bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anesthesia management of a ganglioneuroma with seizures presenting as pheochromocytoma
Authors: BATRA YATINDRA KUMAR , RAJEEV SUBRAMANYAM , RAO KATRAGADDA LN
Published: December 2006

Ganglioneuromas (GN) are neural crest cell‐derived tumors which may coexist with pheochromocytomas, secrete various neuropeptides or the symptoms may mimic that of a pheochromocytoma, producing hypertension or a hypotensive crisis during anesthesia for these tumors. We report here the case of a 7‐year‐old female child with an adrenal tumor suspected to be a pheochromocytoma, later confirmed by histology as a GN. This child presented with episodic headache, anxiety, palpitations and 3D helical (spiral) computed tomography of the abdomen revealed an adrenal tumor. In addition, the child was diagnosed to have a seizure disorder. She was managed as a pheochromocytoma. Although the child's preoperative catecholamine levels were normal, tumor manipulation caused a hypertensive crisis. We discuss the clinical characteristics of this unusual case, anesthesia management, and the postoperative course.
A retrospective evaluation of congenital ocular defects in Australian Shepherd dogs in Australia
Authors: Munyard Kylie A. , Sherry Colin R. , Sherry Lesley
Published: December 2006

Objective  A retrospective survey of ocular defects in Australian Shepherd dogs was conducted following concerns raised by breeders and owners in Australia. This is the first known such study conducted for this breed.

Results  Data from this survey indicate that persistent hyaloid remnants (PHR) were the most common eye defect noted in the Australian Shepherd. Collie eye anomaly (CEA) is the second most common defect noted by veterinary ophthalmologists in the breed in Australia, and extra eyelashes (ectopic cilia/distichia) the third most common.

Conclusions  The data also support the hypothesis that PHR may be inherited in this breed. Further investigation is needed to reveal the status of PHR in this breed.
Combined keratectomy, strontium‐90 irradiation and permanent bulbar conjunctival grafts for corneolimbal squamous cell carcinomas in horses (1990–2002): 38 horses
Authors: Plummer C. E. , Smith S. , Andrew S. E. , Lassaline M. E. , Gelatt K. N. , Brooks D. E. , Kallberg M. E. , Ollivier F. J.
Published: December 2006

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of postoperative beta‐irradiation with strontium‐90 as an adjunctive treatment to superficial keratectomy and permanent bulbar conjunctival graft for removal of equine corneolimbal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), in decreasing recurrence rate.

Study The retrospective case study included 38 horses diagnosed and treated for SCC of the eye that involved the limbus and/or cornea. The patients were treated between 1990 and 2002, with strontium‐90 irradiation immediately after corneal and conjunctival graft surgery. Recurrence was defined as the postoperative and postirradiation regrowth of SCC in the same site and globe that was previously treated.

Results The Appaloosa was the most commonly represented breed and horses that had more than one base coat color represented the majority of the cases (53%). The coat colors of white, chestnut/sorrel and gray were the most commonly represented colors of the horses treated. Eight horses (21%) could not be assessed for tumor recurrence due to lack of two or more post‐treatment examinations, and another horse was enucleated 6 days postoperatively due to progressive corneal ulceration. Twenty‐four horses (63% of the entire study population; 83% of the followed cases) had a mean ± SD of 1754 ± 1319 days without tumor recurrence, ranging from 14 days to 5110 days. Five horses (13% of the entire study population; 17% of the assessed horses) had tumor recurrence at a mean ± SD of 449 ± 339 days with a range of 29 days to 900 days. For the five recurrences, treatment included local excision (n = 1), enucleation (n = 2), and additional strontium‐90 therapy (n = 3).

ConclusionsThe combination of superficial keratectomy, β‐irradiation and permanent bulbar conjunctival grafts for limbal, corneal or corneolimbal SCC in horses is effective in at least 83% of the horses. Recurrence occurred in about 17% of the horses. Multiple biannual re‐examinations are recommended to observe for tumor recurrence.
Ocular findings in two colonies of gray mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus)
Authors: Beltran William A. , Vanore Maria , Ollivet Florence , Nemoz‐Bertholet Florence , Aujard Fabienne , Clerc Bernard , Chahory Sabine
Published: December 2006

Objective To determine the incidence and describe the characteristics of cataracts and other ocular lesions found in two colonies of gray mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus).

Animals studied A total number of 218 mouse lemurs (age range: 4 months−11 years) were included in this study. All individuals were property of the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (France), and were housed either in Paris (colony #1: 75 animals examined), or in Brunoy (colony #2: 143 animals).

Methods Ocular examinations were performed on all animals before and after pupil dilation, and included slit‐lamp biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy. In both colonies, a limited number of individuals were re‐examined between several months and 2 years following the initial eye examinations. The eyes of five mouse lemurs with incipient or immature cataracts that died during this period were collected, and processed for routine histopathologic examination.

Results A high incidence of cataracts was observed in both colonies (48% in colony #1; 21% in colony #2). Cataracts were predominantly bilateral, started in the anterior and/or posterior subcapsular area, and appeared to be slowly progressive. The earliest age at which lens opacities were observed was 3.5 years, and more than 50% of mouse lemurs over 7 years of age were diagnosed with cataracts. Complete cataracts led to blindness and were occasionally associated with other ocular lesions.

Conclusion We report a high incidence of acquired, slowly progressive, bilateral cataracts in two colonies of mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus). Further studies need to be conducted to determine the cause of this disease in this species.
Ocular biometry in the adult anesthetized ferret (Mustela putorius furo)
Authors: Hernández‐Guerra A. M. , Rodilla V. , López‐Murcia M. M.
Published: December 2006

A total of 44 eyes of 22 ferrets were examined by B‐mode ultrasonography.

Four dimensions were measured: the distance from the corneal surface to the anterior lens surface (M1), the axial lens thickness (M2), the distance from the posterior lens surface to the retina (M3) and the distance from the anterior cornea to the retina (M4). The values obtained were (mean, standard deviation, range): M1: 1.31 ± 0.16 mm (1–1.7); M2: 3.42 ± 0.15 mm (3.2–3.7); M3: 2.26 ± 0.11 mm (2.1–2.5); M4: 7 ± 0.24 mm (6.4–7.7).

To our knowledge this is the first description of ocular biometric measurement in the ferret. These values show little variability of ocular dimensions in ferrets.
Gene–environment interdependence
Authors: Rutter Michael
Published: December 2006

Behavioural genetics was initially concerned with partitioning population variance into that due to genetics and that due to environmental influences. The implication was that the two were separate and it was assumed that gene–environment interactions were usually of so little importance that they could safely be ignored. Theoretical considerations suggested that that was unlikely to be true and empirical findings are now accumulating on the demonstrated and replicated biological interactions between identified common single genetic variants and the operation of environmentally mediated risks. The paper outlines the evidence and considers why it is changing concepts in ways that matter.
Microarrays
Authors: Plomin Robert , Schalkwyk Leonard C.
Published: December 2006

Microarrays are revolutionizing genetics by making it possible to genotype hundreds of thousands of DNA markers and to assess the expression (RNA transcripts) of all of the genes in the genome. Microarrays are slides the size of a postage stamp that contain millions of DNA sequences to which single‐stranded DNA or RNA can hybridize. This miniaturization requires little DNA or RNA and makes the method fast and inexpensive; multiple assays of each target make the method highly accurate. DNA microarrays with hundreds of thousands of DNA markers have made it possible to conduct systematic scans of the entire genome to identify genetic associations with complex disorders or dimensions likely to be influenced by many genes of small effect size. RNA microarrays can provide snapshots of gene expression across all of the genes in the genome at any time in any tissue, which has far‐reaching applications such as structural and functional ‘genetic neuroimaging’ and providing a biological basis for understanding environmental influence.
The dynamic lift of developmental process
Authors: Smith Linda B. , Breazeal Cynthia
Published: December 2006

What are the essential properties of human intelligence, currently unparalleled in its power relative to other biological forms and relative to artificial forms of intelligence? We suggest that answering this question depends critically on understanding developmental process. This paper considers three principles potentially essential to building human‐like intelligence: the heterogeneity of the component processes, the embedding of development in a social world, and developmental processes that change the cognitive system as a function of the history of soft‐assemblies of these heterogeneous processes in specific tasks. The paper uses examples from human development and from developmental robotics to show how these processes also may underlie biological intelligence and enable us to generate more advanced forms of artificial intelligence.
Dynamic instabilities as mechanisms for emergence
Authors: Schöner Gregor , Dineva Evelina
Published: December 2006

That competences may emerge given appropriate environmental and behavioral context is a long‐standing theme in developmental research. Work in the motor domain, but also in cognitive development, has made it possible to transform this idea into a mechanistic account closely linked to empirical evidence. In dynamic systems thinking, such capacities as keeping a motor goal in mind, remembering a location, or resisting a motor habit, are all understood in terms of the generation of stable patterns of neuronal activation. These may be input‐driven, but also be stabilized by interactions within neuronal representations. A key theoretical insight is that whether a particular pattern of activation is stable or not is not determined by any single factor, learning process, or structural parameter. Instead, ongoing activity, recent activation history, current input, all may affect when a particular dynamic regime is reachable. In spite of such broad interdependence, sharp transitions may characterize the onset of a skill in any given context. Dynamic instabilities are the mechanistic basis for this phenomenon and thus form the basis for understanding development in terms of emergence. We exemplify the concepts of instability and emergence around the phenomenon of infant perseverative reaching and discuss implications for identifying key markers of development and their link to neuronal processes.
Atypical epigenesis
Authors: Karmiloff‐Smith Annette
Published: December 2006

It is becoming increasingly clear that little in development is predetermined or permanently fixed. Rather, gene expression is activity dependent, and epigenesis is probabilistic. So, the study of genetic disorders needs to change from the still widely held view that developmental disorders can be accounted for in terms of intact versus impaired modules, to one which takes serious account of the fact that the infant cortex passes from an initial state of high regional interconnectivity to a subsequent state of increasing specialization and localization of function. With such early interconnectivity in mind, developmental neuroscientists must consider the possibility that an early deficit in one part of the brain may have subtle effects on other parts of the developing brain, even when scores fall ‘in the normal range’. In studying developmental disorders, it is thus crucial to examine not only domains of clear‐cut deficit, but also domains of behavioural proficiency. Atypical epigenesis may often involve a lack of specialization and localization of brain function over developmental time, even in cases of behavioural proficiency.
Cognitive variability
Authors: Siegler Robert S.
Published: December 2006

Children's thinking is highly variable at every level of analysis, from neural and associative levels to the level of strategies, theories, and other aspects of high‐level cognition. This variability exists within people as well as between them; individual children often rely on different strategies or representations on closely related problems presented close in time. Recognizing such variability can help us both describe development more accurately and better explain how cognitive change occurs.
Is speech learning ‘gated’ by the social brain?
Authors: Kuhl Patricia K.
Published: December 2006

I advance the hypothesis that the earliest phases of language acquisition – the developmental transition from an initial universal state of language processing to one that is language‐specific – requires social interaction. Relating human language learning to a broader set of neurobiological cases of communicative development, I argue that the social brain ‘gates’ the computational mechanisms involved in human language learning.
Trust
Authors: Harris Paul L.
Published: December 2006

Children rely extensively on others’ testimony to learn about the world. However, they are not uniformly credulous toward other people. From an early age, children's reliance on testimony is tempered by selective trust in particular informants. Three‐ and 4‐year‐olds monitor the accuracy or knowledge of informants, including those that are familiar. They prefer to seek and endorse information provided by someone who has proved accurate in the past rather than someone who has made mistakes or acknowledged ignorance. Future research is likely to pinpoint other heuristics that children use to filter incoming testimony and may reveal more generalized patterns of trust and mistrust among individual children.
ART AND CONSTRUCTION IN BRITAIN IN THE 1950s
Authors: GATHERCOLE SAM
Published: December 2006

This essay describes an art which, demonstrating a sense of moral duty and a will for social engagement, sought to contribute to the reconstruction of Britain following the 1939–45 war. Two models of theory and practice are distinguished in response to the potential of this moment: in the first, modern ideas about a synthesis of art and architecture (something approaching a ‘total work of art’) were consulted and revived in a British context; in the second, ideas were forged that established a new relationship between art works and their environment which maintained the link between art and architecture, yet did not imply an ultimate dissolution of one within the other. These two models are set within an historical context.
FUNCTIONAL ECONOMIES OR ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS IN GREECE: WHAT DIFFERENCE DOES IT MAKE FOR POLICY?
Authors: Prodromídis Pródromos‐Ioánnis
Published: December 2006

This paper considers the 2001 income mosaic of Greece at the local level. It constructs a model based on occupational, territorial, and demographic factors to isolate their impact on declared income and study clusters of income at the disaggregated territorial level. The new cluster‐based spatial specification provides a better econometric fit compared to the specification based on the existing official regional framework. This suggests that the economy does not operate according to the country's administrative divisions, but rather according to local‐specific factors and transportation linkages, as is the case in a fragmented land united by its transportation network. Accordingly, if income disparities are larger within rather than between administrative regions, regional economic development policy might best be conducted within a functional‐area framework rather than the current administrative‐region framework. These findings entail important policy implications for EU regional development and resource allocation, and are also useful in additional tentative policy proposals.
The Probability of Identification: Applying Ideas from Forensic Statistics to Disclosure Risk Assessment
Authors: Skinner C. J.
Published: December 2006

The paper establishes a correspondence between statistical disclosure control and forensic statistics regarding their common use of the concept of ‘probability of identification’. The paper then seeks to investigate what lessons for disclosure control can be learnt from the forensic identification literature. The main lesson that is considered is that disclosure risk assessment cannot, in general, ignore the search method that is employed by an intruder seeking to achieve disclosure. The effects of using several search methods are considered. Through consideration of the plausibility of assumptions and ‘worst case’ approaches, the paper suggests how the impact of search method can be handled. The paper focuses on foundations of disclosure risk assessment, providing some justification for some modelling assumptions underlying some existing record level measures of disclosure risk. The paper illustrates the effects of using various search methods in a numerical example based on microdata from a sample from the 2001 UK census.
Education, Economic Growth and Measured Income Inequality
Authors: REHME GÜNTHER
Published: December 2006

In this paper education simultaneously affects growth and income inequality. More education does not necessarily decrease inequality when the latter is assessed by the Lorenz dominance criterion. Increases in education first increase and then decrease growth as well as income inequality, when measured by the Gini coefficient. There is no clear functional relationship between growth and measured income inequality. The model identifies regimes of this relationship that depend crucially on the production and schooling technology. Conventional growth regressions with human capital and inequality as regressors may miss the richness of the underlying nonlinearities, but may still provide important information on the nonlinear relationship between growth and education.
CHRIST'S RESTORATION OF HUMANKIND IN THE LATERCULUS MALALIANUS, 14
Authors: SIEMENS JAMES R.
Published: December 2006

In the early 1990s, a previously‐neglected text, entitled Laterculus Malalianus, was attributed by Jane Stevenson to the hand of Theodore of Tarsus (archbishop of Canterbury, 668–690). The text is a well‐spring of Christological concerns. Above all, it reflects an interest in Christ's restorative work as it applies to all humankind, expressed in language very much reminiscent of Irenaeus of Lyons and, more explicitly, Ephrem the Syrian. Chapter fourteen in particular displays these characteristics in a concise manner. Theodore's references there compel the reader to deal with a wide range of sources, suggesting thereby a learned, if eclectic, writer; further, they give us insight into the kinds of theological influences to which seventh‐century Insular divines were subject. It is the intention of this paper to expose some notable aspects of this under‐esteemed work.
False Uniqueness: the Self‐Perception of New Entrants to Higher Education in the UK and Its Implications for Access – a Pilot Study1
Authors: Thorpe Andy , Snell Martin , Hoskins Sherria , Bryant Janet
Published: December 2006

A central tenet of contemporary education policy relates to the desire to extend higher education (HE) provision to less advantaged groups (‘widening participation’). Our paper contends that a key behavioural obstacle to widening participation lies in the erroneous belief that persists among potential entrants from disadvantaged backgrounds as to their capabilities of succeeding within the HE environment – a perception that serves to deflate application/recruitment rates from such groupings. We test this ‘false uniqueness’ thesis using a sample of 127 new UK undergraduates, finding that students drawn from lower social class backgrounds consistently underestimated their abilities vis‐à‐vis the overall cohort.
Higher Education Mergers: Integrating Organisational Cultures and Developing Appropriate Management Styles
Authors: Locke William
Published: December 2006

Research evidence indicates that an unusually broad range of issues take on strategic significance in a merger and that organisational cultures are critical to the successful integration of staff, students and other stakeholders within a newly combined higher education institution (HEI). This study was based on two specialist higher education (HE) colleges seeking to expand through merger in order to meet the revised criteria for university status in England. It sought a better understanding of the similarities and differences between the management styles and organisational cultures of the two colleges and an assessment of the significance of these for the proposed merger. The main conclusion of the study was that management styles and initiatives needed to be mindful of the existing cultures and subcultures of the two colleges, otherwise there was a risk that the status and efficiency of the new HEI might be improved at the expense of its academic and scholarly development.
Welfare reform and liberal governance: disciplining Cambodian‐American bodies
Authors: Truong Michael H.
Published: December 2006

The impact of the 1996 US welfare reform act on Southeast Asian‐Americans has been an important topic for research in recent years. Many studies have focused on issues of limited access, culturally/linguistically inappropriate services, and responses of community‐based organisations. Although these studies help us assess the material implications of welfare reform on group life, they reveal little about the ideological consequences. This article examines how contemporary welfare reform governs and disciplines the lives of its recipients. Based on in‐depth interviews with Cambodian‐American families in Long Beach, California, this article examines the imposition of governance upon its recipients by the welfare state.
Local products and geographical indications: taking account of local knowledge and biodiversity
Authors: Bérard Laurence , Marchenay Philippe
Published: December 2006

The debate and negotiations in progress at the international level concerning the protection of geographical indications (GI) are of direct interest to the local agricultural products and foodstuffs called terroir products. Beyond the protection of the use of their name, which is the founding principle of this system, and the legal and economic considerations this system implies, new questions are being raised about these products concerning the diversification of farming and sustainable development. More and more, and in a favourable context, another major issue is becoming apparent: the biological and cultural diversity linked to these products. This questioning concerns the status and the future of these local resources in our societies and whether or not GIs can help maintain this diversity. Protecting local and traditional products through the GI system can contribute to conserving biodiversity at various levels: domestic animal breeds, plant varieties, microbial ecosystems, and landscapes. This is also a way of maintaining in a formal way shared knowledge and practices, since they underpin the protected resource. Taking account of these elements offers an opportunity to think about agriculture differently and leads us to propose an innovative approach to local products. Several examples taken in France will help show how links can be established between the protection of GI, cultural biodiversity, and local knowledge.
Environment and peoples in French Guiana: ambiguities in applying the laws of the French Republic
Authors: Grenand Françoise , Bahuchet Serge , Grenand Pierre
Published: December 2006

French Guiana is geographically part of Amazonia. It features a high degree of cultural diversity and it is integrated politically into France and Europe. For this reason it is subject to the same legislation as the rest of the French Republic. Locally, the diversity of the cultures and forms of knowledge results in different perceptions of sustainable management and the conservation of biodiversity. Now these questions are being raised at the worldwide level, they are as much a matter of the collective action of the State as of the individual consciousness of each citizen. In a multi‐ethnic context they must in addition take account of the local communities, both to integrate their diverse experiences and to ensure their well‐being. However, the way in which the rules decided upon in Paris are applied takes scanty account of the specificities of this overseas territory. Through various examples taken from matters concerned with the compulsory attribution of French citizenship and territorial planning, we will address the major environmental issues currently subject to disagreement: the maintenance of the traditional activities of the local forest‐dwelling populations, the development of their knowledge and know‐how, the sustainable development of inland communes, the management of protected areas, and even the project of creating a vast national park. Finally, avenues worth exploring will be proposed as a way to get out of this impasse.
Introduction: between cultures and natures
Authors: Roué Marie
Published: December 2006

How can indigenous peoples react to a situation of change that has a particularly strong effect on their youth? This article attempts to understand whether young Crees, who today find themselves all too often in a situation of double social exclusion, can complete their schooling, thus qualifying for work in the dominant society, while at the same time gaining command of the knowledge and know‐how of their own society. Among the James Bay Cree Indians, some elders welcome youngsters after a period of delinquency and who are having problems into their hunting camps, and by initiating them to life “on the land” succeed in restoring their relationship with the world. This exemplary experience makes it possible to imagine solutions for helping indigenous youth fully to benefit from the two worlds in which they have roots. The elders, by inventing a healing process based on an initiation to the natural and cultural environment, offer a modern‐day shamanism.
The intersection of scientific and indigenous ecological knowledge in coastal Melanesia: implications for contemporary marine resource management*
Authors: Foale Simon
Published: December 2006

Fundamental differences in the worldviews of western marine scientists and coastal Melanesian fishers have resulted in very different conclusions being drawn from similar sets of observations. The same inductive logic may lead both scientists and indigenous fishers to conclude that, say, square‐tail trout aggregate at a certain phase of the moon in a certain reef passage, but different assumptions derived from disparate worldviews may lead to very different conclusions about why the fish are there. In some cases these differences have significant implications for the way marine resources are (or are not) exploited and managed. Here I analyse examples of what I call empirical gaps in both scientific and indigenous knowledge concerning the biology and ecology of fished organisms that in some cases have led to the poor management of stocks of these species. I argue that scientific education can complement indigenous knowledge systems and thus lead to improved resource management, despite some claims that scientific and indigenous knowledge systems are incommensurable.
SUNCT Syndrome in a Patient With Prolactinoma and Cabergoline-Induced Attacks
Authors: Caballero PE Jiménez
Published: December 2006

Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache with conjuntival injection and tearing (SUNCT) syndrome is a rare trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia. We report a patient with prolactinoma and cabergoline-induced SUNCT attacks and the literature is reviewed for a better understanding of the pathophysiology.
Diclofenac Epolamine is Effective in The Treatment of Acute Migraine Attacks. A Randomized, Crossover, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Clinical Study
Authors: Vécsei L , Gallacchi G , Sàgi I , Semjén J , Tajti J , Szok D , Müller M , Vadass P , Kerékgyártó M
Published: December 2006

Hydrosoluble diclofenac epolamine (DHEP) represents an interesting approach to acute migraine attacks, where gastrointestinal motility and drug absorption are often reduced. Its efficacy was investigated in a randomized, crossover, double-blind trial on 155 patients who treated four consecutive mild-to-moderate migraine attacks, either with DHEP (65-mg sachet) or placebo. If pain was not relieved within 1 h, a second dose was given. The total number of treated attacks was 481. A pain-free condition was achieved within 2h in 45.8% and 25.1% of attacks treated, respectively, with DHEP or placebo ( P < 0.0001), with a therapeutic gain of 20.7%. Time to attack resolution, light and noise sensitivity and impact on working ability were significantly reduced by DHEP compared with placebo. Moreover, significantly fewer patients required a second drug dose or a rescue medication when treated with DHEP than with placebo. No adverse reaction was recorded. In conclusion, DHEP was effective and safe for pain relief in patients with an acute mild-to-moderate migraine attack.
The Cost-Effectiveness of Oral Triptan Therapy in Sweden
Authors: Ramsberg J , Henriksson M
Published: December 2006

The literature suggests that triptans are cost effective compared with older types of migraine treatment. However, which of the triptans that is most cost effective has not been established. We compared the costs and effects of triptan treatment from a Swedish societal perspective, using evidence from the literature. A probabilistic cost-effectiveness model was constructed to investigate the costs and effects of treating a single attack in a typical migraine patient. The end-point used in the base-case analysis was sustained pain free without any adverse events (SNAE). We searched the scientific literature for meta-analyses reporting the efficacy of oral triptans. All treatments except rizatriptan 10 mg and eletriptan 40 mg were dominated. The incremental cost per SNAE of rizatriptan 10 mg compared with eletriptan 40 mg was approximately €100. There was substantial uncertainty concerning the results, but probabilistic analysis showed that rizatriptan 10 mg and eletriptan 40 mg had the highest probability of being cost-effective.
Acne is prevalent but use of its treatments is infrequent among adolescents from the general population
Authors: Nijsten T , Rombouts S , Lambert J
Published: December 2006

Background  Little is known about the use of acne treatments among teenagers in the community.

Objectives  To assess the prevalence of use of acne treatments in a general population sample of adolescents and to investigate factors associated with its use.

Methods  During official school examinations, 594 adolescents (14–18 years old) were examined for acne on the face and body using a validated scoring system. In addition, they were interviewed about current and prior treatment use by showing them packages of available (non‐)prescription treatments of acne in Belgium.

Results  Despite the high prevalence of acne, its treatments were used infrequently; 13% had used topicals and 5% systemic drugs. Among adolescents who used therapy, benzoylperoxide and oral antibiotics were most often used. Although the likelihood of having used treatment increased significantly for both number of retentional and inflammatory lesions (P ≤ 0.03), only a quarter of those with 20 or more papules and/or pustules had used topical treatment, and 10% systemic therapy. Multivariate logistic regression models demonstrated that girls were about twice as likely to have used topical agents (adjusted OR = 2.30 [95%CI = 1.37, 3.87]). Those with more inflammatory lesions on the face and with more extensive acne on the chest and back were about three times more likely to have used topical and/or systemic acne therapy.

Conclusion  Acne is very common among teenagers but very few have actually used treatments. These findings suggest that it may be worthwhile to better inform the community about acne and its treatment options to reduce acne severity and its impact on those affected.
Staff Training in Positive Behaviour Support: Impact on Attitudes and Knowledge
Authors: Lowe Kathy , Jones Edwin , Allen David , Davies Dee , James Wendy , Doyle Tony , Andrew Jock , Kaye Neil , Jones Sian , Brophy Sam , Moore Kate
Published: December 2006

Background  Positive behavioural support is increasingly viewed as the preferred service approach for people who challenge, but skills are insufficiently widespread. The need for effective staff training has been highlighted as a key factor in high quality service provision, with investigators recommending a multidimensional approach to increase effectiveness and produce changes in work performance.

Method  Attitudes and knowledge of registered (qualified nurses) and non‐registered (unqualified nursing assistants) staff in specialist health care services were assessed via self‐completion questionnaires before and after the delivery of a newly accredited taught course in PBS and at a 1‐year follow‐up.

Results  Significant increases in knowledge were evident immediately after the training for both groups, with further increases evident over time for the non‐registered staff who completed the qualification. Initial changes in attributions immediately after training reverted to baseline levels over time. Enduring change occurred in perceived confidence, which significantly increased both for registered and non‐registered staff.

Conclusions  The training had a positive effect on knowledge and perceived confidence but little enduring effect on attributions or emotional responses. The importance of training conducted in conjunction with allied changes in organizational systems to ensure ongoing management attention is discussed.
Effects of Training on Controllability Attributions of Behavioural Excesses and Deficits Shown by adults with Down Syndrome and Dementia
Authors: Kalsy Sunny , Heath Rebecca , Adams Dawn , Oliver Chris
Published: December 2006

Background  Whereas there is a knowledge base on staff attributions of challenging behaviour, there has been little research on the effects of training, type of behaviour and biological context on staff attributions of controllability in the context of people with intellectual disabilities and dementia.

Methods  A mixed design was used to investigate the effects of three factors on care staff attributions of the controllability of challenging behaviour. Pre‐ and post‐training measures were administered to participants (n = 97) attending training on ageing, dementia and people with intellectual disabilities.

Results  No significant effects of diagnosis or type of behaviour on attributions were found. There was a significant increase in knowledge after training (P < 0.001) and training was found to significantly decrease the attribution of controllability (P < 0.001).

Conclusion  These results suggest that training that focuses on aspects of change relevant to behaviour can favourably influence care staff's knowledge and attributions of controllability within the context of people with Down syndrome and dementia.
The Relationship Between CAG Repeat Length and Age of Onset Differs for Huntington's Disease Patients with Juvenile Onset or Adult Onset
Authors: Andresen J. Michael , Gayán Javier , Djoussé Luc , Roberts Simone , Brocklebank Denise , Cherny Stacey S. ,   The US‐Venezuela Collaborative Research Group,   The HD MAPS Collaborative Research Group, Cardon Lon R. , Gusella James F. , MacDonald Marcy E. , Myers Richard H. , Housman David E. , Wexler Nancy S.
Published: December 2006

Age of onset for Huntington's disease (HD) varies inversely with the length of the disease‐causing CAG repeat expansion in the HD gene. A simple exponential regression model yielded adjusted R‐squared values of 0.728 in a large set of Venezuelan kindreds and 0.642 in a North American, European, and Australian sample (the HD MAPS cohort). We present evidence that a two‐segment exponential regression curve provides a significantly better fit than the simple exponential regression. A plot of natural log‐transformed age of onset against CAG repeat length reveals this segmental relationship. This two‐segment exponential regression on age of onset data increases the adjusted R‐squared values by 0.012 in the Venezuelan kindreds and by 0.035 in the HD MAPS cohort. Although the amount of additional variance explained by the segmental regression approach is modest, the two slopes of the two‐segment regression are significantly different from each other in both the Venezuelan kindreds [F(2, 439) = 11.13, P= 2 × 10−5] and in the HD MAPS cohort [F(2, 688) = 38.27, P= 2 × 10−16]. In both populations, the influence of each CAG repeat on age of onset appears to be stronger in the adult‐onset range of CAG repeats than in the juvenile‐onset range.
Spermatophore feeding and mating behaviour in praying mantids (Mantodea: Liturgusidae)
Authors: Holwell G. I.
Published: December 2006

In a number of insects, males transfer sperm to females via an externally attached spermatophore, which females subsequently remove and consume. Here I report the first study of spermatophore feeding in a praying mantid. While studies of praying mantid mating behaviour have largely focused on sexual cannibalism, this behaviour is not known in the genus Ciulfina. The general patterns of mating behaviour and spermatophore feeding are described for four species: Ciulfina rentzi, Ciulfina klassi, Ciulfina biseriata and Ciulfina baldersoni. Copulation duration and postcopulatory spermatophore attachment duration were found to vary both inter‐ and intraspecifically. Ciulfina rentzi exhibited a considerably longer mean copulation duration and a considerably shorter mean postcopulatory spermatophore attachment duration than the other Ciulfina species. Smaller males copulated for longer durations in C. rentzi and C. klassi. For C. baldersoni, both copulation duration and postcopulatory spermatophore attachment duration increased with female mass. The genus Ciulfina is highlighted as an intriguing new system in which to test hypotheses surrounding the function of spermatophore feeding and the significance of copulation duration.
Inbreeding depression in an autotetraploid herb: a three cohort field study
Authors: Galloway Laura F. , Etterson Julie R.
Published: December 2006

Autotetraploids are predicted to have reduced inbreeding depression relative to diploids. However, recent theory and information on genomic changes following autopolyploidy suggest that inbreeding depression may be closer to diploids.

In three consecutive years, self and outcross pollinations were conducted on autotetraploid Campanulastrum americanum, seeds were planted into native sites, and biennial offspring were followed through seed production.

Inbred individuals had lower germination rates, reduced survival, were smaller, and flowered later, producing fewer fruits with fewer seeds. Inbred offspring had 6% of the cumulative fitness of outcross offspring. Although performance varied substantially among cohorts, inbreeding depression for cumulative fitness was relatively constant, with δ ranging only from 0.92 to 0.95.

C. americanum, like many outcrossing species, expressed very high amounts of inbreeding depression. This supports the hypothesis that inbreeding depression of some autotetraploids may be similar to that of diploids. Furthermore, few studies have measured temporal variation in inbreeding depression. Constant inbreeding depression given a sixfold range in cohort performance suggests that inbreeding depression may be relatively robust to environmental variation experienced by natural populations.
Myrmecophilic food body production in the understorey tree,Ryparosa kurrangii(Achariaceae), a rare Australian rainforest taxon
Authors: Webber Bruce L. , Abaloz Bruce A. , Woodrow Ian E.
Published: December 2006

Plant food bodies are rarely observed in the field, because of continual harvesting, and are often first documented on isolated glasshouse plants. Little is known about the genusRyparosa(Achariaceae), and the appearance of outgrowths on leaves and stems of glasshouse‐raisedR. kurrangiiseedlings suggested that the species may produce food bodies.

Detailed macroimaging and histological techniques were used to characterize chemomorphological variation in food body material gathered from glasshouse plants.

Two distinct types of food body were observed. Multicellular pearl bodies derived from epidermal and mesophyll tissue were produced on young leaves and stems, and contained lipids and glycogen‐like carbohydrates. A unique form of lipid‐rich multicellular food body that ‘opens’ during development was found exclusively on mature plant tissue. A filament network was associated with food body lipid droplets.

This is the first detailed documentation of food body production in an understorey genus adapted to low light conditions. We suggest that the distinctive spatial deployment ofRyparosafood rewards, and the ants attracted to them, may be invaluable for keeping long‐lived leaves free from epiphyllous communities.
Behavioral and event‐related potential distraction effects with regularly occurring auditory deviants
Authors: Jankowiak Sylvia , Berti Stefan
Published: December 2006

When auditory stimulation contains infrequent task‐irrelevant changes (deviants), behavioral responses to task‐relevant aspects of the stimulation are prolonged. Event‐related brain potentials (ERPs) show that deviants elicit mismatch negativity (MMN), P3a, and reorienting negativity (RON). Here, we examine whether distraction effects can also be elicited within fixed auditory sequences with deviant probabilities of 0.25, 0.33, and 0.5. Deviants varied either in pitch, loudness, or sound source location. In all conditions MMN and P3a were elicited, suggesting that an automatic detection of and an attentional allocation to the change occurred. With relative frequencies of 25% and 33%, deviants also yielded a RT prolongation and a RON, suggesting reorientation to the relevant task. Our study demonstrates the ability to detect frequent and predictable changes automatically and shows behavioral effects in two conditions.
Mental stress‐induced hemoconcentration and its recovery: A controlled study of time course and mechanisms
Authors: De Boer Dolf , Ring Christopher , Curlett Alexander C. , Ridley Matt , Carroll Douglas
Published: December 2006

Hemoconcentration to mental stress has been implicated in acute cardiovascular events. Participants were exposed to a 30‐min baseline, a 4‐min stress task, and a 40‐min recovery; they also undertook a 74‐min no‐stress control session. Hemodynamic activity was recorded and blood sampled regularly and analyzed for hematocrit, colloid osmotic pressure, and coagulation time. Hematocrit increased with stress and fully recovered after 20 min. Colloid osmotic pressure showed a similar time course. No such changes occurred in the control session. Coagulation time was not perturbed by stress. The pattern of increase in hematocrit correlated with contemporary colloid osmotic pressure and blood pressure. In recovery, only colloid osmotic pressure was strongly associated with hematocrit. The mechanisms of stress‐induced hemoconcentration may differ from those responsible for recovery, which may depend primarily on colloid osmotic pressure.
Networks, firms and upgrading within the blue‐jeans industry: evidence from Turkey
Authors: TOKATLI NEBAHAT
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Since the late 1980s, industry characteristics, country‐specific contingencies and international conditions have come together and turned Turkey into a major exporter of jeans. It now has a 6.5 per cent share of the world's market. In this article, I explore this transformation and point out that it has created, especially in the 1990s, significant upgrading opportunities for Turkish firms. A large number of Turkish manufacturing firms are now full‐package contractors for a diversified list of brand‐name jeans. Some of these manufacturers are also experimenting with functional upgrading by developing their own brands and selling them abroad. Local firms, despite their subordinate position in the value chain, can go beyond low value‐added manufacturing and encroach on the core competencies of lead firms.
The cost of preterm birth: the low cost versus high value of tocolysis
Authors: Gilbert WM
Published: December 2006

The consequences of preterm birth (PTB), to the individual and society at large, remain a major financial and personal burden. Babies born at the limits of viability, who survive, often have major neurological impairments, such as cerebral palsy, developmental delay and blindness. The cost of initial hospitalisation is more than $200 000 for each birth but takes no account of future costs once they leave the hospital. The major morbidities associated with extreme prematurity are respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) and necrotising enterocolitis (NEC). With advancing gestational age at birth, the financial costs and morbidity associated with these conditions decrease. The major morbidities (RDS, IVH and NEC) are rare by 34 weeks of gestation, with the exception of RDS, which complicates 7% of deliveries at this gestational age. While the vast majority of infants survive the first year of life, the infant mortality rate is markedly increased by three‐ to five‐fold even for the mildly preterm infants, as compared with that of the term infants. Neonates born after 34 completed weeks of gestation rarely have mortality or major morbidity, but the financial costs remain significant ($7000 per case), and efforts to prevent delivery at this gestational age are probably indicated. Economic costs associated with PTB include the cost of initial hospitalisation, the cost of any chronic diseases resulting from the prematurity and social costs including loss of gainful employment by a family member taking care of the infant or child and loss of potential future earnings of the affected child. Antenatal steroids, if given to the mother at least 48 hours prior to a PTB, have shown significant reductions in RDS, IVH and NEC. Efforts to prevent, or avoid, PTB include the use of tocolytic agents which have been shown to prolong gestation for a minimum of 48 hours, or longer in some cases. The range of tocolytic agents used to delay or prevent PTB work through many different pathways, with varying degrees of success. Which tocolytic agent to use depends on many factors including underlying maternal status, gestational age of the fetus and documented efficacy of agent used.