bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing the sociology of sport: On sport organizations and critical knowledge
Authors: Ohl Fabien
Published: May 2015

On the 50th anniversary of the ISSA and IRSS, a key scholar in the development of the sociology of sport in continental Europe, Fabien Ohl, reflects on Francophone traditions in the development of the field. Considered first is the emergence and recognition of the sociology of sport within Francophone traditions in sociology on one hand and the need to ‘lean’ on the sport sciences on the other. The challenges for the sociology of sport are considered in light of the central tendencies in the life and sport sciences and on the optimization of sporting performance; here it is noted that the sociology of sport must, by necessity, work to keep a place within the sport sciences. The close of the essay considers strategies for advancing external legitimacy for the sociology of sport by gaining recognition of its value within the sport sciences and in sport management; here gaining access to sport organizations and showing the value of a ‘sociological lens’ are deemed essential.
Assessing the sociology of sport: On utopianism and pragmatism
Authors: Vanreusel Bart
Published: May 2015

On the 50th anniversary of the ISSA and IRSS, an influential scholar on sport participation, development and governance, Bart Vanreusal, considers the research project of the sociology of sport in light of the dynamics between uptopianism and pragmatism. Reflecting on Thomas More’s work Utopia, published in 1516, Vanreusal notes that, in contrast to other fields, utopianism has not had a significant impact on the sociology of sport; rather, opposing viewpoints using critical perspectives have had sometimes dystopian views on sport cultures. In considering the challenges and future of the sociology of sport, it is argued that utopian views and ideologies of human harmony and a better world have supported major social movements in sport such as Olympism and Sport for All. Indeed, utopian-based practices such as Olympism and Sport for All did result in a proliferation of pragmatic, and often functionalist, research. While sociology of sport over the last 50 years has managed to scrutinize present social realities, its resistance to pragmatism has hindered building new research upon its findings to address new and future social realities. Neoutopianism, featuring reality-based beliefs in large and small scale models for social change and a better world through sport, can drive the research agenda in the future and help rebuild sport cultures.
Assessing the sociology of sport: On sexual harassment research and policy
Authors: Fasting Kari
Published: May 2015

On the 50th anniversary of the ISSA and IRSS, a key foundational scholar on gender and sport, Kari Fasting, assesses sociological inquiry about sexual harassment in sport and its relation to the development of policy. The trajectory of this research on gender, sexual harassment and abuse (GSHA) in sport lies in feminist politics and advocacy. While sexual harassment and abuse in sport is widespread across sports, comparability in studies has been difficult due to issues of measurement and underreporting. Key challenges to doing research in this areas include difficulties in obtaining grant funding, access to and cooperation from athletes and perpetrators, and moral and ethical dilemmas in data gathering and reporting. Future work can build on recommendations by major organizations such as the IOC and UNICEF about organizational policies to curb sexual harassment and abuse; future research needs to advance systematic knowledge about the impact of policies and actions about sexual harassment and abuse in sport.
Assessing the sociology of sport: On ageing, somatic culture and gender
Authors: Hartmann-Tews Ilse
Published: May 2015

On the 50th anniversary of the ISSA and IRSS, one of the leading scholars of the sociology of sport in Germany, Ilse Hartmann-Tews, considers research on ageing, somatic culture and participation in sport in the contexts of diversity and gender. She reflects first on the increasing interest with regard to research on ageing and somatic culture, and that the broader issues of ‘gender blindness’ and the ‘paradox of the absent body’ have also been evident in the sociology of sport research agenda. The challenges for this agenda can be seen in three key areas of enquiry: (1) the social dimensions and determinants of successful aging, (2) understandings of gendered bodies and the ‘double standard of ageing’, and (3) understandings of diversity in ageing and intersections with gender, race, ethnicity, class and sexual orientation. It is argued that future research on cultural representations of ageing in the sociology of sport need to focus on narratives, images, and media representations of ageing and somatic culture.
Assessing the sociology of sport: On globalisation, communication and sport research in Korea
Authors: Lee Jung Woo
Published: May 2015

On the 50th anniversary of the ISSA and IRSS, an increasingly influential Korean scholar in the sociology of sport, Jung Woo Lee, considers the development of and challenges for the sociology of sport in Korea. While the sociology of sport was first introduced to South Korea in the late 1960s, growing academic interest was fuelled by the Asian Games and Olympic Games in Seoul in the 1980s. Key volumes, such as Lim’s introduction to the field and an influential edited volume on sport and social theory published by the Korean Society for the Sociology of Sport, set important benchmarks for development. Key challenges for the sociology of sport revolve around the tensions in practical application in relation to the formation of policy and the need to develop unique theoretical and critical approaches to sport in the Korean context to reduce the dependency on positivism and empiricism. Two key research lines, focused on the dynamics of globalisation and sport and on the ideological power of sport communication and media, have particular relevance to the Korean situation moving forward.
The Law Commission's Character Convictions
Authors: Redmayne Mike
Published: May 2015

This article assesses the proposals made by the Law Commission for England and Wales in its recent report on bad character evidence. Rather than looking at the technical details of the Commission's proposed admissibility scheme, it concentrates on the foundational principles behind it. The Commission does not propose wholescale reform of this area of the law. It recommends retaining the general rule that evidence of a defendant's bad character is prima facie inadmissible. It also proposes an exception to this general rule, allowing bad character evidence to be used to attack a defendant's credibility if the defendant runs his defence in a particular way. This, too, mirrors the current law, though the Commission's exception would be more tightly drawn than the present rule. Another exception to the general rule of exclusion relates to similar fact evidence. Here, the Commission recommends replacing the current rule with a more carefully structured one. It is suggested that the Commission offers no cogent justification for any of these proposals.
Bigger fish to fry
Authors: Henderson Emily
Published: May 2015

The author summarises the empirical research on robust adult witnesses and argues that consideration may need to be given to extending the reforms of cross-examination initiated in R v Barker beyond vulnerable witnesses.
Scientific Expertise and Comparative Criminal Procedure
Authors: Alldridge Peter
Published: May 2015

… the legacy of postmodernism is that truth is not fixed, meanings are ‘located’ provisionally, not ‘discovered’ and people who ‘find’ truth, whether judges, juries, critics, or, yes, even scientists, have interests — social, economic, political, racial, gender — that affect how they see the world.

However much we may be convinced of the merits of the Anglo-Saxon judicial system, the courtroom is not the best place, and the adversary procedure is not the right method, to decide what is and what is not a science.
Implementing and Integrating Crime Mapping into a Police Intelligence Environment
Authors: Ratcliffe Jerry
Published: May 2015

Recent publications have highlighted the benefits to policing of an integrated intelligence environment, and the current move in both British policing and beyond is towards a level of information gathering and analysis that is focused at the local area command level. Local intelligence gathering is seen as both effective and economical, though much of the literature concerning the integration of local intelligence concentrates on the use of surveillance, informant handling and the development of intelligence databases. These documents concentrate on the gaining of information about criminal activity that is not known to the police and little is said about maximising the analysis of information already in the possession of the police. Digitalisation of both recorded crime records and calls for service provides a wealth of information about local crime activity that is readily retrievable from modern computer systems. The possibilities and potential benefits of mapping and analysing these types of data have been known for some time, though technical and other difficulties have often hindered the implementation of crime mapping systems. This paper acts as an introduction to crime mapping, presents a model of the required inputs and potential outputs of two types of crime mapping systems, and sets a framework for the integration and control of crime mapping in an intelligence environment. The result of a survey of every police force in the UK indicates that although some successes exist, many forces still have technical and human implementation hurdles to overcome.
From the outside Looking in: A Researcher's View of Current Policing Practice in the Netherlands
Authors: Jackson J. L. , ter Voert M. J.
Published: May 2015

The paper examines how far policing practices in the Netherlands have adopted a structured analytic approach. Attention is paid to developments in community-oriented, prevention and problem-oriented approaches. The role that research has played in the past and should play in the future is discussed. It is argued that, although community policing is an accepted concept among many police officers, various problems have hindered the development of the approach and, in the main, projects do not meet very high methodological standards. Suggestions for well-designed evaluation studies as well as the development of new research instruments for use by the police are presented. Prevention projects are described as being well structured, theoretically based and carefully evaluated. They have, however, focused on a narrow range of offences (eg burglary and car theft) and need to be extended to other areas of crime. The adoption of a carefully structured and evaluated problem-oriented approach is currently being implemented in many Dutch police regions. Clear goals have been set and the progress that is being made is described. The role that researchers can play in furthering the adoption of such a structured approach is discussed, with particular emphasis being given to analytic techniques.
Computer-Based Retrieval of Suspects Using Similarity of Modus Operandi
Authors: Yokota Kaeko , Watanabe Shoichi
Published: May 2015

This report presents the development and evaluation of the suspect retrieval system based on modus operandi developed by the National Research Institute of Police Science in Japan. The database used in the system stores a large number of records consisting of the modus operandi of prior offenders. A score is assigned to each record, where each score represents the similarity of the modus operandi between each record and a crime under investigation. The similarity is statistically calculated based on the choice probability of each modus operandi. Suspects in the database are rank ordered according to scores. The higher a rank is, the more likely a suspect is expected to have committed the crime under investigation. The validity of the system is evaluated with data about Japanese burglars (n = 12,468) and some factors influencing the accuracy of the retrieval are discussed.
Questions, Preconceptions and Reactions: Police Use of Lethal Force in Britain
Authors: Barton Jo , Vrij Aldert , Bull Ray
Published: May 2015

In two studies using realistic simulations the authors investigated the information requested by Authorised Firearms Officers (AFOs) while driving to an incident and the relationship between the information required and their subsequent behaviour while dealing with the incident. In study 1, 19 pairs of AFOs drove to an incident while their conversations with ‘force control’ were recorded and analysed. The study revealed that the most frequently requested information related to information regarding the suspect. Also, the study revealed that those pairs of officers who asked many questions about the weapon of the suspect were most likely to shoot the suspect in an incident where it was difficult to justify shooting. Study 2 aimed to examine causality between the number of questions asked about the weapon the perpetrator was thought to be carrying and subsequent police decisions to shoot. A total of 65 police officers read a sample of transcripts of the dialogues derived from study 1. In some transcripts relatively many questions were asked about the weapon, whereas in other transcripts relatively few questions were asked about the weapon. The officers were asked to what extent they thought the suspect would use the weapon in a threatening manner. Results indicated that police officers who read the transcripts of the dialogue in which many questions were asked about the weapon were more likely to believe that the suspect would shoot the officers when challenged than officers who read the transcripts in which few questions about the weapon were asked. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Gender Integration in Australian Policing: The Evolution of Management Responsibility
Authors: Prenzler Tim
Published: May 2015

This paper traces the development of women's formal integration into policing in Australia with an emphasis on the role of legislation in affecting change. Grudging compliance with the requirements of anti-discrimination has occurred in the last two decades with a limited application of the more demanding requirements of legislation oriented towards affirmative action. This paper sets up a model for effective management of equal employment opportunity (EEO) responsibilities and tests the level of current application of the model with reference to EEO reports and other data on the status of women. Despite significant progress, specific problems remain and the percentage of sworn female officers will increase only very slowly and will not reach parity with men unless more dynamic efforts are made to improve participation. The main areas of concern are physical ability entry tests, low application rates, lack of union support, managerial indifference and inadequate diagnostic review. Two key strategies for improvement derived from this analysis are targeted promotion in recruitment and the application of a systematic ‘problem oriented’ approach to EEO management.
The Weaker Sex? Women and Police Work
Authors: Ffrench Margot , Waugh Linda
Published: May 2015

Female police officers are sometimes still confronted with the ‘traditional view that women do not belong on patrol because of their lack of physical strength and ability to maintain an authoritarian presence in the face of challenges that the public can present to police’ (Grennan, 1987). Despite the continuing debate about the differences between women and men police officers, relatively little research has been done to determine what the differences are. Contrary to the common view that women police officers are not as physically active or capable as their male counterparts in general duties policing, recent research undertaken jointly by the Criminal Justice Commission and The Queensland Police Force has shown very few gender differences in the occurrence or frequency of a number of physical activities undertaken during work time, or in the rate and type of work-based injury. In particular, there were no gender differences in the performance of activities associated with managing a non-compliant offender. It is argued that such evidence could help to overcome some current practices —such as differences in deployment at both branch and task level, feelings of isolation and hostility from male officers — which still appear to discriminate against women in policing in Australia today.
Differences in the Conflict Resolution Tactics of Male and Female Police Patrol Officers
Authors: Braithwaite Helen , Brewer Neil
Published: May 2015

This study examined the conflict resolution tactics of male and female police officers on patrol. An instrument for measuring behavioural tactics was developed from a theoretical model of conflict resolution. Male and female officers were observed when interacting with members of the public, and their behaviour was recorded in real time via a datalogger. Lag sequential analysis was used to detect sequences of behaviour. Results indicated that male officers used coercive tactics, such as controlling statements, threats and physical tactics, more often than females. The use of coercive tactics by males was likely to elicit verbal abuse from the citizen, which in turn increased the probability of physical abuse. This outcome was not evident for female officers. Consequently, the behavioural tactics of male officers more often placed them at risk of physical resistance.
Applied and Forensic Psychological Contributions to Policing and Expert Witness Work: Collaboration and Conflict
Authors: Tully Bryan
Published: May 2015

The detection and prevention of criminal behaviour has always been a behavioural and informational processing task. It is not surprising therefore that forensic psychology in a broad sense has been utilised as a resource in this mission. However, such utilisation has a patchy history. The purpose of this paper is to conduct a personal review of those areas where the author has experience of psychology applied in forensic settings, assisting police work, or, alternatively where it has proved useful in showing that police detection work is flawed and misleading.
Improving Police Integrity and Accountability to the Community
Authors: Loveday Barry
Published: May 2015

This paper looks at the implications for police complaints procedures of the Police (Northern Ireland) Act 1998 which establishes under an Ombudsman independent civilian investigation of complaints against the police. The paper also considers the problems surrounding police investigation of complaints and concludes that the move towards shared investigation or civilian investigation of serious complaints against the police has become much more likely. This is in part due to the nature of the evidence given to the recent inquiry into police discipline and complaints by the Home Affairs Committee. The evidence suggested that it was never likely that the police could act independently and wholly objectively in conducting investigations against fellow officers. For these and other reasons it is argued that the Northern Ireland Ombudsman, with civilian investigators given the powers and privileges of the constable, could provide a useful example for future reform of complaints mechanisms in the UK.
Self-defeating reasons for signing the African Growth and Opportunity Act
Authors: Manu Thaddeus
Published: May 2015

In the absence of domestic standard-setting, it seems that the legislative landscapes of poor countries are subject to the policy direction of key developed countries which seek the highest returns from transnational trade and wish to have their economic interests broadened via the conduit of bilateral trade agreements. Consequently, a classic pattern that has tended to create deep concern among African countries lately is the priority given to the UPOV Convention-style Plant Breeders’ Rights over effective sui generis regimes under the TRIPS Agreement. This paper identifies a regional bilateral trade agreement—the African Growth and Opportunity Act 2000, which is already a failed initiative, as the source of political pressure on African countries to enact Plant Breeders’ Rights legislation as opposed to the reasonable and effective sui generis regimes under the TRIPS Agreement. The author will show that after signing the African Growth and Opportunity Act initiative, African countries have surrendered their territorial sovereignty to the extent that they are now under political pressure to prioritise the commercialisation of agro-biotechnology resources via the UPOV Convention-style Plant Breeders' Rights in line with the commercial interests of the United States.
Litigating labour
Authors: Heywood Rob
Published: May 2015

Given the vast quantity of obstetric litigation and all its associated complexities, in 2012 the National Health Service Litigation Authority (NHSLA) produced a report entitled Ten Years of Maternity Claims: An Analysis of NHS Litigation Authority Data (the 2012 Report). This document identified, inter alia, a number of problematic areas in respect of litigation trends and illuminated a range of clinical situations in which claims are most likely to arise. It is against this backdrop that this paper seeks to critically analyse a body of case law that has occurred since the publication of the 2012 Report. Focusing on breach of duty, the paper seeks to evaluate whether or not the weighing of risks and benefits, as advocated in the case of Bolitho as a means of assessing the question of breach, has been appropriately utilised by judges in recent childbirth cases. It is an important and original piece of research as it is the first of its kind to investigate how judges have dealt with specific aspects of childbirth identified as being contentious in the wake of the 2012 Report.
TransForm occlusion balloon catheter for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms, initial experience
Authors: Bartolini Bruno , Blanc Raphaël , Pistocchi Silvia , Redjem Hocine , Ciccio Gabriele , Piotin Michel
Published: May 2015

Introduction

The technique of balloon remodeling allows the endovascular treatment of wide-neck intracranial aneurysms. For many years the only available devices were the Hyperform and the Hyperglide balloon catheters. Recently, other companies have developed newer devices, single or dual-lumen. We present our initial experience with the TransForm occlusion balloon catheter for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms.

Methods

We retrospectively analysed from our prospectively gathered aneurysm database all aneurysms that were treated with balloon remodelling using TransForm occlusion balloon catheters from January 2013 to February 2014. We assessed patient demographics, morphological features of the aneurysms, procedure feasibility, technical and clinical complications.

Results

Thirty-three patients harbouring 36 intracranial saccular aneurysms were treated during 33 procedures. Clinical finding were: 15 incidental discovery, 13 subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), five aneurysms with mass effect, one ruptured aneurysm with SAH and mass effect, one recanalisation and one intraparenchymal haematoma. Thirty-five aneurysms were in the anterior and one in the posterior circulation. Mean dome and neck size were, respectively, 5.8 mm and 3.6 mm. Twenty-three aneurysms were treated with TransForm C and 13 with TransForm SC. We had two procedural thromboembolic complications, without permanent clinical events. No early rebleeding occurred.

Conclusions

In our small series, the TransForm occlusion balloon catheter seems to be safe and effective for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms, in ruptured and unruptured cases.
Management of regorafenib-related toxicities: a review
Authors: Krishnamoorthy Saravanan K. , Relias Valerie , Sebastian Sunit , Jayaraman Vijay , Saif Muhammad Wasif
Published: May 2015

Regorafenib (Stivarga, BAY 73-4506; Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany) is an oral multikinase inhibitor that targets the angiogenic tumor microenvironment and oncogenic kinases including vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), VEGFR1, VEGFR3, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), RAF, KIT, RET and BRAF. Its antiangiogenic effect is greater than that of its related drug, sorafenib. Regorafenib has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) in patients who have failed treatment with fluoropyrimidine, oxaliplatin and irinotecan based chemotherapy, an anti-VEGF therapy and, if KRAS wild type, an anti-EGFR therapy. The FDA based this approval on data from the CORRECT trial, which showed the efficacy of regorafenib compared with placebo. The most common grade 3–4 adverse reactions with the drug are hand foot skin reactions (HFSR), diarrhea, hypertension and fatigue. This review discusses the efficacy data, and the incidence and management of regorafenib’s toxicities.
The development and delivery of a female chronic pelvic pain management programme: a specialised interdisciplinary approach
Authors: Twiddy Hannah , Lane Natalie , Chawla Rajiv , Johnson Selina , Bradshaw Alison , Aleem Shaireen , Mawdsley Lucinda
Published: May 2015

Context/Background:

Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is a physically and psychologically debilitating condition. European Association of Urology (EAU) Guidelines (2013) and Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) guidelines (2012) place strong emphasis upon multi-speciality assessment and liaison, as well as interdisciplinary assessment and intervention in reference to the management of CPP.

Objectives:

The aim was to introduce and describe the development and delivery of an interdisciplinary pain management programme (PMP), at a Specialised Pain Management Centre in Liverpool, United Kingdom, for women diagnosed with CPP.

Method:

The format and content of the CPP PMP at The Walton Centre, Liverpool, is described and the preliminary results from the CPP PMP are presented.

Results:

Preliminary data suggest that outcomes on the specialised CPP PMP indicate that patients are able to make clinically important change across a range of outcome measures. Moreover, these results compare favourably to the established PMP for generalised chronic pain when comparing clinically significant outcomes with the Walton Centre’s (a tertiary-level pain management centre) 2013 PMP Audit document. Patients attending the CPP PMP positively appraised the PMP and felt it was useful and supportive to be in a group dedicated to CPP.

Conclusions:

This article presents some preliminary results that suggest there is value in delivering a specialised multidisciplinary PMP for this group. There is a clear need for further clinical research into the effectiveness of similar interventions for CPP, including the early identification of those CPP patients who may benefit from both multi-specialty and interdisciplinary management.
Constructing the Digitalized Sporting Body
Authors: Dickerson Nikolas
Published: May 2015

In this article, I examine the ways sport fans construct and circulate discourses of race and masculinity in cyberspace. I do this through an examination of a set of Internet memes that juxtapose the bodies of National Hockey League players with National Basketball Association players in one single image. I argue these memes celebrate White masculinity, while at the same time constructing African American athletes as individualistic, selfish, and unwilling to sacrifice their bodies for the greater good of the team. More so, I argue that these memes construct a form of racial ideology that is representative of White backlash politics.
Childhood sleep disturbance and risk of psychotic experiences at 18: UK birth cohort
Authors: Thompson A. , Lereya S. T. , Lewis G. , Zammit S. , Fisher H. L. , Wolke D.
Published: May 2015

Background

Sleep disturbances are commonly reported in the psychosis prodrome, but rarely explored in relation to psychotic experiences.

Aims

To investigate the relationship between specific parasomnias (nightmares, night terrors and sleepwalking) in childhood and later adolescent psychotic experiences.

Method

The sample comprised 4720 individuals from a UK birth cohort. Mothers reported on children's experience of regular nightmares at several time points between 2 and 9 years. Experience of nightmares, night terrors and sleepwalking was assessed using a semi-structured interview at age 12. Psychotic experiences were assessed at ages 12 and 18 using a semi-structured clinical interview.

Results

There was a significant association between the presence of nightmares at 12 and psychotic experiences at 18 when adjusted for possible confounders and psychotic experiences at 12 (OR = 1.62, 95% CI 1.19–2.20). The odds ratios were larger for those who reported persistent psychotic experiences.

Conclusions

The presence of nightmares might be an early risk indicator for psychosis.
Intimate Atmospheres
Authors: Ahuja Neel
Published: May 2015

This essay explores representations of parasitism and crisis in queer theory and public climate discourse in order to situate queer critiques of reproduction in the context of neoliberalism's ongoing carbon-driven extinctions. Focusing on racialized climate research that predicts the spread of mosquito-borne diseases from South to North in a warming world, the essay argues for the significance of ambient forms of reproduction that move across both species and geographic zones of waste and surplus. In contrast to queer-negative arguments for the sovereign refusal of reproduction, this essay contends that queer publics are always already locked into complex ecologies of reproduction embedded in the carbon economy. A queer-inhumanist critique thus requires understanding lateral forms of affective entanglement that link geographically and temporally distant bodies through ecological and economic processes of extermination.
Unbecoming Human
Authors: Kim Eunjung
Published: May 2015

This essay questions the perspective that distinguishes humans from objects on the grounds of ability and considers the departure from recognizable markers of humanity. Thinking through performances by Marina Abramović and through the 2006 South Korean film I'm a Cyborg, but That's OK, I explore the moments when one becomes a “quasi-object” so that one embodies the characteristics of objects, perceives one's body or body parts as objects, or suspends what are conventionally viewed as uniquely human capacities and values. I suggest that unbecoming human—by embodying objecthood, surrendering agency, and practicing powerlessness—may open up an anti-ableism, antiviolence queer ethics of proximity. An ethical positioning of proximity to humanness through unbecoming human disengages from any kind of ability-based determination of a being's legitimacy and from the appraisal of differences.
Phyllotaxis involves auxin drainage through leaf primordia
Authors: Deb Yamini , Marti Dominik , Frenz Martin , Kuhlemeier Cris , Reinhardt Didier
Published: May 2015

The spatial arrangement of leaves and flowers around the stem, known as phyllotaxis, is controlled by an auxin-dependent reiterative mechanism that leads to regular spacing of the organs and thereby to remarkably precise phyllotactic patterns. The mechanism is based on the active cellular transport of the phytohormone auxin by cellular influx and efflux carriers, such as AUX1 and PIN1. Their important role in phyllotaxis is evident from mutant phenotypes, but their exact roles in space and time are difficult to address due to the strong pleiotropic phenotypes of most mutants in phyllotaxis. Models of phyllotaxis invoke the accumulation of auxin at leaf initials and removal of auxin through their developing vascular strand, the midvein. We have developed a precise microsurgical tool to ablate the midvein at high spatial and temporal resolution in order to test its function in leaf formation and phyllotaxis. Using amplified femtosecond laser pulses, we ablated the internal tissues in young leaf primordia of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) without damaging the overlying L1 and L2 layers. Our results show that ablation of the future midvein leads to a transient accumulation of auxin in the primordia and to an increase in their width. Phyllotaxis was transiently affected after midvein ablations, but readjusted after two plastochrons. These results indicate that the developing midvein is involved in the basipetal transport of auxin through young primordia, which contributes to phyllotactic spacing and stability.
Solvothermal Synthesis of Ca2Nb2O7 Fine Particles and Their High Activity for Photocatalytic Water Splitting into H2 and O2 under UV Light Irradiation
Authors: Nakamura Akitoshi , Tomita Osamu , Higashi Masanobu , Hosokawa Saburo , Tanaka Tsunehiro , Abe Ryu
Published: May 2015

Fine particles of calcium niobate Ca2Nb2O7 with diameters of 200–300 nm were prepared via combination of solvothermal synthesis and post-calcination; the obtained Ca2Nb2O7 particles with orthorhombic phase showed much higher activity for photocatalytic water-splitting under UV light irradiation than those prepared via other conventional synthesis methods.
Research Commentary—Information Technology Substitution Revisited
Authors: Zhang Dawei , Cheng Zhuo (June) , Mohammad Hasan A. Qurban H. , Nault Barrie R.
Published: May 2015

Taking advantage of the opportunities created by the price adjusted performance improvement in information technology (IT) depends in part on the ability of IT capital to substitute for other inputs in production. Studies in the information systems literature and most economics training examining the substitution of IT capital for other inputs use the Allen elasticity of substitution (AES). We present a less-well-known measure for the elasticity of substitution, the Morishima elasticity of substitution (MES). In contrast to the AES, which is misleading when there are three or more inputs—such as non-IT capital, labor, and IT capital—the MES provides a substitution measure where the scale is meaningful, and the measure differs depending on which price is changing. This is particularly important for IT capital, because prices have been declining, and there is evidence that IT capital can substitute for non-IT capital or labor in a qualitatively different way than non-IT capital and labor substitute for each other. Methodologically, we also show the impact of imposing local regularity—for example, monotonicity of output from increases in inputs—which we do through Bayesian methods employed to estimate the underlying functions that are used to calculate various measures of substitution. We demonstrate the importance of the MES as an underrecognized measure of substitution and the impact of imposing local regularity using an economy-wide industry-level data set covering 1998–2009 at the three-digit North American Industry Classification System code level. Our MES results show that reductions in the price of IT capital increase the quantity of IT capital in use, but are unlikely to change the input share of IT capital—the value of IT capital as a proportion of the value of all inputs—in contrast to major studies using the AES. In addition, estimates for both elasticities of substitution are more stable after imposing local regularity. Both of these advances—that is, the MES and imposing local regularity—have the potential to impact future work on IT productivity, IT pricing, IT cost estimation, and any type of analysis that posits the substitution of IT capital for non-IT capital or labor.
Is prematurity a risk factor for developmental dysplasia of the hip?
Authors: Orak M. M. , Onay T. , Gümüştaş S. A. , Gürsoy T. , Muratlí H. H.
Published: May 2015

The aim of this prospective study was to investigate prematurity as a risk factor for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). The hips of 221 infants (88 female, 133 male, mean age 31.11 weeks; standard deviation (sd) 2.51) who were born in the 34th week of gestation or earlier, and those of 246 infants (118 female, 128 male, mean age 40.22 weeks; sd 0.36) who were born in the 40th week of gestation, none of whom had risk factors for DDH, were compared using physical examination and ultrasound according to the technique of Graf, within one week, after the correction of gestational age to the 40th week after birth or one week since birth, respectively. Both hips of all infants were included in the study. Ortolani’s and Barlow’s tests and restricted abduction were accepted as positive findings on examination. There was a statistically significant difference between pre- and full-term infants, according to the incidence of mature and immature hips (p < 0.001). The difference in the proportion of infants with an α angle < 60° between the two groups was statistically significant (p < 0.001). The incidence of pathological dysplasia (α angle < 50 º) was not significantly different in the two groups (p = 1.000). The Barlow sign was present in two (0.5%) pre-term infants and in 14 (2.8%) full-term infants.

These results suggests that prematurity is not a predisposing factor for DDH.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015; 97-B:716–20
The difference between the radiographic and the operative angle of inclination of the acetabular component in total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Meermans G. , Goetheer-Smits I. , Lim R. F. , Van Doorn W. J. , Kats J.
Published: May 2015

A high radiographic inclination angle (RI) contributes to accelerated wear and has been associated with dislocation after total hip arthroplasty (THA). With freehand positioning of the acetabular component there is a lack of accuracy, with a trend towards a high radiographic inclination angle. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the use of a digital protractor to measure the operative inclination angle (OI) could improve the positioning of the acetabular component in relation to a ‘safe zone’.

We measured the radiographic inclination angles of 200 consecutive uncemented primary THAs. In the first 100 the component was introduced freehand and in the second 100 a digital protractor was used to measure the operative inclination angle.

The mean difference between the operative and the radiographic inclination angles (∆RI–OI) in the second cohort was 12.3° (3.8° to 19.8°). There was a strong correlation between the circumference of the hip and ∆RI–OI. The number of RI outliers was significantly reduced in the protractor group (p = 0.002).

Adjusting the OI, using a digital protractor and taking into account the circumference of the patient’s hip, improves the RI significantly (p < 0.001) and does not require additional operating time.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015; 97-B:603–610.
Egypt Under SCAF and the Muslim Brotherhood: The Triangle of Counter-Revolution
Authors: Gamal M. Selim
Published: May 2015

This article seeks to examine the dynamics of counter-revolution in Egypt following the January 2011 revolution and their corresponding impact on the path of democratization in post-Mubarak Egypt. It argues that the popular calls for change that followed the Egyptian revolution have fallen repeatedly and quickly into the hands of a structural alliance of reactionary and constancy-oriented actors operating at the internal and external levels. These included the Egyptian Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF), the Muslim Brotherhood, and the United States with its intrusive global structure, all of which have emerged as agents of continuity and counter-revolution in post-Mubarak Egypt, in turn complicating any proposed genuine democratic transition.
Fotografischer Kosmos
Authors: Cohnen Thomas
Published: May 2015

Unter Rückgriff auf zahlreiche, insbesondere symboltheoretische Ansätze unternimmt diese Studie den interessanten Versuch, eine medienphilosophische Erschließung des Mediums »Fotografie« konzeptuell voranzubringen. Dabei nimmt sie das Medium der Fotografie als Weise des Weltzugangs bzw. der Welterschließung philosophisch ernst und öffnet zugleich die philosophische Analyse für medientheoretische Perspektiven. Daneben wird in überzeugender Weise herausgearbeitet, dass der philosophische Diskurs über das Symbol einen zentralen Beitrag zu einer solchen disziplinär entgrenzten Analyse des Mediums Fotografie darstellen kann und muss.
Dostojewskis »Der Idiot« im Spielfilm
Authors: Brötz Dunja
Published: May 2015

Diese innovative Studie unternimmt einen Brückenschlag zwischen slawistischen, komparatistischen und filmwissenschaftlichen Ansätzen, indem sie traditionelle Aspekte der Dostojewski-Forschung mit neuen intermedialen Perspektiven verknüpft. Ausgehend von der These, dass Roman und Film erzählende Medien sind, wird Dostojewskis Roman »Der Idiot« mit den drei Filmen »Hakuchi« (Akira Kurosawa), »Návrat idiota« (Sasa Gedeon) und »The Million Dollar Hotel« (Wim Wenders) verglichen und untersucht, ob sich bestimmte, etablierte Positionen der Dostojewski-Forschung (Bachtin, Girard, Gerigk) auch in den drei Filmen aufspüren lassen.
Dimensionen des Denkens
Authors: Weber Franziska
Published: May 2015

Trotz der Absage der Postmoderne an eine kontinuierliche Entwicklungsgeschichte bleibt unser Bewusstsein bei der raumzeitlichen Einordnung der Gegenwart noch immer der Vorstellung linearer Prozesse verhaftet. Wohin aber führen die in der geistes- und naturwissenschaftlichen Forschung angestellten Überlegungen zur non-linearen Struktur von Raum und Zeit? Welche Dimensionen eröffnen sich unserem Denken, wenn wir eben diese Ansätze, die nur augenscheinlich nichts mit unserer alltäglichen Erfahrungswelt zu tun haben, tatsächlich ernst nehmen? Und inwiefern werden diese Dimensionen des Realen gerade im Live-Erlebnis der Kunstform Oper für uns unmittelbar erfahrbar?
Polens Andere
Authors: Keinz Anika
Published: May 2015

Diese Studie betrachtet die Konfiguration und wechselseitige Hervorbringung von nationalen Selbstverständnissen und Geschlechter- bzw. Sexualitätskonzepten im post-sozialistischen Polen. Aus der Perspektive der politischen Anthropologie werden die sich überlappenden, verschränkten und verknoteten Diskurse, Redeweisen, Referenzrahmen und Aktionen nachgezeichnet, die von unterschiedlichen Akteurinnen und Akteuren innerhalb und außerhalb Polens bestimmt sind. Dabei geht es um die Neuverhandlung nicht nur nationaler Konzepte, sondern auch neuer kultureller Möglichkeitsräume und Subjektivitäten im spannungsreichen Feld von nationaler, europäischer und feministischer Politik.
Architektursoziologie
Authors: Delitz Heike
Published: May 2015

Parallel zur Wiederentdeckung des Raumes als soziale Kategorie hat sich jüngst die Architektursoziologie als neue soziologische Disziplin entwickelt, die zusehends den Weg in die Curricula der Bachelor- und Master-Studiengänge der Soziologie und auch der Architektur findet. Mit diesem Band steht nun eine kompakte Einführung in dieses neue Lehr- und Forschungsgebiet zur Verfügung. Der Band gibt einen Überblick über die wichtigsten klassischen und aktuellen Ansätze der Soziologie der Architektur und skizziert in Fallstudien, was diese neue Disziplin sichtbar machen kann. Und er zeigt: Die Architektur fordert die soziologische Theorie heraus und gibt der Gesellschaftsanalyse ein neues Diagnoseinstrument in der Frage, in welcher Gesellschaft wir eigentlich leben.
Symbolische Ordnungen umschreiben
Authors: Härtel Insa
Published: May 2015

Das Autoritätsgefüge scheint im Wandel begriffen. Anhand von Fallstudien aus Theorie und Kunst zeigt die kulturwissenschaftliche Studie, dass sich diese postulierte Bewegung kaum als »Befreiung« oder, umgekehrt, als »Desaster« fassen lässt. Vielmehr hat sie Implikationen für die Konzeptionen von »Autorschaft« und »Handlungsmacht« in westlichen Gesellschaften. Welche Phantasmen, Aggressions- und Genießensdimensionen - denn um deren Neuverhandlung geht es hier - geraten in den Blick, wenn herkömmliche symbolisch-autoritative Gefüge zur Debatte stehen?
Museen erzählen
Authors: Westerwinter Margret
Published: May 2015

Seit Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts begegnen uns Museen in literarischen Texten, die weit über die Funktion als literarisches Motiv hinausgehen. Als Schauplatz und als Institution mit eigenen Regeln sind sie kulturprägend und -konstituierend. Wie literarische Texte speichern Museen Informationen und sind an der (Weiter-)Entwicklung von Diskursen über kulturelle Verhältnisse, soziale Gefüge, psychologische Strukturen und politische Zusammenhänge beteiligt. Dieser Band geht der literarischen Reflexion von Museumskonzepten nach und fragt, wie Museen erzählt werden und welche Bildstrukturen und Memorialfunktionen etwa die literarischen Museen selbst erzählen, um so wiederum neue Perspektiven auf ›Museums- und Textwelten‹ zu eröffnen.
Von Pfeil und Bogen zum »Digitalen Bogen«
Authors: Fernandes Ferreira Eliane
Published: May 2015

Seit den 1980er Jahren setzt sich die indigene Bevölkerung Brasiliens verstärkt für ihre Rechte in der Gesellschaft ein. Kommunikation spielt hierbei eine entscheidende Rolle - besonders das Internet gewinnt als Medium im Alltag indigener Gemeinschaften immer mehr an Bedeutung. Aber wie wird das Internet eingesetzt und zu welchen Zwecken? Wie eignen sie sich dieses Medium an und welche kulturellen Prozesse entstehen dabei? Die Autorin untersucht diese Fragen ethnographisch und geht dabei sowohl auf die gesamtgesellschaftlichen Aspekte der Internetnutzung durch die Indigenen als auch auf ihre Bedeutung im Alltag dieser Gemeinschaften ein.
Der Historiker als Detektiv - der Detektiv als Historiker
Authors: Saupe Achim
Published: May 2015

Dieses Buch widmet sich dem detektivischen Selbstverständnis der Geschichtswissenschaft und der Beziehung von Historik, Kriminalistik, Geschichtsschreibung und Kriminalliteratur. Während sich Historiker nach der Einführung des vollgültigen Indizienbeweises im 19. Jahrhundert als Untersuchungsrichter verstehen konnten, wird im 20. Jahrhundert der Detektiv zum literarischen Vorbild historiographischer Forschungspraktiken. Zunehmend übernehmen jetzt auch Krimi-Detektive historische Ermittlungen: Am Beispiel britischer, französischer und deutscher Krimis über den Nationalsozialismus widmet sich diese Untersuchung den Konsequenzen der Darstellung von Geschichte als Kriminalroman.
Imaginierter Westen
Authors: Müller Thomas
Published: May 2015

Am Kreuzungspunkt der Diskurse um Nation und Raum entstanden Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts Konzepte von Grenzen, die keine Linien mehr waren, sondern Räume. Dies war die Grundlage eines Raumbildes, das Deutschland nicht nur über seine Staats-, sondern auch über die deutsche Sprachgrenze hinaus vergrößerte. Der Band untersucht diese Transformation der Grenzen am Beispiel der deutschen Westgrenze. Anknüpfend an den antifranzösischen Nationsentwurf der Politischen Romantik und die wissenschaftliche Bestimmung der westlichen Sprachgrenze werden die Konzepte »Westmark«, »Westland« und »Westraum« rekonstruiert. Von den alldeutschen, jungkonservativen und nationalsozialistischen Diskursgemeinschaften geprägt, bezeichneten diese einen deutschen Grenzraum, der von der Kanal- und Nordseeküste bis zu den französischen Alpen und zur Rhône reichte, zugleich jedoch in hohem Maße symbolisch und ideologisch aufgeladen war. Als Gegenstück zum »Ostland« wurde dieses Raumkonstrukt zum Leitbild deutscher Kriegsziel- und Germanisierungspolitik und zu einem Symbolraum des »Neuen Europa« der SS.
Urbanität als Habitus
Authors: Dirksmeier Peter
Published: May 2015

Ist die Gegenwartsgesellschaft vollständig urbanisiert? Die ursprünglich klassische städtische Eigenschaft der Urbanität scheint in der Moderne zu einer allgemeingültigen Semantik zu werden, deren räumliche Anwendung sich nicht mehr nur auf Städte beschränken lässt. Das Buch spürt dieser These aus sozialgeographischem Blickwinkel nach und fragt in vergleichender Perspektive nach der Urbanität im Verhalten und in den Einstellungen der Menschen im ländlichen Südbayern und München. Aktuelle urbanistische Diskurse sowie klassische Arbeiten der Stadtgeographie und -soziologie werden mit der Sozialtheorie von Pierre Bourdieu verwoben und zu einer Urbanitätstheorie verdichtet.