bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation on the Contaminant Distribution with Dedicated Outdoor Air System in Restaurant
Authors: Li Jiangbo , Ding Yunfei
Published: August 2022

The continual transmission of epidemics makes health workers aware of the importance of airborne transmission in special cases. The well-known equation Wells-Riley highlights the importance of ventilation to dilution of infectious aerosol as well. And the airborne transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been confirmed. The main problem of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic of three families in a restaurant in Guangzhou lies in unreasonable ventilation. An air-conditioning system of Ceiling radiant cooling plate (CRCP) combined with a dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS) has been proposed in this paper. The simulation of the diffusion of tiny exhaled droplets is carried out through SF6 tracer gas. A numerical simulation of the original indoor air distribution of the restaurant and that of the new air-conditioning system has been conducted. Pollutant concentrations of different indoor locations and exposure indexes under four working conditions of ventilation rates 3, 6, 9, and 12 ACH are calculated. The results suggest that the air supply mode of air conditioners put forward in this paper can decrease the risk of indoor infection to a large extent. When the ventilation rate is 1L/s, the probability of infection is very high. With the increase in ventilation times, the risk of infection gradually decreases. Offering suitable ventilation in crowded spaces can greatly prevent and control the air transmission of coronavirus.
Simulation on air temperature and particle distribution under natural make-up air in indoor environment with a Chinese-style residential kitchen
Authors: Liu Yu , Ma Hongqiang , Zheng Wenke , Dong Jiankai , Jiang Yiqiang
Published: August 2022

Kitchen is an important place in Chinese residential building. However, unfavourable thermal environment and unsatisfied air quality occur during cooking. Studies on kitchen environment are experimentally investigated with enough make-up airflow. But mostly normal kitchens are merely installed with a exhaust hood and have not installed air supply system. This work carried out numerical simulation to investigate kitchen indoor environment under natural air make-ups. Air inflow under window fully open, insufficient air inflow from window crack and well-controlled constant inflow volume from window opening are included. Results show that there was a uniform temperature distribution in occupant’s working zone under window open condition. Vertical temperature differences were 4.0 °C under insufficient air make-up. In breathing zone, temperature difference was 6.0 °C and 4.7 °C under uncontrolled and well-controlled airflow, respectively. Mean particle concentration could be largely reduced under controlled and well-organized enough make-up air in kitchen.
Control strategy of fan filter units in cleanroom considering of the moving personnel
Authors: Liang Chenjiyu , Zhao Jiaan , Wang Huan , Li Xianting
Published: August 2022

Fan filter units (FFUs) are crucial to maintaining the cleanliness of cleanrooms. Traditionally, the air volume of FFU is not adjusted and maintained at a rated value, resulting in a huge amount of energy. Previous research proved that controlling FFUs based on personnel position was effective in cleanrooms with the non-uniform environment, and could further reduce the air volumes. However, the control strategy for moving personnel has not been given. In this study, moving personnel is numerically simulated in a typical cleanroom. A control strategy is proposed that only the 4 FFUs above the personnel operate at high velocity and still operate at high velocity for 10 seconds after the personnel leaves. The results show that the control strategy can guarantee satisfactory cleanliness, and the air volume of the proposed strategy can be reduced by 53.6% and 18.7% compared with the uniform velocity strategies at designed velocity and decreased velocity, respectively. Since fewer and fewer personnel are in the cleanroom, the study will conduce to tremendous energy reductions of FFUs, which may have promising application potential in cleanrooms
Experimental test research on the release characteristics of particulate contaminants in cigarettes
Authors: Nie Shuyu , Qu Yunxia
Published: August 2022

Indoor air quality is particularly important not only in schools, hospitals, nursing homes and other environments that accommodate sensitive people, but also in production places with high cleanliness requirements. At present, most researches are aimed at testing the mass concentration of contaminants and there are few characterizations of the release characteristics(that is, the release rate) of contaminants. Air pollutants are generally include particulate contaminants and gaseous contaminants. This paper takes cigarettes as typical representatives of particulate contaminants and takes the solid particulate matters PM2.5 produced by cigarettes as the research object. In the 30m3 air purification test chamber, the PM2.5 release rate produced by smoldering cigarette and the smoke generator, the diffusion rate and mass concentration of PM2.5 in the air purification test chamber were tested. According to linear regression, the fitting curve of PM2.5 mass concentration of cigarette smoldering and smoke generator was obtained and the release rate law and the static diffusion and dynamic diffusion law of PM2.5 in the test chamber were obtained. The research results can provide basic data when there are PM2.5 particulate matters pollution sources in the indoor environment and provide scientific and reasonable important basis for subsequent research on airflow organization, ventilation frequency, indoor cleanliness, etc.
Effect of Different Ventilation Systems on Concentrations of Indoor Particle Emitted from Floor of the Office
Authors: Li Linlin , Yao Yifeng , Luo Yang , Huang Yuandong
Published: August 2022

A three-dimensional numerical simulation of airflow, temperature, and pollutant concentration distributions with underfloor air distribution (UFAD) system and displacement ventilation (DV) systems are presented for different operating conditions. Since the particles deposited on the floors can be re-introduced into the air through re- suspension and then constitute a threat to human’s health, an optimal ventilation system is required to reduce the indoor air particle concentrations. In the present study, the effects of different systems on the concentrations of indoor particles are numerically investigated by an Eulerian-Lagrangian method, and the RNG k-ε model is adopted for the simulation. Three different supply air velocities (0.2-0.4 m/s) and different supply air temperatures (20 ℃, 22 ℃ and 24 ℃) are considered in the simulation. Meanwhile, the thermal effect of the human body on the micro-environment and its interaction with the surrounding environment are comprehensively evaluated. The simulation results shows that for the UFAD and DV systems, good performance of particle removal is obtained with the high air supply speed for the DV system, while under larger temperature gradient of the indoor environment, the UFAD system is capable of reducing the concentration of the particles emitted from the floors with lower air supply speed.
Differences of filtration performances between PTFE filter material and rGO filter material
Authors: Cui Yong , Fan Yuesheng , Zhang Xin , Wang Huan , Xue Kexin , Gan Weikang , Li Ming
Published: August 2022

Indoor environment has become a top priority for people under the context of increasingly serious air pollution and normalization of epidemic prevention and control. In this work, the comprehensive performances of the reduced graphene oxide filter material (rGO) are compared with the existing PTFE electrets material. The results demonstrated that: the filtration efficiency of PTFE material decreased with the increase of filtration velocity at the initial experiment, while the filtration efficiency of rGO/non-woven materials showed the opposite trend. With the increased of filtration velocity, the filtration efficiency of rGO/non-woven material was gradually higher than that of PTFE material. The filtration efficiency of rGO/non-woven material for PM10, PM2.5was 15.86% and 4.45% higher than that of PTFE material respectively at the filtration velocity was 0.25m/s. However, the improvement of filtration efficiency was accompanied by the increase of filtration resistance for rGO/non-woven material.Therefore, it should be reasonable select and use the air filters in using. This comparative experiment provides a data reference and basis for the synthesis and practical application of new filter materials in the future, and also has a certain significance.
Molecular simulation to analyze the effect of ultrafine particles on indoor organic gaseous pollutants removal by activated carbon
Authors: Sheng Ying , Wang Mingyang
Published: August 2022

Activated carbons are usually used to control the gas phase pollutants in the indoor environment. Actually, there are substantial ultrafine particles (UFPs) in air that have an impact on the gas pollutants removal by activated carbons in the actual implementation. In this paper, the influence of UFPs on the adsorption performance of activated carbon was analyzed by molecular simulation. The nanoporous carbon model was developed to describe the activated carbon. The adsorption of low concentration toluene with/without NaCl UFPs in the activated carbon was simulated and evaluated from the perspectives of adsorption capacity, diffusion coefficient, adsorption site, radial distribution function, adsorption heat and energy distribution. The results showed that the toluene adsorption was decreased by 21~29% since the existence of NaCl UFPs blocked the pores to some extent and occupied a portion of adsorption sites of toluene. The morphology of toluene molecules adsorbed in the activated carbon was double-layer. The optimal adsorption sites were at a distance of 4.4 Å from the activated carbon skeleton. As the concentration of toluene was increased, the toluene molecules were adsorbed on the active sites that released more energy and gradually moved to the common sites that released less energy. The existence of NaCl UFPs neither affected the optimal adsorption distance of toluene in the activated carbon, nor the energy distribution and adsorption heat. This study revealed the mechanism of gas-solid coupling mass transfer in the porous materials and would help master the actual adsorption performance of adsorbent
Analysis of the effect of air purification equipment on indoor pollutants in Northeast China in winter
Authors: Sun Wen , Yan Weidong , Huang Kailiang , Ma Jian , Liu Shu , Liu Guoqi
Published: August 2022

In this study, 3 residential buildings with installed high-efficiency filter fresh air system, coarse-efficiency filter fresh air system and air purifier were selected respectively to analyze the purification effect of different air purification equipment on indoor pollutants in winter. Data on ventilation and concentrations of PM2.5 and CO2 were collected through long-term online monitoring. The test results showed that under the same outdoor pollution condition, the average indoor PM2.5 concentration of residential buildings equipped with high-efficiency filter fresh air system and air purifier was 33.62μg/m3 and 34.32μg/m3, respectively. However, the purification effect of coarse-efficiency filter fresh air system was poor, and the indoor PM2.5 concentration over-standard rate reached 13.11%. It was a slow process for the fresh air system to reduce indoor CO2 concentration. The fresh air system needed to be opened continuously for 4 hours to stabilize the CO2 concentration, and the decrease rate could reach 53.6%. Whereas, it took only 14 minutes for natural ventilation to reduce the indoor CO2 concentration by 54.3%, but the window opening time was limited in winter. The use of high-efficiency filter fresh air system can ensure indoor comfort and maintain concentration of indoor pollutants at a low level in winter.
Measurement of particle removal performance for a novel design of range hood
Authors: Shu Lei , Fang Lei , Grønbæk Henning , Bendtsen Jacob , Olesen Bjarne W.
Published: August 2022

A novel range hood (NRH) consisting of a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter circulation component and exhaust component was designed to improve indoor air quality. The HEPA filter circulation component with an airflow rate of 72 l/s was used to remove the particulate matter generated by cooking activities and return filtered clean air to the room. The exhaust component was used to reject both particulate matter and other indoor air pollutants to the outdoors. Field measurements were carried out in an open kitchen of a two-floor residential house. The total occupied zone was about 160 m³ with a living area of 64 m2 (including an open kitchen) and a height of 2.5 m. Frying bacon that can generate a large number of particles of different sizes was used to simulate the daily cooking activities. Four operating conditions of the NRH were studied, i.e. 38 l/s exhaust airflow rate with the HEPA circulation on and off, and 78 l/s exhaust airflow rate with the HEPA circulation on and off. The concentration of PM0.1 count, PM2.5 mass, and PM10 mass were measured during measurements. The HEPA filter circulation part of the NRH can dramatically reduce the concentration of all sizes of particles generated by cooking activities. By combining the HEPA filter circulation component, the NRH can separately reduce the concentration of PM0.1, PM2.5, PM10 by up to 91.9%, 95.7%, 94.6% compared to that when only running the exhaust part.
Simulation on the effect of local exhaust ventilation in removing surgical smoke
Authors: Wang Wentao , Jiang Sihang , Wang Huan , Li Xianting
Published: August 2022

The indoor environment of the operating room has a significant impact on the health of personnel. Compared with the pollutants released from occupants, the amount of pollutants generated by surgical equipment is greater, which easily affects the health of patients and doctors. In this study, local exhaust ventilation (LEV) is applied to an operating room and LEV is mounted near the operation zone to remove the surgical smoke from the surgical equipment. CFD technique is used and the surgical smoke concentration reduction potential under different inlet air volumes and different inlet areas of LEV is studied. The results show that compared with the traditional method, when the inlet area of each LEV is set to 0.030 m2, the surgical smoke concentration can be reduced by 10.8%-39.2% as the inlet air volume increases from 0.003 to 0.027 m3/s; when the inlet air volume of each LEV is set to 0.015 m3/s, the surgical smoke concentration can be reduced by 24.7%-31.6% as the inlet area varies from 0.015 to 0.060 m2. This study shows that the LEV has a good potential in reducing surgical smoke concentration in the operating room.

Keywords: operating room, local exhaust ventilation, laminar airflow, surgical smoke, CFD
Investigation of methods regarding the effectiveness of ventilation strategies in an operating room on the removal of airborne germs using tracer particles
Authors: Schumann Lukas , Cetin Yunus Emre , Kriegel Martin
Published: August 2022

In this study contaminant distribution in an operating room is evaluated experimentally to be able to compare different ventilation concepts afterwards. Low-turbulent unidirectional ventilation (LAF) is used in this study. Heated dummies are positioned around the operating table, which release tracer particles that surrogate airborne germs and measured in critical areas for bacteria spread. Measurement results are evaluated and compared in terms of the degree of protection as well as the local air quality index. It is shown that realistic arrangements limit the usage of the degree of protection. Also, low local air quality indices show recirculation areas appearing at the operating table.
Development of a Bioaerosol Experimental System for Virus Stability Measurement
Authors: Zhu Huoquan , Wang Lei , Wei Jianjian
Published: August 2022

Respiratory infections, such as SARS, MERS, and COVID-19, have highlighted the importance of studying the transmission mechanism in indoor environments. Virus stability affected by temperature, humidity or particle size has remained inadequately investigated.

A bioaerosol experiment system is developed in this study for virus stability measurement. Virus-laden droplets are generated by a Collison nebulizer, and afterwards enter a mixing chamber, where is filled with conditioned air. After complete evaporation, droplet nuclei go through an impactor, and only those smaller than the cut-off size (1μm, 2.5μm or 10μm) can finally enter Goldberg Drum to suspend for a designed period for later sampling and stability measurement. Temperature (20℃-40℃) and relative humidity (30%-80%) can be well controlled throughout the experiment. According to the virus inactivation mechanism, the sampling process is divided into the initial stage involving droplet evaporation and the subsequent aerosol suspension stage. Decay coefficients obtained by this method can be used for evaluation of virus exposure risks in indoor environments and for the development of efficient engineering control strategies.
Stereotactic Radiosurgery Outcomes in Medically and Surgically Failed or Nonsurgical Candidates with Medically Failed Prolactinomas: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Yagnik Karan J. , Erickson Dana , Bancos Irina , Choby Garret , Laack Nadia , Van Gompel Jamie J.
Published: August 2022

Objective Prolactinomas are treated with dopamine agonists (DAs) as first-line therapy and transsphenoidal surgery as an alternative approach for medically failed tumors. We sought to summarize the efficacy of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) in the medically and surgically failed prolactinomas as well as in nonsurgical candidates with medically failed prolactinomas by systematic review and meta-analysis.

Method A literature search was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses guideline.

Results A total of 11 articles (total N = 709) met inclusion criteria. Thirty-three percent of patients were able to achieve endocrine remission at a mean follow-up of 54.2 ± 42.2 months with no association between stopping DA and endocrine remission. Sixty-two percent of patients were able to achieve endocrine control with DA therapy and 34% of patients were able to decrease the dose of DA dose when compared with pre-SRS DA dose at the end of the follow-up period. However, 54% of patients required DA at the end of the follow-up to control hyperprolactinemia. Ninety percent of patients were able to achieve radiologic control at the end of the follow-up in comparison to pre-SRS imagings. Furthermore, 26% of patients newly developed hypopituitarism (one or more pituitary hormones) post-SRS throughout the follow-up period.

Conclusion This systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrates SRS as an effective adjunct therapy in medically failed nonsurgical candidates or surgically and medically recalcitrant prolactinomas with a 33% chance of achieving endocrine remission, 62% of patients achieved hormonal control with DA and GKRS (gamma knife radio-surgery), with a 34% chance of decreasing DA dose and 90% chance of achieving radiologic control.
Superiorly Based Middle Turbinate Flap for Repair of Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea: A Cadaveric Feasibility Study and Case Series
Authors: Chaskes Mark B. , Barton Blair , Karsy Michael , Rabinowitz Mindy R. , Nyquist Gurston G. , Farrell Christopher , Evans James J. , Rosen Marc R.
Published: August 2022

Objectives Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks of the anterior cranial base are frequently repaired with endonasal, multilayered reconstructions. Vascularized tissue flaps are superior to free mucosal grafts and biomaterials in many cases. Limitations of previously described flaps include reach, rotation, pedicle availability, and postoperative sinonasal morbidity. The objective of this study is to describe the superiorly based middle turbinate flap, a novel vascularized mucosal reconstruction option, and to present a case series demonstrating flap utility.

Design Cadaveric feasibility study with technical description and illustrative case series.

Setting Tertiary medical center.

Participants Three silicone-injected cadaveric specimens (6 sides); 7 patients with CSF rhinorrhea from bony dehiscence of the anterior cranial fossa repaired with a superiorly based middle turbinate flap.

Outcome Measures Cadaveric feasibility, in vivo repair outcomes, sinonasal symptoms, and postoperative healing.

Results Cadaveric dissection demonstrated a consistent vascular plexus arising from the anterior and posterior ethmoid arteries, originating at the superior attachment of the middle turbinate and traveling inferiorly to supply the mucosa of the middle turbinate. Mean surface area of the flap was 776.67 ± 114.60 mm2. The clinical series of 7 patients involved leaks around the cribriform plate and fovea ethmoidalis. There were no instances of repair failure. All cases showed rapid and complete remucosalization without significant sinonasal morbidity.

Conclusion The superiorly based middle turbinate flap is a reliable, versatile, and effective option for a vascularized mucosal flap onlay that can be used in anterior skull base reconstruction. This flap is particularly useful in the repair of defects involving the cribriform plate and fovea ethmoidalis.
Skull Base Registries: A Roadmap
Authors: Parikh Kara P. , Motiwala Mustafa , Beer-Furlan Andre , Michael L. Madison , Rangarajan Sanjeet V. , Choby Garret W. , Kshettry Varun R. , Saleh Sara , Mukherjee Debraj , Kirsch Claudia , McKean Erin , Sorenson Jeffrey M.
Published: August 2022

Hospitals, payors, and patients increasingly expect us to report our outcomes in more detail and to justify our treatment decisions and costs. Although there are many stakeholders in surgical outcomes, physicians must take the lead role in defining how outcomes are assessed. Skull base lesions interact with surrounding anatomy to produce a complex spectrum of presentations and surgical challenges, requiring a wide variety of surgical approaches. Moreover, many skull base lesions are relatively rare. These factors and others often preclude the use of prospective randomized clinical trials, thus necessitating alternate methods of scientific inquiry. In this paper, we propose a roadmap for implementing a skull base registry, along with expected benefits and challenges.
Assessing Quality of Life among Radiation-Induced Hypopituitary Patients
Authors: Ryder C Yoonhee , Bellile Emily L. , VanKoevering Kyle K. , McKean Erin L.
Published: August 2022

Introduction Radiation-induced hypopituitarism (RIH) has long been recognized as one of the deleterious side effects of skull base radiation. This study aims to assess the quality of life (QoL) among patients with RIH compared with radiated patients who did not develop hypopituitarism using the validated Anterior Skull Base Questionnaire (ASBQ).

Methods This was a single-institution retrospective cohort study. Included patients had a history of anterior skull base tumor, underwent at least one round of radiation to the skull base, and had filled out at least one ASBQ survey after their radiation treatment. Three statistical models were used to determine the effect of hypopituitarism and treatment on QoL scores.

Results A total of 145 patients met inclusion criteria, and 330 ASBQ surveys were analyzed. Thirty-five percent (51/145) had evidence of RIH at some point after their radiation treatment. Those with hypopituitarism had significantly lower overall ASBQ scores across all three models even after adjusting for potential confounders and intraperson correlation (average decrease of 0.24–0.45 on a 5-point Likert scale; p-values ranging from 0.0004 to 0.018). The increase in QoL with hormonal replacement was modulated by time out from radiation, with long-term survivors (5+ years out from radiation) gaining the most benefit from treatment (increase of 0.89 on a 5-point Likert scale, p 0.0412), especially in the vitality domain.

Conclusion This data demonstrates that hypopituitarism is an independent predictor of lower QoL. Early detection and appropriate treatment are essential to avoid the negative impact of hypopituitarism on QoL.
Carbonaceous aerosols in Lvliang, China: seasonal variation, spatial distribution and source apportionment
Authors: Li Xiaofan , Mu Ling , Liu Tian , Li Yangyong , Feng Chuanyang , Jiang Xin , Liu Ziye , Tian Mei
Published: August 2022

Environmental context Lvliang, one of the main cities on the Fenwei Plain, is a key atmospheric pollution prevention area in China. Identification of sources of aerosols is essential to improving environmental air quality in this region. The quantitative source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosols performed in this study provides a better understanding of their sources and implications for climate and air-quality management policies in the Fenwei plain. Rationale Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) are major components of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and they are of concern due to their significant impacts on human health and climate. Methodology PM2.5 samples were collected daily during four consecutive seasons from 2018 to 2019. This paper highlights the seasonal variations, sources and transport characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol in Lvliang, China. Results The OC and EC concentrations exhibited strong seasonal variations, with the highest in winter, mainly due to high pollution caused by winter heating in northern cities, and secondary OC (SOC) contribution. The average OC/EC ratio (1.72) in Lvliang was lower than those in most regions in China, further indicating that this region was greatly affected by primary source emissions. The highest SOC/OC ratio in summer (25.3%) was due to the positive correlation between SOC and temperature. Through the positive matrix factorisation (PMF) model, four sources of carbonaceous aerosols were identified: vehicle emissions (31.26%), coal combustion (30.83%), biomass combustion (24.36%) and dust emissions (13.55%). Potential source contribution function (PSCF) results indicated that in addition to the impact of local emissions, coal emissions from Ningxia and Shaanxi, motor vehicle emissions and biomass from Inner Mongolia and Ningxia and dust from Shaanxi and Henan Provinces were the major contributors to pollution. Discussion These data provide key information for formulating emission reduction policies and improving air quality on the Fenwei Plain and highlights the urgent need for inter-regional prevention and control measures for the cities in Lvliang.
A comparative study of the chloroplast genomes of five
Authors: Zhou Qian , Chen Yun , Wang Jilian , Li Mingyuan , Zeng Weijun , Wang Yuzhou , Li Yanhong , Zhao Huixin
Published: August 2022

Plantgenomics is a rapidly developing field in medicinal plant research. This study analysed the relevant information of chloroplasts genome sequences of five medicinal plants from the genus Lepidium. We sequenced the complete chloroplast (cp) genomes of Lepidium apetalum Willd. and Lepidium perfoliatum Linnaeus., and assessed their genetic profiles against the reported profiles of Lepidium sativum Linnaeus., Lepidium meyenii Walp., and Lepidium virginicum Linn. We found that L. apetalum and L. perfoliatum possessed 130 distinct genes that included 85 protein-coding, 37 transfer RNA (tRNA), and eight ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. Our repeat analyses revealed that L. apetalum harboured 20 direct repeats, 16 palindrome repeats, 30 tandem repeats, and 87 simple sequence repeats, whereas, L. perfoliatum had 15 direct repeats, 20 palindrome repeats, four reverse repeats, 21 tandem repeats, and 98 simple sequence repeats. Using syntenic analysis, we also revealed a high degree of sequence similarity within the coding regions of Lepidium medicinal plant cp genomes, and a high degree of divergence among the intergenic spacers. Pairwise alignment and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) examinations further revealed certain Lepidium-specific gene fragments. Codon usage analysis showed that codon 14 was the most frequently used codon in the Lepidium coding sequences. Further, correlation investigations suggest that L. apetalum and L. perfoliatum originate from similar genetic backgrounds. Analysis of codon usage bias of Lepidium cp genome was strongly influenced by mutation and natural selection. We showed that L. apetalum and L. perfoliatum will likely enhance breeding, species recognition, phylogenetic evolution, and cp genetic engineering of the Lepidium medicinal plants.
The advanced multi-functional carbon dots in photoelectrochemistry based energy conversion
Authors: Zhou Yunjie , Liao Fan , Liu Yang , Kang Zhenhui
Published: August 2022

Carbon dots (CDs), as a unique zero-dimensional member of carbon materials, have attracted numerous attentions for their potential applications in optoelectronic, biological, and energy related fields. Recently, CDs as catalysts for energy conversion reactions under multi-physical conditions such as light and/or electricity have grown into a research frontier due to their advantages of high visible light utilization, fast migration of charge carriers, efficient surface redox reactions and good electrical conductivity. In this review, we summarize the fabrication methods of CDs and corresponding CD nanocomposites, including the strategies of surface modification and heteroatom doping. The properties of CDs that concerned to the photo- and electro-catalysis are highlighted and detailed corresponding applications are listed. More importantly, as new non-contact detection technologies, transient photo-induced voltage/current have been developed to detect and study the charge transfer kinetics, which can sensitively reflect the complex electron separation and transfer behavior in photo-/electro-catalysts. The development and application of the techniques are reviewed. Finally, we discuss and outline the major challenges and opportunities for future CD-based catalysts, and the needs and expectations for the development of novel characterization technologies.
Information retrieval and structural complexity of legal trees
Authors: Förster Yanik-Pascal , Annibale Alessia , Gamberi Luca , Tzanis Evan , Vivo Pierpaolo
Published: August 2022

We introduce a model for the retrieval of information hidden in legal texts. These are typically organised in a hierarchical (tree) structure, which a reader interested in a given provision needs to explore down to the ‘deepest’ level (articles, clauses, …). We assess the structural complexity of legal trees by computing the mean first-passage time a random reader takes to retrieve information planted in the leaves. The reader is assumed to skim through the content of a legal text based on their interests/keywords, and be drawn towards the sought information based on keywords affinity, i.e. how well the Chapters/Section headers of the hierarchy seem to match the informational content of the leaves. Using randomly generated keyword patterns, we investigate the effect of two main features of the text—the horizontal and vertical coherence—on the searching time, and consider ways to validate our results using real legal texts. We obtain numerical and analytical results, the latter based on a mean-field approximation on the level of patterns, which lead to an explicit expression for the complexity of legal trees as a function of the structural parameters of the model.
Asymptotic boundary KZB operators and quantum Calogero-Moser spin chains
Authors: Reshetikhin N. , Stokman J.
Published: August 2022

Asymptotic boundary KZB equations describe the consistency conditions of degenerations of correlation functions for boundary Wess-Zumino-Witten-Novikov conformal field theory on a cylinder. In the first part of the paper we define asymptotic boundary KZB operators for connected real semisimple Lie groupsGGwith finite center. We prove their main properties algebraically using coordinate versions of Harish-Chandra’s radial component map. We show that their commutativity is governed by a system of equations involving coupled versions of classical dynamical Yang-Baxter equations and reflection equations.

We use the coordinate radial components maps to introduce a new class of quantum superintegrable systems, called quantum Calogero-Moser spin chains. A quantum Calogero-Moser spin chain is a mixture of a quantum spin Calogero-Moser system associated to the restricted root system ofGGand a one-dimensional spin chain with two-sided reflecting boundaries. The asymptotic boundary KZB operators provide explicit expressions for its first-order quantum Hamiltonians. We also explicitly describe the Schrödinger operator.
Conformal hypergeometry and integrability
Authors: Schomerus Volker
Published: August 2022

Conformal field theories play a central role in modern theoretical physics with many applications to the understanding of phase transitions, gauge theories and even the quantum physics of gravity, through Maldacena’s celebrated holographic duality. The key analytic tool in the field is the so-called conformal partial wave expansion, i.e. a Fourier-like decomposition of physical quantities into a basis of partial waves for the conformal group SO

(
1
,
d
+
1
)

(1,d+1)

. While the general theory of these partial waves remains largely unexplored, the very simplest specimens are known to be (close relatives of) multivariate BC

2

_2

-symmetric Heckman-Opdam hypergeometric functions. Further advances in the theory of conformal partial waves are expected to exploit a deep relation with (super-)integrability and in particular with certain limits of Gaudin integrable models.
Back to the Roots: The Laws of Neutrality and the Future of Due Diligence in Cyberspace
Authors: Lemnitzer Jan Martin
Published: August 2022

The question of whether the due diligence rule applies in cyberspace has become a key issue in the cyber norms debate. Yet there is no consensus whether the rule is binding, and states lack clear guidance on what the norm requires them to do. This is not just unfortunate but also dangerous since a crisis caused by a cyber attack routed through a third state where the victim state and the third state have fundamentally different views as to which duties apply carries a serious escalation risk. While scholars have suggested adapting legal approaches from other successful due diligence regimes, these rules are not a good match for the crucial issue in cyber due diligence: what do states need to do to ensure that no state is attacked using their networks? This article suggests going back to the roots and implementing principles derived from the laws of neutrality, the field that originally brought the due diligence principle into international law. Designed to manage escalation risk at the fringes of international conflict, it is our best guide through the grey zone of due diligence in cyberspace. The classic cases such as Alabama and Corfu Channel were disputes related to armed conflicts but between states that were at peace with each other. Read closely, they offer clear guidance on how to develop a flexible, but reliable, due diligence standard for cyberspace that will help states manage expectations of responsible behaviour and thereby defuse future potential conflicts before they arise, while avoiding the need to formally attribute the original attack. The final section will seek to consolidate the historical, legal as well as technological developments discussed here to lay out what the due diligence rule in cyberspace is likely to look like soon.
Association of Life’s Simple 7 with incident cardiovascular disease in 53 974 patients with cancer
Authors: Kaneko Hidehiro , Suzuki Yuta , Ueno Kensuke , Okada Akira , Fujiu Katsuhito , Matsuoka Satoshi , Michihata Nobuaki , Jo Taisuke , Takeda Norifumi , Morita Hiroyuki , Kamiya Kentaro , Node Koichi , Yasunaga Hideo , Komuro Issei
Published: August 2022

Aims

Cancer survivors have a greater risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although Life’s Simple 7 is used for CVD risk stratification in a general population, its utility in cancer survivors remains unknown. We aimed to clarify the association of Life’s Simple 7 with incident CVD among cancer survivors. Furthermore, we analyzed the relationship between the change in Life’s Simple 7 and the subsequent CVD risk.

Methods and results

This retrospective observational study was conducted using the JMDC Claims Database, and we analyzed 53 974 patients with a prior history of breast, colorectal, or stomach cancer, which is a common cancer site in the Japanese population. The median age was 54 years, and 37.8% were men. We modified the original definition of Life’s Simple 7 and identified the following ideal Life’s Simple 7 cardiovascular health metrics: non-smoking, body mass index < 25 kg/m2, physical activity at goal, optimal dietary habits, untreated fasting plasma glucose < 100 mg/dL, untreated blood pressure < 120/80 mmHg, and untreated total cholesterol < 200 mg/dL. The primary endpoint was composite CVD outcome, including myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, stroke, and heart failure. Over a mean follow-up period of 975 ± 794 days, 3150 composite CVD outcomes were recorded. The risk of CVD events increased with a greater number of non-ideal Life’s Simple 7. The hazard ratio per 1-point increase in non-ideal Life’s Simple 7 was 1.15 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.12–1.18). Furthermore, a 1-point increase in non-ideal Life’s Simple 7 over 1 year was associated with subsequent CVD risk (hazard ratio: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.06–1.19).

Conclusion

Life’s Simple 7 could be applicable for CVD risk stratification even among cancer survivors. Optimizing Life’s Simple 7 may prevent the development of CVD in cancer survivors.
“Move On Up a Little Higher”
Authors: Zolten Jerry
Published: August 2022

Post–Café Society, the Dixie Hummingbirds got back to business working out of Philadelphia. They were well known in the city from taking part in overseas broadcasts to the troops and performing on flatbed trucks to promote war bonds or donations of old records to be melted for shellac. Their schedule of local broadcasts and appearances continued; a highlight was concert productions staged as “song battles” between the Hummingbirds and top groups passing through the city. The Hummingbirds were instrumental in transforming the city's uptown Metropolitan Opera House into “the Met,” a high-capacity venue for gospel programs. Landmark anniversaries were celebrated with the Hummingbirds organizing and headlining showcases of the best national and regional gospel talent. Beachey Thompson of Baltimore’s Willing Four came to the group's attention at one of these showcases, and in 1944, he joined the Hummingbirds lineup. There had been no record releases since 1939, and the Hummingbirds were pursuing options. Opportunities were rife with the establishment of numerous independent labels in the years following the war. The first new sides were released on the Newark-based Regis/Manor label. Then in 1946 they released eighteen tracks on the New York City–based Apollo label. When label owners pressured them to go secular, the Hummingbirds moved on to Philadelphia-based Gotham Records, newly acquired by Ivin Ballen, who also mentored Ira Tucker as an arranger, songwriter, and producer.
“Let’s Go Out to the Programs”
Authors: Zolten Jerry
Published: August 2022

The 1950s were a mix of turbulence and triumph for the civil rights movement. Gospel music was the soundtrack. The first wave of rock 'n' roll was dominated by African American vocal groups emulating the gospel sound. The Dixie Hummingbirds as pioneers of soul gospel established themselves in the top tier of the genre. Gospel stars such as Clara Ward, Rosetta Tharpe, and Mahalia Jackson organized nationwide package tours that often featured the Dixie Hummingbirds. Black gospel had become an art form. In 1952, the Hummingbirds signed with Don Robey’s Houston-based Peacock Records. The records they cut featured the latest member, electric guitarist Howard Carroll. Many of their Peacock tracks were “hits” that established their legacy forevermore. The Hummingbirds were booked through Robey's Buffalo Booking Agency with Evelyn Johnson at the helm. They established a touring pattern: warm weather states in the winter, the north and west the rest of the year. Group anniversaries were celebrated in Philadelphia with gospel extravaganzas at the “Met.” The Hummingbirds as headliner helped inaugurate gospel shows at the Apollo Theater. Peacock launched an album series with a Dixie Hummingbirds release. The quintessential lineup was now in place: James Davis, Ira Tucker, James Walker, Beachey Thompson, William Bobo, and Howard Carroll.
“I’ll Keep on Living After I Die”
Authors: Zolten Jerry
Published: August 2022

James Davis passed in 2007. Ira Tucker soldiered on choosing and training younger singers in the Hummingbirds’ style. Ira Jr. teamed up with him in efforts to continue the legacy. The seventy-fifth anniversary was marked with an album and special events in South Carolina. There, Ira Tucker took part in a new documentary film, How They Got Over: Gospel Quartets and the Road to Rock ‘n’ Roll. The album Diamond Jubilation featured Dr. John along with veterans of Bob Dylan's band including as producer Larry Campbell, Tony Garnier, Levon Helm, and Garth Hudson. A highlight was the debut of Dylan's song “City of Gold.” Guitarist Lyndon Baines Jones made his recording debut as a Hummingbird. High-profile appearances and accolades continued. Philadelphia honored them with a mural on the side of a building and a street renamed “Dixie Hummingbird Way.” Ira Tucker's final album Still Keeping It Real/The Last Man Standing was nominated for a 2007 Grammy Award. There was a performance at Paul Simon's award ceremony for the inaugural Gershwin Prize for Popular Song. Health issues began affecting Ira Tucker and he passed in 2008. Stevie Wonder spoke and performed at the funeral. The Hummingbirds currently stand at a crossroads. The interest in quartet gospel thrives through new books, documentaries, music streaming, and social media fan pages. The National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, DC features a Hummingbirds exhibit. Nonetheless, performance opportunities remain scarce and the future of the Dixie Hummingbirds is uncertain.
How Not to Know
Authors: Stoler Ann Laura
Published: August 2022

This chapter outlines the ways in which colonial detritus gives force and form to contemporary inequities that raises a conceptual and political challenge. It explains how to treat the ubiquitous use and abuse of forgetting that accompanies the official, revisionist, and personal histories of colonial impositions, degradations, and violences. It also talks about colonial forgetting, which is invoked to describe and account for a multiplex of phenomena, such as strategic apologies, inadvertent omissions, unintended neglect, oversights, mass graves that are hard to locate, and dramatic revelations. The chapter discusses ways of broaching the work that forgetting is called on to perform and to identify the heavy labor that the term is intended, expected, and counted on to do. It addresses the question on what it takes to submit forgetting to the range of temporalities it can inhabit with respect to colonial acts and effects.
Vasubandhu’s Viṃśatikākārikā
Authors: Huebner Bryce
Published: August 2022

This chapter provides a brief overview of the philosophical framework, as well as some of the interesting arguments, that are presented by Vasubandhu in his Treatise in Twenty Verses. It is not, however, an attempt to provide a close reading of any part of this text. Instead, it explores several different ways of thinking with Vasubandhu, in contexts that include habituated understandings of the history of philosophy, experiences of dreams and hallucinations, and habituated understandings of the world as a space of racialized possibilities. And it concludes with an argument for treating this widely read and highly influential work of philosophy as a neglected philosophical classic.
On Mary Shepherd’s Essay upon the Relation of Cause and Effect
Authors: Wilson Jessica
Published: August 2022

Mary Shepherd (1777–1847) was a fierce and brilliant critic of Berkeley and Hume, who moreover offered strikingly original positive views about the nature of reality and one’s access to it, which deserve much more attention (and credit, since she anticipates many prominent views) than they have received thus far. By way of illustration, this chapter focuses on Shepherd’s 1824 Essay upon the Relation of Cause and Effect, Controverting the Doctrine of Mr. Hume, Concerning the Nature of that Relation (ERCE). After a brief setup, the author canvasses certain of Shepherd’s trenchant objections to Hume’s argumentation; and then presents the positive core of Shepherd’s response to Hume, which consists in providing novel accounts of how reason alone or reason coupled with experience can justify, first, that every effect must have a cause, and second, that it is necessary that like causes produce like effects. Among other contributions here, Shepherd provides a distinctively metaphysical argument for the claim that nothing can begin to exist “of itself” (going beyond an appeal to the Principle of Sufficient Reason, in particular), and leverages difference-making considerations to make the case that a single “experimentum crucis” can justify causal belief (anticipating Mill’s “method of difference”). The chapter closes by highlighting salient features of Shepherd’s metaphysics of causation, whereby causation is singularist and local (anticipating Ducasse and Anscombe) and involves synchronic interactions (anticipating Mill’s and certain contemporary accounts), and according to which objects are essentially characterized by their causes and effects (anticipating contemporary causal or dispositional essentialist positions).
Lima’s Indian Republics, 1532–1650
Authors: Graubart Karen B.
Published: August 2022

Lima was established as a Spanish administrative center in the early sixteenth century by removing its Indigenous inhabitants, but it was built and became a major city through the work of Indigenous and Black laborers. Rather than attempting to separate its populations, Lima’s governors tried to attach Black and Indigenous workers to Spanish supervisors, through apprenticeships and service arrangements. These were intended to promote policía, or Christian civic order, among a population that was not only neophyte but considered idle or criminal. GIS maps made using a 1613 census of its Indians demonstrate how occupational networks spread Indigenous servants and artisans across the city, and also reveal their internal hierarchies and forms of social mobility.
Institutionalizing Legal Difference in Castile
Authors: Graubart Karen B.
Published: August 2022

Muslim and Jewish aljamas in fifteenth-century Castile practiced limited autonomy, and were generally able to use their own laws and judges to manage internal civil issues. They did so while contesting interventions from monarchs as well as municipal authorities. They had leaders, both at the level of the kingdom (alcaldes mayores de las aljamas) and locally (qadis, rabbis, judges, and alcaldes) who negotiated these relationships. The city also had an alcalde de los negros who represented the interests of the free and enslaved community with non-Muslim African ancestry. All of these corporate entities produced everyday forms of justice that bound the communities together despite their subordinate positions.