bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developing National Information Infrastructures in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Borgman Christine L , Caidi Nadia
Published: November 2023

The continuing convergence of telecommunications, computing, and broadcasting technologies is fueling debates over the future of an information society. Central to these debates are issues surrounding the technology and policy for the development of information infrastructures on the national and global levels. Information infra­ structures are social and technological systems that interact with their environments (Hughes, 1989; Law, 1989). We can study multiple aspects of such systems, including institutional factors-players and stakes, technology and industrial policies, and the regulation of telecommunications on the national and international levels; technical factors-network development and architecture, equipment choices, and standards, including their influence on usability, flexibility, functionality, and compatibility; and societal factors-general attitudes of users toward technology and innovations, adoption and implementation strategies, privacy, consumer rights, equity of access, universal service, and values.
Libraries of Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Steinerová Jela
Published: November 2023

The aim of this chapter is to identify the basic dilemmas that plague the development of libraries in Central and Eastern Europe, as evidenced by the Slovak library system and by the results of a 1996 manpower survey of library and information market needs. The survey was conducted by the Department of Library and Information Science (DUS), Comenius University, Bratislava. My discussion here considers library automation within its broader social and economic context and looks at future developments in light of some basic practical and theoretical needs. In the first section of the chapter the rather poor conditions of library and information work are related to several key dilemmas that characterize this region. I then present the details of a survey of Slovak libraries (including references to two appendixes), together with a discussion of the survey’s methodology and of some conclusions drawn from it. Finally, I present some remarks on library integration, intellectual power, and education.
Some Problems with Library Automation in the KOLIN Library Consortium
Authors: Kozuchova Darina , Soltesova L'Ubomira
Published: November 2023

Although libraries have been important institutions of society for ages, automation is a modern phenomenon designed to make their work more effective and to provide faster, higher quality services. The new age of library automation in Slovakia commenced in the early 1990s when The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation arrived in the Czechoslovak library environment with support for the CASLIN project. In contrast to the previous, mostly independent automation efforts, the new approach stressed networks and cooperative access to library automation, while insisting on international standards aimed at mutual compatibility on the national and worldwide levels.
Evolution of Authority File Work in Poland
Authors: Paluszkiewicz Anna
Published: November 2023

In 1989, intensive work was begun at the Warsaw University Library (WUL) to prepare for the implementation of an integrated library system. The library took advantage of a research grant from the State Office for Scientific and Technological Development (Urzad Postepu Naukowo-Technicznego i Wdrozen) to develop a MARC bibliographic format for Polish scientific libraries-the resulting format was a FOKA (based on UNIMARC), for books and serials. There was one other important result: We realized how crucial authority files are for modern integrated library systems.
New Possibilities for Information Retrieval
Authors: Bakonyi Géza
Published: November 2023

The problem I deal with here is not a new one: Library patrons nowadays face so much information, both in terms of the amount of it and the varied content, that they either become helpless or, in their state of alarm, are satisfied with only a partial answer to the problem. It is even a problem for many that within the electronic environment of the modern library, they have evolved from being traditional readers to users, and thus they find it difficult to formulate their search terms (and in most cases they are not even aware that they are the ones who have to formulate queries).
Why, and How to, Translate a Subject Heading System
Authors: Koltay Klára
Published: November 2023

The old card catalogs were difficult to handle; in fact, libraries had to keep several catalogs if they wanted to provide various types of access to their holdings. Copies of the same card had to be filed at their various access points in the author/title catalog, the subject catalog, the serial-title catalog, and the UDC catalog. With the emergence of machine-readable catalogs, catalog records indexed word by word promised much easier access to bibliographic data. However, librarians and their patrons soon discovered that while it might be easier to find a particular document in a catalog of this type, it would never give any information about the nature of a library’s collection as a whole and about the hierarchy of disciplines it covers.
The Sequencing of Automation in Central and East European Research Libraries
Authors: Hollender Henryk
Published: November 2023

When trying to evaluate the automation efforts of Central and East European libraries, we have to pose the question of how particular projects were scheduled and managed. It is obvious that implementation of an automated system involves an arduous, multiphase, and multilayer process. Looking at the social, institutional, and economic contexts in which libraries operate in this region, we would not be surprised if these phases and layers were indeed numerous and distinctively interrelated. What is, after all; a model of library automation? It is a model of the execution of certain library routines, in such a way that these routines can be explained as work flows, and that particular work flows are encompassed by subsequent modules of an automated system. It is then the job of a manager to select a system that will affect the work flows in the manner in which they need to be affected, and then to choose which modules are to be implemented first. The whole undertaking is thus ordered or arranged; it uses system modules as equivalents of subsequent phases of the project.
Introduction1
Authors: Evans-Wentz Donald S , Lopez Donald S
Published: November 2023

This Introduction is-for the most part-based upon and suggested by explanatory notes which the late Lima Kazi Dawa-Samdup, the translator of the Bardo TltiJdol, dictated to the editor while the translation was taking shape, in Gangtok, Sikkim. The Lima was of opinion that his English rendering ot the Bardo Thodol ought not to be published without his exegetical comments on the more abstruse and figurative parts of the text. This, he thought, would not only help to justify his translation, but, moreover, would accord with the wishes of his late guru (see p. Bo) with respect to all translations into a European tongue of works expository of the esoteric lore of the Great Perfectionist School into which that guru had initiated him. To this end, the translator’s exegesis, based upon that of the translator’s guru, was transmitted to the editor and recorded by the editor herein.
A Summary View of Politics and Religion in the Continental Congress
Authors: Davis Derek H
Published: November 2023

Religious Differences and Political Consensus On 20 January 1775, in the British House of Lords, the illustrious Lord Chatham (William Pitt) delivered a very remarkable speech. Formerly prime minister, he was an outspoken defender of the struggling colonists of America in their protracted controversy with the British king and parliament. He vindicated, in the fullest and clearest manner, the right of the colonists to refuse to be taxed without their consent. “The spirit,” he said, “which now resists your taxation in America, is the same which formerly opposed loans, benevolences and ship money in England; the same spirit which called all England on its feet, and by its bill of rights vindicated the English Constitution, the same spirit which established the great, fundamental, essential maxim of your liberties, that no subject of England shall be taxed but by his own consent.” On this great principle, and in this cause, the American colonists, he added, “are immovably allied; it is the alliance of God and nature, immutable, eternal, fixed as the firmament of Heaven.”
Virtue and the Continental Congress
Authors: Davis Derek H
Published: November 2023

The ocction was the commencement of Massachusetts’s new constitution in October 1780. In attendance at the Brattle Street Congregational Church for the inaugural ceremony were members of the state’s senate and house of representatives. At their head sat the governor, John Hancock, a wealthy Bostonian who had served as president of the Continental Congress and who had the distinction of being the first to sign the Declaration of Independence. Dr. Samuel Cooper, pastor of the church, chose Jeremiah 30:20-21 as his text: “Their congregation shall be established before me: and their nobles shall be of themselves, and their governor shall proceed from the midst of them.” Dr. Cooper remarked first on the appositness of the verse. “The prophecy seems to have been made for ourselves,” he assured Mr. Hancock and the others assembled, “[for] it is so exactly descriptive of that comprehensive, that essential civil blessing, which kindles the lustre, and diffuses the joy of the present day.”1 Then, in a marvel of hermeneutics, the theologian cum patriot declared that the form of government given the Hebrews at Mount Sinai had been a “free republic” in which “sovereignty resided in the people,” and which comprised magistracy, council, and an assembly. Dr. Cooper moved forward through the centuries, briefly adverting to the “immortal writings of Sidney and Locke, and other glorious defenders of the liberties of human nature,” as well as to the thoughts and accomplishments of Louis XVI and Edmund Burke. But the special focus on that October day was the merit of the state’s new constitution.
The Continental Congress, Original Intent, and Modern Constitutional Adjudication
Authors: Davis Derek H
Published: November 2023

The Continental Congress and Original Intent The primary goal of this study has been to examine the record of the Continental Congress on religion for the purpose of discovering what that record might contribute toward a resolution of the modern debate over the original intent of the constitutional framers regarding the interplay of government and religion in the United States. Conclusive statements toward this end do not come easily, due primarily to the fact that the Continental Congress on the one hand, and the Constitutional Convention and First Congress on the other, acted at different times and with different ends. The men of the Continental Congress were called upon first and foremost to prosecute a war, whereas those who framed the Constitution and Bill of Rights were charged with prescribing a comprehensive public philosophy that would ensure the success of a new constitution. The former readily put religion to use, whereas the latter had to think more critically about the long-term role of religion in an untested regime.
Noche Buena and Religious Dramas
Authors: Jaramillo Cleofas M
Published: November 2023

On the twenty-fourth of December the snow lay heavily on the deep valley, half burying the silent little villages nestling among the white hills. As the last rays of the setting sun turned the highest snow-capped peaks into gold and rose, the men and boys of the three villages busied themselves clearing the snow from the front yards in every house.
Christmas Carols
Authors: Bustillos Jos é Mar ía
Published: November 2023

Oh dreamy Christmas night! Oh holy Christmas night! Each one of your carols is a sweet piece of my soul. You arrive amid everyone’s emotion,all then arise in their devotion,each accent sung by them a hymn and their every look a kiss and each breast a honeycomb of sweet memories and of hopes.
Christmas Night
Authors: Flores Jesús Mar ía
Published: November 2023

The following is a verse of folk poetry, repeated and passed on orally as the old year expires. The somewhat macabre celebration of death is a traditional theme in New Year’s literature in Spanish.
The Good Eve
Authors: González Jovita
Published: November 2023

“But it is not like being under the stars, waiting for the angels to sing, Little Mouse. I like to watch here in the pasture until midnight on the Good Eve. The sky becomes silvery then and the stars shine as they have never shone before. Everything hushes and if you listen closely you may even hear faintly but distinctly the singing of the angels in Heaven.”
Legend of the First Christmas at the Alamo
Authors: Zavala Adina de
Published: November 2023

At the first Christmas season celebrated at Mission San Antonio de Valero (The Alamo), in 1718, the good padres made the Crib of Bethlehem as realistic as possible, and the Indian children and neophytes were taking part in adorning the crib and bringing gifts to the Christ-Child.
The Day We Went to See the Snow
Authors: Villanueva-Collado Alfredo
Published: November 2023

That day it dawned all of a sudden, with the sun grabbing the venetian blinds as if it wanted to melt them. I heard my mother in the kitchen already preparing breakfast, my father in the bathroom flushing the toilet, and Roberto rummaging around in cabinets in the room next to mine. I suddenly remembered what day it was and my heart began to beat faster. I rushed to wash up and get dressed. I put on a cream-colored sweater, some corduroy pants and thick socks. On seeing me in such attire, Marni began to laugh.
Christmas Was a Time of Plenty
Authors: Mohr Nicholasa
Published: November 2023

Compared to the rest of the year, Christmas was a time of plenty when I was a child. That was saying a great deal for me and my six older brothers. We were the children of Puerto Rican migrants, living in New York City at the height of the Great Depression. Where and how my parents and the older folks were to get money for Christmas each and every year depended on “un milagro,” “God’s mercy,” or “just plain luck.”
Those with Less Shared More
Authors: Thomas Piri
Published: November 2023

Christmas to me, from childhood on, has been a kaleidoscope of things. Christmas was, as I remember it, Momma’s version of Sev­enth Day Adventist Christ and having to deal with hopped-up prices. Poppa was always the kind of pops that strained his brains digging up ways on the WPA to make the extra pesos needed at Christmas times.
A Sad Christmas Eve
Authors: Calderon Salvador
Published: November 2023

Well, then, the Holy Child was born in Bethlehem. He was as sweet as dawn, as luminous as the stars and as peaceful as the Aurora ... Every year, this is the way I begin my story about the coming of Baby Jesus, and my little ones, hanging onto my knees, restless and astonished, insistently ask me to tell the details of this tender and delicate poem.
The Good Night
Authors: Fernández Roberto G
Published: November 2023

It was the Good Night, and Mirna was boiling cassava and cutting radishes to garnish the Christmas Eve Pig. She had cut her fingers six times. The cuts looked accidentally inflicted, but they were n’t. Mirna was hoping for a wound deep enough to be hospitalized so she could avoid preparing the meal. Unfortunately, her wounds were mere nicks.
Introduction
Authors: Chin Ko-lin
Published: November 2023

In the past decade, the confluence of gangs and violence has fueled political perceptions of American crime problems. Since 1985, adolescent homicide rates have risen sharply in cities such as Los Angeles, San Diego, and Chicago where gangs are prevalent. The crack crisis of the mid-1980s and the violence that accompanied it further contributed to perceptions that there were more gangs, more teenagers in gangs, and more violent gangs in urban centers throughout the United States than there had been before. These concerns were amplified in the popular culture through movies and hip-hop music that depicted gang life as a stew of violence, guns, drug money, police repression, and exploitation of women.

Gangs have always provided an organizational context that leads to elevated rates of violence. Studies comparing gang and nongang members show that gang members engage in more violent crimes than do nongang delinquent youths (Tracy, 1987; Fagan, 1990). Adolescents have higher rates of violence during periods of gang membership than they do either before joining or after leaving a gang (Thornberry et al., 1993). Gang participation during adolescence also appears to increase the proclivity toward and seriousness of adult violent crime, especially among core gang members who have leadership roles in their gangs (Spergel, 1990). Accordingly, whether they are called “sets,” “klikas,” or “nations,” gangs evidently provide a fertile organizational context for individual and collective acts of violence.
Severity of Gang Victimization
Authors: Chin Ko-lin
Published: November 2023

One of the most prevalent forms of crime committed by Chinese gang members is extortion (Penn, 1980; Kerber and Gentile, 1982; Louttit, 1982; President’s Com mission on Organized Crime, 1984). Sensational newspaper headlines such as “Street Crime Casts a Pall of Fear over Chinatown,” “The Tongs’ Hammer Lock: Merchants Silent in Face of Extortion,” “How Gangs Are Terrorizing S.F. China town,” and “Young Hoodlums, Scorning Tradition of Hard Work, Plague San Francisco Chinatown” underscore the pervasiveness of extortion in the Chinese American community.

The term extortion requires some explanation. In the context of the Chinese communities, it must be understood in its broadest connotations: it refers not just to the demand under threat of violence for money on either a regular or irregular basis, but to other forms of intimidation specific to the Chinese community. These include the forced sale of items to merchants, and the coercion of free meals and goods or services from local businesses (Chin, 1990). Accordingly, extortion in Chinatown may be classified into four types. The first is “protection.” Protection denotes a demand for a fixed amount of money from a business to ensure that the business will not be disturbed by a gang or by other predators. The amount of money is negotiated between the business owner and the gang member; the money then is paid fairly regularly, for example, monthly. This type of extortion is closely related to territorial rights because theoretically only members of a gang that controls the area where the victim operates his or her business are supposed to ask for protection money.
“The Murders in the Rue Morgue”
Authors: Lemire Elise
Published: November 2023

Edger allan poe’s younger contemporary and fellow Philadelphian Charles God frey Leland (1824-1903)Wrote in his Memoirs (1893) that “Whoever shall write a history of Philadelphia from the Thirties to the era of the Fifties will record a popular period of turbulence and outrages so extensive as to now appear almost incredible” (216), Leland was referring to a time when many whites felt compelled to shape social life as they saw fit and by whatever means required, no matter how violent. On numerous occasions and in response to various perceived outrages, white mobs took to the streets of Philadelphia and other cities, wrecking buildings and other personal property and attacking—and sometimes killing—the human subjects of their wrath. Free blacks and white abolitionists were frequent targets, undergoing numerous assaults across the Northeast, particularly in the 1830s. One of Philadelphia’s worst riots occurred in May 1838, during the second Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women. Antiabolitionist whites attacked and burned the Friends Shelter for Colored Orphans, a black church, and the Pennsylvania Hall for Free Discussion, the city’s newest and largest building and the site of the convention. Poe lived in Philadelphia at the time of this riot; he had moved there sometime in early 1838 and stayed until 1844.
Poe’s Philosophy of Amalgamation
Authors: Person Leland S
Published: November 2023

Emphasizing the “horror, and thick gloom, and a black sweltering desert of ebony,” as well as the “southward” drift of his ship, the narrator of Poe’s early story “Ms. Found in a Bottle” (1833) discovers “black stupendous seas” swelling above him and then a gigantic ship, whose “huge hull” is a “deep dingy black,” bearing clown upon him (Mabbott, 2:139, 140). When he is hurled from his own ship to the other, he quickly secretes himself in the hold because, he says, “I was unwilling to trust myself with a race of people who had offered, to the cursory glance I had taken, so many points of vague novelty, doubt, and apprehension” (Mabbott, 2:141). As he becomes convinced that his new, “terrible,” ship is doomed, he finds himself on deck, “unwittingly” daubing with a black tar brush upon the “edges of a neatly-folded studding-sail.” When it is unfurled, he reports, the black-on-white message he has unwittingly written reads “Discovery” (Mabbott, 2:142).
Humanists and Reformers as Allies: A Constructive Misunderstanding?
Authors: Rummel Erika
Published: November 2023

When Luther first came to the attention of readers in Germany, his ideas were regarded as an extension of Erasmus’ program of reform. It was a perception widespread enough to take on a proverbial cast. “Erasmus laid the egg, and Luther hatched it” became a popular tag. Since Erasmus’ name was closely associated with humanism and Luther’s soon came to stand for the Reformation, the two movements were conceptually linked as well. Erasmus reacted angrily to this oversimplification. He saw himself neither as a forerunner nor as a soulmate of Luther. “It is silly for some people to be so pleased with the witticism ‘Either Luther erasmianizes or Erasmus lutheranizes,’” he wrote. “I have as much in common with Luther as the cuckoo with the nightingale.”
Individual Words
Authors: Wolosky Shira
Published: November 2023

Poetry can be many things. Poetry can be philosophical, or emotional, or sentimental. It can paint pictures, in a descriptive mode, or tell stories, in a narrative one. Poetry can also be satirical, or funny, or political, or just informative. Yet none of these activities is specific to poetry, or reveals how poetry differs from other kinds of writing or speaking.
Images: Simile and Metaphor
Authors: Wolosky Shira
Published: November 2023

Diction and syntax are important to any kind of writing or speaking. But in poetry their use may be more conscious, more considered, and they may take on special meanings and effects—like a dancer who walks or runs, but does so with more grace, more intention, and as part of a fuller purpose of design and beauty. Imagery is another basic poetic unit, one more specific to poetry and much more obviously exciting; it is the fireworks of poetry, often thought of as poetry’s defining characteristic. Actually, how large a role the kind of vivid visual picture we think of as the very stufic of poetry plays varies from literary period to period, with changes in literary taste and literary fashion. Different ages admire different things in poetry, and our admiration for certain kinds of imagery has its own specific historical context. Still, through most literary tastes and trends, the poetic image has remained a fundamental unit of poetic composition, whether as a small decorative moment in a larger argument, or as the primary organizing principle of the poem as a whole.
The Expired Subject
Authors: Tasić Vladimir
Published: November 2023

It has been said that the German mathematician David Hilbert was one of the two most influential mathematicians of the twentieth century (along with Poincaré). The influence of his proposal for dealing with the question of mathematical foundations extends well beyond mathematics.

Considering Hilbert’s program and continental variations on the theme will permit us to familiarize ourselves with the formalist sources of postmodern thought. which we will consider in more detail later. Along the way, we will glance at some side products of Hilbert’s endeavor: the appearance of an abstract computational device as the model of human intelligence and the notions of incompleteness and randomness.
Don’t Think, Look
Authors: Tasić Vladimir
Published: November 2023

Wittgenstein’s work is traditionally divided into two or three phases. His early period is related to logical positivism and probably reflects his interest in the ideas of Russell and Frege; it is separated from the subsequent periods by a long hiatus. His return to active philosophical work, which marks the entrance into the middle phase. appears to have followed Brouwer’s lectures in Vienna in 1928.

Indeed, Wittgenstein’s later work explicitly takes up some of the issues mentioned by Brouwer in his lectures, for example, the role of “training the mind” and culturalization of individuals (Wittgenstein had been a schoolteacher and already developed an interest in these problems), and transmission of the will by means of what Brouwer called a “single human cry” (Wittgenstein discusses utterances such as “Sit!”, “Water!”, etc.).
Introduction
Authors: Tedlock Dennis
Published: November 2023

Many plays are performed in contemporary Mayan communities, but there is only one that dramatizes a time when Europeans had yet to appear over the horizon of the Mayan world. This same play is one of the few whose dialogue is entirely in a Mayan language. The town where the play is produced is Rabinal, in the highlands of Guatemala, and one of the play’s two titles is RabinalAchi, “Man of Rabinal.” Whenever the characters are not engaged in dialogue they dance to the music of trumpets, which gives the play its other title: Xajoj Tun, “Dance of the Trumpets.” The character named Man of Rabinal is a warrior in the service of Lord Five Thunder, who rules the Rabinal nation from a fortress on a mountaintop. Guarding the boundaries of his court and kingdom are two characters who take their names, Eagle and Jaguar, from the sources of their spiritual power. Present within his court are his unmarried daughter, called the Mother of Quetzal Feathers; his wife, identified only as Lady; and a slave.
History as a Performing Art
Authors: Tedlock Dennis
Published: November 2023

The main characters in Rabinal Achi resemble historical figures, the deeds they narrate resemble historical events, and most of the places they mention can be located in geographical space. The dramatization of events in the human past, like so many of the other features of the play, has roots among the ancient Maya. The oldest direct evidence has been found at Dos Pilas, in two seventh-century inscriptions on the risers of a stone stairway. The earlier of the two texts concerns an attack on Tikal that drove its ruler into exile, followed by a retaliatory attack on Dos Pilas. The text that was added later records the performance of a dance at Dos Pilas, one in which the two earlier occurrences were dramatized.
Scripts and Voices
Authors: Tedlock Dennis
Published: November 2023

It was Charles Étienne Brasseur de Bourbourg, a priest and antiquarian of Flemish descent, who first brought the text of Man of Rabinal into print, accompanied by a facing-page French translation. As a traveler and sojourner in Mesoamerica, the interest that guided him was the acquisition of manuscripts bearing on the antiquities of the region. He arrived in Guatemala City on February 1, 1855, and by March he was writing letters to friends about his discoveries there. At the library of the University of San Carlos he found manuscript volumes containing the writings of Francisco Ximénez, the Dominican friar who had served as parish priest in Rabinal and other Mayan towns in 1701-1729. What attracted Brasseur most was a volume in which Ximénez had included a grammar of the K’iche’ language, written by himself, and the text of a major work by Quiché authors, to which he had added a Spanish translation. The title Ximénez chose for this work was Las historias del orígen de los indios de esta provincia de Guatemala, but Brasseur would one day make it famous under a K’iche’ title: Popol Vuh (Popol Wuj), meaning “Council Book.”
The Play Enacted
Authors: Tedlock Dennis
Published: November 2023

On the day of a performance, the participants in Rabinal Achi gather for costuming at the house of José León Coloch (figure 64). Those who live at some distance from the town center have spent the night there, sleeping in hammocks. The masks, the trumpets and drum, and the objects carried by the actors are laid out on the stone floor of the room where the household altar is located. There the Road Guide prays over them, lighting tall candles and swinging his incense burner. The masks and costumes used in most of the dance dramas of Guatemala are rented from one of several specialized workshops that manufacture and refurbish them. The tasks normally involved in producing a play include organizing expeditions to a town where a workshop is located. In the case of Rabinal Achi, however, the masks and most of the clothing are locally made. Items that cannot be found locally are purchased in other towns and reused in later years.
Preliminary Matters
Authors: Practice Writing
Published: November 2023

Writing practice must be constant for growth to occur. Until you can set aside a regular period for it every day, your growth will be sporadic, at best. Sometimes even people with a strong desire to write will go years before they make a routine or habit of writing for more than half an hour a day. Know that if the desire to write is strong enough, and you are cursed or blessed with the need to write, you will eventually find yourself making time for it. It may take years for the need to manifest itself. The process of gestation is a mystery. The point to remember is that until you are writing regularly, your skills will not develop.
Genesis 6 Metamorphosis
Authors: Practice Writing
Published: November 2023

As you probably have discovered, writing can be both exhilarating and frustrating. You may have experienced the occasional poem or story writing itself, but if you have worked at writing, you usually find yourself reviing until you get it right. How is it then that there are writers who seem to get it right, most of the time, in the first draft? Thomas Nashe, a gifted Elizabethan pamphleteer, playwright, satirist, and word juggler, boasted that he wrote as fast a’s his hand could trot. My hunch is that Nashe worked out his writings in his head before commit ting them to paper. This points to two methods of writing. One is the common method of writing and rewriting, in which we put down draft after draft, rearranging paragraphs and rewriting sentences. The process may begin with a sketchy outline, which is used to suggest rather than to dictate content. By using an outline as a tentative skeleton rather than as a straitjacket, you allow yourself to integrate the discoveries you make as you proceed.
Hart, Fairbanks, And The Vitalization Of Landscape
Authors: Cohen Paula Marantz
Published: November 2023

The Camera pans across the towering cliffs of a canyon, then moves in to locate a man on a horse at the top of one of the cliffs. Moving closer, it shows the man in full shot, his body erect in the saddle, his face lean and weathered as he stares out into the distance, pensive, before resuming his ride.
Prologue
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman
Published: November 2023

In the present day Quest for the Historical Jesus, the single most repeated assertion of his substance is that Jesus was Jewish. That observation might seem obvious enough, but given the anti-Jewish nature of the Christian scriptures, it is one worth making. However, once it is made, this worthy assertion is given only a brief respectful nod by the Jesus-Questors – rather like a verger briefly reverencing the altar before getting on with his daily roster of duties. Thus, in almost every version of the present day Quest, Jesus comes labelled as being “a Jew” (as if we automatically know what that most protean of terms meant two thousand years ago), and then he is defined as one with such unusual characteristics that he becomes a Jew who has most of the distinguishing marks ascribed to early Christians.
The Wounded Jvlacjns
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman
Published: November 2023

notice the man coming up the street. you’ve seen him before, lots of times, on different streets, various cities, other continents. He’s the nearest thing we have to a witness.
Avoiding Words That Make Us Lie
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman
Published: November 2023

one of the biggest challenges in dealing with the early days of the Jesus-faith is to avoid saying things we do not mean. Whether we do so consciously or unthinkingly, using the wrong words wears ruts of fallacy deep into our unconscious. Language teachers sometimes refer to “false-friends,” words that are familiar in one language, but which, when they (or very similar packages of sound or orthography) are found in another tongue, mean something entirely different. Unfortunately, the present-day vocabularies of the Jewish and the Christian faiths are so full of false-friends that they almost seem to be designed to lead us astray.
Words from the Master’s Table
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman
Published: November 2023

the possible relationship of the epistles of saint saul and the Four Gospels (but especially the Synoptics) has long been a topic of indecisive debate. Here we will be concerned chiefly with sayings (as distinct from biographical and behavioural material) that may relate to the historical Yeshua and with a few items concerning early church traditions that may reflect on that issue. We will not engage in the kind of textual truffle hunting that results in random occurrences or common folk sayings being taken as instances of meaningful inter-textual joinings. To take an example, the parallel between Saul’s advising the Thessalonians “ … be at peace among yourselves” (I Thess s:I 3) and Yeshua ‘s reportedly saying to his disciples, “ … have peace one with another” (Mark 9:50), has no value whatsoever as an indication of any relationship between the Synoptic Gospels and Saul’s epistles, and would have none even if the wording were exactly the same: most leaders, whether of religions, armies, or just heads of large families often have to tell their broods to calm down and keep quiet. Lists have been made of over 900 alleged parallels in the Synoptic Gospels, a credulity that threatens to discredit the entire enterprise.1
Introduction
Authors: Chavkin Allan
Published: November 2023

In the turbulent 1960s, empowerment movements, Native cultural awakening, and a strong interest in American Indians helped provide the impetus for what Kenneth Lincoln has called the Native American Renaissance, the flowering of a dynamic new literature written by American Indians. I The beginning of this Renaissance is usually associated with the publication of N. Scott Momaday’s House Made of Dawn (1968), which won the Pulitzer Prize. Momaday’s novel and other works, including the highly regarded novel by James Welch, Winter in the Blood (1974), reached a large reading public. But of the numerous works of the Native American Renaissance published between 1968 and the present, it is Leslie Marmon Silko’s Ceremony that has received the greatest critical acclaim.
The Transformation: Tayo’s Genealogy in Ceremony
Authors: Purdy John
Published: November 2023

Tayo is an intriguing and complex character, and thanks to Leslie Silko’s abilities as a storyteller, his story is engaging. As we read of his search for a cure, we sympathize with his plight, and when Tayo confronts Emo and the evil forces he represents at book’s end, we support him. Like Tayo, we come to recognize the responsibilities he has to his world, but also that meeting these responsibilities results in his gaining the power to survive the confrontation through his awareness of appropriate action, or inaction in this case. Like Laguna oral literature, Ceremony is concerned with entertainment and enduring cultural values, and when Silko writes of a man trying to come to grips with a chaotic world seemingly bent on self-destruction, she does what past Laguna storytellers have done: clarify the changes in their world and dramatize how old ways may be adapted to accommodate those changes. Tayo’s story emerges from a long­ standing literary tradition which continues to define and redefine the sources of power found in the Laguna landscape and to provide knowledge of the ways that these sources may be utilized. As Tayo moves through his narrative, his awareness of the relationship between his experiences and those told of in the stories of his people grows, and he in turn moves from an isolated, ill individual to a powerful, competent representative of his people. In a word, he becomes a hero.
"The Very Essence of Our Lives": Leslie Silko’s Webs of Identity
Authors: Owens Louis
Published: November 2023

At the core of Ceremony is the author’s attempt to find a particular strength within what has almost universally been treated as the “tragic” fact of mixedblood existence.
The Semiotics of Dwelling in Leslie Marmon Silko’s Ceremony
Authors: Rainwater Catherine
Published: November 2023

A reader of Ceremony must also acknowledge a second concept that Silko and other contemporary Indian writers suggest is fundamental to American Indian epistemology: there are profound, inextricable linkages among self, community, and the physical and metaphysical dimensions of the land. Three brief statements by N. Scott Momaday, Paula Gunn Allen, and Louise Erdrich succinctly outline such a relationship to the environment. Momaday’s statement emphasizes an aesthetic perception and valuation of land that he sees as characteristically “Indian.”
Leslie Marmon Silko
Authors: Weaver Jace
Published: November 2023

Many of the same themes that run through the work of Vine Deloria propel the writing of Leslie Silko. Sovereignty, com­ munity, and the vitality and power of a tradition that is constantly evolving are fundamental categories for the Laguna author. Rejecting racially based essentializing, she stated in a 1980 interview, “Community is tremendously important. That’s where a person’s identity has to come from, not from racial blood quantum levels.”1 Applying such a criteria to herself in an autobiographical statement six years earlier, she wrote, “I grew up at Laguna Pueblo. I am of mixed-breed ancestry, but what I know is Laguna. This place I am from is everything I am as a writer and human being.”2 Like Scott Momaday, she is a writer who sees herself as a writer (and not as a “representative Indian”), “in whom a concern with memory and the past operates as a constitutive element in both writing and personal/cultural survival and growth.”3 And like Momaday (and Mourning Dove before him), she artfully weaves traditional orature and the sacred/ceremonial into Western literary forms.
Leslie Marmon Silko
Authors: Coltelli Laura
Published: November 2023

Sitko: The way I experienced storytelling as a young child, I sensed that people-the person you know or loved, your grandma or uncle or neighbor-as they were telling you the story, you could watch them, and you could see that they were concentrating very intently on something.
Samson’s Death by Theater and Milton’s Art of Dying
Authors: Kezar Dennis
Published: November 2023

In A Highly Theatrical Culture that also invests a great deal of ideological energy in questions of soteriology, one is not surprised to find death privileged as a uniquely authentic and revelatory drama: a faithful picture of “that within” somehow unobscured by “actions that a man might play.” But John Donne’s prayer for a correspondence between “inward comforts” and “outward testimonies” reveals a source of anxiety for spectators in the Renaissance theater of death.
The New Deal’s Political Economy, 1933–1948: From Organic Body Politic to Unified Body Economic
Authors: Peritz Rudolph J R
Published: November 2023

The New Deal is understood by historians, political scientists, economists, legal scholars, and other students of political economy as two New Deals. The early New Deal, identified most of all with the National Industrial Recovery Act, is seen as a dangerous episode, as the collectivist impulse that failed. This brief period of central planning, as it is viewed, was already a national fiasco when the Supreme Court handed down the unanimous ALA Schechter Poultry (1935) decision, which held the NIRA unconstitutional. Within minutes of the decision, Justice Brandeis was heard to say to Tommy Corcoran, one of Franklin Roosevelt’s close advisors, “This is the end of this business of centralization, and I want you to go back and tell the President that we’re not going to let this government centralize everything. It’s come to an end.”1 Roosevelt, and Congress, would take heed of Brandeis’s warning. Indeed, the later New Deal’s turn toward decentralized planning, toward competitive markets as economic regulator, was symbolized by an Antitrust Division in the Department of Justice. Yale law professor Thurman Arnold would lead the division’s assault on the economy’s collectivist mentalité, cultivated at least as early as Herbert Hoover’s regime of trade associationalism.
A Body Made of Words and Poetic Meters
Authors: Malamoud Charles
Published: November 2023

The problem I would like to examine is quite simple, in a way: How does the sacrifice affect the sacrificer? What happens to the sacrificer, to his self, during the sacrificial process? In what respect, and to what extent, is he modified by it? Let it be clear that I am not looking for psycho-physiological answers to these questions. I am not trying to trace the measurable transformations to which a human organism is submitted when exposed to the material conditions and to the mental stress involved in the sacrificial process. I am trying to find not what happens “really” but what is supposed to happen. I wish to understand what is taught by the dogmatic texts of the Veda in a language we can very well call metaphorical. Of course, it is not impossible to draw some hints from these texts that could be used for a scientific interpretation. But I don’t think that effort could take us very far. In any case, we should not refrain from trying to understand the consistency of the injunctions of Vedic discourse on the aim and means of the sacrificial rite.
Spirit Possession as Self Transformative Experience in Late Medieval Catholic Europe
Authors: Sluhovsky Moshe
Published: November 2023

Possession by either divine or demonic spirits is a familiar form of self-transformation. Together with devotional ecstasy, shamanism, trance, and voodoo and Zar ceremonies, possession is included by ethnopsychologists and anthropologists in the large variety of altered states of consciousness, numerous mental states that are “indigenously understood in terms of the influence of an alien spirit, demon, or deity.” These diverse conditions and practices enable individuals and communities to reach beyond their mundane bodies and souls and connect with the supernatural, whether divine or diabolic. Anthropologist Erika Bourguignon has counted more than different societies in which such states are acknowledged. Other anthropologists have identified a marked contrast between two types of possession - central and peripheral. In the former, possession is regarded as a positive experience, and the spirits who take temporary hold over human bodies are viewed positively and typically speak through men. In such societies, possession is sometimes selfinduced, and the state of being possessed supports the moral, political, social, and religious order. In peripheral possessions, the phenomenon is viewed as undesirable, signifying personal or social pathology, and the possessed individuals are usually women. In cultures where possession is viewed negatively, as “the state of a person whose body has fallen under the control of the devil,” the possessing agents are assumed to be demons, Satan himself, or revenants - disembodied souls that return from the realm of the dead. Societies that embrace peripheral possession, seen as dangerous or non-normative behavior, developed healing techniques to cure and reintegrate possessed individuals by means of established ceremonies of exorcism.
After Publication
Authors: Callahan John F
Published: November 2023

In the preface to his two-part interview with Ellison, begun in 1974, resumed and concluded in 1982, John Hersey remarked that “[o]ne of the most significant views of Ralph Ellison’s work happens to be his own.” Hersey understates the matter. Aware that his reputation rested largely on Invisible Man, Ellison wrote briefly and at length, over and over again, about any and every aspect of his novel in essays, interviews, and letters from the time of the novel’s publication in 1952 until his death in 1994. Some of his comments, like those in “Brave Words for a Startling Occasion,” his address on the occasion of accepting the National Book Award, place Invisible Man in the most ambitious, classic tradition of the American novel. Other remarks, like some of those made to interviewers from the Paris Review, sometimes downplay his novel’s importance. But whether in his essays and interviews, or in letters written to students, scholars, readers, old friends, or all of the above, Ellison’s words about Invisible Man reveal a learned, highly conscious artist as critic and an exacting critic as artist striving to write far more than a worthy first novel. The selections that follow are a sample of the best of the extensive theoretical and practical commentaries offered by Ellison in the four decades of his life after Invisible Man was published in 1952.
The Conscious Hero and the Rites of Man Ellison’s War
Authors: Wright John S
Published: November 2023

The psychogenesis o f Invisible Man, Ralph Ellison has reiterated periodically, lies in a World War II furlough’s tonic state of “hyperreceptivity”: Sent home from the Merchant Marines in the winter of 1944 to recuperate from wartime stress, Ellison had “floundered” into a powerful intuition. With the aesthetic conviction that “war could, with art, be transformed into something more meaningful than its surface violence” (IM, xiv), he had begun work on a recalcitrant war novel. That work was subverted, he says, by a punning inner voice that brooded over the perennial conundrum of black soldiers fighting for the right to fight for freedom in a war designed to return them home unfree. The voice announced irrepressibly, “I am an invisible man.” Its words rebutted sharply the sociological truism that most Afro-American troubles sprang from the group’s “high visibility,” and spurred Ellison to abandon his planned war novel for a highly experimental, panoramic, and picaresque fictional “memoir.” The new work concerned itself more broadly “with the nature of leadership, and thus with the nature of the hero... [and] with the question of just why our Negro leadership was never able to enforce its will. Just what was there about American society that kept Negroes from throwing up effective leaders?” Absorbed at the same moment with Lord Raglan’s The Hero: A Study in Tradition, Myth, and Drama (1936), Ellison turned his explorations into modern myth, mores, and caste codes to the specific subject of American “race rituals.” His probings subsequently yielded, as a narrative embryo, the grotesque high school graduation rites undergone by a young, would-be leader of his people in the tale “Battle Royal,” which Ellison published in 1947, five years before the novel for which it would serve as the opening chapter.