bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nerval et ses lecteurs de la dernière décennie
Authors: Mizuno Hisashi
Published: April 2010

Nerval et ses lecteurs de la dernière décennie Depuis l’établissement rigoureux des textes de Gérard de Nerval sous la direction de Jean Guillaume et Claude Pichois pour les Œuvres complètes de La Bibliothèque de la Pléiade (1984-1993), la critique nervalienne a connu une nouvelle ère, caractérisée par un plus grand en respect du texte et de l’écrivain, qui n’est plus considéré comme un fou ni un visionnaire. Les études actuelles s’écartent des pistes ésotériques, thématiques ou pathologiques pour se concentrer sur l’écriture des textes nervaliens. Cette perspective s’accompagne d’une nécessaire contextualisation historique et sociologique, aussi les tra~vaux de la dernière décennie tentent-ils, en général, de cerner la modernité de Gérard de Nerval, à travers l’exploration des tensions entre son moi et la société dans laquelle il vivait.
La voix des fous. Hector Malot et les « romans d'asile »
Authors: Fauvel Aude
Published: April 2010

Hector Malot est aujourd’hui surtout connu pour ses livres destinés aux enfants. Pourtant ce n’est pas là ce qui l’avait rendu célèbre en son temps, mais plutôt Un beau-frère, une de ses premières œuvres qui, défrayant la chronique en 1868, le fit alors appa~raître comme le porte-parole de la cause des fous. Avec ce livre, véritable roman-charge contre l’institution asilaire, Malot se signala comme le premier auteur « anti-aliéniste » de sa génération, initiant une veine littéraire nouvelle, celle du « roman d’asile ». Il fut aussi le premier écrivain « aliéniste amateur » que de parfaits inconnus venaient consulter pour lui demander de juger de l’état mental d’un proche. Cet article offre donc de redécouvrir cet aspect méconnu de l’œuvre de Malot et, en suivant le fil de son engagement en faveur des fous, d’aborder la culture « anti-aliéniste » de la fin du XIXe siècle, époque où l’on se demanda soudain qui du fou ou du psychiatre était le plus dangereux.
Encore un mal que le roman nous fait ? Morale du dilemme, de Hugo à Dostoïevski
Authors: Leichter-Flack Frédérique
Published: April 2010

Pour Dostoïevski, le thème hugolien de la restauration de l’homme déchu a des vertus morales auxquelles lui-même fait allégeance en rédigeant Crime et Châtiment. Pourtant, c’est ce même motif que Chalamov dénonce comme « une faute grave commise par la littérature », pour avoir donné à la représentation des malfrats des lettres de noblesse aux conséquences désastreuses. C’est que, dans son traitement du thème, le roman de Hugo circule avec légèreté entre exception et exemplarité, non sans péril. Dans cette brèche, Dostoïevski s’est engouffré, opérant à partir du modèle hugolien une subversion morale d’une grave portée. Les différents points de ressemblance entre Dostoïevski et Hugo – schéma général de régénération de l’homme perdu, dilemmes pris en charge par la délibération intérieure, théorie de l’exception et de la dérogation morale – sont en effet systématiquement subvertis par le traitement qu’en offre le roman dostoïevskien. La déconstruction du parcours éthique, chez Dostoïevski, tient largement au traitement de cet autre instrument d’élaboration de la morale hugolienne qu’est le dilemme
Méthodes historiques et méthodes littéraires, pour un usage croisé
Authors: Charle Christophe
Published: April 2010

Le dialogue entre les disciplines est la chose du monde la plus annoncée et la moins pratiquée réellement. L?article s?efforce de montrer qu?il existe d?ores et déjà de nombreuses passerelles entre histoire et histoire littéraire et que l'enrichissement des regards et des méthodes peut aller dans les deux sens tant pour les objets que pour les méthodes abordées, l'historien n?osant pas s?attaquer à certaines ?uvres consacrées, tandis que le littéraire néglige à tort toute une masse de textes en fonction de préjugés d?un autre âge. En s?aidant de l'exemple d?un genre très méprisé mais pourtant central dans la littérature du XIX e siècle, le théâtre, l'article s?efforce de montrer les effets nouveaux de la combinaison des deux regards et de la fin de la séparation entre internalisme ou textualisme et externalisme ou contextualisme. Grâce aux compatibilités et aux enrichissements réciproques des méthodes historiques et littéraires, les deux disciplines peuvent aujourd?hui sortir du régime de la condescendance, de celui de l'indifférence ou pire encore de la confusion des genres que certains tenants de la fusion fiction/histoire ont entretenue pour le plus grand dommage de la crédibilité scientifique des deux domaines. Se dessine ainsi un programme commun de recherche d? « histoire culturelle du social » (R. Chartier) et d?histoire sociale du culturel, à une époque, le XIX e siècle, où la littérature est devenue coextensive à la société.
Les historiens américains et l'histoire culturelle française
Authors: Berenson Edward
Published: April 2010

Cet article examine pourquoi un si grand nombre d?historiens américains travaillent sur l'histoire française et quels sont les résultats scientifiques de cette attention portée à la France. Cette situation s?explique en fait par une grande variété de raisons, y compris l'incompétence en langues autres que le français et l'admiration pour les idéaux égalitaires de la République française. Les produits de l'historiographie américaine sur la France sont marqués par une certaine hybridité : ils ont pour objets des aspects divers de l'histoire française, mais leurs vraies origines intellectuelles se trouvent dans la société américaine et les problématiques de la recherche américaine.
Communautés imaginées et littératures
Authors: Thiesse Anne-Marie
Published: April 2010

La formation des nations modernes a transformé l’Europe du XIX e siècle. La littérature a joué un rôle de premier plan dans le développement du sentiment d’appartenance nationale, mais elle a été, en retour, profondément marquée par le fait national. L’histoire littéraire et définition du génie national ont été au cœur des processus de « nationalisation » littéraire.
L'origine scientifique du feu dans les paysages géologiques de Turner
Authors: Drahos Alexis
Published: April 2010

Autrefois incarnant les enfers, le mal et la destruction, le feu devient au tournant des XVIII e et XIX e siècle une source constructive et positive dans la peinture anglaise sous l’influence de la science. Turner, une des puissances montantes de l’art britannique de l’époque, reflète en partie cette tendance à concevoir le feu comme acteur principal des bouleversements géologiques dont la Terre aurait été le témoin. Passionné de sciences, et notamment de géologie, Turner, semble s’inspirer à ce propos des théories plutonistes de James Hutton, géologue écossais du XVIII e siècle qui pour la première fois, fit de feu un acteur principal de l’histoire de notre planète. Ainsi, à la croisée des sciences, et des arts, la thématique du feu prend alors un aspect inédit qui jusqu’ici avait été négligé dans la littérature artistique
Le moment 1800 « Ni… ni », « et… et », « ou… ou »
Authors: Vasak Anouchka
Published: April 2010

C’est vers 1800, année de la parution de l’ouvrage de Madame de Staël De la littérature , que s’opère le partage « léonin » (M. Serres) entre science et littérature ; il est remarquablement contemporain de la prise de pouvoir par Bonaparte. On propose de retracer brièvement l’histoire de ce partage compliqué. Entre 1797 et 1800, la littérature d’idée, souvent réactive aux « circonstances actuelles », porte les marques d’une énonciation troublée : dialogisme et double négation traduisent un dilemme insoluble quant à « terminer la Révolution » ( « ni… ni »). Après 1800, si le partage science/littérature semble accompli ( « ou… ou »), on observe cependant une porosité de la littérature d’idée à celle « d’imagination » ( « et… et »), notamment dans les textes fondateurs des sciences que nous appelons humaines.
Entre concept et hypotypose : l'histoire au XIXe siècle
Authors: Petitier Paule
Published: April 2010

À la lumière des réflexions de K. Pomian sur les transformations de la connaissance historique, on voudrait démontrer ici que, si les historiens du XIX e siècle entérinent bien le fait qu’il n’y a plus de connaissance du passé qu’instrumentale, ils sont conduits à rétablir des formes symboliques de contact direct avec celui-ci. L’alliance d’une éloquence intellectuelle (soulignant l’élaboration du matériau, la construction des faits) et d’une éloquence sensible (à travers le pathos et l’hypotypose) se lit dans des procédés originaux de représentation différant à des degrés divers de la mimesis.
« Les trois marches de marbre rose », ou la petite phrase du romantisme Gautier archéologue de la « génération Musset »
Authors: Lavaud Martine
Published: April 2010

Il n’est pas sûr que l’idée de génération soit caractérisée par ce « désenchantement » dont parla Paul Bénichou, tant les Jeunes-France traitèrent avec euphorie le conflit insoluble entre la passion de l’originalité individuelle et le narcissisme générationnel. Confronté à ce stade du miroir du romantisme que constitue l’époque Jeune-France, le discours de Gautier sur l’histoire et sur Musset le fait échapper à la stérilité par une double proposition : une pratique nouvelle de l’histoire littéraire, « grotesque » et jubilatoire, grâce à laquelle le narcissisme générationnel acquiert une rentabilité critique ; la ligne de fuite compensatoire des catégories transgénérationnelles des « familles d’esprit », qui permet d’échapper au vertige spéculaire ainsi qu’à la perspective du vieillissement.
« He had French immorality on the brain » : adaptation et censure du théâtre français à Londres (1837-1901)
Authors: Ramos Gay Ignacio
Published: April 2010

Tout au long du XIX e siècle, les scènes anglaises furent dominées par le théâtre français. La dépendance des auteurs anglais à l’égard du théâtre français, représentée par les centaines de traductions, d’adaptations et de plagiats de pièces françaises, fut considérée traditionnellement par les critiques victoriens comme la raison du déclin du théâtre anglais pendant le XIX e siècle. Il s’agit ici d’analyser la censure exercée par le bureau du Lord Chamberlain à l’encontre les principales pièces du théâtre de boulevard français représentées à Londres pendant la période victorienne, et de constater que les efforts réalisés afin d’épurer la scène nationale de l’« immoralité française » voilaient aussi un affrontement identitaire entre les deux nations dont l’enjeu était le succès populaire et économique des pièces françaises et la mise en place d’un théâtre national anglais.
Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging of Central Toxic Keratopathy
Authors: Liu Anthony , Manche Edward E.
Published: April 2010

The authors report anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging findings in a case of central toxic keratopathy following laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) surgery for low hyperopia. OCT imaging 1 month after surgery demonstrates that the flap thickness is maintained and the location of stromal tissue loss is just posterior to the flap in the stromal bed in the affected area. This corresponds to the clinical observation of interface opacity extending posteriorly into the stroma as first described by Sonmez and Maloney
1
in their initial description of the syndrome. Follow-up OCT imaging 3 months later revealed interval decrease in stromal thinning. The etiology of this syndrome is unknown.
Story Sharing
Authors: Heliker Diane , Nguyen Hoang Thanh
Published: April 2010

National surveys often report nursing home deficiencies related to the preservation of residents’ dignity and respectful care. Many nurse aides (NAs), who provide the majority of personal care, are unprepared to engage in empathic and meaningful relationships with residents. This article reports the findings of a pilot mixed method study comparing two interventions, Story Sharing (StS) and Communication Skills, on NA levels of mutuality, empathy, job attitude, and self-efficacy and resident levels of empathy and perceived caring behaviors. A quasi-experimental/interpretive phenomenological design was used. Total Mutuality and subscale (Shared Values, Affective Closeness, Shared Pleasurable Activities, Reciprocity) scores were significantly higher in the StS NA groups only, as were postintervention Empathy scores. Other trends are reported as well. StS is one approach toward helping NH staff and residents understand, respect, and connect with one another.
Microbial quality, physicochemical characteristics and fatty acid composition of a traditional butter produced from cows’ milk in East Algeria
Authors: Idoui Tayeb , Benhamada Nabila , Leghouchi Essaid
Published: April 2010

This is the first report describing microbiological, physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition of a traditional butter produced from cows’ milk in East of Algeria. Five butter samples were prepared in the laboratory according to the traditional method used by people in the Jijel areas (Eastern Algeria). Our results show the presence of lactic acid and psychrotrophic bacteria as well as yeasts, while staphylococci or lipolytic bacteria were not detected. Important differences were found in chemical values among butter samples. The pH values ranged from pH4.64 and pH5.53. Moisture and impurities exceeded 17.5% and 9.19% respectively. The values for acid index, peroxide index, saponification index and iodine index ranged from: 23.56-31.35mg KOH/g, 1.6-4 meq/kg, 140.25- 228.60 mg KOH/g and 35.35-53.69 mgI/100g respectively. Finally, the fatty acid composition showed that palmitic acid and oleic acid were the major saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.
Antioxidant activity of flower, stem and leaf extracts of Ferula gummosa Boiss
Authors: Fazel Nabavi Seyed , Ebrahimzadeh Mohammad Ali , Mohammad Nabavi Seyed , Eslami Bahman
Published: April 2010

The Antioxidant and antihemolytic activities of hydroalcoholic extracts of the flowers, stems and leaves of the Ferula gummosa Boiss were investigated employing different in vitro assay systems. Leaf extract showed better activity in DPPH radical scavenging. In addition it showed better activity in nitric oxide and H2O2 scavenging and Fe2+ chelating activity than the other parts. The extracts exhibited good antioxidant activity in linoleic acid system test but were not comparable with vitamin C (p< 0.001). The extracts showed weak reducing power activity. The F. gummosa stem extract showed better antihemolytic activity against H2O2 induced hemolysis. Among the extracts, the flowers had higher phenolic and flavonoid contents. This plant is very promising for further biochemical experiments.
Effect of slaughtering conditions on lipid damage of chilled farmed turbot (Psetta maxima) muscle
Authors: Lago Hugo , Pena Javier , Aubourg Santiago P.
Published: April 2010

The aim of the present study was to comparatively evaluate the effect of different kinds of icing systems employed for the slaughtering and post-mortem storage of cultured turbot (Psetta maxima) on lipid damage (hydrolysis and oxidation). Slurry ice (SI) alone or in presence of ozone (OSI) was applied and compared to the traditional flake ice (FI) treatment. K value and trimethylamine (TMA) formation were also assessed. Some negative effects of ozone presence could be observed on primary and secondary lipid oxidation development; however, oxidation values reached by individuals kept under OSI condition could not be considered high and did not lead to polyunsaturated fatty acid content losses; while ozone presence provided a slowing down of TMA formation. When compared to FI conditions, the employment of SI was found useful to inhibit quality losses (K value and TMA formation), while no differences in lipid hydrolysis or oxidation development could be observed.
Open Ocean Aquaculture Engineering: System Design and Physical Modeling
Authors: Fredriksson David W. , Muller Erik , Baldwin Kenneth , Robinson Swift M. , Celikkol Barbaros
Published: April 2010

An open ocean aquaculture net pen system was developed and deployed for an exposed demonstration site south of the Isles of Shoals, New Hampshire in 55 meters of water. This component of the project is part of an interdisciplinary effort at the University of New Hampshire involving
engineers, biologists, economists and commercial fishermen. Initially, two cages were specified for the growout of summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus). The design process included physical model testing conducted in a wave/tow tank using 1/22.5 scale models. To select an optimum system,
experiments were performed using gravity-type and central spar-type cages. Vertical taut line and catenary moorings were evaluated. Data acquisition included drag and wave forces on the cages, mooring line forces and heave, pitch and surge motion of the cages.After comparison of the results
and holding a design review including outside experts, a central spar configuration was selected for both cages. This system exhibited both reduced force loadings and less extreme motion, and its rigid frame would resist volume changes under storm conditions. In the final mooring design, each
cage was separately deployed using a four anchor system to ensure redundancy. A mid-depth, square, horizontal grid was employed in order to reduce anchor footprint area, which is very expensive under New Hampshire permit rules. Mooring system components were sized to meet loadings scaled up
from the physical model results. The system was deployed in June of 1999 and has performed well in all weather forcing conditions to date.
Engineering Aspects of Recirculating Aquaculture Systems
Authors: Ebeling James M.
Published: April 2010

Intensive recirculating aquaculture systems utilizing water recirculation and pure oxygen injection are examined in terms of the individual unit processes that are required to handle the wastes generated by fish at stocking densities as high as 120‐150 kg/m3. These
unit processes include solid waste removal, nitrification of ammonia and nitrite, aeration or oxygenation, carbon dioxide removal, and control and monitoring systems. Overall system integration is reviewed and an example of a research/commercial intensive recirculating system is presented.
Vertical distribution of aerosols in the vicinity of Mexico City during MILAGRO-2006 Campaign
Authors: Lewandowski P. A. , Eichinger W. E. , Holder H. , Prueger J. , Wang J. , Kleinman L. I.
Published: April 2010

Abstract. On 7 March 2006, a mobile, ground-based, vertical pointing, elastic lidar system made a North-South transect through the Mexico City basin. Column averaged, aerosol size distribution (ASD) measurements were made on the ground concurrently with the lidar measurements. The ASD ground measurements allowed calculation of the column averaged mass extinction efficiency (MEE) for the lidar system (1064 nm). The value of column averaged MEE was combined with spatially resolved lidar extinction coefficients to produce total aerosol mass concentration estimates with the resolution of the lidar (1.5 m vertical spatial and 1 s temporal). Airborne ASD measurements from DOE G-1 aircraft made later in the day on 7 March 2006, allowed the evaluation of the assumptions of constant ASD with height and time used for estimating the column averaged MEE. The results showed that the aerosol loading within the basin is about twice what is observed outside of the basin. The total aerosol base concentrations observed in the basin are of the order of 200 μg/m3 and the base levels outside are of the order of 100 μg/m3. The local heavy traffic events can introduce aerosol levels near the ground as high as 900 μg/m3. The article presents the methodology for estimating aerosol mass concentration from mobile, ground-based lidar measurements in combination with aerosol size distribution measurements. An uncertainty analysis of the methodology is also presented.
Cloud processing of mineral dust: direct comparison of cloud residual and clear sky particles during AMMA aircraft campaign in summer 2006
Authors: Matsuki A. , Schwarzenboeck A. , Venzac H. , Laj P. , Crumeyrolle S. , Gomes L.
Published: April 2010

Abstract. In order to gain insights into the characteristics of the mineral dust particles incorporated in the actual cloud droplets and the related cloud processing, the French ATR-42 research aircraft equipped both with a counterflow virtual impactor (CVI) and community aerosol inlet was deployed in Niamey, Niger (13°30' N, 02°05' E) in August 2006 within the framework of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) project. Cloud residual and clear-sky particles were collected separately and analyzed individually using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and a scanning electron microscope coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The analysis revealed interesting characteristics on the coarse dust particles (Dp>1μm), particularly those which likely had acted as CCN. Traces of heterogeneously formed secondary sulfate, chloride and nitrate were found on many dust particles (though fraction of sulfate may be present in the form of gypsum as primary dust component). These secondary species were particularly enhanced in clouds (i.e. cloud processing). The study illustrates that calcium-rich particles assumed to be carbonates (Calcite, Dolomite) contained the secondary species in significantly larger frequency and amount than the silicates (Quartz, Feldspar, Mica, Clay), suggesting that they represent the most reactive fraction of the mineral dust. A surprisingly large fraction of the Ca-rich particles were already found in deliquesced form even in clear-sky conditions, most probably reflecting their extreme hygroscopicity, resulting from their reaction with HNO3 gas. Both silicate and Ca-rich particles were found dominant among the supermicron cloud residues, and they were supposed to be those previously activated as CCN. It is highly probable that the observed formation of soluble materials enhanced their cloud nucleating abilities.
Changes in the production rate of secondary aerosol particles in Central Europe in view of decreasing SO2 emissions between 1996 and 2006
Authors: Hamed A. , Birmili W. , Joutsensaari J. , Mikkonen S. , Asmi A. , Wehner B. , Spindler G. , Jaatinen A. , Wiedensohler A. , Korhonen H. , Lehtinen K. E. J. , Laaksonen A.
Published: April 2010

Abstract. In anthropogenically influenced atmospheres, sulphur dioxide (SO2) is the main precursor of gaseous sulphuric acid (H2SO4), which in turn is a main precursor for atmospheric particle nucleation. As a result of socio-economic changes, East Germany has seen a dramatic decrease in anthropogenic SO2 emissions between 1989 and present, as documented by routine air quality measurements in many locations. We have attempted to evaluate the influence of changing SO2 concentrations on the frequency and intensity of new particle formation (NPF) using two different data sets (1996–1997; 2003–2006) of experimental particle number size distributions (diameter range 3–750 nm) from the atmospheric research station Melpitz near Leipzig, Germany. Between the two periods SO2 concentrations decreased by 65% on average, while the frequency of NPF events dropped by 45%. Meanwhile, the average formation rate of 3 nm particles decreased by 68% on average. The trends were statistically significant and therefore suggest a connection between the availability of anthropogenic SO2 and freshly formed new particles. In contrast to the decrease in new particle formation, we found an increase in the mean growth rate of freshly nucleated particles (+22%), suggesting that particle nucleation and subsequent growth into larger sizes are delineated with respect to their precursor species. Using three basic parameters, the condensation sink for H2SO4, the SO2 concentration, and the global radiation intensity, we were able to define the characteristic range of atmospheric conditions under which particle formation events take place at the Melpitz site. While the decrease in the concentrations and formation rates of the new particles was rather evident, no similar decrease was found with respect to the generation of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN; particle diameter >100 nm) as a result of atmospheric nucleation events. On the contrary, the production of CCN following nucleation events appears to have increased by tens of percents. Our aerosol dynamics model simulations suggest that such an increase can be caused by the increased particle growth rate.
Particle formation in the Arctic free troposphere during the ASTAR 2004 campaign: a case study on the influence of vertical motion on the binary homogeneous nucleation of H2SO4/H2O
Authors: Khosrawi F. , Ström J. , Minikin A. , Krejci R.
Published: April 2010

Abstract. During the ASTAR (Arctic Study of Tropospheric Aerosol and Radiation) campaign nucleation mode particles (4 to 13 nm) were quite frequently observed at altitudes below 4000 m. However, in the upper free troposphere, nucleation mode particles were only observed once, namely during the flight on 24 May 2004 (7000 m). To investigate if vertical motion were the reason for this difference that on one particular day nucleation mode particles were observed but not on the other days we employ a microphysical box model. The box model simulations were performed along air parcel trajectories calculated 6-d backwards based on European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) meteorological analyses using state parameters such as pressure and temperature in combination with additional parameters such as vertical stability. Box model simulations were performed for the 24 May where nucleation mode particles were observed (nucleation event) as well as for the days with measurements before and after (22 and 26 May) which are representative for no nucleation (non-nucleation event). A nucleation burst was simulated along all trajectories, however, in the majority of the simulations the nucleation rate was either too low or too high so that no nucleation mode particles were left at the time when the measurements were performed. Further, the simulation results could be divided into three cases. Thereby, we found that for case 1 the temperature was the only driving mechanism for the formation of new particles while for case 2 and 3 vertical motion have influenced the formation of new particles. The reason why nucleation mode particles were observed on 24 May, but not on the other days, can be explained by the conditions under which particle formation occurred. On 24 May the particle formation was caused by a slow updraft, while on the other two days the particle formation was caused by a fast updraft.
Absorption Angstrom Exponent in AERONET and related data as an indicator of aerosol composition
Authors: Russell P. B. , Bergstrom R. W. , Shinozuka Y. , Clarke A. D. , DeCarlo P. F. , Jimenez J. L. , Livingston J. M. , Redemann J. , Dubovik O. , Strawa A.
Published: April 2010

Abstract. Recent results from diverse air, ground, and laboratory studies using both radiometric and in situ techniques show that the fractions of black carbon, organic matter, and mineral dust in atmospheric aerosols determine the wavelength dependence of absorption (often expressed as Absorption Angstrom Exponent, or AAE). Taken together, these results hold promise of improving information on aerosol composition from remote measurements. The main purpose of this paper is to show that AAE values for an Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) set of retrievals from Sun-sky measurements describing full aerosol vertical columns are also strongly correlated with aerosol composition or type. In particular, we find AAE values near 1 (the theoretical value for black carbon) for AERONET-measured aerosol columns dominated by urban-industrial aerosol, larger AAE values for biomass burning aerosols, and the largest AAE values for Sahara dust aerosols. These AERONET results are consistent with results from other, very different, techniques, including solar flux-aerosol optical depth (AOD) analyses and airborne in situ analyses examined in this paper, as well as many other previous results. Ambiguities in aerosol composition or mixtures thereof, resulting from intermediate AAE values, can be reduced via cluster analyses that supplement AAE with other variables, for example Extinction Angstrom Exponent (EAE), which is an indicator of particle size. Together with previous results, these results strengthen prospects for determining aerosol composition from space, for example using the Glory Aerosol Polarimetry Sensor (APS), which seeks to provide retrievals of multiwavelength single-scattering albedo (SSA) and aerosol optical depth (and therefore aerosol absorption optical depth (AAOD) and AAE), as well as shape and other aerosol properties. Multidimensional cluster analyses promise additional information content, for example by using the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) to add AAOD in the near ultraviolet and CALIPSO aerosol layer heights to reduce height-absorption ambiguity.
Mercury emission and speciation of coal-fired power plants in China
Authors: Wang S. X. , Zhang L. , Li G. H. , Wu Y. , Hao J. M. , Pirrone N. , Sprovieri F. , Ancora M. P.
Published: April 2010

Abstract. Comprehensive field measurements are needed to understand the mercury emissions from Chinese power plants and to improve the accuracy of emission inventories. Characterization of mercury emissions and their behavior were measured in six typical coal-fired power plants in China. During the tests, the flue gas was sampled simultaneously at inlet and outlet of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR), electrostatic precipitators (ESP), and flue gas desulfurization (FGD) using the Ontario Hydro Method (OHM). The pulverized coal, bottom ash, fly ash and gypsum were also sampled in the field. Mercury concentrations in coal burned in the measured power plants ranged from 17 to 385 μg/kg. The mercury mass balances for the six power plants varied from 87 to 116% of the input coal mercury for the whole system. The total mercury concentrations in the flue gas from boilers were at the range of 1.92–27.15 μg/m3, which were significantly related to the mercury contents in burned coal. The mercury speciation in flue gas right after the boiler is influenced by the contents of halogen, mercury, and ash in the burned coal. The average mercury removal efficiencies of ESP, ESP plus wet FGD, and ESP plus dry FGD-FF systems were 24%, 73% and 66%, respectively, which were similar to the average removal efficiencies of pollution control device systems in other countries such as US, Japan and South Korea. The SCR system oxidized 16% elemental mercury and reduced about 32% of total mercury. Elemental mercury, accounting for 66–94% of total mercury, was the dominant species emitted to the atmosphere. The mercury emission factor was also calculated for each power plant.
A 15 year record of high-frequency, in situ measurements of hydrogen at Mace Head, Ireland
Authors: Grant A. , Witham C. S. , Simmonds P. G. , Manning A. J. , O'Doherty S.
Published: April 2010

Abstract. Continuous high-frequency measurements of atmospheric molecular hydrogen have been made at Mace Head atmospheric research station on the west coast of Ireland from March 1994 to December 2008. The presented data provides information on long term trends and seasonal cycles of hydrogen in background northern hemispheric air. Individual measurements have been sorted using a Lagrangian dispersion model to separate clean background air from regionally polluted European air masses and those transported from southerly latitudes. No significant trend was observed in background northern hemispheric air over the 15 year record, elevations in yearly means were accounted for from large scale biomass burning events. Seasonal cycles show the expected pattern with maxima in spring and minima in late autumn. The mean hydrogen mole fraction in baseline northern hemispheric air was found to be 500.1 ppb. Air transported from southerly latitudes showed an elevation from baseline mean of 11.0 ppb, reflecting both the latitudinal gradient of hydrogen, with higher concentrations in the Southern Hemisphere, and the photochemical source of hydrogen from low northern latitudes. European polluted air masses arriving at Mace Head showed mean elevation of 5.3 ppb from baseline air masses, reflecting hydrogen's source from primary emissions like fossil fuel combustion. Forward modelling of transport of hydrogen to Mace Head suggests that the ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide in primary emissions is considerably less in non-traffic sources than traffic sources.
Annual cycle of ozone at and above the tropical tropopause: observations versus simulations with the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS)
Authors: Konopka P. , Grooß J.-U. , Günther G. , Ploeger F. , Pommrich R. , Müller R. , Livesey N.
Published: April 2010

Abstract. Multi-annual simulations with the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) were conducted to study the seasonality of O3 within the stratospheric part of the tropical tropopause layer (TTL), i.e. above θ=360 K potential temperature level. In agreement with satellite (HALOE) and in-situ observations (SHADOZ), CLaMS simulations show a pronounced annual cycle in O3, at and above θ=380 K, with the highest mixing ratios in the late boreal summer. Within the model, this cycle is driven by the seasonality of both upwelling and in-mixing. The latter process occurs through enhanced horizontal transport from the extratropics into the TTL that is mainly driven by the meridional, isentropic winds. The strongest in-mixing occurs during the late boreal summer from the Northern Hemisphere in the potential temperature range between 370 and 420 K. Complementary, the strongest upwelling occurs in winter reducing O3 to the lowest values in early spring. Both CLaMS simulations and Aura MLS O3 observations consistently show that enhanced in-mixing in summer is mainly driven by the Asian monsoon anticyclone.
Measurements of volatile organic compounds in the middle of Central East China during Mount Tai Experiment 2006 (MTX2006): observation of regional background and impact of biomass burning
Authors: Suthawaree J. , Kato S. , Okuzawa K. , Kanaya Y. , Pochanart P. , Akimoto H. , Wang Z. , Kajii Y.
Published: April 2010

Abstract. The measurement of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was carried out at the summit of Mount Tai, located in the center of the Central East China (CEC) region, in June 2006 as part of the Mount Tai Experiment 2006 (MTX2006), which focused on the ozone and aerosol chemistry in the region. Temporal variations of simple VOCs between 2 June and 28 June revealed the characteristics of an aged air mass with minimum local influence. A comparison of VOCs observed at Mount Tai with other Chinese sites revealed relatively similar VOC levels to remote sites and, as expected, a lower level compared to more polluted sites. However, relatively high acetylene and benzene levels at Mount Tai were evidently indicated from comparison with normalized VOC profile by ethane suggested for Beijing. Owing to a shift in boundary layer height, we observed considerable differences between daytime and nighttime VOC mixing ratios. This suggests that the site potentially has a very useful characteristic of being able to measure regional polluted air and the free troposphere regional background air quality. Influence of emissions from biomass burning in the region was evidently found to be extensive during the first half of the campaign (2–15 June), using fire spot data coupling with backward trajectory analysis. Agricultural residue burning was suggested as the primary source of emissions elucidated by the slope of the correlation plot between CH3Cl and CO obtained during the first half of the campaign.
Chirality and the origin of atmospheric humic-like substances
Authors: Salma I. , Mészáros T. , Maenhaut W. , Vass E. , Majer Z.
Published: April 2010

Abstract. Aerosol water extracts and atmospheric humic-like substances (HULIS) obtained from PM2.5-fraction aerosol samples collected in a rural/continental background environment and in an urban environment in spring and summer, and at a tropical site that was heavily impacted by biomass burning were studied. HULIS was obtained as the water-soluble, methanol-elutable material isolated from a solid-phase extraction procedure. The mean organic matter-to-organic carbon mass conversion factor and the standard deviation of 2.04±0.06 were derived for HULIS from biomass burning. Mean atmospheric concentrations of HULIS for the rural and urban environments and for the biomass burning during daylight periods and nights, were 1.65, 2.2, 43, and 60 μg m−3, respectively. This and other abundances indicate that intense emission sources and/or formation mechanisms of HULIS operate in biomass burning. Mean contributions of C in HULIS (HULIS-C) to water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) were 35, 48, 63, and 76%, respectively, for the sample set listed. HULIS-C is the major component of the WSOC in tropical biomass burning. The data also suggest that HULIS most likely do not share common origin in the three environments studied. Differentiation among the possible formation processes was attempted by investigating the optical activity of HULIS through their (electronic and vibrational) circular dichroism properties. The urban HULIS did not show optical activity, which is in line with the concept of their major airborne formation from anthropogenic aromatics. The rural HULIS revealed weak optical activity, which may be associated with one of their important formation pathways by photo-oxidation and oligomerisation, i.e., with the formation from chiral biogenic precursors with one of the enantiomers slightly enriched. The The biomass burning of HULIS exhibited a strong effect in the vibrational circular dichroism as a clear distinction from the other two types. This was related to the contribution of the thermal degradation products of lignins and cellulose. The biomass burning of HULIS resemble Suwannee River Fulvic Acid standard more closely in some aspects than the urban and rural types of HULIS, which may be related to their common origin from plant material.
Variability of springtime transpacific pollution transport during 2000–2006: the INTEX-B mission in the context of previous years
Authors: Pfister G. G. , Emmons L. K. , Edwards D. P. , Arellano A. ,   G Sachse, Campos T.
Published: April 2010

Abstract. We analyze the transport of pollution across the Pacific during the NASA INTEX-B (Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment Part B) campaign in spring 2006 and examine how this year compares to the time period for 2000 through 2006. In addition to aircraft measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) collected during INTEX-B, we include in this study multi-year satellite retrievals of CO from the Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument and simulations from the chemistry transport model MOZART-4. Model tracers are used to examine the contributions of different source regions and source types to pollution levels over the Pacific. Additional modeling studies are performed to separate the impacts of inter-annual variability in meteorology and dynamics from changes in source strength. Interannual variability in the tropospheric CO burden over the Pacific and the US as estimated from the MOPITT data range up to 7% and a somewhat smaller estimate (5%) is derived from the model. When keeping the emissions in the model constant between years, the year-to-year changes are reduced (2%), but show that in addition to changes in emissions, variable meteorological conditions also impact transpacific pollution transport. We estimate that about 1/3 of the variability in the tropospheric CO loading over the contiguous US is explained by changes in emissions and about 2/3 by changes in meteorology and transport. Biomass burning sources are found to be a larger driver for inter-annual variability in the CO loading compared to fossil and biofuel sources or photochemical CO production even though their absolute contributions are smaller. Source contribution analysis shows that the aircraft sampling during INTEX-B was fairly representative of the larger scale region, but with a slight bias towards higher influence from Asian contributions.
Technical Note: Measuring condensation sink and ion sink of atmospheric aerosols with the electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI)
Authors: Kuuluvainen H. , Kannosto J. , Virtanen A. , Mäkelä J. M. , Kulmala M. , Aalto P. , Keskinen J.
Published: April 2010

Abstract. We investigate the suitability of ELPI for condensation sink and ion sink measurements. The aim is to find the simple calibration factors by which the measured ELPI current can be converted to condensation or ion sinks. The calibration is based on DMPS and ELPI measurements within the period 15–25 May 2005 at a boreal forest site in Southern Finland. The values of condensation sink and ion sink were calculated from the DMPS size distributions using their theoretical definitions. After that the values were compared to theoretical and measured ELPI current, and calibration factors were specified. For condensation sink the calibration factor was found to be 7.27E-06 s−1 fA−1 and for ion sink 8.55E-06 s−1 fA−1. Simply by multiplying the total current of the outdoor ELPI by these factors, the values of condensation sink and ion sink can be measured.
Influences of in-cloud aerosol scavenging parameterizations on aerosol concentrations and wet deposition in ECHAM5-HAM
Authors: Croft B. , Lohmann U. , Martin R. V. , Stier P. , Wurzler S. , Feichter J. , Hoose C. , Heikkilä U. , van Donkelaar A. , Ferrachat S.
Published: April 2010

Abstract. A diagnostic cloud nucleation scavenging scheme, which determines stratiform cloud scavenging ratios for both aerosol mass and number distributions, based on cloud droplet, and ice crystal number concentrations, is introduced into the ECHAM5-HAM global climate model. This scheme is coupled with a size-dependent in-cloud impaction scavenging parameterization for both cloud droplet-aerosol, and ice crystal-aerosol collisions. The aerosol mass scavenged in stratiform clouds is found to be primarily (>90%) scavenged by cloud nucleation processes for all aerosol species, except for dust (50%). The aerosol number scavenged is primarily (>90%) attributed to impaction. 99% of this impaction scavenging occurs in clouds with temperatures less than 273 K. Sensitivity studies are presented, which compare aerosol concentrations, burdens, and deposition for a variety of in-cloud scavenging approaches: prescribed fractions, a more computationally expensive prognostic aerosol cloud processing treatment, and the new diagnostic scheme, also with modified assumptions about in-cloud impaction and nucleation scavenging. Our results show that while uncertainties in the representation of in-cloud scavenging processes can lead to differences in the range of 20–30% for the predicted annual, global mean aerosol mass burdens, and near to 50% for accumulation mode aerosol number burden, the differences in predicted aerosol mass concentrations can be up to one order of magnitude, particularly for regions of the middle troposphere with temperatures below 273 K where mixed and ice phase clouds exist. Different parameterizations for impaction scavenging changed the predicted global, annual mean number removal attributed to ice clouds by seven-fold, and the global, annual dust mass removal attributed to impaction by two orders of magnitude. Closer agreement with observations of black carbon profiles from aircraft (increases near to one order of magnitude for mixed phase clouds), mid-troposphere 210Pb vertical profiles, and the geographic distribution of aerosol optical depth is found for the new diagnostic scavenging scheme compared to the prescribed scavenging fraction scheme of the standard ECHAM5-HAM. The diagnostic and prognostic schemes represent the variability of scavenged fractions particularly for submicron size aerosols, and for mixed and ice phase clouds, and are recommended in preference to the prescribed scavenging fractions method.
The chemistry of OH and HO2 radicals in the boundary layer over the tropical Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Whalley L. K. , Furneaux K. L. , Goddard A. , Lee J. D. , Mahajan A. , Oetjen H. , Read K. A. , Kaaden N. , Carpenter L. J. , Lewis A. C. , Plane J. M. C. , Saltzman E. S. , Wiedensohler A. , Heard D. E.
Published: April 2010

Abstract. Fluorescence Assay by Gas Expansion (FAGE) has been used to detect ambient levels of OH and HO2 radicals at the Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory, located in the tropical Atlantic marine boundary layer, during May and June 2007. Midday radical concentrations were high, with maximum concentrations of 9 ×106 molecule cm−3 and 6×108 molecule cm−3 observed for OH and HO2, respectively. A box model incorporating the detailed Master Chemical Mechanism, extended to include halogen chemistry, heterogeneous loss processes and constrained by all available measurements including halogen and nitrogen oxides, has been used to assess the chemical and physical parameters controlling the radical chemistry. The model was able to reproduce the daytime radical concentrations to within the 1 σ measurement uncertainty of 20% during the latter half of the measurement period but significantly under-predicted [HO2] by 39% during the first half of the project. Sensitivity analyses demonstrate that elevated [HCHO] (~2 ppbv) on specific days during the early part of the project, which were much greater than the mean [HCHO] (328 pptv) used to constrain the model, could account for a large portion of the discrepancy between modelled and measured [HO2] at this time. IO and BrO, although present only at a few pptv, constituted ~19% of the instantaneous sinks for HO2, whilst aerosol uptake and surface deposition to the ocean accounted for a further 23% of the HO2 loss at noon. Photolysis of HOI and HOBr accounted for ~13% of the instantaneous OH formation. Taking into account that halogen oxides increase the oxidation of NOx (NO → NO2), and in turn reduce the rate of formation of OH from the reaction of HO2 with NO, OH concentrations were estimated to be 9% higher overall due to the presence of halogens. The increase in modelled OH from halogen chemistry gives an estimated 9% shorter lifetime for methane in this region, and the inclusion of halogen chemistry is necessary to model the observed daily cycle of O3 destruction that is observed at the surface. Due to surface losses, we hypothesise that HO2 concentrations increase with height and therefore contribute a larger fraction of the O3 destruction than at the surface.
The effect of misleading surface temperature estimations on the sensible heat fluxes at a high Arctic site – the Arctic Turbulence Experiment 2006 on Svalbard (ARCTEX-2006)
Authors: Lüers J. , Bareiss J.
Published: April 2010

Abstract. The observed rapid climate warming in the Arctic requires improvements in permafrost and carbon cycle monitoring, accomplished by setting up long-term observation sites with high-quality in-situ measurements of turbulent heat, water and carbon fluxes as well as soil physical parameters in Arctic landscapes. But accurate quantification and well adapted parameterizations of turbulent fluxes in polar environments presents fundamental problems in soil-snow-ice-vegetation-atmosphere interaction studies. One of these problems is the accurate estimation of the surface or aerodynamic temperature T(0) required to force most of the bulk aerodynamic formulae currently used. Results from the Arctic-Turbulence-Experiment (ARCTEX-2006) performed on Svalbard during the winter/spring transition 2006 helped to better understand the physical exchange and transport processes of energy. The existence of an atypical temperature profile close to the surface in the Arctic spring at Svalbard could be proven to be one of the major issues hindering estimation of the appropriate surface temperature. Thus, it is essential to adjust the set-up of measurement systems carefully when applying flux-gradient methods that are commonly used to force atmosphere-ocean/land-ice models. The results of a comparison of different sensible heat-flux parameterizations with direct measurements indicate that the use of a hydrodynamic three-layer temperature-profile model achieves the best fit and reproduces the temporal variability of the surface temperature better than other approaches.