bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two Kinds of Reasons
Authors: Woodard Christopher
Published: October 2019

One kind of reason for action is that the action would have a good outcome. According to Act Consequentialism all reasons are like this. However, these ‘act-based’ reasons may be contrasted with ‘pattern-based’ reasons, which flow from the fact that an action is part of some good pattern of action. This chapter argues that both kinds of reasons exist, and explores some of the issues facing any theory of pattern-based reasons. One such issue is whether they can exist in cases where the valuable pattern would not be realized because other agents are unwilling to play their parts. According to idealizing forms of Rule Consequentialism, they can. However, the chapter endorses an argument made by Alexander Dietz that this is incompatible with any plausible account of the strength of pattern-based reasons. It ends by explaining how pattern-based reasons may nevertheless retain their practical significance.
Legitimacy and Democracy
Authors: Woodard Christopher
Published: October 2019

Much contemporary political philosophy emphasizes the distinctiveness of political issues from moral issues. In contrast, utilitarianism seems to treat political issues as a mere subset of moral issues. It also seems to fit a technocratic model of politics, according to which political decisions should be left to experts capable of assessing the relevant facts. This chapter argues that utilitarians can give a richer account of politics, and one that is less technocratic, by attending to the normative significance of legitimacy. It outlines a conception of legitimacy as the degree of acceptance of a procedure. Though this is a sociological property and not a normative one, it has considerable normative significance: it describes the limits of what can be achieved without coercion or disorder. Moreover, since democracy is now, in many contexts, a necessary condition of legitimacy, the account of legitimacy bolsters the utilitarian case for supporting democracy.
Conclusion
Authors: Woodard Christopher
Published: October 2019

Utilitarianism is animated by a very simple and attractive idea: that what matters ultimately is that people have good lives. This chapter summarizes the main features of version of utilitarianism presented in this book, and explains how it can give plausible answers to the six objections identified in Chapter 2. None of theses objections is obviously fatal. By developing utilitarianism at length and adding some complexity to its structure, we can show that it is worth taking seriously. Given the attractiveness of utilitarianism’s central idea, this may encourage others to contribute to the further development of the utilitarian tradition.
Sixteenth-Century Philosophy and Theology after John Mair
Authors: Gellera Giovanni
Published: October 2019

This chapter investigates the concept and theological use of philosophy in Scotland after John Mair. Until the 1570s, philosophy in Scotland was in the tradition of scholasticism. After the Reformation, Melville’s university reform changed the philosophical landscape. Across Europe, the first generation of the Reformers had taught that scholasticism and Aristotle were not necessary for the Christian faith, and philosophers and theologians alike had to rethink the traditional scholasticism of Catholic legacy. This intellectual change is traced here with a focus on the role, scope, and autonomy of philosophy with respect to theology. After the dismissal of Aristotelo-scholasticism, both scholasticism and Aristotelianism survived in the universities in new forms adapted to Reformation theology. Aristotle in particular, regarded as the personification of unassisted natural reason, retained his importance. The status of Aristotle is a good indicator of the prevailing concept of philosophy.
John Knox and Andrew Melville
Authors: Cameron Euan
Published: October 2019

John Knox (c.1514–72) and Andrew Melville (1545–1622) have the reputation of leaders of the Scottish Reformed Kirk, yet the precise nature of their individual contributions is debated. Some of their theologies are inferred from collective texts such as the Scots Confession for Knox and the Second Book of Discipline for Melville. Knox showed particular interest in divine election or predestination (on which he wrote his one extended theological treatise). He extended the prohibition on ‘idolatry’ to include all worship not authorized in Scripture. His History, and his claims to foretell the judgements of God, displayed a powerful sense of divine providence. Andrew Melville, though a celebrated linguist and gifted educator, wrote relatively little theology. He is chiefly identified with the ‘good cause’ of the parity of ministers, the authority of presbyteries, and the rejection of the episcopate. However, while he brought fervour and fury to the cause, little about his theological ideas on ministry was new or distinctive.
Habit and Belief in the Early Scottish Reformation
Authors: Dotterweich Martin Holt
Published: October 2019

The theology of the Reformation arrived in Scotland with travellers, smuggled books, and theological debate at the universities. This chapter examines the scant evidence for how this theology took shape, examining theological tracts written by religious exiles, along with heresy trials and other records. Given a potent symbol in the preaching and martyrdom of Patrick Hamilton in 1528, the doctrine of justification by faith alone was the primary concern of early Scots evangelical theology, coupled with a consistent emphasis on the habit of Bible reading. When a more confessional Reformed theology arrived with George Wishart, it was built on these emphases of habit and belief.
Boundaries of Scottish Reformed Orthodoxy, 1560–1700
Authors: Spurlock R. Scott
Published: October 2019

Protestant Scotland demonstrated a remarkable unity and unparalleled resistance to schism in its first century. This article addresses the core principles that facilitated resistance to diversification and the degree to which Reformed theology framed Scottish understandings of both the nation as church and the nature of a Christian Commonwealth. These views were rooted in the Scottish Protestantism from the beginning in the confession of faith, liturgy, secular and ecclesiastical legislation, and theological formulations, and can be traced back directly to Knox’s experience in Geneva. This chapter explores the strengths and weaknesses of Reformed theological solidarity in early modern Scotland, as well as its points of strain, eventual fragmentation, and dissent.
Moderate Theology and Preaching c.1750–1800
Authors: Brown Stewart J.
Published: October 2019

Through the Moderate movement, the clergy of the later eighteenth-century Church of Scotland became actively engaged with the intellectual culture of the Enlightenment. This chapter explores the role of the Moderate sermon in this process of cultural engagement, focusing on two main themes. First, it considers how Moderate sermons in the later eighteenth century conveyed an optimistic, world-affirming and highly practical set of theological teachings. For Moderate preachers, God had given individuals the innate capacity—in the form of the moral sense or conscience—that would enable them to respond actively to the divine guidance of Scripture in exercising self-control and contributing to social progress. Second, the chapter shows how Moderate sermons also proclaimed that God was active in history, using human actors, often in ways not intended by those actors, to advance the divine plan for the world, which involved progress towards a future order of peace and freedom.
Eighteenth-Century Evangelicalism
Authors: McIntosh John R.
Published: October 2019

After providing a working definition of eighteenth-century Scottish evangelicalism, this chapter suggests that after the Marrow controversy, while there was a reduced volume of publication, theological focus turned towards a practical, or experimental, emphasis on key doctrines. These included the relative values of natural and revealed religion, the priority among the divine attributes, the Atonement and salvation, the nature of faith, and as the century wore on, the nature of ‘saving faith’. This latter was a response to a growing awareness that while the population of Scotland overwhelmingly saw itself as Christian, there was a serious inconsistency between Christian profession and Christian lifestyle among the population. The central figures in this process, which probably antedated the Marrow controversy, are identified as Thomas Halyburton, Thomas Boston, John Willison, John Maclaurin, and John Erskine, although other lesser figures are mentioned. The chapter concludes with the suggestion that attention might now be directed to investigating possible connections between eighteenth-century Scottish evangelicalism and that of the nineteenth century.
New Trends
Authors: Purves Andrew
Published: October 2019

New trends in Scottish theology emerged in the late 1820s. These are associated with Thomas Erskine of Linlathen, Edward Irving, and John McLeod Campbell. Reflecting the influence of Romanticism, these theologians moved away from rationalist approaches to Christian faith, with stress on personal experience, the love of God, and filial relations especially between the Father and the Son. Because of their new ways of thinking, Irving and McLeod Campbell were deposed from the ministry. McLeod Campbell rewrote the doctrine of the atonement, with stress on the love of God, introduced the novel idea of the prospective aspect, and advanced a robust view of assurance. These theologians continue to be read, extending their influence into contemporary discussion.
The WTO Dispute Settlement System
Authors: Shlomo Agon Sivan
Published: October 2019

The proposed goal-based approach, which ties effectiveness to goals, requires an in-depth inquiry into the question of what aims underlie the World Trade Organization (WTO) Dispute Settlement System (DSS), the spectrum of functions it should play, and the nature of the relations between them. The present chapter maps these multiple aims as prescribed for the DSS by its mandate providers while probing their complementary and contradictory relationships. In so doing, the chapter lays down the substantive building blocks of the WTO DSS’s goal-based effectiveness framework against which the system’s performance is to be evaluated. In analysing the DSS’s goal structure, the chapter begins with the system’s ultimate ends—the overarching purposes the DSS is expected to fulfil in the long-run—which frame the broad mission it is designed to achieve. It then follows with the system’s more specific, intermediate goals, those which serve as means for realizing the former, more general, open-ended objectives.
Legitimating Behind the Smoke Screen in the Battle Over Clove Cigarettes
Authors: Shlomo Agon Sivan
Published: October 2019

Recent years have confronted the World Trade Organization (WTO) Dispute Settlement System (DSS) with an intense wave of complex linkage disputes. US-Clove Cigarettes, which stands at the centre of this chapter, serves as the second case study in the investigation into the DSS’s goal-attainment endeavours in this category of WTO disputes. The chapter begins with a review of several jurisprudential milestones leading from the early US-Shrimp, examined in Chapter 5, to the more recent US-Clove Cigarettes, examined here, with a view to portraying the legitimation continuum of which the latter dispute forms a part. The chapter then discusses the intricate legitimacy setting in which US-Clove Cigarettes unfolded and, through a close goal-oriented analysis, shows how the intensified legitimacy concerns aroused shaped the goals pursued by the DSS and the judicial choices made towards their achievement. The chapter concludes by linking the goal-attainment efforts identified to the broader DSS goal-based effectiveness framework advanced in the book.
Conclusion
Authors: Shlomo Agon Sivan
Published: October 2019

The present chapter concludes the work. It sums up the key findings of the study while discussing the results emerging from a comparative analysis of the three categories of disputes examined throughout the book. The chapter then revisits the central arguments put forth in the book and articulates the lessons to be learned for the study of the goals, operation, and effectiveness of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Dispute Settlement System (DSS), and of international courts more broadly. It also discusses some of the insights to be offered with respect to possible institutional changes or reforms of the WTO DSS, with a view to ensuring the system’s future effectiveness. The chapter closes with several observations that go beyond effectiveness, pertaining to the costs and unintended consequences attendant on more effective and empowered international adjudication.
Introducing Property Rights
Authors: Cruft Rowan
Published: October 2019

Chapter 11 starts by introducing Part III’s focus on rights that cannot be grounded primarily in the good of the right-holder. Property will be an important example of such a right, even though Chapter 12 allows that some property can be grounded in the right-holder’s good. Beforehand, in Chapter 11, an account is given of the nature of property rights as fundamentally exclusionary: as constituted by duties of non-trespass owed to the owner by all others. In addition, a theory is developed of the nature of money (as an owned item of great modern importance), according to which money is constituted by something that essentially confers Hohfeldian powers. These theories of property and money form the basis for the discussion, in Chapters 12–13, of when property rights are groundable for the sake of the right-holder, and of when they are not.
Being Pluralist About Understanding Others
Authors: Gallagher Shaun , Fiebich Anika
Published: October 2019

Intersubjective interactions are highly complex processes that integrate a variety of contextual aspects—physical, pragmatic, social, cultural, normative, institutional—into which embodied individuals, with varying emotions, intents, desires, and motivations, enter. We elucidate the role of context in different varieties of social understanding. We defend a pluralist approach to social cognition and in that framework consider the limited role of mindreading understood as a form of theoretical inference or simulation, as well as the importance of embodied interaction. We argue that all of these practices need to be considered in order to comprehend the rich effects of context on social cognition. We exemplify the bidirectional influence between social understanding and context specifically by focusing on communicative practices and material engagements.
Embodiment and Social Perception
Authors: Overgaard Søren
Published: October 2019

Social Perception Theory (SPT) claims that it is possible, on occasion, to perceive that others are in pain, angry, intend to kick, or desire another helping of ice cream. According to a thesis that I call ‘Embodiment’, at least some mental states extend all the way to the available surface behaviour. The question I pursue in this chapter is whether Embodiment lends support to SPT. According to a view that I label the ‘Support Thesis’, Embodiment does support SPT in specific ways. I argue that—in the context of the mindreading debate, at any rate—the Support Thesis is false. If Embodiment turned out to be false, this would in no obvious way cast doubt on SPT. And if the former turned out to be true, this would not obviously lend any support to the latter.
Redeeming Anthropology
Authors: Furani Khaled
Published: October 2019

Anthropologists have invariably engaged in their discipline as a form of redemption, whether to escape from social restriction, nourish their souls, reform their home polities, or vindicate “the natives.” This book explores how in pursuit of a secular science sired by the Enlightenment, adherents to a “faith in mankind” have variably rejected and embraced theology, albeit in concealed and contradictory ways. Mining principally the personal and biographical register from the American, British, and French anthropological traditions, it argues that despite manifold efforts to the contrary, theological sediments remain in this disciplining discipline. Rather than continuing to forget, deny, and sequester it, theology can serve as a mirror of introspection—a source of critique offering invaluable tools for revitalization—for thinking anew not only anthropology’s study of others’ cultures, but also its very own reason.
Revelations of Reason
Authors: Kelsey Sean , Lear Gabriel Richardson
Published: October 2019

The introduction to this volume briefly describes its aims and its origin in the inaugural seminar of the Plato Dialogue Project. Rather than summarize each essay, the introduction tries to step back and say something about how the parts of the dialogue fit together, in part by way of reminder, in part because the dialogue’s argumentative integrity is often considered to be elusive. We refer you to the essays that follow for a stimulating and insightful guide to some of the glorious and intricate details of Plato’s Philebus.
Two Ways in which Pleasures can be False
Authors: Dimas Panos
Published: October 2019

Chapter 8 examines two ways in which Plato in the Philebus claims that pleasures can be false. The common interpretation of the first way—which occupies the main part of the chapter—comes in two versions: (1) if the proposition following the “that” in “I’m pleased that you’re coming” is false (viz. it turns out that you don’t come) then so is my pleasure; (2) my pleasure is false if I am not pleased when you do come and was mistaken in my belief that I would be. The chapter proposes instead that Plato in the Philebus offers an account of good and bad pleasures, and that a pleasure is true if it is taken in what is good—and false if it is taken in what is not good—for the agent.
The Final Attack on Hedonism
Authors: Rangos Spyridon
Published: October 2019

Chapter 12 examines the conclusion of the exploration of pleasure (53c4–55c3), which consists of two new arguments that give lethal blows to the claims of the hedonists and thus bring the critique of pleasure to an end. The only pleasures that are left untouched here are the pure pleasures of the immediately preceding section (50e3–53c3). The first and longer of the arguments (53c4–55a11) is conspicuously technical and merits, on Plato’s literary indication, the reader’s careful attention; the second (55a12–c3), less demanding in itself, has the form of a cumulative reductio that appeals to common sense. This part of the dialogue is shown to be neither ‘dialectical’ in the Aristotelian sense nor an independent appendix (as has been widely maintained) but, rather, the culmination of Socrates’ critique. In an appendix it is also shown why at 46d10 and 51d1 the universally adopted emendation of the unanimous manuscript reading κίνησις‎ into κνῆσις‎ is faulty.
Statistical Thinking from Scratch
Authors: Edge M. D.
Published: October 2019

In virtually every field, researchers find themselves navigating tremendous amounts of new data. Making sense of this flood of information requires much more than the rote application of traditional statistical methods. This book will train researchers to be creative and confident users of statistics by thinking hard about the application of simple methods to a small dataset. In particular, this book focuses on simple linear regression—a method with strong connections to the most important tools in applied statistics—using it as a detailed case study for teaching resampling-based, likelihood-based, and Bayesian approaches to statistical inference. This exercise imparts an idea of how statistical procedures are designed and implemented, a flavor for the philosophical positions one implicitly assumes when applying statistics, and an opportunity to probe the strengths and weaknesses of one’s statistical approach. Key to the book’s novel approach is its mathematical level, which is gentler than most texts for statisticians but more rigorous than most introductory texts for non-statisticians. Statistical Thinking from Scratch is suitable for senior undergraduate and beginning graduate students, professional researchers, and practitioners seeking to improve their understanding of statistical methods across the natural and social sciences, medicine, psychology, public health, business, and other fields.
The line of best fit
Authors: Edge M. D.
Published: October 2019

One way to visualize a set of data on two variables is to plot them on a pair of axes. A line that “best fits” the data can then be drawn as a summary. This chapter considers how to define a line of “best” fit—there is no sole best choice. The most commonly chosen line to summarize the data is the “least-squares” line—the line that minimizes the sum of the squared vertical distances between the points and the line. One reason for the least-squares line’s popularity is convenience, but, as will be seen later, it is also related to some key ideas in statistical estimation. The derivations of expressions for the intercept and slope of the least-squares line are discussed.
Interval estimation and inference
Authors: Edge M. D.
Published: October 2019

Interval estimation is the attempt to define intervals that quantify the degree of uncertainty in an estimate. The standard deviation of an estimate is called a standard error. Confidence intervals are designed to cover the true value of an estimand with a specified probability. Hypothesis testing is the attempt to assess the degree of evidence for or against a specific hypothesis. One tool for frequentist hypothesis testing is the p value, or the probability that if the null hypothesis is in fact true, the data would depart as extremely or more extremely from expectations under the null hypothesis than they were observed to do. In Neyman–Pearson hypothesis testing, the null hypothesis is rejected if p is less than a pre-specified value, often chosen to be 0.05. A test’s power function gives the probability that the null hypothesis is rejected given the significance level γ, a sample size n, and a specified alternative hypothesis. This chapter discusses some limitations of hypothesis testing as commonly practiced in the research literature.
Postlude: models and data
Authors: Edge M. D.
Published: October 2019

Becoming a well-rounded data analyst requires more than the skills covered in this book. This postlude sketches some ways in which the types of thinking covered here can be extended to real problems in data analysis. Different ways of evaluating the assumptions of linear regression are considered, including plotting, hypothesis tests, and out-of-sample prediction. If the assumptions are not met, simple linear regression can be extended in various ways, including multiple regression, generalized linear models, and mixed models (among many other possibilities). This postlude concludes with a short discussion of the themes of the book: probabilistic models, methodological pluralism, and the value of elementary statistical thinking.
Italy's Economic Revolution
Authors: Roselaar Saskia T.
Published: October 2019

This book explores the connection between economic activities and integration—how did economic activities contribute to the unification of Italy in the Republican period in the civic, legal, social, and cultural senses? On the one hand, this book will investigate whether Italy became more integrated in an economic sense after the Roman conquest, and will trace the widely varying local reactions to the globalization of the Italian economy. On the other hand, it will investigate whether and how economic activities carried out by Italians contributed to the integration of the Italian peoples into the Roman framework. Throughout the Republican period, Italians had been able to profit from the expansion of the Roman dominion in the Mediterranean; through overseas trade and commercial agriculture they had gained significant wealth, which they invested in the Italian landscape. They were often ahead of Romans when it came to engagement with Hellenistic culture. However, their economic prosperity and cultural sophistication did not lead to civic equality with Roman citizens, nor to equal opportunities to exploit the territories that the Italians had conquered under Rome’s lead. Eventually, the Italians rebelled against Rome in the Social War (91–88 bc), after which they were granted Roman citizenship. This stimulated further interaction and integration between Romans and Italians in the economic, political, social, and cultural senses. This book will investigate how, if at all, economic interaction was related to civic integration, as well as cultural change, and will highlight the importance of the Roman citizenship as an instrument of integration.
Health inequalities
Authors: Mackenbach Johan P.
Published: October 2019

‘Health inequalities—persistence and change in European welfare states’ studies why frequencies of disease, disability, and premature mortality are higher among people with a lower socioeconomic position, even in countries with advanced welfare states. Drawing upon data from 30 countries covering more than three decades, it provides a comprehensive overview of trends and patterns of health inequalities, showing that these are not only ubiquitous and persistent, but also highly variable and dynamic. It provides a critical assessment of recent research into the explanation of health inequalities, discussing methodological pitfalls, summarizing findings from epidemiological, sociological, economic, and genetic studies, and reviewing nine overarching theories. Based on in-depth studies of the determinants of health inequalities in European countries, it shows that the persistence of health inequalities is due to a combination of mostly favourable changes in social stratification, massive but differential health improvements, and persistence of social inequality in material and non-material living conditions. It discusses why social inequality is so persistent, and whether welfare state reform could contribute to reducing health inequalities, and provides a systematic analysis of the inequitableness of health inequalities according to five theories of justice. It reviews recent attempts by European national governments to reduce health inequalities, showing that it is realistic to expect evidence-based policies to reduce absolute but not relative inequalities in health. This title is written for scientists and advanced students from various disciplines, as well as for public health professionals and policymakers, and is profusely illustrated and referenced.
‘Cet universel naufrage du monde’
Authors: Oliver Jennifer H.
Published: October 2019

This chapter marks the transition from portent to actuality, addressing the prospect of political shipwreck in the troubled latter part of the sixteenth century by considering not only incarnations and reconfigurations of the suave mari magno commonplace but also shipwrecks that are narrated from the inside. It explores the distinction between the struggling ship in Lucretius and the eagerly spectated shipwreck of a political enemy in Cicero’s letters, taking account of the model of the ship of state as elaborated in Plato, Cicero, and medieval sources. It argues that the role of the spectator is most often not at a safe distance, and that the ethical relationship between the spectator and those on board is significantly developed from that in Lucretius. Through the work of three writers (Michel de L’Hospital, Pierre de Ronsard and Michel de Montaigne), it shows that the powerful metaphor of the ship of state struggling on troubled waters is itself articulated in a variety of ways during the political storm of the late sixteenth century—ways that, ethically speaking, variously implicate or exonerate the politician, poet or author. This chapter poses a series of questions concerning the difference between public and private spheres, the unique moral implications of civil war, and the author or poet’s own position, be it personal, political, or philosophical—or all three—with relation to what Montaigne calls ‘cet universel naufrage du monde’.
Introduction
Authors: Oliver Jennifer H.
Published: October 2019

In the early 1520s, a ship of remarkable proportion was built in Le Havre, commissioned by François I in response, in part, to the size, success, and renown of Henry VIII’s Mary Rose. The story of the Grande Françoise, reported locally as the largest vessel ever witnessed, demonstrates the rich cultural and political symbolism (intentional or otherwise) of the ship in the sixteenth century, and the significance of its potential failure, destruction, and recuperation. This Introduction moves from the example of the Grande Françoise, including its swiftly traceable literary reception, to survey the classical, biblical, and medieval traditions that inform the writing of shipwreck in the sixteenth century, before turning to previous critical study of shipwreck, with particular focus on Hans Blumenberg’s essay Shipwreck with Spectator. The Direful Spectacle is in some senses a response to Blumenberg, offering a ‘close-up’ on French culture of the sixteenth century, and a challenge to his separation of the aesthetic from the moral or ethical in shipwreck texts. Situating this new study in relation to previous scholarship, the Introduction then proceeds to set out its distinctive themes and arguments, before concluding with an outline of the structure and summaries of the contents and argument of each chapter.
The Powers Metaphysic
Authors: Williams Neil E.
Published: October 2019

Systematic metaphysics is defined by its task of solving metaphysical problems through the repeated application of a single, fundamental ontology. The dominant contemporary metaphysic is that of neo-Humeanism, built on a static ontology typified by its rejection of basic causal and modal features. This book offers and develops a radically distinct metaphysic, one that turns the status quo on its head. Starting with a foundational ontology of inherently causal properties known as ‘powers’, a metaphysic is developed that appeals to powers in explanations of causation, persistence, laws, and modality. Powers are properties that have their causal natures internal to them: they are responsible for the effects in the world. A unique account of powers is developed that understands this internal nature in terms of a blueprint of potential interaction types. After the presentation of the powers ontology, it is put to work in offering solutions to broad metaphysical puzzles, some of which take on different forms in light of the new tools that are available. The defence of the ontology comes from the virtues of metaphysic it can be used to develop. Particular attention is paid to the problems of causation and persistence, simultaneously solving them as it casts them in a new light. The resultant powers metaphysic is offered as a systematic alternative to neo-Humeanism.
Revolutionary Metaphysics
Authors: Williams Neil E.
Published: October 2019

This first chapter serves as the introduction to the book, and presents its overarching argumentative structure. In the chapter it is argued that solving metaphysical problems via repeated applications of a fundamental ontology results in a systematic metaphysic, and that we are presently in the grips of a neo-Humean metaphysic. A distinct metaphysic is introduced as an alternative and a competitor, one that is based on an ontology of inherently causal properties known as ‘powers’. Adopting a metaphysic based on powers requires a massive upheaval in one’s metaphysical framework, but promises a variety of pay-offs. The chapter closes with a quick rundown of the ontological assumptions on which the book relies.
The Powers Ontology: Monism and Dualism
Authors: Williams Neil E.
Published: October 2019

Chapter 5 argues for a monistic account of power properties that sees them as at once powerful and qualitative. The chapter is divided into three sections: the first two are negative, arguing against the two main competitor fundamental power ontologies—power monism (pandispositionalism) and dualism, respectively—and the third is positive, describing the version of mixed dualism on offer. In the first section it is argued that power monism fails to generate the sort of quality or character the world requires. This is tied to the many regresses that power monism has been charged with generating. The second section deals with power dualism, and raises a difficulty regarding the ability of non-power properties to be causally relevant without also being causally operative. The third section locates the form of mixed monism on offer among the space of extant mixed monisms.
Loose Ends
Authors: Williams Neil E.
Published: October 2019

The aim of this final chapter is to tie up some of the loose ends in the powers metaphysic. The first part of the chapter discusses what a powers theorist might say about the laws of nature. A hybrid powers-based account of the laws is offered that combines fundamental lawlessness with a best-systems account. Attention then shifts to macroscopic objects. The primary focus of the book has been on the fundamental powers; here the focus turns to the dispositions of middle-sized dry goods and the question of macroscopic persistence. In considering the former, something of a proto-analysis of macroscopic dispositionality is offered. The chapter ends with a discussion of systematic metaphysics.
Exporting Francoist Modernity
Authors: Brydan David
Published: October 2019

Social experts played an important but contested role in Francoist attempts to establish Spain as an influential power in Latin America during the 1940s and 1950s. By encouraging Spanish experts to form ties with their Latin American colleagues, the Franco regime aimed to promote an image of itself as modern, scientific, and technically advanced on the one hand, and as socially progressive on the other. Despite the significant resources dedicated to this task, the Francoist narrative was strongly resisted both by Latin American leftists and by exiled Republican social experts who promoted a more collaborative model of Ibero-American identity. Nevertheless, Latin America did offer a route through which Francoist experts were able to engage with wider forms of international health and welfare. In areas such as social security, it also provided an opportunity for the regime to promote its vision of Francoist modernity to the outside world.
Spain’s Catholic Internationalists
Authors: Brydan David
Published: October 2019

International Catholic organizations and networks provided a welcoming environment for Spanish intellectuals and experts, and a crucial conduit for Franco’s Spain to engage with the outside world in the aftermath of the Second World War. Health and humanitarian organizations played an important part in Spain’s post-war engagement with international Catholicism, particularly the nursing group Salus Informorum and the Catholic charity Caritas. Spanish women enjoyed a prominent role within these international activities, despite the political and professional marginalization of women in Franco’s Spain. But there were important limits to Spain’s involvement in post-war Catholic internationalism. During the immediate post-war period, therefore, Catholic internationalism represented one of the primary ways in which Franco’s Spain engaged with the outside world, at the same time as the country remained semi-detached from the global Catholic mainstream.
The Christian Year and the Consolations of Synchronized Time
Authors: Lysack Krista
Published: October 2019

This chapter shows how the material arrangements and the chronometrics of Keble’s bestselling devotional volume are parallel features. The consolations of The Christian Year were such that they calibrated readers not only to the long time of the liturgical year but also synchronized them to clock time. While many contemporary readers lauded The Christian Year for its soothing properties, its long Victorian print afterlife is indicative of how devotion was being redefined as that century went on as a set of reading practices premised upon distraction and divided time. The eventual work of The Christian Year, in other words, was to console its readers according to a new realization of the replicable, interval time of modernity.
Introduction
Authors: Lysack Krista
Published: October 2019

The introduction lays out the argument that what distinguished Victorian devotional literature was not a set of generic conventions but the experience of time, that is to say the form and feel of devotion’s reading durations. After identifying Victorian chronometrical print as a unique variety of devotional literature, the introduction goes on to explore the multi-scalar nature of the Victorian period with particular attention to industrial clock time and “empty time.” After discussing reading as a peculiarly temporal everyday practice, it goes on to note the affective nature of durational reading. By focusing on the operations of measured and felt time, the introduction makes a case for Victorian devotion as the uniquely material and affective observance of incremental time. After a brief discussion of the book’s relevance to recent critiques of the secularization thesis and to recent scholarship on the religious turn, the introduction closes with a brief summary of each of the book’s six chapters and with some speculations about the temporal affinities between conceptions of eternity and the quotidian.
Speaking Books
Authors: Gallagher John
Published: October 2019

If you wanted to learn a foreign language in early modern England, the cheapest and most useful tool available was a multilingual conversation manual. Working from a corpus of over 300 editions, this chapter charts the changing place of these texts in the early modern print market: price, authorship, what languages they offered, and how they developed as a physical object. Using these books, readers engaged with the multilingual oral and aural worlds of early modern Europe. Changes in the form of these manuals over time were closely tied to developments in pedagogy and reading. The kind of reading advocated by these manuals was rarely silent or abstract. In teaching skills from correct pronunciation to social interaction, these manuals demanded that readers confer the text with the oral, sociable world beyond. This chapter offers a new way of understanding linguistic education, multilingual reading, and shifting ideals of linguistic competence.
Digital Discrimination
Authors: Criado Natalia , Such Jose M
Published: October 2019

This chapter focuses on a particular normative concern associated with machine decision-making that has attracted considerable attention in policy debate—the problem of bias in algorithmic systems, which gives rise to various forms of ‘digital discrimination’. Digital discrimination entails treating individuals unfairly, unethically, or just differently based on their personal data that is automatically processed by an algorithm. Digital discrimination often reproduces the existing instances of discrimination in the offline world by either inheriting the biases of prior decision-makers, or simply reflecting widespread prejudices in society. The chapter highlights various forms and sources of digital discrimination, pointing to a rich and growing body of technical research seeking to develop technical responses aimed at correcting for, or otherwise removing, these sources of bias.
Algorithms, Regulation, and Governance Readiness
Authors: Andrews Leighton
Published: October 2019

Taking the UK as its subject of analysis, this chapter asks how prepared public administrators and political leaders are for the challenges of algorithmic decision-making and artificial intelligence: in other words, what is the state of governance readiness? It begins by examining the literature on governance readiness and administrative capacity. It considers whether this literature is adequate to the task of identifying such capacity issues in a context where the discourse is dominated by the larger technology companies, and raises the question of whether ‘discursive capacity’ is a requirement for governance readiness in this area. It then sets out evidence from empirical research on algorithmic harms and the consideration given to these issues in the political sphere. The chapter then discusses the state of administrative capacity at multiple levels of governance in the UK and concludes by setting out questions to guide further research.
Overriding Virtue
Authors: Chappell Richard Yetter
Published: October 2019

In this chapter, Richard Yetter Chappell examines the moral status of a disposition he calls “abstract benevolence”, viz. the disposition to allow abstract considerations of the greater good to override one’s natural inclinations towards prioritizing those whose needs are lesser but in some way more emotionally salient. Many people feel that it is callous to act in this manner, and this view seems to comport well with the traditional view of “sympathy” as an important virtue. Chappell argues to the contrary: according to him, we must recognize abstract benevolence as an important virtue for imperfectly virtuous agents living in present times.
Lightspeed
Authors: Spence John C. H.
Published: October 2019

This book tells the human story of one of mankind’s greatest intellectual adventures—how we understood that light travels at a finite speed, so that when we look up at the stars we are looking back in time. And how the search for an absolute frame of reference in the universe led inexorably to Einstein’s famous equation E = mc2 for the energy released by nuclear weapons which also powers our sun and the stars. From the ancient Greeks measuring the distance to the Sun, to today’s satellite navigation and Einstein’s theories, the book takes the reader on a gripping historical journey. How Galileo with his telescope discovered the moons of Jupiter and used their eclipses as a global clock, allowing travellers to find their longitude. How Roemer, noticing that the eclipses were sometimes late, used this delay to obtain the first measurement of the speed of light, which takes eight minutes to get to us from the Sun. From the international collaborations to observe the transits of Venus, including Cook’s voyage to Australia, to the extraordinary achievements of Young and Fresnel, whose discoveries eventually taught us that light travels as a wave but arrives as a particle, and the quantum weirdness which follows. In the nineteenth century we find Faraday and Maxwell, struggling to understand how light can propagate through the vacuum of space unless it is filled with a ghostly vortex Aether foam. We follow the brilliantly gifted experimentalists Hertz, discoverer of radio, Michelson with his search for the Aether wind, and Foucault and Fizeau with their spinning mirrors and lightbeams across the rooftops of Paris. The difficulties of sending messages faster than light, using quantum entanglement, and the reality of the quantum world conclude this saga.
Genders and classifiers in Kampa (Arawak) languages of Peru
Authors: Mihas Elena I.
Published: October 2019

This chapter examines the semantics, morphosyntax, and functions of the gender and classifier systems of Kampa Arawak languages of Peru. All Kampa languages have genders and classifiers. Their origin and diachronic development are different. Gender agreement morphology comes from the pan-Kampa verbal person markers. The sources of multiple classifiers are bound nouns inflected on the pattern of obligatorily possessed nouns, unbound nouns, and bound verb roots; these are considered in the context of compounding and noun incorporation. Gender marking is mandatory and exhaustive, being reflected in the agreement marking on noun modifiers (adjectives, demonstratives, possessor NP), possessive pronouns, demonstrative identifiers, personal pronouns, verbs, and coordinating operators. Multiple classifiers show less exuberant distribution, occurring on nouns, verbs, number words, and adjectives. Classifiers are neither sensitive to gender nor animacy. Classifiers are semantically motivated, showing semantic agreement with controller nouns. The multiple classifier system does not participate in syntactic parsing of constituents via morphological agreement. The main purpose of their use is pragmatic.
The elusive verbal classifiers in ‘Witoto’
Authors: Wojtylak Katarzyna I.
Published: October 2019

This chapter focuses on forms and functions of verbal classifiers in Murui and Mɨka, two closely related language varieties of the ‘Witoto’ dialect continuum from the Witotoan language family spoken in Northwest Amazonia. Murui and Mɨka verbal classifiers are used to refer to a previously mentioned referent or to re-introduce the referent into the discourse. They form a closed set of morphemes that signal the presence of S/O/peripheral arguments. ‘Witoto’ verbal classifiers interact with semantic types of verbs (they co-occur with verbs of ‘handling’ and ‘affect’), and categorize noun referents in terms of their physical properties (shape, size, structure, etc.). Further comparison of Murui and Mɨka verbal classifiers suggests that the productivity of this system has been gradually eroding in Murui as spoken today; this is unlike verbal classifiers found in older Mɨka narratives.
Numeral classifiers in Munya, a Tibeto-Burman language
Authors: Bai Junwei
Published: October 2019

The topic of the chapter is Munya, a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in the western part of Sichuan Province, China. Classifiers in Munya include numeral classifiers and verbal action classifiers. There are two sets of numerals in Munya, a native set and a set borrowed from Tibetan, and both can function as the loci of numeral classifiers. Based on semantics, numeral classifiers in Munya can be categorized as sortal classifiers and mensural classifiers. The chapter shows that one of the typologically unusual features of Munya is that several numeral classifiers have extended their functions. Erstwhile classifiers are shown to function as quantifiers, adverbs, adverbial manner demonstratives, and complementizing strategies. In addition, the chapter shows that Munya has two ways of forming verbal action classifiers: a general verbal action classifier can be either suffixed to a number word, or a verbal root can function as a verbal action classifier.
The Transformation of UK Tobacco Control
Authors: Cairney Paul
Published: October 2019

The UK has one of the most comprehensive set of tobacco controls in the world. For public health advocates, its experience is an ‘evidence-based’ model for tobacco control across the globe, and for alcohol and obesity policies in the UK. In Scotland, policy-makers often described the ‘smoking ban’ as legislation so innovative that it helped justify devolution. These broad and specific experiences allow us to identify and explain different types of success. The UK’s success relates to smoking ‘denormalization’ and reduction, and the explanation comes partly from the ways in which policy-makers framed tobacco as a public health epidemic and produced a policy environment conducive to policy change. The ‘smoking ban’ success relates to the implementation and behavioural change that is lacking in most other countries. The explanation comes from the ‘window of opportunity’ for specific policy change, and the design of the policy instrument backed by the prioritization of its delivery by key public bodies. The overall lesson, particularly for advocates of evidence-informed policymaking, is that evidence only ‘wins the day’ when it helps reframe debate, produce a conducive policy environment, and actors exploit ‘windows of opportunity’ for specific reforms. In most countries, this did not happen.