bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Father, Mother and the Welfare State Family and Social Transfers After Marital Breakdown
Authors: Martin Claude
Published: March 2007

Who must feed the child when its parents are separated? Its mother, with her work; its father, by paying alimony; the community (local, national) with social rights or assist ance ; or a combination of these various sources? This is the question posed m this article, which attempts to understand and to compare the ways in which the debate is approached and how social measures and pol icies are justified in France and in Britain. Several interpretations can be put forward in order to explain the gap between the situation in the two countries. On the one hand, there is a difference in the intensity of the economic problems experienced by one-parent families. In England, in the United States and in Canada, lone-parenthood is an element of poverty, while the link between lone- parenthood and poverty is much less clear in France, where 'only' one lone-parent family out of five can be considered as poor or totally dependent on the redistribution system. A sec ond explanation refers to the fact that France has developed an explicit family policy, aimed not only at families in general but also at one- parent families, and endeavouring to make family life and professional life compatible for women. Thus in European comparisons, it is usual to consider France as the country which was first to accept the principle of public inter vention in the family sphere, and Britain as one of those countries which reject this principle, for the sake of protecting the private sphere. After presenting a general overview of the balance between public and private obli gations, and between family and state support, this article provides the main data available concerning family reconstitution. It then deals with the elements of the debate which arose, and are still arising, due to lone-parent ben efits, which are still the main measure to combat economic insecurity for one-parent households.
Epidemic Psychological Disturbance in a Malawian Secondary School: A Case Study in Social Change
Authors: MacLachlan Malcolm , Banda Dixie Maluwa , Mc Auliffe Eilish
Published: March 2007

We describe a case of Epidemic Psychological Disturbance (EPD) involving 110 pupils at a Catholic Girls Secondary School in Malawi. The EPD 'syndrome' included 'outward' behaviours (screaming, continuous laughing, crying loudly, falling down and rolling, violently threatening classmates, speaking gibberish) and 'inward' behaviours (refusing to eat, withdrawal, hallucinating, hypersensitivity to noise, and headache at the base of the skull).

These problems disappeared when most of the affected pupils were sent home. We consider a number of possible causes for this case of EPD, including physical, psychological, traditional, institutional, and political factors. It is suggested that the present case of EPD can be interpreted as reflecting a defence and protest against certain aspects of the rapid social and political changes which Malawi has witnessed over the past few years.
A Socio-Psychological Profile of Girls in an Inner Suburban Australian Secondary School Physical Education Class
Authors: Bennett L. , Sands R. , Smith R.
Published: March 2007

This study draws attention to the need for physical educators to be aware of the socio-psychological backgrounds of students and it indicates that positive experiences in physical education classes are not inherent outcomes of the program, but, need to be planned for. In other words, physical educators need to develop teaching strate gies which plan for improved self-esteem and encourage social interaction.

This study took place in an Australian inner suburban secondary school. The physi cal education teachers were disturbed by the amount of conflict that existed among the girls (n = 23). They found that generally their attitudes toward movement experiences were negative. In an attempt to provide the teachers with some teaching strate gies which could be employed to minimize conflict and make physical education a valuable educational experience for the students, the researchers adopted the follow ing plan. Firstly, they drew up a profile of the class with regard to environmental background, social status, self-esteem, attitudes toward physical activity and selected components of physical fitness. The results from these measurements confirmed the suspected conflicts and ill-feelings that existed among the class and provided guide lines for stage two of the study. In this phase the researchers developed a Special Activity Program which attempted to plan for group cooperation and positive ex periences in physical activity in an effort to improve self-esteem and social inter action. The students expressed delight in the activities, especially the novel tasks and the teachers noticed some degree of improvement in class involvement and enthusiasm.

Overall the study suggests the need to consider socio-psychological factors in the planning and teaching of physical education. The recommendations act as guidelines for future strategies.
Olympic Success: A sum of Non-Material and Material Factors
Authors: Kiviaho Pekka , Mäkelä Pekka
Published: March 2007

Absolute and relative rankings of Olympic success are uncorrelated to each other and measure success in quite different ways. The variables used in this study explain absolute success better than relative success. Furthermore, each type of success is better explained by different independent variables. The connection between economic resources, socialist economy and absolute success has been shown more or less clearly in previous studies (Novikov and Maksimenko 1972, Levine 1974). The superior sports performance of Protestants compared to others has also been demonstrated previously (Lüschen 1967, Seppänen 1970). Population density is surprising as a variable which is related to relative success. Also surprising is the lack of a connection in the present data between economic and population resources and relative success. One possible explanation for the latter finding is that absolute success is a measure of resources primarily. To be near the top in absolute scoring, a nation has to take part and be successful, not in one or two events, but in many of them. This requires vast sport resources. On the other hand, a smaller country with fewer resources may succeed relatively by training for only a few events in which the available sport resources can be used effectively, based on the nation's sport cultural traditions, its natural resources, etc. Relative success does not measure the amount of sport resources which a nation applies to the Olympic task, but rather the effectiveness with which available resources can be directed to achieve a nation's Olympic goals.

Economic development and population are understandable factors in absolute Olympic success because of their implications for sport training. If sporting talent is distributed evenly among populations, those nations which are population-rich have naturally better possibilities (Grimes, et al. 1974), especially if they have the economic resources to exploit the advantages which a large population provides.
Athletic Activity in the Lifestyle of Urban and Rural Residents (Based on Time-Budget Data)
Authors: Artemov Victor A.
Published: March 2007

Athletic activity is one of major human behaviours in the contemporary society. This is due to its role in strengthening and maintenance of the health of present and future generations, to essentially changed physical and mental load ings in occupational and home spheres, to its effect on personal growth, to its role (active and passive, i.e. as a spectacle) in the utilization of increased free time. Athletic activity and its diffusion among various population groups are analyzed within the framework of time budget studies of urban and rural dwellers. The effect of sociodemographic characterristics of population and of living conditions in communities on athletic activity substance and diffusion is considered.

Its diffusion is much dependent on the participation of the new growing generation. In city plans of socioeconomic development special provisions are made for optimal distribution of stock assets, current expenditures, skilled personnel among age and occupational groups and among major city organizations.
Adolescent Values in Sport: A Case of Conflicting Interests
Authors: Watson G.G. , Collis R.
Published: March 2007

An emerging issue in medical research concerns the impact of psychosocial factors on sport and recreational involvement. To identify the values sport par ticipants place on their involvement largely answers the question of the expec tations they have of sport as a sociological institution - a vital issue in preser ving the health and fitness of the community. The present study (utilizing sur vey and interview procedures) was designed within this theme to identify the values adolescents (N=260) place on their involvement (or non-involvement) in sport and to determine the degree to which these values are transmitted from parents and the family's socio-economic background. Five central value clusters were identified (from statistical analysis of over 750 statements) which varies syste matically according to age, sex and social class background: expressive, affilia tive, moral, achievement and competence. The study identified clear but impor tant trends which explained adolescent values placed on the "affiliative" and "competence" components, but not the "achievement" component, the central va lue prevailing in contemporary sport. This conflict of values was interpreted as explaining current adolescent disinterest in sport involvement. Recommendations are suggested for enchancing the relevance of sport and physical activity for adolescents.
Birth Order and Children's Socialization into Sport
Authors: Ebihara Osamo , Ikeda Mosaru , Myiashita Mitsumasa
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the comparative influence of socia lizing agents in the social systems, employing multiple regression analysis with birth order and sex as the control variable. A fixed-alternative questionnaire was conducted with 623 boys and 559 girls. Subjects were categorized into first- born, intermediate-born, youngest-born, and only-child. The data indicated the differential function and role of individual-family-member influence. First-borns and only-children were demonstrated to have higher dependency on parents than later-borns. The father was fundamentally the primary socializing agent, and then was dethroned on the most significant socializing role model by entrustment his role to older like-sex siblings. There were two prominent features of in teraction patterns between siblings that younger borns had reinforcing functions for their sport involvement of older borns, while older borns served as rote models for later-borns' socialization into sport in the family. Such tendencies were saliently demonstrated between like-sex siblings rather than opposite-sex siblings. As one of the important predictors, siblings particularly operated as the smoothing function to facilitate children's participation into peer groups. The more children were stimulated by significant interaction patterns with siblings, the more in tensely they were involved in peer group activities. These findings suggest future researchers should focus primarily on the family constellation variables such as birth order, family size, the spacing interval between children, and the sex of older and younger siblings on children's socialization into sport.
Philosophical Problems of Physical Culture
Authors: Wohl Andrzej
Published: March 2007

In this article the author develops some reflection on problems related to physical culture, showing that the present-day state of sciences of physical cul ture requires more extensive studies than so far and a many-sided approach to theoretical problems without which these sciences will not be in a position to supply correct answers to many detailed problems.

From among philosophical problems connected with physical culture the author sets apart as especially important that of human motor activity, drawing attention to the fact that physical culture is above all a certain form of motor activity the purpose of which is improvement of the human motoric system by means of exercises and play involving movement. In this connection he points to many efforts made so far and to a variety of research trends that have taken shape and declares that these studies have not brought sufficiently satisfactory results. Many controversial opinions and attitudes exist and also many unknown quantities that will have to be solved.

Another important problem is the role and significance of the human body in the civilizational process. In this respect a remarkable evolution of opinions has recently taken place. In discussions on these problems participated above all philosophers but there are certain indications that theoreticians of physical culture have also joined the discussion, which is understandable since it is a matter that concerns precisely the latter.

The last problem dealt with in this article is play as a specific form of hu man self-expression. The author perceives in dialectics of work and play, in their interaction and at the same time contrast as well as the consequences stemming from it, the very essense of research tasks, the solution of which should not be indifferent for the sciences of physical culture, since contemporary sport is nothing else but the most universal play involving movement.
The Socioeconomic Status of Elite Nigerian Athletes in Perspective of Social Stratification and Mobility
Authors: Sohi A.S. , Yusuff K.B.
Published: March 2007

The objective of the study was to investigate the socioeconomic status of elite Nigerian athletes, their social origin, and the social mobility experienced by them. All these aspects were observed through the social stratificational indices. Data on 341 elite athletes (226 male and 115 female) in fifteen sports, and their parents, were collected with the help of a pertinent questionnaire. The analysis of data led to these conclusions: Most of these athletes came from families having lower socioeconomic status. A significantly high number of athletes experienced upward social mobility.
Ethnicity, Identity, and Sport: The Persistence of Power
Authors: Cheska Alyce Taylor
Published: March 2007

Indians of the Western Hemisphere have resisted assimilation, in spite of the Euro- American Anglos who invaded and acquisitioned their lands from the 1500s to today. To accomplish this Indian peoples stress differences through ascribed characteristics of race, language, territorial or political independence, education, and religion as well as aesthetic cultural patterns in clothing and decoration, art, food, and sporting activities. Indian groups communicate their power of persistence and their persistence of power in several ways: first by social negotiations with other groups, second by synergistic relationships with each other and nature, and third by continual revitalization, re-definition, and reconstruction of ethnicity. Sporting events provide excellent contexts through which these assumptions of power are played out.
Sociological Consideration on Sport Involvement of Japanese Female Adults
Authors: Kanezaki Ryozo
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the longitudinal trend on sport involvement of Japanese female adults after World War II and to consider the factors that have influenced it from a sociological perspective, based on an analysis of the relevant literatures. The rate of females' primary sport involvement is lower than that of males at any period. This trend is related to traditional Japanese gender role and females' life cycle. In the period from the end of the war to the 1950s, the greater part of female adults had no opportunities to engage in sports. The number of female sport participants increased remarkably in the 1960s. This trend continued in the 1970s, however, the rate of increase was quite low, and that has not changed in the 1980s. Some factors that influenced sport involvement of female adults were indicated: a rise in the standard of living by economic growth, an increase in leisure time, the completion of the conditions needed for sports, a change in gender role and a change in women's life cycle.
Football Violence in Italy
Authors: Roversi Antonio
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to summarize the available evidence on spectators' violence affecting professional football in Italy. Using different sources of data, the author discusses the quantitative aspects of Italian football hooliganism, showing the steady increase of the phenomenon during the Seventies and the Eighties, and depicts the history, both from the cultural and organizational point of view, of so called ultras groups. Finally, he discusses the results of an empirical research among football hooligans supporting a team in the first Division.
Policy Analysis and Utilization Process: The Interplay between Sport Policy and Applied Sociology of Sport
Authors: Rütten Alfred
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to outline a case study approach that deals with a central problem of applied sociology of sport, i.e. how to relate the different worlds of science and practice (in this case: sport policy) to one another. In the first part, the conceptual perspectives of the case study are presented. These perspectives emphasize a specific understanding of objectivity. First of all, policy analysis has to deal adequately with the structural patterns and rules of the "policy game". This means that phenomena like the bounded rationality and the incrementalism of policymaking or the conceptual utilization of scientific knowledge by policymakers have to be observed. Typical strategic orientations and networks of different actors in the field of public policy as well as potential roles of applied social scientists have to be analyzed according to the rules of the policy-game. With regard to the scientists, however, their close relationship to the rules of the "scientific game" must not be neglected. In this context a pragmatic orientation of applied social science is best suited to integrate the different scientific and professional interests.
Helgoland on Amager
Authors: Nagbol Soren
Published: March 2007

Using "the deep hermeneutic procedure" of Alfred Lorenzer, an attempt is made to achieve a scenic understanding of a sports environment at Helgoland, Copenhagen. Author participation in the interplay of experience and movement and the spontaneous feeling and associations which are obtained, are record for the bodily experience of swimming in the waters of the sound. The scenic context and the bodily experience are described.
The Contribution of Televised Sports to the Spread of Sports Activities
Authors: Irlinger Paul
Published: March 2007

The French public opinion takes for granted that televised sports have played a great part in the expansion of sport practice. This opinion is shared by sport economists, television top experts and leaders of sports organizations.
Does Government Financing have a Detrimental Effect on the Autonomy of Voluntary Associations? Evidence from German Sports Clubs
Authors: Horch Heinz-Dieter
Published: March 2007

At first glance, the answer to this question seems all too obvious: The greater the share of government finances the greater the loss of autonomy. But from a resource-dependency and institutional approach, three more influential factors come to mind: the association's counterinfluence, the calculations of the governmental agencies (their alternatives, costs and benefits); and cultural factors. The paper presents evidence from a German survey in which 397 registered associations of four widely differing types were investigated with the aid of a standardized questionnaire: sport clubs in comparison with philanthropic associations, interest associations and self-help groups. The findings support the importance of the perspective of the government agencies, whereas the association's counterinfluence seems to be to small to limit a loss of autonomy. Last but not least, the results support the reasonable assumption that cultural factors might be of importance which restrict governmental interference.
Political Influence on Physical Education and Sport in the People's Republic of China
Authors: Ping Luo
Published: March 2007

sport has been intertwined with government in the People's Republic of China since the Communist Party took power in 1949. It serves best as a subculture, fitting into the scope of socialism. In this paper, the author investigates whether China can become a super sport power in the world. This is done by examining sport ideology, governmental structure, sport history, integrated education, mass sports, and competitive sports from the ascendancy of Mao's leadership to the post-Mao leadership under Den, and to analyze historically and sociologically the interdependence of sport, physical culture, Chinese culture, and politics. In addition, the author's experience in the system for twenty-five years highlights the investigation.
The Academization of Physical Education Teacher Training a Discourse Analysis Case Study
Authors: Fejgin Naomi
Published: March 2007

This article reports a case study of the rhetoric means used to construct and present an "academic" program of teacher training in physical education. It examines the struggle of the physical education teachers in Israel for professional recognition as a discoursive event: The introduction of a new degree, and a new institutional name, together with newly defined goals, entry requirements and curriculum, and the use of new terms, borrowed from the university lexicon, such as "academic", "discipline", "seminar", "methodology", "empirical" "science" etc. - all create a new semantic system which helps to present the physical education teacher training as more academic and more professional.
Sportsmanship as an Ethical Value
Authors: Papp Gábor , Prisztóka Gyöngyvér
Published: March 2007

This paper attempts to find what place sportsmanship, as an ethical value, has in the structure of values, especially with respect to the structure of values in bodyculture. The instilling of sportsmanlike behavior is basically the responsibility of the elementary and secondary schools. It is important for future p.e. teachers to have enough experience in this field, so that they can educate students morally through physical education and sports training. During our survey we compared the ethical knowledge level - related to sports- of elementary and secondary school pupils with university students. It is evident from the results, that the sportsmen's behavior is mostly determined by negative value orientations. The knowledge of sports ethic and values the next generation has is important and we would like to emphasize the importance of the realization of these educational tasks.
Geographical Development of Sports Phenomenon: Ruralization of Practices or Urbanization of Countrysides? The Alsatian Sport Movement Between 1920 and 1940
Authors: Caritey Benoit
Published: March 2007

The diffusion of sports in the geographic space cannot be considered as having no incidence on their history. A study of the geographic development of the associative sports movement in Alsace between 1920 and 1940 reveals the variety of development modalities of the different sporting practices. As the sporting practice establishes itself in new (by their characteristics) local configurations of the geosystem, unprecedented ways of considering this practice appear.
Doping in Norwegian Gyms —
Authors: Bergsgard Nils Asle , Tangen Jan Ove , Barland Bjorn , Breivik Gunnar
Published: March 2007

At the end of 1993 there was carried out an investigation on the extent of doping in Norwegian gyms. The main results from the investigation are: Around 2% use or have used drugs and 20% reported knowledge of other using drugs at the gym. In this article we discuss the methodology that was used and the findings from the investigation in relation to other surveys, both Norwegian and foreign studies. The findings are also basis for a more sociological discussion on doping and modern sport. In this section we discuss how big problem doping in sport in reality is, and what type of problem issues drug use in sport raises.
Conceptualizing the Organizational Role of Technical Communicators: A Systems Approach
Authors: Harrison Teresa M. , Debs Mary Beth
Published: March 2007

Little has been written about the organizational role of technical communica tors. Using a systems approach to organizational theory, we argue that techni cal communicators engage in tasks that permit them to function as "boundary spanners. "As boundary spanners, technical communicators both disseminate and make sense of information required for coordination between organiza tional groups and for effective responses to the environment. We discuss the implications of this position for managing and educating technical communi cators.
Integrating Exploration and Localization for Mobile Robots
Authors: Yamauchi Brian , Schultz Alan , Adams William
Published: March 2007

Exploration and localization are two of the capabilities necessary for mobile robots to navigate robustly in unknown environments. A robot needs to explore in order to learn the structure of the world, and a robot needs to know its own location in order to make use of its acquired spatial information. However, a problem arises with the integration of exploration and localization. A robot needs to know its own location in order to add new information to its map, but a robot may also need a map to determine its own location. We have addressed this problem with ARIEL, a mobile robot system that combines frontier-based exploration with continuous localization. ARIEL is capable of exploring and mapping an unknown environment while maintaining an accurate estimate of its position at all times. In this paper, we describe frontier-based exploration and continuous localization, and we explain how ARIEL integrates these techniques. Then we show results from experiments performed in the exploration of a real-world office hallway environ ment. These results demonstrate that maps learned using exploration without localization suffer from substantial dead reckoning errors, while maps learned by ARIEL avoid these errors and can be used for reliable exploration and navigation.
The Ngadju Dayaks of Central Kalimantan, with Special Reference to the Upper Mentaya
Authors: Miles Douglas
Published: March 2007

A cultural synopsis is given of the Upper Mentaya River area of Central Kalimantan, with emphasis on the multilinguality and cultural diversity of the area. The diversity and flexibility of the kinship and religious systems are related to migration downstream to Bandjarese trading centers, estab lishment of face-to-face relations with Malays, and acceptance of Islam. The paper concludes with an examination of theories of secondary burial rites and offers an alternative view to that proposed by Hertz in 1907. [Accepted for publication: June 1970.]
Exchange Theory and Sexual Permissiveness
Authors: Eckhardt Kenneth W.
Published: March 2007

An exchange theory of social behavior is advanced to explain intersocietal differences in sex codes. An examination of 153 societies drawn from Mur dock's World Ethnographic Sample (1957) and from the HRAF-Microfiles indicates modest support for the thesis that the location of power and resources as they influence social interaction and exchange are contributory forces in accounting for the level of sexual permissiveness found in society.
Computer-Assisted Instruction Using Cross-Cultural Data
Authors: Smith Court , Fuhrer Dave
Published: March 2007

A computer program for introductory anthropology students was designed to illustrate some of the diversity among 400 cultures. The program enables students to be matched with cultures that have traits similar to their preferences. It is conversational, and no previous computer experience is needed or assumed. Data are from Textor's A Cross-Cultural Summary (1967). Work with the computer program is integrated with library re search and gives students experience in use of library resources, data veri fication procedures, and the interpretation of ethnographic accounts. Results of student use of the program indicate that it documents diversity, illustrates the difference between coded and ethnographic data, and provides back ground on the interests of students.
Cross-Cultural Study of the Use of Elections for Selection of the Village Headman
Authors: Greenbaum Lenora
Published: March 2007

Because political democracy in nonindustrial societies has received rela tively little attention in past research, this paper was undertaken to study the differences between societies using electionlconsensus for village head man selection and those in which either heredity or appointment, influence, or seniority are the selection mechanisms. Several political theories post ulating relationships between political forms and (1) the family (2) the economy, or (3) societal complexity were tested. Six hundred and sixteen (616) Ethnographic Atlas societies (Murdock 1967) were divided into two groups: those in which election or consensus is used for headman selection, and those using other methods. Statistical correlations were sought, com paring the two groups in terms of kin groups, type of economy, and indi cators of societal complexity. The findings indicate no relationship between any of the independent variables and the form of headman selection. While further research is necessary, it seems likely that current political theories may not be applicable to the nonindustrial world. Some possible relation ships with sex division of labor in agriculture or with cognatic kin groups need further investigation. A search for additional variables, culled from the ethnographic literature, is recommended for further insight into this subject.
Altered States of Consciousness within a General Evolutionary Perspective: A Holocultural Analysis
Authors: Bourguignon Erika , Evascu Thomas L.
Published: March 2007

This paper represents a reanalysis of data from earlier studies sup porting the hypothesis that cultural patterning of altered states of con sciousness (trance) conforms to a monothetic general evolutionary scale of sociocultural behavior. Global correlations using holocultural method ology show trance type to be positively correlated with four selected evolutionary variables, two related to societal complexity and two related to subsistence economy.
Residence and Descent Is Hyperdiffusional?
Authors: Strauss David , Orans Martin
Published: March 2007

Zucker's (1976) test for Galton's problem leads him to claim that the association between patrilocality and patrilineality is "hyperdiffusional.' We critically examine his test, and present detailed evidence of a variety of tests vripporting the lawful relation between residence and descent. We offer also some deductive arguments on the effect and the measurement of diffusion, together with some hypothetical examples showing how sev eral of the proposed solutions go astray. Some of the material of this paper has been outlined in our Reply to Zucker (1977: 118-119).
Freud on Homosexuality and the Super-Ego: Some Cross-Cultural Tests1
Authors: Carroll Michael P.
Published: March 2007

Cross-cultural data that have recently become available make it possible to test several hypotheses derivable from Freud's theories relating to male homosexuality and the development of the super-ego. These hypotheses are (1) relatively little father-son contact during early childhood increases the probability of homosexuality; (2) under a condition of relatively high father contact, increased sexual attachment to the mother decreases the probability of homosexuality; (3) relatively little father-son contact during early child hood impedes the development of the son's super-ego; and (4) there should be a negative zero-order correlation between homosexuality and the super- ego development. This correlation should vanish once degree of father con tact is controlled. The data from fifty-one societies indicate that hypotheses (1), (2) and (3) are strongly supported, and hypothesis (4) is moderately supported. Whiting's "status envy" theory is also relevant to the same data, but is not as consistent with this data as is Freud's theory.
Social Contact Versus Bodily Contact: A Qualitative Difference Between Father and Mother for the Son's Masculine Identity
Authors: Kitahara Michio
Published: March 2007

The relative influence of father and mother on the son's acquisition of masculine identity was studied by examining one hundred eleven sample societies from Whiting's (1964) data. The practice of circumcision was seen as a rectifying mechanism to let boys acquire a masculine identity, and its presence was considered an indication of mother-oriented personality de velopment among them. The result suggests that the father is influential when he sleeps in the hut where the son sleeps, and the mother is influ ential when the son sleeps in her bed. There is a qualitative difference between father and mother; the father's influence on the son is through social contact, the mother's influence through bodily contact.
The Function of Romantic Love: A Re-appraisal of the Coppinger and Rosenblatt Study
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Carol Chapnick
Published: March 2007

A study by Coppinger and Rosenblatt (1968) claims empirical support for the theory that romantic love insures marital stability in the absence of subsistence dependence between spouses. Careful examination of research procedures suggests such claims may be unwarranted. Moreover, the in troduction of a third variable, subsistence technology, virtually eliminates the sole correlation offered in support of the theory. These findings strik ingly illustrate the need for greater methodological rigor in the formula tion and testing of theories.
Mores and the Law: Taking Sumner Seriously
Authors: Schwartz Richard D.
Published: March 2007

I examine here how Sumner's concept of the mores applies to modern urban society—in particular to law as an epiphenomenon of the mores rather than an influence on them. Strongly-held mores are rare in contem porary societies. Rather, sub mores pervade, causing conflict among antag onistic interests. Law can sometimes bridge these submores, as in labor- management conflict. Law can also provide a framework within which pervasive mores may evolve. For these reasons, law can and does contribute much more to the mores of complex urban societies than Sumner perceived.
Evaluation and Modification of the SES Random Error Procedure
Authors: Kang Gay Elizabeth , Tai Kang
Published: March 2007

Testing the influence of random error is important for most cross- cultural studies. This paper evaluates Witkowski's test procedure and random error hypotheses. Using his own methods, we found little support for his hypotheses. The Lazarsfeld Method of Elaboration exposes defects in the random error hypothesis statements and test procedure. When these are modified, Witkowski's system proves ten able, We suggest that the Method of Elaboration improves investi gation of the quality control test variable role for both random and systematic error.
Assessing Interrater Influence in Holocultural Research
Authors: Rohner Ronald P. , Rohner Evelyn C.
Published: March 2007

We draw attention here to the potential bias of interrater influence in holocultural research. We suggest a procedure for assessing quantitatively the significance of interrater influence in various types of research-especially holocultural research-where two independent raters code behavioral data.
Correlates of Monogamy in Human Groups: Tests of Some Sociobiological Hypotheses
Authors: Gray J. Patrick , Wolfe Linda D.
Published: March 2007

Kleiman's review of monogamy among mammals contained several hypotheses concerning correlates of monogamy among humans. This paper utilizes holocultural tests to investigate these hypotheses and finds most not to be supported by the ethnographic record. The paper also contains a discussion of the theoretical and methodological problems confronted in attempting to test explanations of human behavior advanced by evolutionary biologists by means of holocultural research.
An Empirical Test of Bott's Network Hypotheses, Based on Analysis of Ethnographic Atlas Data
Authors: Goldenberg Sheldon
Published: March 2007

Elizabeth Bott's Family and Social Network (1957) has stimulated much research in the area of kinship networks and network analysis in general. Her hypotheses have been tested and criticized, refined and modified. And still they remain provocative and controversial.

Thepresentpaper is an attempt to test Bott, using the international data on 1,170 societies gathered by fieldworkers over the years and summarized in the Ethnographic Atlas materials (Murdock 1967). While there are no direct measures of Bott's key variables, it ispossible tofind useful indicators to represent them. This being the case, Bott's model can be tested, indirectly, on a far larger body of data than has ever been tested before.

The data analysis supports Bott's linkages in the main, if only weakly. Network connectedness is related to sex-role segregation. Various factors, includingphysical mobility, economic interdependence, and the opportunity to make contacts outside the local area are related to network connected ness. In Bott'sfull model, network connectedness is an intervening variable; whereas this data analysis finds network connectedness to be a conditional variable, at the societal level of analysis.
Magico-Religious Practitioner Types and Socioeconomic Conditions
Authors: Winkelman Michael James
Published: March 2007

A typology of magico-religious practitioners is determined in a cross- cultural sample. Shamans were found in hunting and gathering soci eties ; Shaman/Healers and Priests in agricultural societies; and Healers, Mediums, and Malevolent Practitioners in societies with political integration. Analysis of selection procedures and activities suggests three bases for magico-religious practitioners: a universal basis related to trance states; sociopolitical power in societies with political integra tion ; and conflict between trance-based local power and stratified political power.
The Development of Moral Reasoning in Belize, Trinidad-Tobago, and the U.S.A
Authors: Gielen Uwe P. , Cruickshank Halsey , Johnston Alberto F. , Swanzey Barbara , Avellani Joseph
Published: March 2007

In this study, 118 high school students from Belize, 147 students from Trinidad-Tobago, and 106 students from the U.S.A. responded to background items and the Defining Issues Test (DIT) by Rest (1979a, 1979b). In all three samples, respondents favored conventional moral arguments (Stages 4 and 3) over principled arguments. Preconventional moral arguments were endorsed least often. The U.S.A. students received higher overall moral judgment scores (D-Scores) and prin cipled scores (P-Scores) than did students from the Carribean samples. The Trinidad students' D-Scores, but not their P-Scores, were higher than those of the Belize students. No differences were found between the three samples for Stage 2 scores. P-Scores and Stage 5A scores increased with age, while Stage 3 scores decreased with age in all three samples. D-Scores were positively correlated with age in Trinidad and in the U.S.A., but not in Belize. Stage 2 scores increased with age among Belizean females and Trinidadian males, but decreased with age among females from the U.S.A. Background items, including gender, were only rarely correlated with moral judgment scores. The usefulness of the DIT in English-speaking Carribean cultures receives moderate support from the data. It is postulated that the obtained cross-cultural moral judgment differences reflect corresponding cross-cultural differences in societal complexity and degrees of modernization.
Studying Politics Cross-Culturally: Key Concepts and Issues
Authors: Ross Marc Howard
Published: March 2007

The successful cross-cultural study of politics entails two important steps: ( 1) the identification of appropriate concepts and the specifi cation of their interrelationships, and (2) consideration of how micro- level processes within communities are related to macroprocesses between them. It is argued here that the concepts of authority, conflict, and community provide the theoretical foundation for the cross- cultural study of politics. Each concept can be viewed as a distinct dimension of political life; while taken together, the three can help us understand a wide range of significant political behaviors. These concepts are also crucial in helping to link the more process-oriented view of politics that has dominated political anthropology and political science in recent years with the more structural and static concerns that have been dominant in macrocomparative research, such as cross- cultural studies. Finally, it is argued here not only that explicit attention to political processes within communities offers a dynamic set of research questions for the cross-cultural study of politics but also that more sophisticated cross-community studies can point to important theoretical relationships in the comparative study of politics within communities.
Revisiting Status-Envy: Does the Theory Hold Up?
Authors: Broude Gwen J.
Published: March 2007

This study reassesses the validity of the status-envy hypothesis of sex identity acquisition. Tests of the relationship of the measures employed in existing status-envy research to more direct indexes of the inde pendent variables suggest that status-envy investigations are not tapping the conditions that are conducive to envy of the female status. More direct tests of the status-envy theory also indicate that the hypothesis is not supported by the available data. Divergent causes and interpretations of the proposed consequences of status-envy are proposed.
A Comparison of the Bicoastal Disasters of 1989
Authors: Aptekar Lewis
Published: March 2007

The study used participant observational methodology to understand the psychological reactions to the Loma Prieta Earthquake and to Hurricane Hugo. Data was collected in two high impact areas; Watsonville, Califor nia and McClellanville, South Carolina. Comparisons were made between the two towns and between the two disasters. The results indicated four psychological phases of victim psychology: confusion, coping by cogni tive changes, displaced anger, and resolution. The first two phases lasted longer for earthquake victims than for those suffering from the hurricane. Differences in the two communities effected the phases of anger and res olution.
Architecture as a Material Correlate of Mobility Strategies: Some Implications for Archeological Interpretation
Authors: Diehl Michael W.
Published: March 2007

Human mobility strategies condition the purposes for which architectural features are built and the durations of their occupation. A cross-cultural study indicates that occupation duration statistically predicts the effort invested in dwellings (as indi cated by the kinds of materials used in construction). Mobility does not predict the numberof different kinds of structures ordwellings used by a group. Human mobility does not significantly predict floor areas or wall heights of dwellings.
Homology, Analogy, and Comparative Research in Archaeology
Authors: Spencer Charles S.
Published: March 2007

Some postprocessual theorists have criticized the cross-cultural approach in archaeology, arguing that it reduces cultural variability to analytical sameness and neglects the role of historical contingency in human affairs Responding to these criticisms, this paper suggests how archaeologists can be sensitive to contextual variation and the forces of history while carrying out comparative analyses of developmental sequences
Sampling Techniques and Sampling Error in Naturalistic Observation: An Empirical Evaluation With Implications for Cross-Cultural Research
Authors: Peregrine Peter N. , Drews David R. , North Melissa , Slupe Amy
Published: March 2007

Naturalistic observation plays an important role in cross-cultural research, and in virtually all cases observations are made of popu lation samples, not whole populations. A variety of sampling strat egies have been devised for naturalistic fieldwork, but deviations from actual target populations differ widely depending on the strategy used. This study uses two sets of continuous observations of child touching behavior to empirically evaluate these various sampling strategies. We find that random samples are the only ones that reliably represent the target populations. This finding has a number of implications for cross-cultural research, primarily that (a) data collected using differing sampling techniques are likely to vary in their representativeness, making samples gathered with different techniques difficult to compare; and (b) because the repre sentativeness of any sample is partly a function of the nature of the target population, careful attention should be paid to the definition of target populations.
An Ecocultural Taxonomy for Cross-Cultural Psychology
Authors: Georgas James , Berry John W.
Published: March 2007

The problem of the interpretation or explanation of psychological variation or communality between cultures is the central methodo logical and theoretical issue in current cross-cultural psychology. There is a tendency to mistakenly equate "culture" with "nation" or "ethnic group." The concept of nation-state in cross-cultural research is used in both defining samples and interpreting results. The authors propose the use of ecological and social indicators of nations as context variables, within the framework of Berry's ecocul tural theory. Seventy-seven ecological and social indicators were selected from statistical yearbooks. Cluster analysis of nations resulted in 25 indicators, based on a priori categories of ecology, economics, education, mass communication, population, and religion, and are presented together with the profile means. The results can be used for the selection of nations in cross-cultural research, for the investigation of the relationships of these indicators to psychological variables, and for the eventual establishment of a workable ecocultural theory for cross-cultural psychology.
Population Knowledge and Attitudes of Latin American Adolescents: Impact of Gender, Schooling, and Culture
Authors: Stycos J. Mayone
Published: March 2007

Several thousand students in each of three Latin American secondary schools completed questionnaires dealing with birth control and population. Sex, grade level, and country were among the more important characteristics affecting knowledge and attitude. However, desired family size was unaffected by years of schooling and is set at between two and three children by Grade 7. The impact of schooling was only partially accounted for by associated social and economic controls.
Controller Design for High-Performance Thrbomachines
Authors: Elmadany Mohamed M. , Abduljabbar Zuhair
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the development of an optimal control law design for the lateral vibration sup pression and stabilization of a rotor system with anisotropic fluid-film bearings and fluid leakage. Evaluation of the degree of controllability and observability and synthesis of the optimal control law using linear quadratic regulator theory accompanied by an asymptotic state observer are performed. Time responses, steady-state behavior, and singular value analysis are used to evaluate the performance and robustness of the feedback control system. Good closed-loop characteristics are obtained.