bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of mass spectroscopic techniques to elucidate the nature of the products of the oxidation of trimethylstibine in air
Authors: Craig P. J. , Forster S. A. , Jenkins R. O. , Lawson G. , Miller D. , Ostah N.
Published: August 2002

In view of the biological production of trimethylstibine ((CH3)3Sb) in the natural environment, the fate of this species when exposed to ambient oxygen has been studied. The results obtained show that the oxidation process leads to a complex series of products. Trimethylstibine oxide ((CH3)3SbO) and a range of cyclic and linear oligomers have been detected using positive ion electrospray and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization techniques and the mass spectroscopic (MS) features are discussed. Dimethyl antimony ((CH3)2Sb) species were not detected under the conditions used. The results from both MS techniques were similar. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cysteine enhances clastogenic activity of dimethylarsinic acid
Authors: Kitamura Mari , Kuroda Koichi , Endo Yoko , Endo Ginji
Published: August 2002

The effects of cysteine on dimethylarsinic acid (DMA)‐induced cytotoxicity and chromosomal aberration were studied using Chinese hamster V79 cells. The IC 50 of DMA, i.e. the concentration resulting in a 50% decrease in cell population of viable cells, was 130 µg ml−1 (0.94 mM), whereas that in the presence of 50 µg ml−1 (0.28 mM) cysteine was 20 µg ml−1 (0.14 mM). The mitotic index with co‐administration of 50 µg ml−1 (0.36 mM) DMA and 50 µg ml−1 cysteine was 1.4 times that with 50 µg ml−1 DMA alone. Whereas 82% of cells divided twice with 25 µg ml−1 (0.18 mM) DMA alone, most cells divided only once with co‐administration of 25 µg ml−1 DMA and 50 µg ml−1 cysteine. These results indicated that the increase in mitotic index by cysteine was due to enhancement of mitotic arrest by DMA. With co‐administration of 25 µg ml−1 DMA and 50 µg ml−1 cysteine, tetraploidy was 14.3% higher and fivefold by that with 25 µg ml−1 DMA only. Cysteine at 50 µg ml−1 enhanced induction of chromosomal aberrant cells by DMA. 100 µg ml−1 (0.72 mM) DMA induced 91% chromosomal aberrant cells in the presence of cysteine, and 12% in the absence of cysteine. Chromatid breaks and chromatid gaps were the most frequent types of aberration induced by co‐administration of DMA and cysteine or DMA alone. Co‐administration of DMA and cysteine produced many attenuated chromosomal figures. The attenuated chromosomal figures always had several chromatid gaps and chromatid breaks. Our findings may provide clues to arsenic carcinogenesis in humans. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A study on weld line morphology and mechanical strength of injection molded polystyrene/poly(methyl methacrylate) blends
Authors: Guo Shaoyun , Ait‐Kadi A.
Published: August 2002

In this work, the mechanical strength and weld line morphology of injection molded polystyrene/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS/PMMA) blends were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mechanical property test. The experimental results show that the tensile strength of PS/PMMA blends get greatly decreased due to the presence of the weld line. Although the tensile strength without the weld line of PS/PMMA (70/30) is much higher than that of the PS/PMMA (30/70) blend, their tensile strength with weld line shows reversed change. The viscosity ratio of dispersed phase over matrix is a very important parameter for control of weld‐line morphology of the immiscible polymer blend. In PS/PMMA (70/30) blend, the PMMA dispersed domains at the core of the weld line are spherically shaped, which is the same as bulk. While in the PS/PMMA (30/70) blend, the viscosity of the dispersed PS phase is lower than that of the PMMA matrix, the PS phase is absent at the weld line, and PS particles are highly oriented parallel to the weld line, which is a stress concentrator. This is why weld line strength of PS/PMMA (30/70) is lower than that of PS/PMMA (70/30) blend. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 1856–1865, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10450
Oligomeric benzoin photoinitiators
Authors: Kizilcan Nilgün , Akar Ahmet
Published: August 2002

Novel oligomeric photoinitiators were synthesised by reacting benzoin with isophorone diisocyanate‐terminated oligomers of dihydroxy‐terminated depolymerization products of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). PET was depolymerized by ethylene glycol (EG), hexylene glycol (HG), polyethylene glycol 10 000 (PEG), and α, ω‐dihydroxy poly(dimethyl siloxane)s (PDMS). Oligomeric photoinitiators were used as free radical initiators for polymerization of styrene and acrylonitrile. Formation of block copolymers was illustrated by several characterisation methods such as FTIR, 1H‐NMR, DSC, and GPC. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 500–508, 2002
High solids content emulsions. IV. Improved strategies for producing concentrated latices
Authors: Schneider M. , Graillat C. , Guyot A. , Betrémieux I. , McKenna T. F.
Published: August 2002

A new means of producing high solids content latices with low viscosity is presented. The replacement of water‐soluble initiators that decompose to give charged free radicals is shown to perturb the stability of highly concentrated latices. Their replacement by an oil‐soluble initiator during particle growth, then by an activated, water‐soluble system to remove residual monomer has been shown to help significantly reduce the number of stable particles generated by homogeneous nucleation. Latices with 73% (v/v) solids have been produced with a bimodal particle size distribution (PSD) consisting of 900 and 110 nm particles. The viscosity of these latices can be as low as 300 mPa s−1 at 20 s−1. Despite the presence of water‐soluble monomers, excellent control over the evolution of the PSD allows one to obtain highly reproducible results. In addition, latices produced with the new initiator system have a much lower water uptake and their viscosity is much less sensitive to changes in pH than is the case for latices produced using standard emulsion polymerization techniques. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 1935–1948, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10514
The effects of ultrasonic irradiation on the crystalline structures of nucleated polypropylene
Authors: Cao Yurong , Xiang Ming , Li Huilin
Published: August 2002

The effects of ultrasonic irradiation on crystallization behavior of polypropylene (PP)‐loaded fillers with nucleating activities, such as sodium benzoate, talc (P), talc (A), and mica, are examined. DSC and WAXD analyses demonstrate that the crystalline structure of PP is changed through ultrasonic vibration. Different nucleating systems have their own specific responses to ultrasound. In sodium benzoate‐added PP, β‐crystal appears when ultrasonic with an appropriate intensity was applied, which alters the growth of PP crystals and favors a special crystal transformation (α→β). On the other hand, ultrasonic does not induce β‐form in the talc or mica system, but prefers crystal growth of (040) plane. Based on the crystalline structure and structures of nucleating agents, the ultrasonic effects in determination of the crystalline preferential growth are analyzed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 1956–1961, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10516
Effects of a hindered phenol compound on the dynamic mechanical properties of chlorinated polyethylene, acrylic rubber, and their blend
Authors: Wu Chifei
Published: August 2002

The dynamic mechanical properties of binary hybrids of chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) and acrylic rubber (ACM) with 3,9‐bis{1,1‐dimethyl‐2[β‐(3‐tert‐butyl‐4‐ hydroxy‐5‐methylphenyl)propionyloxy]ethyl}‐2,4,8,10‐tetraoxaspiro[5,5]‐undecane (AO‐80) and their ternary hybrids were investigated. The addition of AO‐80 was successful in tailoring the damping profile. The ACM/AO‐80 hybrids show only one relaxation, which is larger than that of pure ACM, whereas for the CPE/AO‐80 hybrids, one novel relaxation appears above the glass‐transition temperature of CPE. In the case of CPE/AO‐80/ACM, a supramolecular network was formed by a crosslink due to hydrogen bonding. The replacement of a part of CPE by ACM increased the value in the middle of two peaks. The AO‐80 molecule, which is a bifunctional hydrogen‐bonding acceptor, was found to act as a compatibilizer. In addition, in such ternary hybrids, the tan δ value in the middle of the two peaks was found to be proportional to the slope of the E′ curve at an identical temperature. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 2468–2473, 2001
Copolymerization of 2‐(N‐phthalimido)ethyl methacrylate with glycidyl methacrylate: Synthesis, characterization, and monomer reactivity ratios
Authors: Senthilkumar U. , Balaji R. , Nanjundan S.
Published: August 2002

A phthalimido group containing methacrylate based monomer 2‐(N‐phthalimido)ethyl methacrylate (NPEMA) was synthesized by reacting 2‐(N‐phthalimido)ethanol (NPE) with methacryloyl chloride. NPE was prepared by reacting phthalic anhydride dissolved in dimethyl formamide (DMF) with ethanolamine. Homopolymer of NPEMA and copolymers of NPEMA and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) having various feed compositions were synthesized in methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) solution using benzoyl peroxide as an initiator at 70 ± 1°C. The polymers were characterized by IR and 1H‐NMR spectral studies. The composition of the copolymers was also determined by 1H‐NMR analysis. The reactivity ratios of the monomers were determined by the application of Fineman‐Ross and Kelen‐Tüdös methods. The molecular weights (M̄w and M̄n) and polydispersity index of the polymers were determined using gel permeation chromatography. Thermogravimetric analysis of the polymers was carried out in air and their thermal stability was studied. The solubility and intrinsic viscosity of the homo‐ and copolymers were also studied. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 96–103, 2001
Durable flame‐retardant treatment of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and PET/cotton blend using dichlorotribromophenyl phosphate as new flame retardant for polyester
Authors: Kim Yoo‐Hun , Jang Jinho , Song Kyong‐Geun , Lee Eui‐So , Ko Sohk‐Won
Published: August 2002

Dichlorotribromophenyl phosphate (DCTBPP) was synthesized via the reaction of tribromophenol and phosphorous oxychloride and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H‐NMR, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. To impart durable flame retardancy the poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fabric was treated with DCTBPP via pad–dry–thermosol fixation and the PET/cotton (50/50) blend fabric was treated with both DCTBPP and tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride (THPC)/urea precondensate via a two‐bath sequential treatment. The treated PET fabric's increased limiting oxygen index value was proportional to the increasing DCTBPP application level and showed self‐extinguishing properties at 8.1% add‐on, even after 50 washes. The blend fabric treated with 15% DCTBPP and 30% THPC/urea precondensate became self‐extinguishable and durable to 50 washes, and the treated fabric retained over 85% of its breaking strength without excessive stiffness. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 793–799, 2001
12‐crown‐4–ether and tri(ethylene glycol) dimethyl–ether plasma‐coated stainless steel surfaces and their ability to reduce bacterial biofilm deposition
Authors: Denes Agnes R. , Somers Eileen B. , Wong Amy C. L. , Denes Ferencz
Published: August 2002

It has been demonstrated that surfaces coated with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) are capable of reducing protein adsorption, bacterial attachment, and biofilm formation. In this communication cold‐plasma–enhanced processes were employed for the deposition of PEG‐like structures onto stainless steel surfaces. Stainless steel samples were coated under 1,4,7,10‐tetraoxacyclododecane (12‐crown‐4)–ether and tri(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether (triglyme)–radio frequency (RF)–plasma conditions. The chemistry and characteristics of plasma‐coated samples and biofilms were investigated using electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and water contact angle analysis. ESCA analysis indicated that the plasma modification resulted in the deposition of PEG‐like structures, built up mainly of –CH2CH2O– linkages. Plasma‐coated stainless steel surfaces were more hydrophilic and had lower surface roughness values compared to those of unmodified substrates. Compared to the unmodified surfaces, they not only significantly reduced bacterial attachment and biofilm formation in the presence of a mixed culture of Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas fluorescens but also influenced the chemical characteristics of the biofilm. Thus, plasma deposition of PEG‐like structures will be of use to the food‐processing and medical industries searching for new technologies to reduce bacterial contamination. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 3425–3438, 2001
Nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of polyoxymethylene/montmorillonite nanocomposite
Authors: Xu W. , Ge M. , He P.
Published: August 2002

The nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of polyoxymethylene (POM), polyoxymethylene/Na–montmorillonite (POM/Na–MMT), and polyoxymethylene/organic–montmorillonite (POM/organ–MMT) nanocomposites were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry at various cooling rates. The Avrami analysis modified by Jeziorny and a method developed by Mo were employed to describe the nonisothermal crystallization process of POM/Na–MMT and POM/organ–MMT nanocomposites. The difference in the values of the exponent n between POM and POM/montmorillonite nanocomposites suggests that the nonisothermal crystallization of POM/Na–MMT and POM/organ–MMT nanocomposites corresponds to a tridimensional growth with heterogeneous nucleation. The values of half‐time and the parameter Zc, which characterizes the kinetics of nonisothermal crystallization, show that the crystallization rate of either POM/Na–MMT or POM/organ–MMT nanocomposite is faster than that of virgin POM at a given cooling rate. The activation energies were evaluated by the Kissinger method and were 387.0, 330.3, and 328.6 kJ/mol for the nonisothermal crystallization of POM, POM/Na–MMT nanocomposite, and POM/organ–MMT nanocomposite, respectively. POM/montmorillonite nanocomposite can be as easily fabricated as the original polyoxymethylene, considering that the addition of montmorillonite, either Na–montmorillonite or organ–montmorillonite, may accelerate the overall nonisothermal crystallization process. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 2281–2289, 2001
Porcine enamel matrix derivative enhances trabecular bone regeneration during wound healing of injured rat femur
Authors: Kawana Fumi , Sawae Yoshiko , Sahara Takako , Tanaka Shinpei , Debari Kazuhiro , Shimizu Miho , Sasaki Takahisa
Published: August 2002

To elucidate the effects of enamel matrix derivative (EMD: Emdogain®) on bone regeneration in rat femurs after drill‐hole injury, defects in bone were filled with either EMD or its carrier, PGA, as control. On postoperative days 4 to 28, dissected femurs were examined by means of various morphological approaches. In both experimental groups, formation of trabecular bone, which was immunostained for bone sialoproteins (BSP), had occurred in the medullary cavities at cylindrical bone defects on Day 7 postoperatively. Cuboidal osteoblasts were clearly observed on these newly‐formed BSP‐positive bone trabeculae. On Days 7 and 14, many multinucleated giant cells, which strongly expressed cathepsin K, had appeared on these bone trabeculae, indicating active bone remodeling. In these bone trabeculae, Ca and P weight % and Ca/P ratio were similar to those of cortical bone, and there was no significant difference between the PGA‐ and EMD‐applied groups. Bone volume fraction of newly‐formed bone trabeculae on Day 7 postoperatively was significantly higher in the EMD‐applied group than in the PGA‐applied controls. Because of active bone remodeling and the marked decrease of bone volume, on Days 14 and 28 postoperatively, however, there was no longer a significant difference in trabecular bone volume fraction between the experimental groups. Our results suggest that EMD possesses an osteo‐promotive effect on bone and medullary regeneration during wound healing of injured long bones. Anat Rec 264:438–446, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development and maturation of taste buds of the palatal epithelium of the rat: Histological and immunohistochemical study
Authors: El‐Sharaby Ashraf , Ueda Katsura , Kurisu Kojiro , Wakisaka Satoshi
Published: August 2002

Palatal taste buds are intriguing partners in the mediation of taste behavior and their spatial distribution is functionally important for suckling behavior, especially in the neonatal life. Their prenatal development has not been previously elucidated in the rat, and the onset of their maturation remains rather controversial. We delineated the development and frequency distribution of the taste buds as well as the immunohistochemical expression of α‐gustducin, a G protein closely related to the transduction of taste stimuli, in the nasoincisor papilla (NIP) and soft palate (SP) from the embryonic day 17 (E17) till the postnatal day 70 (PN70). The main findings in the present study were the development of a substantial number of taste pores in the SP of fetal rats (60.3 ± 1.7 out of 122.8 ± 5.5; mean ± SD/animal at E19) and NIP of neonatal rats (9.8 ± 1.0 out of 44.8 ± 2.2 at PN4). α‐gustducin‐like immunoreactivity (‐LI) was not expressed in the pored taste buds of either prenatal or newborn rats. The earliest expression of α‐gustducin‐LI was demonstrated at PN1 in the SP (1.5 ± 0.5 cells/taste bud; mean ± SD) and at PN4 in the NIP (1.4 ± 0.5). By age the total counts of pored taste buds continuously increased and their morphological features became quite discernible. They became pear in shape, characterized by distinct pores, long subporal space, and longitudinally oriented cells. Around the second week, a remarkable transient decrease in the total number of taste buds was recorded in the oral epithelium of NIP and SP, which might be correlated with the changes of ingestive behaviors. The total counts of cells showing α‐gustducin‐LI per taste bud gradually increased till the end of our investigation (14.1 ± 2.7 in NIP and 12.4 ± 2.5 in SP at PN70). We conclude that substantial development of taste buds began prenatally in the SP, whereas most developed entirely postnatal in the NIP. The present study provides evidence that the existence of a taste pore which is considered an important criterion for the morphological maturation of taste buds is not enough for the onset of the taste transduction, which necessitates also mature taste cells. Moreover, the earlier maturation of palatal taste buds compared with the contiguous populations in the oral cavity evokes an evidence of their significant role in the transmission of gustatory information, especially in the early life of rat. Anat Rec 263:260–268, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stereological determination of the volume of the rat hemimandible tissues
Authors: Silva Miralva A.J. , Merzel José
Published: August 2002

Rodent incisors are useful models to study the development and behavior of dental and periodontal tissues. Some studies require three‐dimensional reconstructions of the tooth but none of the described methods yield actual volumetric data. Unlike the rat lower incisors the hemimandible can be easily isolated and its volume was determined by Cavalieri's geometrical principle. This method associated with point‐counting volumetry was used to calculate the volume of the structures found in that bone mainly those related to the lower incisor. For 172 g male rats the mean volume of the hemimandible was 182.7 mm3, statistically not different from 184.9 mm3 the mean volume of the same hemimandibles determined by Archimedes' principle. The coefficients of error (CE) of Cavalieri's estimates for the hemimandible, incisor as a whole (the tooth itself, odontogenic region and periodontium) and bone tissue were less than 0.04. For the incisor individual tissues the CEs were usually above 0.05, however their calculated volumes are probably not different from the actual ones. The data for incisors and their periodontal tissues and for bone, because of continuous growth of these structures, are meaningful only for rats of the same gender, strain and weight range. Anat Rec 263:255–259, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of magnetic and spectrometry methods in the detection of human activity in soils: a case study at the archaeological site of Kitros (Northern Greece)
Authors: Aidona E. V. , Sarris A. , Kondopoulou D. , Sanakis I.
Published: August 2002

In the present study the archaeological site of (Louloudies–Kitros) (northern Greece) is investigated by the use of magnetic and spectrometry geophysical methods. Soil samples were collected from several trenches within the archaeological site, as well as from radial traverses around kilns, which were used for glass production. Moreover, samples were collected from a long traverse, starting from the middle of the archaeological site and extending outside the site, in order to identify the limits of the settlement.

Measurements were successful in identifying the different occupation levels and the boundaries of the archaeological site. High values of magnetic susceptibility and iron oxide content correlated well with the periods of intense human activity. Around the kilns, the mean values of the magnetic susceptibility indicated the effect of the fire mechanism in the surrounding area and gave some first evidence concerning the use of the kilns. Comparison of the magnetic and chemical properties of the anthropogenic soils suggests that their enhancement may be used as an index for locating areas and features of archaeological interest.

Additionally, archaeomagnetic data have been obtained from a pottery and a glass kiln of the site. The magnetic directions (D = 355°, I = 62°, a95 = 3.6 and D = 356°, I = 51°, a95 = 2.3) were correlated to the reference curves compiled for Bulgaria and showed a satisfactory consistency for the declination, but the inclination values of the recorded magnetic field were divergent by about 10°. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnesium abnormalities of skeletal muscle in dermatomyositis and juvenile dermatomyositis
Authors: Niermann Kenneth J. , Olsen Nancy J. , Park Jane H.
Published: August 2002

Objective

To characterize abnormalities in magnesium levels in the muscles of patients with dermatomyositis (DM) and juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) and to evaluate the beneficial effects of prednisone and immunosuppressive therapy in elevating free magnesium (Mg2+) and ATP‐bound magnesium (Mg‐ATP).

Methods

The study groups consisted of 12 adult patients with DM and 10 juvenile patients with JDM. The 2 control groups were 11 normal adults and 6 healthy children. Levels of total ATP in the quadriceps muscles of the subjects were determined during rest, exercise, and recovery, using noninvasive P‐31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Concentrations of the biologically active free Mg2+ and the enzymatically active Mg‐ATP complex were determined from the spectroscopy data by calculation of the chemical shifts of the β‐phosphate peak of ATP.

Results

Mg‐ATP levels in DM and JDM myopathic muscles were at least 37% lower than those in normal muscles during rest, exercise, and recovery from exercise (P < 0.0005). Free Mg2+ levels were normal in DM and JDM myopathic muscles at rest, but were significantly lower than control values during exercise and recovery (P < 0.029 and P < 0.005 for DM and JDM, respectively). Prednisone and immunosuppressive therapy partially reversed the magnesium abnormalities, as evidenced by elevation of the levels of Mg‐ATP and free Mg2+.

Conclusion

Low levels of Mg‐ATP and free Mg2+ are concordant with weakness and fatigue observed in DM and JDM patients. Immunosuppressive therapy alleviates, in part, the magnesium deficits in the diseased muscles. Therefore, Mg‐ATP and free Mg2+ may play a significant role in the pathophysiology of these diseases.
Information technology and interests in scholarly communication: A discourse analysis
Authors: Jacobs Neil
Published: August 2002

Although technological determinism is an inadequate description of change, it remains common, if implicit, in much information science literature. Recent developments in science and technology studies offer a social constructivist alternative, in which technology is seen, not as autonomous, but as the result of interests. However, the stability of these interests can be argued to privilege social factors in the same way as technological determinism privileges technological factors. A second alternative is to shift to a relativist stance and analyze discourse as interaction, rather than as a neutral carrier of information, or communication. The focus of the discourse analyses of interview interactions presented in this article is on two aspects of discursive structure, the indexical category of “research,” and interest management, which refers to the ways that participants manage their own and others' stakes in particular accounts. The article concludes by noting how formal scholarly communication acts as a “category entitlement” in interviews, and how technological determinism works as a dilemma for this entitlement that participants (including researchers) negotiate at the very local level of their interactions and accounts.
A comparison of several time‐series models for assessing the value at risk of shares
Authors: Zucchini Walter , Neumann Kristin
Published: August 2002

The objective of this investigation was to assess the suitability of some standard time‐series models to perform a specific task in the context of recent change in banking regulations in Germany. The task is to estimate the value at risk (VaR) associated with financial assets on a daily basis. The procedure employed by the supervisory authorities to monitor whether a model used for this purpose adequately performs this task is outlined. Nine time‐series models were investigated using share prices from the Frankfurt Stock exchange. The models were compared in terms of criteria that are derived from the new regulations. The results are reported. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generalized dynamic linear models for financial time series
Authors: Campagnoli Patrizia , Muliere Pietro , Petrone Sonia
Published: August 2002

In this paper we consider a class of conditionally Gaussian state‐space models and discuss how they can provide a flexible and fairly simple tool for modelling financial time series, even in the presence of different components in the series, or of stochastic volatility. Estimation can be computed by recursive equations, which provide the optimal solution under rather mild assumptions. In more general models, the filter equations can still provide approximate solutions. We also discuss how some models traditionally employed for analysing financial time series can be regarded in the state‐space framework. Finally, we illustrate the models in two examples to real data sets. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Space efficient system for small animal, whole body microwave exposure at 1.6 GHz
Authors: Wilson Bary W. , Faraone Antonio , Sheen David , Swicord Mays , Park Walter , Morrissey Joseph , Creim Jeffrey , Anderson Larry E.
Published: August 2002

A space efficient, whole body microwave exposure system for unrestrained laboratory animals utilizing a flared parallel plate waveguide is described. The system comprises an Iridium wireless signal source, signal generator, power supply and amplifier (400 W), a coax to waveguide transition, an open ended, flared parallel plate waveguide, and animal exposure area with a dipole field sensing antenna. Across the waveguide aperture the system provides uniform exposure (±3 dB incident RF power density) for small animals (rats, mice or hamsters) in up to 18 standard cages for housing groups of animals. Overall system dimensions are 3.6 m (d)×2.4 m (w)×1.6 m (h). Operating at 1.62 GHz, the system provided average power density of 3.7 W/m2 in the cage area, resulting in a calculated whole body dose of 0.07 W/kg and a calculated average brain dose of 0.19 W/kg. Bioelectromagnetics 23:127–131, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Induction of primary root curvature in radish seedlings in a static magnetic field
Authors: Yano Akira , Hidaka Eiko , Fujiwara Kazuhiro , Iimoto Mitsuo
Published: August 2002

Primary roots of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seedlings were exposed to an inhomogeneous static magnetic field generated by a permanent magnet, during continuous rotation on a 0.06 rpm clinostat, thereby reducing the unilateral influence of gravity. The roots responded tropically to the static magnetic field with the tropism appearing to be negative. These roots responded significantly (P < 0.05) to the south pole of the magnet. The significant tropic response was found for a magnetic flux density of 13–68 mT, for a field gradient of 1.8–14.7 T/m, and for the product of magnetic field and field gradient of 0.023–1.0 T2/m. A small, but insignificant, response of the roots to the north pole has also been found. Bioelectromagnetics 22:194–199, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Environmental postmodernism and rehabilitation of the borderline of mental retardation
Authors: Jacobson John W.
Published: August 2002

The subculture of developmental disabilities services has embraced ideological perspectives from academia in general and from other service sectors, including, in recent years, the educational sector. Prevalent ideological and philosophical perspectives with growing influence within the professional literature and to a lesser degree, the practitioner community, include postmodernist and constructionist doctrine. These perspectives influence the depiction of utility of a wide variety of clinical and programmatic activities that typify services and, generally, impact upon decision making by policy makers, administrators, and possibly, to an important degree, by managers who influence events at the point of clinical and service contact. This article discusses the nature and character of these influences and the issues facing the field, centering on the act of classifying a person with mild mental retardation, as well as uncertainties regarding both the process and consequences of classification. Recommendations are made for an expanded but modified role for adaptive behavior assessment in this process. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temperature dependence of near‐IR excited Raman spectra of crystalline hen egg‐white lysozyme
Authors: Nara Masayuki , Sakamoto Akira , Yamamichi Junta , Tasumi Mitsuo
Published: August 2002

Near‐IR excited Raman spectroscopy was applied to examine the structural change of hen egg‐white lysozyme in tetragonal crystals at low temperatures. There was little difference found in the amide I and amide III regions between the spectra observed at 77 and 298 K, suggesting that the secondary structures of lysozyme were conserved in the temperature range from 77 to 298 K. Several bands arising from the protein side chains, particularly the methylene and phenylalanyl groups, showed significant changes in either intensity or bandwidth (or in both of them) on going from 77 to 298 K. Some of the spectral changes occurred gradually over the wide temperature range, and others occurred abruptly at around 200–240 K. The implications of these findings are discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 62: 168–172, 2001
Enzyme activation in organic solvents: Co‐lyophilization of subtilisin Carlsberg with methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin renders an enzyme catalyst more active than the cross‐linked enzyme crystals
Authors: Montañez‐Clemente Ileana , Alvira Edgardo , Macias Minedys , Ferrer Amaris , Fonceca Maricely , Rodriguez Jessica , Gonzalez Anicele , Barletta Gabriel
Published: August 2002

In this study we explored the efficiency of the additive methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (MβCD) to enhance the activity and enantioselectivity of the serine protease subtilisin Carlsberg in organic solvents. These two parameters, measured for different transesterification reactions and in several solvents, are compared with results obtained by using two additional preparations of the same enzyme: lyophilized powder and cross‐linked enzyme crystals (CLEC). The results suggest that co‐lyophilization of subtilisin with MβCD preserves the enzyme's active site tertiary structure rendering a highly active and enantioselective catalyst. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 78: 53–59, 2002; DOI 10.1002/bit.10182
Transduction rate constant as more reliable index quantifying efficiency of retroviral gene delivery
Authors: Kwon Young Jik , Peng Ching‐An
Published: August 2002

Although the efficiency of retrovirus‐mediated gene delivery can be enhanced by several physicochemical approaches reported (e.g., addition of polycations and spinoculation), systematic analysis of retroviral transduction combined with experimental data remains to be challenged. With the aid of a reasonable mathematical description of an experimental system, we can therefore predict and optimize the retroviral gene delivery on a quantitative basis of understanding. In this study, we formulated a mathematical model involved with diffusion, decay and uptake of retroviral vectors onto the target cells resided on a solid culture surface. The model was solved analytically by the Laplace transform method. The analytical solutions were then fitted with experimental data to compute two unknown parameters: concentration of infectious retrovirus and transduction rate constant. Our results showed that the concentration of infectious retrovirus determined by the titration method was approximately hundred‐fold lower than the one calculated by fitting experimental data with the mathematical solutions. More importantly, effects of polycation (i.e., Polybrene) on ex vivo retroviral transduction were illustrated in a quantitative way by estimating the transduction rate constant, which represents a more reliable parameter to determine the degree of transduction of a retroviral vector to a given target cell. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 668–677, 2002; DOI 10.1002/bit.10214
Effect of media composition on yield values of bacteria growing on binary and ternary substrate mixtures in continuous culture
Authors: Rudolph John M. , Grady C. P. Leslie
Published: August 2002

Pseudomonas aeruginosa 142 and a presumed variant were grown axenically in chemostats on salicylate/benzoate or salicylate/glucose binary feeds. Each substrate was supplied at 2, 10, 50, 90, 98, or 100% of the total energy flux. Two experiments were also run with ternary mixtures using the same substrates. Aliquots were transferred to fed‐batch reactors receiving the same substrates at the same specific rates as the chemostat, but with one substrate radiolabeled with 14C. Radiolabel incorporated into biomass, 14CO2, and soluble microbial products over a period of 8 minutes was used to establish the biomass yield, CO2 yield, and product yield, respectively, associated with a given substrate. The effect of the percent substrate in the feed on the yields depended on the pair of substrates supplied. When benzoate comprised 50% or more of the applied substrate in salicylate/benzoate feeds, the fraction of benzoate in the feed had a small effect on the yield values associated with benzoate. However, when benzoate constituted 2% or 10% of the feed, CO2 yields were lower, biomass yields were slightly lower, and product yields were higher. In contrast, the percent of salicylate in the feed had little effect on any of the salicylate yields for cells growing on the salicylate/benzoate feeds. When salicylate was mixed with glucose, the yields associated with salicylate behaved quite differently. Biomass and CO2 yields were lower and product yields higher when salicylate was 2% or 10% of the feed than when it was higher. In the same substrate mixtures, glucose‐based biomass yields were higher and CO2 yields were lower when glucose constituted 2% or 10% of the feed but were constant for higher percentages. The results suggest that the fate of a substrate is relatively independent of the feed composition as long as the substrate in question constitutes a significant percentage of the mixture. Thus, in those situations the assumption of a constant biomass yield in multicomponent substrate modeling is justified. However, when a given substrate constitutes a small percentage of the feed, significant changes in yield may occur. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 74: 396–405, 2001.
Replacing factor‐dependency with that for lysozyme: Affordable culture of IL‐6‐dependent hybridoma by transfecting artificial cell surface receptor
Authors: Kawahara Masahiro , Natsume Akito , Terada Satoshi , Kato Koichi , Tsumoto Kouhei , Kumagai Izumi , Miki Masao , Mahoney Walt , Ueda Hiroshi , Nagamune Teruyuki
Published: August 2002

Cytokines and growth factors are indispensable for the propagation and maintenance of factor‐dependent mammalian cells. However, cytokines are often so expensive that the use of factor‐dependent cells for industrial applications such as protein production is often not practical. Based on our previous design of a binary hen egg lysozyme (HEL)‐specific receptor composed of portions of the anti‐HEL antibody and the erythropoietin receptor, a new pair of chimeric receptors having the intracellular domain of gp130 were made and transfected to an interleukin‐6 (IL‐6)‐dependent hybridoma, 7TD1. The clone expressing the two new receptors showed clear HEL dose‐dependent cell growth and monoclonal antibody production in both serum‐based and serum‐free media without IL‐6. These results establish the feasibility of applying receptor design to tailor cells for the inexpensive induction of cell growth for the purpose of producing therapeutic products. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 74: 416–423, 2001.
Corporate environmental policy and abnormal stock price returns: An empirical investigation
Authors: Thomas Alison
Published: August 2002

This paper examines the correlation between the excess stock market returns and the adoption of an environmental protocol by companies. The underlying hypothesis that I test is whether evidence of the adoption of environmental policy, prosecution by an environmental agency or the routinized training of staff in environmental protocols, which proxies for the willingness of managers to invest for the long term, is associated with superior economic returns to shareholders. I find that both the adoption of an environmental policy and prosecution for breach of environment standards have significant explanatory power in an analysis of excess returns. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Internet use for corporate environmental reporting: current challenges—technical benefits—practical guidance
Authors: Isenmann Ralf , Lenz Christian
Published: August 2002

The huge opportunities of using the internet for corporate reporting are arranged in a comprehensive system of technical benefits. In order to give a tangible example and describe practical use thoroughly, the benefits are focused on environmental reporting but they can be transferred in major parts also to financial, social or sustainability reporting—seen as a currently emerging trend towards integrated financial, environmental and social reporting. In more detail, the system of internet‐specific benefits is illustrated by four main categories: benefits concerning the underlying purposes of publishing reports, benefits concerning the entire reporting process, benefits concerning the report contents and benefits concerning the report design. In terms of corporate reporting, professional internet use will enhance the way in which companies give information, communicate and manage their business internally and externally, benefiting all members involved that are reporting companies, addressed key target groups and other stakeholders such as standard setting institutions and benchmarking organizations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Black and white differences in the perception of justice
Authors: Wiley Deane C.
Published: August 2002

This study examined how African Americans and Whites view the justice system in the United States. Three hundred and eighteen research participants were recruited from the campus of a local community college. The research participants viewed one of four different videotaped scenarios depicting an interaction between a police officer and a motorist. The scenes were identical except that the race of the motorist and the officer were varied. After viewing the videotaped scenario, the research participants were asked to rate the interaction. The results indicated that African Americans and Whites view the delivery of justice very differently. African Americans judged the police officers to be less impartial and more prejudiced than Whites. It will be useful to further explore these issues to better understand the potential impact of these negative feelings on important justice matters. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Attorney–client trust among convicted criminal defendants: preliminary examination of the attorney–client trust scale
Authors: Boccaccini Marcus T. , Brodsky Stanley L.
Published: August 2002

The current study describes the development of the Attorney–Client Trust Scale (ACTS), a measure designed to assess a client's trust in his or her attorney. A sample of 307 male inmates completed the ACTS and provided information about their most recent case and attorney. Low ACTS scores were associated with having a court‐appointed attorney, going to trial, and receiving a lengthy prison sentence. High ACTS scores were related to satisfaction with sentences and attorneys. In addition, findings suggest that perceptions about attorneys' interpersonal skills were as important as perceptions about legal skills in forming opinions about overall lawyering ability. It is recommended that attorneys employ a well rounded assortment of interpersonal skills to foster their clients' trust and to make better use of the limited amount of time they have to spend with clients. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intercondylar shelf angle in adult black Malawian subjects
Authors: Igbigbi P.S. , Msamati B.C. , Ng'Ambi T.M.
Published: August 2002

In this study, we determined the intercondylar shelf angle of the femur in adult black Malawian subjects as measured in lateral radiographs of the knee joint. A total of 856 radiographs were used: 464 from men and 392 from women, aged 18–70 years. A goniometer measured the intercondylar shelf angle at the intersection between Blumensaat's line and a line drawn along the edge of the distal third of the femur parallel to the posterior cortex of the bone. The mean intercondylar shelf angle of 136.60° ± 5.90° in Malawians of both sexes was significantly different from 142.57° ± 5.86° for American subjects (P < 0.001), as given by Craig (1995, J. Forensic Sci. 40:777–782), but the level of statistical significance between black Malawian females and black American females was at P < 0.01. Using the intercondylar shelf angle, 66.67% of male Malawians were correctly identified as such and 50.00% of Malawians females as such. Eighty‐three percent of males and 81.30% of females were correctly identified as blacks. This angle has been shown to exhibit sexual dimorphism in Malawian subjects. Its importance in forensic anthropology is stressed. Clin. Anat. 14:254–257, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extremely high origin of the right coronary artery from the ascending aorta
Authors: Piegger Johannes , Kovacs Peter , Ambach Edda
Published: August 2002

Coronary artery anomalies, especially variations in the level of origin, are frequent. In most cases, the origin lies just a few millimeters superior to the supravalvular ridge; ectopic origins of more than one centimeter above this border are rare. We report a case in which the right coronary artery arises from the ascending aorta 38 mm above the supravalvular ridge. Clin. Anat. 5:369–372, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two bellies of the coracobrachialis muscle associated with a third head of the biceps brachii muscle
Authors: El‐Naggar Mostafa M. , Zahir Faisal I.
Published: August 2002

Reports that describe the abnormalities and complexities of the anatomy of the arm are important with regard to surgical approaches. This case study reports a combined abnormal form of the coracobrachialis and biceps brachii muscles of the left arm of an adult male cadaver that was detected during the educational gross anatomy dissections of embalmed cadavers. The coracobrachialis muscle demonstrated two bellies which formed shortly inferior to its origin from the coracoid process of the scapula. One belly inserted into the middle of the antero‐medial surface of the humerus, whereas the other belly inserted into the medial head of the triceps brachii muscle. The musculocutaneous nerve passed between the two bellies, giving a separate branch to each. We suggest that the two bellies of the coracobrachialis muscle may represent the incompletely fused short heads of the ancestral muscle. The biceps brachii muscle showed a third head, which originated mainly from the antero‐medial surface of the humerus and partially from an aponeurosis belonging to the medial head of the triceps brachii muscle. These observations were confined to the left upper limb and were not accompanied by any other abnormality. Clin. Anat. 5:379–382, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Partial unilateral absence of the trapezius muscle in a human cadaver
Authors: Emsley Jason G. , Davis Michael D.
Published: August 2002

We report here the partial unilateral absence of the trapezius muscle found during dissection. The left trapezius was significantly reduced in size when compared to the right trapezius, especially in its inferior third. Moreover, the existing fibers of the left trapezius inferior to the scapula were only one‐third to two‐thirds as thick as those on the right. The vertebral attachment of the inferior fibers of the left trapezius was also notably higher than that on the right. Morphometric analysis indicated that the surface area of the left trapezius was approximately 50% that of the right trapezius. Fiber orientation along the left and right trapezius muscles was also markedly different. An examination of nerve supply yielded no apparent anomalies, therefore suggesting that the absence of trapezius has a developmental etiology. Clin. Anat. 5:383–386, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Web‐based learning for consolidation settlement analysis and reclamation design
Authors: Zhu Guofu , Lee Waihung , Luk Shuntim , Yin Jian‐Hua
Published: August 2002

This paper first presents a review on the applications of information technologies in assisting learning of geotechnical subjects. Then, a Web‐based learning program for consolidation settlement analysis and reclamation is introduced. Various aspects of consolidation settlement process, consolidation theory and design of reclamation can be illustrated using this module. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 9: 149–156, 2001
The prevalence and nature of child sexual abuse: evidence from a female university sample in the UK
Authors: Oaksford Karen L. , Frude Neil
Published: August 2002

It is well established that child sexual abuse is a considerable international problem, yet evidence regarding its prevalence in the United Kingdom is extremely sparse, with the most comprehensive study conducted over a decade ago. The aim of this study is to establish a current estimate of the prevalence and nature of child sexual abuse in the United Kingdom, using a sample of female university students. Of the 213 female undergraduate students who completed questionnaires, 28 were sexually abused, giving a prevalence rate of 13.14%. Information was also obtained regarding the nature of the abuse. These results show that a substantial proportion of female students in the United Kingdom, who appear to be coping with tertiary education, have been sexually abused in childhood. The implications regarding the benefits of prevalence rates to health practitioners are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.