bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is the Glass-Steagall Act Justified? A Study of the U.S. Experience with Universal Banking Before 1933
Authors: Kroszner Randall S , Rajan Raghuram G
Published: November 2023

The Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 prohibits commercial banks from underwriting, holding, or dealing in corporate securities, either directly or through securities affiliates.1 The driving force behind the Act was Senator Carter Glass, who strongly believed that direct commerical-bank involvement with corporate securities was detrimental to the stability of the financial system. The commingling of investment and commercial banking functions, Glass and others argued, creates significant conflicts of interest. This view gained popular support after the Pecora Committee investigations (U.S. Senate Committee on Banking and Currency, 1933-1934) into the potentially conflictladen and putatively abusive practices at securities affiliates of the two most prominent national banks, National City Company and Chase Securities Company.
Reputation and Discretion in Financial Contracting
Authors: Boot Arnaud W A , Greenbaum, Stuart I , Thakor Anjan V
Published: November 2023

This chapter explains why financial contracts often allow participants a measure of discretion as to whether to honor or repudiate them. An example is the “comfort letter” used by a parent company to assure the subsidiary’ s lenders that the parent will support it in financial distress. The British High Court recently ruled that comfort letters represent nothing more than a moral commitment (see American Banker, 6 June 1989), thereby reversing an earlier ruling by a lower court (see Rene Sacasas 1989). Another example is the “highly confident” letter with which the investment banker promises to provide credit, but the promise is typically not legally enforceable. Other examples of such contracts are discussed in Section III.
The Effect of Credit Market Competition on Lending Relationships
Authors: Petersen Mitchell A , Rajan Raghuram G
Published: November 2023

Is it possible for firms facing competitive credit markets to form strong ties to particular creditors? Does the benefit to a firm of forming such relationships diminish when credit markets get more competitive? There is a theoretical reason for believing that credit market competition may be inimical to the formation of mutually beneficial relationships between firms and specific creditors. When a firm is young or distressed, the potential for future cash flows from its projects may be high, while the actual cash it generates is low. When evaluating the creditworthiness of the firm, a creditor should take into account the stream of future profits the firm may generate.
Competition among Financial Intermediaries When Diversification Matters
Authors: Winton Andrew
Published: November 2023

Many models of financial intermediaries (e.g. Diamond 1984; Ramakrishnan and Thakot 1984) imply that these institutions have substantial scale economies linked to improved diversification. History provides some support for this view. For example, in the period leading up to the Great Depression, the U.S., which restricted most banks to a single state, had higher bank failure rates than Canada, which had large, nationwide banks; within the U.S., larger banks were less likely to fail than smaller banks (Calomiris 1993).
Proprietary Information, Financial Intermediation, and Research Incentives
Authors: Bhattacharya Sudipto , Chiesa Gabriella
Published: November 2023

In their examination of corporate financial policy, Bhattacharya and Ritter (1983) introduced an equilibrium model of proprietary information and its disclosure in financial markets. In equilibrium, a firm with superior private knowledge, having a higher Poisson intensity of invention in a research and development (R&D) race, is induced to disclose part of its knowledge as a signal. The benefit of the signal is that the financing for the R&D can be obtained at lower cost. The cost of the signal arises from the fact that the information disclosed benefits the firm’ s product market competitors.
Financial Intermediation, Loanable Funds, and the Real Sector
Authors: Funds, Loanable , Sector the Real
Published: November 2023

During the late 1980s and early 1990s several OECD countries appeared to be suffering from a credit crunch. Higher interest rates reduced cash flows and pushed down asset prices, weakening the balance sheets of firms. Loan losses and lower asset prices (particularly in real estate) ate significantly into the equity of the banking sector, causing banks to pull back on their lending and to increase interest rate spreads. The credit crunch hit small, collateral-poor firms the hardest. Larger firms were less affected as they could either renegotiate their loans or go directly to the commercial paper or bond markets.
Credit Markets, Intermediation, and the Macroeconomy: A Discussion
Authors: Reichlin Pietro
Published: November 2023

The view that the “financial structure” and the performance of credit markets may be important to understand the macroeconomy dates back to Gurley and Shaw (1955) and it has been reconsidered in the last 20 years in a growing number of studies.1 The common feature of these contributions is the idea that the way in which agents finance their activities, have access to financial markets and choose contractual arrangements is mostly relevant to understand the business cycle. For expositional convenience I will refer to this approach as the “financial structure approach” (FSA) to macroeconomics.
The Adverse Selection Problem
Authors: Macho-Stadler Inѐs , Perez-Castrillo J David
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we study the adverse selection problem, which is present when, before the signing of a contract, the party that establishes the conditions of the contract (the principal) has less information than the other party (the agent) on some important characteristics affecting the value of the contract.
The Parties in the Subsequent Proceedings
Authors: Barnett Peter R
Published: November 2023

It is one thing to recognise a foreign judgment and verify its status as a res judicata, but the benefits and burdens of a res judicata are confined to those who were party (or privy) to the judgment. This means that any attempt to rely upon the preclusive effect of that judgment in subsequent proceedings will only succeed if the parties or privies in the subsequent proceedings are identical to those involved in the proceedings giving rise to the res judicata.
Core Concepts
Authors: Adger David
Published: November 2023

Certain utterances of human languages seem to have a special status, in that they express what you might call ‘complete thoughts’. So if I were to say, “It’s rather hot, today”, any native English speaker will interpret me as conveying a message which is somehow complete. Note that you could say exactly the same thing, “It’s rather hot, today”, which will also convey a complete message. However, if I do this on Sunday, and you do it on Monday, the message communicated is different. Linguists say that the proposition expressed is different.
Morphosyntactic Features
Authors: Adger David
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we will try to get an answer to the question of what it is that syntax regulates, such that the various facts about form and order that we saw in the previous chapter arise. We will introduce the notion of morphosyntactic feature, and tease out the ways that syntacticians motivate the existence of such features. Features play a role in syntax which is a little analogous to the role that atoms play in classical physical theories: they are the basic building blocks of syntax, and the ways that they may be combined, and the ways in which they may relate to each other, are what give rise to the observed phenomena.
Functional Categories II—the DP
Authors: Adger David
Published: November 2023

So far in this book we have paid most attention to the structure of the clause, and the way that the requirements of lexical items are met via Merge and Move. In this chapter, we will focus instead on the structure of the phrase which has, as its lexical core, a nominal element, rather than a verb. We will argue that, just as the verb in a clause is surmounted by a series of functional projections, so is the noun. These functional projections in both cases add non-0-related semantics and have the syntactic effect of providing positions for movement of both heads and phrases. The theory we will develop, then, implies that the true head of a nominal phrase is a functional category, which is the topmost of a series of functional categories, just as T is the topmost of a series of functional categories in the clause.
Functional Categories 111—CP
Authors: Adger David
Published: November 2023

In Chapters 5 and 6 we saw that the clause splits roughly into two parts: the lower part has to do with the thematic properties of the predicate (essentially the VP), and is associated with the lexical projection, while the upper part seems to have to do with non-thematic semantic properties such as mood, tense, and aspect. This upper part is associated with functional projections. In this chapter we will introduce one further clausal layer, which is higher still than T and its associated projections. This layer is also functional in nature, and bears close affinities to the T layer. However, the semantic properties associated with this higher level do not have to do with tense/aspect and other properties of the event picked out by the verb. Rather they have to do with the semantic status of the whole proposition.
A Theory of the (Growth of the) Transnational Firm: A Penrosean Perspective
Authors: Pitelis Christos
Published: November 2023

In this paper I apply a Penrosean perspective to the theory of the growth of the transnational corporation (TNC). I suggest that TNCs are the result of a dynamic interaction between endogenous factors to the firm and external opportunities and threats, as perceived by the firm’s management. Trans-border geographical diversification is the result of limits to domestic expansion, failed or missing markets, perceived differential opportunities abroad, and oligopolistic interaction. The choice of institutional mode (foreign direct investment over putting out, subcontracting, licensing or exporting) is also the result of missing or failing markets, perceived differential capabilities, and oligopolistic interaction.
Globalizing the Academy
Authors: Urry John
Published: November 2023

We appear to be living through some extraordinary times, times involving exceptional changes to the very fabric of social life. This sense of transformation has been described by academics, journalists, management specialists, educationalists, politicians, media commentators, computer experts, and others. One way to characterize these transformations is through the claim that economic, social, and political life is being globalized (see Held et al. 1999, for wide-ranging detail).

Analogies have been drawn with the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries when a somewhat similar restructuring of the dimensions of time and space took place. New technological and organizational innovations ‘compressed’ the time taken to travel across, and to communicate over, large distances.
Takeovers and the market for corporate control
Authors: Gugler Klaus
Published: November 2023

Like a lot of people, you may still think of the 1980s as the era of merger mania. Well, wake up: Todays mergers and acquisitions make the ‘80s look small-time. The global M&A market broke all records last year at $1 trillion and at its current pace will hit$ 1.3 trillion this year. (The biggest year of the ‘80s was 1989: $600 billion.) The reasons aren’t mysterious. Technological change, deregulation, and globalization are driving many industries consolidate; perhaps most important, with equity markets booming, CEOs are comfortable using their stock to pay what they might in other times consider ridiculously full prices.
The identity of owners
Authors: Gugler Klaus
Published: November 2023

Little evidence exists on the identity of investors and their effects on corporate governance and performance. Table 6.1 categorizes common share holdings into several categories, namely Families, Households, and Individuals; Non-financial Business; Banks; Other Financial Firms; the State; Foreign Holdings; and Pension Funds, Mutual Funds, and Dispersed Holdings.
Austria
Authors: Gugler Klaus
Published: November 2023

Very little systematic research has been done on corporate governance topics in Austria. The system is characterized by centralized ownership of corporations, pyramiding, state, and family ownership, and corporate shareholdings of financial institutions. The universal banking structure encourages the involvement of financial institutions in financing and controlling non-bank firms. There are very few large public corporations with dispersed share ownership, and there is no active market for corporate control. Control is exerted by internal control mechanisms such as boards of directors and large shareholders.
Japan
Authors: Sakuma Kyoko
Published: November 2023

This survey highlights the relationship between firm ownership structure and corporate performance in Japan. It also examines the board structure and managerial compensation. ‘While there are many studies looking at differences in performance between keiretsu-affiliated firms (i.e. business groups centred around a large commercial bank) and non-keiretsu firms, there are few studies focusing on different types of dominant owners (banks, insurance companies, institutional investors, families, etc.).
Turkey
Authors: Yurtoglu Burcin
Published: November 2023

Franks and Mayer (1998) characterize an ‘insider system’ of corporate governance by three features: (I) few listed companies, (2) a large number of substantial share stakes, and (3) large inter-corporate shareholdings. Outside investors, while able to participate in equity returns through the stock market, cannot exert much control. On the other side, the Anglo-Saxon system is a market oriented or ‘outsider system’ and is characterized by a large number of listed companies, a liquid capital market where ownership and control rights are frequently traded, and few inter-corporate shareholdings.
United Kingdom
Authors: Goergen Marc , Renneboog Luc
Published: November 2023

The UK is very different from most other countries, such as the Continental European countries and Japan, in terms of corporate governance and ownership. First, there is a much larger number of UK firms that are quoted on the stock exchange: the total market capitalization of domestic listed firms amounts to 81per cent of the GNP (these figures are adjusted for double counting due to cross-shareholdings between companies). In comparison the total market values of quoted German and Japanese firms are only about l4and37 percent of GNP respectively(Prowse 1995). 0naverage, British companies also go public at a much earlier point in their life cycle than their German counterparts. The average age of firms at the time of their initial public offering is only 14 years in the UK, but 53 years in Germany. Surprisingly, however, the difference in size is much less pronounced, as UK IPOs are only half as large as German IPOs, measured by market capitalization (Goergen 1998).
The European Court of Justice
Authors: BúRca Gráinne De , Weiler J H H
Published: November 2023

This collection of essays aims to look afresh at an institution which, although already the subject of numerous academic analyses and extensive legal research, remains of central importance to all who are interested in the development of European Union law and policy. Various contributions seek to develop particular avenues of analysis which, despite the significant increase in the range and volume of literature on the Court of Justice, have not yet been very fully explored. They include a legal-philosophical account of the ECJ's reasoning, a sociological analysis of patterns of litigation before the Court, and an investigation of the impact and presence of gender in the Court's work and on its institutional position. Other contributions look anew at the more topical and sometimes controversial subject of the relationship between national courts and the Court of Justice, both under the preliminary reference procedure and in other contexts, and a final essay considers the likely effect on the Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance of the reforms to the judicial structure proposed during the Nice Intergovernmental Conference.
Endoclitics and the Origins of Udi Morphosyntax
Authors: Harris Alice c.
Published: November 2023

Endoclitics and the Origins of Udi Morphosyntax provides a synchronic description and analysis of a phenomenon that appears to be unique among languages that have been brought to the attention of linguists, namely the occurrence of endoclitics. Alice Harris demonstrates that syntactic rules must have access to the internal structure of the word. The early chapters of the book show that the morphemes at issue are clitics (as opposed to affixes), that the items inside which they may occur are words (as opposed to phrases), and that the clitics occur inside these words under specifiable conditions. The second part of the book describes how Udi came to be so different from other languages, and in doing so explains the origins of the phenomenon explored in the first part. The book will appeal to theoretical linguists, especially those interested in the interface between syntax and morphology. It will also be of considerable interest to historical linguists and students of Caucasian languages.
Introduction
Authors: Catford J C
Published: November 2023

Phonetics is the systematic study of human speech-sounds. It provides means of describing and classifying virtually all the sounds that can be produced by human vocal tracts. How this is done is the principal subject-matter of this book. But before we begin to investigate the sounds of speech it may be useful to say something about why it is interesting and useful to do this: in other words, to review some of the uses of phonetics.
Articulation: Locations
Authors: Catford J C
Published: November 2023

In the last chapter we looked at various articulatory stricture types, representing what we called the ‘vertical’ and ‘time’ (prolongable/non-prolongable) dimensions of articulation, and at the location of the oral air-path, representing the ‘transverse’ dimension of articulation (median/ lateral).
The Cardinal Vowels (CVs)
Authors: Catford J C
Published: November 2023

There is some divergence of opinion among phoneticians as to whether the system of Cardinal Vowels (which, from now on, we shall refer to as CVs) should be regarded primarily as an articulatory or as an auditory scale of reference-vowels. From the practical point of view, however, it is best to proceed as if the system is basically an articulatory one, and to familiarize oneself thoroughly with the ‘feel’ —the proprioceptive and tactile sensations—of the CVs.
Sound-systems of Languages
Authors: Catford J C
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapters we have talked about speech-sounds for the most part as things-in-themselves—that is, as so many isolated physiologicoacoustic events without much reference to the way in which they are used in different languages. But now we must look at how sounds are utilized-how they are organized into the sound-systems of languages.
Review
Authors: Catford J C
Published: November 2023

We have covered a good deal of ground in this book, and looked closely at many aspects of the production of speech. At times, while the reader was learning, by experiment, the various taxonomic categories of phonetics, it may have seemed difficult to see the wood for the trees. For that reason, it seems desirable to give here a brief review of most of the matters we have dealt with.
The Rights in English Law Before the Human Rights Act
Authors: Clayton Richard , Tomlinson Hugh
Published: November 2023

It is well established that English law does not recognise a right to privacy as such. The point was considered by the Court of Appeal in Kaye v Robertson. In that case, a well known actor had undergone extensive surgery and was in hospi-tal when he was photographed and allegedly interviewed by a tabloid newspaper. He sought an injunction to restrain publication of the interview.
The Impact of the Human Rights Act
Authors: Clayton Richard , Tomlinson Hugh
Published: November 2023

The absence of a right to privacy in English law demonstrates the limited capacity of the common law to evolve new ways of protecting human rights. As Sir Robert Megarry V-C emphasised in Malone v Metropolitan Police Commissiones when rejecting a claim that telephone tapping breached the ‘right to privacy’: it is no function of the courts to legislate in a new field. The extension of the existing laws and principles is one thing, the creation of an altogether new right is an other.
The Impact of the Human Rights Act
Authors: Clayton Richard , Tomlinson Hugh
Published: November 2023

The Human Rights Act will require the courts to give new weight to the freedom of expression which, in the past, has often been subordinated to other interests. There was considerable debate when the Bill was enacted concerning the effect of incorporating Article 10, and its relationship to other Convention rights. The existence of a right to freedom of expression which is subject to narrowly defined limits which must be justified as proportionate will have a significant impact on the English law in a large number of different areas. Nevertheless, during the pas- sage of the Bill the media expressed concerns about the effect of the right of privacy on freedom of expression. As a result, the Government introduced section 12 of the Act which was ‘specifically designed to safeguard press freedom’.
Risk, Vulnerability, and Harm Reduction: Preventing STIs in Southeast Asia by Antibiotic Prophylaxis, a Misguided Practice
Authors: Nichter Mark
Published: November 2023

Recognition of risk, production of knowledge about risk, and management of risk have been identified as core features of late modernity by several notable social theorists. Globally, the public is being exposed to an increasing stream of information about risk to disease (accidents, ecological disasters, etc.). This information is provided by a number of different sources ranging from public health experts engaged in disease surveillance to politicians engaged in the justification of public policy, newspaper reporters in search of headlines to marketers pitching products. Information about risk is typically presented to the public as ‘objective fact’ backed up by statistics which highlight correlations commonly misinterpreted by the public as causal relationships. As many social scientists have pointed out, what masquerades as ‘objective fact’ is often ‘social fact.’ Knowledge about risk is far from neutral and often motivated by subtle and not so subtle social, political, and economic forces. Assumptions guide research (and research funding), who is to be compared to whom (e.g. groups defined by race or ethnicity instead of social class or environment), what is singled out as potential risk or protective factors to be measured, and the manner in which data is analysed as well as presented. The rhetoric of risk assumes a sense of determinacy which provides those in fields like public health with a ‘model of’ as well as a ‘model for’ action justifying as much as guiding recommendations.
National Trajectories, International Competition, and Transnational Governance in Europe*
Authors: plehwe dieter
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the interrelationship between regulatory structures and the strategies of firms. As firms internationalize, they seek to shift regulatory structures away from the national level towards an appropriate level of international coordination. By helping to create common standards across national boundaries firms are able to benefit from a level playing field (see Morgan’s contribution in Chapter 9), thus increasing potential economies of scale and scope. The process of internationalizing regulatory structures therefore develops at least in part from the efforts of firms to create a framework more suited to the scale of their businesses. However, business ‘scale’ is not given automatically. It may require firms to reconceptualize how they look at themselves and their businesses. In this process, the potential offered by internationalizing regulation and getting beyond distinctive national markets becomes in itself a force that changes conceptions within firms. This chapter therefore explores the interrelationship between firms and regulatory structures as they interact at the national and international levels.
Toward a Single Model of Corporate Law?
Authors: Hansmann Henry , Kraakman Reinier
Published: November 2023

The history of corporate law is an unfinished story of convergence in two parts. The more important part ended a hundred years ago, when the corporation displaced other entities as the principal legal form of large-scale enterprise in advanced jurisdictions. At the start of the nineteenth century, there were no general corporation statutes anywhere; by its end, the corporation was the dominant mode of organizing large firms throughout North America and Europe. Of course, jurisdictions differed, then as now, in the fine structure of their corporate laws as well as in their corporate governance practices, financing techniques, and reliance on capital markets. These differences persisted—and, in some cases. grew more pronounced—during much of the twentieth century.
Convergence and its Critics: What are the Preconditions to the Separation of Ownership and Control?
Authors: Copfee John C
Published: November 2023

Contemporary assessments of corporate governance and structure today typically begin at the same point and then diverge. Each opens by noting that Berle and Means (1932) were myopic. When in 1932 they announced the separation of ownership and control, Bede and Means did not recognize that they were describing a largely Anglo-Saxon phenomenon, which did not characterize the corporate governance systems of most of the rest of the world.
Takeover Regulation in Europe and America: The Need for Functional Convergence
Authors: Raaijmakers Theo
Published: November 2023

How should European Community (EC) policymakers respond to the growth in cross border takeovers across Europe? Does the increase in cross-border mergers give rise to regulatory concern? To what extent will policymakers develop a regulatory approach that establishes procedures that enhance takeover bids while taking into account shareholder interests? And to what extent has the growing market for cross-border takeovers increased pressure on regulators to emulate the USA rules of disclosure and substantive regulation of tender offers.
Investor Dominance and Strategic Transparency: On the Role of Corporate Governance for Product and Capital Market Competition
Authors: Perotti Enrico , von Thaooen Ernst-Ludwig
Published: November 2023

The recent literature on the comparative advantages of different corporate governance models is an exciting area for competing ideas. Much attention has been dedicated to the comparison between the effectiveness of shareholder control over delegated monitoring by lenders. The debate over the comparative information efficiency of the two governance structures is particularly interesting. On the one hand, Diamond (1984) has argued that information gathering may be best delegated to intermediaries to avoid duplicating efforts. On the other hand, the market microstructure literature has emphasized the importance of decentralized market trading to support information collection (sec e.g. Holmstrom and Tirole 1993).
Managerial Disciplining and the Market for (Partial) Corporate Control in the UK
Authors: Pranks Julian , Mayer Colin , Renneboog Luc
Published: November 2023

In the USA, hostile takeovers or the mere threat of a hostile takeover are believed to be an effective check on managerial autonomy. A firm is continually auctioned and if the company is worth more to a potential acquirer than it is currently worth, a raid may occur which will subsequently lead to board and asset restructuring and potentially to performance increases. Confirmation of this monitoring role of the USA takeover market is provided by Martin and McConnell (1991). Apart from the USA, the UK is one of the few countries with an active market for corporate control. Whereas Germany has experienced only four hostile takeover attempts in the post-Second World War period, there were eighty hostile takeover bids in the UK in the period 1985–6 alone. Drawing on Franks and Mayer (1996), this section examines the role of the hostile takeover market in the UK in the period 1985–6, at the height of the mergers and acquisitions-wave of the 1980s.
A Comparison of English and American Bankruptcy Procedures
Authors: Franks Julian R , Torous Walter N
Published: November 2023

It has become fashionable for countries to change their insolvency procedures. As a result, 1 here exists a great variety of insolvency codes and procedures for dealing with insolvent and distressed companies. One way of distinguishing between them is on the basis of a debtor or creditor orientation. A second distinction can be made according to the origins of the procedures: the extent to which procedures are based on commercial contracts between lenders and borrowers and the extent to which they are governed by statute. USA insolvency procedures are governed largely by statute, for example, the 1978 Bankruptcy Act. In contrast, England’s insolvency procedures are largely based on commercial contracts between lenders and borrowers.
Cash-Based Executive Compensation in Spain and the UK
Authors: Crespí Rafel , Gispert Carles , Renneboog Luc
Published: November 2023

For the largest tier of US firms, the degree to which the chief executive officers’ (CEOs) compensation is related to corporate performance has been thoroughly investigated over the last two decades (Murphy 1999). A tight positive relation between managerial remuneration and corporate performance is important to reduce the tension between shareholders and managers resulting from differing objectives. Such agency costs are particularly prominent in the case of a high degree of separation of ownership and control. For example, in more than 85 per cent of listed UK firms, there is no large shareholder owning a share stake of 25 per cent or more (Franks et al 2001).
Confronting Electronic Surveillance: Desiring and Resisting New Technologies
Authors: McGrail Brian A
Published: November 2023

The population of the United Kingdom came under the constant gaze of the camera in the 1990s. Whilst other countries were not slow to adopt closed circuit television (CCTV) surveillance techniques, successive UK governments encouraged the establishment of systems to such an extent that the UK, it has been claimed, has double the number of cameras in public places compared to other EU nations (Narayan 1996; see also Graham 1998). As a presumed tech nique for solving numerous social problems, the camera effectively ruled UK governmentality. Narayan’s claim (1996) may well pinpoint a difference between a UK approach to street crime, problem neighbourhoods, and CCTV, and the approach taken on continental Europe. I would not wish to overemphasize this difference, as CCTV is now as important a factor of ‘virtual Paris’ as it is of London.
Bulgarian
Authors: Alexieva Nevena
Published: November 2023

A phonological contrastive analysis is applied to identify deviations from the rules of transcribing some Bulgarian terms of English origin, which are presented in a table with their existing forms, etymologies, phonetic transcriptions, and recommended forms. The deviations result either from the old practice of transliterating rather than transcribing English borrowed names, or from the influence of a mediating language (French or Russian). Recommendations on correct transcriptions are pro posed to remove undesired doublets and enhance terminological standardization.
(Serbo-)Croatian
Authors: Filipović Rudolf
Published: November 2023

The author analyses some English equivalents of the Croatian structures from a corpus which includes the scientific register. The analysis can be considered as an introduction to a further study of the relationship between implicit and explicit coding of the same semantic functions in the two contrasted languages.
Icelandic
Authors: Svavarsdóttir Ásta , Kvaran Guórim
Published: November 2023

The paper is a part of a thematic discussion of English-American influence on the Scandinavian languages. The author treats the matter from a socio-cultural as well as from a linguistic point of view and gives a number of examples of potential English influence on various levels of the language: vocabulary, syntax, phonology, etc.; however, the discussion is mainly speculative.
Italian
Authors: Pulcini Virginia
Published: November 2023

This compilation lists 2,300 English words collected from newspapers during 1987, grouped under seven subjects (politics, daily news, advertising, jobs, culture, economics, and science) and accompanied by quotations. No linguistic information about the English loanwords is provided. The volume contains a very well-balanced and informative chapter (‘La lingua dell’okey’, 217-45) about the spread of English in Italy. Starting from a historical perspective on linguistic exchange, Beccaria praises the vitality of the English language, condemns purist policies directed against foreign words, as was the case in Italy during the Fascist regime, but also criticizes today’s excessive use of English words in the press.
Norwegian
Authors: Graedler Anne-Line
Published: November 2023

A sociolinguistic study of the influence of English on the speech of forty-six upper secondary school students from two schools in the same socio-geographic area of Oslo. The survey takes up the informants’ contact with and attitudes toward English, and the question of whether their use of English in Norwegian is systematic and conscious.
Romanian
Authors: Constantinescu Ilinca , Ştefãnescu Ariadna
Published: November 2023

The author investigates English loanwords which first appeared in the sixteenth to twentieth centuries, taking into account the history and culture of the two nations.
Arbitrations Involving a State or an International Organization
Authors: Petrochilos Georgios
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we look at ‘mixed’ arbitrations, that is, arbitral proceedings involving a state (including certain state-controlled entities) or an international organization. In such arbitrations, a primary question is whether the arbitral process (and hence the arbitral procedure) is subject to any municipal arbitration law or—on the contrary—to international law.

Though states and international organizations are not treated alike in international or national law, both enjoy immunity from jurisdiction (or ‘immunity from suit’). As will be seen, this immunity from jurisdiction, and the attendant absence of international responsibility of the state of the seat of an arbitration in respect of it, are material for our purposes here.
What Does the Future Hold?
Authors: Petrochilos Georgios
Published: November 2023

Running the inevitable risk of saying everything at least once, it is now time to take stock of the developments in international arbitration law that the previous chapters of this book have been concerned with.

The international law aspects of arbitration that this book has tried to tackle did not become apparent before the 1920s or so, when arbitration started becoming a mainstream method for resolving international disputes. Until that time, neither national nor international law had dealt with such questions, because arbitration was a purely national affair, ie, a faster but less sophisticated alternative to litigation in the courts, principally (and often exclusively) for commercial disputes.
Comity In Modern Private International Law
Authors: Collins* Tawrence
Published: November 2023

In an unreported decision in the year 2000 Thomas J, sitting in the English Commercial Court, was concerned with a case in which a United States corporation was seeking in the United States an injunction to restrain arbitral and judicial proceedings in London, and a German corporation was seeking an injunction in London to restrain the United States proceedings. He refused the injunction restraining the United States proceedings, and said:
A Culling Of Sacred Cows-The Impact Of The Ec Insolvency Regulation On English Conflict Of Laws
Authors: Fletcher* Tan F
Published: November 2023

The entry into force of the EC Regulation on Insolvency Proceedings, from 31 May 2002, brought about numerous changes in the law and practice relating to insolvency in all the EC Member States, including the United Kingdom. While some of those changes involve merely modest adjustment to existing procedures, others are of a more radical nature. Among these are a number whose effect is to reverse—or significantly recast—established rules and principles in the realm of English private international law. Although the changes are, strictly speaking, confined to those cases which fall within the ambit of the Regulation, they will almost certainly give rise to a wider consideration of the matters affected, to ascertain whether there are good reasons for maintaining a dissimilar treatment of cases on the basis that the Regulation is applicable to some, but not to others, by reason of the debtor’s modus operandi at the time of the opening of proceedings. The purpose of this paper is to identify some of the more notable changes from the standpoint of English law, and to offer some thoughts on the advisability of retaining the previous rules for parallel application to cases outside the ambit of the Regulation.
On Some Writers On The Conflict Of Laws Of Contracts
Authors: Lando Ole
Published: November 2023

This arricle is about some writers on the conflict oflaws of contracts. Most of them published their works between 1930 and 1960. The authors to bt:’ mentioned impressed me and influencl:’d my writings.
Declining Jurisdiction Under The Brussels I Regulation 2001 And The Preliminary Draft Hague Judgments Convention: A Comparison
Authors: Peter Nygh
Published: November 2023

For the purposes of this article, a court can be said to decline jurisdiction when it refuses to exercise a jurisdiction that the plaintiff has regularly invoked under the law of the forum. This is quite distinct from the situation where a court finds that it lacks jurisdiction. There are four situations in which courts can decline jurisdiction:
Victims of Crime and the Victim Movement
Authors: Strang Heather
Published: November 2023

In spring 1987 Mr s Cameron’s 14-year-old son was beaten to death at a Canberra school fete. His 17-year-old assailant was charged with murder but pleaded guilty to manslaughter. He was convicted, sentenced to six years’ imprisonment, and served twenty-one months. Mrs Cameron described the treatment that she and her husband received from the justice system as ‘just horrific we had no support whatsoever ... we felt so alienated’. She said that they felt so distressed by the way they were dealt with that they scarcely had time to think about their son’s death.
The Lived Experience of Victims
Authors: Strang Heather
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores whether the lived experience of RISE victims coincided with what the literature suggests about the experience of justice that victims seek, both in the processing and outcome of their cases. The data consist of the responses of 232 victims of property crime or violent crime to the structured questionnaire described in Chapter 4 (see Appendix 1 ). These data are supplemented by qualitative comments from the victims made in the course of the interviews. These 232 victims, of l 96 separate cases, represent a response rate of 89 per cent of all personal victims (see Chapter 4 for a discussion of response rates).
Victim Satisfaction with the Restorative Justice Alternative
Authors: Strang Heather
Published: November 2023

Chapter 5 showed that victims whose cases were assigned to the restorative alternative of conferencing consistently expressed relatively high levels of approval about most aspects of their experience. On many of these aspects we do not have comparable data for victims whose cases were dealt with in court: so few of them actually attended their court cases that it was not possible to gather enough information to compare their experience meaningfu1ly with that of the conference victims. This does not necessarily mean that court victims were unhappy with the way their cases were dealt with. Indeed, some victims, especially small-shop proprietors and managers who are repeatedly victimized, were pleased to have as little to do with their cases as the court provided.
Cosmopolitanism and Organized Violence
Authors: Kaldor Ma Ry
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I argue for a cosmopolitan political project as a way of responding to the spread of what I call ‘new wars’. And I suggest that this argument can be treated as a way of deducing the more general case for a cosmopolitan political project for three reasons. First, the rupture with classical modernity that is associated with the process of globalization is perhaps most decisively illustrated by the changes in the pattern of organized violence. The twentieth century can be described as the period in which the nation-state system reached its apogee, and this period will probably be best remembered for the terrible barbarity of totalitarianism and war. But the twentieth century was also the moment when the nation-state system exhausted itself and when these statist phenomena (totalitarianism and inter-state war) were abolished, like slavery in an earlier period.
Saving the victims of violence
Authors: Seybolt Taylor B
Published: November 2023

The rules of war prohibit combatants from attacking unarmed civilians. In most conflicts today, however, warriors do not care about the rules. In fact, they go to great lengths to kill men, women and children who belong to a different ethnic or communal group. The Rwandan Government created the Interaham we militia, armed it with machetes and trained it to kill all Tutsi. The militiamen ‘worked’ with the Rwandan military to devastating effect, slaughtering their neighbours and any Hutu who opposed them. In Bosnia and Herzegovina the Serbian Government of Slobodan Milosevic formed and armed Bosnian Serb militias to act with the FRY and Bosnian Serb armies to kill tens of thousands of Bosnian Muslims and drive hundreds of thousands more from their homes. In Sierra Leone murdering and torturing civilians was the main occupation of the Revolutionary United Front (RUF). The number of civilian deaths in these conflicts and in many others far exceeded the number of military deaths.
Now’s the Time! Consumption and Time-Space Disruptions in Postmodern Virtual Worlds
Authors: Odih Pamela , Knights David
Published: November 2023

There is little doubt that virtual reality and advances in global electronic communication involve a more intense compression of time and space than we have previously experienced. In the microelectronic world of virtual commun ication, time has to be seen much more as tied to the social context of its use rather than as an unproblematic medium whose neutrality permits comparison and communication across diverse boundaries. These very boundaries are in disarray as we begin to realize that every communication is a prosthesis or projection of a unique identity. Instantaneous communication and consump tion mean that we no longer experience a common time ‘in’ which we all live in more or less mutual relevance, but, on the contrary, events in cyberspace are simultaneously global and local, representing a unique and unrepeatable period of time (Adam 1990; Ermarth 1992).
Contested Presents: Critical Perspectives on ‘Real-Time’ Management
Authors: Purser Ronald E
Published: November 2023

The real-time perspective has served as the foundation for the formation of new economy companies, as well as the adoption of e-commerce business models. Regis McKenna’s book, Real Time (1997), seized the day, as it opens with the invitation: ‘Imagine a world in which time seems to vanish and space seems completely malleable. Where the gap between need or desire and fulfillment collapses to zero. Where distance equals a microsecond in lapsed connection time’ (1997: 3). The ideal for McKenna is to eliminate time entirely, to shrink to zero the gap or temporal distance between desire and the object of desire. With the emergence of digital technology, time negation is becoming a reality, for digital technology compresses the distance between ‘here and there’, ‘now and then’.
Discriminatory, Status-based Wages among Tradition-oriented, Stochastically Trading Coconut Producers
Authors: Akerlof George A
Published: November 2023

A robust model of discrimination is presented; even if there is a significant minority without a taste for discrimination and even if there is capital transfer among entrepreneurs with different tastes for discrimination, no entrant can profit by violating the mdiscriminatory custom. The key innovation in this model of discrimination is that markets are in some sense smaller than the Walrasian market. All traders have a chance of trading with one another. And at the time of trade there is no other equally satisfactory alternative trading partner.
Relative Wages and the Rate of Inflation
Authors: Akerlof George A
Published: November 2023

Monetary theory in the post-Keynesian era has, to a good extent, centered around the question ‘is money neutral?’. This is an important question, of course, because the existence of such economic animals as the Phillips Curve may well depend on the answer. Patinkin’s famous book argues for the neutrality of money: with different levels of the money supply in a perfectly competitive world all equilibrium real variables will be the same.
The Microeconomic Foundations of a Flow of Funds Theory of the Demand for Money
Authors: Akerlof George A
Published: November 2023

Traditional transactions models of the demand for money view money holdings as the resultant of two different types of decisions. The first type of decision concerns payments which shall be denoted autonomous because these payments are both in magnitude and in frequency independent of the level of the bank account. The second type of decision concerns a monitoring rule, whereby payments are made to prevent the bank account from becoming too large or too small. Because of their dependence, either in magnitude or in frequency on the level of the bank account, such payments will be denoted as induced.
Jobs as Dam Sites*
Authors: Akerlof George A
Published: November 2023

Much economic analysis is based on stylized relations between the nature of economic processes and the functions economists use as their tools of analysis. For example, if production processes are duplicable, constant returns to scale production functions are obtained. The student of elementary economics is told that if goods are difficult to substitute, their demand is inelastic; if easy to substitute their demand is elastic. In similar fashion it is the purpose of this paper to categorize the nature of jobs and to show that it has implications for the elasticity of demand for labour with respect to the wage.
The Human Rights Act And Statute Law
Authors: Clayton Richard , Tomlinson Hugh
Published: November 2023

In R v Lambert [200 l] 3 WLR 206, 242, para 110, Lord Hope accepted that the 4.04 interpretative obligation in section 3(1) applied to the provisions of the Human Rights Act 1998 in exactly the same way as it applies to any other statute.
Human Rights And Public Authorities
Authors: Clayton Richard , Tomlinson Hugh
Published: November 2023

The distinction between standard public authorities, functional public author- 5.08 ties and courts and tribunals drawn in the Main Work was adopted and approved Chapter 5: Human Rights and Public Authorities by Lord Woolf CJ in Poplar Housing and Regeneration Community Association Ltd v Donoghue [2002] QB 48, 68, para 63.