bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Trouble with Teixeira: Developing a Principled Approach to Entrapment
Authors: Ormerod David , Roberts Andrew
Published: May 2015

The controversy surrounding entrapment and covert policing operations and the admissibility of the evidence they produce has been reignited by the decision of the European Court of Human Rights in Teixeira de Castro v Portugal and its interpretation in a number of English cases. This article offers an examination of the cases and offers a principled approach. Drawing on the decision of the Canadian Supreme Court in Mack, it proposes a more structured and coherent scheme to regulate the authorisation and conduct of entrapment operations and remedies for abuses of entrapment.
Evidence, Jury Trials and Witness Protection—The Auld Review of the English Criminal Courts
Authors: McEwan Jenny , Redmayne Mike , Tinsley Yvette
Published: May 2015

The publication of Auld LJ's review of the English criminal courts may herald significant reform of the trial process. It is argued that recommendations to retain the jury whilst subjecting its decision-making to greater judicial control, and restricting proper research into its operation, lack a coherent foundation and may prove problematic in practice. The recommendations may enhance protection for vulnerable witnesses although proposals to increase the chances of convicting in cases of domestic violence may also create risks for victims.
Justice for All? Two Bad Arguments (and Several Good Suggestions) for Resisting Double Jeopardy Reform
Authors: Roberts Paul
Published: May 2015

The government's latest proposals for double jeopardy law reform leave many unanswered questions and causes for concern regarding their scope and impact. However, the merits of such proposals can only be properly evaluated by viewing them in the broader context of constitutional criminal procedure. It is contended that the true significance of the double jeopardy prohibition is rooted in the constitutional value of the finality of acquittals. Two further supposed rationales for the prohibition, drawn from the Law Commission's recent analysis, are canvassed and conclusively rejected. The common law's ancient ban on double jeopardy is underpinned neither by the well-motivated desire to avoid distressful trials, nor by the promotion of investigative efficiency. Further reform debates would be facilitated by general assent to this clarification.
American Perspectives on Self-Incrimination and the Compelled Production of Evidence
Authors: Berger Mark
Published: May 2015

The Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution provides that no person may be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself. The Boyd decision in 1886 recognised an intimate relation between the privilege against self-incrimination and the restrictions on search and seizure in the Fourth Amendment and created a virtually impenetrable barrier to government demands that a suspect or defendant be compelled to produce evidence against himself. However, since that time the Supreme Court has progressively restricted the scope of Fifth Amendment protection in relation to the compelled production of evidence. This has been achieved by requiring all citizens to appear before grand juries; by denying Fifth Amendment protection to entities; by holding that the compelled production of evidence does not breach the Fifth Amendment unless the very act of production is self-incriminatory; and by denying the privilege in relation to required records. The Supreme Court's stance reflects a recognition of the complexity of contemporary law enforcement problems and may be seen as an attempt to balance the state's interest in the successful prosecution of crime against the citizen's interest in being free from state intrusion. The effect of the Supreme Court's reforms has been to broaden government authority to compel offenders to assist in their own prosecutions whilst limiting Fifth Amendment protection to incrimination through the accused's own testimony or its equivalent.
Myths, Relationships and Coincidences: The New Problems of Sexual History
Authors: Redmayne Mike
Published: May 2015

This article reviews recent developments in the law governing the admissibility of sexual history evidence in England and Wales. After the decision of the House of Lords in R v A (No. 2), the law reflects a consensus that the complainant's sexual history with third parties is generally irrelevant to the issue of consent in rape trials. In the first part of this article, the justifications for this conclusion are questioned; it is suggested that the relevance of sexual history is a more complex issue than it is usually acknowledged to be. The second part of the article uses points made in the first to question the way in which concepts drawn from the law on similar fact evidence have been used as the admissibility framework for sexual history. Aspects of the decision in R v A are examined in detail.
Facts in Law and Facts of Law
Authors: Allen Ronald J. , Pardo Michael S.
Published: May 2015

The nature of the distinction between issues of fact and issues of law is considered. Courts in the United States and England have failed to articulate the distinction. Arguments that a distinction may be drawn on ontological, epistemological or analytical grounds are considered and rejected. It is argued that the law/fact distinction involves a complex interaction between three variables: (1) conventional meanings of the terms ‘law’ and ‘fact’; (2) structural relationships within the legal process; and (3) a distinction between matters of general import and specific, localised phenomena. It is concluded that this interaction is too complex to be reduced to simple rules and that the labelling of a particular issue as ‘legal’ or ‘factual’ is essentially a functional decision made on pragmatic grounds.
The individual and society in Durkheim
Authors: Bowring Finn
Published: May 2015

In revisiting Durkheim’s humanism in recent years, attention has been drawn to his theory of moral individualism and the usefulness of his argument that a reformed democratic capitalism can reconcile individual freedom with collective constraint. This article investigates Durkheim’s understanding of the relationship between the individual and society in greater detail, showing in the process that his thinking was ambiguous and inconsistent. Although he flirted with the notion that capitalist modernity might actively foster and legitimize destructive forms of individualism, his default position was to attribute anti-social drives to a human nature set loose by weak or inadequate social norms, and then to idealize liberal humanism as the ethical remedy for this normative deficiency. The article argues that the inconsistencies in his thinking are significant, however, because they testify to the underlying contradiction between the logic of capitalism and the ideals of moral individualism, and to the difficulty of locating the moral individual in a morally irrational world.
National and regional trends in equity within specialised health care in Finland in 2002–2010
Authors: Manderbacka Kristiina , Jutta Järvelin , Martti Arffman , Hanna Rättö , Unto Häkkinen , Ilmo Keskimäki
Published: May 2015

Aims: Equity is an important goal of health-care systems. Nevertheless, previous research indicates that health-care systems do not deliver health services equitably and that socio-economic differences in both health and health-care use may even be increasing. The aim of this study was to investigate national and regional time trends in equity within specialised health care in Finland. Methods: The data used in the study were obtained from the Hospital Discharge Register covering all hospital admissions in Finland from 2002 to 2010 for patients having utilised specialised non-psychiatric inpatient care. Income data were individually linked to these register data. Equity was measured in terms of concentration index at hospital district level. Results: Concentration indices across hospital districts and years were negative, suggesting specialised inpatient care to be distributed pro poor. Overall, the concentration indices remained fairly stable during the study period. However, a drop in the indices appeared in all hospital districts between 2005 and 2008, and a reverse development was found after 2008. In internal medicine departments of the hospital districts, the distribution of the indices was more pro poor compared to surgery but the trends within both specialties were similar to those within specialised care in general. Conclusions: The pro-poor distribution of concentration indices is consistent with morbidity differences. The introduction of the waiting time guarantee in 2005, which brought along an increment in resources, as well as the launch of new regulations and financial incentives, probably increased access to specialised health care among low-income patients temporarily.
Managing Police Investigations into Burglary
Authors: Gill Martin , Hart Jerry , Livingstone Ken
Published: May 2015

This paper reports on findings from a Home Office-funded research project on the management of police investigations. While the original study concerned itself with strategies for dealing with burglary and auto crime, this paper focuses specifically on how the police manage burglary offences. It evaluates police detectives' responses to questions asked in interviews about which actions they felt to be of greatest benefit in achieving a number of pre-defined outcomes. The authors sought to evaluate police results in terms of the recovery of stolen property, victim reassurance and the gathering of information for the purposes of criminal intelligence, in addition to the more conventional measures of success — detections and arrests. This paper will be of interest both to academics wishing to know more about the development of investigative practice, as well as to practitioners seeking a more comprehensive means of evaluating performance.
Police Disposal of Female Detainees: An Examination of Police Practice in Seven London Stations
Authors: Robertson Graham , Pearson Richard , Gibb Robert
Published: May 2015

A study of mentally disordered people in London police stations allowed the authors to obtain information on everyone arrested and brought to those stations. This paper presents the data in respect of female detainees who comprised 16 per cent of the population. When arrests for loitering are excluded, and matched for type of offence, the pattern of disposal was for women to be cautioned more often than men and for the latter group to be charged more frequently than women. Some such differences are likely to be due to differences in the respective criminal records of male and female detainees. There was no evidence that women were being treated more severely than men and the findings are in line with the results of enquiries into the sentencing practices of both magistrates and Crown Courts.
The Changing Face of Policing in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Mawby Rob
Published: May 2015

The dramatic social and political changes taking place in Central and Eastern Europe have inevitably influenced the structure and functions of the police, particularly where the police were associated, in the minds of the people, with maintenance of the former regime. To date, however, little systematic research has been done on the police systems of these countries. This paper consequently provides a broad literature review. Following an account of policing in the past, it focuses on the changes that have taken place in recent years. Two issues are of particular note. First, developments, and public perceptions of those developments, vary widely. Secondly, while some aspects of policing, such as victims' perceptions, have been considered in more detail, others, such as police officers' own views, have rarely been considered. There is thus a real need for further research to document and explain the changes that have occurred.
Stressor Exposure and Methods of Coping among Senior Police Managers at a Time of Organisational and Management Change
Authors: Brown Jennifer , Cooper Cary , Kirkcaldy Bruce
Published: May 2015

This paper discusses the context within which British police chief superintendents and superintendents (n = 533) were working as a background to measuring their sources of work-related stress and coping adaptations. Some comparative analyses are presented examining the internationalism of changes in police management and organisation. The results of the empirical investigation into the sources of stress and coping strategies of British police managers are then presented. Superintendents report having too much work to do with too few resources among the most significant stressors. They cope through use of secondary stress management interventions which are task orientated rather than emotion focused. The paper concludes by relating findings to organisational changes occurring within policing elsewhere and makes some recommendations to alleviate stress among police managers.
Stress at Work: The Beliefs and Experiences of Police Superintendents
Authors: Bonnar Anthony J.
Published: May 2015

Stress and stress-related illness are recognised as an occupational health hazard. There is an increasing number of police officers reporting mental illness as a result of stress at work. This represents a challenge for occupational health nurses working within the police and more importantly for police forces themselves. Previous research indicated that management style, and lack of consultation, communication and support were all causes of stress to police officers. The aim of this research is to describe the issues surrounding stress within a police force from the perspective of police superintendents.

A small-scale qualitative study of police superintendents using semi-structured interviews was undertaken. The accuracy of transcriptions, themes extracted and the development of meaning statements were validated by the participants and expert academic validation (see Appendix 1). Several organisational issues relating to the causes of stress were described. Analysis of data taken from these interviews demonstrated acceptance or tolerance of management practices likely to cause stress. In particular participants also felt able to make judgments about the authenticity of felt stress expressed by subordinates. The participants also expressed a desire for their subordinates to have trust and confidence in them. The paradox of wishing to be trusted while also reserving the right to make valued judgments about authenticity of an individual's stress-related illness goes to the heart of police forces' management of stress at work.

Several recommendations are made as to how police forces might address the problems of stress. In particular there is a need for an education initiative targeted at police managers as to how best to recognise and manage situations in which occupational stress is a factor.
Juvenile Justice: A Vision for the Millennium
Authors: McNally Roger B. , Dwyer Diane C.
Published: May 2015

This paper reviews the historical development of juvenile justice, provides critical analysis of the governmental perspective, identifies current and prospective programme models and examines trends that will shape juvenile justice in the 21st century. These trends include changing demographics, escalating perceptions of adolescent violence, increasing public frustration with crime and evolving conservative and punitive philosophies towards problem youth. International comparative data is also included. This paper was orginally presented at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, March 1998, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Policing of Public Order in India
Authors: Verma Arvind
Published: May 2015

Maintenance of order is a crucial function for the police, since development is possible only in an orderly society. In India, group violence and organised challenge to the established order are common phenomena and major areas of responsibility for the Indian police. The nation is besieged by social strife of every kind. Communal, economic, linguistic, caste, class and ethnic conflicts are a part of its social and political milieu. This paper examines the nature of order maintenance problems in the country, the socio-political reasons behind them and the ways in which the police are dealing with these. The paper describes some of the innovative measures that the Indian police have developed to deal with these frequently occurring problems. Future issues related to order maintenance in India are also discussed.

An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Sixth IPES Conference at Hydrabad, July 1999.
Joint Construction of ‘Facts’ in Court: A Case Study of Microscopic Communication
Authors: Ohashi Yasushi , Mori Naohisa
Published: May 2015

Eyewitness testimony is generated through communication between the examiner and non-examiner (eyewitness) in interrogation rooms or public courts. In this analysis, the authors have studied the ‘fact-generating’ process microscopically, and the issue of credibility in testifying from one's experience. Specifically, they examined the Kabutoyama case, in which it took more than 20 years to render a final verdict of not guilty. They closely examined the credibility of testimony made by a key witness in the case. After analysing the testimony both qualitatively and quantitatively, they observed several characteristics in the witness-examiner exchanges and consider that non-empirical eyewitness testimony is a product of witness-examiner interactions. This paper is based on a research project carried out to report on expert opinion regarding credibility of eyewitness testimony. Part of the results of this project have already been published by Mori and Ohashi (1997).
Police Response to Burglary: Victims' Perceptions in Prague
Authors: Mawby R. I. , Brabcová I. , Koubová E.
Published: May 2015

Police structures and everyday practices in Central and Eastern Europe have changed dramatically in recent years, but changes have varied both in terms of the countries involved and in terms of the particular feature of the police system under review. This paper focuses on one city, Prague, and considers the ways in which the police deal with crime victims, specifically victims of burglary. The findings are compared with an earlier study in Poland, Hungary, Germany and England. The police are the main agency with which burglary victims are involved, and the service they provide is important, not least because clear-up rates are low. It was, therefore, reassuring to find that victims were generally positive about the way the police dealt with their cases. This is very different from the situation in Poland, where victims were far more critical. However, those victims who were most affected or worried about crime were least positive, suggesting that there is a link between perceptions of police work and perceptions of the crime situation. A comparison between the Czech Republic and Poland also suggests that relatively minor changes to police practices may improve victims' experiences and thereby their evaluation of police work.
Assessing Chemical Incapacitant Sprays
Authors: Rappert Brian
Published: May 2015

Much attention has been given to the potential of chemical incapacitant sprays in alleviating many of the tensions police officers face when using force. This paper provides a detailed analysis of one assessment of the utility of such sprays in order to examine many of the general claims made about them. It is argued that significant areas of concern and uncertainty exist in relation to the deployment of incapacitant sprays. Those police forces considering such a use of force option are advised to do so with considerable caution and a healthy degree of scepticism regarding the benefits of these devices.
Quality and Innovation in the Vocational Education and Training of Dutch Police
Authors: Ijzerman Peter D.
Published: May 2015

In the Netherlands, a fundamental change in police vocational training is being carried out. This change process is required to equip police officers in a better way for their duties in an increasingly complex society. This paper outlines the explicit contribution Dutch police training is making.

First of all, the author makes some observations about important developments in Dutch society relevant to the role and position of the police, and the response given to these developments by the Dutch police. Secondly, he makes some general remarks about the need for professionalisation and on bridging the gap between police education and professional practice. After the introductory paragraphs, the main features of the new concept behind Dutch police training will be described. In conclusion, possible risks involved in the innovation process will be described and some attention will be paid to cultural aspects of the police and significant issues relating to the relationship of the police with the administrative and judicial systems.
Policing at the Crossroads: Changing Directions for the New Millennium
Authors: Walsh William F.
Published: May 2015

Now is a period of reflection and transition as the last decade of this century draws to an end. Scholars argue that substantial forces are challenging current methods of working and organising and that restructuring is needed to prepare for the future. How then should police administrators prepare their organisations to respond to the challenges of the 21st century? This discussion employs historical and organisational evidence to analyse the critical milestones in the development of policing. It posits that policing has reached an important crossroads with organisational managers dividing their support between traditional or community/problem-solving operational models. It faces the challenge of selecting a pathway for the future. The demands of providing security and order in the emerging information age, with its global, economic order, far exceed present day policing methods. This discussion concludes with suggestions on how to prepare for the future.

This paper was originally presented at the 1997 Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences meeting in Louisville, Kentucky.
Organisation Risk Management in UK Police Authorities: An Integrated Management Approach
Authors: Young Peter C. , Fone Martin
Published: May 2015

Risk management is evolving into a broader, more general, management role in organisations. This emerging form, called organisation risk management (ORM), seeks to manage all organisation risks in an integrated, comprehensive and strategic manner. The public sector has been somewhat slow to adopt both this view and practice, but changing political, social and economic pressures are forcing public authorities to provide better services with increasingly limited resources; and these pressures, in turn, are heightening the awareness of the value in managing the cost of risk.

This paper introduces and develops the ORM concept, and provides a specific application that is a critical issue for the modern police authority — employment risk. In discussing this employment risk, the paper offers both a method for analysing risks generally and a set of risk management principles that apply to the actual management of all organisational risks.
Identifying New Roles and Responsibilities for the Inspector within a Provincial Constabulary: Results of a Job Analysis
Authors: Nelson Phil , Brown Jennifer
Published: May 2015

With the advent of structural and organisational changes within the police forces of England and Wales, the role of Inspector has been the subject of critical rethinking. In order to review this police rank within one provincial police force, a job analysis was conducted into the present and desired future role and responsibilities of the uniformed Inspector. Methods used included interviews, task activity analyses, role repertory grids and content analyses of existing job descriptions. Results revealed a lack of clear role definition as presently conceived and differences between senior and more junior officers in their assessments of appropriate levels of functioning for the Inspector. Differences also emerged in views about the deployment of Inspectors as generalists based on territorial deployment or as functional specialists. Some resolution of these differences was attempted and formalised into a proposed new job definition.
Bridging Boundaries: United States Policewomen's Efforts to Form an International Network
Authors: Schulz Dorothy Moses
Published: May 2015

This paper focuses on the history and evolution of the International Association of Policewomen and its successor group, the International Association of Women Police (IAWP), in their continuing efforts to form an international network of policewomen beginning in 1915. Both groups sought to reinforce the specialist role that women initially played in policing. These attempts to form an international network are intertwined with the changing role of policewomen from social work to a more purely police orientation, particularly in the United States. With the 1996 conference, attended by 600 delegates from 42 nations, the IAWP has achieved true international status but may now be obliged to recognise that complete integration of women into the police chain of command may not be the aim of women from countries that retain a more traditional view of the woman's sphere as centring around crimes involving women, children and domestic matters. Issues for future consideration are also raised in this paper.
Operations and Accountability: The Role of Performance Indicators, Financial Devolution and Strategy in the Management of a Police Force
Authors: Collier Paul
Published: May 2015

Management control systems have become a point of focus within the police service. This paper reviews the important roles of performance indicators (PIs) and devolved financial management in police control systems, using the example of one rural police force.

Public sector concern with the pursuit of value for money has led to the domination of efficiency measures over effectiveness, leading to a conflict between those concerned with accountability and those concerned with operations. Operations supporters view PIs and devolved financial management as a ritual, for purposes of external legitimisation, rather than as part of a technical/rational management control system. This paper questions the usefulness of PIs as measures of operational police performance. It demonstrates a lack of internal consistency between PIs and devolved financial management and a lack of congruence between these aspects of accountability and operational policing.

The role of management lies in attempting to integrate PIs and financial management with operational policing, given the certainty of a cash-limited budget and the uncertainty of demand for services. Improving police performance requires the coupling of operations and accountability and the development of shared meanings, something that may only be able to be achieved through the strategic planning process.
Comparing Charges: The Experience of Discrimination and Harassment among Women Police Officers Serving in Australia, the British Isles and the United States of America
Authors: Brown Jennifer
Published: May 2015

This paper reports the findings of a survey of policewomen serving in Australia (n = 206), the British Isles (n = 176) and the United States of America (USA) (n = 186). Problems of undertaking comparative research into policewomen are discussed and caution must be exercised in the interpretation of the results, given the opportunistic nature of the data collection: delegates attending international conferences of policewomen. Notwithstanding limitations of the research design, several observations are drawn from the data: the ubiquitous nature of sex discrimination and sexual harassment in the police service, greater similarities between officers from the British Isles and Australia with greatest divergence evident from those serving in the USA; and variation in terms of the frequency with which support strategies are adopted by policewomen. Explanations in terms of aspects of masculinity and women's networking are offered to account for differences between the policewomen.
AFP Strategies to Implement Equity and Diversity Objectives
Authors: Bradley Jennifer
Published: May 2015

Women in policing can learn from the experiences of women in other occupations both in the public and private sectors, and from the strategies that have been implemented to overcome the structural and cultural forms of disadvantage and discrimination. This paper looks at some of those experiences and sets out the objectives and strategies of the Australian Federal Police's Equity and Diversity Programme 1996–2000.
Flexible Employment: A Worthwhile New Zealand Policing Option?
Authors: Corbett Louise
Published: May 2015

This paper describes the introduction and working of the New Zealand (NZ) Police Flexible Employment Policy, widely referred to as the Flexible Employment Option (FEO) and covers aspects of the policy, its history and its current workings, mainly from a woman's perspective. Results of a survey of personnel working reduced hours and female staff who resigned/disengaged after a period of maternity leave (1990–96) are also reported.
Crime by Design: An Exploratory Investigation
Authors: Craig Learn A.
Published: May 2015

This paper extends and develops Newman's (1972) theory of defensible space, by investigating changes in criminal activity as a result of a re-development programme initiated by a district council and local police authority. As part of a re-development programme, the housing estate underwent changes in environmental and residential design as part of a crime prevention campaign to reduce criminal activity. The offence types: burglary, criminal damage, theft of a motor vehicle and theft from a motor vehicle were assessed both before and after the implementation of the redevelopment programme. Problems in analysing qualitative data were overcome by using a non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis, Partial Order Scalogram Analysis (POSA). The crime site profiles of all four offences were shown to be qualitatively and quantitatively different in the ‘new’ estate. It was found that, where access by both roads and footpaths had been restricted, the crime site profile changed favouring features such as a corner and terraced and identifying a new, vulnerable property. Reported offences relating to motor vehicles reduced significantly. However, incidences of both burglary and criminal damage increased. It was argued that this shift in offence type was an example of ‘displacement theory’, whereby, due to the restrictions imposed in the new estate, the criminal activity had been displaced towards an alternative offence.
Waving Not Drowning: Chief Constables and the New Configuration of Accountability in the Provinces
Authors: Loveday Barry
Published: May 2015

This paper looks at the relationship between Chief Constables and police authorities four years after the Police Act 1994. It seeks to explore the concept of managerial accountability which, as a consequence of legislation, replaced electoral accountability as a means of bringing the police to account to the local community. The paper also considers the continuing problem of establishing effective police community links.
Visions of the Future: The Role of Senior Policewomen as Agents of Change
Authors: Silvestri Marisa
Published: May 2015

Despite the plethora of research in policing, the majority of studies have focused almost exclusively on the lowest levels of the organisation and have paid little attention to gender issues. Very little is known about those involved in management and leadership in policing, even less is known about the ways in which management and leadership in the police organisation are gendered. As women move forwards and upwards in organisations, the tension between organisations and leadership as mediated by gender has become an increasingly topical area of study. This paper aims to explore and draw together some of the concerns with leadership and gender which are being raised during debates about new directions, functions and structures within organisations, and applies them to the police organisation. It proposes that empirical work be carried out to ascertain the role that senior policewomen play in organisational change, that is, to bring into focus the extent to which women in leadership positions in policing are and can become agents of change.
Uncovering the ‘Ethical Profile’ of Police Managers and the ‘Moral Ethos’ of Police Organisations: A Preliminary Analysis
Authors: Adlam Robert
Published: May 2015

As part of a wider Educational Action Research Project begun in the winter of 1992, following the publication of the police service statement of ethical principles and the attendant commentary on those principles, the research reported here focuses upon data patterns emerging from the development of two instruments, the ‘Bramshill ethics’ questionnaire and the ‘moral ethos’ questionnaire. These two instruments were specifically designed to provide police leaders and managers attending development courses at Bramshill with information concerning the ‘moral world’ of fellow practitioners. The emerging data patterns point to very real moral complexity and diversity among the middle managers of the police service. In addition, while some features of the moral ethos of police organisations are highly desirable from both a moral and a professional point of view, other aspects cast doubts upon the ability of police organisations to attain the status of quality organisations.
People Arrested in London: An Examination of Ethnic Origin
Authors: Robertson Graham , Pearson Richard , Gibb Robert
Published: May 2015

Most published statistics about crime concern only people who have been charged with, cautioned for or convicted of notifiable offences. As many people again are arrested and brought to police stations in connection with types of offence which are not notifiable. A recent study of mentally disordered people in London police stations afforded the opportunity to obtain information on everyone arrested and brought to those stations. The purpose of this paper is to describe this population in terms of the ethnic origin of detainees.
‘Confronting Police Culture’ or ‘the Force is Still with You’? Making Sense of Contemporary Policing in Australia
Authors: Palmer Darren
Published: May 2015

The two phrases from this paper's title were the headlines to two major opinion articles in the only broadsheet newspaper in Melbourne, Australia. The first article was written by a lawyer who previously served as a member of what was a short-lived experiment —the Victorian Police Complaints Authority. The second, appearing five days later, was a response from the current Chief Commissioner of Police. Of course, being opinion articles, it can be assumed that each had a particular line to push. At the same time, each article in its own way sums up the opposite poles of attitudes to the state of contemporary policing in Australia. This paper will elaborate on some of the key issues concerning contemporary police in Australia, in particular focusing on the connections between changes to ideas about governing and how these are shaping emerging techniques employed to govern the police.
Post Consent Decree Minority Promotions: Discrimination, Disinterest, Disenfranchisement or Unrealistic Expectations?
Authors: Whetstone Thomas S.
Published: May 2015

A case study was conducted within a cooperating municipal police agency, where there was the perception that women and minorities were not succeeding in the promotional process. A three-phased triangulation approach employing two surveys and focus group methods was utilised to gather data. Findings indicated that over 80 per cent of the promotion-eligible officers, both white and black, were not interested in promotion to sergeant. The major reasons were satisfaction with present assignment, followed by family obligations. Findings also indicated that proportionately slightly more minority candidates participate in the promotional process, but their average score was lower than the average obtained by white competitors. Further analysis revealed a sense of helplessness and hopelessness among many of the minority respondents and focus group participants. Analysis of test preparation strategies revealed that whites tended to devote more days to examination preparation and engaged in a richer variety of study methods (eg practice quizzes, outlining chapters and using flash cards). These data suggest that the department should take steps to make the position of sergeant more attractive to a greater number of officers and make a more concerted effort to monitor and understand minority and women's issues. Minority candidates need to be effectively apprised of the effort required to score well on the promotional examination, engage in a greater number of study methods over a greater number of days, and minority command officers need to assume a leadership role in the mentoring of minority promotional candidates.
Fracking
Authors: Hawkins Joanne
Published: May 2015

Fracking, an extraction technique for unconventional oil and gas, has proved highly controversial in England, with environmental and health impacts being a central concern. Although the topic has been widely debated, such debate has focused on the pros and cons of the technique and little attention or literature has focused on the current regulatory system. At present, uncertainty surrounds numerous aspects of the extraction technique and the promotion of fracking in England is largely founded on the assumption that a strong regulatory system is already in place to control any impacts. This article will examine the current suites of regulation and will highlight the gaps that are present within the existing European Union (EU) and national controls and their connection to potential environmental and public health damage. Such an examination will consider legislation as well as the ability of regulators in England to act. This article will show that, at present, the system governing fracking is far from satisfactory. In light of this, the regulatory approaches now available will be evaluated and the need for a more precautionary approach to regulation highlighted.
Animal welfare in the reformed Common Agricultural Policy
Authors: Ryland Diane
Published: May 2015

Against the backdrop of the recently reformed Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), this article considers the potential for improved standards of farm animal welfare within the Treaty objectives of the European Union. CAP Reform presents the first real opportunity to assess the impact of the animal welfare Treaty provision emanating from the Lisbon amendments and the extent to which animal welfare has been integrated into the CAP. By linking the projected added value of enhanced farm animal welfare practices with the CAP’s broader priorities, its greening initiative and, essentially, the Europe 2020 strategy, an evaluation is undertaken of the potential of raised animal welfare standards in agriculture to contribute towards attaining the CAP instruments' specified objectives in the period 2014–2020. The reformed CAP instruments are disappointing in that they do not aim explicitly and directly to improve farm animal welfare. Acknowledging that the CAP reform process will continue, the improvement of farm animal welfare should be stated expressly to be a priority of the CAP beyond 2020. ‘In effect, a new social contract is needed between farmers and society which sees the delivery of public goods as part of a modern approach to agriculture where food, fibre and fuel are supplied in ways that are resource efficient, help address climate change and deliver high levels of biodiversity and farm animal welfare, within the context of diverse and vibrant rural areas.’1
Fiscal redistribution and public support for European integration
Authors: Chalmers Adam William , Dellmuth Lisa Maria
Published: May 2015

This article contributes to existing debates on public opinion toward European integration by examining when and why fiscal transfers and public support are systematically related. Drawing on economic and identity-related theories, we develop and test hypotheses about the links between European Union fiscal transfers among countries and subnational jurisdictions, and citizens’ support for European integration. Using a three-level analysis of residents in 143 regions in 16 European Union member states, we find a positive effect of European Union transfers among both countries and subnational jurisdictions on support for European integration among those with a European communal identity. We also find that this effect increases the more politically aware individuals are. The article sketches the broader implications of our findings for public opinion research on regional integration beyond the European Union.
Reworking colonial imaginaries in post-colonial tourist enclaves
Authors: Kothari Uma
Published: May 2015

This article critically explores the complex politics of reworking colonial imaginaries in post-colonial tourist enclaves. It examines the persistence of colonial spaces and representations in the tourist industry along with the reproduction of boundaries that sustain distinctions between people. Based on research in Mauritius, this article identifies the distinctive characteristics of generic tropical, luxury hotel resorts and the specific strategies used to distinguish them as they compete to attract tourists. Through an investigation of a luxury hotel in Mauritius, designed to evoke the theme of the colonial sugar plantation, it is suggested here that these strategies rework and reproduce colonial representations in the present day.
Self-luminous devices and melatonin suppression in adolescents
Authors: Figueiro M , Overington D
Published: May 2015

Self-luminous devices, such as computers, tablets and cell phones can emit short-wavelength (blue) light, which maximally suppresses melatonin. Melatonin is a hormone that starts rising approximately 2 hours prior to natural bedtimes and signals darkness and sleep to the body. The present study extends from previously published studies showing that light from self-luminous devices suppresses melatonin and delays sleep. This is the first study conducted in the home environment that investigated the effects of self-luminous devices on melatonin levels in adolescents (age 15–17 years). Results show that 1-hour and 2-hour exposure to light from self-luminous devices significantly suppressed melatonin by approximately 23% and 38% respectively. Compared to our previous studies, these results suggest that adolescents may be more sensitive to light than other populations.
Efficacy of Bystander Programs to Prevent Dating Abuse Among Youth and Young Adults
Authors: Storer Heather L. , Casey Erin , Herrenkohl Todd
Published: May 2015

Estimates suggest that between 10% and 25% of adolescents have experienced some form of physical violence within a dating relationship, and one in four college-age women experiences attempted or completed sexual violence on campus. Bystander programs focus on equipping young adults with the skills to safely intervene when they witness behaviors that can result in dating abuse. This approach is promoted for its capacity both to transform community norms that contribute to dating abuse and to foster more positive social interactions among youth, however, there has been limited review of the literature on the outcomes of bystander programs. Therefore, this article provides an in-depth systematic literature review, which describes the content and program components of bystander programs and summarizes what is currently known about the impact of bystander interventions on participants’ behaviors and attitudes. Results indicate that bystander programs are promising from the standpoint of increasing young adults’ willingness to intervene and confidence in their ability to intervene when they witness dating or sexual violence, however, the utilization of actual bystander behaviors was less straightforward. Implications for prevention practice and for future research are presented.
Practice Update
Authors: Murray Christine E. , Lundgren Kristine , Olson Loreen N. , Hunnicutt Gwen
Published: May 2015

There is growing recognition of the risk for traumatic brain injury (TBI) among victims and survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV). A wide range of physically abusive behaviors may lead to injuries to the head or neck and place an individual at risk for a TBI. The purpose of this article is to consolidate current research and present practical guidelines for professionals, who are not brain injury specialists, but work with clients who may have sustained a TBI in the context of IPV. Recommendations are provided for TBI risk screening, making appropriate referrals, and providing services in light of a potential TBI.
Is Anybody Listening? The Literature on the Dialogical Process of Child Sexual Abuse Disclosure Reviewed
Authors: Reitsema A. M. , Grietens H.
Published: May 2015

We conducted an exploratory review of the current literature on child sexual abuse disclosure in everyday contexts. The aim of this study was to provide an overview of relevant publications on the process of child sexual abuse disclosure, in order to generate new directions for future research and clinical practice. The findings of the exploratory review show that disclosure is a relational process, which is renegotiated by each interaction and evolves over an extended period of time. The characteristics and reactions of the interaction partner appear to be as critical to this process as the behavior and words of children themselves. Methodological limitations of the review and the publications are discussed, as well as directions for future research and implications for practice.
Endovascular Treatment for Extracranial Carotid Stenosis
Authors: Yun Eun-Joo , Yoon Dae-Young , Kim Bit-na , Min Kyung-Joon , Kim Bo-Yeon , Ku You-Jin
Published: May 2015

Introduction:

Bibliometric analysis is a quantitative method that can evaluate publications related to a specific topic.

Methods:

A PubMed database search was conducted from 2003 to 2012 using the search term “carotid” AND “stenos*” as a part of the title or abstract.

Results:

A total of 1590 articles were published in 329 different journals. A total of 751 (47.2%) publications were original articles, 1501 (94.4%) were written in English, 153 (9.6%) received funding, 584 (36.7%) were published by the United States, and 673 (42.3%) resulted from multidisciplinary collaboration. Of the original articles, 538 (71.6%) had retrospective design and 275 (36.6%) had sample size of <50. Vascular surgery departments produced the most articles (n = 339, 21.3%), followed by radiology (n = 270, 17.0%), cardiology (n = 260, 16.4%), neurosurgery (n = 198, 12.5%), and neurology (n = 196, 12.3%). Five major departments published only a small portion (5.1%-26.5%) of articles in their own specialty journals.

Conclusion:

The publication in journals across disciplines and multidisciplinary collaboration are 2 peculiar characteristics of research in this topic.
A casualty network analysis in non-major combat operations
Authors: Bastian Nathaniel D , Fulton Lawrence V , Griffin Paul M , Sung Yi-Shan , Kumara Soundar
Published: May 2015

Understanding the causes, types and locations of military casualties likely to be incurred during non-major combat operations is essential to effectively plan for medical resources required to support those operations, yet the threats posed are varied and complex. The dynamic environment that sustains non-major combat operations creates a challenge to diagnose the factors leading to casualties in these operations. We employ a network analytic approach to discover and explore the underlying casualty incident patterns in this complex, real-world operating environment. The aim of this study is to better understand the medical effect of health and irregular general threats. Discovery of these casualty incident patterns proves insightful to military medical planners and commanders.