bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fatores que afetam o desenvolvimento da compostagem de resíduos orgânicos
Authors: Valente B. S. , Xavier E. G. , Morselli T. B. G. A. , Jahnke D. S. , Brum Jr. B. , Cabrera B. R. , Moraes P. , Lopes D. C. N.
Published: March 2020

A compostagem é um processo de decomposição aeróbia controlada e de estabilização da matéria orgânica em condições que permitem o desenvolvimento de temperaturas termofílicas, resultantes de uma produção calorífica de origem biológica, com obtenção de um produto final estável, sanitizado, rico em compostos húmicos e cuja utilização no solo, não oferece riscos ao meio ambiente. A eficiência do processo de compostagem está diretamente relacionada a fatores que proporcionam condições ótimas para que os microrganismos aeróbios possam se multiplicar e atuar na transformação da matéria orgânica. O conjunto de fatores condicionantes para o bom desenvolvimento de um sistema biologicamente complexo como a compostagem deve ser balizado por uma série de parâmetros, sendo que cada tipo de material a ser compostado exige uma combinação ótima de umidade, aeração, relação C/N, pH, granulometria e altura de leira. A presente revisão objetiva identificar e analisar os principais fatores que, direta ou indiretamente, afetam a atividade microbiológica durante a compostagem.
Principais plantas tóxicas causadoras de morte súbita em bovinos no estado do Espírito Santo - Brasil
Authors: Carvalho G. D. , Nunes L. C. , Bragança H. B. N. , Porfírio L. C.
Published: March 2020

No Brasil é muito freqüente a ocorrência de morte súbita em bovinos, causada por ingestão de plantas tóxicas. Estas mortes repentinas em geral se manifestam sem sinais clínicos prévios e ausência de achados necroscópicos significativos, promovendo perdas econômicas difíceis de serem estimadas. O desconhecimento das espécies vegetais tóxicas é apontado como o principal fator para ocorrência desses acidentes, desse modo, a melhor forma de prevenir é o conhecimento e a divulgação a respeito do assunto. Neste contexto, este trabalho expõe as principais plantas tóxicas relatadas, até o momento, como causadoras de morte súbita em bovinos no Estado do Espírito Santo (Palicourea marcgravii, Mascagnia rigida, Tetrapterys acutifolia e Oxypetalum banksii), tendo em vista o grande número de casos de intoxicação ocorridos nessa região.
Preparado de anticorpos policlonais como aditivo alimentar para bovinos
Authors: Marino C. T. , Otero W. G. , Bastos J. P. S. T. , Arrigoni M. D. B. , Rodrigues P. H. M.
Published: March 2020

Nas últimas décadas tem sido notável o desenvolvimento mundial na produção de carne e leite bovina. Na área de manejo nutricional, a utilização de ionóforos tem sido imprescindível para otimizar a eficiência das dietas utilizadas e prevenir os distúrbios metabólicos que podem ser provocados pelo aumento da proporção de alimentos prontamente fermentescíveis presentes na dieta. Porém, a busca do mercado consumidor por produtos de origem animal oriundos de criações que utilizam a menor quantidade de substâncias sintéticas quanto possível, abre espaço para a pesquisa de novos aditivos alimentares. Neste contexto, surge a possibilidade da utilização do conceito de imunização passiva para manipulação da fermentação ruminal através de anticorpos policlonais produzidos contra bactérias ruminais específicas. Assim, esta revisão bibliográfica tem como objetivo apresentar os resultados com a utilização desses produtos para manipulação da fermentação ruminal.
«Despierta, amor, que viene el alba»: La voz femenina en la Europa Medieval (Albas, Alboradas y Tagelieder).
Authors: Balbuena Torezano María del Carmen
Published: March 2020

La lírica amorosa medieval europea es una literatura por lo general compuesta por hombres. No obstante, existen diversos géneros en los que el sujeto lírico es una mujer. En las páginas siguientes analizaremos el papel de la fémina en un género común a casi todas las culturas europeas: la canción de alba, en sus manifestaciones francesa, española y alemana.
The Extent of Arbitration's Preference and Independence over the Judicial System in Disputes Resolution Selection: A Re-Evaluation for Developing Judiciary and Arbitration Systems
Authors: Ahmed Ahmed Salem
Published: March 2020

The arbitration system is considered to be the most effective and efficient way of dispute resolution than the judicial litigation system. This opinion is based on several reasons such as time speed, confidentiality, flexibility, and so forth. Therefore, arbitration is considered to be able to present preference and independence in dispute resolution. However, this assumption needs to be assessed scientifically in accordance with existing realities. Hence, this article is to compare between the arbitration and other litigation systems in terms of their advantages and disadvantages. It found that arbitration was present in response to the weaknesses of the rigid justice system and its lack of creativity in creating mechanisms for disputes between disputing parties. Despite the fact, the arbitration system, in some cases, does not have independence precisely because of its flexibility, confidentiality and lack of supervision. Thus this article confirms that the actual arbitration system does not have preferences and independence that far exceeds the general litigation justice system. In other words, the advantages of the arbitration system do not exceed that of the general justice system except for its flexibility in handling unique disputes.Keywords: Arbitration system – Judicial system – needs of developing for resolving the disputes.
TUJUAN PENDIDIKAN PERSPEKTIF AL-QURAN DAN HADITS (Isu Dan Strategi Pengembangan Pendidikan Islam)
Authors: Zaim Muhammad
Published: March 2020

Dari begitu besarnya perhatian Islam terhadap pendidikan, tentu agama Islam memiliki tujuan dan alasan tersendiri terhadap permasalahan tersebut. Oleh karena itu, dalam makalah ini akan memaparkan tujuan agama Islam menyuruh umatnya memperhatikan pendidikan. Dimana di dalam memaparkannya mengambil dari ayat-ayat tentang tujuan pendidikan, kemudian dijelaskan dengan tidak mengambil dari satu kitab tafsir saja, tapi menghubungkan dari beberapa kitab tafsir. Dan juga mengumpulkan bebrapa hadits yang berkaitan dengan dengan tujuan pendidikan sebagai pemahaman komperenship terhadapatujuan pendidikan dalam Islam. Dalam analisisnya tak lupa berbagai penapat cendikiawan muslim menjadi perbandingan dan penambah khazanah kajian tujuan pendidikanIslam ini. Begitu juga berbagai pandangan tokoh pendidikan modern barat juga menjadi komparasi dalm kajian tujuan pendidikan perspektif al-Quran dan Hadits
Novel Design Methodologies to Develop Mechanical Intervention Tools with Unique Emergency Release Feature to Operate Subsurface Barrier Valves
Authors: Balasubramanian Ganesh
Published: March 2020

Subsurface barrier valves such as a formation isolation valves (FIVs) isolate the formation from the production bore after the first perforation and the lower completion has been installed. This enables installation of the upper completion and in some cases multiple perforation runs before the well starts producing. During this time, they protect the formation from fluid loss and pressures by acting as a bidirectional fluid barrier. In addition to reduced rig time, a key advantage of FIVs is reduced intervention costs. FIVs can be openend and closed multiple times as required, mechanically with an intervention tool such as a primary shifting tool (PST) (Fig. 1). The conveyance method for PSTs can be on coiled tubing, work string, perforating string, or wireline (using a tractor and stroker) to open and close FIVs. PSTs then must reliably engage and release from shifting profiles in the FIVs to operate the valve and release from the profile after successful valve actuation.

Hence design of the PST is critical for relaible FIV operation. In the event of an emergency where the shifting profile in the tool is unable to release from the engaging profile in the FIV, it is critical to have an emergency release feature inherent in the PST that can enable release of the tool yet not damage the FIV. A novel methodology was developed to design PSTs to enable emergency release if required, through controlled plastic deformation at loads below work string shear limitation. This methodology also avoids fracturing of PST components as free-hanging pieces could be caught in the wellbore while pulling out the tool from the well after emergency release.
A Game Changing MWD Tool for Next Generation CTDD
Authors: Kante Adame , Fahim Ud Din Syed Muhammad , Saenz Eduardo , Shetty Kiran
Published: March 2020

The objective of the project was to expand the operating envelope of the Measurement while Drilling (MWD) tool in the coiled tubing directional drilling Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA) to improve its reliability in harsh environments, maintainability, temperature range and measurements for overall longer runs and better service delivery.

A new concurrent development approach was used for managing the product's lifecycle from defining the customer's need, selecting the best technical solution, developing and thoroughly testing the product to confirm it meets its requirements and to finally manufacture it efficiently before its release to the field. Several rigorous technical and management reviews were held to enable focused decisions toward the efficient delivery of a reliable, manufacturable and maintainable product with minimal total cost of ownership. The tool includes a robust gamma ray sensor, Direction & Inclination (D&I) package to enable real time geo steering decision-making, pressure and temperature sensors to monitor the inner and well conditions and a load cell to measure both the axial and torsional loads. A set of electronic boards used for communication, power and acquisition, have been fully qualified to operate in the harshest drilling conditions. In addition, several surface software components were developed for real time data display and reporting.

The reliability for the MWD tool was increased 4 folds based on the results from a time period of 12 months of intensive drilling up to 167C. We managed to set field records for both the longest single runs for footage and time improving average downhole utilization by 60%.
Unique Electronically Activated Nonexplosive Wireline Cutter Provides Safe and Reliable Cuts on Largest Range of Slickline and Wireline Cables
Authors: Hillier Jill , Sabanegh Nader , Nicol Mark
Published: March 2020

The electronically activated nonexplosive wireline cutter drops from surface to sever slicklines and cables when a toolstring becomes stuck downhole. The cutter is activated via an electronic timer and trigger module.

The cutter was originally designed to cleanly cut slickline and wireline cables ranging from 0.105 in. to 5/16 in. As wireline cables become larger and more complex, the need for a more robust wireline cutter was needed to cut cable with outer diameters as large as 0.59 in.

Preprogrammed countdown times and optional custom programming capabilities support target depth and activation assurance without reliance on explosives or impact against the stuck toolstring to make a cut. The features of the unique electronically activated nonexplosive wireline cutter are outlined and several case studies presented from onshore and offshore operations.
Downhole Ultrasonic Thickness Measurements for Inspection of Casing: A Comparison of Log Derived Modeled Casing Wear, Surface Measurements, and Calculations for Casing Integrity
Authors: Abouganem Stephens Alberto , Akindipe Olutunde J. , Leong Chew Y.
Published: March 2020

Drillpipe wear is a concern of operators when the tubular and/or the main bore of the well will be reused, for example in a sidetrack, or when the casing will be pressure tested. Drilling of long reach wells also creates a surface or intermediate casing wear problem. The fear of possible casing wear dictates the location of gas lift mandrel, which greatly affects well production and productivity. The objective of this paper is to show how downhole measurements have been compared with surface measurements of casing thickness to validate their use on casing wear models. Downhole tubular thickness measurement with ultrasonic tools is a well-known technique that has been used for many years in the oil and gas industry. The use of such downhole measurements varies from calculating burst/collapse rating to validating tubular integrity for reuse. These ultrasonic thickness measurements are done by computing the resonant frequency of the casing azimuthally in several samples sized around 1 in., then converting the resonant frequency to a thickness using known art and/or proprietary algorithms. The casing thickness can also be measured in a surface laboratory. The thickness of newer casing is measured in the laboratory to confirm its specifications and create a baseline. Similar measurement can also be done on retrieved casing to inspect their well and verify wear prediction models. The surface measurements are of much higher resolution and azimuthal sampling than a downhole measurement tool.

The results of downhole thickness measurements and those of surface thickness measurements performed in a laboratory facility are compared and will be presented. The study highlights the match between the two types of measurements, the impact of a-priori knowledge of steel velocity, and comparing the log calculated burst pressure ratings to an actual laboratory measurement on joints. These joints have both downhole and surface measurements. When the tubulars are manufactured with corrosion resistant alloys, the steel acoustic properties deviate from the standard steel which the downhole measurements are based upon. The difference on acoustic velocities of the materials will be reflected on the thickness measurements of both downhole ultrasonic tools and surface laboratory measurements. Whereas surface laboratory measurements can be calibrated in-situ, downhole measurements need a priori knowledge of the acoustic properties. This paper describes the range of acoustic properties and how they affect the log derived thickness. Also, the accuracy of the downhole measurement is compared with the surface measurement when the steel properties are known
Using Fluidic Oscillation Technology with Coiled Tubing to Cleanout Scale from a High-Pressure/Extreme-Temperature Well Beyond the Limits of an HPHT Motor: A Case Study from the UK North Sea
Authors: Ermakov Konstantin , Hampson Richard , Barclay David
Published: March 2020

This paper explains some of the challenges that are faced with coiled tubing (CT) bottom hole assemblies (BHA) when working in high-pressure/extreme-temperature (HP/ET) environments with unfavorable fluids and how these challenges were successfully overcome.

CT was selected as a contingency to operate a downhole completion isolation valve with a hydraulically activated shifting tool and impact tool. By design, this type of valve is operated using a sequence of pressure cycles, working only when a certain differential pressure is present across the valve. CT became the primary option when problems occurred during the pressure cycle operation. After shifting the valve, wireline operations also encountered problems when they hung up prematurely and could not pass a depth in this new HP/ET well with an open hole completion. Initial investigations found that a blockage of swarf combined with settled oil-based mud and calcium carbonate fallout was the source of the problem. Three attempts with two different types of high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT)-rated motors ended unsuccessfully after only short exposure to the extreme downhole temperatures.

As an alternative solution, a fluidic oscillation tool was run on the CT in an attempt to clear the blockage. This method resulted in a successful cleanout followed by an acid treatment of the open hole section in a single run with the same BHA.
Conformance Sealant Slurry Squeeze to Stop Production
Authors: Brown James , Hassan Amr , Hall Matthew
Published: March 2020

Highly depleted zones could represent a major challenge for well completion or intervention because of several issues, including high losses, crossflow, and low fracturing pressure. However, nowadays, there are several options to treat or isolate depleted zones to allow further well completion or intervention.

A major North Sea operator had plans to perforate in Formations B and C formation on a well after determining that they could still be at original pressure and separated from the already producing and depleted Formation A. Following a second perforation run on wireline, tool lift was measured. This tool lift correlated with crossflow from the newly perforated zone to the existing depleted A zone, and did not allow the perforation guns to reach the required total depth (TD).

The service company proposed a three-dimensional rigid gel system comprised of an organically crosslinked polymer (OCP) conformance sealant with particulates. The system, deployed with coiled tubing (CT), was designed to be squeezed into the near-wellbore matrix. The depth of penetration is controlled by adjusting the particulates concentration in the gel system and squeeze volumes. Fluid volumes were calculated to achieve 6 in. of formation penetration. Laboratory tests suggested that the polymer would cure after 12 hours at bottomhole static temperature (BHST) and excess in the wellbore could be jetted out using CT.

A total of 30 bbl of gel system were pumped in two separate batches, with partial isolation and reduction in fluid loss achieved after the first 20-bbl batch. An additional 10-bbl batch was pumped to help ensure isolation. Pressure tests and fluid loss after the second treatment indicated almost 90% of the open perforations in the depleted zone were isolated with minor losses observed compared to a loss of more than 80% in the wellbore before the treatment. The operator was satisfied with the results and, after jetting the excess gel from the wellbore, perforation operations were performed successfully.

This paper discusses in detail the job execution, including CT and pumping equipment which were selected specifically for this operation, and including cleaning and pumping, bottomhole assemblies, running in hole procedures, the pumping schedule; fluid recipe used, and laboratory testing performed to define curing time and rheology.

This paper also highlights challenges faced during execution caused by high depletion, techniques used to overcome these challenges, and methods used to evaluate the success of the isolation while CT is still in hole.
Complex Abandonment Operation Simplified through the use of High Performance, High Expansion Plug Technology
Authors: Laguado Maria Camila , Suarez Oscar Leonardo , Murphy Robert Allan , Mora Edgar , Rinconn Luis , Maya Diego Martín
Published: March 2020

On April 2017, the well Cupiagua H42 located in Colombia was suspended due to lifting capacity which were caused by low gas-liquid ratios (GLR) despite a 5" × 4-1/2" velocity string had been hanged below Down Hole Safety Valve (Insert Valve) after original completion was run in order to improve the lifting capacity. Others technical approaches for well recovery and recoverable volumes were evaluated, for example Coiled Tubing gas lift technology and conversion to a gas injector. However, economic evaluations of the different approaches considered, indicated only marginal results and low probability of operational success due to a fish at the top of the 4-1/2" OD liner. Taking all these fact into consideration, the decision was to abandon the well in accordance with Colombian Governmental regulations.

The Achieving of this requirement would be difficult due to the 3.25-in. restriction in the well, and the necessity of isolation inside the 7-in. Production Liner.
Using a Multilateral Entry System and Slow Rotating Wash Tool to Increase Efficiency of Lateral Cleanouts with Coiled Tubing
Authors: Crawford Rob , Wright Adam
Published: March 2020

With the rising industry trend in multilateral completions, there is a cost and productivity benefit resulting from increasing the efficiency of entry and cleanout of lateral wellbores. Cleanout operations are proven to improve production from laterals and there exists a variety of different options of wash tools on the market. Among these wash tools, slow rotating wash tools have been proven to be more efficient during cleanout operations when compared to traditional wash nozzles. A new and commercially viable approach combines a hydraulically activated multilateral entry system with a slow rotating wash tool to increase the efficiency of downhole lateral cleanouts while utilizing technology and tools that are on the market today.

This paper presents an improved method of lateral cleanout with a system consisting of a high torque indexing tool for orientation, a hydraulic knuckle joint with a bleed port to generate a pressure drop indication, a shearable choke sub to enable high rate cleanout and a rotating wash tool with modified centralizer body and interchangeable nozzles. For well cleanout efficiency, the articulated length of the toolstring and the centraliser OD can be optimised to ensure the slow rotating wash tool nose is as centralised as possible.

The system was set up in an example job scenario and a mock cleanout performed to simulate operations. The job demonstrated the operation of the multilateral entry system and the confirmation pressure changes expected to be witnessed during the job. High rate cleanout rates were achieved by shearing the choke sub and considerations for setup and configurations discussed. The need for lateral entry and efficient cleanout will only increase as more laterals require stimulation intervention and this paper presents an option for providing a cost-effective, efficient cleanout operation.
Hybrid Electro-Optical Cable for Coiled Tubing Logging and Interventions
Authors: Segura Jordi , Trummer Sascha , Grisanti Maria , Varkey Joseph , McCabe Jeff , Hofacker Mark , Fancio Caio , Pathak Devesh , Keong Azwan , Vingen Sindre
Published: March 2020

This study presents the evolution of downhole fiber optics to a new hybrid electro-optical cable for coiled tubing (CT) applications. The optical fibers enable optical communication and distributed measurements such as distributed temperature and acoustic sensing. The electrical layer delivers continuous surface power to downhole tools, eliminating typical battery limitations such as temperature, operating time, and safety concerns. The electrical layer also enables cable telemetry operation of wireline tools.

The hybrid cable is composed of several layers: an inner tube protecting the optical fibers, a layer of low-DC-resistance conductors to deliver high voltage downhole, an insulator, and an outer tube that is exposed to the fluids in the CT pipe. This complex cable is packaged with an outer diameter of only 1/8 in. to maintain maximum flow rates achievable through the pipe. Surface and downhole equipment used with the cable are designed to accommodate electro-optical terminations separating the conductors and optical lines.

The cable has been manufactured, tested, and installed in CT pipes. The surface and downhole equipment has been designed and certified to operate in both land and offshore environments and tested with multiple families of tools: well intervention tools instrumented with pressure, temperature, depth control, and load sensors; wireline tools, including pulsed neutron generator and flow profiling tools; a multilateral re-entry tool; and an electrically actuated multiple-set retrievable plug.

Over 20 runs and 1,000 hours of operation have already been completed without any power or telemetry loss. The system has saved 160 hours of operation time in Middle East from the implementation of the hybrid cable single-reel solution on four jobs that formerly required two CT strings. In the Norwegian continental shelf, the system saved between 24 hours and 32 hours in a single job by eliminating trips to surface to replace the batteries.

This new hybrid cable and its associated surface and downhole system provide a single solution for interventions, distributed measurements, and logging. Altogether, they pave the way for significant improvements in well intervention efficiency and open new avenues for more complex and demanding operational workflows.
Parameter Prediction Method for Submarine Cuttings Piles in Offshore Drilling
Authors: Sun Baojiang , Zhang Zhi , Wang Zhiyuan , Pan Shaowei , Wang Ze , Chen Wang
Published: March 2020

The cost of offshore drilling operations can be significantly reduced by discharging drilling cuttings into the seabed. However, this leads to accumulation of cuttings piles on the seabed near the drilling site. A certain thickness of cuttings piles changes the original trend of the seabed terrain undulation condition, thus bringing potential safety hazards to the underwater installation of production manifolds. Moreover, the interaction between cuttings and ocean currents near the cuttings piles causes the geometric shape of cuttings piles to evolve over time, which makes it more difficult to accurately predict their characteristics. On the basis of the force analysis of cuttings, considering the effects of cuttings properties (cutting size, density) and ocean-current velocity on the geometric characteristic evolution of the formed cuttings piles, a continuous model for describing the evolution of the returned cuttings piles is established in this study. This model can quantitatively characterize the functional relationship between characteristics of cuttings piles and relevant parameters (current velocity, cutting size, evolution time), and predict the location and geometry characteristics of the cuttings piles evolving into a stable state in ocean currents. Comparing the measured data in laboratory experiments and at an offshore drilling field, the relative error of the model amounts to less than 10%, which demonstrates its rationality. Simulation results show that there will be significant changes in the geometry of cuttings piles before and after the evolution, in which the intensity is correlated with current velocity and cuttings size, and cuttings piles might even split into several parts under certain conditions. The simulation and analysis of the transport and deposition of cuttings returned from the wellhead on the seabed is highly significant for the guide and optimal design of underwater production manifolds.
Pneumocystis jirovecii Colonization and Its Association with Pulmonary Diseases: a Multicenter Study Based on a Modified Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay
Authors: Xue Ting , Ma Zhuang , Liu Fan , Du Weiqin , He Li , Wang Jinyan , An Chunli
Published: March 2020

Background Pneumocystis jirovecii (P. jirovecii) is an opportunistic fungal pathogen and the role of its colonization in pulmonary diseases has become a popular focus in recent years. The aim of this study was to develop a modified loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for detection of Pneumocystis jirovecii (P. jirovecii) DNA amongst non-HIV patients with various pulmonary diseases and use it to examine the prevalence and assess the association of P. jirovecii colonization with clinical characteristics of these diseases. Methods We modified the previously reported LAMP assay for P. jirovecii by adding real-time detection. This method was used to detect P. jirovecii colonization in pulmonary samples collected from 403 non-HIV patients with various pulmonary diseases enrolled from 5 hospitals in China. We determined the prevalence of P. jirovecii colonization in 7 types of pulmonary diseases and assessed the association of P. jirovecii colonization with clinical characteristics of these diseases. Results The modified LAMP assay showed no cross-reactivity with other common pulmonary microbes and was 1,000 times more sensitive than that of conventional PCR. Using the modified LAMP assay, we detected P. jirovecii colonization in 281 (69.7%) of the 403 patients enrolled. P. jirovecii colonization was more common in interstitial lung diseases than in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (84.6% vs 64.5%, P < 0.05). Patients with acute exacerbation of COPD had a higher prevalence of P. jirovecii colonization compared to patients with stabilized COPD (67.4% vs 43.3%, P < 0.05). P. jirovecii colonization was associated with decreased pulmonary function, increased levels of 1,3-β-D-glucan and C-reactive protein, and decreased levels of CD4+ T-cell counts (P < 0.05 for each). Approximately 70% of P. jirovecii colonized patients had confections with other fungi or bacteria. Conclusions We developed a modified LAMP assay for detecting P. jirovecii . Our multi-center study of 403 patients supports that P. jirovecii colonization is a risk factor for the development of pulmonary diseases and highlights the need to further study the pathogenesis and transmission of P. jirovecii colonization in pulmonary diseases.
Morphologic and biochemical changes in the retina and sclera induced by form deprivation high myopia in guinea pigs
Authors: zi yingxin , Deng Yu , Zhao Jingru , Ji Meiqi , Qin Yali , Deng Tingting , Jin Ming
Published: March 2020

Background: To study the morphologic and biochemical changes in the retina and sclera induced by form deprivation high myopia (FDHM) in guinea pigs and explore the possible mechanisms of FDHM formation. Methods: Forty 3-week-old guinea pigs were randomized into the blank control (Group I, 20 cases) and model groups (20 cases). In the model group, the right eyes of the guinea pigs were sutured for 8 weeks to induce FDHM (Group II) and the left eyes were considered a self-control group (Group III). The refractive errors were measured with retinoscopy. The anterior chamber depth (AC), lens thickness (L), vitreous chamber depth (V) and axial length (AL) were measured using ultrasonometry A. Retinal and scleral morphology and ultrastructural features were observed with light and electron microscopy. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the retina and sclera were detected with a chemical colorimetric assay. Results: After eight weeks of stitching, the refractive errors of Group II changed from (+3.59±0.33) D to (-7.96±0.55) D, and these values were significantly higher than those of Group I (+0.89±0.32) D and Group III (-0.55±0.49) D (P < 0.05). The vitreous chamber depth (4.12±0.13) mm and axial length (8.93±0.22) mm of Group II were significantly longer than those of Group I [(3.71±0.23) mm and (7.95±0.37) mm, respectively] and Group III [(3.93±0.04) mm and (8.01±0.15) mm, respectively] (P < 0.05). With the prolongation of form deprivation (FD), the retina and scleral tissues showed thinning, the ganglion cell and inner and outer nuclear layers of the retina became decreased, and the arrangement was disordered. In Group II, the SOD activity was significantly lower than that in Group I and Group III; the MDA content was significantly higher than that in Group I and Group III. The differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusions: These findings suggested that in the FDHM guinea pigs model, the refractive errors, the vitreous chamber depth, and axial length increased significantly with prolongation of monocular FD time, and morphological structural changes in the retina and sclera were observed. Oxygen free radicals might participate in the formation of FDHM.
Feasibility cluster randomised controlled trial evaluating a theory-driven group-based complex intervention versus usual physiotherapy to support self-management of osteoarthritis and low back pain (SOLAS)
Authors: Hurley Deirdre , Jeffares Isabelle , Hall Amanda M , Keogh Alison , Toomey Elaine , McArdle Danielle , McDonough Suzanne M , Guerin Suzanne , Segurado Ricardo , Matthews James
Published: March 2020

Background The Self-management of Osteoarthritis (OA) and Low back pain (LBP) through Activity and Skills (SOLAS) theory-driven group-based complex intervention was developed primarily for the evaluation of its acceptability to patients and physiotherapists and the feasibility of trial procedures, to inform the potential for a definitive trial. Methods This assessor-blinded multicentre two-arm parallel cluster randomised controlled feasibility trial compared the SOLAS intervention to usual individual physiotherapy (UP; pragmatic control group). Patients with OA of the hip, knee, lumbar spine and/or chronic LBP were recruited in primary care physiotherapy clinics (i.e. clusters) in Dublin, Ireland between September 2014 and November 2015. The primary feasibility objectives were evaluated using quantitative methods and individual telephone interviews with purposive samples of participants and physiotherapists. A range of secondary outcomes were collected at baseline, 6 weeks (behaviour change only), 2 months and 6 months to explore the preliminary effects of the intervention. Analysis was by intention-to-treat according to participants’ cluster allocation and involved descriptive analysis of the quantitative data and inductive thematic analysis of the qualitative interviews. A linear mixed model was used to contrast change over time in participant secondary outcomes between treatment arms, while adjusting for study waves and clusters. Results 14 clusters were recruited (7 per trial arm), each cluster participated in two waves of recruitment, with the average cluster size below the target of six participants (Intervention: mean (SD) =4.92 (1.31), range 2-7; UP: mean (SD) =5.08 (2.43), range 1-9). 120 participants (83.3% of n=144 expected) were recruited (Intervention n=59; UP n=61), with follow up data obtained from 80.8% (n=97) at 6 weeks, 84.2% (n=101) at 2 months and 71.7% (n=86) at 6 months. Most participants received treatment as allocated (Intervention n=49; UP n=54). The qualitative interviews (12 participants; 10 PTs) found the Intervention and trial procedures acceptable and appropriate, with minimal feasible adaptations required. Linear mixed methods showed improvements in most secondary outcomes at 2 and 6 months with small between group effects. Conclusions While the SOLAS intervention and trial procedures were acceptable to participants and PTs, the recruitment of enough participants is the biggest obstacle to a definitive trial. Trial Registration: ISRCTN Registry, ISRCTN49875385, Registered 26 March 2014. https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN49875385
Inter-rater Reliability in Clinical Assessments: Do Examiner Pairings Influence Candidate Ratings?
Authors: Faherty Aileen , Counihan Tim , Kropmans Thomas , Finn Yvonne
Published: March 2020

Background: The reliability of clinical assessments is known to vary considerably with inter-rater reliability a key contributor. Many of the mechanisms that contribute to inter-rater reliability however remain largely unexplained and unclear. While research in other fields suggests personality of raters can impact ratings, studies looking at personality factors in clinical assessments are few. Many schools use the approach of pairing examiners in clinical assessments and asking them to come to an agreed score. Little is known however, about what occurs when these paired examiners interact to generate a score. Could personality factors have an impact? Methods: A fully-crossed design was employed with each participant examiner observing and scoring. A quasi-experimental research design used candidate’s observed scores in a mock clinical assessment as the dependent variable. The independent variables were examiner numbers, demographics and personality with data collected by questionnaire. A purposeful sample of doctors who examine in the Final Medical examination at our institution was recruited. Results: Variability between scores given by examiner pairs (N=6) was less than the variability with individual examiners (N=12). 75% of examiners (N=9) scored below average for neuroticism and 75% also scored high or very high for extroversion. Two-thirds scored high or very high for conscientiousness. The higher an examiner’s personality score for extroversion, the lower the amount of change in his/her score when paired up with a co-examiner; reflecting possibly a more dominant role in the process of reaching a consensus score. Conclusions: The reliability of clinical assessments using paired examiners is comparable to assessments with single examiners. Personality factors, such as extroversion, may influence the magnitude of change in score an individual examiner agrees to when paired up with another examiner. Further studies on personality factors and examiner behaviour are needed to test associations and determine if personality testing has a role in reducing examiner variability.
Characterization of the Interleukin-17 Effect on Articular Cartilage in a Translational Model. An Explorative Study
Authors: Sinkeviciute Dovile , Aspberg Anders , He Yi , Bay-Jensen Anne-Christine , Önnerfjord Patrik
Published: March 2020

Background
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive, chronic disease characterized by articular cartilage destruction. The pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-17 levels have been reported elevated in serum and synovial fluid of OA patients and correlated with increased cartilage defects and bone remodeling. The aim of this study was to characterize an IL-17-mediated articular cartilage degradation ex-vivo model and to investigate IL-17 effect on cartilage extracellular matrix protein turnover.
Methods
Full-depth bovine femoral condyle articular cartilage explants were cultured in serum-free medium for three weeks in the absence, or presence of cytokines: IL-17A (100 ng/ml or 25 ng/ml), or 10 ng OSM combined with 20 ng/ml TNFα (O+T). RNA isolation and PCR analysis were performed on tissue lysates to confirm IL-17 receptor expression. GAG and ECM-turnover biomarker release into conditioned media was assessed with dimethyl methylene blue and ELISA assays, respectively. Gelatin zymography was used for matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 and MMP9 activity assessment in conditioned media, and shotgun LC-MS/MS for identification and label-free quantification of proteins and protein fragments in conditioned media. Western blotting was used to validate MS results.
Results
IL-17RA mRNA was expressed in bovine articular cartilage and the treatment with IL-17A did not interfere with metabolic activity of the model. IL-17A induced cartilage breakdown; conditioned media GAG levels were 3.6-fold-elevated compared to untreated. IL-17A [100 ng/ml] induced ADAMTS-mediated aggrecan degradation fragment release (14-fold increase compared to untreated) and MMP-mediated type II collagen fragment release (6-fold-change compared to untreated). MS data analysis revealed 16 differentially expressed proteins in IL-17A conditioned media compared to untreated. CHI3L1 upregulation in conditioned media in response to IL-17A was confirmed by Western blotting.
Conclusions
We showed that IL-17A has cartilage modulating potential. It induces collagen and aggrecan degradation indicating an upregulation of MMPs. This was confirmed by zymography and mass spectrometry data. We also showed that the expression of other cytokines is induced by IL-17A, which provide further insight to the pathways that are active in response to IL-17A. This exploratory study confirms that IL-17A may play a role in cartilage pathology and that the applied model may be a good tool to further investigate it.
Use of Student-generated Multiple Choice Questions to Enhance Team-based Learning of Anatomy at the University of Rwanda
Authors: SIBOMANA ISAIE , Karenzi Irenee David , Niyongombwa Irenee , Byiringiro Jean Claude , Gashegu Julien , Ntirenganya Faustin
Published: March 2020

Background: Teaching of human anatomy has undergone significant changes in last 3 decades. At the University of Rwanda, anatomy is being taught using team-based learning. While student generated multiple choice questions (MCQs) stimulate deeper thinking of a given topic, their impact on anatomy learning is not known. This study aimed to improve anatomy teaching and student satisfaction by combining both models. Methods: It was a comparative interventional study where two similar chapters of anatomy were selected and one taught using team based learning (TBL) while the other one, in addition to TBL, student were encouraged to set MCQs while studying. Pre- and post-test scores were analysed using SPSS 23 and student t-test was used to compare the mean score obtained. Results: 31 medical students were recruited. Pre-test mean scores in both chapters were 25.10 and 25.19 over 50 for chapter 1 and chapter 2 respectively. Although the students’ post-test scores improved after teaching for each chapter, it was much more for chapter 2 than chapter one with mean score of 39.97 and 32.45 over 50 respectively (P<0.05). Despite such improvement, setting MCQs was not easy in almost a half of students. Conclusion: This study has found that student generated MCQs can be used as a simple and cost effective tool to enhance TBL learning of anatomy.
Associations of Mitochondrial DNA 3777-4679 region mutations with maternally inherited essential hypertensive subjects in China.
Authors: Zhu Ye , You Jia , Xu Chao , Gu Xiang
Published: March 2020

Background: Nuclear genome or family mitochondrial screening system has become the hot focus of studies into essential hypertension. The role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in sporadic Chinese patients with hypertension has not been fully understood. The study was to evaluate the associations of mtDNA mutations with maternally inherited essential hypertensive subjects in China. Methods: From June 2009 to June 2016, a total of 800 gender-matched Chinese patients with maternally inherited essential hypertension (MIEH) and control group were 1:1 enrolled in this case-control study. Genomic DNA was extracted from each person's peripheral blood cells. The main mtDNA locations for MIEH were screened with oligodeoxynucleotides 3777-4679bp, analyzed and compared with the updated consensus Cambridge Sequence. Pathogenic mtDNA mutations were identified from the mitochondrial map. Results: MIEH subjects presented significantly higher values than those of control group in abdominal circumference(AC), waist circumference(WC), body mass index(BMI), fasting blood glucose(FBG), triglyceride(TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) and renal function ( P <0.05). MIEH subjects carried more amino acid changes and coding sequence variants ( P <0.01) than control group. The allele frequencies of the eight single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) were significantly different between the two groups, including m.3970 C>T, m.4048G>A, m.4071C>T, m.4086C>T, m. 4164A>G and m.4248T>C in ND1 gene, and m.4386T>C and m.4394C>T in tRNA Gln gene( P <0.001). Fifty-five homoplasmic or heteroplasmic mutations were detected in 5 genes: ND1, tRNA Ile , tRNA Met , tRNA Gln and ND2 gene. The ND1 gene was the main mutation site, where the most mtDNA mutation was m.3970 C>T. Conclusions: The mtDNA mutations were involved in the process of MIEH. We identified mitochondrial genetic characteristics in MIEH patients in China. The present research serves as a solid foundation for further detailed research on the association between MIEH and mitochondrial dysfunction, and their causal relationship in Chinese and other populations with a similar lifestyle.
SIP SMART: A parallel group randomised feasibility trial of a tailored pre-treatment Swallowing Intervention Package compared with usual care for patients with head and neck cancer
Authors: Govender Roganie , Smith Christina H , Barratt Helen , Gardner Benjamin , Taylor Stuart
Published: March 2020

Background: Dysphagia or difficulty in swallowing affects quality of life for most patients with head and neck cancer. SIP SMART – [Swallowing Intervention Package: Self-Monitoring, Assessment, Rehabilitation Training] aims to improve post-treatment swallowing outcomes through a targeted and tailored pre-treatment intervention. This feasibility study assessed 1) recruitment and retention, 2) patient acceptability of randomisation and participation, 3) patient adherence, and 4) sought to identify a suitable primary outcome for a definitive trial, including sample size estimation.
Methods: This two-arm parallel group non-blinded randomised feasibility trial took place within a head and neck centre at a teaching hospital in London, UK. Patients newly diagnosed with stage III/IV head and neck cancer were recruited and underwent 6-month follow-up. Patients were randomised to SIP-SMART or usual care via an online web-based system. SIP SMART comprised two 45-minute consultations including a baseline clinical and instrumental swallowing assessment, relevant educational information, targeted swallowing exercises, and specific behaviour change strategies to increase exercise adherence. Usual care comprised a single session including a baseline clinical assessment and generic information about the likely impact of treatment on swallowing.
Results: A total of 106 patients were identified at pre-screening, 70 were assessed for eligibility. Twenty-six patients did not meet eligibility criteria [0.37, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.49]. Five of 44 [0.11, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.24] eligible patients were not approached by researchers during clinic. Seven [0.18, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.33] of the 39 approached declined participation. Target recruitment (32 consented patients) was achieved within the timeframe. At 6-months 29/32 [0.91, 95% CI 0.76 to 0.97] patients remained in the trial. Acceptability of randomisation and participation in the intervention was favourable, and adherence to the exercises exceeded the pre-defined 35% minimum criterion. The MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory swallow related quality of life measure was selected as the most suitable primary outcome for sample size estimation. No adverse effects arose from the intervention, or study participation.
Conclusions: A definitive trial of the SIP SMART intervention compared to usual care is feasible and can be undertaken with patients with head and neck cancer treated within the NHS.
Trial Registration: ISRCTN40215425
Intention to quit water pipe smoking among Iranian women: A qualitative directed content analysis
Authors: Sabzmakan Leila , Eslami Fatemeh , Sighaldeh Shirin Shahbazi , Izuka Nkeonye Judith
Published: March 2020

Background Water-pipe smoking is the most common type of tobacco used among Iranian women. The aim of this study was to explain women’s perceptions of their intention for quitting water-pipe smoking based on the theory of planned behavior. Methods The study was a qualitative content analysis which was carried out over four months in 2016 in Tehran-Iran. The participants were 26 women ages 18 to 45-years-old who smoked water-pipe and were selected through snowball sampling. The study was performed in hookah cafes, parks, and homes. The data were collected through individual interviews. The interviews were open-ended questions based on the theory of planned behavior. Directed content analysis was used to analyze the data. Results Findings showed that women did not intend to quit water-pipe in that time. Main contributing factors influencing not having intention of cessation were positive attitude and false beliefs toward hookah smoking, as well as having peers and family members who smoked water-pipe or approved its use. Although most females realized the obstacles associated with hookah cessation, they believed that quitting water-pipe smoking was up to them and could control more barriers. Conclusion Social pressure, positive attitude and false beliefs towards hookah smoking, as well as external and internal obstacles diminished women ‘s intention for cessation. Therefore, it is recommended to apply the theory of planned behavior into behavior change interventions in order to increase the intention to quit water-pipe smoking.