bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CD44 expression patterns in breast and colon tumors: A pcr‐based study of splice variants
Authors: Rodriguez Carmen , Monges Geneviéve , Rouanet Philippe , Dutrillaux Bernard , Lefrançois Daniéle , Theillet Charles
Published: February 2007

CD44 cell‐surface receptor expresses multiple isoforms, some of which are believed to play a role in tumor growth and metastasis. The CD44 gene is composed of 19 exons, of which 9 (exons 6 to 14) are alternatively spliced to form inclusions in the intervening membrane proximal region. Sequences present in the shortest metastatic variant cloned from a rat metastatic cell line have been shown to correspond to human exons 10 and 11, also called exons v6 and v7. Using RT‐PCR, we have addressed in detail the CD44 isoforms produced in human breast and colon tumors. We analyzed 53 breast‐tumor‐ and 58 colon‐tumor‐related samples as well as I benign mastopathy, I normal breast, 4 non‐invaded lymph nodes and 8 normal colon tissues. All tumors analyzed expressed the hemopoietic CD44 (CD44H) isoform (no alternatively spliced exons added), whereas 81% expressed the CD44E form (addition exons 12, 13 and 14). Furthermore, 85% of tumors presented complex patterns of expression, with an average number of 5 to 6 bands detected. In view of their implication in the metastatic process, we investigated in greater detail the isoforms containing exons 10 and 11 (v6 and v7). Exon 10 was more frequently expressed than exon 11, 80% and 57% of the samples respectively. The great majority of cases showed ladder‐like patterns starting from the shortest forms (exons 5‐10 or 5‐10‐11) and larger‐molecular‐weight bands corresponding predominantly to sequential inclusions of exons from 3' to 5'. Exon‐10 and exon‐11 variants were also found in one benign mastopathy. The majority of normal tissues (1 breast and 6/8 colon) expressed only the CD44H isoform. These data indicate that expression of metastatic variants is common in human breast and colon tumors and can occur early during cancer progression, as testified by their presence in a benign breast tumor. While expression of exon‐10 variants were correlated with presence of distal metastases in colon tumors, exon‐11 variants were not (metastatic events were too rare in our breast‐tumor series to reach significance). This suggest that exon 10 may correspond to the minimal sequences required to favor metastatic events. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 9 in human breast cancer: Association with clinical variables and genetic changes at other chromosome regions
Authors: Eiriksdottir Gudny , Sigurdsson Asgeir , Jonasson Jon Gunnlaugur , Agnarsson Bjarni A. , Sigurdsson Helgi , Gudmundsson Julius , Bergthorsson Jon Thor , Barkardottir Rosa Björk , Egilsson Valgardur , Ingvarsson Sigurdur
Published: February 2007

Primary breast tumors were tested for loss of heterozygosity (LOH), on chromosome 9p with microsatellite markers restricted to a 28 cM region including the MTS1 gene. LOH was found with at least I marker in 38% of the 201 cases analyzed. A high frequency of deletions was detected at the 9p23‐p21 region, indicating a tumor suppressor gene(s) important for breast cancer tumorigenesis. Tumors with and without LOH on 9p were compared with respect to clinico‐pathological factors using X2 analysis. Tumors with 9p LOH were significantly associated with high S‐phase status and aneuploidy, but not with type, node status, estrogen and progesterone receptor content or age of the patients at diagnosis. Survival analysis showed that LOH at 9p did not significantly affect the survival rate of breast cancer patients. Our results indicate that the aberrations on 9p detected in this study are not of independent prognostic value. A significant association was found between LOH at 9p and LOH at chromosomal arms 3p and 6q, which is an additional contribution toward understanding the genetic events in breast tumor pathogenesis. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Life‐time risk of different cancers in hereditary non‐polyposis colorectal cancer (hnpcc) syndrome
Authors: Aarnio Markku , Mecklin Jukka‐Pekka , Aaltonen Lauri A. , Nyström‐Lahti Minna , Järvinen Heikki J.
Published: February 2007

Identification of hereditary non‐polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) indicates theoretical life‐time risks of 50% for the descendants of an affected family member and of 100% for the true gene carriers. However, besides colorectal cancer (CRC), many other cancer types and sites are also involved, which gives reason to evaluate the magnitude of risk for various other cancer types. A detailed pedigree analysis of 40 families with HNPCC identified 414 patients affected with cancer. A Kaplan‐Meier life‐table analysis for the cumulative risk of various cancers was performed on the basis of the 293 putative gene carriers who had adequate clinical and histological documentation of their tumors. Cumulative risks were highest for colorectal (78%) and endometrial cancers (43%, women only), followed by gastric, biliary tract, urinary tract and ovarian cancers (19‐9%). For the other probably HNPCC‐related cancer types, such as small bowel carcinoma and brain tumors, the life‐time risk was only 1%. The risk of any metachronous cancer reached 90% after treatment of CRC and 75% after endometrial cancer; the second tumor was most often a new CRC or endometrial cancer. CRC remains the most important cancer type in the HNPCC syndrome but does not develop in all gene carriers. This makes the decision of possible prophylactic colectomy for test‐detected gene carriers difficult. Of the many other cancer types involved, at least endometrial cancer is common enough to necessitate a specific surveillance program. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fracture of Ni‐Ti superelastic alloy under sustained tensile load in physiological saline solution containing hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Yokoyama Ken'ichi , Ogawa Toshio , Fujita Atsushi , Asaoka Kenzo , Sakai Jun'ichi
Published: February 2007

The fracture of Ni‐Ti superelastic alloy has been investigated by a sustained tensile‐loading test in physiological saline solution containing hydrogen peroxide (0.15M NaCl + 0.3M H2O2). The fracture always occurs when the applied stress exceeds the critical stress for martensite transformation. In contrast, under a low applied stress, the fracture does not always occur within 1000 h. The fracture is probably mainly caused by localized corrosion associated with the preferential dissolution of nickel ions. In 0.3M H2O2 solution without NaCl, the fracture does not occur even under a high applied stress. The results of the present study imply that one reason for the fracture of the Ni‐Ti superelastic alloy in vivo is localized corrosion due to the synergistic effects of hydrogen peroxide and sodium chloride under applied stress. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
Th17 cell induction and immune regulatory effects
Authors: Bi Yujing , Liu Guangwei , Yang Ruifu
Published: February 2007

The T help 1 (Th1) and Th2 cell classification have provided the framework for understanding CD4+T cell biology and the interplay between innate and adaptive immunity for almost two decades. Recent studies have defined a previously unknown arm of the CD4+T cell effector response, the Th17 lineage, which promises to change our understanding of immune regulation, immune pathogenesis and host defense. The factors that specify differentiation of IL‐17 producing effector T cells from naïve T cell precursors are being rapidly discovered and are providing insights into mechanisms by which signals from cells of the innate immune system guide alternative pathways of Th1, Th2, or Th17 development. In this review, we will focus on recent studies that have identified new subsets of Th cells, new insights regarding the induced generation and differentiation mechanisms of Th17 cells and immune regulatory effects. J. Cell. Physiol. 211: 273–278, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The regulation of Foxp3 expression in regulatory CD4+CD25+T cells: Multiple pathways on the road
Authors: Zhang Lianjun , Zhao Yong
Published: February 2007

Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) have been well documented to have a crucial physiological role in preventing the development of autoimmune diseases and keeping self‐tolerance. Foxp3, a recently identified member of the forkhead transcription factors, serves as a master regulator for the development and function of CD4+CD25+Treg cells. Though it is well defined that Foxp3 expression is sufficient to program CD4+CD25+Treg cell development, the physiological factors initiating intracellular Foxp3 expression remain poorly understood so far. In the present manuscript, we try to summarize the recent advances regarding the regulatory roles of T‐cell receptor (TCR), co‐stimulatory molecules, interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) and beyond pathways on Foxp3 expression. J. Cell. Physiol. 211: 590–597, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Osterix is a key target for mechanical signals in human thoracic ligament flavum cells
Authors: Fan Dongwei , Chen Zhongqiang , Wang Dan , Guo Zhaoqing , Qiang Qi , Shang Yongfeng
Published: February 2007

Mechanical stress is considered to be an important factor in the progression of thoracic ossification of the ligament flavum (TOLF). To elucidate the mechanism underlying mechanical stress‐induced TOLF, we investigated the effect of stretching on cultured flavum ligament cells derived from TOLF and non‐TOLF patients. We found that the mRNA expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin, Runx2, and osterix, but not that of Dlx5 and Msx2, was significantly increased by stretching in TOLF cells. In addition, the effect seems to be finely tuned by stretching‐triggered activation of distinct mitogen‐activated protein kinase cascades. Specifically, a p38 specific inhibitor, SB203580, significantly inhibited stretching‐induced osterix expression as well as ALP activity, whereas a specific inhibitor of ERK1/2, U0126, prevented stretching‐induced Runx2 expression. We showed that overexpression of osterix resulted in a significant increase of ALP activity in TOLF cells, and osterix‐specific RNAi completely abrogated the stretching‐induced ALP activity, indicating that osterix plays a key role in stretching‐stimulated osteogenic effect in TOLF cells. These results suggest that mechanical stress plays important roles in the progression of TOLF through induction of osteogenic differentiation of TOLF cells, and our findings support that osterix functions as a molecular link between mechanostressing and osteogenic differentiation. J. Cell. Physiol. 211: 577–584, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Targeted retroviral gene delivery using ultrasound
Authors: Taylor Sarah L. , Rahim Ahad A. , Bush Nigel L. , Bamber Jeffrey C. , Porter Colin D.
Published: February 2007

Background

Achieving specificity of delivery represents a major problem limiting the clinical application of retroviral vectors for gene therapy, whilst lack of efficiency and longevity of gene expression limit non‐viral techniques. Ultrasound and microbubble contrast agents can be used to effect plasmid DNA delivery. We therefore sought to evaluate the potential for ultrasound/microbubble‐mediated retroviral gene delivery.

Methods

An envelope‐deficient retroviral vector, inherently incapable of target cell entry, was combined with cationic microbubbles and added to target cells. The cells were exposed to pulsed 1 MHz ultrasound for 5 s and subsequently analysed for marker gene expression. The acoustic pressure profile of the ultrasound field, to which transduction efficiency was related, was determined using a needle hydrophone.

Results

Ultrasound‐targeted gene delivery to a restricted area of cells was achieved using virus‐loaded microbubbles. Gene delivery efficiency was up to 2% near the beam focus. Significant transduction was restricted to areas exposed to ≥ 0.4 MPa peak‐negative acoustic pressure, despite uniform application of the vector. An acoustic pressure‐dependence was demonstrated that can be exploited for targeted retroviral transduction. The mechanism of entry likely involves membrane perturbation in the vicinity of oscillating microbubbles, facilitating fusion of the viral and cell membranes.

Conclusions

We have established the basis of a novel retroviral vector technology incorporating favourable aspects of existing viral and non‐viral gene delivery vectors. In particular, transduction can be controlled by means of ultrasound exposure. The technology is ideally suited to targeted delivery following systemic vector administration. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epidemiology of HCV infection in Gezira state of central Sudan
Authors: Mudawi Hatim M.Y. , Smith Heather M. , Rahoud Siddig A. , Fletcher Ian A. , Babikir Adel M. , Saeed Osman K. , Fedail Suleiman S.
Published: February 2007

This is a cross sectional study carried out in Gezira state of central Sudan, an area with a high prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection, to determine the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies and risks factors for HCV infection. A total of 410 subjects in Um Zukra village were tested for HCV antibodies, 2.2% were reactive. The prevalence was highest in those between 11 and 20 years old with equal prevalence among males and females. No correlation was found between HCV infection and S. mansoni infection or parenteral antischistosomal therapy. It was concluded that HCV infection is of low seroprevalence and that schistosomiasis and parenteral antischistosomal therapy are not major risk factors for infection in the population studied. J. Med. Virol. 79:383–385, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dengue virus entry into liver (HepG2) cells is independent of hsp90 and hsp70
Authors: Cabrera‐Hernandez Arturo , Thepparit Chutima , Suksanpaisan Lukkana , Smith Duncan R.
Published: February 2007

Recently, several stress‐related proteins including GRP78, hsp70, and hsp90 have been implicated as dengue virus receptors in various cell types, with hsp90/70 being implicated as a receptor complex in monocytes and macrophages, while GRP78 has been implicated as a liver cell expressed dengue virus receptor. To assess whether the hsp90/70 complex plays a role in the internalization of the dengue viruses into liver cells, we undertook infection inhibition studies with lipopolysaccharide and antibodies directed against both hsp70 and hsp90, individually and in combination. No inhibition of any dengue serotype was seen in the presence of lipopolysaccharide or antibodies directed against either hsp70 or hsp90 either singly or in combination. A moderate inhibition of dengue virus serotype 2 entry into liver cells was observed in the presence of antibodies directed against GRP78. These results confirm a proposed role for GRP78 as a dengue virus serotype 2 receptor protein and suggest that the recently identified hsp90/70 complex does not play a role in dengue virus internalization into liver cells. J. Med. Virol. 79:386–392, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of HBsAg mutants in a population with a low prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection
Authors: Gibb Robert , Nimmo Graeme R. , O'Loughlin Peter , Lowe Peter , Drummond David
Published: February 2007

Two independent studies were conducted to evaluate performance of two HBsAg immunoassay products performed on the Abbott ARCHITECT and Bayer ADVIA Centaur immunoassay analyzers. One was a retrospective study of 484 stored samples and the second was a prospective study of 349 samples from random population. In the process of the evaluation, a number of discordant samples from HBsAg‐positive patients were found which led to the discovery of a number of HBsAg mutants in the general Australian population. Following viral DNA sequencing, these were identified as HBsAg escape mutants. Whilst the existence of HBsAg mutants has been well documented in various regions of the world, this is surprising in an area of low endemicity and demonstrates the necessity of an HBsAg assay to detect mutants reliably in a diagnostic situation where HBsAg is used as the only marker to detect an HBV infection. These studies demonstrate the ability of the Abbott ARCHITECT and AxSYM HBsAg immunoassays to detect these HBsAg mutations which were not detected by the Bayer ADVIA Centaur. J. Med. Virol. 79:351–355, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New enteroviruses, EV‐93 and EV‐94, associated with acute flaccid paralysis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: Junttila Nina , Lévêque Nicolas , Kabue Jean Pierre , Cartet Gaëlle , Mushiya Fidèle , Muyembe‐Tamfum Jean‐Jacques , Trompette Aurélien , Lina Bruno , Magnius Lars O. , Chomel Jean‐Jacques , Norder Helene
Published: February 2007

Surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis often identifies enteroviruses not typeable by virus neutralization in cell culture. During 2000 and 2001, 186 isolates from 138 children with acute flaccid paralysis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo were sent for typing to the National Reference Centre for Enteroviruses in Lyon, France. The 5′ UTR of the viral genome could be amplified by PCR for 158 isolates from 114 patients. Isolates from 89 patients were neutralizable, and contained non‐polio enterovirus types. Seventeen children were infected with more than one entero‐ or adenovirus; another three were co‐infected with both these viruses. Serological typing failed with 19 isolates from 13 (9%) patients. The VP1 region of these strains could be amplified by PCR and sequenced, which revealed that five children were infected with CV‐A17, EV‐70, EV‐76, EV‐77, or CV‐A13. Two patients were doubly infected, one with CV‐A24 and E‐9, and another with E‐27 and EV‐81. Isolates from six children contained strains with divergent VP1 region. The amino acid sequences of these complete VP1 regions diverged ≥28% from published types indicating that they represented two new enterovirus types, tentatively designated EV‐93 belonging to HEV‐B and EV‐94 within HEV‐D. The latter enterovirus has in parallel been isolated from sewage in Egypt. In conclusion, there was a high frequency of “untypable” enterovirus isolates from cases with acute flaccid paralysis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Six of these were shown to represent two enteroviruses not previously described. J. Med. Virol. 79:393–400, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection and typing by molecular techniques of respiratory viruses in children hospitalized for acute respiratory infection in Rome, Italy
Authors: Pierangeli Alessandra , Gentile Massimo , Di Marco Paola , Pagnotti Paolo , Scagnolari Carolina , Trombetti Simona , Lo Russo Lelia , Tromba Valeria , Moretti Corrado , Midulla Fabio , Antonelli Guido
Published: February 2007

Detection of a broad number of respiratory viruses is not undertaken currently for the diagnosis of acute respiratory infection due to the large and always increasing list of pathogens involved. A 1‐year study was undertaken on children hospitalized consecutively for acute respiratory infection in a Pediatric Department in Rome to characterize the viruses involved. Two hundred twenty‐seven children were enrolled in the study with a diagnosis of asthma, bronchiolitis, bronchopneumonia, or laringo‐tracheo bronchitis. A molecular approach was adopted using specific reverse transcription (RT)‐PCR assays detecting 13 respiratory viruses including metapneumovirus (hMPV) and the novel coronaviruses NL63 and HKU1; most amplified fragments were sequenced to confirm positive results and differentiate the strain. Viral pathogens were detected in 97 samples (42.7%), with 4.8% of dual infections identified; respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was detected in 17.2% of children, followed by rhinovirus (9.7%), parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) (7.5%), and influenza type A (4.4%). Interestingly, more than half the patients (9/17) that have rhinovirus as the sole respiratory pathogen had pneumonia. HMPV infected children below 3 years in two peaks in March and June causing bronchiolitis and pneumonia. One case of NL63 infection is described, documenting NL63 circulation in central Italy. In conclusion, the use of a comprehensive number of PCR‐based tests is recommended to define the burden of viral pathogens in patients with respiratory tract infection. J. Med. Virol. 79:463–468, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Survival of mouse skin isografts from leukemic donors
Authors: Meeker W. R. , Mirand E. A. , Grace J. T.
Published: February 2007

Breyere and Williams (1964) have reported partial and complete rejection of skin isografts from leukemic donors transplanted to nonleukemic recipients. The present studies were performed to determine if the same phenomenon could be demonstrated with other leukemia viruses in different inbred mouse strains. Inbred mice which were inoculated with either 334‐C leukemia virus or Friend virus served as donors of skin isografts after development of leukemia. Skin grafts were transplanted to either normal mice or immunized mice which had received injections of 334‐C leukemia cells or Friend virus prior to skin grafting. All mice had control isografts. Results showed nearly 100% survival of control isografts. An almost identical percentage of grafts from 334‐C leukemic donors survived in normal recipients (88.4%) as in immunized donors (87.5%). However, skin from mice with Friend leukemia was rejected in a higher percentage of immunized mice (50%) than non‐immunized mice (30%). No takes of skin from leukemic donors were observed in a mouse strain naturally immune to induction of Friend leukemia. Results in the Friend leukemia system support Breyere's concept of an immunologic mechanism of syngenic skin graft rejection, whereas those in the 334‐C leukemia system do not. Possible explanations for the conflicting data from the 334‐C leukemia studies are discussed.
Transhepatic intubation of the common bile duct for inoperable obstruction—experience with 20 cases
Authors: Heydenrych J. J. , Du T. Van Zijl F. D. , Van ZylGrace J. J. W.
Published: February 2007

The problems associated with the establishment of permanent bile drainage in the presence of inoperable bile duct obstructions are discussed, and the possibility of achieving effective drainage by means of an in‐dwelling transhepatic tube is described. Such a tube may be left in situ for the remainder of the life of patients suffering from carcinoma or indefinitely in patients suffering from nonmalignant obstructions. The techniques involved in the different circumstances are described. Certain special instruments have been made to facilitate introduction of the tube, and a description of these instruments and their use is given. A few representative case histories are given in which the various procedures were employed.
A system for the documentation of cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract
Authors: Shedd Donald P.
Published: February 2007

One of the characteristics of good medical care is accurate recording of findings. Reasons for the careful and full documentation of oral cancer are reviewed. The components of adequacy are verbal description, mensuration, diagram, photography, and, when indicated, radiography. Details of each of these steps are presented, with emphasis on the value of simple line diagrams, upon which extent of tumor is indicated by a standardized method. It is recommended that national organizations concerned with head and neck oncology consider adoption of a uniform method of diagramming the extent of oral tumors.
Brain tumors and their therapy
Authors: Owens Guy
Published: February 2007

A brief discussion of brain tumor problems and current therapy is presented.
Use of a whole‐body counter in bone scanning
Authors: Gardner Horace B. , Johnston Gerald S.
Published: February 2007

A new method of whole‐body assay for abnormal concentration of bone‐seeking radioactive isotopes, in this instance Sr85, has been performed in 40 patients with excellent results. The instrument used is a whole‐body counter which employs 18 NaI (T1) crystals (9 by 2 in.) in a 3 × 6 array which permits bilateral comparisons of isotope concentration, crystal‐to‐crystal comparisons, and body area comparisons. Very small amounts of isotope (1‐10 μc, Sr85) are required. In 40 patients, one false positive and no false negative findings were obtained. The findings were confirmed by scintiscanning and X‐ray studies.
Renoprival erythropoietin responsiveness in subhuman primates
Authors: Murphy Gerald P. , Mirand Edwin A. , Groenewald Johannes H. , Kenny Gerald M.
Published: February 2007

Erythropoietin (ESF) activity has been studied in intact and renoprival baboons. ESF activity is present in anephric animals and is responsive to bleeding or exogenous androgens, but not to brief hypoxic hypoxia exposure. Higher ESF levels are frequently observed early after bilateral nephrectomy. Extrarenal ESF is suppressed by boiling. Hormonal ESF regulation of erythropoietins persists in renoprival baboons, and may differ from that seen in the intact state.
Granular cell myoblastoma
Authors: Elias E. G. , Valenzuela L. , Pickren J. W.
Published: February 2007

Eleven cases of granular cell myoblastoma are reported. Eight cases were symptomatic and consist of clinical material. None of these were diagnosed preoperatively. The other three cases are incidental findings from routine autopsies. All tumors are benign clinically and histologically. The treatment of choice is local wide excision. It is worthwhile to indicate that this tumor can occur in combination with other malignant tumors (Table II), but we do not believe that there is any correlation.
Cholinesterase levels in uremic man and renal allografted man
Authors: Hesse V. E. , Mostert J. W. , Moore R. H. , Murphy G. P.
Published: February 2007

A micromethod of serum cholinesterase activity determination is presented. The changes in activity levels in uremic patients requiring hemodialysis are presented in relation to blood transfusions, blood urea nitrogen, and serum creatinine levels, as well as hematocrit percentages. The levels were low in uremic patients and were further affected by hemodialysis. The values of serum cholinesterase in patients with renal allografts as well as the renal vein effluent of isolated perfused canine kidneys have been determined. These levels were near a normal range. It is suggested that anesthesia in uremic patients necessitating muscle relaxation with an agent that hydrolyzes cholinesterase should be deferred for 24 hr after hemodialysis.
Influence of mithramycin on RNA synthesis and renal function in the canine kidney—a trial study
Authors: Gilsdorf R. B. , Yarbro J. W. , Leonard A. S.
Published: February 2007

The influence of mithramycin on RNA synthesis and on various renal functions in the canine kidney has been studied. A significant decrease in RNA synthesis was observed in renal cortex when assayed 3½ hr after administration of mithramycin. Statistically significant decreases in urine volume, sodium excretion, and PAH clearance, and increases in urinary potassium and the plasma glucose were observed concomitantly. The exact reason for these alterations in renal function remains undefined, but it would appear to be a tubular effect and may be related to inhibition of RNA synthesis with secondary inhibition of synthesis of various enzymes involved in tubular transport.
Effect of electrocautery on serum creatine phosphokinase in surgical patients
Authors: Mostert J. W. , Trudnowski R. J. , Hobika G. H. , Moore R.
Published: February 2007

While serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) may be slightly elevated following major uncomplicated surgical procedures, the use of electrocoagulation of tissues gives rise during the first 7 hr postoperatively to CPK activity which is as markedly increased as in those patients who sustain intraoperative myocardial infarction.
A case of myelocytic leukemia simulating the mouse model diseases
Authors: Bennett Michael
Published: February 2007

A case of myeloid leukemia is reported that occurred in a woman whose previous experiences are known to increase the incidence of myeloid leukemia in the mouse. Ovariectomy and sterile turpentine abscess formation increase the incidence of myeloid leukemia in mice exposed to ionizing radiation. In addition, antigenic similarities exist between certain variants of murine leukemia virus and mammary tumor virus. This patient experienced ovariectomy, thigh abscess formation, and partial body irradiation for carcinoma of the breast a few years before she developed leukemia. An association between human breast cancer and myelocytic leukemia has been described. While this case certainly does not prove that similar pathogenetic mechanisms of myeloid leukemia occur in mice and man, the events preceding the development of leukemia in this patient certainly mimicked the mouse models well.
Renin and erythropoietin release in renal allotransplantation states
Authors: Murphy G. P. , Varkarakis M. J. , Mirand E. A.
Published: February 2007

Erythropoietin (ESF) and renin assays were serially performed in untreated and azathioprine‐treated dog renal allografts. ESF levels accurately reflected the progressive decline in renal function, and degree of allograft rejection. ESF elevations did not correlate with the level of hematocrit, or degree of azotemia or hypertension. Renin levels, in contrast, were elevated to a variable and less marked degree and did not correlate with the level of hypertension, decline in renal function, degree of allograft rejection, or level of increased erythropoietin. ESF assays proved to be more accurate and reliable.
Fluid therapy in hemorrhagic shock: Experimental evaluation
Authors: Depalma Ralph G. , Robinson Ann V. , Holden William D.
Published: February 2007

A model for the production of hemorrhagic shock in the rat was found to offer advantages over canine models. The ready availability of uniform inexpensive animals permitted evaluation of fluid therapy for hypovolemia. After 120 min of hypovolemia, reinfusion of the shed blood or infusion of Ringer's lactate or normal saline in a volume equal to three times the volume of the shed blood reduced mortality equally. The addition of 5% dextrose to Ringer's lactate produced a deleterious effect probably due to increased osmolarity.
Further characterization of liver catalase‐depressing factor from spleens of friend virus‐infected germfree and conventional mice
Authors: Price F. W. , Mirand E. A.
Published: February 2007

This study establishes that the liver catalase depression in Friend virus‐infected mice is caused by a spleen‐elaborated humoral factor which is not related to bacterial products. This was shown in experiments in Friend virus‐infected germfree mice in which splenectomy resulted in return of liver catalase levels to near‐normal values. The liver catalase‐depressing factor is shown to be a true toxohormone in that it induces thymic involution when injected into healthy mice and fails to inhibit the activity of a liver catalase preparation in vitro. These findings are briefly discussed in connection with work in which ‘toxohormone‐like’ substances have been isolated from nontumor sources. Further experimentation is suggested which may help to decide whether or not true toxohormones are unique to cancer cells.
The effect of L‐fucose on rat mammary tumor growth. I. In vivo studies
Authors: Wolfe Daniel , Roseman James M. , Miller Elizabeth , Seltzer Murray H. , Rosato Francis E.
Published: February 2007

Thirty female Lewis‐Wistar rats, each 150–200 g, received equal amounts of chemically induced transplantable mammary tumor. Fifteen of the rats received a daily intraperitoneal injection of 600 mg L‐fucose, while the remaining 15, serving as controls, received saline. The injections were begun the day of tumor implantation and continued for a total of 10 days. All animals were sacrificed on the fifteenth day, Tumor growth, as determined by mean diameter, was significantly suppressed in the experimental group. Serum and tumor levels of fucose were increased in the treated animals as compared to the control animals. These findings suggest retention of fucose, which may play a role in the inhibition of growth of this mammary tumor.
Urea concentration in intestinal fluids in normal and uremic dogs
Authors: Lee Yeu‐Tsu N.
Published: February 2007

Results from normal and uremic dogs showed that the urea concentrations in gallbladder bile, duodenal, jejunal, ileal, and peritoneal fluids were about the same as that in the serum. When the urea concentration of an unknown body fluid is more than two times that of the serum (whether the subject has normal or abnormal renal function), the tested fluid must have originated in part or in toto from the urinary tract.
Adenocarcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma occurring simultaneously in the urinary bladder (mixed tumor)
Authors: Fegen J. Peter , Albert David J. , Persky Lester
Published: February 2007

Only five tumors of the urinary bladder containing both adenocarcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma have previously been reported. In spite of this apparent rarity, three patients have been treated at the University Hospitals of Cleveland in the past 2 years with this ‘mixed’ malignancy. Abbreviated case histories, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed. Two of the three patients are alive without evidence of tumor following treatment. The origin of adenocarcinoma appearing as a primary bladder neoplasm may be from a urachal rest, from glandular cells around the bladder neck, from malignant degeneration of cystitis cystica and cystitis glandularis, or from a primary change of transitional epithelium to glandular cancer. The mixed tumor may represent dual malignant degeneration of a common cell line or two primary cancers appearing coincidentally at one time. The prognosis is poor, although the rarity of cases and short follow‐up make efficacy of treatment difficult to evaluate.
Combination of chemotherapy with dual antagonists and radiotherapy in the treatment of neoplastic disease
Authors: Bardos Thomas J. , Ambrus Julian L. , Ambrus Clara M.
Published: February 2007

The theoretical justification for combination chemotherapy and for the combination of radiation and chemotherapy in the treatment of neoplastic diseases is discussed, literature on the synthesis and biological activity of the ‘dual antagonist’ group of drugs is reviewed. Studies on the radiation‐potentiating effect of certain members of this group of drugs are reviewed, and prospects for therapeutic applications are discussed.
Attempts to alter renal homograft rejection by induction of antilymphocyte autoimmunity
Authors: Killen Duncan A. , Hattori Hiroshi , Zukoski Charles F.
Published: February 2007

An attempt was made to create an active antilymphocytic immunity in dogs. Pooled niesenteric canine lymph nodes were harvested, processed, and coupled via bis‐diazobenzidine to heterologous (rabbit, horse, cow, and human) gamma‐globulin. Mongrel dogs were immunized by serial injection of this material. There was a decrease in the absolute lymphocyte count in animals receiving lymph node tissue coupled with rabbit, horse, and bovine gamma‐globulin; however, this decrease was insignificant statistically (0.2 > P > 0.1). Twenty‐eight to thirty days following initiation of the immunization course, kidneys were exchanged in paired animals without any attempt at immunosuppression except for continuation of the immunization regimen. The average survival of the transplanted kidney and of the recipients was not significantly different from that of a control group of animals. Although there was no strong evidence of an active antilymphocytic immunity in the present study, modification of such a technique might prove effective as a means of prevention of homograft rejection or in creating autoimmunity to neoplasms of the leukocytes or solid tissue.
The radiocolloid bone marrow scan in malignant disease
Authors: Larson Steven M. , Nelp Wil B.
Published: February 2007

The radiocolloid bone marrow scans in 107 patients with malignant disease were reviewed. The observed scan patterns were classified into five groups: normal (type 1), moderately expanded (type 2), greatly expanded (type 3), peripheral expansion with central depression (type 4), and greatly reduced to absent intramedullary marrow (type 5). Correlation was made between scan pattern and clinical status of the patient for each disease category. In polycythemia vera, there was progressive expansion of the marrow organ that correlated well with the patient's course but not duration of disease. Type 3 or 4 marrow scans were associated with failure of effective marrow function. In myelofibrosis, regardless of associated cause, the scan pattern was predominantly type 4 or 5. Among the 42 patients with leukemia, 41 had abnormal scans. Type 4 was the characteristic scan pattern in untreated acute leukemia, and the scan became more normal with favorable treatment response. Patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia, either with myelofibrosis or blast crisis, had a type 4 or 5 marrow pattern. Scan patterns in the 30 patients with Hodgkin's disease were influenced by stage of disease and prior therapy. In untreated patients of stage I‐II, the scan pattern was always normal. Among the 17 stage III or IV patients, scan patterns of type 4 or 5 were frequently observed regardless of previous therapy. Focal defects were common in this group and were of two types: (1) a small irregular defect due to infiltration of tumor (two cases), and (2) a sharply circumscribed defect due to radiation therapy (seven cases). Patients with metastatic malignancy and lymphosarcoma involving bone marrow had abnormal scans showing peripheral expansion or focal defects. Some of the clinical applications for radiocolloid marrow scanning that were suggested for these observations include determining optimal bone marrow biopsy site, aiding staging and the evaluation of treatment response for hematologic malignancies, screening patients for metastatic involvement of bone as an adjunct to the strontium‐85 bone scan, and evaluating extent of bone marrow injury following radiation therapy. It is concluded that the radiocolloid scan of the bone marrow organ can be an important aid in management of patients with malignant disease.
The role of radionuclide scanning in the evaluation of neoplasms of the salivary glands: A review
Authors: Schall Gerald L.
Published: February 2007

Evaluation of neoplasms of the salivary glands is a challenging surgical problem since there is no reliable laboratory procedure to confirm the diagnosis of a tumor or to indicate its nature or extent. Radionuclide scanning of the salivary glands can be performed using Tc99m‐pertechnetate, which is actively concentrated by the glands at the level of the intralobar ducts. This test does not appear capable of detecting lesions which are not evident clinically. The only two types of tumors which give a consistent scan appearance are Warthin's tumor, which appears ‘hot’ relative to the surrounding tissue, and metastatic lesions, which are ‘cold’ or distort the normal portions of the gland. In general, primary malignancies also appear ‘cold,’ but the mixed tumor has a highly variable appearance. This procedure is useful in evaluating the topographic relationships of salivary gland neoplasms and in differentiating them from neck or facial masses, as well as in determining the functional impairment of the glands caused by the tumor. The results with salivary gland scanning to date have been somewhat disappointing, although the application of recent technologic advances in this field and standardization of the scanning technique in a large series of patients may eventually justify the initial optimism in this diagnostic study.
Demonstration of tumor associated antigen in normal colon and lung
Authors: Gerfo P. Lo , Herter F. P.
Published: February 2007

An ion sensitive antigenic site on carcinoembryonic antigen which has been previously demonstrated to be present in non‐entodermally derived tumors and called Tumor Associated Antigen (TAA), has been demonstrated in perchloric acid extracts of normal lung and colon. This antigenic site in normal colon and lung has been shown to be identical to the antigenic site on carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) by radioimmunoassay and Ouchterlony analysis. This provides further evidence that a common antigenic site exists on CEA as CEA is found only in entodermally derived tumors and is truly tumor specific. This antigenic site in nonentodermally derived tumors and normal tissues is structurally and chemically similar to CEA and further defines the tumor associated antigenic site (TAA).
Effect of mithramycin therapy on strontium and calcium metabolism in cancer patients (A preliminary report)
Authors: Cram Richard L. , Barmada Riad , Ray Robert D. , Perlia Charles P.
Published: February 2007

The short‐term effects of acute mithramycin therapy on calcium homeostasis and strontium‐85 kinetics were studied in four patients with metastatic cancer. Fecal calcium content increased after therapy while urinary calcium excretion decreased, but there was no net change in total calcium excretion. Mithramycin lowered the serum calcium level in three patients with either obvious osseous metastasis or hypercalcemia, but no change was observed in a fourth patient without osseous pathology and normal serum levels. The strontium‐85 (Sr85) kinetic data revealed an increase in the skeletal clearance (“accretion”) in three patients and no change in the fourth. There was no change in the extrinsic (excretory) clearance rate in any patient. These data suggest that acute mithramycin therapy lowered serum calcium by promoting non‐excretory removal from blood (internal skeletal clearance) rather than by increasing calcium excretion.
Chemodectoma of the lung
Authors: Lee Yeu‐Tsu N. , Hori Jose M.
Published: February 2007

A rare intrapulmonary tumor (chemodectoma) detected by routine chest x‐ray is found in a 61‐year‐old white female. This is the fifth case of this tumor in this location reported in the literature. The tumor is of interest because it further documents the presence of chemoreceptors in the lung.
Abdominal surgery in cancer patients without wound complications
Authors: Arana Victor A. , Mueller Roland F.
Published: February 2007

Management of 188 consecutive abdominal surgical incisions in cancer patients following special techniques during the past ten years was evaluated. Closure of the surgical incisions was carried out employing interrupted wire for fascia and running wire for the approximation of subcutaneous tissue and skin. Prophylactic antibiotics were routinely administered to patients by the intravenous route as an adjunct to minimize infection including wound complications. Normal healing of surgical incisions was recorded in all instances during the present evaluation.
Perforation in gastric malignancy
Authors: Cortese Armand F. , Zahn Darwin , Cornell George N.
Published: February 2007

Perforation in gatric malignancy is a rare condition, occurring in only 20 patients at the New York Hospital‐Cornell Medical Center between 1932 and 1969. Two patients are reported in whom plication followed by gastrectomy produced a satisfactory result. Early diagnosis of gastric cancer can be achieved by gastrointestinal x‐rays, allowing for appropriate therapy prior to perforation. If perforation does occur, the edge of the perforation should be biopsied and diagnostic analysis carried out. If feasible, primary gastrectomy is considered the treatment of choice. Otherwise, plication soon followed by definitive gastrectomy is recommended.
The immunosuppressive activity of procarbazine hydrochloride in canine renal allografts by donor pretreatment
Authors: Varkarakis M. J. , Abramczyk J. , Brede H. D. , Murphy G. P.
Published: February 2007

The cytotoxic drug procarbazine hydrochloride, when given to the donor prior to allografting, modifies the histological pattern of the rejection process in canine renal allografts. This was due mainly to reducing the amount of the infiltrating cells in the renal parenchyma and was associated with good renal function and good renal plasma flow. Despite the decreased immunogenicity of the organ, treated recipients did not have significant prolongation of their survival time due to the toxicity of the drug. In this study, toxicity appeared mainly as gastroenteritis and not consistently as bone marrow depression. Man, however, has better tolerance of the drug and these observations need further evaluation for application to human transplantation.
Toludine blue test for detection of carcinoma of the oral cavity: An evaluation
Authors: Vahidy N. A. , Zaidi S. H. M. , Jafarey N. A.
Published: February 2007

Topical application of toludine blue was used for the detection of oral carcinoma in 1,190 cases with oral lesions. It gave a positive result in 546 cases with 131 false positives and a negative result in 484 cases with 66 false negatives. In 160 cases, the results of the test were doubtful. The sensitivity of the test after excluding the doubtful results is 86% and specificity 76%.
The long term adjustment of the patient with head and neck cancer following successful treatment: I. Work, social, and heterosexual activity levels
Authors: Rosillo Ronald H. , Graham William P.
Published: February 2007

A number of patients were interviewed a year or more after successful termination of treatment for head and neck cancer. Their levels of adaptation were assessed, and it was found that the majority of patients are able to make an excellent long term level of adaptation. However, a significant number of patients failed to assimilate the stresses produced by their malignancy, leading to various problems. A good understanding of the patient's needs and resources provides assistance in caring for them, and in promoting the best possible level of rehabilitation.
Studies on the measurement of tissue levels of administered quinacrine and lodoquinacrine
Authors: Ackerman Norman B.
Published: February 2007

The uptake of administered quinacrine was studied in normal tissues and in Walker. 256 carcinosarcoma tumors implanted in livers and stomachs of rats. Tissue concentrations were measured by a fluorometric technique. The concentration of quinacrine in tumors as compared to that in the liver (T/L ratios) or in the stomach (T/S ratios) was directly related to the size of the tumor. These ratios averaged > 3 in animals with the smallest tumors and < 1 in animals with large tumors. Additional studies comparing uptake of quinacrine and iodoquinacrine suggested that peak T/L ratios occurred at 1 to 3 days with the former compound, with an earlier peak occurring at 1 day with the latter chemical. It is speculated that cancer diagnostic techniques could be developed using tissue measurements, histochemistry, or radioactive scanning of these compounds.
Structure and function of intestinal epithelial cells from compensated small bowel following massive intestinal resection
Authors: Wilmore Douglas W. , Holtzapple Philip G.
Published: February 2007

This study was undertaken to determine cellular structure and function in hypertrophied small intestine following extensive resection. Six beagle puppies underwent 90% enterectomy at 10 weeks of age. The animals were housed with their control littermates and fed the same kennel diet. At one year of age standardized biopsies were taken from the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Tissue was immediately fixed for light and electron micrographs and stained for quantitation of 10 mucosal enzymes. Epithelial cells were isolated and incubated at 37°C in Krebs Ringers phosphate saline containing either C14‐labeled alphamethyl glucose (2mM), or a radioactive amino acid (lysine, valine, or cystine at 0.565 mM). After incubation the cells were collected and the ratio of counts per ml intracellular fluid to counts per ml extracellular fluid determined.

Active cellular transport of glucose and amino acids did not differ in epithelial cells from resected animals when compared with the controls. Cellular enzyme reactions in the mucosa from the enterectomized animals were histochemically normal and ultrastructure was comparable in both groups of animals.

Structure and function of the epithelial cell in the enterectomized beagle does not significantly differ from the normal animal.