bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Ukraine Crisis's on Turkey and Ukraine’s Economic Relationship
Authors: Apak Sudi , Kozan Selin
Published: December 2019

After the breakup of the Soviet Union and independence declaration of Ukraine in 1991, as in the other Soviet countries, Ukraine has left a heavy industrial based economy with an insufficient technology. Trade relations with Turkey gained momentum in 2004 and has continued its growing until today. This trade relationship has a complementary role and mostly based on intermediate good export. Turkey is the second largest export volume partner of Ukraine and providing the largest trade surplus for Ukraine. Ukraine economy is very sensitive to foreign trade fluctuations, therefore in the 2009 global crisis, Turkey’s trade volume with Ukraine declined more than two times. In 2014, military conflict in the East, Russian trade restrictions, the Hryvnia depreciation and tight fiscal austerity measures have exacerbated the existing macroeconomic challenges of Ukraine and pushed the country into its deepest recession since 2009.
This study analyses the Ukraine crisis effects on its economic situation and effects on the Turkey and Ukraine’s economic relationship by using statistical methods. Data sources are: National Bank of Ukraine, State Statistics Service of Ukraine, Ministry of Finance of Ukraine, Trade Statistics for International Business Development, National Bank of Turkey, Turkish Exporters Assembly, Turkish Statistical Institute.
Turkey, as a country has earned trusts of both Ukraine and Russia, is able to lead a peacekeeping force in Ukraine. Furthermore, Turkey should evaluate the possibilities to provide a credit line to Ukraine and it would be useful for Turkey to search the other markets and trade conditions as well.
Effects of Sale of Non-Performing Loans to Asset Management Companies on Stock Performance of Banks
Authors: Sönmezer Sıtkı
Published: December 2019

Asset management Companies, starting from 2006, have a critical role in the banking sector of Turkey in terms of liquidating Non-performing loans into cash. Sale of bad debts enable banks to transfer receivables to asset management firms at a substantial discount and obtain liquidity so that they have more robust financials and their ability to focus on their core businesses which may increase productivity. The objective of this study is to determine the immediate impact of the announcement of recent sales on stock prices of banks. This study provides evidence that 22 statistically significant positive announcements versus 21 negative announcements out of 69 deals broken down by bank. Results indicate that particular deals are overpriced resulting in stock price increases and some are underpriced resulting in losses in the market. It can be inferred that information regarding with the structure and asset quality of deals are accessible.
Elections and The Real Exchange Rate Volatility In Turkey (1992-2014)
Authors: Gerni Cevat , Buzdağlı Özge , Özdemir Dilek , Emsen Ömer Selçuk
Published: December 2019

Sudden fluctuations that occur as results of politicians’ manipulation on the macroeconomic variables during the election period are called as Political Business Cycle. In recent years, exchange rate also has become an important subject of many studies in this framework. Before the elections, to gain the public’s votes, politicians firstly put pressure on the exchange rates to prevent currency depreciation, and then this can lead to manipulative fluctuations. In this respect, during the 1992:01-2014:12 periods in Turkey, the impact of the entire local and general elections on the real exchange rate volatility is examined using E-GARCH method. On the other hand, political variables such as independence of Central Bank, exchange rate regime, the number of representatives of the ruling party in the parliament and coalition are included to the model while the pre and after election period from the 1st to the 6th month as dummy variables. Based on the results of the analysis, it can be said that the elections and the political variables affect the real exchange rate and its volatility in Turkey. However, there is no significant evidence whether the politicians act opportunistic behavior to be reelected. Since the uncertainty during the election period cause outflow of the capital and deferral of the investment decisions of the investors until after the election, it may well be said that the politicians fail to influence the real exchange rate for their self-interests.
The Importance of Cultural Diplomacy in Breaking the Perception of “China Threat”
Authors: Pekcan Cemre
Published: December 2019

Cultural diplomacy, which is accepted as a sub-branch of public diplomacy, is described as ‘the exchange of ideas, information, art, and other aspects of culture among nations and their peoples in order to foster mutual understanding’ by Milton C. Cummings. Although this term has been used in international relations for centuries, its acceptance as a theory is a relatively new concept. Cultural diplomacy, as a component of both public diplomacy and also Joseph Nye’s ‘soft power’, includes movies, music, dance, exhibitions, various education and exchange programs, literature and cultural programs.
In today’s world, China, a super power with its growing economy, started to feature its soft power, public and cultural diplomacy to break the perception of ‘China threat’ theory which shortly claims that the rising power would eventually challenge the hegemon power and war will be inevitable. The aim of this study is to put forward Chinese efforts in promoting cultural diplomacy to break the perception of ‘China threat’ theory by analyzing the elements of China’s cultural diplomacy, which are basically; Confucius Institutes, marketing Chinese cultural products, series of cultural programs and foreign aid.

As the outcomes of the research, it is seen that against ‘China Threat’ theory, China clearly keeps emphasizing its peaceful development and wants to improve its image especially after 1989 Tinananmen Crackdown. Hence, as the most important elements of China’s cultural diplomacy; Confucius Institutes have been established throughout the world, Chinese cultural products are being marketed and Chinese foreign policy is becoming more transparent.
The Effect of the Interest Rate Corridor Implementation to Central Bank Policies
Authors: Tufaner Mustafa Batuhan , Uslu Kamil , Sözen İlyas
Published: December 2019

Central banks fulfill missions like financing governments, contributing the improvement of the financial market and implement monetary policy. Because of these important functions, instruments of the central bank has become a subject of ongoing debate over the years. The Central Bank's monetary policies instruments are important in terms of achieving the set macroeconomics targets. In recent years to become a major focus of attention of the interest rate corridor instrument has led to examine the structure of the central banks. The interest rate corridor primarily, provides flexibility advantages through interest rate to the central banks. The opinion that the central banks which have a flexible structure are more successful on ensuring the price stability and implementing macro policies with evading the political effects became stronger. In this context, in this study to examine the contributions of a flexible central bank to price stability and financial stability. In this bulletin different policy instruments of central banks are compared and critically assessed various determinants of central bank flexibility. In addition, comparing of the legislation of major central banks and various interest rate corridor implementations are examined.
The Relationships Between Private Pension System, Saving Rate and Current Deficit: An Application on OECD Countries
Authors: Başar Selim , Eren Murat , Bozma Gürkan
Published: December 2019

Today developed and developing economies have many problems. Some of these problems are created by global conjuncture and the rest of them are originated by problems which can be seen in some specific economies. One of the most important problems of economies is low saving rate. Since low saving rate can cause through to inability to increase investments and inability to reduce current account deficit, to remain below potential growth. The governments which want to increase the level of savings may use the private pension system as a political tool to increase domestic savings and decrease current account deficit. In accordance with this development, the relationships between private pension system, savings rate and current account deficit have been examined by using panel causality test for 14 OECD countries over the period 2005-2014. The findings indicate that developments in the private pension system leads to improvement in the current account balance.
The Relationship between Financial Development and Economic Growth: The Case of Turkey
Authors: Manga Müge , Destek Mehmet Akif , Tekeoğlu Muammer , Düzakın Erkut
Published: December 2019

The relationship between financial development and economic growth and the direction of causality between them have been received a lot of attention recently by many scholars. It is also important to analyze this relationship and the direction of causality due to implications of policies. In this study the relationship between financial development, trade liberalization and economic growth for Turkey are examined using three different models. Model 1, 2 and 3 investigate the effect of domestic loans to the private sector and trade liberalization on GDP, the impact of the domestic credit provided by banks to the private sector and trade liberalization on GDP and the effect of M2 money supply and M2 trade liberalization on GDP, respectively. Data extracted from World Development Indicators. Autoregressive-Distributed Lag Bound Test (ARDL) is used as a co-integration test to determine the long run relationship between variables. In addition, Toda and Yamamoto (1995) is utilized to test the direction of causality between financial development and economic growth according to the three financial indicators such as domestic loans to the private sector, the domestic credit provided by banks to the private sector and M2 money supply. According to the results there is a unidirectional relationship from economic growth to domestic loans to the private sector and the domestic credit provided by banks to the private sector. Additionally, the results indicate that a bidirectional relationship exist between M2 money supply and economic growth.
Impact of Terrorism on Financial Markets: The Case of Turkey
Authors: Algan Neşe , Balcılar Mehmet , Bal Harun , Manga Müge
Published: December 2019

This study investigates the impact of terrorism on the Turkish financial market using daily data from Jan 4, 1988 to May 24, 2016. In order to measure the impacts of terrorist attacks in Turkey we test for causality from terrorism index to returns and volatilities of 3 aggregate and 16 sector level stock indices using a recently developed nonparametric causality-in-test test of Balcilar et al. (2016). The results obtained indicate that there is no causality from terrorist activities to stock market returns (1st moment). However, we find significant causality at various quantiles from terrorist activates to volatility (2nd moment) of tourism, food and basic materials sectors.
European Energy Association (EEA) and Turkey's Regional “Energy Hub” Possibility: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Belet Nuran
Published: December 2019

European Union Commission declared its vision on European Energy Association EEA including comprehensive changes on energy strategy about energy cooperation and climate changes, as well as conversion and its multi-dimensional cooperation objectives with its report European Commission, Energy Union Package, COM 2015-80. Current cost of energy to the European Union damages its competitiveness in the international market due to its high dependence on energy supply. EU will play an active role in the international energy market with EEA on both energy dependence and on energy supply security. Only four countries are listed on the EEA vision document among alternative producers, cooperation with transit countries and strategic partners: Algeria, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Turkey. Due to its geo-strategic location Turkey is the most affordable and reliable energy transit route between Central Asia and Europe. In this study Turkey’s place as a strategic transit country and its partnership in TAP/TANAP projects as well as its possibility to become a regional energy hub and an oil corridor in the East-West route will be discussed in detail as it is stated in EEA vision document. In this context, possibilities, challenges and related macro-economic policies will be evaluated.
Crisis Management of Organizations and The Field Research for The Applications Made Before, Meanwhile and After the Crisis
Authors: Uyan Özgül
Published: December 2019

Nowadays, the companies proceed to their business in more competitive and uncertain conditions due to the globalization. These conditions might be chances time to time or might be threats time to time and can cause to increase of possibility of crisis for the companies come face to face. Surviving in these circumstances depends on protecting from risks and taking advantages of the chances. To achieve that, the effective crisis management system has to be established. In this article, the importance and the procedures made by the business organizations before, meanwhile and after the crisis are aimed to find out. In this sense, the common and theoretical perspective are defined for the crisis and the management of the crisis, and, the search and data of 30 business organizations in Istanbul World Trade Center are presented. In the research, survey method was used to collect the data. Then the data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software and subjected to the frequency, ratio, correlation and alpha reliability tests. As a result of the study, it is observed that these companies usually implement the crisis management after the crisis started and the crisis management applications were not institutionalized in the organizations.
Network Organizations in the Global Production Process and Trust between Businesses
Authors: Dincer Aydın Hicran Utkun , İrmiş Ayşe
Published: December 2019

Network organizations are organizational structures consisting of coordinating basic capabilities and resources in line with their own responsibilities and roles, even though geographically distant businesses are experts in a particular field or function. Businesses are involved in to the networks for reducing uncertainty in global competition, gaining flexibility, acting quickly, and providing capacity, benefiting from resources and talents they cannot have alone, and providing information. However, it is also possible for enterprises to maintain their assets in the network and to benefit from the competitive advantage of the network through providing trust between businesses and ensuring trust.
The purpose of the study is to reveal how trust is defined among the enterprises within the network organizations and what constitutes the trusting elements. The universe of the research constitutes businesses operating in Uşak and located in national or international networks with contract manufacturing. The study was conducted using qualitative research method and interview technique. According to research findings; it has been seen that business owners are positively anticipating other businesses within their business networks and they have been working for a long time with the companies which they trust and watching the businesses they have not been trusting for a while and ending their cooperation. According to business owners participating in the interview, trust is equivalent with the fulfilment of given promises, goodwill, quality and intra-family relationships. At the same time, it was stated that trust depends on the businesses; and so, religion, language and race differences are not important.
The Place of Turkey among MINT Countries from Efficient Energy Use Perspective: A Comparative Decomposition Analysis
Authors: Bal Harun , Tanrıöver Banu , Manga Müge
Published: December 2019

The security of energy supply has become an important issue for energy-dependent countries due to increasing energy demand and energy input prices in recent years. Therefore, energy-dependent countries have developed energy safety strategies to reduce dependence. However, the environmental problems that occur because of the increase in energy consumption, countries had to adopt an economic development process, sustainable development strategies taking account of environmental factors together with economic growth. Thus, an energy input and optimal energy policies have become increasingly important. This paper investigates the real energy efficiency by decomposing the structural and production activities and energy consumption changes of MINT countries, namely, Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey for the period of 1990-2014 utilizing Logarithmic Average Division Index Method. The results show that Mexico uses energy more efficiently among the countries. Mexico is followed by Indonesia, Turkey and Nigeria, respectively.
Effects of Ownership Structure on Capital Structure and Divident Decisions: Case of Borsa Istanbul 30 Index
Authors: Ege İlhan , Nur Topaloğlu Tuğba
Published: December 2019

Ownership structure is one of the main dimensions of corporate governance and is widely seen to be determined by other country-level corporate governance characteristics such as the development of the stock market and the nature of state intervention and regulation. Most ownership structure research focuses on relationship between ownership structure and firm performance. This paper investigates the effects of ownership structure on capital structure and divident decisions. In this study observed that ownership structure of firms in Borsa Istanbul 30 Index. Data of this firms collected from Borsa Istanbul web page. Period of data is between 2007 and 2015. Panel regression method is used for analyzing the effects of ownership structure on capital structure and divident decisions. As a result of this study we find statistically significant nonrelationship between ownership structure and both capital structure and divident decision.
Homeownership and Unemployment: A Test of the Oswald Hypothesis in Turkey
Authors: Erdoğan Mahmut , Aseinov Dastan
Published: December 2019

According to traditional related literature homeownership is considered as indicator of economic welfare. While unemployment has raised as major economic issue of the last century. Is there a link between unemployment and homeownership? Regarding this question Oswald hypothesis has been tested for several economies in literature. The aim of this study is to investigate Oswald hypothesis using cross-sectional data set for 81 province of Turkey. To the best of our knowledge it is the first study that tests the Oswald Hypothesis for Turkey taking into account spatial dependency among regional unemployment rates. Empirical results show that home ownership has a negative and significant effect on unemployment. However, the results of this study is contradict with Oswald Hypothesis.
Export-led Growth Hypothesis in MINT Countries: A Panel Cointegration Analysis
Authors: Bal Harun , Basher Shahanara , Mamun Abdulla Hil , Akça Emrah
Published: December 2019

The contribution of exports to GDP in MINT countries that improve substantially just after their implantation of export promotion strategy in the late 1980s raises the issue of whether the growth in these countries is led by export or not. While a good number of studies have been found investigating whether economic growth is promoted by exports for developing countries having an outstanding share of export in GDP, no study investigating the export-led growth hypothesis for MINT countries has been found until recent times. The main purpose of this study is to fill up the void. The study employs panel cointegration technique with an aim to examine whether the export is the key factor of economic growth for MINT countries employing yearly secondary data that covers the period. Results of the study imply that economic growth of these countries is considerably exports driven. Moreover, there is an indication of improvement of efficiency as exports work along with the rise capital formation. As the employment opportunity of an economy is expanded through capital formation, the emerging MINT countries endowed with large population and favorable demographics are expected to become the major exporters with strong GDP growth by being able to attract adequate foreign investment.
Considerations on the Economic and Geopolitical Consequences of China’s “One Belt-One Road” Project
Authors: Bocutoğlu Ersan
Published: December 2019

The aims of this paper are to introduce the One Belt-One Road project, to investigate whether it is an economic or geopolitical initiative and finally to try to predict the consequences of the project with respect to the local, regional and global powers in the short, medium and long run. The method of this paper is a verbal, descriptive one with the theoretical support by German Historical School. Since the initiative is too fresh, it is tried to reach fresh documents on inter-net to form the full literature. To sum up, the One Belt-One Road project that is introduced as an economic project by China, connecting her with Europe via a mix of land and maritime roads network makes some countries happy while making the rest worried due to its financial size and geographical extent. The project that is possible to be seen as an economic initiative in the short run has the potential to turn into a project with serious geopolitical considerations for local, regional and global powers in the medium and long run.
On The Purchasing Power Parity in Turkey: The Role of Structural Changes
Authors: Nazlıoğlu Şaban , Karul Çağın , Koncak Ahmet , Küçükkaplan İlhan
Published: December 2019

Turkey as an emerging country and one of the fastest growing economies during the last decade has been implementing the trade-oriented growth model since 1980. The exchange rate policy in that respect is at the center of trade and monetary policies. Given the importance of constructing fundamental equilibrium exchange rates, the long-run PPP hypothesis has been empirically investigated during the last decade. We re-examine the purchasing power parity (PPP) hypothesis for Turkey with her ten major trading partners and find out that when the structural shifts are taken into account, there is a strong evidence in favor of the validity of PPP hypothesis. An interesting finding also is that the PPP hypothesis seems to hold for the European Union countries.
The Public Policy in Agricultural Product Markets and Effectiveness of Regulations
Authors: Taşar M. Okan
Published: December 2019

Parallel to the developments in the global economy, perhaps the most problematic market structure within the liberalization process in the transition economies and in the Turkish economy is highlighted as agricultural product markets. The effects of agricultural product prices on other macroeconomic indicators and the fundamental economic problems such as inflation, income distribution, poverty and unemployment constitute a fundamental dynamic. At this point, public policies and regulations of market processes need to be analyzed in terms of the effects they will cause.
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of interventions and regulations on agricultural products markets on market economy and macroeconomic indicators. However, it will be possible to establish the most appropriate agricultural policies possible for the macroeconomic performance of the Turkish economy. In the first section; the impacts and consequences of regulations will be determined by establishing the relationship between agricultural product markets and government interventions. The second part is to analyze these effects and results with the help of data and indicators belonging to the Turkish economy and to analyze the different effects caused by the applied agricultural regulations. The last part is; the discussion of rational agricultural intervention policies and regulations with the least possible negative impact.
Regional Aspects of Investment Processes in the Kyrgyz Republic
Authors: Sherbekova Anara , Esenbekova Sabina
Published: December 2019

The article examines the role of investments in the development of the economy of the Kyrgyz Republic in the context of the integration of the Eurasian Economic Union, presents regional aspects of investment processes in the Kyrgyz Republic, analyzes the main indicators of investment activity in terms of economic activities and regional distribution.
In our country, investments play an important role in the development of both regions of the country, and medium and large businesses. It is difficult for enterprises to choose independently from the crisis, and the state does not always have the means to subsidize and invest in enterprises and regions. Thus, if the state is interested in a stable and strong economy, then it should create a favorable investment climate at the legislative and executive levels. The formation of a favorable investment climate in the country, which determines the profitability of the investment process, is one of the main tasks facing the state.
The Influence of Exporting and Importing On Economic Growth: The Sample of Central Asia Economies
Authors: Sarı Selahattin , Gerni Cevat , Karaköy Çağatay , Emsen Ömer Selçuk
Published: December 2019

Become more intense in the 1980s, in parallel with globalization movements that make up the world economy, the driving forces of economic growth in the search for macro-economic policies have also changed. The importance of international trade for economic growth was seen years ago and it is a known fact that many theories have been put forward. Classical economists have made various researches around the idea of providing economic growth with international trade theories. In this context, after 1992, the Central Asian countries work in this subject area wanted to complete the transition in the economic sense by structural reforms and economic growth. Therefore, the panel date analysis about the effect of international trade on growth will be examined on Central Asian countries like Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Azerbaijan. In the finding obtained, exports and capital accumulation were found to have a positive effect on growth.
Analysis of the prevalence of myasthenia gravis in Ukraine
depending on the place of residency and type of settlement
Authors: Kalbus Oleksandr
Published: December 2019

Aim: to study the prevalence of myasthenia gravis among adults in certain regions of Ukraine, taking into account the type of settlement and place of residence. The biostatistical, medical-statistical and epidemiological methods was used in the study. A study of the prevalence of myasthenia gravis in Ukraine was conducted
on a sample of ten regions of Ukraine. 757 cases of myasthenia gravis were studied in selected territories, of which 465 (61.43 %) were among urban residents, 292 (38.57 %) were among rural residents. The average annual prevalence of myasthenia gravis was 5.16 (95 % CI —4.79—5.53) per 100,000 population. An analysis of the prevalence of myasthenia
gravis in each region showed that this indicator among rural residents was statistically signifi cantly higher than the prevalence
of myasthenia gravis among urban residents in Vinnytsia, Zaporizhzhia
and Kirovohrad regions (p < 0.05), and in Volyn, Ivano-Frankivsk, Mykolaiv and Chernivtsi regions — without statistically significant differences (p > 0.05). The highest prevalence of myasthenia gravis in rural residents compared with urban residents was in the Vinnytsia region with an excess of 5.63 times (p < 0.001). The city prevalences of myasthenia
in the Dnipropetrovsk (+39.14 %; p = 0.001) and Poltava regions (+35.87 %;
p = 0.048) signifi cantly exceeded the average city prevalence of myasthenia gravis in Ukraine. They were signifi cantly lower in Vinnytsia (–75.07 %; p < 0.001), Volyn (–51.49 %; p < 0.001), Ivano-Frankivsk
(–42.58 %; p = 0.004) and Chernivtsi (–37.35 %; p = 0.046) regions.
The chances of rural residents to have myasthenia gravis were signifi cantly higher compared to urban residents. In general, according to the data of mya sthenia gravis prevalence rate in the context of the place of residence, it was proved that living in rural areas is associated with the presence of myasthe nia gravis.
Key words: myasthenia gravis, epidemiology, prevalence, incidence, urban residents, rural residents,
The method of objective assessment of the effectiveness
of treatment of patients with depression
Authors: Linska Kateryna
Published: December 2019

The purpose of the work is to creation of a method for an objective assessment of the eff ectiveness of therapy for patients with depression.
A total of 97 patients with depression (main group), an average age
of 40.94 ± 1.25 years (among them 51 peop le diagnosed with a depressive episode (F32 according to ICD-10) and 46 people diagnosed with recurrent depression (F33 according to ICD-10) were examined, as well as 64 practically healthy individuals, with an average age
of 41.21 ± 1.21 years (control group). We used clinical-psychopathological, psychometric (computer versions Zung and HADS scales, Spielberger-Khanin and AUDIT tests, and also Derogatis questionnaire), as well as psychophysiological methods. The latter method involved the use of software-hardware complex "Reocom-stress"
(manufacturer: "KhAI-Medika", Kharkiv, Ukraine) in the "Attitude to the topic" mode with gistration of the psychophysiological response to the groups of questions (thematic groups) contained in the above-mentioned psychometric methods. All the methods described during the study were applied twice, with an interval of 17—19 days. It was shown that the three channels of information used in the study (scale scores in points, reaction time to the presented stimuli, and attitude to the topic)
are relatively independent of each other and carry additional information about the mental status of the respondents. It is proved that the chronometric channel of information among others is the most
sensitive to changes in the mental status of patients with depression during their treatment. It was established that the hig hest diagnostic properties, in terms of an objective assessment of the eff ectiveness
of therapy for patients with depression (sensitivity — 86.60 %, specifi city —96.88 % and faultlessness — 90.68 %), are inherent in the Zung scale (in its computer version, with the function estimates of the respondent’s response to each question / statement). Together with the simplicity
of implementation, such properties make this method of evaluating the eff ectiveness of therapy quite suitable for practical use.
Key words: depression, therapy eff ectiveness, objective assessment, psychophysiological reactions
Thickened raw juice – some aspects of thickening and use
Authors: Wawro Piotr , Gruska Radosaw , Stanisz Maciej
Published: December 2019

The objective of this paper is to determine changes in quality taking place in raw juice as a result of its thickening to a high solids content (ca. 70%), and to test the fermentation properties of this juice. Thickening tests were conducted in the laboratory and on a pilot scale. During raw juice thickening, both in the laboratory and pilot scale experiments, the polarimetric purity dropped by several percentage points. By modifying the pHvalue of the juice prior to thickening, thickened raw juice was obtained. The polarimetric purity of which was practically the same as that of the original raw juice. The amount nitrogen compounds decreases, most probably due to the distillation of ammonia formed during the thermal decomposition of amide compounds. Also the concentration of mineral compounds dissolved in the juice is reduced. Fermentation tests have proved that thickened raw juice is a high value raw material for fermentation.
Integriertes Nematodenmanagement in Fruchtfolgesystemen mit Zuckerrüben
Authors: Daub Matthias , Westphal Andreas
Published: December 2019

Für das integrierte Nematodenmanagement spielt die Entwicklung moderner Methoden und Techniken zur Befallsermittlung und Schadensprognose eine zentrale Rolle. Effizientere Verfahren zur Erfassung von Nematoden aus der Bodenprobe, zusammen mit einer vereinfachten Bodenprobenahme und der Nutzung von berührungslosen Messverfahren zur Lokalisierung und Abgrenzung von Flächen mit erhöhtem Befallsrisiko, liefern Perspektiven für eine verbesserte Schadensprognose. Ein deutlich geringeres Vermehrungsrisiko von Heterodera schachtii durch den Anbau von Raps im Vergleich zum Anbau von Zuckerrüben ist gegeben, wenn eine rechtzeitige Bekämpfung von Ausfallraps erfolgt. Der Einsatz nematodentoleranter Zuckerrübensorten bietet eine erhöhte Ertragssicherheit auf hohem Ertragsniveau. Zum kurz- und langfristigen Vermehrungspotenzial von H. schachtii durch den Anbau solcher Sorten besteht bislang noch wenig Erfahrung. Das Potenzial für die Entwicklung biologischer Bekämpfungsansätze lässt sich erhöhen, wenn komplexe Phänomene, wie die Suppressivität von Böden, besser verstanden werden. Aussichtsreiche Verfahren, wie die Biofumigation, müssen noch weiterentwickelt werden, damit sie unter den Bedingungen der Anbaupraxis eine Wirkung gegen Nematoden erwarten lassen.
Water Footprint: A critical review using sugar production as an example
Authors: Nähle Carlos , Kunz Markwart
Published: December 2019

This article deals with the numerical indicator water footprint. The definitions and terminology used in this indicator are analyzed in terms of their importance for water management. The individual components of the water footprint – blue, green, grey – are discussed in terms of their determination especially in relation to the aspects of evapotranspiration and fertilization. Using the example of sugar (beet and sugar production), it is shown that the determined water “consumption” with this indicator is only virtual and does not correspond to reality.

Improvements in water management can only be achieved through key figures that can be actively influenced. This is very questionable in the case of the indicator water footprint.
Genetische Variation zur Verbesserung der Winterhärte in Zuckerrüben
Authors: Kirchhoff Martin , Jung Christian , Kopisch-Obuch Friedrich
Published: December 2019

Der Anbau von Zuckerrüben als Winterfruchtart erfordert unter anderem eine züchterische Verbesserung der Winterhärte. Um die genetische Variation dieses Merkmals in Beta vulgaris zu erfassen, wurden Überwinterungsfeldversuche mit 396 B. vulgaris-Akzessionen in acht Umwelten in Deutschland und Weißrussland durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigten deutliche Unterschiede in den Überlebensraten zwischen den einzelnen Akzessionen, den verschiedenen B. vulgaris-Formen sowie den verschiedenen Umwelten auf. Die beobachtete Winterhärte innerhalb des Genpools der Zuckerrübe ist ausreichend für den Anbau von Winterrüben unter milden, maritimen Winterbedingungen. Für den Anbau von Winterzuckerrüben unter kontinentalen Bedingungen ist jedoch eine Verbesserung der Winterhärte zwingend notwendig. Als genetische Ressourcen zur Verbesserung der Winterhärte von Zuckerrüben bieten sich kurzfristig die winterhärtesten Zuckerrüben an, langfristig dagegen ausgewählte Akzessionen der Wildform Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima.
Faktoren der Stabilität von Rizomaniaresistenz in Zuckerrüben
Authors: Bornemann Kathrin , Thiel Heike
Published: December 2019

Rizomania in Zuckerrüben wird durch das Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) verursacht, das durch den bodenbürtigen Protisten Polymyxa betae übertragen wird. Die weltweite Kultur teilresistenter Sorten mit Ertragstoleranz sichert die Wirtschaftlichkeit des Zuckerrübenanbaus. An verschiedenen Standorten wird seit einiger Zeit jedoch eine Resistenzüberwindung unabhängig beobachtet. Als deren Ursache wurden weder der Virusvektor noch die Interaktion mit anderen Schaderregern, sondern virale Mutationen identifiziert. Ebenso wurde bisher in Gewächshausversuchen keine Abhängigkeit der Rizomaniaresistenz von der Bodentemperatur nachgewiesen. Da der zugrundeliegende Mechanismus der verwendeten Resistenzen bis heute ungeklärt ist, kann über mögliche Ursachen der Resistenzüberwindung wie auch den auf die Viruspopulation ausgeübten Selektionsdruck nur spekuliert werden. Verantwortlich für eine erhöhte Aggressivität bestimmter Isolate ist unter anderem die Zusammensetzung des BNYVV-Pathogenitätsfaktors P25. Es besteht intensiver Forschungsbedarf zum erweiterten Verständnis der Wirt-Pathogen-Interaktion und der Sicherung der Dauerhaftigkeit der Resistenz durch Züchtung.
Innovative and sustainable concept of regeneration of decolorization ion exchange resins
Authors: Theoleyre M.A. , Gonin Anne , Paillat Dominique
Published: December 2019

Regeneration of resins used for decolorization of sugar solutions is done with concentrated salt solutions. Nanofiltration membranes have been proven effective, in terms of industrial efficiency in decreasing salt consumption. More than 90% of the salt that is necessary for regeneration can be recycled through a combination of direct recycling of intermediate eluates, the separation of colored compounds by use of very selective nanofiltration membranes and a multiple-effect evaporation of salty permeates. The desalted color compound solution is sent to the molasses, limiting considerably the effluent to be treated. Starting from a liquor of 800 IU, the water requirement is limited to less than 100 L/t of sugar and the amount of wastewater can be reduced to less than 40 L/t of sugar.
Floc in acidified solutions of white sugar – a literature review
Authors: Iciek Jan , Baszczyk Ilona , Biernasiak Joanna , Lisik Krystyna , Wojtczak Maciej
Published: December 2019

The main aim of this paper is to discuss the current state of knowledge on the chemical composition of floc isolated from acidified sugar solutions and explain the mechanism of its formation.

The literature data shows that depending on the raw material used for the production of white sugar, i.e. sugar beet and sugarcane, the chemical composition of floc is different. The presence of polysaccharides i.e. dextran or levan in floc is a consequence of microbial activity. Therefore, it cannot be explicitly assumed that the origin of individual ingredients of floc is only the raw material, i.e. beets or sugarcane. Taking into account the literature data concerning the chemical composition of floc, it seems reasonable to link the direct impact of microbial biofilms present in sugar industry installations to the tendency of the final product to create floc.

Currently, the basis for assessment of the proneness of sugar to create floc is the result of a 10-day test (ICUMSA Method GS2/3-40A). From the perspective of both producers and consumers of sugar, there is a need to develop and validate quick methods for assessing the tendency of sugar to create floc. This task is only possible to complete, when the mechanism of floc formation is fully explained.
Code of practice for loading whole-stick loose sugarcane with grab-loaders
Authors: Bezuidenhout Carel N. , Moodley Samantha
Published: December 2019

Sugarcane is a high bulk perishable low value density product and its transport is, therefore, a challenge and amounts to one of the largest cost components within sugar industries worldwide. Grab-loaders are generally versatile, mobile and are used in many parts of the world. Ideally a sugarcane loading operation should be cheap, fast, accurate, safe, effective and environmentally friendly. However, many of these ideal conditions tend to trade-off against each other. The aim of this short communication was to collate a code of practise with respect to sugarcane grab-loader operations and to explore the trade-offs between the various practises. Thirty guidelines were collated and were brought in context with each other in a TRIZ-type cross reference matrix approach.
The use of ion chromatography to determine contamination of beet juices by mannitol
Authors: Wojtczak Maciej , Antczak Aneta
Published: December 2019

This paper presents information about the usefulness of a high-performance anion exchange chromatography HPAEC-PED method for determination of the mannitol content in beet processing samples. The method can also determine glucose, fructose, sucrose and raffinose in the same run. Interference by formalin has been overcome.
Trockenmasse- und damit Zuckerertrag als Kriterium für den Biogasertrag von Zuckerrüben
Authors: Hoffmann Christa , Starke Philipp , Märländer Bernward
Published: December 2019

Zuckerrüben sind in der Biogasanlage sehr gut vergärbar. Jedoch ist nicht klar, mit welchen Parametern der Biogas- ertrag ohne Batchversuche abgeschätzt werden kann. Ziel dieser Untersuchungen war es, prinzipielle Zusammenhänge zwischen der Zusammensetzung der Trockenmasse und dem Biogasertrag für Zuckerrüben aufzuzeigen und ein Kriterium zur Abschätzung des Biogasertrags zu entwickeln. Zu diesem Zweck wurden Rüben unterschiedlicher Sorten, N-Düngungsstufen und Standorte 2009 und 2010 auf die Zusammensetzung der Trockenmasse und ihren Biogasertrag analysiert. Der spezifische Biogasertrag pro kg organischer Trockenmasse unterschied sich nicht zwischen den Varianten. Der Rohaschegehalt war mit 2 % wesentlich geringer als bisher angegeben, so dass der Gehalt an organischer Trockenmasse höher war. Es wurde eine enge Beziehung zwischen dem Biogasertrag und dem Trockenmasseertrag der Rübe bzw. dem Zuckerertrag festgestellt. Daher sind die Sorten mit dem höchsten Zuckerertrag auch die besten Rüben für die Biogasgewinnung. In zahlreichen Untersuchungen der Jahre 2000 bis 2010 zeigte sich eine sehr enge lineare Beziehung zwischen Rüben-Trockenmasse- und Zucker- ertrag (r2 = 0,99). Da die Trockenmassezusammensetzung der Rübe von Zucker- und Futterrüben im Bereich von 1 bis 23 t ha–1 Zucker kaum variiert, lässt sich der Trockenmasseertrag und damit der Biogasertrag vermutlich auch für Kreuzungen von Zuckerrüben mit anderen Rübentypen mit dieser Formel aus dem Zuckerertrag abschätzen.
Uniform and continuous weighing module optimizes sugar production
Authors: Stegmann Karl-Peter
Published: December 2019

The extensive product portfolio of Nordzucker includes the production of sugar and liquid sugar, as well as all imaginable types of sugar products, such as refined, powdered, cube and canning sugars, and also flavoured types of sugar. As well as five beet processing factories in Germany, the company also has plants in Denmark, Finland, Lithuania, Poland, Sweden and Slovakia.

Opalenica and Chelma, the two locations in Poland, produce solely loose, crystal white sugar in 1 kg packs, 50 kg sacks and Big-Bags. As the packaging plants in these both locations were out-dated, an extensive modernization project was implemented.

The weighing technology is absolutely essential in the filling and packaging stations. Fast but very accurate weighing is required there in order to be able to ensure an optimal production flow.
Sägeräte-Tests in Franken 2009 – 2011
Authors: Ziegler Klaus , Göbel Erich , Schmittmann Oliver
Published: December 2019

In dreijährigen Sägerätetests (2009–2011) auf Feldern um Seligenstadt (bei Würzburg) wurde die Arbeitsqualität von fünf 12-reihigen Einzelkornsämaschinen mit Mulchsaat-Ausrüstung unter Praxisbedingungen auf Parabraunerden (aus Löß) geprüft. Vier der in Deutschland vermarkteten Geräte arbeiten mechanisch, eines auf pneumatischer Basis. Neben den Feldaufgängen wurde vor allem die Ablagegenauigkeit im Feld (Standgenauigkeit) bei verschiedenen Fahrgeschwindigkeiten (6, 8, 10 km/h) erfasst. Zusätzlich konnte der Einfluss unterschiedlicher Andrückwerkzeuge (Nachläufer) bewertet werden.

Bei Feldaufgang und Standgenauigkeit (Gleichmäßigkeit des Bestandes) überzeugte „Vicon Unicorn synchro-drive“ (mit Finger-Druckrolle), wenn auch der etwas höhere Anteil an Doppelbelegungen auffiel. Die anderen Sägeräte folgten auf hohem Niveau. „Schmotzer UD 3012“ reagierte bei zunehmender Fahrgeschwindigkeit mit etwas schlechterer Arbeitsqualität. Die pneumatisch arbeitende „Amazone ED Contour ZR“ fiel lediglich bei der Standgenauigkeit geringfügig ab.
Strong and flexible thermal and environmental pairing between pulp drying and sugar process
Authors: Vidal Olivier , Deur Olivier
Published: December 2019

A new combination of two technologies, i.e.: low temperature belt drier and indirect triple-pass turbo-drier is introduced for drying of beet pulp, to reduce energy consumption thereby increasing pellet quality, lowering environmental impacts and meeting more stringent regulations. A coupling with the beet sugar factory is studied in order to minimize fossil fuel consumption using a low temperature belt drier. Calculated results for a 10,000 t/d beet sugar factory are given. In case of installations independent from a beet sugar plant, fuel consumption is reduced by 50% or more based on Lower Heating Value basis (LHV) ) to evaporate the desired water quantities without any coupling. In case of integration into a beet sugar factory fuel consumption for pulp drying can be reduced by 70% to 90% (LHV basis) to evaporate the desired water quantities with simple coupling.
Toluol-Bildung und -Abbau im Laufe der Rübenkampagne
Authors: Ebert Jörg , Poltrock Ute , Preuß Thomas , Fauter Kathrin
Published: December 2019

Im Rahmen der jährlichen Routineuntersuchungen vor der Ausbringung von gelagerter Rübenerde wurden im Werk Uelzen der Nordzucker AG erhöhte Toluolgehalte (>1 mg/kg

TS) festgestellt. Um die Ursache und mögliche Eintragsquellen zu identifizieren, wurden während der Kampagne 2011/12 umfangreiche Untersuchungen durchgeführt.

Im Ergebnis konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass Toluol an keiner Stelle des Fabrikationsprozesses auftritt oder eingebracht wird. Durch Labor- und Feldversuche wurde die intermediäre mikrobiologische Bildung von Toluol in der gelagerten Rübenerde (Sediment) unter anaeroben Bedingungen nachgewiesen.

Die Verwertung der Rübenerde auf landwirtschaftlichen Nutzflächen wird trotz der intermediär auftretenden Toluolbildung auch weiterhin im Rahmen der bisherigen Vorgaben als umweltchemisch unbedenklich angesehen und entspricht den rechtlichen Vorgaben.
Alternative Silokonzepte für die Zuckerlagerung
Authors: Bergerhoff Peter-Dirk
Published: December 2019

Das Silokonzept als Ideallösung für jeden Bedarfsfall ist noch nicht erfunden worden. Eine generelle Empfehlung für eine bestimmte Silobauweise existiert nicht, da Anforderungen und vorliegende Gegebenheiten je nach Standort variieren. Allerdings kann mit Hilfe einer Entscheidungsmatrix eine passende Lösung erarbeitet werden, die u.a. die Integration des Silos in die Gesamtanlage, den Einsatz von Personal und dessen Sicherheit, die Höhe der Investitionen und Betriebskosten und natürlich nicht zuletzt die schonende Behandlung des Zuckers berücksichtigt. Ziel ist dabei die Qualitätssicherung, d.h. die lange Lagerfähigkeit des Zuckers bei minimalen Verlusten ohne Verkrustungen oder Verklumpungen und bei Erhalt der vermischten Kristallgrößen (Kornspektren).

Bewährt haben sich in der Praxis Silos für bis zu 80000t Zucker, für die eine Beheizung des Wandaufbaus empfohlen wird. Die o.a. Entmischung der verschiedenen Kristallgrößen kann bereits mit der richtigen Auswahl des Verteilers für das Befüllen des Silos reduziert werden, für die Entleerung des Silos ist ein Trichter-Konzept überlegenswert. Schwingungsböden zur Entleerung – wie z.B. bei Schüttgutschiffen – wären eine Alternative, finden aber bisher noch wenig Anwendung in der Zuckerindustrie.