bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of sulfo‐conjugated and gluco‐conjugated urinary metabolites for detection of methenolone misuse in doping control by LC‐HRMS, GC‐MS and GC‐HRMS
Authors: Fragkaki A. G. , Angelis Y. S. , Kiousi P. , Georgakopoulos C. G. , Lyris E.
Published: April 2015

Methenolone (17β‐hydroxy‐1‐methyl‐5α‐androst‐1‐en‐3‐one) misuse in doping control is commonly detected by monitoring the parent molecule and its metabolite (1‐methylene‐5α‐androstan‐3α‐ol‐17‐one) excreted conjugated with glucuronic acid using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) for the parent molecule, after hydrolysis with β‐glucuronidase. The aim of the present study was the evaluation of the sulfate fraction of methenolone metabolism by LC‐high resolution (HR)MS and the estimation of the long‐term detectability of its sulfate metabolites analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐HRMSMS) compared with the current practice for the detection of methenolone misuse used by the anti‐doping laboratories. Methenolone was administered to two healthy male volunteers, and urine samples were collected up to 12 and 26 days, respectively. Ethyl acetate extraction at weak alkaline pH was performed and then the sulfate conjugates were analyzed by LC‐HRMS using electrospray ionization in negative mode searching for [M‐H]− ions corresponding to potential sulfate structures (comprising structure alterations such as hydroxylations, oxidations, reductions and combinations of them). Eight sulfate metabolites were finally detected, but four of them were considered important as the most abundant and long term detectable. LC clean up followed by solvolysis and GC/MS analysis of trimethylsilylated (TMS) derivatives reveal that the sulfate analogs of methenolone as well as of 1‐methylene‐5α‐androstan‐3α‐ol‐17‐one, 3z‐hydroxy‐1β‐methyl‐5α‐androstan‐17‐one and 16β‐hydroxy‐1‐methyl‐5α‐androst‐1‐ene‐3,17‐dione were the major metabolites in the sulfate fraction. The results of the present study also document for the first time the methenolone sulfate as well as the 3z‐hydroxy‐1β‐methyl‐5α‐androstan‐17‐one sulfate as metabolites of methenolone in human urine. The time window for the detectability of methenolone sulfate metabolites by LC‐HRMS is comparable with that of their hydrolyzed glucuronide analogs analyzed by GC‐MS. The results of the study demonstrate the importance of sulfation as a phase II metabolic pathway for methenolone metabolism, proposing four metabolites as significant components of the sulfate fraction. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bioactive compounds in pindo palm (Butia capitata) juice and in pomace resulting of the extraction process
Authors: Jachna Tiphaine J , Hermes Vanessa S , Flôres Simone H , Rios Alessandro O
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUND

Pindo palm (Butia capitata, Becc. 1916) is a tropical fruit native to South America and is relatively rich in bioactive compounds. It is often consumed as juice. The aim of this study was, first, to identify the degradation of these compounds by pasteurization and by cold storage (4 °C) of pindo palm juice. Physicochemical properties and concentrations of phenolic compounds, carotenoids and vitamin C have been evaluated on fresh and pasteurized juices. Moreover, another objective was to characterize the nutritional composition and the bioactive compounds of pindo palm pomace, the by‐product of juice processing.

RESULTS

The results demonstrated a degradation of carotenoids with pasteurization and a degradation of vitamin C with both pasteurization and cold storage of juices. Furthermore, the evaluation of pindo palm pomace showed that it is relatively rich in total phenols (20.06 g gallic acid equivalents kg−1 dry matter) and in β‐carotene (0.22 g kg−1 dry matter).

CONCLUSION

Thus, from the nutrition viewpoint, it does not seem interesting to pasteurize juice. On the other hand, extraction of carotenoids and phenolic compounds from the pomace appears to be a relevant process. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Mass spectrometry for the elucidation of the subtle molecular structure of biodegradable polymers and their degradation products
Authors: Kowalczuk Marek , Adamus Grażyna
Published: April 2015

Contemporary reports by Polish authors on the application of mass spectrometric methods for the elucidation of the subtle molecular structure of biodegradable polymers and their degradation products will be presented. Special emphasis will be given to natural aliphatic (co)polyesters (PHA) and their synthetic analogues, formed through anionic ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of β‐substituted β‐lactones. Moreover, the application of MS techniques for the evaluation of the structure of biodegradable polymers obtained in ionic and coordination polymerization of cyclic ethers and esters as well as products of step‐growth polymerization, in which bifunctional or multifunctional monomers react to form oligomers and eventually long chain polymers, will be discussed. Furthermore, the application of modern MS techniques for the assessment of polymer degradation products, frequently bearing characteristic end groups that can be revealed and differentiated by MS, will be discussed within the context of specific degradation pathways. Finally, recent Polish accomplishments in the area of mass spectrometry will be outlined. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 35: 188–198, 2016.
Targeted mesenchymal stem cell and vascular endothelial growth factor strategies for repair of nerve defects with nerve tissue implanted autogenous vein graft conduits
Authors: Eren Fıkret , Öksüz Sınan , Küçükodaci Zafer , Kendırlı Mustafa Tansel , Cesur Ceyhun , Alarçın Emıne , ırem Bektaş Ezgı , Karagöz Hüseyın , Kerımoğlu Oya , Köse Gamze Torun , Ülkür Ersın , Gorantla Vijay
Published: April 2015

Peripheral nerve gaps exceeding 1 cm require a bridging repair strategy. Clinical feasibility of autogenous nerve grafting is limited by donor site comorbidity. In this study we investigated neuroregenerative efficacy of autogenous vein grafts implanted with tissue fragments from distal nerve in combination with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in repair of rat peripheral nerve defects. Six‐groups of Sprague‐Dawley rats (n = 8 each) were evaluated in the autogenous setting using a 1.6 cm long peroneal nerve defect: Empty vein graft (group 1), Nerve graft (group 2), Vein graft and nerve fragments (group 3), Vein graft and nerve fragments and blank microspheres (group 4), Vein graft and nerve fragments and VEGF microspheres (group 5), Vein graft and nerve fragments and MSCs (group 6). Nerve fragments were derived from distal segment. Walking track analysis, electrophysiology and nerve histomorphometry were performed for assessment. Peroneal function indices (PFI), electrophysiology (amplitude) and axon count results for group 2 were −9.12 ± 3.07, 12.81 ± 2.46 mV, and 1697.88 ± 166.18, whereas the results for group 5 were −9.35 ± 2.55, 12.68 ± 1.78, and 1566 ± 131.44, respectively. The assessment results did not reveal statistical difference between groups 2 and 5 (P > 0.05). The best outcomes were seen in group 2 and 5 followed by group 6. Compared to other groups, poorest outcomes were seen in group 1 (P ≤ 0.05). PFI, electrophysiology (amplitude) and axon count results for group 1 were −208.82 ± 110.69, 0.86 ± 0.52, and 444.50 ± 274.03, respectively. Vein conduits implanted with distal nerve‐derived nerve fragments improved axonal regeneration. VEGF was superior to MSCs in facilitating nerve regeneration. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 36:578–585, 2016.
Coverage of defect over toes after failure of microsurgical replantation with medial sural artery perforator flap: A case report
Authors: Lee Gordon , Jeong Euicheol
Published: April 2015

In this report, we present a case of toe reconstruction with a medial sural artery perforator free flap after failure of replantation. A 35‐year‐old male suffered a crush injury from a heavy object falling over the left 1st, 2nd, and 3rd toes and underwent microsurgical replantation of the toes at an outside facility. Over the next 2 weeks, ischemic necrosis of all the toes developed. This condition was very frustrating for the patient who had very high expectations of preserving the toes, and also for the surgeon to determine the optimal method to reconstruct the distal foot and toes. After debridement of non‐viable tissues, the defect over the toes was resurfaced using a medial sural artery perforator free flap and full thickness skin graft. Subsequently, several minor operations, including interdigitation, excision of neuromas, and defatting procedure were performed to complete his reconstruction. Eighteen months later, the patient had very aesthetically pleasing and fully functional toes. A medial sural artery perforator free flap may be used to repair the soft tissue defect on the toes after failed replantation, and provides sufficient skin. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 36:161–164, 2016.
Distributed capillary adiabatic tissue homogeneity model in parametric multi‐channel blind AIF estimation using DCE‐MRI
Authors: Kratochvíla Jiří , Jiřík Radovan , Bartoš Michal , Standara Michal , Starčuk Zenon , Taxt Torfinn
Published: April 2015

Purpose

One of the main challenges in quantitative dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE) MRI is estimation of the arterial input function (AIF). Usually, the signal from a single artery (ignoring contrast dispersion, partial volume effects and flow artifacts) or a population average of such signals (also ignoring variability between patients) is used.

Methods

Multi‐channel blind deconvolution is an alternative approach avoiding most of these problems. The AIF is estimated directly from the measured tracer concentration curves in several tissues. This contribution extends the published methods of multi‐channel blind deconvolution by applying a more realistic model of the impulse residue function, the distributed capillary adiabatic tissue homogeneity model (DCATH). In addition, an alternative AIF model is used and several AIF‐scaling methods are tested.

Results

The proposed method is evaluated on synthetic data with respect to the number of tissue regions and to the signal‐to‐noise ratio. Evaluation on clinical data (renal cell carcinoma patients before and after the beginning of the treatment) gave consistent results. An initial evaluation on clinical data indicates more reliable and less noise sensitive perfusion parameter estimates.

Conclusion

Blind multi‐channel deconvolution using the DCATH model might be a method of choice for AIF estimation in a clinical setup. Magn Reson Med 75:1355–1365, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Indirect Evidence of Falconry in Medieval Poland as Inferred from Published Zooarchaeological Studies
Authors: Bochenski Z. M. , Tomek T. , Wertz K. , Wojenka M.
Published: April 2015

Although written sources indicate that falconry or hawking was very popular already in early medieval Poland, there is no hard zooarchaeological evidence that would support it. So far, only two studies based on animal remains suggested hawking in medieval Poland. The purpose of this study was to examine all published zooarchaeological reports from all archaeological sites in Poland and check for possible clues of hawking. Altogether, 281 remains of 12 species of diurnal birds of prey were recorded from 38 sites (49 time‐site units) in Poland beginning from the Middle Ages onward. The most frequently found was the goshawk Accipiter gentilis followed by the white‐tailed eagle Haliaeetus albicilla and the sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus. Clues of possible hawking include high status of sites, occurrence of species used in falconry outside their natural ranges, preponderance of females, the presence of sub‐adult specimens and others. It is suggested that surface damage observed on prey bones done by the hawks' beaks and claws may be an extra evidence of hawking. The present study strongly supports the notion that hawking was a very popular activity in medieval Poland. In the future, medieval bone assemblages should always be checked for clues of hawking. The present study may also be used as a source of raw data for other analyses because it includes detailed information on birds of prey from all zooarchaeological reports published so far in Poland. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast, Precise, Objective: 3D Surface Analysis of Small Metal Parts
Authors: Stiefenhöfer Peter
Published: April 2015

The inspection of minute components with different surface features imposes stringent requirements on the employed test method. A new inspection system demonstrates that errors with the integrated imaging system can be detected reliably and evaluated to a professional standard, even on complex objects: By cutting the incidence of ‘pseudo scrap’ to below two percent, this 3D technology is vastly superior to conventional vision solutions.
New Dimensions in Beam Expansion
Authors: Fuchs Ulrike
Published: April 2015

Monolithic beam expansion elements, which can be used as a cascade and achieve construction lengths much smaller than those of conventional systems are presented. Furthermore, this system is diffraction‐limited, and offers a high level of flexibility and continuous extensibility using new elements. The compensation for wavefront errors and divergence introduced by changing the wavelength away from the design wavelength is achieved by employing a new add‐on element, which enables the use of monolithic beam expanders from 500 nm to 1600 nm.
New insulins for diabetes
Authors: Seewoodhary Jason , Wong Stephen Phooi Yew
Published: April 2015

Diabetes treatments have come a long way, but continual efforts are needed to make the disease easier to manage and more affordable. Nearly half a million patients in the UK are prescribed insulin; however, despite insulin's increasing use, current licensed insulin products incur significant barriers, which have fuelled the need to develop novel insulins and drug delivery methods.

This review will critically consider the role of new insulin preparations and delivery methods, such as Technosphere insulin, buccal spray insulin, very‐long acting insulins, new insulin combinations, and ultra‐fast acting insulin that aim to surmount these hurdles. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pesticides and human diabetes: a pilot project to explore a possible link
Authors: Swaminathan K , Thangavel G
Published: April 2015

An increasing number of studies show an association between environmental pollutants – especially organophosphorous pesticides – and the development of insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia. Our aim was to explore this hypothesis in farming communities around the city of Madurai, India.

Local Ethics Committee approval was obtained. In all, 260 participants more than 18 years of age from farming villages around Madurai were evaluated based on three categories of pesticide exposure.

The crude odds ratio for farmers mixing and spraying pesticides to have diabetes compared to the minimal exposure category was 2.07 (95% CI 1.01–4.24). After adjusting for sex and BMI, the odds ratio was 2.302 (95% CI 1.082–4.896).

There seems to be a moderate association between pesticide exposure and diabetes. A good study design and good control of confounding factors will testify to this association. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons.
Temperature behavior of dielectric function spectra and optical transitions in TlGaS2
Authors: Shim YongGu , Kawabata Toshiyuki , Wakita Kazuki , Mamedov Nazim
Published: April 2015

The dielectric function spectra of TlGaS2 crystal with quasi‐two‐dimensional layered structure have been studied by means of spectroscopic elipsometry over the photon range 1.5–6.0 eV in the temperature range 100–400 K. The absolute values of the dielectric function show a sudden temperature‐induced change around 180 and 280 K. The energy of the inter‐band optical transitions retrieved from the dielectric function spectra display an abrupt temperature change around the same temperatures. Structural phase transitions are behind the observed change of electronic band structure of TlGaS2.
Effect of baking and fermentation on the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of grain‐based food
Authors: Bostic Joshua N. , Palafox Sherilyn J. , Rottmueller Marina E. , Jahren A. Hope
Published: April 2015

Rationale

Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is used extensively to reconstruct general attributes of prehistoric and modern diets in both humans and animals. In order to apply these methods to the accurate determination of specific intakes of foods/nutrients of interest, the isotopic signature of individually consumed foods must be constrained. For example, 86% of the calories consumed in the USA are derived from processed and prepared foods, but the relationship between the stable isotope composition of raw ingredients and the resulting products has not been characterized.

Methods

To examine the effect of common cooking techniques on the stable isotope composition of grain‐based food items, we prepared yeast buns and sugar cookies from standardized recipes and measured bulk δ13C and δ15N values of samples collected throughout a 75 min fermentation process (buns) and before and after baking at 190°C (buns and cookies). Simple isotope mixing models were used to determine if the isotopic signatures of 13 multi‐ingredient foods could be estimated from the isotopic signatures of their constituent raw ingredients.

Results

No variations in δ13C or δ15N values were detected between pre‐ and post‐baked yeast buns (pre: –24.78‰/2.61‰, post: –24.75‰/2.74‰), beet‐sugar cookies (pre: –24.48‰/3.84‰, post: –24.47‰/3.57‰), and cane‐sugar cookies (pre: –19.07‰/2.97‰, post: –19.02‰/3.21‰), or throughout a 75 min fermentation process in yeast buns. Using isotopic mass balance equations, the δ13C/δ15N values of multi‐ingredient foods were estimated from the isotopic composition of constituent raw ingredients to within 0.14 ± 0.13‰/0.24 ± 0.17‰ for gravimetrically measured recipes and 0.40 ± 0.38‰/0.58 ± 0.53‰ for volumetrically measured recipes.

Conclusions

Two common food preparation techniques, baking and fermentation, do not substantially affect the carbon or nitrogen isotopic signature of grain‐based foods. Mass‐balance equations can be used to accurately estimate the isotopic signature of multi‐ingredient food items for which quantitative ingredient information is available. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Untargeted analysis of sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids from the dried roots of Tripterygium wilfordii using high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Cai Tian , Luo Ying‐Gang , Zhou Min , Wang Dan , Wu Zhi‐Jun , Fang Dong‐Mei , Zhang Guo‐Lin
Published: April 2015

Rationale

Sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids are a large group of highly oxygenated sesquiterpenoids that have attracted attention in the fields of medicine because of their significant biological activities.

Methods

Reference compounds including 14 sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids and one dihydroagarofuran ester were analyzed by collision‐induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (CID‐MS/MS). A high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization (HPLC/ESI)‐MS/MS method at two collision energies was adopted to investigate the botanical extracts of Tripterygium wilfordii.

Results

For 15 reference compounds, in the high mass range, the product ions were formed by the loss of side chains or H2O. In the low mass range, the high‐abundance product ions at m/z 206, 204, or 194 were the characteristic ions of the pyridine moiety. The characteristic product ion at m/z 310 was formed through an ion–neutral complex intermediate. Fifty‐four sesquiterpenoid derivatives, including 50 sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids, were identified or tentatively characterized in botanical extracts of T. wilfordii based on their elemental constituents, characteristic fragmentation patterns, and the major product ion profiles of the reference compounds ascertained with HPLC/ESI‐MS/MS at two collision energies. It seems that isocratic energy was appropriate for the untargeted analysis of compounds with molecular weights exceeding 800 Da, whereas a linear gradient energy vs molecular weight was suitable for those compounds with molecular weights below 800 Da.

Conclusions

The HPLC/ESI‐MS/MS method, combining characteristic fragmentation patterns and the profiles of the product ions generated at different collision energies, is an effective technique for characterizing untargeted compounds. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What is a Hole? Discovering Access Holes in Disaster Rubble with Functional and Photometric Attributes
Authors: Kong Christopher , Ferworn Alex , Coleshill Elliott , Tran Jimmy , Derpanis Konstantinos G.
Published: April 2015

The collapse of buildings and other structures in heavily populated areas often results in human victims becoming trapped within the resulting rubble. This rubble is often unstable, difficult to traverse, and dangerous for emergency first responders tasked with finding, stabilizing, and extricating entombed or hidden victims through access holes in the rubble. Recent work in scene mapping and reconstruction using photometric color and metric depth (RGB‐D) data collected by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) suggests the possibility of automatically identifying potential access holes into the interior of rubble. This capability would greatly improve search operations by directing the limited human search capacity to areas where access holes might exist. This paper presents a novel approach to automatically identifying access holes in rubble. The investigation begins by defining an access hole in terms that allow for their algorithmic identification as a potential means of accessing the interior of rubble. This definition captures the functional and photometric attributes of holes. From this definition, a set of hole‐related features for detection is presented. Experiments were conducted using RGB‐D data collected over a real‐world disaster training facility using a UAV. Empirical evaluation suggests the efficacy of the proposed approach for successfully identifying potential access holes in disaster rubble.
A Composite Modeling Analysis of the Deformation Behavior of Medium Manganese Steels
Authors: Rana Radhakanta , Gibbs Paul J. , De Moor Emmanuel , Speer John G. , Matlock David K.
Published: April 2015

A composite model with different assumed flow behaviors for the individual microstructural constituents and stability parameters for the metastable austenite transformation is presented and shown to provide design insight into the development of third‐generation advanced high strength steels with a wide spectrum of tensile properties. The deformation behavior of a Fe‐7.09 Mn‐0.099 C‐0.13 Si (wt%) steel is evaluated with uniaxial tensile testing and the results are correlated with predictions of the composite model. It is shown that the present simple composite model can predict tensile strength and uniform elongation with good accuracy over a range of austenite volume fractions in the steel. The analysis is based on Mn enrichment into austenite during intercritical annealing of the steel resulting in microstructures with significant variations in the amount and stability of austenite. Strategies for controlling the stability and amount of austenite in medium Mn steels are also presented in low carbon, nominally 5–10 wt% Mn‐containing steels with/without Al as an alloying addition.
Vascular endothelial growth factors: multitasking functionality in metabolism, health and disease
Authors: Smith Gina A. , Fearnley Gareth W. , Harrison Michael A. , Tomlinson Darren C. , Wheatcroft Stephen B. , Ponnambalam Sreenivasan
Published: April 2015

Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) bind to VEGF receptor tyrosine kinases (VEGFRs). The VEGF and VEGFR gene products regulate diverse regulatory pathways in mammalian development, health and disease. The interaction between a particular VEGF and its cognate VEGFR activates multiple signal transduction pathways which regulate different cellular responses including metabolism, gene expression, proliferation, migration, and survival. The family of VEGF isoforms regulate vascular physiology and promote tissue homeostasis. VEGF dysfunction is implicated in major chronic disease states including atherosclerosis, diabetes, and cancer. More recent studies implicate a strong link between response to VEGF and regulation of vascular metabolism. Understanding how this family of multitasking cytokines regulates cell and animal function has implications for treating many different diseases.
Positive effects of roads on small mammals: a test of the predation release hypothesis
Authors: Downing Richard J. , Rytwinski Trina , Fahrig Lenore
Published: April 2015

Some authors have hypothesized that observed increases in small mammal populations with increasing road density (after controlling for habitat effects) are due to predation release. Predation could be reduced in areas with high road density because of negative effects of roads on predator numbers and/or hunting activity. However, there are no studies testing the relationship between road density and predation rate on small mammals. Based on the predation release hypothesis, we predicted that white‐footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) individuals placed in sites with higher surrounding paved road density and/or closer to a paved road would experience fewer predation attempts thanP. leucopusindividuals placed in sites with lower surrounding paved road density and/or farther from a paved road. We recorded predation attempts onP. leucopusplaced in wire mesh enclosures, using motion‐triggered cameras, at 28 sites ranging widely in surrounding road density. There was no overall decline in predation attempts with increasing paved road density, or increase in predation attempts with increasing distance to the nearest paved roads. However, we cannot rule out the predation release hypothesis for larger mammalian predators, as they were not well sampled in our study. For predatory birds, we found weak evidence in support of the predation release hypothesis, but this conclusion is very tentative, as we only recorded three predation attempts by birds. We suggest that the predation release hypothesis for positive road effects on small mammals merits further investigation, using methods tailored to the particular predators most likely to impact small mammal populations.
Persistent Symptomatic Knee after Total Knee Replacement. Is Knee Arthroscopy Helpful?
Authors: Tim Chui King-Him , Wai-Hong Yuen , Paul Yip Sin-Chuen
Published: April 2015

Persistent symptoms following total knee replacement (TKR) could be diagnostically challenging. We present three cases of knee arthroscopy following TKR to illustrate the effectiveness of arthroscopy for the diagnosis and treatment of persistent symptomatic knee. It is concluded that arthroscopy after TKR is a relatively safe and effective procedure for well selected cases with persistent symptoms following TKR.
Training Adults with Brain Injury How to Help-seek when Lost: A Pilot Study
Authors: Cho Young Susan , Sohlberg McKay Moore
Published: April 2015

There is no research on the assessment or treatment of help-seeking behaviours for individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI). This paper describes the development of a protocol, NICE (Noticing you have a problem,Identifying the information you need for help,Compensatory strategies,Evaluating progress) to train help-seeking for adults with TBI when lost. Theoretical and treatment components from three empirically validated interventions that target social problem-solving and communication skills were adapted to develop NICE: the Group Interactive Structured Treatment for Social Competence (GIST), the Problem Solving Group Protocol (PSG) and Interpersonal Recall (IPR). Preliminary pilot data evaluating the efficacy are presented for three adult persons with TBI. All three participants improved on the Executive Function Route Finding Task (EFRT) and help-seeking behaviours when wayfinding. Help-seeking is a constitutive factor in the wayfinding process capable of improvement. Preliminary evidence supports further investigation of this group intervention.
Truths and Misinformation: A Qualitative Exploration of Myotonic Dystrophy
Authors: LaDonna Kori A. , Ghavanini Amer A. , Venance Shannon L.
Published: April 2015

Background:Myotonic dystrophy (DM1) is an autosomal dominant, progressive, and multisystem condition that impacts affected individuals physically, socially, and emotionally. Understanding individuals’ perceptions of their disease is critical to ensuring appropriate information, education, and counseling.Methods:We conducted a content analysis of findings from a larger study that used a novel, qualitative research approach called photovoice to explore nine patients’ experiences of living with DM1. Participants took pictures that illustrated barriers or facilitators to living with DM1; their photographs then formed the basis of semistructured interviews. Transcripts were analyzed and, among themes, we identified one titled “DM1 truths and misinformation” that described participants’ disease knowledge. Analysis revealed four categories within this broader theme: “the physical and emotional cost of DM1,” “managing my DM1,” “genetics and me” and “patients as advocates and educators.”Results:Findings showed that DM1 participants had good core knowledge with respect to their disease and its implications. However, each participant held as fact fragments of misinformation that shaped decision-making and pointed to a clear need for strategies to mitigate variable interpretation of health information.Conclusions:We conclude that there is a need for increased education and awareness about symptoms, genetic information and treatment strategies for patients, their family members, and health care providers.
ON THE INTIMATE RELATIONSHIP OF KNOWLEDGE AND ACTION
Authors: Anderson Charity
Published: April 2015

Pragmatic encroachment offers a picture of knowledge whereby knowledge is unstable. This paper argues that pragmatic encroachment is committed to more instability than has been hitherto noted. One surprising result of the arguments in this paper is that pragmatic encroachment is not merely about changes in stakes. All sorts of practical factors can make for the presence or absence of knowledge on this picture – stakes are just one factor among many that are knowledge-depriving. In this way, the focus in the literature on ‘stakes-sensitivity’ is misleading. Furthermore, insufficient attention has been paid to the variety of ways in which on this view pragmatic factors affect knowledge: pragmatic factors are not merely knowledge-depriving but are also knowledge-inducing.
WHAT SEEMINGS SEEM TO BE
Authors: Taylor Samuel A.
Published: April 2015

According to Phenomenal Conservatism (PC), if it seems to a subject S that P, S thereby has some degree of (defeasible) justification for believing P. But what is it for P to seem true? Answering this question is vital for assessing what role (if any) such states can play. Many have appeared to adopt a kind of non-reductionism that construes seemings as intentional states which cannot be reduced to more familiar mental states like beliefs or sensations. In this paper I aim to show that reductive accounts need to be taken more seriously by illustrating the plausibility of identifying seemings and conscious inclinations to form a belief. I briefly close the paper by considering the implications such an analysis might have for views such as PC.
HUMAN KNOWLEDGE/HUMAN KNOWERS: COMMENTS ON MICHAEL WILLIAMS' “WHAT'S SO SPECIAL ABOUT HUMAN KNOWLEDGE?”
Authors: Fantl Jeremy
Published: April 2015

In Michael Williams' “What's So Special About Human knowledge?” he argues that the kind of knowledge characteristic of adult humans is distinctive in that it involves epistemic responsibility. In particular, when an adult human has knowledge, they have a certain kind of epistemic authority, and that to attribute knowledge to them is to grant them a certain kind of authority over the subject matter. I argue that, while it is true that when we attribute knowledge to adult humans, we typically also attribute to them the relevant kind of epistemic authority, this need not be because adult humans have a distinctive kind of knowledge. Rather, it may be because adult humans are distinctive kinds of beings - beings that can have epistemic authority over the subject matter about which they know. The only thing that need be special about human knowledge is that it's had by human knowers.
Furstenberg maps for CAT(0) targets of finite telescopic dimension
Authors: BADER URI , DUCHESNE BRUNO , LÉCUREUX JEAN
Published: April 2015

We consider actions of locally compact groups $G$ on certain CAT(0) spaces $X$ by isometries. The CAT(0) spaces we consider have finite dimension at large scale. In case $B$ is a $G$-boundary, that is a measurable $G$-space with some amenability and ergodicity properties, we prove the existence of equivariant maps from $B$ to the visual boundary $\partial X$.
Nonlinear forced waves in a vertical rivulet flow
Authors: Alekseenko S. V. , Aktershev S. P. , Bobylev A. V. , Kharlamov S. M. , Markovich D. M.
Published: April 2015

This article presents the results of numerical simulations of three-dimensional waves on the surface of a rivulet flowing down a vertical plate. The Kapitza–Shkadov approach is used to describe the wave flow of the rivulet. Various characteristics of linear and nonlinear regular waves in the rivulet are obtained through numerical calculations as a function of the forcing frequency at different Reynolds numbers and contact wetting angles. The results of the simulations are compared with the authors’ previous experimental data. The comparison shows that the applied model adequately describes the shape of the wave surface of a rivulet, although the wave propagation velocity and wavelength are underestimated.
Differences between men and women in dietary intakes and metabolic profile in response to a 12-week nutritional intervention promoting the Mediterranean diet
Authors: Leblanc Vicky , Hudon Anne-Marie , Royer Marie-Michelle , Corneau Louise , Dodin Sylvie , Bégin Catherine , Lemieux Simone
Published: April 2015

Few studies have compared men and women in response to nutritional interventions but none has assessed differences between men and women in the response to a nutritional intervention programme based on the self-determination theory (SDT) and using the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) as a model of healthy eating, in a context of CVD prevention and within a non-Mediterranean population. The present study aimed to document differences between men and women in changes in dietary, anthropometric and metabolic variables, in response to a nutritional intervention programme promoting the adoption of the MedDiet and based on the SDT. A total of sixty-four men and fifty-nine premenopausal women presenting risk factors for CVD were recruited through different media advertisements in the Québec City Metropolitan area (Canada). The 12-week nutritional programme used a motivational interviewing approach and included individual and group sessions. A validated FFQ was administered to evaluate dietary intakes from which a Mediterranean score (Medscore) was derived. Both men and women significantly increased their Medscore in response to the intervention (P < 0·0001). Men showed a significantly greater decrease in red and processed meat (−0·4 (95 % CI −0·7, −0·1) portions per d) and a greater increase in fruit (0·9 (95 % CI 0·2, 1·6) portions per d) intakes than women. Significant decreases were observed for BMI and waist circumference in both men and women (P ≤ 0·04). Significant greater decreases were found for total cholesterol (total-C):HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) (−0·2; 95 % CI −0·4, −0·03) and TAG:HDL-C (−0·2; 95 % CI −0·4, −0·04) ratios in men than in women. When adjusting for the baseline value of the response variable, differences between men and women became non-significant for red and processed meat and fruit intakes whereas significant differences between men and women (i.e. larger increases in men than women) were observed for legumes, nuts and seeds (0·6 (95 % CI 0·2, 1·0) portions per d) and whole-grain products (0·5 (95 % CI 0·01, 1·0) portions per d) intakes. For metabolic variables, differences between men and women became non-significant for total-C:HDL-C and TAG:HDL-C ratios when adjusted for the baseline value of the response variable. The present results suggest that the nutritional intervention promoting the adoption of the Mediterranean diet and based on the SDT led to greater improvements in dietary intakes in men than in women, which appear to have contributed to beneficial anthropometric and metabolic changes, more particularly in men. However, the more deteriorated metabolic profile found in men at baseline seems to contribute to a large extent to the more beneficial changes in CVD risk factors observed in men as compared with women.
Hiring of Personal Ties: A Cultural Consensus Analysis of China and the United States
Authors: Liu Xiao-xiao , Keller Joshua , Hong Ying-yi
Published: April 2015

Although employees react negatively when employers hire individuals with whom the employers have personal ties, the practice is prevalent worldwide. One factor contributing to the discrepancy between reactions to the practice may be differences in cultural beliefs and institutions regarding perceptions about hiring decisions. To examine cross-national differences in perceptions about hiring personal ties, we conducted a consensus analysis on the perceived fairness, profitability, and overall evaluation of hiring decisions in China and the United States. We find cross-national differences in consensus levels as to whether people believe it is fair or unfair to hire moderately qualified candidates with employer ties (kinships or close friends with the employer) and whether people positively or negatively evaluate the hiring of unqualified candidates with stakeholder ties (ties to business associates or government officials). We also find contrasting areas of consensus about whether hiring unqualified candidates with stakeholder ties is profitable. Implications for research on cultural comparisons of perceptions of hiring practices andguanxiare discussed.
Letter from the Editor
Authors: Lewin Arie Y.
Published: April 2015

With the first issue of volume eleven, Management and Organization Review turns a new leaf by welcoming Cambridge University Press as the new publisher. I am very pleased to note that the complex and extensive transition from Wiley to Cambridge University Press, which involved a very demanding and detailed process, has been accomplished on time and almost without any crisis. I would like to take this opportunity to express my deep appreciation to Tina Minchella, MOR Managing Editor, for overseeing and supporting the transition process, Zhijun Yao, Executive Director of IACMR in Beijing, for her tireless support, and to Rebecca O’Rourke, Senior Commissioning Editor, Social Science Journals Cambridge University Press, and her team for making the transition as seamless as possible. We look forward to an active partnership with CUP which will elevate the awareness of MOR in every region of the world and grow recognition of MOR from leading libraries around the world. We also look forward to a new proactive, multifaceted marketing and media strategy under the leadership of Professor Sheen Levine, the new Deputy Editor-in-Chief for Research Outreach, which will draw attention to MOR's expanded editorial coverage and increase high quality submission of manuscripts.
Organizational Justice, Behavioral Ethics, and Corporate Social Responsibility: Finally the Three Shall Merge
Authors: Rupp Deborah E. , Wright Patrick M. , Aryee Samuel , Luo Yadong
Published: April 2015

Issues of ethics, justice, and social responsibility are as fundamental to organizational behavior as they are to society at large. As contracts are forged, individuals employed, and power differentials created, opportunities for exploitation, oppression, and victimization emerge. In contrast, as social structures evolve, coordinated opportunities arise for imparting positive social change at the community, environmental, and societal levels. Inherent to all of these phenomena is the application of norms surrounding moral behavior. Norms about what is considered fair and ethical underlie how individuals perceive and evaluate the behaviors and decisions of others; how groups and societies define acceptable behavior; and how individuals, groups, and societies evaluate the decisions and actions of organizations. In addition to defining standards, these norms also drive the reactions (or sanctions) against those who violate them.
Distribution of vitamin C is tissue specific with early saturation of the brain and adrenal glands following differential oral dose regimens in guinea pigs
Authors: Hasselholt Stine , Tveden-Nyborg Pernille , Lykkesfeldt Jens
Published: April 2015

Vitamin C (VitC) deficiency is surprisingly common in humans even in developed parts of the world. The micronutrient has several established functions in the brain; however, the consequences of its deficiency are not well characterised. To elucidate the effects of VitC deficiency on the brain, increased knowledge about the distribution of VitC to the brain and within different brain regions after varying dietary concentrations is needed. In the present study, guinea pigs (like humans lacking the ability to synthesise VitC) were randomly divided into six groups (n10) that received different concentrations of VitC ranging from 100 to 1500 mg/kg feed for 8 weeks, after which VitC concentrations in biological fluids and tissues were measured using HPLC. The distribution of VitC was found to be dynamic and dependent on dietary availability. Brain saturation was region specific, occurred at low dietary doses, and the dose–concentration relationship could be approximated with a three-parameter Hill equation. The correlation between plasma and brain concentrations of VitC was moderate compared with other organs, and during non-scorbutic VitC deficiency, the brain was able to maintain concentrations from about one-quarter to half of sufficient levels depending on the region, whereas concentrations in other tissues decreased to one-sixth or less. The adrenal glands have similar characteristics to the brain. The observed distribution kinetics with a low dietary dose needed for saturation and exceptional retention ability suggest that the brain and adrenal glands are high priority tissues with regard to the distribution of VitC.
Major food sources contributing to energy intake – a nationwide survey of Brazilians aged 10 years and older
Authors: Sichieri Rosely , Bezerra Ilana Nogueira , Araújo Marina Campos , de Moura Souza Amanda , Yokoo Edna Massae , Pereira Rosangela Alves
Published: April 2015

Identification of major sources of energy in the diet helps to implement dietary recommendations to reduce obesity. To determine the food sources of energy consumed by Brazilians, we used the traditional method of ranking energy contribution of selected food groups and also compared days with and without consumption of specific food groups. Analysis was based on two non-consecutive days of dietary record from the Brazilian National Dietary Survey, conducted among 34 003 Brazilians (aged 10 years or more), taking into account the complex design of the survey. Comparison of days with and without consumption gave more consistent results, with sweets and cookies as the most important contributors to energy intake, increasing 992 kJ/d (95 % CI 883, 1096) for those days when consumption of cakes, cookies and desserts was reported compared to days without their consumption. Savoury snacks, cheese and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) also increase energy intake by about 600 kJ. The only group associated with decreased energy intake was vegetable ( − 155 kJ; 95 % CI − 272, − 37). Consumption of beans, milk and fruits increased the energy intake by about 210 kJ. In total, the mean energy intake of the group was 8000 kJ. Except for the consumption of vegetables, all of the other ten food groups analysed were associated with increased energy intake. Sweets and cookies may increase the energy intake by 12 % and SSB by 7 %, indicating that these two groups are major targets for improving healthy eating by reducing energy intake; whereas vegetable intake is associated with the reduction of energy content of the diet.
Education, Propaganda, and the People: Democratic paternalism in 1930s Siam
Authors: SUBRAHMANYAN ARJUN
Published: April 2015

On the morning of 24 June 1932 the ‘People's Party’, a small group of civil and military bureaucrats, toppled the Thai absolute monarchy and introduced constitutional democracy. This article discusses the establishment of democracy as an endeavour in ‘democratic paternalism,’ by which is meant the Party's attempt to establish a new moral and intellectual leadership that had as its main goal the creation of a depoliticized democratic citizenry. To implement their programme for democracy, the Party embarked on an ambitious plan to modernize education and explain popular sovereignty through countrywide lectures and radio programmes. The democratic paternalist effort had mixed results. State weakness limited the reach of the educational and propaganda campaigns, and further the ‘people’ in whose name the revolution was staged, constituted two different groups: a largely illiterate peasantry and a small, incipient new intelligentsia. Because of its limited capacity, the People's Party tasked the second group with assisting in democratic mentorship of the masses, but many in this second category of people had a broader conception of democracy than the Party's ‘top-down’ model and criticized the Party for its paternalist constraints on popular sovereignty. Democratic paternalism and frustration with the limits imposed on popular democracy are two central aspects of this period of history that have endured in Thai society.
How Germans prepare for the English past tense: Silent production of inflected words during EEG
Authors: FESTMAN JULIA , CLAHSEN HARALD
Published: April 2015

Processes involved in late bilinguals’ production of morphologically complex words were studied using an event-related brain potentials (ERP) paradigm in which EEGs were recorded during participants’ silent productions of English past- and present-tense forms. Twenty-three advanced second language speakers of English (first language [L1] German) were compared to a control group of 19 L1 English speakers from an earlier study. We found a frontocentral negativity for regular relative to irregular past-tense forms (e.g., asked vs. held) during (silent) production, and no difference for the present-tense condition (e.g., asks vs. holds), replicating the ERP effect obtained for the L1 group. This ERP effect suggests that combinatorial processing is involved in producing regular past-tense forms, in both late bilinguals and L1 speakers. We also suggest that this paradigm is a useful tool for future studies of online language production.