bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of side chain lengths in mechanophore‐containing polyisobutylene‐graft‐polystyrene
Authors: Mehringer Kyle D. , Vagholkar Parth K. , Davis Brad J. , Kemp Lisa K. , Ma Guorong , Storey Robson F. , Gu Xiaodan , Thornell Travis L. , Wedgeworth Dane N. , Simon Yoan C. , Morgan Sarah E.
Published: August 2023

Polymer architecture plays an important role in morphology and mechanochemical response. Here, graft copolymers containing mechanophores at the backbone‐arm junction are synthesized through a combination of post‐polymerization modification of butyl rubber and controlled radical polymerization. A series of graft copolymers with 70:30 or 50:50 polyisobutylene:polystyrene (PIB:PS) volume fractions were synthesized by changing the grafting density and arm length to keep the volume fractions constant. The morphologies for these polymers are disordered but show a decreasing domain size with shorter arm lengths, and the samples with a greater number of PS side chains show greater domain mixing. Using pulsed ultrasound experiments, we found greater backbone scission occurs for polymers with a greater number of short grafts per chain than the long grafts with fewer grafting points. Finally, mechanophore activation is greater for samples with arm molecular weights ≥13 kg/mol, attributed to exceeding the cutoff molecular weight for PS.
A high‐strength flexible transparent reprocessable polyurea film based on dual dynamic noncovalent interactions
Authors: Zhang Yanan , Li Lin , Ma Yuanhao , Lu Xun
Published: August 2023

To address the issues that waste of resources and environmental pollution caused by discarded materials, dynamic bonds are widely introduced into polymers to endow them with reprocess ability. However, there are some obvious issues in existing research such as poor toughness, low fracture elongation, and inability for repeated reprocessing of materials. Considering above problems, this study introduces dense hydrogen bonding and cation–π interactions into the polyurea system, and develops a high‐performance transparent film based on dual dynamic non‐covalent interactions, which enables the film to be reprocessed. Through the synergy of the dual non‐covalent networks, the film exhibits a high tensile strength of 79.6 ± 3.9 MPa and good hardness (pencil hardness of 4H, elastic modulus of 2.69 GPa). It can effectively resist the scratching of copper brush and maintain more than 97% of its initial mechanical strength after being reprocessed five times. In addition, the film has good adhesion to various substrates, as well as high flexibility (0.5 mm) and excellent optical properties (high light transmission of 91.1% and low haze of 0.94%). This study proposes a novel approach to enable polymer materials to be reprocessed and demonstrates the preparation of a film with great potential in optical protection and wearable devices.
Effects of pharmacological doses of niacin on subacute glucocorticoid‐induced testicular damage in rats
Authors: Azimi Zangabad E. , Shomali Tahoora , Roshangar L.
Published: August 2023

Glucocorticoid excess adversely affects male reproduction. This study evaluates effects of pharmacological doses of niacin on testicular structure and function in dexamethasone‐treated rats. Adult rats (48) were randomly assigned to 6 equal groups: (1) Negative control (NC): normal rats; (2) Positive control (PC): dexamethasone at 7 mg/kg/day by intraperitoneal injections for 7 days; groups 3–6 (N50, N100, N200, and N400): dexamethasone and concomitant treatment with niacin at 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/day by oral gavages. Testicular weight and volume of PC rats were significantly lower than the NC group (p < .05). Testicular volume of rats in the N50 and N200 groups was statistically similar to the NC group. Significant decreases in serum testosterone with a slight LH increase were detected in the PC group. Nacin at 50 mg/kg reversed serum testosterone to NC levels and increased serum LH concentration. Niacin only slightly increased epididymal spermatozoa number while all groups of niacin‐treated rats had significantly higher percentages of motile spermatozoa compared with the PC group. Hypospermatogenesis, germ cell degeneration and depletion, epithelial vacuolization, and degenerated Leydig cells were observed in PC rats. Lesions were relatively milder in niacin‐treated rats. Johnsen scores were also significantly higher in niacin‐treated rats. Niacin reduced apoptosis as shown by TUNEL assay. In conclusion, niacin administration at pharmacological doses dose‐dependently ameliorates the destructive effects of dexamethasone on sperm motility, Johnsen score, and testicular cell apoptosis in rats with the latter can be considered a decisive mechanism for its positive effects on testis.
Next‐generation methods for early disease detection in crops
Authors: Trippa Daniela , Scalenghe Riccardo , Basso Marcos Fernando , Panno Stefano , Davino Salvatore , Morone Chiara , Giovino Antonio , Oufensou Safa , Luchi Nicola , Yousefi Sanaz , Martinelli Federico
Published: August 2023

Plant pathogens are commonly identified in the field by the typical disease symptoms that they can cause. The efficient early detection and identification of pathogens are essential procedures to adopt effective management practices that reduce or prevent their spread in order to mitigate the negative impacts of the disease. In this review, the traditional and innovative methods for early detection of the plant pathogens highlighting their major advantages and limitations are presented and discussed. Traditional techniques of diagnosis used for plant pathogen identification are focused typically on the DNA, RNA (when molecular methods), and proteins or peptides (when serological methods) of the pathogens. Serological methods based on mainly enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are the most common method used for pathogen detection due to their high‐throughput potential and low cost. This technique is not particularly reliable and sufficiently sensitive for many pathogens detection during the asymptomatic stage of infection. For non‐cultivable pathogens in the laboratory, nucleic acid‐based technology is the best choice for consistent pathogen detection or identification. Lateral flow systems are innovative tools that allow fast and accurate results even in field conditions, but they have sensitivity issues to be overcome. PCR assays performed on last‐generation portable thermocyclers may provide rapid detection resultsin situ. The advent of portable instruments can speed pathogen detection, reduce commercial costs, and potentially revolutionize plant pathology. This review provides information on current methodologies and procedures for the effective detection of different plant pathogens. © 2023 The Authors.Pest Management Sciencepublished by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Gallium Oxide Heterojunction Diodes for 400 °C High‐Temperature Applications
Authors: Sohel Shahadat H. , Kotecha Ramchandra , Khan Imran S. , Heinselman Karen N. , Narumanchi Sreekant , Tellekamp M. Brooks , Zakutayev Andriy
Published: August 2023

β‐Ga2O3‐based semiconductor devices are expected to have significantly improved high‐power and high‐temperature performance due to its ultrawide bandgap of close to 5 eV. However, the high‐temperature operation of these ultrawide‐bandgap devices is usually limited by the relatively low 1–2 eV built‐in potential at the Schottky barrier with most high‐work‐function metals. Herein, heterojunction p‐NiO/n‐β‐Ga2O3 diodes fabrication and optimization for high‐temperature device applications are reported, demonstrating a current rectification ratio (ION/IOFF) of more than 106 at 410 °C. The NiO heterojunction diode can achieve higher turn‐on (VON) voltage and lower reverse leakage current compared to the Ni‐based Schottky diode fabricated on the same single‐crystal β‐Ga2O3 substrate, despite charge transport dominated by interfacial recombination. Electrical characterization and device modeling show that these advantages are due to a higher built‐in potential and additional band offset. These results suggest that heterojunction p–n diodes based on β‐Ga2O3 can significantly improve high‐temperature electronic device and sensor performance.
Superconductivity in the Doped Polymerized Fullerite Clathrate from First Principles
Authors: Laranjeira Jorge , Errea Ion , Dangić Đorđe , Marques Leonel , Melle-Franco Manuel , Strutyński Karol
Published: August 2023

Superconductivity in the new polymerized C60 fullerite clathrate doped with simple metals is investigated through density functional theory methods. The phonon dispersion curves are systematically computed for the clathrate structures containing the guest dopants (Li, Na, K, Be, Mg, Ca, Al, Ga, Ge) in one of the two distinct cages, fullerene‐like C60 and sodalite‐like C24, exhibited by this structure. Only four of these structures, Li@C24, Na@C24, Ga@C24, and Be@C60, are dynamically stable in the harmonic approximation. They all show superconducting behavior, although their critical temperatures are predicted to be below 2 K.
In‐Plane Anisotropic Phonon Polaritonic Resonances with α‐MoO3 Microdisks
Authors: Zhang Hongjie , Li Xiang , Qin Tianwei , Zhang Lan , Du Wei , Li Peining , Wang Tao
Published: August 2023

Phonon polaritons (PhPs) in 2D van der Waals (vdW) crystals exhibit strong spatial confinement and long polariton lifetimes, making them promising for developing novel nanophotonic devices at midinfrared frequencies. Here, using α‐phase molybdenum trioxide (α‐MoO3) microdisks, in‐plane anisotropic PhP resonances with degree of polarization (DoP) of almost 100% from far‐field observation are demonstrated. Such in‐plane polarization‐dependent PhP resonances, originating from the anisotropic crystal structure of α‐MoO3, are readily tuned by the disk length and fit well to numerical simulations. Findings show new possibility for engineering in‐plane polarizers based on vdW crystals and may promote the development of functional polarization‐sensitive optoelectronic devices at midinfrared frequencies.
Epinodosin suppresses the proliferation, invasion, and migration of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by mediating miRNA‐143‐3p/Bcl‐2 axis
Authors: Chen Huiping , Li Yamei , Liu Yixian , Zhao Ying , Xu Fang , Yang Shuangshuang , Yu Mengdan , Zou Min , Zhang Jintao
Published: August 2023

Epinodosin has shown antibacterial and antitumor biological characteristics in the documents. We found that Epinodosin has an effective inhibitory effect on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, the potential roles and mechanisms of Epinodosin in ESCC remain unclear. We performed many experiments to clarify the effect and mechanism of Epinodosin on ESCC. In this study, cell viability, invasion, migration, and apoptosis were determined by 3‐(4,5‐dimethyl‐2‐thiazolyl)‐2,‐diphenytetrazoliumromide (MTT), Transwell, and flow cytometry. The differentially expressed miRNAs were screened through RNA transcriptome sequencing. The expression levels of miRNA‐143‐3p and some proteins were measured by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot. The anticancer effects of Epinodosin in vivo were determined by a nude mouse model. Epinodosin suppressed cell proliferation/invasion/migration and induced ESCC cell apoptosis. Epinodosin remarkably affected the protein expression of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. The animal experiments demonstrated that Epinodosin could attenuate the growth of ESCC tumors in nude mice. The expression of p53, Bim, and Bax was upregulated, while that of Bcl‐2 was downregulated in tumor tissues. In conclusion, Epinodosin suppresses cell viability/invasion/migration, while induces ESCC cell apoptosis by mediating miRNA‐143‐3p and Bcl‐2, and can markedly attenuate the growth of ESCC tumors in nude mice.
Effect of geometrical and electronic alteration on the n → π* vertical excitation energy and thermodynamic stability of locked azobenzene (LAB) with protein confinement
Authors: Cholasseri Rinsha , Parameswaran Pattiyil
Published: August 2023

Locked azobenzenes (LAB) derivatives are recognized as photoswitchable potassium ion channel blockers. Here we report the effect of tetraethyl ammonium ion (TEA) substituent and KcsA K+‐ion channel protein environment on the thermodynamic stability and vertical excitation energy of locked azobenzene. The complete active space self‐consistent field (CASSCF and state‐averaged CASSCF, SA2‐CAS) with complete active space perturbation theory (state‐averaged CASPT2, SA2‐CASPT2) and our own n‐layered integrated molecular orbital and molecular mechanics—mechanical embedding (ONIOM‐ME) followed by electronic embedding (ONIOM‐EE) methods were employed for the study. The Z‐isomer of LAB is thermodynamically more stable as compared to E‐isomer. The substitution of tetraethyl ammonium ion does not influence the thermodynamic stability. On the other hand, the thermodynamic stability is reversed in the protein environment. Furthermore, the vertical excitation energies (VEE) and geometrical parameters show that the photochemistry of LAB is unaffected by para‐substituted TEA. However, geometrical changes imposed by the protein on the confined LAB‐TEA decreases the VEE.
Seasonality regulates the taxonomic and functional compositions of protists responding to climate warming in forest ecosystems
Authors: Li Fangfang , Sun Anqi , Liu Xiaofei , Ren Peixin , Wu Bing‐Xue , Shen Ju‐Pei , Bi Li , He Ji‐Zheng , Yang Yusheng , Hu Hang‐Wei
Published: August 2023

Introduction

Protists are unicellular eukaryotes including important predators, parasites and phototrophs, and play pivotal roles in organic matter decomposition, biogeochemical nutrient cycling and various ecosystem functions. Unravelling the impact of climate warming on soil protists is paramount in predicting how these microorganisms will continue to provide essential ecosystem services in the face of changing climatic conditions.

Materials and Methods

We examined the effects of 5‐year simulated climate warming scenario, with temperatures increased by 4°C above ambient levels, on the diversity and community composition of soil protists, as well as their interactions with other microorganisms in both natural and plantation forest ecosystems during three seasons: summer, autumn and winter.

Results

We found a season‐dependent response of protists to climate warming, with a significant decrease in protist diversity during winter in natural forests. Furthermore, we identified significant alterations in the community compositions of protists during summer in both natural and plantation forests, as well as during winter in both forest types, under warming. Our analysis pinpointed specific functional protist taxa, such as consumers, parasites and phototrophs, which exhibited significant shifts in their relative abundances under warming. Additionally, we found that warming facilitated trophic interactions between protists and bacteria, while also strengthening interactions between bacterial and fungal communities. Warming could induce direct modifications in protist community compositions or indirectly affect them by modifying bacterial and fungal communities, as revealed by structural equation modelling.

Conclusion

These findings demonstrate the substantial impact of warming on the taxonomic and functional compositions of protists in forest ecosystems, with the magnitude of these effects varying across seasons. Our study implicates that ongoing climate warming could have significant consequences for the profiles of soil protists, as well as their trophic interactions with bacteria and fungi, highlighting the importance of considering these effects for the sustainable provision of ecosystem functions.
Task‐oriented resource prediction and adjustment algorithm for space‐based information network
Authors: Wang Yufei , Liu Jun , Chen Meili , Xu Sai , Hou Yinnian
Published: August 2023

The tasks of a space‐based information network are complex and diverse, but the resources of a space‐based environment are minimal. The existing methods are challenging to match task demand to resource supply accurately. Aiming at the problem of accurate prediction from task to resource, we propose a resource prediction adjustment strategy. First, we propose a multidimensional resource prediction algorithm based on improved particle swarm optimization and back propagation (IPSO‐BP) neural network. The improved PSO is used to optimize the weight and threshold of BP neural network to make up for the defects that BP neural network is easy to fall into local minimum and the predicted output value is not unique. Second, to meet the quality of service (QoS) of tasks, we propose a density‐based performance evaluation algorithm (DPEA) to adjust resources. This method uses the idea of local sensitive hash to select the evaluation subset for the configuration task, then dynamically selects the nearest neighbors of the configuration task, and uses the idea of weighted average to evaluate the QoS performance index of the configuration task. Simulation results show that the proposed resource prediction and adjustment strategy effectively reduces the scheduling time overhead and improves resource utilization.
A Review on Biodiesel Production, Analysis, and Emission Characteristics from Non‐Edible Feedstocks
Authors: Jamil Farrukh
Published: August 2023

Biodiesel produced from different edible and non‐edible feedstocks is a viable alternative option for fueling a combustion engine. However, the widespread use of edible sources for biodiesel production may lead to food versus fuel controversy. Oil from non‐edible feedstock is best possible solution for problems that inhibits biodiesel production on commercial scale. This study presents the potential of different non‐edible feedstock for biodiesel production. Several aspects such as extraction technologies used for extracting oil from non‐edible sources and biodiesel production pathways from non‐edible feedstocks are discussed. The quality of biodiesel should be assured before its commercialization by different physical and chemical characterization techniques are used. In particular, the emission comparison of biodiesel derived from the different non‐edible feedstocks is discussed. Based on this study, the non‐edible feedstocks have the potential to produce biodiesel but still it has a long way to go. This is due to non‐edible feedstock is in the R&D phase and needs more research to eliminate additional treatment steps compared to edible feedstock for economic aspects. Furthermore, there has been a trade off in emission properties of biodiesels produced from non‐edible feedstocks which must be removed or evaluated for pilot scale investigations before commercialization.
Spontaneous Precipitation of Phosphates in Artificial Urine: Effect of Magnesium, Calcium, pH and Supersaturation
Authors: Zahraoui Brahim , Lahcene Driss , Naceur Mohamed Wahib , Maazouzi Abdelhak , Badri Abdelkader , Bensafi Mohamed
Published: August 2023

Urinary stone disease affects a significant portion of the global population, with calcium phosphate and magnesium phosphate calculi being among the most prevalent types. In this study, we have grown crystals of DCPD and MAP using supersaturated artificial urine, which was prepared by mixing two equal volumes of solutions A and B. The aim of this investigation was to contribute to the understanding of the effect of Calcium or Magnesium concentration, supersaturation and pH on the crystallization of phosphate stones in artificial urine and the characterization of the precipitated phase. The initial molar ratio of Ca/P and Mg/P solutions was varied in the range of 0.0 to 0.35, while the solution pH was maintained between 6.0 and 8.0. The analysis of the crystals that precipitated using FT‐IR spectroscopy and X‐Ray diffraction techniques revealed that DCPD was obtained at acidic pH (6.0 and 6.5). MAP was obtained at basic pH (7.5 and 8.0). A mixture of DCPD and MAP was formed at neutral pH. The calculated supersaturation values of MAP, OCP, HAP and TCP increased with increase in pH. At lower (pH=5), the order of increasing stability is OCP<HAP<TCP<MAP<DCPD. For higher (pH=10), the order of increasing stability is DCPD<MAP<TCP<OCP<HAP.
Investigating Lysosomal Reactive Sulphur Species with Small Molecular Fluorescent Probes
Authors: Zhou Wanting , Tang Fuliang , Zhang Yu , Wang Kai , Shu Wei , Li Dongpeng , Xiao Haibin
Published: August 2023

Reactive sulphur species (RSS) play a vital role in cellular redox homeostasis and signal transduction. The lysosome is a vital organelle in eukaryotic cells involved in phagocytosis, digestion and degradation of proteins or damaged organelles, repair of cell membrane and energy metabolism. Lysosomal RSS are closely associated with normal functions of the lysosome, and abnormal RSS homeostasis may lead to lysosomal dysfunction and some serious diseases. Thus, real‐time visualization of lysosomal RSS is of great significance. Due to the prominent advantages of fluorescence imaging technology, many small molecular fluorescent probes for detecting lysosomal RSS have been developed. Herein, we have systematically summarized the versatile small molecular and lysosome‐targetable fluorescent probes available for detecting RSS, including their chemical structures, response mechanisms and bioapplications. In addition, we have highlighted the current status, challenges and developmental prospects for RSS‐responsive small molecular fluorescent probes. We sincerely hope that this review can instruct researchers interested in constructing new fluorescent probes for RSS and draw attention toward the significance of lysosomal RSS.
K2S2O8‐Mediated Radical Cascade Alkylation/Cyclization of Ynones: Access to Oxoalkyl‐Substituted Indenones
Authors: Tian Si‐Wei , Xiong Fang‐Ting , Xiong Bi‐Quan , Zhong Long‐Jin , Tang Ke‐Wen , Liu Yu
Published: August 2023

A simple and efficient oxidative‐promoted radical cascade annulation of ynone derivatives with ketones for the construction of a series of oxoalkyl‐substituted indenones in moderate to good yields is described. The control experiment results indicate that the oxidative acetmethylation/arylation of ynone derivatives involves a radical cascade cyclization process. This is an operationally simple and efficient protocol which will be attractive in organic synthesis chemistry.
An Effective Approach to Enhance Hydrogen Evolution Reaction and Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction by Ni Doping to MoO3
Authors: Zhu Lijie , Li Zhixin , Yang Muzi , Zhou Yifan , Chen Jian , Xie Fangyan , Wang Nan , Jin Yanshuo , Sun Shuhui , Meng Hui
Published: August 2023

The development of bifunctional catalysts that facilitate both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) in alkaline environment is crucial for realizing unitized regenerative anion‐exchange membrane fuel cells. In this study, a novel strategy to modulate the electron density of MoO3 through Ni doping (sample named NixMo1−xO3) is reported. Ni is incorporated to replace Mo atoms in MoO3. Specifically, NixMo1−xO3 is combined with optimal adsorption energy, along with MoO2/Mo2N hybrid with high conductivity. The resulting NixMo1−xO3 supported on MoO2/Mo2N hybrid (sample named as NixMo1−xO3‐H) exhibits excellent alkaline HER activity, with an overpotential of only 16 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a Tafel slope of 54 mV dec−1. In addition, the NixMo1−xO3‐H demonstrates an ultrahigh HOR performance with a high exchange current density (3.852 mA cm−2). The catalyst's breakdown potential of 0.23 V indicates its ability to withstand higher voltages without breaking down. As evidenced by the results, this characteristic leads to improved stability. These results are higher than those of the other catalysts reported, which indicates that the electron density of MoO3 can be effectively modulated through Ni doping, leading to excellent HER and HOR performance.
Ag2S Biocompatible Ensembles as Dual OCT Contrast Agents and NIR Ocular Imaging Probes
Authors: Coro Amalia , Herrero Ruiz Ada , Pazo‐González Mateo , Sánchez‐Cruz Alonso , Busch Tobias , Hernández Medel Alejandro , Ximendes Erving C. , Ortgies Dirk H. , López‐Méndez Rosalía , Espinosa Ana , Jimenez de Aberasturi Dorleta , Jaque Daniel , Fernández Monsalve Nuria , de la Rosa Enrique J. , Hernández‐Sánchez Catalina , Martín Rodríguez Emma , H. Juárez Beatriz
Published: August 2023

Ag2S nanoparticles (NPs) emerge as a unique system that simultaneously features in vivo near‐infrared (NIR) imaging, remote heating, and low toxicity thermal sensing. In this work, their capabilities are extended into the fields of optical coherence tomography (OCT), as contrast agents, and NIR probes in both ex vivo and in vivo experiments in eyeballs. The new dual property for ocular imaging is obtained by the preparation of Ag2S NPs ensembles with a biocompatible amphiphilic block copolymer. Rather than a classical ligand exchange, where surface traps may arise due to incomplete replacement of surface sites, the use of this polymer provides a protective extra layer that preserves the photoluminescence properties of the NPs, and the procedure allows for the controlled preparation of submicrometric scattering centers. The resulting NPs ensembles show extraordinary colloidal stability with time and biocompatibility, enhancing the contrast in OCT with simultaneous NIR imaging in the second biological window.
Data interoperability between DDS and HLA through a dynamically reconfigurable gateway
Authors: Kaya M. Cagri , Cilden Erkin , Karamanlioglu Alper , Murat Furkan , Dogru Ali H. , Oguztuzun Halit
Published: August 2023

Software systems need to be complex and large‐scale to keep up with growing user expectations with ever‐increasing technological improvements. Building these systems from scratch is costly and time‐consuming; thus, the importance of reuse and interoperability is increasing. Live‐virtual‐constructive (LVC) simulation systems are composed of multiple heterogeneous subsystems. These subsystems may have different implementations and designs. In such multiarchitecture LVC environments, gateways are promising solutions to address interoperability issues. In this article, a gateway‐based solution is proposed to achieve LVC interoperability with a particular focus on two standard middleware, namely, data distribution service for real‐time systems (DDS) and high‐level architecture (HLA) for distributed simulation. The gateway is capable of providing two‐way data transfer between DDS and HLA. The design of the gateway adheres to the idea of configurable connectors, which allow users to generate a customized gateway. The gateway is capable of converting primitive and structured data types between DDS and HLA. These conversions are specified by users resulting in different configurations of the gateway. The gateway can also be adapted to different configurations at runtime. This research addresses the increasing importance of interoperability and reuse considering the complex and large‐scale LVC systems. The effectiveness of the proposed gateway is demonstrated by academic and industrial case studies.
The glue that makes it “hang together”: A framework for identifying how metadiscourse facilitates uncertainty navigation during knowledge building discussions
Authors: Ko Mon‐Lin Monica , Luna Melissa J.
Published: August 2023

Classroom discussions have become a centerpiece of reform efforts in science education because talk mediates the joint co‐constructing of knowledge in science classrooms. Although decades of research underscore the importance of talk in supporting science learning, the science education community continues to grapple with how to support teachers and students in navigating the uncertainty that is associated with doing knowledge building work. To address these challenges, we must examine not just what gets constructed (the scientific ideas), but how knowledge is co‐constructed by teachers and students (the process of building those ideas) amidst uncertainty. In this study, we propose a conceptual tool for identifying organizational, epistemic, and interpretive metadiscourse markers (MDMs) in science talk. We highlight how teachers and students use these three types of MDMs as they navigate uncertainty while connecting ideas within and across multiple turns of talk, leveraging resources for knowledge building, and making interpretations about one another's ideas. We conclude with a set of suggestions for how researchers and teachers can utilize this framework to attend to the ways that MDMs index the organizational, epistemic, and interpretive dimensions of uncertainty in the knowledge building process.
A Study on Short‐Term Wind Power Forecasting Method Based on Wind Speed Spatio‐Temporal Calibration and Power Self‐adaptive Correction
Authors: Hu Peiyan , Yang Yijiang , Lian Ziyu
Published: August 2023

Accurately predicting wind power is premise for the large‐scale integration of wind energy into the power grid and realizing reliable power grid scheduling and efficient wind farm operation. The spatial–temporal differences between the acquisition points of numerical weather prediction and wind farm sites should be considered because they significantly affect the accuracy of wind power output. Meanwhile, since there are different actual constraints on wind farm electrical networks and units, and the weather conditions may vary, there are no universal methods for identifying and correcting wind power output. To this end, this paper proposes a wind speed calibration model based on an Attention‐Bi‐LSTM network and a self‐adaptive recognition‐correction model based on SHAP‐CART classification for wind power output prediction. First, a spatial–temporal dataset is established by using real weather data from wind farm sites and data from the surrounding NWP points. Then, wind speed is accurately calibrated using the Attention‐Bi‐LSTM model. Next, considering the practical constraints on wind farm electrical networks and units, the self‐adaptive recognition‐correction model based on SHAP‐CART classification is employed to effectively recognize and predict the operating states and power output of the units, thus improving the accuracy and stability of wind power output prediction. Finally, the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method is verified by using a wind farm in Eastern China as an example and analyzing the prediction results in various approaches. © 2023 Institute of Electrical Engineer of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Spin‐coated transparent hydrophobic, self‐cleaning surfaces using PDMS, iTES with PF‐127
Authors: Cathelene Antonette L. , Shanthi J.
Published: August 2023

Hydrophobic self‐cleaning surfaces exhibit low surface energy. The low surface interaction allows the water droplets to roll off easily. In this work, transparent hydrophobic coating was fabricated using precursors Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), Isobutyltriethoxysilane (iTES), and Pluronic F127 (PF‐127), as pore generator. PDMS/PF‐127 and iTES/PF‐127 composite films were fabricated by acid catalyzed sol gel technique. UV‐visible spectroscopy analysis revealed enhancement of optical transparency by 3% for PDMS/PF‐127 than iTES/PF‐127 composite surface. Transparency of PDMS/PF‐127 was maintained throughout visible region proving film stability. Porous nature was confirmed by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis. Water contact angle of 107° for PDMS/PF‐127 and 103° for iTES/PF‐127 was obtained. 3D laser profilometery analysis revealed PDMS/PF‐127 coated surface was rougher than iTES/PF‐127 composite film. Sand particles sprinkled on coated surface buckled upon contact with water, exhibiting self‐cleaning ability.
Effect of urea‐molasses‐treated highland bamboo leaves supplementation on lactating crossbred dairy cows nutrient utilization, body weight, milk yield and its composition and economic performance under on‐farm condition in Guagusa Shikudad district, Ethiopia
Authors: Tirusew Semahegn , Mekuriaw Yeshambel , Ebro Abule , Aranguiz Adolfo Alvarez , van der Lee Jan
Published: August 2023

Background

In Ethiopia, locally available feed resources are commendable in livestock production to make the sector sustainable and productive.

Objectives

This on‐farm evaluation was conducted to evaluate the effect of urea‐molasses‐treated highland bamboo (Yushania alpina) leaves (UMTHBL) in lactating crossbred dairy cows’ nutrient utilization, body performance, milk yield and quality and economic performance.

Methods

On‐farm feeding trial was conducted using 12 lactating cows with initial body weight (328.08 ± 0.98 kg), initial milk yield (3.14 ± 0.78 L) of uniform parity (2) and stage of lactation (early) using a Randomized Complete Block Design. Three dietary treatments, namely, 6 h grazing (control) + concentrate (T1), control + UMTHBL ad lib (T2), control + untreated BL adlib (T3) with three replications were used. Analysis of variance was employed for the feeding trial data analysis.

Results

The UMTHBL increased more dry matter and nutrients intake than untreated. A significant difference (p < 0.05) was recorded between UMTHBL feeding (T2) and T1 and T3 in terms of increased milk yield. The highest (6.26 L) and the lowest (3.27 L) mean milk yield per day were recorded for cows fed UMTHBL and the control group, respectively. Urea‐molasses treatment improved the crude protein (CP) and reduced fibres content than untreated. Treatment effects were not‐significant (p > 0.05) for milk compositions. Similar to milk yield, dairy cows in T2 consumed more CP which is also reflected in higher body weight and economic benefit.

Conclusion

It can be concluded that employing treatment technology for highland bamboo leaves could support the crossbred dairy cows’ production in smallholder farmers.
Controllable AI - An Alternative to Trustworthiness in Complex AI Systems?
Authors: Kieseberg Peter , Weippl Edgar , Tjoa A. Min , Cabitza Federico , Campagner Andrea , Holzinger Andreas
Published: August 2023

The release of ChatGPT to the general public has sparked discussions about the dangers of artificial intelligence (AI) among the public. The European Commission’s draft of the AI Act has further fueled these discussions, particularly in relation to the definition of AI and the assignment of risk levels to different technologies. Security concerns in AI systems arise from the need to protect against potential adversaries and to safeguard individuals from AI decisions that may harm their well-being. However, ensuring secure and trustworthy AI systems is challenging, especially with deep learning models that lack explainability. This paper proposes the concept of Controllable AI as an alternative to Trustworthy AI and explores the major differences between the two. The aim is to initiate discussions on securing complex AI systems without sacrificing practical capabilities or transparency. The paper provides an overview of techniques that can be employed to achieve Controllable AI. It discusses the background definitions of explainability, Trustworthy AI, and the AI Act. The principles and techniques of Controllable AI are detailed, including detecting and managing control loss, implementing transparent AI decisions, and addressing intentional bias or backdoors. The paper concludes by discussing the potential applications of Controllable AI and its implications for real-world scenarios.
Efficient Approximation of Asymmetric Shapley Values Using Functional Decomposition
Authors: Gevaert Arne , Saranti Anna , Holzinger Andreas , Saeys Yvan
Published: August 2023

Asymmetric Shapley values (ASVs) are an extension of Shapley values that allow a user to incorporate partial causal knowledge into the explanation process. Unfortunately, computing ASVs requires sampling permutations, which quickly becomes computationally expensive. We propose A-PDD-SHAP, an algorithm that employs a functional decomposition approach to approximate ASVs at a speed orders of magnitude faster compared to permutation sampling, which significantly reduces the amortized complexity of computing ASVs when many explanations are needed. Apart from this, once the A-PDD-SHAP model is trained, it can be used to compute both symmetric and asymmetric Shapley values without having to re-train or re-sample, allowing for very efficient comparisons between different types of explanations.
Castelnuovo–Mumford Regularity of Projective Monomial Curves via Sumsets
Authors: Gimenez Philippe , González-Sánchez Mario
Published: August 2023

Let $$A=\{a_0,\ldots ,a_{n-1}\}$$

A
=
{

a
0

,
…
,

a

n
-
1

}

be a finite set of $$n\ge 4$$

n
≥
4

non-negative relatively prime integers, such that $$0=a_0<a_1<\cdots <a_{n-1}=d$$

0
=

a
0

<

a
1

<
⋯
<

a

n
-
1

=
d

. The s-fold sumset of A is the set sA of integers that contains all the sums of s elements in A. On the other hand, given an infinite field k, one can associate with A the projective monomial curve $$\mathcal {C}_A$$

C
A

parametrized by A, $$\begin{aligned} \quad \mathcal {C}_A=\{(v^d:u^{a_1}v^{d-a_1}:\cdots :u^{a_{n-2}}v^{d-a_{n-2}}:u^d) \mid (u:v)\in \mathbb {P}^{1}_k\}\subset \mathbb {P}^{n-1}_k. \end{aligned}$$

C
A

=

{

(

v
d

:

u

a
1

v

d
-

a
1

:
⋯
:

u

a

n
-
2

v

d
-

a

n
-
2

:

u
d

)

∣

(
u
:
v
)

∈

P

k
1

}

⊂

P

k

n
-
1

.

The exponents in the previous parametrization of $$\mathcal {C}_A$$

C
A

define a homogeneous semigroup $$\mathcal {S}\subset \mathbb {N}^2$$

S
⊂

N

2

. We provide several results relating the Castelnuovo–Mumford regularity of $$\mathcal {C}_A$$

C
A

to the behavior of the sumsets of A and to the combinatorics of the semigroup $$\mathcal {S}$$
S
that reveal a new interplay between commutative algebra and additive number theory.
Resilienz deutscher Kliniken in Amok- und Terrorlagen
Authors: Schulz Marvin , Oestmann Jörg-Wilhelm , Schütz Thorsten
Published: August 2023

Hintergrund

Krankenhäuser müssen sich als kritische Infrastruktur (KRITIS) auf terroristische Anschläge sowie Amoklagen einstellen und mögliche Schadensabwehrmaßnahmen vorbereiten, da sie leicht zu treffende Ziele mit hoher Symbolkraft darstellen.

Methode

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die terroristische Bedrohungslage anhand einer Auswertung der Terrorist Event Database (TED) für den Zeitraum 1970–2017 quantifiziert. Darüber hinaus wurden die Bedrohungsperzeption sowie die getroffenen Vorbereitungen mittels einer Online-Umfrage unter den Leitenden deutscher Notaufnahmen erfasst.

Ergebnisse

Die Auswertung der TED zeigt international einen Anstieg der terroristischen Angriffe auf medizinische Einrichtungen mit Schwerpunkt in Ländern im (Bürger‑)Kriegszustand sowie in den USA. Der Einsatz von Explosivstoffen führte im untersuchten Zeitraum zu einer hohen Anzahl an Verletzten und Toten. Die Online-Befragten empfanden eine Vorbereitung der Klinik auf terroristische Szenarien in ihren Krankenhausalarm- und -einsatzplänen (KAEP) überwiegend als wichtig. In den bestehenden KAEP waren entsprechende Maßnahmen dennoch häufig nicht etabliert. Nur in 59,4 % wurde die Verletztenversorgung im Rahmen eines terroristischen Angriffs und nur in 34 % die Sicherung der Infrastruktur behandelt.

Schlussfolgerung

Deutsche Kliniken sollten sich als kritische Infrastruktur sowie als mögliches Ziel terroristischer Anschläge verstehen und sich auf terroristische Bedrohungen vorbereiten. Viele günstig umzusetzende Maßnahmen sind in den Kliniken nicht ausgeschöpft und sollten zeitnah sowohl in den KAEP als auch in den Alltag integriert werden.
A rotorcraft in-flight ice detection framework using computational aeroacoustics and Bayesian neural networks
Authors: Morelli Myles , Hauth Jeremiah , Guardone Alberto , Huan Xun , Zhou Beckett Y.
Published: August 2023

This work develops a novel ice detection framework specifically suitable for rotorcraft using computational aeroacoustics and Bayesian neural networks. In an offline phase of the work, the acoustic signature of glaze and rime ice shapes on an oscillating wing are computed. In addition, the aerodynamic performance indicators corresponding to the ice shapes are also monitored. These performance indicators include the lift, drag, and moment coefficients. A Bayesian neural network is subsequently trained using projected Stein variational gradient descent to create a mapping from the acoustic signature generated by the iced wings to predict their performance indicators along with quantified uncertainty that is highly important for time- and safety-critical decision-making scenarios. While the training is carried out fully offline, usage of the Bayesian neural network to make predictions can be conducted rapidly online allowing for an ice detection system that can be used in real time and in-flight.
Unraveling the mechanisms underlying drug-induced cholestatic liver injury: identifying key genes using machine learning techniques on human in vitro data sets
Authors: Jiang Jian , van Ertvelde Jonas , Ertaylan Gökhan , Peeters Ralf , Jennen Danyel , de Kok Theo M. , Vinken Mathieu
Published: August 2023

Drug-induced intrahepatic cholestasis (DIC) is a main type of hepatic toxicity that is challenging to predict in early drug development stages. Preclinical animal studies often fail to detect DIC in humans. In vitro toxicogenomics assays using human liver cells have become a practical approach to predict human-relevant DIC. The present study was set up to identify transcriptomic signatures of DIC by applying machine learning algorithms to the Open TG-GATEs database. A total of nine DIC compounds and nine non-DIC compounds were selected, and supervised classification algorithms were applied to develop prediction models using differentially expressed features. Feature selection techniques identified 13 genes that achieved optimal prediction performance using logistic regression combined with a sequential backward selection method. The internal validation of the best-performing model showed accuracy of 0.958, sensitivity of 0.941, specificity of 0.978, and F1-score of 0.956. Applying the model to an external validation set resulted in an average prediction accuracy of 0.71. The identified genes were mechanistically linked to the adverse outcome pathway network of DIC, providing insights into cellular and molecular processes during response to chemical toxicity. Our findings provide valuable insights into toxicological responses and enhance the predictive accuracy of DIC prediction, thereby advancing the application of transcriptome profiling in designing new approach methodologies for hazard identification.
Enrichment and structural assignment of geometric isomers of unsaturated furan fatty acids
Authors: Müller Franziska , Conrad Jürgen , Hammerschick Tim , Vetter Walter
Published: August 2023

Furan fatty acids (FuFAs) are valuable minor fatty acids, which are known for their excellent radical scavenging properties. Typically, the furan moiety is embedded in an otherwise saturated carboxyalkyl chain. Occasionally, these classic FuFAs are accompanied by low amounts of unsaturated furan fatty acids (uFuFAs), which additionally feature one double bond in conjugation with the furan moiety. A recent study produced evidence for the occurrence of two pairs of E-/Z-uFuFA isomers structurally related to saturated uFuFAs. Here, we present a strategy that allowed such trace compounds to be enriched to a level suited for structure determination by NMR. Given the low amounts and the varied abundance ratio of the four uFuFA isomers, the isolation of individual compounds was not pursued. Instead, the entire isomer mixture was enriched to an amount and purity suitable for structure investigation with contemporary NMR methods. Specifically, lipid extracted from 150 g latex, the richest known source of FuFAs, was subsequently fractionated by countercurrent chromatography (CCC), silver ion, and silica gel column chromatography. Analysis of the resulting mixture of four uFuFAs isomers (2.4 mg in an abundance ratio of 56:23:11:9) by different NMR techniques including PSYCHE verified that the structures of the two most abundant isomers were E-9-(3-methyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl)non-8-enoic acid and E-9-(3-methyl-5-pent-1-enylfuran-2-yl)nonanoic acid. Additionally, we introduced a computer-based method to generate an averaged chromatogram from freely selectable GC/MS runs of CCC fractions without the necessity of pooling aliquots. This method was found to be suitable to simplify subsequent enrichment steps.

Graphical Abstract
One dimensional representations of finite $W$-algebras, Dirac reduction and the orbit method
Authors: Topley Lewis
Published: August 2023

In this paper we study the variety of one dimensional representations of a finite$W$W-algebra attached to a classical Lie algebra, giving a precise description of the dimensions of the irreducible components. We apply this to prove a conjecture of Losev describing the image of his orbit method map. In order to do so we first establish new Yangian-type presentations of semiclassical limits of the$W$W-algebras attached to distinguished nilpotent elements in classical Lie algebras, using Dirac reduction.
First human surgery using a surgical assistance robotics device for laparoscopic cholecystectomies
Authors: Cadière Guy-Bernard , Himpens Jacques , Poras Mathilde , Pau Luca , Boyer Nicolas , Cadière Benjamin
Published: August 2023

Background

Over the past 20 years, surgeons involved in soft tissue minimally invasive surgery have experienced the pros and cons of both conventional and tele-robotic laparoscopic approaches. The Maestro System, developed by Moon Surgical (Paris, France) aims to overcome the challenges inherent to both approaches thanks to a new concept that augments the surgeon’s performance at the bedside during a laparoscopic procedure.

Methods

The current study aims to present the first human experience with laparoscopic cholecystectomy with the Maestro system on 10 patients.

Results

All ten procedures were completed successfully. No significant complications related to the use of the Maestro system werenoted.

Conclusion

Our preliminary observations appear to support the benefits of the Maestro system in non-emergent laparoscopic cholecystectomies. It goes without saying that further research is necessary to demonstrate the safety of this approach in other procedures.
A mysterious cloak: the peptidoglycan layer of algal and plant plastids
Authors: MacLeod Alexander I. , Knopp Michael R. , Gould Sven B.
Published: August 2023

The plastids of algae and plants originated on a single occasion from an endosymbiotic cyanobacterium at least a billion years ago. Despite the divergent evolution that characterizes the plastids of different lineages, many traits such as membrane organization and means of fission are universal—they pay tribute to the cyanobacterial origin of the organelle. For one such trait, the peptidoglycan (PG) layer, the situation is more complicated. Our view on its distribution keeps on changing and little is known regarding its molecular relevance, especially for land plants. Here, we investigate the extent of PG presence across the Chloroplastida using a phylogenomic approach. Our data support the view of a PG layer being present in the last common ancestor of land plants and its remarkable conservation across bryophytes that are otherwise characterized by gene loss. In embryophytes, the occurrence of the PG layer biosynthetic toolkit becomes patchier and the availability of novel genome data questions previous predictions regarding a functional coevolution of the PG layer and the plastid division machinery-associated gene FtsZ3. Furthermore, our data confirm the presence of penicillin-binding protein (PBP) orthologs in seed plants, which were previously thought to be absent from this clade. The 5-7 nm thick, and seemingly unchanged, PG layer armoring the plastids of glaucophyte algae might still provide the original function of structural support, but the same can likely not be said about the only recently identified PG layer of bryophyte and tracheophyte plastids. There are several issues to be explored regarding the composition, exact function, and biosynthesis of the PG layer in land plants. These issues arise from the fact that land plants seemingly lack certain genes that are believed to be crucial for PG layer production, even though they probably synthesize a PG layer.