bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Novel Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Double Permutation and Random Diffusion
Authors: Zheng Jiming , xue mingkun
Published: August 2022

To improve the image transmission security, an image encryption algorithm based on double permutation with random diffusion is proposed in this paper. This algorithm consists of three stages: adaptive key generation, double scrambling and random diffusion. Firstly, in order to make the key highly correlated with the plaintext image, we use the SHA-256 value of the plaintext image to generate the key. Then, the double permutation is mainly composed of pixel-level permutation and bit-level permutation. The pixel-level permutation uses chaotic sequences generated by the chaotic system to generate the permutation sequences and uses these two sequences to rearrange the row and column coordinates of the image. Secondly, we implement bit-level permutation using the Fisher-Yates Shuffle algorithm as a group of every four neighboring pixels. The double permutation breaks the high correlation between image pixels. Thirdly, in the diffusion stage, we propose a random diffusion algorithm to address the problem that the diffusion order and direction of current diffusion methods are fixed and not random. The permuted image is divided into four blocks, and the order and direction of the diffusion operation for each pixel in each block is determined according to the chaotic sequence from the chaotic system. Finally, experimental results and security analysis show that the algorithm has good performance and sufficient security. It can resist a variety of attacks, such as statistical attacks, brute force attacks, and plaintext/selective plaintext attacks.
Molecular genetic identification of Opisthorchiidae cercariae from Bithyniidae snails of Chany Lake (South-Western Siberia, Russia)
Authors: Katokhin Aleksei V. , Serbina Elena A.
Published: August 2022

The studies of the opisthorchiids larval stages associated with Вithyniidae snails can provide the important and the most reliable data for opisthorchiidoses foci characterization due to the least mobility of the snails among opisthorchiids host species. Since the foci of opisthorchiosis (caused by Opisthorchis felineus) and metorchiosis (caused by Metorchis bilis) are overlapping in the basins of the Ob and Irtysh rivers the obstacles in determining the species of cercariae significantly reduce the accuracy of epidemiological conclusions regarding opisthorchiosis, which has a much higher medical significance. Moreover, the difficulties with identification are complicated by the fact that the focus of metorchiosis caused by Metorchis xanthosomus infecting birds of prey occur in the same territory. In this study we for the first time carried out the molecular genetic identification of West-Siberian opisthorchiid cercariae to verify morphological identification and confirmed O. felineus main association with Bithynia troschelii snail and M. bilis ‒ with B. tentaculata snail. Thus, our study applied an integrated approach combining first the morphological identification of opisthorchiid cercariae in Bithynia snails with subsequent molecular genetic identification of the cercarial samples.
Facilitators and barriers impacting in-hospital Trauma Quality Improvement Program (TQIP) implementation: A scoping review on the implementation of TQIPs across income levels
Authors: Kapanadze George , Berg Johanna , Sun Yue , Wärnberg Martin Gerdin
Published: August 2022

Background
Trauma describes physical injury along with the bodies associate reponse, and is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity globally, with low and middle income countries (LMICs) disproportionately affected. Understanding the implementation of in-hospital Trauma Quality Improvement Programs (TQIPs) and the factors determining success is critical to reduce the global trauma burden. The purpose of the review was to identify key facilitators and barriers to TQIP implementation across income levels by evaluating the range of literature on the topic.
Methods
We used information sources PubMed, Web of Science, and Global Index Medicus. The eligibility criteria was English language studies, of any design, published from June 2009 - January 2022. The Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist extension for scoping reviews were used to carry out a three-stage screening process. Content analysis using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) identified facilitator and barrier themes for in-hospital TQIP implementation.
Results
Twenty-eight studies met the eligibility criteria from 3923 studies. The main facilitators and barriers identified were the need to prioritise staff education and training, strengthen dialogue with stakeholders, and provide standardised best-practice guidelines. Data quality improvements were more apparent in LMICs while high-income countries (HICs) emphasised increased communication training.
Conclusions
Stakeholder prioritisation of in-hospital TQIPs, along with increased knowledge and consensus on trauma care best practice will further advance efforts to lower the global trauma burden. The focus of future in-hospital TQIPs in LMICs should primarily be concerned with improving data quality of registries, while interventions in HICs should focus on communication skills of healthcare professionals.
Identification of MTHFD1L as a potential biomarker for multiple cancers by pan-cancer analysis
Authors: Yan Lin , Wang Xin , Yang Jian-ming
Published: August 2022

MTHFD1L is a monofunctional enzyme, which plays a vital role in the generation of tetrahydrofolate and maintains the balance of folate cycle. In the past ten years, it was reported that MTHFD1L may participate the growth and development of cancers. HPA (Human Protein Atlas) database was used to explored the consensus MTHFD1L tissues expression and MTHFD1L gene conservation analysis. The expression of MTHFD1L in different cancer types and the relationship between the level of expression of MTHFD1L and the cancer-associated fibroblast immune infiltration were showed in the TIMER2 database. Kaplan–Meier (K-M) analysis was performed to explore prognostic value of MTHFD1L in different cancers. The cBioPortal was used to investigate the MTHFD1L genetic mutation in various tumor types of TCGA. Finally, MTHFD1L-related genes enrichment analysis was performed to study the functional mechanism of MTHFD1L in carcinogenesis. In most cancers, the mRNA expression of MTHFD1L is higher in the tumor tissues compared to the normal tissues. Besides, higher expressions of MTHFD1L were significantly associated with shorter OS in ACC, BLCA, BRCA, CESC, HNSC, LGG, LIHC, LUAD, SKCM and shorter DFS in ACC, BLCA, CESC, LGG, PRAD and SKCM. The high expression of MTHDF1L was related to the advanced stage of BLCA, LIHC, LUAD, OV, SKCM, UCEC and UCS significantly. What’s more, MTHDF1L expression was positively linked with cancer-associated fibroblast infiltration in HNSC, KIRC, KIRP, LUAD and PAAD. The GO biological process (BP) enrichment includes mitotic cell cycle, cell cycle, mitotic cell cycle process and so on. MTHDF1L physically interacts with CLPP, CS, LRPPRC and MTIF2. This pan-cancer investigation suggested the prognostic value and oncogenic role of MTHFD1L for multiple tumor types.
A novel incision technique of totally implanted venous access port in upper arm for patients with breast cancer
Authors: Song Xue , Chen Shengying , Dai Yan , Sun Yang , Lin Xiaojie , He Jiafa , Chen Qianjun , Xu Rui
Published: August 2022

Background: Totally implanted venous access port (TIVAP) in upper arm is a safe and cost-effective vascular access device and is widely used in breast cancer patients. Traditional tunnel needle technique increase the operation time and unsatisfied cosmetic effect so we explore the feasibility, cosmetic effect, and complications of an upper arm port with an novel incision in this retrospective study.Methods: We reviewed 489 cases of totally implantable venous access port implantation in the upper arm with two types of incision in our center from 1 January 2018 to 30 January 2022. The patients were divided in to two different incision groups including puncture site incision group(n=282) and conventional tunnel needle group(n=207). The operation time,aesthetic appearance and complications were collected between the two groups and contributing factors were analyzed for major complications. Results: A total of 489 patients were successfully implanted arm port with puncture site incision technique(n=282, 57.7%) and conventional tunnel needle technique(n=207, 42.3%) . The average operation time of two types of incision was (36.5±115) min in the puncture site incision group and (55±18.1) min in the tunnel needle group ( P<0.05) . In terms of complications,33 catheter-related complications occurred (6.4%), including 9 cases of infection, 15 cases of catheter-related thrombosis and 7 cases of skin exposure. 14 patients in the puncture site incision group developed complications compared with 17 in the traditional incision group.There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of overall complication events (5.0% and 8.2%, p=0.145) while the same result were found in each complication event.Weight, total cholesterol and diabetes were found to be associated with device-related infections in univariate Cox proportional hazard regression models. Diabetes was found to be associated with device-related infections in multivariate analysis while hypertension was associated with thrombosis.Conclusions: The methods of puncture site incision improves the efficiency of the procedure and provide a better cosmetic appearance compared with traditional tunnel needle technique. It is a novel technique and preferable for totally implantable venous access port implantation in upper arm with comparable overall rate of complication for patients with breast cancer. It is worthy of being used and promoted in clinical research.
Simple application of gout guidelines enables disease control: an observational study in French referral centres
Authors: Jauffret Charlotte , Ottaviani Sébastien , Latourte Augustin , Ea Hang-Korng , Graf Sahara , Lioté Frédéric , Bardin Thomas , Richette Pascal , Pascart Tristan
Published: August 2022

BackgroundRecent studies have shown a lack of implementation of gout recommendations in primary care. In this context of therapeutic inertia, the French Society of Rheumatology (SFR) published its first recommendations on gout in 2020, which were deliberately simple and concise. ObjectivesThe objectives were to determine the profile of patients referred to French gout expert centres, and to examine the results of their management and the factors leading to those results. MethodsThree hundred patients attending a first visit for gout management in three French referral centres were retrospectively and randomly included in this multicentre observational study.Visits were performed at baseline (M0) and scheduled for month 6 (M6), month 12 (M12), and month 24 (M24). Data collected included: patient profile; disease activity and treatments; serum urate (SU) level; estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). ResultsPatients were 81% male and mean age 62.2 ± 15.2 years. Only 15,3% of them had difficult-to-treat gout at baseline. Management followed French recommendations after the baseline visit in 94.9% of cases. SU levels were below 6.0mg/dL in 59.4% of patients at M6, 67.9% at M12, and 78.6% at M24, with increasing clinical improvement (i.e. flare decrease) over 2 years of follow-up. At M24, 50% of patients were treated with allopurinol (313 ± 105 mg/d), which exceeded renal restrictions of doses in 61.5% of them, and 48.2% received febuxostat (84 ± 36mg/d). The need for a sufficient dosage of ULT was the only predictive factor found for successful reach SU levels <6.0mg/dL at a given visit. Overall, 50 patients (16.7%) received off-label anakinra for flare treatment or flare prophylaxis. ConclusionSimple application of gout management guidelines is feasible in clinical practice, and is efficient with a majority of patients achieving SU targets and clinical improvement.
How to build a novel burst disease diagnostics for hunting potential infection source: the enlightenment from screening patients via combining viral and antibody testing at the COVID-19 pandemic early stage
Authors: Chen Yu-Yan , Tong Man-Li , Zhang Hui-Lin , Liu Li-Li , Yang Tian-Ci , Lin Li-Rong
Published: August 2022

Purpose: We aimed to summarize the diagnostic strategies used to identify potential patients with COVID-19 among inbound overseas travelers in Xiamen, China.Methods: From October 2020 to December 2020, 180,000 inbound overseas travelers were subjected to government quarantine in Xiamen, China. We evaluated the screening efficiency of combining viral and antibody testing strategies to identify potential patients with COVID-19. Results: The COVID-19 positive rate was 0.17% (306/180,000). There was no difference between the combined PCR and antibody and the PCR testing strategy for screening COVID-19(2.0 [IQR,2.0–3.0] vs. 2.0[IQR,2.0–2.0]; P= 0.175). The results for the combined screening strategy were available 4 days earlier than those for the PCR testing strategy (3.0 [IQR, 3.0–3.0] vs. 7.0[IQR, 7.0–14.0], P=0.000). Compared with the non-key screening population, the key screening population showed less PCR rounds (2.0 [IQR, 2.0–2.0] vs. 2.0[IQR, 2.0–3.0]; (P=0.008) and time (3.0[IQR, 3.0–3.0] vs. 7.0[IQR, 7.0–14.0]; P=0.000) for screening COVID-19. Conclusion: Combining viral and antibody testing strategies is effective; it allows timely identification of the source of COVID-19 infection. Moreover, this strategy can be used for close contacts or sub-close contacts of patients with COVID-19 to reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
An equation for determining the beta Euler shape exponents of plant growth data – a program toolbox for plant physiologists
Authors: Kosek Jerzy , Pietruszka Mariusz
Published: August 2022

Since the almost simultaneous appearance of the acid growth homeostasis approach in plant physiology and the increased availability of mainframe computers in the mid-20th century, there had been an amplified need to quantitatively predict the plant cell critical parameters during growth. Here, we provide a ready-to-use computer program, using an original numerical method, solving a highly nonlinear equation that is based on the formalism published in [J Plant Growth Regul (2020) 39:841–866], which can be used directly for this purpose. In this method article, the standalone program is written in a Python-based open source scientific software environment (e.g., CoCalc) in order to determine these cardinal traits and facilitate its use without any barriers to readers. It can be used to determine growth of an elongating individual plant cell or multicellular organs (coleoptile or hypocotyl segment) at the non-meristematic limit. The low number of relevant parameters (two) and the inclusion of the quantities that are decisive for growth such as pH and temperature make this program a practical set of tools for comparing growth-related experimental data in various areas of plant biology. It can also be widely used to predict plant growth during the process of assisted migration at a time in which the Earth is facing climate change.
Quantifying the temporal dynamics of the protective effect of forests against rockfall after disturbances
Authors: Moos Christine , May Dominik , Dorren Luuk , Temperli Christian , Schwarz Massimiliano
Published: August 2022

Increasing disturbances may significantly impact the long-term protective effect of forests against natural hazards. Quantifying the temporal evolution of the protection service of forests after disturbances is thus crucial for finding optimal management strategies. In this study, we quantified the long-term protective effect of spruce, beech and fir forests against rockfall after severe disturbances based on a straightforward modeling approach. We therefore modelled stand growth of the three tree species based on data of the Swiss National Forest Inventory (NFI) and parameterized the potential rockfall energy dissipation capacity of these stands as a function of their age. We then quantified the evolution of their protective effect for varying rockfall dispositions. The recovery of the protective effect mainly depends on the increase in basal area of a stand, the block volume and the forested slope length. While maximum protection against small blocks is guaranteed after only 10 to 50 yr, 50-150 yr are necessary to regain the maximum possible protective effect against blocks $\ge 1$ m\textsuperscript{3}. The here presented approach can serve practitioners to forecast the recovery of the protection provided by forest stands. As a next step, the proposed model should be adapted to future climate conditions.
Lack of association of Vascular Risk Factors with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders in cART-treated adults aged ≥50 years in Tanzania
Authors: Flack Katherine , Rainey Emma , Urasa Sarah , Koipapi Sengua , Kalaria Raj , Howlett William , Mukaetova-Ladinska Elizabeta , Dekker Marieke , Gray William Keith , Walker Richard , Dotchin Catherine , Mtwaitele Himidi , Lewis Thomas , Stone Lydia , McNally Richard , Makupa Philip , Paddick Stella-Maria
Published: August 2022

Objectives: HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are highly prevalent in those ageing with treated HIV. High-income country data suggest that vascular risk factors (VRFs) may be stronger predictors of HAND than HIV-disease severity. This hypothesis is yet to be examined in the population ageing with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. Our aim was to evaluate relationships of VRFs, vascular end organ damage and HAND in individuals aged ≥50 receiving HIV treatment in TanzaniaDesign: Cross sectional observational study, with systematic sampling.Methods: c-ART-treated individuals were assessed for HAND by consensus criteria. Prevalence of VRFs (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, diabetes, and smoking) and end organ damage markers (prior myocardial infarction, stroke, left ventricular hypertrophy, estimated-glomerular filtration rate, ankle-brachial pressure index, retinal arteriovenous ratio) were measured. Independent associations of VRFs, end organ damage and HAND were examined by multivariable logistic regression.Results: Data were available for 153 individuals (median age 56, 67.3% female). HAND was highly prevalent (66.7%, 25.5% symptomatic) despite well-managed HIV (70.5% virally suppressed). Vascular risk factors included hypertension (34%), obesity (10.5%), hypercholesterolemia (33.3%), diabetes (5.3%) and current smoking (4.6%). End organ damage prevalence ranged from 1.3% (prior MI) to 12.5% (LVH). Measured VRFs and end organ damage were not independently associated with HAND, although there was a significant association with lower diastolic BP (p 0.030, OR 0.969 (0.943-0.997).Conclusion: The overall lack of association between vascular risk factors, vascular end organ damage and HAND suggests vascular risk factors are not major drivers of HAND in this setting. Further studies should explore alternative aetiologies such as chronic inflammation.
Impacts of forest management on stand and landscape-level microclimate heterogeneity of European beech forests
Authors: Menge Joscha H. , Magdon Paul , Wöllauer Stephan , Ehbrecht Martin
Published: August 2022

Context.Forest microclimate influences biodiversity and plays a crucial role in regulating forest ecosystem functions. It is modified by forest management as a result of changes in forest structure due to tree harvesting and thinning.Objectives.Here, we investigate the impacts of even-aged (EA) and uneven-aged (UEA) forest management on stand- and landscape-level heterogeneity of forest microclimates, in comparison with unmanaged (UNM), old-growth European beech forest. Methods.We combined stand structural and topographical indices derived from airborne laser scanning (ALS) with climate observations from 23 meteorological stations at permanent forest plots within the Hainich region, Germany. Based on a multiple linear regression model, we spatially interpolated the diurnal temperature range (DTR) as an indicator of forest microclimate across a 4,724 ha section of the forest with 50 m spatial resolution. Microclimate heterogeneity was measured as α-, β-, and γ-diversity of thermal niches (i.e. DTR classes).Results.Even-aged forests showed a higher γ-diversity of microclimates than uneven-aged and unmanaged forests. This was mainly due to a higher β-diversity resulting from the spatial coexistence of different forest developmental stages within the landscape. The greater structural complexity at the stand-level in uneven-aged stands did not increase α-diversity of microclimates. Predicted DTR was significantly lower and spatially more homogenous in unmanaged forest compared to both types of managed forest.Conclusion.If forest management aims at creating a wide range of habitats with different microclimates within a landscape, spatially co-existing types of managed and unmanaged forests should be considered, instead of focusing on a specific type of management or setting aside forest reserves, only.
The impact of cancer on the severity of disease in patients affected with COVID-19: an umbrella review and meta-meta-analysis of systematic reviews and meta-analyses involving 1,064,476 participants
Authors: Arayici Mehmet Emin , Basbinar Yasemin , Ellidokuz Hulya
Published: August 2022

During the COVID-19 pandemic, cancer patients were among the most vulnerable patient groups to the SARS-CoV-2 infection effects. This paper aimed to conduct an umbrella review and meta-meta-analysis to determine the severity of disease in cancer patients affected with COVID-19. The umbrella review and meta-meta-analysis were undertaken according to the PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines. The Pubmed/Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched for published papers from the start of the pandemic through July 18, 2022. The pooled effect sizes (ES) and odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using a random effect model in the 95% confidence interval (CI) for ICU (Intensive Care Unit) admissions and mortality in cancer patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Egger's linear regression test, schematic illustrations of funnel plots, and Begg and Mazlumdar's rank correlation tests were used to quantify the possibility of publication bias. The pooled ES was calculated based on 1031783 participants and mortality was significantly increased in cancer patients affected with COVID-19 (OR = 2.02, %95 CI: 1.74–2.35, p < 0.001). The pooled ES for ICU admission was also significantly increased in cancer patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 (OR = 1.84, %95 CI: 1.44–2.34, p < 0.001). As a result, this synthesis of systematic reviews and meta-analyses by the meta-meta-analysis method revealed that disease severity is higher in cancer patients affected by COVID-19. Since cancer patients are a more sensitive and specific patient group, they should be evaluated more carefully, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Comparison of percutaneous gall bladder aspiration with percutaneous cholecystostomy in acute cholecystostomy patients. Can gall bladder aspiration alone be sufficient?
Authors: Topal Ümmihan , Sönmez Süleyman , Dagıstanli Sevinç
Published: August 2022

PurposesThe aim of this study is to compare the efficacy and complication rates of percutaneous gallbladder aspiration (PA) and percutaneous cholecystostomy (PC) in the management of AC and present the experiences of a single third-line center.Materials and MethodsThe results of 159 patients with AC who admitted to our hospital between 2015 and 2020, that underwent PA and PC procedures because they did not respond to conservative treatment and LC could not be performed, were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical and laboratory data before and 3 days after PC and PA procedure, technical success, complications, response to treatment, duration of hospital stay, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test results were recorded.ResultsOut of 159 patients, 22 (8 men 14 women) underwent PA procedure and 137 (57 men 80 women) underwent PC. No significant difference was detected between the PA and PC groups in terms of clinical recovery (p:0,532) and duration of hospital stay (p:0,138) in 72 hours.The technical success of both procedures was 100%. While there was significant improvement in 20 of 22 patients who underwent PA, only one of them was performed twice and completely recovered (4.5%). Complication rates were low in both groups and were statistically insignificant (p:1,00).ConclusionIn this pandemic period, PA and PC procedures are effective, reliable, successful treatment method that can be applied at the bedside for critical patients with AC who are not compatible with surgery, which are safe for health workers, low risk minimal invasive procedures for patients. In uncomplicated AC patients, PA should be performed, and if there is no response to treatment, PC should be reserved as a salvage procedure. The PC procedure should be performed in patients with AC who have developed complications and are not suitable for surgery.
Prevalence of Metal Contaminants In Rice And Their Potential Health Risks to The Bahamian Population – A Preliminary Study
Authors: Watson Carlton , Gustave Williamson
Published: August 2022

Rice is among the most important staple foods worldwide. However, the consumption of rice and rice products poses a potential health risk since rice can hyperaccumulate arsenic (As) and other heavy metals in their grains. In The Bahamas, although rice is heavily consumed, it is not grown locally. Instead, all the consumed rice and its derived products are imported. Recent food surveys in the major rice exporting countries have shown that a significant portion of their market rice products is contaminated with As. However, to date, the prevalence of As in the rice foods available in The Bahamas remains unknown. Therefore, in this study we surveyed the occurrence of As in a selection of rice and rice products that were on sale in the Bahamian market. A total of 21 different rice brands collected. The concentration of As and the potential health risk were estimated by target hazard quotient (THQ), hazard index (HI), and Lifetime Cancer Risk (LCR). Our results showed that only 2% of the samples had an estimated inorganic arsenic (iAs) concentration above the World Health Organization (WHO) safety limits (200 µg/kg) - which is based on global average consumption. However, when we factor for average rice consumption in The Bahamas (486.5 g), 79% of the rice samples had iAs concentration values indicative of carcinogenic risks and 57% had iAs concentration values that suggested non-carcinogen health risks. Based on our results, we recommend urgent follow up studies to further test rice varieties that show the greatest LCR and HI values and to also broaden the study to include more off-brand/generic varieties, cooked rice as well as drinking water.
Correcting Systematic Errors by Hybrid 2D Correlation Loss Functions in nonlinear inverse modelling
Authors: Mayerhoefer Thomas , Noda Isao , Pahlow Susanne , Heintzmann Rainer , Popp Jürgen
Published: August 2022

Recently a new family of loss functions called smart error sums has been suggested. These loss functions account for correlations within experimental data and force modeled data to obey these correlations. As a result, multiplicative systematic errors of experimental data can be revealed and corrected. The smart error sums are based on 2D correlation analysis which is a comparably recent methodology for analyzing spectroscopic data that has found broad application. In this contribution we mathematically generalize and break down this methodology and the smart error sums to uncover the mathematic roots and simplify it to craft a general tool beyond spectroscopic modelling. This reduction also allows a simplified discussion about limits and prospects of this new method including one of its potential future uses as a sophisticated loss function in deep learning. To support its deployment, the work includes computer code to allow reproduction of the basic results.
Massed strandings of whales and dolphins – effects of wind, waves and tides.
Authors: Baines Peter George , Day Robert W.
Published: August 2022

We have examined125 mass-stranding events of cetaceans ( > = 10 individuals) on New Zealand shores over the past 40 years, with a view to understanding the causes of this longstanding puzzling phenomenon. The wind, waves, wave refraction, shore slopes and tides at the dates and locations of these events were considered. The mass-strandings involved 10 different species, but by far the most common involved the Long-finned Pilot Whale, Globicephala melas edwardii. We find that the data appear to be consistent with a three-stage process. The first stage is that when an animal becomes ill, its body may become bloated and float on the surface, and the wind and waves may drive it onshore. The second stage is that pod members may accompany a dying (incapacitated) or dead body as a result of strong social bonds, in species that live in pods. The third stage involves the tides and the beach slope. If these are of sufficient amplitude, the nearby attendees will quickly become stranded in the intertidal region of a gently sloping beach, as the water level falls. We have evaluated the evidence we have available for the first and third stages, omitting strandings inside estuaries. In the overwhelming majority (91%) of these mass-strandings, the data indicate that wind and waves would have driven floating bodies toward the stranding site. Examination of the nearshore slopes and the tide ranges at the stranding sites showed that the vast majority were on slowly shelving beaches with large tidal ranges, so that the water level would retreat rapidly over 10s of metres. These 2 results are even more pronounced if only mass strandings of Long-fin Pilot Whales are considered.
Inheritance of Eight Characters in Intra- and Interspecific Crosses Among Five Carica Species1
Authors: Mekako H. U. , Nakasone H. Y.
Published: August 2022

The inheritance of 8 monogenically controlled plant, fruit, and seed characters in Carica species is reported. The gene for red stem is dominant to that for green stem and the gene for red petiole is dominant to that for green stem and the gene for red petiole is dominant to that for green petiole. Genes for white and purple-blush flower colors are dominant to those for pale yellow; while the gene for red skin color of ripe fruit is dominant to that for yellow. However, the gene for red skin color is not dominant to that for orange skin color; the heterozygote has pink-skinned fruits. The gene for ridging on the fruit (carpel fusion lines) is dominant to that for wide groove, which in turn is dominant to that for narrow groove. Spiny vs. non-spiny seed coat produces an intermediate F1, indicating no dominance. The gene for succulent fruit pulp is dominant to that for dry pulp. The gene for bushy branching is dominant to that for sparse branching.
The Determination of Lethal Freezing Temperatures in Buds and Stems of Deciduous Azalea by a Freezing Curve Method1
Authors: Graham Phillip R. , Mullin Robert
Published: August 2022

Florets of overwintering azalea, Rhododendron spp., were found to avoid cold injury by prevention of ice formation in the floret tissues. When crystallization did occur it was invariably lethal. The temperatures at which florets froze were readily identified from the recorded cooling curves of individual florets during controlled cooling tests since an exotherm occurred at the moment of ice crystallization. Depending upon cultivar and temperature, exotherms were observed between −15 and −43°C during midwinter. Each excised intact floret produced only 1 exotherm. In contrast there were 3 exotherms in cooling curves of hardened stem sections. The 3rd exotherm which occurred between −37 and −42° in midwinter appeared to coincide with the exact lethal temperature for stems.
An Analysis of Interregional and Foreign Competition for Carnations1
Authors: Robertson J. L. , Sullivan G. H.
Published: August 2022

A quantitative evaluation of interregional competition among foreign and domestic carnation producers in U.S. markets was completed using linear programming. Employing a revised transportation model, parameters included current carnation production costs, transportation rates, domestic consumption, domestic production, and foreign supplies. The sensitivity of the results to changes in parameters was examined through the application of alternative regional supply capabilities capabilities and tariff rates.

Results indicated that under current regional cost relationships, California and Colorado have a competitive advantage in most U.S. markets over producers in all other domestic and foreign production areas. While California and Colorado producers have expanded carnation production in recent years, they have not fully utilized their economic advantage in expanding rapidly enough to meet increases in domestic demand and competition from Latin America. Producers in all domestic production areas except California and Colorado were found to be at a competitive disadvantage due to higher production costs and greater seasonal fluctuations in carnation quality and quantity.
A Study of Flower Bud Hardiness in Azalea1
Authors: Graham Phillip R. , Mullin Robert
Published: August 2022

A rapid freezing test was used to study the acclimation of flower buds in 7 cultivars of deciduous azalea (Rhododendron spp.). The exotherm temperature of 10 excised florets was used as an estimate of flower bud hardiness. In late September florets showed a range of lethal freezing temperature of −8 to −19°C. Floret lethal temperature decreased, the rate of change depending upon both environment and cultivar, until late February when florets of 5 cultivars had reached maximum hardiness, ranging from −7 to −43°C, Fluctuations in environmental temperature caused rapid hardening and dehardening even in January and February. Hardy cultivars avoided injury by responding to changes in temperature more rapidly than tender ones. The hardiness of florets was highly correlated with moisture content. Avoidance of freezing injury depends more upon the ability to lose water rapidly from floret tissues than upon the maximum hardiness level the floret is capable of reaching.
Aluminum Toxicity Symptoms in Peach Seedlings1
Authors: Edwards J. H. , Horton B. D. , Kirkpatrick H. C.
Published: August 2022

‘Elberta’ (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) peach seedlings were grown in nutrient solutions for 27 days with aluminum concentrations of 0, 222, 666 and 2000 μm; the 2000 μm concentration induced A1 toxicity symptoms in leaves and severely restricted root growth. The early stage of A1 toxicity was characterized by marginal chlorosis that later developed into necrotic areas that extended along the veins toward the midrib. Advanced stages of toxicity were characterized by collapse of the midrib, terminal dieback and defoliation of the seedlings which are typical symptoms of calcium deficiency in peaches. At high A1 concentrations roots died back and new roots developed as irregularly shaped cylinders with constrictions and enlargements at the root apex.
Nitrogen Fertilization of Bermudagrass Turf through an Irrigation System1
Authors: Snyder G. H. , Burt E. O.
Published: August 2022

Nitrogen fertilization of ‘Tifgreen’ bermudagrass (Cynodon sp.) through an irrigation system (fertigation) was examined in a replicated factorial design study on Pompano fine sand soil. Nitrogen was applied at 2 rates: 9.77 and 4.89 g/m2/month, by 3 methods: 1) fertigation daily with urea, 2) fertigation weekly with urea, and 3) dry fertilization bi-monthly with ureaformaldehyde. All plots received daily irrigation. Turf appearance and clipping yields were significantly better at the higher N rate, but were generally unaffected by the 3 methods of application. Fertigation appeared to be a practical and convenient method of making frequent light applications of N.
Radiation Environment of Growth Chambers1
Authors: Tibbitts T. W. , McFarlane J. C. , Krizek D. T. , Berry W. L. , Hammer P. A. , Langhans R. W. , Larson R. A. , Ormrod D. P.
Published: August 2022

Radiation measurements with different types of meters in several controlled environment facilities have been compiled to demonstrate the problems associated with insuring uniform radiation levels in separate faciities. Data are provided for a quantum meter, three photometers, a pyranometer and a far-red energy meter. Significant variations in total radiant energy in chambers under similar photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) levels were demonstrated. Measurement of light under cool white fluorescent and incandescent lighting with calibrated photometers from different manufacturers, varied by 20%. Greater variation occurred when photometer measurements were compared under different types of lamps. One of the most significant variations in different chambers was the intensity of incandescent radiation. This could only be effectively monitored and controlled with the far-red sensor. Factors are given for conversion between quantum, photometric and radiometric measurements, but high precision cannot be assumed in the use of these factors because of the differences in instrument sensitivity and variations in spectral output of lamps. The study documents the need for calibration of instruments under the same type of light source that is utilized in the growth chambers and for the use of more than one type of sensing instrument to quantify the radiation that controls plant growth.
Fluoride Susceptibility of Tomato Plants as Affected by Magnesium Nutrition1
Authors: MacLean D. C. , Schneider R. E. , McCune D. C.
Published: August 2022

Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Bonny Best) grown in sand culture and provided with a complete nutrient solution or solutions containing sub- or supraoptimal Mg concentrations were fumigated with hydrogen fluoride (HF) at 5.0 or 9.7 μg F/m3 for 7 days. The severity of HF-induced chlorosis on apical and medial leaves was enhanced in Mg-deficient plants and suppressed in plants grown at the highest level of Mg. Foliar accumulation of fluoride (F) from exposure to the highest HF concentration was inhibited in plants provided the lowest and highest Mg levels. The presence of necrotic tissue probably suppressed the accumulation of F in Mg-deficient plants; however, it was not a factor in plants given supraoptimal Mg. The interactive effects of HF and Mg on foliar injury and F accumulation revealed that Mg-deficient plants were more susceptible and plants given excess Mg were more tolerant to HF than plants cultured on complete nutrient medium.
Factors Affecting Respiration in Cut Roses1
Authors: Kaltaler R. E. L. , Steponkus Peter L.
Published: August 2022

Vase-life of roses (Rosa hybrida L. cv. Forever Yours) placed in the modified Cornell Solution (2% sucrose + 200 mg 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate/liter) was increased over distilled water by nearly a week. Petal sugars decreased only slightly in roses maintained in distilled water but a rapid decline of respiratory control (RC) of mitochondria occurred after 3 days and was finally lost as vase-life ended. However, petal sugars nearly doubled in flowers in the preservative and the decline in RC of mitochondria occurred at a gradual rate and was never lost. The data indicate that the end of vase-life and the decline in respiration during rose flower senescence is not due to substrate limitations, but to the inability of the mitochondria to utilize the substrate. Exogenous sugars seem to be maintaining mitochondrial structure and function rather than providing substrates.
Cold Acclimation of Chrysanthemum Callus Cultures1
Authors: Bannier L. J. , Steponkus Peter L.
Published: August 2022

Callus cultures of various cultivars of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. have been shown to undergo cold acclimation. Unacclimated callus was able to survive freezing down to only −6.6°C, whereas callus acclimated for 6 weeks at 4.5° exhibited complete survival down to −16.1°. Callus age was an important factor in determining the ability to undergo cold acclimation. Callus, 28 days old or older (from subculturing), was severely limited in acclimation capacity. This time coincided with depletion of substrates in the medium and increased formation of vascular tissue. Regrowth measurements were of limited value in measuring freezing survival due to the variability in growth rates of individual calluses. However, the refined triphenyl tetrazolium test was satisfactory for quantitatively measuring callus survival immediately following freezing, but was unsuitable for predicting the amount of callus regrowth four weeks after freezing.
Effect of Placement of Phosphorus Fertilizer and Lime upon Growth of ‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple Trees1
Authors: Shelton J. E.
Published: August 2022

Surface applications of dolomitic limestone raised the pH from 4.3 to 6.2 with diminishing effect to 15 cm. Although the pH was affected to 15 cm the available Ca was raised only to a depth of 7.5 cm. When the lime was applied in discrete zones as subsurface applications, the pH was raised to 6.1 and maintained at 5.8 to a depth of 30 cm. When lime and superphosphate were applied on the surface the distribution of Ca and P with depth was improved. Concentrations of Ca and P in leaf tissue of ‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ (Malusdomestica Borkh.) apple trees were increased more by subsurface than surface applications of lime and superphosphate. However, the greater effectiveness of subsurface over surface applications in maintaining leaf concentrations was not sustained and did not result in increased growth.

Growth responses were obtained from applications of superphosphate and lime, regardless of method of application. Leaf Ca and P concentrations of 0.95–1.10 and 0.20–0.25, respectively, were associated with maximum growth.
Altering the Sensitivity of Carnation Flowers (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) to Ethylene1
Authors: Mayak Shimon , Kofranek Anton M.
Published: August 2022

Frequent irrigation regimes, and cool storage increased the sensitivity of carnation cut flowers to ethylene which was reflected by a shorter residual flower life. A combination of cytokinins, 0.23 mM kinetin or isopentyl adenine (IPA), with 5% w/v sucrose reduced the sensitivity to ethylene and increased longevity 2 to 2.6 times, respectively. The reversible and irreversible wilting response to ethylene is discussed.
Observed Radiant Loss from a Heated Orchard under Frost Conditions1
Authors: David Martsolf J.
Published: August 2022

Observations of horizontal and vertical components of net radiant loss, radiation divergence, from an orchard heated for frost protection using fixed and traversed net pyrradiomeiers are presented. The horizontal loss or flux through the orchard sides becomes significant as the area occupied by the orchard becomes less than 5 ha and as border heating is concentrated. The vertical loss, or loss through the top minus the input through the bottom, is shown to double (from approximately 2.5 to 5mWcm-2) during periods fired at typical rates. These observations suggest possible refinements of the radiation components of models and focus attention on the direct radiant loss from heaters. Some techniques that may result in conservation of heating fuel are suggested.
Evaluation of Fluorescent Lamps as an Energy Source for Plant Growth1
Authors: Biran Itzhak , Kofranek Anton M.
Published: August 2022

The relative efficiency of several types of fluorescent lamps (General Electric) for dry matter production was examined both experimentally and by mathematical calculations. The highest yield of Tradescantia fluminensis plants per electrical energy input unit was obtained with Cool White lamps. In comparison to Cool White lamps the yield under other lamps was: Daylight = 88%; Cool White Deluxe = 73%; Plant Light = 72%; Pink + Blue = 36%. Similar results were found using calculations based on the action spectriim for photosynthesis of an “average leaf” proposed by McCree (8), the spectral energy distribution curves of the different lamps and the illuminance (lux) at the plant level. Measurement of the relative efficiency based on input wattage of Cool White (General Electric) and Agro-lite (Westinghouse, F-40/AGRO) fluorescent lamps for dry matter production of 9 foliage plant species showed an average 9% advantage of the Cool White lamp. We propose that fluorescent lamp evaluation for plant growth be standardized using McCree's or Balegh and Biddulph's equation for predicted photosynthetic efficiency.
Gibberellin-like Substances in Apple Seeds and Fruit Flesh1
Authors: Dennis F. G.
Published: August 2022

Gibberellin (GA)-like substances in extracts of immature apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) seeds and fruits were partially purified by paper and column chromatography. Following silicic acid column chromatography, two zones of activity (S-I and S-II) were observed in seed extracts, occurring at the approximate elution volumes of GA4/7 and GA5/6 respectively. On thin layer chromatograms, most of the biological activity of S-I occurred at the Rf of GA4/7, although an additional less polar GA-like component appeared to be present; that of S-II occurred at the Rf of GA3. Both S-I and S-II were active in all 5 bioassays used. Levels of both components were at a maximum in early July, shortly after June drop. Bioassay of extracts prepared at this time indicated that over 95% of the activity occurred in the endosperm. Extracts of fruit flesh contained two GA-like components, both more polar than GA4/7. Activity per unit fresh weight was approximately 3000 fold higher in seeds than in fruit tissue. The possible roles of these compounds in fruit development and flowering are discussed.
The Prevention of Flower Bud and Leaf Abscission in Pot Roses during Simulated Transport1
Authors: Halevy Abraham H. , Kofranek Anton M.
Published: August 2022

Pot roses (Rosa hyb. cvs. Pink and Orange Margo Koster and Red Garnette) were sprayed with naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) or 6-(benzylamino)-9-(2-tetrahydropyranyl)-9H-purine (PBA) prior to simulated truck shipment which lasted 5 or 6 days to study the effect on flower bud and leaf abscision and on leaf senescence. “Shipment” under refrigerated conditions (1-3°C) prevented bud and leaf abscission. ‘Red Garnette’ and ‘Orange Margo Koster’ had little or no bud and leaf abscission even at a warm “shipping” temperature (20-22°C); however, ‘Pink Margo Koster’ was severely affected. Observations under “home conditions” for 10 days after this warm “shipping temperature” revealed that all 3 cultivars had severe leaf senescence. NAA spray (15 and 30 ppm) severely accelerated leaf abscission and senescence. NAA prevented bud drop, but the buds did not open. PBA (50 ppm) greatly reduced leaf abscission both during “shipment” and in “home conditions”. PBA also prevented bud drop and flowers subsequently opened normally.
The Feasibility of Improving Eating Quality of Table Carrots by Selecting for Total Soluble Solids1
Authors: Scheerens Joseph C. , Hosfield George L.
Published: August 2022

Roots from 8 advanced generation breeding lines of carrot (Daucus carota L.) repeatedly selected for high or low total soluble solids content, and 2 selections of Tmperator 58', one with high and one with low soluble solids, were evaluated for perceived sweetness and eating quality by taste panels. Most taste evaluations were made using the Quantitative Descriptive Analysis method. Two breeding lines, 5158 and 5164, had high levels of solids (X's averaging 10.4 and 10.8% respectively) but were downgraded in perceived sweetness in panel evaluations. The ranking of the other lines according to their mean preference scores for perceived sweetness was related to total soluble solids content. Bitter taste and harsh flavor characteristics were associated with 5158 and 5164. No perceived sensory differences were found between the high and low selections of Imperator 58 by a technological panel. A consumer preference taste panel, however, showed a slight preference for eating carrots from the high solids selection. The background constituents of carrot flavor appear to play an important role in the perception of sweetness at all levels of soluble solids.