bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identity after Impairment: Development of an Athletic Identity Model of Filipino Para-athletes
Authors:   The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, 1015 Philippines, Lagundino Marian M. ,   Department of Psychology, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, 1015 Philippines, Reyes Marc Eric S. ,   The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, 1015 Philippines,   Department of Psychology, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, 1015 Philippines,   Research Center for Social Sciences and Education, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, 1015 Philippines, Cayubit Ryan Francis O. ,   The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, 1015 Philippines,   Department of Psychology, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, 1015 Philippines,   Research Center for Social Sciences and Education, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, 1015 Philippines
Published: August 2024

Athletic Identity (AthID) is an aspect of the self-concept that refers to how one identifies with the role of an athlete and seeks acknowledgment of that role. This identity is not salient in all individuals, but AthID is activated for those who regard their athletic role as significant. Our objective was to develop a theoretical model to elucidate how Filipino para-athletes can cultivate their distinct athletic identity after acquiring a disability. The present study explored the athletic identities of 12 Filipino para-athletes, aged 24 to 63, who developed physical impairment and continued participating and competing in their chosen sports. Using the grounded theory method, we conducted in-depth interviews with our participants. Our findings showed that the transformation of athletes into para-athletes is a continuous journey shaped by internal reflections, external interactions, and personal development. This process ultimately leads to creating a distinct identity for para-athletes. It involves dealing with the challenges brought about by a disability, overcoming emotional and psychological obstacles, and ultimately embracing a para-athlete identity marked by inspiration, strength, and self-empowerment. Our athletic identity model of Filipino para-athletes suggests that transitioning from being an athlete to becoming a para-athlete is complex and diverse. This theory offers valuable knowledge about how people adjust and transform their sense of self after experiencing life-changing events.
Long-distance electron transport in multicellular freshwater cable bacteria
Authors: Yang Tingting , Chavez Marko S , Niman Christina M , Xu Shuai , El-Naggar Mohamed Y
Published: August 2024

Filamentous multicellular cable bacteria perform centimeter-scale electron transport in a process that couples oxidation of an electron donor (sulfide) in deeper sediment to the reduction of an electron acceptor (oxygen or nitrate) near the surface. While this electric metabolism is prevalent in both marine and freshwater sediments, detailed electronic measurements of the conductivity previously focused on the marine cable bacteria (Candidatus Electrothrix), rather than freshwater cable bacteria, which form a separate genus (Candidatus Electronema) and contribute essential geochemical roles in freshwater sediments. Here, we characterize the electron transport characteristics of Ca. Electronema cable bacteria from Southern California freshwater sediments. Current–voltage measurements of intact cable filaments bridging interdigitated electrodes confirmed their persistent conductivity under a controlled atmosphere and the variable sensitivity of this conduction to air exposure. Electrostatic and conductive atomic force microscopies mapped out the characteristics of the cell envelope’s nanofiber network, implicating it as the conductive pathway in a manner consistent with previous findings in marine cable bacteria. Four-probe measurements of microelectrodes addressing intact cables demonstrated nanoampere currents up to 200 μm lengths at modest driving voltages, allowing us to quantify the nanofiber conductivity at 0.1 S/cm for freshwater cable bacteria filaments under our measurement conditions. Such a high conductivity can support the remarkable sulfide-to-oxygen electrical currents mediated by cable bacteria in sediments. These measurements expand the knowledgebase of long-distance electron transport to the freshwater niche while shedding light on the underlying conductive network of cable bacteria.
Screening and affinity optimization of single domain antibody targeting the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein
Authors: Yang Qian , Yan Mengru , Lin Juan , Lu Yongkang , Lin Shuang , Li Zhong , Wang He , Yang Juhua , Zhang Nanwen , Chen Xiaole
Published: August 2024

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), lead to a crisis with devastating disasters to global public economy and health. Several studies suggest that the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (N protein) is one of uppermost structural constituents of SARS-CoV-2 and is relatively conserved which could become a specific diagnostic marker. In this study, eight single domain antibodies recognized the N protein specifically which were named pN01–pN08 were screened using human phage display library. According to multiple sequence alignment and molecular docking analyses, the interaction mechanism between antibody and N protein was predicted. ELISA results indicated pN01–pN08 with high affinity to protein N. To improve their efficacy, two fusion proteins were prepared and their affinity was tested. These finding showed that fusion proteins had higher affinity than single domain antibodies and will be used as diagnosis for the pandemic of SARS-CoV-2.
A short stature allele enhances tolerance to zinc deficiency and translocation of zinc in barley
Authors: Saygili Ibrahim
Published: August 2024

Background

Zinc (Zn) content is of great importance in healthy human diet, crop productivity and stress tolerance in soils with zinc deficiency. The genes used to increase yield per unit area such as semi-dwarf 1 (sdw1) is commonly considered to reduce mineral content of grain.

Methods

In the present study, influence of sdw1.d, a widely used allele for short plant height in barley breeding, on zinc accumulation and tolerance to zinc deficiency were investigated. A near isogenic line of sdw1.d allele, its recurrent parent Tokak 157/37 and donor parent Triumph were grown in zinc-deficient and-sufficient hydroponic cultures. Two experiments were conducted until heading stage and physiological maturity.

Results

In zinc-deficient conditions, sdw1.d allele increased shoot dry weight by 112.4 mg plant−1, shoot Zn concentration by 0.9 ppm, but decreased root Zn concentration by 6.6 ppm. It did not affect grain characteristics, but increased grain Zn content. In zinc-sufficient conditions, sdw1.d allele increased shoot Zn content, and decreased root Zn content. sdw1.d did not affect grain weight but increased grain Zn concentration by about 30% under zinc-sufficient conditions. The results showed that sdw1.d allele has no negative effect on tolerance to zinc deficiency, and even promotes tolerance to zinc deficiency by more Zn translocation. It was revealed that sdw1.d allele improves Zn accumulation under both zinc-deficient and zinc-sufficient condition. The sdw1.d allele could contribute to solving the problems in plant growth and development caused by zinc-deficiency via improving tolerance to zinc-deficiency. It could also provide a better Zn biofortification.
Effect of Inorganic Fertilizers and Biofertilizers on Growth, Herb Yield and Quality of Japanese Mint (Mentha arvensis L.) var. Kosi
Authors: Stella K. , Cheena J. , Kumar A. Kiran , Venkatlaxmi K. , Madhavi B. , Kumar S. Praneeth
Published: August 2024

Aim: To study about the effect of inorganic fertilizers and biofertilizers on growth, herb yield and menthol content of Japanese mint.
Study Design: The experiment was carried out with 13 treatments in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications.
Place and Duration of Study: Research trial was carried out at P.G block, College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, SKLTSHU, Hyderabad during Feb-May 2022 and Aug- Nov 2022.
Results: Among the different treatments, the results reported that the T2 (100% RDF + Azospirillum) recorded maximun plant height (55.53 cm and 54.20 cm), number of primary branches (26.40 and 25.73), number of secondary branches (8.27 and 8.13), number of leaves (947.53 and 937.20), leaf area (18.37 cm2 and 18.03 cm2) , fresh herb yield per hectare (225.04 q and 221.34 q) and essential oil yield per hectare (205.69 kg and 184.15 kg) compared to other treatments which was statistically on par with T1 (100% RDF + Azotobacter), T6 (75% RDF + Azospirillum) and T5 (75% RDF + Azotobacter). There by it can be concluded that we can decrease the inorganic fertilizer dose upto 25% by adding azospirillum or azototobacter to get the optimum herb yield and essential oil yield in Japanese mint.
Assessment of Ductility Demand-Based Blast Damage to Reinforced Concrete Columns under Blast Loads
Authors: Kim Ye-Eun , Lee Kihak , Shin Jiuk
Published: August 2024

This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of various structural variables on the blast damage to reinforced concrete columns. The selected primary variables were the longitudinal reinforcement ratio, transverse reinforcement ratio, and axial load ratio, with the analysis based on the ductility demand to assess the blast damage. A parametric study based on finite element analysis was performed to analyze the effects of these variables. The results revealed that an increase in the longitudinal and shear reinforcement ratios significantly decreased the level of damage sustained by the columns under blast exposure, whereas an increase in the axial load ratio resulted in a comparatively lower reduction in damage. Columns with higher transverse reinforcement ratios experienced more severe damage owing to compression-induced brittle failure as the axial load ratio increased. This study provides guidelines for the appropriate selection of design variables to mitigate blast damage in columns.
Development of Enhanced Computer Vision-based Monitoring Technology to Respond to Fire Accidents at Electric Vehicle Charging Stations
Authors: Kim Jihyo , Jung Daekyo , Park Minsoo , Park Seunghee
Published: August 2024

Owing to the recent popularity of electric vehicles (EVs), EV charging facilities have become mandatory, and charging stations that use electricity produced from renewable energy sources are being actively installed in buildings and apartments. As the number of these charging stations increases, the possibility of EV batteries overheating and causing a fire, which may spread and cause damage, also rises. However, current domestic and foreign studies do not suggest new and renewable energy supply or fire reduction measures for the supply of EVs. Therefore, to propose new-renewable energy EV charging stations for urban disaster prevention, in this study, we review EV charger installation cases, eco-friendly new renewable energy-based charging stations, and AI-based fire monitoring systems and analyze their characteristics through optimal operation. Through the fire prevention system developed in this study, we anticipate a novel approach for building a safer and more sustainable green energy supply system.
Study on Improving Fire Safety in Traditional Markets
Authors: Lee Kangmin , Kwak Dae-Hoon , Ko Wangyoul
Published: August 2024

In this study, we analyzed fire-safety management regulations and problems with fire-alarm equipment in traditional markets, as failures can cause significant damage in the event of a fire. We also present improvement measures based on analyzing major fire accidents. Traditional markets must designate the type of firefighting equipment installed at a store according to the number of stores, and apply this measure retroactively when the installation regulations are revised. If the market is designated as traditional, the equipment must be designated as a fire-safety management object, and the appointment of a fire safety manager, firefighting education and training, and self-inspection must be made mandatory. Fire-alarm equipment must be inspected regularly by a fire-safety manager, and fire-proof walls must be installed with self-supporting fire-resistant structures at certain sections. When designing a new traditional market, it must be designated after facility supplementation following safety inspection. In addition, traditional markets are required to have fire-detection equipment and automatic notification systems, and building-type traditional markets must retroactively install automatic sprinkler equipment.
Crust and upper mantle structure associated with extension in the Woodlark Rift, Papua New Guinea from Rayleigh‐wave tomography
Authors: Jin Ge , Gaherty James B. , Abers Geoffery A. , Kim Younghee , Eilon Zachary , Buck W. Roger
Published: October 2015

The Woodlark seafloor spreading center is propagating westward into the Australian plate near the D'Entrecasteaux Islands (DI), Papua New Guinea, generating an active transition zone from continental rifting to seafloor spreading. From March 2010 to July 2011, we deployed 31 on‐shore and 8 offshore broadband seismic stations around the DI region, to explore the dynamic processes of the lithosphere extension and the exhumation of the high‐pressure terranes exposed on those islands. We measure the multiband (10–60 s) Rayleigh‐wave phase velocities from both ambient noise and earthquake signals. These measurements are then inverted for a three‐dimensional shear‐velocity model for the crust and upper mantle. The results indicate that the lithosphere extension is localized near the rift axis beneath the DI, with a shear‐velocity structure in the upper mantle that is similar to mid‐ocean ridges. Beneath the Kiribisi Basin west of DI, an ultraslow shear‐velocity anomaly (∼4.0 km/s) is observed at shallow mantle depth (30–60 km), which can be interpreted either by the presence of excess partial melt due to slow melt extraction, or by the existence of felsic crustal material buried to mantle depth and not yet exhumed.
Chromium isotope signature during continental crust subduction recorded in metamorphic rocks
Authors: Shen Ji , Liu Jia , Qin Liping , Wang Shui‐Jiong , Li Shuguang , Xia Jiuxing , Ke Shan , Yang Jingsui
Published: October 2015

The chromium isotope compositions of 27 metamorphic mafic rocks with varying metamorphic degrees from eastern China were systematically measured to investigate the Cr isotope behavior during continental crust subduction. The Cr isotope compositions of all samples studied were Bulk Silicate Earth (BSE) like, with δ53CrNIST979 of greenschists, amphibolites, and eclogites ranging from −0.06‰ to −0.17‰, −0.05‰ to −0.27‰, and −0.01‰ to −0.24‰, respectively. The lack of resolvable isotopic variability among the metamorphic rocks from different metamorphic zones indicated that no systematic Cr isotope fractionation was associated with the degree of metamorphism. However, the Cr isotopic variability among homologous samples may have reflected effects induced by metamorphic dehydration with a change of redox state, rather than protolith heterogeneity (i.e., magma differentiation). In addition, the differences in δ53Cr (Δ53CrCpx‐Gt) between coexisting clinopyroxene (Cpx) and garnet (Gt) from two garnet pyroxenites were 0.06‰ and 0.34‰, respectively, indicating that significant inter‐mineral Cr isotope disequilibria could occur during metamorphism. To provide a basis for comparison with metamorphic rocks and to provide further constraints on the potential Cr isotope heterogeneity in the mantle and in the protolith of some metamorphic rocks, we analyzed mantle‐derived chromites and the associated peridotites from Luobusa, and we obtained the following general order: chromite‐free peridotites (−0.21‰ to −0.11‰) < chromite‐bearing peridotite (−0.07‰) < chromite (−0.06‰). These findings imply potential mantle heterogeneity as a result of partial melting or fractional crystallization associated with chromite.
Overriding plate deformation and variability of fore‐arc deformation during subduction: Insight from geodynamic models and application to the Calabria subduction zone
Authors: Chen Zhihao , Schellart Wouter P. , Duarte João C.
Published: October 2015

In nature, subducting slabs and overriding plate segments bordering subduction zones are generally embedded within larger plates. Such large plates can impose far‐field boundary conditions that influence the style of subduction and overriding plate deformation. Here we present dynamic laboratory models of progressive subduction in three‐dimensional space, in which the far‐field boundary conditions at the trailing edges of the subducting plate (SP) and overriding plate (OP) are varied. Four configurations are presented: Free (both plates free), SP‐Fixed, OP‐Fixed, and SP‐OP‐Fixed. We investigate their impact on the kinematics and dynamics of subduction, particularly focusing on overriding plate deformation. The results indicate that the variation in far‐field boundary conditions has an influence on the slab geometry, subduction partitioning, and trench migration partitioning. Our models also indicate that in natural (narrow) subduction zones, assuming a homogeneous overriding plate, the formation of back‐arc basins (e.g., Tyrrhenian Sea, Aegean Sea, and Scotia Sea) is generally expected to occur at a comparable location (250–700 km from the trench), irrespective of the boundary condition. In addition, our models indicate that the style of fore‐arc deformation (shortening or extension) is influenced by the mobility of the overriding plate through controlling the force normal to the subduction zone interface (trench suction). Our geodynamic model that uses the SP‐OP‐Fixed setup is comparable to the Calabria subduction zone with respect to subduction kinematics, slab geometry, trench curvature, and accretionary configuration. Furthermore, the model can explain back‐arc and fore‐arc extension at the Calabria subduction zone since the latest middle Miocene as a consequence of subduction of the narrow Calabrian slab and the immobility of the subducting African plate and overriding Eurasian plate. This setting induced strong trench suction, driving fore‐arc extension, and forced subduction to be accommodated almost entirely by slab rollback (not trenchward subducting plate motion), while trench retreat was accommodated almost entirely by back‐arc and fore‐arc extension (not trenchward overriding plate motion), comparable to our SP‐OP‐Fixed model.
Playing jigsaw with Large Igneous Provinces—A plate tectonic reconstruction of Ontong Java Nui, West Pacific
Authors: Hochmuth Katharina , Gohl Karsten , Uenzelmann‐Neben Gabriele
Published: October 2015

The three largest Large Igneous Provinces (LIP) of the western Pacific—Ontong Java, Manihiki, and Hikurangi Plateaus—were emplaced during the Cretaceous Normal Superchron and show strong similarities in their geochemistry and petrology. The plate tectonic relationship between those LIPs, herein referred to as Ontong Java Nui, is uncertain, but a joined emplacement was proposed by Taylor (2006). Since this hypothesis is still highly debated and struggles to explain features such as the strong differences in crustal thickness between the different plateaus, we revisited the joined emplacement of Ontong Java Nui in light of new data from the Manihiki Plateau. By evaluating seismic refraction/wide‐angle reflection data along with seismic reflection records of the margins of the proposed “Super”‐LIP, a detailed scenario for the emplacement and the initial phase of breakup has been developed. The LIP is a result of an interaction of the arriving plume head with the Phoenix‐Pacific spreading ridge in the Early Cretaceous. The breakup of the LIP shows a complicated interplay between multiple microplates and tectonic forces such as rifting, shearing, and rotation. Our plate kinematic model of the western Pacific incorporates new evidence from the breakup margins of the LIPs, the tectonic fabric of the seafloor, as well as previously published tectonic concepts such as the rotation of the LIPs. The updated rotation poles of the western Pacific allow a detailed plate tectonic reconstruction of the region during the Cretaceous Normal Superchron and highlight the important role of LIPs in the plate tectonic framework.
The efficiency of plate tectonics and nonequilibrium dynamical evolution of planetary mantles
Authors: Moore W. B. , Lenardic A.
Published: October 2015

Consideration of the structure of dynamical equilibria in terrestrial planets using simplified descriptions of the relevant heat transport processes (rigid‐lid convection, plate tectonics, and heat pipe volcanism) reveals that if the efficiency of plate tectonic heat transport decreases at higher mantle temperature, then it cannot govern quasi‐equilibrium dynamical evolution, and the system is always evolving away from the plate tectonic regime. A planet on which plate tectonics is less efficient at higher temperature stays in heat pipe mode longer, spends less time undergoing plate tectonics, and has a low and ever‐decreasing Urey number during this phase. These conclusions are based solely on the structure of the equilibria in a system with less efficient plate tectonics in the past and are independent of the mechanisms leading to this behavior. Commonly used quasi‐equilibrium approaches to planetary thermal evolution are likely not valid for planets in which heat transport becomes less efficient at higher temperature.
Pn wave geometrical spreading and attenuation in Northeast China and the Korean Peninsula constrained by observations from North Korean nuclear explosions
Authors: Zhao Lian‐Feng , Xie Xiao‐Bi , Tian Bao‐Feng , Chen Qi‐Fu , Hao Tian‐Yao , Yao Zhen‐Xing
Published: October 2015

We investigate the geometric spreading and attenuation of seismic Pn waves in Northeast China and the Korean Peninsula. A high‐quality broadband Pn wave data set generated by North Korean nuclear tests is used to constrain the parameters of a frequency‐dependent log‐quadratic geometric spreading function and a power law Pn Q model. The geometric spreading function and apparent Pn wave Q are obtained for Northeast China and the Korean Peninsula between 2.0 and 10.0 Hz. Using the two‐station amplitude ratios of the Pn spectra and correcting them with the known spreading function, we remove the contributions of the source and crust from the apparent Pn Q and retrieve the P wave attenuation information along the pure upper mantle path. We then use both Pn amplitudes and amplitude ratios in a tomographic approach to obtain the upper mantle P wave attenuation in the studied area. The Pn wave spectra observed in China are compared with those recorded in Japan, and the result reveals that the high‐frequency Pn signal across the oceanic path attenuated faster compared with those through the continental path.
Inferring fault mechanical conditions from the source parameters of a complex microseismic multiplet in the Corinth rift, Greece
Authors: Dublanchet P. , Godano M. , Bernard P.
Published: October 2015

We develop a mechanical model of tight clusters of coplanar seismic asperities, to investigate a particular microearthquake swarm located at 8 km depth in the Corinth rift in Greece, which was active between 2001 and 2007. Although it is classified as a multiplet based on waveform similarity, this seismic sequence is much more complex than a repeating earthquake sequence and cannot be interpreted as the regular failure of a single asperity forced by surrounding aseismic creep. Here we suggest that such complex sequences could be generated by the failure of a set of coplanar asperities interacting in a small region of a fault segment. We show that in order to reproduce the dynamics of the observed sequence and the characteristics of the events, the cluster of asperities has to be located very close to an aseismically slipping fault segment, which could be an updip extension of the deep detachment zone in the rift, creeping at 1.5 cm/yr. For more general cases of coplanar clustered asperities, we show that the shape of the cumulative coseismic displacement pattern associated with the repeated failures of the asperities is strongly controlled by the behavior of the fault area surrounding the asperity cluster. In particular, if the cluster is part of a locked fault area, the resulting long‐term cumulative displacement is maximum at the center of the cluster. In contrast, an asperity cluster surrounded by aseismic creep leads to a uniform cumulative coseismic slip pattern. The ratio between cumulative slip at the center of the seismogenic patch and cumulative slip at its periphery could therefore be an indicator of the mechanical conditions prevailing on the fault. A systematic study of the source parameters of complex microseismic sequences could therefore provide insights into the mechanical state of active faults continuously generating microseismicity.
Reactivation of Stromboli's summit craters at the end of the 2007 effusive eruption detected by thermal surveys and seismicity
Authors: Marotta E. , Calvari S. , Cristaldi A. , D'Auria L. , Di Vito M. A. , Moretti R. , Peluso R. , Spampinato L. , Boschi E.
Published: October 2015

This work arises from the field observations made during the civil protection emergency period connected to the 2007 Stromboli eruption. We observed changes in the shallow feeding system of the volcano to which we give a volcanological interpretation and the relative implications. Here we describe the processes that occurred in the upper feeding system from the end of the 2007 effusive eruption on 3 April to the renewal of the strombolian explosive activity at the summit craters (30 June), interpreted using multidisciplinary data. We used thermal camera data collected both from helicopter and from a fixed station at 400 m to retrieve the evolving summit crater activity. These data, compared with seismic signals and published geochemical records, allowed us to detail the shifting of the degassing activity within the crater terrace from NE to SW, occurred between 15 and 25 April 2007 prior to the resumption of the strombolian activity. In particular, from mid‐April, a gradual SW displacement in the maximum apparent temperatures was recorded at the vents within the summit craters, together with a change in the very long period location and confirmed by variations in geochemical indicators (CO2/SO2 plume ratios and CO2 fluxes) from literature. The shallow feeding system experienced a major readjustment after the end of the effusive activity, determining variations in the pressure leakage of the source, slowly deepening and shifting toward SW. All these data, together with the framework supplied by previous structural surveys, allowed us to propose that the compaction of debris accumulated in the uppermost conduit by inward crater collapses, occurred in early March, produced the observed anomalies. At Stromboli, major morphology changes, taking place in the following years, were anticipated by these small and apparently minor processes occurred in the upper feeding system. Other studies are relating similar changes to modifications of the eruptive activity also at other open‐conduit volcanoes, so we believe that it may be important to have a constant monitoring of these phenomena in order to better understand their shallow feeding systems.
A joint electromagnetic and seismic study of an active pockmark within the hydrate stability field at the Vestnesa Ridge, West Svalbard margin
Authors: Goswami Bedanta K. , Weitemeyer Karen A. , Minshull Timothy A. , Sinha Martin C. , Westbrook Graham K. , Chabert Anne , Henstock Timothy J. , Ker Stephan
Published: October 2015

We acquired coincident marine controlled source electromagnetic (CSEM), high‐resolution seismic reflection and ocean‐bottom seismometer (OBS) data over an active pockmark in the crest of the southern part of the Vestnesa Ridge, to estimate fluid composition within an underlying fluid‐migration chimney. Synthetic model studies suggest resistivity obtained from CSEM data can resolve gas or hydrate saturation greater than 5% within the chimney. Acoustic chimneys imaged by seismic reflection data beneath the pockmark and on the ridge flanks were found to be associated with high‐resistivity anomalies (+2–4 Ωm). High‐velocity anomalies (+0.3 km/s), within the gas‐hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) and low‐velocity anomalies (−0.2 km/s) underlying the GHSZ, were also observed. Joint analysis of the resistivity and velocity anomaly indicates pore saturation of up to 52% hydrate with 28% free gas, or up to 73% hydrate with 4% free gas, within the chimney beneath the pockmark assuming a nonuniform and uniform fluid distribution, respectively. Similarly, we estimate up to 30% hydrate with 4% free gas or 30% hydrate with 2% free gas within the pore space of the GHSZ outside the central chimney assuming a nonuniform and uniform fluid distribution, respectively. High levels of free‐gas saturation in the top part of the chimney are consistent with episodic gas venting from the pockmark.
Seismic imaging of the shallow crust beneath the Krafla central volcano, NE Iceland
Authors: Schuler Juerg , Greenfield Tim , White Robert S. , Roecker Steven W. , Brandsdóttir Bryndís , Stock Joann M. , Tarasewicz Jon , Martens Hilary R. , Pugh David
Published: October 2015

We studied the seismic velocity structure beneath the Krafla central volcano, NE Iceland, by performing 3‐D tomographic inversions of 1453 earthquakes recorded by a temporary local seismic network between 2009 and 2012. The seismicity is concentrated primarily around the Leirhnjúkur geothermal field near the center of the Krafla caldera. To obtain robust velocity models, we incorporated active seismic data from previous surveys. The Krafla central volcano has a relatively complex velocity structure with higher P wave velocities (Vp) underneath regions of higher topographic relief and two distinct low‐Vp anomalies beneath the Leirhnjúkur geothermal field. The latter match well with two attenuating bodies inferred from S wave shadows during the Krafla rifting episode of 1974–1985. Within the Leirhnjúkur geothermalreservoir, we resolved a shallow (−0.5 to 0.5 km below sea level; bsl) region with low‐Vp/Vs values and a deeper (0.5–1.5 km bsl) high‐Vp/Vs zone. We interpret the difference in the velocity ratios of the two zones to be caused by higher rock porosities and crack densities in the shallow region and lower porosities and crack densities in the deeper region. A strong low‐Vp/Vs anomaly underlies these zones, where a superheated steam zone within felsic rock overlies rhyolitic melt.
Predicting the macroseismic intensity from early radiated P wave energy for on‐site earthquake early warning in Italy
Authors: Brondi P. , Picozzi M. , Emolo A. , Zollo A. , Mucciarelli M.
Published: October 2015

Earthquake Early Warning Systems (EEWS) are potentially effective tools for risk mitigation in active seismic regions. The present study explores the possibility of predicting the macroseismic intensity within EEW timeframes using the squared velocity integral (IV2) measured on the early P wave signals, a proxy for the P wave radiated energy of earthquakes. This study shows that IV2 correlates better than the peak displacement measured on P waves with both the peak ground velocity and the Housner Intensity, with the latter being recognized by engineers as a reliable proxy for damage assessment. Therefore, using the strong motion recordings of the Italian Accelerometric Archive, a novel relationship between the parameter IV2 and the macroseismic intensity (IM) has been derived. The validity of this relationship has been assessed using the strong motion recordings of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia Strong Motion Data and Osservatorio Sismico delle Strutture databases, as well as, in the case of the MW 6, 29 May 2012 Emilia earthquake (Italy), comparing the predicted intensities with the ones observed after a macroseismic survey. Our results indicate that P wave IV2 can become a key parameter for the design of on‐site EEWS, capable of proving real‐time predictions of the IM at target sites.
Nonlinear subsidence at Fremantle, a long‐recording tide gauge in the Southern Hemisphere
Authors: Featherstone W. E. , Penna N. T. , Filmer M. S. , Williams S. D. P.
Published: October 2015

A combination of independent evidence (continuous GPS, repeat geodetic leveling, groundwater abstraction, satellite altimetry, and tide gauge (TG) records) shows that the long‐recording Fremantle TG has been subsiding in a nonlinear way since the mid‐1970s due to time‐variable groundwater abstraction. The vertical land motion (VLM) rates vary from approximately −2 to −4 mm/yr (i.e., subsidence), thus producing a small apparent acceleration in mean sea level computed from the Fremantle TG records. We exemplify that GPS‐derived VLM must be geodetically connected to the TG to eliminate the commonly used assumption that there is no differential VLM when the GPS is not colocated with the TG. In the Perth Basin, we show that groundwater abstraction can be used as a diagnostic tool for identifying nonlinear VLM that is not evident in GPS time series alone.
An analysis of cardiac defects and surgical interventions in 84 cases with full trisomy 18
Authors: Bruns Deborah A. , Martinez Alyssa
Published: October 2015

Trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome) is the second most common autosomal trisomy after trisomy 21. Medical issues commonly include cardiac defects, such as ventricular septal defect (VSD) and atrial septal defect (ASD). If untreated, these conditions can contribute to the associated infant mortality. The objective of the study was review parent‐reported information on 84 cases with full trisomy 18 focusing on prenatal and postnatal assessment and confirmation of cardiac defects and on subsequent treatment with cardiac surgery and post‐surgery outcomes. At birth, 65 parent responses indicated the presence of VSD (77.4%), 38 ASD (45.2%), and 50 patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) (59.5%). The presence of multiple cardiac defects was also analyzed including 25 cases with VSD, ASD, and PDA at birth. The total reduced to 18 at survey completion. Twenty‐four cases had one or more cardiac defects repaired for a total of 34 corrective surgeries. Age at surgery varied from 2 weeks to 41 months of age with most performed under 1 year of age. Twenty‐one cases were still living at the time of survey completion (87.5%). From these date we provide recommendations and implications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Copy number variation analysis of the 17q21.31 region and its role in neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Cervera‐Carles Laura , Pagonabarraga Javier , Pascual‐Sedano Berta , Pastor Pau , Campolongo Antonia , Fortea Juan , Blesa Rafael , Alcolea Daniel , Morenas‐Rodríguez Estrella , Sala Isabel , Lleó Alberto , Kulisevsky Jaime , Clarimón Jordi
Published: October 2015

The H1 haplotype of the 17q21.31 inversion polymorphism has been consistently associated with progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, and Parkinson's disease in Caucasians. Recently, large polymorphic segmental duplications resulting into complex rearrangements at this locus with a high diversity range in human populations have been revealed. We sought to explore whether the two multi‐allelic copy number variants that are present in the H1 clade (with segmental duplications of 300 and 218 kilobases in length) could be responsible for the known H1‐related risk of developing these neurodegenerative disorders. A total of 857 Spanish subjects including 330 patients with Parkinson's disease, 96 with progressive supranuclear palsy, 55 with corticobasal degeneration, 51 dementia with Lewy bodies, and 325 neurologically healthy controls, were genotyped for the H1/H2 haplotype. Subsequently, the two copy number variants that are characteristic of the H1 haplotype were evaluated through a high‐resolution approach based on droplet digital polymerase chain reaction, in all H1 homozygous subjects. The H1 allele was significantly overrepresented in all diagnostic groups compared with controls (Parkinson's disease, P = 0.0001; progressive supranuclear palsy, P = 1.22 × 10−6; corticobasal degeneration, P = 0.0002; and dementia with Lewy bodies, P = 0.032). However, no dosage differences were found for any of the two copy number variants analyzed. The H1 haplotype is associated with the risk of several neurodegenerative disorders, including dementia with Lewy bodies. However, common structural diversity within the 17q21.31‐H1 clade does not explain this genetic association. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Recognizing the problem of delayed entry in time‐to‐event studies: Better late than never for clinical neuroscientists
Authors: Betensky Rebecca A. , Mandel Micha
Published: October 2015

Editor's Note

One of the greatest differences I encountered in moving from being Editor‐in‐Chief of a basic science journal to the same position at Annals of Neurology was the much greater importance of meticulous review of the statistical treatment of data. In basic science, the conditions of an experiment can be set up by the investigator so that relatively simple statistical treatments can often be used with clear‐cut results. Comparing the treatment and outcomes of human studies is much messier. Humans have a history before the study started; they have lives that often cause them to deviate from the protocol; and it is much harder to measure the outcomes because our methods have to be so much less invasive than they can be in animal studies. In addition, unlike mice or rats, which are deliberately inbred in a laboratory to minimize variation between animals, we are a wild species with enormous genetic and environmental variability.

We solved the problem of the lack of statistical sophistication of the scientific editors by bringing in an expert in study design and statistical analysis, Dr Rebecca Betensky, a Professor of Biostatistics at the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, who serves as our Statistical Editor. We have weekly editorial conferences where the Associate Editors, Rebecca, and I consider which of the papers that were reviewed in the previous week should be published. Each week, it seems, we are treated to a private tutorial (sometimes more than one) on the complexities of study design and statistical analysis in the papers we are considering. I have learned a great deal at these meetings and thought that this education should be extended to our readers, and so I have prevailed upon Dr Betensky to address some recurring topics in our editorial conferences. We begin this month with the concept of delayed entry, a common problem in human studies that many investigators and reviewers fail to take into account. We have decided to publish this series under the NeuroGenesis section of the Annals, because this section is devoted to the career development of neurologists, and it seems critical to the professional judgment of every academic neurologist to assimilate the concepts in this series, both to improve our own work and to evaluate the work of other neurologists more critically.

—C.B.S.
Costs of joint production of ethanol and industrial sugar juice using energy beets in the Northern Plains of the United States
Authors: Wamisho Kassu , Ripplinger David , De Laporte Aaron
Published: October 2015

This study evaluates the economic feasibility and profitability of producing industrial sugar juice and ethanol using energy beets in the Northern Plains of the United States. An enterprise budget is constructed to estimate the breakeven price of energy beets that triggers farmers to produce the crop. This breakeven price is used to estimate the long‐run breakeven prices for industrial sugar juice and ethanol. Stochastic models are developed to account for price and parameter variability in the estimation of enterprise budgets and breakeven prices. Results show that the simulated breakeven price of producing ethanol is 518 $m−3 and that of industrial sugar juice is 351 $t−1, using a 36 $t−1 breakeven delivered cost of energy beets. Energy beet ethanol investment could be profitable at the breakeven prices of energy beets and ethanol computed, and could attract new capital investment into the ethanol industry. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Roles of different mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes in hypoxia‐induced pulmonary vasoconstriction
Authors: Yang Zhao , Zhuan Bing , Yan Ying , Jiang Simin , Wang Tao
Published: October 2015

This study was designed to investigate the roles of different mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) complexes (I, II, III, and IV) on hypoxia‐induced hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV). The third and fourth pulmonary arteries were collected from the normal tissues adjacent to tumors in 16 patients with lung cancer who had undergone lung cancer resections to isolate pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). PASMCs were divided into seven groups and exposed to one of the following treatments: (1) normoxia (21% O2, 5% CO2, and 74% N2); (2) hypoxia (1% O2, 5% CO2, 94% N2); (3) hypoxia plus ETC complex I inhibitor MPP; (4) hypoxia plus ETC complex II inhibitor TTFA; (5) hypoxia plus ETC complex III Qo (pre) site inhibitor myxothiazol; (6) hypoxia plus ETC complex III Qi (post) site inhibitor antimycin A; (7) hypoxia plus ETC complex IV inhibitor NaN3. Intracellular [Ca2+]i and [ROS]i, mitochondrial [ROS]i, and PA rings tension were measured. Intracellular [Ca2+]i and [ROS]i, mitochondrial [ROS]i, and PA ring tension were increased after hypoxia for 10 min. Mitochondrial ETC complex inhibitor MPP, TTFA, and myxothiazol significantly reduced [Ca2+]i [ROS]i and PA tension (P < 0.01), whereas antimycin A and NaN3 did not effectively reduce them. These results demonstrated it were mitochondrial ETC complex I, II, and III Qo site but not III Qi site and complex IV contribute to hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and pulmonary hypertension.
Water Quality Characterization of the Siling Reservoir (Zhejiang, China) Using Water Quality Index
Authors: Naveedullah Naveedullah , Hashmi Muhammad Zaffar , Yu Chunna , Shen Chaofeng , Muhammad Niaz , Shen Hui , Chen Yingxu
Published: October 2015

Monitoring and protection of drinking source water is important for safe drinking water provision on sustainable basis. The Siling reservoir is a major drinking water source for the inhabitants of Yuhang County, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China. In this study, water quality index (WQI) was verified to calculate scores based on water characteristics data from September 2011 to September 2012. WQI (considering ten parameters) and a minimal water quality index (WQImin) (considering five parameters: dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity, turbidity, water temperature and pH) were investigated using an online water quality monitoring system. Statistical analysis techniques: correlation analysis and redundancy analysis were employed to analyse the obtained data. The results showed good water quality in the Siling reservoir during autumn and winter. However, a decreased trend in water quality was observed during spring and summer seasons. WQImin illustrates similar trend to WQI with a better R2 value of 0.99, with a minimum cost and could be useful for the intervallic routine monitoring program. Higher positive correlation between WQI and DO was observed during winter season. Moreover, the results further indicated the risk of algal blooms in the reservoir water; which reflected the effects of climatic condition on reservoir water quality. This study suggested that the resulting WQI provides valuable information on developing, monitoring and understanding surface source water quality for the decision makers and reservoir management.
Soil Organic Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Levels and Stocks After Long‐Term Nitrogen Fertilization
Authors: Zhong Yangquanwei , Yan Weiming , Shangguan Zhouping
Published: October 2015

The effects of fertilizers and tillage on soil organic carbon (SOC) storage have been tested in many field experiments worldwide. However, conflicting findings have been reported in the literature about the long‐term effects of nitrogen (N) fertilization on the profile distribution of SOC, N, and phosphorus (P) concentrations and stocks. To determine the carbon (C), N, and P changes occurring after long‐term N fertilization at different levels, SOC, soil total N (TN), soil total P (TP), and soil bulk density were measured in a long‐term N fertilization experiment (2004–2013) using two winter wheat cultivars and five N application rates. The findings showed that (i) N fertilization affected the C and N distribution at the 0–120 cm soil depth, whereas the effect on P was mainly in the 0–30 cm soil layer; additionally, C, N, and P levels were positively correlated in the 0–30 cm layer, but the relationship weakened as the soil depth increased. (ii) N fertilization had a large influence on C, N, and P stocks and these influences varied for the different wheat cultivars. Wheat cropping with an N fertilizer rate <270 kg ha−1resulted in C fixation in the soil after long‐term N fertilization, but when N was applied in excess of the crop requirements for the maximum yield, the soil became a C source; moreover, after long‐term N fertilization, the stock of N was decreased, and the stock of P was increased.
STAC‐A2 on Intel architecture: evolving from scalar code to heterogeneous applications
Authors: Fiksman Evgeny , Nikolaev Andrey , Burylov Ilya , Salahuddin Sania
Published: October 2015

STAC‐A2™ is a compute and memory intensive industry benchmark in the field of market risk analysis. The benchmark specifications were created by the Securities Technology Analysis Center (STAC®), and are based on the inputs collected from the leading trading companies, universities, and high performance computing vendors. The specifications describe models that represent realistic market risk analysis workloads. In this paper, we discuss the development steps that lead to the competitive performance of the STAC‐A2 benchmark executed on systems consisting of Intel® Xeon® processors and an Intel® Xeon Phi™ coprocessor. We show the importance of the utilization of all parallel resources available on Intel architectures to achieve maximum performance. We demonstrate that the offload extension supported by Intel® Composer XE minimizes the efforts required to create accelerated applications by using only C/C++ language. With Intel's latest implementation of the STAC‐A2 benchmark, we were able to achieve a significant (800%) performance gain by using a heterogeneous approach running on two Intel Xeon E5‐2699 v3 processors and a single Intel® Xeon Phi™ 7120A card, compared with earlier version running on only two Intel Xeon E5‐2697 v2 processors. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microdosing of protein drugs
Authors: Rowland M
Published: October 2015

Poor pharmacokinetics (PK) can seriously limit clinical utility. Knowing early whether a new compound is likely to have the desired PK profile at therapeutic doses is therefore important. One approach, microdosing, has shown high success with small molecular weight compounds, despite early skepticism. Vlaming et al. report the first, and successful, clinical application of a microdose of a humanized recombinant protein. But what is the likely success for this class of drugs more generally?
Future of Federal‐Sector Labor‐Management Relations
Authors: Tobias Robert M.
Published: October 2015

Since the inception of the federal‐sector labor‐management program in 1963 with the issuance of Executive Order 10988, the program has experienced sixteen years of trending toward collaboration and thirty‐five years of adversarial labor‐management relations. Adversarial labor‐management relationships are antithetical to collaborative labor‐management relationships. Notwithstanding the fact that collaborative labor‐management relations can satisfy the interests of managers and employees through their unions to create better delivery of public service, the confluence of presidential, managerial, and union leader support is hard to create and maintain.