bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Drone‐Based Thermophysical Investigation of Barringer Meteorite Crater Ejecta
Authors: Nypaver Cole A. , Thomson Bradley J. , Moersch Jeffrey E. , Kring David A.
Published: February 2025

Impact cratering processes are ubiquitous throughout our solar system, and the distribution and modification of impact ejecta are sensitive to variable environmental and geologic surface conditions. Here we examine the scale dependency of orbital versus field‐based remote sensing data sets of a terrestrial impact structure by comparing low‐resolution (90 m/pixel) orbital with high‐resolution (23 cm/pixel) drone‐based thermophysical data to measure ejecta distribution patterns of Meteor Crater in northeast Arizona, USA. Our results indicate that the thermophysical properties of the Meteor Crater ejecta blanket are well constrained at the scale of orbital data resolution. However, when high‐resolution, drone‐based data are binned using previously mapped unit boundaries, no clear correlations between thermophysical properties and surface composition are observed. A trend of increasing apparent thermal inertia with surface rock population is observed. These results indicate that significant ejecta distribution variability can exist below the resolution of orbital thermophysical remote sensing data. In addition to providing insights into how remote sensing data can improve field‐based geologic mapping campaigns and impact crater analyses, our results place constraints on how the accuracy of geologic maps may be affected by surface erosion.
Understanding Europe's Forest Harvesting Regimes
Authors: Suvanto Susanne , Esquivel‐Muelbert Adriane , Schelhaas Mart‐Jan , Astigarraga Julen , Astrup Rasmus , Cienciala Emil , Fridman Jonas , Henttonen Helena M. , Kunstler Georges , Kändler Gerald , König Louis A. , Ruiz‐Benito Paloma , Senf Cornelius , Stadelmann Golo , Starcevic Ajdin , Talarczyk Andrzej , Zavala Miguel A. , Pugh Thomas A. M.
Published: February 2025

European forests are being shaped by active human use and management, and by harvesting of wood in particular. Yet, our understanding of how forests are harvested across Europe is limited, as the real harvest regimes are not well described by currently available data. Here, we analyse recent harvests, as observed in permanent plots of forest inventories in 11 European countries, totaling to 182,649 plots and covering all major forest types. We (a) characterize harvest regimes through the frequency and intensity of harvest events spatially across Europe, and (b) build models for the probability and intensity of harvest events at the plot‐level and examine the links to potential drivers of harvest, including the pre‐harvest forest structure and composition, climatic, topographic and socio‐economic factors, and past natural disturbances. The results revealed notable variation in harvest regimes across Europe, ranging from high‐frequency and low‐intensity harvests in eastern Central Europe to low‐frequency and high‐intensity harvests in the north, with different strategies emerging in regions with similar total harvest rates. The harvest regimes were strongly driven by country‐level variation, emphasizing the role of national‐level factors. Pre‐harvest forest properties were important drivers for the intensity of harvest, whereas the probability of harvest was more related to socio‐economic factors and natural disturbances. The presented quantification of the forest harvesting regimes provides much needed detail in our understanding of the contemporary forest management practices in Europe, providing a baseline against which to assess future changes in management and strengthening the knowledge‐base for decision‐making on European level.
Trends in Sea‐Air CO2 Fluxes and Sensitivities to Atmospheric Forcing Using an Extremely Randomized Trees Machine Learning Approach
Authors: Wanninkhof Rik , Triñanes Joaquin , Pierrot Denis , Munro David R. , Sweeney Colm , Fay Amanda R.
Published: February 2025

Monthly global sea‐air CO2 flux maps are created on a 1° by 1° grid from surface water fugacity of CO2 (fCO2w) observations using an extremely randomized trees (ET) machine learning technique (AOML‐ET) over the period 1998–2020. Global patterns and magnitudes of fCO2w from AOML‐ET are consistent with other machine learning methods and with the updated climatology of Takahashi et al. (2009, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.12.009). However, the magnitude and trends of sea‐air CO2 fluxes are sensitive to the treatment of atmospheric forcing. In the default configuration of AOML‐ET, the average global sea‐air CO2 flux is −1.70 PgC yr−1 with a negative trend of −0.89 ± 0.19 PgC yr−1 decade−1. The large negative trend is driven by a small uptake at the beginning of the record. This leads to increasing sea‐air fCO2 gradients over time, particularly at high latitudes. However, changing the target variable in AOML‐ET from fCO2w to sea‐air CO2 fugacity difference, ∆fCO2, results in a lower negative trend of −0.51 PgC yr−1 decade−1, though the average flux remains similar at −1.65 PgC yr−1. This trend is close to the consensus trend of ocean uptake from machine learning and models in the Global Carbon Budget of −0.46 ± 0.11 PgC yr−1 decade−1 switching to a gas transfer parameterization with weaker wind speed dependence reduces uptake by 60% but does not affect the trend. Substituting a spatially resolved marine air CO2 mole fraction product for the zonally invariant marine boundary layer CO2 product yields greater influx by up to 20% in the industrialized continental outflow regions.
How Phase Transitions Impact Changes in Mantle Convection Style Throughout Earth's History: From Stalled Plumes to Surface Dynamics
Authors: Li Ranpeng , Dannberg Juliane , Gassmöller Rene , Lithgow‐Bertelloni Carolina , Stixrude Lars
Published: February 2025

Mineral phase transitions can either hinder or accelerate mantle flow. In the present day, the formation of the bridgmanite + ferropericlase assemblage from ringwoodite at 660 km depth has been found to cause weak and intermittent layering of mantle convection. However, for the higher temperatures in Earth's past, different phase transitions could have controlled mantle dynamics. We investigate the potential changes in convection style during Earth's secular cooling using a new numerical technique that reformulates the energy conservation equation in terms of specific entropy instead of temperature. This approach enables us to accurately include the latent heat effect of phase transitions for mantle temperatures different from the average geotherm, and therefore fully incorporate the thermodynamic effects of realistic phase transitions in global‐scale mantle convection modeling. We set up 2‐D models with the geodynamics software Aspect, using thermodynamic properties computed by HeFESTo, while applying a viscosity profile constrained by the geoid and mineral physics data and a visco‐plastic rheology to reproduce plate‐like behavior and Earth‐like subduction morphologies. Our model results reveal the layering of plumes induced by the wadsleyite to garnet (majorite) + ferropericlase endothermic transition (between 450 and 590 km depth and over the 2000–2500 K temperature range). They show that this phase transition causes a large‐scale and long‐lasting temperature elevation in a depth range of 500–650 km depth if the potential temperature of the mantle is higher than 1800 K, indicating that mantle convection may have been partially layered in Earth's early history.
Petrogenesis of Plagioclase Ultraphyric Basalts (PUB) From the Northeastern (NE) Pacific Ridge System: Evidence From Mineral Textures and Geochemical Characteristics
Authors: Hewitt John B. , Ustunisik Gokce K. , Nielsen Roger L.
Published: February 2025

Plagioclase crystals in plagioclase ultraphyric basalts (PUB) record changes in the major, trace, and isotopic compositions of evolving magmas. Those changes represent the record of specific processes in the crust and upper mantle that impart distinct crystal textures onto which chemical signatures are written. The extent to which the type and abundance of plagioclase textures and chemical signatures identified in one tectonic setting are found in others is still unclear. Here we report on the textural and compositional characteristics of PUB lavas from the Northeastern (NE) Pacific Ridge system (Juan de Fuca Ridge, Blanco Fracture Zone, and Gorda Ridge). The NE Pacific Ridge system exhibits a variety of populations of plagioclase megacrysts. The distribution of textural and compositional characteristics (e.g., single mode, bimodal, or trimodal distribution) are consistent with the presence of more than one parental magma in some samples. In PUB lava from the NE Pacific, we found that the populations of different textural types of plagioclase megacrysts are not compositionally distinct. Specifically, in any individual sample, there is no correlation of texture with major and trace element composition. We interpret the disconnect between texture and composition to be indicative of a system characterized by mixing of similar batches of magma resulting in populations of plagioclase megacrysts dominated by homogeneity or small degrees of normal/reverse zoning in most but not all cases. Furthermore, the populations of megacrysts and glomerocrysts are distinct in each sample and not correlated with their setting (on‐axis, off‐axis, or intra‐transform basin).
Explosive Ocean Island Volcanism Explained by High Magmatic Water Content Determined Through Nominally Anhydrous Minerals
Authors: Geiger Harri , Weis Franz , Troll Valentin R. , Deegan Frances M. , Skogby Henrik , Carracedo Juan Carlos
Published: February 2025

Ocean island basalt (OIB) magmas are generally water poor and usually contain less than 1 wt.% of H2O. Explosive eruption styles are therefore rare. When explosive eruptions occur, they are thought to be driven by either volatile‐enriched mantle sources or by gas segregation processes during magma differentiation. Here we report on crystal‐ and water‐rich porphyritic basanites and ankaramites from El Hierro in the Canary Islands, Spain, that erupted inside the El Golfo giant landslide collapse embayment that formed at ≥39 ka. Using rock and mineral chemistry in combination with H2O contents of nominally anhydrous minerals (olivine and clinopyroxene), we show that despite their relatively primitive composition, the post‐collapse ankaramites are not primary mantle melts. Instead, they record high crystal contents as well as unusually high water contents of up to 3.20 ± 0.64 wt.% H2O, and likely represent a normally inaccessible snapshot of dense crystal‐rich magma compositions that reside in the sub‐island underplating zone. We hypothesize that their eruption was facilitated by sudden decompression from crustal unloading, implying that the El Golfo landslide may have affected the deeper portions of the plumbing system and triggered the ascent of volatile‐rich, crystal‐laden magmas from the underplating zone. We propose that some “wet” and explosive ocean island eruptions might result from the ascent of deep‐seated water‐rich magmas in the aftermath of vertical unloading and associated decompression.
Poloidal Field Line Resonances Driven by a Fast Wave
Authors: Wright Andrew , Elsden Thomas , Degeling Alexander , Mann Ian R. , Ozeke Louis , Yeoman Timothy , Sandhu Jasmine , Takahashi Kazue
Published: February 2025

We present numerical simulations of the excitation of resonant poloidal Alfvén waves. The resulting Alfvén waves could be loosely described as “high‐” ( is the azimuthal wave number) in as much as the azimuthal scale of the wave is much less than the scale in the direction normal to ‐shells. Such waves are generally excited by wave‐particle interactions. In this article we show how resonant poloidal Alfvén waves can be excited by a fast mode (of large azimuthal scale) in a cold plasma. The key property that enables this is a three‐dimensional equilibrium, which facilitates the process of phasemixing in the azimuthal direction. We show that the classification of resonant Alfvén waves as high‐ and low‐ has limited applicability in 3D inhomogeneous media and suggest an alternative classification be based on the excitation mechanism.
Earth's Alfvén Wings: Unveiling Dynamic Variations of Field‐Line Topologies With Electron Distributions
Authors: Gurram Harsha , Shuster Jason R. , Chen Li‐Jen , Hasegawa Hiroshi , Denton Richard E. , Burkholder Brandon L. , Beedle Jason , Gershman Daniel J. , Burch James
Published: February 2025

The magnetic cloud (MC) of the Coronal Mass Ejection on 24 April 2023, contains sub‐Alfvénic solar wind, transforming Earth's magnetosphere from conventional bow‐shock magnetotail configuration to Alfvén wings. Utilizing measurements from the Magnetosphere Multiscale (MMS) mission, we present for the first time electron distribution signatures as the spacecraft traverses through various magnetic topologies during this transformation. Specifically, we characterize electrons inside the sub‐Alfvénic MC, on the dawn‐dusk wing field lines and on the closed field lines. The signatures include strahl electrons in MC regions and energetic keV electrons streaming along the dawn and dusk wing field lines. We demonstrate the distribution signatures of dual wing reconnection, defined as reconnection between dawn‐dusk Alfvén wing field lines and the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). These signatures include four electron populations comprised of partially depleted MC electrons and bi‐directional energetic electrons with variations in energy and pitch‐angle. The distributions reveal evidence of bursty magnetic reconnection under northward IMF.
Identifying Typical Relativistic Electron Pitch Angle Distributions: Evolution During Geomagnetic Storms
Authors: Killey S. , Rae I. J. , Smith A. W. , Bentley S. N. , Watt C. E. J. , Chakraborty S. , Ozeke L. G. , Walach M.‐T. , Sandhu J. K. , Rasinskaite D.
Published: February 2025

Van Allen radiation belt electron dynamics are governed by a multitude of physical processes that can simultaneously drive acceleration, transport and loss. However, each individual process can be linked to a specific energy‐dependent pitch angle distribution (PAD). We employ a new, unsupervised machine learning technique on 7‐year of Van Allen Probe Relativistic Electron‐Proton Telescope data and discover that six PADs successfully describe 93% of outer belt relativistic electrons, two each of: pancake, butterfly, and flattop. We investigate the occurrence and storm‐time evolution of each PAD through 45 geomagnetic storms. We find new populations of PADs, including: “shadowing‐like” and wave‐particle interaction signatures at low‐L, and radial diffusion and substorm injections at higher‐L, as well as determining that wave‐particle interaction dominated PADs are swamped by radial diffusion processes through geomagnetic storms. Our results clearly demonstrate that PAD characterization is a key component of understanding Van Allen radiation belt electron dynamics.
An Assessment of the Soundscape West of the Svalbard Islands
Authors: Giorli Giacomo , Pennucci Giuliana , Real Gaultier
Published: February 2025

A climatic shift is driving the Arctic Ocean toward an “Atlantification” process. This phenomenon might turn the future Arctic into an ice‐free Ocean and affect its soundscape. Measurements of ambient noise are scarce in the eastern Arctic, so we present a comparison of data from two locations west of the Svalbard Islands; one near Molloy Deep and the other on the Svalbard continental slope. Soundscape levels were lower in the summer months, with seasonal occurrence of fin whale vocalizations that increased the levels around 20 Hz in the fall/winter months. Seismic airgun noise was detected seasonally in the summer. Wind forcing also played an important role, elevating the sound levels in the 100–10000 Hz band at both locations. Finally, the distance from the ice edge had a negative correlation with sounds levels. Ice drift and concentration were not correlated to the overall sound levels.
Can the Marked Arctic Ocean Freshwater Content Increases of the Last Two Decades Be Explained Within Observational Uncertainty?
Authors: Le Bras Isabela Alexander‐Astiz , Timmermans Mary‐Louise
Published: February 2025

The freshwater content of the Arctic Ocean has increased dramatically in the last two decades, particularly in the Beaufort Gyre. However, quantifying the sources of this change is an observational challenge and has historically been limited by methodological differences across studies. Here we derive observation‐based freshwater budgets from volume and mass budgets for the Arctic Ocean and the Beaufort Gyre from 2003 to 2020. Our budgets include all sources and sinks (river runoff, precipitation minus evaporation, land ice melt, sea ice export, sea ice melt, and ocean fluxes) as well as volume and mass storage terms measured by satellite. We find that Arctic freshwater changes are dominated by changes in the Beaufort Gyre, and we reconcile this with previous studies that argue for freshwater compensation between the Beaufort Gyre and the rest of the Arctic. We use inverse methods to close the volume and mass budgets within observational uncertainty and link the observed Arctic freshwater changes to the sources and sinks. Our budget analysis demonstrates that small changes to the ocean fluxes (smaller than we can measure) can account for all freshwater storage changes in the Arctic, highlighting the need for more careful accounting and detailed ocean observations in this rapidly changing environment.
Kuroshio‐Derived Anticyclonic Eddies Drive Lateral Transport and Transformation of Oceanic Dissolved Organic Matter Along the Continental Slope of South China Sea
Authors: Liang Qinglong , Wang Chao , Li Yan , Xie Xufeng , Guo Xianghui , Liu Xin , Wang Weilei , Zhang Zhisheng , Guo Weidong
Published: February 2025

Propagation of anticyclonic eddies (ACEs) facilitates the lateral transport of dissolved organic matter (DOM). However, the transformation of DOM within ACEs and its regulation of lateral fluxes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) remain unclear. High‐resolution sectional distribution of DOC and humic‐like fluorescent DOM (FDOMH) were investigated across a Kuroshio‐derived ACE (K‐ACE) on the slope of northern South China Sea (SCS). A two‐endmember isopycnal mixing model revealed higher Kuroshio water fraction (0.59 ± 0.13) in K‐ACE than non‐eddy region. DOC removal (maximum 6%) was identified in the upper 200 m of K‐ACE. The shallower mixed layer (<50 m) also revealed signals of FDOMH photobleaching (8%–34%). However, the substantial production of FDOMH (36%–43%) happened below the mixed layer (50–250 m). The regression slope between net FDOMH and apparent oxygen utilization in this layer was steeper in K‐ACE than in non‐eddy region and dark oceans, suggesting K‐ACEs had higher microbial‐mediated in situ production efficiency and rate of refractory DOM. This enhancement could be attributed to increased biogenic particle export, more Kuroshio‐derived DOM transport, and higher oxygen utilization rate at warmer condition within K‐ACE. Analysis of 27‐year (1993–2020) daily eddy data revealed that K‐ACE‐induced lateral transport DOC flux to the northern SCS slope (1.8 ± 0.2 Tg C yr−1) constitutes half of the external DOC flux via cross‐shelf transport, highlighting the importance of K‐ACEs in connecting carbon cycles between west Pacific and the northern SCS slope and even shelf areas.
Exploring Climate of the Euro‐Mediterranean Using a Variable‐Resolution Configuration of the Global Community Earth System Model (VR‐CESM)
Authors: Boza Burcu , Herrington Adam , Ilicak Mehmet , Danabasoglu Gokhan , Sen Omer Lutfi
Published: February 2025

A Variable‐Resolution, global configuration of the Community Earth System Model (VR‐CESM) in which the atmosphere and land are the only active components is employed to investigate the climate of the Euro‐Mediterranean region. Two variable‐resolution grids with regionally refined resolutions of 0.25° and 0.125° over the study domain, respectively, are used. The fidelity of these VR‐CESM simulations is evaluated considering the near‐surface air temperature and precipitation fields for the 2000–2014 period in comparison to available observation‐based data sets and those of a coarse resolution (quasi‐uniform 1°) control simulation. Our analysis shows that, as a global model, VR‐CESM can be employed as an alternative to regional climate models to advance our understanding of the Euro‐Mediterranean climate. The improvements obtained are mainly related to a better representation of the complex topography of the region with higher resolution. Increasing the regional resolution to 0.25° generally yields considerable improvements over the control simulation; however, some persistent biases remain. Doubling the highest resolution to 0.125° leads to only modest improvements, primarily in the representation of small‐scale processes including representation of extreme events that are of substantial relevance for the present and future of the regional climate.
Assessing 1‐Second ROTI for Ionospheric Perturbation Monitoring Using Real‐Time Multi‐GNSS Data in China
Authors: Zhang Zhouyu , Wang Ningbo , Liu Ang , Li Zishen , Li Ang , Wang Liangliang , Zhang Yunlong
Published: February 2025

With the onset of solar activities of the 25th solar cycle, ionospheric perturbations have become increasingly frequent, posing significant challenges to various applications of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). The Rate of Total Electron Content (TEC) Index (Rate of TEC Index (ROTI)), commonly derived from GNSS data sampled at 30‐s intervals, fails to detect ionospheric irregularities smaller than the first Fresnel scale due to its low temporal resolution. This study investigates the efficacy of using 1‐s sampling intervals of multi‐GNSS (GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and BDS) data for monitoring ionospheric perturbations, comparing it to the conventional 30‐s sampling approach. Using real‐time multi‐GNSS observations in China, we computed ROTI values at both 1‐s (1s‐ROTI) and 30‐s (30s‐ROTI) intervals. Results indicate that 1s‐ROTI demonstrates higher magnitude and larger inconsistency across different GNSS constellations compared to 30s‐ROTI, with peak 1s‐ROTI values reaching 10 TECU/min and a maximum discrepancy of 1.0 TECU/min between different GNSS constellations. The inconsistency in 1s‐ROTI was found to correlate with different receivers types (e.g., Septentrio, Unicore, Trimble and Leica). Additionally, 1s‐ROTI exhibits better consistency and higher correlation with scintillation indices from Ionospheric Scintillation Monitoring Receivers (ISMR), with overall correlation coefficient exceeding 0.85 for all systems except for GLONASS. To mitigate inconsistencies in 1s‐ROTI, we propose different GNSS‐ROTI indices, with ROTImean and ROTIele showing the best performance in terms of correlation with scintillation indices and reflecting GNSS positioning performance degradation. The potential of 1s‐ROTI is highlighted for improving small‐scale ionospheric irregularities monitoring and indicating the GNSS positioning performance, especially in regions lacking ISMR.
Multi‐Stage Uplift and Propagation of the Chinese East Tianshan During the Cenozoic
Authors: Jing Hulu , Wang Weitao , Zhang Peizhen , Wang Ying , Pang Jianzhang , Zhang Yipeng , Li Zhigang , Yan Yonggang , Zhang Huiping , Zheng Dewen
Published: February 2025

The ongoing India‐Asia convergence during the Cenozoic drove intensively compressional deformation in the northern margins of the Tibetan Plateau, such as Tianshan, which formed the highest mountain peaks and lowest intermontane basins in the Central Asia. Understanding the spatial‐temporal evolution of the Tianshan and its marginal fold‐thrust belts (FTB) are crucial for interpreting intracontinental deformation processes related to the India‐Asia collision. In this work, low‐temperature thermochronology data and growth strata analysis are integrated to constrain chronologically the onset of deformation of the structures in FTB (Belt I, II, and the Huoyanshan Anticline) along the southern front of the Chinese East Tianshan (CETS), and then to underpin the Cenozoic deformational model of the CETS. We propose a three‐stage expansion model to reveal the processes by which the southern thrust belts in the CETS have extended into the Turpan Basin since the Oligocene. Stage 1: thrusting of the South Bogda Fault since ∼30 Ma, which caused the initial uplift of the CETS; Stage 2: deformation expanded southward to the Tarlang River region at ∼20 Ma; Stage 3: the thrust belts propagated southward in a thin‐skinned structural style to the Huoyanshan Anticline in the central part of the Turpan Basin since ∼10 Ma. The progressive propagation of FTB in the southern piedmont of the CETS could have responded to multi‐stage uplift of the Tibetan Plateau during the Cenozoic.
In vivo surface-enhanced Raman scattering techniques: nanoprobes, instrumentation, and applications
Authors: Chang Hyejin , Hur Won , Kang Homan , Jun Bong-Hyun
Published: February 2025

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has emerged as a powerful tool in various biomedical applications, including in vivo imaging, diagnostics, and therapy, largely due to the development of near-infrared (NIR) active SERS substrates. This review provides a comprehensive overview of SERS-based applications in vivo, focusing on key aspects such as the design considerations for SERS nanoprobes and advancements in instrumentation. Topics covered include the development of NIR SERS substrates, Raman label compounds (RLCs), protective coatings, and the conjugation of bioligands for targeted imaging and therapy. The review also discusses microscope-based configurations such as scanning, widefield imaging, and fiber-optic setups. Recent advances in using SERS nanoprobes for in vivo sensing, diagnostics, biomolecule screening, multiplex imaging, intraoperative guidance, and multifunctional cancer therapy are highlighted. The review concludes by addressing challenges in the clinical translation of SERS nanoprobes and outlines future directions, emphasizing opportunities for advancing biomedical research and clinical applications.
All-optical superconducting qubit readout
Authors: Arnold Georg , Werner Thomas , Sahu Rishabh , Kapoor Lucky N. , Qiu Liu , Fink Johannes M.
Published: February 2025

The rapid development of superconducting quantum hardware is expected to run into substantial restrictions on scalability because error correction in a cryogenic environment has stringent input–output requirements. Classical data centres rely on fibre-optic interconnects to remove similar networking bottlenecks. In the same spirit, ultracold electro-optic links have been proposed and used to generate qubit control signals, or to replace cryogenic readout electronics. So far, these approaches have suffered from either low efficiency, low bandwidth or additional noise. Here we realize radio-over-fibre qubit readout at millikelvin temperatures. We use one device to simultaneously perform upconversion and downconversion between microwave and optical frequencies and so do not require any active or passive cryogenic microwave equipment. We demonstrate all-optical single-shot readout in a circulator-free readout scheme. Importantly, we do not observe any direct radiation impact on the qubit state, despite the absence of shielding elements. This compatibility between superconducting circuits and telecom-wavelength light is not only a prerequisite to establish modular quantum networks, but it is also relevant for multiplexed readout of superconducting photon detectors and classical superconducting logic.
Vibrotactile stimulus duration threshold for perception of pulse to vibration transition
Authors: Remache-Vinueza Byron , Trujillo-León Andrés , Vidal-Verdú Fernando
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the minimum stimulus duration required to perceive the transition from pulse to vibration sensations, a critical parameter for optimizing information transmission via haptic interfaces such as smartphones, tablets, smartwatches, game consoles, and sensory substitution systems. Efficient transmission relies on minimizing stimulus duration, enabling more information to be conveyed in less time. A preliminary experiment established intensity perception thresholds—the minimum vibration intensities detectable—at 40, 80, 150, 250, 300, and 590 Hz, frequencies primarily activating the Pacinian (Rapid Adapting II) psychophysical channel. Subsequently, 35 participants determined the minimum durations needed to perceive the transition from pulse to vibration sensations across this frequency range. Results revealed a consistent minimum duration of approximately 30 ms, contrasting with findings in audition, where shorter durations suffice at higher frequencies, but aligning with prior studies in tactile perception.
Repeat expansion in a fragile X model is independent of double strand break repair mediated by Pol θ, RAD52, RAD54 or RAD54B
Authors: Hayward Bruce E. , Kim Geum-Yi , Miller Carson J. , McCann Cai , Lowery Megan G. , Wood Richard D. , Usdin Karen
Published: February 2025

Microsatellite instability is responsible for the human repeat expansion diseases (REDs). The mutagenic process differs from classical cancer-associated microsatellite instability (MSI) in that it requires the mismatch repair proteins that normally protect against MSI. LIG4, an enzyme essential for non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ), the major pathway for double-strand break repair (DSBR) in mammalian cells, protects against expansion in mouse models. Thus, NHEJ may compete with the expansion pathway for access to a common intermediate. This raises the possibility that expansion involves an NHEJ-independent form of DSBR. Pol θ, a polymerase involved in the theta-mediated end joining (TMEJ) DSBR pathway, has been proposed to play a role in repeat expansion. Here we examine the effect of the loss of Pol θ on expansion in FXD mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), along with the effects of mutations in Rad52, Rad54l and Rad54b, genes important for multiple DSBR pathways. None of these mutations significantly affected repeat expansion. These observations put major constraints on what pathways are likely to drive expansion. Together with our previous demonstration of the protective effect of nucleases like EXO1 and FAN1, and the importance of Pol β, they suggest a plausible model for late steps in the expansion process.
Comparative analysis and process optimization for manufacturing CAR-T using the PiggyBac system derived from cryopreserved versus fresh PBMCs
Authors: Xu Zenghui , Wang Ruyue , Xu Yuanjian , Qiu Ruijuan , Chen Jiangrui , Liu Linfeng , Qian Qijun
Published: February 2025

Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) therapy holds promise for cancer treatment but faces challenges with using fresh patient cells, including manufacturing failures and logistical hurdles. Cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) offer a potential solution, and while lentiviral processes have been reported for generating CAR-T from these cells, few studies have demonstrated successful PiggyBac electroporation methods. Therefore, the objectives of our study were twofold: Firstly, to conduct a comparative study on cryopreserved PBMCs, fresh PBMCs, and their respective preparations of CAR-T. Secondly, to establish a PiggyBac electroporation CAR-T preparation process using cryopreserved PBMCs through process optimization. The results revealed that long-term frozen PBMCs viability in a relatively stable manner. CAR-T generated from cryopreserved PBMCs exhibited comparable expansion potential, cell phenotype, differentiation profiles, exhaustion markers, and cytotoxicity against human ovarian cancer cell line (SKOV-3) cells to those derived from fresh PBMCs. Moreover, through process optimization, we further enhanced the proliferation and toxicity of CAR-T. This approach has the potential to revolutionize the CAR-T production model by utilizing healthy donor cells instead of patient cells. This shift could mitigate issues affecting treatment efficacy, such as suboptimal cell condition following illness or delays in cell preparation.
A polyketide-based biosynthetic platform for diols, amino alcohols and hydroxy acids
Authors: Dan Qingyun , Chiu Yan , Lee Namil , Pereira Jose Henrique , Rad Behzad , Zhao Xixi , Deng Kai , Rong Yiou , Zhan Chunjun , Chen Yan , Cheong Seokjung , Li Chenyi , Gin Jennifer W. , Rodrigues Andria , Northen Trent R. , Backman Tyler W. H. , Baidoo Edward E. K. , Petzold Christopher J. , Adams Paul D. , Keasling Jay D.
Published: February 2025

Medium- and branched-chain diols and amino alcohols are important industrial solvents, polymer building blocks, cosmetics and pharmaceutical ingredients, yet biosynthetically challenging to produce. Here we present an approach that uses a modular polyketide synthase (PKS) platform for the efficient production of these compounds. This platform takes advantage of a versatile loading module from the rimocidin PKS and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent terminal thioreductases. Reduction of the terminal aldehyde with alcohol dehydrogenases enables the production of diols, oxidation enables the production of hydroxy acids and specific transaminases allow the production of various amino alcohols. Furthermore, replacement of the malonyl-coenzyme A-specific acyltransferase in the extension module with methyl- or ethylmalonyl-coenzyme A-specific acyltransferase enables the production of branched-chain diols, amino alcohols and carboxylic acids in high titres. Use of our PKS platform in Streptomyces albus demonstrated the high tunability and efficiency of the platform.
Coinfection with chikungunya and Zika results in mild disease and distinct inflammatory response
Authors: Alves Juliana Cardoso , Magalhães Lucas Sousa , dos Santos Priscila Lima , de Lucena Couto Ócea Regina Adalva , Debbo Alejandra , de Carvalho Jaira Vanessa , Teixeira Mauro Martins , Mahalingam Suresh , de Jesus Amelia Ribeiro , da Silva Angela Maria , de Almeida Roque Pacheco , Santos Camilla Natália Oliveira
Published: February 2025

Chikungunya (CHIKV) and Zika (ZIKV) viruses, both mosquito-borne, often circulate simultaneously, raising concerns about the effects of coinfection. This study evaluated cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors in 12 patients with concurrent CHIKV and ZIKV infections confirmed by RT-qPCR. Clinical data and 45 immune mediators were analyzed. Coinfected and monoinfected patients exhibited similar symptoms, although ZIKV-infected individuals experienced fewer instances of fever. No patients had persistent symptoms or required hospitalization. Chemokines CCL5, CXCL1, and CXCL10 were elevated across all groups. CHIKV-infected patients showed higher levels of CCL2, CCL4, EGF, CXCL12, and IFN-α compared to controls, while IL-1RA, IL-8, and IFN-γ were elevated in both CHIKV and coinfected groups. SCF was elevated only in the ZIKV group. Overall, CHIKV and ZIKV coinfection presented mild clinical symptoms similar to monoinfections and demonstrated a moderate inflammatory response.
A same day α-synuclein RT-QuIC seed amplification assay for synucleinopathy biospecimens
Authors: Parveen Sabiha , Alam Parvez , Orrù Christina D. , Vascellari Sarah , Hughson Andrew G. , Zou Wen-Quan , Beach Thomas G. , Serrano Geidy E. , Goldstein David S. , Ghetti Bernardino , Cossu Giovanni , Pisano Giada , Pinna Beatrice , Caughey Byron
Published: February 2025

Parkinson’s disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and other synucleinopathies are characterized by the accumulation of abnormal, self-propagating aggregates of α-synuclein. RT-QuIC or seed amplification assays are currently showing unprecedented diagnostic sensitivities and specificities for synucleinopathies even in prodromal phases years in advance of the onset of Parkinsonian signs or dementia. However, commonly used α-synuclein seed amplification assays take ≥48 h to perform as applied to patients’ diagnostic biospecimens. Here, we report the development of a faster α-synuclein RT-QuIC assay that is as analytically sensitive as prior assays of this type, but can be completed in ≤12 h for brain, skin, and intestinal mucosa, with positive signals often arising in <5 h. CSF assays took a few hours longer. Our same-day α-synuclein RT-QuIC (sdRT-QuIC) assay should increase the practicality, cost-effectiveness, and throughput of measurements of pathological forms of α-synuclein for fundamental research, clinical diagnosis, and therapeutics development.
Research progress of metal–CpG composite nanoadjuvants in tumor immunotherapy
Authors: Chen Yifan , Feng Danna , Cheng Yilin , Jiang Xianmeng , Qiu Lin , Zhang Li , Shi Dongjian , Wang Jianhao
Published: February 2025

This review highlights the innovative use of metal–CpG nanoadjuvants in enhancing tumor vaccine efficacy for cancer immunotherapy.
The time course of in vivo cellular responses to LNPs
Authors: Loughrey David , Paunovska Kalina , Echeverri Elisa Schrader , Tiegreen Karen E. , Dahlman James E.
Published: February 2025

Transcriptomic analysis undertaken at different timepoints can shed light on mRNA-LNP in vivo delivery dynamics.
Single-chirality single-wall carbon nanotubes for electrochemical biosensing
Authors: Seo Ju-Yeon , Mostafiz Bahar , Tu Xiaomin , Khripin Constantine Y. , Zheng Ming , Li Han , Peltola Emilia
Published: February 2025

(6,5) SWCNTs exhibited an adsorption-controlled process, while (6,6) SWCNTs demonstrated a diffusion-controlled process.
A micro-nano formulation of multi-micronutrient- and carbon nanofiber-modified biochar for enhanced plant growth
Authors: Gupta Abhishek , Gupta Rahul , Verma Nishith
Published: February 2025

Modification of biochar with B, Mo, and Cu augmented not only the water holding capacity of soil but also plant growth, attributed to the efficient translocation of the micronutrients by carbon nanofibers.
Wide-temperature solid polymer electrolytes: Li+ coordination structure, ionic transport and interphases
Authors: Zhou Qingqing , Chen Minfeng , Lu Junjie , Sheng Bifu , Chen Jizhang , Zhang Qiaobao , Han Xiang
Published: February 2025

Solid polymer electrolytes have been considered one of the most promising candidates for solid-state batteries, while the Li coordination structure, interfaces and interphases and related cycling performance still remain challenge.
Stainless Steel-initiated Acylation of Quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones with Aldehydes under Mechanochemical Conditions
Authors: Wei Diandian , Li Zongwei , Li Heng , Yuan Bingxin
Published: February 2025

Utilizing direct mechanocatalytical conditions, we develop a C–H acylation of quinoline-2(1H)-one initiated by stainless-steel milling balls. A wide range of functional groups are bearable, affording the desired products in excellent...
Radical initiated polymerization of p-styrenesulfonate on graphitic carbon nitride for interconnected water networks in short-side-chain PFSA membranes for low-humidity hydrogen fuel cells
Authors: Neeshma Maniprakundil , Suraj Punnappadam Rajan , Mohan Dass Baskaran , Bhat Santoshkumar D.
Published: February 2025

Radical-initiated polymerization of p-styrenesulfonate on graphitic carbon nitride and its incorporation into a short-side chain polymer matrix reduce interfacial ionic transport resistance and improve low-humidity PEMFC performace.
An assembly modules deformation strategy improved the chemical stability and self-assembly stability of docetaxel prodrugs nanoassemblies
Authors: Wang Wenjing , Wang Shuo , Xu Shengyao , Chai Rong , Yuan Jun , Zhang Hao , Li Yaqi , Pu Xiaohui , Li Xin , Sun Jin , He Zhonggui , Sun Bingjun
Published: February 2025

The structural deformation enhanced the self-assembly and stability of prodrug nanoassemblies, balancing their effectiveness and safety.
Flexible, Wearable Mechano-Acoustic Sensors for Body Sound Monitoring Applications
Authors: Dang Tran Bach , Truong Thanh-An , Nguyen Chi Cong , Listyawan Michael , Sapers Joshua Sam , Zhao Sinuo , Truong Duc Phuc , Zhang Jin , Do Thanh , Phan Hoang-Phuong
Published: February 2025

Body sounds serve as a valuable source of health information, offering insights into systems such as the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and gastrointestinal systems. Additionally, body sound measurements are easily accessible, fast,...
Rice leaves microstructure-inspired high-efficiency electrodes for green hydrogen production
Authors: Li Yuliang , Gao Jinxin , Wang Zhaoyang , Li Honghao , Li Lu , Zhang Xiaofang , Fan Xiaoyang , Lin Longyun , Li Yan , Li Ke , Zhang Chunyu , Li Linyang , Wang Ran , Su Yunting , Tian Dongliang
Published: February 2025

Rice leaves inspired the development of an anisotropic microstructured gas conduction electrode featuring rapid desorption and transfer of bubbles to achieve highly efficient hydrogen production.
Large modulation of the bottlebrush diblock copolymer morphology and structural color through solvent selectivity
Authors: Jeon Sanghyun , Kamble Yash , Xu Zhuang , Khasbaatar Azzaya , Hwang Changhyun , Lee Jong-Hoon , Shi Jiachun , Rogers Simon A. , Guironnet Damien , Diao Ying
Published: February 2025

Large modulation of the microphase separated morphology and structural color of PS-b-PLA BBCPs using single materials by exploiting selective solubility of the two blocks in a series of structurally similar solvents.
AIEE active dual-state emissive tripodal pyridopyrazine derivatives as multi-stimuli responsive smart organic materials
Authors: Lamoria Monika , Manna Debashree , Milton Marilyn Daisy
Published: February 2025

This work presents the design and synthesis of pyridopyrazine-based tripodal push–pull mol that show dual-state emission, and act as dual chemosensors for TFA and Hg2+ ions, and fluorescent thermometers.
Advanced numerical modeling of multi-absorber Cs2AgBiBr6/CsSnCl3 solar cells: unveiling charge dynamics, trap phenomena, and noise characterization of high-efficiency photovoltaics
Authors: Gahlawat Devansh , Kaur Jaspinder , Basu Rikmantra , Sharma Ajay Kumar , Garg Sidhanth , Bharti Manisha , Madan Jaya , Pandey Rahul
Published: February 2025

High-efficiency solar cells with Cs2AgBiBr6/CsSnCl3 absorbers achieving 21.75% PCE. Impedance and noise analyses reveal enhanced charge transport.
A robust PET-based chiral Schiff base molecular probe for recognition of Hg2+ and Pb2+ and its application in live cell imaging
Authors: Jeba Silviya S. Benita , Ruphina Maragatham S. Michlin , Andrews S. G. Jebastin , Bhuvanesh Nattamai S. P. , Jebaraj J. Winfred , Balakrishnan Chithiraivel
Published: February 2025

A new salen-based chiral Schiff base (H2L) has been synthesized and acts as a fluorescent sensor that can detect Hg2+ and Pb2+ ions in real water samples and intracellularly in the HeLa cells.
Expression of concern: Protein complexations and amyloid fibrilization as novel approaches to improve techno-functionality of plant-based proteins
Authors: Khan Zakir Showkat , Mandliya Shubham , Suri Shweta , Bhinder Seerat , Choudhary Pintu , Mandal Shreya , Chandla Narender Kumar , Kar Koyel , Toker Ömer Said , Smaoui Slim , Bhat Mohmad Sayeed , Mishra Hari Niwas , Sodhi Navdeep Singh , Dhillon Bhavnita , Aijaz Thameed
Published: February 2025

Expression of concern for ‘Protein complexations and amyloid fibrilization as novel approaches to improve techno-functionality of plant-based proteins’ by Zakir Showkat Khan et al., Sustainable Food Technol., 2024, Accepted Manuscript, https://doi.org/10.1039/D4FB00193A.
Discovery of new imidazole[1,2-a] pyridine derivatives as CDK9 inhibitors: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation
Authors: Sun Zihan , Sun Shijun , Li Xiayu , Li Xiang , Li Chuang , Tang Li , Cheng Maosheng , Liu Yang
Published: February 2025

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is highly aggressive and extensive malignancy. Presently, targeting transcriptional regulation cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) is a promising therapeutic treatment. Herein, twenty-five compounds (LA1~LA13, LB1~LB12) were designed and...
Clinician and Caregiver Perspectives on a Community-Based Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing Treatment Trial for Childhood Apraxia of Speech: Exploring Perceptions of Research and Routine Clinical Practice
Authors: Thomas Donna C. , Bricker-Katz Geraldine , Murray Elizabeth , Velleman Shelley L. , Iuzzini-Seigel Jenya
Published: February 2025

Purpose:

Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing (DTTC) is an evidence-based treatment for children with childhood apraxia of speech. In clinical practice, speech-language pathologists (SLPs) frequently use an eclectic approach incorporating aspects of DTTC, for reasons that are not well understood. This research note describes a qualitative investigation of the experiences of SLPs and caregivers who participated in protocolized research DTTC for a 24-session treatment efficacy study. Specifically, we sought to understand the perspectives of these SLPs and caregivers regarding (a) DTTC treatment, as provided during the study, and (b) participating in a treatment research study.

Method:

Four SLPs and three caregivers participated in semistructured interviews, via Zoom, 4 weeks after the treatment study. Questions explored perceptions of research DTTC treatment and experiences of participating in a research study. Data were analyzed with inductive thematic analysis using an iterative and reflective process.

Results:

One overarching main theme was identified: “Research and clinical practice: Different priorities and processes,” with five subthemes. The subthemes were (a) research DTTC is more challenging, (b) research DTTC is surprisingly effective, (c) clinical practice is preferable to research, (d) research participation leads to new learning, and (e) power differential exists between researchers and clinicians.

Conclusions:

Aspects of the research DTTC were uncomfortable for SLPs and families, despite its efficacy and what they learned from participating. SLPs perceived a schism between researchers and clinicians. More needs to be done to decrease the perceived gap between researchers and clinicians to facilitate implementation of evidence-based practice in nonresearch contexts.

Supplemental Material:

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.28299764
Dynamic spectrum sharing based on federated learning in smart grids and power communication networks
Authors: Wang Xiaoyong , Yu Qiusheng , Lv Depin , Yang Tongtong , Wei Yongjing , Liu Lei , Zhang Pu , Zhang Yan , Zhang Wensheng
Published: February 2025

As the guaranteed basis for providing communication services, the power communication network plays a vital role in the smart grid. However, during natural disasters, wired communication networks have inherent limitations and come with substantial construction and maintenance costs, which makes it difficult to function effectively. Therefore, it is imperative to apply wireless communication to smart grids and power communication networks in emergency scenarios. To solve the problems of spectrum resource scarcity and insufficient spectrum utilization in wireless communication, the integration of cognitive radio networks (CRNs) into smart grids and power communication networks is considered, which can effectively solve the problems and promote their development. Based on the deep reinforcement learning (DRL) and federated learning (FL) algorithms, this paper proposes a novel dynamic spectrum sharing framework which is applied to smart grids and power communication networks in emergency scenarios. In the proposed framework, the maximum entropy based multi‐agent actor‐critic (ME‐MAAC) algorithm is used as the local learning model, which can not only improve system performance but also help power users to choose an optimum dynamic spectrum sharing strategy. It can be seen from the simulation results that the proposed scheme has better performance in reward value, access rate, and convergence speed.