bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Santiago Ramón y Cajal: The Cajal Institute and the Spanish Histological School
Authors: De Carlos Juan A. , Pedraza MarÍa
Published: August 2014

Santiago Ramón y Cajal was a self‐taught researcher. He almost always worked alone, usually in the solitude of his private laboratory installed at his home. He was also a university professor and therefore taught histology and pathology to many students. But because research laboratories were scarce and poorly equipped, he preferred to organize courses and tutor at home as well. For this reason, Cajal left a faint trace of disciples in the three academic chairs that he came to occupy. It may be argued that Cajal formed the histological school when the Spanish government decided to support his investigations and created a scientific laboratory for him, with funding to cover the cost of journals, instruments, materials, personnel, and so forth. This support occurred in the year 1902, after Cajal received the Moscow Prize. Some of his former students accompanied Cajal to the new laboratory. Upon receipt of new awards, including the Gold Medal of von Helmholtz (1905) and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1906), Cajal's popularity increased and a large number of students wanted to learn about the laboratory and work with the great Cajal. This review tells this history. But we realize that this is not an easy task because to be fair to all the people that formed the Spanish Histological School, we would need to write a book. This is not practical. Instead, selection of contributors to the formation of the Spanish Histological School is provided. At the same time, some brushstrokes of the story extend to and include the Cajal Institute, which ran in parallel with the Spanish Histological School. Anat Rec, 297:1785–1802, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
One‐Pot Consecutive Catalysis by Integrating Organometallic Catalysis with Organocatalysis
Authors: Sau Samaresh Chandra , Roy Sudipta Raha , Mandal Swadhin K.
Published: August 2014

The present study integrates two types of catalysis, namely, organometallic catalysis and organocatalysis in one reaction pot. In this process, the product of the first catalytic cycle acts as catalytic component for next catalytic cycle. The abnormal N‐heterocyclic carbene–copper‐based organometallic catalyst acts as an efficient catalyst for a click reaction to provide triazole, which, in turn, acts as an efficient organocatalyst for different organic transformations, for example, aza‐Michael addition and multicomponent reactions, in a consecutive fashion in the same reaction pot.
Cross‐Sectional Evidence for a Decrease in Cognitive Function With Age in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders?
Authors: Barneveld Petra Suzanne , Swaab Hanna , van Engeland Herman , de Sonneville Leo
Published: August 2014

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are associated with early disturbances in brain maturation processes and these interferences presumably have their consequences for the progressive emergence of cognitive deficits later in life, as expressed in intelligence profiles. In this study, we addressed the impact of age on cognitive functioning of 6‐ to 15‐year‐old children and adolescents with ASD. Intelligence profiles were measured by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children and compared among four consecutive age cohorts (children aged 6.17–8.03 years, 8.04–9.61 years, and 9.68–11.50 years and adolescents aged 11.54–15.85 years) of 237 high‐functioning boys with ASD. The results clearly demonstrated that the global intelligence level was lower in children aged 8 years and older, when compared with 6‐ and 7‐year‐old children with ASD. This is mostly due to the Freedom From Distractibility factor, suggesting that older children were less able to sustain their attention, they were more distractible, or had more graph motor difficulties. Moreover, an effect of age was also found with respect to the relatively poor performance on the subtest Comprehension when compared with other verbal comprehension subtests, indicating that specifically the impairments in verbal comprehension and social reasoning abilities were more profound in older children when compared with 6‐ and 7‐year‐old children with ASD. Findings of this cross‐sectional study showed that it is relevant to take age into account when evaluating the impact of cognitive impairments on intelligence in children with ASD, because the impact of these developmental disorders might be different at different ages. Autism Res 2014, 7: 527–534. © 2014 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration
Authors: Chan D S Y , Jain P A , Khalifa A , Hughes R , Baker A L
Published: August 2014

Background

Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) is a safe and effective single-stage treatment for choledocholithiasis in the elective setting. The outcomes after LCBDE in the emergency setting are unknown. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes following elective and emergency LCBDE for choledocholithiasis.

Methods

Details of all patients who underwent LCBDE for choledocholithiasis between August 2003 and August 2013 were analysed retrospectively. The primary outcome measure was common bile duct (CBD) stone clearance rate. Secondary outcome measures were conversion rate, morbidity, mortality and length of hospital stay.

Results

Some 215 consecutive patients (57 male; median age 65 (range 14–92) years) underwent LCBDE. Some 121 procedures were performed electively and 94 as an emergency. Forty-five patients (48 per cent) presented with obstructive jaundice or cholangitis in the emergency LCBDE group compared with 15 (12·4 per cent) in the elective group (P < 0·001). The CBD stone clearance rate was similarly high in both groups (96 versus 96·7 per cent respectively; P = 0·557). There were no significant differences in conversion rate (6 versus 4·1 per cent), morbidity (5 versus 6·6 per cent), mortality (2 versus 0 per cent) or median length of stay (3 days) between groups. Two patients died, both following emergency LCBDE.

Conclusion

LCBDE can be performed safely and effectively in both elective and emergency settings.
Induced Self‐Assembly of Platinum(II) Alkynyl Complexes through Specific Interactions between Citrate and Guanidinium for Proof‐of‐Principle Detection of Citrate and an Assay of Citrate Lyase
Authors: Chung Clive Yik‐Sham , Yam Vivian Wing‐Wah
Published: August 2014

Water‐soluble alkynylplatinum(II) terpyridine complexes appended with guanidinium moieties, [Pt(tpy)(CCAr)][OTf]2 (tpy=terpyridine; OTf=trifluoromethanesulfonate; Ar=C6H4‐{NHC(NH2+)(NH2)}‐4 (1), C6H4‐{CH2NHC(NH2+)(NH2)}‐4 (2)), and [Pt(tBu3tpy)(CCC6H4‐{NHC(NH2+)(NH2)}‐4)][OTf]2 (3; tBu3tpy=4,4′,4′′‐tri‐tert‐butyl‐2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridine), have been synthesized and characterized. The photophysical properties of the complexes have been studied. Based on the results of UV/Vis absorption, resonance light scattering, and dynamic light scattering experiments, in aqueous buffer solutions complexes 1 and 2 undergo aggregation in the presence of citrate through strong and specific electrostatic and hydrogen‐bonding interactions with citrate. The emergence of a triplet metal–metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer (3MMLCT) emission in the near‐infrared (NIR) region brought on by the induced self‐assembly of complex 1 has been demonstrated for proof‐of‐principle detection of citrate with good sensitivity and selectivity over other mono‐ and dicarboxylate substrates in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle as well as phosphate and lactate anions. Such a good selectivity toward citrate has been rationalized by the high charge density of citrate under physiological conditions and specific interactions between the guanidinium moiety on complex 1 and citrate. Extension of the work to citrate detection in fetal bovine serum and real‐time monitoring of the activity of citrate lyase by the NIR emission of complex 1 have also been demonstrated.
Azavinylidenephosphoranes: A Class of Cyclic Push–Pull Carbenes
Authors: Lavigne Florie , Kazzi Aimée El , Escudié Yannick , Maerten Eddy , Kato Tsuyoshi , Saffon‐Merceron Nathalie , Branchadell Vicenç , Cossío Fernando P. , Baceiredo Antoine
Published: August 2014

The synthesis of a novel family of cyclic push–pull carbenes, namely, azavinylidene phosphoranes, is described. The methodology is based on a formal [3+2] cycloaddition between terminal alkynes and phosphine–imines followed by an oxidation/deprotonation step. Carbenes 6, obtained by simple deprotonation, exhibit typical transient carbene reactivity like the intramolecular CH insertion reaction and a pronounced ambiphilic character exemplified by [2+1] cycloaddition with electron‐poor methyl acrylate. Owing to the cyclic structure, carbenes 6 also exhibit an excellent coordination ability toward transition metals. RhI complex 10 was obtained in excellent yield and was fully characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography. The corresponding RhI–carbonyl complex was also prepared; this indicates that carbenes 6 belong to the strongest σ‐donating ligands to date. DFT calculations confirmed the high σ‐donation ability of 6 and their classification as push–pull carbenes with a relatively small singlet–triplet energy gap of 23.2–24.3 kcal mol−1.
Water‐Stable Zirconium‐Based Metal–Organic Framework Material with High‐Surface Area and Gas‐Storage Capacities
Authors: Gutov Oleksii V. , Bury Wojciech , Gomez‐Gualdron Diego A. , Krungleviciute Vaiva , Fairen‐Jimenez David , Mondloch Joseph E. , Sarjeant Amy A. , Al‐Juaid Salih S. , Snurr Randall Q. , Hupp Joseph T. , Yildirim Taner , Farha Omar K.
Published: August 2014

We designed, synthesized, and characterized a new Zr‐based metal–organic framework material, NU‐1100, with a pore volume of 1.53 ccg−1 and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area of 4020 m2g−1; to our knowledge, currently the highest published for Zr‐based MOFs. CH4/CO2/H2 adsorption isotherms were obtained over a broad range of pressures and temperatures and are in excellent agreement with the computational predictions. The total hydrogen adsorption at 65 bar and 77 K is 0.092 g g−1, which corresponds to 43 g L−1. The volumetric and gravimetric methane‐storage capacities at 65 bar and 298 K are approximately 180 vSTP/v and 0.27 g g−1, respectively.
Pyridoxine‐Derived Organoselenium Compounds with Glutathione Peroxidase‐Like and Chain‐Breaking Antioxidant Activity
Authors: Singh Vijay P. , Poon Jia‐fei , Butcher Ray J. , Engman Lars
Published: August 2014

One of the vitamin B6 vitamers, pyridoxine, was modified to incorporate selenium in various oxidation states in place of the methyl group in position 2. Such compounds were conveniently accessed by treatment of bis‐4,5‐(carboethoxy)‐2‐iodo‐3‐pyridinol with disodium diselenide and LiAlH4‐reduction. After work‐up, selone 7 was isolated in good yield as an air‐stable crystalline material. Hydrogen bonding to the neighboring hydroxyl group, as revealed by the short intramolecular Se⋅⋅⋅H distance in the crystal structure is likely to provide extra stabilization to the compound. Computational studies showed that selone 7 is more stable than the corresponding selenol tautomer by 12.2 kcal mol−1. Hydrogen peroxide oxidation of the selone 7 afforded diselenide 12, and, on further oxidation, seleninic acid 13. Treatment of the seleninic acid with thiophenol provided an isolable selenosulfide 14. The glutathione peroxidase‐like properties of the pyridoxine‐derived compounds were assessed by using the coupled reductase method. Seleninic acid 13 was found to be twofold more active than ebselen. The chain‐breaking capacity of the pyridoxine compounds were studied in a water/chlorobenzene membrane model containing linoleic acid as an oxidizable substrate and N‐acetylcysteine as a thiol reducing agent. Diselenide 15 could match α‐tocopherol when it comes to reactivity towards peroxyl radicals and inhibition time.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Li3X3 Supersalts (X: F, Cl, Br and I) and Their Alkalide Characteristics.
Authors: Srivastava Ambrish Kumar , Misra Neeraj
Published: August 2014

The second‐order pertubative Moller—Plesset approach, MP2(FC), with a double zeta type basis set for all atoms is used to compute the formation of novel species by the interaction of LiX2 superhalogens with Li2X superalkalies (X: F, Cl, Br, I).
ChemInform Abstract: High‐Precision X‐Ray Diffraction Data, Experimental and Theoretical Study of 2H‐MoS2.
Authors: Naumov N. G. , Korlyukov A. A. , Piryazev D. A. , Virovets A. V. , Fedorov V. E.
Published: August 2014

High‐quality single crystals of the title compound are prepared from a mixture of molybdenum and a twofold excess of sulfur (quartz tube, 1250 °C, 96 h) and used to determine the crystal structure of the compound by precise three‐dimensional single crystal XRD and quantum chemical DFT calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: Flux Growth of Yb6.6Ir6Sn16 Having Mixed‐Valent Ytterbium.
Authors: Peter Sebastian C. , Subbarao Udumula , Rayaprol Sudhindra , Martin Joshua B. , Balasubramanian Mahalingam , Malliakas Christos D. , Kanatzidis Mercouri G.
Published: August 2014

Single crystals of the title compound are grown in an indium flux starting with a mixture of Yb, Ir, Sn, and In in the molar ratio of 3:2:6:30 (alumina crucible, 1000 °C for 5 h and 850 °C for 48 h, <95% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Common Metal of Copper(0) as an Efficient Catalyst for Preparation of Nitriles and Imines by Controlling Additives.
Authors: Wang Jiaqing , Lu Shuanglong , Cao Xueqin , Gu Hongwei
Published: August 2014

An efficient and environmentally friendly method for copper(0)‐catalyzed oxidation of benzylamines in the presence of 1 equiv.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Hydroamination to Six‐Membered Rings by Heterobimetallic Catalysts.
Authors: Hussein Lenard , Purkait Nibadita , Biyikal Mustafa , Tausch Eugenia , Roesky Peter W. , Blechert Siegfried
Published: August 2014

New bimetallic Zn/Zr salen‐type systems are successfully employed as catalysts in asymmetric intramolecular hydroamination reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Enantiopure Cyclic Diols with Sulfuryl Chloride.
Authors: Boyd Derek R. , Sharma Narain D. , Kaik Magdalena , McIntyre Peter B. A. , Malone John F. , Stevenson Paul J.
Published: August 2014

Monocyclic allylic cis‐diols (I) react with sulfuryl chloride at 0 °C regio‐ and stereoselectively to give 2‐chloro‐1‐sulfochloridates (II), which can be hydrolyzed to yield the corresponding trans‐chlorohydrins (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of Yne‐Vinylidenecyclopropanes: A Three‐Carbon Synthon for [3 + 2] Cycloadditions.
Authors: Yuan Wei , Tang Xiangying , Wei Yin , Shi Min
Published: August 2014

A novel cycloisomerization/rearrangement of newly synthesized yne‐vinylidenecyclopropanes (I) and (III) catalyzed by a sterically hindered gold catalyst is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Polycyclic Substituted Vinylarenes via a One‐Pot Intramolecular Aryl Alkylation — N‐Tosylhydrazone Insertion Reaction.
Authors: Wu Xin‐Xing , Zhou Ping‐Xin , Wang Li‐Jing , Xu Peng‐Fei , Liang Yong‐Min
Published: August 2014

A novel method of a Pd‐catalyzed/norbornene‐mediated intramolecular C—H activation/N‐tosylhydrazone insertion reaction is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Homogeneous Cyclocarbonylation of Alkenols with Iron Pentacarbonyl.
Authors: Babjak Matej , Markovic Martin , Kandrikova Beata , Gracza Tibor
Published: August 2014

The Pd‐catalyzed tandem cyclization‐oxycarbonylation of (amino)polyols with a terminal double bond runs in a chemo‐ and stereoselective manner.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Chlorination/Ring Expansion for the Synthesis of α‐Quaternary Cycloalkanones.
Authors: Yin Qin , You Shu‐Li
Published: August 2014

A highly enantioselective chlorination/ring‐expansion of cyclobutanols and oxa‐cyclobutanols is achieved using dichlorodimethylhydantoin in the presence of N‐Boc‐L‐phenylglycine as simple catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: MaxPHOS Ligand: PH/NH Tautomerism and Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenations.
Authors: Cristobal‐Lecina Edgar , Etayo Pablo , Doran Sean , Reves Marc , Martin‐Gago Pablo , Grabulosa Arnald , Costantino Andrea R. , Vidal‐Ferran Anton , Riera Antoni , Verdaguer Xavier
Published: August 2014

The rhodium complex containing the (S)‐MaxPhos ligand is synthesized and examined as catalyst for the asymmetric hydrogenation reaction of a variety of di‐ and trisubstituted olefins.
ChemInform Abstract: Iridium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Allyl—Alkene Coupling.
Authors: Hamilton James Y. , Sarlah David , Carreira Erick M.
Published: August 2014

The products are contaminated with minor amounts (<20:1 in most cases) of double bond isomers like (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Carbonylative Direct Arylation of Five‐Membered and Condensed Heterocycles.
Authors: Pospech Jola , Tlili Anis , Spannenberg Anke , Neumann Helfried , Beller Matthias
Published: August 2014

A Ru‐catalyzed carbonylative C—H bond arylation process for the three‐component synthesis of aryl‐(hetaro)aryl ketones, such as (IV), (VI), (VIII) and (X) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: A Bis(triazolecarboxamido) Ligand for Enantio‐ and Regioselective Molybdenum‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation Reactions.
Authors: Ozkal Erhan , Pericas Miquel A.
Published: August 2014

A novel molybdenum catalyst containing a bis(triazolocarboxamido) ligand allows the asymmetric alkylation of allylic carbonates with dimethyl malonate with excellent regio‐ and enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbonylation of Quaternary Ammonium Halides to Tertiary Amides.
Authors: Lei Yizhu , Zhang Rui , Wu Linjuan , Wu Qing , Mei Hui , Li Guangxing
Published: August 2014

The catalyst can be recycled and reused in six catalytic cycles without significant loss of activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Lewis Acid Catalyzed [3 + 2]‐Annulations of Donor—Acceptor Cyclopropanes and Ynamides.
Authors: Mackay William D. , Fistikci Meryem , Carris Ryan M. , Johnson Jeffrey S.
Published: August 2014

N,N‐Dimethylaniline as well as 4‐chlorophenyl substituted cyclopropane analogues fail to react.
ChemInform Abstract: Bioinspired Intramolecular Diels—Alder Reaction: A Rapid Access to the Highly‐Strained Cyclopropane‐Fused Polycyclic Skeleton.
Authors: Zhu Shifa , Guo Zhengjiang , Huang Zhipeng , Jiang Huanfeng
Published: August 2014

The title Au‐catalyzed Diels‐Alder reaction results in cyclopropane‐fused polycyclic products from mixtures of cis/trans dienes and enynal.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium(0)‐Catalyzed Cyclopropanation of Benzyl Bromides via C(sp3)—H Bond Activation.
Authors: Mao Jiangang , Zhang Shuo‐Qing , Shi Bing‐Feng , Bao Weiliang
Published: August 2014

The structure of product (IIIa) is confirmed by X‐ray analysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Selective gem‐Difluoroallylation of Organoborons with Bromodifluoromethylated Alkenes Catalyzed by Palladium.
Authors: Min Qiao‐Qiao , Yin Zengsheng , Feng Zhang , Guo Wen‐Hao , Zhang Xingang
Published: August 2014

The presented method is applicable to a broad scope of organoboronic and bromo difluoro allyl compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Cu‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Propargylic Amination of Propargyl Carbamates.
Authors: Zou Yuan , Zhu Fu‐Lin , Duan Zheng‐Chao , Wang Ya‐Hui , Zhang De‐Yang , Cao Zhong , Zheng Zhuo , Hu Xiang‐Ping
Published: August 2014

The title reaction proceeds under mild conditions and is suitable for a broad range of substrates providing optically active propargylic amines in high yields with high enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of α‐Arylaminocyclobutanones.
Authors: Aitken David J. , Caboni Pierluigi , Eijsberg Hendrik , Frongia Angelo , Guillot Regis , Ollivier Jean , Piras Pier Paolo , Secci Francesco
Published: August 2014

Optimized conditions allow the enantioselective synthesis of the title compounds from racemic α‐hydroxycyclobutanone and N‐alkylaniline derivatives via a tandem condensation/keto‐enol tautomerization process.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Method for the Preparation of Bishomopropargylic Alcohols from Acyl Chlorides.
Authors: Vasquez Suhelen , Cabezas Jorge A.
Published: August 2014

A propargyl dianion equivalent (prepared from propargyl bromide and nBuLi) reacts with acyl chlorides and esters via its propargyl anion position to yield bishomopropargylic alcohols after acidic work‐up.
ChemInform Abstract: Visible‐Light‐Induced C—S Bond Activation: Facile Access to 1,4‐Diketones from β‐Ketosulfones.
Authors: Xuan Jun , Feng Zhu‐Jia , Chen Jia‐Rong , Lu Liang‐Qiu , Xiao Wen‐Jing
Published: August 2014

The title reaction affords symmetrical and unsymmetrical 1,4‐diketones which can be easily transformed into biologically valuable compounds [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Effects of Reaction Conditions on Quinone/Diquinone Product Ratios in the Oxidation of 1,4‐Dimethoxybenzene Derivatives with Ceric Ammonium Nitrate.
Authors: Love Brian E. , Duffy Brian C. , Simmons Alexander L.
Published: August 2014

CAN oxidation of 1,4‐dimethoxybenzene derivatives affords quinone or diquinones depending on the solvent employed and the mode of addition.
ChemInform Abstract: Hiyama Cross‐Coupling Reaction Catalyzed by a Palladium Salt of 1‐Benzyl‐4‐aza‐1‐azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane Chloride under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Hajipour Abdol R. , Rafiee Fatemeh , Najafi Narges
Published: August 2014

The combination of homogeneous complex as a catalyst, high dipole of the quaternary salt and microwave irradiation increases lifetime of the catalyst, improve the yields and shorten the reaction times.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed Csp2—Csp3 Bond Formation by Carbon—Fluorine Activation.
Authors: Sun Alex D. , Leung Kaylyn , Restivo Anita D. , LaBerge Nicole A. , Takasaki Harumi , Love Jennifer A.
Published: August 2014

A new route to generate alkyl substituted aryl fluorides, such as (III), (V), (VIII) and (XI) through Ni‐catalyzed Negishi cross‐coupling reactions is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Indene Derivatives via Reactions of Vinylidenecyclopropanes with the N‐Acyliminium Cations Generated from Hydroxylactams.
Authors: Stepakov Alexander V. , Larina Anna G. , Boitsov Vitaly M. , Gurzhiy Vladislav V. , Molchanov Alexander P. , Kostikov Rafael R.
Published: August 2014

A facile protocol for the Lewis‐acid‐mediated reaction of hydroxylactams with cyclopropane derivatives (II) to afford indene derivatives in low to moderate yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphine‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Formal [4 + 2] Tandem Cyclization of Activated Dienes with Isatylidenemalononitriles: Enantioselective Synthesis of Multistereogenic Spirocyclic Oxindoles.
Authors: Hu Fang‐Le , Wei Yin , Shi Min
Published: August 2014

The title cyclization is accomplished via a tandem Rauhut—Currier/Michael/Rauhut—Currrier reaction sequence to give spirocyclic oxindoles in high yields along with excellent enantio‐ and diastereoselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Complex Dispirocyclopentanebisoxindoles via Cycloaddition Reactions of 4‐Dimethylamino‐1‐alkoxycarbonylmethylpyridinium Bromides with 2‐Oxoindolin‐3‐ylidene Derivatives.
Authors: Lu Li‐Juan , Fu Qin , Sun Jing , Yan Chao‐Guo
Published: August 2014

The presence of the dimethylamino group in the pyridinium bromides leads to the unexpected formation of compounds (VII) and (IX), whereas pyridinium bromides (II) gives the corresponding products (III) and (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Flow Synthesis of Substituted γ‐Lactones by Consecutive Photocatalytic/Reductive Reactions.
Authors: Fagnoni Maurizio , Bonassi Filippo , Palmieri Alessandro , Protti Stefano , Ravelli Davide , Ballini Roberto
Published: August 2014

Photolytic addition reaction of aldehydes to activated alkenes and subsequent reduction with hydride under continuous flow reaction conditions provides multisubstituted γ‐lactones as mixtures of diastereomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Ene‐Carbonyl Reductive Coupling for the Synthesis of 3,3‐Disubstituted Phthalide, 3‐Hydroxyisoindolin‐1‐one and 3‐Hydroxyoxindole Derivatives.
Authors: Yeh Chien‐Hung , Lin Yi‐Chuen , Mannathan Subramaniyan , Hung Kevin , Cheng Chien‐Hong
Published: August 2014

Moreover, the intramolecular reductive coupling of ene‐phthalimide (XI) proceeds highly diastereoselective.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐Metal‐Free Synthesis of (Z)‐3‐Ylidenephthalides from 2‐Acyl‐benzoic Acids.
Authors: He Xinhua , Xue Fengtian
Published: August 2014

TSTU proves to be the best lactonization agent for ortho‐acylbenzoic acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Iridium(I)‐Catalyzed Direct C—H Bond Alkylation of the C‐7 Position of Indolines with Alkenes.
Authors: Pan Shiguang , Ryu Naoto , Shibata Takanori
Published: August 2014

The alkylation reaction relies on the use of the acetyl group on the nitrogen atom of indoline as a directing group.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free Trifluoromethylation and Arylation of Alkenes: Domino Synthesis of Oxindole Derivatives.
Authors: Shi Liangliang , Yang Xiaobo , Wang Yuyuan , Yang Haijun , Fu Hua
Published: August 2014

Treatment of N‐alkyl‐N‐phenylacrylamides with the trifluoromethyl source (II) and iodosobenzene diacetate as the oxidant results in the formation of a wide range of oxindole derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Intermolecular C‐2 Alkenylation of Indoles Using Oxygen as the Oxidant.
Authors: Yan Zhao‐Lei , Chen Wen‐Liang , Gao Ya‐Ru , Mao Shuai , Zhang Yan‐Lei , Wang Yong‐Qiang
Published: August 2014

Migration of the double bond in products (VII) as well as E/Z‐isomerization in product (IX) is confirmed by X‐ray analysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Phase‐Transfer‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Pyrroloindolines and Pyridoindolines by a Hydrogen‐Bond‐Assisted Isocyanide Cyclization Cascade.
Authors: Knipe Peter C. , Gredicak Matija , Cernijenko Artiom , Paton Robert S. , Smith Martin D.
Published: August 2014

The entitled cascade reaction proceeds in the presence of a quaternary ammonium catalyst and base generating functionalized products with an all‐carbon quaternary stereocenter.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclocondensation of Trifluorolactates (I) with Isocyanates
Authors: Sokolov V. B. , Aksinenko A. Yu. , Epishina T. A. , Goreva T. V. , Martynov I. V.
Published: August 2014

as a method for the synthesis of earlier unknown CF3‐substituted oxazolidinones (III)
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidative Transformation of Secondary Alcohols to 1,5‐Disubstituted Tetrazoles.
Authors: Rokade Balaji V. , Gadde Karthik , Prabhu Kandikere Ramaiah
Published: August 2014

A mild and convenient protocol using TmsN3 as a nitrogen source is developed for the conversion of cinnamyl and benzyl alcohols into disubstituted tetrazoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Mild Addition of Carbon Nucleophiles to Pyridine and Quinoline N‐Oxides under Different Activation Conditions.
Authors: Lecointre Bertrand , Azzouz Rabah , Bischoff Laurent
Published: August 2014

This reaction yields the 2‐substituted pyridines as major product, often with small amounts of the 4‐substituted pyridine formed as a by‐product.
ChemInform Abstract: An Unexpected Reaction of Pyridine with Acetyl Chloride to Give Dihydropyridine and Piperidine Derivatives.
Authors: Spanu Pietro , Mannu Alberto , Ulgheri Fausta
Published: August 2014

The regioselectivity of the reaction can be altered by choice of the activating agent: NaH for 1,2‐ or TMS‐O‐Tf for 1,4‐selectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Sodium Nitrite‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Csp2—Csp3 Coupling: Direct Construction of the 4‐Aryldihydroisoquinolinone Moiety.
Authors: Su Bo , Deng Meng , Wang Qingmin
Published: August 2014

A facile protocol using NaNO2 as the catalyst and air as the terminal oxidant enables the synthesis of the title species via direct oxidative intramolecular coupling.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted and Iodine Mediated Synthesis of 5‐n‐Alkyl‐cycloalkane[d]‐pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridines from 5‐Aminopyrazoles and Cyclic Ketones.
Authors: Galvez Jaime , Quiroga Jairo , Insuasty Braulio , Abonia Rodrigo
Published: August 2014

The unexpected cyclocondensation‐aromatization reaction of 5‐aminopyrazoles with cyclic ketones provides an easy, direct, and regioselective access to the title derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Facile and Regio‐Selective Synthesis of Pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines via Reactions of 1,2‐Allenic Ketones with Aminopyrazoles.
Authors: Zhang Xinying , Song Yunping , Gao Lin , Guo Xiaojie , Fan Xuesen
Published: August 2014

The title reaction shows high regioselectivity with all the allenic ketones substrates (II), except for those bearing an alkyl group at the internal position of the allene moiety, e.g. (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Reversible P(III)/P(V) Redox: Catalytic Aza‐Wittig Reaction for the Synthesis of 4(3H)‐Quinazolinones and the Natural Product Vasicinone.
Authors: Wang Long , Wang Ying , Chen Min , Ding Ming‐Wu
Published: August 2014

Besides for the synthesis of the drug methaqualone (IVb) and the natural product deoxyvasicinone (Xa) the method is used as the key step in the preparation of the alkaloid (S)‐vasicinone.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel 5‐Acetyl‐3‐aryl‐2‐thioxo‐dihydropyrimidine‐4,6(1H,5H)‐diones: One Pot Three‐Component Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity.
Authors: Saeed Aamer , Abbas Naeem , Ashraf Zaman , Bolte Michael
Published: August 2014

The title compounds (IV) are screened for their preliminary antibacterial activity against a panel of Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria.
ChemInform Abstract: New Palladium‐Catalyzed Domino Reaction with Intramolecular Ring Closure of an N‐(2‐Chloro‐3‐heteroaryl)arylamide: First Synthesis of Oxazolo[4,5‐b]pyrazines.
Authors: Demmer Charles S. , Hansen Jacob C. , Kehler Jan , Bunch Lennart
Published: August 2014

Optimized reaction conditions for the Pd‐catalyzed domino reaction between 2,3‐dichloropyrazine and primary amides to form oxazolopyrazine derivatives are presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Iridium‐Catalyzed ortho‐C—H Borylation of Aromatic Aldimines Derived from Pentafluoroaniline with Bis(pinacolate)diboron.
Authors: Sasaki Ikuo , Amou Tatsunosuke , Ito Hajime , Ishiyama Tatsuo
Published: August 2014

using 2‐norbornene as H2 scavenger
ChemInform Abstract: Allylsilane‐Interrupted Homo‐Nazarov Cyclization and Synthesis of Bicyclo[3.2.1]octan‐8‐ones.
Authors: Yadav Veejendra K. , Naganaboina Vijaya K. , Hulikal Vijaykumar
Published: August 2014

Allylsilanes add to oxyallyl cations, generated from homo‐Nazarov cyclization of cyclopropyl vinyl ketones to give bicyclooctan‐8‐one derivatives in exo configuration.
ChemInform Abstract: Unprecedented Control of Selectivity in Nickel‐Catalyzed Hydrophosphorylation of Alkynes: Efficient Route to Mono‐ and Bisphosphonates.
Authors: Khemchyan Levon L. , Ivanova Julia V. , Zalesskiy Sergey S. , Ananikov Valentine P. , Beletskaya Irina P. , Starikova Zoya A.
Published: August 2014

The hydrophosphorylation of internal alkynes (I) can be controlled by the catalyst loading to give mono‐ and bis‐phosphonates selectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Phosphoryl‐Substituted Phenols.
Authors: Xiong Biquan , Li Mei , Liu Yanxi , Zhou Yongbo , Zhao Changqiu , Goto Midori , Yin Shuang‐Feng , Han Li‐Biao
Published: August 2014

A divergent method for the preparation of (RP)‐ and (SP)‐phosphoryl substituted phenolic compounds by using optically active (‐)‐menthyl substituted phosphorylation reagents.
ChemInform Abstract: Unusual Nitrogen Based Heterocycles via Allenic Intermediates from the Reaction of Propargyl Alcohols with P(III) Substrates.
Authors: Gangadhararao G. , Kumara Swamy K. C.
Published: August 2014

New and unpredicted outcomes from the reaction of propargyl alcohols with different phosphanes are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Characterization of Eight New Secondary Metabolites from the Mutant Strain G‐444 of Tubercularia sp. TF5.
Authors: Lu Chun‐Hua , Liu Shao‐Song , Wang Jing‐Yi , Wang Ming‐Zi , Shen Yue‐Mao
Published: August 2014

Eight new metabolites, including new sesquiterpenoids (I), a new backbone sesquiterpene rearranged from guaiane, two disecoguaianes (II), two new dihydroisocoumarins (IV), and one new tetralone (III) are isolated together with ten known compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Constituents of the Endophytic Fungus Phomopsis sp. A240 Isolated from Taxus chinensis var. mairei
Authors: Tao Mei‐Hua , Chen Yu‐Chan , Wei Xiao‐Yi , Tan Jian‐Wen , Zhang Wei‐Min
Published: August 2014

isolation, structure, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of the new sesquiterpene, eremophil‐9‐ene‐11,12,13‐triol (I), the new oxazole (II) and two known lactones
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Quinaldopeptin.
Authors: Katayama Katsushi , Okamura Takuya , Sunadome Takuya , Nakagawa Koji , Takeda Hiroshi , Shiro Motoo , Matsuda Akira , Ichikawa Satoshi
Published: August 2014

The product of this second generation total synthesis is suggested to possess cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines as well as HIF‐1 inhibitory activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Ceramides Isolated from Helianthus annuus L
Authors: Suo Maorong , Yang Junshan
Published: August 2014

isolation and structure elucidation of three new ceramides together with one known ceramide
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of Both Enantiomers of a δ‐Lactone Analogue of Muricatacin.
Authors: Doran Robert , Guiry Patrick J.
Published: August 2014

(R,R)‐ and (S,S)‐6‐(1‐hydroxytridecyl)tetrahydro‐2H‐pyran‐2‐ones [compounds (‐)‐I* and (+)‐I*, resp.] are synthesized via regioselective ring‐opening addition of a Grignard reagent derived from 2‐(2‐bromoethyl)‐1,3‐dioxane to (R,R)‐ or (S,S)‐2‐(1‐benzyloxytridecyl)oxirane, resp., ZrCl4‐catalyzed deprotection and cyclization, MCPBA‐mediated oxidation of derived acetal and, finally, debenzylation.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of Naturally Occurring Nonenolide Xyolide Through Cross Metathesis and Macrolactonization Reaction.
Authors: Rej Rohan Kalyan , Jana Anuvab , Nanda Samik
Published: August 2014

The asymmetric synthesis of xyolide (VI) from nonanal with an overall yield of 5% is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Total Synthesis of (+)‐Hyptolide.
Authors: Sabitha Gowravaram , Raju A. , Reddy C. Nagendra , Yadav J. S.
Published: August 2014

The total synthesis of (+)‐(I) was completed from 3‐butyn‐1‐ol with an overall yield of 7% relying on regioselective epoxide opening, Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation, aldehyde‐alkyne coupling, and ring‐closing metathesis reactions as key steps.
ChemInform Abstract: New Isoprenylated Aurones from the Flowers of Rosa damascena
Authors: Li Yin‐Ke , Sun Ji‐Qing , Gao Xue‐Mei , Lei Chun
Published: August 2014

isolation and structure elucidation of three new isoprenylated aurones, damaurones C—E, along with six known compounds
ChemInform Abstract: Mn3O4 Nano‐Sized Crystals: Rapid Synthesis and Extension to Preparation of Nanosized LiMn2O4 Materials.
Authors: Cui Xiao‐ling , Li Yong‐li , Li Shi‐you , Sun Guo‐cun , Ma Jin‐xia , Zhang Lu , Li Tian‐ming , Ma Rong‐bo
Published: August 2014

Nanosized Mn3O4 crystals are prepared by blowing air into a mixture of Mn(OAc)2 and NH3·H2O dissolved in EtOH (50 °C, 5 min).
ChemInform Abstract: Effect of Ion Doping on the Electrochemical Performances of LiFePO4—Li3V2 (PO4)3 Composite Cathode Materials
Authors: Jin Chao , Zhang Xudong , He Wen , Wang Yan , Li Haiming , Wang Zhuo , Bi Zhiying
Published: August 2014

Review: 81 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cu2O‐Templated Strategy for Synthesis of Definable Hollow Architectures
Authors: Sun Shaodong , Yang Zhimao
Published: August 2014

Review: 186 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction Dynamics of Molecular Hydrogen on Silicon Surfaces: Importance of Lattice Degrees of Freedom
Authors: Duerr Michael , Hoefer Ulrich
Published: August 2014

Review: 76 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Coordination Programming: A New Concept for the Creation of Multifunctional Molecular Systems
Authors: Nishihara Hiroshi
Published: August 2014

Review: [43 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances on Porous Homochiral Coordination Polymers Containing Amino Acid Synthons
Authors: Yang Xiu‐Li , Wu Chuan‐De
Published: August 2014

Review: 70 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Saxitoxin
Authors: Thottumkara Arun P. , Parsons William H. , Du Bois J.
Published: August 2014

Review: [chemistry and chemical biology; 162 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hypervalent Iodine: A Powerful Electrophile for Asymmetric α‐Functionalization of Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Dong Dao‐Qing , Hao Shuang‐Hong , Wang Zu‐Li , Chen Chao
Published: August 2014

Review: [45 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Versatility of Furfuryl Alcohols and Furanoxonium Ions in Synthesis
Authors: Palframan Matthew J. , Pattenden Gerald
Published: August 2014

Review: [87 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Terpenes Catalyzed by Heteropoly Compounds: Valorization of Biorenewables
Authors: Gusevskaya Elena V.
Published: August 2014

Review: 87 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments in Asymmetric Aziridination
Authors: Pellissier Helene
Published: August 2014

Review: [literature since the beginning of 2010; 128 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biologically Active Isoquinoline Alkaloids with Drug‐Like Properties from the Genus Corydalis
Authors: Iranshahy M. , Quinn R. J. , Iranshahi M.
Published: August 2014

Review: 105 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,3‐Carbon D—A Strategy for [3 + 2] Cycloadditions/Annulations with Imines: Synthesis of Functionalized Pyrrolidines and Related Alkaloids
Authors: Kumar Indresh
Published: August 2014

Review: [48 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Heterocyclic Ketene Aminals: Scaffolds for Heterocycle Molecular Diversity
Authors: Wang Kai‐Min , Yan Sheng‐Jiao , Lin Jun
Published: August 2014

Review: [relevant contributions of the last twenty years with respect to the developments and applications of heterocyclic ketene aminals; 81 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Utility of 2‐Methoxy‐1‐naphthaldehyde in Heterocyclic Synthesis
Authors: Refat Hala M. , Fadda A. A.
Published: August 2014

Review: 139 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxamato‐Based Coordination Polymers: Recent Advances in Multifunctional Magnetic Materials
Authors: Grancha Thais , Ferrando‐Soria Jesus , Castellano Maria , Julve Miguel , Pasan Jorge , Armentano Donatella , Pardo Emilio
Published: August 2014

Review: [47 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: New Methods of Heterogeneous Catalysis for Lignocellulosic Biomass Conversion to Chemicals
Authors: Kuznetsov B. N. , Chesnokov N. V. , Yatsenkova O. V. , Sharypov V. I.
Published: August 2014

Review: 54 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Reactivity of 8‐Hydroxyquinoline and Its Derivatives Toward α‐Cyanocinnamonitriles and Ethyl α‐Cyanocinnamates: Synthesis, Reactions, and Applications of 4H‐Pyrano[3,2‐h]quinoline Derivatives
Authors: El‐Agrody Ahmed M. , Afifi Tarek H.
Published: August 2014

Review: 49 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanothermodynamics of Metal Nanoparticles
Authors: Li Zhen Hua , Truhlar Donald G.
Published: August 2014

Review: [117 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleic Acid Therapeutics: Basic Concepts and Recent Developments
Authors: Sharma Vivek K. , Rungta Pallavi , Prasad Ashok K.
Published: August 2014

Review: [147 refs.
Photocatalytic Generation of Hydrogen from Water under Aerobic Conditions
Authors: Staehle Robert , Losse Sebastian , Filipovic Milos R. , Ivanović‐Burmazović Ivana , Vos Johannes G. , Rau Sven
Published: August 2014

In this contribution, we report a detailed investigation of a photocatalytic system capable of producing hydrogen under aerobic conditions. This system consists of [Ru(dnbpy)(tbbpy)2](PF6)2 (1; dnbpy=4,4′‐dinitrile‐2,2′‐bipyridine; tbbpy=4,4′‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine) as the chromophore, [Co(dmgH)2] (dmgH=dimethylglyoximato) as the reduction catalyst, and triethylamine (TEA) as the electron donor. Most surprisingly, the system shows a higher catalytic activity under aerobic than under inert conditions. Detailed investigations of the catalytic process reveal that the nitrile groups probably convert to amides upon addition of TEA, and further intermediates are formed during the catalytic process. For further investigation of the surprising photocatalytic behavior of compound 1 in air, UV/Vis spectroscopic studies and time‐dependent measurements of the oxygen concentration during the photocatalytic process, both in the headspace and the liquid phase, are performed.
The spatiotemporal segregation of GAD forms defines distinct GABA signaling functions in the developing mouse olfactory system and provides novel insights into the origin and migration of GnRH neurons
Authors: Vastagh Csaba , Schwirtlich Marija , Kwakowsky Andrea , Erdélyi Ferenc , Margolis Frank L. , Yanagawa Yuchio , Katarova Zoya , Szabó Gábor
Published: August 2014

Gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) has a dual role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult central nervous system (CNS) and as a signaling molecule exerting largely excitatory actions during development. The rate‐limiting step of GABA synthesis is catalyzed by two glutamic acid decarboxylase isoforms GAD65 and GAD67 coexpressed in the GABAergic neurons of the CNS. Here we report that the two GADs show virtually nonoverlapping expression patterns consistent with distinct roles in the developing peripheral olfactory system. GAD65 is expressed exclusively in undifferentiated neuronal progenitors confined to the proliferative zones of the sensory vomeronasal and olfactory epithelia In contrast GAD67 is expressed in a subregion of the nonsensory epithelium/vomeronasal organ epithelium containing the putative Gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) progenitors and GnRH neurons migrating from this region through the frontonasal mesenchyme into the basal forebrain. Only GAD67+, but not GAD65+ cells accumulate detectable GABA. We further demonstrate that GAD67 and its embryonic splice variant embryonic GAD (EGAD) concomitant with GnRH are dynamically regulated during GnRH neuronal migration in vivo and in two immortalized cell lines representing migratory (GN11) and postmigratory (GT1–7) stage GnRH neurons, respectively. Analysis of GAD65/67 single and double knock‐out embryos revealed that the two GADs play complementary (inhibitory) roles in GnRH migration ultimately modulating the speed and/or direction of GnRH migration. Our results also suggest that GAD65 and GAD67/EGAD characterized by distinct subcellular localization and kinetics have disparate functions during olfactory system development mediating proliferative and migratory responses putatively through specific subcellular GABA pools. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 249–270, 2015
Inappropriate analysis does not reveal the ecological causes of evolution of stickleback armour: a critique of Spence et al. 2013
Authors: MacColl Andrew D. C. , Aucott Beth
Published: August 2014

In a recent paper in this journal, Spence et al. (2013) sought to identify the ecological causes of morphological evolution in three‐spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus, by examining phenotypic and environmental variation between populations on the island of North Uist, Scotland. However, by using simple qualitative assessments of phenotype and inappropriate measures of environmental variation, Spence et al. have come to a conclusion that is diametrically opposite to that which we have arrived at in studying the same populations. Our criticisms of their paper are threefold: (1) using a binomial qualitative measure of the variation in stickleback armour (“low” versus “minimal” (i.e., “normal” low‐plated freshwater sticklebacks versus spineless and/or plateless fish)) does not represent the full range of phenotypes that can be described by quantitative measures of the individual elements of armour. (2) Their use of unspecified test kits, with a probable accuracy of 4 ppm, may not be accurate in the range of water chemistry on North Uist (1 to 30 ppm calcium). (3) Their qualitative assessment of the abundance of brown trout Salmo trutta as the major predator of sticklebacks does not accurately describe the variation in brown trout abundance that is revealed by catch‐per‐unit‐effort statistics. Repeating Spence et al.'s analysis using our own measurements, we find, in direct contradiction to them, that variation in stickleback bony armour is strongly correlated with variation in trout abundance, and unrelated to variation in the concentration of calcium in the lochs in which they live. Field studies in ecology and evolution seldom address the same question in the same system at the same time, and it is salutary that in this rare instance two such studies arrived at diametrically opposite answers.
Towards Deep‐Blue Phosphorescence: Molecular Design, Synthesis and Theoretical Study of Iridium Complexes with Cyclometalating 2‐Phenyl‐2H‐[1,2,3]triazole Ligands
Authors: Zhao Yinping , Tang Jia , Zhang Houyu , Ma Yuguang
Published: August 2014

We report on the synthesis and characterization of two bis‐cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes with 2‐phenyl‐2H‐[1,2,3]triazole as a new type of cyclometalating ligand. The photophysical and electrochemical properties of the two complexes were investigated experimentally as well as theoretically by using density functional theory. The properties of the two new complexes were compared with classical blue‐emitting iridium complex FIrpic. The two complexes both exhibited deep‐blue emission at 77 K, indicating that the introduction of cyclometalating 2‐phenyl‐2H‐[1,2,3]triazole ligands can, in general, cause a spectral blueshift.
Axial level‐specific regulation of neuronal development: Lessons from PITX2
Authors: Waite Mindy R. , Martin Donna M.
Published: August 2014

Transcriptional regulation of gene expression is vital for proper control of proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival of developing neurons. Pitx2 encodes a homeodomain transcription factor that is highly expressed in the developing and adult mammalian brain. In humans, mutations in PITX2 result in Rieger syndrome, characterized by defects in the development of the eyes, umbilicus, and teeth and variable abnormalities in the brain, including hydrocephalus and cerebellar hypoplasia. Alternative splicing of Pitx2 in the mouse results in three isoforms, Pitx2a, Pitx2b, and Pitx2c, each of which is expressed symmetrically along the left–right axis of the brain throughout development. Here, we review recent evidence for axial and brain region‐specific requirements for Pitx2 during neuronal migration and differentiation, highlighting known isoform contributions. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bisignate resonance Raman optical activity: a pseudo breakdown of the single electronic state model of RROA?
Authors: Zajac Grzegorz , Kaczor Agnieszka , Chruszcz‐Lipska Katarzyna , Dobrowolski Jan Cz. , Baranska Malgorzata
Published: August 2014

Raman optical activity (ROA) spectra were calculated for a set of conformers of astaxanthin, which is a non‐rigid molecule exhibiting strong resonance enhancement in the visible range. Single electronic state theory of the Resonance ROA (RROA) predicts the spectrum to be monosigned. For astaxanthin, it appeared that some of the conformers exhibit different sign of the bands than the other conformers. As a result, the conformer population averaged spectrum of astaxanthin can exhibit both signs of the bands, or be monosigned depending on which conformers are dominating, that reflects a departure from the single electronic state approximation. Moreover, use of different basis sets and/or density functional theory (DFT) functionals results in different conformer populations, thus yielding again either monosigned ROA spectrum or with bands of both signs. Consequences of these two findings for the astaxanthin RROA spectrum are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.