bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conserving the efficacy of insecticides against Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae)
Authors: Sarfraz M. , Keddie B. A.
Published: April 2005

Abstract:  The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae), is one of the most destructive insect pests of crucifers worldwide. It was the first crop insect reported to be resistant to DDT and now in many crucifer‐producing regions it has shown significant resistance to almost every insecticide applied in field including biopesticides such as crystal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis and spinosyns from Saccharopolyspora spinosa. In certain parts of the world, economical production of crucifers has become almost impossible because of its resistance to insecticides and resulting control failure. A coordinated resistance management program needs to be implemented with the involvement of pesticide industry, local pesticide regulatory authorities, scientists and farmers. The judicious use of chemicals in conjunction with other control measures (e.g. biological control agents, resistant varieties, proper fertilization rates) is the best way to manage DBM and other pests of cruciferous crops. Introduction of glucosinolate‐sulphatase inhibitors as plant‐incorporated‐products or sprayable material may also lead to a novel pest management strategy.
Requirement for βB1‐crystallin promoter of Xenopus laevis in embryonic lens development and lens regeneration
Authors: Mizuno Nobuhiko , Ueda Yoko , Kondoh Hisato
Published: April 2005

Regulation of the lens‐specific βB1‐crystallin promoter in Xenopus laevis was investigated using transgenic larvae and tadpoles. Comparison of the promoter sequence with that of chicken βB1‐crystallin gene indicates significant sequence similarity over a span of several hundred base pairs starting from the transcriptional start site. Remarkably, PL‐1 and PL‐2 sequences identified in the chicken promoter as essential binding sites of MAF, Pax6 and Prox1 transcription factors were conserved. Mutations of X (Xenopus) PL‐1 and XPL‐2 sequences eliminated the promoter activity, indicating a conserved mechanism regulating βB1‐crystallin promoter among vertebrate species. A stepwise deletion of the promoter sequence starting from 2800 bp indicated that the proximal 260 bp directly upstream of the transcription initiation site is sufficient for eliciting lens‐specific expression, but the 150 bp promoter sequence is inactive despite it containing the XPL‐1 and XPL‐2 sequences, suggesting the presence of an additional and essential regulatory sequence located between −150 and −260 bp. Activity of the βB1‐crystallin promoter during lens regeneration from cornea was examined using transgenic tadpoles and found to have the same dependence on promoter regions as in embryonic lens development, indicating that gene regulation is largely shared by the two lens‐generating processes.
Phosphatidylserine‐ and integrin‐mediated phagocytosis of apoptotic luteal cells by macrophages of the rat
Authors: Kato Shinya , Shiratsuchi Akiko , Nagaosa Kaz , Nakanishi Yoshinobu
Published: April 2005

Corpora lutea disappear from ovaries in the absence of conception. The present study was undertaken to examine the hypothesis that disappearance of corpora lutea is accomplished through apoptosis‐dependent phagocytosis of luteal cells. When bone marrow cells expressing green fluorescence protein were transplanted into X‐ray‐irradiated mice, macrophages derived from donor mice were detected within corpora lutea, suggesting macrophage infiltration into the tissue. Dispersed rat luteal cells underwent spontaneous apoptosis during culture and were phagocytosed by luteal macrophages. Treatment with doxorubicin increased the extent of apoptosis in luteal cells, and those cells were more efficiently phagocytosed than cells left untreated. The phagocytosis was inhibited by liposomes containing phosphatidylserine or a peptide containing the integrin‐targeted sequence, and was stimulated by milk fat globule epidermal growth factor 8. These results collectively indicate that apoptotic luteal cells are phagocytosed by macrophages in a manner mediated by phosphatidylserine and integrin.
IS SURVEILLANCE NECESSARY FOR INVERTED PAPILLOMA IN THE URINARY BLADDER AND URETHRA?
Authors: Cheng Chi Wai , Chan Lung Wai , Chan Chi Kwok , Ng Chi Fai , Cheung Ho Yuen , Chan Shu Yin Eddie , Wong Wai Sang , To Ka Fai
Published: April 2005

Background:  A case series of inverted papilloma of the urinary bladder and urethra is presented, together with a review of the literature with respect to multiplicity, recurrence rate and association with transitional cell carcinoma, and a discussion on surveillance of the lesion.

Methods:  Cases of inverted papilloma of the lower urinary tract in a single centre were reviewed. Patient and tumour characteristics, recurrence and associated transitional cell carcinoma are reported.

Results:  Twenty patients were included (18 male, two female). The mean age was 60.8 years (range 35−78 years). All had solitary tumours ranging from 3 mm to 30 mm in size. Median cystoscopic follow up was 30 months (range 2−140 months). There was no recurrence. One patient was associated with subsequent transitional cell carcinoma 44 and 76 months later. Together with the present 20 cases, review of the English literature with respect to inverted papilloma of the lower urinary tract identified a total of 322 cases reported, with a recurrence rate of 3.85%. Moreover, 1.55%, 5.90% and 1.54% were associated with previous, simultaneous and subsequent transitional cell carcinoma, respectively.

Conclusions:  Recurrence is not uncommon and risk of subsequent transitional cell carcinoma is not rare, such that non‐invasive surveillance with flexible cystoscopy is recommended for inverted papilloma of the lower urinary tract.
AMBULATORY CIRCULAR STAPLED HAEMORRHOIDECTOMY UNDER LOCAL ANAESTHESIA VERSUS CIRCULAR STAPLED HAEMORRHOIDECTOMY UNDER REGIONAL ANAESTHESIA
Authors: Ong Chin Hu , Chee Boon Foo Edward , Keng Victor
Published: April 2005

Background:  The usage of circular stapled haemorrhoidectomy (CSH) has increased dramatically in recent years. Hitherto this has been performed using regional or general anaesthesia. The present study assesses the feasibility of performing CSH under local anaesthesia on an ambulatory basis and its acceptance by patients.

Methods:  Sixty patients with symptomatic third or fourth degree haemorrhoids were randomized into two groups. Group A patients had CSH under regional anaesthesia (i.e spinal anaesthesia) and were discharged the next day and group B patients had CSH under local anaesthesia and were discharged on the same admission day. Both groups were assessed by visual analogue pain score. In addition, group B patients were asked questions regarding their satisfaction with the procedure.

Results:  No significant differences in pain score and analgesic requirement were found between the two groups of patients. All patients in group B except for one, reported that they were satisfied to highly satisfied with their procedure.

Conclusions:  Circular stapled haemorrhoidectomy can be performed safely under local anaesthesia in an ambulatory care setting. The potential cost savings that may accrue would offset the cost of the stapler.
BACK TO BASICS: MANAGING GUNSHOT INJURIES IN EAST TIMOR
Authors: Guest Glenn Douglas , Soldanha Saturnino , Walbheim Taco
Published: April 2005

Background:  The management of patients following severe trauma requires a combination of skills. Among these are accurate clinical assessment, basic resuscitation measures, basic general surgical skills and techniques, good decision making and team leadership. More technically advanced imaging and investigations are often useful and can enhance clinical assessment but should not replace the basic elements. In situations where more advanced investigations are not available good outcomes can be achieved by application of the basic principles in trauma management and surgery. This article describes a mass casualty situation of gunshot wounds managed with limited resources and the outcomes.

Methods:  A series of gunshot wounds managed in a single day at Dili National Hospital, Dili, East Timor is described. The presentation of the patients, initial assessment of injuries and haemodynamic stability are detailed in addition to the subsequent surgical treatment, complications and outcomes. The information was obtained from hospital records and personal recollection of the treating doctors. All injuries were documented with digital photography. All patients were managed by two surgeons who also supervised their postoperative course and reported on their outcomes. Surgical procedures on all of the patients were performed by the named two consultant surgeons and one basic surgical trainee.

Results:  Fourteen patients were treated for gunshot injuries. All were single bullet injuries. Six trajectories involved the thoracic or abdominal cavity (one trajectory traversed both). Eight injuries were to limbs or soft tissue of the pelvis and included four compound fractures. Surgical intervention was needed for all patients ranging from emergency laparotomy for haemodynamic instability through to wound debridements. Thirteen patients survived and were discharged from hospital within 3 weeks. One patient died of uncontrolled haemorrhage.

Conclusions:  In the present series of gunshot injuries managed with limited resources a good outcome was achieved with the application of basic principles. The present series emphasizes the importance of basic trauma management as outlined in courses such as Emergency Management of Severe Trauma and the use of basic surgical techniques as taught during the Advanced Surgical training program.
Clinical assessment of the laryngeal tube in pediatric anesthesia
Authors: RICHEBÉ PHILIPPE , SEMJEN FRANÇOIS , CROS ANNE‐MARIE , MAURETTE PIERRE
Published: April 2005

Background : The aim of this study was to evaluate a new device for airway management in children: the laryngeal tube (LTTM).

Methods : The LTTM is available in sizes S0–S3 for pediatric anesthesia. This prospective open study included 70 children ASA 1. The local Ethics Committee approval and parental consent were collected. The primary criterion was the success rate for insertion and ventilation. Secondary criteria were additional maneuvers and incidents elicited from LT use.

Results : Seventy children were included: S0 = 5, S1 = 8, S2 = 36, and S3 = 21. Insertion was successful: at the first attempt in 78.6%, second in 17.1%, and third or more in 4.3%. In 12% of cases it was not possible to successfully insert the LT and proceed to adequate ventilation. Failures were explained by: inability to obtain satisfying ventilation (n = 4), hypoxemia (n = 1), gastric insufflation (n = 6), cough (n = 1), and laryngospasm or stridor (n = 2), some with the same child. Minimal additional maneuvers for adequate ventilation were necessary in 35% of cases (all groups), but <20% when considering only sizes 2 and 3. Moreover, after five cases, the anesthesiologists became more proficient at inserting the LTTM (respectively 73.3% failure before five cases vs 13% afterwards). Gastric insufflation occurred in eight cases (11.4%). Controlled ventilation was used in 30 children and peak inspiratory pressure was 19.2 ± 4 cmH2O.

Conclusions : The LTTM is not recommended for children <10 kg. Over 10 kg, it provides a clear airway in most children, with a low rate of minimal additional maneuvers for sizes 2 and 3. The failure rate also decreases with the operator's training.
Dimensions of the neonatal cricothyroid membrane – how feasible is a surgical cricothyroidotomy?
Authors: NAVSA N. , TOSSEL G. , BOON J.M.
Published: April 2005

Background : Airway management of the neonate remains a cornerstone in neonatal resuscitation which in most cases involves tracheal intubation. However, difficult intubations do occur. Cricothyroidotomy is recognized as an entry point below the vocal cords. This procedure becomes increasingly difficult in young children and is not recommended in children under the age of 5 years. Little is known about the anatomy of the neonatal airway, especially the size of the cricothyroid membrane. The aim of the study was to determine the dimensions of the cricothyroid membrane in neonates.

Methods : Twenty‐seven neonatal cadavers (mean height of 44.89 cm and a mean weight of 2.05 kg) were carefully dissected and the dimensions of the cricothyroid membrane recorded with a digital caliper (accuracy 0.01 mm) by two independent observers.

Results : The cricothyroid membrane has a mean height of 2.61 mm (sd: 0.71) and width of 3.03 mm (sd: 0.63).

Conclusions : Results of this study indicate that the dimensions of the cricothyroid membrane are too small for passing a tracheal tube as the dimensions of the tube exceeds that of the cricothyroid membrane. This could fracture the cartilages of the larynx. The performance of a surgical cricothyroidotomy with passing of a tracheal tube is therefore strongly discouraged in neonatal patients.
Induction of anesthesia in a combative child; management and issues
Authors: CHRISTIANSEN ELAINE , CHAMBERS NEIL
Published: April 2005

A developmentally delayed, 13‐year old autistic boy required management of multifocal cerebral and pulmonary tumors, involving several anesthetics over a 4‐month period. At each anesthetic he refused premedication, displayed increasing anxiety and became more combative. With parental guidance and involvement, a variety of anesthetists tried a range of techniques to achieve induction, each ultimately resorting to the use of physical restraint. Principles essential to the care of such a child include early recognition, parental support, multi‐disciplinary planning of procedures requiring general anesthesia, continuity of anesthesia care, and clear guidelines about the perioperative management of uncooperative children, including the ethical use of restraint.
Do Voluntary Biotechnology Labels Matter to the Consumer? Evidence from the Fluid Milk Market
Authors: Kiesel Kristin , Buschena David , Smith Vincent
Published: April 2005

This article examines the effects on the demand of voluntary labeling for the use of genetically modified growth hormone for retail fluid milk using supermarket scanner data. Retail fluid milk tracks one of the first biotechnology products approved, is fairly standardized and ubiquitous, and allows for cross‐sectional differentiation between labeled and unlabeled products and between conventional and organic brands. The results indicate that voluntary labeling increases the demand for recombinant bovine growth hormone free milk. In addition, the estimated effects of labeling appear to have increased over time.
A Multivariate Sample‐Selection Model: Estimating Cigarette and Alcohol Demands with Zero Observations
Authors: Yen Steven T.
Published: April 2005

Heckman's sample‐selection model is generalized to the multivariate case and used to estimate demands for cigarettes, beer, and wine by individuals in the United States. The specification allows correlations between the error terms of multiple selection and level equations, and nests the popular bivariate sample‐selection model and two‐part model. Empirical results suggest that the proposed model performs better than the restricted specifications. Differentiated effects of variables on probabilities and levels of consumption also suggest rejection of the Tobit system. Gender differences are present, and demographic variables are more important than income in determining consumption of cigarettes, beer, and wine.
Output Price Subsidies in a Stochastic World
Authors: Chambers Robert G. , Quiggin John
Published: April 2005

This article studies the comparative statics of output subsidies for firms, with monotonic preferences over costs and returns, that face price and production uncertainty. The modeling of deficiency payments, support‐price schemes, and stochastic supply shifts in a state‐space framework is discussed. It is shown how these notions can be used, via a simple application of Shephard's lemma, to analyze input‐demand shifts once comparative‐static results for supply are available. A range of comparative‐static results for supply are then developed and discussed.
Local Leaders in a Global Setting: Dependency and Resistance in Regional New South Wales and Newfoundland
Authors: Gray Ian , Sinclair Peter
Published: April 2005

Small regional communities are having widely different experiences of globalisation but many share dependent relations with corporations and governments. Those which are under threat are often finding themselves dependent on their own resources, including the leadership of local people. This article compares the interpretations of change and the experiences of local leaders in two geographically and historically diverse situations. It finds that despite such diversity, there are similarities of experience. It concludes with some consideration given to state policy regarding community leadership, tempering a view that leadership can provide solutions to regional decline.
Signaling in Political Budget Cycles: How Far Are You Willing to Go?
Authors: STREB JORGE MIGUEL
Published: April 2005

A key assumption in the literature on political cycles with rational voters and opportunistic politicians is that opportunism is common knowledge. In this framework, political cycles have been interpreted as a signal of competency. However, if opportunism is not common knowledge, cycles may no longer indicate competency, but rather opportunism. This is because highly opportunistic incumbents are willing to go farther to be reelected. Since political cycles require discretionality to reallocate budget items, a decrease of discretionality curbs cycles. It may also make elections more effective at selecting competent incumbents.
Health, Wealth, and Fairness
Authors: FLEURBAEY MARC
Published: April 2005

How much health should we have and how should it be distributed? This paper studies how to define social objectives for the allocation of health and income in a setting where individuals may differ in their preferences about health and consumption, earning ability, and health disposition. It is shown, on the basis of three simple ethical principles, that a reasonable social objective is to apply the maximin criterion to “full‐health equivalent” incomes. An application to the choice of the optimal health policy illustrates how this social objective may be used.
Through the Past Darkly: A Review of the British Ability Scales Second Edition
Authors: Hill Vivian
Published: April 2005

This article provides a review of the British Ability Scales, Second Edition (BAS II) for applied psychologists; it aims to describe the special features of the scale, highlighting implications for practice, as well as describing the developments in psychometry this scale represents in comparison with other widely used tests. Although the BAS has been in use since 1979 and represents a more contemporary psychometric model of human ability, with British norms, it is not as widely used in British research or applied psychological assessment as might be anticipated; traditional allegiances to the older, more established, Anglicised standardisation of the American Wechsler scales appear to persist.
A Multi‐Dimensional Perspective of Adolescents' Self‐Cutting
Authors: Yip Kam‐shing
Published: April 2005

Adolescent self‐cutting behaviours has a long been a problem in modern society. In this paper, the writer tries review six perspectives in interpreting adolescent self‐cutting behaviours. Based on these six perspectives, the writer tries to re‐conceptualise a multidimensional model on adolescent self‐cutting behaviours. This model tries to include the family system, peer system and socio‐cultural context in perceiving the antecedents, process and aftermath in adolescents’ self cutting behaviours. The implications of this perspective to intervention with adolescents are also discussed.
A geographical perspective on poverty–environment interactions
Authors: GRAY LESLIE C , MOSELEY WILLIAM G
Published: April 2005

This paper examines prevailing wisdoms on the topic of poverty–environmental interactions, problematizes some standard assumptions and interrogates the geographical literature on the subject. Dominant development discourse has tended to blame the poor for environmental degradation, ignoring the role of other processes and actors at various scales in causing environmental degradation. We examine how definitions of poverty, institutional arrangements, conventional economic models and assumed feedback loops may influence our understanding of poverty–environment interactions. The article gives particular attention to the political ecology approach as a lens through which this dynamic may be understood. Recent work in political ecology has broadened views of poverty–environment interactions by focusing on issues of power, scale and discourse in influencing outcomes and policies.
Poverty, hunger and population policy: linking Cairo with Johannesburg
Authors: YOUNG ANTHONY
Published: April 2005

Attitudes to population policy taken by major international institutions display a lack of symmetry. Population‐based institutions forcefully set out the effects of population on development and human welfare. In contrast, institutions and lobbies concerned with hunger, poverty and environment, brought together at the 2003 World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, treat population growth as a given, independent, variable. This paper gives a land resources viewpoint. It includes a case study of Malawi and cross‐country statistical comparisons. Official estimates of the extent of spare land, cultivable but not presently cultivated, are challenged. It is concluded that in low‐income, food‐deficit countries population increase has reduced, in some areas nullified, advances in agricultural development. Following the 1994 UN Conference on Population and Development in Cairo, a set of ethically acceptable measures for reducing population growth received general acceptance. All concerned with poverty, hunger and environment should follow the policy road from Cairo to Johannesburg. If greater efforts are not made to reduce rates of population increase, the targets of the Millennium declaration will not be met, and the suffering which these cause will continue. Statements about agriculture, food security, poverty and sustainability should recognize that population is not an external variable but an integral part of development.
Modified TEI Index: A Promising Parameter in Essential Hypertension?
Authors: Keser Nurgül , Yildiz Sezai , Kurtoğ Nuri , Dindar Ismet
Published: April 2005

Purpose: Modified TEI index is pointed to be more effective in the evaluation of global cardiac functions compared to systolic and diastolic measurements alone. We planned to determine its applicability in hypertension and relation with left ventricular mass index (LVMI). Methods: We studied 48 patients with mild/moderate hypertension and normal coronary angiograms. In total 22 patients (12 men, 10 women, mean age: 55 ± 6) with normal LVMI were studied in group I, 26 patients (12 men, 14 women, mean age: 57 ± 7) with increased LVMI in group II, and 20 patients (10 men, 10 women, mean age: 53 ± 7) with normal blood pressure as a control group. Standard 2D, Doppler, and mitral annulus pulse wave tissue Doppler were used for all measurements. Modified TEI index was calculated as diastolic time interval measured from end of Am wave to origin of Em (a′) minus systolic Sm duration (b′) divided by b(a′−b′/b′). Results: Modified TEI index was significantly higher in both groups than normal group and in group II than in group I. (Control group: 0.33 ± 0.05, group I: 0.51 ± 0.17, group II: 0.68 ± 0.16, P< 0.0001). Conclusion: Modified TEI index, a marker of left ventricular systolic and diastolic functions, is impaired in hypertensives before hypertrophy develops and impairment is more prominent in hypertrophy. Therefore, (1) modified TEI index in hypertensives is a safe, feasible, and sensitive index for evaluation of global ventricular functions. (2) Evaluation of hypertensives with this index periodically may guide interventions directed toward saving systolic and diastolic functions. (3) Modified TEI index is gaining importance as a complementary parameter to standard Doppler or in cases where standard Doppler has its limitations.
Preload Dependence of Doppler Tissue Imaging Derived Indexes of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function
Authors: Oğuzhan Abdurrahman , Arınç Hüseyin , Abacı Adnan , Topsakal Ramazan , Kemal Eryol Namık , Özdoğru İbrahim , Basar Emrullah , Ergin Ali
Published: April 2005

Doppler tissue imaging (DTI) has been proposed as a tool for the evaluation of diastolic function. Controversy exists regarding whether DTI measurements are influenced by preload. Changes in the circulating volume associated with hemodialysis result in preload reduction. To determine the influence of preload reduction on DTI and standard pulsed‐Doppler transmitral diastolic velocities, 30 patients (mean age 41 ± 14) with chronic renal insufficiency without overt heart disease were studied by DTI and standard pulsed Doppler before and after hemodialysis. From the apical window, DTI sample volume was placed at the lateral and septal mitral annulus and at the midsegment of lateral and septal myocardial wall of the left ventricle. Peak early diastolic annular and myocardial, and peak late diastolic annular and myocardial velocities were measured. Transmitral peak early and late diastolic velocities were also recorded by standard pulsed Doppler. The peak velocity of early diastolic mitral flow decreased from 100 ± 30 to 85 ± 34 cm/s (P < 0.001) after hemodialysis. Hemodialysis elicited marked reduction in early diastolic lateral mitral annular and midlateral myocardial velocities (6.9 ± 3.2 to 6.3 ± 2.9 cm/s, P < 0.04 and 6.7 ± 0.3 to 5.5 ± 2 cm/s, P < 0.001, respectively). Early diastolic, septal mitral annular, and midseptal myocardial velocities were also significantly decreased (5.8 ± 2.8 to 4.6 ± 2 cm/s, P < 0.006 and 6.2 ± 2 to 5.1 ± 1 cm/s, P < 0.008, respectively). Late diastolic mitral annular and myocardial velocities did not change. It is concluded that early diastolic mitral annular and myocardial velocities are affected by acute preload reduction. It is necessary to consider preload when diastolic function is assessed by DTI.
Live Three‐Dimensional Right Parasternal and Supraclavicular Transthoracic Echocardiographic Examination*
Authors: Patel Vinod , Nanda Navin C. , Upendram Sailendra , Enar Sibel , Mehmood Farhat , Vengala Srinivas , Frans Ebenezer , Bodiwala Kunal
Published: April 2005

In the present study, we describe the usefulness of the recently developed technique of live three‐dimensional transthoracic echocardiography in the assessment of normal cardiac structures and adjacent vessels using the right parasternal and supraclavicular approaches. Examples of some abnormalities diagnosed from these approaches are also illustrated.
Common mental disorders and use of general health services: a review of the literature on population‐based studies
Authors: Koopmans G. T. , Donker M. C. H. , Rutten F. H. H.
Published: April 2005

Objective:  To review population‐based studies on the association between common mental disorders and the use of general (non‐mental) health care services.

Method:  Literature search in Medline and PsychLit databases. Only studies with a prospective design and correction for somatic morbidity were included for review.

Results:  On the most general level of outcomes considered and in the majority of studies, mental disorders were associated with higher service use. This general tendency is not consistently reflected in the use of specific health care services, but is materialized in different patterns of out‐patient and in‐patient service utilization, which vary from study to study. Findings for the elderly were less clear‐cut than for other age groups.

Conclusion:  Mental disorders are related to higher general health care service use on a global, aggregated level. These associations are not specific for certain types of services.
Atypical mood stabilizers: a ‘typical’ role for atypical antipsychotics
Authors: Malhi G. S. , Berk M. , Bourin M. , Ivanovski B. , Dodd S. , Lagopoulos J. , Mitchell P. B.
Published: April 2005

Objective:  To assess the potential role of atypical antipsychotics as mood stabilizers.

Method:  A MedLine, PsychLIT, PubMed, and EMBASE literature search of papers published up to December 2004 was conducted using the names of atypical antipsychotics and a number of key terms relevant to bipolar disorder. Additional articles were retrieved by scrutinizing the bibliographies of review papers and literature known to the authors. Data pertinent to the objective was reviewed according to the various phases of bipolar disorder.

Results:  The data is most substantive for the use of atypical antipsychotics in mania, to the extent that an argument for a class effect of significant efficacy can be made. This does not extend to bipolar depression, however, good data is now emerging for some agents and will need to be considered for each individual agent as it accumulates. As regards mixed states and rapid cycling the evidence is thus far sparse and too few maintenance studies have been conducted to make any firm assertions. However, with respect to long‐term therapy the atypical antipsychotics do have clinically significant side‐effects of which clinicians need to be aware.

Conclusion:  Based on the evidence thus far it is perhaps premature to describe the atypical antipsychotics as mood stabilizers. Individual agents may eventually be able to claim this label, however, much further research is needed especially with respect to maintenance and relapse prevention.
Industrial slag chemistry: A case study of computational thermodynamics
Authors: Taskinen Pekka , Dinsdale Alan , Gisby John
Published: April 2005

Thermodynamics has been used for evaluating phase ilibria in metals production processes at elevated temperatures already for more than half a century. The computational approach to phase ilibria of industrial systems is possible once assessed and internally consistent thermochemical databases are extensive enough to allow calculations in systems containing more than just 3 or 4 components. This paper describes the development of an oxide database Mtox developed at the National Physical laboratory under an industrially funded project coordinated by MIRO with up to 7 thermodynamic components and several subsets with additional components. The primary focus in the database development work has been metal smelting and refining processes, but also selected other high‐temperature production environments have been considered. Selected applications of the Mtox database will be reviewed, including the obtained practical benefits of computational thermodynamics (CT) to the industrial end users.
Dynamic model of liquid levels in the blast furnace hearth
Authors: Saxén Henrik , Brännbacka Johnny
Published: April 2005

A mathematical model has been developed to provide real‐time information about the important stages of the tapping operation of the ironmaking blast furnace (BF). The model tracks the levels of molten iron and slag inside the hearth based on a continuous analysis of produced and tapped liquid quantities, further considering the internal state of the hearth, including its geometry and the state of the coke bed. Because of inaccuracies in the model and in the measurements from the process, an optimal filtering method, the extended Kalman filter, is applied to provide reasonable liquid level estimates. For real‐time predictions, the model additionally utilizes measurements of the electromotive force (emf) between two electrodes attached to the furnace shell, and predicts the occurrence of important events in the tap cycle, such as the duration of the present tap. The model has been found to provide valuable information about the crucial steps in the tap cycle.
Kinetics of reduction of lead smelting slags with solid carbon
Authors: Kinaev Nikolai N. , Jak Evgueni , Hayes Peter C.
Published: April 2005

Research techniques and a methodology have been developed that enable the reduction kinetics of molten lead smelting slags with solid carbon to be studied. The rates of reduction of PbO–FeO–Fe2O3–CaO–SiO2 slags with carbon have been measured for a range of slag compositions for PbO concentrations between 3 and 100 weight percent, and temperatures between 1423 and 1573 K. The reduction rates were determined for both graphite and coke. Within the range of process conditions examined, it has been shown that the reaction rates are almost independent of carbon reactivity, SiO2/CaO and SiO2/Fe ratio in the range of compositions investigated and are not influenced by the presence of sulphur in the slag.The apparent first order rate constants for oxygen removal increase with increasing PbO concentration and oxygen activity in the slag. The data indicate that the rate limiting reaction step for the reduction of lead slags with solid carbon is the chemical reaction at the gas/slag interface.
Phase equilibrium and thermodynamic properties of SiO2–CaO–FeOx slags for copper smelting—research achievements of Professor Yoichi Takeda
Authors: Yamaguchi Katsunori , Ueda Shigeru , Takeda Yoichi
Published: April 2005

Although the iron silicate slags are being widely used in extractive metallurgy, they represent some inherent inconveniences such as the loss of valuable metals and the low holding capacity for iron oxides, especially, for magnetite. In this respect, the SiO2–CaO–FeOx slags have attracted the attention as new slag systems. The late Professor Yoichi Takeda had investigated the phase relations and thermodynamic properties of the SiO2–CaO–FeOx slag systems, and his great achievements in the following studies are reviewed: (1) determination of phase relations and oxygen potential in the CaO–FeOx based slag systems, (2) activity coefficients of the slag components, (3) distribution ratio of some minor elements between the slag and copper phases in relation to the oxygen potential and (4) sulfide and oxide solubility of copper in the slags in relation to the matte grade. These results have provided very important information for use of the SiO2–CaO–FeOx slags in copper smelting and non‐ferrous metallurgical processes, e.g. he had suggested the availability of these slags for smelting high‐grade copper mattes.
The accuracy of individual self‐reported items to determine periodontal disease history
Authors: Dietrich Thomas , Stosch Ulrike , Dietrich Dieter , Schamberger Daniela , Bernimoulin Jean‐Pierre , Joshipura Kaumudi
Published: April 2005

The objective of this study was to evaluate the validity of self‐reported periodontal disease and symptoms to predict periodontal disease history in a German population. We analysed data from 246 patients who answered a self‐administered questionnaire on self‐perceived periodontal disease and self‐reported symptoms of periodontal disease. Actual periodontal status was assessed from panoramic radiographs and periodontal disease was defined as ≥ 3 teeth with radiographic alveolar bone loss (ABL) > 5 mm (prevalence 39%). Sensitivity (SN) and specificity (SP) of self‐reported items for diagnosis of periodontal disease history were calculated. The diagnostic accuracy of any individual item was generally low. For example, self‐perceived periodontal disease had SN of 49% and SP of 67%. All self‐reported items had low sensitivity, while self‐reported professionally diagnosed bone loss, tooth loss caused by periodontal disease and mobility had SP > 90%. In conclusion, we did not identify a single individual question that can assess periodontal disease from self‐reporting with satisfactory validity. Future studies will evaluate whether multivariate prediction rules using information from several self‐reported variables are a valid means to ascertain periodontal disease history.
Clinical fit of all‐ceramic three‐unit fixed partial dentures, generated with three different CAD/CAM systems
Authors: Reich Sven , Wichmann Manfred , Nkenke Emeka , Proeschel Peter
Published: April 2005

In this study, the hypothesis was tested that the marginal and internal fit of CAD/CAM fabricated all‐ceramic three‐unit fixed partial dentures (FPDs) can be as good as in metal–ceramic FPDs. Twenty‐four all‐ceramic FPDs were fabricated and randomly subdivided into three equally sized groups. Eight frameworks were fabricated using the Digident CAD/CAM system (DIGI), another eight frameworks using the Cerec Inlab system (INLA). Vita Inceram Zirkonia blanks were used for both groups. In a third group frameworks were milled from yttrium‐stabilized Zirconium blanks using the Lava system (LAVA). All frameworks were layered with ceramic veneering material. In addition, six three‐unit metal‐ceramic FPDs served as control group. All FPDs were evaluated using a replica technique with a light body silicone stabilized with a heavy body material. The replica samples were examined under microscope. The medians of marginal gaps were 75 µm for DIGI, 65 µm for LAVA and INLA and 54 µm for the conventional FPDs. Only the DIGI data differed significantly from those of the conventional FPDs. Within the limits of this study, the results suggest that the accuracy of CAD/CAM generated three‐unit FPDs is satisfactory for clinical use.
Vascular status in human primary and permanent teeth in health and disease
Authors: Rodd Helen D. , Boissonade Fiona M.
Published: April 2005

The present study sought to compare the vascular status of human primary teeth with that of human permanent teeth, and to determine whether caries or painful pulpitis was associated with changes in vascularity. Coronal pulps were removed from 62 primary and 62 permanent mandibular molars with a known pain history. Teeth were categorized as intact, moderately carious or grossly carious. Pulp sections were labelled with Ulex europaeus I lectin (UEIL), which is a marker of human vascular endothelium. Image analysis was then used to quantify the percentage area of UEIL‐labelled tissue (vascularity) and the number of blood vessels present within three regions: the pulp horn, the subodontoblastic region, and the mid‐coronal pulp. Only the mid‐coronal region of the primary tooth pulp was found to be significantly more vascular than the corresponding area of the permanent tooth pulp. Both dentitions showed a significant increase in vascularity within the pulp horn region with caries progression, but this was not accompanied by an increase in vessel number. There was no correlation between vascularity and pain symptoms. These findings suggest that the primary tooth pulp is more vascular than its successor within the mid‐coronal region. However, the functional and clinical significance of this finding remains speculative.
Dynamic protein expression patterns during intraoral wound healing in the rat
Authors: Van Beurden Hugo E. , Snoek Patricia A. M. , Von den Hoff Johannes W. , Torensma Ruurd , Maltha Jaap C. , Kuijpers‐Jagtman Anne M.
Published: April 2005

Wound healing after cleft palate surgery is often associated with impairment of maxillary growth and dento‐alveolar development. Wound contraction and scar tissue formation contribute strongly to these effects. In vitro studies have revealed that fibroblasts isolated during different phases of palatal wound healing show phenotypical differences. They change from a quiescent to an activated state and then partly back to a quiescent state. In this study, we evaluated the existence of fibroblast phenotypes at several time‐points during palatal wound healing in the rat. Based on cytoskeletal changes (α‐sma, vimentin, vinculin), integrin expression (α1, α2, αv and β1) and changes in cellularity, we conclude that phenotypically different fibroblast populations are also present during in vivo wound healing. α‐sma and the integrin subunits α1 and αv were significantly up‐regulated, and vinculin was significantly down‐regulated, at early time‐points compared to late time‐points in wound healing. These changes point to an activated fibroblast state early in wound healing. Later in wound healing, these activated fibroblasts return only partially to the unwounded situation. These results strongly support the idea that different fibroblast populations with specific phenotypes occur in the course of palatal wound healing.
Plasticizers in denture soft‐lining materials: leaching and biodegradation
Authors: Munksgaard E. Christian
Published: April 2005

The leaching from soft lining materials into an aqueous buffer with the same esterase activity as that of saliva was compared to leaching into buffer without esterase activity. The buffer contained 0.1% non‐ionic detergent, giving the medium a capacity to dissolve phthalates to the same degree as saliva. The hypothesis that esterase in the immersion medium will increase the rate of diffusion of plasticizers from denture soft‐lining material was confirmed by the results. The average leaching of phthalates from 5.5 g of one of the materials was 4.5 mg kg−1 d−1 within the first 2 d and 1.1 mg kg−1 d−1 within the first 28 d. These levels may be compared to a LOAEL (lowest observed adverse effect level) of 52 mg kg−1. It is concluded that an esterase activity, equivalent to that in saliva, in the immersion medium for soft lining materials increased the rate of diffusion of plasticizer from the materials. The measured levels of phthalates leaching from these materials might in vivo only be slightly less than 1/10 of the LOAEL given above.
Enhancement of Both EDHF and NO/cGMP Pathways is Necessary to Reverse Erectile Dysfunction in Diabetic Rats
Authors: Angulo Javier , Cuevas Pedro , Gabancho Sonia , Gonzalez-Corrochano Rocio , Videla Sebastian , de Tejada Iñigo Saenz
Published: April 2005

Aims and Methods

Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors are less effective in the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED) in diabetic men than in nondiabetic patients. We have evaluated the effects of sildenafil, a PDE5 inhibitor that enhances the nitric oxide (NO)/cGMP pathway, calcium dobesilate (DOBE), which potentiates endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF)-mediated responses and the combination of both on erectile responses elicited by cavernosal nerve electrical stimulation (CNES) in a rat model of ED after 8 weeks of streptozotocin-induced diabetes.

Results

After 8 weeks of diabetes, erectile responses to CNES were significantly decreased in diabetic animals compared with nondiabetic time controls. While intravenous administration of sildenafil (0.3 mg/kg) or DOBE (10 mg/kg), individually, enhanced erectile responses in nondiabetic rats (214.7 ± 34.1% and 268.5 ± 30.1% of control response at 1 Hz, respectively), each failed to significantly enhance erectile responses in diabetic rats. Only when administered in combination did DOBE and sildenafil markedly potentiate erectile responses in these animals (380.1 ± 88.6% of control response at 1 Hz), completely restoring erectile function.

Conclusions

These findings emphasize the importance of NO/cGMP and EDHF pathways for normal erectile function. They also give support to the in vitro observation that diabetes impairs NO and EDHF-dependent responses, precluding the complete recovery of erectile function with PDE5 inhibitors and explaining the relatively poor clinical response of diabetic men with ED to PDE5 inhibition. Finally, our study suggests that a pharmacological approach that combines enhancement of NO/cGMP and EDHF pathways could be necessary to treat ED in many diabetic men.
Persistent Sexual Arousal Syndrome: A Descriptive Study
Authors: Leiblum Sandra , Brown Candace , Wan Jim , Rawlinson Leslie
Published: April 2005

Introduction

Persistent sexual arousal disorder (PSAS) is a poorly documented condition characterized by persistent genital arousal in the absence of conscious feelings of sexual desire.

Aim

To determine whether there are replicable features associated with PSAS, to describe salient characteristics of women reporting this condition, and to determine predictors of distress.

Methods

A 46-item Internet survey containing demographic information, symptom description, triggers, exacerbation and relief measures, distress ratings, and life and sexual satisfaction was placed on a secure server.

Main Outcome Measures

Frequency analyses of descriptive data, and stepwise multiple regression analysis to identify independent predictors of level of distress.

Results

Of the 103 respondents, most were in good health, well educated, and in long-term relationships. Ninety-eight percent of respondents met at least one criterion for PSAS and 53% met all five criteria. Involuntary genital and clitoral arousal persisting for extended time periods, genital arousal unrelated to subjective feelings of sexual desire, and genital arousal not relieved with orgasms were the most frequently endorsed features associated with this syndrome. Symptom triggers included sexual stimulation, masturbation, stress, and anxiety. Distress about the condition was low in 25%, moderate in 35%, and high in 40% of respondents. The strongest predictors of distress were intrusive and unwanted feelings of genital arousal (P < 0.0001), continuous symptoms (P < 0. 001), feelings of unhappiness (P < 0.03), shame (P = 0.0001) and worry (P = 0.01), reduced sexual satisfaction (P < 0.004), enjoyment of symptoms some of the time (P = 0.01), and relationship status (P < 0.004).

Conclusions

The results of this research support the description of a condition (persistent sexual arousal) involving involuntary genital and clitoral arousal unrelated to subjective feelings of sexual desire which persists despite one or more orgasms and which usually feels intrusive and unwanted. Varying levels of distress were identified with this condition as well as a variety of primarily negative emotional reactions.
Persistent Sexual Arousal Syndrome Associated with Increased Soy Intake
Authors: Amsterdam Alison , Abu-Rustum Nadeem , Carter Jeanne , Krychman Michael
Published: April 2005

Introduction

Persistent sexual arousal syndrome is an uncommon sexual complaint. Patients with this disorder can be distressed by the escalation of tension in the pelvic region and the prevailing necessity to diminish the pressure by self-stimulation. Patients frequently suffer from guilt or shame and often do not seek medical care. There are many potential causes of this disorder; however, a definitive etiology has yet to be elucidated.

Case

The patient is a 44-year-old female who presented to her gynecologist for evaluation of dysmenorrhea and menometrorrhagia. During the review of systems, the patient reported 5–6 months of increased pelvic tension, not associated with an increase in desire that required her to self-stimulate to orgasm approximately 15 times daily. Upon further inquiry, the patient disclosed that her dietary regimen included soy intake in excess of 4 pounds per day that began approximately 1 month prior to the onset of symptoms.

Results

Treatment consisted of supportive counseling and dietary modification. At the 3-month follow-up visit, the patient's menstrual difficulties and sexual complaints resolved.

Conclusions

Although no known cause or cure of persistent sexual arousal syndrome has been identified to date, the success of reducing dietary of phytoestrogens in this patient may provide insight into the etiology of the disorder and suggest potential treatments.