bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mass Changes of Pure Silica in Temperatures up to 1000 °C under the Influence of Consciousness Bond Field: A Study of Taheri ConsciousnessTheory
Authors: Kazazi Bahareh , Taheri Mohammad Ali
Published: September 2023

According to Taheri’s theory, T-Consciousness can be converted into matter and energy and vice versa. Consciousness Bond Field is one of many Taheri Consciousness Fields (TCFs) founded and introduced by Mohammad Ali Taheri as new Fields. These Fields are neither matter nor energy; therefore, they do not possess a quantity, but they directly affect matter and energy. In other words, although TCFs cannot be directly measured, we can investigate their effects indirectly through reproducible experiments. The current study aimed to investigate this hypothesis by measuring the mass change of pure silica through a heating process. Samples made of 95% pure silica powder with a particle size of approximately 1700 nm from one pack and under the same conditions were submitted to the following thermal analyses: DTA (Differential thermal analysis), DSC (Differential scanning calorimetry), and TGA (Thermal gravimetric analysis). The analyses were performed on two sets of experimental samples, one group of samples under the effect of Consciousness Bond Field, and the other group was used as control samples. The 6 mg samples were heated with a growth rate temperature of 10 °C, in the temperature range of 25 to 1000 °C, in Air, under ASTM-E1131. The results demonstrated no changes in the structure of pure silica, such as melting or transformation, classification, etc. On the other hand, the samples exposed to the T-Consciousness Field lost an average of 722% at a temperature of 350 degrees and a total of 141% at the final temperature more mass compared to the control samples. Based on the objective observations of the results, it is clear that this significant difference does not have any plausible material explanation, and therefore it indicates the existence of the T-Consciousness Field that was applied. It also provides proof of Taheri’s theory of the exchange of T-Consciousness with matter and energy.
Examining the Length and Density Changes of Copper up to 300 °C under the Influence of Consciousness Bond Field: A Study of Taheri Consciousness Theory
Authors: Kazazi Bahareh , Taheri Mohammad Ali
Published: September 2023

According to Taheri's theory of Consciousness, T-Consciousness can be converted into matter and energy and vice versa. Consciousness Bond Field is one of many Taheri Consciousness Fields (TCFs) founded and introduced by Mohammad Ali Taheri as new Fields. These Fields are neither matter nor energy; therefore, they do not possess a quantity, but they have direct effects on both matter and energy. In other words, although TCFs cannot be directly measured, we can investigate their effects indirectly through reproducible experiments. In this study, pure copper was selected to study its density and thermal behavior in the presence of the Consciousness Bond Field. Two meters of wire were cut from a cable and divided into two equal parts. Diffusion spectrometry was performed on the samples, and 15 pieces of 19.5 ±0.25 mm were cut from each sample. The density of the samples was examined by the Archimedes method. The samples were then heated up to 300 °C. The relative increase in their lengths was examined at targeted temperatures, and the density of the samples was measured once more. Radiographic examination was performed on the 12 samples. The test results showed that all parts were healthy and free of defects. The changes in density followed a pattern opposite to those of the control samples and inconsistent with the known laws of material physics. Considering the increase in length, the density should have been decreased significantly compared to the control samples following dilatometry, but this was not the case. The density of the samples under the Consciousness Bond Field increased despite the increase gained in length. As the samples were undamaged and intact, the sample mass must have increased according to the concept of density and its increase. An XRD sample from each group was investigated. The observed changes gave the possibility of higher defects in the sample under TCF.
Influence of Taheri Consciousness Bond Field on the Crystallization and Strength of Cement Mortar (Concrete)
Authors: Kazazi Bahareh , Taheri Mohammad Ali
Published: September 2023

In this study, the behavior of cement mortar under the Consciousness Bond Field was investigated. Taheri Consciousness Fields (TCFs) were founded and introduced by Mohammad Ali Taheri as new Fields more than four decades ago. These Fields are neither material nor energetic. Therefore, they do not have the quantity, but they have direct effects on both matter and energy. In other words, although TCFs cannot be directly measured, we can investigate their effects indirectly through various reproducible experiments. In all tests of this research, type II cement and standard sand were used. The samples preparation and their strength measurement were done under the ISIR 393 standard, and each group includes 3 prism samples. Three series of experiments were performed with a number of different groups, in each series one group was as control and the others were under Consciousness Bond Field. Series 1 included five groups of cement sand mortar. Compressive and flexural strengths were measured at 7, 28, and 42 days of age. Series 2 included four groups of cement sand mortar which were measured at 7, 28, and 42 days of age. Series 3 included four groups of cement sand mortar made exactly according to the above-said condition. And strength was measured at 7, 28, 42, and 90 days of age. Due to the results received from FT-IR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy), SEM (Scanning electron microscopy), XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence), and XRD (X-ray Diffraction), the growth trend of the strength of the samples under the Consciousness Bond Field were more significant than the control samples. The results of other analyzes showed that the abundance of chemical compounds containing calcium (CaCO3 from 20 to 80% and Ca3SiO5 from 25 to 75%) in the samples under the Consciousness Bond Field at 90 days was higher than the control. While silicon-containing compounds were higher in control samples at the same age. Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), and Phosphorus (P) were reduced by approximately (an average of 30%) in samples under Consciousness Bond Field at 90 days, while the abundance of Aluminum and Calcium was increased (about 7% on average). Differences in the appearance and chemical composition of the crystals, including the amount of ettringite formation in the samples under the Consciousness Bond Field, were observable in SEM imaging.
Influence of Taheri Consciousness Bond Field on the Plant Synthesis of Nano-silver
Authors: Kazazi Bahareh , Taheri Mohammad Ali
Published: September 2023

One of the methods of synthesis of nanomaterials is the use of plant extract in synthesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the T-Consciousness Bond Field in the synthesis of green silver nanoparticles using plant extract. Taheri Consciousness Fields (TCFs), as new Fields, have been founded and introduced by Mohammad Ali Taheri about four decades ago. These Fields are non material and non-energetic, so it has no quantity. However, it has a direct influence on both matter and energy. In other words, although TCFs cannot be directly measured, their effects can be indirectly studied by using various controlled experiments. In this experiment, the extract was prepared for 10 samples together. Five samples were considered the control and the names of the other 5 samples were declared to the person in charge of establishing the Consciousness Bond Field. The XRD results showed that the percentage of crystallization was lower in the control samples. The percentage of silver chloride phase formation on average was higher in the samples under the influence of TCF. The silver phase crystallite size on average was smaller on average under TCF. DLS showed that the particles size means in the samples under TCF was higher than in the control samples. Studying Zeta potential showed that the average of the obtained values regardless of the electric charge in the samples under TCF were higher than the control. TEM test showed that the samples under TCF had on average larger particle sizes than the control. The largest particle size in the control was 34.27 nm and, in the samples, under the TCF it was 54.72 nm. In the samples under the TCF, the average, particle size distribution was more uniform. It was found that the mean of particles with medium size in the group under the TCF was 29% larger than the control group. Therefore, Consciousness Bond Field can be used as a method to resize nanoparticles.
The Effect of Taheri Consciousness Fields on the ATP Production in HEK-293 Cell Line by Measuring Luciferase Activity
Authors: Taheri Mohammad Ali , Torabi Sara , Semsarha Farid
Published: September 2023

Various T-Consciousness Fields with different functions have been introduced by Mohammad Ali Taheri. Not only has the existence of these fields been investigated in the initial phase through various experiments, but also the empirical evidence of Mohammad Ali Taheri’s theories, such as the existence of the “mind in the matter”, has been observed. This study aimed to explore the effect of Taheri Consciousness Fields (TCFs) 1, 2, and 3 in the production process of ATP or biological energy in the human cell lines. In this experiment, a human HEK 293 cell line was used in a cell culture medium at the 24th hour of growth. The luciferase enzyme, the concentration of ATP in the sample under the influence of TCFs and control was measured and evaluated. Our findings showed that TCF 1, 2, and 3 resulted respectively in a 5, 11 and 7-fold increase in the number of ATP molecules, compared to the control samples. Due to the limited fuel cell resources and the brief treatment time (one hour) with TCFs, this increase in ATP levels cannot be attributed to the normal cytosolic and mitochondrial glucose oxidation pathways. Thus, there seems to be an alternative pathway. It is possible that TCFs influenced the ionization of water molecules in the mitochondrial intermembrane space and led to more ATP production by maintaining the proton gradient. The factor that makes this possible is nothing but the existence of a type of mind in the cells. According to Taheri’s theory, transmitted information through TCFs has been received by the mind of the cells, and as a result, has led to the ionization of water molecules in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. In conclusion, it seems that regardless of the biological system, under the influence of TCFs, there is an alternative way to increase ATP at the immediate time, which is associated with an increase in information and a decrease in the entropy of the system.
Investigating the Effect of Faradarmani Consciousness Field on Breast Cancer Cells (MDA-MB-231)
Authors: Taheri Mohammad Ali , Madadi-Goli Nahid , Ahmadi Kamal
Published: September 2023

Breast cancer is the most common form of malignancy among women worldwide and is a multifactorial disease in the development of which various factors are involved. Faradarmani Consciousness Field (FCF) was introduced by Mohammad Ali Taheri as one of many Consciousness Fields that are neither energy nor matter, nor are they quantifiable, thus they cannot be directly observed or measured. However, it is possible to evaluate their effects indirectly through controlled experiments in the laboratory. This study aimed to investigate the effect of FCF on breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) measured by flow cytometry methods at 24 hours. To determine the cell death in the sample treated with FCF and compare it with the control, cells were stained with Annexin-V and propidium iodide (PI). Our results showed at 24 hours, the percentage of early and delayed apoptosis and total apoptosis and necrosis in the sample under the influence of the FCF compared to the control cell lines increased by 5.92 %, 3.49 %, 9.41 % and 4.68 % respectively. Finally, the rate of programmed death of cancer cells increased up to 9.41 % under the effect of this field in the cell line in this study.
Cell Cycle Progression of Jurkat (Leukemia) and LA- N-5 (Neuroblastoma) Cell Lines under the Influence of Taheri Consciousness Fields
Authors: Taheri Mohammad Ali , Torabi Sara , Roshani Shima , Gharacheh Hadis , Semsarha Farid
Published: September 2023

Mohammad Ali Taheri has introduced T-consciousness as a third element of the universe, in addition to matter and energy. There is a wide variety of Taheri Consciousness Fields (TCFs) that cannot be measured directly. However, it is possible to investigate their effects on various subjects. Previously, survival and death of different kinds of cancer cell lines have been evaluated under influence of TCFs. This experiment was designed with the aim of reproducing obtained results and investigating the effects of two types of TCFs (1 and 2) on this behavior of Jurkat cell line with lymphoblast morphology and LA-N-5 cell line with fibroblast morphology, which cause leukemia and neuroblastoma, respectively. To do this, after 48 hours, cell cycle analysis was done using flow cytometry. The obtained data showed that TCF1 caused a remarkable increase in G2/M in Jurkat, offering enhanced mitosis. The cell cycle analysis of LA-N-5 revealed that TCF2 treatment resulted in a remarkable increase in percentage of S phase cells. This enhancement was followed by a decrease in G2/M phase, which may indicate that cells were arrested in the S phase. However, TCF1 did not make a significant change. This observation offers that applying various TCFs can lead to different results.
Investigation of Dynamic Behavior of Various Cell Lines in Culture Medium under the Influence of Taheri Consciousness Fields
Authors: Taheri Mohammad Ali , Torabi Sara , Gharacheh Hadis , Nabavi Noushin , Semsarha Farid
Published: September 2023

The influence of Taheri Consciousness Fields (TCFs) as non-material/non-energetic fields on various cell lines with different morphologies has been investigated. In the present study, we used violin probability density graphs to visualize the distribution of obtained data and to establish a better interpretation about the behavior of cell lines under the influence of these novel fields. According to the results, it was noticeable that cell response to the influence of TCF1 was different than that of TCF2, confirming the particular functions of each TCF. Moreover, the function of the TCFs cannot be described as an intervention. Indeed, the behavior of the cell lines changes as a result of information transmitted through TCFs. In conclusion, in this study, it has been shown that TCFs had dynamic effects on the survival and death of various cell lines.
The Word’s Unity of Existence: A Cognitive Science Theory on the Origin of Language and Grammar
Authors: Taheri Mohammad Ali
Published: September 2023

What is certain is that to begin speaking and expressing themselves, humans did not actually ever sit down to deliberately invent words, grammar, dialects, or manner of speech. So, where did the grammar originate? Did humans first speak, and then discover the grammar, realizing that their speech adhered to precise principles? Or did they first invent the grammar and then began to speak according to grammatical rules? Since humans never intentionally thought about grammar, from the very beginning, they must have begun to speak intuitively and spontaneously in order to communicate their thoughts and intentions. How they used words and sentences to convey their thoughts and intentions is an important subject worth exploring, which we examine within a framework that we call the "the Word’s Unity of Existence." The ability to speak enabled humans to express their thoughts, and they were able to establish communication with each other in a completely different way from other living organisms. Language also allowed humans to connect with, interpret, and make sense of the world around them. It helped them to express their excitement, joy and sorrow, and evolve into an exceptionally unique being. It is expected that in the future, humans will continue to discover more of their abilities, just as they discovered free verse poetry and indulged in its enjoyment and drew out various genres of music from within their nature, and so on. But the question is, have all these abilities been placed in the human existence by chance, or are they part of a highly intelligent design that speaks of an "Innate Universal Unity of Existence”?
A Barter System for Used Palm Oil Traders: Islamic Law Perspective
Authors: Apriantoro Muhamad Subhi , Yasir Hasanridhlo  , Widhi Indira Laksmi  , Leny Agustin  , Husain Muhammad Zakir
Published: September 2023

This study aimed to determine the practice of purchasing and selling used cooking oil utilizing a barter system at UD Jelantah Sejahtera and examine the applicable Islamic law. This study employs a qualitative methodology with a deductive approach. There are two types of data sources: primary and secondary. The statistics were gathered through direct interviews with UD Jelantah Sejahtera Karanganyar, an oil collector, and three clients. Secondary data was gathered from many books, journals, and websites. The findings of this study are the barter mechanism or service of exchanging used goods for consumable goods, namely the exchange of used cooking oil products for good oil that is suitable for use in cooking. However, the oil exchanged by UD Jelantah Sejahtera is vegetable oil, such as cooking oil, that is no longer suitable for use and is commonly referred to as waste oil. Trading old cooking oil for fresh packaged cooking oil of varied quantities or volumes is allowed because cooking oil is not an Indonesian staple.
Dialogue Language Style of the Qur'an "A Stylistic Analysis of Dialogues on the Truth of the Qur'an"
Authors: Rahim Abd , Alqahoom Abdualhmeed
Published: September 2023

Dialogue or Uslub al-Hiwar is the most prominent language style used by the Qur'an in presenting arguments and proofs of the truth of Islamic teachings. Both evidence of the oneness of God, the truth of the messenger and evidence of the truth of the Qur'an. This research is an Arabic stylistic analysis of the variety of language styles in the sentences in the Qur'an, especially the theme of the truth of the Qur'an. The method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative method to reveal how the two parties to the dialogue use various styles of language in conveying their arguments. In this study, it was found that there were various styles of language used by the two dialogues in conveying their attitudes. Starting from the variety of language styles of equality, opposition, majaz mursal and others.
History of the Development of Philosophy and Science in the Islamic Age
Authors: Lingga Salman Al Farisi , Salminawati Salminawati , Mustaqim Ahmad , Kurniawan Pandi
Published: September 2023

The type of research that the author uses is a type of qualitative research using a content analysis approach, or it can be called content research. This analysis is a research technique for making a conclusion or inference that can be replicated and the correctness of the data by taking into account the context. The object of this research is explored through various information in the form of books, interpretations, and journals. This journal aims to discuss Islamic philosophy, born from the holy book of Muslims themselves because it contains many verses that tell people to think. On the other hand, because of the incessant efforts made by Alexander the Great in conquering important cities such as Egypt, Iraq, Syria, and Persia, cultural centres were later established in these important cities which helped develop Alexander's efforts in developing knowledge. Greek knowledge and philosophy.
Tauhid Education in the Qur’an
Authors: Lingga Salman Al Farisi , Mustaqim Ahmad , Al Farabi Mohammmad , Darlis Ahmad
Published: September 2023

The type of research that the author uses is a type of qualitative research using a content analysis approach (Content Analysis), or what can be called a content study. This analysis is a research technique for making a conclusion or inference that can be replicated and the correctness of the data by considering the context. The object of this research is explored through various information in the form of books, interpretations, and journals. This journal aims to discuss humans who believe that Allah will become strong creatures in worship because worship is the result of monotheism, monotheism is the key to accepting all acts of worship so that they will produce noble humans, get instructions from Allah SWT to be blessed by Him so that included in the servant of Allah and entered into His heaven.
The OSCE system of peaceful settlement of disputes: international legal issues
Authors: Ahmadov Etibar Mazahir oghlu
Published: September 2023

The subject and purpose. The subject of this study is the international legal norms regulating the activities of the OSCE in the field of peaceful settlement of disputes. The purpose of the study is to identify the international legal reasons for the low effectiveness of the OSCE's activities for the peaceful settlement of disputes. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on the basis of: the main documents and decisions of the OSCE decision-making bodies; Russian and foreign legal literature, which highlights the issues of the research topic; as well as materials from news sites, especially materials from the official OSCE website. In the course of the research, such general scientific methods as analysis, synthesis, inductive method, system method and historical method were used, as well as such special methods of legal science as the formal legal method, the method of comparative legal analysis and the method of legal experimentation. Scientific novelty. The reasons why the OSCE participating States do not turn to the elements of this system to settle their disputes, for example, to resolve conflicts in Abkhazia, Transnistria, etc., were identified. A number of proposals were put forward to improve and optimize the OSCE's activities for the peaceful settlement of modern international conflicts. Discussion and conclusions. Despite the significant achievements of the OSCE in the peaceful settlement of conflicts, it can be argued that today the OSCE is becoming weaker, losing the successes achieved in the 1990s thanks to the efforts of leading politicians and international lawyers.
Law enforcement agencies in the system of subjects of human rights protection and defence
Authors: Muzychuk Oleksandr , Salmanova Olena , Khromov Anatolii , Seliukov Vadym
Published: September 2023

Law enforcement agencies are a separate type of public authorities whose main task is to protect and defend the rights and freedoms of citizens through the implementation of preventive, criminal procedural, administrative and jurisdictional, and operational and investigative functions. The list of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine includes: The Security Service of Ukraine, the National Police of Ukraine, the State Bureau of Investigation, the Bureau of Economic Security of Ukraine, the National Anti-Corruption Bureau; the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine, the Military Law Enforcement Service, the National Guard of Ukraine, the State Penitentiary Service; the State Forest Resources Agency of Ukraine, the State Fisheries Agency, etc. It is proved that it is inexpedient to include into law enforcement agencies the state bodies which have control and supervisory or service functions, or which enforce court decisions or carry out professional activities in the human rights sphere (lawyers, the Human Rights Ombudsman, etc.). In order to unify legislative and scientific approaches to determine the characteristics and list of law enforcement agencies, it is concluded that it is necessary to adopt a separate Law of Ukraine "On Law Enforcement Agencies", as well as to make further amendments to the normative acts regulating the legal status of the relevant state bodies.
Desenvolvimento de projeto CAD/CAM de um dispositivo para monitoramento de regiões remotas na Floresta Amazônica
Authors: Printes André Luiz , Gomes Raimundo Cláudio Souza , Cisneros Edry Antonio Garcia , Torné Israel Gondres , Teixeira Thiago Almeida , Ono Ingrid Mayumi Fonseca , Vilaça Neilson Luniere , Teixeira Renan Almeida
Published: September 2023

A floresta amazônica corresponde a um terço da área de florestas tropicais do mundo. Isso a torna imprescindível na manutenção da biodiversidade global. No entanto, é notório o crescimento de ocorrências de queimadas e desmatamento na região. O desmatamento causa danos a todo o planeta, e proteger as florestas é essencial para a garantia de qualidade de vida das próximas gerações. Neste trabalho são apresentados resultados da aplicação do software Inventor no desenvolvimento de um projeto de um dispositivo capaz de monitorar regiões remotas como a floresta amazônica e áreas de preservação. Por exemplo, detectar a extração de madeira na floresta amazônica pode ser um desafio devido sua extensão florestal e às dificuldades de acesso a algumas áreas. O sistema uma vez construído deverá ser capaz de identificar barulho de motosserras e tratores através de inteligência artificial e enviar um alerta utilizando comunicação LoRaWan. No presente trabalho é apresentado o desenvolvimento do projeto mecânico deste dispositivo; os resultados obtidos radicam justamente na obtenção tanto dos desenhos 3D quanto dos layouts ou detalhamentos 2D de todas as partes componentes do equipo que permitiram construir e testar o mesmo com resultados positivos nos diferentes testes demandados.
Effect of Preoperative Preconditioning of Patients with External Nasal Compression for Different Time Intervals on Emergence Agitation After Nasal Surgeries: A Randomised Controlled Trial
Authors: Kumari Anupama , Agrawal Anuja
Published: September 2023

Introduction: Emergence agitation is a commonly experienced phenomenon in the waking period of general anaesthesia, which can adversely affect the recovery of patients in the postoperative period. Patients undergoing nasal surgeries under general anaesthesia, involving postoperative nasal packing, tend to have a higher rate of emergence agitation after extubation. Non pharmacological methods like nasal clips, can be safe and costeffective alternatives to pharmacological agents for controlling emergence agitation. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of preoperatively applying nasal clips for various durations in patients scheduled for nasal surgeries under general anaesthesia, which require nasal packing in the postoperative period, in reducing emergence agitation after extubation. Materials and Methods: The present randomised controlled trial was conducted at department of Anesthesia, Shrimati Bhikhiben Kanjibhai Shah Medical Institute and Research Centre (SBKS MIRC) in Piparia, Vadodara, Gujarat, India. A total of 75 patients with ASA I and II, aged 18-65 years, posted for elective nasal surgeries under general anaesthesia with postoperative bilateral nasal packing, were randomly divided into three groups. Group A (25 patients) wore nasal clips for 30 minutes preoperatively, Group B (25 patients) wore the clip for 40 minutes preoperatively, and Group C (25 patients) served as the control group without nasal clips. At the time of extubation, the emergence agitation score, ability to cough, time to verbal response, respiratory rate, incidences of desaturation, laryngospasm, or any other complications were observed and noted by an anaesthetist who was unaware of the application of nasal clips preoperatively. All data statistically analysis were performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows (version 21.0; IBM Corporation). Results: All three groups were comparable (p>0.05) in terms of demographic profile, type and duration of surgery, and baseline haemodynamic parameters like Heart Rate (HR), Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), Oxygen Saturation (SpO2 ), and baseline Electrocardiography (ECG). Emergence agitation was significantly lower in Group A and B as compared to Group C (p-value=0.02). On comparing Groups A and B, Group B had a significantly lower incidence of emergence agitation (p-value=0.02). There were two cases of dangerous emergence agitation in the control group and one case in Group A while no cases were reported in Group B. Other parameters at extubation were comparable among all groups. Patient satisfaction was significantly higher in Groups A and B in comparison to Group C. Conclusion: The present study suggests that preoperative preconditioning with nasal clips for 40 minutes in patients undergoing elective nasal surgeries can be a useful and safe method to reduce postoperative emergence agitation.
An Economic Analysis and Resource Use Efficiency of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) and Its Competing Crops Cultivation in Haryana, India
Authors: Pawar Neeraj , Malik D. P. , Sumit
Published: September 2023

The present study has been conducted in the Mahendergarh and Nizampur blocks of Mahendergard district and Rewari block from Rewari district of Haryana state. In order to draw meaningful inferences from data, the descriptive statistics, resource use efficiency worked out by Cobb-Douglas production function technique and constraints were identified on the basis of their rating (severe, moderate and least) in production of sesame. The results of the study showed that gross returns and return over variable cost per hectare were Rs. 47,048, Rs. 56,349, Rs. 54,948 and Rs. 26,697 Rs. 27,902, Rs. 32,575 in sesame, bajra and cluster bean, respectively. Benefit cost ratio (BCR) over total cost was accounted 1.16, 1.09 and 1.21 in sesame, bajra, and cluster bean crops respectively. It has been found that sesame provides lower returns in term of gross returns as well as returns over variable cost as compared to its major competing crops bajra and cluster bean. The regression analysis has brought out that the ratio of MVP/MFC is (>1) there exists sufficient potential in spending on fertilizers, irrigation and plant protection measures. The constraints faced by farmers indicated that the technological up gradation, effective market support (for inputs & output) were required to make sesame production a remunerative enterprise.
Higher Education and Africa's Economic Development: Challenges for the Nigerian Economy
Authors: Machi I. O. , Okechukwu Nwokoye Mathew , Okafor Vincent Chuks , Collins Nwankwo Kelechi
Published: September 2023

The paper tried to determine the impact of higher education and Africa's economic development: challenges for the Nigerian economy. It was observed from the study that high quality and of course market relevant education is capable of providing a genuine cure to economic problems. The paper employed the Solow growth model where on the process to promote economic growth and development, factors of production like capital and labour are employed. However the efficient use of these factors (capital and labour) demands that the workers are well trained and skillful through education. This study assumes a straight forward production function in which changes in output are due to changes in the quantity and quality of inputs, economies of scale and advances in knowledge. The findings of the study suggest that some of the chosen variables conform to theoretical predictions and as such affect economic development. The researcher recommends governments can induce changes in labour demand and supply through specific labour market policies and social protection programmes  and offering opportunities for workers to upgrade their skills, and offering education and training at an affordable cost, help raise a corporation's and an economy's productivity and also Educational budget allocation stakeholders should focus more on increasing capital expenditure, recurrent expenditure, and human capital development to foster economic growth in the country.
Alfavaca Aqueous Leaf Extract Protective and Ameliorative Effects on Lead Induced Hippocampus in Wistar Rats
Authors: Udi Onoriode Andrew , Ijeomah Trust Azubike , Ogagayere Lucky Omamuzo , Okoro Godswill Ogheneyebrorue
Published: September 2023

There is a claim that using medicinal plants carelessly can be dangerous. The consequences of consuming numerous of these plants over time on the brain have remained a mystery. Alfavaca is one of such numerous herbs commonly used in Nigeria. This research was done to find out how Alfavaca leaf extract affected the hippocampus of wistar rats that had been exposed to lead acetate. There were five (5) groups of twenty-five (25) Wistar rats, each with five (5) rats. Group one (1) is a control group that merely received water and a typical rat meal, the experimental group consisted of Groups 2, 3, 4, and 5. These groups received aqueous Alfavaca leaf extract at a dose of 252.98 mg/kg/day for 35 days, 180 mg/kg of lead acetate for 21 days, 126.49 mg/kg bwt of Alfavaca leaf extract for 21 days, and 180 mg/kg of lead acetate for 21 days with a dose of 252.98 mg/kg bwt for 35 days, respectively. Rats were euthanized after the treatment period. For the collected brain tissue, the hippocampus, histological, biochemical, and stereological tests were also carried out. Malonaldehyde, Superoxide Dismutase, Glutathione, and Catalase levels in the hippocampus decreased significantly when compared to control (group I), indicating that the regeneration of injured glia cells (Gliosis) was fairly evenly distributed throughout groups. The current study's findings further imply that alfavaca extract is a potent positive attenuator of the histo-architectural framework of a degenerating brain tissue. Similar studies on other areas of the brain are highly recommended.
Evaluation of Thyroid Function of HIV Patients in Umunze, Anambra State, Nigeria
Authors: Ukodei F. U. , Nnamah N. K. , Onuegbu A. J. , Nwako I. C. , Ihim A. C. , Nnamdi J. C. , Nnodiogu N.J. , Ugwu L.U. , Ekeh B.
Published: September 2023

Background: Abnormal thyroid function tests have been detected at various phases in people living with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) not well understood. However, there is insufficient study among Nigerians living with HIV.

Objective: This study is aimed to determine thyroid hormones in HIV positive individuals compared with HIV negative individuals in Umunze, Anambra State, Nigeria.

Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out over a period of six months among 95 HIV positive and 30 HIV negative individuals attending USAID/FHI clinic of Immaculate Heart Hospital in Umunze, Nigeria. The subjects were divided into three groups on the basis of HAART (those on HAART [48] – GROUP 1, HAART naïve [47] – GROUP 2 and Control [30] – GROUP 3). The subjects were interviewed, examined and blood sample collected for determination of thyroid function parameters which include thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3), triiodothyronine (T3), free thyroxine (fT4), and thyroxine (T4).

Results: Among the 125 subjects recruited for the study 67.2% were females and 32.8% males. The mean levels of TSH and fT3 was found to be higher in group 1 subjects than in group 2 and the group 3 subjects. The mean level of T4 was significantly higher in group 2 subjects than group 1 and the group 3 subjects. The level of T3 was significantly lower in control subjects in comparison to both HAART and non-HAART subjects. Primary hypothyroidism is the commonest pattern of thyroid dysfunction among the HIV positive patients followed by isolated low fT4.

Conclusion: Serum levels of thyroid hormones as shown in this study may be used as baseline periodic markers during antiretroviral therapy while people living with HIV may benefit from supplementation if appropriate. There is also need for a larger study to identify the risk factors for progression to overt thyroid disease in HIV infected subjects with thyroid autoimmunity.
Unraveling the Potential of Household Electrolytes on Extricating Imidacloprid Residues from Tomatoes: Toxicity Assessment
Authors: Sri Talla Swathi , Janaki P. , Suganthy M. , Balakrishnan M. , Rahale C. Sharmila
Published: September 2023

Farmers that cultivate tomatoes use imidacloprid to combat sucking bugs even while the fruits are being harvested so that they can maintain a five- to six-time harvest. Decontaminating tomato fruits before eating is absolutely necessary due to the insecticide's slow dissipation rate and the fact that residues last in vegetables for 15–25 days. The quality of fruit has been compromised and cannot be used in salads, despite the fact that various heat procedures are effective in removing imidacloprid residue. Therefore, a study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of common electrolytes, namely NaCl and NaHCO3, and their combinations, on imidacloprid removal from tomato fruits. Fruits and washing solutions were extracted for imidacloprid residue and determined using the UFLC-PDA besides optimizing the concentration and period of decontamination or washing without dietary risk. Results indicates that the washing of the fruits with NaCl @ 1, 2 and 3% solutions for 10 minutes are efficient (98-100% removal) in decontaminating to below hazard quotient when sprayed with recommended 20 g ai/ha. Whereas, the NaHCO3 or its combination with NaCl 1% for 10 minutes was found to be efficient (92-100%) in decontaminating the fruits when sprayed with 40 g ai/ha. Increasing the decontamination period beyond 10 minutes increased the residue load on fruits to above hazard quotient and was above 1.0 when NaCl was used. Study suggests the washing of tomato fruits with 2%NaHCO3 or 1%NaCl+2% NaHCO3 for 10 minutes is the efficient decontamination way and to ensure safety to the consumers.
Performance of North Indian Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora T.) Varieties under High Density Planting in Prayagraj Agro-Climatic Conditions
Authors: Kumar Dinesh , Fatmi Urfi
Published: September 2023

An experiment was carried out in the Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, during the period of October, 2022 to February, 2023. The experiment was conducted in FRBD with twelve treatments replicated thrice consisting of Two factors, Factor A (varieties: Royal Princess, Snowball, Pink Palasol, and Starlin Queen) and Factor B (spacing: 30 cm × 30 cm, 30 cm x 20 cm, and 30 cm × 15 cm). It was reported that treatment T9 (Pink Palasol + 30 cm × 15 cm) produced significantly taller plants (47.4 cm), and treatment T7 (Pink Palasol + 30 cm × 30 cm) was better in parameters like plant spread (25.1 cm), number of primary branches (6.2), number of flowers per plant (11.9), duration of flowering (57.7 days) and vase life of flower (10 days) whereas days taken to first bud initiation (37 days) was better in treatment T3 (Royal Princess + 30 cm × 15 cm).
Effect of Sulphur Sources and Sulphur Oxidizing Bacteria (SOB) on Yield and Quality of Summer Soybean in Junagadh, Gujarat, India
Authors: Patel A. M. , Vaghani J. J. , Parmar K. B.
Published: September 2023

Sulphur and sulphur oxidizing bacteria required by oilseed and pulses crop in sulphur deficient soil for maintaining soil fertility and stabilized crop production with this the present experiment was conducted on medium black calcareous soil to study the effect of sulphur sources and sulphur oxidizing bacteria (SOB) on yield, quality of summer soybean and soil nutrient status in FRBD using three replications during year 2022 at Instructional Farm, Krishigadh, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh (Gujarat). The treatments consisted three sources of sulphur  (SS) viz., gypsum, elemental sulphur and cosavet (fertis) each of  20 kg ha-1 and sulphur oxidizing bacteria (SOB) viz., 0.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 lit ha-1 with three replication. The experiment consisted of twelve treatment combinations. The results indicated that yield attributes as well as seed and stover yield, oil and protein content were significantly higher with application of cosavet (fertis) and SOB @ 3 lit ha-1. The seed yield of soybean increased to the tune of 14.26 and 19.72 per cent with application of cosavet (fertis) (SS3) and SOB @ 3 lit ha-1 (SOB3) compared to treatment of elemental sulphur (SS2) and control (SOB1), respectively. The higher availability of S nutrient with application of cosavet (Fertis) and SOB @ 3 lit. ha-1 as compared to other sulphur sources and control treatment, respectively. The significantly higher sulphur oxidizing bacteria count also higher with 4.0 lit ha-1 (SOB4) as compared to control (SOB1).
Efficacy of Neem and Eucalyptus Leaf Powders for the Management of Maize Weevil Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Dried Sweet Potatoes
Authors: Ojuu David , Agolei Daniel Jude , Amayo Robert , Andiku Charles , Alibo Deborah , Turyasingura Geoffrey
Published: September 2023

Maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a polyphagous storage pest in many crops of economic and food security importance. Its management currently relies mainly on synthetic chemical pesticides. However, plant botanicals are known to exhibit insecticidal properties which can be used to manage the weevil in stored dry sweet potatoes. To study the effect of neem and eucalyptus leaf powders, an experiment was set up at Busitema University laboratory. Neem and eucalyptus leaves were processed into powders. 400g of dried sweet potato chips were weighed and placed in 4 different plastic buckets. Under laboratory conditions, buckets were inoculated with 30 unsexed newly emerged adult weevils. To each bucket, 40g of leaf powders were introduced as single powders and a combination. The experiment was replicated three times. Data on mortality, growth inhibition, produce damage and weight loss was collected over a period of 84 days. Analysis of variance showed that all plant powders showed significant (P<0.001) increase in mortality and inhibition of maize weevil and a decrease in damage and weight loss of sweet potato compared to control. The combination showed superiority in all parameters measured. Effectiveness of the plant powders was in the order; combination (neem + eucalyptus) > neem leaf powder > eucalyptus leaf powder.
Effect of Humic Acid Functionalized Bentonite on Heavy Metal Uptake by Spinach (Spinacia oleracea cv. All Green) Grown on Metal Contaminated Soil
Authors: Naveenkumar A. , Manjaiah K. M. , Sharma V. K. , Chawla Gautam , Ray Prasenjit , Raza Md. Basit , Meena Siyaram , Kumar Asheesh , Saini Ravi
Published: September 2023

A pot culture study was conducted to investigate the impact of applying humic acid functionalized bentonite (HA-B) on the uptake of heavy metals by spinach. When the soil was amended with 7.5 g kg-1 of humic acid intercalated bentonite, there was a significant improvement in plant growth. Specifically, plant growth increased by 180.7%, 212%, and 231% during the first, second, and third cuttings, respectively. Additionally, the concentration of metals in the spinach decreased substantially, with reductions of 62.8, 69.7, and 77.7% for Cd and 34.7%, 45.2%, and 64.7% for Ni during the first, second, and third cuttings, respectively, when 7.5 g kg-1 of humic acid functionalized bentonite was applied. Furthermore, the addition of humic acid intercalated bentonite at a rate of 7.5 g kg-1 to the soil significantly lowered the bioconcentration factor (BCF) of metals. The BCF decreased by 36.3%, 40%, and 55.2% for Cd and 15.2%, 13%, and 34.7% for Ni during the first, second, and third cuttings, respectively, indicating a reduced uptake of these metals by the plants. Moreover, the non-cancer health risk through hazard quotient (HQ) computation showed that the risk was significantly reduced due to consumption of spinach by the application of 7.5 g kg-1 of humic acid intercalated bentonite.
Multifaceted Proficiencies of Thermotolerant Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria from the Kutch Desert, Gujarat, India
Authors: Yadav Anurag , Jadav Ravikumar , Soni Kavin , Yadav Kusum
Published: September 2023

Aims: This study aimed to isolate and characterize thermotolerant phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) for potential agricultural applications. We aimed to identify promising PSB isolates and evaluate their traits.

Study Design: Conducted a comprehensive screening of PSB isolates and selected three top candidates based on their phosphate-solubilizing index. These isolates underwent various tests, including thermotolerance assessment, biochemical profiling, and enzymatic assays. Soluble phosphorus and pH levels were also monitored over time.

Methodology: Screened multiple PSB isolates, selecting PT26, PT31, and PT35. Conducted growth measurements under elevated temperatures, assessed biochemical profiles, and tested the antibiotic susceptibility. Also monitored soluble phosphorus and pH of PSB isolates over 96 hours and measured acid and alkaline phosphatase activities. Molecular identification was done through 16S rRNA gene sequencing.

Results: Among the selected PSB isolates, PT35 showed superior thermotolerance and potassium solubilization capacity, while PT26 exhibited indole-3-acetic acid synthesis ability. Soluble phosphorus levels varied among isolates, affecting pH. Acid and alkaline phosphatase activities differed significantly. Molecular identification confirmed PT26, PT31, and PT35 as Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella quasipneumoniae, and Enterobacter bugandensis, respectively.

Conclusion: This study highlights the potential significance of PT35, PT26, and PT31 in agriculture. Their diverse traits and metabolic activities offer adaptability to varying conditions, and thus can benefit soil health and nutrient cycling. These findings contribute to agricultural microbiology research, potentially enhancing sustainable farming practices and soil fertility.
Effect of Plant Growth Promoting Endophytic Bacteria Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, on Germination Attributes and Seedling Growth of Rice Varieties under In vitro Conditions
Authors: Rajani G. , Latha P. C. , Sundaram R. M. , Bandeppa  , Phule Amol. S. , Babu K. V. Prasad , Barbadikar Kalyani M. , Babu M. B. B. Prasad , Mandal P. K. , Rani H. Surekha
Published: September 2023

The production of rice mainly depends on nitrogen fertilizer. Extensive applications of chemical nitrogen fertilizer have adverse effects on plant health and the environment. The use of plant growth promoting microorganisms can increase the soil fertility and productivity of rice and also reduce the negative impact of chemical nitrogen fertilizer. Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus PAL5 is a gram-negative endophytic bacterium that plays an important role in nitrogen fixation and plant growth promotion. The present investigation was to evaluate the effect of inoculation with G. diazotrophicus on seed germination indices of fifteen rice varieties (Oryza sativa L.) and seedling growth under in vitro conditions. Among the fifteen rice varieties inoculated with G. diazotrophicus, the highest increase in germination indices was observed in five varieties, viz. BPT5204, TN1, ISM, IR64, and Dhan53, which showed an increase in germination percentage (4.26-10%), Mean germination time (3.8-5.8%), germination speed 10.5- 26.8%), synchronization index (22.74-43.60%), standard deviation of germination rate (2.10-9.70%) and coefficient of variance of germination (11.80-18.36%) in comparison with the control on agar medium after 5 days. Furthermore, inoculation resulted in a significant increase in growth parameters (viz., root length, shoot length, root dry weight, shoot dry weight, seedling vigour index- I and seedling vigour index- II) over uninoculated control seeds in five rice varieties in comparison with the remaining rice varieties. The results thus reveal endophytic G. diazotrophicus not only increased the germination percentage but also enhanced the seedling growth parameters of rice varieties while eliciting a genotype-specific response in rice genotype.