bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Excessive intravenous fluid therapy in head and neck cancer surgery
Authors: Haapio Eeva , Kinnunen Ilpo , Airaksinen Juhani K.E. , Irjala Heikki , Kiviniemi Tuomas
Published: June 2016

Background

The purpose of this retrospective study was to present our assessment of modifiable perioperative factors for major cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE).

Methods

This study included an unselected cohort of patients with head and neck cancer (n = 456) treated in Turku University Hospital between 1999 and 2008.

Results

Perioperative and postoperative univariate predictors of MACCE at 30‐day follow‐up were: total amount of fluids (during 24 hours) over 4000 mL, any red blood cell (RBC) infusion, treatment in the intensive care unit (ICU), tracheostomy, and microvascular reconstruction surgery. Median time from operation to MACCE was 3 days. Patients receiving >4000 mL of fluids had MACCE more often compared with those receiving <4000 mL (10.8% vs 2.4%; p < .001, respectively). Moreover, every RBC unit transfused or every liter of fluid administered over 4000 mL/24h increased the risk of MACCE 18% per unit/liter, respectively.

Conclusion

Patients with head and neck cancer receiving excessive intravenous fluid administration perioperatively and postoperatively are at high risk for cardiac complications, especially heart failure. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 37–41, 2017
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and transoral surgery as a definitive treatment for oropharyngeal cancer: A feasible novel approach
Authors: Sadeghi Nader , Li Ning‐Wei , Taheri M. Reza , Easley Samantha , Siegel Robert S.
Published: June 2016

Background

The purpose of this study was to present our evaluation of the outcome of oropharyngeal cancer managed with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and transoral surgery (TOS) with neck dissection as definitive treatment.

Methods

This is a case series of 17 patients with advanced oropharyngeal cancer who were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by TOS. The treatment details and oncologic outcome are reported. The volumetric response of the tumor to neoadjuvant chemotherapy is evaluated and validated by histopathology.

Results

Seventeen patients with TNM stages III and IV oropharyngeal cancer constitute this series for survival analysis. On a median and mean follow‐up of 31 and 40 months, respectively, 16 of the 17 patients were alive without recurrence. Disease‐specific survival (DSS) and overall survival (OS) at 3 years were 94.1%.

Conclusion

Adjuvant chemotherapy followed by TOS and neck dissection is a feasible and efficacious novel therapeutic approach for definitive management of moderately advanced oropharyngeal cancer, reserving radiotherapy (RT) for salvage or adverse features. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 1837–1846, 2016
Improved local and regional control with radiotherapy for Merkel cell carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: Strom Tobin , Naghavi Arash O. , Messina Jane L. , Kim Sungjune , Torres–Roca Javier F. , Russell Jeffery , Sondak Vernon K. , Padhya Tapan A. , Trotti Andy M. , Caudell Jimmy J. , Harrison Louis B.
Published: June 2016

Background

We hypothesized that radiotherapy (RT) would improve both local and regional control with Merkel cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

Methods

A single‐institution institutional review board‐approved study was performed including 113 patients with nonmetastatic Merkel cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Postoperative RT was delivered to the primary tumor bed (71.7% cases) ± draining lymphatics (33.3% RT cases).

Results

Postoperative local RT was associated with improved local control (3‐year actuarial local control 89.4% vs 68.1%; p = .005; Cox hazard ratio [HR] 0.18; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.06–0.55; p = .002). Similarly, regional RT was associated with improved regional control (3‐year actuarial regional control 95.0% vs 66.7%; p = .008; Cox HR = 0.09; 95% CI = 0.01–0.69; p = .02). Regional RT played an important role for both clinical node‐negative patients (3‐year regional control 100% vs 44.7%; p = .03) and clinical/pathological node‐positive patients (3‐year regional control 90.9% vs 55.6%; p = .047).

Conclusion

Local RT was beneficial for all patients with Merkel cell carcinoma of the head and neck, whereas regional RT was beneficial for clinical node‐negative and clinical/pathological node‐positive patients. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 48–55, 2017
Predictors of urban variable source area: a cross‐sectional analysis of urbanized catchments in the United States
Authors: Lim Theodore Chao
Published: June 2016

Many studies have empirically confirmed the relationship between urbanization and changes to the hydrologic cycle and degraded aquatic habitats. While much of the literature focuses on extent and configuration of impervious area as a causal determinant of degradation, in this article, I do not attribute causes of decreased watershed storage on impervious area a priori. Rather, adapting the concept of variable source area (VSA) and its relationship to incremental storage to the particular conditions of urbanized catchments, I develop a statistically robust linear regression‐based methodology to detect evidence of VSA‐dominant response. Using the physical and meteorological characteristics of the catchments as explanatory variables, I then use logistic regression to statistically analyze significant predictors of the VSA classification. I find that the strongest predictor of VSA‐type response is the percent of undeveloped area in the catchment. Characteristics of developed areas, including total impervious area, percent‐developed open space and the type of drainage infrastructure, do not add to the explanatory power of undeveloped land in predicting VSA‐type response. Within only developed areas, I find that total impervious area and percent‐developed open space both decrease the odds of a catchment exhibiting evidence of VSA‐type response and the effect of developed open space is more similar to that of total impervious area than undeveloped land in predicting VSA response. Different types of stormwater management infrastructure, including combined sewer systems and infiltration, retention and detention infrastructure are not found to have strong statistically significant effects on probability of VSA‐type response. VSA‐type response is also found to be stronger during the growing season than the dormant season. These findings are consistent across a national cross‐section of urbanized watersheds, a higher resolution dataset of Baltimore Metropolitan Area watersheds and a subsample of watersheds confirmed not to be served by (combined sewer systems). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrasound‐guided central venous catheterization using an optical see‐through head‐mounted display: A pilot study
Authors: Kaneko Naoki , Sato Makoto , Takeshima Taro , Sehara Yoshihide , Watanabe Eiju
Published: June 2016

Purpose

We examined the feasibility of using a head‐mounted display (HMD) to improve the ergonomics of sonographic‐guided interventional procedures.

Methods

Five physicians with experience of more than 20 central venous catheterizations participated in this study. Each participant performed five pairs of simulated jugular vein catheterization under sonographic guidance with and without the HMD. The procedure time was determined as well as the number of head movements, needle redirections, posterior wall punctures, and guidewire malpositionings.

Results

All participants could perform simulated sonographic‐guided catheterization using this HMD without turning their heads. There were no differences in the procedural time, the number of needle redirections, posterior wall punctures, and guidewire malpositionings.

Conclusions

The binocular optical see‐through HMD could be adopted for sonographic‐guided interventional procedures © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 44:487–491, 2016
Laser‐induced reversion of precipitates in an Al‐Li alloy: Study on temperature rise in pulsed laser atom probe
Authors: Khushaim Muna , Gemma Ryota , Al‐Kassab Talaat
Published: June 2016

The influence of tuning the laser pulse energy during the analyses on the resulting microstructure in a specimen utilizing an ultra‐fast laser assisted atom probe was demonstrated by a case study of a binary Al‐Li alloy. The decomposition parameters, such as the size, number density, volume fraction, and composition ofprecipitates, were carefully monitored after each analysis. A simple model was employed to estimate the corresponding specimen temperature for each value of the laser energy. The results indicated that the corresponding temperatures for the laser pulse energy in the range of 10 to 80 pJ are located inside the miscibility gap of the binary Al‐Li phase diagram and fall into the metastable equilibrium field. In addition, the corresponding temperature for a laser pulse energy of 100 pJ was in fairly good agreement with reported range ofsolvus temperature, suggesting a result of reversion upon heating due to laser pulsing.Microsc. Res. Tech. 79:727–737, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Freshwater clam extract supplementation improves wound healing by decreasing the tumor necrosis factor α level in blood
Authors: Peng Yi‐Chi , Fwu‐LinYang  , Subeq Yi‐Maun , Tien Chin‐Chieh , Lee Ru‐Ping
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND

The freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea) is a widely consumed functional food in Asia and is traditionally used to improve health and either prevent or treat inflammation‐related diseases. Numerous studies have proposed that freshwater clams act to prevent and attenuate inflammatory responses, and also serve as a possible inhibitor to systemic inflammation. However, there is limited information available about the effects of freshwater clams on wound healing.

RESULTS

The present study investigated the influence of freshwater clam extract (FCE) on wound healing and inflammatory responses in a cutaneous incision model. Sixteen rats were used and divided into two groups: the FCE group and the normal saline (NS) group. The rats underwent dorsal full‐thickness skin excisional wounds (diameter 20 × 10 mm). FCE or NS was administered for oral feeding twice daily for 14 days after wounding. Blood samples were taken and analyzed, and wound areas were measured at several time points during the 2 weeks after excision. On day 14 after wounding, skin biopsies from the wound sites were sent for histological examination. Treatment with FCE (71.63 ± 9.51 pg mL−1) decreased tumor necrosis factor‐α levels compared to the NS group (109.86 ± 12.55 pg mL−1) after wounding at 3 h (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the levels of white blood cells, interleukin (IL)‐6, or IL‐10. The wound areas of the NS group (23.9%) were larger than those in the FCE group (8.26%) on day 14 (P < 0.05). Numerous fibroblasts and collagen fiber organization were observed in the FCE group.

CONCLUSION

FCE supplementation improves the wound healing process. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
A prospective cohort study of the silk fibroin patch in chronic tympanic membrane perforation
Authors: Lee Jun Ho , Kim Dong‐Kyu , Park Hae Sang , Jeong Ju Yeon , Yeon Yeung Kyu , Kumar Vijay , Bae Sung Hee , Lee Jung Min , Moon Bo Mi , Park Chan Hum
Published: June 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

Silk fibroin patching has been used to repair acute tympanic membrane perforations. Here, we describe the advantages and outcomes of this technique for chronic tympanic membrane perforations.

Study Design

Individual cohort study.

Methods

Forty patients were enrolled; half underwent perichondrium myringoplasty, and the silk fibroin patch technique was applied in the remaining patients. We compared the closure, otorrhea, and complication rates; closure time; postoperative hearing gain; and patient satisfaction between the two groups.

Results

Demographic data (gender, site, age, duration, preoperative air‐bone gap, and perforation size and location) were not significantly different between the two groups. The closure rates and times, complication rates, and postoperative hearing gains were also similar in both groups. The mean operative time, otorrhea rate, and complication rate were also significantly better in the silk fibroin patch group. The intraoperative dizziness scores were higher in the conventional perichondrium myringoplasty group.

Conclusions

Success rates were similar for the silk fibroin patch technique and conventional perichondrium myringoplasty; however, patching was an easier, faster procedure. Our results suggest that the silk fibroin patch technique is a suitable treatment for chronic tympanic membrane perforation.

Level of Evidence

2b Laryngoscope, 126:2798–2803, 2016
The effect of bolus consistency on swallowing function measured by high‐resolution manometry in healthy volunteers
Authors: Lan Yue , Xu Guang‐qing , Yu Fan , Lin Tuo , Jiang Li‐sheng , Liu Feng
Published: June 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

This study evaluated the effects of three levels of bolus consistency (water, thick liquid, and paste) on the nature and duration of physiologic pressure while swallowing in healthy adults using high‐resolution manometry (HRM).

Study Design

A case series of healthy adults.

Methods

Thirty‐four healthy young adults (mean age: 24.29 years) were instructed to swallow 3 mL and 10 mL of water, thick liquid, and paste material, respectively, during which the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) and pharyngeal pressures were measured by HRM. Variables that included maximum pharyngeal pressure, duration of pharyngeal pressure, pharyngeal pressure rise rate, UES residual pressure, duration of UES relaxation, and maximum preopening as well as postclosure UES pressure were analyzed across the three bolus consistencies by one‐way repeated measures analysis of variance.

Results

Maximum pharyngeal pressure, duration of pharyngeal pressure, duration of UES relaxation, maximum preopening UES pressure, and maximum postclosure UES pressure were significantly increased while swallowing water when compared with the thick liquid and paste materials. No significant differences were observed in UES residual pressure and pharyngeal pressure rise rate among the three different consistencies.

Conclusion

Variations in bolus consistency appear to have a significant effect on physiologic pressure and duration in healthy adults while swallowing water when compared with thicker materials. Identification of the differences across various bolus consistencies could provide further insight into the pathophysiology of both normal and pathological swallowing.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 127:173–178, 2017
The epidemiology of plunging ranula in South Auckland
Authors: Chin Seung Joon , Zeng Irene S. L. , Morton Randall P.
Published: June 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

Estimate the incidence rate and provide basic descriptive epidemiologic characteristics of plunging ranulas in a multi‐ethnic population.

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Methods

The study group comprised all Counties Manukau Health (CMH, Manukau City, Auckland, New Zealand) patients presenting to the CMH Department of Otolaryngology with a diagnosis of plunging ranula from January 2001 to December 2013, as recorded in the departmental case register. Non‐CMH domicile patients were excluded. South Auckland comprised the base population, as serviced by CMH. The 2006 New Zealand census data was used for population demographics.

Results

A total of 134 cases of plunging ranula were identified. The overall annual crude incidence rate was 2.4 per 100,000 person‐years. The gender specific incidence rate for males was 3.2 per 100,000 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.5. 3.9) and for females was 2.0 per 100,000 (95% CI: 1.5, 2.6). The overall age‐adjusted annual incidence rate was 2.6 per 100,000 (95% CI: 2.1, 3.0). The age‐adjusted incidence was highest among Maori (6.7 per 100,000, 95% CI 4.9, 8.4), followed by Pacific Island (4.4 per 100,000, 95% CI 3.2, 5.6), Asian (0.7 per 100,000, 95% CI 0.2, 1.2), and European population (0.6 per 100,000, 95% CI 0.3, 0.8).

Conclusion

We have quantified for the first time the age‐specific and age‐adjusted incidence rates for plunging ranula by gender and ethnicity. The results show a likely underlying genetic predisposition for this condition, possibly with a superimposed environmental acquired factor relating to external, minor blunt trauma to the neck.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 126:2739–2743, 2016
Molecular analysis of idiopathic subglottic stenosis for Mycobacterium species
Authors: Gelbard Alexander , Katsantonis Nicolas‐George , Mizuta Masanobu , Newcomb Dawn , Rotsinger Joseph , Rousseau Bernard , Daniero James J. , Edell Eric S. , Ekbom Dale C. , Kasperbauer Jan L. , Hillel Alexander T. , Yang Liying , Garrett C. Gaelyn , Netterville James L. , Wootten Christopher T. , Francis David O. , Stratton Charles , Jenkins Kevin , McGregor Tracy L. , Gaddy Jennifer A. , Blackwell Timothy S. , Drake Wonder P.
Published: June 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

Idiopathic subglottic stenosis (iSGS) is an unexplained obstruction involving the lower laryngeal and upper tracheal airway. Persistent mucosal inflammation is a hallmark of the disease. Epithelial microbiota dysbiosis is found in other chronic inflammatory mucosal diseases; however, the relationship between tracheal microbiota composition and iSGS is unknown.

Given the critical role for host defense at mucosal barriers, we analyzed tissue specimens from iSGS patients for the presence of microbial pathogens.

Methods

Utilizing 30 human iSGS, 20 intubation‐related tracheal stenosis (iLTS), and 20 healthy control specimens, we applied molecular, immunohistochemical, electron microscopic, immunologic, and Sanger‐sequencing techniques.

Results

With unbiased culture‐independent nucleic acid, protein, and immunologic approaches, we demonstrate that Mycobacterium species are uniquely associated with iSGS. Phylogenetic analysis of the mycobacterial virulence factor rpoB suggests that, rather than Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a variant member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex or a closely related novel mycobacterium is present in iSGS specimens.

Conclusion

These studies identify a novel pathogenic role for established large airway bacteria and provide new targets for future therapeutic intervention.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 127:179–185, 2017
Idiopathic subglottic stenosis is associated with activation of the inflammatory IL‐17A/IL‐23 axis
Authors: Gelbard Alexander , Katsantonis Nicolas‐George , Mizuta Masanobu , Newcomb Dawn , Rotsinger Joseph , Rousseau Bernard , Daniero James J. , Edell Eric S. , Ekbom Dale C. , Kasperbauer Jan L. , Hillel Alexander T. , Yang Liying , Garrett C. Gaelyn , Netterville James L. , Wootten Christopher T. , Francis David O. , Stratton Charles , Jenkins Kevin , McGregor Tracy L. , Gaddy Jennifer A. , Blackwell Timothy S. , Drake Wonder P.
Published: June 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

Idiopathic subglottic stenosis (iSGS) is a rare and devastating extrathoracic obstruction involving the lower laryngeal and upper tracheal airway. It arises without known antecedent injury or associated disease process. Persistent mucosal inflammation and a localized fibrotic response are hallmarks of the disease. Despite the initial clinical description of iSGS more than 40 year ago, there have been no substantive investigations into the pathogenesis of this enigmatic and progressive airway obstruction. In these studies, we present the initial characterization of the molecular pathogenesis underlying the fibrosing phenotype of iSGS.

Methods

Utilizing 20 human iSGS and healthy control specimens, we applied histologic, immunohistochemical, molecular, and immunologic techniques.

Results

We demonstrate significant activation of the canonical IL‐23/IL‐17A pathway in the tracheal mucosa of iSGS patients, as well as identify γδ T cells as the primary cellular source of IL‐17A.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that aberrant mucosal immune activation is a component in of the pathogenesis of iSGS. Most critically, our work offers new targets for future therapeutic intervention.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 126:E356–E361, 2016
Rating scales for behavioral symptoms in Huntington's disease: Critique and recommendations
Authors: Mestre Tiago A. , van Duijn Erik , Davis Aileen M. , Bachoud‐Lévi Anne‐Catherine , Busse Monica , Anderson Karen E. , Ferreira Joaquim J. , Mahlknecht Philipp , Tumas Vitor , Sampaio Cristina , Goetz Chris G. , Cubo Esther , Stebbins Glenn T. , Martinez‐Martin Pablo ,   the Members of the MDS Committee on Rating Scales Development
Published: June 2016

Behavioral symptoms are an important feature of Huntington's disease and contribute to impairment in quality of life. The Movement Disorder Society commissioned the assessment of the clinimetric properties of rating scales in Huntington's disease to make recommendations regarding their use, following previously used standardized criteria. A systematic literature search was conducted to identify the scales used to assess behavioral symptoms in Huntington's disease. For the purpose of this review, 7 behavioral domains were deemed significant in Huntington's disease: irritability, anxiety, depression, apathy, obsessive‐compulsive behaviors, psychosis, and suicidal ideation. We included a total of 27 behavioral rating scales, 19 of which were of a single behavioral domain and the remaining 8 scales included multiple behavioral domains. Three rating scales were classified as “recommended” exclusively for screening purposes: the Irritability Scale for irritability, the Beck Depression Inventory‐II, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale for depression. There were no “recommended” scales for other purposes such as diagnosis, severity, or change in time or to treatment. The main challenges identified for assessment of behavioral symptoms in Huntington's disease are the co‐occurrence of multiple behavioral symptoms, the particular features of a behavioral symptom in Huntington's disease, and the need to address stage‐ and disease‐specific features, including cognitive impairment and lack of insight. The committee concluded that there is a need to further validate currently available behavioral rating scales in Huntington's disease to address gaps in scale validation for specific behavioral domains and purpose of use. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Apoptosis‐inducing factor in nigral dopamine neurons: Higher levels in primates than in mice
Authors: Peneder Tamara M. , Bauer Jan , Pifl Christian
Published: June 2016

Introduction

The nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway is more susceptible to neurodegeneration in primates than in mice, including the neurotoxic effect of MPTP. Apoptosis‐inducing‐factor was shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of dopaminergic degeneration. We therefore compared its occurrence in nigral dopamine neurons of mice, monkeys, and humans.

Methods

Paraffin‐embedded brain slices, including the SNpc of C57BL/6J mice, rhesus monkeys, and humans, were immunohistochemically labeled for tyrosine hydroxylase (an enzyme of dopamine synthesis), microtubule‐associated protein 2 (a neuronal marker), and apoptosis‐inducing factor and examined by confocal laser scan microscopy.

Results

The amount of apoptosis‐inducing factor in TH‐containing SN neurons was 15 times higher in monkeys and 50 times higher in humans than in mice in terms of apoptosis‐inducing factor immunoreactive neuronal area excluding the nucleus.

Conclusion

The difference of apoptosis‐inducing factor levels between primates and mice might contribute to the higher sensitivity of primates to MPTP‐induced neurodegeneration of their nigrostriatal dopamine system. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Lycopene supplementation restores vitamin A deficiency in mice and possesses thereby partial pro‐vitamin A activity transmitted via RAR signaling
Authors: Aydemir Gamze , Kasiri Yasamin , Bartók Emöke‐Márta , Birta Eszter , Fröhlich Kati , Böhm Volker , Mihaly Johanna , Rühl Ralph
Published: June 2016

Scope

The aim of this study was to compare if lycopene also possesses pro‐vitamin A (VA) activity comparable to known VA derivatives.

Materials and methods

We used a transgenic retinoic acid response element reporter mouse model (n = 8, per group) for this study, and after the initial wash out of VA using a vitamin A deficient diet (VAD) for 18 weeks, the animals were supplemented further with (a) VAD‐fed mice, (b) VAD‐fed mice plus retinol (20 mg/kg bw), (c) VAD‐fed mice plus β‐carotene (40 mg/kg bw), and (d) VAD‐fed mice plus lycopene (40 mg/kg bw). Using ex vivo scanning and gene expression analysis of retinoid target and VA marker gene analysis in various organs of these supplemented mice (b, c, d), we found increased luciferase activity and normalized marker and target gene analysis compared to group a.

Conclusions

Lycopene can restore VA deficiency and compensate VA for retinoic acid receptor (RAR)‐mediated signaling as the major function of VA in the mammalian organism. Lycopene administration can initiate upregulation of RAR‐mediated signaling in various organs in VAD‐fed animals via potential novel bioactive lycopene metabolites. This indicates that lycopene possesses partial pro‐VA activity in mice transmitted via RAR‐mediated signaling.
Resveratrol alleviates MPTP‐induced motor impairments and pathological changes by autophagic degradation of α‐synuclein via SIRT1‐deacetylated LC3
Authors: Guo Yan‐Jie , Dong Su‐Yan , Cui Xin‐Xin , Feng Ya , Liu Te , Yin Ming , Kuo Sheng‐Han , Tan Eng‐King , Zhao Wen‐Juan , Wu Yun‐Cheng
Published: June 2016

Scope

The accumulation of misfolded α‐synuclein in dopaminergic neurons is the leading cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). Resveratrol (RV), a polyphenolic compound derived from grapes and red wine, exerts a wide range of beneficial effects via activation of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and induction of vitagenes. Here, we assessed the role of RV in a 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1, 2, 3, 6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) induced mouse model of PD and explored its potential mechanisms.

Methods and results

RV and EX527, a specific inhibitor of SIRT1, were administered before and after MPTP treatment. RV protected against MPTP‐induced loss of dopaminergic neurons, and decreases in tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine levels, as well as behavioral impairments. Meanwhile, RV administration activated SIRT1. Microtubule‐associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) was then deacetylated and redistributed from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, which provoked the autophagic degradation of α‐synuclein in dopaminergic neurons. Furthermore, EX527 antagonized the neuroprotective effects of RV by reducing LC3 deacetylation and subsequent autophagic degradation of α‐synuclein.

Conclusion

We showed that RV ameliorated both motor deficits and pathological changes in MPTP‐treated mice via activation of SIRT1 and subsequent LC3 deacetylation‐mediated autophagic degradation of α‐synuclein. Our observations suggest that RV may be a potential prophylactic and/or therapeutic agent for PD.
Multiband echo‐shifted echo planar imaging
Authors: Boyacioğlu Rasim , Schulz Jenni , Norris David G.
Published: June 2016

Purpose

To propose the technique multiband echo‐shifted (MESH) echo planar imaging (EPI), which combines the principles of echo‐shifted acquisition for two‐dimensional multislice EPI, with both in‐plane and multiband acceleration by means of partial parallel imaging techniques.

Methods

MESH EPI is suitable for functional MRI (fMRI) in situations where there is sufficient time to insert an additional EPI readout in the dead time between slice selection and the standard EPI readout. In such situations, MESH EPI can further accelerate data acquisition compared with standard multiband techniques. The method is particularly well suited for low static magnetic field strengths and lower spatial resolutions. We compared MESH with multiband and standard EPI with temporal signal‐to‐noise ratio (tSNR) measurements and resting state fMRI data.

Results

Results obtained at 1.5 T from healthy subjects revealed that the additional gradient switching did not additionally affect time course SNR over and above the reduction inherent to multiband imaging. Functional results were qualitatively similar between methods. MESH was not affected by the tSNR reduction and echo shifting gradients. The MESH data were acquired at a factor 2 or 3 faster than corresponding multiband acquisitions for echo shift factors of 1 and 2, respectively.

Conclusion

MESH can offer further acceleration of image acquisition for fMRI at no loss in sensitivity. Magn Reson Med 77:1981–1986, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Volume‐normalized transfer constant as an imaging biomarker for chronic inflammatory arthritis: A dynamic contrast enhanced MRI study
Authors: Chang Yongmin , Park Jang Woo , Sung Shijin , Hong Jungwan , Al Faruque Hasan , Kim Eun‐Hee , Lee Jae Jun , Lee Jongmin , Kang Young Mo
Published: June 2016

Purpose

Proper diagnosis and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis are extremely important to optimize treatment outcomes. Dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI (DCE‐MRI) may be used as a biomarker to detect inflammatory changes in synovial joints and to discriminate active and inactive stages of the disease. The aim of this study was to investigate vascular permeability changes associated with inflammatory arthritis progression and its treatment.

Methods

Arthritis was induced in DBA/1J mice by immunization with type‐II collagen emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. Severity of arthritis was monitored using the clinical arthritis index. MR images of mice were obtained at different stages of arthritis progression and at 3 weeks after methotrexate treatment. Immunohistochemical staining using an anti‐CD31 antibody was used to assess vessel density.

Results

Volume‐normalized transfer constant increased progressively until the active stage of arthritis was reached, and thereafter declined gradually. The pattern of volume‐normalized transfer constant changes quantified using DCE‐MRI correlated with vascular densities and immunohistochemical findings. Furthermore, volume‐normalized transfer constant and densities decreased significantly in a dose‐dependent manner after treatment with methotrexate.

Conclusion

Volume‐normalized transfer constant assessed by DCE‐MRI can be used as an imaging biomarker for tracking disease progression and for monitoring therapeutic efficacy in inflammatory arthritis. Magn Reson Med 76:926–934, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development and initial validation of the obsessive compulsive eating scale
Authors: Niemiec Martha A. , Boswell James F. , Hormes Julia M.
Published: June 2016

Objective

Food cravings are common and have been implicated in eating‐related pathology, including binge eating, bulimia nervosa, and unhealthy weight problems, but difficulties in defining and quantifying the phenomenon of craving are well documented. There has been an increase in focus on the study of cognitive mechanisms underlying craving, in particular the role of intrusive thoughts; however, existing craving measures fail to fully capture these aspects of the craving experience. The present study was designed to develop a psychometrically sound measure of the obsessive‐compulsive aspects of food cravings.

Methods

The proposed 14‐item Obsessive Compulsive Eating Scale (OCES) is based on the existing and well‐validated Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale, a self‐report measure of obsessive thoughts about drinking and compulsive behaviors directed towards alcohol consumption. The OCES was administered to 224 respondents (57.4%,n = 128 women).

Results

Results of confirmatory factor analyses suggested a two‐factorial structure of the OCES, which mirrors that of the Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale, on which it is based. The OCES had excellent internal consistency (Cronbach'sα = 0.91) and demonstrated good convergent and criterion validity.

Conclusions

The proposed OCES is a psychometrically sound addition to the body of measurements used to assess food cravings and their role in disordered eating patterns.
The dual amylin‐ and calcitonin‐receptor agonist KBP‐042 increases insulin sensitivity and induces weight loss in rats with obesity
Authors: Hjuler Sara Toftegaard , Gydesen Sofie , Andreassen Kim Vietz , Pedersen Steffen Lund Kjær , Hellgren Lars I. , Karsdal Morten Asser , Henriksen Kim
Published: June 2016

Objective

In this study, KBP‐042, a dual amylin‐ and calcitonin‐receptor agonist, was investigated as a treatment of obesity and insulin resistance in five different doses (0.625 µg/kg–10 µg/kg) compared with saline‐treated and pair‐fed controls.

Methods

Rats with obesity received daily s.c. administrations for 56 days, and glucose tolerance was assessed after one acute injection, 3 weeks of treatment, and again after 7 weeks of treatment. To assess the effect on insulin sensitivity, rats received 5 µg/kg KBP‐042 for 21 days before hyperinsulinemic–euglycemic clamp.

Results

KBP‐042 induced a sustained weight loss of up to 20% without any significant weight reduction in the pair‐fed groups. Decreases in adipose tissues and lipid deposition in the liver were observed, while plasma adiponectin was increased and plasma leptin levels were decreased. Acute administration of KBP‐042 led to impaired glucose tolerance and increased plasma lactate, while this diabetogenic effect was reversed by chronic treatment. Finally, assessment of insulin sensitivity using the hyperinsulinemic–euglycemic clamp showed that KBP‐042 increased the glucose infusion rate.

Conclusions

The study indicates that KBP‐042 combines two highly relevant features, namely weight loss and insulin sensitivity, and is thus an excellent candidate for chronic treatment of obesity and insulin resistance.
Comparison of clinical features and outcomes in patients with extraskeletal versus skeletal localized Ewing sarcoma: A report from the Children's Oncology Group
Authors: Cash Thomas , McIlvaine Elizabeth , Krailo Mark D. , Lessnick Stephen L. , Lawlor Elizabeth R. , Laack Nadia , Sorger Joel , Marina Neyssa , Grier Holcombe E. , Granowetter Linda , Womer Richard B. , DuBois Steven G.
Published: June 2016

Background

The prognostic significance of having extraskeletal (EES) versus skeletal Ewing sarcoma (ES) in the setting of modern chemotherapy protocols is unknown. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical characteristics, biologic features, and outcomes for patients with EES and skeletal ES.

Methods

Patients had localized ES and were treated on two consecutive protocols using five‐drug chemotherapy (INT‐0154 and AEWS0031). Patients were analyzed based on having an extraskeletal (n = 213) or skeletal (n = 826) site of tumor origin. Event‐free survival (EFS) was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method, compared using the log‐rank test, and modeled using Cox multivariate regression.

Results

Patients with extraskeletal ES (EES) were more likely to have axial tumors (72% vs. 55%; P < 0.001), less likely to have tumors >8 cm (9% vs. 17%; P < 0.01), and less likely to be white (81% vs. 87%; P < 0.001) compared to patients with skeletal ES. There was no difference in key genomic features (type of EWSR1 translocation, TP53 mutation, CDKN2A mutation/loss) between groups. After controlling for age, race, and primary site, EES was associated with superior EFS (hazard ratio = 0.69; 95% confidence interval: 0.50–0.95; P = 0.02). Among patients with EES, age ≥18, nonwhite race, and elevated baseline erythrocyte sedimentation rate were independently associated with inferior EFS.

Conclusion

Clinical characteristics, but not key tumor genomic features, differ between EES and skeletal ES. Extraskeletal origin is a favorable prognostic factor, independent of age, race, and primary site.
Azobenzene‐containing LC polymethacrylates highly photosensitive in broad spectral range
Authors: Bobrovsky Alexey , Shibaev Valery , Cigl Martin , Hamplová Vĕra , Pociecha Damian , Bubnov Alexej
Published: June 2016

Two photosensitive chiral liquid crystalline azobenzene‐containing polymethacrylates having different length of flexible spacer connecting chromophores with backbone were synthesized and their phase behavior and photo‐optical properties were studied. Both polymers consist of lateral methyl substituents in ortho‐position of azobenzene chromophores providing high photosensitivity even in red spectral region as well as high thermal stability of photoinduced Z‐form of azobenzene chromophores. It is shown, that smectic phase (SmA*) formation in films of polymer with longer spacer predetermines its quite unusual spectral response to UV and subsequent visible light actions. The SmA* phase promotes spontaneous homeotropic alignment of azobenzene chromophores in polymer films. UV‐irradiation induces not only E‐Z isomerization but also results in disruption of homeotropic alignment, whereas subsequent visible light action enables to obtain films with the low degree of chromophores orientation. The photo‐orientation phenomena under the action of polarized light of different wavelength on polymer films were studied. The possibility of using red polarized light of moderate intensity for optical photorecording on polymer films is demonstrated. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 2962–2970
Psychosocial morbidity in women with abnormal cervical cytology managed by cytological surveillance or initial colposcopy: longitudinal analysis from the TOMBOLA randomised trial
Authors: Fielding S. , Rothnie K. , Gray N. M. , Little J. , Cruickshank M. E. , Neal K. , Walker L. G. , Whynes D. , Cotton S. C. , Sharp L. ,   In association with the TOMBOLA group
Published: June 2016

Objective

To compare psychosocial outcomes (follow‐up related worries and satisfaction with follow‐up related information and support) over 30 months of two alternative management policies for women with low‐grade abnormal cervical cytology.

Methods

Women aged 20–59 years with low‐grade cytological abnormalities detected in the National Health Service Cervical Screening Programme were randomised to cytological surveillance or initial colposcopy. A total of 3399 women who completed psychosocial questionnaires at recruitment were invited to complete questionnaires at 12, 18, 24 and 30 months. Linear mixed models were used to investigate differences between arms in the two psychosocial outcomes. Each outcome had a maximum score of 100, and higher scores represented higher psychosocial morbidity.

Results

On average, over 30 months, women randomised to colposcopy scored 2.5 points (95%CI −3.6 to −1.3) lower for follow‐up related worries than women randomised to cytological surveillance. Women in the colposcopy arm also scored significantly lower for follow‐up related satisfaction with information and support (−2.4; −3.3 to −1.4) over 30 months. For both outcomes, the average difference between arms was greatest at 12th‐ and 18th‐month time points. These differences remained when the analysis was stratified by post‐school education.

Conclusions

Women with low‐grade cytology, irrespective of their management, have substantial initial psychosocial morbidity that reduces over time. Implementation of newer screening strategies, which include surveillance, such as primary HPV screening, need to consider the information and support provided to women. © 2016 The Authors. Psycho‐Oncology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Fracture‐induced nanoscrolls from CVD‐grown monolayer molybdenum disulfide
Authors: Hao Song , Yang Bingchu , Gao Yongli
Published: June 2016

We report a simple and effective way of fabricating molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanoscrolls by self‐rolling up fractured monolayer CVD‐grown MoS2 microflakes. Morphological results reveal that MoS2 nanoscrolls are formed only at newly formed edges, owing to an orientation‐specific fracture behavior. Using Raman spectroscopy, we show that the E12g Raman peak (A1g peak) for MoS2 nanoscrolls significantly red‐shifts (blue‐shifts), indicating structural change. The proposed mechanism is that the newly formed edges induced by fracture behavior self‐roll up to nanoscrolls to minimize the surface free energy, meanwhile, the serious lattice contradiction of upper sulfur plane controls the rolling directions. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electron density properties and metallophilic interactions of gold halides AuX2and Au2X (X = F–I):Ab Initiocalculations
Authors: Li Xinying , Cai Junxia
Published: June 2016

We presentab initiocalculations of the electron density properties and metallophilic interactions of the gold halide series, AuX2and Au2X (X = F–I) as well as their anions performed at MP2 theoretical level with extended basis sets. The gold halide's structure, stability, and interactions with alkali metal atoms were investigated. The mechanisms of metallophilic interactions were explored by natural bond orbital analyses, electron localization function, electron density deformation, atoms in molecules, and reduced density gradient analyses. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A micro‐computed tomography study of the negotiation and anatomical feature in apical root canal of mandibular molars
Authors: Min Yi , Ma Jing‐Zhi , Shen Ya , Cheung Gary Shun‐Pan , Gao Yuan
Published: June 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical negotiation of various apical anatomic features of the mandibular first molars in a Chinese population using micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT). A total of 152 mandibular first molars were scanned with micro‐CT at 30 µm resolution. The apical 5 mm of root canal (ARC) was reconstructed three dimensionally and classified. Subsequently, the access cavity was prepared with the ARC anatomy blinded to the operator. The ARC was negotiated with a size 10 K file with or without precurve. Information on the ability to obtain a reproducible glide path was recorded. The anatomical classification of ARC was Type I with 68.45% in mandibular first molars. The negotiation result of ARC with Category i was 387 canals (74.00%). With a bent negotiating file, 96 canals were negotiated, including 88 reproducible glide paths (Category ii) and 8 irregular glide paths (Category iii). About 7.65% canals could not be negotiated with patency successfully (Category iv). The statistical analyze shown the anatomic feature of ARC had effect on the negotiation of ARC (p < 0.05). In conclusion, ARC anatomic variations had a strong potential impact on the negotiation. The category of negotiation in ARC would be helpful in the using of NiTi rotary instruments. Negotiation of ARC to the working length with patency should be careful and skillful because of the complexities of ARC. SCANNING 38:819–824, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Caught in the Balance: An Organizational Analysis of Science Teaching in Schools With Elementary Science Specialists
Authors: MARCO‐BUJOSA LISA M. , LEVY ABIGAIL JURIST
Published: June 2016

Elementary schools are under increasing pressure to teach science and teach it well; yet, research documents that classroom teachers must overcome numerous personal and school‐based challenges to teach science effectively at this level, such as access to materials and inadequate instructional time. The elementary science specialist model represents an alternative to the traditional model of classroom teachers providing science instruction. Although changing who teaches science may remove personal challenges, we do not know if the specialist alone can overcome the school‐based challenges to teaching science. This study explored how school supports for science teaching varied across five elementary schools with science specialists through a qualitative comparative case study methodology. Drawing upon theory from organizational studies, school supports were conceptualized as four interrelated dimensions: (1) leadership, (2) resources, (3) culture, and (4) the external environment. Findings indicate that the science specialist model alone is insufficient to overcome school‐based challenges to science teaching. Findings also reveal the potential danger of the specialist model to marginalize science as a content area. Overall, this study clarifies the importance of the principal to provide schoolwide leadership for science and to establish the value of science necessary to support a strong elementary science program.
Venture Debt Financing: Determinants of the Lending Decision
Authors: de Rassenfosse Gaétan , Fischer Timo
Published: June 2016

Research summary

Venture debt lending is a form of start‐up financing that lies at the intersection of venture capital and traditional debt. We analyze the lending decision criteria of 55 senior U.S. venture debt lenders (VDLs) using a discrete choice experiment in order to understand how VDLs overcome barriers that traditionally hamper start‐ups’ access to debt. We find, first, that the provision of patents as collateral is as important as the provision of tangible assets to lenders. Second, VDLs showed a marked preference for start‐ups that offered warrants. Third, venture capitalists' backing substitutes for a start‐up's positive cash flows.

Managerial summary

This article provides insights into the business model of venture debt lenders. Venture debt is an equity efficient way to raise money: it limits equity dilution by prolonging runways and allowing entrepreneurs and investors to raise equity at the next funding round at a higher valuation. The research suggests that venture debt plays an important role in new venture financing, with about one venture debt dollar provided for every seven venture capital dollar invested. It further suggests that backing by venture capitalists (VCs) and the provision of patents as collateral significantly increase the chance of obtaining venture debt. Therefore, it provides additional rationales for having VCs onboard and for applying for patents. More generally, the research illustrates that debt, in the form of venture debt, is available to start‐ups with negative cash flows and no tangible assets. Copyright © 2016 Strategic Management Society.
Mesophase Transformation of Mixed Liquid Crystals Formed by Supramolecular Self‐Organization of 4‐Substituted Benzoic Acids
Authors: Yamagaki Masashi , Iwata Takashi , Okamura Haruyuki , Matsumoto Akikazu
Published: June 2016

A mixed liquid crystalline system consisting of 4‐(octadeca‐1,3‐diynyl)benzoic acid (14PhDA) and 4‐tetradecanoxybenzoic acid (14OBA) exhibits different mesophases depending on their composition and the temperature. A mechanism is investigated for the formation of mixed liquid crystalline phases and the transformation of smectic to discotic lamellar mesophases. The three kinds of mesophases, the discotic columnar phase of 14PhDA, the smectic C phase of 14OBA, and the discotic lamellar phase of a mixture of 14PhDA and 14OBA, are simultaneously observed in a temperature range from 110 to 140 oC during the process of formation of the mixed liquid crystals by the molecular diffusion of 14PhDA and 14OBA. After rapid cooling the sample to room temperature, microscopic IR spectra are measured to estimate the composition ratio of 14PhDA and 14OBA at local positions in each mesophase. The composition ratio discontinuously changes at the boundary between the 14OBA and 14PhDA/14OBA phases due to a significant difference in the mesophase structures, i. e., the calamitic and the discotic phases, while the 14PhDA content continuously increases at another boundary between the 14PhDA/14OBA and 14PhDA mesophases. It is concluded that the diffusion of 14OBA dimer from the smectic phase to the discotic lamella phase is fast in contrast to the slow diffusion of disc‐like mesogens included in the discotic mesophases.