bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uplifting Slide Bearing (1) －Characterization of Dynamic Properties－
Authors: Igarashi Akira , Takahashi Tempei , Adachi Yukio , Uno Hiroshige , Kato Yoshihisa , Shinohara Masatsugu , Sato Tomoaki
Published: October 2011

The Uplifting Slide Bearing is developed as a seismic response control device for multi-span continuous girder bridges; the idea of the proposed device is represented by the use of combination of horizontal and inclined sliding surfaces in the sliding bearings, and can be used as a feasible and cost-effective solution to the problem of increased sizes of expansion joints for seismic design of the bridges of this type in urbanized areas for strong earthquakes, by reducing expected girder displacements in the event of strong earthquakes, while the problem of thermal expansion and contraction of the girders is effectively circumvented. The fundamental dynamic behaviour and effectiveness of the Uplifting Slide Bearing installed to bridges are investigated based on the energy principles of dynamics of structural systems involving the concept of kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy, and numerical seismic response analysis using simplified and bridge models.

Evaluation of seismic response and design principles to achieve the target seismic performance of bridge structures with the use of the proposed device is discussed.
Developing 5D System Connecting Cost, Schedule and 3D Model
Authors: Kim Hando , Benghi Claudio , Dawood Nashwan , Jung Doyoung , Kim Jaehong , Baek Yeongin
Published: October 2011

A recent topic, BIM could be considered as an effort to integrate all the information. So far, the integration of cost and schedule data has been done successfully as there is a good case of EVMS in order to synthesize those data. There have been many efforts to develop a 5D system that integrates cost, schedule data and a 3D model, but its technology is so difficult that few have succeeded. The 5D system will have many advantages once it is made: The visualization of schedule data and verification of cost in real time are possible and the future cost and schedule can be expected accurately. Especially, in case of an atypical structure the clash of members and errors of drawings which are hard to find in 2D drawings can be detected and corrected in a 3D model. This paper presents the methodology and results to develop a 5D system with the integrated cost and schedule data from EVMS, and a 3D model of the 2nd Geumgang Bridge within nD-CCIR, a 5D system developed in the UK.
Methodology to determine financial needs of river structures
Authors: Adey Bryan T. , Hajdin Rade
Published: October 2011

In this paper a general methodology is given that can be used to determine the lowest cost intervention strategies of river structures with respect to gradual deterioration processes, their financial needs and the consequences if they are not followed. An example is used to illustrate the type of results possible using this methodology with normally existing data. The methodology is similar to those used in state-of-the-art bridge management systems but is adapted to take into consideration special aspects related to river structures, such as that a river section is composed of multiple river structures and that an intervention performed on a river section normally includes interventions on multiple structures within a section.
Structural identification of bridges: Monitoring, Maintenance and Repair
Authors: Comisu Cristian-Claudiu , Boacâ Gheorghita
Published: October 2011

The use of system identification (SI) for deterioration modelling of damage and prediction of service life of large structures like bridges for environmentally constrained and urbanized areas, has received considerable attention in recent years. System identification can be described as the process of deducing or updating structural parameters based on dynamic input and output (I/O) measurements, or in some cases solely based on output measurements. The structural parameters of concern could be stiffness, damping or modal parameters. Based on the change of structural parameters, the condition of structure of bridge can be monitored.
Knowledge-based Expert System for Strengthening Measures of Road Bridges
Authors: Karakas Alexander , Hegger Josef
Published: October 2011

In this paper the conception of a knowledge-based expert system (XPS) for the “Systematic Strengthening of Concrete Road Bridges” is presented. Subsequently, it is defined how the XPS should be designed to support the German authorities in planning and accomplishing strengthening measures for concrete bridges in technological and economical aspects more efficiently.
Maintenance of Important Infrastructures – Objectives and Strategies
Authors: Dette Grischa , Sigrist Viktor
Published: October 2011

Infrastructures have to meet certain requirements during their service life in order to fulfil particular economical and societal needs. These requirements can be categorized into four groups: proper functioning, economy, society & culture and environment. However, until today investigations on the selection of maintenance strategies are primarily cost-oriented. Maintenance strategies de- veloped on the basis of such investigations do not necessarily lead to an optimal solution with re- gards to requirements other than economic efficiency. This paper deals with the necessary frame- work for an appropriate selection of maintenance strategies for infrastructures. A simulation proce- dure is presented which allows for the development and examination of maintenance strategies with regard to different maintenance objectives. The procedure uses Monte Carlo simulation technique and takes into account data in relation to the structural properties, possible deterioration mechanisms, the effect of maintenance measures and the costs.
Shear buckling resistance of non-uniform thickness bridge girder webs
Authors: Möller Mikael , Collin Peter
Published: October 2011

In very large steel bridge girders, the web often must be composed of more than one plate strip. As an alternative to longitudinal stiffeners of a slender web of uniform thickness, the bottom web plate strip my be designed as a vertical extension of the bottom flange – thicker than the upper web strip. A thicker bottom web strip enhances both the shear buckling resistance of the web and the bending moment resistance of the cross-section. The magnitude of these beneficial effects are adressed in this article. Moreover, the effect on the shear-bending resistance interaction is investigated. Non- linear finite element simulation is conducted and comparison to the predictions of the EC 3 is made.
Fiber Reinforced Polymer Confinement of Bridge Columns Suffering from Premature Bars’ Buckling – Strength empirical model
Authors: Rousakis Theodoros , Karabinis Athanasios
Published: October 2011

A critical review of the anti-buckling strengthening design procedures of the bars of existing reinforced concrete (RC) columns through fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) confinement is presented. Furthermore, the results of a parametric analytical study, performed by the authors, using finite element method for old-type existing columns with optional steel bars’ buckling under compression are utilized in order to propose an upgraded empirical strength model. The parametric study involved column models constructed with three-dimensional finite elements for concrete and steel incorporating plasticity theory and laminas for FRP jacket elastic response. After elaboration of the parametric finite element analyses of characteristic RC columns, the effect of the existing bars’

yield strength on the behaviour of FRP strengthened columns is evaluated covering all qualities of steel met in existing columns. Finally a strength model sensitive to bars’ quality is proposed for the design of RC columns confined by FRP jackets, that requires no estimation of the effective failure strain of the FRP jacket, as it was found strongly related to the axial rigidity of the confining FRP device and the strength enhancement of the concrete core. The model is compared against an extensive database of experimental results. The proposed model provides remarkably accurate strength prediction results for the abovementioned strengthening applications.
Optimized Design for Soil-Pile Interaction and Abutment Size of Integral Abutment Bridges
Authors: Briseghella Bruno , Lan Cheng , Zordan Tobia
Published: October 2011

In the last few years, the integral abutment bridge (IAB) concept has become quite common. It is, incidentally, not a newly developed concept, its formulation dating back at least to the 1930s, in order to deal with long-term structural problems frequently occurring with conventional bridge design. At present, the IAB concept is generating considerable interest among bridge engineers because of the enormous benefits due to elimination of expansive joints and reduced installation and maintenance costs. The superstructure of integral abutment bridges is made continuous through a composite cast-in-place concrete deck slab over prestressed concrete or steel girders and continuity diaphragms, and the system constituted by the sub- and the super-structure acts as a single structural unit.

A usual and important problem in the design of IABs is how to deal with the soil-structure interaction behind the abutments or next to the foundation piles: this can be considered as a fundamental aspect for the thorough understanding of this type of structures, which requires iterative and nonlinear analysis. In this paper, a 2D simplified finite-element model of a real 400 meters long IAB, built in the Province of Verona-Italy, will be implemented and used to perform non linear analysis on the bridge. Then, based on the results obtained from a parametric study on the IAB, the analysis of effects of soil-pile interaction and the abutment size will be carried out to find out the relative key parameters in IABs design.
Bond-slip modeling in long anchorage condition
Authors: Mazzarolo Enrico , Scotta Roberto , Berto Luisa , Saetta Anna
Published: October 2011

In this article a new bond-slip relationship is proposed, which allows for numerical simulation of interaction phenomena between highly stressed reinforcement and surrounding concrete, keeping into account real anchorage conditions of rebars into concrete elements.

Most part of experimental tests performed through the years for investigating such aspect are characterized by limited anchorage length which allow both tested steel rebars to remain into elastic field and tangential stresses to be approximated as constant. On the contrary real anchorage conditions are often such to assure yielding before slippage: in such a condition the reduction of the section area of bar due to the Poisson’s effect, plays a key role in drastically reducing maximum tangential stress which can be transferred, not only in the plastic field when the Poisson coefficient is maximum, but also when the rebar is still elastic, as shown by some reference experimental pull- out tests. The proposed bond-slip expression, alternative to classical “short length” bond relations, keep into account such phenomena.

Finite elements simulation of deep anchorage pull-out experimental tests have been used for testing the proposed relation. Results from experimental tests on squat beams and a beam-column joint highly affected from the bond behaviour of longitudinal reinforcement, have been compared for validation and the accuracy of the proposed relation have been demonstrated.
Static and Dynamic Friction in Curved Surface Sliders
Authors: Braun Christian , Butz Christiane
Published: October 2011

A seismic isolator shall be capable to transmit vertical loads, to decouple the prevailing mass from ground motions, to provide sufficient restoring force, energy dissipation and adequate functionality under service loads and movements. In case of curved surface sliders the friction between the main sliding surfaces is crucial for most of the fundamental requirements listed above. The quasi static coefficient of friction is the significant parameter for the determination of restoring forces due to movements under service conditions. The dynamic coefficient of friction is decisive for energy dissipation and restoring capability during a seismic event. Both these coefficients have to be determined in separate test procedures given in standards EN 1337-2 and EN 15129. This paper gives an overview of the state of the art comparing the European and American design rules.
The new Fornello viaduct: method of seismically strengthening the piers and replacing the deck without interrupting traffic
Authors: Di Marco Roberto , Mele Michele
Published: October 2011

The old Fornello viaduct, on the Orte to Ravenna state highway in northern Italy, consisted of two parallel precast concrete bridges, one running in each direction; either bridge has a central span of approximately 115,0m and two lateral spans of 53,0m, and rests on two piers about 33m and 18m high. The high deformability of the deck determined discontinuities in the vertical alignments at mid-span due to permanent loads and vibration phenomena caused by live loads; this created serious traffic problems. Static strengthening was also required to meet new seismic requirements.

This paper reports on the solutions adopted, focussing on the ways in which the new requirements of strength and serviceability were addressed, particularly with respect to durability and the relationships between the new structures and the setting, which is a landscape of special value.
Structural Art and Aesthetics of Architecture at Impressive Mega-Stations
Authors: Maria KIDO Ewa
Published: October 2011

The paper describes structural art and aesthetics of distinguished large railways stations that has been built or are still under development as a part of the re-urbanization of large cities and as a highlights of “Station Renaissance” trend. Three mega-stations – Berlin Hauptbahnhof, St Pancras and Tokyo station are examples of aesthetic stations that have qualities of structural art.
Tensegrity Bridge with Prestressed Deck
Authors: Briseghella Bruno , Fenu Luigi , Huang Wenjin , Zordan Tobia
Published: October 2011

In this paper, structural analysis and design of a tensegrity bridge with prestressed deck is introduced. As a matter of fact, cable pretension results in prestressing of the deck. Nonlinear geometric effects, key load cases, influence of main cable’s rise and modal analysis of this type of structure is studied by finite element. The structural behaviour of the tensegrity bridge appears to be suitable for footbridges, although peculiar with respect to traditional ones. Some suggestions about structural design, material properties and structural behaviour are summarized.
Structural - Architectural Approach to Bridge Design
Authors: Radić Jure , Kušter Marija , Kincl Branko
Published: October 2011

Serving to community, they are often exposed to public judgement, especially city bridges, which are continuously seen by many viewers on the bridge and from the different angles in urban setting. Therefore, it is necessary to design not only reliable, durable and economical bridges, but also aesthetically pleasant structures. To design the bridge as a new city landmark, which meets the requirements of large traffic volumes of vehicles and light urban railway as well as intensive but comfortable pedestrian transport, a new approach to bridge design is required.

Structural-architectural approach, illustrated by beautiful bridges, which harmoniously fit into the urban environment on decent (Trogir Bridge) or representative (new bridges in Zagreb) way, designed by Bridge Division at Faculty of Civil Engineering - University of Zagreb, will be shown in this paper. Respecting the known aesthetics values, for Bundek Bridge a unique structure is formed, which is already applied in the new airport terminal design, but it can be also transformed for other future landmark buildings, e.g. central metro station, as a modern style of the 21st century Croatian capital.
Third Millennium Bridge over the Ebro River. Zaragoza. Spain
Authors: Arenas de Pablo Juan José , Capellán Guillermo , Beade Hector , Martínez Javier
Published: October 2011

The way followed from conception to construction of this high strength white concrete arch bridge, an urban 216 m span bow-string arch bridge, is described in this paper. The approach to the city needs, the choice of type and material, the geometric design, the structural solution, the specific studies developed, and the bridge construction, are all explained to show how this outstanding and challenging structure takes bridge design and engineering one step beyond.

The experience of Arenas & Asociados and Dr. J.J. Arenas as its main responsible, as authors of the project and construction managers in construction site is summarized in this article on this challenging structure which has been recently awarded with the Gustave Magnel Golden Medal 2004-2008.
Approach for the life-cycle management of structures including durability analysis, shm and maintenance planning
Authors: Furtner Peter , Veit-Egerer Robert
Published: October 2011

A tailor-made model was developed, which utilizes state-of-the-art information from literature as well as VCE’s experience gained in the course of performing bridge monitoring and bridge inspection worldwide. This knowledge has been incorporated into the assessment procedure that is described in this paper.

Probabilistic methods are used for the service life calculations of the whole structure as well as for individual structural members. The reason is to cover occurring uncertainties which have to be also implemented into the established maintenance plan in terms of lower & upper bounds of life expectancy. The starting point of the bridge’s service life – in terms of the safety level – is according to the initial over design and depends on the applied design code and certain safety consideration in the course of the static calculations.

This paper describes the developed methodology using the example of an urban highway extension project with more than 100 existing and new bridges.
Dynamic measurement on stay-cables using microwave interferometry
Authors: Gentile Carmelo
Published: October 2011

The paper addresses the application of microwave remote sensing to the measurement of the vibration response in the stay-cables of cable-stayed bridges. The investigation clearly highlights the simplicity of use of the radar technique (especially when compared with conventional approaches), its effectiveness to simultaneously measuring the dynamic response of all the stay- cables of an array, and the accuracy of the results in terms of natural frequencies and tension forces.
Prioritization Strategy for Replacing Florida’s Deck Panel Bridges
Authors: Gualtero Ivan , Sen Rajan , Pai Niranjan , Alvi Atiq , Mullins Gray
Published: October 2011

Precast deck panel bridges were first used in the construction of highway bridges in Illinois in the early 1950’s. This type of construction offers significant economies; the stay-in-place (SIP) panel combined with a cast-in-place (CIP) topping can considerably reduce construction time as field forming is only needed for the exterior girder overhangs. Florida has approximately 200 precast deck panel bridges. Despite successful performance in other states, precast deck panel bridges have a long history of premature deterioration in Florida that has led to excessive maintenance and impacts to the traveling public. A program is underway to systematically replace selected deck panel bridges. During the replacement of these bridges the opportunity was taken to conduct on-site investigations on bridges that were in different states of disrepair. This paper provides an overview of the research project.
A Proposed Live Load Model for Bridge Design in Venezuela
Authors: Fargier G. Luis B.
Published: October 2011

Information collected from Weight In Motion (WIM) studies conducted in Venezuela indicate the presence of very heavy trucks that produce shears and bending moments significantly larger than those specified by the AASHTO-LRFD and AASHTO-Standard specifications for Bridge design, which are commonly used in Venezuela. In this investigation the WIM recorded data is plotted on the normal-probability paper to facilitate statistical interpretations. The cumulative distribution functions of moments and shears serve to extrapolate results and anticipate design forces up to 75 years for a typical 3 meters-wide design lane. Extrapolations indicate the need to amplify the design shear Vu, LRFD and moment Mu, LRFD at ultimate as calculated as per the LRFD Specification to match the predicted demands. Such amplification can be achieved by multiplying Vu, LRFD by 4/3 and Mu, LRFD by the factor (1.30+60/L2) where L is the span length in meters.
Compression Performance of Non-dispersible Concrete Columns
Authors: Zhong Wei-Qiu , Gang Ming-Shu , Ren Hui-Tao
Published: October 2011

A large number of non-dispersible underwater concrete materials will be extensively used in works which span over rivers and sea, so it is important to study the performance of non-dispersible under water concrete structures. Non-dispersible underwater concrete is the concrete mixing with special additives-anti-washout admixture, which is a kind of water-soluble polymers with long-chain struct- ure and strong absorption capacity. In the present paper, the axial and eccentric compression perfor- mance of non-dispersible underwater concrete columns were experimentally investigated. The failu- re modes and loading capacity of the columns of non-dispersible underwater concrete were mainly discussed. The experimental results showed that the compression performance of non-dispersible underwater reinforced concrete columns and the common reinforced ones are similar in some aspects.
The Parametric Research of Prestressed Concrete Continuous Girder Bridge for High-speed Railway
Authors: Zhou Zhimin , Dai Gonglian
Published: October 2011

In this paper, the design parameters of prestressed concrete continuous girder bridge of the frequently used high-speed railway with the ballasted track and non-ballasted track has been studied. Then, the design conditions of high-speed railway prestressed concrete continuous girder bridges with the ballasted track and the non-ballasted track has been discussed, including secondary permanent loads, temperature mode, the control of stress level, the choice of strength safety factor, elastic deformation under live load and temperature load and the controlled factors of

post-construction creep in non-ballast track beams. Next, based on the study of high-speed railway continuous prestressed concrete bridge with the main span of 56m, 64m, 72m, 80m and 100m, design parameters and the main influential factors of the prestressed concrete continuous girder bridge has been studied. So, these results could provide a basis for the selection comparison and economics of continuous girder bridge in the future.
Active Aerofoil Stabilisation of Long Span Bridge Decks
Authors: Corney John
Published: October 2011

This paper describes some of the research, initially sponsored by the Institution of Civil Engineers, into the mitigation of potentially destructive bridge deck flutter by the use of movable aerofoils, much in the same way that modern aircraft are controlled and stabilised by such aerofoils.

Both flat plate and time domain analyses are presented, and the benefits offered by the movable aerofoils are quantified, using data based largely on the Humber Bridge deck parameters.

The paper concludes with a proposal for a practical implementation of active aerofoil controls on the bridge deck along with a discussion on the way ahead.
The European Standard on Anti-Seismic Devices
Authors: Medeot Renzo
Published: October 2011

The European Committee for Standardization (CEN) officially created the Technical Committee CEN-TC 340:Anti-seismic Devicesin 1993. The mission of this TC was to proceed with the standardization of devices for use in structures erected in seismic areas and designed in accordance with EUROCODE 8:Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance.

This European Standard, named EN 15129, specifies functional requirements of Seismic Hardware and general design rules thereof, material characteristics, manufacturing and testing requirements, as well as acceptance, installation and maintenance criteria of all the types of seismic devices.

The scope of the paper is that of illustrating the structure of EN 15129, the criteria adopted in its drafting, the procedures followed for its approval, and some of the aspects which render this Standard unique and innovative.
Thermal Effects in the Long-Term Monitoring of Bridges
Authors: Burdet Olivier L.
Published: October 2011

Daily and seasonal temperature variations induce deflections of bridges. The amplitude of these moments is significant in comparison with the yearly increment caused by irreversible long-term deflections. To improve the quality of the interpretation of monitoring measurements, thermal movements thus need to be taken into account in the long-term monitoring of bridge deflections.

The paper presents the results of the long-term monitoring of deflections of several bridges in Switzerland over the past 20 years, with a particular attention given to thermal effects. The daily and seasonal movements of bridges under thermal effects are shown. The correlation between the measured temperatures and gradients and the position of bridge is shown, and methods to compensate for thermal effects are outlined. This allows to filter out the largest part of the thermal effects and to make more accurate assessments of the actual irreversible deformations.

The significant influence of temperature on the measurement results is illustrated on the basis of a large number of manual measurements by hydrostatic leveling and automatic measurements by electronic inclinometers. The simultaneous measurement of the ambient temperature and of the temperature of the concrete of the bridge itself gives useful information to take thermal effects into account.
Structural health monitoring – saving disruptive works on urban bridges
Authors: Spuler Thomas , Moor Gianni , Berger Roman
Published: October 2011

Monitoring of bridge structures has developed in a short period of time from the time-consuming, labour-intensive manual exercise it once was, to benefit from the technologies of the Information Age. Monitoring systems are now available which are highly automated, independent and versatile, and which can be tailored to provide almost any type of information that may be required on the condition of a bridge and the environment and loading to which it is subjected.

This paper describes some of the types of monitoring system available and the purposes they can serve, with a special focus on applications of such systems in urban environments. In particular, the remote controlled system recently installed to monitor crack widths on the Weyermannshaus Viaduct in Switzerland’s capital city, used to confirm that major remedial works are not required, is presented.
Construction process analysis of Lianyungang gymnasium suspen dome
Authors: Zhang Yingying , Zhang Qilin , Chen Lu
Published: October 2011

Suspen dome is a new prestressed structure, consisting of an upper single-layer lattice shell and cable-struts. It needs control of the design state namely the final service-state and the safety in the construction. Lianyungang gymnasium suspen dome is taken as the research subject. Forward analysis based on birth and death element method was adopted to simulate the construction. The measured data in construction is compared with the theoretical calculation to gain the curves of displacement and cable force. Results show the birth and death element method can simulate the construction of suspen dome effectively. The measured data are in good agreement with the simulation calculation. The construction is affected by environment significantly.
A New Type of Intelligent Wireless Sensing Network for Health Monitoring of Long Span Bridges
Authors: Lei Ying , Lai Zhi Lu , Tang Yu Liang , Wang Jian Xin , Liu Li Jun
Published: October 2011

Structural health monitoring of long span bridges is important for the safety and maintenance of bridges. In this paper, a new type of wireless monitoring network is proposed for monitoring large span bridges. Hardware design and software architecture of the wireless monitoring system are introduced. The wireless monitoring network has a two-level cluster-tree architecture. The software and network architectures proposed emphasize the distributed computational capacity for parallel data processing in the network wireless monitoring network so as to reduce the amount of data transmission. A distributed computing strategy for modal identification of large span bridges is proposed. Numerical example of distribute computing the modal properties of three-span continuous beam illustrates the distributed out-put only modal identification algorithm based on NExT and ERA techniques. The distributed computing strategy can be incorporated into the new wireless monitoring network for automated modal identification of large span bridges.
Wind assessment for the design of structures and glass facades of a very large convention building
Authors: Bartoli Gianni , Borri Claudio , Procino Lorenzo , Peli Giulio , Borsani Alessandra
Published: October 2011

Technological developments and innovative design techniques allow designers to create buildings and structures as true art expressions. Then structural engineers often have to afford and tackle problems, which are not covered by the codes; nevertheless, a satisfactory level of safety must be ensured, so that ad-hoc analysis and models have to be used.

In the paper, a wind tunnel test campaign about the new Congress Center in the EUR district at Rome is presented. The building, designed by Italian architect Massimiliano Fuksas, looks like a translucent container (about 70 meters by 170 meters in plan and 40 metres in height), with steel bearing structure and glass facades.

In particular, the longitudinal fronts are double-skin facades: only the outer skin has permanent openings, while the interior one can be completely closed. Inside this shell, a “cloud” of 3500 m², made out of a steel structure and Teflon cover, will contain a concert hall (auditorium) with 1800 seats.

Wind tunnel tests have allowed to optimize the design of both window glasses and structures supporting them, with a significant cost sparing effect. A particular attention has been paid in the analysis of the internal pressure in different configurations; as a matter of fact, the external facades present many openings (doors and windows) which can let alternatively consider the building as permeable or impermeable to the wind. The investigations have also permitted to establish the presence of internal flows involving the structure supporting the Teflon covering of the cloud.
Influence of wind barrier on wind-resistant performance on some cable-stayed bridges in China through wind tunnel tests
Authors: Wang Dalei , Ma Rujin , Chen Airong
Published: October 2011

Aimming at some cable-stayed bridges in China with wind barrier erection on their girders or not, their wind-resistant performaces, such as flutter stability, vortex-induced vibration stability and aerostatic force coefficient, are investigated by wind tunnel tests considering the influence of wind barrier. The conclusions are different from some comprehension before and the new findings are useful for the cable-stayed bridge constructed in strong wind prone area adopting wind barrier to improve the driving safety of passing vehicles in windy.
New Bridge across Sava River in the Scope of Belgrade Inner Semi-Ring Road
Authors: Stipanic Bratislav , Hajdin Nikola , Rubinjoni Zoran , Kozlovic Milan
Published: October 2011

The paper deals with new bridge across Sava River in Belgrade, with an overall length of 967 m, at the lower tip of Ada Island as a part of the inner city semi-ring road. The bridge deck, having width of 45 m, carries 6 lanes of vehicular traffic, 2 rail tracks of LRT and two lanes of pedestrian/ cycleway. The main bridge part is an asymmetric cable-stayed structure, with a main span of 376 m and a back span of 200 m. The unique single pylon in the form of sharp cone is 200 m high. The stays of fan-type configuration are in two quasi-middle planes. The aesthetics plays a major role in bridge design to be a meeting point for engineering and architecture. The Ada Bridge will have an original architectural appearance well incorporated in the city environment. As the awarded design-build Contractor started the works by middle 2008, it is planned to end the works in autumn 2011. The Sava Bridge is the largest bridge currently under construction in Europe.
Computer supported design of industrial buildings made of precast concrete
Authors: Albert Andrej , Nitsch Andreas
Published: October 2011

This paper describes the development of a software tool for the rapid design of industrial buildings using precast elements. Production issues and limitations as well as structural aspects are considered during all phases of the design process making sure that the design is “precast- compatible”. The software operates on a knowledge base which can be adjusted to the specific wishes of a designer and/or a precast supplier.
"Ferrari World", passion for structural and cladding engineering
Authors: De Gaetano Sergio
Published: October 2011

This paper presents the structural and roof design philosophy for the large canopy designed in the style of a classic double-curve body shell of a Ferrari GT car. This project has been driven by its fast track design, environmental constraints and tight site construction programme. Using our Ramboll network of teams and offices around the world, we developed a flexible and sustainable approach to the structural and façade engineering that enabled us to meet the all the design challenges and site constraints.
A new railway for old in east London
Authors: Place David , Cox Roger
Published: October 2011

The East London Line extension is one of the most intensive railway reconstruction projects undertaken in the UK. An existing operational railway with Victorian infrastructure has been taken out of service so that it can be extended and upgraded to provide a high quality metro style passenger service across London in readiness for the 2012 Olympics. The project comprises three distinct elements: skirting the east side of the city’s financial district. There is a new build 0,85km elevated section that forms the link between a disused railway viaduct built in the 1860s that provides a route northwards from the City, and a subsurface branch of the London Underground built in the 1870s that extends beneath the River Thames into south east London through Marc Brunel’s historic tunnel (completed in 1843).
Retrofit with FRP elements and seismic performance assessment of the historic “Castagnara” Bridge in Padua, Italy
Authors: Russo Gaetano , Bergamo Otello , Damiani Luigi
Published: October 2011

Many times, the masonry arch bridges were not designed to withstand the heavy truck traffic that they are currently carrying, and they are therefore replaced by modern concrete or steel bridges. This kind of replacement occurs very often because methods of strengthening masonry bridges are not practical or economical. This project investigates whether applying composites in the form of either a fabric wrap or laminate strips to masonry constructions, it increases the load capacity of the structures. This research project demonstrates how advanced composite materials can be used to strengthen existing masonry arch bridges in order to increase its load capacity.

The paper deals with the application to “Castagnara” masonry bridge in Padua, Italy of an originally developed methodology to retrofit and repair. In this paper the investigations related to the damage of the bridge, the retrofit (by FRP elements) and the results of the consolidation are shown. The retrofit consists of the insertion of a prestressed steel cable in the abutment, consolidating injections, bonding of FRP strips on the extrados of the deck and demolition and reconstruction of the reinforced concrete slab. A non-linear analysis of the bridge has been performed.

However, a statistically significant number of masonry structures strengthened with carbon fibres need to be tested to reach definitive stress modification factors.
Design and Construction of a double-curved railway overpass and 3-track tubular arch
Authors: Van Bogaert Philippe
Published: October 2011

The new railway connection between Brussels Airport and the North of Belgium is being built in the available space of the central reservation in between both driving directions of the E 19 motorway from Brussels to Antwerp. Among other important structures, this new line also comprises two particular steel bridges. Both have been especially designed for the particular geometry of each crossing and according to the requirements for erection.

The overpass at Zemst allows the new railway to cross one driving direction of the motorway, as the tracks change location from the central reservation towards the town of Mechelen. Hence, it is completely located in a curved track alignment and constitutes a skew crossing. Due to these characteristics, a continuous closed-section steel structure with 2 lateral edge members, including a curved cross-section was designed. The central span is supported by 2 single bearings, thus requiring all torsion to be resisted by the double bearings at both ends of the steel structure. In addition, the live loads being able to introduce lifting reactions at both ends, the hollow parts of the structure had to be ballasted by a concrete filling near both ends. The typical cross-section of the

bridge was mainly inspired by the torsion moments appearing in the steel girder. The superstructure, welded from workshop prefabricated parts was welded near the building site and subsequently put

in place by using movable hydraulic jacks.

The bridge across the Woluwe Lane carries 3 tracks, the two lateral ones being located above two main steel tube arches, whereas the central track is supported by a composite bridge deck, hanging below these arches. The connection between each bridge deck and the steel arches consists of almost vertical tube struts. During design, particular care has been given to the node detailing in this tubular bridge. In addition, the Woluwe Lane is an integral bridge, having no bearings or joints.

During construction, lateral buckling of the arches had to be prevented by temporary lateral supports. Erection of the tubular arches, particularly in assuring correct thrust forces in the main arches, has required increased effort during construction.
Development of Integral Bridge Design in Austria
Authors: Geier Roman
Published: October 2011

Integral abutment and joint-less bridges are structures without bearings and expansion joints. These types of structures do gain much popularity among bridge owners, since they expect reduced costs in maintenance due to the missing of significantly endangered details like bearings and joints. Nevertheless, the acceptance by designers is not that high since there are a lot of uncertainties with regard to material strength development, creep, shrinkage and availability of suitable numerical models. These topics are currently being addressed by several research projects with the aim to work out an Austrian guideline for the design of joint-less bridges and to verify or improve current design criteria. Work includes monitoring of the actual structural response of newly built joint-less bridges, their interaction with the underground and numerical simulations.
Cyclic Behaviour of Prefabricated High-Strength Concrete Composite Beam-to-Column Joints
Authors: He Jun , Zordan Tobia , Chen Airong , Briseghella Bruno , Ma Rujin , Ruan Xin , Mazzarolo Enrico
Published: October 2011

Prefabricated high-strength concrete composite beam-to-column joints were widely used in civil engineering. Six full scale cruciform type test samples with different parameters (thickness of steel joint plate and reinforcement ratio of column) were constructed and tested under cyclic lateral loading to study on the hysteretic behavior. The load-displacement curves, failure mode, stiffness degradation and energy dissipation capacity were presented. It was found that the strength and stiffness are less influenced by the steel joint plate thickness, but more influenced by the reinforcement ratio of the column. Failure modes were transformed from brittle shear in the column diagonals to a ductile one in the beam region, more ductile behavior and slower stiffness degradation were observed for the specimens strengthened by CFRP materials. The findings from the analysis were of guiding significance to the design and construction of the composite joint.
Profiled steel pipes – innovative reinforcement for floor slabs with concrete core activation
Authors: Fuchs Maximilian M. , Keuser Manfred W. , Wiedekind Marc
Published: October 2011

In buildings in constrained and urbanised areas concrete core activation is often used to realize an efficient and sustainable cooling and heating system. For concrete core activation usually pipes of polyethylene (PE) are used for water transportation through concrete slabs in order to cool and heat the slab. These pipes reduce the concrete’s cross section and affect the structural behaviour of the slab adversely. The new approach, profiled steel pipes are used for water transport as elements of the concrete core activation and as innovative reinforcement elements as well.

This paper presents the concept for using profiled steel pipes as reinforcing elements for structural concrete. For the use in a first application in floor slabs bond tests concerning the bond behaviour between pipes and surrounding concrete have been carried out at the Institute and Structural Laboratory of the University of the German Armed Forces Munich, Germany. Based on the test results a theoretical approach based on the German code for structural concrete (DIN 1045-1) has been developed. This approach allows the addition of the pipe cross-section and the cross-section of the conventional reinforcement in consideration of unequal bond behaviour of the pipes and reinforcement bars.

The paper includes the mentioned bond tests, the theoretical approach to consider the bond behaviour of pipe reinforcement and the first application of the new pipe reinforcement in a large floor slab of 50 by 30 m.
Design of the Ax/A11-motorway: balancing the interests of ecologically important areas, local citizens and the port of Zeebrugge
Authors: Cosyn Peter , Buyse Filip , Van Acker Brian , Steppe Philip , Dhondt Anneleen , Bruyland Karel
Published: October 2011

To optimize road access to the Port of Zeebrugge the Ax-project was set up: a new highway A11 will be built connecting the harbour to the E40 and E34 motorway. As the port is adjacent to one of the oldest and purest polders of Flanders, environmental impact is to be considered carefully. Part of the landscape and buildings are protected heritage, or protected habitat areas for avifauna. The A11 will cross railways, a navigation channel, secondary roads, pipelines of national importance and fragile hydraulic systems. Two Interchanges and one exit/entrance complex in the harbour are to be built. Several “feasible” alternatives with bridges and or tunnels were tested. A methodology was established to rank alternatives. Using an integrated design approach a solution was found in designing a partly subterranean highway. The design includes more then 60 civil engineering structures. Among them a movable bridge, two approach viaducts, and tunnels.
Montreal – Aquatic Complex for 2005 FINA World Championships
Authors: Zmigrodzki Stefan
Published: October 2011

The existing open air aquatic complex on Sainte-Hélène Island in Montréal was chosen to host 2005 Aquatic Sports World Championships. The old concrete pools built in 1953 had to be replaced by new structures and the new pools and bleachers had to fit in the existing site. In the new layout, the swimming pool was relocated which led to some problems due to soil conditions. The soil was sensitive and heterogeneous therefore differential settlements and resulting lateral displacements had to be considered in the design in order to respect the strict dimensional criteria for Olympic pools. To guarantee the quality of works within a very tight schedule, the upper section of the walls was made of prefabricated steel panels. As a result, the rigid continuous “box” originally formed by the concrete corridor around the pool was lost. Consequently, a combination of soil consolidation, interaction of soil-structure and phasing of construction-backfilling became part of design.
Case study of a simply-supported channel-box girder under special live load
Authors: Xiao Xiangnan , Dai Gonglian
Published: October 2011

This paper is about a design and analysis of 64m simply-supported channel-box girder which is a part of expansion project used for hot iron transportation for Lianyuan Steel Plant. Its span, created the world's largest span record of such bridges. Moreover, the special live load is nearly three times the weight as the UIC. Hence, an innovative combined cross-section is adopted to reduce the structure’s height and meet the clearance requirements under the bridge. Then, the piecewise-cast construction method has been used, so the calculation must take the actual construction process into account. Besides, due to the air and bridge’s thermal performance parameters are not easy to determine, it is difficult to calculate the temperature field generated by the mobile thermal radiation effects.

Hence, based on the above-mentioned characteristics of the bridge, a detailed calculation and comparative analysis are carried out to determine a reasonable cross-section form and dimensions optimize the tension phase and study the bridge’s force status under different temperature modes. The analysis showed that the design of this bridge meets the requirements of relevant codes and has adequate safety factors, the calculation methods and conclusions proposed by this paper can be a reference for similar bridge designs in the future.
Overhead Railway Project with Environmentally-Friendly Concepts
Authors: Asakawa Kuniaki , Kaneko Yasuyosi
Published: October 2011

An elevated railway structure 2.5 km long was constructed in a JR Tohoku Line section including Nagamachi Station. The main considerations of this project were to minimize adverse environmental impact and improve the scenery of the district, while reducing work and concrete volumes. To achieve these targets, newly developed technologies were fully utilized. As a result, the project was completed at reduced cost, within a shorter period of time, and satisfied environmental concerns.
Behaviour of Tendon Anchorage Zone
Authors: Kang Jae Yoon , Kim Byung Suk , Chin Won Jong , Choi Eun Suk
Published: October 2011

This study investigates the reinforcing details for the design of anchor blocks with post-tensioning tendons. Finite element analysis on design parameters - dimensions of anchor head and specimen block, reinforcing amount of spiral and transverse confinement steel – was carried out for understanding the stress distribution in the anchorage zone of ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) blocks. Experimental validation of design of anchor blocks for post-tensioning tendons was also carried out to consider the optimal details and dimensions of UHPC end blocks. The obtained results validate the simplification of anchor block details as well as the innovative design of UHPC members with post-tensioning tendons.