bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimization of UAS‐based high‐throughput phenotyping to estimate plant health and grain yield in sorghum
Authors: Galli Giovanni , Horne David W. , Collins S. Delroy , Jung Jinha , Chang Anjin , Fritsche‐Neto Roberto , Rooney William L.
Published: September 2020

High‐throughput phenotyping (HTP) has enabled the acquisition of vast amounts of data. Therefore, finding the most informative phenological stage(s) and high‐throughput traits could lead to significant optimization of HTP‐assisted selection. An investigation as to when phenotypic data should be collected and how it should be processed from unmanned aerial system (UAS) imagery for the optimization and assessment of two primary traits in grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L). Moench], namely, grain yield and plant health (based on anthracnose scores) was conducted. By evaluating multiple flight dates across the growing season via multispectral UAS‐based imagery, a set of scenarios composed of combinations of flight dates and vegetation indices were constructed for analysis. In this sense, results showed no increase in predictive ability when combining multiple vegetation indices. Hence, using only an index with a higher predictive ability (e.g., normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) or modified simple ratio (MSR) for plant health with 0.75; and any tested index but chlorophyll index (CIg) for grain yield with ∼0.55) is recommended. Likewise, the combining of multiple flights did not result in a significant increase in predictive ability for either primary trait. Thus, we observed that a single flight for each trait (e.g., 121 d after sowing with 0.81 for plant health; 104 d after sowing with 0.59 for grain yield) was optimal. Concerning, the predictive algorithms examined, partial least squares regression (PLSR) and neural network, results were similar, with PLSR generally outperforming. In addition, we discuss our findings from an application standpoint of a field‐based breeding program and suggest additional optimization options.
Iris: Interactive all‐in‐one graphical validation of 3D protein model iterations
Authors: Rochira William , Agirre Jon
Published: September 2020

Iris validation is a Python package created to represent comprehensive per‐residue validation metrics for entire protein chains in a compact, readable and interactive view. These metrics can either be calculated by Iris, or by a third‐party program such as MolProbity. We show that those parts of a protein model requiring attention may generate ripples across the metrics on the diagram, immediately catching the modeler's attention. Iris can run as a standalone tool, or be plugged into existing structural biology software to display per‐chain model quality at a glance, with a particular emphasis on evaluating incremental changes resulting from the iterative nature of model building and refinement. Finally, the integration of Iris into the CCP4i2 graphical user interface is provided as a showcase of its pluggable design.
Effect of Eriocalyxin B on prostatic inflammation and pelvic pain in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune prostatitis
Authors: Zhang Li‐Gang , Yu Zi‐Qiang , Yang Cheng , Chen Jing , Zhan Chang‐Sheng , Chen Xian‐Guo , Zhang Li , Hao Zong‐Yao , Liang Chao‐Zhao
Published: September 2020

Background

Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is a common disease in males. Eriocalyxin B (EriB), a natural diterpenoid purified from Isodon eriocalyx var. laxiflora, was previously reported to have antitumor effects via multiple immune‐related pathways. In this study, we investigated the effect of EriB on CP/CPPS using a mouse model of experimental autoimmune prostatitis (EAP) and explored its potential mechanisms.

Methods

The EAP model was established in nonobese diabetic mice by intradermal injecting a mixture of prostate antigens and Complete Freund's Adjuvant on days 0 and 28. Then, EAP mice received daily intraperitoneal injections of EriB (5 or 10 mg/kg/d) for 14 days, from days 28 to 42 (EAP+EriB5 or EAP+EriB10 groups). The histopathological appearance of the prostate tissues was evaluated. Chronic pelvic pain development was assessed by cutaneous allodynia. Inflammatory cytokines were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay tests. We then explored anti‐inflammatory potential mechanisms of EriB by studying the effects of PI3K inhibitor wortmannin (EAP+EriB10+Wort group) and NF‐κB inhibitor SC75741 (EAP+EriB10+SC group) on prostate inflammation and pelvic pain using this model.

Results

Histological analyses revealed significant prostate inflammation in EAP mice compared with control mice. Significantly increased pelvic pain was detected in EAP mice (P < .05). Compared with the EAP+Veh group, chronic pain development, histological appearance, and cytokine levels demonstrated that EriB could alleviate the severity of EAP in a dose‐dependent manner though upregulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and downregulation of the NF‐κB pathway. Further mechanism research demonstrated that the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway could be blocked by wortmannin, but was not affected by SC75741. In addition, the NF‐κB pathway could be further inhibited by SC75741 compared with the EAP+EriB10+Veh group. However, wortmannin could reactivate the NF‐κB pathway, indicating that the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway negatively regulates the NF‐κB pathway during EriB treatment.

Conclusions

The results of the present study suggested that EriB could alleviate the severity of prostatic inflammation and pelvic pain in an EAP mouse model. These findings may broaden the value of EriB as a promising candidate for the treatment of CP/CPPS.
Antiallodynic effect of PhAR‐DBH‐Me involves cannabinoid and TRPV1 receptors
Authors: Quiñonez‐Bastidas Geovanna Nallely , Palomino‐Hernández Oscar , López‐Ortíz Manuel , Rocha‐González Héctor Isaac , González‐Anduaga Gloria Melisa , Regla Ignacio , Navarrete Andrés
Published: September 2020

The antiallodynic effect of PhAR‐DBH‐Me was evaluated on two models of neuropathic pain, and the potential roles of CB1, CB2, and TRPV1 receptors as molecular targets of PhAR‐DBH‐Me were studied. Female Wistar rats were submitted to L5/L6 spinal nerve ligation (SNL) or repeated doses of cisplatin (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) to induce experimental neuropathy. Then, tactile allodynia was determined, and animals were treated with logarithmic doses of PhAR‐DBH‐Me (3.2‐100 mg/kg, i.p.). To evaluate the mechanism of action of PhAR‐DBH‐Me, in silico studies using crystallized structures of CB1, CB2, and TRPV1 receptors were performed. To corroborate the computational insights, animals were intraperitoneally administrated with antagonists for CB1 (AM‐251, 3 mg/kg), CB2 (AM‐630, 1 mg/kg), and TRPV1 receptors (capsazepine, 3 mg/kg), 15 min before to PhAR‐DBH‐Me (100 mg/kg) administration. Vagal stimulation evoked on striated muscle contraction in esophagus, was used to elicited pharmacological response of PhAR‐DBH‐ME on nervous tissue. Systemic administration of PhAR‐DBH‐Me reduced the SNL‐ and cisplatin‐induced allodynia. Docking studies suggested that PhAR‐DBH‐Me acts as an agonist for CB1, CB2, and TRPV1 receptors, with similar affinity to the endogenous ligand anandamide. Moreover antiallodynic effect of PhAR‐DBH‐Me was partially prevented by administration of AM‐251 and AM‐630, and completely prevented by capsazepine. Finally, PhAR‐DBH‐Me decreased the vagally evoked electrical response in esophagus rat. Taken together, results indicate that PhAR‐DBH‐Me induces an antiallodynic effect through partial activation of CB1 and CB2 receptors, as well as desensitization of TRPV1 receptors. Data also shed light on the novel vanilloid nature of the synthetic compound PhAR‐DBH‐Me.
A dicamba resistance‐endowing IAA16 mutation leads to significant vegetative growth defects and impaired competitiveness in kochia (Bassia scoparia)†
Authors: Wu Chenxi , LeClere Sherry , Liu Kang , Paciorek Marta , Perez‐Jones Alejandro , Westra Phil , Sammons R Douglas
Published: September 2020

BACKGROUND

Precise quantification of the fitness cost of synthetic auxin resistance has been impeded by lack of knowledge about the genetic basis of resistance in weeds. Recent elucidation of a resistance‐endowing IAA16 mutation (G73N) in the key weed species kochia (Bassia scoparia), allows detailed characterization of the contribution of resistance alleles to weed fitness, both in the presence and absence of herbicides. Different G73N genotypes from a segregating resistant parental line (9425) were characterized for cross‐resistance to dicamba, 2,4‐d and fluroxypyr, and changes on stem/leaf morphology and plant architecture. Plant competitiveness and dominance of the fitness effects was quantified through measuring biomass and seed production of three F2 lines in two runs of glasshouse replacement series studies.

RESULTS

G73N confers robust resistance to dicamba but only moderate to weak resistance to 2,4‐D and fluroxypyr. G73N mutant plants displayed significant vegetative growth defects: (i) they were 30–50% shorter, with a more tumbling style plant architecture, and (ii) they had thicker and more ovate (versus lanceolate and linear) leaf blades with lower photosynthesis efficiency, and 40–60% smaller stems with less‐developed vascular bundle systems. F2 mutant plants had impaired plant competitiveness, which can lead to 80‐90% less biomass and seed production in the replacement series study. The pleiotropic effects of G73N were mostly semidominant (0.5) and fluctuated with the environments and traits measured.

CONCLUSION

G73N is associated with significant vegetative growth defects and reduced competitiveness in synthetic auxin‐resistant kochia. Management practices should target resistant kochia's high vulnerability to competition in order to effectively contain the spread of resistance.
Finger Number and Device Performance: A Case Study of Reduced Graphene Oxide Microsupercapacitors
Authors: Li Qi , Smith Anderson D. , Vyas Agin , Cornaglia Fabio , Anderson Alec , Haque Mazharul , Lundgren Per , Enoksson Peter
Published: September 2020

Microsupercapacitors (MSCs) are recognized as suitable energy storage devices for the internet of things (IoTs) applications. Herein is described the work conducted to assess the areal energy and power densities of MSCs with 2, 10, 20, and 40 interdigital finger electrodes on a fixed device footprint area (the finger interspacing is fixed at 40 μm, and the finger width and length are allowed to vary to fit the footprint area). The MSCs are based on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) materials and fabricated with a spin‐coating and etch method. The performance evaluation indicates a strong dependency of areal capacitance and energy density on the number of fingers, and the maximum (impedance match) power density is also influenced to a relatively large extent, whereas the average power density is not sensitive to the configuration parameters in the present evaluation settings (scan rate 20–200 mV s−1 and current density of 100 μA cm−2). For the rGO‐based devices, the equivalent distributed resistance may play an important role in determining the device resistance and power‐related performance.
Structural and Elastic Properties of α‐(AlxGa1−x)2O3 Thin Films on (11.0) Al2O3 Substrates for the Entire Composition Range
Authors: Hassa Anna , Storm Philipp , Kneiß Max , Splith Daniel , von Wenckstern Holger , Lorenz Michael , Grundmann Marius
Published: September 2020

Structural properties of rhombohedral α‐(AlxGa1−x)2O3 thin films grown by two combinatorial pulsed laser deposition (PLD) techniques are investigated for the entire composition range. One α‐(AlxGa1−x)2O3 thin film is deposited on a 2 inch in diameter large a‐plane sapphire substrate using the continuous composition spread (CCS) PLD technique to fabricate a thin film with varying Al content ranging between x = 0.13 and x = 0.84. Laterally homogeneous α‐(AlxGa1−x)2O3 thin films exhibiting discrete Al contents are fabricated using radially segmented PLD targets on (11.0) Al2O3. Independent of the PLD technique, for x ≈ 0.55, a change from relaxed to pseudomorphic growth is observed as confirmed by the evolution of in‐ and out‐of‐plane lattice constants. The crystal structure is studied depending on the cation composition by X‐ray diffraction confirming the fabrication of epitaxial, corundum‐structured thin films.
Mangiferin offers protection against deleterious effects of pharmaceuticals, heavy metals, and environmental chemicals
Authors: Naraki Karim , Rezaee Ramin , Mashayekhi‐Sardoo Habibeh , Hayes A. Wallace , Karimi Gholamreza
Published: September 2020

Mangiferin (MGF) is a polyphenolic C‐glucosyl‐xanthone extracted from the mango tree (Mangifera indica). MGF has shown diverse effects such as antioxidant, antiapoptotic, radical scavenging, and chelating properties. MGF also has been shown to modulate inflammatory pathways. In this review, we examined and evaluated the literature dealing with the protective effects of MGF against various chemical toxicities. Our literature review indicated that the MGF‐induced protective effects against the toxic effects of pharmaceuticals, heavy metals and environmental chemicals were mainly mediated via suppression of lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress (along with enhancement of the antioxidant enzyme), inflammatory factors (TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐10, and IL‐12), and activation of PI3K/Akt and the MAPK survival signaling pathway.
Randomized double‐blind clinical trial examining the Ellagic acid effects on glycemic status, insulin resistance, antioxidant, and inflammatory factors in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Ghadimi Mahnaz , Foroughi Farshad , Hashemipour Sima , Rashidi Nooshabadi Mohamadreza , Ahmadi Mohammad Hossein , Ahadi Nezhad Bahman , Khadem Haghighian Hossein
Published: September 2020

Oxidative stress can worsen glycemic status. Considering the antioxidant properties of Ellagic acid (EA), this study was designed to evaluate the effect of EA on glycemic indices, lipid profile, oxidative stress, and inflammation status in type 2 diabetic patients. Overall, 44 patients were recruited and were randomly allocated consumed 180 mg of EA per day (n = 22) or placebo (n = 22) for 8 weeks. The blood sugar (BS), insulin, insulin resistance (IR), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low‐density lipoprotein (LDL), high‐density lipoprotein (HDL), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), C‐reactive protein (CRP), TNF‐α and interleukin 6 (IL‐6) were measured at the beginning and end of the study. At the end of the study, the mean of BS, insulin, IR, HbA1c, TC, TG, LDL, MDA, CRP, TNF‐α, and IL‐6 were significantly decreased in the intervention group (p < .05). Also, the mean of TAC (+0.8 ± 0.01) and activity of GPx (+10.26 ± 0.22) and SOD enzymes (+459.6 ± 9.76) significantly increased in the intervention group (p < .05). EA supplementation can be helpful as a diet supplement in patients with type 2 diabetes through improvement in chronic adverse effects.
Monitoring multivariate coefficient of variation with upward Shewhart and EWMA charts in the presence of measurement errors using the linear covariate error model
Authors: Ayyoub Heba N. , Khoo Michael B. C. , Lee Ming Ha , Haq Abdul
Published: September 2020

In practice, measurement errors exist and ignoring their presence may lead to erroneous conclusions in the actual performance of control charts. The implementation of the existing multivariate coefficient of variation (MCV) charts ignores the presence of measurement errors. To address this concern, the performances of the upward Shewhart‐MCV and exponentially weighted moving average MCV charts for detecting increasing MCV shifts, using a linear covariate error model, are investigated. Explicit mathematical expressions are derived to compute the limits and average run lengths of the charts in the presence of measurement errors. Finally, an illustrative example using a real‐life dataset is presented to demonstrate the charts’ implementation.
Application of β‐Nitrostyrene in Multicomponent Reactions for the Synthesis of Pyrrole Derivatives
Authors: Rostami Hedieh , Shiri Lotfi
Published: September 2020

β‐nitrostyrene is an important and effective starting material for the synthesis of heterocycle compounds such as pyrrole derivatives via multicomponent reactions. β‐nitrostyrene in its reactions undergoes Michael addition. Pyrroles derivatives are an important group of heterocycle compounds that have many biological and pharmacological activities and are exist in the structure many of natural products. Usually, synthesis of pyrrole derivatives by β‐nitrostyrene performed through multicomponent reactions. In this review, synthesis of pyrroles derivatives by β‐nitrostyrene through multicomponent reactions is discussed.
Inkjet‐Printing of Supercapacitors
Authors: Zub Karina , Winsberg Jan , Schubert Ulrich S. , Hoeppener Stephanie
Published: September 2020

The fabrication of supercapacitors and coin cells by means of inkjet printing based on the utilization of a commercially available graphite‐based ink is reported. The printing steps have been optimized utilizing a commercial office inkjet printer. Adjustments to the printing conditions as well as optimizing the device layout enabled the fabrication of usable supercapacitors and details of the assembly and processing steps have been investigated. Studies included a careful tuning of the ink properties to obtain homogeneous electrodes, to optimize layer thickness and, as a consequence, performance of the supercapacitor devices. Finally, the performance of the printing process was cross‐checked by the fabrication of a coin‐cell layout. Special emphasis was placed on the printing process to establish a simple and readily applicable fabrication of prototype device layouts.
Nanoengineered Organic Electrodes for Highly Durable and Ultrafast Cycling of Organic Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Thangavel Ranjith , Moorthy Megala , Ganesan Bala Krishnan , Lee Wontae , Yoon Won‐Sub , Lee Yun‐Sung
Published: September 2020

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have become increasingly important as next‐generation energy storage systems for application in large‐scale energy storage. It is very crucial to develop an eco‐friendly and green SIB technique with superior performance for sustainable future use. Replacing the conventional inorganic electrode materials with green and safe organic electrodes will be a promising approach. However, the poor electrochemical kinetics, unstable electrode–electrolyte interface, high solubility of the electrodes in the electrolyte, and large amount of conductive carbon present great challenges for organic SIBs. In this study, the issues of organic electrodes are addressed through atomic‐level manipulation of these organic molecules using a series of ultrathin (Å‐level) metal oxide coatings (Al2O3, ZnO, and TiO2). Uniform and precise coatings on the perylene‐3,4,9,10‐tetracarboxylicacid dianhydride by gas‐phase atomic layer deposition technique shows a stable interphase, enhanced electrochemical kinetics (71C, 10 A g−1), and excellent stability (89%–500 cycles) compared to conventional organic electrode (70%–200 cycles). Further studies reveal that the chemical stability of the metal oxide coating layer plays a critical role in influencing the redox behavior, and improving kinetics of organic electrodes. This study opens a new avenue for developing high‐energy organic SIBs with performance equivalent to inorganic counterparts.
Structure, Morphology, and Photovoltaic Implications of Halide Alloying in Lead‐Free Cs3Sb2ClxI9–x 2D‐Layered Perovskites
Authors: Paul Goutam , Pal Amlan J. , Larson Bryon William
Published: September 2020

Compositional tuning is a major driving force behind the excellent optoelectronic properties observed in typical Pb‐based perovskites. For lead‐free perovskite derivatives, a challenge to understand the connection between compositional tuning and intrinsic optoelectronic properties, hence a barrier toward boosting their performance, comes from the fact that multiple crystalline substructures can form based on composition, film processing, or both. Especially with lower dimensional (0D, 1D, and 2D) substructures, the particular polymorph present in the film can be a greater determinant of optoelectronic properties than the composition itself. Herein, a simple method to alloy the halide site in all‐inorganic lead‐free Cs3Sb2I9 films is reported while maintaining a consistent 2D‐layered substructure, as a means to independently study the photovoltaic implications of halide substitution. A broad suite of spectroscopy and device measurements is used to identify an optimal stoichiometric substitution of chloride for iodide (≈8 mol%, measured) that balances both intrinsic and bulk optoelectronic properties to achieve a top power conversion efficiency of 2.2%. This work underscores the importance of controlling substructure while investigating the impacts of compositional tuning for the development of lead‐free perovskites and more broadly validates the approach toward realizing lead‐free alternative perovskite solar technologies.
Interstitial Engineering toward Stable Tin Halide Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Heo Jin Hyuck , Park Jong-Goo , Im Sang Hyuk , Hong Ki-Ha
Published: September 2020

Sn‐based halide perovskites are the most promising alternatives for developing Pb‐free perovskite solar cell materials. However, the stability of Sn halide perovskites is the biggest concern for future developments. The phase stability and the doping‐level control should be resolved for Sn perovskites to compete with Pb‐based analogs. Herein, interstitial engineering is used to enhance the stability of Sn‐based halide perovskites using alkali metals through ab initio calculations and controlled experiments. This study reveals that alkali metal interstitials can promote the performance of Sn perovskites by controlling their phase stability, suppressing free carrier density, and locking lattice vibration. K+ shows the most promising behavior among alkali–metal cations in terms of phase stabilization and defect formation energy.
Aqueous Supercapacitor with Ultrahigh Voltage Window Beyond 2.0 Volt
Authors: Liu Ji-Chi , Huang Zi-Hang , Ma Tian-Yi
Published: September 2020

Supercapacitors (SCs), a new type of green electrochemical energy storage device with high power density and long‐term durability, show great potential to replace nonrenewable energy sources. Benefiting from both economic and environmental advantages, aqueous SCs represent a fabulous prospect in many industries. However, the relative low voltage window of aqueous SCs hinders their further development. In the recent years, especially within the last five years, the significant achievements in aqueous SCs with ultrahigh voltage window (>2.0 V) have been reported. Herein, the effects of theoretical mechanisms on voltage window are first introduced, which provide the fundamental guidance to enlarge the voltage window of aqueous SCs. Subsequently, the strategies for constructing the aqueous SCs over 2.0 V are comprehensively summarized and classified into the electrode modification by structural engineering, metal cations doping and constructing advanced composites, and the electrolyte optimization by preparing “Water in Salt” and novel mixed electrolyte. Finally, via the discussion of current progresses and drawbacks of these >2.0 V aqueous SCs, their future development directions are proposed.
A General‐Purpose Safety Light Curtain Using ToF Sensor for End Effector on Human Collaborative Robot
Authors: Tsuji Satoshi , Kohama Teruhiko
Published: September 2020

In recent years, human collaborative robots (HCRs) that work in the same space have attracted attention. HCRs with safety measures using a contact detection function are commercially sold. However, most safety measures for end effectors on HCRs are insufficient. In this paper, we propose a general‐purpose safety light curtain using Time of Flight (ToF) sensors for safety measure of an end effector on HCRs. The prototype safety light curtain consists of 24 pieces of ToF sensors. ToF sensors are set on a 24 polygonal base plate, and the angle is 45° to the end effector. The safety light curtain mounted on the top of the end effector can detect objects around the end effector without contact. Thus, the end effector on HCRs can avoid an unexpected collision using this safety light curtain. The light curtain will be used for various kinds of end effectors and works. Therefore, the safety of HCRs can be improved. © 2020 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Sir Peter Freyer: the man who gave the world prostatectomy
Authors: Goddard Jonathan Charles , Dinneen Michael D
Published: September 2020

Sir Peter Johnston Freyer transformed many men's lives performing the procedure that bears his name and demonstrated that prostatectomy could be done with few complications and a low mortality rate. Here the authors provides some insight into the career of this gifted urological surgeon who completed almost 1700 prostatectomies.
Weyl doubling
Authors: Alawadhi Rashid , Berman David S. , Spence Bill
Published: September 2020

Abstract

We study a host of spacetimes where the Weyl curvature may be expressed algebraically in terms of an Abelian field strength. These include Type D spacetimes in four and higher dimensions which obey a simple quadratic relation between the field strength and the Weyl tensor, following the Weyl spinor double copy relation. However, we diverge from the usual double copy paradigm by taking the gauge fields to be in the curved spacetime as opposed to an auxiliary flat space.

We show how for Gibbons-Hawking spacetimes with more than two centres a generalisation of the Weyl doubling formula is needed by including a derivative-dependent expression which is linear in the Abelian field strength. We also find a type of twisted doubling formula in a case of a manifold with Spin(7) holonomy in eight dimensions.

For Einstein Maxwell theories where there is an independent gauge field defined on spacetime, we investigate how the gauge fields determine the Weyl spacetime curvature via a doubling formula. We first show that this occurs for the Reissner-Nordström metric in any dimension, and that this generalises to the electrically-charged Born-Infeld solutions. Finally, we consider brane systems in supergravity, showing that a similar doubling formula applies. This Weyl formula is based on the field strength of the p-form potential that minimally couples to the brane and the brane world volume Killing vectors.
Meromorphic continuation of Koba-Nielsen string amplitudes
Authors: Bocardo-Gaspar M. , Veys Willem , Zúñiga-Galindo W. A.
Published: September 2020

Abstract

In this article, we establish in a rigorous mathematical way that Koba-Nielsen amplitudes defined on any local field of characteristic zero are bona fide integrals that admit meromorphic continuations in the kinematic parameters. Our approach allows us to study in a uniform way open and closed Koba-Nielsen amplitudes over arbitrary local fields of characteristic zero. In the regularization process we use techniques of local zeta functions and embedded resolution of singularities. As an application we present the regularization of p-adic open string amplitudes with Chan-Paton factors and constant B-field. Finally, all the local zeta functions studied here are partition functions of certain 1D log-Coulomb gases, which shows an interesting connection between Koba-Nielsen amplitudes and statistical mechanics.
Special geometry and the swampland
Authors: Cecotti Sergio
Published: September 2020

Abstract

In the context of 4d effective gravity theories with 8 supersymmetries, we propose to unify, strenghten, and refine the several swampland conjectures into a single statement: the structural criterion, modelled on the structure theorem in Hodge theory. In its most abstract form the new swampland criterion applies to all 4d $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 effective theories (having a quantum-consistent UV completion) whether supersymmetry is local or rigid: indeed it may be regarded as the more general version of Seiberg-Witten geometry which holds both in the rigid and local cases.

As a first application of the new swampland criterion we show that a quantum-consistent $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 supergravity with a cubic pre-potential is necessarily a truncation of a higher-$$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
sugra. More precisely: its moduli space is a Shimura variety of ‘magic’ type. In all other cases a quantum-consistent special Kähler geometry is either an arithmetic quotient of the complex hyperbolic space SU(1, m)/U(m) or has no local Killing vector.

Applied to Calabi-Yau 3-folds this result implies (assuming mirror symmetry) the validity of the Oguiso-Sakurai conjecture in Algebraic Geometry: all Calabi-Yau 3-folds X without rational curves have Picard number ρ = 2, 3; in facts they are finite quotients of Abelian varieties. More generally: the Kähler moduli of X do not receive quantum corrections if and only if X has infinite fundamental group. In all other cases the Kähler moduli have instanton corrections in (essentially) all possible degrees.
Diagnose und endoskopisches Management kolorektaler Polypen
Authors: Profanter Christoph , Ninkovic Marijana
Published: September 2020

Die aktuelle Diagnostik von Kolonpolypen wird mithilfe virtueller Chromoendoskopie durchgeführt und anhand der NICE- bzw. JNET-Klassifikation beschrieben. Das anschließende Management umfasst eine Vielzahl von Techniken. Die am häufigsten eingesetzte endoskopische Technik ist die Schlingenpolypektomie. Dabei werden gemäß den Guidelines i. d. R. Polypen bis etwa 10 mm mit einer „cold snare“ abgetragen, bei größeren Polypen kommt normalerweise eine „hot snare“ zum Einsatz. Ziel jeder endoskopischen Therapie ist grundsätzlich die komplette Entfernung aller detektierten Polypen. Die Nachsorgealgorithmen nach Polypektomie sind sowohl von der histologischen Diagnose sowie Polypenanzahl und -größe als auch vom Risikoprofil der Patienten abhängig. Ebenso zu beachten sind die Limitationen endoskopischer Abtragungstechniken. Erfüllt z. B. ein Polyp nicht die Kriterien einer sicheren endoskopischen Abtragung in sano, ist eine chirurgische Therapie zu erwägen.
A Non-degenerate Scattering Theory for the Wave Equation on Extremal Reissner–Nordström
Authors: Angelopoulos Yannis , Aretakis Stefanos , Gajic Dejan
Published: September 2020

It is known that sub-extremal black hole backgrounds do not admit a (bijective) non-degenerate scattering theory in the exterior region due to the fact that the redshift effect at the event horizon acts as an unstable blueshift mechanism in the backwards direction in time. In the extremal case, however, the redshift effect degenerates and hence yields a much milder blueshift effect when viewed in the backwards direction. In this paper, we construct a definitive (bijective) non-degenerate scattering theory for the wave equation on extremal Reissner–Nordström backgrounds. We make use of physical-space energy norms which are non-degenerate both at the event horizon and at null infinity. As an application of our theory we present a construction of a large class of smooth, exponentially decaying modes. We also derive scattering results in the black hole interior region.
Asymptotic Behaviour of Christoffel–Darboux Kernel Via Three-Term Recurrence Relation I
Authors: Świderski Grzegorz , Trojan Bartosz
Published: September 2020

For Jacobi parameters belonging to one of three classes: asymptotically periodic, periodically modulated, and the blend of these two, we study the asymptotic behavior of the Christoffel functions and the scaling limits of the Christoffel–Darboux kernel. We assume regularity of Jacobi parameters in terms of the Stolz class. We emphasize that the first class only gives rise to measures with compact supports.
Comparison of hyperspectral imaging and fluorescence angiography for the determination of the transection margin in colorectal resections—a comparative study
Authors: Jansen-Winkeln Boris , Germann Isabell , Köhler Hannes , Mehdorn Matthias , Maktabi Marianne , Sucher Robert , Barberio Manuel , Chalopin Claire , Diana Michele , Moulla Yusef , Gockel Ines
Published: September 2020

Purpose

One relevant aspect for anastomotic leakage in colorectal surgery is blood perfusion of both ends of the anastomosis. The clinical evaluation of this issue is limited, but new methods like fluorescence angiography with indocyanine green or non-invasive and contactless hyperspectral imaging have evolved as objective parameters for perfusion evaluation.

Methods

In this prospective, non-randomized, open-label and two-arm study, fluorescence angiography and hyperspectral imaging were compared in 32 consecutive patients with each other and with the clinical assessment by the surgeon. After preparation of the bowel and determination of the surgical resection line, the tissue was evaluated with hyperspectral imaging for 5 min before and after cutting the marginal artery and assessed by 6 hyperspectral pictures followed by fluorescence angiography with indocyanine green.

Results

In 30 of 32 patients, the image data could be evaluated and compared. Both methods provided a comparable borderline between well-perfused and poorly perfused tissue (p = 0.704). In 15 cases, the surgical resection line was shifted to the central position due to the imaging. The border zone was sharper in fluorescence angiography and best assessed 31 s after injection. With hyperspectral imaging, the border zone was visualized wider and with more differences between proximal and distal border.

Conclusion

Hyperspectral imaging and fluorescence angiography provide similar results in determining the perfusion border. Both methods allow a good and safe visualization of the blood perfusion at the central resection margin to create a well-perfused anastomosis.

Trial registration

This study was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04226781) on January 13, 2020.
NaCl pellets for prospective dosimetry using optically stimulated luminescence: Signal integrity and long-term versus short-term exposure
Authors: Waldner Lovisa , Rääf Christopher , Bernhardsson Christian
Published: September 2020

Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) signal properties of pellets from three types of NaCl (two household salts and one analytical grade salt) were investigated for their use in prospective dosimetry. Special attention was given to the OSL signal behaviour with time. The readout protocol was optimised in terms of preheat temperature, and the OSL signal yield of the NaCl pellet with time as well as the fading of the OSL signal with time was investigated. The effects of acute and chronic irradiations were compared. Irradiations and readout were performed using a Risø TL/OSL reader (TL/OSL-DA-15, DTU Nutech, Denmark). The optimal preheat temperature was determined to be 100 ºC, yielding OSL signals similar to a 1 h pause before OSL signal readout. There was no OSL signal fading observed as a function of time, but a decrease in the OSL signal yield of the NaCl pellets with time resulted in an apparent inverse fading when converting the OSL signal to an absorbed dose. For chronic radiation exposures of up to five weeks, the sensitivity of the NaCl pellets was found to be stable. The results of this study show that the use of NaCl pellets for prospective dosimetry is a promising, cost-effective, and accessible complement to commercially available alternatives for accurate absorbed dose determinations.
Colorectal cancer under 20 years old: a retrospective analysis from three tertiary hospitals
Authors: Zhou Chengjing , Xiao Weiwei , Wang Xiaohao , Chen Haiyang , Niu Shaoqing , Wang Qiaoxuan , Chang Hui , Wu Xiaojun , Ding Peirong , Pan Zhizhong , Wan Xiangbo , Bao Yong , Gao Yuanhong
Published: September 2020

Purpose

Colorectal cancer (CRC) rarely occurs in children and adolescents. This study aimed to perform a retrospective analysis and disclose more detailed information about CRC in patients under 20 years old.

Methods

Medical records of CRCs in patients under 20 years old referred to three tertiary hospitals in China from September 2000 to July 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Clinicopathological characteristics, treatment processes and laboratory findings were summarized and treatment outcomes and prognostic factors were analyzed.

Results

A total of 33,394 CRC medical records were analyzed, and we identified seventy (0.21%) CRCs in patients under 20. The most common primary tumor location was the left hemicolon (35.7%). The prominent pathological types were mucinous adenocarcinoma (22.9%) and signet ring cell carcinoma (22.9%). Nearly half (47.1%) of the patients presented with distant metastasis at diagnosis. The fractions of patients with deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) protein expression and microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) were 23.8% (5/21) and 71.4% (5/7), respectively. Forty-four patients underwent radical surgery. Fifty-five patients received chemotherapy and six patients received radiotherapy. One dMMR/MSI-H rectal cancer patient received immunotherapy and achieved a clinically complete response. The median overall survival (OS) time was 80 months. The 3-year and 5-year OS rates were 61.8% and 57.2%, respectively. An absence of distant metastasis was a favorable factor for OS. For stage II/III CRCs, classic adenocarcinoma and radical surgery were favorable factors for OS. For stage IV CRCs, primary location at the colon was a favorable factor for OS.

Conclusion

Child and adolescent CRC patients are likely to have distant metastasis, undifferentiated, left hemicolon location, and a dMMR/MSI-H phenotype at diagnosis. Additional efforts are needed to improve their survival outcomes.
Transcranial random noise stimulation over the primary motor cortex in PD-MCI patients: a crossover, randomized, sham-controlled study
Authors: Monastero Roberto , Baschi Roberta , Nicoletti Alessandra , Pilati Laura , Pagano Lorenzo , Cicero Calogero Edoardo , Zappia Mario , Brighina Filippo
Published: September 2020

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a very common non-motor feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and the non-amnestic single-domain is the most frequent subtype. Transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) is a non-invasive technique, which is capable of enhancing cortical excitability. As the main contributor to voluntary movement control, the primary motor cortex (M1) has been recently reported to be involved in higher cognitive functioning. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of tRNS applied over M1 in PD-MCI patients in cognitive and motor tasks. Ten PD-MCI patients, diagnosed according to the Movement Disorder Society, Level II criteria for MCI, underwent active (real) and placebo (sham) tRNS single sessions, at least 1 week apart. Patients underwent cognitive (Digit Span Forward and Backward, Digit Symbol, Visual Search, Letter Fluency, Stroop Test) and motor assessments (Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale [UPDRS-ME], specific timed trials for bradykinesia, 10-m walk and Timed up and go tests) before and after each session. A significant improvement in motor ability (UPDRS-ME and lateralized scores, ps from 0.049 to 0.003) was observed after real versus sham tRNS. On the contrary, no significant differences were found in other motor tasks and cognitive assessment both after real and sham stimulations. These results confirm that tRNS is a safe and effective tool for improving motor functioning in PD-MCI. Future studies using a multisession tRNS applied over multitargeted brain areas (i.e., dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and M1) are required to clarify the role of tRNS regarding rehabilitative intervention in PD.
Parareal with a learned coarse model for robotic manipulation
Authors: Agboh Wisdom , Grainger Oliver , Ruprecht Daniel , Dogar Mehmet
Published: September 2020

A key component of many robotics model-based planning and control algorithms is physics predictions, that is, forecasting a sequence of states given an initial state and a sequence of controls. This process is slow and a major computational bottleneck for robotics planning algorithms. Parallel-in-time integration methods can help to leverage parallel computing to accelerate physics predictions and thus planning. The Parareal algorithm iterates between a coarse serial integrator and a fine parallel integrator. A key challenge is to devise a coarse model that is computationally cheap but accurate enough for Parareal to converge quickly. Here, we investigate the use of a deep neural network physics model as a coarse model for Parareal in the context of robotic manipulation. In simulated experiments using the physics engine Mujoco as fine propagator we show that the learned coarse model leads to faster Parareal convergence than a coarse physics-based model. We further show that the learned coarse model allows to apply Parareal to scenarios with multiple objects, where the physics-based coarse model is not applicable. Finally, we conduct experiments on a real robot and show that Parareal predictions are close to real-world physics predictions for robotic pushing of multiple objects. Code (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3779085) and videos (https://youtu.be/wCh2o1rf-gA) are publicly available.
Medicines for headache before and during pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study (ATENA study)
Authors: Lupi Chiara , Negro Andrea , Gambassi Elisabetta , Susini Tommaso , Geppetti Pierangelo , Benemei Silvia
Published: September 2020

Objective

To investigate headache treatment before and during pregnancy.

Background

Most headaches in pregnancy are primary disorders. Headaches are likely to ameliorate during pregnancy, although they may also begin or worsen. Most headache medications should be avoided during pregnancy because of potential fetal risks. However, only scarce evidence on headache drug consumption during pregnancy is available.

Design

ATENA was a retrospective, self-administered questionnaire-based, cohort study on women in either pregnancy or who have just delivered and reporting headache before and/or during pregnancy.

Results

Out of 271 women in either pregnancy or who have just delivered, 100 (37%) reported headache before and/or during pregnancy and constituted our study sample. Before pregnancy, the attitude toward the use of symptomatic drugs was characterized by both a strong focus on their safety and the willingness to avoid possible dependence from them. Compared to the year before, pregnancy led to changes in behavior and therapeutic habits as shown by a higher proportion of patients looking for information about drugs (44/100 [44%] vs. 36/100 [36%]) and a lower proportion of those treating headache attacks (88/100 [88%] vs. 52/100 [52%]) and by a lower use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (68/100 [68%] vs. 5/100 [5%]) and a much higher use of paracetamol (33/100 [33%] vs. 95/100 [95%]).

Conclusions

Pregnancy changes how women self-treat their headache, and leads to search for information regarding drug safety, mostly due to the perception of fetal risk of drugs. Healthcare providers have to be ready to face particular needs of pregnant women with headache.
Discrete element analysis of dry granular flow impact on slit dams
Authors: Gong Sixia , Zhao Tao , Zhao Jidong , Dai Feng , Zhou Gordon G. D.
Published: September 2020

Slit dam is an open-check barrier structure widely used in mountainous regions to resist the destructive impacts of granular flows. To examine the dynamics of granular flow impact on slit dams, a numerical study by discrete element method (DEM) is presented in this article. The study considers dry granular materials flowing down a flume channel and interacts with slit dams installed at the lower section of the flume. The particle shape is explicitly considered by particle clumps of various aspect ratios. The slit dams are modeled as rigid and smooth rectangular prisms uniformly spaced at in the flume. Four key stages of granular flow impact on the slit dams have been identified, namely, the frontal impact, run up, pile up, and static deposition stages. In the impact process, the kinetic energy of the granular flow is dissipated primarily by interparticle friction and damping. The trapping efficiency of the slit dams decreases exponentially with the relative post spacing, while it increases with the particle clump aspect ratio. The numerical results can provide new insights into the optimization of relative post spacing for slit dam design.
Agronomic iodine biofortification of leafy vegetables grown in Vertisols, Oxisols and Alfisols
Authors: Ligowe Ivy Sichinga , Bailey E. H. , Young S. D. , Ander E. L. , Kabambe V. , Chilimba A. D. , Lark R. M. , Nalivata P. C.
Published: September 2020

Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) in sub-Saharan African countries are related to low dietary I intake and generally combatted through salt iodisation. Agronomic biofortification of food crops may be an alternative approach. This study assessed the effectiveness of I biofortification of green vegetables (Brassica napus L and Amaranthus retroflexus L.) grown in tropical soils with contrasting chemistry and fertility. Application rates of 0, 5 and 10 kg ha−1I applied to foliage or soil were assessed. Leaves were harvested fortnightly for ~ 2 months after I application before a second crop was grown to assess the availability of residual soil I. A separate experiment was used to investigate storage of I within the plants. Iodine concentration and uptake in sequential harvests showed a sharp drop within 28 days of I application in all soil types for all I application levels and methods. This rapid decline likely reflects I fixation in the soil. Iodine biofortification increased I uptake and concentration in the vegetables to a level useful for increasing dietary I intake and could be a feasible way to reduce IDD in tropical regions. However, biofortification of green vegetables which are subject to multiple harvests requires repeated I applications.
Towards the room-temperature synthesis of covalent organic frameworks: a mini-review
Authors: Bagheri Ahmad Reza , Aramesh Nahal
Published: September 2020

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are porous and crystalline materials which are formed based on the covalent interactions between the building monomers. These materials possess fascinating properties in terms of predesignable structure, controllable morphology, and manageable functionality which distinguished them from other polymers. COFs have also high chemical and physical stability, high surface area, and high adsorption capacity that these attributes make them excellent candidates for use in different fields. However, there are several approaches for the synthesis of COFs among which room-temperature synthesis approach is a green, versatile, and popular method which is due to its exceptional properties including simplicity, easy operation, and cost-effectiveness. In this regard, this review article presents a comprehensive view of the synthesis of COFs at room temperature as well as their applications, their limitations, and also their future perspectives.
Social trust and new firm formation: a regional perspective
Authors: Corradini Carlo
Published: September 2020

This paper aims to contribute to the analysis of informal institutions on entrepreneurship. In particular, we follow a regional perspective to explore the role of social trust as a determinant of new firm formation, enhancing the flow of information and knowledge exchange across spatially embedded relational structures that underpin entrepreneurial processes. Also, we argue this bridging effect of social trust may be subdued in regions with higher levels of economic development characterised by stronger quality of governance and more defined entrepreneurial ecosystems. Combining data from Eurostat and the European Social Survey for over 200 regions across nine EU countries, the paper provides novel empirical evidence that social trust plays a significant role in fostering the formation of new firms. At the same time, the results indicate that the strength of formal institutions and the regional economy exert a critical moderating effect as the importance of social trust on new firm formation progressively increases in regions characterised by decreasing levels of economic development.