bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Covert Linguistic Behavior During Writing Tasks
Authors: WILLIAMS JAMES D.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the covert linguistic behavior of two groups of subjects, one classified as above-average users of language, the other as below-average users. It was hypothesized that the remedial group would manifest higher levels of subvocal motor activity than the above-average group during stimulated tasks, but that during pausing episodes that occur during writing the remedial group would manifest lower levels of subvocal activity than its counterpart. During each task, covert linguistic behavior was measured continuously by three electromyographs and was analyzed to determine physiological changes. The results confirm the hypotheses and suggest a lower level of cognitive activity on the part of the remedial group. Given that pausing episodes have come to be recognized as important periods of discourse planning, failure to utilize pauses for planning might account for qualitative differences in the writing of the two groups.
Individual Differences in Beginning Composing
Authors: DYSON ANNE HAAS
Published: March 2007

This article draws upon data collected in a five-month study of primary grade writers to illustrate dimensions of variation in how young children orchestrate or manage the complex writing process. The observed children, all members of an integrated urban public school classroom, varied in the degree to which they focused on the diverse message forming and encoding demands of the writing activity and in when they maintained that focus. These differences may have existed, in part, because of differences in how the children made use of the available sources of support for their composing; that is, they differed in the degree to which other symbolic media (pictures and talk) and other children shaped their individual writing efforts. The children's composing behaviors were consistent with their apparent intentions and with their styles as symbolizers and socializers in their classroom. Viewing differences in children's ways of composing from the perspective of linear or uniform conceptions of writing growth may mask the holistic sense of each child's behavior.
Thucydides and the Plague in Athens
Authors: ALFORD ELISABETH M.
Published: March 2007

Two famous passages in Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War illustrate the origins of scientific writing and shed further light on the relationship between scientific writing and epideictic rhetoric. Thucydides' account of the plague in Athens in 430 B.C. uses a structure based on the Hippocratic approach, as well as “scientific” medical terminology. The report of the plague is immediately followed by Pericles' Funeral Oration. Similar themes appear in both segments, but the rhetorical strategies are markedly different. This article analyzes the juxtaposed examples of scientific and epideictic discourse by applying theories from rhetoric and sociology advanced by Perelman, Fahnestock, Havelock, and Durkheim, as well as schema theory and reader-response theories.
“Functional Automaticity” in Children's Writing
Authors: McCUTCHEN DEBORAH
Published: March 2007

An argument is presented for distinguishing between fluency and automaticity of procedures in writing. Writers must develop a certain level of fluency in some of their writing subskills, but skilled writing necessitates that automaticity not be absolute, not be “modular” to use Fodor's (1983) terminology. Various empirical results are presented suggesting that a prominent difference between skilled and less skilled writing is the extent of metacognitive control over writing subprocesses. It is this metacognitive control, not increasing encapsulated automaticity, that enables the processes that characterize skilled writing, such as directed search, critical examination, and revision. Educational implications of this premise are explored.
The Message is the Massage
Authors: BRANDT DEBORAH
Published: March 2007

This essay reappraises conventional distinctions between oral-like and literate-like discourse, particularly Tannen's (1985) distinction between involvement focus and message focus. Rather than seeing message in tension with involvement, this query treats message as an embodiment of involvement. Cohesion particularly is treated as an aspect of a developing writer-reader relationship, an outgrowth of a thickening commitment to a mutual orientation. Speculations are offered for rethinking what is called “literate orientation.”
Themes, Thematic Progressions, and Some Implications for Understanding Discourse
Authors: KOPPLE WILLIAM J. VANDE
Published: March 2007

This article explores some of the confusion and sources of that confusion in the research relating parts of clauses to the communicative roles that they play. It proposes that M.A.K. Halliday's system of analyzing a sentence into one or more of three possible kinds of themes and a rheme is a useful system in which the research relating parts of clauses to their communicative roles can be carried out. The article examines and briefly critiques Halliday's system of analysis and then goes on to compare some of Halliday's terms with those used in other systems. The article concludes by discussing some implications that this system might have for understanding aspects of discourse production, structure, or reception.
Writing Development as Seen through Longitudinal Research
Authors: STERNGLASS MARILYN S.
Published: March 2007

This article presents insights about writing development of urban college students that can be gleaned from longitudinal research that examines both personal and academic histories. Factors in students' lives, revealed through ongoing interviews and classroom observations, influence both students' abilities to respond to certain types of reading and writing tasks and their potential to develop as successful college students. A set of categories developed by Larson is used to analyze the texts produced by a basic writing student in her first 3½ years of college to illustrate the richness and complexity of analysis available through longitudinal research.
Cultural Tools and the Classroom Context
Authors: SMAGORINSKY PETER , COPPOCK JOHN
Published: March 2007

That writing has unique powers for promoting learning has become a given among many composition teachers and researchers. Peircean semiotics suggest that writing is one of many forms of composing available for mediating thought and activity, and that the value of any form of mediation depends on the context in which it takes place. The present study used stimulated recall to elicit a retrospective account from an alternative school student following his production of an artistic text representing his view of the relationship between the two central characters in a short story. The student's account indicates that in composing his text he (a) initiated his interpretation by empathizing with one of the characters, (b) produced a graphic representation and transformation of the relationship between the two central characters, (c) situated his text in an intertext, and (d) produced a text that both shaped and was shaped by his thinking. Furthermore, the “text” he produced through the stimulated recall interview likely involved a reconsideration as well as re-representation of the graphic text he had drawn, thus enmeshing the investigative method itself with the student's growing realization of the meaning of his work. His account suggests that nonlinguistic texts—when part of an environment that broadens the range of communication genres available to students—can help students construct meanings that are appropriate to school activities and learning.
Person, Place, and Narrative in an Amish Farmer's Appropriation of Nature Writing
Authors: GALINDO RENÉ , BROWN CONSTANCE
Published: March 2007

Amish-authored nature essays were introduced to the Amish by Samuel Miller, an Amish farmer with an interest in nature study developed at home and in school. Miller's nature essays published in the Amish periodical, Family Life, were the first examples of the nature essay genre that were widely circulated in Amish communities. The acceptance of this new genre was due to Miller's particular manner of appropriation that connected it to the Amish cultural value of closeness to nature and the soil by making the family farm and surrounding countryside the setting of his writing. Other key factors that facilitated the introduction of the genre included Miller's use of personalized knowledge of nature, expressed most clearly in personal narratives, as well as social change within Amish society brought about by the influence of an Amish publishing house. Miller's writing raises issues regarding the genre-mediated construction of identity and the effects of genre in reproducting and altering cultural values.
Which is more Productive, Writing in Binge Patterns of Creative Illness or in Moderation?
Authors: BOICE BOB
Published: March 2007

The author reviews traditional beliefs about creative illness and suggests that their endorsement of euphoric bingeing misleads writers. Productive creativity seems to occur more reliably with moderation of work duration and of emotions, not with the fatigue and ensuing depression of binge writing. The author compares binge writers to a matched sample of novice professors who wrote in brief, daily sessions and with generally mild emotions. Binge writers (a) accomplished far less writing overall, (b) got fewer editorial acceptances, (c) scored higher on the Beck Depression Inventory, and (d) listed fewer creative ideas for writing. These data suggest that creative illness, defined by its common emotional state for binge writers (i.e., hypomania and its rushed euphoria brought on by long, intense sessions of working—followed by depression), offers more problems (e.g., working in an emotional, rushed, fatiguing fashion) than magic. The example of Joseph Conrad supports these findings.
Metacognitive Differences between Traditional-Age and Nontraditional-Age College Students
Authors: Justice Elaine M. , Dornan Teresa M.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated aspects of metacognition and motivation that may distinguish the learning processes of adults in higher education from those of traditional-age students. Developmental changes in metacognitive and motivational variables and their relationship to course performance were examined for traditional-age (18-23 years) and nontraditional-age (24-64 years) male and female college students, who completed self-report measures of study skills, motivation, and memory ability. Older students reported more use of two higher level study strategies: generation of constructive information and hyperprocessing. Negative correlations, especially for male students, were found between reported use of several strategies and midterm course performance. Developmental changes in the efficiency of strategy use and the lack of a match between strategy use and the type of course assessment are discussed as possible explanations for these findings. Findings of the study suggest that educators in higher education will need to respond pedagogically to differences in the motivation and learning processes of nontraditional students.
Elements Contributing To the Persistence of Registered Nurses Who Completed Baccalaureate Requirements At Indiana University as a Supplement To the Basic Nursing Program
Authors: Perry Lucy C.
Published: March 2007

A study was made of the records of 115 registered nurses com pleting baccalaureate degree requirements in nursing at Indiana University 1963-65. The problem was to determine what elements were present in the nurses who persisted in completing degree requirements. Findings indicated that elements of persistence in cluded continuing college education immediately after graduation from the basic program in nursing, high school rank predicting academic ability in college, prior college credits with minimal non-transferable credits and 88 per cent graduating with a grade point average of 2.5 or above on a four point scale with 46 per cent eligible academically for graduate study. The study includes implications for counseling high school students in selection of an appropriate educational program in nursing and for counseling nursing students with potential toward continuing education.
The Mechanics' Institute—Education for the Working Man?
Authors: Collins Michael
Published: March 2007

Mechanics' institutes were established in hundreds of towns and villages throughout the United Kingdom in the years immedi ately following the founding of the London Mechanics' Institute in 1823. According to the declared objectives of the early pro motors, the prime purpose of the institutes was to provide worth while educational opportunities for the working man. In contrast to subsequent commentaries, which have reinforced the view that mechanics' institutes constituted a popular movement for the edu cation of working class adults, the thesis of this study is that the institutes failed to meet the educational needs as well as the economic and social aspirations of the working class clientele for whose benefit they were established. Continued domination of the movement by middle class sponsors, who attempted to impose their own values, will be stressed as one of the main causal factors which led to the estrangement of the workers and a rapid decline in the activities of the movement.
The Older Student as an Undergraduate
Authors: Kasworm Carol E.
Published: March 2007

This article explores prior research regarding academic capabilities of older undergraduate students and reports on a study of the intellectual and socio emotional orientations as measured by the Omnibus Personality Inventory— Form F of a sampling of younger (18-22 years) and older (26 and above years) undergraduate students within an undergraduate university setting. A typology of differential characteristics of younger and older undergraduates is described.

Prior research noted that older undergraduates gained similar, if not higher, gradepoint aver ages as compared to younger undergraduates. In this present study older undergraduates dis played significantly higher scores in the areas of personal integration, lack of anxiety, theoretical orientation, and analytical problem solving. Younger undergraduates displayed significantly higher scores focused on environmental, esthetic, and novel stimuli and on impulse expression. In analyzing scale scores according to age increments, personal integration and lack of anxiety score scales increased with age increments and the impulse expression scale decreased with age in crements.
Trends in Employer-Funded Training as an Indicator of Changes in Employment: The Case of Norway in the 1980S.
Authors: Gooderham Paul N. , Bums Kjell
Published: March 2007

This article examines trends in employer-funded training during the 1980s in relation to the two major theses of employment, the neo-Marxist degrading thesis and the liberal upgrading thesis. We also discuss a third thesis, the bipolarization thesis, which we derive from flexible organization theory. The article distinguishes between the private and public sectors. No support is found in public sectors for the degrading thesis. While the private sector has engaged in a redistribution of training to its lower ranks, no equivalent trend is apparent in the case of the public sector.
Old and New Social Movements As Learning Sites: Greening Labor Unions And Unionizing the Greens
Authors: Spencer Bruce
Published: March 2007

The discussion about the importance of new social movements as learning sites has focused on the understanding of their role as facilitators and providers of informal learning and education. Within Adult Education Quarterly Welton has contested Finger's emphasis on new social learning movements as "strategies of individual survival" by arguing they are concerned with collective goals and social purpose. However, even Welton has ignored the learning that is taking place in labor unions (old social movements) and therefore has privileged new social movements over old social movements as defenders of the "lifeworld and ecosystem." This paper contests this viewpoint and examines current Canadian labor education practices, concentrating on union education directed at environmental issues. It argues that labor is adopting some of the concerns and educational practices of new social movements and that old and new can learn from each other. A subsidiary argument is that labor continues to represent working people whereas new social movements are dominated by the middle class; therefore a truly "collective defense" of the lifeworld and ecosystem must embrace labor's concerns.
Rites of Passage at Adolescence: A Ritual Process Paradigm
Authors: Dunham Richard M. , Kidwell Jeannie S. , Wilson Stephen M.
Published: March 2007

Concepts which relate rites of passage to the developmental process at adolescence are reviewed. Selected concepts are assembled to serve as a new interdisciplinary paradigm of ritual processes affecting development. The new paradigm is offered as an elaboration of the classic tripartite paradigm of vanGennep (1909), from the original three steps to fourteen. It is expected that the elaboration will suggest ways of operationalizing aspects of environmental process at strategic points, passages in the developmental process. It may thereby also facilitate empirical studies with strong experimental design, including pure experimentation.

Relevant literature in cultural anthropology, developmental theory, psychology, sociology, and theology is brought to bear in the formulation of the paradigm.

Because it includes elements of various disciplinary origins, the fourteen-step paradigm may be approached with research techniques that tap variables that are phenomenological, behavioral, social, institutional or cultural. Furthermore, it may be addressed to questions of individual development, family process, or community process. It appears to be applicable to both normal development and pathological conditions of the individual, the family, or the society.

The adolescent mind is essentially a mind of the moratorium, a psychosocial stage between childhood and adulthood, and between the morality learned by the child, and the ethics to be developed by the adult. It is an ideological mind-and, indeed it is the ideological outlook of a society that speaks most clearly to the adolescent who is eager to be affirmed by his peers, and is ready to be confirmed by rituals, creeds, and programs which at the same time define what is evil, uncanny, and inimical. (Erikson 1959, p. 128).
Age Differences in Adolescent Decision-Making: Pregnancy Resolution
Authors: Urberg Kathryn A. , Rosen Ruth A.
Published: March 2007

Differences between older and younger adolescents on variables theoretically related to the decision-making process were studied in the context of a naturally occurring problem requiring a decision; the resolution of a problem pregnancy. The starting point of the study was a consideration of decision-making theory in a developmental context. Older adolescents compared to younger adolescents were hypothesized to: (a) generate more alternatives for consideration, (b) consider more consequences of each alternative, (c) mention more negative consequences of the alternatives considered, (d) mention more future consequences of the alternatives, and (e) be more apt to have a contingency plan. The data were gathered on 100 pregnant teenagers (45% under 17 years of age, 55% 18 and 19 years of age) in a rural midwestern county. The results indicated that older adolescents were more likely to have contingency plans and were more likely to consider the long term consequences of their actions. There were no differences in number of alternatives or consequences considered or in the consideration of both positive and negative consequences. The possible effect of the particular decision being made is discussed.
Sex Education, Contraceptive and Reproductive Knowledge, and Contraceptive Use among Black Adolescent Females
Authors: Scott-Jones Diane , Turner Sherry L.
Published: March 2007

This study examined sources of sex education for Black adolescent females and assessed relationships among sex education, knowledge about contraception and reproduction, and contraceptive use. The majority of adolescents reported having discussions with parents and having formal instruction regarding pregnancy, the menstrual cycle, and contraception. Neither parental discussion nor formal instruction on pregnancy and the menstrual cycle was related to reproductive knowledge, which was poor among the adolescents. A sample of older women had significantly greater reproductive knowledge than did the adolescents, although only one-fifth of older women responded correctly. Formal instruction on contraception was positively related to contraceptive knowledge, which was positively associated with ever-use of contraception, use at first intercourse, current use, and effectiveness of current method. Age at first intercourse was a significant predictor of contraceptive use and effectiveness at first intercourse.
Adolescent Male Sexuality: A Developmental Perspective
Authors: Bolton F. G. , MacEachron Ann E.
Published: March 2007

Viewed from a developmental perspective, adolescent male sexuality is the time of transition from childhood experimentation to satisfactory adult sexuality. This transition is often difficult because of misinforma tion or lack of empirically accurate information about sexuality, cultural expectations of masculinity defined by gender roles, and differential parental and peer socialization of males from infancy through adoles cence. The quest for adult masculinity and sexuality for adolescent males is further complicated by a social context that exaggerates fears of femin ity and homophobia and that overlooks their sexual behavior in the areas of adolescent fatherhood and adolescent sexual offenders.
Factors Related to Sex Differences in Suicidal Behavior among Black Youth
Authors: Gibbs Jewelle Taylor , Hines Alice M.
Published: March 2007

A review of suicidal behavior among Black youth, IS to 24 years of age, indicates significant differences between males and females in rates and patterns of attempted and completed suicide. The heuristic value of three major theories of suicide is discussed in terms of Black youth suicidal patterns. Methodological issues of the validity and reliability of suicide statistics for Black youth are also examined. Socioculturalfactors contributing to sex differences in Black youth suicide are analyzed, as well asfamily, school, peer, and community experiences that reinforce thesefactors. Young Black males appear to be more vulnerable than young Black females to suicide because of their differential exposure to multiple risk factors in all of these domains. Implications for future research on this neglected topic are discussed and proposals are offered to enable practitioners to develop more effective strategies of prevention and early intervention in order to reduce the rates of Black youth suicide.
Stress, Coping, and Family Environment
Authors: Stern Marilyn , Zevon Michael A.
Published: March 2007

This study extended previous research by assessing the specific coping responses of adolescents as a function of age, type of stressor, and quality of family environment. The findings demonstrated that adolescents employ a range of coping strategies in response to stressors within and external to the family. These strategies varied as a function of age, type of stressor, and perceptions of the quality of the family environment. Specifically, among those who identified interpersonal conflicts as their primary stressor, younger adolescents were more likely to use emotion-based coping strategies than were older adolescents. Using emotion-based strategies, however, was associated with less adaptive family functioning. Further, these coping strategies were orderable on the dimension ofpreference. Thefindings underscored the importance of examining moderating factors and individual differences when studying coping responses to stressful situations.
Affective Personality Characteristics Associated with Undergraduate Ego Identity Formation
Authors: Dellas Marie , Jemigan Louise P.
Published: March 2007

The characteristics involved in ego identity formation in the areas of occupation, religion and politics, and existing gender differences were examined using 144 undergraduates (59 males) and (85 females). The Dellas Identity Status Inventory-Occupation, -Religious Beliefs, and -Political Ideology (three objective scales) assessed identity statuses, and the Omnibus Personality Inventory (OPI) assessed personality characteristics. Different characteristics discriminated among the statuses in each area: impulse expression and religious orientation in occupation; autonomy, anxiety, and religious orientation in religion; and thinking introversion in politics. The OPI masculinity-femininity scale did not differentiate among the statuses in any area, and no area demonstrated significant Gender x Status interaction effects for the personality variables.
Positive Outcomes of Adolescents' Experience with Grief
Authors: Oltjenbruns Kevin Ann
Published: March 2007

This study explored positive outcomes of adolescents'experiences of grief Ninety-three late adolescents (mean age of 19.4 years) responded to the question: "What positive outcomes, if any, do you feel were the result of your grief experience(s)? Check all that apply. " The most frequent responses were (a) have deeper appreciation of life (74%o), (b) show greater caring for loved ones (67%o), (c) strengthened emotional bonds with others (56%), and (d) developed emotional strength (53%o). Only 4 of the 93 subjects responded "none " (1 subject) or left all of the choices blank (3 subjects). There were no significant differences found related to response by sex or ethnicity; however, individuals with an internal locus of control as compared to an external locus of control did respond more often that they had better communication skills as a result of their grief experience. Findings are discussed as they relate to grief education and suggestions for future research.
Do Parents and Peers Mediate the Influence of Television Advertising on Food-Related Purchases?
Authors: Carruth Betty Ruth , Goldberg Dena L. , Skinner Jean D.
Published: March 2007

A survey questionnaire about adolescents'television viewing habits, snacking frequency and usual foods consumed while watching television, and frequency of communication with parents anid peers regarding food advertisements and food purchasing was completed by 887 students enzrolled in Grades 10 through 12 in an urban school district. In this study, comedy shows, movies, and news were the most popular and game shows, soap operas, and Music Television (MTV) were the least popular programs. The amount of MTV, game shows, and cop shows reported by Black students differed significantly from thiat of White students. Thte most frequently consumed snacks included soft drinks, sweets, chips, and popcorn. Snackng did not generally occur in response to seeing a commercial, anid food commercials and food purchasing were rarely discussed with parents and frienids. Respondents reported that commercials were not associated with initiation of snacking while watching television.
Doing What You Say and Saying What You Do
Authors: Smetana Judith G. , Braeges Judith L. , Yau Jenny
Published: March 2007

This study compared adolescents'and parents'reasoning about actual family conflict in individual interviews and family interactions. A sample of 93 adolescents in Grades 5 through 12 and their parents justified actual conflicts in individual interviews and then discussed conflicts together in a Family Social Interaction Task Parents generally treated conflicts as issues of social convention, but they offered more conventional justifications in individual interviews than in family interaction. Adolescents primarily viewed conflicts as issues of personal jurisdiction, but they appealed to personal jurisdiction more in interviews than in family interaction, whereas they offered more prudential/pragmatic justifications in interactions than in interviews. When taking their adolescents'perspectives, parents reasoned about adolescents'personal choice in both interviews and interaction, and adolescents articulated their parents' conventional perspectives; there were more moral and prudential/pragmatic counterarguments in interactions than in interviews. The results are discussed in terms of strategic interactions and adolescent development.
The Beck Depression Inventory (French Version): Testing for Gender-Invariant Factorial Structure for Nonclinical Adolescents
Authors: Byrne Barbara M. , Baron Pierre , Campbell T. Leanne
Published: March 2007

The purposes of the study were threefold: (a) to testforthefactorial validity of the French version of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-FR) separatelyfornonclinical adolescent francophone males (n = 551) andfemales (n = 601), (b) to cross-validatefindings across a second independent sample for each gender, and (c) to test for equivalent factorial structure across genderfor this population. Exceptfor one differentialfactor loadingfor females (Item 17), the hypothesized higher order4-factor structure was found to be both tenable across validation samples andfactorially invariant across gender. Although the presence of error covariances for females partially replicated a similar pattern for Englishfemale adolescents, results generally provide strong supportfor the psychometric soundness of the BDI-FR.
Building the Capacity of Youth and Families through University-Community Collaborations
Authors: Ostrom Charles W. , Lerner Richard M. , Freel Melissa A.
Published: March 2007

Millions of ournation 's youth are at riskfor involvement in crime and violence, substance use and abuse, unsafe sex, school failure, lack of job preparedness, and the problems associated with living in poverty. To address these issues, scholars and child advocates have called for comprehensive, integrated, and community-based responses that build community capacities for sustaining effective programs. Based on a model for university-community collaboration in the evaluation of youth-serving programs, the Development-In-Context Evaluation (DICE) model, a means is presented to promote such community empowerment. Building on the work of Weiss and her colleagues, the DICE model involves a community-collaborative approach to evaluation, and to program design and implementation. The approach builds on the values of the community, engages community members in issues identification, in evaluation design, implementation, data collection, and in decisions about how to use the results of the evaluation.
Prevention Effects of the Child Development Project
Authors: Battistich Victor , Schaps Eric , Watson Marilyn , Solomon Daniel
Published: March 2007

The Child Development Project is a comprehensive school program to reduce risk and bolster protective factors among children. It includes classroom, school, and family involvement elements that, collectively, help schools become caring communities of learners-environments that are characterized by supportive social relationships, a sense of common purpose, and a commitment to prosocial values; that are responsive to children's developmental and sociocultural needs; and thatfoster their resilience when confronted with stressful events and circumstances. The program was implemented in elementary schools from six school districts around the United States. Similar schools from these same districts served as a comparison group. Analyses of data on problem behaviors over a 3-year period indicated that the program was associated with significant reductions in student drug use and delinquency. Effects were strongestfor students in the subset of schools that had made the greatest degree of progress in program implementation.
Adolescent Social Competence and Parental Satisfaction
Authors: Henry Carolyn S. , Peterson Gary W. , Wilson Stephan M.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the relation of parents'perceptions of adolescent social competence to mothers' and to fathers'parental satisfaction. Using a symbolic interactionist approach, it was hypothesized that dimensions of perceived adolescent competence in role relationships with mothers andfathers would be predictors ofparental satisfaction. A total of 385 mothers and 343 fathers responded to self-report questionnaires. Results of the fathers' hierarchical multiple regression model indicated that the number of children, and adolescent coercive power, were related negatively; whereas father's occupational level, adolescent conformity, adolescent legitimate power, and adolescent reward power showed significant positive relations with parental satisfaction. Fathers also reported greater satisfaction with sons than with daughters. In the mothers' hierarchical multiple regression model, a significant negative relation was found between the number of children and parental satisfaction, whereas significant positive relations were found between adolescent expert power, adolescent legitimate power, adolescent reward power, and parental satisfaction.
Relating Aspects of Adolescent Emotional Autonomy to Academic Achievement and Deviant Behavior
Authors: Chen Zeng-Yin , Dornbusch Sanford M.
Published: March 2007

Explored in this study are the multidimensional characteristics associated with adolescent emotional autonomy from parents. Previous research using the Steinberg and Silverberg measure of emotional autonomy had reported inconsistent results in predicting adolescent outcomes. This study used a structural equation model with latent constructs to differentiate the domains of emotional autonomy and specify the intervening processes. The results supported the hypotheses that one subscale, represented by individuation as a reflection of perceived parental lack of knowledge and understanding, was associated with lower academic achievement and higher rates of deviant behaviors through the intervening effects of higher susceptibility to negative peer pressure, lower educational expectations, higher psychological distress, and lower self-esteem. Except for an association between Deidealization and psychological distress, the subscales of Nondependency and Deidealization showed relations to the intervening andfinal dependent variables that were either not significant statistically or in directions opposite to those associated with Individuation. Only Individuation was associated with poor adolescent functioning.
Parent-Adolescent Discussions about Sex and Condoms
Authors: Whitaker Daniel J. , Miller Kim S.
Published: March 2007

This research examined how parent-adolescent communication about initiating sex and condoms influenced the relationship between peer norms and behavior. African American and Hispanic adolescents reported on parent-adolescent discussions about initiating sex and condoms, perceived peer norms about sex and condom use, and their own behavior. Communication about sex and perceived peer norms about sex were each related to sexual behavior, and communication about condoms and peer norms about condoms were related to condom use behavior. For both sex and condom use, the peer norm–behavior relationship was moderated by parental communication: Peer norms were more strongly related to behavior among adolescents who had not discussed sex or condoms with a parent. Communication was also related to teens naming a parent as their best source of information about sex. Results suggest that a lack of communication may cause adolescents to turn to peers and that peers may then influence their behavior.
Methodological Overview and Research Design for Adolescents in the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Studies
Authors: Kristiansen Patricia L. , Hubbard Robert L.
Published: March 2007

The adolescent component in Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Studies (DATOS) was the first designed specifically to conduct an in-depth, systematic investigation of the outcomes and effectiveness of drug treatment programs for adolescents. This national study included 3,382 participants who presented for treatment from 1993 to 1995 in 37 therapeutic community, inpatient and outpatient programs in Pittsburgh, Miami, Minneapolis, Chicago, Portland (OR), and New York City. This article gives an overview of the study methodology. The sample of programs was selected to reflect the nature of treatment available to adolescents in these six urban areas. The design, content and quality of interview protocols, modified from the adult instruments, and conducted at admission, during treatment, and 12 months after termination of treatment, are described. Data collection procedures and the completion rates for each of the phases of interviewing are discussed. The potential utilization of the data for clinical and policy guidance is outlined.
A Qualitative Exploration of Adolescents’ Commitment to Athletics and the Arts
Authors: Fredricks Jennifer A. , Alfeld-Liro Corinne J. , Hruda Ludmila Z. , Eccles Jacquelynne S. , Patrick Helen , Ryan Allison M.
Published: March 2007

This study sought to enhance, through qualitative methods, an understanding of the factors that influence adolescents’commitments to extracurricular activities over time. We obtained semistructured interview data from 41 adolescents who had been highly involved in athletics or the arts since middle childhood. We examined their interpretations of the factors that supported or hindered their continued involvement in these activities over the years. Thematic analysis of the interviews revealed that psychological factors, perceptions of the context, and emerging identity all played a role in decisions to remain involved or quit. Perceived competence and peer relationships emerged as important psychological factors, whereas perceptions of challenge and costs and benefits were important contextual influences. We discuss implications of the findings for the implementation of extracurricular programs that support adolescent development.
Entrainment of Duodenal Activity to Periodic Feeding
Authors: Comperatore Carlos A. , Stephan Friedrich K.
Published: March 2007

The electrical activity of the antrum and proximal duodenum was recorded simul taneously with bar pressing for food in various feeding conditions. During restricted feeding (RF; food available from 1200 to 1600 hr; lights-on from 0800 to 2000 h), large-amplitude slow potentials of duodenal origin were observed 3-5 hr preceding food access. These potentials occurred in short trains at irregular intervals of approximately 1 min and appeared to be associated with the active phase of the migrating motility complex. At least 8-10 days on RF were required before these irregular contractions (ICs) reliably preceded food access. The distribution of ICs showed a circadian variation during food deprivation, and transients lasting 4-6 days were observed in response to 6- or 8-hr phase delays of food access. These observations suggest that ICs are modulated by a circadian mechanism. On the average, the increase in ICs occurred about 2 hr earlier than bar pressing in anticipation of food, and there was no specific relation between individual ICs and bar pressing. However, bar pressing frequently occurred 0.5 min or longer after an increase in electromyogram (EMG) amplitude. Unreinforced bar pressing was never observed during a quiescent EMG.
Neuropeptide Y and Vasopressin Effects on Rat Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neurons In Vitro
Authors: Shibata Shigenobu , Moore Robert Y.
Published: March 2007

The effect of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vasopressin (VP) on the firing rates of neurons in the retinorecipient portion of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) was studied by superfusion onto hypothalamic slices in vitro. NPY produces either excitation or excitation followed by inhibition when applied during subjective day. With increasing doses of NPY, the number of neurons showing an excitatory response alone remains stable, and the neurons increase firing rates slightly. In contrast, the number of neurons showing an excitatory re sponse followed by inhibition is greater with increased NPY concentration, and the inhibitory effect is prolonged. VP produces only excitatory responses, and these are increased with increasing VP concentration. Prolonged administration of NPY produces an overall decrease in firing rate during subjective day, but has no effect during subjective night. In contrast, the excitatory effects of VP are essentially the same in both subjective day and subjective night. The responses to NPY and VP are preserved in calcium-free medium, indicating that the peptides act directly on SCN neurons. Optic nerve stimulation produces excitation in 36% of neurons in the retinorecipient component of the SCN, and 80% of these respond to NPY, whereas only 29% of neurons that do not respond to optic nerve stimulation are affected by NPY. In contrast, both groups respond equally well to VP. These observations indicate that neurons in the component of the rat SCN receiving retinal afferents respond differently to NPY and VP, and that responses to NPY are complex and dependent upon the circadian time at which NPY is administered.
Food-Deprivation-Induced Phase Shifts in Sminthopsis macroura froggatti
Authors: Coleman G.J. , O'Reilly H.M. , Armstrong S.M.
Published: March 2007

Past research has shown that there is a circadian oscillator in laboratory rats that is entrained by restricted feeding schedules. However, in laboratory rats at least, the light- dark (LD) cycle is the dominant zeitgeber in the entrainment of wheel-running activity rhythms. Given that dasyurid marsupials are predominantly carnivorous, the episodic intake of food in the wild and the high nutritive content of that food suggest that food may be an important zeitgeber in these species.

Twelve Sminthopsis macroura froggatti were presented with a daily meal at 0900 hr under an LD 12:12 cycle with lights-on at 0600 hr for 37 days. Activity in anticipation of the meal was observed in most animals. Following this, all animals were exposed to periods of 12-18 days ad lib. food interspersed with 3-day periods of deprivation—a technique used previously to demonstrate persistent meal-associated rhythms. The meal-associated activity rhythms previously observed in rats during the 3-day deprivation period were not seen, but the 3-day deprivation period produced large phase-shifts in the activity rhythms of several S. m. froggatti.

It is concluded that meal feeding does not dominate the LD cycle in entraining dasyurid marsupials, but that the frequent observation of phase shifts suggests a different and, perhaps, stronger role for food intake in biological rhythmicity than has been observed previously in laboratory rats.
A Circadian Rhythm of Population Behavior in Gonyaulax polyedra
Authors: Roenneberg Till , Colfax Grant N. , Hastings J. Woodland
Published: March 2007

Like other flagellates, Gonyaulax polyedra exhibits diurnal vertical migration and pattern formation. Shape and size of the aggregations depend on container type, light inten sity, and cell density. In Petri dishes, cells form oval "swarms"; within these, cells move downward in the highly dense center and rise up at the periphery. We have investigated the daily rhythm of this swarming activity in Petri dishes illuminated from the side, using time- lapse video recordings. At night, a "lawn" of cells forms at the bottom of the dish toward the light source (independent of light intensity). Before dawn, cells rise toward the surface and aggregate in swarms. The daily vertical migration occurs independent of light direction and intensity. The diurnal swarms, however, form every day at the same location within the dish, at a distance from the light that depends on light intensity, indicating a self-selection of light intensity. In constant light and temperature and with negligible vertical nutrient differences, all aspects of the rhythm continue to oscillate for up to 3 weeks, when the rhythm of the population becomes desynchronized.

Under cycles of bright white-dim red light (WR), cell entrain to WR 10: 10 but free run in WR 8:8 and shorter cycles, showing relative coordination (von Holst, 1939) to the driving light cycle. They also entrain to the 24-hr multiple of WR 6:6. Under nonentrained conditions, swarming activity is still influenced by light changes, and in spite of the apparent free run, the phasing of the averaged activity varies systematically with different T-cycle frequencies.
Latitudinal Clines in the Properties of a Circadian Pacemaker
Authors: Pittendrigh Colin S. , Takamura Tsuguhiko
Published: March 2007

The circadian rhythm of eclosion activity and its pacemaker were analyzed in a series of latitudinal races of Drosophila auraria ranging from 34.2° to 42.9°N in Japan. The phase of the rhythm (ΨEL) to the daily photoperiod (PP) changes as daylength is increased, and the slope of ΨEL (PP) changes with latitude. Is is sufficiently greater in the north to cause a phase reversal of northern and southern races on long versus short photoperiods. This reversal is found in assays of the pacemaker's phase (ΨPL) as well as that of the rhythm (ΨEL). Assay of the pacemaker shows that its period (τ) is longer in northern than in southern races, and that the amplitude of its phase response curve (PRC) is lower in the north. The period of the rhythm in all latitudinal races is longer than 24 hr in short photoperiods (LD 1:23), but is probably less than 24 hr (as an aftereffect of photoperiod) in longer days such as LD 14:10. The observed north-south differences in the phase relation of both pacemaker and rhythm to the light cycle are explained by the latitudinal clines in pacemaker properties and a postulated aftereffect of photoperiod on τ. It is suggested that the latitudinal cline in PRC amplitude has functional significance in conserving the amplitude of the pacemaker's signal to the rest of the system it times. Computer simulation shows that without such a reduction in the perceived light intensity, pacemaker amplitude will be lowered by the increase in duration of the daily light at higher latitudes.
Mutations That Affect Circadian Rhythms in Neurospora crassa Can Alter the Reduction of Cytochromes by Blue Light
Authors: Borgeson Charlotte E. , Bowman Barry J.
Published: March 2007

We have examined membrane fractions from mutant strains of Neurospora crassa that have altered responses to blue light or have altered circadian rhythms. Using an in vitro assay, we assessed whether the mutations affected the levels of photoreducible cytochromes. Three of the mutant strains, prd-1, rib-1, and wc-1, were not qualitatively different from the wild type. The poky strain was found to have high concentrations of photoreducible cytochrome c. After removal of this cytochrome, however, the photoreducible cytochromes in the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum were also similar to those of the wild type.

The most significant differences were found in strains mutated at the frq locus, which affects circadian rhythms. In the frq-9 strain, the cytochrome in the endoplasmic reticulum was not detectably reduced by blue light. The frq-1 mutation caused a significant shift in the spectrum of blue-light- reduced cytochrome in the endoplasmic reticulum.