bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Do You See What I See? Perceptions of Gender Microaggressions in the Workplace
Authors: Basford Tessa E. , Offermann Lynn R. , Behrend Tara S.
Published: November 2013

Although blatant expressions of sexism in the American workforce appear on the decline, many researchers note that discrimination is not disappearing but is instead becoming more subtle and ambiguous. Drawing from Sue et al.’s construct of microaggressions, which examines manifestations of prejudice ranging from subtle to overt, the present research provides the first known empirical investigation of gender differences in third-party perceptions of microaggressions against women at work. Undergraduate women and men read vignettes describing interactions between male supervisors and female subordinates, which portrayed potentially discriminatory supervisor behavior, ranging in explicitness from subtle to blatant. Results indicate that although both men and women perceive differences in microaggression explicitness, women tend to detect greater discrimination than men, particularly when instances are subtle in nature. Both genders expect microaggressions to generate more negative work outcomes as explicitness increases. We discuss practical implications of our research, including the importance of raising awareness of workplace gender microaggressions, especially its most subtle forms, and of developing supporting programs to help observers of discrimination, who may be more likely to be women in cases of perceived microaggressions against women. Future research directions for addressing the broad range of discrimination facing working women today are also explored.
Differences in Relationship Conflict, Attachment, and Depression in Treatment-Seeking Veterans With Hazardous Substance Use, PTSD, or PTSD and Hazardous Substance Use
Authors: Owens Gina P. , Held Philip , Blackburn Laura , Auerbach John S. , Clark Allison A. , Herrera Catherine J. , Cook Jerome , Stuart Gregory L.
Published: November 2013

Veterans ( N = 133) who were seeking treatment in either the Posttraumatic Stress Program or Substance Use Disorders Program at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC) and, based on self-report of symptoms, met clinical norms for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or hazardous substance use (HSU) completed a survey related to relationship conflict behaviors, attachment styles, and depression severity. Participants were grouped into one of three categories on the basis of clinical norm criteria: PTSD only, HSU only, and PTSD + HSU. Participants completed the PTSD Checklist–Military, Experiences in Close Relationships Scale–Short Form, Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression scale, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, Drug Use Disorders Identification Test, and Psychological Aggression and Physical Violence subscales of the Conflict Tactics Scale. Most participants were male and Caucasian. Significant differences were found between groups on depression, avoidant attachment, psychological aggression perpetration and victimization, and physical violence perpetration and victimization. Post hoc analyses revealed that the PTSD + HSU group had significantly higher levels of depression, avoidant attachment, and psychological aggression than the HSU only group. The PTSD + HSU group had significantly higher levels of physical violence than did the PTSD only group, but both groups had similar mean scores on all other variables. Potential treatment implications are discussed.
Male-on-Male Sexual Assaults
Authors: Almond Louise , McManus Michelle A. , Ward Lydia
Published: November 2013

While the concept of male victimization is not a new phenomenon, the sexual assault of a male is a relatively new notion, emerging over the last 30 years in social research literature. Studies of female rape, pedophilia, and juvenile sex offenders have suggested that different styles of offending are reflected in the different types of behaviors committed by offenders at the crime scene. These studies suggest that there are three distinct themes of behavior: Control, Hostility, and Involvement. Using the crime scene actions of 305 male-on-male sexual assault from a U.K. national police database, multidimensional analysis was carried out. The proposed framework was found to be a useful way of classifying male-on-male sexual assaulters with 74% displaying a dominant theme. These resulted in 42% classified as displaying hostility, 23% as control, and 9% as involvement. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Researching Long-Term Orientation
Authors: Brigham Keith H. , Lumpkin G. T. , Payne G. Tyge , Zachary Miles A.
Published: November 2013

Assumptions about the long-term orientation (LTO) of family firms are common in family business research. Drawing on prior conceptualizations, this article further develops and validates the LTO construct using content analysis techniques on two separate samples of data. Validation comes through empirical analysis of content validity, external validity, dimensionality, and concurrent validity. We find that family firms are higher than nonfamily firms on all three dimensions of LTO. We also discuss how future research can use this now-validated construct to address key questions in family business research, as well as inform the broader business literature.
A new deformation monitoring method for a flexible variable camber wing based on fiber Bragg grating sensors
Authors: Li Peng , Liu Yanju , Leng Jinsong
Published: November 2013

This work presented an indirect method to monitor the deformation of the flexible variable camber wing using attached fiber Bragg gratings. To measure the transverse strains resulting from deformation of flexible variable camber wing, two groups of fiber Bragg grating sensors were attached on both upper and lower surfaces of the metal sheet, which was used to replace the traditional hinges. When the flexible variable camber wing was actuated by the lower surface’s pneumatic artificial muscle actuators, the upper surface would undergo the tensile deformation. A redshift could be observed from the reflective wavelength of the fiber Bragg grating sensors located on the upper surface. On the contrary, a blueshift could also be observed from the lower surface due to the compressive deformation. The comparison of the results with those obtained from strain gauges demonstrated the reliability of fiber Bragg grating sensors. Then, the vertical displacement and deflection angle of the flexible variable camber wing were obtained through the von Karman strain–displacement relation. A finite element model of the flexible variable camber wing was developed to simulate the variation of strain and displacement, which is caused by deformation of the metal sheet. A good agreement could be seen from the vertical displacements among the fiber Bragg grating strain sensors, finite element model, and direct measurements with laser range-finders.
High-speed impact location detection on anisotropic composite panels using embedded piezoelectric sensors
Authors: Zamorano-Senderos Bruno , Elvin Niell
Published: November 2013

This article proposes a novel method for high-speed impact detection in composite panels and compares the technique with the conventional triangulation method. The proposed method uses groups of closely spaced embedded sensors to calculate the angles of the impact to these sensor groups. Angles from two groups of sensors are then used for the calculation of the impact location. The new method has reduced computational cost (and thus a faster calculation time) than the triangulation technique. The lower computational cost allows the use of cheaper, lighter, and less energy-consuming electronics, which has obvious advantages in real-time impact detection. Furthermore, because of the close proximity of the sensors within a sensor group, the novel method simplifies electronic cable routing and manufacturing. The new method is demonstrated experimentally using epoxy–fiberglass [0°/90°] composite panels with a network of embedded piezoelectric sensors and various sensor group geometries. The experiments were carried out at a high-impact speed range (>300 m/s), and each panel was subjected to multiple impacts. The proposed method is also experimentally compared with the impact location predictions using conventional triangulation from a square array of sensors. The experiments showed not only a reduced computational cost of the proposed technique but also a reduced accuracy in locating the position of the impact.
Influence of wall characteristics on transmittable torque of magnetorheological fluid
Authors: Tian Zu-Zhi , Chen Fei , Wang Dao-Ming
Published: November 2013

Magnetorheological fluid is a controllable fluid that exhibits changeable yield stress and attractive rheological properties on the applied magnetic field. In order to enhance the yield stress of magnetorheological fluid and suppress wall slip effect in the case of transmission, the mechanism and corresponding influence factors of the wall slip effect were investigated theoretically and experimentally. Different transmittable disks and a magnetorheological transmission test-bed were built, and the influence of wall characteristics on the transmission capacity of magnetorheological fluids was investigated on the test-bed. The results showed that the material types, surface roughness, and surface textures of transmission wall have distinct influence on the transmission capacity of magnetorheological fluid. The transmission wall with a groove depth of 0.2 mm, higher material magnetic permeability, higher surface roughness, radial grooves at the surface, and higher groove density was determined as the best transmission wall.
Towards an accurate simulation of the crystallisation process in injection moulded plastic components by hybrid parallelisation
Authors: Wienke Sandra , Spekowius Marcel , Dammer Alesja , Mey Dieter an , Hopmann Christian , Müller Matthias S.
Published: November 2013

The simulation of the crystallisation process during the injection moulding process of plastic components is time consuming, resulting in the ability to simulate only small parts of a component. To remove this constraint and enable the simulation of complex parts, the computing power of high-performance computers is demanded. A further design objective is high scalability in performance and memory consumption on today’s and future high-performance computing architectures to allow precise predictions of global part properties. In this work, we present a simulation tool for the crystallisation process and the parallelisation of the tool by a hybrid MPI-Pthreads approach that meets this design objective. We verify the performance and memory consumption of our parallelisation using a large simulation area of a realistic plastic component as a case study and can further predict that entire parts will also be calculable.
Literacy-related school readiness skills of English language learners in Head Start: An analysis of the school readiness survey
Authors: Park Yujeong , Gurel Sungur , Oh Jihyun , Bettini Elizabeth A , Leite Walter
Published: November 2013

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of Head Start on early literacy skills relevant to school readiness of English language learners compared to their peers. The comparisons of literacy outcomes were conducted between English language learners and non-English language learners when both groups participated and were not in Head Start. A total of 47 covariates were involved in propensity score analysis, and average treatment effects for the treated individuals were used to estimate the literacy outcome differences from the comparisons. The results indicated that early literacy outcomes of English language learners and non-English language learners were significantly different in recognizing alphabetic letters and rhyming words regardless of whether or not both English language learners and non-English language learners attend in Head Start. Being in Head Start did not contribute to reducing the gap between English language learners and non-English language learners. Finally, the limitations of this study and future directions for research and practice are discussed.
Evidence-Based Neurocritical Care
Authors: Goodman Diana J. , Kumar Monisha A.
Published: November 2013

Neurocritical care is a pioneering subspecialty dedicated to the treatment of patients with life-threatening neurological illnesses, postoperative neurosurgical complications, and neurological manifestations of systemic disease. The care of these patients requires specialized neurological monitoring and specific clinical expertise and has generated a body of literature commensurate with the expansion of the field. This article reviews landmark studies over the last 10 years in the management and treatment of common acute neurological illnesses including massive cerebral infarction, intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, and status epilepticus.
Time Spent With Children and Working Parents’ Willingness to Medicate ADHD-Like Behaviors
Authors: Pajo Bora , Cohen David
Published: November 2013

How much time parents spend with their children is likely to influence their judgments of children’s behaviors and the behaviors themselves. In the diagnosis of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), parents are key informants and decide whether their children should receive medication. This exploratory study investigates the relationship between working parents’ willingness to medicate ADHD-like behaviors and the time they can spend with their children during a regular workday. The participants (409 parents of 5- to 17- year-old children reporting having no child with emotional or behavioral problems and 87 reporting having such a child) were drawn from a population-based telephone survey of parents stratified by race and ethnicity in two urban Florida counties. Path analysis models, controlling for selected sociodemographic and household variables, showed that spending more time with one’s children during a regular workday and self-identifying as African American were negatively related to willingness to medicate among parents of children with problems. Among parents reporting no children with problems, only the number of children in the household and the parent-type household showed relationships to willingness to medicate, while mothers were more likely than fathers to spend more time with children. These observed relationships were of moderate effect but underscore the importance to initiate studies using valid measures of quantity and quality of parental time spent with ADHD children, and to query parents on these points when assessing the information they provide to clinicians.
Detecting small plant peptides using SPADA (Small Peptide Alignment Discovery Application)
Authors: Zhou Peng , Silverstein Kevin AT , Gao Liangliang , Walton Jonathan D , Nallu Sumitha , Guhlin Joseph , Young Nevin D
Published: November 2013

Background

Small peptides encoded as one- or two-exon genes in plants have recently been shown to affect multiple aspects of plant development, reproduction and defense responses. However, popular similarity search tools and gene prediction techniques generally fail to identify most members belonging to this class of genes. This is largely due to the high sequence divergence among family members and the limited availability of experimentally verified small peptides to use as training sets for homology search and ab initio prediction. Consequently, there is an urgent need for both experimental and computational studies in order to further advance the accurate prediction of small peptides.

Results

We present here a homology-based gene prediction program to accurately predict small peptides at the genome level. Given a high-quality profile alignment, SPADA identifies and annotates nearly all family members in tested genomes with better performance than all general-purpose gene prediction programs surveyed. We find numerous mis-annotations in the current Arabidopsis thaliana and Medicago truncatula genome databases using SPADA, most of which have RNA-Seq expression support. We also show that SPADA works well on other classes of small secreted peptides in plants (e.g., self-incompatibility protein homologues) as well as non-secreted peptides outside the plant kingdom (e.g., the alpha-amanitin toxin gene family in the mushroom, Amanita bisporigera).

Conclusions

SPADA is a free software tool that accurately identifies and predicts the gene structure for short peptides with one or two exons. SPADA is able to incorporate information from profile alignments into the model prediction process and makes use of it to score different candidate models. SPADA achieves high sensitivity and specificity in predicting small plant peptides such as the cysteine-rich peptide families. A systematic application of SPADA to other classes of small peptides by research communities will greatly improve the genome annotation of different protein families in public genome databases.
Is synaesthesia more common in autism?
Authors: Baron-Cohen Simon , Johnson Donielle , Asher Julian , Wheelwright Sally , Fisher Simon E , Gregersen Peter K , Allison Carrie
Published: November 2013

Background

Synaesthesia is a neurodevelopmental condition in which a sensation in one modality triggers a perception in a second modality. Autism (shorthand for Autism Spectrum Conditions) is a neurodevelopmental condition involving social-communication disability alongside resistance to change and unusually narrow interests or activities. Whilst on the surface they appear distinct, they have been suggested to share common atypical neural connectivity.

Methods

In the present study, we carried out the first prevalence study of synaesthesia in autism to formally test whether these conditions are independent. After exclusions, 164 adults with autism and 97 controls completed a synaesthesia questionnaire, Autism Spectrum Quotient, and Test of Genuineness-Revised (ToG-R) online.

Results

The rate of synaesthesia in adults with autism was 18.9% (31 out of 164), almost three times greater than in controls (7.22%, 7 out of 97, P<0.05). ToG-R proved unsuitable for synaesthetes with autism.

Conclusions

The significant increase in synaesthesia prevalence in autism suggests that the two conditions may share some common underlying mechanisms. Future research is needed to develop more feasible validation methods of synaesthesia in autism.
Thermochemical processes for biofuels production from biomass
Authors: Canabarro Nicholas , Soares Juliana F , Anchieta Chayene G , Kelling Camila S , Mazutti Marcio A
Published: November 2013

The contribution of biomass to the world’s energy supply is presently estimated to be around 10% to 14%. The conversion of biomass to biofuels can be achieved primarily via biochemical and thermochemical processes. Recently, the use of thermochemical processes as pyrolysis and gasification has received great attention. The biomass composition and form of process conduction can affect greatly the efficiency of conversion for both gasification and pyrolysis. This review compiles recent thermochemical studies using several kinds of biomass to obtain biofuels and, additionally, it presents a brief description of main gasification and pyrolysis processes employed. Publications in Patent database also were reported and compiled.
Errant Modernism
Authors: Gabara Esther
Published: November 2013

Making a vital contribution to the understanding of Latin American modernism, Esther Gabara rethinks the role of photography in the Brazilian and Mexican avant-garde movements of the 1920s and 1930s. During these decades, intellectuals in Mexico and Brazil were deeply engaged with photography. Authors who are now canonical figures in the two countries’ literary traditions looked at modern life through the camera in a variety of ways. Mário de Andrade, known as the “pope” of Brazilian modernism, took and collected hundreds of photographs. Salvador Novo, a major Mexican writer, meditated on the medium’s aesthetic potential as “the prodigal daughter of the fine arts.” Intellectuals acted as tourists and ethnographers, and their images and texts circulated in popular mass media, sharing the page with photographs of the New Woman. In this richly illustrated study, Gabara introduces the concept of a modernist “ethos” to illuminate the intertwining of aesthetic innovation and ethical concerns in the work of leading Brazilian and Mexican literary figures, who were also photographers, art critics, and contributors to illustrated magazines during the 1920s and 1930s.

Gabara argues that Brazilian and Mexican modernists deliberately made photography err: they made this privileged medium of modern representation simultaneously wander and work against its apparent perfection. They flouted the conventions of mainstream modernism so that their aesthetics registered an ethical dimension. Their photographic modernism strayed, dragging along the baggage of modernity lived in a postcolonial site. Through their “errant modernism,” avant-garde writers and photographers critiqued the colonial history of Latin America and its twentieth-century formations.
Determining an Optimum Model for the Bending of Eucalyptus regnans Wood Heated by Microwave Energy
Authors: Burvill Colin , Ozarska Barbara , Juniper Luke
Published: November 2013

Microwave wood bending involves softening wood using microwave energy and then bending it into a required shape. An experimental framework was developed that included two sets of experiments: microwave mechanical property experiments (MMPE) and microwave wood-bending experiments (MWBE).

This article reports on an investigation into the effect of the salient wood-bending variables on important mechanical and bending characteristics of Eucalyptus regnans wood, using a full factorial experimental framework and associated statistical analysis. Variables investigated were moisture content in the range of 18 to 20 percent and above 35 percent; wood temperature in the ranges of 80°C to 85°C, 100°C to 105°C, and 120°C to 125°C; MMPE for three wood strain rates of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.6 mm/s; and MWBE for three strain rates of 13°/s, 27°/s, and 81°/s.

This article reports on two objectives: (1) the development of a full factorial experimental design framework for wood-bending research, and (2) the application of this framework to efficiently determine salient mechanical properties of E. regnans during microwave bending and to determine the bending parameters required for optimum microwave bending of this species. Bending strains for compression parallel-to-grain, shear parallel-to-grain, and tension parallel-to-grain were investigated.

The study revealed the following optimum microwave bending variables for E. regnans: moisture content above 70 percent, temperature in the range of 100°C to 105°C, and strain rates in the region of 0.1 mm/s or 13°/s.

The study authenticated an optimum set of bending variables for the microwave heating of E. regnans that enabled minimum wood failure during bending operation.
Protein Modifiers Generally Provide Limited Improvement in Wood Bond Strength of Soy Flour Adhesives
Authors: Frihart Charles R. , Lorenz Linda
Published: November 2013

Soy flour adhesives using a polyamidoamine-epichlorohydrin (PAE) polymeric coreactant are used increasingly as wood adhesives for interior products. Although these adhesives give good performance, higher bond strength under wet conditions is desirable. Wet strength is important for accelerated tests involving the internal forces generated by the swelling of wood and plasticization of the adhesive with increasing humidity.

Soy proteins are globular due to their hydrophobicity; thus, it was expected that adding modifiers to open the protein structure should improve protein–protein and protein–wood interactions to help withstand both internal and external forces applied to the bond. Because modifiers have been shown to improve the performance of soy protein isolate adhesives, use of these modifiers has been examined as a way to improve soy flour adhesives. Protein-disrupting chaotropic agents (urea, guanidine hydrochloride, and dicyandiamide), surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulfate or cetyltrimethylammonium bromide), and the cosolvent propylene glycol were all expected to provide increased protein–protein and protein–PAE interactions. Improved interactions would make the soy flour adhesives durable enough to better pass wet bond strength tests specified for most interior bonded wood products. However, no substantial improvement was seen in cured wood bond strengths in wet conditions for soy flour adhesives by adding any of these modifiers with or without PAE polymer addition. These results led to a proposal that carbohydrates, about 45 percent by weight of soy flour, are interfering with obtaining greater adhesive bond strengths from the protein portion of the flour.
Improved Coating Performance on Wood Treated with Carbon-Based Preservatives and an Ultraviolet/Visible Light Protective Precoat
Authors: Stirling Rod , Morris Paul I.
Published: November 2013

Transparent and semitransparent coatings applied to wood products often fail due to photochemical degradation and colonization by black stain fungi. Longer-lasting coatings are needed to enhance the competitiveness of wood products used in appearance applications. We hypothesized that shell treatment with carbon-based wood preservatives combined with a protective precoat containing organic ultraviolet (UV) absorbers and hindered amine light stabilizers would control black stain fungi and provide enhanced coating service life. After 3 years of field exposure at Maple Ridge, British Columbia, and Saucier, Mississippi, samples were evaluated for degree of black stain, coating degradation, and substrate damage. Heartwood substrate, preservative treatment, and use of protective precoats were associated with better stain resistance and enhanced coating performance. Use of preservative treatments and UV protective precoats is recommended to enhance the service life of high-quality transparent and semitransparent finishes. However, further work is needed to enhance the performance of transparent and semitransparent coatings to meet consumer demands for low maintenance.
Evolution of Dioctahedral Vermiculite in Geological Environments—An Experimental Approach
Authors: Skiba Michał
Published: November 2013

Dioctahedral vermiculite commonly occurs in soils and fresh sediments, but has not been reported in sedimentary rocks. Little is known of the evolution of this mineral during diagenesis. According to the available literature, dioctahedral vermiculite is likely to exhibit strong potential for selective sorption and fixation of K+ involving interlayer dehydration and collapse. he objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of K+ saturation and seawater treatments on the structure o dioctahedral vermiculite. Due to the fact that no dioctahedral vermiculite standard reference material was available, a natural sample of soil clay containing dioctahedral vermiculite was used in the study. The clay was saturated with K+ using different protocols simulating natural processes taking place in soils and marine environments. The solid products of the experiments were analyzed for potassium content using flame photometry. The effect of the treatments used on the structure of dioctahedral vermiculite was studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The percentages of the collapsed interlayers were estimated by modeling the XRD patterns based on a whole-pattern multi-specimen modeling technique. All the treatments involving K+ saturation caused K+ fixation and irreversible collapse (i.e. contraction to 10 Å) of at least a portion of the hydrated (vermiculitic) interlayers. Air drying of the K+-saturated samples greatly enhanced the degree of the collapse. The results obtained gave no clear answer as to whether time had had a significant effect on the degree to which irreversible collapse occurred. Selective sorption of K+ from artificial seawater was observed. These results clearly indicate that collapse of dioctahedral vermiculite is likely to occur in soils during weathering and in sediments during early diagenesis. Both processes need to be taken into consideration in sedimentary basin studies.
The Influence of Oxalate-Promoted Growth of Saponite and Talc Crystals on Rectorite: Testing the Intercalation-Synthesis Hypothesis of 2:1 Layer Silicates
Authors: Schumann Dirk , Hartman Hyman , Eberl Dennis D. , Sears S. Kelly , Hesse Reinhard , Vali Hojatollah
Published: November 2013

The intercalating growth of new silicate layers or metal hydroxide layers in the interlayer space of other clay minerals is known from various mixed-layer clay minerals such as illite-smectite (I-S), chlorite-vermiculite, and mica-vermiculite. In a recent study, the present authors proposed that smectite-group minerals can be synthesized from solution as new 2:1 silicate layers within the low-charge interlayers of rectorite. That study showed how oxalate catalyzes the crystallization of saponite from a silicate gel at low temperatures (60ºC) and ambient pressure. As an extension of this work the aim of the present study was to test the claim that new 2:1 silicate layers can be synthesized as new intercalating layers in the low-charge interlayers of rectorite and whether oxalate could promote such an intercalation synthesis. Two experiments were conducted at 60ºC and atmospheric pressure. First, disodium oxalate solution was added to a suspension of rectorite in order to investigate the effects that oxalate anions have on the structure of rectorite. In a second experiment, silicate gel of saponitic composition (calculated interlayer charge -0.33 eq/O10(OH)2) was mixed with a suspension of rectorite and incubated in disodium oxalate solution. The synthesis products were extracted after 3 months and analyzed by X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The treatment of ultrathin sections with octadecylammonium (nC =18) cations revealed the presence of 2:1 layer silicates with different interlayer charges that grew from the silicate gel. The oxalate-promoted nucleation of saponite and talc crystallites on the rectorite led to the alteration and ultimately to the destruction of the rectorite structure. The change was documented in HRTEM lattice-fringe images. The crystallization of new 2:1 layer silicates also occurred within the expandable interlayers of rectorite but not as new 2:1 silicate layers parallel to the previous 2:1 silicate layers. Instead, they grew independently of any orientation predetermined by the rectorite crystal substrate and their crystallization was responsible for the destruction of the rectorite structure.
Social tagging as a knowledge collecting strategy in the engineering design change process
Authors: Alducin-Quintero Gerardo , Contero Manuel
Published: November 2013

This article focuses on analysing the feasibility of using social tagging as a tool for knowledge collection and retrieval in the context of the product development process (PDP). This process is a social activity that involves groups of individuals who share a common goal: 'to design
a product'. Traditional knowledge-based systems (KBS) are not very well suited to capture the tacit knowledge that is embedded in this process. Social tagging is proposed in this article as the mechanism to externalize the tacit knowledge about the best CAD modelling strategies between the
design team members. This knowledge is especially relevant for the management of 'engineering change orders' because this process is closely related to the modelling methodology used to create the three-dimensional (3D) CAD models that have to be adapted to accomplish a specific design modification.
In order to analyse the feasibility of this approach, an experimental study was conducted to understand the tagging process in this context and the benefit of using this information in the modification procedure of 3D CAD models. Preliminary experimental results show that tagging represents
a feasible approach to support knowledge collection on best CAD modelling practices.
Building on cultural spaces and places for enhancing the intuitive capabilities of students of business and management
Authors: Holtham Clive , Dove Angela , Owens Allan
Published: November 2013

Much of the conventional approach to business and management education places a strong emphasis on a primarily rational approach. Yet, particularly at the senior levels of management, and in problematic areas, rationality needs to be complemented by a parallel intuitive approach to
knowledge sharing and creation. Social and management sciences have traditionally drawn relatively little on arts, humanities and cultural domains. With a need for a more intuitive emphasis in extending management knowledge, this offers opportunities for drawing on well-established dimensions
in these domains. This article draws on a particular experiment in the repeated use of a well-known art gallery for business and management meetings and educational purposes. This was part of a much broader decade-long series of initiatives in the use of cultural spaces to help address the
intuitive 'gap' in management education. A number of conclusions are drawn from the analysis of experiences, in particular that the physical ambience of an arts-based physical environment can augment management learning, but also there is great importance in the event design and in the facilitation
style applied.
Recoding abandoned products: Student visual designers learn to sustain product lives and values
Authors: Gill Alison , Lopes Abby Mellick
Published: November 2013

This article outlines the development, delivery and evaluation of a student project for visual communicators in a second-year teaching unit where students are learning about the communication contexts of product value and consumer attachment to commodities, shortening product life cycles
and design's contribution to material and symbolic waste. The student exercise is part of a pedagogical strategy to seed education about sustainable design practices and was developed in response to an ongoing research project titled On Wearing. One of the recommendations of this project is
to investigate the role of Visual Communication Design in supporting more enduring relationships with existing products. The students were asked to employ the visual strategy of 'recoding' to reconceptualize abandoned products, a strategy of manipulating signs to suggest new values more aligned
with the interests of sustainability. Recoding is a political semiotic strategy that draws upon the practice of 'culture jamming', a form of aesthetic subversion that destabilizes the meaning of corporate branding through the clever manipulation of visual signs. Here, we explore recoding as
a value-creation strategy that could model and support more enduring relationships between products and people. This article reflects on the students' creative responses to the challenges of recoding within a learning context and evaluates the project's ability to advance the research findings,
namely the potential for visual communications to function as a form of symbolic salvage and support for practices of resource recovery and reuse.
Market-Share Contracts with Vertical Externalities
Authors: Amemiya Yuki , Kitamura Hiroshi , Oshiro Jun
Published: November 2013

We construct a model of market-share contracts with vertical externalities. When a dominant supplier offers a linear wholesale price to a retailer, vertical externalities, well-recognized as double-marginalization problems, arise in the vertical relation. The dominant supplier facing vertical externalities charges a wholesale price that is excessively high for both the vertical relation and social welfare. Under market-share contracts, the retailer can commit to increase the sales of goods produced by the dominant supplier for a lower wholesale price. We point out that this induces the vertical relation to engage in market-share contracts even in the absence of exclusionary effects in the upstream market. We also show that such contracts mitigate vertical externalities and improve social welfare.
Trade controls and non-proliferation: compliance costs, drivers and challenges
Authors: Salisbury Daniel
Published: November 2013

The private sector clearly has an increasingly important and well-defined role to play in slowing the flow of technology and preventing the provision of enabling services to states pursuing Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) and destabilising military capabilities. Exporters of proliferation-sensitive technology are frequently targeted by Iran and other countries. These countries are highly dependent on technology from the international market place to sustain their WMD and military programmes. Compliance with export controls only goes someway to ensuring that proliferation is prevented; a form of “over-compliance” is required to ensure that goods are not transferred to programmes of concern. This paper uses a significant quantity of primary data to consider the costs of compliance and over-compliance, the drivers for such processes, and the relationship between the national authority and firms and how this could be improved.
Your kids are so stinkin' cute! :-): Complimenting behavior on Facebook among family and friends
Authors: Placencia María Elena , Lower Amanda
Published: November 2013

This paper examines complimenting behavior directed at members of one Facebook network of family and friends in the United States. It proposes a way of selecting a corpus for analysis within the online environment under scrutiny and offers a preliminary characterization of Facebook compliments in American English in relation to the form compliments take, common objects of complimenting and the key function(s) that they perform. As part of a multimodal system of communication, compliments on Facebook are described as a kind of second-pair part of photo-initiated communication online that can be employed to reaffirm the relationship and strengthen the bonds between the interactants.

The paper also explores the extent to which complimenting behavior on Facebook resembles usage that has been described for American English in face-to-face interaction. It shows that complimenting behavior on Facebook is the same in some ways but also different. The differences identified appear to be mainly related to the medium of interaction and the affordances (and restrictions) of the technology that can give rise to variations of talk and perhaps even new social practices.
Control of Basal Ganglia Output by Direct and Indirect Pathway Projection Neurons
Authors: Freeze Benjamin S. , Kravitz Alexxai V. , Hammack Nora , Berke Joshua D. , Kreitzer Anatol C.
Published: November 2013

The direct and indirect efferent pathways from striatum ultimately reconverge to influence basal ganglia output nuclei, which in turn regulate behavior via thalamocortical and brainstem motor circuits. However, the distinct contributions of these two efferent pathways in shaping basal ganglia output are not well understood. We investigated these processes using selective optogenetic control of the direct and indirect pathways, in combination with single-unit recording in the basal ganglia output nucleus substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) in mice. Optogenetic activation of striatal direct and indirect pathway projection neurons produced diverse cellular responses in SNr neurons, with stimulation of each pathway eliciting both excitations and inhibitions. Despite this response heterogeneity, the effectiveness of direct pathway stimulation in producing movement initiation correlated selectively with the subpopulation of inhibited SNr neurons. In contrast, effective indirect pathway-mediated motor suppression was most strongly influenced by excited SNr neurons. Our results support the theory that key basal ganglia output neurons serve as an inhibitory gate over motor output that can be opened or closed by striatal direct and indirect pathways, respectively.
ΔFosB Induction in Striatal Medium Spiny Neuron Subtypes in Response to Chronic Pharmacological, Emotional, and Optogenetic Stimuli
Authors: Lobo Mary Kay , Zaman Samir , Damez-Werno Diane M. , Koo Ja Wook , Bagot Rosemary C. , DiNieri Jennifer A. , Nugent Alexandria , Finkel Eric , Chaudhury Dipesh , Chandra Ramesh , Riberio Efrain , Rabkin Jacqui , Mouzon Ezekiell , Cachope Roger , Cheer Joseph F. , Han Ming-Hu , Dietz David M. , Self David W. , Hurd Yasmin L. , Vialou Vincent , Nestler Eric J.
Published: November 2013

The transcription factor, ΔFosB, is robustly and persistently induced in striatum by several chronic stimuli, such as drugs of abuse, antipsychotic drugs, natural rewards, and stress. However, very few studies have examined the degree of ΔFosB induction in the two striatal medium spiny neuron (MSN) subtypes. We make use of fluorescent reporter BAC transgenic mice to evaluate induction of ΔFosB in dopamine receptor 1 (D1) enriched and dopamine receptor 2 (D2) enriched MSNs in ventral striatum, nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell and core, and in dorsal striatum (dStr) after chronic exposure to several drugs of abuse including cocaine, ethanol, Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, and opiates; the antipsychotic drug, haloperidol; juvenile enrichment; sucrose drinking; calorie restriction; the serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor antidepressant, fluoxetine; and social defeat stress. Our findings demonstrate that chronic exposure to many stimuli induces ΔFosB in an MSN-subtype selective pattern across all three striatal regions. To explore the circuit-mediated induction of ΔFosB in striatum, we use optogenetics to enhance activity in limbic brain regions that send synaptic inputs to NAc; these regions include the ventral tegmental area and several glutamatergic afferent regions: medial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and ventral hippocampus. These optogenetic conditions lead to highly distinct patterns of ΔFosB induction in MSN subtypes in NAc core and shell. Together, these findings establish selective patterns of ΔFosB induction in striatal MSN subtypes in response to chronic stimuli and provide novel insight into the circuit-level mechanisms of ΔFosB induction in striatum.
Schwann Cells But Not Olfactory Ensheathing Cells Inhibit CNS Myelination via the Secretion of Connective Tissue Growth Factor
Authors: Lamond Rebecca , Barnett Susan C.
Published: November 2013

Cell transplantation is a promising strategy to promote CNS repair and has been studied for several decades with a focus on glial cells. Promising candidates include Schwann cells (SCs) and olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs). Both cell types are thought to be neural crest derived and share many properties in common, although OECs appear to be a better candidate for transplantation by evoking less astrogliosis. Using CNS mixed myelinating rat cultures plated on to a monolayer of astrocytes, we demonstrated that SCs, but not OECs, secrete a heat labile factor(s) that inhibits oligodendrocyte myelination. Comparative qRT-PCR and ELISA showed that SCs expressed higher levels of mRNA and protein for connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) than OECs. Anti-CTGF reversed the SCM-mediated effects on myelination. Both SCM and CTGF inhibited the differentiation of purified rat oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Furthermore, pretreatment of astrocyte monolayers with SCM inhibited CNS myelination and led to transcriptional changes in the astrocyte, corresponding to upregulation of bonemorphogenic protein 4mRNA andCTGFmRNA (inhibitors of OPC differentiation) and the downregulation ofinsulin-like growth factor 2mRNA (promoter of OPC differentiation). CTGF pretreatment of astrocytes increased their expression of CTGF, suggesting that this inhibitory factor can be positively regulated in astrocytes. These data provide evidence for the advantages of using OECs, and not mature SCs, for transplant-mediated repair and provide more evidence that they are a distinct and unique glial cell type.
The Role of the Trigeminal Sensory Nuclear Complex in the Pathophysiology of Craniocervical Dystonia
Authors: Bradnam Lynley , Barry Christine
Published: November 2013

Isolated focal dystonia is a neurological disorder that manifests as repetitive involuntary spasms and/or aberrant postures of the affected body part. Craniocervical dystonia involves muscles of the eye, jaw, larynx, or neck. The pathophysiology is unclear, and effective therapies are limited. One mechanism for increased muscle activity in craniocervical dystonia is loss of inhibition involving the trigeminal sensory nuclear complex (TSNC). The TSNC is tightly integrated into functionally connected regions subserving sensorimotor control of the neck and face. It mediates both excitatory and inhibitory reflexes of the jaw, face, and neck. These reflexes are often aberrant in craniocervical dystonia, leading to our hypothesis that the TSNC may play a central role in these particular focal dystonias. In this review, we present a hypothetical extended brain network model that includes the TSNC in describing the pathophysiology of craniocervical dystonia. Our model suggests the TSNC may become hyperexcitable due to loss of tonic inhibition by functionally connected motor nuclei such as the motor cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. Disordered sensory input from trigeminal nerve afferents, such as aberrant feedback from dystonic muscles, may continue to potentiate brainstem circuits subserving craniocervical muscle control. We suggest that potentiation of the TSNC may also contribute to disordered sensorimotor control of face and neck muscles via ascending and cortical descending projections. Better understanding of the role of the TSNC within the extended neural network contributing to the pathophysiology of craniocervical dystonia may facilitate the development of new therapies such as noninvasive brain stimulation.
On the boundaries of mathematics and psychology. Poincaré’s notion of intuition
Authors: Szívós Eszter
Published: November 2013

Henri Poincaré matematikafilozófiai írásainak egyik központi fogalma az intuíció: Poincaré — szemben a logicistákkal — úgy véli, hogy a matematika nem redukálható a logikára, az intuíció kizárásával a matematika terméketlenné, tautologikussá válnék. De mi is pontosan a poincaréi értelemben vett intuíció, és milyen szerepet játszik a matematikában, annak történetében, illetve oktatásában, valamint a matematikai fölfedezések megszületésében?Tanulmányomban, tekintettel az intuíció fogalmának összetettségére, mindenekelőtt számba veszem és rendszerezem annak különböző jelentéseit és ezek összefüggéseit. Rámutatok továbbá arra, hogy Poincarénak a matematikai fölfedezésről adott leírása szoros rokonságot mutat az azzal egykorú, az intuíció és az ihlet mibenlétét taglaló pszichológiai elméletekkel, valamint arra, hogy Poincaré érvelésében föllelhetőek a myersi tudatalatti-elmélet hatásának nyomai. Végül azt a kérdést vizsgálom, vajon mennyire szorosak azok a szálak, amelyek Poincaré elméletét a pszichológiához fűzik. Megállják-e a helyüket Poincaré tézisei matematikafilozófiai érvrendszerként, illetve el kell-e Poincarénak köteleződnie egy pszichologista álláspont mellett? Amellett érvelek, hogy Poincaré téziseiben nincsen szó a matematikai és a pszichológiai kérdések összemosásáról: a poincaréi intuíció alkalmas annak a szerepnek a betöltésére is, amelyet Poincaré a matematikában (és nem a matematika pszichológiájában!) szán neki.