bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Entre el prosperar colectivo de Ellas Hacen y la meritocracia individual del Hacemos Futuro Juntas
Authors: Pizarro Tatiana Marisel
Published: August 2021

El objetivo de este artículo es el de presentar la evolución del concepto trabajo en la política social argentina “Ellas hacen” -que fomentaba la creación de cooperativas de mujeres trabajadoras para alcanzar su autonomía económica- hasta su unificación en el programa “Hacemos Futuro Juntas” -que instaba al desarrollo personal-. Para realizar este análisis fue preciso hacer un recorrido por las gestiones gubernamentales de Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (2017-2019) y de Mauricio Macri (2019-2020). De este modo, se problematizó en la manera en que esta política fue (re)definiendo al trabajo desde un pretendido enfoque de género, siendo que, en la evolución de ésta, en su diseño y su práctica omitían problemáticas relacionadas al mismo. En tal sentido, fue preciso articularse a la perspectiva de los estudios de género a las políticas públicas. En este aspecto es en el que se manifiesta la importancia del paper, ya que se expone cómo el Estado exceptúa las singularidades de las mujeres en este tipo de medidas, lo que ayudaría a ahondar más aún las inequidades entre los géneros.
Las paradojas del trabajo actoral en teatro independiente. Un estudio comparativo de las representaciones sociales sobre teatro independiente de actores y actrices de La Plata entre los orígenes y la actualidad
Authors: Diaz Juliana
Published: August 2021

El objetivo del artículo es indagar las rupturas y continuidades de ladefinición de teatro independiente en sus orígenes (primeras décadas del siglo pasado) en Buenos Aires y particularmente en la ciudad de La Plata, respecto a las representaciones más recientes que formula el colectivo de actores y actrices de teatro independiente en la ciudad. En este artículo, comprendemos a las representaciones sociales como modos de significar las interpretaciones que los sujetos hacen de su entorno y a partir de las cuales logran comunicarse (Castorina et al., 2010). Este concepto se explica en vinculación con la estructura social y los habitus del campo incorporados (Bourdieu, 2007) y se caracterizan por ser sistemas indeterminados y abiertos (Longo, 2004). En relación con el mundo del trabajo, las representaciones sociales son “objeto de luchas tanto colectivas entre grupos sociales, como individuales entre atribuciones y apropiaciones de clasificaciones por parte del sujeto” (Longo, 2004, p. 5).Para ello, hemos llevado a cabo un análisis documental de distintos/as autores/as que han abordado los orígenes del teatro independiente en Buenos Aires como en La Plata. Además, realizamos veinte entrevistas en profundidad a actores y actrices residentes en la ciudad de La Plata, observaciones participantes en charlas, asambleas y reuniones que agrupan a distintos actores y actrices de teatro independiente y el proceso de ensayos y funciones de dos elencos del circuito independiente en La Plata. También, realizamos un total de ochenta y nueve encuestas de manera virtual dirigida a actores y actrices de la misma ciudad. Para su análisis, hemos puesto en diálogo los datos construidos desde una perspectiva cualitativa a partir de técnicas e instrumentos propios de la metodología cualitativa como cuantitativa. Para el procesamiento de datos, sehan utilizado los softwares Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) y Atlas/ti.
Tácticas y estrategias de mujeres trabajadoras del sector servicios en Chile frente al conflicto: participación sindical, empleo y cuidados
Authors: Arteaga Catalina , Andrade de la Horra Valentina , Jiménez Vergara Ariel , Fuentes Landaeta Javiera Marina
Published: August 2021

El presente artículo aborda el conflicto de la participación sindical, empleo y trabajo de cuidados no remunerado, de trabajadoras de dos gremios del sector servicios en Chile. Dicho análisis se lleva a cabo en el contexto del aumento de la sindicalización femenina en el país, indagando en las complejidades y conflictos de la responsabilidad conjunta de actividades de cuidados no remunerados, empleo y participación sindical, así como en las estrategias quelas mujeres desarrollan para enfrentarlas. El trabajo aporta en una dirección distinta de las escasas investigaciones nacionales actuales acerca de la participación sindical femenina, que ponen el acento en su exclusión y marginación.Para ello se llevan a cabo entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupales, a mujeres sindicalistas de distintas edades de la Región Metropolitana. El trabajo muestra el desarrollo de tácticas y estrategias de resistencia para enfrentar el conflicto por parte de las mujeres en los tres ámbitos señalados, lo que incide en el posicionamiento en el ámbito sindical, acompañado de reordenamientos en el ámbito doméstico y un proceso de creciente empoderamiento.
Inserción laboral en actividades por cuenta propia. Migrantes wixaritari y mazahuas en Aguascalientes, México, 1960-2020
Authors: Rodríguez Herrera Jorge Alberto
Published: August 2021

Se trata de un estudio de corte cualitativo apoyado en la etnografía, en el que se contrastan dos maneras distintas de poner en circulación los recursos socioculturales que han permitido a indígenas migrantes insertarse en actividades comerciales por cuenta propia a partir de la década de 1960 en el estado de Aguascalientes, México. Se constata que dichas actividades han sido iniciadas, sostenidas y reproducidas por los wixaritari y mazahuas gracias a las relaciones de paisanaje, parentesco, amistad y compadrazgo, basadas en la confianza, los tratos flexibles y el mantenimiento de relaciones con sus comunidades de origen, así como un despliegue diferenciado de sus atributos identitarios.
An Economic Analysis of French Bean(Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Production in Bishnupur District of Manipur
Authors: Tongbram Kenjit , Singh Y Chakrabarty , Ram Daya , Singh N. Gopimohan , Singh Kh. Rishikanta , Singh Oinam Krishnadas
Published: August 2021

The study was conducted in Bishnupur district of Manipur with an objective to work out the cost and return of French bean production. The primary data on various costs and returns were collected at random from 100 respondent farmers. Production is normally considered as the function of area and yield. Results of the cost of cultivation analysis revealed that human labour, rental value of owned land, hired machinery charges, fertilizers and plant protection chemicals were important contributors to the total cost of cultivation. The average cost of cultivation was found to be Rs. 238894 per hectare.The hired human labour charges as the major cost item, it accounted for about 41.14 per cent of the total cost of cultivation. The imputed value of family labour and rental value of owned land were the next important cost components contributing about 11.56 and 11.30 per cent of the total cost of cultivation. The net farm income per hectare was estimated at Rs.230962 and benefit cost ratios per hectare was found to be 1.96. The government and related departments should arrange training programs to upgrade the knowledge on recommended package of practices on cultivation of vegetable crops and educating the farmers to develop social consciousness by strengthening local security service through proper initiatives. The farmers also need to encourage forming farmer groups or farmer producer organization (FPOs) in order to improve the production and marketing efficiency of French beans in Bishnupur district of Manipur.
Breeding of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) using Different Approaches
Authors: Ed-Idoko J. O. , Solomon S. G. , Annune P. A. , Iber B. T. , Torsabo D. , Christiana O. N.
Published: August 2021

Thirty-three broodstock of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) obtained from Panyam Fish Farm, plateau state Nigeria was used to evaluate the percentage hatchability of carp through induced natural spawning in outdoor Hapa net system, and induced breeding by stripping in indoor concrete Ponds. Spawning and fertilization was natural for experimental group 1. Ovaprim hormone was used to induce broodstock in experimental group 2 and 3, but unlike experimental group 3, experimental group 2 was not stripped manually, as the induced female broodstock shed her eggs naturally. At the end of the experiment, the mean number of eggs in one gram was found to be (733.33±3.53a) in treatment 3, as compared to that of experimental group 2 (702.00±3.21b) and experimental group 1 (709.33±4.91b), with a significant difference at (P<0.05). There was no significant difference (P<0.05) in fecundity (x103) from the three experimental groups. Percentage fertilization was highest in experimental group 2 (94.44±0.40a). Percentage Hatchability was highest in experimental group 3 (94.10±0.85a). Number of post fry in one liter of water at day seven after hatching was found to be highest in  experimental group 3 (1896.30±53.40a). In conclusion, the best method of carp propagation for aquaculture is the synchronized propagation through stripping in indoor concrete ponds, which had 94% hatching rate.
Peroxidase, an Example of Enzymes with Numerous Applications
Authors: Chukwudi I. Nnamchi, , Onyetugo C. Amadi , Amarachi I. Nnaji
Published: August 2021

The enzyme peroxidase is a heme or iron-porphyrin protein that belongs to a large family of enzymes called the oxidoreductases. Their function mainly is to oxidize molecules at the expense of hydrogen peroxide. They are widely distributed in living organisms, and usually show dramatic colour-product formation as a result of their catalytic effect. They generally catalyse many oxygen transfer reactions involving hydrogen peroxide or anyone of the many other peroxides as electron acceptors and substrates. This ability of reducing peroxides at the expense of electron donating substrates is what marks peroxidases as ubiquitous and very important enzymes with many biotechnological applications. Not surprisingly therefore peroxidases play many important roles in different areas of biotechnology. Among others, these include such diverse areas as bioenergy, bioremediation, dye decolorization, humic acid degradation, paper and pulp and textile industries among many others. An important reason for this ability is the different areas from which peroxidases could be sourced as the function of many peroxidases show variations according to its source. This is a character that differentiates peroxidases from many other biological catalysts. Among the many different types of peroxidases are the heme peroxidases which mainly come from plants and fungi and include among others lignin peroxidases, manganese peroxidases and versatile peroxidases.  Some important types of peroxidases from humans and animals are glutathione peroxidase, thyroid peroxidase, lactoperoxidase, salivary peroxidase and thyroid peroxidase.
Study of Serum Vitamin D Levels in Children with Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Authors: Karaz Mina Fayez Anes , Hamam Sarah Amr , Badraia Ibrahim Mohamed , Hagag Adel Abd El-Haleim
Published: August 2021

Background: Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is described by an immune responding versus the host’s own platelets, in recent years is progressively studied the non-calcemic roles of vitamin-D (VD) that controls immune and inflammation responding.

Aim and objectives: The current work aimed to study VD-level in children with ITP and influence of VD supplementing upon the responding of the thrombopenia to conventional therapy of ITP. Subjects and methods: This study is a cross-sectional observational work which included 30 ITP-children who were attendants to Hematology and Oncology Unit, Pediatric Department, Tanta University Hospitals with ages from 2 to 16-yrs with mean ageing of 6.43 ± 3.75-yrs, for all patients and controls serum-levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) were measured.

Results: A significant change was found among the studied groups in regard to VD-levels with lower values among patients compared with controls, a statistically significant negative association was found among platelet counts and each of vitamin D level and serum Ca, the mean platelet count after conventional therapy was significantly increased in group one ITP patients. Conclusion: VD lack is very frequent in children with recently identified or chronic ITP form. Consequently, there are advantages of supplement VD in ITP-cases.
Comparison Between Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology Perinatal Extension II and Clinical Risk Index for Babies in Prediction of Neonatal Mortality in Septic Preterm Cases Tanta University Hospital’s Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Al-Akhd Ahmed Hossam El-Din Abd Al-fatah , Ibrahim Ashraf Mohamed , Shihab Nihal Salah El-Din , Mahdy Heba Said El
Published: August 2021

Background: Preterm birth (< 37 weeks gestation) is a major cause of death and a significant cause of long-term loss of human potential amongst survivors all around the world.

Aim: Compare between two neonatal mortality risk scores, Score for neonatal acute physiology perinatal extension (SNAP-PE II) and Clinical risk index for babies (CRIB), in predicting the neonatal mortality in septic preterm admitted to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Tanta University Hospital (TUH) over a period of one year.

Patients and Methods: This was a prospective cohort study carried out on 200 septic preterm newborns admitted to NICU of TUH over 1 year period. 89 cases representing (44.5 %) were female and 111 cases representing (55.5%) were male. All of them were admitted to NICU [within their first 48 hours of birth]. All septic preterm neonates will be followed up till their death or discharge. SNAP-PE II and CRIB scores applied to all the septic preterm neonates in this study during the first 12 hours after diagnosis of sepsis in NICU according to Modified Hematological scoring system (MHSS).

Results: There was a weak positive correlation between MHSS score for neonatal infection and both of the SNAP II and CRIB scores.

Conclusion: Both SNAP-PE II and CRIB scores have good sensitivity for predicting neonatal mortality which was slightly higher in SNAPPE II score. Neonatal Mortality rate was significantly correlated with high MHSS.
Productivity and Profitability Assessment of Lemon Based Agroforestry Systems in Bangladesh
Authors: Bony Zannatul Ferdaous , Rahman Md. Abiar , Riyadh Zabid Al , Saha Satya Ranjan , Zakaria Mohammad
Published: August 2021

A field experiment was conducted from May 2017 to February 2018 at the research farm of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University to evaluate the performance and profitability of three seasonal (Broccoli, Cabbage and Okra) and two annual crops (ginger and turmeric) in lemon-based agroforestry systems. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated thrice. For seasonal crops the treatments were sole field (T0), 50 cm distance from tree base (DTB) with ginger (T1), 50 cm DTB with turmeric (T2), 100 cm DTB with ginger (T3) and 100 cm DTB with turmeric (T4). For annual crops (ginger and turmeric) the treatments were sole field (T0) and four distance regimes (50, 100, 150 and 200 cm) from the lemon tree base in agroforestry systems. The results of the study revealed that the yield of seasonal crops decreased and the yield of annual crops and perennial trees increased in agroforestry than respective sole cropping systems. The yield performance of crops component was significantly decreased with the decreasing distance towards tree base in agroforestry systems. The economic analysis showed that the net return, benefit-cost ratio (BCR) and land equivalent ratio (LER) was higher in the lemon-based agroforestry system than sole cropping. Therefore, the cultivation of cabbage, broccoli, okra, ginger and turmeric under lemon-based agroforestry systems are economically profitable.
COVID-19, Food Insecurity and Health in Liberia
Authors: Pewee Forkpah , Mulbah Helena
Published: August 2021

Background: This paper highlights empirical evidence on how COVID-19 has caused havoc for food security and health in Liberia. With the alarming rise in poverty, low agricultural production and poor health among Liberians, the presence of COVID-19 further intensified the magnitude of difficulty in resolving these societal problems. COVID-19 has created a scene of chaos for poor families; which have to keep struggling through it to live healthy and have equal access to food items. 

Methods: A literature search was conducted using 5 electronic databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cross Ref, Google Scholar and Google Search Engine. The inclusion criteria included: research that focused on COVID-19 and food security; peer-reviewed academic journals published in English in the last 5 years period; open access articles with accessible abstracts and full text; and commentaries/discussion papers.

Results: In spite of the efforts applied by the Government of Liberia in minimizing COVID-19 impacts on food insecurity and health, citizens still feel the huge effect of food insecurity and poor health due to high unemployment rate and low purchasing power. 

Conclusion: COVID-19 has created unfavorable food insecurity situations and adverse effects on quality health and wellbeing of citizens.        Food security and quality health are of interest now due to the fact that most Liberians depend on food items to survive and live healthy lives. And if proper care is not taken to reverse the unwanted course of food insecurity, thousands of Liberians would suffer from starvation, malnutrition and untimely death, even after coronavirus has left mother    earth.
A Study on Skin Microbiome, Knowledge and Control of Malaria among Volunteers in Akure– A Malaria Endemic Area, South-West, Nigeria
Authors: Oluyemi Omoya Funmilola , Mary Adeleye Yemisi
Published: August 2021

The study was carried out to determine the skin microbial diversity, knowledge and control of malaria among volunteers in Akure. Skin surface of one hundred and fourteen (114) consented participants were swabbed at different locations (elbow, neck, and knee) on the body and examined for the microbial diversities using standard microbiological methods. Socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge and awareness of malaria and mosquito control among the participants were evaluated with the use of multiple choice questioners. The highest number of the participant were within the age range 31-40 years 32(28.1%) followed by age range 11-20 and 21-30 years (17.5%). The number of male and female participants were 67(58.8%) and 47(41.2%) respectively. It was noted that all the participants have heard about malaria before while 60(52.6%) of them have been diagnosed of malaria in the last 6 months, 28.9% of the participants have their personal mosquito repellant as at the time of this investigation while 71.1% did not have mosquito repellant. Bacterial counts (Log10 CFU/cm2) ranged from 5.70±0.13 (neck) to 6.51±0.05 (knee) while the highest fungal counts (Log10 SFU/cm2) was observed in knee (2.80±0.07) followed by elbow (2.61±0.04) and neck (1.91±0.05). Ten (10) bacterial and nine (9) different fungal species were identified as skin microbiome, the most occurred bacterial genus in the skin of the neck, elbow and knee were Staphylococcus (49.36%), Bacillus (42.23%) and Staphylococcus (43.75%) respectively while the most occurred fungal genus were Aspergillus (36.54%), Aspergillus (50%) and Alternaria (18.92%) in the neck, elbow and knee skin respectively. The results of the study will be important for control of malaria in endemic area and the skin microflora isolated could be explored as mosquito repellant to reduce malaria infection in endemic areas.
Case Study of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome -An Overview
Authors: Chitalkar Pratiksha , Jha Rakesh Kumar , Chandi Dhruba Hari
Published: August 2021

Introduction: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is also known as polycystic ovarian disorder (POD). The disease is mainly metabolic (hyper androgenic) one. It usually affects women between the ages of 18 and 44. PCOS has no clear origin, although it seems to work at home. It is related to the effects of high levels of hormones in the body, such as high insulin levels.

PCOS affects more than a million people in India each year. PCOS affects one in five Indian women (20%). Left untreated, the disease can lead to serious health problems.

Conclusion: There is no permanent treatment for it since it is an irreversible syndrome/disease. The best way to improve health conditions is to change one's lifestyle and take drugs. One of the most effective methods is to make a healthy food/bad food chart and stick to it with exercise and medicine on a daily basis.
Comparative Clinical Trial on Aragwadha Erand and Trivrutta Eranda Nitya Virechana in Gridhrasi (Lumbago Sciatica Syndrome): A Study Protocol
Authors: Parwe Shweta , Jadhav Sandip , Nisargandha Milind
Published: August 2021

Background: At present, the life style is gradually shifting away from healthy living, and therefore people fall victim of various diseases. Sedentary lifestyle, stress, improper posture, continuous jerky movements, long travelling, etc., put maximum pressure on the spine and lower portion of the pelvis. About 80–90% of people get affected by low back pain and 5% of those become victims of sciatica.

Aim: Studying the effect of Trivrut Eranda Tailam and Aragvadha Eranda Tailam Virechana in Gridhrasi (Lumbago sciatica syndrome).

Objectives: To study the effect of Trivrut Eranda Tailam in Gridhrasi, To study the effect of Aragvadha Eranda Tailam in Gridhrasi and to compare the effect of Trivrutta Eranda Tailam and Aragavadha Eranda Tailam in Gridhrasi.

Methodology: This study will be a Randomized controlled interventional trial to be conducted on 30 participants. The participants will be divided into two groups viz. Group A and Group B. The patient in Group A will be given Trivrutt Eranda Tailam (15 patients) and Group B will be given Aragvadha Eranda Tailam (15 patients).

Results: Nitya virechan will be carried out in both these groups. The results will be compared on the basis of SLR test [Straight leg raising test], Lassegue sign, Flip test, Bowstring test and Serum electrolytes used for Gridhrasi.

Conclusion: Conclusions will be drawn on the result.
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) as a Tool for Diagnosis and Treatment Analysis of Mood Disorders
Authors: Poojal Mapari , Ambad Ranjit , Nagrale Ninad , Bankar Nandkishor
Published: August 2021

Background: The misdiagnosis rate for mood disorders is high. Psychiatric literature is in much need of a more objective and quantitative tool for the investigation of mood disorders. Although SPECT has been previously used in research for the understanding of the neuroscience behind depressive and bipolar disorders, it is a tool that remains underutilized in clinical settings.

Aims: To study the effectiveness of SPECT as a tool for diagnosis and treatment analysis of mood disorders.

Discussion: SPECT provides a significant insight into the neurochemistry of the brain during normal and abnormal functioning. The involvement of regional cerebral blood flow(rCBF) and serotonin transport (SERT) abnormalities as markers of mood disorders are theories that receive backing from single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).

Conclusion: This neuroimaging technique may be used a tool for differential diagnosis between mood disorders. Moreover, SPECT may be utilized to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment being provided to patients with mood disorders. Additional research to improve sensitivity and specificity of SPECT may encourage its further usage in clinical settings. The future of SPECT as a tool for diagnosis and treatment analysis of mood disorders looks promising.
A Clinicl Case Report on Black Dog (Depression)
Authors: Meshram Dharti , Gawai Jaya , Kasturkar Pooja
Published: August 2021

Aim: - The intent of this case report is to define the top practice for a person detected with depressive disorder who has been denoted to a public mental health facility for treatment. To identify the black dog symptoms early to provide treatment and prevent potential complication.

Presentation of case: A 45-year-old male patient got admitted in psychiatric ward AVBR Hospital Sawangi Meghe Wardha, Maharashtra, with the complaints of insomnia, low mood, social withdrawal, irritable, lack of interaction, lack of interest, sadness, hopelessness, helplessness, decrease appetite and suicide ideation such as hanging. patient was apparently asymptomatic 10 month ago when his younger brother passes away and his started show above clinical features of depression. patient received antidepressant drug citalopram, Imipramine and two-time Somatic therapy (Electroconvulsive Therapy). symptoms were minimized.

Result: The patient was received psychopharmacological treatment antidepressant drug sertraline, citalopram, fluvoxamine along with somatic therapy (ECT) two times and psychosocial therapy, coping strategies, family therapy, yoga, recreation, meditation and symptoms was minimized.

Discussion: Millions of people worldwide suffer from depression. it is most common disorder in outpatient clinic. which can result impairment and disability of individual ability to cope up with daily life.

Conclusion: A positive outcome gets by the patient not only with the help of therapeutic management but also the family coping and support even. later on, due to proper psychopharmacological treatment, patient shown positive feedback and slowly all the aims are achieved which were planned in period. Finally, the patient got discharged from the hospital and now he is continuing his on follow up.
Selective increment of phosphatidylserine on the autophagic body membrane in the yeast vacuole
Authors: Yamakuchi Yuki , Kurokawa Yuna , Konishi Rikako , Fukuda Kayoko , Masatani Tatsunori , Fujita Akikazu
Published: August 2021

In yeast cells, the autophagosome is a double‐membrane structure; the inner membrane becomes the autophagic body membrane in the vacuole. Vacuolar enzymes degrade the autophagic body. There is no critical information regarding its selective degradation. Using the electron microscopy method, distributions of four phospholipids were examined in the autophagosomal and autophagic body membranes upon autophagy induction. The labeling of phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) in the autophagic body membrane dramatically increased after it converted from the autophagosome, but remained low in the vacuolar membrane. PtdSer in the autophagic body membrane also increased in atg15∆ yeast. These results suggest that the selective increment of PtdSer in the autophagic body, but not the vacuolar, membrane, can explain the selective degradation of the autophagic membrane.
Domino Reaction Encoded Heterogeneous Colloidal Microswarm with On‐Demand Morphological Adaptability
Authors: Jin Dongdong , Yuan Ke , Du Xingzhou , Wang Qianqian , Wang Shijie , Zhang Li
Published: August 2021

Emulating natural swarm intelligence with group‐level functionality in artificial micro/nanorobotic systems offers an opportunity to sublimate the limited functions of individuals and revolutionize their applications. However, achieving synchronous operation of microswarms with environmental adaptability and cooperative tasking capability remains a challenge. Here, an adaptive and heterogeneous colloidal magnetic microswarm with domino reaction encoded cooperative functions is presented. Through programming external magnetic fields, the system self‐organizes into two swarm states, that is, vortex and ribbon microswarms, which can switch between each other reversibly within seconds, allowing to traverse tortuous, branched, and confined environments through adaptive morphological transformation. By specializing subgroups of building blocks with separate functions, cooperative tasking capability is integrated into the heterogeneous system following a “division of labor” manner. Given targeted therapy as a proof‐of‐concept task, the coordinated delivery of heterogeneous colloidal system across a complex environment with an access rate higher than 90% is demonstrated, and the specialization and cooperation between building blocks to disrupt multiple growth pathways of cancer cells via domino reaction are realized. The reconfigurable microswarm with hierarchical functionality presents a bioinspired approach to adapt to environmental variations and address multitasking requirements, which advances the development of microrobotic swarms and promises major benefits in biomedical fields.
Increasing Accessible Subsurface to Improving Rate Capability and Cycling Stability of Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Yin Bo , Liang Shuquan , Yu Dongdong , Cheng Boshi , Egun Ishioma L. , Lin Jiande , Xie Xuefang , Shao Hezhu , He Haiyong , Pan Anqiang
Published: August 2021

Numerous studies have reported that the enhancement of rate capability of carbonaceous anode by heteroatom doping is due to the increased diffusion‐controlled capacity induced by expanding interlayer spacing. However, percentage of diffusion‐controlled capacity is less than 30% as scan rate is larger than 1 mV s−1, suggesting there is inaccuracy in recognizing principle of improving rate capability of carbonaceous anode. In this paper, it is found that the heteroatom doping has little impact on interlayer spacing of carbon in bulk phase, meaning that diffusion‐controlled capacity is hard to be enhanced by doping. After synergizing with tensile stress, however, the interlayer spacing in subsurface region is obviously expanded to 0.40 nm, which will increase the thickness of accessible subsurface region at high current density. So SRNDC‐700 electrodes display a high specific capacity of 160.6 and 69.5 mAh g−1 at 20 and 50 A g−1, respectively. Additionally, the high reversibility of carbon structure insures ultralong cycling stability and hence attenuation of SRNDC‐700 is only 0.0025% per cycle even at 10 A g−1 for 6000 cycles. This report sheds new insight into mechanism of improving electrochemical performance of carbonaceous anode by doping and provides a novel design concept for doping carbon.
Metamorphosis of Heterostructured Surface‐Mounted Metal–Organic Frameworks Yielding Record Oxygen Evolution Mass Activities
Authors: Hou Shujin , Li Weijin , Watzele Sebastian , Kluge Regina M. , Xue Song , Yin Shanshan , Jiang Xinyu , Döblinger Markus , Welle Alexander , Garlyyev Batyr , Koch Max , Müller‐Buschbaum Peter , Wöll Christof , Bandarenka Aliaksandr S. , Fischer Roland A.
Published: August 2021

Materials derived from surface‐mounted metal–organic frameworks (SURMOFs) are promising electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). A series of mixed‐metal, heterostructured SURMOFs is fabricated by the facile layer‐by‐layer deposition method. The obtained materials reveal record‐high electrocatalyst mass activities of ≈2.90 kA g−1 at an overpotential of 300 mV in 0.1 m KOH, superior to the benchmarking precious and nonprecious metal electrocatalysts. This property is assigned to the particular in situ self‐reconstruction and self‐activation of the SURMOFs during the immersion and the electrochemical treatment in alkaline aqueous electrolytes, which allows for the generation of NiFe (oxy)hydroxide electrocatalyst materials of specific morphology and microstructure.
A 3D‐Bioprinted Vascularized Glioblastoma‐on‐a‐Chip for Studying the Impact of Simulated Microgravity as a Novel Pre‐Clinical Approach in Brain Tumor Therapy
Authors: Silvani Giulia , Basirun Carin , Wu Hanjie , Mehner Christine , Poole Kate , Bradbury Peta , Chou Joshua
Published: August 2021

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive malignant brain tumors and urgently requires the development of new therapeutic strategies. In this study, an innovative hybrid in vitro vascularized GBM‐on‐a‐chip model is presented as a strategic integration of microfluidics and 3D bioprinting technologies. The system can recreate the compartmentalized brain tumor microenvironment, comprising the functional blood brain barrier (BBB) and the adjacent 3D perivascular tumor niche, by selectively mimicking physiological shear stress and cell–cell, cell–matrix mechanical interaction. The GBM‐on‐a‐chip model was evaluated under simulated microgravity (µG) condition as a form of mechanical unloading showing a significant cell morphological and mechanotransduction response thereby indicating that gravitational forces play an important role in glioblastoma mechanical regulation. The proposed GBM‐on‐a‐chip represents a meaningful biological tool for further research in cancer mechanobiology and pre‐clinical approach in brain tumor therapy.
“Wax On, Wax Off”: In Vivo Imaging of Plant Physiology and Disease with Fourier Transform Infrared Reflectance Microspectroscopy
Authors: Khambatta Karina , Hollings Ashley , Sauzier Georgina , Sanglard Lilian M. V. P. , Klein Annaleise R. , Tobin Mark J. , Vongsvivut Jitraporn , Gibberd Mark R. , Payne Alan D. , Naim Fatima , Hackett Mark J.
Published: August 2021

Analysis of the epicuticular wax layer on the surface of plant leaves can provide a unique window into plant physiology and responses to environmental stimuli. Well‐established analytical methodologies can quantify epicuticular wax composition, yet few methods are capable of imaging wax distribution in situ or in vivo. Here, the first report of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) reflectance spectroscopic imaging as a non‐destructive, in situ, method to investigate variation in epicuticular wax distribution at 25 µm spatial resolution is presented. The authors demonstrate in vivo imaging of alterations in epicuticular waxes during leaf development and in situ imaging during plant disease or exposure to environmental stressors. It is envisaged that this new analytical capability will enable in vivo studies of plants to provide insights into how the physiology of plants and crops respond to environmental stresses such as disease, soil contamination, drought, soil acidity, and climate change.
Conjugated Porous Polymers: Ground‐Breaking Materials for Solar Energy Conversion
Authors: Barawi Mariam , Collado Laura , Gomez‐Mendoza Miguel , Oropeza Freddy E. , Liras Marta , de la Peña O'Shea Victor A.
Published: August 2021

Solar energy conversion plays a very important role in the transition to a more sustainable energy system. In this sense, so many systems have been proposed to drive artificial photosynthesis, most of them based on inorganic semiconductors, and the achievements performed continue every day. However, most of these systems present well‐known shortcomings as low light absorption, fast charge recombination, and lack of tunability, thus limiting their efficiency. The use of organic polymers in general and conjugated porous polymers (CPPs) in particular, opens the door to a multitude of new possibilities when it comes to design and selection of a suitable photocatalyst. CPPs exhibit improved light harvesting, charge conduction properties, high photochemical stability, and high surface area that make them ideal for photocatalytic applications. Here, the use of CPPs and hybrids as photocatalysts for solar energy conversion in the hydrogen evolution reaction and the CO2 reduction reaction and its use as a photoelectrode are reviewed. The photocatalytic properties are focused upon here. The photophysics related to these applications is also discussed. Finally, a perspective is provided, proposing an in situ and operando characterization methodology that is expected to allow improvements to their optoelectronic properties and thereby their future design and applicability.
Digital restoration of the Wilson‐Leonard 2 Paleoindian skull (~10,000 BP) from central Texas with comparison to other early American and modern crania
Authors: Davis Christopher A. , Profico Antonio , Kappelman John
Published: August 2021

Objectives

Craniofacial morphology (CFM) is often used to address questions about the biological affinities of the earliest Americans, or Paleoindians, but resolution is complicated in part by a lack of well‐preserved crania. The Wilson‐Leonard 2 (WL‐2) Paleoindian skull from Texas has never been fully analyzed because it is crushed and cannot be physically reconstructed. This study employs a digital restoration for comprehensive assessment and analysis of WL‐2.

Materials and methods

High‐resolution CT data and geometric morphometrics are used to restore the WL‐2 skull and analyze its morphology using 65 craniometric measurements acquired on the restoration. These data allow for a full morphological description and multivariate (Mahalanobis Distance and Principal Component) comparisons to other Paleoindians and recent populations.

Results

WL‐2 has a long, narrow braincase, and a short, modestly prognathic face. Compared with other Paleoindians, she is individually similar to several skulls from Brazil, but aligns most closely with pooled samples from the US and Mexico. WL‐2 is most similar to recent populations from Europe, Asia, and the Americas, and markedly different to those from Africa and Australia.

Discussion

The overall morphology of WL‐2 and her association with Asians and Europeans align well with trends identified in other CFM analyses. Her affinity to recent Amerindians contrasts with the findings of many previous CFM studies, but is seemingly consistent with molecular analyses suggesting a close relationship between some Paleoindians and modern American Indians. This study demonstrates the potential for using digital anthropological methods to study other Paleoindian crania whose data value is limited by physical destruction and/or deformation.
Colonialism, ethnogenesis, and biogeographic ancestry in the US Southwest
Authors: Hunley Keith , Moes Emily , Edgar Heather , Healy Meghan , Mosley Carmen , Dixon Aurelia
Published: August 2021

Objective

Differences between self‐perceived biogeographic ancestry and estimates derived from DNA are potentially informative about the formation of ethnic identities in different sociohistorical contexts. Here, we compared self‐estimates and DNA‐estimates in New Mexico, where notions of shared ancestry and ethnic identity have been shaped by centuries of migration and admixture.

Materials and Methods

We asked 507 New Mexicans of Spanish‐speaking descent (NMS) to list their ethnic identity and to estimate their percentages of European and Native American ancestry. We then compared self‐estimates to estimates derived from 291,917 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and we examined how differences between the estimates varied by ethnic identity.

Results

Most NMS (94%) predicted that they had non‐zero percentages of European and Native American ancestry. Self‐estimates and SNP‐estimates were positively correlated (rEuropean = 0.38, rNative‐American = 0.36, p < 0.001). The correlations belie systematic patterns of underestimation and overestimation based on ethnic identity. NMS with ancestral ties to 20th century immigrants, who identified as Mexican or Mexican American, often underestimated their European ancestry (self‐estimate < SNP‐estimate) and overestimated their Native American ancestry. The pattern was reversed for NMS who emphasized deep connections to colonial New Mexico and identified as Spanish or Spanish American.

Discussion

While NMS accurately predicted that they had European and Native American ancestry, they predicted ancestry percentages with only moderate accuracy. Differences between self‐estimated and SNP‐estimated ancestry were associated with ethnic identities that were shaped by migration to the region over the past 400 years. We connect ethnic identities and patterns of ancestry estimation to resistance to colonial hegemony and discuss the implications of our results for the construction of ethnic identities, now and in the past.
Plasma proteins, cognitive decline, and 20‐year risk of dementia in the Whitehall II and Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities studies
Authors: Lindbohm Joni V. , Mars Nina , Walker Keenan A. , Singh‐Manoux Archana , Livingston Gill , Brunner Eric J. , Sipilä Pyry N. , Saksela Kalle , Ferrie Jane E. , Lovering Ruth C. , Williams Stephen A. , Hingorani Aroon D. , Gottesman Rebecca F. , Zetterberg Henrik , Kivimäki Mika
Published: August 2021

Introduction

Plasma proteins affect biological processes and are common drug targets but their role in the development of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias remains unclear. We examined associations between 4953 plasma proteins and cognitive decline and risk of dementia in two cohort studies with 20‐year follow‐ups.

Methods

In the Whitehall II prospective cohort study proteins were measured using SOMAscan technology. Cognitive performance was tested five times over 20 years. Linkage to electronic health records identified incident dementia. The results were replicated in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study.

Results

Fifteen non‐amyloid/non‐tau–related proteins were associated with cognitive decline and dementia, were consistently identified in both cohorts, and were not explained by known dementia risk factors. Levels of six of the proteins are modifiable by currently approved medications for other conditions.

Discussion

This study identified several plasma proteins in dementia‐free people that are associated with long‐term risk of cognitive decline and dementia.
In situ mechanical reinforcement of polyimine vitrimer via bioinspired crosslink mineralization
Authors: Liang Song , Feng Fan , Jiang Zhengshun , Wang Bingdi , Sun Hang , Lu Guolong , Li Jiayi , Liu Zhenning
Published: August 2021

Polyimines (PI) are vitrimer materials with unique Schiff base dynamic covalent chemistry. Various inorganic micro or nano fillers have been used to enhance the mechanical properties of PI materials. Inspired by natural biomineralization, a novel polyimine vitrimer composite is designed and prepared via a one‐pot synthesis. Briefly, diethylenetriamine and glutaraldehyde are used as the monomers of the PI matrix. Then a silica precursor, (3‐aminopropyl)trimethoxy silane is employed to develop silica nanoparticles within the formed PI matrix. The in situ generated silica nanoparticles with amine groups could act as the enhancing fillers and the crosslinkers in the artificial biomineralized silica reinforced polyimine composites. The optimized hybrid materials possessed enhanced mechanical properties, heat‐driven malleability, and limited recycling ability. Notably, the silica content (11.7%) is crucial to the mechanical performance of the PI matrix. This method may help to pave a new avenue on the simple fabrication of hybrid composites.
Tipping the balance: Moving toward school safety while considering student needs
Authors: Rappaport Nancy
Published: August 2021

This is a composite narrative about a comprehensive safety assessment for a 7th grade Black adolescent who was referred for assessment because he had made an email threat in which he said that the only way to get attention was to blow up the school. This case illustrates a comprehensive assessment and problem‐solving approach which begins with a safety assessment but also widens the lens to explore how other conflicts and school climate may be impacting the students. This process has the potential to not only help the child and his or her parents but also to motivate educators to improve the climate for learning for the entire school.
Contrasting biodiversity and food web structure of three temporary freshwater habitats in a tropical biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Snoeks Joren M. , Driesen Mario , Porembski Stefan , Aristizábal‐Botero Ángela , Vanschoenwinkel Bram
Published: August 2021

In many biomes, a variety of different small freshwater habitats, such as pools and phytotelmata can occur together in the same habitat matrix. However, both the biodiversity and the functioning of these ecosystems remain poorly known.

Three freshwater habitat types in a tropical West African biodiversity hotspot were studied.

The study demonstrated that animal communities in water‐filled tree holes, temporary ponds and granite rock pools were strongly differentiated with exclusive faunas despite their spatial proximity and similar disturbance in the form of seasonal drought.

In particular, granite rock pools stood out with a high gamma diversity. Rock pools were also functionally different from the other two habitat types. The three habitats had contrasting predator assemblages, a differential reliance on primary production and different concentrations of available nutrients.

The work illustrates that the biodiversity and functions of small temporary freshwater habitats can be strongly differentiated. This shows the unique and potentially complementary roles that these habitats can fulfil in mediating fluxes of energy and nutrients and preserving aquatic biodiversity in landscapes.

Temporary aquatic habitats are typically overlooked in conservation policy and local management plans despite being threatened by habitat transformation. In addition, livestock can threaten savanna ponds, wood exploitation can threaten tree holes, and mining and sediment disruption can threaten rock pools. Hence, better knowledge about the ecological functioning of these ecosystems is vital to the implementation of effective conservation strategies.
Active and Recyclable Gold Metal Nanoparticles Catalyst Supported on Nitrogen‐Doped Mesoporous Carbon for Chemoselective Hydrogenation of Cinnamaldehyde to Cinnamyl Alcohol
Authors: Nagpure Atul S. , Gogoi Pranjal , Chilukuri Satyanarayana V.
Published: August 2021

Several supported gold metal catalysts with different Au nanoparticles sizes were prepared and evaluated for the chemoselective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde (CA) to cinnamyl alcohol (CAL). To investigate the structure‐activity relationship, stability of catalyst, heterogeneity and recyclability, the structural characteristics of materials and Au catalysts (fresh and spent catalysts) were studied by employing variety of physico‐chemical techniques. The interrelationship among Au nanoparticles size (nm) with turnover frequency (h−1) of Au catalysts has also been explored. Among the various Au catalysts tested, nitrogen‐doped mesoporous carbon (NMC) supported Au catalyst having homogeneously dispersed (78.8%) Au nanoparticles (1.6 nm) synthesized by sol‐immobilization method (Au‐NMC‐SI) demonstrated improved catalytic activity affording 78% CAL selectivity and 94.2% CA conversion without using any promoter. Moreover, Au‐NMC‐SI catalyst exhibited good recyclability and stability. The catalyst synthesis approach described in this investigation opens up a novel strategy for the design of highly efficient metal nano‐catalysts supported on NMC materials.
Interval observer‐based fault tolerant control strategy with fault estimation and compensation
Authors: Shan Yu , Zhu Fanglai
Published: July 2021

In this paper, a new strategy of fault tolerant control (FTC) is proposed for linear system with unknown inputs and actuator faults. First, a reduced‐order observer which can estimate asymptotically the system states is designed. Secondly, an interval observer which is robust to the unknown inputs but sensitive to the actuator faults in a sense of interval estimations of the states is developed for the output variables. So the interval observer is then used as actuator detector. Third, another interval observer which is different from the first one in that it is robust to not only the unknown inputs but also the actuator faults is constructed. Moreover, based on the interval observer, an asymptotical unknown input reconstruction method is proposed. Third, an observer‐based state feedback controller with a fault compensation controller is designed based on H∞ index performance. In our control strategy, the fault detector and robust H∞ state feedback controller are always in active, while the fault estimator and the fault compensation controller is activated only when the fault detector issues an alarm. Finally, a simulation example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of this new control strategy.