bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Las esquinas como elemento importante de la configuración urbana. Caso de estudio: Guadalajara, desde la Colonia hasta la primera mitad del siglo XX.
Authors: Benavides González Miguel Ángel
Published: May 2020

La ciudad es un fenómeno en constante transformación que pasa de formas primitivas a formas más complejas, cuyas diferentes etapas de desarrollo son distinguibles. Las etapas de desarrollo son distinguibles a través de las esquinas. Las esquinas son puntos estratégicos generadores de lenguajes formales, su evolución urbana, estructural y arquitectónica define un desarrollo morfológico distintivo, inclusive entre las ciudades novohispanas que parten de un común denominador. Las similitudes entre las ciudades novohispanas, basadas en el modelo fundacional español apoyado en la retícula, son evidentes. Sin embargo, cada ciudad sostiene una estrecha relación en cuanto a su crecimiento y desarrollo morfológico con las condiciones particulares, tanto sociales como naturales, del contexto en el que se inscriben, lo que les fue imprimiendo un carácter propio. En el caso de Guadalajara, las barranquitas, el arroyo del Arenal, el ferrocarril y el río San Juan de Dios, figuran como algunos de los factores principales que definieron la configuración de la traza urbana. Estos factores no sólo concretaron el sentido y la orientación del crecimiento de la ciudad, sino que también definieron la morfología de las manzanas, con cuatro tipologías de esquina sobresalientes: la esquina cuadrangular, la esquina aguda, la esquina ochavada y la esquina radial. Estas esquinas del estrato urbano se materializaron en una de las cinco tipologías arquitectónicas de esquina principales: la esquina con pilastra, la esquina con hornacina, la esquina con balcón corrido, la esquina ochavada y la esquina curva, resultantes del pensamiento humano de un momento específico.
Mendoza, ciudad compacta versus metrópolis sin oasis.
Authors: Arboit Mariela , Molina Gladys Edith , Maglione Dora Silvia , Sedevich Ana María
Published: May 2020

La urbanización es uno de los principales factores antropogénicos que ha causado la reducción de la superficie verde y la sustitución de los hábitats preexistentes en las ciudades. Más de la mitad de la población humana mundial se concentra en zonas urbanas y la región de América Latina es una de las más urbanizadas, con el 80% de población en ciudades. En lugares de ecosistemas frágiles, el crecimiento extensivo resulta crítico para la misma sostenibilidad humana, como el caso de Mendoza. Esta ciudad con más de un millón de habitantes, crece a expensas de un oasis reducido mientras la gestión gubernamental fragmentada en 6 municipios, admite que es necesario renovar las formas de intervención territorial. Las investigaciones recientes se abocan al análisis en las zonas urbanas residenciales, estudiando los diseños urbanos y el impacto generado por los modelos de crecimiento urbano vigentes, no siempre coincidentes con modelos de desarrollo. En este caso se propone una mirada sistémica que permite poner a la luz los procesos espaciales que resultaron de las cambiantes políticas aplicadas al Área Metropolitana de Mendoza (AMM) Argentina, en los últimos 50 años. Tres delimitaciones de la forma urbana, permiten analizar la expansión urbano-edilicia y el crecimiento demográfico en el período señalado, con su impacto sobre la componente ambiental del índice de vegetación y sobre los consumos energéticos. Condiciones ambientales restrictivas se conjugan con una normativa ambiciosa frente a unas prácticas sociales individualistas, dando resultados contradictorios. Es por eso que, para proponer una re ingeniería de intervención, hay que volver a dimensionar la incidencia de las herramientas posibles. Pero al mismo tiempo resurge el dilema del modelo de ciudad, compacta o dispersa, horizontal o vertical, esencialmente la disyuntiva entre preservar el oasis de cultivo o promover la ciudad difusa. Con la finalidad de establecer lineamientos para dirigir el crecimiento del área metropolitana hacia el desarrollo equilibrado, sostenible, integrador y socialmente equitativo, este aporte presenta las principales problemáticas en su dimensión sistémica, en busca de soluciones razonables.
Descubriendo Paisajes. Proyecto de investigación: “descensos urbanísticos”
Authors: Conde_García Jesús , Creus_Andrade Juan
Published: May 2020

Este texto trata de contextualizar la investigación que venimos desarrollando, y que una vez al año tiene su punto culmen en lo que denominamos “descensos urbanísticos”. Los “descensos” suponen un acercamiento diferente a la ciudad, una mirada nueva. Se trata de descubrir sendas ocultas a la planificación y ajenas a los modernos sistemas de orientación geográfica, pero enraizadas en la actividad local. Uniendo pequeños trayectos marginales se construyen itinerarios que atraviesan la ciudad en múltiples direcciones con la Escuela de Arquitectura como centro. Descubrir y/o describir estas rutas nos permite “revelar”, nuevos paisajes urbanos. El paisaje como construcción cultural necesita del tiempo: está íntimamente relacionado con el movimiento y conformado por nuestra contemplación “errante”. Los paisajes urbanos no son la ciudad que se presenta ante nosotros, sino una interpretación subjetiva que activa nuestra percepción (MADERUELO, 2005) y contribuye a forjar un cierto imaginario. De la riqueza de esta interpretación y de su capacidad de seducción social depende en gran medida nuestra facultad para imaginar un futuro deseable. Para que este imaginario pueda ser compartido, es decir, pase a ser colectivo, es necesaria la producción de representaciones, de imágenes poéticas construidas a través de lenguajes diversos que permitan su comunicación. Dar visibilidad a estas sendas escondidas que componen una imagen de la ciudad diferente (LYNCH, 1960) es uno de los ejes de la investigación.
De la morfología de la calle a la compactación urbana. Estrategias aplicadas en una propuesta para el eje del tren en Quito, en el barrio Caupichu.
Authors: Andrade Vallejo María Mercedes , Ferro Monroy César Gabriel , Mejía Gómez Gabriela , Naranjo Serrano Mónica Gabriela
Published: May 2020

Desde la masificación del uso del automóvil, el crecimiento de las ciudades inició una tendencia hacia su dispersión. Esto, a su vez, cambió el carácter de la calle, convirtiendo a este espacio público por antonomasia en un “no-lugar”. En Quito, los espacios colectivos – centros comerciales o espacios deportivos privados – concentran la actividad “urbana”, dejando las calles en abandono, tanto por parte de los ciudadanos como de las autoridades. El cambio de paradigma actual, donde el cuidado del medio ambiente, de nuestra propia salud, y el uso responsable de los recursos obliga a repensar la ciudad que construimos, hace necesaria la compactación urbana y la recuperación de la calle como espacio público. Este artículo explora cómo las características físicas de la calle – ancho de vía, fachada urbana, relación acera-calzada, ubicación de “ganchos” o atractores – pueden consolidarla como un espacio público que propicie la compactación de la ciudad. Para ello, se analizan tres casos ejemplares: los ejes comerciales en Mollet del Vallès (Barcelona), las calles del Centro Histórico y la recuperación del Bulevar de la avenida Naciones Unidas (Quito). El resultado del análisis permite delinear estrategias de intervención para convertir las calles de “no-lugares” a paisajes urbanos articuladores, que propicien la compactación y densificación de los barrios. Estos lineamientos se aplican en una propuesta de intervención en el vacío urbano que deja la vía del eje del tren en Caupichu, parroquia dispersa y con baja densidad poblacional en el sur de la ciudad de Quito.
El Camp y otras ciudades. Una Ciudad-territorio reflejada en otras similares.
Authors: Delclòs Alió Lluís , Sardà Ferran Jordi , Greco Federica , Karamanea Panita
Published: May 2020

“El Camp és ciutat” (El Campo es ciudad), en referencia al Camp de Tarragona, fue el título que abría el prólogo de la “Guia d’Arquitectura del Camp”, publicada en 1996. Desde entonces, se ha insistido en la aseveración y en reconocer las propiedades y especificidades de esta especialísima Ciudad-territorio. El conocimiento se ha producido a través de estudios sectoriales -más que generales- y en cursos, tesinas y tesis; pero ninguna estructura de gobierno, planeamiento o control explicita la realidad objeto del presente estudio.        Así identificaremos realidades urbanas similares al Camp y, desde la comparación de valores, déficits, referencias y ausencias, trataremos de observarlo mediante el reflejo de sus ciudades hermanas, para poder apuntar nuevas fórmulas de ordenación y gobierno. El Mediterráneo puede ser el nexo. Su clima y cultivos o un turismo en auge pero inestable que, instalado sobre la costa, compite con una industria altamente productiva. Deben ser ciudades de ciudades, policéntricas, mezclando viejo y nuevo, con jerarquías más implícitas que explícitas, con buenas comunicaciones, aeropuertos y puertos (casi siempre con refinerías de petróleo dentro) y que, sobre todo, estarán habituadas a convivir con el conflicto y a sacar partido de él. Nos proponemos comparar el Camp con el Campo de Cartagena, Taranto y Eleusis. Buscamos situaciones urbanas donde -sobre territorios de urbanidad antigua- las viejas y las nuevas ciudades asumen roles distintos, sin dejar de trabajar al unísono. Lugares donde fenómenos tan dispares como patrimonio, campo productivo, actividad industrial y desarrollo turístico compiten y comparten urbanidad y beneficio.
Reflexões sobre as bases filosóficas dos princípios contábeis
Authors: Iudícibus Sérgio De , Niyama Jorge Katsumi , Oliveira Valdemir Regis Ferreira de , Beuren Ilse Maria
Published: May 2020

Desde a antiguidade a filosofia tem se valido do estudo do pensamento, da razão, da verdade, da ética e do conhecimento que permeiam os ramos da ciência. A Teoria da Contabilidade, quando estudada sob a abordagem ética, deveria apresentar-se como justa e não enviesada para todos os interessados. Os princípios no âmbito da Teoria da Contabilidade não são uniformes, sendo evidenciados nas estruturas conceituais e normas dos países segundo sua cultura, costumes, valores éticos e sistemas jurídicos. Assim, tomando por partida as raízes italianas do método das partidas dobradas (berço da contabilidade), analisa-se as bases filosóficas dos princípios contábeis no Brasil e na França (berço do Iluminismo). Por meio de um ensaio teórico de caráter crítico-argumentativo revela-se que por trás dos conceitos definidos nos princípios contábeis encontram-se fundamentações teórico-filosóficas. Conclui-se que os princípios contábeis, em sua concepção, coadunam-se aos pressupostos filosóficos da ética, da moral e da busca pela verdade.
Exploration of oxidative chemistry and secondary organic aerosol formation in the Amazon during the wet season: explicit modeling of the Manaus urban plume with GECKO-A
Authors: Mouchel-Vallon Camille , Lee-Taylor Julia , Hodzic Alma , Artaxo Paulo , Aumont Bernard , Camredon Marie , Gurarie David , Jimenez Jose-Luis , Lenschow Donald H. , Martin Scot T. , Nascimento Janaina , Orlando John J. , Palm Brett B. , Shilling John E. , Shrivastava Manish , Madronich Sasha
Published: May 2020

Abstract. The GoAmazon 2014/5 field campaign took place in Manaus, Brazil, and allowed the investigation of the interaction between background-level biogenic air masses and anthropogenic plumes.
We present in this work a box model built to simulate the impact of urban chemistry on biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation and composition.
An organic chemistry mechanism is generated with the Generator for Explicit Chemistry and Kinetics of Organics in the Atmosphere (GECKO-A) to simulate the explicit oxidation of biogenic and anthropogenic compounds.
A parameterization is also included to account for the reactive uptake of isoprene oxidation products on aqueous particles.
The biogenic emissions estimated from existing emission inventories had to be reduced to match measurements.
The model is able to reproduce ozone and NOx for clean and polluted situations.
The explicit model is able to reproduce background case SOA mass concentrations but does not capture the enhancement observed in the urban plume.
The oxidation of biogenic compounds is the major contributor to SOA mass.
A volatility basis set (VBS) parameterization applied to the same cases obtains better results than GECKO-A for predicting SOA mass in the box model.
The explicit mechanism may be missing SOA-formation processes related to the oxidation of monoterpenes that could be implicitly accounted for in the VBS parameterization.
Consistency and structural uncertainty of multi-mission GPS radio occultation records
Authors: Steiner Andrea K. , Ladstädter Florian , Ao Chi O. , Gleisner Hans , Ho Shu-Peng , Hunt Doug , Schmidt Torsten , Foelsche Ulrich , Kirchengast Gottfried , Kuo Ying-Hwa , Lauritsen Kent B. , Mannucci Anthony J. , Nielsen Johannes K. , Schreiner William , Schwärz Marc , Sokolovskiy Sergey , Syndergaard Stig , Wickert Jens
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Atmospheric climate monitoring requires observations of high quality
that conform to the criteria of the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS).
Radio occultation (RO) data based on Global Positioning System (GPS) signals
are available since 2001 from several satellite missions with global
coverage, high accuracy, and high vertical resolution in the troposphere and
lower stratosphere. We assess the consistency and long-term stability of
multi-satellite RO observations for use as climate data records. As a
measure of long-term stability, we quantify the structural uncertainty of RO
data products arising from different processing schemes. We analyze
atmospheric variables from bending angle to temperature for four RO
missions, CHAMP, Formosat-3/COSMIC, GRACE, and Metop, provided by five data
centers. The comparisons are based on profile-to-profile differences
aggregated to monthly medians. Structural uncertainty in trends is found
to be lowest from 8 to 25 km of altitude globally for all inspected RO variables
and missions. For temperature, it is < 0.05 K per decade in the
global mean and < 0.1 K per decade at all latitudes. Above 25 km,
the uncertainty increases for CHAMP, while data from the other missions –
based on advanced receivers – are usable to higher altitudes for climate
trend studies: dry temperature to 35 km, refractivity to 40 km, and bending
angle to 50 km. Larger differences in RO data at high altitudes and
latitudes are mainly due to different implementation choices in the
retrievals. The intercomparison helped to further enhance the maturity of
the RO record and confirms the climate quality of multi-satellite RO
observations towards establishing a GCOS climate data record.
The influences of historic lake trophy and mixing regime changes on long-term phosphorus fraction retention in sediments of deep eutrophic lakes: a case study from Lake Burgäschi, Switzerland
Authors: Tu Luyao , Zander Paul , Szidat Sönke , Lloren Ronald , Grosjean Martin
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Hypolimnetic anoxia in eutrophic lakes can delay lake recovery to
lower trophic states via the release of sediment phosphorus (P) to surface
waters on short timescales in shallow lakes. However, the long-term effects
of hypolimnetic redox conditions and trophic state on sedimentary P fraction
retention in deep lakes are not clear yet. Hypolimnetic withdrawal of P-rich
water is predicted to diminish sedimentary P and seasonal P recycling from
the lake hypolimnion. Nevertheless, there is a lack of evidence from
well-dated sediment cores, in particular from deep lakes, about the
long-term impact of hypolimnetic withdrawal on sedimentary P retention. In
this study, long-term sedimentary P fraction data since the early 1900s from
Lake Burgäschi provide information on benthic P retention under the
influence of increasing lake primary productivity (sedimentary
green-pigment proxy), variable hypolimnion oxygenation regimes (Fe∕Mn ratio
proxy), and hypolimnetic withdrawal since 1977. Results show that before
hypolimnetic withdrawal (during the early 1900s to 1977), the redox-sensitive
Fe∕Mn-P fraction comprised ∼50 % of total P (TP) in the sediment
profile. Meanwhile, long-term retention of total P and labile P fractions in
sediments was predominantly affected by past hypolimnetic redox conditions,
and P retention increased in sedimentary Fe- and Mn-enriched layers when the
sediment-overlaying water was seasonally oxic. However, from 1977 to 2017, due to eutrophication-induced persistent anoxic conditions in the hypolimnion and to hypolimnetic water withdrawal increasing the P export out of the
lake, net burial rates of total and labile P fractions decreased
considerably in surface sediments. By contrast, refractory Ca–P fraction
retention was primarily related to lake primary production. Due to lake
restoration since 1977, the Ca–P fraction became the primary P fraction in
sediments (representing ∼39 % of total P), indicating a
lower P bioavailability of surface sediments. Our study implies that in
seasonally stratified eutrophic deep lakes (like Lake Burgäschi),
hypolimnetic withdrawal can effectively reduce P retention in sediments and
potential for sediment P release (internal P loads). However, after more than 40 years of hypolimnetic syphoning, the lake trophic state has not improved nor
has lake productivity decreased. Furthermore, this restoration has not enhanced
water column mixing and oxygenation in hypolimnetic waters. The findings of
this study are relevant regarding the management of deep eutrophic lakes with
mixing regimes typical for temperate zones.
A proxy modelling approach to assess the potential of extracting ENSO signal from tropical Pacific planktonic foraminifera
Authors: Metcalfe Brett , Lougheed Bryan C. , Waelbroeck Claire , Roche Didier M.
Published: May 2020

Abstract. A complete understanding of past El Niño–Southern Oscillation
(ENSO) fluctuations is important for the future predictions of regional
climate using climate models. One approach to reconstructing past ENSO
dynamics uses planktonic foraminifera as recorders of past climate to assess
past spatio-temporal changes in upper ocean conditions. In this paper, we
utilise a model of planktonic foraminifera populations, Foraminifera as
Modelled Entities (FAME), to forward model the potential monthly average
δ18Oc and temperature signal
proxy values for Globigerinoides ruber, Globigerinoides sacculifer, and Neogloboquadrina dutertrei from input variables
covering the period of the instrumental record. We test whether the modelled
foraminifera population δ18Oc and Tc
associated with El Niño events statistically differ from the values
associated with other climate states. Provided the
assumptions of the model are correct, our results indicate that the values
of El Niño events can be differentiated from other climate states using
these species. Our model computes the proxy values of foraminifera in the
water, suggesting that, in theory, water locations for a large portion of
the tropical Pacific should be suitable for differentiating El Niño
events from other climate states. However, in practice it may not be
possible to differentiate climate states in the sediment record.
Specifically, comparison of our model results with the sedimentological
features of the Pacific Ocean shows that a large portion of the
hydrographically/ecologically suitable water regions coincide with low
sediment accumulation rate at the sea floor and/or of sea floor that lie
below threshold water depths for calcite preservation.
Spatio-temporal assessment of the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) sediment contamination in four major French river corridors (1945–2018)
Authors: Dendievel André-Marie , Mourier Brice , Coynel Alexandra , Evrard Olivier , Labadie Pierre , Ayrault Sophie , Debret Maxime , Koltalo Florence , Copard Yoann , Faivre Quentin , Gardes Thomas , Vauclin Sophia , Budzinski Hélène , Grosbois Cécile , Winiarski Thierry , Desmet Marc
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Environmental pollution by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is a key cause for concern
about river quality because of their low degradation rates leading to their
accumulation in sediments and living organisms. An original
interdisciplinary work was conducted along the four main French rivers
(Seine, Rhône, Loire and Garonne rivers), which flow into major European
seas. We completed a dataset based on sediment analyses provided by
monitoring agencies, port authorities and research teams on different solid
matrices (sediment cores, bed and flood deposits, suspended particulate
matter and dredged sediments). This dataset focused on the seven indicator
PCBs and their sum (ΣPCBi) from 1945 to 2018 (nΣPCBi
=1416). Special effort was put into the quality control to provide robust
spatio-temporal information. Taking into account hydrological and human
drivers, we outlined two main pollution trends: (1) from 1945 to 1975, a
quick increase in ΣPCBi (up to 4 mg kg−1 dry weight, dw) and a
sharp decrease in the 1980s on the Seine and Loire rivers and (2) increasing
but moderate ΣPCBi levels (50 to 150 µg kg−1 dw)
followed by a decline after the 1990s on the Rhône and Garonne rivers.
In addition to these patterns, PCB emissions from urban and industrial areas
or accidental events were significant in each river. Finally, when
calculating specific flux, the Rhône exhibited the uppermost
ΣPCBi load (up to 12 µgm-2yr-1 in 1977–1987),
at least 25 % higher than those of the Seine and Loire rivers, while the
Garonne showed a very low flux. In western Europe, we confirmed that
the Rhône, Seine and Loire rivers contribute significantly to the PCB
contamination of the seas, while French specific ΣPCBi fluxes are
2 orders of magnitude lower than those found in American or Asian rivers.
The dataset is available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.904277 (Dendievel et al., 2019).
ISSM-SLPS: geodetically compliant Sea-Level Projection System
for the Ice-sheet and Sea-level System Model v4.17
Authors: Larour Eric , Adhikari Surendra , Frederikse Thomas , Caron Lambert , Hamlington Benjamin , Schlegel Nicole-Jeanne , Ivins Erik , Kopp Robert , Morlighem Mathieu , Nowicki Sophie
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Understanding future impacts of sea-level rise at the local level is paramount to mitigating its effects. In particular, quantifying the range of sea-level rise outcomes in a probabilistic way enables coastal planners to better adapt strategies, depending on cost and timing. For long-term projections, from present-day to the end of the 21st century, frameworks have been developed that provide such probabilistic projections. They rely on sea-level fingerprints where contributions from different processes are sampled at each individual time step and summed up to create probability distributions of sea-level rise for each desired location. While advantageous, this method does not readily allow for including new physics developed in forward models of each component. For example, couplings and feedbacks between ice sheets, ocean circulation, and solid-Earth uplift cannot easily be represented in such frameworks. Indeed, the main impediment to inclusion of more forward model physics in probabilistic sea-level frameworks is the availability of dynamically computed sea-level fingerprints that can be directly linked to local mass changes. Here, we demonstrate such an approach within the Ice-Sheet and Sea-level System Model (ISSM), where we develop a probabilistic framework that can readily be coupled to forward process models such as those for ice sheets, glacial-isostatic adjustment, hydrology and ocean circulation, among others. Through large scale uncertainty quantification, we demonstrate how this approach enables inclusion of incremental improvements in all forward models and provides fidelity to time-correlated processes. The projection system may readily process input and output quantities that are geodetically consistent with space and terrestrial measurement systems. The approach can also account for numerous improvements in our understanding of sea-level processes.
Description of the uEMEP_v5 downscaling approach for the EMEP MSC-W chemistry transport model
Authors: Rolstad Denby Bruce , Gauss Michael , Wind Peter , Mu Qing , Grøtting Wærsted Eivind , Fagerli Hilde , Valdebenito Alvaro , Klein Heiko
Published: May 2020

Abstract. A description of the new air quality downscaling model uEMEP and its combination with the EMEP MSC-W chemistry transport model is presented. uEMEP is based on well known Gaussian modelling principles. The uniqueness of the system is in its combination with the EMEP MSC-W model and the local fraction calculation contained within it. This allows the uEMEP model to be imbedded in the EMEP MSC-W model and downscaling can be carried out anywhere within the EMEP model domain, without any double counting of emissions, if appropriate proxy data is available that describe the spatial distribution of the emissions. This makes the model suitable for high resolution calculations, down to 50 m, over entire countries. An example application, the Norwegian air quality forecasting and assessment system, is described where the entire country is modelled at a resolution of between 250 and 50 m. The model is validated against all available monitoring data, including traffic sites, in Norway. The results of the validation show good results for NO2, which has the best known emissions, and moderately good for PM10 and PM2.5. In Norway the largest contributor to PM, even in cities, is long range transport followed by road dust and domestic heating emissions. These contributors to PM are more difficult to quantify than NO2 exhaust emission from traffic, which is the major contributor to NO2 concentrations. In addition to the validation results a number of verification and sensitivity results are summarised. One verification showed that single annual mean calculations with a rotationally symmetric dispersion kernel give very similar results to the average of an entire year of hourly calculations, reducing the run time for annual means by four orders of magnitude. The uEMEP model, in combination with EMEP MSC-W model, provides a new tool for assessing local scale concentrations and exposure over large regions in a consistent and homogenous way and is suitable for large scale policy applications.
Dipolar order mediated 1H → 13C cross-polarization for dissolution-dynamic nuclear polarization
Authors: Elliott Stuart J. , Cousin Samuel F. , Chappuis Quentin , Cala Olivier , Ceillier Morgan , Bornet Aurélien , Jannin Sami
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy often suffer from a
low intrinsic sensitivity, which can in some cases be circumvented by the
use of hyperpolarization techniques. Dissolution-dynamic nuclear
polarization offers a way of hyperpolarizing 13C spins in small
molecules, enhancing their sensitivity by up to 4 orders of magnitude.
This is usually performed by direct 13C polarization, which is
straightforward but often takes more than an hour. Alternatively, indirect
1H polarization followed by 1H→13C polarization transfer
can be implemented, which is more efficient and faster but is technically
very challenging and hardly implemented in practice. Here we propose to
remove the main roadblocks of the 1H→13C polarization
transfer process by using alternative schemes with the following: (i) less rf (radiofrequency) power; (ii) less
overall rf energy; (iii) simple rf-pulse shapes; and (iv) no synchronized 1H and
13C rf irradiation. An experimental demonstration of such a simple
1H→13C polarization transfer technique is presented for the
case of [1-13C]sodium acetate, and is compared with the most
sophisticated cross-polarization schemes. A polarization transfer efficiency
of ∼0.43 with respect to cross-polarization was realized,
which resulted in a 13C polarization of ∼8.7 % after
∼10 min of microwave irradiation and a single
polarization transfer step.
Systematic error analysis of heavy-precipitation-event prediction using a 30-year hindcast dataset
Authors: Ponzano Matteo , Joly Bruno , Descamps Laurent , Arbogast Philippe
Published: May 2020

Abstract. The western Mediterranean region is prone to devastating flash floods induced by heavy-precipitation events (HPEs), which are responsible for considerable human and material losses. Quantitative precipitation forecasts have improved dramatically in recent years to produce realistic accumulated rainfall estimations. Nevertheless, there are still challenging issues which must be resolved to reduce uncertainties in the initial condition assimilation and the modelling of physical processes. In this study, we analyse the HPE forecasting ability of the multi-physics-based ensemble model Prévision d’Ensemble ARPEGE (PEARP) operational at Météo-France. The analysis is based on 30-year (1981–2010) ensemble hindcasts which implement the same 10 physical parameterizations, one per member, run every 4 d. Over the same period a 24 h precipitation dataset is used as the reference for the verification procedure. Furthermore, regional classification is performed in order to investigate the local variation in spatial properties and intensities of rainfall fields, with a particular focus on HPEs. As grid-point verification tends to be perturbed by the double penalty issue, we focus on rainfall spatial pattern verification thanks to the feature-based quality measure of structure, amplitude, and location (SAL) that is performed on the model forecast and reference rainfall fields. The length of the dataset allows us to subsample scores for very intense rainfall at a regional scale and still obtain a significant analysis, demonstrating that such a procedure is consistent to study model behaviour in HPE forecasting. In the case of PEARP, we show that the amplitude and structure of the rainfall patterns are basically driven by the deep-convection parametrization. Between the two main deep-convection schemes used in PEARP, we qualify that the Prognostic Condensates Microphysics and Transport (PCMT) parametrization scheme performs better than the B85 scheme. A further analysis of spatial features of the rainfall objects to which the SAL metric pertains shows the predominance of large objects in the verification measure. It is for the most extreme events that the model has the best representation of the distribution of object-integrated rain.
Spiciness theory revisited, with new views on neutral density,
orthogonality and passiveness
Authors: Tailleux Rémi
Published: May 2020

Abstract. This paper clarifies the theoretical basis for constructing spiciness variables optimal for characterising ocean water masses. Three essential ingredients are identified: 1) a material density variable γ that is as neutral as feasible; 2) a material state function ξ independent of γ, but otherwise arbitrary; 3) an empirically determined function ξr(γ) of γ quantifying the isopycnal mean behaviour of ξ. The key results are: It is the anomaly ξ′ = ξ − ξr(γ), rather than ξ, that is the variable optimally suited for characterising ocean water masses; Ingredient 1) is required, because contrary to what is usually assumed, it is not the property of ξ that determine its dynamical inertness, but the degree of neutrality of γ; Oceanic sections of ξ′ are rather insensitive to the particular choice of ξ; Contrary to what has been usually assumed, it is orthogonality in physical space rather than in thermohaline space that is the relevant property for optimally characterising ocean water masses. The results are important because: They unify the various ways in which spiciness has been defined and used in the literature; They provide for the first time a rigorous first-principles physical justification for the concept of neutral density.
Potential influence of overpressurized gas on the induced seismicity in the St. Gallen deep geothermal project (Switzerland)
Authors: Zbinden Dominik , Rinaldi Antonio Pio , Diehl Tobias , Wiemer Stefan
Published: May 2020

Abstract. In July 2013, the city of St. Gallen conducted a deep geothermal project that aimed to exploit energy for district heating and generating power. A few days after an injection test and two acid stimulations that caused only minor seismicity, a gas kick forced the operators to inject drilling mud to combat the kick. Subsequently, multiple earthquakes were induced on a fault several hundred meters away from the well, including a ML 3.5 event that was felt throughout the nearby population centers. Given the occurrence of a gas kick and a felt seismic sequence with low total injected fluid volumes (∼1200 m3), the St. Gallen deep geothermal project represents a particularly interesting case study of induced seismicity. Here, we first present a conceptual model based on seismic, borehole, and seismological data suggesting a hydraulic connection between the well and the fault. The overpressurized gas, which is assumed to be initially sealed by the fault, may have been released due to the stimulations before entering the well via the hydraulic connection. We test this hypothesis with a numerical model calibrated against the borehole pressure of the injection test. We successfully reproduce the gas kick and spatiotemporal characteristics of the main seismicity sequence following the well control operation. The results indicate that the gas may have destabilized the fault during and after the injection operations and could have enhanced the resulting seismicity. This study may have implications for future deep hydrothermal projects conducted in similar geological conditions with potentially overpressurized in-place gas.
Measuring hydraulic fracture apertures: a comparison of methods
Authors: Cheng Chaojie , Hale Sina , Milsch Harald , Blum Philipp
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Hydraulic fracture apertures predominantly control fluid transport in fractured rock masses. Hence, the objective of the current study is to investigate and compare three different laboratory scale methods to determine hydraulic apertures in fractured (Fontainebleau and Flechtinger) sandstone samples with negligible matrix permeability. Direct measurements were performed by using a flow-through apparatus and a transient-airflow permeameter. In addition, a microscope camera permitted to measure the mechanical fracture apertures from which the corresponding hydraulic apertures were indirectly derived by applying various empirical correlations. Single fractures in the sample cores were generated artificially either by axial splitting or by a saw cut resulting in hydraulic apertures that ranged between 8 μm and 66 μm. The transient-airflow permeameter shows accurate values in comparison to the flow-through derived results, in particular when repeated measurements along the full fracture width are performed. In this case, the derived hydraulic fracture apertures are in an excellent quantitative agreement. When hydraulic apertures are calculated indirectly from optically determined mechanical apertures using empirical equations, aperture differences between samples are merely reproduced qualitatively. Variations in hydraulic apertures as observed between methods are almost certainly related to differences in sampled fracture volume. Overall, using direct flow-through measurements as a reference, this study demonstrates the applicability of mobile methods to determine hydraulic fracture apertures at both the laboratory and outcrop scales.
Periodística como disciplina universitaria en España: una propuesta
Authors: López Pan Fernando , Rodríguez-Rodríguez Jorge , de Lorenzo-Rodríguez Ignacio
Published: May 2020

Las disciplinas dentro de las áreas de conocimiento son transversales y se configuran con las aportaciones de diferentes culturas y países. En el campo de los estudios sobre el periodismo (como en muchos otros), el ímpetu de las perspectivas de raíz anglosajona ha dejado en la penumbra otras aproximaciones e intentos. Aunque toda tradición, al menos en la cultura occidental, aparece entreverada con las demás, también presenta unas peculiaridades que enriquecen el debate. Este artículo se marca como objetivo dar a conocer la tradición hispanoamericana y, especialmente, la española en lo que se refiere a las reflexiones acerca de los estudios sobre el periodismo como disciplina universitaria. La preocupación por dotar al periodismo de un estatuto disciplinar ha estado siempre presente, pero, sobre todo, con el paso de las escuelas a las universidades. En ese paso, en ese gozne, España se caracteriza por haber generado una intensa y prolongada discusión acerca de los elementos que definen el periodismo como una disciplina de rango universitario. Ese debate apenas ha tenido lugar en Hispanoamérica. La metodología se basa en la revisión de la bibliografía publicada al respecto, con especial atención a la de los autores pioneros: Martínez Albertos, Núñez-Ladèveze y Casasús. Dada la relevancia que esa reflexión ha tenido España, se desarrolla con más detalle ese debate y se formula como conclusión una propuesta renovada que define la periodística y describe su objeto de estudio, sus ámbitos, su naturaleza multidisciplinar y las metodologías de investigación de las que se auxilia.
Disclosure of Social-Economic Value in the Social Enterprise. Stimuli from an Italian Multiple Case Study
Authors: Cosentino Antonietta
Published: May 2020

The growing interest in the financial, social and environmental sustainability of all organizations as a whole, as well as the growing sentiment for their responsibility towards the community, lead organizations to face the challenge of evaluating and communicating their non-financial performance through the social accounting. The issue assumes a peculiar meaning within social enterprises (SEs) aimed at pursuing the general interest. In these organizations, the disclosure of the value created for both internal and social stakeholder raises to rank of survival condition because the development, reputation and credibility of the SEs are closely linked to the institution's ability to reach and communicate externally the social value created. This work aims to highlight the peculiar resources of the SEs and demonstrate that, in most cases, they allow SEs to achieve financial sustainability. Social and economic value will be assessed and the share of income that cannot be distributed, regardless of the relevant regulatory provisions, will be emphasized. To achieve these goals, a multiple case study is used to measure the value added distributed to internal and external stakeholders by adapting Mook model to SEs. The results show that volunteering and donations contribute not only to the social value generated by SEs but to their economic sustainability as well, being considered as the engine of development of the economic system as a whole. This paper contributes to the literature by focusing on the contribution of liberalities and volunteering to consolidate the financial structure of the SE and to development of the economic system as a whole.
De vrijheden van vestiging en ondernemerschap en de preventieve toetsing van de a-grond door het UWV: is de toetsing in overeenstemming met AGET Iraklis?
Authors: Verburg L.G.
Published: May 2020

De vrijheden van vestiging en ondernemerschap en de preventieve toetsing van de a-grond door het UWV: is de toetsing in overeenstemming met AGET Iraklis?

Deze bijdrage onderzoekt de vraag of ons Nederlandse systeem van de preventieve toetsing door het UWV van ontslagen die het gevolg zijn van bedrijfseconomische omstandigheden als bedoeld in artikel 7:669 lid 3 sub a BW (de a-grond) in overeenstemming is met het Unierecht. Een nauwgezette analyse van de rechtspraak van het HvJ EU, waaronder in het bijzonder het AGET Iraklis-arrest uit 2016, wijst uit dat de aanwijzingen die het HvJ geeft omtrent de uitlegging van het Unierecht, in het bijzonder ten aanzien van de toepassing van de vrijheid van vestiging in samenhang met de vrijheid van ondernemerschap, repercussies hebben voor het Nederlandse systeem van de preventieve toetsing van ontslagen op de a-grond. De conclusie luidt dat de toetsing door het UWV van het besluit van de ondernemer dat de arbeidsplaats van een werknemer is vervallen door beëindiging van de werkzaamheden van de onderneming of structureel vervalt door maatregelen die om bedrijfseconomische redenen noodzakelijk zijn voor een doelmatige bedrijfsvoering, strijdig is met het Unierecht en daarom achterwege moet blijven. De oorzaak ligt bij het ontbreken van concrete, objectieve en controleerbare uitvoeringsbepalingen. De toetsing van de vervolgvraag betreffende de ontslagvolgorde lijkt wel te voldoen aan de eisen die voortvloeien uit de rechtspraak van het HvJ EU.
Trials in absentia of foreign terrorist fighters in the Netherlands and Belgium
Authors: Heij Zoë
Published: May 2020

Trials in absentia of foreign terrorist fighters in the Netherlands and Belgium

Judgements rendered in the accused’s absence form a special category of criminal judgements that undoubtedly do not provide for the same safeguards that would be in place when a judgement is rendered in the accused’s presence. Nonetheless, provided that strict conditions are adhered to, trials in absentia can be compatible with the accused’s right to be present. This article examines the standards that have been developed under international human rights law, providing for the normative framework, to see to what extent the trials in absentia of foreign terrorist fighters in the Netherlands and Belgium comply therewith. By pointing to analogies and contrasts, this article wishes to contribute to finding answers to this dilemma.
De WAMCA onder de loep genomen
Authors: Oving A.A.L.
Published: May 2020

De WAMCA onder de loep genomen

In maart 2019 heeft de Eerste Kamer de Wet afwikkeling massaschade in collectieve actie (WAMCA) aangenomen en per 1 januari 2020 is zij in werking getreden. In deze bijdrage bespreekt de auteur welke (procesrechtelijke) wijzigingen de WAMCA met zich brengt, en of de WAMCA de in de praktijk meest voorkomende knelpunten bij het afwikkelen van massaschade ondervangt.
Swedish context of the COVID-19 pandemic approach and problems of social services
Authors: Perliński Marek
Published: May 2020

The article presents the approach of the Swedish authorities and the community to the problem of coronavirus threat. It shows the specific nature of the activities of government and local institutions, different from that adopted in other EU countries, and resulting from the political system of Sweden, the government's prerogatives, and the high autonomy of local authorities.
Support for families with children during a pandemic – tasks and organization of the work of family assistants
Authors: Krasiejko Izabela
Published: May 2020

In March 2020, in Poland were introduced regulations to limit the spread of the new SARS-CoV-2. The restrictions apply to the everyday life of people, they refer to maintaining social distance, moving outside home and the functioning of institutions. Many companies and institutions introduced remote work. Trade is moving to online shopping. In the face of these changes, what should the profession of family assistant look like, which has the nature of social service and its work area has usually been the place of residence of the family? The answer to this question is presented in this study. It includes recommendations on the scope and organization of family assistants' activities during the pandemic.
The situation of employees of social assistance facilities during the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) coronavirus epidemic in Poland
Authors: Glac Wojciech , Zdebska Ewelina
Published: May 2020

The article is a presentation of the results of research conducted in Poland in April 2020, during the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus epidemic, on the situation of employees of the nursery homes. The research was conducted using an electronic survey method on a group of 160 (N = 160) employees. The aim of the study was to provide a preliminary and ongoing analysis of the work conditions of employees of social assistance facilities during the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic (COVID-19). The article also indicates the context of the legal situation in which the research was conducted, in relation to the administrative bodies taking actions under special provisions to secure the situation of employees and residents of the social assistance facility. As a result of the research, it was found that the majority of employees covered by the survey indicated deficiencies in personal protective equipment, as well as a situation of insecurity at work. The thesis about the necessity to take urgent legal and factual actions aimed at securing DPS employees in a way that guarantees their safety as much as possible, taking into account the obvious possibility of infection, which, however, by providing protection measures and performing procedures – may be limited.
On the rudiments and benefits of philanthropy in the perspective of cognitive research
Authors: Dziarnowska Wioletta
Published: May 2020

Past decades have shown an increase in interest in the phenomenon of morality, as well as its most sophisticated manifestations, which are philanthropic activities, in the field of cognitive science – a multidisciplinary research program of the mind and its role in intelligent behaviour. The article shows – applying the aforementioned perspective – that morality, along with all its altruistic expressions, is understood as the result of the biological evolution of the human race. It is based on various neuronal mechanisms responsible for the psychological processes that make up our moral mind, e.g. moral intuitions, moral emotions and moral reasoning. In recent years, issues related to charity have become one of the important subjects of cognitive research. In their light, it turned out, among others, that altruistic human inclinations, not only devoting one’s time, skills or money to help a person, but also support for more abstract ideas related to the common good are supported by various brain mechanisms strengthening our selfless motivations. It was concluded that the progress of scientific research on the relationship between the „moral brain” and the world in need of help would reveal the most effective ways of strengthening human philanthropic involvement and more effective impact of non-profit institutions.
Quantum Development Kit: Ambiente Open Source para Estudo de Computação Quântica
Authors: Camara Mateus Karvat , Postal Adriana
Published: May 2020

A Computação Quântica é uma área multidisciplinar que faz uso da Matemática, Física e Ciência da Computação, se valendo de conceitos com alto nível de complexidade em seus estudos. Tendo isso em vista, o presente trabalho busca elucidar os conceitos centrais dessa nova área do conhecimento, a fim de prover uma sólida base teórica a estudos posteriores acerca do tema. Os conceitos a serem estudados são: qubits, superposição, portas lógicas quânticas e circuitos quânticos. Visto que a implementação de tais conceitos se faz essencial a este estudo, o ambiente open source Quantum Development Kit será utilizado para analisar o comportamento de portas lógicas quânticas, qubits, da superposição de estados e do algoritmo de Grover. Este algoritmo receberá destaque em virtude do ganho significativo que ele apresenta em relação a algoritmos não quânticos que solucionam o mesmo problema.
Um Recorte da Produção Estatal de Software Livre no Brasil: Estudo de Caso de um Projeto de Software do Serviço Federal de Processamento de Dados
Authors: Lisboa Flávio Gomes da Silva , Beatriz Marilene Zazula
Published: May 2020

Este artigo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa interdisciplinar exploratória e descritiva sobre a construção de um software livre por uma empresa estatal de tecnologia da informação no Brasil. O estudo realizado se baseou em cinco pressupostos, que foram confrontados com os resultados de um estudo de caso envolvendo pesquisa documental e entrevistas com funcionários da empresa envolvidos na construção de um software dentro do período de vigência de um programa corporativo de incentivo ao uso e produção de software livre.