bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bearing the Burden of Tick-Borne Encephalitis in Europe, 2012-2020: Rising Cases, Future Predictions and Climate Change
Authors: Varma Aswathy , Szlaszynska Marta , Ben-Haim Assaf , Ilia Neofytos , Tarricone Silvia , Lewandowska-Bejm Justyna , Visentin Francesco , Gadler Annalisa
Published: September 2022

Background: Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a central nervous system disease that is posing a growing public health challenge in Europe. Its disease burden, despite carrying a significant global impact, is still relatively unexplored. This study aims to outline a regression model of how the increasing cases will influence the burden of TBE in the upcoming years, using YLDs (years lived with disability) and DALYs (Disability-adjusted life years), and address climate change as a determinant.
Methods: Information regarding the number of cases, YLDs and DALYs of TBE was collected from European countries using available surveillance data from 2012 to 2020. Number of TBE cases and burden projections were created until 2025, using a linear regression model. The total reported cases of TBE cases in this timeframe, age-group and gender distribution were inserted and modeled in ECDC BCoDE Toolkit, a software application that calculates the burden of communicable diseases, YLDs and DALYs of each year. A non-systematic bibliographic search was conducted exploring the impact of climate change on TBE.
Results: Our findings showed a linear growth in number of TBE cases (74.3% increase), DALYs (71.3%), YLDs (71.75%) in European countries from 2012 to 2020. By 2025, these factors are likely to increase by 141% (95% CI: [108%,175%]), 134% (95% CI: [91%,177%]) and 134% (95% CI: [98%,172%]) compared to 2012, respectively (p<0.0001).
Conclusions: The likelihood of morbidity and mortality increase of TBE, as well as climate-related changes in tick activity, highlight that prompt action is necessary by introducing preventive measures in European populations.
Psikiyatri Kliniklerinde Çalışan Hemşirelerin Alkol ve Madde Bağımlılığına Yönelik Tutumları
Authors: Karadağ Feyzanur , Babaoğlu Elçin
Published: September 2022

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı psikiyatri kliniklerinde çalışan hemşirelerin alkol ve madde bağımlılığı ile ilgili inanışlarını incelemektir.
Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı nitelikte yapılan araştırmanın örneklemini Türkiye’de psikiyatri kliniklerinde çalışan 103 hemşire oluşturmuştur. Veri toplama aracı olarak; “Hemşireleri Tanıtıcı Bilgi Formu” ve “Bağımlılık ile İlgili İnanışlar Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır.
Bulgular: Hemşirelerin Bağımlılıkla ilgili inanışlar ölçeği (BİİÖ)'nin alt boyutlarının toplam puan ortalamasının 3,02±0,79 (N=103) olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ölçekte her bir alt boyuttan alınabilen en yüksek puan 5’tir, araştırmada hemşireler BİİÖ’nün alt boyutlarından en yüksek puan ortalamasını (3,55±1,15) “Uzmanlara Güven”den almışlardır. Araştırmada hemşirelerin en düşük puan ortalamasının ise (2,46±1,00) “Davranış Sorumluluğu” alt boyutundan aldıkları tespit edilmiştir.
Sonuç: Hemşirelerin ailede veya yakınlarında bağımlı birey olma değişkenine göre "İyileşme Sorumluluğu" alt boyutunda, ailesinde veya yakınlarında bağımlı birey olan hemşireler lehine anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmuştur. Hemşirelerin çalışılan birimden memnun olma değişkenine göre ölçeğin "Kronik Hasta" alt boyutunda çalıştığı birimden memnun olan hemşireler lehine anlamlı farklılık bulunmuştur.
Aile İletişim Kalıpları ve Akran İlişkilerinin Siber Mağduriyet ve Zorbalık Üzerindeki Etkisi: İnternet Bağımlılığının Aracı Etkisi
Authors: Aytaç Özgenur , Uçan Gülten , Baydur Hakan
Published: September 2022

Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı aile iletişim kalıpları, akran ilişkileri ve internet bağımlılığının siber mağduriyet ve zorbalık üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi ve internet bağımlılığının aracı etkisinin bir model aracılığı ile değerlendirilmesidir.
Yöntem: Araştırmaya İzmir İlinde 4 farklı türdeki 8 lisede öğrenim gören 14-19 yaş aralığında toplam 320 kişi katılmıştır. Sosyodemografik bilgiler formu, Yenilenmiş Siber Zorbalık Envanteri, Young İnternet Bağımlılığı Ölçeği, Akran İlişkileri Ölçeği ve Aile İletişim Kalıpları Ölçeği uygulanmıştır
Bulgular: Katılımcıların %49,9’u erkek olup yaş ortalaması 16,25±1,13’tür. %95,4’ü cep telefonuna, %71,2’sinin bilgisayara, %42,5’i tablete sahiptir. Öğrencilerin çoğunluğu (%67,5) interneti ebeveynlerinin denetimi olmaksızın istediği kadar kullanabilmekte ve günde beş saatten fazla internette zaman geçirmektedir (%30,5). Çok değişkenli analizde siber mağduriyet ile internet bağımlılığı, akran, serbestiyetçi ve koruyucu aile türü ile anlamlı düzeyde ilişkili iken, siber zorbalıkta internet bağımlılığı serbestiyetçi ve koruyucu aile türü ile ilişkili bulunmuştur. Yol analizinde siber mağduriyet üzerinde akran ilişkilerinin ve aile iletişimin toplam etkisi sırasıyla β=0,212 ve β=0,144 düzeyindedir. Siber zorbalık üzerindeki toplam etki sırasıyla β=0,158 ve β=0,138 büyüklüğündedir.
Sonuç: Siber mağduriyet ve zorbalık, akran ilişkileri, aile iletişimi ve internet bağımlılığından etkilenmektedir. Gençlerde internet bağımlılığına ve dolayısıyla siber mağduriyet ve zorbalığa neden olan faktörler etki yolakları ile birlikte iyi tespit edilip denetlenmelidir.
Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Travmatik Yaşantılar, Agresyon ve İnternet Bağımlılığı
Authors: İnan Budak Merve , Akarsu Özlem , Okanli Ayşe , Adıgüzel Vesile
Published: September 2022

Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı üniversite öğrencilerinde travmatik yaşantılar, agresyon ve internet bağımlılığı düzeyi ve bunlar arasındaki ilişki incelemektedir.
Yöntem: Bu çalışma tanımlayıcı ve ilişki arayıcı tipte bir araştırmadır. Araştırma bir devlet üniversitesinin sağlık bilimleri fakültesinde öğrenim gören 294 öğrenci ile yürütülmüştür. Araştırma verileri Çocukluk Çağı Travmalar Ölçeği (ÇÇTÖ), Buss-Perry Agresyon Ölçeği ve Young İnternet Bağımlılığı Testi Kısa Formu aracılığıyla toplanmıştır.
Bulgular: Analiz sonuçlarına göre öğrencilerin çoğunluğunun (%51) travma düzeyleri düşük seviyededir. Alt ölçek puanları incelendiğinde en yüksek puan ortalamasının duygusal ihmal, en düşük puan ortalamasının ise cinsel istismar olduğu görülmektedir. Çocukluk çağı travmaları ile sözel saldırganlık alt boyutu arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Ayrıca çocukluk çağı travmaları ile internet bağımlılığı arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur
Sonuç: Çocuklukta yaşanan istismar deneyimlerinin, davranışın çeşitli özellikleri üzerinde ve psikiyatrik komorbiditelerde uzun vadeli bir etkisi olabilir.
Ellas hablan solas. Las columnas sobre la lengua (CSL) escritas por mujeres en la prensa española actual
Authors: Marimón Llorca Carmen
Published: September 2022

El columnismo lingüístico es un género de larga tradición en la prensa española; sin embargo, la aparición de firmas femeninas se inicia en 2007, cuando una lingüista empieza a publicar con cierta regularidad este tipo de textos. Los objetivos de este trabajo son (a) estudiar el columnismo escrito por mujeres en la prensa española con el fin de mostrar las características comunes y diferenciales que puedan tener tanto entre ellas como en relación con la tradición en la que se insertan; (b) comprender las razones de su ausencia de la tribuna pública sobre la lengua, así como las que motivan su aparición. Para ello se ha utilizado el corpus METAPRES que recoge la totalidad de dichas columnas. Se concluye que asuntos extralingüísticos, como el poder de las comunidades epistémicas y el empoderamiento de las mujeres; y más estrictamente lingüísticos, como la orientación de la propia disciplina, contribuyen decisivamente a explicar el columnismo lingüístico en femenino.
Mujer y género gramatical en las columnas sobre la lengua española de finales del s. XIX y principios del s. XX
Authors: Martínez Egido José Joaquín
Published: September 2022

Las columnas sobre la lengua (CSL) son artículos de opinión metalingüísticos que muestran las características y los problemas lingüísticos de la sociedad en el momento de su publicación. Las cuestiones relacionadas con el género gramatical son fundamentales en la conceptualización y expresión del feminismo y son temas de polémica en la prensa. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la posible presencia de esta cuestión en columnistas de finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX. Se han seleccionado 6 columnistas con un total de 196 columnas en las que se ha observado que, si bien no se puede hablar de polémica de género en la prensa, tanto en sus escritos, como en sus tópicos, el tema estaba presente. Por ello, dicha cuestión puede ser considerada característica temática definitoria de las columnas sobre la lengua como género con una tradición discursiva consolidada.
Post-fire regeneration of cork oak (Quercus suber) in Kiadi forest (Akfadou- Algeria)
Authors: Dib Tassadit , Kazanis Dimitrios , Arianoutsou Margarita , Messaoudene Mahand , Krouchi Fazia
Published: September 2022

Cork oak (Quercus suber) as a West Mediterranean species is known for its ecological, economic and social values. Wildfires are one of the most serious problems threatening Quercus suber, endangering its occurrence in its area of distribution. Therefore, knowing the behavior of the species after fire and the factors influencing its responses are particularly important for forest management. In this study we assessed the post fire vegetative recovery in 730 trees affected by wildfires on 2014 in Kiadi cork oak forest, located in the Western side of Akfadou Mountains in Algeria. Few months after the fire, individual tree mortality was very low (7.53%), and nearly, all the trees sampled survived the fire since almost all trees resprouted from canopy and some of them showed basal resprouts. Moreover, those two modes of post fire vegetative recovery were not correlated to each other. The performed redundancy analyzes (RDA) revealed that the cork oak post-fire response was highly correlated with individual characteristics and with the environmental data. The main variables influencing the likelihood of good or poor vegetative recovery were the understory height and cover, soil characteristics, fire severity, tree status (alive/dead trees), tree diameter and tree exploitation. Our results confirmed the fire resistance of cork oak species; which is also the only Algerian tree to resprouts. Hence, this makes the species a good candidate for reforestation programs in fire prone ecosystems.
Synanthropisation of coastal vegetation in southern Spain
Authors: Enríquez-de-Salamanca Álvaro
Published: September 2022

Coastal dunes have high ecological value, but are often damaged or overexploited by beach tourism. The main problems for the vegetation of this ecosystem are the physical destruction and the synanthropisation, the latter due to the colonisation of both alien and apophyte species, favoured by human action. This study analyses the degree of synanthropisation of the vegetation of a stretch of coastline in southern Spain, by systematically surveying the flora present in six biotopes: beach, foredune, mid-dune, back-dune, creek and rocky area. The percentage of synanthropic species was 51%, of which 33% are apophytes, mainly ruderal species and weeds, and 18% are alien species, mostly from gardens adjacent to the coastal zone. The degree of synanthropisation varies by biotope, ranging from zero on the beach to 63% on the back-dune, with a marked increase from the beach inland. Richness and diversity is highest in biotopes with higher synanthropisation, but at the cost of lower naturalness. Measures need to be taken to protect coastal vegetation, both from destruction and synanthropisation.
Proses Entrepreneurial dalam Upaya Revitalisasi Budaya dan Industri di Kampung Batik Semarang: Suatu Studi Kasus untuk Pendidikan Entrepreneurship di STPKat Santo Fransiskus Asisi Semarang
Authors: Astuti Andarweni , Gunawan Gunawan
Published: September 2022

Pemerintah Indonesia terus berjuang mengatasi kemiskinan, antara lain dengan menyalurkan bantuan langsung tunai kepada keluarga tidak mampu. Upaya tersebut jelas tidak ideal. Yang perlu terus diupayakan pemerintah adalah pemberdayaan usaha kecil dan menengah (UKM). Salah satu contoh upaya pemerintah yang dapat dijadikan model pemberdayaan yang baik adalah revitalisasi Kampung Batik Semarang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis revitalisasi Kampung Batik Semarang sebagai sebuah proses entrepreneurial yang inovatif, berdampak positif, dan berkelanjutan. Tujuan lainnya adalah supaya dari temuan-temuan penelitian para mahasiswa STPKat Santo Fransiskus Asisi Malang dapat mendalami proses entrepreneurial yang konkrit. Temuan-temuan hasil penelitian: Kampung Batik Semarang dapat menjadi contoh keberhasilan proses entrepreneurial. Telah terjadi revitalisasi budaya dan industri dengan terciptanya lapangan-lapangan pekerjaan yang baru dan berkelanjutan. Berkelanjutan, dalam arti: lestarinya motif-motif batik yang unik serta proses penerusannya ke generasi selanjutnya.
IS INDONESIA LOSING THE SOUL OF ITS DEMOCRACY?
Authors: Gismar Abdul Malik
Published: September 2022

This paper describes 11 year dynamics and trends of Indonesian democracy, specifically, aspects of Civil Liberty, Political Rights, and Democratic Institutions, through the results of Indonesia Democracy Index’s (IDI) annual assessment. IDI is an assessment of provincial democracy. Its calculation is based on events occurring throughout the year; it is an attempt to capture democracy from the ground up; a depiction of democracy as it is practiced in everyday life at the institutional as well as at behavioral level. The results indicate complex dynamics and trends where issues of civil liberty, political rights and democratic institutions intertwine to shape political reality on the ground. Discrepancies of performances between IDI’s indicators of democracy indicate a certain paradox in Indonesian democracy as it is practiced at the provincial level. On one hand, the space for civil liberty is open and the citizens are freely and enthusiastically express themselves; and on the other hand, democratic institutions are lacking in capacity and cannot respond adequately to the democratic demands arising from the opening up of civil liberty. More than a decade long abject performance of provincial parliaments across Indonesia in performing its legislative roles (i.e. initiating legislation and giving public policy recommendation to the executives) have no doubt contributed to dissatisfactions express in many public complaints and demonstrations throughout Indonesia.  This lack of parliamentary capacity across Indonesia translates into the absence of representation.
AFRICANIZING REBEL INSURGENCY IN A POST-COLONIAL STATE AND RAMIFICATIONS FOR AFRICAN REGIONAL INTEGRATION: INSIGHT(S) FROM THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (DRC)
Authors: Mlambo Daniel
Published: September 2022

This article aims to ponder the effects of political instability and, rebel insurgency, in particular, have on Africa’s regional integration frameworks by drawing insights from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The upsurge of militias has been a norm in some African countries such as the Central African Republic, Somalia and Sudan. This article utilized a qualitative method. When one adopts this type of method, s/he anticipates gathering a robust viewpoint pertaining to human behaviour and the rationale behind it. Data retrieved was drawn from secondary sources such as books, chapters in books, journal articles, credible online sources and policy briefs that monitor African conflict (especially the DRC). Similarly, the political instability that continues to take centre stage in the DRC because of many and diverse rebel groups fighting for the country’s prestigious resources has produced a web of both internal and external instability, further crippling the country’s economy, neighbouring countries and Africa’s regional integration blueprints.
CHINA’S INFLUENCE ON AUSTRALIA'S POSITION IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC IN THE SECURITY SECTOR AND DEVELOPING SECTOR
Authors: Ramadhani Suci Nur , Noer Mohammad
Published: September 2022

After the economic growth, the government system, and security in the Solomon Islands have started to improve. China is here to increase its influence in the Region. China's presence in the Solomon Islands puts Australia's position at risk. The research entitled "China's Influence on Australia's Position in the South Pacific Region in the Security and Development Sector. (Case Study: the Solomon Islands 2013-2017)”, has a problem formulation because the influence exerted by China on the Solomon Islands can pose a threat to Australia. This study aimed to determine the influence exerted by China on the Solomon Islands, thus posing a threat to Australia's position in the region, especially in the security and security sector. This research uses the library research method or literature study. Researchers use library research as their research by collecting library data, reading, taking notes, and reprocessing research materials. The theory used to answer the problem is the theory of foreign policy and international security. Based on the results of the analysis, the author can find out that the presence of China in the Solomon Islands has had a major influence on Australia in the region. If China succeeds in exerting influence in the Solomon Islands, it will pose a huge threat to Australia's position on a security.
HEDONISME REMAJA SOSIALITA
Authors: Munawaroh Mufidatul
Published: September 2022

Penelitian ini mengupas secara lebih mendalam tentang permasalahan terkait dengan life style remaja sosialita kalangan mahasiswa di pedesaan Lamongan. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kualitatif, dengan jenis penelitian studi kasus. Peneliti menggunakan purposive sampling karena subyek yang akan diteliti memperhatikan adanya karakteristik tertentu atau sifat khusus yang dimiliki. Peneliti mendapatkan 5 orang perempuan yang tinggal di desa dan masih berstatus mahasiswa untuk dijadikan subyek dalam penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa life style remaja sosialita kalangan mahasiswa di pedesaan Lamongan dilatarbelakangi faktor internal yaitu kurang memiliki kesadaran akan bahaya gaya hidup hedonisme seperti pergaulan bebas dan adanya keinginan untuk dipandang lebih modis dan tidak ketinggalan zaman, sedangkan faktor eksternal yaitu keluarga dan teman pergaulan. Ketidakharmonisan di dalam keluarga dan kurangnya perhatian, kasih sayang, peraturan baik di dalam keluarga yang membuat tekanan dalam diri individu, serta bujukan teman, sehingga sulit terlepas dari jerat gaya hidup hedonisme. Hasil penelitian bermanfaat dalam memberikan informasi bagi orangtua yang memiliki anak sebagai mahasiswa (yang tinggal di pedesaan) mengenai gaya hidup hedonisme mahasiswa, selain itu hasil penelitian dapat membantu orangtua dalam mencegah perilaku anak untuk bergaya hidup hedonisme.
POLA KOMUNIKASI SATU ARAH SEBAGAI INTERAKSI EDUKATIF DALAM KISAH NABI ĀDAM AS
Authors: Harahap Ahmad Yunus Mokoginta
Published: September 2022

Educational interaction is a relationship between two or more people in the educational process. The interaction will form a pattern of one-way, two-way and even multidirectional communication. In the story of the Prophet Adam AS in the Qur'an there is an educational interaction that forms a pattern of one-way communication. This study aims to find one-way communication patterns as educational interactions in the story of the Prophet Adam AS. The research method used is a type of library research (library Research). The data source comes from the primary data source in the form of verses from the Qur'an about the story of the Prophet Adam, and the secondary data source comes from an interpretation book about the opinions of scholars. Data analysis using content analysis. As a result of this study, there is a pattern of communication as an educational interaction between God and the Angels, between God and Satan, and between God and Adam AS and His Wife.
LEGISLATING ANTI-TORTURE REFORM AND HARM REDUCTION SERVICES TO PROTECT INCARCERATED OPIOID USERS IN PAKISTAN
Authors: Nicholas Lassi
Published: September 2022

Pakistani anti-torture and harm reduction law is examined, particularly how these regulations, or lack thereof, influence prison safety and user rehabilitation. This study first takes a broad view of Pakistani opioid use, harm reduction, and its public health consequences, and then examines these issues within the Pakistani prison system. As anti-torture laws and inmate protections are weak within Pakistan, law enforcement, prison officers, and prison administrators often exploit these conditions to extract confessions, punish, and extort inmates. Safety and rehabilitation in prisons will likely improve with strongly enforced anti-torture and harm reduction laws. Legal control over physical and psychological torture should also be paired with normalizing harm reduction services in prisons, such as separate detoxification units for users experiencing withdrawal upon entering prison, confidential HIV testing, drug awareness messaging, evidence-based and voluntary treatment, among others. Strengthening anti-torture and harm reduction law has ramifications for the Pakistani legal system, prison system, law enforcement, and public health divisions within prisons. The Pakistani government should legislate anti-torture and harm reduction reforms to improve the safety and rehabilitation prospects of incarcerated opioid users.
Analisis Faktor Dominan yang Mempengaruhi Wisatawan Dalam Mengambil Keputusan untuk Menginap pada Sankara Resort di Ubud, Gianyar
Authors: Nginte I Kadek Dwi Ariwangsa
Published: September 2022

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis faktor-faktor dominan yang mempengaruhi wisatawan dalam mengambil keputusan untuk menginap pada Sankara Resort di Ubud, Gianyar. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah wisatawan yang menginap pada Sankara Resort di Ubud, Gianyar. Sampel yang diambil sebanyak 60 responden dengan Teknik analisis yang digunakan adalah Uji Validitas, Uji Reliabilitas dan Teknik Analisis Faktor dengan pendekatan Accidental sampling, yaitu Teknik penentuan sampel dengan kebetulan, dimana penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara membagikan angket kepada wisatawan yang menginap pada Sankara Resort di Ubud, Gianyar. Hasil penelitian menemukan Indikator Sub Budaya yang merupakan Indikator yang paling dominan dengan loading factor tertinggi sebesar 0,863. Indikator Motivasi merupakan Indikator yang mewakili faktor II karena memiliki loading factor yang tertinggi pada faktor kedua sebesar 0,875. Indikator Kelas Sosial merupakan Indikator yang mewakili faktor III karena memiliki loading factor yang tertinggi pada faktor ketiga sebesar 0,832. Variabel Budaya merupakan variabel yang mewakili faktor IV karena memiliki loading factor yang tertinggi pada faktor keempat sebesar 0,868. Keempat faktor dari 15 variabel dengan loading factor diatas 0,4 yang mempengaruhi wisatawan dalam mengamil keputusan menginap pada Sankara Resort di Ubud Gianyar.
SELF-DIRECTED PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT APPROACH: A CHALLENGE FOR SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS IN PAKISTAN
Authors:   SELF-DIRECTED PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT APPROACH: A CHALLENGE FOR SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS IN PAKISTAN, Arif Afia , Ambreen Munnaza ,   Secondary Teacher Education Department, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Published: September 2022

The purpose of this article is to investigate the provisions for secondary school teachers' self-directed professional development in Pakistan. Professional growth is vital for all professions, but it is especially crucial in the teaching profession because it directly influences generational change. Continuous professional development is necessary to update teachers’ knowledge and skills, and to enable them to meet new challenges of the changing demands of learners. Self-directed professional development is the way to help instructors improve their expertise and skills in teaching. Adult learning ideas, such as learning according to one's needs and interests, were adopted to self-directed professional development. In situations where resources are scarce, budget allocation for education is lesser than requirement, and number of students are more than ideal self-directed professional development is very much important. While exploring the provision of self-directed professional development in secondary school teachers where it is seen as positive and motivational for other teachers, there are some challenges faced by self-directed teachers. The challenge for secondary school teachers is to perceive their development as a success in professional learning and teaching process that may enhance the quality of their teaching. These challenges must be reported to school administration as well as policymakers to minimize these challenges and set a proper mechanism to consider self-directed professional development as positive and value demanding for a teacher. Keywords: Self-directed professional development, secondary school teachers.
PAK-US ALLIANCE ON WAR OF TERROR: EVOLUTION OF PAKISTANI CONTEMPORARY ART IN THE WAKE OF INCREASED VIOLENT EXTREMISM
Authors:   Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan, Tassadduq Sobia , Sulaiman Sadia ,   Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Published: September 2022

This paper presents the findings of exploratory research that attempts to establish the relationship between the Pakistan-United States of America alliance in the post-9/11 era and increased violent extremism in Pakistan. Moreover, its efforts to link the rise of violent extremism with the evolution of Pakistani contemporary artwork – demonstrate greater political activism. Pakistan emerged as a frontline state and key non-NATO ally of the US and the West for the War of Terror. The study offers a perspective on changes in the artwork in terms of themes and messages. The study findings suggest that Pakistan’s participation in the US-led War on Terror did work to transform the political and religious sentiments, having security implications across Pakistan. The most profound changes are evident in terms of violent extremisms in particular suicide bombing and the State’s response in waging military operations against extremist elements. The changing landscape did influence the societal sentiments and heightened skepticism of the Pakistan-US partnership. The mounting skepticism and antagonism worked to influence the artistic expressions with the rise of political activism in contemporary artwork. The artists used the visual artwork (of painting) to express their political ideas, which demonstrates a marked departure from pre-9/11 artwork. The study’s findings suggest that the artwork became more critical of the changing realities and questioned both the government and the extremist elements, including Pakistan's relationship with the US. The study concludes that the Pakistan-US partnership did result in hardening the extremist views and as a consequence rise of violent extremism. And in turn, it changed the contemporary artwork in terms of themes and messages and the emergence of political artwork in Pakistan. Keywords: War on Terror, Violent Extremism, Pakistani Contemporary Art, Political Imageries.
CAN THE SUBALTERN SPEAK? AN ANALYSIS OF HOME FIRE (2017) BY KAMILA SHAMSI
Authors:   Institute of English Language and Literature, University of Sindh, Jamshoro Pakistan, Rind Salma , Kulsoom Ume- ,   Institute of English Language and Literature, University of Sindh, Jamshoro Pakistan, Mahesar Khaleeque Zaman ,   Department of Political Science, University of Sindh, Jamshoro Pakistan
Published: September 2022

The current study “Can the subaltern speak? An Analysis of Home Fire (2017) by Kamila Shamsi” is based on the textual analysis and close reading of the novel. The novel is evaluated from the perspective of subaltern by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. Spivak gave the concept of subaltern in her essay “Can the Subaltern speak”? (1988) to discuss the marginalized and subordinated group of people. Spivak says subalterns are neglected at different levels such as social, cultural, political, economic, psychological and religious. Subalterns are entitled with different labels like inferior, downtrodden and lower rank people. Thus, due to fallen position subalterns remain forgotten subjects and have no history and no identity in their surroundings. Similar to Spivak`s concept, Shamsi’s novel Home Fire (2017) portrays the position of Muslim British as subaltern. A Muslim family named Pasha Family has been living in Britain for many years and still lives in Britain. Yet their identity is challenged due to the involvement of Adil Pasha (Father) with Taliban and having Muslim identity. Isma, elder daughter of Adil Pasha is interrogated consecutively for two hours at airport of America. The main reason for her interrogation is her Muslim identity and hijab which she wears every time. After that her brother Pervaiz Pasha is murdered in Turkey and his dead body is sent to Pakistan. Because British government is not ready to bury Pervaiz Pasha in her soil as Pervaiz showed connection with terrorists. Therefore, his dead body is not allowed to be buried in Britain. Though all the children of the Pasha Family were born and raised in Britain. This shows subalterns do not have any place in the society. This brutal and violent treatment of one dominant group effects contrary on subalterns. Subalterns accept their fallen status and bow down in front of higher authorities. Keywords: Subalterns, downtrodden, hijab, Muslim identity, terrorists.
THE ECONOMIC FACETS OF LEGISLATION DURING THE FIRST ERA OF NAWAZ’S GOVERNMENT (1990-93) AND ITS IMPACTS ON THE ECONOMIC ISSUES OF PAKISTAN
Authors:   Department of History and Pakistan Studies International Islamic University Islamabad Pakistan, Nawaz Amir , Hussain Akhtar ,   Department of History and Pakistan Studies International Islamic University Islamabad. Pakistan
Published: September 2022

This paper is an effort to highlight the economic aspects of the laws enacted during the first era of Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif (1990-1993). The focus is mainly on the legislation related to economic issues. The present paper is divided in to two parts. The first part of the paper deals with the legislation relating to the economic issues while the second part of the paper is emphasizing on a brief analysis and its impacts on the economic system of Pakistan followed by a conclusion. The issues are described and analyzed in the pretext of the two main theories i.e., the Demand Theory and The Economic Theory. Keywords: Nawaz Sharif, Government, Economic Legislation, Impacts.
SOCIAL MEDIA USE AND YOUTH WELL-BEING: THE ROLE OF SOCIAL APPEARANCE IN CONTRIBUTING TO A SENSE OF INFERIORITY
Authors:   Department of Mass Communication, Government College University Faisalabad Pakistan, Attah Sana , Shahzad Sobia ,   Department of Mass Communication, Government College University Faisalabad Pakistan, Batool Sumera ,   Department of Mass Communication, Lahore College for Women University Lahore Pakistan
Published: September 2022

Social media applications like TikTok and Instagram enable social comparisons and users' emotional experiences in everyday life, with negative consequences for their mental well-being. However, there is a discrepancy in that users' social appearance has altered as a result of their use of these social media applications. The current study intends to bridge this research gap by looking into how social appearances on TikTok and Instagram develop emotions of inferiority. For validity, a Social Appearance Anxiety Scale was used, with N=352 respondents in the sample. The statistics show that there is a substantial link between social appearance and inferiority complex. Social media users create and replicate videos for a short period of time, incorporating content that builds the dreamy image that has a major impact on their mental health and that of their followers. The findings confirm a strong relationship (R²=0.520) between social appearance and inferiority complex, proving the importance of social media appearance in terms of inferiority feelings. Keywords: Self-representation, Social appearance, Inferiority complex, Instagram use, TikTok use.
POLITICAL DIMENSIONS OF PAKISTAN’S ENGAGEMENT IN THE US-LED ‘WAR ON TERROR’
Authors:   Department of Political Science,  Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar, Pakistan, Bashir Sadaf
Published: September 2022

This study examines the political dimensions of Pakistan’s engagement as a frontline state in the US-led ‘War on Terror.’ The study argues that the ‘War on Terror’ overwhelmingly impacted Pakistan’s political milieu. Internally, the ‘War on Terror’ undermined civilian institutions, contributed to political fragmentation and increased military and violence. Moreover, the US-backed prolonged Musharraf rule, US structural presence in the country and deepening civil-military imbalance squeezed the political space of Pakistan Peoples Party-led government, thereby further complicating Pakistan’s political landscape. Externally, the War had profound impact on Islamabad’s genuine political interests vis-à-vis Kashmir and Afghanistan. The distrust between Kabul and Islamabad grew due to the ‘War on Terror’ and relations with Afghanistan were increasingly strained. With India, the tensions over Kashmir dispute remained the principal stumbling block in normalization of relations. The study concludes that the US-led ‘War on Terror’ remained an important factor to shape Pakistan’s political landscape by influencing its security and foreign policy. Keywords: Civil-military relations, Jammu & Kashmir dispute, Musharraf regime, Afghan conflict, Terrorism.
THE CATASTROPHIC TRAP: ASSOCIATION OF GENDER DIFFERENCES WITH DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AMONG PAKISTANI SOCIAL MEDIA USERS
Authors:   Department of Gender Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan, Malik Ra’ana , Waheed Shariq ,   Department of Gender Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan, Hameed Rabia ,   Department of Gender Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Published: September 2022

Throughout history, pandemic outbreaks have always proven to be inducers of stress, uncertainty, anxiety, and depression. The present study aims to inspect the gender differences in anxiety, depression, and the associated factors during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak among Pakistani social media users. The examination was a cross-sectional study of 577 participants recruited through social media across Pakistan who took a sociodemographic survey along with a COVID-19 pandemic-related questionnaire, Patient Health Questionnaire index (PHQ-2), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder index (GAD-2), and the Connor Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10). To Statistically Analyse the data, ANOVA and Chi-square tests were applied for data description and binary logistic regression along with multiple regression analysis for scrutinizing factors associated with anxiety, depression and, resilience. Overall, 24.8% and 23.2% of study members screened positive for depression and anxiety respectively. There were notable gender differences in anxiety and depression as these symptoms were more strongly experienced by females, while no major gender differences were observed for resilience against stress. The findings of the present study could be applied in raising awareness for mainstream society to get authentic information related to the COVID-19 crises from legitimate sources in order to stay away from infodemic and to enhance their psychological wellbeing. Keywords: COVID-19; gender differences; mental health; social media; depression; anxiety.
SYNTAX OR SEMANTICS: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY
Authors:   Kohsar University, Murree, Pakistan, Alamgeer Hassan , Ali Zoulfiqar ,   SED,Govt of the Punjab, Pakistan, Iftikhar Muhammad ,   Govt Associate (Boys) College, Raiwind, Lahore
Published: September 2022

The aim and purpose of this study was to investigate whether semantics was more important for a language or syntax. In other words, it is proposed to know whether meaning is more important for a language or structure. It aimed to investigate why semantics or syntax has more importance and how. This study was proposed to answer the research questions that how and why semantics is comparatively more important than syntax for a language. The research was conducted to analyze both the domains comparatively and analytically. The findings suggest that semantics is more important for a language because meaning is both internal and external to language unlike structure which is internal to language as the world and the context rely on the words and the text. Furthermore, the findings suggest that semantics is preferred over syntax because the violated categories of syntax have a potential to convey a meaning whereas the ambiguous meaning can result in the failure of cooperative communication. The common syntactic patterns of the languages e.g. SOV, VSO and SVO can still make the meanings clear if they are not patterned appropriately except for some cases according to the findings. The findings illustrate that the assumptions of semantics have more potential to be focused than syntactic elements. The results suggest that semantics fits into usefulness of language in real life unlike syntax which is an internal reality of a language. Accordingly, meaning is concerned with linguistic and non-linguistic elements whereas structure deals with only linguistic elements. Semantics gained importance because semantics has more significance in comparison with syntax in language comprehension and in terms of semantic characteristics. Keywords: Semantics, Syntax, Structure, Meaning, Language, Importance, Comparison.
TEACHING FACT-FINDING IN CLINICAL LEGAL EDUCATION: WIGMORE CHART AS A PEDAGOGICAL STRATEGY
Authors:   School of Law, University of Gujrat, Majeed Nasir , Dayan Fazli ,   Department of Shariah and Law, Islamia College University of Peshawar Pakistan, Sheraz Mian Muhammad ,   Faculty of Law, University of Sialkot, Sialkot Pakistan
Published: September 2022

The present study argues that Wigmore chart should be used in clinical legal education as a pedagogical strategy to teach students how to analyze facts in judicial trials and think like professional attorneys. Clinical legal education is a university-based progressive educational pedagogy to accomplish two key goals. First, to aid the poor and disadvantaged, and second, to produce law graduates who are capable of practicing law. In this regard, several researchers have suggested the students to learn a set of practical skills that a law student should master at law clinics and fact-analysis is one of those. However, the past research is silent on how the students at law clinics can be taught fact-investigation. The present study, which is doctrinal in nature, intends to fill this gap and suggests using Wigmore chart to make the students learn facts-analysis. Keywords: Pedagogy, Clinical Legal Education, Fact Finding, Wigmore Chart, Evaluation of judicial evidence.
REPRESENTATION OF SOURCE, TARGET AND INTERNATIONAL TARGET CULTURES: THE INCLUSIVENESS OF TEACHING CONTENTS IN PAKISTAN
Authors:   Department of English, NUML, Islamabad Pakistan, Habib Azhar , Yousaf Muhammad ,   Department of English, NUML, Islamabad Pakistan, Uzair Muhammad ,   Faculty of Arts and Humanities, NUML, Islamabad Pakistan
Published: September 2022

The aim of the present study was to know about the depiction of source, target and international target cultures in two English textbooks used at Secondary School Certificate (SSC) level in the government schools of Balochistan, Pakistan. The study was delimited only to reading passages of the prescribed textbooks. The study was descriptive and exploratory in nature and the specific method employed was content analysis. The study was a blend of quantitative and qualitative content analysis. In this connection, all the reading passages of the textbooks were firstly classified into cultural specific and neutral texts; secondly, cultural specific texts were categorized by adapting the frameworks of Cortazzi and Jin (2013); source culture, target culture, international target culture, Oliver (1942), and Chapelle (2009). The percentage of each category was calculated and then the cultural elements of each category were also discussed with the help of a devised checklist. The results of the study show that the percentage of neutral passages in the textbooks used in Balochistan is 65.38% whereas the percentage of passages having cultural contents is 34.61%. As for passages having cultural contents, the numbers of Mentions related to source culture(s) are 149(91.41%) whereas the numbers of Depiction are 57 (89.06%). As regards target culture(s), there are only 2(1.22%) instances of Mention and 4(6.25%) instances of Depiction. As for international target culture(s), the textbooks contain 12(7.36%) instances of Mention and only 3(4.68%) instances of Depiction. Overall, the study reveals that the textbooks do not provide sufficient cultural load as two third of the passages are neutral in nature. Moreover, the cultural elements in the textbooks are predominantly about source culture(s) and there is a dearth of cultural elements pertaining to target and international target cultures. Therefore, it is suggested that the textbooks should be improved by incorporating adequate amount of cultural elements across all the cultures for developing intercultural communicative competence in the learners. Keywords: source, target, international, culture, English, textbooks.
THE RISE OF HINDUTVA: IMPLICATIONS FOR INDIAN MUSLIM MINORITIES
Authors:   International Relations University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan, Zishan Ziafat , Kakar Jalal-Ud-Din ,   International Relations University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan, Fatima Javeria ,   Political Sciences University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
Published: September 2022

Since Narendra Modi entered office and became India's prime minister, atrocities against minorities have increased, and the concept of 'Hindutva' has emerged as a frightening danger to the country's minorities. This research paper will examine the evolution of Hindutva ideology which took place in Indian society and will take into account the recent government of Narendra Modi as a supporter of Hindutva. It will make use of qualitative content analysis to evaluate the reason behind inter-religious conflicts. This study will also examine how Hindutva is associated with Hinduism and has antagonistic behavior towards other minorities especially Muslims in India. In addition to that this research will also focus upon the implications of adopting Hindutva policies upon Muslims, using the lens of social constructivism. Keywords: Hindutva, Qualitative Content Analysis, Indian Muslim Minorities, Social Constructivism.
IMPORTANCE OF DEVOLUTION: A CASE STUDY OF PUNJAB LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACT, 2019
Authors:   District Election Commissioner-Faisalabad, Kausar Irfan , Abbas Waseem ,   Monitoring Evaluation & Learning Penny Appeal Pakistan, Azam Khubaib ,   Monitoring Evaluation & Learning Penny Appeal Pakistan
Published: September 2022

Local governments are one of the key components of government structure and provide an organized system for administration at the grass-root level. Stable local governments are the need of hour and should be vocalized in the policy arena. Literature on local government institutions in Pakistan mostly focused on their performance shortcomings for effective service delivery. Fewer efforts have been made to assess the legislation that provides the power and functioning framework to the local government institutions. This study tries to find out whether the Punjab Local Government Act, 2019 has the potential to devolve the authority in the true sense or otherwise. It highlights the importance to take the first step right apropos of devolution of powers at the grass-root level. Conclusions have been drawn by studying legislation, interviewing experts and local representatives about their expectations and assessment of the Punjab Local Government Act, 2019. It may be deduced on the basis of this research that Punjab Local Government Act, 2019 is decentralized in terms of administrative structure but remains highly centralized in terms of administrative autonomy. Specific allocation of funds is a step forward, but its implementation is necessary for growth and development at the local level. However, the operational mechanism is very complicated that is likely to cause friction among different departments and tiers of the government. There is a need to reconsider the local governments’ legislation for making it nearer to the aspirations of general public. Autonomous local government institutions can induce inclusiveness and cooperation, especially in diversified Pakistan. Keywords: Local Government, Devolution, Punjab, Pakistan.
PAKISTAN-CANADA RELATIONS: PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES
Authors:   Area Study Centre for Africa, North and South America, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan, Siddiqa Ayesha , Ahsan Sarah ,   Area Study Centre for Africa, North and South America, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Published: September 2022

This research has explored the prospects of enhancing Pakistan-Canada bilateral relations. Given Pakistan’s recent shift towards geoeconomics, the country envisages stronger economic ties with all international partners. This study, however, argues that economic cooperation is closely tied to cultural engagement and people-to-people contacts. Hence, while Pakistan needs to develop effective policy measures to enhance economic ties with Canada, it also needs to invest in the cultural dimension to promote “brand Pakistan”. The study was divided into three parts: the first part reviewed the literature available on Pak-Canada political and economic relationship to identify areas of intervention; the second part analyzed statistical data on Pak-Canada trade alongside key informant data to explore the potential for strengthening economic and cultural ties; the last part provided policy recommendations for enhancing Pak-Canada relations. Drawing on a literature review, a statistical review, interviews, and focus-group discussions from a qualitative perspective, the research has argued that while Pakistan and Canada have maintained friendly bilateral relations over the last 75 years, there is a huge untapped potential in both the economic and cultural domains that can be exploited with effective policy measures. Keywords: Pakistan; Canada; Bilateral; Economy; Culture.
IMPACT OF ELECTORAL LAWS IN REDUCING GENDER GAP IN THE VOTERS’ LISTS
Authors:   Monitoring Evaluation & Learning Penny Appeal Pakistan, Abbas Waseem , Kausar Irfan ,   District Election Commissioner-Faisalabad, Azam Khubaib ,   Monitoring Evaluation & Learning Penny Appeal Pakistan
Published: September 2022

This topic is an effort to assess political emancipation of women in Pakistan in different socio-cultural aspects. It has been strived to find out whether the electoral legal framework of the country accelerates or impedes the political empowerment of women. Moreover, this study might be helpful to find out whether women are registered as voters at par to men or otherwise. Hence, registration figures of all districts by the time of promulgation of The Elections Act, 2017 and at the eve of general elections-2018 have been. Researchers have followed the mixed-method research strategy and descriptive research design for the current research. The Elections Act, 2017 and secondary data, primarily published by Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP), has been used in this study. This research highlights that more efforts are required from ECP, NADRA and the development sector to enhance female registration. FATA still has to travel a long journey for political empowerment of women. The most backward districts like Kohlu, Dera Bugti, North Waziristan, South Waziristan and Mohmand Agency have a disparity of male and female registration up to 30% and substantial efforts are required to reduce such disparity. Keywords: Pakistan, Voting Lists, Election, Electoral Laws, Gender Gap.