bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Un modelo de revitalización lingüística: el caso del náhuat/ pipil de El Salvador
Authors: Lemus Jorge E
Published: October 2012

La lengua náhuat es la última lengua indígena que aún habla en El Salvador un grupo pequeño de ancianos pipiles. Por diversas razones que el autor de este artículo señala, esta lengua está en peligro. Sin embargo, en la actualidad se ha desarrollado un modelo de revitalización lingüística que, según este investigador, se está aplicando con éxito en las comunidades en las cuales aún hay hablantes. Este proyecto comenzó en 2003 con tres escuelas y 275 niños indígenas. Actualmente hay 11 escuelas participantes del proyecto y 2,734 niños aprendiendo esta lengua. El modelo educativo desarrollado en el proyecto puede ser utilizado para la revitalización de otras lenguas minoritarias en similares condiciones de amenaza que el náhuat. 1. NAHUAT-EL SALVADOR2. LENGUAJE Y LENGUASENSEÑANZA- EL SALVADOR3. LENGUAS INDIGENASEL SALVADOR-PROYECTOS DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/wani.v62i0.857 Wani No.62 2010 pp.25-47 Wan bila aisanka tiwi nani ba kli raki bukaia dauki samplika kum: náhuat/pipil nani tilara, Salvador raSalvador kuntrika ra patitara uplika kyamka nani tilara yapti bila aisanka ba sut tiwi luwan wina kau Náhuat bila ba baman las kumi aisisa pipiles almuka nani dakni ka kum tilara. Trabilka sat sat taka, naha ulbanka dauki uplika mariki ba baku, naha bila aisanka ba pruwi auya sa. Ban sakuna baha tilara nanara bila aisanka tiwi nani kli raki bukaia samplika kum duakisa. Baha wark ka ba, naha ulbanka dauki uplika wisa, pain pali impakisa kau naha bila aisi tauwanka nani kum kum tilara. Baha wark ka ba 2003 man ka ra ta kkrikan skul watla yuhmpa ra bara tuktan 275 aikuki. Naiwa pyuwara skul watla 11 brisa bara 2,734 tuktan bila ba lan takisa. Baha smalkanka dauki samplika nani ba wal sip sa kuntri wala nanira sim yus munaia yapti bila nani náhuat baku tiwi auya nani ba kli raki bukaia mata.Amput tuni yulwa balna kulna lani kalawi parasni awa satni as: yulnin kat náhuat/ pipil Salvador sauni yak yulwakidi náhuat tuni manahki warmani katSalvador sauni yak yuyulwi dawak pipil muihni barak uduhna dibin ki. Adika yulna muihni kidi kaput yulwi, adika sulani kidi tuni yulwa disnin lainni kau ki. Kaput kaunah, adikayulna muihni kidi yulwi tuniyulwa kidi yak nininglauwi parasni kalawi kaiwi, dawak bik yamni palni talwi kat baisa pa binina as kau. Adika warkni adika 2003 kaupak tuna bahna kul uni bas dawak 275 indian muihni binina karak. Warmani kat 11 kulni rauki dawak warkni pasyak 2734 indian muihni binina adika tuni yulwi amang lalawi. Adika sumalna satni adika tuni yulwa uk balna yak laihwi yamnin sipki kaunah kau palni simh nahuat yulni disnin kau kiwa kapat balna yak.
Proyectos de revitalización de la lengua ulwa
Authors: Villanueva Esther Núñez
Published: October 2012

El ulwa era la lengua dominante en un área que se extendía desde las zonas interiores de la Región Autónoma del Atlántico Norte (RAAN) hasta los departamentos actuales de Chontales, Boaco y Matagalpa. Cerca de quince mil personas eran hablantes nativos del ulwa en la época pre-colonial. Las persecuciones de los mestizos forzaron a los ulwas a dejar las zonas interiores de Nicaragua, para trasladarse a zonas más cercanas a la Costa Caribe donde seis familias fundaron, en 1850, lo que se convirtió en el principal centro de población ulwa; la comunidad de Karawala. En la actualidad, existen 351 hablantes de esta lengua. En este artículo se presenta los esfuerzos que el Comité del Idioma Ulwa –conformado por indígenas hablantes- acompañados por lingüistas han hecho por la revitalización de esta lengua. 1. ULWA-INVESTIGACIONES-NICARAGUA 2. LENGUAS INDIGENAS-HISTORIA-NICARAGUA 3. LINGÜÍSTICAINVESTIGACIONES DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/wani.v62i0.860 Wani No.62 2010 pp.73-81 Ulwa bila aisanka tiwi auya ba kli raki bukaia wark ka nani dauki ba Blasi sturka nani bila wisa, wan almuka taim pyuwara yapti bila aisanka nani bara kan ba sut tilara, Ulwa bila ba kau kulkanka laka tara brikan. Baha bila buwi wala nani ra taibi kan Mosktia Tasbaya, Región Autónoma del Atlántico Norte (RAAN) wi yaba wina Chontales, Boaco bara Matagalpa departamento ka nani sut piskara. Kau Colon balras kainara, 15 tusin upla kum prais Ulwa bila ba ai yapti bila yus muni kan. Ispail nani buwi bliki rau munan, ulwa nani ba Nicaragua pacific saitka wina Caribian kabuka tasbaya saitra luwi, 1850 mankara Karawala tauwanka paski baungwan. Baku taka wina, Karawala tauwanka ba Ulwa nani iwaika tasbaya lalkika baku takan.Naiwa pyuwara 351 upla nani barasa naha bila aisasara. Naha ulbanka ra trai munisa tanka marikaia Ulwa Bila Kamitika bara bila aisanka nani laka tanka brarira uplika wala aikuki asla taki, Ulwa bila ba kli raki bukaia wark ka nani dauki ba tanka sirpi kum.Ulwatuniyulwaparasnikalahwapruyiknitubalna Ulwatunikidisausahyaknamakawayaihnitkaupak, Chontales, Boaco y Matagalpa kat yuyulwa dai.Salap minit kau singka tausin pitni kidi ulwa tuni yuyulwa dai baisa ispail balna ma sauki tingnina yak duduwa taimni balna yak. Ispayul balna yaklauwi taihwi di yayamda dai Nicaragua sauni papus kaupak dawi kalahninna, Caribikuma kung yaihnit balna yak walwi yalalahna kidi yak pamali tiaskau as manah watwi 1850 kurihni yak yalalahna, kaput dawak ulwa muihni sauni watna kidi laihKarawalapani kidi. Warmani kat kidi 351 muih tuni yulwa bangki. Adika wauhnitaya yak yulwi nining kawi Ulwa tuni yulwa yulni tanit dakwi nininglauwi kaiwa kal uduhna balna kulninna lani adika yak bangh ki tuni yulwa muihni dawak yulbarang yang balna adika tuniyulwa yak parasni anin kulnin duwi yamwa bang ki
Proyecto de ley de los pueblos indígenas del Centro, Norte y Pacífico de Nicaragua
Authors: Editor El
Published: October 2012

La paskaia bapan ka kum Nicaragua Lilapas, Yahbrika bara Pacific saitka ra patitara uplika kyamka iwi nani ba dukiara Naha wauhtaika na la kum paskaia bapan ka kum sa, Nicaragua Lila pas, Yahbrika bara Pacific ka sait ra patitara uplika kyamka iwi nani ba bui daukan. Naha laka brinka nani pali ba sika baha uplika nani ba silp ai klauna laka iwanka nani natka alkaia raitka nani kan kahbaia; la mawanra silp ai prapati ka bri uplika nani baku kulkanka yabaia baku sin ai gaverment ka, ai pyarkika bara ai raitka bapanka bri nani ba sut Nicaragua constitución ka wal wilkanka daukaia, witin nani ba Chorotega, Cacaopera, Nahoa bara Xiou kyamka nani wina bal takan uplika nani sa. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/wani.v62i0.862 Wani No.62 2010 pp.84-99 Proyecto de Ley de los pueblos indígenas del Centro, Norte y Pacífico de Nicaragua Adikawauhnitayaniningkadaakat Nicaragua sauni wadah (pacifico), ma kawa dawak papus pisni yak indian balna yalalahwa lani pruyiknitu parasni kalana ki dawak bik yamnin kulnin lani nunuhni kidi laih yalahwa lani kat ramhnina diyanin dawak bik kulnin aslah lani kat yalalahwarang adika pani balna dawak indian muihni balna bitik karak; muih as kapat la amanglanin dawak bik muih bitik muhnit yak ramhni kidi duwa atnin yalahwa lani as yamni, kaput bik silp yalahwa lani kat sauni tunan dunin, tunan kanindawaksipatnin, Nicaragua sauni lani dinit yak atnin. Kaput bik Apis tang anamayang adika lani pruyiknitu yulni dawak adika innidian balna yaklauwi isning pakna as yayamna ki dibik.
Resúmenes No.63
Authors: Editor El
Published: October 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/wani.v63i0.864 Wani No.63 2010 pp.2-5
¿Bienaventuranza o Desventura? Exploración de hidrocarburos en la Costa Caribe Nicaragüense
Authors: Del Cid Víctor del Cid
Published: October 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/wani.v63i0.865 Wani No.63 2010 pp.6-23
Derecho de las comunidades a su consentimiento previo sobre la explotación de los recursos naturales en la Costa Caribe de Nicaragua
Authors: Cunningham Lottie
Published: October 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/wani.v63i0.867 Wani No.63 2010 pp.31-39
Rehabilitación y Reconstrucción en Áreas Afectadas por el Huracán Félix en la Región Autónoma del Atlántico Norte (RAAN) 2008-2010
Authors: WANI Equipo
Published: October 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/wani.v63i0.868 Wani No.63 2010 pp.40-59
Imaging Evaluation of Dogs and Cats with Dysphagia
Authors: Pollard Rachel E.
Published: October 2012

The current literature is reviewed in this paper regarding the application of diagnostic imaging in the evaluation of swallowing disorders of the dog. The applications of radiography, contrast radiography, and contrast videofluoroscopy are discussed with pertinent case examples provided for emphasis. The indications for image-guided interventions are also described.
Anogenital Lesions: Kaposi's Sarcoma and Its Mimicks
Authors: van Bogaert Louis-Jacques
Published: October 2012

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a low-grade vascular neoplasm associated with human herpes virus-8 (HHV-8) infection, and, in the epidemic form, with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Although HHV-8 is present in all body fluids and is sexually transmitted, there are surprisingly few reports of anogenital KS. Clinically, especially in HIV/KS endemic areas, dark stained skin patches or nodules are prone to misdiagnosis, especially in dark-skinned individuals. Therefore, a biopsy is recommended. The histologic appearance spans a broad spectrum of KS and non-KS lesions; therefore, the final diagnosis should be confirmed by HHV-8 immunohistochemistry. We report a series of 36 anogenital biopsies from a group of 16 documented HIV-positive patients; in 20 the HIV serostatus was unknown. There were ten KS (five in HIV-positive patients), and 26 non-KS (11 in HIV-positive subjects) lesions. In the era of HIV/AIDS, anogenital lesions may be the first manifestation of KS in immunocompromised individuals and should be biopsied. The histological diagnosis should be confirmed by HHV-8 immunohistochemistry.
Hyperbolic Wheel: A Novel Hyperbolic Space Graph Viewer for Hierarchical Information Content
Authors: Lam Ho-Ching , Dinov Ivo D.
Published: October 2012

Tree and graph structures have been widely used to present hierarchical and linked data. Hyperbolic trees are special types of graphs composed of nodes (points or vertices) and edges (connecting lines), which are visualized on a non-Euclidean space. In traditional Euclidean space graph visualization, distances between nodes are measured by straight lines. Displays of large graphs in Euclidean spaces may not utilize efficiently the available space and may impose limitations on the number of graph nodes. The special hyperbolic space rendering of tree-graphs enables adaptive and efficient use of the available space and facilitates the display of large hierarchical structures. In this paper we report on a newly developed advanced hyperbolic graph viewer, Hyperbolic Wheel, which enables the navigation, traversal, discovery and interactive manipulation of information stored in large hierarchical structures. Examples of such structures include personnel records, disc directory structures, ontological constructs, web-pages and other nested partitions. The Hyperbolic Wheel framework provides an intuitive and dynamic graphical interface to explore and retrieve information about individual nodes (data objects) and their relationships (data associations). The Hyperbolic Wheel is freely available online for educational and research purposes.
Acid Corrosion Inhibition of Steel by Lamotrigine
Authors: Shylesha B. S. , Venkatesha T. V. , Praveen B. M. , Nataraja S. E.
Published: October 2012

Corrosion inhibition effect of lamotrigine on steel in 1.0 M HCl and 0.5 M H2SO4 was studied by techniques like weight loss, polarisation, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Results indicated that lamotrigine is more competent in HCl than in H2SO4 and is justified by scanning electron micrographs. Protection efficiency increased with the concentration of inhibitor and decreased with temperature. Adsorption study revealed the comprehensive adsorption of lamotrigine molecules on steel surface.
Variations in the Regulatory Region of Alpha S1-Casein Milk Protein Gene among Tropically Adapted Indian Native (Bos Indicus) Cattle
Authors: Kishore Amit , Mukesh Manishi , Sobti Ranbir C. , Mishra Bishnu P. , Sodhi Monika
Published: October 2012

Regulatory region of milk protein alpha S1-casein (αS1-CN) gene was sequenced, characterized, and analyzed to detect variations among 13 Indian cattle (Bos indicus) breeds. Comparative analysis of 1,587 bp region comprising promoter (1,418 bp), exon-I (53 bp), and partial intron-I (116 bp) revealed 35 nucleotide substitutions (32 within promoter region, 1 in exon-I, and 2 in partial intron-I region) and 4 Indels. Within promoter, 15 variations at positions −1399 (A > G), −1288 (G > A), −1259 (T > C), −1158 (T > C), −1016 (A > T), −941 (T > G), −778 (C > T), −610 (G > A), −536 (A > G), −521 (A > G), −330 (A > C), −214 (A > G), −205 (A > T), −206 (C > A), and −175 (A > G) were located within the potential transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs), namely, NF-κE1/c-Myc, GATA-1, GATA-1/NF-E, Oct-1/POU3F2, MEF-2/YY1, GATA-1, AP-1, POU1F1a/GR, TMF, GAL4, YY1/Oct-1, HNF-1, GRalpha/AR, GRalpha/AR, and AP-1, respectively. Seventy-four percent (26/35) of the observed SNPs were novel to Indian cattle and 11 of these novel SNPs were located within one or more TFBSs. Collectively, these might influence the binding affinity towards their respective nuclear TFs thus modulating the level of transcripts in milk and affecting overall protein composition. The study provides information on several distinct variations across indicine and taurine αS1-CN regulatory domains.
Customizable Rehabilitation Lower Limb Exoskeleton System
Authors: Stopforth Riaan
Published: October 2012

Disabled people require assistance with the motion of their lower limbs to improve rehabilitation. Exoskeletons used for lower limb rehabilitation are highly priced and are not affordable to the lowerincome sector of the population. This paper describes an exoskeleton lower limb system that was designed keeping in mind that the cost must be as low as possible. The forward kinematic system that is used must be a simplified model to decrease computational time, yet allow the exoskeleton to be adjustable according to the patient's leg dimensions.
The centennial of Bowen’s disease—a critical review on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of its original description
Authors: Weyers Wolfgang
Published: October 2012

Some issues are extremely simple if looked at without prejudice. This is also true for carcinomas. Carcinomas are malignant neoplasms of epithelial cells. Where are they going to arise? In the epithelium. Therefore, at the outset, they must be confined to the epithelium. How are they going to look in the beginning? Small and inconspicuous. How are they going to develop? They will grow and unfold the capacities with which they are endowed unless they are destroyed. This is nothing special but true for every living matter.

But unprejudiced reflection is difficult because we all adopt conceptions of our time that channel our thinking. For many centuries, carcinomas were never treated before they had metastasized. Recurrences were soon to occur, and most patients died shortly after seeking treatment. The incurability of cancer was so deeply rooted in the worldview of physicians that the diagnosis of cancer was always challenged when a patient survived. Because carcinomas were excised only in stages far advanced, the bulk of the tumor was present in the dermis or deeper structures. That circumstance prompted Rudolf Virchow in 1855 to suggest derivation of carcinomas from cells of connective tissue, a concept to which he adhered for many years afterward. In 1865, Carl Thiersch proved the epithelial origin of cancer, but he believed that the true reason for the epithelial proliferation was a pathological weakness of the connective tissue that enabled sprouts of epithelium to grow in. As late as in 1894, Hugo Ribbert averred that carcinomas did not result from growth of epithelium into connective tissue but from growth of connective tissue into the overlying epithelium [1].
Blue nevus with a starburst pattern on dermoscopy
Authors: Shiga Takeo , Nakajima Kimiko , Tarutani Masahito , Izumi Miki , Tanaka Masaru , Sano Shigetoshi
Published: October 2012

An 11-year-old girl presented to our department with a blue-gray papule approximately 4 mm in diameter. We suspected that it was a blue nevus or a pigmented Reed/Spitz nevus. On dermoscopic observation, the lesion showed homogeneous black-bluish pigmentation. This dermoscopic feature was suggestive of a blue nevus. However, near-circumferential streaks and a global feature of a “starburst pattern” were also observed, as is often found in a Reed/Spitz nevus. The lesion was excised and histological examination revealed spindle cells with melanin pigments diffusely present in the upper dermis and around hair follicles in the mid-dermis, but not in the epidermis. The melanocytic cells were arranged in a symmetrical wedge-shaped configuration. In addition, there was a diffuse fibrosis. Finally, we made a diagnosis of a blue nevus based on these findings.
Identificação de clusters internacionais com base nas dimensões culturais de Hofstede
Authors: Alcântara Valderí De Castro , Reis Paolla Carla dos , Menezes Raquel Santos Soares
Published: October 2012

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198346592451Considering that the culture of a country influences the organizational culture of this company and it is still a determining factor in the internationalization process becomes important to understand and measure the cultural characteristics of each country. The studies of Hofstede (1984) present a useful methodology for comparing cultures, this methodology takes into account the characteristics of a culture that allows to differentiate one from another country. Thus one can observe that certain countries share certain cultural traits and so it is possible grouping them according to predetermined criteria. The present work aims to utilize multivariate statistical procedures Cluster Analyses, K-Means Cluster Analysis and Discriminant Analysis to determine and validate groupings of countries based on Hofstede's cultural dimensions (Distance Index, Individualism, Masculinity and Uncertainty Avoidance Index). The results led to four clusters: Cluster 1 - countries with masculine culture and individualistic; Cluster 2 - collectivistic and uncertainty averse; Cluster 3 - feminine culture and low hierarchical distance and Cluster 4 - culture with high hierarchical distance and propensity to uncertainty.
O impacto da migração das empresas para os níveis diferenciados de governança corporativa da BM&F Bovespa sobre o risco e o retorno de suas ações
Authors: Silva Ricardo Luiz Menezes da , Nardi Paula Carolina Ciampaglia , Pimenta Junior Tabajara
Published: October 2012

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198346592599The transparency of information is important to diminish the asymmetry of information. The more quality information there is about the business, or financial and economic performance of a certain company, theoretically, the more one can expect a different perception of risk by the investor. The aim of this study was to verify whether the initiative of the companies to adhere to BMF BOVESPA’s Differentiated Levels of Corporate Governance impacts both at risk and return of the closing price of its shares. For that, daily returns of 252 days before and after the accession of companies to NDGC were used. Over the measures of absolute risk (standard deviation) and relative risk (beta), and return, Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests were made in order to analyze normality, as well as parametric test of paired means and Wilcoxon’s non-parametric test. The behaviors of the roles of 48 companies were analyzed. The results showed that the means of the returns of the companies’ shares showed no significant differences before and after the date of accession to NDGC. Moreover, the risk proxies were significantly different.
Fatores que influenciam na estrutura de capital das empresas listadas na Bovespa
Authors: Amado Tristão Pâmela , Rabelo Dutra Vanessa
Published: October 2012

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198346596279The aim of this work is to study the influence of variables size, profitability, growth and tangibility in the capital structure of firms which belong to the São Paulo Stock Exchange (BOVESPA) in 2010. Concerning this, it was developed a descriptive and quantitative study. It was made a multiple regression using the size, profitability, growth and tangibility as independent variables and the level of indebtedness as dependent variable, based on the data from the firms’ financial demonstrative. It has been concluded that the independent variables show a significant influence in the level of indebtedness when analyzed together. Though, when analyzed separately the only one which has shown a considerable influence is the tangibility. The other variables size, profitability and growth did not show any sign of influence in the regression models. The results obtained corroborate for future studies analyzing different variables in the capital structure.
Clovis Technology and Settlement in the American Southeast: Using Biface Analysis to Evaluate Dispersal Models
Authors: Smallwood Ashley M.
Published: October 2012

Kelly and Todd’s (1988) “high-technology forager” model predicts Clovis groups were highly mobile populations that left behind behaviorally consistent records of Clovis fluted points as evidence of their short-term occupations. Anderson’s (1990, 1996) staging-area model predicts that Clovis settlement was more gradual; groups entered the continent and slowed migration to concentrate territorial ranges around resource-rich river valleys, and these staging areas became the demographic foundations for early cultural regionalization. This study analyzes southeastern Clovis point data and biface assemblages from Carson-Conn-Short; Topper, and Williamson to test the technological implications of these two models. Significant subregional variation exists in Clovis point morphology and biface production techniques. This variation suggests the subregions represent distinct populations who distinctly altered aspects of their technology but maintained fundamental elements of the Clovis tradition. These findings are at odds with the high-technology forager model and more closely fit the staging-area model.
Beveled Projectile Points and Ballistics Technology
Authors: Lipo Carl P. , Dunnell Robert C. , O’Brien Michael J. , Harper Veronica , Dudgeon John
Published: October 2012

Explanations for beveled blade edges on projectile points have been debated in North America archaeology since the first systematic description oflithic assemblages in the nineteenth century. Debate has centered around two opposing perspectives. One views beveled edges as features of projectile points that cause them to spin during flight. The other views beveling as a product of edge resharpening that is done unifacially to conserve scarce resources. Here we use a fluid-dynamics model to simulate the effect beveling has on projectiles. Expectations derived from this modeling are evaluated using windtunnel experiments. Our findings indicate that beveling produces in-flight rotation that serves as a means of increasing accuracy in relatively low-velocity flight paths.
Mud Wasp Nests as Markers of Middle Holocene House Structures in the Central Mississippi Valley
Authors: Krakker James J.
Published: October 2012

Lumps of burned clay recovered from the Lepold site (23RI59) include four mud wasp nests deposited 5500 to 6200 BP. or perhaps slightly earlier. These provide indirect evidence of structures at the site. Existence of structures would be consistent with intensive occupation and increased occupation episode length evident at this site and elsewhere in the central Mississippi valley during the Middle Holocene.
Isoler et embrigader
Authors: Titley Brian , Beaudry Nicole , Larocque Robert
Published: October 2012

Entre 1870 et 1932, les écoles pour enfants autochtones régies par le gouvernement fédéral et par les principales Églises chrétiennes ressemblaient peu à celles qui desservaient les autres Canadiens dans leurs provinces respectives. Un étonnant partenariat entre l’Église et l’État, allié à une vision négative dominante des cultures autochtones, a eu pour effet de maintenir les différences entre l’éducation dans les réserves et les pratiques professionnelles usuelles. Devenue une forme d’évangélisation, l’éducation a eu recours à des méthodes coercitives et a été très mal supervisée, tout en étant peu perméable au changement. L’éducation faisait ainsi partie intégrante de l’appareil légal et institutionnel conçu dans le but d’asseoir l’autorité gouvernementale sur les communautés autochtones.
Éducation populaire et réappropriation autochtone du système de conseils communautaires de développement au Guatemala
Authors: Hébert Martin
Published: October 2012

La mise en place d’une structure de participation citoyenne fondée sur la création de conseils communautaires de développement (COCODES) au Guatemala est l’une des mesures inscrites dans les accords de paix de 1996 susceptible de promouvoir une plus grande justice distributive dans ce pays. Mais, même si elle est inscrite dans la loi, la création de ces comités se butte à la résistance des élites traditionnelles, en particulier celle des maires et des administrations municipales, qui voient leur pouvoir miné par cette nouvelle structure participative. Dans un tel contexte, marqué par une histoire de répression violente de l’activisme autochtone et de méfiance généralisée concernant la mise en place de structures autonomes face à l’État, les revendications autochtones ont trouvé un véhicule efficace au sein de mouvements dont l’objectif explicite est la simple application de la loi de participation citoyenne, et dans la promotion des COCODES. En surface, cette stratégie semble marquer un recul par rapport aux mouvements autonomistes observés dans d’autres régions d’Amérique latine, mais l’auteur de cet article soutient l’idée que, dans un contexte marqué par une grande histoire de violence, les initiatives autochtones pour l’application « de la loi » décrites ici sont, en fait, des formes de mobilisation politique et jouent un rôle important dans la contestation des discriminations traditionnelles.
La disparition de la langue huronne
Authors: Lainé Mathieu-Joffre
Published: October 2012

La date exacte de la disparition de la langue huronne est incertaine. De manière générale, les historiens estiment qu’elle a disparu au tournant du xxe siècle, mais il semble que ce soit plutôt au milieu du xixe siècle. En effet, les sources et les témoignages historiques dont nous disposons semblent indiquer que la langue huronne est tombée en désuétude entre 1829 et 1849. Il n’existe d’ailleurs aucune preuve historique permettant de croire que la langue huronne était parlée (ou même connue) par les aînés de Wendake au tournant du xxe siècle.
Le Plan Nord, monstre à deux têtes et autres chimères géographiques
Authors: Rivard Étienne , Desbiens Caroline
Published: October 2012

Ce texte cherche à dépeindre la duplicité du « Plan Nord » en matière de développement. Le Plan Nord présente en effet deux visages : si l’un d’eux affiche une image du développement axée sur les dimensions culturelle et sociale et permet d’envisager le Nord comme un chantier interculturel, l’autre visage, en contrepartie, accuse un regard essentiellement économiste et capitaliste du développement et prône l’exploitation rentable des ressources premières. Dans notre perspective, principalement géographique, les promoteurs et les acteurs du Plan Nord sont en voie d’imposer les vues « sudistes » sur le Nord et restent avant tout aveugles aux pistes de dialogue culturel qui se présentent à eux. Il s’agit là surtout d’un vieux scénario à la veille de se répéter.
La vertu politique
Authors: De Ligio Giulio
Published: October 2012

Nous présentons dans cet article les lignes de force du jugement politique de Raymond Aron au regard de la polarité ami-ennemi. À la lumière de cette question, la philosophie politique d’Aron a été réexaminée pour montrer son « intention » et la manière dont elle parvient à rendre raison du « dialogue » entre la politique intérieure et les relations internationales, la norme et l’exception, la « signification » de la politique (ou de l’ami) et la possibilité permanente de la guerre (ou de l’ennemi). L’analyse que fait Aron du « critère » du politique avancé par Carl Schmitt constitue un « cas éminent » de sa démarche. Nous cherchons donc dans cet article à définir « la leçon » du regard aronien en ce qui concerne l’intelligence du monde politique, de ses configurations changeantes et de son véritable sérieux.
Raymond Aron, réaliste néoclassique
Authors: Battistella Dario
Published: October 2012

Successivement apprécié, critiqué, et oublié, Raymond Aron a toujours été difficile à classer au sein de la discipline des Relations internationales. Parmi les recensions récentes dont son oeuvre a fait l’objet, celle de Michael Doyle fait une proposition intéressante, en y voyant un réaliste constitutionnaliste. Notre contribution se propose d’approfondir cette piste en montrant qu’Aron est en fait un réaliste néoclassique avant la lettre. Après avoir rappelé les points communs qu’Aron partage avec le réalisme classique de Morgenthau et le néoréalisme de Waltz, cet article démontre les affinités à la fois ontologiques et épistémologiques entre l’internationaliste français et les réalistes néoclassiques nord-américains qui ignorent qu’ils ignorent Aron.
Kronecker Algebra-based Deadlock Analysis for Railway Systems
Authors: Mittermayr Robert , Blieberger Johann , Schöbel Andreas
Published: October 2012

Deadlock analysis for railway systems differs in several aspects from deadlock analysis in computer science. While the problem of deadlock analysis for standard computer systems is well-understood, multi-threaded embedded computer systems pose new challenges. A novel approach in this area can easily be applied to deadlock analysis in the domain of railway systems. The approach is based on Kronecker algebra. A lazy implementation of the matrix operations even allows analysing exponentially sized systems in a very efficient manner. The running time of the algorithm does not depend on the problem size but on the size of the solution. While other approaches suffer from the fact that additional constraints make the problem and its solution harder, our approach delivers its results faster if constraints are added. In addition, our approach is complete and sound for railway systems, i.e., it generates neither false positives nor false negatives.
Designing Hub-and-Spoke School Bus Transportation Network: A Case Study of Wonkwang University
Authors: Kim Jun-Hyuk , Soh Soonhu
Published: October 2012

This paper provides a case study of hub-and-spoke school bus transportation network design. The case study here utilizes a mathematical model that is the P-median optimization model to determine optimal hub locations. The P-median problem is a combinatorial optimization problem that includes many binary variables and constraints. The selected objective of the model is to minimize the total travel time satisfying other operational constraints. To elevate usability of decision making in the future, we implement the simulation model through the template model in spreadsheet platform. The developed model is used as a future reference to find operational directions of school bus managing policy and also tested on the case of Wonkwang University.
Development and Usage of Travel Time Reliability Model for Urban Road Network under Ice and Snowfall Conditions
Authors: Leng Jun-Qiang , Feng Yu-Qin , Zhang Ya-Ping , He Yi
Published: October 2012

This paper discusses the travel time reliability of road network under ice and snowfall conditions. With the introduction of correction function for the influence of ice and snowfall conditions on free travel time and capacity, the function of travel time was established. According to the limitation of the current travel time reliability, the new definition was defined on the basis of quantifying the relationship between LOS (Level of Service) and travel time reliability. The breakthrough of the traditional idea that the route travel time reliability model was set by general series system was made by considering the route as a whole unit; instead of using a paralleling system; another breakthrough was made to calculate the weighted average travel time reliability of OD (Original Destination) pair. On the basis of OD pair travel time reliability, the road network reliability model was set up. A partial road network was taken as an example to validate the effectiveness and practicality of the evaluation methodology.
Influence of Parking Price on Parking Garage Users’ Behaviour
Authors: Simićević Jelena , Milosavljević Nada , Maletić Goran
Published: October 2012

Parking charge is a powerful tool for solving parking and traffic congestion problems. In order to achieve the expected effects without any adverse impact it is necessary to understand well the users’ responses to this policy. This paper, based on a sample of interviewed parking garage users, has developed binary logit model for identification and quantification of characteristics of users and trips, on which the acceptance of parking price is dependent. In addition, multinomial logit model has been made in order to predict what the users will opt for when faced with an increase in parking price. For the first time the parameter “shorten duration” has been introduced which has shown to be the most significant in making behaviour-related decisions. The results show that the users with the purpose work are the most sensitive to an increase in parking charge, what can be deemed positive for policy makers. However, great sensitivity of the users with the purpose shopping should cause their concern. The results of the multinomial model show that they would not discontinue coming into the area after all.
Functional and Economic Evaluations for Choosing Road Intersection Layout
Authors: Mauro Raffaele , Cattani Marco
Published: October 2012

The road intersection design requires a choice among different layouts, for example signalized intersections or roundabouts. Generally, layouts which provide higher level of services are the most expensive ones. For this reason, the choice has to consider both fixed and variable costs, the latter consisting in the delays suffered by the drivers crossing the junction. The paper presents a procedure to compare different layouts, taking into account the costs of construction, management/maintenance and delays. The cost of delay is estimated with different traffic conditions, by the evaluation of the layout performance, in terms of delays at the approaches. With the example traffic conditions and parameters values considered in the paper, the compact roundabout turns out to be the layout with the least overall cost. The examples of sensitivity analyses are also provided to understand the cost dependence on the parameters used.
Maxillary Verrucous Carcinoma Coincident With Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis of Colon Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Yano Kato Hatsumi , Ishibashi Hiroaki , Nariai Yoshiki , Hideshima Katsumi , Vieth Michael , Sekine Joji
Published: October 2012

Cervical lymph node metastasis is an extremely rare event in oral verrucous carcinoma. Isolated cervical lymph node metastasis of colon cancer is also rare. This article describes a case of maxillary verrucous carcinoma accompanied by colon adenocarcinoma that metastasized to a cervical lymph node in a 69-year-old Japanese woman. During preoperative evaluation for maxillary verrucous carcinoma, enlarged cervical lymph nodes and colon cancer were suspected by positron emission tomography. Colonoscopy with biopsies confirmed primary colon adenocarcinoma. Left radical neck dissection, partial maxillectomy, and full-thickness skin graft to the mucosa of the upper lip were performed before treatment of colon adenocarcinoma. Cervical lymph nodes showed metastasis from colon adenocarcinoma, and right hemicolectomy was performed. This is the first case report of synchronous oral verrucous carcinoma and colon adenocarcinoma with cervical lymph node metastasis.
Liver Hydatid Cyst Rupture Into the Peritoneal Cavity After Abdominal Trauma: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Yilmaz Mehmet , Akbulut Sami , Kahraman Aysegul , Yilmaz Sezai
Published: October 2012

The aim of this study was to review the literature regarding the rupture of hydatid cysts into the abdominal cavity after trauma. We present both a new case of hydatid cyst rupture that occurred after blunt abdominal trauma and a literature review of studies published in the English language about hydatid cyst rupture after trauma; studies were accessed from PubMed, Google Scholar, EBSCO, EMBASE, and MEDLINE databases. We identified 22 articles published between 2000 and 2011 about hydatid cyst rupture after trauma. Of these, 5 articles were excluded because of insufficient data, duplication, or absence of intra-abdominal dissemination. The other 17 studies included 68 patients (38 males and 30 females) aged 8 to 76 years who had a ruptured hydatid cyst detected after trauma. The most common trauma included traffic accidents and falls. Despite optimal surgical and antihelmintic therapy, 7 patients developed recurrence. Complications included biliary fistula in 5 patients, incisional hernia in 2 patients, and gastrocutaneous fistula in 1 patient. Death occurred from intraoperative anaphylactic shock in 1 patient and gastrointestinal bleeding and pulmonary failure in 1 patient. Rupture of a hydatid cyst into the peritoneal cavity is rare and challenging for the surgeon. This condition is included in the differential diagnosis of the acute abdomen in endemic areas, especially in young patients.
Radiologic and Endoscopic Characteristics of Laparoscopic Antireflux Wrap: Correlation With Outcome
Authors: Braghetto Italo , Korn Owen , Csendes Attila , Valladares Héctor , Davanzo Cristóbal , Debandi Aníbal
Published: October 2012

After antireflux surgery for gastroesophageal reflux disease, 10% to 15% of patients may have unsuccessful results as a result of abnormal restoration of the esophagogastric junction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the postoperative endoscopic and radiologic characteristics of the antireflux barrier and their correlation with the postoperative results. After surgery, endoscopic and radiologic features of the antireflux wrap were evaluated in 120 consecutive patients. Jobe's classification of the postoperative valve was used for the definition of a “normal” or “defective” wrap. Patients were evaluated 3 to 5 years later in order to determine the clinical and objective failed fundoplication. A “normal” antireflux wrap was associated with successful results in 81.7% of the patients. On the contrary, defective radiologic or endoscopic antireflux wrap was observed in 19% of cases. Among these patients, hypotensive lower esophageal sphincter was observed in 50% to 65% of patients, abnormal 24-hour pH monitoring in 91%, and recurrent postoperative erosive esophagitis in 50% of patients, respectively (P < 0.001). “Defective” antireflux fundoplication is associated with recurrent reflux symptoms, presence of endoscopic esophagitis, hypotensive lower esophageal sphincter, and abnormal acid reflux.
Preoperative Ambulatory Inspiratory Muscle Training in Patients Undergoing Esophagectomy. A Pilot Study
Authors: Agrelli Taciana Freitas , de Carvalho Ramos Marisa , Guglielminetti Rachel , Silva Alex Augusto , Crema Eduardo
Published: October 2012

A major decline in pulmonary function is observed on the first day after upper abdominal surgery. This decline can reduce vital and inspiratory capacity and can culminate in restrictive lung diseases that cause atelectasis, reduced diaphragm movement, and respiratory insufficiency. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of preoperative ambulatory respiratory muscle training in patients undergoing esophagectomy. The sample consisted of 20 adult patients (14 men [70%] and 6 women [30%]) with a diagnosis of advanced chagasic megaesophagus. A significant increase in maximum inspiratory pressure was observed after inspiratory muscle training when compared with baseline values (from −55.059 ± 18.359 to −76.286 ± 16.786). Preoperative ambulatory inspiratory muscle training was effective in increasing respiratory muscle strength in patients undergoing esophagectomy and contributed to the prevention of postoperative complications.
Mucocele of the Appendix: Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Demetrashvili Zaza , Chkhaidze Mamuka , Khutsishvili Kakhi , Topchishvili Gega , Javakhishvili Tamar , Pipia Irakli , Qerqadze Vakhtang
Published: October 2012

Appendiceal mucocele is a rare disease. Sometimes it is discovered accidentally and sometimes it resembles acute appendicitis. Correct diagnosis before surgery is very important for the selection of adequate surgical treatment to avoid intraoperative and postoperative complications. Ultrasonography, and particularly computed tomography, should be used extensively for this purpose. If mucocele is treated incorrectly pseudomyxoma peritonei, which is characterized by malignant process, may develop. We present a case of a 54-year-old man who was admitted to the emergency department with the signs of acute appendicitis. Open surgery was performed. At the time of surgery, a cystic mass of the appendix with dimensions 7 × 4 ×3 cm, with inflamed walls, but without perforation was discovered in the right iliac fossa. No discharge was found in the peritoneal cavity. Diagnosis of mucocele was suspected. Only appendectomy was performed because no pathologic process was found in the base of the appendix and lymph nodes were not increased in size. Hystopathologic diagnosis was mucinous cystadenoma. After 2 years, the patient is feeling well.
Torsion of the Gallbladder Diagnosed by Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography
Authors: Fukuchi Minoru , Nakazato Kenji , Shoji Hisanori , Naitoh Hiroshi , Kuwano Hiroyuki
Published: October 2012

Torsion of the gallbladder is a rare entity that is difficult to diagnose preoperatively, the principal differential diagnosis being cholecystitis. The condition occurs most often in the elderly. Although its etiology is unknown, the presence of a redundant mesentery is a prerequisite for torsion. Computed tomography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography can provide important diagnostic clues. Torsion of the gallbladder occurs when it twists axially, with subsequent occlusion of bile or blood flow. Therefore, prompt surgical treatment is necessary in order to prevent necrosis and perforation. In the present study, we report a case of torsion of the gallbladder diagnosed by magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography. This condition was successfully treated by laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Clinical Outcomes After Restorative Proctocolectomy With Ileal Pouch Anal Anastomosis Using Ultrasonically Activated Scalpel for Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Ikeuchi Hiroki , Uchino Motoi , Matsuoka Hiroki , Bando Toshihiro , Takesue Yoshio , Tomita Naohiro
Published: October 2012

We compared 3 different initial operative procedures performed in patients with ulcerative colitis who underwent an ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) procedure with a Harmonic Scalpel (HS). We selected 775 patients who underwent a restorative proctocolectomy with a mucosectomy using an HS and hand-sewn IPAA. Ninety-six patients underwent a total colectomy (3-stage procedure) as the initial operation, whereas 258 underwent IPAA without ileostomy (1-stage procedure) and 421 underwent IPAA with ileostomy (2-stage procedure). There were no significant differences regarding early pouch functional rate among the 3 groups. After 5 years with a functioning ileal pouch, the survival rates for the total colectomy, IPAA with ileostomy, and IPAA without ileostomy groups were 100%, 99.3%, and 99.0%, respectively. There was low operative mortality, and acceptable rates of early and late complications in patients with ulcerative colitis who underwent a restorative proctocolectomy and IPAA using an HS.
Home Treatment of Uncomplicated Acute Diverticulitis
Authors: Rueda Juan C. , Jimenez Andrea , Caro Aleidis , Feliu Francisco , Escuder Jorge , Gris Fernando , Spuch Juan , Vicente Vicente
Published: October 2012

Diverticular disease of the colon is a common disease, mainly in the population over 50 years of age. In acute forms of presentation, we considered home treatment in those patients that were classified as having uncomplicated forms by means of clinical presentation and a computed tomography of the abdomen. According to these criteria, we treated 38 patients at home and admitted 18 patients to the hospital during the same period of time. No severe complications developed in the home-treatment patients. Home treatment is an effective alternative treatment for patients with uncomplicated acute diverticulitis. In uncomplicated acute diverticulitis, home treatment benefits the patient, over hospitalization, by allowing better management of resources and by keeping the patient in a familiar environment where there is no risk of a nosocomial infection.
Phylogeography of mitochondrial haplogroup D1: An early spread of subhaplogroup D1j from Central Argentina
Authors: García Angelina , Pauro Maia , Nores Rodrigo , Bravi Claudio M. , Demarchi Darío A.
Published: October 2012

We analyzed the patterns of variation of haplogroup D1 in central Argentina, including new data and published information from other populations of South America. Almost 28% (107/388) of the individuals sampled in the region belong to haplogroup D1, whereas more than 52% of them correspond to the recently described subhaplogroup D1j (Bodner et al.: Genome Res 22 (2012) 811–820), defined by the presence of additional transitions at np T152C–C16242T–T16311C to the nodal D1 motif. This lineage was found at high frequencies across a wide territory with marked geographical–ecological differences. Additionally, 12 individuals present the mutation C16187T that defines the recently named subhaplogroup D1g (Bodner et al.: Genome Res 22 (2012) 811–820), previously described in populations of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. Based on our results and additional data already published, we postulate that the most likely origin of subhaplogroup D1j is the region of Sierras Pampeanas, which occupies the center and part of the northwestern portion of Argentina. The extensive yet restricted geographical distribution, the relatively large internal diversity, and the absence or low incidence of D1j in other regions of South America suggest the existence of an ancient metapopulation covering the Sierras Pampeanas, being this lineage its genetic signature. Further support for a scenario of local origin for D1j in the Sierras Pampeanas stems from the fact that early derivatives from a putative ancestral lineage carrying the transitions T16311C–T152C have only been found in this region, supporting the hypothesis that it might represent an ancestral motif previous to the appearance of D1j‐specific change C16242T. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.