bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new multi‐scale model based on CFD and macroscopic calculation for corrugated structured packing column
Authors: Sun B. , He L. , Liu B.T. , Gu F. , Liu C.J.
Published: February 2013

A multi‐scale approach with the combination of computational fluid dynamic (CFD) and macroscopic calculation methods has been proposed to predict the hydrodynamics behavior in the corrugated structured packing column. On the basis of the concept of the representative unit, the three‐dimensional (3‐D) volume of fluid (VOF) model of the structured packing is applied in the small scale simulation, and the stream split fraction coefficients and effective wetted area ratio are calculated. The unit network model, which is a mechanistic model, is applied in large scale calculation basing on the small scale results. The liquid holdup distribution in the entire column can be available by this multi‐scale method. A comparison between the simulation results and the experimental data of our previous work is given to validate the present model. The multi‐scale model is proved to be prospective to assist the analysis and design of structure packing columns in chemical engineering. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 3119–3130, 2013
Minimal perfusion flow for osteogenic growth of mesenchymal stem cells on lattice scaffolds
Authors: Campolo Marina , Curcio Francesco , Soldati Alfredo
Published: February 2013

A modeling approach to identify sets of culture conditions to promote homogeneous growth of cells in perfusion bioreactors equipped with regular shape scaffolds is proposed. We identify cases in which dynamic culturing is necessary using a zero‐dimensional mass transport and reaction model. Then, based on the three‐dimensional (3‐D) rendering of the flow field inside the bioreactor, we identify regions where cellular growth may become critical; finally, using a 1‐D mass transport and reaction model, we calculate the minimal perfusion flow necessary to maintain the cellular growth rate above a target threshold. The developed approach is used to analyze culturing conditions inside an indirect perfusion bioreactor equipped with a lattice scaffold. Regions where the perfusion flow is inadequate to foster cellular growth at the desired rate are identified. The perfusion flow required to maintain the target growth rate inside the bioreactor is calculated. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 3131–3144, 2013
Reduced mortality rates in a cohort of long‐term underground iron‐ore miners
Authors: Björ Ove , Jonsson Håkan , Damber Lena , Wahlström Jens , Nilsson Tohr
Published: February 2013

Background

Historically, working in iron‐ore mines has been associated with an increased risk of lung cancer and silicosis. However, studies on other causes of mortality are inconsistent and in the case of cancer incidence, sparse. The aim of this study was to examine the association between iron‐ore mining, mortality and cancer incidence.

Methods

A 54‐year cohort study on iron‐ore miners from mines in northern Sweden was carried out comprising 13,000 workers. Standardized rate ratios were calculated comparing the disease frequency, mortality, and cancer incidence with that of the general population of northern Sweden. Poisson regression was used to evaluate the association between the durations of employment and underground work, and outcome.

Results

Underground mining was associated with a significant decrease in adjusted mortality rate ratios for cerebrovascular and digestive system diseases, and stroke. For several outcomes, elevated standardized rate ratios were observed among blue‐collar workers relative to the reference population. However, only the incidence of lung cancer increased with employment time underground (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Long‐term iron‐ore mining underground was associated with lower rates regarding several health outcomes. This is possibly explained by factors related to actual job activities, environmental exposure, or the selection of healthier workers for long‐term underground employment. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:531–540, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dental wear among cercopithecid monkeys of the Taï forest, Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Morse Paul E. , Daegling David J. , McGraw W. Scott , Pampush James D.
Published: February 2013

Studies of dental macrowear can be useful for understanding masticatory and ingestive behavior, life history, and for inferring dietary information from the skeletal material of extinct and extant primates. Such studies to date have tended to focus on one or two teeth, potentially missing information that can be garnered through examination of wear patterns across the tooth row. Our study measured macrowear in the postcanine teeth of three sympatric cercopithecid species from the Taï Forest, Côte d'Ivoire (Cercocebus atys, Procolobus badius, and Colobus polykomos), whose diets have been well‐described. Inter‐specific analyses suggest that different diets and ingestive behaviors are characterized by different patterns of wear across the molar row, with Cercocebus atys emphasizing tooth use near P4‐M1, P. badius emphasizing a large amount of tooth use near M2‐M3, and Colobus polykomos exhibiting wear more evenly across the postcanine teeth. Information regarding differential tooth use across the molar row may be more informative than macrowear analysis of isolated teeth for making inferences about primate feeding behavior. Am J Phys Anthropol 150:655–665, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gespannte Moleküle in der Naturstoffsynthese
Authors: Wilson Matthew R. , Taylor Richard E.
Published: February 2013

Gespannte Moleküle sind von außerordentlichem Interesse in der Chemie, und ihre hochenergetischen Bindungen dienen als “Treibstoff” für komplexe Synthesen. Entwicklungen auf diesem Gebiet führten in jüngster Zeit zur vermehrten Nutzung gespannter Alkene als Intermediate in der Naturstoffsynthese. Dieser Kurzaufsatz präsentiert diese neuen Fortschritte zusammen mit Entwicklungen im Hinblick auf das Verständnis der einzigartigen Reaktivität gespannter Alkene.
Photonen aufkonvertierende Nanopartikel zur optischen Codierung und zum Multiplexing von Zellen, Biomolekülen und Mikrosphären
Authors: Gorris Hans H. , Wolfbeis Otto S.
Published: February 2013

Photonen aufkonvertierende Nanopartikel (photon upconverting nanoparticles, UCNPs) sind Lanthanoid‐dotierte Nanokristalle, die unter Nahinfrarotanregung sichtbares Licht emittieren (Anti‐Stokes‐Emission). Diese einzigartige optische Eigenschaft schließt Hintergrundfluoreszenz und Lichtstreuung durch biologisches Material aus. Ein weiteres Kennzeichen der UCNPs ist die Emission von mehreren schmalen Emissionslinien, was neue Wege für die optische Codierung bereitet. Eindeutige Emissionssignaturen können erzielt werden, indem man die Mehrfachemission der UCNPs durch die Zusammensetzung der Dotanden oder durch eine Oberflächenmodifikation mit Farbstoffen einstellt. Wenn nur die Intensität einer Emissionslinie justiert wird, während eine weitere Emissionslinie als konstantes Referenzsignal fungiert, können ratiometrische Codes entwickelt werden, die unabhängig von Schwankungen der absoluten Signalintensitäten sind. Die Kombination mehrerer UCNPs, die jeweils durch ihre Kennung aus Emissionslinien eindeutig identifizierbar sind, erhöht den Umfang der Codierungen exponentiell und schafft so die Voraussetzungen zur Steigerung der Mehrfachdetektion von Analyten. Dieser Aufsatz zeigt das Potenzial der UCNPs zur Markierung und Codierung von Biomolekülen, Mikrosphären und sogar ganzen Zellen auf.
Mechanical properties and network structure of phenol resin crosslinked hydrogenated acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber
Authors: Osaka Noboru , Kato Masahiro , Saito Hiromu
Published: February 2013

The tough and stretchable crosslinked hydrogenated acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber (HNBR) could be prepared by resol type phenol resin as a crosslinker. The mechanical properties and the network structure of the phenol resin crosslinked HNBR were investigated by comparing with those of the peroxide crosslinked HNBR having the higher crosslink density and the heterogeneous network structure. The elastic modulus and the strain at break of the phenol resin crosslinked HNBR were much higher than those of the peroxide one. The residual strain was below 20 % after stretching up to 650 % and then releasing from the cramps. Since the crosslink density is low, the high elastic modulus and the good recovery deformation are attributed to the stiffness and rigidity of the crosslink junctions obtained by phenol resin. Small‐angle X‐ray scattering measurements revealed that the network structure is spatially homogeneous and the results of the wide angle X‐ray diffraction indicate that the strain‐induced crystallization is suppressed, which enable the longer elongation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Preparation of polyester resin/graphene oxide nanocomposite with improved mechanical strength
Authors: Bora Chandramika , Gogoi Pronob , Baglari Silpi , Dolui Swapan K.
Published: February 2013

Graphene oxide (GO) has attracted huge scientific interest due to its unique physical and chemical properties as well as its wide‐scale applicability including facile synthesis and high yield. Here, we report preparation of nanocomposites based on GO and unsaturated polyester resin (PE). The synthesized samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and tensile strength measurements. A good dispersion of the GO sheets within the resin matrix was observed from the morphological analysis. A significant enhancement in mechanical properties of the PE/GO composites is obtained at low graphene loading. Around 76% improvement of tensile strength and 41% increase of Young's modulus of the composites are achieved at 3 wt % loading of GO. Thermal analysis of the composite showed a noticeable improvement in thermal stability in comparison to neat PE. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Effects of isolation and fishing on the marine ecosystems of Easter Island and Salas y Gómez, Chile
Authors: Friedlander Alan M. , Ballesteros Enric , Beets Jim , Berkenpas Eric , Gaymer Carlos F. , Gorny Matthias , Sala Enric
Published: February 2013

An expedition to Salas y Gómez and Easter islands was conducted to develop a comprehensive baseline of the nearshore marine ecosystem, to survey seamounts of the recently created Motu Motiro Hiva Marine Park (MMHMP) – a no‐take marine reserve of 150 000 km2 – and to compare these results with Easter Island where the marine ecosystem is similar but has no marine protection.

Live coral cover was surprisingly high at both Easter Island (53%) and Salas y Gómez (44%), especially considering their sub‐tropical location, high wave energy environments, and geographic isolation.

Endemic and regionally‐endemic species comprised 77% of the fish abundance at Easter Island and 73% at Salas y Gómez. Fish biomass at Salas y Gómez was relatively high (1.2 t ha‐1) and included a large proportion of apex predators (43%), whereas at Easter Island it was almost three times lower (0.45 t ha‐1) with large predators accounting for less than 2% of the biomass, despite good habitat quality.

The large cohort of small sharks and the absence of larger sharks at Salas y Gómez suggest mesopredator release consistent with recent shark fishing. The fish fauna at the seamounts between Easter Island and Salas y Gómez, outside of MMHMP, harboured 46% endemic species, including a new species of damselfish (Chromis sp. nov.) and probably a new species of Chimaera (Hydrolagus). Numerous seamounts adjacent to Salas y Gómez are currently not included in the MMHMP.

This expedition highlights the high biodiversity value of this remote part of the Pacific owing to the uniqueness (endemicity) of the fauna, large apex predator biomass, and geographic isolation.

Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of potential biomarkers from microarray experiments using multiple criteria optimization
Authors: Sánchez‐Peña Matilde L. , Isaza Clara E. , Pérez‐Morales Jaileene , Rodríguez‐Padilla Cristina , Castro José M. , Cabrera‐Ríos Mauricio
Published: February 2013

Microarray experiments are capable of determining the relative expression of tens of thousands of genes simultaneously, thus resulting in very large databases. The analysis of these databases and the extraction of biologically relevant knowledge from them are challenging tasks. The identification of potential cancer biomarker genes is one of the most important aims for microarray analysis and, as such, has been widely targeted in the literature. However, identifying a set of these genes consistently across different experiments, researches, microarray platforms, or cancer types is still an elusive endeavor. Besides the inherent difficulty of the large and nonconstant variability in these experiments and the incommensurability between different microarray technologies, there is the issue of the users having to adjust a series of parameters that significantly affect the outcome of the analyses and that do not have a biological or medical meaning. In this study, the identification of potential cancer biomarkers from microarray data is casted as a multiple criteria optimization (MCO) problem. The efficient solutions to this problem, found here through data envelopment analysis (DEA), are associated to genes that are proposed as potential cancer biomarkers. The method does not require any parameter adjustment by the user, and thus fosters repeatability. The approach also allows the analysis of different microarray experiments, microarray platforms, and cancer types simultaneously. The results include the analysis of three publicly available microarray databases related to cervix cancer. This study points to the feasibility of modeling the selection of potential cancer biomarkers from microarray data as an MCO problem and solve it using DEA. Using MCO entails a new optic to the identification of potential cancer biomarkers as it does not require the definition of a threshold value to establish significance for a particular gene and the selection of a normalization procedure to compare different experiments is no longer necessary.
The Involvement of Clinical Psychologists in Child Protection Work
Authors: McKenzie Karen , Cossar Jill
Published: February 2013

Key Practitioner Messages:

Most clinical psychologists are involved in child protection and see the key advantages as: increased protection of children; provision of psychological expertise and evidence‐based practice.

Identified barriers to this work were difficulties due to multi‐agency work and limited time and resources.

Most participants rated themselves as at least ‘medium’ on confidence, motivation, interest, skills and experience in relation to child protection, with those working in the child specialty having significantly higher ratings.
Supported Noble Metals on Hydrogen‐Treated TiO2 Nanotube Arrays as Highly Ordered Electrodes for Fuel Cells
Authors: Zhang Changkun , Yu Hongmei , Li Yongkun , Gao Yuan , Zhao Yun , Song Wei , Shao Zhigang , Yi Baolian
Published: February 2013

Hydrogen‐treated TiO2 nanotube (H–TNT) arrays serve as highly ordered nanostructured electrode supports, which are able to significantly improve the electrochemical performance and durability of fuel cells. The electrical conductivity of H–TNTs increases by approximately one order of magnitude in comparison to air‐treated TNTs. The increase in the number of oxygen vacancies and hydroxyl groups on the H–TNTs help to anchor a greater number of Pt atoms during Pt electrodeposition. The H–TNTs are pretreated by using a successive ion adsorption and reaction (SIAR) method that enhances the loading and dispersion of Pt catalysts when electrodeposited. In the SIAR method a Pd activator can be used to provide uniform nucleation sites for Pt and leads to increased Pt loading on the H‐TNTs. Furthermore, fabricated Pt nanoparticles with a diameter of 3.4 nm are located uniformly around the pretreated H–TNT support. The as‐prepared and highly ordered electrodes exhibit excellent stability during accelerated durability tests, particularly for the H–TNT‐loaded Pt catalysts that have been annealed in ultrahigh purity H2 for a second time. There is minimal decrease in the electrochemical surface area of the as‐prepared electrode after 1000 cycles compared to a 68 % decrease for the commercial JM 20 % Pt/C electrode after 800 cycles. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows that after the H–TNT‐loaded Pt catalysts are annealed in H2 for the second time, the strong metal–support interaction between the H–TNTs and the Pt catalysts enhances the electrochemical stability of the electrodes. Fuel‐cell testing shows that the power density reaches a maximum of 500 mW cm−2 when this highly ordered electrode is used as the anode. When used as the cathode in a fuel cell with extra‐low Pt loading, the new electrode generates a specific power density of 2.68 kW gPt−1. It is indicated that H–TNT arrays, which have highly ordered nanostructures, could be used as ordered electrode supports.
Expression of sall4 in taste buds of zebrafish
Authors: Jackson Robyn , Braubach Oliver R. , Bilkey Jessica , Zhang Jing , Akimenko Marie‐Andrée , Fine Alan , Croll Roger P. , Jonz Michael G.
Published: February 2013

We characterized the expression of sall4, a gene encoding a zinc finger transcription factor involved in the maintenance of embryonic stem cells, in taste buds of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Using an enhancer trap line (ET5), we detected enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in developing and adult transgenic zebrafish in regions containing taste buds: the lips, branchial arches, and the nasal and maxillary barbels. Localization of EGFP to taste cells of the branchial arches and lips was confirmed by co‐immunolabeling with antibodies against calretinin and serotonin, and a zebrafish‐derived neuronal marker (zn‐12). Transgenic insertion of the ET construct into the zebrafish genome was evaluated and mapped to chromosome 23 in proximity (i.e. 23 kb) to the sall4 gene. In situ hybridization and expression analysis between 24 and 96 h post‐fertilization (hpf) demonstrated that transgenic egfp expression in ET5 zebrafish was correlated with the spatial and temporal pattern of expression of sall4 in the wild‐type. Expression was first observed in the central nervous system and branchial arches at 24 hpf. At 48 hpf, sall4 and egfp expression was observed in taste bud primordia surrounding the mouth and branchial arches. At 72 and 96 hpf, expression was detected in the upper and lower lips and branchial arches. Double fluorescence in situ hybridization at 3 and 10 dpf confirmed colocalization of sall4 and egfp in the lips and branchial arches. These studies reveal sall4 expression in chemosensory cells and implicate this transcription factor in the development and renewal of taste epithelia in zebrafish. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 73: 543–558, 2013
Aminoalkylation of Indoles with α‐Polyfluoroalkylated Cyclic Imines
Authors: Shevchenko Nikolay E. , Shmatova Olga I. , Balenkova Elisabeth S. , Röschenthaler Gerd‐Volker , Nenajdenko Valentine G.
Published: February 2013

The reaction of cyclic ketimines with indoles was studied. A dramatic difference between the electrophilicity of perfluoroalkyl‐substituted and non‐fluorinated imines was demonstrated. In good agreement with our calculations, the Friedel–Crafts‐type alkylation of indoles only takes place with α‐polyfluoroalkylated cyclic imines that are activated by boron trifluoride–diethyl ether. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions and provides the opportunity to obtain promising alkaloid‐like structures that contain a fluoroalkyl group. As a result, α‐CF3‐ and α‐C2F5‐substituted pyrrolidines, piperidines, and azepanes that contain an indole moiety can be prepared efficiently.
Crustal reworking in the North China Craton at ~2.5 Ga: evidence from zircon U–Pb age, Hf isotope and whole rock geochemistry of the felsic volcano‐sedimentary rocks from the western Shandong Province
Authors: Wang Wei , Zhai Mingguo , Wang Shijin , Santosh M. , Du Lilin , Xie Hangqiang , Lv Bin , Wan Yusheng
Published: February 2013

The western Shandong Province (WSP) is one of the typical Neoarchaean granite–greenstone belts in the Eastern Block of the North China Craton (NCC) and is an important region to investigate the early Precambrian evolutionary history of the NCC. The Taishan association, consisting of a ~2.7 Ga komatiite–tholeiite sequence and a ~2.5 Ga felsic volcano‐sedimentary sequence, is the major lithological assemblage in the WSP. In the Qixingtai area, the felsic volcano‐sedimentary sequence, partly subjected to anatexis, is composed of hornblende gneiss, voluminous fine‐grained biotite gneiss and biotite plagioclase gneiss. SHRIMP zircon dating shows that the protolith of the biotite plagioclase gneiss formed after ca. 2.53 Ga. The tonalite intrusion into the volcanic protoliths of the fine‐grained biotite gneiss and biotite plagioclase gneiss occurred at 2.52 Ga. Our age data constrain the time of formation of the felsic volcano‐sedimentary sequence in the Taishan area as 2.53–2.52 Ga. The majority of zircons from the felsic volcano‐sedimentary rocks have intermediate εHf(t) values (−1.2 to +2.1). The whole rock Nd isotopes of the Taishan felsic volcano‐sedimentary rocks yield the εNd(t = 2522 Ma) values of +2.6 to −1.8 and TDM2 ages 3.03–2.68 Ga. These values indicate the pre‐existing crust was reworked at the end of the Neoarchaean (~2.5 Ga).

The Taishan felsic volcano‐sedimentary rocks are rhyodacite–dacite and andesite in composition. These rocks and the tonalite display similar high SiO2 (65–72 wt.%) and low MgO (1–2 wt.%) content. In contrast, the minor andesites in the area have lower SiO2 (61–62 wt.%) and higher MgO (5.3–6.3 wt.%), suggesting more mantle contribution during their petrogenesis. However, the Mg‐rich andesites have identical rare earth element and multi‐element patterns with the rhyodacite–dacites and distinguish them from the Taishan sanukitoids. We suggest that the 2.53–2.52 Ga felsic volcanics of the Taishan association are the products of partial melting of a subducted oceanic crust. The andesites were produced by minor modification of the ascending tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite‐type magma by the mantle wedge.

Our study indicates that (1) the tectonic regime of the WSP greenstone belt was dominated by an arc‐subduction system at ~2.52 Ga and (2) the 2.53–2.52 Ga felsic volcano‐sedimentary rocks and intrusive tonalite are the products of crustal reworking. The felsic volcano‐sedimentary sequence of the Taishan association and other ~2.5 Ga arc‐like assemblages in the NCC provide important clues to understand the nature of the tectonothermal events at the end of the Neoarchaean. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Circulating tumor cells in pancreatic cancer patients: Methods of detection and clinical implications
Authors: Tjensvoll Kjersti , Nordgård Oddmund , Smaaland Rune
Published: February 2013

The poor prognosis of pancreatic cancer patients is associated with the frequent and early dissemination of the disease, as well as late detection due to unspecific and late symptoms from the primary tumor. Pancreatic cancers frequently spread to the liver, lung and skeletal system, suggesting that pancreatic tumor cells must be able to intravasate and travel through the circulation to distant organs. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are tumor cells that have acquired the ability to enter the circulatory system; this cell population is ultimately responsible for the development of metastases in distant organs. Clinical studies have revealed that the presence of CTCs in blood is correlated with disease progression for other cancers, such as breast, colorectal and prostate cancer. However, as CTCs are extremely rare, both enrichment and sensitive methods of detection are required for their enumeration. This review highlights various enrichment procedures and methods for the detection of CTCs. Furthermore, we systematically review previously reported studies of the clinical relevance of CTC detection in pancreatic cancer patients. There is evidence that the presence of CTCs also correlates with an unfavorable outcome in pancreatic cancer patients. However, technical/methodological issues may explain why some studies only show a trend toward an association between CTC detection and disease progression. Larger studies, as well as characterization of the CTC population, are required to achieve further insight into the clinical implications of CTC detection in pancreatic cancer patients.
South Korean College Students' Holland Types and Career Compromise Processes
Authors: Joeng Ju‐Ri , Turner Sherri L. , Lee Ki‐Hak
Published: February 2013

This study explored South Korean college students' career compromise processes and examined whether preferences for sex type, prestige, or interests would be differentiated by Holland theme interest types, gender, or college major. Participants were South Korean undergraduate students from 2 universities in Seoul, South Korea. They were asked to choose 1 occupation from each of 168 pairs of occupations using a forced‐choice format. A total of 376 surveys were analyzed. There were significant main effects for Holland interest types and for gender but not for college major on their career compromise processes. Implications for career counselors and researchers are discussed.
The Career Development Facilitator Project: Then and Now
Authors: Hoppin Judith M. , Splete Howard H.
Published: February 2013

The National Career Development Association (NCDA) has consistently been involved in the professional training of individuals who provide career development services for youth and adults. It has provided outstanding leadership in the field of career development. NCDA's impact on the training of professionals and paraprofessionals working in the career development field is evident in its support of the Career Development Facilitator (CDF) project and delivery of CDF training. This article provides a history of the CDF project, its development and expansion from national to international use, current developments in the project, and its impact on the careers of those involved.
The History of Interest Inventories and Career Assessments in Career Counseling
Authors: Harrington Thomas , Long Jennifer
Published: February 2013

Interest inventories and career assessments continue to be used to support practitioners as they work to uncover client interests, abilities, skills, motivations, values, and other personal factors that help individuals self‐define and construct their career. The skilled use of career inventories and assessments remains a minimum competency of career service providers' ability to successfully partner with their clients. A history of the evolution of assessment from 1914 through 1974 and considerations for the future of assessment are highlighted to provide historical perspective to inform practitioners as they serve the diverse needs of complex client populations.
Elongated hindguts in desert‐living dung beetles (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) feeding on dry dung pellets or plant litter
Authors: Holter Peter , Scholtz Clarke H.
Published: February 2013

Most adult dung beetles (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) feed on fresh, wet dung of larger herbivorous or omnivorous mammals. As refractory plant fragments are selected out before ingestion, the food is presumed easily digestible. However, members of the desert‐living scarabaeine genus Pachysoma (probably evolved from an ancestor closely related to the wet‐dung feeding genus Scarabaeus) select dry dung pellets and/or plant litter. Thus, they ingest a much higher proportion of structural plant material, which nevertheless appears to be digested rather efficiently. This study investigates morphological modifications of the gut for this digestion in adults of eight Pachysoma species, both pellet and litter feeders. To ascertain hypothesized ancestral conditions, four fresh‐dung feeding Scarabaeus species were also examined. The latter have the usual dung beetle gut consisting of a long, simple midgut, followed by an equally simple, much shorter hindgut of the same width. Lengths of midguts (M) and hindguts (H) divided by body length (B) for comparison between species of different size are: 4.9–6.3 (M/B) and 0.7–0.8 (H/B), which is normal for dung feeders. In Pachysoma, lengths are 6.3–6.5 (M/B) and 1.0–1.4 (H/B) in pellet feeders, and 4.4–5.0 (M/B) and 2.0–2.5 (H/B) for litter feeders. Hindguts are still morphologically undifferentiated and of midgut width, but clearly longer, particularly in litter feeders. Presumably, plant fragments in the food are digested, at least partly, in the hindgut. If so, the morphological adaptation is unusual: simple elongation rather than the expansion of part of the hindgut, as found in several other plant‐ or detritus‐feeding scarabaeids. J. Morphol. 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cost‐Effectiveness of Soil and Water Conservation Measures on the Catchment Sediment Budget–The Laaba Watershed Case Study, Burkina Faso
Authors: Grimaldi S. , Angeluccetti I. , Coviello V. , Vezza P.
Published: February 2013

In the Sahelian region, the high precipitation intensity and the daily rainfall extreme values are currently the main cause of soil erosion and land degradation. In addition, solid transport often leads to reservoir siltation and reduction of the amount of water available for agriculture. To cope with these issues, Soil and Water Conservation (SWC) measures have been regularly employed in the Sahelian area. However, a proper cost‐effectiveness analysis of the impact of SWC interventions on the catchment sediment budget normally requires quantitative surveys on erosion and sedimentation processes. Where data for calibration and validation of models are scarce, an overall methodology to evaluate the economical sustainability of a proposed intervention can be of paramount importance. The study herein proposed aims to assess the monetary sustainability of SWC measures in limiting the reservoir siltation of the Laaba dam (Yatenga District, Northern Burkina Faso). In particular, the catchment sediment budget was estimated by means of morphological and pedologic parameters and dam sedimentation rates; a cost‐effectiveness analysis was then performed to assess the economic sustainability of a possible SWC intervention. The proposed methodology showed interesting potentials for land and water management in Burkina Faso, particularly when data and financial resources are limited and where the application of detailed process‐based models is not possible. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linear Sturm‐Liouville problems with multi‐point boundary conditions
Authors: Kong Lingju , Kong Qingkai , Kwong Man K. , Wong James S. W.
Published: February 2013

We study second order linear Sturm‐Liouville problems which involve one or two multi‐point boundary conditions. Conditions for the existence of a sequence of positive eigenvalues with consecutive zero counts of the eigenfunctions are derived. We also show that these eigenvalues are algebraically simple. Moreover, we obtain certain interlacing relations between the eigenvalues of Sturm‐Liouville problems with multi‐point boundary conditions and those with two‐point separated boundary conditions. The work for multi‐point Sturm‐Liouville problems will set up a foundation for the further studies of nonlinear boundary value problems with multi‐point boundary conditions.
Conveying genomic recurrence risk estimates to patients with early‐stage breast cancer: oncologist perspectives
Authors: Spellman Elizabeth , Sulayman Nadiyah , Eggly Susan , Peshkin Beth N. , Isaacs Claudine , Schwartz Marc D. , O'Neill Suzanne C.
Published: February 2013

Objective

The development and increased use of genomic profiling has led to refinement of breast cancer treatment. This study sought to examine medical and surgical oncologists' perceptions of factors related to the translation and integration of Oncotype DX® (Genomic Health, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA) into routine clinical care.

Methods

Twenty oncologists (10 medical and 10 surgical oncologists) participated in qualitative interviews. Questions centered on the following themes: oncologists' perceptions about the clinical utility of testing, the impact of patient preferences on the decision to test and use results to inform treatment decisions, methods of communicating risk associated with test results to patients, and benefits of and barriers to incorporating testing into multidisciplinary care settings.

Results

Oncologists found Oncotype DX test results useful in their practice but had concerns as well. These included that some oncologists either used testing inappropriately or placed undue emphasis on the results at the expense of other clinical information. The use of intermediate test results, which have less clear clinical implications, incorporating results with patient treatment preferences, and the use of testing in multidisciplinary teams were noted as specific challenges.

Conclusion

Oncologists noted several benefits of testing and also many challenges, despite wide dissemination and common use. Education for health providers should include specific training in how to interpret and communicate the uncertainty inherent in genomic tests while integrating patient preferences to inform treatment decision making. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PEGylated Luminescent Gold Nanoclusters: Synthesis, Characterization, Bioconjugation, and Application to One‐ and Two‐Photon Cellular Imaging
Authors: Oh Eunkeu , Fatemi Fredrik K. , Currie Marc , Delehanty James B. , Pons Thomas , Fragola Alexandra , Lévêque‐Fort Sandrine , Goswami Ramasis , Susumu Kimihiro , Huston Alan L. , Medintz Igor L.
Published: February 2013

Biocompatible, near‐infrared luminescent gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) are synthesized directly in water using poly(ethylene glycol)‐dithiolane ligands terminating in either a carboxyl, amine, azide, or methoxy group. The ≈1.5 nm diameter AuNCs fluoresce at ≈820 nm with quantum yields that range from 4–8%, depending on the terminal functional group present, and display average luminescence lifetimes approaching 1.5 μs. The two‐photon absorption (TPA) cross‐section and two‐photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) properties are also measured. Long‐term testing shows the poly(ethylene glycol) stabilized AuNCs maintain colloidal stability in a variety of media ranging from saline to tissue culture growth medium along with tolerating storage of up to 2 years. DNA and dye‐conjugation reactions confirm that the carboxyl, amine, and azide groups can be utilized on the AuNCs for carbodiimide, succinimidyl ester, and CuI‐assisted cycloaddition chemistry, respectively. High signal‐to‐noise one‐ and two‐photon cellular imaging is demonstrated. The AuNCs exhibit outstanding photophysical stability during continuous‐extended imaging. Concomitant cellular viability testing shows that the AuNCs also elicit minimal cytotoxicity. Further biological applications for these luminescent nanoclustered materials are discussed.
Multifunctional Polymer‐Coated Carbon Nanotubes for Safe Drug Delivery
Authors: Moore Thomas L. , Pitzer Joshua E. , Podila Ramakrishna , Wang Xiaojia , Lewis Robert L. , Grimes Stuart W. , Wilson James R. , Skjervold Even , Brown Jared M. , Rao Apparao , Alexis Frank
Published: February 2013

Although progress in the use carbon nanotubes in medicine has been most encouraging for therapeutic and diagnostic applications, any translational success must involve overcoming the toxicological and surface functionalization challenges inherent in the use of such nanotubes. Ideally, a carbon‐nanotube‐based drug delivery system would exhibit low toxicity, sustained drug release, and persist in circulation without aggregation. Here, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) coated with a biocompatible block‐co‐polymer composed of poly(lactide)‐poly(ethylene glycol) (PLA‐PEG) are reported to reduce short‐term and long‐term toxicity, sustain drug release of paclitaxel (PTX), and prevent aggregation. The copolymer coating on the surface of CNTs significantly reduces in vitro toxicity. Moreover, the coating reduces the in vitro inflammatory response. Compared to non‐coated CNTs, in vivo studies show no long‐term inflammatory response with CNT coated with PLA‐PEG (CLP) and the surface coating significantly decreases acute toxicity by doubling the maximum tolerated dose in mice. In vivo biodistribution and histology studies suggest a lower degree of aggregation in tissues.
Efficient and secure chaotic S‐Box for wireless sensor network
Authors: Zaibi Ghada , Peyrard Fabrice , Kachouri Abdennaceur , Fournier‐Prunaret Danièle , Samet Mounir
Published: February 2013

Information security using chaotic dynamics is a novel topic in the wireless sensor network (WSN) research field. After surveying analog and digital chaotic security systems, we give a state of the art of chaotic S‐Box design. The substitution tables are nonlinear maps that strengthen and enhance block crypto‐systems. This paper deals with the design of new dynamic chaotic S‐Boxes suitable for implementation on wireless sensor nodes. Our proposed schemes are classified into two categories: S‐Box based on discrete chaotic map with floating point arithmetic (cascading piecewise linear chaotic map and a three‐dimensional map) and S‐Box based on discrete chaotic map with fixed‐point arithmetic (using discretized Lorenz map and logistic–tent map). The security analysis and implementation process on WSN are discussed. The proposed methods satisfy Good S‐Box design criteria and exceed the performance of Advanced Encryption Standard static S‐Box in some cases. The energy consumption of different proposals and existing chaotic S‐Box designs are investigated via a platform simulator and a real WSN testbed equipped with TI MSP430f1611 micro‐controller. The simulations and the experimental results show that our proposed S‐Box design with fixed‐point arithmetic Lorenz map has the lowest energy‐consuming profile compared with the other studied and proposed S‐Box design. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crossing structures reconnect federally endangered flying squirrel populations divided for 20 years by road barrier
Authors: Kelly Christine A. , Diggins Corinne A. , Lawrence Andrew J.
Published: February 2013

In the Unicoi Mountains of southwestern North Carolina, USA, a 2 lane scenic byway created a barrier to dispersal for the federally endangered Carolina northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus). Unable to glide across the road, squirrels in the divided subpopulations faced reduced access to mates, den sites, and foraging grounds. We installed 3 pairs of modified wooden utility poles as crossing structures to enable gliding over the road in both directions. Using wildlife cameras, we monitored use of the crossing poles by northern flying squirrels for 15 months. Additionally, we tracked movements of 4 radiocollared northern flying squirrels between habitat patches and checked nest boxes for evidence of squirrels crossing the road. Cameras recorded 5 still images and 25 videos of northern flying squirrels on the crossing poles, with flying squirrels leaping across the road in 56% of videos. Crossings increased from 0 crossings in a previous study to 14 crossings in this study. For the first time since crossing‐pole installation, squirrels used dens on the opposite side of the road from where they were initially captured and tagged. We believe that these structure‐assisted road crossings in the Unicois are the first observed in a North American gliding mammal. Although northern flying squirrels used crossing poles to glide over a rural, low traffic, 2‐lane road, further research should be conducted to determine whether this technique is applicable to different road types and other types of linear barriers in North America. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
N‐3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Relationship to Inflammation in Healthy Adults and Adults Exhibiting Features of Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Robinson Lindsay E. , Mazurak Vera C.
Published: February 2013

Individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS) have a higher risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, therefore, research has been directed at reducing various components that contribute to MetS and associated metabolic impairments, including chronic low‐grade inflammation. Epidemiological, human, animal and cell culture studies provide evidence that dietary n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 PUFA), including alpha‐linolenic acid (18:3n‐3, ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n‐3, EPA) and/or docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n‐3, DHA) may improve some of the components associated with MetS. The current review will discuss recent evidence from human observational and intervention studies that focused on the effects of ALA, EPA or DHA on inflammatory markers in healthy adults and those with one or more features of MetS. Observational studies in healthy adults support the recommendation that a diet rich in n‐3 fatty acids may play a role in preventing and reducing inflammation, whereas intervention studies in healthy adults have yielded inconsistent results. The majority of intervention studies in adults with features of MetS have reported a benefit for some inflammatory measures; however, other studies using high n‐3 fatty acid doses and long supplementation periods have reported no effect. Overall, the data reviewed herein support recommendations for regular fatty fish consumption and point toward health benefits in terms of lowering inflammation in adults with one or more features of MetS.
Molecular characterization and expression analysis of soluble trehalase gene in Aphis glycines, a migratory pest of soybean
Authors: Bansal Raman , Mian M. A. Rouf , Mittapalli Omprakash , Michel Andy P.
Published: February 2013

In insects, the enzyme trehalase plays a crucial role in energy metabolism, chitin synthesis and possibly during plant–insect interactions. We have characterized a soluble trehalase gene (Tre-1) from cDNA of Aphis glycines, a serious migratory pest of soybean. The full-length cDNA of Tre-1 in A. glycines (AyTre-1) was 2550 bp long with an open reading frame of 1770 bp that encoded for a 589 amino acid residues protein. Sequence assessment and phylogenetic analysis of the putative protein suggested that the selected cDNA belongs to soluble trehalase group. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis in different tissues and developmental stages revealed peak mRNA levels of AyTre-1 in the gut (compared with other tissues assayed) and highest expression in the second instar compared with the other developmental stages assayed. Interestingly, a significantly increased expression of AyTre-1 (1.9-fold, P < 0.05) was observed in the alate morphs compared with that in apterate morphs. However, there was no significant difference in AyTre-1 expression in A. glycines-nymphs fed with resistant and susceptible plants. Expression patterns identified in this study provide a platform to investigate the role of AyTre-1 in physiological activities such as flight and feeding in A. glycines. The characterization of soluble trehalase gene may help to develop novel strategies to manage A. glycines using trehalase inhibitors and using RNA interference for knock-down of AyTre-1 expression.
The association between bedding material and the bacterial counts of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis and coliform bacteria on teat skin and in teat canals in lactating dairy cattle
Authors: Paduch Jan-Hendrik , Mohr Elmar , Krömker Volker
Published: February 2013

Several mastitis-causing pathogens are able to colonize the bovine teat canal. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between the treatment of sawdust bedding with a commercial alkaline conditioner and the bacterial counts on teat skin and in the teat canal. The study used a crossover design. Ten lactating Holstein cows that were free of udder infections and mastitis were included in the study. The animals were bedded on either untreated sawdust or sawdust that had been treated with a hydrated lime-based conditioner. Once a day, fresh bedding material was added. After 3 weeks, the bedding material was removed from the cubicles, fresh bedding material was provided, and the cows were rotated between the two bedding material groups. Teat skin and teat canals were sampled using the wet and dry swab technique after weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, Escherichia coli and other coliform bacteria were detected in the resulting agar plate cultures. The treatment of the bedding material was associated with the teat skin bacterial counts of Str. uberis, Esch. coli and other coliform bacteria. An association was also found between the bedding material and the teat canal bacterial counts of coliform bacteria other than Esch. coli. For Staph. aureus, no associations with the bedding material were found. In general, the addition of a hydrated lime-based conditioner to sawdust reduces the population sizes of environmental pathogens on teat skin and in teat canals.
Unusual coexistence of sinonasal myeloid sarcoma and acute fulminant invasive fungal sinusitis: a diagnostic dilemma
Authors: Kuo C-L , Yu Y-B , Li W-Y , Lee Y-L
Published: February 2013

Objective:

We report a rare case of concurrent myeloid sarcoma and acute fulminant invasive fungal sinusitis in a patient with relapsed acute myeloid leukaemia.

Case report:

A 73-year-old man was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukaemia and developed relapse one year later. After two courses of azacytidine, he began suffering from a dull pain in the left temporal and orbital regions. Sinus computed tomography showed a localised lesion in the left ethmoid sinus, which rapidly progressed to an extensive intracranial mass within one month. Surgical debridement was performed, and histopathological analysis revealed the coexistence of myeloid sarcoma and acute fulminant invasive fungal sinusitis. The patient responded well to prompt surgical debridement, antifungal medication and radiotherapy.

Conclusion:

Coexistence of sinonasal myeloid sarcoma and acute fulminant invasive fungal sinusitis poses an urgent diagnostic and management challenge to clinicians. Timely recognition of this rare comorbid condition is warranted as application of appropriate treatment can save lives.
The amphipod (Crustacea: Peracarida) fauna of the Aegean Sea, and comparison with those of the neighbouring seas
Authors: Christodoulou Magdalini , Paraskevopoulou Sofia , Syranidou Evdokia , Koukouras Athanasios
Published: February 2013

Examination of sampled material and review of the relevant literature revealed the presence of 299 benthic and 46 pelagic amphipod species from the Aegean Sea. Two of the species identified,Caprella hirsutaMayer, 1890 andApohyale crassipes(Heller, 1866), are recorded for the first time in the Aegean Sea and the Levantine Basin respectively. A checklist of the Mediterranean amphipods is given, as well as their distribution in the Mediterranean territorial areas and the Black Sea. The faunal comparison of the Mediterranean areas showed that the number of species decreases from west to east. In terms of zoogeographical categories the Atlanto-Mediterranean species dominate in all Mediterranean areas followed by the endemic species concerning the benthic amphipods while in pelagic amphipods cosmopolitan species dominate and are then followed by Atlanto-Mediterranean. Three species,Bemlos leptocheirus(Walker, 1909) andLinguimarea caesarisKrapp-Schickel, 2003,Photis lamelliferaSchellenberg, 1928, are lessepsian migrants and are reported in the Levantine and Central Mediterranean Seas.