bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IS TARGETING COGNITIVE THERAPY DURING RELAPSE IN PSYCHOSIS FEASIBLE?
Authors: Gumley Andrew I. , Power Kevin G.
Published: September 2019

This paper seeks to examine the feasibility of targeting cognitive therapy
during early relapse, using a single case design. Gumley, White and Power
(1999) offer a theoretical conceptualization of psychotic relapse based on
Teasdale and Barnard's (1993) ICS model of depression. This
conceptualization aims to provide a means for clinicians and patients to
formulate the key psychological factors, which may be responsible for the
initiation, acceleration and maintenance of relapse, thereby enabling these
factors to be targeted should a relapse be indicated. The intervention
received by a case illustrated in this paper is derived from the ICS
conceptualization of relapse. The intervention has two stages: an initial
engagement and formulation phase and, if required, a targeted cognitive
therapy phase. All of the characteristics of traditional cognitive therapy
are adhered to, including the use of structure, problem focus, agenda, a
socratic style, and collaboration. The paper concludes that there is a need
for further research to provide further evidence of the feasibility and
efficacy of this approach.
FORTY YEARS OF PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENTS
Authors: Marks Isaac
Published: September 2019

Over the last 40 years certain psychosocial treatments have made great strides on the long road towards becoming a reliable clinical science. A mark of
this maturation is the recent enabling of sufferers from anxiety disorders and depression to help themselves when guided by particular manual or computer self-help systems, indicating that several effective therapeutic mechanisms have become reasonably defined. Still unknown, however, is exactly how many separate therapeutic paths are being trodden to improve anxiety and depression, and how much
various tracks converge on common mechanisms. Careful dismantling studies may in time reveal that some behavioural, cognitive and interpersonal therapy procedures are in fact proxies for administering as yet dimly-perceived therapeutic principles. Progress would accelerate further once therapists were required to specify how much they improve their patients on simple and widely-agreed measures
of outcome and cost, and once they learn to speak a broad-accepted common language.
NURSES AS THERAPISTS (1972–2000)
Authors: Gournay Kevin
Published: September 2019

This paper will review the development of nurse therapy in England over a period of 28 years. By examining the data available on the efficacy of nurse therapists and the latest picture
of the workforce, derived from a recently conducted survey, consideration will be given to how nurse therapy might develop in the future. In particular, the paper will provide an analysis of dissemination issues.
“STRESSPAC”: THREE-YEAR FOLLOW-UP OF A CONTROLLED TRIAL OF A SELF-HELP PACKAGE FOR THE ANXIETY DISORDERS
Authors: White Jim
Published: September 2019

In order to test the efficacy of a self-help anxiety management package, 62
anxiety disorder patients were randomly allocated to one of three conditions.
“Stress-pac” patients were given a self-help package,
“Advice Only” patients were offered verbal advice on
ways of coping. Patients in both conditions were seen on one occasion shortly
after referral for assessment and management advice. They were then placed
back on the waiting list for a three-month period. Patients in the
“No Intervention” condition also completed measures
during this time. They were formally assessed at the end of this period. All
patients were then followed through therapy. Results from a previous paper
clearly indicated the superiority of the Stresspac condition at all data points
up to one year follow-up. This paper looks at three-year follow-up and, while
finding generally good outcome across conditions, finds further evidence of
the superiority of the Stresspac condition on a range of measures.
MANAGING CHALLENGING BEHAVIOUR IN AN ADULT WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES: THE USE OF LOW AROUSAL APPROACH
Authors: McDonnell Andrew , Reeves Simon , Johnson Amanda , Lane Alan
Published: September 2019

Behaviour change is often a desired outcome for carers and professionals who
work with people with learning disabilities and challenging behaviours. Managing
these behaviours in the short term is an important step towards this goal. This single case study presents the use of a low arousal approach in managing
challenging behaviours in a young man labelled with severe challenging
behaviour. This strategy focuses on the interaction of the carers with the client
and how their approach has an important impact on the behaviour of the client. The
study documents the incidents of challenging behaviour and shows a decline
in their frequency from baseline over a one-year period. These gains were
maintained at five-month follow-up. The implications for services of these
findings are discussed.
THE FRENCH VERSION OF THE SOCIAL INTERACTION SELF-STATEMENT TEST (SISST): A VALIDATION AND SENSITIVITY STUDY IN SOCIAL PHOBICS
Authors: Yao Sai-Nan , Cottraux Jean , Mollard Evelyne , Robbe-Grillet Pascale , Albuisson Eliane , Dechassey Martine , Note Ivan , Ektmedjian Nathalie , Jalencques Isabelle , Bouvard Martine , Fangent Frédéric , Coudert André Julien
Published: September 2019

The French version of the Social Interaction Self-Statement Test (SISST) was
studied in 95 social phobia and 87 non-clinical subjects. Total scores on
both positive and negative scales significantly discriminated social phobics
from non-clinical control subjects. Social phobics had higher scores than
controls on negative statements and lower scores on positive statements. The
positive and negative subscales of the SISST for social phobic patients were
correlated with anxiety, depression and avoidant behaviours. The negative
subscale was significantly sensitive to change in patients with social phobia
receiving cognitive behavioural therapy. Our findings showed good convergent
and discriminant validity of the SISST and the sensitivity of the negative
sub-scale to improvement after cognitive behavioural therapy.
A COGNITIVE ANALYSIS OF THE MAINTENANCE OF AUDITORY HALLUCINATIONS: ARE VOICES TO SCHIZOPHRENIA WHAT BODILY
SENSATIONS ARE TO PANIC?
Authors: Morrison Anthony P
Published: September 2019

A cognitive approach to auditory hallucinations that is based on the models of panic and anxiety developed by Clark (1986), Beck (1976) and Salkovskis (1991) is outlined. It is suggested that auditory hallucinations are normal phenomena, and that it is the misinterpretation of such phenomena that cause the distress and disability that are commonly seen in patients experiencing hallucinations with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. It is also proposed that these interpretations of auditory hallucinations are maintained by safety seeking behaviours (including hypervigilance). The existing literature is reviewed in relation to these hypotheses and found to be largely consistent. The clinical implications of such a model are briefly discussed and a number of testable predictions are made.
PREDICTORS OF ANALOGUE POST-TRAUMATIC INTRUSIVE COGNITIONS
Authors: Davis Mark I , Clark David M
Published: September 2019

Previous research on vulnerability to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
has been restricted by the absence of prospective studies that measure
individual differences prior to traumatization. This study investigated
the predictors of analogue post-traumatic intrusive cognitions using a
fully prospective design. Non-patient participants completed a range of
predictor measures before being exposed to a film about a traumatic
fire. Film-induced changes in negative mood were also assessed. Subsequent
intrusions were measured both within the experimental session and for a
further seven days. The hypothesized predictors were: neuroticism, trait
anxiety, extraversion, depression, a general tendency to suppress unpleasant
thoughts, beliefs about being “at risk” from fire, mental
imagery, self-rated proneness to intrusions and negative mood changes. The
results showed that intrusions were predicted by film-induced increases in
negative mood, thought suppression tendencies, beliefs about vulnerability
to fire and self-rated proneness to intrusive cognitions. The findings are
discussed in relation to the literature on thought suppression and
cognitive processes in PTSD.
COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY FOR PEOPLE WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES
Authors: Kroese Biza Senfert
Published: September 2019

A substantial literature now exists that indicates that cognitive-behaviour therapies are effective for a wide range of psychological problems (See Hawton, Salkovskis, Kirk, & Clark, 1989). However, it is only very recently that cognitive-behaviour therapists have considered people with learning disabilities as suitable clients for this particular approach. The present paper describes some of the challenges that are encountered when applying cognitive-behaviour therapy to this client group.
AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF THE PREDICTORS OF COPING AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING IN FEMALE PARTNERS OF EXCESSIVE DRINKERS
Authors: Hurcom Carolyn A. , Copello Alex , Orford Jim
Published: September 2019

The study was a cross-sectional questionnaire survey of 29 women with a recent experience of coping with excessive drinking in a male partner. A number of cognitive and environmental factors were studied to determine the extent to which they predicted coping style and psychological well-being in this group. Results of multiple regression analysis indicated that “engaged” coping (characterized by attempts to change the drinker) was best predicted by a single cognitive variable (self-demands). In contrast, “tolerant” coping was best predicted by a combination of participant’s beliefs about their ability to withdraw from the drinker and the degree of drink-related hardship experienced within the family. “Withdrawal” coping, characterized by avoidant and independent behaviours by the women, was best predicted by a combination of beliefs about the necessity of withdrawal and the duration of time the participants had been coping
with the excessive drinking. Finally, psychological well-being was best predicted by a single environmental variable (the degree of hardship caused by the drinking). A number of significant correlations were found to exist between the predictor and criterion variables and are discussed. Limitations of the study and clinical implications of the findings are examined.
THE PSYCHOBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF PANIC ATTACKS DURING IN VIVO EXPOSURE
Authors: Khawaja Nigar G. , Oei Tian P. S.
Published: September 2019

This study examined in detail the psychobiological correlates of panic attacks experienced in panic disorder with agoraphobia. The cognitions, affect, and physiology of the six patients were monitored during in vivo exposure to their phobic situations. The results from these case studies showed that catastrophic cognitions are the key component of panic attacks. However, there was no clear-cut evidence to support an interaction among cognitions, affect, and physiology, which has been postulated by cognitive theories to be the central component of panic attacks and panic disorder with agoraphobia.
DEPERSONALIZATION IN A NON-CLINICAL SAMPLE
Authors: Charbonneau Jean , O'Connor Kieron
Published: September 2019

Twenty participants self-referred from the general population as experiencing depersonalization were interviewed to determine the qualities of the experience and possible pathology. The participants and control group were also administered a battery of questionnaires measuring different aspects of psychopathology. There were no consistent diagnostic associations with depersonalization. In the majority of cases, onset was reported after a traumatic life event, or after sexual abuse or after giving birth. The most frequent experiences were related to derealization and participants did not score high on dissociation in general. The most common strategy to alleviate the problem was concentrating on a task. We distinguish between those clients who viewed the experience as a loss of or less than normal sensation, which we qualified as negative symptoms and others who evaluated the experience as an addition to their usual perceptions and sensations, which we qualified as positive symptoms.
THE EGO, THE SPIRIT AND COGNITIVE THERAPY NAGY BISHAY: 27 JULY 1936 – 3 MARCH 1999
Authors: Daud Laila
Published: September 2019

Nagy Bishay was born in 1936 in Cairo, Egypt, the eldest son of a lawyer. He decided
to pursue a medical career and after his medical training in Cairo, he joined the army
as a general practitioner and soon pursued his interest in psychological medicine and
gained its diploma. He practised psychiatry in 1965 in different military hospitals, was
particularly interested in military psychiatry during the 1967 war, and wrote his MD
thesis on the study of hysterical fits among young adult males under the stress of
military service.

He came to England in 1975, seeking to further his experience and training and in
pursuit of improving his therapeutic skills. He trained as a senior registrar in psychiatry
in the West Midlands Regional Health Authority and took up his post as consultant
psychiatrist at the North Manchester General Hospital in 1980. He had an initial interest
in psychoanalysis and group analytic psychotherapy, then was introduced to cognitive
therapy in 1982, a tool he continued to develop and use with passion for the
remainder of his years.
THE EFFICACY AND COGNITIVE PROCESSES OF COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPY IN THE TREATMENT OF PANIC DISORDER WITH AGORAPHOBIA
Authors: Oei Tian P. S. , Llamas Michael , Devilly Grant J.
Published: September 2019

The present paper aimed (1) to review the literature to examine the
effectiveness of CBT as treatment for PDA and (2) to evaluate whether the
efficacy of CBT treatments is related to the change to cognitive processes
that are postulated to be important in the cognitive models of PDA. A
literature review of CBT studies in the area of PDA was conducted using both
descriptive and quantitative (meta-analysis) procedures. In all, 35 studies
published between 1969 and 1996 were included. The results show that CBT is
an effective treatment for PDA. However, the contribution of cognitive
processes to this disorder and the role that they play in the successful
outcome of CBT remain unclear and in need of further empirical
investigation. At present, CBT treatment provides limited support to
validate the cognitive models of PDA.
REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES AND THE MANAGEMENT OF CHILDHOOD BEHAVIOURS
Authors: Carr Nicholas , Carr Janet
Published: September 2019

Where a behaviour has been maintained on a variable schedule of
reinforcement theoretically it should be possible to reduce resistance to
extinction by first putting the behaviour onto a continuous schedule of
reinforcement. This approach has been employed in animal research but rarely
with human participants, and where it has, with little success. This study
describes the use of the approach to overcome some minor problems in the
behaviour of young children, the problems being sufficiently troublesome
for the parents to consult their GP. All the families who used the approach
were successful in remediating the behaviour. Some reasons for this success,
in contrast with the disappointing outcomes of some of the earlier research,
are discussed. Although the study lacks formal controls it is suggested that
the approach could be usefully applied to other common childhood behaviours
that have been subjected to variable reinforcement.
THE EFFECTS OF RELAXATION WITH AND
WITHOUT IMAGERY IN REDUCING ANXIETY AND ITCHY SKIN IN PATIENTS WITH ECZEMA
Authors: de L. Horne David J. , Taylor Mandy , Varigos George
Published: September 2019

Eczema is
a skin condition with a multifaceted aetiology that includes both psychological and physiological components.
A number of studies have indicated that cognitive-behavioural techniques (e.g. relaxation) are effective in
the treatment of atopic eczema. However, it remains unclear from the literature whether different relaxation
techniques have comparable treatment effects. The current study compared the efficacy of a single relaxation
session with an imagery component with that of a comparable relaxation session without the imagery component.
Eczema patients (n=9) who participated in relaxation with imagery reported significantly greater
reductions in state anxiety and subjective ratings of itchiness and significantly greater increases in mental
relaxation levels than eczema patients (n=9) who participated in relaxation without the imagery
component. No group differences were found on changes in state anger. These results suggest that relaxation
with an imagery component may be more effective than relaxation without an imagery component in lowering state
anxiety levels and itchy sensations of atopic eczema patients.
PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF A NEW INSTRUMENT TO ASSESS PATIENT MOTIVATION FOR
TREATMENT IN COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOUR THERAPY
Authors: Keijsers Ger P.
J. , Schaap Cas P. D. R. , Hoogduin Cees , Hoogsteyns Barrie , de Kemp Esther C.
M.
Published: September 2019

The Nijmegen
Motivation List 2 (NML2) is a new instrument to assess patient motivation for psychotherapy. A previous version of
the instrument was associated with positive treatment outcome in cognitive-behaviour therapy in several studies but
its psychometric properties were poor. The present study investigated the NML2’s factorial structure,
psychometric properties, and predictive value for treatment outcome. The NML2 was completed by 133 outpatients.
Three factors were found: preparedness, distress, and doubt. Internal consistencies and re-test reliabilities of the
factors were reasonable. The NML2 total score and preparedness were associated with proximal treatment helpfulness
and with treatment drop-out. Distress and doubt were not. These findings corroborate those found with the earlier
NML version. Rather than assuming that the relationship between motivation factors and treatment outcome is mediated
by the amount or quality of treatment or homework compliance, it is proposed that motivation for treatment is the
first step in the patient’s change process itself.
COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL TREATMENT OF POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER AFTER MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT
Authors: Fecteau Gary , Nicki Richard
Published: September 2019

Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other reactions including driving
phobias and depression have in recent years been clearly identified as common motor vehicle accident
(MVA) sequelae. To date, no treatment outcome data exist for PTSD following MVA beyond case study
reports and one pilot investigation. The present study reports on the first randomized control trial
for PTSD following MVA. Twenty volunteer participants who had motor vehicle accidents resulting in
physical injury requiring medical attention and PTSD were recruited through rehabilitation service
providers, other psychologists, community physicians, and lawyers. Assessments included a structured
interview for diagnosis of post traumatic stress disorder (Clinician Administered PTSD Scale) by an
independent rater, a range of self-report symptom questionnaires and a behavioural test wherein they
had their heart rate and subjective distress measured in reaction to idiosyncratic audio descriptions
of their accident. Participants were randomly assigned to eight to ten hours of individual
cognitive-behavioural therapy (n=10) or to a wait list control group (n=10).
Treatment included education about post-trauma reactions, relaxation training, exposure therapy with
cognitive restructuring and instruction for self-directed graduated behaviour practice. Results
demonstrated statistically and clinically significant treatment effects across structured interviews,
self-report questionnaires and the behavioural test. Treatment gains were maintained over a 6 month
follow-up using self-report questionnaires.
THE POSSIBILITY OF REDUCING THERAPIST CONTACT AND TOTAL LENGTH OF THERAPY IN THE TREATMENT OF
PANIC DISORDER
Authors: Botella Cristina , García-Palacios Azucena
Published: September 2019

This study compares the
effectiveness of a standard cognitive-behavioural treatment for panic disorder with a reduced
therapist contact program supported by self-help materials. This program shortens the total therapy
length (from 10 to 5 weeks) and the contact time with the therapist (from 10 to 5 sessions). The
sample was mostly referred from a public mental health unit, and it had a low level of education
(average of 9.7 years). The subjects were assessed according to several variables related with panic
disorder at pre- and post-test, and at 12-month follow-up. The results demonstrated that both programs
produced significant improvements for all variables at post-test, the benefits were maintained at
follow-up assessment, and even heightened for some of the measures. Also, both treatment programs
obtained comparable improvements for most measures. These results suggest that the programs that
reduce the contact with the therapist, supported by self-help materials, and shorten the time that
the patient suffers from this problem (Margraf, Barlow, Clark, & Telch, 1993) may be a good
intervention for the treatment of panic disorder. These programs can help to overcome some of the
cost-benefit therapeutic limitations of standard cognitive-behavioural programs.
THE TREATMENT OF WHEELCHAIR-BOUND CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME PATIENTS: TWO CASE STUDIES OF A
PRAGMATIC REHABILITATION APPROACH
Authors: Powell Pauline , Edwards Richard H. T. , Bentall Richard P.
Published: September 2019

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a disabling condition characterized by persistent mental and
physical fatigue. Its aetiology is controversial, and it has been attributed to both physical and
psychological causes. Previous controlled trials with ambulatory patients have shown that a proportion
of CFS patients respond to cognitive-behaviour therapy. In this paper, we report two case studies of
patients who are wheelchair-bound, who have been treated by a pragmatic intervention designed to
increase activity and challenge dysfunctional illness beliefs. The patients received 60 and 55
contacts with the therapist, some of which were face-to-face and some of which were by telephone. At
the end of treatment, the patients experienced clinically significant reductions in fatigue, were not
using wheelchairs, showed an increase in occupational and social functioning and were leading
relatively independent existences.
Script knowledge after severe traumatic brain injury
Authors: CAZALIS FABIENNE , AZOUVI PHILIPPE , SIRIGU ANGELA , AGAR NATHALIE , BURNOD YVES
Published: September 2019

Severe diffuse traumatic brain injury (TBI) may impair the
performance of daily-life complex activities. The aim of the
present study was to assess whether these difficulties are related
to a representational impairment of action knowledge. Two tasks
requiring the manipulation of scripts were used. The first
(script reconstitution) required subjects to sort cards
describing actions belonging to 4 different scripts, presented
in a random order. The second (script generation) required
subjects to generate actions belonging to a given script. The
results showed that TBI patients had preserved access to goal
representation and action knowledge. However, they demonstrated
(1) significant impairments when they had to deal with simultaneous
competing sources of information and (2) a lack of inhibitory
control on routine overlearned skills. Patients' performance
was significantly correlated with behavioral modifications in
everyday life. These data suggest that action impairment in
severe TBI patients cannot be attributed to an impairment of
action knowledge per se. As previously suggested by
Schwartz et al., a restriction of limited-capacity processing
resources may account for the observed deficits. (JINS,
2001, 7, 795–804.)
Anomalies of Autobiographical Memory
Authors: Kopelman Michael D.
Published: September 2019

Objectives:

In this paper, I review three ‘anomalies’ or disorders in autobiographical memory: neurological retrograde amnesia (RA), spontaneous confabulation, and psychogenic amnesia.

Methods:

Existing theories are reviewed, their limitations considered, some of my own empirical findings briefly described, and possible interpretations proposed and interspersed with illustrative case-reports.

Results:

In RA, there may be an important retrieval component to the deficit, and factors at encoding may give rise to the relative preservation of early memories (and the reminiscence bump) which manifests as a temporal gradient. Spontaneous confabulation appears to be associated with a damaged ‘filter’ in orbitofrontal and ventromedial frontal regions. Consistent with this, an empirical study has shown that both the initial severity of confabulation and its subsequent decline are associated with changes in the executive function (especially in cognitive estimate errors) and inversely with the quantity of accurate autobiographical memories retrieved. Psychogenic amnesia can be ‘global’ or ‘situation-specific’. The former is associated with a precipitating stress, depressed mood, and (often) a past history of a transient neurological amnesia. In these circumstances, frontal control mechanisms can inhibit retrieval of autobiographical memories, and even the sense of ‘self’ (identity), while compromised medial temporal function prevents subsequent retrieval of what occurred during a ‘fugue’. An empirical investigation of psychogenic amnesia and some recent imaging studies have provided findings consistent with this view.

Conclusions:

Taken together, these various observations point to the importance of frontal ‘control’ systems (in interaction with medial temporal/hippocampal systems) in the retrieval and, more particularly, the disrupted retrieval of ‘old’ memories.
Profile clusters in the WAIS–R standardization sample
Authors: SCHINKA JOHN A. , VANDERPLOEG RODNEY D.
Published: September 2019

In this study we applied clustering procedures
to a subgroup of 341 participants from the WAIS–R
standardization sample. These individuals were selected
by virtue of their having full-scale profiles characterized
by scatter of greater than 8 scaled scores. Using a hierarchical
clustering algorithm, a multistage procedure was used to
establish and evaluate a cluster solution. The subject
selection and clustering methods were successful in revealing
a set of 9 profile types characterized by unique profile
shapes. All profiles were associated with FSIQs that were
at least in the average range. Seven of the profiles were
characterized by specific subtest strengths, only 1 with
subtest weaknesses. Examination of the external correlates
of profile membership revealed differences among profile
groups for age, marital status, education, and occupation.
Our findings suggest that variability in and across the
9 profile types in this sample reflects increased contributions
of unique abilities in comparison to the influence of the
underlying primary and secondary WAIS–R dimensions
of cognitive ability. (JINS, 1997, 3,
120–127.)
Individual patient prediction of seizure lateralization
in temporal lobe epilepsy: A comparison between neuropsychological
memory measures and the Intracarotid Amobarbital Procedure
Authors: KNEEBONE ANTHONY C. , CHELUNE GORDON J. , LÜDERS HANS O.
Published: September 2019

Neuropsychological assessment has been extensively
used in the presurgical evaluation of temporal lobe epilepsy
(TLE) patients to assist in determining lateralization
of seizure onset. Very few studies have examined the accuracy
with which commonly used neuropsychological instruments
provide this information in the individual patient. In
81 patients (49 right-, 32 left-TLE) without space-occupying
lesions in whom correct seizure lateralization was inferred
on the basis of postsurgical seizure-free status, we compared
the frequency with which discrepancies between the Wechsler
Memory Scale–Revised (WMS–R; Wechsler, 1987)
Verbal and Visual Memory Indices, Warrington Recognition
Memory Test (WRMT; Warrington, 1984) Words and Faces scaled
scores, and Intracarotid Amobarbital Procedure (IAP) hemispheric
memory scores correctly predicted seizure lateralization
in the individual patient. Using both clinical analysis
and discriminant function analyses (DFA), the IAP was found
to be a clearly superior predictor of seizure laterality
to the neuropsychological measures, whether used individually
or in combination with one another. Using clinical analysis
the WRMT was found to be a superior predictor to the WMS–R,
which frequently gave false lateralizing information. Using
all 3 measures in combination with one another, 87.1% of
patients were correctly lateralized using DFA. Correctly
lateralized patients were older and had longer durations
of seizure disorder. (JINS, 1997, 3,
159–168.)
Neuropsychological function in patients with Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker
disease from the Indiana Kindred (F198S)
Authors: UNVERZAGT FREDERICK W. , FARLOW MARTIN R. , NORTON JAMES , DLOUHY STEPHEN R. , YOUNG KATHERINE , GHETTI BERNARDINO
Published: September 2019

Three patients with Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker
disease (GSS) caused by a serine-for-phenylalanine substitution
at codon 198 of the prion protein gene (PRNP) were compared
to 9 age- and education-matched non-mutation-carriers from
the same large Indiana kindred (GSS–IK) on a comprehensive
neuropsychological test battery. Clinically significant
impairments in intelligence, secondary memory, attention
and cognitive processing speed, executive ability, and
manual motor skills were noted in 2 patients. The wide
range and the severity of the cognitive deficits indicated
generalized cerebral dysfunction consistent with global
dementia. One patient, symptomatic for less than 1 year,
had more selective deficits involving memory, motor skills,
and verbal fluency, suggesting early subcortical involvement.
(JINS, 1997, 3, 169–178.)
Computerized assessment of arithmetic computation skills
with MicroCog
Authors: DEVIVO KRISTIN , ROTHLAND JOHANNES , PRICE LENNY , FEIN GEORGE
Published: September 2019

In recent years, efforts have been made to computerize
standard neuropsychological (NP) tests (Kane & Kay,
1992). This effort is in the service of increased productivity,
lower costs, and an increase in the consistency of test
administration. However, care must be taken to make sure
the limitations of the computer interface do not compromise
test validity.
Predictors of intellectual performance in adults with intractable
temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: GLOSSER GUILA , COLE LYNNE C. , FRENCH JACQUELINE A. , SAYKIN ANDREW J. , SPERLING MICHAEL R.
Published: September 2019

The relationships of medical, developmental, social,
and familial variables to intellectual performances (IQ
scores) were assessed in a sample of 242 adult patients
with intractable lateralized temporal lobe epilepsy. Lower
IQ scores were associated with low patient and parent education.
In addition to the significant contributions of nonneurological
social and familial factors to IQ, early age at onset of
regular seizures and presence of primary neurological dysfunction
in the left cerebral hemisphere were also both independently
related to lower IQ. The obtained results suggest that
the occurrence of regular seizures during a critical period
in early childhood neural maturation poses the greatest
risk to cognitive development in the epilepsy population.
Total duration of seizures, history of severe convulsive
episodes, and the occurrence of another nonepileptic neurological
problem in early childhood do not contribute significantly
to delayed cognitive development. (JINS, 1997,
3, 252–259.)
Brain atrophy in HIV infection is more strongly associated
with CDC clinical stage than with cognitive impairment
Authors: SCLAFANI VICTORIA DI , MACKAY R.D. SHANE , MEYERHOFF DIETER J. , NORMAN DAVID , WEINER MICHAEL W. , FEIN GEORGE
Published: September 2019

HIV infection often results in MRI-detectable brain
atrophy and white matter signal hyperintensities (WMSHs).
Magnetic resonance images were obtained from 31 HIV+ male
patients and 10 high-risk controls. Variation within the
HIV+ group on neuropsychological (NP) impairment and stage
of systemic disease were relatively independent, allowing
examination of the relative association of MRI measures
with NP impairment versus with systemic stage
of disease. HIV+ patients compared to high-risk controls
evidenced global atrophy, reduced caudate nuclei volume,
and a trend to gray matter volume loss but no difference
in white matter volume or in WMSHs. These effects were
progressive with CDC clinical stage such that patients
at CDC stage A had values very close to those of controls,
while patients at CDC stage C had the most abnormal values.
In contrast, the relationship between these MRI variables
and severity of NP impairment was much less dramatic, with
the mildly to moderately impaired HIV+ subjects showing
MRI volume effects greater than or equal to those of the
severely impaired HIV+ subjects. These results suggest
that MRI-detectable brain atrophy secondary to HIV infection
is not the primary substrate underlying the progressive
NP impairment in HIV disease. (JINS, 1997, 3,
276–287.)
The neuropsychology of object constancy
Authors: TURNBULL OLIVER H. , CAREY DAVID P. , McCARTHY ROSALEEN A.
Published: September 2019

There have been several proposals for the mechanism
by which we are able to recognize an object across a number
of viewpoints. Viewpoint-dependent accounts suggest that
recognition may be based on an incremental transformation
(e.g., mental rotation) strategy, while a variety of viewpoint-independent
mechanisms for object recognition have also been proposed.
Recent research in neurobiology, based on the two cortical
visual systems account, suggest that the processes of viewpoint-dependent
and viewpoint-independent object recognition may rely on
separate anatomical regions, and that brain lesions may
leave patients with selective access to particular types
of representation. Evidence from a variety of neuropsychological
disorders are reviewed to support the position that viewpoint-independent
object recognition depends upon the integrity of occipitotemporal
structures. In addition, it is suggested that viewpoint-dependent
processes (perhaps depending on occipitoparietal structures)
may supplement this primary system under nonoptimal circumstances.
(JINS, 1997, 3, 288–298.)
The effect of dementia risk factors on comparative and diagnostic
selective reminding norms
Authors: SLIWINSKI MARTIN , BUSCHKE HERMAN , STEWART WALTER F. , MASUR DAVID , LIPTON RICHARD B.
Published: September 2019

Robust comparative and diagnostic norms for the
elderly are provided for the Selective Reminding Test (Buschke,
1973). Correcting for factors such as age and education
level are appropriate for comparative norms, which are
intended for ranking individuals with respect to their
age and education matched peers. However, because age and
education are both risk factors for dementia, correcting
for these factors decreases test sensitivity for detecting
dementia. Age- and education-corrected Selective Reminding
scores have a sensitivity for detecting dementia that is
28% lower than uncorrected scores. Using information about
age in combination with memory scores provided optimal
discrimination of dementia. It is concluded that statistically
removing the contribution of dementia risk factors from
memory test scores can severely decrease discriminative
validity for detecting dementia in the elderly. (JINS,
1997, 3, 317–326.)
The relationship of antiphospholipid antibodies to cognitive
function in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: DENBURG SUSAN D. , CARBOTTE RAMONA M. , GINSBERG JEFFREY S. , DENBURG JUDAH A.
Published: September 2019

Objective: To examine the relationship between
antiphospholipid antibody positivity (expressed as the
lupus anticoagulant) and cognitive dysfunction in patients
with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods: Cross-sectional
comparisons of lupus anticoagulant (LA) positive (N
= 39) and negative (N = 79) patients and controls
(N = 35) on a cognitive test battery; 22 LA-positive
and 53 LA-negative patients who had never experienced neuropsychiatric
events (never-NP–SLE) were also compared separately.
Results: LA-positive patients were 2 to 3 times more likely
than were LA-negative patients to be designated as cognitively
impaired. As a group, LA-positive patients, particularly
those in the never-NP–SLE group, demonstrated lower
performance primarily on tasks of verbal memory, cognitive
flexibility, and psychomotor speed. Conclusions: LA positivity
is associated with subclinical nervous system compromise,
and a pattern of deficits compatible with subcortical involvement,
possibly on the basis of ongoing LA-related microthrombotic
events or vasculopathy. (JINS, 1997, 3,
377–386.)
Improvement of hemispatial neglect with cold-water calorics:
An electrophysiological test of the arousal hypothesis
of neglect
Authors: STORRIE-BAKER H.J. , SEGALOWITZ S.J. , BLACK S.E. , McLEAN J.A.G. , SULLIVAN N.
Published: September 2019

Introducing ice-water into the left ear of right-brain-damaged
patients attenuates unilateral neglect symptoms. By examining
EEG changes over each hemisphere during this procedure,
we were able to test a hypothesis concerning the mechanism
of cold-water calorics and the attention–arousal
hypothesis of hemispatial neglect. We present a case study
of an 83-year-old woman with a massive right-hemisphere
CVA exhibiting severe hemispatial neglect. Caloric stimulation
produced a leftward eye deviation to central position,
and a temporary partial remission of neglect symptoms.
Significant changes in EEG activation indicated a central
mechanism associated with the regularization of eye gaze.
Caloric stimulation also produced a significant interaction
between EEG frequency band and hemisphere, indicating that
while both hemispheres increased in cortical activation,
the right hemisphere increase was significantly greater.
This supports the activation–arousal hypothesis of
neglect over the mutual inhibition model. (JINS,
1997, 3, 394–402.)
Neuropsychological asymmetry in Alzheimer's disease:
Verbal versus visuoconstructional deficits across
stages of dementia
Authors: STRITE DANIEL , MASSMAN PAUL J. , COOKE NORMA , DOODY RACHELLE S.
Published: September 2019

The incidence of clinically apparent asymmetric
profiles of neuropsychological deficits in Alzheimer's
disease (AD) patients similar to those reported in the
PET literature is currently unclear. This study investigated
lateral neuropsychological asymmetry using principal component
factor analysis in a sample of 153 patients diagnosed with
probable AD. Using factor scores, patients were classified
into groups exhibiting asymmetric or symmetric profiles
of neuropsychological deficits. In the analysis of lateral
asymmetry, 27.5% of patients were classified as asymmetric
(10% verbally and 17% visuospatially). Consistent with
reports of continued asymmetry beyond the mild dementia
stage, asymmetry was exhibited in the mild, moderate, and
severely demented groups. These findings of neuropsychological
asymmetry across stages of dementia are consistent with
the picture of significant neuropsychological heterogeneity
in AD that has been emerging in the decade. (JINS,
1997, 3, 420–427.)
The use of figural reproduction tests as measures of nonverbal
memory in epilepsy surgery candidates
Authors: BARR WILLIAM B. , CHELUNE GORDON J. , HERMANN BRUCE P. , LORING DAVID W. , PERRINE KENNETH , STRAUSS ESTHER , TRENERRY MAX R. , WESTERVELD MICHAEL
Published: September 2019

The construct of nonverbal memory, as assessed
by figural reproduction tests, has recently been questioned
by a number of investigators. The purpose of this study
was to reexamine this construct and its relationship to
right temporal lobe dysfunction. Figural reproduction test
scores were examined in 757 epilepsy surgery candidates
obtained from 8 epilepsy centers participating in the Bozeman
Epilepsy Consortium. All participants exhibited unequivocal
evidence of left (LTL) or right (RTL) temporal lobe epilepsy
observed in ictal and interictal EEG recordings. All subjects
also had IQ scores exceeding 70, right-hand preference,
and left hemisphere language dominance confirmed by intracarotid
sodium amytal testing. Comparisons of LTL and RTL groups
showed no significant differences in scores on the Visual
Reproduction subtests from the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS)
or Wechsler Memory Scale–Revised (WMS–R) or
on the copy and delayed recall conditions of the Rey–Osterrieth
Complex Figure Test (ROCFT). Significant differences were
observed among centers on WMS and ROCFT scores, which are
likely to be a result of variations in administration and/or
scoring procedures. The lack of significant differences
between LTL and RTL groups in this large sample raise questions
about the nature of nonverbal memory and its relationship
to right temporal lobe dysfunction. (JINS, 1997,
3, 435–443.)
Working memory deficits in HIV-seropositive drug users
Authors: BARTOK JOHN A. , MARTIN EILEEN M. , PITRAK DAVID L. , NOVAK RICHARD M. , PURSELL KENNETH J. , MULLANE KATHLEEN M. , HARROW MARTIN
Published: September 2019

We studied the integrity of working memory operations
in 38 HIV-seropositive and 20 seronegative drug users,
using a modified version of the Tower of London task. This
new task, the Tower of London–Working Memory version
(TOL–WM), includes a delayed-response component in
addition to the planning required for successful performance
of the standard TOL. Symptomatic HIV-seropositive participants
solved significantly fewer TOL–WM problems compared
to matched seronegative controls. However, seropositive
and seronegative subjects showed similar overall levels
of planning efficiency, suggesting that the TOL–WM
deficit may be associated primarily with failure to encode
or maintain an adequate online memory representation. The
results of this study confirm our previous report of a
possible working memory deficit in HIV-1 infection and
suggest that measures of working memory have particular
utility in the evaluation of HIV-related cognitive deficits.
(JINS, 1997, 3, 451–456.)
Learning from our successes and failures: Reflections and
comments on “Cognitive Rehabilitation: How it is
and how it might be”
Authors: PRIGATANO GEORGE P.
Published: September 2019

Barbara A. Wilson's article in this issue
is a thoughtful and scholarly commentary on the present
state of cognitive rehabilitation. Her review of the meaning
of the term “rehabilitation,” and her reminder
that we are better at treating disabilities than impairments
after brain damage, set the background for her four major
points. First, there are currently four basic approaches
to cognitive rehabilitation. Second, two of these approaches
are of little help to patients. Third, combining learning
theory, cognitive psychology, and neuropsychology is helpful
in dealing with the “everyday problems of brain-injured
people.” Finally, this latter approach combined with
the holistic approach is promising, especially given that
patients' personality disturbances must be considered if
neuropsychological rehabilitation is to be effective.
A quantitative review of cognitive deficits in depression
and Alzheimer-type dementia
Authors: CHRISTENSEN HELEN , GRIFFITHS KATHLEEN , MACKINNON ANDREW , JACOMB PATRICIA
Published: September 2019

Meta-analysis was used to examine the performance
of depressed and Alzheimer-type dementia (DAT) patients
on standard and experimental clinical tests of cognitive
function. Deficits were found for depression on almost
every psychological test. Relative to nondepressed controls,
the average deficit was 0.63 of a standard deviation, but
the magnitude of the effect varied with the type of test.
DAT patients performed worse than depressed patients, with
an average effect size of 1.21 standard deviations, but
the size of the effect depended on the clinical test. Effect
sizes for the comparison between depressives and controls
were significantly affected by age, treatment setting,
ECT use, severity of depression, and the source of diagnostic
criteria, but not by the type of depression. Effect sizes
in the comparison of depressives to DAT patients were influenced
by age, the severity of depression, and ECT. Depressives
performed proportionately worse than controls on tasks
with pleasant or neutral, compared with unpleasant content,
on speeded compared with nonspeeded tasks, and on vigilance
tasks. However, there were no differences in the magnitude
of effect size for tests using recall compared with recognition,
using categorical compared with noncategorical word lists,
on story compared with word comprehension, and using verbal
compared with visual material. Relative to DAT patients,
depressives performed no better on recall compared to recognition
tasks, or verbal compared to visual material. The findings
of the review are not consistent with the hypothesis that
depression is associated with deficits in effortful processing.
A model of psychological deficit in depression as a deficit
in speed or attention has more promise. (JINS,
1997, 3, 631–651.)
Performance discrepancies between the Children's Category
Test (CCT) and the California Verbal Learning Test–Children's
(CVLT–C) Version in the standardization sample
Authors: DONDERS JACQUES
Published: September 2019

Standardization data for the Children's Category
Test (CCT) and California Verbal Learning Test–Children's
Version (CVLT–C) were used to evaluate covariances
and statistically significant discrepancies between the
T scores of those instruments, as well as the
base rate of specific discrepancies. The results indicate
that the CCT and CVLT–C share only a limited amount
of common variance and that statistically significant discrepancies
between the respective T scores are actually quite
common. It is suggested that evaluation of the potential
clinical significance of a discrepancy between the obtained
results of these two instruments in individual cases should
include consideration of the presented base rates. (JINS,
1998, 4, 242–246.)
The effects of focal anterior and posterior brain lesions
on verbal fluency
Authors: STUSS DONALD THOMAS , ALEXANDER MICHAEL PAXSON , HAMER LISA , PALUMBO CAROLE , DEMPSTER REBECCA , BINNS MALCOLM , LEVINE BRIAN , IZUKAWA DENNIS
Published: September 2019

Seventy-four patients with focal brain lesions
were compared to a neurologically normal control group
on tasks of letter-based and category-based list generation.
When patients were divided only by right frontal, left
frontal, or nonfrontal lesion sites, the pattern of fluency
impairments confirmed prior claims. When more precise lesion
sites within the frontal lobes were compared between groups
classified based on their fluency performance, much more
specific brain–behavior relations were uncovered.
Damage to the right dorsolateral cortical or connecting
striatal regions, the right posterior area, or the medial
inferior frontal lobe of either hemisphere did not significantly
affect letter-based fluency performance. Superior medial
frontal damage, right or left, resulted in moderate
impairment. Patients with left dorsolateral and/or striatal
lesions were most impaired. Left parietal damage led to
performance relatively equivalent to the superior medial
and left dorsolateral groups. The same lesion sites produced
impairments in category based fluency, but so did lesions
of right dorsolateral and inferior medial regions. Task
analysis and correlations with other measures revealed
that different cognitive processes related to different
brain regions underlie performance on verbal fluency tests.
(JINS, 1998, 4, 265–278.)