bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inkjet Printing Matrix Perovskite Quantum Dot Light‐Emitting Devices
Authors: Li Danyang , Wang Junjie , Li Miaozi , Xie Gancheng , Guo Biao , Mu Lan , Li Haiyang , Wang Jian , Yip Hin‐Lap , Peng Junbiao
Published: May 2020

Perovskite light emitting devices have been expected to be utilized in the field of displays. In this work, a stable FA0.3Cs0.7PbBr3 perovskite quantum dot ink with optimized octane:dodecane cosolvent is obtained by introducing a trace amount of long‐chain ligand of oleylamine (OAm) during the quantum dot purification process. A green electroluminescent matrix device with 120 pixels per inch (PPI) is realized from the ink by using an inkjet printing technique, exhibiting a luminance of 1233 cd m−2, a peak current efficiency of 10.3 cd A−1, and an external quantum efficiency of 2.8%. The results may suggest a possibility of making perovskite quantum dot displays by using the inkjet printing technique.
Electrohydrodynamic and Aerosol Jet Printing for the Copatterning of Polydimethylsiloxane and Graphene Platelet Inks
Authors: Wilkinson Nathan J. , Kay Robert W. , Harris Russell A.
Published: May 2020

The performance of soft sensing and actuation devices is dependent on their design, the electro‐mechanical response of materials, and the ability to copattern structural and functional features. For film based soft structures, such as wearable sensors and artificial muscles, manufacturing challenges exist that prevent the translation of technology from laboratory to practical application. In this work, a hybrid manufacturing technique is presented that integrates electro‐hydrodynamic and aerosol jet deposition to print multilayer, multimaterial structures. The combined approach overcomes the respective rheological constraints of the individual processes, while presenting a pathway to higher resolution computer‐controlled patterning. Electro‐hydrodynamic deposition of a polydimethylsiloxane elastomer is demonstrated and characterized, before being combined with aerosol jet deposition of a graphene platelet ink to produce functional devices. A proof‐of‐concept, multilayer capacitive sensor is presented as a first demonstration of the manufacturing technology.
Miniaturized Magnetic Sensors for Implantable Magnetomyography
Authors: Zuo Siming , Heidari Hadi , Farina Dario , Nazarpour Kianoush
Published: May 2020

Magnetism‐based systems are widely utilized for sensing and imaging biological phenomena, for example, the activity of the brain and the heart. Magnetomyography (MMG) is the study of muscle function through the inquiry of the magnetic signal that a muscle generates when contracted. Within the last few decades, extensive effort has been invested to identify, characterize and quantify the magnetomyogram signals. However, it is still far from a miniaturized, sensitive, inexpensive and low‐power MMG sensor. Herein, the state‐of‐the‐art magnetic sensing technologies that have the potential to realize a low‐profile implantable MMG sensor are described. The technical challenges associated with the detection of the MMG signals, including the magnetic field of the Earth and movement artifacts are also discussed. Then, the development of efficient magnetic technologies, which enable sensing pico‐Tesla signals, is advocated to revitalize the MMG technique. To conclude, spintronic‐based magnetoresistive sensing can be an appropriate technology for miniaturized wearable and implantable MMG systems.
Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy of Bright and Dark Modes in Hyperbolic Metamaterial Nanostructures
Authors: Isoniemi Tommi , Maccaferri Nicolò , Ramasse Quentin M. , Strangi Giuseppe , De Angelis Francesco
Published: May 2020

Layered metal/dielectric hyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs) support a wide landscape of plasmon polariton excitations. In addition to surface plasmon polaritons, coupled Bloch‐like gap‐plasmon polaritons with high modal confinement inside the multilayer are supported. Photons can excite only a subset of these polaritonic modes, typically with a limited energy and momentum range in respect to the wide set of high‐K modes supported by hyperbolic dispersion media, and coupling with gratings or local excitation is necessary. Strikingly, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in a scanning transmission electron microscope allows nm‐scale local excitation and mapping of the spatial field distribution of all the modes supported by a photonic or plasmonic structure, both bright and dark, and also all other inelastic interactions of the beam, including phonons and interband transitions. Herein, experimental evidence of the spatial distribution of plasmon polaritons in multilayered type II HMM nanostructures is acquired with an aloof electron beam adjacent to structures of current interest. HMM pillars are useful for their separation and adjustability of optical scattering and absorption, while HMM slot cavities can be used as waveguides with high field confinement. The nature of the modes is confirmed with corresponding simulations of EEL and optical spectra and near‐field intensities.
Ethylene Glycol: A Green Solvent for Visible Light‐Promoted Aerobic Transition Metal‐Free Cascade Sulfonation/Cyclization Reaction
Authors: Jiang Yu‐Qin , Li Jing , Feng Zhi‐Wen , Xu Gui‐Qing , Shi Xin , Ding Qing‐Jie , Li Wei , Ma Chun‐Hua , Yu Bing
Published: May 2020

With ethylene glycol as a green solvent, a general transition metal‐free photocatalytic system using 9‐mesityl‐10‐methylacridinium perchlorate (Acr+−Mes ⋅ ClO4−) as catalyst was developed for the synthesis of sulfone‐containing heterocycles including thioflavones, oxindoles, and quinoline‐2,4(1H,3H)‐diones through the cascade sulfonation/cyclization reactions under the irradiation of blue light at room temperature.

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Biodegradable Silica‐Based Nanoparticles with Improved and Safe Delivery of Protoporphyrin IX for the In Vivo Photodynamic Therapy of Breast Cancer
Authors: Lyles Zachary K. , Tarannum Mubin , Mena Cayli , Inada Natalia M. , Bagnato Vanderlei S. , Vivero‐Escoto Juan L.
Published: May 2020

Silica‐based nanoplatforms are highly versatile and attractive delivery systems for cancer treatment. These platforms have been used for the effective delivery of pharmacological agents in preclinical settings. Though silicon oxide is found naturally in the human body, a major limitation associated with silica‐based nanoparticles is their slow biodegradability. Therefore, the potential risks related to the longer bioaccumulation of these materials can be significant. In this work, the synthesis and application of a novel silica‐based nanoplatform, polysilsesquioxane nanoparticles (PSilQ NPs) is reported. The developed PSilQ material contains stimuli‐responsive properties, and improves biodegradability for the efficient delivery of a clinically relevant photosensitizer, protoporphyrin IX. Herein, it is demonstrated that the PSilQ nanoplatform is biocompatible and exhibits enhanced biodegradability in an immune‐competent mouse model. In addition, PSilQ NPs show phototherapeutic efficiency for reducing the tumor burden in an orthotopic model of triple‐negative breast cancer. These results may pave the way for the future clinical evaluation of this silica‐based nanoplatform.
Recent Advances in Plasmonic Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Siavash Moakhar Roozbeh , Gholipour Somayeh , Masudy‐Panah Saeid , Seza Ashkan , Mehdikhani Ali , Riahi‐Noori Nastaran , Tafazoli Saeede , Timasi Nazanin , Lim Yee‐Fun , Saliba Michael
Published: May 2020

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged recently as promising candidates for next generation photovoltaics and have reached power conversion efficiencies of 25.2%. Among the various methods to advance solar cell technologies, the implementation of nanoparticles with plasmonic effects is an alternative way for photon and charge carrier management. Surface plasmons at the interfaces or surfaces of sophisticated metal nanostructures are able to interact with electromagnetic radiation. The properties of surface plasmons can be tuned specifically by controlling the shape, size, and dielectric environment of the metal nanostructures. Thus, incorporating metallic nanostructures in solar cells is reported as a possible strategy to explore the enhancement of energy conversion efficiency mainly in semi‐transparent solar cells. One particularly interesting option is PSCs with plasmonic structures enable thinner photovoltaic absorber layers without compromising their thickness while maintaining a high light harvest. In this Review, the effects of plasmonic nanostructures in electron transport material, perovskite absorbers, the hole transport material, as well as enhancement of effective refractive index of the medium and the resulting solar cell performance are presented. Aside from providing general considerations and a review of plasmonic nanostructures, the current efforts to introduce these plasmonic structures into semi‐transparent solar cells are outlined.
Robust Swing‐Structured Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Efficient Blue Energy Harvesting
Authors: Jiang Tao , Pang Hao , An Jie , Lu Pinjing , Feng Yawei , Liang Xi , Zhong Wei , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: May 2020

Ocean wave energy is a promising renewable energy source, but harvesting such irregular, “random,” and mostly ultra‐low frequency energies is rather challenging due to technological limitations. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) provide a potential efficient technology for scavenging ocean wave energy. Here, a robust swing‐structured triboelectric nanogenerator (SS‐TENG) with high energy conversion efficiency for ultra‐low frequency water wave energy harvesting is reported. The swing structure inside the cylindrical TENG greatly elongates its operation time, accompanied with multiplied output frequency. The design of the air gap and flexible dielectric brushes enable mininized frictional resistance and sustainable triboelectric charges, leading to enhanced robustness and durability. The TENG performance is controlled by external triggering conditions, with a long swing time of 88 s and a high energy conversion efficiency, as well as undiminished performance after continuous triggering for 4 00 000 cycles. Furthermore, the SS‐TENG is demonstrated to effectively harvest water wave energy. Portable electronic devices are successfully powered for self‐powered sensing and environment monitoring. Due to the excellent performance of the distinctive mechanism and structure, the SS‐TENG in this work provides a good candidate for harvesting blue energy on a large scale.
Maternal and paternal effects on offspring internalizing problems: Results from genetic and family‐based analyses
Authors: Jami Eshim S. , Eilertsen Espen Moen , Hammerschlag Anke R. , Qiao Zhen , Evans David M. , Ystrøm Eivind , Bartels Meike , Middeldorp Christel M.
Published: May 2020

It is unclear to what extent parental influences on the development of internalizing problems in offspring are explained by indirect genetic effects, reflected in the environment provided by the parent, in addition to the genes transmitted from parent to child. In this study, these effects were investigated using two innovative methods in a large birth cohort. Using maternal‐effects genome complex trait analysis (M‐GCTA), the effects of offspring genotype, maternal or paternal genotypes, and their covariance on offspring internalizing problems were estimated in 3,801 mother–father–child genotyped trios. Next, estimated genetic correlations within pedigree data, including 10,688 children, were used to estimate additive genetic effects, maternal and paternal genetic effects, and a shared family effect using linear mixed effects modeling. There were no significant maternal or paternal genetic effects on offspring anxiety or depressive symptoms at age 8, beyond the effects transmitted via the genetic pathway between parents and children. However, indirect maternal genetic effects explained a small, but nonsignificant, proportion of variance in childhood depressive symptoms in both the M‐GCTA (~4%) and pedigree (~8%) analyses. Our results suggest that parental effects on offspring internalizing problems are predominantly due to transmitted genetic variants, rather than the indirect effect of parental genes via the environment.
Comprehensive and High‐Throughput Exploration of Chemical Space Using Broadband 19F NMR‐Based Screening
Authors: Lingel Andreas , Vulpetti Anna , Reinsperger Tony , Proudfoot Andrew , Denay Regis , Frommlet Alexandra , Henry Christelle , Hommel Ulrich , Gossert Alvar D. , Luy Burkhard , Frank Andreas O.
Published: May 2020

Fragment‐based lead discovery has become a fundamental approach to identify ligands that efficiently interact with disease‐relevant targets. Among the numerous screening techniques, fluorine‐detected NMR has gained popularity owing to its high sensitivity, robustness, and ease of use. To effectively explore chemical space, a universal NMR experiment, a rationally designed fragment library, and a sample composition optimized for a maximal number of compounds and minimal measurement time are required. Here, we introduce a comprehensive method that enabled the efficient assembly of a high‐quality and diverse library containing nearly 4000 fragments and screening for target‐specific binders within days. At the core of the approach is a novel broadband relaxation‐edited NMR experiment that covers the entire chemical shift range of drug‐like 19F motifs in a single measurement. Our approach facilitates the identification of diverse binders and the fast ligandability assessment of new targets.
Magnetically Induced Alignment of Natural Products for Stereochemical Structure Determination via NMR
Authors: Karschin Niels , Wolkenstein Klaus , Griesinger Christian
Published: May 2020

Anisotropic NMR has gained increasing popularity to determine the structure and specifically the configuration of small, flexible, non‐crystallizable molecules. However, it suffers from the necessity to dissolve the analyte in special media such as liquid crystals or polymer gels. Generally, small degrees of alignment are also caused by an anisotropic magnetic susceptibility of the molecule, for example, induced by aromatic moieties. For this mechanism, the alignment can be predicted via density functional theory. Here we show that both residual dipolar couplings and residual chemical shift anisotropies can be acquired from natural products without special sample preparation using magnetically induced alignment. On the two examples of the novel natural product gymnochrome G and the alkaloid strychnine, these data, together with the predicted alignment, yield the correct configuration with high certainty.
Total Syntheses of (−)‐Strictosidine and Related Indole Alkaloid Glycosides
Authors: Sakamoto Jukiya , Umeda Yuhei , Rakumitsu Kenta , Sumimoto Michinori , Ishikawa Hayato
Published: May 2020

A collective synthesis of glycosylated monoterpenoid indole alkaloids is reported. A highly diastereoselective Pictet–Spengler reaction with α‐cyanotryptamine and secologanin tetraacetate as substrates, followed by a reductive decyanation reaction, was developed for the synthesis of (−)‐strictosidine, which is an important intermediate in biosynthesis. This two‐step chemical method was established as an alternative to the biosynthetically employed strictosidine synthase. Furthermore, after carrying out chemical and computational studies, a transition state for induction of diastereoselectivity in our newly discovered Pictet–Spengler reaction is proposed. Having achieved the first enantioselective total synthesis of (−)‐strictosidine in just 10 steps, subsequent bioinspired transformations resulted in the concise total syntheses of (−)‐strictosamide, (−)‐neonaucleoside A, (−)‐cymoside, and (−)‐3α‐dihydrocadambine.
Fluctuating Storage of the Active Phase in a Mn‐Na2WO4/SiO2 Catalyst for the Oxidative Coupling of Methane
Authors: Werny Maximilian J. , Wang Yuanqing , Girgsdies Frank , Schlögl Robert , Trunschke Annette
Published: May 2020

Structural dynamics of a Mn‐Na2WO4/SiO2 catalyst were detected directly under reaction conditions during the oxidative coupling of methane via in situ XRD and operando Raman spectroscopy. A new concept of fluctuating storage and release of an active phase in heterogeneous catalysis is proposed that involves the transient generation of active sodium oxide species via a reversible reaction of Na2WO4 with Mn7SiO12. The process is enabled by phase transitions and melting at the high reaction temperatures that are typically applied.
Characterization of liver zonation‐like transcriptomic patterns in HLCs derived from hiPSCs in a microfluidic biochip environment
Authors: Danoy Mathieu , Poulain Stéphane , Lereau‐Bernier Myriam , Kato Sachi , Scheidecker Benedikt , Kido Taketomo , Miyajima Atsushi , Sakai Yasuyuki , Plessy Charles , Leclerc Eric
Published: May 2020

The liver zonation is an important phenomenon characterized by a gradient of several functions along the liver acinus. However, this gradient remains difficult to reproduce in in‐vitro conditions, making the obtention of an in‐vitro method to recapitulate the liver zonation a challenging issue. In this study, we evaluated the spatial evolution of the transcriptome profile of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) differentiated toward hepatocytes‐like cells (HLCs) phenotype in a microfluidic biochip environment. Cells collected at the inlet of the biochip, where the oxygen concentration is higher, were identified by the expression of genes involved in metabolic pathways related to cellular reorganization and cell proliferation. Cells collected in the middle and at the outlet of the biochips, where oxygen concentrations are lower, were characterized by the upregulation of genes involved in cellular detoxification processes (CYP450), PPAR signaling or arginine biosynthesis. A subset of 16 transcription factors (TFs) was extracted and identified as upstream regulators to HNF1A and PPARA. These TFs are also known as regulators to target genes engaged in the Wnt/βcatenin pathway, in the TGFβ/BMP/SMAD signaling, in the transition between epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal epithelial transition (MET), in the homeostasis of lipids, bile acids and carbohydrates homeostasis, in drug metabolism, in the estrogen processing and in the oxidative stress response. Overall, the analysis allowed to confirm a partial zonation‐like pattern in hiPSCs‐derived HLCs in the microfluidic biochip environment. These results provide important insights into the reproduction of liver zonation in‐vitro for a better understanding of the phenomenon.
Acute massive pulmonary embolism treated by urgent pulmonary embolectomy: A case report
Authors: Tagawa Tsuyoshi , Sakuraba Shigeki
Published: May 2020

The management of acute massive pulmonary embolism presents a clinical challenge as currently there is no consensus for definitive treatment. Early decision‐making regarding surgical intervention is essential when the risk of mortality is high.
Cable‐Like Core–Shell Mesoporous SnO2 Nanofibers by Single‐Nozzle Electrospinning Phase Separation for Formaldehyde Sensing
Authors: Xu Dongpo , Ge Kangjie , Chen Yan , Qi Shuyan , Qiu Jingxuan , Liu Qing
Published: May 2020

In this study, we have developed a simple and efficient single‐nozzle electrospinning strategy involving the phase separation of polystyrene and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) to construct cable‐like core–shell mesoporous SnO2 nanofibers. Compared with traditional multi‐axial electrospinning approaches to the synthesis of core–shell nanofibers, the single‐nozzle electrospinning process requires no complex multi‐axial electrospinning setups or post‐treatments, just drying and annealing after electrospinning. The obtained SnO2 nanofibers show promise as a sensing material for formaldehyde at low concentrations, the detection limit being about 1 ppm. Furthermore, the nanofibers exhibited good cycling stability and selectivity, with response and recovery times toward 10 ppm formaldehyde being approximately 18 and 196 s, respectively, at an operating temperature of 195 °C.
Hierarchical Nanoflower Arrays of Co9S8‐Ni3S2 on Nickel Foam: A Highly Efficient Binder‐Free Electrocatalyst for Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Illathvalappil Rajith , Walko Priyanka S. , Kanheerampockil Fayis , Bhat Suresh K. , Devi R. Nandini , Kurungot Sreekumar
Published: May 2020

Hydrogen production is vital for meeting future energy demands and managing environmental sustainability. Electrolysis of water is considered as the suitable method for H2 generation in a carbon‐free pathway. Herein, the synthesis of highly efficient Co9S8‐Ni3S2 based hierarchical nanoflower arrays on nickel foam (NF) is explored through the one‐pot hydrothermal method (Co9S8‐Ni3S2/NF) for overall water splitting applications. The nanoflower arrays are self‐supported on the NF without any binder, possessing the required porosity and structural characteristics. The obtained Co9S8‐Ni3S2/NF displays high hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), as well as oxygen evolution reaction (OER), activities in 1 m KOH solution. The overpotentials exhibited by this system at 25 mA cm−2 are nearly 277 and 102 mV for HER and OER, respectively, in 1 m KOH solution. Subsequently, the overall water splitting was performed in 1 m KOH solution by employing Co9S8‐Ni3S2/NF as both the anode and cathode, where the system required only 1.49, 1.60, and 1.69 V to deliver the current densities of 10, 25, and 50 mA cm−2, respectively. Comparison of the activity of Co9S8‐Ni3S2/NF with the state‐of‐the‐art Pt/C and RuO2 coated on NF displays an enhanced performance for Co9S8‐Ni3S2/NF both in the half‐cell as well as in the full cell, emphasizing the significance of the present work. The post analysis of the material after water electrolysis confirms that the surface Co(OH)2 formed during the course of the reaction serves as the favorable active sites. Overall, the activity modulation achieved in the present case is attributed to the presence of the open‐pore morphology of the as formed nanoflowers of Co9S8‐Ni3S2 on NF and the simultaneous presence of the surface Co(OH)2 along with the highly conducting Co9S8‐Ni3S2 core, which facilitates the adsorption of the reactants and subsequently its conversion into the gaseous products during water electrolysis.
Catalytic Asymmetric Construction of Axially Chiral Indole‐Based Frameworks: An Emerging Area
Authors: Li Tian‐Zhen , Liu Si‐Jia , Tan Wei , Shi Feng
Published: May 2020

Axially chiral indole‐based frameworks have been recognized as a class of important five‐membered heterobiaryls and developing catalytic asymmetric approaches for constructing these frameworks in an enantioselective manner is highly desirable. In recent years, synthetic chemists have paid much attention to this research field, and rapid developments have occurred. At this point, a range of axially chiral indole‐based scaffolds have been constructed via various catalytic asymmetric reactions based on different strategies. Thus, the catalytic asymmetric construction of axially chiral indole‐based frameworks has become an emerging area. This minireview summarizes the rapid advances in this field and gives some insights into future developments, which will help this research field to thrive.
Near perfect visual compensation for atmospheric color distortions
Authors: Gomes Andreia E. , Linhares João M. M. , Nascimento Sérgio M. C.
Published: May 2020

Light is scattered and absorbed in the atmosphere producing visual effects that increase with viewing distance. Contrast and chromatic diversity decrease with distance, thereby modifying the way objects and scenes are perceived. Although some perceptual compensation to produce color constancy of individual surfaces has been reported, it is unclear to what extent unknown original images can be visually inferred from their distorted versions, that is, how much these effects can be discounted by the visual system. We investigated this issue with a paradigm akin to the paper‐matching paradigm used in color constancy studies but with complex natural images. Hyperspectral data from 11 natural scenes were used to simulate their colors for distances up to 2000 m using a precise physical model of the effects of atmosphere. In each trial of the experiment, observers viewed the range of simulated images derived from one scene displayed on a calibrated monitor and selected the one perceived as more natural, without color distortion. Pooling data across scenes and observers showed that the image selected as more natural was very close to the undistorted one, corresponding to a simulated distance of only 2 m. These results suggest that observers are sensitive to changes in the naturalness of colors due to atmospheric effects and, crucially, can retrieve the original chromatic content with good accuracy revealing an efficient form of color constancy.
Leveraging Actinide Hydrolysis Chemistry for Targeted Th and U Separations using Amidoxime‐Functionalized Poly(HIPE)s
Authors: Piechowicz Marek , Chiarizia Renato , Skanthakumar S. , Rowan Stuart J. , Soderholm L.
Published: May 2020

Polymerized high internal phase emulsions (poly(HIPE)s) are porous polymer monoliths whose synthesis can easily be tailored to allow incorporation of functional units. In this work, nitrile containing poly(HIPE)s have been prepared with either acrylonitrile (AN) or 4‐cyanostyrene (4CS) comonomers. Post‐synthetic modification of these nitrile‐containing poly(HIPE)s yields their corresponding amidoximated analogues, which were studied for actinide uptake. These amidoxime‐functionalized, porous polymers were shown to adsorb 95 % Th4+ species from aqueous solution within 30 minutes. In contrast to other amidoxime containing polymers the uptake of UO22+ in these poly(HIPE)s is lower under similar conditions. A critical analysis of actinide separations and high‐energy X‐ray scattering data provides insight into the polymers’ selectivity, enabled by the uptake of multinuclear Th clusters.
Growth and the Actual Compositions of Cation‐Deficient Sodium‐Gadolinium Molybdate Single Crystals
Authors: Zharikov Evgeny V. , Subbotin Kirill A. , Titov Anatoly I. , Lis Denis A. , Voronov Valery V. , Senin Valery G. , Dudnikova Valentina B.
Published: May 2020

The concentration series of sodium‐gadolinium molybdate (NGM) crystals have been grown by Czochralski technique from stoichiometric Na0,5Gd0,5MoO4 melt, and from seven different nonstoichiometric melts in various atmospheres. The actual cation compositions of the crystals are measured by microprobe analysis. The location of the congruently melting composition is found for this compound, and the homogeneity field is evaluated. The unit cell parameters of the crystals have been calculated from X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis results. Hydrostatic densities of the crystals are measured. Based on these results, the actual molar weights of the samples are calculated that allows more precise determination of the crystals compositions. The studied crystals are shown to contain substantial sodium deficiency and excess of gadolinium compared to stoichiometry. The amount of cation vacancies occurs in both sublattices along with increase of Gd2O3/Na2O molar ratio in the crystals.
Enhancing live virtual machine migration process via optimized resource allocation in next generation mobile edge network: A hybrid evolutionary approach
Authors: Roy Asmita , Midya Sadip , Majumder Koushik , Phadikar Santanu
Published: May 2020

The evolution of 5th Generation wireless technology introduced Mobile Edge Computing, where edge servers are placed at the edge of the network, and are associated with evolved Node Base Stations (eNBs). This enables mobile users to offload their resource‐intensive tasks to these servers and improve network performance by reducing end‐to‐end delay. However, frequent user mobility leads to frequent re‐planning of network and increases network load. This demands dynamic Virtual Machine (VM) migration in Mobile Edge paradigm for an improved Quality of Service (QoS). For an enhanced VM migration process, an optimal pair of migrating VMs and destination edge servers needs to be chosen. In this paper, we propose an optimized decision‐making policy that chooses such optimal pairs. Several decision parameters such as average wait time, processing delay, migration delay, transmission power, and processing power are modeled. A profit function is developed using these modeled decision parameters that chooses the optimal pairs. This function is maximized using the proposed hybrid evolutionary algorithm, which combines the advantages of PSO and GA. The pairs are chosen in such a manner, that the selection guarantees high network throughput, reduced service delay, and energy consumption which is reflected in the simulation.
Space occupying lesion of brain: An unusual site for a common infection
Authors: Suteri Pooja , Kaushal Manju
Published: May 2020

Filariasis is a public health menace and is a cause for concern due to its endemicity in tropical and subtropical countries of Africa, Asia, and Western Pacific. Even in endemic areas, it is rare to find filariasis in fluid specimens especially cerebrospinal fluid. Herein, we report a case of unsuspected filarial parasitic infection in an adult male admitted as a case of space occupying lesion in brain with suspicion of lymphoma/granulomatous disease on the basis of clinicoradiological details. To the best of our knowledge, such an extensive brain involvement by filariasis has not been reported before.
Predicting ecosystem state changes in shallow lakes using an aquatic ecosystem model: Lake Hinge, Denmark, an example
Authors: Andersen Tobias Kuhlmann , Nielsen Anders , Jeppesen Erik , Hu Fenjuan , Bolding Karsten , Liu Zhengwen , Søndergaard Martin , Johansson Liselotte S. , Trolle Dennis
Published: May 2020

In recent years, considerable efforts have been made to restore turbid, phytoplankton‐dominated shallow lakes to a clear‐water state with high coverage of submerged macrophytes. Various dynamic lake models with simplified physical representations of vertical gradients, such as PCLake, have been used to predict external nutrient load thresholds for such nonlinear regime shifts. However, recent observational studies have questioned the concept of regime shifts by emphasizing that gradual changes are more common than sudden shifts. We investigated if regime shifts would be more gradual if the models account for depth‐dependent heterogeneity of the system by including the possibility of vertical gradients in the water column and sediment layers for the entire depth. Hence, bifurcation analysis was undertaken using the 1D hydrodynamic model GOTM, accounting for vertical gradients, coupled to the aquatic ecosystem model PCLake, which is implemented in the framework for aquatic biogeochemical modeling (FABM). First, the model was calibrated and validated against a comprehensive data set covering two consecutive 7‐yr periods from Lake Hinge, a shallow, eutrophic Danish lake. The autocalibration program Auto‐Calibration Python (ACPy) was applied to achieve a more comprehensive adjustment of model parameters. The model simulations showed excellent agreement with observed data for water temperature, total nitrogen, and nitrate and good agreement for ammonium, total phosphorus, phosphate, and chlorophyll a concentrations. Zooplankton and macrophyte coverage were adequately simulated for the purpose of this study, and in general the GOTM‐FABM‐PCLake model simulations performed well compared with other model studies. In contrast to previous model studies ignoring depth heterogeneity, our bifurcation analysis revealed that the spatial extent and depth limitation of macrophytes as well as phytoplankton chlorophyll‐a responded more gradually over time to a reduction in the external phosphorus load, albeit some hysteresis effects still appeared. In a management perspective, our study emphasizes the need to include depth heterogeneity in the model structure to more correctly determine at which external nutrient load a given lake changes ecosystem state to a clear‐water condition.
Capturing ecological processes in dynamic forest models: why there is no silver bullet to cope with complexity
Authors: Huber Nica , Bugmann Harald , Lafond Valentine
Published: May 2020

Dynamic forest models are a key tool to better understand, assess, and project decadal‐ to centennial‐scale forest dynamics. Despite their success, many questions regarding appropriate model formulations remain unresolved, and few models have found widespread application, for example, across a whole continent. We aimed to scrutinize the representation of ecological processes in dynamic forest models so as to rigorously test core assumptions underlying forest dynamics and the consistency of their interplay, taking the ForClim model as a case study. We developed a set of alternative representations for the main ecological processes, that is, tree establishment, growth, and mortality, and light extinction through the canopy, based on diverse sources of empirical data. We applied a pattern‐oriented modeling (POM) approach to test all combinations of the standard and alternative formulations (>500 model versions) against a comprehensive set of patterns for diverse model applications across a wide range of site conditions. We found that adapting one process in isolation can improve model performance for one specific application. However, the best model versions typically included more than one alternative formulation. Importantly, the best version for an individual application was generally not the best across multiple applications, emphasizing the varying influences of ecological processes. We conclude that the behavior and performance of complex models should not be analyzed for a few specific applications only. Rather, multiple applications, system states, and dynamics of interest should be scrutinized across a wide range of site conditions. This allows for avoiding overfitting and detecting and eliminating structural shortcomings and parameterization problems. We thus propose to make use of the ever‐increasing data availability and the POM framework to challenge the core processes of dynamic models in a holistic manner. For model applications, we propose that a set of alternative formulations (ensemble simulations) should be used to quantify the impacts of structural uncertainty, rather than to rely on the projections from one single model version.
Ecosystem‐scale carbon allocation among different land uses: implications for carbon stocks in the Yellow River Delta
Authors: Li Yongqiang , Li Junran , Jiao Shuying , Li Ye , Xu Ziyun , Kong Baishu
Published: May 2020

The reclamation area of the Chinese Yellow River Delta (YRD) has experienced frequent land use changes in recent decades. The consequence of such land use changes on the stocks and allocation of ecosystem‐scale carbon is not known. Here, we assessed carbon stocks and allocation of four representative land uses in the YRD area: (1) purple alfalfa (LAL), (2) reed and Aeluropus littoralis (RAE), (3) cotton (ECO), and (4) Chinese tamarisk (CTA). The results showed that the overall carbon stocks, and carbon stocks of aboveground, litter, roots, and soil were notably different among different land uses. The native CTA land had the largest overall carbon stock (belowground and aboveground) and had the strongest potential to allocate the carbon to the soil carbon pool (95.72%), followed by the natural grassland (RAE). Alfalfa grassland (LAL) also had a large carbon stock due to its large aboveground biomass, litter, and roots, but the relative allocation proportion of soil carbon stock was lower than that of the other land uses examined. Cotton (ECO) had the lowest soil carbon and total carbon stocks among four land uses. In combining our data on the carbon pool with changes of land use in the YRD area, we argued that land reclamation in the YRD area was likely to turn this area from a carbon sink to carbon source with the release of soil organic carbon. Therefore, cautions should be taken to reduce carbon release, if the reclaimed land be used to plant crops.
Detection of anomalous high‐frequency events in human intracranial EEG
Authors: Charupanit Krit , Sen‐Gupta Indranil , Lin Jack J. , Lopour Beth A.
Published: May 2020

Objective

High‐frequency oscillations (HFOs) are a promising biomarker for the epileptogenic zone. However, no physiological definition of an HFO has been established, so detection relies on the empirical definition of an HFO derived from visual observation. This can bias estimates of HFO features such as amplitude and duration, thereby hindering their utility as biomarkers. Therefore, we set out to develop an algorithm that detects high‐frequency events in the intracranial EEG that are morphologically distinct from background without requiring assumptions about event amplitude or shape.

Method

We propose the anomaly detection algorithm (ADA), which uses unsupervised machine learning to identify segments of data that are distinct from the background. We apply ADA and a standard HFO detector using a root mean square amplitude threshold to intracranial EEG from 11 patients undergoing evaluation for epilepsy surgery. The rate, amplitude, and duration of the detected events and the percent overlap between the two detectors are compared.

Result

In the seizure onset zone (SOZ), ADA detected a subset of conventional HFOs. In non‐SOZ channels, ADA detected at least twice as many events as the standard approach, including some conventional HFOs; however, ADA also identified many low and intermediate amplitude events missed by the standard amplitude‐based method. The rate of ADA events was similar across all channels; however, the amplitude of ADA events was significantly higher in SOZ channels (P < .0045), and the amplitude measurement was more stable over time than the HFO rate, as indicated by a lower coefficient of variation (P < .0125).

Significance

ADA does not require human supervision, parameter optimization, or prior assumptions about event shape, amplitude, or duration. Our results suggest that the algorithm's estimate of event amplitude may differentiate SOZ and non‐SOZ channels. Further studies will examine the utility of HFO amplitude as a biomarker for epilepsy surgical outcome.
Robotic‐assisted transmaxillary approach for removal of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma of the pterygopalatine and infratemporal fossa
Authors: Zalzal Habib G. , Turner Meghan T.
Published: May 2020

Endoscopic transmaxillary approaches to remove juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas (JNAs) have been described previously and are used for tumors that extend laterally in the pterygopalatine fossa (PPF) and infratemporal fossa (ITF). There is no previous description of robotic‐assisted JNA removal in the literature. The video will demonstrate the success of this technique. Robotic transmaxillary approaches to the lateral PPF and ITF are easily achieved through an extended Caldwell‐Luc antrostomy. Total operative time was 519 minutes. Total robotic operative time was 283 minutes. The endoscopic approach provided no assistance in tumor dissection or removal. Robotic‐assisted transmaxillary JNA removal allows the operating surgeon to control the endoscope and to operate free of collisions from the robotic console while having an active assistant surgeon at the patient bedside. A video demonstrating the technique is found on Head & Neck's web site.
Interleukin‐4 overexpressing mesenchymal stem cells within gelatin‐based microribbon hydrogels enhance bone healing in a murine long bone critical‐size defect model
Authors: Ueno Masaya , Lo Chi‐Wen , Barati Danial , Conrad Bogdan , Lin Tzuhua , Kohno Yusuke , Utsunomiya Takeshi , Zhang Ning , Maruyama Masahiro , Rhee Claire , Huang Ejun , Romero‐Lopez Monica , Tong Xinming , Yao Zhenyu , Zwingenberger Stefan , Yang Fan , Goodman Stuart B.
Published: May 2020

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)‐based therapy is a promising strategy for bone repair. Furthermore, the innate immune system, and specifically macrophages, plays a crucial role in the differentiation and activation of MSCs. The anti‐inflammatory cytokine Interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) converts pro‐inflammatory M1 macrophages into a tissue regenerative M2 phenotype, which enhances MSC differentiation and function. We developed lentivirus‐transduced IL‐4 overexpressing MSCs (IL‐4 MSCs) that continuously produce IL‐4 and polarize macrophages toward an M2 phenotype. In the current study, we investigated the potential of IL‐4 MSCs delivered using a macroporous gelatin‐based microribbon (μRB) scaffold for healing of critical‐size long bone defects in Mice. IL‐4 MSCs within μRBs enhanced M2 marker expression without inhibiting M1 marker expression in the early phase, and increased macrophage migration into the scaffold. Six weeks after establishing the bone defect, IL‐4 MSCs within μRBs enhanced bone formation and helped bridge the long bone defect. IL‐4 MSCs delivered using macroporous μRB scaffold is potentially a valuable strategy for the treatment of critical‐size long bone defects.
Effects of extracellular vesicles released by peritoneal B-1 cells on experimental Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis infection
Authors: Toledo Maytê dos Santos , Cronemberger-Andrade André , Barbosa Fernanda Marins Costa , Reis Natasha Ferraz de Campos , Dupin Talita Vieira , Soares Rodrigo Pedro , Torrecilhas Ana Claudia , Xander Patricia
Published: May 2020

B-1 cells are a B-lymphocyte subtype whose roles in immunity are not completely defined. These cells can produce cytokines (mainly IL-10) and natural and specific antibodies. Currently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by immune cells have emerged as new important entities in cell-cell communication. Immune cells release EVs that can activate and/or modulate other immune cells. Here, we characterized the EVs released by peritoneal B-1 cells infected or not with Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. This Leishmania species causes cutaneous leishmaniasis and can infect macrophages and B-1 cells. Our results showed that peritoneal B-1 cells spontaneously release EVs, but the parasite stimulated an increase in EVs production by peritoneal B-1 cells. The treatment of BALB/c and C57BL/6 bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) with EVs from infected peritoneal B-1 cells led to differential expression of iNOS, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α. Additionally, BALB/c mice previous treated with EVs released by peritoneal B-1 cells showed a significant lower lesion size and parasite burden. Thus, this study demonstrated that peritoneal B-1 cells could release EVs that can alter the functions of macrophages in vitro and in vivo these EVs altered the course of L. amazonensis infection. These findings represent the first evidence that EVs from peritoneal B-1 cells can act as a new mechanism of cellular communication between macrophages and B-1 cells, contributing to immunity against experimental leishmaniasis.
Itch regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses in mice and humans
Authors: Field Natania S , Moser Emily K , Oliver Paula M
Published: May 2020

The E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch has long been appreciated to be a critical suppressor of inflammation, first identified as a regulator of Th2 differentiation and lung inflammation. Recent studies have revealed novel roles for this protein in mouse and human disease, and it is now clear that Itch also limits the function of other lymphocytes, innate immune cells, and nonhematopoietic cells to regulate immunity. In addition to Th2 cells, Itch also regulates Th17 and regulatory T cells. Itch regulates humoral immunity through direct roles in T follicular helper cells and T follicular regulatory cells, and B cells. Furthermore, Itch limits innate immune responses, such as macrophage cytokine production. Through these cell-intrinsic functions, Itch regulates the interplay between innate and adaptive immune cells, resulting in profound autoinflammation in Itch-deficient mice. Whereas Itch deficiency was previously thought to be an extremely rare occurrence humans, whole exome sequencing of patients with unexplained autoimmune disease has revealed at least two additional cases of Itch deficiency in the last year alone, each caused by distinct mutations within the Itch gene. The recent identification of these patients suggests that Itch mutations may be more common than previously thought, and demonstrates the need to understand how this protein regulates inflammation and autoimmune disease.
Patient‐Adaptive Magnetic Resonance Oximetry: Comparison With Invasive Catheter Measurement of Blood Oxygen Saturation in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Varghese Juliet , Smyke Matthew , Pan Yue , Rajpal Saurabh , Craft Jason , Potter Lee C. , Raman Subha V. , Ahmad Rizwan , Simonetti Orlando P.
Published: May 2020

Background

The current standard method to measure intracardiac oxygen (O2) saturation is by invasive catheterization. Accurate noninvasive blood O2 saturation by MRI could potentially reduce the duration and risk of invasive diagnostic procedures.

Purpose

To noninvasively determine blood oxygen saturation in the heart with MRI and compare the accuracy with catheter measurements.

Study Type

Prospective.

Subjects

Thirty‐two patients referred for right heart catheterization (RHC) and five healthy subjects.

Field Strength/Sequence

T2‐prepared single‐shot balanced steady‐state free‐precession at 1.5T.

Assessment

MR signals in venous and arterial blood, hematocrit, and arterial O2 saturation from a pulse oximeter were jointly processed to fit the Luz–Meiboom model and estimate blood O2 saturation in the right heart. Interstudy reproducibility was evaluated in volunteers and patients. Interobserver reproducibility among three readers was assessed using data from volunteers and 10 patients. Accuracy of MR oximetry was compared to RHC in all patients.

Statistical Tests

Coefficient of variation, intraclass correlation coefficient, Bland–Altman analysis, Pearson's correlation.

Results

The coefficient of variation for interstudy reproducibility of O2 saturation was 2.6% on average in volunteers and 3.2% in patients. Interobserver reproducibility among three observers yielded intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.81 and 0.87 respectively for RV and MPA O2 saturation. O2 saturation (y = 0.85x + 0.13, R = 0.78) and (a‐v)O2 difference (y = 0.71x + 0.90, R = 0.69) by MR and RHC were significantly correlated (N = 32, P < 0.05 in both cases) in patients. MR slightly overestimated O2 saturation compared to RHC with 2% ± 5% bias and limits of agreement between −7% and 12%.

Data Conclusion

MR oximetry is repeatable and reproducible. Good agreement was shown between MR and catheter venous O2 saturation and (a‐v)O2 difference in a cohort whose venous O2 ranged from abnormally low to high levels, with most values in the normal physiological range.

Level of Evidence

2.

Technical Efficacy Stage

2.