bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Public legal means of investment of small and medium innovative entrepreneurship in the European Union
Authors: Zhornokui Yurii
Published: June 2020

Problem setting. The development of social relations, the economic well-being of the population and the stable social structure of any state in the present circumstances are conditioned by a series of factors, one of which is the development of innovative infrastructure. One of the most important directions of development of the economic sector of our country was the formation of an innovative model of the economy, which puts to law the new tasks of clarifying the purpose and social value of law as a regulator of social relations.
Analysis of recent researches and publications. The current state of the study of the selected issues indicates that the sources from which public-law organizations are investing innovative activities of small and medium-sized innovative entrepreneurship in the EU are insufficient. At the same time, the state policy of the EU countries in the scientific and technical sphere is realized through the use of various instruments, which include: legislation, tax policy, size and nature of the allocation of budget funds, including for the implementation of works in priority areas, the formation and maintenance of infrastructure, personnel, etc.
Target of research is to identify the public and legal means of investing small and medium innovative entrepreneurship in the EU.
Article’s main body. In the EU, the innovative component of public policy encompasses the scope of national scientific institutions (institutes, research centers, university laboratories, etc.). There are government programs that receive partial funding from the state budget. The state is guided by different criterias when deciding on the financing of specific works. First, the prospect of each specific direction is evaluated from the point of view of preserving the country’s achieved position on the world market in the future. Second, the recognition at the governmental level of innovation as a vital factor of economic development, the conduct of a broad government company on the problems of innovation. The current state of regulatory support suggests that structural funds such as the European Regional Development Fund and the European Social Fund should be considered as the main public sources of investment for innovative enterprises. In particular, such funds are implementing EIC Pathfinder Pilot, FET Innovation Launchpad, EIC Transition to Innovation Activity, EIC Accelerator, Programme for the Competitiveness of Enterprises and Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (COSME) etc.
Conclusions and prospects for the development. In the EU, the investment of small and medium enterprises is not homogeneous, but a large part of them, despite the large number of investment support tools for such companies, face significant challenges in accessing investment resources. Developing a successful pan-European policy requires an indepth understanding of the problems and specifics of financing the innovation activities of small and medium innovative enterprises in EU Member States.
The Molotov – Ribbentrop pact as fateful sentence of the European continent
Authors: Ryzhkova Yulia
Published: June 2020

Problem setting. Many decades have passed since the Pact was signed, and the essential nature of the it continues to spark debate among historians and scholars. The main criterion that continues debates is the fact that the signing of the act resulted in a change of the entire European continent and a change in the geopolitical balance. Therefore, the relevance of the topic is that today there is no clear political and moral assessment of the pact on the basis of which a rational international significance of the document could be established.
Target of research. The purposes of this study are to establish the legal characteristics and nature of the Molotov – Ribbentrop Pact; to analyze the consequences of which the document has been signed; to distinguish the positive and negative sides of the act in combination with the proposal of its international significance.
Analysis of resent researches and publications. The following scientists were engaged in research of the specified question: M. Shvagulak, S. Pron, I. Khalupa, Nicolas Burns and Andreas Ortega.
Article’s main body. This publication discusses the document – the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, which has had a significant impact on both political and social development and the future potential of dozens of countries across the European continent. The Pact still defines many geopolitical realities in modern Europe. Discussions about the historic role of the non-aggression treaty and secret protocols are still relevant. The article deals with the legal characterization and essence of an international act of political and legal nature. The consequences of the signature of the “fateful sentence” are analyzed, as well as the positive and negative sides of this document, in combination with the establishment of its international significance, are highlighted and presented in detail.
Conclusions and prospects for the development. Thus, as can be seen from all the work, the Molotov – Ribbentrop Pact has a rather contradictory character, both in relation to the countries it has in some way concerned and to history in general. So, on the one hand, this treaty was really beneficial and needed by the countries that signed it, namely Germany and the Soviet Union. However, the benefits in each of these countries were different. Discussions are still ongoing about the legal force of the treaty, as well as its international legal assessment. But from the point of view of international law, the Pact should be regarded as a huge violation that has influenced the development of new rules and principles in modern society. That is why the author believes that it is the Molotov – Ribbentrop Pact that became the signature of both states in the face of the forthcoming explosion of the largest Second world war.
Work on the challenge: is the “waiting time” for work – a time for rest?
Authors: Svichkarova Iaroslava
Published: June 2020

Problem setting. Today, one of the forms of atypical employment that has not been studied by the science of labor law remains work “on call”. At the end of 2019, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine registered the draft “Labor Law Codex”, which introduced an employment contract for work on call under the name “employment contract with non-fixed working hours”. Working hours when working on-call has certain characteristics, as for rest time, it can be noted that in the case of a contract with non-fixed working hours, after working a set number of hours for each call, the worker is without work, in a state of “waiting” the next call, which is impossible to predict. Therefore, the question arises whether can “waiting time” relate to the rest time?
Analysis of resent researches and publications. The legal regulation of atypical employment has been analysed by S. Golovin, I. Kiselev, A. Lushnikov, M. Lushnikova, D. Morozov, O. Motsna, N. Nikitina, Protsevskyy O., O.Rymkevych, V.Soifer, O.Yaroshenko. However, there are a number of problems that do not have sufficient coverage, including the question of the ratio of call waiting time to rest time.
Article’s main body. In the case of a contract with non-fixed working hours, after working out the set number of hours for each call, the employee is out of work, in a state of “waiting” for the next call, which is impossible to predict in advance. At this time, the employee is really free from performing their work duties, however, in our opinion, this time cannot be fully used by the employee at his discretion, since the latter is in the call standby mode and, if it is received, must start working. During this period, certain restrictions apply to the employee (for example, the inability to travel to another area, the use of alcoholic beverages). Therefore, we believe that the period of “waiting for a call” is not exactly a time of rest in the doctrinal sense.
Conclusions and prospects for the development. n our opinion, the ability to use time at your own discretion is a defining sign of attributing the waiting time to rest time or a special type of off-duty time. In this context, the time period (number of days) for which the employee must be notified of his / her return to work is important. We believe that the longer the call notification period, the more opportunities the employee will have to use the waiting time at their own discretion (for example, if it is 7 days before the expected start date, the employee has the opportunity to travel to another area and return in advance, work for another employer, and so on), so the waiting time will be close to the signs of rest time. The study of such a category as “waiting time” for work in a contract for work with non-fixed working hours is important and requires further research in order to improve the current labor legislation.
Investıgation of Entrepreneurship Levels of University Students
Authors: YILMAZ Taner
Published: June 2020

The aim of this study is; to determine whether entrepreneurship levels of the Faculty of Sport Sciences students differ according to demographic variables. This research consist of 310 students in total, 212 male 98 female students, studying in different departments of Uşak University Faculty of Sport Sciences. The data in the study were obtained by using the “Personal Information Form” developed by the researcher and “Entrepreneurship Scale for University Students” prepared by Sünbül and Yılmaz (2009). This scale prepared with 36 questions is; a five-point Likert-style scale. Analysis of the data related to the questionnaire and scale used in the research was done by using SPSS 22 statistical program. Since the data set does not conform to the normal distribution, in order to test whether the scores obtained from nonparametric hypothesis tests and the scores obtained from two independent samples differ significantly from each other; Mann-Whitney U test was applied and Kruskal Wallis test was applied for more than two independent sample groups. As a result of this research; investigation of the effects on entrepreneurship levels of students in the Faculty of Sport Sciences ; when we look at gender, age, and whether they have entrepreneurship education, there is no significant difference between entrepreneurship scores of the students of the Faculty of Sports Sciences in terms of gender variable. There is a significant difference between the students' age variable and their entrepreneurship education scores (p <0.05). It is thought that this study will contribute to the studies to be done.
Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Öğretmenliği Bölümü Öğrencilerinin Beden Eğitimi Öğretmenliği Mesleğine Yönelik Tutumlarının Araştırılması
Authors: YAZICILAR ÖZÇELİK İlknur , COBANOGLU Gokhan , KOÇ Uğur
Published: June 2020

Bu çalışmanın amacı, beden eğitimi ve spor öğretmenliği bölümü öğrencilerinin, beden eğitimi öğretmenliği mesleğine yönelik tutumlarının cinsiyet, yaş ve sınıf düzeyi değişkenleri açısından araştırılmasıdır.
Araştırmaya 2017-2018 öğretim yılında Amasya Üniversitesi, Eğitim Fakültesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor öğretmenliği Bölümünde öğrenim gören 54 kadın, 87 erkek öğrenci olmak üzere toplam 141 öğrenci katılmıştır.
Araştırmada elde edilen veriler “Kişisel Bilgi Formu” ve Ünlü (2011) tarafından geliştirilen Beden Eğitimi Öğretmenliği Mesleğine Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği (BEÖYTÖ) kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde tanımlayıcı istatistikler, bağısız gruplarda t-testi, tek yönlü varyans analizi ve LSD Post Hoc. Testleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın güvenirlik katsayısı .86 olarak bulunmuştur.
Elde edilen analiz sonuçlarına göre, beden eğitimi öğretmenliği mesleğine yönelik tutum ile cinsiyet ve yaş değişkenleri açısından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark yoktur (p>0.05). Buna karşın, öğrencilerin beden eğitimi öğretmenliği mesleğine yönelik tutumları ile sınıf düzeyi değişkeni arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunmuştur (p<0.05). BEÖYTÖ’nün değerlendirme ölçütlerine göre, öğrencilerin beden eğitimi öğretmenliği mesleğine yönelik tutum puanları yüksek bulunmuştur.
Sonuç olarak, öğrencilerin beden eğitimi öğretmenliği mesleğine yönelik tutumlarının cinsiyet ve yaş açısından değişmediği, ancak 1 ve 3. sınıf öğrencilerinin, 2 ve 4. sınıf öğrencilerine göre mesleklerine yönelik daha yüksek düzeyde tutuma sahip olduğu söylenebilir.
Erkek Sporcularda Biodex Denge Sistemi ile Flamingo Denge Testinin Karşılaştırılması
Authors: ŞİMŞEK Emre , KARAKUŞ Mustafa
Published: June 2020

Bu çalışmanın amacı erkek sporcularda postural stabilitenin belirlenmesinde flamingo denge testi ile biodex denge sistemi arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesidir. Çalışmaya herhangi bir sağlık problemi bulunmayan 15 erkek sporcu (20,67 ± 2,87 yaş) gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Çalışmada denge ölçümleri için biodex denge sistemi (BDS) ve flamingo denge testi (FDT) kullanılmıştır. Gönüllülerin BDS ve FDT ölçümleri nondominant ayak üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Verilerin normal dağılım göstergeleri Shapiro-Wilk testi, Q-Q Plots ve histogram grafikleriyle incelenmiş ve verilerin normal dağılıma uymadığı tespit edilmiştir. Verilerin istatistiki analizinde Spearman-Rho testi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmaya katılan sporcuların BDS parametreleri ile FDT skorları arasında anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilmemiştir (p>0,05). BDS parametrelerinin (B-OSI, B-APSI, B-MLSI) aralarında ise yüksek düzeyli pozitif yönlü bir ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir (p<0,01). Yapılan çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar ve literatürdeki bulgular ışığında, fonksiyonel denge testleri ile mekanik (kuvvet veya diğerleri) platformlardaki denge sonuçları arasında ilişkinin oldukça zayıf olduğu görülmektedir. Bu nedenle flamingo denge testi gibi diğer fonksiyonel denge testlerinin geçerliliği ve güvenilirliği konusunda daha kapsamlı araştırmaların yapılması gerekliliği ortaya çıkmaktadır. Ayrıca testler arasında sistematik veya tutarlı bir ilişki olmadığı için flamingo denge testinin hangi noktayı (ya da alt bileşeni) değerlendirdiğinin ve hangi parametrelerle ilişkisi olduğunun belirlenmesi gerekmektedir. Bu unsurların daha iyi tanımlanabilmesi için araştırmaların bu yönde artırılması önerilmektedir.
Futbol Hakemlerinin Benlik Saygıları ve Algılanan Stres Düzeyleri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi (Düzce İli Örneği)
Authors: GÖRÜN Levent , ÖNTÜRK Yavuz , EFEK Engin , BİNGÖL Erkan , BAYRAKDAROĞLU Yeşim
Published: June 2020

Araştırmanın amacı, futbol hakemlerinin benlik saygıları ve algılanan stres düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesidir. Amaca istinaden, araştırmanın modeli için nicel araştırma türlerinden olan tarama ve korelasyon modeli (Demir, 2015) seçilmiştir. Çalışma grubu; Düzce ilinde faal futbol hakemleri arasından gönüllü katılım sağlayan 42 hakemden oluşmaktadır. Hakemlerin bazı demografik özelliklerini belirlemek için araştırmacılar tarafından oluşturulan 6 soruluk “Kişisel Bilgi Formu,” benlik saygısı düzeyleri için, Rosenberg (1965) tarafından geliştirilen ve Tukuş (2010) tarafından Türkçe ’ye uyarlanan “Rosenberg Benlik Saygısı Ölçeği” ve algılanan stres düzeylerini belirlemek için ise Cohen, Kamarck ve Mermelsten (1983) tarafından geliştirilmiş, Yerlikaya ve İnanç (2006) tarafından Türkçe ‘ye uyarlanmış “Algılanan Stres Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin analizi için Statistical Packadge for Social Sciences (SPSS) 17,0 paket programı kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde frekans, yüzde, ortalama ve standart sapma değerlerine yer verilmiştir. Veri dağılımları Skewness-Kurtosis değerleri ile incelenmiş, veriler normal dağılım gösterdiğinden parametrik testlerden olan T- testi ve ANOVA testi yapılmıştır. Ayrıca değişkenler arasında ilişkinin tespiti için Pearson korelasyon testi uygulanmıştır. Anlamlılık düzeyi ise p<0,05 olarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırmanın bulguları, futbol branşında faal olarak görev yapan hakemlerin benlik saygıları ve algılanan stres düzeyleri arasında negatif yönlü bir ilişki olduğunu ve yaş, medeni durum, klasman, eğitim durumu, hakemlik yapma süresi ve gelir değişkenleri açısından herhangi bir anlamlı farklılık oluşturmadığını göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, hakemlerin benlik saygıları orta düzeydedir ve benlik saygıları arttıkça algılanan stres düzeyleri azalmaktadır. Ayrıca yaş, medeni durum, klasman, eğitim durumu, hakemlik yapma süresi ve gelir değişkenleri benlik saygısı ve algılanan stres düzeyleri açısından herhangi bir anlamlı farklılık ifade etmemektedir.
Causes and Implications of Prostitution among Young Girls in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
Authors: Galadima Bintu Kachalla , Alimi Baba Gana , Garba Ahmed , Suleiman Hassan
Published: June 2020

This paper focus on causes and implications of prostitution among women in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria. The objectives of this paper was to understand the principal causes influencing the women to enter into prostitution as a business profession for earning money,
Does Gender or Religion Contribute to the Risk of COVID-19 in Hospital Doctors in the UK?
Authors: Daga Sunil , Jafferbhoy Sadaf , Menon Geeta , Ali Mansoor , Chakravorty Subarna , Ghani Saqib , Burney Amir , Bamrah JS , Mehta Ramesh , Chakravorty Indranil
Published: June 2020

The novel coronavirus pandemic is posing significant challenges to healthcare workers (HCWs) in adjusting to redeployed clinical settings and enhanced risk to their own health. Studies suggest a variable impact of COVID-19 based on factors such as age, gender, comorbidities and ethnicity. Workplace measures such as personal protective equipment (PPE), social distancing (SD) and avoidance of exposure for the vulnerable, mitigate this risk. This online questionnaire-based study explored the impact of gender and religion in addition to workplace measures associated with risk of COVID-19 in hospital doctors in acute and mental health institutions in the UK. The survey had 1206 responses, majority (94%) from BAME backgrounds. A quarter of the respondents had either confirmed or suspected COVID-19, a similar proportion reported inadequate PPE and 2/3 could not comply with SD. One third reported being reprimanded in relation to PPE or avoidance of risk. In univariate analysis, age over 50 years, being female, Muslim and inability to avoid exposure in the workplace was associated with risk of COVID-19. On multivariate analysis, inadequate PPE remained an independent predictor with a twofold (OR 2.29, (CI - 1.22-4.33), p=0.01) risk of COVID-19. This study demonstrates that PPE, SD and workplace measures to mitigate risk remain important for reducing the risk of COVID-19 in hospital doctors. Gender and religion did not appear to be independent determinants. It is imperative that employers consolidate risk reduction measures and foster a culture of safety to encourage employees to voice any safety concerns.
A Perfect Storm
Authors: Chakravorty Subarna
Published: June 2020

Curated by Triya Anushka Chakravorty
Blast Waves from Magnetar Flares and Fast Radio Bursts
Authors: Beloborodov Andrei M.
Published: June 2020

Magnetars younger than one century are expected to be hyperactive: besides winds powered by rotation, they can generate frequent magnetic flares, which launch powerful blast waves into the wind. The resulting magnetized shocks act as masers producing bright radio emission. This theoretical picture predicts radio bursts with the following properties. (1) GHz radio emission occurs at radii

and lasts

ms in the observer's time. (2) Induced scattering in the surrounding wind does not suppress the radio burst. (3) The emission has linear polarization set by the magnetar rotation axis. (4) The emission drifts to lower frequencies during the burst, and its duration broadens at lower frequencies. (5) Blast waves in inhomogeneous winds may emit variable radio bursts; periodicity might appear on submillisecond timescales if the magnetar rotates with a ∼1 s period. However, the observed burst structure is likely changed by lensing effects during propagation through the host galaxy. (6) The magnetar bursts should repeat, with rare ultrastrong events (possibly up to ∼1043 erg in radio waves) or more frequent weak bursts. (7) When a repeating magnetic flare strikes the wind bubble in the tail of a previous flare, the radio burst turns into a bright optical burst lasting

. Locations of hyperactive magnetars in their host galaxies depend on how they form: magnetars created in supernova explosions will trace star formation regions, and magnetars formed in mergers of compact objects will be offset. The merger magnetars are expected to be particularly hyperactive.
Results of 12 yr of Pulsar Timing at Nanshan. I.
Authors: Dang S. J. , Yuan J. P. , Manchester R. N. , Li L. , Wang N. , Wang J. B. , Hobbs G. , Liu Z. Y. , Kou F. F.
Published: June 2020

We have used the Nanshan 25 m Radio Telescope at Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory to obtain timing observations of 87 pulsars from 2002 July to 2014 March. Using the “Cholesky” timing analysis method we have determined positions and proper motions for 48 pulsars, 24 of which are improved positions compared to previously published values. We also present the first published proper motions for nine pulsars and improved proper motions for 21 pulsars using the pulsar timing and position-comparison method. The pulsar rotation parameters are derived and are more accurate than previously published values for 36 pulsars. Glitches are detected in three pulsars: PSRs J1722−3632, J1852−0635, and J1957+2831. For the first two, the glitches are large, with Δν

g
/ν > 10−6, and they are the first detected glitches in these pulsars. PSR J1722−3632 is the second oldest pulsar, with a large glitch. For the middle-age pulsars (τ

c
 > 105 yr), the calculated braking indices,

, are strongly correlated with τ

c
and the numbers of positive and negative values of n are almost equal. For young pulsars (τ

c
 < 105 yr), there is no correlation between

and τ

c
and most have n > 0.
Photospheric Polarization Signatures from Long Gamma-Ray Burst Simulations
Authors: Parsotan Tyler , López-Cámara Diego , Lazzati Davide
Published: June 2020

A comprehensive understanding of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) has been elusive due to the variety of questions surrounding the radiation mechanism at play in these events. Polarization measurements of GRBs can heavily constrain the relevant radiation mechanisms and the structure of the GRB jet; however, there is a limited number of theoretical predictions that observed GRB polarizations can be compared against. Here, we conduct radiative transfer calculations of a set of two-dimensional relativistic hydrodynamic long GRB (LGRB) jet simulations, of a constant and a variable jet, using the Monte Carlo Radiation Transport (MCRaT) code. MCRaT has been enhanced by the inclusion of polarization; it has been first verified by reproducing a variety of results in the literature and then used to obtain the time-integrated and time-resolved polarization degrees and angles of the synthetic LGRBs. While the obtained time-integrated polarization degrees (≲1%) are consistent with the constraints from the POLAR experiment, they are lower than other theoretical studies due to the lack of strong gradients in the model jet profiles that we use. The time-resolved results suggests that GRBs with wide jets observed on axis will have small polarization degrees (≲2%) and constant polarization angles, during the brightest portion of the light curve. GRBs observed off-axis will have larger polarization degrees and polarization angles that change with the temporal structure of radiating shells in the outflow. We then place our results in the context of GRB prompt emission models and future LEAP and POLAR-2 GRB polarimetry detections.
The Hills Mechanism and the Galactic Center S-stars
Authors: Generozov Aleksey , Madigan Ann-Marie
Published: June 2020

Our Galactic center contains young stars, including the few million year-old clockwise disk between 0.05 and 0.5 pc from the Galactic center and the S-star cluster of B-type stars at a galactocentric distance of  0.01 pc. Recent observations suggest the S-stars are remnants of tidally disrupted binaries from the clockwise disk. In particular, Koposov et al. discovered a hypervelocity star that was ejected from the Galactic center 5 Myr ago with a velocity vector consistent with the disk. We perform a detailed study of this binary disruption scenario. First, we quantify the plausible range of binary semimajor axes in the disk. Dynamical evaporation of such binaries is dominated by other disk stars rather than by the isotropic stellar population. For the expected range of semimajor axes in the disk, binary tidal disruptions can reproduce the observed S-star semimajor axis distribution. Reproducing the observed thermal eccentricity distribution of the S-stars requires an additional relaxation process. The flight time of the Koposov star suggests that this process must be effective within 10 Myr. We consider three possibilities: (i) scalar resonant relaxation from the observed isotropic star cluster, (ii) torques from the clockwise disk, and (iii) an intermediate-mass black hole. We conclude that the first and third mechanisms are fast enough to reproduce the observed S-star eccentricity distribution. Finally, we show that the primary star from an unequal-mass binary would be deposited at larger semimajor axes than the secondary, possibly explaining the dearth of O stars among the S-stars.
Detection of Repeating FRB 180916.J0158+65 Down to Frequencies of 300 MHz
Authors: Chawla P. , Andersen B. C. , Bhardwaj M. , Fonseca E. , Josephy A. , Kaspi V. M. , Michilli D. , Pleunis Z. , Bandura K. M. , Bassa C. G. , Boyle P. J. , Brar C. , Cassanelli T. , Cubranic D. , Dobbs M. , Dong F. Q. , Gaensler B. M. , Good D. C. , Hessels J. W. T. , Landecker T. L. , Leung C. , Li D. Z. , Lin H.-. H. , Masui K. , Mckinven R. , Mena-Parra J. , Merryfield M. , Meyers B. W. , Naidu A. , Ng C. , Patel C. , Rafiei-Ravandi M. , Rahman M. , Sanghavi P. , Scholz P. , Shin K. , Smith K. M. , Stairs I. H. , Tendulkar S. P. , Vanderlinde K.
Published: June 2020

We report on the detection of seven bursts from the periodically active, repeating fast radio burst (FRB) source FRB 180916.J0158+65 in the 300–400 MHz frequency range with the Green Bank Telescope (GBT). Emission in multiple bursts is visible down to the bottom of the GBT band, suggesting that the cutoff frequency (if it exists) for FRB emission is lower than 300 MHz. Observations were conducted during predicted periods of activity of the source, and had simultaneous coverage with the Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) and the FRB backend on the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME) telescope. We find that one of the GBT-detected bursts has potentially associated emission in the CHIME band (400–800 MHz) but we detect no bursts in the LOFAR band (110–190 MHz), placing a limit of

on the spectral index of broadband emission from the source. We also find that emission from the source is severely band-limited with burst bandwidths as low as ∼40 MHz. In addition, we place the strictest constraint on observable scattering of the source, <1.7 ms at 350 MHz, suggesting that the circumburst environment does not have strong scattering properties. Additionally, knowing that the circumburst environment is optically thin to free–free absorption at 300 MHz, we find evidence against the association of a hyper-compact H ii region or a young supernova remnant (age <50 yr) with the source.
A Radiatively Quiet Glitch and Anti-glitch in the Magnetar 1E 2259+586
Authors: Younes George , Ray Paul S. , Baring Matthew G. , Kouveliotou Chryssa , Fletcher Corinne , Wadiasingh Zorawar , Harding Alice K. , Goldstein Adam
Published: June 2020

We report on the timing and spectral properties of the soft X-ray emission from the magnetar 1E 2259+586 from 2013 January, ∼8 months after the detection of an anti-glitch, until 2019 September, using the Neil Gehrels Swift and Neutron star Interior Composition ExploreR (NICER) observatories. During this time span, we detect two timing discontinuities. The first, occurring around 5 yr after the 2012 April anti-glitch, is a relatively large spin-up glitch with a fractional amplitude

. We find no evidence for flux enhancement or change in the spectral or pulse-profile shape around the time of this glitch. This is consistent with the picture that a significant number of magnetar spin-up glitches are radiatively quiet. Approximately 1.5 yr later in 2019 April, 1E 2259+586 exhibited an anti-glitch with spin-down of a fractional amplitude

, similar to the fractional change detected in 2012. We do not, however, detect any change to the pulse-profile shape or increase in the rms pulsed flux of the source, nor do we see any possible bursts from its direction around the time of the anti-glitch, all of which occurred during the 2012 event. Hence, similar to spin-up glitches, anti-glitches can occur silently. This may suggest that these phenomena originate in the neutron star interior, and that their locale and triggering mechanism do not necessarily have to be connected to the magnetosphere. Last, our observations suggest that the occurrence rate of spin-up and spin-down glitches is about the same in 1E 2259+586, with the former having a larger net fractional change.
Halo Environment for Population III Star Formation
Authors: Grace Justin , O’Shea Brian W. , Wise John H.
Published: June 2020

We analyze the environmental features and growth history of high-redshift halos from cosmological simulation data to determine the conditions that lead to Population III star formation. We use support-vector classification (SVC) to determine the separation in feature-space between Population III halos and halos that form no stars. We perform hyperparameter tuning but are unable to produce an SVC model that reliably classifies Population III halos. We perform feature selection and determine that among our included features, Lyman–Werner radiation and halo mass have the most significant impact on an SVC model's effectiveness.
Diffraction-limited Titan Surface Imaging from Orbit Using Near-infrared Atmospheric Windows
Authors: Barnes Jason W. , MacKenzie Shannon M. , Young Eliot F. , Soderblom Jason M. , Hayes Alexander G. , Sotin Christophe , Brown Robert H. , Soderblom Laurence A.
Published: June 2020

The selection of Dragonfly enables regional Titan surface science, but global Titan geophysics, geology, hydrology, and meteorology require an orbiter. We consider the sources of signal and noise that would contribute to near-infrared surface imaging from such an orbiter both analytically and numerically. The fraction of light arriving at an orbiting camera directly from Titan’s surface, and therefore conveying full-resolution surface information, decreases at shorter wavelengths as additive atmospheric scatter and light blurred on the way out increase with higher haze optical depths. We apply the Monte Carlo radiative transfer model SRTC++ and show that up to 75% of observed flux in Titan’s 5 μm window comes directly from the surface, up to 47% comes directly at 2 μm, and up to just 7% comes directly in the 0.94 μm window. We find that diffraction-limited surface imaging with 10 m pixels is possible with a signal-to-noise ratio for surface features of 100 in the near-infrared at 5 and 2 μm using a 50 cm aperture. A Titan orbiter camera could image in color using 5 μm, 2 μm, and potentially other wavelengths using a pushbroom strategy with time-delay integration.
Composition and Size Dependent Sorting in Preplanetary Growth: Seeding the Formation of Mercury-like Planets
Authors: Kruss Maximilian , Wurm Gerhard
Published: June 2020

In an earlier work, we found that large metallic iron fractions in dust aggregates and strong magnetic fields boost preplanetary growth. This sets an initial bias for the formation of Mercury-like planets in the inner part of protoplanetary disks. We extended these experiments here by adding pure quartz aggregates to the iron-rich aggregates. Magnetic boost still leads to the formation of larger clusters of aggregates. These clusters now include silicate aggregates, which can also be connecting bridges between chains. However, at least a certain fraction of iron-rich aggregates are needed to trigger magnetic boost. Without a magnetic field, the sticking properties of the aggregates and their constituents determine the composition of clusters of a given size. This introduces a new fractionation and sorting mechanism by cluster formation at the bouncing barrier.
Dynamical History of the Uranian System
Authors: Ćuk Matija , El Moutamid Maryame , Tiscareno Matthew S.
Published: June 2020

We numerically simulate the past tidal evolution of the five large moons of Uranus (Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon). We find that the most recent major mean–motion resonance (MMR) between any two moons, the Ariel–Umbriel 5:3 MMR, had a large effect on the whole system. Our results suggest that this resonance is responsible for the current 4.°3 inclination of Miranda (instead of the previously proposed 3:1 Miranda–Umbriel MMR), and that all five moons had their inclinations excited during this resonance. Miranda experienced significant tidal heating during the Ariel–Umbriel 5:3 MMR, due to its eccentricity being excited by Ariel’s secular perturbations. This tidal heating draws energy from the shrinking of Miranda’s orbit, rather than Ariel’s outward evolution, and can generate heat flows in excess of 100 mW m−2, sufficient to produce young coronae on Miranda. We find that this MMR was followed by a sequence of secular resonances, which reshuffled the moons’ eccentricities and inclinations. We also find that the precession of Oberon’s spin axis is close to a resonance with the precession of Umbriel’s orbital plane, and that this spin–orbit resonance was likely excited during the Ariel–Umbriel 5:3 MMR. After the exit from the MMR, subsequent Ariel–Umbriel secular resonance and Oberon–Umbriel spin–orbit resonance may be able to explain the current low inclinations of Ariel and Umbriel. The age of Miranda’s surface features tentatively suggests Uranian tidal Q = 15,000–20,000, which can be further refined in future work.
New data on the aphid (Hemiptera, Aphididae) fauna of New Caledonia: some new biosecurity threats in a biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Mille Christian , Jourdan Hervé , Cazères Sylvie , Maw Eric , Foottit Robert
Published: June 2020

Thirty-three species of aphids are now established in New Caledonia. All species appear to have been introduced accidentally by human activity in the last century. Here, 17 aphid species are recorded for the first time:Aphis eugeniae,Aphis glycines,Aphis odinae,Aulacorthum solani,Brachycaudus helichrysi,Cerataphis orchidearum,Greenidea psidii,Hyperomyzus carduellinus,Hysteroneura setariae,Lipaphis pseudobrassicae,Micromyzus katoi,Myzus ornatus,Pentalonia caladii,Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae,Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale,Schizaphis rotundiventris, andTetraneura fusiformis. Thirteen more species are also more or less regularly intercepted at the borders through biosecurity surveys, without further establishment. This demonstrates that aphids represent a major biosecurity threat, including a threat as potential plant virus vectors. The reinforcement of biosecurity is a priority for such biodiversity hotspots, from the perspectives of both agriculture and the native environment. Prioritisation and promotion of local development of vegetable and fruit production, rather than their risky importation from abroad, is desirable. Such an approach also should be promoted and extended to other Pacific islands, which all share the lack of native aphid fauna and their associated plant disease vector risks.
A new species of the horned toad Megophrys Kuhl & Van Hasselt, 1822 (Anura, Megophryidae) from southwest China
Authors: Xu Ning , Li Shi-Ze , Liu Jing , Wei Gang , Wang Bin
Published: June 2020

A new species of the genus Megophrys is described from Guizhou Province, China. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA sequences all strongly supported the new species as an independent clade sister to M. minor and M. jiangi. The new species could be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following characters: body size moderate (SVL 43.4–44.1 mm in males, and 44.8–49.8 mm in females; vomerine teeth absent; tongue not notched behind; a small horn-like tubercle at the edge of each upper eyelid; tympanum distinctly visible, rounded; two metacarpal tubercles on palm; relative finger lengths II < I < V < III; toes without webbing; heels overlapping when thighs are positioned at right angles to the body; tibiotarsal articulation reaching the level between tympanum and eye when leg stretched forward; in breeding males, an internal single subgular vocal sac in male, and the nuptial pads with black spines on dorsal surface of bases of the first two fingers.
A partial molecular phylogeny of Rhadinaea and related genera (Squamata, Dipsadidae) with comments on the generic assignment of Rhadinaea eduardoi
Authors: Palacios-Aguilar Ricardo , García-Vázquez Uri Omar
Published: June 2020

The genus Rhadinaea is a diverse clade of New World dipsadid snakes, with 22 species arranged in six recognized species groups. The most recently described species, Rhadinaea eduardoi, was described based on a unique specimen collected in the Santa Catarina Juquila municipality in the Sierra Madre del Sur of southern Oaxaca, Mexico. Here, based on a reexamination of the holotype and the results of a phylogenetic analysis of the holotype of Rhadinaea eduardoi and representatives of several genera closely related to Rhadinaea, we reassessed the generic assignment of Rhadinaea eduardoi. In our phylogenetic hypothesis, R. eduardoi was nested within a strongly supported clade of Coniophanes fissidens samples, thus making Rhadinaea paraphyletic with respect to Coniophanes. Additionally, our reexamination of the holotype of Rhadinaea eduardoi revealed that the alleged presence of a subpreocular scale is only true on the right side of the head, and that this scale appears to be a malformed preocular scale; also, a reduction in dorsal scale rows is present; and posterior enlarged maxillary teeth are grooved. Herein we consider that Rhadinaea eduardoi should be placed in the synonymy of Coniophanes fissidens. Consequently, we recognized only five species groups within the genus Rhadinaea.
El mecanismo de inversión ideológica: sobre los procesos de legitimación del capitalismo
Authors: Puga Ismael , Moya Cristóbal
Published: June 2020

El estudio de la legitimación del capitalismo como explicación de su estabilidad ha sido desplazado por estudios sobre las disposiciones individuales hacia la desigualdad y las jerarquías. Recuperando el carácter explicativo de la legitimación, proponemos distinguir analíticamente entre tres grandes mecanismos de legitimación del orden social: legitimidad social, disimulación e inversión ideológica. Estos mecanismos comparten principios clave para la teoría sociológica clásica, pero difieren en la explicación sobre cómo el capitalismo obtiene validez social y se sostiene en el tiempo. Proponemos específicamente la primacía explicativa del mecanismo de inversión ideológica como tesis más plausible para la estabilidad social en las sociedades contemporáneas. A partir de esta tesis, sugerimos una nueva agenda de investigación teórica y empírica sobre la legitimación del orden capitalista.
Murine Glucocorticoid Receptors Orchestrate B Cell Migration Selectively between Bone Marrow and Blood
Authors: Cain Derek W. , Bortner Carl D. , Diaz-Jimenez David , Petrillo Maria G. , Gruver-Yates Amanda , Cidlowski John A.
Published: June 2020

Glucocorticoids promote CXCR4 expression by T cells, monocytes, macrophages, and eosinophils, but it is not known if glucocorticoids regulate CXCR4 in B cells. Considering the important contributions of CXCR4 to B cell development and function, we investigated the glucocorticoid/CXCR4 axis in mice. We demonstrate that glucocorticoids upregulate CXCR4 mRNA and protein in mouse B cells. Using a novel strain of mice lacking glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) specifically in B cells, we show that reduced CXCR4 expression associated with GR deficiency results in impaired homing of mature B cells to bone marrow, whereas migration to other lymphoid tissues is independent of B cell GRs. The exchange of mature B cells between blood and bone marrow is sensitive to small, physiologic changes in glucocorticoid activity, as evidenced by the lack of circadian rhythmicity in GR-deficient B cell counts normally associated with diurnal patterns of glucocorticoid secretion. B cellGRKO mice mounted normal humoral responses to immunizations with T-dependent and T-independent (Type 1) Ags, but Ab responses to a multivalent T-independent (Type 2) Ag were impaired, a surprise finding considering the immunosuppressive properties commonly attributed to glucocorticoids. We propose that endogenous glucocorticoids regulate a dynamic mode of B cell migration specialized for rapid exchange between bone marrow and blood, perhaps as a means to optimize humoral immunity during diurnal periods of activity.
Muscle function impairment in cancer patients in pre-cachexia stage
Authors: Dalise Stefania , Tropea Peppino , Galli Luca , Sbrana Andrea , Chisari Carmelo
Published: June 2020

Cancer cachexia has been reported to be directly responsible for at least 20% of cancer deaths. Management of muscle wasting in cancer-associated cachexia appears to be of pivotal importance for survival of patients. In this regard, it would be interesting to identify before its patent appearance eventual functional markers of muscle damage, to plan specific exercise protocols to counteract cachexia. The muscle function of 13 oncologic patients and 15 controls was analyzed through: i) analysis of the oxidative metabolism, indirectly evaluated trough dosage of blood lactate levels before and after a submaximal incremental exercise on a treadmill; ii) analysis of strength and, iii) endurance, in both lower and upper limbs muscles, employing an isokinetic dynamometer. Statistical analyses were carried out to compare the muscle activities between groups. Analysis of oxidative metabolism during the incremental exercise on a treadmill showed that patients performed a shorter exercise than controls. Lactate levels were significantly higher in patients both at baseline and after the task. Muscle strength analysis in patients group showed a reduction of Maximum Voluntary Contraction during the isometric contraction and, a tendency to fatigue during endurance task. Data emerging from this study highlight an impairment of muscle oxidative metabolism in subjects affected by a pre-cachexia stage of cancer. A trend of precocious fatigability and an impairment of muscle strength production were also observed. This evidence underlines the relevance of assessing muscle function in order to develop novel rehabilitative approaches able to counteract motor impairment and eventually to prevent cachexia in these patients.
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Adverse Drug Reaction, and Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Among Practising Dermatologists in Maharashtra
Authors: Pande Sushil , Shirolikar Manasi
Published: June 2020

Introduction:

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are common in a dermatological practice. Underreporting of ADR is a concern for dermatologists across the world. Aim: This survey aims to assess the attitudes and current reporting practices of ADRs and to understand possible causes for underreporting of ADRs amongst practising dermatologists of Maharashtra This will help to better understand, which steps will be effective to increase the reporting of ADRs.

Study Design:

Descriptive cross sectional questionnaire based study.

Materials and Methods:

The descriptive cross sectional questionnaire based study was conducted in Department of Dermatology of tertiary care hospital in central India from a period of April 2017 to September 2018. The target population was all practising dermatologists across Maharashtra. All practising dermatologists willing to participate in the survey were included while postgraduate students in dermatology and other fields, those not willing to participate in the study, doctors of non-allopathic disciplines practicing dermatology were excluded.

Results:

A total of 49% of the surveyed dermatologists see cases of ADRs often in their practice. Of these, the most common cutaneous adverse reaction is to topical corticosteroids. 30% of surveyed dermatologists had heard of the ADR reporting system but did not know how it is done while 27% had reported ADRs.

Conclusion:

The current trend of underreporting of ADRs is alarming as many dermatologists are not even aware that ADR in their practice needs to be reported.
Positive definite functions and cut-off for discrete groups
Authors: Freslon Amaury
Published: June 2020

We consider the sequence of powers of a positive definite function on a discrete group. Taking inspiration from random walks on compact quantum groups, we give several examples of situations where a cut-off phenomenon occurs for this sequence, including free groups and infinite Coxeter groups. We also give examples of absence of cut-off using free groups again.
Injective modules over the Jacobson algebra
Authors: Abrams Gene , Mantese Francesca , Tonolo Alberto
Published: June 2020

For a field K, let
$\mathcal {R}$
denote the Jacobson algebra
$K\langle X, Y \ | \ XY=1\rangle $
. We give an explicit construction of the injective envelope of each of the (infinitely many) simple left
$\mathcal {R}$
-modules. Consequently, we obtain an explicit description of a minimal injective cogenerator for
$\mathcal {R}$
. Our approach involves realizing
$\mathcal {R}$
up to isomorphism as the Leavitt path K-algebra of an appropriate graph
$\mathcal {T}$
, which thereby allows us to utilize important machinery developed for that class of algebras.
Les chainons de l’émergence des maladies virales chez l’homme, du passage zoonotique à la transmission interhumaine efficace : les exemples du syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère (SARS) et de la maladie à virus Ebola
Authors: Manuguerra Jean-Claude
Published: June 2020

Links leading to the emergence of viral diseases in humans, from zoonotic transfer to effective interhuman transmission : the examples of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and ebola virus disease

The entire process of the complete passage of a virus from animals to humans requires five phases. The first one is the unique and short-lived initial zoonotic passage in humans of an animal virus. During the second stage, the animal virus passes more or less often in humans, but inter-human transmission is not possible ; man is an epidemiological cul-de-sac. The initial passage to humans can be done directly from the source or by an intermediate animal species. The third phase is reached when, after passing through to humans, the virus undergoes a few cycles of human-to-human transmission that stop quickly. The fourth step is crossed when the chains of human-to-human transmission are extended. When the virus has fully adapted to humans and when its circulation in humans has become permanent and independent of its animal reservoir, the final stage is reached. Here we detail the cases of the emergence of the virus causing the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and that of the Ebola disease.
Sedanjost in prihodnost visokošolskega izobraževanja
Authors: Radovan Marko
Published: June 2020

Tokratna številka Andragoških spoznanj je nastala kot rezultat projekta Inovativno učenje in poučevanje v visokem šolstvu (INOVUP), ki se izvaja na vseh treh javnih slovenskih univerzah: Univerzi v Ljubljani, Univerzi v Mariboru in Univerzi na Primorskem. Poleg teh treh institucij, ki zajemajo večino slovenskega visokošolskega prostora, v konzorciju sodeluje tudi Fakulteta za informacijske študije v Novem mestu. Osrednji namen projekta INOVUP (www.inovup.si), ki ga financira ministrstvo za izobraževanje, znanost in šport prek sredstev Evropskega socialnega sklada (ESS), je preveriti in »prevetriti« visokošolsko didaktiko na slovenskih univerzah. V projektu ne želimo zgolj analizirati stanja na tem področju, temveč prek različnih usposabljanj spodbuditi refleksijo visokošolskih učiteljev o lastni praksi in jih usposobiti za vpeljavo novih pristopov v poučevanje.