bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diffuse endobronchial metastasis from sigmoid carcinoma presenting as wheezing and respiratory failure
Authors: Jantarangsi Nattawat , Chantranuwatana Poonchavist , Chirakalwasan Naricha
Published: May 2018

A 66‐year‐old Thai man with underlying asthma, history of traumatic right haemothorax, and sigmoid carcinoma with bladder invasion developed productive cough, whitish sputum, dyspnoea, and wheezing for 2 months. Physical examination showed generalized expiratory wheezing in both lungs. Computed tomography scan of the chest revealed diffuse thickening of bronchial wall, predominantly at lower lobes; several various sizes of pulmonary nodules; diffuse interlobular septal thickening; multiple enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes and hilar lymph nodes; and right pleural effusion. The patient was intubated for respiratory failure with persistent wheezing and, subsequently, with difficulty weaning from mechanical ventilation. Bronchoscopy was performed, which revealed diffuse multiple small mucosal nodules in both lungs. Pathology of the nodules showed foci of adenocarcinoma. Positive immunochemical staining with CDX2 confirmed the diagnosis of endobronchial metastasis of sigmoid carcinoma. This case highlighted a rare presentation of endobronchial metastasis from sigmoid carcinoma with persistent wheezing, respiratory failure, and difficulty in weaning from mechanical ventilation.
Unified screening for potential elevated adverse event risk and other associations
Authors: Gould A. Lawrence
Published: May 2018

Patients in large clinical trials and in studies employing large observational databases report many different adverse events, most of which will not have been anticipated at the outset. Conventional hypothesis testing of between group differences for each adverse event can be problematic: Lack of significance does not mean lack of risk, the tests usually are not adjusted for multiplicity, and the data determine which hypotheses are tested. This article describes a Bayesian screening approach suitable for clinical trials and large observational databases that do not test hypotheses, are self‐adjusting for multiplicity, provide a direct assessment of the likelihood of no material drug‐event association, and quantify the strength of the observed association. Clinical and/or regulatory considerations define the criteria for assessing drug‐event associations. The diagnostic properties of this new approach can be evaluated analytically. The result of comparison of the results from the method relative to current methods when applied to a commonly used data set indicates that the findings are largely similar, but with some interesting differences that may be relevant in application. Applying the method to a large vaccine trial reduces the number of adverse events that might require further investigation substantially.
Solubilized Carbohydrate Production by Acid‐Catalyzed Depolymerization of Cellulose in Polar Aprotic Solvents
Authors: Ghosh Arpa , Bai Xianglan , Brown Robert C.
Published: May 2018

This paper explores the effectiveness of several polar aprotic solvents, including 1,4‐dioxane, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran (THF), methyl iso‐butyl ketone, acetone, acetonitrile, and gamma‐valerolactone (GVL), in depolymerizing cellulose into solubilized carbohydrates in the presence of acid catalyst. Whereas the yields of solubilized carbohydrates were strongly dependent on the polar solubility parameters of solvents, the use of acid catalyst substantially eliminated differences in the yields for the various solvents, which were in the range of 83–97%. The yields of levoglucosan and solubilized carbohydrates from cellulose in 1,4‐dioxane, THF, and acetone approached that of GVL, almost completely solubilizing cellulose within 1–7 min. Low initial rates of levoglucosan degradation caused these low polarity, low boiling point solvents to exhibit high stability and competitive yields of the anhydrosugar compared to high polarity and high boiling solvent such as GVL. The ease of recovery of low polarity, low‐boiling solvents makes them attractive media for production of solubilized carbohydrates, which the use of acid catalyst makes possible.
On the effects of authority on peer motivation: Learning from Wikipedia
Authors: Klapper Helge , Reitzig Markus
Published: May 2018

Research Summary: We investigate the conditions under which authority can be deployed without reducing subordinate motivation. We show that lateral authority, the legitimacy to resolve task‐specific problems, is welcomed by members of an organization in the resolution of coordination conflicts, the more so (a) the fiercer the conflict to be resolved, (b) the higher the competence‐based status of the authority, (c) the lower the tenure of, and (d) the more focused the organizational members are. Analyzing the discussion behavior of members of Wikipedia between 2002 and 2014, we corroborate our allegations empirically by analyzing 642,916 article–discussion pages. Our findings, obtained for a modern collective production community, provide learning opportunities for how traditional organizations may want to govern activities of their idiosyncratically motivated staff.

Managerial Summary: When managers use their (legitimate) power to take decisions on behalf of their staff, they risk setting back employees and making them detach from the firm. This danger is particularly salient whenever highly motivated teams of staff autonomously work on corporate problems and are used to governing themselves. Examples range from skunkwork initiatives within traditional firms to entire team‐based organizations, such as Valve or Zappos. When and how managers can add value by resolving conflicts within and across these teams once their self‐organization fails is what we study in this article. Inspired by data from Wikipedia, we suggest that managers should not intervene prematurely, benefit from visible competence, and are respected most for their actions by specialized peers who recently joined the organization.
Formamidinium‐Based Lead Halide Perovskites: Structure, Properties, and Fabrication Methodologies
Authors: Li Yang , Liu Fang Zhou , Waqas Muhammud , Leung Tik Lun , Tam Ho Won , Lan Xiao Qi , Tu Bao , Chen Wei , Djurišić Aleksandra B. , He Zhu Bing
Published: May 2018

Formamidinium (FA)‐based perovskites exhibit great potential for photovoltaics since they enable the achievement of power conversion efficiency (PCE) over 22%. The bandgap of FA‐based perovskite is lower than that of the methylammonium‐based one, while the larger ionic radius and dual‐ammonia group of FA ions restrain their movement in close‐packing [PbI6]4− cages, leading to improved stability. Here, the structure and properties of FAPbI3− and FA‐based mixed cation perovkites are discussed. In particular, the issues of polymorphism and stabilization of the desired low‐bandgap crystal phase of FAPbI3 are considered. FAPbI3 exhibits polymorphisms with a photovoltaically unfavorable δ‐phase that is stable at room temperature, and, thus, it is difficult to prepare continuous and compact FAPbI3 with the desired crystal structure, namely, the pure α‐phase. Hence, overcoming the limitations of phase transitions is the critical issue in obtaining high‐quality FA‐based perovskite films, which are a prerequisite for solar cells with high PCEs. Here, the focus is on the fabrication methods of FA‐based perovskite films, namely, additive engineering, intermolecular exchange, interfacial engineering, and chemical vapor deposition. A comprehensive overview of the fabrication methodology for the FA‐based perovskite films is provided to facilitate understanding of the underlying mechanisms.
Heating at the Nanoscale through Drug‐Delivery Devices: Fabrication and Synergic Effects in Cancer Treatment with Nanoparticles
Authors: Guisasola Eduardo , Baeza Alejandro , Asín Laura , de la Fuente Jesús M. , Vallet‐Regí María
Published: May 2018

Nanocarriers for cancer therapy have been extensively studied, but there is still some research that must be addressed in order to achieve their safe application. In this field, hyperthermia thermal treatments mediated by the use of responsive nanomaterials are not different, and researchers have carried out many attempts to overcome their drawbacks due to the valuable potential of these techniques. Here, an overview is presented of nanodevices based on magnetic‐ and photoresponsive nanocrystals that respond to magnetic fields and/or near‐infrared stimuli for cancer therapies. Special attention is given to the synergic effect that can be achieved with nanoscale heating in combination with chemotherapy through drug‐delivery devices to effectively kill cancer cells. In this way, the nanoparticles act as heating sources or “hot spots,” which can trigger cellular responses in the absence of a global temperature rise, making the tumor cells more sensitive to chemotherapeutics. The fabrication of optical and magnetic drug‐delivery devices, the heating mechanisms, and their applications in tumor treatment are also summarized.
Equatorial Atlantic variability—Modes, mechanisms, and global teleconnections
Authors: Lübbecke Joke F. , Rodríguez‐Fonseca Belen , Richter Ingo , Martín‐Rey Marta , Losada Teresa , Polo Irene , Keenlyside Noel S.
Published: May 2018

Sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the tropical Atlantic Ocean strongly impacts the climate on the surrounding continents. On interannual time scales, highest SST variability occurs in the eastern equatorial region and off the coast of southwestern Africa. The pattern of SST variability resembles the Pacific El Niño, but features notable differences, and has been discussed in the context of various climate modes, that is, reoccurring patterns resulting from particular interactions in the climate system. Here, we attempt to reconcile those different definitions, concluding that almost all of them are essentially describing the same mode that we refer to as the “Atlantic Niño.” We give an overview of the mechanisms that have been proposed to underlie this mode, and we discuss its interaction with other climate modes within and outside the tropical Atlantic. The impact of Atlantic Niño‐related SST variability on rainfall, in particular over the Gulf of Guinea and north eastern South America is also described. An important aspect we highlight is that the Atlantic Niño and its teleconnections are not stationary, but subject to multidecadal modulations. Simulating the Atlantic Niño proves a challenge for state‐of‐the‐art climate models, and this may be partly due to the large mean state biases in the region. Potential reasons for these model biases and implications for seasonal prediction are discussed.

This article is categorized under:

Climate Models and Modeling > Knowledge Generation with Models
Vanishing pressure and magnetic field limit of solutions to the nonisentropic magnetogasdynamics
Authors: Wang Jinhuan , Yang Hanchun
Published: May 2018

The Riemann problem of the nonisentropic magnetogasdynamics is analytically solved. Then it is proved that, as the pressure and transverse magnetic field both vanish, any Riemann solution containing two shocks and a possibly one‐contact‐discontinuity to the nonisentropic magnetogasdynamics tends to a delta shock solution to the transport equations, and the intermediate density between the two shocks tends to a weighted δ‐measure which forms the delta shock wave; any Riemann solution containing two rarefaction waves and a possibly one‐contact‐discontinuity to the nonisentropic magnetogasdynamics tends to a two‐contact‐discontinuity solution to the transport equations, and the nonvacuum intermediate state between the two rarefaction waves tends to a vacuum state. Some numerical simulations are also presented to confirm the theory analysis.
A computational framework for the personalized clinical treatment of glioblastoma multiforme
Authors: Agosti Abramo , Cattaneo Clara , Giverso Chiara , Ambrosi Davide , Ciarletta Pasquale
Published: May 2018

In this work, we develop a computational tool to predict the patient‐specific evolution of a highly malignant brain tumour, the glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), and its response to therapy. A diffuse‐interface mathematical model based on mixture theory is fed by clinical neuroimaging data that provide the anatomical and microstructural characteristics of the patient brain. The model is numerically solved using the finite element method, on the basis of suitable numerical techniques to deal with the resulting Cahn‐Hilliard type equation with degenerate mobility and single‐well potential. The results of simulations performed on the real geometry of a patient brain quantitatively show how the tumour expansion dependens on the local tissue structure. We also report the results of a sensitivity analysis concerning the effects of the different therapeutic strategies employed in the clinical Stupp protocol. The simulated results are in qualitative agreement with the observed evolution of GBM during growth, recurrence and response to treatment. Taken as a proof‐of‐concept, these results open the way to a novel personalized approach of mathematical tools in clinical oncology.
Land Use
Authors: Trautwein Clemens , Pletterbauer Florian
Published: May 2018

Dendritic stream-river networks are the backbone of most landscapes on earth’s surface and determine linkages between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. These networks are hierarchically organized from microhabitats to the scale of whole catchments (Frissell et al. 1986). Accordingly, many processes of lotic freshwater ecosystems are determined by this hierarchically nested structure of river networks and their interlinkages. Hynes (1975) emphasized the importance of the linkage between the conditions within a river catchment and the flows of energy, materials, and organisms in the river as a dynamic ecosystem. These flows are interwoven in complex, cross-linked relationships of ecosystem functioning. Up to now, it is a prime challenge to understand these functions in detail and to robustly manage riverine landscapes in a sustainable manner. Starting with the work of Hynes (1975), the scale of riverine management was understood to occur over entire river catchments or even river basins with several concepts that integrated this perception (Vannote et al. 1980; Frissell et al. 1986; Ward 1989; Poff 1997; Fausch et al. 2002; Ward et al. 2002; Burcher et al. 2007). These theoretical frameworks seek to understand and to quantify interactions between landscape conditions over large spatial extents and instream responses. Ultimately, the catchment approach was even implemented into legal frameworks, such as the Water Framework Directive (WFD), which recognizes the river basin as relevant management scale (European Parliament 2000).
Resurgence and hydrodynamic attractors in Gauss-Bonnet holography
Authors: Casalderrey-Solana Jorge , Gushterov Nikola I. , Meiring Ben
Published: May 2018

Abstract

We study the convergence of the hydrodynamic series in the gravity dual of Gauss-Bonnet gravity in five dimensions with negative cosmological constant via holography. By imposing boost invariance symmetry, we find a solution to the Gauss-Bonnet equation of motion in inverse powers of the proper time, from which we can extract high order corrections to Bjorken flow for different values of the Gauss-Bonnet parameter λGB. As in all other known examples the gradient expansion is, at most, an asymptotic series which can be understood through applying the techniques of Borel-Padé summation. As expected from the behaviour of the quasi-normal modes in the theory, we observe that the singularities in the Borel plane of this series show qualitative features that interpolate between the infinitely strong coupling limit of

$$ \mathcal{N}=4 $$

N
=
4

Super Yang Mills theory and the expectation from kinetic theory. We further perform the Borel resummation to constrain the behaviour of hydrodynamic attractors beyond leading order in the hydrodynamic expansion. We find that for all values of λGB considered, the convergence of different initial conditions to the resummation and its hydrodynamization occur at large and comparable values of the pressure anisotropy.
Oscillons in a perturbed signum-Gordon model
Authors: Klimas P. , Streibel J. S. , Wereszczynski A. , Zakrzewski W. J.
Published: May 2018

Abstract

We study various properties of a perturbed signum-Gordon model, which has been obtained through the dimensional reduction of the called ‘first BPS submodel of the Skyrme model’. This study is motivated by the observation that the first BPS submodel of the Skyrme model may be partially responsible for the good qualities of the rational map ansatz approximation to the solutions of the Skyrme model. We investigate the existence, stability and various properties of oscillons and other time-dependent states in this perturbed signum-Gordon model.
Probing SUSY effects in K0
S → μ+μ−
Authors: Chobanova Veronika , D’Ambrosio Giancarlo , Kitahara Teppei , Martínez Miriam Lucio , Santos Diego Martínez , Fernández Isabel Suárez , Yamamoto Kei
Published: May 2018

Abstract

We explore supersymmetric contributions to the decay K

S

0
 → μ
+
μ
−, in light of current experimental data. The Standard Model (SM) predicts

$$ \mathrm{\mathcal{B}}\left({K}_S^0\to {\mu}^{+}{\mu}^{-}\right)\approx 5\times {10}^{-12} $$

ℬ

K
S
0

→

μ
+

μ
−

≈
5
×

10

−
12

. We find that contributions arising from flavour violating Higgs penguins can enhance the branching fraction up to ≈ 35 × 10−12 within different scenarios of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM), as well as suppress it down to ≈ 0.78 × 10−12. Regions with fine-tuned parameters can bring the branching fraction up to the current experimental upper bound, 8 × 10−10. The mass degeneracy of the heavy Higgs bosons in MSSM induces correlations between

$$ \mathrm{\mathcal{B}}\left({K}_S^0\to {\mu}^{+}{\mu}^{-}\right)\;\mathrm{and}\;\mathrm{\mathcal{B}}\left({K}_L^0\to {\mu}^{+}{\mu}^{-}\right) $$

ℬ

K
S
0

→

μ
+

μ
−

and

ℬ

K
L
0

→

μ
+

μ
−

. Predictions for the CP asymmetry in K
0 → μ
+
μ
− decays in the context of MSSM are also given, and can be up to eight times bigger than in the SM.
Higgs boson production at hadron colliders at N3LO in QCD
Authors: Mistlberger Bernhard
Published: May 2018

Abstract

We present the Higgs boson production cross section at Hadron colliders in the gluon fusion production mode through N3LO in perturbative QCD. Specifically, we work in an effective theory where the top quark is assumed to be infinitely heavy and all other quarks are considered to be massless. Our result is the first exact formula for a partonic hadron collider cross section at N3LO in perturbative QCD. Furthermore, our result is an analytic computation of a hadron collider cross section involving elliptic integrals. We derive numerical predictions for the Higgs boson cross section at the LHC. Previously this result was approximated by an expansion of the cross section around the production threshold of the Higgs boson and we compare our findings. Finally, we study the impact of our new result on the state of the art prediction for the Higgs boson cross section at the LHC.
Trunk, head and pelvis interactions in healthy children when performing seated daily arm tasks
Authors: Peeters L. H. C. , Kingma I. , Faber G. S. , van Dieën J. H. , de Groot I. J. M.
Published: May 2018

Development of trunk and head supportive devices for children with neuromuscular disorders requires detailed information about pelvis, trunk and head movement in interaction with upper extremity movement, as these are crucial for daily activities when seated in a wheelchair. Twenty-five healthy subjects (6–20 years old) were included to obtain insight in the physiological interactions between these segments and to assess maturation effects. Subjects performed a maximum range of trunk and head movement tasks and several daily tasks, including forward and lateral reaching. Movements of the arms, head, pelvis, and sub-sections of the trunk were recorded with an optical motion capture system. The range of motion of each segment was calculated. Contributions of individual trunk segments to the range of trunk motion varied with movement direction and therefore with the task performed. Movement of pelvis and all trunk segments in the sagittal plane increased significantly with reaching height, distance and object weight when reaching forward and lateral. Trunk movement in reaching decreased with age. Head movement was opposite to trunk movement in the sagittal (> 50% of the subjects) and transverse planes (> 75% of the subjects) and was variable in the frontal plane in most tasks. Both trunk and head movement onsets were earlier compared to arm movement onset. These results provide insight in the role of the upper body in arm tasks in young subjects and can be used for the design of trunk and head supportive devices for children with neuromuscular disorders.
Sucrose affects the developmental transition of rhizomes in Oryza longistaminata
Authors: Bessho-Uehara Kanako , Nugroho Jovano Erris , Kondo Hirono , Angeles-Shim Rosalyn B. , Ashikari Motoyuki
Published: May 2018

Oryza longistaminata, the African wild rice, can propagate vegetatively through rhizomes. Rhizomes elongate horizontally underground as sink organs, however, they undergo a developmental transition that shifts their growth to the surface of the ground to become aerial stems. This particular stage is essential for the establishment of new ramets. While several determinants such as abiotic stimuli and plant hormones have been reported as key factors effecting developmental transition in aerial stem, the cause of this phenomenon in rhizome remains elusive. This study shows that depletion of nutrients, particularly sucrose, is the key stimulus that induces the developmental transition in rhizomes, as indicated by the gradient of sugars from the base to the tip of the rhizome. Sugar treatments revealed that sucrose specifically represses the developmental transition from rhizome to aerial stem by inhibiting the expression of sugar metabolism and hormone synthesis genes at the bending point. Sucrose depletion affected several factors contributing to the developmental transition of rhizome including signal transduction, transcriptional regulation and plant hormone balance.
You make all things special: Developing a scale to measure sympathetic magic in romantic relationships
Authors: Niemyjska Aleksandra , Parzuchowski Michał
Published: May 2018

This paper describes the development and construct validation of the Romantic Sympathetic Magic Scale (RSMS). The scale measures individual differences in directing attachment behavior toward inanimate objects associated with one’s partner. We offer a theoretical basis for such behavior in the concept of sympathetic magic and test the motivational and cognitive factors involved in this tendency. Finally, we differentiate romantic sympathetic magic from similar concepts. Three studies (N = 851) showed that RSMS is related to increased experientiality as well as to motivation to increase closeness to one’s partner. The RSMS is related to, but substantially different from, paranormal beliefs, anthropomorphism for gadgets, and an overall attachment to inanimate objects. The distinctive feature of romantic sympathetic magic is that it applies specifically to objects associated with people’s loved ones and its function is to facilitate a perceived connection with them. This research contributes to our understanding of the correspondence between personal relationships and emotional connection to inanimate objects.
Perceived barriers and facilitators to goals of care discussions in the emergency department: A descriptive analysis of the views of emergency medicine physicians and residents
Authors: Argintaru Niran , Quinn Kieran L. , Chartier Lucas B. , Lee Jacques , Hannam Paul , O’Connor Erin , Steinberg Leah , Ovens Howard , McGowan Melissa , Vaillancourt Samuel
Published: May 2018

Objective

Few studies have examined the challenges faced by emergency medicine (EM) physicians in conducting goals of care discussions. This study is the first to describe the perceived barriers and facilitators to these discussions as reported by Canadian EM physicians and residents.

Methods

A team of EM, palliative care, and internal medicine physicians developed a survey comprising multiple choice, Likert-scale and open-ended questions to explore four domains of goals-of-care discussions: training; communication; environment; and patient beliefs.

Results

Surveys were sent to 273 EM staff and residents in six sites, and 130 (48%) responded. Staff physicians conducted goals-of-care discussions several times per month or more, 74.1% (80/108) of the time versus 35% (8/23) of residents. Most agreed that goals-of-care discussions are within their scope of practice (92%), they felt comfortable having these discussions (96%), and they are adequately trained (73%). However, 66% reported difficulty initiating goals-of-care discussions, and 54% believed that admitting services should conduct them. Main barriers were time (46%), lack of a relationship with the patient (25%), patient expectations (23%), no prior discussions (21%), and the inability to reach substitute decision-makers (17%). Fifty-four percent of respondents indicated that the availability of 24-hour palliative care consults would facilitate discussions in the emergency department (ED).

Conclusions

Important barriers to discussing goals of care in the ED were identified by respondents, including acuity and lack of prior relationship, highlighting the need for system and environmental interventions, including improved availability of palliative care services in the ED.
Hospital-Level Variability in Broad-Spectrum Antibiotic Use for Children With Acute Leukemia Undergoing Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation
Authors: Elgarten Caitlin W. , Arnold Staci D. , Li Yimei , Huang Yuan-Shung V. , Riches Marcie L. , Gerber Jeffrey S. , Aplenc Richard , Saber Wael , Fisher Brian T.
Published: May 2018

OBJECTIVE

To explore the prevalence and drivers of hospital-level variability in antibiotic utilization among hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients to inform antimicrobial stewardship initiatives.

DESIGN

Retrospective cohort study using data merged from the Pediatric Health Information System and the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research.

SETTING

The study included 27 transplant centers in freestanding children’s hospitals.

METHODS

The primary outcome was days of broad-spectrum antibiotic use in the interval from day of HCT through neutrophil engraftment. Hospital antibiotic utilization rates were reported as days of therapy (DOTs) per 1,000 neutropenic days. Negative binomial regression was used to estimate hospital utilization rates, adjusting for patient covariates including demographics, transplant characteristics, and severity of illness. To better quantify the magnitude of hospital variation and to explore hospital-level drivers in addition to patient-level drivers of variation, mixed-effects negative binomial models were also constructed.

RESULTS

Adjusted hospital rates of antipseudomonal antibiotic use varied from 436 to 1121 DOTs per 1,000 neutropenic days, and rates of broad-spectrum, gram-positive antibiotic use varied from 153 to 728 DOTs per 1,000 neutropenic days. We detected variability by hospital in choice of antipseudomonal agent (ie, cephalosporins, penicillins, and carbapenems), but gram-positive coverage was primarily driven by vancomycin use. Considerable center-level variability remained even after controlling for additional hospital-level factors. Antibiotic use was not strongly associated with days of significant illness or mortality.

CONCLUSION

Among a homogenous population of children undergoing HCT for acute leukemia, both the quantity and spectrum of antibiotic exposure in the immediate posttransplant period varied widely. Antimicrobial stewardship initiatives can apply these data to optimize the use of antibiotics in transplant patients.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018;797–805
Turbulent drag reduction in plane Couette flow with polymer additives: a direct numerical simulation study
Authors: Teng Hao , Liu Nansheng , Lu Xiyun , Khomami Bamin
Published: May 2018

Drag reduction (DR) in plane Couette flow (PCF) induced by the addition of flexible polymers has been studied via direct numerical simulation (DNS). The similarities and differences in the drag reduction features of PCF and plane Poiseuille flow (PPF) have been examined in detail, particularly in regard to the polymer-induced modification of large-scale structures (LSSs) in the near-wall turbulence. Specifically, it has been demonstrated that in the near-wall region, drag-reduced PCF has features similar to those of drag-reduced PPF; however, in the core region, intriguing differences are found between these two drag-reduced shear flows. Chief among these differences is the significant polymer stretch that arises from the enhanced exchanges between elastic potential energy and turbulent kinetic energy and the commensurate observation of peak values of the conformation tensor components $\unicode[STIX]{x1D60A}_{yy}$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D60A}_{zz}$ in this region. This finding is in stark contrast to that of drag-reduced PPF where the polymer stretch and the exchanges between elastic potential energy and turbulent kinetic energy in the core region are insignificant; to this end, in drag-reduced PPF, peak values of the conformation tensor components appear in the near-wall region. Therefore, this study paves the way for understanding the underlying flow physics in drag-reduced PCF, particularly in the context of elastic theory. Moreover, the longitudinal large-scale streaks at the channel centre of drag-reduced PCF are greatly strengthened due to the increased production/dissipation ratio; the LSS imprint effects on the near-wall flow of drag-reduced PCF monotonically increase as the Weissenberg number is enhanced.
Singularity formation on perturbed planar shock waves
Authors: Mostert W. , Pullin D. I. , Samtaney R. , Wheatley V.
Published: May 2018

We present an analysis that predicts the time to development of a singularity in the shape profile of a spatially periodic perturbed, planar shock wave for ideal gas dynamics. Beginning with a formulation in complex coordinates of Whitham’s approximate model geometrical shock dynamics (GSD), we apply a spectral treatment to derive the asymptotic form for the leading-order behaviour of the shock Fourier coefficients for large mode numbers and time. This is shown to determine a critical time at which the coefficients begin to decay, with respect to mode number, at an algebraic rate with an exponent of $-5/2$, indicating loss of analyticity and the formation of a singularity in the shock geometry. The critical time is found to be inversely proportional to a representative measure of perturbation amplitude $\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}$ with an explicit analytic form for the constant of proportionality in terms of gas and shock parameters. To leading order, the time to singularity formation is dependent only on the first Fourier mode. Comparison with results of numerical solutions to the full GSD equations shows that the predicted critical time somewhat underestimates the time for shock–shock (triple-point) formation, where the latter is obtained by post-processing the numerical GSD results using an edge-detection algorithm. Aspects of the analysis suggest that the appearance of loss of analyticity in the shock surface may be a precursor to the first appearance of shock–shocks, which may account for part of the discrepancy. The frequency of oscillation of the shock perturbation is accurately predicted. In addition, the analysis is extended to the evolution of a perturbed planar, fast magnetohydrodynamic shock for the case when the external magnetic field is aligned parallel to the unperturbed shock. It is found that, for a strong shock, the presence of the magnetic field produces only a higher-order correction to the GSD equations with the result that the time to loss of analyticity is the same as for the gas-dynamic flow. Limitations and improvements for the analysis are discussed, as are comparisons with the analogous appearance of singularity formation in vortex-sheet evolution in an incompressible inviscid fluid.
Dissolution of a sloping solid surface by turbulent compositional convection
Authors: McConnochie Craig D. , Kerr Ross C.
Published: May 2018

We examine the dissolution of a sloping solid surface driven by turbulent compositional convection. The scaling analysis presented by Kerr & McConnochie (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 765, 2015, pp. 211–228) for the dissolution of a vertical wall is extended to the case of a sloping wall. The model has no free parameters and no dependence on height. It predicts that while the interfacial temperature and interfacial composition are independent of the slope, the dissolution velocity is proportional to $\cos ^{2/3}\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}$, where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}$ is the angle of the sloping surface to the vertical. The analysis is tested by comparing it with laboratory measurements of the ablation of a sloping ice wall in contact with salty water. We apply the model to make predictions of the turbulent convective dissolution of a sloping ice shelf in the polar oceans.
Transient gas flow in elastic microchannels
Authors: Elbaz Shai B. , Jacob Hila , Gat Amir D.
Published: May 2018

We study pressure-driven propagation of gas into a two-dimensional microchannel bounded by linearly elastic substrates. Relevant fields of application include lab-on-a-chip devices, soft robotics and respiratory flows. Applying the lubrication approximation, the flow field is governed by the interaction between elasticity and viscosity, as well as weak rarefaction and low-Mach-number compressibility effects, characteristic of gaseous microflows. A governing equation describing the evolution of channel height is derived for the problem. Several physical limits allow simplification of the governing equation and solution by self-similarity. These limits, representing different physical regimes and their corresponding time scales, include compressibility–elasticity–viscosity, compressibility–viscosity and elasticity–viscosity dominant balances. Transition of the flow field between these regimes and corresponding exact solutions is illustrated for the case of an impulsive mass insertion in which the order of magnitude of the deflection evolves in time. For an initial channel thickness which is similar to the elastic deformation generated by the background pressure, a symmetry between compressibility and elasticity allows us to obtain a self-similar solution which includes weak rarefaction effects. The presented results are validated by numerical solutions of the evolution equation.
Spherical vortices in rotating fluids
Authors: Scase M. M. , Terry H. L.
Published: May 2018

A popular model for a generic fat-cored vortex ring or eddy is Hill’s spherical vortex (Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, vol. 185, 1894, pp. 213–245). This well-known solution of the Euler equations may be considered a special case of the doubly infinite family of swirling spherical vortices identified by Moffatt (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 35 (1), 1969, pp. 117–129). Here we find exact solutions for such spherical vortices propagating steadily along the axis of a rotating ideal fluid. The boundary of the spherical vortex swirls in such a way as to exactly cancel out the background rotation of the system. The flow external to the spherical vortex exhibits fully nonlinear inertial wave motion. We show that above a critical rotation rate, closed streamlines may form in this outer fluid region and hence carry fluid along with the spherical vortex. As the rotation rate is further increased, further concentric ‘sibling’ vortex rings are formed.
Millennial scale climate-fire-vegetation interactions in a mid-elevation mixed coniferous forest, Mission Range, northwestern Montana, USA
Authors: Alt Mio , McWethy David B. , Everett Rick , Whitlock Cathy
Published: May 2018

Mixed coniferous forests are widespread at middle elevations in the Northern Rocky Mountains, yet relatively little is known about their long-term vegetation and fire history. Pollen and charcoal records from Twin Lakes, in the Mission Range of northwestern Montana provide information on mixed-coniferous forest development and fire activity over the last 15,000 years. These data suggest an open parkland and minimal fire activity before 13,500 cal yr BP, consistent with cold, dry conditions. Increases inPinuspollen after 13,500 cal yr BP indicate a transition to closed forests, and a slight rise in fire activity as conditions warmed and fuel biomass increased. High levels ofArtemisiapollen between 10,000 and 6000 cal yr BP suggest an open forest during the early Holocene when conditions were warmer and drier than present. Low-severity fires likely maintained open forest/shrublands but produced little charcoal during this interval. Present-day mixed-coniferous forests were established in the last 6 ka and included forest taxa characteristic of low- (Pseudotsuga-Larix/Pinus ponderosa)and high-severity fire regimes (Picea/Abies). Increased climate variability and anthropogenic burning may have helped maintain heterogeneous, mixed-coniferous forests during the last several millennia when climate conditions became cooler and wetter.
A Few Remarks on the Tube Algebra of a Monoidal Category
Authors: Neshveyev Sergey , Yamashita Makoto
Published: May 2018

We prove two results on the tube algebras of rigid C*-tensor categories. The first is that the tube algebra of the representation category of a compact quantum groupGis a full corner of the Drinfeld double ofG. As an application, we obtain some information on the structure of the tube algebras of the Temperley–Lieb categories 𝒯ℒ(d) ford> 2. The second result is that the tube algebras of weakly Morita equivalent C*-tensor categories are strongly Morita equivalent. The corresponding linking algebra is described as the tube algebra of the 2-category defining the Morita context.
Untangling the hidden intrathalline microalgal diversity inParmotrema pseudotinctorum:Trebouxia crespoanasp. nov.
Authors: ŠKALOUD Pavel , MOYA Patricia , MOLINS Arántzazu , PEKSA Ondřej , SANTOS-GUERRA Arnoldo , BARRENO Eva
Published: May 2018

Intrathalline phycobiont diversity was investigated in a rosette-forming lichen,Parmotrema pseudotinctorum, using a combination of Sanger sequencing, 454-pyrosequencing, conventional light and confocal microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. A total of 39 thalli sampled in five Canary Island populations were investigated. Three novel lineages of lichen phycobionts were detected, all being inferred within theTrebouxiaclade G. The most abundant phycobiont lineage, occurring in all lichen populations investigated, is described here asTrebouxia crespoanasp. nov. This species produces spherical to pyriform cells possessing a crenulate chloroplast with lobes elongated at their ends, and onecorticola-type pyrenoid with very thin, unbranched tubules of curved profile.Trebouxia crespoanais clearly distinguished from all otherTrebouxiaspecies by a characteristic cap-like cell wall thickening produced on one side of vegetative cells, and the larger size of vegetative cells that reach 21(–26) µm in diameter.
Beta diversity and similarity of lichen communities as a sign of the times
Authors: GIORDANI Paolo , BRUNIALTI Giorgio , CALDERISI Marco , MALASPINA Paola , FRATI Luisa
Published: May 2018

Currently, change in lichen community structure depends on a combination of several pollutants instead of just one. Consequently, alpha lichen diversity no longer represents an effective response variable for assessing trends in atmospheric pollutants over time. Here we investigated the value of the relationship between alpha diversity and different aspects of gamma diversity (similarity, replacement and differences in richness of species) together with that of beta diversity (calculated as the sum of replacement and difference in richness of species), for assessing complex variations in epiphytic lichen communities in response to a changing pollution scenario. We considered an area subjected to extreme variation in atmospheric pollution in recent decades and explored temporal and spatial aspects of lichen community succession over short-, intermediate- and long-term reference periods. We found that variation in lichen communities for long- and intermediate-term reference periods was strongly dependent on the alpha diversity of single trees at the beginning of the observation period. The occurrence of nitrophytic species, which responded to the decrease in SO2 concentrations, contribute to this trend. The effect of land use was observed only over long observation periods, with trees in urban areas showing less variation than those located in rural areas. In particular, the analysis of similarity, species replacement and differences in richness of tree pairs demonstrated that trends and patterns within lichen communities are neither always nor to the same extent associated with alpha diversity. Our results show that a thorough study of gamma diversity, including beta diversity and similarity, is required to detect changes in air quality in long-term biomonitoring surveys.
The role of neonatal pulmonary morbidity in the longitudinal patterns of hospitalisation for respiratory infection during the first year of life
Authors: Betts Kim S. , Soares Magalhães Ricardo J. , Alati Rosa
Published: May 2018

Respiratory infections among infants constitute a major burden to health care systems in developed nations, yet the course and risk factors leading to these conditions are poorly understood. We examine the longitudinal patterns of respiratory infection hospitalisation (RIH) and how these patterns are influenced by neonatal pulmonary morbidities. We included all live births (n = 429 058) occurring in the Australian state of Queensland between January 2009 and December 2015. Data were structured so that each participant had a record (present/absent) of RIH for each month from birth to 12 months. Initially, latent class growth analysis was used to identify the trajectories of RIH adjusted for spatial–temporal factors; using the identified trajectories of RIH as outcomes, we built a multinomial logistic regression model to identify neonatal predictors of RIH trajectories. Our results indicated that a four-class solution was the best fit to the data, comprising a ‘no-risk’ trajectory, a ‘low-risk’ trajectory, an ‘early-risk’ trajectory and a ‘chronic-risk’ trajectory. Compared with the no-risk trajectory, membership in the other trajectories was predicted by a range of neonatal pulmonary morbidities, with transient tachypnoea of newborn showing a specific relationship with the early-risk group and sleep apnoea showing a specific and strong risk with the chronic-risk group. Our findings suggest the possibility of identifying neonates at risk of recurrent RIH and implementing effective intervention strategies prior to neonatal discharge.
PRÁCTICAS FUNERARIAS DIFERENCIALES Y POSICIÓN SOCIAL DE LOS NIÑOS EN DOS UNIDADES DOMÉSTICAS DE MONTE ALBÁN, OAXACA
Authors: Márquez Morfín Lourdes , González-Licón Ernesto
Published: May 2018

Los habitantes de Monte Albán estaban organizados en una sociedad jerárquica compleja; la integración a la sociedad estuvo determinada por factores sociales, económicos, políticos, así como de género y edad. El objetivo central del estudio radica en identificar la posición social de los niños y su integración como miembros de la comunidad. Con este fin analizamos los patrones funerarios y el uso del espacio en dos unidades domésticas de estatus medio/alto del periodo clásico (200–750 d.C.). De acuerdo con el análisis e interpretación de los resultados, los niños más pequeños fueron enterrados en los patios centrales, algunos en fosas y otros sobre cajetes cubiertos con otro plato. A partir de los cuatro a cinco años se inhumaban bajo el piso de los cuartos y sólo unos cuantos al interior de la tumba familiar. Esta metodología permite conocer las diferencias sociales y de género al interior del grupo social y quizá como reflejo también en la sociedad zapoteca.
ON THE RECORD ABOUT WALT TAYLOR: A PERSONAL ACCOUNT
Authors: Mountjoy Joseph B.
Published: May 2018

Walter W. Taylor, especially through his 1948 monograph A Study of Archeology, has been a major influence on the theory and methods of American archaeology. His contribution has recently been assessed in a book by a number of students and colleagues, but none of them had first-hand experience with Walt in a fieldwork setting. This is an account of personal experiences with Walt Taylor, beginning in the graduate program at Southern Illinois University (SIU), but focused on a summer National Science Foundation (NSF) project in Zacatecas in 1964 that was designed to study Chalchihuites/Chichimec interactions in a frontier area, and what that fieldwork experience revealed about Walt Taylor as an archaeologist and as a person.
Clarifying the Definition of Religion Under English Law: The Need for a Universal Definition
Authors: Sandberg Russell
Published: May 2018

There is no universal definition of religion under English law. Instead, different definitions have been developed by courts and tribunals in relation to different religious rights. Although there have been moves towards the harmonisation of these different definitions, recent decisions have reversed that trend. This article explores for the first time how this has led to a confused and contradictory case law. It begins by surveying how religion has been defined in registration law, charity law, human rights law and discrimination law, the moves towards harmonisation and the counter-tendencies in the recent decisions. It places the recent decisions within their broader legal context and points out a number of contradictions and uncertainties. Arguing that a universal definition of religion under English law is now needed, it synthesises the case law to identify the elements of a universal definition that already exist. The article examines how these can be refashioned in order to remove inconsistencies that exist in different areas of law. Drawing upon insights from the sociology of religion, the article concludes by proposing a new definition.
Accelerated nutrition transition in the North West Province of South Africa: results from the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology (PURE-NWP-SA) cohort study, 2005 to 2010
Authors: Wentzel-Viljoen Edelweiss , Lee Sarie , Laubscher Ria , Vorster Hester H
Published: May 2018

Objective

South Africa (SA) is in the midst of a health transition characterized by a quadruple burden of diseases and a nutrition transition. The existing nutrition transition in SA, accompanied by the coexistence of under- and overnutrition in the population, motivated the present study. Its objectives were to measure and report the changes in nutrient intakes of rural and urban black Africans over time to assess the impact of urbanization and modernization of lifestyles on dietary intakes and non-communicable disease (NCD) risk.

Design

The PURE-NWP-SA study recruited 2000 black South African volunteers aged 35–70 years in 2005, of which detailed nutrient intakes from 1858 participants were available. In 2010 nutrient intakes of a cohort of 1154 participants were measured.

Results

Median energy intake increased over time. In 2010, rural participants consumed the amount of energy (men 9·7 MJ/d; women 9·1 MJ/d) that urban participants consumed in 2005 (men 9·9 MJ/d; women 9·0 MJ/d). The nutrition transition was characterized by increases in the percentage of energy from animal protein, total fat (rural men and women), saturated (not urban women) and monounsaturated fat, as well as added sugar. Despite the higher energy intake, not all the participants met total micronutrient needs in 2010.

Conclusions

The PURE nutrient intake data confirmed that the nutrition transition in the North West Province of SA is extremely rapid in rural areas. The shift towards higher energy intakes, an animal food-based diet, higher intakes of fat and lower intake of fibre, at the cost of lower plant protein and starchy food intakes, could increase the risk of NCD.