bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multilateral Environmental Agreements
Authors: Desai Bharat H.
Published: September 2013

The present study seeks to examine the genesis, development, and proliferation of multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) - in-built law-making mechanisms and processes of institutionalization - and their ad hoc treaty-based status and the issue of the legal personality of their secretariats. It provides legal understanding of the location of MEA secretariats within an existing international host institution, as well as discussion of the issue of relationship agreements and interpretation of the commonly used language that triggers such relationships. It places under scrutiny the standard MEA phrase 'providing a secretariat', delegation of authority by the host institution to the head of the convention secretariat, possible conflict areas, host country agreement, and the workings of the relationship agreements. The book offers an authoritative account of the growing phenomenon in which an existing international institution provides a servicing base for MEA that, in turn, triggers a chain of legal implications involving the secretariat, the host institution, and the host country.
Twilight in the Forbidden City
Authors: Johnston Reginald F.
Published: September 2013

British academic and diplomat Reginald Fleming Johnston (1874–1938) published Twilight in the Forbidden City in 1934. The work is a memoir of Johnston's time in Beijing between 1919 and 1924, at the court of the Qing Dynasty, where he served as tutor to Aisin-Gioro Puyi (1906–1967), last emperor of China. Johnston was one of only two foreigners who were permitted to enter the imperial palace, and so his account provides a unique Western perspective on the epochal events of the period. The work has a preface by the emperor Puyi and includes detailed descriptions of palace rituals, including Puyi's wedding ceremony; translations of key documents; Johnston's perspective on the revolution of 1911 and the 1917 restoration; his observations on Chinese society as a whole; and eye-witness accounts of the political intrigues of the palace. The memoir was dramatised in Bernardo Bertolucci's cinematic masterpiece, The Last Emperor.
Thin Film Transistor Circuits and Systems
Authors: Chaji Reza , Nathan Arokia
Published: September 2013

Providing a reliable and consolidated treatment of the principles behind large-area electronics, this book provides a comprehensive review of the design challenges associated with building circuits and systems from thin-film transistors. The authors describe the architecture, fabrication and design considerations for the principal types of TFT and their numerous applications. The practicalities of device non-ideality are also addressed and the specific design considerations necessitated by instabilities and non-uniformities in existing fabrication technologies. Containing device-circuit information, discussion of electronic solutions that compensate for material deficiencies, and design methodologies applicable to a wide variety of organic and inorganic disordered materials, this is an essential reference for all researchers, circuit and device engineers working on large-area electronics.
Two Cultures?
Authors: Leavis F. R. , Collini Stefan
Published: September 2013

In this first annotated edition of F. R. Leavis' famous critique of C. P. Snow's influential argument about 'the two cultures', Stefan Collini reappraises both its literary tactics and its purpose as cultural criticism. The edition will enable new generations of readers to understand what was at stake in the dispute and to appreciate the enduring relevance of Leavis's attack on the goal of economic growth. In his comprehensive introduction Collini situates Leavis's critique within the wider context of debates about 'modernity' and 'prosperity', not just the 'two cultures' of literature and science. Collini emphasizes the difficulties faced by the cultural critic in challenging widely-held views and offers an illuminating analysis of Leavis's style. The edition provides full notes to references and allusions in Leavis's texts.
China and the Victorian Imagination
Authors: Forman Ross G.
Published: September 2013

What happens to our understanding of 'orientalism' and imperialism when we consider British-Chinese relations during the nineteenth century, rather than focusing on India, Africa or the Caribbean? This book explores China's centrality to British imperial aspirations and literary production, underscoring the heterogeneous, interconnected nature of Britain's formal and informal empire. To British eyes, China promised unlimited economic possibilities, but also posed an ominous threat to global hegemony. Surveying anglophone literary production about China across high and low cultures, as well as across time, space and genres, this book demonstrates how important location was to the production, circulation and reception of received ideas about China and the Chinese. In this account, treaty ports matter more than opium. Ross Forman challenges our preconceptions about British imperialism, reconceptualizes anglophone literary production in the global and local contexts, and excavates the little-known Victorian history so germane to contemporary debates about China's 'rise'.
The Sublime in Modern Philosophy
Authors: Brady Emily
Published: September 2013

In The Sublime in Modern Philosophy: Aesthetics, Ethics, and Nature, Emily Brady takes a fresh look at the sublime and shows why it endures as a meaningful concept in contemporary philosophy. In a reassessment of historical approaches, the first part of the book identifies the scope and value of the sublime in eighteenth-century philosophy (with a focus on Kant), nineteenth-century philosophy and Romanticism, and early wilderness aesthetics. The second part examines the sublime's contemporary significance through its relationship to the arts; its position with respect to other aesthetic categories involving mixed or negative emotions, such as tragedy; and its place in environmental aesthetics and ethics. Far from being an outmoded concept, Brady argues that the sublime is a distinctive aesthetic category which reveals an important, if sometimes challenging, aesthetic-moral relationship with the natural world.
The Archaeology of Medicine in the Greco-Roman World
Authors: Baker Patricia A.
Published: September 2013

This book teaches students and scholars of Greco-Roman medical history how to use and critically assess archaeological materials. Ancient medicine is a subject dominated by textual sources, yet there is a wealth of archaeological remains that can be used to broaden our understanding of medicine in the past. In order to use the information properly, this book explains how to ask questions of an archaeological nature, how to access different types of archaeological materials, and how to overcome problems the researcher might face. It also acts as an introduction to the archaeology of medicine for archaeologists interested in this aspect of their subject. Although the focus is on the Greco-Roman period, the methods and theories explained within the text can be applied to other periods in history. The areas covered include text as material culture, images, artifacts, spaces of medicine, and science and archaeology.
Werke
Authors: Gauss Carl Friedrich
Published: September 2013

The genius of Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) and the novelty of his work (published in Latin, German, and occasionally French) in areas as diverse as number theory, probability and astronomy were already widely acknowledged during his lifetime. But it took another three generations of mathematicians to reveal the true extent of his output as they studied Gauss' extensive unpublished papers and his voluminous correspondence. This posthumous twelve-volume collection of Gauss' complete works, published between 1863 and 1933, marks the culmination of their efforts and provides a fascinating account of one of the great scientific minds of the nineteenth century. Volume 4, published in 1873, contains Gauss' theoretical work on differential geometry and probability, reviews of work by contemporaries including Herschel, and notes relating to geodesic surveys of the Kingdom of Hanover from the 1820s to the 1840s, together with a description of the heliotrope Gauss invented for the surveys.
Fundamentals of Ultra-Thin-Body MOSFETs and FinFETs
Authors: Fossum Jerry G. , Trivedi Vishal P.
Published: September 2013

Understand the theory, design and applications of the two principal candidates for the next mainstream semiconductor-industry device with this concise and clear guide to FD/UTB transistors.
• Describes FD/SOI MOSFETs and 3-D FinFETs in detail
• Covers short-channel effects, quantum-mechanical effects, applications of UTB devices to floating-body DRAM and conventional SRAM
• Provides design criteria for nanoscale FinFET and nanoscale thin- and thick-BOX planar FD/SOI MOSFET to help reduce technology development time
• Projects potential nanoscale UTB CMOS performances
• Contains end-of-chapter exercises.
For professional engineers in the CMOS IC field who need to know about optimal non-classical device design and integration, this is a must-have resource.
Sacred and Legendary Art
Authors: Jameson Anna
Published: September 2013

Published in 1848, this two-volume work was received with great praise. During a celebrated career, Anna Brownell Jameson (1794–1860) produced Shakespeare criticism, travel writing, biography, and art history, and was admired by contemporaries such as Mary Shelley and Thomas Carlyle. Taking an aesthetic rather than religious approach, the work is a study of the legends represented in Western art of the Middle Ages, ordered taxonomically. Though Jameson is considered the first professional female art critic, this is a reductive label; she was, rather, one of the great art critics of her age and her work is still of importance to art historians. Volume 2, which is richly illustrated, examines the Patron Saints of Christendom, the Virgin Patronesses, the early martyrs, the Greek and Latin martyrs, the early bishops, the hermits, and the warrior saints.
Channelling Mobilities
Authors: Huber Valeska
Published: September 2013

The history of globalisation is usually told as a history of shortening distances and acceleration of the flows of people, goods and ideas. Channelling Mobilities refines this picture by looking at a wide variety of mobile people passing through the region of the Suez Canal, a global shortcut opened in 1869. As an empirical contribution to global history, the book asks how the passage between Europe and Asia and Africa was perceived, staged and controlled from the opening of the Canal to the First World War, arguing that this period was neither an era of unhampered acceleration, nor one of hardening borders and increasing controls. Instead, it was characterised by the channelling of mobilities through the differentiation, regulation and bureaucratisation of movement. Telling the stories of tourists, troops, workers, pilgrims, stowaways, caravans, dhow skippers and others, the book reveals the complicated entanglements of empires, internationalist initiatives and private companies.
More Leaves from a Life
Authors: Panton Jane Ellen
Published: September 2013

Jane Ellen Panton (1847–1923) was the second daughter of the artist William Powell Frith, and an expert on domestic issues. First published in 1911, this is a further collection of her memoirs, following her earlier autobiography Leaves from a Life (also reissued in this series). The focus of this book is her close friend Basil Hodges and his great influence on her life. She describes Hodges, an artist she met in her childhood, as an 'underdog' whom she set out to help, and went on to support him through difficulties in his marriage and career, accompanying him on his travels. Her friendship with Hodges led her to travel abroad and meet a range of colourful characters, all recounted here in vivid and often humorous detail. Offering reflections on life in England and France in the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, this book has much to offer social historians.
Interactions between aquatic plants and turbulent flow: a field study using stereoscopic PIV
Authors: Cameron S. M. , Nikora V. I. , Albayrak I. , Miler O. , Stewart M. , Siniscalchi F.
Published: September 2013

A stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (PIV) system for use in shallow (${\sim }$0.5 m deep) rivers was developed and deployed in the Urie River, Scotland, to study the interactions between turbulent flow and a Ranunculus penicillatus plant patch in its native environment. Statistical moments of the velocity field were calculated utilizing a new method of reducing the contribution of measurement noise, based on the measurement redundancy inherent in the stereoscopic PIV method. Reynolds normal and shear stresses, their budget terms, and higher-order moments of the velocity probability distribution in the wake of the plant patch were found to be dominated by the presence of a free shear layer induced by the plant drag. Plant motion, estimated from the PIV images, was characterized by travelling waves that propagate along the plant with a velocity similar to the eddy convection velocity, suggesting a direct coupling between turbulence and the plant motion. The characteristic frequency of the plant velocity fluctuations (${\sim }$1 Hz) may suggest that the plant motion is dominated by large eddies with scale similar to the flow depth or plant length. Plant and fluid velocity fluctuations were, in contrast, found to be strongly correlated only over a narrow (${\sim }$30 mm) elevation range above the top of the plant, supporting a contribution of the shear layer turbulence to the plant motion. Many aspects of flow–aquatic plant interactions remain to be clarified, and the newly developed stereoscopic field PIV system should prove valuable in future studies.
Cutting Out and Taking Liberties: Australia's Convict Pirates, 1790–1829
Authors: Duffield Ian
Published: September 2013

The 104 identified piratical incidents in Australian waters between 1790 and 1829 indicate a neglected but substantial and historically significant resistance practice, not a scattering of unrelated spontaneous bolts by ships of fools. The pirates’ ideologies, cultural baggage, techniques, and motivations are identified, interrogated, and interpreted. So are the connections between convict piracy and bushranging; how piracy affected colonial state power and private interests; and piracy's relationship to “age of revolution” ultra-radicalism elsewhere.
Anti-Impressment Riots and the Origins of the Age of Revolution
Authors: Magra Christopher P.
Published: September 2013

This essay details the relationship between anti-impressment collective actions, the American Revolution, and the age of revolution. Naval impressment represented the forcible coercion of laborers into extended periods of military service. Workers in North American coastal communities militantly, even violently, resisted British naval impressment. A combination of Leveller-inspired ideals and practical experience encouraged this resistance. In turn, resistance from below inspired colonial elites to resist British authority by contributing to the elaboration of a political discourse on legitimate authority, liberty, and freedom. Maritime laborers stood on the front lines in the struggle for freedom, and their radical collective actions helped give meaning to wider struggles around the Atlantic world.
“Those Lads Contrived a Plan”: Attempts at Mutiny on Australia-Bound Convict Vessels
Authors: Maxwell-Stewart Hamish
Published: September 2013

Between 1787 and 1868 a total of 830 convict vessels left the British Isles bound for the Australian penal colonies. While only one of these was seized by mutineers, many convicts were punished for plotting to take the ship that carried them to the Antipodes. This article will explore the circumstances that shaped those mutiny attempts and the impact that they had on convict management strategies.
Pathophysiology of Marshallagia marshalli in experimentally infected lambs
Authors: MORADPOUR NONA , BORJI HASSAN , RAZMI GHOLAMREZA , MALEKI MOHSEN , KAZEMI HOSSEIN
Published: September 2013

Species of Marshallagia are abomasal parasites in free-ranging and domesticated ungulates in temperate climatic zones throughout the world. Pervasiveness of these nematodes is significant in various parts of the world. There has been limited research in the area of Marshallagi amarshalli pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of M. marshalli on the acid secretory capacity of the abomasal mucosa and the morphological changes due to parasitic migration to different parts of abomasal tissue in sheep. Ten lambs, approximately around 6 months old, were allotted to two groups of five (A and B). The sheep from group A were infected orally with a dose of 5000 third-stage larvae (L3) of M. marshalli whereas the sheep of group B were not infected. The results indicated that the development of M. marshalli in the abomasal glands of ruminants causes pathophysiological changes, which include a reduced acidity of the abomasal contents, increased abomasal pH and increased serum pepsinogen concentrations. The reduced acid secretion is explained by a replacement of functional parietal cells by undifferentiated cells. Histology changes include mucosal cell hyperplasia, loss of parietal cells and inflammatory cell infiltration, which includes numerous granulocytes and lymphocytes.
Exploring the Inner Space of Cells by Cryoelectron-Tomography
Authors: Baumeister Wolfgang , Beck Martin , Briegel Ariane , Cyrklaff Marek , Keil Thomas , Kürner Julia , Lucic Vladan , Medalia Ohad , Nickell Stephan , Plitzko Juergen M.
Published: September 2013

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Microstructural Evaluation of Degradation Mechanisms in Thermally Treated TaSiN Diffusion Barriers for Cu Interconnects
Authors: Engelmann Hans-Juergen , Huebner RenË , Hecker Michael , Mattern Norbert , Wenzel Christian , Zschech Ehrenfried , Wetzig Klaus
Published: September 2013

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Control of Bonding at the Cu/(0001) alpha-Al2O3 Interface
Authors: Rühle Manfred , Oh Sang Ho , Scheu Christina , Wagner Thomas
Published: September 2013

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Nanophases Fe and Co Particles Dispersed in Mesoporous Materials
Authors: Rodriguez Gaudy , González Gema , Lujano Juan
Published: September 2013

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Scanning Confocal Electron Microscopy of Thick Biological Materials
Authors: Hallégot Philippe , Zaluzec Nestor J.
Published: September 2013

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Unlimited Tilt for Ultra-Narrow Lenses: Tomography at Highest Resolution?
Authors: Möbus Guenter , Inkson Beverley , Ross I M , Morrison Robert
Published: September 2013

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Enhancing Raman Spectroscopy for the Rapid Characterisation of Microorganisms
Authors: Goodacre Royston , López-Díez E C , Jarvis Roger M
Published: September 2013

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Natural Grain Boundaries Over 3 Orders of Magnitude: Atomic vs. Bio-Photonic (Poly-) Crystals Examined by TEM.
Authors: Möbus Guenter , Vukusic Peter , Sambles J Roy
Published: September 2013

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Silicon Drift Detectors for Fast and High Resolution Element Detection in Micro-Beam Analysis
Authors: Soltau Heike , Lechner Peter , Lutz Gerhard , Strüder Lothar , Fiorini Carlo , Longoni Antonio , Eckhard Rouven , Pahlke Andreas , Schnecke Martina , Schaller Gerhard , Schopper Florian
Published: September 2013

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Nanoparticle and Intermetallic Formation in Dissimilar Friction Welds Produced with Silver Interlayers
Authors: Maldonado Cuauhtémoc , Medina-Flores Ariosto , Béjar Luis , Mejía Ignacio , North Thomas H
Published: September 2013

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
EBSD Crystalochemical Analysis of (W,V)C Cemented Carbides
Authors: Arenas Freddy , Field David , González Gema , Brito Joaquin , Sáez Adolfredo
Published: September 2013

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Visualization of the Quaternary Structure of a Homooctameric Yeast Phosphofructokinase
Authors: Petrova Radostina A , Radermacher Michael , Bär Jörg , Ruiz Teresa
Published: September 2013

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
TEM and EXELFS Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles Produced by Salt Reduction, Deposited on Si Substrates by the Spray Pyrolysis Technique
Authors: Duarte-Moller Jose Alberto , García-Herrera Iraomar
Published: September 2013

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
La santé des adolescents en Suisse
Authors: Michaud Pierre-André , Ambresin Anne-Emmanuelle
Published: September 2013

Bestehende Daten über die Gesundheit von Jugendlichen aus Mortalitätsstatistiken, Spitalstatistiken oder aus Gesundheitsumfragen zeigen fünf besorgniserregende Hauptgründe zur Gesundheitsgefährdung: Mentale Gesundheitsstörungen, vorsätzliche oder ungewollte Gewalt, chronische Gesundheitsprobleme wegen Übergewicht oder einer Essstörung und negative Konsequenzen wegen eines risikobelasteten sexuellen Verhaltens oder substantielle sexuelle Misshandlung. Die Antwort darauf basiert auf zwei Ebenen, jener der Gesundheitsversorgung und jener der Prävention bzw. Gesundheitsvermittlung. Der Zugang zur medizinischen Versorgung muss verbessert werden, indem ein Adoleszenten-freundliches Netzwerk entsteht, das uns die Notwendigkeit der Versorgung, der Flexibilität und den Effekt eines Netwerks für solche Patienten aufzeigt. Präventive Aktivitäten erschöpfen sich nicht nur in der Information in spezifischen Gebieten wie der Sexualität oder im Gebrauch spezieller psychoaktiver Substanzen (Drogen), sondern müssen auch aktiv den Erwerb spezifischen Könnens und eine Verbesserung der Lebensumstände ansprechen (Lehre, Beruf, Ehe, Familie etc.). Strukturelle Eingriffe wie das Strassenverkehrsverhalten, Einflüsse auf das Schulklima, Gesundheitsmassnahmen für vulnerable Populationen etc. haben sich als effektiv herausgestellt.
Adoleszentengynäkologie in der Praxis
Authors: Hürlimann Renate
Published: September 2013

In der Altersgruppe der Adoleszentinnen gibt es einige gynäkologische Probleme, die sich anders als bei der erwachsenen Frau präsentieren. Dazu gehören starke Menstruationsblutungen oder die den Alltag beeinflussende Dysmenorrhö. Die Mädchen sprechen nicht von sich aus davon – sie wissen noch nicht, was normal ist. Bösartige Brusttumoren sind selten, es handelt sich vorwiegend um Fibroadenome oder Zysten. Mit der zunehmenden Adipositas im Kindesalter steigt das Risiko für das Syndrom der polyzystischen Ovarien, das die Fertilität beeinträchtigen kann. Die Verhütungsberatung bei Teenagern ist eine Herausforderung: Beachtung der Compliance und Besonderheiten bei Jugendlichen mit chronischer Erkrankung und Behinderung sind wichtig. Neben ungeplanter Schwangerschaft haben Jugendliche ein grösseres Risiko, sexuell übertragene Infektionen zu aquirieren. Es gilt, sie zum Kondomgebrauch und zu den Impfungen (HPV und Hepatitis B) zu ermuntern. Der erste PAP-Abstrich ist ab dem 21. Lebensjahr nötig, bei Mädchen mit besonderen Risiken (frühe sexuelle Aktivität, Immundefizienz) ein individuell früheres Screening.
The synaptotagmin 1 linker may function as an electrostatic zipper that opens for docking but closes for fusion pore opening
Authors: Lai Ying , Lou Xiaochu , Jho Yongseok , Yoon Tae-Young , Shin Yeon-Kyun
Published: September 2013

Syt1 (synaptotagmin 1), a major Ca2+ sensor for fast neurotransmitter release, contains tandem Ca2+-binding C2 domains (C2AB), a single transmembrane α-helix and a highly charged 60-residue-long linker in between. Using single-vesicle-docking and content-mixing assays we found that the linker region of Syt1 is essential for its two signature functions: Ca2+-independent vesicle docking and Ca2+-dependent fusion pore opening. The linker contains the basic-amino-acid-rich N-terminal region and the acidic-amino-acid-rich C-terminal region. When the charge segregation was disrupted, fusion pore opening was slowed, whereas docking was unchanged. Intramolecular disulfide cross-linking between N- and C-terminal regions of the linker or deletion of 40 residues from the linker reduced docking while enhancing pore opening, although the changes were subtle. EPR analysis showed Ca2+-induced line broadening reflecting a conformational change in the linker region. Thus the results of the present study suggest that the electrostatically bipartite linker region may extend for docking and fold to facilitate pore opening.
Ciprofloxacin is an inhibitor of the Mcm2-7 replicative helicase
Authors: Simon Nicholas , Bochman Matthew L. , Seguin Sandlin , Brodsky Jeffrey L. , Seibel William L. , Schwacha Anthony
Published: September 2013

Most currently available small molecule inhibitors of DNA replication lack enzymatic specificity, resulting in deleterious side effects during use in cancer chemotherapy and limited experimental usefulness as mechanistic tools to study DNA replication. Towards development of targeted replication inhibitors, we have focused on Mcm2-7 (minichromosome maintenance protein 2–7), a highly conserved helicase and key regulatory component of eukaryotic DNA replication. Unexpectedly we found that the fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin preferentially inhibits Mcm2-7. Ciprofloxacin blocks the DNA helicase activity of Mcm2-7 at concentrations that have little effect on other tested helicases and prevents the proliferation of both yeast and human cells at concentrations similar to those that inhibit DNA unwinding. Moreover, a previously characterized mcm mutant (mcm4chaos3) exhibits increased ciprofloxacin resistance. To identify more potent Mcm2-7 inhibitors, we screened molecules that are structurally related to ciprofloxacin and identified several that compromise the Mcm2-7 helicase activity at lower concentrations. Our results indicate that ciprofloxacin targets Mcm2-7 in vitro, and support the feasibility of developing specific quinolone-based inhibitors of Mcm2-7 for therapeutic and experimental applications.
Linear minimum‐mean‐squared error estimation of phase noise, which has a symmetric Levy distribution and a possibly large magnitude, from observables at irregular instants
Authors: Su Yeong‐Tzay , Song Yang , Wong Kainam Thomas
Published: September 2013

This study extends an algorithm, previously proposed by the present authors, for ‘linear minimum‐mean‐squared error’ estimation of phase noise of (possibly) temporal non‐stationarity, large magnitude, ‘non’‐identical increments that have a Levy distribution, of which the Wiener distribution represents a special case. This estimator‐taps may be pre‐set to any number, may be pre‐computed offline with no matrix inversion, based on the prior knowledge of only the signal‐to‐(additive)‐noise ratio and the phase‐noise's characteristic function. That estimator may be set to various degrees of latency. This is here generalised to allow observables at irregular time‐instants (e.g. because of the irregular placement of pilot symbols in the transmitted waveform), under which the phase‐noise increments become non‐identically distributed. This study handles this more complicated scenario.
Extraction of interest points by Harris interest operator for synthetic aperture radar image coregistration
Authors: Zou Weibao , Li Zhilin
Published: September 2013

In image coregistration of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry, a set of points is selected for tie point matching. Generally, some special points are possibly selected as tie points to improve the reliability of coregistration. However, special points cannot always be found in an image. Therefore points in grid form are commonly selected for image coregistration and this makes the results not as reliable as special points do. In this study, hence, a series of points detected by Harris interest operator (HIO) are used as tie points for SAR image coregistration. After wavelet decomposition of a SAR image, the basic energy is reserved in the low‐pass subimage and this benefits the extraction of interest points conducted by HIO on the highest level. Three pairs of SAR image in Hong Kong area are used to prove the efficiency of the proposed method. For comparison, image coregistration based on grid points and interest points are implemented, respectively, in which different numbers of points are adopted. Based on the analysis of experimental results, it is found that the quality of interferogram is greatly improved by interest points and coregistration with interest points is more reliable.
Segmentation and localisation of whole slide images using unsupervised learning
Authors: Hiary Hazem , Alomari Raja S. , Chaudhary Vipin
Published: September 2013

Digital pathology has been clinically approved for over a decade to replace traditional methods of diagnosis. Many challenges appear when digitising the whole slide scan into high resolution images including memory and time management. Whole slide images require huge memory space if the tissue is not pre‐localised for the scanner. The authors propose a set of clinically motivated features representing colour, intensity, texture and location to segment and localise the tissue from the whole slide image. This step saves both the scanning time and the required memory space. On average, it reduces scanning time up to 40% depending on the tissue type. The authors propose, using unsupervised learning, to segment and localise tissue by clustering. Unlike supervised methods, this method does not require the ground truth which is time consuming for domain experts. The authors proposed method achieves an average of 96% localisation accuracy on a large dataset. Moreover, the authors outperform the previously proposed supervised learning results on the same data.
Minimum loss operation of distribution networks with photovoltaic generation
Authors: Jabr Rabih A.
Published: September 2013

The proliferation of photovoltaic generation in distribution networks requires assessing the control schemes that achieve minimum loss operation without requiring excessive switching of conventional equipment, for instance capacitor banks and network reconfiguration devices. Inverters associated with photovoltaic generation are traditionally operated at unity power factor; however, there is a potential to make use of their capacity to supply or absorb reactive power. The control of capacitor banks and line switches which is done on a slow time scale can be coordinated with the fast control of inverters through a multi‐period optimal power flow formulation. This study shows that such a formulation can be cast as a mixed‐integer linear program, whose minimum energy loss solution is guaranteed to be globally optimal. Numerical results on a distribution network with different variation patterns of load and photovoltaic generation demonstrate that the method is effective in establishing the trade‐off between different combinations of minimum energy loss control schemes.
Performance analysis of energy efficient clustering protocols for maximising lifetime of wireless sensor networks
Authors: Kumar Dilip
Published: September 2013

Over the last couple of decades, clustering‐based protocols are believed to be the best for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (WSNs) because they work on the principle of divide and conquer. In this study, the authors propose and evaluate two new clustering‐based protocols for heterogeneous WSNs, which are called single‐hop energy‐efficient clustering protocol (S‐EECP) and multi‐hop energy‐efficient clustering protocol (M‐EECP). In S‐EECP, the cluster heads (CHs) are elected by a weighted probability based on the ratio between residual energy of each node and average energy of the network. The nodes with high initial energy and residual energy will have more chances to be elected as CHs than nodes with low energy whereas in M‐EECP, the elected CHs communicate the data packets to the base station via multi‐hop communication approach. To analyse the lifetime of the network, the authors assume three types of sensor nodes equipped with different battery energy. Finally, simulation results indicate that the authors protocols prolong network lifetime, and achieve load balance among the CHs better than the existing clustering protocols.
Solar energy harvesting for autonomous field devices
Authors: Decker Andreas
Published: September 2013

The energy required to power an autonomous field device can be drawn from its environment by means of energy harvesting. Outdoors, one abundant and ubiquitous source of energy is solar irradiation, which can be reliably converted into electricity by solar cells. In principle, this is also true indoors if artificial light sources produce sufficient optical irradiation. Different solar cell materials can play off their individual strengths in these different use cases. Since ambient optical irradiation usually is an intermittent phenomenon, a solar powered field device has to include an energy storage solution for bridging gaps that occur in energy harvesting. In this study, different solar cell materials and energy storage solutions are discussed and evaluated quantitatively according to data sheet information. According to calculations for an assumed continuous power consumption of an autonomous field device of 1 mW for a period of 10 years, a solar panel of 4 × 4 cm² in the outdoor case and 20 × 20 cm² in the indoor case can deliver the required energy. Along with an energy storage system consisting of a 100 F supercapacitor and a primary backup cell, solar energy harvesting for autonomous field devices seems technically feasible.
Photoresponse properties of p‐type ZnSe nanowire photodetectors
Authors: Li Shanying , Su Qing , Zhao Haipeng
Published: September 2013

Nanophotodetectors are constructed based on individual p‐type ZnSe nanowires (NWs), and the photoresponse properties are investigated. The nanophotodetectors show high sensitivity and fast response speed to the incident light with a sharp cutoff at 470 nm. The light‐to‐dark currents ratio Ilight/Idark is approximately two orders of magnitude; photoconduction is 20.5 nS at incident light intensity of 5.11 mWcm−2. The response characteristics reveal that different energy levels (shallow and deep) in the bandgap and defects on the NW surface play an important role in the recombination. The ZnSe NW photodetector with good reliability and reproducibility will have great potential application in optoelectronic nanodevices.
Multi‐resonant capacitive microelectromechanical system switch with high isolation for ultra‐wideband applications
Authors: Yoon Min Kyu , Cheon Seong Jong , Park Jae Y.
Published: September 2013

A multi‐resonant capacitive microelectromechanical system switch with wide bandwidth and high isolation has been successfully designed and fabricated for ultra‐wideband applications. To achieve high isolation and wide operation frequency bandwidth, three capacitive shunt‐connected membranes and meander‐shaped inductors with several inductances were utilised in serial connection. Moreover, for achieving a large ‘ON’/‘OFF’ capacitance ratio, a high dielectric aluminium nitride (AlN) film was applied. The measured dielectric relative constant and tangent loss of the AlN film were 8.8 and 0.008, respectively. The capacitive switch has the ‘ON’/‘OFF’ capacitance ratio of 59.6 with the measured capacitances of 52 fF and 3.1 pF at ‘ON’ and ‘OFF’ states, respectively. The three resonant frequencies were formed at 4, 5 and 6.5 GHz, and the isolation performances were over 30 dB at the frequencies ranging from 5 to 10 GHz and 70 dB at 6.5 GHz. The size of the fabricated switch was ∼1.4 × 1.7 × 0.0083 (height) mm3.
Template‐free hydrothermal synthesis of α‐molybdenum trioxide nanobelts and their photocatalytic activity for degradation of methylene blue
Authors: Gao Bin , Fan Huiqing , Zhang Xiaojun , Zhu Changjun
Published: September 2013

Single crystal orthorhombic phase molybdenum trioxide (α‐MoO3) nanobelts with uniform width have been successfully prepared through a simple hydrothermal synthesis route at 180°C in the absence of any template, and are characterised using X‐ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The synthesised α‐MoO3 nanobelts are grown along the c ‐axis direction. The α‐MoO3 nanobelts for degradation of methylene blue in aqueous solution exhibit high photocatalytic activity under UV light irradiation because of the large aspect ratio of α‐MoO3 nanobelts. The photocatalytic activity loss of the catalyst is not obvious after five recycles.
Thermal fluctuations and bending rigidity of bilayer membranes
Authors: Tarazona Pedro , Chacón Enrique , Bresme Fernando
Published: September 2013

We present a new scheme to estimate the elastic properties of biological membranes in computer simulations. The method analyzes the thermal fluctuations in terms of a coupled undulatory mode, which disentangle the mixing of the mesoscopic undulations and the high-q protrusions. This approach makes possible the accurate estimation of the bending modulus both for membranes under stress and in tensionless conditions; it also extends the applicability of the fluctuation analysis to the small membrane areas normally used in atomistic simulations. Also we clarify the difference between the surface tension imposed in simulations through a pressure coupling barostat, and the surface tension that can be extracted from the analysis of the low wave vector dependence of the coupled undulatory fluctuation spectrum. The physical analysis of the peristaltic mode is also refined, by separating the bulk and protrusions contributions. We illustrate the procedure by analyzing 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine bilayers. The bending moduli obtained from our analysis, shows good agreement with available experiments.
Quasi-coherent states for damped and forced harmonic oscillator
Authors: Dernek Mustafa , Ünal Nuri
Published: September 2013

In this study, first we construct the quasi-coherent states for a damped and forced harmonic oscillator and discuss the transition of the system from the damped oscillations to forced steady state oscillations. Second, we generalize the Caldirola-Kanai Hamiltonian into the new systems such as the frequency and the mass parameters are time dependent and discuss three examples of them.
Continuous separation of blood cells in spiral microfluidic devices
Authors: Nivedita Nivedita , Papautsky Ian
Published: September 2013

Blood cell sorting is critical to sample preparation for both clinical diagnosis and therapeutic research. The spiral inertial microfluidic devices can achieve label-free, continuous separation of cell mixtures with high throughput and efficiency. The devices utilize hydrodynamic forces acting on cells within laminar flow, coupled with rotational Dean drag due to curvilinear microchannel geometry. Here, we report on optimized Archimedean spiral devices to achieve cell separation in less than 8 cm of downstream focusing length. These improved devices are small in size (<1 in.2), exhibit high separation efficiency (∼95%), and high throughput with rates up to 1 × 106 cells per minute. These device concepts offer a path towards possible development of a lab-on-chip for point-of-care blood analysis with high efficiency, low cost, and reduced analysis time.
Plasmon-induced transparency in metamaterials: Active near field coupling between bright superconducting and dark metallic mode resonators
Authors: Cao Wei , Singh Ranjan , Zhang Caihong , Han Jiaguang , Tonouchi Masayoshi , Zhang Weili
Published: September 2013

Structured plasmonic metamaterial devices offer the design flexibility to be size scaled for operation across the electromagnetic spectrum and are extremely attractive for generating electromagnetically induced transparency and slow-light behaviors via coupling of bright and dark subwavelength resonators. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a thermally active superconductor-metal coupled resonator based hybrid terahertz metamaterial on a sapphire substrate that shows tunable transparency and slow light behavior as the metamaterial chip is cooled below the high-temperature superconducting phase transition temperature. This hybrid metamaterial opens up the avenues for designing micro-sized active circuitry with switching, modulation, and “slowing down terahertz light” capabilities.
Three-dimensional spin nanosensor based on reliable tunnel Josephson nano-junctions for nanomagnetism investigations
Authors: Granata Carmine , Vettoliere Antonio , Russo Roberto , Fretto Matteo , De Leo Natascia , Lacquaniti Vincenzo
Published: September 2013

We present an ultra high sensitive three-dimensional nano Superconducting QUantum Interference Device (nanoSQUID) fabricated by using the Focused Ion Beam sculpting technique. Based on a fully niobium technology, the nanodevice consists in a niobium superconducting loop (0.2 μm2) interrupted by two nanometric Nb/Al-AlOx/Nb Josephson junctions. The nanoSQUID exhibited an intrinsic magnetic flux noise as low as 0.65 μΦ0/Hz1/2 corresponding to a spin noise less than 10 Bohr magnetons per unit of bandwidth. It has been successfully employed in nanoparticle magnetic relaxation measurements. Due to its excellent performance, reliability, and robustness, we believe that the proposed nanoSQUID offers a crucial step toward a wide employment of nanoSQUIDs in the nanoscience.
Excited electronic states and spectroscopy of unsymmetrically substituted polyenes
Authors: Itoh Takao
Published: September 2013

α-Methyl-ω-phenylpolyenes, Me-(CH=CH)N-Ph, (MPPNs) with N = 2, 3, and 4 were synthesized. Fluorescence, absorption, and excitation spectra of MPPNs have been measured under different conditions along with those of β-methylstyrene. It is shown that there is a forbidden singlet (π, π*) excited state located at energies below the absorbing state for MPPNs with N = 3 and 4. Excitation energies of these polyenes are determined as a function of N. Quantitative analysis of the temperature dependence of the relative intensity of the fluorescence spectrum and its solvent shift behavior extract estimates of the various physical parameters that characterize excitation energies and excited-state dynamical behavior of MPPN with N = 3. The singlet excited states of the MPPNs were compared with those of the α,ω-diphenylpolyenes and α,ω-dimethylpolyenes.
Series-NonUniform Rational B-Spline (S-NURBS) model: A geometrical interpolation framework for chaotic data
Authors: Shao Chenxi , Liu Qingqing , Wang Tingting , Yin Peifeng , Wang Binghong
Published: September 2013

Time series is widely exploited to study the innate character of the complex chaotic system. Existing chaotic models are weak in modeling accuracy because of adopting either error minimization strategy or an acceptable error to end the modeling process. Instead, interpolation can be very useful for solving differential equations with a small modeling error, but it is also very difficult to deal with arbitrary-dimensional series. In this paper, geometric theory is considered to reduce the modeling error, and a high-precision framework called Series-NonUniform Rational B-Spline (S-NURBS) model is developed to deal with arbitrary-dimensional series. The capability of the interpolation framework is proved in the validation part. Besides, we verify its reliability by interpolating Musa dataset. The main improvement of the proposed framework is that we are able to reduce the interpolation error by properly adjusting weights series step by step if more information is given. Meanwhile, these experiments also demonstrate that studying the physical system from a geometric perspective is feasible.
Composition dependence of the photochemical reduction of Ag+ by as-grown Pb(ZrxTi1−x)O3 films on indium tin oxide electrode
Authors: Zhang Man , Jiang Chunxiang , Dong Wen , Zheng Fengang , Fang Liang , Su Xiaodong , Shen Mingrong
Published: September 2013

Photochemical growth of metal particles on ferroelectric films has usually been found to depend on polarization effect solely. This research exploits the interplay of the film/electrode interface barrier and depolarization field on the photoreduction of Ag+ to Ag onto Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) films deposited on indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes. Ag nanoparticles are observed on the as-grown polycrystalline PZT films without poling, while the particle size and density are closely related to the concentration of Zr in PZT and the poling direction. The enhancement on the photoelectrochemical properties of the ITO/PZT photocathode by the decoration of Ag nanoparticles is finally demonstrated.
Electrical properties of point defects in CdS and ZnS
Authors: Varley J. B. , Lordi V.
Published: September 2013

We investigate native point defects in CdS and ZnS, which are conventional n-type buffer layers used in thin-film solar cells. Using hybrid functional calculations, we characterize the electrical behavior of these defects and also consider common impurities such as O, H, and their complexes. We find cation vacancies are the dominant compensating acceptors and recombination centers, and their effects are more dramatic in ZnS than in CdS. We also determine the band alignment for conventional Cu(In,Ga)Se2-based solar cells, giving insight into why CdS outperforms ZnS and why Zn oxysulfides are promising due to their improved conduction band offsets.
A symmetry-based method for constructing nonlocally related partial differential equation systems
Authors: Bluman George W. , Yang Zhengzheng
Published: September 2013

Nonlocally related partial differential equation (PDE) systems are important in the analysis of a given PDE system. In particular, they are useful for seeking nonlocal symmetries. It is known that each local conservation law of a given PDE system systematically yields a nonlocally related PDE system. In this paper, a new and complementary method for constructing nonlocally related PDE systems is introduced. In particular, it is shown that each point symmetry of a PDE system systematically yields a nonlocally related PDE system. Examples include nonlinear reaction-diffusion equations, nonlinear diffusion equations, and nonlinear wave equations. The considered nonlinear reaction-diffusion equations have no local conservation laws. Previously unknown nonlocal symmetries are exhibited through our new symmetry-based method for two examples of nonlinear wave equations.