bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Past and Present Vegetation on the Delegate River in the Highlands of Eastern Victoria. II. Vegetation and Climatic History From 12,000 B.P. To Present
Authors: Ladd PG
Published: December 2005

The site lies in a Sphagnum bog close to the Delegate River, which flows through swamp vegetation
(low open-forest, thicket or bog) bordered by tall open-forest or open-forest dominated by Eucalyptus
species. The pollen diagram covers the period from about 12,000 B.P. to the present and indicates
a change of dryland vegetation from an initial alpine herbfield or grassland to forest with a shrubby
understorey, similar to that in the area today, by about 8000 B.P. During this time the swamp
vegetation changed from swampy heath to sedgeland and then to herbfield. After 8000 B.P. there
is no indication of change in the dryland vegetation but, on the swamp, herbfield gave way to Leptospermum and Baeckea riparian vegetation that was later replaced by the present Sphagnum bog
community. At about 12,000 B.P. temperatures in the area were probably at least 5°C lower than
they are today; rainfall may have been less, but both temperature and precipitation had increased
to present levels by about 8000 B.P.
Nodule and Plant Development in the Soyabean, Glycine max (L.) Merr.: Growth Response to Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulfur
Authors: Gates CT , Muller WJ
Published: December 2005

The effects over a wide range of interaction of sulfur (S) (5 levels) × phosphorus (P) (5) × nitrogen
(N) (6) on nodulation and development of the soybean growing in a nutrient-deficient soil are
described for three growth stages: flowering, pod-fill and seed maturity. There were consistent
main effects for all three nutrients, but interactions changed from nil at flowering to a few P × N
and P × S at pod-fill; and then to predominant P × S at maturity for the principal plant parts.
Nodulation was extremely sensitive to levels of nutrient combination, with extremes of nutrient
imbalance reducing nodulation almost to zero. Conversely, well-balanced combinations favoured
nodulation right through growth until maturity, the best nodulation occurring at high levels of all
three nutrients.
The yield of seed was not affected by nitrogen supply when sulfur and phosphorus were adequate
for an effective nitrogen symbiosis.
Introduction
Variation in Polyphenolic Constituents of Eucalyptus nitens Maiden
Authors: Pederick LA , Lennox FG
Published: December 2005

Two forms of Eucalyptus nitens have been distinguished by applying a simple paper chromatographic
technique to leaf tissue suspensions. One form produces a strongly fluorescent chromatographic
pattern whereas the other yields a relatively dull chromatogram. The polyphenols responsible for
the main strongly fluorescent band were identified as stilbenes. Presence or absence of the stilbenes
in the foliage of individual trees was found to be closely related to their provenance. This variation
in polyphenolic constituents has also complemented differences in foliage morphology and rate of
growth as a basis for differentiating between provenances and for a suggested division of the species
into two varieties.
The Microflora of Unsuberized Roots of Eucalyptus calophylla R.Br. And Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Sm. Seedlings Grown in Soil Suppressive and Conducive to Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands. I. Rhizosphere Bacteria, Actinomycetes and Fungi
Authors: Malajczuk N , Mccomb AJ
Published: December 2005

An investigation was made of the microflora associated with unsuberized roots of Eucalyptus marginata
and Eucalyptus calophylla raised in different soils. The studies were made for 'conducive'
lateritic soil (in which E. marginata is susceptible to infection by Phytophthora cinnamomi but E.
Calophylla is resistant); and in 'suppressive' loam soil in which both eucalypt species are unaffected
by the pathogen. Lateritic soil in some cases contained natural infection of P. cinnamomi. Rhizospheres
of both species contained larger microflora populations (expressed as numbers per g of
root) than in the soils. In general, the population of rhizosphere microflora was greater for E.
Marginata than E. calophylla seedlings in the uninfected lateritic soil. Qualitative differences were
also recorded in populations of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi, and in particular, fluorescent
pseudomonads were more numerous in the rhizosphere of E. marginata seedlings. Eucalypt seedlings
raised in loam soil harboured greater microbial populations than in lateritic soil. This could in
part be attributed to the higher nutrient and organic matter status of the loam. E. marginata had a
greater total rhizosphere population, but actinomycetes were more numerous in the rhizosphere of
E. calophylla. Qualitative differences in populations of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi were also
noted. In naturally infected lateritic soil the microflora populations were invariably lower than for
the other soils.
When the counts of bacteria and actinomycetes were expressed as numbers per mm2 of root
surface, E. calophylla had a significantly higher number of propagules per unit area than E. marginata.
The loam soil was an exception; there E. marginata had three times as many bacteria per unit area
of the root surface as E. calophylla.
It is suggested that the microflora population differences recorded for the two eucalypts in
lateritic soil may contribute to the differential susceptibility of species to infection by P. cinnamomi;
and that the higher populations of microflora in the loam soil contribute to the suppression of P.
Cinnamomi in that soil.
Studies on the Status of Unburnt Eucalyptus Woodland at Ocean Grove, Victoria. V. The Interactive Effects of Droughting and Shading on Seedlings Under Competition.
Authors: Withers JR
Published: December 2005

Casuarina littoralis seedlings are inherently more drought-resistant than Eucalyptus ovata seedlings
over a wide range of environmental conditions. Moderate shade pre-treatment (30% of full daylight)
decreased the drought resistance of seedlings of E. ovata, Acacia pycnantha and C. stricta but not
that of C. littoralis seedlings. Deep shade pre-treatment (8 % of full daylight) decreased the drought
resistance of all species and was associated with decreased rootlshoot ratios. Both shaded and
non-shaded C. littoralis seedlings closed stomata at higher relative water contents (about 80%
and 88 % respectively) than did E. ovata seedlings (about 36 % and 63 % respectively). Shading
decreased the relative water content at which E. ovata closed stomata and reduced the relative decrease
in water potential which occurred with unit decreases in relative water content.
When E. ovata and C. littoralis seedlings were grown in competition, the larger E. ovata dominated
the drought response of plants under both high and low light conditions. E. ovata rapidly depleted
moisture supplies thereby subjecting C. littoralis to greater stress and earlier death than it experienced
in monoculture. C. littoralis seedlings grown and droughted in competition with E. ovata
exhibited smaIIer decreases in water potential per unit decrease in relative water content than seedlings
grown in monoculture.
The height growth of E. ovata grown in monoculture and in competition with C. littoralis was
reduced for at least 10-15 weeks after the wilting treatment, but height growth of C. littoralis was
not affected. Eucalypts wilted at higher water potentials (-4.3 MPa) than did C. littoralis seedlings
(- 6.3 MPa).
It is suggested that the replacement of E. ovata by C. littoralis at Ocean Grove, Vic. may be
partly due to the differential effects of shading on the drought resistance of seedlings which become
established in the grass sward of canopy gaps.
Aerobiology of Grass Pollen in the City Atmosphere of Melbourne: Quantitative Analysis of Seasonal and Diurnal Changes
Authors: Smart IJ , Knox RB
Published: December 2005

Quantitative data on the seasonal and diurnal incidence of grass pollen in the atmosphere of
Melbourne have been obtained by using two Burkard spore traps sited 11 km apart. Grass pollen
concentrations are compared with pollen of other plants and fungal spores over two pollen seasons,
1975-76 and 1976-77. At the height of the 1975-76 pollen season, grass pollen concentrations were
greatest at night, while at the end of the same season the peak occurred in the late afternoon as has
been reported for several European cities. The aerobiological patterns are compared with the time
of pollen release in the field from plants of ryegrass (Lolium perenne).
Aerobiology of Grass Pollen in the City Atmosphere of Melbourne: Effects of Weather Parameters and Pollen Sources.
Authors: Smart IJ , Tuddenham WG , Knox RB
Published: December 2005

The incidence of grass pollen, estimated by using a Burkard spore trap sited above a city building, is
correlated with meteorological factors. Pollen incidence was greatest on days with high maximum
temperatures and reduced on days of high humidity or rainfall. Winds from the north, north-west
and south-east carried the highest concentrations of pollen. Remote sensing image analysis has
been used to identify the grasslands over which these winds may have passed before entering the city.
An analysis of pollen yield and relative abundance of grasses in pastures and roadsides north of
Melbourne has implicated ryegrass (Lolium perenne and L. rigidum) and canary grass (Phalaris
tuberosa) as the major sources of atmospheric pollen.
The Dual Functions of the Cotyledons of Acacia iteaphylla F. Muell. (Mimosoideae)
Authors: Ashcroft WJ , Murray DR
Published: December 2005

The storage of reserve materials in the seeds of Acacia iteaphylla F. Muell. occurs mainly in the cotyledons of the embryo which occupy the major part of the seed volume. After germination, the mobilization of reserve proteins (albumins and globulins) occurs in two distinct phases: an initial slow phase of about 2 weeks, during which a decline of c. 70% in cotyledon dry matter occurs, followed by a rapid phase in the third week, accompanying the development of photosynthetic capacity in the cotyledons and the initial expansion of the primary leaf. The possession of both storage and photosynthetic functions by the cotyledons in Acacia places the Mimosoideae in an intermediate position with respect to the Caesalpinioideae (seeds with endosperm, cotyledons leaf-like) and the Lotoideae (Papilionoideae), with many representatives showing cotyledons adapted entirely for storage.
Nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) by Acacia pellita on areas restored after mining at Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory
Authors: Langkamp PJ , Swinden LB , Dalling MJ
Published: December 2005

Factors affecting the reduction of acetylene to ethylene by nodules of Acacia pellita O. Schwarz were studied on 3-year-old trees in the field. The specific activity of rooted nodules (22.8 ± 3.3 nmol mg-1 fresh wt h-1) was greater than that of detached nodules alone (13.5 ± 2.1 nmol mg-1 h-1). Acetylene reduction started without a lag phase and remained linear for about 4 h. The apparent Km value for acetylene was derived to be 11.2 x 10-3 atm. Nodule material could be kept successfully without loss of activity when moist and shaded from direct sunlight for periods of up to 1 h. Acetylene reduction ceased when the assay temperature was 0°C, activity increasing to 20.3 ± 2.3 nmol mg-1 h-1 at 22°. The Acacia plants exhibited a diurnal cycle of nitrogen (acetylene) fixation; the greatest specific activity at midday was 27.7 ± 4.8 nmol mg-1 h-1 when the shaded soil temperature was 32°C and photosynthetically active radiation was 2550 μE m-2 s-1. By using a regression of nodule number per tree on stem diameter to obtain the total number of nodules per hectare, the total nitrogen fixation per wet season was estimated to be 12 ± 4 kg ha-1 where the planting density in the study area was 1110 trees ha-1. The work is discussed with reference to its implications for management of the restored areas and the role of acacias as nitrogen-fixing plants in the pre-mining native Eucalyptus tetrodonta open-forest.
A Quantitative Study of the Spores and Anatomy of Mycorrhizas Formed by a Species of Glomus, With Reference to Its Taxonomy
Authors: Abbott LK , Robson AD
Published: December 2005

The development of spores and sporocarps was studied in two isolates of a species of Glomus collected
in Western Australia. The isolates, which had been maintained in pot culture, differed slightly in
the size range of spores and in the relationship between spore size and the development of the peridium.
Anatomical characteristics of mycorrhizas of three pasture species (Trifolium subterraneum,
Erodium botrys and Lolium rigidum) formed with this species of Glomus were essentially the same
and were largely unaffected by nitrogen supply. The hyphae in nitrogen-deficient plants were slightly
wider than those in nitrogen-adequate plants of T. subterraneum and E. botrys. The effect of phosphorus
supply on the anatomy of mycorrhizas formed by this fungus and T. subterraneum was
studied with time. Phosphorus supply had no effect on the formation of arbuscles, the density of
hyphae within infected roots, or the morphology of the branching pattern of the endophyte hyphae
within the root. However, phosphate added above that required for maximum plant yield eliminated
vesicle formation. Anatomical characteristics of the mycorrhizas changed little with time except
for arbuscle number, which decreased markedly between 29 and 50 days after sowing.
We concluded that the anatomy of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizas formed by a particular
endophyte species grown under a range of conditions may not be as variable as has been generally
assumed. There is scope for identification of species of endophyte within plant roots. Furthermore,
some features of infection morphology could prove to be useful for taxonomic purposes.
Wood Petrifaction: and aspect of biomineralogy
Authors: Scurfield G
Published: December 2005

Light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and differential thermal analysis have been used to examine the structure and mineralogical make-up of 79 Australian petrified woods. Initiation of petrifaction appears to rely on the provision of a substrate with inherent porosity, with the substrate components chemically rather inert and only slowly degraded at normal temperatures and pressures under conditions probably most often acid and tending to anaerobic, and the pores sufficiently large to allow access of an appropriate mineral in ionic or colloidal form in water. Stages in the process include entry of mineral solution into the wood via splits or checks, cell lumina, and other voids; permeation of cell walls; progressive dissolution of cell wall components beginning largely with lignin and accompanied by a build-up of a mineral framework adequate for maintaining the dimensional stability of the wood; mineral deposition in cell lumina after cell wall replacement as a continuous, intermittent, perhaps separate, but not obligatory event; mineral deposition in voids present or formed by dissolution of intercellular substance as a separate, but not obligatory event; and final lithification involving loss of water and perhaps replacement of one mineral by another.
Observations on the Scutellum. I. Overall Development During Germination in Four Grasses
Authors: Smart MG , O'Brien TP
Published: December 2005

.The scutella of ungerminated and germinating seeds of wheat, barley, oats and ryegrass are compared
anatomically from two viewpoints. Firstly, the overall development of the organ is considered.
Oats and ryegrass differ from wheat and barley in that the apical portion of the scutellum of the
former two grasses becomes separated from the overlying aleurone tissue during germination. The
exposed scutellum epidermis in these genera tends to become epithelial in appearance. The mechanism
of the separation of the scutellum from the aleurone layer is apparently associated with the enlarge-
ment of the scutellum during germination. Secondly, there is a wave of degradation of the reserve
material from apex to base in all species. The implications of this pattern have relevance to the site
of gibberellin synthesis in the embryo as a whole.
Observations on the Scutellum. II. Histochemistry and Autofluorescence of the Cell Wall in Mature Grain and During Germination of Wheat, Barley, Oats and Ryegrass
Authors: Smart MG , O'Brien TP
Published: December 2005

Histochemical studies and fluorescence microscopy of the scutella of wheat, barley, oats and ryegrass
indicate that the cell walls of these grasses are basically similar in composition. They are all periodic
acid-Schiff's positive, presumably owing to large amounts of hemicelluloses such as xylans. All
scutellar cell walls stain with protein stains at all stages of germination, with the exception of the
epithelial cell walls of oats which do not stain. Scutellar cell walls stain metachromatically red to
purple (hydrated sections) or green (dehydrated sections) when stained with toluidine blue 0. The
red to purple colour is indicative of free carboxyl groups, usually owing to the presence of pectin.
However, this is not confirmed in this case since two pectin stains fail to react. The green coloration
with toluidine blue staining is indicative of phenolic compounds (lignin). This conclusion is supported
by the autofluorescence shown by the scutella of all genera. The autofluorescence of oats and rye-
grass is initially low, especially at the apex, but increases as germination progresses. Wheat and
barley lose fluorescence intensity 3 days after germination but later regain it.
Pollen Development and Cytochemistry in Some Australian Species of Acacia
Authors: Kenrick J , Knox RB
Published: December 2005

Development of the 16-grained polyads of Acacia conferta, A. iteaphylla and A. subulata has been followed by use of high resolution light microscopy and cytochemical methods to reveal pollen wall structure, with a view to determining the mechanism of grain cohesion into polyads. The 16 microspores within each loculus are held within the callose special wall at tetrad period, but the wall is perforated by cytoplasmic connections linking the inner faces of the microspore. These connections are c. 2 μm in diameter and are apparently cytoplasmic since they stain strongly with Coomassie blue and other protein stains, and may determine the sites of exine wall bridges found in mature polyads. At maturity, polyads are held within a membranous sac lined with orbicules. Radial wall thickenings of the endothecium were positively stained by decolorized aniline blue. A. subulata had 13 bivalents at meiotic prophase, 2n = 26 as in some other Australian species of Acacia.
Nutrient Cycling in a Eucalyptus obliqua (L'hérit.) Forest. III. Growth, Biomass, and Net Primary Production
Authors: Attiwill PM
Published: December 2005

The biomass of Eucalyptus obliqua forest in south-eastern Australia was estimated over a 22-year period by using allometric relationships in which tree diameter was the independent variable. Biomass increased from 24 kg m-2 at a stand age of 44 years to 37 kg m-2 at 66 years. Maximum net primary production (NPP) was 1.4 kg m-2 year-1. Biomass accumulation ratios (biomass/NPP) follow a trajectory with age which fits closely R. H. Whittaker's work in temperate forests of the United States. It is proposed that the growth of forests is regulated within three definable and sequential stages: (i) growth of the photosynthetic display and of the metabolic transport system, (ii)development of heartwood as a support structure system, and (iii) maintenance of the ecosystem through the production of litter. Essential to this view is the recognition of heartwood formation as a growth-regulating process rather than as the end-result of an ageing process.
Southern Australian species of Polysiphonia Greville (Rhodophyta)
Authors: Womersley HBS
Published: December 2005

Twenty-six species of Polysiphonia are recognized from the coast of southern Australia. Their relationships
are discussed, their distribution outlined and ecological notes are given.
Characters found to be satisfactory for species delimitation include the number of pericentral cells.
presence or absence and degree of cortication, whether or not rhizoids are cut off from the parent
pericentral cells, the origin of lateral branches near apices (whether from the basal cell of trichoblasts
or independent of them), the habit of the thallus, and dimensions and proportions of the thallus and
segments of the branches. The presence and frequency of trichoblasts (or scar cells) may be characteristic
but can vary with activity of growth of the thallus in some species. Cystocarps offer few characters,
though the degree of enlargement of the ostiolar cells may be useful in some species. In male plants,
satisfactory characters are whether the spermatangial branch replaces the whole trichoblast or only one
basal furcation, and the presence or not of sterile apical cells. The form of the tetrasporangial branchlets
and arrangement of tetrasporangia are often useful.
Of the 26 species, 17 belong to subgenus Oligosiphonia and nine to subgenus Polysiphonia.
Four species (P. scopulorum, P. subtilissima, P. sertularioides and P. brodiaei) are species of widespread
distribution, the last-named possibly spread by shipping. One species (P. pungens) is known
from the Pacific Coast of Canada and now from the State of Victoria. Some 17 species appear to
be restricted to southern Australia, including I1 species newly described (P. haplodasyae, P. shepherdii,
P. brevisegmenta, P. amphibolis, P.perriniae. P.propagulqera, P. australiensis, P. abscissoides, P. teges,
P. constricta and P. adamsiae). Two species (P. decipiens, P. isogona) occur in southern Australia, New
Zealand, and possibly subantarctic regions, while two others (P. abscissoides, P. adamsiae) occur both
in New Zealand and in southern Tasmania. One species (P. haplodasyae) is a very small species apparently
confined to its host Haplodasya.
It appears that P. mollis has been recorded incorrectly from various other countries, and clearly
much more critical study of the species of Polysiphonia is needed, especially of early species described
from the Mediterranean and West Indies.
Shade Tolerance as Reflected in Population Structures of the Woody Weed, Groundsel Bush (Baccharis halimifolia L.)
Authors: Panetta FD
Published: December 2005

Previously documented shade tolerance in establishing seedlings of groundsel bush (Baccharis halimifolia L.) was reflected in the similarity of the size structures of populations growing within slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. ellottii Engelm.) stands of differing ages. The accumulation of litter appeared to be the dominant factor leading to the cessation of seedling recruitment following canopy closure. Evidence for self-thinning obtained from the B. halimifolia population occuring within the younger pine stand provided an indication that the carrying capacity of the site was approached fairly early in the rotation.
Effects of Long-Term Preconditioning on Growth and Flowering of Some Snow Tussock (Chionochloa Spp.) Populations in Otago, New Zealand
Authors: Greer DH
Published: December 2005

Clone members of each of three altitudinal populations (910-1590 m) of two ecologically important
snow tussocks (Chionochloa macra and C. rigida) reciprocally transplanted to four sites (10-1590 m)
in 1960 were further subdivided and re-reciprocally transplanted to the same four sites in 1974 and
their subsequent growth and flowering behaviour followed over two seasons.
Interpopulation differences in stature and growth rates remained distinct after the 14-year
intervening period, reinforcing earlier evidence for some genetic control of these characters.
In contrast, the flowering of each population at each site had converged towards that of the
resident plants, which indicated some adjustment to the critical threshold temperature for flowering.
Interpopulation differences in flowering behaviour could not, therefore, be strictly controlled
genetically as had been previously assumed.
No interpopulation differences emerged as a result of 14 years of preconditioning in diverse
environments. Furthermore, the preconditioning had a negligible effect on the subsequent perfor-
mance of each population in a wide range of temperature environments.
Distinct differences in growth rates between a lowland coastal population of C. rigida and its
alpine counterparts appear adaptive, suggesting differentiation of a lowland ecotype.
The high degree of physiological plasticity inherent in all populations of snow tussock studied
may have its origin in the climatically diverse post-Pleistocene period when genotypes with maximum
flexibility may have been selected preferentially. Since then, probably as a result of expansion of
snow tussock grasslands within the last millenium, local adaptive variants have evolved.
Variation in Australian and Some Overseas Populations of Emex australis and E. spinosa
Authors: Weiss PW , Simmons DM
Published: December 2005

Australian populations of the widespread Emex australis and the more restricted E. spinosa were
tested for subspecific variation. The plants were grown for two generations in a glasshouse from
seed collected from field populations. The results from growing the first generation showed that
two groupings of E. australis could be made on the basis of hierarchical grouping analysis, but the
populations were much more similar in the second generation and such groupings could not be
made. There were no marked differences between E. australis populations from Australia and
South Africa, although one from Hawaii was less vigorous than the others.
Amongst Australian populations of E. spinosa, one from Western Australia was less vigorous
than the others. It was also found that Australian populations of E. spinosa were generally similar
to those from Portugal and slightly more vigorous than those from Morocco.
Gradients in the Distribution of Plant Species in the Southern Simpson Desert
Authors: Fatchen TJ , Barker S
Published: December 2005

Incidence of 39 plant species was scored at 50 points along a 320 km west-east transect across the
Simpson Desert near latitude 26°S. in August 1972. Incidence data alone show previously un-
recognized but significant heterogeneity in distributions across the Desert. In further analysis, a
process of invasion by plants from eastern and western refuges is indicated, and the possible origins
of the flora are discussed. At least one species is invading with increased human activity.
Production of Sporangia by Phytophthora cinnamomi in Forest Soils
Authors: Weste G , Vithanage K
Published: December 2005

Sporangial production by Phytophthora cinnamomi was investigated during a 3-year period for three types of
conducive forest soils. A pilot survey conducted during the first year included garden soil and demonstrated
that all forest soils tested stimulated sporangial production, that the stimulus was reduced by soil
sterilization, and that soils without P. cinnamomi provided a greater stimulus than soils from diseased sites.
For the final 2 years of the investigation soil and root samples were collected from diseased plants at 3-
monthly intervals, and soil filtrates were tested for their ability to stimulate sporangial production. Soil
matric water potentials and soil temperatures were recorded concurrently. Three factors which influenced
the soil and indirectly affected sporangial formation were soil temperature, soil matric water potential and
the presence of a stimulus produced by certain living microorganisms. Sporangial production showed highly
significant seasonal variation with maxima in spring. No sporangia were produced in summer. Differences in
the numbers of sporangia produced in response to the different soil filtrates were also highly significant, the
highest numbers being formed in response to sandy soils of Wilson's Promontory. These results, particularly
the large release of zoospores during spring, are of great importance in the spread of disease, and should be
considered in relation to roadmaking and forestry in diseased areas.
Aspects of Vascular Anatomy and Differentiation of Vascular Tissues and Transfer Cells in Vegetative Nodes of Wheat
Authors: Busby CH , O'Brien TP
Published: December 2005

Xylem transfer cells are strongly developed in the departing leaf traces of the mature wheat node. Their
differentiation is initiated soon after the appearance of the first tracheary elements in these bundles. and wall
ingrowth development reaches its peak just as the leaf to which the bundle belongs becomes fully expanded.
It is suggested that the xylem transfer cells play an important role in redirecting solutes travelling in the xylem
of the mature leaf to the developing leaves at the shoot apex. It is further suggested that they form an integral
part of the normal xylem transpiration pathway, compensating for xylem restrictions and discontinuities in
the mature node.
Phloem transfer cells also appear very early in the differentiation of the nodal vasculature, although their
function remains obscure.
Trends in Vegetation at Kosciusko. III. Alpine Range Transects, 1959-1978
Authors: Wimbush DJ , Costin AB
Published: December 2005

Measurements of overlapping cover of plant species on permanent transects between 1959 and 1978 in the
alpine tract at two sites near Kosciusko and Gungartan generally confirm an earlier hypothesis that the cover
at Kosciusko, after 15 years' protection from grazing and burning (i.e, by 1959), had attained a degree of
equilibrium. A long-term cycle of first decrease and then increase was measured in the cover of the dominant
snowgrasses (Poa) and a few other species. Small colonizing species (notably Neopaxia australasica of the
short alpine herbfield) increased and then decreased; temporarily spreading onto the dead snowgrasses. Very
little bare soil was exposed at any time at Kosciusko; however, the cover of most species fluctuated in the
short term in response to dry summers and late-lying snow.
At Gungartan, where grazing continued until 1958, the cover of species underwent similar fluctuations
but, whilst not reaching the levels measured at Kosciusko, it showed a strong upward trend. Neopaxia
australasica, which had occupied many slopes below snowdrift areas, was largely replaced by snowgrasses
and tall hygrophilous sedges. The naturalized sorrel (Rumex acetosella), after spreading onto some of the
Neopaxia sites and bare soil, was also largely replaced by taller species. Despite a marked decrease in the
amount of bare soil, some of the most severely eroded areas at Gungartan were still unvegetated after 20
years' protection. Observation of nearby ground-water areas confirmed-ds indicated by a limited
number of measurements at Gungartan, i.e. that hygrophilous sedges recovering frorn the effects of grazing
were blocking small streams and that Sphagnum moss and associated shrubs were beginning to spread.
The above-mentioned changes in vegetation were evaluated in terms of catchment protection, water
yield and nature conservation and recreation. Near-optimal conditions for these uses were maintained at
Kosciusko. At Gungartan recovery to the conditions of the Kosciusko vegetation was restricted to the least-disturbed sites.
Mineral Nutrition of Developing Fruits of the Western Australian Christmas Tree, Nuytsia floribunda (Labill.) R. Br. ex Fenzl
Authors: Hocking PJ , Kuo J , Pate JS
Published: December 2005

The mineral nutrition of developing fruits of the hemiparasite Nuytsia floribunda was studied in natural habitat near Perth, W.A. Nuytsia fruits were similar to those of other higher plants in their mineral nutrition. Changes in the contents of specific nutrients in fruits and their bracts were described. Accumulation of mineral elements in fruits and bracts was synchronized closely with the acquisition of dry matter. Bracts lost 45-75% of their nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, zinc and copper, 16-29% of their potassium, magnesium, iron and manganese, but less than 5% of their calcium and sodium during senescence. Mobilization from bracts was estimated to provide 0-35% of the fruit's accumulation of specific nutrients. Analysis of xylem sap showed that asparagine was the main solute for transport of nitrogen. Mature seedsconsisted mainly of a thick layer of endosperm surrounding the embryo and cotyledons. Seeds contained 31% oil, 35% protein, but no storage carbohydrate. Scanning X-ray microprobe analysis on thin sections of endosperm showed that phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, magnesium and iron were associated with protein bodies. Manganese was localized in certain iron-rich protein bodies.
Development of Proteoid Roots in Hakea obliqua R.br. (Proteaceae) Grown in Water Culture
Authors: Dell B , Kuo J , Thomson GJ
Published: December 2005

Proteoid roots of Hakea obliqua seedlings grow rapidly at 20�C in water culture. The surface area of an
average developing proteoid root increases 1500 mm2 per day, which finally represents a 25-fold increase over
that of the parent root. The epidermis and interior tissues of the rootlets are derived from the pericycle but
the root cap cells originate from the endodermis of the parent root. The root cap cells of the rootlets secrete a
considerable amount of mucilage both before and after emergence from the parent root.
Taxonomic Implications of Fracture Load and Deformation Histograms and the Effects of Treatments on the Impermeable Seed Coat of Acacia Species
Authors: Tran VN , Cavanagh AK
Published: December 2005

Preliminary compression studies of over 20 Acacia species indicated that each species had characteristic fracture load and deformation histograms. It seems feasible that with refinement the compression technique could be used for taxonomic differentiation of closely related species. Significant differences were revealed by the technique in fracture load and deformation behaviour, in maximum deformation energy and in the effects of dry and moist heat between A. longifolia and A. sophorae from different parts of Australia. Heat and microwave energy have a 'softening' effect on the seed coat in the physical sense but this was shown to be insufficient to make the coat as a whole permeable to water. More evidence is given to support the thin shell theory on the mode of fracture of an impermeable seed coat under microwave energy and heat treatment. The depth of relative impermeability was found to extend well below the light line and almost to the end of the macrosclereid cells.
Bird and Mammal pollen vectors in Banksia communities at Cheyne Beach, Western Australia
Authors: Hopper SD
Published: December 2005

A study of several autumn-flowering plants at Cheyne Beach was undertaken to compare pollen loads of their bird and mammal vectors and to investigate hypotheses concerning adaptations for bird and mammal pollination in Banksia. New Holland honeyeaters, white-cheeked honeyeaters, western spinebills and honey possums were all found to carry pollen of species of Banksia, Adenanthos, Lambertia (Proteaceae), Beaufortia and Calothamnus (Myrtaceae), whereas southern bush rats and house mice carried virtually none. Honeyeaters carried significantly larger pollen loads of the Proteaceae species than did honey possums. The honey possums carried the largest loads of Myrtaceae pollen. The loads on honey possums and southern bush rats may have been underestimated because these mammals were live-trapped and may have preened themselves prior to sampling for pollen. It was found that the two dominant banksias had divergent floral characteristics, some of which previous authors had suggested were adaptations to either bird or mammal pollination (e.g. straight styles in B. baxteri as against hooked styles in B. occidentalis). However, birds and mammals appeared to feed without preference on, and carry the pollen of, both species. The net effect of the divergent characteristics of the two banksias was that B. occidentalis transferred more pollen to vertebrate vectors and set more seed per inflorescence than did B. baxteri. Further work is needed to clarify the functional roles and adaptive significance of floral characteristics in these and other banksias.
The Leaf Anatomy of Leptospermum Forst. (Myrtaceae)
Authors: Johnson CT
Published: December 2005

The leaf anatomy of 40 species of Leptospermum Forst. (Myrtaceae) is described in detail. The genus shows a fairly constant, typically myrtaceous leaf structure with isobilateral mesophyll and the presence of schizogenous oil cavities as constant characters. Variation occurs in stomatal type, sculpturing of the cuticle, persistence of the indumentum, and structure of the oil cavities. Both perigenous and mesoperigenous types of stomatal development have been observed. A number of characters show a considerable variation below the species level. The pattern of anatomical variation does not support Bentham's subdivision of the genus into three sections. Alternative subdivisions cannot be proposed on account of considerable overlap of the character complexes of the individual species. In some cases it is, however, possible to suggest mutual affinity (e. g. between L. laevigatum and L. coriaceum) on the basis of leaf anatomy. A comparison of the available ecological data with anatomical characters supports some of the generalized trends for increased xeromorphy with water availability. On the whole, however, all species of Leptospermum, including the mesic ones, show a rather xeromorphic leaf anatomy.
The Role of Fallen Logs in the Regeneration of Tree Species in Tasmanian Mixed Forest
Authors: Kirkpatrick J. B. , McKenny H. J. A.
Published: December 2005

This study was designed to determine whether fallen logs were a more
favourable habitat for tree species establishment than soil in moist eucalypt
forest in Tasmania, whether establishment success on logs varied between two
forests in contrasting environments, and whether surface and substrate
qualities and light conditions were associated with establishment success.
Data on tree and shrub species densities and heights by species, moss cover,
litter cover, Blechnum wattsii cover, canopy cover, bulk
density of the substrate, and substrate surface pH, nitrogen content and
phosphorus content were obtained from paired soil and log quadrats. Tree
seedlings were found to be significantly more abundant on fallen logs than on
adjacent ground at both sites, with the differences being greater at the
moister Tahune site than at Mount Field. At Tahune, logs significantly
differed from adjacent soil in canopy cover, litter cover, moss cover
Blechnum wattsii cover, pH and slope. At Mount Field,
there were significant differences between logs and soil in litter cover, moss
cover, pH, bulk density and nitrogen. Litter cover may be critical in
explaining the superior establishment of trees on logs rather than soil in
Tasmanian mixed forest, although the possible impacts of variations in
bioturbation and root competition require further research.
Three new Eocene cycads from eastern Australia
Authors: Hill RS
Published: December 2005

The descriptions of Pterostoma R.S.Hill, a new cycad genus with two species (P. zamiodes R.S.Hill and P. anastomosans R.S.Hill) and Lepidozamia foveolata R.S.Hill add significantly to our knowledge of the floristic components of the Australian Tertiary. Along with other reports of Tertiary cycads, the discovery of these new species supports the theory that cycads had a greater geographical range and diversity in Australia during the Tertiary than at present. The evolutionary position of Pterostoma in relation to other fossil and extant cycads is considered and it is concluded that Pterostoma represents an extinct line. The possibility that fossil cycads could be of value in biostratigraphy and in estimating palaeoclimate is discussed.
Senecio L. (Asteraceae) in Australia: Chromosome Numbers and the Occurrence of Polyploidy
Authors: Lawrence ME
Published: December 2005

Chromosome numbers of 106 populations representing 43 taxa of Senecio native to Australia and four African species are reported. Chromosome numbers of 2n = 38, 40, 60, 70, 80, 98, 100, and 120 occur amongst the native taxa. The distribution of ploidy levels within three morphological groups and the abundance of taxa with n = 30 are discussed.
Nutrient Cycling in a Eucalyptus Obliqua (L'hérit.) Forest [in Victoria]. Iv. Nutrient Uptake and Nutrient Return
Authors: Attiwill PM
Published: December 2005

Uptake of phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, and calcium by mature Eucalyptus obliqua forest was
measured over a period of 22 years. during which the forest reached maximum net annual primary
production. The concentration of phosphorus in components of the trees was less than that recorded for
other tree species, while the concentrations of the other nutrients in E. obliqua were similar to those in other
trees. Since the biomass of E. obliqua is typical of temperate evergreen forests, the total mass of phosphorus
in the stand is less than that found in other forests. Gross annual demand of the stand over the 22-year period
1955-1977 decreased in the order calcium > potassium > magnesium > phosphorus. The gross annual
demand for phosphorus is 0.298 g m-2 year-1 of which 46% is supplied by biochemical cycling and 36% is
supplied by biogeochemical cycling. Since the geochemical input of phosphorus is insignificant, the
remaining 18%, or 0.054 g m-2 year-1, must be supplied from soil reserves. At the other extreme, gross
annual demand for calcium is 3.37 g m-2 year-1 of which 82% is supplied by biogeochemical cycling and
only 2% by biochemical cycling. Since the balance of the geochemical cycle of calcium supplies 0.11 g m-2
year-1 to the forest, the remaining 0.44 g m-2 year-1 is supplied from soil reserves.
Annual demand for all nutrients increased slightly as the forest aged, but the proportion of this demand
supplied by both biochemical cycling and biogeochemical cycling also increased. The annual supply of
nutrients to the stand from available sources in the soil therefore decreased with increasing age. A major
contribution to biochemical cycling is shown to result from heartwood formation; the sapwood-heartwood
transition accounts for 31% of the total biochemical cycle of phosphorus. Comparison with other forests
suggests that the eucalypt is no more efficient at keeping phosphorus within the stand than are other genera.
The low concentrations of phosphorus in the eucalypt stand therefore suggest a low absolute requirement for
phosphorus.
Occurrence of Casuarina Megafossils in the Tertiary of South-Eastern Australia
Authors: Christophel DC
Published: December 2005

Casuarina megafossils are reported from three Eocene localities and one Miocene locality in south-eastern Australia. On both vegetative and reproductive characters all Eocene material shows clear affinities with the extant Division Gymnostomae. The affinities of the Miocene material are less clear. However, a shift in frequency from Gymnostomae to Cryptostomae on the Australian continent during the Tertiary is suggested. Such a change is consistent with the northward movement and the climatic deterioration which occurred on the Australian continental plate during that time.
Interrelationships Among the Liliatae: a Graph Theory Approach
Authors: Clifford HT , Williams WT
Published: December 2005

The interrelationships of the families of Liliatae were investigated by using a network generating program (NETS) which, unlike minimum spanning tree programs, considers both first and second nearest neighbours. Within the resultant network the distribution of families reflects many traditionally accepted assemblages, including the Zingiberales and Alismatales. The affinities of the Arecaceae in particular suggests that the observed similarities between some families may be due to evolutionary convergence rather than to a shared ancestry. This fact, plus the tendency of the network to branch rather than to form loops, helps to account for the difficulty in classifying the class.
Effects of Fire on the Growth, Nutrient Content and Rate of Nitrogen Fixation of the Cycad Macrozamia riedlei
Authors: Grove TS , O'connell AM , Malajczuk N
Published: December 2005

The response of Macrozamia riedlei(Gaud.) C.A. Gardn. to fire, and its contribution to the input of nitrogen
to the jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Sm.) forest ecosystem of south-western Australia, were studied
by measuring the biomass and nutrient content of plant parts, and the nitrogenase activity of coralloid roots,
in relation to time since burning.
Leaf growth was rapid during the first year following fire. In forest burnt 1-5 years previously, the ratio
of weight of leaves to weight of bole did not differ significantly between sites. On a site burnt 7 years
previously a reduced proportion of leaves in the total plant biomass was attributed to a yellowing and
senescence of leaves. The ratio of weight of coralloid roots to weight of boles was greatest on the most
recently burnt site. Concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in leaves, and phosphorus, potassium and
zinc in coralloid roots, were significantly higher in plants growing in recently burnt forest. Concentrations of
calcium, sodium and chlorine in leaves were higher on sites which had not been burnt recently.
The rate of acetylene reduction, expressed per unit of bole weight, was greatest where forest had been
burnt 1 year before sampling and decreased to a minimum where burning had occurred 7 years previously.
This trend resulted from a decrease in both the weight and nitrogenase activity of coralloid roots with
increasing time since burning. Estimated rates of nitrogen fixation were 8.4 and 1.4 kg ha-1 year-1 on sites
burnt 1 . 5 and 7 years previously. In the period between successive prescribed burns (5 to 7 years), M. riedlei
was estimated to fix c. 35 kg nitrogen ha-1. This appears to be a significant input in relation to the nitrogen
balance of the jarrah forest ecosystem.
Rhizo-Stolons in Eucalyptus
Authors: Gillison AN , Lacey CJ , Bennett RH
Published: December 2005

A previously unrecorded system of eucalypt regeneration, via stolons and rhizo-stolons, is reported for field populations of shrub-like forms of grey box (Eucalyptus moluccana Roxb. subsp. moluccana) in south- eastern Australia. Field collections of rooted stoloniferous material were transplanted into artificial media under controlled glasshouse conditions where they produced similar rhizomes and extensive plagiotropic branching. Similar field observations in E. stellulata populations suggest that this clonal phenomenon may be present in other eucalypt species and could have significant implications for research and management.
Perispore morphology and the taxonomy of the Australian Aspleniaceae
Authors: Puttock CF , Quinn CJ
Published: December 2005

Perispore morphology of the Australian members of the Aspleniaceae is examined with use of both the light and scanning electron microscopes. A range of character states is described, and suitable terminology is defined. The results are used in conjunction with other morphological data to suggest a tentative taxonomic grouping of the Australian species.
Interspecific Hybridization Between Emex australis and E. spinosa
Authors: Putievsky E , Weiss PW , Marshall DR
Published: December 2005

Emex australis and E. spinosa growing in mixed populations in the field hybridize readily so that more than
50% of the progeny of E. australis and 0.5% of the progeny of E. spinosa may be interspecific hybrids. These
hybrids show irregular meiosis. low pollen stainability, and a high degree of sterility when self-pollinated.
However. they appear to backcross readily to either parent to form viable seed. It is suggested that these
conditions may open the way for the development, through introgressive hybridization, of new races or
forms in Australia which combine the broad adaptability of E. australis with the enhanced weed potential in
cereals of E. spinosa.