bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solving Organisational Problems with Intranet Technology
Authors: Malik Sohail Jehangir , Nazli Hina , Abrar Kashif
Published: August 2018

Information serves as an essential intermediate input in
decision-making for any business process. It is an essential requirement
not only for effective and efficient management but also for medium and
long term planning. In this era of technological advancement the rapid
growth of information flow has contributed significantly in the
expansion of business, commercial, industrial, financial, educational
and research organisations. Electronic communication provides the
ability to overcome many organisational problems. In recent years, an
easy and inexpensive access to information through the Internet and
e-mail has created an atmosphere of strong competition among
organisations. In this competitive environment, the organisations need
an efficient, productive and competent internal set-up based on a
well-informed workforce. In the absence of effective co-ordination, the
expansion of an organisation may result in inter-group conflicts,
unhealthy bureaucratic activities, and various complexities in
decision-making [Telleen (1996)]. This applies even more to
organisations in developing countries such as Pakistan that are in need
of efficient ways to improve governance and enhance institutional
reforms.
Rural Development in the 21st Century: Some Issues
Authors: Gill Zulfiqar Ahmad , Mustafa Khalid , Jehangir Waqar Ahmad
Published: August 2018

Rural development is essentially a part of the process of
structural transformation characterised by diversification of the
economy away from agriculture. This process is facilitated by rapid
agricultural growth, at least initially, but leads ultimately to
significant decline in the share of agriculture to total employment and
output and in the proportion of the rural population to total population
[Johnston (1970)]. Rural development, as such, is not an end in itself
but a means to an end and can provide the basis for a sustained and
equitable economic growth of all sectors of the economy. The main theme
of the paper is to contribute to the perception of rural development in
Pakistan by delineating the pros. and cons. of past rural development
efforts and the ensuing crisis in agriculture. Possible strategies for
sustainable agricultural growth and rural development and the formal
approach for their implementation are described in subsequent sections.
It is argued that the whole scenario requires courage and political will
of politicians to decentralise the development process. Concluding
comments and future options for research appear at the end.
Price Regulation in Telecommunications Sector and Its
Implications
Authors: Saleem Muhammad
Published: August 2018

Telecommunication facility has been provided in most countries
as a user pay public service managed, typically, through the Post,
Telegraph and Telephone departments or by some government-owned
monopoly. The tradition has been to regard it as a natural monopoly to
be supplied by the public sector.1 This perception has changed.
Telecommunication is now increasingly recognised as a prime mover of the
modern day economy. It is opening to participation by the private
sector. The economic benefits of telecommunications are enormous, both
as a growth industry in its own right and in terms of its impact on
economic development. It has a significant social role in transforming
how people communicate, become informed or do business. Additionally, it
is also environment-friendly because it disseminates information without
shifting goods or people. The practice now in vogue is to establish a
regulatory agency with a high degree of independence from both operator
and government. The regulator’s task is to implement government policy,
ensure performance accountability by the operators and other players in
respect of economic and social policy objectives, resolve disputes
between competitors, monitor changing industry conditions and advise
government on developments bearing on policy. The regulatory agency acts
as a buffer between telecom operators and government, helping to ensure
the separation of functions.
International Accounting Rate Reform in
Telecommunications
Authors: Choudhary Muhammad Abbas , Saeed Muhammad
Published: August 2018

Twenty European countries came together in 1865 to form an
organisation, the predecessor to the International Telecommunications
Union and to arrive at mechanisms and agree upon a methodology of
distributing the revenues from the international telegraph service. The
current accounting rate system is a modified version of the then
developed methodology for the International telegraph. This
international settlement regime based on accounting rates has long been
under attack by economists, policy-makers in developed countries and
international trade organisations. The ITU, the OECD, the FCC and other
regulatory bodies are pursuing various initiatives to reform or replace
the existing accounting rate system. These regulatory initiatives are
aimed at reducing the current pricing distortions embedded in the
accounting rate system. In the wake of the WTO agreement, a system of
traffic compensation that is not ‘cost oriented’ is not only
unsustainable, it is also in violation of the regulatory principles set
out in the WTO reference paper.
Growth of Livestock Production in Pakistan: An Analysis
Authors: Chaudhry M Ghaffar , Ahmad Munir , Chaudhry Ghulam Mustafa
Published: August 2018

Agriculture is the backbone and single largest sector of
Pakistan’s economy as its contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
exceeded 25.3 percent during 1997-98. Crops, livestock, fishing and
forestry sub-sectors being its main components, only crop and livestock
sub-sectors are of critical importance. They accounted for 59.6 and 36.2
percent of the sector’s output respectively. Because of the ongoing
process of structural transformation, agriculture’s share in the
national economy is shrinking. From 39 percent of GDP in 1969-70 it has
fallen to its current levels [Pakistan (1999a)]. The livestock
sub-sector however has not followed suit. It has risen from 27.3 percent
in 1969-70 to 36.2 percent in 1997-98. This trend in fact would be more
pronounced if the national accounts did not underestimate the
sub-sector’s components such as farm yard manure, dung cakes for
household fuels and animal draft power.
An Assessment of Livestock Production Potential in Pakistan:
Implications for Livestock Sector Policy
Authors: Iqbal Muzaffar , Ahmad Munir
Published: August 2018

About two third of the farming community in Pakistan consists
of small farmers who are characterised by small land holdings (less than
5 hectares) and by several factors that influence their productive
potential and income generating capacity [Pakistan (1998)]. Livestock
farming is an integral part of rural smallholders and has a vast
untapped potential for productivity increase and income generation.
Livestock holdings by the small farmers constitute a significant portion
of the farm incomes. Small farmers and landless livestock producers
derive around 10-25 percent of their incomes from this
sub-sector........
Demographic, Socio-economic, and Regional Fertility Differentials
in Pakistan
Authors: Hakim Abdul
Published: August 2018

Pakistan, with an estimated population of 135.6 million in
1999, is the seventh most populous country in the world. The historical
trends indicate a continuous and exponentially increasing growth in
population because of sustained high fertility and declining mortality.
Currently, the population is growing at around 2.3 percent per annum,
one of the highest rates of growth in the world. In Pakistan, the
contraceptive prevalence is still low (24 percent) and fertility level
(TFR 5.0) is among the highest in the world. There has been only a
marginal decline in fertility in Pakistan over the last two and half
decades. An average married woman in Pakistan still experiences a total
of at least seven children if she survives and completes her
reproductive periods. The purpose of this analysis using data from a
nationally representative sample survey, Pakistan Fertility and Family
Planning Survey 1996-97 [see Hakim et al. (1998) for details] is to
determine whether there are any differentials in fertility levels by age
at marriage, educational level, occupation, region of residence
(province), place of residence (urban or rural) and economic class. Both
bivariate and multivariate analyses have been undertaken to examine the
effect of the selected demographic and socio-economic variables on the
level of fertility. Some variations by use of contraception, exposure to
mass media, mother tongue, women’s mobility and decision-making
variables were also studied, but subsequently dropped because
differentials were either not sustained or captured by other
variables.
Poor Performance of Health and Population Welfare Programmes in
Sindh: Case Studies in Governance Failure
Authors: Karim Mehtab S. , Zaidi Shehla
Published: August 2018

Over the past few years, the issue of what is meant by “good
governance” has generated increasing attention and debate both at the
national and international level [Streeten (1997)]. The role of state
and how that role is to be exercised is appearing high on the agenda of
politicians, policy-makers and academicians in the developing world.
Governance has been defined by the World Bank as “the manner in which
power is exercised in the management of the country’s economic and
social resources” [World Bank (1994)]. The somewhat narrow scope of this
definition has been broadened in recent years to “the sum of the many
ways individuals and institutions, public and private, manage their
common affairs” [Commission on Global Governance (995)] The Human
Development Report [UNDP (1999)] goes beyond these definitions and gives
a much more radical notion of good governance, underpinning the
importance of peoples’ participation in shaping their own governance and
development. This type of governance has been labeled as “humane
governance”.
Socio-cultural Constraints and Women’s Decision-making Power
Regarding Reproductive Behaviour
Authors: Ali Syed Mubashir , Sultan Mehboob
Published: August 2018

In a previous study [Ali, Siyal and Sultan (1995)], we
observed a big gap between behaviour and desires. Only 35 percent women
had the number of children that they had desired. Whereas, a very large
number of women had more children than their stated ideal number of
children. The same data set also showed that a majority of women (54
percent) either wanted to stop having children or wanted to wait at
least two years before having another child [Ali and Rukanuddin (1992)].
In practice, all of these women were not protected; instead only 12
percent were practising contraception [Shah and Ali (1992)]. An argument
was put forward that, had these women been empowered to decide about the
number of children to be born, the scenario would have been different
and small family size norms would have prevailed.
The Uruguay Round Agreement: Implications for Pakistan’s Textiles
and Clothing Sector
Authors: Din Musleh-ud , Abbas Kalbe
Published: August 2018

The Uruguay Round (UR), which marked the conclusion of
protracted multilateral trade negotiations, resulted in comprehensive
agreements on multilateral trade in goods and services within the
framework of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The
newly created World Trade Organisation (WTO) provides an institutional
framework that encompasses all the agreements and legal instruments
negotiated in the UR as well as the dispute settlement procedures and
provisions for the regular monitoring of policies of the member
countries. The UR agreement has been widely perceived as constituting a
major advance in the process of multilateral liberalisation of trade in
goods and services and, when fully implemented, is expected to improve
economic efficiency and welfare from the global, national and sectoral
standpoints. An important feature of the UR agreement is the
incorporation of new sectors like textiles and clothing within the ambit
of the GATT/WTO framework. In view of the fact that the textiles and
clothing industry is one of the few sectors in which developing
countries enjoy a distinct comparative advantage over industrial
countries, the UR agreement holds considerable significance for
developing economies like Pakistan
Poverty in Pakistan: Increasing Incidence, Chronic Gender
Preponderance, and the Plausibility of Grameen-type
Intermediation
Authors: Goheer Nabeel A.
Published: August 2018

Pakistan is a large country with a population estimated at
130.580 million.1 The economy has a low-income of US$ 490 per capita,
with an estimated Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) of US$ 2230.2 It has
managed to achieve substantial economic growth in the past thirty years
until the dawn of 1990s. The growth rate has averaged 6.8 percent, 4.8
percent and 6.5 percent in 1960s, 70s and 80s, respectively.3 Evidence
from the National Income Accounts, Household Surveys and time series
data on the real wages of unskilled workers shows that economic growth
has contributed to reduce consumption poverty4 in Pakistan. The table
placed as Appendix A at the end shows that GDP per capita has increased
in real terms by about 63 percent between 1972-73 and 1990-91. Private
consumption per capita also increased in real terms by about 36 percent.
Despite the fact that the population has nearly doubled during the
period, there have been gains in income and consumption in per capita
terms.
Reconsidering the Relationship between the State, Donors, and
NGOs in Bangladesh (Distinguished Lecture)
Authors: Kennedy Charles H.
Published: August 2018

The growth in size and significance of NGOs and particularly
of Grameen Bank and the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) in
Bangladesh challenges the idealtypical relationship between the state,
donors and NGOs. Such an ideal envisions a clear demarcation of roles in
which NGOs compete with other NGOs for resources from the state and/or
donors and one in which NGO activities and programmes are regulated or
held accountable by their respective funding sources. The emergence of
large multitasking NGOs in a relatively small and weak state such as
Bangladesh belies this ideal. Grameen and BRAC compete with government
ministries for donor funding; statal institutions designed to regulate
the activities of such NGOs are functionally ineffective; and
international donors face insuperable hurdles in assessing
accountability.
Prevalencia, tratamiento y uso de la cistoscopia como prueba diagnóstica en pacientes con Esquistosomiasis urinaria
Authors: Urda Romacho Joaquin , Nieto Guindo Pablo , Fernández Ginés F. Dámaso
Published: August 2018

La Esquistosomiasis constituye la enfermedad parasitaria producida por helmintos de mayor importancia a nivel mundial. El diagnóstico se realiza con el hallazgo de huevos del parásito, aunque en ocasiones, para alcanzar un diagnóstico definitivo, hay que recurrir a pruebas mínimamente invasivas como la cistoscopia. El tratamiento de elección es el praziquantel. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar y evaluar la prevalencia de Esquistosomiasis vesical, su tratamiento y la realización de pruebas diagnósticas en pacientes con Esquistosomiasis genitourinaria. Para ello se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de 4 años de duración en un hospital comarcal. Variables recogidas: demográficas, parasitación concomitante, patologías asociadas, otros síntomas (hematuria, eosinofilia), confirmación diagnóstica, biopsia vesical, exploraciones complementarias (ecografía, radiología, cistoscopia flexible), tratamiento y necesidad de re-tratamiento. Se trataron a 247 pacientes con Esquistosomiasis genitourinaria. Se realizó cistoscopia a 44 pacientes, presentando 28 de ellos hallazgos significativos compatibles con Esquistosomiasis. Todos los pacientes recibieron tratamiento con praziquantel, de los cuales 22 fueron retratados. La elevada prevalencia de Esquistosomiasis entre la población inmigrante exige una alto nivel de sospecha clínica en estos pacientes, sobre todo cuando presentan hematuria. La cistoscopia flexible permite obtener confirmación diagnóstica de la enfermedad. El tratamiento con praziquantel presenta buena tolerancia y elevada tasa de curación.
Basic Ideas and Principles for the Development of Graduate Education During “the 13th Five-Year Plan”
Authors: Liu Yiying
Published: August 2018

“The 13th Five-Year Plan”, referring to the period from 2016 to 2020, marks a decisive stage in building moderately prosperous society of China. During “the 13th Five-Year Plan”, the demand of China's graduate education is increasing. Therefore, the development of graduate education during “the 13th Five-Year Plan” must meet the needs of the development of China's economy. By strictly adhering to the basic principle of steady development and deepening reform, improve the integral level of graduate education across the board to better provide high-level talents for the development of China's socialism. This paper, starting from the general situation of graduate education during “the 12th Five-year Plan”, discusses basic ideas and principles for the development of graduate education during “the 13th Five-Year Plan” for reference only.
Survey and Thoughts on Computer Usage Situation of University and College Students
Authors: Guo Henan
Published: August 2018

With the rapid development of science and technology and the continuous advancement of society, computers have also entered thousands of households, playing an increasingly important role in people's production and life, and college students have become one of the most active groups of computer enthusiasts. While computers are gradually becoming popular in college campuses, the consumption and use of computers has had a tremendous impact on the life and learning of college students, which has also aroused widespread concern of the society and relevant scholars. This paper takes the 2016 freshmen of School of Public Administration of Hebei University of Economics and Business as the research objects, conducting research on the usage of computer and network of university and college students, and analyzes the survey results, providing some suggestions for university and college students and schools.
Porositas Lempeng Resin Akrilik Pasca Perendaman Rebusan Daun Sirih dan Kayu Siwak
Authors: Khoiriyah Yustin Nur
Published: August 2018

Abstract: Porosity Of Acrylic Resin After Immersion In The Boiled Water Of Betel Leaves And Siwak Wood. Denture acrylic resin can be a collection point for stain, tar, and plaque and this will adversely affect the oral health of the denture wearer. One way to clean the oral cavity of denture users is to use mouthwash and soak the teeth with a cleaning solution/denture cleanser. Mouthwash solutions and chemical-based cleaning solutions at relatively high prices, and affect the porosity of dentures. Therefore, the need for alternative materials that are safe, cheap, natural as well as having antimicrobial function without affecting the level of porosity of denture. This study was to determine the effect of the combination of boiled water of betel leaves and siwak wood to the porosity of the acrylic resin plate. This study was an experimental study, posttest only design with the control group has been done at the integrated laboratory of Poltekkes Tanjungkarang, July – December 2015. Data were analyzed by One Way ANOVA and continued with Least Significant Difference test. The results showed that the combination of betel leaves and siwak wood does not affect the porosity of the acrylic resin plate. The highest concentration of the combination of betel leaf water and siwak wood that did not differ significantly with negative control (aquades) was 75% with longest immersion period was 59 days. Abstrak: Porositas Lempeng Resin Akrilik Pasca Perendaman Rebusan Daun Sirih Dan Kayu Siwak. Gigi tiruan resin akrilik dapat menjadi tempat pengumpulan stain, tar, dan plak dan hal ini akan berpengaruh jelek terhadap kesehatan mulut pemakai gigi tiruan. Salah satu cara menjaga kebersihan rongga mulut pengguna gigi tiruan adalah dengan menggunakan obat kumur dan merendam gigi-tiruan tersebut dengan larutan pembersih/denture cleanser. Larutan obat kumur dan larutan pembersih berbahan dasar dari bahan kimia dengan harga yang relatif mahal, serta mempengaruhi porositas gigi tiruan. Oleh karena itu, perlu adanya bahan alternatif yang aman, murah, alami sekaligus memiliki fungsi antimikroba dengan tanpa mempengaruhi tingkat porositas gigi tiruan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh kombinasi air rebusan daun sirih dan kayu siwak terhadap porositas lempeng resin akrilik. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimental, rancangan post test only with control group design, dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Terpadu Poltekkes Tanjungkarang, Juli-Desember 2015. Analisis data dengan uji One Way ANOVA dan dilanjutkan uji Least Significant Difference. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi air rebusan daun sirih dan kayu siwak tidak mempengaruhi porositas lempeng resin akrilik. Konsentrasi tertinggi dari kombinasi air rebusan daun sirih dan kayu siwak yang tidak berbeda signifikan dengan kontrol negatif (aquades) adalah 75% dengan lama perendaman terpanjang yaitu 59 hari.
Status Kesehatan Gigi dan Gingiva Siswa Sekolah Luar Biasa Yayasan Dharma Asih
Authors: Pakpahan Omry
Published: August 2018

Abstract: Dental Health Studies And Gingiva Student Outstanding Schools Dharma Asih Foundation. The importance of regular dental examination of the dentist is still lacking which can be caused by economic problems. Patients with disability disorders such as patients with nephrotic syndrome have a bad of oral hygiene and there is a mucosal lesion or aphthae, this is because respondents do not routinely perform the examination and oral care regularly. The aim of the study was to analyze dental and gingival stages in SLB/B and SLB/C. Type of research using survey method, conducted at Dharma Asih Foundation in Pontianak Municipality, September to November 2017. The research population is the respondents of Special School students (SLB/B and SLB/C) and the sample of research is 120 respondents. Sampling technique with purposive nonrandom sampling. The conclusions obtained were OHIS students of SLB/B and SLB/C were in the most moderate group. Based on the OHIS index that the education level of kindergarten, male gender, age group ≤ 5 years, 6-10 years and 11-15 years most experienced a bad OHIS index. Based on the DMF-T / deft index the students of SLB/B and SLB/C are in the lowest group at most. level of education, that the level of primary education, male gender and age group 6-10 years highest. It is recommended that dental and oral health care get more attention, so as not to have an adverse effect on the health of organs.Abstrak: Status Kesehatan Gigi Dan Gingiva Siswa Sekolah Luar Biasa  Yayasan Dharma Asih.  Pentingnya memeriksakan gigi secara teratur kedokter gigi masih kurang yang dapat diakibatkan karena masalah ekonomi. Penderita yang mengalami gangguan dis-abilitas seperti penderita neprotik syndrome mengalami keberihan mulut buruk dan terdapat lesi mukosa atau sariawan, hal ini dikarenakan responden tidak rutin melakukan pemeriksaan dan perawatan gigi mulut secara berkala. Tujuan Penelitian adalah untuk menganalisis stautus gigi dan gingiva di SLB/B dan SLB/C. Jenis penelitian menggunakan metode survei yang dilakukan pada Yayasan Dharma Asih di Kotamadya Pontianak pada bulan september sampai nopember 2017. Populasi  penelitian adalah responden siswa Sekolah Luar Biasa (SLB/B dan  SLB/C) dan sampel penelitian berjumlah 120 responden. Teknik pengambilan sampel dengan purposive non random sampling. Simpulan yang diperoleh berupa indeks OHIS siswa SLB/B dan SLB/C sama berada pada kelompok sedang paling banyak. Berdasarkan indeks OHIS bahwa jenjang pendidikan TK, jenis kelamin laki-laki, kelompok umur ≤ 5 tahun, 6–10 tahun dan 11–15 tahun paling banyak mengalami indeks OHIS yang buruk.  Berdasarkan indeks DMF-T/def-t siswa SLB/B dan SLB/C sama berada pada kelompok rendah paling banyak. jenjang pendidikan, bahwa jenjang pendidikan SD, jenis kelamin laki-laki dan kelompok umur 6–10 tahun paling tinggi. Disarankan bahwa penanganan kesehatan gigi dan mulut lebih mendapatkan perhatian, agar tidak mempunyai efek buruk terhadap kesehatan organ tubuh.
Hubungan Sarapan, Uang Saku dengan Jajanan Di SD Kristen Immanuel II Kubu Raya
Authors: Desi Desi , Suaebah Suaebah , Dwi Astuti Winda
Published: August 2018

Abstract: Relations With Breakfast And Allowance Hawker Immanuel Christian Elementary School II Kubu Raya. Factors that influence the selection of snack foods in school children include school lunch, breakfast, school activities, advertising on television and the availability of snack foods in schools. The purpose research is to determine the relationship of breakfast and pocket money for snacks consumption in primary school children Christian Immanuel II Kubu Raya. Observational with cross sectional study design. The number of samples in this study were 68 children were taken by random sampling. Nutritional status data obtained by anthropometric measurements (BB and TB) and categorized by the WHO Anthro. Data breakfast, pocket money, and street food is obtained by using a questionnaire. In this study, 61.8% was found among elementary school children Christian Immanuel II Kubu Raya do breakfast. 58.8% of students bring more pocket money than average and as much as 86.8% of students bring pocket money and buy food snacks in schools.Abstrak: Hubungan Sarapan, Uang Saku  dengan Jajanan Di SD Kristen Immanuel II Kubu Raya.  Faktor yang mempengaruhi pemilihan makanan jajanan pada anak sekolah antara lain bekal sekolah, makan pagi, aktifitas sekolah, iklan di televisi dan ketersediaan makanan jajanan di sekolah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan sarapan dan uang saku dengan konsumsi jajanan pada anak Sekolah Dasar Kristen Immanuel II Kubu Raya. Jenis Penelitian ini adalah Observasional dengan rancangan penelitian cross sectional. Jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 68 anak yang diambil secara random sampling. Data status gizi diperoleh dengan pengukuran antropometri (BB dan TB) dan dikategorikan berdasarkan WHO Anthro. Data sarapan pagi, uang saku, dan makanan jajanan diperoleh dengan menggunakan uji chi-square. Pada penelitian ini ditemukan sebanyak 61,8% anak Sekolah Dasar Kristen Immanuel II Kubu Raya melakukan sarapan pagi. 58,8% siswa/i membawa uang saku lebih dari rata-rata dan sebanyak 86,8% siswa/I membawa uang saku dan membeli makanan jajanan di sekolah. ada hubungan yang bermakna antara uang saku dengan konsumsi jajanan pada anak Sekolah Dasar Kristen Immanuel II Kubu Raya sedangkan antara sarapan dengan konsumsi jajanan pada anak di Sekolah Dasar Kristen Immanuel II Kubu Raya tidak ada hubungan yang bermakna.
THE PUBLICITY PRINCIPLE IN MAKING THE DEED OF THE NUPTIAL AGREEMENT BY NOTARY
Authors: Sabri Mohammad Nizar
Published: August 2018

The settlement of this research conclude that; the Resolution of Constitutional Council Number 69/PUU-XIII/2015 with regard to nuptial agreements is contradictory to the purpose of the publicity principle. Ratio legis of The authorization related to the publicity of notaries is also contradictory to the obligations of notaries to maintain the confidentiality  of  the  content  of  a  deed  and  the  professional  oath  of  notaries  as regulated  in  Article  16  paragraph  (1)  letter  f  of  the  Amendment  to  UUJN,  in conjunction with Article 4 paragraph (2) of UUJN. The existence of the Letter from the Director General of the Demography and Civil Registry as well as circular letter of the Directorate General of Islamic community guidance (Ditjen Bimasislam) on the registration of Reporting Nuptial Agreements; such letter does not follow up in relation to the resolutions of the Constitutional Council. However, the endeavour made to interpret the resolutions of the Constitutional Council by the Director General of Demography and Civil Registry is inconsistent with the resolution already mentioned by the  Constitutional  Council  (MK).  In  its  first  point  it  is  stated  that  a  nuptial agreement can be made drawn up in a notarized deed, on the other hand, the Constitutional Council, in its resolution, only mentions that a nuptial agreement may be drawn up in writing, which means that it may be executed by the parties only or be drawn up as a notarized deed.
THE USE OF INDONESIAN FORMAL LANGUAGE IN THE PROCESS OF LEGISLATIVE DRAFTING IN ACCORDANCE WITH LAW NUMBER 12 OF 2011
Authors: Riana Rati , Junaidi Muhammad
Published: August 2018

The character of civil law law that gave birth to the form of written law perceived that the law relies on the text of the written text, so it is possible to misinterpret the interpretation or multiple interpretations of articles or regulations because of wrong in understanding the language. This will impact on law enforcement less than the maximum. The use of standard language is one solution to avoid multiple interpretations in understanding the essence of language in the realm of law. This type of research is qualitative research. The data source is the document of Law Number 12 of 2011 on the Establishment of Legislation. The analysis is conducted on the use of standard Indonesian language in the document to meet its accordance with the rules of the standard language. In addition to the document, the analysis was also conducted on the results of the interview and the questionnaire.
Jesus-oriented visions of Judaism in antiquity
Authors: Hedner Zetterholm Karin
Published: August 2018

This article argues that the Pseudo-Clementine Recognitions 1.27–72, the Pseudo-Clementine Homilies, and the Didascalia Apostolorum – third and fourth century-texts, which combine adherence to Jesus with Jewish law observance – would have made sense to Jews in antiquity as Jewish, although non-rabbinic visions of the history and calling of the people of Israel, and that they ought to be considered as part of the history of Judaism. Recent years have witnessed an emerging trend to reread texts previously regarded as ‘Jewish-Christian’ or ‘heretical Christian’ as Jewish texts, and as evidence of diversity within Judaism in the post-70 period. This understanding emerges from the related insights that rabbinic Judaism was not the only, or even the dominant form of Judaism during the early centuries ce, that there was no definitive early split between a well defined Christianity and an equally well defined Judaism, and that Jewish self-identity in antiquity seems to have allowed for adherence to Jesus as an option within Judaism. Abandoning the practice of using rabbinic Judaism as the sole criterion for defining Jewishness in this time period allows us to see the theologies developed by such Jesus-oriented groups with a Jewish self-identity as profoundly Jewish, although non-rabbinic, visions of the history and calling of biblical Israel.
ʿĂqēdōt: the binding of Isaac in early modern Polish-Lithuanian Karaite poetry
Authors: Tuori Riikka
Published: August 2018

This article deals with early modern Polish-Lithuanian Karaite poems which are based on the biblical narrative of the binding of Isaac (Gen. 22). These liturgical poems (ʿăqēdōt) were recited during the ten days between the New Year and the Day of Atonement, known in Karaite tradition as the ten days of mercy. Their main function is to express the frame of mind of the congregants during this yearly period of repentance, eventually culminating in the sounding of the Shofar on the Day of Atonement. The article demonstrates that the Polish-Lithuanian Karaite poets do not only draw from the biblical narrative but rewrite it by using later midrashic and medieval interpretations of the binding of Isaac.
Fate in the religion of the Lepchas
Authors: Siiger Halfdan
Published: August 2018

The Lepchas are mountainous agriculturalists who live in the State of Sikkim in the Himalayas and in some adjacent Indian districts. To the Lepchas the supernatural world is divided into two groups, the rum, or the mainly benevolent supernatural beings, and the mung, or the malignant supernatural beings. Any evil occurrence is in the first instance ascribed to the malignant activities of the mung, but it may, under certain conditions, also be due to temporary on the part of some or other rum. If it is obvious that the evil occurrence is caused by a human being, this person is considered to be governed by some mung, or he may, which is much worse, be a mung in human disguise. At all events, any evil occurrence is experienced as the result of the evil will-power of some or other malignant supernatural being. Consequently, we cannot apply our technical term "Fate" to such occurrences, and Fate as an abstract concept cannot be used, when we speak of the Lepchas.
Divinity and destiny in the religion of Ruanda-Urundi
Authors: Pettersson Olof
Published: August 2018

Ruanda and Urundi belong to the Ruanda cluster of the interlactustrine Bantu in the regions surrounded by a great ring of lakes—Tanganyika, Kivu, Edward Albert, Kioga and Victoria. Pygmoid hunters and gatherers still survive among some tribes of the Ruanda cluster, and in both Ruanda and Urundi, people of "Hamitic" (Nilotic) origin live side by side with the original tribes. Most of the societies today reveal a sharp stratification into endogamous castes with a ruling aristocracy of herders called Tutsi, a subject agricultural peasanty called Hutu, and often also a depressed caste of Pygmy hunters, called Twa. Even if the beliefs in Ruanda and in Urundi differ in detail, the general religious system is the same among the both peoples. The influences—good or evil—on the life of mankind, on the social orders etc. come from what can be determined as the ultrahuman or superhuman' part of the world.
C. Linnaeus' ideas concerning retribution and fate
Authors: Wikman K.
Published: August 2018

Linnæus' Nemesis divina has been interpreted in different ways. Crucial is its central problem: the ideas of fate and retribution, but these are, in turn, dependent on Linnæus' conception of God and nature and not least on his opinions concerning the unity and coherence of the natural and ethical order of the world. From whatever sources Linnæus may have derived his religious ideas and whatever changes they may have undergone, his religious attitude in face of the works of nature remained unshaken. But Linnæus' religion, as we find it fragmentarily in these literary sources, was entirely undogmatic, untheological and, from a Christian point of view, even heterodox. Partly, this was in accord with his belief in the necessary immanent coherence in the processes of nature and the concomitant idea of the righteous divine order of the world.
Eskimo shamanism
Authors: Holtved Erik
Published: August 2018

Shamans and shamanistic performances have been described from almost all parts of the Eskimo world, from the Pacific Ocean and Bering Strait to East Greenland, and to judge from the records it seems that the position and traditional functions of the shaman in general have had a rather uniform stamp all over this vast area. Apparently shamanism has been narrowly connected with Eskimo culture far back in time. Nevertheless certain characteristic differences found in the shamans' ways of exercising their practise indicate that the development has not proceeded along the same line in all cases. The task of the Eskimo shaman is to take charge of the relations to the supernatural powers that are supposed to interfere with human life.
Spirit lodge, a Northern American shamanistic séance
Authors: Hultkrantz Åke
Published: August 2018

The Spirit Lodge is a variety of shamanism characterized by its divining functions. Herein lie its limitations: the shamanistic trance is there, and so are the helping spirits, but the curing activity so typical of shamanism is absent, or principally absent. The act of divining shows a certain affinity with the shamanistic pole-climbing performances and may originally have been related to these. The shaman  does not himself make soul journeys to distant regions during the conjuring performance, except among the Arctic peoples where such journeys belong to the regular shamanistic pattern; instead, spirits are summoned and asked to make the necessary expeditions. These spirits represent different categories, but their leader, the control, is a ghost in several quarters. The spirits visit the shaman whilst the latter is in a trance; where soul journeys and, possibly, possession occur the ecstasy may be very deep, but this is not typical.
Pagan and Christian elements in the religious syncretism among the Shoshoni indians of Wyoming
Authors: Hultkrantz Åke
Published: August 2018

Religious syncretism, in the wider sense of this term, is an expression for cultural contact, and in most cases it presupposes an advanced acculturation, as it is the focus of culture, its value system which is influenced. Religious syncretism must therefore be analysed in its connections with the changes of the whole cultural system. These changes cannot be confined to the present time. Theoreticians of acculturation have, however, all too often categorically contrasted the acculturation process with a conjectured earlier, static and "original" state. The Shoshoni Indians of Wyominghave, since they were first noticed by white men, undergone a continuous process of acculturation, not least concerning religion. Since being primitive seed-collectors and hunters in the Great Basin in a remote past they have, during the last centuries, been influenced by the Plateau and Plains cultures, European-American civilisation and Pan-Indian revitalization movements, respectively, all these cultural changes are reflected in the religious history of the Shoshoni, such as this can be determined with the aid of archaeological discoveries and combinations, ethnological distribution studies and historical documents.
III. Divine retaliation
Authors: Wikman Karl
Published: August 2018

This part deals with the life history, religious and philosophical interests of botanist Carl Linnæus.
Mesopotamia: myth and reality
Authors: Haldar Alfred
Published: August 2018

Was there a myth relating to the state in ancient Mesopotamia? There were several complexes of such myth. An example of this is Hammurabi, the king of Babylonian dynasty who extended Babylon’s control throughout Mesopotamia. His most important reform was Marduk's rise to a position as the chief deity of the whole kingdom. Whether or not the Epic of Creation obtained its final literary form in the reign of Hammurabi is a question, which is not easily answered. There is sufficient evidence of the main features of Marduk's character before Hammurabi's reign, but quite another question is that of the literary process. In any case, Marduk's position as the chief deity of the realm coincided with Hammurabi's adopting the feudal system of administration. In the Ur III period, as we have seen, the early system still prevailed, and the earlier city states continued their existence, although as provinces of the unity. This system was continued in the period of the Isin and Larsa dynasties. In the reign of Shamshi-Adad of Asshur, at any rate, we meet with a typical feudal system, as is evident, for instance, from his correspondence with his son Yasmah-Adad, viceroy of Mari. This system implies that the king considered himself the possessor of the ground, particularly such as belonged to the temples, and its products as well.
Zum "Mythus vom Staat" im Alten Ägypten
Authors: Bergman Jan
Published: August 2018

to be added
On the Islamic theory of the state
Authors: Ringgren Helmer
Published: August 2018

From the very beginning, Islam has devoted more interest to polities and political theory than most other religions. If it can be said with some right that Jesus was unpolitical, Muhammad was certainly not. Islam makes no distinction between religion and polities, but the two are intimately connected, and political theory has a religious and theological motivation. That implies that, in theory, it is based on the Koran and on Tradition (sunnah) in the same way as jurisprudence in general or as any other theological discipline.
Avatara and Sakti : Traditional symbols in the Hindu renaissance
Authors: Sharpe Eric
Published: August 2018

The Hindu Renaissance is commonly regarded as having begun seriously in the 1870's, consequent upon the foundation in 1875 of the Ārya Samāj in the West of India.' But this is in many ways a date of convenience. The roots of the movement go back, particularly as far as Bengal is concerned, to the time of Rammohun Roy, when on the one hand there was created a serious, though small-scale. Hindu reform movement, and on the other there was introduced into Calcutta the remarkable catalyst of Western education. Hindu reform and Western education were closely linked for the greater part of the nineteenth century.  The early Hindu reform movements to a very great extent shared the same characteristics: small-scale and elitist, they were not designed to appeal, and did not appeal, to the masses. The Brāhma Samāj, for instance, never succeeded in achieving popularity; it began and continued very largely as a somewhat rarefied worship-society. But the years between 1893 and 1897 were the years of Swāmi Vivekānanda's "mission" to the World's Parliament of Religions in Chicago and his tours in the countries of the West. Perhaps it was in the figure of the Swāmi that the Indian national movement found its first powerful human symbol.
Conditions for the spread of the Peyote cult in North America
Authors: Hultkrantz Åke
Published: August 2018

As is well known large parts of native North America with the Prairies and Plains in the middle of the continent as the centre of diffusion have constituted, since the end of the last century, the scene of a nativistic Indian movement, the so-called peyote cult. The peyote cult—or, as it should have been called, the peyote religion — is named after its central cultic action, the consumption (by eating, drinking or smoking) of the spineless cactus peyote (Lophophora williamsii). This cactus that may be found growing wild along the Rio Grande and in the country south of this river contains several alkaloids, among them the morphine-like, hallucinogeneous mescaline. In pre-Columbian days peyote was used in connection with certain public ceremonies among the Indians of Mexico, for instance, at the annual thanksgiving ceremonies. In its modern form the peyote ritual constitutes a religious complex of its own, considered to promote health, happiness and welfare among its adepts. The two major questions are: what were the conditions for the diffusion of the peyote cult? What particular factors accounted for the spread of the cult to just those areas that were mentioned above, and for its obstruction in other areas?  The change in the North American Indian situation at the end of the nineteenth century supplied new facilities for religious innovations and for the introduction of a foreign religious movement, the peyote cult.
Tong-il: some observations on a central problem in the psychology of religion
Authors: Sundén Hjalmar
Published: August 2018

Tong-il is the Korean title of a movement known in the West as The Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity, or the Union Church. God has formed Tong-il as an instrument of purification and renewal, bringing a new truth telling all men about the purpose of life, the responsibility of man, the way to establish a world of brotherhood and love and make the world into one family. This truth will raise Christianity to a higher dimension and give it the power and zeal which it needs to achieve God's purpose at the time of the second Advent. Tong-il works to renew Christianity, but its ultimate goal is to unite all religions, with its founder as a centre.
The new in the religious movements among Zulu and Swazi
Authors: Sundkler Bengt
Published: August 2018

What was new in the Early Christian Church? Is it not a fact that continuity with the Old Testament background dominated? The first Christians were Jews; their Holy Book was the "Old" Testament; they honoured the Torah; and felt at the Sabbath at home in the Temple. All this goes to show that nothing, perhaps, was new. Yet, to the early Christians everything was, in fact, new. This same tension can be discerned in the modern Christian prophet movements in Africa. All of us who have tried to interpret aspects of this movement were intent on proving that what was new was in fact—the Old. Within the apparently Christian Church the old traditional African patterns showed through and dominated. If "magic" was found to have been smelled out, this was mentioned only in order to show how the particular group was dominated by fear of magic. In studying the "blend of old and new" in the movements it was easy to suggest that the interesting aspect was role of traditional values, dressed up in new forms.
Deutsche Glaubensbewegung 1933-1936. Zusammenfassung
Authors: Ståhle Lennart
Published: August 2018

to be added
Inhaltsverzeichnis
Authors: Biezais Haralds
Published: August 2018

to be added
The relationship between change and religious movements
Authors: Suolinna Kirsti
Published: August 2018

Change constitutes different things for the groups, as the position of one group may improve, but that of another deteriorate. Social change is a consequence of how the different groups act, and their actions again depend on their social and economic interests. In other words, there are groups in society (social classes, professional groups, the agrarian population, industrial workers), which come more or less openly in conflict with each other when looking after their interests. Thus this way of thinking is based on a conflict model. One sees social change as a consequence of people trying to protect their social and economic interests. Viewed this way even religious organizations and movements are involved in protecting the interests of social groups. However, the interesting point in this connection is that religious movements differ from political movements and groups, as the religious movements express the social interests of a group more indirectly than the political movements. The religious movements gather people from similar living conditions, and so to speak, prepare them for political work. They defend and justify the way of living of a group, and thus give ideological material for political groupings. They may also form coalitions with political groups and parties. The author analyzes Laestadianism from this point of view. Before going into the connection between religious dynamics and social change it is necessary to present a few general features of Laestadianism as a religious movement of the peasant population.
Religion and ideology: Mu'ammar al-Kadhdhafi, Islam and the "Third International Theory"
Authors: Hjärpe Jan
Published: August 2018

The modern state of Saudi Arabia constitutes an example of the gradual institutionalization of an enthusiastic and militant movement, the first significant reform movement, Wahhabism, not only in its foundation but also in its development during the 1960's and 70's. In his religious education the late King Faisal was the pupil of his maternal grandfather, himself a descendant of Ibn `Abd al-Wahhab. The domestic and foreign policy of the profoundly pious King Faisal was an application of his religious principles. We may note that the doctrines of Wahhabism are an important factor in the development of the complexity which is modern Islam. The Libyan Arab Republic (L.A.R.) and its leader since the revolution of September 1st 1969, Mu'ammar al-Kadhdhafi function in this paper as an example of a reinterpretation of Islam and an explicit attempt to make this form of Islam the basis of a political ideology, the "Third International Theory". L.A.R. claims to be the model state, the Utopia, of the practical application of this ideology, in its institutions and in its political actions.
Gottessymbol und soziale Struktur
Authors: Holte Ragnar
Published: August 2018

to be added