bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Color assimilation on grating affected by its apparent stripe width
Authors: Shinoda Hiroyuki , Ikeda Mitsuo
Published: April 2004

The spatial characteristic of color assimilation with a grating was investigated in terms of the perceptual size. Strength of assimilation was assessed on color gratings at several vergence angles without changing the retinal size. The perceived size of the grating was also measured as a function of the vergence angle. Our results showed that the strength of color assimilation was modulated by perceived size. At a larger vergence angle, the perceived size becomes smaller and the appearance of color stripes shifts toward a spatially averaged color, despite no change in retinal size. This spatial characteristic cannot be explained by any retinal processes, suggesting cortical processes of color assimilation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 29, 187–195, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20005
Color errors of digital cameras
Authors: Orava Joni , Jaaskelainen Timo , Parkkinen Jussi
Published: April 2004

The mean color errors of a high‐quality digital camera are defined in CIELAB and CIEDE2000 ΔE units by using 16 ceramic color samples, whose accurate CIELAB values have been measured by a calibrated spectrophotometer. The bandwidths of CCD's color filters are evaluated by taking photographs of CRT‐display primaries. The lowest mean color errors were 13.1 CIELAB ΔE units and 8.1 CIEDE2000 ΔE units before corrections. Large color errors are decreased successfully by using three different methods: simple photoeditor, gamma correction, and multiple regression. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 29, 217–221, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20007
Color change due to a varnish layer
Authors: Simonot Lionel , Elias Mady
Published: April 2004

The presence of a varnish layer modifies the light scattered and reflected by a painting. A general equation, valid for any bidirectional configuration, allows the expression between the final and initial diffuse reflectance by taking into account the influence of the different interfaces. This equation can be simplified to a homothetic relationship. In this case, the final colorimetric coordinates are directly expressed in terms of the initial coordinates. The results are then compared with the exact computations. Hue is not affected by the addition of a varnish. Lightness and chroma variations depend on the refractive index of the paint (np) to that of the varnish (n). If np > n, lightness and chroma increase. Conversely, if np > n, lightness always decreases, but chroma increases for light initial painting and chroma decreases for dark ones. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 29, 196–204, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20008
Antibody binding capacity for evaluation of MDR‐related proteins in acute promyelocytic leukemia: Onset versus relapse expression
Authors: Damiani Daniela , Michieli Mariagrazia , Michelutti Angela , Candoni Anna , Stocchi Raffaella , Masolini Paola , Geromin Antonella , Michelutti Teresa , Raspadori Donatella , Ippoliti Micaela , Lauria Francesco , Fanin Renato
Published: April 2004

Background

Multidrug resistance (MDR) remains a major obstacle for successful treatment in cancer, in particular in acute leukemia. In acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), the high sensitivity to anthracyclines appears to be attributable to the low frequency of MDR proteins overexpression at onset even if 30% of patients still relapse and become resistant to therapy. In attempt to explain different blast cell sensitivity, we studied the expression of PGP, MRP1, MRP2, and LRP in 45 cases of APL, comparing onset of disease with relapse.

Methods

PGP, LRP, and MRP on bone marrow or peripheral blood blast cells were evaluated by flow cytometry using the MRK‐16, LRP‐56, MRP‐m6, and MRP2 antibodies and results expressed by the mean fluorescence index (MFI). The antibody binding capacity (ABC) for each MDR protein was also calculated.

Results

At diagnosis, only 2 of 45 patients overexpressed PGP and 1 overexpressed LRP. PGP and LRP overexpressing cases significantly grew up during disease progression and at second relapse mean PGP MFI and mean LRP MFI were significantly higher than at onset (P = 0.001 and P = 0.008, respectively). By analyzing ABC, the same trend was more evident because a significant increment of PGP and LRP was observed at second (P = 0.002 and P = 0.002, respectively), but even at first relapse (P = 0.018 and P = 0.002, respectively). No changes were demonstrated in MRP1 and MRP2 expression in any phase of disease considered.

Conclusions

Our data confirm the low expression at diagnosis of proteins related to development of drug resistance in APL. The evidence of a relative easy induction of PGP and LRP, but not of MRP, can be useful in choosing drugs to employ for consolidation or rescue therapy. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An evaluation system for logic functions based on decision diagrams
Authors: Iguchi Yukihiro , Sasao Tsutomu , Matsuura Munehiro , Iseno Atsumu
Published: April 2004

The authors propose a system to evaluate multiple output logic functions using hardware based on a decision diagram. In addition, the authors propose a PMDD (Paged reduced ordered Multivalued Decision Diagram) as a data structure. Methods to evaluate a logic function in hardware include methods based on an SBDD (Shared reduced ordered Binary Decision Diagram). The method based on a PMDD evaluates multiple output functions using several computational units, and as a result is faster compared to methods based on an SBDD. The multiple output logic function to be created is represented using a PMDD and stored in memory. Then a control circuit which can search the PMDD is added. The authors compare the memory capacity and processing time required for various benchmark functions for the SBDD and their PMDD. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 87(9): 73–81, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20097
An information flow analysis of recursive programs based on a lattice model of security classes
Authors: Kuninobu Shigeta , Takata Yoshiaki , Seki Hiroyuki , Inoue Katsuro
Published: April 2004

This paper shows a technique for efficiently analyzing the information flow of a program that generally includes recursive procedures. This technique enables security levels representing the secrecy of data to be assigned according to an arbitrary finite distributive lattice. This paper proves the soundness of the proposed information flow analysis method and shows that this algorithm can be executed in cubic order of the program description size. In addition, a congruence relation is used to extend the algorithm so that functions can be appropriately introduced to enable information within arguments to be hidden. Finally, a prototype system is used to present execution results of the proposed algorithm. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 87(9): 48–61, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20099
A hydrogen production method using latent heat of liquefied natural gas
Authors: Ogawa Masaru , Seki Tatsuyoshi , Honda Hiroshi , Nakamura Motomu , Takatani Yoshiaki
Published: April 2004

In recent years, fuel cell electrical vehicles have offered promise of improving the urban environment. In particular, hydrogen‐fueled FCEVs have been considered for urban use because of their excellent characteristics such as short start‐up time, high responsiveness, and zero emissions. On the other hand, as far as hydrogen production is concerned, large amounts of CO2 are exhausted into the atmosphere by the process of LNG reforming.

In our research, we studied the utilization of LNG latent heat for hydrogen gas production as well as the liquefied hydrogen process. CO2 capture in the liquid or solid state from hydrogen gas production by LNG was also studied. The results of our research show that the latent heat of LNG is very effective in cooling hydrogen gas for the conventional hydrogen liquefaction process. However, the latent heat LNG is not available for the LNG reforming process. If we want to use LNG latent heat for this process, we must develop a new hydrogen gas production process. In this new method, both hydrogen and CO2 are cooled directly by LNG, and CO2 is removed from the reforming gas. In order to make this method practical, we must develop a new type of heat exchanger to prevent solid CO2 from interfering with performance. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 147(4): 32–42, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10299
A study of the merits of a battery combined photovoltaic generation system for a residential house
Authors: Yamaguchi Masahide , Iga Atsushi , Ishihara Kaoru , Wada Daishiro , Yoshii Kiyoaki , Sueda Osamu
Published: April 2004

In this paper we examine the merits that a practical photovoltaic system combining photovoltaic generation with storage batteries would provide if used in ordinary residences. Various configurations and operation methods could be envisaged for such a system. In this research we examined the optimal battery capacity, operation methods, and economic effects for a system emphasizing an economical merit for the user. We first calculated the hourly amount of photovoltaic generated electricity each month, and used data on average load patterns from actual measurements to calculate battery capacity. Next, taking battery capacity and photovoltaic module capacity/price as parameters, we calculated and evaluated the economic merit for ordinary residences. The result showed that the optimal battery capacity for combination with 3‐ or 5‐kW photovoltaic generation is around 10 kWh, and that a combined system provides a merit even though it entails higher photovoltaic module costs than the use of photovoltaic generation alone. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 147(4): 20–31, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10302
Proposal of magnetic circuit using magnetic shielding with bulk‐type high‐Tc superconductors—evaluation of magnetic circuits using toroidal core
Authors: Fukuoka Katsuhiro , Hashimoto Mitsuo , Tomita Masaru , Murakami Masato
Published: April 2004

Recently, bulk‐type high‐Tc superconductors (HTSs) having a characteristic of critical current density over 104 A/cm2 in liquid nitrogen (77 K) and at 1 T have been produced. They are promising for many practical applications such as a magnetic bearing, a magnetic levitation, a flywheel, a magnetic shielding, and others. In this research, we propose a magnetic circuit that can be used as a magnetic shield for several superconductors as an application of the HTS. It is a closed magnetic circuit by means of a toroidal core. Characteristics of the magnetic circuit surrounded with HTSs are evaluated and the possibility is examined. Because the magnetic circuit of the ferrite core is surrounded with HTSs, the magnetic flux is shielded even if it leaks from the ferrite core. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 147(4): 1–10, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10337
Organolead‐Mediated Arylations: 2‐(3,3‐Diphenylallyloxy)phenyllead Triacetate as an Internal Free‐Radical‐Trap‐Containing Reagent
Authors: Fedorov Alexey Yu.  , Finet Jean‐Pierre
Published: April 2004

2‐(3,3‐Diphenylprop‐2‐enyloxy)phenyllead triacetate, an arylating reagent containing an internal free radical trap, was synthesised and its behaviour studied in base‐catalysed C‐arylation reactions and in copper‐catalysed N‐arylation reactions. The absence of benzofuran derivatives among the products of C‐ and N‐arylation reactions excludes the involvement of radical species in these two processes. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
A Total Synthesis of Subarine, a Marine Alkaloid Related to the Pyridoacridine Family
Authors: Bijeire Laurent , Legentil Laurent , Bastide Jean , Darro Francis , Rochart Christelle , Delfourne Evelyne
Published: April 2004

The synthesis of the marine alkaloid subarine has been accomplished in four steps in 70% overall yield starting from 4‐bromo‐1,10‐phenanthroline. The natural compound and three intermediates in the synthesis were tested at six concentrations on six different human cancer cell lines, including various histopathological types. None of these compounds exhibits significant antitumor activity. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Distribution of single DNA molecule electrophoretic mobilities in semidilute and dilute hydroxyethylcellulose solutions
Authors: Yamaguchi Yoshinori , Todorov Todor I. , Morris Michael D. , Larson Ronald G.
Published: April 2004

The distribution of center of mass electrophoretic mobility mobilities and normalized migration time of up to 1080 λ DNA molecules per experiment were measured in both semidilute hydroxyethylcellulose HEC/0.5× Tris‐borate‐EDTA (TBE) solutions and dilute HEC/0.5×TBE solution by high‐speed video microscopy. Measurements were made microscopically over a short migration distance in homogeneous DNA HEC/0.5×TBE solution and after electrophoretic migration of a plug of DNA through 7 cm. Video at 120 frames/s (semidilute HEC solution) and 236 frames/s (dilute HEC solution) allowed visualization with adequate resolution for single molecule mobility measurements. The electrophoretic migration times and band shapes predicted from the measurements corresponded well with those measured by conventional capillary electrophoresis (CE) in both semidilute and dilute HEC. In semidilute solution, the band width predicted by a square root of time scaling is in good agreement with the results of conventional CE. However, in dilute solution the precision of the measurements was not good enough to allow scaled estimates of band widths.
An electroelution apparatus for sequential transfer of sodium dodecyl sulfate‐proteins into agarose and mass spectrometric identification of Li‐Na‐dodecyl sulfate‐proteins from solubilized agarose
Authors: Buzás Zsuzsanna , Antal József , Gilligan John J. , Backlund Peter S. , Yergey Alfred L. , Chrambach Andreas
Published: April 2004

Separated protein bands are sequentially electrophoresed into low melting agarose plugs distributed in an apparatus of original design along the surface of a plastic drum. The rotation of the drum is synchronized to migration of electrophoretic bands to receive each band individually. Agarose plugs are dissolved enzymatically for transfer into the mass spectrometer. One μL of the agarose solution containing 1 pmol of each of three lithium and natrium salts of dodecyl sulfate (Li‐Na‐DS)‐proteins were applied to matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS) without any prepurification. It yields a signal indistinguishable from that obtained in the absence of agarose.
Typing dinucleotide repeat loci using microplate array diagonal gel electrophoresis: Proof of principle
Authors: Rodríguez Santiago , Chen Xiao‐he , Day Ian N. M.
Published: April 2004

Polymorphic dinucleotide repeat loci (‘microsatellite markers’) are found in varying abundance throughout the genomes of most organisms. They have been extensively used for genetic studies, but conventional techniques used for their genotyping require sophisticated equipment. Microplate array diagonal gel electrophoresis (MADGE) has previously been extended to economical high‐throughput genotyping of trinucleotide and tetranucleotide microsatellite amplicons. However, the capability of this technique to resolve the alleles of dinucleotide repeat loci has not been explored previously. Here we show that a modified microsatellite‐MADGE approach can provide sufficient resolution for dinucleotide repeat typing. This enables economical and convenient set up for analysis of single markers in many samples in parallel, suitable, for example, for population association studies.
Strategies for environmental site closeout: If you don't have a strategy, you need one!
Authors: Lundquist Dennis E. , Hunter Philip M. , Price Fred T.
Published: April 2004

The Air Force has been involved in closing environmental sites for several decades. Over time, environmental programs have matured at bases around the country, particularly at closure installations. As a result, the Air Force has accumulated numerous lessons learned and success stories. This article presents a working paradigm for environmental site closeout, drawing on extensive information collected over the decades, as well as the authors' experiences in the environmental site closeout process. The fundamental theses are that early planning is critical for efficient and effective site closeout, opportunities exist for improving the site closeout process if current methodologies are reexamined and new approaches are considered, and establishing a closeout documentation trail and archival system is essential for focusing and facilitating the site closeout program. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A reconstruction of the pre‐8th century B.C. palaeotopography of central Corinth, Greece
Authors: Hayward Chris L.
Published: April 2004

The pre‐8th century B.C. palaeotopography of the center of Corinth, southern Greece, was reconstructed using a combination of geological and geomorphological observation and archaeological evidence. Preserved areas of calcrete and overlying calcareous soil, which represent surviving remnants lying close to the pre‐8th century B.C. land surface, were mapped. The geology of the site was also mapped. The topography of Corinth in pre‐8th century B.C. times was radically different from that observed today. Most topographic modification occurred as a result of quarrying from a line of Pleistocene oolitic sand dunes for construction‐stone during antiquity. The reconstruction presented differs in key respects from previously published palaeotopographies, which did not include geological evidence. The results of the new reconstruction illustrate the importance of combining geological, geomorphological, and archaeological evidence and have implications for the urban development of Corinth in post‐8th century B.C. times. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A reconstruction of Quaternary pluvial environments and human occupations using stratigraphy and geochronology of fossil‐spring tufas, Kharga Oasis, Egypt
Authors: Smith Jennifer R. , Giegengack Robert , Schwarcz Henry P. , McDonald Mary M. A. , Kleindienst Maxine R. , Hawkins Alicia L. , Churcher Charles S.
Published: April 2004

We carried out a geologic survey and a preliminary archaeological survey of four fossil‐spring tufa localities in Kharga Oasis, Egypt, to constrain the timing of pluvial episodes in the Western Desert, and to document prehistoric occupation contemporaneous with times of increased rainfall. Uranium‐series dating of the tufas confirms that at least five episodes of tufa deposition are represented in Kharga, although not every event is represented at each locality. Across the region studied, tufas were most frequently deposited as part of a fluvial barrage system, characterized by terraced, vegetated pools impounded by arcuate tufa dams and separated by small waterfalls. Available water resources during pluvial phases would have included not only spring‐fed streams but also small freshwater lakes. While Earlier Stone Age (ESA) and Middle Stone Age (MSA) lithic artifacts may be found either as surficial lags on tufas, or, less commonly, encased within tufas, Epipalaeolithic and Neolithic artifacts are generally found in or on silts within surface deflation depressions in the tufas, principally at Wadi Midauwara. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effects of burrowing activity on archaeological sites: Ndondondwane, South Africa
Authors: Fowler Kent D. , Greenfield Haskel J. , van Schalkwyk Leonard O.
Published: April 2004

Burrowing activity is a widely recognized source of site modification. Most taphonomic studies of burrowers emphasize their destructive aspects on the archaeological record. Excavations at Ndondondwane, South Africa, suggest burrowing activity is destructive in some ways, but may also preserve cultural behavior. Drawing on both direct and indirect sources of evidence, we discuss how burrowing activity by rodents, earthworms, and termites can inform about pedogenic and depositional processes at archaeological sites and both preserve and destroy evidence of intra‐settlement patterns and early African cultigens. Specifically, we demonstrate the limited effect of earthworms on site stratigraphy, how the localized activity of termites have preserved casts of early African cultigens, and how the ability of archaeologists to distinguish the devastating effects of rodent burrowing from remains of architectural features have permitted important inferences about social and ritual life in early African farming communities. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessing the role of winter grazing in historic land degradation, Mývatnssveit, northeast Iceland
Authors: Simpson Ian A. , Guðmundsson Garðar , Thomson Amanda M. , Cluett Jonathan
Published: April 2004

This paper assesses the contribution of historical and traditional winter grazing to long‐term land degradation in northeast Iceland. To do so, indicators of soil erosion from two contrasting historical winter grazing areas, set in a tephrochronological framework, are compared against their temporal and regional land degradation contexts. The observations made indicate distinctive and different landscape responses to historical winter grazing depending on location. In both study areas, there is an accelerated level of wind and water erosion with settlement at ca. A.D. 874 through to A.D. 1477. One of these areas had a subsequent reduction in erosion rates to considerably below the regional average, possibly as a result of adaptive land management; the second, more inherently sensitive area, is now subarctic desert. These findings confirm early land management practices as a major factor in Icelandic land degradation, they contribute to explanations of early settlement success and failure, and highlight the significance of historical approaches in addressing contemporary issues of land degradation and conservation responses. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hepatitis B virus replication in human HepG2 cells mediated by hepatitis B virus recombinant baculovirus
Authors: Delaney William E. , Isom Harriet C.
Published: April 2004

A novel transient mechanism for studying hepatitis B virus (HBV) gene expression and replication using recombinant HBV baculovirus to deliver the HBV genome to HepG2 cells was generated. In HBV baculovirus infected HepG2 cells, HBV transcripts, and intracellular and secreted HBV antigens are produced; replication occurs as evidenced by the presence of high levels of intracellular replicative intermediates and protected HBV DNA in the medium. Density-gradient analysis of extracellular HBV DNA indicated that the DNA was contained predominantly in enveloped HBV virions. Covalently closed circular (CCC) DNA is present indicating that, in this system, HBV core particles are capable of delivering newly synthesized HBV genomes back into the nuclei of infected cells. HBV gene expression is driven exclusively from endogenous promoters. Levels of HBV gene expression and replication can be achieved in HBV baculovirus-infected HepG2 cells which far exceed levels found in HepG2 2.2.15 cells. HBV baculovirus infection of HepG2 cells lends itself readily to experimental manipulation as follows: 1) HBV expression can be initiated any time relative to seeding of HepG2 cells; 2) levels of HBV replication can be regulated over a wide range simply by changing the baculovirus multiplicity of infection; 3) HBV replication is readily detectable by one day post infection with HBV baculovirus and persists at least through day eleven post infection; and (4) the transient nature of the infection can be extended and/or enhanced by superinfecting the cultures. We conclude that infection of HepG2 cells by HBV recombinant baculovirus represents a simple to use and highly flexible system for studying the effects of antivirals and/or cytokines on HBV production and for understanding HBV replication and pathogenesis at the molecular level.
Parallel activation of field CA2 and dentate gyrus by synaptically elicited perforant path volleys
Authors: Bartesaghi Renata , Gessi Tiziana
Published: April 2004

Previous studies showed that dorsal psalterium (PSD) volleys to the entorhinal cortex (ENT) activated in layer II perforant path neurons projecting to the dentate gyrus. The discharge of layer II neurons was followed by the sequential activation of the dentate gyrus (DG), field CA3, field CA1. The aim of the present study was to ascertain whether in this experimental model field, CA2, a largely ignored sector, is activated either directly by perforant path volleys and/or indirectly by recurrent hippocampal projections. Field potentials evoked by single‐shock PSD stimulation were recorded in anesthetized guinea pigs from ENT, DG, fields CA2, CA1, and CA3. Current source‐density (CSD) analysis was used to localize the input/s to field CA2. The results showed the presence in field CA2 of an early population spike superimposed on a slow wave (early response) and of a late and smaller population spike, superimposed on a slow wave (late response). CSD analysis during the early CA2 response showed a current sink in stratum lacunosum‐moleculare, followed by a sink moving from stratum radiatum to stratum pyramidale, suggesting that this response represented the activation and discharge of CA2 pyramidal neurons, mediated by perforant path fibers to this field. CSD analysis during the late response showed a current sink in middle stratum radiatum of CA2 followed by a sink moving from inner stratum radiatum to stratum pyramidale, suggesting that this response was mediated by Schaffer collaterals from field CA3. No early population spike was evoked in CA3. However, an early current sink of small magnitude was evoked in stratum lacunosum‐moleculare of CA3, suggesting the presence of synaptic currents mediated by perforant path fibers to this field. The results provide novel information about the perforant path system, by showing that dorsal psalterium volleys to the entorhinal cortex activate perforant path neurons that evoke the parallel discharge of granule cells and CA2 pyramidal neurons and depolarization, but no discharge of CA3 pyramidal neurons. Consequently, field CA2 may mediate the direct transfer of ENT signals to hippocampal and extrahippocampal structures in parallel with the DG‐CA3‐CA1 system and may provide a security factor in situations in which the latter is disrupted. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of theta power in hippocampal EEG during bar pressing and running behavior in rats during distinct behavioral contexts
Authors: Wyble Bradley P. , Hyman James M. , Rossi Christina A. , Hasselmo Michael E.
Published: April 2004

These experiments examine changes in theta power as measured by wavelet analysis in five rats performing a conditional visual discrimination task and a simple running task. In the conditional task, rats were trained to press one lever to initiate a trial and then to press one of two choice levers, each corresponding to one of two cue lights. Analysis of theta power in this operant task found a large decrease in theta power during the choice bar presses, in contrast to the increase in theta power during trial initiation bar presses. This result seems to stand counter to results that propose consistent relationships between motor actions and theta power (Vanderwolf, EEG Clin Neurophys 26:407–418, 1969), as well as studies suggesting that the lack of bar‐press theta is the result of habituation. However, these data can be seen as being in broad agreement with the theoretical framework of sensorimotor integration (Bland and Oddie, Behav Brain Res 127:119–136, 2001). To investigate further the power of theta observed at the termination of type 1 motor activity, a runway task was devised in which rats ran back and forth between two ends of a linear track, one of which was always rewarded and the other never rewarded. Theta power decreased sharply 240 ms before movement ended at the rewarded end, but not at the unrewarded end of the track. These data extend the current scope of theory in demonstrating that hippocampal theta activity can end abruptly 200–400 ms prior to the end of type 1 motor movement when approaching the end of a motor sequence. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Altered hippocampal short‐term plasticity and associative memory in synaptotagmin IV (−/−) mice
Authors: Ferguson Gregory D. , Wang Hongbing , Herschman Harvey R. , Storm Daniel R.
Published: April 2004

Synaptotagmin IV (Syt IV) is an activity‐inducible, secretory vesicle protein that is thought to function as an inhibitor of neurotransmitter release (Littleton et al. Nature 400:757–760, 1999). To test this hypothesis in neurons of the mammalian CNS, we measured field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) in hippocampal slice preparations from Syt IV (−/−) mice. At Schaffer collateral synapses, the basal properties of neurotransmission are largely normal. However, two forms of short‐term plasticity, paired‐pulse facilitation (PPF) and post‐tetanic potentiation (PTP), are significantly enhanced in area CA1 of Syt IV (−/−) slices. Similarly, the early stages of long‐term potentiation (LTP) are also enhanced at these synapses. Consistent with the low levels of Syt IV observed in dentate granule cells, the mossy fiber synapses in Syt IV (−/−) slices display largely normal PPF and LTP. In addition, we find that Syt IV (−/−) mice have deficits in the associative passive avoidance memory paradigm, but are normal in the novel object recognition paradigm. The synaptic architecture and connectivity of Syt IV (−/−) brains is indistinguishable from wild‐type mice as indicated by immunohistochemical analysis. These results suggest Syt IV is a presynaptic negative regulator of short‐term plasticity in area CA1 of the hippocampus and is required for some, but not all, forms of hippocampus‐dependent memory. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential modulation by carbachol of four separate excitatory afferent systems to the rat subiculum in vitro
Authors: Kunitake Ayumi , Kunitake Takato , Stewart Mark
Published: April 2004

The subiculum is a limbic cortical region that receives inputs from hippocampus and other parahippocampal regions. We used horizontal brain slices to study the modulatory effects of muscarinic receptor activation on excitatory afferent systems of the subiculum. Multiple inputs are preserved in these slices. Carbachol (CCh, applied to the bath) induced a decrease in the field responses (40–50% at 50 μM; 60% at 100 μM) to CA1, presubicular (PreS), and medial entorhinal (MEC) stimulation. Subicular responses to lateral entorhinal (LEC) stimuli were not depressed. The M1 receptor antagonist pirenzepine at 1 μM was sufficient to reverse most of the CCh‐induced depression of afferent excitation, but 10 μM concentrations were required to eliminate the CCh‐induced firing in the isolated subiculum. A partial reversal of the CCh‐induced depression of afferent excitation was achieved by the M2 receptor antagonist methoctramine (1 or 10 μM), but these concentrations did not prevent CCh‐induced firing. When CA1 afferents were repetitively activated with submaximal stimuli in the presence of CCh, population excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) showed modest summation, but every response was smaller than a corresponding events in normal media. Population spikes, particularly late spikes in a train, showed pronounced facilitation during CCh exposure. The NMDA receptor antagonist CPP (10 μM) prevented facilitation of responses to repetitive stimulation in the presence of carbachol. We conclude that CA1, PreS, and MEC afferents to the subiculum exhibit CCh sensitivity similar to that established for area CA3 afferents to CA1, and LEC afferents to subiculum exhibit CCh resistance. Our data suggest that much of the hippocampal formation circuitry is modulated by CCh and the properties of this modulation can explain some specific firing characteristics of hippocampal formation neurons in “cholinergic” versus “noncholinergic” brain states. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An observational measure of children's behavioural style: Evidence supporting a multi‐method approach to studying temperament
Authors: Karp Jennifer , Serbin Lisa A. , Stack Dale M. , Schwartzman Alex E.
Published: April 2004

This study demonstrates the potential utility of the Behavioural Style Observational System (BSOS) as a new observational measure of children's behavioural style. The BSOS is an objective, short and easy to use measure that can be readily adapted to a variety of home and laboratory situations. In the present study, 160 mother–child dyads from the Concordia Longitudinal Risk Project (CLRP) were observed during an 11‐min behavioural sample. Videotaped interactions were coded using the BSOS for children's mood, activity level, vocal reactivity, approach to toys, mood consistency and adaptability. Comparisons between the BSOS observational ratings and mothers' ratings of the child on the EAS Temperament Survey (EAS) provided support for modest congruence between these two measurement systems, and revealed a differential predictive pattern of children's functioning. Specifically, the observation‐based BSOS predicted children's cognitive performance and adaptive behaviour during testing, whereas the mother‐rated EAS predicted maternal ratings of children's internalizing and externalizing behaviour problems. Both measures were found to independently predict mothers' ratings of parenting stress. Overall, the findings imply that neither observational measures nor maternal ratings alone are sufficient to understand children's behavioural style, and that comprehensive evaluations of children's temperament should optimally include both types of measures. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Receptor for the globular heads of C1q (gC1q‐R, p33, hyaluronan‐binding protein) is preferentially expressed by adenocarcinoma cells
Authors: Rubinstein Daniel B. , Stortchevoi Alexei , Boosalis Michael , Ashfaq Raheela , Ghebrehiwet Berhane , Peerschke Ellinor I.B. , Calvo Fabien , Guillaume Thierry
Published: April 2004

Combinatorial Ig libraries with phage display allow in vitro generation of human Ig fragments without the need to maintain hybridomas in ongoing cell culture or to select circulating Ig from human serum. Identifying tumor‐associated antigens on the surface of intact tumor cells, as opposed to purified proteins, presents a challenge due to the difficulty of preserving complex 3‐D epitopic sites on the cell surface, the variable expression of antigens on different malignant cell types and the stereotactic interference of closely associated proteins on the intact membrane surface limiting accessibility to antigenic sites. A combinatorial Ig library of 1010 clones was generated from the cDNA of PBMCs derived from patients with breast adenocarcinoma. Following subtractive panning, the library was enriched for Ig (Fab fragment) binding to intact adenocarcinoma cells and the resultant Fabs were screened against a cDNA expression library, itself generated from breast cancer cells. Using this approach, we isolated clones from the cDNA library expressing gC1q‐R, a glycoprotein comprising the major structure of C1, the first component of the complement system. gC1q‐R is a 33 kDa glycoprotein expressed not only on the cell surface but also intracellularly, with motifs that target it to mitochondria and complete homology with HABP and human HeLa cell protein p32, which is copurified with pre‐mRNA SF2. Sequencing of the gene encoding tumor‐associated gC1q‐R did not reveal any consistent tumor‐specific mutations. However, histochemical staining with anti‐gC1q‐R MAb demonstrated marked differential expression of gC1q‐R in thyroid, colon, pancreatic, gastric, esophageal and lung adenocarcinomas compared to their nonmalignant histologic counterparts. In contrast, differential expression was not seen in endometrial, renal and prostate carcinomas. Despite high expression in breast carcinoma, gC1q‐R was also expressed in nonmalignant breast tissue. Although the precise relation of gC1q‐R to carcinogenesis remains unclear, our finding of tumor overexpression and the known multivalent binding of gC1q‐R to not only C1q itself but also a variety of circulating plasma proteins as well as its involvement in cell‐to‐cell interactions suggest that gC1q‐R may have a role in tumor metastases and potentially serve in molecule‐specific targeting of malignant cells. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lactosylsulfatide expression in hepatocellular carcinoma cells enhances cell adhesion to vitronectin and intrahepatic metastasis in nude mice
Authors: Zhong Wu Xing , Honke Koichi , Long Zhang Yan , Liang Zha Xi , Taniguchi Naoyuki
Published: April 2004

Lactosylsulfatide (SM3), one of the major sulfated glycolipids, has been reported to be involved in cellular adhesion. Yet, its specific function has not been well understood in tumor biology, especially in the process of metastasis. We analyzed expression levels of sulfatide on HCC cells with different metastatic potentials and found that levels were correlated with metastatic potential. Next, the cerebroside sulfotransferase (CST) (EC2.8.2.11) gene, which synthesizes SM3 as well as galactosylsulfatide (SM4), was transfected into the HCC line Hep3B. Cell surface expression of SM3 was confirmed by thin‐layer chromatogram immunostaining and flow‐cytometric analyses. SM3‐expressing Hep3B cells showed elevated expression of integrin αVβ3 and higher adhesive ability to vitronectin compared to mock cells. Furthermore, SM3 expression promoted intrahepatic metastasis in nude mice. Thus, SM3 may play an important role in the metastasis of HCC cells by causing the interaction of integrin αVβ3 with vitronectin. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel inhibitors of urokinase‐type plasminogen activator and matrix metalloproteinase expression in metastatic cancer cell lines
Authors: Cakarovski Kristina , Leung Jenny Y. , Restall Christina , Carin‐Carlson Anna , Yang Eunice , Perlmutter Patrick , Anderson Robin , Medcalf Robert , Dear Anthony E.
Published: April 2004

The plasminogen‐activating (PA) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) enzyme systems are implicated in proteolytic turnover of the extracellular matrix (ECM) associated with biologic processes including wound healing, inflammation and angiogenesis. Aberrant expression of components of the PA and MMP enzyme systems occurs in the pathogenesis of metastatic cancer. Oxamflatin (Ox), a novel hydroxamic acid derivative, inhibits u‐PA mRNA expression and proteolytic activity while simultaneously upregulating the expression of the natural inhibitor of u‐PA, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 (PAI‐2) in metastatic cancer cells. We have characterized the effects of Ox and a novel derivative, Metacept‐1 (MCT‐1), on PA and MMP‐mediated proteolysis and invasion in several metastatic tumor lines. Both compounds are able to inhibit u‐PA‐, MMP‐2‐ and MMP‐9‐mediated gene expression at low micromolar concentrations as well as u‐PA‐ and MMP‐mediated proteolysis as assessed by zymography, with MCT‐1 being the more effective of the 2 agents in some assays. Cellular invasion assays correlate with gene expression and zymography experiments identifying both Ox and MCT‐1 as able to inhibit invasion of metastatic cancer cell lines through matrigel at nanomolar concentrations, with MCT‐1 more effective than Ox in 2 of the 3 cancer cell lines assessed. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mapping and analysis of HPV16 integration sites in a head and neck cancer cell line
Authors: Ragin Camille C. Rose , Reshmi Shalini C. , Gollin Susanne M.
Published: April 2004

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a circular double‐stranded DNA virus implicated in at least 90% of cervical and anogenital cancers and has been observed in approximately 20% of squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (SCCHN). Transcription of the viral oncogenes E6 and E7 is regulated by expression of the E2 protein. Disruption of the E2 gene sequence due to viral integration results in upregulation of E6 and E7, which promote tumorigenesis by abrogating p53 and pRb functions. HPV integration sites in cervical and anogenital cancers have been mapped primarily to chromosomal fragile sites and in some cases have been shown to integrate within tumor suppressor genes or other cancer‐related genes. To study viral integration sites in SCCHN, we examined an HPV16‐infected SCCHN cell line cultured from a tongue‐base tumor. HPV fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) revealed multiple integrated viral DNA copies in blocks throughout the genome. Sequential FISH and spectral karyotyping identified integration sites on chromosomes 3, 6, 9q, 13q and t(1;8)(q;?). Restriction site‐polymerase chain reaction (RS‐PCR) was performed to identify the viral‐cellular junctions. Sequence analyses confirmed integration sites at 9q31.1 and 6p21 and revealed a novel junction at 16p12.3. Subsequent chromosome breakage studies suggested that the observed viral‐cellular integration sites may have occurred within common fragile sites. Additional studies using RT‐PCR for E6∧E7 viral transcripts showed oncoprotein expression from episomal and integrated viral sequences. Our results suggest that viral integration of HPV in SCCHN appears to occur nonrandomly through targeting specific chromosomal sequences prone to breakage. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and pregnancy: report of four cases and literature review
Authors: Shamseddine Ali , Chehal Aref , Usta Ihab , Salem Ziad , El‐Saghir Nagi , Taher Ali
Published: April 2004

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a severe life‐threatening hematological disorder affecting the microcirculation of multiple organ systems. Infection, pregnancy, cancer, drugs, and surgery are frequently associated with the initial episodes and relapses. Women who are either pregnant or in the postpartum period make up 10–25% of TTP patients, suggesting the interrelationship between TTP and pregnancy. The introduction of aggressive treatment with plasma transfusion and plasmapheresis has improved maternal and fetal survival rates. We report four cases of pregnancy‐related TTP, describing the clinical course of patients, including response to therapy and pregnancy outcomes. Three out of four (75%) patients were treated by daily single session of plasmapheresis for a period ranged between 3 and 23 days. One patient had complete response to treatment with no sequelae, the second patient had resistant disease and died due to multiorgan failure, while the third patient had complete response after 2 episodes of TTP, which was complicated by intrauterine fetal growth retardation and death. Review of the previously reported cases of pregnancy‐related TTP and the current treatment options for this rare condition are discussed also. J. Clin. Apheresis 19:5–10. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Targeted inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor‐tyrosine kinase by ZD1839 (‘Iressa’) induces cell‐cycle arrest and inhibits proliferation in prostate cancer cells
Authors: Sgambato Alessandro , Camerini Andrea , Faraglia Beatrice , Ardito Raffaele , Bianchino Gabriella , Spada Daniele , Boninsegna Alma , Valentini Vincenzo , Cittadini Achille
Published: April 2004

The epidermal growth factor (EGF) plays a role in the development of prostate cancer, which becomes essential after androgen resistance has emerged. The EGF receptor (EGFR) is therefore a potential target for anticancer therapy. We evaluated the effects of ZD1839 (‘Iressa’), an orally active EGFR—tyrosine kinase inhibitor, on prostate cancer cell lines. The effects of ZD1839 were evaluated on the anchorage dependent and independent growth of androgen‐responsive (LNCaP) and androgen‐independent (DU145 and PC3) cells by a cell proliferation assay, cell counting, and soft agar analysis. Flow cytometric analysis and Western blotting were used to assess the effects on the cell‐cycle and on protein expression levels, respectively. ZD1839 caused a dose‐ and time‐dependent growth inhibition in all three cell lines. A dose‐dependent supra‐additive increase in growth inhibition was observed when ZD1839 was combined with the antiandrogen flutamide or ionizing radiation (IR). The antiproliferative effect of ZD1839 was mainly cytostatic and associated with a block in the G0/G1 phase of the cell‐cycle, evident after about 12 h of treatment. In the DU145 cells this block was associated with an increase in expression of the CDK inhibitor p27Kip1, both in the cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions. The increase in p27Kip1 was not evident in the LNCaP and PC3 cells. No changes were observed in the expression of cyclin D1 protein. These results demonstrate the antiproliferative effects of ZD1839 on the growth of prostate cancer cells and suggest that inhibition of EGFR‐associated signal transduction pathway might represent a promising novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of prostate cancer. J. Cell. Physiol. 201: 97–105, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thyroid hormones regulate DNA‐synthesis and cell‐cycle proteins by activation of PKCα and p42/44 MAPK in chick embryo hepatocytes
Authors: Alisi A. , Spagnuolo S. , Napoletano S. , Spaziani A. , Leoni S.
Published: April 2004

The molecular mechanism by which thyroid hormones exert their effects on cell growth is still unknown. In this study, we used chick embryo hepatocytes at different stages of development as a model to investigate the effect of the two thyroid hormones, T3 and T4, and of their metabolite T2, on the control of cell proliferation. We observed that T2 provokes increase of DNA‐synthesis as well as T3 and T4, independently of developmental stage. We found that this stimulatory effect on the S phase is reverted by specific inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC) and p42/44 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (p42/44 MAPK), Ro 31‐8220 or PD 98059. Furthermore, the treatment with thyroid hormones induces the activation of PKCα and p42/44 MAPK, suggesting their role as possible downstream mediators of cell response mediated by thyroid hormones. The increase of DNA‐synthesis is well correlated with the increased levels of cyclin D1 and cdk4 that control the G1 phase, and also with the activities of cell‐cycle proteins involved in the G1 to S phase progression, such as cyclin E/A‐cdk2 complexes. Interestingly, the activity of cyclin‐cdk2 complexes is strongly repressed in the presence of PKC and p42/44 MAPK inhibitors. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the thyroid hormones could modulate different signaling pathways that are able to control cell‐cycle progression, mainly during G1/S transition. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.