bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combining Systemic Therapy With Radiation: Head and Neck Cancer Treatments in an Era of Targeted Agents and Immunotherapy
Authors: Vasudevan Harish N. , Yom Sue S.
Published: July 2020

The addition of chemotherapy to radiation therapy (RT) has been established for decades to improve outcomes in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC). Concurrent chemoradiation increases both local control and overall survival but at the cost of significant toxicity, motivating extensive investigations to optimize the balance of clinical efficacy and adverse effects. This review discusses the rationale and seminal studies underlying the concurrent chemoradiation treatment paradigm in HNC, and describes attempts to better tailor systemic therapy beyond standard-of-care cisplatin, such as the use of alternate cytotoxic agents and nonstandard dosing regimens. Modern efforts to incorporate targeted therapies and immunotherapy are then summarized, particularly for patients unable to receive standard cytotoxic chemotherapy. Finally, mechanisms through which RT and systemic therapy cooperate to improve the therapeutic ratio are discussed, with a focus on the interaction between immunotherapy and RT, a rapidly emerging treatment paradigm. With increasing application of novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, determining the optimal concurrent systemic program to maximize RT efficacy will continue to evolve. Identification of patient- and tumor-specific factors will offer a unique opportunity to implement personalized oncologic care.
Ferramenta de programação neurolinguística para intermediação de conflitos ambientais
Authors: Ghoz Najla Cristina Cardoso El , Pires Paulo de Tarso de Lara , Feilstrecker Marielle
Published: July 2020

Em uma era onde o desenvolvimento de um país muitas vezes está atrelado a implantação de grandes indústrias e empreendimentos, os impactos ambientais, positivos e negativos, aparecem e vem acompanhados de notórios conflitos. Devido a sua complexidade e importância, os estudos sobre esses conflitos ambientais tornaram-se relevantes e necessários nas últimas décadas. Muitas vezes os conflitos podem ser amenizados por processos de comunicação eficientes. A programação neuroliguistica (PNL) trás ferramentas que podem gerar transformações nestes relacionamentos. O objetivo deste projeto foi desenvolver uma ferramenta para a resolução de conflitos ambientais e melhoria da comunicação, utilizando a PNL. A metodologia consistiu-se em 4 fases: criação da ferramenta a partir dos conceitos de PNL, estruturação da mesma em formato de cartilha, aplicação do material desenvolvido em 3 simulações para validação da ferramenta e avaliação a melhoria dos relacionamentos. Ao total, foram aplicados 83 questionários, respondidos por 3 grupos, participantes da dinâmica de negociação, avaliadores externos a dinâmica e especialistas na área de PNL e gestão de conflitos ambientais. Após as análises pode-se afirmar que a ferramenta proporcionou a melhoria na resolução de conflitos ambientais e na comunicação entre os diversos atores. É importante levar em consideração que a ferramenta foi aplicada em simulações de conflito, apresentando uma primeira perspectiva dos potenciais da ferramenta e não uma avaliação na sua totalidade. Os 59 participantes da dinâmica avaliaram a média do nível de contribuição da ferramenta, para melhoria dos relacionamentos, em 4,24, sendo a nota máxima 5, com desvio padrão de 0,75. Os 2 avaliadores especialistas atestaram uma melhoria de todos os critérios avaliados entre as duas rodadas de negociação, com e sem a ferramenta desenvolvida. Já os 18 avaliadores externos a dinâmica, eliminaram possíveis indícios de tendenciosidade e corroboraram com os resultados dos demais avaliadores, atestando o auxilio da ferramenta para a resolução de conflitos ambientais. De acordo com este último grupo, as melhorias foram mais sentidas nos critérios agradabilidade da discussão, nível de agressividade e segurança do argumentador. Verificou-se que dentro dos conflitos ambientais, apesar da sua dinamicidade, alguns processos de comunicação são comuns a todas as negociações e se bem trabalhados podem auxiliar na melhoria dos relacionamentos e resolução dos conflitos. Apesar da complexidade e individualidade de cada conflito, uma ferramenta que possibilita a melhoria das discussões sobre estes temas é um passo inicial para auxiliar e abrir portas frente a esses desafios.
Crescimento econômico e indução de alteração ambiental no Mato Grosso do Sul entre 1991 e 2010
Authors: Castelão Raul Asseff , Souza Celso Correia de , Frainer Daniel Massen , Carneiro Junior Joao Bosco Arbués
Published: July 2020

Este artigo procurou analisar a condição do desenvolvimento sustentável de 78 municípios de Mato Grosso do Sul, com variáveis agregadas em três dimensões: ambiental, social e econômica. O objetivo foi desenvolver o índice de desenvolvimento sustentável municipal nos três anos censitários (1991, 2000 e 2010) e, com isso, analisar se as localidades cresceram de forma sustentável ou não. Utilizando o método de análise envoltória de dados (DEA), inicialmente foi calculado um modelo DEA BCC para cada dimensão e cada ano e, após isso, o indicador global. Os resultados apontaram que, embora os municípios tenham registrado melhora no desenvolvimento econômico e social, a dimensão ambiental registrou diminuição entre os anos de 2000 a 2010, mesmo tendo evoluído positivamente entre 1991 e 2000.
Dinâmica das áreas verdes do perímetro urbano de Muqui/ES, Brasil
Authors: Fiorese Caio Henrique Ungarato
Published: July 2020

Diante do crescimento desordenado de várias cidades, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar e mapear as áreas verdes urbanas do município de Muqui (ES), com vistas a subsidiar melhorias na qualidade de vida e ambiental. Os procedimentos foram executados no programa computacional ArcGIS®. No GEOBASES/ES e IJSN, foram adquiridas: imagem aérea do local acerca do mapeamento realizado nos anos de 2012-2015 e uma feição de área urbana do município. As áreas verdes foram classificadas em: arborização, faixa verde (gramíneas), praças/parques urbanos e canteiros centrais/rotatórias. A identificação das classes ocorreu através da fotointerpretação na escala 1:1000. Foram estimados: Índice de Áreas Verdes Totais (IAVT) e Índice de Áreas Verdes Recreativas (IAVR). As áreas verdes foram mapeadas e quantificadas. Há maior predominância da arborização (62,17% do total de áreas verdes), seguido da faixa verde (37,09%). Os valores do IAVT e IAVR foram iguais a 77,14 m²/habitante e 0,56 m²/habitante, respectivamente. O IAVT esteve muito acima do mínimo estabelecido pela Organização Mundial da Saúde e Sociedade Brasileira de Arborização Urbana. Todavia, o IAVR encontrado foi muito baixo, devido à existência de apenas duas praças na cidade, sendo necessária a criação de novas praças e parques urbanos e educação ambiental voltada à importância das áreas verdes, como forma de melhorar a qualidade de vida atrelada à função ambiental das áreas verdes.
Conhecimento etnoveterinária dos produtores rurais dos municípios de Cacoal e Espigão D’Oeste/Rondônia
Authors: Schons Sandro Vargas , Araujo Kaisa Freitas , Mira Ãtila Bezerra , Rodrigues Mariana Ferraz , Barbosa Ezequiel Ferreira , Barbosa Kelly Cristina , Silva Francisco Carlos da
Published: July 2020

Objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar e analisar o conhecimento etnoveterinária praticado em pequenas propriedades rurais localizadas nos municípios de Cacoal e Espigão D’Oeste/Rondônia. Para tal, realizaram-se visitas a 82 propriedades de agricultura familiar, para entrevistar os proprietários sobre as espécies medicinais usadas, formas de armazenamento, de uso, parte da planta e espécie animal tratada, assim como a origem do conhecimento etnobotânico e etnofarmacológico, por meio de um questionário semiestruturado com questões fechadas e abertas. Do total de propriedades visitas, 54 relataram o uso frequente de plantas medicinais em animais, sendo identificadas 24 espécies para tratar nove diferentes patologias. Os bovinos foram a espécie com maior número de relato de tratamento, seguidos dos cães, aves e equinos. A principal via de administração utilizada foi por via oral por meio do chá de folhas, cascas e/ou raízes, ou misturados ao alimento. Neste estudo, observou-se que o conhecimento etnoveterinário é adquirido principalmente pela experiência trazida pelas gerações mais antigas, motivado, também, pela redução da contaminação do alimento por resíduos de medicamentos e baixo custo de tratamento. Das plantas citadas pelos entrevistados, se destacaram com maior valor de uso a copaíba, nim, melão-de-são-caetano e arnica, demonstrando assim o comum emprego desta prática, principalmente apoiada no resgate do conhecimento tradicional trazido pelos migrantes vindos de outras regiões do Brasil, com a cultura local.
Ways to increase equity, diversity and inclusion
Authors: Mehta Devang , Bediako Yaw , de Winde Charlotte M , Ebrahimi Hedyeh , Fernández-Chiappe Florencia , Ilangovan Vinodh , Paz Quezada Carolina , Riley Julia L , Saladi Shyam M , Tay Andy , Weissgerber Tracey
Published: July 2020

The eLife Early-Career Advisory Group (ECAG), an international group of early-career researchers committed to improving research culture, calls for radical changes at eLife and other journals to address racism in the scientific community and to make science more diverse and inclusive.
A Methodology for Optimal Design of Transmission Lines to Protection against Lightning Surges in Presence of Arresters
Authors: Shariatinasab R. , Azimi R.
Published: July 2020

In this paper, a methodology for determination of the optimal value of protection design parameters, i.e. tower footing resistance, insulation strength, and surge arresters’ rating in the planning stage of transmission lines (TLs) is presented. This method calculates the shielding failure flashover rate (SFFOR) of TLs, based on Electro-geometric model (EGM) of TLs, and the back flashover rate (BFR) of TLs, based on the Monte Carlo method, in which the accuracy of the proposed methodology has been verified by comparing the resultant results with those obtained with the use of the IEEE FLASH program. The proposed method can be directly used to achieve the minimum lightning flashover rate (LFOR) of TLs by the minimum investment cost. Also, it can be used, indirectly, for determination of the appropriate value of the footing resistance, insulation strength and arresters’ rating to satisfy any target number of LFOR that might be specified by the utilities or standards.
Crystal structure of the usher chaperone YadV reveals a monomer with the proline lock in closed conformation suggestive of an intermediate state
Authors: Pandey Nishant Kumar , Verma Garima , Kushwaha Gajraj Singh , Suar Mrutyunjay , Bhavesh Neel Sarovar
Published: July 2020

Cell surface pili assembled by the chaperone–usher (CU) pathway play a crucial role in the adhesion of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. YadV is the chaperone component of the CU pathway of Yad pili. Here, we report the crystal structure of YadV from E. coli. In contrast to major usher chaperones, YadV is a monomer in solution as well as in the crystallographic symmetry, and the monomeric form is a preferred state for interacting with pilus subunits. Moreover, we observed a closed conformation for the proline lock, a crucial structural element for chaperone–pilus subunit interaction. MD simulation shows that the closed state of the proline lock is not energetically stable. Thus, the structure of monomeric YadV with its closed proline lock may serve as an intermediate state to provide suitable access to pilus subunits.
Pre‐treatment with D942, a furancarboxylic acid derivative, increases desiccation tolerance in an anhydrobiotic tardigrade Hypsibius exemplaris
Authors: Kondo Koyuki , Mori Masaru , Tomita Masaru , Arakawa Kazuharu
Published: July 2020

The tardigrade Hypsibius exemplaris can undergo anhydrobiosis. Several chemicals that inhibit successful anhydrobiosis in H. exemplaris have been identified, and these chemicals inhibit the activity of signaling molecules. In the present study, we investigated whether upregulation of the activity of these signaling molecules could improve desiccation tolerance of H. exemplaris. Pre‐treatment with an indirect activator of AMP‐activated protein kinase [AMPK; which directly inhibits mammalian NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1 [NQO1] of mitochondrial complex I (D942)] significantly improved desiccation tolerance of H. exemplaris, whereas a direct activator of AMPK did not. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms, we examined the proteome of tardigrades treated with D942. Two proteins, putative glutathione S‐transferase and pirin‐like protein, were upregulated by treatment. Both of these proteins are known to be associated with the response to oxidative stress. One of the downregulated proteins was serine/threonine‐proteinphosphatase 2A (PP2A) 65‐kDa regulatory subunit A alpha isoform, and it is interesting to note that PP2A activity was previously suggested to be required for successful anhydrobiosis in H. exemplaris. Taken together, our results suggest that D942 treatment may partially induce responses common to those of desiccation stress. The identification of a chemical that improves desiccation tolerance of H. exemplaris may facilitate further investigation into desiccation tolerance mechanisms.
Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Disabling Foot Pain in Patients With Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Tu Liudan , Zheng Shuang , Cicuttini Flavia , Jin Xingzhong , Han Weiyu , Zhu Zhaohua , Antony Benny , Winzenberg Tania , Jones Graeme , Gu Jieruo , Wluka Anita E. , Ding Changhai
Published: July 2020

Objective

The present study was undertaken to determine whether vitamin D supplementation or maintaining sufficient vitamin D level reduces foot pain over 2 years in patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods

A post hoc study was conducted from a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial named the Vitamin D Effect on Osteoarthritis (VIDEO) study. Symptomatic knee OA patients with serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels between 12.5 nmoles/liter and 60 nmoles/liter were included and randomly allocated to either monthly vitamin D3 or placebo treatment (1:1) for 2 years. Manchester Foot Pain and Disability Index (MFPDI) was used to evaluate foot pain and disabling foot pain was defined as at least 1 of the 10 functional limitation items (items 1–9 and 11) being documented as on “most/every day(s)” in the last month. A repeated‐measures, mixed‐effects model was used to analyze the change of MFPDI scores between groups adjusting for potential confounders.

Results

A total of 413 patients with a mean age of 63.2 years (49.7% males) were enrolled and 340 completed the study. The mean MFPDI score was 22.8 ± 7.3, with 23.7% of participants having disabling foot pain at baseline. There were significant differences in MFPDI scores change between groups over 2 years, with more improvements in the vitamin D group than in the placebo group (–0.03 versus 1.30; P = 0.013) and more improvement in those maintaining sufficient vitamin D levels (n = 226) than those who did not (n = 114) (–0.09 versus 2.19; P = 0.001).

Conclusion

Vitamin D supplementation and maintenance of sufficient vitamin D levels may improve foot pain in those with knee OA.
Bar settings offer dangerous mix during height of COVID‐19 crisis
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: July 2020

Bars appear to be serving up a most dangerous concoction during the COVID‐19 pandemic, attracting groups of drinkers who are prone to disinhibition and resulting behaviors that can heighten the risk of virus transmission. This provides the context for why bars are among the last businesses to return to normal operations as states reopen their economies — and now among the first to be shuttered when spikes in cases cause some states to pull back.
Sublocade improves abstinence and quality of life outcomes
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: July 2020

Treatment with injectable subcutaneous buprenorphine (Sublocade) over a course of a year resulted in better abstinence and quality of life, according to a study by Walter Ling and colleagues published in the current issue of the Journal of Addiction Medicine.
Acid gas adsorption on zeolite SSZ‐13: Equilibrium and dynamic behavior for natural gas applications
Authors: Thompson Joshua A.
Published: July 2020

In developing new adsorption separation processes, it is necessary to study both the equilibrium and dynamic adsorption properties of potential materials. Experimental determination of isotherms and dynamic breakthrough properties aid in the development of modeling new adsorption systems toward process development. Here, the equilibrium adsorption properties of a small‐pore zeolite, Na‐SSZ‐13, are studied for its natural gas separation potential. Using volumetric, gravimetric, and dynamic column breakthrough adsorption techniques, the adsorption properties of CO2, CH4, C2H6, H2S, and H2O are determined. High‐pressure breakthrough experiments demonstrate the mixed gas separation performance of Na‐SSZ‐13 in mixtures containing CO2, CH4, C2H6, and H2S. Simulations of these breakthrough experiments show that ideal adsorbed solution theory adequately describes the mixed gas adsorption modeling for this zeolite. In gas mixtures containing both CO2 and H2S, there is an observed acid gas reaction that results in elution of carbonyl sulfide, COS.
Lipopolysaccharide regulates thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression via TLR4/MAPK/Akt/NF‐κB‒signaling pathways in nasal fibroblasts: differential inhibitory effects of macrolide and corticosteroid
Authors: Kang Ju‐Hyung , Yang Hyun‐Woo , Park Joo‐Hoo , Shin Jae‐Min , Kim Tae‐Hoon , Lee Seung Hoon , Lee Heung‐Man , Park Il‐Ho
Published: July 2020

Background

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an inflammatory disease of the sinonasal mucosa. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is associated with T‐helper 2 (Th2) response and induced by pathogen, allergen, toll‐like receptor (TLR) ligands, and cytokines. Fibroblasts are known to be modulators of wound‐healing, from inflammation to tissue remodeling. We examined effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on TSLP production and the underlying mechanisms. We aimed to determine whether the effects of commonly used medications in CRS, namely corticosteroids, and macrolides, are related to LPS‐induced TSLP in nasal fibroblasts.

Methods

Fibroblasts were isolated from inferior turbinate tissues of CRS patients. TSLP and TLR4 expressions were determined by reverse transcript‒polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), Western blot, enzyme‐linked immunoassay, and immunofluorescence staining. Mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK), protein kinase B (Akt), and nuclear factor‐kappaB (NF‐κB) phosphorylation was determined by Western blot and/or luciferase assay.

Results

LPS increased TSLP expression in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. LPS antagonist and corticosteroids inhibited TLR4 expression in LPS‐stimulated fibroblasts. LPS‐RS, macrolides, corticosteroids, and specific inhibitors suppressed LPS‐induced alterations. Ex vivo culture showed similar results.

Conclusion

LPS induces TSLP production via the TLR4, MAPK, Akt, and NF‐κB pathways. The effects of corticosteroids and macrolides are related to LPS‐induced TSLP expression. We explored new treatment modalities targeting LPS‐induced TSLP production that could replace the currently used corticosteroid and macrolides for treatment of CRS.
Thermoplastic polyurethane–urea elastomers with superior mechanical and thermal properties prepared from alicyclic diisocyanate and diamine
Authors: Xu Zichong , Wang Xiaoyan , Huang He
Published: July 2020

High‐performance thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) elastomers have long been the objective of numerous studies. In this work, thermoplastic polyurethane–urea (TPUU) elastomers with balanced superior mechanical and thermal properties, in comparison with the rare cases of high‐performance TPU/TPUU elastomers with super‐high tensile strength, were synthesized by the reaction of polycarbonate diols with excess alicyclic isophorone diisocyanate, followed by the chain extension of alicyclic isophorone diamine. When the content of hard segment was around 47%, the TPUU elastomer had super‐high tensile strength of 51.7 MPa, initial elastic modulus of 698 MPa and elongation at break of 480%. The temperature range of this TPUU elastomer's rubbery state was up to 120°C with storage modulus above 200 MPa, and its rubbery flow state reached 200°C where the storage modulus was still as high as 100 MPa. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated the presence of strongly hydrogen bonded urethane and urea groups in these TPUU elastomers. Atomic force microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry studies demonstrated significant and nearly perfect microphase separation in these TPUU elastomers when the hard segment content was around or below 47%. These noncrystalline TPUU elastomers could be thermally processed or processed in the form of a solution.
Functional analysis of Dicer‐2 gene in Bombyx mori resistance to BmNPV virus
Authors: Li Taohong , Xia Yuchen , Xu Xinyue , Wei Guoqing , Wang Lei
Published: July 2020

Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is a primary pathogen in silkworm, and the molecular mechanism of B. mori defense to BmNPV infection is still unclear. RNA interference (RNAi) is well‐known as an intracellular conserved mechanism that is critical in gene regulation and cell defense. The antiviral RNAi pathway processes viral double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) into viral small interfering RNAs that guide the recognition and cleavage of complementary viral target RNAs. In this study, a Dicer‐2 (Dcr2) gene was identified in B. mori and its antiviral function was explored. Dcr2 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was the highest in hemocytes and expressed in all stages of silkworm growth. After infection with BmNPV, the expression of Dcr2 mRNA was significantly increased after infection in midgut and hemocytes. The expression of Dcr2 was significantly upregulated by injecting dsRNA (dsBmSPH‐1) into silkworm after 48 hr. Knocking down the expression level of Dcr2 using specific dsRNA in silkworm, which modestly enhanced the production of viral genomic DNA. Our results suggested that the Dcr2 gene in B. mori plays an important role in against BmNPV invasion.
Learn how to comply with new developments from ED, NCAA on harassment, violence
Authors: O'Brien Timothy
Published: July 2020

You know about the Department of Education's new Title IX regulations addressing the responsibilities and procedures related to claims of sexual harassment and violence. Because of the comprehensive rule‐making process followed by the ED, the new regulations have the force of law and aren't considered guidance like the previous “Dear Colleague Letters” on the subject.
Flexible and tailorable quasi‐solid‐state rechargeable Ag/Zn microbatteries with high performance
Authors: Bi Songshan , Wan Fang , Wang Shuai , Jia Shunhan , Tian Jinlei , Niu Zhiqiang
Published: July 2020

The recent boom in flexible and wearable electronics requires their power sources not only to be adequately compact but also could undergo extreme deformation without significant degradation in performance. Here, flexible and tailorable quasi‐solid‐state microsized Ag/Zn batteries (micro‐AZBs) were designed by combining mask‐assisted spray printing and electrochemical deposition strategies. The micro‐AZBs display ultrastable output voltage, excellent energy, and power densities, as well as stable cycling performance. Furthermore, the micro‐AZBs with desired shapes can be designed in series or in parallel on a flexible chip to output improved voltage or current with the internal connection. More importantly, the microelectrodes could be sprayed on various substrates. Flexible micro‐AZBs could be achieved on flexible substrates and tailorable micro‐AZBs are obtained when they are fabricated on clothes. They exhibit stable electrochemical performance even under bending or cutting states. The novel design of such quasi‐solid‐state micro‐AZBs would pave a way for the miniaturization and integration of energy storage devices.
Research on single chip microcomputer teaching platform based on wireless communication
Authors: Liqiang Guo
Published: July 2020

In view of the contradiction between the increasingly extensive application of single‐chip microcomputer technology in home appliances, digital products, medical equipment, automobile industry, aerospace and other fields, and the long learning cycle of the technology, which is not easy to master, a new single‐chip microcomputer teaching platform for high school students is designed. The teaching platform adopts the processing of completely transparent and moderately encapsulated in technical details, and learners can easily use the software and hardware resources to develop projects. This teaching platform can meet the learning needs of different levels of students in general technology courses of ordinary high school, play a positive role in improving the technical literacy of middle school students and enhancing the ability of technology application, and lay a good foundation for high school students to participate in student scientific research activities in colleges and universities in the future.
On proportional fairness of uplink spectral efficiency in cell‐free massive MIMO systems
Authors: Quoc Pham Viet , Hoang Kha Ha , Ty Khanh Le
Published: July 2020

This paper is concerned with the proportional fairness (PF) of the spectral efficiency (SE) maximization of uplinks in a cell‐free (CF) massive multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) system in which a large number of single‐antenna access points (APs) connected to a central processing unit (CPU) serve many single‐antenna users. To detect the user signals, the APs use matched filters based on the local channel state information while the CPU deploys receiver filters based on knowledge of channel statistics. We devise the maximization problem of the SE PF, which maximizes the sum of the logarithm of the achievable user rates, as a jointly nonconvex optimization problem of receiver filter coefficients and user power allocation subject to user power constraints. To handle the challenges associated with the nonconvexity of the formulated design problem, we develop an iterative algorithm by alternatively finding optimal filter coefficients at the CPU and transmit powers at the users. While the filter coefficient design is formulated as a generalized eigenvalue problem, the power allocation problem is addressed by a gradient projection (GP) approach. Simulation results show that the SE PF maximization not only offers approximately the achievable sum rates as compared to the sum‐rate maximization but also provides an improved trade‐off between the user rate fairness and the achievable sum rate.
Expression of synaptophysin and BDNF in the medial prefrontal cortex following early life stress and neonatal hypoxia‐ischemia
Authors: Tata Despina A. , Dandi Evgenia , Spandou Evangelia
Published: July 2020

This study aims at investigating whether early stress interacts with brain injury due to neonatal hypoxia‐ischemia (HI). To this end, we examined possible changes in synaptophysin (SYN) and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of maternally separated rats that were subsequently exposed to a HI episode. Rat pups (n = 11) were maternally separated during postnatal days 1 to 6 (3hr/day), while another group was left undisturbed (n = 11). On postnatal day 7, a subgroup (n = 12) from each postnatal manipulation was exposed to HI. Synaptophysin and BDNF expression was estimated in mPFC prelimbic and anterior cingulate subregions of the ipsilateral and contralateral to the occluded common carotid artery hemispheres. Maternally separated rats expressed significantly less BDNF and SYN in both hemispheres. Neonatal HI significantly reduced BDNF and SYN expression in the ipsilateral mPFC only and this reduction was not further altered by early stress. Our findings indicate the enduring negative effect of a short period of maternal separation on the expression of mPFC SYN and BDNF. They, also, reveal that the HI‐associated decreases in these markers are limited to the ipsilateral mPFC and are not exacerbated by early stress. These decreases may have important functional implications given the role of prefrontal area in high‐order cognition.
Systems Theory Principles and Complex Systems Engineering Concepts for Protection and Resilience in Critical Infrastructure: Lessons from the Nuclear Sector
Authors: Williams Adam D.
Published: July 2020

Part of the Presidential Policy Directive 21 (PPD‐21) (PPD 2013) mandate includes evaluating safety, security, and safeguards (or nonproliferation) mechanisms traditionally implemented within the nuclear reactors, materials, and waste sector of critical infrastructure—including a complex, dynamic set of risks and threats within an all‐hazards approach. In response, research out of Sandia National Laboratories (Sandia) explores the ability of systems theory principles (hierarchy and emergence) and complex systems engineering concepts (multidomain interdependence) to better understand and address these risks and threats. This Sandia research explores the safety, safeguards, and security risks of three different nuclear sector‐related activities—spent nuclear fuel transportation, small modular reactors, and portable nuclear power reactors—to investigate the complex and dynamic risk related to the PPD‐21‐mandated all‐hazards approach. This research showed that a systems‐theoretic approach can better identify inter‐dependencies, conflicts, gaps, and leverage points across traditional safety, security, and safeguards hazard mitigation strategies in the nuclear reactors, materials, and waste sector. As a result, mitigation strategies from applying systems theoretic principles and complex systems engineering concepts can be (1) designed to better capture interdependencies, (2) implemented to better align with real‐world operational uncertainties, and (3) evaluated as a systems‐level whole to better identify, characterize, and manage PPD‐21's all hazards strategies.
Microgrids—A Watershed Moment
Authors: Baker George H.
Published: July 2020

Microgrids are rapidly transitioning from research and test beds into commercial markets and installations. The application of microgrids to replace significant portions of Puerto Rico's electric grid in the aftermath of 2017 hurricanes Harvey and Maria show the maturity of the technology. Microgrids offer many benefits including enhanced reliability, reduced life cycle costs, improvements in power quality and efficiency, demand reduction, reduction in fossil fuel emissions by using renewable and nuclear generation, and installation flexibility for both urban and rural applications. Experts forecast the microgrid market to reach USD 31 billion by 2027.

However, microgrids might not be a silver bullet solution for problems associated with the larger electric power “macrogrid.” Because of their organic digital monitoring and control systems, microgrid networks are highly susceptible to cyberattacks and accidental or intentional electromagnetic interference‐caused debilitation. Energy storage technology supporting renewable energy systems is expensive and can fail catastrophically. Furthermore, integration of microgrids into the larger existing electric power networks, without attention to protection engineering, actually increases the vulnerability of the resulting network of electric power systems. We must take care in the design and installation of microgrids because of the complexity they add to the larger electric power system including added cyberattack vectors, transient current and voltage surges engendered by rapid changes in solar and wind generation output, and microgrid component susceptibility to nuclear and directed energy electromagnetic pulse (EMP) threats. We are at a historic technological juncture with distributed microgrid energy sources gaining momentum in displacing bulk electric power. We must now ensure that we incorporate combined physical security, cybersecurity, and EMP protection engineering into the initial designs of microgrids to avoid increasing the vulnerability of our electric power networks.
Schizandrin A inhibits cellular phenotypes of breast cancer cells by repressing miR‐155
Authors: Yan Huiling , Guo Meng
Published: July 2020

Aims

Schizandrin A (SchA) is a type of lignan with biological properties against oxidation, inflammation, and cancer. Here, we aimed to sustain the bioactive properties of SchA in proliferative and motional phenotypes of MDA‐MB‐231 cells and their molecular mechanism.

Methods

MDA‐MB‐231 cells were exposed to SchA. At 24 h after SchA treatment, the viability and proliferation were measured using CCK‐8 and BrdU incorporation methods, respectively. Propidium iodide/Annexin V‐FITC staining was carried out for detecting apoptotic cells. Migration and invasion were detected by 24‐Transwell assay. Proteins expression was evaluated by Western blotting. MDA‐MB‐231 cells were transfected with microRNA (miR)‐155 mimic, and miR‐155 was detected by qRT‐PCR.

Results

SchA weakens the viability of MDA‐MB‐231 cells in a dose‐relative way (0–40 μM). Furthermore, 30 μM SchA significantly suppresses proliferation, enhances apoptosis, and inhibits migration and invasion. SchA strikingly decreases miR‐155. Exogenous miR‐155 counteracts the inhibitory effects that SchA confers on proliferative and motional activities. Finally, SchA was observed to blunt PI3K/AKT and Wnt/β‐catenin while miR‐155 mimic reverses the effects.

Conclusion

Taken together, SchA downregulates miR‐155 and results in the suppression of proliferation and motility in breast cancer cells. Our findings proposed that SchA might be used as an underlying therapeutic agent.
The impact of a pharmacist‐designed mobile application on blood pressure control and medication adherence in patients with hypertension
Authors: Manigault Kendra R. , McKinley DeAngelo , Patel Sweta , Truong Ca , Nguyen Sim , Akil Ayman , Newsom Lydia , Murnane Kevin S. , Thurston Maria Miller
Published: July 2020

Introduction

Mobile applications (apps) may improve adherence and disease state‐related outcomes in patients with uncontrolled chronic diseases, including hypertension.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of using a pharmacist‐designed app to improve blood pressure (BP) and promote adherence to antihypertensive medications.

Methods

This study was a prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled trial. Patients were randomized to an intervention or control group for 3 months. The intervention was a pharmacist‐designed mobile app. Antihypertensive medication refill history was assessed 3 months before, during study, and 3 months after study completion. Continuous outcome measures investigated were systolic/diastolic BP and medication refill history using the cumulative medication gap (CMG). Statistical analysis comparing median difference in BPs and CMGs between groups was conducted using Theil‐Sen Siegel regression.

Results

The propensity score adjusted population consisted of 78 patients (n = 39 for both groups). No significant difference was observed in the conditional median difference in CMG between groups at the 3‐month follow‐up visit (−0.06 [P = .70]). No significant difference was observed in the conditional median difference in systolic and diastolic BP between groups at the 3‐month follow‐up visit (−2.00 [P = .07] and −1.00 mmHg [P = .39] systolic and diastolic, respectively). Upon subgroup analysis, those nonadherent at baseline in the intention to treat population experienced a significant improvement in outcomes (−0.06 P = .03] and −12.00 mmHg [P = .002] CMG and systolic BP, respectively).

Conclusion

A pharmacist‐designed mobile app did not result in improved medication adherence or BP control, but may be beneficial in patients with hypertension who struggle with medication adherence.
Adhesive pads of gecko and anoline lizards utilize corneous and cytoskeletal proteins for setae development and renewal
Authors: Alibardi Lorenzo
Published: July 2020

The formation of the complex pattern of setae in adhesive pads of geckos and anoline lizards has been analyzed by ultrastructural, autoradiographic, and immunohistochemical methods. Setae terminate with spatulated ends responsible for adhesion that allow these lizards to climb vertical substrates and conquer arboreal niches. Setae derive from a complex interfaced molding between two specialized epidermal layers of the shedding complex that determines the cyclical skin molting, Oberhautchen and clear layers. Setae result from the action of setae cytoskeleton and the surrounding cytoplasm of clear cells. An intense protein synthesis, indicated by histidine and proline autoradiography, takes place during setae formation. Corneous and cytoskeletal proteins such as beta‐proteins (CBPs), intermediate filament keratins (IFKs), actin, RhoV, tubulin, plakophilin‐1, are produced during setae formation. Microfilaments of actin and microtubules of tubulin grow inside the elongating setae. Microtubules associated with filaments of unknown IKFs are produced in the cytoplasm of clear cells, forming a helical cytoskeleton that surrounds the growing setae. Oberhautchen and clear cells are tightly joined by numerous desmosomes and plakophilin‐1 is mainly localized along the perimeter of these cells. These observations suggest that actin and tubulin are present in a dynamic form in the forming setae and in the surrounding cytoplasm of clear cells. Aside the localized micro‐deformations of the cell membranes leading to setae formation the cytoskeleton determines the accumulation of CBPs inside the growing setae and the spatula. How the genome determines the specific pattern of cytoskeletal organization with the resulting species‐specific setae branching remains unknown.
An expedient and straightforward solvent‐free synthesis of 1,8‐dioxo‐octahydroxanthenes using eco‐friendly aluminized polyborate catalyst
Authors: Aute Dilip , Kshirsagar Akshay , Uphade Bhagwat , Gadhave Anil
Published: July 2020

The present work deals with a catalytic application of aluminized polyborate as a mild solid acid catalyst for multicomponent synthesis of 1,8‐dioxo‐octahydroxanthenes under solvent‐free condition at 100°C‐110°C. It involves selective domino Knoevenagel‐Michael reaction of 1 mole of aromatic aldehyde with 2 moles dimedone. The aluminized polyborate is simply synthesized by using boric acid and aluminum trichloride and characterized by FT‐IR, XRD, SEM and EDAX techniques. The mild Lewis acidity, crystalline solid nature, stability and recyclability are significant features of the catalyst. The solvent‐free condition, clean reaction profile, inexpensive and non‐toxic catalyst, operational simplicity, good to excellent product yields, reduced reaction time and applicability to wide range of substrate are crucial features of this protocol.
Lrrk2 modulation of Wnt signaling during zebrafish development
Authors: Wint Jinelle M. , Sirotkin Howard I.
Published: July 2020

Mutations in leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (lrrk2) are the most common genetic cause of Parkinson's disease. Difficulty in elucidating the pathogenic mechanisms resulting from disease‐associated Lrrk2 variants stems from the complexity of Lrrk2 function and activities. Lrrk2 contains multiple protein–protein interacting domains, a GTPase domain, and a kinase domain. Lrrk2 is implicated in many cellular processes including vesicular trafficking, autophagy, cytoskeleton dynamics, and Wnt signaling. Here, we generated a zebrafish lrrk2 allelic series to study the requirements for Lrrk2 during development and to dissect the importance of its various domains. The alleles are predicted to encode proteins that either lack all functional domains (lrrk2sbu304), the GTPase, and kinase domains (lrrk2sbu71) or the kinase domain (lrrk2sbu96). All three lrrk2 mutants are viable, morphologically normal, and display wild‐type‐like locomotion. Because Lrrk2 modulates Wnt signaling in some contexts, we assessed Wnt signaling in all three mutant lines. Analysis of Wnt signaling by studying the expression of target genes using whole mount RNA in situ hybridization and a transgenic Wnt reporter revealed wild‐type domains of Wnt activity in each of the mutants. However, we found that Wnt pathway activation is attenuated in lrrk2sbu304/sbu304, which lacks both scaffolding and catalytic domains, but not in the other alleles during late embryogenesis. This supports a model in which Lrrk2 scaffolding functions are key to a context‐dependent role in promoting canonical Wnt signaling.
Comparing the performance of drought indicators in Australia from 1900 to 2018
Authors: Askarimarnani Sara S. , Kiem Anthony S. , Twomey Callum R.
Published: July 2020

Drought is a complex natural hazard caused by a combination of atmospheric and hydrological processes. Many different drought indicators have been developed, with each indicator varying in its calculation and its focus on different types of drought (e.g., meteorological, agricultural, hydrological, socio‐economic, etc.). Despite this, drought still remains poorly understood. The objective of this study is to compare different drought indicators and highlight their similarities, differences, strengths and weaknesses. To do this, 11 drought indicators were calculated for different parts of Australia, a country that is prone to droughts. Three periods of major drought including the Federation drought (1895–1902), World War II drought (1937–1945), and the Millennium drought (1997–2010) were examined in detail. The results demonstrate that different indicators say very different things about the onset, severity, and end of drought conditions for a given location or area. This is especially the case for drought indicators that use precipitation as their only input and highlights that drought is more than just a lack of rainfall. Further, the use of varying temporal resolution in the calculated drought indicators also leads to large differences in the quantification of drought persistence. Our ability to manage the impact of drought on society and the environment is dependent on our ability to successfully identify and characterize drought. As such, it is important to understand sensitivities and uncertainties associated with: (a) the choice of drought indicator(s) and (b) the choice of time step used to calculate the drought indicator(s). To properly characterize drought, and to successfully quantify and manage the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of drought, the drought indicators employed must realistically capture all the different types of drought and how they evolve.
Moisture flows on Southeast Brazil: Present and future climate
Authors: Penna Ana Caroline , Torres Roger Rodrigues , Garcia Sâmia Regina , Marengo José Antônio
Published: July 2020

The characterization of the moisture flows over South America, with a special focus on the Southeast Brazil (SEB), was performed through the analysis of 21 Earth System Models (ESMs) belonging to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) for the present climate (1971–2000) and projections for the late 21st century (2071–2100) using a scenario of high radiative forcing (RCP 8.5). The results show that the ESMs simulate well the spatial distribution of the flow and the divergence of moisture in the present climate, when compared with the 20CRv2c reanalysis, although some biases have been identified. In relation to the magnitude of the moisture flow, the models underestimate the moisture convergence mainly on the central, south and southeast regions of South America. On SEB, the simulations show that the main sources of moisture for the region come from the north and east edges, confirming the contribution of moisture from the Amazon Basin and the South Atlantic Ocean. Climate change projections indicate an increase in moisture flow across South America, and regions of moisture convergence (divergence) in the present climate are projected to be even more convergent (divergent) in the future climate. In addition, the moisture flow over the SEB also showed to be more intensified on all lateral edges, as well as the moisture balance. This result is consistent with some studies on projections of climate change towards the end of the 21st century, which indicate that there will be an intensification of meteorological systems such as the Low Level Jet and the South American Monsoon System, contributing to the increase of moisture transport to the SEB region.
Relationship With Calcium, Nutrition Risk, QTc Interval, Tp‐e Interval, and Tp‐e/QTc Ratio of Critical Care Patients
Authors: Avci Begüm Şeyda , Kuvvetli Adnan
Published: July 2020

Background

To our knowledge, there are studies related to QTc interval in critical care patients whose nutrition scores are evaluated but no studies evaluating T‐wave peak and end interval (Tp‐e interval), Tp‐e/QT ratio, and Tp‐e/QTc ratio, used to evaluate cardiac arrhythmia risk and ventricular repolarization change rates. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether there is a change in Tp‐e interval, Tp‐e/QT ratio, and Tp‐e/QTc ratio in patients whose nutrition scores are evaluated.

Methods

This study was planned as a retrospective cross‐sectional study. Forty‐four patients with a risk score of ≤3 were defined as low‐risk group, and 45 patients with a score of ≥4 were defined as high‐risk group. Forty‐five healthy patients of similar age and gender were included in the control group. All patients underwent 12‐lead electrocardiography (ECG). The Tp‐e interval, Tp‐e/QT ratio, and Tp‐e/QTc ratio were measured on ECG. The study data were grouped as patients with high Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS‐2002) risk score, low NRS‐2002 risk score, and healthy control.

Results

QTc interval, Tp‐e interval, and Tp‐e/QTc ratios were significantly higher in patients with high nutrition risk. In a correlation analysis, Tp‐e interval and Tp‐e/QTc ratio were found to be independently associated with calcium, corrected calcium, and serum albumin level.

Conclusion

QTc interval, Tp‐e interval, and Tp‐e/QTc ratios are significantly increased in patients with high nutrition risk score compared with healthy people and are independently associated with calcium and serum albumin levels; thus, they can be used more effectively in the follow‐up of cardiac fatal arrhythmias.
Screening and evaluation of Monascus purpureusFJMR24 for enhancing the raw material utilization rate in rice wine brewing
Authors: Ren Xiangyun , He Zhigang , Lin Xiaozi , Lin Xiaojie , Liang Zhangcheng , Liu Di , Huang Yingying , Fang Zhongxiang
Published: July 2020

BACKGROUND

The rapid development of the rice wine industry has increased the demand for raw materials worldwide. A fungal strain with good adaptability to rice wine brewing conditions, which can also enhance the utilization rate of raw materials (URRM), thus increasing the production efficiency, was sought in the present research.

RESULTS

The strain FJMR24 was successfully isolated and screened from 35 fermentation starters and exhibited high amylase activity (2200.9 ± 18.5 U g−1) and high glucoamylase activity (2330.4 ± 31.9 U g−1). Based on a morphological examination and a sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene and β‐tubulin gene, FJMR24 was identified as Monascus purpureus, which is an edible and versatile fungus that plays a dominant role in the processing of Hong Qu. A moderate pH of 5–6 under incubation at 35 °C for 5–6 days was favorable for the growth and enzyme production of FJMR24. The strain could also tolerate the extreme conditions of 15–45 °C, 18% ethanol (v/v), and an acidity of pH 2. The excellent fermentation adaptability of FJMR24 might enable it to retain high enzyme activity during rice wine brewing. As a result of the action of FJMR24, the URRM of the base liquor increased by around 26% due to increased starch hydrolysis efficiency, which was mainly due to the high unit enzyme activity of FJMR24.

CONCLUSION

This study provides perspectives for the application of a M. purpureus strain with high starch hydrolysis activity for enhancing the URRM in traditional rice wine brewing. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry