bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Challenges for the European SPA Management. Results of the ILIS Project
Authors: Bielański Mikołaj , Saari Susanna , Wilkońska Anna , Tuominen Telle , Mora Inma , Binder Daniel , Kendale Deborah , Thacker Harprit , Pluszyńska Agata , Adamski Paweł
Published: July 2011

Challenges for the European SPA Management. Results of the ILIS Project

Introduction.
The spa industry has been rapidly growing throughout Europe in recent years, which has led to an associated increase in educational demand in spa management. The aim of the study was to identify the most important needs for training and the most significant skills among the spa managers and their personnel throughout Europe. Moreover, it was to research the background of spas were the study had taken place.
Material and methods.
30 managers took part in semi structured interviews that used a pre-prepared questionnaire. The answers were analysed with Wilcoxon signed rank test and also the mean values were compared.
Results.
The needs for training and importance of skills vary from country to country but common areas of interest are: sales, marketing, quality and innovation management, legal regulations, operational and social skills. The complex character of answers to questionnaire was a result of different spa business models and differing domestic spa markets as well as variety of legal environments.
Conclusions.
Spa tourism creates a significant income among the other tourism disciplines since that further research is needed. Demands for the spa education differed accordingly to a stage of each country spa business development. Spa managers tend to express higher training needs for their employees than for themselves.
The Nunavut Court of Justice: An Example of Challenges and Alternatives for Communities and for the Administration of Justice
Authors: Clark Scott
Published: July 2011

The Nunavut Court of Justice, a superior court and the only unified criminal court in Canada, was established in 1999, coincident with the creation of Nunavut. One of the court's three main objectives has been to provide an efficient and accessible court structure capable of responding to the unique needs of Nunavut. The achievement of that goal is an ongoing process in light of challenges inherent in providing justice in Nunavut. The article considers delays and lengthy case processing times as one example reflecting the difficulties facing the court. The author argues that improvements have been made since 1999 but that ongoing problems with the implementation of organizational improvements in the areas of legal aid services, the Inuit court worker program, and the justice of the peace program mean that the court's original objectives are not being completely met. Reasons for the gaps are examined, including perennial funding shortages for Nunavut's justice programs. The Nunavut Court is also seen as representative of broader challenges for the mainstream justice system in engaging with Inuit communities and culture. Fundamental problems resulting from the historical and ongoing marginalization of Inuit in Nunavut contribute to problems with the administration of justice. The author argues for increased movement toward true community-based justice alternatives, not to the exclusion of the mainstream system but in an effective intersection with it.
A Review of Introducing Issues with Opposing Viewpoints: Animal Rights. By Lauri S. Friedman. Greenhaven Press: Farmington Hills, MI, USA, 2010; Hardcover, 144 pp; Price:33.58; ISBN: 978-0737749373
Authors: Markowitz Lee J.
Published: July 2011

Given the volatile nature of animal rights issues and the extensive array of writings on the topic, one might expect several introductory anthologies to be available. The only anthologies in print, however, are scholarly tomes (listed below) geared towards more advanced readers. Fortunately, Lauri S. Friedman, author of dozens of anthologies on controversial topics such as gun control, national security, terrorism, fast food, sexually transmitted diseases, and many other topics, fills this void well with her volume titled Introducing Issues with Opposing Viewpoints: Animal Rights. She has included articles by influential authors in a diverse range of lay outlets such as The Wall Street Journal, Slate, Guardian, Christianity Today, Food & Wine, among others. Below, I describe the contents of the book, its strengths and weaknesses, and how educators might use the book in classroom settings.
Using Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) to Explore Spatial Varying Relationships of Immature Mosquitoes and Human Densities with the Incidence of Dengue
Authors: Lin Chia-Hsien , Wen Tzai-Hung
Published: July 2011

The only way for dengue to spread in the human population is through the human-mosquito-human cycle. Most research in this field discusses the dengue-mosquito or dengue-human relationships over a particular study area, but few have explored the local spatial variations of dengue-mosquito and dengue-human relationships within a study area. This study examined whether spatial heterogeneity exists in these relationships. We used Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) models to analyze spatial relationships and identify the geographical heterogeneities by using the information of entomology and dengue cases in the cities of Kaohsiung and Fengshan in 2002. Our findings indicate that dengue-mosquito and dengue-human relationships were significantly spatially non-stationary. This means that in some areas higher dengue incidences were associated with higher vector/host densities, but in some areas higher incidences were related to lower vector/host densities. We demonstrated that a GWR model can be used to geographically differentiate the relationships of dengue incidence with immature mosquito and human densities. This study provides more insights into spatial targeting of intervention and control programs against dengue outbreaks within the study areas.
Long-Term γ-Hydroxybutyric Acid (GHB) and Disulfiram Combination Therapy in GHB Treatment-Resistant Chronic Alcoholics
Authors: Maremmani Angelo Giovanni Icro , Pani Pier Paolo , Rovai Luca , Pacini Matteo , Dell’Osso Liliana , Maremmani Icro
Published: July 2011

Leading Italian studies support the use of γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), not only in the treatment of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome, but also in maintaining alcohol abstinence. GHB gives a better result than naltrexone and disulfiram in maintaining abstinence, and it has a better effect on craving than placebo or disulfiram. The problem is that about 30–40% of alcoholics are non-responders to GHB therapy. In our clinical practice, we speculate that by combining disulfiram with GHB treatment we may be able to achieve a kind of ‘antagonist’ effect by using the ‘psychological threat’ of disulfiram (adversative effect) while taking advantage of the anticraving effect of GHB, despite the limitation of its ‘non-blockade’ effect on alcohol. In this context, to improve the outcome in GHB long-term treated alcoholics, we added disulfiram to GHB in the management of GHB treatment-resistant alcoholics. In this study we compared retention in treatment of 52 patients who were treated with the GHB-disulfiram combination for up to six months, with retention for the same subjects considering their most recent unsuccessful outpatient long-term treatment with GHB only. An additional comparison was carried out on the days of complete abstention from alcohol. Thirty four patients (65.4%) successfully completed the protocol and were considered to be responders; 18 (34.6%) left the programme, and were considered to be non-responders. Considering the days of complete abstinence from alcohol, 36 patients stayed in treatment longer with the GHB-Disulfiram combination, 12 stayed for a shorter time and four for the same time. The results of this study seem to indicate a higher efficacy of the GHB-disulfiram association compared with GHB alone. Randomized controlled trials are now needed to verify this hypothesis.
Genetic Diversity and Differentiation of the Orange-Spotted Grouper (Epinephelus coioides) Between and Within Cultured Stocks and Wild Populations Inferred from Microsatellite DNA Analysis
Authors: Wang Le , Meng Zining , Liu Xiaochun , Zhang Yong , Lin Haoran
Published: July 2011

In the present study, we employed microsatellite DNA markers to analyze the genetic diversity and differentiation between and within cultured stocks and wild populations of the orange-spotted grouper originating from the South China Sea and Southeast Asia. Compared to wild populations, genetic changes including reduced genetic diversity and significant differentiation have taken place in cultured grouper stocks, as shown by allele richness and heterozygosity studies, pairwise Fst, structure, molecular variance analysis, as well as multidimensional scaling analysis. Although two geographically adjacent orange-spotted grouper populations in China showed negligible genetic divergence, significant population differentiation was observed in wild grouper populations distributed in a wide geographical area from China, through Malaysia to Indonesia. However, the Mantel test rejected the isolation-by-distance model of genetic structure, which indicated the genetic differentiation among the populations could result from the co-effects of various factors, such as historical dispersal, local environment, ocean currents, river flows and island blocks. Our results demonstrated that microsatellite markers could be suitable not only for genetic monitoring cultured stocks but also for revealing the population structuring of wild orange-spotted grouper populations. Meanwhile, our study provided important information for breeding programs, management of cultured stocks and conservation of wild populations of the orange-spotted grouper.
Influence of Surface Processing on the Biocompatibility of Titanium
Authors: Wirsching Kornelia , Lehle Karla , Jacob Peter , Gleich Otto , Strutz Jürgen , Kwok Pingling
Published: July 2011

Surface conditioning of titanium middle ear implants results in an improved biocompatibility, which can be characterized by the properties of fibroblasts cultured on conditioned surfaces. Titanium has been established as a favorable biomaterial in ossicular chain reconstruction. The epithelization of the surface of the implants is important for their integration and stable positioning in the middle ear. Mouse fibroblast cells were cultured on platelets made from pure Grade 2 titanium. Platelets that had been etched along their production process were compared to unetched platelets. The DNA in the cell nuclei was stained with DAPI and the actin filaments of the cytoskeleton were stained with FITC-conjugated phalloidin in order to analyze the cells grown on etched and unetched platelets by fluorescence microscopy. SEM (scanning electron microscopic) images were used to compare the surface structure of etched and unetched titanium platelets. There was a statistically significant increase of the area covered by the cytoplasm and increased actin expression by fibroblasts grown on the etched titanium platelets. In addition, the area of the platelets covered by nuclei on the etched platelets exceeded on average the one on unetched platelets, although this difference was not significant. The SEM pictures comparing unetched and etched titanium platelets showed a clear difference in surface structure. Surface conditioning of titanium implants improved the epithelization by fibroblasts and consequently etched titanium should be the preferred biomaterial for reconstructive middle ear surgery.
Licocalchone-C Extracted from Glycyrrhiza Glabra Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Interferon-γ Inflammation by Improving Antioxidant Conditions and Regulating Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression
Authors: Franceschelli Sara , Pesce Mirko , Vinciguerra Isabella , Ferrone Alessio , Riccioni Graziano , Antonia Patruno , Grilli Alfredo , Felaco Mario , Speranza Lorenza
Published: July 2011

The genus Glycyrrhiza consists of about 30 species, amoung these, G. glabra is the source of several phenolic compounds, known as flavonoids, such as licoagrodin, licoagrochalcones, licoagroaurone and licochalcone C, kanzonol Y, glyinflanin B and glycyrdione A, which have shown various pharmacological activities, including antitumor, antiparasitic, antileishmanial, anti-ulcer and antioxidative effects. Among these compounds, licochalcone C was isolated but its biology has not been fully examined. In our study we reproduced an inflammatory state by treating THP-1 (human myelomonocytic leukaemia) cells with pro-inflammatory stimuli, such as LPS and IFN-γ and we investigated the possible antioxidant activity of licochalcone C at a concentration of 50 μM. Our results show that treatment with licochalcone C attenuates the LPS-IFN-γ-induced inflammatory response by significantly decreasing the expression and activity of iNOS via NFκB (nuclear factor kappa-B), by influencing extracellular O2− production, and by modulating the antioxidant network activity of SOD (superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalase) and GPx (glutathione peroxidase) activity. Based on these results we hypothesize that Licochalcone C has antioxidant properties since it reduces the production of superoxide radicals and consequently reduces the activity of iNOS.
Pentamethylquercetin Improves Adiponectin Expression in Differentiated 3T3-L1 Cells via a Mechanism that Implicates PPARγ together with TNF-α and IL-6
Authors: Chen Lei , He Ting , Han Yi , Sheng Ji-Zhong , Jin Si , Jin Man-Wen
Published: July 2011

Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived hormone that plays a pivotal role in the regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism. Up-regulation of adiponectin expression and production has been shown to benefit for metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, etc. The present study investigated whether the novel polymethoxylated flavonoid pentamethylquercetin (PMQ), a member of polymethoxylated flavonoids family which is present in seabuckthorn (Hippophae L.) would affect adiponectin production in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. It was found that PMQ increased the adiponectin mRNA and protein expressions in adipocytes in time- and concentration-dependent manners. The PPARγ pathway plays a important roles in this effect of PMQ because blockade of PPARγ by GW9662 eliminates the PMQ-induced up-regulation of adiponectin expression. Furthermore, significant decreases of mRNA expression and secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 were also observed in PMQ-treated cells. Taken together, our study demonstrated that PMQ up-regulates adiponectin expression via a mechanism that implicates PPARγ together with TNF-α and IL-6, suggesting that PMQ might be a potential candidate for the treatment of metabolic diseases.
A Political End to a Pioneering Career: Marianne Beth and the Psychology of Religion
Authors: Belzen Jacob A.
Published: July 2011

Although forgotten in both Religionswissenschaft (the Science of Religion) and psychology, Marianne Beth (1880-1984), initially trained as a lawyer and already in 1928 called a “leading European woman”, must be considered as one of the female pioneers of these fields. She has been active especially in the psychology of religion, a field in which she, together with her husband Karl Beth, founded a research institute, an international organization and a journal. In 1932, the Beths organized in Vienna (where Karl was a professor) the largest conference ever in the history of the psychology of religion. Because of her Jewish descent, Marianne Beth fled to the USA when Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in 1938. This brought an abrupt end to her career as researcher and writer. The article reconstructs Marianne Beth’s path into psychology, analyzes some of her work and puts her achievements in an international perspective.
Photorealistic Building Reconstruction from Mobile Laser Scanning Data
Authors: Zhu Lingli , Hyyppä Juha , Kukko Antero , Kaartinen Harri , Chen Ruizhi
Published: July 2011

Nowadays, advanced real-time visualization for location-based applications, such as vehicle navigation or mobile phone navigation, requires large scale 3D reconstruction of street scenes. This paper presents methods for generating photorealistic 3D city models from raw mobile laser scanning data, which only contain georeferenced XYZ coordinates of points, to enable the use of photorealistic models in a mobile phone for personal navigation. The main focus is on the automated processing algorithms for noise point filtering, ground and building point classification, detection of planar surfaces, and on the key points (e.g., corners) of building derivation. The test site is located in the Tapiola area, Espoo, Finland. It is an area of commercial buildings, including shopping centers, banks, government agencies, bookstores, and high-rise residential buildings, with the tallest building being 45 m in height. Buildings were extracted by comparing the overlaps of X and Y coordinates of the point clouds between the cutoff-boxes at different and transforming the top-view of the point clouds of each overlap into a binary image and applying standard image processing technology to remove the non-building points, and finally transforming this image back into point clouds. The purpose for using points from cutoff-boxes instead of all points for building detection is to reduce the influence of tree points close to the building facades on building extraction. This method can also be extended to transform point clouds in different views into binary images for various other object extractions. In order to ensure the building geometry completeness, manual check and correction are needed after the key points of building derivation by automated algorithms. As our goal is to obtain photorealistic 3D models for walk-through views, terrestrial images were captured and used for texturing building facades. Currently, fully automatic generation of high quality 3D models is still challenging due to occlusions in both the laser and image data and due to significant illumination changes between the images. Especially when the scene contains both trees and vehicles, fully automated methods cannot achieve satisfactory visual appearance. In our approach, we employed the existing software for texture preparation and mapping.
Energy Efficient In-network RFID Data Filtering Scheme in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Bashir Ali Kashif , Lim Se-Jung , Hussain Chauhdary Sajjad , Park Myong-Soon
Published: July 2011

RFID (Radio frequency identification) and wireless sensor networks are backbone technologies for pervasive environments. In integration of RFID and WSN, RFID data uses WSN protocols for multi-hop communications. Energy is a critical issue in WSNs; however, RFID data contains a lot of duplication. These duplications can be eliminated at the base station, but unnecessary transmissions of duplicate data within the network still occurs, which consumes nodes’ energy and affects network lifetime. In this paper, we propose an in-network RFID data filtering scheme that efficiently eliminates the duplicate data. For this we use a clustering mechanism where cluster heads eliminate duplicate data and forward filtered data towards the base station. Simulation results prove that our approach saves considerable amounts of energy in terms of communication and computational cost, compared to existing filtering schemes.
An Asynchronous Multi-Sensor Micro Control Unit for Wireless Body Sensor Networks (WBSNs)
Authors: Chen Chiung-An , Chen Shih-Lun , Huang Hong-Yi , Luo Ching-Hsing
Published: July 2011

In this work, an asynchronous multi-sensor micro control unit (MCU) core is proposed for wireless body sensor networks (WBSNs). It consists of asynchronous interfaces, a power management unit, a multi-sensor controller, a data encoder (DE), and an error correct coder (ECC). To improve the system performance and expansion abilities, the asynchronous interface is created for handshaking different clock domains between ADC and RF with MCU. To increase the use time of the WBSN system, a power management technique is developed for reducing power consumption. In addition, the multi-sensor controller is designed for detecting various biomedical signals. To prevent loss error from wireless transmission, use of an error correct coding technique is important in biomedical applications. The data encoder is added for lossless compression of various biomedical signals with a compression ratio of almost three. This design is successfully tested on a FPGA board. The VLSI architecture of this work contains 2.68-K gate counts and consumes power 496-μW at 133-MHz processing rate by using TSMC 0.13-μm CMOS process. Compared with the previous techniques, this work offers higher performance, more functions, and lower hardware cost than other micro controller designs.
Limiting Size of Fish Fillets at the Center of the Plate Improves the Sustainability of Aquaculture Production
Authors: Tlusty Michael F. , Hardy Ronald , Cross Stephen F.
Published: July 2011

North American dining customers like to have a singular large piece of protein in the center of the plate. When fish is the protein of choice, the portion size from many species is limited by the overall size of the fish. Therefore, for these species, the means to achieve a singular larger portion of “center of the plate” protein is to grow a larger animal. However, fish become less efficient in converting feed to protein as they age. A second option would be to provide two smaller fillets originating from younger, more efficient fish. Here, the sustainability ramifications of these two protein provisioning strategies (single large or two small fillets) are considered for three species of fish produced in aquaculture. Growth data for channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) produced in ponds, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in raceways, and sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) in marine net pens, were modeled to assess the total biomass and overall food conversion ratio for the production of small, medium or large fish. The production of small fish added an additional 50% or more biomass per year for trout, catfish, and sablefish compared to the production of large fish. Feed conversion ratios were also improved by nearly 10% for the smaller compared to larger fish of each species. Thus, even though all of these species tend to be considered aquaculture species of low environmental impact (and hence “green” or sustainable options), the product form requested by retailers and served by chefs can further increase the sustainability of these species.
Du français comme “droit” au français comme “valeur ajoutée” : de la politique à l'économique au Canada.
Authors: Heller Monica
Published: July 2011

Résumé Le discours sur la langue a beaucoup évolué au Canada. Longtemps pensée comme un aspect parmi d’autres des critères de distinction entre groupes culturels ou « raciaux », distinction servant de principe de stratification sociale dans l’économie coloniale canadienne, la langue devient le terrain central de lutte contre la marginalisation économique chez les francophones au milieu du XXe siècle. Les revendications nationalistes québécoises ont fait du bilinguisme anglais-français une valeur centrale associée aux droits et aux obligations de la citoyenneté canadienne à partir des années 1960. Le français est traité comme un droit collectif. Ce discours existe toujours, surtout au sein des organismes étatiques québécois, mais à partir d’environ 1990, il est remplacé autant dans le discours gouvernemental fédéral, dans le milieu associatif de la francophonie des autres provinces canadiennes, qu’au sein d’une partie de la population québécoise, par un discours insistant sur le poids économique du marché francophone, sur la valeur du français et de l’authenticité culturelle francophone perçus comme biens d’échange sur le marché de la nouvelle économie mondialisée, et sur le développement économique des collectivités francophones. Dans cet article, je fournis une description de ce changement discursif à partir d’exemples tirés d’une ethnographie visant les espaces discursifs institutionnalisés au centre de la production de discours sur la francophonie au Canada. Je termine en soulevant des questions concernant ce que ce changement peut vouloir dire pour la reproduction de la catégorie « francophone » conçue en tant qu’élément de l’organisation de la division du travail au Canada.
La langue romani : une fiction historique
Authors: Canut Cécile
Published: July 2011

Résumé Pendant longtemps les diverses populations nommées, selon leurs histoires et leurs trajectoires, Bohémiens, Égyptiens, Tsiganes, Romanichels, Roms, Sinti, etc., ont parcouru de nombreux continents sans se soucier de l’origine commune de leur langue. L’émergence des États-nations et par contrecoup le rejet dont ils firent l’objet entraîna une prise de position d’un petit nombre d’intellectuels désireux de revendiquer une place politique. Sans territoire, sans religion unique, sans homogénéité culturelle ou ethnique, la nouvelle minorité s’est imposée dans l’espace international par le biais d’une réoriginisation de la langue commune. Cet article retrace le processus historique d’essentialisation linguistique à travers l’étude de la circulation des discours autour de la romani ib dans le dessein d’analyser les instrumentalisations politique et économique qui en résultent actuellement.
Néolibéralisme, inégalités sociales et plurilinguisme : l'exploitation des ressources langagières et des locuteurs
Authors: Duchêne Alexandre
Published: July 2011

Résumé L’objectif de cet article est de mettre en évidence la manière dont le plurilinguisme émerge comme une valeur marchande au sein de la nouvelle économie globalisée. Plus spécifiquement,  cet article cherche à explorer les liens entre les structures de marché du néo-libéralisme, mais aussi les idéologies et les pratiques du capitalisme tardif, et les formes de valorisation et de dévalorisation des langues et des locuteurs. Pour ce faire, je m’appuierai sur une ethnographie d’une compagnie de gestion des passagers et des bagages située dans un aéroport international en Suisse. Je montrerai la manière dont ces institutions de pouvoir “exploitent” les compétences langagières de leurs employé-e-s les moins qualifié-e-s à des fins de productivité et de flexibilité. Je mettrai en évidence comment les compétences langagières des migrants en particulier constituent un atout dans les processus de recrutement, mais aussi et surtout comment ces compétences se trouvent utilisées par ces entreprises, sans que les producteurs de ces ressources (à savoir les travailleurs/travailleuses) n’en retirent de bénéfices, que ce soit en termes salarial ou de mobilité professionnelle. Cette étude me conduira à poser l’argument que le plurilinguisme émerge alors comme une composante centrale de la productivité, mais aussi de la flexibilité des espaces de travail. Qu’au lieu d’être diabolisé, le plurilinguisme est fondamentalement reconnu comme un apport pour l’entreprise, mais – et ceci s’avère fondamental – qu’il profite avant tout aux institutions de pouvoir lorsque celles-ci y trouvent un intérêt économique.
La construction langagière de la « vérité » judiciaire par les experts psychiatres et les magistrats
Authors: Saetta Sébastien
Published: July 2011

Résumé Cet article rend compte d’un travail sur des archives judi-ciaires réalisé dans le cadre d’une recherche sur le rôle de l’expert psychiatre dans des affaires de crimes. Dans un pre-mier temps, il restitue le cheminement de recherche ayant conduit à appréhender la justice et l’expertise “en train de se dire”, et à analyser le dossier judiciaire à la lumière de la problématique de l’énonciation. Dans un second temps, il propose une esquisse d’analyse des documents retenus. Dans la mesure où la restitution des propos d’autrui est une opération centrale du processus judiciaire, il est nécessaire d’observer la façon dont experts et magistrats mettent en forme les propos d’autrui, et de montrer de quelle façon le langage participe à la construction de la “vérité” judiciaire. Dans la mesure où l’acte de juger repose en grande partie sur la prise en compte des paroles des uns et des autres, on ne peut faire l’impasse sur la mise en évidence des procédés langagiers par lesquels les acteurs restituent ce qui a été dit.
Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty in Uncontrolled Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma
Authors: Goldenfeld Modi , Geyer Orna , Segev Eitan , Kaplan-Messas Audrey , Melamed Shlomo
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To assess the efficacy and safety of selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) in uncontrolled pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PEXG).

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Fifty-seven eyes (57 patients) with uncontrolled PEXG and intra-ocular pressure (IOP) greater than 23 mm Hg underwent SLT. All received ophthalmic evaluation preoperatively and at intervals postoperatively. IOP was measured at 1 hour, 1 day, 1 week, and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. During follow-up, patients were treated with topical anti-glaucoma medications as necessary.

RESULTS:

One year postoperatively, mean IOP in all patients decreased from 26.01 ± 2.5 to 17.8 ± 2.8 mm Hg (31.5%;
P
< .001). Mean medications per patient decreased from 2.8 to 2.3. Complications included conjunctival redness and infection within 1 day postoperatively in 30 eyes (67%). One hour after SLT treatment, an increase in IOP greater than 5 mm Hg was detected in two eyes (3.5%) and resolved within 24 hours with topical medication.

CONCLUSION:

SLT is safe and effective in patients with PEXG.
Ocular Surface Changes After Lateral Rectus Muscle Recession
Authors: Jeon Sohee , Park Shin Hae , Choi Jun-Sub , Shin Sun Young
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate the changes in the integrated ocular surface/lacrimal gland unit after strabismus surgery.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

The authors prospectively studied 23 patients undergoing lateral rectus muscle recession via fornix incision. At 1 week preoperatively and 1, 2, 3, and 4 months postoperatively, McMonnies’ dry eye questionnaire, corneal fluorescein staining, corneal and conjunctival sensitivity with an esthesiometer, tear film break-up time, Schirmer I test, and impression cytology were performed. Impression cytology was performed in the inferotemporal and superotemporal bulbar conjunctiva and the goblet cell density (GCD) was measured.

RESULTS:

McMonnies’ dry eye questionnaire scores increased significantly after surgery (
P
< .05 at 7 days and 1, 2, and 3 months) and returned to baseline at 4 months postoperatively. A temporary increase in corneal staining was observed, but it returned to baseline by 2 months. The tear film break-up time score was decreased at 1 week postoperatively and recovered slowly, but did not return to normal by 4 months. GCD in the inferotemporal area was significantly decreased until 2 months postoperatively.

CONCLUSION:

Tear film instability resulted from GCD depletion and conjunctival sensitivity could be one of the causative factors of ocular irritation symptoms after strabismus surgery. The ocular surface parameters returned to baseline at 4 months postoperatively.
Artisan ou artiste ? La carrière de Pierre Eskrich, brodeur, peintre et graveur, dans les milieux humanistes de Lyon et Genève (ca 1550-1580)
Authors: Selbach Vanessa
Published: July 2011

Pierre Eskrich, maître brodeur converti à la religion réformée, a été très lié aux milieux humanistes et au monde de l’imprimerie à Lyon, avant de s’installer à Genève. Il réalise de très nombreuses gravures, protestantes mais aussi catholiques, avec un souci artistique et un goût pour les sciences inhabituels à l’époque.
Jacob Spon et les arts : un savant protestant dans la République des Lettres
Authors: Moreau Yves
Published: July 2011

Le médecin protestant Jacob Spon est un des plus grands antiquaires français du XVIIe siècle. Passionné par l’architecture, la sculpture et les médailles, plus que par les autres arts, admirateur de l’Antiquité, il partage ses découvertes au sein de la République des Lettres. L’art, pour lui, doit élever à la connaissance et à la vérité et peut donc servir à la controverse religieuse. Pour cela, il définit et utilise une nouvelle méthode empirique, en faisant de l’archéologie une science de terrain.
La Transfiguration, un tableau protestant ? Athanase Coquerel regarde Raphaël
Authors: Guicharnaud Hélène
Published: July 2011

La Transfiguration, tableau controversé de Raphaël au XIXe siècle après avoir été beaucoup admiré, est considéré comme un chef d’œuvre par Athanase Coquerel, qui voit en lui un commentaire libre de la Bible. Seule la figure du Christ est critiquée, parce qu’on ne peut pas représenter Dieu.
Les temples protestants réformés aux xixe et xxe siècles
Authors: Reymond Bernard
Published: July 2011

Les temples de la première moitié du XIXe siècle ont adopté le style néo-classique, rappelant les bâtiments officiels et l’Antiquité. Vient ensuite, sous le second Empire, le style néo-gothique, moins bien adapté au culte. La fin du siècle voit un style plus composite. Au XXe siècle les images figuratives commencent à apparaître et les temples les plus récents adoptent quelquefois une architecture très originale.
Les avis des membres du Conseil des Bâtiments civils relatifs aux constructions de temples protestants et à leur esthétique (XIXe siècle)
Authors: Souchon Cécile
Published: July 2011

Le Conseil des Bâtiments Civils, créé en 1795, donne un avis sur les projets de construction de temples. On constate que beaucoup de projets sont médiocres. Mais les membres du comité bannissent également les décorations, ne voyant les temples que comme des auditoires, ce qui explique l’aspect très simple, sans grande ornementation, de la plupart des temples.
Modulation of Inflammasome Pathways by Bacterial and Viral Pathogens
Authors: Lamkanfi Mohamed , Dixit Vishva M.
Published: July 2011

Inflammasomes are emerging as key regulators of the host response against microbial pathogens. These cytosolic multiprotein complexes recruit and activate the cysteine protease caspase-1 when microbes invade sterile tissues or elicit cellular damage. Inflammasome-activated caspase-1 induces inflammation by cleaving the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 into their biologically active forms and by releasing the alarmin HMGB1 into the extracellular milieu. Additionally, inflammasomes counter bacterial replication and clear infected immune cells through an inflammatory cell death program termed pyroptosis. As a countermeasure, bacterial and viral pathogens evolved virulence factors to antagonize inflammasome pathways. In this review, we discuss recent progress on how inflammasomes contribute to host defense against bacterial and viral pathogens, and we review how viruses and bacteria modulate inflammasome function to their benefit.
Introduction - Les enfants à haut potentiel : comment les identifier, les caractériser et les éduquer ?
Authors: Grégoire Jacques
Published: July 2011

Résumé Depuis une dizaine d’années, les enfants à haut potentiel retiennent l’attention des médias. Cette situation contraste avec le peu de recherches scientifiques consacrées à ces mêmes enfants. Pourtant, les questions relatives au haut potentiel qui mériteraient des études rigoureuses sont nombreuses. Ces questions peuvent être rangées en quatre catégories. La première concerne l’identification du haut potentiel. Les nouveaux tests d’intelligence et les modèles récents du haut potentiel ont en effet remis en question la référence au seul critère du QI. Un second ensemble de questions a trait à la compréhension même du haut potentiel et de son développement : quels sont les facteurs favorisant ou entravant le déploiement de potentialités exceptionnelles ? Une troisième catégorie de questions a trait aux caractéristiques psychologiques, relationnelles et scolaires qui y sont associées. Enfin, une quatrième catégorie concerne l’éducation des enfants à haut potentiel, les actions éducatives les plus pertinentes et leur degré d’efficacité.
Introduction - Des gestes, des mimiques et des mots pour dire, apprendre et comprendre
Authors: Guidetti Michèle
Published: July 2011

Résumé La multimodalité de la communication renvoie aux différentes modalités expressives et non-verbales qui permettent de communiquer avec autrui ; ainsi, gestes de la main et de la tête, mimiques faciales et regards complètent et/ou nuancent le message verbal. L’idée de considérer que le développement de la communication est multimodal est récente ; en effet, les progrès technologiques mais aussi une façon différente d’envisager des modèles relatifs au développement ou au fonctionnement de l’adulte ont permis de faire émerger de nouvelles questions de recherche et de nouveaux faits. Ainsi, les travaux réalisés au cours des vingt dernières années montrent que la prise en compte de la multimodalité permet d’accroître nos connaissances non seulement à propos du développement de la communication et du langage mais aussi à propos des mécanismes d’apprentissage sur autrui et sur le monde. L’objectif de ce numéro thématique d’ Enfance est de présenter des travaux réalisés par des spécialistes au plan international du domaine en provenance tant d’Europe francophone et anglophone que des États-Unis et du Canada. Les recherches présentées portent à la fois sur le développement typique et atypique et ont des retombées à la fois en termes de recherche fondamentale pour mieux comprendre le développement tant normal que troublé mais aussi en termes plus appliqués pour esquisser des pistes tant au niveau de l’évaluation que de la prise en charge des enfants avec troubles et handicaps du développement.
L’étude scientifique de l’adolescence : d’où venons-nous, où allons-nous ?
Authors: Claes Michel
Published: July 2011

Résumé Cet article entreprend une réflexion sur la conception contemporaine de l’adolescence dans le cours de l’existence humaine, en examinant l’évolution historique de la psychologie scientifique de l’adolescence depuis les premiers travaux de Stanley Hall qui ont profondément marqué la vision de l’adolescence au cours du XX e  siècle. Même si la seconde partie du XX e  siècle est caractérisée par l’émergence de grandes théories explicatives, c’est l’accumulation de travaux empiriques examinant des aspects spécifiques du développement qui a permis l’éclosion progressive de l’étude scientifique de la seconde décennie de l’existence comme champ spécifique. La psychologie de l’adolescence offre aujourd’hui un champ privilégié pour l’étude de questions clés qui logent au cœur du développement humain. En effet, les travaux récents ont permis diverses avancées théoriques qui ont mis l’accent sur la plasticité du développement humain et la nécessité d’aborder le développement dans une perspective qui prenne en compte les réalités génétiques, les particularités psychologiques individuelles et le contexte social et culturel.
La Russie dans la crise internationale 2008-2009 : un premier bilan
Authors: Sapir Jacques
Published: July 2011

La crise mondiale, dont les causes étaient complexes, a violemment frappé la Russie et particulièrement l’industrie manufacturière de la fin de 2008 à la fin de 2009. L’effondrement des cours des matières premières et, au premier chef, du pétrole – qui a été soudain mais également très court – ne semble pas pouvoir expliquer à lui seul la brutalité et la profondeur de la crise subie par la Russie. La politique monétaire menée par la Banque centrale, directement inspirée du « Nouveau consensus monétaire », semble y avoir joué un rôle beaucoup plus grand. La réaction erronée des autorités monétaires a provoqué un resserrement extrême du crédit qui a eu un effet négatif sur la consommation intérieure et a déstabilisé toute l’économie. Les mesures anti-crise, relativement efficaces, prises par le gouvernement ont certainement permis d’éviter le pire. Le modèle de développement de la Russie semble avoir été préservé. Toutefois, l’objectif de faire de Moscou une place financière de premier ordre et celui de reconstruire une base industrielle puissante sont plus contradictoires que jamais.
Les Violences ethniques de juin 2010 au Kirghizstan : l’identité manipulée.
Authors: Ferrando Olivier
Published: July 2011

Cet article analyse les causes et les enjeux des violences survenues au sud du Kirghizstan en juin 2010. Si le conflit a rapidement pris une tournure ethnique, son déclenchement fut lié au contexte politique et socioéconomique du pays, au lendemain du renversement du président Bakiev et à la veille d’un référendum constitutionnel visant à parlementariser la vie politique du Kirghizstan. C’est bien le lien complexe qui existe entre l’exercice du pouvoir politique et la lutte pour le contrôle des richesses économiques du pays qui permet d’expliquer la manipulation de l’ethnicité dans le but prémédité de déstabiliser le Kirghizstan.
Romanian migrants to Spain : In- or outside the migration networks – A matter of time?
Authors: Şerban Monica , Voicu Bogdan
Published: July 2011

La littérature sur la migration internationale a mis en avant le poids des réseaux sociaux dans le développement des processus migratoires. Les analyses portent le plus souvent sur la contribution des réseaux migratoires à l’émergence et au maintien des flux. En revanche, un moindre intérêt est prêté au rôle joué par les émigrants eux-mêmes dans le maintien de ces réseaux, dans lesquels ils s’impliquent une fois installés dans le pays d’accueil et fournissant un soutien aux nouveaux arrivants. Le présent article utilise des données issues d’une enquête réalisée en 2008 sur les Roumains de l’agglomération madrilène qui offrent un exemple parlant de migration récente stimulée par des réseaux sociaux. Nous utilisons des modèles de régression pour analyser les effets de facteurs individuels sur le comportement des émigrants en matière d’aide aux nouveaux migrants. L’article démontre qu’après une phase initiale d’essor de l’entraide au sein du réseau, l’allongement de la migration s’accompagne d’une diminution de l’aide aux arrivants, et ce même si les connections entre anciens et nouveaux arrivants sont maintenues. Cela se manifeste tant au niveau du capital matériel et humain que par différents indicateurs de sociabilité.
Scattering matrix and functions of self-adjoint operators
Authors: Pushnitski Alexander
Published: July 2011

In the scattering theory framework, we consider a pair of operators

H_0

,

H

. For a continuous function

\varphi

vanishing at infinity, we set

\varphi_\delta(\cdot)=\varphi(\cdot/\delta)

and study the spectrum of the difference

\varphi_\delta(H-\lambda)-\varphi_\delta(H_0-\lambda)

for

\delta\to0

. We prove that if

\lambda

is in the absolutely continuous spectrum of

H_0

and

H

, then the spectrum of this difference converges to a set that can be explicitly described in terms of (i) the eigenvalues of the scattering matrix

S(\lambda)

for the pair

H_0

,

H

and (ii) the singular values of the Hankel operator

H_\varphi

with the symbol

\varphi

.
Spectral properties of the discrete random displacement model
Authors: Nichols Roger , Stolz Günter
Published: July 2011

We investigate spectral properties of a discrete random displacement model, a Schrödinger operator on

\ell^2(\Bbb Z^d)

with potential generated by randomly displacing finitely supported single-site terms from the points of a sublattice of

\Bbb Z^d

. In particular, we characterize the upper and lower edges of the almost sure spectrum. For a one-dimensional model with Bernoulli distributed displacements, we can show that the integrated density of states has a

1/\log^2

-singularity at external as well as internal band edges.
Spectral asymptotics for Robin problems with a discontinuous coefficient
Authors: Grubb Gerd
Published: July 2011

The spectral behavior of the difference between the resolvents of two realizations of a second-order strongly elliptic symmetric differential operator

A

defined by different Robin conditions

\chi u=b_1\gamma_0u

and

\chi u=b_2\gamma_0u

, can in the case where all coefficients are

C^\infty

be determined by use of a general result by the author in 1984 on singular Green operators. We here treat the problem for nonsmooth

b_i

, showing that if

b_1

and

b_2

are in

L_\infty

, the s-numbers

s_j

satisfy

s_j j^{3/(n-1)}\le C

for all

j

. This improves a recent result for

A=-\Delta

by Behrndt et al., that

\sum_js_j ^p<\infty

for

p>(n-1)/3

, under a hypothesis of boundedness of

b_i^{-1}

. Moreover, we show that if

b_1

and

b_2

are in

C^\varepsilon

for some

\varepsilon >0

, with jumps at a smooth hypersurface, then

s_j j^{3/(n-1)}\to c

for

j\to \infty

, with a constant defined from the principal symbol of

A

and

b_2-b_1

. We also show that the usual principal spectral asymptotic estimate for pseudodifferential operators of negative order on a closed manifold extends to products of pseudodifferential operators of negative order interspersed with piecewise continuous functions.
Spectral properties of grain boundaries at small angles of rotation
Authors: Hempel Rainer , Kohlmann Martin
Published: July 2011

We study some spectral properties of a simple two-dimensional model for small angle defects in crystals and alloys. Starting from a periodic potential

V \colon \Bbb R^2 \to \Bbb R

, we let

V_\theta(x,y) = V(x,y)

in the right half-plane

\{ x \ge 0\}

and

V_\theta = V \circ M_{-\theta}

in the left half-plane

\{x < 0\}

, where

M_\theta \in \Bbb R^{2 \times 2}

is the usual matrix describing rotation of the coordinates in

\Bbb R^2

by an angle

\theta

. As a main result, it is shown that spectral gaps of the periodic Schrödinger operator

H_0 = -\Delta + V

fill with spectrum of

R_\theta = -\Delta + V_\theta

as

0 \ne \theta \to 0

. Moreover, we obtain upper and lower bounds for a quantity pertaining to an integrated density of states measure for the surface states.
A note on sign conventions in link Floer homology
Authors: Sarkar Sucharit
Published: July 2011

For knots in

S^3

, the bi-graded hat version of knot Floer homology is defined over

\mathbb{Z}

; however, for an

l

-component link

L

in

S^3

with

l>1

, there are

2^{l-1}

bi-graded hat versions of link Floer homology defined over

\mathbb{Z}

; the multi-graded hat version of link Floer homology, defined from holomorphic considerations, is only defined over

\mathbb{F}_2

; and there is a multi-graded version of link Floer homology defined over

\mathbb{Z}

using grid diagrams. In this short note, we try to address this issue, by extending the

\mathbb{F}_2

-valued multi-graded link Floer homology theory to

2^{l-1}

\mathbb{Z}

-valued theories. A grid diagram representing a link gives rise to a chain complex over

\mathbb{F}_2

, whose homology is related to the multi-graded hat version of link Floer homology of that link over

\mathbb{F}_2

. A sign refinement of the chain complex exists, and for knots, we establish that the sign refinement does indeed correspond to the sign assignment for the hat version of the knot Floer homology. For links, we create

2^{l-1}

sign assignments on the grid diagrams, and show that they are related to the

2^{l-1}

multi-graded hat versions of link Floer homology over

\mathbb{Z}

, and one of them corresponds to the existing sign refinement of the grid chain complex.
A quadrilateral in the Asaeda–Haagerup category
Authors: Asaeda Marta
Published: July 2011

We construct a noncommuting quadrilateral of factors whose upper sides are each the Asaeda–Haagerup subfactor with index

\frac{5+\sqrt{17}}{2}

by showing the existence of a

Q

-system in the Asaeda–Haagerup category with index

\frac{7+\sqrt{17}}{2}

. We also conjecture the existence of a Q-system in the same category with index

\frac{9+ \sqrt{17}}{2}

and an associated quadrilateral whose upper sides have index

\frac{7+\sqrt{17}}{2}

.