bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Individual fitness versus whole‐crop photosynthesis:solar tracking tradeoffs in alfalfa
Authors: Denison R. Ford , Fedders James M. , Harter Barry L.
Published: August 2010

Despite the optimism of some molecular biologists, natural selection among the wild ancestors of crops is unlikely to have missed simple genetic improvements that would consistently have enhanced individual fitness. Tradeoff‐free opportunities for further improvement of crop traits like photosynthetic efficiency or drought tolerance may therefore be elusive. Opportunities linked to acceptable tradeoffs may be abundant, however. Tradeoffs between individual competitiveness and the collective productivity of plant communities (e.g. those linked to height) have been key to past increases in yield potential. Solar tracking by leaves could involve such tradeoffs, if photosynthetic benefits to tracking leaves are outweighed by increased shading of leaves lower in the canopy. This hypothesis was tested using rotation in the horizontal plane to disrupt solar tracking in alfalfa. In sparse canopies, solar tracking increased net canopy photosynthesis, but rarely by more than 3%. As leaf area increased, solar tracking tended to decrease net canopy photosynthesis, despite edge effects in our 1‐m2 artificial communities, which probably exaggerated net photosynthetic benefits of tracking. Computer modeling suggested that the season‐long effects of solar tracking on community productivity can be negative. Solar tracking may have persisted, nonetheless, because individuals whose leaves track the sun increase shading of competitors.
SMOKING IN MILTON: FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH SMOKING IN AN ADULT COMMUNITY
Authors: de Hamel F.A.
Published: August 2010

The factors associated with smoking in 80 per cent of an entire adult New Zealand community have been studied on two occasions exactly three years apart and compared with other studies. The smoking habits of a population are dynamic and there is today a very much higher proportion of young adult smokers, particularly women, than there was 15 years ago and this proportion is increasing. Cigarette consumption is associated with the father's smoking habit in the case of men and the mother's habit in the case of women; early school leaving age; being a member of a large family; being of lower socio‐economic level; the taking of oral contraceptives or any minor tranquilliser in the case of women; considerably greater alcohol consumption, especially beer, by either sex; preference for a brand of cigarette with a higher tar and nicotine content; and a tendency to inhale the smoke deeply. However it is shown that most if not all of these factors are interactive and not simple cause‐and‐effect relationships. Light smokers smoke proportionately much more at weekends than do heavy smokers and this is not directly attributable to varying opportunities to smoke during the week. Weight increases markedly when smoking stops and this is not due to a compensatory increase in alcohol intake. It is suggested that obesity, excess beer drinking, heavy smoking and anxiety may all be part of an identifiable tetrad of symptoms.
PRICE INDICES FOR AUSTRALIAN PUBLIC HOSPITALS
Authors: Schapper P.R.
Published: August 2010

A price index for hospital inputs was presented for the period 1970‐71 to 1978‐79. For non‐labour inputs the CPI was found to be satisfactory. For labour inputs, a single labour price index was generally satisfactory for all States and a wide range of hospitals —although some exceptions were apparent. It was found that the deflator used by the Australian Bureau of Statistics has significantly underestimated the impact of inflation in hospitals.
IMMUNIZATION STATUS OF SOUTH AUSTRALIAN CHILDREN BY SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS AND ETHNICITY
Authors: Roder David
Published: August 2010

Immunization status is inferior among low socioeconomic groups and ethnic minority populations associated with South Australian primary schools.

In general, the status of immunization appears to be particularly unfavourable for measles. Whereas parents reported that 78 percent of children had received some vaccine (or toxoid) since the fourth birthday, and 88 percent in the first year of life, only 51 percent were said to have been immunized against measles.
HEALTHCRAFT: A SELF‐CARE PROGRAM FOR THE MATURE AGES, ITS DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION
Authors: Darby D.N. , Cullen J. , Egger G. , Newman J. , Webster I.W.
Published: August 2010

This paper reports the development of a program designed to promote self‐care in health of those 50 years and over. Evaluation using self‐reported data shows that participants found the program rewarding. Also, their confidence in health matters increased. However, no significant improvement in a number of health related behaviours was demonstrated.
REGULATORY PRACTICES FOR HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK*
Authors: Refshauge Chloë
Published: August 2010

This paper discusses the proposed Institute's role in regulatory practices geared to the protection and promotion of health within the economic and political context of the working environment. Standards, until recently, have been construed narrowly in terms of hazard exposures. Here I treat standards as an integral part of the regulatory process.
SOCIAL CLASS (AS ESTIMATED BY OCCUPATIONAL PRESTIGE) AND MORTALITY IN AUSTRALIAN MALES IN THE 1970s
Authors: McMichael A.J.
Published: August 2010

Social class has been widely observed to bear on risk of disease and death. The mortality of Australian males aged 15–64 for the two peri‐censal periods 1970–72 and 1975–77 combined has been analysed for social class, using the Congalton 4‐point occupational prestige scale of social class. For all‐causes mortality and for each of the nine major cause‐of‐death groupings, excepting endocrine disorders, age‐standardised death rates were higher in the lower social classes. This inverse gradient was strongest for deaths from respiratory diseases, digestive diseases, mental disorders, and accidents. Of ten specific causes of death examined, cancers of the stomach and lung exhibited strong inverse gradients with social class, as did chronic respiratory disease and motor vehicle accidents. Mortality from stroke and ischaemic heart disease was weakly, inversely, associated with social class. By contrast, mortality from cancers of the colon and brain was highest in the higher social classes. Death rates from pancreatic cancer and diabetes mellitus were not obviously related to social class. The overall consistency of the inverse gradient between social class and mortality, both in Australia and overseas, suggests that both specific and more general social influences are operating.
FAMILY PLANNING IN ABORIGINAL COMMUNITIES
Authors: Gray Alan
Published: August 2010

Surveys were taken of five Aboriginal communities in New South Wales, South Australia, Western Australia and Queensland, in co‐operation with community organizations and using locally‐engaged Aboriginal women as interviewers. The surveys reveal a patchwork of family planning methods in use. A comparison of the attitudes of Aboriginal women towards the provision of family planning services and the activities of health services in the communities was used to examine the mechanism of decline in Aboriginal birth rates.

The comparison reveals that the views of Aboriginal women largely coincide with the aims of health services but what has been achieved is somewhat different. Extreme reticence on the part of Aboriginal people about the reproductive aspects of women's lives poses serious problems for the delivery of adequate health services. While health service personnel in Aboriginal communities are attuned to the sensibilities of their Aboriginal clients, they are not always aware of the reasons for these sensibilities or of their precise nature.
THE PATHWAY TO PSYCHIATRIC ADMISSION
Authors: Lindsay John S.B.
Published: August 2010

Little information is available about the pathway along which psychiatric admissions move from the community to residential care. A cohort of one year's admissions has been analysed in a Queensland provincial city recording the community situation in which their referral starts and the various agencies involved en route to the hospital bed. Those whose initiation process was started by self, by family members, by neighbours or significant others in the patient's life seemed to find the pathway easier. Others already in some contact with the non‐family professionals, welfare and other agencies, or who have no family resources, experienced more difficulties.
DO TERTIARY‐TRAINED NURSES SMOKE LESS THAN HOSPITAL‐TRAINED NURSES?
Authors: Harris Mary , Woodward Alistair , Bond Malcolm
Published: August 2010

The prevalence of smoking among nurses is sometimes attributed to specific stressful conditions of work in the traditional hospital training program. Such conditions do not apply in recently introduced tertiary nurse training programs. In this study 204 final year student nurses from hospital‐based training programs and from a College of Advanced Education were questioned about their smoking behaviour. Thirty six per cent of the total sample were current smokers, 33 per cent had quit the habit and 32 per cent had never smoked. Over 75 per cent of current smokers began smoking before they started nurse training. No statistically significant differences in smoking behaviour were observed between the tertiary and hospital trained groups. This result should be interpreted with caution, because of the small number of nurses studied, and the limited number of institutions which were sampled. However, it is consistent with evidence from other sources, that the factors which lead most nurses to smoke lie in theirexperiences prior to nursing, and not in the nature or location of their training program. This issue has important implications for health promotion work with nurses, and warrants investigation on a larger scale.
ETHICS IN MEDICAL RESEARCH: AUSTRALIAN DEVELOPMENTS
Authors: Rutnam Romaine
Published: August 2010

Decision‐making on medical research in Australia has, over the past fifty years, moved from the domain of individual researchers funded by small‐scale private philanthropy to that of large teams of scientists backed by multi‐million dollar enterprises which depend considerably on public funding. In recent years, the process of decision‐making has included an increasingly elaborate role for Ethics Committees. This paper provides an overview of the discipline of medical research ethics, and a history of its practice in Australia under the auspices of the National Health and Medical Research Council. This history has been distinguished by many developments that are unique among comparable countries. However, the Council's approach to medical research ethics has resulted in some important ethical issues, particularly those relating to the allocation of public resources, not receiving sufficient attention.
TIME TRENDS IN UPPER ALIMENTARY TRACT CANCER RATES AND ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO CONSUMPTION IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: McMichael A.J. , Puzio A.
Published: August 2010

Alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking, particularly when combined, increase the incidence of cancers of the mouth, pharynx and oesophagus. Earlier analyses showed an upturn in mortality from these cancers since the 1950s in Australia, following a sustained upturn in consumption of both alcohol and tobacco from the 1930s onwards. In view of, first, the increase over recent decades in smoking by women relative to smoking in men, and, second, the slight downturn in per capita consumption of alcohol and tobacco since the mid‐1970s, it is of public health importance to examine recent trends in these cancers. Age‐specific mortality data are presented for 1910–86, supplemented by incidence data for South Australia for 1977–86. Mortality from mouth cancer has continued to increase above age 45 in both men and women, but has fallen recently at younger ages. Mortality from pharyngeal cancer has increased a little, most recently in women. The incidence of mouth and pharyngeal cancers combined has increased very slightly over the past decade, except in younger men. Oesophageal cancer mortality has plateaued in men, and is now falling in women below age 65; the incidence appears to still be rising in older women.
STEP BY STEP ON A PIECE OF STRING: AN ILLUSTRATION OF COMMUNITY WORK AS A SOCIAL HEALTH STRATEGY
Authors: McWaters Nancy , Hurwood Chris , Morton David
Published: August 2010

This article describes the development of a community work approach to the problem of isolation within a semi‐rural and urban community. Reasons for adopting a community work emphasis within this community health service are explained. Two projects which illustrate ways in which the approach was put into practice are described and implications and issues for health workers are discussed using community participation, empowerment, and co‐ordination of services as a basis for discussion.
THE POLITICS OF EVALUATING ABORIGINAL HEALTH SERVICES
Authors: Moodie Rob
Published: August 2010

Evaluation of Aboriginal Health Services (AHSs) has become a topic of importance to service providers and governments in recent years. This paper examines some of the difficulties AHSs have in conducting evaluation and presents an example of an inappropriate evaluation methodology as proposed by the Commonwealth Department of Aboriginal Affairs (DAA) in 1986.

The paper examines the contradictory nature of the DAA proposal and the mistrust it has engendered in many AHSs. It then highlights some of the political difficulties in developing meaningful national and community health objectives as a basis for sound evaluation of health services.

The paper concludes by identifying some of the processes whereby more appropriate evaluation methodologies might be developed and suggests that negotiation and consultation with the Aboriginal communities and their health services are imperative to successful evaluation.
HEALTH‐RELATED EXPENDITURE PATTERNS IN SELECTED MIGRANT GROUPS: DATA FROM THE AUSTRALIAN HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEY, 1984
Authors: Powles J. , Hage B. , Cosgrove M.
Published: August 2010

Australians born in Italy, Greece and East and South East Asia all have substantially lower mortality levels than those born in Australia, the British Isles or Holland and Germany. Using data from the 1984 Household Expenditure Survey, the health‐related consumption expenditure of these six groups was compared (excluding expenditure on medical care). The heterogeneity of household types was largely removed by confining attention to married couple households with dependent children.

The two groups with mortality levels comparable to those of the Australian‐born (British Isles and Holland/Germany) also shared a similar pattern of consumption expenditures. There was a tendency (not always fully consistent), for the low mortality groups to spend more on fruits, vegetables, cereal products and fish and substantially less on alcohol. Patterns that might be ‘unexpected’ in low mortality groups are the (presumptively) substantial expenditures on tobacco among males (especially in the Greek group) and the substantial expenditures on red meat in all three groups.

Analysis of available data sets such as this can provide useful descriptions of the distribution of health‐influencing behaviour in our population.
RECENT TRENDS AND SOCIO‐DEMOGRAPHIC DETERMINANTS OF EXERCISE PARTICIPATION IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Bauman Adrian , Owen Neville , Rushworth R. Louise
Published: August 2010

Although sentiments about the positive health benefits of regular exercise have been expressed for many centuries, it is only in the past three decades that epidemiologic evidence has provided scientific support for the health benefits of being physically active. The evidence for the protective effect of physical activity is particularly strong with reference to cardiovascular disease, with the relative risk of being “inactive” compared to ‘active’ estimated to typically lie between 1.5 and 2.0. Despite the popular view that exercise participation has increased in recent years, estimates of trends in physical activity in Australian (and other) populations have been difficult to interpret because of the different measurements and surveys used. We examined data from population surveys using well validated, standardised methods to assess exercise participation, through National surveys between 1984 and 1987 conducted by the Commonwealth Department of the Arts, Sport, the Environment, Tourism and Territories (DASETT). Over the period in which the surveys were conducted, there appears to have been a slight increase in the proportion of Australians who participated in regular physical activity. There was a significant decline in the proportion who reported being totally sedentary ‐ from 32.9 per cent in 1984 to 25.4 per cent in 1987. The data from all of the surveys were then pooled to give an overall sample size of 17053, and socio‐demographic variables were examined in relation to exercise participation. Women, older people, the less well educated, and those on lower incomes were less likely to perform regular physical activity. Inequalities in the social distribution of exercise participation parallel those found for other health risk factors. Preventive health campaigns and programs should be planned and implemented with reference to the social and economic determinants of physical activity participation. Further research using population samples should examine in more detail the demographic, social and personal factors which influence peoples’ decisions to take part in exercise.
PSYCHOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO CANCER: A CASE FOR CANCER SUPPORT GROUPS
Authors: Hunt Roger W. , Bond Malcolm J. , Pater Graeme D.
Published: August 2010

This study investigates the responses of patients and their carers to the diagnosis of cancer. The reporting of stress by patients, using linear analogue scales, and their psychological distress, as measured by the General Health Questionnaire, indicated benefits for members of a community‐based cancer support group. The responses of carers revealed that the impact of the diagnosis was as great on them as on patients. Various mediators were considered and age was found to significantly influence the reporting of stress. The limitations and implications of the findings are discussed.
NURSING HOME ADMISSIONS: THE EFFECT OF A MULTIDISCIPLINARY ASSESSMENT TEAM ON THE FREQUENCY OF ADMISSION APPROVALS
Authors: Quartararo Maria , O'Neill Thomas J.
Published: August 2010

In a study of nursing home applicants in the Lower North Shore Area of Sydney, the assessed requirement for nursing home care is compared with the Department of Community Services and Health's NH5 approval rate. A multidisciplinary team decided that only 62.6 per cent of 246 nursing home applicants required nursing home admission whereas 98.4 per cent had their applications approved by the Department. The findings suggest that by providing multidisciplinary assessment for nursing home applicants, the previously high approval rates for nursing home admission can be lowered and thus may reduce the number of inappropriate admissions that occur. However, the extent to which this reduction can be maintained will depend on how effective the alternative care options are in preventing or delaying nursing home admission.
THE FATE OF ELDERLY PATIENTS DISCHARGED FROM THE ACCIDENT AND EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT OF A GENERAL TEACHING HOSPITAL
Authors: Rosenfeld Tuly , Fahey Paul , Price Michael , Leeder Stephen
Published: August 2010

This paper describes the experience of a cohort of elderly patients who were discharged after attending the accident and emergency department of a large Australian teaching hospital. Before‐and‐after comparisons of aspects of physical functioning revealed a considerable loss of independence in the period immediately after the visit to the hospital. Subsequent hospital admission or death was observed in 30 of the 90 patients studied. It is suggested that elderly patients discharged from the accident and emergency department are at risk and require special consideration and a high index of suspicion in terms of evaluation at the time of presentation. Before discharge, account should be taken of aspects of physical and mental function, social networks, and community supports available to each patient. A lowered threshold for admission is recommended on the basis of the high rate of return found in this study.
AIDS AND DENTISTRY IN AUSTRALIA: KNOWLEDGE, INFECTION CONTROL PRACTICES AND ATTITUDES TO TREATMENT IN A RANDOM SAMPLE OF AUSTRALIAN DENTISTS
Authors: Bray Fiona , Chapman Simon
Published: August 2010

1130 dentists surveyed by mail from Australian capital cities (response rate 80%) answered a questionnaire on knowledge of clinical manifestations of AIDS and HIV, attitudes to treatment and referral of AIDS/HIV patients, infection control practices and personal risk factors for HIV. Despite a third of dentists being willing to treat HIV antibody‐positive patients and 22% being willing to treat AIDS patients, over 50% believe AIDS to be a major problem for dentists, with two thirds claiming that their staff would not treat AIDS patients and 55% believing they would lose patients if word spread that they were treating HIV/AIDS patients. The perhaps irreconcilable tension between variable willingness to treat and the concerns of staff and other patients suggests that a policy of improving the dental referral network among people with AIDS may be in the best interests of the dental health and well‐being of people with AIDS.
SELF‐EFFICACY IN RELATION TO LIMITED FLUID INTAKE AMONGST PORTUGUESE HAEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS
Authors: Lindberg Magnus , Fernandes Manuel Agostinho Matos
Published: August 2010

Self‐efficacy is a temporary and influenceable characteristic, related to situations and tasks, mediating health‐promoting behaviours. This study aimed to evaluate psychometric properties of a Portuguese version of the Fluid Intake Appraisal Inventory, and to describe self‐efficacy in relation to limited fluid intake amongst Portuguese haemodialysis patients. Respondents were recruited from three dialysis units, and 113 of 155 eligible patients gave their informed consent. The translated scale was distributed and collected by the head nurses. Interdialytic weight gain was calculated as percentage of dry weight. Satisfactory psychometric properties were estimated in the Portuguese context. The participants’ self‐efficacy in relation to low fluid intake was asymmetrically distributed; the majority had moderately to high self‐efficacy while some patients had very low self‐efficacy to limited fluid intake. There was a significant difference in self‐efficacy to fluid restrictions; patients with a weight gain of 3.5% or less presented higher self‐efficacy scores than did patients exceeding the cutoff point.
LIFESTYLE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IS ASSOCIATED WITH LESS ARTERIAL STIFFNESS
Authors: Sarrias Maria , Diaz Ester , Escofet Rosa
Published: August 2010

Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Arterial stiffening is recognised as a critical precursor of cardiovascular disease. Available evidence indicates that lifestyle modifications are therapeutic interventions for preventing and treating arterial stiffening.

Objective: To evaluate the influence of lifestyle modifications on the arterial vessel compliance in CKD patients not receiving renal replacement therapy (RRT). We measured the arterial vessel compliance in 50 CKD patients not receiving RRT (30 post‐transplant, 20 pre‐RRT). Noninvasive pulse wave analysis of radial artery was used to estimate large artery (C1) and small artery elasticity (C2) and was corrected for patients age. Renal transplant (RT) patients were younger than CKD patients. RT patients C1 normal in 13%. C2 lower than normal in 77% of cases and not associated with evaluated variables, but worse large artery compliance was observed. In CKD patients, C1 was normal in 55%. C1 was strongly associated with aerobic exercise. For CKD patients, exercise normalises large artery compliance. C2 was lower than normal in 90%. Small artery compliance was affected in majority of patients.
The Ordovician Graptolite Beds of Ping Liang, E. Kansu
Authors: Yuan P. L.
Published: August 2010

(Abstract) The specimen is collected from a small outcrop near the Lolo village of Mao Mao Kou, some 30 km. N.N.W. of Hui Li district in S. Szechuan, on the N. slope of Lung Tsao Shan, a prominant mountain some 8,000 feet above the sea, entirely covered by a basaltic lava of Permian age. The latter weathers into a residual red clay which covers the lower slopes. The contact of the syenite with the Lung Tsao Shan lava was not observed owing to the thick cover. East of the occurrence a series of steep dipping red shales appears. The exact relation of this series with the syenite is not clear, but it is probable that they are in actual contact. Further east the red shale series is thrown into contact with a coal series containing Rhætic plant fossils—probably by an overthrust as the whole coal series is highly folded.
Geographic Distribution of the Important Soils of China*
Authors: Thorp By James
Published: August 2010

Abstract

Soils of China are subdivided, on the basis of morphological and chemical characteristics, into various broad groups which are correlated with the similar types in Europe, America and various tropical regions.
Revision of Some Lower PalæOzoic Sections of Central China
Authors: Grabau A. W.
Published: August 2010

The main fact herein developed is the separation of the Canadian or Skiddavian from the Ordovician in China, the two being divided by the Petrovian Interpulsation Hiatus.

The Canadian is represented by the Nanshan Shales with the trilobite Taihungshania, or by the underlying limestones (Ichang, Lunshàn) or the Meitan Shale with Phyllograptus. The shale which normally overlies the Petrovian disconformity is the true Neichia with the brachiopod Yangtzeella poloi.

Sometimes only the Ordovician Neichia shale is present sometimes only the Canadian Nanshan shale. When both occur in a section the disconformity is usually masked, and they have both been identified as Neichia shale (Ordovician). Thus much confusion has arisen both in stratigraphy and in the age of the respective faunas.
Cambrian Archæocyathina from the Gorge District of the Yangtze*
Authors: CHI Y. S.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Previous studies of Archæocyathina from the Gorge District of the Yangtze and other parts of China are briefly reviewed. Nine species of Archæocyathina, belonging to four different genera and two families arc described and illustrated, of which only two species are new. The presence of Cambrocyathus (=“Archaeocyathus”), Archæocyathus (=“Spirocyathus”), Retecyathus and Protopharetra known from Siberia, Sardinia and Australia is reported for the first time. Stratigraphical position and distribution of the Archæocyathina beds in Hupch, Szechuan and Kweichow are discussed. Special consideration is given to the. so‐called “Ichang limestone” of Cambrian age. The age of the Archæocyathina beds in central China is referable to the Lower Cambrian.
The aquatic, stauroconidial hyphomycetes of Norway with notes on the Nordic species
Authors: Bråthen Ingar
Published: August 2010

A key is given to the 54 species of stauroconidial aquatic hyphomycetes so far found in the Nordic countries. Notes on genera and species are given, including distribution in Norway and previous Nordic records. The 49 Norwegian species are illustrated.
Scale‐bearing Chrysophyceae (Mallomonadaceae and Paraphysomonadaceae) from West Greenland
Authors: Jacobsen Bodil Aavad
Published: August 2010

Phytoplankton samples from twenty‐one freshwater localities in the area of Nuuk (Godthåb), West Greenland, have been examined by means of electron microscopy in order to investigate the flora of scale bearing Chrysophyceae. Forty‐two taxa of the genera Mallomonas, Synura, Chromophysomonas (Spiniferomonas), Chrysosphaerella and Paraphysomonas have been observed, and thirty‐eight of these are illustrated by TEM or SEM micrographs. Thirty‐four of the observed taxa, among these all members of the genus Chromophysomonas, are for the first time recorded from Greenland. Chromophysomonas involuta sp.nov. is described. The scale morphology of the Greenlandic specimens is compared with earlier findings from other parts of the world, and the most remarkable features of the chrysophycean flora from the investigated area are discussed.
Differentiation patterns in the Scutellaria albida group (Lamiaceae) in the Aegean area
Authors: von Bothmer Roland
Published: August 2010

An experimental investigation of the mainly white‐flowered Scutellaria albida group in the Aegean area was carried out. Eight populations representing maximum morphological variation as well as geographic separation were chosen for crosses between populations. Strong sterility barriers were observed in the Cretean endemic species, S. sieberi Benth., which also deviated morphologically and is probably an ancient relic. Strong crossing barriers were also found in plants from Euboea, and, in spite of little morphological differentiation from S. albida L. s. str., they are treated as a separate species, S. goulimyi Rech. fil. Crossing barriers of intermediate strength were present in morphologically distinct material from N Sporades, which is also treated as a separate species, S. sporadum Bothmer sp. nov. All other populations showed high compatibility in crosses among themselves, viz. populations from Bulgaria, Thrace, Andros, Naxos, and Rodhos. These were treated as the same species, S. albida, having large local as well as clinal variation. Three subspecies are retained: ssp. albida in the north; ssp. perhispida (Bornm.) Bothmer in E Macedonia, Thrace and on the islands; and the mainly purple‐flowered, ssp. vacillans (Rech. fil.) Bothmer, endemic to the peninsula of Athos. Evolutionary pathways and phytogeographical patterns are discussed.

S. sporadum is mainly inbreeding and, in S. sieberi, indications of a self‐incompatibility system were found. The other taxa have a more versatile system.
Petrorhagia grandiflora sp. nov. (Caryophyllaceae) from Greece
Authors: Iatrou Gregory
Published: August 2010

Petrorhagia grandiflora Iatroú sp. nov. is described from limestone rocks on the eastern side of Mt. Parnon, in the province of Arkadhia, Peloponesos, Greece. This species, belonging to sect. Petrorhagia subsect. Thessalae Ball & Heywood, is related to the P. thessala (Boiss.) Ball & Heywood and P. dianthoides (Smith) Ball & Heywood with which it is compared. Chromosome numbers (2n = 30) and karyotypes are presented; seeds are examined by a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM); and their distribution in Greece are presented.
Resurrection of two Eighteenth Century names in American Combretaceae ‐ Studies on the flora of the Guianas 7
Authors: Al‐Mayah A.‐R. A. Alwan , Stace C. A.
Published: August 2010

Pamea guianensis Aublet and Terminalia nitidissima Rich. are, on the basis of recently collected material, recognized as hitherto overlooked species of Buchenavia Eichler, and the two new combinations are made.
Remarks on three Hypobathreae (Rubiaceae) from Rodrigues, Seychelles and Sri Lanka
Authors: Tirvengadum Deva D. , Robbrecht Elmar
Published: August 2010

Ramosmania (from Rodrigues Island, Mauritius), recently described by Tirvengadum & Verdcourt as a genus of uncertain position, is here shown to belong to the tribe Hypobathreae (subtr. Hypobathrinae). It is related to Morindopsis Hook. f.

Two other rubiaceous genera previously placed in the tribe Gardenieae, viz. Para‐genipa Baillon, from the Seychelles, and Nargedia Beddome, from Sri Lanka, are also shown to belong to the tribe Hypobathreae. Paragenipa cervorum Baillon being conspecific with Randia lancifolia, (Boj. ex Bak.) Hemsl. the new combination Paragenipa lancifolia is made. From the anatomical point of view, Paragenipa is interesting on account of its remarkable seed‐coat (exotesta with several layers of fibres), unusual in most Rubiaceae.

Nargedia is the first representative of the subtribe Lamprothamninae outside Africa.
Trachynema, a new genus in the Punctariaceae (Fucophyceae)
Authors: Pedersen Poul Møller
Published: August 2010

Two little known species of brown algae, Litosiphon mortensenii S. Lund and L. groenlandicus S. Lund, described from East Greenland have been compared with the type species of the genera Litosiphon Harv. and Asperococcus Lamour. They are distinguished from the genus Litosiphon by their basally sheathed hairs, hecatonematoid microthalli, mediate differentiation of embryospores, and lack of sympodial branching of the macrothallus. They are considered more primitive than Asperococcus by the absence of paraphyses and by the non‐localized formation of reproductive structures. The new genus Trachynema is proposed to accommodate these plants; it finds a natural position in the Punctariaceae.
Chrysochromulina brachycylindra sp. nov. (Prymnesiophyceae) from Finnish coastal waters
Authors: Hällfors Seija , Thomsen Helge Abildhauge
Published: August 2010

Chrysochromulina brachycylindra sp. nov. is described by means of transmission electron microscopy of shadowcast whole mounts prepared from wild material collected from Finnish coastal waters. The suhspherical cell carries plate‐scales and cylinder‐scales. The scales are large enough to render possible a light microscopical identification of this species from dry preparations. Based on scale morphology it is evident that C. brachycylindra is closely related to C. pachycylindra Manton, Oates & Course. In addition to the findings from the Baltic Sea the new species is also reported from the Andaman Sea, SW Thailand.
Cosmianthemum knoxiifolium (C. B. Clarke) B. Hansen comb. nov. (Acanthaceae)
Authors: Hansen Bertel
Published: August 2010

An amended description of Gymnostachyum knoxiifolium C. B. Clarke is given. Reasons for its transfer to Cosmianthemum Brem. are discussed and the new combination published. Pseuderanthemum parviflorum Ridl., Ptyssiglottis parviflora (Ridl.) Ridl., and Sphinctacanthus malayanus Ridl. are sunk into its synonymy.
Taxonomic notes on Ethiopian Rosaceae
Authors: Hedberg Olov
Published: August 2010

A summary is presented of taxonomic revisions and rearrangements required in connection with an account of the family Rosaceae for the Flora of Ethiopia. In Rubus the species R. apetalus Poir., R. erlangeri Engl., R. steudneri Engl. and R. volkensii Engl. are treated, whereas in Alchemilla particular attention is given to the species A. abyssinca Fresen., A. fischeri Engl., A. haumanii Rothm., A. kiwuensis Engl., A. microbetula T.C.E. Fr., and A. pedata Hochst. ex A. Rich. Distribution maps are provided for Rubus aethiopicus R. A. Graham, R. erlangeri and R. volkensii as well as for Alchemilla fischeri, A. microbetula and A. pedata.
Immuno‐gold localisation of arabinogalactan protein in the developing style of Nicotiana alata
Authors: Sedgley Margaret , Clarke Adrienne E.
Published: August 2010

Arabinogalactan‐protein was localised ultrastructurally in the transmitting tissue of the Nicotinana alata Link & Otto style from the bud stage to anthesis using monoclonal antibody directed to terminal α‐L‐arabinosyl residues followed by goat anti‐mouse IgG linked to 20 nm gold particles. Gold particles were localised on the Golgi apparatus, multivesicular bodies, cell wall and intercellular matrix with the highest concentration over multivesicular bodies. During flower development there was an increase in the total number of gold particles with a relative decrease on the multivesicular bodies and an increase on the intercellular matrix. There was also an increase during development in the proportion of intercellular matrix relative to all other components of the transmitting tissue. Vesiculation of the endoplasmic reticulum and the production of cup‐shaped vesicles by the Golgi bodies were observed during development. It is concluded that secretion of arabinogalactan‐protein from the intracellular to the extracellular location occurs via multivesicular bodies produced by the Golgi apparatus and possibly the endoplasmic reticulum.
Fine structure of nitrogen‐fixing leguminous root nodules from the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Newcomb William , Wood Susan M.
Published: August 2010

Effective (nitrogen‐fixing) root nodules of Oxytropis maydelliana Trautv., O. arctobia Bunge and Astragulus alpinus L. were collected in the high Arctic tundra and subsequently processed for structural studies. The cylindrically‐shaped perennial nodules consisted of the following tissues: nodule cortex, nodule meristem, nodular vascular bundles, an active central region with uninfected and infected cells at various stages of development, and a proximal region of senescent cells. The active central region was dark red‐coloured due to the presence of the pigment leghemoglobin. The host cells became infected by the growth of infection threads into cells recently derived from the nodule meristem and the subsequent endocytotic release of rhizobia from unwalled membrane‐bound regions of the infection thread. The host plasma membrane adjacent to the unwalled regions of infection thread gave rise to the peribacteroid membrane which surrounded the released bacteria. Thus, nodule development and the basic tissue arrangement of the arctic nodules was similar to that of cylindrically‐shaped nodules formed on temperate species of legumes.

The arctic legume nodules are unique in having large numbers of lipid droplets present in the cytoplasm of the nodule cortex and uninfected cells of the central active region. Newly infected cells also have lipid droplets. More developed infected cells lack lipid droplets but often contain amyloplasts. Mature differentiated bacteria were spherically‐shaped and contained electron‐dense inclusions. Electron‐dense material was also present in vesicles formed from dilated endoplasmic reticulum and in the peribacteroid space. The lipid droplets present in the host cytoplasm of the nodule cortex and uninfected cells of the central tissue may be storage products which are used to support nitrogen‐fixation in nodules growing under cool temperatures of this harsh environment.
High voltage electron microscopy of cytoskeletal structures in whole plant cells
Authors: Cox Guy , Vesk Maret , Juniper Barrie
Published: August 2010

During the past decade, work on whole, critical‐point dried animal cells has revealed a three‐dimensional meshwork, the microtrabecular lattice or cytomatrix, which pervades the ground cytoplasm. This work was carried out on cells which could be spread out into thin layers on support films. Plant cells provide a more difficult problem since their rigid cell walls do not allow them to be spread into thin layers. Nevertheless high‐voltage electron microscopy at up to 2.5 MeV permits examination of whole cells up to 30 μm thick, though both preparation and interpretation present problems. In algal cells flagellar roots and associated structures can be seen in three dimensions, while cells of mosses, ferns and lycopods show a cytomatrix of fine interconnecting filaments.
Rescaling of ecological gradients. I. Calculation of ecological distance between vegetation stands by means of their floristic composition
Authors: Økland Rune Halvorsen
Published: August 2010

Geometric models of vegetation (conceptual spaces) are reviewed. Spaces with samples or species as axes are termed flortistic spaces, as opposed to ecological space with environmental gradients as axes. The terms floristic and ecological relationships are defined as relationships in floristic and ecological spaces, respectively. Compositional turnover is pointed out as the essence of ecological gradients, and arguments in favour of measuring ecological distance in units of compositional turnover are given. The most important criteria for evaluation of ecological distance measures are considered to be linear response to separation along ecological gradients and robustness. Theoretical disadvantages of measures of floristic relationships used as ecological distance measures are discussed. A new measure of ecological distance, separation along a DCA ordination axis, is proposed. This measure and four measures of floristic relationships were tested on four simulated coenoclines (high and low beta diversity, high and low noise) using four weighting functions. The new measure was generally superior, particularly with noisy data. The distance measures generally performed best with intermediate weighting of a percentage cover scale. Application of DCA to calculation of ecological distances in multi‐gradient systems is briefly discussed. The potential of DCA for rescaling of ecological gradients is emphasized, and some possible applications of rescaling are suggested.
A comparative study of Antithamnion tenuissimum and three varieties of A. cruciatum, including var. scandinavicum var. nov. (Rhodophyceae)
Authors: Athanasiadis A.
Published: August 2010

Antithamnion cruciatum (C. Agardh) Nägeli var. scandinavicum var. nov. is described from material collected on the Danish and Swedish coasts. The variety was found growing on small stones, shells and on Zostera at depths between 0.5 to ca. 10m. A comparative study was made with var. cruciatum, var. radicans (J. Agardh) Collins et Hervey and Antithamnion tenuissimum (Hauck) Schiffner, including examination of type material and laboratory cultures of isolates from the Mediterranean and the Swedish west coast. Variety scandinavicum differs from the other varieties mainly by absence or rare development of gland cells, and sparsely branched whorl‐branches. A. tenuissimum is distinguished from A. cruciatum by its shorter thallus, a sympodial type of branching, apparent absence of gland cells and adaxial‐monostichous branchlets. Asexual reproduction was found to occur commonly in culture in the two species and their varieties, the morphology of which is discussed.
A structural investigation of the ovule in sugar beet, Beta vulgaris: Integuments and micropyle
Authors: Olesen P. , Bruun Lone
Published: August 2010

The micropyle and the integuments of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) ovules have been investigated by light and electron microscopy during differentiation and maturation of the ovule. The micropyle itself is formed by the inner integument which is surrounded by the outer integument at its base. The micropyle containts a fibrillar PAS+ substance and is often covered by a thin sheet or hymen. Both integuments are cuticle‐covered thin sheets, each 2‐few cell layers in thickness. In the outer integument an increase in starch accumulation occurs during ovule maturation and probably functions as nutrient storage for embryo development. The inner epidermis of the inner integument differentiates as the most conspicuous cell layer of the beet ovule. During growth and maturation of the ovule a system of small perinuclear vacuoles containing dense material increases steadily in these cells. At maturity this system fills up more than half of each cell and very dense material has accumulated in each vacuole. This vacuole content is highly refractive and contains tannins and/or polyphenols.
The transmitting tract in Trimezia fosteriana (Iridaceae). 1. Ultrastructure in the stigma, style and ovary
Authors: Bystedt Per‐Arne
Published: August 2010

An ultrastructural investigation of the entire transmitting tract in Trimezia fosteriana (Iridaceae) was undertaken. The transmitting tissue is secretory but transfer cells do not occur at any level. With exception for the stigma papillae, the cells are covered with large amounts of secretory products. The papillae have a thick and ridged cuticle. The cuticle in the rest of the transmitting tract is thin and detached from the cell wall by the secretory products. It is more or less ruptured in the secretory parts of the stigma and ovary. In the stylar canal the major part of the cuticle is continuous and covers the secretory products. The occurence of a large amount of vesicles in the stigma transmitting tissue cells is interpreted as a result of high dictyosome activity. An electron opaque material is produced in the dictyosomes and appears in vesicles and vacuoles but also between the plasma membrane and the cell walls in the stigma. A small amount of such material is present in the cell walls. Corresponding material is also present in the style and the ovary but declines basipetally. Plastids with strongly electron opaque plastoglobules are present at all levels in the transmitting tract.
The outer epidermal wall structure of African Stapelieae (Asclepiadaceae)
Authors: Meve Ulrich , Albers Focke , Kusch Gabriele
Published: August 2010

The outer epidermal walls of 65 species incorporated in 14 genera of the tribe Stapelieae were investigated by light and electron microscopy (TEM, SEM). The species, all of them stem succulents preferring the semi‐arid regions of the Palae‐otropics, possess an outer epidermal wall, which is relatively simple in structure. The whole plant body is covered by a massive wax layer, in addition some species bear wax crystals. A cutin layer follows beneath, reticulate over its whole expanse and not divided into a cuticle proper and cutinized layers. A cellulose layer, which often exhibits enclosed cutinbodies, delimits the wall against the plasmalemma.
Arctic Gasteromycetes II. Calvatia in Greenland, Svalbard and Iceland
Authors: Lange Morten
Published: August 2010

Species of Calvatia (Lycoperdaceae) from arctic and subarctic regions are described. The diagnostic characters in Calvatia are discused with emphasis on strutures of peridium and capillitium and colour of gleba. Ten species are recognized. Three species: C. Candida, C. excipuliformis, C. utriformis are confined to subarctic stations, while seven species have their main distribution in the arctic zones. Three of these are new species: C. connivens, C. horrida, C. septentrionalis, while three other species are redefined after studies of type material: C. arctica, C. bellii and C. turneri. Several specimens studied show characters pointing to a hybrid origin.
Communication Privacy Management Theory: What Do We Know About Family Privacy Regulation?
Authors: Petronio Sandra
Published: August 2010

For families, managing private information is challenging. Family members reveal too much, they allow more privacy access to outsiders than others desire, parents attempt to negotiate Internet disclosures with their teens, and family health issues often change the way private information is defined altogether. The complexities of privacy regulation call for a systematic way to grasp how privacy management operates in families. This article presents the evidenced‐based theory of communication privacy management (CPM) and corresponding research on family privacy regulation that provides a road map to understand the multifaceted nature of managing private information (Petronio, 2002). The article discusses contributions of CPM to conceptualizing privacy in meaningful ways, along with current research trends and future directions for CPM research and theorizing.