bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evidence against Collagen Activation of Platelet‐Associated Factor XI as a Mechanism for Initiating Intrinsic Clotting
Authors: ØSterud Bjarne , Harper Elvin , Rapaport Samuel I. , Lavine Kathrine K.
Published: August 2010

Collagen activation of platelet‐associated Factor XI has been proposed as a mechanism for initiating intrinsic clotting independent of Factor XII. Since this could explain the lack of bleeding in patients with hereditary Factor XII deficiency, pre‐kallikrein deficiency and high molecular weight kininogen deficiency, we subjected the hypothesis to rigorous testing. Incubation of isolated platelets with collagen and calcium ions failed to generate activity shortening the clotting time of an acivated Factor XI (XIa) assay that had been modified to eliminate effects due to platelet‐associated activated Factor V. Nor could generation of traces of Factor XIa in such mixtures be detected by incubation with purified Factor IX and testing for the generation of activated Factor IX (IXa) in clotting and amidolytic assays. Moreover, when blood or platelet‐rich plasma containing added 125I‐Factor IX was incubated with calcium ions and collagen and then subjected to reduced sodium.dodecyl sulfate poly‐acrylamide gel electrophoresis, the radioactivity profiles revealed only native 125I‐Factor IX without evidence of the polypeptide chains of Factor IXa. The negative results of this study mitigate against the hypothesis that collagen activation of platelet‐associated Factor XI represents a physiologically significant mechanism for initiating clotting independent of Factor XII.
Retention in Glass Bead Columns as a Measure of Leucocyte Adhesiveness
Authors: Hopen Gunnar
Published: August 2010

The influence of platelets and erythrocytes on the retention of leucocytes in glass bead columns was studied. Leucocyte retention increased when platelet retention was stimulated by the presense of erythrocytes. In the presence of only a few erythrocytes, platelet retention was low, and platelets did not influence leucocyte retention. When only a small number of platelets was present, erythrocytes inhibited leucocyte retention. The platelet‐dependent leucocyte retention increased as the volume passed through the columns was increased. However, the platelet‐independent leucocyte retention did not change when the sample size was increased. In blood from patients with thrombocytopenia or defect in platelet function and in normal blood treated with inhibitor of platelet adhesion, neutrophil retention was reduced. However, erythrocyte‐free leucocyte suspensions from these cases showed normal leucocyte retention. Thus, experiments with whole blood may serve as a model for the study of platelet‐leucocyte interaction. However, for the study of leucocyte adhesiveness per se, isolated leucocytes seem more suitable than whole blood.
Activation of the Bactericidal Capacity of Polymorphonuclear Granulocytes after Surgery, Measured with a New in vitro Assay
Authors: Palmblad J.
Published: August 2010

A classic in vitro polymorphonuclear (PMN) granulocyte bactericidal system was used alongside a newly developed modification to see whether the new assay would increase the possibility to detect a stimulation of PMN bactericidal functions. In the new assay each granulocyte was provided with 30–40 bacteria, which is quite close to the maximal killing capacity (usually 60 bacteria per PMN). Granulocytes were obtained from 8 patients the day before, the day after and 2 d after they underwent thoracotomy with cardiopulmonary by‐pass (CPS). The granulocytes from all patients showed an increased capacity to kill Staph. aureus in vitro 2 d after the operation, compared to before, when the submaximal bacterial concentration per granulocyte was used, whereas no change was observed with the standard bacterial concentration (3–4 bacteria per granulocyte). Thus, the new assay might make it possible to observe an enhanced PMN bactericidal ability.
Red Cell Changes in Hyperthyroidism
Authors: How J. , Davidson R. J. L. , Bewsher P. D.
Published: August 2010

The Coulter ‘S’ red cell profile was studied prospectively in 100 untreated non‐anaemic hyperthyroid patients and followed up in 52 of them until they had become euthyroid with radio‐iodine or carbimazole treatment. Serial haematological data were also obtained in 23 hyperthyroid patients during treatment with beta‐adrenoreceptor blocking drug alone. The most significant finding was a low mean corpuscular volume (MCV) which was invariably present throughout the hyperthyroid state. Treatment with beta‐adrenoreceptor blocking drugs did not significantly alter any of the red cell parameters. On the other hand, the MCV increased and was restored to normal with radio‐iodine or carbimazale treatment although there was a lag period of about 6–8 weeks between achieving the euthyroid state and the normalisation of this red cell index. While none of the patients were anaemic, the haemoglabin level rose significantly fallowing effective anti‐thyroid treatment. It is suggested that measurement of the MCV may have a useful role in the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. 2 possible mechanisms leading to the observed red cell changes in hyperthyroidism are postulated.
A Case of Cold Haemoglobinuria with Later Sarcoidosis Treatment with Plasmapheresis and Immunosuppressiva
Authors: Andersen Erik , Skov Flemming , Hippe Erik
Published: August 2010

A case of severe but transient haemolytic disease occurring after a febrile episode is described. The thermal amplitude of the haemolysin was high during the acute phase, since the autoantibody fixed complement at 31° C. After 4 months complement fixation could exclusively be demonstrated at 4° C. The patient was treated in a room heated to 30–32° C. The treatment consisted of prednisone and azathioprine and during the acute phase plasmapheresis was attempted in order to reduce the antibody concentration. However, the haemolysis decreased when the thermal amplitude of the antibody diminished. 1 year after termination of therapy, she developed sarcoidosis.
A Calcium Binding IgG Myeloma Protein
Authors: Spira Gad , Silvian Ilana , Tatarsky Ilana , Hazani Anna
Published: August 2010

A calcium binding IgG was isolated and purified by column chromatography from serum of a myeloma patient with asymptomatic hypercalcaemia. The myeloma IgG, characterized as an IgG kappa, revealed a normal sized heavy chain (56000 dalton), and a light chain of 31000 dalton. Another population of IgG separated and purified from the same patient's serum did not bind calcium and had a normal 26000 dalton light chain.

Calcium binding activity in vitro is optimal at pH 8.0, and reaches its maximum after 3 h of 45Ca myeloma IgG incubation. Cleavage of the purified IgG by trypsin yielded peptides which were further isolated by column chromatography and characterized as Fab and Fc fragments. Light and heavy chains were obtained by reacting the immunoglobulin with dithiothreitol and iodoacetamide followed by Sephadex G‐100 chromatography. Calcium binding activity was proved to be associated with Fab IgG fragment. Preparates containing Fc, heavy or light chains did not bind calcium in vitro.
Normal and Leukaemic Human Haemopoietic Cells in Diffusion Chamber
Authors: Laurent Monique , Clémancey‐Marcille Geneviève , Hollard Daniel
Published: August 2010

Leukaemic human bone marrow and peripheral blood cells were cultured for 25 d in diffusion chambers implanted into cyclophosphamide treated mice. Normal bone marrow cells were cultured simultaneously. These cells were studied both morphologically and functionally (CFU‐C).

The leukaemic cells behaved heterogeneously, 2 groups being distinguishable in accordance with their initial in vitro growth pattern (1: no growth or microcluster growth, 2: macrocluster growth). Group I showed progressive cellular death with a diminution of granulocytic progenitors and the appearance of a predominantly macrophagic population. This behaviour resembled that of the control group. The initial microcluster growth pattern remained identical throughout the entire culture period. Group 2, after considerable cellular death up to d 5, showed an explosive proliferation of the granulocytic progenitors and incomplete differentiation (up to myelocyte). The initial macrocluster growth pattern remained identical.
Activation of 125I‐Factor IX and 125I‐Factor X: Effect of Tissue Factor and Factor VII, Factor Xa and Thrombin
Authors: ØSterud Bjarne , Rapaport Samuel I.
Published: August 2010

Activation of Factor IX and Factor X was studied by adding 125I‐Factor IX or 125I‐Factor X to reaction mixtures and quantitating cleavage products by reduced sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis. Thrombin failed to activate Factors IX or X; Factor Xa produced insignificant amounts of cleavage products of both factors. In contrast, the reaction product of tissue factor and Factor VII cleaved large amounts of both Factor IX and Factor X in purified systems and in plasma. In incubation mixtures of plasma containing added 125I‐Factor IX or 125I‐Factor X, tissue factor and Ca2+ions, the percentage of total radioactivity in the heavy chain peak of 125I‐IXa and the heavy chain peak of 125I‐Xa increased at a similar rate. When the tissue factor was diluted, similar curves were obtained for percent cleavage of 125I‐Factor IX and percent cleavage of 125I‐Factor X plotted against tissue factor concentration. These findings support the hypothesis that activation of Facor IX by the tissue factor‐Factor VII reaction product represents a physiologically significant step in normal haemostasis.
Separation of Human Bone Marrow Cells in Density Gradients of Polyvinylpyrrolidone Coated Silica Gel (Percoll)
Authors: Olofsson Tor , Gärtner Ingrid , Olsson Inge
Published: August 2010

A simple and highly reproducible method is described for separation and density distribution analysis of human bone marrow cells in continuous density gradients of polyvinylpyrrolidone coated silica gel (Percoll). Colony and cluster forming cells in agar separated from the bulk of cells and peaked at densities of 1.063‐1.064 g/ml. The enrichment of clonogenic cells was approximately 10 times and recovery varied between 41–321%. The overall recovery of cells was 80% (60–94%). Density distribution analysis of morphologically identifiable cells demonstrated the progressive increase in density with maturation of cells within the granulocytic series: myeloblasts peaked at 1.0624 g/ml, promyelocytes at 1.0734 g/ml, myelocytes at 1.0776 g/ml, metamyelocytes at 1.0799 g/ml and mature neutrophils at 1.0864 g/ml. The eosinophil had the highest density, 1.0904 g/ml, of all cells analyzed. Monocytes and lymphocytes peaked at 1.0661 and 1.0681 g/ml respectively. The light density shift of clonogenic cells of AML and CML reported by other authors was confirmed.
The Use of Reference Plasmas in the Control of Oral Anticoagulant Therapy
Authors: Miale J. B.
Published: August 2010

Beginning in 1967, several committees have attempted to formulate a consensus opinion on how best to standardize the control of oral anticoagulant therapy.

The three major proposals that evolved were: 1) to agree on a standard thromboplastin that would serve as a «reference thromboplastin», 2) to explore mathematical approaches for comparing the results obtained with various thromboplastins, and 3) the use of assayed plasmas that would serve as a common reference material for all thromboplastins.

The advantages of reference plasmas as a common reference and their usefulness in the standardization of oral anticoagulant therapy are discussed.
PROBLEMS IN THE STANDARDIZATION OF FACTOR VIII ASSAYS
Authors: Kirkwood T. B. L.
Published: August 2010

An international system of unitage, based on the World Health Organization International Standard, exists for the measurement of factor VIII clotting activity (VIII: C). In recent years, systematic discrepancies between assay results in different laboratories have brought to light two major problems in VIII: C standardization. Firstly, large discrepancies can arise between laboratories even when the same assay method is used. These are due mainly to differences in reagents. Secondly, when assaying plasmas against concentrates, there is, on average, a 20% discrepancy between one‐stage and two‐stage potency estimates. At least half this discrepancy appears to be attributable to the step of aluminium hydroxide adsorption, which is routine in the two‐stage assay, but not used in the one‐stage assay. The combined implication of these discrepancies, namely that the result of an VIII: C assay depends both on assay method and on reagents, reveals certain limitations in the present system of standardization.
STANDARDIZATION OF FIBRINOGEN ASSAYS
Authors: Koepke J.A.
Published: August 2010

A variety of methods are used to measure plasma fibrinogen, the clottable protein methods being the most widely used in the United States. A review of the strengths and weaknesses of currently available functional as well as immunological fibrinogen methods indicates that the ideal methods has not yet been found. There is some need for a rapid yet simple in‐house reference method since the kit purchasers are unduly subject to external, i.e., commercial, standardization.
Procarbazine‐Induced Skin Reactions in Hodgkin's Disease and Other Malignant Lymphomas
Authors: Andersen Erik , Videbæk Aage
Published: August 2010

A total of 44 patients with Hodgkin's disease and 23 patients with non‐Hodgkin malignant lymphoma were treated with MOPP‐combination chemotherapy. 4 patients with Hodgkin's disease and 8 with non‐Hodgkin lymphoma developed urticaria or maculo‐papular rash. This frequency of hypersensitivity reactions is higher than that expected from the few cases reported in the literature.
Thrombin‐, Epinephrine‐ and Collagen‐Induced Platelet Aggregation Inhibited by α1‐Acid Glycoprotein
Authors: Andersen P. , Eika C.
Published: August 2010

α1‐acid glycoprotein (α1‐acid GP) isolated from human plasma was found to inhibit thrombin‐induced aggregation of washed human platelets (final thrombin concentration 0.05 NIH U/ml), and inhibition was complete with physiological concentrations of the glycoprotein (1.0–1.5 g/l final conc.). The inhibitory effect seemed to occur immediately on thrombin addition, thus being similar to the effect of heparin previously observed. As opposed to heparin, however, α1‐acid GP did not affect spontaneous platelet aggregation. Furthermore, α1‐acid GP (in optimal concentrations) reduced the combined inhibitory effect of heparin and antithrombin III on thrombin‐induced platelet aggregation, thus being consistent with the previous findings using heparin thrombin clotting time.

Snyder & Coodley (1976) found α1‐acid GP to inhibit platelet aggregation induced by epinephrine and adenosine diphosphate in platelet‐rich plasma. As we also found α1‐acid GP to inhibit collagen‐induced platelet aggregation, this acid glycoprotein may possibly act as an inhibitor of the release reaction although fairly high concentrations (10 mg/ml final conc.) were needed for complete inhibition.
Lennert's Lymphoma—Pathological and Immunological Studies in a Patient with Widespread Skin Involvement
Authors: Huijgens P. C. , Veldhuizen R.W. , Veer M. B. van't , Boonk W. J. , Kalsbeek G. L. , Langenhuijsen M. M. A. C.
Published: August 2010

A 21‐year‐old male presented with a widespread skin infiltration characterized by irregularly elevated blue‐red plaques, generalized lymphadenopathy and enlarged parotid glands. Histological examination of the skin showed the characteristics of Lennert's lymphoma, as did the lymph nodes and parotid glands.

Immunological studies on lymph node tissue revealed normal amounts of B‐ and T‐cells. The B‐cells were polyclonal. The T‐cells showed functional impairment in culture.

Treatment with prednisone resulted in complete disappearance of all tumour manifestations within 6 weeks.
Detection of Splenosis and Ectopic Spleens with 99mTc‐Labelled Heat Damaged Autologous Erythrocytes in 90 Splenectomized Patients
Authors: Nielsen Johan Lanng , Ellegaard Jørgen , Marqversen Jørgen , Hansen Hans Hvid
Published: August 2010

Splenosis or ectopic spleens were detected in 22 of 45 patients splenectomized after either abdominal trauma or accidental lesions of the spleen during operation. The incidence of ectopic spleen tissue in various groups of splenectomized patients has been investigated by a sensitive scanning method employing reinjection of 99mTc‐labelled heat damaged autologous erythrocytes. In comparison 7 cases were found among 45 patients who underwent splenectomy for haematological reasons. The time span between the operation and a positive scan varied between 3 months and 11 years. None of the patients in the haematological group with reoccurrence of spleen tissue presented any signs of relapse of their primary disorder. The only patient with overwhelming infection was a girl in whom splemectomy was performed for hereditary spherocytosis. She recovered from the sepsis and her scan was negative. It is concluded that recurrence of spleen tissue is frequent after traumatic lesions of the spleen but rare after selective splenectomy for haematological reasons. This may account for the lesser tendency to overwhelming sepsis after post‐traumatic splenectomy.
Foetal Haemoglobin in Patients with Thyroid Disorders
Authors: Davidson R. J. , Bewsher P. D. , Wood W. G. , How J.
Published: August 2010

The concentration of HbF and the number of HbF containing cells as measured by the sensitive fluorescent antiHbF antibody technique have been evaluated in 65 patients with treated and untreated thyroid dysfunction. The mean HbF concentration and mean percentage of F‐cells were both found to be significantly greater in untreated thyrotoxic patients than in those with treated thyrotoxicosis and treated or untreated hypothyroidism. The clinical relevance of these observations and their explanation by the modulating influence of thyroid hormones on erythropoiesis and Hb synthesis are briefly discussed.
Morphology and Frequency of Heterochromatic Nuclear Sheets in Normal Circulating Human Leucocytes and after PUVA Therapy
Authors: Ree Kristian
Published: August 2010

‘Heterochromatic nuclear sheets’ are structures that extend out from the nucleus into the cytoplasm where they are limited on both sides by the nuclear envelope. A uniform terminology regarding these structures has not been agreed upon and an attempt has been made in the present study to clarify the nomenclature. The frequency of nuclear sheets in circulating leucocytes has been established for the first time and found to be 4–8 % for granulocytes and 1–2 % for agranulocytes.

Nuclear sheets have been reported to be associated with leukaemia, aneuploidy and treatment with antimitotic drugs. The parameter was therefore used to test the effect of photo‐activated 8‐methoxy psoralen (PUVA therapy) on circulating leucocytes. Used for the treatment of psoriasis PUVA therapy has been reported to cause leukaemia, chromosomal aberrations, mutations and skin cancer. No increase in heterochromatic nuclear sheets was found.
Deactivation of Leucocyte Chemotaxis in Vivo
Authors: Dahlgren C. , Briheim G. , Norman B. , Stendahl O.
Published: August 2010

This report concerns the properties of polymorphonuclear leucocytes isolated from a patient with meningococcal meningitis. No differences in phagocytic capacity and random locomotion between the patient's polymorphonuclear leucocytes and normal PMNL were found, but by using activated normal human serum as chemo‐attractant it was found that PMNL isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid had lost their ability to respond chemotactically. The deactivation was found to be accompanied by surface property changes of the cells.
Serum Ferritin in Ethiopian Mothers and their Newborn Infants. Relation to Iron Intake and Socio‐Economic Conditions
Authors: Gebre‐Medhin Mehari , Birgegård Gunnar
Published: August 2010

Ferritin estimations were performed in serum from 38 Ethiopian and 10 Swedish pregnant women and in cord blood from their newborn infants. The mean ferritin level in the Ethiopian mothers was significantly higher than in the Swedish mothers as well as in a non‐pregnant population of apparently healthy Swedish women. The Ethiopian mothers consisted of two groups with different economic situations, a privileged and a non‐privileged group. The non‐privileged group consumed the iron‐rich traditional diet unique for Ethiopia, whereas some of the privileged mothers had abandoned this menu in favour of more refined food items with a lower iron content. Subnormal ferritin levels, indicating iron depletion, were found in 33 % of the privileged and in 8 % of the non‐privileged group, in spite of the fact that the infants of the privileged group had a significantly higher mean birth weight, indicating a better nutritional standard in general. It is concluded that the previously reported rarity of gestational anaemia in Ethiopia is due mainly to the good iron state of Ethiopian women, especially those who still eat the traditional cereal bread. No correlation was found between maternal and cord blood ferritin. The relevance of cord blood ferritin in the diagnosis of the iron state is discussed.
Monocyte Cytotoxicity after Splenectomy
Authors: Kragballe Knud , Nielsen Johan Lanng , Sølling Jacob , Ellegaard Jørgen
Published: August 2010

Antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) by monocytes was determined in 45 adults approximately 4 years after splenectomy for either abdominal trauma or accidental injury during operation for benign gastroduodenal ulcer. Compared to controls, both groups of splenectomized persons showed increased numbers of monocytes and decreased monocyte ADCC. The decrease of monocyte ADCC was only significant in those splenectomized persons in whom accessory splenic tissue was not detectable by isotope scanning. Addition of the spleen‐dependent peptide tuftsin to monocytes in vitro did not augment their ADCC. An increased serum concentration of immune complexes was demonstrated in 18 % of the splenectomized persons, but this increase was neither releated to the presence of splenic tissue nor to the monocyte cytotoxicity. Vaccination with pneumococcal polysaccharide had no effect on monocyte ADCC.

It is suggested that the defective monocyte cytotoxicity observed in splenectomized persons without detectable splenic tissue might be relevant to post splenectomy infectious susceptibility.
Aminoacid Infusion Induced Depression of Serum Folate after Cholecystectomy
Authors: Tennant G. B. , Smith R. C. , Leinster S. J. , O'Donnell J. E. , Wardrop C. A. J.
Published: August 2010

Aminoacid solutions were given to cholecystectomy patients for a period of 48 h starting 24 h after the operation. Infusion of the aminoacid component of parenteral nutrition regimens, without calorie source, frequently led to an acute fall in the serum folate concentration. The degree of depression varied with different commercial aminoacid solutions. (Aminoplex 14 = c. 60%, Vamin = 30%, Aminosol = c. 0%). The folate depression by Vamin infusion was unaffected by supplementation with L‐methione but was alleviated by the addition of glycine. As a consequence of surgical operation itself, folate values fell by 37% during the 24 h following cholecystectomy. This seems likely to increase the risk of haematological toxicity (i.e. acute leukopenia and thrombocytopenia) in patients given folate‐free parenteral nutrition after a surgical operation.
Spontaneous Transformation of Low Density Lymphocytes as Parameter of Activity in Hodgkin's Disease
Authors: de Pauw B. E. , de Mulder P. H. M. , Smeulders J. B. J. M. , Wagener D. J. Th. , Haanen C.
Published: August 2010

Analysis of spontaneous lymphocyte transformation, as measured by 3H‐thymidine incorporation by low density lymphocytes, before and after therapy was performed in 28 patients with Hodgkin's disease. Before treatment increased 3H‐thymidine uptake was found in 24 out of 28 patients. Following therapy the spontaneous lymphocyte transformation of the patients in clinical remission returned to the normal range, whereas none of the patients with residual disease achieved these levels. The overall correlation between the uptake of the DNA precursor by low density, lymphocytes and disease activity after treatment was excellent.
Dosage of Acetylsalicylic acid for Inhibition of Platelet Function
Authors: Huijgens P. C. , van den Berg C. A. M. , van der Meer C. , Imandt L. M. F. M. , Langenhuijsen M. M. A. C.
Published: August 2010

In normal males, platelet prostaglandin synthesis as measured by malondialdehyde (MDA) production is blocked by more than 90% after administration of 600 mg of calciumacetylsalicylic acid and by more than 50% after 100 mg. Repeated doses of 100 mg at 12 h intervals progressively decrease MDA production to below 10% of the basic value. Bleeding time increases from 3.38 ± 0.36 min to 7.73 ± 0.91 min (mean ± SEM). The data indicate that 12 h 100 mg doses of calciumacetylsalicylic acid (equal to 80 mg of aspirin) adequately inhibit platelet function.
Serum Vitamin B12 and Erythrocyte Folate in Chronic Uraemia and after Renal Transplantation
Authors: Milman Nils
Published: August 2010

Serum B12 and erythrocyte folate were measured in 16 non‐dialysed uraemic patients, 28 peritoneal dialysed patients, 28 haemodialysed patients, 14 renal transplanted patients with normal renal function and 49 healthy control subjects. Serum B12 values in non‐dialysed uraemic patients were higher than in control subjects (P < 0.001), peritoneal dialysed (P < 0.05), and transplanted patients (P < 0.01). Serum B12 values in peritoneal dialysed, haemodialysed and transplanted patients were not significantly different from the control group. Erythrocyte folate values in non‐dialysed uraemic patients were lower than in controls (P < 0.03), but all subjects had values within the normal range. Erythrocyte folate values in peritoneal dialysed, haemodialysed and renal transplanted patients were not significantly different from the control group, although 2 peritoneal and 6 haemodialysed patients had subnormal values. Blood and bone marrow examination, performed in 64 patients, demonstrated no megaloblastic changes.
A Critical Review of Platelet Yield by Haemonetics 30®.
Authors: Rosenkvist J. , Holsøe E. , Freiesleben E. , Sørensen H.
Published: August 2010

By means of a Haemonetics 30 cell separator platelets were collected for transfusion purposes from 18 different blood donors. A median yield of 5.7 times 1011 platelets was obtained. The yield of platelets was found to be linearly related to the donors' initial platelet counts. The procedures were standardized by using one size of bowl (225 ml), performing 10 cycles per procedure, and performing all cycles as uniformly as possible. The median time per procedure was 118 min. Mild donor reactions were seen in 8 donors (44%) consisting of circumoral tingling. The decrement in the donors' platelet counts was 86 times 109/1, 37% of the initial platelet counts. The choice of the bowl size of 225 ml is motivated. The absurdity of the expression of yield per h of processing, and of yield per 1 of blood processed is discussed. Furthermore, it is shown, that neither the fall in haematocrit nor the fall in the platelet count during the procedure are linear. The formulas commonly used for calculating the blood volume and platelet extraction efficiency, which are based on these assumptions, cannot therefore, in our opinion, be used.
Legionnaires' Disease in Leukaemic Reticuloendotheliosis
Authors: Berlin Gösta , Frydén Aril , Maller Rolf , Malm Claes , Vikrot Olle
Published: August 2010

At our hospital 15 cases of leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis and 4 cases of Legionnaires' disease have been diagnosed. 3 patients had both diseases. The clinical findings are reported. It is probable that patients with leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis have an increased susceptibility to Legionnaires' disease. Possible reasons for the decreased resistance are discussed.
Lysosomal Enzyme Activities in a Case of T‐Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia
Authors: Crockard A. D. , Morris T. C. M.
Published: August 2010

This study indicated that (i) high levels of N‐acetyl‐β‐glucosaminidase and β‐glucuronidase could be demonstrated cytochemically in T‐CLL lymphocytes, and (ii), the biochemical activities of both enzymes were significantly increased in T‐CLL lymphocytes compared with B‐CLL lymphocytes. It would appear that the biochemical and cytochemical determination of these lysosomal enzyme activities offers an additional means of distinguishing T‐CLL and B‐CLL lymphocytes.
An Association between Thalassaemia and Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia (AIHA)
Authors: Kruatrachue M. , Sirisinha S. , Pacharee P. , Chandarayingyong D. , Wasi P.
Published: August 2010

An association between thalassaemia and autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) has not been previously recognized. 10 patients with thalassaemic diseases were found to give positive results to antiglobulin test with polyvalent antiserum. Tests with monovalent antisera revealed immunoglobulins on the red cells in all cases. From history of blood transfusion, auto‐antibodies following alloimmunization were very unlikely. IgG, either alone or together with IgM or IgA, was the predominant antibody on the red cells. All cases had warm type AIHA and responded dramatically well with steroid treatment except 3 who eventually needed splenectomy which responded in 2 and failed in 1.
Histological and Immunopathological Studies in a Case of Chronic Epstein‐Barr Virus Infection Terminating in a Burkitt‐Like Lymphoma
Authors: Pallesen G. , Hastrup J. , Thestrup‐Pedersen K. , Madsen M.
Published: August 2010

A 6‐year‐old boy suffered from a severe lymphadenopathy, characterized histologically by a fulminant polyclonal immunoblast proliferation simulating malignant lymphoma with many immunoblasts resembling Reed‐Sternberg cells. He had no history of infectious mononucleosis but Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) infection was evident from serological findings, and EBV‐associated nuclear antigen (EBNA) was demonstrated in a high percentage of lymphocytes of blood and lymph nodes. An adequate humoral response to EBV ruled out the possibility of an X‐linked recessive lymphoproliferative syndrome as the underlying cause of chronic EBV infection. A chromosomal defect in a subpopulation of lymphocytes was induced by interferon and might somehow be associated with a subtle immunodeficiency of our patient. After exacerbation of the disease chemotherapy was included in the treatment but the patient died 9 months after the onset of the disease. At autopsy the lymphoblastic cell proliferation had changed from that of immunoblasts to cells resembling the Burkitt's lymphoma cells. A change of the proliferating cell type was supported by means of cytochemical and immunological cell markers. The presence of EBV in these cells was demonstrated with the EBNA technique. It is concluded that our case may well support the hypothesis, that EBV may induce lymphoma‐like polyclonal immunoblast proliferation in immunodeficient individuals, and that occasionally a monoclonal proliferation of the Burkitt's lymphoma type may supervene.
Medium Conditioned for 24 Hours by Mononuclear Human Blood Cells Contains an Inducer of Granulopoiesis Lacking Colony Stimulating Activity
Authors: Böyum A. , Lövhaug D. , Viken K. E. , Kristiansen T.
Published: August 2010

Regulation of granulocyte and macrophage formation was studied by a modified CFU‐C assay. Mouse bone marrow cells were cultured in methylcellulose in vitro. After colony counting on d 7, the cells were washed out to determine the total cell number per plate, and the distribution of granulocytes and macrophages in smears. By this procedure it was possible to study pathway‐specific regulators.

The colony stimulating factor in medium conditioned by mouse L‐cells appeared specific for the macrophage cell line; 99% of the colony cells were macrophages. Medium conditioned for 24 h by mononuclear cells from human blood, had no colony forming capacity, but increased colony size and generated significant granulocyte production when combined with L‐CSF. This granulopoiesis inducing factor was thermo‐labile, and was mostly retained by an Amicon filter separating molecules at 100000 daltons.
ROLE OF PLATELETS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC DISEASE AND POSSIBLE INTERFERENCE WITH PLATELET INHIBITOR DRUGS
Authors: FUSTER V.
Published: August 2010

During the last two decades, significant advances have been made in the understanding of atherosclerotic disease. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis appears to depend on a precise sequence of critical events based on the interaction of blood elements and lipids with the arterial wall. The major critical events and their sequence appears to be as follows: hemodynamic stress and endothelial injury; arterial wall‐platelet interaction; smooth muscle cell proliferation; lipid entry and accumulation; significant arterial narrowing with fibrosis and development of thrombi; and complications in the form of calcification, ulceration, aneurysm, acute thrombotic occlusion and embolization. This sequence of critical events starts at a young age and in all geographic racial groups. Their evolution into advanced symptomatic lesions takes many years and varies in incidence and extent among different geographic and ethnic groups. It appears that in promoting and accelerating this process into the advanced stage of the disease, the presence at a young age of the so‐called risk factors of atherosclerotic disease is most important.

The recent advances in the understanding of the atherosclerotic process will be highlighted in this chapter with particular attention being focused on the role of platelets and thrombosis in the development of the disease and the possible role of platelet inhibitor drugs on the prevention of coronary atherosclerotic disease.
Sideroblastic Anaemia in Association with Malignant Histiocytosis
Authors: Prentice R. L. , Bain B. J. , Martin M. R.
Published: August 2010

A 69‐year‐old women died of malignant histiocytosis in association with sideroblastic anaemia. Respiratory insufficiency was a prominent clinical feature and was found to be due to obstruction of pulmonary capillaries by malignant histiocytes. It is possible that the same abnormal myeloid clone gave rise to malignant histiocytosis and sideroblastic anaemia.
Human Lymphocyte and Mouse Erythrocyte Rosettes Optimization of the Assay
Authors: Hokland Peter , Ellegaard Jørgen , Heron Iver
Published: August 2010

Rosettes formed between human lymphocytes and unsensitized mouse erythrocytes not only detect a subset of normal B‐lymphocytes, but furthermore seem to be of considerable importance in the differential diagnosis of various B cell malignancies. From a series of experiments aimed at optimizing this rosette test, we conclude: (1) Erythrocytes from different mouse strains vary in their affinity for lymphocytes; (2) Experimental conditions are less strict when testing chronic lymphatic leukaemia lymphocytes than normal lymphocytes; (3) Treatment with the sulphydryl compound aminoethyl‐isothiouronium bromide, which enhances sheep erythrocyte rosette formation, has an opposite effect on mouse rosettes, and (4) Neuraminidase treatment of the lymphocytes is not necessary when optimal experimental conditions are used.
Chromosome Studies in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL)
Authors: BorgstrOm G. H. , Teerenhovi L. , Vuopio P. , Andersson L. C. , Elonen S. Knuutila E. , Chapelle A. de la
Published: August 2010

Chromosome banding studies of the bone marrow were performed in 35 adult (> 14 years) patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Surface marker analysis was done in 24 of these and revealed 4 B‐ALL, 5 T‐ALL and 15 non‐T non‐B ALL. Most patients were studied at diagnosis before any treatment. A clonal karyotypic abnormality was found in 16 patients (46 %) initially. A Philadelphia chromosome was found in 3 patients, all belonging to the non‐T non‐B group. 5 patients, who all had blast cells with morphologic characteristics of Burkitt type L3, were found to have bone marrow cells with a 14q+ marker chromosome. In at least 4 cases this was due to a t(8;14).

The cytogenetic findings showed some correlation to the ALL subgroup, but not to the response to treatment or the prognosis.
Heparin Levels and Activated Clotting Time (ACT) during Open Heart Surgery
Authors: Stenbjerg S. , Berg E. , Albrechtsen O. K.
Published: August 2010

Heparin levels were followed by an amidolytic method during open heart surgery in 10 adult patients and correlated to the activated clotting time (ACT) (Haemochron®). There was a good correlation between the 2 parameters when the ACT was below 600 s. Based on the present and previous studies of the ACT the authors conclude that the ACT is a useful tool in control of heparinization during open heart surgery.
Multiple Myeloma after Phenytoin Therapy
Authors: Aymard J. P. , Lederlin P. , Witz F. , Colomb J. N. , Faure G. , Guerci O. , Herbeuval R.
Published: August 2010

We report a case of multiple myeloma in a 48‐year‐old woman treated with phenytoin for 55 months. This association may be fortuitous. The depressive effect of phenytoin on the immune responses, however, could account for the occurrence of the dysglobulinaemia. This case points out the need for periodic examination of serum proteins in patients chronically treated with hydantoin derivatives.
Characterization of an Antibody to Factor VIII in a Patient with Acquired Hemophilia with Circulating Immune Complexes
Authors: Ly Bernt , Michaelsen Terje E. , Dahl Ove , Fröland Stig S.
Published: August 2010

A 73‐year‐old previously healthy woman was admitted because of severe bleeding from esophagitic lesions and intraabdominal bleeding following hysterectomy. Acquired hemophilia, probably due to an IgG antibody to factor VIII (64 inhibitor units/ml) was noticed, the VIII:C in the patient's plasma being 18% of normal.

Immune complexes isolated by polyethylene glycol precipitation had only a weak factor VIII inhibiting activity whereas IgG purified from the complexes and monomeric IgG present in her plasma exerted a strong inhibition. Removal of the complexes from plasma had no effect on the inhibitor titer thus indicating that only a minor part of the antibody was circulating as immune complexes.

Plasma or purified IgG from the patient decreased the VIII:C of normal plasma to 18 og 14%, respectively, total inhibition being impossible ot achieve even in antibody excess, probably reflecting residual activity of factor VIII bound to the patient's antibodies. The ristocetin cofactor activity of normal plasma was unaffected by the antibodies. Transfusion of factor VIII concentrate to the patient resulted in therapeutic levels of circulating factor VIII and transfused factor VIII circulated longer than usual. Partial remission of the disease with adequate levels of VIII:C occurred after 3 months.
Attempt at Quantification of the Cytotoxic Drug‐Induced Changes of the Human Bone Marrow Compartments
Authors: Schreml Wolfgang , Kubitza Peter , Lohrmann Hans‐Peter
Published: August 2010

In order to describe the changes of the human bone marrow compartments after repeated courses of adriamycin/cyclophosphamide in quantitative terms, 2 methods have been studied for their usefulness as indices of bone marrow cellularity: cell counts per ml of bone marrow aspirates obtained under standardized conditions, and cell counts per μl of bone marrow spicules evaluated by morphometric techniques.

Applied to a sufficiently large group of patients, both methods were useful to describe the cytotoxic drug‐induced changes of the bone marrow compartments in accordance with the following indirect criteria: (a) the results in man are quite compatible with the changes of haematopoiesis described in animal experiments after cytotoxic drugs; (b) the changes of the peripheral blood cell pools ‐ PMN and reticulocytes ‐, which can be assessed quantitatively, correspond to the changes of the respective bone marow pools as determined by the described indices of cellularity; (c) this quantitative description of drug‐induced changes in the human bone marrow compartments yields ‘reasonable’ results on the basis of both the mechanism of action of the cytotoxic drugs employed and the kinetics of the haematopoietic system studied.
Non‐Tropical Idiopathic Splenomegaly (Dacie's Syndrome)
Authors: Manoharan A. , Bader L. V. , Pitney W. R.
Published: August 2010

We describe 5 patients, aged 22–69 years, with massive splenomegaly of unknown origin and features of hypersplenism. Splenectomy corrected the cytopenia(s) and abolished the symptoms in each case; the histological features of the spleen were non‐specific and included congestive changes and lymphoid hyperplasia. 2 of these patients developed non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) 2 and 6 years after spenectomy. A total of 46 cases of splenomegaly of unknown origin have been reported from UK, USA, and Australia so far, and in 9, NHL developed 8 to 80 months after splenectomy. The questions relating to the pathogenesis of splenomegaly and the subsequent development of NHL remain to be answered. We propose that this ‘entity’ be known as Dacie's syndrome, after Sir John Dacie who characterised it in 1969.
Spleen Size Changes in Children with Homozygous β‐Thalassaemia in Relation to Blood Transfusion
Authors: Karpathios Th. , Antypas A. , Dimitriou P. , Nicolaidou P. , Fretzayas A. , Thomaidis Th. , Matsaniotis N.
Published: August 2010

18 thalassaemic children, aged 3.5 to 13 years comprise our clinical material. In 14 of them, clinically elicited spleen markings, haematocrit, blood platelet count and red cell morphology were studied daily for a whole period between 2 transfusions. In 10 patients considerable changes in spleen size were noticed. According to our clinical observations the spleen size starts decreasing 1 to 3 d after blood transfusion up to the 10th posttransfusion day fluctuating thereafter to reach its maximum size again prior to the next blood transfusion. The decrease of spleen size was followed by an increase of haematocrit and blood platelet count and vice versa. 4 additional children were studied clinically only twice: prior to and 7 to 10 d after blood transfusion. A definite decrease of the spleen size following blood transfusion was observed. Spleen and liver 99mTc‐sulfur colloid uptake was studied in 10 of the above children prior to and 7 to 10 d after blood transfusion. Statistically significant post‐transfusion increase of the spleen uptake was demonstrated. Our findings suggest that (a) splenic size is relevant to blood volume sequestrated int this organ, (b) splenic radioactive uptake increases with its post‐transfusion reduction in size.
Failure of Ouabain to Influence the Osmotic Fragility in Hereditary Spherocytosis
Authors: Godal H. C. , Gjønnes G. , Ruyter R.
Published: August 2010

No effect of 3 μmol ouabain on the osmotic fragility of red blood cells in subjects suspected of being carriers of hereditary spherocytosis, as well as in patients with overt disease could be demonstrated. These results are in disagreement with a recent report. Some possible explanations for these discrepant results are discussed. It is concluded that ouabain probably adds little to the diagnostic capability of the osmotic fragility test.
Primary and Secondary Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Helmerhorst F. M. , van Leeuwen E. F. , Pegels J. G. , van der Plas‐van Dalen C. , Eengelfriet C. P. , von dem Borne A. E. G. Kr.
Published: August 2010

In 357 thrombocytopenic patients, the autoimmune nature of the thrombocytopenia was established with the immunofluorescence test on paraformaldehyde‐fixed platelets in suspension (PSIFT). In 142 patients, autoimmune thrombocytopenia (AITP) was accompanied by (an)other disease(s) and thus classified as secondary AITP. No significant difference was found in the distribution of the immunochemical characteristics of the autoantibodies between primary and secondary AITP.

The results of survival studies with 51Cr‐labelled platelets and organ sequestration measurements in 7 patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) indicated that platelets with IgM autoantibodies were sequestered mainly in the spleen. An increased incidence of AITP was seen at 5 to 10 years of age, in the 3rd decade and in the 6th and 7th decades of life. AITP was slightly more common in females. The following groups of accompanying diseases in 142 AITP patients were distinguished: autoimmune diseases of the blood, malignant diseases of the blood, generalized and organ‐specific autoimmune diseases, carcinoma and a miscellaneous group of diseases. No significant differences were found in the immunochemical properties of the autoantibodies between the various categories of disease. In 7 cases, AITP was preceded by an established viral disease, in 1 case by lepra and in another by a vaccination. The PSIFT was found to be a suitable test for diagnosing AITP not only in idiopathic thrombocytopenia, but also in thrombocytopenia associated with another disease.
Anti‐Thymocyte Globulin Treatment for Aplastic Anemia
Authors: Jansen Jan , Zwaan Ferry E. , Haak Hans L. , Velde Jante , Guiot Henri F. L. , Sabbe Luc J. M. , Eernisse J. George , Tricot Guido J. K. , Rood Jon J. van
Published: August 2010

20 patients with severe aplastic anemia were treated with anti‐thymocyte globulin (ATG), 6 of them in combination with haplo‐identical bone marrow. 7 patients (35%) showed a good clinical response within 6 months; they were off transfusions and had ≥ 0.8 times 109/1 neutrophils. ATG had the greatest effect on red‐cell production and the least on platelet production.

The hematological recovery after ATG could not be predicted from the bone‐marrow histology, CFU‐c growth, or clinical data. However, patients with strong HLA antibodies seemed to respond more often.

The actuarial survival was 55% at 5 years. Under intensive supportive care, even 7 out of 12 non‐responders were alive after 1 year. ATG appears to be a useful form of therapy for patients with severe aplastic anemia who are not candidates for bone‐marrow transplantation.
Ticarcillin‐Induced Immune Haemolytic Anaemia
Authors: Seldon M. R. , Bain Barbara , Johnson Carole A. , Lennox C. S.
Published: August 2010

Immune haemolytic anaemia may be induced by high doses of benzylpenicillin. A small number of cases have also followed the administration of semisynthetic penicillins in addition to benzylpenicillin. We have observed immune haemolytic anaemia consequent on ticarcillin administration in a patient who had previously received benzylpenicillin. Although the antibody agglutinated penicillin‐treated and ticarcillin‐treated cells it was demonstrated by serum fractionation to be IgG.
Iron Absorption from Ferritin and Ferric Hydroxide
Authors: Derman D. P. , Bothwell T. H. , Torrance J. D. , Macphail A. P. , Bezwoda W. R. , Charlton R. W. , Mayet F. G. H.
Published: August 2010

Ferritin and ferric hydroxide represent two forms of iron which are less available for absorption than that present in the ‘common pool’ of non‐haem dietary iron. In the present study the absorption of iron from these two compounds was compared in 35 multiparous women when fed in water, in maize porridge and in maize porridge containing 100 mg ascorbic acid. The geometric mean absorption for 3 mg ferritin iron was 0.7% and for ferric hydroxide, 2.4%. Comparable figures when fed with maize porridge were 0.4% and 0.4% respectively. When 100 mg ascorbic acid was present in the porridge, absorption was enhanced from both sources, being 12.1% for ferritin and 10.5% for ferric hydroxide. These results indicate that the fraction of iron in ferritin and ferric hydroxide that enters the ‘common pool’ of non‐haem dietary iron is profoundly influenced by the nature of the diet. The greater the concentration of enhancing ligands, the closer does the absorption of iron from these compounds approximate that of the non‐haem dietary iron pool.