bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Breast cancer information communicated on a public online platform: an analysis of ‘Yahoo! Answer Japan’
Authors: Ohigashi An , Ahmed Salim , Afzal Arfan R. , Shigeta Naoko , Tam-Tham Helen , Kanda Hideyuki , Ishikawa Yoshihiro , Turin Tanvir C.
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION
Japan is a developed country with high use of Internet and online platforms for health information. ‘Yahoo! Answer Japan’ is the most commonly used question-and-answer service in Japan.

AIM
To explore the information users seek regarding breast cancer from the ‘Yahoo! Answer Japan’ web portal.

METHODS
The ‘Yahoo! Answer Japan’ portal was searched for the key word ‘breast cancer’ and all questions searched for the period of 1 January to 31 December 2014 were obtained. The selected questions related to human breast cancer and were not advertisements or promotional material. The questions were categorized using a coding schema. High and low access of the questions were defined by the number of view-counts.

RESULTS
Among the 2392 selected questions, six major categories were identified; (1) suspected breast cancer, (2) breast cancer screening, (3) treatment of breast cancer, (4) life with breast cancer, (5) prevention of breast cancer and (6) others. The highest number of questions were treatment related (28.8%) followed by suspected breast cancer-related questions (23.4%) and screening-related questions (20%). Statistical analysis revealed that the treatment-related questions were more likely to be highly accessed.

CONCLUSION
Content analysis of Internet question–answer communities is important, as questions posted on these sites would serve as a rich source of direct reflection regarding the health-related information needs of the general population.
Appropriateness of general practitioner imaging requests for transient ischaemic attack patients: secondary analysis of a cluster randomised controlled trial
Authors: Ranta Annemarei , Weatherall Mark , Gommans John , Tilyard Murray , Odea Des , Dovey Susan
Published: June 2018

Abstract

AIMS
Many transient ischaemic attack (TIA) patients receive initial assessments by general practitioners (GPs). In a randomised controlled trial (RCT) we showed that BPAC Inc. TIA/stroke electronic decision support (EDS) for GPs improves patient outcomes and guideline adherence. This secondary analysis assesses the impact of trial associated enhanced GP access to radiological investigation.

METHODS
Post-hoc analysis of a multi-centre, single blind, parallel group, cluster RCT comparing TIA/stroke EDS guided GP management with usual care to assess whether imaging requests and their appropriateness differed between study groups.

RESULTS
GPs requested 15/291 (5.2%) carotid ultrasounds and 19/291 (6.5%) computed tomography (CT) head scans. Scans were obtained more frequently in the intervention group (ultrasound cluster adjusted OR (95% CI) 1.41 (0.44 to 4.49), P = 0.56 and CT 13.8 (1.7 to 110.7), P < 0.001). All CTs were clinically appropriate. More ultrasounds were appropriate in the EDS group (cluster adjusted OR (95% CI) of 8.4 (0.39 to 92.3), P = 0.18). Overall investigation costs did not differ between groups (P = 0.83). Some apparent avoidable imaging duplication occurred where patients were subsequently assessed by secondary services.

CONCLUSION
In the setting of a RCT assessing GP electronic decision support, frequency of GP initiated imaging requests was low and largely appropriate especially in the setting of EDS use. Thus enhanced GP imaging access as part of the EDS tool did not result in inappropriate or excessive GP imaging requests. However, some duplication occurred and practitioners need to ensure that test referrals and results are adequately communicated between sectors.
A project to improve the quality of care for overweight and obese patients in a Nelson general practice
Authors: Naper Jennifer , Manetto Luis , Wiren Diane
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Local guidelines exist in Nelson to assist general practitioners (GPs) in supporting overweight and obese patients with weight loss and improvements in their overall health. This audit measures whether this role is fulfilled in a Very Low Cost Access practice in Nelson, in which 76% of enrolled patients reside in New Zealand social deprivation index quintiles 4 and 5. AIM This study measured whether Nelson Marlborough District Health Board Health Pathways and the Ministry of Health Clinical Guidelines are followed in identifying risk and initiating management, including treatment of additional risk factors, lifestyle modification and dietitian referral. RESULTS Although limited by sample size and consecutive patient screening methodology, the results of this study indicate that overweight and obesity rates in this practice are comparable with the national average, with Māori and Pacific Island populations more likely to be affected compared to their New Zealand European counterparts. Of the patients who had their body mass index recorded, 65% were overweight or obese. Risk factors were assessed and treated in all, green prescriptions were issued in 4%, and 23% were referred to a dietitian. DISCUSSION Audit findings were presented at an intervention session where strategies for improvement were considered including routine waist circumference measurement, dietitian referral, exercise on prescription and providing individualised tailored approaches that integrate patients’ cultural and social context. While risk factors are being managed appropriately, improvements can be made in identifying high-risk patients, promoting lifestyle modifications and early dietitian referral.
Exploration of funding models to support hybridisation of Australian primary health care organisations
Authors: Reddy Sandeep
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT
Primary Health Care (PHC) funding in Australia is complex and fragmented. The focus of PHC funding in Australia has been on volume rather than comprehensive primary care and continuous quality improvement. As PHC in Australia is increasingly delivered by hybrid style organisations, an appropriate funding model that matches this set-up while addressing current issues with PHC funding is required. This article discusses and proposes an appropriate funding model for hybrid PHC organisations.
Cheques and challenges: business performance in New Zealand general practice
Authors: Greatbanks Richard , Doolan-Noble Fiona , McKenna Alex
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION
New Zealand general practice mainly functions as small businesses, usually owned by a single or small group of doctors. Consequently, owners often have to balance the provision of patient care with varying funding priorities, changing patient needs and the pressures of running a sustainable business. Such balancing inevitably leads to tensions developing between these factors.

AIM
To explore and understand these tensions and responses to them, by examining the business performance measurements used by general practice.

METHODS
For this study, the unit of analysis and focus were individual practices, but qualitative semi-structured interviews with general practitioners (GPs) and practice managers were used to gather the data.

RESULTS
All participating practices had some form of governance or board review, where high-level aggregated business performance data were presented. More sophisticated business performance measures were evident in the larger, more developed practices and in practices functioning as community trusts. Examples of such measures included doctor utilisation and efficiency, appraisal of risk, patient satisfaction with services and responses to changes in patient demand.

DISCUSSION
As the number of general practices based on the traditional model decrease, a corresponding increase is likely in the establishment and development of ‘super practices’ based on a corporatized, multi-service, single-location model. Consequently, service delivery will become increasingly complex and will drive a need for increased sophistication in how general practice measures its business performance, thus ensuring a balance between high-quality, safe patient care and the maintenance of a sustainable business.
A model of multidisciplinary professional development for health professionals in rural Canterbury, New Zealand
Authors: Bidwell Susan , Copeland Andrea
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION
Pegasus Health Charitable Ltd, a Christchurch Primary Health Organisation, is contracted by the Canterbury District Health Board to provide continuing professional development for primary care practitioners in the region. Rurally located health practitioners have largely been unable to participate because of the travel time and distances involved.

AIM
The initiative reported in this paper aimed to fill this gap by developing an accessible and high-quality multidisciplinary model of professional development for general practitioners, nurse practitioners, practice nurses and community pharmacists in rural areas of North Canterbury, New Zealand.

METHODS
A survey was conducted to learn from the experiences of 14 health professionals in an existing multidisciplinary group, which had developed as a local initiative in one rural community.

RESULTS
The survey had an 86% response rate. All respondents believed the multidisciplinary format worked well, had improved collaborative working and increased the consistency of patient care. Access to professional development had improved and the meetings provided a useful forum for the mostly part-time staff to interact as a group. The main caution noted was the potential to become inward looking without being exposed to fresh ideas from other practices.

DISCUSSION
The multidisciplinary model was considered workable and valuable by the survey respondents. Based on our findings, the multidisciplinary model has been formalised by the Pegasus team responsible, and three new groups are now operating successfully in rural areas of North Canterbury.
Primary healthcare utilisation among adults with mood and anxiety disorders: an analysis of the New Zealand Health Survey
Authors: Lockett Helen , Lai Jennifer , Tuason Charito , Jury Angela , Fergusson David
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION
In New Zealand, as in other OECD countries, there is a high and growing prevalence of mental health problems, particularly anxiety and depression. These conditions are associated with a range of physical illnesses, and as a result this population have high and often complex needs for healthcare services, particularly through primary care.

AIM
To use data from the New Zealand Health Survey (NZHS) to examine the associations between internalising disorders (including anxiety, depression and bipolar disorder) and measures related to the utilisation of primary healthcare services.

METHODS
The study was based on responses from 13,719 adults who took part in the 2015–16 NZHS. Logistic regression analyses adjusted for sociodemographic variables were undertaken to examine the effect of having an internalising disorder on each measure related to primary healthcare utilisation. The strength of associations was indicated by odds ratios (ORs).

RESULTS
Adults with an internalising disorder were more likely to utilise primary health services (OR = 1.43–2.56, P < 0.001) compared to adults without an internalising disorder. However, they were more likely to have unmet needs due to cost or transport (OR = 2.45–3.38, P < 0.001), unfilled prescriptions due to cost (OR = 3.03, P < 0.001) and less likely to report positive experiences with general practitioners (OR = 0.67–0.79, P < 0.01).

DISCUSSION
Adults with internalising disorders require a higher level of support from primary healthcare, yet experience more barriers to accessing these services, and report less positive experiences with general practitioners. The NZHS may be a useful source of routinely collected data for understanding, monitoring and improving primary health service utilisation among people with internalising disorders.
Typology of title transformations in self-translations of Vladimir Nabokov’s short stories
Authors: Egorova Olga , Borovskaya Anna , Romanovskaya Olga , Bychkov Dmitriy , Spesivtseva Lyubov
Published: June 2018

This article is dedicated to the issue of the adequacy of self-translations of Vladimir Nabokov’s small forms of fiction. Different types of transformations of short-story titles in the creative work of the bilingual writer were chosen as the object of the research. The article is characterized by a multidisciplinary approach, uniting aspects of linguistic, literary and cultural studies in the investigation of the self-translation phenomenon, an approach that provides for scientifically-grounded conclusions. The authors of the paper build a typology of structural and semantic changes reflecting the features of Nabokov’s interpretations of his own texts. Contrastive comparative, structural, intertextual and cognitive methods were employed as the main research methods. This complex approach to text analysis used in the paper permits an expansion of the idea of the semantics and poetics of separate texts as well as a collection of stories as a whole. The authors pay special attention to investigation of the following types of correlation between the original title and its equivalent: semantic specification, semantic narrowing, semantic broadening and modulation. The authors note that Nabokov in many cases does not follow his own principles of “literality”. The specializing character of correlation between the original text and the translation is predetermined by the author’s aspiration to convey the exact sense and to emphasize separate connotative shades of meaning, while devices of modulation and semantic broadening perform the function of an author’s comment.
No language policy without translation policy
Authors: Meylaerts Reine , González Núñez Gabriel
Published: June 2018

A major challenge for authorities in the modern world is the linguistic integration of minorities. In this context, language
policies play a key role as authorities are increasingly faced with the challenge of adjusting their language policies in order to
secure the linguistic rights and thus the integration of their multilingual populations. In multilingual democracies, these
language policies must include choices about the use or non-use of translation. These choices, when they are systematic, become
policies of their own in terms of translation. Thus, translation policies arise in part as a consequence of language policies, and
there can be no language policy without an attendant translation policy. This article sheds light on the role of translation
policies as part of language policy. Specifically, it shows that translation policies can be a tool for integration and
recognition or exclusion and neglect of speakers of minority languages and therefore deserve special attention. This is done by
comparing the translation policies adopted in Flanders and Wales, both as applied to autochthonous linguistic minorities and
allochthonous linguistic minorities. Lessons can be learned from the similarities and differences of translation policies in these
two regions.
Cdk1 phosphorylation of the dynein adapter Nde1 controls cargo binding from G2 to anaphase
Authors: Wynne Caitlin L. , Vallee Richard B.
Published: June 2018

Cytoplasmic dynein is involved in diverse cell cycle–dependent functions regulated by several accessory factors, including Nde1 and Ndel1. Little is known about the role of these proteins in dynein cargo binding, and less is known about their cell cycle­–dependent dynein regulation. Using Nde1 RNAi, mutant cDNAs, and a phosphorylation site–specific antibody, we found a specific association of phospho-Nde1 with the late G2-M nuclear envelope and prophase to anaphase kinetochores, comparable to the pattern for the Nde1 interactor CENP-F. Phosphomutant-Nde1 associated only with prometaphase kinetochores and showed weaker CENP-F binding in in vitro assays. Nde1 RNAi caused severe delays in mitotic progression, which were substantially rescued by both phosphomimetic and phosphomutant Nde1. Expression of a dynein-binding–deficient Nde1 mutant reduced kinetochore dynein by half, indicating a major role for Nde1 in kinetochore dynein recruitment. These results establish CENP-F as the first well-characterized Nde1 cargo protein, and reveal phosphorylation control of Nde1 cargo binding throughout a substantial fraction of the cell cycle.
A Ca2+-stimulated exosome release pathway in cancer cells is regulated by Munc13-4
Authors: Messenger Scott W. , Woo Sang Su , Sun Zhongze , Martin Thomas F.J.
Published: June 2018

Cancer cells secrete copious amounts of exosomes, and elevated intracellular Ca2+ is critical for tumor progression and metastasis, but the underlying cellular mechanisms are unknown. Munc13-4 is a Ca2+-dependent SNAP receptor– and Rab-binding protein required for Ca2+-dependent membrane fusion. Here we show that acute elevation of Ca2+ in cancer cells stimulated a fivefold increase in CD63+, CD9+, and ALIX+ exosome release that was eliminated by Munc13-4 knockdown and not restored by Ca2+ binding–deficient Munc13-4 mutants. Direct imaging of CD63-pHluorin exosome release confirmed its Munc13-4 dependence. Depletion of Munc13-4 in highly aggressive breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells reduced the size of CD63+ multivesicular bodies (MVBs), indicating a role for Munc13-4 in MVB maturation. Munc13-4 used a Rab11-dependent trafficking pathway to generate MVBs competent for exosome release. Membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase trafficking to MVBs by a Rab11-dependent pathway was also Munc13-4 dependent, and Munc13-4 depletion reduced extracellular matrix degradation. These studies identify a novel Ca2+- and Munc13-4-dependent pathway that underlies increased exosome release by cancer cells.
Cell adhesion is regulated by CDK1 during the cell cycle
Authors: Jones Matthew C. , Askari Janet A. , Humphries Jonathan D. , Humphries Martin J.
Published: June 2018

In most tissues, anchorage-dependent growth and cell cycle progression are dependent on cells engaging extracellular matrices (ECMs) via integrin–receptor adhesion complexes. In a highly conserved manner, cells disassemble adhesion complexes, round up, and retract from their surroundings before division, suggestive of a primordial link between the cell cycle machinery and the regulation of cell adhesion to the ECM. In this study, we demonstrate that cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) mediates this link. CDK1, in complex with cyclin A2, promotes adhesion complex and actin cytoskeleton organization during interphase and mediates a large increase in adhesion complex area as cells transition from G1 into S. Adhesion complex area decreases in G2, and disassembly occurs several hours before mitosis. This loss requires elevated cyclin B1 levels and is caused by inhibitory phosphorylation of CDK1–cyclin complexes. The inactivation of CDK1 is therefore the trigger that initiates remodeling of adhesion complexes and the actin cytoskeleton in preparation for rapid entry into mitosis.
Thermal Conductivity of Complex Plasmas Using Novel Evan-Gillan Approach
Authors: Shahzad Aamir , Haider Syed Irfan , Kashif Muhammad , Shifa Muhammad Shahzad , Mu Tariq , He Mao-Gang
Published: June 2018

The thermal conductivity of complex fluid materials (dusty plasmas) has been explored through novel Evan-Gillan homogeneous non-equilibrium molecular dynamic (HNEMD) algorithm. The thermal conductivity coefficient obtained from HNEMD is dependent on various plasma parameters (Γ, κ). The proposed algorithm gives accurate results with fast convergence and small size effect over a wide range of plasma parameters. The cross microscopic heat energy current is discussed in association with variation of temperature (1/Γ) and external perturbations (Pz). The thermal conductivity obtained from HNEMD simulations is found to be very good agreement and more reliable than previously known numerical techniques of equilibrium molecular dynamic, nonequilibrium molecular dynamic simulations. Our new investigations point to an effective conclusion that the thermal conductivity of complex dusty plasmas is dependent on an extensive range of plasma coupling (Γ) and screening parameter (κ) and it varies by the alteration in these parameters. It is also shown that a different approach is used for computations of thermal conductivity in 2D complex plasmas and can be appropriate method for behaviors of complex systems.
Actomyosin stress fiber subtypes have unique viscoelastic properties and roles in tension generation
Authors: Lee Stacey , Kassianidou Elena , Kumar Sanjay
Published: June 2018

Actomyosin stress fibers (SFs) support cell shape and migration by directing intracellular tension to the extracellular matrix (ECM) via focal adhesions. Migrating cells exhibit three SF subtypes (dorsal SFs, transverse arcs, and ventral SFs), which differ in their origin, location, and ECM connectivity. While each subtype is hypothesized to play unique structural roles, this idea has not been directly tested at the single-SF level. Here, we interrogate the mechanical properties of single SFs of each subtype based on their retraction kinetics following laser incision. While each SF subtype bears distinct mechanical properties, these properties are highly interdependent, with incision of dorsal fibers producing centripetal recoil of adjacent transverse arcs and the retraction of incised transverse arcs being limited by attachment points to dorsal SFs. These observations hold whether cells are allowed to spread freely or are confined to crossbow ECM patterns. Consistent with this interdependence, subtype-specific knockdown of dorsal SFs (palladin) or transverse arcs (mDia2) influences ventral SF retraction. These altered mechanics are partially phenocopied in cells cultured on ECM microlines that preclude assembly of dorsal SFs and transverse arcs. Our findings directly demonstrate that different SF subtypes play distinct roles in generating tension and form a mechanically interdependent network.
Tightly integrated genomic and epigenomic data mining using tensor decomposition
Authors: Fang Jianwen
Published: June 2018

Motivation

Complex diseases such as cancers often involve multiple types of genomic and/or epigenomic abnormalities. Rapid accumulation of multiple types of omics data demands methods for integrating the multidimensional data in order to elucidate complex relationships among different types of genomic and epigenomic abnormalities.

Results

In the present study, we propose a tightly integrated approach based on tensor decomposition. Multiple types of data, including mRNA, methylation, copy number variations and somatic mutations, are merged into a high-order tensor which is used to develop predictive models for overall survival. The weight tensors of the models are constrained using CANDECOMP/PARAFAC (CP) tensor decomposition and learned using support tensor machine regression (STR) and ridge tensor regression (RTR). The results demonstrate that the tensor decomposition based approaches can achieve better performance than the models based individual data type and the concatenation approach.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Contribution of BKCa channels to vascular tone regulation by PDE3 and PDE4 is lost in heart failure
Authors: Idres Sarah , Perrin Germain , Domergue Valérie , Lefebvre Florence , Gomez Susana , Varin Audrey , Fischmeister Rodolphe , Leblais Véronique , Manoury Boris
Published: June 2018

Aims

Regulation of vascular tone by 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) involves many effectors including the large conductance, Ca2+-activated, K+ (BKCa) channels. In arteries, cAMP is mainly hydrolyzed by type 3 and 4 phosphodiesterases (PDE3, PDE4). Here, we examined the specific contribution of BKCa channels to tone regulation by these PDEs in rat coronary arteries, and how this is altered in heart failure (HF).

Methods and results

Concomitant application of PDE3 (cilostamide) and PDE4 (Ro-20-1724) inhibitors increased BKCa unitary channel activity in isolated myocytes from rat coronary arteries. Myography was conducted in isolated, U46619-contracted coronary arteries. Cilostamide (Cil) or Ro-20-1724 induced a vasorelaxation that was greatly reduced by iberiotoxin (IBTX), a BKCa channel blocker. Ro-20-1724 and Cil potentiated the relaxation induced by the β-adrenergic agonist isoprenaline (ISO) or the adenylyl cyclase activator L-858051 (L85). IBTX abolished the effect of PDE inhibitors on ISO but did not on L85. In coronary arteries from rats with HF induced by aortic stenosis, contractility and response to acetylcholine were dramatically reduced compared with arteries from sham rats, but relaxation to PDE inhibitors was retained. Interestingly, however, IBTX had no effect on Ro-20-1724- and Cil-induced vasorelaxations in HF. Expression of the BKCa channel α-subunit, of a 98 kDa PDE3A and of a 80 kDa PDE4D were lower in HF compared with sham coronary arteries, while that of a 70 kDa PDE4B was increased. Proximity ligation assays demonstrated that PDE3 and PDE4 were localized in the vicinity of the channel.

Conclusion

BKCa channels mediate the relaxation of coronary artery induced by PDE3 and PDE4 inhibition. This is achieved by co-localization of both PDEs with BKCa channels, enabling tight control of cAMP available for channel opening. Contribution of the channel is prominent at rest and on β-adrenergic stimulation. This coupling is lost in HF.
This So Sullied Flesh? Islamic Approaches to Human Pleasures
Authors: Rizvi Sajjad
Published: June 2018

Philosophers in the Islamic tradition faced a dilemma arising from their dual intellectual heritage: the philosophical triadition influenced by Plato stressed the duality of the human and emphasized the need to focus on the soul as the true subject of human experiences, including pleasures and pains, and yet the scriptures addressed the carnality of humans in this life and especially in the afterlife. Earlier thinkers such as al-Fārābī (d. 950) and Avicenna (d. 1037) acquiesce to a dualistic reading of the human and praise the pleasures of the soul over that of the body. However, later thinkers recognize that the soul remains in some state of embodiment, requiring a clearer understanding of the holistic nature of the human. I focus on one area problematizing dualism: the pleasure of the embodied human located in the erotics and carnality of the person analyzed in the Ladhdat al-nisāʾ (pleasure of/in women) literature.
Reflection
Authors: Berger Susanna
Published: June 2018

This essay discusses a novel category of broadside in which entire systems of logic, natural philosophy, metaphysics, and moral philosophy are represented in a comprehensive manner and coherent format, by showing, on a single page, how individual elements of the system relate to the whole. These broadsides inspired viewers to explore philosophical topics through visually appealing artworks. They functioned to make the activity of learning philosophy and investigating philosophical notions pleasurable and entertaining. In this Reflection, details in two broadsides that present pictorial interpretations of the notion of pleasure and its dangers are examined, in order to show the equivocal attitudes toward sensual pleasures in the convent schools associated with the University of Paris in the early seventeenth century.
Improving Organizational Social Contexts for Effective Human Services
Authors: Hemmelgarn Anthony L. , Glisson Charles
Published: June 2018

Emphasizing five basic points, this chapter summarizes what the authors have learned in their development of evidence-based organizational strategies. First, human service organizations vary in their social contexts, and those differences affect the way services are provided. Second, the social contexts of human services can be changed with organizational strategies, and those changes can improve service quality and outcomes. Third, organizational social contexts are essential for innovation because they reflect the power of social systems to promote changes in individual behavior. Fourth, organizational research illustrates that social contexts affect the implementation of best practices to improve effectiveness. Fifth, strategies for improving an organization’s capacity for innovation build upon a century of work on improving organizational effectiveness that has direct implications for human services. This chapter introduces the ARC strategies that include: (1) key organizational principles, (2) organizational components that drive innovation, and (3) mental models to support improvement efforts.
Dialogue
Authors: Miller Christopher Patrick , Bell Dianna
Published: June 2018

This chapter brings together Hindu and Muslim thought on climate change in specific local contexts in India and Mali. The dialogue uncovers deep themes of economic power, environmental epistemology, and power politics that emerge from the intersection of two essays. The power to flourish depends on politics as much as religion, it seems. We will see the roles played by government officials, bureaucrats, and spiritual leaders as both India and Mali negotiate the relationship between citizens and the natural environment. Government and bio-spiritual voices, potentially at odds, would do better to work together. The chapter ends with provocative and practical suggestions toward localizing environmental protection that might be achieved via the collaboration of these two voices.
Concluding Thoughts
Authors: Post Robert
Published: June 2018

This chapter reflects on the volume as a whole. It asks how we should imagine and deal with hatred within a legal order that is both liberal and democratic. The chapter traces the traditional treatment of hatred in the Anglo-American legal tradition, focusing on concepts of malice and libel. It discusses how contemporary concepts of hate crime and hate speech differ from this treatment: the former primarily seeks to achieve socio-political integration of groups rather than to preserve forms of respect that individuals owe each other. Trading on traditional ideas of hatred, modern legal sanctions may themselves contribute to the polarization and intolerance that they aim to destroy. Persons branded as “haters” are effectively excommunicated from the polity, and so have little to lose from a politics of resentment. The chapter suggests that antidiscrimination law may be a better model for achieving socio-political integration than contemporary evocations of “hatred.”
The Representational View of Experience
Authors: Brogaard Berit
Published: June 2018

In chapter 3, the author presents two arguments for the view that visual experience is representational. The first shows that phenomenal ‘look’ and ‘seem’ reflect phenomenal, representational properties of visual perception. It follows that experience is representational. This conclusion is consistent with some versions of naive realism, but considerably stronger than the minimal content view that takes content to be a description of what it is like for the subject to have the experience. The second argument establishes that the perceptual relation that obtains between experience and its object in core cases cannot fully explain the phenomenology of experience. In order to explain its phenomenology, we will need to appeal to the experience’s representational nature. The second argument thus shows that visual experience is fundamentally representational and not fundamentally relational, which is the central claim of the representational view.
What Matters
Authors: Reinert Kenneth A.
Published: June 2018

This introductory chapter introduces the basic goods approach and its relationship to the standard growth perspective and the capabilities/human development perspective. It defines basic goods and services as those that meet central and objective human needs and argues in favor of sustained attempts that achieve their universal provision. It identifies a set of basic goods that includes nutritious food, clean water, sanitation, health services, education services, housing, electricity, and human security services. The chapter argues that what really matters about growth is the possibility that it will lead to an increase in the broad-based provision of basic goods and services. The hoped-for expansion of human capabilities and development is predicated on this expanded provision of basic goods, and the expanded provision of basic goods and services also can promote growth. In these ways, basic goods and services are a critical link between growth and human development.
Sanitation
Authors: Reinert Kenneth A.
Published: June 2018

This chapter considers sanitation as a basic good that satisfies critical basic human needs for health and hygiene. It considers the widespread nature of sanitation deprivation and the challenges of addressing this deprivation, which include increased population growth. It considers the myriad health impacts of poor sanitation. The chapter examines the subsistence right to sanitation and the role of this right within the United Nations system of human rights. It discusses the problems of sanitation as it relates to children and women. It also examines the menu of options for sanitation service provision from a value chain perspective, the political economy of sanitation services, demand side issues, and provisioning processes.
Wife, Queen, Roman?
Authors: Gillespie Caitlin C.
Published: June 2018

Chapter 2 investigates Boudica’s status as the wife of a client king and the lifestyle of her Iceni. Dio labels Boudica as a queen, using a Roman term with political implications that may be inaccurate. Queens are fearsome and anxiety-producing for the Romans, as seen by the examples of Tullia and Cleopatra. Cartimandua, queen of the Brigantes in Britain and client queen of Rome, is characterized as a moral foil to Boudica in our texts. Cracks in the client regent system are revealed by Cartimandua and Prasutagus. As the wife of the client king Prasutagus, Boudica may have been a Roman citizen, but her political authority is ambiguous. Archaeological evidence indicates how different peoples experienced the Roman presence: the land of the Iceni and the three sites Boudica destroyed represent four separate types of interaction between Romans and Britons.
Fantasies of Improvisation
Authors: Gooley Dana
Published: June 2018

This book is the first history of keyboard improvisation in European music in the postclassical and romantic periods (c. 1815–1870). Grounded in primary sources, it documents practices of improvisation on the piano and the organ, with a particular emphasis on free fantasies and other forms of free playing. Case studies of performers such as Abbé Vogler, J. N. Hummel, Ignaz Moscheles, Robert Schumann, Carl Loewe, and Franz Liszt describe in detail the motives, intentions, and musical styles of the nineteenth century’s leading improvisers. The book further discusses the reception and valuation of improvisational performances by colleagues, audiences, and critics, which prompted many keyboardists to stop improvising. Its central argument is that amid the decline of improvisational practices in the first half of the nineteenth century there emerged a strong and influential “idea” of improvisation as an ideal or perfect performance. This idea, spawned and nourished by romanticism, preserved the aesthetic, social, and ethical values associated with improvisation, calling into question the supposed triumph of the “work.”
Schumann and the Economization of Musical Labor
Authors: Gooley Dana
Published: June 2018

Chapter 4 details Robert Schumann’s evolution from an eager and fluent improviser into a composer who advocated writing music away from the piano entirely. His evolution demonstrates the growing polarization between improvisation and composition, modes of music-making that were generally viewed as mutually beneficial until the 1830s. His early, piano-centered output provides clues into how certain transitional and rhetorical strategies were rooted in keyboard improvisational practices, but consciously invested with a “depth” or “psychology” that gave them a romantic cast. The chapter’s interpretive lens is then broadened to consider how Schumann’s anxiety over improvisation was shaped by an “ethos of economy” then common to the educated classes. Improvisation thrived on certain anti-economic impulses—a dilated sense of temporal unfolding, a strenuous type of performer training, a risk of inefficacious communication—that ran counter to bourgeois ethical codes such as the containment of excess and the rational ordering of available resources.
Liszt and the Romantic Rhetoric of Improvisation
Authors: Gooley Dana
Published: June 2018

Chapter 5 follows another musician of strong improvisatory inclinations who modified his practice in response to criticism. Unlike Schumann’s more linear development, Liszt’s relationship with improvisation vacillated. Free improvisations were central to his reputation as a child prodigy, yet the more he sought recognition as a composer, the more compelled he felt to rein it in for fear of being judged as superficial. At the same time, George Sand and Heinrich Heine were advancing a positive new vision of improvisation as a privileged, elevated mode of artistic utterance, and Liszt was one of their main exhibits. To an extent matched only by Chopin and Paganini, Liszt gave the impression he was blurring the line between playing a prepared piece and improvising. He thus played a key role in linking improvisational practice with the emerging imaginary ideal of improvisation, while submitting himself to the new order of “works” and “interpreters.”
Peter Capusotto y sus videos
Authors: Alonso Paul
Published: June 2018

Peter Capusotto y sus videos is an Argentinean satirical show that criticizes the entertainment industry in social and political terms. Hosted by actor and comedian Diego Capusotto, the popular show is broadcast on TV Pública, the state channel in Argentina. Through fictional characters and a documentary/journalistic style, Capusotto ridicules celebrity culture and targets social stereotypes. Chapter 5 analyzes the role of the show in deconstructing and questioning key aspects of the local urban identity reflected in popular culture, more specifically in rock music (rock nacional), a genre with a particular evolution and relevance in the country. Through the analysis of Bombita Rodríguez, Violencia Rivas, and Micky Vainilla, some of Capusotto’s most famous characters, this chapter illustrates how the show’s satirical approach demystifies Argentinean identities that exist within the realm of media spectacle while exposing sociopolitical tensions after the 2001 socioeconomic crisis and during the Kirchner era.
Prologue: Whys and Wherefores
Authors: Clark David
Published: June 2018

The prologue describes the methods and sources that underpin the biography. Principal among these are the recently consolidated and extensive Cicely Saunders’s archives at King’s College London. Also key to the work is a decade of practical collaboration between Cicely Saunders and David Clark in the last years of her life, during which Professor Clark undertook some twenty interviews with her, in preparation for writing a posthumous biography. They also collaborated on published volumes of her letters and selected writings. In addition, Professor Clark draws on his own extensive oral history archive, that includes interviews with many of Saunders’s contemporaries and associates. This section serves as a ‘frame’ for the biography and clarifies the key goals: to understand Cicely Saunders’s life and contribution to hospice and palliative care and to make sense of the dynamic interplay between her personal experience and the wider development of the field.
Learning the Craft and Crafting the Vision (1957 – 1967)
Authors: Clark David
Published: June 2018

Cicely Saunders was the first modern doctor to devote her entire professional career to caring for those at the end of life. Her approach was forged in clinical practise, research, and teaching at St Joseph’s Hospice. It was significantly influenced by the writings of authors such as C.S. Lewis, Viktor Frankl, and Teilhard de Chardin. Emerging ideas about religious community, found in the work of theologians such as Olive Wyon, were also significant. She set out to re-invent older traditions of terminal care into a new, modern guise, drawing on medical innovations in pain and symptom control, and emerging ideas of personhood, suffering, and identity. Her aims were given added authenticity through a series of personal bereavements in the early 1960s. This chapter also describes the detailed process by which St Christopher’s Hospice became a reality and opened its doors in July 1967, when Cicely Saunders was forty-nine years old.
Introduction
Authors: Ansari Emily Abrams
Published: June 2018

The introduction provides an overview of the history of musical Americanism, from the 1920s to the 1970s, in tandem with an assessment of changing attitudes toward American identity in the United States. It introduces scholarly debates surrounding the Cold War politicization of serialism and tonality and describes the various opportunities for work with government exploited by American composers during the 1950s and 1960s. These opportunities included serving as advisers to the State Department, the US Information Agency, and organizations funded by the CIA, as well as touring overseas as government-funded cultural ambassadors. These contexts establish the basis for the book’s argument that the Cold War presented both challenges and opportunities for Americanist composers that would ultimately result in a rebranding of their style.
The American Exceptionalists
Authors: Ansari Emily Abrams
Published: June 2018

This chapter examines Americanist composers William Schuman and Howard Hanson in parallel, as they engaged with the Cold War in very similar ways. These two men are shown to have used their influence as conservatory directors and advisers to government to present musical Americanism as a tool to grow American power on the global stage. Working with the State Department and the US Information Agency, Schuman and Hanson helped shape Cold War–created international cultural programs that placed a heavy emphasis on concert music and mandated the performance of American compositions. The chapter also includes an analysis of a musical work by Schuman that was commissioned by a branch of the US government. Credendum (1955) demonstrates in sound Schuman’s conception of Cold War American exceptionalism.
The Aggiornamento Framework’s Economic Vision
Authors: Shadle Matthew A.
Published: June 2018

This chapter looks in detail at the teachings of Popes John XXIII and Paul VI and the Second Vatican Council on the economy. It explores their teachings on the right to private property, the role of the government in planning the economy, labor relations, and social welfare, while also looking at their teachings on the need for international institutions in an increasingly global economy. The aggiornamento framework presents an organicist and communitarian vision of economic life while also emphasizing the rights of the person. The chapter also explains how Catholic social teaching began to address the question of development in the Global South, and outlines three economic theories of development: modernization theory, structuralism, and dependency theory.
Liberation Theology in Latin America
Authors: Shadle Matthew A.
Published: June 2018

This chapter examines the emergence of liberation theology in Latin America. It offers three cases studies illustrating the economic and political turmoil in Latin America in the 1960s and 1970s: Chile, Brazil, and El Salvador. The chapter then turns to the theology of two prominent liberation theologians, Gustavo Gutiérrez and Ignacio Ellacuría. Gutiérrez proposes that God calls us to make a preferential option for the poor, and to work for integral liberation in history. Similarly, Ellacuría explains that God offers his salvation in history, and the church is called to realize the Reign of God in the midst of historical reality, siding with the “crucified people” with whom Jesus identifies.
American Social Catholicism and the US Economy
Authors: Shadle Matthew A.
Published: June 2018

After the Second Vatican Council, Catholics in the United States played an increasingly important role in shaping Catholic social thought on the economy. This chapter looks at the history of American Catholic social thought, including that of John A. Ryan, the Catholic Worker movement, and the Association of Catholic Trade Unionists. It also examines the major institutions of the United States, comparing them to the economic systems in Western Europe. The chapter examines the economic crisis of the 1970s, which brought the economic order of the postwar decades to an end and ushered in the era of Reaganomics, which demanded new responses from Catholics.
Neoconservative Catholicism in the United States
Authors: Shadle Matthew A.
Published: June 2018

This chapter looks at neoconservative Catholicism, and in particular the work of Michael Novak. Neoconservative Catholics were critical of both progressive Catholics and the US Catholic bishops for not recognizing the benefits of the free-market economy. In his work, Novak provides a defense of what he calls democratic capitalism, consisting in a free-market economy, democratic political institutions, and a pluralistic culture. Novak offers a Catholic justification of democratic capitalism, appealing to human creativity and the social bonds created through commerce. The chapter also considers criticisms of Novak’s work, looking at issues such as the role of institutions and structures in the economy and the relationship between human creativity and the call to be a disciple of Jesus Christ.
Little Cold Warriors
Authors: Grieve Victoria M.
Published: June 2018

American children’s experiences during the Cold War were complex. Both conservative and liberal Baby Boomers have romanticized the 1950s as an age of innocence, but these nostalgic narratives obscure many other histories of postwar childhood, one of which has more in common with the war years and the Sixties, when children were mobilized and politicized by the US government, private corporations, and individual adults to fight the Cold War both at home and abroad. Children battled communism in its various guises on television, in the movies, and in comic books; they practiced safety drills, joined civil preparedness groups, and helped to build and stock bomb shelters in the backyard. Children collected coins for UNICEF, exchanged art with other children around the world, prepared for nuclear war through the Boy and Girl Scouts, raised funds for Radio Free Europe, sent clothing to refugee children, and donated books to restock the diminished library shelves of war-torn Europe. Rather than rationing and saving, American children were encouraged to spend and consume in order to maintain the engine of American prosperity. In these capacities, American children functioned as ambassadors, cultural diplomats, and representatives of the United States. This book is about politicized childhood at the peak of the Cold War and the many ways that children and ideas about childhood were pressed into political service. It combines approaches from childhood studies and diplomatic history to understand the cultural Cold War through the activities and experiences of young Americans.