bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Natural Product Phyllanthusmin C Enhances IFN-γ Production by Human NK Cells through Upregulation of TLR-Mediated NF-κB Signaling
Authors: Deng Youcai , Chu Jianhong , Ren Yulin , Fan Zhijin , Ji Xiaotian , Mundy-Bosse Bethany , Yuan Shunzong , Hughes Tiffany , Zhang Jianying , Cheema Baljash , Camardo Andrew T. , Xia Yong , Wu Lai-Chu , Wang Li-Shu , He Xiaoming , Kinghorn A. Douglas , Li Xiaohui , Caligiuri Michael A , Yu Jianhua
Published: August 2014

Natural products are a major source for cancer drug development. NK cells are a critical component of innate immunity with the capacity to destroy cancer cells, cancer-initiating cells, and clear viral infections. However, few reports describe a natural product that stimulates NK cell IFN-γ production and unravel a mechanism of action. In this study, through screening, we found that a natural product, phyllanthusmin C (PL-C), alone enhanced IFN-γ production by human NK cells. PL-C also synergized with IL-12, even at the low cytokine concentration of 0.1 ng/ml, and stimulated IFN-γ production in both human CD56bright and CD56dim NK cell subsets. Mechanistically, TLR1 and/or TLR6 mediated PL-C’s activation of the NF-κB p65 subunit that in turn bound to the proximal promoter of IFNG and subsequently resulted in increased IFN-γ production in NK cells. However, IL-12 and IL-15Rs and their related STAT signaling pathways were not responsible for the enhanced IFN-γ secretion by PL-C. PL-C induced little or no T cell IFN-γ production or NK cell cytotoxicity. Collectively, we identify a natural product with the capacity to selectively enhance human NK cell IFN-γ production. Given the role of IFN-γ in immune surveillance, additional studies to understand the role of this natural product in prevention of cancer or infection in select populations are warranted.
Spirituality in the perspective of foundational theology
Authors: Van den Hoogen Toine
Published: August 2014

Systematic theology, especially the so-called foundational theology, has a strong connection with traditions of philosophy, at least in Western thinking. From the 20th century onward, systematic theology was often focussed on forms of transcendental philosophy. This article argues why this kind of research has to be deepened by research into different forms of spirituality. Research into ‘lived spirituality’ offers new pathways for foundational theology and makes the need to develop a renewed approach to foundational theology all the more urgent.
The role of prophetic action in public theology – the implications for addressing corruption in a context of sustainable development
Authors: De Wet Friedrich W.
Published: August 2014

After almost two decades of democratic rule in South Africa, patterns of withdrawal and uncertainty about the complexities involved in defining the contents, rationality and impact of the public role of the church in society seem to be prevalent. As unabated levels of corruption and its sustained threat to sustainable development point out, a long-awaited reckoning should take place – at least in the circles of South African churches from reformed origin – regarding its rich tradition of critical and transformational prophetic involvement in the public space. In this article, the author places different models for the public role of the church in the field of tension that is generated when the private and public spheres meet each other. The author anticipates different configurations that will probably form in this field of tension in the cases of respectively the Two Kingdoms Model, the Neo-Calvinist Approach and the Communicative Rationality Approach.Die rol van profetiese prediking in publieke teologie: Die implikasies vir die hantering van korrupsie in ‘n konteks van volhoubare ontwikkeling. Na bykans twee dekades van demokratiese regering in Suid-Afrika blyk dit dat patrone van onttrekking en onsekerheid oor wat die inhoud, rasionaliteit en impak van die publieke rol van die kerk in die samelewing presies behels, steeds voortduur. In ‘n situasie waaruit dit blyk dat daar geen werklike teenvoeter is vir die hoë vlakke van korrupsie asook vir die bedreiging wat dit vir volhoubare ontwikkeling inhou nie, is dit hoog tyd dat die kerk, ten minste in die geval van die Suid-Afrikaanse kerke van reformatoriese oorsprong, diep oor sy profetiese rol in die samelewing moet besin. Hierdie kerke kom uit ‘n ryke tradisie van kritiese en transformerende betrokkenheid in die publieke sfeer. In hierdie artikel plaas die outeur verskillende modelle vir die publieke rol van die kerk in die spanningsveld wat gegenereer word wanneer die private en publieke sfere mekaar ontmoet. Die outeur antisipeer verskillende konfigurasies wat waarskynlik na vore sal tree in hierdie spanningsveld in die gevalle van onderskeidelik die Twee Koninkryke Model, die Neo-Calvinistiese Benadering en die Kommunikatiewe Rasionaliteit Benadering.
Influence of alcohol on condom use pattern during non-spousal sexual encounter in male migrant workers in north India
Authors: Rizwan SA , Kant S , Goswami K , Rai SK , Misra P
Published: August 2014

Context:

Migrant workers constitute an important risk group for Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome transmission in India. Alcohol consumption before sexual intercourse has been postulated to influence condom use practices. This study aimed to assess this association with regard to non-spousal sexual encounters among male migrant workers in northern India.

Materials and Methods:

A cross-sectional facility-based survey was conducted in 2011. Male migrant workers aged ≥18 years, who were born outside Haryana, who had moved to the current location after 15 years of age, had worked in the current factory for at least 1 year, who were willing to participate and were able to give written, informed consent were included in the study. A consecutive sampling was performed. Descriptive, bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were carried out.

Results:

A total of 162 participants reported having experienced non-spousal sexual encounters in the last 1 year. The proportion of men who reported not having used a condom at their last non-spousal sexual encounter was 59.3%, and 78.4% of the men reported having consumed alcohol in the last 1 year. About 48.1% of men reported having consumed alcohol before their last non-spousal sexual encounter. Men who consumed alcohol were three times more likely to not use a condom at their last non-spousal sexual encounter (OR = 3.1, 95% CI: 1.5-6.4). This association persisted even after adjusting for relevant confounders.

Conclusion:

Alcohol consumption had a negative influence on condom use during non-spousal sexual encounter among male migrant workers. An integrated approach to promote condom use and reduce alcohol consumption among migrant men needs to be undertaken through targeted intervention strategies.
Hyperparathyroidism complicating pregnancy
Authors: Jibhkate SN , Valand AG , Ansari S , Bharambe BM
Published: August 2014

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a rare etiology of hypercalcemia-induced pancreatitis, contributing about 0.4% to 1.5% of cases in the general population and up to 13% of cases during pregnancy. PHPT that occurs during pregnancy is a challenging diagnosis as the physiological changes in calcium homeostasis mask the symptoms of hypercalcemia. PHPT during pregnancy often remains undiagnosed and untreated, and may result in serious clinical implications for the mother and fetus. Most clinicians consider surgery within the second trimester of pregnancy as the treatment of choice in this group of patients. This article refers to a case of a 24-year married woman in whom PHPT was diagnosed for the first time in postpartum period. She succumbed to complications on Day 20 postpartum. Pathological findings revealed metastatic calcification in lungs, pancreas and uterine vessels, chronic pancreatitis and renal cortical necrosis.
Hyperkalemia induced pseudo-myocardial infarction in septic shock
Authors: Pothiawala SE
Published: August 2014

Hyperkalemia is an acute life-threatening disorder presenting to the emergency department. Patients with hyperkalemia may manifest characteristic electrocardiographic changes including tented T waves, widening of the QRS complex and loss of P waves, sine wave pattern and eventually asystole. There have been only few reports of hyperkalemia causing ST segment elevation on electrocardiogram simulating an acute myocardial infarction. This case describes pseudo-myocardial infarction due to hyperkalemia and septic shock. Rapid determination of serum potassium levels by bedside blood gas analyzers serves to be a useful guide. ST segment elevation related to hyperkalemia will resolve with successful reduction of the serum potassium levels by appropriate therapy. It is important for physicians to be aware of this condition as this will aid in initiating correct therapy and prevent the patient from unnecessary interventions and the associated risk of complications.
Overview and sample applications of SMILES and Odin-SMR retrievals of upper tropospheric humidity and cloud ice mass
Authors: Eriksson P. , Rydberg B. , Sagawa H. , Johnston M. S. , Kasai Y.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Retrievals of cloud ice mass and humidity from the SMILES and Odin-SMR sub-millimetre limb sounders are presented and example applications of the data are given. SMILES data give an unprecedented view of the diurnal variation of cloud ice mass. Mean regional diurnal cycles are reported and compared to some global climate models. Some improvements in the models regarding diurnal timing and relative amplitude were noted, but the models' mean ice mass around 250 hPa is still low compared to the observations. The influence of the ENSO state on the upper troposphere is demonstrated using 12 years of Odin-SMR data. The same retrieval scheme is applied for both sensors, which gives low systematic differences between the two datasets. A special feature of this Bayesian retrieval scheme, of Monte Carlo integration type, is that values are produced for all measurements but for some atmospheric states retrieved values only reflect a priori assumptions. However, this "all-weather" capability allows a direct statistical comparison to model data, in contrast to many other satellite datasets. Another strength of the retrievals is the detailed treatment of "beam filling" that otherwise would cause large systematic biases for these passive cloud ice mass retrievals. The main retrieval input are spectra around 635 / 525 GHz from tangent altitudes below 8 / 9 km for SMILES/Odin-SMR, respectively. For both sensors, the data cover the upper troposphere between 30° S and 30° N. Humidity is reported both as relative humidity and volume mixing ratio. The vertical coverage of SMILES is restricted to a single layer, while Odin-SMR gives some profiling capability between 300 and 150 hPa. Ice mass is given as the partial ice water path above 260 hPa, but for Odin-SMR ice water content, estimates are also provided. Beside a smaller contrast between most dry and wet cases, the agreement to Aura MLS humidity data is good. Mean ice mass is about a factor 2 lower compared to CloudSat. This deviation is caused by the fact that different particle size distributions are assumed, and an influence of a priori data in SMILES and Odin-SMR retrievals.
Long-term particulate matter modeling for health effects studies in California – Part 1: Model performance on temporal and spatial variations
Authors: Hu J. , Zhang H. , Ying Q. , Chen S.-H. , Vandenberghe F. , Kleeman M. J.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. For the first time, a decadal (9 years from 2000 to 2008) air quality model simulation with 4 km horizontal resolution and daily time resolution has been conducted in California to provide air quality data for health effects studies. Model predictions are compared to measurements to evaluate the accuracy of the simulation with an emphasis on spatial and temporal variations that could be used in epidemiology studies. Better model performance is found at longer averaging times, suggesting that model results with averaging times ≥ 1 month should be the first to be considered in epidemiological studies. The UCD/CIT model predicts spatial and temporal variations in the concentrations of O3, PM2.5, EC, OC, nitrate, and ammonium that meet standard modeling performance criteria when compared to monthly-averaged measurements. Predicted sulfate concentrations do not meet target performance metrics due to missing sulfur sources in the emissions. Predicted seasonal and annual variations of PM2.5, EC, OC, nitrate, and ammonium have mean fractional biases that meet the model performance criteria in 95%, 100%, 71%, 73%, and 92% of the simulated months, respectively. The base dataset provides an improvement for predicted population exposure to PM concentrations in California compared to exposures estimated by central site monitors operated one day out of every 3 days at a few urban locations. Uncertainties in the model predictions arise from several issues. Incomplete understanding of secondary organic aerosol formation mechanisms leads to OC bias in the model results in summertime but does not affect OC predictions in winter when concentrations are typically highest. The CO and NO (species dominated by mobile emissions) results reveal temporal and spatial uncertainties associated with the mobile emissions generated by the EMFAC 2007 model. The WRF model tends to over-predict wind speed during stagnation events, leading to under-predictions of high PM concentrations, usually in winter months. The WRF model also generally under-predicts relative humidity, resulting in less particulate nitrate formation especially during winter months. These issues will be improved in future studies. All model results included in the current manuscript can be downloaded free of charge at http://faculty.engineering.ucdavis.edu/kleeman/.
Characterization of incubation experiments and development of an enrichment culture capable of ammonium oxidation under iron reducing conditions
Authors: Huang S. , Jaffé P. R.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Incubation experiments were conducted using soil samples from a forested riparian wetland where we have previously observed anaerobic ammonium oxidation coupled to iron reduction. Production of both nitrite and ferrous iron were measured repeatedly during incubations when the soil slurry was supplied with either ferrihydrite or goethite and ammonium chloride. Significant changes in the microbial community were observed after 180 days of incubation as well as in a continuous flow membrane reactor, using 16S rRNA gene PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, 454-pyrosequencing, and real-time quantitative PCR analysis. We believe that one of the dominant microbial species in our system (an uncultured Acidimicrobiaceae bacterium A6), belonging to the Acidimicrobiaceae family, whose closest cultivated relative is Ferrimicrobium acidiphilum (with 92% identity) and Acidimicrobium ferrooxidans (with 90% identity), might play a key role in this anaerobic biological process that uses ferric iron as an electron acceptor while oxidizing ammonium to nitrite. After ammonium was oxidized to nitrite, nitrogen loss proceeded via denitrification and/or anammox.
Palaeoclimate and palaeoseismic events discovered in Diexi barrier lake on the Minjiang River, China
Authors: Wang X. Q. , Li Y. R. , Yuan Y. , Zhou Z. , Wang L. S.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Studies on the formation of the ancient Diexi barrier lake on the Mingjiang River, southwestern China, have long been carried out. However, investigations into the correlation between the palaeoclimate and palaeoenvironment and the palaeoseismic events in this area are rarely found in literature. The present study took sediments from the ancient Diexi barrier lake to investigate the palaeoclimate, palaeoenvironment and palaeoseismic events. A drilling at the centre of the barrier lake was conducted and the core of about 260 m long was examined. The palaeoclimate and palaeoenvironment indicators (sporopollen, carbon and oxygen isotopes, organic matter, calcium carbonate, granularity) from the sediments have been tested and analysed, and indicate that there were 10 climatic and environmental periods between 30 000 and 15 000 a BP (before present). The discovered disturbance segments in the core indicate there were at least 10 seismic events during that period. The consistency between climate change and seismic events indicates that a strong seismicity is normally accompanied by a climatic variation. This may be a useful supplement for climate and geohazard predictions in the future.
Negotiating the Racial Boundaries of Khōjā Caste Membership in Late Nineteenth-Century Colonial Zanzibar (1878–1899)
Authors: Akhtar Iqbal
Published: August 2014

This article explores late nineteenth-century identity formation and caste boundaries among the Khōjā of colonial Zanzibar. The central concern regarding children born to a non-Khōjā parent was what status, particularly regarding rights of inheritance, the multiracial children born of these relationships had within the caste structure. The case of Nasur Jesa v. Hurbayee suggests that the attitude toward these children was inconsistent; sometimes they were embraced, and at other times they were shunned by the Khōjā community. The Khōjā caste schism in the late nineteenth century and the arrival of Aga Khan III in 1899 further complicated the practice of exogamy. The Sunni and Ithnā ʿAsharī Khōjā further opened their communities through exogamy and continued the practice of plural marriage. At the same time, a command from Aga Khan III to the Āgākhānī Khōjā led to the reinstatement of traditional caste endogamy and a prohibition of interracial marriage. Therefore, both the demographic realities of Zanzibar and the politics of caste affected how the Khōjā interacted with multiracial members of their community and whether they included or excluded them within the caste structure.
“Your Name Is Written in the Sky”
Authors: Covington-Ward Yolanda
Published: August 2014

This article explores the history of Kongo female prophets in the colonial-era kingunza (prophetic) movement between 1921 and 1960 in the Lower Congo region of the Democratic Republic of Congo. While much of the literature on the kingunza movement focuses on male prophets, especially Simon Kimbangu, I use multiple sources such as colonial reports, missionary correspondence, and oral interviews of Congolese themselves to show that women also were prominent. I examine particular roles, embodied actions (especially trembling), and deeds that defined a person as a prophet in the Kongo context. A focus on two major spheres of spiritual activity, premonition/divination and healing, reveals that some women were, from a Kongo perspective, considered to be prophets in their own right. This research suggests a need in studies of African religious movements for greater attention to embodiment, an emphasis on the diversity of activities that define religious expression, and refocusing on local prophets.
Visualizing Modernist Magazines with Geographic Information Systems (GIS):
Authors: Hankins Gabriel Anderson
Published: August 2014

Recent modernist scholarship has been concerned with tying textual and historical claims to the specificity of place. Through this renewed interest, we see a continued interest within modernist studies in new literary frameworks that move outward in their scale and scope. Postcolonial theorists have argued for a return to the scale of the geological and geographical in the “Anthropocene” era. Whether the impetus arises from postcolonial studies, Marxist critical geography, ecocriticism, or posthumanist approaches to geography, a number of contemporary frameworks aim to chart new geographies for literary studies in the literal and figurative senses.
When the Greek King Alexander the Great Laughed in India: The Rhetoric of Laughter and the Philosophy of Living
Authors: de Courcelles Dominique
Published: August 2014

The laughter of Alexander, the unvanquished hero, is a wordless message, a sign of his mastery and intelligent force, a sign of his art in deciphering signs. Alexander's laughter signifies that true force scorns force, just as true eloquence scorns eloquence. Intelligence turns force into a dynamic and laughing force and laughter thus becomes a fundamental capacity of force in order to better conceive the phenomenon of life and survival. It is true ritual laughter, “theurgic” laughter. The laughter of Alexander in India was perhaps the laughter of a holy man as defined by the sage Yang Xiong.
Rule-Based Resource Revenue Stabilization Funds: A Welfare Comparison
Authors: Landon Stuart , Smith Constance
Published: August 2014

Resource prices, and petroleum prices in particular, are volatile and difficult to predict, so government revenue in resource-producing regions is also uncertain and volatile. Adjusting government expenditure in response to these revenue movements involves economic, social and political costs. Many jurisdictions have established rule-based revenue stabilization funds to address revenue volatility, but there is little evidence on whether these funds improve welfare or if some fund designs increase welfare more than others. Using Monte Carlo techniques, we provide a quantitative welfare comparison of several types of rule-based stabilization funds for a petroleum-producing jurisdiction. We find large potential gains from the use of a fund to stabilize revenue, but some fund types reduce welfare, particularly those that accumulate large stocks of assets or debt. A fund that performs well, and is generally robust to changes in the simulation parameters, has a fixed deposit rate out of resource revenue and a fixed withdrawal rate out of assets.
Aandelen zonder stemrecht
Authors: Burgers H.Th.M.
Published: August 2014

Aandelen zonder stemrecht

In dit artikel worden de regelingen van stemrechtloze aandelen van de Nederlandse flex-bv vergeleken met die van de aandelen zonder of met beperkt stemrecht bij de Antilliaanse nv en bv. Aandacht wordt besteed aan de bepalingen in beide wetgevingen ter bescherming van de aandeelhouder zonder of met beperkt stemrecht. De algemene conclusie is dat de aandeelhouder zonder of met beperkt stemrecht in het Curaçaose Boek 2 BW minder beschermd is dan de houder van stemrechtloze aandelen in de Nederlandse flex-bv. De Nederlandse regeling is derhalve geen klakkeloze overneming van de 25 jaar eerder in Curaçao ingevoerde regeling van aandelen zonder of met beperkt stemrecht.
Probleemoplossingsgericht denken bij witwassen van uit eigen misdrijf afkomstige voorwerpen
Authors: Verbaan Joost , Nan Joost
Published: August 2014

The problem of money laundering of proceeds originating from crimes committed by the perpetrator himself

According to the text of the law and the meaning of the (international and) Dutch legislator, someone can also commit the crime of money laundering when the illegal proceeds originate from a crime he committed himself. The acquisition or possession of property that was derived from criminal activity is also considered as money laundering regardless whose criminal activity it was. The Dutch Supreme Court made an exception for situations in which the defendant has done nothing to conceal or disguise the criminal background of the property. This means that, for instance, when a drug dealer has hidden his ‘dirty money’ in or around his house, it cannot be qualified as money laundering. This poses problems for investigative authorities. In this article, the possibility of regarding the act of hiding and keeping hidden money as an attempt to launder money, based on the presumption that every act involving the hidden or kept money will result in money laundering, is researched.
A New 2D Zinc(II)-Organic Framework with Dinuclear Units Based on Iodinated Terephthalate: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Luminescence Behavior
Authors: Cui Kai , Ma Ji , Huo Xian-Kuan , Zhang Jian-Xun
Published: August 2014

A new coordination polymer [Zn(BDC-I2)(DMF)]n (1) has been prepared by solvothermal reaction of Zn(II) nitrate with 2,5-diiodo-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid (H2BDC-I2) in ethanol-DMF, and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy and single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction techniques. Complex 1 shows a two-dimensional network possessing dinuclear Zn2(CO2)4 secondary building units, which are further assembled into a three-dimensional supramolecular structure through intermolecular C-H···I interactions. Solid-state properties such as photoluminescence and thermal stability of 1 have also been investigated.
Synthesis of Diazepine-fused Porphyrinoids and Annulated Porphyrin Arrays
Authors: Ryan Aoife A. , Pouyatos Fanny , Stallivieri Aurelie , Balaban Teodor Silviu , Senge Mathias O.
Published: August 2014

Porphyrins with exocyclic rings allow for significant modulation of the photochemical properties of the macrocycle via modulation of the aromatic system through electronic and conformational effects. Here we sought to generate such porphyrinoids via a stepwise strategy involving two cycloaddition steps, the first improving the synthesis of a relatively unstable dehydropurpurin intermediate which ring opens to form a key 1,5-diketone species. A library of a new class of porphyrinoids, namely diazepine-fused porphyrinoids was synthesized via condensation methods from these 1,5-diketone precursors in yields of 8 - 49%. Cycloaddition methodologies were also applied to bisporphyrins, and their reactivities were investigated
Are All Cancer Stem Cells Created Equal?
Authors: Xie Xiujie , Teknos Theodoros N. , Pan Quintin
Published: August 2014

Numerous solid malignancies have been reported to contain cancer stem cells (CSCs). Distinct functional characteristics have been attributed to CSCs, and thus it is widely believed that these unique cells may have genetic and phenotypic homogeneity. Recent exciting but limited evidence, however, contradicts this tenet and supports the intriguing concept of genetic and phenotypic diversity in the CSC population. We propose that CSC heterogeneity at the inter- and intrapatient levels may be due to the cell of origin, to environmental cues, and/or to human papillomavirus infection. Additional insight into CSC heterogeneity is needed to identify actionable targets for optimal eradication of the diverse CSC subpopulations within a tumor.
“Based on the True Story of”: Political Filmmaking and Analogical Thinking
Authors: Staiger Janet
Published: August 2014

“Based on the True Story of” considers how reception studies contributes to determining what constitutes effective political filmmaking and the lessons these films offer to encourage political allegiances. Prior work has indicated that filmmakers need to provide narrative frames to insure their preferred views are accessible to audiences, that excessive emotional appeals can backfire, that conspiracy narratives are more accepted if the narratives argue for complicated webs of power structure, and that markers of authorial subjectivity provide space for spectators to negotiate the material. Here analogical thinking – finding resemblances of one or more features between events in the text and the historical past – is studied for docudramas. Using the reception of Good Night, and Good Luck (2005), the essay argues two further hypotheses that also involve analogical thinking : (1) reviewers expect audiences to seek lessons and explicitly engage with a film's assumed message about contemporary politics, and (2) reviewers often reposition the lessons into other generic narrative formula which have heroes and villains.
De l’autre côté du havre : malaise moral et films de migrants
Authors: Chavel Solange
Published: August 2014

La question de la migration, légale ou illégale, travaille la conscience politique de l’Europe contemporaine. Nous peinons à réconcilier des intuitions morales qui nous poussent à l’hospitalité et des motivations politiques qui tendent au contrôle. Plusieurs créations récentes du cinéma européen contemporain sont le reflet de ce malaise. Pour mettre à l’épreuve l’idée du cinéma comme « leçon de vie », nous proposons ainsi de comparer Le Havre (2011) de Aki Kaurismäki et De l’autre côté (2007) de Fatih Akin. Ces deux films nous semblent en effet représentatifs de deux usages moraux du cinéma fort différents, selon que le point de vue présenté est celui du citoyen ou celui du migrant. Alors que Le Havre se débat avec les figures en miroir de la forteresse assiégée et de la terre d’accueil supposée de la « misère du monde », Fatih Akin déplace radicalement les catégories.
Dons cachés, normes matrimoniales et règles d’héritage dans les échanges au sein des ménages à Lubumbashi
Authors: Kahola Olivier
Published: August 2014

Régulièrement, nous entendons que les Africains sont solidaires. Ce discours encensant cache bien d’autres formes d’échanges entre les parents, notamment les aides clandestines envers les familles d’origine des conjoints. Le plus souvent, on se contente des réalités présentées sur la sphère publique comme le transfert aux parents des biens matériels et de l’argent pour essentialiser la solidarité dite africaine. Un double jeu social entre les solidarités officielles et ostentatoires (les hébergements) et les solidarités officieuses et cachées (aides clandestines) détermine les recompositions familiales. En même temps, les aides clandestines soulèvent la question des limites entre l’immoralité et la moralité dans l’exercice des solidarités. Cet article poursuit deux objectifs : décrire les coulisses des pratiques de la solidarité dans les ménages et établir une relation entre les aides clandestines et les normes matrimoniales.
Sedimentary bed evolution as a mean‐reverting random walk: Implications for tracer statistics
Authors: Martin Raleigh L. , Purohit Prashant K. , Jerolmack Douglas J.
Published: August 2014

Sediment tracers are increasingly employed to estimate bed load transport and landscape evolution rates. Tracer trajectories are dominated by periods of immobility (“waiting times”) as they are buried and reexcavated in the stochastically evolving river bed. Here we model bed evolution as a random walk with mean‐reverting tendency (Ornstein‐Uhlenbeck process) originating from the restoring effect of erosion and deposition. The Ornstein‐Uhlenbeck model contains two parameters, a and b, related to the particle feed rate and range of bed elevation fluctuations, respectively. Observations of bed evolution in flume experiments agree with model predictions; in particular, the model reproduces the asymptotic t−1 tail in the tracer waiting time exceedance probability distribution. This waiting time distribution is similar to that inferred for tracers in natural gravel streams and avalanching rice piles, indicating applicability of the Ornstein‐Uhlenbeck mean‐reverting model to many disordered transport systems with tracer burial and excavation.
A unified model of auroral arc growth and electron acceleration in the magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling
Authors: Watanabe T.‐H.
Published: August 2014

A unified physical model of auroral arc growth and electron acceleration is constructed from the gyrokinetic and two‐fluid equations for the magnetosphere‐ionosphere (M‐I) coupling system. The present theory describes destabilization of kinetic Alfvén waves (KAWs) in the M‐I coupling, where development of upward and downward field‐aligned currents carried by the KAWs leads to ionospheric density enhancement and depletion, respectively. The feedback M‐I coupling through KAWs elucidates growth of auroral arcs and field‐aligned acceleration of electrons self‐consistently and provides a possible explanation to the Alfvénic auroras observed by the FAST spacecraft.
Characterization of Reactive Air Brazed Ceramic/Metal Joints with Unadapted Thermal Expansion Behavior
Authors: Bobzin Kirsten , Öte Mehmet , Wiesner Stefanie , Kaletsch Anke , Broeckmann Christoph
Published: August 2014

Reactive air brazing (RAB) is a promising and economic method for joining ceramic to metal as well as ceramic to ceramic. Hybrid joints gain importance in the field of challenging applications such as gas separation or solid oxide fuel cells. While the ceramic partner is often directly chosen due to its functionality, the metallic partner needs to be chosen carefully in order to avoid high residual stresses due to the differences in the thermal expansion coefficients. This leads to the restriction of the usage of a significant number of potential joining partners. Ceramic/metals components with unadapted thermal expansion behavior (Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3–δ/Crofer 22 H and 3YSZ/AISI 314) were joined by RAB. Cu‐containing as well as Cu‐free Ag‐based filler metals were used. Analysis of the cross‐section of brazed samples showed that the microstructure of the samples depends especially on the used filler metal. The melting process as well as the exothermic reactions leading to a distinct reaction zone could be observed in the differential scanning calorimetric measurements. While the microstructure of the joints is not significantly influenced by the base material, the strength of the BSCF/Crofer 22 H specimens is nearly four times lower than the strength of the specimens with the adapted thermal expansion coefficients (BSCF/AISI 314 and 3YSZ/Crofer 22 H). The reasons are residual stresses caused by the different thermal expansion coefficients. Finite element simulations assuming a visco‐plastic material model show that an amount of stress can be reduced by relaxation within the silver based braze. But the volume of the high residual stresses is still larger in the BSCF/Crofer 22 H joints than that of the BSCF/AISI 314 joint resulting in a lower fracture strength.
Light‐Induced Degradation of Polymer:Fullerene Photovoltaic Devices: An Intrinsic or Material‐Dependent Failure Mechanism?
Authors: Voroshazi Eszter , Cardinaletti Ilaria , Conard Thierry , Rand Barry P.
Published: August 2014

Although degradation mechanisms in organic photovoltaic devices continue to receive increased attention, it is only recently that the initial light‐induced failure, or so‐called burn‐in effect, has been considered. Both prototypical polythiophene:fullerene and polycarbazole:fullerene systems exhibit an exponential performance loss of ≈40% upon 150 h of continuous solar illumination. While the decrease in both the short‐circuit current (JSC) and open‐circuit voltage (VOC) is the origin of performance loss in poly(3‐hexylthiophene):[6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PC60BM), in poly(N‐9′‐hepta‐decanyl‐2,7‐carbazole‐alt‐5,5‐(4′,7′‐di‐2‐thienyl‐2′,1′,3′‐benzothiadiazole)):[6,6]‐phenyl‐C71‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCDTBT:PC70BM) the decline of the fill factor dominates. By systematic variation of the interface layers, active layer thickness, and acceptor in polythiophene:fullerene cells, the loss in JSC is ascribed to a degradation in the bulk of the P3HT:PC60BM, while the drop in VOC is reversible and arises from charge trapping at the contact interfaces. By replacing the C60 fullerene derivative with a C70 derivative, or by modifying the electron transport layer, the JSC or VOC, respectively, are stabilized. These insights prove that the burn‐in process stems from multiple concurrent failure mechanisms. Comparing the ageing and recovery processes in P3HT and PCDTBT blends results in the conclusion that their interface failures differ in nature and that burn‐in is a material dependent, rather than an intrinsic, failure mechanism.
Risks of a lifetime in construction. Part II: Chronic occupational diseases
Authors: Ringen Knut , Dement John , Welch Laura , Dong Xiuwen Sue , Bingham Eula , Quinn Patricia S.
Published: August 2014

Background

We developed working‐life estimates of risk for dust‐related occupational lung disease, COPD, and hearing loss based on the experience of the Building Trades National Medical Screening Program in order to (1) demonstrate the value of estimates of lifetime risk, and (2) make lifetime risk estimates for common conditions among construction workers.

Methods

Estimates of lifetime risk were performed based on 12,742 radiographic evaluations, 12,679 spirometry tests, and 11,793 audiograms.

Results

Over a 45‐year working life, 16% of construction workers developed COPD, 11% developed parenchymal radiological abnormality, and 73.8% developed hearing loss. The risk for occupationally related disease over a lifetime in a construction trade was 2–6 times greater than the risk in non‐construction workers.

Conclusions

When compared with estimates from annualized cross‐sectional data, lifetime risk estimates are highly useful for risk expression, and should help to inform stakeholders in the construction industry as well as policy‐makers about magnitudes of risk. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:1235–1245, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Edge effects in the primate community of the biological dynamics of forest fragments project,Amazonas,Brazil
Authors: Lenz Bryan B. , Jack Katharine M. , Spironello Wilson R.
Published: August 2014

While much is known about abiotic and vegetative edge effects in tropical forests, considerably less is known about the impact of forest edges on large mammals. In this study, we examine edge effects in a primate community to determine: 1) the distance from the edge over which edge effects in primate density are detectable, 2) whether individual species exhibit edge effects in their density, and 3) whether biological characteristics can be used to predict primate presence in edge habitats. Given their importance to many primate species, we also examine the influence of the number of large trees. We found edge penetration distances of 150 m for the five species that experienced edge effects, suggesting that primates respond to edge‐related changes in the plant community that are known to be strongest over the first 150 m. Four species had higher edge densities:Alouatta macconnelli(folivore‐frugivore),Chiropotes chiropotes(frugivorous seed predator),Saguinus midas(frugivore‐faunivore), andSapajus apella apella(frugivore‐faunivore); one species' density was lower:Ateles paniscus(frugivore); and the final species,Pithecia chrysocephala(frugivorous seed predator), did not show an edge‐related pattern. The lone significant relationship between the biological characteristics examined (body weight, diet, group size, and home range size) and primate presence in edge habitats was a negative relationship with the amount of fruit consumed. Though we did not examine primate responses to edges that border a denuded matrix, we have shown that edges influence primate distribution even following decades of secondary forest regeneration at habitat edges. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:436–446, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Konjugierte Umpolung von β,β‐disubstituierten Enalen durch duale Katalyse mit N‐heterocyclischen Carbenen und Brønsted‐Säuren: einfacher Aufbau benachbarter, quartärer Stereozentren
Authors: Li Jun‐Long , Sahoo Basudev , Daniliuc Constantin‐G. , Glorius Frank
Published: August 2014

Ein sterisch gehindertes Homoenolat wurde durch NHC‐katalysierte, konjugierte Umpolung von β,β‐disubstituierten Enalen generiert und in einer direkten, stereoselektiven Anellierung mit Isatinen eingesetzt. Diese Strategie bietet einen effizienten Zugang zu spirocyclischen Oxindolen, die zwei hochsubstituierte, benachbarte, quartäre Stereozentren enthalten. Die Verwendung einer Brønsted‐Säure als Cokatalysator erwies sich als entscheidend für sowohl ausgezeichnete Reaktivität als auch hohe Stereoselektivität.
Conjugate Umpolung of β,β‐Disubstituted Enals by Dual Catalysis with an N‐Heterocyclic Carbene and a Brønsted Acid: Facile Construction of Contiguous Quaternary Stereocenters
Authors: Li Jun‐Long , Sahoo Basudev , Daniliuc Constantin‐G. , Glorius Frank
Published: August 2014

A sterically hindered homoenolate has been generated by the NHC‐catalyzed conjugate umpolung of β,β‐disubstituted enals and successfully employed in a facile stereoselective annulation with isatins. The strategy provides efficient access to spirocyclic oxindoles bearing two highly congested contiguous quaternary carbon centers. The use of a Brønsted acid cocatalyst was found to be crucial for guaranteeing both excellent reactivity and high stereoselectivity.
The damping and flame‐retardant properties of poly(vinyl chloride)/chlorinated butyl rubber multilayered composites
Authors: Zhang Fengshun , He Guansong , Xu Kangming , Wu Hong , Guo Shaoyun
Published: August 2014

The alternating multilayered damping composites, which were consisted of chlorinated butyl rubber (CIIR) layers and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) layers, were first prepared through multilayered coextrusion technology. The multilayered structure was controlled by adjusting the layer number or the thickness ratio of CIIR layer and PVC layer. The damping and flame‐retardant properties of the CIIR/PVC multilayered damping composites were investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis, the limiting oxygen index, and thermogravimetric analyzer, respectively. The results showed that the effective damping temperature range was broadened with increasing the layer number, since multilayered structure resulted in partial overlap of the loss peaks of CIIR and PVC. Meanwhile, the flame‐retardant properties of the multilayered composites were also enhanced with increasing the layer number. Less surface area of CIIR contacting oxygen in the confined burning space, rather than the formation of char residue, could effectively retard the combustion of the material. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41259.
Ethylene/1‐hexene copolymerization with supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts prepared by immobilizing TiCl3(OAr) onto MgCl2
Authors: Yang Hongrui , Huang Biao , Fu Zhisheng , Fan Zhiqiang
Published: August 2014

Five titanium complexes TiCl3(OAr) (Ar = C6H5, 2,6‐Me2C6H3, 2,6‐i‐Pr2C6H3, 2,6‐t‐Bu2C6H3, 4‐Me‐2,6‐t‐Bu2C6H3) were immobilized, respectively, on MgCl2 in semibatch reaction to form supported catalysts for olefin polymerization. Comparing with the catalysts prepared by immobilizing TiCl3(OAr) onto MgCl2 in batch reaction, the catalysts prepared by semibatch reaction have lower titanium content and higher ArO/Ti ratio. The aryloxy‐containing catalysts studied in this work showed higher ethylene/1‐hexene copolymerization activity and higher 1‐hexene incorporation rate than the blank catalyst when activated by triisobutylaluminum. Similar effects of the aryloxy ligand were observed when the copolymerization is conducted in the presence of hydrogen. Introducing aryloxy ligand in the catalysts either by semibatch or batch reaction caused similar effects of enhancing copolymerization activity and α‐olefin incorporation rate. Mechanism of the effects of aryloxy ligand has been discussed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41329.
Tori‐lines with weighted branch lines reduce seabird bycatch in eastern South Pacific longline fishery
Authors: Sato Noriyosi , Katsumata Nobuhiro , Yokota Kosuke , Uehara Takayoshi , Fusejima Ippei , Minami Hiroshi
Published: August 2014

The effectiveness of tori‐lines combined with double‐weighted branch lines in reducing seabird bycatch was evaluated in a pelagic longline fishery.

Seabird bait attack behaviour, bycatch number, and sinking rate of baited hooks were examined on double‐weighted and unweighted branch lines deployed on the same longline with a single tori‐line. Comparisons were conducted from July to October in 2011 during two cruises on a chartered longline vessel in the eastern South Pacific Ocean outside the Chilean and Peruvian exclusive economic zones.

Cape petrels (Daption capense), white‐chinned petrels (Procellaria aequinoctialis) and Westland petrels (Procellaria westlandica) were abundant during line setting. There were 275 primary bait‐taking attacks by these species, but there were only eight primary attacks by albatrosses. Nevertheless, six albatrosses and six diving seabirds were incidentally caught as bycatch. Of the primary attacks by Cape petrels, white‐chinned petrels and Westland petrels, 153 led to secondary attacks. These results suggest that off Chile and Peru there is frequent secondary bycatch of albatrosses as a result of their stealing bait from Cape petrels and diving seabirds.

Best‐fit models for the number of primary attacks and of bycatch included the weighted branch line; the use of weighted branch lines resulted in a lower number of primary attacks. Hooks on unweighted branch lines did not reach any of the benchmark depths (3, 5, and 10 m) within the aerial extent of the tori‐lines (the tori‐line remaining above the water surface), hooks on weighted branch lines reached 5 m depth within the aerial extent. These results suggest that, for the pelagic longline fishery off Chile and Peru, combining double‐weighted branch lines and tori‐lines reduces the bycatch more effectively than tori‐lines with unweighted branch lines.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Localization of Sarcomeric Proteins During Myofibril Assembly in Cultured Mouse Primary Skeletal Myotubes
Authors: White Jennifer , Barro Marietta V. , Makarenkova Helen P. , Sanger Joseph W. , Sanger Jean M.
Published: August 2014

It is important to understand how muscle forms normally in order to understand muscle diseases that result in abnormal muscle formation. Although the structure of myofibrils is well understood, the process through which the myofibril components form organized contractile units is not clear. Based on the staining of muscle proteins in avian embryonic cardiomyocytes, we previously proposed that myofibrils formation occurred in steps that began with premyofibrils followed by nascent myofibrils and ending with mature myofibrils. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the premyofibril model of myofibrillogenesis developed from studies developed from studies in avian cardiomyocytes was supported by our current studies of myofibril assembly in mouse skeletal muscle. Emphasis was on establishing how the key sarcomeric proteins, F‐actin, nonmuscle myosin II, muscle myosin II, and α‐actinin were organized in the three stages of myofibril assembly. The results also test previous reports that nonmuscle myosins II A and B are components of the Z‐bands of mature myofibrils, data that are inconsistent with the premyofibril model. We have also determined that in mouse muscle cells, telethonin is a late assembling protein that is present only in the Z‐bands of mature myofibrils. This result of using specific telethonin antibodies supports the approach of using YFP‐tagged proteins to determine where and when these YFP‐sarcomeric fusion proteins are localized. The data presented in this study on cultures of primary mouse skeletal myocytes are consistent with the premyofibril model of myofibrillogenesis previously proposed for both avian cardiac and skeletal muscle cells. Anat Rec, 297:1571–1584, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.