bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spectral optical layer properties of cirrus from collocated airborne measurements and simulations
Authors: Finger Fanny , Werner Frank , Klingebiel Marcus , Ehrlich André , Jäkel Evelyn , Voigt Matthias , Borrmann Stephan , Spichtinger Peter , Wendisch Manfred
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Spectral upward and downward solar irradiances from vertically collocated measurements above and below a cirrus layer are used to derive cirrus optical layer properties such as spectral transmissivity, absorptivity, reflectivity, and cloud top albedo. The radiation measurements are complemented by in situ cirrus crystal size distribution measurements and radiative transfer simulations based on the microphysical data. The close collocation of the radiative and microphysical measurements, above, beneath, and inside the cirrus, is accomplished by using a research aircraft (Learjet 35A) in tandem with the towed sensor platform AIRTOSS (AIRcraft TOwed Sensor Shuttle). AIRTOSS can be released from and retracted back to the research aircraft by means of a cable up to a distance of 4 km. Data were collected from two field campaigns over the North Sea and the Baltic Sea in spring and late summer 2013. One measurement flight over the North Sea proved to be exemplary, and as such the results are used to illustrate the benefits of collocated sampling. The radiative transfer simulations were applied to quantify the impact of cloud particle properties such as crystal shape, effective radius reff, and optical thickness τ on cirrus spectral optical layer properties. Furthermore, the radiative effects of low-level, liquid water (warm) clouds as frequently observed beneath the cirrus are evaluated. They may cause changes in the radiative forcing of the cirrus by a factor of 2. When low-level clouds below the cirrus are not taken into account, the radiative cooling effect (caused by reflection of solar radiation) due to the cirrus in the solar (shortwave) spectral range is significantly overestimated.
Long-range transport pathways of tropospheric source gases originating in Asia into the northern lower stratosphere during the Asian monsoon season 2012
Authors: Vogel Bärbel , Günther Gebhard , Müller Rolf , Grooß Jens-Uwe , Afchine Armin , Bozem Heiko , Hoor Peter , Krämer Martina , Müller Stefan , Riese Martin , Rolf Christian , Spelten Nicole , Stiller Gabriele P. , Ungermann Jörn , Zahn Andreas
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Global simulations with the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) using artificial tracers of air mass origin are used to analyze transport pathways from the Asian monsoon region into the lower stratosphere. In a case study, the transport of air masses from the Asian monsoon anticyclone originating in India/China by an eastward migrating anticyclone breaking off from the main anticyclone on 20 September 2012 and filaments separated at the northeastern flank of the anticyclone are analyzed. Enhanced contributions of young air masses (younger than 5 months) are found within the separated anticyclone confined at the top by the thermal tropopause. Further, these air masses are confined by the anticyclonic circulation and at the polar side by the subtropical jet such as the vertical structure looks like a bubble within the upper troposphere. Subsequently, these air masses are transported eastwards along the subtropical jet and enter the lower stratosphere by quasi-horizontal transport in a region of double tropopauses most likely associated with Rossby wave breaking events. As a result, thin filaments with enhanced signatures of tropospheric trace gases are measured in the lower stratosphere over Europe during the TACTS/ESMVal campaign in September 2012 in very good agreement with CLaMS simulations. Our simulations demonstrate that source regions in Asia and in the Pacific Ocean have a significant impact on the chemical composition of the lower stratosphere of the Northern Hemisphere by flooding the extratropical lower stratosphere with young moist air masses in particular at end of the monsoon season in September/October 2012 (up to ~30 % at 380 K) in contrast to the southern hemisphere. End of October 2012, approximately 1.5 ppmv H2O is found in the lower northern hemisphere stratosphere (at 380 K) from source regions in Asia and the tropical Pacific compared to a mean water vapor content of ~5 ppmv. In addition to this main transport pathway from the Asian monsoon anticyclone to the east along the subtropical jet and subsequent transport into the northern lower stratosphere, a second horizontal transport pathway out of the anticyclone to the west into the tropics (TTL) is found in agreement with MIPAS HCFC-22 measurements.
Long-term observations of atmospheric aerosol, cloud condensation nuclei concentration and hygroscopicity in the Amazon rain forest – Part 1: Size-resolved characterization and new model parameterizations for CCN prediction
Authors: Pöhlker Mira L. , Pöhlker Christopher , Klimach Thomas , Hrabe de Angelis Isabella , Barbosa Henrique M. J. , Brito Joel , Carbone Samara , Cheng Yafang , Chi Xuguang , Ditas Florian , Ditz Reiner , Gunthe Sachin S. , Kesselmeier Jürgen , Könemann Tobias , Lavrič Jošt V. , Martin Scot T. , Moran-Zuloaga Daniel , Rose Diana , Saturno Jorge , Su Hang , Thalman Ryan , Walter David , Wang Jian , Wolff Stefan , Artaxo Paulo , Andreae Meinrat O. , Pöschl Ulrich
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Size-resolved long-term measurements of atmospheric aerosol and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations as well as hygroscopicity were conducted at the remote Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) in the central Amazon Basin over a one-year period and full seasonal cycle (March 2014–February 2015). The presented measurements provide a climatology of CCN properties for a characteristic central Amazonian rain forest site. The CCN measurements were continuously cycled through 10 levels of supersaturation (S = 0.11 to 1.10 %) and span the aerosol particle size range from 20 to 245 nm. The observed mean critical diameters of CCN activation range from 43 nm at S = 1.10 % to 172 nm at S = 0.11 %. The particle hygroscopicity exhibits a pronounced size dependence with lower values for the Aitken mode (κAit = 0.14 ± 0.03), elevated values for the accumulation mode (κAcc = 0.22 ± 0.05), and an overall mean value of κmean = 0.17 ± 0.06, consistent with high fractions of organic aerosol. The hygroscopicity parameter κ exhibits remarkably little temporal variability: no pronounced diurnal cycles, weak seasonal trends, and few short-term variations during long-range transport events. In contrast, the CCN number concentrations exhibit a pronounced seasonal cycle, tracking the pollution-related seasonality in total aerosol concentration. We find that the variability in the CCN concentrations in the central Amazon is mostly driven by aerosol particle number concentration and size distribution, while variations in aerosol hygroscopicity and chemical composition matter only during a few episodes. For modelling purposes, we compare different approaches of predicting CCN number concentration and present a novel parameterization, which allows accurate CCN predictions based on a small set of input data.
Vertical profiles of the 3D wind velocity retrieved from multiple wind LiDARs performing triple range-height-indicator scans
Authors: Debnath M. , Iungo G. V. , Ashton R. , Brewer W. A. , Choukulkar A. , Delgado R. , Lundquist J. K. , Shaw W. J. , Wilczak J. M. , Wolfe D.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Vertical profiles of the 3D wind velocity are retrieved from triple range-height-indicator (RHI) scans performed with multiple simultaneous scanning Doppler wind lidars. This test is part of the eXperimental Planetary boundary layer Instrumentation Assessment (XPIA) campaign carried out at the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory. The three wind velocity components are retrieved, then compared with the data acquired through various profiling wind lidars, and high-frequency wind data obtained from sonic anemometers installed on a 300-m meteorological tower. The results show that the magnitude of the horizontal wind velocity and the wind direction obtained from the triple RHI scans are generally retrieved with good accuracy. However, poor accuracy is obtained for the evaluation of the vertical velocity, which is mainly due to its typically smaller magnitude, and the error propagation connected with the data retrieval procedure and accuracy in the experimental setup.
The nitrogen, carbon and greenhouse gas budget of a grazed, cut and fertilised temperate grassland
Authors: Jones Stephanie K. , Helfter Carole , Anderson Margaret , Coyle Mhairi , Campbell Claire , Famulari Daniela , Di Marco Chiara , van Dijk Netty , Topp Cairistiona F. E. , Kiese Ralf , Kindler Reimo , Siemens Jan , Schrumpf Marion , Kaiser Klaus , Nemitz Eiko , Levy Peter , Rees Robert M. , Sutton Mark A. , Skiba Ute M.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Intensively managed grazed grasslands in temperate climates are globally important environments for the exchange of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). We assessed the N and C budget of a mostly grazed, occasionally cut, and fertilized grassland in SE Scotland by measuring or modelling all relevant imports and exports to the field as well as changes in soil C and N pools over time. The N budget was dominated by import from inorganic and organic fertilisers (21.9 g N m2 yr−1) and losses from leaching (5.3 g N m2 yr−1), N2 emissions and NOx and NH3 volatilisation (6.4 g N m2 yr−1). The efficiency of N use by animal products (meat and wool) averaged 11 %. On average over nine years (2002–2010) the balance of N fluxes suggested that 7.2 ± 4.6 g N m−2 y−1 (mean ± confidence interval at p > 0.95) were stored in the soil. The largest component of the C budget was the net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE), at an average uptake rate of 218 ± 155 g C m−2 y−1 over the nine years. This sink strength was offset by carbon export from the field mainly as harvest (48.9 g C m2 yr−1) and leaching (16.4 g C m2 yr−1). The other export terms, CH4 emissions from the soil, manure applications and enteric fermentation were negligible and only contributed to 0.02–4.2 % of the total C losses. Only a small fraction of C was incorporated into the body of the grazing animals. Inclusion of these C losses in the budget resulted in a C sink strength of 163 ± 140 g C m−2 y−1. On the contrary, soil stock measurements taken in May 2004 and May 2011 indicated that the grassland sequestered N in the 0–60 cm soil layer at 4.51 ± 2.64 g N m−2 y−1 and lost C at a rate of 29.08 ± 38.19 g C m−2 y-1, respectively. Potential reasons for the discrepancy between these estimates are probably an underestimation of C and N losses, especially from leaching fluxes as well as from animal respiration. The average greenhouse gas (GHG) balance of the grassland was −366 ± 601 g CO2 eq m−2 y−1 and strongly affected by CH4 and N2O emissions. The GHG sink strength of the NEE was reduced by 54 % by CH4 and N2O emissions. Enteric fermentation from the ruminating sheep proved to be an important CH4 source, exceeding the contribution of N2O to the GHG budget in some years.
Role of zooplankton in determining the efficiency of the biological carbon pump
Authors: Cavan Emma L. , Henson Stephanie A. , Belcher Anna , Sanders Richard
Published: June 2016

Abstract. The efficiency of the ocean’s biological carbon pump (BCPeff – here the product of particle export and transfer efficiencies) plays a key role in the air-sea partitioning of CO2. Despite its importance in the global carbon cycle, the biological processes that control BCPeff are poorly known. We investigate the potential role that zooplankton play in the biological carbon pump using both in situ observations and model output. Observed and modelled estimates of fast, slow and total sinking fluxes are presented from three oceanic sites: the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, the temperate North Atlantic and the equatorial Pacific oxygen minimum zone (OMZ). We find that observed particle export efficiency is inversely related to primary production likely due to zooplankton grazing, in direct contrast to the model estimates. The model and observations show strongest agreement in remineralization coefficients and BCPeff at the OMZ site where zooplankton processing of particles in the mesopelagic zone is thought to be low. As the model has limited representation of zooplankton-mediated remineralization processes, we suggest that these results point to the importance of zooplankton in setting BCPeff, including particle grazing and fragmentation, and the effect of diel vertical migration. We suggest that improving parameterizations of zooplankton processes may increase the fidelity of biogeochemical model estimates of the biological carbon pump. Future changes in climate such as the expansion of OMZs may decrease the role of zooplankton in the biological carbon pump globally, hence increasing its efficiency.
Can local climate variability be explained by weather patterns? A multi-station evaluation for the Rhine basin
Authors: Murawski Aline , Bürger Gerd , Vorogushyn Sergiy , Merz Bruno
Published: June 2016

Abstract. For understanding past flood changes in the Rhine catchment and in particular for quantifying the role of anthropogenic climate change for extreme flows, an attribution study relying on a proper GCM (General Circulation Model) downscaling is needed. A downscaling based on conditioning a stochastic weather generator on weather patterns is a promising approach given, among others, a strong link between weather patterns and local climate, and sufficient GCM skill in reproducing weather pattern climatology. To test the first requirement, an objective classification scheme is applied and different classification variables, spatial domains and number of classes are evaluated. To this end, 111 years of daily climate data from 500 stations in the Rhine basin are used. A classification based on a combination of mean sea level pressure, temperature, and humidity from the ERA20C reanalysis for a relatively small spatial domain over Central Europe with overall 40 weather type classes is found most appropriate for stratifying six local climate variables. The skill in explaining local climate variability is very different, from high for radiation to low for precipitation. Especially local precipitation and humidity are governed by processes that are not completely represented by the large-scale distribution of pressure, temperature and humidity. Before applying the weather pattern based downscaling approach, it should therefore be investigated whether the link between the large-scale synoptic situation and the local climate variable of interest is strong enough for the given purpose. Our analysis suggests that it is advantageous to incorporate additional classification variables besides pressure fields. The use of temperature results in a very good stratification of weather patterns throughout the year. Hence, there is no need to provide different classifications for each season. To test the skill of the latest generation of GCMs in reproducing the frequency, seasonality, and persistence of the derived weather patterns, output from 15 GCMs from the CMIP5 ensemble is evaluated. Most GCMs are able to capture these characteristics well, but some models showed consistent deviations in all three evaluation criteria and should be excluded from further attribution analysis.
AN ORIGINAL PROCESSING METHOD OF SATELLITE ALTIMETRY FOR ESTIMATING WATER LEVELS AND VOLUME FLUCTUATIONS IN A SERIES OF SMALL LAKES OF THE PANTANAL WETLAND COMPLEX IN BRAZIL
Authors: Costa Paulo Henrique , Oliveira Pereira Eric , Maillard Philippe
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Satellite altimetry is becoming a major tool for measuring water levels in rivers and lakes offering accuracies compatible with many hydrological applications, especially in uninhabited regions of difficult access. The Pantanal is considered the largest tropical wetland in the world and the sparsity of in situ gauging station make remote methods of water level measurements an attractive alternative. This article describes how satellites altimetry data from Envisat and Saral was used to determine water level in two small lakes in the Pantanal. By combining the water level with the water surface area extracted from satellite imagery, water volume fluctuations were also estimated for a few periods. The available algorithms (retrackers) that compute a range solution from the raw waveforms do not always produce reliable measurements in small lakes. This is because the return signal gets often “contaminated” by the surrounding land. To try to solve this, we created a “lake” retracker that rejects waveforms that cannot be attributed to “calm water” and convert them to altitude. Elevation data are stored in a database along with the water surface area to compute the volume fluctuations. Satellite water level time series were also produced and compared with the only nearby in situ gauging station. Although the “lake” retracker worked well with calm water, the presence of waves and other factors was such that the standard “ice1” retracker performed better on the overall. We estimate our water level accuracy to be around 75 cm. Although the return time of both satellites is only 35 days, the next few years promise to bring new altimetry satellite missions that will significantly increase this frequency.
IMPROVED CORRECTION METHOD FOR WATER-REFRACTED TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING DATA ACQUIRED IN THE MOUNTAIN CHANNEL
Authors: Miura N. , Asano Y. , Moribe Y.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Detailed information of underwater topography is required for better understanding and prediction of water and sediment transport in a mountain channel. Recent research showed promising utility of green-wavelength Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) for measuring submerged stream-bed structure in fluvial environment. However, difficulty in acquiring reliable underwater data has been remained in the part of mountain channel where water surface has some gradient. Since horizontal water surface was a major premise for the existing water refraction correction method, significant error was resulted in such area. Therefore, this paper presents a modified method to correct water-refracted TLS data acquired over mountain channel with complex water-surface slope. Applicability of the modified method was validated using the field data and compared with the existing correction method and non-corrected data. The results showed that the modified method has much smaller error with RMSE value of 3 mm than the existing method (RMSE = 10 mm) and non-corrected data (RMSE = 23 mm). Presented method successfully corrected water-refracted TLS data acquired over sloped channel. This would enable us to quantitatively measure whole units of complex mountain channels, and help us to understand water dynamics better in the area.
AUTOMATIC RIVER NETWORK EXTRACTION FROM LIDAR DATA
Authors: Maderal E. N. , Valcarcel N. , Delgado J. , Sevilla C. , Ojeda J. C.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. National Geographic Institute of Spain (IGN-ES) has launched a new production system for automatic river network extraction for the Geospatial Reference Information (GRI) within hydrography theme. The goal is to get an accurate and updated river network, automatically extracted as possible. For this, IGN-ES has full LiDAR coverage for the whole Spanish territory with a density of 0.5 points per square meter. To implement this work, it has been validated the technical feasibility, developed a methodology to automate each production phase: hydrological terrain models generation with 2 meter grid size and river network extraction combining hydrographic criteria (topographic network) and hydrological criteria (flow accumulation river network), and finally the production was launched. The key points of this work has been managing a big data environment, more than 160,000 Lidar data files, the infrastructure to store (up to 40 Tb between results and intermediate files), and process; using local virtualization and the Amazon Web Service (AWS), which allowed to obtain this automatic production within 6 months, it also has been important the software stability (TerraScan-TerraSolid, GlobalMapper-Blue Marble , FME-Safe, ArcGIS-Esri) and finally, the human resources managing. The results of this production has been an accurate automatic river network extraction for the whole country with a significant improvement for the altimetric component of the 3D linear vector. This article presents the technical feasibility, the production methodology, the automatic river network extraction production and its advantages over traditional vector extraction systems.
GLOBAL CHANGES IN THE SEA ICE COVER AND ASSOCIATED SURFACE TEMPERATURE CHANGES
Authors: Comiso Josefino C.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. The trends in the sea ice cover in the two hemispheres have been observed to be asymmetric with the rate of change in the Arctic being negative at −3.8 % per decade while that of the Antarctic is positive at 1.7 % per decade. These observations are confirmed in this study through analyses of a more robust data set that has been enhanced for better consistency and updated for improved statistics. With reports of anthropogenic global warming such phenomenon appears physically counter intuitive but trend studies of surface temperature over the same time period show the occurrence of a similar asymmetry. Satellite surface temperature data show that while global warming is strong and dominant in the Arctic, it is relatively minor in the Antarctic with the trends in sea ice covered areas and surrounding ice free regions observed to be even negative. A strong correlation of ice extent with surface temperature is observed, especially during the growth season, and the observed trends in the sea ice cover are coherent with the trends in surface temperature. The trend of global averages of the ice cover is negative but modest and is consistent and compatible with the positive but modest trend in global surface temperature. A continuation of the trend would mean the disappearance of summer ice by the end of the century but modelling projections indicate that the summer ice could be salvaged if anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are kept constant at the current level.
FUSION OF LASER ALTIMETRY DATA WITH DEMS DERIVED FROM STEREO IMAGING SYSTEMS
Authors: Schenk T. , Csatho B. M. , Duncan K.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. During the last two decades surface elevation data have been gathered over the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) from a variety of different sensors including spaceborne and airborne laser altimetry, such as NASA’s Ice Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat), Airborne Topographic Mapper (ATM) and Laser Vegetation Imaging Sensor (LVIS), as well as from stereo satellite imaging systems, most notably from Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and Worldview. The spatio-temporal resolution, the accuracy, and the spatial coverage of all these data differ widely. For example, laser altimetry systems are much more accurate than DEMs derived by correlation from imaging systems. On the other hand, DEMs usually have a superior spatial resolution and extended spatial coverage. We present in this paper an overview of the SERAC (Surface Elevation Reconstruction And Change detection) system, designed to cope with the data complexity and the computation of elevation change histories. SERAC simultaneously determines the ice sheet surface shape and the time-series of elevation changes for surface patches whose size depends on the ruggedness of the surface and the point distribution of the sensors involved. By incorporating different sensors, SERAC is a true fusion system that generates the best plausible result (time series of elevation changes) a result that is better than the sum of its individual parts. We follow this up with an example of the Helmheim gacier, involving ICESat, ATM and LVIS laser altimetry data, together with ASTER DEMs.
VEGETATION DISTURBANCE AND RECOVERY FOLLOWING A RARE WINDTHROW EVENT IN THE GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK
Authors: Bernardes S. , Madden M.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. The tornado outbreak of April 2011 in the Southeastern United States caused major damage to property and natural ecosystems. During the outbreak, the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GRSM) was hit by an EF4 tornado, resulting in a long strip of broken branches and toppled old-growth forest trees. Little is known of the consequences of extreme windthrow events, partly due to limitations in characterizing and monitoring wind-driven vegetation disturbance and recovery over large areas and over time. This work analyzed vegetation damage in the GRSM resulting from the 2011 tornado outbreak and monitored vegetation recovery in the region over a four-year period. Anomalies of the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) calculated using Landsat scenes showed that the 2011 tornado affected 21.38 km2 of forest, including submesic to mesic oak/hardwoods, Southern Appalachian cove hardwood forests and montane alluvial forests. Tornado damage severity was mapped and investigated by using anomalies of EVI over space and time and showed track discontinuity and significant variation in damage intensity along the tornado track, suggesting vortex-topography interactions. Temporal profiles and spatial representations of EVI anomalies for the period 2011-2015 indicated that EVI in 2015 was above pre-event values, indicating homogeneous canopy and lack of vertical structure during regrowth.
MAPPING DISTURBANCE DYNAMICS IN WET SCLEROPHYLL FORESTS USING TIME SERIES LANDSAT
Authors: Haywood A. , Verbesselt J. , Baker P. J.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. In this study, we characterised the temporal-spectral patterns associated with identifying acute-severity disturbances and low-severity disturbances between 1985 and 2011 with the objective to test whether different disturbance agents within these categories can be identified with annual Landsat time series data. We analysed a representative State forest within the Central Highlands which has been exposed to a range of disturbances over the last 30 years, including timber harvesting (clearfell, selective and thinning) and fire (wildfire and prescribed burning). We fitted spectral time series models to annual normal burn ratio (NBR) and Tasseled Cap Indices (TCI), from which we extracted a range of disturbance and recovery metrics. With these metrics, three hierarchical random forest models were trained to 1) distinguish acute-severity disturbances from low-severity disturbances; 2a) attribute the disturbance agents most likely within the acute-severity class; 2b) and attribute the disturbance agents most likely within the low-severity class. Disturbance types (acute severity and low-severity) were successfully mapped with an overall accuracy of 72.9 %, and the individual disturbance types were successfully attributed with overall accuracies ranging from 53.2 % to 64.3 %. Low-severity disturbance agents were successfully mapped with an overall accuracy of 80.2 %, and individual agents were successfully attributed with overall accuracies ranging from 25.5 % to 95.1. Acute-severity disturbance agents were successfully mapped with an overall accuracy of 95.4 %, and individual agents were successfully attributed with overall accuracies ranging from 94.2 % to 95.2 %. Spectral metrics describing the disturbance magnitude were more important for distinguishing the disturbance agents than the post-disturbance response slope. Spectral changes associated with planned burning disturbances had generally lower magnitudes than selective harvesting. This study demonstrates the potential of landsat time series mapping for fire and timber harvesting disturbances at the agent level and highlights the need for distinguishing between agents to fully capture their impacts on ecosystem processes.
UAV AND GIS BASED TOOL FOR COLLECTION AND PROPAGATION OF SEEDS MATERIAL – FIRST RESULTS
Authors: Stereńczak K. , Mroczek P. , Jastrzębowski S. , Krok G. , Lisańczuk M. , Klisz M. , Kantorowicz W.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Seed management carried out by The State Forests National Forest Holding is an integral part of rational forest management. Seed collection takes place mainly from stands belonging to first category of forest reproductive material, which is the largest seed base in Poland. In smaller amount, seeds are collected in selective objects of highest forest reproductive material category (selected seed stands, seed orchards). The previous estimation methods of seed crop were based on visual assessment of cones in the stands for their harvest. Following the rules of FRM transfer is additional difficulty of rational seed management which limits the possibility of the use of planting material in Poland. Statements concerning forecast of seed crop and monitoring of seed quality is based on annual reports from the State Forest Service. Forest Research Institute is responsible for preparing and publishing above-mentioned statements. A small extent of its automatization and optimization is a large disadvantage of this procedure. In order to make this process more effective web-based GIS application was designed. Its main performance will give a possibility to upload present-day information on seed efficiency, their spatial pattern and availability. Currently this system is under preparation. As a result, the project team will get a possibility to increase participation of seed material collected from selected seed base and to share good practices on this issue in more efficient way. In the future this will make it possible to obtain greater genetic gain of selection strategy. Additionally, first results presented in literature showed possible use of unmanned aerial system/vehicle (UAS/V) for supporting of seed crop forecast procedure.
MONITORING SEABIRDS AND MARINE MAMMALS BY GEOREFERENCED AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY
Authors: Kemper G. , Weidauer A. , Coppack T.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. The assessment of anthropogenic impacts on the marine environment is challenged by the accessibility, accuracy and validity of biogeographical information. Offshore wind farm projects require large-scale ecological surveys before, during and after construction, in order to assess potential effects on the distribution and abundance of protected species. The robustness of site-specific population estimates depends largely on the extent and design of spatial coverage and the accuracy of the applied census technique. Standard environmental assessment studies in Germany have so far included aerial visual surveys to evaluate potential impacts of offshore wind farms on seabirds and marine mammals. However, low flight altitudes, necessary for the visual classification of species, disturb sensitive bird species and also hold significant safety risks for the observers. Thus, aerial surveys based on high-resolution digital imagery, which can be carried out at higher (safer) flight altitudes (beyond the rotor-swept zone of the wind turbines) have become a mandatory requirement, technically solving the problem of distant-related observation bias. A purpose-assembled imagery system including medium-format cameras in conjunction with a dedicated geo-positioning platform delivers series of orthogonal digital images that meet the current technical requirements of authorities for surveying marine wildlife at a comparatively low cost. At a flight altitude of 425 m, a focal length of 110 mm, implemented forward motion compensation (FMC) and exposure times ranging between 1/1600 and 1/1000 s, the twin-camera system generates high quality 16 bit RGB images with a ground sampling distance (GSD) of 2 cm and an image footprint of 155 x 410 m. The image files are readily transferrable to a GIS environment for further editing, taking overlapping image areas and areas affected by glare into account. The imagery can be routinely screened by the human eye guided by purpose-programmed software to distinguish biological from non-biological signals. Each detected seabird or marine mammal signal is identified to species level or assigned to a species group and automatically saved into a geo-database for subsequent quality assurance, geo-statistical analyses and data export to third-party users. The relative size of a detected object can be accurately measured which provides key information for species-identification. During the development and testing of this system until 2015, more than 40 surveys have produced around 500.000 digital aerial images, of which some were taken in specially protected areas (SPA) of the Baltic Sea and thus include a wide range of relevant species. Here, we present the technical principles of this comparatively new survey approach and discuss the key methodological challenges related to optimizing survey design and workflow in view of the pending regulatory requirements for effective environmental impact assessments.
SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS FOR WILDLIFE-VEHICLE-COLLISIONS BASED ON ACCIDENT STATISTICS OF THE COUNTY STRAUBING-BOGEN IN LOWER BAVARIA
Authors: Pagany R. , Dorner W.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. During the last years the numbers of wildlife-vehicle-collisions (WVC) in Bavaria increased considerably. Despite the statistical registration of WVC and preventive measures at areas of risk along the roads, the number of such accidents could not be contained. Using geospatial analysis on WVC data of the last five years for county Straubing-Bogen, Bavaria, a small-scale methodology was found to analyse the risk of WVC along the roads in the investigated area. Various indicators were examined, which may be related to WVC. The risk depends on the time of the day and year which shows correlations in turn to the traffic density and wildlife population. Additionally the location of the collision depends on the species and on different environmental parameters. Accidents seem to correlate with the land use left and right of the street. Land use data and current vegetation were derived from remote sensing data, providing information of the general land use, also considering the vegetation period. For this a number of hot spots was selected to identify potential dependencies between land use, vegetation and season. First results from these hotspots show, that WVCs do not only depend on land use, but may show a correlation with the vegetation period. With regard to agriculture and seasonal as well as annual changes this indicates that warnings will fail due to their static character in contrast to the dynamic situation of land use and resulting risk for WVCs. This shows that there is a demand for remote sensing data with a high spatial and temporal resolution as well as a methodology to derive WVC warnings considering land use and vegetation. With remote sensing data, it could become possible to classify land use and calculate risk levels for WVC. Additional parameters, derived from remote sensed data that could be considered are relief and crops as well as other parameters such as ponds, natural and infrastructural barriers that could be related to animal behaviour and should be considered by future research.
SUBTROPICAL FOREST BIOMASS ESTIMATION USING AIRBORNE LiDAR AND HYPERSPECTRAL DATA
Authors: Pang Yong , Li Zengyuan
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Forests have complex vertical structure and spatial mosaic pattern. Subtropical forest ecosystem consists of vast vegetation species and these species are always in a dynamic succession stages. It is very challenging to characterize the complexity of subtropical forest ecosystem. In this paper, CAF’s (The Chinese Academy of Forestry) LiCHy (LiDAR, CCD and Hyperspectral) Airborne Observation System was used to collect waveform Lidar and hyperspectral data in Puer forest region, Yunnan province in the Southwest of China. The study site contains typical subtropical species of coniferous forest, evergreen broadleaf forest, and some other mixed forests. The hypersectral images were orthorectified and corrected into surface reflectance with support of Lidar DTM product. The fusion of Lidar and hyperspectral can classify dominate forest types. The lidar metrics improved the classification accuracy. Then forest biomass estimation was carried out for each dominate forest types using waveform Lidar data, which get improved than single Lidar data source.
THE DETECTION OF TRANSPORT LAND-USE DATA USING CROWDSOURCING TAXI TRAJECTORY
Authors: Ai T. , Yang W.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. This study tries to explore the question of transport land-use change detection by large volume of vehicle trajectory data, presenting a method based on Deluanay triangulation. The whole method includes three steps. The first one is to pre-process the vehicle trajectory data including the point anomaly removing and the conversion of trajectory point to track line. Secondly, construct Deluanay triangulation within the vehicle trajectory line to detect neighborhood relation. Considering the case that some of the trajectory segments are too long, we use a interpolation measure to add more points for the improved triangulation. Thirdly, extract the transport road by cutting short triangle edge and organizing the polygon topology. We have conducted the experiment of transport land-use change discovery using the data of taxi track in Beijing City. We extract not only the transport land-use area but also the semantic information such as the transformation speed, the traffic jam distribution, the main vehicle movement direction and others. Compared with the existed transport network data, such as OpenStreet Map, our method is proved to be quick and accurate.
PREDICTION OF CHANGES IN VEGETATION DISTRIBUTION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS USING MODIS DATASET
Authors: Hirayama Hidetake , Tomita Mizuki , Hara Keitarou
Published: June 2016

Abstract. The distribution of vegetation is expected to change under the influence of climate change. This study utilizes vegetation maps derived from Terra/MODIS data to generate a model of current climate conditions suitable to beech-dominated deciduous forests, which are the typical vegetation of Japan’s cool temperate zone. This model will then be coordinated with future climate change scenarios to predict the future distribution of beech forests. The model was developed by using the presence or absence of beech forest as the dependent variable. Four climatic variables; mean minimum daily temperature of the coldest month (TMC)，warmth index (WI)， winter precipitation (PRW) and summer precipitation (PRS): and five geophysical variables; topography (TOPO), surface geology (GEOL), soil (SOIL), slope aspect (ASP), and inclination (INCL); were adopted as independent variables. Previous vegetation distribution studies used point data derived from field surveys. The remote sensing data utilized in this study, however, should permit collecting of greater amounts of data, and also frequent updating of data and distribution maps. These results will hopefully show that use of remote sensing data can provide new insights into our understanding of how vegetation distribution will be influenced by climate change.
MEASUREMENT OF SUN INDUCED CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE USING HYPERSPECTRAL SATELLITE IMAGERY
Authors: Irteza S. M. , Nichol J. E.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Solar Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence (SIF), can be used as an indicator of stress in vegetation. Several scientific approaches have been made and there is considerable evidence that steady state Chlorophyll fluorescence is an accurate indicator of plant stress hence a reliable tool to monitor vegetation health status. Retrieval of Chlorophyll fluorescence provides an insight into photochemical and carbon sequestration processes within vegetation. Detection of Chlorophyll fluorescence has been well understood in the laboratory and field measurement. Fluorescence retrieval methods were applied in and around the atmospheric absorption bands 02B (Red wavelength) approximately 690 nm and 02A (Far red wavelengths) 740 nm. Hyperion satellite images were acquired for the years 2012 to 2015 in different seasons. Atmospheric corrections were applied using the 6S Model. The Fraunhofer Line Discrimanator (FLD) method was applied for retrieval of SIF from the Hyperion images by measuring the signal around the absorption bands in both vegetated and non vegetated land cover types. Absorption values were extracted in all the selected bands and the fluorescence signal was detected. The relationships between NDVI and Fluorescence derived from the satellite images are investigated to understand vegetation response within the absorption bands.
La política exterior de la Unión Europea en el Cáucaso y Asia Central. Los límites de la apertura hacia el Este
Authors: Jovaní Gil Carles
Published: June 2016

El presente artículo se propone estudiar la evolución de política exterior de la Unión Europea en el Cáucaso meridional y Asia Central durante la Posguerra Fría. Con ello se pretenden desvelar los principales intereses y limitaciones de Bruselas, analizar las estrategias implementadas en los últimos años, y evaluar en qué medida será capaz la UE de disputar la hegemonía a sus principales rivales en la región a corto plazo. Como se pondrá de manifiesto, las debilidades crónicas comunitarias, el celo local por preservar la soberanía y la creciente competitividad geopolítica internacional socavan cualquier aspiración europea de consagrarse en un horizonte próximo como un actor preeminente en el corazón del continente euroasiático.
Massey y Soja: dos cimientos de la geografía política crítica
Authors: De Redacción Consejo
Published: June 2016

Massey y Soja: dos cimientos de la geografía política crítica
Doreen Massey: geógrafa radical, feminista, pensadora y activista
Authors: Featherstone David
Published: June 2016

Doreen Massey: geógrafa radical, feminista, pensadora y activista
La extracción minera y sus implicaciones en la economía latinoamericana
Authors: Fernández Arrúe Eva
Published: June 2016

Bruno Fornillo (coord.) (2015) Geopolítica del litio. Industria, ciencia y energía en Argentina. Buenos Aires: Editorial El colectivo / CLACSO, 1ª ed. 212 pp. ISBN 978-987-1497-75-1.
Trekk fra internasjonal psykiatrisk epidemiologi
Authors: Kringlen Einar
Published: June 2016

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Atferdsvansker og oppvekstkår – En longitudinell undersøkelse av norske barnefamilier
Authors: Mathiesen Kristin S.
Published: June 2016

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Depressivitet og røyking – En prospektiv panelstudie blant ungdom i Hordaland
Authors: Strønstad m.fl Kjersti
Published: June 2016

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Psykisk helse i Helse- og levekårsundersøkelsen i 1998. II. Geografiske forskjeller
Authors: Dalgard m.fl Odd Steffen
Published: June 2016

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Overlevelses- og forløpsanalyse: Det tematiske området Norevent
Authors: Aalen m. Odd O. fl
Published: June 2016

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Gene-exposure interaction in occupational and environmental epidemiology: Results from an ongoing study
Authors: Kure Elin H. , Thorsen Marit , Hansteen Inger-Lise
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTA tissue bank is established in our department on a total of 659 persons whereof 341 are included in theNordic data base on somatic chromosome damage in humans. Genotyping of susceptibility genes relevantto the exposures of the cohort is an ongoing undertaking in our laboratory. GST's and mEH have beengenotyped for 80 persons so far, CYP's for 20 persons. When the mean number of chromatide breaks and ofcells with aberrations were related to genotypes no statistical difference could be observed between thegenotypes for either parameter. No difference in cytogenetic damage between exposed and referents orbetween smokers and non-smokers were identified for the two separate occupational studies these 80persons represent. The results of the various cytogenetic endpoints were trichotomized and compared to thegenotype distribution. Although not statistically significant, the observed trend with higher percentage ofpersons with polymorphic GSTp1 in particular, but also for GSTq1 and mEH (exon 4) in the group withhigh frequency of chromosome aberrations will be interesting to follow. For further follow-up studies, anested case-control study within the cohort would give a more rapid and less expensive approach thananalysing each study separately as a traditional case-control study. As high frequency of chromosomaldamage is associated with cancer development, the hypothesis to be tested would be whether genetic polymorphismsfor the most appropriate susceptibility genes could be an explanatory factor for this association.
Kjønn som "forsømt" variabel innen perinatal epidemiologisk årsaksforskning
Authors: Bakketeig Leiv S. , Vik Torstein , Skjærven Rolv
Published: June 2016

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Kjønnsulikheter i mønstrene av sammenhenger mellom selvopplevd helse, sivil status, utdannelseslengde, risikofaktorer og helseatferd i en tverrsnittsundersøkelse av 40-årige kvinner og menn i Aust-Agder i 1996
Authors: Kreyberg Sidsel E.
Published: June 2016

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Koronarsykdom hos kvinner og menn: Fellestrekk og ulikheter i forekomst, risikofaktorer og behandling
Authors: Njølstad Inger , Løchen Maja-Lisa
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGKardiovaskulær sykdom er viktigste dødsårsak for både kvinner og menn. Koronarsykdom forekommeromtrent like hyppig i de to kjønn, men kvinner er gjennomsnittlig 10 år eldre enn menn ved sykdomsdebut.Sett under ett har kvinner høyere komplikasjonsrate ved infarkt og høyere infarktletalitet undersykehusopphold enn menn, men mye av kjønnsulikhetene som er rapportert, skyldes ulik alderssammensetningog komorbiditet i pasientpopulasjonen. Betydningen av enkelte koronare risikofaktorer,som røyking og triglyserider, synes å være forskjellig for kvinner og menn, mens andre risikofaktorererer like viktige i de to kjønn. Det er viktig å foreta kjønnsspesifikke analyser med aldersspesifikkesammenligninger eller adekvate multivariate justeringer for å få belyst om observerte kjønnsulikheter ikoronarsykdom har et reelt biologisk eller sosialt grunnlag, eller skyldes ufullstendig justering forkonfunderende faktorer.
Oracle v. Google: Protección de derecho de autor sobre elementos funcionales de programas computacionales que pone en riesgo la interoperabilidad y la innovación
Authors: Canales María Paz
Published: June 2016

El caso Oracle v. Google proporciona una buena oportunidad de reflexión sobre el alcance de la protección de los derechos de autor sobre programas computacionales en tanto obras funcionales. Este caso se refiere al uso por Google de las interfaces de programación de aplicaciones (API), desarrolladas por Sun (Oracle hoy) como parte del lenguaje de programación Java, creado con el propósito de estandarizar la comunicación entre diferentes capas de programas computacionales. Para desarrollar Android en forma compatible con los programas computacionales programados en lenguaje Java, Google tomó los encabezados y la secuencia, estructura y organización (SSO) de treinta y siete API de Java. El caso tiene una enorme repercusión en el entendimiento del ámbito de protección del derecho de autor sobre programas computacionales que son obras funcionales por naturaleza. Una revisión de la realidad económica en el desarrollo de programas computacionales muestra que existen importantes economías de red que se intentan capturar a través de la interoperabilidad mediante el desarrollo de estándares. Esta realidad no debe ser ignorada a la hora de diseñar la política de derecho de autor sobre protección de programas computacionales, de tal forma de prevenir un daño a la innovación futura. Si el derecho de autor falla en esta tarea, la normativa de libre competencia podría ser capaz de proporcionar algunas soluciones que se exploran aquí.