bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Vitro Evaluation of Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Activities of Rhodiola imbricata
Authors: Gupta Vanita , Lahiri Sutanshu S , Sultana Sarwat , Tulsawani Rajkumar , Kumar Ratan
Published: April 2009

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of Rhodiola imbricata rhizome. The plant extract was evaluated for DPPH (1,1-diphenyl, 2-picryl hydrazyl) radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, anti-lipid peroxidation assay, metal chelating activity, reducing power and total flavonoid content. Rhodiola imbricata aqueous extract (RIAE) exhibited more DPPH scavenging potential with IC50 value of 5.56 µg/ml as compared to standard butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (IC50 = 5.74 µg/ml). The extract also provided superoxide anion radicals' scavenging (IC50 = 4.68 vs 4.63 µg/ml) and anti-lipid per-oxidation activity (IC50 = 5.06 vs 4.91 µg/ml) and IC50 value was comparable to standard ?-tocopherol. The RIAE showed a decrease in hydrogen peroxide generation with IC50 value of 3.25 µg/ml when compared with standard ?-tocopherol (IC50 value=4.00 µg/ml). IC50 of the extract for chelating activity was 5.33 ?g/ml which was lower than the positive standard quercetin (IC50 = 3.12 ?g/ml) but higher than ?-tocopherol (IC50 = 6.13 ?g/ml). The reducing capability of extract increased in dose dependent manner. Flavonoid content of RIAE determined spectrophotometrically in terms of Quercetin equivalent was 66.7µg/mg. The results obtained in the present study indicated that aqueous extract of root of Rhodiola imbricata is a potent source of natural antioxidant.
Allelic Depletion of grem1 Attenuates Diabetic Kidney Disease
Authors: Roxburgh Sarah A. , Kattla Jayesh J. , Curran Simon P. , O'Meara Yvonne M. , Pollock Carol A. , Goldschmeding Roel , Godson Catherine , Martin Finian , Brazil Derek P.
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE

Gremlin (grem1) is an antagonist of the bone morphogenetic protein family that plays a key role in limb bud development and kidney formation. There is a growing appreciation that altered grem1 expression may regulate the homeostatic constraints on damage responses in diseases such as diabetic nephropathy.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Here we explored whether knockout mice heterozygous for grem1 gene deletion (grem1+/−) exhibit protection from the progression of diabetic kidney disease in a streptozotocin-induced model of type 1 diabetes.

RESULTS

A marked elevation in grem1 expression was detected in the kidneys and particularly in kidney tubules of diabetic wild-type mice compared with those of littermate controls. In contrast, diabetic grem1+/− mice displayed a significant attenuation in grem1 expression at 6 months of diabetes compared with that in age- and sex-matched wild-type controls. Whereas the onset and induction of diabetes were similar between grem1+/− and wild-type mice, several indicators of diabetes-associated kidney damage such as increased glomerular basement membrane thickening and microalbuminuria were attenuated in grem1+/− mice compared with those in wild-type controls. Markers of renal damage such as fibronectin and connective tissue growth factor were elevated in diabetic wild-type but not in grem1+/− kidneys. Levels of pSmad1/5/8 decreased in wild-type but not in grem1+/− diabetic kidneys, suggesting that bone morphogenetic protein signaling may be maintained in the absence of grem1.

CONCLUSIONS

These data identify grem1 as a potential modifier of renal injury in the context of diabetic kidney disease.
Inhibitory Effects of Leptin on Pancreatic α-Cell Function
Authors: Tudurí Eva , Marroquí Laura , Soriano Sergi , Ropero Ana B. , Batista Thiago M. , Piquer Sandra , López-Boado Miguel A. , Carneiro Everardo M. , Gomis Ramón , Nadal Angel , Quesada Ivan
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE

Leptin released from adipocytes plays a key role in the control of food intake, energy balance, and glucose homeostasis. In addition to its central action, leptin directly affects pancreatic β-cells, inhibiting insulin secretion, and, thus, modulating glucose homeostasis. However, despite the importance of glucagon secretion in glucose homeostasis, the role of leptin in α-cell function has not been studied in detail. In the present study, we have investigated this functional interaction.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

The presence of leptin receptors (ObR) was demonstrated by RT-PCR analysis, Western blot, and immunocytochemistry. Electrical activity was analyzed by patch-clamp and Ca2+ signals by confocal microscopy. Exocytosis and glucagon secretion were assessed using fluorescence methods and radioimmunoassay, respectively.

RESULTS

The expression of several ObR isoforms (a–e) was detected in glucagon-secreting αTC1-9 cells. ObRb, the main isoform involved in leptin signaling, was identified at the protein level in αTC1-9 cells as well as in mouse and human α-cells. The application of leptin (6.25 nmol/l) hyperpolarized the α-cell membrane potential, suppressing the electrical activity induced by 0.5 mmol/l glucose. Additionally, leptin inhibited Ca2+ signaling in αTC1-9 cells and in mouse and human α-cells within intact islets. A similar result occurred with 0.625 nmol/l leptin. These effects were accompanied by a decrease in glucagon secretion from mouse islets and were counteracted by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, wortmannin, suggesting the involvement of this pathway in leptin action.

CONCLUSIONS

These results demonstrate that leptin inhibits α-cell function, and, thus, these cells are involved in the adipoinsular communication.
Pig Embryonic Pancreatic Tissue as a Source for Transplantation in Diabetes
Authors: Tchorsh-Yutsis Dalit , Hecht Gil , Aronovich Anna , Shezen Elias , Klionsky Yael , Rosen Chava , Bitcover Rivka , Eventov-Friedman Smadar , Katchman Helena , Cohen Sivan , Tal Orna , Milstein Oren , Yagita Hideo , Blazar Bruce R. , Reisner Yair
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE

Defining an optimal costimulatory blockade–based immune suppression protocol enabling engraftment and functional development of E42 pig embryonic pancreatic tissue in mice.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Considering that anti-CD40L was found to be thrombotic in humans, we sought to test alternative costimulatory blockade agents already in clinical use, including CTLA4-Ig, anti-LFA1, and anti-CD48. These agents were tested in conjunction with T-cell debulking by anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 antibodies or with conventional immunosuppressive drugs. Engraftment and functional development of E42 pig pancreatic tissue was monitored by immunohistology and by measuring pig insulin blood levels.

RESULTS

Fetal pig pancreatic tissue harvested at E42, or even as early as at E28, was fiercely rejected in C57BL/6 mice and in Lewis rats. A novel immune suppression comprising anti-LFA1, anti-CD48, and FTY720 afforded optimal growth and functional development. Cessation of treatment with anti-LFA1 and anti-CD48 at 3 months posttransplant did not lead to graft rejection, and graft maintenance could be achieved for >8 months with twice-weekly low-dose FTY720 treatment. These grafts exhibited normal morphology and were functional, as revealed by the high pig insulin blood levels in the transplanted mice and by the ability of the recipients to resist alloxan induced diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS

This novel protocol, comprising agents that simulate those approved for clinical use, offer an attractive approach for embryonic xenogeneic transplantation. Further studies in nonhuman primates are warranted.
GHb Level and Subsequent Mortality Among Adults in the U.S.
Authors: Saydah Sharon , Tao Min , Imperatore Giuseppina , Gregg Edward
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE

To examine the association of hyperglycemia, as measured by GHb, with subsequent mortality in a nationally representative sample of adults.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We included adults aged ≥20 years who participated in Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988–1994) and had complete information, including baseline diabetes status by self-report and measured GHb (n = 19,025) and follow-up through the end of 2000 for mortality.

RESULTS

In the overall population, higher levels of GHb were associated with increased risk of mortality from all causes, heart disease, and cancer. After adjustment for potential risk factors, the relative hazard (RH) for adults with GHb ≥8% compared with adults with GHb <6% was 2.59 (95% CI 1.88–3.56) for all-cause mortality, 3.38 (1.98–5.77) for heart disease mortality, and 2.64 (1.17–5.97) for cancer mortality. Among adults with diagnosed diabetes, having GHb ≥8% compared with GHb <6% was associated with higher all-cause mortality (RH 1.68, 95% CI 1.03–2.74) and heart disease mortality (2.48, 1.09–5.64), but there was no increased risk of cancer mortality by GHb category. Among adults without diagnosed diabetes, there was no significant association of all-cause, heart disease, or cancer mortality and GHb category.

CONCLUSIONS

These results highlight the importance of GHb levels in mortality risk among a nationally representative sample of adults with and without diagnosed diabetes and indicate that higher levels are associated with increased mortality in adults with diabetes.
Physical Inactivity and Obesity Underlie the Insulin Resistance of Aging
Authors: Amati Francesca , Dubé John J. , Coen Paul M. , Stefanovic-Racic Maja , Toledo Frederico G.S. , Goodpaster Bret H.
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE

Age-associated insulin resistance may underlie the higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes in older adults. We examined a corollary hypothesis that obesity and level of chronic physical inactivity are the true causes for this ostensible effect of aging on insulin resistance.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We compared insulin sensitivity in 7 younger endurance-trained athletes, 12 older athletes, 11 younger normal-weight subjects, 10 older normal-weight subjects, 15 younger obese subjects, and 15 older obese subjects using a glucose clamp. The nonathletes were sedentary.

RESULTS

Insulin sensitivity was not different in younger endurance-trained athletes versus older athletes, in younger normal-weight subjects versus older normal-weight subjects, or in younger obese subjects versus older obese subjects. Regardless of age, athletes were more insulin sensitive than normal-weight sedentary subjects, who in turn were more insulin sensitive than obese subjects.

CONCLUSIONS

Insulin resistance may not be characteristic of aging but rather associated with obesity and physical inactivity.
Physical Fitness of Visually Impaired Adolescent Goalball Players
Authors: Karakaya İLkim Çitak , Aki Esra , Ergun Nevin
Published: April 2009

This study compared the physical fitness of 28 visually impaired goalball players ( M = 13 yr.) and a group of 27 less active age-matched adolescents. Physical characteristics (age, height, weight, sex) and visual acuity of the children were recorded. Body composition (Body Mass Index, skinfold thickness of triceps plus calf), musculoskeletal function (trunk-lift, curl-up, isometric push-up, shoulder-stretch tests) and aerobic function (1-mile run/walk test) were evaluated according to the Brockport Physical Fitness Test Battery. Also, anaerobic power was assessed by a vertical jump test. Physical fitness of visually impaired goalball players was higher than that of the more sedentary group (p<.05), except shoulder-stretch test values (p>.05). It was considered that directing visually impaired children to participation sports or recreational activities such as goalball has importance in improving their physical fitness.
Differences between Expert and Novice Soccer Players When Using Movement Precues to Shoot a Penalty Kick
Authors: Núñez F. Javier , Oña Antonio , Raya Antonio , Bilbao Alfonso
Published: April 2009

In the present study, effects of using precues of the goalkeeper's movements during a penalty kick on the penalty taker's response time and rate of success when selecting the points at which shots were taken were evaluated. 20 male players included 10 expert players ( M = 25.7 yr., SD = 4.2 yr.) and 10 novices ( M = 22.1 yr., SD = 2.5 yr.), whose response time, decision making, and foveal vision in a simulated penalty kick task were evaluated. Analysis showed greater decrease in response time for the expert group (102 msec.) than for the novice one (47 msec). Mean response time was 172 msec. for experts and 189 msec. for novices. The rate of success (i.e., shooting at the side opposite to the goalkeeper's movement) increased from an initial rate of 58% for both groups to 91.3% in the Expert group and 90.7% in the Novice group. Anticipation of both groups improved with explicit knowledge of precues.
First Names and Longevity
Authors: Pinzur Laura , Smith Gary
Published: April 2009

A statistical association has been reported between people's initials and their life expectancy. Several researchers have also reported that people with uncommon first names are perceived to be less intelligent, attractive, and likable than are people with more popular names. To assess whether such statements reflect social stigmatization that may affect the life expectancy of people with unpopular names, the California Department of Health Services mortality database for the years 1960 through 2004 for 6.7 million white, non-Hispanic decedents was used to compare the average age at death for decedents with the most popular and least popular first names. These data show no relation of the popularity of a first name with life expectancy.
Improvement of Obstacle Avoidance on a Compliant Surface during Transfer to a Novel Visual Task after Variable Practice under Unusual Visual Conditions
Authors: Roller Carrie A. , Cohen Helen S. , Bloomberg Jacob J. , Mulavara Ajitkumar P.
Published: April 2009

Previous work has shown that variable practice facilitates adaptation to novel visuomotor changes during throwing tasks and obstacle avoidance on a solid floor. To assess whether locomotor skill on an obstacle-avoidance task performed on a compliant surface and in a novel visuomotor environment improved after training with variable practice, 61 normal adults practiced traversing the obstacle course. Half the trials were performed with no visual changes and half with either sham lenses or visually distorting lenses; the latter were either single or multiple lenses. On transfer tests on the obstacle course while wearing novel lenses, scores were significantly better with multiple lenses than sham; the single-lens group did not differ from sham or multiple-lens groups. Thus, performance in a novel visual environment on a compliant surface improved most with variable practice.
Psychosocial Predictors, Higher Body Mass Index, and Aspects of Neurocognitive Dysfunction
Authors: Brook Judith S. , Zhang Chenshu , Saar Naomi S. , Brook David W.
Published: April 2009

This longitudinal (22 yr.) study examined several psychosocial predictors of higher than normal recommended Body Mass Index and aspects of neurocognitive dysfunction in a community-based sample of 470 participants interviewed in private during childhood, adolescence, emerging adulthood, and adulthood. Included were 5 psychosocial measures: Internalizing Behaviors (i.e., symptoms of internal distress), Educational Expectations and Aspirations (i.e., components of cognitive functioning), Impulsivity (i.e., emotional control), Body Mass Index (a measure of weight by height), and Aspects of Neurocognitive Dysfunction (e.g., memory). Results, based on Structural Equation Modeling., indicated that earlier Internalizing Behaviors, Low Educational Expectations and Aspirations, and Impulsivity predict greater Body Mass Index. Greater than normal Body Mass Index in the early 30s is associated with later Aspects of Neurocognitive Dysfunction in the middle 30s. Adolescent Internalizing Behaviors are also associated with Aspects of Neurocognitive Dysfunction in the middle 30s. Public health implications suggest increasing education about diet, health, and exercise to lessen or avoid aspects of neurocognitive dysfunction. Clinical implications suggest the importance of providing appropriate prevention and intervention for people with internalizing behaviors, impulsivity, and greater than recommended Body Mass Index.
Manipulative Therapy and Clinical Prediction Criteria in Treatment of Acute Nonspecific Low Back Pain
Authors: Hallegraeff H. J. M. , Winters Jan C. , de Greef Mathieu , Lucas Gees
Published: April 2009

Manipulative therapy as part of a multidimensional approach may be more effective than standard physical therapy in treating Acute Nonspecific Low Back Pain. 64 participants, 29 women and 35 men, with Acute Nonspecific Low Back Pain and a mean age of 40 yr. (SD = 9.6) were randomly assigned to two groups: an experimental group (manipulative therapy plus physical therapy) and a control group (only physical therapy). A multicentre, nonblinded, randomised clinical trial was conducted. Pain relief was the main performance criteria measured together with secondary criteria which included functional status and mobility of the lower back. Fritz, Childs, and Flynn's clinical prediction rule—a duration of symptoms less than 16 days, no pain distal of the knee—was used to analyse the results. In combination with an age > 35 years, results showed a statistical significant effect for disability, but no statistically significant benefit of additional manipulative therapy over physical therapy found for pain and mobility within 4 treatments. Controlled for the applied clinical prediction rule, there were statistically significant interaction effects with low effect size for disability and sex, but no significant effects were found for pain of mobility.
Body Image, Perceived Physical Ability, and Motor Performance in Nonoverweight and Overweight Italian Children
Authors: Colella Dario , Morano Milena , Robazza Claudio , Bortoli Laura
Published: April 2009

The purpose was to examine body image, perceived physical ability, and motor performance in nonoverweight (n = 105, 53 boys and 52 girls) and overweight (n = 105, 52 boys and 53 girls) children, ranging in age from 8 to 10 years and attending elementary schools in southeastern Italy. Body image was measured on Collins' Child Figure Drawings, while self-efficacy was assessed by the Perceived Physical Ability Scale for Children. Age-appropriate field-based tests of standing long jump, 1-kg medicine-ball throw, basketball throw, and 10-m and 20-m sprint from a standing position were also administered to gauge motor performance. Univariate analyses of variance [2 (group)×2 (sex)×3 (8, 9, 10 yr.)] showed that overweight children reported larger body-dissatisfaction scores, lower self-efficacy scores, and poorer performance on weight-bearing tasks than nonoverweight peers. In addition, boys had higher mean scores on physical self-efficacy and better performance on all motor tests. The correlation between Body Mass Index and body dissatisfaction was positive for boys and girls.
Hemispheric Specialization for Linguistic Processing of Sung Speech
Authors: Yelle Serena K. , Grimshaw Gina M.
Published: April 2009

The two hemispheres of the brain play complementary roles in song perception, with the left hemisphere specialized for processing the linguistic aspects of song and the right hemisphere specialized for the processing of melody. However, very little is known about how language and melody interact. The present study tested the hypothesis that right hemisphere linguistic processing would be facilitated by the presence of melody. In a dichotic listening paradigm, participants (8 men, 43 women) performed a linguistic task while listening to spoken or sung speech. Contrary to the hypothesis, left hemisphere specialization for linguistic processing was identical whether the sentences were spoken or sung.
Further Analysis of Perception of Reversed Müller-Lyer Figures for Pigeons (Columba Livia)
Authors: Nakamura Noriyuki , Watanabe Sota , Fujita Kazuo
Published: April 2009

Nakamura, et al. recently showed that pigeons experience the standard Müller-Lyer illusion but not the reversed illusion induced by detaching the arrowheads from the target line. This study re-examined pigeons' perception of this reversed figure by using the stimuli known to induce the maximal contrast effect in humans (Fellows, 1967). Pigeons were retrained to classify six lengths of target lines into “long” and “short” categories by pecking two keys on the monitor, ignoring the two brackets so placed that these would not induce an illusion. In the test that followed, two birds' responses were not affected by directions of arrowheads, as shown in the previous study. The third pigeon significantly chose “long” for inward-pointing brackets figures (> Z<) more frequently than for outward-pointing (< >), that is, the direction of illusion was reversed from what is expected in humans. These results suggest that pigeons may not experience illusions induced by contrast with the surrounding stimuli.
Bilateral Facilitation and Laterality during the Countermovement Jump
Authors: Ebben William P. , Flanagan Eamonn , Jensen Randall L.
Published: April 2009

This study assessed bilateral facilitation and laterality during counter-movement jumps. 23 NCAA Division-I athletes (13 men, 10 women) who participated in track and field volunteered to serve as participants and performed bilateral, right, and left leg countermovement jumps on a force plate. Dependent variables included jump height, reactive strength index, and time to stabilization. A one-way analysis of variance showed significant sex differences in single-leg and bilateral jump height and left leg and bilateral reactive strength index. No sex differences were found for time to stabilization. A repeated-measures analysis of variance indicated significant main effects for jump height and reactive strength index but not for time to stabilization. Bonferroni adjusted pairwise comparisons showed that bilateral jump height and reactive strength index values were different from the unilateral conditions. No differences were found between the right and left legs for jump height, reactive strength index, or time to stabilization. Results indicated no evidence of laterality as assessed by jump height, reactive strength index, and time to stabilization. Bilateral facilitation was found as assessed by jump height and reactive strength index. Time to stabilization demonstrated a bilateral deficit phenomenon.
Comparison of Reading Capacity for Japanese, German, and English
Authors: Fukuda Ryoko , Fukuda Tadahiko
Published: April 2009

The amount of information which can be perceived at a glance offers important indicators for text layout. Studies of the size of the effective visual field and average saccade length, in different languages, have clarified the visual capacity for reading. However, most of these studies examined only one language, and their results are reported as number of characters perceived at a glance, which, given differences in writing systems, precludes comparing results between languages. In the present study, reading capacity for Japanese, German, and English was compared using the amount of information perceived at a glance. There was up to 20 bits per fixation for Japanese and German random character strings, and 40 to 50 bits per fixation for texts written in all three languages, with no significant difference between languages. These results suggest that capacity for reading a native language is constant, regardless of language.
Spatial Error Detection in Rapid Unimanual and Bimanual Aiming Movements
Authors: Sherwood David E.
Published: April 2009

According to closed-loop accounts of motor control, movement errors are detected by comparing sensory feedback to an acquired reference state. Differences between the reference state and the movement-produced feedback results in an error signal which serves as a basis for a correction. The current study assessed whether error detection is less accurate when feedback from both hands must be analyzed compared to one hand and if error detection is more accurate in longer movements compared to shorter movements. 36 college-age participants (26 women and 10 men) performed a rapid aiming movement of varying distances with one hand or both hands simultaneously. Participants verbally estimated the distance moved on all trials before knowledge of results was given. Error detection was measured by the correlation and the mean absolute difference between the actual and estimated distance. Error detection was not more accurate for the longer movements, and participants underestimated errors in all conditions. Strong positive correlations were shown for both unimanual and bimanual aiming tasks, suggesting that two streams of sensory information can be processed concurrently.
Perceived Motivational Climate, Sportsmanship, and Students' Attitudes toward Physical Education Classes and Teachers
Authors: Gutiérrez Melchor , Ruiz Luis Miguel
Published: April 2009

The purpose of this study was to examine the relations among students' perceptions of motivational climate, sportsmanship attitudes, and attitudes toward content and teachers in physical education. 910 secondary school students ages 13 to 16 years ( M = 14.3, SD =1.1) completed Spanish translations of L'Echelle de Perception du Climat Motivational by Biddle, et al., the Multidimensional Sportspersonship Orientations Scale by Vallerand, et al., and the Student Attitudes toward Teacher and Program in Physical Education by Luke and Cope. Structural Equation Modeling showed that perceived mastery climate is a predictor of students' attitudes toward teacher and content and positive sportsmanship attitudes. In contrast, perceived performance climate was not a predictor or mainly predicted negatively the students' attitudes toward the physical education teacher, content, and sportsmanship attitudes. These findings are discussed with regard to the implications for physical educators.
Pairwise Comparisons and Visual Perceptions of Equal Area Polygons
Authors: Adamic P. , Kakiashvili T. , Koczkodaj W. W. , Babiy V. , Janicki R. , Tadeusiewicz R.
Published: April 2009

The number of studies related to visual perception has been plentiful in recent years. Participants rated the areas of five randomly generated shapes of equal area, using a reference unit area that was displayed together with the shapes. Respondents were 179 university students from Canada and Poland. The average error estimated by respondents using the unit square was 25.15%. The error was substantially decreased to 5.51% when the shapes were compared to one another in pairs. This gain of 20.24% for this two-dimensional experiment was substantially better than the 11.78% gain reported in the previous one-dimensional experiments. This is the first statistically sound two-dimensional experiment demonstrating that pairwise comparisons improve accuracy.
Comparison of Identification of Chinese versus English Words with Brief Exposures
Authors: Wang Jing , Dale J. Alexander
Published: April 2009

The orthographic differences between Chinese and English should influence the identification of words in the two languages. This study compared the identification of 50 Chinese and 50 comparable English words by 17 Chinese and 17 English participants, respectively. For English words, correlation and analysis of variance indicated significant effects for frequency and letter count. For Chinese words, the same statistical analyses yielded a significant frequency effect. Both analyses also showed stroke count of the first Chinese character was not related to accuracy of identification, while the two analyses yielded inconsistent results concerning relationships between the stroke count of the second character and accuracy of identification. These studies did not employ a masking stimulus, and 5 msec. were enough to activate sensory memory of most Chinese words, while 10 msec. were needed for most English words. These differences were significant by Wilcoxon rank-sum tests.
Self- and Peer-Assessment of Social Competence
Authors: Goudas Marios , Magotsiou Evmorfia , Hatzigeorgiadis Antonis
Published: April 2009

This study examined the correlations of self- with peer-assessments of social competence at two time points. In accord with previous literature, correlations between self- and peer-ratings were moderate (.35 to .58).
Muscle-Invasive Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder is Associated with Down-Regulated CPP32 Expression and BCL-2 Positivity
Authors: Plješa-Ercegovac Marija , Mimić-Oka Jasmina , Dragičević Dejan , Savić-Radojević Ana , Matić Marija , Đukić Tatjana , Simić Tatjana
Published: April 2009

Muscle-Invasive Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder is Associated with Down-Regulated CPP32 Expression and BCL-2 Positivity

The objective was to get insight into the role of executive apoptotic enzyme caspase 3 (CPP32) and regulatory antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 in the malignant phenotype of TCC. Samples were obtained from 84 TCC patients, who underwent transurethral resection, partial or radical cystectomy. Staging showed a superficial growth pattern in 41 patient, while other 43 showed invasive characteristics. Expression of CPP32 and Bcl-2 was determined by immunocytochemistry. Levels of expression were correlated with tumor stage and grade. Expression of CPP32 was positive in 80% of TCC patients. Low-, medium- and high positive status were observed in 18%, 24% and 38% of patients, respectively. There was a signifficant difference in the CPP32 expression between groups with superficial and invasive TCC tumors (p = 0.032), with frequency of CPP32 negative samples being higher and CPP32 high-positive samples being lower in patients with muscle-invasive tumors. Significant association was also found between CPP32 expression and tumor stage (p = 0.043). The positive rate of Bcl-2 protein expression was 48%. There was a statisticaly signifficant difference in the rate of Bcl-2 positivity between superficial and invasive TCC (p = 0.005), with frequency of Bcl-2 positive patients being higher in muscle-invasive TCC. Significant association was also found between Bcl-2 expression and both tumor grade (p=0.032) and stage (p=0.007). Muscle invasive TCC of the urinary bladder is associated with down-regulated expression of CPP32 and Bcl-2 positivity. Down-regulation of CPP32 and up-regulated Bcl-2 might, at least partially, play a role in the development of invasive characteristics of TCC.
The range and prevalence of pathological abnormalities associated with lameness in working horses from developing countries
Authors: BROSTER C. E. , BURN C. C. , BARR A. R. S. , WHAY H. R.
Published: April 2009

Reasons for performing study: Lameness is highly prevalent in working horses, but published reports on the associated pathological abnormalities are lacking. With over 42 million horses in developing countries and the majority used for work, lameness has major welfare implications.

Objectives: To describe the range and prevalence of pathological abnormalities associated with lameness in working horses.

Methods: A standard lameness assessment was adapted for field use in working equids. Data on pathological abnormalities and pain responses in the feet, limbs and spine were collected through observation, palpation, manipulations and gait assessment in working horses from India (n = 110) and Pakistan (n = 117). Lameness at the walk was scored on a scale of 0–4 (sound‐nonweightbearing).

Results: All horses examined were lame. Overall, 98% showed a gait abnormality in all 4 limbs and 87% had at least one limb scoring 3 or 4 on the lameness scale. Multiple pathological abnormalities within each limb were associated with lameness, with similar results in both countries. Chronic foot pathology was seen in every horse; 94% horses showed signs of chronic joint disease; 83% had digital flexor tendonitis in at least one limb. Lameness and pathological abnormalities were associated with specific pain responses in the feet, limbs and spine.

Conclusions: The extremely high prevalence of multilimb lameness and its association with pain is of great concern. The multiple pathological abnormalities present in working horses makes lameness complex to address.

Potential relevance: The results of this detailed study of lameness should facilitate the identification of risk factors and the implementation of interventions to reduce the prevalence of lameness in working equids.
Surgical management of complete diaphyseal third metacarpal and metatarsal bone fractures: Clinical outcome in 10 mature horses and 11 foals
Authors: BISCHOFBERGER A. S. , FÜRST A. , AUER J. , LISCHER C.
Published: April 2009

Reasons for performing study: Osteosynthesis of third metacarpal (McIII) and third metatarsal (MtIII) bone fractures in horses is a surgical challenge and complications surrounding the repair are common. Retrospective studies evaluating surgical repair, complications and outcome are necessary to increase knowledge and improve success of long bone fracture repair in the horse.

Objectives: To evaluate clinical findings, surgical repair, post operative complications and outcome of 10 mature horses and 11 foals with McIII or MtIII fractures that were treated with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF).

Methods: Medical records were reviewed and follow‐up information obtained by means of radiographs and/or telephone questionnaire.

Results: Survival was achieved in 62% of the horses (3 mature/10 foals). On long‐term evaluation (>6 months) 11 horses (2 mature/9 foals) were fit for their intended activity, one mature horse had a chronic low grade lameness, and one foal was lost to follow‐up because it was sold. The main fracture types were simple transverse (33.3%) or simple oblique (28.6%) and 71.4% of the fractures were open, 3Type I(one mature/2 foals) and 12type II(7 mature/5 foals). The preoperative assessment revealed inadequate emergency treatment in 10 horses (5 mature/5 foals; 47.6%). Survival rate of horses with open fractures was 12.5% (1/8) in mature and 85.7% (6/7) in foals. Post operative incisional infection (4 mature, 3 foals) was only managed successfully in 2 foals. Fracture instability related to inadequate fracture fixation technique occurred in 4 horses (all mature) and was always associated with unsuccessful outcome.

Conclusions: Age, bodyweight and infection are strongly associated with outcome in treatment of complete McIII/MtIII fractures.

Clinical relevance: Rigid fixation using plates and screws can be successful in treatment of closed or open, complete diaphyseal McIII/MtIII fractures in mature horses and foals. Instable fixation, infection and a bodyweight >320 kg are major risk factors for unsuccessful outcome.
Two‐ and three‐dimensional computed tomographic anatomy of the enamel, infundibulae and pulp of 126 equine cheek teeth. Part 1: Findings in teeth without macroscopic occlusal or computed tomographic lesions
Authors: WINDLEY Z. , WELLER R. , TREMAINE W. H. , PERKINS J. D.
Published: April 2009

Reasons for performing study: Dental disorders are of major clinical importance in equine practice; however, the knowledge of normal dental anatomy, especially that of the pulp remains incomplete. Computed tomography (CT) is being used increasingly in the diagnosis of dental disease, although the normal 2‐ (2D) and 3‐dimensional (3D) CT anatomy has not yet been fully described.

Objective: To describe the 2D and 3D CT appearance of the enamel, infundibulae and pulp of normal equine cheek teeth.

Methods: One‐hundred‐and‐twenty‐six cadaveric cheek teeth with eruption ages of 0.5–19 years were evaluated; CT scans of each tooth were performed after occlusal surface examination with a dental probe. Three‐dimensional reconstructions of the enamel, infundibulae and pulp were created from the CT scans using greyscale thresholding and subsequent polynomial meshing. Each tooth was sectioned coronally or axially into serial slices using a band saw and the sections compared to the corresponding CT images.

Results: The CT reconstructions enabled the systematic description of the pulpar anatomy of the mandibular and maxillary cheek teeth in 3D, which has not been described in detail previously. The number of interpulpar communications between pulp horns and the pulpar volume of each tooth was shown to decrease with increasing age. The interpulpar communications of the maxillary cheek teeth were found to be of greater complexity and variety in comparison to their mandibular counterparts. Mandibular and maxillary cheek teeth showed different, but consistent patterns in their pulpar and enamel morphology.

Conclusions and potential relevance: The detailed description of the normal 2D and 3D CT appearance of equine cheek teeth provides a reference basis for the diagnosis of dental disease with CT. Additionally, in depth knowledge of the pulpar anatomy of the equine cheek teeth is an essential prerequisite if endodontic therapy is to develop further in the future.
Clinical findings and progression of 10 cases of equine ulcerative keratomycosis (2004–2007)
Authors: Galán A. , Martín‐Suárez E. M. , Gallardo J. M. , Molleda J. M.
Published: April 2009

Ulcerative keratomycosis is a serious sight‐threatening disease of horses and the veterinary literature is replete with cases of poor visual outcome following this condition. During a 3 year period, 10 horses were treated for confirmed keratomycosis at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH) of the University of Cordoba (Spain). Ulcerative keratomycosis accounted for an average of 8.62% of the total equine ophthalmic admissions during this time and an average of 33.3% of horses were diagnosed with infectious keratitis. Fungi were diagnosed using cytology (n = 4) and/or culture (n = 8) and histopathology (n = 1).Aspergillussp. was the most commonly isolated fungus. Medical therapy alone or combined medical and surgical treatment was utilised for therapy depending on the clinical condition. Miconazole 1% was the most common topical antifungal therapy employed. Median duration of treatment was 73.12 days. Records were evaluated to determine visual outcome and globe survival.
Severe lameness associated with an impact fracture of the proximal phalanx in a filly
Authors: Cullimore A. M. , Finnie J. W. , Marmion W. J. , Booth T. M.
Published: April 2009

A 3‐year‐old filly was presented for severe lameness referable to the left front fetlock joint. Radiographs confirmed an osseous cyst‐like lesion and synovial fluid cytology ruled out sepsis. The filly responded poorly to medical management and was subsequently subjected to euthanasia.Post mortemexamination confirmed an impact fracture of the proximal phalanx, previously undiagnosed in the horse.
Queering Puerto Rican Women's Narratives
Authors: Torres Lourdes
Published: April 2009

While in the last decades there has been a proliferation of writings by Latina lesbians who theorize issues of intersectionality, missing still are the voices and analyses of Puerto Rican lesbians who articulate the specificity of Puerto Rican sexual, racial, national, and class dynamics. It is within this context that I examine Memoir of a Visionary (2002) by Antonia Pantoja and The Noise of Infinite Longing (2004) Luisita López Torregrosa; I consider how these recent memoirs engage with intersecting issues in the lives of Puerto Rican women and suggest how shame implicitly conditions the articulation of Puerto Rican identity.
Time-Course Expression Profiles of Hair Cycle-Associated Genes in Male Mini Rats after Depilation of Telogen-Phase Hairs
Authors: Umeda-Ikawa Aya , Shimokawa Isao , Doi Kunio
Published: April 2009

Jcl:WistarTGN(ARGHGEN)1Nts rat (Mini rat) is a growth hormone (GH)-deficient transgenic rat. The hair cycle in the dorsal skin of male Mini rats enters a long-lasting telogen phase after eights weeks of age, but depilation can induce a transient hair cycle again. In this study, a time-course profiling of genes expression was done on the dorsal skin of male Mini rats along the progression of depilation-induced hair cycle using DNA microarray analysis. As a result, 1,215 probe sets including 1,171 hair cycle-related ones showed more than 3-fold changes in expression compared with that in before-depilation telogen phase. The present data will contribute to elucidating the mechanisms of hair cycle regulation and should lead to the identification of novel molecular targets for hair growth and/or depilation agents.
Development of 3D Force Sensors for Nanopositioning and Nanomeasuring Machine
Authors: Tibrewala Arti , Hofmann Norbert , Phataralaoha Anurak , Jäger Gerd , Büttgenbach Stephanus
Published: April 2009

In this contribution, we report on different miniaturized bulk micro machined three-axes piezoresistive force sensors for nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machine (NPMM). Various boss membrane structures, such as one boss full/cross, five boss full/cross and swastika membranes, were used as a basic structure for the force sensors. All designs have 16 p-type diffused piezoresistors on the surface of the membrane. Sensitivities in x, y and z directions are measured. Simulated and measured stiffness ratio in horizontal to vertical direction is measured for each design. Effect of the length of the stylus on H:V stiffness ratio is studied. Minimum and maximum deflection and resonance frequency are measured for all designs. The sensors were placed in a nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machine and one point measurements were performed for all the designs. Lastly the application of the sensor is shown, where dimension of a cube is measured using the sensor.
Resident Typologies Within the Integrative Paradigm of Sustaincentric Tourism Development
Authors: Sirakaya-Turk Ercan , Ingram Linda , Harrill Rich
Published: April 2009

The purpose of this study was to examine residents' attitudes toward sustainable tourism in Turkey and determine whether resident's attitudes vary according to host typologies using SUS-TAS. SUS-TAS, used here as a tool for identifying resident typologies, allowed the identification
of three host community typologies. Data was collected from 1,857 randomly selected households in a large city in Izmir, Turkey. A comparative analysis was then performed between Strong Sustainers, Moderate Sustainers, and Weak Sustainers, resulting in significant differences between these
resident groups regarding a select few behavioral and demographic variables. Practical and theoretical implications have been discussed within the framework of sustaincentric theory.
The Influence of Natural Disasters on Travel Risk Perception
Authors: Park Kwang-Soo , Reisinger Yvette
Published: April 2009

This study explores the impact of natural disasters on travel risk perception. A sample of 354 respondents was surveyed as to their perceptions of the influence of natural disasters and travel risk on international travel. Tsunamis, hurricanes, and floods as well as terrorism, crime,
health, and natural disaster risks were perceived to have the biggest influence on international travel. A Principal Components Analysis identified two groups of natural disasters, “Snow and fire” and “Wind and water,” and perceived “Sociocultural and psychological”
and “Physical” travel risk. The simple and multiple regression analyses identified strong relationships between the perceived influence of natural disasters and travel risk perception. Implications of the study results are discussed and recommendations for future research presented.
Understanding Preferences and Characteristics of Japanese Tourists to Hawaii
Authors: Agrusa Jerome , Kim Samuel Seongseop
Published: April 2009

Japanese tourists are the largest and most important international segment of tourists to Hawaii. Over the past few years, the number of Japanese tourists to Hawaii has declined significantly. The purpose of this study is to explore the differences in attitudinal and behavioral characteristics,
and preferences of Japanese tourists in Hawaii according to key sociodemographic variables. The results of this study conclude that sociodemographic variables show significant differences in attitudinal or behavioral characteristics. For example, compared with those with a high school diploma
or lower level of education, respondents with a higher level of education were likely to have greater interest in Hawaiian culture. Those who had some college education or a higher level of education showed a greater preference for swimming and taking a cruise tour than respondents with a
lower level of education. The results of this study are likely to be beneficial for understanding Japanese tourists and establishing marketing policies to enhance their satisfaction and raise their intention to revisit Hawaii. The findings of this study could be helpful for all stakeholders,
including local tour operators, the Japanese Tourism Board (JTB), and Hawaii's tourism officials.
Beyond Tiers: A Network Approach to Tourism Distribution
Authors: Pearce Douglas G.
Published: April 2009

Tourism distribution research to date has essentially taken a tier-by-tier approach to questions of channel structure and channel relationships rather than a nodal network approach. This article provides a new perspective by extending existing notions of distribution channels through
a more explicit articulation of tourism distribution in network terms. It is based on a review of the literature and is informed by the experience of undertaking a major 5-year project on tourism distribution in New Zealand. Concepts and examples of tourism distribution networks are outlined;
limitations in existing distribution research reviewed; ways to take network analysis forward are suggested and illustrated with examples; and the management implications for firms and destination management organizations are outlined. Steps to operationalize a network approach to tourism
distribution include identifying the focal actors, considering the form of network and the structural dimensions to be analyzed, developing typologies and exploring network relationships.
Youth Travelers' Lodging and Dining Preferences
Authors: Labben Thouraya Gherissi , Chen Joseph S. , Johnson Colin
Published: April 2009

This exploratory study attempts to understand restaurant and accommodation preferences among young guests (operationally defined as between the ages of 15 and 25) visiting Switzerland on different travel budgets. The study first divides the target population into four categories of
visitors: low, medium, medium-high, and high budget. It then evaluates the guests' preferences regarding restaurants and lodging facilities. All four categories perceive attractive prices as the most important attribute in choosing a restaurant. Travelers with high budget also consider speed
of service as a pivotal factor. Independently of their budgets, youth guests want their accommodation to be clean and comfortable. Relevant marketing implications and suggestions for future studies are drawn in the conclusion section.
Unifying redox kinetics for standard and fast NH3‐SCR over a V2O5‐WO3/TiO2 catalyst
Authors: Nova Isabella , Ciardelli Cristian , Tronconi Enrico , Chatterjee Daniel , Weibel Michel
Published: April 2009

A dynamic Mars–van Krevelen kinetic model that unifies Standard and Fast SCR reactions into a single redox approach is herein proposed for V‐based catalysts for NOx removal from Diesel exhausts. Such a mechanistic model is consistent with the detailed catalytic chemistry proposed for the NH3‐NO/NO2 reacting system in which NO2 disproportionates to form nitrites and nitrates, nitrates are reduced by NO to nitrites in a key redox step, and nitrites react with NH3 to form N2 via decomposition of unstable ammonium nitrite. Intrinsic kinetic parameters were estimated by global multiresponse nonlinear regression of 42 transient runs. The model accounts for stoichiometry, selectivity, and kinetics of the global SCR process, reproducing successfully both the steady‐state and transient behaviors of the SCR reacting system over the full range (0–1) of NO2/NOx feed ratios in the 175–425°C temperature range. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009