bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distress tolerance among emergency department patients in acute pain: Associations with substance use treatment
Authors: Pacella‐LaBarbara Maria L. , Maltese Caroline , McConaghy Madelyn , Porter James , Young Michael L. , Suffoletto Brian
Published: December 2020

Managing acute pain in individuals with a history of substance use disorders (SUD) is complex. Distress tolerance (DT) (e.g., the ability to handle uncomfortable sensations) may serve as an ideal non‐pharmacological intervention target in this population. Among 293 emergency department (ED) patients seeking treatment for pain (Mage = 41; 42% Female; 43% Black), we examined rates of SUD treatment and DT, whether an objective DT task is feasible to conduct in the ED, and relationships between DT and SUD. Patients completed a self‐report DT survey, an objective DT task, and brief surveys of pain, drug use, current or past SUD treatment, and depression/anxiety. Average DT was 18.50 (SD = 9.4) out of 50; patients with past or current SUD treatment (n = 43; 14.7%) reported lower DT than patients with no SUD treatment history (n = 250; 85.3%). Controlling for demographics, depression/anxiety, and pain severity, lower subjective DT (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.05) and objective DT (aOR = 1.02) was associated a current or past history or SUD treatment. Assessing subjective and objective DT in ED patients with acute pain is feasible; interventions aimed at boosting DT may improve outcomes among patients with acute pain and SUD.
Carbon Dots‐Decorated Carbon‐Based Metal‐Free Catalysts for Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Huang Danlian , Chen Yashi , Cheng Min , Lei Lei , Chen Sha , Wang Wenjun , Liu Xigui
Published: December 2020

In the past ten years, carbon dots‐decorated, carbon‐based, metal‐free catalysts (CDs‐C‐MFCs) have become the fastest‐growing branch in the metal‐free materials for energy storage field. However, the further development of CDs‐C‐MFCs needs to clear up the electronic transmission mechanism rather than primarily relying on trial‐and‐error approaches. This review presents systematically and comprehensively for the first time the latest advances of CDs‐C‐MFCs in supercapacitors and metal–air batteries. The structure–performance relationship of these materials is carefully discussed. It is indicated that carbon dots (CDs) can act as the electron‐rich regions in CDs‐C‐MFCs owing to their unique properties, such as quantum confinement effects, abundant defects, countless functional groups, etc. More importantly, specific doping can effectively modify the charge/spin distribution and then facilitate electron transfer. In addition, present challenges and future prospects of the CDs‐C‐MFCs are also given.
Recent Progress and Challenges in the Optimization of Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries
Authors: Pei Cunyuan , Xiong Fangyu , Yin Yameng , Liu Ziang , Tang Han , Sun Ruimin , An Qinyou , Mai Liqiang
Published: December 2020

Rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs) have been regarded as one of the promising electrochemical energy storage systems to complement Li‐ion batteries owing to the low‐cost and high safety characteristics. However, the various challenges including the sluggish solid‐state diffusion of highly polarizing Mg2+ ions in hosts, and the formation of blocking layers on Mg metal surface have seriously impeded the development of high‐performance RMBs. In order to solve these problems toward practical applications of RMBs, a tremendous amount of work on electrodes and electrolytes has been conducted in the last few decades. Creative optimization strategies including the modification of cathodes and anodes such as shielding the charges of divalent Mg2+, expanding the layers of host materials, and optimizing the interface of electrode–electrolyte are raised to promote the technology. In this review, the detailed description of innovative approaches, representative examples, and facing challenges for developing high‐performance electrodes are presented. Based on the review of these strategies, guidelines are provided for future research directions on improving the overall battery performance, especially on the electrodes.
Mechanical Processing of Naturally Bent Organic Crystalline Microoptical Waveguides and Junctions
Authors: Vinay Pradeep Vuppu , Tardío Carlos , Torres‐Moya Iván , Rodríguez Ana M. , Vinod Kumar Avulu , Annadhasan Mari , de la Hoz Antonio , Prieto Pilar , Chandrasekar Rajadurai
Published: December 2020

Precise mechanical processing of optical microcrystals involves complex microscale operations viz. moving, bending, lifting, and cutting of crystals. Some of these mechanical operations can be implemented by applying mechanical force at specific points of the crystal to fabricate advanced crystalline optical junctions. Mechanically compliant flexible optical crystals are ideal candidates for the designing of such microoptical junctions. A vapor‐phase growth of naturally bent optical waveguiding crystals of 1,4‐bis(2‐cyanophenylethynyl)benzene (1) on a surface forming different optical junctions is presented. In the solid‐state, molecule 1 interacts with its neighbors via CH⋅⋅⋅N hydrogen bonding and π–π stacking. The microcrystals deposited at a glass surface exhibit moderate flexibility due to substantial surface adherence energy. The obtained network crystals also display mechanical compliance when cut precisely with sharp atomic force microscope cantilever tip, making them ideal candidates for building innovative T‐ and Δ‐shaped optical junctions with multiple outputs. The presented micromechanical processing technique can also be effectively used as a tool to fabricate single‐crystal integrated photonic devices and circuits on suitable substrates.
One‐Dimensional Molecular Metal Halide Materials: Structures, Properties, and Applications
Authors: Rahaman Md. Zahidur , Ge Shuaipeng , Lin Chun-Ho , Cui Yimin , Wu Tom
Published: December 2020

Metal halides with low‐dimensional molecular structures are the rising stars in the horizon of functional materials research. Among them, 1D metal halide hybrids are very promising for future optoelectronic applications because of their unusual photophysical properties resulting from strong quantum confinement. In the past few years, besides lead‐based 1D metal halide hybrids, research has been extended to lead‐free organic and all‐inorganic metal halides. Due to near‐unity photoluminescence quantum yield and excellent structural stability, all‐inorganic 1D metal halides are suitable for environmentally friendly optoelectronic devices. Moreover, the distortion and connectivity mode of metal halide octahedra arouse the formation of self‐trapped excitons within 1D metal halides, thus endowing the materials with distinct optical properties. Recent investigations have revealed many exciting characteristics of this new class of materials, such as ferroelectricity, ferromagnetism, optical cooling, and so on. This perspective presents not only structure–property correlations and recent applications of 1D metal halides but also the existing challenges and future research directions.
Syntheses and Transformations of Sulfoximines
Authors: Zheng Wenting , Chen Xianlie , Chen Feng , He Ze , Zeng Qingle
Published: December 2020

Sulfoximines are widely used as medicines, agricultural chemicals, chiral precursors, and chiral ligands in asymmetric synthesis, as well as pivotal intermediates for the construction of heterocyclic compounds. NH‐sulfoximines may be synthesized from thioethers, sulfoxides, sulfilimines, and sulfinamides. NH‐sulfoximines can undergo various transformations, such as arylations, alkylations, vinylations, and alkynylations. Here, we review the methods that have been applied to the syntheses and transformations of NH‐sulfoximines.
ALiberatingEducation: Integrating Funds of Knowledge and Disciplinary Knowledge to Create Tools for Students' Lives
Authors: Castillo‐Montoya Milagros , Ives Jillian
Published: December 2020

This chapter discusses three important pedagogical strategies: integrating students’ funds of knowledge throughout the learning process; exposing students to dominant and critical disciplinary knowledge; and envisioning academic content as a tool supporting students’ self‐growth, contributions to community/society, and potential contributions to the field/discipline.
Blended, Flipped, and Hybrid Learning: Definitions, Developments, and Directions
Authors: Saichaie Kem
Published: December 2020

This chapter provides research‐based recommendations for effective practice in three environments that redefine how much time students spend in the classroom and how instructors use that time, often through integration of technology.
Tunnel Diameter as a Noninvasive Method of Detecting Pocket Gopher (Geomyidae) Occupancy
Authors: Brito Brittany T. , Sanchez Jahshua F.
Published: December 2020

Challenges in monitoring rare and elusive species often involve low detection and sampling success. Noninvasive methods have allowed researchers to more efficiently monitor rare and elusive species while reducing costs of more invasive, traditional techniques. We evaluated the use of a noninvasive method as an alternative to live‐trapping pocket gophers. We found that tunnel diameter can be used to help distinguish between occupancy by the Wyoming pocket gopher (Thomomys clusius; a species of conservation concern) and its more abundant and widespread congener, the northern pocket gopher (T. talpoides). Our method reduces reliance on more invasive methods of monitoring occupancy (i.e., live‐ or kill‐trapping) for co‐occurring pocket gopher species, and likely can be extended to survey for other species of fossorial mammals. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.
Projekt- und Teamarbeit in der digitalisierten Arbeitswelt
Authors: Mütze-Niewöhner Susanne , Latniak Erich , Hardwig Thomas , Nicklich Manuel , Hacker Winfried , Harlacher Markus , Pietrzyk Ulrike , Kauffeld Simone
Published: December 2020

Projekt- und Teamarbeit sind in der betrieblichen Praxis etabliert und bestimmen die Arbeits- und Belastungssituation vieler Beschäftigter. Als Formen kooperativer und flexibler Arbeitsorganisation besitzen sie durchaus Potenziale, die Herausforderungen dynamischer und komplexer Arbeitswelten zu bewältigen. Mit den technologischen, marktökonomischen und gesellschaftlichen Veränderungen ändern sich allerdings auch die Bedingungen, unter denen Projekt- und Teamarbeit heute stattfindet. Im Beitrag werden einige wesentliche Entwicklungslinien von Projekt- und Teamarbeit skizziert, um darauf aufbauend zentrale Herausforderungen zu benennen, vor denen die Arbeitsgestaltung heute steht. Diese Herausforderungen waren Gegenstand der Forschung einer themenspezifischen Schwerpunktgruppe im BMBF-Förderschwerpunkt „Arbeit in der digitalisierten Welt“. Der Beitrag schließt mit einem Überblick über den Sammelband, der die Ergebnisse dieser Schwerpunktgruppe bündelt.
Das Arbeiten mit Kollaborationsplattformen – Neue Anforderungen an die Arbeitsgestaltung und interessenpolitische Regulierung
Authors: Hardwig Thomas , Weißmann Marliese
Published: December 2020

Im Mittelpunkt dieses Beitrags stehen die Herausforderungen an die Arbeitsgestaltung und an die interessenpolitische Regulierung, die den Unternehmen durch den aktuellen Boom der Verbreitung von Kollaborationsplattformen gestellt werden. Im Beitrag wird der spezifische Bedarf an Arbeitsgestaltung und betrieblicher Regulierung der Arbeit mit Kollaborationsplattformen herausgearbeitet. Zunächst zeigen wir fünf wesentliche Charakteristika von Kollaborationsplattformen auf, die sie von früheren Formen der Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien für Teams und Projekte unterscheidet. Wir arbeiten diese Differenzen heraus und verdeutlichen sowohl die Chancen als auch die Risiken bei der Einführung und Nutzung von Kollaborationsplattformen. Auf dieser Grundlage stellen wir sieben Gestaltungsdimensionen für die Arbeit mit Kollaborationsplattformen vor, die jeweils zwischen zwei Extrempolen einen Gestaltungsspielraum für unternehmensspezifische Lösungen eröffnen. Je nach betrieblichen Bedingungen und Bedarf müssen die betrieblichen Akteure ihre Gestaltungsziele aushandeln und festlegen. Weiterhin diskutieren wir die interessenpolitische Regulierung der Arbeit mit Kollaborationsplattformen und geben fünf Empfehlungen für die Arbeitsgestaltung.
Mindset für Zeit- und Handlungsspielraum: Handlungsempfehlungen für Führungskräfte virtueller Teams
Authors: Mander Rebekka , Müller Frank , Hellert Ulrike
Published: December 2020

Im Kontext digitaler Strukturen ergeben sich häufig große Handlungsspielräume und ein hoher Grad an selbstbestimmter Zeiteinteilung. Führungskräfte haben dadurch weniger Möglichkeiten zur Einflussnahme, um die Zielerreichung sicherzustellen. Es entsteht z. B. leicht Unsicherheit über die Arbeitsweise sowie die Arbeitslast, da in virtuellen Strukturen viele Informationen nicht sichtbar sind. Dieser Beitrag soll klären, wie Führungskräfte dieser speziellen Herausforderung begegnen können. Im Rahmen einer Qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse mit n = 27 Teilnehmenden aus der IT-Branche wurden Interviews hinsichtlich der Zeitkompetenz von Beschäftigten und Führungskräften ausgewertet. Führungskräfte in virtuellen Strukturen können Vertrauen nutzen, um Zeit- und Handlungsspielräume zielführend einzusetzen. Zudem sollten sie für einen verantwortungsvollen Umgang mit Überlast sensibilisiert werden. Dabei können Führungskräfte sich an Indikatoren für psychische Beanspruchung orientieren, um die Auslastung ihrer Mitarbeitenden einzuschätzen. Es wird beschrieben, wie Ressourcen aufgebaut werden können, um die Arbeitszeit bei virtueller Führung optimal zu gestalten.
Auf der Suche nach dem digitalen Arbeitsplatz
Authors: Hardwig Thomas , Weißmann Marliese
Published: December 2020

Vor dem Hintergrund der Ausbreitung verteilter und netzwerkartiger Formen der Team- und Projektarbeit gewinnen kollaborative Anwendungen für Unternehmen an Bedeutung. Kollaborationsplattformen integrieren vielfältige Anwendungen für die raum- und zeitunabhängige Zusammenarbeit an einem virtuellen Ort im Netz. Der Beitrag zeichnet die Such-, Lern- und Entwicklungsprozesse von drei Unternehmen nach, die auf der Suche nach dem digitalen Arbeitsplatz über drei Jahre begleitet wurden. Er zeigt, dass die komplexen Wechselbeziehungen zwischen sozialen, organisatorischen und technischen Einflüssen in der Nutzung kaum zu antizipieren sind. Vorgehen werden vielmehr immer wieder überdacht, abgewandelt oder gar abgebrochen, insofern lässt sich die Suche nach dem digitalen Arbeitsplatz für die Organisation und das Arbeiten als ein vielgestaltiger Such- und Entwicklungsprozess fassen. Diese komplexen Anforderungen lassen sich durch ein iteratives, agiles Vorgehen bewältigen. Dabei sind zentrale Themen die Klärung der neuen Formen der Zusammenarbeit, die Regelungen der Einsatzwecke der Kollaborationsplattformen sowie der Aufbau verteilter Kompetenz zur Arbeitsgestaltung.
All-plus helicity off-shell gauge invariant multigluon amplitudes at one loop
Authors: Blanco Etienne , van Hameren Andreas , Kotko Piotr , Kutak Krzysztof
Published: December 2020

Abstract

We calculate one loop scattering amplitudes for arbitrary number of positive helicity on-shell gluons and one off-shell gluon treated within the quasi-multi Regge kinematics. The result is fully gauge invariant and possesses the correct on-shell limit. Our method is based on embedding the off-shell process, together with contributions needed to retain gauge invariance, in a bigger fully on-shell process with auxiliary quark or gluon line.
Excited state Rényi entropy and subsystem distance in two-dimensional non-compact bosonic theory. Part I. Single-particle states
Authors: Zhang Jiaju , Rajabpour M.A.
Published: December 2020

Abstract

We investigate the Rényi entropy of the excited states produced by the current and its derivatives in the two-dimensional free massless non-compact bosonic theory, which is a two-dimensional conformal field theory. We also study the subsystem Schatten distance between these states. The two-dimensional free massless non-compact bosonic theory is the continuum limit of the finite periodic gapless harmonic chains with the local interactions. We identify the excited states produced by current and its derivatives in the massless bosonic theory as the single-particle excited states in the gapless harmonic chain. We calculate analytically the second Rényi entropy and the second Schatten distance in the massless bosonic theory. We then use the wave functions of the excited states and calculate the second Rényi entropy and the second Schatten distance in the gapless limit of the harmonic chain, which match perfectly with the analytical results in the massless bosonic theory. We verify that in the large momentum limit the single-particle state Rényi entropy takes a universal form. We also show that in the limit of large momenta and large momentum difference the subsystem Schatten distance takes a universal form but it is replaced by a new corrected form when the momentum difference is small. Finally we also comment on the mutual Rényi entropy of two disjoint intervals in the excited states of the two-dimensional free non-compact bosonic theory.
Scattering amplitudes and the double copy in topologically massive theories
Authors: Moynihan Nathan
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Using the principles of the modern scattering amplitudes programme, we develop a formalism for constructing the amplitudes of three-dimensional topologically massive gauge theories and gravity. Inspired by recent developments in four dimensions, we construct the three-dimensional equivalent of x-variables, first defined in [1], for conserved matter currents coupled to topologically massive gauge bosons or gravitons. Using these, we bootstrap various matter-coupled gauge-theory and gravitational scattering amplitudes, and conjecture that topologically massive gauge theory and topologically massive gravity are related by the double copy. To motivate this idea further, we show explicitly that the Landau gauge propagator on the gauge theory side double copies to the de Donder gauge propagator on the gravity side.
Cyclic-Homology Chern–Weil Theory for Families of Principal Coactions
Authors: Hajac Piotr M. , Maszczyk Tomasz
Published: December 2020

Viewing the space of cotraces in the structural coalgebra of a principal coaction as a noncommutative counterpart of the classical Cartan model, we construct the cyclic-homology Chern–Weil homomorphism. To realize the thus constructed Chern–Weil homomorphism as a Cartan model of the homomorphism tautologically induced by the classifying map on cohomology, we replace the unital subalgebra of coaction-invariants by its natural H-unital nilpotent extension (row extension). Although the row-extension algebra provides a drastically different model of the cyclic object, we prove that, for any row extension of any unital algebra over a commutative ring, the row-extension Hochschild complex and the usual Hochschild complex are chain homotopy equivalent. It is the discovery of an explicit homotopy formula that allows us to improve the homological quasi-isomorphism arguments of Loday and Wodzicki. We work with families of principal coactions, and instantiate our noncommutative Chern–Weil theory by computing the cotrace space and analyzing a dimension-drop-like effect in the spirit of Feng and Tsygan for the quantum-deformation family of the standard quantum Hopf fibrations.
Increasing connectivity enhances habitat specialists but simplifies plant–insect food webs
Authors: Batáry Péter , Rösch Verena , Dormann Carsten F. , Tscharntke Teja
Published: December 2020

Strong declines of grassland species diversity in small and isolated grassland patches have been observed at local and landscape scales. Here, we study how plant–herbivore interaction webs and habitat specialisation of leafhopper communities change with the size of calcareous grassland fragments and landscape connectivity. We surveyed leafhoppers and plants on 14 small (0.1–0.6 ha) and 14 large (1.2–8.8 ha) semi-natural calcareous grassland fragments in Central Germany, differing in isolation from other calcareous grasslands and in the percentage of arable land in the surrounding landscape (from simple to complex landscapes). We quantified weighted trophic links between plants and their phytophagous leafhoppers for each grassland fragment. We found that large and well-connected grassland fragments harboured a high portion of specialist leafhopper species, which in turn yielded low interaction diversity and simple plant-leafhopper food webs. In contrast, small and well-connected fragments exhibited high levels of generalism, leading to higher interaction diversity. In conclusion, food web complexity appeared to be a poor indicator for the management of insect diversity, as it is driven by specialist species, which require high connectivity of large fragments in complex landscapes. We conclude that habitat specialists should be prioritized since generalist species associated with small fragments are also widespread in the surrounding landscape matrix.
MicroRNA: An Emerging Predictive, Diagnostic, Prognostic and Therapeutic Strategy in Ischaemic Stroke
Authors: Kadir Rais Reskiawan A. , Alwjwaj Mansour , Bayraktutan Ulvi
Published: December 2020

Stroke continues to be the third-leading cause of death and disability worldwide. The limited availability of diagnostic tools approved therapeutics and biomarkers that help monitor disease progression or predict future events remain as the major challenges in the field of stroke medicine. Hence, attempts to discover safe and efficacious therapeutics and reliable biomarkers are of paramount importance. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs that play important roles in regulating gene expression. Since miRNAs also play important roles in key mechanisms associated with the pathogenesis of stroke, including energy failure, inflammation and cell death, it is possible that miRNAs may serve as reliable blood-based markers for risk prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of ischaemic stroke. Discovery of better neurological outcome and smaller cerebral infarcts in animal models of ischaemic stroke treated with miRNA agomirs or antagomirs indicate that miRNAs may also play a cerebrovascular protective role after an ischaemic stroke. Nonetheless, further evidences on the optimum time for treatment and route of administration are required before effective translation of these findings into clinical practice. Bearing these in mind, this paper reviews the current literature discussing the involvement of miRNAs in major pathologies associated with ischaemic stroke and evaluates their value as reliable biomarkers and therapeutics for ischaemic stroke.
Assessing Short-Term Fertility Intentions and Their Realisation Using the Generations and Gender Survey: Pitfalls and Challenges
Authors: Brzozowska Zuzanna , Beaujouan Eva
Published: December 2020

The use of fertility intention questions to study individual childbearing behaviour has developed rapidly in recent decades. In Europe, the Generations and Gender Surveys are the main sources of cross-national data on fertility intentions and their realisation. This study investigates how an inconsistent implementation of a question about wanting a child now affects the cross-country comparability of intentions to have a child within the next three years and their realisation. We conduct our analysis separately for women and men at prime and late reproductive ages in Austria, France, Italy and Poland. The results show that the overall share of respondents intending to have a child at some point in their life is similar in all four analysed countries. However, once the time horizon and the degree of certainty of fertility intentions are included, substantial cross-country differences appear, particularly in terms of proceptive behaviour and, consequently, the realisation of fertility intentions. We conclude that the inconsistent questionnaire adaptation makes it very difficult to assess the role of country context in the realisation of childbearing intentions.
Certified Quantum Computation in Isabelle/HOL
Authors: Bordg Anthony , Lachnitt Hanna , He Yijun
Published: December 2020

In this article we present an ongoing effort to formalise quantum algorithms and results in quantum information theory using the proof assistant Isabelle/HOL. Formal methods being critical for the safety and security of algorithms and protocols, we foresee their widespread use for quantum computing in the future. We have developed a large library for quantum computing in Isabelle based on a matrix representation for quantum circuits, successfully formalising the no-cloning theorem, quantum teleportation, Deutsch’s algorithm, the Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm and the quantum Prisoner’s Dilemma. We discuss the design choices made and report on an outcome of our work in the field of quantum game theory.
Applying global best practices for estimating unreported catches in Norwegian fisheries under a discard ban
Authors: Clegg Thomas L. , Kennelly Steven J. , Blom Geir , Nedreaas Kjell
Published: December 2020

In addition to their role as a fisheries management tool, discard bans can be effective in improving knowledge of total catches via the requirement to land and report all catches. This shifts the focus to understanding the scale of unreported catches in fisheries, rather than only on discards. However, the presence of a discard ban can cause problems with estimation process, as it involves the observation of illegal activities, and the complex sources of unreported catches require a different approach to estimation. The Norwegian discard ban was introduced in 1987 as part of a wider suite of regulatory measures to improve exploitation patterns in commercial fisheries, but a framework for the regular estimation of unreported catches has yet to be established and operationalised. Here, we aim to identify global best practices for estimating unreported catches under a discard ban and assess their applicability to Norwegian fisheries. We approach this in three steps: (1) defining the scope of an estimation, (2) data collection, and (3) the actual procedure for estimation. We discuss how each step can affect the quality of an estimate with regards to accuracy, precision, practical limitations and whether the estimate is fit for purpose. Finally, we provide a list of recommendations for future studies and identify key knowledge gaps and limitations regarding their application to Norwegian fisheries.
Characterization and antidiabetic activity of salicylhydrazone Schiff base vanadium(IV) and (V) complexes
Authors: Szklarzewicz Janusz , Jurowska Anna , Hodorowicz Maciej , Kazek Grzegorz , Mordyl Barbara , Menaszek Elżbieta , Sapa Jacek
Published: December 2020

Twenty-four oxidovanadium(IV,V) complexes with tridentate Schiff base ligands based on 5-nitrosalicylaldehyde, 5-methoxysalicylaldehyde, or 5-sulfosalicylaldehyde and respective hydrazide were isolated, and characterized using physicochemical and spectroscopic methods. Three of them were structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray structure determination. The biological activity studies included inhibition of human tyrosine phosphatases, studies on myocyte C2C12, adipocyte 3T3-L1, and human hepatocyte HepG2 cell lines, glucose uptake in myocytes and adipocytes, and cytotoxicity tests. The complexes that were unstable in solutions showed biological activity typical of other V(IV) complexes, while the stable one showed much higher, ligand-dependent, activity.
Boundary Friction of ZDDP Tribofilms
Authors: Zhang Jie , Ueda Mao , Campen Sophie , Spikes Hugh
Published: December 2020

The frictional properties of ZDDP tribofilms at low entrainment speeds in boundary lubrication conditions have been studied in both rolling/sliding and pure sliding contacts. It has been found that the boundary friction coefficients of these tribofilms depend on the alkyl structure of the ZDDPs. For primary ZDDPs, those with linear alkyl chains give lower friction those with branched alkyl chain ZDDPs, and a cyclohexylmethyl-based ZDDP gives markedly higher friction than non-cyclic ones. Depending on alkyl structure, boundary friction coefficient in rolling-sliding conditions can range from 0.09 to 0.14. These differences persist over long duration tests lasting up to 120 h. For secondary ZDDPs, boundary friction appears to depend less strongly on alkyl structure and in rolling-sliding conditions stabilises at ca 0.115 for the three ZDDPs studied. Experiments in which the ZDDP-containing lubricant is changed after tribofilm formation by a different ZDDP solution or a base oil indicate that the characteristic friction of the initial ZDDP tribofilm is lost almost as soon as rubbing commences in the new lubricant. The boundary friction rapidly stabilises at the characteristic boundary friction of the replacement ZDDP, or in the case of base oil, a value of ca 0.115 which is believed to represent the shear strength of the bare polyphosphate surface. The single exception is when a solution containing a cyclohexylethyl-based ZDDP is replaced by base oil, where the boundary friction coefficient remains at the high value characteristic of this ZDDP despite the fact that rubbing in base oil removes about 20 nm of the tribofilm. XPS analysis of the residual tribofilm reveals that this originates from presence of a considerable proportion of C-O bonds at the exposed tribofilm surface, indicating that not all of the alkoxy groups are lost from the polyphosphate during tribofilm formation. Very slow speed rubbing tests at low temperature show that the ZDDP solutions give boundary friction values that vary with alkyl group structure in a similar fashion to rolling-sliding MTM tests. These variations in friction occur immediately on rubbing, before any measurable tribofilm can develop. This study suggest that ZDDPs control boundary friction by adsorbing on rubbing steel or tribofilm surfaces in a fashion similar to organic friction modifiers. However it is believed that, for primary ZDDPs, residual alkoxy groups still chemically bonded to the phosphorus atoms of newly-formed polyphosphate/phosphate tribofilm may also contribute to boundary friction. This understanding will contribute to the design of low friction, fuel efficient crankcase engine oils.

Graphical Abstract
COVID-19-positive cancer patients undergoing active anticancer treatment
Authors: Ali Jamshed , Sajjad Kashif , Farooqi Amer Rehman , Aziz Muhammad Tahir , Rahat Ayesha , Khan Sarah
Published: December 2020

Background:

Cancer patients, particularly those on active anticancer treatment, are reportedly at a high risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and death. This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients diagnosed with COVID- 19 whilst on anticancer treatment in a developing country.

Methods:

This is a retrospective observational study of all adult cancer patients at Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Pakistan, from March 15, 2020 to July 10, 2020, diagnosed with COVID-19 within 4 weeks of receiving anticancer treatment, where a purposive sampling was performed. Cancer patients who did not receive anticancer treatment and clinical or radiological diagnosis of COVID-19 without a positive reverse transcription–poly merase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test were excluded. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality after 30 days of COVID-19 test. Data was analyzed with SPSS version 23 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Categorical parameters were computed using chi-square test, keeping p value < 0.05 as significant.

Results:

A total of 201 cancer patients with COVID-19 were analyzed. The median age of patients was 45 (18–78) years. Mild symptoms were present in 162 (80.6%) patients, whereas severe symptoms were present in 39 (19.4%) patients. The risk of death was statistically significant (p < .05) amongst patients with age greater than 50 years, metastatic disease, and ongoing palliative anticancer treatment. Anticancer treatment (chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormonal therapy, targeted therapy, and surgery) received within preceding 4 weeks had no statistically significant (p > .05) impact on mortality.

Conclusions:

In cancer patients with COVID-19, mortality appears to be principally driven by age, advanced stage of the disease, and palliative intent of cancer treatment. We did not identify evidence that cancer patients on chemotherapy are at significant risk of mortality from COVID-19 correlating to those not on chemotherapy.
Past, Present, and Future Pacific Sea‐Level Change
Authors: Hamlington B. D. , Frederikse T. , Thompson P. R. , Willis J. K. , Nerem R. S. , Fasullo J. T.
Published: December 2020

Satellite altimeters have provided near‐global coverage of the ocean with a continuous record now approaching 3 decades. These observations have led to definitive evidence of an increase in global mean sea‐level, while offering a depiction of the spatial variability in sea‐level change. As a result of the increasing length of the altimeter record, studies have sought to understand and detect the emergence of a forced or anthropogenic response in sea‐level. The central idea behind these studies is that the altimeter record is now long enough that the influence of interannual to decadal variability is reduced and does not obscure underlying regional trends in the way that it did for the early part of the altimeter record. Two locations—the western tropical Pacific and the northeastern Pacific off the west coast of the United States—are noteworthy for their sea‐level variations during the altimeter era, exhibiting large departures from the global average albeit in opposite directions. In this study, we examine satellite altimeter‐measured sea‐level in these two regions. The goals are to understand the evolution of the sea‐level trend, and determine what can be inferred about future sea‐level change from the satellite altimeter record. We find that in the two locations considered here the altimetry record is still too short to rule out natural variability contributions to the trend on the order of 1 mm/yr. Using longer records from tide‐gauge observations and models, an assessment of the potential future changes in both regions is made for both regions.
Complex Networks Reveal Heatwave Patterns and Propagations Over the USA
Authors: Mondal Somnath , Mishra Ashok Kumar
Published: December 2020

Quantifying the dynamical linkage, co‐evolution, and propagation of regional heatwaves is essential to minimize socio‐economic losses. Here, we investigate such network structure and propagation characteristics for warm period (May–September) heatwaves over Conterminous United States using a complex network approach based on daily maximum temperature. The concept of Event Synchronization (ES) is applied to identify the source and sink regions primarily responsible for heatwave propagations and the strength of association between these regions. The network coefficients are derived to evaluate the extremal dependence, co‐evolution, and spatial propagation of large scale heatwavc events. The topology and propagation of heatwaves are influenced by the spatial distribution of the zonal and meridional air mass transport. Furthermore, we demonstrated the application of ES metrics and the network coefficients for heatwave days prediction between source and sink regions with true positive rate of 63% at a lead time of 2 days.
Simultaneous Measurements of O3 and HCOOH Vertical Fluxes Indicate Rapid In‐Canopy Terpene Chemistry Enhances O3 Removal Over Mixed Temperate Forests
Authors: Vermeuel Michael P. , Cleary Patricia A. , Desai Ankur R. , Bertram Timothy H.
Published: December 2020

Dry deposition, the second largest removal process of ozone (O3) in the troposphere, plays a role in controlling the natural variability of surface O3 concentrations. Terrestrial ecosystems remove O3 either through stomatal uptake or nonstomatal processes. In chemical transport models, nonstomatal pathways are roughly constrained and may not correctly capture total O3 loss. To address this, the first simultaneous eddy covariance measurements of O3 and formic acid (HCOOH), a tracer of in‐canopy oxidation of biogenic terpenes, were made in a mixed temperate forest in Northern Wisconsin. Daytime maximum O3 deposition velocities, vd (O3), ranged between 0.5 and 1.2 cm s−1. Comparison of observed vd (O3) with observationally constrained estimates of stomatal uptake and parameterized estimates of cuticular and soil uptake reveal a large (10%–90%) residual nonstomatal contribution to vd (O3). The residual downward flux of O3 was well correlated with measurements of HCOOH upward flux, suggesting unaccounted for in‐canopy gas‐phase chemistry.
A Two‐Layer Turbulence‐Based Model to Predict Suspended Sediment Concentration in Flows With Aquatic Vegetation
Authors: Tseng Chien‐Yung , Tinoco Rafael O.
Published: December 2020

Traditional bed shear stress‐based models (e.g., Rouse model) derived from the classic parabolic profile of eddy viscosity in open‐channel flows fail to accurately predict suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in flows with aquatic vegetation. We developed a two‐layer, turbulence‐based model to predict SSC profiles in emergent vegetated flows. Turbulence generated from vegetation, bed, and coherent structures caused by stem‐bed‐flow interaction are considered into the near‐bed turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) to calculate the effective bed shear velocity, . The model, validated by experimental data, further showed that the thickness height of the near‐bed layer (effective bottom boundary layer), Hb, varies with flow velocity and canopy density. Two additional models are provided to estimate Hb and . The model is expected to provide critical information to future studies on sediment transport, landscape evolution, and water quality management in vegetated streams, wetlands, and estuaries.
Late Oligocene Tectonic Uplift of the East Kunlun Shan: Expansion of the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Li Chaopeng , Zheng Dewen , Zhou Renjie , Yu Jingxing , Wang Yizhou , Pang Jianzhang , Wang Ying , Hao Yuqi , Li Youjuan
Published: December 2020

Spatial and temporal patterns of mountain building in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau provide important constraints on competing plateau growth models. We focus on the East Kunlun Shan (EKLS), where the timing of Cenozoic deformation remains controversial. Seven apatite (U‐Th)/He samples were collected around a tilted erosion surface in the middle segment of the EKLS. A break in slope at ∼25 Ma is identified along the paleodepth below the erosion surface, which we interpret to represent the onset of thrust faulting at northern margins of the EKLS. Published thermochronologic data from the South Qilian Shan and North Qilian Shan reveal tectonic uplift at 15–18 and 8–10 Ma, respectively, obviously later than thrust faulting in the EKLS. Our study supports that the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau has migrated from the EKLS to North Qilian Shan since the late Oligocene.
Hemispheric Impact of North Atlantic SSTs in Subseasonal Forecasts
Authors: Roberts C. D. , Vitart F. , Balmaseda M. A.
Published: December 2020

Coupled Earth system models of the type used for weather and climate predictions suffer from sea‐surface temperature (SST) biases associated with errors in the location and structure of the Gulf Stream. Here, we show that such SST biases can have a significant impact on initialized forecasts at the subseasonal time range. In the European Center for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) subseasonal forecast system, correcting these errors with an online SST bias‐correction scheme improves the mean state of the North Atlantic region and has a significant positive impact on forecasts of atmospheric circulation anomalies. Improvements to forecast skill extend beyond the North Atlantic into Europe and along the northern hemisphere subtropical waveguide. These impacts provide important evidence for the potential benefits to initialized coupled forecast systems of higher‐resolution ocean models that can better resolve the position of the Gulf Stream.
Clouds and Radiation in a Mock‐Walker Circulation
Authors: Silvers Levi G. , Robinson Thomas
Published: December 2020

The Walker circulation connects the regions with deep atmospheric convection in the western tropical Pacific to the shallow‐convection, tropospheric subsidence, and stratocumulus cloud decks of the eastern Pacific. The purpose of this study is to better understand the multi‐scale interactions between the Walker circulation, cloud systems, and interactive radiation. To do this we simulate a mock‐Walker Circulation with a full‐physics general circulation model using idealized boundary conditions. Our experiments use a doubly‐periodic domain with grid‐spacing of 1, 2, 25, and 100 km. We thus span the range from General Circulation Models (GCMs) to Cloud‐system Resolving Models (CRMs). Our model is derived from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory atmospheric GCM (AM4.0). We find substantial differences in the mock‐Walker circulation simulated by our GCM‐like and CRM‐like experiments. The CRM‐like experiments have more upper level clouds, stronger overturning circulations, and less precipitation. The GCM‐like experiments have a low‐level cloud fraction that is up to 20% larger. These differences leads to opposite atmospheric responses to changes in the longwave cloud radiative effect (LWCRE). Active LWCRE leads to increased precipitation for our GCMs, but decreased precipitation for our CRMs. The LWCRE leads to a narrower rising branch of the circulation and substantially increases the fraction of precipitation from the large‐scale cloud parameterization. This work demonstrates that a mock‐Walker circulation is a useful generalization of radiative convective equilibrium that includes a large‐scale circulation.
Endothelial activation and dysfunction in COVID-19: from basic mechanisms to potential therapeutic approaches
Authors: Jin Yuefei , Ji Wangquan , Yang Haiyan , Chen Shuaiyin , Zhang Weiguo , Duan Guangcai
Published: December 2020

On 12 March 2020, the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. As of 4 August 2020, more than 18 million confirmed infections had been reported globally. Most patients have mild symptoms, but some patients develop respiratory failure which is the leading cause of death among COVID-19 patients. Endothelial cells with high levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expression are major participants and regulators of inflammatory reactions and coagulation. Accumulating evidence suggests that endothelial activation and dysfunction participate in COVID-19 pathogenesis by altering the integrity of vessel barrier, promoting pro-coagulative state, inducing endothelial inflammation, and even mediating leukocyte infiltration. This review describes the proposed cellular and molecular mechanisms of endothelial activation and dysfunction during COVID-19 emphasizing the principal mediators and therapeutic implications.
The cyanobacterial lectin, microvirin-N, enhances the specificity and sensitivity of lipoarabinomannan-based TB diagnostic tests
Authors: van der Horst Megan , Karamchand Leshern , Bauer Westley S. , Nel Andrew J. M. , Blackburn Jonathan M. , Wright David W.
Published: December 2020

The lectin microvirin was used for the first time to selectively bind the tuberculosis biomarker ManLAM.
Long-term cycling stability of NiCo2S4 hollow nanowires supported on biomass-derived ultrathin N-doped carbon 3D networks as an anode for lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Wu Xiaoyu , Li Songmei , Wang Bo , Liu Jianhua , Yu Mei
Published: December 2020

A well-designed composite with NiCo2S4 hollow nanowires supported on biomass-derived 3D N-doped carbon as a high-capacity and long-lifetime LIB anode.
High-performance ammonia-selective MFI nanosheet membranes
Authors: Duan Xuekui , Kim Donghun , Narasimharao Katabathini , Al-Thabaiti Shaeel , Tsapatsis Michael
Published: December 2020

MFI zeolite nanosheet membranes exhibit high separation factor and flux for the separation of ammonia over hydrogen and nitrogen and hold promise for industrial use. These membranes also exhibit high performance for hydrogen separation from hydrocarbons.
A high power density paper-based zinc–air battery with a hollow channel structure
Authors: Zhang Haoran , Zhang Biao , Yang Yang , Ye Dingding , Chen Rong , Liao Qiang , Zhu Xun
Published: December 2020

A hollow-channel structure was shown to significantly improve the power-generation properties of a paper-based zinc–air battery via boosting the electrochemically active surface area of the cathode.
A convenient pinacol coupling of diaryl ketones with B2pin2viapyridine catalysis
Authors: Jo Junhyuk , Kim Seonyul , Choi Jun-Ho , Chung Won-jin
Published: December 2020

A practical pinacol coupling of diaryl ketones is developed by employing a stable diboron reagent and pyridine Lewis base catalyst. The operationally simple process affords the desired diols with excellent efficiency in up to 99% yield within 1 hour.
Electronic effects in profluorescent benzotriazinyl radicals: a combined experimental and theoretical study
Authors: Exner Jessica , Maisuls Iván , Massolle Anja , Klabunde Sina , Hansen Michael R. , Strassert Cristian A. , Neugebauer Johannes , Eckert Hellmut , Studer Armido
Published: December 2020

The synthesis, photophysical characterization, and quantum chemical calculations of a series of benzotriazinyl radicals and their styryl radical trapping products are presented.
Insights into interface and bulk defects in a high efficiency kesterite-based device
Authors: Fonoll-Rubio Robert , Andrade-Arvizu Jacob , Blanco-Portals Javier , Becerril-Romero Ignacio , Guc Maxim , Saucedo Edgardo , Peiró Francesca , Calvo-Barrio Lorenzo , Ritzer Maurizio , Schnohr Claudia S. , Placidi Marcel , Estradé Sònia , Izquierdo-Roca Victor , Pérez-Rodríguez Alejandro
Published: December 2020

Example of an advanced characterization study of a complex system (thin film solar cell) that may serve as an instructive handbook to help building up the full picture of multilayer-based devices for a broad spectrum of readers and researchers.
Maltol inhibits the progression of osteoarthritis via the nuclear factor-erythroid 2–related factor-2/heme oxygenase-1 signal pathway in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Zhu Ding-Chao , Wang Yi-Han , Lin Jia-Hao , Miao Zhi-Min , Xu Jia-Jing , Wu Yao-Sen
Published: December 2020

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative joint disease characterized by articular cartilage degeneration and inflammation.
A metal-free method for the facile synthesis of indanones via the intramolecular hydroacylation of 2-vinylbenzaldehyde
Authors: He Guoxue , Ma Jinyu , Zhou Jianhui , Li Chunpu , Liu Hong , Zhou Yu
Published: December 2020

A facile method for the synthesis of indanones was developed under metal- and additive-free conditions, wherein l-proline served as an efficient and environmentally benign catalyst.
The direct application of spent graphite as a functional interlayer with enhanced polysulfide trapping and catalytic performance for Li–S batteries
Authors: Xu Qi , Wang Yang , Shi Xinyu , Zhong Yanjun , Wu Zhenguo , Song Yang , Wang Gongke , Liu Yuxia , Zhong Benhe , Guo Xiaodong
Published: December 2020

A spent-graphite-based functional interlayer was developed for the first time for use in Li–S batteries, utilizing the intrinsic properties of recovered graphite.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for quantitative and qualitative analysis of the ash fusion temperatures of coal in power plants
Authors: Zhang Wenhao , Zhuo Zhuang , Lu Peng , Lu Jingqi , Sun Tengfei , Tang Jing , Tang Hailong , Zhou Tao , Li Li
Published: December 2020

Prediction of coal ash fusion temperatures by LIBS with generalized spectral variables using coal rather than coal ash.
Innovation of hypervalent(iii) iodine in the synthesis of natural products
Authors: Wang Zhuo
Published: December 2020

The focus article discusses the innovation of hypervalent(iii) iodine regarding skeletal rearrangement, cycloaddition and cyclization, and sp3 C–H functionalization in natural product synthesis.