bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simulation and reference interaction site model theory of methanol and carbon tetrachloride mixtures
Authors: Munaò G. , Costa D. , Saija F. , Caccamo C.
Published: February 2010

We report molecular dynamics and reference interaction site model (RISM) theory of methanol and carbon tetrachloride mixtures. Our study encompasses the whole concentration range, by including the pure component limits. We majorly focus on an analysis of partial, total, and concentration-concentration structure factors, and examine in detail the k→0 limits of these functions. Simulation results confirm the tendency of methanol to self-associate with the formation of ring structures in the high dilution regime of this species, in agreement with experimental studies and with previous simulations by other authors. This behavior emerges as strongly related to the high nonideality of the mixture, a quantitative estimate of which is provided in terms of concentration fluctuation correlations, through the structure factors examined. The interaggregate correlation distance is also thereby estimated. Finally, the compressibility of the mixture is found in good agreement with experimental data. The RISM predictions are throughout assessed against simulation; the theory describes better the apolar solvent than the alcohol properties. Self-association of methanol is qualitatively reproduced, though this trend is much less marked in comparison with simulation results.
Iterated finite-orbit Monte Carlo simulations with full-wave fields for modeling tokamak ion cyclotron resonance frequency wave heating experiments
Authors: Choi M. , Green D. , Heidbrink W. W. , Harvey R. , Liu D. , Chan V. S. , Berry L. A. , Jaeger F. , Lao L. L. , Pinsker R. I. , Podesta M. , Smithe D. N. , Park J. M. , Bonoli P. ,   RF SciDAC and SWIM Team
Published: February 2010

The five-dimensional finite-orbit Monte Carlo code ORBIT-RF [M. Choi et al., Phys. Plasmas 12, 1 (2005)] is successfully coupled with the two-dimensional full-wave code all-orders spectral algorithm (AORSA) [E. F. Jaeger et al., Phys. Plasmas 13, 056101 (2006)] in a self-consistent way to achieve improved predictive modeling for ion cyclotron resonance frequency (ICRF) wave heating experiments in present fusion devices and future ITER [R. Aymar et al., Nucl. Fusion 41, 1301 (2001)]. The ORBIT-RF/AORSA simulations reproduce fast-ion spectra and spatial profiles qualitatively consistent with fast ion D-alpha [W. W. Heidbrink et al., Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 49, 1457 (2007)] spectroscopic data in both DIII-D [J. L. Luxon, Nucl. Fusion 42, 614 (2002)] and National Spherical Torus Experiment [M. Ono et al., Nucl. Fusion 41, 1435 (2001)] high harmonic ICRF heating experiments. This work verifies that both finite-orbit width effect of fast-ion due to its drift motion along the torus and iterations between fast-ion distribution and wave fields are important in modeling ICRF heating experiments.
Evidence of recombination enhanced diffusion of impurities at low temperature into high-k dielectric with tantalum oxide as an example
Authors: Lau W. S. , Chandima Perera M. T. , Chu P. K.
Published: February 2010

For ordinary diffusion of Si into Ta2O5 on a Si substrate, there should be no difference for n-type or p-type substrate; however, experimentally, we noticed that Si can diffuse rapidly and this diffusion process tended to be faster for n-type Si substrate than for p-type Si substrate under an oxygen plasma at 350 °C. This can only be explained by the mechanism of recombination enhanced diffusion. Beside Si, B, and Sb were shown to be able to diffuse into tantalum oxide under an oxygen plasma or nitrous oxide plasma at a temperature below 400 °C.
Charge sensing in intrinsic silicon quantum dots
Authors: Podd G. J. , Angus S. J. , Williams D. A. , Ferguson A. J.
Published: February 2010

We report charge sensing measurements on a silicon quantum dot with a nearby silicon single electron transistor (SET) acting as an electrometer. The devices are electrostatically formed in bulk silicon using surface gates. We show that as an additional electron is added onto the quantum dot, a charge is induced on the SET of approximately 0.2e. These measurements are performed in the many electron regime, where we can count in excess of 20 charge additions onto the quantum dot.
Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy of the electronic structure of dislocations in GaN/Si(111) grown by molecular-beam epitaxy
Authors: Chiu Ya-Ping , Chen Bo-Chih , Huang Bo-Chao , Shih Min-Chuan , Tu Li-Wei
Published: February 2010

By using cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy, a correlation between the surface morphology and the corresponding electronic states of the dislocations terminated at the GaN(11¯00) cleavage surfaces grown by molecular-beam epitaxy has been demonstrated. Both scanning tunneling spectroscopy and analysis of the dislocations on electronic structures suggest that regions surrounding dislocations register gap states in the fundamental band gap of GaN. Closely examining the recognition of the electronic structure reveals that the defect levels could provide the possibility of yellow luminescence, involving a transition from the conduction-band edge to a level at 1.2 eV above the valence band edge.
Synergistic effect of carbon nanofiber and carbon nanopaper on shape memory polymer composite
Authors: Lu Haibao , Liu Yanju , Gou Jihua , Leng Jinsong , Du Shanyi
Published: February 2010

The present work studies the synergistic effect of carbon nanofiber (CNF) and carbon nanopaper on the shape recovery of shape memory polymer (SMP) composite. The combination of CNF and carbon nanopaper was used to improve the thermal and electrical conductivities of the SMP composite. The carbon nanopaper was coated on the surface of the SMP composite in order to achieve the actuation by electrical resistive heating. CNFs were blended with the SMP resin to improve the thermal conductivity to facilitate the heat transfer from the nanopaper to the underlying SMP composite to accelerate the electroactive responses.
Optically controlled quantum dot gated transistors with high on/off ratio
Authors: Yang Xiaohong , Xu Xiulai , Wang Xiuping , Ni Haiqiao , Han Qin , Niu Zhichuan , Williams David A.
Published: February 2010

We report the design and fabrication of InAs quantum dot gated transistors, which are normally-on, where the channel current can be switched off by laser illumination. Laser light at 650 nm with a power of 850 pW switches the channel current from 5 μA to 2 pA, resulting in an on/off ratio of more than 60 dB. The switch-off mechanism and carrier dynamics are analyzed with simulated band structure.
Visibility and Raman spectroscopy of mono and bilayer graphene on crystalline silicon
Authors: Song Emil B. , Lian Bob , Xu Guangyu , Yuan Bo , Zeng Caifu , Chen Amber , Wang Minsheng , Kim Sungmin , Lang Murong , Zhou Yi , Wang Kang L.
Published: February 2010

Experimental studies of pristine graphene devices currently rely on the fact that the graphene crystallites can be visible under optical microscopes when the underlying substrate is engineered to exhibit high contrast. Here, we present that graphene can be visualized not only on a dielectric substrate but also on a crystalline Si surface of a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer (SIMOX and Bonded) with thicknesses of Si ∼70 nm and buried oxide ∼140 nm, using monochromatic illumination. In addition, we have found that Raman spectroscopy shows similar features to standard graphene on SiO2 substrates independent of the polarity of the Si surface. Finally, the Raman spectrum on SOI exhibits a higher intensity compared to that on bulk Si due to the interference enhancement effect of graphene on SOI. Thus, the usage of optical microscopy and Raman spectroscopy for detecting, locating, and characterizing graphene serves as a high throughput method to further study graphene on semiconductor systems and other substrates beyond SiO2/Si.
Measurements of the sheet resistance and conductivity of thin epitaxial graphene and SiC films
Authors: Krupka J. , Strupinski W.
Published: February 2010

Single postdielectric resonators operating on their quasi TE011 modes were used for the measurement of the surface resistance and conductivity of graphene films grown on semi-insulating SiC substrates. With this technique the surface resistance was measured with an uncertainty of ±5% and the conductivity was evaluated with an uncertainty equal to the uncertainty in determining the film thickness. The room temperature conductivity of the graphene films proved to be in the range 5×106 to 6.4×106 S/m.
Magnetism and heterogeneity of Co in anatase Co:TiO2 magnetic semiconductor
Authors: Lee Y. J. , de Jong M. P. , Jansen R.
Published: February 2010

Using x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and energy filtered transmission electron microscopy, we provide evidence for a heterogeneous Co distribution in anatase Co:TiO2 magnetic semiconductor having a low Co concentration (1.4 at. %). Multiplet structure due to Co2+ is observed in XAS spectra, but suppressed due to the coexistence of metallic Co clusters and substitutional Co ions, whereas XMCD spectra resemble metallic Co. The presence of Co2+ can be correlated with earlier observations of impurity band conduction and Kondo behavior, whereas metallic Co clusters contribute to the ferromagnetism and anomalous Hall effect.
A quantum dot spin injector with spin bias
Authors: Chi Feng , Dai Xiao-Ning , Sun Lian-Liang
Published: February 2010

We propose a spin injector consisting of a quantum dot (QD), which is coupled to two leads, to separate either spin-up or spin-down electrons from one lead into the other. Meanwhile, a single electron spin state can also be written into the QD. It works mainly due to the spin bias in one of the leads, which has been realized in recent experiments by Frolov et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 116802 (2009); Nature (London) 458, 868 (2009)], and the Coulomb blockade effect in the QD. This device is realizable with current technologies and may have practical use in spintronics or quantum processing.
Simulation study of the disjoining pressure profile through a three-phase contact line
Authors: Herring A. R. , Henderson J. R.
Published: February 2010

Computer simulations are performed to measure the disjoining pressure profile Π(y) across the three-phase contact line formed by a liquid-vapor interface intersecting a planar substrate wall lying in the xy plane. The method makes use of an exact expression for the disjoining pressure in terms of the density profile and the wall-fluid interaction. Π(y) is reported for three distinct values of the wall-fluid attractive potential, representing differing levels of partial wetting by macroscopic adsorbed drops. Mechanical force-balance normal to the substrate is confirmed by direct evaluation of the required analog to Young’s equation. For the model system under study, the disjoining pressure profiles are well-fitted by inverted Gaussians. The fitted results are used with an extension (to large values of Young’s contact angle θ) of the interface Hamiltonian theory of Indekeu, thereby enabling us to report the line tension τ(θ).
Unique magnetic signatures of mismatched base pairs in DNA
Authors: Apalkov Vadim , Berashevich Julia , Chakraborty Tapash
Published: February 2010

Magnetic properties of DNA containing mispairs, such as different conformations of the G⋅A mispair, or a G⋅T mispair inserted into the DNA chain, have been theoretically investigated. The essential ingredients for these studies, the charge transfer integrals, were evaluated from the DNA sequences containing the mispair and optimized in the solvent. We find that the magnetic susceptibilities of the host DNA chain containing a large number of Watson–Crick base pairs are significantly altered in the presence of the mispairs, and the effects depend on the choice of mispairs. In particular, insertion of even a single G⋅A mispair changes the nature of magnetization (sign of the susceptibility) of the host DNA. We propose that measurement of the magnetic properties of DNA might provide a direct route to detection and identification of those mispairs.
Numerical analysis of the effects of normalized plasma pressure on RMP ELM suppression in DIII-D
Authors: Orlov D.M. , Moyer R.A. , Evans T.E. , Mordijck S. , Osborne T.H. , Fenstermacher M.E. , Snyder P.B. , Unterberg E.A.
Published: February 2010

The effect of normalized plasma pressure as characterized by normalized pressure parameter (βN) on the suppression of edge localized modes (ELMs) using resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) is studied in low-collisionality (ν* ⩽ 0.2) H-mode plasmas with low-triangularity (⟨δ⟩ = 0.25) and ITER similar shapes (⟨δ⟩ = 0.51). Experimental results have suggested that ELM suppression by RMPs requires a minimum threshold in plasma pressure as characterized by βN. The variations in the vacuum field topology with βN due to safety factor profile and island overlap changes caused by variation of the Shafranov shift and pedestal bootstrap current are examined numerically with the field line integration code TRIP3D. The results show very small differences in the vacuum field structure in terms of the Chirikov (magnetic island overlap) parameter, Poincaré sections and field line loss fractions. These differences do not appear to explain the observed threshold in βN for ELM suppression. Linear peeling–ballooning stability analysis with the ELITE code suggests that the ELMs which persist during the RMPs when βN is below the observed threshold are not type I ELMs, because the pedestal conditions are deep within the stable regime for peeling–ballooning modes. These ELMs have similarities to type III ELMs or low density ELMs.
4 A Systems Approach to the Aging Brain: Neuroanatomic Changes, Their Modifiers, and Cognitive Correlates
Authors: Raz Naftali , Kennedy Kristen M.
Published: February 2010

Success in diagnosing and treating age-related brain disease depends on understanding normative and optimal aging of the brain. Neuroimaging studies of healthy adults reveal differential brain shrinkage. Prefrontal cortices evidence the largest age-related differences, whereas tertiary association cortices, the neostriatum, and the cerebellum show the greatest rate of shrinkage. Reduced regional brain volumes and steeper longitudinal declines are usually associated with lower cognitive performance. Trajectories of differential brain aging are modified by multiple negative and positive factors. Vascular risk factors affect the regions deemed most vulnerable to aging. However, the positive modifying influence of aerobic fitness is clearest in the same age-sensitive areas. Genetic variation may have a significant impact on age-related changes in brain and cognition. In addition to (and in conjunction with) improved aerobic fitness, antihypertensive treatment and hormone replacement therapy may alleviate negative effects of aging on the brain structure.
1 The Nature of Consent
Authors: Kleinig John
Published: February 2010

This chapter presents a general overview of the concept and the way in which consent functions. It considers the grammar of consent, the ontology of consent, means of signifying consent, and the limits to consent.
4 A Community of One's Own?
Authors: Rubin Pamela
Published: February 2010

A government proposal to implement restorative justice in Nova Scotia met with resistance by women’s antiviolence organizations. The government’s plan included both sexual offences and partner assaults among crimes eligible for restorative processes. Neither antiviolence organizations nor the public were involved in the development of this initiative. This chapter describes the negotiations between women’s organizations and the Nova Scotia Department of Justice over this initiative. In response to the government’s proposal, feminist organizations conducted focus groups with survivors to gather their perspectives on restorative justice. The findings of this research are presented, along with recommendations towards a more collaborative dialogue between the government and women’s antiviolence organizations.
9 Alternative Interventions to Intimate Violence
Authors: Kim Mimi
Published: February 2010

This chapter introduces the “community-based intervention approach” of Creative Interventions, an organization established to create and promote collective interventions to interpersonal violence. This approach is part of a growing effort to create alternative strategies which do not rely on social services or the state. The chapter opens with a contribution to the StoryTelling & Organizing Project which documents community efforts to address and end violence. The story of how a Maori family prevents child abuse illustrates the capacity for communities to create more flexible and effective responses to violence. Kim also shares the principles underlying the Community-Based Interventions Project, a pilot project creating an alternative model for violence intervention. These principles and practices challenge the individualistic, binary assumptions of conventional feminism which align with an emphasis on criminalization. The chapter ends with observations based upon the early implementation experiences of Creative Interventions and the successes and contradictions they suggest.
Part II Rights Guarantees under State Constitutions: the New Judicial Federalism, 6 Methodology in State Constitutional Rights Interpretation
Authors: Robert F Williams
Published: February 2010

This chapter discusses methodology problems arising in cases where similar federal and state constitutional rights claims are raised. Most federal constitutional rights have been incorporated into the federal Constitution's 14th Amendment so as to be applicable to the states. United States Supreme Court interpretations of federal constitutional rights are not binding on state court interpretation of identical or similar state constitutional rights, but state court divergence under these circumstances can raise questions about its legitimacy. A number of questions arise in this context, including for example the proper sequence of arguments, which constitution's rights guarantees should be argued first by counsel, and analyzed first by the state court. The most substantial methodology issue is whether state courts should develop criteria to guide them in deciding whether to interpret identical or similar state constitutional rights to be more protective than the federal analog. The criteria approach is analyzed in some depth, utilizing examples of the use of this methodology in a number of states. The chapter criticizes the use of the criteria approach based on a number of factors that make state court enforcement of state constitutional rights different from the United States Supreme Court's enforcement of the federal bill of rights. The United States Supreme Court's interpretation of federal constitutional rights guarantees is therefore not presumptively correct for the interpretation of state constitutions. The chapter also discusses briefly several other methodological problems, including the direct right of action for money damages under state constitutions, state action, and substantive due process and economic regulation.
Part III Structure of State Government, 8 State Constitutional Distribution of Powers
Authors: Robert F Williams
Published: February 2010

This chapter presents a general discussion of state constitutional distribution or separation of powers. The federal Constitution does not mandate any particular arrangement of governmental powers in the states. By contrast to rights provisions, the federal Constitution's separation of powers doctrine has not been incorporated into the federal Constitution so as to apply to the states. For this reason federal separation of powers doctrines should be even less persuasive in state courts than federal constitutional rights interpretation. Many states' constitutions, unlike the federal Constitution, contain textual requirements of separation of powers and bans on dual office holding. Further, however, the states' constitutional distribution of powers arrangements differ a good deal from state to state. The chapter therefore describes the importance of a state-specific separation of powers analysis based on that state's specific arrangements. Examples are given where a state has a particularly strong governor or legislature. The chapter distinguishes between functional and formalist separation of powers analysis, and provides an example of state separation of powers approaches to the delegation of legislative authority.
Part III Structure of State Government, 9 The State Legislative Branch
Authors: Robert F Williams
Published: February 2010

This chapter discusses the fact that state constitutions create a legislative branch that is substantially different from the federal Congress. Most importantly, state legislatures exercise reserved, plenary power subject only to limitations in the state or federal Constitutions. The federal Congress, by contrast, exercises enumerated, delegated power. In addition, the state legislatures are subject to a variety of limitations on the process of lawmaking that are contained in state constitutions. The chapter discusses the variety of approaches to judicial enforcement of these procedural limitations. Finally, in a number of states, the state legislature's lawmaking power is shared with the people, who can enact or defeat laws through direct democracy, or the initiative and referendum processes.
Part III Structure of State Government, 10 The State Judicial Branch
Authors: Robert F Williams
Published: February 2010

This chapter discusses the differences between the federal and state judiciary. Many state judges are elected through a variety of mechanisms. The workload of state supreme courts has evolved over the years from a private-law orientation to more constitutional law and public policy kinds of cases. In addition, state courts exercise a number of nonadjudicatory powers such as rulemaking on practice and procedure before the courts and regulation of lawyers. Some state courts have the authority to issue advisory opinions and answer certified questions, and some of them have asserted certain inherent powers such as to require adequate funding levels. State courts also retain the power to develop common law doctrine, as well as to resolve disputes among state and local government officials and agencies in ways that rarely involve the federal judiciary. State courts are also not bound by the rigid federal doctrines of standing, mootness, and ripeness.
Part IV Unique Interpretation Issues in State Constitutional Law, 12 Interpreting State Constitutions
Authors: Robert F Williams
Published: February 2010

This chapter discusses a wide variety of judicial interpretation techniques that state courts apply to state constitutions. Many of these techniques arise from the unique characteristics of state constitutions, including their origin, function, form, and quality, all of which are different from the federal Constitution. The chapter analyzes many of these differing approaches, including the question whether a state constitutional provision is self-executing; possible negative implications arising from grants of authority to the state legislature; interpretation based on the “voice of the people,” arising from the fact that state constitutional provisions are ratified by the electorate; the much wider availability of state constitutional history materials, some of it quite recent; and the possibility of a different view of the doctrine of precedent concerning judicial interpretations of state constitutions. The chapter discusses canons, maxims, and other approaches to state constitutional interpretation, such as contemporaneous construction.
Part V State Constitutional Amendment and Revision, 13 Amending and Revising State Constitutions
Authors: Robert F Williams
Published: February 2010

This chapter discusses the variety of mechanisms available to propose changes to state constitutions. Amendments or revisions of state constitutions can be accomplished through legislative proposal, constitutional convention proposal, constitutional commission proposal, and the initiative in states that permit it. In all states other than Delaware, the electors must approve changes to the state constitution. The chapter reviews the use of limited state constitutional conventions, and constitutional commissions. Constitutional revision processes in a variety of states during the 20th century are discussed, together with general lessons that can be derived from those experiences. The chapter describes difficulties faced in modern times with state constitutional amendment and revision, including popular distrust of constitutional conventions and other constitution-making processes. Several proposed improvements to the initiative process for state constitutional change also discussed.
2.2 Functional Implications of Dopamine D2 Receptor Localization in Relation to Glutamate Neurons
Authors: Sesack Susan R.
Published: February 2010

This chapter focuses on dopamine (DA) receptors of the D2 class and their spatial and functional relationships with Glut neurons within the circuitry that comprises midbrain DA neurons and their ascending projections to forebrain targets, especially the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia. Interest in D2 receptors has been fueled primarily by their correlation to antipsychotic drug efficacy and their role as autoreceptors. Given the overall similar pharmacology and functions of the D2 receptor class, D3 and D4 receptor subtypes are also considered. It is shown that the main sites of probable DA modulation of Glut transmission via the D4 receptor are (1) directly onto Glut pyramidal neurons of prefrontal cortex (PFC) and other cortical regions; (2) indirect regulation of pyramidal neurons via actions on GABA local circuit neurons; (3) modulation of Glut transmission in NAc spines; and (4) presynaptic actions on Glut axons in the nucleus accumbens (NAc).
6.2 Involvement of Nucleus Accumbens Dopamine in Behavioral Activation and Effort-Related Functions
Authors: Salamone John D.
Published: February 2010

This chapter focuses on the behavioral activation functions of nucleus accumbens dopamine (DA), and in particular, emphasizes how these functions appear to be engaged in such a way as to promote the exertion of effort in motivated behavior. It discusses the role of accumbens DA in enabling animals to overcome work-related constraints that separate them from significant stimuli, and the involvement of DA in effort-related choice behavior that is based upon the allocation of responses to various alternatives. Finally, the role of accumbens DA will be placed in an overall anatomical and neurochemical context by discussing other brain areas and neurotransmitters as well.
9.7 Neuroprotective Strategies in Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Warren Olanow C.
Published: February 2010

This chapter focuses on neuroprotective therapies for Parkinson's disease (PD). PD patients inevitably develop disability despite currently available medical and surgical therapies. Accordingly, a neuroprotective therapy that slows or stops disease progression is an urgent requirement. While there are many promising candidate agents based on laboratory studies, the translation of a novel study intervention into a viable disease-modifying therapy has proven to be extremely difficult to achieve; to date, no agent has been determined to be neuroprotective by either regulatory authorities or physicians. Among the limiting factors are uncertainty as to the etiology and pathogenesis of cell death in PD and what precisely to target, a reliable animal model in which to test putative neuroprotective therapies, a method for accurately determining the optimal dose range to employ in clinical trials, and a clinical outcome measure that accurately reflects the status of the underlying disease state.
10.1 Dopamine Dysfunction in Schizophrenia
Authors: Abi-Dargham Anissa , Slifstein Mark , Kegeles Larry , Laruelle Marc
Published: February 2010

Schizophrenia presents with multiple clinical features, ranging from positive symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorder) to negative symptoms (social withdrawal, poverty of speech and thought, flattening of affect, and lack of motivation) and disturbances in cognitive processes (attention, working memory, verbal fluency and learning, social cognition, and executive function). In the last decade, imaging methodology has confirmed that dopamine (DA) dysregulation plays a role within each of these clinical dimensions, and has yielded evidence that striatal DA is increased, and cortical DA transmission is altered. Furthermore, the studies indicated a direct relationship between striatal DA excess and the positive symptoms of the illness as well as the magnitude and speed of their response to antipsychotic treatment, while cognitive and negative symptoms were related to cortical DA dysfunction. New evidence from both animal studies and studies in prodromal patients suggests that both sets of symptoms may emerge in relation to the striatal dopaminergic excess, the mechanisms of which are not well understood. This chapter begins by describing the evidence derived from imaging studies using measures of cortical and subcortical dopaminergic parameters and then speculates on the cellular significance of the imaging findings. It then describes the information gained from animal models regarding regulation of DA function by other transmitters and the circuits that may be involved, possibly leading to the dopaminergic phenotype.
The Syntax of Ellipsis
Authors: Van Craenenbroeck Jeroen
Published: February 2010

This book investigates a number of elliptical constructions found in Dutch dialects within the framework of the Minimalist Program. It argues that both the PF-deletion and the pro-theory of ellipsis are needed to account for the full range of elliptical phenomena attested in natural language. In chapters 2–9 the book focuses on two instances of stranding under sluicing: stranding with prepositions in English (What about?) and stranding with demonstrative pronouns in southern Dutch dialects (Wie dat? ‘who that’). Both these phenomena are given a PF-deletion analysis, and are shown to be the result of the interaction between the split CP-hypothesis and the syntax of wh-movement. The second half of the book is concerned with Short Do Replies in southern Dutch dialects, a type of reply that expresses verum focus and that at first sight bears a close resemblance to English VP-ellipsis. It is shown that in this case the ellipsis site is best represented as a null, structureless proform that is licensed by the head of a high polarity projection. This pronominal is then argued to occur in two other dialectal constructions as well: contradictory replies of the type Da's nie ‘that.is not’ found in Brabant Dutch, and the occurrence of subject clitics and agreement endings on the polarity items yes and no in Southern Dutch dialects (e.g. Ja-n-s ‘yes-plural-they’).
Romantic Antiquity
Authors: Sachs Jonathan
Published: February 2010

Romantic Antiquity examines how Romantic‐period writers deploy Roman republican precedents to constitute their vision of literary and political modernity. While scholars have long noted the fascination with Roman literature and history expressed by many preeminent British cultural figures of the early and middle‐18th century, they have only sparingly commented on the increasingly vexed role Rome played during the subsequent Romantic period. This critical oversight has arisen in the context of the articulation of a modernity distinguished either by its full‐scale rejection of classical precedents or by its embrace of Greece at the expense of Rome. In contrast, Romantic Antiquity argues that Rome is relevant to the Romantic period not as the continuation of an earlier neoclassicism, but rather as a concept that is simultaneously transformed and transformative: transformed in the sense that new models of historical understanding produced a changed conceptualization of the Roman past for Romantic writers, and transformative because Rome became the locus for new understandings of historicity itself and therefore a way to comprehend changes associated with modernity. The book asserts the centrality of Rome in a variety of literary events, including the British response to the French revolution, the Jacobin novel, Byron's late rejection of Romantic poetics, Shelley's Hellenism, and the London theatre, where the staging of Rome is directly responsible for Hazlitt's understanding of poetry as anti‐democratic, or “right royal.” By exposing how Roman references help structure Romantic poetics and theories of the imagination, and how this aesthetic work, in turn, impacts fundamental aspects of political modernity like mass democracy and the spread of empire, the book initiates a major overhaul in how we understand the presence of antiquity in a modernity with which we continue to struggle.
Chapter One Rome and the Revolution Controversy
Authors: Sachs Jonathan
Published: February 2010

In their polemical responses to the French revolution, Edmund Burke, William Godwin, John Thelwall, and others deploy Roman texts and Roman heroes for opposing sides in the conflict. Burke bolsters his argument with Roman texts, especially Cicero, but his appeal to Roman precedent rests uneasily with his emphasis on specifically national precedent. Godwin, though traditionally considered a “radical” thinker, relies on the exemplary praise of Roman heroes in a backwards looking manner that often works against his progressivism. Ultimately, this chapter uses its focus on contests over the Roman republican legacy in the Revolution Controversy to argue that this important debate on political philosophy is something more complicated than a simple opposition between “radical” and “conservative” positions.
Conclusion
Authors: Sachs Jonathan
Published: February 2010

DeQuincey's initial essays on the Caesars use their assessment of the Roman republic's failure in order to articulate a particular vision for the British monarchy, the British polity, and the British empire more broadly. They thus participate in the cultural struggle over the meaning and relevance of the Roman example for contemporary Britain and suggest that the common assumption that Rome, from the late eighteenth‐century onwards, was displaced from a position of dominant cultural authority requires revision. Rather, as De Quincey and the book's other examples suggest, the Roman republic retains a prominent place in the symbolic landscape of Britain in the Romantic period. By revealing the relevance of Rome to Romantic poetics and theories of the imagination, and by demonstrating how such aesthetic concerns relate to fundamental aspects of political modernity like mass democracy and the spread of empire, the book initiates a major overhaul in how we understand the relationship between antiquity and modernity.
A Song in the Dark
Authors: Barrios Richard
Published: February 2010

This book chronicles the birth and early years of an art form — the musical film. When sound came to film in the 1920s, musicals led the way as the testing ground upon which sound film proved itself — dauntlessly, intrepidly, sometimes artistically, often ineptly, through works and artists both familiar and forgotten: Al Jolson, the Oscar-winning Broadway Melody, director Ernst Lubitsch, the aberrant Golden Dawn, many more. After immense popularity, the musical market collapsed almost overnight as oversaturated audiences began to feel the effects of the Depression. There was nearly three years of down time, and then the genre returned, phoenix-like, with the triumphant 42nd Street. After seeming to contradict the national mood, musicals came to symbolize the country's recovery from crisis; in 1934, they assumed their final form with the enforcement of the Motion Picture Production Code. They would continue successfully for decades, but that early pioneer spirit and willingness to experiment and take chances were now mainly gone. Posterity has mainly misunderstood these films and underestimated their importance, yet their echoes and experiments resonate into the twenty-first century, and they form an intensely vital national heritage. Through meticulous research and analysis based in reception theory, this book reclaims the films and their creators, as well as the culture that embraced, rejected, then reconnected with them.
6 Unconscious Behavioral Guidance Systems
Authors: Bargh John A. , Morsella Ezequiel
Published: February 2010

In this chapter, the authors note that in the 1980s psychologists were comfortable with conscious-process accounts of behavior but not with less-conscious process accounts. However, thanks to several decades of intensive research, models of non-conscious processes are now viewed as much more theoretically and empirically tractable than was true earlier. The authors detail the evidence for four different non-conscious behavioral guidance systems: perceptual, evaluative, motivational and emotional. In each case evidence is first presented regarding basic priming or activation effects, followed by evidence that these effects actually have behavioral consequences. Consequently, the four systems provide partial accounts for phenomena discussed in Chapters 10 (affordances), 9 (attitudes), 8 (implementation intentions) and 7 (emotions). The emphasis here is on automatic processes that serve to diminish the ”role for intentional conscious causation and guidance.”
12 Measuring Self-Enhancement: From Self-Report to Concrete Behavior
Authors: Paulhus Delroy L. , Holden Ronald R.
Published: February 2010

In this chapter, the authors note that social and personality psychologists address the issue of behavior in rather different ways. Social psychologists tend to exploit behavior as a concrete outcome reflecting the difference in psychological state induced by an experimental manipulation. In contrast, personality psychologists view behavior as only one indicator of psychological constructs. The authors note that the traditional complaint against self-report measures is their vulnerability to self-presentation effects. The general tendency for people to self-enhance raises concerns that self-reports are just as likely to reflect presentation motives as actual personalities. One solution is to index self-enhancement via behavioral measures. The authors compare the full range of options from self-report to concrete behavioral methods. They also discuss the over-claiming approach, which taps the tendency to claim knowledge of non-existent items. They conclude with the response-latency approach, which is purely behavioral in nature.
13 Developing an Ecological Framework for Establishing Connections Among Dispositions, Behaviors, and Environments: From Affordances to Behavior Settings
Authors: Baron Reuben M.
Published: February 2010

The author offers a far-reaching and integrative chapter in his discussion of affordances. He notes that behavior is a central element of any ecologically-based view of psychology. He explores whether his ideas can be turned into a fresh look at a theory of situations. In such a theory, situations are a complimentary mirror image of a theory of personality, in the same sense that certain niches imply certain plants and animals, while certain plants and animals imply certain niches. Here are the powerful ideas of co-evolution and the self-organization of complex systems. Why are certain opportunities configured to support certain dispositions, and/or, types of people? The author suggests that the social analogue of co-evolution is the embedding of personality in the organizational dynamics of behavior to recruit people with the appropriate personality traits to carry out these roles successfully.
17 The Atlas of Interpersonal Situations: A Theory-Driven Approach to Behavioral Signatures
Authors: Holmes John G. , Cavallo Justin V.
Published: February 2010

Building on the cognitive-affective personality system (CAPS) framework offered by Mischel and Shoda (1995), the authors emphasize the importance of considering abstract properties of situations to improve behavioral prediction. The CAPS model incorporates a person-by-situation interactionist perspective, holding that specific features of situations activate specific cognitive and effective elements in individuals that then produce responses to situations. The authors argue that the notion of “situation” in the CAPS model is not at an appropriately abstract level to allow for a priori prediction of what specific cognitive-affective elements would be activated. To help overcome this limitation, they review recent developments by interdependence theorists to produce a comprehensive theory of situations. The authors describe six key dimensions of situations and review recent work on the risk regulation model, a model that describes the delicate balancing act of being dependent on a partner and the need to maintain positive feelings about the self.
19 Grounding Social Psychology in Behavior in Daily Life: The Case of Conflict and Distress in Couples
Authors: Bolger Niall , Stadler Gertraud , Paprocki Christine , DeLongis Anita
Published: February 2010

In this chapter, the authors challenge the field to overcome its focus on internal states and behavioral precursors as a substitute for behavior, and offer instead a method for studying behavior in everyday contexts. Using marital conflict as a specific instantiation of an important social behavior, the authors describe the utility of daily diaries as a tool for the assessment of these behaviors. They argue that studying variability in behavior is as essential to understanding behavior as studying mean levels, and offer possibilities for statistical analysis of diary data that focus on such variability. The authors report a reanalysis of couples’ diary data originally published in Bolger et al. (1989) that focuses on questions of variability in marital conflict and reactions to those conflicts. The authors describe how this analysis of variability led to insight about couple conflict that was not apparent from their original analyses.
3 Conceptual Representation and Some Forms of Genericity
Authors: Prasada Sandeep
Published: February 2010

This chapter is concerned with the fact that although we encounter only a very limited number of instances of any given kind, we acquire generic knowledge. Although we have seen only some limited number of dogs, we acquire the knowledge ‘Dogs have four legs.’ What mechanisms make this happen? What is the nature of the knowledge acquired? What are the available conceptual mechanisms that can be appealed to? Reasons are given for learners preferring “generic representations” over “exemplar‐based representations” for kinds. New use is made of the distinction between the essential k‐properties of a kind and the transitory t‐properties of a kind.
8 A Piece of Cheese, a Grain of Sand
Authors: Goddard Cliff
Published: February 2010

This chapter follows up earlier work of Cliff Goddard and Anna Wierzbicka in which they argued that there are numerous, subtly different, subclasses of mass nouns. These different subclasses presuppose, they claimed, different “conceptualizations” of the nature of a mass. The present chapter concentrates on concrete mass nouns in English, arguing that the formal linguistic properties of mass nouns are systematically correlated with their conceptual content and that this conceptual content can be clearly identified using the tools of Wierzbicka and Goddard's Natural Semantic Metalanguage system. Some of the cognitive issues raised here involve the extent that there is unity to the notion of mass‐stuff and whether there is any necessary similarity in the relevant part of the mental lives of speakers of different languages, since clearly, languages differ in the types of words that they each treat as mass.
Science and the Social Good
Authors: Herron John P.
Published: February 2010

From the beginnings of industrial capitalism to contemporary disputes over evolution, nature has long been part of the public debate over the social good. As such, many natural scientists throughout American history have understood their work as a cultural activity contributing to social stability, and their field as a powerful tool for enhancing the quality of American life. In the late Victorian era, interwar period, and post-war decades, massive social change, economic collapse and recovery, and the aftermath of war, prompted natural scientists to offer up a civic-minded natural science concerned with the political wellbeing of American society. Science and the Social Good explores the evolving internal and external forces influencing the design and purpose of American natural science by focusing on three representative scientists — geologist Clarence King, forester Robert Marshall, and biologist Rachel Carson — who purposefully considered the social outcomes of their work. As comfortable in the royal courts of Europe as the remote field camps of the American West, Clarence King was the founding director of the U.S. Geological Survey, and used his standing to integrate science into late 19th century political debates about foreign policy, immigration, and social reform. In the mid-1930s, Robert Marshall founded the environmental advocacy group, The Wilderness Society, which transformed the face of natural preservation in America. Committed to social justice, Marshall blended forest ecology and pragmatic philosophy to craft a natural science ethic that extended the reach of science into political discussions about the restructuring of society prompted by urbanization.
Sagehood
Authors: Angle Stephen C.
Published: February 2010

This book explores what happens when we take Neo-Confucianism and its ideal of sagehood seriously as contemporary philosophy. It develops an interpretation of the Neo-Confucian tradition that, while historically grounded in detailed readings of Zhu Xi, Wang Yangming, and others, is open to further development and critique; and also reflects on ways that Neo-Confucian perspectives challenge or enhance issues of concern to contemporary Western philosophers like Martha Nussbaum, Michael Slote, Iris Murdoch, Lawrence Blum, Christine Swanton, and others involved in the revival of virtue ethics. The book develops novel interpretations of core Neo-Confucian ideas like “coherence (li),” “harmony (he),” and “reverence (jing).” These interpretations underpin the book's accounts of Neo-Confucian theories about moral psychology, active moral perception, overcoming moral conflicts and dilemmas, and moral education. In each case, the book looks at these topics both as issues within contemporary Confucianism, and as sources of stimulus and challenge for Western philosophers. In the final chapters the book addresses topics within political philosophy like rights, law, participation, and the relation between sagehood and democracy. Finding the resources we can get out of Neo-Confucianism in this area to be too thin, at this point the book engages additionally with twentieth-century “New Confucian” philosophers like Mou Zongsan. Throughout, the book's goal is to articulate a plausible and attractive picture of how and why people should strive for sagehood, and to show how the arguments for this picture that can be developed out of Neo-Confucianism resonate with and challenge current thinking in many areas of philosophy.