bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increased Sensitivity of Tests for the Detection of Blood Group Antigens in Stains Using a Low Ionic Strength Medium
Authors: McDowall M. J. , Lincoln P. J. , Dodd B. E.
Published: January 2017

The incorporation of a low ionic strength solution (LISS) in the micro-elution technique used for the detection of blood group antigens in stains markedly improves the test's sensitivity. This is because LISS increases the amount of antibody taken up by the antigen in the stain which results in a greater yield of antibody recovered from the slain by elution. LISS also enhances the activity of the eluted antibody if it is introduced as a suspension medium for the red cells used to detect the antibody.

The introduction of suitably diluted AB serum as diluent when testing the eluates is an additional advantage.

The improvement in the sensitivity of the micro-elution technique is great enough in some instances to allow the detection of an antigen in a stain which is undetectable in the absence of LISS. Moreover some doubtful positive reactions are enhanced sufficiently for the presence of an antigen to be definitely established.
The Meaning of Poisoning to a Person Diagnosed as a Psychopath
Authors: Howells Kevin
Published: January 2017

A single case study is presented of a person with a history of interest in poisoning. Repertory grid technique is used to map features of the person's social perceptions. It is suggested that, in some cases, deviant behaviour may need to be viewed in the context of possible ‘alternative definitions’ of reality by the person.
Inforrned Consent to Surgery
Authors: Brazier Margaret
Published: January 2017

This article considers how far the question of how much a patient ought to be told before agreeing to surgery is in law a matter entirely for the unfettered clinical judgment of his doctors. Only potential civil liability is discussed. It is axiomatic that surgery carried out without consent and where no other justification is present is unlawful. A battery is committed by the surgeon and damages will be payable without proof of injury.
The Use of Fingerprints in Identification
Authors: Lambourne Commander G.T. C.
Published: January 2017

This paper describes the introduction, progression and use of the fingerprint identification system. Recent developments in latent fingerprint retrieval and the computerized handling of fingerprint data are also detailed.
Current Trends in Admissions to an Alcoholic Unit
Authors: Gayford J. J.
Published: January 2017

The admissions and treatment policy of 799 alcoholics admitted to the Regional Alcoholic Unit at Warlingham Park Hospital in the 3-year period 1976–78 are discussed. They show the increasing number of admissions, most of which are making their first appearance. Sex ratio has become almost equal in 1978 with 1.3 males to 1 female, and young alcoholics (30 years and under) make up over 21 per cent of the admissions for the same year. Up to 20 per cent of the patients in each year are of no fixed abode. Over 50 per cent of men are in full time employment at the time of admission. Males seem to take longer to become alcoholics than females. Social classes I, II and V are over represented.
Homicide and Suicide in Africa and England
Authors: Thomson I. G.
Published: January 2017

A UK psychiatrist draws on his earlier experience as a police surgeon in Africa to compare homicide and suicide rates among the Xhosa tribe with those of England and Wales. A consideration of depression in primitive communities may, he suggests, provide the explanation for the low suicide rate found.

The article speculates whether the vastly different homicide/suicide rate found can be explained in terms of aggression and civilization.
Questioned Document Examination—A Synopsis
Authors: Baxter P. G.
Published: January 2017

In this survey there will no doubt arise errors of omission and inevitably there will be an element of subjectivity. The purpose, however, is to present an up to date picture of the general situation as it obtains in this particular, important yet little known area of forensic science. Comments should be taken as appertaining to the United Kingdom although they may well apply more widely.
Denture Evidence in a Case of Alleged Culpable Homicide
Authors: Webster G. , Macdonald D. G. , Ralph J. P.
Published: January 2017

Forensic dental evidence in criminal cases is usually concerned with identification from bite marks. An unusual case is presented, in which a lower denture, found at the scene of an alleged culpable homicide, was used as evidence to attempt to place the accused at the locus.
Expert Evidence in the Adversarial System of Criminal Justice
Authors: Mason J. K.
Published: January 2017

The application of the adversary system to the presentation of expert evidence is considered. Cases are quoted in which it is thought the system not only confused the process of criminal justice but also caused considerable hardship to the accused. Alternative systems are discussed including the possibility of pre-trial consultation between experts. A cautious welcome is given to recent legislation encouraging such a practice.
The Estimation of Stature from Anthropometric and Photogrammetric Measurements of the Limbs
Authors: Attallah N. Louis , Marshall W. A.
Published: January 2017

Equations are presented for estimating the stature of a child from measurements of some limb segments (upper limb, upper arm, forearm, leg, hand or foot). Some 2378 sets of limb measurements were taken on boys and 1531 sets on girls within the age range four to 19 years. All were healthy participants and the three longitudinal studies were carried out at the Institute of Child Health, University of London. Both photogrammetric and anthropometric techniques of measurement were used.

Simple and multiple regression analysis was used to create 38 photogrammetric and 36 anthropometric equations, giving the most likely estimated value for stature, together with the residual standard deviation from which confidence limits were calculated. Inclusion in the equation of several limb measurements improves the accuracy of such estimation. The errors in estimation using the present equations were significantly less than those associated with corresponding equations found in the literature and in current use.
Diminished Responsibility—Some Observations Arising from Three Case Studies
Authors: Mackay R. D.
Published: January 2017

The state of the law concerning diminished responsibility continues to pose problems for both the legal and medical professions. Three case studies are used to illustrate the current law, followed by some observations relating to possible reform.
Denial and Memory Performance in Two Cases of Homicide
Authors: Vivian Susan E. , Gudjonsson Gisli H.
Published: January 2017

This study examines the cases of two in-patients in an interim secure unit at the Bethlem Royal Hospital, both of whom had killed their wives in the previous 18 months. They both had a history of depression and were of similar age. One, however, claimed total amnesia for the offence and the events in the subsequent days; the other had never claimed any amnesia. Both patients were assessed fully on measures considered relevant to the incidence of amnesia for major crime. The results suggest a mechanism involving organic substrate which directed the form of the patient's denial and dissociative reaction responsible for the amnesia.
Training the Expert Witness
Authors: Gee David
Published: January 2017

At the present time expert witnesses have almost no training for that role. It is also becoming very difficult to obtain suitable experience in advance of exposure to cross-examination in a major case, due to alterations in court procedure. The medical profession takes scant notice of the needs of lawyers and the courts. There is a need for formal training in witness techniques of groups of doctors in disciplines likely to lead to court exposure, especially in the light of changing attitudes to expert evidence.
The Role of White Blood Cells in Post-Mortem Wounds
Authors: Ali T. T.
Published: January 2017

Walcher in 1936 pointed out the importance of studying a lesion microscopically in order to distinguish between ante-mortem and post-mortem injuries. According to him and to many other authors (Raekallio, 1984; Ojala et al., 1969; Fatteh, 1966) leucocytic reaction is the earliest histological sign of inflammation, and it is the most reliable sign of the vitality of wounds. The pavementation (also known as margination) of the vascular endothelium of white blood cells, and the beginning of their extravasation, may be seen during the first hour (Ojala et al., 1969), 6 hours (Malik, 1970), 8 hours (Fatteh, 1966) or 8–16 hours (Raekallio, 1964) after the injury.

Profuse bleeding and fibrin deposition are no longer regarded as necessarily signs of vitality of wounds. (Shapiro and Robertson, 1962; Laiho, 1967), yet the behaviour of white blood cells in post-mortem wounds remains unknown.

It was therefore decided to study the effects of chemotactic materials injected intradermally and in the anterior abdominal wall in dead rats. The experimental findings are presented, along with discussion, and a review of the literature.
Variations in the Use of the Mental Health (NI) Act 1961
Authors: Daly O. E. , Compton S. A.
Published: January 2017

A clinical impression of differing rates of compulsory admissions, using the Mental Health (NI) Act 1961, to different psychiatric hospitals is confirmed. Different psychiatric hospitals in the province, although following a similar downward trend over the years, have compulsory admission rates which vary by up to four fold. Possible reasons for this are discussed.
Identification of Tandem Bullets
Authors: Sinha J. K. , Bhattacharyya C. N.
Published: January 2017

The possibility of identifying tandem bullets, causing separate entry holes on one or two victims, or found separately at the scene of a crime, is investigated. The phenomenon of tandem bullets has been studied to evaluate the physical evidence. The presence of deep indentations of propellant particles on the exposed lead base cavity, along with patches of striations on the inner periphery of the cavity, have been found to be useful physical evidence to conclude that the bullet had moved in tandem and was a lodged bullet. An outward protrusion of the base acts as corroborative physical evidence that the bullet was the striking bullet.
Case Report: Co-Ordinated Motor Movement of a Lower Limb after Death
Authors: Nokes L. D. M. , Barasi S , Knight B H
Published: January 2017

This report concerns the observations of gross motor movement of the lower right limb of a corpse two hours after apparent death.
Poppy Seeds: Implications of Consumption
Authors: Lo D S T , Chua T H
Published: January 2017

Three white poppy seed samples of Papaver somniferum L were found to contain total morphine (free and bound) in the range 58.4 to 62.2μg/g seeds and total codeine (free and bound) in the range 28.4 to 54.1μg/g seeds. Soaking seeds in water was found to remove 45.6 per cent of the free morphine and 48.4 per cent of the free codeine. In ingesting a curry meal or two containing various amounts of washed seeds (morphine intake: 200.4 to 1002μg; codeine intake: 95.9 to 479.5μg), the urinary morphine levels were found to be in the range 0.12 to 1.27μg/ml urine and urinary codeine levels in the range 0.04 to 0.73μg/ml urine. In any large scale screening for abuse of opiate drugs, the possibility of urinary alkaloids arising from consuming food containing poppy seeds must be considered and, if possible, eliminated.
The Fatal Paracetamol Dosage — How Low Can You Go?
Authors: Patel F
Published: January 2017

Popular texts and forensic literature pertaining to paracetamol toxicology advocate an acceptable minimal dose or lower limit of the blood level ‘normally’ associated with a fatal single overdose. A case of fatal, acute paracetamol poisoning from a minimal single dose, within the recommended therapeutic daily total and associated with a zero blood paracetamol level, is reported. It also emphasizes the common knowledge that the toxicological tabulated reference data available on fatal levels of most drugs is merely a guide. The proper interpretation of the analytical results thus requires the full consideration of the circumstances surrounding the death in each case.

The clinico-pathophysiology and toxicology of paracetamol poisoning is briefly reviewed in an attempt to establish how low a fatal paracetamol dosage can go. The phenomenon of fatal dose and blood level is in a paracetamol limbo.
Evaluation of Therapeutic Factors in Group Psychotherapy for ‘Non-Sensical’ Shop-Lifters: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Razzell A , Dolan B M
Published: January 2017

There is a growing emphasis upon psychiatric involvement in management of ‘non-sensical’ shop-lifters, those who steal items they neither want nor need However there is very little description of, or research into, psychological treatment approaches for this group of clients. We report a preliminary study of the process of therapy in two out-patient psychotherapy groups for female ‘nonsensical’ shop-lifters. Therapeutic factors in the group psychotherapy were evaluated using the method of Bloch et al. (1979) to assess the most important event in therapy. Results from nine subjects indicate that universality (realizing that one's problems are not unique) was rated as the most important aspect of therapy, with self-understanding the second most important. The implications of these findings for future provision and facilitation of therapy for this group of clients are discussed.
Comparative Suicide Rates in Different Types of Involuntary Confinement
Authors: Haycock Joel
Published: January 2017

In the past decade especially, a number of studies have appeared on suicide among court-involved persons, chiefly in jail and prison remand settings, and to a lesser degree among longer-term prisoners. Confinement is not everywhere equally suicidogenic, and the types of people who find themselves confined do not represent uniformly high risk groups. This article reports on rates of completed suicides over long periods of time in two very different US institutions operated by the Massachusetts Department of Correction: the Addiction Centre and its antecedent faculties (1886–1990); and the Defective Delinquent Department (1922–1971). For perspective, the paper compares suicide rates among its two populations to rates for other very distinctive institutions operated by the Massachusetts Department of Correction, the Bridgewater State Hospital and the Massachusetts Treatment Centre for Sexually Dangerous Persons. The results are remarkable for the rarity of suicide in three distinct populations—the Addiction Center, the Defective Delinquent Department and the Treatment Center for Sexually Dangerous Persons—but considerably higher rates in the State Hospital, a population often dismissed as “criminally insane.” The possible significance of these results for debates about “importation” versus “deprivation” explanations of custodial suicide is discussed.
An End to D-I-Y Cremation?
Authors: White Stephen
Published: January 2017

This article examines whether to be lawful a cremation must be carried out in accordance with the Cremation Acts. It argues that it need not be but points out that any lacuna in the Acts will be plugged if and when the new consolidated Cremation Regulations are passed. It then considers the implication of this reform for the disposal of babies born dead before the legal age of viability.
Sex Offenders — Cure or Management?
Authors: Kaul Adarsh
Published: January 2017

A variety of biological, psychoanalytical and behavioural treatment strategies have been employed to treat sex offenders. Whilst these may produce short-term benefits, their efficacy in reducing long-term recidivism is uncertain. It is possible that treatment, as generally understood, is too ambitious an aim for this group of people and better results could be expected by employing a management strategy that includes treatment as well as life-long vigilant supervision. This can only be achieved if psychiatric services, which are used in continuing care, get involved in the management of sex offenders.
4. Forensic Examinations in Two Cases of Alleged Dowry Deaths
Authors: Gaur J R
Published: January 2017

Two cases of alleged dowry deaths are presented from Haryana State, India. In each case a young lady died after receiving burn injuries. Forensic examination unveiled the mysteries of both deaths and helped in apprehending and prosecuting the culprits. Case 1, allegedly a dowry death, proved to be an accidental burning and Case 2, stated to be a suicidal death, was proved to be homicidal.
To What Extent Can the Law Control Human Cloning?
Authors: Wood Peter G
Published: January 2017

This paper explores the legal ramifications of human reproductive cloning in response to ‘Dolly’ — the first animal cloned from an adult cell. No attempt is made to address the complex moral and ethical dilemmas that will inevitably be consequential on future successes in human reproductive cloning. Some of the potential benefits of cloning are briefly summarized but discussion is focused primarily on the current state of the law in the UK and some other European jurisdictions. Attempts to legislate on human cloning in the US, the emerging role of the EU and amendments to the European Convention on Human Rights are outlined. The potential problems likely to be encountered in the enforcement of any global treaties or international regulations are highlighted. It is argued that attempting to control human cloning by imposing legal prohibition is futile and a pragmatic solution to this impending problem is required forthwith.
Assessing the Expert: A Call for Reciprocal Disclosure in Canada
Authors: Manarin Brian
Published: January 2017

The requirement that the state disclose to an accused person all evidence in its possession which is not clearly irrelevant is a tenet fundamental to contemporary criminal law in Canada. In essence, the right to full answer and defence implies that the individual be allowed to completely understand the case which has been brought against him or her.

This paper examines the concept of reciprocal disclosure, whereby the defence is obligated to provide evidence to the state. The confines of the ensuing discussion are limited to expert evidence and, more particularly, to psychiatric and psychological testimony. By arguing that early production of an expert's opinion advances rather than retards the interests of justice, the author attempts to debunk some of the myths which are used in Canadian legal circles to justify the suppression of opinion evidence by the defence until the last possible moment.
Psychological Consequences of Road Traffic Accidents
Authors: Bennun Ian S , Bell Patrick
Published: January 2017

Although accident-induced psyche-pathology was formerly considered as being associated with secondary gain, subsequent reports have refuted this contention. More recent studies have shown that road traffic accident-induced psychopathology can be a persistent and chronic disability, irrespective of whether the victim seeks compensation. This study describes the psychological assessment of 50 potential road traffic accident litigants referred by solicitors. They were all assessed within a hospital setting approximately three weeks after the receipt of the request for a psychological report. All participants completed measures of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress and subjective distress, and information was obtained about injuries sustained. The results suggest that the potential litigants who sustained an injury presented with significantly higher post-traumatic distress intrusion and avoidance scores, and that these scores are also influenced by the delay between the accident and the assessment. Furthermore, the sample showed intrusion, avoidance and perceived stress scores above normal population data. Reducing the delay between the accident and assessment has important clinical implications. However, it appears that solicitors rather than general practitioners initiate these referrals. Some implications for assessment prior to treatment are discussed.
Violent Mortality Patterns in Immigrants in Israel (1990–95)
Authors: Karasik David , Yakovenko Konstantin , Lipstein Eliezer , Hiss Jehuda
Published: January 2017

Since 1989, a large number of immigrants, mostly from the former Soviet Union, have arrived in Israel, increasing the local population (c. 5 million) by 700,000. The morbidity and mortality of this immigant population have been the concern of many investigations.

In the present study we examine the mortality pattern of a sample of 1,000 immigrants, whose deaths occurred during the years 1990–95 and were examined at the L. Greenberg (National) Institute of Forensic Medicine. The sample was divided into two subgroups, natural and unnatural, according to manner of death. Seventy-five per cent of the victims in the violent death subgroup were males with a mean age of 44.6 (SD 17.3) years, while the females of the same category were 52.7 years old on average (SD 19.9).

The age distribution of the whole sample showed peaks in the 25–34-year-old group for males and the 35–44-year-old group for females. The most frequent causes of death were accident (44.1%), suicide (12.6%) and homicide (7%). In 5% of cases the cause of death could not be determined.

The pattern of mortality from violent causes in the immigrant population differed from that of the country of origin in all parameters. The incidence of unnatural death in immigrants resembled the local pattern in Israel, and was significantly lower than that of their homeland.
Children Who Have Murdered
Authors: Walsh-Brennan K. S.
Published: January 2017

An analysis of 11 children convicted of homicide, one girl and ten boys, indicates a maternal over-dominant relationship in eight of the males studied.

The murderers were Found to have more co-operative personalities than other children Found guilty of non-capital offences and showed both normal intelligence and personality factors. Despite a history of ‘blackouts' in several cases, all were Found on investigation to be free from both major and minor epilepsy.

Difficulty was experienced in determining the presence or absence of parental alcoholism, promiscuity and criminal convictions. All of the ten boys and the girl came from normal homes and apart from minor offences none were involved previously in serious anti-social behaviour.

Future research is indicated on two aspects:

role of the working mother with particular reference to maternal dominance, and the ‘Cycle of Deprivation Theory’.
Veterinary Science and the World's Food
Authors: Short G. V.
Published: January 2017

Animal diseases that can be controlled or eradicated still afflict the underdeveloped countries, threatening the livelihood of all who depend on cattle for food and farm power and sometimes causing national disaster. Much can be done to help. The basic task is to apply our knowledge of livestock husbandry at village level; its fulfilment will demand much money and material as well as patience and sacrifice from those who carry it out.
The Development of Farm Management in Great Britain
Authors: Attwood E. A.
Published: January 2017

Early in the 1950s it became the aim of government policy in Britain to achieve a more economically efficient agriculture, and farm management was developed into a service of practical use to farmers. Its methods are now being increasingly applied by specialist officers in solving the economic problems involved in the reorganization of the farm business and in helping farmers to use their land, labour and capital to best advantage.
Soil Formation
Authors: Crompton E.
Published: January 2017

The natural supply of essential plant nutrients by a fertile soil is a complex process well demonstrated by the exacting requirements of hydroponics. How soil profiles of value in agriculture–-as well as mediocre ones–-arise from parent rocks is treated under the headings: weathering, translocation and the organic cycle, special reference being made to the formation of clay minerals with characteristic structures and properties.
Intensive Production of Beef from Grass
Authors: Cooper M. Mcg.
Published: January 2017

The economic production of beef under intensive as under extensive conditions poses problems that are more complex than those encountered in dairying, for food conversion efficiencies are lower than those for milk, and the animals must be ready for the market at favourable times. Hence no simple solution can be offered. Critical appraisal of alternatives at every stage must be undertaken, and is the theme of this article.
Soil Potassium and Its Availability to Plants
Authors: Arnold P. W.
Published: January 2017

The chemistry of potassium in soil is elusive, as many factors govern release of the element from insoluble materials and its subsequent availability to plants. Advances have come with a better understanding of the behaviour of clay minerals, the finest particles of which have a major role. Potassium status and its measurement are discussed on the basis of equilibrium exchange reactions with other ions in the soil solution.
Exploring the Interaction of Motor and Social Skills With Autism Severity Using the SFARI Dataset
Authors: Colombo-Dougovito Andrew M. , Reeve Ronald E.
Published: January 2017

Social communicative deficits and stereotyped or repetitive interests or behaviors are the defining features of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A growing body of research suggests that gross motor deficits are also present in most children with ASD. This study sought to understand how pediatric ASD severity is related to motor skills and social skills. A multivariate analysis of variance analysis of 483 children with autism ( N = 444) and ASD ( N = 39) revealed a nonsignificant difference between groups. Results suggest little difference between severity groups on gross motor and social skills within the limited age range of the participants (about 5.6 years of age).
Ratings of Perceived Exertion and Physiological Parameters of Muscle Metabolism in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Ma Guo-dong , Chen Wan-Chin , Tsai Shu-Min , Kan Nai-Wen , Chiu Li-Ling , Chien Kuei-Yu
Published: January 2017

We compared responses from postmenopausal women living a sedentary lifestyle ( n = 15; Mean age= 59; SD = 4.2) to a single bout of water- or land-based exercise with respect to ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), lactate concentration, and muscle oxygen saturation. Each participant was randomly assigned to a single water- or land-based 50-minute bout of combined aerobic and resistance exercise. Blood samples were collected to detect pre- and post-exercise lactate concentration. Total hemoglobin, deoxidized hemoglobin, and the percentage change in the total oxygen saturation index (TSI%) of the rectus femoris were detected by means of near-infrared spectroscopy. We found similar RPE at various stages of land- and water-based exercise, and a similar change in lactate concentration in these environments (in water: 4.35 ± 1.49 mol/L; on land: 3.62 ± 1.18 mol/L). However, the reduction in HHb response was less pronounced after water-based exercise, and TSI% increased on land but decreased in water, with the magnitude of this change much higher on land. For similar RPE and lactate concentration, the oxygen saturation in the exercising muscles decreased in water, suggesting higher oxygen consumption in water than on land.
The burden of inequity — and what schools can do about it
Authors: Mayfield Vernita
Published: January 2017

Black students may have little choice in what social burdens they must bear, but educators have a choice in alleviating them. Schools with a genuine commitment for disrupting inequities find ways to lighten the unenviable burdens black students bear. The author recommends that schools disaggregate data by race, provide ongoing professional development on implicit bias, create a peer observation tool to gain feedback on equitable practices and beliefs, and remind black children frequently about who they can become.
Confronting colorblindness
Authors: Fergus Edward
Published: January 2017

Colorblindness is socially acceptable bias that lives in our personal and institutional beliefs. Its existence inhibits our ability to recognize and respond to the realities of the lives of students of color. The author outlines several activities that educators can use to surface beliefs about race during staff meetings and the like.
Through our eyes
Authors: Griffin Ashley , Tackie Hilary
Published: January 2017

A series of focus groups with black teachers across the United States shows that black teachers bring to their work many skills that often go far beyond their roles as content experts and instructors. They build relationships with students of color that help those students feel connected to their schools, they tend to be “warm demanders,” holding all students to high expectations and as colleagues, they tend to enhance cultural understanding among teachers and administrators of differing races and backgrounds. What they need from school and district leaders is more support for developing the mature, respectful, and diverse working environment in which black teachers and all of their colleagues can thrive.
Washington View
Authors: Ferguson Maria
Published: January 2017

Betsy DeVos, the new Secretary of Education, comes to the job with hopes of creating school voucher programs and expanding the charter school sector. But she will likely find that she has limited power to promote that agenda. While she may be able to convince some states to launch modest new voucher experiments and while she can take advantage of her bully pulpit to advocate on behalf of the charter movement, she inherits an office that — thanks to the Every Student Succeeds Act — gives her far less influence over educational policy making than her predecessors enjoyed.
The Promotion Exams
Authors: Devlin J. Daniel
Published: January 2017

The fifth of a series of articles of interest to examination candidates and all concerned with training.
Feasibility of Using Computer-Assisted Interviewing to Enhance HIV Test Counseling in Community Settings
Authors: Cohall Alwyn T. , Dini Sheila , Senathirajah Yalini , Nye Andrea , Neu Natalie , Powell Donald , Powell Borris , Hyden Christel
Published: January 2017

Objectives.

Significant advances in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) place a premium on early detection and linkage to care. Recognizing the need to efficiently yet comprehensively provide HIV counseling, we assessed the feasibility of using audio computer-assisted self-inventory (A-CASI) in a community-based HIV counseling and testing facility.

Methods.

A convenience sample of 50 adults presenting for HIV testing was recruited to complete an 85-item computerized HIV Assessment of Risk Inventory (HARI) containing domains of demographics, sexual behaviors, alcohol and substance use, emotional well-being, past experiences with HIV testing, and attitudes about taking HARI.

Results.

Client acceptance rate was limited by the completion time outlined during the intake process. However, the majority of respondents who completed HARI felt that it took only a short to moderate time to complete and was easy to understand. A majority also reported a preference for using a computerized format in the future. Further, HARI identified a number of risk-taking behaviors, including unprotected anal sex and substance use prior to past sexual encounters. Additionally, more than half of the sample reported moderate to severe depressive symptoms.

Conclusions.

Those respondents who had time to complete the survey accepted the A-CASI interview, and it was successful at identifying a substantial level of risk-taking behaviors. A-CASI has the potential to guide HIV counselors in providing risk-reduction counseling and referral activities. However, results suggested the need to shorten the instrument, and further studies are needed to determine applicability in other HIV testing sites.
Place of Residence and Preventive Health Care for Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Services Recipients in 20 States
Authors: Bershadsky Julie , Taub Sarah , Engler Joshua , Moseley Charles R. , Lakin K. Charlie , Stancliffe Roger J. , Larson Sheryl , Ticha Renata , Bailey Caitlin , Bradley Valerie
Published: January 2017

Objective.

We identified trends in the receipt of preventive health care by adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities by type of residential setting.

Methods.

We used data from the 2008–2009 collection round of the National Core Indicators (NCI) program. Participating states drew random samples of adults receiving developmental disabilities services. The study was observational, with both self-report and report by proxy. Once the random samples were drawn in each state, data were collected using the NCI Adult Consumer Survey. Trained interviewers administered the survey in person.

Results.

The likelihood of a person receiving preventive care procedures was related to age, level of intellectual disability, mobility, health status, and state. Type of living arrangement also affected whether a person received these health services, even after controlling for state, level of disability, and other personal characteristics. In general, people living with parents or relatives were consistently the least likely to receive preventive health exams and procedures.

Conclusion.

With growing numbers of adults being served in the family home, educational and policy-based efforts to ensure access to preventive care are increasingly critical.
Trajectory tracking through overwhelming control of human vertebrae as a hybrid manipulator
Authors: Arora Rashmi , Bera Tarun Kumar
Published: January 2017

Industrial robots, generally, are composed of architecture with serial manipulators having large workspace but these suffer from several drawbacks, such as low accuracy and low load-carrying capacity. Similarly, the parallel architecture robots have better accuracy but small workspace. Therefore, the combination of serial and parallel chain architectures has become attractive as hybrid manipulators over the last two decades. A planar hybrid manipulator is proposed here and this is made by placing a planar parallel manipulator, having three degrees of freedom, each over the other in series so as to increase its load-carrying capacity and then it is modeled with the help of the bond graph approach. The human vertebrae are considered as a hybrid manipulator in this paper. The translation of the human vertebrae model on the frontal plane and lateral bending in the right- and left-hand directions are proposed here to increase the flexibility of the body part of humanoid robots used in industries and sports so that they can execute spine bending activities. The forward and inverse models for the manipulator are presented and the system inversion is carried out through the overwhelming controller. Finally, the simulation results for trajectory tracking of left-hand lateral bending in the frontal plane is done with or without the consideration of leg inertia and conclusions are presented to show that response follows the command within acceptable limits.
A Design and Engineering Methodology for Organization-based simulation model for operating room scheduling problems
Authors: Yahia Zakaria , Iijima Junichi , Harraz Nermine A , Eltawil Amr B
Published: January 2017

Most of the current simulation models focus on implementation details without grasping the essence of the system, which makes it difficult to understand the core and the stable part of an enterprise. In this paper, we develop a Design and Engineering Methodology for Organization (DEMO)-based simulation model that combines simulation and the enterprise engineering approach in order to achieve a more holistic view of the enterprise. The four-aspect DEMO models are developed for the operating room scheduling problem, which enabled us to understand the business process from different perspectives. To develop the simulation model, an expanded DEMO with implementation model (DEMO++) is applied. The AnyLogic environment is used for execution. The model evaluates the operational performance of the case mix and master surgery plans that were developed in previous studies. The initial results show the simulation potential in the performance improvement of the operating room system. Furthermore, it makes understanding and exploring the system easier.
Thermo-physiological impact of different firefighting protective clothing ensembles in a hot environment
Authors: Fontana Piero , Saiani Fabio , Grütter Marc , Croset Jean-Philippe , Capt André , Camenzind Martin , Morrissey Matthew , MacRae Braid A , Rossi René M , Annaheim Simon
Published: January 2017

It is currently unclear how the assembly of different fabric layers of personal protective clothing (PPC) contributes to differences in thermal comfort among garments. Therefore, we used two different approaches to investigate the effect of PPC on body heat dissipation: a technical characterization of textiles (using sweating Torso methodology) and thermo-physiological wearing trials. We hypothesized that the technical characterization provides a similar outcome compared to the wearing trials and, thus, proves to have high thermo-physiological relevance.

Thirteen different PPC were investigated using the sweating Torso methodology. Three out of these thirteen were then selected for inclusion in a series of human subject trials in a hot environment. Results from human trials and Torso testing were related to each other.

The thermal and evaporative properties of the selected PPC typically differed and effects were observed for the thermo-physiological responses of human study participants. Differences in Torso surface temperature of up to 9℃ and moisture accumulation in the protective clothing systems of up to 184 g·m–2 were detected using the sweating Torso methodology. Moderate intensity exercise with the human study participants induced textile-dependent differences of up to 0.9 ± 0.2℃ ( P < 0.001) and 1.2 ± 0.2℃ ( P = 0.008) for excessive core body and excessive skin temperature, respectively.

Using the sweating Torso methodology, physiologically relevant differences in textile performance could be detected among different PPC. Consequently, sweating Torso is a relevant tool to gain insight into human thermo-physiological responses to different PPC with similar end-use based on their dry and wet heat transfer characteristics.
Textile Characteristics Affecting the Release of Soil during Laundering
Authors: Sherman Patsy O. , Smith Samuel , Johannessen Birger
Published: January 2017

The behavior of fluorochemical surface finishing agents is examined with reference to several of the parameters which govern the ease with which soil is removed from textiles by laundering. Special attention is given to the composition and properties of a class of hybrid fluorochemical finishes which contain, in addition to perfluoroaliphatic groups that provide stain repellency in air, hydrophilic groups that enable the final polymer to show a reversal of surface character during laundering and thus provide improved soil release performance, particularly with respect to durable-press fabrics. The present work also includes a brief investigation of the normal stain release response of unfinished cotton, resin-stabilized cotton in the presence and absence of conventional hand-modifying, film-forming finishes, and unfinished polyester fabrics.
Relation of Fiber and Fabric Properties in Durable-Press Cottons
Authors: Weigmann Hans-Dietrich , Scott Marjie G. , Rebenfeld Ludwig
Published: January 2017

A cotton twill fabric was subjected to a durable-press treatment with dihydroxy dimethylol ethylene urea (Permafresh-183) of increasing severity. The mechanical properties of the fabrics and of single fibers withdrawn from the treated fabrics were evaluated and the relationships between fiber and fabric properties were analyzed. Statistically significant correlations between such important fabric properties as abrasion resistance, tear strength, tensile strength, and energy-absorbing capacity, on the one hand, and fiber mechanical properties, on the other, show conclusively that chemical treatments which alter fiber structure and properties are responsible for the modified fabric behavior. At the same time, the importance of fiber geometric arrangements in spun yarn and fabric structures, in terms of fabric properties, are pointed out. Thus, while this work has shown the functional relationships between fiber mechanical properties and fabric characteristics, careful attention must be given to fiber-fiber interactions, particularly in relation to chemical modification treatments.
Polymethylol Polycarbamates in Durable Press
Authors: Tesoro G. C. , Sello S. B. , Moore D. R.
Published: January 2017

The cross-linking effectiveness of polymethylol polycarbamates for cotton fabrics has been studied by various application techniques. Poly(N,N-dimethylol) and poly (N-methyl, N-methylol) polycarbamates were compared under reaction conditions designed to give one-step and two-step cross-linking. The compounds react with cotton in high yields and impart excellent wash-wear properties without discoloration. Cotton samples cross-linked with poly(N,N-dimethylol) polycarbamates exhibit outstanding resistance to hydrolysis under acidic conditions, and their performance properties are compared to those of fabrics treated with N,N-dimethylol monocarbamates.
Measurement of the Dynamic Young's Modulus of Short Staple Fibers: Part I: Theory
Authors: Joshi V. S. , Radhakrishnan T.
Published: January 2017

A theoretical study of a method based on the “compound resonance” principle for the measurement of the dynamic Young's modulus of short staple fibers is presented. The system considered is a fixed-free cantilever spring coupled at the free end to the fiber. Representing the fiber as a Voigt element and neglecting the losses in the cantilever spring, it is shown that both the real and imaginary parts of the dynamic modulus of the fiber can be calculated from the amplitude or velocity response of the system to forced vibrations in the neighborhood of resonance.
The Uniformity of Distribution of Moisture in Drying Beds of Loose Fibers
Authors: Young M. D. , Nossar M. S. , Chaikin M.
Published: January 2017

A previously developed model has been used to predict moisture distributions in beds of polyester fiber after drying for a given period of time. Drying conditions are varied by altering air velocity and by inserting perforated plates into the beds. The accuracy of the model in predicting moisture distributions is shown to vary with alteration of air velocity and the number of perforated plates inserted. Various types of perforated plate and arrangements of plates within the bed are studied. Explanations of the drying behavior in terms of bed inhomogeneity appear to be confirmed by the experiments. The work indicates the conditions under which drying of loose fiber beds is most efficient and in closest agreement with the theoretical model.
Crease Recovery of Untreated and Resin-Treated Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Mehta H. U. , Gupta K. C. , Bhatt V. R.
Published: January 2017

Cotton textiles received from loomshed undergo various chemical processes before finishing. These processes play an important role in determining the end properties of the unfinished fabric. The effect of processing on tensile strength and fluidity is well known. However, progressive changes in crease recovery, tear strength, and abrasion resistance have not been investigated systematically. Fabric with identical constructions but processed under different conditions often differ considerably prior to resin finishing. In this paper causes for differences in initial crease recovery are discussed. It has been observed that any residual wax present on the fabric after scouring affects the initial crease recovery significantly. Scouring under mild conditions helps to retain a high initial crease recovery. In comparison with thoroughly scoured fabrics, mildly scoured fabrics require less resin to obtain a given crease-recovery angle. The resultant losses in strength after resin treatment are also less.
A New Buffer System for the Ion-Exchange Resin Chromatography of Amino Acids
Authors: Kulkarni V. G. , Whiteley K. J.
Published: January 2017

A new buffer system for the ion-exchange resin chromatography of amino acids (using a Technicon Autoanalyzer) is suggested. In this system all the amino acids from the acid hydrolysate of wool are resolved satisfactorily without any loss in color yield and using only three aqueous buffers to form a gradient. No methanol is used in stock buffer preparation or during the regeneration of the resin column, so that the separation method becomes less expensive, avoids spurious absorption of methanol by resin, and prevents overlapping of certain amino acid peaks on the chromatogram.
Pilot Slasher Yarn Drying Model Identification
Authors: Haas Allen M. , Reed Morton W. , Williams Dennis C.
Published: January 2017

The steady state and dynamic response of a pilot slasher were investigated. Continuous on-line recording of moisture was used to determine the response of the exit moisture to step changes in yarn speed. A method to determine the drying rate from steady state data was developed, and a model describing the relationship between yarn speed and percent moisture regain was proposed and evaluated. The model consists of two first order systems acting in parallel, where the model parameters are functions of yarn speed. This work points out basic operating characteristics of pilot and industrial slashers.
Gentrification and its contentment: An anthropological perspective on housing, heritage and urban social change in Shanghai
Authors: Arkaraprasertkul Non
Published: January 2017

Based on ethnographic research during 2013–2015, this study describes an alternative form of gentrification in a traditional urban neighbourhood in Shanghai, unpacking how the notion architectural uniqueness of an urban heritage neighbourhood has imbued itself with cultural capital in the eyes of the new residents. By understanding how the original residents mobilise their knowledge of this particular selling point to benefit themselves economically by becoming renters, this study presents a case exemplifying a process of social change in which the ‘original residents’ themselves are active actors. The results of this process are the socioeconomic and ethic diversification of the neighbourhood as well as upward social mobility without any intervention by the local government or real estate developers. By suggesting an alternative process of gentrification in which not all residents are displaced unwillingly, this paper shows that the idea of gentrification demands more attention.
A Demand Function For Length of Stay: The Evidence From Virginia Beach
Authors: Silberman Jonathan
Published: January 2017

This article estimates the effects of cost and other factors on length of stay in Virginia Beach, Virginia, and analyzes the impact on tourism of decisions concerning advertising, the tax structure, and a proposed capital improvements project.
Training for elected leaders in Panchayati Raj: A study in Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Ravi R. Venkata , Venkataramana M.
Published: January 2017

This paper is based on a micro-level study conducted in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh. The study also focused on the participation of elected SC leaders of PRIs in the training programme. The study has shown a pattern in which illiterates and less educated, politically more experienced have participated in the training programme. It is understood that SC leaders with strong economic and political background have taken advantage of the training programme. The study has underlined the significance of capacity building among the elected SC leaders, particularly SC women leaders to enhance their participation in democratic decentralization.