bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The principles and processes of inspiring hope in bereavement counselling: a modified grounded theory study – part one
Authors: CUTCLIFFE J. R.
Published: September 2010

The concept of hope has received attention within nursing and healthcare literature of late yet it is fair to say that despite this increased interest, considerable gaps remain in our substantive knowledge base. Particularly noticeable is the paucity of empirically derived theory regarding the principles of inspiring and instilling hope in certain client groups and with persons enduring certain experiences. Accordingly, this two‐part paper attempts to bridge one of these gaps by answering the question: do bereavement counsellors inspire hope in their clients and if so, how? Using a modified grounded theory method data were collected by means of semi‐structured interviews; undertaken with a theoretical sample of bereavement counsellors and ex‐clients who had received bereavement counselling. In keeping with the tenets of grounded theory, the data were coded and analysed using the constant comparison method, and this produced an emerging, substantive theory of the principles and processes of hope inspiration for this client group. This theory is comprised of a core variable: the implicit projection of hope and hopefulness, and three sub‐core variables: forging the connection and the relationship; facilitating a cathartic release; and experiencing a healthy (good) ending. Given that the details of the core variable have been published previously, part one of this paper deals with a review of the literature and focuses on stage one; highlighting each of the individual categories. Where as part two focuses on stages two and three, again highlights the categories therein and offers a discussion and conclusion.
Operationalizing autonomy: solutions for mental health nursing practice
Authors: HARNETT P. J. , GREANEY A.‐M.
Published: September 2010

The new Mental Health Act (2001) became a law on 1 November 2006. The new Act, reflective of international legislative norms, outlines an agenda for the mental health services in Ireland which, in part, aims to maximize patient autonomy. This paper seeks to contextualize autonomy within nurse–patient interactions in the mental health care setting. The acceptance of autonomy as an unconditional principle, as outlined within traditional bioethics, is challenged. The paper draws on the social critique of normative ethics and suggests an alternative framework within which to operationalize patient autonomy. The authors conclude that a broader, more contextualized perspective on autonomy would more suitably inform mental health nursing. Narrative ethics and a framework of ‘protective responsibility’ are offered as an alternative to more traditional approaches. Practice‐based initiatives to maximize patient autonomy and facilitate‐reasoned ethical decision making are outlined.
Recovery and mental health: a review of the British Literature
Authors: BONNEY S. , STICKLEY T.
Published: September 2010

Recovery is not a new concept within mental health, although in recent times, it has come to the forefront of the policy agenda. However, there is no universal definition of recovery, and it is a contested concept. The aim of this study was to examine the British literature relating to recovery in mental health. Three contributing groups are identified: service users, health care providers and policy makers. A review of the literature was conducted by accessing all relevant published texts. A search was conducted using these terms: ‘recovery’, ‘schizophrenia’, ‘psychosis’, ‘mental illness’ and ‘mental health’. Over 170 papers were reviewed. A thematic analysis was conducted. Six main themes emerged, which were examined from the perspective of the stakeholder groups. The dominant themes were identity, the service provision agenda, the social domain, power and control, hope and optimism, risk and responsibility. Consensus was found around the belief that good quality care should be made available to service users to promote recovery both as inpatient or in the community. However, the manner in which recovery was defined and delivered differed between the groups.
The integration of solution‐focused brief therapy principles in nursing: a literature review
Authors: FERRAZ H. , WELLMAN N.
Published: September 2010

The ongoing movement from institutional care to community‐orientated care has gradually spread around the developed world. This shift in the philosophy of care has resulted in a reduction in the length of inpatient admissions and contributed to a decline in the number of inpatient beds. This literature review seeks to establish the suitability and relevance of solution‐focused brief therapy (SFBT) to mental health nursing practice, with particular emphasis being given to acute inpatient settings. Databases searched for published material in English between 1980 and 2006 were: Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature; MEDLINE; Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts; Sociological abstracts; and social service abstracts. Search terms included: SFBT and solution‐focused approaches. Only nine papers from the original 203 citations met the inclusion criteria and were thus reviewed. These papers indicated that SFBT constitutes an appropriate set of techniques for use in mental health nursing particularly where staff have relatively brief contact with patients. Preliminary data suggest that SFBT is congruent with the philosophical underpinning of contemporary mental health nursing. However, its clinical utility and effectiveness is not well established and methodologically rigorous studies are urgently needed to determine the appropriateness and effectiveness of such approach to nursing practice.
Shift report: a ritual play on a residential adolescent psychiatric unit
Authors: YONGE O.
Published: September 2010

The author conducted an ethnographic study of an adolescent residential psychiatric unit which revealed a category of behaviour – the shift report. A questionnaire was administered to staff to reveal further meanings. Reporting was found to schematize knowledge according to common referents, promote and validate insider roles through language, offer a means of personal reintegration and catharsis, and provide a forum for the symbolic enactment of democratic values which permeated every aspect of culture on the unit. Staff members were categorically in favour of their verbal and private shift report. There was little partitioning of informal and formal aspects of report in the interest of saving time. Instead, socializing and ‘catching up’ were important aspects of shift report and constituted a large part of team building. The informal nature of report, particularly in the use of language allowed staff to come to terms with frustrations rather than constituting patient stereotyping. As a ritual, the shift report fostered behavioural synchrony, individual empowerment and a democratic ‘all‐channel network’ of communication. It is hoped that this account will encourage more practising nurses and managers to view their shift report as something more than a simple ‘handover’; that is, a ritual play of core values, roles and relationships.
Validation of the Chinese version Scale of Needs (SON) for caregivers of mentally ill patients
Authors: YEN W. J.
Published: September 2010

The purpose of this study was to develop the Chinese version Scale of Needs (SON) for Caregivers of Mentally Ill Patients. There were 23 items designed for the initial scale, and 250 Taiwanese caregivers of mentally ill patients were recruited in the study. Exploratory factor analysis and principle component analysis were conducted. The 23 items of the SON for Caregivers of Mentally Ill Patients were classified into four factors and accounted for 66.12% of the variance. Factor I was assigned as Information need, Factor II was named Supportive need, Factor III was named Break need and Factor IV was called Emotional Releasing Service.
The relationship between exercise and hopelessness in prison
Authors: CASHIN A. , POTTER E. , BUTLER T.
Published: September 2010

This paper reports on the relationship between the levels of self‐reported physical exercise and mental well‐being (as measured using the Beck Hopelessness Scale) in a cohort of 914 prisoners within New South Wales, Australia. A significant inverse relationship between self‐reported exercise in minutes per week and hopelessness was identified. The need to include exercise as a factor in inmate health plans is discussed.
The Tidal Commitments: extending the value base of mental health recovery
Authors: BUCHANAN‐BARKER P. , BARKER P. J.
Published: September 2010

The emerging concept of recovery in mental health is often only loosely defined, but appears to be influenced more by specific human values and beliefs, than scientific research and ‘evidence’. As a contribution to the further development of the philosophical basis of the concept of recovery, this paper reviews the discrete assumptions of the Tidal Model, describes the development of the Model's value base – the 10 Commitments – and illustrates the 20 Tidal Competencies, which aim to generate practice‐based evidence for the process of recovery.
The evaluation of a short group programme to reduce self‐stigma in people with serious and enduring mental health problems
Authors: MACINNES D. L. , LEWIS M.
Published: September 2010

The concept of stigma has been acknowledged as being an important factor in the way that people with mental health problems are viewed and treated. Some authors suggest that stigma should be viewed as a multifaceted rather than a single concept. One part of this multifaceted concept has been called self‐stigma which has been defined as the reactions of stigmatized individuals towards themselves. This study examined the impact of a 6‐week group programme designed to reduce self‐stigma in a group of service users with serious and enduring mental health problems. Twenty participants were assessed prior to the commencement of the group and immediately following its cessation. In addition to self‐stigma, assessments for self‐esteem, self‐acceptance and psychological health measures were also undertaken. The results record a significant reduction in the stigma following the group and also non‐significant increases in the participants' levels of self‐esteem, self‐acceptance and overall psychological health. However, there was only a negligible correlation recorded between the reduction in self‐stigma and the increase in self‐esteem, self‐acceptance and psychological health. The paper discusses the possible explanations for these findings.
Estimating the likelihood of sustained virological response in chronic hepatitis C therapy
Authors: Mauss S. , Hueppe D. , John C. , Goelz J , Heyne R. , Moeller B. , Link R. , Teuber G. , Herrmann A. , Spelter M. , Wollschlaeger S. , Baumgarten A. , Simon K.‐G. , Dikopoulos N. , Witthoeft T.
Published: September 2010

Summary.  The likelihood of a sustained virological response (SVR) is the most important factor for physicians and patients in the decision to initiate and continue therapy for chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection. This study identified predictive factors for SVR with peginterferon plus ribavirin (RBV) in patients with CHC treated under ‘real‐life’ conditions. The study cohort consisted of patients from a large, retrospective German multicentre, observational study who had been treated with peginterferon alfa‐2a plus RBV or peginterferon alfa‐2b plus RBV between the years 2000 and 2007. To ensure comparability regarding peginterferon therapies, patients were analysed in pairs matched by several baseline variables. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine the effect of nonmatched baseline variables and treatment modality on SVR. Among 2378 patients (1189 matched pairs), SVR rates were 57.9% overall, 46.5% in HCV genotype 1/4‐infected patients and 77.3% in genotype 2/3‐infected patients. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, positive predictors of SVR were HCV genotype 2 infection, HCV genotype 3 infection, low baseline viral load and treatment with peginterferon alfa‐2a. Negative predictors of SVR were higher age (≥40 years), elevated baseline gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and low baseline platelet count (<150 000/μL). Among patients treated with peginterferon plus RBV in routine clinical practice, genotype, baseline viral load, age, GGT level and platelet levels all predict the likelihood of treatment success. In patients matched by baseline characteristics, treatment with peginterferon alfa‐2a may be a positive predictor of SVR when compared to peginterferon alfa‐2b.
Analysis and calibration of Ca ii triplet spectroscopy of red giant branch stars from VLT/FLAMES observations
Authors: Battaglia G. , Irwin M. , Tolstoy E. , Hill V. , Helmi A. , Letarte B. , Jablonka P.
Published: September 2010

We demonstrate that low-resolution Ca ii triplet (CaT) spectroscopic estimates of the overall metallicity ([Fe/H]) of individual red giant branch (RGB) stars in two nearby dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs) agree to ±0.1–0.2 dex with detailed high-resolution spectroscopic determinations for the same stars over the range −2.5 < [Fe/H] < −0.5. For this study, we used a sample of 129 stars observed in low- and high-resolution modes with VLT/FLAMES in the Sculptor and Fornax dSphs. We also present the data-reduction steps we used in our low-resolution analysis and show that the typical accuracy of our velocity and CaT [Fe/H] measurement is ∼2 km s−1 and 0.1 dex, respectively. We conclude that CaT–[Fe/H] relations calibrated on globular clusters can be applied with confidence to RGB stars in composite stellar populations over the range −2.5 < [Fe/H] < −0.5.
Comparison of bar strengths in optical and near-infrared for the OSUBSGS sample
Authors: Speltincx T. , Laurikainen E. , Salo H.
Published: September 2010

We use a gravitational bar torque method to compare bar strengths (the maximum tangential force normalized by radial force) in B and H-band images of 152 galaxies from the Ohio State University Bright Spiral Galaxy Survey. Our main motivation is to check how much the difference in the rest-frame wavelength could affect the comparisons of bar strengths in low- and high-redshift observations. Between these two bands, we find an average bar strength ratio QB/H= 1.25 which factor is nearly independent of the morphological type. We show that QB/H > 1 is mostly due to reduced bulge dilution of radial forces in the B band. The bar torque method needs an estimate for the vertical scaleheight of the galaxy, based on the radial scalelength of the disc and the galaxy's morphological type. Since these two might not always be possible to determine at high redshifts in a reliable manner, we also checked that similar results are obtained with vertical scaleheights estimated from the radii corresponding to the K-band surface brightness of 20 mag arcsec−2. Also, we made a simple test of the usability of the bar torque method at high redshifts by checking the effects of image degradation (nearest neighbour sampling without any adjustment of noise levels): we found that the estimated bar strengths varied by ±10 per cent at most as long as the total extent of the bar was at least 10 pixels. Overall, we show that the gravitational bar torque method should provide a proficient tool for quantifying bar strengths also at high redshifts.
The Norma cluster (ACO 3627) – I. A dynamical analysis of the most massive cluster in the Great Attractor
Authors: Woudt P. A. , Kraan-Korteweg R. C. , Lucey J. , Fairall A. P. , Moore S. A. W.
Published: September 2010

A detailed dynamical analysis of the nearby rich Norma cluster (ACO 3627) is presented. From radial velocities of 296 cluster members, we find a mean velocity of 4871 ± 54 km s−1 and a velocity dispersion of 925 km s−1. The mean velocity of the E/S0 population (4979 ± 85 km s−1) is offset with respect to that of the S/Irr population (4812 ± 70 km s−1) by Δv= 164 km s−1 in the cluster rest frame. This offset increases towards the core of the cluster. The E/S0 population is free of any detectable substructure and appears relaxed. Its shape is clearly elongated with a position angle that is aligned along the dominant large-scale structures in this region, the so-called Norma wall. The central cD galaxy has a very large peculiar velocity of 561 km s−1 which is most probably related to an ongoing merger at the core of the cluster. The spiral/irregular galaxies reveal a large amount of substructure; two dynamically distinct subgroups within the overall spiral population have been identified, located along the Norma wall elongation. The dynamical mass of the Norma cluster within its Abell radius is 1–1.1 × 1015h−173 M⊙. One of the cluster members, the spiral galaxy WKK 6176 which recently was observed to have a 70 kpc X-ray tail, reveals numerous striking low-brightness filaments pointing away from the cluster centre suggesting strong interaction with the intracluster medium.
The association of time in the US and diet during pregnancy in low‐income women of Mexican descent
Authors: Harley Kim , Eskenazi Brenda , Block Gladys
Published: September 2010

This study compared nutritional intake during pregnancy among women of Mexican descent according to country of birth (US vs. Mexico) and, for Mexico‐born women, according to number of years lived in the US (≤5 years, 6–10 years, ≥ 11 years). A 72‐item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess dietary intake in 474 pregnant Mexico‐born immigrants and US‐born Mexican‐Americans. Mexico‐born women had significantly higher intakes of calories (P = 0.02), fibre (P < 0.001), vitamin A (P < 0.001), vitamin C (P = 0.03), vitamin E (P < 0.01), folate (P < 0.01), calcium (P < 0.001) and zinc (P = 0.02) from their diets than US‐born women. Intakes of all nutrients except vitamin C and zinc remained significantly higher in Mexico‐born women when nutrients from both diet and vitamin supplements were considered. Among Mexico‐born women, increasing years of residence in the US was associated with lower intake of calories (Ptrend < 0.01), fibre (Ptrend < 0.01), folate (Ptrend = 0.03), iron (Ptrend = 0.05) and zinc (Ptrend = 0.03), although only the trend for iron remained significant when vitamin supplement sources were included. A large percentage of women had inadequate intake of vitamin E (58%), folate (61%), iron (77%) and zinc (47%) from their diets during pregnancy and these rates were higher in US‐born women than Mexico‐born women.
The mating behaviour of the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.)
Authors: BUTLER C.G.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of the mating responses of free‐flying drones towards a queen, and of the pheromones controlling these responses.
A biometric study of seasonal variation in worker wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)
Authors: SPRADBERY J. P.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

The seasonal changes in some morphometric characters of worker wasps of Vespula vulgaris and Vespula germanica are described and discussed in relation to colony populations and economics.
Osmoregulation in larvae of the New Zealand salt‐water mosquitoOpifex fuscusHutton
Authors: NICOLSON SUSAN W.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of the survival of larvae ofOpifex fuscusat different salinities and of changes in osmotic pressure and sodium and chloride concentrations in the haemolymph.
Variations in silk gland morphology among sawfiy larvae (Hymenoptera: Symphyta)
Authors: KENCHINGTON W.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of the occurrence of different types of secretory cell and storage reservoir in the larvae of 45 species of Symphyta.
An inland freshwater population of the salt marsh mosquito, Aedes detritus (Haliday)
Authors: SERVICE M. W.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of the biology and taxonomy of an inland freshwater population of Aedes detritus. Results of artificially mating adults from this population with those collected from saltwater coastal localities are given.
Genetic and environmental factors influencing pupal colour in the Swallowtail butterflies Battus philenor (L.) and Papilio polytes L.
Authors: CLARKE C. A. , SHEPPARD P. M.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of the correlation of pupal coloration in Battus philenor and Papilio polytes with the colour of the substratum on which the larva pupates.
Species diversity and seasonal abundance in Charaxes butterflies (Nymphalidae)
Authors: OWEN D. F. , CHANTER D. O.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

Species diversity in Charaxes butterflies trapped in gardens at Freetown, Sierra Leone, is calculated by two different methods. There is little evidence of seasonal changes in diversity and in abundance.
The distribution pattern of indirect flight muscle fibres in Mansonia uniformis (Theobald) (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: BECKETT EVELYN B.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

The distribution pattern of flight muscle fibres in Mansonia uniformis is described in detail.
Nocturnal flight activity of some African Mantispidae (Neuroptera)
Authors: NEW T. R. , HADDOW A. J.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of catches of six species of Mantispidae in a light‐trap at Entebbe, Uganda, in 1961–62.
The structure of the female reproductiiye system in the Agaonidae (Chalcidoidea, Hymenoptera)
Authors: COPLAND M. J. W. , KING P. E. , HILL D. S.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of the gaster, ovipositor mechanism and reproductive system in female Agaonidae. The structure and possible functions are compared with that of other chalcid families and the phylogenetic relationships of the group are discussed.
Parasitism of the larvae of some Carabidae (Coleoptera)
Authors: CRITCHLEY B. R.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of the species and degree of parasitism by insect and nematode parasites from eight species of Carabidae collected in pitfall traps in arable fields.
The maxillary plate of Homoptera‐Auchenorrhyncha
Authors: Evans J. W.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

It is suggested that a sensory structure situated on the maxillary plates of Homoptera may represent a modified maxillary palp. A discussion on the origin of the maxillary plates of Hemiptera is included.
A novel mimicry complex: beetles and flies
Authors: HESPENHEIDE HENRY A.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

A mimicry complex is described in which numerous taxa of beetles resemble flies. A probable explanation for the convergence on a common pattern is suggested, and the evolution of the complex is discussed.
Defensive behaviour of the wheat aphid, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), against Coccinellidae
Authors: BROWN H. DICK
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of the behaviour of the wheat aphid, Schizaphis graminum, in response to attacks by two coccinellid predators Scymnus morelleti and Exochomus concavus. Various responses are described and their influence on predator efficiency is investigated.
Pharmacological observations on body fluids from the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae)
Authors: GRAHAM J. D. P. , STADDON B. W.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

A report is given on the pharmacological activity of body fluids from milkweed bugs maintained on a diet of sunflower seeds, together with observations on the toxin accumulating system of the adult insect.
Stridulation and defensive behaviour in the ground beetle,Cychrus caraboides(L.)
Authors: CLARIDGE M. F.
Published: September 2010

Adults of both sexes ofC.caraboidesstridulate by means of an elytroabdominal mechanism. The stridulatory surfaces consist of opposing series of microlamellae, only seen clearly with the surface scanning electron microscope. Sound emission covers a wide band of frequencies from audible to about 80 kHz. It is suggested that stridulation may act as an acoustic warning to certain vertebrate predators.
The morphology and mode of action of the anal apparatus of membracid nymphs with special reference toSextius virescens(Fairmaire) (Homoptera)
Authors: KITCHING R. L. , FILSHIE B. K.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

The morphology and mode of action of the anal apparatus of membracid nymphs are described. The possible functions of the “whipping” action exhibited by the eversible tube which forms part of the anal apparatus are discussed and reasons why this seems most likely to be primarily a defensive reaction are given. Analogues of the structures are indicated.
An investigation of reproductive diapause in two British populations of Anthocoris nemorum (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae)
Authors: PARKER N. J. B.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

Certain aspects of reproductive diapause within two British populations of Anthocoris nemorum are investigated and compared.
Effect of environmental conditions during the larval period on the tendency of worker honeybees to develop their ovaries
Authors: WILLIAMS INGRID H. , FREE J. B.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of the effect of rearing honeybees in queenless and queenright colonies on their ovary development.
Cardenolide content and palatability of a population of Danaus chrysippus butterflies from West Africa
Authors: BROWER L. P. , EDMUNDS M. , MOFFITT C. M.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

The variation in cardenolide content found in 50 individuals of Danaus chrysippus is related to the type of food plant and the sequestering efficiency of the butterfly. The toxicity of the insects to bird predators is discussed in relation to the polymorphism found in species of Danaus.
Haemolymph composition in the larva of the dragonfly, Uropetala carovei
Authors: BEDFORD JENNIFER J. , LEADER JOHN P.
Published: September 2010

Analysis of the haemolymph composition of the semi‐terrestrial larva of the dragonfly, Uropetala carovei, yielded the following data. The osmotic pressure of the haemolymph is equivalent to 174.0 mM/1 solution of sodium chloride, the pH 8.2, sodium ion concentration 152.0 mM/1, potassium 4.6 mM/1, calcium 3.8 mM/1, magnesium 3.9 mM/1, bicarbonate 27.6 mM/1, and chloride 121.0 mM/1; total ninhydrin‐positive substances 58.7 mM/1 (of which the major components are alanine, glycine, glutamic acid, and leucine); total carbohydrates 8.9 ± 0.4 μg/μl haemolymph (trehalose 7.88 μg/μl and glucose 0.85 μg/μl). Twelve protein bands were found, one of which showed alkaline phosphatase activity, three, acid phosphatase, and four, esterase activity. The significance of these results is discussed.
Responses of male aphids to the female sex pheromone in Megoura viciae Buckton
Authors: MARSH DAVID
Published: September 2010

Oviparae of Megoura viciae Buckton release a sex pheromone from numerous plaques on their hind tibiae. Adult males react to this scent in a variety of ways: inactive males are aroused; males already walking orient to the odour source; and copulatory activity is increased. These responses are only evoked within a few centimetres of the stimulus source and decline rapidly as the stimulus is diluted. Male responsiveness to the pheromone is unchanging throughout the light phase (of LD 12: 12), although they show a marked circadian locomotor rhythm. Their sensitivity develops early in adult life and thereafter remains high, decreasing only slightly before death. However, although very young adults will orient to a pheromone source, they do not show copulatory responses until they are sexually mature. Larval males neither respond to the pheromone nor possess the antennal receptors (secondary rhinaria) which are essential for the adult reaction. Mating, and attempted copulation with suitable objects (e.g. coloured beads), is dependent upon appropriate visual and tactile stimuli; it can occur in the absence of the pheromone but is enhanced by its presence. Habituation to the scent does not prevent copulation, and conversely, copulation does not affect subsequent responsiveness to the pheromone. Once copulation has begun the pheromone has no effect on the efficiency of insemination. Vigorous intergeneric responses to the pheromones of female M.viciae and Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris were observed.
Circadian changes in central excitability—the origin of behavioural rhythms in tsetse flies and other animals?
Authors: BRADY JOHN
Published: September 2010

Diel changes in seven behavioural responses of male tsetse flies, G.morsitans, were measured under controlled conditions in the laboratory. These responses involved different motor and sensory modalities, and were evoked by stimuli that were either exogenously applied at regular intervals or were ever‐present. Six (possibly seven) of the responses were modulated across the photophase (of LD 12: 12) in the V‐pattern typical of biting behaviour in the field: morning and evening responses were greatest, noon least. Two of these rhythms were shown to persist in constant conditions, indicating that the underlying control is truly circadian.

Comparison of the form of an optokinetic response rhythm at high and low stimulus intensities, implied central control of the response modulation. This, plus the close similarity in phase of the different rhythms, is interpreted as indicating circadian changes in central excitatory state (arousal) as the underlying neurophysiological basis of behavioural rhythmicity. It is suggested that the sarrie arousal system controls the comparable, longer and shorter term changes in excitability that result from starvation, sex, etc.
Temporal patterning of courtship behaviour in some parasitic Hymenoptera, with special reference toMelittobia acasta
Authors: van den ASSEM J.
Published: September 2010

In many parasitic hymenoptera copulation is preceded by elaborate courtship displays which include species‐specific characteristics. Other features, shared by related species, may be used for defining higher taxa. The male's repertoire consists of movements involving the wings, legs, antennae, and mouthparts. These movements are performed continuously, or intermittently, depending on the species involved. The elements of a repertoire are repeated over and over again until the female indicates her readiness to copulate. Temporal patterning of various displays, and the timing of the female response are described.

InMelittobia acasta(Walker) (Eulophidae) the male display is composed not only of repeating elements, but also includes new elements, introduced along the way; the display progresses towards a climactic finale. The timing of the female's copulation signal is accurately predictable. The morphology ofMelittobiamales is discussed in relation to this behaviour. Courtship of a related species,M.chalybii, is compared to the courtship ofM.acasta.
How does the female locust dig her oviposition hole?
Authors: VINCENT J. F. V.
Published: September 2010

The digging movements of the isolated ovipositor assembly of female locusts were filmed and analysed. The interpretation of the movements was compared, quantitatively, with observations on the intact ovipositing insect. The following major points were revealed. (i) The thrust of the ovipositor is at an angle to the axis of the hole. This allows the opposite side of the hole, rather than the very small inertia of the abdomen, to provide the reaction to the thrust. (ii) The ovipositor valves have different functions: the lower pair levers the abdomen down, the upper pair digs the hole. (iii) The maximum rate of longitudinal movement (2·8 mm s‐1) and the observed maximum displacement per digging cycle (2·0 mm) can account for digging speeds and displacements noted in the intact digging insect.
The systematic position of Brathinus Leconte and Camioleum Lewis (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)
Authors: HAMMOND P. M.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

BrathinusandCamioleumare assigned to positions within the Omaliinae (Staphylinidae). The male genitalia ofBrathinusare figured for the first time, and a key is given to the known species.
The genus Cleora Curtis (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in Fiji
Authors: KOBINSON GADEN S.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of the 10 species of the genus Cleora known to inhabit Fiji; two of these are described as new and two are transferred to Cleora from other genera. Species previously known from Fiji are re‐described, and a key to the males is included.
A new intertidal beetle (Coleoptera: Limnichidae) from the Great Barrier Reef
Authors: BRITTON E. B.
Published: September 2010

A new genus is erected for a minute beetle found in the intertidal zone on Heron Island, the adult and larva of which are described. The relationships of the genus are discussed, and it is placed in the family Limnichidae as the sole representative of a new subfamily.
Three new species of Coniopteryx from Singapore (Plannipennia: Coniopterygidae)
Authors: MURPHY D. H. , LEE Y. T.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

Both sexes of two new species of Coniopteryx, and the male of a third, are described from Singapore rain‐forest. Notes on their morphology include an account of internal reproductive structures in the female. The vertical distribution of the species is recorded.
The superspecies Ethope himachala (Moore), and the identity of Zethera noirei Janet (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)
Authors: VANE‐WRIGHT R. I. , HUGGINS C. F.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

The species of the Indian and South‐East Asian genus Ethope Moore are re‐assessed. New synonymy is established, type data presented for all nominal species, and a key to the species and subspecies is included. The phylogeny and zoogeography of the genus are discussed, and mimicry shown by some of the species is reviewed.
A revision of the genusPlesiopanurgusCameron, with notes on some Arabian and African Panurginae (Hymenoptera:Apoidea)
Authors: BAKER D. B.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

The panurgine genusPlesiopanurgusis redescribed and illustrated, and its relationships are discussed. A second species is described from a unique male from E. Turkey.

The generic placement of some Arabian Panurginae is considered, and the genera occurring in southern Africa are listed.
A new species of Amblystogenium Enderlein (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from the Crozet Islands, with comparative notes on A.pacificum (Putzeys)
Authors: LUFF M. L.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

A new species of Amblystogenium is described from the Crozet Islands and compared with the related A. pacificum, for which a lectotype is designated.
Five Simuliidae (Diptera) from West Cameroon
Authors: LEWIS D. J. , DISNEY R. H. L.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

The male, female, pupa and larva of a new phoretic species of Simulium are described. A new species‐group is established for this species and S.diceros, and its systematic position is discussed. Two other new species of Simulium are described from pupal material, and new forms of S.palmeri and S.berghei are recorded.
A taxonomic study of the ant genus Lasius Fabricius in the British Isles (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: BOURNE RICHARD A.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

The taxonomic status of the species Lasius mixtus, L.umbratus and L.rabaudi is discussed. Keys are given to the males, females and workers of the seven British species of the genus, and taxonomic notes on these species are included.
Taxonomic notes on the Belytinae, with a new species of Pantoclis Förster (Hym., Proctotrupoidea, Diapriidae)
Authors: CHAMBERS V. H.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of a new species of Pantoclis. Paroxylabis laticeps Hellén and the male of Aclista janssoni Nixon, are also described. The three species are from Great Britain.
Redescriptions of Plutarchia Girault and Axanthosoma Girault with the description of a new species of Plutarchia from Nigeria (Eurytomidae: Hymenoptera)
Authors: RAO B. R. SUBBA
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

Redescriptions are given of the genera Plutarchia and Axanthosoma. Keys are given to the three species of Axanthosoma and the three species of Plutarchia one of which is described as new from Nigeria.
Wing and haltere venation in larvae of the Austrosimulium (Austrosimulium) australense group from New Zealand (Diptera: Simuliidae)
Authors: CROSBY T. K.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

The venation pattern found in the developing wing and haltere buds of larvae is compared with the adult venation in the Austrosimulium (Austro‐simulium) australense group of Simuliidae.
Redescription of the neotropical Psychodidae (Diptera, Nematocera) described by Rapp and Curran
Authors: DUCKHOUSE D. A.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

Five neotropical Psychodidae collected by Curran and described cursorily by Rapp, are redescribed and figured from the type material. Their affinities are discussed. One of Curran's species is placed in synonymy.
The sexspiaosa‐group of the ant genus Polyrhachis F. Smith (Hym. Formicidae)
Authors: BOLTON BARRY
Published: September 2010

The sexspinosa‐group of Polyrhachis is revised. Twelve species are recognised, two of which are described as new. Sixteen synonyms are recognised, mostly of infra‐specific taxa. A key to the species and diagnostic notes of each species are included.
Psocomorpha (Psocoptera) collected on recent expeditions to South America
Authors: NEW T. R. , THORNTON I. W. B.
Published: September 2010

Psocomorpha from recent collections in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Uruguay are enumerated and described. Thirty‐four new species are described, representing the families Caeciliidae (8), Amphipsocidae (2), Lachesillidae (5), Pseudocaeciliidae (2), Philotarsidae (3), Hemipsocidae (I), Psocidae (II), and Myopsocidae (2). Notes on six previously described species are given.
A review of the bloodsucking midges of Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies (Diptera:Ceratopogonidae)*
Authors: AITKEN THOMAS H. G. , WIRTH WILLIS W. , WILLIAMS ROGER W. , DAVIES JOHN B. , TIKASINGH ELISHA S.
Published: September 2010

Data are presented recording the presence of 49 species of bloodsucking cerato‐pogonids in Trinidad, West Indies. Of these, 45 areCulicoides, one is aLeptoconops, and three belong toForcipomyia (Lasiohelea).Five species are reported from Tobago: threeCulicoides, oneLeptoconops, and oneLasiohelea.The males ofCulicoides benarrochiandC. fluviatilisare described for the first time, and the female ofC. debilipalpisis redescribed.Culicoides filariferusandC. pseudodiabolicusare resurrected from synonymy, and characters are presented distinguishing them fromC. diabolicusandC. guttatus.Biological data and keys to genera and species are included.
A new bat‐flea from Australia
Authors: SMIT F. G. A. M.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of an undescribed bat‐flea found in a jar with an alcohol‐preserved specimen of the Australian giant false vampire bat and a new genus is erected for its inclusion.
The larvae of the British genera of Cantharidae (Coleoptera)
Authors: FITTON M. G.
Published: September 2010

The larvae of the six British genera (Cantharis, Malthinus, Malthodes, Podabrus, Rhagonycha and Silis) of Cantharidae are described. The characters available for classification are discussed and a key to the genera is provided.
On the life cycle of Pemphigus (Pemphiginus) populi Courchet with a key to British species of Pemphigus Hartig (Hornoptera: Aphidoidea)
Authors: FURK C. , PRIOR R. N. B.
Published: September 2010

Experimental and field observations are given on the biology of Pemphigus (Pemphiginus) populi Courchet with a description of the secondary host morphs from the roots of Melilotus altissima, Lathyrus pratensis and Medicago lupulina. Twelve species of Pemphigus Hartig are recorded for Britain in three subgenera: Pemphigus with nine species, borealis Tullgren, bursarius L., filaginis (B. de F.), gairi Stroyan, phenax Börner and Blunck, pvotospirae Licht., rubiradicis Theob., saliciradicis (Börner) and spirothecae Pass.; Parathecabius with two species, lysimachiae (Börner) and auriculae (Murray); Pemphiginus with one species populi Courchet. A key to the alate migrants, alate sexuparae and apterous alienicolae is given with notes on the biology of all the species except borealis and rubiradicis.
Management of malignant left‐sided large bowel obstruction: a comparison between colonic stents and surgery
Authors: White Stephen I. , Abdool S. Ibrahim , Frenkiel Brett , Braun William V.
Published: September 2010

Background:  Management of distal malignant large bowel obstruction (LBO) remains challenging. Acute surgical intervention is often associated with poorer clinical outcome compared to an elective procedure. Self‐expandable metallic stents (SEMS) as a bridge to surgery (BTS) or palliation remain controversial and are not yet widely available.

Methods:  From 1998 to 2008, a retrospective analysis of the patients presenting with an acute malignant LBO to The Tweed Public and John Flynn Private Hospitals was performed.

Results:  Fifty‐six admissions with malignant distal colonic obstruction were reviewed. On an intention to treat, patients underwent either stent 30 or surgery 26. American Association of Anaesthetists (ASA) scores, obesity rates and palliative procedures were all higher in the stent group. Inpatient deaths numbered four (two stent group, two surgery group). The technical success of inserted stents was 29/30, while clinical success was 27/30. Complications both medical, surgical and intensive care unit admissions were more common in the surgical group. Length of stay was 8.5 days for stent and 17.7 days for surgery. Of the 25 successful stent survivors, 14 were palliative and 11 were BTS.

Conclusions:  SEMS are effective in treatment of LBO either as palliation or BTS. They are associated with an overall better outcome and improved quality of life of patients. Surgery is indicated where SEMS are unavailable or have failed.
Quality of life after penile reconstruction using the radial forearm flap in adult bladder exstrophy patients – technique and outcomes
Authors: Ricketts Sophie , Hunter‐Smith David James , Coombs Christopher John
Published: September 2010

Background:  Patients who have undergone reconstruction of bladder extrophy can have an extremely short penis, which can be functionally and psychologically debilitating. Penile reconstruction with the radial forearm free flap has the potential to provide these patients with improved genital appearance and sexual function. Quality of life after penile reconstruction is an important outcome measure in evaluation of the procedure.

Methods:  We describe five patients who underwent total penile reconstruction with radial forearm free flaps and interview them with a quality of life questionnaire.

Results:  Responses were overwhelmingly positive with regard to improved self‐image as well as sexual function.

Conclusions:  This series supports the overwhelmingly positive change in quality of life to be gained with radial forearm free flap penile reconstruction for patients with an extremely short native penis in the adult exstrophy patient.
Dangerous toys
Authors: Scott Alison , Dansey Rangi , Hamill James
Published: September 2010

Background:  Motorcycles are sources of significant injury for children. There is limited data describing New Zealand's experience. The study's aim was to quantify the burden of motorcycle trauma presenting to Starship Children's Hospital by assessing the annual admission rates, severity and pattern of injuries, and patient mortality, and to compare injury patterns of those riding all‐terrain vehicles (ATV) and two‐wheeled motorbikes (MB).

Methods:  Retrospective chart review of all motorcycle trauma admissions to Starship Children's Hospital between November 1999 and December 2008. Patients were identified using the Starship Trauma Registry.

Results:  One hundred forty‐six admissions (123 MBs, 23 ATVs). Admissions have increased threefold in 9 years. Mean age was 10.5 years (range 2–14 years). ATV riders were significantly younger than MB riders (median 9 and 12 years, P = 0.001). Eighty‐five per cent of patients were male and New Zealand European. There were two deaths in the study. Median length of stay was 2 days (1–80 days); 7.4% required intensive care admission. The median injury severity score (ISS) was 4 (1–35). Twenty‐six per cent of ATV riders had an ISS >12, and 8.9% of MB riders had and ISS >12, P = 0.03. Eighty‐five per cent of patients with an ISS >12 were under 12 years. Sixty per cent of patients required an operative procedure. No difference in pattern of injuries between in ATVs and motorbikes.

Conclusions:  Motorcycle trauma admissions are increasing. ATV riders are more severely injured and younger than MB riders. Children <12 years are more likely to be severely injured in comparison to those >12 years.
Linking stoichiometric homoeostasis with ecosystem structure, functioning and stability
Authors: Yu Qiang , Chen Quansheng , Elser James J. , He Nianpeng , Wu Honghui , Zhang Guangming , Wu Jianguo , Bai Yongfei , Han Xingguo
Published: September 2010

Ecology Letters (2010) 13: 1390–1399

Ecosystem structure, functioning and stability have been a focus of ecological and environmental sciences during the past two decades. The mechanisms underlying their relationship, however, are not well understood. Based on comprehensive studies in Inner Mongolia grassland, here we show that species‐level stoichiometric homoeostasis was consistently positively correlated with dominance and stability on both 2‐year and 27‐year temporal scales and across a 1200‐km spatial transect. At the community level, stoichiometric homoeostasis was also positively correlated with ecosystem function and stability in most cases. Thus, homoeostatic species tend to have high and stable biomass; and ecosystems dominated by more homoeostatic species have higher productivity and greater stability. By modulating organism responses to key environmental drivers, stoichiometric homoeostasis appears to be a major mechanism responsible for the structure, functioning and stability of grassland ecosystems.
A blueprint of ectoine metabolism from the genome of the industrial producer Halomonas elongata DSM 2581T
Authors: Schwibbert Karin , Marin‐Sanguino Alberto , Bagyan Irina , Heidrich Gabriele , Lentzen Georg , Seitz Harald , Rampp Markus , Schuster Stephan C. , Klenk Hans‐Peter , Pfeiffer Friedhelm , Oesterhelt Dieter , Kunte Hans Jörg
Published: September 2010

The halophilic γ‐proteobacterium Halomonas elongata DSM 2581T thrives at high salinity by synthesizing and accumulating the compatible solute ectoine. Ectoine levels are highly regulated according to external salt levels but the overall picture of its metabolism and control is not well understood. Apart from its critical role in cell adaptation to halophilic environments, ectoine can be used as a stabilizer for enzymes and as a cell protectant in skin and health care applications and is thus produced annually on a scale of tons in an industrial process using H. elongata as producer strain. This paper presents the complete genome sequence of H. elongata (4 061 296 bp) and includes experiments and analysis identifying and characterizing the entire ectoine metabolism, including a newly discovered pathway for ectoine degradation and its cyclic connection to ectoine synthesis. The degradation of ectoine (doe) proceeds via hydrolysis of ectoine (DoeA) to Nα‐acetyl‐l‐2,4‐diaminobutyric acid, followed by deacetylation to diaminobutyric acid (DoeB). In H. elongata, diaminobutyric acid can either flow off to aspartate or re‐enter the ectoine synthesis pathway, forming a cycle of ectoine synthesis and degradation. Genome comparison revealed that the ectoine degradation pathway exists predominantly in non‐halophilic bacteria unable to synthesize ectoine. Based on the resulting genetic and biochemical data, a metabolic flux model of ectoine metabolism was derived that can be used to understand the way H. elongata survives under varying salt stresses and that provides a basis for a model‐driven improvement of industrial ectoine production.