bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unsaturated fatty acids prevent desensitization of the human growth hormone secretagogue receptor by blocking its internalization
Authors: Delhanty Patric J. D. , van Kerkwijk Anke , Huisman Martin , van de Zande Bedette , Verhoef-Post Miriam , Gauna Carlotta , Hofland Leo , Themmen Axel P. N. , van der Lely A. J.
Published: June 2010

The composition of the plasma membrane affects the responsiveness of cells to metabolically important hormones such as insulin and vasoactive intestinal peptide. Ghrelin is a metabolically regulated hormone that activates the G protein-coupled receptor GH secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHSR) not only in the pituitary gland but also in peripheral tissues such as the pancreas, stomach, and T cells in the circulation. We have investigated the effects of lipids and altered plasma membrane composition on GHSR activation. Oligounsaturated fatty acids (OFAs) disrupt the structure of membranes and make them more fluid. Prolonged (96 h), but not acute, treatment of the GHSR cells with the 18C OFAs oleic and linoleic acid caused a significant increase in sensitivity of the receptor to ghrelin (EC50 reduced by a factor of 2.4 and 2.9 at 60 and 120 μM OFAs, respectively). OFAs were found to block the inhibitory effects of ghrelin pretreatment on subsequent ghrelin responsiveness, suggesting that OFAs suppress desensitization of GHSR. Radioligand displacement studies did not show a significant shift in receptor binding after incubation with OFAs. However, it was found that OFA treatment suppressed GHSR internalization, likely explaining OFA-induced refractoriness to ligand-induced desensitization. The involvement of lipid rafts in this process was indicated by the altered responsiveness of GHSR under conditions that alter membrane cholesterol. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate the importance of membrane composition for GHSR activation and desensitization and indicate at least part of the mechanism through which OFAs and cholesterol could affect ghrelin's activity in vivo.
Synthesis, Characterization and Swelling Characteristics of Graft Copolymerized Isotactic Polypropylene Film
Authors: Sehgal Teena , Rattan Sunita
Published: June 2010

Grafted membranes were prepared through chemical graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) onto isotactic polypropylene film (IPP). The IPP films were grafted with MMA molecules resulting in IPP-g-MMA grafts using benzoyl peroxide as an initiator in an inert nitrogen atmosphere. Using this method, the degree of grafting and morphology could be controlled through the variation of reaction parameters such as initiator concentration, monomer concentration, reaction time, and the reaction temperature. Optimum conditions pertaining to maximum percentage of grafting (%G) were evaluated as a function of these parameters. Maximum percentage of grafting (50%) was obtained at  M, % V/V, and [Reaction Temperature] = in a [Reaction time] of 120 minutes. IPP-g-MMA films were investigated for their swelling behavior. Water-swelling analysis of IPP-g-MMA was carried out as a function of different percentage of grafting, temperatures, and time. Maximum swelling percentage of IPP-g-MMA (92%) was observed in 8 hours at . The evidence of grafting was carried out by Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after grafting, respectively. The swelling pattern was characterized by two distinct stages, an initial diffusion-controlled fast swelling, followed by a subsequent slower process controlled by the relaxation of polymer fragments. Swelling chrematistics of IPP-g-MMA make it a potentially useful material.
Quantitative Homogenization of Attractors of Non‐Newtonian Filtration Equations
Authors: Novruzov Emil
Published: June 2010

For a rapidly spatially oscillating nonlinearitygwe compare solutionsuϵof non‐Newtonian filtration equation∂tβ(uϵ) −D(|Duϵ|p−2Duϵ+φ(uϵ)Duϵ) +g(x,x/ϵ,uϵ) =f(x,x/ϵ) with solutionsu0of the homogenized, spatially averaged equation∂tβ(u0) −D(|Du0|p−2Du0+φ(u0)Du0) +g0(x,u0) =f0(x). Based on anε‐independent a priori estimate, we prove that uniformly for allt≥ 0. Besides, we give explicit estimate for the distance between the nonhomogenizedAϵand the homogenizedA0attractors in terms of the parameterϵ; precisely, we show fractional‐order semicontinuity of the global attractors for .
Advances in Cellular Therapy for the Treatment of Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Papewalis Claudia , Ehlers Margret , Schott Matthias
Published: June 2010

Up to now, there are no curative therapies available for the subset of metastasized undifferentiated/anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. This review describes the possible use of immunocompetent cells which may help to restore the antitumor immune recognition for treating an existing tumor or preventing its recurrence. The most prominent experimental strategy is the use of dendritic cells (DCs) which are highly potent in presenting tumor antigens. Activated DCs subsequently migrate to draining lymph nodes where they present antigens to naïve lymphocytes and induce cytotoxic T cells (CTL). Alternatively to DC therapy, adoptive cell transfer may be performed by either using natural killer cells or ex vivo maturated CTLs. Within this review article we will focus on recent advances in the understanding of anti-tumor immune responses, for example, in thyroid carcinomas including the advances which have been made for the identification of potential tumor antigens in thyroid malignancies.
Relevance Vector Machines for Enhanced BER Probability in DMT‐Based Systems
Authors: Tahat Ashraf A. , Galatsanos Nikolaos P.
Published: June 2010

A new channel estimation method for discrete multitone (DMT) communication system based on sparse Bayesian learning relevance vector machine (RVM) method is presented. The Bayesian frame work is used to obtain sparse solutions for regression tasks with linear models. By exploiting a probabilistic Bayesian learning framework, sparse Bayesian learning provides accurate models for estimation and consequently equalization. We consider frequency domain equalization (FEQ) using the proposed channel estimate at both the transmitter (preequalization) and receiver (postequalization) and compare the resulting bit error rate (BER) performance curves for both approaches and various channel estimation techniques. Simulation results show that the proposed RVM‐based method is superior to the traditional least squares technique.
A New Approach for the Quantitative Evaluation of the Clock Drawing Test: Preliminary Results on Subjects with Parkinson's Disease
Authors: De Pandis Maria Francesca , Galli Manuela , Vimercati Sara , Cimolin Veronica , De Angelis Maria Vittoria , Albertini Giorgio
Published: June 2010

Aims. The realization of an experimental set-up for the quantitative and objective description of drawing using optoelectronic systems, which could be used when a quantification of the realization of specific drawing tests is required.Methods. Healthy subjects, subjects with Parkinson's Disease and subjects with Parkinson's Disease and Dementia were evaluated by the Mini Mental Scale Evaluation and by a new approach to the Clock Drawing Test, based on an optoelectronic acquisition. The new protocol hereby described aims to define a parameter related to the movement kinematics in the Clock Drawing test execution.Results. The experimental set-up revealed to be valid introducing new objective measurements beside the subjective Clock Drawing Test. This paper suggests the applicability of this protocol to other fields of motor and cognitive valuation, as well as the introduction of new parameters related to the graphic movement.
Endopolyploidy in Bryophytes: Widespread in Mosses and Absent in Liverworts
Authors: Bainard Jillian D. , Newmaster Steven G.
Published: June 2010

Endopolyploidy occurs when DNA replication is not followed by mitotic nuclear division, resulting in tissues or organisms with nuclei of varying ploidy levels. Endopolyploidy appears to be a common phenomenon in plants, though the prevalence of endopolyploidy has not been determined in bryophytes (including mosses and liverworts). Forty moss species and six liverwort species were analyzed for the degree of endopolyploidy using flow cytometry. Nuclei were extracted in LB01 buffer and stained with propidium iodide. Of the forty moss species, all exhibited endopolyploid nuclei (mean cycle value =0.65±0.038) except for the Sphagnum mosses (mean cycle value =0). None of the liverwort species had endopolyploid nuclei (mean cycle value = 0.04 ± 0.014). As bryophytes form a paraphyletic grade leading to the tracheophytes, understanding the prevalence and role of endopolyploidy in this group is important.
Model of PE‐CVD Apparatus: Verification and Simulations
Authors: Geiser J. , Buck V. , Arab M.
Published: June 2010

In this paper, we present a simulation of chemical vapor deposition with metallic bipolar plates. In chemical vapor deposition, a delicate optimization between temperature, pressure and plasma power is important to obtain homogeneous deposition. The aim is to reduce the number of real‐life experiments in a given CVD plasma reactor. Based on the large physical parameter space, there are a hugh number of possible experiments. A detailed study of the physical experiments in a CVD plasma reactor allows to reduce the problem to an approximate mathematical model, which is the underlying transport‐reaction model. Significant regions of the CVD apparatus are approximated and physical parameters are transferred to the mathematical parameters. Such an approximation reduces the mathematical parameter space to a realistic number of numerical experiments. The numerical results are discussed with physical experiments to give a valid model for the assumed growth and we could reduce expensive physical experiments.
Cytokine Overproduction, T-Cell Activation, and Defective T-Regulatory Functions Promote Nephritis in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Tucci Marco , Stucci Stefania , Strippoli Sabino , Silvestris Francesco
Published: June 2010

Lupus nephritis (LN) occurs in more than one-third of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Its pathogenesis is mostly attributable to the glomerular deposition of immune complexes and overproduction of T helper- (Th-) 1 cytokines. In this context, the high glomerular expression of IL-12 and IL-18 exerts a major pathogenetic role. These cytokines are locally produced by both macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) which attract other inflammatory cells leading to maintenance of the kidney inflammation. However, other populations including T-cells and B-cells are integral for the development and worsening of renal damage. T-cells include many pathogenetic subsets, and the activation of Th-17 in keeping with defective T-regulatory (Treg) cell function regards as further event contributing to the glomerular damage. These populations also activate B-cells to produce nephritogenic auto-antibodies. Thus, LN includes a complex pathogenetic mechanism that involves different players and the evaluation of their activity may provide an effective tool for monitoring the onset of the disease.
Extracellular Matrix Proteins and Tumor Angiogenesis
Authors: Campbell N. E. , Kellenberger L. , Greenaway J. , Moorehead R. A. , Linnerth-Petrik N. M. , Petrik J.
Published: June 2010

Tumor development is a complex process that relies on interaction and communication between a number of cellular compartments. Much of the mass of a solid tumor is comprised of the stroma which is richly invested with extracellular matrix. Within this matrix are a host of matricellular proteins that regulate the expression and function of a myriad of proteins that regulate tumorigenic processes. One of the processes that is vital to tumor growth and progression is angiogenesis, or the formation of new blood vessels from preexisting vasculature. Within the extracellular matrix are structural proteins, a host of proteases, and resident pro- and antiangiogenic factors that control tumor angiogenesis in a tightly regulated fashion. This paper discusses the role that the extracellular matrix and ECM proteins play in the regulation of tumor angiogenesis.
Infinitely Many Periodic Solutions for NonautonomousSublinear Second‐Order Hamiltonian Systems
Authors: Zhang Peng , Tang Chun-Lei
Published: June 2010

Two sequences of distinct periodic solutions for second‐order Hamiltonian
systems with sublinear nonlinearity are obtained by using the minimax methods. One
sequence of solutions is local minimum points of functional, and the other is minimax type
critical points of functional. We do not assume any symmetry condition on nonlinearity.
Temporomandibular Joint Bone Tissue Resorption in Patients with Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Can Be Predicted by Joint Crepitus and Plasma Glutamate Level
Authors: Hajati Anna-Kari , Näsström Karin , Alstergren Per , Bratt Johan , Kopp Sigvard
Published: June 2010

The aim was to investigate whether bone tissue resorption in early RA is related to crepitus of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and systemic levels of inflammatory mediators and markers and sex steroid hormones. Twentynine women and 18 men with recently diagnosed RA were examined for TMJ bone erosions with computerized tomography and TMJ crepitus was assessed. Blood samples were analyzed for glutamate, 5-HT, TNF, IL-1β, IL-6, VEGF, inflammatory markers, and estradiol, progesterone and testosterone. The TMJ erosion score was positively correlated to glutamate, and TMJ crepitus where crepitus, glutamate and ESR explained 40% of the variation in the bone erosion score. In the patients without crepitus, bone erosion score was positively correlated to glutamate, which was not the case in the patients with crepitus. In conclusion, the results of this study show that TMJ bone tissue resorption can be predicted by TMJ crepitus and glutamate in early RA.
Leaf Serration in Seedlings of Heteroblastic Woody Species Enhance Plasticity and Performance in Gaps But Not in the Understory
Authors: Gamage Harshi K.
Published: June 2010

Leaf heteroblasty refers to dramatic ontogenetic changes in leaf size and shape, in contrast to homoblasty that exhibits little change, between seedling and adult stages. This study examined whether the plasticity in leaf morphology of heteroblastic species would be an advantage for their survival and growth over homoblastic congeners to changes in light. Two congeneric pairs of homoblastic (Hoheria lyallii, Aristotelia serrata) and heteroblastic species (H. sexstylosa, A. fruticosa) were grown for 18 months in canopy gap and forest understory sites in a temperate rainforest in New Zealand. Heteroblastic species that initially had serrated leaves reduced leaf serration in the understory, but increased in the gaps. Heteroblastic species also produced thicker leaves and had higher stomatal pore area (density×aperturelength), maximum photosynthetic rate, survival, and greater biomass allocation to shoots than homoblastic relatives in the gaps. Findings indicate that increased leaf serration in heteroblastic species is an advantage over homoblastic congeners in high light.
Sensitive Spectrophotometric Method for Quantitation of Guaifenesin and Dropropizine in Their Dosage Forms
Authors: Abdallah Ola M.
Published: June 2010

Guaifenesin and dropropizine were analyzed through oxidation with periodic acid to give formaldehyde which was allowed to condense with 4-Amino-5-hydrazino-4H [1,2,4]-triazole-3-thiol (AHTT). The condensation product was further oxidized to yield a purple colored compound with maximum absorption at 550 nm. Beer's law was obeyed in the range of 5–45 g for guaifenesin and 10–80 g for dropropizine. Both drugs were also successfully determined in their dosage forms.
DNA-Based Applications in Nanobiotechnology
Authors: Abu-Salah Khalid M. , Ansari Anees A. , Alrokayan Salman A.
Published: June 2010

Biological molecules such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) have shown great potential in fabrication and construction of nanostructures and devices. The very properties that make DNA so effective as genetic material also make it a very suitable molecule for programmed self-assembly. The use of DNA to assemble metals or semiconducting particles has been extended to construct metallic nanowires and functionalized nanotubes. This paper highlights some important aspects of conjugating the unique physical properties of dots or wires with the remarkable recognition capabilities of DNA which could lead to miniaturizing biological electronics and optical devices, including biosensors and probes. Attempts to use DNA-based nanocarriers for gene delivery are discussed. In addition, the ecological advantages and risks of nanotechnology including DNA-based nanobiotechnology are evaluated.
Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Promoter Genotype as a Marker of Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma Early Stage
Authors: Vasku Anna , Vasku Julie Bienertova , Nečas Miroslav , Vasku Vladimir
Published: June 2010

The aim of the study was to investigate the DNA polymorphic genotype in MMP-2 promoter gene as a potential candidate region for the development of the cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) and/or its progression. A total of 89 Czech patients with CTCL (including 23 patients with large plaque parapsoriasis) were compared to 198 controls of similar age and sex distribution, without personal or family history of chronic skin diseases and without personal history of malignancy. The three selected polymorphisms in the promoter of MMP-2 gene (−1575G/A,−1306C/T, and−790T/G) were determined using the PCR-based methodology with RFLP. In our cohort, the associatedGGCCTTMMP-2 promoter genotype was highly significantly more frequent in CTCL-Ia stage patients compared to patients with parapsoriasis, the tests having high sensitivity and specificity (78%, 83%, resp.). To conclude, use of associated MMP-2 promoter genotype as a DNA marker might make it possible to distinguish between the patients with parapsoriasis and those with CTCL stage Ia, which could substantially improve possibilities of clinical diagnostics, therapy design, and prognosis of this serious condition in the early stages.
Homocysteine and Hypertension in Diabetes: Does PPARγHave a Regulatory Role?
Authors: Sen Utpal , Tyagi Suresh C.
Published: June 2010

Dysfunction of macro- and microvessels is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with cardio-renovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and diabetes. Renal failure and impairment of renal function due to vasoconstriction of the glomerular arteriole in diabetic nephropathy leads to renal volume retention and increase in plasma homocysteine level. Homocysteine, which is a nonprotein amino acid, at elevated levels is an independent cardio-renovascular risk factor. Homocysteine induces oxidative injury of vascular endothelial cells, involved in matrix remodeling through modulation of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) axis, and increased formation and accumulation of extracellular matrix protein, such as collagen. In heart this leads to increased endothelial-myocyte uncoupling resulting in diastolic dysfunction and hypertension. In the kidney, increased matrix accumulation in the glomerulus causes glomerulosclerosis resulting in hypofiltration, increased renal volume retention, and hypertension. PPARγagonist reduces tissue homocysteine levels and is reported to ameliorate homocysteine-induced deleterious vascular effects in diabetes. This review, in light of current information, focuses on the beneficial effects of PPARγagonist in homocysteine-associated hypertension and vascular remodeling in diabetes.
An Empirical Analysis of the Current Need for Teleneuromedical Care in German Hospitals without Neurology Departments
Authors: Ickenstein G. W. , Groß S. , Tenckhoff D. , Hausn P. , Becker U. , Klisch J. , Isenmann S.
Published: June 2010

Indroduction. At present, modern telemedicine methods are being introduced, that may contribute to reducing lack of qualified stroke patient care, particularly in less populated regions. With the help of video conferencing systems, a so-called neuromedical teleconsultation is carried out.Methods. The study included a multicentered, completely standardized survey of physicians in hospitals by means of a computerized on-line questionnaire. Descriptive statistical methods were used for data analysis.Results. 119 acute hospitals without neurology departments were included in the study. The most important reasons for participating in a teleneuromedical network is seen as the improvement in the quality of treatment (82%), the ability to avoid unnecessary patient transport (76%), easier and faster access to stroke expertise (72%) as well as better competitiveness among medical services (67%). The most significant problem areas are the financing system of teleneuromedicine with regard to the acquisition costs of the technical equipment (43%) and the compensation for the stroke-unit center with the specialists' consultation service (31%) as well as legal aspects of teleneuromedicine (27%).Conclusions. This investigation showed that there is a high acceptance for teleneuromedicine among co-operating hospitals. However these facilities have goals in addition to improved quality in stroke treatment. Therefore the use of teleneuromedicine must be also associated with long term incentives for the overall health care system, particularly since the implementation of a teleneuromedicine network system is time consuming and associated with high implementation costs.
Corticosteroids Worsen Proteinuria and Increase Intraglomerular Signaling by NF-ĸB in a Model of Membranous Glomerulonephritis
Authors: Mudge Stuart J. , Paizis Kathy , Auwardt Russell B. , Levidiotis Vicki , Fraser Scott A. , Power David A.
Published: June 2010

Background/Aims: Passive Heymann nephritis (PHN) is a model of human membranous glomerulonephritis characterized by heavy proteinuria. We have recently demonstrated activation of NF-ĸB by podocytes in this model. In this study, therefore, we have determined whether dexamethasone (DEX) and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), therapies that inhibit NF-ĸB, influence proteinuria. Methods: Twenty-one days after induction of PHN, rats were divided into three groups: group 1 received saline, group 2 received DEX for 7 days, and group 3 received PDTC for 7 days. The effects of these drugs on activation of NF-ĸB and proteinuria were then determined. Results: DEX administration was associated with a very significant increase in proteinuria, whereas PDTC produced a slight decrease. Within the glomerulus, both agents were associated with increased levels of IL-1β mRNA and protein, compared with untreated rats, and there was increased nuclear localization of p50 in both of the treated groups. Neither agent, therefore, inhibited NF-ĸB activation within the glomerulus. Both agents produced a decrease in the systemic anti-sheep Ig immune response, and there was reduced interstitial αβ T-cell infiltration compared with controls. Conclusion: These data suggest that agents predicted to inhibit NF-ĸB might have opposing effects in membranous glomerulonephritis. The use of steroids to treat membranous glomerulonephritis, therefore, might produce unpredictable results, depending on whether suppression of the systemic immune response or inflammatory events within the kidney is more important in a particular patient.
Myeloma Light Chain-Induced Renal Injury in Mice
Authors: Khan Altaf-M. , Li Min , Balamuthusamy Saravanan , Maderdrut Jerome L. , Simon Eric E. , Batuman Vecihi
Published: June 2010

We investigated the effects of human light chain (LC) protein-overload in mice kidney to gain further insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of myeloma kidney. Intact male C57BL/6, 10- to 12-week-old mice were given daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of 1 ml of human ĸ-LCs (1.5 mg/ml, low dose), or (100 mg/ml, high dose) to uninephrectomized mice for 2 weeks. Intact, sham-operated or uninephrectomized control animals were given the same volume (1 ml/day) of saline, human serum albumin (10 mg/ml) or bovine serum albumin (100 mg/ml) i.p. for 2 weeks in place of LCs. The low-dose LC-treated mice had human LCs in their urine and a significant increase in monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) mRNA in the kidneys. Uninephrectomized mice treated with high-dose ĸ-LCs showed tubule casts, and foci of intracytoplasmic rhomboid crystals within the proximal tubules, along with cytoskeletal disruptions and alterations in the brush-border membrane, and high concentrations of human ĸ-LC were present in their sera. High-dose LC treatment also led to increases in serum creatinine and tumor necrosis factor-α levels, and marked increases in interleukin-6 and MCP-1 expression as well as cellular apoptosis in the kidneys. These studies demonstrate that myeloma LC overload over a range of LC concentrations in mice causes significant functional and morphological kidney injury. The model should be helpful in investigating pathophysiologic mechanisms and exploring therapeutic interventions for myeloma kidney and other LC-associated renal disorders.
Permeability, Ultrastructural Changes, and Distribution of Novel Proteins in the Glomerular Barrier in Early Puromycin Aminonucleoside Nephrosis
Authors: Dunér Fredrik , Lindström Karin , Hultenby Kjell , Hulkko Jenny , Patrakka Jaakko , Tryggvason Karl , Haraldsson Börje , Wernerson Annika , Pettersson Erna
Published: June 2010

Background/Aims: It is still unclear what happens in the glomerulus when proteinuria starts. Using puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis (PAN) rats, we studied early ultrastructural and permeability changes in relation to the expression of the podocyte-associated molecules nephrin, α-actinin, dendrin, and plekhh2, the last two of which were only recently discovered in podocytes. Methods: Using immune stainings, semiquantitative measurement was performed under the electron microscope. Permeability was assessed using isolated kidney perfusion with tracers. Possible effects of ACE inhibition were tested. Results: By day 2, some patchy foot process effacement, but no proteinuria, appeared. The amount of nephrin was reduced in both diseased and normal areas. The other proteins showed few changes, which were limited to diseased areas. By day 4, foot process effacement was complete and proteinuria appeared in parallel with signs of size barrier damage. Nephrin decreased further, while dendrin and plekhh2 also decreased but α-actinin remained unchanged. ACE inhibition had no significant protective effect. Conclusions: PAN glomeruli already showed significant pathology by day 4, despite relatively mild proteinuria. This was preceded by altered nephrin expression, supporting its pivotal role in podocyte morphology. The novel proteins dendrin and plekhh2 were both reduced, suggesting roles in PAN, whereas α-actinin was unchanged.
Hyperintense Carotid Plaque on T1-Weighted Turbo-Field Echo MRI in Symptomatic Patients with Low-Grade Carotid Stenosis and Carotid Occlusion
Authors: van der Kolk Anja G. , de Borst Gert J. , den Hartog Anne G. , Kooi M. Eline , Mali Willem P.T.M. , Hendrikse Jeroen
Published: June 2010

Background: In addition to stenosis grading, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may provide valuable information about plaque ‘status’, e.g. hyperintense vulnerable carotid plaque, associated with higher morbidity and mortality. In the present study, we investigated the prevalence, clinical and radiological correlates of hyperintense carotid plaques on T1-weighted turbo-field echo (T1w-TFE) MRI in patients with ischemic symptoms. Methods: A total of 153 patients presenting with transient ischemic attack or ischemic infarct, studied with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CEMRA), were retrospectively examined. Stenosis grade was obtained from CEMRA images, presence or absence of hyperintense carotid plaque from T1w-TFE MRI. Stenosis grade and baseline characteristics were compared between patients with and without a hyperintense plaque. Results: Twenty-eight patients (18%) showed one or more hyperintense internal carotid (ICA) plaques. Hyperintense plaques were found in patients with <50% stenosis (6 of 158 ICAs), 50–70% stenosis (4 of 11), >70% stenosis (14 of 74) and carotid occlusion (4 of 28). Presence of hyperintense plaque was associated with older age (70 vs. 62 years; p < 0.05), higher prevalence of cardiac disease (61 vs. 28%; p < 0.01), ischemic infarct as presenting symptom (37 vs. 14%; p < 0.01), ischemic cerebral lesions on MRI (63 vs. 32%; p < 0.01), and the ICA on the patients’ symptomatic side (70 vs. 42%; p < 0.01). Conclusions: More than one third of patients with 50–70% stenosis present with a hyperintense plaque. This subgroup of patients could in the future possibly benefit from more aggressive medicinal therapy or revascularization.
Functional Polymorphism of Cyclooxygenase-2 Gene (G–765C) in Depressive Patients
Authors: Gałecki Piotr , Florkowski Antoni , Bieńkiewicz Małgorzata , Szemraj Janusz
Published: June 2010

Background: Depressive disorder (DD) is characterized by an inflammatory process and oxidative stress. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), the expression of which increases in depression, is an enzyme involved in inflammation and free radical processes. The aim of our study was to assess the correlation between single nucleotide polymorphism G–765C of the COX-2 gene and recurrent DD. Methods: The study was carried out in a group of 181 patients treated for recurrent DD, and in 149 healthy subjects of the control group (CG). Polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism was used for genotyping. Results: A statistically significant difference in genotype distribution was observed as a result of the comparison between the CG and the patients with DD. We demonstrated that the presence of the –765G allele in the COX-2 gene increased 2.1-fold the risk of DD development, whereas the presence of a homozygote (G–765G) in the analyzed gene increased the risk of DD development 2.5-fold. Conclusion: According to the obtained results, it may be proposed with some caution that the presence of both the –765G allele and the G–765G genotype in the COX-2 gene may confer a susceptibility to an increased risk of recurrent DD in the Polish population.
Basal Ganglia Activity in Pathological Gambling: A Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography Study
Authors: Pallanti Stefano , Haznedar M. Mehmet , Hollander Eric , LiCalzi Elizabeth M. , Bernardi Silvia , Newmark Randall , Buchsbaum Monte S.
Published: June 2010

Background: Pathological gambling (PG) is a disorder classified as an impulse control disorder (DSM-IV) bridging impulsive, compulsive and addictive behaviors. The striatum and thalamus are supposed to be involved in the pathophysiological substrate of these behaviors. An increased relative glucose metabolic rate (rGMR) in patients with a diagnosis of PG had previously been reported in the medial and orbitofrontal cortex. We extended our studies to include functional alterations of the striatum and thalamus in a cohort of patients with PG before and after treatment with lithium. Methods: Twenty-one patients with PG who met lifetime comorbid bipolar spectrum diagnoses and a comparison group of 21 age- and sex-matched controls underwent a baseline positron emission tomography (PET) scan. Sixteen of these patients entered a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled parallel-group-design trial of lithium and underwent a follow-up PET scan at week 10. Anatomical MRI were obtained and the structures outlined on consecutive axial slices. These individual hand-drawn templates were used to identify structures on the PET scan of each patient, and the rGMR was measured. Results: The PG patients had a decrement of the rGMR in the ventral parts of the striatum and thalamus, and an increment of the rGMR in the dorsal parts as compared with the controls. Lithium treatment increased the ventral caudate rGMR to a trend level in the patients, but had no effect on the metabolism of either the putamen or the thalamus. Conclusion: Because of their extensive connectivity to the frontal cortex, striatal and thalamic functional alteration may contribute to faulty decision making processes in PG patients. By increasing the ventral rGMR of the caudate nucleus, lithium treatment may reduce cognitive dysfunction and symptoms in PG patients.
Survival in Patients With Idiopathic, Familial, and Anorexigen-Associated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in the Modern Management Era
Authors: Humbert Marc , Sitbon Olivier , Chaouat Ari , Bertocchi Michèle , Habib Gilbert , Gressin Virginie , Yaïci Azzedine , Weitzenblum Emmanuel , Cordier Jean-François , Chabot François , Dromer Claire , Pison Christophe , Reynaud-Gaubert Martine , Haloun Alain , Laurent Marcel , Hachulla Eric , Cottin Vincent , Degano Bruno , Jaïs Xavier , Montani David , Souza Rogério , Simonneau Gérald
Published: June 2010

Background—

Novel therapies have recently become available for pulmonary arterial hypertension. We conducted a study to characterize mortality in a multicenter prospective cohort of patients diagnosed with idiopathic, familial, or anorexigen-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension in the modern management era.

Methods and Results—

Between October 2002 and October 2003, 354 consecutive adult patients with idiopathic, familial, or anorexigen-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (56 incident and 298 prevalent cases) were prospectively enrolled. Patients were followed up for 3 years, and survival rates were analyzed. For incident cases, estimated survival (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) at 1, 2, and 3 years was 85.7% (95% CI, 76.5 to 94.9), 69.6% (95% CI, 57.6 to 81.6), and 54.9% (95% CI, 41.8 to 68.0), respectively. In a combined analysis population (incident patients and prevalent patients diagnosed within 3 years before study entry; n=190), 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival estimates were 82.9% (95% CI, 72.4 to 95.0), 67.1% (95% CI, 57.1 to 78.8), and 58.2% (95% CI, 49.0 to 69.3), respectively. Individual survival analysis identified the following as significantly and positively associated with survival: female gender, New York Heart Association functional class I/II, greater 6-minute walk distance, lower right atrial pressure, and higher cardiac output. Multivariable analysis showed that being female, having a greater 6-minute walk distance, and exhibiting higher cardiac output were jointly significantly associated with improved survival.

Conclusions—

In the modern management era, idiopathic, familial, and anorexigen-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension remains a progressive, fatal disease. Mortality is most closely associated with male gender, right ventricular hemodynamic function, and exercise limitation.
Continuous Glycoprotein-130–Mediated Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-3 Activation Promotes Inflammation, Left Ventricular Rupture, and Adverse Outcome in Subacute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Hilfiker-Kleiner Denise , Shukla Praphulla , Klein Gunnar , Schaefer Arnd , Stapel Britta , Hoch Melanie , Müller Werner , Scherr Michaela , Theilmeier Gregor , Ernst Matthias , Hilfiker Andres , Drexler Helmut
Published: June 2010

Background—

In patients with myocardial infarction, high serum levels of interleukin-6 cytokines predict a poor outcome. The common receptor of interleukin-6 cytokines, glycoprotein-130 (gp130), signals via janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and phosphoinositide-3-kinase/Akt pathways, and the regulation of these pathways depends at least in part on the gp130 tyrosine-757 residue. By analyzing cardiomyocyte-specific

gp130
Y757F

mutant mice, we investigated the effect of disturbed gp130 signaling after myocardial infarction.

Methods and Results—

The cardiomyocyte-restricted α-myosin heavy chain-Cre-recombinase-loxP system was used to generate mice with

gp130
Y757F

mutant cardiomyocytes (

αMHC-Cre
tg/−
;gp130
fl/Y757F

[Y
757
F]); all other cells carried at least 1 functional gp130 gene, ensuring normal gp130 signaling. Y
757
F mice displayed normal cardiac function and morphology at 3 months of age comparable to their nonmutant littermates. In response to myocardial infarction, Y
757
F mice displayed higher mortality associated with increased left ventricular rupture rate, sustained cardiac inflammation, and heart failure. These adverse effects were associated with prolonged and enhanced STAT3 activation and increased expression of interleukin-6 and of the complement-activating mannose-binding lectin C. Pharmacological inhibition of the complement system by cobra venom factor attenuated inflammation, prevented left ventricular rupture, and improved cardiac function in Y
757
F mice. Stronger effects were observed with a genetic reduction of STAT3 (STAT3
flox/+
) restricted to cardiomyocytes in Y
757
F mice, which prevented extensive upregulation of interleukin-6, complement activation, and sustained inflammation and lowered left ventricular rupture rate, heart failure, and mortality in subacute myocardial infarction.

Conclusion—

Impaired downregulation of gp130-mediated STAT3 activation in subacute infarction promotes cardiac inflammation, adverse remodeling, and heart failure, suggesting a potential causative role of high interleukin-6 serum levels after myocardial infarction.
Meta-Analysis of Genome-Wide Gene Expression Differences in Onset and Maintenance Phases of Genetic Hypertension
Authors: Marques Francine Z. , Campain Anna E. , Yang Yee Hwa J. , Morris Brian J.
Published: June 2010

Gene expression differences accompany both the onset and established phases of hypertension. By an integrated genome-transcriptome approach we performed a meta-analysis of data from 74 microarray experiments available on public databases to identify genes with altered expression in the kidney, adrenal, heart, and artery of spontaneously hypertensive and Lyon hypertensive rats. To identify genes responsible for the onset of hypertension we used a statistical approach that sought to eliminate expression differences that occur during maturation unrelated to hypertension. Based on this adjusted fold-difference statistic, we found 36 genes for which the expression differed between the prehypertensive phase and established hypertension. Genes having possible relevance to hypertension onset included
Actn2, Ankrd1, ApoE, Cd36, Csrp3, Me1, Myl3, Nppa, Nppb, Pln, Postn, Spp1
,
Slc21a4, Slc22a2, Thbs4
, and
Tnni3.
In established hypertension 102 genes exhibited altered expression after Bonferroni correction (
P
<0.05). These included
Atp5o, Ech1, Fabp3, Gnb3, Ldhb, Myh6, Lpl, Pkkaca, Vegfb, Vcam1
, and reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenases. Among the genes identified, there was an overrepresentation of gene ontology terms involved in energy production, fatty acid and lipid metabolism, oxidation, and transport. These could contribute to increases in reactive oxygen species. Our meta-analysis has revealed many new genes for which the expression is altered in hypertension, so pointing to novel potential causative, maintenance, and responsive mechanisms and pathways.
Chemical Basis for Minimal Cognition
Authors: Hanczyc Martin M. , Ikegami Takashi
Published: June 2010

We have developed a simple chemical system capable of self-movement in order to study the physicochemical origins of movement. We propose how this system may be useful in the study of minimal perception and cognition. The system consists simply of an oil droplet in an aqueous environment. A chemical reaction within the oil droplet induces an instability, the symmetry of the oil droplet breaks, and the droplet begins to move through the aqueous phase. The complement of physical phenomena that is then generated indicates the presence of feedback cycles that, as will be argued, form the basis for self-regulation, homeostasis, and perhaps an extended form of autopoiesis. We discuss the result that simple chemical systems are capable of sensory-motor coupling and possess a homeodynamic state from which cognitive processes may emerge.
Citizens’ Perceptions of Government Responsiveness in Africa: Do Electoral Systems and Ethnic Diversity Matter?
Authors: Cho Wonbin
Published: June 2010

How do electoral systems influence citizens’ perceptions of government responsiveness? It is well known that although majoritarian electoral systems emphasize the directness and clarity of the connection between voters and policy makers, proportional representation systems facilitate the representation of all factions in society. Although there have been a few studies of the direct influence of electoral systems on popular attitudes about the political system, the results have not been consistent. The author finds, however, that election systems also affect perceptions of government responsiveness, but the relationship is highly contingent on the degree of ethnic diversity in a society. Using Afrobarometer survey data collected from 15 sub-Saharan African countries, along with contextual variables, this multilevel analysis finds that at lower levels of ethnic diversity, majoritarian electoral systems are much better at boosting citizens’ external efficacy, whereas at higher levels of ethnic diversity, proportional representation systems are more likely to elevate efficacy. The findings have important implications for constitutional design and democratic consolidation.
Of Trophies and Pillars: Exploring the Terror Management Functions of Short-Term and Long-Term Relationship Partners
Authors: Kosloff Spee , Greenberg Jeff , Sullivan Daniel , Weise David
Published: June 2010

Prior terror management research shows that mortality salience (MS) motivates both self-esteem striving and worldview bolstering. The present research examined these processes in the context of dating preferences. It was hypothesized that in short-term romantic contexts, MS-induced self-esteem striving motivates interest in dating a physically attractive other, whereas in long-term romantic contexts, MS-induced motives for worldview validation heighten interest in dating a same-religion other. Study 1 showed that in a short-term dating context, MS increased preference for an attractive but religiously dissimilar person, whereas in a long-term dating context, MS increased preference for a religiously similar, less attractive person. Study 2 clarified that MS motivates preference for attractive short-term partners for their self-enhancing properties rather than their potential sexual availability. Study 3 supported the theorized processes, showing that under MS, self-esteem-relevant constructs became spontaneously accessible in short-term dating contexts, whereas worldview-relevant constructs became spontaneously accessible in long-term dating contexts.
The Relation Between Trust Beliefs and Loneliness During Early Childhood, Middle Childhood, and Adulthood
Authors: Rotenberg Ken J. , Addis Nick , Betts Lucy R. , Corrigan Amanda , Fox Claire , Hobson Zoe , Rennison Sarah , Trueman Mark , Boulton Michael J.
Published: June 2010

Four studies examined the relation between trust and loneliness. Studies 1, 2, and 3 showed that trust beliefs negatively predicted changes in loneliness during early childhood (5—7 years), middle childhood (9—11 years), and young adulthood (18—21 years). Structural equation modeling yielded support for the hypothesis that the relation between trust beliefs and loneliness was mediated, in part, by social disengagement, which varied by age and gender. Study 4 showed that when young adults were primed for distrust rather than for trust cognitions, they showed greater withdrawal (loneliness) affect, lower willingness to disclose, and less perceived success in achieving rapport. The findings yielded support for the hypotheses that (a) low trust beliefs promote loneliness from childhood to adulthood and (b) social disengagement and cognitive schema mechanisms account for the relation.
A parametric methodology for text classification
Authors: Karanikolas Nikitas N. , Skourlas Christos
Published: June 2010

Finding the correct category (class) a new unclassified document belongs to is an interesting and difficult problem, with a wide range of applications. Our methodology for narrative text classification is based on two techniques: we calculate the distance (similarity) between the new unclassified document and all the pre-classified documents of each class and also calculate the similarity of the new document to the ‘average class document’ of each class. In both cases we use key phrases (text phrases or key terms) as the distinctive features of our text classification methodology and eventually the proposed text classification method is based on the automatic extraction of an authority list of key phrases that is appropriate for discriminating between different classes. In this paper, we apply this methodology in handling Greek text and we present the key concepts, the algorithms, and some critical decisions. A number of parameters of the mining algorithm are also fine tuned. The actual text classification system, the adopted (embedded) ideas and the alternative values of parameters are evaluated using two training sets (test collections).
Web hyperlink patterns and the financial variables of the global banking industry
Authors: Vaughan Liwen , Romero-Frías Esteban
Published: June 2010

The goal of the study is to explore business and social information contained in web data and to examine the effectiveness of webometrics methods in obtaining this type of information. Specifically, this study combines the inlink and co-link analysis techniques to make a complete examination of the international banking industry. Results from the analysis were compared with the banks’ real financial situation to determine the validity and reliability of the link analysis methods. Statistically significant correlations were found between inlink data and several financial variables. A comparison between Asian banks and other banks showed that the former attracted significantly more inlinks. The multidimensional scaling (MDS) maps generated from co-link data suggest that geographic and linguistic factors determine competitive clusters in the international banking industry. A comparison of the MDS maps from the two different time periods revealed important business information, notably that the Chinese banks moved closer to the major banks from the USA and UK.
An analysis of household waste management policy using system dynamics modelling
Authors: Inghels Dirk , Dullaert Wout
Published: June 2010

This paper analyses the Flemish household waste management policy. Based on historical data from the period 1991—2006, literature reviews and interviews, both mathematical and descriptive relationships are derived that describe Flemish waste collection, reuse, recycling and disposal behaviour. This provides insights into how gross domestic product (GDP), population and selective collection behaviour have influenced household waste production and collection over time. These relationships are used to model the dynamic relationships underlying household waste management in Flanders by using a system dynamics (SD) modelling approach. Where most SD models in literature are conceptual and descriptive, in the present study a real-life case with both correlational and descriptive relationships was modelled for Flanders, a European region with an outstanding waste management track record. This model was used to evaluate the current Flemish household waste management policy based on the principles of the waste hierarchy, also referred as the Lansink ranking. The results show that Flemish household waste targets up to 2015 can be achieved by the current waste policy measures. It also shows the sensitivity of some key policy parameters such as prevention and reuse. Given the general nature of the model and its limited data requirements, the authors believe that the approach implemented in this model can also assist waste policy makers in other regions or countries to meet their policy targets by simulating the effect of their current and potential household waste policy measures.