bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The discriminatory impact of non‐adherence to leadership selection criteria
Authors: Moss Gloria , Daunton Lyn
Published: September 2006

Purpose

This research aims to fill a gap in the literature concerning the extent to which recruitment interviewers may substitute leadership capability sets (CSs) differing from those in the job specification (JS).

Design/methodology/approach

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with senior personnel involved in senior staff selection in a higher education (HE) institution.

Findings

The interviews reveal that the majority of respondents select candidates against transactional capability sets (TcCSs), ignoring the largely transformational capability sets (TfCSs) laid down in the JS.

Research limitations/implications

The research is anchored in a single organisation and in a single sector, HE. It would be useful to extend the research to another institution in the public sector within both the public and the private sectors. It would furthermore be useful to identify the practical measures needed to overcome the problems identified here.

Practical implications

Organisations pursuing diversity initiatives or attempting to influence the culture of an organisation and its leadership style need to be aware of the extent, hitherto unrevealed, to which the leadership CSs laid down in the official selection criteria can be disregarded in favour of CSs substituted, consciously or unconsciously, by recruiters. If the practice identified here is representative across the HE sector, then a failure to follow the leadership CSs contained in a JS can serve as a barrier to the appointment of women who may favour the deployment of TfCSs. It may also serve as a barrier to the introduction of transformational leadership and cultures.

Originality/value

The paper provides useful information on CSs laid down in the official selection criteria and whether they can be disregarded in favour of CSs substituted, consciously or unconsciously, by recruiters.
Online learning dialogues in learning through work
Authors: Bosley Sara , Young David
Published: September 2006

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to describe a study of online, asynchronous dialogues between tutors and nine work‐based postgraduate learners on learning through work (LtW) programmes.

Design/methodology/approach

Adopting a constructivist perspective and using a qualitative approach, 670 messages were segmented into semantic units and categorised by activity and content. Analysis borrowed from content and discourse approaches and categories were grounded in the data.

Findings

Online exchanges were found to mirror those of effective face‐to‐face learning encounters. Learners asked questions, reported on their progress and plans, sought and gave feedback, and disclosed personal information and feelings. Tutors gave direct answers, advised and made suggestions, explained and elaborated, offered signposting and referral and provided feedback. Dialogue content was categorised as administrative/organisational, technical, affective, social, academic or relating to programme design.

Research limitations/implications

Learners embarking on undergraduate level study may raise different issues from those working at postgraduate level.

Practical implications

The individual categories and the framework as a whole may help new online tutors to anticipate and prepare for their role.

Originality/value

The study is unusual in focusing on one‐to‐one online dialogues between university tutors and work‐based learners. The unique contribution is a hierarchical analytical framework of dialogue topics in which “hard” and “soft” topics underpin academic dialogue.
Virtual learning communities as a vehicle for workforce development: a case study
Authors: Allan Barbara , Lewis Dina
Published: September 2006

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the benefits and challenges of using a virtual learning community (VLC) as a vehicle for workforce development. This paper argues that VLCs provide a flexible vehicle for workforce development. However, workplace realities may lead to unexpected challenges for participants wanting exploit the flexibility of e‐learning technologies.

Design/methodology/approach

The case study is located in a strategic healthcare organisation in the UK. The study used a multi‐method approach to develop a rich picture of the VLC. Data were collected from a variety of sources (programme evaluation questionnaires, learning logs, discussion group messages and VLE tracking system) and analysed using quantitative and qualitative methods.

Findings

The findings indicate that while membership of a VLC offers new opportunities for collaboration, learning and working at a time and place that suits individuals it also offers many challenges. The following issues were identified as having an impact on effective participation in the VLC: motivation; time management; public/private boundaries; work/life balance; and access to ICT.

Research limitations/implications

There are limitations in generalising from a particular case study. The use of a case study provides a depth to the study that helps to illuminate the experiences of individual e‐learners.

Practical implications

The findings have strategic implications for organisations planning to use VLCs to support workforce development. The study indicates the need for facilitators to enable participants to explore time and work/life balance issues. It highlights the importance of involving the managers of e‐learners in the negotiations involved in establishing a VLC. Finally, the study identified that employers need to provide protected time for e‐learners and that access to technology is an issue.

Originality/value

The research has value to managers who are considering using VLCs as a means of enhancing workforce development.
Use of analytic network process in vendor selection decisions
Authors: Bayazit Ozden
Published: September 2006

Purpose

To provide a good insight into the use of analytic network process (ANP) that is a multiple criteria decision‐making methodology in evaluating supplier selection problems.

Design/methodology/approach

Supplier selection problems are multi‐objective problems which have many qualitative and quantitative concerns. In this study, an ANP model is proposed in evaluating supplier selection process as a framework to help managers.

Findings

It is shown that ANP can be used as a decision analysis tool to solve multi‐criteria supplier selection problems that contain interdependencies.

Research limitations/implications

ANP is a complex methodology and requires more comparisons than the traditional AHP and it increases the effort.

Originality/value

Provides an effective framework to guide managers for evaluating suppliers.
Fiscal incentives and urban regeneration in Dublin 1986‐2005
Authors: Williams Brendan
Published: September 2006

Purpose

This paper seeks to examine the critical role fiscal incentives have played in urban regeneration in Ireland since 1986, focusing on the role of such incentives, their impact on development and implications for the market of their termination.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper is structured as a periodised chronology where real time is divided into analytically defined phases linked to policy shifts. In this way features of urban regeneration policy can be discussed within the economic context and policy constraints within which their decisions were shaped. Policies have evolved from blanket subsidisation of development in designated areas towards a more selective approach. The paper reflects the results of structured interviews of policymaking, planning and development interests on the operation and effectiveness of the schemes. Quantitative analysis of the costs and benefits of a selected number of property developments in Dublin is included and can be compared with similar schemes internationally.

Findings

The findings of this paper are that urban regeneration policies as operated over the period have had a significant role in the physical rejuvenation of previously derelict areas and that the role of incentive based policies requires continual monitoring to avoid market distortion effects and to achieve wider regeneration objectives in terms of social and economic aims.

Originality/value

Despite the importance of the subject there has been a noticeable lack of evidence‐based research in the area and this paper provides quantitative and qualitative evidence based material upon which further research on the costs and effectiveness of the schemes can be based.
Catalyzing mass production of solar photovoltaic cells using university driven green purchasing
Authors: Pearce Joshua M.
Published: September 2006

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the use of the purchase power of the higher education system to catalyze the economy of scale necessary to ensure market competitiveness for solar photovoltaic electricity.

Design/methodology/approach

The approach used here was to first determine the demand necessary to construct “Solar City factories”, factories that possess equipment and processes sized, dedicated and optimized to produce only solar photovoltaic systems. Inexpensive solar cells from these factories could produce solar electricity at rates comparable to conventional fossil‐fuel derived electricity. Then it was determined if sufficient demand could be guaranteed by green purchasing from the international university system.

Findings

A focused effort from the university community to purchase on‐sight produced electricity would make it possible to construct truly large‐scale dedicated solar photovoltaic factories rather than follow the piecemeal production increases currently observed in the industry.

Practical implications

Direct economic competitiveness of an energy source having markedly lower environmental, social and health externalities would have a positive‐spiral (virtuous cycle) effect encouraging the transition of the global energy infrastructure away from polluting fossil fuels to green solar energy.

Originality/value

Despite significant commercial progress in the conversion efficiency of sunlight into electricity with solar photovoltaic cells, their widespread adoption is still limited by high costs relative to conventional fossil fuel‐based sources of electricity. The concept outlined and critically reviewed in this paper represents a novel and economical method of transitioning the electric supply system to renewable solar energy.
A snapshot of information use patterns of academics in British universities
Authors: Gardiner Donna , McMenemy David , Chowdhury Gobinda
Published: September 2006

Purpose

This paper aims to study information behaviour of academics in the digital age. Compares information behaviour of British university academics in three disciplines – computer and information sciences, business/management, and English literature.

Design/methodology/approach

Discusses information behaviour of academics in the digital age.

Findings

English academics make higher use of printed information resources, such as text and reference books, than academics of any other discipline included in this study; they generally tended to be the least frequent users of electronic resources such as full‐text databases, indexing and abstracting databases, search engines, and internet sites. CIS academics generally tended to make greatest use of electronic‐based information resources, and the least use of print‐based information resources, and business/management academics fell somewhere in between these two disciplines. CIS academics were generally the most enthusiastic about the benefits of electronic resources, whereas English academics were the least enthusiastic about them. Nearly a quarter of English academics disagreed to some extent that electronic information was easier to use than printed resources, which might go some way to explain their lower use of electronic materials, and higher use of printed materials.

Research limitations/implications

Results of the quantitative study should have been supported and substantiated by quantitative analyses. Similar studies involving users from many more disciplines could show better discipline‐wise differences in user behaviour.

Originality/value

This is a research paper based on a nation‐wide survey of academics in British universities.
The incremental value relevance of firm‐specific risk measures in pricing junk IPOs
Authors: Feroz Ehsan H. , Johnston Jarrod , Reck Jacqueline L. , Wilson Earl R.
Published: September 2006

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to describe a study which examined the effects of underwriter reputation market segments on the value relevance of firm specific risk measures in the pricing of initial public offerings (IPOs).

Design/methodology/approach

The study abandons the notion of a homogenous market for IPOs and focuses instead on the differential demand for information across identifiable segments of the IPO market in the pre‐market offering period leading to the first day trading closing prices. Ordinary least square (OLS) regressions were used to test the two hypotheses developed in the paper.

Findings

It was found that firm‐specific risk measures are associated with the initial trading day returns of IPOs managed by low reputation underwriters, but not those by high reputation underwriters. However, as expected, these risk measures are impounded in initial trading day returns only for a sub‐sample of high‐risk junk IPOs that were marked down in price by the underwriter prior to the offering in order to make them more attractive to investors.

Research limitations

As with all empirical studies the tests are joint tests of the hypotheses stipulated and econometric assumptions underlying OLS. The findings of the study may not be generalized to an unrelated domain.

Practical implications

The findings suggest that ex ante risk measures are useful in picking among junk IPOs those with the best chances of survival, and thus earning an initial trading return on those IPOs.

Originality/value

This is the first study to look at junk IPOs in a systematic manner using a quasi‐experimental design.
Interaction fluency: a customer performance measure of multichannel service
Authors: Cassab Harold , MacLachlan Douglas L.
Published: September 2006

Purpose

The paper seeks to show an empirical test of customer‐based measures of Interaction Fluency developed by the authors to contribute to the assessment of customer service performance across multiple contact points upon the implementation of relationship management practices and technologies.

Design/methodology/approach

In the paper the measures are developed using the critical incident technique and adapting existing scales in the service literature. A model is tested empirically with survey data from airline customers (n=284) using an Ordered Logit approach.

Findings

The paper finds that empirical results suggest that the ability of front‐line employees to smooth interactions with customers, as well as the efficacious performance of self‐service channels, are strong drivers of customers' loyalty intentions.

Research limitations/implications

The findings in this paper are restricted to the airline context in an environment of familiarity with automated service tools such as found in the USA. Future research needs to be conducted using actual loyalty behavior as the dependent variable.

Originality/value

This paper considers the customer's perspective of the multichannel service interaction to propose a new construct of “interaction fluency” and builds a model to capture the functional form of the relationship between operational measures of the new construct and customer loyalty intentions.
Developing a new model for selecting public relations firms in the high‐tech industry
Authors: Hsu Pi‐Fang
Published: September 2006

Purpose

This study develops a new model for selecting public relations (PR) firms based on high‐tech industrial perceptions.

Design/methodology/approach

The proposed model comprises two parts. The first part employs the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) for criteria weighting. The second part applies the grey relational analysis (GRA) to rank alternatives and select the optimum PR firm in the high‐tech industry.

Findings

Analytical results indicate that high‐tech enterprises consider criteria in the following order of priority: media ability, campaign ability, strategic planning, service team, cost consciousness and relationship maintenance. Furthermore, this study uses the example of a renowned high‐tech communications manufacturer in Taiwan to demonstrate the effectiveness of the model in PR firm selection.

Originality/value

The proposed model helps high‐tech enterprises to effectively select PR firms, making it highly applicable in academia and commerce.
An eddy covariance mesonet to measure the effect of forest age on land–atmosphere exchange
Authors: GOULDEN MICHAEL L. , WINSTON GREGORY C. , McMILLAN ANDREW M. S. , LITVAK MARCY E. , READ EDWARD L. , ROCHA ADRIAN V. , ROB ELLIOT J.
Published: September 2006

We deployed a mesonet of year‐round eddy covariance towers in boreal forest stands that last burned in ∼1850, ∼1930, 1964, 1981, 1989, 1998, and 2003 to understand how CO2 exchange and evapotranspiration change during secondary succession. We used MODIS imagery to establish that the tower sites were representative of the patterns of secondary succession in the region, and Landsat images to show that the individual stands have changed over the last 22 years in ways that match the spatially derived trends. The eddy covariance towers were well matched, with similar equipment and programs, which maximized site‐to‐site precision and allowed us to operate the network in an efficient manner. The six oldest sites were fully operational for ∼90% of the growing season and ∼70% of the dormant season from 2001 or 2002 to 2004, with most of the missing data caused by low battery charge or bad signals from the sonic anemometers. The rates of midday growing‐season CO2 uptake recovered to preburn levels within 4 years of fire. The seasonality of land–atmosphere exchange and growing‐season length changed markedly with stand age. The foliage in the younger stands (1989, 1998, and 2003 burns) was almost entirely deciduous, which resulted in comparatively short growing seasons that lasted ∼65 days. In contrast, the older stands (1850, 1930, 1964, and 1981) were mostly evergreen, which resulted in comparatively long growing seasons that lasted ∼130 days. The eddy covariance mesonet approach we describe could be used within the context of other ecological experimental designs such as controlled manipulations and gradient comparisons.
Topology and maturation of filamentous haemagglutinin suggest a new model for two‐partner secretion
Authors: Mazar Joseph , Cotter Peggy A.
Published: September 2006

Two‐partner secretion (TPS) is the most widely distributed secretion pathway known. These systems export large exoproteins through highly conserved channel‐forming β‐barrel proteins. Filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA), expressed by Bordetella species, is the prototypical TPS family member. Here we show that the C‐terminus of mature FHA, as opposed to the N‐terminus as previously proposed, is exposed on the cell surface and is required for mediating adherence to cultured epithelial cells. We show that the C‐terminus of the FHA pro‐protein (FhaB) is required for FHA function in vitro and in vivo and we show that cleavage of FhaB to form FHA is not the mechanism by which FHA is released from the cell. Based on these data, we propose a new model for TPS. This model provides an explanation for the energetics of export of globular protein domains across membranes in the absence of ATP and it suggests a new mechanism for the control of protein folding.
Strategies for the biological control of invasive willows (Salix spp.) in Australia
Authors: Adair Robin , Sagliocco Jean‐Louis , Bruzzese Eligio
Published: September 2006

Abstract  Willows (Salix spp.) are Weeds of National Significance in Australia where a large number of taxa are naturalised in temperate regions and can cause serious environmental degradation of riparian and wetland habitats. Several species are of economic or ornamental value and conflicts of interest could arise with planning their suppression. Biological control of six willow species (S. alba L., S. cinerea L., S. fragilis L., S. nigra Marshall, S. viminalis L., S. x rubens Schrank) is under consideration in Australia using three approaches based on targeting different morphological structures. A rich phytophagous biota associated with Salix in their regions of origin indicate a range of organisms are available for development as biological control agents. Implementation strategies will depend on the host species targeted for biological control, their reproductive strategies, the level of control required to reduce environmental impacts and the level of conflict of interest associated with a biological control program.
Pointing out new news, old news, and absent referents at 12 months of age
Authors: Liszkowski Ulf , Carpenter Malinda , Tomasello Michael
Published: September 2006

There is currently controversy over the nature of 1‐year‐olds’ social‐cognitive understanding and motives. In this study we investigated whether 12‐month‐old infants point for others with an understanding of their knowledge states and with a prosocial motive for sharing experiences with them. Declarative pointing was elicited in four conditions created by crossing two factors: an adult partner (1) was already attending to the target event or not, and (2) emoted positively or neutrally. Pointing was also coded after the event had ceased. The findings suggest that 12‐month‐olds point to inform others of events they do not know about, that they point to share an attitude about mutually attended events others already know about, and that they can point (already prelinguistically) to absent referents. These findings provide strong support for a mentalistic and prosocial interpretation of infants’ prelinguistic communication.
Evaluating Application Service Provisioning Using System Dynamics Methodology
Authors: Currie Wendy L. , Joyce Philip , Winch Graham
Published: September 2006

Despite the hype surrounding the value‐added potential of e‐business for contemporary firms, the recent technology downturn was marked by poor customer satisfaction from investment in e‐business initiatives. An apparent mismatch between customer expectations and vendor offerings suggested a lack of appropriate methods and techniques for evaluating e‐business. This article draws from a longitudinal research study on the deployment, hosting and integration of application service provisioning (ASP), an e‐business model targeted mainly at small and medium‐sized businesses (SMBs). Using system dynamics as a methodology that addresses the inherent complexity of the ASP model, the article demonstrates how a series of complex inter‐relationships between key performance indicators (KPIs) will impact the business value for customers from ASP vendor products and services. The lessons from this research will be particularly relevant for existing and future ASP vendors and customers.
Parental Interactions With Latino Infants: Variation by Country of Origin and English Proficiency
Authors: Cabrera Natasha J. , Shannon Jacqueline D. , West Jerry , Brooks‐Gunn Jeanne
Published: September 2006

This study examined variation in mother–infant interactions, father engagement, and infant cognition as a function of country of origin, socioeconomic status, and English language proficiency in a national sample of Latino infants (age 9 months) born in the United States and living with both biological parents (N=1,099). Differences between Mexican‐American infants, who had lower mother–infant interaction scores and less father physical play than did the other Latino infants, were associated with differences in acculturation (both parents' English proficiency). Indicators of acculturation and paternal reports of happiness with partner were associated with paternal engagement. Indicators of acculturation were also related to mother–infant interactions. Infant cognitive scores were associated with maternal interaction but not father engagement, and maternal but not paternal mental health.
Social Cognition in Context: Validating a Cartoon‐Based Attributional Measure for Urban Girls
Authors: Leff Stephen S. , Crick Nicki R. , Angelucci Jennifer , Haye Kisha , Jawad Abbas F. , Grossman Michael , Power Thomas J.
Published: September 2006

Standard approaches to the development of psychological measures emphasize the role of the research team in identifying constructs, generating and retaining items, and establishing psychometric soundness. Although there are a number of strengths associated with these methods, the resulting measures may not be culturally sensitive to minority cultural groups. In order to address this need, the authors partnered with African American inner‐city 3rd‐ and 4th‐grade girls (predominantly 9‐ and 10‐year‐olds) to design and validate a cartoon‐based hostile attributional bias measure that is developmentally and culturally sensitive. This paper illustrates how a partnership‐based research model can be used to design measurement tools sensitive to the ways in which developmental processes are influenced by an urban, low‐income, ecological context.
A Window Into Different Cultural Worlds: Young Children's Everyday Activities in the United States, Brazil, and Kenya
Authors: Tudge Jonathan R. H. , Doucet Fabienne , Odero Dolphine , Sperb Tania M. , Piccinini Cesar A. , Lopes Rita S.
Published: September 2006

A powerful means to understand young children's normative development in context is to examine their everyday activities. The daily activities of 79 children (3 years old) were observed, for 20 hr each, in their usual settings. Children were selected from 4 cultural groups: European American and African American (Greensboro, United States), Luo (Kisumu, Kenya), and European descent (Porto Alegre, Brazil), evenly divided by social class. Examining children's naturally occurring engagement in school‐relevant activities, both in and out of child care, revealed the importance of ecological context. The variation in activities was not explainable simply by cultural group (including race within the United States) or social class, but by the intersection of culture and class. The developmental implications of these findings are discussed.
The Legacy of Child Development's 1990 Special Issue on Minority Children: An Editorial Retrospective
Authors: McLoyd Vonnie C.
Published: September 2006

Sixteen years have passed since the publication of Child Development's Special Issue on Minority Children. It is suggested that the most critical legacy of the special issue is the conceptual and ideological zeitgeist it fostered. The issue set culture and ecological context in the foreground of analyses, advanced a cultural‐variant perspective, and further discredited the deficit perspective that long dominated the study of ethnic minority children and families. The special issue is also significant for its role in shaping post‐1990 research agenda. In addition, it underscored the need for more nuanced articulations of what cultural or ethnic characteristics are of special relevance for understanding specific domains of development and the need for well‐crafted methodological tools with which to test these ideas.
The Virtues of Control as Movement
Authors: Boeckx Cedric , Hornstein Norbert
Published: September 2006

Abstract. Control has played an important role in theoretical debates within the Minimalist Program. This is so because control implicates notions such as module,θ‐role, the Last Resort nature of syntactic operations, movement, binding, chains, Case, complementation, and more.Hornstein (1999)has controversially claimed that control is a subspecies of movement. That is, control is just like familiar instances of raising, except that it involves movement into an additionalθ‐position. If correct, the movement analysis has important conceptual and empirical repercussions, some of which are examined here.
Characterizing regeneration in the vertebrate ear
Authors: Metcalfe Anthony D. , Willis Hayley , Beare Alice , Ferguson Mark W. J.
Published: September 2006

We have previously shown that MRL/MpJ mice have a capacity for regeneration instead of scar formation following an ear punch wound. Understanding the differences that occur between scar‐free regeneration or repair with scarring will have great impact upon advances in skin tissue engineering. A key question that remains unanswered in the MRL/MpJ mouse model is whether regeneration was restricted to the ear or whether it extended to the skin. A histological analysis was conducted up to 4 months post‐wounding, not only with 2‐mm punch wounds to the ear but also to the skin on the backs of the same animals. MRL/MpJ mouse ear wounds regenerate faster than control strains, with enhanced blastema formation, a markedly thickened tip epithelium and reduced scarring. Interestingly, in the excisional back wounds, none of these regenerative features was observed and both the C57BL/6 control and MRL/MpJ mice healed with scarring. This review gives an insight into how this regenerative capacity may be due to evolutionary processes as well as ear anatomy. The ear is thin and surrounded on both sides by epithelia, and the dorsal skin is devoid of cartilage and under greater tensile strain. Analysis of apoptosis during ear regeneration is also discussed, assessing the role and expression of various members of the Bcl‐2 family of proteins. Ongoing studies are focusing on de novo cartilage development in the regenerating ear, as well as understanding the role of downstream signalling cascades in the process. Identification of such signals could lead to their manipulation and use in a novel tissue‐engineered skin substitute with scar‐free integration.
Function, ontogeny and canalization of shape variance in the primate scapula
Authors: Young Nathan M.
Published: September 2006

Primates have shoulders adapted to a wide range of locomotor functions from terrestrial pronograde quadrupedalism to highly arboreal suspensory behaviours. The shape of the scapula tightly follows these functional differences. Previous analyses of primate postcrania, including the scapula, indicate that quadrupedal monkeys are less variable than non‐quadrupeds. It was previously suggested that this difference was due to a relationship between the strength of stabilizing selection and the functional demands of the upper limb. Here it is shown that intraspecific scapular shape variance is highly correlated with the degree of committed quadrupedalism. Primates that engage in frequent suspensory behaviours (e.g. apes and ateline monkeys) average twice the amount of shape variance as quadrupeds (e.g. Old World monkeys and Saimiri). Because this difference in intraspecific shape variance is apparent in infants and does not increase or decrease appreciably over ontogeny, it is not likely that differences in postnatal growth, neuromuscular control or environmental factors such as habitat structure/composition are the primary contributors to differences in adult shape variance. Instead variance in embryonic factors that affect the shape/size of the scapula or epigenetic factors associated with muscle attachments are more likely candidates. In particular, the heterogeneous functional demands of the non‐quadrupedal shoulder probably reduce the stringency of stabilizing selection, resulting in the persistence into adulthood of increased amounts of embryonically generated scapular shape variance.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the Harderian gland in piglets
Authors: Munkeby Berit H. , Smith Hans‐Jørgen , Winther‐Larssen Eldrid H. , Bjørnerud Atle , Bjerkås Inge
Published: September 2006

The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the value and effectiveness of functional and morphological magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in order to assess the extent of brain injury in a hypoxic–ischaemic piglet model, and further to validate that the ischaemic injury was successfully induced. In this way, we also characterized the Harderian gland. MRI was performed at 1.5 T in anaesthetized piglets (n = 10, 12–36 h of age). Magnetic resonance perfusion and diffusion imaging were performed at different time points, before, during and after the induction of hypoxia–ischaemia. The effects following bilateral clamping of the carotid arteries were also assessed by contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance angiography. Morphological assessment included T1‐ and T2‐weighted imaging, and fat‐suppressed T1‐weighted imaging before and after contrast medium enhancement. Morphological MRI revealed a prominent, well‐defined structure located at the eyeball. Magnetic resonance angiography reconstructed with volume rendering showed this structure to be partially enclosed by large venous sinuses. At dissection, when compared with the magnetic resonance images, the deep gland of the third eyelid, the Harderian gland, corresponded to this structure both in topography and in size. By contrast, the lacrimal gland proper presented as a small, soft and pale structure that was difficult to distinguish from the surrounding connective tissue. At histological examination, the Harderian gland consisted mainly of compact areas of tubuloacinar glands with abundant eosinophilic granules. The present MRI demonstration of the Harderian gland was an accidental finding during an investigation to assess the extent of brain injury in a hypoxic–ischaemic piglet model. The combination of MRI and histology made it possible to detect and describe the Harderian gland in pig. It has generally been studied in rodents and lower vertebrates and is reported to possess various endocrine and exocrine functions.
Unilateral right‐hand contractions cause contralateral alpha power suppression and approach motivational affective experience
Authors: Harmon‐Jones Eddie
Published: September 2006

Contractions of the left hand induce sadness and bias judgments negatively, whereas contractions of the right hand induce positive affect and assertiveness and bias judgments positively. These results have been explained as resulting from activation of right and left frontal cortices, respectively. However, no research has tested this explanation. The present experiment provided such a test by having participants contract the right or left hand while electroencephalographic activity was recorded. Results indicated that right‐hand contractions produced greater left than right frontal activity, whereas left‐hand contractions produced greater right than left frontal activity (inverse of alpha power). Similar activations occurred in central regions, perhaps due to mu rhythms. Moreover, as compared to left‐hand contractions, right‐hand contractions caused greater self‐reported approach affect to a mildly positive radio editorial.
The Press as a Watchdog for Accounting Fraud
Authors: MILLER GREGORY S.
Published: September 2006

This paper investigates the press's role as a monitor or “watchdog” for accounting fraud. I find that the press fulfills this role by rebroadcasting information from other information intermediaries (analysts, auditors, and lawsuits) and by undertaking original investigation and analysis. Articles based on original analysis provide new information to the markets while those that rebroadcast allegations from other intermediaries do not. Consistent with a dual role for the press, I find that business‐oriented press is more likely to undertake original analysis while nonbusiness periodicals focus primarily on rebroadcasting. I also investigate the determinates of press coverage, finding systematic biases in the types of firms and frauds for which articles are published. In general, the press covers firms and frauds that will be of interest to a broad set of readers and situations that are lower cost to identify and investigate.
Determinants of Youth Suicide
Authors: Cebula Richard J. , Zelenskaya Tatyana V.
Published: September 2006

Abstract.  This study empirically examines determinants of youth (age 15–24) suicide over the 1960–1998 period. It finds that the rate of youth suicide was positively influenced by the divorce rate, the violent crime rate, and the Vietnam War, and negatively influenced by the percent of the total population composed of those age 15–24. The first three variables have been ignored in the research and the latter is at odds with the “conventional wisdom.”
Safety of live‐virus vaccines for children with immune deficiency
Authors: Luthy Karlen E. , Tiedeman Mary E. , Beckstrand Renea L. , Mills Debra Ann
Published: September 2006

Purpose: Conduct an integrative literature review to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of live‐virus vaccines, namely, the measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella vaccines, in children who are immune compromised by exogenous medication either posttransplant or while undergoing maintenance chemotherapy for leukemia.

Data sources: Medline, MedlinePlus, EBSCO, PubMed, MD Consult, CINAHL, Clinical Pharmacology, ERIC, Biomedical Reference Collection‐Basic, Health Source‐Consumer Edition, Health Source‐Nursing/Academic Edition, Ovid, CANCERLIT, and the Cochrane Library Online.

Conclusions: Because measles infection has a low incidence rate in the United States, it may be advisable not to vaccinate children who are immunocompromised and risk side effects of the vaccine. In contrast to measles infection, varicella has a higher incidence rate and poses a more imminent threat to those who are immunocompromised. Children who are immunosuppressed can receive the varicella vaccination; however, they should have regular titers drawn to confirm adequate protection against the disease and should receive boosters as deemed appropriate.

Implications for practice: The number of solid organ transplant recipients is steadily increasing with more than 600,000 solid organ transplantations worldwide since the first renal transplant in 1954. The steadily increasing numbers of pediatric patients surviving transplantation, coupled with increased life expectancy, accelerate the need for nurse practitioners to understand the management of these delicate patients following release from the transplant unit.
Energy in the atmosphere
Authors: Laws Kenneth L.
Published: September 2006

Order-of-magnitude calculations are made on the energy available in the air above Carlisle, Pennsylvania. The energy sources considered are solar, wind, electrical, and thermal. (AIP)
Intense electron beams
Authors: Benford Gregory
Published: September 2006

The basic electromagnetic properties of the propagation of electron beams is studied as well as applications of the beams in plasma devices. (AIP)
Low-prime-power waveguides lasers
Authors: Fry Stephen M.
Published: September 2006

A CO2 laser is discussed that operates with less than one watt power input.(AIP)
Cosmological models
Authors: Bauman Robert P. , Wdowiak Thomas J.
Published: September 2006

Red shift and space curature questions are discussed in a isotropic, homogeneous universe.
Searches for magnetic monopoles and fractional electric charges
Authors: Felch Susan B.
Published: September 2006

A review is given of two experiments in progress at Stanford University. These studies are attempting to detect quarks and magnetic monopoles using the superconducting properties of niobium. (AIP)
Detection of gravity waves
Authors: Spetz Gary W.
Published: September 2006

The basic mechanisms of gravitational wave detectors are discussed. The resonant bar and laser interferometer antenna arrangements are considered.(AIP)
The search for proton decay
Authors: Marshak Marvin L.
Published: September 2006

A brief review is given of grand unified theories predictions of proton decay. Cosmological implications are considered. The techniques currently being used to look for proton decay are summarized. (AIP)
The fly’s eye detector
Authors: Sokolsky Pierre
Published: September 2006

A description is given of the atmospheric fluorescence technique to study extensive air showers.(AIP)
Semiconductor lasers and their application in optical fiber communication
Authors: Agrawal Govind P.
Published: September 2006

The working principles and operating characteristics of heterostructur semiconductor lasers are reviewed. (AIP)
Henry Crew, a successful teacher of physics
Authors: Qiaozhen Xu , Michaelson Robert C.
Published: September 2006

Henry Crew had a long career in teaching physics at Johns Hopkins University, Haverford College, and Northwestern University. In those decades, Crew made great contributions to physics education. He published 13 books including popular textbooks and well-known translations. His 123 scientific articles included works on spectroscopy, physics education, history of science, biographies of physics, and so forth. He was awarded the highest honor for a physics teacher in the United States—the Oersted Medal. At the same time, he was an active scientist, and he participated as a founder of such academic societies as the American Physical Society, the American Association of University Professors, and the History of Science Society.
Resource Letter PCP-1: Pre-college Physics Curriculum Materials
Authors: Paldy Lester G. , Swartz Clifford E.
Published: September 2006

Prepared at the request of the AAPT Committee on Resource Letters. This is one of a series of Resource Letters on different topics, intended to guide college physicists to some of the literature and other teaching aids that may help them improve course contents in specified fields of physics. No Resource Letter is meant to be exhaustive and complete; in time there may be more than one letter on some of the main subjects of interest. Comments and suggestions concerning the content and arrangement of letters as well as suggestions for future topics will be welcomed. Please send such communications to Professor Arthur Quinton, Chairman, Resource Letter Committee, Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002.
Elementary Particles
Authors: Hill R. D.
Published: September 2006

A brief history of the discovery of the particles now listed as elementary and a classification of them are given. Some of the characteristics of these particles and their modes of decay are described.
Microwave Optics
Authors: Andrews C. L.
Published: September 2006

Electromagnetic waves may now be demonstrated and studied as simply and inexpensively as sound waves, waves in strings, and waves in ripple tanks. Do-it-yourself sources, receivers, and experimental arrangements for standing waves, interference in thin films, Young's experiment, Lloyd's mirror, polarization, and Doppler effect are described. Teachers and students are currently making contributions to the study and application of microwave optics.
APPARATUS FOR TEACHING PHYSICS: Overhead Projection in the Teaching of High School Physics
Authors: Easter Ronald
Published: September 2006

Physics teachers are finding that the overhead projector can help them teach physics. These quiet, trouble-free projectors provide bright, clear images even in lighted rooms. It is practical to use them for projecting images from large, transparent slides, as well as for projecting images of many three-dimensioned objects of physics.

Here is a visual aid that projects directly the ideas of the teacher. The teacher is an integral part of the entire process but with a larger and more colorful impact.
Physics in the English Schools
Authors: Redman Lister A.
Published: September 2006

A brief survey of the English educational system is followed by details of how physics teaching of 11–16 and 16–18 and 19 year-old pupils is organized. This includes sample examination questions, details of laboratories, textbooks, and other teaching aids such as films and television and finally future developments are indicated.
The Special Theory of Relativity
Authors: Feynman Richard P.
Published: September 2006

This chapter from The Feynman Lectures on Physics is published here through the permission of the Addison-Wesley Publishing Company of Reading, Massachusetts. We are grateful for this privilege.
Physics in the High Schools in Israel
Authors: Lindeman H.
Published: September 2006

The high school system of Israel is briefly described. The place of physics in the two main options available to the students, Science and Humanities is delineated. An outline of topics studied is included.
Spectra Inform Us About Atoms
Authors: Meggers William F.
Published: September 2006

Three centuries of spectroscopy are briefly reviewed; no significant progress was made in the first half of that period but spectacular advances in experiment and theory followed. During the past 50 years, spectral investigations and quantum theory have uniquely determined the electronic structures, ground states, ionization potentials, and strongest lines of 95 atoms and several hundred ions. Spectroscopy explained the periodic law and was the proving ground for quantum mechanics. It has provided most of our information about mechanical-, magnetic-, and electric-quadrupole moments for isotopic nuclei and promises to illuminate nuclear physics.
The Laboratory in Project Physics
Authors: Harris John
Published: September 2006

Members of the laboratory group at Project Physics have already published three notes describing some of the new experiments and equipment that are being developed. The present article attempts to give an overview of the function of the laboratory in the course, what part teacher demonstrations, student experiments, and other student activities play in the structure of the course as a whole, and to bring readers of THE PHYSICS TEACHER up-to-date on some of our most recent developments in new experiments and equipment.
K-rasmutations and cell kinetics inHelicobacter pyloriassociated gastric intestinal metaplasia: a comparison before and after eradication in patients with chronic gastritis and gastric cancer
Authors: Watari J , Tanaka A , Tanabe H , Sato R , Moriichi K , Zaky A , Okamoto K , Maemoto A , Fujiya M , Ashida T , Das K M , Kohgo Y
Published: September 2006

Background:Helicobacter pylorirelated gastric intestinal metaplasia (IM) is considered to be a precancerous lesion.

Aims:To identify the effects ofH pylorieradication on K-rasmutations, cell kinetics in IM and histological changes in patients with and without gastric cancers in a one-year prospective study.

Methods:Patients included group A (n = 39), chronic gastritis, and group B (n = 53), intestinal-type early gastric cancer patients who had all undergone endoscopic mucosal resection (n = 25) or surgical resection (n = 28). K-rascodon 12 mutations in IM were examined, followed by DNA sequencing analysis. Proliferating and apoptotic cells were detected with anti-Ki-67 antibody and using the TUNEL method, respectively.

Results:The incidence of K-rasmutations in the cancer was only 3.8%. The mutant K-rasin IM was observed more frequently in group A (46.2%) than in group B patients (1.9%) (p<0.005). After eradication, the K-rasmutations significantly declined to 12.8% in group A (p<0.005). The mutation pattern of K-rascodon 12 before eradication was that GGT was mainly changed to AGT (50%) in group A. AGT transformation was not affected by treatment. Apoptosis in IM showed an increase afterH pylorieradication in both groups (p<0.05 in group A) although no histological improvement in IM was observed. The monocyte score was significantly higher in group A than in group B (p<0.05); the score improved significantly after eradication.

Conclusions:K-rasmutations in IM do not always play a role in gastric carcinogenesis but cell kinetics, especially apoptosis, in IM may contribute to it. There are early events in K-rasmutations which are influenced byH pyloriinfection; some mutations may also be selected by eradication. These unstable K-rasmutations in IM may be related to lymphocyte infiltration caused byH pyloriinfection.