bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correlation between K, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn in natural honeys from Eucalyptus sources
Authors: Mattos Silvânia V. M. , Bastos Esther M. , Dayrell Ilda O. , Nelson David L.
Published: July 2011

Thirty-five natural honey samples from three apicultural regions of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, were collected from honeybee hives under various climatic conditions over a two-year period. The beehives were located in the districts of Bom Jesus do Amparo, Barão de Cocais and São Gonçalo do Rio Abaixo, all within a 100 km radius of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The pollinic spectrum, color and ash, moisture, K, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn contents were determined. Elemental analysis were done by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Accuracy and precision were verified by recovery tests and relative standard deviation, respectively. The mean mineral contents encountered were K = 1130; Mn = 3.88; Fe = 2.79; Zn = 2.34 and Cu = 0.54 µ g/g. During the dry season, several species of Eucalyptus pollen grains predominated, with Vernonia pollen grains present in lower abundance. In the rainy season, there was an inversion of dominance. Statistical treatment of results, separated according to comb and season, showed statistically equivalent means, although some good correlation indices (p = 0.05) were obtained, e.g. between percent Eucalyptus pollen grains and Mn content (0.450), between Fe and Zn (0.698) and between K and Mn (0.738).
Fishing activity in Northern Rio de Janeiro State (Brazil) and its relation with small cetaceans
Authors: Beneditto Ana Paula Madeira Di , Ramos Renata Maria Arruda , Lima Neuza Rejane Wille
Published: July 2011

Research on fishing activity at Atafona village, in Northern Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (21°35'S), was carried out between 1987-96 for the purpose of relating it to the accidental capture of small cetaceans and of estimating the relationship between fishing activity and the diet of small cetaceans. Data on fishing operations were obtained at the cold storage plants management, from interviews with fishermen and personal observations. The most representative fishing resources were Xyphopenaeus kroyeri, Micropogonias furnieri, Carcharhinus plumbeus, C. acronotus,and Rhizoprionodon porosus. Gillnets are responsible for the accidental capture of small cetaceans in the region, mainly Pontoporia blainvillei and Sotalia fluviatilis (marine form). Four types of gillnets that are used on the region ("minjuada", "sarda", "caçoá" and "pescadinha") were dangerous to these species because they are placed in their preferred habitat. There is no competition between fishermen and small cetaceans due to the selection in the capture of commercialized fishes
Induced reproduction and reproductive characteristics of Rhinelepis aspera Agassiz, 1829 (osteichthyes: Siluriformes, Loricariidae)
Authors: Sato Yoshimi , Fenerich-Verani Nelsy , Verani José Roberto , Godinho Hugo Pereira , Sampaio Edson Vieira
Published: July 2011

Rhinelepis aspera is the largest Loricariidae species found in the São Francisco river basin where it is now rarely caught. Brooders kept in tanks were hypophysed with crude carp pituitary extract (CCPE). Approximately 82% of the females responded positive to the treatment. The egg was opaque, demersal, round, yellow and adhesive. Egg stripping was done at 212 hour-degrees (= 8.2 h) after application of the second dose of CCPE (water temperature = 25-26 ºC). Hatching of the larvae occurred at 1022 hour-degrees (= 42.2 h), after fertilization of the eggs (water temperature =24-25 ºC). Fertilization rate of the eggs was 72%. Absolute fecundity (AF), initial fertility (IF) and final fertility (FF) in relation to the females' body weight are expressed, respectively, by the equations: AF = - 33993 + 122308 Wt (r² = 0.88), IF = - 14823 + 58619 Wt (r² = 0.71) and FF = - 6553 + 29741 (r² = 0.61)
Effects of fatty acids on carbohydrates and lipids of canola seeds during germination
Authors: Ferrarese M. L. L. , Baleroni C. R. S. , Ferrarese-Filho O.
Published: July 2011

The present work was carried out to investigate the effects of caprylic acid (C8) and oleic acid (C18) on carbohydrates and lipids during canola seed germination. The results showed that oleic acid influence carbohydrate concentration but did not influence lipid concentration. Significant results were found with caprylic acid that affected carbohydrates and lipids in cotyledons after three-day germination.
Mechanical and permeability properties of milk protein films
Authors: Folegatti Marília I.S. , Antunes Aloísio José , Marcondes Jorge A.
Published: July 2011

Edible films present a potential alternative for replacing plastic films used for packaging in food industry. One of the major advantages is the environmental appeal of this technology, which produces no packaging waste. Some films made with other edible materials have found commercial applications, and many more are being developed using a myriad of food based components. This paper focuses on some important characteristics of films produced with sodium and calcium caseinates. The effects of caseinate type and concentration, plasticizer concentration and pH were studied. Major parameters investigated were solubility, tensile properties, water vapour and oxygen permeabilities. Caseinate films showed high solubility at pH range 6.0-8.0 and complete insolubility at pH 3.0 and 4.0. Calcium caseinate films had a higher tensile strength and a lower % elongation at break than sodium caseinate films. There was not significant difference in water vapour and oxygen permeabilities between sodium and calcium caseinate films.
Production of 2,3-Butanediol from Sucrose by Klebsiella pneumoniae NRRL B199 in Batch and Fed-Batch Reactors
Authors: Silveira Mauricio M. , Berbert-Molina M. , Prata A. M. R. , Schmidell W.
Published: July 2011

In batch mode, Klebsiella pneumoniae growth and 2,3-butanediol/acetoin formation are increasingly inhibited by initial sucrose concentrations (S0) over 60 g/L. At non inhibitory conditions, a maximum sucrose consumption rate of 1,5 g/L/h was measured. With S0=204 g/L however, this rate decreased to 0.15 g/L/h. K. pneumoniae fermented 204 g/L sucrose to produce 84.3 g/L of a mixture 2,3-butanediol/acetoin with a yield of 0.41 g/g and a productivity of 1.06 g/L/h. Higher oxygen transfer rates improved the overall process rate but the product yield was reduced. Avoiding substrate inhibition, by performing the fermentation in fed-batch mode, a final 2,3-butanediol/acetoin concentration of 80.0 g/L was achieved. In this case, a productivity of 2.63 g/L/h and a product yield of 0.37 g/g were calculated.
Colonization of artificial substrata by teredinid larvae released from a previously infested focus at Ilha Grande Bay, RJ
Authors: Varotto Ricardo Silva , Barreto Cristine Costa
Published: July 2011

The colonization pattern of wooden panels by teredinid larvae released from a previously infested focus was investigated. Panels were placed at different distances (1, 10, 20m) and in different directions from the focus. The colonization experiment took place at Parcel do Aleijado, Ilha Grande Bay, RJ. The focus remained immersed in nearly surface water, by the coast, during three months for infestation by teredinids. After this period, it was transferred to the study site. The infested focus and colonization panels remained in water, 10m deep, for three months more. Total density and density of the dominant species were considered for each group of panels. Five teredinid species were found: Bankia fimbriatula, Bankia gouldi, Lyrodus floridanus, Lyrodus massa and Teredo furcifera. The dominant species was Teredo furcifera (76.6%). Significant differences were only observed between directions for total teredinids and for dominant species density. Results concerning the dominant species Teredo furcifera were even more expressive and suggested the occurrence of a local water circulation pattern.
Occurrence of coliforms in water samples of the Perequê and Penedo Rivers in Paraná, Brazil
Authors: Higuti Ilma Hiroko , Macena Ivone Rodrigues , Masunari Setuko , Branco Filho Mario de Oliveira , Blaskowiski Marita Maciel Moreira , Nascimento Aguinaldo José do
Published: July 2011

The Perequê and Penedo rivers flow through the plains of Praia de Leste and fall into the sea between the municipalities of Pontal do Sul and Ponta do Poço. Both of these rivers belong to the sub-basin of Paranaguá Bay, and are constituent parts of the hydrographic basin of the Atlantic Ocean (State of Paraná). Four sites along the Perequê River (Stations 1-4) and one along the Penedo River (Station 5) were monitorated for water pollution over a 12-month period. During the period of December 1995 to November 1996, three water samples were collected from each site, placed in sterilized bottles and transported to the laboratory in ice-boxes. They were analyzed for the occurrence of total and fecal coliforms, temperature and pH. Fecal pollution was detected throughout the period of study. Coliform contamination was smaller in Station 1 and 5 than in any other sites, probably due to lesser influence from urbanized areas. Water at Station 4 was strongly contaminated due to its close proximity to a sewage canal. This study demonstrated that the Pequerê and Penedo rivers, freshwater shrimps habitats, were heavily contaminated with fecal indicator bacteria, and this occurrence was not related with temperature or pH.
Tolerância à inundação: aspectos da anatomia ecológica e do desenvolvimento de Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. (Fabaceae)
Authors: Davanso-Fabro Viviane M. , Medri Moacyr E. , Bianchini Edmilson , Pimenta José A.
Published: July 2011

Plantas de Sebania virgata (Cav.) Pers. (Fabaceae) cultivadas em casa de vegetação foram alagadas por 40 dias. Plantas alagadas apresentaram aumento do peso da matéria seca e comprimento, acentuadas rachaduras corticais e intumescimento cortical esponjoso em caules e raízes, raízes superficiais e raízes adventícias. É possível que a plasticidade morfo-anatômica apresentada por esta espécie esteja contribuindo para o seu estabelecimento em solos hipóxicos.
Comparação do peso dos quelípodos e crescimento em duas espécies de "sirís" do gênero Callinectes (Brachyura, Portunidae)
Authors: Guerrero-Ocampo Cecilia Margarita , Negreiros-Fransozo Maria Lucia , Costa Tânia Marcia
Published: July 2011

Neste trabalho, as espécies C. danae e C. ornatus foram comparadas quanto ao peso dos quelípodos. Os siris foram coletados com 2 redes de arrasto do tipo "otter trawl" na Enseada de Ubatuba (23° 26' S e 45° 02' W). As constantes alométricas obtidas foram analisadas por meio da função potência (Y = aXb ). As espécies apresentaram diferentes graus alométricos para cada sexo. A relação PQ X PC apresentou alometria positiva em ambas espécies, porém os machos apresentam maior alometria positiva do que as fêmeas. C. danae apresenta maior alometria positiva para os quelípodos do que C. ornatus. O fato de C. danae atingir maior porte e possuir quelípodos maiores indica que esta espécie tem potencial para o cultivo.
Épocas de poda na cultura da mandioca na região noroeste do Paraná, Brasil
Authors: Takahashi Mário
Published: July 2011

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da poda da parte aérea, realizada em três épocas distintas, sobre alguns parâmetros fitotécnicos da mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Todos os tratamentos foram plantados em outubro de 1991. Em 1992, efetuaram-se as podas da parte aérea em maio, julho e outubro. A testemunha foi conduzida sem poda. Em maio de 1993, todos os tratamentos foram colhidos. As produções da parte aérea na poda, foram alteradas pela quantidade de folhas. As produções fresca e seca das raízes e da parte aérea e o índice de colheita, foram modificados após a poda, em relação ao tratamento sem poda. O stand final e o número de raízes por planta, não foram alterados pela poda.
Atualizações em guias alimentares para crianças e adolescentes: uma revisão
Authors: Horta Paula Martins , Pascoal Mariana Nunes , Santos Luana Caroline dos
Published: July 2011

OBJETIVO: apresentar uma revisão dos guias alimentares desenvolvidos para crianças e adolescentes. MÉTODOS: revisão sistemática conduzida nas bases de dados Medline e Lilacs e em sites institucionais. Incluíram-se documentos publicados entre 2000-2010. RESULTADOS: foram identificados 17 guias alimentares publicados no mundo, sendo dez na América Latina, três na América do Norte, dois na Europa e dois na Ásia e Oceania. Os guias se diferenciaram quanto à sua estrutura, podendo ser organizados em diretrizes nutricionais, representações gráficas ou em ambas. O conteúdo das diretrizes nutricionais, bem como o número de grupos alimentares e a representação gráfica utilizada nos manuais também são variáveis conforme cultura alimentar da população. Dezesseis guias enfocaram orientações sobre alimentos em detrimento dos nutrientes, sendo que o guia japonês está organizado em recomendações de consumo de preparações de alimentos, se configurando em um instrumento de mais fácil compreensão. Todos os guias alimentares identificados para crianças menores de dois anos (n=5) foram elaborados na América Latina, além de terem sido detectados três manuais, cujas diretrizes se direcionam aos profissionais de saúde, denotando necessidade de capacitação e atualização dos mesmos. CONCLUSÕES: o estudo apontou para a relevância do emprego dos guias alimentares na abordagem à criança e adolescente, fornecendo bases teóricas para profissionais e órgãos de saúde.
Efficiency of bioaugmentation in the removal of organic matter in aquaculture systems
Authors: Lopes RB , Olinda RA. , Souza BAI , Cyrino JEP , Dias CTS , Queiroz JF , Tavares LHS
Published: July 2011

Several techniques are currently used to treat effluents. Bioaugmentation is a new bioremediation strategy and has been employed to improve effluent quality by treating the water during the production process. This technology consists basically of the addition of microorganisms able to degrade or remove polluting compounds, especially organic matter and nutrients. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of bioaugmentation on some parameters of organic matter and on the performance of juvenile tilapias in an intensive aquaculture production system. The combination of two bacterial consortiums in a complete randomized design was employed in a factorial analysis with two factors. Statistical differences between treatments were analyzed by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test at the 5% level. One of the treatments, heterotrophic bacterial supplementation, was able to reduce biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) by 23%, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by 83.7% and phytoplanktonic biomass by 43%. On the other hand, no damage was done to either the physical-chemical indicators of water quality or to the growth performance of juvenile tilapias assessed in this study.
Trophic ecomorphology of Siluriformes (Pisces, Osteichthyes) from a tropical stream
Authors: Pagotto JPA , Goulart E , Oliveira EF , Yamamura CB
Published: July 2011

The present study analysed the relationship between morphology and trophic structure of Siluriformes (Pisces, Osteichthyes) from the Caracu Stream (22º 45' S and 53º 15' W), a tributary of the Paraná River (Brazil). Sampling was carried out at three sites using electrofishing, and two species of Loricariidae and four of Heptapteridae were obtained. A cluster analysis revealed the presence of three trophic guilds (detritivores, insectivores and omnivores). Principal components analysis demonstrated the segregation of two ecomorphotypes: at one extreme there were the detritivores (Loricariidae) with morphological structures that are fundamental in allowing them to fix themselves to substrates characterised by rushing torrents, thus permitting them to graze on the detritus and organic materials encrusted on the substrate; at the other extreme of the gradient there were the insectivores and omnivores (Heptapteridae), with morphological characteristics that promote superior performance in the exploitation of structurally complex habitats with low current velocity, colonised by insects and plants. Canonical discriminant analysis revealed an ecomorphological divergence between insectivores, which have morphological structures that permit them to capture prey in small spaces among rocks, and omnivores, which have a more compressed body and tend to explore food items deposited in marginal backwater zones. Mantel tests showed that trophic structure was significantly related to the body shape of a species, independently of the phylogenetic history, indicating that, in this case, there was an ecomorphotype for each trophic guild. Therefore, the present study demonstrated that the Siluriformes of the Caracu Stream were ecomorphologically structured and that morphology can be applied as an additional tool in predicting the trophic structure of this group.
Life cycle of Cyclestheria hislopi (Baird, 1859) (Crustacea, Branchiopoda)
Authors: Yashima MN , Baldochi A. , Rocha O.
Published: July 2011

The Conchostraca (clam shrimps) are a group of microcrustaceans found in freshwater habitats. They inhabit the benthos, yet many can swim actively and are often associated with macrophytes. They are filter-feeders, deriving their food from suspended particles or solids stirred up from the bottom. In Brazil, five species have been recorded and the life cycle of one of these, Cyclestheria hislopi (Baird, 1859) was investigated in this study. Specimens were collected from fish-farming tanks in upstate São Paulo and from the floodplain of the Miranda River, in the Mato Grosso swamplands of center-west, Brazil. We determined the following variables: post-embryonic development, duration of life cycle (longevity), mean period between broods, duration of instars and individual growth. Taxonomic features of the Cyclestheria sp. specimens from Mato Grosso were also assessed to check the possibility that they belonged to another species of the same genus or a separate ecotype of C. hislopi.
Seasonal influence on biochemical profile and serum protein electrophoresis for Boa constrictor amarali in captivity
Authors: Silva LFN , Riani-Costa CCM , Ramos PRR , Takahira RK
Published: July 2011

Similarly to other reptiles, snakes are ectothermic animals and depend exclusively on the environment for the maintenance of their physiological, biochemical and immunological processes. Thus, changes in biochemical values can be expected due to seasonal influence. Twenty-two adult specimens of Boa constrictor amarali kept in captivity were used. Blood collections were done in two different seasons: winter (July 2004) and summer (January 2005) for the following assays: uric acid, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glucose, cholesterol, total protein, and serum protein electrophoresis. The mean biochemical results found in summer and winter, respectively, were: 6.3 ± 3.4 and 11.3 ± 6.2 mg/dL for uric acid; 28.7 ± 12.4 and 20.7 ± 16.2 UI/L for AST; 26.3 ± 17 and 17.4 ± 6.8 mg/dL for glucose; 67.3 ± 30.2 and 69.7 ± 38.5 mg/dL for cholesterol; and 5.9 ± 1.6 and 5.9 ± 1.4 g/dL for total protein. Results regarding electrophoresis in summer and winter, respectively, were: 1.9 ± 0.7 and 2.4 ± 0.6 g/dL for albumin; 0.7 ± 0.2 and 0.5 ± 0.2 g/dL for α-globulin; 1.5 ± 0.5 and 1.7 ± 0.6 g/dL for β-globulin; and 1.8 ± 0.5 and 1.5 ± 0.5 g/dL for g-globulin. In the summer, there was a significant increase in AST and a decrease in uric acid (p < 0.05). Serum protein electrophoresis showed a significant increase in α-globulin fraction (p < 0.05) in the same season. There were not significant differences between seasons for the remaining variables. Based on these results, the period of the year must be considered in the interpretation of some biochemical values for these animals.
Larval settlement and spat recovery rates of the oyster Crassostrea brasiliana (Lamarck, 1819) using different systems to induce metamorphosis
Authors: Silveira RC , Silva FC , Gomes CHM , Ferreira JF , Melo CMR
Published: July 2011

This study aimed at the assessment, in the laboratory, of the larval settlement and spat recovery rates of oysters of the species Crassostrea brasiliana using plastic collectors, epinephrine (C9H13NO3 C4H6O6) and shell powder in settlement tanks. Polypropylene was used attached to bamboo frames. The material was chosen due to its pliability - that favours the spat detachment. Two experiments were carried out; the first between February and April 2008, and the second between November and December 2008 at the Marine Mussel Laboratory of Santa Catarina Federal University (Laboratório de Moluscos Marinhos da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina). In the first experiment, the scratched plastic collectors were tested consorting them with shell powder; on the second, the plastic collectors were tested consorted with shell powder, only shell powder and epinephrine as the metamorphosis stimulator. The quantification was carried out of the larvae settled in the plastic collectors, and of the recovery and integrity of the spats after their detachment. The first experiment has shown a recovery rate of 48.83% of the spats in comparison with the D larvae used. From this percentage, 4.9% settled in the plastic collectors and 43.93% in shell powder. The second experiment revealed 55.78% regarding the settled spats in comparison with the total of larvae used (using epinephrine), 78.62% in the treatment with the collector plus shell powder and 58.33% in the treatment only with shell powder. Thus, the use of the collector plus shell powder resulted in a greater spat recovery when compared to the other treatments.
Radiografia torácica e bacteriologia na fase inicial de tratamento de 800 pacientes masculinos com tuberculose pulmonar
Authors: Ozsahin Sefa Levent , Arslan Sulhattin , Epozturk Kursat , Remziye El , Dogan Omer Tamer
Published: July 2011

OBJETIVO: Avaliar radiografias de tórax de pacientes com tuberculose pulmonar e determinar se a extensão das lesões radiográficas correlaciona-se com os parâmetros bacteriológicos. MÉTODOS: Neste estudo descritivo e retrospectivo; foram avaliadas radiografias de tórax, baciloscopias para BAAR e culturas de escarro para Mycobacterium tuberculosis no momento basal e durante os dois primeiros meses de tratamento. A amostra foi composta por 800 pacientes masculinos internados entre 1995 até o presente em um hospital com 250 leitos no noroeste da Turquia. RESULTADOS: A VHS média inicial foi de 58 ± 37 mm/h. Inicialmente, a baciloscopia e as culturas de escarro tiveram resultado positivo em 83,8% e em 89,5% dos pacientes, respectivamente. Após o primeiro mês do tratamento, a proporção de culturas positivas foi maior nos pacientes com doença cavitária do que naqueles sem doença cavitária (53,7% vs. 37,7%; p < 0,001). Não houve correlação do número de zonas afetadas com idade, duração de sintomas, contato com paciente com tuberculose ativa, diabetes concomitante (p > 0.05 para todos), mas houve correlação positiva com VHS (r = 0,23, p < 0,001). Durante o primeiro e o segundo mês de tratamento, a negativação da baciloscopia foi menos frequente nos pacientes com comprometimento bilateral do que naqueles com comprometimento unilateral (p < 0,001 e p = 0,002 para os meses 1 e 2, respectivamente). A extensão da doença não se correlacionou com idade, duração dos sintomas, contato com paciente com tuberculose ativa e diabetes concomitante, mas sim com a recuperação bacteriológica atrasada. CONCLUSÕES: Radiografias de tórax e bacteriologia são ferramentas valiosas na avaliação de tuberculose pulmonar
Pesquisa de IgA contra o antígeno recombinante HspX de Mycobacterium tuberculosis no diagnóstico de tuberculose pleural
Authors: Limongi Loanda Carvalho Sant' Ana , Olival Liliane , Conde Marcus Barreto , Junqueira-Kipnis Ana Paula
Published: July 2011

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a acurácia da dosagem de IgA contra o antígeno recombinante HspX no líquido pleural e no soro de pacientes com derrame pleural para o diagnóstico de tuberculose pleural. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de teste diagnóstico. Amostras de líquido pleural e de soro de pacientes com derrame pleural e suspeita de tuberculose pleural foram avaliadas para a determinação da densidade óptica de IgA contra HspX utilizando ELISA indireto. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliadas amostras de líquido pleural e de soro de 132 pacientes: 97 com tuberculose pleural (grupo de estudo) e 35 com derrame pleural por outras causas (grupo controle). A dosagem de IgA em líquido pleural foi capaz de discriminar os pacientes com tuberculose pleural dos controles. A sensibilidade do teste em líquido pleural e em soro foi, respectivamente, de 69% e 30%, enquanto a especificidade foi de 83% e 84%, respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: Os dados sugerem o potencial da utilização deste teste no diagnóstico de tuberculose pleural. Estudos com amostras maiores e em diferentes cenários epidemiológicos são necessários
Prevalência e gravidade de asma brônquica em adultos obesos com indicação de cirurgia bariátrica
Authors: Melo Saulo Maia Davila , Melo Valdinaldo Aragão de , Menezes Filho Raimundo Sotero de , Alves Júnior Antônio J
Published: July 2011

OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência de asma em um grupo de adultos obesos, candidatos a cirurgia bariátrica e avaliar a gravidade da asma neste grupo de pacientes. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, envolvendo 363 pacientes obesos adultos (índice de massa corpórea > 35 kg/m²) avaliados por um médico pneumologista, utilizando a avaliação clínica como instrumento diagnóstico de asma. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos à avaliação clínica e espirometria e foram divididos em dois grupos (asma e controle). Os pacientes com asma foram classificados conforme a gravidade da doença. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de asma na população de obesos estudada foi de 18,5% (IC95%: 14,5-22,4). Essa prevalência nas mulheres e nos homens foi de 20,4% (IC95%: 16,2-24,5) e 13,7% (IC95%: 10,1-17,2), respectivamente. Havia sintomas de asma nos últimos doze meses em 8,0% (IC95%: 5,2-10,7), e houve manifestação inicial dos sintomas de asma na infância/adolescência em 17,4% (IC95%: 13,5-21,3). No grupo asma, asma intermitente estava presente em 29 pacientes (43,3%); asma persistente leve, em 7 (10,4%); asma moderada, em 25 (37,3%); e asma persistente grave, em 6 (9,0%). CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de asma neste grupo de adultos obesos, utilizando-se a avaliação clínica como critério diagnóstico, mostrou-se elevada, com predomínio no sexo feminino e com manifestação inicial dos sintomas de asma na infância/adolescência. A gravidade da asma neste grupo de obesos adultos esteve entre os valores médios estimados para a população geral, com uma maior proporção de asma intermitente, asma persistente leve e asma persistente moderada
Exacerbação aguda da DPOC: mortalidade e estado funcional dois anos após a alta da UTI
Authors: Teixeira Cassiano , Cabral Cláudia da Rocha , Hass Jaqueline Sangiogo , Oliveira Roselaine Pinheiro de , Vargas Mara Ambrosina de Oliveira , Freitas Ana Paula da Rocha , Fleig Alessandra Hofstadler Deiques , Treptow Erika Cristine , Rizzotto Márcia Inês Boff
Published: July 2011

OBJETIVO: Determinar a taxa de mortalidade de pacientes com DPOC e avaliar o estado funcional dos sobreviventes dois anos após a alta da UTI. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte prospectiva realizada nas UTIs de dois hospitais na cidade de Porto Alegre (RS) com pacientes com exacerbação aguda de DPOC e internados em UTI entre julho de 2005 e julho de 2006. Dois anos após a alta, os sobreviventes foram entrevistados via telefone. Os dados obtidos foram utilizados na determinação dos escores da escala de Karnofsky e de uma escala de atividades de vida diária (AVD). RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 231 pacientes. A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 37,7% e a mortalidade extra-hospitalar foi de 30,3%. Dos 74 sobreviventes, foram entrevistados 66 (89%). A média de idade dos pacientes no momento da internação na UTI era de 74 ± 10 anos e a do escore Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II era de 18 ± 7. Tinham duas ou mais comorbidades 87,8% dos pacientes. Dos 66 entrevistados, 57 (86,3%) viviam em suas casas, 58 (87,8%) eram capazes de realizar seu autocuidado, 12 (18,1%) utilizavam oxigenoterapia, e 4 (6,1%) necessitavam suporte ventilatório. Houve uma significante redução na qualidade de vida e na autonomia, segundo os escores da escala de Karnofsky (85 ± 9 vs. 79 ± 11; p = 0,03) e de AVD (29 ± 5 vs. 25 ± 7; p = 0,01), respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: A mortalidade desta amostra de pacientes foi muito elevada nos primeiros dois anos. Embora houvesse evidente redução do estado funcional dos sobreviventes, os mesmos preservaram a capacidade de realizar seu autocuidado
Composição celular do escarro induzido em adultos saudáveis
Authors: Veras Tiago Neves , Pizzichini Emilio , Steidle Leila John Marques , Rocha Cristiane Cinara , Moritz Pablo , Pizzichini Márcia Margarete Menezes
Published: July 2011

OBJETIVO: Estabelecer valores de referência para a celularidade de amostras de escarro induzido coletadas de indivíduos adultos saudáveis. MÉTODOS: O escarro induzido foi obtido de 88 adultos saudáveis que nunca fumaram (39 homens) com média de idade de 36 anos (variação: 18-68 anos) residentes há pelo menos dois anos em Florianópolis, uma cidade brasileira não industrial e de tamanho médio. As amostras foram processadas, e foi realizada a contagem total e diferencial das células. RESULTADOS: A média da contagem celular total foi de 4,8 ± 4,2 × 10(6) células/g. Houve predomínio de macrófagos (média de 77,5 ± 14,7%) e de neutrófilos (média de 23,4 ± 14,3%). Os eosinófilos estiveram virtualmente ausentes (média de 0,1 ± 0,3%). A proporção de linfócitos e de células broncoepiteliais foi pequena. Não houve efeito da idade ou de atopia sobre a contagem celular total ou diferencial. CONCLUSÕES: Nesta população de indivíduos saudáveis, macrófagos e neutrófilos foram as células predominantes no escarro induzido. Contudo, a proporção de neutrófilos foi inferior à previamente relatada, sugerindo que os valores de normalidade podem variar de acordo com o local onde ele é amostrado
Tabagismo em universitários de ciências da saúde: prevalência e conhecimento
Authors: Botelho Clovis , Silva Ana Maura Pereira da , Melo Claudia Duarte
Published: July 2011

OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência de tabagismo e o nível de conhecimento acerca do tabagismo entre estudantes universitários da área de saúde. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal. Um questionário estruturado e autoadministrado foi respondido em sala de aula por universitários do último ano dos cursos da saúde de Cuiabá e Várzea Grande (MT). Foram avaliados alunos de uma universidade pública e de duas universidades particulares. Cinco variáveis foram analisadas: idade, sexo, curso de graduação, status tabágico e noções sobre o tabagismo. A variável "conhecimento" foi dividida em cinco partes: tabagismo como doença; tabagismo e nicotina como causa de dependência; treinamento específico sobre tabagismo; fatores dificultadores da cessação tabágica; e formas de tratamento do tabagismo. Os últimos dois itens somente foram respondidos pelos alunos dos cursos de medicina. RESULTADOS: A prevalência do tabagismo variou de 9,3% na universidade pública a 21,1% em uma das universidades particulares. Aproximadamente 30% dos entrevistados não souberam identificar a nicotina como causadora da dependência, 20,8% não consideravam o tabagismo como doença, e 47,2% responderam não terem recebido nenhum treinamento sobre o tabagismo. Os alunos de medicina da universidade pública mostraram maior conhecimento sobre as diversas formas de tratamento do tabagismo. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência do tabagismo entre os universitários estudados foi alta. O conhecimento sobre tabagismo foi deficitário, o que poderia refletir uma inadequação da grade curricular dos cursos dessas universidades
O papel dos exames de imagem na avaliação da circulação pulmonar
Authors: Hovnanian André , Menezes Eduardo , Hoette Susana , Jardim Carlos , Jasinowodolinski Dany , Souza Rogério
Published: July 2011

O conhecimento sobre a estrutura e a função da circulação pulmonar evoluiu sensivelmente nas últimas décadas. A utilização de exames de imagem não invasivos para a avaliação da anatomia e da função dos vasos pulmonares e do coração ganhou ainda mais importância com o advento de tratamentos até então indisponíveis. Além do auxílio para o diagnóstico, as informações obtidas têm se mostrado fundamentais para o estabelecimento de prognósticos e como parâmetro de sucesso dos tratamentos. A presente revisão discute os diversos métodos que podem ser utilizados para a avaliação da circulação pulmonar por imagens existentes nos dias de hoje, desde técnicas amplamente disponíveis e de relativa baixa complexidade técnica, como a radiografia de tórax, até métodos complexos e promissores, como a tomografia de impedância elétrica
Environmental Effects on the Relative Competitive Ability of Canola and Small-Grain Cereals in a Direct-Seeded System
Authors: Harker K. Neil , O'Donovan John T. , Blackshaw Robert E. , Johnson Eric N. , Holm Frederick A. , Clayton George W.
Published: July 2011

Growing crops that exhibit a high level of competition with weeds increases opportunities to practice integrated weed management and reduce herbicide inputs. The recent development and market dominance of hybrid canola cultivars provides an opportunity to reassess the relative competitive ability of canola cultivars with small-grain cereals. Direct-seeded (no-till) experiments were conducted at five western Canada locations from 2006 to 2008 to compare the competitive ability of canola cultivars vs. small-grain cereals. The relative competitive ability of the species and cultivars was determined by assessing monocot and dicot weed biomass at different times throughout the growing season as well as oat (simulated weed) seed production. Under most conditions, but especially under warm and relatively dry environments, barley cultivars had the greatest relative competitive ability. Rye and triticale were also highly competitive species under most environmental conditions. Canada Prairie Spring Red wheat and Canada Western Red Spring wheat cultivars usually were the least competitive cereal crops, but there were exceptions in some environments. Canola hybrids were more competitive than open-pollinated canola cultivars. More importantly, under cool, low growing degree day conditions, canola hybrids were as competitive as barley, especially with dicot weeds. Under most conditions, hybrid canola growers on the Canadian Prairies are well advised to avoid the additional selection pressure inherent with a second in-crop herbicide application. Combining competitive cultivars of any species with optimal agronomic practices that facilitate crop health will enhance cropping system sustainability and allow growers to extend the life of their valuable herbicide tools.
Predicted Soybean Yield Loss As Affected by Emergence Time of Mixed-Species Weed Communities
Authors: Jeschke Mark R. , Stoltenberg David E. , Kegode George O. , Sprague Christy L. , Knezevic Stevan Z. , Hock Shawn M. , Johnson Gregg A.
Published: July 2011

Potential crop yield loss due to early-season weed competition is an important risk associated with postemergence weed management programs. WeedSOFT is a weed management decision support system that has the potential to greatly reduce such risk. Previous research has shown that weed emergence time can greatly affect the accuracy of corn yield loss predictions by WeedSOFT, but our understanding of its predictive accuracy for soybean yield loss as affected by weed emergence time is limited. We conducted experiments at several sites across the Midwestern United States to assess accuracy of WeedSOFT predictions of soybean yield loss associated with mixed-species weed communities established at emergence (VE), cotyledon (VC), first-node (V1), or third-node (V3) soybean. Weed communities across research sites consisted mostly of annual grass species and moderately competitive annual broadleaf species. Soybean yield loss occurred in seven of nine site-years for weed communities established at VE soybean, four site-years for weed communities established at VC soybean, and one site-year for weed communities established at V1 soybean. No soybean yield loss was associated with weed communities established at the V3 stage. Nonlinear regression analyses of predicted and observed soybean yield data pooled over site-years showed that predicted yields were less than observed yields at all soybean growth stages, indicating overestimation of soybean yield loss. Pearson correlation analyses indicated that yield loss functions overestimated the competitive ability of high densities of giant and yellow foxtail with soybean, indicating that adjustments to competitive index values or yield loss function parameters for these species may improve soybean yield loss prediction accuracy and increase the usefulness of WeedSOFT as a weed management decision support system.
Multiple Resistance in Palmer Amaranth to Glyphosate and Pyrithiobac Confirmed in Georgia
Authors: Sosnoskie Lynn M. , Kichler Jeremy M. , Wallace Rebekah D. , Culpepper A. Stanley
Published: July 2011

In 2006, Palmer amaranth with confirmed resistance to glyphosate (GLY-R) was not controlled effectively in cotton with pyrithiobac, an acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicide. Glyphosate at 870 g ae ha−1or pyrithiobac at 70 g ai ha−1applied postemergence provided 5 to 28% control of a putative GLY/ALS-R Palmer amaranth biotype in the field. Glyphosate at 6,930 g ha−1and pyrithiobac at 420 g ha−1applied alone provided no more than 89 and 65% control 1 to 8 wk after treatment (WAT), respectively. When applied as a tank mixture, glyphosate plus pyrithiobac at 870 + 70 g ha−1provided between 16 and 41% control; glyphosate plus pyrithiobac at 6,930 + 420 g ha−1controlled the Palmer amaranth in the field 89 to 95%. Dose-response analyses developed from greenhouse data indicated that the estimated glyphosate rates required to produce 50% injury and reduce plant fresh weights by 50% relative to the nontreated control in a suspected GLY/ALS-R Palmer amaranth biotype were 12 and 14 times greater, respectively, than the estimated values for the susceptible (S) biotype. The predicted pyrithiobac rates required to produce the same responses in the putative resistant population were 151 (50% injury) and 563 times (50% fresh weight reduction) greater than the estimated rates for the S biotype. Field and greenhouse analyses confirm that the Palmer amaranth biotype evaluated in both studies is resistant to glyphosate and an ALS-inhibiting herbicide.
Modeling of Glyphosate Application Timing in Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean
Authors: Sartorato Ivan , Berti Antonio , Zanin Giuseppe , Dunan Claudio M.
Published: July 2011

The introduction of herbicide-resistant crops and postemergence herbicides with a wide action spectrum shifted the research focus from how to when crops should be treated. To maximize net return of herbicide applications, the evolution of weed–crop competition over time must be considered and its effects quantified. A model for predicting the yield trend in relation to weed removal time, considering emergence dynamics and density, was tested on data from glyphosate-resistant soybean grown in cropping systems in Italy and Argentina. Despite an ample variation of weed emergence dynamics and weed load in the four trials, the model satisfactorily predicted yield loss evolution. The estimated optimum time for weed control (OTWC) varied from about 18 d after soybean emergence in Argentina to 20 to 23 d in Italy, with time windows for spraying ranging from 14 to 28 d. Within these limits a single glyphosate application ensures good weed control at low cost and avoids side effects like the more probable unfavorable weed flora evolution with double applications and the presence of residues in grains. Despite the apparent simplicity of weed control based on nonselective herbicides, the study outlines that many variables have to be considered to optimize weed management, particularly for the time evolution of the infestation and, subsequently, a proper timing of herbicide application.
Shade Avoidance Influences Stress Tolerance in Maize
Authors: Page Eric R. , Liu Weidong , Cerrudo Diego , Lee Elizabeth A. , Swanton Clarence J.
Published: July 2011

Previous studies have suggested that the reduction in the root/shoot ratio that accompanies the shade avoidance response may reduce the tolerance of individuals to subsequent nutrient or moisture limitations. In this work, we examined the impact of the shade avoidance response on maize seedling growth and development and the response of these plants to a subsequent abiotic stress. Seedlings were grown in a field fertigation system under two light quality environments, ambient and a low red to far-red ratio, which were designed to simulate weed-free and weedy conditions, respectively. This system also enabled the controlled restriction of water and nutrients, which reduced the relative growth rate of the crop and created a secondary stress. Results of this study indicate that, while the shade avoidance response did reduce the root/shoot ratio in maize, this effect did not reduce plant tolerance to subsequent abiotic stress. Rather, the apparent additivity or synergism of shade avoidance and the secondary stressor on yield loss depended on whether the net effect of these two stressors was sufficiently large to shift the population toward the point where reproductive allometry was broken.
Galegine Content in Goatsrue (Galega officinalis) Varies by Plant Part and Phenological Growth Stage
Authors: Oldham Michelle , Ransom Corey V. , Ralphs Michael H. , Gardner Dale R.
Published: July 2011

Goatsrue is a member of the Fabaceae family, native to Europe and western Asia. It contains the toxic alkaloid galegine. The objective of the study was to describe galegine concentration in aboveground goatsrue plant parts and total galegine pools over phenological growth stages. Twenty goatsrue plants at four locations were selected and a stalk was harvested from each at five stages of phenological development and separated into parts. Plant parts were freeze-dried, ground, and analyzed with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Galegine concentration was significantly different in plant tissues; reproductive tissues had the highest levels of galegine (7 mg g−1), followed by leaf (4 mg g−1) and finally stem (1 mg g−1) tissues. Galegine concentration and pools varied over plant tissues and phenological growth stages. Galegine pools (dry weight by concentration) or the total amount of galegine per stalk were lowest at the vegetative growth stage (2 mg stalk−1) and increased until reaching a maximum at the immature pod stage (91 mg stalk−1). The pools decreased nearly in half (48 mg stalk−1) by the mature seed stage. Like galegine pools, galegine concentration also reached a maximum at the immature pod stage (4 mg g−1), and decreased by nearly half by the mature seed stage (2 mg g−1). The increased levels of galegine pools at immature pod stage corresponds with the time of meadow hay harvest, implying that goatsrue is potentially most toxic at the phenological stage when it is likely to be harvested as a contaminant in meadow hay.
Glyphosate-Resistant Italian Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) Populations also Exhibit Resistance to Glufosinate
Authors: Avila-Garcia Wilson V. , Mallory-Smith Carol
Published: July 2011

Resistance to glufosinate has been confirmed in glyphosate-resistant Italian ryegrass populations collected in hazelnut orchards in Oregon. Dose–response, ammonia accumulation, and enzyme activity studies were conducted to test the sensitivity of three glyphosate-resistant and three susceptible Italian ryegrass populations to glufosinate. The glufosinate rates required to reduce the growth by 50% (GR50) were 0.15, 0.18, and 0.21 for the control populations C1, C2, and C3, respectively, whereas for the resistant populations OR1, OR2, and OR3, the GR50values were 0.49, 0.42, and 0.40 kg ai ha−1, respectively, exhibiting an average resistance index of 2.4. The same trend was observed in ammonia accumulation studies between 48 and 96 h after glufosinate treatment where the susceptible populations accumulated on average two times more ammonia than the resistant populations. The glufosinate concentration required to reduce the glutamine synthetase enzyme activity by 50% (I50) was not different for the resistant and susceptible populations. TheI50s ranged from 3.1 to 3.6 µM for the resistant populations and from 3.7 to 4.3 µM for the susceptible populations; therefore, an insensitive target site is not responsible for the glufosinate resistance.
Tremadocian (Lower Ordovician) sea-level changes and biotas on the Avalon microcontinent
Authors: Landing ED , Fortey Richard A.
Published: July 2011

The Chesley Drive Group, an Upper Cambrian-Lower Ordovician mudstone-dominated unit, is part of the Ediacaran–Ordovician cover sequence on the North American part of the Avalon microcontinent. The upper Chesley Drive Group on McLeod Brook, Cape Breton Island (previously “McLeod Brook Formation”), has two lithofacies-specific Tremadocian biotas. An older low-diversity benthic assemblage (shallow burrowers,Bathysiphon, phosphatic brachiopods, asaphid trilobites) is in lower upper Tremadocian green-gray mudstone. This wave-influenced, slightly dysoxic facies hasBathysiphon–brachiopod shell lags in ripple troughs. The upper fauna (ca. 483 +/- 1 Ma) is in dysoxic-anoxic (d-a), unburrowed, dark gray-black, upper upper (but not uppermost) Tremadocian mudstone with a “mass kill” of the olenidPeltocare rotundifrons(Matthew)—a provincial trilobite in Avalonian North America that likely tolerated low oxygen bottom waters.Scandodus avalonensisLanding n. sp. andLagenochitinaaff.conifundus(Poumot), probable nektic elements and the first upper Tremadocian conodont and chitinozoan reported from Avalon, occur in diagenetic calcareous nodules in the dark gray-black mudstone. An upper Tremadocian transition from lower greenish to upper black mudstone is not exposed on McLeod Brook, but is comparable to a coeval green-black mudstone transition in Avalonian England. The successions suggest that late late Tremadocian (probable Baltic Hunnebergian Age) sea level was higher in Avalon than is suggested from successions on other paleocontinents. The Tremadocian sea-level history of Avalon was a shoaling-deepening-shoaling sequence from d-a black mudstone (lower Tremadocian), to dysoxic green mudstone (lower upper Tremadocian), and back to black mudstone (upper upper Tremadocian).

ScandodusLindström is emended, with the early speciesS. avalonensisLanding n. sp. assigned to the emended Family Protopanderodontidae.TriangulodusVan Wamel is considered a junior synonym ofScandodus. Peltocare rotundifronsis emended on the basis of complete specimens.
Cranial anatomy and phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic turtleCompsemys victaLeidy, 1856
Authors: Lyson Tyler R. , Joyce Walter G.
Published: July 2011

The skull of the enigmatic turtleCompsemys victaLeidy, 1856 is described. A number of unique characteristics are apparent, including the extremely thick nature of all cranial bones, the presence of rod-like epipterygoids, placement of the foramen posterius canalis carotici interni halfway along the contact between the pterygoid and basisphenoid, lack of cheek emarginations, and the reduction of the size of the cavum tympani relative to the orbit. Two differing global turtle analyses and one paracryptodiran analysis were performed to determine the phylogenetic placement ofC. victa.Both global analyses converged by placingC. victawithin Paracryptodira, herein defined as the most inclusive clade that includesPleurosternon bullockiiandBaena arenosa, but no species of living turtle, whereas the paracryptodiran analysis placesC. victaoutside of Baenoidea, herein defined as the least inclusive clade that containsP. bullockiiandB. arenosa.Although a number of similarities are apparent betweenC. victaand the uncommon, extant testudinoidPlatysternon megacephalum, the available data indicate that these similarities are convergent, likely due to their carnivorous diet. Taphonomic evidence reveals that basal paracryptodires, includingC. victa, preferred slow moving or ponded water environments. The riverine habitat preference of baenodds must therefore be derived.