bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ParentSelf‐Compassionand Supportive Responses to Child Difficult Emotion: An Intergenerational Theoretical Model Rooted in Attachment
Authors: Lathren Christine , Bluth Karen , Zvara Bharathi
Published: September 2020

Self‐compassion is an adaptive way of self‐relating that entails tending to one's emotional pain with understanding and care. In this article, we propose an intergenerational model explaining how self‐compassion develops in the context of the parent–child relationship. Specifically, we posit that parents who have had supportive experiences with their own childhood caregivers develop a secure attachment and a high level of self‐compassion. In turn, we propose that high self‐compassion in parents promotes parents' capacity to support children when they experience difficult emotions (e.g., anger, sadness). These responses promote the child's secure attachment, high self‐compassion development, and positive behavioral outcomes. A key area for future research is examining the potential link between parent self‐compassion and responses to difficult emotions in the child. Given that self‐compassion can be enhanced through intervention, support for this model will have broad implications for interrupting intergenerational cycles of dysfunction caused by insecure attachment.
A Systematic Review of Delirium Biomarkers and Their Alignment with the NIA‐AA Research Framework
Authors: Wang Sophia , Lindroth Heidi , Chan Carol , Greene Ryan , Serrano‐Andrews Patricia , Khan Sikandar , Rios Gabriel , Jabbari Shiva , Lim Joanna , Saykin Andrew J. , Khan Babar
Published: September 2020

OBJECTIVES

To identify whether delirium biomarkers aligned with the National Institute on Aging–Alzheimerʼs Association (NIA‐AA) research framework, a conceptual model that describes the use of diagnostic biomarkers for Alzheimerʼs disease and other related dementias (ADRD).

DESIGN

Systematic review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.

SETTING

Acute care and outpatient settings.

PARTICIPANTS

Adults diagnosed with delirium.

METHODS AND MEASUREMENTS

MEDLINE, PsycInfo, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched for English‐language studies published from January 2010 to February 2020. Studies included adults older than 18 years, identified delirium with a standardized assessment tool, and measured an ADRD biomarker. Independent reviewers determined whether an association between delirium and ADRD biomarker was found, the quality of biomarker data based on the REMARK (REporting recommendations for tumor MARKer prognostic studies) checklist, and the study bias based on the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale.

RESULTS

A total of 61,256 citations were identified; 113 studies were included. Most studies did not examine amyloid, tau, or neurodegeneration biomarkers. Delirium may be associated with neurodegeneration biomarkers, but few to no studies found an association with amyloid and tau biomarkers. Delirium was not consistently associated with inflammatory biomarkers. The quality of biomarker data was moderate, and the risk of bias was moderate to high. Studies often did not collect prehospital and posthospital cognitive data.

CONCLUSION

Most delirium diagnostic biomarker studies did not measure amyloid, tau, and/or neurodegenerative biomarkers, making characterization of the relationship between delirium and ADRD difficult. Future delirium biomarker diagnostic studies could improve the understanding of pathophysiologic links between delirium with other conditions affecting cognition.
Who has a cushion? The interactive effect of social exclusion and gender on fixed savings
Authors: Yang Lu , Zheng Yuhuang , Chen Rui
Published: September 2020

Saving behavior affects both personal welfare and national economies. This study examined the effect of social exclusion, a breakdown of social relationship, on fixed savings, which is especially pertinent to Asians. By considering the cushion hypothesis theory and the gender disparity in social connectedness, this study proposes that men and women display different fixed savings behavior in response to social exclusion. In particular, social exclusion (vs. acceptance) decreases men's fixed savings intention, as isolation stimulates them to expect less social connectedness, which means it is hard to get social support and, thus, heightens their need for resource liquidity. In contrast, social exclusion (vs. acceptance) does not affect women's fixed savings intention because women do not anticipate less social connectedness due to social exclusion. Three experiments provide convergent support for this proposition and verify the theoretical process of the expected social connectedness, coupled with the need for resource liquidity. The alternative explanations for self‐efficacy, power, control, and mood are also discussed.
A contemporary review of Clostridioides difficile infections in patients with haematologic diseases
Authors: Dutta D. , Jafri F. , Stuhr D. , Knoll B. M. , Lim S. H.
Published: September 2020

Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile (C. difficile) infection is one of the most common causes of increased morbidity and mortality. Approximately 500 000 C. difficile infections (CDIs) occur each year in the United States, and they result in more than 29 000 deaths. Patients with haematologic diseases are at a higher risk for this infection due to frequent hospitalization and exposure to treatment‐associated risk factors. Whilst several currently available antimicrobial agents offer resolution, recurrence of infection remains a major concern. Recent advancement in deciphering C. difficile virulence mechanisms and identification of its allies in contributing to the infection has led to the development of alternative treatment strategies. Here, we will provide a contemporary discussion of how major risk factors in haematologic diseases, such as immunosuppression, chemoradiation, use of antibiotic, proton pump inhibitor and opioid, and deficiency in butyrate and antimicrobial peptides contribute to C. difficile infection. Next, we will highlight different approaches to control and mitigate this infection such as antibiotic stewardship and faecal microbiota transplantation. Finally, we will explore several emerging treatments such as use of pre‐ and probiotics, immunotherapy and microbiome‐sparing agents.
Antecedents and consequences of workplace mood variability over time: A weekly study over a three‐month period
Authors: Kampf Pia Helen , Hernández Ana , González‐Romá Vicente
Published: September 2020

This study examines predictors and outcomes of intra‐individual mood variability in the workplace. During a 3‐month weekly study, we collected data on personality (extraversion and neuroticism), positive and negative workplace mood, and job performance from 357 participants. Path analysis revealed a positive relationship between neuroticism and intra‐individual variability in negative mood, which in turn predicted intra‐individual variability in performance. Results contribute to understanding between‐person differences in intra‐individual mood variability, and they suggest expanding the mood – performance relationship from a static perspective to an intra‐individual dispersion perspective. From a practical point of view, our results identify neuroticism as a potential risk factor for unstable performance, but they also give room for fostering predictable performance.

Practitioner points

Individuals with higher neuroticism may be prone to fluctuations in negative mood at work and indirectly to inconsistent performance – this highlights the necessity of personality assessment in both personnel selection and development.

Interventions aimed at stabilizing mood can be an effective lever for stabilizing work performance.
Wishart‐gamma random effects models with applications to nonlife insurance
Authors: Denuit Michel , Lu Yang
Published: September 2020

Random effects are particularly useful in insurance studies, to capture residual heterogeneity or to induce cross‐sectional and/or serial dependence, opening hence the door to many applications including experience rating and microreserving. However, their nonobservability often makes existing models computationally cumbersome in a multivariate context. In this paper, it is shown that the multivariate extension to the Gamma distribution based on Wishart distributions for random symmetric positive‐definite matrices (considering diagonal terms) is particularly tractable and convenient to model correlated random effects in multivariate frequency, severity and duration models. Three applications are discussed to demonstrate the versatility of the approach: (a) frequency‐based experience rating with several policies or guarantees per policyholder, (b) experience rating accounting for the correlation between claim frequency and severity components, and (c) joint modeling and forecasting of the time‐to‐payment and amount of payment in microlevel reserving, when both are subject to censoring.
Private protection and public policing
Authors: Hickey Ross , Mongrain Steeve , Roberts Joanne , van Ypersele Tanguy
Published: September 2020

This paper looks at situations in which public and private protection are complementary, that is, when private protection must be coordinated with public protection to be effective. For example, home alarms deter theft by being connected to a local police station: if the police do not respond to a home alarm, the home alarm on its own is virtually useless in halting a crime in action. We make a distinction between gross and net complementarity and substitution, where the latter takes into account the effect on the crime rate. We show that when public and private protection are complements, the optimal provision of public protection trades off the manipulation effect of encouraging private protection with the compensatory effect of providing protection to households that do not privately invest. We discuss the implications of our results for policy and empirical research in this area.
Catechol protects against iron-mediated oxidative brain injury by restoring antioxidative metabolic pathways; and modulation of purinergic and cholinergic enzymes activities
Authors: Salau Veronica F , Erukainure Ochuko L , Koorbanally Neil A , Islam Md Shahidul
Published: September 2020

Objectives

This study was aimed at investigating neuroprotective effect of catechol on redox imbalance, cholinergic dysfunctions, nucleotide hydrolysing enzymes activities, and dysregulated metabolic pathways in iron-mediated oxidative brain injury.

Methods

Oxidative injury was induced in brain tissues by incubating with 0.1 mm FeSO4 and treated with different concentrations of catechol.

Key findings

Catechol significantly elevated glutathione level, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, while depleting malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels. It also inhibited the activities of acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and ATPase, with concomitant elevation of ENTPDase activity. GC-MS analysis revealed that treatment with catechol completely depleted oxidative-generated lipid metabolites. While LC-MS analysis revealed depletion of oxidative-generated metabolites in brain tissues treated with catechol, with concomitant restoration of oxidative-depleted metabolites. Catechol also led to reactivation of oxidative-inactivated taurine and hypotaurine, purine, glutathione, glycerophospholipid, nicotinate and nicotinamide, fructose and mannose, pyrimidine metabolisms and pentose phosphate pathways. Catechol was predicted in silico to be permeable across the blood–brain barrier with a predicted oral LD50 value of 100 mg/kg and a toxicity class of 3.

Conclusion

These results suggest the neuroprotective effects of catechol in iron-mediated oxidative brain injury.
Epidemiology of recurrent seizure disorders and epilepsy in cats under primary veterinary care in the United Kingdom
Authors: O'Neill Dan Gerard , Phillipps Stephanie A. , Egan Jordon R. , Brodbelt David , Church David B. , Volk Holger A.
Published: September 2020

Background

Little epidemiological evaluation of recurrent seizure disorders in cats currently exists in veterinary literature.

Objectives

To report the prevalence and risk factors for recurrent seizure disorders (RSD) and epilepsy in cats presented to primary care veterinary practices in the United Kingdom (UK).

Animals

A total of 285 547 cats under veterinary care during 2013 presenting to 282 primary care clinics in the UK.

Methods

Cohort study using multivariable logistic regression modeling for risk factor analysis.

Results

There were 458 confirmed RSD cases, giving a 1‐year period prevalence of 0.16% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.15‐0.18). A subset of 114 (24.89%) cases was recorded as having epilepsy, giving a 1‐year period prevalence of 0.04% (95% CI, 0.03‐0.5). Increasing age was significantly associated with increasing odds of RSD. Breed, sex, neuter status, and body weight were not associated with RSD. Epilepsy was most frequently diagnosed in adult to middle‐aged cats. Cats aged 3.0 to <6.0 years had 3.32 times higher odds of epilepsy diagnosis compared to cats <3.0 years of age. Insured cats were more likely to be diagnosed with epilepsy compared to noninsured cats.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Although less common than in dogs, RSD and epilepsy still comprise an important disorder group in the UK cat population. Aging is a significant risk factor for these disorders in cats.
Prevalence of seizures in dogs and cats with idiopathic internal hydrocephalus and seizure prevalence after implantation of a ventriculo‐peritoneal shunt
Authors: Farke Daniela , Kolecka Malgorzata , Czerwik Adriana , Wrzosek Marcin , Schaub Sebastian , Kramer Martin , Failing Klaus , Schmidt Martin Jürgen
Published: September 2020

Background

Seizures are considered a clinical sign in dogs with internal hydrocephalus but are not found in recent studies. Seizure prevalence due to ventricular enlargement and the prevalence of postoperative seizures in animals is not known.

Objectives

To determine seizure prevalence in dogs and cats with idiopathic internal hydrocephalus, to identify risk factors for seizure development, and to determine seizure prevalence in a 2‐year period after ventriculo‐peritoneal shunting (VPS).

Animals

Records and MRIs of 197 animals from 2001 to December 2019 were investigated. A total of 121 animals (98 dogs and 23 cats) were included in the study.

Methods

A retrospective multicenter case cohort study was conducted. Databases were searched for dogs and cats with internal hydrocephalus. MRI and CSF examinations were evaluated for signs of additional underlying disorders. Prevalence of seizures was estimated for animals showing only hydrocephalus internus. Risk factors were evaluated according to age, morphometric and morphological findings in the brain. All animals that underwent surgery were reexamined 2 years after surgery.

Results

One hundred twenty‐one animals (98 dogs and 23 cats) with internal hydrocephalus met the inclusion criteria. Seizure prevalence in dogs and cats with internal hydrocephalus was low (1.7%; <5.8% CI 95%). Seizures were not observed in the 2‐year period after surgery.

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

Seizure prevalence in dogs and cats diagnosed with hydrocephalus internus is low. Seizures in association with VPS do not seem to be a complication of the procedure.
Validity of the MacDonald triad as a forensic construct: Links with psychopathology and patterns of aggression in sex offenders
Authors: Joubert David , Welsh Kelsey , Edward Lauren Joy
Published: September 2020

Purpose

The MacDonald triad is composed of three developmental markers, including cruelty to animals, firesetting, and enuresis after the age of 5. Although there has been considerable interest in this construct initially, research has produced inconsistent results regarding its validity in terms of distinguishing between offender and non‐offender populations, or predicting future offences. The current study investigated the links between the triad, dimensions of psychopathology, and trajectories of aggression in a sample of 254 rapists previously collected from a single forensic mental health institution in the United States.

Method

A retrospective temporal design was used to examine associations between variables in a sequence of ten offences.

Results

Latent structure analyses yielded a two‐class solution for the triad indicators, a five‐dimensional model for psychopathology and three trajectories for the aggression variables over a sequence of ten offences. Univariate analyses revealed that the class characterized primarily by a high prevalence of cruelty to animals and firesetting was associated with a higher level of antisocial and aggressive traits, as well as with a trajectory of offending featuring higher levels of expressive aggression, at least during the first few offences in the sequence. These associations were large and weak‐to‐moderate in magnitude, respectively.

Conclusions

If replicated, these findings may suggest that a particular subgroup of sex offenders showing components of the triad are at particular risk of developing antisocial features, thus impacting the level of risk they pose to potential victims and the community.
Evidence for the Pleistocene Arc Hypothesis from genome‐wide SNPs in a Neotropical dry forest specialist, the Rufous‐fronted Thornbird (Furnariidae: Phacellodomus rufifrons)
Authors: Corbett Eamon C. , Bravo Gustavo A. , Schunck Fabio , Naka Luciano N. , Silveira Luís F. , Edwards Scott V.
Published: September 2020

South American dry forests have a complex and poorly understood biogeographic history. Based on the fragmented distribution of many Neotropical dry forest species, it has been suggested that this biome was more widely distributed and contiguous under drier climate conditions in the Pleistocene. To test this scenario, known as the Pleistocene Arc Hypothesis, we studied the phylogeography of the Rufous‐fronted Thornbird (Phacellodomus rufifrons), a widespread dry forest bird with a disjunct distribution closely matching that of the biome itself. We sequenced mtDNA and used ddRADseq to sample 7,167 genome‐wide single‐nucleotide polymorphisms from 74 P. rufifrons individuals across its range. We found low genetic differentiation over two prominent geographic breaks — particularly across a 1,000 km gap between populations in Bolivia and Northern Peru. Using demographic analyses of the joint site frequency spectrum, we found evidence of recent divergence without subsequent gene flow across those breaks. By contrast, parapatric morphologically distinct populations in northeastern Brazil show high genetic divergence with evidence of recent gene flow. These results, in combination with our paleoclimate species distribution modelling, support the idea that currently disjunct patches of dry forest were more connected in the recent past, probably during the Middle and Late Pleistocene. This notion fits the major predictions of the Pleistocene Arc Hypothesis and illustrates the importance of comprehensive genomic and geographic sampling for examining biogeographic and evolutionary questions in complex ecosystems like Neotropical dry forests.
At the scene of the crime: New insights into the role of weakly pathogenic members of the fusarium head blight disease complex
Authors: Tan Jiang , Ameye Maarten , Landschoot Sofie , De Zutter Noémie , De Saeger Sarah , De Boevre Marthe , Abdallah Mohamed F. , Van der Lee Theo , Waalwijk Cees , Audenaert Kris
Published: September 2020

Plant diseases are often caused by a consortium of pathogens competing with one another to gain a foothold in the infection niche. Nevertheless, studies are often limited to a single pathogen on its host. In Europe, fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat is caused by multiple Fusarium species, including Fusarium graminearum and F. poae. Here, we combined a time series of (co)inoculations, monitored by multispectral imaging, transcriptional, and mycotoxin analyses, to study the temporal interaction between both species and wheat. Our results showed coinoculation of F. graminearum and F. poae inhibited symptom development but did not alter mycotoxin accumulation compared to a single inoculation with F. graminearum. In contrast, preinoculation of F. poae reduced both FHB symptoms and mycotoxin levels compared to a single F. graminearum infection. Interestingly, F. poae exhibited increased growth in dual infections, demonstrating that this weak pathogen takes advantage of its co‐occurrence with F. graminearum. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR revealed that F. poae induces LOX and ICS gene expression in wheat. We hypothesize that the early induction of salicylic and jasmonic acid‐related defences by F. poae hampers a subsequent F. graminearum infection. This study is the first to report on the defence mechanisms of the plant involved in a tripartite interaction between two species of a disease complex and their host.
Dicrocoelium ova can block the induction phase of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Navi Zahra , Fata Abdolmajid , Jafari Rad Mozhdeh , Mogaddas Elham , Mahmoudi Mahmoud , Rastin Maryam , Mousavi Bazaz Mojtaba , Lavi Arab Fahimeh , Sahab Negah Sajad , Reza Heidari Amir
Published: September 2020

Aims

This study aimed at investigating the impact of Dicrocoelium ova on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) treatment in C57BL6 mice.

Methods and Results

Twenty‐eight C57BL/6 mice were assigned into four groups as PBS, prophylaxis (P), treatment1 (T1) and treatment2 (T2). Prior to induction of EAE in prophylaxis group and on days 7 and 18 in T1 and T2 groups, respectively, Dicrocoelium eggs were injected intraperitoneally to each mouse. The clinical score, weight changes and incidence time of EAE were recorded. IFN‐γ and IL‐4 expression is quantified on spleen cells. Also, histopathological study by (H&E) and Toluidine‐Blue (TB), and Luxol Fast Blue (LFB) were performed. The data were analysed using SPSS version 21. Mean disease scores were significantly lower in P and T1 groups than the PBS group (P = .01). IFN‐γ was lower in P and T1 groups than the PBS group. The highest level of IL‐4 was observed in T1 group. The total number of neuroglia cells of corpus callosum was similar in all groups, but the density increased in T1 group compared to the PBS group (P = .03).

Conclusions

Dicrocoelium eggs have a great potential to stimulate immunomodulation towards treatment of EAE during the initial phase.
An overview of cytokine used as adjuvants in fish: current state and future trends
Authors: Guo Ming , Li Chenghua
Published: September 2020

Vaccination is the most appropriate way to control pathogens that threaten the global aquaculture industry. Unfortunately, vaccines generally do not provide satisfactory immune protection, especially those based on inactivated pathogens or recombinant antigens. Thus, it is necessary for adjuvants or immunostimulants to be used to improve the vaccine efficacy. Traditional adjuvants such as aluminium salts adjuvant and Freund’s adjuvant, are the most effective known adjuvants in aquaculture; however, due to their disadvantages, such as low adjuvanticity, short lasting time and serious side effects in vivo were also occurred. Searching for some combinations or alternative molecules of them as adjuvants is feasible to increase animal welfare without lowering the levels of immune protection. Recent advances in immunology confirmed that cytokines used as adjuvants have the advantages of eliciting the expression of costimulatory molecular and polarization of antigen‐presenting cells compared with aluminium slats adjuvant and oil adjuvant in fish farming. Moreover, the effects of most adjuvants are exerted mainly through the induction of cytokines production. Nowadays, cytokines have been evaluated for their abilities to offer effective adjuvant activities in both animal models and human studies. In this review, we summarized previous studies performed with different Th cytokines used as adjuvants on different types of fish vaccines, focusing on their protective efficacies and effects on the fish immune system as they delivered in vivo.
Vitrification of donkey sperm using straws as an alternative to conventional slow freezing
Authors: Diaz‐Jimenez Maria , Dorado Jesús , Pereira Blasa , Consuegra Cesar , Hidalgo Manuel
Published: September 2020

Cryoprotectant‐free vitrification of donkey sperm using 0.25 ml straws has been recently developed, but the obtained results have not been directly compared to conventional slow freezing yet. The aim of this study was to compare sperm quality parameters after cryopreservation using both methods. Semen samples were collected from three Andalusian Donkeys. Semen was centrifuged and pellets resuspended with an extender with glycerol for conventional freezing or the same extender without glycerol, but with sucrose 0.1 mol/L for vitrification. Conventional freezing was performed in nitrogen vapours and thawed in a water bath (30s/37°C). Vitrification was performed in covered 0.25 ml straws plunged directly into liquid nitrogen and warmed in 3 ml of a milk‐based extender at 43°C. Total (TM, %) and progressive motility (PM, %) were evaluated by computer‐assisted sperm analysis, and plasma membrane (PMI, %) and acrosome (AIS, %) integrities by epifluorescence microscopy. No differences (p > .05) were found between slow freezing and vitrification methods for any of the parameters assessed: TM (58.2 ± 16.1% vs. 52.7 ± 15.6%), PM (44.7 ± 18.2% vs. 44.3 ± 15.0%), PMI (55.4 ± 9.0% vs. 49.2 ± 11.2%) and AIS (38.4 ± 19.6% vs. 45.0 ± 11.0%), respectively. In conclusion, donkey sperm vitrification in straws presented similar sperm quality after thawing in comparison to conventional freezing. Therefore, it could be considered as an alternative to slow freezing regarding the sperm parameters assessed.
Kitchen Hygiene in the Spotlight: How Cooking Shows Influence Viewers’ Hygiene Practices
Authors: Koch Severine , Lohmann Mark , Geppert Jasmin , Stamminger Rainer , Epp Astrid , Böl Gaby‐Fleur
Published: September 2020

Poor hygiene when handling food is a major cause of foodborne illness. To investigate whether hygiene practices visible in television cooking shows influence viewers’ kitchen hygiene, a study on the adoption of demonstrated hygiene behavior was conducted under controlled, experimental conditions. In a study ostensibly on cooking by following recipes participants (n = 65) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions, in which they watched a cooking video that differed only with regard to the hygiene behavior of the chef. In condition 1, the chef engaged in poor hygiene practices while preparing the dish, in condition 2 the chef's hygiene behavior was exemplary and in condition 3, the chef's hygiene behavior was not visible (control condition). After watching the video, participants were instructed to cook the recipe individually in the fully equipped laboratory kitchen. Cooking sessions were videotaped and experimenters blind to condition coded hygiene lapses committed by participants. The level of kitchen hygiene displayed in the cooking video significantly affected hygiene practices of participants cooking the recipe. Participants who had watched the cooking video with correct hygiene practices committed significantly fewer hygiene lapses than those who had watched the video with poor hygiene practices. From a risk communication perspective, TV cooking shows are well placed to convey knowledge of essential hygiene practices during food preparation to a broad audience. To facilitate behavioral change toward safer food‐handling practices among viewers, visibly performing correct hygiene practices in cooking shows is a promising strategy.
Late Quaternary thrusting in the southern margin of the Chaiwopu Basin, northern Chinese Tian Shan foreland
Authors: Pang Lichen , Cheng Lu , Lu Honghua , Guan Xue , Wu Dengyun , Zheng Xiangmin
Published: September 2020

Thrusting and the associated folding are crucial geological processes accommodating the crustal shortening in a foreland setting. This work focuses on the late Quaternary thrusting of the Banfanggou fault (BF) in the southern Chaiwopu Basin, northern Chinese Tian Shan foreland. The outcrops at the Urumqi River in the western part of the southern margin of the basin show that the BF, dipping south with angle of 60–80 °, has thrust the Neogene mudstone onto the Quaternary gravels and has displaced the terrace surfaces. In contrast, the eastern segment of the BF exists as a blind thrust fault. By using the geomorphic surface (river terrace and alluvial fan) as the reference, the average rate of vertical slip on the western segment of the BF over the past ~12 ka is estimated to ~1.7 mm/year, and the estimated rate at the eastern segment of the fault is ~1.0–1.3 mm/year. Despite of the uncertainties of the rates deriving from the vertical offsets and the geomorphic ages, the resultant vertical slip rates might imply relatively high seismic risk in the southern Chaiwopu Basin.
Tracking exocytosis of a GPI‐anchored protein in Aspergillus nidulans
Authors: Peñalva Miguel A. , Moscoso‐Romero Esteban , Hernández‐González Miguel
Published: September 2020

Secretion of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐anchored protein (GPI‐AP) EglC was investigated in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans, exploiting a sucrose‐inducible promoter to conditionally express the protein in cells blocked at different steps of exocytosis. EglC is delivered to the cell surface in a polarized fashion, but appears to redistribute rapidly toward apico‐distal regions. Inactivation of SarASar1 mediating COPII vesicle biogenesis resulted in the accumulation of EglC in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) but, rather than concentrating in ER‐exit‐sites, the reporter labeled the ER uniformly. Abnormal posttranslational modifications of EglC were detected in sarAts and sed5ts mutants, suggesting that blocking COPII biogenesis or traffic in the ER/Golgi interface might affect GPI remodeling. EglC delivery to the plasma membrane requires, besides Golgi function, the TRAPPII complex mediating the biogenesis of RAB11 secretory vesicles at the TGN, but is unaffected by the absence of RAB5, the key regulator of early endosome biogenesis/maturation. Thus, unlike the soluble extracellular enzyme inulinase, EglC is directly delivered from the TGN to the plasma membrane without involvement of endosomes. We conclude that in A. nidulans, GPI‐APs follow a direct secretory pathway from the ER to the plasma membrane.
Sentinel lymph node detection differs when comparing lymphoscintigraphy to lymphography using water soluble iodinated contrast medium and digital radiography in dogs
Authors: Hlusko Katelyn C. , Cole Robert , Tillson David Michael , Boothe Harry W. , Almond Greg , Coggeshall Whitney S. , Matz Brad M.
Published: September 2020

Sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping by various means has become standard of care in certain types of human cancers and is receiving more attention in veterinary oncology. Current SLN mapping techniques can be costly and often require advanced imaging equipment. The objective of this prospective, method comparison study was to compare an SLN mapping protocol of lymphoscintigraphy to lymphography using water soluble iodinated contrast medium (WIC) and digital radiography for identification of an SLN. Lymphoscintigraphy and lymphography were performed on eight healthy purpose‐bred dogs using technetium‐99m sulfur colloid and WIC injected into the subcutaneous tissues in a four‐quadrant technique around a predefined area of skin on the brachium. Images were obtained using a gamma camera and digital radiography at different time points post‐injection. Image sequences were evaluated by one of two American College of Veterinary Radiology board‐certified veterinary radiologists. Data obtained were compared between methods using descriptive statistics. An SLN was identified in all dogs with lymphoscintigraphy and seven of eight dogs with lymphography. Agreement between results of the lymphoscintigraphy and lymphography studies was a complete match in three dogs, a partial match in four dogs, and no match in one dog. The SLN detected differed based on the imaging modality used.
Assessing the Influence of Compression Ratio on Engine Characteristics Including Operational Limits of a Biogas-Fueled Spark-Ignition Engine
Authors: Gupta Sachin Kumar , Mittal Mayank
Published: September 2020

Biogas, which is a renewable alternative fuel, has high antiknocking properties with the potential to substitute fossil fuels in internal combustion engines. In this study, performance characteristics of a spark-ignition (SI) engine operated under methane (baseline case) and biogas are compared at the compression ratio (CR) of 8.5:1. Subsequently, the effect of CR on operational limits, performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of the engine fueled with biogas is evaluated. A variable compression ratio, spark-ignition engine was operated at various CRs of 8.5:1, 10:1, 11:1, 13:1, and 15:1 over a wide range of operating loads at 1500 rpm. Results showed that the operating range of the engine at 8.5:1 CR reduced when biogas was utilized in the engine instead of methane. However, the operating range of the engine for biogas extended with an increase in CR—an increase from 9.6 N-m-16.5 N-m to 2.8 N-m-15.1 N-m was observed when CR was increased from 8.5:1 to 15:1. The brake thermal efficiency improved from 13.7% to 16.3%, and the coefficient of variation (COV) of indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) reduced from 12.7% to 1.52% when CR was increased from 8.5:1 to 15:1 at 8 N-m load. The emission level of carbon dioxide was decreased with an increase in CR due to an improvement in the thermal efficiency and the combustion process.
Transient Performance Analysis of an Aero Gas Turbine Cooled Cooling Air Heat Exchanger
Authors: Mucci Alberto , Kholi Foster Kwame , Ha Man Yeong , Min June Kee , Beecroft Peeter , Chetwynd-Chatwin Jason
Published: September 2020

Aviation faces several challenges to maintain growth while adapting to an environmentally viable footprint. Increasing efficiency, which in the past induced a steady rise in the turbine entry temperatures, requires successful cooling of critical components to relieve the combined effects of higher temperatures and pressures. Starting with a conceptual design that alters the flow path of the secondary air system to divert bled air into a heat exchanger, this research focuses on assessing the effects of actual flight conditions on a cooled cooling air (CCA) system. In particular, the study undertakes a transient analysis of the CCA heat exchanger under a stressful temperature increase. The performance of the unit from idle to max take off (MTO) conditions required a unique facility for experimental testing, also capable of reaching and sustaining the necessary specifications. The novelty of the concept compelled the development of numerical models to aid the design and evaluation of the experiment. These models use one- and three-dimensional techniques to perform preemptive analysis of the test range, to ensure safety during the actual test, and to provide valuable information about the facility system and the inner flow structure of the heat exchanger. The study completed successful experiments using numerically generated procedures. A back-to-back configuration, representative of multiple installations, offers evidence about the cross-influence of each heat exchanger. The research also examined the dynamic effects to provide the bases for further studies focusing on this topic.
Sensitivity Analysis of Nonlinear Transient Response Based on Perturbation in the Complex Domain
Authors: Cao Zhifu , Fei Qingguo , Jiang Dong , Zhu Rui , Jin Hui
Published: September 2020

Sensitivity analysis of transient response plays a crucial role in structural dynamics optimization. In this paper, the sensitivity analysis method for calculating the first-order derivatives of the nonlinear transient response using the real-imaginary perturbations (RIP) in the complex domain is proposed. Independent design parameters are synchronously perturbed using real and imaginary perturbations, respectively. The complex variable finite element method is employed to compute the complex transient response of the perturbed model. The nonlinear transient response sensitivities with respect to each parameter are obtained by separately extracting the real and imaginary responses. The computational accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method are demonstrated by employing a nonlinear multidegree-of-freedom system and a cantilever beam with nonlinear elastic supports. Results show that the response sensitivity with respect to multiple design parameters is obtained accurately by using the proposed method, the computational efficiency of which is increased compared with the complex variable method (CVM). The stability of the transient response sensitivity is significantly affected by the parameter perturbations in the real and imaginary parts. The RIP-imaginary-based response sensitivity is feasible even for an extremely small perturbation in the imaginary part; the RIP-real-based response sensitivity is stable only within a limited real perturbation range.
Trained Harmonic Balance Method for Parametrically Excited Jeffcott Rotor Analysis
Authors: Ghannad Tehrani Ghasem , Gastaldi Chiara , Berruti Teresa M.
Published: September 2020

Being able to identify instability regions is an important task for the designers of rotating machines. It allows discarding, since the early design stages, those configurations which may lead to catastrophic failures. Instability can be induced by different occurrences such as an unbalanced disk, torsional, and axial forces on the shaft or periodic variation of system parameters known as “parametric excitation.” In this paper, the stability of a Jeffcott rotor, parametrically excited by the time-varying stiffness of the rolling bearings, is studied. The harmonic balance method (HBM) is here applied as an approximate procedure to obtain the well-known “transition curves (TCs)” which separate the stable from the unstable regions of the design parameter space. One major challenge in the HBM application is identifying an adequate harmonic support (i.e., number of harmonics in the Fourier formulation), necessary to produce trustworthy results. A procedure to overcome this issue is here proposed and termed “trained HBM” (THBM). The results obtained by THBM are compared to those computed by Floquet theory, here used as a reference. The THBM proves to be able to produce reliable TCs in a timely manner, compatible with the design process.
Channel Length Influence on the Performance of the Vacuum Membrane Distillation
Authors: Alasiri Abdulaziz M. , Alqsair Umar , Cosman Sertac , Krysko Robert , Oztekin Alparslan
Published: September 2020

The demand for freshwater has been increased globally. Membrane distillation (MD) technique can be an attractive option for desalination applications. MD is defined as a thermal-driven separation process that implements a hydrophobic membrane for allowing only water vapor transport through the membrane. VMD system is investigated in this study to examine its sensitivity toward the channel design. PTFE membrane is employed and treated as a functional surface where its main properties, such as porosity, tortuosity, pore diameter, and membrane thickness are defined. Different flow rates and inlet temperatures of the feed solution are involved to intensely study the effect of the channel length on VMD performance. The local concentration and temperature polarization coefficient and mass flux along the membrane surface are presented and discussed. With the increasing length of the module, concentration and temperature polarization levels are increased, and the vapor flux is decreased. It is shown that the permeate flux decreases linearly with the channel length. The slope of the permeate flux with length can be used to estimate the flux performance of modules with varying length.
Significance of Delta Winglets on the Air Side Performance of Flat Finned Versus Wavy Finned-Tube Heat Exchangers
Authors: Khan Tariq Amin , Gardezi Nasir Mehdi , Li Wei , Zhou Yang , Ayub Zahid
Published: September 2020

The performance on the air side flow is often limited due to its lower heat transfer coefficient. This work is related to numerical simulation to study the significance of employing delta winglets in flat finned and wavy finned-tube heat exchangers. For this purpose, three-dimensional simulation data and a multi-objective genetic algorithm are employed. The angle of attack (α) of delta winglets and Reynolds number varied from 15° to 75° and 500 to 1300, respectively.

Employing delta winglets has increased the heat transfer per unit temperature and per unit volume (Z) and the fan power per unit core volume (E) for both flat finned and wavy finned-tube heat exchangers. To achieve a maximum heat transfer enhancement and a minimum friction factor, the optimal values of these parameters (Re and α) are calculated using the Pareto optimal strategy. For this purpose, CFD data, a surrogate model (neural network) and a multi-objective optimization genetic algorithm are combined. Results show that the performance of wavy finned-tube heat exchangers is higher than flat-finned tube heat exchangers which signify the importance of delta winglets in the wavy finned-tube heat exchangers.
CFD Modeling of Thermal Management Systems for a Silicon Semiconductor Switch
Authors: Berg Jordan N. , Sobhansarbandi Sarvenaz
Published: September 2020

Silicon semiconductor switches are suitable for pulse power applications. When utilized in these applications, the switch receives a significant amount of power (i.e., heat) that is to be dissipated, which can result in the degradation of the switch. In order to maintain the functionality of the switch, a thermal management system (TMS) needs to be developed to keep the switch temperature at no higher than 80 °C during operation. This threshold is set due to an increase in electrical resistivity of silicon with an increase in temperature. This study compares the viability of two TMS, a microchannel and a jet impingement single-phase liquid system, to facilitate the long term operation of the switch for pulse power applications through performing computational fluid dynamic modeling (CFD) in ANSYS Fluent. The results from this study show that by utilizing a jet impingement system as TMS, the temperature of switch is maintained below the desired operating temperature when compared to that of the microchannel design under identical operating parameters (i.e., mass flow rate, coolant type and inlet temperature). Moreover, a cross validation of the thermal performance of the proposed systems has been made to further validate the obtained results.
Closed-Loop Simulation Integrating Finite Element Modeling With Feedback Controls in Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Wang Dan , Chen Xu
Published: September 2020

Powder bed fusion (PBF) additive manufacturing has enabled unmatched agile manufacturing of a wide range of products from engine components to medical implants. While high-fidelity finite element modeling and feedback control have been identified key for predicting and engineering part qualities in PBF, existing results in each realm are developed in opposite computational architectures wildly different in time scale. Integrating both realms, this paper builds a first-instance closed-loop simulation framework by utilizing the output signals retrieved from the finite element model (FEM) to directly update the control signals sent to the model. The proposed closed-loop simulation enables testing the limits of advanced controls in PBF and surveying the parameter space fully to generate more predictable part qualities. Along the course of formulating the framework, we verify the FEM by comparing its results with experimental and analytical solutions and then use the FEM to understand the melt-pool evolution induced by the in-layer thermomechanical interactions. From there, we build a repetitive control algorithm to greatly attenuate variations of the melt pool width.
Comprehensive Scheduling Method in Project Management Under Uncertain Environment
Authors: Morita Daisuke , Suwa Haruhiko
Published: September 2020

In this paper, we propose a novel project scheduling method to enhance schedule robustness. The proposed method evaluates and improves a project schedule according to the results of scheduling simulations considering the occurrence of uncertainties. In a series of the scheduling simulation, activities for achieving project’s goal are executed and the existing project schedule is revised by using pre-specified procedure every time an activity delay occurs. It is considered that the simulations including schedule revision tend to be time-consuming for the larger scale project. Our proposed method can drastically reduce a computational time required for evaluation by performing simulations in parallel using GPU. Through the numerical experiments, the computational time for large-scale project is investigated, and effective reduction of a project delay by the proposed method is demonstrated.
Rapid Estimation of Die and Mold Machining Time Without NC Data by AI Based on Shape Data
Authors: Takizawa Hiroki , Aoyama Hideki , Won Song Cheol
Published: September 2020

Rapid estimation of machining time is necessary for flexible production scheduling and early responses regarding delivery date. It is also important for selecting the most suitable of a factory’s many machine tools. Usually, machining time is estimated based on an NC program. However, this takes time to generate and its estimation accuracy is not ideal because it cannot consider the control characteristics of the machine tool. This study proposes a new method for rapidly estimating die and mold machining time without generating an NC program: inputting curvature and machining depth distributions into AI as color information.
Precise Cutting Force Estimation by Hybrid Estimation of DC/AC Components
Authors: Sato Taiki , Yamato Shuntaro , Imabeppu Yasuhiro , Irino Naruhiro , Kakinuma Yasuhiro
Published: September 2020

External sensor-less cutting force estimation using a load-side disturbance observer (LDOB) has potential to estimate the cutting force with high accuracy in both feed and cross-feed directions. However, the accuracy of its low frequency components in feed direction decrease due to effect of the friction and heat of a ball-screw-driven stage. In this study, DC and AC components of the cutting force is estimated by different methods; friction-compensated motor thrust force and LDOB, and the cutting force was estimated in real time by hybridizing them. In particular, regarding the friction model, the dynamic and static characteristics of the friction force in each axis (X, Y, Z) were identified from the idling test results. In addition to the model that depends on the velocity, the characteristics of the friction that depend on the position was also identified and considered when compensating for the motor thrust force. Then, a simple moving average filter with an appropriate window length is applied to the cutting force by LDOB and motor thrust force, and the DC component error of LDOB is corrected by that of motor thrust force. The validity of the proposed method was evaluated through end-milling tests. The experimental results showed that estimation accuracy of cutting force using the proposed method can be greatly improved in feed directions. On the other hand, in cross-feed direction, the cutting estimation was performed using the conventional LDOB.