bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An approach to applicable inorganic polymers. I. Polycondensation by interaction of chloroborazoles and phosphorus esters
Authors: Gerrard W. , Mooney F. F. , Rothenbury R. A.
Published: July 2010

Trialkyl phosphates (3 mol.) form a hydrogen‐bonded complex with B‐trichloroborazole (1 mol.), and at 100°, this gives alkyl chloride and a solid borazole system with ‐OP(: O)(OR)2 structure attached to each boron atom. At about 200°, trialkyl phosphate is eliminated, and borazole rings appear to become attached by the structure ‐O.P(: O)(OR).O‐. Further polycondensation occurs at ∼500–800°, to give an infusible, insoluble and hydrolytically stable inorganic polymer containing boron, nitrogen and phosphorus.

Related observations with N‐methyl‐ and N‐phenyl‐B‐trichloroborazoles are recorded. Equimolal systems, and dialkyl hydrogen phosphite‐trichloroborazole systems are described.

Triphenyl phosphate reacted differently with B‐trichloroborazole, but did not react at all with N‐trimethyl‐B‐trichloroborazole.

Techniques of gas chromatography, infra‐red spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis were used.
The de‐aeration of aqueous solutions
Authors: Gilroy D. , Mayne J. E. O.
Published: July 2010

The efficiency of the method of de‐aerating aqueous solutions devised by Hersch has been examined. The method is more convenient and efficient than those in current use, because within 1 h. the residual oxygen content of a solution can be reduced either to 0.003 ± 0.001 p.p.m. by weight by use of ‘White Spot’ nitrogen (less than 10 p.p.m. of oxygen) as the scrubbing gas, or 0.0005 p.p.m. when purifited nitrogen is used.
Inert diluents for use in nuclear energy extraction plants. II Pretreatments for improving kerosene and related diluents
Authors: Lane E. S. , Field B. O. , Willans J. L.
Published: July 2010

Odourless kerosene was treated by steam distillation, sulphuric acid washing and extractive crystallisation with urea, then examined for stability to nitric acid at 70° by use of a radiochemical procedure. Combinations of these processes can be used to produce an inert diluent with an improved performance factor of up to 8 over the untreated material. The improvement is attributed largely to removal of residual unsaturation. The results are compared with recent U.S. work on the subject and attempts are made to correlate the improvement factors with the chemistry involved in the different pre‐treatment processes.
Some approaches to the permanent flameproofing of cotton: Systems containing phosphorus
Authors: Jones D. M. , Noone T. M.
Published: July 2010

The flame‐retardant properties of several compounds containing phosphorus bonded to (a) nitrogen and (b) carbon have been studied with particular reference to their behaviour on cotton under alkaline laundering conditions. The compounds containing P‐N bonds are not suitable for use as permanent flameproofing agents. Polymers containing P‐C bonds are much more promising. These findings are discussed in relation to the chemical structures involved.
Effect of ammonium diuranate precipitation conditions on the characteristics and sintering behaviour of uranium dioxide
Authors: Ainscough J. B. , Oldfield B. W.
Published: July 2010

Ammonium diuranate has been prepared by adding aqueous ammonia to uranyl nitrate solution under different conditions of temperature and final pH. The resulting precipitates, when dried, can be considered as loosely bound compounds with an ammonia/uranium ratio of 0.37 containing varying amounts of water and ammonium nitrate. As well as differing in composition these precipitates differ markedly in their specific surface areas. After calcination to U3O8 in argon at 700° and reduction in hydrogen at the same temperature, all the diuranates yield uranium dioxide of similar specific surface, and it is concluded that the calcination temperature is the principal factor in determining this. The powders when milled, mixed with an organic binding agent, granulated, pressed and sintered in hydrogen for 2 h. at 1650° give uranium dioxide compacts with bulk densities greater than 96.5% of the X‐ray density (10.96 g./cm.3). Little, if any, correlation has been found between the precipitation conditions and the sintered densities of the compacts. although a relatively rapid rate of addition of ammonia seems to give a slightly denser compact and it seems possible that some uncontrolled variation during milling or pressing outweighs any effects due to differences between the powders.
Potential purine antagonists. XXXIII. Synthesis of chloropurines
Authors: Beaman A. G. , Robins R. K.
Published: July 2010

The previously described synthesis of 2,6,8‐trichloropurine by the oxidation of 2,6,8‐purinetrithiol with chlorine gas has been applied to the synthesis of the six remaining simple chloropurines. The synthesis of the previously unknown 8‐chloropurine is described. The new method is general and is superior to the previously described methods for the synthesis of the various chloropurines.
Physical properties of calcined gypsum
Authors: Ridge M. J. , Boell G. R.
Published: July 2010

Gypsum plaster is a flocculated suspension and the water requirement of calcined gypsum is related to the yield value of the suspension it forms in water. The strength of the structure that forms in the suspension will determine the yield value. The effects of physical factors such as temperature, entrained air and stirring on the water requirement are discussed.

The bearing on the water requirement of physical characteristics of the grains of hemihydrate such as porosity, surface area and condition of the surface is also discussed. Sedimentation volumes in ethanol and benzene were studied and an appreciable correlation found between surface area and the sedimentation volume in benzene. The results indicate that ethanol offers a satisfactory medium for separating calcined gypsum into fractions according to particle size.
Composition of ammoniacal liquors. III. Analysis of the organic bases by gas chromatography
Authors: Hughes M. A.
Published: July 2010

Organic bases are removed from a gas works ammoniacal liquor, which has been made strongly alkaline with sodium hydroxide, by steam distillation, and are recovered from the distillate by extraction with benzene. After the removal of solvent, the residue is applied to gas chromatography columns containing either silicone M.S.550 or glycerol. Liquors from a coke oven plant and a continuous vertical retort system have been investigated.
Corrosion and electrochemical properties of titanium, zirconium and titanium‐zirconium alloys in acid solutions. II
Authors: Andreeva V. V. , Glukhova A. I.
Published: July 2010

The corrosion and electrochemical behaviour of titanium, zirconium and titanium‐zirconium alloys in solutions of sulphuric, nitric and phosphoric acids and also in mixtures of nitric and phosphoric acids, has been investigated.

Alloying titanium with zirconium increases the titanium corrosion‐resistance in sulphuric acid solutions at 100° when the concentration of the latter is 80%. At concentrations higher than that neither of the metals nor titanium‐zirconium alloys are stable. In phosphoric and nitric acid solutions, titanium‐zirconium alloys have no advantage over titanium and zirconium.
Use of synthetic branched carboxylic soaps in the emulsion copolymerisation of styrene and butadiene
Authors: Duck E. W. , Waterman J. A. , la Helj G. E.
Published: July 2010

Sodium soaps of highly branched saturated monocarboxylic acids, in particular those containing 15–20 carbon atoms, are valuable substitutes for both rosin acid soaps and sodium stearate in cold emulsion polymerisation SBR recipes such as ASTM types 1500, 1502, and 1509. Indications are that they possess various process advantages over the normal types of emulsifier. At comparable concentrations they give higher rates of polymerisation than do the commercially available rosin acid emulsifiers and their solutions do not gel at temperatures between 5° and 20°, as is the case with sodium stearate. Moreover, they show a relatively good tolerance towards hard water.

Potassium, ammonium and lithium salts of these synthetic acids are also excellent emulsifiers for the preparation of SBR latices.
Effect of dead sea water on portland cement
Authors: Heller L. , Ben‐Yair M.
Published: July 2010

The effect of Dead Sea water on pastes and mortars of normal and sulphate‐resisting Portland cement has been studied. The principal reaction products include magnesium hydroxychloride, calcium chloroaluminate and hydrated magnesium silicate. The use of Dead Sea water as mixing water in the preparation of the bars appears to enhance their stability. The reasons are discussed.
Relation between the zeta potential of rutile and its flotation with sodium dodecyl sulphate
Authors: Graham K. , Madeley J. D.
Published: July 2010

The influence of pH on the surface electrokinetic properties of the rutile‐solution interface has been studied; below pH 3.5 the surface is positively charged and above this pH value it is negatively charged. Adsorption of dodecyl sulphate anions from aqueous solution on to the rutile surface is influenced profoundly by the electrokinetic properties of the mineral‐solution interface, the surface showing decreased adsorption of anions with increase in pH. Flotation tests have shown that at constant pH, the flotation rate increases with collector concentration and that for a fixed collector concentration, a decrease in flotation rate occurred as the pH increased from 3 to 7.
Effects of some additives on the water requirement of calcined gypsum
Authors: Ridge M. J. , Boell G. R.
Published: July 2010

A study was made of the effects of some additives of different types on the water requirement of samples of calcined gypsum prepared in different ways. Accelerating salts and variations in the pH had little effect on the water requirement but some inhibitors of the set and surface‐active materials produced appreciable changes. The samples of calcined gypsum studied varied amongst themselves in their response to the action of additives.

The effects of additives are of interest as they act only by modifying the surface condition of the grains of calcium sulphate hemihydrate, and the theory of this is discussed.
Polymeric forms of acetaldehyde
Authors: Craven E. C. , Jowitt H. , Ward W. R.
Published: July 2010

A further examination has been made of the crude paraldehyde filtrate obtained in the preparation of metaldehyde.

The second form of paraldehyde has now been isolated and examined. The second form of metaldehyde has again been isolated, and there has also been found what is almost certainly a third metaldehyde.

The probable structures of the various isomers are discussed and related to their infra‐red spectra. A new infra‐red group frequency at 1170 cm.−1 for 1,3‐dioxans and 1,3,5‐trioxans is proposed.
The coagulation process. I. Effect of pH and the nature of the turbidity
Authors: Packham R. F.
Published: July 2010

A method of studying the coagulation of dilute mineral suspensions with aluminium sulphate is described, which substantially reduces pH variation with coagulant dose, but which allows the pH to be varied independently of the coagulant dose. The method is applied to the study of 50‐p.p.m. suspensions of various pure minerals likely to be present in river water and to samples of suspended solids isolated from rivers. The concentration of aluminium sulphate required for coagulation is markedly pH‐dependent and is least close to neutrality. The behaviour of both the pure minerals and the samples isolated from rivers is almost identical, but montmorillonite behaves anomalously at acid pH values.
Anion‐exchange resins from allylammonium salts
Authors: Clingman A. L. , Parrish J. R. , Stevenson R.
Published: July 2010

Anion‐exchange resins of high capacity have been obtained by the polymerisation of allyl‐ammonium chlorides. The exchange rates of different resins have been compared by the measurement of electrical conductivity.
A chromatography unit, with automatic sampling, for kinetic studies
Authors: Spolnicki J. , Crooks W. M.
Published: July 2010

An automatic gas‐liquid chromatographic apparatus used in heterogeneous kinetic studies is described. Details of the gas sampling device, the detector and the amplifier are given and the reproducibility and sensitivity of the apparatus demonstrated. The apparatus cost is low compared with that of commercial equivalents.
Infra‐red, X‐ray and thermal analysis of some aluminium and ferric phosphates
Authors: Arlidge E. Z. , Farmer V. C. , Mitchell B. D. , Mitchell W. A.
Published: July 2010

Infra‐red absorption spectra, differential thermal and differential thermogravimetric curves, and some new X‐ray diffraction data are presented for synthetic or natural specimens of variscite, metavariscite, strengite, phosphosiderite, barrandite, leucophosphites, taranakites, wavellite and synthetic phosphates of composition KAl2(PO4)2(OH),2H2O, H8(NH4,K)Fe3(PO4)6, 6H2O and H4CaFe2(PO4)4, 5H2O. Infra‐red spectra of berlinite, phosphotridymite and two other anhydrous forms of A1PO4 are also given. The infra‐red spectra show that variscite and metavariscite have the structure A1PO4, 2H2O and not A1(OH)2, H2PO4, and serve to indicate the porportion of A1/Fe in the barrandites (Fe, A1)PO4, 2H2O. Leucophosphite, KF2(PO4)2(OH), 2H2O is shown to dehydrate reversibly to a monohydrate and then to an anhydrous product still containing the hydroxyl group.
Use of potentiostats in corrosion studies
Authors: Dugdale I.
Published: July 2010

A brief description of the electron‐transfer processes involved in the corrosion of metals is given. The relationship between the stable species formed in corrosion reactions, the pH of the aqueous solution involved, and potential of the metal, is referred to and the potentiostatic and galvanostatic methods of assessing electron‐transfer are contrasted.

The development of various forms of potentiostat and the scope of the instruments are discussed, and examples given of their fields of use. The experimental techniques adopted to obtain current‐potential curves and to assess the rate of cathodic and anodic reactions are illustrated by reference to appropriate diagrams.

A short section deals with the use of current/time transients for obtaining kinetic data especially for film growth and formation of pits.
Estimation of the total and effective rubber contents of rubber‐bitumens
Authors: Szatkowski W.
Published: July 2010

Methods are described for estimating the total content of natural (unvulcanised) rubber in a rubber‐bitumen and the effective rubber content; the latter is defined as the concentration of a standard rubber which would give a specific viscosity equivalent to that of the rubber in the test sample. The total rubber content is calculated from the iodine value of a solution, in carbon tetrachloride, of the acetone‐insoluble fraction of the rubber‐bitumen. The effective rubber content is determined by a measurement of the specific viscosity of a benzene solution of the acetone‐insoluble fraction of the rubber‐bitumen. The effective rubber content has been shown to be related to the elastic recovery of the binder.

Both analytical techniques have been used to follow the effect of heating on rubber‐bitumens and recommendations are given on the conditions of temperature and duration of heating in the preparation of rubberised binders for road use.
The alkaline condensation of acetone
Authors: Craven E. C.
Published: July 2010

The condensation of acetone at room temperature leads chiefly to the formation of diacetone alcohol, a small proportion of symmetrical triacetone dialcohol also being formed.

Indications have now been found of the presence of a further compound in the condensation product. It is almost certainly unsymmetrical triacetone dialcohol, an unstable substance previously reported solely by Bayer & Co. in 1914.

This second trimer has not been isolated and direct evidence of its existence by the infra‐red examination of distillation residue fractions has not so far been obtained. The trimer, however, dehydrates readily to a mixture of two ‘unsymmetrical phorones’. This dehydration product has been isolated in quantity from large‐scale fractions and has been examined.
Phase behaviour of some palmito‐oleo triglyceride systems
Authors: Moran D. P. J.
Published: July 2010

From a study of the melting behaviour of binary mixtures of glycerides it is possible to predict the properties of some of those fats and oils which contain such glycerides. The results can be useful in margarine formulation, dry fractionation, and solubility problems connected with the preparation of novel fat blends.

The phase behaviour of six binary mixtures of palmito‐oleo triglycerides has been studied. The techniques used included the microscopical observation of melting behaviour, X‐ray powder photography, and differential thermal analysis. In two of the systems, particularly the mixture of 2‐oleodipalmitin and 1, 3‐dioleopalmitin, evidence was found of favourable steric factors leading to closer association of unlike molecules at about 50% concentration. This fact can be used to explain certain phenomena in fat systems such as mixtures of palm oil and lard which contain significant amounts of these two glycerides. ‘Graininess’ and enhanced crystallisation at certain concentration levels are two such phenomena.
Reduction of uranyi. Carbonate to uranium dioxide with formaldehyde sulphoxylates
Authors: Warren I. H. , Finlayson M. J.
Published: July 2010

Uranyl carbonate may be reduced to uranium dioxide with formaldehyde sulphoxylates (preferably the ammonium salt) or a mixture of formaldehyde and a bisulphite. The mechanism of the reaction is discussed.
Reactivity of lime and related oxides. VIII. Production of activated lime and magnesia
Authors: Glasson D. R.
Published: July 2010

The surface activities of lime and magnesia from different sources are compared in relation to the changes in crystal structure during preparation at several temperatures up to 1000°. The activity of calcium oxide from the hydroxide is increased in the presence of calcium peroxide, which initially produces (mon)oxide to nucleate the hydroxide crystallites before they decompose. Calcium nitrate gives activated calcium oxide at 500°, but melts with decomposition at higher temperatures, producing comparatively large lime crystals.

Magnesium hydroxide and carbonate (magnesite) give magnesia which is correspondingly more active than the lime obtained from calcium hydroxide and carbonate in previous investigations. This is due mainly to the greater volume decreases associated with the crystal changes, and to the diminished sintering of the magnesia at the lower decomposition temperatures.

The most active product is obtained from magnesium oxalate which decomposes directly to magnesium oxide. Much less active oxide is produced from magnesium salts of monobasic organic acids, e.g., formate and acetate, which require reaction between separate anions for decomposition.

The effect of sintering on the temperature limitations for applying magnesium oxide catalysts to organic dehydration and dehydrogenation reactions is discussed.
Use of compacts to study the sorption characteristics of powdered plaster of Paris
Authors: Feldman R. F. , Sereda P. J.
Published: July 2010

Compacts made from powdered material are used in an effort to explain anomalous results obtained from the isothermal uptake of water vapour by various types of dehydrated gypsum. In the sorption isotherms, a sharp discontinuity occurred at R.H. between 0·25 and 0·40 and a secondary hysteresis was observed. Sorption of methanol on these materials was also measured, and results were compared with those obtained with water.

The determination of the expansion isotherm enabled an application of the Gibbs adsorption equation to be made, which led to a method by which it was possible to differentiate between hemihydrate and adsorbed water and thus allow a calculation of a B.E.T. surface area from the water isotherm for the material.

From this calculation and others obtained by use of a modified Kelvin equation, it was concluded that the anomalies noted above were due to sites on the surface of the plaster that required an activation energy for ‘sorption’ to occur. The generation of these sites was considered dependent on the method of preparation of the anhydrous calcium sulphate. The water attached to these sites would thus be termed ‘chemisorbed’ water.
Formation of aromatics during thermal hydrocracking. I. n‐pentane and n‐heptane
Authors: Reeve A. G. , Long R.
Published: July 2010

A study has been made of the thermal hydrocracking of n‐pentane and n‐heptane at 10 atmospheres pressure over the temperature range 550–700°, with particular reference to the formation of aromatics. The n‐paraffins are converted largely to gaseous products; C2 and C3 hydrocarbons are important intermediates in the gasification and methane is found in increasing amounts with increase in temperature. As the temperature rises, aromatics are formed and there is a concomitant decline in the amount of olefins; traces of butadiene are also found.

The formation of aromatics during thermal hydrocracking of n‐paraffins parallels the thermal aromatisation well known to occur in thermal cracking in the absence of added hydrogen. The acetylene and butadiene hypotheses of aromatic formation are considered. Neither is considered to be satisfactory in explaining the results and it appears more likely that a free‐radical mechanism is involved.
Surface properties of hydrolysed Titania. II. Dependence of surface structure of titania gels on pH
Authors: Harris M. R. , Whitaker G.
Published: July 2010

Samples of active titania gels were prepared by the hydrolysis of benzene solutions of titanium tetra‐n‐butoxide with steam in the presence of various buffer solutions, covering the pH range 2·3—10·5. The surface properties of the gels were determined from gas adsorption measurements carried out at ‐ 195·8°. It is shown that the gels are porous, with high surface areas which fall off sharply for gels prepared at pH above 8·5. Pore radii are small, being in every case less than values observed for the neutral gels reported in Part I of this series, with a tendency to a maximum close to the isoelectric point of titania.
The adsorption of phenol by organo‐clay derivatives
Authors: Street G. B. , White D.
Published: July 2010

The adsorption of phenol by the quaternary ammonium derivatives of montmorillonite has been studied, and a relationship found between the number of carbon atoms of the organic base and the extent of adsorption of phenol.

The results have been compared with the adsorption of phenol by other derivatives of montmorillonite, and a general explanation has been given to account for the variation found within each series, the primary amines, Ethomeens, and quaternary ammonium compounds.
Liquid‐liquid equilibrium in the systems formed by cobalt and nickel chlorides, water and n‐butanol
Authors: McManamey W. J.
Published: July 2010

Liquid‐liquid equilibrium data at 25° were determined for the systems formed by divalent cobalt and nickel chlorides and their mixtures with water and n‐butanol as solvents. The thermo‐dynamic equilibrium relationship was empirically modified to obtain correlations relating the compositions of the phases in equilibrium, and equilibrium data for the mixtures can be predicted from an extension of the correlations for the individual metals.
Corrosion of mild steel in the tidal waters of the thames estuary I. Results of six‐months' and one year's immersion
Authors: Booth G. H. , Cooper A. W. , Tiller A. K.
Published: July 2010

Mild steel specimens have been exposed to the tidal waters of the Thames Estuary at nine points between Richmond and the sea and in four conditions of immersion: (a) fully immersed, (b) half immersed, (c) tidally immersed, (d) buried in mud at each site. The specimens have been examined after exposure for 6 summer months, 6 winter months and one year. Results show that the corrosion is partly aerobic and partly anaerobic (microbiological). The relative importance of the two contributions is not yet clear. Maximum corrosion rates (weight loss) and maximum depth of pitting were found to occur between Woolwich and Tilbury, i.e., in that part of the river most heavily polluted and most nearly anaerobic for the greater part of the year. The corrosion rates were of the same order as those obtained in the open sea by earlier workers.
Mechanism of the hydration of 3CaO, Al2O
Authors: Stein H. N.
Published: July 2010

Hydration of pastes of 3CaO, Al2O3 with water shows two different heat effects: (1) on the first contact of the 3CaO, Al2O3 particles with water, (2) when crystallisation of the ultimate hydration product, the cubic 3CaO, Al2O3,6H2O, from the intermediate hexagonal calcium hydroaluminates becomes more pronounced. Addition of 3CaO, Al2O3,6H2O shifts the second peak to earlier times and accelerates the hydration.

The results appear to be at variance with a mechanism involving particle disintegration through crystallisation of hydration products in surface cracks, as a cause for the second peak. The results suggest that water transport through a layer of hydration product is the rate‐determining step, and that the layer is likely to be removed partly by being dissolved when 3CaO, Al2O3,6H2O is formed predominantly.
An approach to applicable inorganic polymers. III. Interaction of diamines and boron halides
Authors: Gerrard W. , Goldstein M. , Marsh C. H. , Mooney E. F.
Published: July 2010

Interaction of certain boron halides (2 mol.) (XBY2, X = Y = Cl or Br, or X = Ph and Y = Cl) with certain diamines (o‐, m‐ and p‐phenylenediamines, p‐N‐dimethyl‐ or ‐diethyl‐aminoaniline, hexa‐methylenediamine and p‐benzidine) (1 mol.) entails the formation of a 2:1 complex, [diamine, (XBY2)2], which when heated in a suitable solvent eliminates hydrogen chloride and forms an insoluble and infusible polymeric material, usually of very low bulk density. When further heated, these products evolve more hydrogen chloride, become denser, but are still not very stable hydrolytically.

Infra‐red spectra are used as a basis for assignment of structure of the monomers [diamine, (XBY2)2].

Suggestions about the nature of the polycondensation process are given.
Extraction of thorium from sulphuric acid solutions by some cyclohexyl‐ and benzyl‐alkylamines
Authors: Sato Taichi
Published: July 2010

The partition of thorium between sulphuric acid solutions and solutions of some cyclohexyl‐and benzyl‐alkylamines in chloroform or benzene has been investigated at different concentrations of sulphuric acid and solvent, and at different temperatures. An infra‐red spectral study was made of the organic solutions obtained.

The mechanism of thorium extraction is discussed on the basis of the results obtained.
Surface properties of precipitated alumina. IV. Adsorption of nitrogen on samples containing chloride ions
Authors: Lucas J. W. , Newton G. W. , Sing K. S. W.
Published: July 2010

Adsorption isotherms of nitrogen have been determined on the outgassed precipitates of ‘hydrous’ alumina prepared (a) by reacting aluminium chloride and sodium hydroxide under controlled conditions of pH, concentration and flow rate, and (b) by the hydrolysis of aluminium s‐butoxide across a benzene‐water interface, with chloride ions added to the aqueous medium.

The adsorption isotherms on the class (a) precipitates are S‐shaped and are characteristic of adsorption on non‐porous solids, whereas those on class (b) are more complicated and reveal well‐defined pore structures. The B.E.T. surface areas of the former type are very sensitive to change in the aluminium chloride concentration, but areas of the latter type depend more on the pH than on the added chloride ion concentration.

On heat treatment neither type of precipitate shows any distinct ‘activation’ those prepared from alkoxide undergo a more drastic reduction in surface area than those from aluminium chloride. The class (a) precipitates also maintain their non‐porous nature to at least 600° and are slow to develop crystallinity. It is suggested that the differences may be connected with the way in which the contaminating chloride ions are held in the two types of precipitate.
The chlorination of 1‐nitronaphthalene
Authors: Armstrong N. , Scheinmann F.
Published: July 2010

The chlorination of 1‐nitronaphthalene has been investigated in presence of a series of catalysts and under a variety of experimental conditions. The reaction products were analysed by gas‐liquid chromatography and the products shown to be 1‐chloro‐5‐nitro‐, 3‐chloro‐5‐nitro‐, 1‐chloro‐8‐nitro‐and 1,4‐dichloro‐5‐nitro‐naphthalene.
Adsorption by organo‐clay derivatives
Authors: Street G. B. , White D.
Published: July 2010

The adsorption of a variety of organic compounds by octadecyltrimethylammonium mont‐morillonite from water has been investigated. The results indicated that the extent of adsorption was governed by the solubility of the adsorbate, and the functional groups present on the adsorbate molecule had little specific effect. From X‐ray measurements the amounts of the interlamellar components were calculated: in all cases a considerable amount of water was present.
Spontaneous combustion of hay
Authors: Rothbaum H. P.
Published: July 2010

It is shown that spontaneous combustion is most likely to occur in moist biological materials when they are in equilibrium with a fairly narrow range of relative humidities (R.H.) between 95% and 97%. Experimental results on the adiabatic heating of hay up to ignition temperature confirm this theory. At lower R.H. no appreciable bacterial action takes place, and at higher values, the thermal conductivity increases so rapidly due to water vapour transfer, that the microbiological maximum temperature of about 76° is not exceeded. Chemical reactions that can heat hay to higher temperatures, only occur in the presence of moisture; they are not dependent on previous microbial activity and probably involve direct oxidation of the cellulose. At about 170° the hay has dried out and oxidation of dry hay leads to combustion.
Selective reduction of gibberellic acid
Authors: Jones D. F. , McCloskey P.
Published: July 2010

Selective reduction of the 3, 4‐ethylenic bond in gibberellic acid (V), its methyl ester and the related compound (VIII), occurs, with varying degree of concomitant hydrogenolysis of the lactone ring, on hydrogenation with a palladised barium carbonate catalyst in the presence of pyridine or other organic base. No selectivity of reduction was achieved by catalysed hydrogen‐transfer from cyclo‐hexene and similar hydrogen donors.
The purification of lithium by vacuum distillation
Authors: Ward A. G. , Broomfield G. H.
Published: July 2010

A vacuum still for lithium has been constructed and operated. Analysis of lithium before and after distillation shows a reduction of concentration of most elements except oxygen; however, the available methods of analysis for oxygen are not considered reliable. Precise details of operations and difficulties with the present design are included.

It is concluded from the present work, and that of others, that purification of lithium to nuclear reactor standards is feasible.
Separation of emulsions formed in the dinitration of toluene
Authors: Somer Tarik G.
Published: July 2010

Properties of the emulsion formed between crude 2, 4‐dinitrotoluene (DNT) and spent acid are determined and several methods developed for the complete de‐emulsification are described. Some consideration is given to the selection of the method with respect to cost and the control of operation.
Corrosion of tube and pipe alloys due to polluted sea‐water
Authors: Rowlands J. C.
Published: July 2010

Numerous failures of aluminium–brass heat‐exchanger tubes and copper–nickel–iron sea‐water pipes in polluted estuarine sea‐water were found to be associated with sulphide films which stimulated pitting and stress‐corrosion cracking at holidays (breaks) in the film. The use of sodium dimethyl dithiocarbamate which formed an insoluble copper–chelate film on the surface of these alloys was effective in combatting this deterioration.
Corrosion of mild steel in the tidal waters of the thames estuary. II. Results of two years' immersion
Authors: Booth G. H. , Cooper A. W. , Tiller A. K.
Published: July 2010

A comparison made between results of exposure tests of mild steel specimens to the waters of the Thames estuary for 2 years with earlier results for 1 year showed a general reduction in corrosion rate, for both weight‐loss and pitting. There is evidence that the contribution towards total corrosion from microbiological attack is less important than that from the action of aerobic saline water. The relation between corrosion rates and the position of exposure sites along the estuary has remained substantially unaltered.
Prediction of the drying times of porous granular and fibrous materials. I. Drying in a tray dryer
Authors: Kirkwood K. G. , Mitchell T. J.
Published: July 2010

This paper presents an empirical method of predicting the drying times of porous‐granular and fibrous materials in a hot‐air tray dryer under various conditions of tray loading, air temperature, humidity and velocity. The method uses results obtained from a series of drying tests planned as a fractional three‐level factorial experiment to examine the effects of the above four drying variables on the drying times of the various materials tested. The method is illustrated by application to porous‐ceramic granules, 1/4 in. dia. × 1/4 in. long, coke, 3/8–1/4 in. mesh (porous‐granular materials) and to brewers' spent grain (fibrous material); predicted drying times were within ±16% of the experimental values.
The prevention of corrosion in glycerine‐water hydraulic fluids
Authors: Wyllie D. , Morgan A. W.
Published: July 2010

A mixture of 0.2% sodium nitrite and 0.8% hydrated disodium hydrogen phosphate in 40% glycerine is effective in preventing the corrosion of steel and copper over a much wider pH range than is possible with either inhibitor alone. In an unusually severe laboratory test involving oxygen under 500 p.s.i. pressure at 205°F, this inhibitor combination was much superior to triethanolamine phosphate with sodium mercaptobenzothiazole and superior to sodium benzoate with sodium nitrite. It was little affected by 100 p.p.m. of the fungicide dichlorophen, but larger concentrations caused a serious reduction in corrosion‐preventing properties in the laboratory test. The laboratory test indicates that use of ethylene glycol in place of glycerine with the nitrite‐phosphate inhibitor combination would be a considerable improvement.
Crosslinking of collagen
Authors: Bowes J. H. , Cater C. W.
Published: July 2010

It has been shown that the introduction of a few stable crosslinks into the skin protein can greatly increase the resistance of the leather to deterioration by moist heat and perspiration.

A method based on stress‐strain measurements has been developed for the determination of the number of crosslinks introduced into collagen, and a study made of the crosslinking potentialities of a number of bifunctional and polyfunctional compounds. Aldehydes appear to be most promising, cyanuric chloride and its derivatives also offer possibilities, while di‐isocyanates are relatively inefficient due mainly to their low solubility in and sensitivity to water. Of the aldehydes, glutaraldehyde and acrolein were the most efficient both with respect to the number of crosslinks introduced and their stability.

Leathers tanned with glutaraldehyde show good resistance in moist heat and perspiration tests and pretannage or retannage of chrome leather with this aldehyde greatly improves its resistance.
The surface properties of precipitated and calcined cobalt oxide
Authors: Chisnall K. T. , Lucas J. W. , Sing K. S. W.
Published: July 2010

Precipitates of ‘hydrous’ cobalt oxide have been prepared by reacting cobaltous chloride and sodium hydroxide under controlled conditions of pH, concentration and flow rate. The samples were washed and dried at room temperature and small portions heated at controlled temperatures up to 900°. X‐Ray analysis of the unheated precipitate indicated that it was possibly a basic chloride of indefinite composition, rather than Co(OH)2. Heat treatment over the range 400°—900° gave Co3O4, the crystallinity increasing with temperature; some CoO was also detected in the 900° sample. The unheated material had an appreciable specific surface area (> 110 m.2/g.), but this decreased rapidly with the temperature of heat treatment and became very low (< 1 m.2/g.) at 900°. The shape of the nitrogen adsorption isotherm changed after heat treatment and the preliminary results suggest that the oxide surface became either more uniform or covered with a chemisorbed layer of oxygen.
Storage of compressed gaseous ozone
Authors: Waller J. G. , McTurk G.
Published: July 2010

Storage of liquid ozone or pure gaseous ozone has practical disadvantages and a study has been carried out on the storage of oxygen containing 10% ozone. It has been shown that this mixture can be compressed to and handled at 70 atm. The slow thermal decomposition of ozone can be minimised by cooling to −78°, when the gas can be stored in suitable vessels for long periods with negligible loss of ozone.

Results suggest that, when stored at ambient temperature and elevated or normal pressures, the predominant reaction is a simple monomolecular decomposition of ozone, with an energy of activation of 3.9 kcal./mole.
The critical temperatures and critical pressures of binary mixtures of aliphatic hydrocarbons
Authors: Ekiner O. , Thodos G.
Published: July 2010

Experimental critical temperatures and critical pressures presented in the literature for binary aliphatic hydrocarbon systems have been utilised to obtain the excess critical temperature, Tc—T′c, and the excess critical pressure, Pc—P′c, for reported compositions of these binary systems. Besides composition, these excess quantities were found to depend on α, the critical temperature parameter, and β, the critical pressure parameter.

Because of the different behaviour associated with the methane‐containing binaries, these systems were treated separately. The final correlations of these excess critical quantities for non‐methane systems produced an average deviation of 0.46% for critical temperature and 2.30% for critical pressure for 63 experimental values considered; for the methane‐containing binary systems, the corresponding correlations produced a deviation of 0.93% for critical temperature and 1.10% for critical pressure from 36 experimental values.
The reactions occurring during the refining of benzene with concentrated sulphuric acid. III. The formation of benzene‐soluble reaction products
Authors: Roberts D. , Gore P. H.
Published: July 2010

During the two‐phase reaction of benzene with concentrated sulphuric acid, benzene‐soluble reaction products (gum) are derived from the polymerisation of olefins present, thiophen alone forming little gum.
The adsorption of quaternary ammonium ions at a dropping mercury electrode in N‐sulphuric acid
Authors: Meakins R. J.
Published: July 2010

This paper describes measurements with a dropping mercury electrode of the interfacial tensions and differential capacitances of solutions of N‐sulphuric acid containing small concentrations of n‐alkyltrimethylammonium bromides. Adsorption of the n‐alkyltrimethylammonium ions was indicated by decreases in the interfacial tension and the differential capacitance, the latter being the more sensitive criterion. The magnitude of these changes increased with increasing alkyl chain‐length. With the longest chains the electrocapillary maxima were displaced towards more anodic potentials.

The results are briefly discussed in relation to the performance of the n‐alkyltrimethylammonium bromides as inhibitors of the acid pickling of steel.
The emission of corrosive vapours by wood. II. The analysis of the vapours emitted by certain freshly felled hardwoods and softwoods by gas chromato‐graphy and spectrophotometry
Authors: Arni P. C. , Cochrane G. C. , Gray J. D.
Published: July 2010

Changes in composition of volatiles released by freshly‐felled specimens of different softwood and hardwood species after incubation at sub‐tropical temperatures and high humidity have been determined by gas chromatographic and spectrophotometric techniques. A method is described for the isolation, identification and quantitative assay of organic acids, alcohols and esters released to atmosphere from selected wood species under certain exposure conditions. Sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa), oak (Quercus robur), wych elm (Ulmus glabra) and Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga taxifolia) heart‐wood and wych elm sapwood all released significant quantities of acetic acid (1600‐550 p.p.m. of dried wood) and of formic acid (200‐40 p.p.m. of wood as dried) when incubated for 6 months at 48° and 100% R.H., but Norway spruce (Picea abies) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) heartwood and sapwood and Douglas Fir sapwood on the other hand released only small quantities of acids. The main neutral volatiles identified after incubation were methanol, methyl acetate, ethanol, formaldehyde and an unidentified component. Sterilisation of wood shavings with propylene oxide prior to incubation significantly reduced the concentrations of formic acid, acetic acid and methanol, with accompanying increases in ester concentration. This may be due to inhibition of enzymic hydrolysis of simple esters in sap fluids and of polymeric esters in the wood cell‐wall substance.
Biological method for the assessment of leaching rates of antifouling compositions
Authors: Rivett P.
Published: July 2010

A biological method for the determination of small quantities of toxic compounds in sea water using Chlamydomonas as an indicator organism is described. The method is sufficiently accurate for concentrations in the region of 5 × 10−3 p.p.m. The value of the method is its applicability to a range of toxic compounds for which no convenient methods of estimation exist, particularly in low concentrations.

The technique has been applied to the measurement of leaching rates of potential antifouling compositions.
Particle size determination and hindered settling
Authors: Ramakrishna V. , Rao S. R.
Published: July 2010

The settling rates of finely powdered quartz in benzene and xylene have been studied. The nature of hindered settling in the range 0.7 < ε < 1.0 has been critically examined. It has been concluded that log Q/ε2 versus ε plots in the dilute range of the suspensions yield more reliable data for the particle size.
Synthesis and properties of some gelatin derivatives with substituents at the amino group
Authors: Clark R. C. , Cobbett W. G. , Gibbs J. A. , Jones R. T. , Leach A. A. , Pratt A. N. , Sutton D. A.
Published: July 2010

Gelatin has been interacted with benzenesulphonyl chloride and with other sulphonyl chlorides to give sulphonyl‐gelatin derivatives. With dichloro‐s‐triazines, gelatin afforded crosslinked products or monofunctionally substituted soluble products according to the reactivity of the dichloro‐s‐triazine selected and the reaction conditions used; some of the monofunctionally substituted soluble products were reactive towards amines, including gelatin. The properties of the modified gelatins are recorded. Introduction of a sufficient number of hydrophobic groups into gelatin and other soluble proteins conferred diminished solubility in the region of the iso‐ionic point of the derivative, bringing about the separation of a distinct protein‐rich phase (coacervate) from aqueous solution when the pH was adjusted to that region. Some uses of these derivatives are indicated.
Extraction of uranium (VI) and thorium from nitric acid solutions by tri‐n‐butyl phosphate
Authors: Sato Taichi
Published: July 2010

The partitions of uranium (vi) and thorium between nitric acid solutions and kerosene solutions of tri‐n‐butyl phosphate (TBP) have been investigated at different concentrations of nitric acid and solvent and at different temperatures. An infra‐red spectral study has also been made of the organic solutions obtained.
Diffusivities of ammonium and potassium alums in aqueous solutions
Authors: Mullin J. W. , Garside J. , Unahabhokha R.
Published: July 2010

Diffusivities of ammonium and potassium alum solutions have been measured by an interferometric technique. Values are recorded for the diffusion of solutions of different concentration into water at 25°, and of solutions containing 2 g. of hydrate/100 g. of water diffusing into water at temperatures within the range 20 to 40°. Measurements have also been made for diffusion between near‐saturated solutions, and these values are considered suitable for application in crystal growth and dissolution studies. The activation energy for diffusion in near‐saturated solutions (20 to 40°) is approximately 2.8 kcal./mole.

Viscosity and density measurements have been made over the temperature range 15–50° and at solution concentrations up to saturation. Solubility data have also been checked over the same temperature range.
The gelation of aqueous bentonite dispersions by organic ammonium ions
Authors: Taylor M. J.
Published: July 2010

The treatment of bentonite clay sols with the salts of amines and aminoalcohols containing not more than 6 carbon atoms gives gels of hydrophilic organic ammonium bentonites. The gels, e.g. 3 wt.‐% methylammonium bentonite, ethylammonium bentonite and triethanolammonium bentonite in water, have plastic rheology and high yield values which depend on the nature of the organic substituents. Use of these organic derivatives of bentonite offers a means of gelling aqueous systems alternative to the use of the purified montmorillonite clays.
The cause of self‐heating of npk compound fertilisers containing nitrates
Authors: Barclay K. S. , Crewe J. M. , Dawson J. B. , Thatcher K. F. J.
Published: July 2010

Attack by nitrates on organic matter contained in granular fertilisers is a major cause of self‐heating of bulk storage heaps. Methods are described by which the organic matter in superphosphates can be destroyed or modified prior to the manufacture of granular compound fertilisers.

Oxidation of the organic material by nitrates can be inhibited by substances capable of reacting with nitrous acid, notably urea. Production‐scale trials prove that small amounts of urea can adequately control this, and in addition, incorporation of urea reduces nitrous gas evolution from NPK fertilisers and enables these materials to be stored satisfactorily in multiwall paper sacks.

Under certain conditions, inter‐ionic reaction between potassium chloride and an ammonium nitrate/potassium nitrate solid solution can also cause significant temperature rises. Such self‐heating can be limited by reducing the residual water content of the granular fertiliser, or by other variations in manufacturing procedure.
The fading of colouring matters
Authors: Giles C. H.
Published: July 2010

An outline of the causes and nature of fading of organic colouring matters is given. Atmospheric fading, in absence of light, is produced by nitrogen oxides in urban air, especially with blue and violet disperse dyes on some hydrophobic fibres, but sulphur dioxide and ozone can also cause fading. Light fading occurs with all dyes; some of the factors which affect it are discussed, including the physical state of the dye, the chemical and the physical nature of the fibre, the temperature and humidity of the atmosphere, and the quality and intensity of the illumination. The hue of many soluble dyes becomes redder on fading. The types of fading rate are described; the fading of many dyes is rapid at first, but later it slows to a constant rate, so that a dye, which by normal testing methods has low fastness, may yet withstand prolonged exposure.