bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermoelectric Properties of PEDOT:PSS
Authors: Fan Zeng , Ouyang Jianyong
Published: February 2019

Nowadays, organic thermoelectric (TE) materials have attracted considerable attention due to their unique merits, e.g., light‐weight, high mechanical flexibility, nontoxicity, easy availability, and intrinsically low thermal conductivity. Among the organic/polymer TE materials reported so far, poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenensulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is extensively investigated because it is water‐processable, thermally stable, and can be highly conductive. Over the past few years, the TE properties of the PEDOT‐based TE materials are continuously improved. With rational design, some PEDOT:PSS‐based materials have achieved high ZT values comparable to the conventional inorganic TE materials like bismuth telluride at room temperature. This paper reviews the recent breakthroughs for PEDOT:PSS‐based TE polymers and composites. The strategies for achieving high‐performance PEDOT:PSS‐based TE materials and the corresponding underlying mechanism are specifically discussed. The TE devices fabricated by the PEDOT:PSS‐based TE materials are also presented, in terms of their fabrication/assembly technique, device configuration and device performance. With all the exciting progress made in the PEDOT:PSS‐based TE materials, the further development and practical applications of the high‐efficient organic TE materials as flexible TE module devices and wearable electronics can be greatly anticipated.
Advances in n‐Type Organic Thermoelectric Materials and Devices
Authors: Sun Yimeng , Di Chong‐An , Xu Wei , Zhu Daoben
Published: February 2019

Thermoelectric materials have attracted more attention in recent years, which can be corroborated by the increasing scientific publications. Moreover, the optimistic prediction for the thermoelectric industry proves that the practicability of thermoelectric technology is further acknowledged. Recently, benefitting from the rapid development of organic electronics, the research of organic thermoelectric (OTE) materials is receiving particular interest. Cooperation and complementation between organic and inorganic thermoelectric materials could promote the broader application of thermoelectric effect. To realize high conversion efficiency of thermoelectric device, high‐performance p‐ and n‐type OTE materials are both necessary. However, the instability of most n‐type organic materials in air impedes their application for high‐performance thermoelectric conversion. Therefore, more efforts should be made to promote relevant research and applications. Herein, the research progress on OTE materials (n‐type) and devices is reviewed to show readers some details of n‐type OTE research and give some guidelines for further explorations.
Tuning the Reversible Magnetocaloric Effect in Ni–Mn–In‐Based Alloys through Co and Cu Co‐Doping
Authors: Li Zongbin , Yang Jiajing , Li Dong , Li Zhenzhuang , Yang Bo , Yan Haile , Sánchez‐Valdés César Fidel , Llamazares José Luis Sánchez , Zhang Yudong , Esling Claude , Zhao Xiang , Zuo Liang
Published: February 2019

The reversibility of the giant magnetocaloric effect (MCE) through the magnetic field–induced magnetostructural transformation in Ni–Mn–In‐based alloys is a key issue towards the potential magnetic refrigeration applications. In this work, Co and Cu are simultaneously doped to tune the reversible magnetocaloric properties associated with the magnetostructural transformation. Owing to the integration of large magnetization difference ΔM, suitable transformation entropy ΔStr, and narrow thermal hysteresis ΔThys in a Ni46Co3Mn35Cu2In14 alloy, the reversible field–induced inverse martensitic transformation is realized in a wide temperature range of 30 K under the field of 5T, yielding a maximum reversible magnetic entropy change ΔSMmax of 16.4 J kg−1 K−1. Moreover, under a low field change of 1.5T, a large reversible adiabatic temperature variation ΔTad of 2.5 K is also obtained, representing the highest value so far under the low field change of 1.5T in Ni–Mn‐based alloys. It is demonstrated that multi‐component alloying by combining the effects of appropriate substitutional elements is an effective way to develop high‐performance magnetocaloric materials.
High‐Performance Organic Thermoelectric Materials: Theoretical Insights and Computational Design
Authors: Shi Wen , Wang Dong , Shuai Zhigang
Published: February 2019

Eco‐friendly and high‐performance thermoelectric materials that interconvert heat and electricity based on the Seebeck effect and Peltier effect are urgently needed due to their enormous potential in solid‐state power generation and refrigeration. Recently, revolutionary advances driven by experiments are made in developing innovative organic thermoelectric materials. Meantime, with the help of state‐of‐the‐art first‐principles calculations, theoretical understanding and rational design of organic thermoelectric materials are emerging. This review presents the authors' current progress achieved in design strategies for high‐performance organic thermoelectric materials at the level of atomistic simulation. The in‐depth understanding gained in these explorations will help to build the fundamental structure–property relationship, and in turn promote the development of next‐generation high‐performance organic thermoelectric materials.
Multifunctional Mixed‐Dimensional MoS2–CuO Junction Field‐Effect Transistor for Logic Operation and Phototransistor
Authors: Gao Yu , Zhuge Fuwei , Li Man , He Yuhui , Li Liang , Lv Liang , Zhang Qingfu , Wang Fakun , Su Jianwei , Han Wei , Liu Kailang , Zhai Tianyou
Published: February 2019

Mixed‐dimensional heterojunction based on 1D nanowires and 2D semiconductors attracts wide interests in constructing short‐channel transistors that overcome limits in 3D semiconductors, where the gate controllability generally suffers mutual interference in multiple gate operation, e.g., in logic circuit and phototransistors. Here, the dual‐gate modulated mixed‐dimensional junction field‐effect transistor (JFET) with an inverted gate‐all‐around configuration based on 2D n‐type MoS2 onto 1D p‐type CuO nanowire is reported. Importantly, the dual‐gate transistor is made free of gate interferences by introducing self‐aligned graphene nanoribbon that screens gate coupling. It is demonstrated that the devised heterojunction could offer stabilized operation in logic NAND circuit, and in photodetection with gate enhanced detectivity of over 1010 Jones from noise measurement and fast response within 5 ms. The results may therefore shed light on the advanced design of 1D–2D mixed‐dimensional JFETs for multifunction purposes.
Characterization of the bubble swarm trajectory in a jet bubbling reactor
Authors: Shuai Yun , Guo Xiaoyun , Wang Haotong , Huang Zhengliang , Yang Yao , Sun Jingyuan , Wang Jingdai , Yang Yongrong
Published: February 2019

The bubble swarm trajectory in the jet bubbling reactor is measured through the bubble image velocimetry (BIV) technique. The result shows that the bubble swarm rises straightly when the jet Reynolds number is lower than 7,000. However, when the jet Reynolds number exceeds 14,000, the bubble swarm exhibits vortex‐like motion, and the bubble vortices oscillate periodically. The oscillating frequency of bubble vortices under the gas bubbling condition is lower than the flapping frequency of pure liquid jet. Moreover, the moving region and oscillating frequency of bubble vortices increase with the jet Reynolds number. The superficial gas velocity has little effect on the bubble swarm trajectory and the oscillating frequency. An empirical correlation between the oscillating frequency of bubble vortices and the jet Reynolds number is built based on the simple harmonic vibration theory.
Isolated vocal cord paralysis in two siblings with compound heterozygous variants in MUSK: Expanding the phenotypic spectrum
Authors: Murali Chaya , Li Dong , Grand Katheryn , Hakonarson Hakon , Bhoj Elizabeth
Published: February 2019

The congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) are a heterogeneous group of disorders caused by perturbations in signal transduction at the neuromuscular junction. Defects in muscle, skeletal, receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) cause two distinct phenotypes: fetal akinesia with multiple congenital anomalies (Fetal akinesia deformation sequence [MIM:208150]) and early onset congenital myasthenia (myasthenic syndrome, congenital, 9, associated with acetylcholine receptor deficiency [MIM:616325]). Myasthenia due to MuSK deficiency has variable clinical features, ranging from a milder presentation of isolated late‐onset proximal muscle weakness; to a severe presentation of prenatal‐onset diffuse weakness, ophthalmoplegia, respiratory failure, and vocal cord paralysis (VCP). Here, we propose to expand the phenotypic spectrum for MuSK deficiency to include isolated VCP with the absence of other classical myasthenic symptoms. We evaluated two brothers who presented in the neonatal period with respiratory failure secondary to isolated VCP. Research‐based exome sequencing revealed biallelic likely pathogenic variants in MUSK (MIM:601296). Both children had normal gross motor and fine motor development. One brother had speech delay, likely due to a combination of tracheostomy status and ankyloglossia. This case report suggests that CMS should be on the differential diagnosis for familial recurrence of VCP.
The difference in nasal bacterial microbiome diversity between chronic rhinosinusitis patients with polyps and a control population
Authors: Gan Weigang , Yang Fengjuan , Tang Yiping , Zhou Danmei , Qing Di , Hu Juanjuan , Liu Shixi , Liu Feng , Meng Juan
Published: February 2019

Background

Little is known regarding the role of the microbiome of the paranasal sinuses and its contribution to sinus mucosal health and disease. Consequently, we examined the microbiome of chronic rhinosinusitis patients with polyps (CRSwNP) and a control population to provide new insights into the microbiota associated with the pathogenesis of CRSwNP.

Methods

Fifty‐nine CRSwNP patients and 27 controls were enrolled in the study. The bacterial communities of the middle meatus were detected using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA)‒targeted Illumina MiSeq sequencing after microbial DNA was extracted from swabs.

Results

Although there was no difference in diversity between the 2 groups, richness was lower in the CRSwNP group than in the control group (p = 0.03). At the phylum level, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were predominant in both groups; however, the relative abundance was different, with the proportions of Actinobacteria (predominantly Corynebacterium) and Dolosigranulum being significantly higher in the control group than in the CRSwNP group.

Conclusion

These results support the theory of microbial dysbiosis as the pathogenesis of CRSwNP. The reduction in the proportions of potentially protective bacteria may decrease the overall stability of the sinonasal bacterial community.
An analysis of factors associated with compliance and dropout of sublingual immunotherapy on Japanese cedar pollinosis patients
Authors: Imanaka Takahiro , Sato Izumi , Kawasaki Yohei , Kanazawa Yuji , Kawakami Koji
Published: February 2019

Background

Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is safe and effective but compliance is problematic. In this study we evaluated dropout and compliance among adults (≥20 years of age) and adolescents (<20 years of age) for Japanese cedar pollen extract (JCPE), an aqueous SLIT approved in 2014 in Japan.

Methods

Administrative claims data on 1236 Japanese patients, 846 adults (mean age, 43.0 years; 41.8% female) and 249 adolescents (mean age, 14.1 years; 36.6% female), with a JCPE prescription between October 2014 and June 2016 were reviewed. Adults and adolescents were divided according to the year they started SLIT (1‐ and 2‐year cohorts) to calculate dropout and compliance and identify associated factors using multivariate Cox and linear regression models.

Results

In 1‐ and 2‐year adult cohorts, dropout rates were 13.5% and 22.1% and compliance rates were 92.8% and 88.8%, respectively. Adolescents had higher dropout and lower compliance. Patients 40‐59 years of age had a lower dropout risk than patients 20‐29 years of age. Dropout hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) in 1‐ and 2‐year cohorts were 0.26 (0.12‐0.58) and 0.40 (0.17‐0.93) in patients 40‐49 years of age and 0.32 (0.14‐0.75) and 0.35 (0.13‐0.92) in patients 50‐59 years of age, respectively. Younger age contributed to lower compliance in 1‐ and 2‐year adult cohorts (p = 0.001 and p = 0.02, respectively). Systemic steroidal medication history and male gender were positively associated with compliance in adults but not in adolescents.

Conclusion

High dropout rate was associated with younger generations. Compliance in adults, but not in adolescents, was associated with age, systemic steroidal medication history, and gender.
Fcc versus Non‐fcc Structural Isomerism of Gold Nanoparticles with Kernel Atom Packing Dependent Photoluminescence
Authors: Zhuang Shengli , Liao Lingwen , Yuan Jinyun , Xia Nan , Zhao Yan , Wang Chengming , Gan Zibao , Yan Nan , He Lizhong , Li Jin , Deng Haiteng , Guan Zhaoyong , Yang Jinlong , Wu Zhikun
Published: February 2019

Structural isomerism allows the correlation between structures and properties to be investigated. Unfortunately, the structural isomers of metal nanoparticles are rare and genuine structural isomerism with distinctly different kernel atom packing (e.g., face‐centered cubic (fcc) vs. non‐fcc) has not been reported until now. Herein we introduce a novel ion‐induction method to synthesize a unique gold nanocluster with a twist mirror symmetry structure. The as‐synthesized nanocluster has the same composition but different kernel atom packing to an existing gold nanocluster Au42(TBBT)26 (TBBT=4‐tert‐butylbenzenethiolate). The fcc‐structured Au42(TBBT)26 nanocluster shows more enhanced photoluminescence than the non‐fcc‐structured Au42(TBBT)26 nanocluster, indicating that the fcc‐structure is more beneficial for emission than the non‐fcc structure. This idea was supported by comparison of the emission intensity of another three pairs of gold nanoclusters with similar compositions and sizes but with different kernel atom packings (fcc vs. non‐fcc).
Phosphine‐Stabilized Diiododiborenes: Isolable Diborenes with Six Labile Bonds
Authors: Muessig Jonas H. , Thaler Melanie , Dewhurst Rian D. , Paprocki Valerie , Seufert Jens , Mattock James D. , Vargas Alfredo , Braunschweig Holger
Published: February 2019

The lability of B=B, B−P, and B–halide bonds is combined in the syntheses of the first diiododiborenes. In a series of reactivity tests, these diiododiborenes undergo cleavage of all six of their central bonds in different ways, leading to products of B=B hydrogenation and dihalogenation as well as halide exchange.
Metabolically Active, Fully Hydrolysable Polymersomes
Authors: Zhu Yunqing , Poma Alessandro , Rizzello Loris , Gouveia Virginia M. , Ruiz‐Perez Lorena , Battaglia Giuseppe , Williams Charlotte K.
Published: February 2019

The synthesis and aqueous self‐assembly of a new class of amphiphilic aliphatic polyesters are presented. These AB block polyesters comprise polycaprolactone (hydrophobe) and an alternating polyester from succinic acid and an ether‐substituted epoxide (hydrophile). They self‐assemble into biodegradable polymersomes capable of entering cells. Their degradation products are bioactive, giving rise to differentiated cellular responses inducing stromal cell proliferation and macrophage apoptosis. Both effects emerge only when the copolymers enter cells as polymersomes and their magnitudes are size dependent.
Bio‐Inspired Stable Lithium‐Metal Anodes by Co‐depositing Lithium with a 2D Vermiculite Shuttle
Authors: Ma Qingtao , Sun Xiaowen , Liu Ping , Xia Yongyao , Liu Xingjiang , Luo Jiayan
Published: February 2019

Progress in lithium‐metal batteries is severely hindered by lithium dendrite growth. Lithium is soft with a mechanical modulus as low as that of polymers. Herein we suppress lithium dendrites by forming soft–hard organic–inorganic lamella reminiscent of the natural sea‐shell material nacres. We use lithium as the soft segment and colloidal vermiculite sheets as the hard inorganic constituent. The vermiculite sheets are highly negatively charged so can absorb Li+ then be co‐deposited with lithium, flattening the lithium growth which remains dendrite‐free over hundreds of cycles. After Li+ ions absorbed on the vermiculite are transferred to the lithium substrate, the vermiculite sheets become negative charged again and move away from the substrate along the electric field, allowing them to absorb new Li+ and shuttling to and from the substrate. Long term cycling of full cells using the nacre‐mimetic lithium‐metal anodes is also demonstrated.
Three‐dimensional architecture of absorbers for enhancement of the absorbing properties of MWNTs
Authors: Zhang Aibo , Zhang Xin , Li Yiru , Li Miaomiao , Lu Honglong
Published: February 2019

The microwave absorbers, which can attenuate and dissipate the incident electromagnetic wave, have attracted much more attentions due to their great potential applications in military stealth and civil healthcare. In this study, the three‐dimensional (3D) architecture absorber of multiwalled carbon nanotubes@polystyrene (MWNTs@PS) was designed and synthesized by the combination of PS microspheres with MWNTs via self‐assembly of electrostatic adsorption. The morphology and dispersity of absorbers were characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The aim of this study is to explore the influence of the 3D architecture of absorbers on the enhanced absorbing performance of MWNTs. The results of SEM and TEM demonstrated that 3D architecture constructed via MWNTs attaching on the surface of PS microspheres were established, which is in favor for MWNTs to build more electron transportation pathways and enhance the multiinterface polarization. Compared with one‐dimensional (1D) absorbers of PS/MWNTs, the 3D MWNTs@PS exhibited excellent absorbing properties, the maximum reflection loss (RL) was −34.2 dB at 10.6 GHz with a thickness of 2.00 mm and the frequency bandwidth of RL below −10 dB (90% absorption) was 3.0 GHz. In contrast, the maximum RL of 1D PS/MWNTs and pristine MWNTs were −19.1 dB at 11.5 GHz and −7.7 dB at 8.8 GHz, respectively. The results implied that the construction of 3D architecture has crucial influence on the enhanced absorbing performance of MWNTs. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47566.
In situsynthesized chitosan–gelatin/ZnO nanocomposite scaffold with drug delivery properties: Higher antibacterial and lower cytotoxicity effects
Authors: Rakhshaei Rasul , Namazi Hassan , Hamishehkar Hamed , Kafil Hossein Samadi , Salehi Roya
Published: February 2019

In this work, chitosan–gelatin/zinc oxide nanocomposite hydrogel scaffolds (CS–GEL/nZnO) were prepared viain situsynthesis of ZnO nanoparticles (nZnO) to reach a scaffold with both inherent antibacterial and drug delivery properties. The prepared nanocomposite hydrogel scaffolds were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic absorption spectrometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. In addition, swelling, biodegradation, antibacterial, cytocompatibility, and cell attachment of the scaffolds were evaluated. The results showed that the prepared scaffolds had high porosity with a pore size of 50–400 μm and nZnO were well distributed without any agglomeration on the CS–GEL matrix. In addition, the nanocomposite scaffolds showed enhanced swelling, biodegradation, and antibacterial properties. Moreover, the drug delivery studies using naproxen showed that nZnO could control naproxen release. Cytocompatibility of the samples was proved using normal human dermal fibroblast cells (HFF2). In comparison to the previous reports which nZnO were simply added to the matrix of the scaffold,in situsynthesis of nZnO was led to higher antibacterial and lower cytotoxicity effects as a result of well distribution of nZnO in this method. According to the findings, thein situsynthesized CS–GEL/nZnO is strongly recommended for biomedical applications especially skin tissue engineering. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47590.
Electrical and mechanical tuning of 3D printed photopolymer–MWCNT nanocomposites through in situ dispersion
Authors: Chavez Luis A. , Regis Jaime E. , Delfin Luis C. , Garcia Rosales Carlos A. , Kim Hoejin , Love Norman , Liu Yingtao , Lin Yirong
Published: February 2019

An electric field‐assisted in situ dispersion of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in polymer nanocomposites, fabricated through stereolithography three‐dimensional (3D) printing technique, was demonstrated. The introduction of MWCNTs increased the elasticity modulus of the polymer resin by 77%. Furthermore, the use of an electric field for in situ MWCNT dispersion helped improving the average elongation at break of the samples with MWCNTs by 32%. The electric field also increased the ultimate tensile strength of the MWCNT reinforced nanocomposites by 42%. An increase of over 20% in the ultimate tensile strength of in situ dispersed MWCNT nanocomposites over the pure polymer material was observed. Finally, it was demonstrated that the magnitude and direction of the electrical conductivity of MWCNT nanocomposites can be engineered through the application of in situ electric fields during 3D printing. An increase of 50% in the electrical conductivity was observed when MWCNTs were introduced, while the application of the electric field further improved the electrical conductivity by 26%. The presented results demonstrated the feasibility of tuning both electrical and mechanical properties of MWCNT reinforced polymer nanocomposites using in situ electrical field‐assisted 3D printing. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47600.
Encapsulation of an Ionic Metalloporphyrin into a Zeolite Imidazolate Framework in situ for CO2 Chemical Transformation via Host–Guest Synergistic Catalysis
Authors: He Hongming , Zhu Qian‐Qian , Zhang Chuanqi , Yan Ying , Yuan Jing , Chen Jing , Li Cheng‐Peng , Du Miao
Published: February 2019

It is a great challenge to rationally integrate multiple reactive sites into a composite material with confined nanospace, which can be applied as a nanoreactor to facilitate targeting catalytic reaction. In this work, an ionic metalloporphyrin has been encapsulated in situ into ZIF‐8 for a solvent‐free synthesis of cyclic carbonates from CO2 and epoxides without any co‐catalyst under 1 atm CO2.
Indian summer monsoon onset signatures on the tropical tropopause layer
Authors: RavindraBabu S. , Venkat Ratnam M. , Basha Ghouse , Krishnamurthy B.V.
Published: February 2019

Over the Indian region, changes in the tropopause parameters during pre‐monsoon to monsoon seasons have been reported. However, no study exists to date dealing with the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) onset signatures on the tropopause parameters. In the present study, the climatological structure of the tropical tropopause layer during the onset phase of ISM is delineated by using long‐term (2006–2017) radiosonde observations over Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E). A prominent transition in the tropopause parameters from pre‐monsoon to monsoon is noticed and the transition is initiated from the day of ISM onset. Continuous decrease (increase) of tropopause altitude (temperature) is perceived after the ISM onset. The ozonesonde observations clearly show the strong enhancement in the ozone mixing ratio in the lower stratosphere (~16–20 km) after the ISM onset. This clearly demonstrates the instantaneous warming of the tropopause region after the ISM onset in addition to the latent heat release due to the precipitation. Transitions from pre‐monsoon to monsoon in the tropopause parameters are influenced strongly by onset of ISM which was attributed as seasonal changes earlier. These results provide strong evidence on the ISM onset signatures on the tropical tropopause parameters.
Das Wattenmeer als gemeinsame Verantwortung verstehen
Authors: Busch Julia A. , Bostelmann Annika
Published: February 2019

Das Wattenmeer bildet das größte zusammenhängende Wattsystem der Welt, in dem dynamische Prozesse weitgehend ungestört ablaufen. Das Welterbe beherbergt über 10.000 Pflanzen‐ und Tierarten, die sich ständig an diese Dynamik anpassen. Für 10–12 Millionen Zugvögel ist das Wattenmeer ein wichtiger Rastplatz auf ihren Flugrouten. Das Gebiet erstreckt sich entlang der dänischen, deutschen und niederländischen Küsten. Seit 1978 arbeiten die drei Länder zum Schutz des Wattenmeers zusammen und übernehmen gemeinsam die Verantwortung für dieses einmalige Ökosystem. Eine wichtige Säule der Kooperation ist das trilaterale Monitoring‐ und Bewertungsprogramm mit einer harmonisierten Datenerfassung, mit deren Hilfe das Wattenmeer als ökologische Einheit beobachtet wird.
Schärfentiefe nach Maß
Authors: Knop Daniel
Published: February 2019

Geringer werdender Aufnahmeabstand lässt beim Fotografieren die Schärfentiefe abnehmen, was Makro‐ und vor allem Mikroskopaufnahmen massiv erschwert. Die „Focus Stacking“‐Technik löst dieses Problem, indem sie eine Aufnahmeserie mit unterschiedlichen Schärfeebenen erzeugt, die anschließend im Computer zu einem Foto mit extrem großer Schärfentiefe verrechnet werden.
Big Data in der Biologie: kein Problem mehr!
Authors: Gemeinholzer Birgit , Nieschulze Jens , Tauch Andreas , Goesmann Alexander
Published: February 2019

Insbesondere im Zeitalter der Omics‐Technologien wie Genomik, Transkriptomik, Proteomik und Metabolomik, sowie der Sensormessstationen, steigen die täglich in der Biologie erzeugten Datenmengen kontinuierlich [2]. Die beiden neuen Dateninfrastrukturen in Deutschland, GFBio und de.NBI, dienen diesem Ziel und verleihen der Forschung in den Lebenswissenschaften enorme Impulse.

GFBio ist eine nationale Forschungsdateninfrastruktur mit dem Ziel den Austausch und die effiziente Nachnutzung komplexer Daten im Bereich der biologischen Umweltwissenschaften langfristig zu fördern.

de.NBI ist eine nationale Infrastruktur zur strukturierten und langfristigen Bereitstellung von biologischen Datenressourcen und bioinformatischen Werkzeugen. de.NBI verbessert die Möglichkeiten der standardisierten Datenverarbeitung und ‐auswertung. Zur Sicherung dieser Expertise benötigt die deutsche biologische Wissenschaftsgemeinschaft eine Langzeitfinanzierung und die Förderung digitaler Innovationen und Entwicklungen, was bislang fehlt.
Die Bionik der Schwungfederkaskade
Authors: Eder Heinrich
Published: February 2019

Die Untersuchungen der Eigenschaften der Schwungfederkaskade von Großvögeln lieferte in der Vergangenheit bereits spektakuläre Ergebnisse. So wird durch die Wirbelteilung und ‐staffelung der Widerstand des Fügels deutlich reduziert, was z. B. die Reichweite des Vogels bei der Migration und der Futtersuche erhöht. Neuerdings konnte auch die Anordnung der Schwungfederspitzen auf Kreislinien bzw. Kugelflächen aufgeklärt werden. Sie stellt ein Optimum für maximale Abstände der Federspitzen bei maximaler Spannweite und gleichzeitig limitierten Wurzelbiegemomenten – also eine synergistische Lösung – dar. Dieses kommt wiederum dem Leichtbau des Vogelflügels zugute.
Molekularer Wirkmechanismus von Koffein entschlüsselt
Authors: Ale‐Agha Niloofar , Goy Christine , Altschmied Joachim , Haendeler Judith
Published: February 2019

Epidemiologische Studien zeigen, dass Kaffeekonsum einen positiven Einfluss auf das Herz‐Kreislaufsystem hat. In unseren Arbeiten konnten wir erstmals einen molekularen Wirkmechanismus für Koffein beschreiben, der diese Korrelation erklärt. Koffein induziert die Translokation des ehemals als Zellzyklus‐Inhibitor beschriebenen Proteins CDKN1B in die Mitochondrien, was zu einer verbesserten Funktion verschiedenster Zellen führt.
Amor auf Kriechspur
Authors: Kronberg Inge
Published: February 2019

Im Mai und Juni kann man sie an feuchtwarmen Abenden beobachten: Weinbergschnecken im stundenlangen Liebesspiel. Geradezu zärtlich mutet es an, wenn sie ihre aufgerichteten Kriechsohlen aneinander schmiegen und ihre Kopfenden überkreuzen. Schließlich verbirgt die aufkommende Dunkelheit den eigentlichen Liebesakt, von dem immer wieder neue verblüffende Details bekannt werden.
Das Arnoldische Obst‐Cabinet: Porzellanimitate als Zeugen rezenter und verlorengegangener Tafelobstsorten des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts
Authors: Högermann Christiane
Published: February 2019

Naturwissenschaftliche Modelle veranschaulichen definitions‐ und bestimmungsgemäß nur das Wesentliche von Originalobjekten und ‐strukturen. Die Arnoldischen Porzellanfrüchte fallen da weit aus dem Rahmen, denn sie sind kaum von essbaren Früchten zu unterscheiden. Einige von ihnen sind sogar ganz realitätstreu wurmstichig bzw. nicht mehr „1 A‐Obst“.
Das Haushuhn
Authors: Olschewsky Anna , Mensch Mario
Published: February 2019

Hühner gehören domestikationsgeschichtlich betrachtet zu den jüngeren Nutztieren. Das Zusammenleben von Mensch und Schwein bzw. Schaf reicht zum Beispiel deutlich weiter in die Geschichte zurück. Heute bevölkern drei Mal so viele Hühner wie Menschen den Planeten Erde, daher lohnt sich ein Blick in die gemeinsame Geschichte von Mensch und Huhn; von den Anfängen bis heute.
The Anterior Ethmoidal “Genu”: A Newly Appreciated Anatomic Landmark for Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Authors: Bolger William E. , Stammberger Heinz , Ishii Masaru , Ponikau Jens , Solaiyappan Meiyappan , Zinreich Simion James
Published: February 2019

Human sinonasal anatomy varies widely between patients, challenging surgeons operating in the sinuses. Ethmoid sinus anatomy is so variable it has been referred to as a labyrinth. Accordingly, reliable, consistent anatomic landmarks aid surgeons operating in this region. The goal of this investigation was to explore our observations and hypothesis that the ethmoidal bulla and the uncinate process are not entirely separate structures but rather attach, and the attachment could potentially provide a landmark for surgeons performing ethmoid and frontal recess surgery. Ethmoid sinus anatomy was studied in 57 sinonasal complexes through a variety of methods including gross anatomic dissection, endoscopic dissection and 3D CT stereoscopic imaging. The uncinate process and ethmoidal bulla were noted to fuse at the superior aspect of the hiatus semilunaris in 57/57 cases, forming a genu‐like feature in the anterior ethmoid. This consistent anatomic feature related closely to the frontal sinus drainage pathway, which drained medial to it in 44/57 (77%) cases. The anterior ethmoidal “genu” appears to be an excellent anatomic feature that surgeons can use during ethmoid and frontal recess surgery. High resolution 3D stereoscopic CT scan is capable of demonstrating sinonasal anatomy in a detailed fashion previously only achieved by cadaveric dissection. This technology can potentially allow for a virtual dissection of a patient's anatomy prior to surgery and could improve minimally invasive procedures and reduce complications. Clin. Anat. 32:534–540, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anatomy and white matter connections of the inferior frontal gyrus
Authors: Briggs Robert G. , Chakraborty Arpan R. , Anderson Christopher D. , Abraham Carol J. , Palejwala Ali H. , Conner Andrew K. , Pelargos Panayiotis E. , O'Donoghue Daniel L. , Glenn Chad A. , Sughrue Michael E.
Published: February 2019

The inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) is involved in the evaluation of linguistic, interoceptive, and emotional information. A detailed understanding of its subcortical white matter anatomy could improve postoperative morbidity related to surgery in and around this gyrus. Through GQI‐based fiber tracking validated by gross anatomical dissection as ground truth, we characterized the fiber tracts of the IFG based on relationships to other well‐known neuroanatomic structures. Diffusion imaging from the Human Connectome Project for 10 healthy adult controls was used for fiber tracking analysis. We evaluated the IFG as a whole based on its connectivity with other regions. All tracts were mapped in both hemispheres, and a lateralization index was calculated based on resultant tract volumes. Ten cadaveric dissections were then performed using a modified Klingler technique to demonstrate the location of major tracts. We identified four major connections of the IFG: a white matter bundle corresponding the frontal aslant tract connecting to the superior frontal gyrus; the superior longitudinal fasciculus connecting to the inferior parietal lobule, lateral occipital area, posterior temporal areas, and the temporal pole; the inferior fronto‐occipital fasciculus connecting to the cuneus and lingual gyrus; and the uncinate fasciculus connecting to the temporal pole. A callosal fiber bundle connecting the inferior frontal gyri bilaterally was also identified. The IFG is an important region implicated in a variety of tasks including language processing, speech production, motor control, interoceptive awareness, and semantic processing. Postsurgical outcomes related to this region may be better understood in the context of the fiber‐bundle anatomy highlighted in this study. Clin. Anat. 32:546–556, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Binding Mode of an ADP Analogue to a Metallohydrolase Mimics the Likely Transition State
Authors: Feder Daniel , Gahan Lawrence R. , McGeary Ross P. , Guddat Luke W. , Schenk Gerhard
Published: February 2019

Purple acid phosphatases (PAPs) are members of the large family of metallohydrolases, a group of enzymes that perform a wide range of biological functions, while employing a highly conserved catalytic mechanism. PAPs are found in plants, animals and fungi; in humans they play an important role in bone turnover and are thus of interest for developing treatments for osteoporosis. The majority of metallohydrolases use a metal‐bound hydroxide to initiate catalysis, which leads to the formation of a proposed five‐coordinate oxyphosphorane species in the transition state. In this work, we crystallized PAP from red kidney beans (rkbPAP) in the presence of both adenosine and vanadate. The in crystallo‐formed vanadate analogue of ADP provides detailed insight into the binding mode of a PAP substrate, captured in a structure that mimics the putative fivecoordinate transition state. Our observations not only provide unprecedented insight into the mechanism of metallohydrolases, but might also guide the structure‐based design of inhibitors for application in the treatment of several human illnesses.
Percutaneous atrial septal occluders: Are we there yet?
Authors: Parekh Dhaval R. , Krajcer Zvonimir
Published: February 2019

Key Points

In a randomized, controlled trial, the Occlutech Figulla Flex II occluder was shown to be noninferior to the Amplatzer Septal Occluder.

Both devices provided greater than 90% efficacy, with limited residual shunting and major complications.

Although the risk of overall device erosions was low, larger and longer‐term studies are needed to distinguish the differences between devices.
Leave nothing behind: Promising results for coronary drug‐coated balloons in clinical practice
Authors: Claessen Bimmer E. , Dangas George D.
Published: February 2019

Key Points

1,025 patients with de novo coronary artery disease (66.9%) or in‐stent restenosis (ISR) (33.1%) underwent treatment with paclitaxel drug‐coated balloons in a multinational single‐arm registry. Bail‐out stenting rate was only 4.8%.

One‐year target lesion revascularization was 2.3% for de novo lesions, 2.9% for bare metal stent ISR, and 5.8% for drug‐eluting stent ISR.

Short‐term results with coronary drug‐coated balloons are promising. Nonetheless, long‐term data, preferably from randomized trials are necessary to confirm their safety and efficacy.
The use of ultra low contrast volume during percutaneous coronary intervention and risk of acute kidney injury: How low can we go?
Authors: Harfouch Badr , Prasad Anand
Published: February 2019

Key Points

Gurm et al demonstrated that in PCI, the use of ultra low volume compared with higher contrast volumes (CVs), was associated with significant lower risk of developing acute kidney injury (AKI) and new need for dialysis.

Thirteen percent of the study population had PCI using ultra low CV.

Future studies are needed to explore further utilization of the suggested threshold when performing PCI in high risk patients.
Methylamine Treated Mn3O4 Nanoparticles as a Highly Efficient Water Oxidation Catalyst under Neutral Condition
Authors: Lee Yoon Ho , Park Sunghak , Lee Kang‐Gyu , Lee Moo Young , Cho Kang Hee , Kim Sung Jin , Nam Ki Tae
Published: February 2019

Electrochemical water splitting is one of the most important ways to produce hydrogen fuel for an environmentally friendly energy system. Low‐cost and efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) have been studied to overcome the sluggish kinetics of OER, which is considered to be a bottleneck that affects the overall efficiency of water splitting. However, the atomic‐level understanding and control of the catalyst surface still remains elusive. Here, we show that methylamine treatment of manganese oxide nanoparticles can effectively control their surface charge and enhance their OER catalytic activity under neutral condition. Methylamine treatment can reduce the overpotential for OER by nearly 100 mV at the current density 5 mA cm−2. Through spectroscopic studies, potentiometric titration, and zeta potential analysis, we discovered that methylamine does not exist on the surface after methylamine treatment but deprotonates the surface of nanoparticles and induce additional negative charge on the surface. Surprisingly, treatment with not only methylamine but other amines can also improve the OER performance and the catalytic activity of the amine treated nanoparticles is influenced by the pKa values of amines.
Insights Into the Effect of Nickel Doping on ZIF‐Derived Oxygen Reduction Catalysts for Zinc−Air Batteries
Authors: Asokan Arunchander , Lee Hansol , Gwon Ohhun , Kim Jeongwon , Kwon Ohhun , Kim Guntae
Published: February 2019

The advancement of cost‐effective, efficient, and durable catalysts to replace high cost Pt‐based electrocatalysts are of recent interest, especially to enhance the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cells and metal−air batteries. Herein, we report self‐assembled Co−Ni based nitrogen doped carbon structures (Co−Ni/NC) derived from zeolitic imidazolate frameworks as a highly efficient and durable ORR catalyst for rechargeable zinc−air batteries (ZAB). An effective three‐phase boundary is recognised with a well‐organized interconnected porous carbon framework of the Co−Ni/NC catalyst. The developed catalyst exhibited much improved onset and half‐wave potentials (0.93 V and 0.86 V vs. RHE, respectively) in alkaline electrolyte, especially in the limiting current region, which was credited to the porous structure. Furthermore, excellent durability was found for the catalyst operated using continuous potential cycles for 5,000 times and chronoamperometric measurements for 50 h. Finally, the optimised Co−Ni/NC catalyst was successfully utilised as a cathode catalyst and delivered substantial power density in ZAB configuration under ambient operating conditions. Substantial battery durability was also observed over 1000 h by periodically replacing the anodic zinc electrode. Hence, the present investigation offers the prospect of the development of new non‐precious, highly active, and durable oxygen reduction catalysts for zinc air battery applications.
Biomimetic Straw‐Like Bundle Cobalt‐Doped Fe2O3 Electrodes towards Superior Lithium‐Ion Storage
Authors: Liu Miao , Liu Yongmei , Li Youpeng , Wang Kang , Guo Yayun , Li Yanxin , Zhao Lingzhi
Published: February 2019

Biomimetic straw‐like bundles of Co‐doped Fe2O3 (SCF), with Co2+ incorporated into the lattice of α‐Fe2O3, was fabricated through a cost‐effective hydrothermal process and used as the anode material for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). The SCF exhibited ultrahigh initial discharge specific capacity (1760.7 mA h−1 g−1 at 200 mA g−1) and cycling stability (with the capacity retention of 1268.3 mA h−1 g−1 after 350 cycles at 200 mA g−1). In addition, a superior rate capacity of 376.1 mA h−1 g−1 was obtained at a high current density of 4000 mA g−1. The remarkable electrochemical lithium storage of SCF is attributed to the Co‐doping, which increases the unit cell volume and affects the whole structure. It makes the Li+ insertion–extraction process more flexible. Meanwhile, the distinctive straw‐like bundle structure can accelerate Li ion diffusion and alleviate the huge volume expansion upon cycling.
Unprecedented Inversion of Selectivity and Extraordinary Difference in the Complexation of Trivalent f Elements by Diastereomers of a Methylated Diglycolamide
Authors: Wilden Andreas , Kowalski Piotr M. , Klaß Larissa , Kraus Benjamin , Kreft Fabian , Modolo Giuseppe , Li Yan , Rothe Jörg , Dardenne Kathy , Geist Andreas , Leoncini Andrea , Huskens Jurriaan , Verboom Willem
Published: February 2019

When considering f elements, solvent extraction is primarily used for the removal of lanthanides from ore and their recycling, as well as for the separation of actinides from used nuclear fuel. Understanding the complexation mechanism of metal ions with organic extractants, particularly the influence of their molecular structure on complex formation is of fundamental importance. Herein, we report an extraordinary (up to two orders of magnitude) change in the extraction efficiency of f elements with two diastereomers of dimethyl tetraoctyl diglycolamide (Me2‐TODGA), which only differ in the orientation of a single methyl group. Solvent extraction techniques, extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements, and density functional theory (DFT) based ab initio calculations were used to understand their complex structures and to explain their complexation mechanism. We show that the huge differences observed in extraction selectivity results from a small change in the complexation of nitrate counter‐ions caused by the different orientation of one methyl group in the backbone of the extractant. The obtained results give a significant new insight into metal–ligand complexation mechanisms, which will promote the development of more efficient separation techniques.
Dynamic Disorder Restriction of Methylammonium (MA) Groups in Chloride‐Doped MAPbBr3 Hybrid Perovskites: A Neutron Powder Diffraction Study
Authors: López Carlos Alberto , Álvarez‐Galván María Consuelo , Martínez‐Huerta María Victoria , Fernández‐Díaz María Teresa , Alonso José Antonio
Published: February 2019

The hybrid methylammonium (MA) lead halide MAPbX3 perovskites present an appealing optoelectronic behavior with applications in high‐efficiency solar cells. The orientation of the organic MA units may play an important role in the properties, given the degrees of freedom for internal motion of MA groups within the PbX6 network. The present neutron powder diffraction study reveals the dynamic features of the MA units in the hybrid perovskite series MAPb(Br1−xClx)3, with x=0, 0.33, 0.5, 0.67, and 1. From difference Fourier maps, the H and C/N positions were located within the PbX6 lattice; the refinement of the crystal structures unveiled the MA conformations. Three different orientations were found to exist as a function of the chlorine content (x) and, therefore, of the cubic unit‐cell size. These conformations are stabilized by H‐bond interactions with the halide ions, and were found to agree with those reported from theoretical calculations.
Recent advances in computational photocatalysis: A review
Authors: Meng Xiangchao , Yun Nan , Zhang Zisheng
Published: February 2019

Photocatalysis has been extensively developed in recent years. Along with the development of computational software and hardware technology, the idea of designing a novel material (such as photocatalytic materials) starting from computation/modelling methods is growing increasingly popular. The combination of computational methods and material design is known as material simulation. The most difficult task in material simulation is to solve the Schrödinger equation. Aiming to overcome this problem, a large variety of approaches have been implemented and a fundamental package has been developed, namely DFT. Based on the simulated results, the most of typical parameters in photocatalysis such as band gap, optical property, recombination of photogenerated charge carriers, as well as adsorption and its mechanism can be investigated and estimated. Moreover, other computation methods relevant to photocatalysis were also herein introduced, primarily including irradiation modelling (using RTE) in a photoreactor, mass transfer, photocatalytic reaction kinetics, and the evaluation of photocatalytic activity. Computation methods applied to photocatalysis using various fundamental and equations are reviewed with an emphasis on materials simulation using DFT.
Drug Design of “Undruggable” Targets
Authors: Wang Jie , Li Shiliang , Li Honglin
Published: February 2019

Drug innovation is not only reflected in the discovery of new chemotypes of active compounds against existing targets but also more dependent on the innovation of drug targets. Currently, a number of attractive and validated targets could not be targeted pharmacologically. Some have been described as “undruggable”. In this review, we summarized the current situation of “undruggable” targets, and the design strategies for “undruggable” targets, hoping to provide references for the development of innovative drugs.
Synthesis and Properties of Magnetic Self‐Healing Polymers: An Effective Method for Improving Interface Compatibility of Doped Functional Polymers
Authors: Zhao Bowen , Li Shaonan , Liao Xinzhang , Li Jihang , Ma Wujun , Dong Yanmao , Zhou Xing , Liu Yaqing
Published: February 2019

Doped functional polymers, such as magnetic self‐healing polymers based on magnetic inorganic nanoparticles, have raised great attention and been applied in many fields recently due to their superior properties. However, the deficiency of interface compatibility between the inorganic nanoparticles and organic polymers, and the sedimentation and non‐uniform dispersion of the inorganic nanoparticles led to difficulties in the fabrication and development of doped functional polymer materials. In this work, we took magnetic doped self‐healing polymers as an example and proposed an accessible method to solve the problem. We prepared organic‐polymer‐coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles with high interface compatibility and then applied them to successfully synthesize magnetic self‐healing polymers. The average size of the resulting coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles was 8.82±1.09 nm, the practical saturation magnetization of the nanoparticles and the magnetic self‐healing polymers was 83.35, 24.29 emu/g, respectively. In addition, the self‐healing efficiency of the magnetic self‐healing polymers could reach 74.3% when healing for 1 hour and 78.4% when adding a magnetic field compared with 75.8% for the pure self‐healing polymers and 34.5% of magnetic polymers based on pure Fe3O4 nanoparticles. This work may offer a reference in fabricating doped functional polymers based on inorganic nanoparticles with high interface compatibility.
Charge Transport in Halide Perovskite Single Crystals: Experimental and Theoretical Perspectives
Authors: Chen Yan‐Fang , Orgiu Emanuele
Published: February 2019

Halide perovskite materials feature strong optical absorption, light carrier masses and, as a consequence, high charge‐carrier mobility, making them one of the candidates for next‐generation optoelectronic devices. This interesting class of materials exhibits unconventional properties that cannot be readily rationalized by traditional concepts. In this regard, single‐crystals of halide perovskites represent an ideal test bench to better understand the intrinsic properties of the material, building the foundation for further investigations of polycrystalline films and related nanoarchitectures. In this Minireview, we analyze charge carrier transport in organic halide perovskite single crystals, summarizing the current literature insights on this matter from theoretical and experimental perspectives.