bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
World Commission on Dams: implications for food and irrigation11
Authors: Perry Chris
Published: August 2002

The World Commission on Dams has now published its report. Insights into the workings and conclusions of the Commission were published in the last edition of this Journal.

While the WCD report brings together a number of important existing and new recommendations on ameliorating the negative impacts of large dams, it pays inadequate attention to the impacts in the major area (food production and security) for which dams have been built. Consideration of data presented by the WCD would suggest a more positive impact, and a brief review of national and world trends in food production suggests that irrigation – of which large dams are an intrinsic and central component – has underlain if not dominated the vast improvement in food availability that occurred in the second half of the last century.

With water in crisis in many countries, planners, policymakers and politicians will continue to face challenging decisions on the allocation of limited freshwater supplies, and demands to increase the level of water resources development. Some guidance from the WCD is helpful, and some is flawed.

Most importantly, much is missing, and to be useful, guidance must reflect rational and balanced, expert and rigorous assessment of all the impacts of the available options. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene on dna adduct formation and arylamine N‐acetyltransferase activity in human bladder tumour cells
Authors: Lu Hsueh‐Fu , Wu Hsi‐Chin , Hsia Te‐Chun , Chen Wen‐Chi , Hung Chi‐Fu , Chung Jing‐Gung
Published: August 2002

In this study, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were used to determine the inhibition of arylamine N‐acetyltransferase (NAT) activity and DNA adduct formation in human bladder tumour cell line T‐24. The activity of NAT was measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography, assaying for the amounts of N‐acetyl‐2‐aminofluorene and N‐acetyl‐p‐aminobenzoic acid and remaining 2‐aminofluorene and p‐aminobenzoic acid. Human bladder tumour cell line T‐24 cytosols and intact cells were used for examining NAT activity and carcinogen–DNA adduct formation. The results demonstrated that NAT activity and 2‐aminofluorene–DNA adduct formation in human bladder tumour cells were inhibited and decreased by BHA and BHT in a dose‐dependent manner. The effects of BHA and BHT on the values of the apparent Km and Vmax also were determined in both systems examined. The results indicated that BHA and BHT decreased the apparent values of Km and Vmax from human bladder tumour cells in both cytosol and intact cells. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Respiratory hypersensitivity to trimellitic anhydride in Brown Norway Rats: a comparison of endpoints
Authors: Pauluhn Jürgen , Eidmann Petra , Freyberger Alexius , Wasinska‐Kempka Grazyna , Vohr Hans‐Werner
Published: August 2002

A rat bioassay has been developed to provide an objective approach for the identification and classification of respiratory allergy using trimellitic anhydride (TMA), which is a known respiratory tract irritant and asthmagen. Particular emphasis was placed on the study of route‐of‐induction‐dependent effects and their progression upon inhalation challenge with TMA (∼23 mg m−3 for a duration of 30 min), which included analysis of specific and non‐specific airway hyperreactivity and pulmonary inflammation initiated and sustained by immunological processes. Refinement of the bioassay focused on procedures to probe changes occurring upon challenge with TMA or methacholine aerosols using physiological, biochemical and immunological procedures. Following challenge with TMA, the rats sensitized to TMA showed marked changes in peak inspiratory and expiratory air flows and respiratory minute volume. In these animals, a sustained pulmonary inflammation occurred, characterized by specific endpoints determined in bronchoalveolar lavage (lactate dehydrogenase, protein, nitrite, eosinophil peroxidase, myeloperoxidase). When compared with the naive controls, lung weights were increased significantly, as were the weights of lung‐associated lymph nodes following inhalation induction and auricular lymph nodes following topical induction. The extent of changes observed was equal or more pronounced in animals sensitized epicutaneously (day 0 : 150 µl vehicle/50% TMA on each flank, day 7; booster administration to the skin of the dorsum of both ears using half the concentration and volume used on day 0) when compared with rats sensitized by 5 × 3 h day−1 inhalation exposures (low dose: 25 mg TMA m−3, high dose: 120 mg TMA m−3). In summary, the findings support the conclusion that the Brown Norway rat model is suitable for identifying TMA as an agent that causes both an immediate‐type change of breathing patterns and a delayed‐type sustained pulmonary inflammatory response. However, it remains unresolved whether the marked effects observed in the topically sensitized rats are more related to a route‐of‐induction or dose‐dependent phenomenon. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shear force modulates osteoblast response to surface roughness
Authors: Bannister S. R. , Lohmann C. H. , Liu Y. , Sylvia V. L. , Cochran D. L. , Dean D. D. , Boyan B. D. , Schwartz Z.
Published: August 2002

Previous studies have shown that osteoblasts are sensitive to surface roughness. When cultured on Ti, MG63 osteoblast‐like cells exhibit decreased proliferation and increased differentiation with increasing surface roughness. In vivo, osteoblasts also are subjected to shear force during osseointegration. To examine how shear force modulates osteoblast response to surface roughness, MG63 cells were cultured on glass disks or Ti disks with three different Ra values and topographies (PT: Ra = 0.60 μm; SLA: Ra = 3.97 μm; TPS: Ra = 5.21 μm) in a continuous flow device, resulting in shear forces of 0, 1, 5, 14, and 30 dynes/cm2. Confluent cultures were exposed to fluid flow for 1 h. After an additional 23 h, cell number, alkaline‐phosphatase‐specific activity, and levels of osteocalcin, TGF‐β1, and PGE2 in the conditioned media were determined. Cell numbers on smooth surfaces (glass and PT) were unaffected by shear force. In contrast, shear force caused a dose‐dependent reversal of the decrease in cell numbers seen on rough SLA and TPS surfaces. Alkaline‐phosphatase‐specific activity was unaffected on glass or PT, but shear force caused a biphasic reduction in the roughness‐dependent increase on SLA and TPS that was maximal at 14 dynes/cm2. There was a similar effect seen with TGF‐β1 levels. Osteocalcin was unaffected on smooth surfaces; shear force caused a dose‐dependent reduction in the roughness‐stimulated increase seen on SLA and TPS. PGE2 production was increased by shear force on all surfaces. There was a twofold increase in PGE2 levels in the media of MG63 cells cultured on glass and PT in response to 14 dynes/cm2, but on SLA and TPS, 14 dynes/cm2 shear force caused a 9–10‐fold increase. These results show that osteoblastic response to shear force is modulated by surface topography. The shear‐force‐mediated decrease in osteoblast differentiation seen in cultures on rough surfaces may be due to increased production of PGE2. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 60: 167–174, 2002
Interlaboratory validation of oxidation‐index measurement methods for UHMWPE after long‐term shelf aging
Authors: Kurtz S. M. , Muratoglu O. K. , Gsell R. , Greer K. , Shen F. W. , Cooper C. , Buchanan F. J. , Spiegelberg S. , Yau S. S. , Edidin A. A.
Published: August 2002

An international oxidation index standard would greatly benefit the orthopedic community by providing a universal scale for reporting oxidation data of ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). We investigated whether severe oxidation associated with long‐term shelf aging affects the repeatability and reproducibility of area‐based oxidation index measurement techniques based on normalization with the use of 1370‐ or 2022‐cm−1 infrared (IR) absorption reference peaks. Because an oxidation index is expected to be independent of sample thickness, subsurface oxidation was examined with the use of both 100‐ and 200‐μm‐thick sections from tibial components (compression‐molded GUR 1120, gamma irradiated in air) that were shelf aged for up to 11.5 years. Eight institutions in the United States and Europe participated in the present study, which was administered in accordance with ASTM E691. On average, the 100‐μm‐thick samples were associated with significantly greater interlaboratory relative standard uncertainty (40.3%) when compared with the 200‐μm samples (21.8%, p = 0.002). In contrast, the intralaboratory relative standard uncertainty was not significantly affected by the sample thickness (p = 0.21). The oxidation index method did not significantly influence either the interlaboratory or intralaboratory relative standard uncertainty (p = 0.32 or 0.75, respectively). Our interlaboratory data suggest that with the suitable choice of specimen thickness (e.g., 200 μm) and either of the two optimal oxidation index methods, interlaboratory reproducibility of the most heavily oxidized regions in long‐term shelf‐aged components can be quantified with a relative standard uncertainty of 21% or less. Therefore, both the 1370‐cm−1 and the 2022‐cm−1 reference peaks appear equally suitable for use in defining a standard method for calculating an oxidation index for UHMWPE. © 2001 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 63: 15–23, 2002
Use of Ti‐coated replicas to investigate the effects on fibroblast shape of surfaces with varying roughness and constant chemical composition
Authors: Wieland Marco , Chehroudi Babak , Textor Marcus , Brunette Donald M.
Published: August 2002

A two‐stage replica technique with a subsequent titanium (Ti)‐coating treatment was used to faithfully replicate topographies of polished, acid‐etched, machined‐like, finely blasted, coarsely blasted, coarsely blasted and acid‐etched, and Ti plasma‐sprayed Ti surfaces. The replicas were used to study the influence of different rough surface topographies on the response of human fibroblasts in vitro under conditions of constant surface chemistry for all surfaces. The surface topographies of the replicas were characterized using non‐contact laser profilometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and stereo‐SEM, whereas surface chemistry was examined using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Fibroblasts were trypsinized and plated onto the Ti‐coated epoxy‐resin replica surfaces for 24 h and observed with SEM. Fluorescein‐5‐thiosemicarbazide was used to stain the cell components including cell membrane, and the stained cells were optically sectioned using epifluorescent microscopy. The optical sections were computationally reconstructed to obtain three‐dimensional images and cell volume and cell thickness determined. The different surface topographies were found to alter cell thickness and cell morphology. However, cell volume as computed from three‐dimensional reconstructions was not affected by surface features. The results suggest that cells distort themselves to accommodate to rough surfaces but their volume is not significantly altered. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 60: 434–444, 2002; DOI 10.1002/jbm.10059
Biocompatibility assessment of silicone oil and perfluorocarbon liquids used in retinal reattachment surgery in rat retinal cultures
Authors: Malchiodi‐Albedi Fiorella , Morgillo Antonio , Formisano Giuseppe , Paradisi Silvia , Perilli Roberto , Scalzo Giovanna Carnovale , Scorcia Giovanni , Caiazza Salvatore
Published: August 2002

The effects of silicone oil and perfluorocarbon liquids used in retinal reattachment surgery were studied in vitro using rat retinal cultures seeded on microporous inserts. These inserts allow the cell layer to be in contact with the material to be tested on the apical side and with the nutrient medium on the basal side. The materials tested were silicone oil, the perfluorocarbons perfluorophenanthrene and perfluoroctane, and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. Perfluorophenanthrene, the heaviest of the compounds, induced a very precocious detachment of the cell layer. All the other tested biomaterials were compatible with cell survival and did not alter the structural organization of the retinal cultures, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. By immunocytochemical techniques we evaluated the cell composition and the differentiation state of each of the cultures. In both control and treated samples, neuronal cells were well preserved. The expression of microtubule−asso‐ ciated protein 2, a marker of differentiated neuronal cytoskeleton, was not affected. Amacrine neurons, immunolabeled for γ‐aminobutyric acid, still were detectable after treatment. Synapses, marked by immunoreactivity for synapthophysin, were equally preserved. Vimentin‐positive glial cells did not show modifications. The apoptotic rate, as determined by the terminal transferase‐mediated dUTP–biotin nick end‐labeling assay, was similar in treated and control samples. The results confirm that the use of biomaterials with a specific gravity close to intraocular fluids is compatible with retinal cell survival and differentiation in vitro. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 60: 548–555, 2002
Accelerated aging studies of UHMWPE. I. Effect of resin, processing, and radiation environment on resistance to mechanical degradation
Authors: Edidin A. A. , Herr M. P. , Villarraga M. L. , Muth J. , Yau S. S. , Kurtz S. M.
Published: August 2002

The resin and processing route have been identified as potential variables influencing the mechanical behavior, and hence the clinical performance, of ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) orthopedic components. Researchers have reported that components fabricated from 1900 resin may oxidize to a lesser extent than components fabricated from GUR resin during shelf aging after gamma sterilization in air. Conflicting reports on the oxidation resistance for 1900 raise the question of whether resin or manufacturing method, or an interaction between resin and manufacturing method, influences the mechanical behavior of UHMWPE. We conducted a series of accelerated aging studies (no aging, aging in oxygen or in nitrogen) to systematically examine the influence of resin (GUR or 1900), manufacturing method (bulk compression molding or extrusion), and sterilization method (none, in air, or in nitrogen) on the mechanical behavior of UHMWPE. The small punch testing technique was used to evaluate the mechanical behavior of the materials, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to characterize the oxidation in selected samples. Our study showed that the sterilization environment, aging condition, and specimen location (surface or subsurface) significantly affected the mechanical behavior of UHMWPE. Each of the three polyethylenes evaluated seem to degrade according to a similar pathway after artificial aging in oxygen and gamma irradiation in air. The initial ability of the materials to exhibit post‐yield strain hardening was significantly compromised by degradation. In general, there were only minor differences in the aging behavior of molded and extruded GUR 1050, whereas the molded 1900 material seemed to degrade slightly faster than either of the 1050 materials. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 61: 312–322, 2002
Ce‐TZP/Al2O3 nanocomposite as a bearing material in total joint replacement
Authors: Tanaka Kenji , Tamura Jiro , Kawanabe Keiichi , Nawa Masahiro , Oka Masanori , Uchida Masaki , Kokubo Tadashi , Nakamura Takashi
Published: August 2002

The objectives of this study were to investigate the biocompatibility, phase stability, and wear properties of a newly developed Ce‐TZP/Al2O3 nanocomposite, as compared to conventional ceramics, and to determine whether the new composite could be used as a bearing material in total joint prostheses. In tests of mechanical properties, this composite showed significantly higher toughness than conventional Y‐TZP. For biocompatibility tests, cylindrical specimens of both the Ce‐TZP/Al2O3 nanocomposite and monolithic alumina were implanted into the paraspinal muscles of male Wistar rats. The tissue reactions were almost the same, and at 24 weeks after implantation, thin fibrous capsules with almost no inflammation were observed around both of them. There were no significant differences in membrane thickness between the two ceramics. After hydrothermal treatment in 121 °C vapor for 18 h, the new composite showed complete resistance to aging degradation, whereas Y‐TZP showed a phase transformation of 25.3 vol% (initial 0.4%) to the monoclinic form. According to the results of pin‐on‐disk tests, the wear rates of Ce‐TZP/Al2O3 nanocomposite and alumina were 0.55 ± 0.04 × 10−7 and 2.12 ± 0.37 × 10−7mm3/Nm, respectively. The results of this study suggest that the Ce‐TZP/Al2O3 nanocomposite is a promising alternative ceramic component for total joint replacement. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 63: 262–270, 2002
Preparation of albumin preferential surfaces on poly(vinyl chloride) membranes via surface self‐segregation
Authors: Ji Jian , Feng Linxian , Shen Jiacong , Barbosa M. A.
Published: August 2002

Poly(vinyl chlorides)‐graft‐[ω‐stearyl‐poly(ethylene oxide)] (PVC‐g‐SPEO), which has a poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) backbone, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) side chain, and stearyl end groups, has been synthesized. Self‐organizing blends of the amphiphilic comb polymer in poly(vinyl chlorides) have been examined as a means to create albumin preferential surfaces on polymer films. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicates substantial surface segregation of the PVC‐g‐SPEO. A surface concentration of 59.9 EO wt % is achieved by the solution casting and heat treatment of a film with a bulk concentration of only 3.78 EO wt %. In the aqueous environment, the surface rearrangement of PVC‐g‐SPEO/PVC blend film is limited and presents a high interfacial energy and high depolar component of interfacial energy due to the “tail‐like” SPEO side chain. Protein adsorption tests confirm that PVC‐g‐SPEO/PVC blend films absorb high levels of albumin and dramatically resist fibrinogen adsorption. Surfaces to attract and reversibly bind albumin, which might diminish the occurrence of thrombosis, inflammation, and infection, are developed by self‐organizing blends of the amphiphilic comb polymer in poly(vinyl chlorides). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 61: 252–259, 2002
Hydroxylapatite with substituted magnesium, zinc, cadmium, and yttrium. I. Structure and microstructure
Authors: Ergun Celaletdin , Webster Thomas J. , Bizios Rena , Doremus Robert H.
Published: August 2002

Hydroxylapatite (HA) was made containing magnesium, zinc, cadmium, and yttrium. Salts of these cations were added to precipitating HA; the precipitates were dried and sintered at 1100°C for 1 h. Lattice parameters from X‐ray diffraction spectra showed that these elements were incorporated into the apatite structure at a level of 2% added fraction of calcium in HA and up to 7% for yttrium. The densities of different substituted apatites were close to theoretical for pressed and sintered samples, which is evidence for low bulk porosity. The grain sizes of substituted apatites were smaller than those of pure HA except for cadmium‐containing apatite. Surfaces of etched samples showed no second phases, whereas surfaces of unetched samples showed second phases and higher porosity than etched surfaces. © 2001 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 59: 305–311, 2002
Effects on articular cartilage of subchondral replacement with polymethylmethacrylate and calcium phosphate cement
Authors: Hisatome Takashi , Yasunaga Yuji , Ikuta Yoshikazu , Fujimoto Yoshinori
Published: August 2002

Bone defects were created in rabbit medial femoral condyle in a model where subchondral bone was completely removed or about 2 mm of subchondral bone was maintained. Groups without augmentation and augmented with autogenous bone, polymethylmethacrylate, or calcium phosphate cement were sacrificed at 3, 12, and 24 weeks for evaluation of articular cartilage and observation of bone formation. In the model in which subchondral bone was completely removed, collapse of the subchondral bone together with exfoliation and prolapse of cartilage developed early in all cases. In the model in which 2 mm of subchondral bone was maintained, degeneration of articular cartilage developed at 12 weeks in the group augmented with polymethylmethacrylate, showing a significant difference when compared to the contralateral untreated control group. The group augmented with calcium phosphate cement did not demonstrate any evident difference from the control group. Mechanical properties after subchondral replacement did not differ between the groups augmented with polymethylmethacrylate and calcium phosphate cement, although calcium phosphate cement was considered histologically superior. Calcium phosphate cement was a reliable subchondral replacement material when the bone defect is adjacent to the articular cartilage. © 2001 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 59: 490–498, 2002
Effect of adsorbed fibronectin concentration on cell adhesion and deformation under shear on hydrophobic surfaces
Authors: Goldstein Aaron S. , DiMilla Paul A.
Published: August 2002

To facilitate tissue integration with biomaterials proteins and peptides frequently are immobilized on the biomaterial surface. In particular, extracellular matrix proteins—which interact specifically with integrin adhesion receptors on the cell surface—can stimulate initial cell attachment by serving both as a ligand for receptor‐mediated attachment and as a stimulant of focal adhesion formation and cytoskeletal reorganization. Consequently, the strength of cell adhesion should depend both on the strength of cell/surface contacts and cytoskeleton‐dependent properties of the cell (i.e., morphology, compliance). To examine this dual role of extracellular matrix proteins, murine fibroblasts were seeded onto self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) of dodecanethiolate coated with 0 to 0.45 μg/cm2 of fibronectin (Fn) and then detached by hydrodynamic shear using a radial‐flow chamber (RFC). Cell adhesion was characterized in terms of the critical wall shear stress for detachment (τwc), and the compliance was evaluated from measurements of cell displacement and elongation as a function of the fibronectin concentration. Critical wall shear stress and cell displacement were found to be insensitive to Fn at concentrations below 0.23 μg/cm2 while above this threshold τwc increased and displacement decreased with increasing Fn concentration. Elongation of the cells in the direction of flow was independent of Fn concentration, but correlated linearly with τwc for Fn densities below 0.23 μg/cm2. These studies show that Fn concentration affects both τwc and cell displacement under shear, and that τwc is sensitive to cell compliance. In addition, they suggest that the dominant mechanism of cell detachment from hydrophobic substrates involves cell displacement. © 2001 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 59: 665–675, 2002
Cell density dependent regulation of AP‐1 activity is important for chondrogenic differentiation of C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal cells
Authors: Seghatoleslami M. Reza , Tuan Rocky S.
Published: August 2002

The multipotential C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal cells undergo chondrogenic differentiation only when seeded as high‐density micromass cultures, particularly upon treatment with bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2). The molecular mechanism(s) responsible for the cell density‐dependent onset of cartilage‐specific gene expression is presently unknown. Interestingly, a number of recent studies have indicated that activating protein‐1 (AP‐1), a well known downstream target of the mitogenic activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) signaling pathway, is a target of chondrogenic/osteogenic growth factors such as BMP‐2, and plays a role in osteogenic gene regulation as well as in chondrogenic differentiation. The aim of this study is to examine the density‐dependent alteration in the level and binding activity of AP‐1 and its functional involvement in C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal chondrogenesis. To measure the activity of the AP‐1 transcription factor, we generated a pool of stable C3H10T1/2 cell lines harboring a luciferase expression vector driven by a concatamer of an efficient AP‐1 response element (AP1‐10T1/2 cells). Luciferase activity of AP1‐10T1/2 cultures was found to decrease sharply with increase in cell density, either as a function of culture time or initial cell seeding densities. In C3H10T1/2 micromass cultures undergoing chondrogenesis, AP‐1 activity was further reduced and then maintained at a low, steady level for the entire 3–4 day culture period. AP‐1 activity in micromass cultures was not significantly affected by BMP‐2 treatment, but chondrogenesis was compromised upon competitive inhibition of AP‐1 activity with a double‐stranded AP‐1 binding oligonucleotide. The level of AP‐1 binding correlated with the activity of its response element but not with the levels of its leucine‐zipper containing subunits, c‐Jun and c‐Fos. These findings suggest that a cell density‐dependent, low but steady level of AP‐1 binding and activity is required for promoting the chondrogenic potential of C3H10T1/2 cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 84: 237–248, 2002. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estrogen‐induced osteogenesis in mice is associated with the appearance of Cbfa1‐expressing bone marrow cells
Authors: Plant Andrea , Samuels Abigail , Perry Mark J. , Colley Shane , Gibson Rachel , Tobias Jonathan H.
Published: August 2002

Cbfa1 is a transcription factor recognised as being involved in early osteoblast differentiation during embryonic skeletogenesis. To determine whether Cbfa1 plays a similar role in bone formation in the adult, we analysed whether its expression is altered during estrogen‐induced osteogenesis, following our recent studies which suggest that this response involves the generation of early osteoblast precursors within bone marrow. To facilitate identification of Cbfa1‐expressing cells, these studies were performed in mice heterozygous for a cbfa1 gene deletion (cbfa1+/−) using β‐galactosidase (lacZ) as a genetic marker. Cbfa1‐expressing cells were identified by lacZ staining of longitudinal sections of the proximal tibial metaphysis. Treatment of cbfa1+/− mice with 17β‐estradiol 0.5 mg/week for 24 days led to the appearance of new cancellous bone surfaces. This response was associated with a marked increase in number of Cbfa1‐expressing cells within the metaphysis, consisting not only of osteoblasts on bone surfaces but also of cells within the adjacent bone marrow. We subsequently enumerated Cbfa1‐expressing cells at earlier time‐points following estrogen, in sections co‐stained for ALP activity. After 4 days of estrogen treatment, a population of cells appeared within the marrow cavity which expressed Cbfa1, but were negative for ALP. At later time‐points, large numbers of Cbfa1 + bone marrow cells were still present, but the majority of these were close to new trabecular bone surfaces at sites which showed high levels of ALP activity. An equivalent distribution of Cbfa1‐expressing cells was observed in further studies where Cbfa1 expression was analysed in wild‐type mice by immunohistochemistry. We conclude that estrogen‐induced osteogenesis is associated with the appearance of a population of Cbfa1‐expressing cells within bone marrow, which we hypothesize to represent the osteoblast precursor population responsible for subsequent new bone formation. J. Cell. Biochem. 84: 285–294, 2002. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Properties of exogenously added GPI‐anchored proteins following their incorporation into cells*
Authors: Premkumar Daniel R.D. , Fukuoka Yoshihiro , Sevlever Daniel , Brunschwig Elaine , Rosenberry Terrone L. , Tykocinski Mark L. , Medof M. Edward
Published: August 2002

Isolated glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)‐anchored proteins, when added to cells in vitro, incorporate into their surface membranes and, once incorporated, exert their native functions. Virtually any protein of interest, if expressed as a GPI‐reanchored derivative, can be modified to acquire this capacity. Such transfer of proteins directly to cells, termed “protein engineering” or “painting” constitutes an alternative to conventional gene transfer for manipulating cell surface composition that has many potential applications. Previous studies with incorporated GPI‐anchored proteins have focused almost entirely on their extracellular functions. In this study, biotinylated human erythrocyte (Ehu) decay accelerating factor, Ehu acetylcholinesterase, and GPI‐reanchored murine B7‐1 and B7‐2 were used as GPI‐anchored reporters to characterize their plasma membrane organization and cell signalling properties following addition to Hela or Chinese hamster ovary cells. For each reporter, three types of cell‐association were documented; (1) nonphysiological attachment and/or incomplete insertion, (2) uncomplexed membrane integration, and (3) organization into TX‐100‐resistant microdomains. Transit from the first two compartments into the third, i.e., microdomains, progressed slowly, continuing even after 24 to 36 h and was associated with the acquisition of cell signalling capacity. All four reporters, incorporated in two different detergents, behaved similarly. When organized in microdomains, caveolin and other GPI proteins co‐isolated with the incorporated reporter. These results have implications for protein engineering of cells in general, and in particular, for cells such as modified tumor cell immunogens administered to patients for therapeutic purposes. J. Cell. Biochem. 82: 234–245, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
p38β MAP kinase protects rat mesangial cells from TNF‐α‐induced apoptosis
Authors: Guo Yan‐Lin , Kang Baobin , Han Jiahuai , Williamson John R.
Published: August 2002

p38 MAP kinases (p38) and c‐Jun N‐terminal protein kinases (JNK) have been associated with TNF‐α‐induced apoptosis. However, recent studies indicate that an early but brief activation of JNK and/or p38 may actually protect some cells from TNF‐α‐induced apoptosis. Whether the activation of JNK and p38 provides a pro‐ or anti‐apoptotic signal for TNF‐α has been controversial. In this study, we investigated the role of p38 in the regulation of TNF‐α cytotoxicity in rat mesangial cells. Treatment of the cells with TNF‐α alone had little effect on their viability, but they became very sensitive to apoptosis when treated with TNF‐α in the presence of the p38 inhibitor SB 203580. These results suggested that the p38 pathway is critical for mesangial cells to survive the toxic effect of TNF‐α. Using adenovirus‐mediated gene transfer technique, we further demonstrated that p38β, but not p38α, is essential to protect the cells from TNF‐α toxicity. It has been speculated that there is a synergetic interaction between the p38 and the nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) pathways in protecting certain cells from apoptosis. However, expression of neither p38β nor its dominant negative mutant in mesangial cells interfered with TNF‐α‐induced translocation of NF‐κB, the initial step of NF‐κB activation. While it is unclear whether p38β regulates NF‐κB transcription activity at other steps, it is apparent that p38β does not affect TNF‐α‐induced NF‐κB activation at the stage of nuclear translocation. J. Cell. Biochem. 82: 556–565, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sodium fluoride induces changes on proteoglycans synthesized by avian osteoblasts in culture
Authors: Rodríguez J. Pablo , Rosselot Gastón
Published: August 2002

The results reported here show that sodium fluoride (NaF) at low concentration (up to 10 μM) increased four times the proliferation rate of avian osteoblasts in culture. Also NaF increases, in a concentration dependent manner, 10 times the alkaline phosphatase activity. However, NaF decreased the incorporation of 35S‐sulfate into proteoglycans (PGs) synthesized by osteoblasts (60–65%). Also, we observed that PGs synthesized in the presence of NaF (50 μM) exhibited a higher sensitivity to chondroitinase ABC than PGs synthesized by osteoblasts in the absence of NaF, suggesting an increase in the chondroitin sulfate moieties associated with the core protein of PGs. The modification of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains composition was evidenced also by change in the mean charge density of the PGs observed by ion exchange chromatography. Since the ratio of 35SO4/3H‐glucosamine incorporated into PGs was similar in the presence and in the absence of NaF (8.2 and 7, respectively), it is not possible to explain differences in mean charge density by changes in the sulfation extent of PGs. No differences were observed in the hydrodynamic size of PG synthesized in the presence of NaF, nor in the hydrodynamic size of the GAG chains. According to these results, we speculate that the stimulatory effect of fluoride on bone mineralization may be mediated, in part, by the changes in the rate of synthesis or in the structural characteristics of bone PGs. The changes produced by fluoride in PGs suggest that these molecules play an inhibitory role in the bone mineralization process. J. Cell. Biochem. 83: 607–616, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of melanoma growth and metastasis by combination with (−)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate and dacarbazine in mice
Authors: Liu Jean‐Dean , Chen Sheng‐Hsuan , Lin Chih‐Li , Tsai Shu‐Huei , Liang Yu‐Chih
Published: August 2002

(−)‐Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG), a major polyphenol in green tea, was shown to have cancer chemopreventive activity. In this study, we examined the antimetastatic effects of EGCG or the combination of EGCG and dacarbazine on B16‐F3m melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo. First, the antimetastatic potentials of five green tea catechins were examined by soft agar colony formation assay, and the results show that EGCG was more effective than the other catechins in inhibiting soft agar colony formation. Second, EGCG dose‐dependently inhibited B16‐F3m cell migration and invasion by in vitro Transwell assay. Third, EGCG significantly inhibited the spread of B16‐F3m cells on fibronectin, laminin, collagen, and Matrigel in a dose‐dependent manner. In addition, EGCG significantly inhibited the tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and the activity of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9). In animal experiments, EGCG alone reduced lung metastases in mice bearing B16‐F3m melanomas. However, a combination of EGCG and dacarbazine was more effective than EGCG alone in reducing the number of pulmonary metastases and primary tumor growths, and increased the survival rate of melanoma‐bearing mice. These results demonstrate that combination treatment with EGCG and dacarbazine strongly inhibits melanoma growth and metastasis, and the action mechanisms of EGCG are associated with the inhibition of cell spreading, cell‐extracellular matrix and cell‐cell interactions, MMP‐9 and FAK activities. J. Cell. Biochem. 83: 631–642, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Efficient calculation of Franck–Condon factors and vibronic couplings in polyatomics
Authors: Toniolo A. , Persico M.
Published: August 2002

We present a technique for the calculation of Franck–Condon factors and other integrals between vibronic wave functions belonging to different electronic states. The technique is well suited for the determination of the nonadiabatic or spin‐orbit couplings related to radiationless decays in polyatomics. Rigorous or approximate partitions of the internal coordinate space are exploited to achieve better efficiency and/or to go beyond the harmonic approximation. The technique is tested by computing the Internal Conversion and InterSystem Crossing rates of (CH3)3CNO in its 1(n→π*) state. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 22: 968–975, 2001
Reflecting on homework in psychotherapy: What can we conclude from research and experience?
Authors: Kazantzis Nikolaos , Lampropoulos Georgios K.
Published: August 2002

This article examines the empirical basis of using homework in psychotherapy and then offers a synthesis of the research literature with the preceding clinical articles. We provide a practitioner‐friendly review of psychotherapy process and outcome research literature, concluding that there is now sufficient evidence to support the assertion that homework assignments enhance psychotherapy outcomes. It is also clear that homework compliance is a consistently significant predictor of treatment outcome. Limitations of existing studies and future research directions are outlined, and we suggest that more specific questions are required regarding the integration of homework into therapy process. Clinical recommendations and issues in homework administration described in preceding articles are also synthesized. The research evidence and contributors to this issue converge in recommending homework within the broad context of psychotherapy and using creative ways of administering homework that is customized to the client. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 58: 577–585, 2002.
EMDR 12 years after its introduction: Past and future research
Authors: Shapiro Francine
Published: August 2002

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) was one of the first treatments of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to be evaluated in controlled research and has to date been empirically supported by 13 such studies. This article reviews the historical context and empirical research of EMDR over the past dozen years. Historically, EMDR's name has caused confusion in that “desensitization” is considered to be only a by‐product of reprocessing and because the eye movement component of EMDR is only one form of dual stimulation to be successfully used in this integrative approach. Research is needed to determine the comparative efficacy of EMDR relative to cognitive‐behavioral treatments of PTSD. However, this has been hampered by the lack of independent replication studies of the latter treatments. Current component analyses of EMDR have failed to effectively evaluate the relative weighting of its procedures. Parameters for future research and the testing of protocols for diverse disorders are suggested. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 1–22, 2002.
The relationship between efficacy and methodology in studies investigating EMDR treatment of PTSD
Authors: Maxfield Louise , Hyer Lee
Published: August 2002

The controlled treatment outcome studies that examined the efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder have yielded a range of results, with the efficacy of EMDR varying across studies. The current study sought to determine if differences in outcome were related to methodological differences. The research was reviewed to identify methodological strengths, weaknesses, and empirical findings. The relationships between effect size and methodology ratings were examined, using the Gold Standard (GS) Scale (adapted from Foa & Meadows, 1997). Results indicated a significant relationship between scores on the GS Scale and effect size, with more rigorous studies according to the GS Scale reporting larger effect sizes. There was also a significant correlation between effect size and treatment fidelity. Additional methodological components not detected by the GS Scale were identified, and suggestions were made for a Revised GS Scale. We conclude by noting that methodological rigor removes noise and thereby decreases error measurement, allowing for the more accurate detection of true treatment effects in EMDR studies. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 23–41, 2002.
The lay concept of “mental disorder” among American undergraduates
Authors: Haslam Nick , Giosan Cezar
Published: August 2002

Lay concepts of “mental disorder” were investigated in a pilot study of beliefs about 68 conditions, 47 of which corresponded to DSM‐IV mental disorders. Undergraduates who had no formal education in abnormal psychology rated the conditions on features proposed in technical definitions of “mental disorder” and judged whether the conditions were mental disorders. The features composed three dimensions—social deviancy, harmful dysfunction, and peculiarity—the last two of which were strongly and independently associated with judgments of mental disorder (R = 0.83). Lay and DSM‐IV understandings of “mental disorder” showed moderate convergence. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 479–485, 2002.
The impact of ethnicity on prospective functional outcomes from community‐based psychosocial rehabilitation for persons with schizophrenia
Authors: Phillips Elizabeth S. , Barrio Concepcion , Brekke John S.
Published: August 2002

Ethnicity was examined for its relationship to prospective functional outcomes from community‐based psychosocial rehabilitation for individuals with schizophrenia. Participants were 98 individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder who were admitted to two community‐based psychosocial rehabilitation programs. Previous studies had established that these programs were effective in improving functional outcomes. Data on hospitalization, independent living, social, and work functioning were collected every 6 months for a period of 3 years. The results using hierarchical linear modeling revealed significant differences among non‐minorities, African Americans, and Latinos in rehabilitative change over time in the domains of work and social functioning. Non‐minorities achieved the greatest gains in both social and work functioning. African Americans showed little change in social functioning, but showed a decline in work functioning. In the domain of work, Latinos deteriorated more than African Americans, and this was most notable for Latino males. There were no cross‐ethnic differences in independent living or hospitalization outcomes. Based on these findings, there is important variation among different ethnic groups in their response to psychosocial rehabilitation. Implications are discussed in terms of the need for culturally relevant rehabilitation methods, and for research on cultural constructs in community‐based intervention studies. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Goniodomin A, an antifungal polyether macrolide, exhibits antiangiogenic activities via inhibition of actin reorganization in endothelial cells
Authors: Abe Mayumi , Inoue Daisuke , Matsunaga Kimihiro , Ohizumi Yasushi , Ueda Hiroshi , Asano Tomiko , Murakami Masahiro , Sato Yasufumi
Published: August 2002

Goniodomin A (GDA) is an antifungal polyether macrolide isolated from the dinoflagellate Goniodoma pseudogoniaulax. Previous studies revealed that GDA profoundly affected cytoskeletal reorganization. We examined the effect of GDA on the angiogenic properties of vascular endothelial cells. GDA itself did not affect proliferation of, migration of, and tube formation in type I collagen gels by, bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs). Proliferation of BAECs stimulated by bFGF was not affected by GDA at concentrations of up to 10 nM. However, at similar concentrations, GDA significantly inhibited bFGF‐induced migration and tube formation in type I collagen gels by BAECs. Actin reorganization is required for cell migration. GDA caused the perinuclear aggregation of filamentous actin and inhibited stress fiber formation in bFGF‐ or VEGF‐stimulated BAECs and lysophosphatidic acid‐stimulated HeLa cells. However, GDA did not affect stress fiber structures already formed through Gβγ expression or in constitutively active RhoA mutant HeLa cells. Finally, GDA inhibited forming of vasucular system in a chorioallantoic membrane. Our results indicated that GDA suppressed angiogenic properties of ECs at least in part through the inhibition of actin reorganization and inhibited angiogenesis in vivo. J. Cell. Physiol. 190: 109–116, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enzyme‐assisted water‐extraction of oil and protein from rice bran
Authors: Hanmoungjai P , Pyle D L , Niranjan K
Published: August 2002

Enzymatic water‐extraction of oil and proteins from rice bran was studied in a laboratory‐scale set‐up. The effects of the following enzymes – Celluclast 1.5L, hemicellulase, Pectinex Ultra SP‐L, Viscozyme L, Alcalase 0.6L and papain – on oil and protein extraction yields, and the level of reducing sugars in the extract were investigated. The results showed that Alcalase was most effective in enhancing oil and protein extraction yields. Papain was found to be superior to all carbohydrase enzymes but it gave lower yields than Alcalase. Celluclast 1.5L, hemicellulase, Pectinex Ultra SP‐L and Viscozyme L did not affect yields significantly but increased the level of reducing sugars in the extract.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
The health significance of environmental odour pollution: revisited
Authors: Shusterman Dennis
Published: August 2002

The health impact of environmental odor pollution varies with both the source and the exposed population. Some environmental odors herald toxicologically important exposures. On the other hand, some potent odorants, in particular organic amines and reduced sulfur gases, have odor thresholds several orders of magnitude lower than their thresholds for irritant (or other toxic) effects. Notwithstanding this apparent margin of safety, community members impacted by such emissions often report, not only odor‐related annoyance, but also such somatic symptoms as headache, nausea and shortness of breath. This paper reviews potential pathophysiologic mechanisms whereby ordors, per se, may trigger symptoms among exposed individuals. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasticity in the electrophysiological properties of oxytocin neurons
Authors: Armstrong William E. , Stern Javier E. , Teruyama Ryoichi
Published: August 2002

In mammals, the neurohypophysial hormone oxytocin (OT) is released into the bloodstream during labor and lactation to promote uterine contraction and milk ejection, respectively. Electrophysiological studies have established that OT neurons fire in brief, synchronized bursts during this release. During pregnancy and lactation, the intrinsic membrane and synaptic properties of OT, and to a lesser extent vasopressin (VP) neurons, are altered as a part of the adaptation to these specialized states. During lactation OT neurons specifically exhibit an enhanced rebound depolarization which could assist in instigating bursts and an increased gating of firing frequency which is correlated with an enhanced Ca2+‐dependent after hyperpolarization. Spike broadening occurs in both VP and OT neurons, but in OT neurons this and other changes are present during late pregnancy, suggesting involvement of steroidal hormones in programming neuronal adaptations. Excitatory and inhibitory synaptic activity also are altered by reproductive state. There is a doubling of glutamatergic activity specific to OT neurons which is consistent with an increase in terminal numbers, but this is accompanied by an increase in paired‐pulse facilitation, suggesting an increase in the probability of glutamate release during lactation as well. Together with profound changes in both pre‐ and postsynaptic GABAergic synaptic activity, these data suggest that neurosecretory, and particularly OT neuronal, properties are state‐dependent. These modifications may adjust the responsiveness of these neurons to afferent stimulation during periods of increased hormone demand and thereby enhance stimulus‐secretion coupling. Microsc. Res. Tech. 56:73–80, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.