bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Absolute Conformation and Chiroptical Properties. III. Optically Active Methyl sc-3-Methyl-3-(substituted 9-triptycyl)butanoate Rotamers
Authors: Toyota Shinji , Miyasaka Tsutomu , Matsumoto Yasutaka , Matsuo Tamami , Oki Michinori
Published: July 2006

Enantiomers of the title rotamers were resolved by the diastereomer method with use of optically active camphorsultam. The absolute conformations about the C9–Calkyl single bond were determined by the X-ray analysis of one of the diastereomeric amides. All the samples submitted to the X-ray analysis showed their absolute conformation to be Psc. Specific rotations of the Psc methyl esters of the methyl, methoxy, and chloro compounds at the Na D line were positive, whereas that of the fluoro compound negative. Although the absolute conformation of the methyl compound had been predicted, though not conclusive, to be Msc for the dextrorotatory isomer from calculation, it is proved to be Psc. Optical rotations and CD spectra were measured and these chiroptical properties were compared with each other. The chiral methyl esters showed similar patterns in CD spectra if their absolute conformations are the same, irrespective of the kinds of substituents in the benzene ring. Features of molecular structures of the triptycene compounds are also compared and the effects of substituents on the structural parameters are discussed.
Separation of Silylated Oxime Isomers by High Resolution Gas Chromatography
Authors: Yanagi Ryouta , Matui Chinami , Chinda Mituru , Yamamoto Yasushi
Published: July 2006

The stereoisomers of 2-butanone O-trimethylsilyloxime were observed as separate peaks, the intensity ratio being 1 : 3, by high resolution GC equipped with a capillary column. The peak with intensity 3 was assigned to the Z isomer of oxime bond and the intensity ratio corresponded to the stereoisomer ratio of 2-butanone oxime. Silanes including plural oxime groups also gave separate stereoisomer peaks corresponding to the isomer ratio of 2-butanone oxime.
STUDIES ON REACTIONS BETWEEN GAS AND SOLID. V. AZOTATION OF CALCIUM CARBIDE AND THE EFFECT OF SIZE OF GRAIN ON ITS VELOCITY
Authors: Aono Takeo
Published: July 2006

The effect of size of powder and grain of carbide on the velocity of azotation was experimentally discussed, and it was also experimentally determined that the velocity of azotation of carbide at constant temperature and pressure is

1. proportional to the surface area of individual grains, in case of the “granular” carbide, and the radial velocity of azotation is constant at about 1140°C. or

2. the radial velocity is inversely proportional to the thickness of changed layer at 950°C. and lower temperatures.

3. In some cases, there are several types of character in the velocity.
THE RATE OF OXIDATION OF STANNOUS SALT BY OXYGEN AND THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF MIXTURES OF SULPHURIC ACID AND STANNOUS SULPHATE
Authors: Miyamoto Susumu
Published: July 2006

(1) The effects of sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid on the rate of oxidation of stannous salt solution by air were described.

(2) The specific conductance of sulphuric acid solution containing stannous sulphate was observed. When the concentration of sulphuric acid is less than about 0.6 normal, specific conductance of the mixture increases with the increase of concentration of stannous sulphate and when the concentration of sulphuric acid is greater than about 1 normal, the specific conductance of the mixture decreases with the increase of concentration of stannous sulphate. The assumption, that two kinds of molecular complexes are formed in the solution, was proposed for the interpretation of the result, and as the most probable molecular complexes, H2Sn2(SO4)3 and H2Sn(SO4)2 were mentioned.

(3) The assumptions, that the rate of oxidation of stannous salt itself by oxygen is extremely small, and that the rate of oxidation increases as a result of the formation of some complex compounds in the solution, were proposed. The assumptions were applied for the interpretation of the effect of sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid on the rate of oxidation of stannous salt solution by air.
ON NIGAKI OIL
Authors: Tsujimoto Mitsumaru , Koyanagi Hanji
Published: July 2006

(1) The properties and composition of the nigaki oil (a mixture of the shell and kernel oils) obtained from the whole fruit of “nigaki,” Picrasma quassioides Benn., have been examined.

(2) As the chief constituent of the fatty acids of the oil, the occurrence of petroselinic acid, C18H34O2 (Δ6:7 octadecenoic acid), has been ascertained.

(3) As the other constituent, palmitic acid has been identified from the saturated acids; lauric acid appears also to be present. Of the unsaturated acids, oleic, linolic, and linolenic acids are likely to be present.

(4) The shell and kernel oils have also been examined separately. The former contains an appreciable proportion of saturated acids, while the latter has been found to contain petroselinic acid as the chief constituent.
SOME APPLICATIONS IN THE POTENTIOMETRIC TITRATIONS BY USING VACUUM TUBE
Authors: Masaki Kosaku , Hirabayashi Okiro
Published: July 2006

In the above investigation, the polarized platinum electrodes by means of grid current, which is obtained by impressing a positive potential on the grid, were used in the potentiometric titrations. In this apparatus, the approach of the end point is indicated, thus the neither plotting or recording nor adjustments is necessary during the titration; but it is necessary to control the positive potential impressed on the grid at the beginning of the titration lest the needle of galvanometer will kick off. The agreement between the calculated and found values is very good in each case.
A THEORY OF THE RATE OF SUBLIMATION
Authors: Miyamoto Susumu
Published: July 2006

A theory of the rate of sublimation was proposed, which is based upon the assumptions, that among the molecules, which make up the solid surface, only those, whose energies of vibration at right angles to the interface are greater than a threshold value ε0 can escape from the solid phase, and that among the molecules in the gas phase, only those, which collide with the interface with velocities, whose components at right angles to the interface are greater than a threshold value u0, can condense on the solid surface. On the basis of this theory the following equations have been derived for the rate of sublimation and for the vapour pressure of solid.

(Remark: Graphics omitted.),

(Remark: Graphics omitted.),

\oindentor

(Remark: Graphics omitted.).
STUDIES OF THE RAMAN EFFECT OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES. PART I. RAMAN EFFECT OF A SERIES OF ESTERS OF BENZOIC ACID AND PHENYL ESTERS OF FATTY ACIDS
Authors: Matsuno Kichimatsu , Han Kwan
Published: July 2006

(1) The Raman spectra of the following substances have been measured: methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, iso-propyl, iso-butyl, iso-amyl, cyclo-hexyl, o-kresyl and n-octyl benzoates, benzoyl chloride, phenol esters of acetic acid and butyric acid and o-kresyl acetate.

(2) The constitutive influences exserted on the well-known frequencies of the benzene ring have been observed.

(3) The relation among the frequencies in the region between Δν=2860 and 2980 cm.−1 associated with the C-H linkage of alkyl radicals have been studied for the series of benzoates. It has been found that the intensity and the breadth of the line corresponding to the shift of Δν=1450 cm.−1, considered to be attributable to the transversal vibration of hydrogen atom in the CH2- group, increases as the carbon atoms-of the homologue are increased.

(4) The frequencies of Δν=1720, 1270, 670 cm.−1 in benzoates are estimated to be possibly attributed to the frequencies of the -CO-O- group.

(5) The following shifts corresponding to the inner vibrations between atoms or atom groups shown below have been established:

(Remark: Graphics omitted.)

(6) The frequency of Δν=814 cm.−1 in methyl benzoate has been estimated to be attributed to the bond between methyl group and the acid rest. The frequencies in the region between Δν=810 and 863 cm.−1 have been explained to be attributable to the valency frequencies between the acid rest and the adjacent -CH2- group. The two frequencies in the region between Δν=810 and 846 cm.−1, in n-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl and iso-amyl benzoates have been explained by the consideration of the free rotation of the alkyl rest.

(7) The valency and the deformation frequencies have been thoretically calculated, assuming that the molecule is composed of some systems of three atoms or atom groups.
HETEROGENEOUS CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN THE SILENT ELECTRIC DISCHARGE. VIII
Authors: Miyamoto Susumu
Published: July 2006

The chemical reactions in the silent electric discharge were studied when hydrogen reacted on the following inorganic solid substances.

(1) Cupric nitrate. Reaction products:—ammonium salt, copper oxide, metallic copper, nitrite, nitrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, and ammonia.

(2) Zirconium nitrate. Reaction products:—ammonium salt, zirconium oxide, nitrite, nitrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide.

(3) Thallous nitrate. Reaction products:—nitrite, thallous hydroxide, metallic thallium, nitrogen peroxide, and ammonia gas.

(4) Uranyl nitrate. Reaction products:—ammonium salt, uranous salt, uranium hydroxide, nitrite, and nitrogen peroxide.

(5) Ferric nitrate. Reaction products:—ammonium salt, ferric hydroxide, nitrite, nitrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide.

(6) Chromic nitrate. Reaction products:—ammonium salt, chromium hydroxide, and nitrite.

(7) Calcium sulphite. Reaction products:—Calcium sulphide, calcium hydroxide, and hydrogen sulphide.

(8) Sodium sulphite. Reaction products:—Sodium hydroxide, and hydrogen sulphide.

The writer wishes to express his appreciation of a grant from the Imperial Academy towards the expenses of this research.
OLIVE OIL OZONIDE AND ITS FUNGICIDAL QUALITY
Authors: Harada Taichi
Published: July 2006

The requirements which a pathogenic fungicide must satisfy for use on human skin or tissue are pointed out. The ozonide of olive oil was prepared and examined in these respects with fairly satisfactory results. Changes in physical and chemical constants produced by ozone treatment of olive oil are given.

Certain qualities of the ozonide with regard to its fungicidal effect for ringworm are discussed.
SORPTION OF GAS BY MINERAL. IV. ZEOLITES AND BENTONITE
Authors: Sameshima Jitsusaburo , Hemmi Hachiro
Published: July 2006

1. The sorptions of ammonia, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, acetylene, oxygen and hydrogen under one atmospheric pressure at 25°C. by the dehydrated samples of laumontite, stilbite, mordenite, natrolite, apophyllite, analcite, inesite and bentonite have been measured.

2. All samples except analcite sorb ammonia in considerable quantities.

3. Mordenite sorbs ammonia, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, acetylene and oxygen.

4. Bentonite sorbs ammonia, carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide.

5. From the sorption amounts of gases and the forms of sorption velocity curves it is concluded that the ammonia combines chemically with laumontite, stilbite, natrolite, apophyllite and inesite.

6. Various gases which are sorbed by dewatered mordenite enter into the cavities among the molecular gratings of mordenite crystals, forming solid solutions. Thus we have found another sorbent of chabazite class.

7. Bentonite is one of the sorbent of silica gel class, being so-called amorphous or microcrystalline structure.
THE ACTION OF CARBON MONOXIDE ON CHLOROPLATINIC ACID SOLUTION
Authors: Sano Isamu
Published: July 2006

(1) By passing carbon monoxide gas through the dilute aqueous solution of chloroplatinic acid, a red-coloured colloidal solution was obtained.

(2) The red sol was more stable than the ordinary black platinum sol against electrolytes.

(3) The red sol changed to the black one evolving some gas bubbles by the action of air, oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, alcohols, and aceton, or by the process of evacuation or heating.

(4) The action of bromine water on the red sol is described.

(5) The change of the electrical conductivity was measured in the process of formation of the red sol.

(6) The structure of the colloidal particles of the red sol is discussed. They consist, probably, of groups of platinum carbonyl molecules.
ON THE CATALYTIC ACTION OF JAPANESE ACID EARTH. VII. THE RELATION BETWEEN THE CONSTITUENTS OF THE EARTH AND ITS CATALYTIC ACTION
Authors: Inoue Harushige , Ishimura Koshiro
Published: July 2006

(1) Rôles played by the chief constituents of Japanese acid earth in its catalytic action on naphthalene have been studied. It has been found that the co-existence of SiO2 and Al2O3 is essential to the catalysis and hydroxides of alkali and alkaline earth metals behave as poisons to the catalyst, while ferric and magnesium hydroxides are indifferent to the catalysis.

(2) Several substances other than Japanese acid earth, which contain SiO2 and Al2O3 as their chief constituents, have been also examined on the same catalytic action.

(3) It has been tested whether TiO2 and La2O3 can be substituted for SiO2 and Al2O3 respectively in the catalytic action or not.
ON THE CATALYTIC ACTION OF JAPANESE ACID EARTH. IX. THE PROMOTION AND POISONING OF THE CATALYTIC ACTION
Authors: Ishimura Koshiro
Published: July 2006

(1) The catalytic action of Japanese acid earth on naphthalene is greatly promoted when it contains the “retained water”, designated temporarily by the present author.

(2) The molecules of the “retained water” may be replaced by those of several other neutral substances containing oxygen in their molecules, the catalytic activity of the earth being thereby raised to a greater or smaller extent according to the nature of the substance.

(3) The term “degree of promotion” has been introduced, and the relation between the degree of promotion and molecular affinity has been discussed.

(4) The nitrogen-containing substances such as ammonia, methylamine, acetonitrile, and amyl nitrite have been found to be strong poisons to the catalysis, while the acidic substances such as hydrogen chloride and acetic acid have proved to be quite weak poisons.

(5) Chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, chlorobenzene, and many hydrocarbons have been found indifferent to the catalytic action.
STUDIES OF THE RAMAN EFFECT. PART II. THE RAMAN EFFECT OF PHENYL-ACETATES, PHENYL-PROPIONATE, CINNAMATES, PHTHALATES, SALICYLATES AND PHENYLMETHYLCARBINOL
Authors: Matsuno Kichimatsu , Han Kwan
Published: July 2006

(1)The Raman spectra of methyl phenylacetate, ethyl phenylacetate, ethyl phenylpropionate, ethyl cinnamate, iso-propyl cinnamate, dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, methyl salicylate, ethyl salicylate and methyl phenyl carbinol were studied.

(2) The constitutive influences exerted on the C–H of the benzene ring were observed. It was found that the carbon with the double bond (Remark: Graphics omitted.) attached to the benzene ring (Remark: Graphics omitted.), such as in the case of C6H5·CO·O·R and C6H5·CH=CH·CO·O·R gave the higher frequency (Δν=3070) than that (Δν=3055) in the case of C6H5·CH2·(Remark: Graphics omitted.)O–R and other compounds of the type, C6H5·CH2–X which have no carbon with double bond directly attached to the benzene ring.

(3) The constitutive influences exerted on the carbonyl group were observed.

(4) Disappearance of 615 cm.−1 in diderivatives and appearance of 560 cm.−1 in salicylates, o-kresyl acetate, o-kresyl benzoate and cinnamate were observed.

(5) Estimation of the valency frequencies of the (Remark: Graphics omitted.) linkage was confirmed.
Adherence and Persistence with Single-Dosage Form Extended-Release Niacin/Lovastatin Compared with Statins Alone or in Combination with Extended-Release Niacin
Authors: LaFleur Joanne , Thompson Clinton J , Joish Vijay N , Charland Scott L , Oderda Gary M , Brixner Diana I
Published: July 2006

Background:

Lipid-lowering therapies have been shown to reduce cardiovascular events and mortality; patient cooperation with therapy varies. A fixed-dose combination product, extended-release niacin/lovastatin (ERNL), has been shown to be beneficial in lipid management; however, little is known regarding patient behavior with ERNL therapy.

Objective:

To evaluate patient adherence and persistence with ERNL, statin monotherapy (SM), extended-release niacin (ERN) monotherapy, and ERN plus a statin (ERN-S).

Methods:

Prescription claims for lipid-lowering therapies were obtained from a pharmacy benefits manager between 2002 and 2003. Claims for a total of 2389 patients were analyzed for adherence and persistence, using medication possession ratios (MPRs) and proportions of days covered (PDCs). Adherence and persistence were defined, respectively, as an MPR or PDC greater than or equal to 0.80. Logistic regression was conducted to detect differences among groups. Covariates included age, gender, copay, and number of lipid-lowering therapies, a surrogate for disease severity.

Results:

Average MPR scores were relatively high in all groups at 0.88, 0.81, 0.89, and 0.90 for ERNL, SM, ERN, and ERN-S, respectively. The adjusted odds ratio for adherence was lowest for SM (0.69), which was statistically significant compared with ERN-S (1.43), but not ERNL (1.00) or ERN (0.74). Persistence outcomes were poor in all groups. By the fourth quarter, patients receiving ERN-S (OR 1.31) had significantly greater persistence than those receiving ERN (OR 0.41) and SM (0.61), but not those receiving ERNL (OR 1.00).

Conclusions:

Managed care patients tended to be adherent to chronic lipid-lowering therapies, based on a mean MPR greater than 0.8. However, most patients failed to persist for at least 6 months.
Lack of Patchy Horizontal Connectivity in Primary Visual Cortex of a Mammal without Orientation Maps
Authors: Van Hooser Stephen D. , Heimel J. Alexander , Chung Sooyoung , Nelson Sacha B.
Published: July 2006

In the cerebral cortex of mammals, horizontal connections link cells up to several millimeters apart. In primary visual cortex (V1) of mammals with orientation maps, horizontal connections ramify in periodic patches across the cortical surface, connecting cells with similar orientation preferences. Rodents have orientation-selective cells but lack orientation maps, raising questions about relationships of horizontal connections to functional maps and receptive field properties. To address these questions, we studied anatomy of horizontal connections and characterized horizontal functional interactions in V1 of the gray squirrel, a highly visual rodent. Long-range intrinsic connections in squirrel V1 extended 1–2 mm but were not patchy or periodic. This result suggests that periodic and patchy connectivity is not a universal organizing principle of cortex, and the existence of patchy and periodic connectivity and functional maps may be linked. In multielectrode and intracellular recordings, we found evidence of unselective local interactions among cells, similar to pinwheel centers of carnivores. These data suggest that, in mammals with and without orientation maps, local connections link near neighbors without regard to orientation selectivity. In single-unit recordings, we found length-summing and end-stopped cells that were similar to those in other mammals. Length-summing cell surrounds were orientation selective, whereas surrounds of end-stopped cells were not. Receptive field response classes are quite similar across mammals, and therefore patchy and columnar connectivity may not be essential for these properties.
Dihydropyridine Receptors and Type 1 Ryanodine Receptors Constitute the Molecular Machinery for Voltage-Induced Ca2+Release in Nerve Terminals
Authors: De Crescenzo Valérie , Fogarty Kevin E. , ZhuGe Ronghua , Tuft Richard A. , Lifshitz Lawrence M. , Carmichael Jeffrey , Bellvé Karl D. , Baker Stephen P. , Zissimopoulos S. , Lai F. Anthony , Lemos José R. , Walsh John V.
Published: July 2006

Ca2+stores were studied in a preparation of freshly dissociated terminals from hypothalamic magnocellular neurons. Depolarization from a holding level of −80 mV in the absence of extracellular Ca2+elicited Ca2+release from intraterminal stores, a ryanodine-sensitive process designated as voltage-induced Ca2+release (VICaR). The release took one of two forms: an increase in the frequency but not the quantal size of Ca2+syntillas, which are brief, focal Ca2+transients, or an increase in global [Ca2+]. The present study provides evidence that the sensors of membrane potential for VICaR are dihydropyridine receptors (DHPRs). First, over the range of −80 to −60 mV, in which there was no detectable voltage-gated inward Ca2+current, syntilla frequency was increasede-fold per 8.4 mV of depolarization, a value consistent with the voltage sensitivity of DHPR-mediated VICaR in skeletal muscle. Second, VICaR was blocked by the dihydropyridine antagonist nifedipine, which immobilizes the gating charge of DHPRs but not by Cd2+or FPL 64176 (methyl 2,5 dimethyl-4[2-(phenylmethyl)benzoyl]-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylate), a non-dihydropyridine agonist specific for L-type Ca2+channels, having no effect on gating charge movement. At 0 mV, the IC50for nifedipine blockade of VICaR in the form of syntillas was 214 nmin the absence of extracellular Ca2+. Third, type 1 ryanodine receptors, the type to which DHPRs are coupled in skeletal muscle, were detected immunohistochemically at the plasma membrane of the terminals. VICaR may constitute a new link between neuronal activity, as signaled by depolarization, and a rise in intraterminal Ca2+.
The Glutamate–Aspartate Transporter GLAST Mediates Glutamate Uptake at Inner Hair Cell Afferent Synapses in the Mammalian Cochlea
Authors: Glowatzki Elisabeth , Cheng Ning , Hiel Hakim , Yi Eunyoung , Tanaka Kohichi , Ellis-Davies Graham C. R. , Rothstein Jeffrey D. , Bergles Dwight E.
Published: July 2006

Ribbon synapses formed between inner hair cells (IHCs) and afferent dendrites in the mammalian cochlea can sustain high rates of release, placing strong demands on glutamate clearance mechanisms. To investigate the role of transporters in glutamate removal at these synapses, we made whole-cell recordings from IHCs, afferent dendrites, and glial cells adjacent to IHCs [inner phalangeal cells (IPCs)] in whole-mount preparations of rat organ of Corti. Focal application of the transporter substrated-aspartate elicited inward currents in IPCs, which were larger in the presence of anions that permeate the transporter-associated anion channel and blocked by the transporter antagonistd,l-threo-β-benzyloxyaspartate. These currents were produced by glutamate–aspartate transporters (GLAST) (excitatory amino acid transporter 1) because they were weakly inhibited by dihydrokainate, an antagonist of glutamate transporter-1 (excitatory amino acid transporter 2) and were absent from IPCs inGLAST−/−cochleas. Furthermore,d-aspartate-induced currents in outside-out patches from IPCs exhibited larger steady-state currents than responses elicited byl-glutamate, a prominent feature of GLAST, and examination of cochlea from GLAST–Discosoma red (DsRed) promoter reporter mice revealed that DsRed expression was restricted to IPCs and other supporting cells surrounding IHCs. Saturation of transporters by photolysis of cagedd-aspartate failed to elicit transporter currents in IHCs, as did local application ofd-aspartate to afferent terminals, indicating that neither presynaptic nor postsynaptic membranes are major sites for glutamate removal. These data indicate that GLAST in supporting cells is responsible for transmitter uptake at IHC afferent synapses.
Saccades Exert Spatial Control of Motion Processing for Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements
Authors: Schoppik David , Lisberger Stephen G.
Published: July 2006

Saccades modulate the relationship between visual motion and smooth eye movement. Before a saccade, pursuit eye movements reflect a vector average of motion across the visual field. After a saccade, pursuit primarily reflects the motion of the target closest to the endpoint of the saccade. We tested the hypothesis that the saccade produces a spatial weighting of motion around the endpoint of the saccade. Using a moving pursuit stimulus that stepped to a new spatial location just before a targeting saccade, we controlled the distance between the endpoint of the saccade and the position of the moving target. We demonstrate that the smooth eye velocity following the targeting saccade weights the presaccadic visual motion inputs by the distance from their location in space to the endpoint of the saccade, defining the extent of a spatiotemporal filter for driving the eyes. The center of the filter is located at the endpoint of the saccade in space, not at the position of the fovea. The filter is stable in the face of a distracter target, is present for saccades to stationary and moving targets, and affects both the speed and direction of the postsaccadic eye movement. The spatial filter can explain the target-selecting gain change in postsaccadic pursuit, and has intriguing parallels to the process by which perceptual decisions about a restricted region of space are enhanced by attention. The effect of the spatial saccade plan on the pursuit response to a given retinal motion describes the dynamics of a coordinate transformation.
Cracking the Language Code: Neural Mechanisms Underlying Speech Parsing
Authors: McNealy Kristin , Mazziotta John C. , Dapretto Mirella
Published: July 2006

Word segmentation, detecting word boundaries in continuous speech, is a critical aspect of language learning. Previous research in infants and adults demonstrated that a stream of speech can be readily segmented based solely on the statistical and speech cues afforded by the input. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the neural substrate of word segmentation was examined on-line as participants listened to three streams of concatenated syllables, containing either statistical regularities alone, statistical regularities and speech cues, or no cues. Despite the participants’ inability to explicitly detect differences between the speech streams, neural activity differed significantly across conditions, with left-lateralized signal increases in temporal cortices observed only when participants listened to streams containing statistical regularities, particularly the stream containing speech cues. In a second fMRI study, designed to verify that word segmentation had implicitly taken place, participants listened to trisyllabic combinations that occurred with different frequencies in the streams of speech they just heard (“words,” 45 times; “partwords,” 15 times; “nonwords,” once). Reliably greater activity in left inferior and middle frontal gyri was observed when comparing words with partwords and, to a lesser extent, when comparing partwords with nonwords. Activity in these regions, taken to index the implicit detection of word boundaries, was positively correlated with participants’ rapid auditory processing skills. These findings provide a neural signature of on-line word segmentation in the mature brain and an initial model with which to study developmental changes in the neural architecture involved in processing speech cues during language learning.
Maternal Gametophytic baseless1 Is Required for Development of the Central Cell and Early Endosperm Patterning in Maize (Zea mays)
Authors: Gutiérrez-Marcos José F , Costa Liliana M , Evans Matthew M S
Published: July 2006

In angiosperms, double fertilization of an egg cell and a central cell with two sperm cells results in the formation of a seed containing a diploid embryo and a triploid endosperm. The extent to which the embryo sac controls postfertilization events in the seed is unknown. The novel gametophytic maternal-effect maize mutation, baseless1 (bsl1) affects central cell development within the embryo sac, frequently by altering the position of the two polar nuclei. Despite this irregularity, fertilization is as efficient as in wild type. The spatial expression of basal endosperm-specific transcripts is altered in free-nuclear and cellular mutant endosperms. At later stages of seed development, bsl1 predominantly affects development of the basal endosperm transfer layer (BETL). When bsl1/+ diploid plants were pollinated by wild-type tetraploid plants, the BETL abnormalities observed in bsl1/bsl1/+/+ tetraploid endosperms were diverse and of variable severity. Moreover, the frequency of kernels with severely perturbed BETL development correlated with the percentage of severely affected bsl1 central cells. Therefore, BSL1 is likely required in the central cell before fertilization for correct BETL patterning to occur. These findings provide new genetic evidence that a maternal gametophytic component is necessary for correct endosperm patterning.
Arabidopsis SHORT INTEGUMENTS 2 Is a Mitochondrial DAR GTPase
Authors: Hill Theresa A , Broadhvest Jean , Kuzoff Robert K , Gasser Charles S
Published: July 2006

The Arabidopsis short integuments 2-1 (sin2-1) mutant produces ovules with short integuments due to early cessation of cell division in these structures. SIN2 was isolated and encodes a putative GTPase sharing features found in the novel DAR GTPase family. DAR proteins share a signature DAR motif and a unique arrangement of the four conserved GTPase G motifs. We found that DAR GTPases are present in all examined prokaryotes and eukaryotes and that they have diversified into four paralogous lineages in higher eukaryotes. Eukaryotic members of the SIN2 clade of DAR GTPases have been found to localize to mitochondria and are related to eubacterial proteins that facilitate essential steps in biogenesis of the large ribosomal subunit. We propose a similar role for SIN2 in mitochondria. A sin2 insertional allele has ovule effects similar to sin2-1, but more pronounced pleiotropic effects on vegetative and floral development. The diverse developmental effects of the mitochondrial SIN2 GTPase support a mitochondrial role in the regulation of multiple developmental pathways.
Regulation of the Drosophila melanogaster Protein, Enhancer of Rudimentary, by Casein Kinase II
Authors: Gelsthorpe Mark E , Tan Zehui , Phillips Anthony , Eissenberg Joel C , Miller Ashley , Wallace Janell , Tsubota Stuart I
Published: July 2006

The Drosophila melanogaster gene enhancer of rudimentary, e(r), encodes a conserved protein, ER. Most ER homologs share two casein kinase II (CKII) target sites. In D. melanogaster, these sites are T18 and S24. A third CKII site, T63, has been seen only in drosophilids. The conservation of these CKII sites, particularly T18 and S24, suggests a role for these residues in the function of the protein. To test this hypothesis, these positions were mutated either to alanine as a nonphosphorylated mimic or to glutamic acid as a phosphorylated mimic. The mutations were tested individually or in double or triple combinations for their ability to rescue either a wing truncation characteristic of the genotype e(r)p1 rhd1-12 or the synthetic lethal interaction between e(r)p2 and the Notch allele Nnd-p. All of the substitutions as single mutations rescued both mutant phenotypes, arguing that individually the phosphorylation of the three residues does not affect ER activity. The double mutants T18A-S24A and T18E-S24E and the triple mutants T18A-S24A-T63A and T18E-S24E-T63E failed to rescue. Together the data support the following model for the regulation of ER by CKII. ER that is unphosphorylated at both T18A and S24 is inactive. CKII activates ER by phosphorylating either T18 or S24. Further phosphorylation to produce the doubly phosphorylated protein inactivates ER.
Health Professionals’ Assessment of Health-Related Quality of Life Values for Oral Clefting by Age Using a Visual Analogue Scale Method
Authors: Wehby George L. , Ohsfeldt Robert L. , Murray Jeffrey C.
Published: July 2006

Objective

To elicit health-related quality of life (HRQL) values associated with oral clefting by age using a visual analogue scale, and to explore the appropriateness of using health professionals as evaluators.

Methods

A representative group of health professionals working on craniofacial and/or cleft palate teams in the United States was sampled. Values (between 0 and 1) representing the HRQL associated with isolated and nonisolated oral clefting for infants, children, adolescents, and adults were obtained. The relationships between selected evaluator characteristics and values were also assessed.

Results

Of 330 professionals surveyed, 133 (40%) completed and returned reliable evaluations. Overall, HRQL values were clustered toward the right tail of the scale, indicating modest decreases in HRQL. Most evaluators reported feeling confident in completing the evaluations. HRQL values seemed to vary by team type (cleft palate only versus cleft palate/craniofacial care) and geographic location, but no major differences were found overall for any selected evaluator characteristics.

Conclusions

This study provides HRQL values for oral clefting based on preferences of health professionals that may be useful in evaluating the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of prevention and treatment strategies, including those carried out in clinical trial studies. The clustered pattern of HRQL values suggests either a consensus among evaluators of a limited burden of oral clefting or an overall lack of understanding of the evaluation task.
Potential Use of Imazethapyr Mixtures in Drill-Seeded Imidazolinone-Resistant Rice
Authors: Pellerin Kristie J. , Webster Eric P. , Zhang Wei , Blouin David C.
Published: July 2006

The efficacy of imazethapyr in drill-seeded imidazolinone-resistant rice was evaluated in Louisiana in 2000 and 2001. Imazethapyr was applied preemergence (PRE), or no PRE, followed by a postemergence (POST) application of imazethapyr alone, or in a mixture with bensulfuron, bentazon plus aciflurofen, carfentrazone, halosulfuron, propanil plus molinate, triclopyr, or V-10029. Imazethapyr applied PRE followed by a POST application of imazethapyr controlled barnyardgrass equivalent to or higher than other treatments evaluated. Red rice control at 35 days after postemergence treatment (DAT) was 66 to 81% with imazethapyr applied PRE followed by any POST application, but a reduction in control was observed with a POST application of imazethapyr. Although alligatorweed control increased with POST applications, these treatments suggested only suppression. Hemp sesbania control never exceeded 10% with imazethapyr-only treatments and at 35 DAT, all POST applications, except bensulfuron, increased control above 84%. Rice yield increased with treatments receiving a PRE application of imazethapyr compared with no imazethapyr applied PRE.
Imidazolinone-Resistant Wheat Acetolactate Synthase In Vivo Response to Imazamox
Authors: Rainbolt Curtis R. , Thill Donald C. , Zemetra Robert S. , Shaner Dale L.
Published: July 2006

Several experiments were conducted to evaluate the utility of an in vivo acetolactate synthase (ALS) assay for comparing sensitivity to imazamox among imidazolinone-resistant wheat cultivars/lines. Ten single-gene imidazolinone-resistant winter wheat cultivars/lines, one two-gene and four single-gene imidazolinone-resistant spring wheat cultivars/lines, and three pairs of heterozygous and homozygous imidazolinone-resistant winter wheat lines were evaluated in the assay experiments. Additionally, a dose-response assay was conducted to evaluate the tolerance of several imidazolinone-resistant wheat cultivars to imazamox on a whole plant level. The I50value (i.e., the imazamox dose that inhibited ALS activity by 50%) of the winter wheat cultivar ‘Above’ was 54 to 84% higher than the I50values of 99-420, 99-433, and CV-9804. However, based on the results of this study, it is unclear whether genetic background or market class (hard red winter vs. soft white winter) influences the level of ALS inhibition by imazamox. Teal 15A, the two-gene imidazolinone-resistant spring wheat cultivar, had an I50value that was two to three times greater than the I50value of the single-gene imidazolinone-resistant spring wheat cultivars/lines. The heterozygous imidazolinone-resistant wheat lines had I50values that were 69 to 81% less than the I50values of the homozygous lines. In the whole plant dose response, theR50values (i.e., the imazamox dose that reduced biomass by 50%) of the susceptible cultivars Brundage 96 and Conan were 15 to 17 times less than the homozygous single-gene imidazolinone-resistant winter and spring cultivars/lines, whoseR50values were about 1.7 times less than theR50value of the two-gene imidazolinone-resistant spring wheat line, Teal 15A. The results of the in vivo ALS imazamox assays and the whole plant imazamox dose-response assay were similar, indicating that the in vivo assay can be used to accurately and quickly compare resistance between imidazolinone-resistant wheat cultivars/lines.
Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) Control in Newly Seeded Tall Fescue
Authors: Beam Josh B. , Barker Whitnee L. , Askew Shawn D.
Published: July 2006

Infestations of Italian ryegrass are difficult to control and decrease marketability of cool-season sod. Tests were conducted at three locations in Virginia in 2002 and 2003 to determine herbicide control options for Italian ryegrass in 90:10 tall fescue: Kentucky bluegrass turfgrass seeded the previous fall. Chlorsulfuron, diclofop, fluazifop plus fenoxaprop, and metsulfuron controlled 5- to 30-tiller Italian ryegrass less than 50% 10 wk after initial treatment (WAIT). Nicosulfuron at 53 g ai/ha controlled Italian ryegrass 69 to 95% and injured turf no greater than 10% at all locations 10 WAIT. Primisulfuron at 53 g ai/ha controlled Italian ryegrass less than 30% in 2002 and 59 to 63% at two locations in 2003 10 WAIT and injured turf less than 5% at all locations. Results indicate nicosulfuron can be used for Italian ryegrass control in tall fescue or tall fescue and Kentucky bluegrass turf if temporary injury is acceptable.
Truncated Semenogelin I Binds Zinc and Is Cleaved by Prostate‐Specific Antigen
Authors: Jonsson Magnus , Lundwall Åke , Linse Sara , Frohm Birgitta , Malm Johan
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT: Semenogelins I and II are major coagulum‐forming proteins in semen, and they are secreted mainly by the seminal vesicles. These proteins bind Zn2+ and act as substrates for prostate‐specific antigen and transglutaminase. A variant semenogelin I lacking 60 amino acids has been described that occurs in different populations with an allele frequency of 1%–3%. To better understand the function of the semenogelins in vivo, our aim was to characterize the properties of the variant form and compare with the wild type. Recombinant proteins were synthesized in insect cells. Binding of Zn2+ was studied by titration of metal ions in the presence of a zinc (II) fluorophore chelator. SDS‐PAGE was used to visualize the results of cleavage by prostate‐specific antigen and cross‐linking with transglutaminase. We found that the truncated and wild‐type semenogelin molecules had similar Zn2+‐binding properties (ie, a stoichiometry of at least 9–10 mol per mol of protein and an average dissociation constant of 5 μmol/L per site), and they showed also similar susceptibility for degradation by prostate‐specific antigen. Furthermore, like the wild‐type form, the truncated semenogelin I was able to serve as a substrate for transglutaminase. These findings imply that the studied characteristics do not depend on a well‐defined tertiary structure, or that the deletion has no major effect on the structure responsible for these features.
Development of a retrobulbar injection technique for ocular surgery and analgesia in dogs
Authors: Accola Peter J. , Bentley Ellison , Smith Lesley J. , Forrest Lisa J. , Baumel Cheryl A. , Murphy Christopher J.
Published: July 2006

Objective—To develop and compare 3 techniques for retrobulbar injection of local anesthetic agents for ocular surgery and analgesia in dogs.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—17 dogs (including 9 cadavers).

Procedures—Inferior-temporal palpebral (ITP), perimandibular, and combined superior-inferior peribulbar injection techniques were compared by assessing the distribution of latex after injection into the orbits of 5 canine cadavers; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation of the distribution of contrast agent after injection in the retrobulbar space of 4 canine cadavers; and assessment of the efficacy and MRI evaluation of the anatomic distribution of injections of a lidocainecontrast agent mixture in 4 anesthetized, nonrecovery dogs. By use of the preferred technique (ITP), the ocular effects of lidocaine anesthesia were evaluated in 4 dogs; during a 2-week period after treatment, dogs underwent ophthalmic examination, Schirmer tear testing (STT), intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement, and Cochet–Bonnet esthesiometry.

Results—Of the 3 techniques, the ITP technique was the preferred method for retrobulbar administration of anesthetic agent in dogs because it was efficacious (pupil dilation and central rotation of the globe achieved in all eyes), easiest to perform, and provided thorough coverage of the intraconal retrobulbar space without complication. During the 2-week follow-up period, the ITP injection did not significantly affect STT, IOP, or Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometry values in dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In dogs, retrobulbar administration of anesthetic agents via the ITP technique is a potential alternative to systemic administration of neuromuscular blocking agents for ophthalmic surgery and provides the additional benefit of local ocular analgesia.
Evaluation of palliative stenting for management of malignant urethral obstructions in dogs
Authors: Weisse Chick , Berent Allyson , Todd Kim , Clifford Craig , Solomon Jeffrey
Published: July 2006

Objective—To evaluate use of balloon-expandable and self-expanding metallic stents in management of malignant urethral obstructions in dogs.

Design—Original study.

Animals—12 dogs with malignant urethral obstructions.

Procedures—The extent and location of urethral obstructions and the diameter of adjacent unaffected luminal segments were determined by use of fluoroscopically guided wires and measuring catheters. Stents were chosen to extend approximately 1 cm proximal and distal to the obstruction. Stent diameters were chosen to be approximately 10% greater than the diameter of healthy portions of the urethra to prevent displacement. Stents were placed in the urethra under fluoroscopic guidance to restore luminal patency.

Results—3 dogs received balloon-expandable metallic stents, and 9 dogs received self-expanding metallic stents. The placement procedures were rapid, safe, and effective at restoring luminal patency and were not associated with major complications. Complications included recurrent urethral obstruction secondary to blood clot formation and urethral edema in 1 dog and stent dislodgement into the urinary bladder in 1 dog. All dogs were able to urinate immediately after the procedure. Nine dogs (3/4 females and 6/8 males) were continent or mildly incontinent after stent placement. Of the remaining 3 dogs, 2 developed severe incontinence and 1 had an atonic bladder. Seven dogs were considered to have good to excellent outcome, 3 had fair outcome, and 2 had poor outcome.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Transurethral placement of metallic stents was a safe and effective palliative treatment option for dogs with malignant urethral obstructions.
Colonic seromuscular augmentation cystoplasty following subtotal cystectomy for treatment of bladder necrosis caused by bladder torsion in a dog
Authors: Pozzi Antonio , Smeak Daniel D. , Aper Rhonda
Published: July 2006

Case Description—A 5-year-old Labrador Retriever was evaluated because of a 3-day history of lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, stranguria, and anuria after routine ovariohysterectomy.

Clinical Findings—On initial examination, signs of abdominal pain and enlargement of the urinary bladder were detected. Clinicopathologic abnormalities included leukocytosis, azotemia, and hyperkalemia. Radiography and surgical exploration of the abdomen revealed urinary bladder torsion at the level of the trigone; histologically, there was necrosis of 90% of the organ.

Treatment and Outcome—After excision of the necrotic wall of the urinary bladder (approx 0.5 cm cranial to the ureteral orifices), the remaining bladder stump was closed with a colonic seromuscular patch. Eleven weeks later, cystoscopy revealed an intramural ureteral stricture, for which treatment included a mucosal apposition neoureterocystostomy. Thirteen months after the first surgery, the dog developed pyelonephritis, which was successfully treated. By 3 months after subtotal cystectomy, the dog's urinary bladder was almost normal in size. Frequency of urination decreased from 3 to 4 urinations/h immediately after surgery to once every 3 hours after 2 months; approximately 4 months after the subtotal cystectomy, urination frequency was considered close to normal.

Clinical Relevance—Urinary bladder torsion is a surgical emergency in dogs. Ischemia of the urinary bladder wall may result from strangulation of the arterial and venous blood supply and from overdistension. Subtotal resection of the urinary bladder, preserving only the trigone area and the ureteral openings, and colonic seromuscular augmentation can be used to successfully treat urinary bladder torsion in dogs.
Ventricular pneumocephalus and septic meningoencephalitis secondary to dorsal rhinotomy and nasal polypectomy in a dog
Authors: Fletcher Daniel J. , Snyder Jessica M. , Messinger Jennifer S. , Chiu Alexander G. , Vite Charles H.
Published: July 2006

Case Description—A 4-year-old sexually intact female French Bulldog was evaluated because of lethargy, anorexia, and chronic rhinitis-sinusitis. The dog had nasal discharge of 18 months' duration; dorsal rhinotomies were performed 3 months and 2 weeks prior to referral.

Clinical Findings—On initial evaluation, intraventricular pneumocephalus and sinusitis were diagnosed; CSF analysis revealed high total protein concentration and mononuclear pleocytosis. The dog's condition improved with treatment. Two weeks after discharge, it was treated by a local veterinarian because of upper airway obstruction; 3 days later, the dog was referred because of seizures. Computed tomography revealed a large fluid-filled, left lateral ventricle and a soft tissue mass protruding through a cribriform plate defect. The mass was histologically consistent with brain tissue. Findings of clinicopathologic analyses were unremarkable. Results of cytologic examination of a CSF sample were indicative of septic, suppurative inflammation, and bacteriologic culture of CSF yielded Escherichia coli.

Treatment and Outcome—Amputation of the herniated olfactory bulb and antimicrobial treatment resolved the septic meningoencephalitis, but neurologic deficits recurred 6 weeks later. Definitive correction of the cribriform plate defect with bone and fascial grafts was attempted. Postoperative rotation of the bone graft resulted in cerebral laceration and hemorrhage, and the dog was euthanized.

Clinical Relevance—Findings suggest that following dorsal rhinotomy and nasal polypectomy surgery, the dog developed herniation of the left olfactory bulb, intra-ventricular pneumocephalus, and septic meningo-encephalitis because of a cribriform plate defect. Care must be taken to prevent rotation of bone grafts used in cribriform defect repair.