bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENICILLACTIA FOLLOWING INTRAMUSCULAR ADMINISTRATION OF PENICILLINS1,2
Authors: Schipper I. A. , Filipovs D. , Ebeltoft H.
Published: November 2018

Five penicillin preparations (G crystalline penicillin of potassium, sodium, benzathine, procaine and diethylaminoethylester hydriodide – DAEEH –) were administered to lactating cows at three, six and nine million unit dosages. The penicillins were in aqueous, peanut oil, sesame oil, and peanut oil with two percent aluminum monostearate (PAM) vehicles. DAEEH penicillin appeared in the milk at the highest concentration and benzathine penicillin was detectable in the milk for the longest period of all penicillins investigated. It would appear the DAEEH penicillin would be the penicillin of choice for mastitis medication in that high levels were obtained soon following administration and that this penicillin was adulterating milk for 48 hr only following administration. Aqueous and peanut oil vehicles provided the highest concentration of penicillin for the longest post-administration period. There was extensive variation in milk concentration of penicillin between cows and for the same cow upon repeat administrations. The concentration and duration of penicillactia following various dosage levels was comparable with the dosages given. Repeat administrations within 24 hr of the initial administration resulted in higher penicillin levels and extended the period of penicillactia. No definite relationship was demonstrated between milk production or stages of lactation and penicillin concentration in milk.
THE EFFECTS OF PROCESSING AND STORAGE OF DAIRY PRODUCTS ON CHLORINATED INSECTICIDE RESIDUES
Authors: Langlois B. E. , Liska B. J. , Hill D. L.
Published: November 2018

The effects of processing and storage of butter, ice cream, Swiss-type cheese, condensed milk, and dry whole milk powder manufactured from milk containing dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, and dieldrin and heptachlor in combination were studied. There was loss of heptachlor epoxide and dieldrin during condensing and loss of all insecticides studied during spray and drum drying. Butter and cheese in most cases contained less insecticide than the raw milk on a fat basis, because some insecticide separated into the skimmilk and whey. The rest of the finished products contained essentially the same amount of residue as the raw milk when expressed on a fat basis.
SOURCES OF AIR-BORNE MICROORGANISMS IN FOOD PROCESSING AREAS–DRAINS1,2
Authors: Heldman D. R. , Hedrick T. I. , Hall C. W.
Published: November 2018

The extent to which food plant air may be contaminated with microorganisms from flooding floor drains has been investigated. Results indicate that bacteria counts obtained during flooding may be as high as 140 per ft3 in areas where normal counts are usually less than 10 per ft3. The air-borne yeast and mold contributions due to flooding were about 6 per ft3 compared to a background of 1 per ft3, and about 12 per ft3 compared to background counts of 4 per ft3, respectively. By continuous intermittent flooding, the amount of contamination due to flooding decreases. However, if the drain sets without flooding for a period of one hour, the contribution may be as great as during the first flooding of the day. Results indicated that application of about 5 gallons of a 800 ppm chlorine sanitizer would provide a significant reduction in contribution. A maximum reduction of 87 percent was obtained using a sanitizer concentration of 5000 ppm.
DETERMINING TUBING LENGTHS AND SOLUTION VELOCITIES IN VACUUM FARM MILK TRANSFER SYSTEMS
Authors: Ewell Herbert M.
Published: November 2018

A formula and graphs are presented showing the relationship between pipe or tubing size and length, amount of vacuum and the rate of solution flow in the cleaning-in-place (CIP) of vacuum milk transfer systems.
ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF MILKING MACHINE RESEARCH
Authors: Guest R. W. , Shepardson E. Stanley , Townsend James S.
Published: November 2018

Research was undertaken to learn more precisely the physical aspects of mechanical milking. Attempts to measure the instantaneous flow rate have not been successful. A technique to measure precisely the vacuum at the teat end was developed and several measurements made. The work indicates previous assumptions regarding teat end pressures may have been in error. Limited work to date indicates a need for continuing efforts.
BACTERIAL COURTS OF PREPACKAGED, FROZEN AND UNFROZEN PORK AND VEAL CUTLETS – BREADED AND UNBREADED1
Authors: Miller W. A.
Published: November 2018

Eleven different brands (93 packages) of frozen and unfrozen (breaded and unbreaded) pork and veal cutlets were purchased during 12 months from 4 large volume stores. Initial bacterial counts ranged from 15,000 to 25 million per g. Samples taken from 62 packages of frozen pork and veal cutlets and stored at 2 to 3 C for 3 to 4 days showed bacterial populations varying from 400,000 to more than 6 billion per g. The average of the median counts of all brands was 64 million. In samples from the 62 packages stored 7 days at 2 to 3 C, the average of the median counts from all brands was 1.8 billion per g, or a 28-fold increase in the bacterial count during 3 to 4 extra days of storage. Obvious spoilage was much greater in the 7 day samples. Obvious spoilage (odor, sliminess) was greater in 31 stored samples of unfrozen pork cutlets compared with previously frozen pork and veal stored similarly, i.e., at 2 to 5 C.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENTEROCOCCUS, COLIFORM AND YEAST AND MOLD COUNTS IN BUTTER1
Authors: Saraswat D. S. , Reinbold G. W. , Clark W. S.
Published: November 2018

Examination of butter churned from inoculated cream, line-run cream and butter samples and 486 commercially manufactured butter samples indicated the merit of the enterococcus count for microbiological sanitary control of butter manufacturing. Enterococci are known to be frequent contaminants in Iowa creameries. They are not resistant to the pasteurization commonly employed for cream used in butter-making, but are more resistant to salting, freezing and the microenvironment of butter than are coliform bacteria. Provided that Citrate Azide agar is used as the selective medium for enumeration, a standard of not more than 10 enterococci/ml for properly manufactured butter is proposed.
GROWTH OF CERTAIN PSYCHROPHILIC BACTERIA IN PASTEURIZED MILK AS INFLUENCED BY PREVIOUS EXCESSIVE PSYCHROPHILIC GROWTH IN THE RAW MILK
Authors: Overcast W. W. , Adams George A.
Published: November 2018

The effect of excessive psychrophilic bacterial growth in raw milk on the growth of psychrophilic bacteria reintroduced into the milk after pasteurization was studied. The results indicated that excessive psychrophilic growth in raw milk had a stimulatory effect on the ability of Brevi. lipolyticum and a psychrophilic isolate to initiate growth after pasteurization and grow more rapidly than in the normal pasteurized milk for one or two days, the effect becoming slightly but insignificantly inhibitory by the end of three or four days. The effect was inhibitory on the growth of P. fragi after one, two, three and four days in pasteurized milk. There was a slight but insignificant stimulatory effect on the growth of P. fluorescens in pasteurized milk in four days. Analysis of the means of the logarithms of the psychrophilic counts in each series of trials on the fourth day after inoculation indicated a slight inhibitory effect on growth from excessive pre-pasteurization psychrophilic growth. However, this effect was not pronounced enough to be statistically significant.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE WORKING FACTOR AND CELL CONTENT ON THE PRECISION OF MICROSCOPIC COUNTS OF MILK SOMATIC CELLS1
Authors: Schneider R. , Jasper D. E.
Published: November 2018

Variations in precision of the Breed method for cell counts in milk were investigated by utilizing different working factors (WF) for the same smear and by using the same WF over a major portion of the probable cell count range. A significant inverse relationship was found between precision and the WF. With a constant WF on the other hand, the precision of the count increased very significantly as the actual cell count increased. Formulas showing the relationship between the expected high and low for any given cell count were computed via the least squares method for a WF of 20,000. Evidence was presented that a WF of 5,000 or below would be necessary when a good estimate of cell content is important.
PESTICIDES AND THE FOOD SUPPLY
Authors: Richardson L. A. , Foter Milton J.
Published: November 2018

The use of chemical pest control agents undoubtedly constitutes a calculated risk; nonetheless, the proper use of these agents results in benefits which, at the present time, far outweigh the known potential hazards. Considerable care must be exercised in the selection, storage, and use of pesticide chemicals and in the disposition of the empty containers. Since virtually all pesticides are more or less toxic to man and cumulative and potentiation characteristics are not well defined, regulation through registration and the establishment of residue tolerances is essential. Scientists recognize that the adequate production and preservation of food and fiber and the protection of human health require the use of chemical pesticides. Federal, state, and local health agencies and the food and chemical industries are striving through research and residue surveillance to show the effect of pesticides on human beings and to provide alternative means of pest control. Until these chemical agents are replaced by less toxic means of control, the use of pesticides will continue. As in any scientific venture, the benefit-hazard ratio in the use of pesticides may never be completely established, but we must act on the best available evidence.
A STATEWIDE_SURVEY OF FREEZING POINTS OF AUTHENTIC MILK SAMPLES1,2
Authors: Bradshaw P. L. , Marshall R. T. , Edmondson J. E.
Published: November 2018

Eigty-three authentic samples were taken from the mixed herd milk of dairies located in eight areas of the State of Mississippi during an eight-month period. The range of freezing points observed was wider than expected based on the recognized upper limit of −0.530 C. Eleven percent of the samples would have been termed adulterated based on this accepted standard. The mean freezing point was −0.536 C and the standard deviation −0.006 C. The data showed a moderately acceptable normal curve fit. But the true distribution appeared somewhat skewed, indicating that factors other than normal differences between animals tend to force the freezing point up. Variation between laboratories was small. The mean test deviation was slightly more than 0.001 C.
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE CORRELATION OF METHYLENE BLUE REDUCTION TIMES AND STANDARD PLATE COUNTS OF RAW MILK
Authors: Brazis A. Richard , Black L. A.
Published: November 2018

Standard plate and psychrophilic bacterial counts, on 312 samples of milk collected from farm bulk tanks and milk cans, were compared with methylene blue reduction times using the standard procedure or preliminary incubation of samples at 55 F for 18 hr prior to testing. When psychrophilic bacterial counts were less than 100,000/ml, according to standard plate counts a high proportion of methylene blue reduction times were properly classified. However, psychrophilic bacterial counts greater than 100,000/ml did not significantly decrease reduction times, thus a high proportion of such milks was not properly classified by methylene blue reduction times. The proportion of misclassification of samples having standard plate counts in excess of 200,000/ml and methylene blue reduction times of 5 and 6 hr was determined.
Using CALIOP to constrain blowing snow emissions of sea salt aerosols over Arctic and Antarctic sea ice
Authors: Huang Jiayue , Jaeglé Lyatt , Shah Viral
Published: November 2018

Abstract. Sea salt aerosols (SSA) produced on sea ice surfaces by blowing snow events
or the lifting of frost flower crystals have been suggested as important
sources of SSA during winter over polar regions. The magnitude and relative
contribution of blowing snow and frost flower SSA sources, however, remain
uncertain. In this study, we use 2007–2009 aerosol extinction coefficients
from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) instrument
onboard the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation
(CALIPSO) satellite and the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model to
constrain sources of SSA over Arctic and Antarctic sea ice. CALIOP retrievals
show elevated levels of aerosol extinction coefficients (10–20 Mm−1)
in the lower troposphere (0–2 km) over polar regions during cold months.
The standard GEOS-Chem model underestimates the CALIOP extinction
coefficients by 50 %–70 %. Adding frost flower emissions of SSA
fails to explain the CALIOP observations. With blowing snow SSA emissions,
the model captures the overall spatial and seasonal variation of CALIOP
aerosol extinction coefficients over the polar regions but underestimates
aerosol extinction over Arctic sea ice in fall to early winter and
overestimates winter-to-spring extinction over Antarctic sea ice. We infer
the monthly surface snow salinity on first-year sea ice required to minimize
the discrepancy between CALIOP extinction coefficients and the GEOS-Chem
simulation. The empirically derived snow salinity shows a decreasing trend
between fall and spring. The optimized blowing snow model with inferred snow
salinities generally agrees with CALIOP extinction
coefficients to within 10 % over
sea ice but underestimates them over the regions where frost flowers are
expected to have a large influence. Frost flowers could thus contribute
indirectly to SSA production by increasing the local surface snow salinity
and, therefore, the SSA production from blowing snow. We carry out a case
study of an Arctic blowing snow SSA feature predicted by GEOS-Chem and
sampled by CALIOP. Using back trajectories, we link this feature to a blowing
snow event that occurred 2 days earlier over first-year sea ice and was also
detected by CALIOP.
Diurnal variation of heavy rainfall over the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region: Role of aerosol cloud effect and its sensitivity to moisture
Authors: Zhou Siyuan , Yang Jing , Zhao Chuanfeng , Wang Wei-Chyung , Gong Daoyi , Shi Peijun
Published: November 2018

Abstract. Our recent study found that, during 2002–2012, the diurnal variation of heavy rainfall over Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region exhibits different characteristics between clean and polluted environment. Here we use satellite cloud products together with meteorology and aerosol data to further examine the aerosol impact on the associated clouds focusing on its sensitivity to moisture. During the days with large aerosol loading, the characteristics of earlier starting time, earlier peak hour and the longer duration of heavy rainfall are usually accompanied by increased cloud fraction, reduced cloud top height and increased/reduced liquid/ice effective radius. However, the aerosol effects on the cloud top and liquid effective radius are distinct at lower and higher humidity. Different from the radiative effect that black carbon heats the lower troposphere and may generate the earlier start of heavy rainfall, the aerosol cloud effect enhances the efficiency of precipitation and advances the rainfall peak, which may be ascribed to increased cloud droplet number and cloud water, enhanced collision-coalescence and accelerated rainfall formation when the background moisture supply is sufficient. The speculation warrants further numerical experiment to verify.
Impact of carbonate saturation on large Caribbean benthic foraminifera assemblages
Authors: Martinez Ana , Hernández-Terrones Laura , Rebolledo-Vieyra Mario , Paytan Adina
Published: November 2018

Abstract. Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide and its dissolution in seawater have
reduced ocean pH and carbonate ion concentrations, with potential implications
on calcifying organisms. To assess the response of large Caribbean benthic
foraminifera to low carbonate saturation conditions, we analyzed benthic
foraminifers' abundance and relative distribution in surface sediments in
proximity to low-carbonate-saturation submarine springs and at adjacent
control sites. Our results show that the total abundance of large benthic
foraminifera was significantly lower at the low-pH submarine springs than at
control sites, although responses were species specific. The relative
abundance of high-magnesium, porcelaneous foraminifera was higher than that
of hyaline foraminifera at the low-pH springs due to the abundant
Archaias angulatus, a chlorophyte-bearing foraminifer, which secretes
a large and robust test that is more resilient to dissolution at low-calcite
saturation. The different assemblages found at the submarine springs indicate
that calcareous symbiont-barren foraminifera are more sensitive to the
effects of ocean acidification than agglutinated and symbiont-bearing
foraminifera, suggesting that future ocean acidification will likely impact
natural benthic foraminifera populations.
Dynamically coupling full Stokes and shallow shelf approximation for marine ice sheet flow using Elmer/Ice (v8.3)
Authors: van Dongen Eef C. H. , Kirchner Nina , van Gijzen Martin B. , van de Wal Roderik S. W. , Zwinger Thomas , Cheng Gong , Lötstedt Per , von Sydow Lina
Published: November 2018

Abstract. Ice flow forced by gravity is governed by the full Stokes (FS) equations, which are computationally expensive to solve due to the nonlinearity introduced by the rheology. Therefore, approximations to the FS equations are commonly used, especially when modeling a marine ice sheet (ice sheet, ice shelf, and/or ice stream) for 103 years or longer. The shallow ice approximation (SIA) and shallow shelf approximation (SSA) are commonly used but are accurate only for certain parts of an ice sheet. Here, we report a novel way of iteratively coupling FS and SSA that has been implemented in Elmer/Ice and applied to conceptual marine ice sheets. The FS–SSA coupling appears to be very accurate; the relative error in velocity compared to FS is below 0.5 % for diagnostic runs and below 5 % for prognostic runs. Results for grounding line dynamics obtained with the FS–SSA coupling are similar to those obtained from an FS model in an experiment with a periodical temperature forcing over 3000 years that induces grounding line advance and retreat. The rapid convergence of the FS–SSA coupling shows a large potential for reducing computation time, such that modeling a marine ice sheet for thousands of years should become feasible in the near future. Despite inefficient matrix assembly in the current implementation, computation time is reduced by 32 %, when the coupling is applied to a 3-D ice shelf.
TEMPORAL MONITORING OF GLACIER CHANGE IN DHAULIGANGA BASIN, KUMAUN HIMALAYA USING GEO-SPATIAL TECHNIQUES
Authors: Singh D. K. , Thakur P. K. , Naithani B. P. , Kaushik S.
Published: November 2018

Abstract. Present study is based on the change in surface area of the glaciers in downstream area of Dhauliganga basin, Pithoragarh district, Uttarakhand. For this study, Survey of India toposheets (surveyed in 1963) have been used for preparation of initial boundary of glaciers. Total 11 glaciers have been selected for the study in downstream valley. RGI (Randolph Glacier Inventory) data version 60. (15_RGI 60.SouthAsiaEast) from GLIMS, released July 28 2017, used for measuring temporal change in surface area. Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS image of 06 November 2016 has used to measure present area of glaciers. ASTER GDEM was used for automatic extraction of basin boundary by hydro-processing methods. Glacier boundaries were manually digitised from the Landsat image for better accuracy. The total glacier area was 69.35 km2 (1963), 48.10 km2 (2001) and 34.35 (2016) as determined from SOI toposheet, GLIMS and the Landsat image of 2016 respectively. Total vacated area by the retreat and melting of glaciers from 1963 to 2016 is 35 km2, which accounts to a total loss of 50 % from the total glaciated area. Google Earth imagery was also considered for marking the actual position of glacier outlines. Ice walls in topographic maps are also considered as the part of glacier but in present satellite image they are free from ice.
THE SENSITIVITY OF C-BAND HYBRID POLARIMETRIC RISAT-1 SAR DATA TO LEAF AREA INDEX OF PADDY CROP
Authors: Srivastava H. S. , Sivasankar T. , Patel P.
Published: November 2018

Abstract. Active microwave remote sensing data has become an important source to retrieve crop biophysical parameters due to its unique sensitivity towards geometrical, structural and dielectric properties of various crop components. The temporal variability of various crop biophysical parameters during crop cycle has significant impact on the overall crop yield. In this study, two RISAT-1 hybrid polarimetric temporal SAR datasets at ∼32° incidence angle were acquired during 2015 Kharif season. The in-situ leaf area index (LAI) values from seventeen paddy fields were measured in synchrony to the satellite passes during both the campaigns. Analysis observed the decreasing trend of backscattering coefficients (σ°RH, σ°RV) with increase in LAI. Results indicate that the sensitivity of hybrid polarimetric parameters towards LAI, also depends on the change in crop structure due to crop growth. This study investigate the sensitivity of backscattering coefficients (σ°RH, σ°RV) and polarimetric parameters (even bounce, odd bounce and volume component) generated from m-δ, m-χ and m-α space decompositions towards LAI using empirical analysis. An increase of 0.16 in R2 (from 0.63 to 0.79) clearly indicates that the polarimetric parameters (even bounce, odd bounce and volume component) are more sensitive to LAI of paddy crop than the backscattering coefficients (σ°RH, σ°RV). It has been identified that the combined use of backscattering coefficients as well as polarimetric parameters (even bounce, odd bounce and volume component) in the model, can significantly improve the accuracy of the LAI estimation.
CHANGE DETECTION OF POLARIMETRIC SAR DATA FOR MONITORING OF AGRICULTURAL AREAS
Authors: Varia N. , Davawala N. , Chirakkal S. , Haldar D. , Ghosh R. , Putrevu D.
Published: November 2018

Abstract. Change detection is important to understand the patterns of transition in multi-temporal SAR acquisitions over same geographical areas. In this work, we implemented a test statistic on covariance matrices for change detection. The RADARSAT-2 data spanning the agricultural land of Central Hisar Farm in Haryana, India was used. Hypothesis testing on test-statistic was done by a pre-decided significance level. A change map was plotted and the areas with ‘change’ and ‘no change’ were determined. Analysis of changing trends of different crop lifecycles is done. This study is useful in making important agricultural crop predictions.
ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING OF AGRICULTURAL DROUGHTS IN MAHARASHTRA USING METEOROLOGICAL AND REMOTE SENSING BASED INDICES
Authors: Aswathi P. V. , Nikam B. R. , Chouksey A. , Aggarwal S. P.
Published: November 2018

Abstract. Drought is a recurring climatic event characterized by slow onset, a gradual increase in its intensity, and persistence for a long period depending upon the availability of water. Droughts, broadly classified into meteorological, hydrological and agricultural drought, which are interconnected to each other. India, being an agriculture based economy depends primarily on agriculture production for its economic development and stability. The occurrence of agriculture drought affects the agricultural yield, which affects the regional economy to a larger extent. In present study, agricultural and meteorological drought in Maharashtra state was monitored using traditional as well as remote sensing methods. The meteorological drought assessment and characterization is done using two standard meteorological drought indices viz. standard precipitation index (SPI) and effective drought index (EDI). The severity and persistency of meteorological drought were studied using SPI for the period 1901 to 2015. However, accuracy of SPI in detection of sub-monthly drought is limited. Therefore, sub-monthly drought is effectively monitored using EDI. The monthly and sub-monthly drought mapped using SPI and EDI, respectively were then compared and assessed. It was concluded that EDI serves as a better indicator to monitor sub-monthly droughts. The agricultural drought monitoring was carried out using the remote sensing based indices such as vegetation condition index (VCI), temperature condition index (TCI), vegetation health index (VHI), shortwave angle slope index (SASI) and the index which maps the agricultural drought in a better way was identified. The area under drought as calculated by various agricultural drought indices compared with that of the EDI, it was found that the results of SASI matched with results of EDI. SASI denotes different values for the dry and wet soil and for the healthy and sparse vegetation. SASI monitors the agricultural drought better as compared to other indices used in this study.
INSAR COHERENCE AND POLARIMETRIC PARAMETERS BASED CHARACTERIZATION OF FLOODED AREA – CASE STUDY OF A NATURAL WORLD HERITAGE SITE KAZIRANGA NATIONAL PARK
Authors: Dini Das A. S. , Kumar S. , Babu A. , Thakur P. K.
Published: November 2018

Abstract. Flood is a major threat to one of the UNESCO world heritage site of India-The Kaziranga National Park. Every year during the monsoon several hundreds of animals which include globally threatened species like single-horned Indian Rhinoceros of Kaziranga lose their lives due to the flood. The Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) can be used to monitoring the flood than the optical remote sensors because of their capability of all-weather and time-independent operability. The microwave L band is most suitable for the flood studies because of its higher penetration capability even through the vegetation. In this study, the advantages of SAR polarimetry and Interferometry of multi-temporal L band dual-pol data of ALOS PALSAR 2 were used to characterize the flooded area and also to monitor the flood extent. The H/ A/ Alpha decomposition gives a better characterization of the flooded area. The separability analysis is done with a different combination of decomposition parameters and the parameters having high-class separability between water and non-water areas are selected. Polarimetric classification using Random forest classifier is done on these selected decomposition parameters to classify the study into water and non-water areas. The classified images of different months before, during and after the flood time is used to quantitatively estimate the flood extent and for time series analysis. The Interferometric SAR coherence images along with the backscatter images are used to generate the RGB composites which also gives times series information on the flood impact.
DEVELOPMENT OF WEBGIS BASED REAL TIME ROAD TRAFFIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
Authors: Shankar H. , Sharma M. , Oberai K. , Saran S.
Published: November 2018

Abstract. Rapid increase in road traffic density results into a serious problem of Traffic Congestion (TC) in cities. During peaks hours TC is very high and hence public search least congested path for their journeys in order to minimize ravel time and hence transportation cost. In this study, a new empirical model was developed to estimate congestion levels using real time road Traffic Parameters (TPs) such as vehicle density, speed, class and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) gap. These real time road TPs were collected using latest generation Inductive Loop Detector (ILD) technology. Further, a WebGIS based Road Traffic Information System (RTIS) for Dehradun city was developed for real time TD analyses and visualisation. This RTIS is very useful for public and user departments for planning and decision making processes. No other such system is available in India, which handles multiple traffic parameters simultaneously to provide solution of day-to-day problems.
SEASONAL AND SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF OZONE INFERRED FROM GLOBAL CHEMISTRY TRANSPORT MODEL SIMULATIONS OVER INDIA
Authors: Yarragunta Y. , Srivastava S. , Mitra D. , Chandola H. C.
Published: November 2018

Abstract. In the present study, 3-D chemical transport model, MOZART-4 (Model for Ozone and Related chemical Tracers-Version-4) has been used to study the seasonal and spatial distribution of surface ozone (O3) over India. To illustrate the capabilities of model, the simulations are compared with the ground-based observations. The model reproduces the principal features present in ground-based observations. However, model is unable to simulate very low concentration of O3 during monsoon months. The model simulations are used to quantify the contribution of background ozone and Indian anthropogenic emissions to the variability of surface O3. The spatial distribution of total O3 (TO) shows maximum over Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP) and Eastern India while minimum over southern Indian region. The seasonal cycle of TO vary from 34.2 ± 7.6 to 51.9 ± 4.9 ppbv over the Indian landmass region due to changes in its topography and ozone lifetime. Annual mean total background O3 (TBO) over India shows highest during spring (29.3 ± 5.0 ppbv) and lowest during monsoon (19.6 ± 3.4 ppbv). Both Natural background O3 (NBO) and pollution background O3 (PBO) shows a minimum in summer which are essentially following the seasonal changes of total ozone. Significant variation of India pollution O3 (IPO) is found over India and the spatial variation of IPO follows the spatial variation of TO as well as spatial variation of emission of ozone precursors.
DATA MINING FOR CLASSIFICATION OF HIGH VOLUME DENSE LiDAR DATA IN AN URBAN AREA
Authors: Chauhan I. , Brenner C.
Published: November 2018

Abstract. 3D LiDAR point cloud obtained from the laser scanner is too dense and contains millions of points with information. For such huge volume of data to be sorted, identified, validated and be used for prediction, data mining provides immense scope and has been used to achieve the same. Certain unique attributes were selected as an input for creating models through machine learning. Supervised models were thus built for prediction of classes through the available LiDAR data using random forest algorithm. The algorithm was chosen owing to its efficiency and accuracy over other data mining algorithms. The models created using random forest were then tested on an unclassified point cloud data of an urban area. The method shows promising results in terms of classification accuracy as overall accuracy of 91.71 % was achieved for pixel-based classification. The method also displays enhanced efficiency over common classification algorithms as the time taken to make predictions about the data is reduced considerably for a set of dense LiDAR data. This shows positive foresight of making use of data mining and machine learning to handle large volume of LiDAR data and can go a long way in augmenting efficient processing of LiDAR data.
DATA FUSION OF PANCHROMATIC AND MULTISPECTRAL IMAGES BASED ON OPTIMIZATION USING LAGRANGE MULTIPLIER
Authors: Devi M. B. , Devanathan R.
Published: November 2018

Abstract. The remote sensing satellites provide complementary images of different resolutions which need to be integrated using the techniques of image fusion. In this paper, image fusion using the IKONOS satellite data is discussed. Unlike other models which are based on sensor model, our approach is data centric including the effects of the sensor as well as the reflectance characteristics of the imaged object. A linear relationship is built between the panchromatic channel and the multispectral channel data. We then formulate a minimisation function in terms of Lagrange multiplier to optimally maximise the spectral consistency and minimise the error in variance. The variances of the downsampled multispectral channels are observed and compared with the original multispectral data. A chi-square goodness of fit test is performed to evaluate the data computed based on our algorithm. Simulation results are presented using the IKONOS 1m resolution panchromatic and 4 m resolution multispectral data.
SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF NATURAL HUMAN HABITABILITY ENVIRONMENT ALONG THE COASTAL TALUKS OF TAMIL NADU, INDIA
Authors: Nitheshnirmal S. , Rahaman S. A. , Balasundareshwaran A. , Nivedita Priyadarshini K. , Balasubramani K. , Kumaraswamy K.
Published: November 2018

Abstract. In this present world, due to the increasing adverse effect of anthropological activities on the natural environment causes a large scale environmental degradation which directly reduces the suitable natural environment for human habitation. As a consequence, in recent years, human realised the need for a favourable natural environment which is adoptable for habitation. In this present study, some of the following five criterions such as Land Surface Temperature (LST), vegetation coverage, impervious surface, wetness and water condition derived from the remotely sensed data were used to evaluate the Natural Human habitation Environment Suitability Index (NHESI) along the coastal taluks of Tamil Nadu. Landsat-7 (ETM+) images and Landsat-8 (OLI/TIRS) images with a spatial resolution of 30m have been used to derive the evaluation factors of NHESI for the year of 2000 and 2018. Multi Criteria Evaluation (MCE) based Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) and fuzzy linear membership has been used in this study to evaluate the weighs and ratings of each criterion and its classes. The best NHESI is seen in 2000 where a total area of about 13902.9 km2 comes under the habitable region, against an area of 7726.9 km2 in 2018. The study area is further classified into moderately habitable, marginally habitable and uninhabitable regions. This study clearly indicates the degradation of the natural environmental conditions for human habitation. This kind of habitability study will help the researchers, decision makers and government agencies in creating awareness and adopting policies in the spatial planning of human land utilization for habitability.
SNOW AND CLOUD DISCRIMINATION USING CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORKS
Authors: Varshney D. , Gupta P. K. , Persello C. , Nikam B. R.
Published: November 2018

Abstract. Snow is an important feature on our planet, and measuring its extent has advantages in climate studies. Snow mapping through satellite remote sensing is often affected by cloud cover. This issue can be resolved by using short wave infrared (SWIR) sensors. In order to obtain an effective cloud mask, our study aims to use SWIR data of a ResourceSat-2 satellite. We employ Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) to discriminate similar pixels of clouds and snow. The technique is expected to give a high accuracy compared to traditional methods such as thresholding. The cloud mask thus produced can also be used for creating the metadata for Indian Remote Sensing products.
APPLICATION OF GIS FOR THE DESIGN OF POTABLE WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM IN IIRS
Authors: Shrivastava V. , Jaiswal A. , Thakur P. K. , Agarwal S. P. , Kumar P. , Kota G. K. , Carrera D. , Dhasmana M. K. , Sharma V. , Singh S.
Published: November 2018

Abstract. The design and analysis of potable water distribution pipe network is one of the major task while planning any new city. Even finding the effectiveness and detecting any anomaly in the existing pipe line network is a very important to cut down losses and make a network all time efficient. This study makes an attempt to evaluate the existing water distribution network of Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS) and new pipe network to be developed under the master plan 2022. The new development induces an extra demand of 67634 litres per day (lpd). The Digital Globe image from Google Earth Pro is used for creating base layer and campus layout. ALOS PALSAR digital elevation model (DEM) is used to get elevation of nodes and tanks, which helps in alignment of pipes. Field survey was done for finding all the data necessary to make the database for input for EPANET 2.0. EPANET 2.0 pipe hydraulic model was used to test and design the existing and proposed potable water distribution pipe network. The results of evaluation of current operations show that the system can be made capable to fulfil the demand by increasing pumping time. But the future network operation requires an increase in pumping capability of 71 litre per minute (lpm) for filling Overhead tank. This study proves that geospatial technology is an efficient, time and cost saving alternative to the traditional methods of design and evaluation of potable water distribution networks.
ACADEMIC WEB TOOL FOR WEIGHTAGE DETERMINATION OF RANKING PARAMETERS
Authors: Abhishek K. , Suchit P. , Savita G. , Kalgi S. , Beena K. S.
Published: November 2018

Abstract. Indian education system, third largest of education system in the world comprises of Universities, Colleges, Technical institutions, Institutions of National importance etc. Choosing the right institution for academic activity is always a challenging job. In this context, ranking of Universities play a big role in shaping opinions of current potential students, parents, employers and government about the quality of educational institutions. National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF), an initiative of MHRD is the ranking system of India to rank all institutions of higher education in India. The current framework of NIRF works on approved set of parameters and assigned weightage. We propose a user defined framework with our own set of parameters based on survey of national and international ranking system. Weightages are calculated (algorithm based) dynamically by registering the preferences of different stakeholders. A web-portal was developed to capture the responses of different stakeholders, calculate weightages and can be used to assign ranking to the universities on the basis of end-user preferences. The portal was tested by registering responses of school students, colleges students, faculties of universities and parents and calculating the weightages for each parameter run time. This paper presents our methodology ,results of data analytics of survey and performance of our algorithm in evaluating the weightages, importance of parameters and perception of stakeholders of institutes at various levels.
Synoptic scale variability of surface winds and expected changes in the
ocean–atmosphere dynamics of the eastern Austral Pacific Ocean
Authors: Pérez-Santos Iván , Seguel Romanet , Schneider Wolfgang
Published: November 2018

Abstract. In the southern hemisphere, macroscale atmospheric systems such as the westerly winds and the Southeast Pacific Subtropical anti-cyclone (SPSA) influence the wind regime of the eastern Austral Pacific Ocean. The average and seasonal behaviors of these systems are well known, although wind variability at different time and distance scales was previously unexamined. The main goal of this study was, therefore, to determine the space and time scale variabilities of surface winds from 40° to 56° S, using QuikSCAT, ASCAT, and ERA-Interim surface wind information, complemented by in situ meteorological data. In addition, interactions between atmospheric systems, together with the ocean–atmosphere dynamics, were evaluated, from 1999 to 2015. The empirical orthogonal function detected dominance at the synoptic scale in mode 1, representing approximately 30 % of the total variance. In this mode, low and high atmospheric pressure systems characterized wind variability, with a cycle length of 16.5 days. Initially, mode 2, representing approximately 22 % of the variance, was represented by westerly winds (43° to 56° S), which occurred mostly during spring and summer, with an annual time scale (1999–2008), until they were replaced by systems cycling at 27.5 days (2008–2015), reflecting the influence of the Southern Hemisphere's baroclinic annular mode. Mode 3, representing approximately 15 % of the variance, involved passage of small scale, low and high atmospheric pressure (LAP, HAP) systems throughout Patagonia. Persistent Ekman suction south of the Gulf of Penas, and up to and beyond the Pacific mouth of the Magellan Strait, occurred throughout the year. Easterly Ekman transport (ET) piled these upwelled waters onto the western shore of South America, when the winds blew southward. These physical mechanisms were essential in bringing nutrients to the surface, and then transporting planktonic organisms from the oceanic zone into Patagonian fjords and channels. In a variation, between 41° and 43° S, surface wind from the SPSA produced offshore ET during spring and summer, causing reduced sea surface temperature, and increased chlorophyll-a; this is the first time that such upwelling conditions have been reported so far south, in the eastern Pacific Ocean. The influence of northward migrating LAP systems on the ocean–atmosphere interphase allowed us to understand, for the first time, their direct relationship with recorded night time air temperature maxima (locally referred to as Nighttime heat wave events). In the context of global climate change, greater attention should be paid to these processes, based on their possible impact on the rate of glacier melting, and on the austral climate.
Numerical Research on the Vortex Center on the Forward-Swept 3-D Wind Turbine Blades at Low Rotational Speed
Authors: . Sutrisno , Wibowo Setyawan Bekti , Iswahyudi Sigit
Published: November 2018

This paper studies the CFD simulation of forward three-dimensional (3-D) horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) blades. Using logarithmic grid and Q-criterion to learn the vortex dynamics around the blades at low rotational speed. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation uses Q-criterion to probe vortices and logarithmic grid to emphasize the micro-gridding effect of the turbulent boundary layer. The visualization & measurement of the simulation results give the coefficient of pressure (Cp). For forward 3-D wind turbine blade, at low rotational speed, the strongly accelerated laminar region surrounds the lower blade, and the decelerated tip blade region coalesce each other give rise to a reverse limiting streamline, eroding the laminar region further until a little is left on the tip of the blade. The "reverse limiting streamline" grows inward radially, the area is narrowing closing to the leading edge of the blade tip. The second side of the rolled-up vortex appears the velocity ratio (Uc/Ulocal) of the second vortices are higher than the main vortex cores. For radius R=1.547 m, U=12 m/s, at 210 RPM, CL and CD values reach a maximum with fully laminar tip conditions. While at 120 RPM, the CL and CD values reach a minimum in the absence of laminar tips. The results show the detailed vortex dynamic pattern surround the blades, give more understanding to design laminar 3-D blade toward a noiseless wind turbine system.
Stereotyp płci w uczeniu się matematyki – percepcja nauczyciela
Authors: Turska Dorota , Oszwa Urszula
Published: November 2018

The importance of the stereotypes and teachers’ beliefs about mathematics as the male domain, for the students’ perception of their competences and achievements is the subject of extensive research. It is generally assumed that teachers – as guardians of socialisation – replicate this stereotype. An attempt to measure the stereotypical teachers’ assumptions has been offered only by J. Tiedemann (2002). It has become an inspiration to design the authors’ own research programme in which the relationship between increased stereotype beliefs and teachers’ asymmetry of female and male students’ abilities is sought. The paper presents the results of the study of the Polish version of the Gender Stereotypes Scale among 120 mathematics teachers (95 female, 25 male) from junior high schools. It has been shown that a) the stereotype is irrespective of the teacher’s gender, b) its profile is different in the sample of male and female respondents, c) the length of employment does not differentiate it. The educational implications of the obtained data have been presented in the paper.
Providing orientation by philosophizing at school. Phenomenological and postmodern validity claims
Authors: Thomas Philipp
Published: November 2018

In liberal societies it seems to be important to provide orientation by philosophizing at school. We are used to doing this by discussing classic ethics with our students. Here, skills like rational argumentation can be trained. It is the universal rationality that can be applied to different ethical issues and, thus, provide orientation. When it comes to this learning objective phenomenology and postmodernism are mostly not expected to provide assistance. Phenomenology might be seen as just dealing with perception whereas postmodernism is under suspicion for contributing to indecision, arbitrariness and relativism. In this article I will try to outline the potentials of phenomenology and postmodernism in the field of orientation. In the tradition of Husserl’s ‘epoché’ we can let students discover the perspective of a first person and what it means to be a ‘self’. Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty have not only described a certain closeness to the world which can be described as ‘dwelling’ of a lived body. They have also delineated elements of a new ‘postmetaphysical’ and at the same time ‘prehermeneutical’ metaphysics. All this can help to open the depth of self, life, and world. Postmodern thinkers claim a plurality of truths. By this means, these theories can encourage self-empowerment. At the same time, authors like Lévinas (responsibility for the other), Lyotard (the sublime), and Rorty (solidarity) describe new ways of openness towards the world which are not founded by any primal truth and thus provide orientation.
Metastases to the Thyroid: Potential Cytologic Mimics of Primary Thyroid Neoplasms
Authors: Pastorello Ricardo Garcia , Saieg Mauro Ajaj
Published: November 2018

Secondary tumors of the thyroid gland, although uncommon, can sometimes pose as diagnostic dilemmas on fine-needle aspiration cytology, frequently mimicking primary thyroid neoplasms. An accurate diagnosis of such lesions, however, is critical for patient management and prognosis. The present study reviews the cytologic aspects of secondary involvement of the thyroid, listing the most common primary malignancies that metastasize to this gland. Knowledge of such morphologic aspects, combined with prompt clinical correlation, is essential for the cytopathologist to achieve a proper, definite diagnosis.
Biological soil crusts inhibit seed germination in a mesic pine barren ecosystem
Authors: Gilbert Jessica A. , Corbin Jeffrey D.
Published: November 2018

Aims - Biological soil crusts (BSCs) are known to affect plants’ germination and seedling establishment, but the ecological role of BSCs in more mesic climates are not so well-known. We tested the effects of moss-crusted versus uncrusted soils on seed germination dynamics in a temperate pine barren ecosystem.

Methods - We conducted a 35-day laboratory assay of seed germination on moss-crusted soils versus uncrusted soils from the Albany (NY) Pine Bush Preserve. We tested total seed germination and the number of days to 50% of total germination (T50) of two herbaceous perennial forb species in each soil type.

Results - Three and five times more seeds germinated on uncrusted soil than on crusted soil for bush clover (Lespedeza capitata) and wild lupine (Lupinus perennis), respectively. Seeds of both species also germinated approximately 10 days earlier on uncrusted soil than on crusted soil.

Conclusions - This study, and others in similar habitats, show that BSCs in mesic ecosystems can influence germination and other early life-history stages of plants. We hope that further study of the interactions between BSCs and vascular plants in mesic climates will contribute to our understanding of the ecology of BSCs outside the arid and semiarid climates where they are more extensively studied.