bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thrombocytopenia and Coagulation Impairment after Portacaval Shunt in the Rat
Authors: Doni M.G. , Vassanelli P. , Bonadiman L. , Avventi G.L.
Published: April 2009

A study has been performed to evaluate the effect of the portacaval shunt on some coagulation tests in the rats. Thrombocytopenia develops, accompanied by a decrease in the total protein and fibrinogen concentrations. Moreover, the Quick time is lengthened, whereas the partial thromboplastin time is not modified. The maximal amplitude and elasticity of the clot, recorded by thrombelastography, appear reduced, and k is lengthened. The results are discussed.
Methods for Determination of Prekallikrein in Plasma, Glandular Kallikrein and Urokinase
Authors: Claeson Göran , Friberger Petter , Knös Märta , Eriksson Elsa
Published: April 2009

New chromogenic tripeptide substrates have been used for the determination of kallikreins and urokinase. The conditions have been optimized. It is possible to determine prekallikrein in plasma after activation with Cephotest®. No significant loss in activity caused by plasma kallikrein inhibitors is observed at the dilutions used.
New Chromogenic Peptide Substrates for Factor Xa
Authors: Aurell Leif , Simonsson Roger , Arielly Salo , Karlsson Gunilla , Friberger Petter , Claeson Goran
Published: April 2009

The factor-Xa-sensitive substrate Bz-Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg-p-nitroanilide has been made more sensitive by making ester and amide derivatives of the γ-carboxyl group of the glutamyl residue. The morpholinyl and piperidyl amides react 2.5 times more rapidly with factor Xa.
Study of Specificity of Synthetic Substrates in Blood Coagulation
Authors: Suomela Hannu
Published: April 2009

The methods of studying the specificity of synthetic substrates towards certain coagulation factors as well as the results of such studies are reviewed.
Sensitivity and Specificity of Plasma Serine Protease Chromogenic Substrates
Authors: Bang Nils U. , Mattler Lawrence E.
Published: April 2009

Rates of hydrolysis of the newly developed peptide chromogenic substrates S-2160, S-2238, S-2222 and S-2251 and Chromozym TH were tested against highly purified preparations of human plasmin, bovine trypsin, human α-thrombin, and bovine factor Xa. S-2160, S-2238, and chromozym TH are sensitive to thrombin, Chromozym TH and S-2238 exhibiting a substantially greater sensitivity than S-2160. All three substrates are insensitive to factor Xa but hydrolyzed to varying degrees by plasmin and trypsin. In contrast, S-2222 is sensitive to factor Xa and insensitive to thrombin. S-2251 is relatively plasmin-specific. In addition, the substrate Chromozym PK was evaluated and found to be relatively specific for plasma kallikrein. Clinically useful assays for antithrombin III and heparin using S-2222 as the substrate and factor Xa as the enzyme, plasma plasminogen and plasmin inhibitors using S-2251 as the substrate, and plasma prekallikrein and kallikrein inhibitors using Chromozym PK as the substrate have been developed.
p-Nitrobenzyl p-Toluenesulfonyl-L-Arginine: a Chromogenic Substrate for Thrombin, Plasmin and Trypsin
Authors: Plaut Gerhard W.E.
Published: April 2009

p-Nitrobenzyl p-toluenesulfonyl-L-arginine is hydrolyzed by thrombin, plasmin, and trypsin to p-nitrobenzyl alcohol and tosyl-L-arginine. The absorption of p-nitro-benzyl alcohol formed is measured at 271 nm (AmM 8.89). With 0.10 mM of the ester in 0.1 M Tris-HCl at pH 8.4 and 30 °C, the hydrolysis catalyzed by thrombin, plasmin, and trypsin is linearly proportional to time up to consumption of 60% of the substrate. Km is 14 μM and Vmax is 0.037 μmol/min/NIH unit for bovine thrombin, Km is 78 μM and Vmax is 0.31 μmol/min/CTA unit/ml for human plasmin, and Km is 12 μM and Vmax is 138 μmol/min/mg protein/ml for bovine trypsin. Samples of bovine and human thrombin ranging in specific clotting activity from 59 to 2,133 NIH units/mg protein showed esterase activities ranging from 0.15 to 0.4 μmol p-nitrobenzyl alcohol formed/10 min/NIH unit. Useful ranges for assay of enzymes were (per milliliter): 0.05–0.2 NIH units (thrombin), 0.005–0.02 CTA units (plasmin), and 0.01–0.04 μg (trypsin).
Microheterogeneity in Thrombin Standards
Authors: Miller-Andersson Maggie , Seghatchian Jerhard
Published: April 2009

Potency estimations of thrombin have been performed using clotting and synthetic substrates in parallel assays. The International Standard and the Nordic Standard of thrombin have both been used as references. Divergencies in estimated unitage necessitated a study on possible heterogeneities in the standard preparations presented in this paper.
Methods for Determination of Plasmin, Antiplasmin and Plasminogen by Means of Substrate S-2251
Authors: Friberger Petter , Knös Märta , Gustavsson Stig , Aurell Leif , Claeson Göran
Published: April 2009

The chromogenic substrate S-2251 (H-D-Val-Leu-Lys-pNA), a selective and sensitive substrate for plasmin activity, has made it possible to develop simple and reproducible methods for the determination of antiplasmin and plasminogen in human plasma. These methods have been optimized and studied in detail and found to be very specific for the respective factors.
Acquired Antithrombin III Deficiency in Patients with Glomerular Proteinuria
Authors: Thaler E. , Balzar E. , Kopsa H. , Pinggera W.F.
Published: April 2009

Antithrombin III (AT II/III) was determined immunologically and by means of a heparin cofactor assay in plasma samples and 24-hour urine of 15 patients with various degrees of proteinuria, being predominantly of glomerular origin. In urine the AT II/III concentrations were significantly correlated to the concentrations of albumin, plasminogen and IgG. One third of the patients had AT II/III plasma levels below the normal range. The plasma levels showed a significant inverse correlation to the AT II/III and albumin clearance rates. Similarily, the plasminogen concentrations in plasma were decreased in two thirds of the patients, being inversely correlated to the renal plasminogen clearance values. It is proposed that AT II/III deficiency in the nephrotic syndrome is an important pathogenetic factor in venous thrombosis.
Soluble Plasma Fibrin and Platelet Prostaglandin Endoperoxides following Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Matthias F.R.
Published: April 2009

Following myocardial infarction, soluble fibrin in plasma is often elevated as a sign of an activated plasmatic coagulation system. Soluble fibrin in plasma is most pronounced in shock patients under catecholamine administration. With the improvement of the clinical situation the fibrin concentration declines to normal. Following incubation with N-ethylmaleimide an increased production of prostaglandin endoperoxides is observed in the platelets of patients after myocardial infarction compared to normal platelets. Plasma of patients exhibits an endoperoxide-producing effect on normal platelets. The stimulating effect of patient plasma diminishes together with the fall of soluble plasma fibrin. These phenomena may be considered as signs of a relation between the plasmatic and throm-bocytic coagulation system.
Comparison of Antithrombotic Activity of Heparin, ASA, Sulfinpyrazone and VK 744 in a Rat Model of Arterial Thrombosis
Authors: Philp R.B. , Francey I. , Warren B.A.
Published: April 2009

Rat carotid arteries were injured electrically (350 V, 2 mA DC for 5 min) before and after the intravenous administration of heparin (1,000 U/kg), VK 744 (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) ASA (100, 200 mg/kg) and sulfinpyrazone (50, 100, 150, 200 mg/kg). Thrombus growth was quantified by recording arterial temperature change distal to the injury. Heparin completely blocked thrombus formation in most experiments. All other agents exhibited antithrombotic activity with sulfinpyrazone being most potent. None was as effective as heparin. This model may be a useful tool for screening antithrombotic drugs.
Isolation and Insolubilisation of Human F VIII by Affinity Chromatography
Authors: Madaras F. , Bell W.R. , Castaldi P.A.
Published: April 2009

A simple procedure has been developed for the isolation of coagulation factor VIII (F VIII) from plasma in a form which induces a monospecific antibody in rabbits. Amino acid precipitation from plasma was followed by gel filtration on Sepharose 4B and further purification was achieved by affinity chromatography on heparin-Sepharose. The material so isolated was identified by immunoelectrophoresis and lacked coagulant activity. The antiserum produced in rabbits inhibited F VIII coagulant activity and von Willebrand factor activity as measured by ristocetin platelet agglutination. The isolated IgG fraction insolubilised with CNBr-Sepharose 4B retained the ability to complex with F VIII. This complex possessed F VIII coagulant activity which could be removed in 0.6 M NaCl and dissociated in 8 M urea.
Increased Level of Factor VIII Complex in Severe Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Boneu B. , Durand D. , Counillon F. , Charlet J.P. , Bierme R. , Suc J.M.
Published: April 2009

Factor VIII complex was studied in patients presenting arterial hypertension. Visceral involvement was quantified using a clinical index calculated from ocular fundus, renal function and left ventricular hypertrophy data. A significant correlation was found between the mean arterial pressure, the visceral involvement and the level of complex VIII. Nevertheless, other data obtained in different patients (Conn’s disease) suggest that the visceral involvement (and not the mean arterial pressure) is the main determining factor in the increase of factor VIII complex.
Binding of 14C-ADP to Normal Human and Thrombasthenic Platelet Membranes. Study of the Dissociation of the Nucleotide from Its Receptors
Authors: Legrand Chantal , Caen Jacques P.
Published: April 2009

Normal and thrombasthenic platelet membranes are able to specifically bind 14C-ADP (12). According to the concentration of ADP present in the medium, ‘high affinity binding sites’ (Ka = 0.5 × 106M-1) and ‘low affinity-binding sites’ (Ka= 0.05 × 106 M-1) can be recognized. In the present study, dissociation of ADP from the ‘high affinity binding sites’ was measured with six normal and with three thrombasthenic platelet membrane preparations. A 1:100 dilution was used to dissociate the membrane-bound 14C-ADP and the kinetics of the dissociation was determined. The same profile of dissociation (with T 1/2 = 4–10 min at 37 °C) was observed using normal or thrombasthenic membranes. With both preparations, the rate of dissociation was increased (up to T 1/2 = 1 – 3 min) when unlabelled ADP (at concentration higher than 10-5M) was added in the diluting medium. The results confirm the presence of normal ADP binding sites on thrombasthenic platelet membrane and possibly suggest the existence of cooperative interactions between the sites on normal as well as on thrombasthenic membranes.
A Simplified Assay Method for Platelet Factor 4 in Plasma and in Platelets with a Chromogenic Substrate
Authors: Vinazzer H.
Published: April 2009

A simple assay method for platelet factor 4 is described. When factor Xa was added to a system containing antithrombin III in excess and heparin in low concentration, the amount of factor Xa immediately inactivated was found to be a function of the concentration of heparin. When an antiheparin such as platelet factor 4 was added, an increase of the residual activity of factor Xa was observed. The magnitude of this increase was shown to be correlated to the amount of heparin inactivation in the system. Platelet factor 4 could be assayed when the concentrations of antithrombin III, heparin, and factor Xa were maintained at a constant level and in excess. As an indicator of the reaction, factor Xa was measured with the chromogenic substrate benzoyl-Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg-p-nitro-anilide (S-2222).
Control of Anticoagulant Therapy with a Chromogenic Substrate
Authors: Kirchhof B.R.J. , Muller A.D. , Vermeer C. , Hemker H.C.
Published: April 2009

Prothrombin is determined with the aid of a recently developed assay, based on the amidolysis of a chromogenic substrate. The assay proved to be reliable when it was compared with more conventional coagulation assays in the control of oral anticoagulant therapy, both in the therapeutic range and in a case of overdosage. As is the case in coagulation tests, heparin therapy remains a disturbing circumstance. The prothrombin concentration was measured (a) in the plasma of 50 long-term anticoagulated patients, and the results were compared with those obtained with a one-stage coagulation assay and with those obtained with Thrombotest® determinations, and (b) during vitamin K administration in the plasma of a patient with a severe intoxication of a vitamin K antagonist.
Investigations on Intravascular Coagulation in Liver Disease: Soluble Fibrin Monomer Complexes in Liver Cirrhosis
Authors: Coccheri S. , Palareti G. , Dalmonte P.R. , Poggi M. , Boggian O.
Published: April 2009

Soluble fibrin monomer complexes (SFMC) have been quantitated in 18 patients with liver cirrhosis by means of plasma gel filtration on an agarose column. The concentration of SFMC (as related to total fibrinogen) was increased in cirrhotic patients. The difference between controls and patients, as well as the difference between compensated and decompensated cirrhotic subjects, was statistically significant. Although these data, together with the results of heparin administration in one reported case, suggest intravascular coagulation, some alternative explanations should also be considered.
Platelet Aggregation and Malondialdehyde Formation in Type IIA Hypercholesterolemic Patients
Authors: Tremoli Elena , Maderna Paola , Sirtori Marina , Sirtori Cesare R.
Published: April 2009

Platelet aggregation induced by threshold concentrations of ADP, adrenaline, collagen and Thrombofax® was evaluated in 25 type IIA hypercholesterolemic patients in comparison with 15 control subjects. Malondialdehyde (MDA) formation induced by collagen and thrombin was also studied in a subgroup of 8 patients. In the patient group, irreversible platelet aggregation was induced by significantly lower concentrations of both adrenaline (p < 0.05) and Thrombofax (p < 0.01). MDA formation induced by both aggregating agents was markedly increased (p < 0.01) in type IIA hypercholesterolemic patients.
Deposition of Human Labeled Platelets on Damaged Rabbit Aorta before and after Ingestion of Acetylsalicylic Acid
Authors: Jæger Steinar , Berntsen Harold
Published: April 2009

Human blood platelets were labeled with 51Cr and whole blood was reconstituted. The endothelium of rabbit abdominal aorta was removed with a balloon catheter and the inverted aorta was placed on a Plexiglas rod in a perfusion chamber. The reconstituted blood was perfused through the chamber of 10 min. Radioactivity of the aorta was measured and found to be mainly caused by the labeled platelets. The platelet deposition on the damaged aorta was measured before and after ingestion of 0.5 g acetylsalicylic acid twice a day for 1 week, and was found to be reduced after the use of this drug.
Absorption of Factor VIII by Aluminium Hydroxide
Authors: Seghatchian M.J. , Kemball-Cook G. , Barrowcliffe T.W.
Published: April 2009

The absorption of factor VIII from gel filtration fractions, concentrates and plasma by aluminium hydroxide has been studied. Significant quantities of factor VIII could be removed when the protein concentration was low; the percentage absorbed increased with decreasing initial protein concentration. Factor VIII R:Ag and VIII:C were removed in parallel, but absorption of a high purity concentrate resulted in selective absorption of the lower molecular weight forms of factor VIII. Elution of the absorbed proteins gave a poor yield of VIII R:Ag, with no detectable VIII:C. Absorption of plasma showed no detectable loss of VIII R:Ag, but an apparent decrease of VIII:C of about 10%.
The Inhibitory Effect of PGI2 (Prostacyclin) on White Platelet Arterial Thrombus Formation
Authors: Bourgain R.H.
Published: April 2009

Prostaglandins play an important role in the platelet-vessel wall interactions. Superfusion with PGI2 of arterial segments prepared in an in vivo model for thrombus induction resulted in a very marked dose-effect-related decrease of white arterial thrombus formation.
Surface Properties of Cultured Endothelial Cells
Authors: Busch C. , Ljungman C. , Heldin C.-M. , Waskson E. , Öbrink B.
Published: April 2009

Vascular endothelial cells (EC) are non-thrombogenic. The basis for this property is still essentially unknown. This paper summarizes our previous studies on EC associated glycosaminoglycans and on the specific binding of heparin to EC and describes the preventive effect of heparin sulphate (HS) on platelet adhesion to collagen; attempts to affect the binding of platelets to EC by specific removal of endogenous HS were, however, unsuccessful. The possible importance of EC surface HS for interactions with coagulation factors is discussed.
In vivo and in vitro Studies on Endothelial Regeneration
Authors: Clopath P. , Müller K. , Stäubli W. , Bürk R.R.
Published: April 2009

Endothelial regeneration was studied in rabbit aorta after intra-arterial balloon catheterization. Most of the regenerated endothelium originated from existing branches which was assessed by the Evans-blue uptake pattern and confirmed by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Glucocorticoid treatment enhanced re-endothelialization whereas hyperlipemic diet inhibited. Sera from minipigs fed an atherogenic diet consistently have less ability than sera from control pigs to stimulate in vitro the regeneration of wounded endothelium-like monolayers of 3T3-B cells. The deficiency is probably due to an inhibitor which appears and disappears with changes in the diet.
Platelet-Lung in vivo Interactions: an Artifact of a Multi-Purpose Model?
Authors: Vargaftig B.B. , Lefort J. , Prancan A.V. , Chignard M. , Benveniste J.
Published: April 2009

The simultaneous evaluation of platelet behaviour in vivo and of the accompanying bronchoconstriction in the guinea pig is described. Arachidonic acid induces bronchoconstriction, accompanied by, but independent from, thrombocytopenia, whereas collagen induces bronchoconstriction also accompanied by, but dependent from, thrombocytopenia. In both cases bronchoconstriction is due to cyclo-oxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid. Use of potential inhibitors of thromboxane synthetase failed to reveal which of prostaglandin endoperoxides or thromboxane A2 is responsible for aspirin-inhibitive bronchoconstriction and thrombocytopenia. In contrast to PGE1 prostacyclin failed to interfere with bronchoconstriction by serotonin or by arachidonic acid, even though thrombocytopenia by the latter was suppressed. Bronchoconstriction by collagen, in contrast, was inhibited by nanogram doses of prostacyclin, confirming platelet-dependency. The combined bronchoconstriction/thrombocytopenia test in guinea pigs can discriminate sites of action of anti-inflammatory drugs, of agents which block specific platelet and/or bronchial receptors, which stimulate the cyclic AMP system, or generically which interfere with the mechanisms of bronchoconstriction and of thrombocytopenia.
Albumin-Bound Fatty Acids, Platelets and Endothelial Cells in Thrombogenesis
Authors: Nordøy A.
Published: April 2009

Changes in the types and concentrations of albumin-bound fatty acids in plasma have been related to subsequent changes in platelet and endothelial cell function both in vitro and in vivo. Fatty acids in the linoleate and linolenate sequences with the potential to act as prostaglandin and thromboxane precursors, seem to play a fundamental role in the homeostatic balance between platelets and endothelial cells. Variations in this balance may be directly related to the tendency to thrombosis.
Clot-Promoting Effect of Platelet-Vessel Wall Interaction: Influence of Dietary Fats and Relation to Arterial Thrombus Formation in Rats
Authors: Hornstra G. , Hemker H.C.
Published: April 2009

A small piece of vascular tissue punched from a rat aorta is able to clot plasma. This coagulation process is promoted by blood platelets, especially after their activation. Thrombin, generated by this clotting process, plays a key role in vessel-wall induced platelet activation. Vascular prostacyclin inhibits vessel-wall-induced clotting of platelet-rich plasma, possibly by inhibiting platelet activation. Type and amount of dietary fats were shown to influence vessel-wall-induced clotting via at least four different mechanisms, namely: by modifying vascular prostacyclin formation; by affecting the clotting potency of the vascular tissue per sec; by an effect on some platelet property, probably connected with platelet activation; by influencing a plasma factor. Each of these mechanisms, as well as the nature of vessel-wall-induced coagulation, requires further investigation.
Lipid Metabolism, Atherogenesis, and Haemostasis in Eskimos: the Role of the Prostaglandin-3 Family
Authors: Dyerberg J. , Bang H.O.
Published: April 2009

In Eskimos coronary heart disease is a rarity. This can partly be explained by their favorable plasma lipid levels. An additional factor seems, however, to be that in Eskimo food polyunsaturated fatty acids of the ω-3 series replace those of the ω-6 series. C20:5, ω-3 can be converted by the vessel wall to an antiaggregatory substance, whereas it has no proaggregatory effect on platelets. Consistent with these findings Eskimos were found to have a nearly 2-fold longer bleeding time than Danes. Platelet aggregability, too, was merkedly depressed when exposing platelets from Eskimos to ADP and collagen.
Dietary Fats and Platelet Functions in Relation to Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Renaud S. , Morazain R. , McGregor L. , Baudier F.
Published: April 2009

Results in animals and in man indicate that in many circumstances, lipemia is not closely related to the severity of atherosclerosis nor to the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) or the intake of saturated fats as observed in paired studies between farmers from Moselle and Var in France and from West and East Scotland. In rabbits, an increased response of platelets to thrombin occurs before any deposition of cholesterol, as a result of a saturated fat feeding. Under these conditions, the addition of alcohol to the drinking water decreases significantly both the platelet response to thrombin and the severity of atherosclerotic lesions without much affecting plasma cholesterol. In farmers from Moselle and Var (as well as from Scotland), platelet functions, namely the aggregation to thrombin and their clotting activity, i.e. PF3, are closely related to the intake of saturated fats, either as a result of the long-term feeding or of a 1 year change in the diet of Moselle farmers. Certain platelet functions appear to be the only blood parameter related to the incidence of CHD and significantly correlated on a group, as well as on an individual basis, with the intake of saturated fat, and inversely related with that of calcium. Saturated fats and calcium are known to be the two main dietary factors related to CHD. These results suggest that the intermediate link between dietary fats and CHD might be blood platelets rather than serum lipids, through an effect on both thrombosis and atherosclerosis.
Endogenous Mechanisms which Regulate Prostacyclin Release
Authors: Gryglewski R.J. , Korbut R. , Splawinski J.
Published: April 2009

When infused intravenously into anaesthetized cats angiotensin II (1–4 μg/ kg) released into the circulation an unstable substance that caused de-aggregation of platelet clumps, relaxed a strip of bovine coronary artery, and its release was blocked by aspirin and indomethacin. Because of these characteristics this substance is likely to be prostacyclin. Catecholamines and phenylephrine did not induce the release of prostacyclin. It is suggested that a chemical modification of the molecule of angiotensin II may render a peptide with little hypertensive properties which will be an activator of prostacyclin biosynthesis.
Adhesion of Blood Platelets to Human Arterial Subendothelium: Role of Factor VIII-Von Willebrand Factor
Authors: Bolhuis Piet A. , Sakariassen Kfell S. , Sixma Jan J.
Published: April 2009

The adhesion of human platelets to the human arterial subendothelium was investigated using everted postmortem renal arteries after the first bifurcation and reconstituted blood containing 51Cr-labelled, aspirin-treated platelets in a perfusion chamber according to Baumgartner. The accumulation of 51Cr on the arterial segment was a reliable reflection of the number of platelets that adhered. The dependence of platelet adhesion on platelet number, perfusion time, haematocrit and perfusion rate were found to be similar to what was observed with rabbit aorta previously, notwithstanding the essentially different nature of the human subendothelium, with its layers of smooth muscle cells above the internal elastic lamina. The system was used to study the role of factor VIII-von Willebrand factor (VIII-VWF). VIII-VWF was found to be the only plasma factor enhancing adhesion of platelets to the vessel wall. No suggestion of an inhibitory substance in plasma was found. Double perfusion experiments indicated that VIII-VWF binding to subendothelium supported subsequent platelet adhesion. A good correlation was found between the amount of VIII-VWF bound and platelet adhesion. Comparison of binding of albumin, fibrinogen, 7-globulin and VIII-VWF showed that VIII-VWF bound less. This suggests that VIII-VWF does penetrate less easily in the subendothelium, which is in agreement with immunofluorescence studies of tissues. Studies with washed platelets not treated with aspirin showed parallelism between accumulation of VIII-VWF and platelet deposition in thrombi. These data may be explained by assuming a non-easily exchangeable pool of VIII-VWF on the platelet surface and increased binding of VIII-VWF to platelets in thrombi.
Effects of Acetylsalicylic Acid, Sulfinpyrazone and Dipyridamole on Platelet Adhesion and Aggregation in Flowing Native and Anticoagulated Blood
Authors: Baumgartner Hans R.
Published: April 2009

The interaction of rabbit platelets with subendothelium of rabbit aorta was investigated under controlled blood flow conditions. Platelet adhesion and thrombus formation were compared after perfusion of native blood and of blood anticoagulated with citrate, heparin or heparin plus citrate. 15 mM citrate in plasma caused significant reduction of aggregation, thrombus volume and thrombus height; adhesion was concomitantly increased. Heparin (500 U/kg) had no significant effect on adhesion and thrombus dimensions. Treatment of rabbits with acetylsalicylic acid or sulfinpyrazone caused a significant reduction of thrombus volume and thrombus height in the presence of citrate. However, no significant effects were observed in native or heparinized blood. It is concluded that low citrate concentrations: (1) inhibit thrombus growth; (2) enhance thrombus breakdown; (3) therefore increase adhesion, and (4) strongly enhance a possible inhibitory effect of acetylsalicylic acid and sulfinpyrazone on thrombus growth.
Dosage in Low-Dose Heparin Prophylaxis
Authors: Seglias Jakob , Gruber Ulrich F.
Published: April 2009

We investigated whether the dosage of heparin injected subcutaneously for the postoperative prophylaxis of thromboembolism influences efficacy. We considered prospective, controlled or comparative, randomized studies in which heparin was administered in a dosage of 5,000 U b.i.d. or t.i.d. subcutaneously. In major surgical procedures in general surgery, gynecology, urology and chest surgery, 2 × 5,000 and 3 × 5,000 U of heparin/day lower the frequency of postoperative deep venous thrombosis from about 30% to about one-fourth and one-third that amount, respectively. With regard to orthopedic/ traumatic surgery, in a study of only 40 patients, 2 × 5,000 U/day reduced the incidence of thrombosis by one-half. The use of the higher dosage resulted in a decrease in DVT in 5 of 7 reports, but the other two authors measured no prophylactic effect at all. Proof that subcutaneous heparin prophylaxis is also able to reduce the number of fatal postoperative pulmonary emboli has been produced only in the case of the higher dosage. In our own group of patients there is no correlation between body weight and frequency of hemorrhagic complications. In our patients there is no relation between malignant tumor as the primary disease and the occurrence of hemorrhagic complications. There is no evidence that the lower dosage causes fewer hemorrhagic complications than the higher dosage.
Influence of Brinase on Fibrinogen: Fibrin Transition in in vitro and in vivo Studies
Authors: Frisch E.P.
Published: April 2009

The incidence of positive ethanol gelation test (EGT) after addition of brinase (a proteolytic enzyme preparation from Aspergillus oryzae) to anticoagulated and non-anticoagulated human plasma was studied. In vitro addition of brinase to plasma causes positive EGT, and the incidence is dose-dependent. In plasma from warfarin-treated patients and/or after addition of heparin to plasma, prior to the addition of brinase, a significantly reduced incidence of positive EGT is observed. The incidence is lowest after heparin. Gels formed in the presence of heparin are easier susceptible to enzymatic degradation than those formed in the absence of heparin.
De novo Synthesis of Purine Nucleotides in Human Blood Platelets
Authors: Jerushalmy Z. , Patya M. , Boer P. , Sperling O.
Published: April 2009

Human blood platelets were found to carry the complete pathway of de novo purine nucleotide synthesis. The rate of purine synthesis was gauged by the rate of incorporation of precursor (14C)formate into purines. The effect on formate incorporation of several compounds known to inhibit purine synthesis de novo was studied. Adenine, orotic acid and azaserine inhibited purine synthesis, but hypoxanthine and allopurinol did not. Platelet content of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) and of ribose-5-phosphate (R-5-P) was found to be similar to that in human blood leukocytes and erythrocytes. Incubation of intact platelets with high inorganic phosphate concentrations caused an increase in platelet PRPP content but did not affect R-5-P content or the rate of purine synthesis de novo.
Platelet Aggregation Related to Age in Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Lecrubier C. , Scarabin P.Y. , Grauso F. , Samama M.
Published: April 2009

Platelet aggregation induced by ADP and collagen was studied in 174 diabetic patients before entering a controlled clinical trial. The clinical characteristics have been precisely defined. The degree of retinal abnormality was assessed by fundus angiofluorog-raphy in every patient. Most patients had background retinopathy; the remainder were normal. All results were computer analysed. The only significant relationship observed was between platelet sensitivity to ADP which increases regularly in relation to age in both insulin- and non-insulin-treated diabetic patients with or without background retinopathy. Spontaneous platelet aggregation was observed in 13 subjects and was not correlated to the existence of a neuropathy or any other clinical characteristics.
Differences in Tissue Plasminogen Activator Activity and Plasmin Inhibition between Newborn and Adult Rat
Authors: Smokovitis A.
Published: April 2009

Histochemically studied, the heart, spleen, liver, kidney cortex, lung, sciatic nerve, gastrocnemius muscle, skin and tongue showed a higher fibrinolytic activity (plasminogen activator activity) in the newborn than in the adult rat. In the medulla of the kidney the activity was slightly lower in the newborn than in the adult. The plasmin inhibition was lower in the newborn than in the adult rat in all organs studied.
Automated Two-Stage Assay for Determination of Antithrombin III with a Centrifugal Analyzer
Authors: Andreasen Thorkild
Published: April 2009

The thrombin-inactivating α2-globulin, antithrombin III (At-III), was measured in plasma and urine with a chromogenic tripeptide substrate, using a centrifugal analyzer. Plasma At-III was subnormal in liver disease. In acute myocardial infarction a mean At-III of approximately 120% of normal was found. At-III in persons who developed deep-vein thrombosis decreased significantly (p < 0.05) between the day of admission and the 3rd day after admission to hospital. Urine from normals did not contain detectable At-III. With increasing urinary albumin increasing concentration of At-III was found.
Multiple Acquired Haemostatic Defects
Authors: Carter A. , Tatarsky I. , Osterweil D. , Tavori S.
Published: April 2009

A 14-year-old girl presented with severe haemorrhagic diathesis. Her past history suggested a congenital bleeding disorder. Investigations disclosed severe deficiency of all four vitamin K-dependent factors and a functional defect of platelets. These were caused by simultaneous administration of vitamin K antagonists and anti-inflammatory drugs. A complete clinical and laboratory recovery took place following withdrawal of drugs. The severity of the haemorrhagic diathesis prompted us to describe the case in order to draw the attention of medical personnel to the dangerous potentiation effects of different drugs administered with vitamin K antagonists.
Plasma and Platelet Beta-Thromboglobulin Levels in Patients with May-Hegglin Anomaly
Authors: Fabris F. , Casonato A. , Randi M.L. , Girolami A.
Published: April 2009

Plasmatic β -thromboglobulin (BTG) has been assayed in 5 patients with May-Hegglin anomaly. All patients showed a normal BTG plasmatic level. The plasma BTG/number of platelets ratio resulted to be elevated but this was due to the low platelet count typical of the disease. The platelet content in BTG was studied in only 2 patients and was found to be four times the normal value; however, the circulating BTG platelet mass in these patients resulted to be within normal limits.
Effect of Elevated Plasma-Free Fatty Acids on Thromboxane Release in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Lewy Robert Ira
Published: April 2009

Increases in endogenous free fatty acids (FFA) induced by several stimuli are associated with increases in platelet aggregates and platelet factor 4 in man. To determine if thromboxane (TxB) release is also an associated event, we measured plasma FFA and TxB2 levels before and 5 min after bolus injection of 2,500 U of heparin prior to coronary arteriography in 27 patients with angina. Significant increases in FFA occurred in all patients (p < 0.02) and those with critical lesions (p < 0.01), while TxB2 levels also rose (p < 0.02, p < 0.05, respectively). However, linear regression showed increases in FFA and TxB2 were independent. The observed TxB2 release may be due to lipolysis-induced exposure of vascular collagen or direct inhibition of platelet adenylate cyclase by heparin.
Hemostasis in the Copper-Laden Bedlington Terrier: a Possible Model of Wilson’s Disease
Authors: Owen, Jr. Charles A. , Bowie Walter , McCall John T. , Zollman Paul E.
Published: April 2009

A hemostatic survey was done on 14 Bedlington terriers, 13 of which have the recently discovered copper toxicosis. Their hepatic copper ranged from 109 to 9,888 μg/g dry weight and their ages form 8 months to 8 years. Despite histologic evidence of hepatitis in younger dogs and cirrhosis in older ones, plasmatic coagulation factors were not depressed. In fact, the hemophilic factors VIII, IX and XI were above normal, more closely related to the age of the dog than to the hepatic copper. Furthermore, their platelets were unusually sensitive to adenosine diphosphate exposure. Offsprings of matings between Bedlington terriers and Beagles seem to be normal.
The Fibrinolytic Response in Injured Animal Tissues Normally Low in Fibrinolytic Activity
Authors: Smokovitis Athanasios , Astrup Tage
Published: April 2009

Rabbit skin, normally of low fibrinolytic activity, and guinea-pig skin, of medium activity, after crush injury or after the intradermal or subcutaneous injection of aluminum hydroxide, show a remarkable increase in fibrinolytic activity. The activity is caused by a plasminogen activator and is related to blood vessels. Occasionally, intense fibrinolytic activity was also observed in some specimens collected from various other organs normally low in activity. Thus two specimens of rabbit aorta, one specimen of rabbit trachea and one specimen of rabbit stomach showed increased activity related to pathological processes. One specimen of guinea-pig rectum showed intense fibrinolytic activity along the serosa.
DDAVP-Induced Changes of Factor VIII-Related Activities and Bleeding Time in Patients with von Willebrand’s Syndrome
Authors: Schmitz-Huebner U. , Balleisen L. , Arends P. , Pollmann H. , Sutor A.H.
Published: April 2009

5 patients suffering from von Willebrand’s syndrome were treated with DDAVP administered intravenously or intransally. The concentration of F. VIII-related activities (F. VIII:C, F. VIII R:AG, F. VIII R:WF), as well as the mobility of F. VIII R: AG in crossed immunoelectrophoresis and the alterations of bleeding time were continuously monitored. DDAVP induced both quantitative and qualitative changes of F. VIII-related properties. The bleeding time was markedly reduced for some hours. The therapy was well tolerated and should be submitted to further clinical trials as a possible way to avoid the disadvantages connected with the transfusion of blood components.
Fibrinogen Marseille
Authors: Soria J. , Soria C. , Juhan I. , Perrimond H. , Haverkate F. , Orsini A.
Published: April 2009

A new case of congenital dysfibrinogenaemia was found in 2 members of the same family. The anomaly was characterized by an abnormal polymerization of fibrin monomers, whereas the release of fibrinopeptides by thrombin and fibrin stabilization by F XIII were normal. Investigation of the fibrinogen molecule did not lead to localizing the structural abnormality.
Some Observations on the Release of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Plasminogen Activators during Exercise in Man
Authors: Marsh Neville , Gaffney Patrick
Published: April 2009

Exercise was found to cause the release of ‘extrinsic’ plasminogen activators into the bloodstream. The ‘intrinsic’ plasma plasminogen activators were not significantly altered although factor VIII clotting activity and, to a lesser extent, its related antigen were both raised. A small amount of systemic fibrin(-ogen)olysis was indicated by the generation of fragment X and a slight reduction in the amount of intact Aα-fibrinogen chain present. Plasminogen and antiplasmins were not significantly affected by exercise. We conclude that exercise-induced fibrinolysis is brought about solely by the release of plasminogen activators(s) from the vessel wall but that this enhanced level of fibrinolysis is insufficient to produce a marked degree of systemic fιbrin(ogen) breakdown.
Antithrombin III Activity and Other Coagulation Changes in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Elder G.E. , Mayne E.E. , Daly J.G. , Kennedy A.L. , Hadden D.R. , Montgomery D.A.D. , Weaver J.A.
Published: April 2009

Antithrombin III, factor VIII, fibrinogen and fribrinolytic activity were measured in two groups of long-standing insulin-dependent diabetic subjects (24 with proliferative retinopathy, 24 without detectable retinopathy) and 24 non-diabetic controls. Mean antithrombin III ( ± 1 SD) was 115.9 ( ± 15.1), 109.8 ( ± 18.1) and 101.4% ( ± 12.5), respectively, in the retinopathy, non-retinopathy and control groups. Statistical significance was obtained when comparing the retinopathy and control groups (p < 0.001) and when comparing all 48 diabetics collectively with controls (p < 0.01). Mean factor VIII coagulant activity was 137.5 ( ± 37.0), 126.2 ( ± 58.2) and 97.0% ( ± 38.7), respectively, in the three groups. Again the differences between all diabetics and controls (p < 0.01) were statistically significant. Similar increases were observed for other modalities of factor VIII activity. Fibrinolytic activity was significantly increased in both diabetic groups but fibrinogen levels, although increased, were not statistically different from levels in controls. It is suggested that the observed changes are more likely to be secondary to the development of retinopathy and that the increase in antithrombin III activity is due to an increase in α2-macroglobulin.
Antithrombin III, Heparin Cofactor and Antifactor Xa in Relation to Age, Sex and Pathological Condition
Authors: Panicucci F. , Sagripanti A. , Conte B. , Pinori E. , Vispi M. , Lecchini L.
Published: April 2009

Antithrombin III (At-III) activity and protein, heparin cofactor activity, anti-factor Xa activity were determined in 200 healthy adults, evenly distributed within age and sex groups, in 60 patients with cerebral thrombosis and in 20 oral contraceptive users. There was a positive correlation between At-III protein and its activities in normal subjects and in patients with cerebral thrombosis, The mean At-III protein and heparin cofactor activity values decreased with age in men and in women of fertile age. The mean values of At-III protein and its activities did not show any variation in the patients with cerebral thrombosis when compared with the normals. In oral contraceptive users a positive correlation was also found between At-III protein and its activities, antifactor Xa activity excepted. The mean antifactor Xa activity value in these women decreased during treatment, whereas the other At-III activities and At-III protein were unchanged.
The Inhibition of PGI2 Synthetase within the Arterial Wall by 15-Hydroperoxyarachidonic Acid Enhances Local White Platelet Thrombosis
Authors: Bourgain R.H.
Published: April 2009

Prostaglandins play an important role in platelet-vessel wall interaction. The inhibition of PGI2 synthetase by 15-hydroperoxyarachidonic acid (15-HPAA) results in an enhancement of local thrombus formation.
Hemostatic Effect of Transfused Willebrand Factor in Porcine von Willebrand’s Disease
Authors: Bowie E.J.W. , Fass D.N. , Owen, Jr. C.A.
Published: April 2009

Cryoprecipitate was infused into pigs with severe von Willebrand’s disease, and the bleeding time was corrected when the plasmatic level of VIII R:AG (WF) was above 30 U/dl. The VIII R:AG (WF) was not completely recovered but none was found in the plasma or endothelial cells. A new method for measuring the bleeding time is described -the ratio bleeding time. These results in pigs are compared with the reported results in humans.
A Window on the Soul: Four Politicians on Religion and Public Life
Authors: Graham Elaine
Published: April 2009

In this article I examine public statements about the relationship between private faith and public reason through the pronouncements of four leading politicians: Tony Blair (United Kingdom), Helen Clark (New Zealand), Barack Obama (United States of America) and Kevin Rudd (Australia). Of the four, Blair and Rudd have been most articulate about the way in which their own personal faith-commitments have informed their political motivations, but in doing so both men have had to negotiate a broader cultural suspicion of 'doing God' in public. Whilst religion may be regarded as representing a strong 'moral compass' for a politician, those espousing a religious faith in public also have to contend with public anxieties about religious extremism. Of the other two, I argue that Obama speaks into a more receptive public arena, and that part of his skill has been to tap into a long-standing tradition in American public life which, despite separation of church and state, is more attuned to the casting of political values in religious language. Helen Clark is the only one of the four to identify herself as 'agnostic', yet her support for the 2007 Statement on Religious Diversity signals a new willingness on the part of a political culture that has tended to be 'functionally secular' to embrace the notion of religious faith as a part of healthy civil society. All four examples, therefore, furnish us with insights into different dimensions of the relationship between a politician's personal faith and their public accountability in contemporary western democracies.
The Madres Appear on the Public Plaza de Mayo in Argentina: Towards Human Rights as a Key for a Public eology that Carries on the Liberation Heritage
Authors: Walz Heike
Published: April 2009

The Madres y Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo are internationally recognized for human rights work in their ongoing campaign for justice for those who disappeared during the most recent dictatorship in Argentina. ey have become the contemporary Argentine symbol for the implementation of human rights in the society. The article examines how they implicitly carry on the liberation theological heritage and have reclaimed the public sphere through: shedding light on the clandestine actions of state terrorism, turning private motherhood political and reconstructing public discourse. Despite such efforts to put memory, truth and justice on the public agenda, a history of impunity made reconciliation difficult in Argentina. The engagement of the Mothers and Grandmothers off ers clues for the continuation of liberation theology as a type of public theology, with human rights as its focus.
The Oscillating Public Sphere: A Response from the US to Linda Hogan's Review Article
Authors: Storrar William
Published: April 2009

Since Public Theology for the 21st Century was first published, the world has witnessed the terrorist events of 9/11 and is now experiencing a growing economic crisis. While the contributors to the volume could not have addressed these events specifi cally, the discussions within the book contain valuable analyses of democracy, active citizenship and the notion of social capital that are highly pertinent in the current climate. Public theology must grapple with and adapt to these changed and changing social and political circumstances.
Revisiting Tāhā Husayn's Fī al-Shi'r al-Jāhilī and its sequel
Authors: Ayalon Yaron
Published: April 2009

In 1926, Tāhā Husayn published Fī al-shi'r al-jāhilī, a book in which he analyzed the language and style of pre-Islamic poetry, and argued that some poems were written in the Islamic period. A few passages in the work questioning the historicity of the Qur'ān infuriated the religious establishment in Egypt. Accused of blasphemy and threatened to lose his professorship at the Egyptian University, Husayn was summoned before a court that charged and convicted him of apostasy and banned his book from circulation. A year later, he published a presumably softened version of the book under a different title, Fī al-adab al-jāhilī, and the clamor subsided. To date, intellectual historians of Egypt understand the second book as an attempt to appease the 'ulamā', and as part of a shift from western-inspired to Islamic-oriented scholarship that occurred among Egyptian intellectuals during the late 1920's. This article revisits Husayn's two books, and shows that Fī al-adab al-jāhilī was not a milder and slightly-amended version of the first book. Rather, it served as a platform for Husayn to reassert his message and get back at his rivals. Placed in the context of his scholarship at large, this article argues that Husayn remained a passionate advocate of western liberal ideas throughout his career.
The Divine-Human Encounter Towards a Pentecostal Theology of Experience
Authors: Cross Terry
Published: April 2009

This address offers preliminary steps toward a theology of experience from a Pentecostal perspective. While not making experience of God the sole basis for theological reflection, this address suggests that too frequently experiences with God the Spirit are allowed no basis for such reflection. Using four doctrinal loci of traditional Christian theology, Cross argues that each locus is deficient without an experiential dimension. The four loci are traditionally expressed in the following Latin phrases: (1) finitum (non) capax infiniti; (2) Christus praesens; (3) unio cum Christo; and (4) internum testimonium Spiritus Sancti. Rather than creating an entirely new theology for Pentecostals, this essay proposes to breathe life into some existing Christian theological formulations by including a reflection on human encounters with the Spirit.