bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sexual Orientation Change Efforts, Conservative Christianity and Resistance to Sexual Justice
Authors: Clucas Rob
Published: May 2017

In this article, I situate the practice of sexual orientation conversion efforts (SOCE), sometimes known as conversion or reparative therapy, within historical, cultural, religious and political attitudes to non-heterosexuality. Using documentary analysis, I investigate the contemporary resistance of two socially conservative organizations: National Association for Research and Therapy of Homosexuality (NARTH) (US) and Core Issues Trust (UK), to legal and professional regulation of the sexual orientation change efforts (SOCE) which they advocate. A number of themes emerged from the various documentation. The most convincing of these themes is a claim that to provide SOCE is to respect client’s autonomy rights to diminish unwanted sexual attraction, and to live in accordance with the moral principles that they value. I demonstrate that neither NARTH nor Core Issues Trust are consistent in their regard for client autonomy. I suggest that the most plausible reason for these organizations’ emphasis on autonomy and other secular tropes, such as scientific proof and progressive language, is that they provide a smokescreen for conservative Christian values. If we value a world of LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Trans) rights and recognition, we must counter this backlash against sexual and social justice.
Mining Site Reclamation Planning Based on Land Suitability Analysis and Ecosystem Services Evaluation: A Case Study in Liaoning Province, China
Authors: Wang Jiali , Zhao Fuqiang , Yang Jian , Li Xiaoshu
Published: May 2017

Restoration of the degraded ecosystem is a global priority for achieving sustainable development. Although increasing ecosystem service is an important goal of ecological restoration, it is rarely used to inform mine reclamation. This study proposed a reclamation strategy that incorporated land suitability analysis and ecosystem service evaluation for a mining site in Liaoning Province, China. We assessed the land suitability for three reclamation alternatives and identified suitable land uses for each location by comparing their suitability levels. For areas that were suitable for multiple land uses with the same suitability level, the future land uses cannot be identified by land suitability analysis alone, and we employed ecosystem services evaluation to determine the optimal reclamation strategy. The results showed that forest could be restored throughout the entire mining site, agricultural land were most suitable in the western and southern parts, and developed land were in northern parts that were closer to roads and city centers. Our study showed that a large mining site can be reclaimed to different land uses and provided a practical framework for integrating ecosystem services into mine reclamation.
Characterizing Spatiotemporal Pattern of Land Use Change and Its Driving Force Based on GIS and Landscape Analysis Techniques in Tianjin during 2000–2015
Authors: Li Yafei , Liu Gaohuan
Published: May 2017

The spatial and temporal characteristics and driving factors analysis of regional land use are the core scientific problems in the research of ecological environment and human sustainable development. It is also an important basis for the government to formulate land management policy. Based on the land use maps of 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015, this article analyzed the spatiotemporal pattern of land use change in Tianjin, and determined the relative importance of each driving factor of land use change. The main features of land use change were the continuous expansion of built-up land (1386.89 km2/74.73% gains) and the decrease of arable land area (1181.60 km2/16.84% losses). The area and intensity of land use change were not completely consistent, such as Wuqing and Jixian. The hotspots of land use change mainly were located in the main urban region in Tianjin, around the suburban settlements and Binhai New Area. The landscape pattern in the research region has also changed significantly. The Largest patch index (LPI) and largest shape index (LSI) of arable land showed an increasing trend, and the degree of landscape fragmentation of arable land was deepened. The trend of landscape index of built-up land was similar to that of arable land, but the change intensity was more severe. In addition, the article also used the stepwise regression analysis in the multiple regression to analyze the relative importance of various driving factors, indicating that the driving factors of the built-up land and arable land change were obviously different in different periods. Government policies also have a significant impact on land use change, such as establishing the Tianjin Binhai New Area (TBNA).
Towards Massive Data and Sparse Data in Adaptive Micro Open Educational Resource Recommendation: A Study on Semantic Knowledge Base Construction and Cold Start Problem
Authors: Sun Geng , Cui Tingru , Beydoun Ghassan , Chen Shiping , Dong Fang , Xu Dongming , Shen Jun
Published: May 2017

Micro Learning through open educational resources (OERs) is becoming increasingly popular. However, adaptive micro learning support remains inadequate by current OER platforms. To address this, our smart system, Micro Learning as a Service (MLaaS), aims to deliver personalized OER with micro learning to satisfy their real-time needs. In this paper, we focus on constructing a knowledge base to support the decision-making process of MLaaS. MLaas is built using a top-down approach. A conceptual graph-based ontology construction is first developed. An educational data mining and learning analytic strategy is then proposed for the data level. The learning resource adaptation still requires learners’ historical information. To compensate for the absence of this information initially (aka ‘cold start’), we set up a predictive ontology-based mechanism. As the first resource is delivered to the beginning of a learner’s learning journey, the micro OER recommendation is also optimized using a tailored heuristic.
An Optimal Rubrics-Based Approach to Real Estate Appraisal
Authors: Chen Zhangcheng , Hu Yueming , Zhang Chen , Liu Yilun
Published: May 2017

Traditional real estate appraisal methods obtain estimates of real estate by using mathematical modeling to analyze the existing sample data. However, the information of sample data sometimes cannot fully reflect the real-time quotes. For example, in a thin real estate market, the correlated sample data for estimated object is lacking, which limits the estimates of these traditional methods. In this paper, an optimal rubrics-based approach to real estate appraisal is proposed, which brings in crowdsourcing. The valuation estimate can serve as a market indication for the potential real estate buyers or sellers. It is not only based on the information of the existing sample data (just like these traditional methods), but also on the extra real-time market information from online crowdsourcing feedback, which makes the estimated result close to that of the market. The proposed method constructs the rubrics model from sample data. Based on this, the cosine similarity function is used to calculate the similarity between each rubric for selecting the optimal rubrics. The selected optimal rubrics and the estimated point are posted on a crowdsourcing platform. After comparing the information of the estimated point with the optimal rubrics on the crowdsourcing platform, those users who are connected with the estimated object complete the appraisal with their knowledge of the real estate market. The experiment results show that the average accuracy of the proposed approach is over 70%; the maximum accuracy is 90%. This supports that the proposed method can easily provide a valuable market reference for the potential real estate buyers or sellers, and is an attempt to use the human-computer interaction in the real estate appraisal field.
Application of an Emergency Alarm System for Physiological Sensors Utilizing Smart Devices
Authors: Kang James , Larkin Henry
Published: May 2017

Since innovative smart devices and body sensors including wearables have become prevalent with health informatics such as in Mobile Health (mHealth), we proposed to infer sensed data in sensor nodes to reduce the battery power consumption and bandwidth usage in wireless body area networks. It is critical to raise an alarm when the user is in an urgent situation, which can be done by analysing the sensed data against the user’s activity status utilizing accelerometer sensors. However, when the activity changes frequently, there may be an increase in false alarms, which increases sensing and transferring of data, resulting in higher resource consumption. To reduce and mitigate the problem, we propose verifying the alarm and sending a user feedback using a smart device or smartwatch application so that a user can respond to whether the alarm is true or false. This paper presents a user-feedback system for use in activity recognition to mitigate and improve possible false alarm situations, which will consequently result in helping sensors to reduce the frequency of transactions and transmissions in wireless body area networks. As a contribution, the alarm determination can not only improve the accuracy of the alarm by utilising mobile app screen and speech recognition but can also reduce possible false alarms. It may also communicate with their physician in real-time who can assess the status with health data provided by the sensors.
Influence of Cooking (Microwaving and Broiling) on Cylindrospermopsin Concentration in Muscle of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Characterization of Decomposition Products
Authors: Prieto Ana , Guzmán-Guillén Remedios , Valderrama-Fernández Rocío , Jos Ángeles , Cameán Ana
Published: May 2017

Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) has become increasingly important as a freshwater algal toxin, showing cytotoxic effects. This toxin is able to bioaccumulate in freshwater food webs, representing a serious human health problem. Normally, fish is cooked before consumption, and CYN concentration can be altered. For the first time, the effects of microwaving and broiling for 1 and 2 min on CYN concentration and its decomposition products in fish muscle (Oreochromis niloticus) contaminated in the laboratory were investigated, using UPLC-MS/MS and Orbitrap. The results show that cooking the fish reduced unconjugated CYN levels by 11, 10 and 15% after microwaving for 1 and 2 min, and broiling for 2 min, respectively, compared to control fish. Different CYN decomposition products with m/z 416.1234 (7-epi-CYN) and m/z 336.16663 (diasteroisomers C-3A, C-3C, C-3D, C-3E, C-3F) are generated in fish samples submitted to cooking. Based on the relative abundance of the decomposition products, the possible degradation pathways taking place by microwaving may be through the formation of 7-epi-CYN and m/z 336.16663 compounds, whereas in the case of broiling the last route is the only one observed in this study. The influence of cooking and the toxicity characterization of the degradation products generated in CYN-contaminated fish are of importance for more realistic risk evaluation related to their consumption.
The Role of Caveolin 1 in HIV Infection and Pathogenesis
Authors: Mergia Ayalew
Published: May 2017

Caveolin 1 (Cav-1) is a major component of the caveolae structure and is expressed in a variety of cell types including macrophages, which are susceptible to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Caveolae structures are present in abundance in mechanically stressed cells such as endothelial cells and adipocytes. HIV infection induces dysfunction of these cells and promotes pathogenesis. Cav-1 and the caveolae structure are believed to be involved in multiple cellular processes that include signal transduction, lipid regulation, endocytosis, transcytosis, and mechanoprotection. Such a broad biological role of Cav-1/caveolae is bound to have functional cross relationships with several molecular pathways including HIV replication and viral-induced pathogenesis. The current review covers the relationship of Cav-1 and HIV in respect to viral replication, persistence, and the potential role in pathogenesis.
Evaluation and Inter-Comparison of Satellite Soil Moisture Products Using In Situ Observations over Texas, U.S.
Authors: Ray Ram , Fares Ali , He Yiping , Temimi Marouane
Published: May 2017

The main goal of this study was to evaluate four major remote sensing soil moisture (SM) products over the state of Texas. These remote sensing products are: (i) the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer—Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) (2002–September 2011); (ii) the Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity system (SMOS, 2010–present); (iii) AMSR2 (2012–present); and (iv) the Soil Moisture Active Passive system (SMAP, 2015–present). The quality of the generated SM data is influenced by the accuracy and precision of the sensors and the retrieval algorithms used in processing raw data. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the quality of these satellite SM products using in situ measurements and/or by inter-comparing their data during overlapping periods. In this study, these two approaches were used where we compared each satellite SM product to in situ soil moisture measurements and we also conducted an inter-comparison of the four satellite SM products at 15 different locations in Texas over six major land cover types (cropland, shrub, grassland, forest, pasture and developed) and eight climate zones along with in situ SM data from 15 Mesonet, USCRN and USDA-NRCS Scan stations. Results show that SM data from SMAP had the best correlation coefficients range from 0.37 to 0.92 with in situ measurements among the four tested satellite surface SM products. On the other hand, SM data from SMOS, AMSR2 and AMSR-E had moderate to low correlation coefficients ranges with in situ data, respectively, from 0.24–0.78, 0.07–0.62 and 0.05–0.52. During the overlapping periods, average root mean square errors (RMSEs) of the correlations between in situ and each satellite data were 0.13 (AMSR-E) and 0.13 (SMOS) cm3/cm3 (2010–2011), 0.16 (AMSR2) and 0.14 (SMOS) cm3/cm3 (2012–2016) and 0.13, 0.16, 0.14 (SMAP, AMSR2, SMOS) cm3/cm3 (2015–2016), respectively. Despite the coarser spatial resolution of all four satellite products (25–36 km), their SM measurements are considered reasonable and can be effectively used for different applications, e.g., flood forecasting, and drought prediction; however, further evaluation of each satellite product is recommended prior to its use in practical applications.
A Stochastic Multi-Objective Chance-Constrained Programming Model for Water Supply Management in Xiaoqing River Watershed
Authors: Xu Ye , Li Wei , Ding Xiaowen
Published: May 2017

In this paper, a stochastic multi-objective chance-constrained programming model (SMOCCP) was developed for tackling the water supply management problem. Two objectives were included in this model, which are the minimization of leakage loss amounts and total system cost, respectively. The traditional SCCP model required the random variables to be expressed in the normal distributions, although their statistical characteristics were suitably reflected by other forms. The SMOCCP model allows the random variables to be expressed in log-normal distributions, rather than general normal form. Possible solution deviation caused by irrational parameter assumption was avoided and the feasibility and accuracy of generated solutions were ensured. The water supply system in the Xiaoqing River watershed was used as a study case for demonstration. Under the context of various weight combinations and probabilistic levels, many types of solutions are obtained, which are expressed as a series of transferred amounts from water sources to treated plants, from treated plants to reservoirs, as well as from reservoirs to tributaries. It is concluded that the SMOCCP model could reflect the sketch of the studied region and generate desired water supply schemes under complex uncertainties. The successful application of the proposed model is expected to be a good example for water resource management in other watersheds.
Implementing the Prepaid Smart Meter System for Irrigated Groundwater Production in Northern China: Status and Problems
Authors: Wang Xiaowei , Shao Jingli , Van Steenbergen Frank , Zhang Qiulan
Published: May 2017

To reduce the gap between groundwater demand and supply caused by agricultural groundwater over-exploitation, the Prepaid Smart Meter System (PSMS) is being strongly implemented by the Chinese government in northern China. This study reports the analysis and results of PSMS field surveys in six typical provinces in northern China as well as domestic literature reviews. Based on the architecture and implementation policies of the system, the implementation differences between areas and the influencing factors were analyzed, particularly the acknowledgment of farmers, the installation proportion of tube wells, the social benefits. Great achievements have been gained in the implementation, and the management targets have been achieved, including accurately metering overall irrigation groundwater production, assisting in the total amount control and quota management, reducing groundwater exploitation, and improving water use efficiency. However, shortcomings remain in the implementation process, such as single initial investment channels, imperfect policy system construction, a lack of retrieving and analyzing data, and the unbalanced development between areas. Countermeasures and suggestions for these problems are discussed in this article.
Sensitivity of Calibrated Parameters and Water Resource Estimates on Different Objective Functions and Optimization Algorithms
Authors: Kouchi Delaram Houshmand , Esmaili Kazem , Faridhosseini Alireza , Sanaeinejad Seyed Hossein , Khalili Davar , Abbaspour Karim C.
Published: May 2017

The successful application of hydrological models relies on careful calibration and uncertainty analysis. However, there are many different calibration/uncertainty analysis algorithms, and each could be run with different objective functions. In this paper, we highlight the fact that each combination of optimization algorithm-objective functions may lead to a different set of optimum parameters, while having the same performance; this makes the interpretation of dominant hydrological processes in a watershed highly uncertain. We used three different optimization algorithms (SUFI-2, GLUE, and PSO), and eight different objective functions (R2, bR2, NSE, MNS, RSR, SSQR, KGE, and PBIAS) in a SWAT model to calibrate the monthly discharges in two watersheds in Iran. The results show that all three algorithms, using the same objective function, produced acceptable calibration results; however, with significantly different parameter ranges. Similarly, an algorithm using different objective functions also produced acceptable calibration results, but with different parameter ranges. The different calibrated parameter ranges consequently resulted in significantly different water resource estimates. Hence, the parameters and the outputs that they produce in a calibrated model are “conditioned” on the choices of the optimization algorithm and objective function. This adds another level of non-negligible uncertainty to watershed models, calling for more attention and investigation in this area.
Simulating the Fate and Transport of Coal Seam Gas Chemicals in Variably-Saturated Soils Using HYDRUS
Authors: Mallants Dirk , Šimůnek Jirka , Genuchten Martinus Th. van , Jacques Diederik
Published: May 2017

The HYDRUS-1D and HYDRUS (2D/3D) computer software packages are widely used finite element models for simulating the one-, and two- or three-dimensional movement of water, heat, and multiple solutes in variably-saturated media, respectively. While the standard HYDRUS models consider only the fate and transport of individual solutes or solutes subject to first-order degradation reactions, several specialized HYDRUS add-on modules can simulate far more complex biogeochemical processes. The objective of this paper is to provide a brief overview of the HYDRUS models and their add-on modules, and to demonstrate possible applications of the software to the subsurface fate and transport of chemicals involved in coal seam gas extraction and water management operations. One application uses the standard HYDRUS model to evaluate the natural soil attenuation potential of hydraulic fracturing chemicals and their transformation products in case of an accidental release. By coupling the processes of retardation, first-order degradation and convective-dispersive transport of the biocide bronopol and its degradation products, we demonstrated how natural attenuation reduces initial concentrations by more than a factor of hundred in the top 5 cm of the soil. A second application uses the UnsatChem module to explore the possible use of coal seam gas produced water for sustainable irrigation. Simulations with different irrigation waters (untreated, amended with surface water, and reverse osmosis treated) provided detailed results regarding chemical indicators of soil and plant health, notably SAR, EC and sodium concentrations. A third application uses the HP1 module to analyze trace metal transport involving cation exchange and surface complexation sorption reactions in a soil leached with coal seam gas produced water following some accidental water release scenario. Results show that the main process responsible for trace metal migration in soil is complexation of naturally present trace metals with inorganic ligands such as (bi)carbonate that enter the soil upon infiltration with alkaline produced water. The examples were selected to show how users can tailor the required model complexity to specific needs, such as for rapid screening or risk assessments of various chemicals nder generic soil conditions, or for more detailed site-specific analyses of actual subsurface pollution problems.
Neurovascular Cell Sheet Transplantation in a Canine Model of Intracranial Hemorrhage
Authors: Lee Woo-Jin , Lee Jong Young , Jung Keun-Hwa , Lee Soon-Tae , Kim Hyo Yeol , Park Dong-Kyu , Yu Jung-Suk , Kim So-Yun , Jeon Daejong , Kim Manho , Lee Sang Kun , Roh Jae-Kyu , Chu Kon
Published: May 2017

Cell-based therapy for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has a great therapeutic potential. However, methods to effectively induce direct regeneration of the damaged neural tissue after cell transplantation have not been established, which, if done, would improve the efficacy of cell-based therapy. In this study, we aimed to develop a cell sheet with neurovasculogenic potential and evaluate its usefulness in a canine ICH model. We designed a composite cell sheet made of neural progenitors derived from human olfactory neuroepithelium and vascular progenitors from human adipose tissue-derived stromal cells. We also generated a physiologic canine ICH model by manually injecting and then infusing autologous blood under arterial pressure. We transplanted the sheet cells (cell sheet group) or saline (control group) at the cortex over the hematoma at subacute stages (2 weeks from ICH induction). At 4 weeks from the cell transplantation, cell survival, migration, and differentiation were evaluated. Hemispheric atrophy and neurobehavioral recovery were also compared between the groups. As a result, the cell sheet was rich in extracellular matrices and expressed neurotrophic factors as well as the markers for neuronal development. After transplantation, the cells successfully survived for 4 weeks, and a large portion of those migrated to the perihematomal site and differentiated into neurons and pericytes (20% and 30% of migrated stem cells, respectively). Transplantation of cell sheets alleviated hemorrhage-related hemispheric atrophy ( p = 0.042) and showed tendency for improving functional recovery ( p = 0.062). Therefore, we concluded that the cell sheet transplantation technique might induce direct regeneration of neural tissue and might improve outcomes of intracerebral hemorrhage.
Enhanced catalytic activity without the use of an external light source using microwave-synthesized CuO nanopetals
Authors: Lakhotiya Govinda , Bajaj Sonal , Nayak Arpan Kumar , Pradhan Debabrata , Tekade Pradip , Rana Abhimanyu
Published: May 2017

We report enhanced catalytic activity of CuO nanopetals synthesized by microwave-assisted wet chemical synthesis. The catalytic reaction of CuO nanopetals and H2O2 was studied with the application of external light source and also under dark conditions for the degradation of the hazardous dye methylene blue. The CuO nanopetals showed significant catalytic activity for the fast degradation of methylene blue and rhodamine B (RhB) under dark conditions, without the application of an external light source. This increased catalytic activity was attributed to the co-operative role of H2O2 and the large specific surface area (≈40 m2·g−1) of the nanopetals. We propose a detail mechanism for this fast degradation. A separate study of the effect of different H2O2 concentrations for the degradation of methylene blue under dark conditions is also illustrated.
Constructing Strata of Primary Sampling Units for the Residential Energy Consumption Survey
Authors: Harter Rachel M. , Chen Pinliang (Patrick) , McMichael Joseph P. , Cureg Edgardo S. , Adeshiyan Samson A. , Morton Katherine B.
Published: May 2017

The 2015 Residential Energy Consumption Survey design called for stratification of primary sampling units to improve estimation. Two methods of defining strata from multiple stratification variables were proposed, leading to this investigation. All stratification methods use stratification variables available for the entire frame. We reviewed textbook guidance on the general principles and desirable properties of stratification variables and the assumptions on which the two methods were based. Using principal components combined with cluster analysis on the stratification variables to define strata focuses on relationships among stratification variables. Decision trees, regressions, and correlation approaches focus more on relationships between the stratification variables and prior outcome data, which may be available for just a sample of units. Using both principal components/cluster analysis and decision trees, we stratified primary sampling units for the 2009 Residential Energy Consumption Survey and compared the resulting strata.
FEATURE SELECTION OF VARIOUS LAND COVER INDICES FOR MONITORING SURFACE HEAT ISLAND IN TEHRAN CITY USING LANDSAT 8 IMAGERY
Authors: MOSTOFI Nikrouz , HASANLOU Mahdi
Published: May 2017

Recently, scientists have been taking a great interest in Global warming issue, since the global surface temperature has been significantly increased all through last century. The surface heat island (SHI) refers to an urban area that has higher surface temperatures than its surrounding rural areas due to urbanization. In this paper, Tehran city is used as case study area. This paper tries to employ a quantitative approach to explore the relationship between land surface temperature and the most widespread land cover indices, and select proper (urban and vegetation) indices by incorporating supervised feature selection procedures using Landsat 8 imageries. In this regards, genetic algorithm is incorporated to choose best indices by employing kernel base one, support vector regression and linear regression methods. The proposed method revealed that there is a high degree of consistency between affected information and SHI dataset (RMSE = 0.9324, NRMSE = 0.2695 and R2 = 0.9315).
A Massive Prestellar Clump Hosting No High-mass Cores
Authors: Sanhueza Patricio , Jackson James M. , Zhang Qizhou , Guzmán Andrés E. , Lu Xing , Stephens Ian W. , Wang Ke , Tatematsu Ken’ichi
Published: May 2017

The infrared dark cloud (IRDC) G028.23-00.19 hosts a massive (1500 M
⊙), cold (12 K), and 3.6–70 μm IR dark clump (MM1) that has the potential to form high-mass stars. We observed this prestellar clump candidate with the Submillimeter Array (∼3.″5 resolution) and Jansky Very Large Array (∼2.″1 resolution) in order to characterize the early stages of high-mass star formation and to constrain theoretical models. Dust emission at 1.3 mm wavelength reveals five cores with masses ≤15 M
⊙. None of the cores currently have the mass reservoir to form a high-mass star in the prestellar phase. If the MM1 clump will ultimately form high-mass stars, its embedded cores must gather a significant amount of additional mass over time. No molecular outflows are detected in the CO (2-1) and SiO (5-4) transitions, suggesting that the SMA cores are starless. By using the NH3 (1, 1) line, the velocity dispersion of the gas is determined to be transonic or mildly supersonic (ΔV
nt/ΔV
th ∼ 1.1–1.8). The cores are not highly supersonic as some theories of high-mass star formation predict. The embedded cores are four to seven times more massive than the clump thermal Jeans mass and the most massive core (SMA1) is nine times less massive than the clump turbulent Jeans mass. These values indicate that neither thermal pressure nor turbulent pressure dominates the fragmentation of MM1. The low virial parameters of the cores (0.1–0.5) suggest that they are not in virial equilibrium, unless strong magnetic fields of ∼1–2 mG are present. We discuss high-mass star formation scenarios in a context based on IRDC G028.23-00.19, a study case believed to represent the initial fragmentation of molecular clouds that will form high-mass stars.
On the Formation of the C2H6O Isomers Ethanol (C2H5OH) and Dimethyl Ether (CH3OCH3) in Star-forming Regions
Authors: Bergantini Alexandre , Maksyutenko Pavlo , Kaiser Ralf I.
Published: May 2017

The structural isomers ethanol (CH3CH2OH) and dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3) were detected in several low-, intermediate-, and high-mass star-forming regions, including Sgr B2, Orion, and W33A, with the relative abundance ratios of ethanol/dimethyl ether varying from about 0.03 to 3.4. Until now, no experimental data regarding the formation mechanisms and branching ratios of these two species in laboratory simulation experiments could be provided. Here, we exploit tunable photoionization reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PI-ReTOF-MS) to detect and analyze the production of complex organic molecules (COMs) resulting from the exposure of water/methane (H2O/CH4) ices to energetic electrons. The main goal is to understand the formation mechanisms in star-forming regions of two C2H6O isomers: ethanol (CH3CH2OH) and dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3). The results show that the experimental branching ratios favor the synthesis of ethanol versus dimethyl ether (31 ± 11:1). This finding diverges from the abundances observed toward most star-forming regions, suggesting that production routes on interstellar grains to form dimethyl ether might be missing; alternatively, ethanol can be overproduced in the present simulation experiments, such as via radical–radical recombination pathways involving ethyl and hydroxyl radicals. Finally, the PI-ReTOF-MS data suggest the formation of methylacetylene (C3H4), ketene (CH2CO), propene (C3H6), vinyl alcohol (CH2CHOH), acetaldehyde (CH3CHO), and methyl hydroperoxide (CH3OOH), in addition to ethane (C2H6), methanol (CH3OH), and CO2 detected from infrared spectroscopy. The yield of all the confirmed species is also determined.
Reliability of the Measured Velocity Anisotropy of the Milky Way Stellar Halo
Authors: Hattori Kohei , Valluri Monica , Loebman Sarah R. , Bell Eric F.
Published: May 2017

Determining the velocity distribution of halo stars is essential for estimating the mass of the Milky Way and for inferring its formation history. Since the stellar halo is a dynamically hot system, the velocity distribution of halo stars is well described by the three-dimensional velocity dispersions

or by the velocity anisotropy parameter

. Direct measurements of

consistently suggest β = 0.5–0.7 for nearby halo stars. In contrast, the value of β at large Galactocentric radius r is still controversial, since reliable proper motion data are available for only a handful of stars. In the last decade, several authors have tried to estimate β for distant halo stars by fitting the observed line-of-sight velocities at each radius with simple velocity distribution models (local fitting methods). Some results of local fitting methods imply

at

, which is inconsistent with recent predictions from cosmological simulations. Here we perform mock-catalog analyses to show that the estimates of β based on local fitting methods are reliable only at

with the current sample size (∼103 stars at a given radius). As r increases, the line-of-sight velocity (corrected for the solar reflex motion) becomes increasingly closer to the Galactocentric radial velocity, so it becomes increasingly more difficult to estimate the tangential velocity dispersion

from the line-of-sight velocity distribution. Our results suggest that the forthcoming Gaia data will be crucial for understanding the velocity distribution of halo stars at

.
Quantifying Departures from Equilibrium with the Spherical Jeans Equation
Authors: Evslin Jarah , Popolo Antonino Del
Published: May 2017

Proper motions of collisionless, pointlike objects in a spherically symmetric system—for example, stars in a galaxy—can be used to test whether that system is in equilibrium, with no assumptions regarding isotropy. In particular, the fourth-order spherical Jeans equation yields expressions for two observable quantities characterizing the departure from equilibrium, both of which can be expressed in terms of time derivatives of first and third moments of the velocities. As illustrations, we compute these quantities for tracer distributions drawn from an exact equilibrium configuration, and also from near-equilibrium configurations generated using the N-body code GALIC.
Chapitre 3. Basse vision à Madagascar et éducation à la réflexion éthique
Authors: Raharimamonjy Verohanitra , Ravez Laurent
Published: May 2017

Dans cette contribution, nous analysons quatre récits cliniques concernant des situations de basse vision à Madagascar en insistant sur les questions éthiques soulevées. Nous identifions plusieurs facteurs aggravant la lourdeur du handicap, y compris la basse vision, en montrant l’importance de l’environnement en ce domaine. À Madagascar, comme ailleurs, des lois et des règles existent pour alléger le fardeau du handicap et faciliter l’intégration des personnes concernées, mais l’écart entre les intentions affichées par les autorités publiques à et les mesures prises concrètement sur le terrain est considérable. Un changement de perception est nécessaire à l’égard des personnes atteintes de basse vision en insistant sur la valeur de solidarité. Une démarche d’éducation à la réflexion éthique pourrait contribuer à un tel changement. Bien que concentrée sur la situation malgache et la basse vision, notre analyse est globalement transposable à d’autres contextes et à d’autres handicaps.
Chapitre 6. Éthique en recherche et partenariat avec le Bénin : un appel à la solidarité
Authors: Bergeron Michel
Published: May 2017

L’éthique en recherche au Bénin s’est développée au cours de la dernière décennie entre autres par l’entremise d’un partenariat avec le Québec et ce, en puisant dans le cadre canadien en éthique de la recherche, l’EPTC2. En s’appuyant sur un triptyque de valeurs composés du respect de la dignité humaine, du respect de la diversité culturelle et de la solidarité, l’éthique de la recherche s’y est structurée comme un des fruits du partenariat. Des comités d’éthique de la recherche locaux, des chercheurs et des étudiants ont acquis les outils nécessaires pour résoudre la plupart des dilemmes éthiques qui se présenteront à l’avenir dans le cadre de la recherche impliquant des êtres humains. Rétrospectivement, cette initiative a été le lieu de résurgence de la bioéthique telle que définie par Van Rensselaer Potter mais appliquée à un contexte résolument francophone.
Chapitre 8. La recherche en santé dans les cadres normatifs internationaux et la littérature : état des lieux, enjeux et recommandations
Authors: Gogognon Patrick , Godard Béatrice
Published: May 2017

La recherche en santé occupe une place centrale dans l’élaboration des politiques publiques et les interventions visant à réduire les inégalités et rendre effectif l’exercice du droit à la santé. Cependant la recherche en santé reste marquée par des inégalités qui affectent en particulier les pays en développement. Cette recension critique des cadres normatifs internationaux et de la littérature scientifique a pour objectif de présenter une synthèse de l’état des lieux, de souligner les défis et d’identifier les principales recommandations de même que les principes éthiques visant à réduire les inégalités en matière de recherche en santé. Les cadres normatifs incluent dans la présente recension ont été adoptés par l’Organisation des Nations Unies à travers ses agences spécialisées en matière de santé et de recherche scientifique. La littérature scientifique portant sur les inégalités dans la recherche en santé a également été privilégiée. Les résultats de cette recension nous montrent que les inégalités dans la recherche en santé peuvent constituer un frein à la répartition équitable des services de santé et au développement humain. Ces inégalités soulèvent à cet égard des préoccupations de justice et d’équité pour les institutions de recherche, les chercheurs et les communautés dans les pays en voie de développement. Les recommandations et les principes éthiques analysés ici ont donc vocation à les réduire et à favoriser l’accès des pays en développement à la recherche et aux bénéfices qui en découlent. Enfin cette recension souligne la nécessité d’entreprendre des recherches pour comprendre le rôle des pratiques de recherche dans les pays du sud dans l’émergence et la persistance de ces inégalités.
Une mélodie de Charles Bordes au prisme de l’intertextualité
Authors: Douche Sylvie
Published: May 2017

S’appropriant un texte littéraire (le plus souvent un poème), le compositeur mélodiste effectue une opération de traduction – au sens littéral du terme – puisqu’il s’agit d’un « passage » d’un langage à un autre. Ce faisant, il crée une œuvre nouvelle et singulière au sein de laquelle se nouent bien des fils d’horizons différents. Le tissage est complexe, mais tirer tel ou tel fil qui le constitue amène à un questionnement intertextuel qui peut aisément trouver ses outils déjà éprouvés dans les théories de l’intertextualité (de Kristeva à Compagnon en passant par Genette, Riffaterre, Ruprecht, Bouillaguet, etc.). Nous proposons une étude de cas précis. En effet, s’emparant en 1895 de la V e des Ariettes oubliées de Verlaine (1874), Charles Bordes (1863-1909) – contemporain de Debussy – offre son interprétation d’un poème régulièrement mis en musique (il est vrai plus tardivement au xx e siècle, si l’on excepte la version de Förster, 1897). Ce faisant, Bordes y insère une citation musicale de chanson connue, fonctionnant comme un clin d’œil du compositeur à l’auditeur, courant le risque d’une distanciation avec le poème-source. Par ailleurs, ce réseau intertextuel, multipliant les « versions », se joue à d’autres niveaux, puisque la thématique verlainienne est loin d’être originale, que le poème sera traduit dans plusieurs langues, que le dédicataire de l’œuvre entreprend à son tour une adaptation orchestrale de la mélodie, enfin, que le « vieil air » en question fit l’objet d’autres récupérations. Par conséquent, cet emboîtement d’emprunts successifs fournira l’opportunité de réfléchir au rôle de la mémoire dans l’élaboration musicale référencée.
Vers une stylistique du jazz littéraire dans L’Écume des jours de Boris Vian
Authors: Pajona Cécile
Published: May 2017

Cet article se propose de définir stylistiquement la notion de « roman jazz », souvent utilisée pour désigner L’Écume des jours de Boris Vian. Par une approche intersémiotique, il montre que les outils employés et la construction du roman de Boris Vian sont similaires à ceux d’un morceau de jazz. En étudiant les fondamentales du jazz, telles que l’improvisation et le rythme, et en les transposant en littérature, cet article cherche à comprendre les mécanismes en jeu dans la construction d’un roman jazz. Ce travail a comme finalité de valider la thèse de l’intertexte jazzistique comme fondement de l’écriture de L’Écume des jours .
Autonomie
Authors: Foray Philippe
Published: May 2017

Résumé L’autonomie définie ici comme capacité à agir par soi-même, à choisir par soi-même et à penser par soi-même est une ressource dont nous avons besoin. Cette ressource dépend des « appuis de socialisation » et des conditions politiques qui la rendent possible. L’autonomie est un but nécessaire de l’éducation pour toute société qui comme la nôtre ne parvient pas à réunir un consensus sur les buts de l’éducation. Cette éducation à l’autonomie n’a pas lieu seulement à l’école, mais en tous lieux éducatifs. La réflexion sur l’autonomie rappelle qu’il importe de considérer l’expérience éducative de façon globale.
Entre le sens et la structure : Paul Ricœur et le débat sur les lettres
Authors: Johanet Bertrand
Published: May 2017

Résumé L’article propose une réflexion sur l’apport de Paul Ricœur au renouveau des études littéraires au lycée, avec pour enjeux didactiques une meilleure compréhension de la littérature comme objet d’enseignement par les professeurs et une diversification des modes d’entrée dans les textes pour les élèves. La fin des années 1990 a connu une querelle des Anciens et des Modernes qui a abouti en 2000 à une refondation de la discipline des lettres axée sur le sens en conservant les méthodes d’analyse héritées de l’école structurale comme des outils pertinents pour interroger la signification des œuvres et des textes. La contribution de Paul Ricœur à cette refondation réside pour l’essentiel dans sa relecture des apports féconds de la sémiotique narrative à la lumière de la pensée d’Aristote sur le discours et les genres littéraires.
L’identité narrative : un « rejeton » substantiel ?
Authors: Moreau Didier
Published: May 2017

Résumé La notion d’identité narrative forgée par Paul Ricœur connaît une grande faveur actuellement en sciences humaines, où elle apparaît comme une alternative idéale permettant à la fois d’échapper aux théories essentialistes du sujet et de faire l’économie de leur déconstruction. Nous examinons ici la genèse de cette notion dans la lecture que fait Ricœur de Heidegger et dans sa mobilisation du Tournant pragmatique comme miroir de la Kehre heideggérienne. Nous explicitons ensuite l’historicité qu’elle implique et nous établissons en synthèse la différence, souvent sous-estimée, entre le sujet narratif propre à Ricœur et le mode de subjectivation chez Foucault. Enfin, nous analysons l’usage en abyme que Ricœur fait de l’identité narrative dans sa lecture de Proust, en réponse à celle de Deleuze. Il n’y a donc peut-être pas d’échappatoire à l’aporie que relève Plotin relativement au sujet en formation : substance permanente ou métamorphoses de l’être en devenir.
Safety and tolerance of three probiotic strains in healthy infants: a multi-centre randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Manzano S. , De Andrés J. , Castro I. , Rodríguez J.M. , Jiménez E. , Espinosa-Martos I.
Published: May 2017

Some strains of species belonging to the genera Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are used in order to maintain health. Although these organisms have a long record of safe use, it is important to assess their safety and tolerance in potentially vulnerable populations, such as infants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and tolerance of three probiotic strains (Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis R0033, Bifidobacterium bifidum R0071 and Lactobacillus helveticus R0052) in healthy infants aged 3 to 12 months. A multi-centre randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention study with 221 healthy full-term infants was conducted. Infants received either a placebo or one of the 3 probiotic strains (3×109 cfu) daily during an 8 week intervention period. Growth (weight, height and head circumference), adverse events (AEs)/serious adverse events (SAEs), concentrations of D-lactic acid in urine samples, characteristics of the stools and use of medication were collected for safety evaluation. All 4 groups were homogeneous with respect to age, gender, feeding type, ethnicity, height, weight and head circumference at the start of the study. The results showed that changes in growth (weight, height and head circumference) were equivalent in all 4 groups. No SAEs were reported. Total number of AEs recorded was equivalent in all groups. Thus, the use of B. infantis R0033, L. helveticus R0052 and B. bifidum R0071 in infancy is safe, and well tolerated.
Quantification of warm-up patterns in elite showjumping horses over three consecutive days: a descriptive study
Authors: Tranquille C.A. , Walker V.A. , Hodgins D. , McEwen J. , Roberts C. , Harris P. , Cnockaert R. , Guire R. , Murray R.C.
Published: May 2017

There is very little reported information on warm-up practices in showjumping horses. The objective was to quantify warm-up jumping patterns/duration in a competition (field) environment in showjumping horses. Ten mixed-breed elite showjumping horses were assessed at a three-day training session. Riders warmed-up as they would normally for an elite competition and jumped at least one round of a 15-fence (135-145 cm) course on each day. Fence type/height, number of jumping efforts and lead take-off/landing limbs during warm-up were recorded. Rider global-positioning-system and inertial-motion-sensors recorded speed, time spent in each pace/rein plus stride length and stride duration during warm-up and course. Heart rate (HR) was recorded when the horse was resting in its stable and for the duration of the ridden exercise. Appropriate paired statistical tests were used to compare variables between days, and between warm-up and the round(s). Mean warm-up duration, time in each pace and on each rein did not differ within rider between days, however, there were inter-rider differences (mean warm-up duration = 18 min; range = 12-27 min). Number of jumping efforts and fence type/height did not differ between days. During warm-up, there was no preference in canter lead when approaching fences. However, on departure there was a preferred canter lead, plus jump landing and leaving lead limb asymmetry (left canter lead predominating in all cases). Horses cantered slower, with a shorter stride length and a longer stride duration during warm-up compared to when jumping the round (speed – warm-up: 4.21±0.09 m/s; round: 5.53±0.15 m/s; stride length – warm-up: 2.59±0.06 m; round: 3.16±0.08 m; stride duration – warm-up: 0.62±0.02 s; round: 0.58±0.03 s). Mean resting HR significantly decreased on consecutive study days. Mean, peak and final HR during warm-up did not significantly change between days. Results provide novel information on warm-up patterns in a competition (field) environment for elite horses, and suggest that showjumping horses may be warmed-up asymmetrically.
Nurses' Experience With and Perception of Barriers to Promoting Mobility in Hospitalized Older Adults: A Descriptive Study
Authors: Dermody Gordana , Kovach Christine R.
Published: May 2017

The purpose of the current study was to examine nurses' barriers, including knowledge, attitude, and external barriers, to promoting physical activity in hospitalized older adults. Differences between the perceptions of barriers based on nurses' experience were also examined. A behavioral framework classifying nurse knowledge, nurse attitude, and external barriers was used for the study. Eighty-five nurses were recruited from two community-based hospitals in the Pacific Northwest. The findings suggest that nurses with varying levels of experience perceive a variety of barriers to promoting mobility in hospitalized older adults. Nurses with ≤5 years of experience perceived that they may lack knowledge and training to safely mobilize hospitalized patients and make appropriate referrals to therapists. Nurses' attitudes revealed that they collectively viewed the promotion of mobility as a priority, but novice nurses did not. Further, some nurses deferred the responsibility to promote mobility to other disciplines. [
Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 43
(11), 22–29.]