newly formed tissues. We have developed an on‐demand dissolvable dendritic thioester hydrogel burn dressing for second‐degree burn care. The hydrogel is composed of a lysine‐based dendron and a PEG‐based crosslinker, which are synthesized in high yields. The hydrogel burn dressing covers the wound and acts as a barrier to bacterial infection in an in vivo second‐degree burn wound model. A unique feature of the hydrogel is its capability to be dissolved on‐demand, via a thiol–thioester exchange reaction, allowing for a facile burn dressing removal.
Genetic Incorporation of a Reactive Isothiocyanate Group into Proteins
Authors: Xuan Weimin , Li Jack , Luo Xiaozhou , Schultz Peter G.
Published: July 2016

Methods for the site‐specific modification of proteins are useful for introducing biological probes into proteins and engineering proteins with novel activities. Herein, we genetically encode a novel noncanonical amino acid (ncAA) that contains an aryl isothiocyanate group which can form stable thiourea crosslinks with amines under mild conditions. We show that this ncAA (pNCSF) allows the selective conjugation of proteins to amine‐containing molecular probes through formation of a thiourea bridge. pNCSF was also used to replace a native salt bridge in myoglobin with an intramolecular crosslink to a proximal Lys residue, leading to increased thermal stability. Finally, we show that pNCSF can form stable intermolecular crosslinks between two interacting proteins.
Controlling Spatial Heat and Light Distribution by Using Photothermal Enhancing Auto‐Regulated Liposomes (PEARLs)
Authors: Ng Kenneth K. , Weersink Robert A. , Lim Liang , Wilson Brian C. , Zheng Gang
Published: July 2016

Photothermal therapy (PTT) is enhanced by the use of nanoparticles with a large optical absorption at the treatment wavelength. However, this comes at the cost of higher light attenuation that results in reduced depth of heating as well as larger thermal gradients, leading to potential over‐ and under‐treatment in the target tissue. These limitations can be overcome by using photothermal enhancing auto‐regulating liposomes (PEARLs), based on thermochromic J‐aggregate forming dye–lipid conjugates that reversibly alter their absorption above a predefined lipid phase‐transition temperature. Under irradiation by near‐infrared light, deeper layers of the target tissue revert to the intrinsic optical absorption, halting the temperature rise and enabling greater light penetration and heat generation at depth. This effect is demonstrated in both nanoparticle solutions and in gel phantoms containing the nanoparticles.
A Halogen‐Bond‐Induced Triple Helicate Encapsulates Iodide
Authors: Massena Casey J. , Wageling Nicholas B. , Decato Daniel A. , Martin Rodriguez Enrique , Rose Ariana M. , Berryman Orion B.
Published: July 2016

The self‐assembly of higher‐order anion helicates in solution remains an elusive goal. Herein, we present the first triple helicate to encapsulate iodide in organic and aqueous media as well as the solid state. The triple helicate self‐assembles from three tricationic arylethynyl strands and resembles a tubular anion channel lined with nine halogen bond donors. Eight strong iodine⋅⋅⋅iodide halogen bonds and numerous buried π‐surfaces endow the triplex with remarkable stability, even at elevated temperatures. We suggest that the natural rise of a single‐strand helix renders its linear halogen‐bond donors non‐convergent. Thus, the stringent linearity of halogen bonding is a powerful tool for the synthesis of multi‐strand anion helicates.
Zirconocene‐Mediated Carbonylative Coupling of Grignard Reagents
Authors: Moss Melissa , Han Xinping , Ready Joseph M.
Published: July 2016

Organozirconocenes are versatile synthetic intermediates that can undergo carbonylation to yield acyl anion equivalents. Zirconocene hydrochloride ([Cp2ZrHCl]) is often the reagent of choice for accessing these intermediates but generates organozirconocenes only from alkenes and alkynes. This requirement eliminates a broad range of substrates. For example, organozirconocenes in which the zirconium center is bonded to an aromatic ring, a benzylic group, or an alkyl group that possesses a tertiary or quaternary carbon atom α to the carbon–zirconium bond can not be formed in this way. To provide more generalized access to acyl zirconium reagents, we explored the transmetalation of Grignard reagents with zirconocene dichloride under a CO atmosphere. This protocol generates acyl zirconium(IV) complexes that are inaccessible with the Schwartz reagent, including those derived from secondary and tertiary alkyl and aryl Grignard reagents.
Sigmatropic Rearrangement of Vinyl Aziridines: Expedient Synthesis of Cyclic Sulfoximines from Chiral Sulfinimines
Authors: Moragas Toni , Liffey Ryan M. , Regentová Dominika , Ward Jon‐Paul S. , Dutton Justine , Lewis William , Churcher Ian , Walton Lesley , Souto José A. , Stockman Robert A.
Published: July 2016

A novel rearrangement of 2‐vinyl aziridine 2‐carboxylates to unusual chiral cyclic sulfoximines is described herein. The method allows the synthesis of substituted cyclic sulfoximines in high yields with complete stereocontrol, and tolerates a wide substrate scope. A one‐pot process starting directly from sulfinimines provides access to complex chiral sulfoximines in only two steps from commercially available aldehydes. A mechanistic hypothesis and synthetic application in the formal synthesis of trachelanthamidine, by transformation of a cyclic sulfoximine into a pyrroline, is also disclosed.
A Single Fluorescent Probe to Visualize Hydrogen Sulfide and Hydrogen Polysulfides with Different Fluorescence Signals
Authors: Chen Wei , Pacheco Armando , Takano Yoko , Day Jacob J. , Hanaoka Kenjiro , Xian Ming
Published: July 2016

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and hydrogen polysulfides (H2Sn, n>1) are endogenous regulators of many physiological processes. In order to better understand the symbiotic relationship and cellular cross‐talk between H2S and H2Sn, it is highly desirable to develop single fluorescent probes which enable dual‐channel discrimination between H2S and H2Sn. Herein, we report the rational design, synthesis, and evaluation of the first dual‐detection fluorescent probe DDP‐1 that can visualize H2S and H2Sn with different fluorescence signals. The probe showed high selectivity and sensitivity to H2S and H2Sn in aqueous media and in cells.
Thermally stable bromobutyl rubber with a high crosslinking density based on a 4,4′‐bismaleimidodiphenylmethane curing agent
Authors: Sathi Shibulal Gopi , Jang Jun Yeol , Jeong Kwang‐Un , Nah Changwoon
Published: July 2016

The development of thermally stable bromobutyl rubbers has been a challenge in rubber chemistry and engineering. In this circumstance, 4,4′‐bismaleimidodiphenylmethane (BMI) was newly applied as a novel crosslinking agent for thermally stable brominated isobutylene–isoprene rubber (BIIR) with a high crosslinking density. With oscillating disk rheometry and differential scanning calorimetry, the curing characteristics of BIIR were systematically investigated with respect to the content of BMI. We found that BMI alone could crosslink BIIR at higher temperature, and a corresponding possible chemical reaction mechanism was proposed. With the introduction of zinc oxide, the curing reaction of BIIR with BMI was significantly accelerated, and the resulting vulcanizate provided a higher state of curing with excellent overcure reversion stability even at a temperature of 190 °C for 2 h. The content of the dicumyl peroxide (DCP) reaction accelerator was also optimized to be BMI/DCP = 1:0.05 on the basis of considerations of the curing rate, scorch safety, maximum rheometric torque, and reversion resistance at 160 °C. Compared with the conventional sulfur‐cured BIIR, the BMI‐cured BIIR exhibited a higher crosslinking density with a superior low compression set property at elevated temperatures and an excellent thermal stability. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44092.
Non‐isothermal crystallization kinetics of cork‐polymer composites for injection molding
Authors: Magalhães da Silva Sara P. , Lima Paulo S. , Oliveira José M.
Published: July 2016

The non‐isothermal crystallization behavior of cork–polymer composites (CPC) based on polypropylene (PP) matrix was studied. Using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the crystallization behavior of CPC with 15 wt % cork powder at different cooling rates (5, 10, 15, and 20 °C/min) was studied. The effect of a coupling agent based on maleic anhydride was also analyzed. A composite (PPg) containing polypropylene grafted maleic anhydride (PPgMA) and PP was prepared for comparison purposes. Crystallization kinetic behavior was studied by Avrami, Ozawa, Liu, and Kissinger methods. The Ozawa method fails to describe the behavior of these composites. Results show that cork powder surface acts as a nucleating agent during non‐isothermal crystallization, while the addition of PPgMA decreases the crystallization rate. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44124.
SUPPRESSING A PEROXIDASE GENE REDUCES SURVIVAL IN THE WHEAT APHID Sitobion avenae
Authors: Deng Fei , He Qiankun , Zhao Zhangwu
Published: July 2016

Peroxidases (POXs) make up a large superfamily of enzymes that act in a wide range of biological mechanisms, including maintaining appropriate redox balances within cells, among other actions. In this study, we cloned a sequence that encodes a POX protein, SaPOX, from wheat aphids, Sitobion avenae. Amino acid sequence alignment showed the SaPOX sequence was conserved with POXs from other insect species. SaPOX mRNA accumulations were present in all nymphal and adult stages, at higher levels during the first and second instar, and lower during later stages in the life cycle. Ingestion of dsRNA specific to POX led to reduced SaPOX mRNA accumulation. Sitobion avenae nymphs continuously exposed to dietary dsPOX via an artificial diet led to reduced survival rate and ecdysis index. We infer that POX is important to maintain the growth and development of S. avenae.
GENDER INFLUENCES DIFFERENTIATION OF CHITIN AMONG BODY PARTS
Authors: Kaya Murat , Bulut Esra , Mujtaba Muhammad , Sivickis Karolis , Sargin Idris , Akyuz Bahar , Erdogan Sevil
Published: July 2016

Earlier reports have established that chitin isolates from each body part of an insect cuticle can exhibit diverse physicochemical properties. But it is still unknown if the gender of the insect can influence characteristics of chitin isolates from different body parts. The present study addresses this question. As a result, important physicochemical differences in the chitin samples from different body parts of Melolontha sp. were recorded on the basis of sex. The chitin samples were extracted from eight different body parts (antennae, head, eyes, thorax, abdomen, elytra, hindwings, and legs) of female and male. The most remarkable variations in the chitin isolates from female and male body parts were recorded in chitin content, crystallinity, thermal stability, and surface morphology. And also it was wondered these chitin isolates from different body parts of female and male could find different applications. To check this hypothesis, the chitin samples from female and male were interacted with bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein and important variations were observed.
Trajectory Tracking Control of XY Table Using Sliding Mode Adaptive Control Based on Fast Double Power Reaching Law
Authors: Wang Haoping , Zhao Xuankai , Tian Yang
Published: July 2016

Currently, high velocity and precision are the main developing directions of the XY table. However, the nonlinear effects of friction at low speed deteriorate the precision of the XY table servo system. As a result, it is very important to design a control method to carry out friction compensation and trajectory tracking. In this paper, dual sliding mode state observers are used to estimate these immeasurable parameters in the dynamic LuGre model, and the Lyapunov function is used to design the adaptive update law. In addition, fast double power reaching law has the advantage of improving the global asymptotic convergence rate and overcoming these disadvantages where traditional sliding mode control reaching law causes severe chattering. Simulation results that compare the proposed method with exponent sliding mode control and PID control, demonstrate that the fast double power sliding mode control guarantees position and speed signals, tracking the desired references asymptotically.
Synchronization Criteria for Complex Dynamical Networks with State and Coupling Time‐Delays
Authors: Kazemy Ali
Published: July 2016

This paper is concerned with the problem of synchronization of complex dynamical networks with state and coupling time‐delays. Therefore, larger class and more complicated complex dynamical networks could be considered for the synchronization problem. Based on the Lyapunov‐Krasovskii functional, some delay‐independent and delay‐dependent criteria are obtained and formulated in the form of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) to ascertain the synchronization between each node of the complex dynamical network. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated using some numerical simulations.
Disabled‐2: A modular scaffold protein with multifaceted functions in signaling
Authors: Finkielstein Carla V. , Capelluto Daniel G. S.
Published: July 2016

Disabled‐2 (Dab2) is a multimodular scaffold protein with signaling roles in the domains of cell growth, trafficking, differentiation, and homeostasis. Emerging evidences place Dab2 as a novel modulator of cell–cell interaction; however, its mode of action has remained largely elusive. In this review, we highlight the relevance of Dab2 function in cell signaling and development and provide the most recent and comprehensive analysis of Dab2's action as a mediator of homotypical and heterotypical interactions. Accordingly, Dab‐2 controls the extent of platelet aggregation through various motifs within its N‐terminus. Dab2 interacts with the cytosolic tail of the integrin receptor blocking inside‐out signaling, whereas extracellular Dab2 competes with fibrinogen for integrin αIIbβ3 receptor binding and, thus, modulates outside‐in signaling. An additional level of regulation results from Dab2's association with cell surface lipids, an event that defines the extent of cell–cell interactions. As a multifaceted regulator, Dab2 acts as a mediator of endocytosis through its association with the [FY]xNPx[YF] motifs of internalized cell surface receptors, phosphoinositides, and clathrin. Other emerging roles of Dab2 include its participation in developmental mechanisms required for tissue formation and in modulation of immune responses. This review highlights the various novel mechanisms by which Dab2 mediates an array of signaling events with vast physiological consequences.
Genetic depletion of Polo‐like kinase 1 leads to embryonic lethality due to mitotic aberrancies
Authors: Wachowicz Paulina , Fernández‐Miranda Gonzalo , Marugán Carlos , Escobar Beatriz , de Cárcer Guillermo
Published: July 2016

Polo‐like kinase 1 (PLK1) is a serine/threonine kinase that plays multiple and essential roles during the cell division cycle. Its inhibition in cultured cells leads to severe mitotic aberrancies and cell death. Whereas previous reports suggested that Plk1 depletion in mice leads to a non‐mitotic arrest in early embryos, we show here that the bi‐allelic Plk1 depletion in mice certainly results in embryonic lethality due to extensive mitotic aberrations at the morula stage, including multi‐ and mono‐polar spindles, impaired chromosome segregation and cytokinesis failure. In addition, the conditional depletion of Plk1 during mid‐gestation leads also to severe mitotic aberrancies. Our data also confirms that Plk1 is completely dispensable for mitotic entry in vivo. On the other hand, Plk1 haploinsufficient mice are viable, and Plk1‐heterozygous fibroblasts do not harbor any cell cycle alterations. Plk1 is overexpressed in many human tumors, suggesting a therapeutic benefit of inhibiting Plk1, and specific small‐molecule inhibitors for this kinase are now being evaluated in clinical trials. Therefore, the different Plk1 mouse models here presented are a valuable tool to reexamine the relevance of the mitotic kinase Plk1 during mammalian development and animal physiology.
Effects of Lag Schedules and Response Blocking on Variant Food Consumption by a Girl with Autism
Authors: Silbaugh Bryant C. , Wingate Hollie V. , Falcomata Terry S.
Published: July 2016

Food selectivity by individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is often viewed in the behavioral literature as a problem with compliance and treated accordingly. However, when viewed as a problem with invariance, it may be appropriate to treat the problem by using procedures that increase variant food consumption. Lag schedules of reinforcement have been shown to increase variability in verbal and play behavior of children with ASD. Therefore, we attempted to evaluate the effects of a lag schedule of positive reinforcement on variant food consumption by a girl with ASD and food selectivity. Ultimately, a lack of baseline variability in consumption precluded an evaluation of the programmed lag schedule but suggested that a discovery research approach may be informative. Thus, additional treatment components were added and evaluated in a component analysis. Response blocking of invariant consumption appeared to establish a lag schedule of reinforcement that increased variability and variety in food consumption, which was maintained across changes in the value of the lag schedule. Some potential behavioral processes responsible for the effects and implications for future research are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation, characterization and luminescence properties of a new hydrous red phosphor CaB3O5(OH):Eu3+ with different morphologies
Authors: Huang H.S. , Tang A.J. , Yang C. , Jin H.F.
Published: July 2016

A new borate phosphor CaB3O5(OH):Eu3+ with different morphologies was synthesized using a hydrothermal method and its luminescence properties were studied. The effects of surfactants on the crystal structures, morphologies and luminescence properties of the samples were studied. The results showed that the surfactants play an important role in controlling the morphology and improving the luminescence properties of phosphors. The luminescence intensity and R/O(I615/I592) value were enhanced for the prepared sample by adding PEG4000. The prepared sample exhibited a higher R/O than some anhydrous calcium borate phosphors, indicating that this product could serve as a new potential red phosphor.
Synthesis and photoluminescence of EuII in barium zinc orthosilicate: a novel green color emitting phosphor for white‐LEDs
Authors: Kasturi S. , Sivakumar V. , Varadaraju U. V.
Published: July 2016

A series of Eu2+‐activated barium orthosilicates (BaZnSiO4) were synthesized using a high‐temperature solid‐state reaction. A photoluminescence excitation study of Eu2+ shows a broad absorption band in the range of 270–450 nm, with multiple absorption peak maxima (310, 350 and 400 nm) due to 4f–5d electronic transition. The emission spectra of all the compositions show green color emission (in the spectral region 450–550 nm with a peak maximum at 502 nm and a shoulder at ~ 490 nm) with appropriate Comission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) color coordinates. The two emission peaks are due to the presence of Eu2+ in two different Ba sites in the BaZnSiO4 host lattice. The energy transfers between the Eu2+ ions in BaZnSiO4 host are elucidated from the critical concentration quenching data based on the electronic multipolar interaction. All Eu2+‐activated BaZnSiO4 phosphor materials can be efficiently excited in the ultraviolet (UV) to near UV‐region (270–420 nm), making them attractive candidate as a green phosphor for solid state lighting–white light‐emitting diodes.
Housing Tenure, Social Class and Offending: The individual‐level relationship in childhood and youth*
Authors: Wikström Per-Olof H.
Published: July 2016

In the study of the social ecology of crime, the direct and indirect relationships between various aspects of housing and criminality have become an increasingly important area of research and theory. One major field of study is the investigation of the link between housing, population composition and offending. Another major area of research is the study of the link between physical design characteristics of buildings and areas and crime. Most studies of housing and crime have been conducted on the area level. In this study the individual‐level relationship between housing and offending is explored. The major research question is whether housing in childhood has an independent effect on offending in childhood and youth, controlling for social class background. The data used are taken from the Project Metropolitan Stockholm cohort of 15117 males and females. The parents’ social class background, and the housing of the cohort members’ family during the cohort members’ childhood, are related to delinquency in childhood (participation) as known by the child welfare authorities, and criminality in youth (aggregate crime rate, participation and frequency) as recorded by the police.
Compulsory treatment of patients with psychopathic disorder: an abnormally aggressive or seriously irresponsible exercise?
Authors: CHISWICK DEREK
Published: July 2016

While in England and Wales it remains legal to detain patients in hospital against their wishes on grounds of ‘psychopathic disorder’, the clinical arguments for doing so are fragile. It is suggested that the special hospitals are alone in their continued willingness to engage in this practice, and that in so doing the staff are morally suspect and irresponsible. Options are advanced, nevertheless, for more stringent approaches to clinical practice in the event of further admissions, together with a call for more research.
Objections to the present system
Authors: ROBERTSON GRAHAM
Published: July 2016

The case against the compulsory, indefinite detention in hospital of people defined under English mental health law as suffering from psychopathic disorder is argued from a theoretical and evidential standpoint. This does not equate, however, with an argument against appropriate treatment. An alternative system for attaining that is proposed.
Violence and disorder in longterm prisons: the influence of institutional environments
Authors: BOTTOMS ANTHONY
Published: July 2016

There has been lively debate about whether people classified as suffering from psychopathic disorder should be located in special hospitals. By a curious twist of timing, this debate has occurred more or less simultaneously with a period of reappraisal of aspects of the long‐term prison system for male offenders, with a special focus on incidents of violence and disruption (see Home Office, 1984; Bottoms & Light, 1987; Bottomley & Hay, 1991) . Presumably, if the special hospitals were to cease to hold those classified as psychopathic, long‐term prisons would be one of the alternative locations for such people. That might seem likely to increase violent incidents in such prisons, although, as the evidence and arguments in this paper will seek to show, this is by no means a certain outcome of a policy change of this kind. There is every justification for mental health professionals and those interested in prisons becoming more aware of one another's problems and preoccupations.
The psychotherapy of psychopathic disorder
Authors: GALLWEY PATRICK
Published: July 2016

The Mental Health Act 1983 definition of psychopathic disorder includes the concept of ‘a persistent disorder or disability of mind’. If this is taken to mean a wide variety of further definable mental disorders, then it is a potentially useful vehicle for ensuring treatment for many distressed, difficult and dangerous people, who would otherwise fall through the net because they are not ‘mentally ill’. The psychopathological features of people with behaviour problems, as they emerge during therapy, fall into at least six broad categories which, although not mutually exclusive, have, in the author's experience, a useful bearing on ‘treatability’ and prognosis. Each of these personality types is described in turn, together with an indication of its implications for treatment.
Personality disorders and forensic psychiatry
Authors: GUNN JOHN
Published: July 2016

Personality problems of various kinds make a significant impact on the practice of forensic psychiatry. Clusters of personality problems that amount to clinical syndromes should be treated as such and not discriminated against. ‘Psychopathic’ is a confusing term and currently in the UK may be best reserved for legal purposes. Treatment for personality disorders is akin to treatment for other chronic disabling disease such as schizophrenia. Patients with severe personality disorders should have just as much access to inpatient services as patients with other diseases. Such access should include access to compulsory care as well as to voluntary care. British mental health law allows, indeed encourages, such an approach. Prison care for personality disordered patients has an important role to play in their management, but prison management should not be the mainstay of treatment for personality disorders any more than it is for any other disease. The task for forensic psychiatry is to conduct research into personality disorders and to reduce the negativity associated with this term.