bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Treatment of postherpetic trigeminal neuralgia with the Leksell gamma knife
Authors: Urgošík Dušan , Vymazal Josef , Vladyka Vilibald , Liščák Roman
Published: February 2019

Object. Postherpetic neuralgia is a syndrome characterized by intractable pain. Treatment of this pain has not yet been successful. Patients with postherpetic neuralgia will therefore benefit from any progress in the treatment strategy. The authors performed gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS) as a noninvasive treatment for postherpetic trigeminal neuralgia (TN) and evaluated the success rate for pain relief.

Methods. Between 1995 and February 1999, six men and 10 women were treated for postherpetic TN; conservative treatment failed in all of them. The median follow up was 33 months (range 8–34 months). The radiation was focused on the root of the trigeminal nerve in the vicinity of the brainstem (maximal dose 70–80 Gy in one fraction, 4-mm collimator). The patients were divided into five groups according to degree of pain relief after treatment.

A successful result (excellent, very good, and good) was reached in seven (44%) patients and radiosurgery failed in nine (56%). Pain relief occurred after a median interval of 1 month (range 10 days–6 months). No radiation-related side effects have been observed in these patients.

Conclusions. These results suggest that GKS for postherpetic TN is a relatively successful and safe method that can be used in patients even if they are in poor condition. In case this method fails, other treatment options including other neurosurgical procedures are not excluded.
Gamma knife treatment of subfoveal, classic neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration: a pilot study
Authors: Haas Anton , Papaefthymiou Georg , Langmann Gerald , Schröttner Oskar , Feigl Beatrix , Leber Klaus A. , Hanselmayer Renate , Pendl Gerhard
Published: February 2019

Object. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of severe vision loss in people older than age 65 years in the western world. The visual acuity loss usually results from the ingrowth of new vessels from the choroid capillaries, so called choroidal neovascularization (CNV). The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the effect of a single-fraction gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS) on visual acuity and the growth pattern of CNV in patients with AMD.

Methods. Ten patients with a mean age of 75 years and with a subfoveal, classic CNV due to AMD were enrolled in this study. All patients were treated with GKS in one fraction with a prescription dose of 10 Gy. The treatment target was the CNV located in the macula. Computerized tomography scans of the globe were obtained.

After a follow up of 1 year visual acuity was stable in six patients and decreased in four. The size of the CNV could be stabilized in four patients, and in six an enlargement of these neovascular complexes was shown. No side effects, such as cataract formation, development of radiation-induced retinopathy, or optic neuropathy, have been observed so far.

Conclusions. Gamma knife radiosurgery seemed to have a beneficial effect on visual acuity in patients with AMD, but it failed to control growth of CNV in six patients. A longer follow up, a larger study population, and a randomized and controlled study are necessary for a final conclusion.
Gamma knife radiosurgery for uveal melanomas: an 8-year experience
Authors: Langmann Gerald , Pendl Gerhard , Klaus-Müllner  , Papaefthymiou Georg , Guss Helmuth
Published: February 2019

Object. The authors report their experience using gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS) to treat uveal melanomas.

Methods. Between 1992 and 1998, 60 patients were treated with GKS at a prescription dose between 45 Gy and 80 Gy. The mean diameter of the tumor base was 12.2 mm (range 3–22 mm). The mean height of the tumor prominence was 6.7 mm (range 3–12 mm). The eye was immobilized.

The follow-up period ranged from 16 to 94 months. Tumor regression was achieved in 56 (93%) of 60 patients. There were four recurrences followed by enucleation. The severe side effect of neovascular glaucoma developed in 21 (35%) patients in a high-dose group with larger tumors and in proximity to the ciliary body. A reduction in the prescription dose to 40 Gy or less and excluding treatment to tumors near the ciliary body decreased the rate of glaucoma without affecting the rate of tumor control.

Conclusions. Gamma knife radiosurgery at a prescription dose of 45 Gy or more can achieve tumor regression in 85% of the uveal melanomas treated. Neovascular glaucoma can develop in patients when using this dose in tumors near the ciliary body. It is advised that such tumors be avoided and that the prescription dose be reduced to 40 Gy.
First clinical experience with the automatic positioning system and Leksell gamma knife Model C
Authors: Horstmann Gerhard A. , Schöpgens Hans , van Eck Albertus T. C. J. , Kreiner Hans-Jürg , Herz Wolfgang
Published: February 2019

✓ In May of 1999, the first Leksell Model C gamma knife was installed at the Gamma Knife Zentrum in Krefeld, Germany. The authors recount their experience with this latest technical gamma knife development.

Until the end of 1999, extensive physical and technical tests were performed and the system's hardware and software were continuously improved and adapted to the user's needs. By the end of 1999, 163 GKSs had been performed using the new functionality of the Model C in manual or “trunnion” mode. The trunnions, the two parts of the system that fix the patient headframe to the gamma knife when the isocenter positions, are checked manually.

During the same period the new automatic positioning system (APS) was extensively tested and refined so that the first APS treatment could be performed in January 2000. Fifty GKSs have been performed with the APS capability of the Model C. It was possible to use APS alone in 74% of surgeries whereas in 14% some shots were given with APS and some with trunnions. In 12%, GKS was scheduled and planned for APS, but due to unexpected technical (6%) or mechanical (6%) reasons the treatment had to be performed manually.

At present there are some spatial restrictions with Model C in APS mode when compared with the Model B. The most significant restriction is the narrow space for the patient's shoulders, especially when deep-seated lesions are treated. Through mechanical changes of the APS motor housing and some modifications of and to the motor driven couch adjustment, these limitations will be reduced in the future.

The APS treatment runs smoothly and fast. In no case did any relevant safety error occur during GKS. The more stringent mechanical limitations of the APS compared with the Model B means that frame placement on the head is more critical than before.
VOLUMESERIES: a software tool for target volume follow-up studies with computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Scheib Stefan G. , Gianolini Stefano , Haller Dieter , Wellis Georgios N. , Siegfried Jean
Published: February 2019

In clinical follow-up studies after radiosurgery, imaging modalities such as computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging are used. Accurate determination of the residual lesion volume is necessary for realistic assessment of the effects of treatment. Usually, the diameters rather than the volume of the lesion are measured. To determine the lesion volume without using stereotactically defined images, the software program VOLUMESERIES has been developed.

VOLUMESERIES is a personal computer—based image analysis tool. Acquired DICOM CT scans and MR image series can be visualized. The region of interest is contoured with the help of the mouse, and then the system calculates the volume of the contoured region and the total volume is given in cubic centimeters. The defined volume is also displayed in reconstructed sagittal and coronal slices. In addition, distance measurements can be performed to measure tumor extent.

The accuracy of VOLUMESERIES was checked against stereotactically defined images in the Leksell GammaPlan treatment planning program. A discrepancy in target volumes of approximately 8% was observed between the two methods. This discrepancy is of lesser interest because the method is used to determine the course of the target volume over time, rather than the absolute volume. Moreover, it could be shown that the method was more sensitive than the tumor diameter measurements currently in use.

VOLUMESERIES appears to be a valuable tool for assessing residual lesion volume on follow-up images after gamma knife radiosurgery while avoiding the need for stereotactic definition.
A quality factor to compare the dosimetry of gamma knife radiosurgery and intensity-modulated radiation therapy quantitatively as a function of target volume and shape
Authors: Borden Jonathan A. , Mahajan Anita , Tsai Jen-San
Published: February 2019

✓The authors have developed a quality factor (QF) to compare gamma knife radiosurgery, linear accelerator radiosurgery, and intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) dosimetry. This QF relates the percentage of target covered (PTC) by the prescription radiation isodose, target volume (VT), and enclosed tissue volume, which receives greater than a particular dose (VX): QFX = PTC×VT/VX. The authors investigated target shape independent of volume in predicting radiosurgical complication rates.

Plastic targets of a defined volume (0.2, 0.5, 1.5, and 10 cm3) and four increasingly complex shapes (spherical, ellipsoid, simulated arteriovenous malformation [AVM], and horseshoe) were created. Dosimetry was studied on the Leksell GammaPlan, Adac/Pinnacle, and Nomos Corvus workstations. The dosimetry of a new 4 mm × 10—mm IMRT collimator array (the Nomos Beak) not yet validated for use in our clinical practice was studied.

Particularly for larger targets, the gamma knife and IMRT Beak plans show similar conformality (QF assuming 15-Gy volume [QF15]). Particularly for small and round targets the gamma knife plan quality is significantly higher (QF assuming 12-Gy volume [QF12]). As VT and complexity increase, the IMRT Beak QF12 approaches that of the gamma knife.

The QF12 of gamma knife dosimetry has an inverse correlation with target shape complexity independent of VT.

At a prescription dose of 15 Gy to the target margin, the QF15 is a conformality index. The 12-Gy volume (volume enclosed by 12-Gy surface/volume receiving at least 12 Gy) estimates the radiosurgical normal tissue complication rate for AVMs. When the target is well covered, the QF12 is inversely proportional to the complication risk and is a measure of the plan quality.
Significance of different conformity indices for evaluation of radiosurgery treatment plans for vestibular schwannomas
Authors: Surber Gunnar , Hamm Klaus , Kleinert Gabriele
Published: February 2019

Object. There are various kinds of conformity parameters currently in use, although several of them are limited and reflect only target volume coverage or normal tissue overdosage. Indices are reviewed with the goal of determining those that are most significant for the evaluation of radiosurgery treatment plans for patients with vestibular schwannoma, based on the authors' experience at the Novalis Shaped Beam Surgery Center.

Methods. Fifty-five radiosurgery plans for patients with vestibular schwannomas (VSs) have been evaluated. In this paper the conformation number (CN) and dose-related CN (dCN) are evaluated, and a penalty for underdosed target volumes and overdosed normal tissue is incorporated. A strategy is discussed to apply these indices (CN and dCN) to define the optimal prescription isodose (PI).

For a given radiosurgery treatment plan, permitting partial target underdosage may offer an improvement of the CN. Variations of different conformation indices have been calculated for varying prescription levels—for example, an isodose plan. The resulting graph for the CN is discussed in detail to illustrate its use in defining the optimal PI level. For the 55 cases of VSs reported on, the median CNmax result was 0.78.

Conclusions. It is possible to achieve highly conformal dose distributions with Novalis radiosurgical system. The CN is the parameter of choice when evaluating radiosurgery treatment plans and scoring possible treatment plans. It takes into account both target underdosage and normal tissue overdosage and offers a valuable scoring parameter while avoiding false-perfect scores.
Novalis Shaped Beam Radiosurgery of arteriovenous malformations
Authors: Pedroso Alessandra G. , De Salles Antonio A. F. , Tajik Katayoun , Golish Raymond , Smith Zachary , Frighetto Leonardo , Solberg Timothy , Cabatan-Awang Cynthia , Selch Michael T.
Published: February 2019

Object. The authors studied outcomes and complications in patients who harbored arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) and underwent stereotactic radiosurgery involving the Novalis shaped beam unit.

Methods. Between January 1998 and January 2002, 83 patients were treated with radiosurgery at University of California, Los Angeles. The mean patient age was 37.8 years. Forty-four patients completed follow up. There were 24 women. Sixteen patients underwent repeated radiosurgery. Embolization was performed in 13 patients and radiosurgery alone in 31. The mean follow-up period after embolization was 54.4 ± 21.9 months and 37.4 ± 14.6 months for radiosurgery alone. The mean peripheral dose was 15 Gy (range 12–18 Gy). The mean preradiosurgery lesion volume was 9.7 ± 11.9 ml for radiosurgery alone and 16.2 ± 11.3 ml for embolization. The AVMs in 13 patients (29.8%) were Spetzler—Martin Grade II, 12 (27.5%) were Grade III, eight (18.2%) Grade IV, and five (11.3%) were Grade V and VI each. Spetzler—Martin grade, volume, and peripheral dose were analyzed in consideration to outcome.

A positive trend (p = 0.086) was observed between Spetzler—Martin grade and obliteration rate. Volume per se did not predict obliteration (p = 0.48). A peripheral dose of 18 Gy was shown to be the most important predictor for occlusion (p = 0.007). The overall obliteration rate was 52.5%. A transient complication was noticed in one case (2.3%) and but no permanent deficits due to radiosurgery have been detected so far. Three patients (6.8%) bled after radiosurgery.

Conclusions. The range of the prescribed peripheral dose was narrow. An association between the mean peripheral dose of 15 Gy, high conformality, and homogeneous dose distribution permitted no permanent complications. Volume per se did not correlate with outcome. The next step will be to increase the peripheral dose shaping the beam and to achieve higher obliteration rates without increasing complications.
Spinal lesions treated with Novalis shaped beam intensity-modulated radiosurgery and stereotactic radiotherapy
Authors: De Salles Antonio A. F. , Pedroso Alessandra G. , Medin Paul , Agazaryan Nzhde , Solberg Timothy , Cabatan-Awang Cynthia , Espinosa Dulce M. , Ford Judith , Selch Michael T.
Published: February 2019

Object. Spinal radiosurgery was implemented to improve quality of life (QOL) in patients with malignancies. It may also be applicable to the treatment of benign lesions.

Methods. Between July 2002 and January 2004, 14 patients harboring 22 lesions were treated; 13 received single-dose stereotactic radiosurgery. Six were women. The mean age was 60.2 years (range 48–82 years). There were 11 metastases, two neurofibromas, and one meningioma. Six lesions were cervical, 10 thoracic, and six lumbar. Ten patients suffered pain, three paresthesias, two weakness, and three were asymptomatic. Seven patients underwent spinal surgery, with four receiving instrumentation. Twelve patients underwent conventional irradiation before stereotactic radiosurgery/stereotactic radiotherapy. A mean dose of 12 ± 2.7 Gy (range 8–21 Gy) was prescribed to the 91% isodose line (range 85–97%). The mean tumor volume was 25 ± 27.1 ml (range 0.75–91.8 ml). Treatment was planned using intensity-modulated radiosurgery (IMRS) fields in 15 cases, dynamic arcs in five, and conformal beams in two. The mean follow-up period was 6.1 ± 3.9 months (range 1–16 months).

Three patients became pain free and four experienced considerable relief. Weakness improved in the two patients with this preoperative symptom and the asymptomatic patients remained so. Four lesions decreased in size, five remained stable, seven progressed, and six were not followed up (two patients died before follow up). Four patients in all died, three of systemic disease and one of thoracic lesion progression. No complications due to shaped beam and IMRS/intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) techniques were observed.

Conclusions. Shaped beam and IMRS/IMRT involving the Novalis system may delay neurological deterioration, improving QOL. The lack of complication suggests that higher doses can be delivered to improve the control rate in patients with metastases.
UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN PADA EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN JAMBU METE (Anacardium occidentale L.)
Authors: Putri Dina Soes , Muti’ah Muti’ah , Anwar Yunita Arian Sani
Published: February 2019

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui metabolit sekunder apa saja yang berpotensi sebagai antioksidan dari ekstrak etanol daun jambu mete dan mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan dari ekstrak etanol daun jambu mete. Pada penelitian ini telah dilakukan penapisan fitokimia dan uji aktivitas antioksidan pada ekstrak etanol dan fraksi-fraksi ekstrak etanol daun jambu mete muda yang berasal dari daerah Kayangan, Lombok Utara. Berdasarkan uji fitokimia diketahui bahwa ekstrak etanol dari daun jambu mete muda mengandung metabolit sekunder jenis polifenol, tanin, flavonoid, dan steroid. Dari hasil uji aktivitas antioksidan dengan metode DPPH disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak etanol dan fraksi-fraksinya bersifat aktif sebagai antioksidan terhadap radikal bebas DPPH. Dimana, fraksi etanol-air merupakan fraksi yang paling aktif dengan nilai IC­50 sebesar 0,26 ppm, sedangkan fraksi yang paling kurang aktif adalah fraksi n-heksan dengan IC50 sebesar 10,72 ppm. The aims of this research were to find out which secondary metabolite that potential as antioxidant from ethanol extract of cashew leaf and to find out the radical scavenging activity from ethanol extract of cashew leaf. The sample of this research was the young leaf of cashew taken from Kayangan, North Lombok. Phytochemical screening and antioxidant assay have been conducted to ethanol extract and its fractions. The result of phytochemical screening shown that etanol extract of young cashew leaf contain of polyphenol, tannin, flavonoid, and steroid. Based on antioxidant assay using DPPH method, it can be concluded that ethanol extract and its fractions were highly active as scaveging agent compared to synthetic antioxidant BHA. Where, ethanol-water fraction is the most active fraction with IC50 value of 0,26 ppm, while the least active fraction is n-hexane fraction with IC50 value of 10.72 ppm.
SUBSITUSI TEPUNG TERIGU DENGAN TEPUNG MOCAF DALAM PEMBUATAN KUE KERING
Authors: Ihromi Syirril , Marianah Marianah , Susandi Yodi Adi
Published: February 2019

Tepung mocaf merupakan salah satu bahan pangan sumber karbohidrat. Selain memiliki nilai gizi yang cukup baik seperti kandungan karbohidrat yang dapat memungkinkan menjadi tepung pengganti untuk tepung terigu sehingga mengurangi ketergantungan terhadap gandum dalam pembuatan kue kering. Tujuan penelitian yaitu mengetahui persentase subsitusi tepung terigu dengan tepung mocaf yang tepat dan pengaruhnya terhadap sifat kimia dan organoleptik kue kering. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Metode Eksperimental dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan perlakuan satu factor dengan 6 aras yaitu substitusi tepung mocaf 0 % (100% tepung terigu sebagai kontrol), 15%, 30%, 45%, 60% dan 75%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan semakin tinggi persentase subsitusi tepung terigu dengan tepung mocaf  maka kadar air semakin menurun, sedangkan kadar pati dan kadar  abu  cenderung  semakin  tinggi, skor nilai seperti aroma, rasa, dan warna semakin menurun, sedangkan pada skor nilai tekstur semakin meningkat.. Subsitusi tepung terigu menggunakan tepung mocaf sampai batas T5 (75%) menghasilkan kue kering dengan criteria baik jika dilihat dari sifat kimia maupun organoleptik.
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN DAUN BAMBU DAN ARANG BAMBU PADA PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH CAIR TAHU
Authors: Romansyah Erni , Muliatiningsih Muliatiningsih , Putri Dina Soes , Alawiyah Astuti
Published: February 2019

Industri tahu dalam proses pengolahannya menghasilkan limbah, baik limbah padat maupun cair. Limbah cair tahu bersifat asamdan mengandung bahan organik yang tinggi. Apabila limbah ini dialirkan ke sungai tanpa proses penanganan yang baik maka air sungai berubah warna menjadi coklat kehitaman dan berbau busuk. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan daun bambu dan arang bambu untuk meningkatkan kualitas fisik limbah cair tahu melalui metode filtrasi. Rancangayang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri dari 3 perlakuan komposisi arang dan daun bambu yaitu P1 (5 cm daun bambu: 15 cm arang batang bambu), P2 (10 cm daun bambu: 10 cm arang batang bambu), P3 (15 cm daun bambu: 5 cm arang batang bambu). Parameter fisik yang diamati meliputi kekeruhan, aroma, warna, suhu, dan TSS limbah cair tahu. Pemberian daun bambu dana rang bambu perpengaruh terhadap peningkatan kulitas fisik limbah cair tahu. Hasil terbaik diperoleh pada perlakuan P3 dimana dihasilkan rata-rata persentase penurunan kekeruhan 58,80%, kenaikan nilai warna 400%, penurunan suhu 49,32%, penurunan nilai TSS 60%. Terjadinya peningkatan warna air limbah setelah melewati media filtrasi diduga disebabkan oleh arang aktif dari bambu ikut terlarut oleh air karena ukurannya yang kecil sehingga menyebabkan warna dan TSS pada air limbah mengalami kenaikan, namun paling aman untuk dibuangke lingkungan.
ISOLASI LIKOPEN DARI BUAH TOMAT (LYCOPERSICUM ESCULENTUM) DENGAN PELARUT HEKSANA
Authors: Dewi Earlyna Sinthia
Published: February 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan metode sederhana dan efektif  dengan menggunakan ekstraksi pelarut heksana dan methanol sebagai anti pelarut untuk isolasi likopen dari buah tomat (Lycopersicum esculentum). Tomat merupakan  sumber utama likopen. Likopen adalah  zat pigmen golongan karotenoid yang menyebabkan warna merah pada tomat. Penelitian ini telah berhasil mengisolasi likopen dengan metode maserasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dengan pelarut heksana kadar likopen yang diperoleh 2,25 mg/100 g. Analisa gugus fungsi dengan menggunakan spektroskopi Fourier Transform Infra Red (FT-IR) terdeteksi gugus C=C pada panjang gelombang 1537,09 cm-1, gugus CH2 terdeteksi pada panjang gelombang 1498,86 cm-1, gugus R-CH=CH-R terdeteksi pada panjang gelombang 959,27 cm-1. Sedangkan gugus regangan C-C dan C-C-H (streching)masing-masing terjadi pada panjang gelombang 1262,15 cm-1 dan 1378,71 cm-1.
PENGARUH TAKARAN DAN FREKUENSI PEMBERIAN PUPUK BIOEKSTRIM TERHADAP BEBERAPA SIFAT KIMIA TANAH, PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL KOL BUNGA (BRASSICA OLERACEA VAR BOTRYTIS L.)
Authors: Mulyati Mulyati , I.P Silawibawa , L.S Ningsih , K Aini,
Published: February 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui interaksi berbagai takaran dan frekuensi  pemberian pupuk Bio-ekstrim terhadap  status hara nitrogen (N), pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman kol bunga (Brassica oleracea var botrytis  L.). Percobaan dilakukan di desa Setiling, Kecamatan  Batu Kliang Utara Lombok Tengah dari bulan  Februari   sampai Juni 2017. Percobaan ditata menurut Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan pola factorial 3x3, yang terdiri atas dua faktor. Faktor pertama adalah takaran  pupuk bio-ekstrim cair yakni : 2 (D1), 4 (D2) dan 6 (D3) L ha-1,  dan  faktor kedua adalah  frekuensi pemberiannya yakni 3 (K1), 4 (K2), dan 5 (K3) kali pemberian. Masing-masing kombinasi perlakuan diulang tiga kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat interaksi antara takaran dan frekuensi pemberian pupuk bio-ekstrim terhadap variable tanah dan tanaman kol bunga. Pemberian takaran pupuk bio-ekstrim berpengaruh terhadap sifat kimia tanah yaitu pH tanah, karbon organik tanah dan kadar Ntotal  tanah, tetapi frekuensi pemberian pupuk bio-ekstrim tidak berpengaruh. Terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman kol bunga, takaran pupuk Bio-Ekstrim tidak berbeda nyata terhadap tinggi tanaman, dan jumlah daun akan tetapi berbeda nyata terhadap berat bunga dan diameter bunga. Sedangkan frekuensi pemberian bio-ekstrim tidak berpengaruh  terhadap semua parameter yang diuji kecuali tinggi tanaman pada awal pertumbuhan.
The Politicisation of Security: Controversy, Mobilisation, Arena Shifting
Authors: Hagmann Jonas , Hegemann Hendrik , Neal Andrew
Published: February 2019

While security has always been political, it has for the most part been considered a special kind of politics that closes down political activity and debate. This introduction reviews recent theoretical and empirical developments to argue that a research agenda that re-engages security through the prism of politicisation is better able to elucidate the growing range of actors, arenas and arguments visible in contemporary security governance. Based on recent literatures from Political Science and European Studies that – so far – have been largely ignored by Security Studies, it develops an analytical framework around three dimensions: controversy, mobilisation and arena-shifting. It showcases the relevance of this perspective through brief empirical illustrations on the post-Snowden controversy, public participation on security strategy-making, and the role of parliaments in security policy. The overall aim is to reopen conceptual questions on the relationship between security and politics, inspire innovative empirical work to study the diverse politics around security, and allow for more differentiated normative inquiries into the ambivalent consequences of politicisation.
Parliamentary Security Politics as Politicisation by Volume
Authors: Neal Andrew W.
Published: February 2019

The assumption that the policy area of security has depoliticising effects has diverted attention from the diverse ways in which parliamentarians are increasingly active on security. This development represents a shift away from the traditional executive-dominated security state and a challenge to security theories that assume security to be characterised by depoliticisation in the form of democratic marginalisation. The security literature assumes parliaments to be at worst irrelevant and at best a variable affecting the decisions of states, governments, and leaders. Analysing the work of UK parliamentary committees from the 1980s to the present, this article presents an original understanding of politicisation that subverts this view. This is politicisation by volume – increased amounts of parliamentary activity – in contrast to the more usually understood qualitative forms of politicisation such as increased polarisation, controversy or contestation (although the different forms of politicisation are not mutually exclusive). The article finds that parliamentary committee activity on security has increased from a base of almost nothing in the 1980s and before to regular and broad engagement in the present.
Evolución de la economía de mercado
Authors: Martínez Jabier , Alcañiz Leire , Aguado Ricardo , Eizaguirre Almudena
Published: February 2019

Populorum Progressio (PP) realiza un llamamiento a la colaboración en el desarrollo de los pueblos a todas las personas, países y organismos internacionales. PP propone un desarrollo integral, es decir, que afecte a todas las dimensiones de la persona (materiales y espirituales), y a todas las personas del mundo. Bajo el necesario respeto a la dignidad de hombres y mujeres, PP insiste en la necesidad de ayudar de una manera especial a los pueblos que se encuentran en una situación de desarrollo más desfavorecida. En este capítulo vamos a analizar la evolución de la situación económica de los distintos países del mundo desde la publicación de PP tomando como referencia los postulados de la economía convencional (neoclásica), comparándolos con los postulados defendidos desde PP y la tradición de la Doctrina Social de la Iglesia (DSI). El trabajo consta de una primera parte cualitativa y de una segunda parte de análisis empírico, que nos permitirá contrastar numéricamente los objetivos de desarrollo tanto de la economía convencional, como de PP/DSI.
Empresas financieras y desarrollo humano integral
Authors: Becchetti Leonardo , Cermelli Massimo
Published: February 2019

En el 50º aniversario de la publicación de la Encíclica Populorum Progressio, y frente a un escenario de política económica y comercial internacional caracterizado por unas crecientes fuerzas aislacionistas, el sector financiero propone una reflexión sobre la urgente necesidad de cambiar su paradigma funcional.

Las reflexiones de la encíclica vuelven a ser de gran actualidad sobre todo en su atención hacia la cooperación entre pueblos y naciones en el mundo y el derecho de estos últimos al bienestar y al desarrollo humano integral.

En la raíz de los problemas económicos y financieros de la economía global, encontramos tres enfermedades “filosóficas” que representan tres visiones distorsionadas de la persona, de la empresa y del valor. En contraposición proponemos las alternativas de los fondos éticos, la tutela de la biodiversidad bancaria, el voto con la cartera y una especial atención para los sistemas de remuneración de las figuras de poder en los bancos, empresas e intermediarios financieros.
Implementation of the Concept of Al-'Uqûd Al-Murakkabah on Sharia Financial Institutions
Authors: Setiadi Atep
Published: February 2019

This paper is intended to analyze philosophically about the existence of al-'Uqûd al-Murakkabah. This paper focuses its assessment on the opinions of scholars of hadith and fiqh (muamalah), as well as its application in Sharia Financial Institutions. This assessment is important because transactions in the form of a single contract are incapable of responding to the development of contemporary financial transactions that are always in motion and are influenced by the financial industry both nationally, regionally and internationally. Using qualitative methods and literature studies in this study it can be concluded that, first, fiqh muamalah contemporary in hadith traditions related to hybrid contract model there is a ban of two contracts in one transaction (bai'ataini fi bai'atin), ban two agreements in one The agreement (shafqa taini fi shafqatin) and the prohibition of the sale and purchase agreements and the ordering of goods (bay 'and salaf); second, the use of hybrid contracts at the Sharia Financial Institution is directed to the manufacture of al' Uqud al-Mutaqâbilah (Dependent or Conditional Contract).
Savings Investments in Sharia Banks in the Perspective of Shariah Economic Law (Case Study at “Bank Syariah Bukopin”)
Authors: Samsudin Agus Rojak , Athoillah Mohamad Anton
Published: February 2019

There are three motives a person to save funds through savings in the Conventional Bank: security, plans and investment. Implementation of interest system in Conventional banks is a very fundamental constraint for a Muslim to invest his funds in the bank. Because in the view of the scholars of the flower system is identical with the usury (riba) that is forbidden in Islam. It turns out long before the birth of money storage system in conventional bank interest, in classical fiqh literature known the concept and theory of al wadiah and mudharabah which is substantially no differences from the savings and investment savings offered by conventional banks. This paper discusses the theory, concepts and implementation of al wadiah as non-interest investment savings applied in sharia bank in the perspective of shariah economic law, by looking at case examples of the saving products of Bank Syariah Bukopin (BSB). It was found that all investment contracts in savings products offered by BSB were in accordance with the principles of shariah; as outlined in the Qur'an and Sunnah as the basis of Shariah, as well as Law Number 21 Year 2008 and Law no. 10 year 1998, Bank Indonesia Regulation (Peraturan Bank Indonesia [PBI]), Compilation of Islamic Economic Law (Kompilasi Hukum Ekonomi Syariah [KHES]) and Fatwa of National Sharia Board (Dewan Syariah Indonesia [DSN]) Indonesian Council of Ulama (Majelis Ulama Indonesia [MUI])
The Application of Contract of Wakalah Bi Al-Ujrah on Letter of Credit Services in Sharia Bank
Authors: Liswardi Liswardi
Published: February 2019

In the era of development of Islamic banking at this time many different forms of production were born so that the function of development which is basically fundraising is now also in the form of other financial services transactions, despite the rapid development of Islamic finance products, but all are not separated of the provisions that are regulated in the concept of Sharia according to their harmony and expression. One of the service products used in this case is the wakalah bil ujrah. The case is a contract that represents the customer in conducting service transactions, so that the application in the Islamic bank, we can see it in the form of the of L/C (Letter of Credit). In this case the author only sees how the practice of wakalah bil ujrah in Islamic bank, especially in the services of Letters of Credit or L/C.
The Implementation of Iso 9001: 2015 Quality Management System at PT Tarumatex Bandung
Authors: Hernawan Yosep , Kesuma Dewi Sri Wijaya , Musafa Musafa
Published: February 2019

ISO management becomes an important issue in line with the increasing competition in the industrial world. The company strives to maintain its position and increase the trust of consumers. ISO is used as a tool to measure corporate credibility globally and improve the quality of company management. The research aims to find out how ISO 9001 Quality Management System is applied in a company, what profit will be achieved by the company when implementing ISO 9001 Quality Management System, identifying problems and solutions and what steps should be taken by the company to ensure that implementation of Quality Management System ISO 9001 work properly. The approach used is descriptive qualitative method. The results obtained in the form of division of authority and responsibility of each division is more clear and communication and response more quickly.
The Effect of Inflation, Bank Indonesia Rate, Non Performing Financing, and Costs of Operating Expenses to Operating Revenues on Profitability of Sharia Commercial Banks in Indonesia
Authors: Syah Toufan Aldian , Kharismasyah Alfato Yusnar
Published: February 2019

The Banking Industry has a very important role in economic development in a country. Indonesia, which is the largest Muslim country in the world, certainly has excellent prospects for the development of the Sharia Banking Industry in the future. Therefore, the development of Sharia banks has slowed in recent years and the profitability of Sharia banks is also still below the ideal value. This study aims to determine the internal factors and external factors that influence the profitability of Sharia Commercial Banks from January 2012 to August 2017. The variables used in this study are ROA, Inflation, NPF, and OEOR. The data used is the aggregate data of all Sharia Commercial Banks registered at Bank Indonesia. Measurement of Statistical Descriptions, F-test, t-test, Correlation Coefficient, Determination Coefficient and Multiple Linear Regression using IBM SPSS 21 software. The results showed that there were significant negative effects of the variable BI rate, NPF, and OEOR while the Inflation variable showed a negative but insignificant effect. Overall the above variables affect ROA by 87.7% while 12.3% is likely to be influenced by other factors.
The Optimization of the Role of Zakat in the Alleviating Poverty in Indonesia
Authors: Haniefah Farisha Rizky , Faozan Akhmad
Published: February 2019

This study aims to determine the extent of the role of zakat in alleviating identified as mustahiq inentrepreneurship. Zakat intended for mustahiq can be used as business capital where businessesdeveloped by mustahiq are generally still small-scale, which is not accessed by bank financialinstitutions. The mentoring process includes planning, implementing, supervising and controlling andevaluating the program, becoming one of the amil zakat programs in managing productive zakat so thatit is expected to create economic circulation, increase the productivity of community businesses,increase income / economic results, and be sustainable. The methodology used in this study is adescriptive qualitative method to see the effect of productive zakat on the empowerment of the poorthrough the poverty index. This study consisted of primary data and secondary data. Primary dataobtained from the survey results or the results of questionnaires and conducted in-depth interviews withproductive Zakat program managers in Baznas and mustahiq as participants of the communityempowerment program through productive zakat. While secondary data is obtained from the BAZNASProgram Report on the internet, several kinds of literature, articles both magazines, journals,newspapers and the internet. The results of the study show that overall mustahik considers that theproductive zakat program by Baznas has run very well.
Pendekatan Hermeneutika Khaled Abou Al-Fadl dalam Memahami Hadis Tentang Aborsi
Authors: M Sitti Aisyah
Published: February 2019

Every living thing that exists on this earth has the right to live, be it animals, plants, even more human beings who have the role of God's khalifah. Related to this, the Qur'an and Hadith have explained about the importance of the maintenance of the soul, reason, religion, property and descent. It is well known that abortion is a form of crime, because it eliminates the chance of life for a person, but it sometimes becomes the choice of some people, especially women in order to keep their life alive. Abortion is a classic issue that continues to be a conversation to the present day, so according to researchers it is important to be studied further. The problem formulation in this research are: 1) How is abortion viewed from the point of view of hermeneutics Abou Kahled el-Fadl? 2) What is the law of abortion based on the Prophet's hadith? This type of research is a literature using hermeneutics approach in understanding the hadith about the prohibition of abortion. The estimation of the findings of this study is that the abortion referred to by the hadith is an act of abortion done when the fetus has been given the soul / blowing of the soul and the cleric agrees on its prohibition and the abortionist is fined equal to freeing the slave. Although the reason for the implementation of abortion for each woman is different, but of course it has an effect on his psychology, because the choice of abortion is a very dilemma for a woman.
Reinterpretasi Hadis Tasyabbuh
Authors: Khikmatiar Azkiya
Published: February 2019

Double Movement theory initiated by Fazlurrahman is a theory that is basically used to understand the Qur'an. Through this theory Rahman invites interpreters to understand the Qur'an by not releasing the historical context in which the Qur'an is revealed, to then unearthed the general idea so that it can be confronted with the contemporary context. In this paper the author tries to apply the theory to understand the hadith about tasyabbuh. The result of the application of the theory is: the hadith about tsyabbuh arises where the number of Muslim community is still limited, so to maintain its existence required identity politics; if confronted with the present reality of the number of Muslims who have spread throughout the world, then the hadith is no longer relevant to be applied literally
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON GONO GINI'S ASSETS DUE TO A DEATH ACCORDING TO THE ISLAMIC LAW AND POSITIVE LAW
Authors: Syafrudin Pardan
Published: February 2019

The Common properties (community property) is an asset that the husband and wife acquired during the household lifes, which both of them is agree that after united through marriage bonds, that the property produced by one or both of them will be common property. It shows, that if there's an agreement between husband and wife before marriage (did not to unify their property), then the property produced both will not become a joint treasure. Thus, if a husband or wife dies, or divorces, then the property owned by both of them can be distributed in accordance with their respective shares, another case when the two couples are not making an agreement, then the property gained during marriage bonds can be divided into types of communal property. In Islamic law, this kind of treasure is not contained in the Qur'an or Sunnah. Nor in Islamic jurisprudence. However, Islamic law legalizes the existence of common property as long as it is applicable in a society and the benefit in the distribution of such property. In contrast to the positive law, this property types have been regulated and described in the Marriage Law, as well as the Islamic Law Compilations, which became the legal restriction in the affairs of marriage in force in Indonesia. In this study, the author tries to compile the existence of common property according to the Islamic law reviews and positive law.
LEVEL OF COMPLIANCE OF NARCOTICS VICTIMS IN TURNING MEDICAL AND SOCIAL REHABILITATION
Authors: Triadi Rd
Published: February 2019

The condition of drug abuse in Indonesia is very worrying. According to the records of the National Narcotics Agency (BNN), Indonesian citizens who have been victims of abuse of illicit goods have reached more than 4 million. This paper will review the maslahah murshalah of Islamic law against narcotics, psychotropic substances and addictive substances (NAPZA), their abuse and prevention in the province of West Java. This research is an analytic descriptive type with a qualitative approach. The researcher took the setting in West Java. The research techniques using observation techniques, interviews and documentation as a data collection tool. Data analysis uses data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing. The findings of this study are that, the level of compliance of narcotics victims in undergoing medical and social rehabilitation, for children who use narcotics is still not in accordance with the existing legislation, namely where the existing regulations should be rehabilitated for children who abuse drugs, but this provision is not maximal applied, more children were convicted than rehabilitated.
THE CONCEPT OF INTELLIGENCE AND REVELATION IN THE MU’TAZILAH SCHOOL OF THOUGHT
Authors: Hanan Abdul
Published: February 2019

The school of Mu'tazilah thought in the development of Islamic thought is a very interesting and significant study. It is interesting, because the Mu'tazilah school is the oldest and the largest school of Islamic theology that has played an important role in Islamic world thought. Another interesting thing is that Mu'tazilah is a representation of the consciousness of the Islamic world in its progress and modernity. Intellect is the power of thought to understand something, in which there is a possibility that the understanding gained by reason can be wrong can also be true. Revelation is the word of God conveyed to his prophet both for himself and to be conveyed to the people. Knowledge is the relationship between subject and object, while science is knowledge that has been scientifically tested and the truth is clear. Reason and revelation are used to gain knowledge for mankind. Between reason and revelation there is a space where both can meet and even interact with each other and there is a space where they must separate. At the time the revelation recommended the development of science and the preservation of culture by providing space for freedom for reason to think dynamically, creatively and openly, there was a meeting space between reason and revelation. So that the relationship between reason and revelation is not contradictory but is very related between one another, even both of them perfect each other
THE APPLICATION OF ISLAMIC LAW AT THE COLONIAL AGE AND IT'S IMPLICATION FOR THE INDONESIAN RELIGIOUS JUSTICE SYSTEM
Authors: Mas’ud Muhamad
Published: February 2019

The enactment of Islamic law during colonialism was marked by the thought of Sayyid Usman, a historical figure who had a great interest in the study of Islamic law in Indonesia during the Dutch East Indies colonization. As a scholar, he has special attention to the continuity of Islamic law in Indonesia, especially regarding Islamic family law, which at that time had been widely practiced by people to replace customary law. In addition, he also contributed a lot of thoughts in the context of enforcing Islamic law by organizing religious justice institutions and compiling Islamic family law. Formally the institutions of religious justice, especially in Java and Madura, were only formed by the Dutch East Indies government in 1882, through the Staatsblad 1882 No. 152. This formation is at once a measure of the reorganization of religious justice institutions, namely by establishing new religious courts in addition to each landraad (the same court) with the same legal area, on average as large as the district. It's just that if before the religious court was independent, then with this reorganization the power to carry out the verdict was handed over to landraad. K.F. Holle, L.W.C. Van den Berg, and Snouck Hurgronje, these three Dutch people were very influential in the birth of the theory of the enactment of Islamic law in Indonesia, L.W.C. Van den Berg is one of the initiators of the theory of receptio in complexu, which states that "for Muslims full Islamic law applies because he has embraced Islam even though there are still deviations in its implementation. Next to L.W.C. Van den Berg carries the theory of receptio in complexu, and Snouck Hurgronje as the originator of receptie theory, which states that for indigenous people basically customary law applies, and Islamic law applies to indigenous people if Islamic legal norms have been accepted by society as customary law.
EVALUATION OF SODIUM LEVELS IN CHILDRENS SUFFERED FROM PNEUMONIA IN HOSPITAL FROM BIHAR REGION
Authors: Kejriwal Dr. Mohan , Gupta Dr. Ramjee Prasad , Singh Dr.  Alka
Published: February 2019

Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte abnormality. Patho physiologically, hyponatremia are classified into two groups: hyponatremia due to non-osmotic hypersecretion of vasopressin (hypovolemic, hypervolemic, euvolemic) and hyponatremia of non-hyper vasopressinemic origin (pseudo hyponatremia, water intoxication, cerebral salt wasting syndrome). The aim of this study was to identify the incidence of hyponatremia in children with pneumonia and to investigated whether there is a link between hyponatremia and the severity and outcome of pneumonia.

The present study was planned on 25 children diagnosed with pneumonia in department of Paediatrics in Nalanda Medical College and Hospital, Patna, from March 2016 to Dec 2016.  At the time of admission, the patient’s clinical history was recorded in prefixed proforma. Serum sodium was measured by a process known as potentiometry. This method measures the voltage that develops between the inner and outer surfaces of an ion selective electrode.

Based on the above findings it can be concluded that serum electrolytes should be measured in children hospitalized for pneumonia; the appropriate fluid therapy must be carefully arranged in children with hyponatremia, and both serum and urine sodium levels should be closely monitored. Regular follow up of serum sodium level during the period of hospital stay should be considered to pick up the high risk cases at an early stage.

Keywords: pneumonia, sodium level, Hyponatremia, etc.