bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NANOCELLULOSE OBTAINED MECHANICALLY BY DIFFERENT COLLOID GRINDING INTENSITIES
Authors: Stygar Lopes Marina , Potulski Daniele Cristina , Cássia Viana Lívia , Elita Carneiro Mayara , Inês Bolzon de Muniz Graciela , Sulato de Andrade Alan
Published: January 2020

Recent advances in nanocellulose technology have enabled production of materials for various applications with attractive properties. The aim of this work was to analyze the nanofibrillated cellulose of Eucalyptus sp. obtained by different grinding intensities. Delignified Eucalyptus sp. kraftpulp was used to obtain the nanofibrillated cellulose in the mechanical grinding process, with 2, 10 and 20 passes. Images were captured by scanning and transmission electron microscopy to observe cellulose structures. For each mechanical treatment, three films were produced, which were used to evaluate the crystallinity index. Viscosity measurement evaluated the influence of mechanical treatment on nanofibrillated cellulose. Microscopic analysis showed that the mechanical process promoted fiber defibrillation, resulting in the exposure of microfibrils in all treatments evaluated. Differences were not verified in the conformation and dimensions of the structures for the different numbers of passes, and the nanofibrils presented average diameter of approximately 30 nm. The mechanical process to obtain the nanofibrillated cellulose reduced of the crystallinity index and the viscosity of the nanofibrillated cellulose compared to cellulose before processing. The average particle size declined with rising number of grinder passes.
GROWTH OF Kielmeyera rubriflora INOCULATED WITH ARBUSCULAR MYCHORRIZAL FUNGI ON IRON MINING SUBSTRATES
Authors: Lara Rodrigo De Oliveira , PARECIDA PEREIRA da silva MICHELE APARECIDA , Oliveira Paula Alves , Pereira Israel Marinho , Grazziotti Paulo Henrique
Published: January 2020

Mining results in major landscape changes. Restoring areas after exploitation of natural resources can be accomplished through adopting techniques used to optimize the restoration process. Among such techniques, planting seedlings of species adapted to adverse edaphoclimatic conditions and which have interspecific associations with microorganisms stand out. One of these indigenous species which occur in the Southern Espinhaço Mountain Range with potential for use in restoring degraded areas is Kielmeyera rubriflora (Spreng) Mart. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of inoculating arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the survival and growth of Kielmeyera rubriflora Cambess. on two substrates from iron mining. The experiment was carried out in a nursery of the UFVJM Plant Species Propagation Center (CIPEF) in a randomized block design and treatments arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial design, using two iron mining substrates and inoculated and uninoculated plants with five repetitions. The seedlings received 25 g of the soil-inoculum mixture of Paraglomus occultum (C. Walker) JB Morton & D. Redecker and Claroideoglomus etunicatum (WN Becker & Gerd) C. Walker & A. Schüßler at the transplantation time to 17 dm3 pots. Stem diameter and leaf number were influenced only by the main effects of substrate and inoculation, while plant height was influenced by the interaction between substrate and inoculation. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi in Kielmeyera rubriflora ensures survival, species growth and root development on both iron mining substrates and is a suggested strategy for planting in areas degraded by iron mining.
INFLUENCE OF WOOD STACKING LOCATION ON FOREST TRANSPORT COSTS
Authors: Fernandes Danilo Lopes , Matos Lisandra Maria Alves , Magalhães Emanuelly Canabrava , Cabacinha Christian Dias , De Assis Adriana Leandra , Araújo Júnior Carlos Alberto
Published: January 2020

Given the importance of forest transportation planning due to its high contribution in wood final cost, the distance between forest plantation stands and the wood final destination should be optimized in order to reduce process cost. The relation between distance and transportation cost is known, yet, it is still necessary to evaluate how much the location of the wood piles inside the stand interferes with its final cost. Thus, we try to evaluate the influence of the wood stacking location on forest transportation costs. The vectorization of the general map of a property located in Minas Gerais state was performed through the QGIS software, by representing the planting areas by polygons, internal and external access roads by lines, and the possible wood-stacking location to be transported by points. In each stand, four wood-stacking sites were considered, each on one side of the stand. Considering this, optimal route simulations were performed based on the criterion of the shortest distance between each pile of wood and a carbonization plant. The results showed a 32% reduction in the final cost of transportation when the wood is stacked in places closer to the carbonization plant. Therefore, the results evidence that the choice of the ideal stacking point, in the aspect of closer proximity to the destination of the wood transportation, can generate savings in this process.
UMA PROPOSTA DIDÁTICA DE ENSINO DE INGLÊS COMO LÍNGUA ESTRANGEIRA PARA PROMOÇÃO DA JUSTIÇA SOCIAL
Authors: Gontijo Míriam Rabelo
Published: January 2020

Este artigo busca discutir o papel da escola e dos educadores frente a um novo comportamento social dos aprendizes possibilitado pela globalização, bem como relatar a experiência pessoal da autora deste texto, ao realizar uma atividade com seus alunos do curso de Licenciatura em Letras da Universidade Estadual de Minas Gerais - UEMG no segundo semestre de 2018. A atividade propunha que os alunos criassem livros de literatura infantil para serem doados para as escolas públicas. O artigo traz o detalhamento da atividade desenvolvida, bem como as impressões registradas ao longo do processo quanto ao cumprimento da proposta de se trabalhar sob o viés da pedagogia crítica (PENNYCOOK, 1994), na busca pelo desenvolvimento dos multiletramentos (THE NEW LONDON GROUP, 1996) visando a um ensino transformador (KALANTZIS, 2006; COPE; KALANTZIS, 2008). A proposta resultou na confecção de 29 livros infantis cuidadosamente elaborados para serem doados às escolas públicas da cidade. As obras dividiram-se em 10 sub-temas, a partir da temática diversidade. Os estudantes mostraram-se engajados e motivados, o que resultou em um trabalho de grande relevância para a comunidade escolar local.
A construção do referente no gênero textual charge
Authors: De Oliveira Maycon Rezende , Fabri Camila De Sales , De Amorim Márcia Fonseca
Published: January 2020

Este artigo tem por objetivo refletir sobre o processo de construção de referentes em charges. Inicialmente, foi feita uma abordagem dos gêneros textuais e, posteriormente, um recorte no gênero charge, com o intuito de analisar sua configuração e funcionamento. O passo seguinte foi explicitar algumas estratégias de referenciação e analisar a construção do referente em charges selecionadas da Web. Ancorado em uma perspectiva teórica de Bakhtin (1997), Marcuschi (2002), entre outros, este trabalho possibilitou rever conceitos e identificar como os objetos do mundo físico são levados para o plano discursivo durante a interação do sujeito com o outro e com a sua realidade. Como a charge origina-se na esfera jornalística, seu conteúdo está sempre ligado a um fato ocorrido na sociedade em uma dada época, sendo, portanto, um gênero efêmero, exigindo do leitor um conhecimento prévio acerca do assunto tratado. A partir de recursos imagéticos e linguísticos, o chargista re(constrói) um fato e emite um juízo de valor de acordo com suas crenças e seus conhecimentos de mundo. Nas análises propostas, buscou-se analisar como os referentes foram construídos a partir do ponto de vista do autor e o efeito de sentido que podem promover.
Construção e validação de instrumento para avaliar conhecimentos de universitários sobre transtorno específico da aprendizagem
Authors: León Camila Barbosa Ricardi , Paiano Ronê , Fragoso Analice Oliveira , Siqueira Alisson Rogério Caetano de , Teixeira Maria Cristina Triguero Veloz , Seabra Alessandra Gotuzo
Published: January 2020

O Transtorno Específico da Aprendizagem (TEAp) caracteriza-se por dificuldades persistentes para desenvolver habilidades acadêmicas de leitura, escrita e/ou matemática, sendo fundamental que professores conheçam suas características. O estudo teve como objetivos construir um questionário que avalia conhecimentos sobre TEAp e verificar suas propriedades psicométricas, mediante estudo piloto com estudantes de pedagogia ingressantes e concluintes. Participaram 178 estudantes, entre 18 e 54 anos, de três instituições de ensino superior particulares. Resultados revelaram índice adequado de consistência interna (Alfa de Cronbach = 0,738). Houve maior conhecimento sobre TEAp dos estudantes concluintes em relação aos ingressantes, porém com resultados baixos em alguns itens. Também houve diferença significativa entre as instituições. Não houve associação dos fatores idade, ano, renda e situação de trabalho, com o nível de conhecimento. Além de contribuir com a criação do questionário, os resultados sinalizam a necessidade de incluir disciplinas sobre TEAp na grade curricular dos cursos de pedagogia.
Avaliação de monitoramento metacognitivo a partir do julgamento de desempenho em adultos em processo de alfabetização
Authors: Fujie Márcia Akemi , Schelini Patrícia Waltz
Published: January 2020

A metacognição, a capacidade do indivíduo em autorregular seus processos cognitivos, engloba o monitoramento metacognitivo, pelo qual o sujeito acompanha e avalia seu desempenho cognitivo. O presente estudo teve como finalidade investigar o monitoramento metacognitivo de adultos em processo de alfabetização por meio do julgamento de desempenho em tarefas cognitivas, assim como observar possíveis correlações entre desempenho real e estimado dos participantes. Participaram do estudo 15 adultos de um programa de alfabetização, de ambos os gêneros e com idades entre 20 e 74 anos. Os materiais aplicados foram: Entrevista Inicial; Teste R-1 e subtestes Código, Procurar Símbolos e Dígitos do WAIS III; Registro de Julgamentos de 0 a 10 e Registro de Julgamento a partir de um objeto de medida. Resultados indicaram correlação significativa entre os escores brutos de desempenho real dos subtestes Códigos, Procurar Símbolos e Dígitos com seus julgamentos de desempenho a partir de um objeto de medida.
O trabalho do psicólogo com grupo de adolescentes em privação de liberdade
Authors: Oliva Grassi Giulia , Pires Coltro Beatriz , Giacomozzi Andréia Isabel , Reche Santa Rosa Tathiana
Published: January 2020

Nas políticas de atendimento aos adolescentes em conflito com a lei, evidencia-se a presença obrigatória do psicólogo nas equipes multidisciplinares de atendimento socioeducativo, cabendo a esses profissionais diferentes formas de atuar e, sobretudo a reflexão sobre o seu papel nesse sistema. Assim, este artigo discute a intervenção psicológica com grupos de adolescentes nas unidades de privação de liberdade a partir de um relato de experiência. Notou-se a necessidade entre os adolescentes de compartilharem as suas experiências com drogas, violência e tráfico, aspectos que constituem o que chamam de “mundo do crime”. Assim, entende-se fundamental para a coordenação de grupo com adolescentes em privação de liberdade o reconhecimento de suas histórias e experiências, considerando a postura ética que o profissional psicólogo deve assumir ao conduzir o trabalho grupal, cujo objetivo central é proporcionar um espaço de acolhida para discussão e reflexão coletivas.
Intervenção em crise realizada com pessoas afetadas por emergências em uma Companhia de Bombeiros Militar
Authors: Hodecker Maísa , Alves Roberta Borghetti
Published: January 2020

O presente artigo buscou refletir sobre a intervenção em crise realizada com 15 pessoas afetadas por emergências, as quais foram atendidas pelo Auto Socorro de Urgência de uma Companhia de Bombeiros de Santa Catarina. A intervenção foi realizada em um único momento com cada afetado de modo a contemplar cinco etapas: 1) estabelecimento do contato; 2) análise do problema; 3) busca das possíveis soluções; 4) orientação para execução de ações concretas; e 5) verificação do progresso. Tais intervenções foram realizadas desde a chegada ao local da ocorrência até o hospital, sendo estas após os primeiros socorros dos bombeiros militares. Observou-se que os afetados expressaram comportamentos de ansiedade e estresse, os quais foram minimizados após a intervenção de crise. Verificou-se que esta prática contribuiu para a mobilização de recursos pessoais dos afetados para o enfrentamento da emergência. Sugere-se sua utilização em instituições de urgência e emergência.
A psicologia escolar crítica e seu compromisso social
Authors: Sousa Kairon Pereira de Araújo
Published: January 2020

Martínez, A. M. (Ed.). (2015). Psicologia escolar e compromisso social: Novos discursos, novas práticas. 3ª Ed, Campinas, SP: Editora Alínea.
Bem-estar subjetivo e resiliência em pessoas com Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Coutinho Maria da Penha de Lima , Costa Fabrycianne Gonçalves , Coutinho Márcio De Lima
Published: January 2020

Este artigo objetivou mensurar os níveis de Bem-Estar Subjetivo (BES) e de resiliência em diabéticos, além de verificar a correlação entre a resiliência e os fatores que compõem o bem-estar subjetivo. Foram aplicadas as escalas de BES e de resiliência em 104 diabéticos (média de idade= 56,16; DP= 13,01), residentes na cidade de João Pessoa- PB. Os resultados evidenciaram que 65,4% dos participantes apresentaram altos níveis de BES. Quanto à resiliência, constatou-se que a maioria possui entre moderada (63,5%) e alta capacidade (28,8%), além de melhor desempenho na dimensão de ações e valores. Observou-se também, correlação positiva entre a dimensão afeto positivo da escala BES com as dimensões ações e valores (r= 0,58) e autoconfiança (r= 0,23) da escala da resiliência. Dessa forma, o aumento da vivência de emoções positivas entre os diabéticos pode atuar de forma a incrementar melhor aceitação de si no tocante à doença e sua terapêutica.
Bem-estar psicológico e meditação: um estudo associativo
Authors: Votto Guilherme Gonçalves , Carvalho Hudson Cristiano Wander de
Published: January 2020

A meditação budista é amplamente estudada devido aos benefícios percebidos pelos meditadores. Todavia, quando o tema é bem-estar psicológico em relação à prática de meditação budista a literatura ainda é escassa. Essa pesquisa verificou a associação entre o bem-estar psicológico e indicadores de envolvimento com a meditação (tempo, frequência de prática e sentidos da prática para a vida do meditador) em dois centros de meditação budista Vajrayana. Foram avaliados 50 meditadores, maiores de 18 anos (M = 41,2 anos, DP=13,7) e que praticavam há pelo menos um mês completo. Os dados foram coletados por meio de três instrumentos de autorrelato e submetidos a análises descritivas e inferenciais. Percebeu-se a relação positiva entre o tempo de meditação e o domínio autoaceitação da escala de bem-estar utilizada, indicando que os anos de prática meditativa parecem estar relacionados a um maior autoconhecimento e uma maior atitude positiva em relação a si mesmo.
Rivalidade e solidariedade entre irmãos na clínica com famílias
Authors: Magalhães Andrea Seixas , Monteiro Mayla Cosmo , Dantas Cristina Ribeiro
Published: January 2020

Este estudo faz parte de uma pesquisa mais ampla sobre fratria e teve como objetivo investigar rivalidade e solidariedade nas relações entre irmãos no contexto da clínica com famílias. Ressalta-se que tanto a rivalidade quanto a solidariedade fraterna são elementos importantes a serem trabalhados no processo psicoterápico da família. Utilizou-se o método clínico-qualitativo de investigação, com base no material clínico coletado durante o período de avaliação familiar em serviço de psicologia aplicada de uma universidade privada. Para fins deste trabalho, ilustramos a discussão com vinhetas clínicas de três famílias, com as seguintes configurações familiares: uma casada, uma monoparental e uma recasada. Concluímos que a presença de rivalidade e solidariedade entre irmãos está relacionada ao manejo parental dos conflitos em diferentes tipos de configurações familiares.
Seismic design of timber structures study group review, March 1986
Authors: Williams R.
Published: January 2020

Timber structures have had a reputation for performing comparatively well in earthquakes. However other structural materials now have design codes and recommendations that considerably improve their performance during earthquakes. In addition the form of timber structures has changed considerably in recent years, typically with less timber, bigger spans and less non-structural walls. Design recommendations and codes need to be reviewed and rewritten to ensure adequate performance is achieved. In 1965 New Zealand Standards issued NZS 1900 Chapter 8, Design Loads. This code of practice set the basic levels of seismic loading to be designed for in New Zealand, and while they have been modified and refined, the principles established still exist in our present code (NZS 4203:1984) today. The 1965 code was the first code to make reference to the principle of ductility, the abi1ity of some materials and structures to be deformed briefly beyond their elastic limit without catastrophic failure. The ability to withstand large displacements temporarily permitted design loadings to be used which are considerably lower than would have been the case had the structure been assumed to be brittle and thus been required to remain elastic through any seismic disturbance. A corollary is that non-ductile failure of any member must be suppressed by consideration of the capacity loads on it that can be generated by the yielding mechanism.
The seismic behaviour of plywood sheathed shearwalls
Authors: Dean J. A. , Stewart W. G. , Carr A. J.
Published: January 2020

Plywood sheathed timber shearwalls are commonly incorporated in timber structures to resist wind and earthquake induced lateral, forces. Such shearwalls are classified in the NZS 4203:1984 earthquake loading provisions as being ductile and are currently designed to earthquake load levels of 25% of the smoothed elastic response spectrum force, i.e. corresponding to SM = 1 in terms of NZS 4203:1984 notation.

However, a case study is examined which illustrates that compliance with the NZS 3603:1981 permissible wind-seismic connection load and stress levels does not ensure ductility. Recommendations are made for a capacity design procedure in which the sheathing nailing acts as the ductile load limiting element. Even when this is achieved, cyclic loading of the walls at seismic design load levels causes progressive degrading of strength and stiffness properties resulting in a pinched hysteretic loop. The displacement demands on walls in which this occurs when subjected to a design intensity earthquake ground motion are compared in the paper with the corresponding displacement demands on elastic plastic structures.

Selected test results are presented of eleven full scale shearwalls subjected to cyclic static and shaketable loading. The performance of the sheathing nailing, framing connections and foundation connections is reported in detail. Based on the test observations and an analysis of the force distribution within the framing, particular details are recommended to ensure ductile response. A theoretical time history single degree of freedom dynamic idealisation is described which represents the observed wall behaviour, and which is suitable for incorporation into multistorey analyses.
Draft revision of NZS4203: 1984: Seismic provisions
Authors: Hutchison D. L. , Andrews A. L. , Butcher G. W. , Kolston D,
Published: January 2020

A draft, revision to NZS4203:1984 [1] is now available for public comment. Significant changes to the existing seismic provisions are proposed. The basis for some of these are discussed and, where appropriate, resulting values are compared with the current provisions.
Seismic response of low-rise buildings
Authors: Moss P. J. , Carr A. J. , Buchanan A. H.
Published: January 2020

The results of an investigation into the dynamic response of several low-rise structures are reported. The main parameters studied were the effect of variations in the form of the hysteresis loop exhibited by the inelastic members and of differing types of earthquake accelerograms.
Shear reinforcement of reinforced concrete inelastic interior beam-column joints
Authors: Ichinose T.
Published: January 2020

"Equilibrium of forces" is the principle used in the current New Zealand code requirements for shear reinforcement of beam column joint. This principle, however, yields irrational or empirical aspects of the current code requirements. The latter principle as well as a simplification of stress distribution along the periphery of the joint can yield a design equation to calculate the necessary amounts of shear reinforcement in inelastic interior joint. Normally, this design equation requires smaller amounts of shear reinforcement than the current New Zealand code, especially for the following cases: a) the joint shear stress is small, b) the axial force is small, c) the amount of top beam reinforcement is larger than at the bottom, and d) the amounts of vertical shear reinforcement is large.
Review of current earthquake engineering research in New Zealand
Authors: Moss P. J.
Published: January 2020

Research currently being undertaken in Government Departments, Research organisations, and the Civil Engineering Departments in the two University Schools of Engineering is outlined. The research is summarised under the headings of Seismology, Engineering Seismology, Geotechnical Engineering, and Structural Analysis and Design.
The use of Grade 380 steel for transverse confining reinforcement in columns
Authors: Zahn F. A. , Park R. , Priestley M. J. N.
Published: January 2020

The results of recent experimental and analytical studies of the stress-strain behaviour of concrete confined by New Zealand manufactured Grade 275 or Grade 380 reinforcing steel are presented. First, the behaviour of three pairs of concentrically loaded reinforced concrete columns containing spirals from either Grade 275 or Grade 380 steel are compared, including the stage at which spiral fracture occurred. Second, the results of tests on four reinforced concrete columns containing Grade 380 spiral or rectangular hoop reinforcement and subjected to combined axial load and cyclic lateral loading are reported. An analytical study which was conducted to determine the available curvature ductility factor at the stage of fracture of the transverse reinforcement is described. The results are used to give a guideline for the safe use of Grade 380 steel as transverse confining reinforcement.
Earthquake resistance of the "SCT" large panel building system
Authors: Fischinger M. , Fajfar P. , Capuder F.
Published: January 2020

An analytical study of a large panel system to be used in high seismicity areas is presented in the paper. The analytical investigations are supported by experimental results. Special attention is given to inelastic response history analysis. New mathematical models of the hysteretic behaviour of joints, taking into account shear slip and gap opening, were developed and incorporated into the DRAIN-2D-2 program. Due to the system’s suitable structural concept, a nearly monolithic response of SCT large panel buildings to strong earthquakes has been observed, which makes possible the construction of such buildings up to 10 stories high in zones with intensity IX.
Second International Earthquake Conference April 6-10 1987, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.
Authors: Leslie P. D.
Published: January 2020

This article is based on a report that was made by Mr Leslie to the Management Committee. A selection of a few pages from some of the earthquake preparedness information collected by Mr Leslie (and referred to in section 11) is also included to give some idea of the range of material used in California.
Conservation of historic buildings in  a seismic zone
Authors: Bowman Ian
Published: January 2020

Following the accepted principles and practice of conservation of historic buildings in New Zealand is complicated by the proximity to earthquake activity. The author's own research, outlined in this article, draws some conclusions.
Edgecumbe earthquake
Authors: Dowrick David J.
Published: January 2020

This paper first describes the basic features of the earthquake, its size, causal mechanism, and fault rupture characteristics, and distribution of felt intensities. The ground motions measured in various places are described in terms of accelerations, response spectra and attenuation. Finally safety aspects are discussed in relation to damage levels, strength of shaking and current code loading requirements.
A comparison of the behaviour of reinforced concrete beam-column joints designed for ductility and limited ductility
Authors: Park R. , Dai Ruitong
Published: January 2020

Four beam-interior column Units were designed, constructed and tested subjected to simulated earthquake and gravity loading. One Unit followed the requirements of the New Zealand concrete design code NZS 3101:1982 for structures designed for ductility. The other three Units only partly followed the requirements of NZS 3101, in order to obtain information on the behaviour of beam-column joints of limited ductility. Plastic hinging was designed to occur in the beams. The major test variables were the quantity of horizontal and vertical shear reinforcement in the beam-interior column joint cores and the diameter of the beam longitudinal reinforcing bars passing through the joint cores. The test results indicted that the current NZS 3101 detailing requirements for shear and bond in the beam-interior column joint core regions of ductile reinforced concrete frames could be relaxed.
Design of a curved 414m long continuous concrete railway bridge to resist earthquake motions
Authors: Jury R. D. , Hollings J. P. , Catley T. J.
Published: January 2020

Recent upgrading and realignment work on the Main Trunk Rail route between Ohakune and Horopito has required the replacement of the previous Hapuawhenua Viaduct with a 414 m long bridge on a 420 m curve and at a 1.57% gradient. Expected seismic performance has been given particular consideration in the design of the new bridge and the designers believe that the structural arrangement chosen has led to an economic solution providing excellent and predictable seismic behaviour even for very large earthquakes.
Normal modes of a "cylindrical valley" of alluvium
Authors: Stephenson W. R.
Published: January 2020

Some normal modes of vibration are deduced for a cylindrical volume of high bulk modulus, low shear modulus material, embedded in an infinite half space of rigid material. The manner in which they may be excited by travelling waves in the rigid material is examined. The relevance of such processes is discussed with regard to the enhancement of structural damage on soft soil during an earthquake.
An estimation method for seismic effects of reinforced concrete non-structural walls to structural frame members
Authors: Ohkubo Masamichi
Published: January 2020

To resolve the undesirable effects of reinforced concrete non-structural walls to the earthquake behaviour of structural members, weak points (called "Structural Slits") are intentionally provided at the connection between structural members and non-structural walls. This paper presents an estimation method for the stress developed in the "Structural Slits" which are applied to the non-structural walls of reinforced concrete high-rise residential buildings.
The information needs and obligations of the insurer
Authors: Roth R. J.
Published: January 2020

Presented at the Conference on  information needs of the Earthquake Insurance Industry held in Christchurch, November 1989
The insurance industry's role in town planning
Authors: Fowler Michael
Published: January 2020

Presented at the Conference on  information needs of the earthquake insurance industry held in Christchurch, November 1989
Surface wave magnitudes of some New Zealand earthquakes 1901-1988
Authors: Dowrick D. J. , Smith E. G. C.
Published: January 2020

This paper gives a list of magnitudes on the surface wave scale for a selection of larger New Zealand earthquakes that occurred in the period 1901-1988. Most of the events considered were of shallow origin h < 45 km, and the magnitudes ranged from about 5 to 7.8. The Analysis of Variance method of statistical analysis was used to correct the large set of station observations so as to provide consistent mean magnitudes for each event. The resulting station terms and standard errors are given. Comparisons made between the results of this study and the relatively few previous Ms determinations show little change except for one or two important events. In particular the magnitude of the 1968 Inangahua earthquake was found to be 7.4 (± 0.07), which is somewhat greater than previous estimates.
Tauranga Harbour Crossing Stella Passage Bridge
Authors: Bloxam M. J. , North P. J.
Published: January 2020

This paper describes the seismic design of the Stella Passage Bridge which was constructed in 1986 to 1988 as part of the Tauranga Harbour Crossing, a road link between Tauranga and Mount Maunganui. The bridge is a 12 span, 478m long incrementally launched continuous prestressed concrete box girder with expansion joints at both abutments. Seismic restraint is provided by means of shear keys to ductile cantilever single stem pier columns supported on large diameter bored pile cylinder foundations.
New contributions to the international workshop on the seismic and retrofitting of reinforced concrete bridges Bormio, Italy, April 2-5, 1991
Authors: Park R. , Chapman H. E. , Cormack L. G. , North P. J.
Published: January 2020

The main objective of the workshop was to provide a critical comparison of the current state-of-the-art and of the practice in reinforced concrete bridge seismic design and retrofitting between the main seismically active regions. A secondary objective was to produce a clear statement of research needs and to propose possible international research cooperation. Four points of view were to be considered and compared, according to a geographical base which also corresponds to different design philosophies: the European, American, Japanese and New Zealand approaches were to be discussed. Emphasis was to be put on discussion of unresolved differences between different design and research practices. The workshop was organised in four sections, dealing with (1) basic concepts, (2) detailing, (3) examples of application, and (4) retrofitting. Each section was to consist of a presentation from each of the groups involved and an in-depth discussion session.
A simplified earthquake resistant design method for base isolated multistorey structures
Authors: Andriono Takim , Carr Athol J.
Published: January 2020

This paper describes the step-by-step design procedure of a simplified approach proposed for use in practical design of base isolated multi-storey structures. The proposed method can be used to accurately estimate the inertia forces, not only at the level of the isolation devices but throughout the height of the structure.
Some possible revisions to the seismic provisions of the New Zealand concrete design code for moment resisting frames
Authors: Cheung P. C. , Paulay T. , Park R.
Published: January 2020

Possible revisions to the seismic design provisions of the New Zealand concrete design code NZS 3101: 1982 for ductile reinforced concrete moment resisting frames are discussed. Topics include shear reinforcement for beam-column joint cores, anchorage of longitudinal reinforcement passing through beam-column joint cores, and transverse reinforcement in columns for confinement in potential plastic hinge regions of columns. The recommendations are based on recent experimental and theoretical studies of the simulated seismic response of beam-column joints and columns in ductile reinforced concrete frames. Rational models for the evaluation of behaviour are presented.
Recent developments in devices for seismic isolation
Authors: Cousins W. J. , Robinson W. H. , McVerry G. H.
Published: January 2020

Significant extensions to the technology for seismic-isolation were required for three recent applications in New Zealand. The structures isolated were a new Central Police Station in Wellington, a printing press hall built in Petone for Wellington Newspapers Ltd., and capacitor banks at Haywards substation near Lower Hutt. In each case the isolating devices were tested to verify their performance characteristics. This paper presents the results of the testing. The devices were a lead-extrusion damper rated at 250 kN load ± 400 mm stroke, a lead-rubber bearing measuring 609 mm x 609 mm x 460 mm, and a steel taper-beam damper rated at 10.6 kN load ± 200 mm stroke.
Christchurch seismic hazard pilot study
Authors: Berril J. B. , Davis R. O. , McCahon I. F.
Published: January 2020

A pilot zoning study has been carried out for ground shaking hazard in the city of Christchurch, using the grade-3 procedures of the draft manual on seismic zonation for geotechnical hazards, being developed by Technical Committee TC-4 of the ISSMFE. Because of limited site data, we were not able to produce a complete zoning map for the city, but ground motions were estimated at six distinct sites for which borehole data was available, and this provided a good test for the procedures of the manual. The city of Christchurch is situated on nearly 1 km of volcanic rock and alluvial sediments overlying greywacke basement, on the edge of the main seismic region of New Zealand. In addition to being an interesting site from the point of view of ground shaking, there are also liquefaction and slope stability hazards in the alluvial and beach sands found throughout the city, and in the recent loess deposits mantling the adjacent Port Hills. In the pilot study of ground shaking hazard, a seismicity model for the central South Island region published recently by Elder et al. (1991) was combined with the attenuation model of Kawashima et al. (1984) recommended in the draft manual, to estimate rock motion at Christchurch, described by its acceleration response spectrum. Transfer functions were computed for the site response to estimate motions at the six selected sites using the Thomson-Haskell method. The results were highly sensitive to details of. the upper 30 m or so of the soil profile. In the local context, the large disparity between our estimates of ground shaking at Christchurch and those implicit in the draft revision of NZS 4203 are disturbing. According to our study the draft code underestimates shaking by about a factor of two or more.
Elongation and load deflection characteristics of reinforced concrete members containing plastic hinges
Authors: Fenwick R. C. , Megget L. M.
Published: January 2020

In regions, described as plastic hinge zones, in beams and columns, tensile yielding of the reinforcement through flexural action can occur in severe earthquakes. Where the beams and columns are lightly loaded, axially, member elongation can occur. Test results show that axial extensions of the order of several percent of the member depth may be expected. This deformation, which is ignored in current design practice, can have a major influence on the distribution of forces in a structure and its ability to survive without collapse. This paper describes the way in which elongation develops in plastic hinge zones together with the form of load deflection characteristics associated with the development of different types of plastic hinge zone.
Effect of vertical distribution of mass and translational stiffness on dynamic eccentricities for a special class of multi-storey buildings
Authors: Hutchinson G. L. , Chandler A. M. , Rady M. A.
Published: January 2020

The results from analyses which considered dynamic torsional coupling in single storey buildings have commonly been extrapolated to a special class of multi-storey buildings. Recently developed probabilistic methods are used in this paper to study the influence of various realistic vertical mass and stiffness distributions on the characteristics of torsional coupling in multi-storey buildings. Qualitative and quantitative differences between the results for single and multi-storey models are identified.
Aseismic pile foundation design analysis
Authors: Pender M. J.
Published: January 2020

Methods of assessing, for preliminary design purposes, the stiffness and capacity of pile foundations under seismic forces are presented. Although the main thrust of the paper is to aseismic design the methods are applicable to other forms of dynamic excitation of pile foundations. Emphasis is placed on expressions for pile stiffness and capacity in the form of simple formulae that can be incorporated into spreadsheet or similar types of software. The use of the equations is illustrated with a number of worked examples. Where possible the methods are justified by data from field testing of foundations at prototype scale.
Ormond earthquake liquefaction reconnaissance report
Authors: Christensen Steven A.
Published: January 2020

On August 10 1993, at 09h 46m UT an earthquake of magnitude (ML) 6.4 occurred near Ormond, a locality to the north west of Gisbome in the North Island of New Zealand. The epicentre of the event was 38.52°S, 177.93°E, and had a focal depth of 48 km (Seismological Observatory, Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Ltd.). Strong motion accelerographs at two sites on sediment in Gisborne recorded peak ground accelerations of 0.22 g at a distance of 20 km from the epicentre, while at Wairoa (80 km to the SW of the epicentre) 0.05 g was recorded, at Tolaga Bay (30 km to the NE of the epicentre) 0.09 g was measured [Pers. Comn. J. Zhou], and strong motion lasted for 5-10 s. Intensity of MMVI was observed in the Ormond area with pockets of MMVII, the later being based in particular on the presence of liquefaction.
The Hokkaido-Nansei-Oki earthquake
Authors: Butcher G. W. , Beetham R. D. , Millar P. J. , Tanaka H.
Published: January 2020

Final report of the NZNSEE reconnaissance team
Brief report on the January 17 1994 Northridge earthquake in Los Angeles
Authors: Editor
Published: January 2020

An earthquake struck the San Fernando Valley on January 17 at 4:30 am. Pacific Standard Time. The epicenter was located at 34°13' North, 118°3' West at a depth of 14.6km. The surface wave magnitude from the National Earthquake Information Centre was 6.6. The local magnitude was 6.4.

Most of this information was prepared within a few days of the earthquake occurring and some of the material included in this report was issued as a press release.

A more detailed report is currently being prepared by the Reconnaissance Team sent by the Society.
The seismic analysis of sandy sites
Authors: Larkin T. J. , Marks S.
Published: January 2020

This paper presents an approach for performing one dimensional effective stress site response analyses for sandy sites, including the evaluation of liquefaction potential. This type of analysis differs from the more common total stress response analyses in that induced pore pressures in saturated sandy soils are accounted for, including the resulting influence on soil properties. This analytical method has been refined to the point where the need for complex and expensive laboratory soil testing is no longer required, a factor which has traditionally held back developments in the effective stress area. The effective stress analysis requires the determination of five soil specific parameters. A trial and error backfitting procedure was developed to successfully determine these parameters from traditional site investigation data rather than detailed laboratory testing. This procedure was investigated using two case studies, the Edgecumbe earthquake of 1987 and the Loma Prieta event of 1989, which both exhibited significant liquefaction damage. The Edgecumbe analysis produced useful results. The predicted ground acceleration required to initiate liquefaction was 2.8 m/s2 (0.29g) which is close to the estimated value of 3 m/s2 (0.31g). This was a good result as a reasonable amount of estimated and correlated data had to be used due to a lack of specific site data. The case study of Treasure Island, in the San Francisco Bay area, also produced encouraging results with both the prediction of liquefaction and surface response spectra in good agreement with recorded data. Both case studies used liquefaction resistance curves determined empirically from SPT blow count data. While this data proved acceptable it was discovered that care must be taken in the use of such overseas derived empirical data, particularly if no corroborating site specific information is available.
A decomposition of strong ground motion
Authors: Stephenson W.R.
Published: January 2020

The Cedar Hills Nursery strong motion record of the 1987 October 1st Whittier Narrows earthquake can be decomposed into five physically distinct components. These are the usual radial, circumferential and vertical components, plus a 2.84 Hz resonance along 317° N and a 3.27 Hz resonance along 317° N. The significance and possible cause of the resonant parts are discussed.
Dynamic analysis of structures
Authors: Carr Athol J.
Published: January 2020

This paper is the result of discussions of the study group on Dynamic Analysis established by the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering and whose brief was to provide some guidance to design engineers on the usage of the dynamic analysis methods that are becoming more common in structural design with the stricter requirements of the seismic loadings requirements of NZS 4203:1992. The paper first of all discusses the concepts of dynamic analyses of single mass systems and then extends this to the modal analysis methods for the analyses of multi-mass systems. The paper then covers a variety of aspects that may be of concern in performing the dynamic analyses and in the modelling of structures.
Response of low-rise buildings to moderate ground shaking, particularly the May 1990 Weber earthquake
Authors: Sritharan S. , Dowrick D. J.
Published: January 2020

In the Weber earthquake of 13 May 1990 the stronger component of the ground motions recorded in Dannevirke was similar in strength to the El Centro S00E record from the 1940 Imperial Valley earthquake which underlies the New Zealand loadings code, The Modified Mercalli intensity in Dannevirke however was only about MM7 1⁄2, whereas the intensity corresponding to the 1984 earthquake code is about MM8 1⁄2 for the Dannevirke area. This paper compares the strength of the Dannevirke record in terms of spectral accelerations with (i) the above El Centro record, (ii) the Matahina dam record of the 1987 Edgecumbe earthquake, and (iii) the loadings of the 1984 and 1992 New Zealand codes. Also described in the paper are time-history analyses of one- and two- storey buildings subjected to the above ground motions in an attempt to explain why the damage levels were lower than might be expected from the strength of the recorded accelerograms. Comparisons are made of the seismic performance of moment-resisting frames and walled structures. Comments are made on two of the provisions of the 1992 loadings code.
Insights and challenges associated with determining seismic design forces in a loading code
Authors: Heidebrecht A. C.
Published: January 2020

This paper presents and discusses a number of important topics which affect the determination of seismic design forces in a loading code. These range broadly from seismic hazard through to design philosophy and include the following aspects: influence of uncertainty in determining seismic hazard, seismic hazard parameters, site effects, probability level of design ground motions, role of deformations in seismic design, performance expectations and level of protection. The discussion makes frequent reference to the seismic provisions of both the National Building Code of Canada (1995) and the New Zealand Loading Standard (1992). Also, comparisons are made of seismic hazard and seismic design forces for several Canadian and New Zealand cities.
Damage ratios for plant, equipment and stock in the 1987 Edgecumbe, New Zealand earthquake
Authors: Dowrick D. J. , Rhoades D. A.
Published: January 2020

This paper describes an analysis of damage costs to commercial and industrial equipment (plant) and stock in the Mw=6.6 Edgecumbe, New Zealand, earthquake of 2 March 1987. The damage costs were converted to damage ratios by dividing by the value of the relevant property parcel. The mean value and statistical distribution of damage ratios were found for various classes of equipment and stock in the MM7 and MM9 intensity Zones. The lognormal distribution generally fitted the data well.

Equipment and stock are much more variable in nature than modern buildings, and in large part are not designed for earthquakes. In this study they were analysed in subsets formed by classification according to Use (i.e. shops, offices, halls, residential or industrial) and Vulnerability (i.e. Robust, Medium or Fragile). These classifications provided useful insights into variations in the damage ratio. The overall mean damage ratio, Drm for stock was considerably higher than for equipment, even though Drm for Fragile equipment was higher than Drm for Fragile stock. This occurred because the proportion of stock that was Fragile was much larger than the corresponding proportion of equipment. The proportional difference in damage levels between Fragile and Robust property was greater at intensity MM7 than at MM9. This is consistent with the definitions of the Modified Mercalli scale. A comparison of the damage to equipment and buildings showed that, at MM9, the mean and distribution of damage ratios for Medium vulnerability equipment are similar to those for the associated single storey, post-code (1935+) commercial and industrial buildings.
Developing a common Australasian Earthquake Loading Standard
Authors: Hutchinson G. , Wilson J. , Pham L. , Billings I. , Jury R. , King A.
Published: January 2020

The development of a common Earthquake Loading Standard for Australia and New Zealand which has the potential for most countries in SE Asia is discussed in this paper. An historical perspective of earthquake loading standards in the two countries is introduced for background. In addition, two internationally recognised standards, Uniform Building Code (UBC) and Eurocode 8, covering earthquake loadings for areas of both low and high seismicity are presented. A seismic zoning scheme similar to the UBC approach is tentatively suggested for describing the seismic hazard of Australia and New Zealand. It is suggested that the requirements for design and detailing could vary from nominal tying together to capacity design procedures for the lowest and highest seismic zones respectively.
Damage to State Highway 73 from the 29 May 1995, Arthur's Pass earthquake
Authors: Paterson B.R. , Berrill J. B.
Published: January 2020

On 29 May 1995, a magnitude M 5.5 earthquake centred near Arthur's Pass caused considerable damage to State Highway 73 in Arthur's Pass National Park, almost a year after the highway was closed by a magnitude M 6.5 earthquake. Although earthquake magnitudes and epicentral locations for the two events accounted for some differences in extent and severity of slope failure and highway damage, the lower magnitude 1995 earthquake initiated significant rockfall above the Zig Zag, unaffected by the 1994 earthquake. The greater ground damage than anticipated at the Zig Zag and in Otira Gorge could be due more to direction of seismic wave propagation relative to Otira Valley, and predisposition of slope materials to failure, than to earthquake magnitude.