bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Who amends the International code of botanical nomenclature?
Authors: Smith Gideon F. , Figueiredo Estrela , Moore Gerry
Published: February 2019

The tropical, subtropical and some temperate regions of the world are home to large components of the known global flora. However, the herbaria in these countries, often classified as so–called emerging economies, hold a fraction of the votes that influence and decide proposals to amend the International code of botanical nomenclature. We argue that the allocation of votes to herbaria should more closely reflect the richness of the plant diversity of the country in which the herbarium is situated, as well as the size of the population using the names associated with the flora. Globally, in every single sphere of life and human endeavour, minority rule is not only frowned upon, it is rejected, often with contempt. There is no reason why, in the second decade of the 21st century, decision–making in plant nomenclature should be affected by a minority of institutions from countries with some of the world's most depauperate floras. The way in which some nomenclature committees, and the Nomenclature Section itself, have advocated a particular point of view on the typification of the genus name Acacia Mill. at the International Botanical Congress held in Vienna in 2005 has indicated just how far developing nations and continents have been left behind in the plant nomenclature debate. The IAPT could now proactively initiate a debate and process that will ultimately ensure a better representation for neglected herbaria, and therefore the countries in which they are situated, that lack a voice in plant nomenclatural matters.
Lindenia Benth. (Rubiaceae) was not effectively published in 1841: or, What is an indelible autograph?
Authors: Veldkamp J.F.
Published: February 2019

The date and method of publication of Lindenia Benth. (Rubiaceae) are discussed.
Reinstatement of Thyrsacanthus Moric. (Acanthaceae) and taxonomic novelties in the genus
Authors: Côrtes Ana Luiza A. , de Borges Ricardo L.B. , Rapini Alessandro
Published: February 2019

Phylogenetic studies based on molecular data indicated that the Neotropical genus Anisacanthus Nees (Acanthaceae), as traditionally circumscribed, is not monophyletic. Based on the priority of the description of Thyrsacanthus ramosissimus Moric. versus the description of Thyrsacanthus Nees, we are reinstating the name Thyrsacanthus (Art. 42.1 of the ICBN) to include the South American species traditionally assigned to Anisacanthus. Drejera Nees is included in the synonymy of Thyrsacanthus, a new species (T. microphyllus A. Côrtes & Rapini) is described, three new combinations are proposed, two new taxonomic synonyms at the species level indicated and three lectotypes designated. The positions of Anisacanthus trilobus Lindau and A. pohlii Lindau are uncertain, requiring further investigations.
Phylogenetic relationships of Caralluma R. Br. (Apocynaceae)
Authors: Bruyns Peter V. , al Farsi Amina , Hedderson Terry
Published: February 2019

In this paper we investigate phylogenetic relationships for Caralluma R. Br. (Apocynaceae‐Asclepiadoideae‐Ceropegieae), the largest genus among the stapeliads, using analyses of data from four molecular markers: two plastid regions psbA‐trnH and trnT‐F and two nuclear regions ITS and ncpGS. Our analyses show that the stapeliads consist of two lineages, with Caralluma dominating one of these lineages. Within this lineage, Caralluma is not monophyletic, with its species distributed among two major clades. One of these clades contains species of Caralluma and representatives of Anomalluma Plowes, Echidnopsis Hook. f. and Rhytidocaulon P.R.O. Bally, while in the other clade the small genera Edithcolea N.E. Br., Frerea Dalz. and Pseudolithos P.R.O. Bally are embedded among species of Caralluma. We discuss morphological features that characterize some of the clades. Caralluma is mainly paleotropical in its distribution and is the most widely distributed group among the stapeliads, from the Canary Islands in Macaronesia to the Indian subcontinent. We show that the Indian subcontinent has been invaded four times by species of Caralluma, while its greatest diversity is found in North‐East Africa and southern Arabia.
Phylogeny of tribe Mentheae (Lamiaceae): The story of molecules and micromorphological characters
Authors: Moon Hye-Kyoung , Smets Erik , Huysmans Suzy
Published: February 2019

Mentheae are the largest tribe in the family Lamiaceae and economically important, including herbs like mint, sage and thyme. The evolutionary history of this tribe was reconstructed based on ITS and trnL‐trnF spacer sequence data of 71 species, representing 47 out of 65 genera. The resulting phylogeny was used to analyse the distribution of selected morphological characteristics such as sexine ornamentation of pollen, nutlet shape with existence of abscission scar and its form, and trichome types. Two monophyletic groups are recognized, which largely correspond to the current subtribal circumscription. Subtribe Salviinae is monophyletic, including the genus Melissa which was a genus of uncertain affinity in Mentheae. Subtribe Menthinae is not monophyletic since Cleonia, Horminum, Hyssopus, Lycopus and Prunella are more closely related with subtribe Nepetinae. Although we could not detect any morphological synapomorphies for each clade, morphological variation seems to be correlated with the molecular phylogeny. A circular abscission scar without distinct lateral areole occurred mainly in Salviinae, while the majority of the species of Mentheae and Nepetinae had a clear areole at the abscission scar. In addition, a reticulate sexine ornamentation is rather common in the Menthinae clade.
Cneorum (Rutaceae) in Cuba? The solution to a 150 year old mystery
Authors: Appelhans Marc S. , Smets Erik , Baas Pieter , Keßler Paul J.A.
Published: February 2019

Cneorum trimerum (Urban) Chodat is only known from the type specimen collected in 1861 in eastern Cuba. The species has sometimes been regarded as a synonym of C. tricoccon L., which is otherwise confined to the Mediterranean. As no other Cneorum specimens are known from Cuba, the specimen is a mysterious finding with a disputed taxonomic rank. The goal of this study is to clarify the status of the Cuban specimen using molecular and wood anatomical data. We succeeded in extracting DNA out of the 150 year old type specimen in our ancient‐DNA lab and amplified two chloroplast markers (atpB, trnL‐trnF) and one nuclear marker (ITS). Comparison of the sequence data with several sequences from C. tricoccon clearly suggests inclusion of the Cuban specimen into the latter species; wood anatomical features confirm the molecular results. The transatlantic distribution of C. tricoccon is probably the result of an introduction in Cuba by humans.
Latin diagnoses: A necessary evil
Authors: Jørgensen Per M.
Published: February 2019

The idea of allowing diagnoses in any language is disastrous and a step in the wrong direction. As the knowledge of Latin among botanists is diminishing, it is instead important to establish a multilingual Latin‐dictionary on the Internet with examples of how to make diagnoses. Though the importance of the diagnosis sensu Linnaeus now is mostly covered by the type method, it is impossible to give it up as the important link between nomenclature and taxonomy (where the Linnaean description belongs entirely) and with taxonomy in the past.
Epitypification of Heliotropium arborescens L. (Heliotropiaceae)
Authors: Luebert Federico , Weigend Maximilian , Hilger Hartmut H.
Published: February 2019

The plate designated as lectotype of the name Heliotropium arborescens L. (1759) does not permit a precise application of the name. The herbarium material associated with that illustration was examined in order to clarify the identity of the type material and an epitype was selected. The epitype corresponds in morphology to the taxon called Heliotropium urbanianum K. Krause (1906) in the recent literature, which is here lectotypified and synonymized with H. arborescens. The name Heliotropium arborescens has been misapplied to a predominantly Peruvian species, which should now be correctly called Heliotropium corymbosum Ruiz & Pav. (1799). The epitypification here proposed will ensure nomenclatural stability for most material from cultivation, where the name Heliotropium arborescens is widely used.
Progenitor‐derivative species pairs and plant speciation
Authors: Crawford Daniel J.
Published: February 2019

In addition to the classic allopatric model of speciation in which two lineages diverge through time, a population may “bud off” from an ancestral population and become adapted to a different habitat. The ancestral population (the progenitor or p species) remains largely unchanged in its original habitat while the population that budded off acquires novel characters and becomes the derivative (d) species. P‐d species pairs are appropriate systems for studying plant speciation because they represent recent divergence, making it more feasible to identify the few differences between the taxa and to infer possible early‐evolving barriers to gene flow. The evidence that has been used to designate species as p‐d pairs is reviewed and evaluated. P‐d species pairs are compared for several characters, with ecogeographic factors the only consistent difference between species pairs. Three genera in which p‐d species pairs have been studied in some depth are used to illustrate both the advantages and challenges of studying the process of speciation. It is suggested that there are some advantages in focusing future studies on even earlier stages of divergence, in which speciation is not yet complete, and p and d populations can be identified. Efforts should focus on ever more refined genetic analyses of differences between populations, especially factors reducing effective gene flow between them.
A molecular phylogeny and a revised classification of the Mediterranean genus Anthemis s.l. (Compositae, Anthemideae) based on three molecular markers and micromorphological characters
Authors: Presti Rosa Maria Lo , Oppolzer Stephanie , Oberprieler Christoph
Published: February 2019

A molecular phylogeny including c. 75% of all known species belonging to the closely related genera Anthemis and Cota (Compositae, Anthemideae) and based on nucleotide sequences from two plastid regions (psbA‐trnH and trnC‐petN spacers) and one nuclear marker (ITS) is presented. The molecular analyses were supplemented by a multivariate analysis of 25 micromorphological and anatomical characters. The results show incongruences among plastid and nuclear marker sets, which indicate that hybridisation may have played an important role in the evolution of this morphologically diverse plant group. However, molecular and morphological data both support a sister‐group relationship between four perennial species (A. calcarea, A. fruticulosa, A. marschalliana, A. trotzkiana) and the main clades of Cota and Anthemis. We propose segregation of these from Anthemis as a new genus, Archanthemis. With the exclusion of these four taxa, both the nrDNA and the cpDNA datasets support the monophyly of Anthemis. Further molecular and morphological evidence is provided for the generic independence of the genus Cota. The traditional infrageneric classifications of Anthemis and Cota are not entirely supported by the phylogenetic analyses as a picture of intense reticulate evolution among the different lineages emerges.
Molecular phylogenetic and morphological study of Kohautia (Spermacoceae, Rubiaceae), with the recognition of the new genus Cordylostigma
Authors: Groeninckx Inge , Ochoterena Helga , Smets Erik , Dessein Steven
Published: February 2019

Kohautia Cham. & Schltdl. belongs to the predominantly herbaceous Rubiaceae tribe Spermacoceae. Species of Kohautia can easily be distinguished from other Spermacoceae by their monomorphic short‐styled flowers in which anthers and stigma are included in the corolla tube, with the stigma always positioned below the anthers. Mainly because of this unique floral morphology, Kohautia was considered to be a distinct genus. Molecular data (atpB‐rbcL, petD, rps16, trnL‐trnF, ETS, ITS) confirm that the genus is biphyletic. Two distantly related clades correspond to the subgenera Kohautia and Pachystigma Bremek. A similar type of floral organisation thus seems to have evolved twice independently, resulting in similar, but distantly related lineages. In order to translate the biphyletic nature of Kohautia into a formal classification, the two subgenera are recognized at generic level. A substitute name, Cordylostigma Groeninckx & Dessein is proposed for K. subg. Pachystigma because of the existence of Pachystigma Hochst. in the Rubiaceae tribe Vanguerieae. Floral, pollen and seed characters were studied to morphologically characterize Kohautia s.str. and Cordylostigma. By optimizing pollination syndromes and pollen characters onto the molecular phylogeny, we investigated pollination shifts and pollen evolution within the two genera. Detailed floral morphological studies show that the nectar guides in the psychophilous species of Kohautia s.str. and Cordylostigma evolved in different ways but result in the same visual effect.
Phylogenetic investigation of Avena diploid species and the maternal genome donor of Avena polyploids
Authors: Peng Yuan-Ying , Wei Yu-Ming , Baum Bernard R. , Jiang Qian-Tao , Lan Xiu-Jin , Dai Shou-Fen , Zheng You-Liang
Published: February 2019

We investigated the species and genome relationships among 82 Avena accessions representing thirteen diploid species (A and C genomes), six tetraploids (AB and AC genomes) and four hexaploids (ACD genome) to infer the evolutionary pathways in Avena using the plastid matK gene and the trnL‐F region. The matK and trnL‐F sequences pointed to the A‐genome diploid species as maternal parents of the polyploid species. Furthermore, different A‐genome diploid species might have served as the A genome donor of several different polyploid species. The probable ancestor of most hexaploid species, of the AC‐genome tetraploids, and of the AB‐genome species A. agadiriana was A. wiestii (As genome). The likely donor of the other three AB‐ genome tetraploids was A. hirtula (also As genome) and A. damascena (Ad genome) appears to be the A genome donor of the hexaploid A. fatua. The A genome origin of A. fatua differs from that for the other hexaploid Avena species, which is different from the common assumption that the hexaploid species evolved from a single hexaploid ancestor followed by gain or loss of domestication genes. Thus, several separate maternal lineages might be involved in different polyploid species.
Major clades and phylogenetic relationships between lichenized and non‐lichenized lineages in Ostropales (Ascomycota: Lecanoromycetes)
Authors: Baloch Elisabeth , Lücking Robert , Lumbsch H. Thorsten , Wedin Mats
Published: February 2019

The fungal order Ostropales is unique in Ascomycota for including both lichen‐forming and non‐lichenized species and species with optional nutritional strategies depending on substrate. To address the phylogenetic relationships within the order, we assembled a dataset of 78 ostropalean species, including all major clades and 23 taxa that are only optionally lichenized or non‐lichenized. The analyses are based on sequences of the mtSSU and nuLSU rDNA and the protein‐coding gene RPB2. A close relationship of Graphidaceae and Gomphillaceae is suggested with the latter possibly nested within Graphidaceae. Odontotremataceae is composed of two distantly related groups. Coenogoniaceae and Porinaceae are sister taxa, and their relation to Gyalectaceae is unresolved. Gyalecta is paraphyletic with Belonia and Pachyphiale nested within. A polyphyletic Belonia indicates that perithecioid ascomata evolved more than once in Gyalectaceae. The new family Sagiolechiaceae is proposed to accommodate Rhexophiale and Sagiolechia and Solorinellaceae is reinstated distinct from Gomphillaceae. Belonia and Pachyphiale are reduced to synonymy with Gyalecta. The distribution of phenotypical character states is discussed with selected character states mapped onto a phylogenetic tree. A special focus is given on lifestyles. Our phylogeny suggests that there is more plasticity in the evolution of life‐styles in these fungi than was previously assumed.
Cladistic analysis of morphological characters in Hypericum (Hypericaceae)
Authors: Nürk Nicolai M. , Blattner Frank R.
Published: February 2019

Hypericum is a worldwide‐distributed genus with almost 500 species, including the medically used, facultative apomictic species H. perforatum. It is one of the few large plant genera for which alpha taxonomy has been completed and most species have been described. To conduct a formal cladistic analysis of the genus, we coded 89 morphological characters for all described taxa and analyzed the data for the species using parsimony and Bayesian methods. The obtained trees indicate that Hypericum is monophyletic if the monotypic genus Santomasia is included, and that Lianthus is its sister. The arrangement of the remaining genera of Hypericaceae included in the analysis is in congruence with molecular phylogenies. Within Hypericum the cladistic analysis revealed a basal grade containing Mediterranean species and three big clades containing most of the diversity of the genus. In contrast to earlier assumptions, we found no indication for an African origin of Hypericum, but assume that the genus evolved in what today is the Mediterranean area. Our phylogenies indicate a shrubby habit to be the ancestral state within Hypericum from which species with tree‐like and herbaceous habit evolved, and that apomixis originated at least three times independently within the genus.
Correcting confusion regarding the identity, circumscription and synonymy of Angraecum gracile Thouars (Orchidaceae)
Authors: Droissart Vincent , Lowry II Porter P. , Bosser Jean , Roberts David L. , Stévart Tariq
Published: February 2019

The identity of Angraecum gracile Thouars and its nomenclatural history are clarified. Although most recently assigned to Chamaeangis, the fragmentary type is best placed in Angraecum, as indicated by the drawing and the table accompanying Thouars's description. To date this Mauritian endemic is known only from the type; three specimens previously associated with it by Finet from the Comoro Islands and La Réunion belong instead to Angraecopsis trifurca (Rchb. f.) Schltr.
Lost Berlin (B) types of Solanum (Solanaceae) found in Göttingen (GOET)
Authors: Vorontsova Maria S. , Knapp Sandra
Published: February 2019

The type specimens of the names of many taxa were destroyed in the bombing of the Berlin herbarium (B) in March 1943. The taxonomy of African Solanum has been dogged for many years with the absence of type specimens for names published in the 1920s by the German botanist Georg Bitter, many of which were in Berlin and for which duplicates have not been found despite extensive searches by several generations of botanists. Recent examination of the collections in GOET, where Bitter spent the last few years of his life as director, has revealed a rich source of material with which to address typification problems in African Solanum. This consists of delicate tracings of herbarium specimens from B that are no longer extant, often accompanied by small fragments removed from the original specimens. Here we use this collection and other extant material to typify 37 names in African Solanum (S. acutilobatum Dammer, S. alloiophyllum Dammer, S. alloiophyllum Dammer subsp. machisuguense Bitter, S. darassumense Dammer, S. eickii Dammer, S. filicaule Dammer, S. floccosistellatum Bitter, S. gilo Raddi var. ellipsoideum Bitter, S. gilo Raddi var. erectifructum Bitter, S. gilo Raddi subsp. megalacanthum Bitter, S. glochidiatum Dammer, S. indicum L. subsp. ambifarium Bitter, S. kitivuense Dammer, S. lachneion Dammer, S. lamprocarpum Bitter, S. longestamineum Dammer, S. magdalenae Dammer, S. maranguense Bitter, S. merkeri Dammer var. endastrophorum Bitter, S. merkeri Dammer subsp. militans Bitter, S. merkeri Dammer var. ruandense Bitter, S. monotanthum Dammer, S. multiglandulosum Bitter, S. neumannii Dammer, S. nigriviolaceum Bitter, S. nossibeense Vatke var. elongatius Bitter, S. poggei Dammer, S. scheffleri Dammer, S. setaceum Dammer, S. setaceum Dammer var. irakuanum Bitter, S. stipitatostellatum Dammer, S. tabacicolor Dammer, S. taitense Vatke, S. tanganikense Bitter, S. urosepalum Dammer, S. usaramense Dammer, S. verbascifrons Bitter); 27 of these were thought to lack types prior to this study.
Generic delineation, phylogeny and subtribal affinities of Phagnalon and Aliella (Compositae, Gnaphalieae) based on nuclear and chloroplast sequences
Authors: Montes‐Moreno Noemí , Sáez Llorenç , Benedí Carles , Susanna Alfonso , Garcia-Jacas Núria
Published: February 2019

The precise generic delimitation of Aliella and Phagnalon and their tribal affinities are at present unresolved. The main goals of our study were to verify the monophyly of these two genera and to determine their closest affinity group within Gnaphalieae. We analysed sequences of the trnL intron and trnL‐trnF spacer of Gnaphalieae and other Compositae tribes, in order to elucidate the tribal position of Aliella, Macowania, Phagnalon and Philyrophyllum. In addition, we analysed ribosomal nrDNA together with the ycf3‐trnS and trnT‐trnL spacers of cpDNA to elucidate the relationships within Aliella and Phagnalon. The genera Anisothrix, Athrixia and Pentatrichia are closely related to Aliella and Phagnalon. Aliella, Macowania and Phagnalon are nested within the "Relhania clade", and the subtribal affinities of Philyrophyllum lie within the "crown radiation clade". The monophyly of Aliella and Phagnalon is not supported statistically and Aliella is paraphylethic in most of the analyses. The resulting phylogeny suggests an African origin for Aliella and Phagnalon and identifies three main clades in Phagnalon, the Irano‐Turanian clade, the Mediterranean‐Macaronesian clade and the Yemenite‐Ethiopian clade. Some endemics to Yemen and Ethiopia are resolved in the Mediterranean‐Macaronesian clade, providing new evidence of phytogeographical links between Macaronesia, Eastern Africa and Southern Arabia. Incongruence between the chloroplast and nuclear molecular data and the lack of resolution in some clades may indicate that hybridization could have played an important role in the evolution and diversification of Phagnalon and Aliella.
Phylogenetic placements of Calathodes and Megaleranthis (Ranunculaceae): Evidence from molecular and morphological data
Authors: Wang Wei , Hu Hao , Xiang Xiao-Guo , Yu Sheng-Xiang , Chen Zhi-Duan
Published: February 2019

Calathodes and Megaleranthis are two eastern Asian endemic genera of Ranunculaceae with controversial tribal position and/or taxonomic status. In this study, we used matK sequences to determine the tribal position of Calathodes and Megaleranthis within the family, and three molecular loci (matK, trnL‐F, ITS) and morphological data to further clarify their phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic status. All analyses show that Calathodes and Megaleranthis belong in the tribe Adonideae, and that Calathodes is monophyletic and closely related to Trollius. The latter two genera share rhizomes not well developed and pollen grains with striate exine ornamentation, but markedly differ in petals, follicles, receptacles, pollen grains, and chromosomes. Trollius contains two major clades with different geographical distributions. Megaleranthis is embedded in clade I and sister to Trollius macropetalus, with which it shares fruits with long beaks and a 7 bp deletion in the trnL‐F dataset. Adonideae are redelimited as consisting of three genera, Adonis, Calathodes and Trollius. Morphological synapomorphies for the tribe are lacking.
Species delimitation in the Sporobolus aeneus complex (Zoysieae, Chloridoideae, Poaceae) using the phylogenetic species concept
Authors: Denham Silvia S. , Aliscioni Sandra S.
Published: February 2019

The "Sporobolus aeneus complex" constitutes a morphologically well‐defined group of species with lax, exerted, pyramidal panicles with verticillate branches, and comprises 14 species and six infraspecific taxa in southern South America (eastern Bolivia, eastern Paraguay, Uruguay, southern Brazil, northeastern Argentina). Species delimitation in the complex remains unresolved. To clarify the taxonomy of the group, multivariate analyses of qualitative and quantitative characters from herbaria specimens were performed. We applied the phylogenetic species concept and we used a modified "population aggregation analysis." Five species (S. aeneus, S. cubensis, S. linearifolius, S. multinodis, S. recurvatus) are recognized by unique combinations of qualitative character states, and three varieties based on significant mean value differences of quantitative characters. We conclude that leaf blade pilosity, widely used as a diagnostic character in the complex, is affected by external conditions like fire or blade age and is taxonomically unreliable. Two new cominations,Sporobolus aeneus var. angustifolia (Döll) S. Denham & Aliscioni and S. aeneus var.eximius (Nees ex Trin.) S. Denham & Aliscioni are made. Vilfa acuminata Trin. and Vilfa eximia Nees ex Trin. are lectotypified.
Generic delimitation in the Antillean Adelieae (Euphorbiaceae) with description of the Hispaniolan endemic genus Garciadelia
Authors: Jestrow Brett , Rodríguez Francisco Jiménez , Francisco-Ortega Javier
Published: February 2019

The Caribbean Island Biodiversity Hotspot is the largest insular system of the New World and a priority for biodiversity conservation worldwide. The tribe Adelieae (Euphorbiaceae) has over 35 species endemic to this hotspot, representing a prime example of speciation in the West Indies and involving taxa from Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, and the Bahamas. These species form a monophyletic group and have traditionally been accommodated in two endemic genera, Lasiocroton and Leucocroton. A study based on scanning electron microscopy of pollen, macromorphology, and molecular analysis was conducted to reveal generic relationships within this group. Phylogenies were based on nucleotide sequences of the nrITS region and the non‐coding cpDNA spacers psbM‐trnD and ycf6‐pcbM. Three major monophyletic assemblages were revealed; one of them is restricted to Hispaniola and is accommodated in a new genus, Garciadelia, with four species. The new genus is sister to a clade comprising two monophyletic groups, one including all species of Leucocroton and restricted to serpentine soils of Cuba, and a second including the species of Lasiocroton, occurring in Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, and the Bahamas. Morphological, biogeographical, and ecological data provided additional support for each of these three monophyletic assemblages. Two new combinations (Lasiocroton microphyllus from Cuba, Garciadelia leprosa from Hispaniola) are made and four new species are described (Lasiocroton gutierrezii from Cuba, and Garciadelia abbottii, G. castilloae, and G. mejiae from Hispaniola).
A new herbaceous genus endemic to Madagascar: Phialiphora (Spermacoceae, Rubiaceae)
Authors: Groeninckx Inge , Briggs Marie , Davis Aaron , De Block Petra , Robbrecht Elmar , Smets Erik , Dessein Steven
Published: February 2019

Phialiphora Groeninckx is described as a new herbaceous genus of Rubiaceae, endemic to NW Madagascar. The genus belongs to the predominantly herbaceous tribe Spermacoceae, and comprises two species: P. bevazahensis Groeninckx and P. capitulata Groeninckx. Phialiphora is unique within Spermacoceae in having heart‐shaped placentas distally attached to the septum with a stalk. The generic name refers to the involucrate head‐like inflorescences. Molecular data, based on atpB‐rbcL, petD, rps16, and trnL‐trnF sequences, demonstrate that Phialiphora belongs to the Hedyotis‐Oldenlandia complex of the tribe Spermacoceae. The genus shares a common ancestor with the Madagascan endemics Astiella Jovet, Thamnoldenlandia Groeninckx and Amphistemon Groeninckx. Our study supports the hypothesis that the current diversity of Spermacoceae on Madagascar is the result of several independent colonisation events since the Eocene, most likely by long‐distance dispersal from the African continent. A key to the genera of Spermacoceae on Madagascar is provided.
Semi‐automated workflows for acquiring specimen data from label images in herbarium collections
Authors: Granzow-de la Cerda Íñigo , Beach James H.
Published: February 2019

Computational workflow environments are an active area of computer science and informatics research; they promise to be effective for automating biological information processing for increasing research efficiency and impact. In this project, semi‐automated data processing workflows were developed to test the efficiency of computerizing information contained in herbarium plant specimen labels. Our test sample consisted of mexican and Central American plant specimens held in the University of michigan Herbarium (MICH). The initial data acquisition process consisted of two parts: (1) the capture of digital images of specimen labels and of full‐specimen herbarium sheets, and (2) creation of a minimal field database, or "pre‐catalog", of records that contain only information necessary to uniquely identify specimens. For entering "pre‐catalog" data, two methods were tested: key‐stroking the information (a) from the specimen labels directly, or (b) from digital images of specimen labels. In a second step, locality and latitude/longitude data fields were filled in if the values were present on the labels or images. If values were not available, geo‐coordinates were assigned based on further analysis of the descriptive locality information on the label. Time and effort for the various steps were measured and recorded. Our analysis demonstrates a clear efficiency benefit of articulating a biological specimen data acquisition workflow into discrete steps, which in turn could be individually optimized. First, we separated the step of capturing data from the specimen from most keystroke data entry tasks. We did this by capturing a digital image of the specimen for the first step, and also by limiting initial key‐stroking of data to create only a minimal "pre‐catalog" database for the latter tasks. By doing this, specimen handling logistics were streamlined to minimize staff time and cost. Second, by then obtaining most of the specimen data from the label images, the more intellectually challenging task of label data interpretation could be moved electronically out of the herbarium to the location of more highly trained specialists for greater efficiency and accuracy. This project used experts in the plants' country of origin, mexico, to verify localities, geography, and to derive geo‐coordinates. Third, with careful choice of data fields for the "pre‐catalog" database, specimen image files linked to the minimal tracking records could be sorted by collector and date of collection to minimize key‐stroking of redundant data in a continuous series of labels, resulting in improved data entry efficiency and data quality.
Report of the Special Committee on Electronic Publication
Authors: Chapman Arthur D. , Turland Nicholas J. , Watson Mark F.
Published: February 2019

The Special Committee on Electronic Publication was re‐established at the XVII International Botanical Congress (IBC) in Vienna in 2005, with the mandate to consider on the issues relating to the electronic publication of nomenclatural novelties and to report to the XVIII IBC in Melbourne in 2011. With the global push to inventory biodiversity and to develop information systems to disseminate data, issues surrounding speed of publication, copyright and licensing, and permanence and accessibility of information have surfaced. Electronic publication is central to these issues, and the insistence of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Code) on distribution of printed matter for effective publication is seen by many as a hindrance to progress. Against this backdrop, the Committee conducted extensive negotiations and discussions on a wide range of issues on electronic publication, which are here summarized in the Committee's report. The Committee unanimously supports the extension of effective publication to electronic publication, but in a well‐regulated way that will establish the basis for long‐term archiving and discovery. The Committee has put forward a set of eleven proposals (Special Committee on Electronic Publication, 2010) to amend the Code to permit electronic publications to be considered effectively published under specified conditions on or after 1 January 2013. It is proposed that electronic material will be effectively published only when distributed in Portable Document Format (PDF) in an online serial publication with an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN). An additional proposal extends this to PDF with an International Standard Book Number (ISBN). Further proposals strengthen this by forbidding post‐publication alteration and by discounting preliminary versions as not effectively published. The current method for establishing the date of effective publication is amended to account for electronic material. These changes to the Articles of the Code are supported by a set of Recommendations for best practice for electronic publication of nomenclatural novelties, covering aspects of archiving and immutability, dissemination of data, and clear designation of versions as preliminary or final. This report provides the supporting documentation for the set of proposals that are also published in this issue. It is necessary that the two be read alongside each other.
Viola montana and V. persicifolia (Violaceae): Two names to be rejected
Authors: Danihelka Jiří , van den Hof Kevin , Marcussen Thomas , Jonsell Bengt
Published: February 2019

The taxonomic and nomenclatural histories of Viola elatior Fr. (1828), V. pumila Chaix (1785) and V. stagnina Kit. ex Schult. (1814) in central and western Europe are discussed. The names V. stagnina and V. elatior are lectotypified with specimens corresponding to the current use of these names. The neglected lectotypification in 1988 of V. montana L. (1753) with a specimen referable to V. elatior is briefly reviewed. The name V. persicifolia Schreb. (1771), used in some floras instead of V. stagnina, is analysed in detail, and we conclude that this name should be interpreted as referring also to V. elatior. In addition the types of V. hornemanniana Schult. (1819) and V. stipulacea Hartm. (1820) are conspecific with V. elatior. The use of V. persicifolia and V. montana, representing earlier legitimate names for the species widely known as V. elatior, has been notoriously confused for two centuries, and we herein recommend these two names for rejection in order to assure nomenclatural clarity and stability. For similar reasons, we recommend conservation of V. elatior against V. hornemanniana and V. stipulacea.
Revisiting the wax plants (Hoya, Marsdenieae, Apocynaceae): Phylogenetic tree using the matK gene and psbA-trnH intergenic spacer
Authors: Wanntorp Livia , Gotthardt Katherina , Muellner Alexandra N.
Published: February 2019

The genus Hoya includes over 200 species with a geographic distribution covering all eight currently recognised biodiversity hotspots in the Indomalesian‐Australasian region. Despite the great horticultural interest in Hoya, which includes some of the most commonly cultivated ornamental plants, very little is known about their evolution and a phylogenetic classification for the genus is lacking. Here we explore the phylogeny of 81 species of Hoya and close relatives by adding DNA sequences of the chloroplast matK gene and the psbA‐trnH intergenic spacer to an existing molecular dataset consisting of nuclear ITS sequences and chloroplast sequences of the trnL region and the atpB‐rbcL spacer. The topology obtained confirms previously identified clades in Hoya and resolves the phylogenetic relationships among a greater number of species. The phylogenetic position of Eriostemma, a section that is well defined by morphological characters, remains unresolved. However, Clemensiella mariae is here shown for the first time to be part of Hoya and sister to sect. Eriostemma, pointing to the urgent need of intrageneric revisions in the tribe Marsdenieae. At least two additional sections, Hoya and Otostemma, do not reflect phylogenetic relationships and should not be retained in taxonomic revisions of the genus.
Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of three closely related genera, Soroseris, Stebbinsia, and Syncalathium (Asteraceae, Cichorieae), endemic to the Tibetan Plateau, SW China
Authors: Zhang Jian-Wen , Nie Ze-Long , Wen Jun , Sun Hang
Published: February 2019

Soroseris, Stebbinsia, and Syncalathium are three genera of the sunflower family (Asteraceae) with restricted distributions on high screes of the Tibetan Plateau. We present a molecular analysis to test the monophyly of the genera, evaluate the phylogenetic relationships and construct their biogeographic diversification history. Nuclear ITS and plastid trnL‐F and psbA‐trnH fragments were analyzed with parsimony, Bayesian inference, and relaxed Bayesian dating for all species of Soroseris, Stebbinsia, and Syncalathium. Stebbinsia is part of a polytomy with several lineages of Soroseris. Syncalathium is biphyletic with Syn. souliei placed within subtribe Lactucinae and the remaining species close to the Soroseris‐Stebbinsia clade within subtribe Crepidinae. Bayesian dating based on ITS sequences and using four fossil calibrations suggests that the stem and crown ages of the Soroseris‐Stebbinsia clade and the two groups of Syncalathium are between 8.44 and 1.56 million years. Stebbinsia should be treated as a section of Soroseris and Syncalathium souliei should be excluded from Syncalathium and either placed in Lactuca s.l. or established as a new genus in Lactucinae. The remaining species are to be treated as Syncalathium s.str. in Crepidinae. The diversification of these groups in the Tibetan Plateau is of relatively young age, and can be explained by rapid diversification and radiation of the Soroseris‐Stebbinsia clade, allopatric speciation within Syncalathium s.str. and convergent evolution of Syncalathium s.str. and Syn. souliei. The speciation events correlated with climatic change and fragmentation of scree habitats during the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. Possible migration routes in Syncalathium s.str. from the northeast to the central and southern part of the Tibetan Plateau are suggested.
Subgeneric classification in Iris re‐examined using chloroplast sequence data
Authors: Wilson Carol A.
Published: February 2019

Phylogenetic relationships among the six Iris subgenera were reconstructed based on chloroplast sequence data using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. Previous studies indicated that the current subgeneric classification based on an intuitive interpretation of morphology was not concordant with evolution in Iris. This study more than doubled the number of taxa sampled and increased the number of molecular markers providing a more robust assessment of phylogeny. Iris subg. Nepalensis and subg. Xiphium were resolved as monophyletic, while subg. Hermodactyloides, subg. Limniris, subg. Iris and subg. Scorpiris were not. The three monotypic genera, Belamcanda, Pardanthopsis and Hermodactylus, recognized by some workers were resolved within Iris with strong support. The three bulbous subgenera, sometimes recognized as distinct genera, were resolved within Iris. A preliminary subgeneric classification is presented.
Phylogenetic inference in Leucodon Schwägr. subg. Leucodon (Leucodontaceae, Bryophyta) in the North Atlantic region
Authors: Stech Michael , Werner Olaf , González-Mancebo Juana María , Patiño Jairo , Sim-Sim Manuela , Fontinha Susana , Hildebrandt Ina , Ros Rosa M.
Published: February 2019

Systematic and biogeographic relationships of mainly European and North American taxa of the moss genus Leucodon subg. Leucodon are inferred by phylogenetic reconstructions and haplotype analyses, based on sequence data from three plastid regions and nrITS. The two Macaronesian endemic species L. canariensis and L. treleasei are clearly separated from each other and from L. sciuroides, which is widespread in Eurasia including Macaronesia. A well‐supported sister‐group relationship with the American species L. curvirostris and L. julaceus indicates a New World ancestor of L. treleasei, which is probably a neoendemic species that colonized the Macaronesian islands after (recent) dispersal. The position of L. canariensis sister to the clade of L. treleasei and the American species is less well‐supported, leaving its evolutionary history ambiguous. The Eastern North American L. andrewsianus is neither molecularly nor morphologically unambiguously distinguishable from L. sciuroides. Synonymisation of L. andrewsianus with L. sciuroides solves the long‐debated question whether the latter species occurs in North America, and results in a Holarctic instead of Palaearctic distribution pattern of L. sciuroides. The Afromontane L. dracaenae cannot be clearly separated from L. sciuroides as well, whereas the Eastern Mediterranean to Central Asian L. immersus differs from L. sciuroides by few substitutions and indels as well as morphologically by the short seta and immersed capsule. Further analyses are necessary before taxonomic conclusions should be inferred for L. dracaenae and L. immersus. Intraspecific diversity in L. sciuroides does not support recognition of the mainly Mediterranean var. morensis. Instead, a basic separation of Mediterranean (plus Macaronesian) versus non‐Mediterranean haplotypes is indicated. The higher haplotype diversity in the Mediterranean (and Macaronesia) in contrast to the other parts of Europe is in accordance with genetic depletion in formerly glaciated areas.
The nomenclatural status of the genus Tubifera (Myxomycetes)
Authors: Lado Carlos
Published: February 2019

Tubifera J.F. Gmel. 1792 is a genus of Myxomycetes that has been used in floras and monographs since the 18th century. The name became controversial when it appeared that “Tubulifera Jacq.” 1779 was a priorable name for the genus. This paper presents a history of the controversy, interprets Jacquin’s original text, and offers reasons why “Tubulifera” cannot be regarded as a validly published generic name. The name Tubifera J.F. Gmel. is thus shown to remain the correct name for the genus.
Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants: 62
Authors: Brummitt R.K.
Published: February 2019

The following nine generic names are recommended for conservation: Crataegus against Mespilus; Dasymaschalon against Pelticalyx; Eubotrys Nutt. against Eubotrys Raf.; Goniothalamus against Richella; Heteromeles to make legitimate; Mallotus against Trevia; Photinia with conserved type; Planchonella additionally against Iteiluma and Peuciluma; and Teesdalia to make legitimate. The following 13 specific names are also recommended for conservation: Acacia goetzei against A. andongensis; Achillea pannonica against A. seidlii; Alstroemeria presliana with conserved type; Dodecatheon jeffreyi against D. jeffreyanum; Echium laevigatum with conserved type; Eucalyptus camaldulensis with conserved type; Malus toringoides against Pyrus bhutanica; Potentilla bipinnatifida against P. normalis and P. missourica; and P. stolonifera against P. sprengeliana; Prunus serotina with conserved type.; Rosa virginiana Mill. against R. virginiana Herrm.; Sedum rupestre with conserved type; and Sisyrinchium bermudiana with conserved type. The following two names are not recommended for conservation: Acacia willardiana against Prosopis heterophylla; and Astrocaryum aculeatum with conserved type. The following 17 specific names are recommended for rejection under Art. 56: Alstroemeria albiflora; Amaryllis africana; Cephalanthera oregana; Colchicum tenorei and C. todaroi; Dodecatheon meadia var. puberulum; Epidendrum caninum; and E. trilabiatum Vell.; Festuca pannonica; Ficus taab; Fritillaria alba; and F. racemosa; Koeleria nitida; Orchis montana; Ornithogalum flavum; Potentilla dissecta and P. retusa. The following two names are not recommended for rejection under Art. 56: Acer pictum; and Aster bracteolatus. The following work is recommended to be added to App. VI (Opera utique oppressa): J. de A. Pinto da Silva, Diccionario de Botanica Brasilieira, 1873. As a result of reference under Art. 53.5, it is recommended that the following three pairs of names be treated as homonyms: Gymnoleima Decne. and Gymnolaema Benth. & Hook. f.; Calea L. and Calia Terán & Berlandier; and Fimbristylis breviculmis Boeck. and F. breviculma Govind. As a result of reference under Art. 32.4, it is recommended that Dipteryx oleifera Benth. be treated as validly published and that Cusparia Humboldt be treated as not validly published.
Phylogenetic analysis of the grape family (Vitaceae) based on the noncoding plastid trnC-petN, trnH-psbA, and trnL-F sequences
Authors: Ren Hui , Lu Li-Min , Soejima Akiko , Luke Quentin , Zhang Dian-Xiang , Chen Zhi-Duan , Wen Jun
Published: February 2019

The phylogeny of Vitaceae was reconstructed sampling 114 accessions of Vitaceae and the outgroup Leea of Leeaceae, using three noncoding plastid markers: trnC‐petN, trnH‐psbA, and trnL‐F. Six 5‐merous genera including Parthenocissus, Yua, Ampelocissus, Vitis, Nothocissus, and Pterisanthes form a well‐supported clade. Ampelopsis, Rhoicissus, and the Cissus striata complex form a clade sister to the clade containing all the other taxa of Vitaceae. The core Cissus clade is resolved to be sister to the Cayratia‐Tetrastigma‐Cyphostemma clade, forming a clade of taxa with 4‐merous flowers. The Parthenocissus‐Yua clade is sister to the Ampelocissus‐Vitis‐Nothocissus‐Pterisanthes clade. The Old World Cissus is paraphyletic, with the New World core Cissus nested within it. The intercontinental disjunction between Africa and Asia may have evolved at least twice in Cissus. Cayratia is paraphyletic with four Asian species sampled grouping with Tetrastigma and the African species forming another clade.
Phylogenetic relationships and morphological diversity in NeotropicalHeliotropium(Heliotropiaceae)
Authors: Luebert Federico , Brokamp Grischa , Wen Jun , Weigend Maximilian , Hilger Hartmut H.
Published: February 2019

Little is known about vegetative morphological diversification in Neotropical plant clades in comparison with diversification of reproductive characters. Phylogenetic relationships of the NeotropicalHeliotropium(Heliotropiaceae) were studied using sequences of nrITS and four plastid regions (trnL‐trnF,trnS‐trnG,trnH‐psbA,rps16). Vegetative morphological diversity (leaf morphology, habit), measured as amount of morphospace occupied and as variance of individual characters, was compared among the clades resolved and between groups of species inhabiting dry and humid areas. Three well‐supported clades were recovered: (1)Heliotropiumsect.Heliothamnusfrom the tropical Andes; (2)Heliotropiumsect.Cochraneafrom the Peruvian and the Atacama Deserts; and (3) theTournefortiaclade, comprising the remaining American sections ofHeliotropiumand the mainly NeotropicalTournefortiasect.Tournefortia. Phylogenetic discordance detected between the plastid and nuclear partitions may have been due to lineage sorting, hybridization or differences in number of informative sites. Morphological diversity was largest in theTournefortiaclade and tended to be greater in dry than in humid areas, but without statistical support.Heliotropiumsect.Cochraneawas as diverse as theTournefortiaclade in leaf morphology and may have experienced adaptive radiation in the Atacama Desert. Lowest vegetative diversity was found inHeliotropiumsect.Heliothamnus. The infrageneric delimitation inHeliotropiumneeds reassessment.