bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
European Association of Young Neurologists and Trainees: Position Paper on Teaching Courses for Generation Y
Authors: Struhal Walter , Falup-Pecurariu Cristian , Sztriha Laszlo K. , Grisold Wolfgang , Sellner Johann
Published: May 2011

The European Association of Young Neurologists and Trainees (EAYNT) is a non-profit organization which acts on behalf of young neurologists in Europe and concertedly exerts influence on the formation of a new generation of neurologists [Struhal et al.: Eur J Neurol 2009;16:e146–e148]. This concerns particularly the Generation Y (Gen Y), also known as Millennial Generation, Digital Natives or Generation Next, a demographic cohort defined by birth between 1981 and 1999 [Elkind: Neurology 2009;72:657–663]. A unifying feature is the increased use and familiarity with online media and digital technologies. Online social networks and interactive communication have not only shaped this cohort but necessitate a different approach towards educational matters. This position paper aims to address the changing needs for Gen Yers in the context of education.
Transition m.3308T>C in the ND1 Gene Is Associated with Left Ventricular Hypertrabeculation/Noncompaction
Authors: Zarrouk Mahjoub Sinda , Mehri Sounira , Ourda Fatma , Boussaada Rafik , Mechmeche Rachid , Arab Saïda Ben , Finsterer Josef
Published: May 2011

Though left ventricular hypertrabeculation/noncompaction (LVNC) is frequently associated with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations, it has not been reported in association with the transition m.3308T>C of the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1) gene. The index patient is a 16-year-old Tunisian female who was investigated for a systolic murmur and cardiomegaly. Echocardiography revealed tricuspid insufficiency, moderate left ventricular dilatation, Ebstein’s anomaly, a superior caval vein draining into the coronary sinus and, surprisingly, LVNC of the apex and the lateral wall. LVNC was absent in all other cardiologically investigated siblings. RNA and mtDNA sequence analysis revealed the known homoplasmic mutation m.3308T>C resulting in the replacement of the first amino acid methionine by threonine in the ND1 subunit of respiratory chain complex I. The m.3308T>C mutation was also present in the patient’s mother and several other family members but absent in 350 controls. Additionally, the index patient carried the polymorphisms m.8248A>G in the COX2 gene and m.8468C>T in the ATP8 gene. It is concluded that LVNC may be associated with the known homoplasmic m.3308T>C mutation in the ND1 gene. However, the pathogenetic role of this mutation in the development of LVNC remains elusive.
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Clinicopathological Features in Patients with and without Recurrence
Authors: Camisasca Danielle Resende , Silami Marcos Antônio Nunes Costa , Honorato Júlia , Dias Fernando Luiz , Faria Paulo Antônio Silvestre de , Lourenço Simone de Queiroz Chaves
Published: May 2011

Aim: To compare the clinicopathological profile of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in groups with and without recurrence. Methods: Records of all patients who underwent surgery for primary OSCC at a single institution during 1999 were identified. Patient demographics, lesion site, clinical and pathologic stage, pathologic grading, pattern of invasion, lymphocytic infiltrate, perineural invasion, and treatment and survival data were collected. Descriptive statistics were calculated for each variable and survival was calculated using Kaplan-Meier and Cox models. Patients were divided into 2 groups: with (n = 25) and without (n = 28) recurrence. Results: Tongue (p = 0.02) and poorly differentiated (p = 0.04) tumors were associated with recurrence. Kaplan-Meier and Cox models revealed tobacco use and the absence of lymphocytic infiltrate to be associated with the poorest survival in recurrent OSCC. Conclusion: The tumor site, tobacco use, and pathological features were involved in the recurrence of OSCC and should be taken into account for OSCC treatment and follow-up.
Inhibition of Pathological Differentiation of Valvular Interstitial Cells by C-Type Natriuretic Peptide
Authors: Yip Cindy Y.Y. , Blaser Mark C. , Mirzaei Zahra , Zhong Xiao , Simmons Craig A.
Published: May 2011

Objective—

Calcific aortic valve disease is associated with the differentiation of valvular interstitial cells (VICs) to myofibroblast and osteoblast-like cells, particularly in the fibrosa layer of the valve. Previous studies suggested that C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) protects against calcific aortic valve disease to maintain homeostasis. We aimed to determine whether CNP inhibits VIC pathological differentiation as a mechanism to explain its protective effects.

Methods and Results—

CNP expression was prominent in normal porcine aortic valves, particularly on the ventricular side, but reduced in sclerotic valves concomitant with the appearance of pathological VIC phenotypes in the fibrosa. In vitro, CNP inhibited calcified aggregate formation and bone-related transcript and protein expression by VICs grown in osteogenic conditions. Under myofibrogenic culture conditions, CNP reduced α-smooth muscle actin expression and cell-mediated gel contraction, indicating inhibition of myofibroblast differentiation. Similar to CNP, simvastatin inhibited VIC osteoblast and myofibroblast differentiation in vitro. Strikingly, simvastatin upregulated CNP expression in VICs cultured under myofibrogenic conditions, and small interfering RNA knockdown of natriuretic peptide receptor-b (a CNP receptor) significantly reduced the antifibrotic effect of simvastatin, suggesting that it acts in part via CNP/NPR-B autocrine/paracrine signaling.

Conclusion—

CNP inhibits myofibroblast and osteoblast differentiation of VICs and is responsible in part for inhibition of VIC myofibroblast differentiation by statins, suggesting novel mechanisms to explain the protective effect of CNP and the pleiotropic effects of statins in the aortic valve.
Aging Causes Collateral Rarefaction and Increased Severity of Ischemic Injury in Multiple Tissues
Authors: Faber James E. , Zhang Hua , Lassance-Soares Roberta M. , Prabhakar Pranay , Najafi Amir H. , Burnett Mary Susan , Epstein Stephen E.
Published: May 2011

Objective—

Aging is a major risk factor for increased ischemic tissue injury. Whether collateral rarefaction and impaired remodeling contribute to this is unknown. We quantified the number and diameter of native collaterals and their remodeling in 3-, 16-, 24-, and 31-month-old mice.

Methods and Results—

Aging caused an “age-dose-dependent” greater drop in perfusion immediately after femoral artery ligation, followed by a diminished recovery of flow and increase in tissue injury. These effects were associated with a decline in collateral number, diameter, and remodeling. Angiogenesis was also impaired. Mechanistically, these changes were not accompanied by reduced recruitment of T cells or macrophages to remodeling collaterals. However, endothelial nitric oxide synthase signaling was dysfunctional, as indicated by increased protein nitrosylation and less phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase and vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein in collateral wall cells. The cerebral circulation exhibited a similar age-dose-dependent loss of collateral number and diameter and increased tortuosity, resulting in an increase in collateral resistance and infarct volume (eg, 6- and 3-fold, respectively, in 24-month-old mice) after artery occlusion. This was not associated with rarefaction of similarly sized arterioles. Collateral remodeling was also reduced.

Conclusion—

Our findings demonstrate that aging causes rarefaction and insufficiency of the collateral circulation in multiple tissues, resulting in more severe ischemic tissue injury.
Reduced Thrombin Formation and Altered Fibrin Clot Properties Induced by Polyunsaturated Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Top of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (OMEGA-PCI Clot)
Authors: Gajos Grzegorz , Zalewski Jaroslaw , Rostoff Pawel , Nessler Jadwiga , Piwowarska Wiesława , Undas Anetta
Published: May 2011

Objective—

The goal of this study was to investigate whether omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) are able to alter plasma fibrin clot properties and reduce thrombin formation in stable coronary artery disease patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Methods and Results—

In an investigator-initiated, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study, patients undergoing PCI who received standard pharmacotherapy were assigned to the treatment with 1 g/day n-3 PUFA (n=30) or placebo (n=24) for 1 month. Plasma fibrin clot permeability (
K
s
); lysis time (
t
50%
); prothrombin fragment 1.2; and peak thrombin generation from automated thrombogram, 8-isoprostaglandin F
2α
(8-iso-PGF
2α
, an oxidative stress marker), and C-reactive protein were determined at baseline, 3 to 5 days after randomization, and 30 days after randomization. At baseline, both treatment groups did not differ significantly. A 1-month treatment with n-3 PUFA compared with placebo was associated with 15.3% higher
K
s
, indicating larger pores in the fibrin network (
P
=0.0005); 14.3% shorter
t
50%
, indicating increased susceptibility to fibrinolysis (
P
<0.0001); 33.8% lower prothrombin fragment 1.2 (
P
=0.0013); 13.4% lower peak thrombin generation (
P
=0.04); and 13.1% lower 8-iso-PGF
2α
(
P
=0.009). Treatment with n-3 PUFA had no effect on fibrinogen and C-reactive protein. After 1 month of treatment, fibrinogen (
r
=−0.53,
P
<0.0001), treatment assignment (
r
=0.29,
P
=0.006) and 8-iso-PGF
2α
(
r
=−0.27,
P
=0.015) were independently associated with clot permeability (
P
<0.0001,
R
2
=0.66).

Conclusion—

Adding n-3 PUFA to standard therapy in stable patients undergoing PCI significantly decreases thrombin formation and oxidative stress and favorably alters fibrin clot properties. These findings indicate novel antithrombotic effects induced by n-3 PUFA in humans.
Atg7 Induces Basal Autophagy and Rescues Autophagic Deficiency in CryAB
R120G
Cardiomyocytes
Authors: Pattison J. Scott , Osinska Hanna , Robbins Jeffrey
Published: May 2011

Rationale:

Increasing evidence suggests that misfolded proteins and intracellular aggregates contribute to cardiac disease and heart failure. Several cardiomyopathies, including the αB-crystallin R120G mutation (CryAB
R120G
) model of desmin-related cardiomyopathy, accumulate cytotoxic misfolded proteins in the form of preamyloid oligomers and aggresomes. Impaired autophagic function is a potential cause of misfolded protein accumulations, cytoplasmic aggregate loads, and cardiac disease. Atg7, a mediator of autophagosomal biogenesis, is a putative regulator of autophagic function.

Objective:

To determine whether autophagic induction by Atg7 is sufficient to reduce misfolded protein and aggregate content in protein misfolding-stressed cardiomyocytes.

Methods and Results:

To define the gain and loss of function effects of Atg7 expression on CryAB
R120G
protein misfolding and aggregates, neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were infected with adenoviruses expressing either wild-type CryAB or CryAB
R120G
and coinfected with Atg7 adenovirus or with Atg7 silencing siRNAs to produce gain-of or loss-of Atg7 function. Atg7 overexpression effectively induced basal autophagy with no detrimental effects on cell survival, suggesting that Atg7 can activate autophagy with no apparent cytotoxic effects. Autophagic flux assays on CryAB
R120G
-expressing cardiomyocytes revealed reduced autophagic function, which probably contributed to the failure of misfolded proteins and aggregates to be cleared. Coexpression of Atg7 and CryAB
R120G
significantly reduced preamyloid oligomer staining, aggregate content, and cardiomyocyte cytotoxicity. Conversely, Atg7 silencing in the CryAB
R120G
background significantly inhibited the already reduced rate of autophagy and increased CryAB
R120G
aggregate content and cytotoxicity.

Conclusions:

Atg7 induces basal autophagy, rescues the CryAB
R120G
autophagic deficiency, and attenuates the accumulation of misfolded proteins and aggregates in cardiomyocytes.
Cerebrospinal Fluid 20-HETE Is Associated With Delayed Cerebral Ischemia and Poor Outcomes After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Crago Elizabeth A. , Thampatty Bhavani P. , Sherwood Paula R. , Kuo Chie-Wen J. , Bender Catherine , Balzer Jeffrey , Horowitz Michael , Poloyac Samuel M.
Published: May 2011

Background and Purpose—

Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) is a major complication after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH); it is manifested by changes in cerebral blood flow accompanied by neurological decline, and it results in long-term functional and neuropsychological impairment. Preclinical evidence has demonstrated that the arachidonic acid metabolite, 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), affects cerebral microvascular tone and cerebral blood flow after aSAH. The purpose of this study was to determine whether cerebrospinal fluid 20-HETE levels were associated with DCI and long-term neuropsychological outcomes in aSAH patients.

Methods—

Cerebrospinal fluid samples were collected twice daily through 14 days after hemorrhage on 108 acute, adult, aSAH patients. Samples were analyzed for 20-HETE via HPLC MSQ single quadrupole mass spectrometry. DCI was defined as the presence of impaired cerebral blood flow (angiographic vasospasm, elevated transcranial Dopplers, abnormal computed tomography or magnetic resonance perfusion scans) accompanied by neurological deterioration. Outcomes, including death and neuropsychological testing, were completed at 3 months after hemorrhage.

Results—

Detectable 20-HETE levels were observed in 31% of patient samples and were associated with severity of hemorrhage (Hunt & Hess [HH],
P
=0.04; Fisher,
P
=0.05). Detection of 20-HETE was not associated with angiographic vasospasm (
P
=0.34); however, detectable 20-HETE was significantly associated with DCI (
P
=0.016). Our data also suggest that detectable 20-HETE was associated with decreased performance in 5 neuropsychological domains.

Conclusions—

These results provide the first clinical evidence that cerebrospinal fluid 20-HETE concentrations are associated with DCI and poor outcomes, and this provides impetus for future studies to elucidate the clinical utility of inhibiting 20-HETE formation as a novel therapeutic intervention in patients with aSAH.
Outcomes After Carotid Artery Stenting and Endarterectomy in the Medicare Population
Authors: Wang Fen Wei , Esterbrooks Dennis , Kuo Yong-Fang , Mooss Aryan , Mohiuddin Syed M. , Uretsky Barry F.
Published: May 2011

Background and Purpose—

Carotid artery stenting (CAS) is an alternative to carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for stroke prevention. The value of this therapy relative to CEA remains uncertain.

Methods—

In 10 958 Medicare patients aged 66 years or older between 2004 and 2006, we analyzed in-hospital, 1-year stroke, myocardial infarction, and death rate outcomes and the effects of potential confounding variables.

Results—

CAS patients (87% were asymptomatic) had a higher baseline risk profile, including having a higher percentage of coronary and peripheral arterial disease, heart failure, and renal failure. In-hospital stroke rate (1.9% CAS versus 1.4% CEA;
P
=0.14) and mortality (CAS 0.9% versus 0.6% CEA;
P
=0.20) were similar. By 1 year, CAS patients had similar stroke rates (5.3% CAS versus 4.1% CEA;
P
=0.12) but higher all-cause mortality rates (9.9% CAS versus 6.1% CEA;
P
<0.001). Using Cox multivariable models, there was a similar stroke risk (hazard ratio, 1.28; 95% CI, 0.90–1.79) but CAS patients had a significantly higher mortality (HR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.02–1.71). Sensitivity analyses suggested that unmeasured confounders could be responsible for the mortality difference. In multivariable analysis, stroke risk was highest in the patients symptomatic at the time of revascularization.

Conclusions—

CAS patients had a similar stroke risk but an increased mortality rate at 1 year compared with CEA patients, possibly related to the higher baseline risk profile in the CAS patient group.
Theoretical Advances Spurred by “Stubborn Facts”
Authors: Neilson William S.
Published: May 2011

Economists have regarded behavioral economics as contributing evidence violating accepted theories. This paper contends that a second, perhaps more important, contribution is the new theory that has arisen to address these challenges. To illustrate, the paper examines how a single observed fact, cooperation in the finitely-repeated prisoners’ dilemma, has led to extensions of the folk theorem as well as to new concepts including sequential equilibrium, quantal response equilibrium, psychological game theory, and pregame and post-game perfection. Thus, the observed departures from previously-standard theories have led to not only new understandings of behavior, but also to additions to the economics toolkit.
You Can’t Always Get What You Need
Authors: Dobbin Frank , Kim Soohan , Kalev Alexandra
Published: May 2011

While some U.S. corporations have adopted a host of diversity management programs, many have done little or nothing. We explore the forces promoting six diversity programs in a national sample of 816 firms over 23 years. Institutional theory suggests that external pressure for innovation reinforces internal advocacy. We argue that external pressure and internal advocacy serve as alternatives, such that when external pressure is already high, increases in internal advocacy will not alter the likelihood of program adoption. Moreover, institutional theory points to functional need as a driver of innovation. We argue that in the case of innovations designed to achieve new societal goals, functional need, as defined in this case by the absence of workforce diversity or the presence of regulatory oversight, is less important than corporate culture. Our findings help explain the spotty coverage of diversity programs. Firms that lack workforce diversity are no more likely than others to adopt programs, but firms with large contingents of women managers are more likely to do so. Pro-diversity industry and corporate cultures promote diversity programs. The findings carry implications for public policy.
The Presence of a Pleasant Ambient Scent in a Fashion Store
Authors: Doucé Lieve , Janssens Wim
Published: May 2011

Marketing managers are increasingly using olfactory marketing instruments in the retail environment. However, the question is whether scents in the store are desirable for all consumer types. Research on the moderating role of individual differences on the impact of scents in the marketplace is scarce. This article focuses on how ambient fragrances in the store can influence customers’ affective, evaluative, and approach reactions and considers the moderating role of shopping motivation and affect intensity. A field experiment reveals that a pleasant fragrance positively influences consumers’ affective reactions, evaluations, and intentions to revisit the store, especially when the consumers score high on affect intensity. Strategically manipulating the store environment via ambient scents is an inexpensive yet effective way to positively influence consumer behavior. Retailers can use ambient scents to heighten their differentiating ability; however, the decision to diffuse a scent should be based on the target audience.
Creating Restorative and Intergenerational Cultures for Youth: Insights From Northern Ireland and the United States
Authors: Zeldin Shepherd , Wilson Derick , Collura Jessica
Published: May 2011

In conflicted societies and in societies that have glossed over major historical abuses, civic cultures often become characterised by sensitive issues being conscientiously avoided. This avoidance contributes to separations and inequalities among residents and communities, and prevents the establishment of policies that build trust and promote integration across lines of separation. In such societies young people are seen as problems, not assets, in public discourse. Such mental models disable a reconstructive, future oriented policy climate where young people experience being of value. This special issue argues for policies and practices that challenge this pessimistic common sense about what young people can contribute. It stresses the importance of restorative and intergenerational practices in the building of just societies. The articles further emphasize the importance of adopting principles of respect and inclusivity as cornerstones of policy, promoting youth-adult partnership and other devolved models of leadership in civic life, all within the larger context of explicitly working to secure more open, shared and interdependent societies.
Queering Taiwan: In Search of Nationalism’s Other
Authors: Chen Li-fen
Published: May 2011

This article deals with the formation of Taiwan’s homosexual cultural politics in the 1990s, the impact and implications of which are yet to be examined within the larger context of Taiwan’s cultural and political development and ethnic relationships. It is argued that the rise of this cultural politics is both a reflection and a source of a growing sense of identity crisis on the island. By examining the configurations of “queer” in various discursive domains, this interdisciplinary study seeks to delineate the cross-referencing ideological network of this cultural movement and its entanglement with the complexity of Taiwan’s nationalism. At the same time, to the extent that this movement tends to present itself as a radical politics from a privileged epistemological and cultural standpoint, this claimed radicalism is also scrutinized for its problematics and ironies.
Identifying Children at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes in Underserved Communities
Authors: Vivian Eva M. , Carrel Aaron L. , Becker Tara
Published: May 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to identify and assess health behaviors among ethnic minority children at high risk for type 2 diabetes.

Methods

Diabetes screenings were conducted at community centers, churches, and local neighborhood health fairs in Madison, Wisconsin. During these events, diabetes risk assessment surveys were given to parents of children between the ages of 10 to 19 years. Parents who identified their children as having 2 or more risk factors for type 2 diabetes were invited to have their child screened for type 2 diabetes.

Results

A total of 86 children between the ages of 10 to 19 years (mean age = 13; 58% male) were screened for diabetes. Fifty-one percent of the children were overweight or obese with 38% having >3 risk factors for type 2 diabetes. While there was no significant difference in the nutritional habits reported between normal, overweight, or obese children, fewer overweight and obese children reported exercising at least 30 minutes 5 to 7 days a week compared to children with a normal weight (P = .033).

Conclusion

Prevention of diabetes is a powerful public health intervention. Targeted diabetes screening in disadvantaged, underserved communities is an effective way to identify families with children at risk for type 2 diabetes. In addition, information obtained from these screenings can assist researchers and clinicians in designing accessible and affordable health promotion interventions that are culturally relevant to the youth and families within the community.
Originality through Imitation: The Rationality of Fashion
Authors: Esposito Elena
Published: May 2011

Fashion, apparently irrational and whimsical, presents on the contrary a non-random way of managing the limits of rationality in the relations between individuals. Fashion is an inherently paradoxical phenomenon, as was observed at the beginning of its diffusion in the 17th century, a time that discovered, like the recent theory of organization, the necessity and the strategic role of disorder. Fashion relies on the stability of transition (everything changes, and this is the only thing we can rely on) and on the conformity with deviance (everyone wants to be original, and in this desire is like everyone else). Fashion works combining these paradoxes and neutralizing them in the form of banality. What can the theory of organization learn from the trivial mystery of fashion, that prevails on everyone just because nobody takes it seriously?
The Iron Cage: Ugly, Uncool, and Unfashionable
Authors: Abrahamson Eric
Published: May 2011

Historical studies reveal how organizational markets supplied artifacts that became fashionable because they met not only consumers’ cultural tastes, but also their technological preferences. This article calls such artifacts cultural-technological fusions. The digital mode of production tends to generate more types of fashionable fusions, which replace each other at a growing rate, and travel increasingly swiftly across consumers globally. These changes in fashion markets mandate a revised theory of fashion bearing on the organizational production of digital culture-technology fusions and on the characteristics of fusions so produced. This article’s theory describes digital production processes enabling fusion’s rapid visualization, creation, and awareness among global consumers, production processes that create or reinforce three types of fusions: ‘beautiful technologies’, that is technologies rendered aesthetic; ‘efficient beauties’, that is aesthetic artifacts rendered technologically efficient; ‘concoctions’, that is new technologies fused with new cultural tastes. Finally, the theory discusses the novel characteristics of the market supply and consumption of fashionable fusions.
From Fashion to Virus: An Alternative Theory of Organizations’ Handling of Management Ideas
Authors: Røvik Kjell Arne
Published: May 2011

In contrast to management fashion theory, I develop an alternative theory of organizations’ handling of management ideas. Drawn from a virus metaphor, it offers a more complex and sophisticated concept of organizational idea-handling processes and outcomes than does fashion theory. Thus, reframing the phenomenon with a virus-inspired theory pushes analysis beyond the adoption-rejection dichotomy and bridges observations which, viewed from the fashion perspective, are either overlooked or may be interpreted as inconsistent.
Measuring Teaching Using Value-Added Modeling
Authors: Scherrer Jimmy
Published: May 2011

The use of value-added modeling (VAM) in school accountability is expanding. However, trying to decide how to embrace VAM can be rather nettlesome. Some experts claim it is “too unreliable,” causes “more harm than good,” and has “a big margin for error,” while other experts assert VAM is “imperfect, but useful” and provides “valuable feedback.” This article attempts to parse these statements by exploring the underlying statistical assumptions of VAM, the reliability of VAM’s estimates, and the validity of the inferences commonly made based on the estimates of VAM. It then goes on to discuss the perverse incentives, unintended consequences, and gaming that might accompany the misuse of VAM. The article concludes that while, in many cases, VAM may be preferable to other commonly used measurement modes, it should never be used as the sole indicator of teacher effectiveness. Rather, it should just be a piece of a larger accountability system.
High performance work organizations and job rewards in manufacturing and service economies
Authors: Kashefi Mahmoud
Published: May 2011

High performance work organizations (HPWOs) and their consequences in the workplace have gained a notable status in sociology and psychology of the workplace during the last three decades in the US and in the other industrialized nations. One area in which the ongoing debates and evidence are inconclusive is the job rewards associated with HPWOs in the manufacturing and service economies. Analysing functional and numerical flexibilities (the ‘internalization’ and ‘externalization’ strategies) adopted in the manufacturing and service sectors, this study intends to extend our understanding of associations between workplace restructuring (HPWOs) and job rewards. The findings reveal that ‘internalized’ or standard employees have gained from internalization strategy with no significant differences between the two economic sectors. However, significant differences are disclosed when the consequences of externalization are contrasted between the sectors. The externalization strategy has significantly undermined job rewards for non-standard workers, except for independent contractors, especially in the manufacturing sector. The article ends with a short discussion on the theoretical significance of the findings and their policy implications in human sources management.
Pitirim A Sorokin: The interconnection between his life and scientific work
Authors: Ponomareva Inna
Published: May 2011

This article discusses the relationship between two periods of Pitirim A Sorokin’s life, career and scientific work: the Russian period (till 1922) and the American (1923–68). The main sociological problems of both periods are considered in the article, including: social behaviour, the positivistic system of sociology and famine (as the key problems of his Russian period) and revolution, social stratification, social mobility, social and cultural dynamics and altruistic love (as the key problems of his American period). The important point in the discussion is that the Russian period is a prototype of the American one rather than its polar opposite; and therefore that the concepts that characterize Sorokin’s American period are the development of his ideas that had emerged while he was still in Russia.
Neuroanatomical substrates involved in cannabinoid modulation of defensive responses
Authors: Moreira FA , Aguiar DC , Resstel LB , Lisboa SF , Campos AC , Gomes FV , Guimarães FS
Published: May 2011

Administration of Cannabis sativa derivatives causes anxiolytic or anxiogenic effects in humans and laboratory animals, depending on the specific compound and dosage used. In agreement with these findings, several studies in the last decade have indicated that the endocannabinoid system modulates neuronal activity in areas involved in defensive responses. The mechanisms of these effects, however, are still not clear. The present review summarizes recent data suggesting that they involve modulation of glutamate and GABA-mediated neurotransmission in brain sites such as the medial prefrontal cortex, amygdaloid complex, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, hippocampus and dorsal periaqueductal gray. Moreover, we also discuss results indicating that, in these regions, the endocannabinoid system could be particularly engaged by highly stressful situations.
Lack of effect of ketamine on cortical glutamate and glutamine in healthy volunteers: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study
Authors: Taylor Matthew J , Tiangga Eleanor R , Mhuircheartaigh Roísín Ní , Cowen Philip J
Published: May 2011

Ketamine is a N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) antagonist that has been associated with temporary clinical improvement in patients with depression. Studies using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) have shown that major depression is associated with decreased levels of glutamate and glutamine (Glx) in the anterior cingulate cortex, which normalize with clinical recovery. The present study aimed to test whether a ketamine infusion would increase cortical Glx levels in healthy volunteers. Healthy volunteers received an intravenous infusion of ketamine (0.5 mg kg−1, n = 8) or saline ( n = 9) over 40 minutes. MRS measurements were obtained at baseline, during, and at the end of the infusion. The infusion of ketamine had significant effects on mental state but there was no effect of ketamine on the levels of Glx ( F3,39 = 1.70, p = 0.18) or glutamate ( F3,39 = 48, p = 0.70). This study suggests that the gradual infusion of low-dose ketamine in antidepressant doses not cause changes in cortical glutamate or glutamine in healthy volunteers that are visible by proton MRS.
The Impact of Teleworking on Work Motivation in a U.S. Federal Government Agency
Authors: Caillier James Gerard
Published: May 2011

Although work-related duties are performed via teleworking in all sectors, the U.S. federal government has taken the lead in offering telework arrangements to its employees; thereby causing a proliferation of the number of employees in the federal government who telework. In spite of this occurrence, public organization research has largely ignored the effect of teleworking on government employees. As a result, the goal of this article is to examine the association between several teleworking arrangements and work motivation in a federal government agency—a test of social exchange theory. After controlling for organizational, job, and individual characteristics, as well as mission attainment, the empirical analysis revealed that teleworkers (frequent and infrequent) did not consistently have higher levels of work motivation than nonteleworkers, providing only partial support for social exchange theory. The implications of these findings are thoroughly discussed in the article.
fMRI evidence that precision ophthalmic tints reduce cortical hyperactivation in migraine
Authors: Huang Jie , Zong Xiaopeng , Wilkins Arnold , Jenkins Brian , Bozoki Andrea , Cao Yue
Published: May 2011

Background: Certain patterns can induce perceptual illusions/distortions and visual discomfort in most people, headaches in patients with migraine, and seizures in patients with photosensitive epilepsy. Visual stimuli are common triggers for migraine attacks, possibly because of a hyperexcitability of the visual cortex shown in patients with migraine. Precision ophthalmic tints (POTs) are claimed to reduce perceptual distortions and visual discomfort and to prevent migraine headaches in some patients. We report an fMRI visual cortical activation study designed to investigate neurological mechanisms for the beneficial effects of POTs in migraine.

Methods: Eleven migraineurs and 11 age- and sex-matched non-headache controls participated in the study using non-stressful and stressful striped patterns viewed through gray, POT, and control coloured lenses.

Results: For all lenses, controls and migraineurs did not differ in their response to the non-stressful patterns. When the migraineurs wore gray lenses or control coloured lenses, the stressful pattern resulted in activation that was greater than in the controls. There was also an absence of the characteristic low-pass spatial frequency (SF) tuning in extrastriate visual areas. When POTs were worn, however, both cortical activation and SF tuning were normalized. Both when observing the stressful pattern and under more typical viewing conditions, the POTs reduced visual discomfort more than either of the other two lenses.

Conclusion: The normalization of cortical activation and SF tuning in the migraineurs by POTs suggests a neurological basis for the therapeutic effect of these lenses in reducing visual cortical hyperactivation in migraine.
Pain Perception in Knees With Circumscribed Cartilage Lesions Is Associated With Intra-articular IGF-1 Expression
Authors: Schmal Hagen , Niemeyer Philipp , Südkamp Norbert P. , Gerlach Ulrike , Dovi-Akue David , Mehlhorn Alexander T.
Published: May 2011

Background: Circumscribed cartilage defects are considered as prearthritic lesions and lead to differential intra-articular cytokine expression. Mechanisms of associated pain development and influence of smoking behavior are not yet fully understood in humans.

Purpose: This study aimed to reveal relations between synovial cytokine levels in knees with circumscribed cartilage defects and pain sensation.

Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods: In a clinical trial, knee lavage fluids of 42 patients with circumscribed cartilage lesions treated by either microfracturing (n = 19) or by autologous chondrocyte implantation (n = 23) and fluids of 5 healthy control individuals were prospectively collected. Preoperative knee pain was evaluated according to frequency and strength; subjective knee function was assessed using a visual analog scale and the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score. Synovial concentrations of aggrecan, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), interleukin (IL)-1β, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2, and BMP-7 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results: Pain strength showed a highly significant association with intra-articular IGF-1 levels (ρ = .48, P < .01), but no correlation with synovial concentrations of aggrecan, bFGF, IL-1β, BMP-2, and BMP-7. Although pain strength and frequency demonstrated a statistically significant relationship, no substantial association between pain frequency and any of the examined cytokine levels was found. Intra-articular IGF-1 concentrations significantly correlated with the area of cartilage damage (ρ = .35, P < .02); the other investigated cytokines failed to show this association. Neither of the determined intra-articular mediators demonstrated statistically significant correlations with subjective knee function or IKDC score. Only intra-articular concentrations of IGF-1 and BMP-2 statistically significantly correlated with age; total protein content was negatively associated with body mass index ( P < .05). In smokers, synovial expression of total protein content, IGF-1, and bFGF was significantly diminished compared to nonsmokers ( P < .05).

Conclusion: Insulin-like growth factor–I is present in knees with circumscribed cartilage lesions in a size-dependent manner. IGF-1 levels correlated with indicators of pain perception; smoking negatively influenced synovial cytokine expression related to cartilage metabolism, but pain perception was not altered.
The Vascular Effects of Infection in Pediatric Stroke (VIPS) Study
Authors: Fullerton Heather J. , Elkind Mitchell S. V. , Barkovich A. James , Glaser Carol , Glidden David , Hills Nancy K. , Leiva-Salinas Carlos , Wintermark Max , deVeber Gabrielle A.
Published: May 2011

Understanding the vascular injury pathway is crucial to developing rational strategies for secondary stroke prevention in children. The multicenter Vascular Effects of Infection in Pediatric Stroke (VIPS) cohort study will test the hypotheses that (1) infection can lead to childhood arterial ischemic stroke by causing vascular injury and (2) resultant arteriopathy and inflammatory markers predict recurrent stroke. The authors are prospectively enrolling 480 children (aged 1 month through 18 years) with arterial ischemic stroke and collecting extensive infectious histories, blood and serum samples (and cerebrospinal fluid, when clinically obtained), and standardized brain and cerebrovascular imaging studies. Laboratory assays include serologies (acute and convalescent) and molecular assays for herpesviruses and levels of inflammatory markers. Participants are followed prospectively for recurrent ischemic events (minimum of 1 year). The analyses will measure association between markers of infection and cerebral arteriopathy and will assess whether cerebral arteriopathy and inflammatory markers predict recurrent stroke.
Event-Related Potentials to Emotional Stimuli in Migrainous Children
Authors: Buodo Giulia , Sarlo Michela , Battistella Pier Antonio , Naccarella Cristiana , Palomba Daniela
Published: May 2011

The present preliminary study was aimed at investigating the electrocortical correlates of attentional allocation toward emotional stimuli in children and adolescents with migraine by means of the event-related potentials. The electroencephalogram was continuously recorded in 7 migrainous children and 8 healthy controls while they were looking at a series of pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant pictures. The mean amplitude of the Negative Central component of the event-related potentials was computed as an index of the allocation of attentional resources to the presented stimuli. Relative to controls, children with migraine displayed reduced fronto-central negativity and larger posterior positivity in response to emotional pictures. This effect was already evident, overall, in a time window preceding the Negative Central component. The smaller cortical negativity in response to emotional stimuli suggests reduced attentional engagement toward emotionally relevant stimuli, or might be interpreted in terms of advanced brain maturation in migraine children.
Narrative Review
Authors: Marik Paul E. , Flemmer Mark
Published: May 2011

Acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is the most common reason for hospitalization in Western nations. The prognosis of patients admitted to hospital with ADHF is poor, with up to 64% being readmitted within the first 90 days after discharge and with a 1-year mortality approximating 20%. Epidemiological studies suggest that the majority of patients hospitalized with ADHF receive treatment that is inadequate and which is not based on scientific evidence. Furthermore, emerging data suggest that the “conventional” therapeutic interventions for ADHF including morphine, high-dose diuretics, and inotropic agents may be harmful. The goal of this review is to provide evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and management of ADHF.
A Study of the Relationships Between Generation, Market Orientation, and Innovation in Family Firms
Authors: Beck Lien , Janssens Wim , Debruyne Marion , Lommelen Tinne
Published: May 2011

This study focuses on market orientation in family-owned firms. Market orientation is influenced by organizational characteristics and is at the same time a key antecedent of innovation. Since the generation in control largely shapes the family firm’s organization, the authors examine the relationships between the generation in control, market orientation, and innovation. Using regression analysis, the study demonstrates that later generations show a lower level of market-oriented behavior, that the positive relationship between market orientation and innovation is maintained in a family firm sample, and that the generation in control influences innovation through its influence on market orientation.
Soul Mate
Authors: Fenske Joan M.
Published: May 2011

This article describes an “advanced practice” registered nurse’s skill in using multiple theoretical frameworks to make meaning of her severely developmentally disabled son’s untimely death. Aspects of religion, spirituality, and philosophy are presented plus how related practices, such as used within Alcoholics Anonymous, are incorporated into everyday life are referenced. Creating unique rituals and ceremonies demonstrates the power of the mind as a partner in the healing process when grief seems insurmountable. This article, titled “Soul Mate” discusses how individuals create their own healing narratives when confronted with grief and tragedy. Nursing interventions, sensitive to this process, support and promote the grief process. Eliciting, recognizing, and accepting a patient’s unique self-made rituals and ceremonies as they cope with a beloved’s death and dying enhances their nursing interventions.
Forgiveness: A Re-appraisal
Authors: Bash Anthony
Published: May 2011

This paper offers a re-appraisal of traditional Christian views about forgiveness. Many of the widely accepted axioms about forgiveness are found to be wanting. This paper offers a new approach to forgiveness that the writer hopes better accords with the Hebrew and Christian Scriptures and with modern discussion of the topic.
Remembering Guilt as a Social Project: Some Reflections on the Challenge of Working through the Past
Authors: Beintker Michael
Published: May 2011

In light of the atrocities of National Socialism, the challenge of working through the past has become a crucial issue. The end of Communism has reinforced the urgency of this challenge. Coming to terms with an ethically problematic past takes place at several levels (jurisdictional/legal, political, mental). A central challenge is to keep memory alive and thereby to gain appropriate insights. However, the demand for constructive forms of remembrance should not be overloaded with expectations that are impossible to meet. The acceptance of guilt or responsibility requires an atmosphere of mercy and forgiveness, and is threatened by impatience. In this context, historical research can be seen as a form of ‘pathological inquiry’ into time and the past, providing mental and moral orientation for the present generation of humans; reflection about the past may be an important aspect of tackling the challenge of the present. Such historical research must always critically assess its own interest and beware of a drift towards becoming ideological grounded in a certain kind of moralism. The one who sees the light of the Promise of Easter above the graves of the past can conclude, following Cordelia Edvardson: ‘The past is at our mercy’.
Developmental and Dyadic Perspectives on Commitment in Adult Romantic Relationships
Authors: Oriña M. Minda , Collins W. Andrew , Simpson Jeffry A. , Salvatore Jessica E. , Haydon Katherine C. , Kim John S.
Published: May 2011

We tested hypotheses concerning the developmental roots of becoming the “weak-link” (less committed) partner in adult romantic relationships and the associations between partners’ absolute and relative levels of commitment and dyadic outcomes. We examined 78 target 20- to 21-year-olds who were involved in a romantic relationship and who had been studied since birth. As predicted, people who received lower-quality support from caregivers in toddlerhood or who were less able to resolve conflicts with a best friend in midadolescence were more likely to become the weak-link partner in a romantic relationship at age 20 to 21. Furthermore, lower commitment on the part of the weak-link partner coupled with greater discrepancy in commitment between partners predicted a greater likelihood that the couple would display hostility (rated by observers) during a videotaped conflict-resolution task when they were 20 to 21 years old. These findings are discussed from developmental and dyadic perspectives.
Does music listening in a social context alter experience? A physiological and psychological perspective on emotion
Authors: Egermann Hauke , Sutherland Mary Elizabeth , Grewe Oliver , Nagel Frederik , Kopiez Reinhard , Altenmüller Eckart
Published: May 2011

Music has often been shown to induce emotion in listeners and is also often heard in social contexts (e.g., concerts, parties, etc.), yet until now, the influences of social settings on the emotions experienced by listeners was not known. This exploratory study investigated whether listening to music in a group setting alters the emotion felt by listeners. The emotional reactions to 10 musical excerpts were measured both psychologically (rating on retrospective questionnaires and button presses indicated the experience of a chill, defined as the experience of a shiver down the spine or goose pimples) and physiologically (skin conductance response) using a new, innovative multi-channel measuring device. In a repeated measures design, 14 members of an amateur orchestra (7 male, 7 female; mean age 29) came in for two testing sessions: once alone, and once as a group. Chills were validated in the data analysis: each chill was counted only if the button press was accompanied by a corresponding skin conductance response. The results showed no differences between conditions (group vs. solitary) for retrospective emotion ratings; however, the number of validated chills did show a non-significant trend towards experiencing more chills in the solitary listening session. Also, skin conductance responses during chills were significantly higher during the solitary listening condition. This and other results suggested that music listening was more arousing alone, possibly due to the lack of social feedback and of concentration on the music in the group setting.