bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential expression of LOC101929713 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: August 2022

Neurodegenerative diseases that affect the motor neurons, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), have little treatment options and are generally rapidly fatal (1, 2). We harnessed the power of unbiased, whole transcriptome differential gene expression analysis, utilizing primary patient cells and tissues to discover genes whose expression defines sporadic ALS using published data (3, 4). We found significant differential expression of LOC101929713 in primary fibroblasts of patients with sporadic ALS (SALS). LOC101929713 transcript was present at lower levels in SALS patient fibroblasts as compared to control, non-diseased fibroblasts. These analyses will begin to define the transcriptional landscape of sporadic ALS.
Myths and reality about confronting anti-gay prejudice: Who confronts and why (not)?
Authors: Szekeres Hanna , Cabarkapa Dana
Published: August 2022

There are lay theories about who would confront heterosexist prejudice, with people often citing women, educated, and liberals as being more likely to speak up. However, prior work is inconclusive about such predictors of confrontation. We tested which individual-level characteristics predict bystander confrontation, and what motivates or prevents straight individuals from confronting – focusing on socio-political ideology and gender. We conducted our study among Eastern-Southeastern Europeans (N=132), and we employed a behavioral paradigm, where participants believed they witnessed and had an opportunity to confront anti-gay discrimination. We found 24% confrontation rate, which was not predicted by age, socioeconomic status, education level, or heterosexism. Moreover, we found that women or liberals were as likely to confront as men or conservatives were, respectively, however, their motivations and obstacles differed. Opposed to our prediction, men were not discouraged from confronting because of fear of being misidentified as gay, while as predicted, women were discouraged due to concerns about their assertiveness and efficacy. We also found that as predicted, liberals were encouraged to confront for equality/intergroup-oriented reasons, and conservatives were encouraged by individual/merit-oriented reasons. We suggest that intervention programs relying on personalized messages can be utilized to motivate confronting heterosexist prejudice along ideological lines.
Neural evidence of switch processes during semantic and phonetic foraging in human memory
Authors: Lundin Nancy B. , Brown Joshua W. , Johns Brendan T. , Jones Michael N. , Purcell John Randall , Hetrick William P. , O'Donnell Brian , Todd Peter M.
Published: August 2022

Humans may retrieve words from memory by exploring and exploiting in "semantic space" similar to how non-human animals forage for resources in physical space. This has been studied using the verbal fluency test (VFT), in which participants generate words belonging to a semantic or phonetic category in a limited time. People produce bursts of related items during VFT, referred to as "clustering" and "switching." The strategic foraging model posits that cognitive search behavior is guided by a monitoring process which detects relevant declines in performance and then triggers the searcher to seek a new patch or cluster in memory after the current patch has been depleted. An alternative body of research proposes that this behavior can be explained by an undirected rather than strategic search process, such as random walks with or without random jumps to new parts of semantic space. This study contributes to this theoretical debate by testing for neural evidence of strategically timed switches during memory search. Thirty participants performed category and letter VFT during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Responses were classified as cluster or switch events based on computational metrics of similarity and participant evaluations. Results showed greater hippocampal and posterior cerebellar activation during switching than clustering, even while controlling for inter-response times and linguistic distance. Furthermore, these regions exhibited ramping activity which increased during within-patch search leading up to switches. Findings support the strategic foraging model, clarifying how neural switch processes may guide memory search in a manner akin to foraging in patchy spatial environments.
Systematic Falsification Framework: What are Replications and Extensions?
Authors: Choi Hong Hui
Published: August 2022

Despite broad agreement that psychology is in a replication crisis, there is much disagreement over what a replication is, and how replications should be conducted. To answer these questions, Machery (2020) proposed a definition of replication, while Uygun Tunç and Tunç's (2021) Systematic Replications Framework (SRF) proposed a falsificationist strategy to conducting replications. However, there are issues with both proposals: For Machery’s resampling account, despite his emphasis that replications and extensions are distinct types of experiments, he does not give a definition of extension. For Uygun Tunç and Tunç’s SRF, the lack of explicit definitions undermines its purpose, which is to reduce the problem of underdetermination. My objective in this paper is to fix both issues. I will do so by building on the resampling account to give a definition of extension, and thereafter put the improved resampling account to work to amend the SRF.
The Theory of Co-opting Mother-infant Bonding Informs a New Approach to the Science of Romantic Love (Published in Frontiers in Psychology: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1176067/full)
Authors: Bode Adam
Published: August 2022

For almost 25 years, the predominate evolutionary theory of romantic love has been Fisher’s theory of independent emotion systems. That theory suggests that sex drive, romantic attraction (romantic love), and attachment are associated with distinct neurobiological and endocrinological systems which evolved independently of each other. Psychological and neurobiological evidence, however, suggest that a complementary theory requires attention. A theory of co-opting mother-infant bonding sometime in the recent evolutionary history of humans may partially account for the evolution of romantic love. I present a case for this theory and a new approach to the science of romantic love drawing on human psychological, neurobiological, and (neuro)endocrinological studies as well as some animal studies. The hope is that this theoretical review, along with other publications, will generate debate in the literature about the merits of the theory of co-opting mother-infant bonding and a new evolutionary approach to the science of romantic love.
Can Conditionals Explain Explanations? A Modus Ponens Model of B because A
Authors: Sebben Simone , Ullrich Johannes
Published: August 2022

We suggest a normative model for the evaluation of explanations B because A based on probabilistic conditional reasoning and compare it with empirical data. According to the modus ponens model of explanations, the probability of B because A should equal the joint probability of the conditional if A then B and the explanans A. We argue that B because A expresses the conjunction of A and B as well as positive relevance of A for B. In Study 1, participants (N = 80) judged the subjective probabilities of 20 sets of statements with a focus on belief-based reasoning under uncertainty. In Study 2, participants (N = 376) were assigned to one of six item sets for which we varied the inferential relevance of A for B to explore boundary conditions of our model. We assessed the performance of our model across a range of analyses and report results on the Equation, a fundamental model in research on probabilistic reasoning concerning the evaluation of conditionals. In both studies, results indicate that participants’ belief in statements B because A followed model predictions systematically. However, a sizeable proportion of sets of beliefs contained at least one incoherence, indicating deviations from the norms of rationality suggested by our model. In addition, results of Study 2 lend support to the idea that inferential relevance may be relevant for the evaluation of both conditionals and explanations.
Exploring the impact of New Resettlement Area’s on the well-being of local residents: a case study in Chongqing, China
Authors: Li Manlin
Published: August 2022

This dissertation seeks to critically evaluate the extent to which the transition from Village in the City (VIC) to a New Resettlement Area (NRA) has impacted on the well-being of local residents, through a case study of the Xin Wu Jia Yuan New Resettlement Area (XWJY NRA) in Chongqing, China. Along with rapid urbanization in China, the issue of VIC is a specific urban phenomenon that has emerged in metropolitan cities. The people living in VIC are widely seen as living in poor conditions, in high-density, overcrowded and irregular housing developments. In response to this, the Chinese government initiated a large-scale redevelopment approach, re-housing people in New Resettlement Areas. Thus, large amounts of indigenous villagers have been moved into New Resettlement Areas, where they are provided with new affordable housing. Although research has identified the various impacts of the VIC in terms of economic and social benefits little is known about the everyday impacts on those residents who have transitioned into the NRA. This paper focuses on investigating the impact of moving into the New Resettlement Areas on the well-being of local residents. This is achieved through conducting semi-structured interviews with local residents living in the case study area. The findings identified five key impacts of the move on residents’ well-being including: 1. Familiarity, Social cohesion and Community well-being. 2. Living conditions, Everyday activities and Environmental well-being. 3.Crime, Safety and Social well-being. 4. Work, Economic security and Economic well-being. 5. Amenity, Accessibility, Place attachment and well-being. This research makes recommendations for future urban development practice regarding New Resettlement Areas including the need for greater resident involvement in the consultation process, development that offers more inclusive and accessible services and amenities and greater choice for local residents when moving into the resettlement area.
Rekrutmen pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19 di PT Dirgantara Indonesia (Persero)
Authors: Ulpa Maria , Rochmah Tengku Sitti , Garnida Agus , Nugroho Danang
Published: August 2022

PT Dirgantara Indonesia (Persero) merupakan industri bisnis strategis yang harus dipertahankan keberadaannya. Sumber daya manusia dalam sebuah perusahaan merupakan penggerak roda utama untuk mengembangkan perusahaan. Oleh karena itu, PT Dirgantara Indonesia (Persero) sangat memperhatikan proses rekrutmen agar mendapatkan calon karyawan yang berkualitas, terlebih pada masa pandemi Covid-19 dibutuhkan karyawan yang memiliki inovasi terhadap perusahaan akan menjadi modal utama untuk pengembangan perusahaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Rekrutmen pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19 di PT Dirgantara Indonesia (Persero). Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metodelogi fenomenologi. Hasil dari penelitan ini adalah PT Dirgantara Indonesia (Persero) pada masa pandemi Covid-19 tetap melakukan rekrutmen sesuai dengan kebutuhan dari unit organisasi, calon karyawan melakukan serangkaian proses administratif sebagaimana ditetapkan terhadap calon karyawan sebelum adanya pandemi Covid-19, calon karyawan yang telah diterima bekerja di wajibkan membawa hasil rapid test pada TMT (terhitung mulai tanggal) ditetapkannya bekerja.
Wellbeing as the Goal of Policy
Authors: Layard Richard
Published: August 2022

When policy-makers have multiple objectives, they still need an over-arching criterion which determines the importance of the different objectives. The most reasonable criterion is the wellbeing of the population. Fortunately, it turns out that this is also the outcome which most determines whether a government gets re-elected. We therefore argue that, wherever there is a fixed budget constraint, money should be allocated to those policies which give the greatest increase in wellbeing per pound of expenditure. If desired, now policies can focus especially on areas of life which cause the most misery. The new science of wellbeing provides evidence on which these are: especially mental and physical illness and poor relationships at work, at home or in the community. But, to approve a policy, there must be evidence of its effectiveness in dealing with the problem – preferably through controlled experiments. Where a policy increases the length of life, this counts as an addition to wellbeing, measured by Wellbeing-Years (or WELLBYs) per person born. Even policy-makers unmoved by wellbeing as an objective should promote it because of its large positive effects on productivity, academic learning and life-expectancy. If wellbeing is to play its proper role in decision-making, this will require a major re-organisation of Finance Ministries and other decision-making bodies.
Experience of scientific support of the training of athletes in foreign countries
Authors: Petruk A. , Romanchuk S. , Tychyna I. , Oderov A. , Baidala V. , Pylypchak I.
Published: August 2022

This paper describes main sports institutions of the world which provide scientific maintenance of training and competitions for elite athletes: English Institute for Sport, Manchester; School of Sport,Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University; Bundesinstitut für Sportwissenschaft; Institut für Angewandte Trainingswissenschaft; United States Olympic Training Centers; Sports Science Institute of North Africa, Newlands; Australian institute of Sport. Structures of sports science center has been studied, as well as main directions of their activity, links with governmental institutes, other scientific institutions, sports federations and so on.
The influence of physical exercises on the physical and functional condition of students of higher education: theoretical aspect
Authors: Riadova Liliana , Podmaryova Iryna , Tsyhanovska Nataliia , Honchar Viacheslav , Batulin Dmytro
Published: August 2022

The article, based on the analysis of scientific and methodical literature, reveals the influence of systematic physical exercises on the physical and functional condition of students of higher education.

Intensification of the educational process in institutions of higher education has a negative effect on the state of health of students of higher education. About 90% of the mentioned contingent have deviations in their state of health. Strengthening the health of students of higher education is possible only under the conditions of systematic physical exercises.

Physical exercises play a big role in the successful life of student youth. Systematic physical exercises in the educational process in institutions of higher education or in extracurricular work will have a positive effect on the physical and functional condition of students of higher education.
Modelling the Plasma Torch: Numerical and Analytical Models to Describe the Temperature and Velocity Distribution Inside a F4 Torch
Authors: Ramachandran K. , Marqués J.-L. , Vaßen R. , Stöver D.
Published: August 2022

One of the most sensitive factors for the simulation of the gas flow outside the plasma torch is the determination of the velocity and temperature profiles at the torch outlet. It requires the solution of the flow and electric potential equations within the torch. In this work this problem is solved through numerical simulations, with two free parameters: the radius of the plasma core near to the cathode and the length of the electric arc (or alternatively the potential between cathode and anode). In order to reduce the number of the free parameters to only one, an analytical model is also developed, which solves the same equations as the numerical simulations but in a simplified way. The reduction of parameters is achieved in this simple model through the additional condition that the physical plasma corresponds to an extremal value in the entropy production. Since the results of the simplified analytical model are compared to more detailed numerical simulations, the free parameter can be adjusted. The effect of high hydrogen content on the gas flow is thus studied, showing that the velocity profile at the outlet displays a more pronounced peak, as expected experimentally.
Laser Shock Flier Impact Simulation of Particle-Substrate Interactions in Cold Spray
Authors: Barradas S. , Molins R. , Jeandin M. , Arrigoni M. , Boustie M. , Bolis C. , Berthe L. , Ducos M.
Published: August 2022

Coating-substrate adhesion in cold spray is a paramount property, the mechanisms of which are not yet well elucidated. These mechanisms are governed by metallurgical and morphological phenomena occuring when cold-sprayed particles impinge on the substrate. To go into these mechanisms, due to the intrinsic characteristics of the cold spray process, i.e. the low-temperature and high velocity of the particles, direct observation and control of inflight particles and related phenomena (especially when impinging) cannot be done easily. For this reason, an experimental simulation of the particle-substrate reactions at the particle impingement was developed. This simulation is based on original filter impact experiments from laser shock acceleration of plates/foils (fliers). These were applied to the Cu-Al metallurgically-reactive system to simulate Cu cold-sprayed onto Al. The velocity of the plate was selected in the range of actual cold spray velocities. Relevant Cu-Al interaction phenomena were featured and studied as a function of filter impact conditions, i.e., primarily, shearing, plastic deformation, phase transformation (including rapid melting/solidification and formation of intermetallics). These phenomena were shown to be similar to those involved in cold spray. This was ascertained by a parallel study of cold-sprayed Cu coating of Al using SEM, TEM, EPMA, and an energy balance and diffusion calculations. In addition, this simulation can be used to feed FE modeling of cold spray particle impingement on the substrate. Preliminary results are discussed from modeling using the “RADIOSS®” code. More generally, laser shock flier impact experiments were demonstrated to result in a powerful tool capable of simulating cold spray coating-substrate interface mechanisms. Major assets rest on their high significance, reproducibility, flexibility and potential for substituting for direct laborious cold spray optimization testing.
HVOF Sprayed Ti(Al,O)/Al2O3 Based Composite Coatings for High Temperature Applications
Authors: Liang J. , Gao W. , Zhang D.
Published: August 2022

Ti(Al,O)/Al2O3 based composite powders with three different compositions were produced by high energy milling, sintering and grounding. High velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying was used to coat these powders onto Ti-6Al-4V alloy samples. High temperature oxidation and hot corrosion behaviour of the coatings was studied in dry air and Na2SO4 + NaCl vapour, respectively. The results showed that Ti(Al,O)/Al2O3 coatings have a much improved oxidation and hot corrosion resistance compared to the substrate Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The oxide formed on the surface of the coatings after high temperature exposure is composed of a mixture of Al2O3 and TiO2. The oxide scales have excellent adhesion to the coatings, showing superior scale spallation resistance. Microstructural analysis suggested that the Al2O3 particles could act as a diffusion barrier to O and Ti therefore reducing the oxidation rate. The Al2O3 phase also forms an interlocking network penetrating throughout the oxide scale, reinforcing the fragile TiO2 containing scale. It is believed this composite system can provide a new generation of coatings to Ti based alloys, raising the application temperature of Ti alloys from ~650ºC to 800-900ºC without excessive scale spallation.
Influence of Annealing Condition on Crystallization Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Thermal Sprayed PEEK Coating
Authors: Zhang G. , Liao H. , Coddet C. , Yu H. , Mhaisalkar S.G. , Ji V. , Huang W.
Published: August 2022

Amorphous PEEK coating was prepared on Al substrate, employing flame spraying technology. The amorphous coating was subjected to annealing treatments under different conditions. Both differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) analysis revealed that the isothermally treated coating exhibited semi-crystalline structure. Coexistence of double crystal entities in semi-crystalline PEEK coating was deduced from the results obtained by DSC and WAXD measurements. Annealing temperature and holding time under this temperature affect the morphology of the minor crystal entity which is metastable. The mechanical properties of the isothermally treated coating were investigated considering coating microhardness and friction and wear properties. The variations of the coating mechanical properties were correlated with the modifications in the coating structure induced by the different annealing conditions.
Correlating the Spray Pattern to the Coating Architecture: Exploring the Dominant Mechanisms and Process Parameters
Authors: Montavon G. , Berndt C.C. , Trifa F.I. , Guessasma S.
Published: August 2022

The plasma spray process is unique because the coating properties depend indirectly on the processing parameters. Therefore, the in-service properties derive mostly from the coating architecture. The coating architecture is related to the intrinsic lamellae formation mechanism; which is related to the impinging particle characteristics that are linked to the power and feedstock injection. The coating architecture is also related to the extrinsic spray pattern formation mechanism; i.e., the kinematics and geometric spray parameters such as spray velocity, spray angle, and stand off distance. Understanding relationships between coating architecture and its properties requires consideration of the whole coating formation process. Ultimately, this permits selection of process parameters that demonstrate enhanced spray efficiencies and manufacturing capability. Included in this study are the pore network architecture and residual stress level because they play important roles in coating cohesion from which derive most of the in-service properties. Coating manufacturing mechanisms, from the spray pattern to an actual coating formed by several successive patterns, are investigated in this paper. The case of atmospheric plasma sprayed Al2O3-TiO2 (13% by wt.) is considered. Data are statistically assessed by implementing Gaussian and Weibull analyses. The critical role of pores which develop within the spray pattern and between successive patterns is examined in detail. There is contamination between layers and the intrinsic roughness of the coating is altered during the spray process. In summary, within this work, it is intended to define the intrinsic and extrinsic operational variables that contribute to the coating architecture and, thereby, suggest technology that can be implemented to improve coating quality and deposition efficiency.
Plasma Spraying of a Novel Material with Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Microstructure
Authors: Chraska T. , Neufuss K. , Dubský J. , Nohava J. , Oberste-Berghaus J.
Published: August 2022

A novel material has been used for plasma spraying by WSP. The material is composed of three main phases, namely corundum (aluminum oxide), baddeleyite (zirconium oxide), and glassy phase (silicon oxide). The material is a refractory and exhibits very high hardness, extremely high abrasion resistance, and chemical resistance. Conventionally, the material is fabricated by melt casting and machining. Cast tiles of the material were ground and sieved to obtain the right powder cut size for plasma spraying by water stabilized plasma torch (WSP). Both dense coatings and free standing parts were achieved with the new material, which sprays very well with WSP. Spraying parameters were varied and molten particles were monitored in flight by DPV 2000. The coatings exhibit very low porosity and high hardness. The as-sprayed material is mostly amorphous with some nanocrystalline grains of aluminum and zirconium oxide present. The phase composition of the as-sprayed material is thus different from that of the feedstock material, which is mostly crystalline with a small fraction of amorphous silica glass. The microstructure of the newly sprayed material was studied by electron microscopy (SEM, TEM) and is very complex. Upon annealing, the as-sprayed material crystallizes around 950ºC. This result and other thermal properties were measured by TMA and DTA. The ease of plasma spraying and the coating properties make this material a suitable candidate for many industrial applications.
Development of Metal Based Thermal Barrier Coatings (MBTBCs) for Low Heat Rejection Diesel Engines
Authors: Shin D. , Gitzhofer F. , Moreau C.
Published: August 2022

In this work, metal-based thermal barrier coatings (MBTBCs) for use in low heat rejection diesel engines have been produced, using high frequency induction plasma spraying (IPS) of iron-based nanostructured alloy powders. Important advances have been made over recent years to the development of ceramic-based thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) for diesel engines, but they are not yet applied in mass production situations. Besides the important economic considerations, the reliability of ceramic TBCs is also an issue, being associated with the difficulty of predicting their “in-service” lifetime. Through engineering of the nano/amorphous structure of MBTBCs, their thermal conductivity can be made as low as those of ceramic-based TBCs, with reduced mean free paths of the electrons/phonons scattering. In this work, nano/amorphous structured coatings were deposited by IPS using the following spray parameters: spraying distance (200mm), plasma gas composition (Ar/N2-85/15, by volume %), IPS torch power (25kW), and powder feed-rate (16g/min.). The structure and properties of the deposited layers were characterized through SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) observations. The thermal diffusivity (α) properties of the MBTBCs were measured using a laser flash method. Density (ρ) and specific heat (Cρ) of the MBTBCs were also measured, and their thermal conductivity (k) calculated (k =αρCp). The thermal conductivity of MBTBCs, with 7.5% total porosity, was found to be 1.22 W/m/K. The heat treatment study showed that phase transformation started at 650oC, and grain size growth from nano- to micron- scales occurred at around 1000°C under static exposure conditions. Thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) of MBTBCs was 15E-6 /K, which is close to the TEC of cast iron and thus, closer to the TEC values of aluminium alloys than are conventional TBCs. Fracture toughness of MBTBCs has also been assessed by use of Vickers hardness tests, with a 100 g load for 15 s, and the results show that there are no measurable crack developments around “indented” areas on all samples of MBTBCs tested.
Thermo Mechanical Behaviour of Nano Structured Plasma Sprayed Thermal Barrier Coatings
Authors: Soltani R. , Coyle T.W. , Mostaghimi J.
Published: August 2022

Thermally sprayed ceramic coatings deposited from nanostructured feedstock powder have often shown improved mechanical properties comparing to coatings produced from convention feedstock. Bimodal structured ceramic deposits have been reported to demonstrate better properties such as wear resistance, adhesion strength and toughness. For thermal barrier coatings, high temperature performance is a key point especially creep/sintering. In this study creep/sintering rate of plasma sprayed, bimodal structured, yttria stabilized zirconia coatings were investigated. The creep behaviour was investigated using free standing thick (3 mm) coating layers loaded in the four point bending setup at two temperatures : 800 and 1000 ºC in air. Under the same test conditions the creep results for nanostructured coatings and conventional plasma spray coatings have been compared together and the former one in both temperatures showed a lower creep rate.
Corrosion Properties of X-HVOF Corrosion Protective Coatings
Authors: Wank A. , Wielage B. , Jansen F. , Wieczorek D. , Höhle H.-M.
Published: August 2022

Titanium grade 2 as well as steel 446 and 316L powders are applied for production of X-HVOF coatings on mild steel substrates. Deposition efficiency is determined by process parameters. Microstructural investigations are carried out by means of optical microscopy, SEM and XRD. In addition comparisons of oxygen and nitrogen content in titanium coatings and powder feedstock are drawn. Corrosion protection capability of produced coatings is studied by current density-potential measurements and by salt fog tests. Depending on the process parameters increase of oxygen and nitrogen content can be restricted to factor of 2 compared to the powder feedstock. Coatings showing nearly theoretical density in metallographical inspections are possible. In direct comparison to wrought titanium grade 2 material the corrosion behavior of the titanium coatings is very promising. Keeping in mind that coatings have been produced under atmospheric conditions the observed increase of the corrosion current density by factor four is regarded an excellent result. During the corrosion tests no damage, neither to the surface nor the substrate - indicated by rust precipitates on the specimen surface, is observed. So penetration of corrosive medium to the substrate is securely avoided.
The Quality Control in Plasma Spraying Ceramic Coating on Large Area Substrate
Authors: Liu M. , Zhu H. , Li Y. , Zhou K.
Published: August 2022

In this paper, the quality control in plasma spraying of chromium oxide ceramic coating on large area substrate is studied. This paper consists of three parts. Firstly, basic technical parameters are studied, for example, electric current, voltage, gas, powder, and spray distance. Secondly, the effect of dust from the spraying process on the coating quality is studied. Finally, the character of chromium oxide coating is researched. The results show that the dust from the spraying process greatly affects the coating quality. The effect of the following variables is examined: spray parameters, the powder size and distribution, and the substrate size. We have designed a set equipment to control the coating quality and the result was excellent. Now the equipment has been used in the production of anilox rollers and the patent has been applied. Meanwhile, we have devised a standard to determine the quality when spraying ceramic coating on large area substrate. The method has proved useful and efficient. Abstract only; no full-text paper available.
Reinforced Lightweight Composite Materials
Authors: Tillmann W. , Vogli E. , Weidenmann K. , Fleck K.
Published: August 2022

Nowadays the use of light weight materials increases rapidly. Owing to growing requirements regarding material properties and corresponding production costs new material designs and novel production concepts are needed. The low density of aluminium and its alloys is accompanied by lower Young’s modules and lower strengths compared to steel. These disadvantages regarding to stiffness and strength can be overcome by using a composite material consisting of aluminium and embedded endless reinforcing elements. In this work a novel technology based on the thermal spraying process to manufacture endless reinforcing elements for extrusion molding of Al-profiles will be discussed. A specific handling system for arc-spraying Al-alloys onto steel wires has been developed. The influence of the coatings materials and coating parameters on the subsequent extrusion moulding process has been studied.
Microstructures and Abrasion Resistances of Laser Cladded MMC-Coatings
Authors: Nurminen J. , Näkki J. , Vuoristo P.
Published: August 2022

Laser cladding is a novel way to produce metal matrix composites for need of abrasion resistant coatings. There are, however, few comparative studies concerning the choice of reinforcing material and the metallic matrix material. In this study, MMC’s were formed from vanadium-, tungsten- and titanium carbides mixed with tool steel M2, Stellite 21 and NiCrBSi-alloy. The abrasion resistances were tested using rubber wheel abrasion apparatus. The wear surfaces were examined. The best results were achieved by M2 tool steel with vanadium carbides.
MoSi2 Coatings on Titanium Alloy Substrates for High Temperature Oxidation Protection of Moved Parts
Authors: Reisel G. , Steinhäuser S. , Wielage B.
Published: August 2022

MoSi2-TiB2 coatings were applied on Ti6Al4V substrates by means of low pressure plasma spraying with and without a surface pre-treatment with plasma-transferred-arc. The coatings were characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and hardness measurements. No difference in the microstructure between the coatings was detectable. The microstructure shows the typical lamellar structure of thermal spray coatings with a good embedding of the titanium borides in the matrix. At the interface between matrix and some borides a reaction zone is visible. In comparison to the feedstock powder, the phase composition of the coatings has change, because a great amount of the tetragonal MoSi2 phase transformed into the hexagonal high temperature modification. The content of titanium diboride is lower in the coating. Coatings on substrates with a pre-treatment show a good adhesion to the substrate, while the adhesion of the coatings on the pre-treated substrates is poor.
Circumstantial Theoretical Analysis of Oxide Ceramics Splat Formation
Authors: Solonenko O.P.
Published: August 2022

Within the equilibrium approach, thermophysical foundations were developed which allow one to predict the dynamics of simultaneous deformation and solidification of a metal – oxide droplet impinging on a substrate, with due allowance for conjugated heat transfer under conditions of an ideal contact between the solidifying layer and the base surface. A representative collection of the alumina and YSZ splats was obtained under full control of key physical parameters (KPPs): temperature – Tp0, velocity – up0, and size – Dp, of particle, and temperature –Tb0, of a polished substrate. Without introducing any empirical coefficient, it was obtained quite a satisfactory agreement between the predicted and measured thickness and diameter of splats. In the present paper a comparison of a new solution with known dependences of different authors is carried out. Multiparameter calculations of the YSZ splats characteristics (diameter of splats, rate of cooling and solidification of melt, density of heat flux into substrate, etc.) in a wide range of the KPPs under molten droplets impacted with substrates were carried out.
Impact and Solidification of Droplets Onto Rough Substrates
Authors: Raessi M. , Mostaghimi J. , Bussmann M.
Published: August 2022

We used a three-dimensional model of droplet impact and solidification to simulate the effect of surface roughness on the impact dynamics and the splat shape of an alumina droplet impinging onto a substrate. The substrate surface was patterned by a regular array of cubes spaced at an interval twice their size. Three different cube sizes were considered, and the results were compared to the case of droplet impact onto a smooth substrate. To understand the effect of solidification on the droplet impact dynamics and splat morphology, the simulations were run with and without considering solidification. Comparing the results, we have concluded that solidification plays a major role in determining splat shape on a rough surface. We also present results of the distribution of voids between the splat and the substrate.
Role of the Laser Surface Preparation on the Adhesion of Ni-Al 5% Coatings Deposited using the PROTAL Process
Authors: Li H. , Costil S. , Liao H-L. , Coddet C.
Published: August 2022

The PROTAL process combines a laser surface preparation and the thermal spraying stage. This laser surface preparation avoids some of the traditional drawbacks of the degreasing and sand-blasting stages which is an important factor especially for the notch-sensitive materials. Previous studies showed that deposit adhesion obtained with the PROTAL process is similar to that produced by traditional surface preparation despite the absence mechanical anchorage offered by surface roughness. In order to get a better knowledge of the effects of such a laser treatment, a Ni-5%Al coating was plasma sprayed using the PROTAL process under different surface conditions. The morphology of the impinging splats and adhesion of the deposits were then examined. Removal of the surface contaminants, adsorbates and oxides is confirmed and the role of the laser irradiation on the coating adhesion is discussed.
Design of Alternative Multilayer Thick Thermal Barrier Coatings
Authors: Samadi H. , Coyle T.
Published: August 2022

Increasing the combustion temperature in diesel engines is an idea which has been pursued for over 20 years. Increased combusting temperature can increase the power and efficiency of the engine, decrease the specific fuel consumption, CO and (possibly) the NOx emission rate. At the same time, TBCs should protect the metallic substrate against the corrosive attack of fuel contaminants (Na, V, and S). The most common system used is Yittria Partially Stabilized Zirconia (Y-PSZ). However, in diesel engines Y-PSZ TBCs have not met with wide success. To reach the desirable temperature of 850-900°C in the combustion chamber from the current temperature of 350- 400°C, a coating with a thickness of at least 1mm is required. This introduces different considerations than in the case of turbine blade coatings, which are on the order of 100µm thick. The design of a multilayer coating employing relatively low cost materials with complementary thermal properties is described. Numerical models were used to optimize the thickness for the different layers to yield the minimum stress at the operating conditions while achieving the desired temperature gradient. Abstract only; no full-text paper available.
Effects of Rare-Earth Metal on Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Arc-Sprayed Zn-Al-Mg Coating
Authors: Liu Y. , Zhu Z.-X. , Ma J. , Xu B.-S. , Ma S.-N. , Li Z.-X.
Published: August 2022

Cored wires and high velocity arc spraying technique (HVAS) were applied to produce Zn-Al-Mg and Zn-Al-Mg-Re alloy coatings on low carbon steel substrates. And the effects of rare-earth metal on microstructure and corrosion resistance of the Zn-Al-Mg coating were investigated. The microstructures and mechanical properties were studied by SEM, EDS and XRD. The coatings show a typical aspect of layered thermal sprayed material structure. SEM results revealed that the addition of small amount of REM to the cored wires would result in a fine grained structure in the coating layer together with a dense microstructure, which is the reason for the adhesion strength enhancement and the porosity reducing of the coating. And the electrochemical corrosion mechanisms of the coatings were discussed. Chemical analysis of the coating indicated the composition to be Zn-16.5Al-5.9Mg-4.6O-RE (wt%). The phases of the coatings are Zn, Al5Mg11Zn4, MgZn2 and Al3Mg2 mainly, together with oxide ZnO, ZnAl2O4, and MgAl2O4. The electrochemical corrosion behaviors of Zn-Al-Mg-RE coating were investigated in 5%NaCl solution comparing with Zn-Al-Mg coating. Electrochemical measurements in the forms of potential-time and potentiodynamic polarization tests showed that such two coatings behaved excellent electrochemical corrosion resistance in salt solution, and the Zn-Al-Mg-RE coating was much more stable. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results revealed that small amount of rare-earth metal can not promote to form the passive film but it could enhance the surface property of the coating extraordinarily, which will has a great effect on the corrosion behaviors of the coating. Keywords: Zn-Al-Mg-RE coating; high velocity arc spraying; cored wires; potentiodynamic polarization; electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
Investigation of the Structure of Plasma and HVOF Sprayed Composite Coatings
Authors: Otmianowski T. , Żórawski W. , Skrzypek S.
Published: August 2022

The aim of the research was to compare the size, shape and distribution of the NiCrBSi and Fe2O3 powder particles. Of interest were the chemical and phase compositions of both the powders and structures obtained by plasma- or HVOF-spraying them. The experiments have shown that although the powders differ in structure and particle size, it is possible to use them to obtain composite coatings containing both ingredients. A phase analysis was conducted to study the different phase composition for both spray methods.
Process Maps for Multimodal and Conventional WC-12Co Coatings
Authors: Lima R.S. , Marple B.R.
Published: August 2022

One type of multimodal (comprised of a mixture of nanosized and micronsized WC particles) and two types of conventional WC-Co powders were thermally sprayed by HVOF. Three types of HVOF torches, JP5000, DJ2600- hybrid (H2) and DJ2700-hybrid (C3H6), were employed to produce a total of 66 different WC-Co coatings. For all the coatings produced, the in-flight particle temperature and velocity during deposition, deposition efficiency, hardness and abrasion resistance were measured. These measured properties and characteristics were used to construct process maps (via inverse distance weighting) in order to (i) establish relationships between the various process parameters, properties and performance characteristics and (ii) identify process windows where “optimized” coatings could be produced. It was observed that the multimodal coatings exhibited a much larger processing window for the highest performance, i.e., these coatings demonstrated high abrasion resistance over a broad range of particle temperature and velocity, a characteristic not observed for the conventional coatings. The maps revealed other interesting differences between the multimodal and conventional coatings and among the coatings produced using the various torches. The study demonstrates the value of process maps in producing information for engineering optimized thermal spray coatings.
Elevated Temperature Erosion Studies of Twin Wire Arc Sprayed Cored Wires
Authors: Agrawal M. , Krishnarao V.
Published: August 2022

Twin Wire Arc Spraying of cored wires for wear resistant applications is being increasingly used for industrial applications such as FBC boilers. Two promising cored wires namely Alpha 1800 and Armacor M were selected and sprayed by Twin Wire Arc Spray Technique. The sprayed samples were tested at different temperatures ranging from 3000C to 6000C in a High Temperature Erosion Test Rig using quartz as erodent. The samples were tested at 300 and 900 angles. The erosion behaviour of Alpha-1800 coating was compared with that of base metal Carbon Steel and Armacor M coating. The results showed that the erosion resistance of Alpha-1800 coating was superior than those of Carbon Steel base metal and Armacor M coating at all temperatures and at impact angles of 300 and 900. SEM studies of few erosion tested samples were also carried out to understand the morphology of the eroded regions. Abstract only; no full-text paper available.
Quality control of Thermal Spray Processes through Cost Effective Diagnostic Methods
Authors: Lugscheider E. , Ernst F. , Seemann K. , Pfeifer T. , Dören J. , Zierhut J.
Published: August 2022

Modern thermal spray equipments and diagnostic tools give a lot of relevant process data. Currently only single process parameters (e.g. particle temperature) are recorded and analysed in order to keep the parameters constant. However, even this simple kind of process control is not state of the art in every spray shop. The issue of this publication is the development of a method for prediction of material- and component-properties for thermal spraying. This method will allow an offline process control of the complex coating process. For the development of this kind of process control numerous experiments will be been carried out with both HVOF- and APS-processes using the Particle-Flux-Imaging diagnostic tool (PFI). The PFI-system is the basis for the process control to be developed. In comparison to other diagnostic tools it is easy to handle and cheaper. The set up of experiments and the data evaluation were carried out by means of statistical DOE [1]. The first series of experiments were designed to determine the significant interrelations between these influencing parameters. Based on the results from the first series of experiments, the significant parameters were further manipulated during spraying the second series of experiments The correlation between the coating properties (hardness, porosity) and the main influencing parameters are the basis for the creation of an offline process control.
EXTRATO PIROLENHOSO DE Enterolobium contorstisiliquum (Vell.) Morong. CONTRA O ATAQUE DE CUPINS A MADEIRA SERRADA DE Aspidospema polyneuron Müll. Arg.
Authors: Silva Carlos José , Arruda Tatiana Paula Marques de , Diodato Marco Antonio
Published: August 2022

A fração pirolenhosa obtida com a carbonização da madeira pode ser utilizada para diversos fins. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi testar o licor pirolenhoso de timborí (Enterolobium contorstisiliquum (Vell.) Morong.), como conservador de madeira de Perob Rosa (Aspidospema polyneuron Müll. Arg) contra o ataque de cupins subterrâneos (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) do gênero Coptotermes. Foram utilizadas estacas de madeira de peroba rosa enterradas no solo à profundidade de 15 cm, as quais receberam previamente três tratamentos: imersão por 24 h em licor pirolenhoso, imersão em água destilada e tratamento controle sem imersão. A madeira foi avaliada mensalmente durante 12 meses. Os resultados mostraram que o licor pirolenhoso retardou o ataque de cupins subterrâneos a madeira de peroba rosa, ocorrendo após o sétimo mês, apenas o ataque superficial sem a presença de cupins. Entretanto, um período de avaliação maior, superior a 12 meses, é necessário para a determinação da eficácia do licor como conservador da madeira de peroba rosa.
Palavras-chave: gases condensáveis; timbori; peroba rosa; Coptotermes.
 
Pyroligneous extract of Enterolobium contorstisiliquum (Vell.) Morong. against termite attack on lumber of Aspidospema polyneuron Müll. Arg.
 
ABSTRACT: The pyroligneous fraction obtained by wood carbonization may be used for various purposes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test the pyroligneous liquor of timborí (Enterolobium contorstisiliquum (Vell.) Morong.) to prevent subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), genus Coptotermes, attack to timber of the peroba rosa (Aspidospema polyneuron Müll. Arg). We used wooden stakes of peroba rosa buried in the soil to a depth of 15 cm, which had previously received three treatments: immersion for 24 h in pyrolignous immersion, immersion for 24 h in distilled water and control treatment without soaking. The wood was evaluated monthly for 12 months. The results showed that the pyroligneous liquor delayed the subterranean termites attack to timber of the peroba rosa, occurring after the seventh month. only superficial attack without the presence of termites.. However, a longer evaluation period of more than 12 months is necessary to determine the efficacy of the liquor as a conservator of peroba rosa wood.
Keywords: condensable gas; timbori; peroba rosa; Coptotermes.
First record of weevils of the families Attelabidae and Apionidae from Northeastern Turkey (Coleoptera)
Authors: Korotyaev B.A. , Gültekin L.
Published: August 2022

4 species of the weevil families Attelabidae and Apionidae are for the first time recorded from Turkey, all of them found in Northeastern Anatolia.