bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Socio-economic Determinants of Adoption of Improved Cassava Varieties among Crop Farmers in ADP Zone I, Jigawa State, Nigeria.
Authors: M M KUNDIRI , O G BELLO , B Y MAMMAN , U MAKINTA , A M CHAMO , A I KENNETH
Published: August 2022

The study examined the Socio-economic factors affecting adoption of improved cassava varieties among farmers in Jigawa State, Nigeria. A 4-stage sampling technique was used to elicit information from 150 respondents through structure questionnaire and interview schedule. Both judgmental and simple random sampling procedure was adopted in the study. The data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical tools such as frequency tables, percentages, mean, standard deviation and Probit model. Majority of the respondents were males (56.0%), Married (72.0%) and members of cooperative movement (54.0%). Majority (82.7%) were having primary, secondary or tertiary level of education with average monthly income of N62,073.33k. The clienteles were involved in cassava production on part time basis (58.7%). Majority of the respondents were aware of TMS 92/0057 95.3%), TME419 (67.3%) and NR8083 (65.3%) but adopted TMS419 (32.0%), TMS96/0002 (30.0%) and NR8083 (29.3%) varieties mostly. The mean age of the respondents is 49 years, average farming experience of 26 years and mean land areas under cultivation of 3.0 Acres respectively. The determinant factors of adoption of improved cassava varieties are; educational level, age, sex, complexity of the varieties, adaptability to innovation to the socio cultural system of the clienteles and compatibility of the varieties. The perceived measures for adoption of improved cassava varieties are provision of inputs, subsidy and labor, market outlets as well as loan facilities to the clienteles among others. It was recommended that, favorable measures of adoption of improved cassava varieties such as provision of farm inputs 76.0%, agricultural labor subsidy 66.0% and provision of loan facilities/market outlets for cassava( 53.3% should be enhanced and the positive determinant factors of adoption of improved cassava varieties among the respondents. adaptability and appropriateness of the technology. Compatibility(X14) has positive and significant relationship at 5% levels for the improved varieties showing that the compatibility of the innovation increases the adoption of the innovation when the technology is similar and agreed with the existing culture it will hasten the adoption of such technology. It is recommended that extension agents must try to transfer simple innovations to rural farmers rather than complex innovations. Also, agricultural extensions must adopt to changes taking place in rural setting and provide answers to the problems facing the rural populace.
Price Trend and Integration of Cowpea Markets in Biu Local Government Area of Borno State, Nigeria
Authors: Y M BULAMA , A A GHIDE , I GALADIMA
Published: August 2022

The study analysed the price trend and integration of prices of cowpea in Biu and Miringa markets of Biu Local Government Areas of Borno State, Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study were to: describe the trend of cowpea price variation between 2016– 2018; determine the degree of variation in the price of cowpea overtime in the study area and analyze integration between the markets. Secondary data were used for the study. Data on monthly prices of 100kg of cowpea for Biu and Miringa Markets were obtained from Famine Early Warning System Network (FEWSNET) office Biu Branch for the period of three (3) years (2016-2018). Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. The descriptive statistics used was graphical presentation of the trend of price data. While the inferential statistics used were the unit root test and Engle and Granger co-integration analysis. This study revealed that there were upward and downward trends in prices of cowpea grain in both Biu and Miringa markets for the period of the study. The variations observed in the prices were influenced by time and space. The stationarity test (ADF unit root test) showed that all the price series were non-stationary at levels. On differencing, stationarity was attained indicating that the prices were integrated of order one, which showed co-movement of prices between the two markets. Engle and Granger co-integration tests showed the existence of two co-integration equations. There is a strong need for private organizations and the Government through the producers and marketers of cowpea to provide more and better dissemination of market intelligence and information among the farmers and traders to improve knowledge which would help make the price more stable.
is Long COVID-19?
Authors: Zhang Lin , Moreira J. Paulo , Xi Yan
Published: August 2022

Background:
What is the definition of Long COVID-19? What are its currently acknowledged symptoms? As this is a new condition suspected to be evolving as a potentially post-Pandemic new disease, it becomes relevant to clarify the current definitions of Long COVID-19. The article puts together the most recent definitions and briefly discusses points of common understanding and points of uncertainty.
Objectives:
The main aim of the article is to clarify the definitions and symptoms of Long COVID-19 as international evidence defines them. This is relevant to support health professionals and interested parties to access a structured clarification of the disease at this stage of knowledge. Supporting evidence-based intervention is the fundamental objective of the article.
Methods:
The Rapid Literature Review is a form of evidence synthesis that provides timely information for decision making and evidence-based practice compared with standard systematic reviews. The review used the following sources: Web of Science and PubMed,. The Search used the keywords ‘Long Covid-19’, ‘Definitions’ and ‘Symptoms’ and limited to articles published between January 2021 and June 2022. There were two reviewers to select articles based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria (keywords defined and time span of publications). Both reviewers appraised critically and rigorously within the criteria defined and a summary was produced.
Results:
Six articles were identified as relevant for the objectives of this article. These were individually evaluated on the contribution to clarifying definitions and symptoms of Long COVID-19. Definitions seem to follow the initial definition made available in a publication from World Health Organization. However, the follow-up articles seem to add additional interpretations and associated symptoms.
Main Contribution to Evidence-Based Practice:
The article puts together the recent evolution of the definition of Long COVID-19 and associated symptoms to support clinical decision-making and evidence-based practice.
Household Problems In The Novel Gone Girl By Gillian Flynn
Authors: Rosita Ema , Maca Sudirman , Abeng Andi Tenri
Published: August 2022

This study aims to find out the factors and causes of household problem that portrayed in the novel Gone Girl by Gillian Flynn. This research is expected to be a reference for future researchers. The data source used in this research is the novel Gone Girl. In analyzing the data, the researcher applied qualitative descriptive method through a sociological approach. The data were obtained by reading, identifying, note-taking, and quoting techniques. The analysis applied the social context by Ian Watt's theory. The results of this research showed the factors and causes of household problems in the novel Gone Girl by Gillian Flynn is as a reflection of society. Internal factors were factors that came from each partner, how to resolve the conflicts, communicate, and sexual relations, while external factors were factors that from outside the partner such as rude actions against partners, rude words, the presence of other people in household relationships, problems about children, and parental intervention. The cause of household problems was the cause of an event that gave rise to something such as the occurrence of rudeness, cheating, and incompatibility.
PERANCANGAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN SENI MUSIK MENGENAL NOTASI UNTUK KELAS V DI SDN 1 TIRTO, GRABAG
Authors: Moch Ali Machmudi Tri Yusnanto,
Published: August 2022

Penelitian ini membuat perancangan media pembelajaran seni musik mengenal notasi untuk kelas 5 di SDN 1 Tirto, Grabag, Magelang supaya dapat membantu siswa memahami pelajaran Seni Musik khususnya dalam membaca Notasi Balok dengan baik dan benar.Metodologi penelitian yang digunakan peneliti adalah metode eksperimen. Metode pengumpulan data yang terdiri dari wawancara yaitu dengan mengadakan tanya jawab secara langsung dengan pihak yang bersangkutan, yang dapat memberikan informasi-informasi maupun data-data, pengamatan dan kepustakaan yaitu dengan cara mempelajari berbagai macam literatur sumber pustaka yang ada kaitannya dengan masalah ini, subyek penelitian, obyek penelitian, instrumen penelitian dan prosedur penelitian. Perangkat lunak atau Software yang digunakan adalah Macromedia Flash 8 dan Corel Draw X7.Diharapkan media pembelajaran yang berbeda dapat melatih kemandirian siswa dalam belajar Seni Musik khususnya dalam membaca Notasi Balok dan juga,untuk meningkatkan proses belajar dan mengajar yang lebih efektif, efisien dan mudah diterima oleh siswa. Maka pembelajaran multimedia, untuk memberikan solusi dari permasalahan yang ada.

Dengan adanya media pembelajaran ini diharapkan untuk diterapkan demi meningkatkan proses belajar mengajar yang lebih efektif, efisien dan mudah diterima oleh siswa. Karena aplikasi ini dirancang dengan tampilan animasi agar siswa tidak jenuh dengan apa yang biasa diterang kan oleh guru mereka.

Kata kunci : Macro Media Flash 8, Corel Draw X 7, Media Pembelajaran, seni music.
ANALISI PERLAKUAN AKTIVA TETAP PADA KOPERASI SIMPAN PINJAM KUSUMA ARTA JAYA
Authors: A. Dini Oktaviana Herawati Cisilia Sundari, Kartika Imam S,
Published: August 2022

Dalam dunia bisnis yang penuh persaingan, peningkatan kinerja dan pelayanan menjadi faktor penunjang untuk memenangkan persaingan dalam bisnis. Ketepatan dalam pemilihan metode penyusutan Aktiva Tetap dan konsistensi perlakukannya menjadi hal yang sangat penting, sehingga Laporan Keuangan dapat memberikan informasi yang cepat, tepat dan akurat untuk pengambilan keputusan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah dapat menentukan metode yang tepat dalam pengelolaan dan mentukan Sistem Penyusutan Aktifa Tetap yang tepat bagi KSP Kusuma Arta Jaya. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teknik analisis deskriptif, adapun teknik pengumpulan datanya menggunakan penelitian pustaka dan penelitian lapangan. Untuk prosedur pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ini adalah bagi KAP Kusuma Arta Jaya mengunakan metode penyusutan garis lurus dan perlu adanya Sistem Informasi yang dapat membantu menghitung secara tepat, cepat dan akurat besarnya biaya penyusutan Aktiva Tetap.

Kata kunci: KSP, Aset Tetap, PSAK No.16
MENDIAGNOSA HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TANAMAN KOPI MENGGUNAKAN DEMPSTER-SHAFER BERBASIS WEB
Authors: Farida Yunita Yodhi Yuniarthe,
Published: August 2022

Hama dan penyakit pada tanaman kopi merupakan salah satu hal yang dapat menyebabkan menurunnya kualitas dan kuantitas buah kopi. Pengendalian hama dan penyakit masih seringkali tidak tepat sasaran dikarenakan terbatasnya pengetahuan petani dalam mendiagnosa hama dan penyakit pada tanaman kopi. Selain itu, masih terbatasnya pakar atau ahli dibidang tersebut menjadi faktor penentu dalam mendiagnosa dan melakukan pengendalian hama dan penyakit tanaman kopi. Diagnosa yang tidak tepat tentu berakibat pada kesalahan dalam pengendalian hama dan penyakit. Sistem pakar yang mengadopsi kepakaran manusia kedalam komputer memiliki kedudukan yang tepat untuk membantu menyelesaikan permasalahan tersebut. Sistem pakar ini dapat membantu petani kopi dalam mendiagnosa hama dan penyakit pada tanaman kopi berdasarkan gejala-gejala yang dialami tanaman serta memberikan cara dalam pengendalian hama atau penyakit pada tanaman kopi. Dalam sistem ini penentuan hasil diagnosis menggunakan metode Dempster-Shafer. Sistem dibangun berbasis web dengan menggunakan bahasa pemprograman PHP dan database Mysql.

Kata kunci: Sistem pakar, Dempster-Shafer, Penyakit kopi.
SISTEM PENDUKUNG KEPUTUSAN PEMILIHAN CALON PENERIMA BEASISWA MAHASISWA AKADEMI KOMUNITAS NEGERI PACITAN
Authors: Berlian Juliartha Martin Putra Dwi Ariani Finda Yuniarti,
Published: August 2022

Akademi Komunitas Negeri Pacitan menyediakan beberapa beasiswa bagi para mahasiswa. Namun, proses seleksi beasiswa di Akademi Komunitas Negeri Pacitan masih dilakukan secara manual. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Simple Additive Weighting(SAW) yang bertujuan untuk memberikan rekomendasi calon penerima beasiswa. Adapun kriteria penerima beasiswa ditentukan dari penghasilan orang tua, jarak rumah, jumlah anggota keluarga, ada tidaknya kartu miskin, kondisi orang tua(hidup/yatim/piatu) dan kondisi rumah. Tahap awal dilakukan penyeleksian variabel yang mempengaruhi terpilihnya penerima beasiswa kemudian digunakan metode SAW. Metode ini menggunakan teknik pembobotan sehingga diperlukan analisa perhitungan matrik dan penentuan weight yang tepat untuk setiap kriteria. Sistem kami menghasilkan akurasi sebesar 95% untuk data calon penerima beasiswa tahun 2019 Akademi Komunitas Negeri Pacitan.

Kata kunci : Sistem Pendukung Keputusan, Simple Additive Weighting (SAW), Beasiswa
Consumer Attitude Towards Luxury Fashion Brands: A Study of Delhi-NCR
Authors: Arora Anu Priya , Kishor Nawal
Published: August 2022

Purpose – This paper aims to examine the effects of functional value, individual value and social value dimensions on consumer attitude towards purchasing luxury fashion brands. Methodology– The study is designed to determine whether the functional value, individual value and social value perceptions positively impact the attitude towards luxury fashion brands. A total of 200 respondents living in Delhi and NCR participated in the survey. Snowball sampling method is used in the study. Rating scale items were adapted from Wiedmann, Hennigns and Siebels (2009) study to investigate consumer attitude towards luxury brands. Correlation and regression analysis techniques along with crosstab analysis are used to test the relationship between variables.Findings – The findings suggest that the functional value positively influences attitude towards luxury brands. Individual value is also positively related to attitude towards luxury brands and the last variable social value too has been found to have significant positive impact on consumer attitude towards luxury brands, using regression analysis. However, the correlation results showed significant positive association between functional, individual value and attitude towards luxury brands but the correlation between social value and attitude towards luxury fashion brands was not significant at significance level of 0.01. And by using multiple regression technique, it has been found that the most important factor out of these three factors is Individual value which has the highest impact on attitude towards luxury brands.Practical implications – This study provides valuable managerial implications that enable the marketers to approve and formalize effective strategies that will facilitate them to capture additional target market and to enhance consumption of fashion products. Further given that functional value, individual value and social value have a significant impact on attitude towards luxury, marketers could realize large scale economies by standardizing their policy for these dimensions of luxury.Originality/value – Given that the Indian market provides growth opportunities for luxury brands, there has been limited empirical research on Indian consumers relating to functional, individual, and social value dimensions and their attitude towards luxury brands. In this regard, this paper is designed to fill this research gap.
Green Banking Practices of HDFC bank : A Case Study
Authors: Kaur Baljeet , Bansal Rashmi
Published: August 2022

Banking sector is one of the chief economic factors that effects industrial and economic growth of any country. As in the industrial sector, banking is one of the main stakeholders that can face credit risk and liability risk and its quality of assets and rate of return can be influenced by the environmental effects in the long run. In view of this, banks have to play a positive role to go green and inculcate the environmental and ecological factors in their policies. Green banking strategies mean promoting environment-friendly practices and reducing carbon footprint in the day to day banking activities. Some banks in India including the private bank HDFC have developed several green banking initiatives. By adopting these practices, the customers as well as the banks employees can contribute a lot towards the environment. This paper aims to highlight the green banking initiatives introduced by HDFC in Delhi which may help identify the possible gaps in the green initiatives in the banking sector in India. The collection of data was done through a structured questionnaire using SPSS technique. The study found that Green banking initiatives have direct and positive impact on the environment because doing these practices; customers can save energy, fuel, paper, water, time as well as money. The common people are yet to come forward to follow these practices due to lack of the awareness.
Role of Key Performance Indicators (KPI's) in Project Management
Authors: Kumar B. Siva
Published: August 2022

A project has many moving parts and it is critical that you measure the timeliness, budget, Quality and effectiveness of the Project along the way. There is need to execute these projects effectively with a limited budget. There are Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) i.e Planned Value, Actual Cost, Earned Value, Cost variance, Scheduled variance, Scheduled Performance Index, Cost Performance Index, Return on Investment. Every Project Manager can't afford to miss. To frame actionable project Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) that help to improve your team's performance. The following list of frequently used project KPIs and think how you could apply these metrics to track your own team's performance.
Ethical Challenges in International Business
Authors: Ejikeme Osita , Ebubechukwu Uzoma
Published: August 2022

In recent times, management has gained great importance in societies. As businesses become increasingly global where companies enter international markets with varied cultures and traditions, ethical consideration becomes difficult to control. One noteworthy reason of an organisation's decision to go internationally is to maximise their goals and objectives. Ethics is an everyday occurrence in the corporate world as it is with individuals. With increasing globalisation, businesses are competing to acquire more. Inthe process to acquire more they do things contrary to the acceptable norms of the society. This paper seeks to examine the ethical challenges in global business management and identify the ethical influence of globalisation on international functional areas. The action of a business inregards of being ethical or unethical are determined by three models; utilitarian model (produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people), right model (maintains and protects the fundamental rights and privileges of the people) and justice model (administering fair and equitable decisions among stakeholders). The study is descriptive and data was collected through secondary sources. Major ethical challenges faced in global business management are: employment practices, time management, corruption, moral obligations, business meetings and dressing, human rights, and environmental regulations. To be ethically correct is not a simple task for global management as a result of diversity in cultural values. Global businesses are to enact, embrace and support values that include human rights, labour standards, the environment, and anti-corruption.
Recovery of Non-performing assets- A challenge for Indian Financial Institutions
Authors: Khanum Rina , Sumathi.K Sumathi.K
Published: August 2022

The financial institutions or the banks involve in the lending activities with the aim of generating some returns instead that the banks need to wait for many a time to get interest payment by the borrowers, because the borrowers were not running with the good. This leads to banks have a positive growth of the NPAs and negative growth of the profit since the NPAs ultimately affect the profit. These NPAs will not only affect the profit but also give birth to so many problems, such as problem in liquidity, loss of shareholders interest, capital in adequacy, insolvency, etc., there should be a strict requirement of strict action to be taking on control and recovery of the NPAs. An attempt was made to understand the reasons contributed for the NPAs and impact of NPAs on the banks as well as on the market, and also to give possible suggestions for the recovery of NPAs. For the purpose of the study secondary data was collected from the SBI and Canara Bank website about the statistics of the NPAs and also referred articles and journal. The findings of the study reveals that improper recovery channels and the unpredictable market trends make the borrowers not to make the settlement, for that it is suggested that to formulate the effective strategies so that the smooth recovery can be done, and also recommended to use the following suggestions which are listed below for the betterment of the banks in recovery of NPAs.
Managing Time in Classroom and During Outdoor Education, at Core Procurement C3ycle
Authors: Torkos Ph.D.  Henrietta , Egerãu Ph.D. Anca Manuela
Published: August 2022

Time is one of the most important aspects, when it comes to education, because in most of the situations, teachers find it difficult to adjust it to the multiple chores that have to be done. This has also become a problem, because children have got so busy regarding their schedule, that it has become almost impossible to engage in other activities than those that are educational: learning, homework and extra studying. There is no time left for socializing, playing or just hanging around and discovering the world. The present brief study, presents an introduction of the theoretical frame regarding the management of time in educational organizations, and a research about how core procurement cycle teachers from Arad County Romania, manage time during outdoor educational activities. There were 30 teachers in the study, and the preliminary results show that most of them find it difficult to manage time dedicated to learning during school hours, indoor and outdoor, and they tend to give too much homework, never letting enough time for pupils to socialize and to develop besides study time. There are also some conclusions and ideas on what teachers can do, in order to have better time management, using outdoor learning activities.
Focused Assessment of Students' Perception of Online Education in the Pandemic
Authors: Costin Alina , Roman Alina Felicia , Egerãu Anca
Published: August 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic brought with it a lot of challenges at the managerial level but not only; The entire academic community has experienced change in all its dimensions. The transition to online education involved an update that we did not expect in terms of improving digital skills, teaching methods and student acquisition, etc. How do students appreciate the university's efforts, what criticisms do they bring and what suggestions do they have? We conducted a quick survey of 101 students from four study programs in the field of sociohuman sciences and education. Students appreciate that the management of the university is student-centred, feeling concerned about access to online education and creating an assertive communication framework, but they feel assailed by work tasks and suggest the provision of counselling services. They expressed their preference for the hybrid version of the classes. The study had implications for drawing new working models and providing services that ensure a climate conducive to performance.
Learning Islamic Religious Education with Multicultural Insights in Strengthening Harmony among Students
Authors: Patimah Siti
Published: August 2022

The objectives of this study include: (1) To find out how the implementation of Islamic Religious Education learning with a multicultural perspective in SMA Negeri 3 Tebo Regency, (2) To find out what obstacles are faced in multicultural-based learning, and (3) To find out how to overcome obstacles multicultural based learning. This research is a descriptive qualitative research. Data was collected by means of observation, interviews, and documentation. The data collected in the form of words were analyzed by means of reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. Based on the results of the study, it can be stated that the learning of Islamic Religious Education with a multicultural perspective is carried out in order to strengthen the harmony of life among students at SMA Negeri Tebo Regency with an emphasis on awareness of the diversity of ethnicity, culture, language, religion, and so on. The obstacle that teachers often encounter is that there are still some students who do not understand multicultural insight so that it often triggers the emergence of expressions and attitudes that offend SARA so that it often causes chaos. In order to overcome the existing diversity, teachers continue to approach students and provide an understanding that multiculturalism is a gift that must be nurtured.
Kerjasama Guru dan Orang Tua dalam Menanamkan Akhlak Anak
Authors: Dewi Almira
Published: August 2022

Tujuan dari penelitian ini antara lain; (1) untuk mengetahui kerjasama antara guru dan orang tua dalam menanaman akhlak mahmudah pada anak, (2) untuk mengetahui indikator faktor-faktor penghambat kerjasama guru dan orang tua dalam menanaman akhlak mahmudah pada anak, (3) untuk mengetahui upaya apa yang telah dilakukan guru dan orang tua dalam membangun kerjasama menanamkan akhlak mahmudah pada anak. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif dengan pengumpulan data menggunakan metode observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Subjek penelitian ditentukan menggunakan teknik purposive sample dengan teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis deskriptif bersifat induktif. Berdasarkan data yang sudah diperoleh peneliti pada pengamatan dapat diketahui bahwa kerjasama yang dilakukan oleh guru dan orang tua dalam penanaman akhlak mahmudah di Taman Kanak-Kanak Diniyyah Al-Azhar Kota Jambi sudah berjalan dengan lancar, akan tetapi selama pandemi kegiatan yang mengacu pada penanaman akhlak mahmudah sedikit terkendala dikarenakan tidak dapat berkumpul dengan banyak orang.
Tratado de Cirugía Plástica Tomo 2
Authors: Suárez Lescano Héctor Bienvenido , Montenegro Salas Daniela Stephanie , Villacrés Peñafiel Luis David , Guerrero Cabrera Mayteé Celina
Published: August 2022

En el presente libro tratado de cirugía plástica tomo 2 ofrecemos algunos de los procedimientos más relevantes en cirugía plástica y reconstructiva. Ofrecemos los métodos más modernos en esta importante especialidad que ofrece una mejor calidad de vida en los pacientes.
Replicação Máquina de Estados Paralelas com Escalonamento Híbrido
Authors: Burgos Aldênio , Alchieri Eduardo
Published: August 2022

Replicação Máquina de Estados (RME) é uma abordagem muito utilizada na implementação de sistemas tolerantes a falhas e consiste em replicar os servidores e fazer com que os mesmos executem deterministicamente, e na mesma ordem, o mesmo conjunto de requisições. RMEs paralelas utilizam escalonadores que tiram proveito da semântica das requisições e permitem a execução paralela de algumas delas, melhorando assim o desempenho das aplicações. No escalonamento tardio as requisições são escalonadas para execução após serem ordenadas, enquanto que no escalonamento antecipado parte das decisões de escalonamento são realizadas antes da ordenação e respeitadas durante a execução. Este trabalho propõe um protocolo de escalonamento híbrido que tira proveito das vantagens de cada uma das abordagens anteriores. Experimentos mostram que o escalonador híbrido supera as outras abordagens em diversos cenários. Além disso, através da implementação de um sistema de pagamento, este trabalho mostra que a abordagem proposta minimiza limitações de desempenho anteriormente estudadas na implementação de blockchains que utilizam uma RME como bloco subjacente de construção.
A Computational Study of the Perfect Awareness Problem
Authors: Pereira Felipe de C. , Rezende Pedro J. de , Souza Cid C. de
Published: August 2022

The Perfect Awareness Problem (PAP) is a combinatorial optimization problem that models the spreading of information in social networks. The objective is to find a smallest subset of individuals that are able to start a viral propagation whereby a given news reaches everyone on a network, under certain dissemination restrictions. Considering that PAP is NP-hard, we present four novel heuristics based on the metaheuristic GRASP and show that the best one of our methods outperforms the only previously known heuristic designed for the problem. Our contributions also include: (i) a new publicly available benchmark of 840 instances that simulate social network relations, (ii) procedures for preprocessing instances, and (iii) two integer programming models to generate exact solutions for PAP. We conducted an exhaustive set of comparative experiments, followed by statistical analyses, showing the efficacy and efficiency of our algorithms.
Aprendizado de representações e caracterização de redes complexas com aplicações em visão computacional
Authors: Ribas Lucas Correia , Bruno Odemir Martinez
Published: August 2022

Este trabalho apresenta um resumo da tese de doutorado que tem como objetivo investigar e propor novas técnicas de modelagem e caracterização de redes complexas focando na aplicação em problemas de visão computacional. Em relação à modelagem, foi estudada uma abordagem eficaz e otimizada para mapear as imagens e vídeos de texturas em redes complexas direcionadas. A respeito da caracterização, novas formas de caracterizar as redes complexas foram investigadas, com destaque para o uso de redes neurais randomizadas para aprendizado de representações, resultando em vários métodos propostos para análise de texturas em níveis de cinza, coloridas e dinâmicas e análise de formas. Resultados promissores foram alcançados pelos métodos desenvolvidos em comparação aos métodos da literatura em tarefas de classificação de imagens/vídeos usando vários conjuntos de dados que são referência. Adicionalmente, para avaliar o potencial dos métodos desenvolvidos, foram investigadas cinco aplicações em problemas reais nas áreas de biologia, botânica, físico-química e medicina, alcançando resultados interessantes e contribuindo para o desenvolvimento destas áreas.
Adapting Call-string Approach for x86 Obfuscated Binaries
Authors: Boccardo Davidson R. , Lakhotia Arun , Manacero Jr Aleardo , Venable Michael
Published: August 2022

A técnica 'call-string', técnica clássica para análise interprocedural, não pode ser aplicada a binários que não seguem padrões de uso da pilha utilizados por compiladores de linguagens de alto nível. Exemplos são programas que ofuscam chamadas de procedimento usando uma combinação de instruções 'push' e 'ret', que é uma técnica extremamente utilizada para esconder código malicioso. Neste artigo, uma técnica equivalente à 'call-string' é demonstrada, em que um grafo abstrato da pilha pode ser utilizado para identificar estas ofuscações. Um grafo abstrato da pilha contem nós representando instruções que realizam inserção na pilha. Uma aresta neste grafo representa a próxima instrução que realiza a inserção na pilha abstrata ao longo de um caminho do fluxo de controle. Para um programa que manipula a pilha utilizando somente instruções 'call' e 'ret', seu grafo abstrato da pilha é equivalente ao seu grafo de chamadas. Desde que o grafo abstrato da pilha representa operações na pilha por qualquer instrução, o mesmo torna-se um substituto apropriado para o grafo de chamadas para análise interprocedural de binários ofuscados.
Verificação de integridade de software embarcado através de análise de tempo de resposta
Authors: Carmo L. F. R. da C. , Machado R. C. S.
Published: August 2022

Verificação de integridade de software embarcado é uma preocupação importante em diversas aplicações. É desafiador o problema de verificar a integridade do software em execução em um dispositivo sem que seja necessário ler o conteúdo da memória de código executável do dispositivo. No presente trabalho, propomos uma abordagem de verificação de integridade de software que dispensa o acesso externo às instruções do programa em execução. Nossa abordagem usa o conceito de “reflexão”, no qual o software deve responder a questões sobre ele mesmo. Demonstramos que, sob certas hipóteses bastante plausíveis, é possível construir um protocolo em que apenas o software íntegro será capaz de responder corretamente, e no tempo esperado, às perguntas a ele feitas.
Uma Arquitetura Baseada em Assinaturas para Mitigação de Botnets
Authors: Ceron João Marcelo , Granville Lisandro Zambenedetti , Tarouco Liane Margarida Rockenbach
Published: August 2022

As botnets são consideradas uma das principais ameaças à segurança da Internet. Tais ameaças caracterizam-se por serem muito dinâmicas, frequentemente incorporando novas características às suas estruturas, de forma a diminuir a efetividade de sistemas, por exemplo, de antivírus e IDS's. Este artigo apresenta uma arquitetura de ferramenta para mitigação e detecção de botnets baseada em assinaturas de rede de máquinas comprometidas por bots. Identificar assinaturas de botnets de forma automatizada auxilia no processo de detecção de máquinas comprometidas e no processo de atenuação dos danos causadas pelas mesmas.
Hacking Ginga: uma avaliação de segurança da plataforma de aplicações interativas da TV digital brasileira
Authors: Braga Alexandre Melo , Restani Gilmara Santos
Published: August 2022

Este artigo apresenta resultados preliminares obtidos pelo CPqD na avaliação de segurança de algumas tecnologias da televisão digital interativa (TVDi) brasileira. Em particular, as aplicações interativas e os receptores de TVDi de prateleira embarcados com Ginga-NCL e Lua. Foram identificadas e documentadas diversas vulnerabilidades de programação insegura. Varreduras de vulnerabilidades e testes de segurança em receptores revelaram vulnerabilidades graves tanto de configuração dos sistemas subjacentes quanto de proteção de aplicações.
Uma Ferramenta de Suporte a Recuperação de Informação na Web focada em Vulnerabilidades e Anomalias Internet
Authors: Rodrigues Thiago Gomes , Feitosa Eduardo Luzeiro , Sadok Djamel , Kelner Judith
Published: August 2022

Hoje em dia, administradores de rede e gerentes de TI têm utilizado sítios Web, que contêm informações sobre vulnerabilidades e estatísticas do tráfego Internet, para manterem-se atualizados sobre a atual situação de segurança da Internet e sistemas e, consequentemente, tentarem minimizar o impacto causado por ataques e anomalias. Este trabalho apresenta um sistema de apoio à recuperação de informação na Web (WIRSS) focado em recolher informações sobre segurança disponíveis na Internet, chamado ARAPONGA. Através do uso desta ferramenta é possível concentrar e condensar melhor informações sobre vulnerabilidades e estatísticas do tráfego Internet.
Sistema de Detecção de Intrusão Imuno-inspirado customizado para Redes de Sensores Sem Fio
Authors: Salmon Helio M. , Farias Claudio M. de , Pirmez Luci , Rossetto Silvana , Rodrigues Paulo H. de A. , Pirmez Rodrigo , Delicato Flávia C. , Carmo Luiz F. R. da C.
Published: August 2022

Neste artigo são propostas uma arquitetura de Sistema de Detecção de Intrusão inspirado no Sistema Imunológico Humano e uma versão descentralizada e customizada do algoritmo das células dendríticas para o contexto das redes de sensores sem fio. Sua característica básica é que os nós monitoram sua vizinhança e colaboram entre si para a identificação de um intruso. A proposta foi avaliada experimentalmente para demonstrar sua eficiência na detecção de um ataque do tipo denial-of-sleep.
Análise Comportamental de Código Malicioso Através da Monitoração de Chamadas de Sistema e Tráfego de Rede
Authors: Fernandes Filho Dario S. , Grégio André R. A. , Afonso Vitor M. , Santos Rafael D. C. , Jino Mário , Geus Paulo L. de
Published: August 2022

Código malicioso (malware) disseminado através da Internet—vírus, worms, trojans—é a maior ameaça atual à segurança da informação e um negócio lucrativo para criminosos. Há abordagens para analisar malware que monitoram suas ações durante a execução em ambiente controlado, permitindo identificar comportamentos maliciosos. Neste artigo, propõe-se uma ferramenta de análise comportamental de malware não intrusiva, a qual amplia a análise a exemplares que contornam as abordagens atuais e corrige alguns problemas presentes nestas, preenchendo assim uma lacuna na área.
XNetMon: Uma Arquitetura com Segurança para Redes Virtuais
Authors: Fernandes Natalia Castro , Duarte Otto Carlos Muniz Bandeira
Published: August 2022

O isolamento entre máquinas virtuais é uma propriedade essencial para a segurança dos ambientes virtualizados, em especial, na aplicação de redes virtuais. Um compartilhamento dos recursos provido com isolamento impede que roteadores virtuais com um comportamento malicioso utilizem todos os recursos da máquina física, prejudicando o desempenho das outras redes virtuais. Esse trabalho propõe uma nova arquitetura para o Xen, capaz de prover o isolamento das redes virtualizadas. É proposto um mecanismo de segurança que monitora o uso dos recursos compartilhados e pune os roteadores virtuais com comportamentos maliciosos, garantindo assim a operação isolada das redes virtuais. Para garantir também a segurança no controle do encaminhamento dos dados, é proposto um protocolo para comunicação entre o domínio de gerenciamento e os roteadores virtuais que impede que roteadores virtuais maliciosos modifiquem as tabelas de encaminhamento de outros roteadores virtuais. Foi desenvolvido um protótipo e os testes mostram que a arquitetura proposta garante a disponibilidade do serviço de controle das redes virtuais, além de promover o compartilhamento dos recursos com mais precisão que outros mecanismos da literatura, propiciando o isolamento das redes virtuais.
Reducing the Ciphertext Size of Dolev-Dwork-Naor like Public Key Cryptosystems
Authors: Dowsley Rafael , Hanaoka Goichiro , Imai Hideki , Nascimento Anderson C. A.
Published: August 2022

We show a method for compressing the ciphertext and reducing the computational cost of the Dolev-Dwork-Naor cryptosystem and related schemes without changing their other parameters nor reducing the original security levels.
Implementação em Software de Criptografia Assimétrica para Redes de Sensores com o Microcontrolador MSP430
Authors: Gouvêa Conrado P. L. , López Julio
Published: August 2022

Descreve-se uma implementação em software de Criptografia de Curvas Elípticas (CCE) e Criptografia Baseada em Emparelhamentos (CBE) para o microcontrolador MSP430, utilizado em sensores como Tmote Sky, TelosB e TinyNode. Para a CCE, foi implementado o protocolo ECDSA de assinatura digital e para a CBE, o protocolo NIKDP de acordo de chaves não-interativo, nos níveis de segurança de 80 e 128 bits, usando corpos primos e binários. Obteve-se um cálculo de emparelhamento de 21% a 28% mais rápido através de uma nova otimização para a redução modular em corpos primos e uma implementação eficiente de corpos binários.
Tratamento Automatizado de Incidentes de Segurança da Informação em Redes de Campus
Authors: Valcy Italo , Barreto Luciano Porto , Bezerra Jerônimo
Published: August 2022

O crescimento atual da Internet tem alavancado o número de incidentes de segurança da informação em diversas instituições. Os prejuízos causados por tais incidentes e sua dificuldade de prevenção requerem o estabelecimento de políticas e mecanismos eficientes de tratamento e resposta a incidentes de segurança. Entretanto, a correta identificação de equipamentos comprometidos ou participantes em um incidente de segurança é severamente prejudicada pela ampla existência de redes que utilizam técnicas de tradução ou atribuição dinâmica de endereços IP (como o NAT ou DHCP), as quais dificultam a identificação precisa dos equipamentos internos. Este trabalho descreve o projeto, a implementação e avaliação da ferramenta TRAIRA, a qual automatiza o procedimento de detecção, identificação e isolamento dos equipamentos geradores de incidentes de segurança em redes com estas características. A ferramenta está atualmente em produção e uso efetivo em uma rede de campus com cerca de 12.000 equipamentos conectados.
Uma Ontologia para Mitigar XML Injection
Authors: Rosa Thiago M. , Santin Altair O. , Malucelli Andreia
Published: August 2022

As tecnologias utilizadas em web services trazem vulnerabilidades conhecidas em outros domínios para este novo ambiente. As abordagens de detecção de intrusão baseadas em anomalia geralmente produzem alta taxa de falsos positivos, enquanto que abordagens baseadas em assinatura não detectam variações de ataque. Este artigo apresenta um mecanismo híbrido de detecção de ataques que agrega as principais vantagens destas abordagens clássicas. Aplica-se uma ontologia como a base de conhecimento de ataques baseada em estratégia (sequencia encadeada de ações) para mitigar ataques de XML injection, mantendo baixas as taxas de falsos positivos.
Syndrome-Fortuna: A viable approach for Linux random number generation
Authors: Campos Sérgio Vale Aguiar , van de Graaf Jeroen , Silveira Daniel Rezende
Published: August 2022

This work presents a random number generator based on the intractability of an NP-Complete problem from the area of error-correcting codes. It uses a non-heuristic approach for entropy collection, taken from the Fortuna design philosophy. We implemented the new generator inside the Linux kernel, providing an alternative system interface for secure random number generation.
SpSb: um ambiente seguro para o estudo de spambots
Authors: Silva Gabriel C. , Arantes Alison C. , Steding-Jessen Klaus , Hoepers Cristine , Chaves Marcelo H. P. , Meira Jr. Wagner , Guedes Dorgival
Published: August 2022

Botnets são consideradas a origem de grande parte do spam observado atualmente. Entretanto, a informação que se tem sobre esses sistemas costuma ser apócrifa ou deriva de esforços de engenharia reversa pontuais. Para se entender melhor o comportamento desses sistemas é necessário um ambiente de monitoração que dê ao bot a impressão de estar executando com liberdade na Internet, porém sem permitir que suas atividades causem dano à rede. Este artigo curto descreve uma implementação de tal sistema atualmente em curso.
Análise de Métodos de Aprendizagem de Máquina para Detecção Automática de Spam Hosts
Authors: Silva Renato Moraes , Almeida Tiago A. , Yamakami Akebo
Published: August 2022

Web spamming é um dos principais problemas que afeta a qualidade das ferramentas de busca. O número de páginas web que usam esta técnica para conseguir melhores posições nos resultados de busca é cada vez maior. A principal motivação são os lucros obtidos com o mercado de publicidade online, além de ataques a usuários da Internet por meio de malwares, que roubam informações para facilitar roubos bancários. Diante disso, esse trabalho apresenta uma análise de técnicas de aprendizagem de máquina aplicadas na detecção de spam hosts. Experimentos realizados com uma base de dados real, pública e de grande porte indicam que as técnicas de agregação de métodos baseados em árvores são promissoras na tarefa de detecção de spam hosts.
χ2 Attacks on Block-Cipher based Compression Functions
Authors: Freitas Daniel Santana de , Nakahara Jr Jorge
Published: August 2022

In this paper, we report on χ2 analyses of block-cipher based (cryptographic) compression functions. Our aim is not to find collisions nor (second) preimages, but to detect non-random properties that may distinguish a compression function from an ideal primitive such as a random oracle. We study some well-known single-block modes of operation such as Davies-Meyer (DM), Matyas-Meyer-Oseas (MMO) and Miyaguchi-Preneel (MP), and double-block modes such as Hirose's, Tandem-DM, Abreast-DM, Parallel-DM and MDC-2. This paper shows how a weakness (χ2 correlation) in the underlying block cipher can propagate to the compression function via the mode of operation used in hash constructions. To demonstrate our ideas, we instantiated the block cipher underlying these modes with variable-round RC5, RC6 and ERC6 block ciphers.
Usando Criptografia de Limiar para Tolerar Clientes Maliciosos em Memória Compartilhada Dinâmica
Authors: Alchieri Eduardo Adilio Pelinson , Bessani Alysson Neves , Fraga Joni da Silva
Published: August 2022

Sistemas de quóruns Bizantinos são ferramentas usadas na implementação consistente e confiável de sistemas de armazenamento de dados em presença de falhas arbitrárias. Vários protocolos para implementação destes sistemas foram propostos para ambientes estáticos e, mais recentemente, também surgiram propostas de protocolos para ambientes dinâmicos. Um dos desafios na implementação desses sistemas em ambientes dinâmicos está na reconfiguração do conjunto de servidores devido a entradas e saídas arbitrárias de processos. Este trabalho vai além e apresenta protocolos que toleram a presença de clientes maliciosos em sistemas de quóruns Bizantinos dinâmicos, através do emprego de um mecanismo de criptografia de limiar que fornece a flexibilidade suficiente para operação nestes ambientes. Este mecanismo é utilizado para controlar as ações que clientes maliciosos podem executar contra o sistema. Além disso, todos os protocolos apresentados são para sistemas assíncronos, não necessitando de nenhuma premissa temporal sobre o comportamento do sistema.
Um Modelo para Mapeamento Ótimo de Redes Virtuais com Requisitos de Segurança
Authors: Bays Leonardo Richter , Oliveira Rodrigo Ruas , Buriol Luciana Salete , Barcellos Marinho Pilla , Gaspary Luciano Paschoal
Published: August 2022

A virtualização de redes permite a criação de múltiplas instâncias de redes virtuais sobre uma única infraestrutura física. Devido à sua ampla aplicabilidade, tal técnica tem atraído grande interesse tanto de pesquisadores quanto de empresas importantes do segmento de redes de computadores. Apesar de esforços recentes (motivados principalmente pela busca de mecanismos para viabilizar a avaliação de propostas na temática Internet do Futuro) terem contribuído substancialmente para a materialização do conceito, nenhum preocupou-se em conciliar alocação eficiente de recursos e satisfação de requisitos de segurança (ex: confidencialidade). Ressalta-se que, no contexto de redes virtuais, a proteção de infraestruturas de rede compartilhadas constitui condição fundamental para seu uso em larga escala. Para abordar o referido problema, neste artigo propõe-se um modelo de alocação de redes virtuais que busca satisfazer o nível especificado de segurança e, ao mesmo tempo, otimizar a utilização dos recursos físicos. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que o modelo é capaz de alocar redes virtuais a um substrato físico de forma correta e ótima, minimizando custos de largura de banda para provedores de infraestrutura.
Uma Arquitetura para Auditoria de Nível de Serviço para Computação em Nuvem
Authors: Bachtold Juliana , Santin Altair O. , Stihler Maicon , Marcon Jr Arlindo L. , Viegas Eduardo
Published: August 2022

This paper's purpose is a multiparty Service Level Agreement (SLA) for cloud computing auditing. Audits are performed on the IaaS provider, IaaS contractor (SaaS provider) and SaaS client. The objective is to audit the cloud environment problems, internally and externally, in an unquestionable way by the parties. The proposal uses inspectors (auditing collector agents) and an independent auditor (third party), capable of identifying SLA deviations through information collected in the parties' environments. The results show that it is possible to audit and diagnose problems in the cloud by combining information from the parties with the independent auditing, in addition to avoiding conflicts of interest of the inspectors.