bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“I was always dispos’d to be serviceable to you, tho’ it seems I was once unlucky”: Mathew Carey’s Relationship with Benjamin Franklin
Authors: Green James N.
Published: August 2013

Mathew Carey’s first encounter with Benjamin Franklin took place in Paris in 1781, and his first experience of America when he emigrated to Philadelphia some three years later was shaped largely by his efforts to win Franklin’s patronage. The ties that bind a patron to a protégé can be very strong, but this article is less about the links that joined Carey and Franklin and more about their inability to connect. Although they were separated by age, religion, nationality, and social status, Franklin had easily overcome such barriers many times before. Theirs was more a difference of personality, and by exploring it, we learn something interesting about Carey, and also something new about Franklin. In his autobiography, written in 1833, Carey devoted only a single paragraph to the months he said he spent working with Franklin on his press at Passy. This meeting seemingly changed the course of his life, and he might be forgiven for dwelling at length on it, perhaps recalling how deeply he impressed the great Philadelphian with his potential. Instead, he downplayed it and went out of his way to portray himself as essentially useless to Franklin. As this article explains, Carey was not simply assuming the standard pose of the autobiographer ironically reflecting on his youthful self. On the contrary, his account of his first meeting with Franklin is vague and self-deprecating because he was concealing much greater humiliations that he experienced at Franklin’s hands, first in France and later in three separate episodes that took place in Philadelphia. Their meeting in Paris was just the beginning of a fraught relationship that continued until Franklin’s death in 1790, which was not even hinted at in Carey’s autobiography and never alluded to publicly or privately for the remainder of his life.
Furious Booksellers: The “American Copy” of the Waverley Novels and the Language of the Book Trade
Authors: Rezek Joseph
Published: August 2013

This essay explores the trans-Atlantic book trade through a case study on the publication of Walter Scott’s Waverley novels. The Waverley novels were printed in Edinburgh but distributed mostly in London, where publishers from Philadelphia initially acquired them for reprinting and sale in the United States. Mathew Carey and his son Henry became Scott’s most important American publishers by establishing a direct agreement with his Edinburgh publisher, Archibald Constable. Their agreement involved purchasing advance sheets of the novels before official publication. This essay demonstrates that the power and pressures of the London marketplace for books affected the transmission of the “American Copy” of the Waverley novels, and that the trans-Atlantic publication of Scott was a heated emotional business full of volatile misunderstandings between booksellers and startling anomalies in the printing process itself. This essay reconstructs this story, and it argues that the language of the book trade—as employed in written correspondence, public prints, and the Waverley novels themselves—must be closely analyzed to understand the challenges of provincial publishing in the period.
Mathew Carey, Ireland, and the “Empire for Liberty” in America
Authors: Bric Maurice J.
Published: August 2013

This article sets the American career of Mathew Carey against his political and publishing involvements in Ireland. Arriving as Carey did in America at the age of twenty-four, these involvements were short-lived, but their influence was long lasting. His largely overlooked pamphlet, The Urgent Necessity, published in Ireland in 1781, clearly revealed his despair that “oligarchy” could promote reform and that, paradoxically, it could nurture only resentments and prejudices. For him, the breaking of oligarchy was the only way in which a harmonious and self-confident polity could be cultivated. The attempts of the Irish administration to muzzle his newspapers also encouraged a commitment to champion the freedom of the press in America not only as a just cause but as a way of venting differing opinions and, thus, create a more inclusive polity. Carey was ever the champion of accommodation in his adopted city of Philadelphia, and this article suggests an explanation by reference to his Irish experiences and how they predisposed him to support Jeffersonian Republicanism.
Afterword: Why Should We Listen to Mathew Carey?
Authors: Burke Martin J.
Published: August 2013

This Afterword begins with Andrew Shankman’s question at the Philadelphia Carey conference, “Why should anyone have listened to Mathew Carey?” as a point of departure. Three major areas of research where “listening” to Carey and his career are of relevance to present-day scholarship are presented: the history of the book, the history of political economy, and the history of the Irish in America. The contributions to this special issue are situated within these contexts. They stand as the most recent, sophisticated work on the worlds of Mathew Carey.
Mathew Carey’s Learning Experience: Commerce, Manufacturing, and the Panic of 1819
Authors: Matson Cathy
Published: August 2013

When Mathew Carey arrived in Philadelphia in 1784, he turned his formidable skills in publishing toward breaking North American dependence on English commerce and credit, forging alliances with leading political economists in the mid-Atlantic region. North American self-sufficiency was an attainable goal, he argued, one that would be founded on discriminatory tariffs designed to limit foreign imports, encouragements to manufacturers of desirable and necessary goods, and a liberal banking system that supported entrepreneurial ambitions. Carey’s prodigious writings over the years reveal a remarkable consistency of economic vision. But in Carey’s view, the Panic of 1819 swept vulnerable North Americans into economic chaos that was directly traceable to the contentious political and economic interests in his own Philadelphia region and in the country that had failed to create a viable system of banks, tariffs, manufactures, and commercial auctions. The Panic of 1819 could, he argued, also be traced to the erroneous popular attachments to ill-conceived theory about economic freedom that stemmed from Adam Smith and his followers in the new nation.
The Statistical Turn in Early American Political Economy: Mathew Carey and the Authority of Numbers
Authors: Öhman Martin
Published: August 2013

The geopolitical instability of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries prompted increased interest in political economy. But early republic leaders who sought to explain national wealth and power faced daunting challenges, as much of the economic data at their disposal was both inchoate and unreliable. This article considers how people like Mathew Carey worked to improve and spread knowledge of the republic’s economic geography and its place in the international trading system. It also examines how a growing emphasis on numbers reshaped economic debate in the early American republic. Although Carey was convinced that enhanced knowledge of market relations would help public officials write more informed policies, which in turn would strengthen the republic in relation to foreign powers and help resolve conflicts within the union, a more scientific approach to economic questions failed to produce consensus and even exacerbated sectional tensions.
Law in China or Conquest in the Americas: Competing Constructions of Political Space in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire
Authors: Tezcan Baki
Published: August 2013

This study relates two Ottoman books from the 1580s, the New Report (Hadîth-i Nev) on the conquest and colonization of the Americas by the Spaniards and the Law-Book of China (Terjüme-i Qânîn-nâme-i Chîn ve Khıtây ve Khotan), to contemporary Ottoman politics and to each other, arguing that there were competing constructions of political space in the early modern Ottoman Empire. The Law-Book of China represents a constitutionalist political view aimed at limiting the powers of the monarch and asserted by a traditionalist argument based on an invented tradition, which claims that the laws enacted by the founding fathers were meant to be for posterity. The New Report adopts an experientialist approach, making a case for experience that leads to knowledge and for boldness that leads to conquest and represents a royalist response to the constutionalist view articulated in the Law-Book of China.
Sisters Debating the Jesuits: The Role of African Women in Defeating Portuguese Proto-Colonialism in Seventeenth-Century Abyssinia
Authors: Belcher Wendy Laura
Published: August 2013

Many assume that African women did not play an intellectual or political role before the modern period. Taking advantage of rare sources in Portuguese, Latin, and Gəʿəz, this article analyzes European and African texts written in the 1600s about Ethiopian royal women who led their people in resisting Portuguese proto-colonialism. The texts display quite different perspectives on the women, but they agree that women participated in defeating this European incursion. Comparing the two traditions reveals that the negative Portuguese representations of these Ethiopian royal women were not just the result of misogyny, but werea vanquished foe’s bitter depiction of a victorious enemy. Indeed, these early modern African women must be acknowledged as some of the earliest pioneers against European incursions in Africa. This article focuses on the extraordinary, larger-than-life stories of six such women.
Period, History, and the Literary Art: Historicizing Amharic Novels
Authors: Gebre Tewodros
Published: August 2013

The period between 1960 (the failed coup) and 1974 (the successful military takeover of power), was a momentous segment of contemporary Ethiopian history. It was an era teeming with social unrest among various social classes and strata of society. It is a very concentrated period full of accidents and coincidences that were melodramatic and absurd, and which mostly ended tragically. This made it particularly suitable for Ethiopian literary art. The most esteemed works of art in Amharic literature and source of incitement even for the present academia are products of this period— Fəqər əskä mäqabər, YäTéwodros ənba, Adäfrəs, Ke’admas bashaggär, and Létum aynägalləñ. This article argues that these novels are highly affected by the prevailing spirit of their time—the mood of confusion, ambivalence, fragmentation, and the spirit of anarchy and nihilism. The novels, like other cultural products and activities, were initiated by the past, but they employed it to distill the abstract spirit of the times that were unnoticed by their society. They attempted to shape the era itself. This article’s focus is not solely the “historicity of texts.” History here is not simply a backdrop against which the literary works are to be viewed but itself constituent of the text, inscribed in the text as one component.
What Is in a Term? A Historical and Linguistic Examination of the Revolutionary Terminology: ywdäm , “let it be demolished, down with,” 1974–1977
Authors: Ayalew Semeneh , Mendisu Binyam Sisay
Published: August 2013

This paper attempts to subject revolutionary terminology to understand the extent of reinterpretation of newly introduced terms by the local language and culture. It also would like to draw scholarly attention to the link between terminology and political action during the early years of the Ethiopian revolution, 1974–1977. It has four sections and starts with a discussion of the context in which revolutionary terminology is proposed to be studied and a section on theories of space and the situatedness of language that lays out the conceptual frame of the study. This section is followed by a discussion of literature on terminology. Then, a frequently used revolutionary term, ywdäm, “let it be demolished, down with,” during the time under discussion will be examined in some detail, and this will be followed by a brief conclusion.
Improving the Physical Self: Sport, Body Politics, and Ethiopian Modernity, ca. 1920–1974
Authors: Bromber Katrin
Published: August 2013

The following essay seeks to understand the place of sport in attempts to “modernize” Ethiopia during Haile Selassie’s reign. It focuses on modern sports (i.e., sports already codified and regulated by international bodies), and their expansion through specific imperial projects as well as individual activities. These include training institutions such as schools or military academies, where sport was a means of creating healthy and efficient bodies; places of leisure, suchasthe Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) or university sports, where sport became a vital part of self-improvement; and spaces where the emperor turned sport into a powerful symbol to bear witness to his interest in developing a healthy nation. Using sports as a lens, the essay argues for a multifaceted and nonteleological reading of modernity.
Unthinkable Readers: The Political Blindspot of French Literature
Authors: Cusset François
Published: August 2013

Literary theory and criticism in France is, and has always been, centered around Writing as a cause, a subjectless event, and an intransitive mystery, at the expense of reading and readers, whose social diversity and political workings remain largely overlooked. Neither critical sociologies of reading, nor the more literary phenomenology of the act of reading, have been able, so far, to make room for the Anglo-American politics of reading, itself a historical assumption of the relativity of interpretation which took various forms, from literary Marxisms to cultural and minority studies—all of which can be seen, as a result, as the political blindspot of literary studies in France.
The Economics of Long-Term Care
Authors: Siciliani Luigi
Published: August 2013

Long-term care expenditure is expected to rise, driven by an ageing population. Given that public long-term care expenditure is high in many OECD countries, governments are increasingly concerned about its future growth. This study focuses on three relevant issues. First, we discuss factors that affect the growth of long-term expenditure and its projections. These include demographics, the balance in provision between informal and formal care, whether higher life expectancy translates into higher disability, the interrelation between health and long-term care, and whether long-term care suffers from Baumol’s disease. Second, given that a significant proportion of long-term care expenditure is nursing- and care-home expenditure, we discuss the role of government regulation aimed at ensuring that individuals receive appropriate quality of care in such institutions. We focus in particular on price regulation, competition, and the non-profit sector; these have been the subject of considerable empirical work (mainly in the United States). Third, we discuss the relative merits of public and private insurance. Countries differ greatly in their approach. Some countries have nearly exclusively public insurance but in others this is small. We consider the conditions under which public insurance can overcome the limitations of a private insurance market.
Methodological Variations in Guided Imagery Interventions Using Movement Imagery Scripts in Sport: A Systematic Review
Authors: Cooley Sam J. , Williams Sarah E. , Burns Victoria E. , Cumming Jennifer
Published: August 2013

Imagery studies have varied widely in the methods used to deliver guided imagery interventions. This variation has led to difficulties comparing studies and uncertainty as to what methods should be followed. A review is needed to evaluate the interventions to date to inform applied recommendations. The aim of this systematic review was to (1) assess the quality of intervention design, (2) investigate the extent to which interventions vary, (3) highlight the different methods that should be considered in the design and implementation of future interventions, and (4) investigate adherence to some of the current theories and models of imagery use. A total of 20 interventions administered between the years 2001 and 2011 were compared over 17 main areas, including imagery ability, duration, script development, delivery method, and adherence to the PETTLEP model and the bio-informational theory. The results of this review found evidence of many inconsistencies between interventions and demonstrate a need for more comprehensive practical guidelines. Recommendations are offered for the design of future interventions, including increasing imagery practice time and the use of personalised imagery scripts. Numerous questions are raised to strengthen and direct future research such as the need for continued modification of scripts throughout an intervention.
Are Intentional Processes with Tool Use Similar for Simulated and Executed Actions?
Authors: Gabbard Carl , Caçola Priscila
Published: August 2013

We asked the question, does motor simulation (via imagery) and planning with execution have similar intentional characteristics? And, does use of a tool compared to arm reaching influence a different intention effect? We instructed participants to use motor imagery to estimate distance reachability with the hand (arm extended) and a 20-cm tool using a NOGO/GO intention paradigm. That is, use of imagery only and imagery with actual execution (IE). Results indicated no differences in accuracy within or between HAND and TOOL conditions. That is, there was no observable intentional effect. These findings lend preliminary support to an increasing body of evidence suggesting that the neurocognitive processes (in this case, intention) driving motor imagery and executed actions are similar for hand and tool use.
Therapeutic Margins in a Novel Preclinical Model of Retinitis Pigmentosa
Authors: Davis Richard J. , Hsu Chun-Wei , Tsai Yi-Ting , Wert Katherine J. , Sancho-Pelluz Javier , Lin Chyuan-Sheng , Tsang Stephen H.
Published: August 2013

The third-most common cause of autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is due to defective cGMP phosphodiesterase-6 (PDE6). Previous work using viral gene therapy on PDE6-mutant mouse models demonstrated photoreceptors can be rescued if administered before degeneration. However, whether visual function can be rescued after degeneration onset has not been addressed. This is a clinically important question, as newly diagnosed patients exhibit considerable loss of rods and cones in their peripheral retinas. We have generated and characterized a tamoxifen inducibleCre-loxPrescue allele,Pde6bStop, which allows us to temporally correct PDE6-deficiency. Whereas untreated mutants exhibit degeneration, activation ofCre-loxPrecombination in early embryogenesis produced stable long-term rescue. Reversal at later time-points showed partial long-term or short-lived rescue. Our results suggest stable restoration of retinal function by gene therapy can be achieved if a sufficient number of rods are treated. Because patients are generally diagnosed after extensive loss of rods, the success of clinical trials may depend on identifying patients as early as possible to maximize the number of treatable rods.
Melanocortin Signaling in the Brainstem Influences Vagal Outflow to the Stomach
Authors: Richardson Janell , Cruz Maureen T. , Majumdar Usnish , Lewin Amanda , Kingsbury Kathryn A. , Dezfuli Ghazaul , Vicini Stefano , Verbalis Joseph G. , Dretchen Kenneth L. , Gillis Richard A. , Sahibzada Niaz
Published: August 2013

Activation of melanocortin 4 receptors (MC4-Rs) in brain nuclei associated with food intake profoundly influences consummatory behavior. Of these nuclei, the dorsal motor vagal nucleus (DMV), which has a dense concentration of MC4-Rs, is an important regulator of gastric tone and motility. Hence, the present study sought to examine the role of MC4-Rs in this nucleus on these activities. Using anin vivoapproach, MC4-R agonists, melanotan-II (MT-II) or α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), were unilaterally microinjected into the DMV of rats, and their effects were noted on gastric activity. MT-II decreased phasic contractions, whereas α-MSH increased their amplitude. Both effects were blocked by the MC4-R antagonist SHU9119 or by ipsilateral vagotomy. Microinjection of the agonists (MT-II and α-MSH) into the overlying nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), an important component of “vago-vagal” gastric circuitry, decreased phasic contractions. In addition, α-MSH reduced gastric tone and mean arterial blood pressure. To study the underlying mechanisms of the effect of MC4-R stimulation on gastric activity, electrophysiological recordings were made from labeled DMV antrum neurons in rat pups andMC4-R−/−mice. Bath application of MT-II or α-MSH significantly reduced spontaneous action potentials (but not inMC4-R−/−mice). However, in low-calcium ACSF, MT-II decreased neuronal firing, whereas α-MSH increased it. These effects mirror those of ourin vivoDMV studies. Altogether, our novel findings show that activation of MC4-Rs in the brainstem, particularly in the medial NTS by the endogenous peptide α-MSH, modulates gastric activity, which may have physiological relevance for food intake and gastric function.
Sarm1-Mediated Axon Degeneration Requires Both SAM and TIR Interactions
Authors: Gerdts Josiah , Summers Daniel W. , Sasaki Yo , DiAntonio Aaron , Milbrandt Jeffrey
Published: August 2013

Axon degeneration is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that eliminates damaged or unneeded axons. Manipulation of this poorly understood pathway may allow treatment of a wide range of neurological disorders. In an RNAi-based screen performed in cultured mouse DRG neurons, we observed strong suppression of injury-induced axon degeneration upon knockdown of Sarm1 [SARM (sterile α-motif-containing and armadillo-motif containing protein)]. We find that a SARM-dependent degeneration program is engaged by disparate neuronal insults: SARM ablation blocks axon degeneration induced by axotomy or vincristine treatment, while SARM acts in parallel with a soma-derived caspase-dependent pathway following trophic withdrawal. SARM is a multidomain protein that associates with neuronal mitochondria. Deletion of the N-terminal mitochondrial localization sequence disrupts SARM mitochondrial localization in neurons but does not alter its ability to promote axon degeneration. In contrast, mutation of either the SAM (sterile α motif) or TIR (Toll-interleukin-1 receptor) domains abolishes the ability of SARM to promote axonal degeneration, while a SARM mutant containing only these domains elicits axon degeneration and nonapoptotic neuronal death even in the absence of injury. Protein–protein interaction studies demonstrate that the SAM domains are necessary and sufficient to mediate SARM–SARM binding. SARM mutants lacking a TIR domain bind full-length SARM and exhibit strong dominant-negative activity. These results indicate that SARM plays an integral role in the dismantling of injured axons and support a model in which SAM-mediated multimerization is necessary for TIR-dependent engagement of a downstream destruction pathway. These findings suggest that inhibitors of SAM and TIR interactions represent therapeutic candidates for blocking pathological axon loss and neuronal cell death.
Differential Subcellular Targeting of Glutamate Receptor Subtypes during Homeostatic Synaptic Plasticity
Authors: Soares Cary , Lee Kevin F. H. , Nassrallah Wissam , Béïque Jean-Claude
Published: August 2013

Homeostatic processes are believed to contribute to the stability of neuronal networks that are perpetually influenced by Hebbian forms of synaptic plasticity. Whereas the rules governing the targeting and trafficking of AMPA and NMDA subtypes of glutamate receptors during rapid Hebbian LTP have been extensively studied, those that are operant during homeostatic forms of synaptic strengthening are less well understood. Here, we used biochemical, biophysical, and pharmacological approaches to investigate glutamate receptor regulation during homeostatic synaptic plasticity. We show in rat organotypic hippocampal slices that prolonged network silencing induced a robust surface upregulation of GluA2-lacking AMPARs, not only at synapses, but also at extrasynaptic dendritic and somatic regions of CA1 pyramidal neurons. We also detected a shift in NMDAR subunit composition that, in contrast to the cell-wide surface delivery of GluA2-lacking AMPARs, occurred exclusively at synapses. The subunit composition and subcellular distribution of AMPARs and NMDARs are therefore distinctly regulated during homeostatic synaptic plasticity. Thus, because subunit composition dictates key channel properties, such as agonist affinity, gating kinetics, and calcium permeability, the homeostatic synaptic process transcends the simple modulation of synaptic strength by also regulating the signaling and integrative properties of central synapses.
Synaptic Abnormalities in the Infralimbic Cortex of a Model of Congenital Depression
Authors: Seese Ronald R. , Chen Lulu Y. , Cox Conor D. , Schulz Daniela , Babayan Alex H. , Bunney William E. , Henn Fritz A. , Gall Christine M. , Lynch Gary
Published: August 2013

Multiple lines of evidence suggest that disturbances in excitatory transmission contribute to depression. Whether these defects involve the number, size, or composition of glutamatergic contacts is unclear. This study used recently introduced procedures for fluorescence deconvolution tomography in a well-studied rat model of congenital depression to characterize excitatory synapses in layer I of infralimbic cortex, a region involved in mood disorders, and of primary somatosensory cortex. Three groups were studied: (1) rats bred for learned helplessness (cLH); (2) rats resistant to learned helplessness (cNLH); and (3) control Sprague Dawley rats. In fields within infralimbic cortex, cLH rats had the same numerical density of synapses, immunolabeled for either the postsynaptic density (PSD) marker PSD95 or the presynaptic protein synaptophysin, as controls. However, PSD95 immunolabeling intensities were substantially lower in cLH rats, as were numerical densities of synapse-sized clusters of the AMPA receptor subunit GluA1. Similar but less pronounced differences (comparable numerical densities but reduced immunolabeling intensity for PSD95) were found in the somatosensory cortex. In contrast, non-helpless rats had 25% more PSDs than either cLH or control rats without any increase in synaptophysin-labeled terminal frequency. Compared with controls, both cLH and cNLH rats had fewer GABAergic contacts. These results indicate that congenital tendencies that increase or decrease depression-like behavior differentially affect excitatory synapses.
Tracking the Roots of Reading Ability: White Matter Volume and Integrity Correlate with Phonological Awareness in Prereading and Early-Reading Kindergarten Children
Authors: Saygin Zeynep M. , Norton Elizabeth S. , Osher David E. , Beach Sara D. , Cyr Abigail B. , Ozernov-Palchik Ola , Yendiki Anastasia , Fischl Bruce , Gaab Nadine , Gabrieli John D.E.
Published: August 2013

Developmental dyslexia, an unexplained difficulty in learning to read, has been associated with alterations in white matter organization as measured by diffusion-weighted imaging. It is unknown, however, whether these differences in structural connectivity are related to the cause of dyslexia or if they are consequences of reading difficulty (e.g., less reading experience or compensatory brain organization). Here, in 40 kindergartners who had received little or no reading instruction, we examined the relation between behavioral predictors of dyslexia and white matter organization in left arcuate fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, and the parietal portion of the superior longitudinal fasciculus using probabilistic tractography. Higher composite phonological awareness scores were significantly and positively correlated with the volume of the arcuate fasciculus, but not with other tracts. Two other behavioral predictors of dyslexia, rapid naming and letter knowledge, did not correlate with volumes or diffusion values in these tracts. The volume and fractional anisotropy of the left arcuate showed a particularly strong positive correlation with a phoneme blending test. Whole-brain regressions of behavioral scores with diffusion measures confirmed the unique relation between phonological awareness and the left arcuate. These findings indicate that the left arcuate fasciculus, which connects anterior and posterior language regions of the human brain and which has been previously associated with reading ability in older individuals, is already smaller and has less integrity in kindergartners who are at risk for dyslexia because of poor phonological awareness. These findings suggest a structural basis of behavioral risk for dyslexia that predates reading instruction.
Hypoxia-Induced Developmental Delays of Inhibitory Interneurons Are Reversed by Environmental Enrichment in the Postnatal Mouse Forebrain
Authors: Komitova Mila , Xenos Dionysios , Salmaso Natalina , May Tran Kathy , Brand Theresa , Schwartz Michael L. , Ment Laura , Vaccarino Flora M.
Published: August 2013

Infants born premature experience hypoxic episodes due to immaturity of their respiratory and central nervous systems. This profoundly affects brain development and results in cognitive impairments. We used a mouse model to examine the impact of hypoxic rearing (9.5–10.5% O2) from postnatal day 3 to 11 (P3–P11) on GABAergic interneurons and the potential for environmental enrichment to ameliorate these developmental abnormalities. At P15 the numbers of cortical interneurons expressing immunohistochemically detectable levels of parvalbumin (PV), somatostatin (SST), and vasoactive intestinal peptide were decreased in hypoxic-reared mice by 59%, 32%, and 38%, respectively, compared with normoxic controls. Hypoxia also decreased total GABA content in frontal neocortex by 31%. However, GAD67-EGFP knock-in mice reared under hypoxic conditions showed no changes in total number of GAD67-EGFP+cells and no evidence of increased interneuron death, suggesting that the total number of interneurons was not decreased, but rather, that hypoxic-rearing decreased interneuron marker expression in these cells. In adulthood, PV and SST expression levels were decreased in hypoxic-reared mice. In contrast, intensity of reelin (RLN) expression was significantly increased in adult hypoxic-reared mice compared with normoxic controls. Housing mice in an enriched environment from P21 until adulthood normalized phenotypic interneuron marker expression without affecting total interneuron numbers or leading to increased neurogenesis. Our data show that (1) hypoxia decreases PV and SST and increases RLN expression in cortical interneurons during postnatal cortical development and (2) enriched environment has the capacity to normalize the interneuron abnormalities in cortex.
Brain tissue oxidative damage as a possible mechanism for the deleterious effect of a chronic high dose of estradiol on learning and memory in ovariectomized rats
Authors: Khodabandehloo Fatimeh , Hosseini Mahmoud , Rajaei Ziba , Soukhtanloo Mohammad , Farrokhi Esmaeil , Rezaeipour Mohsen
Published: August 2013

In addition to antioxidative effects, estrogens also exert pro-oxidative actions. The effect of chronic administration of a high dose of estradiol valerate on Morris water maze tasks and brain tissues oxidative damage was investigated. The Sham-Est and OVX-Est groups were treated with estradiol valerate (4 mg/kg) for 12 weeks. Escape latency and traveled path in the Sham-Est and OVX-Est groups were significantly higher than in the Sham and OVX groups (p≪0.01 and p≪0.001). In the probe trial, the animals of the Sham-Est and OVX-Est groups spent lower time in Q1 compared to Sham and OVX groups (p≪0.05 and p≪0.001). In Sham-Est and OVX-Est groups, the brain tissue total thiol concentration was significantly lower, and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were higher than in the Sham and OVX groups (p≪0.05 and p≪0.001). It is concluded that administration of high exogenous levels of estradiol impairs performance and enhances oxidative stress.
Where is Gilles? Or, the little mistake in a copy of Brouillet's painting: "A clinical lesson at the Salpêtrière"
Authors: Germiniani Francisco M. B. , Moro Adriana , Munhoz Renato P. , Teive Hélio A. G.
Published: August 2013

Professor Jean-Martin Charcot is considered the most important professor of Neurology and also the head of the Salpêtrière School of Neurology. In a famous picture painted by André Brouillet and presented at the Salon of 1887, under the title "A clinical lesson at the Salpêtrière", Professor Charcot presents a case of hysteria to a large audience of physicians and renowned intellectuals. Copies of this guided picture are also available for sale at the shop of the Museum of the School of Medicine of Paris and are frequently used in lectures by neurologists worldwide. However, in these reproductions, Gilles de la Tourette's and Charles Féré's positions are inverted. This historical note sheds some light on this little mistake in some of the reproductions of Brouillet's famous painting, so that further confusion can be avoided.
Quality of life in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A
Authors: Taniguchi Juliana B. , Elui Valeria M.C. , Osorio Flavia L. , Hallak Jaime E.C. , Crippa Jose A.S. , Machado-de-Sousa Joao P. , Kebbe Leonardo M. , Lourenco Charles M. , Scarel-Caminaga Raquel M. , Marques Jr Wilson
Published: August 2013

We assessed the functional impairment in Charcot-Marie-Tooth resulting from 17p11.2-p12 duplication (CMT1A) patients using the Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), which is a quality of life questionnaire. Twenty-five patients of both genders aged ≥10 years with a positive molecular diagnosis of CMT1A were selected. Age- and gender-matched Control Group (without family history of neuropathy), and the sociodemographic and professional conditions similar to the patients' group were selected to compare the SF-36 results between them. The results showed that the majority quality of life impairments in CMT1A patients occurred in the social and emotional domains. Functional capacity also tended to be significantly affected; other indicators of physical impairment were preserved. In conclusion, social and emotional aspects are mostly neglected in the assistance provided to CMT1A Brazilian patients, and they should be better understood in order to offer global health assistance with adequate quality of life as a result.
A biosketch of William Richard Gowers with a new review of his inpatient case history notes
Authors: Vale Thiago Cardoso , Lees Andrew , Cardoso Francisco
Published: August 2013

William Richard Gowers (1845–1915) spent his career working at the National Hospital for the Relief and Cure for the Paralyzed and Epileptic at Queen Square, in London, United Kingdom, and at the nearby University College Hospital. His “Manual of the Diseases of the Nervous System” and many published lectures were based almost entirely on his own clinical observations meticulously recorded in shorthand. In this paper, we have focused on an analysis of his inpatient case records from 1878 to 1911 preserved in the archives at the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square. We reviewed all 42 volumes and analyzed 2,478 patients. Between 1897 and 1909, a mean of 129.7 cases per year were admitted to the hospital under Gowers' care. We grouped the diagnoses in 12 different categories. Epilepsy (16.5%), followed by spinal cord diseases (10.3%), cerebrovascular diseases (9.5%), and functional disorders (7.9%) were the most common diagnoses.
Omega-3 intake in people with epilepsy under regular hemodialysis program: here to stay
Authors: Scorza Carla Alessandra , Arida Ricardo Mario , Cysneiros Roberta Monterazzo , Cavalheiro Esper Abrão , Scorza Fulvio Alexandre
Published: August 2013

Among the many risk factors suggested for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), higher frequency of seizures is a very consistent issue. Furthermore, it has been established that hemodialysis-associated seizure is a complication of the dialysis procedure. Thus, since a possible relation between cardiovascular abnormalities and SUDEP among patients with chronic renal insufficiency in regular hemodialysis program should not be neglected, we propose in this paper that omega-3 fatty acids offer opportunities for prevention of sudden cardiac death or improved treatment in people with epilepsy under the regular hemodialysis program.
A hundred-year of Karl Jaspers' General Psychopathology (Allgemeine Psychopathologie) - 1913-2013: a pivotal book in the history of Psychiatry
Authors: Nardi Antonio Egidio , Freire Rafael Christophe , Machado Sergio , Silva Adriana Cardoso , Crippa José Alexandre
Published: August 2013

After a hundred-years of its publication, the Karl Jaspers' book, General Psychopathology, is still an indispensable book to psychiatrists and for all those who study psychopathology. It's a clear delineation of the phenomenological method for describing the symptoms of mental disorders that remains unmatched until nowadays. The book focuses on the relevance of phenomenological and hermeneutical methods in psychopathology. Although this work is grounded in the clinical thought and practices of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Jaspers' delineation of psychiatric methods in this work is still evaluated as unmatched to this day, a work that is indispensable to contemporary psychiatry. Jaspers also contributed with important articles and book reviews to psychiatric periodicals during the first two decades of the twentieth century.
Fabricación de la aleación Au-Si para utilización como soldadura blanda de aleaciones de oro
Authors: Tobón Julián , Serna-Giraldo Claudia P. , Sánchez Héctor
Published: August 2013

La Aleación Au-Si en su composición eutéctica presenta un punto de fusión cercano a los 369ºC y color similar al oro de alta ley. En este estudio se presentan resultados de fabricación de las aleaciones de oro con 2,5; 2,8 y 3,0 % de silicio, por medio de la fusión en un horno de plasma con atmósfera inerte de argón. Se realizó caracterización de composición química por espectroscopía de dispersión de energía (EDS) y espectrometría de dispersión de longitud de onda (WDS), análisis metalográfico y microestructural por microscopía óptica, SEM y DRX, dureza y microdureza Vickers, evaluación del punto de fusión por DSC y determinación de las coordenadas colorimétricas SCIELab. A nivel microestructural las aleaciones muestran pequeñas formaciones dendríticas ricas en oro y el constituyente eutéctico formado por precipitados de silicio aciculares en una matriz de oro. Los resultados de dureza y microdureza dieron valores alrededor de los 110HV, presentándose un importante aumento en las propiedades mecánicas con respecto a las aleaciones tradicionales de oro de alta pureza. La temperatura de fusión para las aleaciones se ubicó en los 374°C, además de presentar un color muy cercano a los valores del oro puro.
Fracture analysis of Ag nanobrazing of NiTi to Ti alloy
Authors: Quintino L. , Liu L. , Hu A. , Miranda R. M. , Zhou Y.
Published: August 2013

Dissimilar joining of shape memory alloys to Ti alloys has long been attempted by several research groups due to the foreseen potential industrial applications. However, the very dissimilar thermo-physical properties of both materials place several difficulties. Brazing can be a solution since the base materials are subjected to a less sharp thermal cycle. In the present study brazed overlap joints of 1 mm thick plates of equiatomic NiTi and Ti6Al4V were produced using nano silver based filler materials. Surfaces were analyzed to assess the type of fracture and the capability of achieving bonding and involved mechanisms are discussed.
Educação Ambiental e Gestão Ambiental no ativo Mossoró da Unidade RN/CE da Petrobras
Authors: Giesta Lílian Caporlíngua
Published: August 2013

O tema ambiental tem despertado interesse nas comunidades, nos meios midiáticos, nos espaços acadêmicos. Estudos nas mais diversas áreas são feitos com essa temática, mas as discussões não abordam o mesmo foco. Na Administração, por exemplo, as mudanças de cunho ambiental são discutidas e estimuladas por grupos que trabalham, em geral, Responsabilidade Socioambiental, Sustentabilidade e Gestão Ambiental (GA). A comunicação e a tentativa de mobilização dos membros que fazem parte desse processo na empresa são tratadas mais em termos de treinamento de pessoal. Já na Educação, na "subárea" de Educação Ambiental (EA), são consolidados os estudos mais vinculados às mudanças ambientais, articulados a aspectos de ordem sócio-culturais. Contudo, percebe-se que não há integração consolidada entre essas áreas. O objetivo desse trabalho foi o de analisar a ações de Educação Ambiental e Gestão Ambiental em uma empresa do setor petroquímico, refletindo acerca do conhecimento denotado pelos trabalhadores. Para isso, apoiado em uma abordagem interpretativista, foi realizado um estudo de caso realizado no Ativo Mossoró da Unidade RN/CE da Petrobras, contando com questionários, análise de documentos e entrevistas. No estudo de caso foram identificadas as concepções de Educação Ambiental, Meio Ambiente, Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Gestão Ambiental de funcionários e da empresa. Além disso, foram percebidos elementos dialógicos, caracterizados como aqueles ao mesmo tempo concorrentes, antagônicos e complementares, tais como: o negócio da empresa versus preocupação ambiental, resultados obtidos nesse estudo mediante os métodos quantitativos versus métodos qualitativos, pressupostos teóricos da EA versus pressupostos teóricos da GA, e a teoria versus prática sob a ótica da academia versus contexto empresarial.
Teacher's digital fluency: a new competence for foreigh language teaching
Authors: Pinho Isis da Costa , Lima Marilia dos Santos
Published: August 2013

This paper reports on a case study research focusing on digital fluency as a new competence for teaching foreign languages through technology. The data were generated on a training course having as its main purpose the investigation of pre-service and in-service teachers' perceptions about the relevance of digital fluency and the pedagogical use of digital technologies for foreign language (FL) teaching and learning. The trainee teachers were asked to work in groups with the purpose of exploring Windows Movie Maker software in order to create a movie addressing the importance of digital fluency and the potential of this digital tool in FL teaching and learning. The results suggest that digital fluency was considered a necessary competence for the creation of more attractive and dynamic lessons that motivate meaningful FL production.
The rising Great Plains fire campaign: citizens' response to woody plant encroachment
Authors: Twidwell Dirac , Rogers William E , Fuhlendorf Samuel D , Wonkka Carissa L , Engle David M , Weir John R , Kreuter Urs P , Taylor Charles A
Published: August 2013

Despite years of accumulating scientific evidence that fire is critical for maintaining the structure and function of grassland ecosystems in the US Great Plains, fire has not been restored as a fundamental grassland process across broad landscapes. The result has been widespread juniper encroachment and the degradation of the multiple valuable ecosystem services provided by grasslands. Here, we review the social–ecological causes and consequences of the transformation of grasslands to juniper woodlands and synthesize the recent emergence of prescribed burn cooperatives, an extensive societal movement by private citizens to restore fire to the Great Plains biome. We discuss how burn cooperatives have helped citizens overcome dominant social constraints that limit the application of prescribed fire to improve management of encroaching woody plants in grasslands. These constraints include the generally held assumptions and political impositions that all fires should be eliminated when wildfire danger increases.
Seed source has variable effects on species, communities, and ecosystem properties in grassland restorations
Authors: Carter Daniel L. , Blair John M.
Published: August 2013

Research to date regarding the relative advantages of local versus non‐local sources of plant material for restoration has produced equivocal results. This research has typically focused on the performance of individual species at individual locations and without addressing higher order community and ecosystem properties. We investigated the effects of seed source (local, non‐local, and mixed‐source treatments) on species, community, and ecosystem properties under a range of environmental conditions using reciprocal common gardens at locations in three states (Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma). In order to mimic the restoration of grassland vegetation under realistic conditions where multiple species interact with one another during establishment, we seeded twelve species together between December, 2009 and January, 2010, and assessed responses in 2010, 2011, and 2012. Both common garden location and seed source affected the establishment of individual species (measured as species‐specific biomass), but responses were not consistent among species. No seed source had a consistent advantage across all sites or across all species. In a few cases, the local source was most productive for a particular species at one location, but no species showed a consistent local advantage across locations or years. Rather, in two out of three species that exhibited a local advantage at one location, the same source was also the most productive at a non‐local site. Community structure and species richness differed among locations in all years, but source did not significantly affect seeded species richness, and source only affected community structure in 2011. Despite source effects on individual species and community structure, seed source had no significant effects on the combined productivity of seeded species. These results do not support the targeted use of local sources when the establishment of sown species and primary productivity are restoration objectives. Using mixed‐source species mixtures may increase chances of restoration success, given the idiosyncrasy of individual species' responses among locations and potential site‐specific environmental changes likely to occur in the future.