bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Learning and Retention in the Estimation of Short Time Intervals: A Circuit and a Study
Authors: Aiken Lewis R.
Published: September 2011

An investigation of the temporal course of learning and retention in the estimation of short time intervals is reported. In addition, a versatile response feedback circuit used in this investigation and appropriate for other studies concerned with time estimation or delayed responding is described. The experimental design was a 6 time intervals (1½, 3, 4½, 6, 7½, and 9 sec.) by 6 Ss balanced Latin square in which 6 adult female Ss made 10 pre-feedback, 25 feedback, and 15 post-feedback time estimates by terminating a 500-cps stimulus tone when they judged it to have been on for a certain time interval. Feedback consisted of informing S if she had responded too soon, too late, or at the correct time. Analysis of the 1800 absolute differences in milliseconds between real and estimated interval gave the following results. (1) During the pre-feedback phase, there was a moderate negative relationship between accuracy of time estimation and duration of interval estimated. (2) Accuracy of estimation improved on the trial following the first feedback trial, but little further improvement during the feedback phase was noted. (3) Amount of improvement in accuracy of estimation with feedback had a moderate negative relationship to duration of interval estimated. (4) Accuracy of estimation declined rather rapidly during the post-feedback phase. Some implications of these findings and suggestions for further research are presented.
Perceptual Disembedding in Monkeys: Note on Method and Preliminary Findings
Authors: Rosenblum Leonard A. , Witkin Herman A. , Kaufman I. Charles , Brosgole Leonard
Published: September 2011

A technique has been developed to study the ability of monkeys to disembed a visual item from the complex organized field of which it is a part. By means of a variation of single-cue concept-formation techniques 3 monkeys were trained to indicate the presence or absence of a particular simple figure on a stimulus card. Following this, Ss were tested in a critical series of complex figures. In some of these (positives) the simple figure was present but “hidden” or embedded; in others (negatives), which were structurally identical with the positives except for a change in a small element, the simple figure was absent. Preliminary results with two series of simple and complex figures indicate that some monkeys are very proficient at perceptual disembedding. This ability seems to be independent of learning and related capacities. Some of the possible uses of this technique in the study of problems of perceptual development in monkeys were discussed.
Influence of Modernization on Goodenough Quotients of Sudanese Children
Authors: Badri Malik B.
Published: September 2011

Goodenough scores of 293 drawings of a man, produced by children from 4 communities of differing degrees of modernization, reflected the level of modernization. Children who drew modern dress scored higher, but caution in interpretation is suggested.
Perception as a Function of Severity of Disturbance in Psychotics
Authors: Fuller Gerald , Uyeno Ensley
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that within the psychotic category there would be perceptual differences large enough to differentiate and identify subgroups by perceptual testing. The Minnesota Percepto-Diagnostic Test (MPD) was used to divide a male, hospitalized psychotic population into two groups designated as good ( N = 39) and poor ( N = 39) perceivers. Each individual in one group was matched as closely as possible on age and intelligence with an S in the other group. Comparisons of these two groups on the MPD Test and the MMPI were made to determine what clinical sub-group most frequently comprised the good and poor perceiver groups. (1) The good perceiver group was brighter and younger than the poor perceiver group. (2) The groups were significantly different on the MPD Test. (3) The good perceiver group consisted mainly of paranoid and acute schizophrenics while the poor perceiver group was composed mainly of the chronic, undifferentiated type. (4) The poor perceiver group was significantly different from the good perceiver group on MMPI scales: F, Sc, and Si.
Response of Rhesus Monkeys to Social Stimulation Presented by Means of Colored Slides
Authors: Sackett Gene P.
Published: September 2011

Preliminary data for differentially reared rhesus demonstrated the utility of assessing responses to social stimuli depicted in colored slides.
Dogmatism and Field-Dependency
Authors: Hellkamp David T. , Marr John N.
Published: September 2011

To clarify the nature of the relationship between dogmatism and field-dependency, 38 male Catholics were administered the Dogmatism Test and the Rod and Frame Test (RFT). (1) Dogmatism Test scores were correlated with RFT performance. (2) Responses to items on the Dogmatism Test judged as measures of dependency were correlated with RFT performance. (3) Responses to Dogmatism Test items which Rokeach considered to be measuring authoritarianism were correlated with RFT performance. All three correlations were not significant, indicating that dogmatism and field-dependency emphasize two distinct aspects in the perceptual process.
Effects of Auditory and Visual Pretraining on Performance in a Tactile Discrimination Task
Authors: Houck Elaine V. , Gardner D. Bruce , Ruhl Donna
Published: September 2011

Three groups of children were compared for performance in a tactile discrimination task. Group A had received auditory pretraining; Group V had received visual pretraining; Group C received only familiarization with the room and apparatus. The basis of discrimination in all three modalities was “one” vs “two.” Both visual and auditory pretraining facilitated performance in the tactile task. Visual pretraining was more effective than auditory, in its facilitating effects on tactile discrimination. Findings ate not fully accounted for under the heading of learning set, suggesting the need for a more comprehensive theory of sensory integration. Problems in providing an adequate control experience with the apparatus without transfer of learning to the final task for Group C and problems of comparability of tasks in different modalities are discussed.
Characteristics of Children with Speech Disorders Seen in a Child Guidance Center
Authors: Wylie Howard Lee , Feranchak Patricia B. , McWilliams Betty Jane
Published: September 2011

A child guidance clinic caseload was examined to determine the prevalence of children with speech disorders. The clinical descriptions of the children with speech defects were compared with the descriptions of the remainder of the group. Children with different types of speech problem were also compared with each other. Of the 292 cases, 45 (15%) exhibited defective speech, including 27% articulation problems, 24% delayed speech, 20% stuttering, 29% combined disorders. The children with speech defects were somewhat younger than the other children. Soiling, thumbsucking, and wetting were seen more frequently in the speech defective group, and these children were reported to fight less with their parents. On all the other factors, the two groups were similar. Different patterns of symptoms were found in the speech defective subgroups. The children with articulation problems resembled the nonspeech defective group most closely. The children with delayed speech resembled them least closely.
An Easily Constructed Reaction Time Apparatus
Authors: Cahoon D. D.
Published: September 2011

Two methods of modifying a Standard Electric stop clock to serve as a reaction time device have been described. In one method an easily constructed control box is used to interrupt the power source of the clock. This approach leads to a less accurate apparatus than one constructed by wiring the control box into the clutch control circuit of the timer. However, the latter modification is more complicated and relatively permanent.
Figure Reversal as Related to Specific Personality Variables
Authors: Kidd Aline H. , Cherymisin Diana G.
Published: September 2011

Correlations among scores on a rigidity scale, the MAS, the DAP, range of reversals and mean number of reversals of 5 figures were higher for 50 women than for 50 men. rs ranged from —.70 to .71.
Differential Cortical Habituation with Stimulation of Central and Peripheral Retina
Authors: Perry Nathan W. , Copenhaver Richard M.
Published: September 2011

A digital computer extracted and quantified cortical evoked potentials recorded from the scalp of man in response to repetitive light stimulation. The habituation of potentials from stimulation of the central retina was compared with habituation of potentials from stimulation of two peripheral retinal areas. Habituation was more rapid to peripheral stimulation and also significantly greater.
Food Selection by Rhesus Monkeys: Size Constancy
Authors: Draper William A. , Menzel Emil W.
Published: September 2011

Four adult rhesus monkeys were trained to take one disc of banana at a time from a tray containing 25 different discs which varied systematically in size (height and diameter) and distance from S. The order in which the pieces were taken indicated the rank order of preference for size and distance. Initially nearer food was taken first regardless of size, but, over time, selection was determined increasingly by size until all Ss demonstrated considerable but not perfect size constancy.
Intercorrelations of Simplicity-Complexity of Social Ordering, Accuracy of Perception, Acceptance of Change, Self-Reliance and Sex Attitude
Authors: Pyron Bernard
Published: September 2011

From 82 college Ss were obtained three measures developed from a theory of discrimination systems: number of discriminable categories along scales of discrimination applied to persons, number of different bi-polar scales used to discriminate between persons, and a rating of the level of abstraction of descriptions of a single Other person. Three attitude measures, acceptance vs rejection of change as a general, over-riding attitude, reliance upon self vs reliance upon others, and extreme sexual restraint vs affirmation of sexuality, were obtained, and all Ss predicted the choices of a female Other in 40 concrete situations before receiving her actual choice. The hypothesis that all seven of these measures would intercorrelate was not confirmed since the measures formed two clusters.
Some Observations on the Performance of Squinters and Non-Squinters on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
Authors: Haskell Simon H. , Hughes V. A.
Published: September 2011

30 children with and without squint were tested on the WISC. Non-squinters performed significantly better only on the Information subtest. However, children with alternating squint scored significantly less well on the Performance Scale than children with uniocular squint. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that alternating vision is a handicap in the performance of visuo-motor tasks.
Trail Making Test: Norms for College Males and Relationship to Scholastic Aptitude
Authors: King Francis W. , Bird Thomas D.
Published: September 2011

The Trail Making Test was administered to 201 male, college undergraduates who were waiting to be seen in an out-patient clinic. Correlations between the various Trail Making Test scores and the CEEB Scholastic Aptitude Test scores are reported. Since the performance of these students is quite different from the performance of Ss reported in other studies, normative tables are presented for male undergraduates.
Relative Height on the Picture-Plane and Depth Perception
Authors: Dunn Bruce E. , Gray Gary C. , Thompson Douglas
Published: September 2011

Geometric considerations of the two-dimensional projection of the three-dimensional visual field led to hypotheses about the possible effect on depth perception of: relative height in the picture plane, the type of supplied reference plane, and angle of regard. In three experiments Ss viewed pairs of equidistant, horizontal rods in front of one of four backgrounds, with either an upward or downward angle of regard. The results confirm the hypothesis that relative height can operate to influence depth perception, that the type of background influences depth perception in the predicted direction, and that a response set resulting in a tendency for Ss to see higher objects as farther irrespective of the reference plane also occurs. The effects of angle of regard and of degree of vertical separation were not completely elucidated.
Scanning for Multiple Targets
Authors: Kaplan Ira T. , Carvellas Thomas
Published: September 2011

S scanned a list of random letters looking for 1 to 5 target letters, which were read to him just before the list was presented. His scanning rate was estimated from a graph of the time required to find a target at different positions in the list. The more targets S was seeking, the more slowly he scanned. The time spent processing each non-target letter in the list increased in direct proportion to the number of targets for which S was searching.
Learning Set in Squirrel Monkeys as Affected by Pretraining with Differentially Rewarded Single Objects
Authors: Rumbaugh Duane M. , Sammons Marjorie E. , Prim Merle M. , Phillips Sherry
Published: September 2011

The possibility of developing discrimination learning set (LS) by some method other than discrimination training was investigated. In Phase I, 3 groups were given LS pretraining with single objects. Two groups were presented 500 objects, each for 6 trials; one group was rewarded at a 50% random rate, the other at a 100% rate. A third group encountered one object throughout Phase I with all trials rewarded. Their Phase II LS performances were compared with an LS control condition. No pretraining group exhibited LS at the beginning of Phase II. The pretraining group having a 50% random reward rate was significantly suppressed in developing LS. Thus, (a) LS in squirrel monkeys is dependent upon the processes of discrimination learning; (b) the rate at which LS is formed may involve expectancies concerning probable reward rate.
Unidimensional Compensatory Tracking with a Vibrotactile Display
Authors: Hahn J. F.
Published: September 2011

Accuracy of unidimensional compensatory tracking was compared for a visual and a vibrotactile display. Error was 2½ times greater with the vibrotactile display which was estimated to have a gain 1/5 that of the visual display. Equalizing the gains would be expected to make the dynamic range of the vibrotactile display considerably smaller than that of the visual display.
Psychophysical Method and Phoria as Variables Determining Apparent Motion Perception
Authors: Rusnak Alan W.
Published: September 2011

Psychophysical method, degree of heterophoria, and type of heterophoria (esophoria and hyperphoria) were studied as variables affecting the perception of beta motion in 25 male Ss and 25 female Ss. Esophoria was more disruptive of motion perception than hyperphoria, for all Ss, with the stimuli presented in a horizontal plane. The method of constant stimuli produced greater mean durations of perceived motion in the male Ss than the method of serial exploration but was non-significant for females. Degree of heterophoria did not significantly affect mean durations of perceived motion for either group, leading to the conclusion that beta motion is a highly stable phenomenon
Research on the Picture Titles Subtest of the IES Test
Authors: Signori Edro I. , Rempel Henry
Published: September 2011

The Picture Titles subtest of Dombrose and Slobin's IES Test was administered by photographic slides to 99 male and 83 female university students. No significant sex differences were found for the predicted hypotheses.
Projective Drawings of Brain-Injured Subjects
Authors: Kunce Joseph T. , Worley Bert
Published: September 2011

The House-Tree-Person drawings of 90 Ss were evaluated with respect to diagnosed brain injury. Seven objective items such as window drawn on house edge and relative size of door were selected and weighted to give a scale of 22 points. This scale then yielded a mean score of 6.0 for 30 brain-injured Ss, 2.8 for Ss with various forms of physical disability, and 1.6 for 30 University of Washington students. The differences among these means were significant beyond the .001 level. A mean score of 4.8, obtained for a cross-validation group of an additional 10 brain-injured Ss, was significantly higher than the means for the control groups but not significantly different from the mean for the first brain-injured group. The relationship of diagnosed brain injury to Circular Pencil Maze scores and WAIS subtest scores on Digit Span, Vocabulary, and Block Design, as well as MMPI T scores on the schizophrenic scale were also investigated. Three illustrative cases showed that quality of drawing and “intelligence” were not major factors in the H-T-P scores for brain-injury.
A New Type of Concept Learning Situation
Authors: Goldstein Mymon
Published: September 2011

Data obtained from four groups of human Ss suggest that general concepts of stimulus identity and distinctness are learned from discrimination tasks involving few or many exemplars of these concepts.
Trace Quality in the Temporal Ordering of Events
Authors: Wolff Peter
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis was tested that the degree to which an event is recognized as having occurred before acts as a cue in determining when that event occurred in relation to a second event. It was assumed that a high association value (AV) nonsense syllable would be forgotten less rapidly than a low AV syllable. S saw a mixed list of high and low AV trigrams. Periodically S was asked which of two syllables he had seen first in the list. All four possible combinations of AV were used in the questions about order of occurrence. As predicted, more errors were made on High-Low pairs than on Low-High pairs. However, this relationship was found only for Ss who reported having used memory as a cue in ordering the syllables (13 of the 24).
A Test for the Effect of Numerical Magnitude of Knowledge of Results
Authors: Sulzer Jefferson L. , Levy C. Michael
Published: September 2011

Ss were given 3 guided training (T) trials, each followed by a free response, to learn to move a concealed lever 60°. No KR was administered. Six unguided countertraining (CT) trials followed, during which KR related to a target 20° above the origin was administered after each free response. A unit error of 2° was reported as 1, 10, 100, or 1000 units, depending upon the group. In the first post-KR trial and over all CT trials, no significant differences among the groups were observed. The Groups X Trials interaction was likewise non-significant. It was concluded that inflating error by “adding zeroes” was a very weak manipulation in this situation.
Estimating Variance Components from Mean Squares for Random and Mixed Effects Analysis of Variance Models
Authors: Endler Norman S.
Published: September 2011

The analysis of variance can be used for: (a) F tests of the null hypothesis; (b) investigating theoretical models; and (c) estimating, from mean squares, the relative contributions of variance components. The methods of estimation of variance components enable the researcher not only to test significance but to attribute the relative contribution (percentage of variance) of each source to the total variation (sum of variance components). Discussion concerns the advantages, disadvantages and limitations of random and mixed effects models. The study concludes that each researcher must logically choose the model which best describes his experiment. Three-way random and mixed effects models with one observation per cell are compared and illustrated using data from a multidimensional personality inventory.
Comparison of Delinquents and Nondelinquents on the IES Test
Authors: Mangold K. M.
Published: September 2011

The IES Test was administered to 30 delinquent and 30 nondelinquent Ss. It was found that the Arrow-Dot and Picture Title subtests discriminated significantly between the two groups. The Picture Story Completion subtest tended to yield non-significant results in the predicted direction, while the Photo-Analysis subtest yielded reversals which were not predicted.
Conceptualizations of the College Teacher
Authors: Very Philip S. , Dye Neal W.
Published: September 2011

Faculty and students ( N = 110) were asked to sort adjectives to describe real and ideal teaching relationships. One group ( N = 21) of the faculty described the relationships as being similar to the students' description of the real faculty member (domineering, forceful, independent) and the ideal (tolerant, enthusiastic, inquiring). A second faculty group ( N = 9) disagreed strongly.
Conceptual Retraining of Brain-Damaged Adults
Authors: Busse Thomas V. , Lighthall Frederick F.
Published: September 2011

A method for conceptually retraining brain-damaged adults was devised. The idea evolved from the work of three investigators: Delacato, Piaget, and Vygotsky. The method involves teaching the brain-damaged person to use increasingly complex schemas. The concepts begin with the simple ones of shape and color and progress to more complex ones such as “it makes noise” and “edible.” An exploratory study using randomized experimental and control groups of seven persons yielded positive results. The experimental patients were able to use concepts they had been taught as well as to build new concepts significantly better than the control patients. Relative youth, and greater education, together with the treatment, seem to have been effective in producing greater conceptual power among members of the experimental group.
Effect of White Noise on Disinhibition of Verbal Expression
Authors: Holmes Cooper , Holzman Philip S.
Published: September 2011

Two groups each composed of 10 male Ss were required to tell E about an embarrassing situation, in nonsense language, under two conditions: with white noise masking their speech and without white noise. 16 of 20 Ss uttered more English words and 18 of 20 talked for a greater length of time in the white noise condition. Latency was not significantly affected by the white noise. The average number of syllables spoken per 15 sec. was significantly greater under white noise, for both groups combined and separately only for the second or replication group. The results are interpreted to indicate a process of disinhibition of speech under white noise.
Serial-Order Effects in Two-Channel Running Memory
Authors: Ross Bruce M.
Published: September 2011

It is hypothesized that serial order can sometimes be a more important source of error in running memory than the number of items S is required to retain. This hypothesis was tested using binary series of symbols in two-channel memory conditions that required S to recall two previously seen symbols when two new symbols were viewed. It was found that those Ss who performed a 1-back match before performing a 2-back match committed more errors on 2-back matching than Ss who performed two 2-back matches each trial. The increased error shown in going from 1B to 2B matching on the same trial was primarily attributed to Ss' inability to deal accurately with retained double-tons of identical symbols. Four other sources of error did not show a specific relation to serial order.
Relations between Personal Values and Imagery and Meaningfulness of Value Words
Authors: Paivio Allan , Steeves Ray
Published: September 2011

Imagery ratings and production m data for value-related words were obtained from 74 Ss, who also completed the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values. Significant correlations were found between personal values and imagery scores for value-related words in the theoretical, religious, aesthetic, and economic areas, suggesting differences in the frequency of relevant word-object associations in prior experience. Correlations involving m were also significant in the case of religious, political, and aesthetic areas.
Effects of Pupil Size and Facial Angle on Preference for Photographs of a Young Woman
Authors: Hicks Robert A. , Reaney Tom , Hill Lynn
Published: September 2011

This study attempted to determine the effects of pupil size and an additional facial characteristic, i.e., facial angle, on preference for selected photographs of an attractive young woman. Preference was measured using a rating scale. The results showed a significant effect for facial angle but not for pupil size.
GSR Responses to Fear-Related Stimuli
Authors: Wilson Glenn D.
Published: September 2011

GSR responses to a set of tachistoscopically presented color slides were compared for 10 Ss who reported intense fear of spiders and 10 Ss admitting no unreasonable fears. Employing the index, ratio of response to spider-pictures over response to neutral stimuli (landscapes), perfect discrimination between the 2 groups of Ss was obtained.
Interactive Classification: A Method for Assessing the Adequacy of Counterbalancing as a Means of Control
Authors: Furedy John J.
Published: September 2011

In situations where a treatment is varied over the same Ss in order that each S may serve as his own control and where an associated source of variation is controlled for by counterbalancing between Ss, the success of this method of control depends on the absence of interaction between the treatments and the counterbalanced factor. When the data are classified into a factorial system involving the treatments and the counterbalanced factor as the two classifications, it is difficult to find a statistical model to test such an interaction. A strategy, by means of which established statistical models can be used to evaluate this interaction, is presented here, and its range of application is discussed.
Response-Produced vs Non-Response-Produced Visual Stimuli for Distance Judgments in Natural and Unnatural Units by Children and Adults
Authors: Smith Olin W. , Smith Patricia Cain
Published: September 2011

Three hypotheses were tested. (1) Response-produced visual stimuli (RPVS) would yield smaller errors of distance judgments of arm length, a natural unit, than non-RPVS. (2) Errors of judgments of distance in a natural unit would be smaller than those in arbitrary units. (3) Effects of development, if any, would be greatest for judgments of distance in an unnatural unit and judgments based on non-RPVS. The first two hypotheses remained tenable while the third did not.
Perception Bibliography: XLII. Psychological Abstracts, 1930, Volume 4
Authors: Ammons R. B. , Ammons C. H.
Published: September 2011

110 items relevant to perception are listed alphabetically for this year.
Electroencephalographic Changes during Brief Periods of Perceptual Deprivation
Authors: Marjerrison G. , Keogh R. P.
Published: September 2011

16 schizophrenic Ss, exposed to a bright structureless visual field in a perceptual deprivation situation, showed mean decreases of 0.25 cycles/second ( p < .05) in alpha frequencies measured from occipital EEGs. The mean decreases in alpha frequency occurred during both sessions in a drug-placebo test and retest, without the amount of the mean change significantly differing between drug vs placebo, or first vs second testing. The decreases correlated with a measure of perceptual field-dependency but not with ratings of symptomatology or of the amount and quality of visual imagery reported by Ss. Such frequency decreases, comparable to those measured by other investigators over 7-day periods of perceptual deprivation, are suggested to depend upon conditions of high input levels of unpatterned optic stimulation.
Recall of Dreams and the Probability of Stage 1-REM Sleep
Authors: Webb Wilse B. , Kersey Joseph
Published: September 2011

The self-reported recall of night dreams of 762 Ss when asked during the day was 37.5%. The Stage 1-REM state of sleep in the last hour of sleep was obtained for 32 Ss over 3 nights. The probability of awakening or being awakened from a Stage 1-REM state during the last hour of sleep was approximately 45%. Probability of recall when aroused from Stage 1-REM is 83%. The estimated probability of dream recall as a result of a Stage 1-REM morning awakening is almost identical with the self-reported probability (.45 × .83 = 37.4).
Skin Potential Correlates and Rating Assessments of Self-Evaluation under Different Degrees of Awareness
Authors: Reitz Willard E. , Thetford Paul E.
Published: September 2011

Self-evaluation was investigated by having adolescent female Ss rate photographs stereoscopically fused of two strangers (St-Sr), stranger and self (St-Sf), and two of self (Sf-Sf). Attractiveness and semantic differential ratings were obtained for each stereoscopic composite, and Galvanic Skin Potential (GSP) was monitored during viewing. With self-recognition, GSP was significantly greater for Sf-Sf than for St-St, but without self-recognition of Sf-Sf, GSP showed significantly less change. A tendency for greater GSP was found for St-Sf without self-recognition. Number of Ss rating St-Sf more (1) attractive, (2) highly valued, and (3) active was of borderline significance. Ss not recognizing self under St-Sf condition were high on a measure of self-esteem. Stereoscopically fused faces were rated as more attractive than same two faces normally viewed.
Prior Probability Information and Changes in Event Frequency in Three-Choice Learning
Authors: Swensson Richard G. , Michels Kenneth M.
Published: September 2011

In probabilistic situations known to be static, short-term alterations in event frequencies should have progressively less effect upon subjective probability as the number of trials increases. Assuming that expectation for a static environment would increase with increasing amount of prior information about the event probabilities, the amount of prior information and the location of alterations in event frequency were varied in a three-choice probability learning task. Both variables had large effects upon the observed choice patterns and, in general, the greater the amount of prior information, the less sensitive was choice behavior to changes in event frequency during later trials.
Effects of Amphetamine on Selective Attention
Authors: Day H. , Thomas E. Llewellyn
Published: September 2011

By means of an eye-marker camera, films were taken of the proportion of time Ss spent fixating the more complex (MC) alternative of visual patterns exposed in pairs for 25-sec. intervals. It was expected that under the effects of 10 mg. d-amphetamine, an arousing agent, Ss would reduce the proportion of time spent attending to the MC alternatives. Instead, the shift was in the opposite direction. The results were discussed in terms of “free” and “forced” exploration.
Relationship of Sensitization-Repression Dimension to Daydream Behavior Types
Authors: Wagman Morton
Published: September 2011

To test the hypothesis of a positive association between sensitization-repression scale score and frequency types of daydream behavior, 101 women and 105 men were administered a daydream-frequency measure (120 common daydreams categorized into 24 types) and Welsh's repression (R) and anxiety (A) scales. Difference scores on the A and R scales determine the degree of sensitization or repression. Support for the general hypothesis rested on the finding, for women, that degree of sensitization was positively associated with a variety of dysphoric and integrative daydreams (anxious, guilt or superego, hostile, death, achievement, self-aggrandizement, affiliative, money and possessions).
Patterns of Developmental Deficits
Authors: Sapir Selma G. , Wilson Bernice M.
Published: September 2011

Patterns of developmental deficits were studied individually in 18 children of kindergarten age. Immaturity of development impaired a variety of functions; patterns of deficits differed among children. Implications for educators concern the need for differential diagnosis, specific training, and meaningful instruction.
Reliability of Reasons Used in Making Judgments of Honesty and Dishonesty
Authors: Maier Norman R. F. , Janzen Junie C.
Published: September 2011

57 Ss were asked to observe 4 role-playing situations involving a student-professor interview and a question of honesty or dishonesty. After each interview Ss were asked to: (1) judge the honesty of the student involved and (2) list his behaviors which contributed to the judgment. An interaction was found between judging ability and deceiving ability, with some cases harder to detect than others, and some judges better than others. Individuals made more correct choices than chance would predict. However, the reasons given for judgments were very much the same for those making correct and incorrect judgments, as well as for very good and very poor judges. Almost all information could be interpreted either in favor of or against the student. It appears that, when evidence is lacking, decisions will be made and defended but that observers do not use logic in arriving at the decision.
An Electronic Model of a Neural Correlate to Experience Obtained When the Stimulus Object is a Straight Line or a Circle
Authors: Holt-Hansen Kristian
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to present an electronic model of the neural correlate to the experiences of straightness and circularity on the basis of experimental data. Two sets of experiments were described. In one Ss had numerous kinds of experience when the stimulus object was a straight line or a circle. These experiments demonstrated a close relationship between a straight line and a circle in experience. The other set of experiments consisted of adjusting the electric voltages fed into a cathode ray oscilloscope so that the displays on the screen corresponded closely to some of the experiences reported by subjects in the first set of experiments. A plausible working hypothesis was put forward on the basis that the electronic functions underlying the working of a cathode ray oscilloscope suggest a close analogy with the brain function underlying the experiences obtained when the stimulus object is a straight line or a circle.
Response Time during Instruction
Authors: Brooks Lloyd O.
Published: September 2011

It may be useful to replace concern for years of instruction with greater interest in moments richest in educational progress. This note complements another in which a type of response-time analysis was suggested as a means of identifying less desirable items in an instructional program. It concerns response time considerations in forced pacing and suggests an alternative way of modifying student response times. It seems possible to increase the speed of an instructional process without impairing performance by differentially reinforcing especially quick, correct answers to questions designed to teach.
Perceived Size and Distance of Familiar Objects
Authors: Gogel Walter C. , Mertens Henry W.
Published: September 2011

The relation between the perceived size and distance of a playing card and its retinal size was studied using both stationary and moving stimuli. A distinction between absolute and relative familiar size cues was supported by the experimental results in that successive judgments of the distance of different retinal sizes of the cards were not predictable solely from cues of absolute retinal size. The data from both the stationary and moving stimuli suggest, however, that the perceived distance of the initial presentations resulting from the absolute size cue provides a metric for the distance perceptions resulting from cues of relative size. As indicated by the results from the initial presentations, the absolute size cue to distance from familiar objects in this study was a highly variable determiner of perceived distance.
Word Familiarity as a Factor in Perceptual Defense Research
Authors: Bryant G. Preston , Turner A. Jack , Lair Charles V.
Published: September 2011

Two groups of 13 college students selected on the basis of combined extreme scores from the 16 PFT were exposed to a list of 18 tachistoscopically presented words, 7 of which were “taboo” and 11 of which were “neutral.” The words were matched for frequency from the Thorndike-Lorge count (1944). Several variables were investigated, but only the familiarity dimension was found to be significant. Methodological implications for further research are discussed in this exploratory study.
The Dramatic Boy
Authors: Sutton-Smith B. , Rosenberg B. G.
Published: September 2011

A sociometric investigation of role-playing competence in children of Grades 2 through 6 indicated that boys were perceived as better than girls, and girls with brothers as better than girls with sisters.
Long-Term Traces of Tachistoscopic Word Perception
Authors: Doerries Lee E. , Harcum E. Rae
Published: September 2011

Threshold durations were determined by the Method of Limits for a series of 8-letter nonsense words. For experimental Os the threshold for a critical word was obtained a second time after threshold determinations for 0, 1, 2, 4, or 8 different filler-words had intervened. For control Os no word was repeated in the series. Instructions introduced a set against seeing any word again after its threshold had been obtained the first time. The second threshold for a critical word was lower than the first for all experimental conditions; this effect could not be attributed to practice. The greatest effect occurred when 2 filler-words intervened. The positive effect after 8 words had intervened indicates that the trace was still present after 7 min. Greater threshold decrements for special control groups, for whom the interpolated activity was unrelated to the experimental task, indicate a consolidation effect on the trace under those conditions.
Psychology of the Scientist: XXIV. Perceptual Distortion of Job Activities among Engineers and Scientists
Authors: Strauss Paul S.
Published: September 2011

The data demonstrate that engineers and scientists distort their perceptions of how much time they spend at various job activities. It is suggested that this “adjustment” of reality may take place to reduce the dissonance between their actual job activities and those considered ideal for the attainment of Growth and Belonging.
Reading Achievement, Language Functioning and Perceptual-Motor Development of 10- and 11-Year-Olds
Authors: Werner Emmy E. , Simonian Ken , Smith Ruth S.
Published: September 2011

An analysis of the relationship of reading problems to language habits, PMA and the group Bender-Gestalt test was made for 750 children, ages 10 and 11, who represent 90% of all children born on Kauai, Hawaii in 1955. The percentage of reading problems increased from 1 out of 6 children in the above average to 1 out of 2 children in the below-average SES groups. 88% of the children with reading problems came from homes in which Pidgin English was frequently spoken. Children with reading problems had significantly lower mean scores on all PMA scores than successful readers. Factor V predicted reading grade and STEP reading test scores as well as PMA IQ and better than any other PMA factor. The incidence of reading problems increased with error scores on the group Bender-Gestalt test, but the majority of children with reading problems had adequate Bender-Gestalt reproductions. Most poor B-G reproductions were found among children of low and below average intelligence. The addition of the group Bender-Gestalt error score to the PMA IQ or Factor V did not improve the prediction of reading grade or reading test results.
Adaptive Visual Aftereffect Processes as Related to Patterns of Colour-Word Interference Serials
Authors: Andersson Alf L.
Published: September 2011

Five subgroups, showing different adaptive patterns on repeated massed measurement of duration of figural (FAE) and spiral (SAE) aftereffects, are compared with respect to their adaptive patterns in a conflicting and habit-interfering situation, defined by a “serial” version of a colour-word test (CWT). Classification of aftereffect subgroups is based on parameters derived from duration of initial aftereffect and from linear change of duration of aftereffect during 10 trials. An attempt is made towards an inclusive description of variations in CWT behaviour. Thus, CWT clusters simultaneously denote features of initial performance level of subtests; consecutive change of within-subtest performance for five subtests; and finally, consecutive (linear and non-linear) change of performance within first three subtests. CWT clusters correlating with the different aftereffect subgroups are interpreted as being indicative of the degree of liability to neurotic behaviour and of variations in behaviour intensities.
Graffiti as a Function of Building Utilization
Authors: Landy Eugene E. , Steele John M.
Published: September 2011

Graffiti in the past have been randomly collected without consideration for the geographic area or the buildings. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a specific graffito is unique to a specific type of building and the population utilizing that specific building. Significant differences were obtained among the graffiti found in the Art, Law, and Computer Sciences buildings individually and collectively as compared with the general use buildings. Significant sex differences were obtained; however, no significant differences were found in comparisons of either specific or general use buildings for profanity or sports comments. Other studies would make possible inferences regarding a population from graffiti found.
Form Reproduction as a Function of Complexity
Authors: Beery Keith E.
Published: September 2011

180 elementary school children, ranging in age from 6 to 14 yr., were tested for their ability to reproduce geometric forms by means of direct copy on paper with pencil. The forms varied in complexity, as defined by the number of sides. Complexity was found to be negatively associated with level of performance in form reproduction, especially for forms of 8 sides or fewer. Performance in form reproduction was positively associated with age but some age-related inversions were noted.
Factor Analysis of the Developmental Test of Visual Perception Performance of Educable Mental Retardates
Authors: Allen Robert M.
Published: September 2011

36 educable mental retardates were administered the Developmental Test of Visual Perception. A factor analysis of the 5 subtest and total test scores yielded a single factor. This differed from the two factors extracted in a study of normal children. The rationale for the single factor with educable mental retardates is discussed.
Development of Left-Right Discrimination in Normal Children
Authors: Boone Daniel R. , Prescott Thomas E.
Published: September 2011

A left-right discrimination test (LRDT) was developed to measure children's ability to discriminate between the words “left” and “right.” A description is given of previous studies in left-right awareness and/or confusion; many of these studies appear to be influenced by the lack of normative data relative to development of left-right discrimination. The procedures employed in developing the LRDT are specified. Item analysis, reliability, and validity studies with the LRDT are discussed. A trend analysis of errors found a significant linear component ( p < .0001), suggesting continued growth in left-right discrimination ability from 5 yr. through age 10, with the 10-yr.-old making only chance left-right errors. Standard scores are presented for left-right discrimination ability for children ages 5 through 10 yr.
Effectiveness of Certain Procedures for Alteration of Auditory and Oral Tactile Sensation for Speech
Authors: Schliesser Herbert F. , Coleman Ralph O.
Published: September 2011

To determine the effectiveness of auditory masking and intraoral anesthetics on speech, certain motor and sensory tests were administered under 4 conditions: (1) auditory masking and oral anesthesia, (2) oral anesthesia alone, (3) auditory masking alone, and (4) normal. These speech samples were compared with a sample judged to be of “moderate” defectiveness by clinical standards. Within the limitations of the study, 3 conclusions appear justified. (1) One's own auditory feedback can be effectively eliminated by a combination of white and sawtooth noise. (2) Tactile sensation can be eliminated from the oral cavity without significantly interfering with motor innervation. (3) Speech that is intelligible and exhibits a degree of defectiveness which is less than that of a clinically “moderate” speech problem can be produced without oral tactile and auditory feedback.
Response to Environmental Stimulus Change in Young Opossums
Authors: Platt Jerome J. , Yaksh Tony , James W. T.
Published: September 2011

The presence of a response to stimulus change was investigated in a litter of 10 young opossums, 90 days of age. Ss were exposed to but not allowed to enter the arms of a T-maze, one of which was white and the other black. By this procedure Ss were thus satiated for both black and white. On a second trial Ss were presented with 2 black or 2 white arms. Novelty hypotheses predicted that Ss would enter the maze arm changed in color. In the current experiment, no significant preference for the changed arm was found. The results were interpreted as being either the result of maturational or arousal factors or a combination of both.
Toward a Psychology of Knowledge: III. Speculations regarding Philosophical Correlates of Rorschach Movement Responses
Authors: Stark Stanley
Published: September 2011

James says the history of philosophy is largely the history of a certain clash of temperaments. Boring suspects that a methodological difference he finds among psychologists stems from temperamental differences—but he leaves such differences largely “unreduced.” Murphy speaks of the “basic temperamental or emotional incompatibility of the promachine and antimachine theorists.” Following their lead, the present paper asks whether anything would be different about the history of Western thought, including the theorizing of contemporary scholars and scientists, if nobody to this moment had produced the equivalent of a Rorschach movement response. The paper's answer involves (1) suggesting differences between movement and all other Rorschach response dimensions, (2) illustrating the significance of these suggested differences, (3) applying the foregoing to theorizing in scientific psychology, and (4) suggesting commonality among the intellectual controversies of ancient and contemporary thinkers.
On the Sigmoidal Law Relating Association Value (A) and Scaled Meaningfulness (M′)
Authors: Noble Clyde E. , Sutker Patricia B. , Jones Helen R.
Published: September 2011

This study was conducted to test an inductive hypothesis, based on judgments of the relative number of associations ( a′) evoked by 2100 CVC trigrams in 200 Montana college Ss, that association value ( a) is a sigmoidal function of scaled meaningfulness ( m′). Whereas the earlier investigation used a representative sample of only 21 CVCs to compute m′, we selected 500 stimuli from the full range of values and had them rated by 200 Georgia college Ss. Measures of reliability for the a′ scale ( r = .993) and of internal consistency for the m′ scale (average error = 2.8%) are again very high. The cross-cultural regressions for the a and m′ scales are both linear, with r ≥ .97 for mean scores grouped in 25 categories of 20 CVCs each. Confirming and extending Noble's 1957 and 1961 findings, the present function relating a and m′ is clearly S-shaped and may be regarded as an empirical law. The analysis-of-variance ( η2) test of curvilinearity, applied to 12 equidistant groupings using all 500 CVCs, is significant ( P < .001). Among the major implications are: (1) the contemporary m′ scale is superior to the classical a scale and its cognates, (2) the practice of treating these two variables as identical or even linearly related is erroneous, (3) continued equivocation about a and m′ in research on verbal behavior can lead to serious errors of prediction and faulty explanatory inferences.
A Case of “Autostasis” or Reverse Autokinesis
Authors: Wertheimer Michael
Published: September 2011

3 of 5 observers of a light in the night sky that was actually moving continuously along a linear course reported it as stationary as long as the light was on. This phenomenon, “autostasis,” seems to be opposite to the well-known phenomenon of autokinesis, or apparent motion of an actually stationary light in an undifferentiated field.