bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Determination of Iron in Used Lubricating Oil
Authors: Golden Gerald S.
Published: February 2007

Iron analyses performed on used gas turbine lubricating oil samples by several variations of rotating disk–spark emission spectrography, atomic absorptiometry, and x-ray fluorescence spectrometry are compared with a quantitative wet chemical technique. The results indicate that emission spectrography with a cobalt internal standard, atomic absorptiometry with a nitrous oxide–acetylene flame, and x-ray fluorescence, both dispersive and nondispersive, are the most reliable instrumental methods. The iron contained in the samples exists primarily as particulates 1 µ or less in diameter.
A Polycrystalline Thin-Film Technique for Infrared Transmission Studies of Alkali Halogenates
Authors: Neufeld J. , Andermann G.
Published: February 2007

Polycrystalline thin films of alkali halogenates have been prepared by a solvent-evaporation technique. Refinement of the technique has enabled us to produce a uniform thin film free of the Christiansen effect. The film thicknesses have been measured by x-ray fluorescence to be from 0.4 to 1.0 µ, with an estimated error of less than 2%. The technique is based on the deposition of a thin film on a high-density polyethylene substrate making it possible to study quantitatively the external vibrational modes and those internal modes of potassium and sodium halogenates which have a resonant frequency of less than 600 cm−1.
Age-Associated Discrepancy between Measured and Calculated Bioavailable Testosterone in Men
Authors: Déchaud Henri , Denuzière Anne , Rinaldi Sabina , Bocquet Julien , Lejeune Hervé , Pugeat Michel
Published: February 2007

Background: Bioavailable testosterone (BT) concentration is considered the best marker for evaluating testicular function in men. The decrease of BT in older men is more pronounced than the decrease in total testosterone because of the parallel increase in sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations. Measurement of BT is therefore crucial for the diagnosis of hypoandrogenism in the aging male population.

Methods: We compared BT concentrations measured by a specific RIA after ammonium sulfate precipitation (BTmeas) with those obtained by theoretical calculations (BTcal) in plasma samples from 694 young men (14 to 49 years old) and 51 older men (50 to 81 years old). We based theoretical calculations on Vermeulen’s simplified mass equation using total testosterone and SHBG concentrations.

Results: BTcal and BTmeas correlated significantly in young (Pearson r = 0.87) and aging (r = 0.89) men, but the BTcal:BTmeas ratio differed markedly between the 2 groups (2.28 vs 3.48; P <0.001).

Conclusions: In men, there is an age-associated discrepancy between calculated and measured BT concentrations. We suggest some hypotheses for the discrepancy, but additional studies will be performed to finally elucidate this difference in results and to determine the most appropriate method for BT measurements in older men.
Fibrates: What Have We Learned in the Past 40 Years?
Authors: Backes James M. , Gibson Cheryl A. , Ruisinger Janelle F. , Moriarty Patrick M.
Published: February 2007

The prominent use of fibric acid derivatives has lessened over the years because of unimpressive results in major clinical trials, safety concerns, and the emergence of 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins). Clofibrate was widely used in the 1970s, but after publication of results from two major trials demonstrating only modest reductions in the rate of coronary heart disease (CHD) and concerns regarding an increase in the frequency of gallstones and overall mortality, its use subsided dramatically. With the introduction of gemfibrozil in the 1980s came a renewed interest in the class, which was also supported by the published results of the Helsinki Heart Study; however, despite a significant reduction in CHD events and a sound safety profile, overall mortality was comparable to that with placebo. Again, in the 1990s, awareness of the fibrates was heightened with the availability of fenofibrate and the findings of another major trial using gemfibrozil, the Veterans Affairs High‐Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial (VA‐HIT), which demonstrated impressive results in reducing cardiovascular events. To further strengthen the VA‐HIT results, numerous post hoc analyses were performed on the data of major trials of fibrate therapy among patients with mixed dyslipidemia, with similar findings. Recently, however, data from the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study were published, indicating mixed results. Nearly 40 years after the introduction of the fibrates, practitioners are still contemplating the role of these agents in the treatment of CHD.
Plasma Digoxin Concentration Fluctuations Associated with Timing of Plasma Sampling and Amiodarone Administration
Authors: DeVore Kelli J. , Hobbs Ryan A.
Published: February 2007

A 31‐year‐old man with dilated cardiomyopathy was hospitalized for new‐onset atrial fibrillation. Oral amiodarone 600 mg/day was started to control his arrhythmia, and the patient continued to receive digoxin 0.125 mg/day, which was prescribed 4 days earlier at a heart failure clinic. The patient's digoxin plasma concentration peaked early on hospital day 3 at 2.93 ng/ml; digoxin was withheld. Over the next 3 days, the patient's digoxin plasma concentrations rose and fell daily. These fluctuations correlated with the timing of blood sampling in relation to oral amiodarone administration. The patient's renal function remained stable, and he developed no signs or symptoms of digoxin toxicity. To our knowledge, no case reports have associated significant fluctuations of digoxin plasma concentrations that correspond to the timing of oral amiodarone administration. Tissue‐to‐plasma redistribution appears to be a possible mechanism for this interaction, with the most significant effect occurring 8–10 hours after amiodarone administration. Clinicians should be aware that digoxin plasma concentrations may not correlate with digoxin tissue concentrations in this setting. When a loading dose of oral amiodarone is required in a patient receiving digoxin, the digoxin dosage should first be reduced, and digoxin therapy should be adjusted based on signs and symptoms of digoxin toxicity.
HERBERT SPENCER'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS: A RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW OF PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLOGY
Authors: Leslie Julian C.
Published: February 2007

Herbert Spencer's Principles of Psychology (1855, first edition) was regarded by his contemporaries, including William James and John Dewey, as a major contribution to what was then a very new discipline. In this book he first expounded his ideas about both evolution of species and how behavior of the individual organism adapts through interaction with the environment. His formulation of the principle that behavior changes in adaptation to the environment is closely related to the version of the law of effect propounded some years later by Thorndike. He can thus be seen as the first proponent of selectionism, a key tenet of behavior analysis. He also explicitly attacked the then prevailing view of free will as being incompatible with the biologically grounded view of psychological processes that he was advocating, and thus put forward ideas that were precursors of B. F. Skinner's in this important area of debate.
NEGATIVE AUTOMAINTENANCE OMISSION TRAINING IS EFFECTIVE
Authors: Sanabria Federico , Sitomer Matthew T. , Killeen Peter R.
Published: February 2007

Twelve pigeons were exposed to negative automaintenance contingencies for 17–27 sessions immediately after brief (14–16 sessions) or extended (168–237 sessions) exposure to positive automaintenance contingencies, or after 4–10 sessions of instrumental training. In all conditions, negative automaintenance contingencies virtually eliminated responding, reducing response rates to an average 1.3 responses per min. This reduction in response rate was validated by a model of transition between early and late response rates that assumed exponential transition of rates from one set of contingencies to the next. The model faithfully reproduced cumulative records, and yielded estimates of terminal rates under negative automaintenance that were close to operant level.
Trends in Semen Parameters in the Northeast of Scotland
Authors: Sripada Sreebala , Fonseca Sofia , Lee Amanda , Harrild Kirsten , Giannaris Dimitrios , Mathers Eileen , Bhattacharya Siladitya
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: The data on trends in semen quality are conflicting and sensitive to geographical variations. Although previous British surveys on semen quality indicate a decline, the northeast of Scotland has never been included in these surveys. This is an area with low out migration rates where andrology services for a population of 500 000 are centralized within a single laboratory, thus providing a unique opportunity to study population‐based trends in semen quality over time. We investigated trends in semen parameters between 1994–2005, in a cohort of 4832 men attending for routine semen analysis at the Aberdeen Fertility Centre who had a sperm density of greater than 20 million per mL. The main outcome measures were trends in sperm density, sperm motility and motile density in the first semen sample. Linear regression and time series analysis were used to examine trends over time in the semen parameters. The mean and standard deviation (SD) age of all men (n = 5204) in the study was 34 (6) years. The median (inter quartile range) for sperm density and motile density for the study population were 61 (40–91) million/mL and 99 (47–181) millon. The mean (SD) sperm motility was 49 (19)%. Among 4832 men (with sperm count >20 million per mL), data adjusted for age and period of abstinence showed a decreasing trend for sperm density over time, R2 = 0.45 (P = .017). There was no such trend in sperm motility and motile density. However, this trend has to be interpreted with caution due to fluctuations in semen parameters, population bias and the retrospective nature of the analysis.
Differential Expression of Neurotrophins in Penises of Streptozotocin—Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Chen Yun , Yang Rong , Yao Leshen , Sun Zeyu , Wang Run , Dai Yutian
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: To explore the mechanism of diabetic erectile dysfunction, we studied the distribution of neurotrophins in the penises of diabetic rats, including nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin‐3 (NT‐3), and neurotrophin‐4 (NT‐4). Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were injected with 65 mg/kg streptozotocin to induce diabetes mellitus (DM). The control rats were raised as age‐matched control. Eight weeks later, the intercavernous pressure (ICP) of the rats was measured after electrostimulation and before sacrifice. Each peeled penis was divided into 2 parts, one for immunohistochemistry and the other for Western blot analysis. The ICP of the DM group rats was significantly decreased as compared to the vehicle control rats. There were significantly more NGF‐positive neurons in the penises of the diabetic rats than in those of the control rats, while the opposite results were observed for BDNF‐positive neurons. In the Western blot analysis, the proteins of NGF, NT‐3, and NT‐4 were all increased, while that of BDNF was decreased in diabetic rats. This is the first study revealing the expression of NT‐4 protein in cavernous tissue. The abnormal level of these 4 neurotrophins in cavernous tissue may be one of the factors of the pathogenesis of diabetic ED. The increase of neurotrophins may reflect the degree of cavernous tissue denervation and may represent a compensatory mechanism. The lesion of the retrograde axonal transport of the nerves caused by hyperglycemia may be related to this phenomenon.
The Analysis of Meiotic Segregation Patterns and Aneuploidy in the Spermatozoa of Father and Son With Translocation t(4;5)(p15.1;p12) and the Prediction of the Individual Probability Rate for Unbalanced Progeny at Birth
Authors: Wiland Ewa , Midro Alina T. , Panasiuk Barbara , Kurpisz Maciej
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: Reciprocal chromosomal translocations (RCT) have long been recognized as important etiological factors in reproductive failure. In the present study, the meiotic segregation patterns of the spermatozoa of two related t(4;5)(p15.1;p12) carriers (proband and his father) were compared to the empirical data from a three‐generation pedigree for risk assessment. Cytogenetic analysis of the metaphase chromosomes was performed, and triple color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was applied to the sperm heads. Similar patterns of meiotic segregation were observed for both carriers, despite the finding of teratozoospermia in the proband but not in his father. In addition, an increase of aneuploidy in chromosome 15 in the proband and aneuploidy of chromosomes X and Y in the father were observed. The high rate of miscarriages (6/10 pregnancies and 4/7 pregnancies after ascertainment correction) in this family could be explained by the genetically unbalanced karyotype and fertilization mediated by the unbalanced spermatozoa observed for both men at a frequency of more than 60%. The risk assessment for unfavorable pregnancy outcomes was predicted as 1.6% for unbalanced progeny at birth and about 30% for miscarriage. These figures may be used as guidelines for the genetic counseling of families with similar RCT.
Sperm Characteristics and DNA Integrity of Iberian Red Deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) Epididymal Spermatozoa Frozen in the Presence of Enzymatic and Nonenzymatic Antioxidants
Authors: Fernández‐Santos María R. , Martínez‐Pastor Felipe , García‐Macías Vanesa , Esteso Milagros C. , Soler Ana J. , Paz P. , Anel L. , Garde José J.
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT:The main goal of this study was to investigate the potential protective effects of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants on cryopreservation injuries to red deer epididymal spermatozoa. In Experiment 1, the effects on sperm freezability of the enzymatic antioxidants catalase, superoxide dismutase, and a combination thereof were studied. In Experiment 2, sperm cryoresistance was evaluated when different nonenzymatic antioxidants, such as vitamin E, vitamin C, and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), were added to the freezing extender. Sperm quality was judged in vitro by microscopic assessments of individual sperm motility (SMI), viability, and acrosome (ie, spermatozoa with normal apical ridges; % NAR) and membrane (by means of the HOS test) integrity. To address fully these topics, we incorporated a new set of functional sperm tests for mitochondrial function, membrane phospholipid disorder, and sperm chromatin stability. Samples were evaluated after freezing and thawing, and after a 2‐hour period of incubation at 37°C. The present study demonstrates that the addition of enzymatic antioxidants to freezing extenders improves sperm viability after cooling, and improves sperm motility, acrosome integrity, and mitochondrial status (P< .05) after thawing. After a 2‐hour incubation period at 37°C in the presence of enzymatic antioxidants, an improvement in membrane integrity (P< .05) was observed. However, when nonenzymatic antioxidants were present in the freezing diluents, no positive effects on thawed sperm parameters were noted. The chromatin stability test did not show significant differences between the treatments. We conclude that enzymatic antioxidants should be present in the early steps of cryopreservation of epididymal spermatozoa from red deer, so as to improve motility and acrosome integrity.
Beneficial Effects of Vitamin E in Sperm Functions in the Rat After Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Wang Shulun , Wang Guichun , Barton Beverly E. , Murphy Thomas F. , Huang Hosea F. S.
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: Male infertility as a result of spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with abnormal semen qualities including low sperm counts and poor sperm motility and morphology. Clinical studies suggest that reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐related events might contribute to abnormal sperm functions after SCI. The current study examined whether impaired sperm functions after SCI can be ameliorated by an antioxidant, vitamin E. Vitamin E feeding of spinal cord transected (SCX) rats during the acute (maintenance) and chronic (restoration) phases of the injury partially preserved sperm viability and mitochondrial potential; similar effects were only seen in spinal cord contused (SCC) rats during the chronic phase. A beneficial effect of vitamin E on sperm motility, however, was only observed in SCX rats during the chronic phase of the injury. These results suggest that ROS‐related events might account for some of the effects of cord injury on sperm functions, depending on the extent of injury and time postinjury. Furthermore, we found that sperm heads from SCC and SCX rats were less condensed compared to those from sham control rats. Such effects were attenuated by vitamin E, suggesting that ROS‐related events may also contribute to abnormal sperm morphology after SCI. Partial restoration of male accessory gland weights in those rats fed vitamin E further suggests its beneficial effects on the functions of these glands. Conclusion: Vitamin E feeding attenuated some of the effects of spinal cord injury on sperm functions and male accessory glands in the rat. These results support a role of ROS‐related events in deterioration of semen quality after cord injury. Further understanding of the underlying mechanisms for effects of vitamin E on sperm functions and male accessory glands will provide scientific rationale for the use of vitamin E or other antioxidant as therapeutic means to preserve sperm functions and semen quality in SCI men.
Penile Oxygen Saturation in the Flaccid and Erect Penis in Men With and Without Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Padmanabhan Priya , McCullough Andrew R.
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: It is believed that a chronic state of corporal oxygen desaturation or hypoxemia secondary to the loss of nocturnal erections is a fundamental pathophysiological cause of erectile dysfunction (ED). Limited invasive blood gas measurements in human models have shown decreased oxygen tension in vasculogenic impotence. Normative data on flaccid and erect oxygen saturation (StO2) levels are lacking due to the invasive nature of blood gas determinations. Our objective was to determine StO2 in the flaccid and erect penis in men with and without ED using a tissue oximeter. This FDA‐approved instrument provides instantaneous, noninvasive, painless local tissue StO2 measurements, which highly correlate to blood gas data. The study population included 171 men (18–90 years) who presented to one andrologist. They completed the Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM) based on pharmacologically unassisted erectile function and had penile StO2 measurements taken. 64 of these men had repeat measurements after PGE‐1 induced erections. There are significant differences (P < .001) in corporal and glanular StO2 in the flaccid (right corpora, 45.23%; left corpora, 52.50%) and erect state (right corpora, 76.58; left corpora, 80.42). Men with ED (right corpora, 45.04% vs 53.58%; P = .02; and left corpora, 50.95% vs 58.78%; P = .03) have significantly lower corporal penile StO2. Future prospective data collection can correlate penile StO2 in specific populations, such as diabetics and RRP patients. This may help further elucidate the relationship between corporal hypoxia and the development and progression of ED and possibly its treatment and prevention.
Biologic Characteristics of Paragangliomas of the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses
Authors: Welkoborsky Hans-J. , Gosepath Jan , Jacob Roland , Mann Wolf J. , Amedee Ronald G.
Published: February 2007

Paragangliomas of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are extremely rare. This study was conducted to investigate the biologic characteristics of these lesions on different molecular levels and to estimate their biologic behavior. Operative specimens of three patients who underwent surgery for a paraganglioma of the nasal cavity (one case) or paranasal sinuses (two cases) were investigated by routine histology, quantitative DNA analysis, and immunohistochemical assessment of proliferation markers (i.e., Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen, PCNA; Ki67-MIB-1), the expression of cell-surface antigens, which reflect the tumor-stroma interaction (i.e., CD 44 v0.4/5 and 6, CD 54, CD 106), oncogene products (nm-23; p53), and bcl-2 as a marker of apoptosis. Histologically, two tumors were paragangliomas of the adenomatous subtype, one lesion was classified as angiomatous. According to DNA analysis, aneuploid cells were detected in all tumors. Two of three paragangliomas were classified as a DNA type III pattern, implying a high percentage of aneuploid cells and an aggressive behavior. Immunohistochemically, paragangliomas of the nasal cavity showed increased scores for both proliferation markers tested, indicating a rapid growth pattern. According to the expression of cell-surface markers and oncogene products, these tumors displayed an aggressive behavior and an infiltrating growth pattern. The highest value for the parameters of quantitative DNA analysis and highest proliferation scores were found in a tumor of a patient who developed multiple tumor recurrences after radical excision of the Lesion with clear margins, and finally died of disease. In conclusion, paragangliomas of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses examined in this study should be regarded as suspicious concerning their biologic and clinical behavior. Radical excision, and in cases with highly aggressive biology, postoperative radiation therapy are recommended. Tumor biologic examinations can help to recognize high-risk patients for developing recurrences and possibly lesions with a malignant behavior and to enhance our understanding of the biology of these extremely rare tumors of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.
Stereotactic Computer-Assisted Navigational Sinus Surgery: Accuracy of an Electromagnetic Tracking System with the Tissue Debrider and when Utilizing Different Headsets for the Same Patient
Authors: Javer Amin R. , Kuhn Frederick A. , Smith Douglas
Published: February 2007

The InstaTrak system by Visualization Technologies, Inc. (Woburn, MA) has recently introduced attachments that can be utilized to localize the tip of the XPS Straightshot debrider (Xomed Industries, Jacksonville, FL) during image-guided surgery. The accuracy of these newer attachments has not been objectively tested in a clinical setting. Our primary objective was to compare the actual instrument (XPS debrider tip) location with its computer screen location in the coronal, sagittal, and axial views. This was considered to be the “accuracy” of the instrument being tested. We secondarily compared its accuracy with the accuracy of the 0° and 45° curved localizing aspirators in a prospective study. The manufacturer also recommends that the same headset used during scanning be utilized during surgery. A second objective therefore was to determine if a headset other than the one used during CT scanning could be used intraoperatively with an acceptable level of accuracy. Accuracy of the instruments between the patients’ own headset (used during CT scanning) and a generic or research headset (not used during scanning) was compared intraoperatively. The third and final objective was to determine if the same headset could be used repeatedly with an acceptable level of accuracy. Generic “research” headsets were therefore utilized for a total of five surgeries per headset and visual accuracy between the multiply utilized research headsets and the patients’ own headsets was recorded and compared. Anatomic localization accuracy was 1.06 mm for the XPS debrider, 0.89 mm for the 0° aspirator, and 1.05 mm for the 45 aspirator when the patients own headset was utilized. When the research (generic) headset was utilized the respective values were 0.69 mm for the debrider, 0.77 mm for the 0° aspirator, and 0.99 mm for the 45° aspirator. With multiple utilization of a single headset, there was no significant loss in accuracy. In conclusion, the accuracy of the newly marketed attachment for the debrider was found to be comparable to the standard aspirators. Accuracy remained acceptable when a headset other than the one used during CT scanning was used intraoperatively. No loss in accuracy was noted when a headset was utilized more than once.
Ascending Meningitis Secondary to Traumatic Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks
Authors: Bernal-Sprekelsen Manuel , Bleda-Vázquez Carmen , Carrau Ricardo L.
Published: February 2007

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage may cause immediate or delayed complications, such as ascending meningitis and brain abscess, potentially lethal complications that may appear years or decades after the trauma. Thus, the initial treatment of a CSF fistula may decisively influence long-term outcome. In a retrospective study including 1036 consecutive patients presenting with severe cranial trauma from May 1990 to March 1996, we identified 27 patients (2.6%) with CSF fistulas. Patients with a post-traumatic CSF leak were most commonly males between 15 and 40 years involved in a motor vehicle accident. The most common sites of injury were the frontal area and anterior skull base for those patients with rhinorrhea and the temporal bone for those patients with otorrhea. A transcranial repair was used for large cranial base defects (n = 10), while conservative treatment, comprised of bedrest, lumbar drainage, and medications, was used for smaller fistulas (n = 17). Four patients (40%) initially treated with a transcranial repair, and five patients (29%) initially treated conservatively, developed a meningitis. Therefore, neither the conservative approach nor the transcranial repair was able to prevent this considerable incidence of ascending meningitis. We believe that the high incidence of meningitis is not acceptable; thus, we are now evaluating early intervention using endoscopic techniques for the identification and/or repair of post-traumatic fistulas.
The Potency of Culture-Expanded Nasal Septum Chondrocytes for Tissue Engineering of Cartilage
Authors: van Osch Gerjo J.V.M. , Marijnissen Willem J.C.M. , van der Veen Simone W. , Verwoerd-Verhoef Henriette L.
Published: February 2007

Tissue engineering techniques to create extra autologous cartilage for reconstructive surgery receive more and more scientific and industrial attention. The objective of this experimental study was to assess the use of in vitro multiplied chondrocytes of the nasal septum for generation of cartilage grafts using tissue engineering techniques. Cells isolated from a biopsy of septal cartilage of rabbits and humans were expanded in culture to get a sufficient number of cells to engineer a cartilage graft. The drawback of the expansion procedure is that the cells lose their cartilaginous phenotype (dedifferentiation). We studied a method to reverse the dedifferentiation of expanded cells to stimulate them to produce cartilage matrix of good qualm. Rabbit chondrocytes showed reversion of dedifferentiation (redifferentiation) when fetal calf serum was replaced by the growth factors IGF1 and TGFβ2. This was expressed by increased glycosaminoglycan synthesis and increased numbers of collagen type II-producing cells. The redifferentiation capacity of septal cartilage cells of young rabbits was higher than that of adult rabbits. In human chondrocytes from the nasal septum redifferentiation could also be induced by replacement of serum with IGF1 and TGFβ2. This method, however, was less efficient than in rabbits. Chondrocytes of older patients (>40 years old) were no longer sensitive to the growth factor treatment. In conclusion, our study demonstrates a method to regain cartilage phenotype in multiplied cells of nasal septum cartilage needed for tissue engineering of new cartilage. These results are promising for this technique to generate cartilage grafts for facial plastic surgery of the nasal septum.
Histomorphometric Analysis of Human Sphenoid and Maxillary Mucosa: Measurement of Relative Density of Goblet Cells and Basal Cells
Authors: Smith Shane R. , Brandwein Margaret , Gannon Patrick , Lawson William
Published: February 2007

The majority of malignant tumors of the paranasal sinus are squamous cell carcinomas and arise most commonly in the maxillary sinus, and less commonly in the nasal cavity and other sinuses. Glandular tumors (nonsquamous tumors) develop much less commonly and have a different distribution within the paranasal sinuses. The majority of adenomatous tumors arise from the surface mucosa and submucosal seromucinous glands. Attempts to explain tumorigenesis propose that the distribution of these tumors is based on the variance of different cell types among the sinuses. The authors used morphometric analysis to measure the relative density of goblet cells and basal cells from maxillary and sphenoid sinus specimens. Surgical specimens of normal maxillary and sphenoid mucosa were retrieved from 5 and 10 patients, respectively. All specimens were stained with periodic acid-Schiff stain. The area of tablet and basal cells in jive representative areas of each specimen were measured and compared to the total cross-sectional area of the mucosa, giving a relative density of each cell type. The average goblet cell density was 31.99% (SD ± 10.27%) in maxillary tissue and 33.25% (SD ± 20.80%) in sphenoid tissue. Student's t-test showed no statistically significant difference in goblet cell density between the two sinuses. The average basal cell density was 9.53% (SD ± 0.87%) for maxillary tissue and 10.91% (SD ± 1.91%) for sphenoid tissue. Again, no statistically significant difference between the two sinuses existed. In conclusion, there is no clearly detectable difference in the histologic composition of these two paranasal sinuses to explain the different incidence of glandular tumors, and other etiologic factors must be considered in explaining tumorigenesis at these sites.
Light‐dependent retinal innervation of the rat superior colliculus
Authors: Prichard J. Roxanne , Armacanqui Hilda S. , Benca Ruth M. , Behan Mary
Published: February 2007

Mammalian retinal projections are divided into two anatomically and functionally distinct systems: the primary visual system, which mediates conscious visual processing, and the subcortical visual system, which mediates nonconscious responses to light. Light deprivation during a critical period in development alters the anatomy, physiology, and function of the primary visual system in many mammalian species. However, little is known about the influence of dark‐rearing on the development of the subcortical visual system. To evaluate whether the early lighting environment alters the anatomy of the subcortical visual system, we examined the retinas and retinofugal projections of rats reared in a 12:12 light/dark cycle or in constant dark from birth to 4 months of age. We found that dark‐rearing was associated with a reduction in the distribution of retinal fibers in the stratum opticum of the contralateral superior colliculus. In contrast to the plasticity of the retinocollicular projection, retinal input to sleep, circadian, and pupillary control centers in the hypothalamus, pretectum, and lateral geniculate complex was unaffected by dark‐rearing. A decrease in retinal innervation of the stratum opticum and intermediate layers of the superior colliculus may account for some of the deficits in multisensory integration that have been observed in dark‐reared animals of several species. Anat Rec 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relative gene expression quantification in a fungal gas‐phase biofilter
Authors: Gunsch Claudia K. , Kinney Kerry A. , Szaniszlo Paul J. , Whitman Christian P.
Published: February 2007

Monitoring of gas‐phase biofilter performance generally relies on macroscale measurements that neglect the molecular level phenomena that can control the biodegradation process. The present study was undertaken to determine whether or not quantitative real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) could detect changes in relative gene expression resulting from feed variations typically encountered in the field. Specifically, homogentisate‐1,2‐dioxygenase, ElHDO, expression was quantified as a function of short‐term chemical feed variations and shutdown period in a biofilter seeded with a pure culture of the fungus Exophiala lecanii‐corni. ElHDO was previously shown to be involved in ethylbenzene degradation in E. lecanii‐corni. Overall, relative gene target expression numbers (TN) were consistent with gas‐phase biofilter performance during each short‐term experiment although no direct mathematical correlation was found between TN and ethylbenzene removal rate. During the chemical feed experiments, no effect on TN was measured in the presence of o‐xylene which does not affect ElHDO expression. In the presence of phenylacetate, an inducer of ElHDO, TN increased once a threshold substrate concentration was exceeded. When methyl propyl ketone, a repressor of ElHDO, was introduced, TN decreased rapidly and acted as a leading indicator of bioreactor failure. In the transient loading experiments, ElHDO expression slowly decreased over a 24‐h time period when the ethylbenzene feed was discontinued, but rapidly recovered upon its re‐introduction. These results indicate that qRT‐PCR reflects microbial activity changes that occur in gas‐phase biofilters in response to short‐term changes in feed conditions and provides a useful complement to the macroscale measurements typically collected. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007; 98: 101–111. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Application of chiral technology in a pharmaceutical company. Enantiomeric separation and spectroscopic studies of key asymmetric intermediates using a combination of techniques. Phenylglycidols
Authors: McConnell Oliver , He Yanan , Nogle Lisa , Sarkahian Ani
Published: February 2007

Phenylglycidols substituted in the 2‐, 3‐, and 4‐ positions with fluorine, chlorine, and trifluoromethyl, and with methoxy in the 3‐ position, were synthesized from the corresponding E‐cinnamic acids and separated into their (R,R)‐ and (S,S)‐ enantiomers using subcritical fluid chromatography with mixtures of MeOH in CO2, on either a Chiralpak AD or AS chiral stationary phase. These compounds and commercially‐available (R,R)‐ and (S,S)‐phenylglycidol were analyzed for their vibrational circular dichroism (VCD), electronic circular dichroism (ECD), and optical rotation (OR) properties to exemplify a strategy whereby the absolute stereochemistry of common and key chiral intermediates is established early in the structure‐activity and structure‐property relationship phase of a drug discovery program in a pharmaceutical company. From this study, substituents in the phenyl group of the synthesized molecules were found not to grossly alter spectroscopic features, and therefore, diagnostic absorption bands in the respective VCD spectra, and the sign and shape of the measured ECD curves could be used to determine and track the absolute stereochemistry of analogs without necessarily requiring time‐consuming ab initio calculations of all low energy conformers for all compounds. VCD, OR, and ECD calculations for the determination of absolute configuration carried out at the DFT level with the hybrid B3PW91 functional and the TZVP basis set were found to be especially useful in this study. Chirality, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fundamental characteristics and 3D electromagnetic analysis for magnetic levitation transporter using YBCO superconductors
Authors: Ueda Hiroshi , Iwamoto Mami , Kudo Yuhya , Ishiyama Atsushi
Published: February 2007

A magnetic levitation device with two‐dimensional movement, the so‐called “levitating X‐Y transporter,” has been developed. In order to develop a working levitating X‐Y transporter, it is necessary to clarify the levitation characteristics, such as the lift force, levitation height, and stability against mechanical disturbances. In this paper, we examine the lift and the restoring force experimentally and propose a new simulation program based on the three‐dimensional hybrid finite and boundary element method to analyze the dynamic behavior of electromagnetic characteristics of YBCO bulk. Using the numerical simulation and experiments, we investigated a suitable arrangement of permanent magnets to enhance the levitation characteristics. We also designed a levitating transporter which can carry a load of 200 kg with a gap of 16 mm. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 159(2): 44–54, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20220
Parallel voltage sag compensator with reduced capacitance using a boost‐type power factor correction rectifier
Authors: Kojima Tetsuya , Takauchi Toshihiko , Ise Toshifumi , Iyoda Isao , Kono Yoshiyuki , Temma Koji , Sasao Hiroyuki , Yamasaki Kiyomi , Inoue Nobuyoshi , Takeuchi Yasunori
Published: February 2007

A new circuit of parallel‐type voltage sag compensator is proposed in this paper. The proposed voltage sag compensator can reduce the necessary capacity of the energy storage capacitor for compensation by boost‐type power factor correction rectifier charging the capacitor during a voltage sag. As a result the proposed system can reduce the size and maintenance of the apparatus. Copyright © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

This paper shows the principle and control system of the proposed circuit. Compensation characteristics were demonstrated by simulation and experiment. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 159(2): 19–33, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20261
Solution of job‐shop scheduling problems by an idle time shortening genetic algorithm
Authors: Ida Kenichi , Osawa Akira
Published: February 2007

In this paper, we propose a new idle time shortening method for job‐shop scheduling problems (JSPs). We insert our method into a genetic algorithm (GA). The purpose of JSP is to find a schedule with the minimum makespan. We consider that it is effective to reduce idle time of a machine in order to improve the makespan. The left shift is well‐known among existing algorithms for shortening idle time. The left shift cannot arrange the work to idle time. For that reason, some idle times are not shortened by left shift. We propose two kinds of algorithms which shorten such idle time. Next, we combine these algorithms and the reversal of a schedule. We apply GA with its algorithm to benchmark problems and demonstrate its effectiveness. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 159(2): 55–63, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20389
Fundamental examination of hybrid‐type double three‐phase stepping motor
Authors: Tozune Akira , Hashimoto Hideyuki , Sakamoto Masafumi , Takeuchi Toru
Published: February 2007

Resolution of the hybrid‐type stepping motor can be improved either by increasing the number of rotor teeth or by increasing the number of phases. But the number of rotor teeth can be increased only to a certain degree limited by obvious constraints of mechanical machining, while an increase in the number of rotor teeth causes the deterioration of high‐speed characteristics. On the other hand, an increase of the number of phases leads to higher production costs due to a greater complexity of the drive circuit. Copyright © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

In this paper, we examine a double three‐phase stepping motor having two sets of three‐phase stator windings as a means of improving the resolution of HB‐type stepping motors. The step angle of the proposed motor is half that of the three‐phase stepping motor with the same number of rotor teeth. The proposed double three‐phase motor is implemented in two types of the magnetic path configuration (multiphase magnetic path type and uniphase magnetic path type). Methods of selection of the number of rotor teeth and the stator pole pitch for the double three‐phase stepping motor of both types of the magnetic path are discussed, and characteristics of the motors having the multiphase magnetic path are compared with those of motors with the uniphase magnetic path. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 159(2): 72– 79, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20442
Mononuclear and Heterodinuclear Metal Complexes of Nonsymmetric Ditertiary Phosphanes Derived from R2PCH2OH
Authors: Brown Gavin M. , Elsegood Mark R. J. , Lake Andrew J. , Sanchez‐Ballester Noelia M. , Smith Martin B. , Varley Thomas S. , Blann Kevin
Published: February 2007

The new nonsymmetric ditertiary phosphanes, Ph2PCH2N(R)CH2PAd [3a: R = C6H5, 3b: R = C6H4(4‐CH3)] were prepared using a three‐step sequence of condensation reactions. Hence treatment of AdP‐H (AdP‐H = 1,3,5,7‐tetramethyl‐2,4,8‐trioxa‐6‐phosphaadamantane) with (CH2O)n at 110 °C gave the adamantane‐derived hydroxymethylphosphane 1, which upon condensation with C6H5NH2 or C6H4(4‐CH3)NH2 gave the secondary aminophosphanes HN(R)CH2PAd [2a: R = C6H5, 2b: R = C6H4(4‐CH3)]. Further condensation of 2a or 2b with Ph2PCH2OH gave 3a or 3b in high yields (ca. 85 %) containing the sterically encumbered adamantane cage. The coordination capabilities of 2a, 3a and 3b have been explored with various PdII, PtII, RuII, IrIII and AuI metal centres. Bridge cleavage of {Pd(κ2‐C,N‐C16H16N)Br}2 with 2 equiv. of 2a gave the neutral, mononuclear complex Pd(κ2‐C,N‐C16H16N)Br(2a) (4). Reaction of 3a/3b with MCl2(cod) (M = Pt, Pd) gave the corresponding κ2‐P,P′‐chelate complexes cis‐MCl2(3) [5a: M = Pt, R = C6H5, 5b: Pt, R = C6H4(4‐CH3), 5c: Pd, R = C6H5, 5d: Pd, R = C6H4(4‐CH3)]. In contrast, bridge cleavage of the dimers {RuCl2(η6‐p‐cym)}2 or {IrCl2(η5‐Cp*)}2 with 3a gave the κ1‐P‐monodentate complexes RuCl2(η6‐p‐cym)(3a) (6) and IrCl2(η5‐Cp*)(3a) (7), respectively, in which the –PAd group is noncoordinating. Reaction of 6 or 7 with AuCl(tht) (tht = tetrahydrothiophene) gave the mixed‐metal complexes κ2‐P,P′‐μ‐RuCl2(η6‐p‐cym){Ph2PCH2N(Ph)CH2PAd(AuCl)} (8) and κ2‐P,P′‐μ‐IrCl2(η5‐Cp*){Ph2PCH2N(Ph)CH2PAd(AuCl)} (9). All new compounds have been fully characterised by spectroscopic and analytical methods. Furthermore, the structures of 2a, 4, 5a, 5b and 6–9 have been elucidated by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography. The X‐ray structures of 5a, 5b and 6–9 represent the first examples of crystallographically characterised nonsymmetric ditertiary phosphane complexes bearing one adamantane moiety. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Preparation and evaluation of a series of α‐hydroxy ethers from 9,10‐epoxystearates
Authors: Moser Bryan R. , Erhan Sevim Z.
Published: February 2007

Several novel α‐hydroxy ethers were prepared by treatment of isobutyl 9,10‐epoxystearate with a number of aliphatic alcohols in the presence of acid catalyst in good overall yield from oleic acid. The low‐temperature behavior of each material was analyzed through cloud point (CP) and pour point (PP) determination. The most desirable α‐hydroxy ether prepared in this study was isobutyl 9(10)‐(2‐ethylhexoxy)‐10(9)‐hydroxystearate. Therefore, additional α‐hydroxy‐2‐ethylhexyl ethers were produced from alkyl 9,10‐epoxystearates (alkyl: butyl, hexyl, 2‐methylpentyl, 2‐ethylbutyl, 2‐ethylhexyl) to explore the effect of ester variability on CP and PP of the optimized 2‐ethylhexyl ether moiety. The most bulky ester group, 2‐ethylhexyl, exhibited the most favorable low‐temperature performance, which in the case of 2‐ethylhexyl 9(10)‐(2‐ethylhexoxy)‐10(9)‐hydroxystearate yielded a CP of –26 °C and a PP of –29 °C. An improved synthesis of 2‐ethylhexyl 9(10)‐(2‐ethylhexoxy)‐10(9)‐hydroxystearate was then developed from oleic acid. Lastly, in an effort to optimize yield, sulfuric acid at 10 mol‐% was found to be the most effective acid catalyst in the conversion of epoxides to α‐hydroxy ethers.
A sequential equilibrium for the army's targeted selective reenlistment bonus program
Authors: Carrell Scott E. , West James E.
Published: February 2007

Wecompute a sequential equilibrium for the U.S.Army'sTargeted Selective Reenlistment Bonus Program in whichtheArmy offers a bonus, soldiers with a low cost of serving in an undesirable location accept the bonus and are sent to an undesirable location, and soldiers with a high cost of serving in an undesirable location reenlist but decline the bonus.Wefind that this program benefits both theArmy and soldiers, increases retention, increases the number of soldierswho serve in an undesirable location, and better matches soldiers to assignments.We discuss implications of our model on human resource management practices for theArmy in its administration of the bonus program and its application to other large organizations that set wages through a rules‐based mechanism. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reflecting on the military's best practices
Authors: Jordan Rita A.
Published: February 2007

We asked two leaders with experience in both military and corporate leadership, Dr. Ervin J. Rokke andWalter F. Ulmer Jr., to describe their perceptions of the differences between these two arenas. Both believe that compared to most corporate entities, the military provides greater opportunities for early leadership, uses participation and feedback to strengthen communications, prioritizes the welfare of subordinates, and emphasizes a foundation of core values.They also note that the transparency of both corporate and military approaches to leadership has led to shared learning and that despite operating in different environments, military and business have much to learn from eachother.©2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High modulus nanopowder reinforced dimethacrylate matrix composites for dental cement applications
Authors: Wang Yijun , Lee James J. , Lloyd Isabel K. , Wilson Otto C. , Rosenblum Marc , Thompson Van
Published: February 2007

Results from the study of a novel, high modulus nanopowder filled resin composite are presented. This composite is developed to serve (1) as a high stiffness support to all‐ceramic crowns and (2) as a means of joining independently fabricated crown core and veneer layers. Nanosized Al2O3 (average particle size 47 nm) reinforcement provides stiffness across joins. Two systems are examined: Al2O3 with 50:50 bis‐GMA:TEGDMA monomers (ALBT) and Al2O3 with pure TEGDMA (ALT). To obtain higher filler levels, surfactant is used to aid mixing and increase maximum weight percent of nanopowder filler from 72 to 80. The loading level of Al2O3 has significant effects on composite properties. The elastic modulus for cured ALBT systems increases from 4.6 GPa (0 wt % filler) to 29.2 GPa (80 wt % filler). The elastic modulus for cured ALT systems increases from 3.0 GPa (0 wt % filler) to 22.9 GPa (80 wt % filler). Similarly, ALBT hardness increases from 200 MPa (0% filler) to 949 MPa (80 wt % filler), and ALT hardness increases from 93 MPa (0% filler) to 760 MPa (80 wt % filler). Our results indicate that with a generally monodispersed nanosized high modulus filler relatively high elastic modulus resin based composite cements are possible. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2007