bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A dermatosis resembling juvenile cellulitis in an adult dog
Authors: Jeffers JG , Duclos DD , Goldschmidt MH
Published: September 2014

A two-year-old, female Lhasa apso presented with an acute onset of fever, anorexia, lethargy, prescapular and mandibular lymphadenopathy, otitis externa, and a dermatitis involving the perioral and auricular skin. Histopathological examination of affected skin and a mandibular lymph node was diagnostic for juvenile cellulitis. Extensive hematological, serological, urine, skin, and fecal testing together with special staining, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopic examination of skin and lymph node biopsies failed to reveal an underlying etiology. After 15 weeks the condition resolved completely. This represents the first adult case of a dermatosis fitting the clinical, histological, and clinicopathological description ascribed to juvenile cellulitis.
Disseminated Mycobacterium avium--intracellulare complex infection in a miniature schnauzer
Authors: Miller MA , Greene CE , Brix AE
Published: September 2014

A two-year-old, spayed female, miniature schnauzer was evaluated for respiratory distress associated with a compressive cervical mass. Generalized mycobacterial infection was diagnosed from aspirates of several enlarged lymph nodes. Tissue specimens further identified Mycobacterium avium--intracellulare using polymerase chain reaction followed by nucleic acid hybridization. Treatment with enrofloxacin, clofazamine, rifampin, and interferon did not result in long-term success.
Canine distemper infection in pet dogs: II. A case-control study of risk factors during a suspected outbreak in Indiana
Authors: Patronek GJ , Glickman LT , Johnson R , Emerick TJ
Published: September 2014

The epidemiologic features of an outbreak of canine distemper during 1992 and 1993 in pet dogs in Indiana are described. Risk factors for disease were characterized using hospital records of private veterinary practitioners. The risk of disease for purebred dogs was 85% lower than the risk of disease for mixed-breed dogs. Lack of vaccination was associated with a 350-fold increase in the risk of canine distemper, and 93.8% of all cases could be attributed to the lack of vaccination. For many of the owners, the cost of medical treatment exceeded the cost of a vaccination program.
A quantitative study of the effects of Tribrissen on canine tear production
Authors: Berger SL , Scagliotti RH , Lund EM
Published: September 2014

The effect of trimethoprim-sulfadiazinea on Schirmer tear test (STT) values was studied in a population of dogs treated with the drug for a variety of medical and postsurgical conditions. The objectives of the study were to determine the incidence of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) secondary to trimethoprim-sulfadiazine therapy; to determine if such incidence was related to dose, duration, or both; and to identify any other factors that increased patient risk. The package insert accompanying Tribrissen states that "Dogs can tolerate up to ten times the recommended therapeutic dose without exhibiting ill effects." The results of this study indicated a 15.2% (5/33) incidence of KCS in the population of treated dogs.
Efficacy of daily amitraz therapy for refractory, generalized demodicosis in dogs: two independent studies
Authors: Medleau L , Willemse T
Published: September 2014

In two independent studies, 0.125% amitraz solution applied half-body daily was found 73% effective in curing dogs with demodicosis previously refractory to biweekly or weekly amitraz treatments. Thirteen of the 16 cases that resolved did so after one course of treatment which ranged from four weeks to five months in duration. The other three cases initially relapsed but then were cured after they were re-treated. All cases deemed cured, including those that initially relapsed, were followed for at least one year after their last treatment.
Urethral bleeding as a presenting sign of benign prostatic hyperplasia in the dog: a retrospective study (1979-1993)
Authors: Read RA , Bryden S
Published: September 2014

Nineteen dogs were presented to the Murdoch University Veterinary Hospital (MUVH) because of blood loss from the urethra, unassociated with other clinical signs of prostatic disease. Blood loss was intermittent in all cases, but was severe enough to require blood transfusion in one case. Prostatic enlargement was detected on rectal palpation in all cases, and benign prostatic hyperplasia was diagnosed after elimination of other prostatic diseases (i.e., infection, cysts, neoplasia) using diagnostic imaging and clinical laboratory tests. Castration resulted in cessation of blood loss; whereas antiandrogen therapy, an alternative treatment to castration, was less effective.
Resolution of lameness associated with Scottish fold osteodystrophy following bilateral ostectomies and pantarsal arthrodeses: a case report
Authors: Mathews KG , Koblik PD , Knoeckel MJ , Pool RR , Fyfe JC
Published: September 2014

Bilateral hind-limb lameness, associated with tarsal exostoses in a Scottish fold diagnosed as having Scottish fold osteodystrophy, resolved following staged bilateral ostectomies and pantarsal arthrodeses. Degenerative changes in the phalangeal joints of the hind limbs have progressed radiographically, but lameness has not recurred 48 weeks following the second arthrodesis. Additional skeletal abnormalities were detected radiographically in both carpi and in several caudal vertebrae. A partial, left-sided conduction deafness was diagnosed by evaluating brain stem auditory-evoked responses.
Concurrent hypoadrenocorticism and hypoalbuminemia in dogs: a retrospective study
Authors: Langlais-Burgess L , Lumsden JH , Mackin A
Published: September 2014

A retrospective study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of hypoalbuminemia in dogs with hypoadrenocorticism. During a 94-month interval, 17 of 44 dogs (38.6%) with hypoadrenocorticism were found to have hypoalbuminemia. When compared to all dogs with hypoalbuminemia (9.8%) observed in the hospital population during this same interval, there appeared to be a significant association between canine adrenocortical insufficiency and hypoalbuminemia. The pathogenesis of the hypoalbuminemia in this study is speculative; possible mechanisms include gastrointestinal blood loss, protein-losing enteropathy, malassimilation, or decreased albumin synthesis. Renal protein loss was not supported by routine urinalysis findings.
Recurrent, nonobstructive, idiopathic feline lower urinary tract disease: an illustrative case report
Authors: Kruger JM , Osborne CA
Published: September 2014

A three-year-old, spayed female domestic shorthair was evaluated because of recurrent hematuria, dysuria, and pollakiuria of one year's duration. With the exception of hematuria and proteinuria, results of other physical, clinicopathological, radiographic, and microbiologic evaluations were normal. Low concentrations of bovine herpesvirus-4 (BHV-4) antibodies (titer 1:40) were detected by an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). A diagnosis of nonobstructive, idiopathic feline lower urinary tract disease was established by exclusion of other known causes of hematuria and dysuria. Clinical signs resolved in approximately seven days without symptomatic therapy. During the next 69 months, the owners observed five episodes of self-limiting, gross hematuria and pollakiuria. Persistent low titers of BHV-4 antibodies were detected by the IFAT. This case typifies the clinicopathological, radiographic, and microbiologic findings and the natural course characteristics of many cases of nonobstructive, idiopathic feline lower urinary tract disease.
Periosteal osteosarcoma in the long head of the triceps in a dog
Authors: Cook JL , Huss BT , Johnson GC
Published: September 2014

A 2.5-year-old Labrador retriever was evaluated for forelimb lameness. Fine-needle aspirates of a mass in the proximal brachium were suggestive of a mesenchymal tumor. The dog was euthanized and necropsied. Radiographic evaluation and gross and histopathological findings provided a diagnosis of periosteal osteosarcoma in the long head of the triceps.
The inheritance of osteochondritis dissecans and fragmented coronoid process of the elbow joint in labrador retrievers
Authors: Padgett GA , Mostosky UV , Probst CW , Thomas MW , Krecke CF
Published: September 2014

Five matings between dogs bilaterally affected with osteochondritis dissecans and fragmented coronoid processes resulted in a distribution of lesions in the elbows of the offspring that indicated the diseases were inherited independently as polygenic traits.
A retrospective evaluation of 51 cases of peripheral nerve sheath tumors in the dog
Authors: Brehm DM , Vite CH , Steinberg HS , Haviland J , van Winkle T
Published: September 2014

Fifty-one cases of canine peripheral nerve sheath tumors were reviewed. Signalment, presenting clinical signs, duration of clinical signs, physical and neurological examination findings, results of diagnostic procedures, type of surgery performed, tumor location, relapse-free intervals and survival times, and causes of death were evaluated. Tumors were divided into three anatomical groups: tumors involving nerves distal to the brachial or lumbosacral plexus (Peripheral Group), tumors involving nerves of the brachial or lumbosacral plexus (Plexus Group), and tumors involving the vertebral canal (Root Group). The most common clinical findings were unilateral forelimb lameness and muscle atrophy. The most useful diagnostic tests were myelography and electromyography. Although there was no significant difference, dogs in the Root Group tended to have shorter relapse-free intervals and survival times than dogs in the Plexus Group. The overall prognosis for surgical management of peripheral nerve sheath tumors is guarded to poor.
Presumptive, iatrogenic gastric outflow obstruction associated with prior gastric surgery
Authors: Fossum TW , Rohn DA , Willard MD
Published: September 2014

Iatrogenic gastric outflow obstruction in two dogs appeared to be caused by prior gastric surgery. The obstructions were believed to be anatomical rather than functional based on endoscopic examinations. Initially, the dogs had been evaluated and each had received two abdominal surgeries because of gastrointestinal bleeding, vomiting, or both. Eventually, both dogs were euthanized due to complications arising after attempted surgical correction of the iatrogenic obstructions. While gastric surgery commonly is performed, it seldom is considered to be a potentially harmful procedure. However, as these cases demonstrate, the decision to perform a gastrotomy must be weighed against possible risks and complications. Iatrogenic gastric outflow obstruction associated with surgery may be prevented by minimizing tissue inversion into the gastric lumen when surgery is performed near the pyloric outflow tract. Additionally, when large lesions near the pylorus are resected surgically, preservation of the continuity of the outflow tract is necessary.
Exophthalmos associated with frontal sinus osteomyelitis in a puppy
Authors: Grahn BH , Szentimrey D , Battison A , Hertling R
Published: September 2014

A three-month-old, male Great Dane puppy developed progressive left exophthalmos, epiphora, and swelling of the left frontal bone. Radiographs revealed obliteration of the left frontal sinus by a bone-like density, and lateral sinus wall thickening with extension into the left orbit. On surgical exploration and trephination, the left frontal sinus was filled with soft bone which contained multiple pockets of mucopurulent material. Cytologic examination confirmed the presence of a large number of neutrophils, osteoclasts, and osteoblasts; and both extracellular and intracellular, filamentous, beaded bacteria. The involved bone was debrided, and the defects in the orbital wall and sinus were reconstructed successfully with a temporalis muscle flap.
Ivermectin in the treatment of Physaloptera preputialis in two cats
Authors: Gustafson BW
Published: September 2014

Two mixed-breed cats were examined for intermittent vomiting of several months' duration. Adult Physaloptera preputialis nematodes were detected in the vomitus and melena was observed in both cases. Clinicopathological abnormalities including anemia and eosinophilia were found in one case. Clinical signs resolved following anthelmintic therapy with ivermectin (200 micrograms/kg body weight) administered subcutaneously.
Concurrent toxoplasmosis and feline infectious peritonitis in a cat
Authors: Toomey JM , Carlisle-Nowak MM , Barr SC , Lopez JW , French TW , Scott FW , Hoose W , Pizano S , Dubey JP
Published: September 2014

A 13-year-old, 4-kg, neutered male Maine coon presented with ascites. Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites were seen within neutrophils and macrophages, and free within the abdominal fluid. At necropsy, many abdominal organs were positive for feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) antigens using immunohistochemical staining. This apparently is the first report of concurrent toxoplasmosis and FIP in a domestic cat.
Intestinal mast cell tumor in a cat: presentation as eosinophilic enteritis
Authors: Howl JH , Petersen MG
Published: September 2014

A 10-year-old, neutered male domestic shorthair was diagnosed as having eosinophilic enteritis following two separate surgical biopsies. Although treatment was aggressive and a partial response was seen, the cat's condition deteriorated. Postmortem histopathology revealed an intestinal mast cell tumor.
Food intolerance mimicking alimentary lymphosarcoma
Authors: Wasmer ML , Willard MD , Helman RG , Edwards JF
Published: September 2014

A cat with chronic diarrhea was diagnosed as having duodenal lymphosarcoma on two separate sets of endoscopic biopsies. Prednisolone failed to effect any clinical improvement. However, feeding the cat with a hypoallergenic diet resulted in long-term (i.e., six months) resolution of clinical signs. Most clinicians are familiar with the possibility of mistakenly diagnosing inflammatory bowel disease when the patient has lymphosarcoma; however, this case had the opposite problem: lymphosarcoma was diagnosed histologically on two separate occasions when inflammatory bowel disease was the problem.
Extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction: a retrospective study of 45 cases (1983-1993)
Authors: Fahie MA , Martin RA
Published: September 2014

The medical records of 41 dogs and four cats with either surgical or postmortem confirmation of extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction were reviewed. Clinical signs of icterus, vomiting, anorexia, or a combination of these signs were exhibited by 100% of cases. Elevated serum bilirubin was documented in 37 of 41 dogs and two of four cats (86.6%). The predominant, underlying, pathological process was extraluminal obstruction of the biliary tract due to pancreatitis (19 of 45 cases; 42.2%) or neoplasia (11 of 45 cases; 24.4%). Biliary tract surgery was performed in 29 cases, of which 12 (41.3%) recovered. Animals diagnosed with extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction had a relatively good long-term prognosis, provided they were not compromised substantially due to severe necrotizing pancreatitis or neoplasia.
Comparison of the effects of diltiazem and aspirin on platelet aggregation in cats
Authors: Behrend EN , Grauer GF , Greco DS , Rose BJ , Thrall MA
Published: September 2014

Platelet aggregation in response to collagen (1 or 3 micrograms/ml), arachidonic acid (10(-2) M), and adenosine diphosphate (ADP, 2 microM) was compared in healthy cats treated with diltiazem (approximately 2 mg/kg body weight, q 8 hrs for 10 doses), aspirin (approximately 21 mg/kg body weight [1 baby aspirin], q 72 hrs for three doses), or a combination of diltiazem and aspirin. Baseline values obtained prior to treatment served as controls. Addition of arachidonic acid to blood resulted in an impedance change (i.e., aggregation) with time in samples from the nontreated cats and the cats treated with diltiazem, but the addition had no effect in blood from cats treated with aspirin alone or with a combination of diltiazem and aspirin. Platelet aggregation in response to either concentration of collagen or to ADP was not altered by any treatment. Secretion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from the platelets was measured when the aggregating agent was 3 micrograms/ml collagen; secretion was not affected by any treatment.
Hemophilia A in a German shorthaired pointer: clinical presentations and diagnosis
Authors: Joseph SA , Brooks MB , Coccari PJ , Riback SC
Published: September 2014

Hemophilia A, Factor VIII deficiency, was diagnosed in a male German shorthaired pointer as a result of testing for a coagulopathy. He had been treated on numerous occasions for different clinical signs, including intermittent bleeding from wounds, hind-limb paralysis, dyspnea, dyschezia associated with perineal swelling, cutaneous nodules resembling hematomas or abscesses, and forelimb lameness. With each episode, he appeared to respond to supportive care. Hemophilia should be considered in male dogs displaying shifting-leg lameness and transient or recurrent, subcutaneous or intramuscular swelling. Recognition of the various presentations of this disease will aid in early diagnosis, as well as help the clients and breeders with appropriate genetic counseling for this serious inherited trait.
Management and complications following trigonal-colonic anastomosis in a dog: five-year evaluation
Authors: Smith JD , Vaden SL , Stone EA , Spaulding K , Miller RT
Published: September 2014

Urinary diversion procedures in the dog have been described for both benign and malignant processes involving the bladder, urethra, or both. These procedures are performed rather infrequently, primarily because of the potential complications associated with urinary diversion into an intact gastrointestinal system. A case managed for five years following trigonal-colonic anastomosis for lymphocytic-plasmacytic urethritis is presented, along with a review of urinary diversion techniques. Postoperative management recommendations following urinary diversion are discussed.
Ununited anconeal process: lag-screw fixation
Authors: Fox SM , Burbidge HM , Bray JC , Guerin SR
Published: September 2014

A technique of lag-screw fixation for ununited anconeal process is described, and the results of surgery in eight dogs (on 10 elbows) treated by this technique are presented. Approximation of the process was confirmed postoperatively, and union was confirmed by radiographic followup in six of the 10 forelimbs from two-to-six months after surgery. Four other cases were lost to radiographic follow-up. This report of a limited number of cases suggests encouraging results obtained by lag-screw fixation.
Unfavorable influence of anesthesia and surgery on Doberman pinschers with occult cardiomyopathy
Authors: Calvert CA , Jacobs GJ , Pickus CW
Published: September 2014

Exacerbation of heart rhythm disturbances or deterioration of left-ventricular function occurred in six Doberman pinschers with occult cardiomyopathy following anesthesia and surgery. These abnormalities improved over time in surviving dogs, supporting a causal relationship between anesthesia/surgery and exacerbation. Moderate myocardial failure and ventricular tachyarrhythmias of variable severity existed prior to anesthesia and surgery in each dog. The incidence of these adverse effects is uncertain but probably significant. Exacerbation of arrhythmias may be life-threatening or lethal. Embarrassment of left-ventricular function may be inapparent or, if function already is marginal, may precipitate congestive heart failure.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the canine nasal cavity and frontal sinus: eight cases
Authors: Rogers KS , Walker MA , Helman RG
Published: September 2014

Squamous cell carcinoma of the canine nasal cavity and frontal sinus was diagnosed in eight cases between May 1988 and April 1994. The most common presenting complaints were nasal discharge, including epistaxis; sneezing; and facial deformity or exophthalmos. Metastasis was not identified in any case, but bone lysis and invasion into tissues outside the nasal cavity were noted in five cases. Computed tomograms were performed in five cases and were more useful than radiographs in determining the extent of neoplastic involvement. Euthanasia was performed within one week of diagnosis in three cases at the owner's request; one case died at home within one month; and the remaining four cases were euthanized within eight months due to progressive clinical signs. The mean survival time in these eight cases was three months, with a range of zero weeks to eight months.
Focal myasthenia gravis as a paraneoplastic syndrome of canine thymoma: improvement following thymectomy
Authors: Lainesse MF , Taylor SM , Myers SL , Haines D , Fowler JD
Published: September 2014

A 10-year-old, neutered male cocker spaniel-cross experienced regurgitation, dry retching, and weight loss. A large, mediastinal mass and dilatation of the esophagus were seen on thoracic radiographs. Cytological, histopathological, immunohistochemical, and serological findings were consistent with a lymphoepithelial thymoma and focal, esophageal myasthenia gravis. Surgical removal of the mass resulted in rapid resolution of the megaesophagus and a decrease in serum acetylcholine-receptor antibody concentration. The dog was clinically normal until the thymoma recurred six months postoperatively. Clinical signs, diagnostic evaluation, management, and treatment of a dog with thymoma and megaesophagus are described.
A histomorphological study of sarcoptic acariasis in the dog: 19 cases
Authors: Morris DO , Dunstan RW
Published: September 2014

Nineteen cases of canine sarcoptic acariasis (Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis) were diagnosed histologically by identifying sarcoptic mites present in the stratum corneum. The inflammatory responses to these mites could be staged as early, fully developed, or late lesions. No histomorphological features were identified that could serve as reliable markers of infestation in the absence of a sectioned mite.
Bordetella bronchiseptica infections in cats
Authors: Welsh RD
Published: September 2014

Eleven cats from 10 different households or catteries were diagnosed with Bordetella bronchiseptica (B. bronchiseptica) infections. Seven cases proved fatal, in which B. bronchiseptica pneumonia was a primary or significant cause of death. The majority of cases (seven of 11) were in kittens less than eight weeks old. A universal complaint was coughing. Bacterial cultures from transtracheal washes or lung tissue were successful in diagnosing bordetellosis in all cases. This report indicates that B. bronchiseptica should be a consideration in a cat presenting with a primary complaint of coughing and may be a relatively common disease in catteries or shelter environments.
Comparison of seven different suture materials in the feline oral cavity
Authors: DeNardo GA , Brown NO , Trenka-Benthin S , Marretta SM
Published: September 2014

Seven different suture materials were implanted into the oral tissues of 12 cats. The sutures and surrounding tissues were retrieved en bloc from each of two cats on days one, three, seven, 14, 21, and 28 postimplantation. Tissue reaction and suture duration were evaluated by gross visual observation and histological examination. Chromic gut disappeared between days three and seven; polyglactin 910 disappeared between days 14 and 21; and polyglycolic acid disappeared as early as seven to 14 days. Polydioxanone still was intact at day 28 and is recommended as an absorbable material for procedures in which longer healing time is anticipated. All the nonabsorbable suture materials (i.e., polypropylene, stainless steel, and nylon) were intact at day 28 postimplantation. Visual inspection showed polypropylene to have the least tissue reaction.
Hematological and biochemical changes and results of aerobic bacteriological culturing in dogs undergoing splenectomy
Authors: Richardson EF , Brown NO
Published: September 2014

Changes in complete blood count (CBC), bone marrow, reticulocyte count, coagulation profile, biochemical analysis, and serum iron, transferrin, and immunoglobulin M (IgM) concentrations were measured three and 10 days after splenectomy in 12 dogs. Spleens were cultured aerobically for bacteria and submitted for histopathological evaluation in 23 dogs undergoing splenectomy. There were no consistent changes in red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), or platelet counts; bone-marrow samples; or biochemical profiles. Serum iron, transferrin, and IgM concentrations remained normal. Eight (35%) bacterial cultures yielded growth. Five of the 23 dogs had pyrexic episodes two-to-five days after surgery. In contrast to previous reports done on healthy dogs, this study shows that dogs with splenic disease have no characteristic changes in hematological or biochemical parameters after splenectomy. Rather, the changes tended to reflect the primary disease process. Splenic vascular compromise or a decrease in processing of bacteria may have resulted in the bacterial growth. There was no direct correlation to pyrexic postoperative episodes.
Comparison of two antibarking collars for treatment of nuisance barking
Authors: Juarbe-Diaz SV , Houpt KA
Published: September 2014

Two commercially available antibarking collars (i.e., a citronella spray collar and an electronic shock collar) were evaluated for efficacy and user satisfaction as reported by owners after a two-week trial period for each collar. While both collars were effective in decreasing barking (88.9% for the citronella spray collar and 44.4% for the electronic shock collar), most owners expressed a preference for the citronella spray collar. Owners perceived it as being more humane and indicated that they willingly would use it on a long-term basis to decrease their dogs' nuisance barking. While the citronella spray collar has some drawbacks, it is another tool for managing excessive barking.
Longitudinal myotomy of the supraspinatus muscle: a new approach to the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
Authors: Gill PJ , Lippincott CL , Anderson SM
Published: September 2014

A lateral approach to the shoulder joint via a longitudinal myotomy of the supraspinatus muscle was used in the surgical treatment of four cases involving avulsion fractures of the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula. This approach was developed using cadaver specimens and was compared to previously reported approaches to the supraglenoid tubercle. This approach gave excellent, visualized exposure and permitted accurate reduction and fixation for this type of fracture. Excellent results were achieved in four clinical cases.
Canine mandibular osteosarcoma: 51 cases (1980-1992)
Authors: Straw RC , Powers BE , Klausner J , Henderson RA , Morrison WB , McCaw DL , Harvey HJ , Jacobs RM , Berg RJ
Published: September 2014

Fifty-one dogs treated for mandibular osteosarcomas (OSs) were studied retrospectively. Treatments were partial mandibulectomy (n = 32); partial mandibulectomy and chemotherapy (n = 10); partial mandibulectomy and radiation therapy (n = 3); partial mandibulectomy, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy (n = 4); and radiation therapy alone (n = 2). The overall one-year survival rate was 59.3%. Dogs treated with surgery alone had a one-year survival rate of 71%, which is higher than the one-year survival rate for dogs with appendicular OSs treated with surgery alone (p of 0.001 or less; hazard ratio of 0.29). There was no apparent effect of various treatment modalities, nor institution where treatment was given, nor histological type. Histological score and, to a lesser extent, histological grade were predictive of survival outcome.
Serum erythropoietin values in polycythemic cats
Authors: Hasler AH , Giger U
Published: September 2014

Serum erythropoietin (EPO) concentrations and clinicopathological features were evaluated in 31 cats with absolute polycythemia (i.e., packed cell volume [PCV], 52% to 84%). Five cats had high serum EPO values and were classified as having secondary polycythemia. The remaining 26 cats had EPO values in the low or normal range. Four of these 26 cats had clinical evidence of secondary polycythemia and therefore were classified as having secondary polycythemia. In the remaining 22 cases, no signs of secondary polycythemia could be found, and primary polycythemia was diagnosed. A low or normal serum EPO value in a polycythemic cat is consistent with primary polycythemia, but does not exclude secondary polycythemia.
Clinical and pathological features of protein-losing glomerular disease in the dog: a review of 137 cases (1985-1992)
Authors: Cook AK , Cowgill LD
Published: September 2014

Medical records of 137 dogs with protein-losing glomerular disease (PLGD) were evaluated. Cases with amyloidosis (23%) were more likely to be azotemic at presentation, with significantly greater proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia than those cases with glomerulonephritis (GN; 77%). The prognosis for all cases was poor, with a median survival time of just 28 days. The most common causes of death in cases with idiopathic disease were chronic renal failure (69.5%) or thromboembolic complications (22.2%). Progression of glomerular disease was unpredictable, with no apparent correlation between survival time and biochemical parameters at presentation.
Acute, flaccid quadriplegia in three cats with suspected coral snake envenomation
Authors: Chrisman CL , Hopkins AL , Ford SL , Meeks JC
Published: September 2014

Three cats were evaluated for acute, ascending, flaccid quadriplegia; depression; and reduced nociception. Complete or partial neuromuscular junction blockade was found on nerve stimulation studies during electromyographic examinations. Two of the cases had wounds on the chin or paw compatible with coral snake bites. Although a coral snake was found in only one case, coral snake envenomation was suspected because potential for exposure, clinical signs, and electrodiagnostic findings were similar to dogs reported with this condition and to cats with tiger snake envenomation. Only one case received coral snake antivenin. All cases recovered within seven-to-10 days.
Contagious demodicosis in three cats residing in a common household
Authors: Morris DO
Published: September 2014

Three cats residing in a common household were diagnosed with dermatitis involving infestation by the unnamed species of feline demodectic mite. Food allergy subsequently was diagnosed as the primary cause of the dermatitis in two of the cats which were litter mates. In the unrelated third cat, the mite infestation was the primary cause of the dermatitis and appeared to have been contracted through contact with the other cats.
A fatal case of intrathoracic cuterebriasis in a cat
Authors: Fitzgerald SD , Johnson CA , Peck EJ
Published: September 2014

A seven-year-old, castrated male domestic shorthair was presented with lethargy, fever, and sneezing. In spite of intensive therapy, the cat's condition progressively worsened to severe dyspnea and death. At necropsy, a single, second instar larval stage of Cuterebra sp. was found in the trachea. This represents an unusual site for Cuterebra migration in an aberrant host. The cause of death was attributed to a combination of local tissue damage and anaphylaxis. Veterinarians should include Cuterebra migration in their differential diagnosis list for dyspnea.
Lingual approach for surgical extraction of the mandibular canine tooth in dogs and cats
Authors: Smith MM
Published: September 2014

A lingual approach for surgical extraction of the mandibular canine tooth was developed based on anatomic observations of tissues and structures of the rostral mandible and lingual orientation of the mandibular canine tooth root. Measurements of the lingual and buccal aspects of the alveolus indicated similar quantities of bone required for alveolectomy to expose the tooth root. The surgical procedure was performed in 12 dogs and four cats with no complications reported during the follow-up period.
Evaluation of a saliva test kit for feline leukemia virus antigen
Authors: Babyak SD , Groves MG , Dimski DS , Taboada J
Published: September 2014

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test kit for the detection of feline leukemia virus (FeLV) antigen in saliva was evaluated in 150 cats. Saliva and blood samples from all cats were tested for FeLV using the saliva ELISA kit and a plasma ELISA kit, respectively. These results were compared with indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) testing of blood smears also obtained from each cat. The proportion of cats that tested positive were 10%, 7%, and 8% for each test, respectively. Using the IFA test as the gold standard, the saliva FeLV test had a sensitivity of 91.7% and specificity of 97.1%, while the plasma ELISA test had a sensitivity of 91.7% and specificity of 100%.
A retrospective study of canine hip dysplasia in 116 military working dogs. Part II: Clinical signs and performance data
Authors: Banfield CM , Bartels JE , Hudson JA , Wright JC , Montgomery RD , Hathcock JT
Published: September 2014

The progression of hip dysplasia was investigated in 116 military working dogs. Medical records were reviewed for any clinical history of hind-limb lameness. Pelvic radiographs were studied for evidence and degree of hip dysplasia, degenerative joint disease, or both. The number of months each dog worked was determined. Each dog's age at termination from service and cause of death (or euthanasia) were recorded. The mean months of work for normal and dysplastic dogs were evaluated using the Student's t-test. No significant difference was found in the total number of months worked between normal and dysplastic dogs (p greater than 0.05).
Treatment of Oslerus osleri infestation in a dog: case report and literature review
Authors: Levitan DM , Matz ME , Findlen CS , Fister RD
Published: September 2014

Oslerus osleri (O. osleri), found throughout the world, reportedly is the most common respiratory nematode of wild and domestic dogs. Oslerus osleri infestation was diagnosed in a 1.5-year-old Scottish terrier presenting with a seven-week history of progressive cough. Diagnosis was based upon visualization of characteristic lesions on bronchoscopic evaluation and recovery of O. osleri larvae from tracheal and bronchoalveolar lavage samples on fecal analyses. Therapy was successful using anti-inflammatory doses of prednisone (0.5 mg/kg body weight, per os [PO] every other day) and thiabendazole (35 mg/kg body weight, PO q 12 hrs for five days; then 70 mg/kg body weight, PO q 12 hrs for 21 days).
Ligneous conjunctivitis in four Doberman pinschers
Authors: Ramsey DT , Ketring KL , Glaze MB , Knight B , Render JA
Published: September 2014

Ligneous conjunctivitis (LC) was diagnosed in four unrelated Doberman pinschers. Thick, opaque membranes of the palpebral conjunctivae and nictitating membranes were present bilaterally. Three dogs had concurrent signs of multisystemic disease. A thick, amorphous, eosinophilic, hyaline-like material in the substantia propria of the conjunctiva--containing a moderate, mononuclear cell infiltrate--was evident on histological examination. A predominance of T lymphocytes, few macrophages, and weak positive staining for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) were evident by immunohistochemical staining. The clinical and histological appearance of LC in Doberman pinschers and humans is similar.
Canine leptospirosis in New Jersey and Michigan: 17 cases (1990-1995)
Authors: Harkin KR , Gartrell CL
Published: September 2014

The clinical, laboratory, and serological findings in 17 dogs with disease resulting from leptospiral infection were evaluated retrospectively. Acute renal failure was the most common syndrome, but cholestatic hepatic disease also was common. The most prevalent serovars identified were pomona, grippotyphosa, and autumnalis. Paired serology was available on 10 dogs. Aggressive fluid therapy in combination with ampicillin or amoxicillin resulted in a good survival rate. Canine leptospirosis may be more common than suspected, and paired serology often is necessary to confirm a diagnosis.
Simple continuous closure of canine scrotal urethrostomy: results in 20 cases
Authors: Newton JD , Smeak DD
Published: September 2014

Simple continuous closure of scrotal urethrostomy in 20 dogs is described. Mean duration of postoperative active bleeding and mean duration of bleeding only associated with urination were 0.2 day and 3.1 days, respectively. Long-term complications were minimal; intermittent urine scald (n = 2), recurrent urinary tract infections (n = 2), and recurrent obstruction due to struvite stones (n = 2) developed after surgery. All complications resolved with medical therapy (n = 4) or by cystotomy (n = 2). None of the dogs had complications due to wound dehiscence, stricture, incisional infections, self-mutilation, or incontinence. Follow-up ranged from two to 52 months (mean, 25.2 months). This technique is a viable alternative to previously reported closure methods.
Skeletal neoplasms of small dogs: a retrospective study and literature review
Authors: Cooley DM , Waters DJ
Published: September 2014

The skeletal neoplasms of small dogs are characterized poorly. In this retrospective study, the bone tumors of 37 small dogs (with body weights less than 15 kg), 74 large dogs (with body weights greater than 25 kg), and 134 small dogs previously reported in the literature were compared. Metastases accounted for about 25% of the bone tumors in small dogs, but less than 5% of the bone tumors in large dogs. In small dogs, osteosarcomas represented less than 50% of all skeletal neoplasms, frequently affected the axial skeleton, and had no apparent predilection for the distal radius. In this series and in the literature, fewer than 10 small dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma were treated with curative intent. Clinicians should use caution when extrapolating information on the biological behavior of osteosarcoma from large- and giant-breed dogs to small dogs.
A potentially misleading presentation and course of acute myelomonocytic leukemia in a dog
Authors: Graves TK , Swenson CL , Scott MA
Published: September 2014

A nine-year-old, castrated male golden retriever had lethargy, fever, massive peripheral lymphadenomegaly, hepatosplenomegaly, and pale mucous membranes. There was a marked leukocytosis (456.3 x 10(3) cells/microliter) with 99% blasts; a moderate, nonregenerative anemia; and marked thrombocytopenia. A tentative diagnosis of acute lymphocytic leukemia was made pending results of cytochemical staining. Despite the severity of the laboratory and clinical findings, the dog exhibited a partial response to an induction chemotherapy protocol commonly used for lymphoma. Subsequent cytochemical staining of the original blood and bone-marrow samples resulted in a revised diagnosis of acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AML-M4). Clinicopathological findings, response to treatment, and clinical outcome in this case of canine AML-M4 are discussed.
Ultrasonographic-guided, percutaneous antegrade pyelography: technique and clinical application in the dog and cat
Authors: Rivers BJ , Walter PA , Polzin DJ
Published: September 2014

Fluoroscopically guided, percutaneous antegrade pyelography in canine patients has been described previously in the veterinary literature. This report describes the technique with ultrasonographic guidance and its clinical application in the diagnosis of four cases (two dogs, two cats) of obstructive uropathy. The technique provided successful diagnosis of ureteral obstruction in all four cases. No complications were observed in three cases. In one feline case, ureteral obstruction with a blood clot occurred following the procedure; however, it could not be ascertained whether this event represented a complication of the technique.
Feline diabetes mellitus: a retrospective mortality study of 55 cats (1982-1994)
Authors: Kraus MS , Calvert CA , Jacobs GJ , Brown J
Published: September 2014

Signalment, concomitant diseases, prognostic factors, and mortality were evaluated, retrospectively, in 55 diabetic cats (mean age, 11 years; range, five to 18 years). Sixty-seven percent of the cats were between 7.5 and 15 years of age. One-year mortality (n = 23) was high; most early deaths were due to comorbid disease, and the rate of death diminished in cats surviving beyond one year. The median survival time for all cats was 29 months; among cats that died, the median survival time was 11 months. Of the cats surviving more than one year, 16 were alive at a mean of 41 months. Only 13 of 37 cats died due to diabetes mellitus; the majority died due to concomitant diseases, with renal failure (n = 8) and hepatopathies (n = 6) being the most common causes. No clinical data was identified as being of prognostic significance.
Adenomatous polyps and carcinoma in situ of the canine colon and rectum: 34 cases (1982-1994)
Authors: Valerius KD , Powers BE , McPherron MA , Hutchison JM , Mann FA , Withrow SJ
Published: September 2014

The medical records of 34 dogs (median age, eight years) with colorectal mucosal lesions were reviewed. Hematochezia was the most common (82%) presenting sign. Most dogs (79%) presented with solitary masses located in the rectum. After histological review, 12 masses were classified as adenomatous polyps and 22 as carcinoma in situ. Recurrence of clinical signs were common (41%), and malignant transformation of the tumor was documented in 18% of the cases. A higher recurrence rate and malignant transformation occurred in dogs presented with multiple masses or diffuse disease and in dogs initially diagnosed with carcinoma in situ.
Lingual hemangioma in a puppy: a case report and literature review
Authors: Schoofs SH
Published: September 2014

A seven-month-old, intact female Jack Russell terrier was presented with a history of recurrent hemorrhage originating in the oral cavity. The puppy had a severe anemia and a lingual hemangioma. Several blood transfusions and two separate surgical procedures were necessary to control the problem. The first surgery was a resection of almost 50% of the tongue lengthwise. A similar intervention was performed two months later. A literary review of lingual tumors in animals and in humans is presented.
Accessory lung lobe torsion and chylothorax in an Afghan hound
Authors: Gelzer AR , Downs MO , Newell SM , Mahaffey MB , Fletcher J , Latimer KS
Published: September 2014

Torsion of the accessory lung lobe is extremely rare and has been reported only in one human. Accessory lung lobe torsion (LLT) and chylothorax occurred in a 3.5-year-old, male Afghan hound. An exploratory thoracotomy was used to remove the torsed lung lobe. When medical management of the chylous effusion failed, thoracic duct ligation was performed, resulting in resolution of the effusion. The dog remains clinically healthy 29 months postoperatively.
The effects of varying dietary n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratios on platelet reactivity, coagulation screening assays, and antithrombin III activity in dogs
Authors: Boudreaux MK , Reinhart GA , Vaughn DM , Spano JS , Mooney M
Published: September 2014

Thirty beagles were placed on diets containing ratios of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids ranging from 5:1 to 100:1 for 12 weeks to determine the effects of these diets on platelet reactivity, coagulation screening assays, and antithrombin III activity. Although small changes were observed in adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-, collagen-, and arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation and 14C-serotonin release, fibrinogen concentrations, and antithrombin III activities during the 12-week study, these changes were not of clinical significance and did not correlate with the varying ratios of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids.
Upper-airway obstruction and prolonged recovery from anesthesia following intranasal clotrimazole administration
Authors: Caulkett N , Lew L , Fries C
Published: September 2014

A 16-month-old Labrador retriever was presented for evaluation and treatment of nasal aspergillosis. Intranasal clotrimazole was administered to treat the condition. The dog was anesthetized on two occasions to facilitate drug administration. Following the first treatment, the dog developed mild pharyngitis but no other complications. Inflammation and edema of the pharynx resulted in upper-airway obstruction following the second treatment. Pentobarbital sedation was used to maintain the endotracheal tube until the obstruction was relieved. Recovery following sedation was extremely prolonged. This case illustrates two adverse drug reactions: severe pharyngitis and edema (probably a result of the vehicles present in the clotrimazole formulation) and prolonged recovery (possibly the result of microsomal enzyme inhibition by the clotrimazole).
Reconstruction of the medial collateral ligament for tarsocrural luxation in the dog: a preliminary study
Authors: Fox SM , Guerin SR , Burbidge HM , Lindsay RG
Published: September 2014

Seven cases of tarsocrural subluxation/luxation resulting from ruptures of the medial collateral ligament were treated by double prosthetic replacement. The technique was a revision of an earlier described method without the use of metallic implants. Six (100%) of six cases not involving additional joint fractures had excellent clinical results with minimal compromise to range of joint motion. In three (50%) of six cases where braided polyester sutures were implanted as the prosthesis, fistulating tracts developed. Drainage resolved with removal of the suture in each of these three cases, and two of the three proceeded to excellent results after replacing the braided suture with monofilament suture.
Dynamic ultrasonographic measurement of passive coxofemoral joint laxity in puppies
Authors: O'Brien RT , Dueland RT , Adams WC , Meinen J
Published: September 2014

A new method of dynamic ultrasonographic evaluation of passive coxofemoral joint laxity was used to examine a total of 30 greyhound (n = 13) and nongreyhound (n = 17) puppies. Puppies were evaluated sonographically at four, six, eight, 12, 16, and 26 weeks of age. The coxofemoral joints were distracted manually, and the femoral head displacements were measured during distraction. The greyhounds had significantly smaller (p less than 0.01) maximum distraction distance (mean +/- standard deviation [SD], 0.11 +/- 0.04 cm) than nongreyhound puppies (mean +/- SD, 0.26 +/- 0.10 cm). In six- to eight-week-old puppies, the maximum distraction distance was correlated significantly (p of 0.0001, adjusted correlation coefficient [r2] of 0.27) with stress radiographic indices. Coxofemoral joints interpreted as being abnormal on hip-extended radiographs taken at one year of age were associated significantly (p of 0.0001) with higher maximum distraction distances in six- to eight-week-old puppies.
Efficacy of hyposensitization in feline allergic diseases based upon results of in vitro testing for allergen-specific immunoglobulin E
Authors: Halliwell RE
Published: September 2014

A survey was undertaken to evaluate the responses to hyposensitization in cats for which a diagnosis of allergic disease was made by assessment of clinical signs and evaluation of allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) using the radioallergosorbent test (RAST). Eighty-one cases were available for analysis. In 39 cases, a dietary change resulted in some subjective improvement, which usually was minimal; however, some cases had significant improvement. In 75.3% of cases, an improvement of at least 50% was noted and ascribed to a combination of immunotherapy and dietary change, when implemented. The response of the 42 cases in which immunotherapy alone was used or where there was no response to dietary change was broadly similar. Response of the specific dermatological conditions ranged from 93.6% in the case of linear granuloma to 60% in cases where self-induced hair loss was evident. Response also was good in cases of presumed allergic asthma (86.1% improvement) and suspected allergic otitis externa (62.6% improvement). In nine patients, the hyposensitization was discontinued due to lack of response. The results suggest that confirmation of a suspected diagnosis of allergic disease in cats by means of in vitro tests and subsequent therapy with hyposensitization should be a major consideration in feline practice.