bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How New Market Categories Emerge: Temporal Dynamics of Legitimacy, Identity, and Entrepreneurship in Satellite Radio, 1990–2005
Authors: Navis Chad , Glynn Mary Ann
Published: November 2010

We theorize how new market categories emerge and are legitimated through a confluence of factors internal to the category (entrepreneurial ventures) and external to the category (interested audiences). Using qualitative and quantitative analyses and multiple data sources overtime, we study the evolution of the U.S. satellite radio market over its initial sixteen years. We offer convergent evidence to show that the legitimation of a new market category precipitates shifts in the focus of market actors' attention from the category as a whole to the differentiation of firms within. This effect was demonstrated for entrepreneurial identity claims, linguistic frames, and announcements of interorganizational affiliations and endorsements, as well as in the focal attention of media and financial audiences. We synthesize these findings to offer an integrated theoretical framework on new market category emergence and legitimation.
Eosinophilic/T-cell Chorionic Vasculitis: A Clinicopathologic and Immunohistochemical Study of 51 Cases
Authors: Jacques Suzanne M. , Qureshi Faisal , Kim Chong Jai , Lee Joon Ho , Giorgadze Tamar , Mittal Pooja , Hassan Sonia S. , Romero Roberto
Published: November 2010

We report 51 placentas diagnosed with eosinophilic/T-cell chorionic vasculitis (E/TCV), an unusual form of chorionic vasculitis characterized by an infiltrate composed predominantly of CD3+ T cells and eosinophils. The placentas were all 3rd trimester, with 48 (94.1%) being term. Forty-seven (92.2%) were singleton placentas, and the remaining 4 were twins. The E/TCV was limited to 1 chorionic surface vessel in 40 (78.4%) and involved 50% or less of the vessel circumference in 30 (58.8%) placentas. The inflammation faced the intervillous space in 12 (23.5%) and the amniotic cavity in 8 (15.7%) and had no distinct predominant direction in the remaining 31 (60.8%) placentas. Twelve (25.5%) placentas showed mural thrombi or intramural fibrin in association with the E/TCV. One hundred six term singleton placentas were selected as the control group, and the 47 singleton placentas with E/TCV made up the study group for comparison of demographic and histopathologic features. Villitis of unknown etiology was identified more frequently in study group placentas (20 [42.6%]) compared with control group placentas (14 [13.2%]) ( P < 0.001). Vascular changes of fetal vascular thrombo-occlusive disease were identified away from the E/TCV more frequently in study group placentas (8 [17.0%]) compared with control group placentas (4 [3.8%]) ( P = 0.008). There were no significant differences in the frequencies of other placental lesions studied, including acute inflammatory lesions and lesions related to maternal underperfusion. There were no significant differences in maternal age, race, parity, birth weight, allergy history, blood type, or medication use.
Effect of Gadolinium Chloride on Liver Regeneration Following Thioacetamide-Induced Necrosis in Rats
Authors: Bautista Mirandeli , Andres David , Cascales María , Morales-González José A. , Sánchez-Reus María Isabel
Published: November 2010

Gadolinium chloride (GD) attenuates drug-induced hepatotoxicity by selectively inactivating Kupffer cells. The effect of GD was studied in reference to postnecrotic liver regeneration induced in rats by thioacetamide (TA). Rats, intravenously pretreated with a single dose of GD (0.1 mmol/Kg), were intraperitoneally injected with TA (6.6 mmol/Kg). Hepatocytes were isolated from rats at 0, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h following TA intoxication, and samples of blood and liver were obtained. Parameters related to liver damage were determined in blood. In order to evaluate the mechanisms involved in the post-necrotic regenerative state, the time course of DNA distribution and ploidy were assayed in isolated hepatocytes. The levels of circulating cytokine TNFα was assayed in serum samples. TNFα was also determined by RT-PCR in liver extracts. The results showed that GD significantly reduced the extent of necrosis. The effect of GD induced noticeable changes in the post-necrotic regeneration, causing an increased percentage of hepatocytes in S phase of the cell cycle. Hepatocytes increased their proliferation as a result of these changes. TNFα expression and serum level were diminished in rats pretreated with GD. Thus, GD pre-treatment reduced TA-induced liver injury and accelerated postnecrotic liver regeneration. No evidence of TNFα implication in this enhancement of hepatocyte proliferation and liver regeneration was found. These results demonstrate that Kupffer cells are involved in TA-induced liver damage, as well as and also in the postnecrotic proliferative liver states.
A Wireless Sensor Network Based Personnel Positioning Scheme in Coal Mines with Blind Areas
Authors: Liu Zhigao , Li Chunwen , Wu Danchen , Dai Wenhan , Geng Shaobo , Ding Qingqing
Published: November 2010

This paper proposes a novel personnel positioning scheme for a tunnel network with blind areas, which compared with most existing schemes offers both low-cost and high-precision. Based on the data models of tunnel networks, measurement networks and mobile miners, the global positioning method is divided into four steps: (1) calculate the real time personnel location in local areas using a location engine, and send it to the upper computer through the gateway; (2) correct any localization errors resulting from the underground tunnel environmental interference; (3) determine the global three-dimensional position by coordinate transformation; (4) estimate the personnel locations in the blind areas. A prototype system constructed to verify the positioning performance shows that the proposed positioning system has good reliability, scalability, and positioning performance. In particular, the static localization error of the positioning system is less than 2.4 m in the underground tunnel environment and the moving estimation error is below 4.5 m in the corridor environment. The system was operated continuously over three months without any failures.
Extent and Economic Value of Manta Ray Watching in Maldives
Authors: Anderson R. Charles , Adam M. Shiham , Kitchen-Wheeler Anne-Marie , Stevens Guy
Published: November 2010

Manta rays, Manta alfredi, are a major attraction for tourist divers and snorkelers in the Republic of Maldives (central Indian Ocean). The aims of this study were to assess the extent and economic value of manta ray watching in the Maldives, by surveys of tourist numbers at
manta diving sites, and from interviews with experienced divers. Ninety-one manta dive sites were identified, where tourists made an estimated 143,000 dives and over 14,000 snorkels annually during 2006–2008. This was estimated to be worth about US$8.1 million per year in direct
revenue. The growth of manta ray watching has provided support for both research and conservation in the Maldives. However, there are indications that at the most popular manta dive sites the large numbers of visiting divers and snorkelers may be having a negative impact on manta numbers.
There is a need for improved tourist education, and perhaps for regulation of diver numbers at some sites.
Petrología y geoquímica del granito Los Cuartos, Tafí del Valle, Tucumán, noroeste de Argentina: integración al esquema magmático regional
Authors: López J. P. , Bellos L. I.
Published: November 2010

El Granito Los Cuartos aflora sobre la ladera occidental de Cumbres Calchaquíes, al E de la localidad de Tafí del Valle, provincia de Tucumán, Argentina. Es de composición granítica a granodiorítica, con desarrollo de dos micas, predominando la biotita. Es de grano medio e inequigranular, con megacristales de feldespato potásico raros o ausentes. Contiene xenolitos de la roca de caja con diferentes grados de digestión. Este cuerpo desarrolla fenómenos de metamorfismo de contacto en el basamento al que intruye, con desarrollo de porfiroblastos de andalucita y biotita poiquiloblástica. El granitoide presenta características calcoalcalina, peraluminosos, rico en K y P y con contenidos comparativamente más bajos en Ca y Na que los granitoides del área; poseen rasgos tardío-tectónicos con respecto a la deformación y su emplazamiento se habría producido durante el Ordovícico (Ciclo Famatiniano).
Broad Cross-Reactive TCR Repertoires Recognizing Dissimilar Epstein-Barr and Influenza A Virus Epitopes
Authors: Clute Shalyn C. , Naumov Yuri N. , Watkin Levi B. , Aslan Nuray , Sullivan John L. , Thorley-Lawson David A. , Luzuriaga Katherine , Welsh Raymond M. , Puzone Roberto , Celada Franco , Selin Liisa K.
Published: November 2010

Memory T cells cross-reactive with epitopes encoded by related or even unrelated viruses may alter the immune response and pathogenesis of infection by a process known as heterologous immunity. Because a challenge virus epitope may react with only a subset of the T cell repertoire in a cross-reactive epitope-specific memory pool, the vigorous cross-reactive response may be narrowly focused, or oligoclonal. We show in this article, by examining human T cell cross-reactivity between the HLA-A2–restricted influenza A virus-encoded M158–66 epitope (GILGFVFTL) and the dissimilar Epstein-Barr virus-encoded BMLF1280–288 epitope (GLCTLVAML), that, under some conditions, heterologous immunity can lead to a significant broadening, rather than a narrowing, of the TCR repertoire. We suggest that dissimilar cross-reactive epitopes might generate a broad, rather than a narrow, T cell repertoire if there is a lack of dominant high-affinity clones; this hypothesis is supported by computer simulation.
Postoperative Maxillary Cyst: A Case Report
Authors: Bulut Asiye Şafak , Şehlaver Celal , Perçin Alp Korkut
Published: November 2010

Postoperative maxillary cyst is a quite rare delayed complication of surgical intervention associated with maxillary sinuses. It occurs many years after surgery. This paper describes a 54-year-old woman presenting with swelling of left cheek for seven-years duration. The orthopantomograph revealed a unilocular cystic radiolucency with well-defined margins in left maxillary sinus. In the computerized tomography, the cyst had a sclerotic wall with bony condensations. Aspiration cytology revealed many neutrophil leukocytes. Cyst was drained and enucleated. Histopathologically, it had a fibrous wall with inflammation and focal reactive bone formation and lined by a respiratory-type epithelium. In the clinical history, it is learned that she had a maxillary sinus surgery 8 years ago and the diagnosis was made considering the clinical and histopathological findings.
Betel Nut Chewing and Subclinical Ischemic Heart Disease in Diabetic Patients
Authors: Tseng Chin-Hsiao
Published: November 2010

Background. This study investigated the association between betel nut chewing and subclinical ischemic heart disease (IHD) in Taiwanese type 2 diabetic patients.Methods. A total of 394 male patients aging≥45 years and without previous heart disease were studied. Among them 349 had no habit of chewing betel nut and 45 possessed the habit for≥5 years. Subclinical IHD was diagnosed by a Minnesota-coded resting electrocardiogram and was present in 71 cases. Statistical analyses were performed considering confounding effects of age, diabetic duration, smoking, body mass index, blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and metabolic control status.Results. Betel nut chewers were younger and had higher prevalence of smoking (86.7% versus 60.5%), higher body mass index, poorer glycemic control, and higher prevalence of subclinical IHD (28.9% versus 16.6%). Patients with subclinical IHD were older and had higher prevalence of betel nut chewing (18.0% versus 9.9%). The multivariate-adjusted odds ratio for subclinical IHD for chewers versus nonchewers was 4.640 (1.958–10.999). The adjusted odds ratios in younger or older patients divided by the median age of 63 years were similar: 4.724 (1.346–16.581) and 4.666 (1.278–17.028), respectively.Conclusions. Betel nut chewing is significantly associated with increased risk of subclinical IHD.
Efficient In Vivo Delivery of Plasmids and Oligonucleotides Using Hemagglutinating Virus of Japan Envelope (HVJ‐E) Vector in Immunological Disease Models
Authors: Kitani Atsushi , Fichtner‐Feigl Stefan
Published: November 2010

This unit describes a method for in vivo delivery of oligonucleotides or plasmids using the hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope (HVJ‐E), an inactivated Sendai virus particle, as a delivery system. Viral transfection methods generally show a higher transfection efficiency than nonviral methods for the delivery of genes to cells. However, in using these methods one must bear in mind that the introduction of a virus particle into a host carries a risk for leukemia induction and for creation of disturbances in immune function due to cytotoxicity. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 91:10.17E.1‐10.17E.9. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Determination of Diffusion Coefficients of Non‐volatile Additives in Polymeric Coatings by Means of Inverse Micro Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Müller M. , Scharfer P. , Kind M. , Schabel W.
Published: November 2010

Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der Fick'sche Diffusionskoeffizient eines nichtflüchtigen Additivs im ternären System Polymer/Additiv/Lösemittel bestimmt. Dafür wird der Ausgleichsvorgang von Additivbeladungsprofilen in dünnen Polymerschichten mit Hilfe der inversen Mikro‐Raman‐Spektroskopie (IMRS) analysiert. Die Bestimmung des Diffusionskoeffizienten erfolgt durch die Anpassung von gerechneten an gemessene Beladungsprofile. Durch gezielte Experimente konnte in dieser Arbeit erstmals der Diffusionskoeffizient des Weichmachers Triphenylphosphat in Polymerlösungen aus Methylenchlorid und Polyvinylacetat in Abhängigkeit der Weichmacher‐ und Lösemittelbeladung über einen weiten Zusammensetzungsbereich bestimmt werden.
Phase‐contrast Atomic Force Microscopy for the Characterization of the Distribution of Nanoparticles in Composite Materials
Authors: Rudolph M. , Bauer K. , Peuker U. A.
Published: November 2010

Für die Analyse partikulärer Medien und disperser Systeme bietet die Rasterkraftmikroskopie vielfältige Möglichkeiten. Die Phasenkontrast‐Rasterkraftmikroskopie wurde für die Dispersitätsanalyse untersucht. Eine Möglichkeit der Analyse von Nanopartikel‐Kompositproben bezüglich der Vereinzelung und Verteilung der Partikel innerhalb einer Polymermatrix wird präsentiert. Zur quantitativen Dispersitätscharakterisierung wird ein möglicher Auswertungsablauf vorgestellt.
Strategic Biorefinery Projects in Germany – What we have and what we need
Authors: Wagemann K.
Published: November 2010

Bioraffinerien bieten ein großes Potenzial zur ökonomisch attraktiven Verwertung von Biomasse, es sind aber zum Teil noch wichtige Fragen bezüglich der Umsetzung ungelöst. Verschiedene, aktuelle Konzepte für Bioraffinerien werden kurz vorgestellt.
A Theoretical Study on Chapman Rearrangement
Authors: Noorizadeh Siamak , Ozhand Ameneh
Published: November 2010

Some Chapman rearrangements are investigated using HF and B3LYP methods combined with two different basis sets (6‐31G** and 6‐31++G**) and both finite difference model and Janak's approximation. It is shown that although minimum polarizability (MPP) and maximum hardness (MHP) principles are always valid in these reactions, minimum electrophilicity principle (MEP) is followed just when DFT method (B3LYP) is used. The Morrel's rules are also successfully applied in predicting the validity of MEP in these rearrangements. Therefore, it seems that in the study of this kind of reaction, the results of DFT are more reliable than those of HF.
A Density Functional Investigation of Fluorinated B12N12 Clusters
Authors: Wang Hong
Published: November 2010

Density functional calculations have been carried out on a series of fluorinated B12N12 molecules. The fluorine atoms are more prone to absorb on the boron atoms than the nitrogen atoms in B12N12. The 1,3 addition is an energetically favorable adsorption site in one‐fluorine‐molecule adsorption. We found that the average bond energy of fluorine molecule is decreased with n increasing, but significantly larger than that of B12N12F. The energy gap of B12N12 is controllable by introducing fluorine molecules. Moreover, calculation of the Gibbs free energy of the B12N12+12F2→B12N12F24 reaction showed that this reaction is exothermic at low temperatures.
Determination of Solvatochromic Regression Coefficients for the Molybdenum(VI) Complex with Ethylenediamine‐N,N′‐diacetic Acid by Using Kamlet‐Abboud‐Taft Equation
Authors: Majlesi Kavosh
Published: November 2010

The Solver, Microsoft Excel 2000 powerful optimization package, has been used to perform non‐linear least‐squares curve fitting on the basis of Gauss‐Newton method for the calculation of solvatochromic regression coefficients for the complexation of molybdenum(VI) with ethylenediamine‐N,N′‐diacetic acid and dissociation constants at 25°C and constant ionic strength 0.1 mol·L−1 sodium perchlorate in different aqueous solutions of methanol. A combination of potentiometric and UV spectrophotometric methods have been used for experimental studies. Non specific and specific solute‐solvent interactions were interpreted by correlating the equilibrium data with solvent parameters using the Kamlet‐Abboud‐Taft solvatochromic equation. Finally the influence of the solvent on the stability of the complex was discussed on the basis of the correlation results and the contribution of α (hydrogen‐bond donor acidity), β (hydrogen‐bond acceptor basicity) and π* (dipolarity/polarizability) parameters.
Gallium(III) Iodide‐catalyzed Biginelli‐type Reaction Under Solvent‐free Conditions: Efficient Synthesis of Dihydropyrimidine‐2(1H)‐one Derivatives
Authors: Li Dapeng , Mao Haifeng , An Litao , Zhao Zhihao , Zou Jianping
Published: November 2010

The Biginelli‐type condensation of ethyl acetoacetate/cycloketone, aldehyde and urea/thiourea under solvent‐free condition catalyzed by 10% gallium(III) iodide to form dihydropyrimidine‐2(1H)‐one derivatives was described. This process offered one way to constructing dihydropyrimidine‐2(1H)‐ones in good to excellent yields with simple procedure and short reaction time.
Nonparametric likelihood and doubly robust estimating equations for marginal and nested structural models
Authors: Tan Zhiqiang
Published: November 2010

This article considers Robins's marginal and nested structural models in the cross‐sectional setting and develops likelihood and regression estimators. First, a nonparametric likelihood method is proposed by retaining a finite subset of all inherent and modelling constraints on the joint distributions of potential outcomes and covariates under a correctly specified propensity score model. A profile likelihood is derived by maximizing the nonparametric likelihood over these joint distributions subject to the retained constraints. The maximum likelihood estimator is intrinsically efficient based on the retained constraints and weakly locally efficient. Second, two regression estimators, named hat and tilde, are derived as first‐order approximations to the likelihood estimator under the propensity score model. The tilde regression estimator is intrinsically and weakly locally efficient and doubly robust. The methods are illustrated by data analysis for an observational study on right heart catheterization. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 38: 609–632; 2010 © 2010 Statistical Society of Canada
Acute and chronic effect of copper on levels of reduced and oxidized glutathione and nutrient uptake of tomato plants
Authors: Garrido Tatiana , Mendoza Jorge , Riveros Raúl , Sáez Luis
Published: November 2010

Phytotoxicity due to copper (Cu) is generally associated with visible symptoms such as a decrease in plant shoot and root growth and chlorosis. The application of low levels of Cu or plant exposure to the metal for short periods can affect several cell processes, involving changes in the levels of metabolites related to the plant antioxidative response. The purpose of this study was to compare the response of the reduced and oxidized glutathione system and Cu uptake in tomato plants exposed to phytotoxic levels of Cu in hydroponic culture. Attention was centered on establishing whether determination of the levels of both peptides in plants exposed for a short period of time (acute treatment) compared with exposure for an extended period (chronic treatment) could be used as an early indicator of Cu stress in tomato plants. For the acute treatment, the plants were exposed to 0.4, 9, and 36 μM Cu for 48 h, and for the chronic treatment to 0.4, 3, and 12 μM Cu for 28 d. Results indicate that plants subjected to the chronic treatment showed toxicity symptoms, among them chlorosis and a drastic decrease of the aerial part and root biomass, an effect that was not observed in the plants subjected to the acute treatment. Moreover, Cu applied to the plant, either in the acute or in the chronic treatment, modified the levels of reduced and oxidized glutathione in shoots and roots. The most noticeable effect was observed on the concentration of reduced glutathione in roots, where the concentration of this peptide decreased as the Cu concentration increased, and this effect was independent of the morphological changes undergone by the root and of the time of Cu application. The similarity of the responses to the acute and the chronic treatments indicates that assessment of the redox state of glutathione in the roots of plants exposed to copper, especially the change in levels of reduced glutathione, may represent a good indicator of the early plant response to stress due to excessive Cu supply.
Removal of short‐range‐order minerals prior to grain‐size analysis of volcanic ash soils
Authors: Velescu Andre , Meßmer Tobias , Scholten Thomas , Kühn Peter
Published: November 2010

Incomplete dispersion of aggregates is a well‐known difficulty when analyzing soil texture of Andosols, particularly if no fresh soil material is available. To facilitate such investigations, several dispersion procedures were carried out on air‐dried samples rich in short‐range‐order minerals, originating from selected Andosol profiles (S Mexico). As a result, we propose an improved method based on a sequential chemical treatment with K oxalate, NH4 oxalate, and oxalic acid that reliably removes cementing agents and allows for a stable dispersion of soil particles after addition of Na pyrophosphate. This method was proved to be well reproducible and highly reliable for routine grain‐size determinations. The potential error caused by the inherent risk of dissolving primary minerals or fresh volcanic glass remains far beyond the analytical error resulting from the incomplete and irreproducible dispersion of highly resistant aggregates by other commonly used techniques.
Improved particle‐packed HPLC/MS microchips for proteomic analysis
Authors: Trusch Maria , Ehlert Steffen , Bertsch Andreas , Kohlbacher Oliver , Hildebrand Diana , Schlüter Hartmut , Tallarek Ulrich
Published: November 2010

The influence of packing process parameters (packing pressure, application of ultrasound) and the stationary phase particle size (3.5 and 5 μm) on the chromatographic performance of HPLC/MS chips was systematically investigated for proteomic samples. First, reproducibility and detection limits of the separation were evaluated with a low‐complexity sample of tryptic BSA peptides. The influence of adsorbent packing quality on protein identification was then tested with a typical proteomics sample of high complexity, a human plasma protein fraction (Cohn fraction IV‐4). All HPLC/MS chips provided highly reproducible separations of these proteomic samples, but improved packing conditions and smaller particle sizes resulted in chromatograms with narrower peaks and correspondingly higher signal intensities. Improved separation performance increased the peak capacity, the number of identified peptides, and thus the sequence coverage in the proteomic samples, particularly for low sample amounts.
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease presenting as bulbar palsy
Authors: Mittal Manoj , Hammond Nancy , Husmann Kathrin , Lele Abhijit , Pasnoor Mamatha
Published: November 2010

Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) is a degenerative neurological disorder caused by a prion protein. The diagnosis may be challenging in unusual early presentations. A bulbar symptom as the initial complaint is a rare presentation for CJD, with only a few reports so far. These patients can be misdiagnosed with motor neuron disease or the Miller Fisher variant of Guillain–Barré syndrome. We describe a 69‐year‐old woman with CJD who presented with bulbar symptoms at the onset. Muscle Nerve 42: 833–835, 2010
Microwave‐assisted nitroxide‐mediated polymerization for water‐soluble homopolymers and block copolymers synthesis in homogeneous aqueous solution
Authors: Rigolini Julien , Grassl Bruno , Reynaud Stéphanie , Billon Laurent
Published: November 2010

We performed a critical reinvestigation of microwave enhancement of nitroxide‐mediated polymerization (NMP) of acrylamide (AM) in aqueous media in the dynamic (DYN) mode with a combination of a conventional hydrosoluble radical initiator and a β‐phosphonylated nitroxide (SG1). Based on the results of our previous work, a complementary series of polymerization reactions was carried out between 130 and 160 °C using only the DYN mode to ascertain the existence of a microwave effect. The polymer conversion (p), molar masses, polydispersity index, and viscosity of each sample were measured. The temperature was monitored inside and outside of the vessel using an optical fiber sensor and an IR sensor, respectively. Microwave enhancement of polymerization, temperature control and viscosity of the reaction media were closely related. We also furthered the field of hydrophilic AB diblock copolymer synthesis using a tertiary SG1‐based macroalkoxyamine and directly synthesized both poly(acrylamide‐b‐sodium 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropanesulfonate), a neutral‐b‐anionic diblock copolymer, and poly(acrylamide‐b‐3‐dimethyl(methacrylamidopropyl)ammonium propanesulfonate), a neutral‐b‐zwitterionic diblock copolymer, in homogeneous aqueous media. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Ring‐opening metathesis polymerization of fatty acid derived monomers
Authors: Mutlu Hatice , Meier Michael A. R.
Published: November 2010

The ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of fatty acid functionalized norbornenes was explored in the presence of dichloro[1,3‐bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)‐2‐imidazolidinylidene](benzylidene)bis(3‐bromopyridine)ruthenium(II) (C3) at room temperature. The investigated monomers were derived from fatty acids with different chain lengths (C6, C8, C10, C12, C14, C16, and C18) and can therefore contribute to the development of more sustainable, bio‐based polymeric materials. The polymerizations initiated by C3 proceeded in a living fashion with good initiation efficiency, and thus the synthesis of well‐defined polymers with narrow polydispersities was accomplished. All prepared polymers were fully characterized (GPC, DSC, TGA, NMR) and the results of these investigations are discussed within this contribution. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Charge‐transfer transitions and optic spectra of chromites: A model computation
Authors: Zenkov Andrei V.
Published: November 2010

In the cluster approach, we consider the peculiarities of charge‐transfer (CT) states and CT O 2p → Cr 3d transitions in the octahedral (CrO6)9− complex. We have computed the reduced matrix elements of electric‐dipole transition operator on many‐electron wave functions — the initial and final states of CT transitions. We have parameterized the obtained results and computed the relative intensities of various allowed CT transitions in the absence of the mixing of CT configurations having the same symmetry. Using the Tanabe‐Sugano technique, we have taken into account this mixing and obtained the energies of many‐electron CT transitions and their actual intensities as well. We have also allowed for the Coulomb interaction between the 2p‐electrons of the O2− ligands and the 3d‐electrons of the central Cr3+ ion in the (CrO6)9− cluster. This interaction proved insignificant for the optic spectra. Modeling the optic spectrum of chromium‐based oxides has yielded a complicated CT band consisting of 33 lines with the main maximum at about 7 eV and satellites in the range of 4–5 and 8–9 eV. The total extent of the CT band is about 8 eV. The model spectrum is in satisfactory agreement with experimental data, which shows the limited validity of the generally accepted notion of a simple structure of CT spectra. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Primary surgery for oropharyngeal cancer
Authors: Udoff Ross A. , Elam Jackson C. , Gourin Christine G.
Published: November 2010

OBJECTIVE

The development of new techniques for transoral resection has led to a renewed interest in primary surgical treatment of oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer (SCCA). We reviewed our experience with primary surgery for oropharyngeal SCCA to identify factors associated with survival.

STUDY DESIGN

Case series with chart review.

SETTING

Tertiary medical center.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Patients who underwent primary surgical treatment of oropharyngeal SCCA from 1985 to 2002 were analyzed. Patients who failed nonoperative treatment or had distant metastases at presentation were excluded.

RESULTS

A total of 105 patients met study criteria. The majority of patients (91%) had advanced stage disease (III/IV). All patients received postoperative radiation; chemotherapy was used in eight patients. Five‐year disease‐free survival was 83 percent for stage I, 67 percent for stage II, 56 percent for stage III, and 43 percent for stage IV disease. Crude local control rates were 94 percent for T1 disease, 90 percent for T2 disease, 81 percent for T3 disease, and 80 percent for T4 disease; crude regional control rates were 100 percent for N0 disease, 90 percent for N1 disease, 84 percent for N2 disease, and 82 percent for N3 disease. Cox proportional hazards models revealed that nodal stage (hazard ratio [HR] 2.3,P= 0.02) and black race (HR 2.6,P= 0.004) were the only significant predictors of disease‐free survival.CONCLUSION: Primary surgical treatment of oropharyngeal SCCA is effective in achieving excellent locoregional control and permits deintensification of adjuvant therapy, even in patients with advanced stage disease. Nodal status and race are the primary determinants of disease‐free survival. These data provide useful information for counseling and treatment planning.
Immunologic response to fungus is not universally associated with chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Ponikau Jens U. , Sherris David A. , Kern Eugene B.
Published: November 2010

In the December 2009 issue of this journal, Orlandi et al presented a study in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients (5 from Texas, 5 from Utah) and seven nonhealthy controls were stimulated with fungal extracts. Despite the small numbers, they confirmed important aspects of previous studies: 1) CRS patients' PBMCs react to certain fungal stimuli by producing significantly (P < 0.05) higher amounts of interleukin (IL)‐5 and IL‐13 when compared to controls; 2) CRS patients have an enhanced humoral response (significantly elevated immunoglobulin [Ig] G levels to Alternaria); and 3) CRS patients react independently from an IgE‐mediated allergy, as evidenced by that fact that nonallergic CRS patients also produced IL‐5 in response to fungal stimuli. Unfortunately, the authors chose not to highlight their positive results. They emphasized what they failed to demonstrate, specifically an immune response to fungi above a certain threshold in some patients (Utah) with milder CRS. However, these results are potentially explained by the different methods used, and care should be applied when interpreting their results.
George Batchelor: a personal tribute, ten years on
Authors: MOFFATT H. K.
Published: November 2010

Ten years have elapsed since the passing of George Keith Batchelor (8 March 1920–30 March 2000), formerly Professor of Fluid Dynamics at the University of Cambridge, and Founder Editor of the Journal of Fluid Mechanics. It is fitting to remind the readers of this Journal what a great scientist he was, both in respect of his own contributions to our subject, and even more in respect of his inspirational influence on generations of research students and younger colleagues, and also more widely on the international stage, on which he was a revered, if sometimes controversial, personality.
George Batchelor and David Crighton: a celebration of their lives and work
Authors: Worster Grae
Published: November 2010

The tenth anniversaries of the deaths of George Batchelor and David Crighton occurred, respectively, in March and April this year. In commemoration and celebration of their lives and works, an afternoon of talks was held in the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP), University of Cambridge on 19 April 2010. Three of those talks are summarised here: Keith Moffatt and Shon Ffowcs-Williams give impressions of the lives and spirits of these two prominent figures in the history of Jfm – George its founder and David its Editor from 1996, having been an associate editor since 1979; John Hinch gives insight into MicroHydrodynamics, a term coined by George to describe the research area that dominated the second half of his career.
Tongan Chiefly Language: The Formation of an Honorific Speech Register
Authors: Haugen Jason D. , Philips Susan U.
Published: November 2010

In this paper we examine the formation over time of a lexical honorific speech register, Tonganlea faka'eiki, or ‘chiefly language’. Use of the comparative historical method enables us to consider honorific register formation within a framework of greater temporal and spatial scope that has been typical for studies of register formation, and to identify some properties of such formation that have not been documented before. Our evidence shows that the higher and lower levels of honorification in this speech register have been formed at different times and through predominantly different etymological processes, even as they draw on the same broader set of word formation processes. In recorded speech, the differences between the sources of the two sub-registers are even more pronounced, preserving and reproducing the historical differences in their formation.*
Measuring Poverty: Context-Specific but not Relative
Authors: NIEMIETZ KRISTIAN
Published: November 2010

Poverty in developed countries is commonly defined in relative terms. It is argued that a relative definition formalises the insight that poverty is a context-specific phenomenon, and that the understanding of what constitutes poverty changes with overall economic development. Yet this article argues that tagging a poverty line to mean or median incomes does not automatically anchor it in its social context. Relative measures rely on the implicit assumptions that social norms are formed at the national level, and that median income earners set social standards. A comparison with studies on ‘Subjective Well-Being’ (SWB) shows that these assumptions are rather arbitrary. At the same time, relative indicators do not take account of changes in the product market structure that disproportionately affect the poor. If low-cost substitutes for expensive items become available, the poor will be relatively more affected than median income earners. Conventional ‘absolute poverty’ indicators will be equally dismissed for not solving these problems either. A combined ‘Consensual Material Deprivation’ and ‘Budget Standard Approach’ indicator will be proposed as a more robust alternative.
Events, Public Discourses and Responsive Government: Quality Assurance in Health Care in England, Sweden and Japan
Authors: KODATE NAONORI
Published: November 2010

One would expect the common agenda of improving the quality of care in hospital sectors across nations to bring about a convergence of their quality assurance systems. However, one finds great variations in the ways in which such schemes are constructed and communicated to the general public in different countries. This paper examines three universal health care systems (England, Sweden and Japan) and explores the degree to which political institutions and public opinions affect the processes of quality assurance system building within them. It argues that the inputs from governments in response to public concerns are the key to understanding the changes in this seemingly profession-dominated policy domain; therefore policy changes are significantly affected by dynamic interactions between events, public discourses and governance structures within these countries. The findings also demonstrate that public access to information has begun to have a large impact on policy debates in all three countries.
Policy Success, Policy Failure and Grey Areas In-Between
Authors: McCONNELL ALLAN
Published: November 2010

Policy protagonists are keen to claim that policy is successful while opponents are more likely to frame policies as failures. The reality is that policy outcomes are often somewhere in between these extremes. An added difficulty is that policy has multiple dimensions, often succeeding in some respects but not in others, according to facts and their interpretation. This paper sets out a framework designed to capture the bundles of outcomes that indicate how successful or unsuccessful a policy has been. It reviews existing literature on policy evaluation and improvement, public value, good practice, political strategy and policy failure and success in order to identify what can be built on and gaps that need to be filled. It conceives policy as having three realms: processes, programs and politics. Policies may succeed and/or fail in each of these and along a spectrum of success, resilient success, conflicted success, precarious success and failure. It concludes by examining contradictions between different forms of success, including what is known colloquially as good politics but bad policy.
Long‐term trends of atmospheric absorbing and scattering optical depths over China region estimated from the routine observation data of surface solar irradiances
Authors: Wang Biao , Shi Guangyu
Published: November 2010

Equivalent optical depths of a standard continental aerosol model are defined as the indexes for atmospheric optical depths of absorption and scattering (ODA and ODS, respectively) under clear‐sky condition and can be calculated with the routinely observed data of broadband surface solar irradiances. The ODS by definition is a proxy of the scattering component of atmospheric aerosol optical depth (AOD) and is shown to be largely free from influences of systematic errors of the radiation observing instruments and uncertainties in atmospheric absorption. The ODA accounts for contributions of aerosols, water vapor, and other gases with profiles deviating from the standard atmosphere model. Applied to the data from 36 observatories of China, from 1957 to 2007, the method provides the long‐term variations of clear‐sky atmospheric absorption and scattering, which are qualitatively compared with other AOD estimations with comparable regional and temporal coverage. The results show the method reasonably separates the absorption and scattering effects and captures the general features of their seasonal variation. The radiation dimming trend over China region during about 1970–1990 is shown to be associated with the increasing ODA and ODS. After 1990, there is not a significant trend in ODS but the ODA has been slightly decreased.
Low recurrence rate after deep calf‐vein thrombosis with 6 weeks of oral anticoagulation
Authors: Astermark J. , Björgell O. , Lindén E. , Lethagen S. , Nilsson P. , Berntorp E.
Published: November 2010

. Astermark J, Björgell O, Lindén E, Lethagen S, Nilsson P, Berntorp E (University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden). Low recurrence rate after deep calf‐vein thrombosis with 6 weeks of oral anticoagulation. J Intern Med 1998; 244: 79–82.

Objectives

To evaluate the recurrence rate after deep calf‐vein thrombosis treated with 6 weeks of oral anticoagulation.

Design and subjects

A 2 year follow‐up of 126 consecutive patients admitted to the Department of Internal Medicine with venographically verified deep calf‐vein thrombosis.

Results

One hundred and twenty‐six patients were treated with warfarin for 6 weeks, 18 of them having had a previous episode of venous thrombosis (DVT). Eleven patients (8.7%) suffered a recurrent thromboembolic episode within 2 years, four of which were within the first 3 months. Eight of those without a history of DVT had a recurrence (7.4%). Three of these were activated protein C (APC)‐resistant, one was protein C‐deficient and one had malignant melanoma.

Eight patients (6.3%) reported minor haemorrhagic complications, but no major bleeding was seen.

Conclusion

Our data support the use of a 6 week regimen of secondary oral prophylaxis after a first episode of deep calf‐vein thrombosis in patients without a permanent risk factor. Whether individuals with inherited thrombophilia require prolonged treatment remains to be evaluated.
Influence of some pesticides on mortality and fecundity of the aphidophagous coccinellid Adalia bipunctata L. (Col., Coccinellidae)
Authors: Olszak R. W.
Published: November 2010

The influence of 30 pesticides (insecticides, acaricides and fungicides) on different stages of Adalia bipunctata was evaluated under laboratory conditions by: (1) immersing individuals for 5 s in the pesticide solution; (2) placing the second and fourth instar larvae on leaves picked from trees treated with the pesticide; and (3) feeding adult coccinellids with aphids contaminated by a recommended concentration of the pesticide. Fenpropathrin, alphacypermethrin, esfenvalerate, acrinathrin, phosalone and propoxur + methoxychlor caused high mortality (up to 100%) not only by direct contact but also as fresh residues on leaves, or even 28 days after application. The mortality also varied with stage and mode of treatment. Feeding with aphids contaminated by fenpropathrin, clofentezine, hexythiazox, brompropylate and vinclozolin decreased the coccinellid fecundity.
Ejaculated spermatozoa in patients with non‐mosaic Klinefelter’s syndrome
Authors: KITAMURA MASAYA , MATSUMIYA KIYOMI , KOGA MINORU , NISHIMURA KENJI , MIURA HIDENOBU , TSUJI TOSHINORI , MATSUMOTO MASAHIKO , OKAMOTO YOSHIO , OKUYAMA AKIHIKO
Published: November 2010

Background
: Non‐mosaic Klinefelter patients are generally azoospermic and there is no therapy to improve the spermatogenesis. Some patients have a few spermatozoa in their ejaculates, which can be used for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), but only a few cases resulting in a successful birth have been reported.

Methods
: Out of 52 non‐mosaic 47,XXY Klinefelter patients, four cases having spermatozoa in their ejaculates were retrospectively studied.

Results
: Intracytoplasmic sperm injection was performed in three cases using their ejaculates and resulted in one chemical abortion and one death in utero (8 weeks). Using testicular sperm, one patient had a healthy baby with a normal karyotype.

Conclusion
: Some non‐mosaic Klinefelter patients have ejaculated sperm that can result in a successful birth following ICSI. However, the birth rate is very low compared with the fertilization rate, suggesting increased risk of chromosomal abnormalities.
Comparative study of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) response to seven watering regimes in a controlled environment
Authors: Bourgault M. , Smith D. L.
Published: November 2010

Legume crops are often grown in drought-prone areas, and subjected to water stress. Greater understanding of drought tolerance in legumes and the use of physiological traits in breeding programs would likely provide high returns. An experiment was conducted comparing the response of two legume crops, common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek), to seven watering regimes, in order to identify traits and timing of observations that are inexpensive and relatively easy to phenotype. Gas exchange measurements were conducted before and after selected waterings, and plants were harvested at flowering for the determination of leaf area, biomass, relative water content, and water potential. Results demonstrated that mungbean exhibited a conservative use of water through lower leaf area and a limit to maximum transpiration under non-limiting soil moisture conditions, as well as a greater partitioning of biomass into stems rather than leaves. Mungbean also maintained higher photosynthesis than common bean in low soil moisture conditions, and maintained higher relative water content than common bean. We suggest investigations into stem water-soluble carbohydrates would be worthwhile.
Biomechanical analysis of gait adaptation in the nematode
Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Fang-Yen Christopher , Wyart Matthieu , Xie Julie , Kawai Risa , Kodger Tom , Chen Sway , Wen Quan , Samuel Aravinthan D. T.
Published: November 2010

To navigate different environments, an animal must be able to adapt its locomotory gait to its physical surroundings. The nematode
Caenorhabditis elegans
, between swimming in water and crawling on surfaces, adapts its locomotory gait to surroundings that impose approximately 10,000-fold differences in mechanical resistance. Here we investigate this feat by studying the undulatory movements of
C. elegans
in Newtonian fluids spanning nearly five orders of magnitude in viscosity. In these fluids, the worm undulatory gait varies continuously with changes in external load: As load increases, both wavelength and frequency of undulation decrease. We also quantify the internal viscoelastic properties of the worm’s body and their role in locomotory dynamics. We incorporate muscle activity, internal load, and external load into a biomechanical model of locomotion and show that (
i
) muscle power is nearly constant across changes in locomotory gait, and (
ii
) the onset of gait adaptation occurs as external load becomes comparable to internal load. During the swimming gait, which is evoked by small external loads, muscle power is primarily devoted to bending the worm’s elastic body. During the crawling gait, evoked by large external loads, comparable muscle power is used to drive the external load and the elastic body. Our results suggest that
C. elegans
locomotory gait continuously adapts to external mechanical load in order to maintain propulsive thrust.
First Report of Sexual Reproduction by the Soybean Sudden Death Syndrome Pathogen Fusarium tucumaniae in Nature
Authors: Scandiani M. M. , Aoki T. , Luque A. G. , Carmona M. A. , O'Donnell K.
Published: November 2010

Of the four fusaria that have been shown to cause soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS), field surveys indicate that Fusarium tucumaniae is the most important and genetically diverse SDS pathogen in Argentina. Although none of the SDS fusaria have been shown to produce perithecia in nature, a heterothallic sexual cycle has been demonstrated for F. tucumaniae via laboratory crosses. Herein we report on the discovery of perithecia of F. tucumaniae on soybean in Argentina. Ascospores derived from these perithecia gave rise to colonies that produced sporodochial conidia diagnostic of F. tucumaniae. Sporodochial conidia were longer and narrower than those produced by the other SDS fusaria; these conidia also possessed a diagnostic acuate apical cell and a distinctly foot-shaped basal cell. Sixteen strains derived from single ascospores subjected to a validated multilocus genotyping assay (MLGT) for SDS species determination, together with 16 conidial isolates from two sites where teleomorphs were collected, independently confirmed the morphological identification as F. tucumaniae. This study represents the first authentic report of sexual reproduction by a soybean SDS pathogen in nature.