bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy and pancreatoduodenectomy: is it worthwhile? A meta‐analysis of laparoscopic pancreatectomy
Authors: Nakamura Masafumi , Nakashima Hiroshi
Published: December 2012

Background/purpose

This study was performed to evaluate the outcomes of laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy (LDP) and laparoscopic pancreatoduodenectomy (LPD) compared with the open method using meta‐analysis.

Methods

A literature search was performed to identify comparative studies of laparoscopic versus open pancreatectomy. Perioperative outcomes were evaluated by meta‐analysis using a fixed effect model and random effects model.

Results

Twenty‐four studies of LDP and three studies of LPD matched the selection criteria, including 2,904 patients of DP and 109 patients of PD. Compared with ODP, LDP showed statistically significant differences with respect to less blood loss, lower transfusion rates, lower wound infection rates, lower morbidity rates, and shorter hospital stays. LPD showed significantly longer operative times compared with OPD. There was no significant difference in oncological outcomes between laparoscopic pancreatectomy and the open technique.

Conclusions

This meta‐analysis included the largest number of patients and number of articles comparing LDP and ODP, and LDP showed significantly better perioperative outcomes. This meta‐analysis suggests that LDP is a reasonable operative method for benign tumors and some ductal carcinomas in the pancreas.
Spatial variation in population dynamics of the sand‐burrowing amphipodHaustorioides japonicus
Authors: Suzuki Yuya , Yamahira Kazunori , Kajihara Naoto , Takada Yoshitake
Published: December 2012

Densities of sandy beach organisms along coastlines often vary considerably even within small local scales. In order to understand the demographic basis of density variations in shore animals, we examined the population dynamics of the amphipodHaustorioides japonicusKamihira, which is an ideal subject because it lacks a planktonic dispersal stage in its life history. Quantitative sampling at three adjacent sandy beaches along the Sea of Japan coast revealed that the spring density, i.e., the density of overwintered individuals, was similar among the three beaches. However, the amount of recruitment of newly hatched juveniles from late spring to summer greatly differed among the beaches, resulting in large spatial variations in the summer density. Cohort analyses revealed that at all beaches, young‐of‐the‐year (YOY) individuals reproduced and then died, and that individuals which recruited in late summer overwintered. Moreover, growth, fecundity, and survival schedules of overwintered and YOY individuals were very similar among beaches. These observations suggest that the difference in recruitment success, i.e., the survival of newly hatched juveniles, is the primary cause of the inter‐population variation in the summer density. It is likely that variations in salinity and sandy sediment affect the recruitment success of newly hatched individuals. This study indicates that biological productivity may differ substantially even among adjacent sandy beaches, with important implications for beach management.
Orbital subperiosteal hematoma associated with frontal & subfrontal extradural hematoma – A case report
Authors: Mallik Jeevesh , Kumar Anil , Sahay C.B. , Minj T.J.
Published: December 2012

An orbital subperiosteal hematoma following a head injury is relatively uncommon. An interesting case of a patient who sustained head injury with a cricket ball where the injury resulted in a frontal extradural hematoma with an associated orbital subperiosteal hematoma is reported here. The literature related to this unusual case is reviewed here.
“Appropriate and Just in the Circumstances”: Public Policy and the Enforcement of Rights under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
Authors: Manfredi Christopher P.
Published: December 2012

The political value of rights depends on the availability of effective instruments for remedying violations of those rights. Recognizing this, the authors of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms provided courts with three remedial alternatives for enforcing its provisions. Focusing on section 24(1) of the Charter, which permits courts to impose any remedy they consider “appropriate and just in the circumstances, ” this article assesses how Canadian courts have dealt with the remedial dilemmas inherent in Charter litigation. This assessment unfolds in three stages. First, it sets out a framework for analyzing remedial decision-making. Next, it summarizes the cases in which section 24(1) has been explicitly invoked to enforce Charter rights. Finally, the article examines the remedial implications of judicial enforcement of minority- language educational rights.
The Mediated Horserace: Campaign Polls and Poll Reporting
Authors: Matthews J. Scott , Pickup Mark , Cutler Fred
Published: December 2012

Abstract.Although “horserace journalism” is thought to be central to contemporary election news coverage and has generated a great deal of criticism, there is no general model of the nature and dynamics of horserace journalism or “poll reporting.” This paper proposes and empirically evaluates such a model. The model builds on and extends John Zaller's “theory of media politics” to consider specifically what citizens demand from polls and what journalists supply. Aside from the generic motivations of politicians, citizens and journalists, the model emphasizes the unique features of polls as objects of news coverage. The paper finds considerable support for the model in an analysis of newspaper coverage of horserace polls (that is, vote intention polls) in the Canadian general election of 2006. Our findings from this one case have potentially broad implications for our understanding of the relationship between polls and electoral democracy both empirically and normatively.

Résumé.Même si le journalisme de course (“horserace journalism”) est vu comme étant une composante centrale de la couverture électorale et qu'il a généré sa part de critiques, il n'existe pas de modèle général de la nature et de la dynamique de ce type de journalisme. Cet article propose, et évalue empiriquement, un tel modèle. Prenant comme point de départ la « Theory of Media Politics » de John Zaller, ce modèle considère plus spécifiquement ce que les citoyens demandent des sondages et ce que les journalistes leurs procurent. Au-delà des motivations génériques des politiciens, citoyens et journalistes, le modèle met l'accent sur les caractéristiques uniques des sondages en tant qu'objet de couverture journalistique. L'article présente des résultats supportant considérablement le modèle à travers une analyse de la couverture des sondages par les journaux (c'est-à-dire des sondages sur les intentions de vote) durant l'élection générale canadienne de 2006. Nos résultats émanant de ce cas ont potentiellement des implications beaucoup plus grandes pour notre compréhension de la relation entre les sondages et la démocratie électorale, à la fois sur le plan empirique et sur le plan normatif.
Rescuing the New Natural Law Theory: From Absolute Values to a Theory of Autonomy
Authors: Goldstein Joshua D.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. The new natural theory developed by Germain Grisez, John Finnis, Robert George and other new natural lawyers is presented by both its friends and its liberal critics as more concerned with absolute values than theorizing human freedom. This concern is seemingly borne out by the new natural lawyers' narrow and exclusionary sexual ethic. However, this article suggests that the new natural law theory might be rescued from both these groups and shown to contain a robust and attractive account of freedom. Through a reconstruction of the new natural law theory's unique mode of arriving at moral action, this article suggests the new natural law theory integrates three distinct dimensions of autonomy which are often kept separate: a Kantian moral autonomy, a Rawlsian personal autonomy and a Hegelian ethical autonomy. The result is a new natural law theory—and a sexual ethic—more liberating than either the friends or critics of the new natural law theory would seem to allow.

Résumé. La nouvelle théorie de la loi naturelle, développée par Germain Grisez, John Finnis, Robert George et plusieurs autres défenseurs de la nouvelle loi naturelle, est présentée par ses défenseurs et critiques libéraux comme étant plus concernée par les valeurs absolues que par la théorisation de la liberté humaine. Cette préoccupation semble être née de la conception étroite et exclusive que font les théoriciens de la nouvelle loi naturelle de l'éthique sexuelle. Par contre, cet article suggère que la nouvelle théorie de la loi naturelle peut être secourue de ces deux groupes et démontre que la nouvelle loi naturelle contient une description robuste et intéressante du concept de liberté. À travers une reconstruction du mode d'arrivée à l'action morale unique à la nouvelle théorie de la loi naturelle, cet article suggère que la nouvelle théorie de la loi naturelle intègre trois dimensions distinctes de l'autonomie qui sont souvent gardées séparer: l'autonomie morale kantienne, l'autonomie personnelle rawlsienne et l'autonomie éthique hégélienne. Le résultat est une nouvelle théorie de la loi naturelle, et une éthique sexuelle, plus libérée que ce que les défenseurs et critiques de la nouvelle théorie de la loi naturelle semblent permettre.
Decline and Fall
Authors: Moore R. W.
Published: December 2012

‘Decline and Fall’ has been a favourite heading with historians ever since the modern world undertook to chronicle the history of the ancient. It is more than a heading; it is an attitude. Gibbon first popularized it, and the phrase enjoyed a steady prosperity until the archaeologists towards the end of the last century began to redress the balance by calling in more concrete evidence than the moralizings of philosophers. Here, as in other fields, ancient history owes a great debt to Mommsen. But the old attitude has been long in dying and is not yet dead. Gibbon in envisaging the whole history of the Roman Empire from the settlement of Augustus to the coming of the Ottomans was no doubt justified in using the title he did. But his manner left no doubt that even in the days of her first princeps Rome was declining and falling hard. And his attitude is followed consciously and unconsciously by many later historians who limited their surveys to the first two or three centuries of the Empire. In schools, though it may be the fault of curricular limitations and the setters of syllabuses, it is still hard for the pupil to avoid the impression that the glory that was Greece and the grandeur that was Rome ended abruptly at 323 and 31 b.c. respectively.
A Roman City in Ancient China
Authors: Dubs H. H.
Published: December 2012

It is a very remarkable fact that, in the register of Chinese cities and counties for the year a.d. 5, there should appear a city and county with the most ancient Chinese name for Rome. The Chinese, then as now, did not give foreign names to their cities. In that list, with its over 1,500 cities, there are only two other Chinese places with foreign names. We know that both those localities were populated by immigrants who came from those places outside China. It follows that people from the Roman Empire must have emigrated to China and founded this city.
A Note on Praxiteles' Sauroktonos
Authors: Maxmin Jody
Published: December 2012

The only reference to the Sauroktonos by Praxiteles occurs in the writings of Pliny. Although much scholarly ink has flowed over virtually every square inch of the figure's languid body, no one (to my knowledge) has yet considered the activity of the left hand which is held directly above the ascending lizard in all three copies and on coins of Nikopolis and Philippopolis.
Claudius's ‘Durbar’ in Britain, A.d. 43 —Roman Chelmsford?
Authors: Hind J. G. F.
Published: December 2012

Claudius's stay of sixteen days in Britain preceded one of the most famous triumphal celebrations in the history of the early Roman Empire. The emperor's own personal involvement in the conquest of Britain in A.d. 43 was negligible, but that he took the trouble to visit the new province and to receive the submission of eleven kings of Britannia is much to his credit. Claudius is known to have brought with him a great retinue of Roman senators, the Praetorian Guard, and perhaps also a detachment of Legio VIII, to overawe the defeated Britons. Four legions had been enough to crush them, yet here was the emperor with further reinforcements, including his crack Praetorians.
WHEN MEMORY REPEATS ITSELF: THE POLITICS OF HERITAGE IN POST CIVIL WAR LEBANON
Authors: Volk Lucia
Published: December 2012

In 2005 the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization accepted Lebanon's archaeological site of Nahr al-Kalb into its Memory of the World Programme, turning it from national heritage into a globally memorable text. I argue that it is not the content of the commemorative inscriptions but the mode of repeated commemoration that makes it possible to reinterpret potentially divisive markers of Lebanon's past into icons of national unity and a shared humanity. By focusing on the intersection of public monumentality, repetition, and the construction of community identity based on the logic of resemblance, I show that governmental elites at times of political transition need to make public interventions into the past to bolster their legitimacy, new commemorations are confined by rules and conventions of public memorializing, and the logic of resemblance inherent in commemorative processes can be used to convert a fragmented history into a memory of unity and strength
De Gaulle, Europe, and the Atlantic Alliance
Authors: Hoffmann Stanley
Published: December 2012

Since January 1963, General de Gaulle's foreign policy has been subject to many contradictory or erroneous interpretations in the United States. It is necessary, therefore, to indicate its foundations, its main lines, some of the expectations and techniques peculiar to the General, and some of the obstacles it encounters. I will concentrate here on his views and policies toward France's Atlantic and European partners.
The determination of calcium and magnesium in milk and milk diffusate
Authors: Davies D. T. , White J. C. D.
Published: December 2012

Classical methods and methods based on the use of disodium ethylene-diaminetetra-acetate (EDTA) for the semi-micro determination of calcium and magnesium in milk and milk diffusate are described. With both types of method satisfactory accuracy and precision are attainable. The use of the EDTA methods leads to greater speed and convenience but practice in recognizing the correct titration end-points is necessary.
Institutional Change and American Economic Growth: A First Step Towards a Theory of Institutional Innovation
Authors: Davis Lance , North Douglass
Published: December 2012

This paper attempts to provide an explanation of the formation and mutation of economic institutions. It is specifically concerned with that process as it has developed over the past one hundred and seventy-five years of American history, but with appropriate changes the model might be used to predict institutional change in the future and to explain institutional change in other nations and in other eras. Like more traditional theory, the model has been formulated in a manner that makes it in principle operational, although we admit that it predicts relatively little. Profit maximization is the motivating force, and in this sense too the model fits into the stream of neo-classical economics, although like the macro models of Keynes its subject has not traditionally been considered a part of that discipline. Finally, we admit that the theory is at some points woefully weak and the explanations at times incredibly simplistic. The work, however, does, we feel, represent a first step towards a useful theory of institutional change.
Towards a Reinterpretation of Nineteenth-Century Indian Economic History
Authors: Morris Morris D.
Published: December 2012

Indian society is one of the most complex in existence, and we know little about its structure, functioning, or—more important—its development and dynamics. The neglect of Indian's economic history, particularly the period 1800–1947, is one of the most distressing gaps. It is dismaying to realize that even within very broad ranges of error we do not know whether during the past century-and-a-half the economy's performance improved, stagnated, or actually declined. Not only is ignorance of Indian economic behavior over time disturbing in itself, but the attempts at planning since 1947 have suffered because of this. It is difficult to predict outcome and consequences of any major development policy in the absence of any clear clues about the long-run dynamics of the Indian economy and society.
FRENCH CROSSINGS: III. THE SMILE OF THE TIGER
Authors: Jones Colin
Published: December 2012

This paper continues the theme of ‘French Crossings’ explored in other Presidential Addresses by focusing on the border zone between the human and the animal. The focus is on the allegedly tiger-like character attributed to Maximilien Robespierre, particularly after his fall from power and his execution in 1794. This theme is explored in terms of Thermidorian propaganda, French Revolutionary historiography and the ancient discipline of physiognomy, which was reactivated by Johann-Caspar Lavater in the late eighteenth century and was still influential through much of the nineteenth. Robespierre's animal rather than human status was also held to emerge in his inability to smile or laugh, a significant point also in that the meaning of the smile was changing in the same period.
NEGOTIATING THE MEDIEVAL IN THE MODERN: EUROPEAN CITIZENSHIP AND STATECRAFT
Authors: Coleman Janet
Published: December 2012

What, if anything, do historians and theorists of international relations owe to the theories and practices of the Middle Ages? This paper traces a number of themes that were intensely debated by theologians during the fourteenth century, tracking especially two different approaches to ‘the political’ on the part of neo-Augustinian voluntarists on the one hand and neo-Aristotelian intellectualists on the other. In the scholastic attempts to answer the question: ‘What are we presumed to be? And, in consequence, what is the scope of politics?’, their different views concerning the consequences of what Christians call ‘Original Sin’ and ‘the Fall’ are highlighted. Especially, the position of the voluntarists is shown to have been taken up not least bytheMaster of the Modern: Hobbes. The neo-Augustinian voluntarists can thereafter be seen to have provided some of the same arguments that have recently been rehearsed by contemporary ‘realist’ critics of modern liberalism who, it is argued, are negotiating the medieval in the modern.
THECHALLENGER: HUGH HAMILTON LINDSAY AND THE RISE OF BRITISH ASIA, 1832–1865
Authors: Bickers Robert
Published: December 2012

This paper explores the life and activities of Hugh Hamilton Lindsay (1802–81), an East India Company official who worked at Canton from 1820. Lindsay's is a key voice in the challenge to the Company's policies in China on the cusp of the abolition of its monopoly, and to British policy on the eve of the first ‘Opium War’ with the empire of the Qing. Lindsay first made his mark on Sino-British relations by leading a covert East India Company foray north along the Chinese coast in 1832 in the shipLord Amherst, and in widely disseminating his bullish conclusions and policy recommendations in publications and reports that followed. He is known as a bellicose pamphleteer, but a more complex picture emerges if we follow Lindsay and his commercial activities as the British fanned out from Canton into the Chinese ‘treaty ports’ opened after 1842, and across Britain's wider developing empire in Asia. His field of operations developed to include the British colony of Labuan and led him into a heated public conflict with Sir James Brooke in the early 1850s. Lindsay was never happy with thestatus quo: he lobbied and hectored, and in business he innovated, and pushed hard on the frontiers of British power and influence. Commercial opportunity drove him, but so did a specific vision of the ‘English character’, and notions of pride and national and personal honour.
AUDITORY SNAPSHOTS FROM THE EDGES OF EUROPE
Authors: Beckerman Michael , Schwartz Jessica , Huntford Roland , Buckton Roger , Cwach Michael , Karnes Kevin C. , Cooley Timothy J. , Werb Bret , Gelbart Petra , Summit Jeffrey A.
Published: December 2012

This article presents thirty ‘auditory snapshots’ from a wide variety of geographical locations and contexts in order to elaborate several points. First, we believe that the study of history cannot be separated from the study of sound, whether in the form of ‘soundscapes’ or pieces of music. Second, we find that considerations of edges, into which we fold such things as provinces, peripheries and frontiers, can be greatly enriched by looking at a broad range of musical phenomena, from the liturgy of Ugandan Jews to reggae-infused Polish mountain songs and from the sounds of Mozart's Black contemporary Saint-Georges toSilent Nighton the Southern Seas. Finally, drawing on certain ideas from James C. Scott'sThe Art of Not Being Governed, we argue that paradoxically, in music, the middle often has unusual properties. In other words, musical structure mimics the ongoing battle between those in positions of authority and those who wish to evade that authority. Beginnings and endings, then, tend to be sites of power and convention, while middles attempt to subvert it. While culturally and geographically we may contrast centres and peripheries, in music the centre is often the edge.
Characteristics of patients withClostridium difficileinfection in Taiwan
Authors: LIN Y.-C. , HUANG Y.-T. , LEE T.-F. , LEE N.-Y. , LIAO C.-H. , LIN S.-Y. , KO W.-C. , HSUEH P.-R.
Published: December 2012

The medical records of 84 patients with stool cultures positive forClostridium difficileduring the period August 2007 to June 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. A case of confirmed (toxigenic)C. difficileinfection (CDI) was defined by the presence of symptoms (fever, diarrhoea, abdominal discomfort or distension, ileus) and the presence of toxigenicC. difficile. Patients with compatible clinical symptoms and stool cultures positive for non-toxigenicC. difficileisolates were defined as probable (non-toxigenic) CDI cases. Of these 84 patients, 50 (59·5%) were diagnosed as confirmed CDI and 34 (40·5%) as probable CDI. Thirteen (15·5%) of the 84 patients died during their hospital stay. Usage of proton pump inhibitors was a significant independent risk factor for CDI (OR 3·21,P = 0·014). Of the 50 isolates associated with confirmed CDI, seven (8·3%) carried binary toxin genes (cdtAB), and six (7·1%) had a deletion in thetcdCgene. The mortality rate in confirmed CDI patients with isolates exhibiting deletion in thetcdCgene (2/6, 33·3%), those with isolates harbouring binary toxin genes (2/7, 28·6%), and those with isolates containing mutations ingyrA(2/7, 28·6%) andgyrB(1/2, 50%) was higher than the overall mortality rate (10/50, 20%) in patients with confirmed CDI.
A multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) ofListeria monocytogenesisolated from Norwegian salmon-processing factories and from listeriosis patients
Authors: LUNESTAD B. T. , TRUONG T. T. T. , LINDSTEDT B.-A.
Published: December 2012

The objective of this study was to characterizeListeria monocytogenesisolated from farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and the processing environment in three different Norwegian factories, and compare these to clinical isolates by multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). The 65L. monocytogenesisolates obtained gave 15 distinct MLVA profiles. There was great heterogeneity in the distribution of MLVA profiles in factories and within each factory. Nine of the 15 MLVA profiles found in the fish-associated isolates were found to match human profiles. The MLVA profile 07-07-09-10-06 was the most common strain in Norwegian listeriosis patients.L. monocytogeneswith this profile has previously been associated with at least two known listeriosis outbreaks in Norway, neither determined to be due to fish consumption. However, since this profile was also found in fish and in the processing environment, fish should be considered as a possible food vehicle during sporadic cases and outbreaks of listeriosis.
Seasonality ofYersinia enterocoliticabioserotype 1B/O:8 infections in Poland
Authors: RASTAWICKI W. , SZYCH J. , ROKOSZ N. , ZACHARCZUK K. , GIERCZYŃSKI R.
Published: December 2012

Both serological and bacteriological investigations revealed a cyclic, seasonal pattern ofYersinia enterocolitica1B/O8 infections in Poland during the years 2008–2011. A large increase in incidence was observed in the second quarter and a decrease in the third quarter of each year. Such seasonal changes were not seen in the case of infections caused by the other enteropathogenicYersiniabioserotypes.
The Brazilian school feeding programme: an example of an integrated programme in support of food and nutrition security
Authors: Sidaner Emilie , Balaban Daniel , Burlandy Luciene
Published: December 2012

Objective

The present paper analyses the advances and challenges of the school feeding programme in Brazil (PNAE), as part of the Brazilian experience building up an integrated food and nutrition security national system. It explores the role of policy and regulatory frameworks in constructing quality service delivery and intersectoral integration.

Design

Review of PNAE and federal government technical documents and studies, legislation, minutes of meetings and official documents of the National Council of Food and Nutrition Security from 2003 to 2011.

Setting

Food insecurity has decreased significantly in Brazil in the last decade, indicating that appropriate choices were made in terms of public policies and institutional arrangements, which other countries can learn from.

Subjects

Brazil food and nutrition security system; school feeding; school food.

Results

Brazil's integrated food and nutrition security policy approach promoted intersectorality in the food system, articulating actions to guarantee access to healthy food and to strengthen family farming. The quality of school meals has progressively improved; in particular, the availability of fruits and vegetables increased. However, national standards regarding menu composition have not yet been met. Regulations were an important factor, along with the policy approach linking food production, nutrition, health and education. Challenges are related to conflict of interests and to farmers’ insufficient capacity to meet supply requirements and comply with technical procedures.

Conclusions

Local food production, school meals and nutrition education can be linked through integrated programmes and policies, improving access to healthier foods. Government leadership, strong legislation, civil society participation and intersectoral decision making are determinant.
Resistance to Degradation of Resin-Dentin Bonds Produced by One-Step Self-Etch Adhesives
Authors: Toledano Manuel , Cabello Inmaculada , Yamauti Monica , Giannini Marcelo , Aguilera Fátima S. , Osorio Estrella , Osorio Raquel
Published: December 2012

The objective of this article is to evaluate the resistance to degradation of resin-dentin bonds formed with three one-step adhesives. Flat, mid-coronal dentin surfaces were bonded with the self-etching adhesives [Tokuyama Bond Force (TBF), One Up Bond F Plus (OUB), and G-Bond (GB)]. The bonded teeth were subjected to fatigue loading, chemical degradation, and stored in distilled water for four time periods (up to 12 months). Specimens were tested for microtensile bond strength and microleakage. Fractographic analysis was performed by scanning electron microscopy. Bonded interfaces were examined by light microscopy using Masson's trichrome staining. An atomic force microscope was employed to analyze phase separation and surface nanoroughness (Ra) at the polymers. Vickers microhardness and the degree of the conversion (DC) were also determined. ANOVA and multiple comparisons tests were performed. Bond strength significantly decreased after the chemical challenge, but not after load cycling. Aging decreased bond strength after 6 months in TBF and GB, in OUB after 12 months. An increase of the nonresin protected collagen zone occurred in all groups, after storing. TBF showed the highest roughness, microhardness, and DC values, and GB showed the lowest. Mild self-etch one-step adhesives (TBF/OUB) showed a higher degree of cure, lower hydrophilicity, and major resistance to degradation of resin-dentin bonds when compared to highly acidic self-etching adhesive (GB).
BARNA National Audit on Staffing in the Post Anaesthetic Care Unit – Results
Authors: Smedley Pat
Published: December 2012

This general audit on staffing the Post Anaesthetic Care Unit (PACU) was commissioned as a result of discussions around staffing held at two British Anaesthetic and Recovery Nurses Association (BARNA) Talks seminars in November 2009 and March 2010. Audit forms were sent to all BARNA members and made available on its website. One hundred audit forms were returned. The audit results clearly indicated that many problems exist in ensuring safe and appropriate staffing in the PACU at all times. The audit results highlighted the need for BARNA to take a lead in promoting information to inform PACU staff planning and to make this information freely available on its website.
Comparative Theories in Clinical Decision Making and their Application to Practice: a Reflective Case Study
Authors: Gladstone Nicholas
Published: December 2012

Within this article the author critically reviews the theories surrounding clinical decision making and judgement while discussing a clinical incident, and his experiences of decision making within his own practice setting. Exploring the works of Elstein and Schwarz, Benner, Hammond and Hamm, the author discusses how aspects from each of their theories relate to his practice and clinical reasoning before concluding on the clinical decision-making process and factors that can influence their successful application.
Impact Assessment on a Newly Implemented Service Utilising Recovery Nurses as Transfer Nurses, Incorporating a Literature Review of Pressure Ulcer Reduction Strategies, i.e. Mattress and Overlay Types, for Patients on Hospital Trolleys
Authors: Dawkins Sarah
Published: December 2012

A new service was implemented as a pilot scheme. It utilised Recovery Nurses as transfer Nurses, to return patients to a ward following surgery, thereby reducing patient wait times on hospital trolleys. Patient wait times, on hospital trolleys raised concerns for tissue viability, which had implications for increased in-patient length of stay and costs. An impact assessment of the new service was undertaken to identify and analyse the direct and indirect impacts of the pilot scheme.

A systematic review of Government literature over the preceding two decades highlighted patient experience and pressure ulcer reduction was high on their agenda. There was little published literature around overlays and mattress types for hospital trolleys as preventative measures for pressure ulcers, yet pressure area care can be traced back to 1962.

The lack of nationally agreed guidelines to assess the suitability of the standard hospital trolley still remains a problem, and research was not able to provide clear, discrete answers to clinicians, to aid decision making. Hospital trolley mattresses need to have the same value placed upon them as bed mattresses and pressure-relieving devices and more risk management strategies need to be utilised for pressure sore prevention, where trolleys are concerned.
Petrological interpretation of deep crustal intrusive bodies beneath oceanic hotspot provinces
Authors: Richards Mark , Contreras‐Reyes Eduardo , Lithgow‐Bertelloni Carolina , Ghiorso Mark , Stixrude Lars
Published: December 2012

Seismic refraction studies of deep‐crustal and upper mantle structure beneath some oceanic hotspot provinces reveal the presence of ultramafic bodies with P‐wave velocities of Vp ~ 7.4–8.0 km/s lying at or above the Moho, e.g., Hawaii, the Marquesas, and La Reunion. However, at other hotspot provinces such as the Galapagos, Nazca Ridge, and Louisville the lower crust is intruded by large volumes of gabbroic (mafic) rocks (Vp ~ 6.8–7.5 km/s). Ultramafic primary melts formed beneath mature oceanic lithosphere at pressures of ~2–3 GPa (60–90 km depth), and ponded at the Moho due to their relatively high density, can explain the observed ultramafic deep‐crustal bodies. By contrast, plume melts formed at depths of ~15–30 km beneath thin lithosphere crystallize assemblages that are more gabbroic. The velocity and density gradient is particularly strong in the pressure range 0.6–1.5 GPa due to the replacement of plagioclase by olivine as melts become more MgO‐rich with increasing pressure (and degree) of melting. This anomalous density gradient suggests a possible filtering effect whereby plume melts equilibrated at relatively shallow depths beneath very young and thin oceanic lithosphere may be expected to be of nearly gabbroic (mafic) composition (~6–10% MgO), whereas ultramafic melts (MgO ~ 12–20%) formed beneath older, thicker oceanic lithosphere must pond and undergo extensive olivine and clinopyroxene fractionation before evolving residual magmas of basaltic composition sufficiently buoyant to be erupted at the surface. A survey of well‐studied hotspot provinces of highly‐varying lithospheric age at the time of emplacement shows that deep‐crustal and upper mantle seismic refraction data are consistent with this hypothesis. These results highlight the importance of large‐volume intrusive processes in the evolution of hotspot magmas, with intrusive volumes being significantly larger than those of the erupted lavas in most cases. Pyrolite melting can account, to first order, for the total crustal column of magmatic products, whereas alternative models such as selective melting of pyroxenite blobs probably cannot.
Assessing spatial variability in El Niño–Southern Oscillation event detection skill using coral geochemistry
Authors: Hereid Kelly A. , Quinn Terrence M. , Okumura Yuko M.
Published: December 2012

The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) drives interannual climate variability, but evidence of its preinstrumental expression is limited to proxy data and model inference. We develop a skill assessment technique using instrumental records of sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface salinity (SSS) and apply it to a suite of 23 coral δ18O records, a common ENSO proxy. We compare coral proxy skill with pseudoproxy records constructed from instrumental data to establish the expected proxy response to ENSO events and constrain proxy sensitivity. The central Pacific has a balanced response toward ENSO events, the Western Pacific Warm Pool favors El Niño expression, and the South Pacific Convergence Zone preferentially records La Niña events. However, all three regions display high sensitivity to ENSO variability, presenting promising targets for future coral paleoclimate reconstructions. Eastern Pacific coral records display surprisingly low ENSO sensitivity despite the presence of large ENSO‐related SST anomalies, suggesting nonclimatic influences. Comparisons between the pseudoproxy and coral skill ratings provide a test to highlight where these nonclimatic impacts that may affect coral record skill. Networks of proxy data skill ratings may better delineate the spatial structure of the SST and SSS response to ENSO variability, a feature of the climate system that is currently poorly reproduced in climate models.
Mare basalt genesis: Modeling trace elements and isotopic ratios
Authors: Binder Alan B.
Published: December 2012

A model of the mare basalt source region and mare basalt genesis has been developed in which the primary magmas were produced by the partial melting (30±2%) of shallow (≲200 km deep), olivine‐dominated (73% to 80% olivine) source regions. They then assimilated small amounts of urKREEP residuals as they cooled and underwent varying degrees of olivine±pyroxene fractionation in shallow magma chambers [Binder, 1982]. This model was based on the mineralogical, major oxide, Ni, Co, Ba, and REE data on the basaltic units and a set of distribution equations developed to calculate the trace element evolution in the moon as it crystallized, in the crust and mare basalt source region as they simultaneously formed, and in urKREEP as it formed and evolved. This model has now been extended by (1) including the data for K, Rb, and Sr, as well as the isotopic data for the Rb‐Sr and Sm‐Nd systems in the modeling, (2) considering the effects of melt trapped during the formation of the source regions, and (3) by the development of an additional distribution equation that allows the evolution of the trace elements to be calculated in the proposed sequence where crystals are both partially remelting in, and being deposited from, a convecting magma system. The results of this study show that the proposed model does accurately account for the compatible siderophile trace element (Ni and Co), incompatible trace element (K, Rb, Sr, Ba, and the REE), and isotopic (Rb‐Sr and Sm‐Nd systems) characteristics of the mare basalts and the pyroclastic glass units.
Petrologic province maps of the lunar highlands derived from orbital geochemical data
Authors: Davis Philip A. , Spudis Paul D.
Published: December 2012

Orbital and sample geochemical data from the lunar highlands are combined in variation diagrams to determine (a) the coincidence between the two data sets and (b) the geologic validity of extrapolating observed diagrammatic relations to an image format. We examined three variation diagrams: Mg* (= 100 Mg/Mg + Fe molar) versus (Th/Ti)c (ratio normalized to chondrites), Al versus Mg*/(Th/Ti)c, and Fe versus (Th/Ti)c. For the orbital data within each diagram, we establish a petrologic classification based on the data's clustering or coincidence with sample compositions or both. The spatial distributions of each diagram's classes are shown as petrologic units on color‐coded classification maps. The Mg*‐(Th/Ti)c diagram, which is similar to the Mg*‐(Sm/Ti)c diagram that has been used in sample studies, is inferior to the Al‐Mg*/(Th/Ti)c diagram in discriminating KREEP from Mg‐suite rock types: the orbital geochemical spectrometers analyzed the regolith, in which Mg varies much less than Al. Although the Fe‐(Th/Ti)c diagram shows a diverse distribution of orbital data similar to that shown by the Al‐Mg*/(Th/Ti)c diagram, it is unable to discriminate adequately between KREEP and Mg‐suite rock types. The Fe‐(Th/Ti)c diagram is nonetheless very useful because of its greater areal coverage. Orbital and soil‐sample compositions of the four highland landing sites correspond in both the Al‐Mg*/(Th/Ti)c and the Fe‐(Th/Ti)c data. The diagrams show some units of virtually pure anorthosite and norite. Most units show the effects of mixing of pristine rock types in the regolith. One unit, which dominates the eastern limb and farside highlands, has a composition so mafic that, with the chosen end members, it requires a 30% mare‐basalt component. We interpret this to mean that the highlands experienced a significantly greater amount of mare volcanism before the end of heavy bombardment than has been previously suggested. The average global composition of the highlands under the Apollo groundtracks is that of “anorthositic gabbro,” an average that has significant implications for the role of near‐global plagioclase fractionation in lunar crustal genesis. Our analysis has shown that the simultaneous use of orbital and sample geochemical data in variation diagrams can (1) bridge the mechanical gap between orbital and sample studies by relating orbital data to sample petrology, (2) present the results of several elemental databases as one map for rapid geologic analysis, and (3) display quantitative mixing relations of different crustal materials in a spatial format. This technique will be valuable for petrologic interpretation of the global geochemical data to be received from the future Lunar Geosciences Orbiter mission.
Chemical variability and origin of agglutinitic glass
Authors: Basu Abhijit , McKay David S.
Published: December 2012

Seemingly pure agglutinitic glass is riddled with many submicrometer‐sized vesicles and clasts, as shown by scanning electron microscopy of ion‐etched polished grain mounts. Electron microprobe analyses of agglutinitic glasses that have to be identified with relatively low power optical microscopes are difficult and tend to be biased by very fine grained contaminants. Energy dispersive X ray analysis (EDXA) of small spots (1 μm × 1 μm) of pure agglutinitic glass, carefully selected to be free of clasts or vesicles as determined by secondary electron imagery, can overcome some of the analytical problems, We have performed over 600 EDXA of pure glass in 32 large agglutinates from five different Apollo landing sites. Analyses adjacent to or away from clasts do not show any difference in chemical composition and suggest that secondary assimilation of clasts by the primary impact melt has not been a major process affecting the final composition. The average glass composition of several agglutinates in any single soil is different from the bulk composition of the soil; it is biased toward that of the finest fraction of the soil. This is consistent with agglutination models advocating the fusion and/or incorporation of the finest soil fraction. Most of the large multigenerational agglutinates contain small glassy areas or domains that are remarkably homogeneous in chemical composition. They may represent the melt from single impact events, and their homogeneity indicates that total melting of a microtarget in lunar soils upon micrometeoritic bombardment might be the origin of agglutinitic glass. The compositions of these domains are different in different agglutinates, and even within single multigenerational agglutinates, and bear no systematic relationship to the composition of either the bulk soils or their finest fractions. It seems likely that random small targets in lunar soils (grains ∼100 μm or less) can only produce very small volumes of melt that are not representative of the soil itself. The total melting of microtargets is not contradictory to models invoking incorporation or fusion of the finest fraction because such models consider average compositions of several agglutinates with respect to the parent soils; they therefore refer to larger scale effects of agglutination. A large soil grain, if hit directly by a micrometeorite smaller than the grain itself, is likely to behave more like a solid target; a collection of very fine soil grains, if hit by a micrometeorite larger than the collection of the grains, will behave as a porous target. Because porous targets produce relatively more melt than solid targets, the average melt composition from a large number of random micrometeoritic impacts is expected to be biased to that of the finest fraction of lunar soils.
Ubiquitous brecciation after metamorphism in equilibrated ordinary chondrites
Authors: Scott Edward R. D. , Lusby David , Keil Klaus
Published: December 2012

Our petrographic study of 42 H and L chondrites of types 4–6 revealed 8 that contain rare chondrules or clasts with olivines and pyroxenes having aberrant Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios. For example, a chondrule in Slovak (H5) contains olivine with Fa 17–22; elsewhere olivine contains Fa 17–18. Although these chondrites are not obviously brecciated, their ingredients could not have experienced the same degree of metamorphism; these rocks must be fragmental breccias that were lithified after peak metamorphism. Regolith breccias and postmetamorphic, fragmental breccias, both polymict and monomict, may constitute a majority of ordinary chondrites. Comparison of chondritic and achondritic breccias indicates that chondritic, fragmental breccias are often very difficult to recognize because they resemble the fine‐grained mixtures of chondrules, and mineral and chondrule fragments from which they formed. In addition, the chemical and textural uniformity throughout most of the ordinary chondrite bodies ensures that mixtures of materials from different regions are well disguised. Contrary to the authors' claim, the Van Schmus‐Wood classification of ordinary chondrites does not identify rocks with similar thermal histories; the petrologic type of a chondrite is only a measure of the average degree of metamorphism experienced by its ingredients. Thus attempts to correlate physical properties with petrologic types must fail unless breccia and shock properties are considered. The extent of brecciation in ordinary chondrites and most achondrites indicates that meter‐sized unbrecciated rocks must be rare on the surfaces of their parent bodies.
Layer silicates in a chondritic porous interplanetary dust particle
Authors: Rietmeijer Frans J. M. , Mackinnon Ian D. R.
Published: December 2012

Analytical electron microscopy on individual grains from a portion of a chondritic porous interplanetary dust particle (aggregate W7029C1 from the NASA Johnson Space Center Cosmic Dust Collection) shows that layer silicates compose 50% of the silicate fraction examined. These layer silicates can be classified into two distinct crystallochemical groups: (1) fine‐grained, polycrystalline smectite minerals, and (2) well‐ordered, single crystals of kaolinite and Mg‐poor talc. The layer silicates in this portion of sample W7029*A are dissimilar to those described in other chondritic porous aggregates. The predominant layer silicate assemblage in W7029*A indicates that heating of the aggregate during atmospheric entry was brief and probably to a temperature <300°C. Comparison with terrestrial phyllosilicate occurrences suggests that some layer silicates in aggregate W7029*A may have been formed by alteration from preexisting silicate minerals at low temperatures (<25°C) after aggregate formation.
Estimates of rheologic properties for flows on the Martian volcano Ascraeus Mons
Authors: Zimbelman James R.
Published: December 2012

Morphological measurements on six well‐defined volcanic flows near the summit of the Martian volcano Ascraeus Mons were used to calculate the yield strength and viscosity of the lavas. The yield strength estimates range from 3.3×104 to 8.3×104 Pa (N m−2), with an average value of 2.1×104. These values are similar to yield strengths calculated for other flows on Martian and terrestrial shield volcanoes, but they are an order of magnitude less than the value for terrestrial andesite flows and two orders of magnitude greater than values for lunar flood basalts. Lengths of the Ascraeus Mons flows indicate lower limits on the effusion rate of 18–60 m3 s−1, with an average value of 35. Effusion rate and yield strength are used to calculate upper limits on the lava viscosity of 6.4×105 to 2.1×108 Pa‐s, with an average value of 2.3×107 (equivalent to 2.3×108 poise). Ridges on one flow indicate a viscosity lower limit of 1.1×108 Pa‐s for a ridge growth time of one hour. The estimated rheologic properties of the Ascraeus Mons flows are most consistent with basaltic or basaltic andesite lavas, but some individual flows may consist of more highly evolved lavas.