bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why Do High-Risk Patients Develop or Not Develop Coronary Artery Disease? Metabolic Insights from the CAPIRE Study
Authors: Deidda Martino , Noto Antonio , Cadeddu Dessalvi Christian , Andreini Daniele , Andreotti Felicita , Ferrannini Eleuterio , Latini Roberto , Maggioni Aldo , Magnoni Marco , Mercuro Giuseppe ,   on behalf of the CAPIRE Investigators
Published: January 2022

Traditional cardiovascular (CV) risk factors (RFs) and coronary artery disease (CAD) do not always show a direct correlation. We investigated the metabolic differences in a cohort of patients with a high CV risk profile who developed, or did not develop, among those enrolled in the Coronary Atherosclerosis in Outlier Subjects: Protective and Novel Individual Risk Factors Evaluation (CAPIRE) study. We studied 112 subjects with a high CV risk profile, subdividing them according to the presence (CAD/High-RFs) or absence of CAD (No-CAD/High-RFs), assessed by computed tomography angiography. The metabolic differences between the two groups were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Characteristic patterns and specific metabolites emerged for each of the two phenotypic groups: high concentrations of pyruvic acid, pipecolic acid, p-cresol, 3-aminoisobutyric acid, isoleucine, glyceric acid, lactic acid, sucrose, phosphoric acid, trimethylamine-N-oxide, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid, erythritol, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, glucose, leucine, and glutamic acid; and low concentrations of cholesterol, hypoxanthine, glycerol-3-P, and cysteine in the CAD/High-RFs group vs the No-CAD/High-RFs group. Our results show the existence of different metabolic profiles between patients who develop CAD and those who do not, despite comparable high CV risk profiles. A specific cluster of metabolites, rather than a single marker, appears to be able to identify novel predisposing or protective mechanisms towards CAD beyond classic CVRFs.
Digital Microfluidic qPCR Cartridge for SARS-CoV-2 Detection
Authors: Ho Kuan-Lun , Liao Hong-Yu , Liu Helene Minyi , Lu Yen-Wen , Yeh Pin-Kuan , Chang Justin Yu , Fan Shih-Kang
Published: January 2022

Point-of-care (POC) tests capable of individual health monitoring, transmission reduction, and contact tracing are especially important in a pandemic such as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We develop a disposable POC cartridge that can be mass produced to detect the SARS-CoV-2 N gene through real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) based on digital microfluidics (DMF). Several critical parameters are studied and improved, including droplet volume consistency, temperature uniformity, and fluorescence intensity linearity on the designed DMF cartridge. The qPCR results showed high accuracy and efficiency for two primer-probe sets of N1 and N2 target regions of the SARS-CoV-2 N gene on the DMF cartridge. Having multiple droplet tracks for qPCR, the presented DMF cartridge can perform multiple tests and controls at once.
Hydrochemical and Isotope (18O, 2H and 3H) Characteristics of Karst Water in Central Shandong Province: A Case Study of the Pingyi-Feixian Region
Authors: Liu Chunhua , Wang Wei , Zhang Guanghui , Zhu Henghua , Wang Jingjing , Guo Yan
Published: January 2022

Karst water serves as an important water supply source in northern China. Hydrochemical and isotope (18O, 2H, and 3H) characteristics are invaluable tools to identify water–rock interaction activities in karst water systems. In this study, the investigation of hydrogeological conditions, hydrogeochemistry, and hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of karst water revealed: (1) HCO3-Ca-type water is widely distributed throughout the study area, while HCO3-Ca·Mg-type water appears in the direct recharge areas and the discharge areas; karst water of the HCO3−·Cl−, Cl−·HCO3−, and Cl− types is scattered in low-land areas; (2) karst water has high δ18O, which may be due to the dissolution and exchange of 18O from the surrounding carbonate rocks in the western discharge zone; and (3) the 3H concentration of karst water is strongly correlated with the content of major ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3−, SO42−, and Cl−) and it increases along the flow path. It was also revealed that the karst water in the discharge areas is mixed with lateral recharge (infiltration recharge from surface water).
Characterisation of the Hydration Products of a Chemically and Mechanically Activated High Coal Fly Ash Hybrid Cement
Authors: du Toit Grizelda , van der Merwe Elizabet M. , Kruger Richard A. , McDonald James M. , Kearsley Elsabé P.
Published: January 2022

Cement companies are significant contributors of the planet’s anthropogenic CO2 emissions. With increased awareness of the substantial volume of CO2 emissions from cement production, a variety of mitigation strategies are being considered and pursued globally. Hybrid cements are deemed to be technologically viable materials for contemporary construction. They require less clinker than that for ordinary Portland cement, leading to a decrease in CO2 emissions per tonne of hybrid cement manufactured. The hybrids produced in this study consist of 70% siliceous coal fly ash and 30% Portland cement, and combines chemical (sodium sulphate) and mechanical (milling) activation. The aim of this work was to develop a better understanding of the hydration products formed and the resulting effect of activation on these hydration products, of hybrid coal fly ash cement pastes over an extended curing period of up to one year. The results indicated that chemical activation increases the formation of stable, well crystallised ettringite. Chemical activation as well as mechanical activation increased the rate of the pozzolanic reaction between portlandite contained in cement and coal fly ash. The application of combined chemical and mechanical activation definitely resulted in the fastest rate of portlandite consumption, hence an increased rate of the pozzolanic reaction.
Bodies and Glazes of Architectural Ceramics from the Ilkhanid Period at Takht-e Soleyman (North-Western Iran)
Authors: Röhrs Stefan , Dumazet Alexandra , Kuntz Katharina , Franke Ute
Published: January 2022

Bodies and glazes of tiles from the Ilkhanid period found at the UNESCO World Heritage site of Takht-e Soleyman were studied to identify materials and certain technical characteristics of the architectural ceramics as part of a larger project to establish different productions. In addition, ceramic vessels and technical ceramics excavated at the site were analysed for comparison. µXRF, SEM/EDX, and Raman spectroscopy were used for the material investigations. Qualitative non-invasive µXRF results allowed for categorisation of the glazes and ceramic bodies based on their overall composition. Quantitative analysis by SEM/EDX on a subset of the samples delivered detailed results on the bodies and glazes. Tiles, made from clay or stonepaste, were almost exclusively decorated with a mixed alkaline lead glaze. The PbO content of this type of glaze ranged from 8 wt% to 25 wt%. The clay bodies of some tiles corresponded to the material of the locally used kiln furniture. Moreover, glaze residues preserved on the kiln furniture proved to be from a mixed lead alkaline glaze with a PbO content of 15 wt% to 25 wt%, a composition that is comparable to the tiles’ glazes. For more insights into the local or regional production of the tiles, supplementary in-depth studies including petrographic analysis would be needed to confirm and further specify the results.
Pistacia lentiscus L. Distilled Leaves as a Potential Cosmeceutical Ingredient: Phytochemical Characterization, Transdermal Diffusion, and Anti-Elastase and Anti-Tyrosinase Activities
Authors: Elloumi Wiem , Maalej Amina , Ortiz Sergio , Michel Sylvie , Chamkha Mohamed , Boutefnouchet Sabrina , Sayadi Sami
Published: January 2022

The present work was performed to investigate the phenolic composition of P. lentiscus L. distilled leaves (PDL) and examine its potential against certain key enzymes related to skin aging. High-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and various separation procedures combined with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and MS analysis were performed to isolate and identify compounds present in the ethyl acetate extract (EAE) of PDL. A high amount of flavonol glycoside was detected in EAE. Indeed, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside (FC), myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside (FM2), and kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside (FB2) were isolated from EAE, and are present in high quantities of 10.47 ± 0.26, 12.17 ± 0.74, and 4.53 ± 0.59 mg/g dry weight, respectively. A transdermal diffusion study was carried out to determine the EAE-molecules that may transmit the cutaneous barrier and showed that FM2 transmits the membrane barrier with a high amount followed by FC. EAE, FM2, and FC were tested against tyrosinase and elastase enzymes. Moreover, intracellular tyrosinase inhibition and cytotoxicity on skin melanoma cells (B16) were evaluated. The results indicated that EAE, FC, and FM2 have important inhibitory activities compared to the well-known standards, at non-cytotoxic concentrations. Therefore, they could be excellent agents for treating skin pigmentation and elasticity problems.
A Comparison of the Gene Expression Profiles of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease between Animal Models of a High-Fat Diet and Methionine-Choline-Deficient Diet
Authors: Alshawsh Mohammed Abdullah , Alsalahi Abdulsamad , Alshehade Salah Abdalrazak , Saghir Sultan Ayesh Mohammed , Ahmeda Ahmad Faheem , Al Zarzour Raghdaa Hamdan , Mahmoud Ayman Moawad
Published: January 2022

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) embraces several forms of liver disorders involving fat disposition in hepatocytes ranging from simple steatosis to the severe stage, namely, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Recently, several experimental in vivo animal models for NAFLD/NASH have been established. However, no reproducible experimental animal model displays the full spectrum of pathophysiological, histological, molecular, and clinical features associated with human NAFLD/NASH progression. Although methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet and high-fat diet (HFD) models can mimic histological and metabolic abnormalities of human disease, respectively, the molecular signaling pathways are extremely important for understanding the pathogenesis of the disease. This review aimed to assess the differences in gene expression patterns and NAFLD/NASH progression pathways among the most common dietary animal models, i.e., HFD- and MCD diet-fed animals. Studies showed that the HFD and MCD diet could induce either up- or downregulation of the expression of genes and proteins that are involved in lipid metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrogenesis pathways. Interestingly, the MCD diet model could spontaneously develop liver fibrosis within two to four weeks and has significant effects on the expression of genes that encode proteins and enzymes involved in the liver fibrogenesis pathway. However, such effects in the HFD model were found to occur after 24 weeks with insulin resistance but appear to cause less severe fibrosis. In conclusion, assessing the abnormal gene expression patterns caused by different diet types provides valuable information regarding the molecular mechanisms of NAFLD/NASH and predicts the clinical progression of the disease. However, expression profiling studies concerning genetic variants involved in the development and progression of NAFLD/NASH should be conducted.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Thin-Film Transistor Response of Benzo[i]pentahelicene-3,6-dione
Authors: Bracciale Maria Paola , Kwon Guhyun , Ho Dongil , Kim Choongik , Santarelli Maria Laura , Marrocchi Assunta
Published: January 2022

Organic semiconductors hold the promise of simple, large area solution deposition, low thermal budgets as well as compatibility with flexible substrates, thus emerging as viable alternatives for cost-effective (opto)-electronic devices. In this study, we report the optimized synthesis and characterization of a helically shaped polycyclic aromatic compound, namely benzo[i]pentahelicene-3,6-dione, and explored its use in the fabrication of organic field effect transistors. In addition, we investigated its thermal, optical absorption, and electrochemical properties. Finally, the single crystal X-ray characterization is reported.
Effect of Flavonoids in Hawthorn and Vitamin C Prevents Hypertension in Rats Induced by Heat Exposure
Authors: Du Wei , Fan Hong-Min , Zhang Yu-Xin , Jiang Xiao-Hua , Li Yun
Published: January 2022

Background: Excessive oxidative stress is associated with hypertension in professional high-temperature working conditions. Polyphenols exhibit a cardioprotective effect. Hawthorn contains high amounts of flavonoids, though its effect on hypertension protection has yet to be studied. This study aims to investigate this effect of extract of hawthorn (EH) or its combination with vitamin C (Vit. C) in rats induced by working under a hot environment. Methods: Forty-two male rats were randomly divided into a control group under normal temperature and six treatment groups exposed at 33 ± 1 °C along with 1 h of daily treadmill running. They were orally provided with water, Vit. C (14mg/kg), EH (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg), and EH500 + Vit. C, once a day for four weeks. Results: Both EH and Vit. C alone reduced the systolic and diastolic blood pressure of rats exposed to the heat environment; however, their joint supplementation completely maintained their blood pressure to the normal level throughout the experimental period. No morphological changes were found on the intima of aorta. Moreover, the co-supplementation of EH and Vit. C prevented the changes of heat exposure in inducing oxidative stress markers, such as glutathione peroxidase, catalase, total antioxidant capacity, and nitric oxide; the synergistic action was more effective than either individual treatment of EH and Vit. C. Furthermore, the administration of EH had more potent effects on increasing superoxide dismutase, IL-2, the 70 kilodalton heat shock proteins and high sensitivity C reactive protein, and decreasing serum malondialdehyde and lipofuscin in vascular tissue than those in Vit. C group. Conclusions: A strong synergistic effect of EH and Vit. C on the prevention of hypertension under heat exposure was established, as they inhibited the oxidative stress state. This study also sets up a novel intervention strategy in animal models for investigation on the early phases of hypertension induced by heat exposure.
Investigating the Crystallization Process of Boron-Bearing Silicate-Phosphate Glasses by Thermal and Spectroscopic Methods
Authors: Szumera Magdalena , Łagowska Barbara , Sułowska Justyna , Jeleń Piotr , Olejniczak Zbigniew , Lach Radosław , Berezicka Anna , Kijo-Kleczkowska Agnieszka
Published: January 2022

Glasses and devitrificates from the SiO2–B2O3–P2O5–K2O–CaO–MgO system with constant contents of SiO2 and P2O5 network formers, modified by the addition of B2O3, were analyzed. All materials were synthesized by the traditional melt-quenching technique. The glass stability (GS) parameters (Krg, ∆T, KW, KH) were determined. The effect of the addition of B2O3 on the GS, liquation phenomenon, crystallization process, and the type of crystallizing phases were examined using SEM-EDS, DSC, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy imaging methods. It was observed that the addition of B2O3 increased the tendency of the glass to crystallize. Both phosphates (e.g., Ca9MgK(PO4)7, Mg3Ca3(PO4)4), and silicates (e.g., K2Mg5(Si12O30), CaMg(Si2O6), MgSiO3) crystallized in the studied system. The Raman spectrum for the orthophosphate Mg3Ca3(PO4)4 stanfieldite type was obtained. Boron ions were introduced into the structures of crystalline compounds at high crystallization temperatures. The type of crystallizing phases was found to be related to the phenomenon of liquation, and the order of their occurrence was dependent on the Gibbs free enthalpy.
Optimization of the Physical, Optical and Mechanical Properties of Composite Edible Films of Gelatin, Whey Protein and Chitosan
Authors: Herrera-Vázquez Selene Elizabeth , Dublán-García Octavio , Arizmendi-Cotero Daniel , Gómez-Oliván Leobardo Manuel , Islas-Flores Hariz , Hernández-Navarro María Dolores , Ramírez-Durán Ninfa
Published: January 2022

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the concentration of gelatin (G) (3–6 g), whey protein (W) (2.5–7.5 g) and chitosan (C) (0.5–2.5 g) on the physical, optical and mechanical properties of composite edible films (CEFs) using the response surface methodology (RSM), as well as optimizing the formulation for the packaging of foods. The results of the study were evaluated via first- and second-order multiple regression analysis to obtain the determination coefficient values with a good fit (R ˃ 0.90) for each of the response variables, except for the values of solubility and b*. The individual linear effect of the independent variables (the concentrations of gelatin, whey protein and chitosan) significantly affected (p ≤ 0.05) the water vapor permeability (WVP), strength and solubility of the edible films. The WVP of the edible films varied from 0.90 to 1.62 × 10−11 g.m/Pa.s.m2, the resistance to traction varied from 0.47 MPa to 3.03 MPa and the solubility varied from 51.06% to 87%. The optimized values indicated that the CEF prepared with a quantity of 4 g, 5 g and 3 g of gelatin, whey protein and chitosan, respectively, provided the CEF with a smooth, continuous and transparent surface, with L values that resulted in a light-yellow hue, a lower WVP, a maximum strength (resistance to traction) and a lower solubility. The results revealed that the optimized formulation of the CEF of G–W–C allowed a good validation of the prediction model and could be applied, in an effective manner, to the food packaging industry, which could help in mitigating the environmental issues associated with synthetic packaging materials.
Comprehensive Detoxification Mechanism Assessment of Red Imported Fire Ant (Solenopsis invicta) against Indoxacarb
Authors: Siddiqui Junaid Ali , Zhang Yuping , Luo Yuanyuan , Bamisile Bamisope Steve , Rehman Naveed Ur , Islam Waqar , Qasim Muhammad , Jiang Qiuying , Xu Yijuan
Published: January 2022

The red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) is one of the deadliest invasive ant species that threatens the world by disrupting biodiversity, important functions within a natural ecosystem, and community structure. They are responsible for huge economic losses in the infested countries every year. Synthetic insecticides, especially indoxacarb, have been broadly used to control S. invicta for many years. However, the biochemical response of S. invicta to indoxacarb remains largely undiscovered. Here, we used the sublethal doses of indoxacarb on the S. invicta collected from the eight different cities of Southern China. The alteration in the transcriptome profile of S. invicta following sublethal dosages of indoxacarb was characterized using high-throughput RNA-seq technology. We created 2 libraries, with 50.93 million and 47.44 million clean reads for indoxacarb treatment and control, respectively. A total of 2018 unigenes were regulated after insecticide treatment. Results indicated that a total of 158 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the indoxacarb-treated group, of which 100 were significantly upregulated and 58 were downregulated, mostly belonging to the detoxification enzymes, such as AChE, CarE, and GSTs. Furthermore, results showed that most of these DEGs were found in several KEGG pathways, including steroid biosynthesis, other drug metabolizing enzymes, glycerolipid metabolism, chemical carcinogenesis, drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450, glutathione metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and metabolism of xenobiotics. Together, these findings indicated that indoxacarb causes significant alteration in the transcriptome profile and signaling pathways of S. invicta, providing a foundation for further molecular inquiry.
Bacillus cereus Toxin Repertoire: Diversity of (Iso)cereulide(s)
Authors: Walser Veronika , Kranzler Markus , Dawid Corinna , Ehling-Schulz Monika , Stark Timo D. , Hofmann Thomas F.
Published: January 2022

The emetic Bacillus cereus toxin cereulide (1) poses a significant safety risk in the food industry, causing emesis and nausea after consumption of contaminated foods. Analogously to cereulide, the structures of various isocereulides, namely, isocereulides A–G, have been recently reported and could also be identified in B. cereus-contaminated food samples. The HPLC fractionation of B. cereus extracts allows us to isolate additional isocereulides. By applying MSn sequencing, post-hydrolytic dipeptide, amino acid and α-hydroxy acid analyses using UPLC-ESI-TOF-MS to purify the analytes, seven new isocereulides H–N (2–8) could be elucidated in their chemical structures. The structure elucidation was supported by one-dimensional and two-dimensional NMR spectra of the isocereulides H (2), K (5), L and N (6 + 8) and M (7). The toxicity of 2–8 was investigated in a HEp-2 cell assay to determine their respective 50% effective concentration (EC50). Thus, 2–8 exhibited EC50 values ranging from a 0.4- to 1.4-fold value compared to cereulide (1). Missing structure-activity correlations indicate the necessity to determine the toxic potential of all naturally present isocereulides as single compounds to be able to perform a thorough toxicity evaluation of B. cereus-contaminated foods in the future.
Structural Properties and Magnetic Ground States of 100 Binary d-Metal Oxides Studied by Hybrid Density Functional Methods
Authors: Kuklin Mikhail , Eklund Kim , Linnera Jarno , Ropponen Artturi , Tolvanen Nikolas , Karttunen Antti
Published: January 2022

d-metal oxides play a crucial role in numerous technological applications and show a great variety of magnetic properties. We have systematically investigated the structural properties, magnetic ground states, and fundamental electronic properties of 100 binary d-metal oxides using hybrid density functional methods and localized basis sets composed of Gaussian-type functions. The calculated properties are compared with experimental information in all cases where experimental data are available. The used PBE0 hybrid density functional method describes the structural properties of the studied d-metal oxides well, except in the case of molecular oxides with weak intermolecular forces between the molecular units. Empirical D3 dispersion correction does not improve the structural description of the molecular oxides. We provide a database of optimized geometries and magnetic ground states to facilitate future studies on the more complex properties of the binary d-metal oxides.
Adsorption Properties and Composition of Binary Kolliphor Mixtures at the Water–Air Interface at Different Temperatures
Authors: Szaniawska Magdalena , Szymczyk Katarzyna , Zdziennicka Anna , Jańczuk Bronisław
Published: January 2022

The studies on the adsorption properties and composition of the adsorbed monolayer at the water–air interface of the binary Kolliphor® ELP (ELP) and Kolliphor® RH 40 (RH40) mixtures based on the measurements of the surface tension (γLV) of their aqueous solution in the temperature range from 293 to 318 K were carried out. The γLV isotherms were described by the exponential function of the second order and the Szyszkowski equation as well as predicted by Fainerman and Miller equation. The obtained γLV isotherms were analyzed using the exponential function of the second order, the Szyszkowski, Fainerman and Miller as well as independent adsorption equations. The γLV isotherms were also used for determination of the Gibbs surface excess concentration of RH40, ELP and their mixture (Γ) at the water–air interface as well as the mixed monolayer composition. Based on Γ and the constant a in the Szyszkowski equation, the standard thermodynamic functions of adsorption were considered. From the consideration dealing with the γLV isotherms obtained by us, it results, among others, that these isotherms for the non-ideal solution of macromolecular surfactants mixture can be predicted using the Fainerman and Miller equation. From this consideration, it also results that a simple method proposed by us, based on the isotherms of RH40 and ELP, allows us to predict the composition of their mixed monolayer in the whole concentration range of RH40 and ELP in the bulk phase.
Alginate Self-Crosslinking Ink for 3D Extrusion-Based Cryoprinting and Application for Epirubicin-HCl Delivery on MCF-7 Cells
Authors: Remaggi Giulia , Catanzano Ovidio , Quaglia Fabiana , Elviri Lisa
Published: January 2022

3D-printed hydrogels are particularly advantageous as drug-delivery platforms but their loading with water-soluble active compounds remains a challenge requiring the development of innovative inks. Here, we propose a new 3D extrusion-based approach that, by exploiting the internal gelation of the alginate, avoids the post-printing crosslinking process and allows the loading of epirubicin-HCl (EPI). The critical combinations of alginate, calcium carbonate and d-glucono-δ-lactone (GDL) combined with the scaffold production parameters (extrusion time, temperature, and curing time) were evaluated and discussed. The internal gelation in tandem with 3D extrusion allowed the preparation of alginate hydrogels with a complex shape and good handling properties. The dispersion of epirubicin-HCl in the hydrogel matrix confirmed the potential of this self-crosslinking alginate-based ink for the preparation of 3D-printed drug-delivery platforms. Drug release from 3D-printed hydrogels was monitored, and the cytotoxic activity was tested against MCF-7 cells. Finally, the change in the expression pattern of anti-apoptotic, pro-apoptotic, and autophagy protein markers was monitored by liquid-chromatography tandem-mass-spectrometry after exposure of MCF-7 to the EPI-loaded hydrogels.
Mathematical Modeling for an MTT Assay in Fluorine-Containing Graphene Quantum Dots
Authors: Morais Paulo , Silva Dieime
Published: January 2022

The paper reports on a new mathematical model, starting with the original Hill equation which is derived to describe cell viability (V) while testing nanomaterials (NMs). Key information on the sample’s morphology, such as mean size (⟨s⟩) and size dispersity (σ) is included in the new model via the lognormal distribution function. The new Hill-inspired equation is successfully used to fit MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) data from assays performed with the HepG2 cell line challenged by fluorine-containing graphene quantum dots (F:GQDs) under light (400–700 nm wavelength) and dark conditions. The extracted “biological polydispersity” (light: ⟨sMTT⟩=1.77±0.02 nm and σMTT=0.21±0.02); dark: ⟨sMTT⟩=1.87±0.02 nm and σMTT=0.22±0.01) is compared with the “morphological polydispersity” (⟨sTEM⟩=1.98±0.06 nm and σTEM=0.19±0.03), the latter obtained from TEM (transmission electron microscopy). The fitted data are then used to simulate a series of V responses. Two aspects are emphasized in the simulations: (i) fixing σ, one simulates V versus ⟨s⟩ and (ii) fixing ⟨s⟩, one simulates V versus σ. Trends observed in the simulations are supported by a phenomenological model picture describing the monotonic reduction in V as ⟨s⟩ increases (V~pa/(s)p−a; p and a are fitting parameters) and accounting for two opposite trends of V versus σ: under light (V~σ) and under dark (V~1/σ).
Direct Detection of Inhomogeneity in CVD-Grown 2D TMD Materials via K-Means Clustering Raman Analysis
Authors: Xin Hang , Zhang Jingyun , Yang Cuihong , Chen Yunyun
Published: January 2022

It is known that complex growth environments often induce inhomogeneity in two-dimensional (2D) materials and significantly restrict their applications. In this paper, we proposed an efficient method to analyze the inhomogeneity of 2D materials by combination of Raman spectroscopy and unsupervised k-means clustering analysis. Taking advantage of k-means analysis, it can provide not only the characteristic Raman spectrum for each cluster but also the cluster spatial maps. It has been demonstrated that inhomogeneities and their spatial distributions are simultaneously revealed in all CVD-grown MoS2, WS2 and WSe2 samples. Uniform p-type doping and varied tensile strain were found in polycrystalline monolayer MoS2 from the grain boundary and edges to the grain center (single crystal). The bilayer MoS2 with AA and AB stacking are shown to have relatively uniform p-doping but a gradual increase of compressive strain from center to the periphery. Irregular distribution of 2LA(M)/E2g1 mode in WS2 and E2g1 mode in WSe2 is revealed due to defect and strain, respectively. All the inhomogeneity could be directly characterized in color-coded Raman imaging with correlated characteristic spectra. Moreover, the influence of strain and doping in the MoS2 can be well decoupled and be spatially verified by correlating with the clustered maps. Our k-means clustering Raman analysis can dramatically simplify the inhomogeneity analysis for large Raman data in 2D materials, paving the way towards direct evaluation for high quality 2D materials.
Highly Sensitive RNA-Based Electrochemical Aptasensor for the Determination of C-Reactive Protein Using Carbon Nanofiber-Chitosan Modified Screen-Printed Electrode
Authors: Amouzadeh Tabrizi Mahmoud , Acedo Pablo
Published: January 2022

C-reactive protein (CRP) is one of the biomarkers related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, it is crucial to develop a highly sensitive, selective, and cost-effective biosensor for the determination of CRP. In this study, we designed an electrochemical aptasensor. For this purpose, the surface of a carbon screen-printed electrode was first modified with a carbon nanofiber-chitosan (CNFs-CHIT) nanocomposite. After that, the amino-terminal RNA aptamer probes were linked to the amino groups of CHIT via glutaraldehyde as the cross-linker. Finally, methylene blue (MB) as a redox probe was self-assembled on the surface of the aptasensor. The obtained results indicated that the CNFs-CHIT nanocomposite increased the surface coverage of the aptamer up to 5.9 times. The square-wave voltammetry was used for the measurement of CRP concentration in the linear range of 1.0–150.0 pM. The obtained results indicated that the signal had a logarithmic relationship with the concentration of CRP. The limit of detection (LOD) was obtained to be 0.37 pM. The dissociation constant (Kd) that demonstrates the affinity of the aptamer probe to its target was found to be 0.93 pM. The analytical performances of the proposed RNA aptasensor were better than the previously reported aptasensors for CRP. The proposed aptasensor was also applied for the determination of CRP in the human plasma samples. The obtained results indicated that there were no statistically significant differences between the responses of the proposed RNA aptasensor and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (ELISA). The analytical performances of the proposed RNA aptasensor described in this paper are better than previously reported aptasensors for CRP determination.
Controllable Fabrication of Molecularly Imprinted Microspheres with Nanoporous and Multilayered Structure for Dialysate Regeneration
Authors: Wu Hongchi , Zhang Shanguo , Liu Lu , Ren Yukun , Xue Chun , Wu Wenlong , Chen Xiaoming , Jiang Hongyuan
Published: January 2022

Adsorption of urea from dialysate is essential for wearable artificial kidneys (WRK). Molecularly imprinted microspheres with nanoporous and multilayered structures are prepared based on liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS), which can selectively adsorb urea. In addition, we combine the microspheres with a designed polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chip to propose an efficient urea adsorption platform. In this work, we propose a formulation of LLPS including Tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA), ethanol, and acrylic acid (30% v/v), to prepare urea molecularly imprinted microspheres in a simple and highly controllable method. These microspheres have urea molecular imprinting sites on the surface and inside, allowing selective adsorption of urea and preservation of other essential constituents. Previous static studies on urea adsorption have not considered the combination between urea adsorbent and WRK. Therefore, we design the platform embedded with urea molecular imprinted microspheres, which can disturb the fluid motion and improve the efficiency of urea adsorption. These advantages enable the urea absorption platform to be highly promising for dialysate regeneration in WRK.
An Update on Vitamin D Deficiency Status in Malaysia
Authors: Md Isa Zaleha , Mohd Nordin Nor Rumaizah , Mahmud Muhammad Hilmi , Hashim Syahirah
Published: January 2022

Vitamin D is essential for maintaining serum calcium levels, ensuring sufficient bone mineralization, immunomodulatory properties, and a protective effect on the cardiovascular system, renal disease, cancer, as well as in pregnancy. Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent worldwide, and it is not related to a country’s development index. However, the data on vitamin D deficiencies are primarily taken from out-of-date, small-scale studies on target age groups or specific diseases, rather than from large-scale, population-based surveys. In Malaysia, for the past 16 years, studies were conducted involving adult men and women, pregnant women, postmenopausal women, adolescent, and children especially with specific diseases such as spina bifida, epilepsy, chronic liver disease, and atopic dermatitis. Only a few large surveys were conducted involving children and adolescents. Across the specific target population studied, vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency were seen particularly among females, Indians, and those of Malay ethnicity. This is related to widely known causes of vitamin D deficiency such as skin type (melanin) and sun avoidant lifestyles that include covering clothes, largely practiced by Malay Muslims in Malaysia. Other related causes or the high-risk groups are breastfed infants, the elderly, the obese, those on medications, and those characterized by fat malabsorption and geophysical factors. Vitamin D deficiency can be managed with pharmacological or non-pharmacological approaches, depending on the severity. The objective is to raise serum vitamin D to a normal level, hence, relieving the symptoms and reducing the adverse health outcomes. Despite no clear guidelines in treating vitamin D deficiency in Malaysia, this condition can be prevented with taking adequate vitamin D in food resources, sun exposure, or supplementation. Special attention should be given to high-risk groups including infants, obese patients, and the elderly.
The Swine IFN System in Viral Infections: Major Advances and Translational Prospects
Authors: Razzuoli Elisabetta , Armando Federico , De Paolis Livia , Ciurkiewicz Malgorzata , Amadori Massimo
Published: January 2022

Interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines that play a pivotal role in orchestrating the innate immune response during viral infections, thus representing the first line of defense in the host. After binding to their respective receptors, they are able to elicit a plethora of biological activities, by initiating signaling cascades which lead to the transcription of genes involved in antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and antitumoral effector mechanisms. In hindsight, it is not surprising that viruses have evolved multiple IFN escape strategies toward efficient replication in the host. Hence, in order to achieve insight into preventive and treatment strategies, it is essential to explore the mechanisms underlying the IFN response to viral infections and the constraints thereof. Accordingly, this review is focused on three RNA and three DNA viruses of major importance in the swine farming sector, aiming to provide essential data as to how the IFN system modulates the antiviral immune response, and is affected by diverse, virus-driven, immune escape mechanisms.
Orientin, a Bio-Flavonoid from Trigonella hamosa L., Regulates COX-2/PGE-2 in A549 Cell Lines via miR-26b and miR-146a
Authors: Khalil Hany Ezzat , Ibrahim Hairul-Islam Mohamed , Ahmed Emad A. , Emeka Promise Madu , Alhaider Ibrahim A.
Published: January 2022

Cancer is a severe health condition and considered one of the major healthcare issues and is in need of innovative strategy for a cure. The current study aimed to investigate the chemical profile of Trigonella hamosa L. and a potential molecular approach to explain its regulation in cancer progression through an inflammatory mediator (COX-2) in A549 non-small lung cancer cell lines via in silico, mechanistic and molecular aspects. T. hamosa was extracted and then subjected to a CCK-8 cell viability assay in different cancer cell lines including MDA-MB-231, A549 and HCT-116. Total extract was subjected to several chromatographic techniques to yield orientin (OT); the structure was elucidated by inspection of NMR spectroscopic data. To achieve anticancer effects of OT, a cell viability assay using a CCK-8 kit, immunoprecipitation by Western blot, cell migration using a wound healing assay, cell invasion using a Matrigel-Transwell assay, apoptosis by AO/EB dual staining, flow cytometric analysis and DAPI staining, a silenced COX-2 model to determine PGE-2 production and real-time PCR and Western blot of BCL-2, CYP-1A1, iNOS and COX-2 markers were carried out. The results demonstrated that OT decreased the cell proliferation and controlled cell migration and invasive properties. OT destabilized the COX-2 mRNA and downregulated its expression in A549 cell lines. Virtual binding showed interaction (binding energy −10.43) between OT and COX-2 protein compared to the selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib (CLX) (binding energy −9.4). The OT-CLX combination showed a superior anticancer effect. The synergistic effect of OT-CLX combination was noticed in controlling the migration and invasion of A549 cell lines. OT-CLX downregulated the expression of BCL-2, iNOS and COX-2 and activated the proapoptotic gene CYP-1A1. OT mitigated the COX-2 expression via upregulation of miR-26b and miR-146a. Interestingly, COX-2-silenced transfected A549 cells exhibited reduced expression of miR-26b and miR-146a. The findings confirmed the direct interaction of OT with COX-2 protein. PGE-2 expression was quantified in both naïve and COX-2-silenced A549 cells. OT downregulated the release of PGE-2 in both tested conditions. These results confirmed the regulatory effect of OT on A549 cell growth in a COX-2-dependent manner. OT activated apoptosis via activation of CYP-1A1 expression in an independent manner. These results revealed that the OT-CLX combination could serve as a potential synergistic treatment for effective inflammatory-mediated anticancer strategies.
Colistin Interaction and Surface Changes Associated with mcr-1 Conferred Plasmid Mediated Resistance in E. coli and A. veronii Strains
Authors: Gogry Firdoos Ahmad , Siddiqui Mohammad Tahir , Sultan Insha , Husain Fohad Mabood , Al-Kheraif Abdulaziz A. , Ali Asghar , Haq Qazi Mohd. Rizwanul
Published: January 2022

Colistin, a polycationic antimicrobial peptide, is one of the last-resort antibiotics for treating infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. The antibacterial activity of colistin occurs through electrostatic interaction between the polycationic peptide group of colistin and the negatively charged phosphate groups of lipid A membrane. This study investigated the interaction of colistin with the outer membrane and surface constituents of resistant and susceptible strains of Escherichia coli and Aeromonas veronii harboring mcr-1 resistance gene. Bacterial membrane and lipopolysaccharide used in this study were isolated from susceptible as well as colistin-resistant strains of E. coli and A. veronii. Interaction of colistin with the bacterial surface was studied by deoxycholate and lysozyme sensitivity test, N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine (NPN) uptake assay, Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Zeta potential measurements and 1H NMR. The binding affinity of colistin was found to be lower with outer membrane from resistant strains in comparison with the susceptible strains. Colistin exposure enhances the outer membrane permeability of the susceptible strains to deoxycholate and lysozyme. However, on the other hand, colistin dose of 256 µg/mL did not permeabilize the outer membrane of resistant bacteria. The NPN permeability in resistant strains was greater in comparison with susceptible strains. Atomic force microscopy images depicted smooth, featherless and deformed membranes in treated susceptible cells. Contrary to the above, resistant treated cells displayed surface roughness topography even at 256 µg/mL colistin concentration. Surface charge alterations were confirmed by Zeta potential measurements as a function of the growth phase. Mid-logarithmic phase susceptible strains showed a greater negative charge than resistant strains upon exposure to colistin. However, there was no statistical variation in the Zeta potential measurements between resistant and susceptible strains at the stationary phase. NMR analysis revealed line broadening in susceptible strains with increasing colistin: LPS aggregates mass ratio. Moreover, resistant strains did not show line broadening for the outer membrane, even at the highest mass ratio. The findings of this study suggest that the resistant strains of E. coli and A. veronii can block the electrostatic contact between the cationic peptide and anionic lipid A component that drives the first phase of colistin action, thereby preventing hydrophobically driven second-tier action of colistin on the outer lipopolysaccharide layer.
Layer-by-Layer Cell Encapsulation for Drug Delivery: The History, Technique Basis, and Applications
Authors: Li Wenyan , Lei Xuejiao , Feng Hua , Li Bingyun , Kong Jiming , Xing Malcolm
Published: January 2022

The encapsulation of cells with various polyelectrolytes through layer-by-layer (LbL) has become a popular strategy in cellular function engineering. The technique sprang up in 1990s and obtained tremendous advances in multi-functionalized encapsulation of cells in recent years. This review comprehensively summarized the basis and applications in drug delivery by means of LbL cell encapsulation. To begin with, the concept and brief history of LbL and LbL cell encapsulation were introduced. Next, diverse types of materials, including naturally extracted and chemically synthesized, were exhibited, followed by a complicated basis of LbL assembly, such as interactions within multilayers, charge distribution, and films morphology. Furthermore, the review focused on the protective effects against adverse factors, and bioactive payloads incorporation could be realized via LbL cell encapsulation. Additionally, the payload delivery from cell encapsulation system could be adjusted by environment, redox, biological processes, and functional linkers to release payloads in controlled manners. In short, drug delivery via LbL cell encapsulation, which takes advantage of both cell grafts and drug activities, will be of great importance in basic research of cell science and biotherapy for various diseases.
Self-Organized Nanoparticles of Random and Block Copolymers of Sodium 2-(Acrylamido)-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonate and Sodium 11-(Acrylamido)undecanoate as Safe and Effective Zika Virus Inhibitors
Authors: Botwina Pawel , Obłoza Magdalena , Zatorska-Płachta Maria , Kamiński Kamil , Mizusaki Masanobu , Yusa Shin-Ichi , Szczubiałka Krzysztof , Pyrc Krzysztof , Nowakowska Maria
Published: January 2022

A series of anionic homopolymers, poly(sodium 2-(acrylamido)-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonate) (PAMPS) and amphiphilic copolymers of AMPS and sodium 11-(acrylamido)undecanoate (AaU), both block (PAMPS75-b-PAaUn), and random (P(AMPSm-co-AaUn)), were synthesized and their antiviral activity against Zika virus (ZIKV) was evaluated. Interestingly, while the homopolymers showed limited antiviral activity, the copolymers are very efficient antivirals. This observation was explained considering that under the conditions relevant to the biological experiments (pH 7.4 PBS buffer) the macromolecules of these copolymers exist as negatively charged (zeta potential about −25 mV) nanoparticles (4–12 nm) due to their self-organization. They inhibit the ZIKV replication cycle by binding to the cell surface and thereby blocking virus attachment to host cells. Considering good solubility in aqueous media, low toxicity, and high selectivity index (SI) of the PAMPS-b-PAaU copolymers, they can be considered promising agents against ZIKV infections.
Microplastic Pollution: An Emerging Threat to Terrestrial Plants and Insights into Its Remediation Strategies
Authors: Kumari Arpna , Rajput Vishnu D. , Mandzhieva Saglara S. , Rajput Sneh , Minkina Tatiana , Kaur Rajanbir , Sushkova Svetlana , Kumari Poonam , Ranjan Anuj , Kalinitchenko Valery P. , Glinushkin Alexey P.
Published: January 2022

Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous and constitute a global hazard to the environment because of their robustness, resilience, and long-term presence in the ecosystem. For now, the majority of research has primarily focused on marine and freshwater ecosystems, with just a small amount of attention towards the terrestrial ecosystems. Although terrestrial ecosystems are recognized as the origins and routes for MPs to reach the sea, there is a paucity of knowledge about these ecological compartments, which is necessary for conducting effective ecological risk assessments. Moreover, because of their high persistence and widespread usage in agriculture, agribusiness, and allied sectors, the presence of MPs in arable soils is undoubtedly an undeniable and severe concern. Consequently, in the recent decade, the potential risk of MPs in food production, as well as their impact on plant growth and development, has received a great deal of interest. Thus, a thorough understanding of the fate and risks MPs, as well as prospective removal procedures for safe and viable agricultural operations in real-world circumstances, are urgently needed. Therefore, the current review is proposed to highlight the potential sources and interactions of MPs with agroecosystems and plants, along with their remediation strategies.
Impact of Soil Inoculation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 on the Phytoaccumulation of Germanium, Rare Earth Elements, and Potentially Toxic Elements
Authors: Okoroafor Precious Uchenna , Mann Lotte , Amin Ngu Kerian , Zaffar Nazia , Monei Nthati Lillian , Boldt Christin , Reitz Thomas , Heilmeier Hermann , Wiche Oliver
Published: January 2022

Bioaugmentation promises benefits for agricultural production as well as for remediation and phytomining approaches. Thus, this study investigated the effect of soil inoculation with the commercially available product RhizoVital®42, which contains Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42, on nutrient uptake and plant biomass production as well as on the phytoaccumulation of potentially toxic elements, germanium, and rare earth elements (REEs). Zea mays and Fagopyrum esculentum were selected as model plants, and after harvest, the element uptake was compared between plants grown on inoculated versus reference soil. The results indicate an enrichment of B. amyloliquefaciens in inoculated soils as well as no significant impact on the inherent bacterial community composition. For F. esculentum, inoculation increased the accumulation of most nutrients and As, Cu, Pb, Co, and REEs (significant for Ca, Cu, and Co with 40%, 2042%, and 383%, respectively), while it slightly decreased the uptake of Ge, Cr, and Fe. For Z. mays, soil inoculation decreased the accumulation of Cr, Pb, Co, Ge, and REEs (significant for Co with 57%) but showed an insignificant increased uptake of Cu, As, and nutrient elements. Summarily, the results suggest that bioaugmentation with B. amyloliquefaciens is safe and has the potential to enhance/reduce the phytoaccumulation of some elements and the effects of inoculation are plant specific.