bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Configurations sociales et jeux politiques aux confins de l’empire espagnol
Authors: Bertrand Michel
Published: May 2019

L’interrogation relative aux structures sociales coloniales n’a cessé de proposer, de longue date, une orientation de réflexion particulièrement féconde. Pourtant, si l’objet d’enquête n’a pas été radicalement modifié, la manière de l’aborder a, depuis une quinzaine d’années, profondément changé. L’approche en termes de structures a été progressivement abandonnée au profit de nouveaux questionnements provenant de la microanalyse du social. Dans cette démarche, le recours à de nouveaux outils – liens, réseaux sociaux, configurations, à même de restituer les dynamismes sociaux et non plus seulement les structures – s’est imposé. C’est cette optique méthodologique qui est appliquée ici au monde des élites sociales de la ville de Guatemala à l’extrême fin du xviiiesiècle. A la suite de l’imposition des réformes administratives, processus qui s’accéléra avec la décennie 1780, les élites cherchèrent à s’adapter aux nouvelles règles du jeu politique. Les années ultérieures, faites de tensions, de conflits et de crises, se révèlent alors comme un moment particulièrement propice pour repenser les modalités de structuration sociale.
La Nouvelle-Orléans auxviiiesiècle
Authors: Dawdy Shannon Lee
Published: May 2019

Cet article étudie les flux économiques et sociaux à la Nouvelle-Orléans auxviiiesiècle. Il a pour objectif de démontrer que les thèses de Braudel sur l’influence des courants maritimes et la force d’attraction du capitalisme peuvent être étendues à la « Méditerranée du Nouveau monde» qu’était la région comprise entre le Mississippi et les Caraïbes. Les Amérindiens voyageaient et commerçaient dans la région depuis fort longtemps, ce qui a influencé le choix du site de La Nouvelle-Orléans, tandis que la navigation était rendue possible par les marins et constructeurs de bateaux d’origine africaine. Cependant, l’économie maritime de La Nouvelle-Orléans ne peut être uniquement expliquée par le jeu du capitalisme classique. La contrebande et le capital social ont joué un rôle extrêmement important dans la formation de la ville. La Nouvelle-Orléans n’était qu’un des nombreux mondes clandestins qui s’épanouissaient à l’époque en marge des voies commerciales officielles.
Homoérotismes et trames historiographiques du monde islamique
Authors: Dakhlia Jocelyne
Published: May 2019

Plusieurs études récentes sont consacrées à la question de l’homoérotisme masculin dans le monde islamique, et elles concernent le monde arabe et ottoman aussi bien que l’Iran. Elles décrivent et analysent une situation de relative légitimité historique de l’homosocialité masculine et de l’homoérotisme, certes assortie de débats, question que l’on connaît notamment par la littérature et la poésie mais aussi par la mystique. Or, ces études ont en commun de révéler avec une grande acuité une forte tension en matière d’écriture de l’histoire dans la manière dont elles envisagent l’évolution de la sexualité et des rapports à l’Occident à cet égard. La thématique foucaldienne de l’invention de l’homosexuel(le) au XIXesiècle induit un schème explicite ou latent de l’« influence » occidentale au XIXesiècle et à l’heure des réformes nationalistes du XXesiècle, ce qui surdétermine dans une certaine mesure la problématique du «contact» avec les sociétés occidentales. Il en résulte une vision passablement traumatique de l’histoire de la sexualité dans l’ère contemporaine. En sens inverse, ces études, pour les périodes du premier âge moderne ou même médiéval, suggèrent volontiers une forte similarité des rapports à la sexualité dans le monde islamique et dans l’Europe chrétienne, avant la constitution catégorielle de l’homosexualité, mais repoussent alors la problématique de la « rupture » ultérieure avec l’homoérotisme et la question de sa périodisation dans une histoire politique et géopolitique toute contemporaines.
Michel Foucault, l’économie politique et le libéralisme
Authors: Grenier Jean-Yves , Orléan André
Published: May 2019

Dans les deux cours qu’il donna entre 1977 et 1979 au Collège de France(Sécurité, territoire, populationetNaissance de la biopolitique), Michel Foucault entreprend d’étudier la « gouvernementalité », c’est-à-dire le mode de gouvernement des populations. Délaissant la dimension disciplinaire explorée dansSurveiller et punir(1975), il s’intéresse au libéralisme et aux mécanismes d’auto-limitation gouvernementale. Cet article étudie la façon dont Michel Foucault mobilise à cet effet l’économie politique, qu’il s’agisse de l’économie politique du XVIIIesiècle, de l’ordo-libéralisme allemand ou des théories américaines du capital humain. Il met en évidence l’inventivité conceptuelle dont fait preuve le philosophe mais aussi les contradictions auxquelles il se heurte quand il entend poser l’économie comme la gouvernementalité par excellence. L’article s’achève par une interrogation sur les raisons d’un intérêt si marqué pour le libéralisme, montrant comment ce détour expérimental permet à Michel Foucault de penser autrement et de façon radicale l’autonomie du sujet.
De bonnes idées en quête de nombres: Réponse à Gilles Postel-Vinay et R. Bin Wong
Authors: Lindert Peter H.
Published: May 2019

Dans un livre marquant –Growing public– Peter Lindert propose d’analyser les dépenses publiques de redistribution en examinant l’économie politique des mesures prises dans un large éventail de pays au cours des trois derniers siècles. L’ambition est de rendre compte de l’histoire des politiques sociales, du rythme de leur développement, de leurs variations d’un pays à l’autre et des effets qu’elles ont eus.

Par l’éclairage nouveau qu’il apporte sur l’histoire de cet ensemble de transferts – des dépenses d’assistance aux pauvres ou d’éducation jusqu’aux formes actuelles de sécurité sociale –, le livre appelle au débat. Comme l’auteur a construit son enquête sur un modèle dont il dégage les éléments à partir de l’examen minutieux des expériences divergentes des pays d’Europe de l’ouest depuis le XVIIIesiècle, une façon de mettre à l’épreuve sa démarche consiste à se demander si ses conclusions sont tributaires des limites spatiales et temporelles qu’il a retenues. C’est ce que tentent ici R. Bin Wong et Gilles Postel-Vinay. L’un déplace l’analyse vers d’autres espaces – en l’occurrence la Chine – l’autre revient sur les expériences européennes soit en les situant dans une durée plus longue soit en faisant varier l’échelle de l’analyse pour se situer au niveau le plus décentralisé auquel sont prises les décisions. Peter Lindert répond à l’un et l’autre.
Richard Taylor. Alzheimer's from the Inside Out. Baltimore: Health Professions Press, 2006.
Authors: Gorman Maureen
Published: May 2019

Le Dr Richard Taylor est devenu le héro et le modèle de rôle de ce réviseur, à titre de psychologue qui entreprend maintenant son voyage dans les étapes intermédiaires de la maladie d'Alzheimer. Même si cela peut sembler improbable, M. Taylor est de fait le parfait exemple du modèle scientifique-praticien en psychologie qui mise beaucoup sur son expertise en recherche (compilant systématiquement ses notes et les classant à l'aide de l'informatique), et il est comme un observateur attentif et un professeur qui l'aide à formuler sa «méthode d'enquête» afin de créer une étude phénoménologique de son expérience comme participant-observateur dans un milieu naturaliste. Ici, les milieux autour desquels s'articule sa documentation comprennent notamment l'esprit de M. Taylor (ses pensées et ses sentiments), les liens de rapports mutuels avec sa famille, ses amis et ses fournisseurs de soins professionnels, et son environnement physique. Il associe toutes ces données à un excellent matériel documentaire d'appoint, et envoie aux fournisseurs de soins de santé professionnels, aux membres des familles et aux personnes souffrant de la maladie d'Alzheimer le message qu'il faut prendre des mesures visant à défendre et à faire valoir les intérêts de ces personnes, afin de mieux comprendre la maladie et les soins à donner aux personnes qui en sont atteintes.
Health Care Business and Historiographical Exchange
Authors: Swenson Peter A.
Published: May 2019

Before addressing the commentators for their thoughtful input on “Misrepresented Interests,” let me first thank the editors ofStudies in American Political Developmentfor providing a forum for an enduring debate about the power of capitalists in capitalist democracies like the United States. As a comparativist, I ventured into that complicated territory after extensive research in Sweden, where I discovered to my great surprise that the Social Democrat labor movement was kicking at open doors as it introduced each piece of Sweden's famous system of industrial relations and social insurance. Sweden's undeniably powerful employers stood contentedly aside and had no interest in closing the doors afterward. I was able to come to that conclusion with confidence only because the Swedish Employers’ Confederation had allowed me extraordinary access to their entire archives, confidential minutes, internal and external correspondence, and the diaries of a former chief executive.
Do findings from new trials for schizophrenia fit with existing evidence: not duped … just beguiled?
Authors: Adams Clive E. , Jayaram Mahesh
Published: May 2019

No treatment has caused a greater revolution in the treatment of people with schizophrenia than chlorpromazine. The new generation of drugs has been embraced by psychiatry with an enthusiasm fostered by the unmet needs of both patients and industry. Recent, independently funded trials have highlighted already existing data illustrating how the new antipsychotics drugs are an additional advance but not a revolution. In this story there are lessons for psychiatry to opt for science rather than seduction.
The future of specialist community teams in the care of those with severe mental illness
Authors: Tyrer Peter
Published: May 2019

Aims – Specialist interventions in community psychiatry for severe mental illness are expanding and their place needs to be re-examined. Methods – Recent literature is reviewed to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of specialist teams. Results – Good community mental health services reduce drop out from care, prevent suicide and unnatural deaths, and reduce admission to hospital. Most of these features have been also demonstrated by assertive community outreach and crisis resolution teams when good community services are not available. In well established community services assertive community teams do not reduce admission but both practitioners and patients prefer this service to other approaches and it leads to better engagement. Crisis resolution teams appear to be more successful than assertive community teams in preventing admission to hospital, although head- to-head comparisons have not yet been made. All specialist teams have the potential of fragmenting services and thereby reducing continuity of care. Conclusions – The assets of improved engagement and greater satisfaction with assertive, crisis resolution and home treatment teams are clear from recent evidence, but to improve integration of services they are probably best incorporated into community mental health services rather than standing alone.

Declaration of Interest: The author has been the sole consultant in two assertive outreach teams since 1994 and might there- fore be expected to be in favour of this genre of service. He has received grants for evaluation of different services models from the Department of Health (UK) and the Medical Research Council (UK).
Psychometric properties of the SESM, Italian version of the “Consumer constructed Scale to measure empowerment among users of mental health services” (Rogers et al., 1997)
Authors: Straticò Ettore , Mirabella Fiorino , Espositi Marco Degli , Morosini Pierluigi
Published: May 2019

Aims – To present the psychometric properties of the “Consumer–constructed Scale to measure empowerment” (Rogers et al., 1997 ) Italian version. Methods – After briefly recollecting “history”, contents and psychometric features of the original scale, proceeding from Stratico & Degli Esposti's translation (2002), in this paper, the psychometric properties of the Italian version are described. The text of the instrument has been brought for discussion in a users' focus group and subsequently tested for reliability study; a second focus group followed to reach the definitive Italian version. Results – The Italian version of the Scale, consists of 28 items, showed an adequate internal consistency and reliability both for the whole scale and for most of the items, which have shown to have also good discriminative capacity. Conclusions – SESM can be an useful instrument to give empiric evidence supporting empowerment concept. Considering the results, it can be a qualifying and irreplaceable instrument for “empowered condition” evaluation.

Declaration of Interest: no grants and financial support received for the study.
The economics of mental health in the workplace: what do we know and where do we go?
Authors: McDaid David
Published: May 2019

To provide an overview of the economic impact of poor mental health in the workplace and assess the extent to which economic evaluation has been used to further the case for investment in workplace based mental health programmes. Rapid scoping review of published and grey literature. The socio-economic costs of poor mental health in the workplace are substantial but conservative, as few studies have included productivity losses from work cutback, as well as absenteeism. While few economic evaluations of workplace based mental health interventions were identified, the available evidence base suggests that they have the potential to be highly cost effective. Much of this evidence may be from the US and be less applicable elsewhere; it may also have been solely published in company documents making assessment of methodological quality difficult. The potential economic case for workplace based mental health interventions appears good. More collaboration between policy makers and the private sector would help facilitate rigorous and transparent economic evaluations. A number of evaluations are planned. The challenge is to build on these initiatives, in order to address what remains a major gap in our knowledge on the economics of mental health.
Regionalised Tertiary Psychiatric Residential Facilities
Authors: Lesage Alain , Groden David , Goldner Elliot M. , Gelinas Daniel , Arnold Leslie M.
Published: May 2019

Aims– Psychiatric hospitals remain the main venue for long-term mental health care and, despite widespread closures and downsizing, no country that built asylums in the last century has done away with them entirely – with the recent exception of Italy. Differentiated community-based residential alternatives have been developed over the past decades, with staffing levels that range from full-time professional, to daytime only, to part-time/on-call.Methods– This paper reviews the characteristics of community-based psychiatric residential care facilities as an alternative to long-term care in psychiatric hospitals. It describes five factors decision makers should consider: 1. number of residential places needed; 2. staffing levels; 3. physical setting; 4. programming; and 5. governance and financing.Results– In Italy, facilities with full-time professional staff have been developed since the mid-1990s to accommodate the last cohorts of patients discharged from psychiatric hospitals. In the United Kingdom, experiments withhostel wardssince the 1980s have shown that home-like, small-scale facilities with intensive treatment and rehabilitation programming can be effective for the most difficult-to-place patients. More recently in Australia,Community Care Units(CCUs) have been applying this concept. In the Canadian province of British Columbia (BC),Tertiary Psychiatric Residential Facilities (TPRFs)have been developed as part of an effort to regionalise health and social services and downsize and ultimately close its only psychiatric hospital.Conclusions– This type of service must be further developed in addition to the need for forensic, acute-care and intermediate-level beds, as well as for community-based care such as assertive community treatment and intensive case management. All these types of services, together with long-term community-based residential care, constitute the elements of a balanced mental health care system. As part of a region's balanced mental health care plan, these Tertiary Psychiatric Care Facilities have the potential to act as hubs of expertise not only for treatment, rehabilitation, community integration and ser-vice co-ordination for the severely mentally ill, but also for research and training.

Declaration of Interest: None.
Reanimationsentscheidung bei geriatrischen Patienten: Verschiedene Ansichten und mögliche Entscheidungshilfen
Authors: Koch Rolf
Published: May 2019

Zusammenfassung. Die Reanimationsentscheidung bei alten multimorbiden Patienten im Krankenhaus kann schwierig sein und unterschiedlich beurteilt werden, da es keine allgemeingültigen Leitlinien oder verlässliche medizinische Parameter gibt. Die Studie zeigt, dass es bei der Reanimationsentscheidung relevante Unterschiede zwischen Ärzten und Pflegepersonen gibt. Aus Sicht von Ärzten, Pflegepersonen und Angehörigen soll bei einer stark eingeschränkten Kognition, Mobilität sowie Selbstständigkeit auf eine Reanimation verzichtet werden. Nur 8 % der Patienten haben eine Patientenverfügung und 17 % können die Entscheidung am Lebensende nicht mehr selbstständig treffen. ACP ist ein wichtiges Instrument in der Begleitung multimorbider geriatrischer Patienten und deren Angehörigen und kann die Reanimationsentscheidung wie auch die Art des Sterbens optimieren.
Ein Fall für zwei
Authors: Jermini-Gianinazzi Ilaria , Jermini Marco , Di Valentino Marcello
Published: May 2019

Zusammenfassung. Wir berichten über eine 59-jährige Patientin mit Rötung, Hypotonie und retrosternalen Schmerzen nach Verzehr von Thunfisch. Es lag das typische Bild einer Scombroid-Fischvergiftung (Fische der Familie Scombroidae) vor. Dabei handelt es sich um eine Lebensmittelvergiftung, die durch den Verzehr von unsachgemäss gelagertem Fisch, vor allem Thunfisch, Makrele und anderen dunkelfleischigen Fischen, hervorgerufen wird und zu einer anaphylaktischen Reaktion führt. Die für die Kontrolle der Lebensmittelsicherheit verantwortlichen Behörden müssen unverzüglich informiert werden, damit weitere Fälle vermieden werden können und der Histamingehalt in den betroffenen Lebensmitteln gemessen werden kann. Das Auftreten eines akuten Koronarsyndroms im Rahmen einer allergischen Reaktion bezeichnet man als Kounis-Syndrom.
Slab Horizontal Subduction and Slab Tearing Beneath East Asia
Authors: Ma Pengfei , Liu Shaofeng , Gurnis Michael , Zhang Bo
Published: May 2019

The present‐day architecture of subducted slabs in the mantle as inferred from seismic tomography is a record of plate tectonics through geological time. The unusually large slab that lies nearly horizontally above the 660‐km mantle discontinuity beneath East Asia is presumably from subduction of the Pacific plate. Numerical models have been used to explore the mechanical and geophysical factors that contribute to slab stagnation, but the evolution of this horizontal structure is not fully understood because of uncertainties in the plate‐tectonic history and mantle heterogeneity. Here we show that forward mantle‐flow models constrained by updated tectonic reconstructions can essentially fit major features in the seismic tomography beneath East Asia. Specifically, significant tearing propagated through the subducted western Pacific slab as the Philippine Sea plate rotated clockwise during the Miocene, leading to internal slab segmentation. We believe this tearing associated with Philippine Sea plate rotation also affects the horizontal configuration of slabs.
Evolution of the Great Whirl Using an Altimetry‐Based Eddy Tracking Algorithm
Authors: Melzer B.A. , Jensen T.G. , Rydbeck A.V.
Published: May 2019

Twenty‐three years of Archiving, Validation, and Interpretation of Satellite Oceanographic data absolute dynamic topography and HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model sea surface height were analyzed with a focus on interannual variability of the Indian Southwest Monsoon in the southwest Arabian Sea. A new algorithm for identification and tracking of the Great Whirl (GW) is presented, which better accounts for the gyre's embedded environment than traditional mesoscale eddy tracking algorithms that use sea level observations. Based on this algorithm, the GW exhibits an average life span of 198 days, which is considerably longer than previous estimates, attributed primarily to a later termination date. A climatology of the GW evolution is created, peaking in early September. This study suggests a possible periodicity of the upper ocean structure during the mature phase of the GW and also highlights the sporadic nature of the decay phase.
Small‐Scale Aurora Associated With Magnetospheric Flow Vortices After a Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure Decrease
Authors: Zhao Huayu , Zhou Xu‐Zhi , Zong Qiu‐Gang , Weygand James M. , Shi Quanqi , Liu Ying , Yao Zhonghua , Wang Yongfu , Shen Xiao‐Chen , Ren Jie , Liu Han , Tian Anmin
Published: May 2019

Sudden changes of the solar wind dynamic pressure have significant impacts on the dynamics of the magnetosphere‐ionosphere system. On 18 February 2011, a sudden decrease in solar wind dynamic pressure was observed by the Wind satellite, which drove the entire magnetosphere‐ionosphere system as recorded in many ground‐based and space‐based measurements. In the magnetosphere, Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) spacecraft observed a counterclockwise plasma flow vortex propagating tailward. Near the magnetic footprints of the THEMIS spacecraft, the ground magnetometers observed magnetic field variations that corresponded to a counterclockwise vortex in the equivalent ionospheric currents, which in turn indicated the presence of upward field‐aligned currents. The all‐sky imager at RANK station near the THEMIS footprints also observed a simultaneous enhancement of the auroral brightness. Therefore, this comprehensive case study demonstrates a causal chain that links the solar wind dynamic pressure variations to magnetospheric, ionospheric, and auroral activities.
Proton and Electron Injection Path at Geosynchronous Altitude
Authors: Nagai T. , Shinohara I. , Singer H. J. , Rodriguez J. , Onsager T. G.
Published: May 2019

Using tens to hundreds of keV proton and electron flux measurements and simultaneous magnetic field measurements from three Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites [GOES‐13 (75°W), GOES‐14 (105°W), and GOES‐15 (135°W)], we investigate proton and electron injections and their relationship to the substorm current wedge at geosynchronous altitude. Proton and electron injection processes occur only in the initial formation of the substorm current wedge, the width of which is less than 2 hr in local time in the premidnight region, for moderate substorms. Proton injections are closely related to the formation of a substorm current wedge at geosynchronous altitude, and thus the onset of a substorm, even before local dipolarization in the magnetic field. Proton injections take place only under the western upward field‐aligned currents of the current wedge. Electron injections in the energy range of <100 keV are tightly coupled with local dipolarization in the magnetic field, and these take place mostly in the central region of the current wedge, extending in the region under the western upward field‐aligned currents.
The Solar and Interplanetary Causes of Superstorms (Minimum Dst ≤ −250 nT) During the Space Age
Authors: Meng Xing , Tsurutani Bruce T. , Mannucci Anthony J.
Published: May 2019

A comprehensive study of all superstorms (minimum Dst ≤ −250 nT) occurring during the space age (after 1957) and their interplanetary and solar causes has been performed. Most superstorms were driven solely by the sheath preceding an interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) or by a combination of the sheath and an ICME magnetic cloud. Only one superstorm was driven solely by a magnetic cloud. There were two superstorms caused by “compound events” with two magnetic cloud events followed by sheaths (see erratum text at the end of this article). No superstorms in this study were induced by corotating interaction regions. For the interplanetary shocks antisunward of the ICMEs, the shock normal angles were almost all quasi‐perpendicular. Quasi‐perpendicular shocks theoretically cause greater sheath magnetic field intensities than do quasi‐parallel shocks. Larger shock normal angles statistically corresponded to greater superstorm intensities. Ninety percent of the superstorms occurred either near solar maximum or during the declining phase, 8% of the superstorms occurred during the ascending phase, and 2% of the superstorms occurred during solar minimum. Fifty‐four percent of the superstorms were associated with X‐class solar flares, 36% were associated with M‐class flares, and 5% with C‐class flares. All solar flares related to superstorms occurred in active regions, indicating the importance of active regions to superstorms. Most flares were located in the central meridian or slightly west of it as expected. Two superstorms were caused by limb flares, one on the west limb (confirmed) and the other on the east limb (unconfirmed). The confirmed event was a sheath event led by a Mach 4.1 shock.
The Effect of Water Depth and Internal Geometry on the Turbulent Flow Inside a Coral Reef
Authors: Asher Shai , Shavit Uri
Published: May 2019

The flow of water through coral reefs controls the transport of mass, momentum, and energy and, as a result, affects key processes such as feeding, photosynthesis, and reproduction. While it is often analyzed as a typical canopy flow, the flow through coral reefs is different from both terrestrial and aquatic canopies. A combination of a nonuniform vertical distribution of porosity and resistance and variations in relative submergence generates regions of high‐velocity gradients, increased integral length scales and instabilities which have not previously been quantified in detail. Here we report on velocity measurements inside and above a laboratory reef made of 81 Pocillopora Meandrina skeletons, for a range of relative submergence and flow rates. Under the action of a pressure gradient, the mean velocity shows an increase in the wake zone, generating a potential source for mixing due to a second inflection point. Unlike classical boundary layers and other canopy flows, a quadrant analysis shows that the number of inward/outward interactions events is larger than sweeps/ejections inside the canopy wake zone, due to the sign change in the mean velocity gradient. The vertical distribution of the integral length scales shows a local maximum in the lower part of the wake zone. Finally, under fully submerged conditions, the stream‐wise turbulent energy spectra inside the reef follow an approximate
, as opposed to the expected
behavior above the reef. Under near‐emergent conditions, no fit to such a power law could be obtained.
Optimal Precursors Triggering the Kuroshio Intrusion Into the South China Sea Obtained by the Conditional Nonlinear Optimal Perturbation Approach
Authors: Liang Peng , Mu Mu , Wang Qiang , Yang Lina
Published: May 2019

The Kuroshio Intrusion (KI) into the South China Sea (SCS) is a key process that greatly modulates the variability of dominant phenomena in the northern SCS. Using the Regional Ocean Modeling System, the optimal precursor (OPR) triggering the KI is obtained by the Conditional Nonlinear Optimal Perturbation (CNOP) approach. The OPRs exhibit the anticyclonic eddies (AEs) spatial pattern in the southern region (19°N–20.3°N, 119°E–122°E) of the Luzon Strait. The evolution processes of the OPRs indicate that the northwestward movement and rapid growth of AEs force the Kuroshio to bend westward continuously, which leads to the transition of the Kuroshio path from leaping state to intruding state. Eddy‐energetic analyses suggested that the barotropic instabilities are responsible for the evolution of the OPRs and thus triggering the KI, while the local wind stress plays a minor role in the triggering process. Additional examinations based on satellite altimeter data and ocean reanalysis data further confirm that the AE‐like perturbation similar to the obtained OPR indeed plays a key role in the KI triggering process.
Traumatic Resin Ducts in Alaska Mountain Hemlock Trees Provide a New Proxy for Winter Storminess
Authors: Gaglioti Benjamin V. , Mann Daniel H. , Williams A. Park , Wiles Gregory C. , Stoffel Markus , Oelkers Rose , Jones Benjamin M. , Andreu‐Hayles Laia
Published: May 2019

Winter is a critical season for land‐surface feedbacks and ecosystem processes; however, most high‐latitude paleo‐environmental reconstructions are blind to cold season conditions. Here we introduce a winter‐sensitive, paleo‐proxy record that is based on the relative frequency of tangential rows of traumatic resin ducts (TRDs) in the annual growth rings of mountain hemlocks (Tsuga mertensiana) growing near treeline in Southeast Alaska. Hemlocks produce a row of TRDs in the earlywood portion of their annual rings in response to cambial damage incurred during winter. Multidecadal bouts of TRD production were followed by growth‐leader replacement, reaction wood formation, and divergence in radial growth between storm‐damaged trees and less exposed mountain hemlock forests. These patterns are consistent with TRDs being a response to tree damage caused by ice and snowstorms, a conclusion supported by the krummholz tree architecture at these sites. This relationship is further corroborated by significant correlations between our TRD record and the strength of the wintertime Aleutian Low (AL) pressure system that is linked to tree‐damaging agents like wind, precipitation, and ice storm strength in Southeast Alaska. The combined TRD/krummholz architecture record indicates that abrupt shifts between strong and weak AL phases occurred every several decades since CE 1700 and that the 1800s had relatively long AL phases with heavy snowpacks. In addition to describing the magnitude and tempo of wintertime climate change in Northwestern North America, these results suggest that North Pacific Decadal Variability underlies the long‐term dynamics of treeline ecosystems along the northeast Pacific coast.
Exploring the Head Versus Tail‐End Dichotomy on Yield and Farm Incomes in Smallholder Irrigation Schemes in Tanzania
Authors: Manero Ana , Wheeler Sarah Ann , Zuo Alec , Mdemu Makarius
Published: May 2019

Variations in water supply and their impact on farm production in smallholder irrigation schemes are often associated with the location of irrigators at either the head or tail‐end, with tail‐enders usually considered to be at a severe disadvantage. However, it is rare that the impact of multidimensional proxies of water (capturing adequacy, timing, and location) on farm production and income have been evaluated in conjunction with other relevant variables. Using GIS analysis, this study combines irrigation household surveys, irrigation area characteristics, and cadastral data from two smallholder irrigation schemes in southern Tanzania. The results indicate that location at both the head‐end and tail‐end had a negative significant impact on farm yields, but not farm incomes. Also, being further downstream the secondary canals (but not necessarily away from the system's intake) had a significant negative effect on both yields and incomes. Surprisingly, increased tomato production drove a decline in incomes, thus raising the importance of crop selection and productivity barriers linked to markets and knowledge. In absence of actual quantitative measures of water supply, this study concludes that using a multidimensional water proxy can uncover important effects that would otherwise remain overlooked by the widespread head versus tail‐end dichotomy, commonly used in the study of water distribution within smallholder irrigation systems.
An Objective Procedure for Delineating the Circumpolar Vortex
Authors: Bushra Nazla , Rohli Robert V.
Published: May 2019

The broad‐scale, steering atmospheric circulation in the Northern Hemisphere, represented by the tropospheric circumpolar vortex (CPV), is an important driver of environmental processes. The area and circularity of the CPV are analyzed hereby delineating the leading edge of the CPV at the steepest 500‐hPa geopotential height gradient globally. The daily CPV area and circularity were aggregated to monthly averages for contrast with measurements identified in previous research for the overlapping period of record (1979–2001). Accuracy of representation of the CPV is assessed through correlations to air‐sea teleconnections known to be associated with broad‐scale, extratropical steering circulation. Correlation to monthly teleconnection indices suggests that the new method allows for improvements in the calculation of area and circularity of the 500‐hPa manifestation of the CPV. These improvements justify extension of the calculation of the standardized CPV area and circularity for the 1979–2017 period of record. Results largely mirror those for the shorter time series, with the Arctic Oscillation, North Atlantic Oscillation, and Pacific‐North American teleconnection showing stronger links to CPV area and circularity than El Niño–Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Collectively, these results suggest that the use of a singular indicator isohypse and/or monthly averaged data to represent the CPV may oversimplify analyses, especially for identifying past and future longwave ridges and troughs. This finding is important because the amplitudes and positions of the undulations in the broad‐scale flow exert the most important impacts on variability at both low‐ and high‐frequency time periods.
Previous Research Has Underestimated Black Carbon Emissions
Authors: Cook Terri
Published: May 2019

New observational constraints suggest that U.S. emissions of this heat-absorbing aerosol were 80% higher during the late 20th century than prior estimates have indicated.
Making the Grade: A Week at the National Soil Judging Contest
Authors: Sidder Aaron
Published: May 2019

Students from around the country recently convened for the National Collegiate Soils Contest and promptly crawled into backhoe-scraped pits to dig into soil science.
Anomalous Sound Velocities of Antigorite at High Pressure and Implications for Detecting Serpentinization at Mantle Wedges
Authors: Wang Duojun , Liu Tao , Chen Ting , Qi Xintong , Li Baosheng
Published: May 2019

Elastic properties of antigorite are important for interpretation of seismic mapping of serpentinization in the mantle wedge above subducting slabs. The compressional (VP) and shear (VS) wave velocities in pure antigorite aggregates were measured simultaneously up to 8.4 GPa by ultrasonic interferometry. We found that VP increases monotonically with pressure while VS increases with pressure up to about 3 GPa but undergoes a negative pressure dependence above 4 GPa. Compared to other mantle minerals, antigorite exhibits significantly lower P and S wave velocities as well as a higher VP/VS ratio at upper mantle pressures. We modeled velocity reductions manifesting through the formation of antigorite in mantle peridotite and provide compelling evidence that seismic anomalies with low‐velocity and high VP/VS ratios is caused by varying degrees of serpentinization in subduction zones.
Squeeze Dispersion and the Effective Diapycnal Diffusivity of Oceanic Tracers
Authors: Wagner Gregory L , Flierl Glenn , Ferrari Raffaele , Voet Gunnar , Carter Glenn S , Alford Matthew H , Girton James B
Published: May 2019

We describe a process called “squeeze dispersion” in which the squeezing of oceanic tracer gradients by waves, eddies, and bathymetric flow modulates diapycnal diffusion by centimeter to meter‐scale turbulence. Due to squeeze dispersion, the effective diapycnal diffusivity of oceanic tracers is different and typically greater than the average “local” diffusivity, especially when local diffusivity correlates with squeezing. We develop a theory to quantify the effects of squeeze dispersion on diapycnal oceanic transport, finding formulas that connect density‐averaged tracer flux, locally measured diffusivity, large‐scale oceanic strain, the thickness‐weighted average buoyancy gradient, and the effective diffusivity of oceanic tracers. We use this effective diffusivity to interpret observations of abyssal flow through the Samoan Passage reported by Alford et al. (2013, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50684) and find that squeezing modulates diapycnal tracer dispersion by factors between 0.5 and 3.
Methane Sources in the Waters of Lake Michigan and Lake Superior as Revealed by Natural Radiocarbon Measurements
Authors: Joung DongJoo , Leonte Mihai , Kessler John D.
Published: May 2019

The methane dynamics in the waters of Lakes Michigan and Superior, components of the North American Great Lake system, were investigated using measurements of methane concentration and natural radiocarbon (14C‐CH4) dissolved in these lake waters. All 14C‐CH4 measurements were above modern levels regardless of location and depth with a range of 117‐145% modern carbon (pMC). Methane concentrations in the deep basin of both lakes were low, ranging from 3.3 to 4.3 nM, with minimal vertical variation. However, the concentrations of CH4 increased toward coastal areas in both lakes, possibly due to higher groundwater inputs and aerobic methanogenesis associated with primary productivity. Except for one site, 14C‐CH4 dissolved in the waters of Lake Michigan was greater than in Lake Superior by ~12 pMC, a difference that was likely due to inputs of excess 14CH4 from nuclear power plants along the coast of Lake Michigan.
Triggered Plasmaspheric Hiss: Rising Tone Structures
Authors: Zhu Hui , Liu Xu , Chen Lunjin
Published: May 2019

In this study, a rare hiss event observed by Van Allen Probe is reported and the possible generation is investigated based on wave and plasma measurements. The results suggest that the normal hiss (from 0.05fce to 0.5fce) with dominantly equatorward Poynting fluxes is locally generated by plasma sheet electrons via cyclotron instability. The low‐frequency band (from 30 Hz to 0.05fce) with a mixture of equatorward and poleward Poynting fluxes is probably due to multiple reflections inside the plasmasphere. Such difference in the two bands is confirmed by the calculation of minimum energy of resonant electrons and local growth rate. Moreover, the analysis on the fine structures of normal hiss waves shows that besides the expected incoherent structure (below 1 kHz), several rising tone elements are measured above 1 kHz. The rising tone structures are probably triggered by the incoherent hiss part below 1 kHz, which is rarely reported before.
A 250‐Year European Drought Inventory Derived From Ensemble Hydrologic Modeling
Authors: Moravec Vojtěch , Markonis Yannis , Rakovec Oldrich , Kumar Rohini , Hanel Martin
Published: May 2019

We present a 250‐year (1766–2015) inventory of European meteorological, hydrological, and agricultural droughts derived from ensemble simulations of the mesoscale Hydrological Model (mHM). The inventory of droughts takes into account an ensemble of 100 simulations from the hydrological model, allowing for assessment of how different meteorological forcing and model parameterizations affect a drought ranking. For the most extreme droughts, the variability in the ranking of drought events is low, while for the years with moderate precipitation deficits, the variability increases. Despite the underlying uncertainties, our drought inventory shows increased recurrence of soil moisture droughts in the Mediterranean and declining spatial extent of hydrological drought in Central Europe over the last three decades.
A New Technique for Estimating the Lifetime of Bursts of Electron Precipitation From Sounding Rocket Measurements
Authors: Hecht J. H. , Clemmons J. H. , Lessard M. R. , Kenward D. L. , Sadler F. B. , Fritz B. A. , Evans J. S. , Lynch K. A.
Published: May 2019

At 0735 UT on 13 December 2015, the Rocket Experiment for Neutral Upwelling‐2 experiment launched north toward the auroral cusp region from Andoya, Norway. The instrumented rocket included an electron spectrometer, photometers that measured the auroral redline and greenline, and an instrument that measured ionospheric thermal electron temperature. On the down leg, just south of Svalbard, the rocket entered a region of poleward moving auroral forms that were characterized by narrow structures due to a combination of spatial and temporal variations. A noticeable feature was that the redline to greenline brightness ratio was much smaller than expected. A model is developed that shows that these emissions can be used to estimate the lifetimes of bursty electron precipitation. This model is shown to be consistent with some poleward moving auroral form lifetimes being on the order of 100 ms. The correlation between the precipitation and temperature bursts suggest that some transport occurred.
Evaluating Indices of Blocking Anticyclones in Terms of Their Linear Relations With Surface Hot Extremes
Authors: Chan Pak‐Wah , Hassanzadeh Pedram , Kuang Zhiming
Published: May 2019

Changes in frequencies of blocking anticyclones are sometimes used to explain changes in surface hot extremes. However, there is no consensus on the definition of blocking anticyclones, and several indices have been developed to measure them. Here we linearly regress interannual variations of hemispheric continental summer surface hot extreme area on the corresponding variations of blocking anticyclones in the ERA‐Interim reanalysis data and use cross‐validation test error to measure the blocking‐extreme link. Relative mean square validation error is at least 0.91 (relative to no knowledge of blocking) for existing indices defined on 500‐hPa geopotential height, when summed over land and ocean. This can be reduced to 0.55, largely by excluding blocks over ocean and optimizing parameters/thresholds and partly by using anomaly‐based or anomaly‐reversal hybrid indices. This framework helps to quantify the association of hot extremes and blocks with an uncertainty estimate and can be used for other extremes as well.
Properties of Magnetic Reconnection and FTEs on the Dayside Magnetopause With and Without Positive IMF Bx Component During Southward IMF
Authors: Hoilijoki S. , Ganse U. , Sibeck D. G. , Cassak P. A. , Turc L. , Battarbee M. , Fear R. C. , Blanco‐Cano X. , Dimmock A. P. , Kilpua E. K. J. , Jarvinen R. , Juusola L. , Pfau‐Kempf Y. , Palmroth M.
Published: May 2019

This paper describes properties and behavior of magnetic reconnection and flux transfer events (FTEs) on the dayside magnetopause using the global hybrid‐Vlasov code Vlasiator. We investigate two simulation runs with and without a sunward (positive) Bx component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) when the IMF is southward. The runs are two‐dimensional in real space in the noon‐midnight meridional (polar) plane and three‐dimensional in velocity space. Solar wind input parameters are identical in the two simulations with the exception that the IMF is purely southward in one but tilted 45° toward the Sun in the other. In the purely southward case (i.e., without Bx) the magnitude of the magnetosheath magnetic field component tangential to the magnetopause is larger than in the run with a sunward tilt. This is because the shock normal is perpendicular to the IMF at the equatorial plane, whereas in the other run the shock configuration is oblique and a smaller fraction of the total IMF strength is compressed at the shock crossing. Hence, the measured average and maximum reconnection rate are larger in the purely southward run. The run with tilted IMF also exhibits a north‐south asymmetry in the tangential magnetic field caused by the different angle between the IMF and the bow shock normal north and south of the equator. Greater north‐south asymmetries are seen in the FTE occurrence rate, size, and velocity as well; FTEs moving toward the Southern Hemisphere are larger in size and observed less frequently than FTEs in the Northern Hemisphere.
Thank You to Our 2018 Peer Reviewers
Authors: Pincus Robert , Blyth Eleanor , Griffies Stephen M.
Published: May 2019

As the editors of a scientific journal, we are privileged to have box seats to the peer review process. We watch as reviewers shine a new light on authors' work, identifying weakness in conception or expression, suggesting refinements, urging authors to clarify a point or better support an argument. The process is occasionally uncomfortable but it is almost always respectful and constructive and papers are uniformly better for this input. At the Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems (JAMES) we are fortunate to have a pool of reviewers who volunteer their time, insight, knowledge, and intelligence to improve the work of their colleagues and peers. It is no small task: In 2018, we received 715 reviews by 494 individuals. On behalf of the entire editorial board and our authors we thank you all for your selfless contributions to strengthening our community.
Transport With Bimolecular Reactions in a Fracture‐Matrix System: Analytical Solutions With Applications to In Situ Chemical Oxidation
Authors: Arshadi Masoud , Rajaram Harihar
Published: May 2019

We present analytical solutions for transport with bimolecular reactions in a single fracture embedded within an infinite rock matrix. The fracture and matrix are initially assumed to contain one aqueous species (B) at a uniform concentration. A second aqueous species (A) is injected into the fracture and reacts with B and an additional immobile species (N) in the rock matrix. Under these conditions, moving reaction fronts form and propagate along the fracture and into the rock matrix. We employ a composite similarity variable involving two space variables to derive analytical solutions for all species concentrations and the geometry of reaction fronts in the fracture and matrix. The behavior of the reaction‐diffusion equations in the rock matrix is posed as a Stefan problem. For uniform advection in the fracture, our analytical solutions establish that the reaction fronts propagate as the square root of time in both the matrix and the fracture. Our analytical solutions agree very well with numerical simulations. We extend our analytical solutions to nonuniform flows in the fracture by invoking a travel‐time transformation. We present applications of our analytical solutions to in situ chemical oxidation of dense nonaqueous phase liquids in fractured rock, wherein an oxidant (A, e.g., permanganate) is injected through fractures and consumed by bimolecular reactions with dissolved dense nonaqueous phase liquids (B, e.g., trichloroethylene) and natural organic matter (N) in the fracture and rock matrix. Our analytical solutions are also relevant to a broad class of reactive transport problems in fracture‐matrix systems where moving reaction fronts occur.