bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eighteenth-Century French Theatre as Medium for the Enlightenment
Authors: Gumbrecht Hans Ulrich
Published: March 2007

Despite the great dramatists of the preceding century—Corneille, Racine and Molière—the 18th century is often considered the great age of French theatre. Obviously “the great age” should not be understood in the usual literary history sense as the “classical age”, for the structures and the content of French dramas originating in the 18th century did not have normative effects on the dramatic production of the centuries that followed. Nevertheless, we are doubly right in using the term “the great age” for French theatre of this period. On the one hand, from the viewpoint of the history of theatre, because certain dramatic techniques originating toward the middle of the 18th century have, down to our own times, influenced theatre so decisively and have become so natural that they form true hermeneutical barriers to the interpretation of plays from earlier epochs. And secondly from the viewpoint of social history, for theatre attendance at that time was indissolubly linked to the everyday life—or at least to holidays and festive occasions—of various social levels in France. As a result we can no doubt consider the theatre as the decisive center of critical knowledge, the gradual transmission of which is at the very heart of the process of the Enlightenment.
Ways Leading to Bergson's Notion of “Perpetual Present”
Authors: Kebede Messay
Published: March 2007

In his philosophy of life, Bergson's aim is very clear: to determine, beyond mechanism and finalism, the essence of change and of evolution according to the order of duration in opposition to the order of space or juxtaposition. His intention is to penetrate the specificity of the order of duration. Regarding time, the analyses of the previous philosophers are proved to be deceiving, since all of them, according to him, ended up in reducing time to a succession of simultaneities. Founded on the order of magnitude, mechanism lines up succession as a series of numbers, finalism adds to succession the law of the better: in both cases all is already given and time is reduced to a mere appearance. Nowhere do we find a process in depth; as time is conceived as the realization of a programme previously arranged, everything is simply spread out in space.
The Semiology of the Theater: Twenty-Three Centuries or Twenty-Two Years?
Authors: Kowzan Tadeusz
Published: March 2007

As with any historical study, including that of knowledge and ideas, the progress of the semiology of the theater is subject to periodicity. The aim of any division into periods is to obtain a global view, even at the price of simplifications, but it can also bring out the hidden aspects of the phenomena under study.

The semiology or semiotics of the theater, that is, the application of the idea of sign to the art of the spectacle, has a long past, in which several stages may be distinguished, and first of all those that I would call the presemiology and the protosemiology of the theater.
Growth of the Indian Religious Tradition: the Spectacle of Reassertion by Subjugated Cultures
Authors: Indradeva Shrirama
Published: March 2007

It seems that whenever there is a struggle between cultures, the culture of the victorious people becomes the culture of the people as a whole in the beginning, but later on the culture of the subjugated people asserts itself and many of its essential elements have to be integrated in the elite culture. We can see this process at work in the making of the Indian civilization. In the beginning the culture of the newly triumphant Aryan hordes naturally became the dominant culture of the Indian sub-continent. But later on the culture of the subjugated non-Aryans asserted itself, and during the second Brahmanical revival it found full-blooded expression in the Mahabharata, the Rāmāyana and the Puranas. As we shall see in this paper, even though the Aryans were conscious of the non-Aryan influence and resisted it, their attempts could not prevent copious inflow of non-Aryan culture.
Social Agent and Delinquency
Authors: Debuyst Christian
Published: March 2007

Applying the concept of social agent in the field of criminology and of penal law is aimed at advancing criminological research and analyzing the operations of penal justice from a perspective other than those generally in use. This, summarized in a very few words, is our principal objective.
Men's and Women's Names
Authors: Van Woerkens Martine
Published: March 2007

Kin Milinda asked the sage, “How are you known? What is your name?”

“I was named Nãgasena by my parents, the priests and the others… But Nāgasena is not a separate entity. Just as the different parts of the chariot when they are brought, together form a chariot, so when the constitutive elements of existence are brought together in a body, they form a living being”.

Later the king asked, “What becomes reborn, Nāgasena?”

“The name and the form (nāmarūpa) are reborn”.

“Is it this name and this form that are reborn?”

“No, but through this name and this form, deeds, whether good or bad, are performed, and by these deeds, the karma, another name-and-form is reborn”.

This dialogue from the first century B.C. explains, with a slightly different meaning, a cardinal notion for Hinduism, the principle of individuation. Designated by the composite nāma (name) and rūpa (form), this notion illustrates the consubstantial relationship between the person and his name.
Space, Light, and Sun: Figures of Flight
Authors: Legendre-de Koninck Hélène
Published: March 2007

The longing for aerial flight has been one of mankind's most consuming preoccupations. A burning desire for lightness, verticality, and flight is opposed to the fatality of universal gravity. Jules Michelet, in his study of the subject, entitled L'Oiseau (The Bird), which he wrote toward the end of his life, deems this aspiration for upward motion to be characteristic of all nature. He writes: “It is the cry of all the earth, of the world and of all life… : ‘Wings! We want wings, we want flight and movement.’” From ancient times, this basic element of physical experience has nourished human imagination and been a source of motivation for the pursuit of scientific knowledge. Mesopotamian civilization had its winged divinities and spirits; indeed the Western tradition of depicting winged persons has been linked to the influence of Mesopotamian art. As Jules Duhem has pointed out, four centuries before Jesus Christ, Aristotle himself was already exploring certain notions that have become part of the history of ideas of aeronautics and astronomy. Among these are the ideas of void, weight, the resistance of air, and the movement of birds and other flying creatures. Duhem has also demonstrated that Aristotle proposed an explanation, as imperfect as it was, for what causes projectiles to fall from the sky. Throughout the ages, humanity has continually expressed its desire to fly: “Man is proud of being free and of leaning on nothing,” Elias Canetti has written in regard to man's upright position. Striking examples of the impulse to fly are to be found not only in scientific discourse but in myths, literature, and works of art.
The Relationship between Society and Nature among the Hani People of China
Authors: Bouchery Pascal
Published: March 2007

With a total population of approximately one and a half million people, the Hani tribes are comprised of some twenty subgroups (the Lopi, Goxo, Zalo, Yiche, Akha, etc.), each of which possesses its own distinct identity and speaks one of the Tibeto-Burman languages. Most of this population is centered between the middle courses of the Red and Mekong rivers of China; smaller groups can be found inhabiting areas bordering on Vietnam, Burma, Laos, and Thailand. The Hani are a farming people who live in densely packed, hillside villages. Their primary crop is rice, which they grow on irrigated terraces located between eight hundred and eighteen hundred meters above sea level. The focus of this paper will be on one of the soil gods of the Hani people of the Red river area. Studying this god, who is accorded a central role in the religious liturgy of the Hani, we will see how the appropriation of a natural space and the exploitation of its resources depend directly on the cult relation maintained with him.
Metaphors of the Body in Gestural Languages
Authors: Bouvet Danielle
Published: March 2007

The experience of the body, which all speaking subjects share, is at the origin of many corporeal metaphors and figurative expressions which are laced throughout all of our productions of language, and which reveal the diverse representations of the body as elaborated within linguistic communities. For instance, when the French say that someone “does nothing with his ten fingers,” to signify his inactivity or laziness, this expression reveals a representation of the hand, which is viewed as “THE SEAT OF ACTIVITY.”
In Praise of La Mitezza
Authors: Bobbio Norberto
Published: March 2007

Among the ancients, ethics was resolved largely through the treatment of virtues. Suffice it to recall Aristotle's Etica Nicomachea, which was for many centuries a prescribed text. In our times such a treatment has almost disappeared. Today moral philosophers discuss values and choices, on both analytical and propositional levels, and their major or minor rationality, as well as discussing rules or norms and consequently rights and duties. One of the last significant writings devoted to the classic subject of virtue was the second part of Kant's Metaphysics of Morals (Die Metaphysik der Sitten), titled The Theory of Virtue (Die Tugendlehre), the first part of which discusses the Theory of Law (Die Rechtlehre). However, Kant's ethics is especially one of duty, and more specifically of inward as distinguished from outward duty, with which the theory of law is concerned. In the former, virtue is defined as the necessary willpower to accomplish one's duty, as the moral strength required by man to fight those defects which prevent or become an obstacle to the accomplishment of duty. Kant's theory of virtue is an integral part of the ethics of duty and, as explicitly and repeatedly declared, has nothing to do with Aristotelian ethics.
Some Spiritual Sources of Tolerance
Authors: Ricœur Paul
Published: March 2007

Tolerance has its arguments, both in morality and in law. It also has its sources, not only in the sense of the origins from which it springs, but also in the sense of that which actuates it and gives it life, that which encourages it and sanctions it - profoundly. Religions take part of these sources, but also take part of this reflexive aspect of ethics that puts into play the final legitimation, the ultimate justification of the norms of our public and private actions. It is with respect to this recourse to the ultimate that religion and ethics intersect without becoming one. Yet it is also in this recourse to the ultimate that one and the other greatly face the danger of temptation. This is particularly the case with religion. It is indeed not enough to simply say that it is the political use of religion that is to blame, and not religion as such, in the long and unfinished history of religious intolerance. We must trace the source of the temptation of intolerance to the very heart of the certainty of religious faith. Any belief, as soon as it defines itself in relation - a relation of any kind, whether of distance or proximity, of alterity or fusion - to an absolute, must be on guard against its own penchant for intolerance. It is not enough, in an opposite sense of the preceding warning, to rely on the critical resources borrowed from sources outside of religion: it is at that same heart of certainty of all religious faith that we must seek the reason for the conviction that it is unjust to look to impose on adherents of other religions, on agnostics and atheists, the truth as it is admitted in good faith by the community of believers of one or another religious confession.
Trans-Saharan Exchange and the Black Slave Trade
Authors: Amin Samir
Published: March 2007

The UNESCO research projects focusing on The Silk Routes and The Slave Routes were launched at just the right time to remind us that globalization is not a novel dimension of the history of humanity. Not only am I among those who analyze capitalism as a worldwide system from its very inception, but I have also found it pertinent to recall that prior to the sixteenth century, societies were not at all isolated from one another but rather competing within regional systems (and perhaps within one global system). To underestimate this fact is to condemn ourselves to a misunderstanding of the very dynamics of change within societies. At the same time, I maintain that in the history of the world, capitalism represents a qualitative rupture that had its beginnings around 1500. Accordingly I emphasize the distinction that must be made between the integrated structure of the worldwide capitalist system and the protocapitalist elements that are to be found in earlier societies; I also underline the specificity of the contrast between centers and peripheries, which is unique to global capitalism and which differs from previous forms of polarization.
The Manumission of Slaves in Brazil in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
Authors: de Queirós Mattoso Katia
Published: March 2007

Freedom was, quite naturally, a dream cherished by every Brazilian slave. The desire for manumission - a more reliable route to freedom than the path of flight or revolt - was based on the experiences of other slaves in Brazil, a country open to all sorts of social adaptation practices. Consequently, the charters of liberty granted by masters and registered in notarial records have proved a rich source for the study of certain aspects of slavery itself. The similarity between the title of the present article and that of the 1979 work To Be a Slave in Brazil reflects the fact that since the publication of that book, other authors have added to the bibliography on the subject of manumitted Brazilians, thus confirming the important role of this social group whose close connections with the slaves themselves were described in my previous study. In their experience of life, the manumitted slaves regularly encountered pitfalls that served as constant reminders of their skin color. Moreover, the daily lives of African blacks on the market, who at the time were merely African captives shipped to Brazil in various stages of youth and various degrees of adaptation to their slave status - along with the experiences of creole slaves (that is, those born in Brazil), of free-able slaves in the process of attaining freedom, of freed slaves, of children and grandchildren of manumitted slaves (who were therefore born free) - must all be understood not only in the context of their legal status but also and especially in the light of their subtly nuanced lives.
Structure, Signification, and Culture
Authors: White Randall
Published: March 2007

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the field of Paleolithic art was a source of intellectual ferment and innovative interpretation. This was in direct contrast to the first forty years immediately following the recognition of graphic representations in Upper Paleolithic contexts. In this early period, all “art,” from nineteenth-century impressionist landscapes to the Pleistocene painted bison of Altamira, was misguidedly viewed as “art for art's sake.” The only explanation required was the pursuit of aesthetic pleasure and all that was needed was sufficient time to pursue artistic activities.
Information literacy
Authors: Crawford John , Irving Christine
Published: March 2007

The study reviews a research project which, inter alia, is constructing an information literacy framework linking secondary and tertiary education and arises out of research conducted in both the secondary and tertiary sectors. The Project is firmly situated in a Scottish context but draws on UK and indeed worldwide experience. It began in October 2004 and still continues. It benefits from the support and experience of project partners in both secondary and higher education. Since its beginning the Project has expanded into other areas: the role of information literacy in the workplace and work-based learning, and into advocacy for information literacy. Work undertaken includes focus groups with school pupils, university students and subject librarians, an interview-based study of the use of information literacy in the workplace, a petition to the Scottish Parliament on the subject of information literacy, and the submission of evidence to the Scottish Executive's Digital Inclusion consultation. Contacts have been established with relevant NGOs including Learning and Teaching Scotland, learndirect scotland, the Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework (SCQF), Ofcom Scotland (not discussed) and the Scottish Centre for Work-Based Learning. In pursuit of the core objective a framework is being constructed based on SCQF aims, structure and key features.
Cosmopolitan Justice and Immigration
Authors: Shabani Omid A. Payrow
Published: March 2007

The pressures of globalization have resulted in shrinking distances and increased contact among people, rendering state boundaries and jurisdiction insufficient to deal with claims of justice exclusively. This challenge requires that we move beyond the limits of statism in political theorizing and acquire a cosmopolitan approach. In this article, from a discourse theoretic perspective, I consider what cosmopolitan justice would entail for policy and law-making concerning immigration. It is argued that: (1) from a moral point of view we cannot consider the problem of migration solely from the perspective of the people of affluent countries and have to take into account the perspective of the refugees, asylum seekers, and immigrants; (2) the growing interdependency of global economies gives rise to a moral obligation to assist the immigrants with special duties devolving upon the First World as the result of the history of colonization; and (3) the immigration law ought to be integrated into higher, or constitutional, law-making. In doing so, the discourse theoretic approach decouples national sovereignty (territorial integrity) and democratic polity, overcoming the problem of prioritization of geography over claims of membership.
Hannah Arendt's Jewish Cosmopolitanism
Authors: Sznaider Natan
Published: March 2007

This article conceptualizes the lofty term of cosmopolitanism from people's historical experience. It attempts to find a bridge between theory and life. Many writers now maintain that cosmopolitanism is no longer a dream, but rather the substance of social reality - and that it is increasingly the nation-state and our particular identities that are figments of our imagination, clung to by our memories. The aim of this article is to concretize this argument and demonstrate how some of the Jewish intellectuals who emerged from World War II and the Holocaust argued passionately about the status of their Jewishness and how this related to abstract and universal ideals of modernity and human rights. The article focuses on Hannah Arendt's responses to her critics instead of her vast theoretical work to illustrate this point. In responding to her critics, Arendt came closest to providing a formula for a concept of cosmopolitanism, which attempts to square the circle between the universal and the particular.
Relapse in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia involving selection of a preexisting drug-resistant subclone
Authors: Choi Seoyeon , Henderson Michelle J. , Kwan Edward , Beesley Alex H. , Sutton Rosemary , Bahar Anita Y. , Giles Jodie , Venn Nicola C. , Pozza Luciano Dalla , Baker David L. , Marshall Glenn M. , Kees Ursula R. , Haber Michelle , Norris Murray D.
Published: March 2007

Relapse following remission induction chemotherapy remains a barrier to survival in approximately 20% of children suffering from acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). To investigate the mechanism of relapse, 27 matched diagnosis and relapse ALL samples were analyzed for clonal populations using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–based detection of multiple antigen receptor gene rearrangements. These clonal markers revealed the emergence of apparently new populations at relapse in 13 patients. More sensitive clone-specific PCR revealed that, in 8 cases, these “relapse clones” were present at diagnosis and a significant relationship existed between presence of the relapse clone at diagnosis and time to first relapse (P < .007). Furthermore, in cases where the relapse clone could be quantified, time to first relapse was dependent on the amount of the relapse clone at diagnosis (r = −0.84; P = .018). This observation, together with demonstrated differential chemosensitivity between subclones at diagnosis, argues against therapy-induced acquired resistance as the mechanism of relapse in the informative patients. Instead these data indicate that relapse in ALL patients may commonly involve selection of a minor intrinsically resistant subclone that is undetectable by routine PCR-based methods. Relapse prediction may be improved with strategies to detect minor potentially resistant subclones early during treatment, hence allowing intensification of therapy.
Persistent effects of incubation temperature on muscle development in larval haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinusL.)
Authors: Martell D. John , Kieffer James D.
Published: March 2007

Muscle development and growth were investigated in haddock larvae(Melanogrammus aeglefinus L.) incubated under controlled temperatures(4, 6, 8°C) and reared post-hatch through yolk-dependent and exogenous-feeding stages in a 6°C post-hatch environment. Changes in cell number and size in superficial and deep myotomes within the epaxial muscle were investigated for 28 days following hatch. Distinct and significant differences in muscle cellularity following separate developmental strategies were observed in superficial and deep myotomes. The number of superficial myofibres increased with time and, although not in a manner proportional to temperature during the first 21 days post hatch (d.p.h.), there was observed a trend during the final 7 days of greater mean cell size that was strongly associated with increased temperature. In addition, there was an apparent correspondence between increased temperature and increased size between 21 and 28 d.p.h. Among all temperature groups the superficial myotome not only demonstrated a consistent unimodal myofibre-size distribution but one that increased in range proportional to temperature. In the deep muscle, myotomes from higher incubation temperatures had a broader range of fibre sizes and greater numbers of myofibres. The onset of a proliferative event,characterized by a significant recruitment of new smaller myofibres and a bimodal distribution of cell sizes, was directly proportional to incubation temperature such that it occurred at 14 d.p.h. at 8°C but not until 28 d.p.h. at 4°C. The magnitude of that recruitment was also directly proportional to temperature. Following hatch, those embryos from the greatest temperature groups had the largest mean deep muscle size but, as a result of the proliferative event, had the smallest-sized cells 28 days later. The muscle developmental and growth strategy as indicated by sequential changes in cellularity and cell-size distributions between myotomes in response to temperature are also discussed in light of whole animal growth and development.
Scaling of the axial morphology and gap-bridging ability of the brown tree snake,Boiga irregularis
Authors: Jayne Bruce C. , Riley Michael A.
Published: March 2007

Networks of branches in arboreal environments create many functional challenges for animals, including traversing gaps between perches. Many snakes are arboreal and their elongate bodies are theoretically well suited for bridging gaps. However, only two studies have previously investigated gap bridging in snakes, and the effects of size are poorly understood. Thus, we videotaped and quantified maximal gap-bridging ability in a highly arboreal species of snake (Boiga irregularis), for which we were able to obtain a large range in snout–vent length (SVL=43–188 cm)and mass (10–1391 g). We expected smaller snakes to bridge relatively larger gaps than larger individuals because of their proportionately higher ratio of muscle cross-sectional area to mass. The maximal length of the gaps spanned by B. irregularis had negative allometry, indicating that smaller snakes could span a greater proportion of their length than larger snakes. The greatest relative gap distance spanned (64% SVL) was by the smallest individual. The majority of snakes (85%) simply crawled slowly to cross a gap. Most of the suspended portion of the body and the path traveled by the head were below the perch that supported the posterior body, which may decrease the tendency of the snake to roll. Some (15%) of the snakes used another behavior in which the neck inclined as much as 45° and then rapidly lunged towards the anterior perch, and this enabled them to cross larger gaps than those using the crawling behavior. Perhaps the launching behavior of the gliding tree snakes (Chrysopelea sp.) evolved from an ancestral behavior of lunging to bridge gaps analogous to that of the brown tree snakes. An estimate of the muscle strain required to prevent the body of the snake from buckling suggests that, despite being light-bodied, brown tree snakes bridging a gap may be at the limit of the physiological capacity of their epaxial muscles.
Stable isotope-mass spectrometric determination of semen transfer in malaria mosquitoes
Authors: Helinski Michelle E. H. , Hood-Nowotny Rebecca , Mayr Leo , Knols Bart G. J.
Published: March 2007

The potential use of stable isotopes to study mosquito mating was investigated by tracing the fate of labelled semen into spermathecae.[13C]glucose was incorporated in the diet of the malaria mosquito Anopheles arabiensis. Treatments included labelling of either the larval water or adult sugar water, or a combination of both. After mating,`spiked' spermathecae were analysed for isotope ratios using mass spectrometry. Results demonstrated that spermathecae positive for semen could successfully be distinguished from empty ones or controls (i.e. filled with unlabelled semen) using the raw δ13C values. Labelling during larval development and combined labelling of larvae and adults resulted in detectable values. The label persisted in spermathecae for up to 7 days after mating, and unlabelled sugar feeding of males labelled in the larval stage did not result in a detectable turnover of the semen label. There were no detrimental effects of the addition of labelled glucose on larval development and survival, adult size, male longevity and mating performance. We have proved that it is possible to label male mosquitoes and detect the semen label in females after insemination. This method offers great potential to study mating in mosquitoes and other insects and could prove useful in genetic control studies of medical or agricultural pest insects, with male mating success in the field as a critical verifiable indicator for a positive outcome of the intervention.
Maximum cardiac performance and adrenergic sensitivity of the sea bassDicentrarchus labraxat high temperatures
Authors: Farrell Anthony P. , Axelsson Michael , Altimiras Jordi , Sandblom Erik , Claireaux Guy
Published: March 2007

We examined maximum cardiac performance of sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax acclimated to 18°C and 22°C, temperatures near the optimum for growth of this species. Our aim was to study whether cardiac performance,especially the effect of adrenergic stimulation, differed when compared to salmonids. Sea bass and salmonids are both athletic swimmers but their cardiac anatomy differs markedly. The sea bass ventricle does not receive any oxygenated blood via a coronary circulation while salmonids have a well-developed arterial supply of oxygen to the compact layer of the ventricle. Using in situ perfused heart preparations, maximum cardiac performance of 18°C-acclimated sea bass (i.e. cardiac output=90.8±6.6 ml min–1 kg–1 and power output=11.41±0.83 mW g–1) was found to be comparable to that previously reported for rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and brown trout Salmo trutta at similar temperatures and with tonic adrenergic (5 nmol l–1 adrenaline) stimulation. For 22°C-acclimated sea bass, heart rate was significantly higher, but maximum stroke volume was reduced by 22% (1.05±0.05 ml kg–1)compared with 18°C (1.38± 0.11 ml kg–1). As a result, maximum cardiac output (99.4±3.9 ml min–1kg–1) was not significantly different at 22°C. Instead,maximum power output was 27% higher at 22°C (14.95±0.96 mW g–1) compared with 18°C, primarily because of the smaller relative ventricular mass in 22°C-acclimated sea bass. Compared with tonic adrenergic stimulation with 5 nmol l–1 adrenaline, maximum adrenergic stimulation of the sea bass heart produced only modest stimulatory effects at both temperatures (12–13% and 14–15% increases in maximum cardiac output and power output, respectively, with no chronotropic effect). Adrenergic stimulation also increased the cardiac sensitivity to filling pressure, with the maximum left-shift in the Starling curve being produced by 50–100 nmol l–1 adrenaline at 18°C and 10–50 nmol l–1 adrenaline at 22°C. We show that the sea bass, which lacks a coronary arterial oxygen supply to the ventricle, has a powerful heart. Its maximum performance is comparable to a salmonid heart,as is the modest stimulatory effect of adrenaline at high temperature.
Temperature and acid–base balance in the American lobsterHomarus americanus
Authors: Qadri Syed Aman , Camacho Joseph , Wang Hongkun , Taylor Josi R. , Grosell Martin , Worden Mary Kate
Published: March 2007

Lobsters (Homarus americanus) in the wild inhabit ocean waters where temperature can vary over a broad range (0–25°C). To examine how environmental thermal variability might affect lobster physiology, we examine the effects of temperature and thermal change on the acid–base status of the lobster hemolymph. Total CO2, pH, PCO2 and HCO –3 were measured in hemolymph sampled from lobsters acclimated to temperature in the laboratory as well as from lobsters acclimated to seasonal temperatures in the wild. Our results demonstrate that the change in hemolymph pH as a function of temperature follows the rule of constant relative alkalinity in lobsters acclimated to temperature over a period of weeks. However, thermal change can alter lobster acid–base status over a time course of minutes. Acute increases in temperature trigger a respiratory compensated metabolic acidosis of the hemolymph. Both the strength and frequency of the lobster heartbeat in vitro are modulated by changes in pH within the physiological range measured in vivo. These observations suggest that changes in acid–base status triggered by thermal variations in the environment might modulate lobster cardiac performance in vivo.
Modulation of proximal muscle function during level versusincline hopping in tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii)
Authors: McGowan C. P. , Baudinette R. V. , Biewener A. A.
Published: March 2007

We examined the functional role of two major proximal leg extensor muscles of tammar wallabies during level and inclined hopping (12°, 21.3% grade). Previous in vivo studies of hopping wallabies have revealed that,unlike certain avian bipeds, distal hindlimb muscles do not alter their force–length behavior to contribute positive work during incline hopping. This suggests that proximal muscles produce the increased mechanical work associated with moving up an incline. Based on relative size and architectural anatomy, we hypothesized that the biceps femoris (BF), primarily a hip extensor, and the vastus lateralis (VL), the main knee extensor, would exhibit changes in muscle strain and activation patterns consistent with increased work production during incline versus level hopping. Our results clearly support this hypothesis. The BF experienced similar activation patterns during level and incline hopping but net fascicle shortening increased (–0.5% for level hopping versus –4.2% for incline hopping) during stance when the muscle likely generated force. Unlike the BF, the VL experienced active net lengthening during stance, indicating that it absorbs energy during both level and incline hopping. However, during incline hopping, net lengthening was reduced (8.3% for level hopping versus 3.9% for incline hopping), suggesting that the amount of energy absorbed by the VL was reduced. Consequently, the changes in contractile behavior of these two muscles are consistent with a net production of work by the whole limb. A subsidiary aim of our study was to explore possible regional variation within the VL. Although there was slightly higher fascicle strain in the proximal VL compared with the distal VL, regional differences in strain were not significant, suggesting that the overall pattern of in vivo strain is fairly uniform throughout the muscle. Estimates of muscle work based on inverse dynamics calculations support the conclusion that both the BF and VL contribute to the additional work required for incline hopping. However, on a muscle mass-specific basis, these two muscles appear to contribute less than their share. This indicates that other hindlimb muscles, or possibly trunk and back muscles, must contribute substantial work during incline hopping.
Extracellular heat shock protein 70 has novel functional effects on sea urchin eggs and coelomocytes
Authors: Browne Carole L. , Swan Justin B. , Rankin Ellen E. , Calvert Hayes , Griffiths Shylise , Tytell Michael
Published: March 2007

Numerous reports document that the 70 kDa heat shock proteins are not only intracellular proteins but are also present in blood and other extracellular compartments. How they affect cell function from the extracellular space remains unclear. Using two well-characterized cell types from the sea urchin,we show that extracellular mixtures of the constitutive and inducible forms of the 70 kDa heat shock proteins (Hsc70 and Hsp70, respectively) have dramatic effects on initiation of cell division in fertilized eggs and on the clotting reaction of hypotonically stressed coelomocytes. In suspensions of fertilized eggs to which Hsc70 or a 2:3 mixture of Hsc and Hsp70 was added, progression to the first mitotic division was accelerated. Evidence is provided that the extracellular Hsc70 passes into the egg cells in an unconventional manner,being distributed through the cytoplasm, and that it may alter the intracellular signaling cascade initiated by sperm penetration. In coelomocytes that were stimulated by hypotonic shock to mimic injury, the spreading reaction of the clotting response was significantly inhibited when either Hsp70 or Hsc70 was in the medium. These results suggest that the presence of Hsc and/or Hsp70 in the extracellular fluid may promote mitosis of dividing cells and suppress the reactivity of immune system cells.
High Resolution Spectroscopy and Zeeman Effect of the S1 ← S0 Transition of Benzene and Naphthalene
Authors: Katô Hajime , Baba Masaaki , Kasahara Shunji
Published: March 2007

We measured Zeeman effects for rotationally resolved spectra of several low-lying vibrational bands of the S1 ← S0 transition of benzene and naphthalene. We demonstrated that for both benzene and naphthalene (i) Zeeman splittings of the rotational lines were caused by a magnetic moment of the S1 state, and (ii) the magnetic moment lies perpendicular to the molecular plane and originates from an electronic angular momentum induced by J–L coupling between the S1 and S2 states. We found from the Zeeman spectra that the rotational levels of the S1 state are not mixed with a triplet state, and all the perturbing levels were found to be a singlet state. Coupling to a triplet state was shown not to be responsible for nonradiative relaxation. Accordingly, intersystem crossing is not the dominant nonradiative process at low-lying vibrational states, and the main nonradiative process is presumed to be internal conversion.
π-Radical Cationic Salts of Tetrathiafulvalene Derivatives with Pyromellitate
Authors: Shiono Kazuhiko , Naito Toshio , Inabe Tamotsu
Published: March 2007

Pyromellitate is known to form hydrogen-bonding anionic networks when the number of deprotonation from pyromellitic acid is one or two. This unique anion has been utilized for the construction of the π-radical cationic salts of the tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) derivatives. In the crystals of three kinds of the TTF salts and the tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene salt, pyromellitate was found to form two-dimensional sheets. The anions in the two TTF salts were connected by rhombic-type inter-anionic connection, which is a typical inter-anionic connection pattern for pyromellitate. The TTF derivatives were all in a π-radical mono-cationic state and dimerized in a space dictated by the anionic networks. The extra space in the crystals was filled with crystal solvents. On the other hand, in the crystals of the ethylenedithia-tetrathiafulvalene salts, pyromellitate formed only intra-molecular hydrogen bonds. The anion was thus isolated in these crystals.
Spin-Trapping Properties of 5-(Diphenylphosphinoyl)-5-methyl-4,5-dihydro-3H-pyrrole N-Oxide (DPPMDPO)
Authors: Nishizawa Masahiro , Shioji Kosei , Kurauchi Yoshimitsu , Okuma Kentaro , Kohno Masahiro
Published: March 2007

Spin-trapping properties of a novel spin-trapping reagent, 5-(diphenylphosphinoyl)-5-methyl-4,5-dihydro-3H-pyrrole N-oxide (DPPMDPO), were investigated by ESR spectroscopy. DPPMDPO had larger rate constants than DMPO and DEPMPO. DPPMDPO should be better than DEPMPO as a spin-trapping reagent for superoxide detection.
Synthesis and Spectroscopic Characterization of New Molecular Complexes of Bismuth(III) Chloride with Free Base meso-Tetraarylporphyrins
Authors: Dehghani Hossein , Ansari Sardrood Ali Reza
Published: March 2007

Reaction of bismuth(III) chloride (BiCl3) with free base meso-tetraarylporphyrins (H2t(X)pp, X = 4-Me, 4-OMe, 3-Me, 3-OMe, and H) in CHCl3 under mild conditions gives exclusively 1:1 molecular complexes with the general formula [(BiCl3{H2t(X)pp})2]. The remarkable agreement between 1H and 13C NMR and UV–vis spectra of the porphyrin macrocycle in these complexes and those of meso-tetraarylporphyrin molecular complexes with DDQ, TCNE, SiR3Cl, and BF3 indicates that they all have a similar porphyrin core. The molecular complexes have a dimer structure containing a Bi2Cl6 moiety. In the proposed structures for the complexes, four pyrroles are tilted alternatively up and down with respect the porphyrin mean plane, which leads to the appropriate orientation of the nitrogen lone pairs towards the central bismuth atoms. Therefore, octahedral geometry for the bismuth center is proposed.
Chemical Conversion of Natural Polymyxin B and Colistin to Their N-Terminal Derivatives
Authors: Okimura Keiko , Ohki Kazuhiro , Sato Yuki , Ohnishi Kuniharu , Uchida Yoshiki , Sakura Naoki
Published: March 2007

The chemical conversions of natural polymyxin B and colistin, which are fatty-acylated cyclic decapeptides, to polymyxin (2–10) and colistin (2–10) derivatives were examined. The Nα-free and side chain Nγ-protected nonapeptides, i.e., tetrakis(Nγ-trifluoroacetyl)–polymyxin B (2–10) and tetrakis(Nγ-trifluoroacetyl)–colistin (2–10), were prepared by trifluoroacetylation of polymyxin B and colistin, followed by chemical cleavage with 50% methanesulfonic acid to remove Nα-alkanoyl–Nγ-trifluoroacetyl–Dab–OH. The Nγ-protected nonapeptides were useful starting materials for the semi-synthesis of N-terminal derivatives by selective Nα-acylation at Thr2, followed by the removal of the Nγ-trifluoroacetyl protecting group with aqueous piperidine. Further, myristoyl–polymyxin B (2–10) and myristoyl–colistin (2–10) retained their antimicrobial activity with an MIC of 2–4 nmol mL−1 against Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. They also retained their high lipopolysaccahride (LPS) binding activity. Acetyl–polymyxin B (2–10) and acetyl–colistin (2–10) exhibited very low biological activities, except for a high bactericidal activity specifically against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with an MIC of 2 nmol mL−1. The distinct sensitivity of three Gram-negative bacteria tested toward acetyl-nonapeptides suggested that the N-terminal hydrophobic character of the fatty-acylated polymyxin peptides was necessary for the bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium, but not against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Ionic Liquid [bmim]PF6-Mediated Synthesis of 1,2-Orthoesters of Carbohydrates and the Glycosidation Reactions of 4-Pentenyl Orthoesters
Authors: Anas Saithalavi , Sajisha Valiyaveetil Sanjayan , Rajan Rani , Kumaran Rajasekaran Thirumalai , Radhakrishnan Kokkuvayil Vasu
Published: March 2007

A facile synthesis of the 1,2-orthoesters of carbohydrates in the ionic liquid [bmim]PF6 without a quaternary ammonium salt like tetrabutylammonium iodide, is described. The glycosidation reactions of 4-pentenyl orthoesters (NPOEs) with different alcohols are also discussed. The work described in this paper showed that [bmim]PF6 is an efficient and recyclable solvent for the synthesis and glycosidation reaction of orthoesters.
The Effect of meta-Substitution on the Photochemical Properties of Benzoxazole Derivatives
Authors: Ohshima Asuka , Ikegami Masashi , Shinohara Yoshihiro , Momotake Atsuya , Arai Tatsuo
Published: March 2007

The photochemistry of 2-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)benzoxazole (3-MHBO) and 2-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)benzoxazole (4-MHBO) have been investigated. The excited-state properties of 4-MHBO were similar to those for the parent compound 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole (HBO), whereas different properties were observed for 3-MHBO. 4-MHBO in benzene exhibited large Stokes-shifted fluorescence from the keto-form in the excited singlet state (KE*) after excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), whereas 3-MHBO emitted dual fluorescence from E* and KE* species. Fluorescence due to KE* for 3-MHBO (λmax = 525 nm) occurred at a considerably longer wavelength than that of 4-MHBO (λmax = 480 nm). The fluorescence efficiency of 3-MHBO (Φf = 0.002) was much smaller than those of 4-MHBO and HBO (Φf = 0.018 and 0.02, respectively). These results are consistent with suppression of ESIPT, stabilization of KE* species, and acceleration of non-radiative decay, probably because of the formation of a hydrogen bond between phenol oxygen and methoxy hydrogen at 3-position in 3-MHBO. Thus, 3-MHBO displayed a meta-substituent effect involving the relaxation pathway of excited state HBO derivatives.
Synthesis of Isochalcogenazole Rings by Treating β-(N,N-Dimethylcarbamoylchalcogenenyl)alkenyl Ketones with Hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic Acid
Authors: Shimada Kazuaki , Moro-oka Akiko , Maruyama Akiko , Fujisawa Hiroyuki , Saito Toshio , Kawamura Ryo , Kogawa Hisashi , Sakuraba Maiko , Takata Yukichi , Aoyagi Shigenobu , Takikawa Yuji , Kabuto Chizuko
Published: March 2007

β-(N,N-Dimethylcarbamoylselenenyl)- and β-(N,N-dimethylcarbamoyltellurenyl)alkenyl ketones were converted into isoselenazoles and isotellurazole Te-oxides, respectively, simply by treating with hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid, and deoxygenation of the latter products was successfully carried out by treating with PPh3. Alternative treatment of ynone oxime tosylates with hydrochalcogenide ions or N,N-dimethylchalcogenocarbamate ions also gave the same isochalcogenazole rings. These reactions were assumed to proceed through intramolecular nucleophilic substitution on the nitrogen atom of oxime sulfonates by the attack of in situ generated chalcogen nucleophiles.
Efficient Synthesis of Propargylic Ethers under the DBU Conditions and Its Application to Natural Products Synthesis
Authors: Yokoyama Tadashi , Kutsumura Noriki , Ohgiya Tadaaki , Nishiyama Shigeru
Published: March 2007

Conversion of dibromides carrying O-functional groups at adjacent positions to the corresponding propargylic ethers was successfully carried out under the DBU conditions through 2-bromo-1-alkenes as intermediates. The optically active γ-lactone-class natural products, such as (−)-muricatacin (4) and (R,R)-sapinofuranone B (5) were synthesized using the propargylic ether intermediate produced by the elimination reaction mentioned above.
Detoxification of Antimonic Contaminated Water and Precipitation Recovery of Antimony by Mineralization under Hydrothermal Condition
Authors: Itakura Takeshi , Sasai Ryo , Itoh Hideaki
Published: March 2007

The detoxification of water contaminated by antimony and its resource recovery are achieved by hydrothermal mineralization treatment. The treatment is based on the precipitation method of a mineral from aqueous media by imitating natural mineralization mechanism derived from activity of magma. The treatment could reduce Sb concentration in aqueous media, when the formed mineral was Ca2(Sb2O7), which resembled natural mineral of Monimolite ((Pb,Ca)2Sb2O7). The antimony concentration in water after the hydrothermal mineralization under optimal conditions was 0.06 mg/dm3. Additionally, the rapid cooling of the treated water made much progress in the treatment efficiency to disturb the re-dissolution of the formed mineral. Therefore, this treatment is effective for detoxification of water polluted by antimonic species and its resource recovery.
Decomposition of Toluene by Atmospheric Pressure Microwave Plasma Generated Using Metal Salt-impregnated Carbon Felt Pieces
Authors: Kurihara Hideki , Yajima Tatuhiko
Published: March 2007

Atmospheric pressure microwave plasma (APMP) could be easily generated even in air by using carbon felt pieces impregnated with a metal salt such as alkali metal chlorides, alkali earth metal chlorides, and so on (CF/metal salt). As one of applications, the decomposition and complete removal of toluene, one of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as environmental air pollutants, with APMP assisted by CF/NaCl and CF/CaCl2 was examined. Consequently, we succeeded in decomposing and removing it completely without carbon monoxide formation and CF consumption.
Antireflection Polymer Surface Using Anodic Porous Alumina Molds with Tapered Holes
Authors: Yanagishita Takashi , Yasui Kenji , Kondo Toshiaki , Kawamoto Yasushi , Nishio Kazuyuki , Masuda Hideki
Published: March 2007

Antireflection (AR) polymer structures composed of tapered conical pillars were fabricated using highly ordered anodic porous alumina. The shape of the holes in the anodic porous alumina was controlled by performing repeated anodization and pore-widening treatments. By replicating the structure of the anodic porous alumina with PMMA, polymer AR structures were obtained.
One-pot Synthesis of α-Alkoxy Azides from Carbonyl Compounds Catalyzed by Iron(III) Chloride
Authors: Omura Megumi , Iwanami Katsuyuki , Oriyama Takeshi
Published: March 2007

In the presence of alkoxytrimethylsilane and a catalytic amount of iron(III) chloride, the reaction of various carbonyl compounds with trimethylsilyl azide afforded the corresponding α-alkoxy azides. This reaction could be suitable especially for azidation of aromatic aldehydes and proceeds under mild conditions in a convenient one-pot manner.
Preparation of Three-dimensionally Ordered Macroporous Oxides by Combining Templating Method with Sol–Gel Technique
Authors: Li Shi , Zheng Jingtang , Yang Weiya , Zhao Yucui
Published: March 2007

Three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) inorganic oxides, SiO2 and TiO2, have been synthesized by combining template-assisted colloidal method with sol–gel technique. Close-packed PS beads were first prepared as template by using gravitational sedimentation, followed by infiltration with corresponding sol precursors rather than corresponding alkoxides, and then templates were removed by calcination. The morphology and crystalloid structure of samples were investigated by SEM and XRD, respectively. The results indicate that the structures of samples are well-inverse replicas of PS template and the method is also applicable to the preparation of other oxides.