bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Werkwoordsvolgorde in de rechterperiferie van de Nederlandse zin: inleiding
Authors: Bennis Hans , Coussé Evie
Published: January 2014

Een typische eigenschap van het Nederlands (en andere West-Germaanse talen zoals het Duits en het Fries) is dat werkwoorden zich ophopen aan het einde van de zin in een zogenaamde werkwoordcluster. In hoofdzinnen bestaat die werkwoordcluster uit alle niet-finiete werkwoorden van de
zin en in bijzinnen uit alle niet-finiete werkwoorden samen met het finiete werkwoord. De onderlinge volgorde van de werkwoorden in die werkwoordclusters vertoont veel variatie in het Nederlands. Die volgordevariatie staat centraal in dit themanummer. Deze inleiding geeft een stand van zaken
van het onderzoek.
Werkwoordvolgordes in het Amsterdams van de 17e eeuw
Authors: Versloot Arjen , Hengst Hanneke , Huisman Marjan
Published: January 2014

The early 17th century comedies by Amsterdam authors Bredero, Tengnagel and Coster are written in a vernacular-like style resembling the variety spoken in Amsterdam at the time. The 17th century Amsterdam vernacular in those texts both morphologically and phonologically resembles 20th
century Hollandic dialects as the Marken or Katwijk dialects or West-Frisian. The present corpus-based investigation deals with word order in verb clusters in this 17th century Amsterdam vernacular and the extent to which this deviates from present-day Standard Dutch and Hollandic dialects.
The aim is twofold: first, contribute to the description of word order phenomena in older Dutch; and second, as word order is found to be an indicator for substrate influence, to investigate a Frisian substrate in Holland. Indeed correspondences between West-Frisian and Frisian word order
are commonly interpreted as revealing a Frisian substrate. As far as the syntax of verb clusters is concerned, the language of the investigated comedies closely resembles present-day Dutch. While Coster seems to write rather South-Hollandish, word order in Bredero and Tengnagel resembles 20th
century Katwijks and Zaans. 17th century Amsterdams does not resemble the 20th century West-Frisian which, syntactically speaking, closely resembles Frisian in being consistently verb-final, and having a distinct gerund, a restricted usage of gaan ‘go’ and blijven ‘remain’,
and no ipp-effect. These findings cast doubt over the hypothesis that Frisian features used to be diffused over an area stretching much further to the south. Hence Frisian syntax does not directly testify to a historical Frisian language area in Holland, which has been reconstructed by means
of other evidence.
Parasitic participles in Germanic: Evidence for the theory of verb clusters
Authors: Wurmbrand Susi
Published: January 2014

This paper investigates a series of Germanic verb constructions, which appear to involve the ‘wrong’ morphology on one or more of the verbs involved: Norwegian parasitic participles, Frisian upward and downward parasitic participles, and the German Skandal construction.
I provide an explicit syntactic account unifying the phenomena and deriving the differences from independent differences among the languages. These apparently odd constructions are shown to be subject to specific distributional restrictions which are fully in line with standard grammatical
principles of the languages under consideration. The account is based on a top-down definition of Agree, namely the claim that an unvalued feature is valued by the closest c-commanding element with the appropriate valued feature. I demonstrate that this view allows for a uniform treatment
of the morphological and syntactic properties of these constructions, which, so far, have been assumed to be unrelated. Lastly, I argue that different word orders in verb clusters can be derived either by syntactic movement (in which case locality conditions have to be obeyed and new Agree(ment)
relations are formed) or by pf-linearization of sister nodes (in which case no locality effects are observed and no new Agree(ment) relations are established.
Estimates of tropical bromoform emissions using an inversion method
Authors: Ashfold M. J. , Harris N. R. P. , Manning A. J. , Robinson A. D. , Warwick N. J. , Pyle J. A.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Bromine plays an important role in ozone chemistry in both the troposphere and stratosphere. When measured by mass, bromoform (CHBr3) is thought to be the largest organic source of bromine to the atmosphere. While seaweed and phytoplankton are known to be dominant sources, the size and the geographical distribution of CHBr3 emissions remains uncertain. Particularly little is known about emissions from the Maritime Continent, which have usually been assumed to be large, and which appear to be especially likely to reach the stratosphere. In this study we aim to reduce this uncertainty by combining the first multi-annual set of CHBr3 measurements from this region, and an inversion process, to investigate systematically the distribution and magnitude of CHBr3 emissions. The novelty of our approach lies in the application of the inversion method to CHBr3. We find that local measurements of a short-lived gas like CHBr3 can be used to constrain emissions from only a relatively small, sub-regional domain. We then obtain detailed estimates of CHBr3 emissions within this area, which appear to be relatively insensitive to the assumptions inherent in the inversion process. We extrapolate this information to produce estimated emissions for the entire tropics (defined as 20° S–20° N) of 225 Gg CHBr3 yr−1. The ocean in the area we base our extrapolations upon is typically somewhat shallower, and more biologically productive, than the tropical average. Despite this, our tropical estimate is lower than most other recent studies, and suggests that CHBr3 emissions in the coastline-rich Maritime Continent may not be stronger than emissions in other parts of the tropics.
Assessing the regional impact of Indonesian biomass burning emissions based on organic molecular tracers and chemical mass balance modeling
Authors: Engling G. , He J. , Betha R. , Balasubramanian R.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Biomass burning activities commonly occur in Southeast Asia (SEA), and are particularly intense in Indonesia during dry seasons. The effect of biomass smoke emissions on air quality in the city state of Singapore was investigated during a haze episode in October 2006. Substantially increased levels of airborne particulate matter (PM) and associated chemical species were observed during the haze period. Specifically, the enhancement in the concentration of molecular tracers for biomass combustion such as levoglucosan by as much as two orders of magnitude and diagnostic ratios of individual organic compounds indicated that biomass burning emissions caused a regional smoke haze episode due to their long-range transport by prevailing winds. With the aid of air mass back trajectories and chemical mass balance modeling, large-scale forest and peat fires in Sumatra and Kalimantan were identified as the sources of the smoke aerosol, exerting a significant impact on air quality in downwind areas, such as Singapore.
Acidic reaction products of mono- and sesquiterpenes in atmospheric fine particles in a boreal forest
Authors: Vestenius M. , Hellén H. , Levula J. , Kuronen P. , Helminen K. J. , Nieminen T. , Kulmala M. , Hakola H.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Biogenic acids were measured from PM2.5 aerosols at SMEAR II station (Station For Measuring Forest Ecosystem-Atmosphere Relations) in Finland from June 2010 until October 2011. The measured organic acids were pinic, pinonic, caric, limonic and caryophyllinic acids from oxidation of α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, Δ3-carene and β-caryophyllene. Due to lack of authentic standards caric, limonic and caryophyllinic acids were synthesized at the Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, University of Helsinki. The highest terpenoic acid concentrations were measured during summer concomitant with the precursor mono- and sesquiterpenes. Of the acids β-caryophyllinic acid had highest concentrations in summer, but during other times of the year pinonic acid was the most abundant. The β-caryophyllinic acid contribution was higher than expected on the basis of emission calculations of precursor compounds and yields in oxidation experiments in smog chambers implicating that β-caryophyllene emissions or β-caryophyllinic acid yields are underestimated. Concentration ratios between terpenoic acids and their precursor were clearly lower in summer than in winter indicating stronger partitioning to the aerosol phase during cold winter season. The β-caryophyllinic and caric acids were correlated with the accumulation mode particle number concentrations.
In-cloud sulfate addition to single particles resolved with sulfur isotope analysis during HCCT-2010
Authors: Harris E. , Sinha B. , van Pinxteren D. , Schneider J. , Poulain L. , Collett J. , D'Anna B. , Fahlbusch B. , Foley S. , Fomba K. W. , George C. , Gnauk T. , Henning S. , Lee T. , Mertes S. , Roth A. , Stratmann F. , Borrmann S. , Hoppe P. , Herrmann H.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. In-cloud production of sulfate modifies the aerosol size distribution, with important implications for the magnitude of indirect and direct aerosol cooling and the impact of SO2 emissions on the environment. We investigate which sulfate sources dominate the in-cloud addition of sulfate to different particle classes as an air parcel passes through an orographic cloud. Sulfate aerosol, SO2 and H2SO4 were collected upwind, in-cloud and downwind of an orographic cloud for three cloud measurement events during the Hill Cap Cloud Thuringia campaign in Autumn, 2010 (HCCT-2010). Combined SEM and NanoSIMS analysis of single particles allowed the δ34S of particulate sulfate to be resolved for particle size and type. The most important in-cloud SO2 oxidation pathway at HCCT-2010 was aqueous oxidation catalysed by transition metal ions (TMI catalysis), which was shown with single particle isotope analyses to occur primarily in cloud droplets nucleated on coarse mineral dust. In contrast, direct uptake of H2SO4(g) and ultrafine particulate were the most important sources modifying fine mineral dust, increasing its hygroscopicity and facilitating activation. Sulfate addition to "mixed" particles (secondary organic and inorganic aerosol) and coated soot was dominated by in-cloud aqueous SO2 oxidation by H2O2 and direct uptake of H2SO4(g) and ultrafine particle sulfate, depending on particle size mode and time of day. These results provide new insight into in-cloud sulfate production mechanisms, and show the importance of single particle measurements and models to accurately assess the environmental effects of cloud processing.
A coral-rubble ridge as evidence for hurricane overwash, Anegada (British Virgin Islands)
Authors: Spiske M. , Halley R. B.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. A coral-rubble ridge fringes part of the north shore of Anegada, a low-lying island in the northern Caribbean. Both historical reports and the geological record underline its vulnerability to tsunami and hurricanes. In this study we document the sedimentary characteristics of a coral-rubble ridge, which extends discontinuously along 1.5–1.8 km of chiefly north-facing shores at Soldier Wash. The ridge is less distinctive and appears only in patches along the west-facing shoreline at Windless Bight, where the wave regime is calmer. It is located ca. 8 m from the fair-weather shore, has a maximum width of 15 m and a maximum thickness of 0.8 m. The lower seaward-facing slope of the ridge is relatively flat, probably due to successive reworking, whereas the upper seaward slope is steep and partly displays avalanching faces. The landward flank is gently sloping and terminates abruptly. The ridge is mainly composed of well-rounded, encrusted and bored coral rubble (average diameter of 16 cm) that has been reworked in the shallow marine environment prior to transport. Only a few pieces of angular beach rock and karstified Pleistocene limestone are incorporated. The components build a clast-supported framework. No sand is present in the interstices. Imbrication of flat clasts indicates a deposition during landward bed load transport. The ridge morphology, composition and related hydrodynamic conditions during its emplacement are typical for coral-rubble ridges deposited by hurricane-induced storm surges. In comparison, nearby evidence for tsunami inundation is very different because the tsunami-transported coral boulders on Anegada are much bigger (2 m) than the biggest components in the ridge, they are deposited much farther inland (up to 1.5 km), and the corals seem to have been freshly broken out of the reef by the tsunami. The age of the ridge is difficult to estimate. The dark grey surface of the ridge is caused by bioweathering by endolithic organisms that takes tens of years and may give a very rough estimate of the minimum age of the ridge. Storms and related surges that built the ridge were likely stronger than 2010 hurricane Earl, which attained category 4 north of the island. Earl was able to slightly rework the lower seaward part of the ridge, but transported only few and smaller pieces of coral rubble and sand onshore. Therefore, the coral-rubble ridge found at the north shore of Anegada may imply that the island is vulnerable to hurricane-induced surges of greater impact (in relation to storm path and intensity) compared with the any of the recently documented storms which were only able to rework the ridge.
Characterization of in band stray light in SBUV/2 instruments
Authors: Huang L. K. , DeLand M. T. , Taylor S. L. , Flynn L. E.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Significant in-band stray light (IBSL) error at solar zenith angle (SZA) values larger than 77° near sunset in 4 SBUV/2 (Solar Backscattered Ultraviolet) instruments, on board the NOAA-14, 17, 18 and 19 satellites, has been characterized. The IBSL error is caused by large surface reflection and scattering of the air-gapped depolarizer in front of the instrument's monochromator aperture. The source of the IBSL error is direct solar illumination of instrument components near the aperture rather than from earth shine. The IBSL contamination at 273 nm can reach 40% of earth radiance near sunset, which results in as much as a 50% error in the retrieved ozone from the upper stratosphere. We have analyzed SBUV/2 albedo measurements on both the dayside and nightside to develop an empirical model for the IBSL error. This error has been corrected in the V8.6 SBUV/2 ozone retrieval.
Characterisation of an inlet pre-injector laser induced fluorescence instrument for the measurement of ambient hydroxyl radicals
Authors: Novelli A. , Hens K. , Tatum Ernest C. , Kubistin D. , Regelin E. , Elste T. , Plass-Dülmer C. , Martinez M. , Lelieveld J. , Harder H.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Ambient measurements of hydroxyl radicals (OH) are challenging due to a high reactivity and consequently low concentration. The importance of OH as an atmospheric oxidant has resulted in a sustained effort leading to the development of a number of analytical techniques. Recent work has indicated that the laser-induced fluorescence of the OH molecules method based on the fluorescence assay by gas expansion technique (LIF-FAGE) for the measurement of atmospheric OH in some environments may be influenced by artificial OH generated within the instrument, and a chemical method to remove this interference was implemented in a LIF-FAGE system by Mao et al. (2012). We have applied this method to our LIF-FAGE HORUS (HydrOxyl Radical Measurement Unit based on fluorescence Spectroscopy) system, and developed and deployed an inlet pre-injector (IPI) to determine the chemical zero level in the instrument via scavenging the ambient OH radical. We describe and characterise this technique in addition to its application at field sites in forested locations in Finland, Spain, and Germany. Ambient measurements show that OH generated within the HORUS instrument is a non-negligible fraction of the total OH signal, which can comprise 30% to 80% during the day and 60% to 100% during the night. The contribution of the background OH varied greatly between measurement sites and was likely related to the type and concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present at each particular location. Two inter-comparisons in contrasting environments between the HORUS instrument and two different chemical ionisation mass spectrometers (CIMS) are described to demonstrate the efficacy of the inlet-pre-injector and the necessity of the chemical zeroing method in such environments.
Measuring the atmospheric organic aerosol volatility distribution: a theoretical analysis
Authors: Karnezi E. , Riipinen I. , Pandis S. N.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Organic compounds represent a significant fraction of submicrometer atmospheric aerosol mass. Even if most of these compounds are semi-volatile in atmospheric concentrations, the ambient organic aerosol volatility is quite uncertain. The most common volatility measurement method relies on the use of a thermodenuder (TD). The aerosol passes through a heated tube where its more volatile components evaporate leaving the less volatile behind in the particulate phase. The typical result of a~thermodenuder measurement is the mass fraction remaining (MFR), which depends among other factors on the organic aerosol (OA) vaporization enthalpy and the accommodation coefficient. We use a new method combining forward modeling, introduction of "experimental" error and inverse modeling with error minimization for the interpretation of TD measurements. The OA volatility distribution, its effective vaporization enthalpy, the mass accommodation coefficient and the corresponding uncertainty ranges are calculated. Our results indicate that existing TD-based approaches quite often cannot estimate reliably the OA volatility distribution, leading to large uncertainties, since there are many different combinations of the three properties that can lead to similar thermograms. We propose an improved experimental approach combining TD and isothermal dilution measurements. We evaluate this experimental approach using the same model and show that it is suitable for studies of OA volatility in the lab and the field.
A full greenhouse gases budget of Africa: synthesis, uncertainties, and vulnerabilities
Authors: Valentini R. , Arneth A. , Bombelli A. , Castaldi S. , Cazzolla Gatti R. , Chevallier F. , Ciais P. , Grieco E. , Hartmann J. , Henry M. , Houghton R. A. , Jung M. , Kutsch W. L. , Malhi Y. , Mayorga E. , Merbold L. , Murray-Tortarolo G. , Papale D. , Peylin P. , Poulter B. , Raymond P. A. , Santini M. , Sitch S. , Vaglio Laurin G. , van der Werf G. R. , Williams C. A. , Scholes R. J.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. This paper, developed under the framework of the RECCAP initiative, aims at providing improved estimates of the carbon and GHG (CO2, CH4 and N2O) balance of continental Africa. The various components and processes of the African carbon and GHG budget are considered, existing data reviewed, and new data from different methodologies (inventories, ecosystem flux measurements, models, and atmospheric inversions) presented. Uncertainties are quantified and current gaps and weaknesses in knowledge and monitoring systems described in order to guide future requirements. The majority of results agree that Africa is a small sink of carbon on an annual scale, with an average value of −0.61 ± 0.58 Pg C yr−1. Nevertheless, the emissions of CH4 and N2O may turn Africa into a net source of radiative forcing in CO2 equivalent terms. At sub-regional level, there is significant spatial variability in both sources and sinks, due to the diversity of biomes represented and differences in the degree of anthropic impacts. Southern Africa is the main source region; while central Africa, with its evergreen tropical forests, is the main sink. Emissions from land-use change in Africa are significant (around 0.32 ± 0.05 Pg C yr−1), even higher than the fossil fuel emissions: this is a unique feature among all the continents. There could be significant carbon losses from forest land even without deforestation, resulting from the impact of selective logging. Fires play a significant role in the African carbon cycle, with 1.03 ± 0.22 Pg C yr−1 of carbon emissions, and 90% originating in savannas and dry woodlands. A large portion of the wild fire emissions are compensated by CO2 uptake during the growing season, but an uncertain fraction of the emission from wood harvested for domestic use is not. Most of these fluxes have large interannual variability, on the order of ±0.5 Pg C yr−1 in standard deviation, accounting for around 25% of the year-to-year variation in the global carbon budget. Despite the high uncertainty, the estimates provided in this paper show the important role that Africa plays in the global carbon cycle, both in terms of absolute contribution, and as a key source of interannual variability.
Joint effect of freshwater plume and coastal upwelling on phytoplankton growth off the Changjiang River
Authors: Tseng Y.-F. , Lin J. , Dai M. , Kao S.-J.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. The Changjiang (Yangtze) River discharges vast amount of unbalanced nutrients (dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus with N / P ratio > 80 in general) into the East China Sea in summer. To study nutrient dynamics and P-stress potential for phytoplankton, a cruise was conducted in the Changjiang plume during summer 2011. With 3-D observations of nutrients, chlorophyll a (Chl a), and bulk alkaline phosphatase activity (APA), we concluded that the Changjiang Diluted Water and coastal upwelling significantly influenced the horizontal and vertical heterogeneities of phytoplankton P deficiency in the Changjiang plume. Allochthonous APA was detected at nutrient-enriched freshwater end. Excessive N (~ 10 to 112 μM) was observed throughout the entire plume surface. In the plume fringe featuring stratification and excess N, diapycnal phosphate supply was blocked and phytoplankton APA was stimulated for growth. We observed an upwelling just attaching to the turbidity front at seaward side where Chl a peaked yet much less APA was detected. An external phosphate supply from subsurface, which promoted phytoplankton growth but inhibited APA, was suggested to be sourced from the Nearshore Kuroshio Branch Current. In the so hydrographically complicated Changjiang plume, phosphate supply instead of its concentration may be more important in determining the expression of APA. Meanwhile, allochthonous APA may also alter the usefulness of APA as a P-stress indicator.
Data-driven components in a model of inner-shelf sorted bedforms: a new hybrid model
Authors: Goldstein E. B. , Coco G. , Murray A. B. , Green M. O.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Numerical models rely on the parameterization of processes that often lack a deterministic description. In this contribution we demonstrate the applicability of using machine learning, a class of optimization tools from the discipline of computer science, to develop parameterizations when extensive data sets exist. We develop a new predictor for near-bed suspended sediment reference concentration under unbroken waves using genetic programming, a machine learning technique. We demonstrate that this newly developed parameterization performs as well or better than existing empirical predictors, depending on the chosen error metric. We add this new predictor into an established model for inner-shelf sorted bedforms. Additionally we incorporate a previously reported machine-learning-derived predictor for oscillatory flow ripples into the sorted bedform model. This new "hybrid" sorted bedform model, whereby machine learning components are integrated into a numerical model, demonstrates a method of incorporating observational data (filtered through a machine learning algorithm) directly into a numerical model. Results suggest that the new hybrid model is able to capture dynamics previously absent from the model – specifically, two observed pattern modes of sorted bedforms. Lastly we discuss the challenge of integrating data-driven components into morphodynamic models and the future of hybrid modeling.
Reallocation in modal aerosol models: impacts on predicting aerosol radiative effects
Authors: Korhola T. , Kokkola H. , Korhonen H. , Partanen A.-I. , Laaksonen A. , Lehtinen K. E. J. , Romakkaniemi S.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Atmospheric models often represent the aerosol particle size distribution with a modal approach, in which particles are described with log-normal modes within predetermined size ranges. This approach reallocates particles numerically from one mode to another for example during particle growth, potentially leading to artificial changes in the aerosol size distribution. In this study we analysed how the modal reallocation affects climate-relevant variables: cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC), aerosol–cloud interaction parameter (ACI) and light extinction coefficient (qext). The ACI parameter gives the response of CDNC to a change in total aerosol number concentration. We compared these variables between a modal model (with and without reallocation routines) and a high resolution sectional model, which was considered a reference model. We analysed the relative differences in the chosen variables in four experiments designed to assess the influence of atmospheric aerosol processes. We find that limiting the allowed size ranges of the modes, and subsequent remapping of the distribution, leads almost always to an underestimation of cloud droplet number concentrations (by up to 100%) and an overestimation of light extinction (by up to 20%). On the other hand, the aerosol–cloud interaction parameter can be either over- or underestimated by the reallocating model, depending on the conditions. For example, in the case of atmospheric new particle formation events followed by rapid particle growth, the reallocation can cause on average a 10% overestimation of the ACI parameter. Thus it is shown that the reallocation affects the ability of a model to estimate aerosol climate effects accurately, and this should be taken into account when using and developing aerosol models.
An improved parameterization of tidal mixing for ocean models
Authors: Schmittner A. , Egbert G. D.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Two modifications to an existing scheme of tidal mixing are implemented in the coarse resolution ocean component of a global climate model. First, the vertical distribution of energy flux out of the barotropic tide is determined using high resolution bathymetry. This shifts the levels of mixing higher up in the water column and leads to a stronger mid-depth meridional overturning circulation in the model. Second, the local dissipation efficiency for diurnal tides is assumed to be larger than that for the semi-diurnal tides poleward of 30°. Both modifications are shown to improve agreement with observational estimates of diapycnal diffusivities based on microstructure measurements and circulation indices. We also assess impacts of different spatial distributions of the barotropic energy loss. Estimates based on satellite altimetry lead to larger diffusivities in the deep ocean and hence a stronger deep overturning circulation in our climate model that is in better agreement with observation based estimates compared to those based on a tidal model.
Development of a tangent linear model (version 1.0) for the high-order method modelling environment dynamical core
Authors: Kim S. , Jung B.-J. , Jo Y.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. We describe development and validation of a tangent linear model for the High-Order Method Modelling Environment, the default dynamical core in the Community Atmosphere Model and the Community Earth System Model that solves a primitive hydrostatic equation using a spectral element. A tangent linear model is primarily intended to approximate the evolution of perturbations generated by a nonlinear model, provides a computationally efficient way to calculate a nonlinear model trajectory for a short time range, and serves as an intermediate step to write and test adjoint models, as the forward model in the incremental approach to 4-D-Var, and as a tool for stability analysis. Each module in the tangent linear model (version 1.0) is linearized by hands-on derivations, and is validated by the Taylor–Lagrange formula. The linearity checks confirm all modules correctly developed, and the field results of the tangent linear modules converge to the difference field of two nonlinear modules as the magnitude of the initial perturbation is sequentially reduced. Also, experiments for stable integration of the tangent linear model (version 1.0) show that the linear model is also suitable with an extended time step size compared to the time step of the nonlinear model without reducing spatial resolution, or increasing further computational cost. Although the scope of the current implementation leaves room for a set of natural extensions, the results and diagnostic tools presented here should provide guidance for further development of the next generation of the tangent linear model, the corresponding adjoint model, and 4-dimensional variational data assimilation, with respect to resolution changes and improvements in linearized physics and dynamics.
Data-driven scale extrapolation: estimating yearly discharge for a large region by small sub-basins
Authors: Gong L.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Large-scale hydrological models and land surface models are so far the only tools for assessing current and future water resources. Those models estimate discharge with large uncertainties, due to the complex interaction between climate and hydrology, the limited availability and quality of data, as well as model uncertainties. A new purely data-driven scale-extrapolation method to estimate discharge for a large region solely from selected small sub-basins, which are typically 1–2 orders of magnitude smaller than the large region, is proposed. Those small sub-basins contain sufficient information, not only on climate and land surface, but also on hydrological characteristics for the large basin. In the Baltic Sea drainage basin, best discharge estimation for the gauged area was achieved with sub-basins that cover 5% of the gauged area. There exist multiple sets of sub-basins whose climate and hydrology resemble those of the gauged area equally well. Those multiple sets estimate annual discharge for the gauged area consistently well with 6 % average error. The scale-extrapolation method is completely data-driven; therefore it does not force any modelling error into the prediction. The multiple predictions are expected to bracket the inherent variations and uncertainties of the climate and hydrology of the basin.
Monitoring water accumulation in a glacier using magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Legchenko A. , Vincent C. , Baltassat J. M. , Girard J. F. , Thibert E. , Gagliardini O. , Descloitres M. , Gilbert A. , Garambois S. , Chevalier A. , Guyard H.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Tête Rousse is a small polythermal glacier located in the Mont Blanc area (French Alps) at an altitude of 3100 to 3300 m. In 1892, an outburst flood from this glacier released about 200 000 m3 of water mixed with ice, causing much damage. A new accumulation of melt water in the glacier was not excluded. The uncertainty related to such glacier conditions initiated an extensive geophysical study for evaluating the hazard. Using three-dimensional surface nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (3-D-SNMR), we showed that the temperate part of the Tête Rousse glacier contains two separate water-filled caverns (central and upper caverns). In 2009, the central cavern contained about 55 000 m3 of water. Since 2010, the cavern is drained every year. We monitored the changes caused by this pumping in the water distribution within the glacier body. Twice a year, we carried out magnetic resonance imaging of the entire glacier and estimated the volume of water accumulated in the central cavern. Our results show changes in cavern geometry and recharge rate: in two years, the central cavern lost about 73% of its initial volume, but 65% was lost in one year after the first pumping. We also observed that, after being drained, the cavern was recharged at an average rate of 20 to 25 m3 d−1 during the winter months and 120 to 180 m3 d−1 in summer. These observations illustrate how ice, water and air may refill englacial volume being emptied by artificial draining. Comparison of the 3-D-SNMR results with those obtained by drilling and pumping showed a very good correspondence, confirming the high reliability of 3-D-SNMR imaging.
Julian of Norwich and Catherine of Siena:
Authors: Minore Anna
Published: January 2014

This article explores the writings of Julian of Norwich and Catherine of Siena in relation to their treatment of pain. The first section gives a brief overview of their cultural contexts, and the second section situates their theology within the schema of judgment and compassion put forward by Rachel Fulton. In both of these sections, the lenses of the crucifix and of the will serve to highlight the different emphases in the women's theologies. The third section focuses on their analyses of the causes of pain, which yields three themes: the human condition, God, and sin. The article as a whole thus provides a deeper understanding of the different emphases within the two women's theologies, as well as providing two distinct models for analyzing and working with pain.
Optimal Initial Dose of Chloral Hydrate in Management of Pediatric Facial Laceration
Authors: Koo Su Han , Lee Dong Gwan , Shin Heakyeong
Published: January 2014

BackgroundChloral hydrate (CH) is the primary agent most commonly used for pediatric sedation prior to diagnostic, therapeutic procedures. In the management of pediatric facial laceration, the initial dose of CH has to balance the need for adequate sedation against the need to minimize sedative complications.

MethodsA retrospective review of medical records of 834 children who visited our emergency room for facial lacerations from August 2010 to September 2012 was conducted. They were divided into six groups on the basis of the initial dose of CH administered. Further, each group was compared with the standard group (70 to ≤80 mg/kg) with respect to sedation success, augmentation dose, failed sedation, time to procedure, and time of stay.

ResultsWith respect to the complication rate, only group 1 (range, 40 to ≤50 mg/kg) showed a significantly lower complication rate. In the case of all the other variables considered, there were no significant differences among any of the groups.

ConclusionsAn initial CH dose of 48±2 mg/kg does not negatively affect the success rate of sedation or the need for additional sedative during the primary closure of facial lacerations in pediatric patients. Further, lower doses reduce the incidences of adverse effects and do not delay procedure readiness. Therefore, 48±2 mg/kg of CH can be considered the optimal initial dose for pediatric sedation.
The Impact of Perforator Number on Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator Flap Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Grover Ritwik , Nelson Jonas A , Fischer John P , Kovach Stephen J , Serletti Joseph M , Wu Liza C
Published: January 2014

BackgroundPerforator flaps minimize abdominal site morbidity during autologous breast reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to assess whether the number of perforators harvested influences the overall deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap survival and flap-related complications.

MethodsA retrospective review was performed of all DIEP flaps performed at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania from 2006 to 2011. The outcomes assessed included flap loss and major complications. We compared flaps by the number of total perforators (1-4) and then carried out a subgroup analysis comparing flaps with one perforator to flaps with multiple perforators. Lastly, we conducted a post-hoc analysis based on body mass index (BMI) categorization.

ResultsThree hundred thirty-three patients underwent 395 DIEP flaps. No significant differences were noted in the flap loss rate or the overall complications across perforator groups. However, the subgroup analysis revealed significantly higher rates of fat necrosis in the case of one-perforator flaps than in the case of multiple-perforator flaps (10.2% vs. 3.1%, P=0.009). The post-hoc analysis revealed a significant increase in the flap loss rate with increasing BMI (<30=2.0%, 30-34.9=3.1%, 35-39.9=3.1%, >40=42.9%, P<0.001) in the DIEP flaps, but no increase in fat necrosis.

ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that the number of perforators does not impact the rate of flap survival. However, the rate of fat necrosis may be significantly higher in DIEP flaps based on a single perforator. Multiple perforators should be utilized if possible to decrease the risk of fat necrosis.
Repair of Inferior Sternal Cleft Using Bilateral Sternal Bar Turnover Flaps in a Patient with Pentalogy of Cantrell
Authors: Chia Hui-Ling , Yeow Vincent Kok-Leng
Published: January 2014

We report a case of sternal reconstruction using bilateral sternal bar turnover flaps in a 4-year-old boy with an inferior sternal cleft, as part of Cantrell's pentad. When the patient was 10 months old, he underwent sternal reconstruction using a resorbable poly-L-lactic-polyglycolic acid plate in the first stage when there was insufficient autogenous tissue to provide a reliable reconstruction. Bilateral sternal bar turnover was performed in the second stage at 4 years of age. This operative technique is described in this report. This novel technique provides a robust, dynamic, and reliable reconstruction for inferior sternal defects.
Pseudoaneurysm Leading to Necrotizing Fasciitis at the Femoral Arterial Puncture Site
Authors: Hong Soo Chung , Choi Hwan Jun , Kim Yong Bae
Published: January 2014

In this article, we present two cases of femoral pseudoaneurysm (PA) at the femoral arterial puncture site followed by necrotizing fasciitis, which is rare but can be fatal when not managed appropriately. PA was revealed by lower-extremity angiography and color-flow Doppler ultrasonography. Hematoma removal, thrombolysis, and bleeder ligation with Gelfoam were repeatedly performed by a vascular surgeon. When necrotizing fasciitis developed, aggressive surgical drainage and creation of a viable wound bed for reconstruction were mandatory. We adopted a vacuum-assisted closure device (Kinetics Concepts International) as the standard treatment for complicated, serious, infected PA of the puncture site. Excellent clinical outcomes were obtained.
La structure conceptuelle des controverses juridiques : petite anatomie des cas dits « difficiles »
Authors: Léger-Riopel Nicholas , Viaud Agnès
Published: January 2014

Différentes tentatives de modélisation de l'activité judiciaire ont mené au constat commun de l'inévitable émergence de controverses au sein du savoir juridique. Dans un premier temps, nous verrons en quoi ne pas reconnaître le caractère controversé d'une situation participe d'une mise en lumière de ce que les auteurs ont qualifié de « dogme de la solution unique ». Cette reconnaissance révèle l'existence de niveaux dans le savoir juridique, dont la plus ou moins grande cohérence sera fonction d'une ouverture variable avec le champ de la factualité. Dans un second temps, nous verrons en quoi la nature particulière de la factualité juridique s'est traduite dans le champ de la théorie du droit en une variété de propositions sensibles à l'existence de cadres de réflexion et de présupposés épistémologiques mobilisés par la raison juridique. L'identification de ces présupposés permettra de porter un regard sur la controverse juridique qui pourrait favoriser la reconnaissance du caractère artificiel de la distinction entre « droit » et « faits ».  En toute hypothèse, l'éclairage ainsi apporté par la notion de controverse juridique pourrait être bénéfique à l'étude d'une « structure profonde » de la raison juridique.
Influence of Light-Soaking Temperature on the Distribution of Thermal-Annealing Activation Energies for Photocreated Dangling Bonds in Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon
Authors: Qing Zhang Qing Zhang , Hideki Takashima Hideki Takashima , Minoru Kumeda Minoru Kumeda , Tatsuo Shimizu Tatsuo Shimizu
Published: January 2014

Influence of light-soaking temperature on the formation of photocreated neutral dangling bonds (DBs) in hydrogenated amorphous silicon is investigated by light soaking at 77 K, room temperature (RT) and 90°C. Distributions of thermal annealing activation energies for the DBs photocreated at the three temperatures are obtained. The effect of light-soaking temperature on the increase rate of DBs and on the distribution of thermal annealing activation energies can be self-consistently fitted using two different rate equations. One contains a photocreation term, a thermal annealing term and a light-induced annealing term. The other has a photocreation term and a thermal annealing term modified by the light-induced annealing effect. The former rate equation can explain the very high density of photocreated DBs, while the latter can explain the recent result of light-induced annealing.
Coulomb Interaction Effect in Cell Projection Lithography
Authors: Yamashita Hiroshi , Tamura Takao , Nomura Eiichi , Hiroshi Nozue Hiroshi Nozue
Published: January 2014

In cell projection lithography, critical dimension (CD) control is one of the important issues for device fabrication as well as resolution. Because plural patterns are exposed in one shot under the same dose, the proximity effect correction is more difficult than in the conventional variable-shaped beam (VSB) lithography. We have analyzed the CD deviation in order to obtain high CD accuracy of less than 0.02 µ m (range) which is sufficient for manufacturing 1 G dynamic randam access memory (DRAM). We have found that the Coulomb interaction effect plays an important role in CD deviation. We have proposed a new exposure intensity distribution (EID) function which contains a factor introduced for the first time to compensate the proximity effect and the Coulomb interaction effect simultaneously. The results indicate that the new EID function is very effective to compensate the Coulomb interaction effect and improve the CD deviation from 12% (0.03 µ m) to 6% (0.015 µ m) for 0.25 µ m lines-and-spaces (L/S) patterns.
An Approach to a High-Throughput E-Beam Writer with a Single-Gun Multiple-Path System
Authors: Shimazu Nobuo , Saito Kenichi , Minpei Fujinami Minpei Fujinami
Published: January 2014

This paper proposes a new electron optical system with a single-gun and multiple-paths for a high-throughput e-beam writer. By employing a high-performance gun and key components made on a semiconductor fabrication process the proposed system reduces both the Coulomb interaction and circuit overhead time. A newly developed thermal field emission gun is also described. Its performance was experimentally confirmed to be suitable for the proposed system. Using a ray tracing program the effective crossover of this gun was estimated to be only about a quarter of the conventional value, which simplifies the task of implementing the electron optical system. The results presented here demonstrate that the proposed system is the most promising approach to developing a high-throughput e-beam writer to meet future needs.
Electron Spin Echo Imaging Using a Field Gradient Wire Inserted into a Cavity
Authors: Masahiro Yamamoto Masahiro Yamamoto , Motoji Ikeya Motoji Ikeya
Published: January 2014

Signal separation for composite signals of coal in an irradiated quartz tube was demonstrated using field-swept electron spin echo (ESE) imaging. An uniform and intense magnetic field gradient was produced by sixteen straight wires inserted into a microwave cavity. The distributions of spins in coal and an irradiated quartz tube were imaged independently using a field-swept ESE with different spin-spin relaxation times, by selecting the time interval, τ, between the 90° and 180° pulses. The advantage of adopting the field gradient wires inside the cavity for pulsed ESR imaging is discussed.
Ba1-xKxBiO3 Grain Boundary Junctions on a MgO Bicrystal Substrate
Authors: Takami Tetsuya , Kuroda Ken'ichi , Kojima Kazuyoshi , Masahiro Nunoshita Masahiro Nunoshita
Published: January 2014

Ba1-
x

K

x

BiO3 (BKBO) grain boundary junctions were fabricated on a MgO bicrystal substrate with a misorientation angle of 24° using a BaBiO3 (BBO) buffer layer. These junctions showed a superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) behavior with a gap structure and Josephson current. The I
c
R
n product of a 12-µ m-wide junction was about 2.8 mV and the critical current density was 1300 A/cm2 at 4.2 K.
The characteristic of the magnetic field dependence of the critical current of a 12-µ m-wide junction was close to an ideal Fraunhofer pattern. The barrier height and barrier thickness were estimated to be about 220 meV and 1.7 nm, respectively. Furthermore, we found that the reduced barrier thickness was about 0.4 nm by measuring the Fiske mode junction resonance.
Formation of Au and AuSix-Pyramids in Separation by Implanted Oxygen Wafers with Si Pillars in SiO2 Layer
Authors: Ishikawa Yukari , Saito Tomohiro , Sakashita Mitsuo , Shibata Noriyoshi , Zaima Shigeaki
Published: January 2014

Very small pyramid structures of single-crystal Au and AuSi

x

100 nm in size were produced in Si(100) wafers by annealing at 310° C after 100 nm-thick Au film was evaporated onto a thin SOI structure with Si pillars in the SiO2 layer. Surface Au atoms diffuse through Si pillars just under the SiO2 layer and form pyramid structures which are surrounded by one Si(100) and four Si{111} planes. There is no amorphous layer between Si and pyramid crystals. Pyramids are Au or AuSi

x

single crytals, but crystal directions and structures are different for each pyramid.
Catalytic and Photoinduced Effects of Ti and TiO2 Layers on Al Film Growth by Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Nitta Toshinari , Nishitani Kouji , Hanabusa Mitsugu
Published: January 2014

In chemical vapor deposition using dimethylaluminum hydride, Al thin films could be grown even at a substrate temperature of 60° C on catalytic Ti layers at a rate of 0.5 nm/min without UV irradiation. Scanning tunneling microscopy revealed a dense formation of Al islands on the Ti surface at the initial stage of Al deposition. In contrast, the catalytic reaction induced by TiO2 layers was weak, and the Al films were deposited at 120° C only in the presence of UV light generated by a deuterium lamp.
Stimulated Emission by Current Injection from an AlGaN/GaN/GaInN Quantum Well Device
Authors: Akasaki Isamu , Amano Hiroshi , Sota Shigetoshi , Sakai Hiromitsu , Tanaka Toshiyuki , Koike Masayoshi
Published: January 2014

Quantum well structures composed of GaInN well and GaN barrier were fabricated. Room-temperature stimulated emission by pulsed current injection is observed from group III nitride using the very thin active layer, for the first time.
Lasing Characteristics of InGaP/InGaAlP Visible Lasers Grown by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition with Tertiarybutylphosphine (TBP)
Authors: Itaya Kazuhiko , Jr. Archie L. Holmes , Keller Stacia , Hummel Steven G. , Larry A. Coldren Larry A. Coldren , Steven P. DenBaars Steven P. DenBaars
Published: January 2014

The first lasing operation was realized for InGaAlP visible lasers grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) with TBP which is a liquid organometallic source, a safer alternative to phosphine. A threshold current density was 1.3 kA/cm2 with pulse operation was obtained for broad area lasers at 77 K.
The threshold current density was observed to be extremely sensitive to the temperature even at low temperature region, which is considered to be caused by a higher non-radiative recombination rate in the cladding layers.