bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Health-Enhancing and Health-Compromising Lifestyles
Authors: Elliott Delbert S
Published: November 2023

Health has typically been defined as the absence of disease. By this definition of health, the adolescent population in the United States is relatively healthy; adolescence could even be viewed as the peak period of health during the life span for persons living in developed countries. Why then is there a concern over adolescent health? As the editors note in Chapter 1, our conceptualization of disease, illness, and health, and our understanding of the etiology and epidemiology of mortality and morbidity, have changed dramatically during the past decade. In developed countries, we now face a serious health crisis involving new sources of mortality and morbidity (O’Neill, 1983; World Health Organization [WHO], 1981). Of particular relevance to adolescents are diseases of lifestyle, the health consequences resulting from poverty and unemployment, and premature deaths resulting from risky behavior and accidents generally (Noack, 1987, p. 5). Indeed, the vast majority of all adolescent deaths and a substantial proportion of all adolescent morbidity can be attributed to one or more of these causes (Chapter 1). The prevalence rates for accidents, homicide, and suicide, the three major causes of death among adolescents, have been increasing over the past two decades (National Center for Health Statistics, 1980). Since risky behavior is a major contributing factor to the accident rate among adolescents and appears to be a characteristic of a particular lifestyle, it would appear that the major sources of adolescent mortality and morbidity in the United States can be linked to two general factors: (1) certain personal lifestyles and (2) social environments that involve high health risks.
Promoting Oral Health in Adolescents
Authors: Albino Judith E N , Lawrence Sandra D
Published: November 2023

In considering the potential health risks of adolescents, oral health issues often remain in the background. Oral health problems generally are not life-threatening, nor are they perceived as having the social impact of high-risk behaviors such as smoking, substance abuse, or unsafe sexual behavior. Yet when 1,400 adolescents were asked about health problems, dental health ranked second in importance, after nervousness (Sternlieb & Munan, 1972). Many oral health behaviors significantly affect physical and psychological health during adolescence, while others have potentially serious effects on future health status. Oral diseases can result in pain, discomfort, and functional problems. Moreover, the teeth and mouth are particularly salient aspects of physical appearance. As the instruments of speech, they play a major role in interpersonal communication, and any defects in appearance are highly visible.
Promoting Safety in Adolescents
Authors: Hingson Ralph , Howland Jonathan
Published: November 2023

In 1988 more than 96,000 Americans died as a result of unintentional injuries, the fourth leading cause of death in this country (National Safety Council, 1989). Injury disproportionately affects young people and is the greatest killer of persons between the ages of 1 and 37 (National Committee for Injury Prevention and Con­ trol, 1989) and the number one cause of loss of productive years prior to age 65. Injury refers to damage resulting from acute exposure to physical or chemical agents (Haddon & Baker, 1981). The term accident formerly signified “events lead­ ing to injuries,” but research shows that these events form patterns; they are not random, as the term accident implies.
Subordination or Empowerment?
Authors: Keiser Richard A
Published: November 2023

Why have Blacks won political empowerment in some cities and in others remained subordinated or had their achievements rolled back? Why do some cities have many Black leaders with multi-racial appeal while other cities have none? Subordination or Empowerment answers these questions through detailed historical examinations of the Black struggle for political power in Chicago, Gary, Philadelphia, and Atlanta. Keiser argues that electoral competition among White factions has created opportunities for Black leaders to win genuine political empowerment and avoid subordination. When electoral competition among Whites does not exist, Black votes lose their electoral leverage, leading to the rise of extra-electoral strategies. Keiser’s dynamic theory of leadership formation explains the current appeal of Black separatism and messianism at the local and national levels and the consequent rise of leaders such as Louis Farakhan, and offers a rejoinder to Cornel West’s critique of Black leadership in Race Matters.
Power Over People
Authors: Young Louise B
Published: November 2023

For most of us, life is spent in one vast electromagnetic field. In the office we sit in front of computer terminals, at home, in front of the television. We cook our meals in microwave ovens, trim our hedges with electric shears, illuminate our houses, workplaces, and streets with incandescent and fluorescent lighting. And until only recently, the potential hazards imposed by life in the shadows of high-voltage power lines have hardly been considered. First published in 1973, Power Over People was the first book to address the frightening potential side effects of our dependence on electrical energy. Now brought up to date with a new introduction, and including an epilogue that offers the most current studies and findings available today, this classic book is more timely than ever. Louise Young here lays bare the short-sighted, materialistic policies of the electric power industry, showing how power and the conglomerates that produce it have clearly won out over rights and safety concerns of people. She provides disturbing documentary evidence that demonstrates how long-term exposure to radiation from power lines can cause brain cancer, childhood leukemia, as well as damage to the nervous system. Through the course of the book we come to understand that what is often blindly accepted as “progress” can mean the inexorable advance of environmental destruction and the withering—rather than enhancing—of the quality of life in America. Based on a case-study of a small, rural community in Ohio, Young shows in compelling fashion what happens when a grass-roots group of concerned citizens resists the construction of the world's largest electrical transmission towers, literally in their own backyards. Her story of their ultimate failure becomes a stinging indictment of indifferent government agencies and the lax laws that fail to protect the environment. Lively, readable, and, at times, even shocking, this is a book for environmentally-minded and safety-conscious readers of the 1990s. Its wealth of information, its incisive analysis, and its bold confrontation of facts we can no longer afford to ignore make Power Over People a book everyone should read and reflect upon.
Ohio Power Company versus Clovis Strasbow
Authors: Young Louise B
Published: November 2023

On the 23rd of January, 1971, Clovis Strasbow’s family was served with a summons to appear in the Court of Common Pleas of Vinton County on a complaint filed by the Ohio Power Company in its attempt to appropriate a right-of-way for the transmission line across their property.
Progress Comes to Zilchville, U.S.A.
Authors: Young Louise B
Published: November 2023

Two bulldozers from the Ohio Power Company rumbled slowly up the narrow lane to Aunt Kiz’s place very early on a summer morning. A thin haze obscured the newly risen sun and dimmed its light, as though nature had drawn a veil over the day. The mist lay like white clouds in the little valleys, softening the outlines of the fence rows and blending the colors of golden wheat field with green pasture and yellow drifts of sweet clover. In the stillness of the morning .the bawling of a bereaved cow mourning for her weaned calf could be heard, sad and insistent from far away.
A Fictive People
Authors: Zboray Ronald J
Published: November 2023

This book explores an important boundary between history and literature: the antebellum reading public for books written by Americans. Zboray describes how fiction took root in the United States and what literature contributed to the readers’ sense of themselves. He traces the rise of fiction as a social history centered on the book trade and chronicles the large societal changes shaping, circumscribing, and sometimes defining the limits of the antebellum reading public. A Fictive People explodes two notions that are commonplace in cultural histories of the nineteenth century: first, that the spread of literature was a simple force for the democratization of taste, and, second, that there was a body of nineteenth-century literature that reflected a “nation of readers.” Zboray shows that the output of the press was so diverse and the public so indiscriminate in what it would read that we must rethink these conclusions. The essential elements for the rise of publishing turn out not to be the usual suspects of rising literacy and increased schooling. Zboray turns our attention to the railroad as well as private letter writing to see the creation of a national taste for literature. He points out the ambiguous role of the nineteenth-century school in encouraging reading and convincingly demonstrates that we must look more deeply to see why the nation turned to literature. He uses such data as sales figures and library borrowing to reveal that women read as widely as men and that the regional breakdown of sales focused the power of print.
Using Coherence Assumptions to Discover the Underlying Causes of the Sensory Input
Authors: Hinton G E , Becker S
Published: November 2023

This chapter is based on a conference talk given by the first author. In order to make the ideas as intelligible as possible we have attempted to preserve the informal style of the talk. Some of the more technical details can be found in Hinton and Becker (1990), and the full details are given in Becker and Hinton (1989). During the last decade people have discovered new learning procedures for multi-foyer networks of simple neuron-like units. Using these new procedures they have succeeded in getting neural networks to solve much more complicated tasks than was previously possible.
The Congress and Defense Policy Since Vietnam
Authors: Blechman Barry M
Published: November 2023

Throughout the summer and fall of 1987 the nation was treated to the spectacle of the U.S. Senate striving desperately to save itself from itself. Over a six-month period, against the determined efforts of a small band of Democratic and Republican senators, the majority of the Senate employed an extraordinary series of parliamentary and rhetorical maneuvers to avoid invoking the “war powers” it had been granted in a historic struggle with the executive branch only fourteen years before.
Arms Control
Authors: Blechman Barry M
Published: November 2023

For all its closer attention to weapon programs and military spending, the Congress's role in U.S. defense policy has changed most dramatically with respect to efforts to control arms. As Vietnam stimulated greater congressional activism in defense policy in the 1970s, the stalemate in nuclear negotiations at the start of the 1980s led to renewed congressional initiatives. The analogy is striking. In both cases, growing popular concerns about international events catalyzed grass-roots political movements that, in tum, induced the Congress to change executive branch policies. In both cases, the popular political pressures overwhelmed the bureaucracy's resistance.
Covert Operations
Authors: Blechman Barry M
Published: November 2023

The withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan in 1989 concluded one of the largest and most successful covert operations ever mounted by the United States. Costing more than $2 billion over eight years, the program to arm and train Afghani Mujaheddin achieved an objective that Congressman Charles Wilson (D.-Tex.) characterized as being “completely beyond the realm of anyone’s imagination” at its outset. The successful Afghan operation is a demonstration of cooperation between the executive and the legislature at their best. Not only was the Congress able to review and discuss the operation over a protracted period of time without any breach of security, but it was the Congress that took the initiative to expand the program’s ambition and scope.
Neurobiology of Memory: The Significance of Anomalous Findings
Authors: Bures Jan
Published: November 2023

The neurobiology of learning and memory is a relatively young discipline with a vague status that lacks a unifying theory. Facts are accumulating at a rate that vastly exceeds our capability to explain them. Research strategies highly valued in physics find little application in neurobiology. The almost obsessive interest of physicists in anomalies, an attitude that has led to the discovery of planets, subatomic particles, big bang, and superconductivity, is not seen in neurobiology, where it is often difficult to distinguish an anomaly from the normal state of affairs, to recognize an anomalous phenomenon against the background variability of the process studied. Even when the oddity of a finding is obvious and proved beyond any doubt, it is easier to consider it an enigmatic exception than to seek an explanation requiring a fundamental revision of the accepted beliefs. I believe that our discipline is mature enough to face embarrassing facts and that the study of anomalies will not undermine the coherence of the field but open the way to more comprehensive cross-level synthesis of cellular, systemic, and behavioral investigations.
The Development of Learning and Memory in Aplysia
Authors: Carew Thomas J , Marcus Emilie A , Nolen Thomas G , Rankin Catharine H , Stopper Mark
Published: November 2023

Few issues have captured the imagination of psychologists more than the fundamental question of how, over a lifetime, animals are able to acquire a vast amount of information, store it in their brains, and retrieve it in one form or another for use at a later time. The depth and complexity of this question are reflected in the many rich and diverse approaches psychologists and neurobiologists have taken in analyzing mechanisms of learning and memory. As exemplified by the contributors to this volume, these approaches range from the analysis of membrane currents and molecular events in individual neurons to the investigation of computational strategies in highly complex neural networks. A unifying theme underlying all these approaches is a fascination with the remarkable capacity of animals to learn and remember.
Functional Forms of Human Memory
Authors: Johnson Marcia K
Published: November 2023

Several recent theories of memory can be classed as “functional subsystems” approaches. They share the ideas that human memory is composed of distinguishable subsystems that serve different behavioral and cognitive functions, operate according to different laws, and are represented by different neural structures or mechanisms. These subsystems may develop at different rates from infancy to adulthood, and they may be differentially susceptible to disruption from alcohol and other drugs, aging, disease, or injury (e.g., Cohen, 1984; Johnson, 1983; Squire, 1982; Tulving, 1983; Warrington & Weiskrantz, 1982).
A Network Model for Learned Spatial Representation in the Posterior Parietal Cortex
Authors: Andersen Richard A , Zipser David
Published: November 2023

Anatomists and neurophysiologists who study the cerebral cortex generally believe that they are studying a hard-wired, genetically determined circuitry. It is usually assumed that it is only during brief “critical periods” that the cortex is amenable to changes dictated by exposure to the environment which fine tune its structure. However, recent evidence suggests that the cortex is very plastic and that this plasticity extends into adult life (see Merzenich, Recanzone, Jenkins, Allard, & Nudo, in press, for review). In the experiments described in this chapter, combined neurophysiological and computational approaches were used to investigate how the posterior parietal cortex of macaque monkeys represents the location of visual stimuli in craniotopic coordinates (Andersen & Zipser, 1988; Zipser & Andersen 1988). A computer-generated network model was designed to learn stimulus locations in craniotopic space based on eye and retinal position inputs that were modeled on similar signals derived from the recording data and are assumed to be inputs to the posterior parietal cortex. The units in the network that map from input to output were found to develop the same response properties as a large subset of cells found in area 7a of the posterior parietal cortex. These experiments suggest that the spatial representation found in area 7a is in fact learned by associating eye position with retinal inputs.
Cortical Localization of Working Memory
Authors: Goldman-Rakic Pa Tricia S
Published: November 2023

Working memory is the term applied by cognitive psychologists and theorists to the type of memory that is relevant only for a short period of time, usually on the scale of seconds. This criterion-relevant only transiently-distinguishes working memory from almost every other form of memory in which the contents are stable over time. Thus working memory can be distinguished easily from what has been termed reference memory (Olton, Becken, & Handelmann, 1979), declarative memory (Squire & Cohen, 1984), semantic memory (Tulving, 1972), procedural memory (Squire & Cohen, 1984), and habit (Mishkin, Malamut, & Bachevalier, 1984)-all of which have in common that their contents do not depend on current experience or where or when the information was learned.
Neural Networks and Networks of Neurons
Authors: Lynch Gary , Larson John , Muller Dominique , Granger Richard
Published: November 2023

Neural network models hold the promise of serving as a bridge, or translator, between the more familiar worlds of physiology and behavior. Behavior emerges from the collective activities of brain cells linked together in spatiotemporal patterns, and those activities are the result of the anatomical and physiological properties of individual neurons. Unfortunately, even a reasonably complete description of cellular neurobiology does not necessarily lead to precise predictions about the types of interactions that might occur between neurons in a particular brain region-let alone predictions about the coherent spatiotemporal patterns that presumably underlie visible behavior. It is easy to understand why this should be the case. Temporal interactions between any large group of objects are inherently difficult subjects for analysis; one need go no further than classical physics (e.g., celestial and statistical mechanics) to see this. Moreover, the influences that brain cells have over each other are by no means simple (i.e., synaptic responses are complex) and are transmitted via complicated architectures with any number of specialized and often subtle design features. In all, the objects of interest (neurons) are of several types, possess a host of relevant characteristics, and sense and exert a variety of influences over convoluted networks.
The Structure and Relations of Neopatriarchy
Authors: Sharabi Hisham
Published: November 2023

A basic thesis of this study proceeds from the assumption that the category class by itself is not sufficient for a proper grasp of the essential character of neopatriarchalism. We need a perspective from which we can at once glimpse the historical, developmental aspect of neopatriarchal society as well as its inner dynamics. According to Marx, the impulse to development is the maturation of humanity’s productive powers (forces of production). And when he speaks of development he has in mind a broad evolutionary process. This concept, while indispensable for accounting for social change over the long duration, over shoots the narrower spaces of single epochs and specific events that compose the broad movement of history. Only in this narrower context does the cultural specificity of particular societies come into view and lend itself to closer analysis. A narrower perspective also endows superstructural elements with explanatory value; social reality, when made more specifically determinate, appears in its full concreteness and complexity. Critical analysis has to accommodate itself to this narrower approach by addressing a wider range of sociopsychological phenomena and by borrowing from the language and categories of other disciplines.
The Sociohistorical Origins of Neopatriarchy
Authors: Sharabi Hisham
Published: November 2023

Here we ought to pause for a brief overview of the sociohistorical development of (neo)patriarchy. Central among the considerations we will raise is the question of feudalism, which, according to Samir Amin, is the kind of social formation that did not arise in the Arab world until the late nineteenth century, and then only as a result of European imperialism.1 Perhaps of equal importance is the problem of institutional-legal modernization under the Ottomans in the nineteenth century, which led to the transformation of property ownership and the formation of a big landlord class. Politically, the crucial development is that involving the new ideological consciousness centered on social and political change, as reflected in secular liberalism and Islamic reformism. The final topic deserving our attention is the emergence in a modern form of the petty sultanate-small nation-state as the dominant form of state power following national independence.
A History of the Supreme Court
Authors: Schwartz Bernard
Published: November 2023

The United States Supreme Court is the least examined branch of the United States government. Yet it has been at the centre of the major controversies in American history and Chief Justices like John Marshall and Earl Warren have shaped the United States as dramatically as any president. In this single-volume narrative history, Bernard Schwartz brings to life the personalities and the controversies that have animated the highest court of the United States. Schwartz is one of the premier scholars of American Constitutional law, and with an ability to bring clarity to complex legal matters, he illuminates the cases that have changed the course of history. He sheds new light on the colourful personalities and the tense politics behind decisions like Dred Scott, Lochner, Brown vs. Board of Education, and Roe vs. Wade.
Aphasic Syndromes
Authors: Caplan David
Published: November 2023

Webster’s Dictionary defines syndrome “a number of symptoms occurring together and characterizing a particular disease.” This definition indicates that a syndrome ties a number of phenomena together. The simplest way for symptoms to be tied together is for them to co-occur (the first feature of a syndrome in Webster’s definition). The second feature— that symptoms that co-occur constitute a disease—is more a complex matter. The notion of a disease suggests a common pathogenesis and/or etiology, and/or natural history, and/or response to intervention. Of these features of diseases, some, such as a common natural history and response to intervention, are similar to co-occurrence of symptoms in that they may be simply facts that are observed about symptoms. Others—a common pathogenesis or etiology—require a deeper understanding of a disease, which can only be discovered by studying the mechanisms whereby the disease exerts its effects. From this perspective, calling a set of symptoms a syndrome may be thought of as a step toward understanding pathogenesis and etiology.
Acquired Dyslexia
Authors: Coslett H Branch
Published: November 2023

Disorders of reading are frequently encountered in patients with acquired cerebral lesions. Investigations in the past few decades have improved our understanding of these disorders. In this chapter, we review the peripheral dyslexias, including neglect dyslexia, attentional dyslexia, and pure alexia (or alexia without agraphia), as well as the “central” dyslexias, including deep, surface, and phonological dyslexia. Current accounts of acquired dyslexia are also discussed. Finally, we briefly describe the reading tasks that serve to differentiate the different reading disorders.
Neglect and Related Disorders
Authors: Heilman Kenneth M , Watson, Robert T , Valenstein Edward
Published: November 2023

Unilateral neglect is the failure to report, respond, or orient to novel or meaningful stimuli presented in a specific location, when this failure cannot be attributed to either sensory or motor defects (Heilman, 1979). Neglect may be spatial or personal. Hemispatial neglect may occur in three spatial reference frames: body centered, environmentally centered, and object centered. One may be inattentive to stimuli in space or on the person (attentional or sensory neglect). A person might fail to act in a portion of space, in a spatial direction, or to use a portion of one’s body (intentional or motor neglect). Many specific disorders have been described, distinguished by their presumed underlying mechanisms, the distribution of the abnormal behavior, and the means of eliciting the behavior. Different behavioral manifestations may occur at different times, and in some patients certain manifestations are never seen.
Feral Pigeons
Authors: Johnston Richard F , Janiga Marián
Published: November 2023

Feral pigeons are among the most familiar and abundant birds in the world, urban creatures living in close association with humans yet possessing the characteristics of highly adapted wild birds. However, they are seldom studied, even though the domesticated pigeon has long been one of the major bird models for laboratory research. This definitive monograph focuses on the population, biology, and behavioral ecology of feral pigeons, including a thorough listing of primary references of U.S. and European scholarly literature. Professional and amateur ornithologists, pigeon breeders, and students will find this an invaluable and fascinating study of a species that has evolved from familiar breeds of domesticated birds.
Reproductive success and mortality
Authors: Johnston Richard F , Janiga Marián
Published: November 2023

Annual reproductive success (ARS) of an individual or pair of pigeons is the total of squabs successfully reared to fledging in the course of an annual reproductive bout. We know that ARS varies ontogenetically within individuals, annually within a colony, and geographically among colonies. Data are summarized for 11 localities in Table 18.1.
Insight and Delusions
Authors: Garety Phillipa A
Published: November 2023

Delusion is a key concept in psychosis, representing the symptom that epitomizes madness. For Karl Jaspers, the German phenomenologist, whose writings have so influenced Anglo-American psychiatry, a delusion “constitutes a transformation of one’s total awareness of reality” (Jaspers, 1913/1959). Contemporary definitions of delusion reflect Jasper’s views-for example, the DSM-IV definition states: a false personal belief based upon incorrect inference about external reality that is firmly sustained despite what almost everyone else believes and despite what constitutes incontrovertible and obvious proof or evidence to the contrary. The belief is not one ordinarily accepted by other members of the person’s culture or sub-culture. (APA, 1995, p. 783).
Representations in Consciousness and the Neuropsychology of Insight
Authors: Kinsbourne Marcel
Published: November 2023

It is now generally agreed that consciousness in some manner arises from the activity of the brain (CIBA Foundation, 1993). Therefore, how one conceptualizes the brain basis of consciousness depends on one’s working model of how information flows and is processed and represented in the brain. More specifically, since we are aware of the content of representations that result from processing, and not of the processing itself (Lashley, 1956), the neuropsychology of consciousness deals with representations. It inquires into the nature and distribution of the cell assemblies whose activity contribute that representation of the experience of the moment. In this discussion I shall first consider, in principle, the requirements that any representation has to meet for its content to be reflected in consciousness. Must such representations be in a particular part of the brain, in some special state of activation, and at a particular stage of information processing? Or is any representation eligible to compete for a presence in consciousness? Having reached some provisional conclusions about these matters, I shall apply these conclusions to those representations whose contents include self-awareness, including insight into one’s own actions and one’s situation in the world.
Inside Knowledge Cultural Constructions of Insight in Psychosis
Authors: Kirmayer Laurence J , Corin Ellen
Published: November 2023

CASE Martin was a 30-year-old unmarried, unemployed man who presented to the emergency room with the certain knowledge that he was to be admitted to the psychiatric ward to be executed for crimes he did not commit. When asked how he came to this conviction, he reported that he had noticed a license plate on a passing car that read “K2DR” and immediately knew that this was a reference to the “K-2 Diaries;’ documents that had been forged by the FBI or some other malevolent agency to frame him for murder and, thus, precipitate his incarceration, trial, and execution in a Kafkaesque nightmare.
Geometric Methods for Discrete Dynamical Systems
Authors: Easton Robert W
Published: November 2023

This book is for those interested in dynamical systems. It assumes a solid undergraduate training in mathematics. Geometrical methods are developed to study the process of iteration, which involves taking the output of a function and feeding it back as input. Iteration processes are used to produce fractals and wavelets, and to numerically approximate solutions to ordinary and partical differential equations. Each iteration procedure generates a discrete dynamical system. These systems are at the heart of many numerical algorithms. Essentially all mathematical models of evolving physical systems can be viewed as discrete dynamical systems. This book attempts to present the fundamental ideas of discrete dynamical systems as clearly and geometrically as possible. Illustrative examples of dynamical systems are presented in the first chapter. The second chapter gives a review of the typology of metric spaces. The third presents basic results and establishes a philosophy of dynamics which is strongly influenced by the work of Charles Conley. The stable manifold and local structural stability theorems are presented in the fourth chapter. Invariant sets and isolating blocks are defined in the fifth. The sixth develops what is called the Conley Index in the context of discrete dynamics, and the final chpater covers measure-preserving and symplectic maps. The book would be suitable for use as a main text for a graduate course in dynamical systems, and as a reference for engineers and scientists.
Indicators of Climatic and Biospheric Change: Evidence from Tree Rings
Authors: Jacoby Gordon C , D’Arrigo Rosanne D
Published: November 2023

In the field of dendrochronology, annual growth ring measurements of old-aged trees are developed into high-resolution, precisely dated time series that reflect climatic and biospheric change over recent centuries to millennia. These records can help to assess whether recent temperature increases, coinciding with the period of enhanced levels of anthropogenic trace gases, exceed the natural variability of the climate system. This quantitative growth information can also be used to determine if natural vegetation is being influenced by direct CO2 fertilization or nutrient change along with climate-induced (anthropogenic or natural) growth variation.
Biofeedback in the Ocean in Response to Climate Change
Authors: Rowe Gilbert T , Baldauf Jack G
Published: November 2023

This chapter considers the likelihood that biological processes in the ocean, in response to changes in climate, may produce feedback mechanisms that accentuate climate change. The oceans cover 71% (361 x 106 km2) of the earth’s surface and sustain a significant fraction of global photosynthesis. The rate of net primary production in the ocean is estimated to be about 29 petagrams (Pg) (=1015 g) carbon per year (J. Walsh 1988), although estimates of more than 40 Pg carbon per year (S. Smith and Hollibaugh 1993) have been made. This total represents 25-50% of the annual global photo synthetic production. A significant fraction of the photosynthesis in the ocean is confined to microscopic single-celled phytoplankton rather than large attached plants.
What We Need to Know: Some Priorities for Research on Biotic Feedbacks in a Changing Biosphere
Authors: Billings W D
Published: November 2023

There are two main sources of facts on biotic feedbacks in a changing world: (1) constant monitoring of whole ecosystems at all levels, both physical and biological, and (2) quantitative measurement and experimentation, both in nature and in controlled environments, using the main biological components of ecosystems. Of paramount importance to understanding biotic feedbacks globally is the use of improved and continuous instrumental monitoring. Continuous remote sensing and in situ measurements of the structure and fluxes within the biosphere and among its component biomes are now possible.
Strategies for Measuring Stress in Studies of Psychiatric and Physical Disorders
Authors: Cohen Sheldon , Kessler Ronald C , Gordon Lynn Underwood
Published: November 2023

Stress has long been a major focus among researchers interested in environmental and psychosocial influences on health. However, the way in which the term “stress” has been used in this voluminous literature has not been consistent. Indeed, some commentators have gone as far as to argue that the term stress has so many different meanings that it has become a useless concept (Ader, 1980; Elliot & Eisdorfer, 1982). Although we disagree with this premise, we recognize that there is confusion about the meaning and measurement of stress. This volume attempts to clear up some of that confusion by providing conceptual and practical advice for formulating questions about the relation between stress and disease and for selecting appropriate stress measures to test these questions.
Measurement of Chronic Stressors
Authors: Lepore Stephen J
Published: November 2023

There are many reasons why investigators may wish to identify and measure chronic stressors, or distinguish chronic stressors from more episodic ones. One reason is that theoretically it is more plausible to link diseases that have a long-term development or onset phase, such as cardiovascular diseases, to stressors that are persistent and repeated rather than time-limited and episodic (cf. House, 1987; Krantz, Contrada, Hill, & Friedler, 1988; Chapter l, this volume).
A Gentleman of Color
Authors: Winch Julie
Published: November 2023

In A Gentleman of Color, Julie Winch provides a vividly written, full-length biography of James Forten, one of the most remarkable men in 19th-century America. Forten was born in 1766 into a free black family. As a teenager he served in the Revolution and was captured by the British. Rejecting an attractive offer to change sides, he insisted he was a loyal American. By 1810 he was the leading sailmaker in Philadelphia, where he became well known as an innovative craftsman, a successful manager of black and white employees, and a shrewd businessman. He emerged as a leader in Philadelphia’s black community and was active in a wide range of reform activities. He was especially prominent in national and international antislavery movements, served as vice-president of the American Anti-Slavery Society, and became close friends with William Lloyd Garrison, to whom he lent money to start up the Liberator. Forten was also the founder of a remarkable dynasty. His children and his son-in-law were all active abolitionists and a granddaughter, Charlotte Forten, published a famous diary of her experiences teaching ex-slaves in South Carolina’s Sea Islands during the Civil War. When James Forten died in 1842, five thousand mourners, black and white, turned out to honor a man who had earned the respect of society across the racial divide. This is the first serious biography of Forten, who stands beside Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, Booker T. Washington, and Martin Luther King, Jr. in the pantheon of African-Americans who fundamentally shaped American history.
Introduction
Authors: Richter Melvin
Published: November 2023

This book is meant to provide English-speaking readers with a brief critical introduction to the history of concepts or conceptual history ( Begriffs geschichte), a genre developed since midcentury in the Federal Republic of Germany. Its theoretical goals, research programs, and actual performances differ significantly from the history of ideas, intellectual history, and the his tory of political thought as written by scholars working in English.
Brave New Mind
Authors: Dodwell Peter
Published: November 2023

How was the standard model of the mind developed? Is it adequate? And is there a place in this model for the creative genius of artists, scientists, and mathematicians? This book looks at how scientists investigate the nature of the mind and the brain, providing answers to these important questions. It opens with a description of the historical roots of cognitive science and analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of the standard model of the mind, including its inability to account for the many dramatic features of human achievement. The final chapter develops the notion that human creativity and the unfolding of human consciousness demand two things: that we acknowledge the central role that ideals play in human knowledge and conduct and that such ideals have no role in the standard model. Brave New Mind proposes a new image of humankind that accommodates the place of ideals and creativity in cognition and life, without abandoning the scientific ideals of empirical soundness and theoretical rigor.
1984: Presidential Prerogatives; Presidential Preemptions
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: November 2023

In modern campaigns, both sides have the same source of intelligence about the electorate. In January 1984, both the Republicans and Demo­ crats knew Reagan’s vulnerabilities and his strengths. His vulnerabilities were seen by both as no progress on arms limitation, a skyrocketing deficit, and the gnawing belief that the rich had benefited more from Reaganomics than had the rest. At the same time, men supported the incumbent president in greater percentages than did women. On the positive side of the ledger sheet, the country liked Reagan and recognized that by most economic indicators, voters were better off than they had been “just four short years before.”

The 1984 campaign is a study in the power of rhetoric and incumbency to preempt the Democrat challenges in each area of Republican vulnerability. In what Republican consultant Ed Rollins defined as an “issueless” Republican campaign, “the Reagan team used every asset of the presidency to ensure that none of the Democratic issues would stick.
Biomechanical and Bioenergetic Constraints on Migration
Authors: Dingle Hugh
Published: November 2023

In order for an organism to perform any movement it must have the apparatus to do so and the energy to drive the apparatus. So much is obvious. The situation becomes complicated, however, if one considers the fact that different types of movement require different types of structures for optimal performance. Among hawks, for example, the short rounded wings and relatively long tail of ac;cipiters allow high maneuverability among the trees of a forest but are not very efficient for soaring. The bird watcher’s field mark of several flaps and a short glide characteristic of accipiters flying in the open is the result. We have already seen in Chapter 5how the long pointed wings of albatrosses are highly adapted to dynamic soaring on the steady winds and waves provided by the “Roaring Forties” in the southern oceans. Any long-distance movement, as frequently occurs during migration, also requires an augmented supply of energy. Frequently this is in the form of fat, as we have seen in Chapter 6, but the storage of large amounts of fat can change the body mass of a migrant dramatically with consequences for flight performance. In this chapter, I consider various biomechanical and bioenergetic costs and trade-offs that constrain locomotion as it relates to migration. These are not the only trade-offs, of course; energetic, genetic, and life-history constraints also enter into the migration equation. These latter are considered in Chapters 6 and 14. The term “constraint” has been somewhat loosely used at times, and there have been calls for a moratorium on its use (Antonovics and van Tiederen 1991). But the notion of constraints is central to evolutionary biology (Perrin and Travis 1992) because “evolutionary constraints are restrictions or limitations on the course or outcome of evolution” (Arnold 1992). It is these sorts of constraints that I deal with in this book.
Migration under Ephemeral Conditions
Authors: Dingle Hugh
Published: November 2023

Many habitats are not constant for very long when viewed over either time or space. The most obvious way in which they vary is with seasonal changes, and as we have seen in Chapter 9, migratory life cycles synchronized to the seasons have frequently been the product of selection. Changes also take place, however, as a consequence of ecological succession or of unpredictable variations in climate. Because of this many habitats are ephemeral, and their exploitation requires either that the organism escape by some form of suspended reproduction or dormancy for very long periods or by moving between habitats as the occasion demands. The banded stilt of Australia (Chapter 3) is an example of a creature that does both, migrating to the ultimate of ephemeral lakes after periods of reproductive inactivity that can be measured in years. Equally long periods of dormancy are found in the seeds of desert plants or the eggs of crustaceans inhabiting temporary water bodies. Organisms capable of long-distance movement have usually opted for migration in spite of the potential costs of investment in migratory capability that can occur at the possible expense to growth and reproduction. Perhaps even more importantly, they migrate in spite of the risk of failing to find a new habitat (Farrow 1990). As the examples in this chapter will indicate, the costs and risks have not prevented the repeated evolution of extraordinarily successful migratory strategies for exploiting ephemeral resources.
Polymorphisms and Polyphenisms
Authors: Dingle Hugh
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter I discussed behavioral and life-history variation in migration unaccompanied by distinct and overt changes in morphology or physiology. In this chapter I shall discuss those instances in which overt changes do occur, concentrat ing on phenotypic expression of differences. The analysis of genotypic variation will be covered fully in the next chapter. The first of the overt changes covered concerns those species in which the morphological capability for migration is retained only for the migratory period, often with remobilization of energy and materials to enhance reproduction when migration ceases. This is commonly observed in insects; species in several families and orders histolyze the wing muscles during sedentary periods and divert the breakdown products into egg production (Nair and Prabhu 1985). In most cases this breakdown is irreversible, but in some insects the muscles can be regenerated (Bhakthan et al. 1971). The process of terminating migratory capability is carried to its logical end point in ants, termites, some crickets, and some aphids, all of which shed their wings after completing migratory flights, usually in company with wing muscle histolysis. A vertebrate parallel to insect flight muscle breakdown is the degeneration of the swimming muscles of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchusspp.) as energy and protein are diverted to mate and breeding site acquisition and gamete production at the end of the upstream migratory journey.
Migration and Pest Management
Authors: Dingle Hugh
Published: November 2023

An extraordinary number of the world’s major agricultural pests are long-distance migrants, and to successfully solve the problems they generate through economic losses, it is necessary to understand the role migration plays in their biology. One of the threads that is woven through much of the discussion in this book is the relation between migration and temporary habitats. This relationship goes a long way toward explaining the often overlooked migratory characteristics of most agricultural pests. Southwood (1962, 1971) has noted that not only are insect migrants likely to be denizens of temporary habitats, but also that most of our major crops are descended from ruderal ancestors evolved to colonize bare ground or other early stages of botanical succession. These epitomize ephemeral conditions, and so these ancestral crops were already likely to have associated with them a group of species well adapted to an itinerant lifestyle with high migratory activity. The provision of large, frequently monoculture stands of host plants in the development of agriculture has resulted in an explosion of the populations of those itinerant species that we now consider pests. These include insects, mites, molds and rusts, nematodes, and even vertebrates such as the house mouse (Mus musculus)and the quelea (Chapter 3). Although all of these cause severe crop losses, the greatest economic damage as a consequence of migratory activity is caused by insects, so I shall focus my discussion on them as the prime example of the problems of migration and pest management.
Developmental Psychopathology in the Context of Adolescence
Authors: Brooks-Gunn Jeanne , Attie Ilana
Published: November 2023

Developmental psychopathology offers a compelling paradigm from the perspective of those who study the normative processes of development, those who focus on the processes underlying the emergence and main-tenance of psychopathology, and those who integrate the two (Cicchetti & Cohen, in press; Cicchetti & Schneider-Rosen, 1984; Rutter, 1986; Sroufe & Rutter, 1984). Most research focuses either on individuals who already have a disorder or on normative development in individuals who do not have a disorder. Developmental psychopathological frameworks have been valuable for work in both research traditions. Less often studied is the integration of development and psychopathology in a framework that gives equal weight to each.
Theoretical, Methodological, and Validational Bases of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery
Authors: Reitan Ralph M , Wolfson Deborah
Published: November 2023

After earning a Ph.D. in physiological and comparative psychology at Northwestern University in 1935, Ward Halstead moved to the University of Chicago, established a working relationship with two neurosurgeons, Percival Bailey and Paul Bucy, and started the first full-time laboratory for the examination and evaluation of brain-behavior relationships in human beings. Halstead’s first step in evaluating braindamaged patients was to observe them in their everyday living situations and attempt to discern which aspects of their behavior were different from the behavior of normal individuals. Fortunately, Halstead was relatively unencumbered by knowledge of the routine approach that existed in this era concerning the effects of brain damage. In fact, at this time and for quite a number of years previously, the principal approach of psychologists was to develop a single test that would diagnose brain damage.