bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Punctuated equilibrium or incrementalism in policymaking: What we can and cannot learn from the distribution of policy changes
Authors: Desmarais Bruce A.
Published: August 2019

Theories in political science are most commonly tested through comparisons of means via difference tests or regression, but some theoretical frameworks offer implications regarding other distributional features. I consider the literature on models of policy change, and their implications for the thickness of the tails in the distribution of policy change. Change in public policy output is commonly characterized by periods of stasis that are punctuated by dramatic change—a heavy-tailed distribution of policy change. Heavy-tailed policy change is used to differentiate between the incrementalism and punctuated equilibrium models of policy change. The evidentiary value of heavy-tailed outputs rests on the assumption that changes in inputs are normally distributed. I show that, in order for conventional assumptions to imply normally distributed inputs, variance in the within-time distribution of inputs must be assumed to be constant over time. I present this result, and then present an empirical example of a possible aggregate policy input—a major public opinion survey item—that exhibits over-time variation in within-time variance. I conclude that the results I present should serve as motivation for those interested in testing the implications of punctuated equilibrium theory to adopt more flexible assumptions regarding, and endeavor to measure, policy inputs.
Developing content to promote desistance in men who have committed intimate partner violence in same-sex relationships
Authors: Morris Jason , Gibbs Charlotte A , Jonah Omolara T , Bloomfield Sinead , Weatherstone Paul H , Ireland Jane L
Published: August 2019

This article provides an overview of service development processes used to design a therapeutic approach that promotes desistance amongst men who have committed acts of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) against their male partner or ex-partner. The article aims to explore how inclusive therapeutic service provision can be developed using the best available evidence, stakeholder consultation, co-production and technology. It does so by presenting a two-part study that draws upon a review of inclusive IPV theory alongside responses to a consultation designed to canvas stakeholder opinions (n = 14) of a proposed IPV service. It also provides a case study (n = 1) of the co-production of digital media with someone from the target group for that service. Implications for future service design for marginalised groups in the Criminal Justice System and provisions for people who have committed IPV are discussed.

This article represents the views of the authors’ and not those of Her Majesty’s Prison and Probation Service (HMPPS).
The Effect of Chess on Standardized Test Score Gains
Authors: Poston David I. , Vandenkieboom Kathryn K.
Published: August 2019

The study compares the standardized test performance of “chess kids” versus their peers. The comparison of score gains to non-chess peers (same grade and same academic percentile) attempts to eliminate the chicken-and-egg issue that often muddles this topic, that is, does chess make kids smarter or do smart kids simply prefer chess. The data indeed confirm that chess players are generally of higher academic standing (chess kids are smart), but more importantly it statistically shows that learning chess increases a student’s academic performance (chess makes them smarter). The evaluation then digs deeper, by comparing kids who have learned perhaps a little chess (coming to chess club only) versus those that are more serious and play in U.S. Chess Federation (USCF)-rated tournaments. A variety of comparisons are made which show that the benefits of chess are strongly tied to “learning” the game; the more you learn, the more you benefit. Kids who come only to chess club receive a small (5%-10%) benefit in Math, whereas kids who play in rated tournaments gain substantially in Math (30%-50%) and significantly in Reading (10%-20%). The benefits also continue to grow as kids play more tournaments and/or increase their USCF chess rating.
Tibial bowing and tibial component placement in primary total knee arthroplasty in valgus knees: Are we overlooking?
Authors: Palanisami Dhanasekararaja , George Melvin J , Hussain Arif Mohammed , MD Chunchesh , Natesan Rajkumar , Shanmuganathan Rajasekaran
Published: August 2019

Purpose:

Tibial bowing in valgus knees with arthritis can lead to component malplacement during total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Incidence of valgus knees with medial tibial bowing, its effect on tibial component placement during primary TKA and methods to improve accuracy of the component placement were studied.

Methods:

Full-length weight-bearing alignment radiograph was taken in 117 patients (149 knees) with valgus deformity undergoing TKA. In these cases, the proximal tibial reference for extramedullary jig placement was planned preoperatively with reference to the tibial spines and classified as four zones.

Results:

The mean preoperative hip–knee–ankle (HKA) angle was 192.9° (180.3–234.5°). Bowing >3° was considered significant ( p < 0.001) and at this level of bowing, the proximal tibial reference was shifted from centre to medial. Tibial bowing <3° was considered straight and >3° as tibia valga. Tibia was bowed in 70 knees (46.97%). Severity of valgus deformity had strong positive correlation with the tibia valga ( p < 0.001). The post-operative medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA) and HKA angle were 91.63° (87.9–95.7°) and 182.6° (178.1–189.7°), respectively. The mean MPTA and post-operative HKA angle in bowed and straight tibiae were 90.35° versus 89.78° ( p = 0.547) and 181.5° versus 180.7° ( p = 0.5716), respectively, and the difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusion:

Medial tibial bowing is very common in valgus knees. Tibia valga has a strong positive correlation with the severity of valgus deformity. Accurate tibial component placement can be achieved with a medialized reference point for extramedullary tibial cutting jig in knees with significant tibia valga. The study has been registered in clinical trials registry – India (CTRI/2018/03/012283).
Design Thinking: A Creative Approach to Problem Solving
Authors: Foster Mary K.
Published: August 2019

Design thinking—understanding the human needs related to a problem, reframing the problem in human-centric ways, creating many ideas in brainstorming sessions, and adopting a hands-on approach to prototyping and testing—offers a complementary approach to the rational problem-solving methods typically emphasized in business schools. Business school instructors may perceive design thinking, a relatively new and complex multistep, iterative process, to be beyond their capabilities or time/resource constraints. This experiential exercise provides a relatively easy, low-investment approach to incorporating an overview of design thinking into any course. With minimal instructor preparation, participants can have a positive experience using design thinking to solve a real problem, consuming as little as an hour of class time. This activity is suitable for undergraduate and graduate courses in any business discipline. The provided lesson plan, slides, and workbook make it easy to facilitate students’ experience of the design thinking process.
A Review on Clonal Propagation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants through Stem Cuttings for Promoting their Cultivation and Conservation
Authors: Waman Ajit Arun , Smitha G.R. , Bohra Pooja
Published: August 2019

Plant based drugs are being popularized in recent past owing to their long-term benefits without causing side effects. Medicinal and aromatic plants are major sources of these drugs, whose quality is largely dependent on active ingredients present in them. Today alarge number of species are on the verge of extinction due to unscientific management practices, over-exploitation, destructive harvesting, poor seed set, low seed viability, pest and disease incidence etc. Hence, there is a great need for their conservation through cultivation for which standardization of propagation methodologiesis of prime importance. Multiplication of these species clonally through cuttings can make their cultivation economicby providing true to type plants that are known to have optimum levels of active ingredients. Rooting of stem cuttings is a crucial step in plant propagation and there is great variability in the rooting ability of different species. Even though propagation through cuttings appears to be the simplest of all methods, its success depends on a number of factors and the present review concerned highlighting their importance in the context of medicinal and aromatic plants multiplication.
Smallholder Farmers’ Market Participation: Concepts and Methodological Approach from Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Otekunrin Olutosin A. , Momoh Siaka , Ayinde Idris A.
Published: August 2019

This paper reviews the empirical evidence on smallholder farmers’ market participation focusing on cash/food crops and livestock in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) with special attention on the methodological approaches employed in this region in an attempt to x-ray these methods, identifying their advantages and limitations and possible means smallholder farmers would be able to transit from subsistence to commercialised agriculture capable of lifting them out of poverty trap that seems to have engulfed many rural SSA. This paper recommends interventions geared towards improving smallholder farmers’ organisation, producers’ association and ensuring appreciable reduction in transaction costs and also improving farmers’ access to productive assets and improved technologies capable of stimulating profitable smallholders’ market participation.
Practices and Technologies for the Management of Key Maize Production Constraints during Kharif Season in East Champaran District – Review
Authors: Otieno Hillary M. O.
Published: August 2019

Maize production is affected by numerous biotic and abiotic related challenges in East Champaran District, Bihar State, India. The damages caused by these challenges are influenced by the season; high prevalence during Kharif season compared to Rabi season. The solution to these constraints calls for enhanced research-extension-farmer linkages to ensure better development and dissemination of technologies for adoption. Among these constraints, research should target developing varieties that are tolerant to water-stress, fall armyworm, stalk borer and aflatoxin attacks; and better site-specific soil infertility management. Besides, solutions to technical challenges like inappropriate maize spacing, poor and untimely weed control, use of local maize cultivars, poor storage methods, are already available and could effectively be managed through the use of extension agents to train and diffuse them among farmers.
Effects of Soil and Soil-Less Culture on Morphology, Physiology and Biochemical Studies of Vegetable Plants
Authors: Sankhalkar Sangeeta , Komarpant Richa , Dessai Tanvi Raut , Simoes Jennis , Sharma Sunita
Published: August 2019

Agriculture has been on the forefront of every country’s economy. In the recent years hydroponic has emerged as a new technology to grow plants. It requires less space, adds greenery around, easy to be practiced indoors and on open spaces. Although hydroponic is now being practiced with total success, not many studies are done on the physiology and biochemistry of the plant grown. The present work was planned with an objective to undertake physiological and biochemical studies such as relative water content (RWC), root shoot ratio, chlorophyll content, sugars and protein in vegetable plants (pea, okra and moong) grown with soil and soil-less cultures (hydroponics). Our results showed higher root ratio in plants grown in hydroponics than in the soil. A slight variation in relative water content (RWC) was observed. Chlorophyll content was found to be higher in okra and moong plants grown in soilless culture. Total Sugar and protein content in soil grown okara & moong seedlings were slightly higher in comparison to those grown hydroponically indicating that soil is best medium for plant growth. Physiology of hydroponically grown plants requires more research work as it is an alternative technology to grow plants in lands where soils are non fertile or where space or agriculture is a constrain.
Roses Growth and Flowering Responding to Concentration and Frequency of Seaweed (Sargassum crassifolium L.) Liquid Extract Application
Authors: Sumangala K. , Srikrishnah S. , Sutharsan S.
Published: August 2019

Rose is a popular cut flower in Sri Lanka and mainly cultivated for the export market. An experiment was conducted at the Crop Farm, Eastern University, Sri Lanka to assess the effects of seaweed liquid extract on growth and flowering of roses (Rosa sp.) from June to September 2018. Seven treatments of seaweed liquid extract applications (10% once a week (T1), 10% twice a week (T2), 20% once a week (T3), 20% twice a week (T4), 30% once a week (T5), 30% twice a week (T6) and distilled water (T7- control)) were applied at completely randomized design with ten replications. Plant height, leaf area, plant biomass and number of flowers were significantly higher in T3. Once a week application of 20% seaweed liquid extract had the potential to increase the plant height, leaf area, plant biomass, number of flowers and dry weight of flowers in this experiment. It might be due to the presence of nutrients and the growth promoters in the S. crassifolium L. seaweed extract and optimum concentration of seaweed extract received by plants at T3.From this experiment, it could be concluded that once a week application of 20% seaweed liquid extract is suitable for promoting growth and flowering of roses.
Storage Stability of Encapsulated Black Carrot Powder Prepared Using Spray and Freeze-Drying Techniques
Authors: Murali Subramani , Patel Avinash Singh , Kar Abhijit
Published: August 2019

The present study was aimed to investigate the storage stability encapsulated black carrot powder obtained under the optimized conditions of spray drying of 150°C of inlet air temperature and freeze-drying with maltodextrin, gum arabic and tapioca starch as the combined carrier materials.Effect of two types of vial as a storing material viz., transparent and amber colored was used in this study and study was observed for the period of 90 days. Anthocyanin content, antioxidant activity, total color change and half-life period were monitored at 15 days interval throughout the storage period. The anthocyanins degradation rate followed first order kinetics. The storage half-life of spray and freeze-dried encapsulated material stored under airtight amber color vials was predicted up to 130 and 155 days with total degradation kinetics of 33% and 38%. However, the storage self-life spray and freeze-dried encapsulated material stored under airtight transparent vial was predicted up to 109 and 134 days with total antocyanin degradation of 37% and 43%, respectively.
Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) Characterization of Neolamarckia Cadamba Genetic Resources
Authors: Selvan R. Thirunirai , Parthiban K. T. , Palanikumaran B.
Published: August 2019

Neolamarckia cadamba (Kadam) genetic resources were characterised Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) traits based on International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants12 guidelines. Twenty-five clones of kadam were characterised based on the morphological characters of leaf and bark with 12 descriptors. Among these 12 descriptors, 9 were qualitative traits viz., leaf shape, Leaf base shape, apex shape, leaf margin, leaf venation, base symmetry, Waxiness in upper side of leaf, bark colour and bark texture and 3 were quantitative characters viz., leaf length, leaf breath, leaf petiole length. The study exhibited significant variations among the genetic resources investigated for various DUS traits, which could act as reference traits for developing variety to protect the genetic resources through Intellectual Property Rights.
Carotenoids: updates on legal statutory and competence for nutraceutical properties
Authors: Mitra Ruchira , Bera Surojit
Published: August 2019

Growing health disorders have increased the present-day research for developing health- promoting biomolecules. Carotenoids are one such prospective bioactive compound that has plenipotentiary health benefits. Carotenoids are yellow to red pigments that are naturally synthesized by plants and micro-organisms. Continuous research is being conducted to explore the wide range of activities of carotenoids so that it can be helpful for humankind in the near future. This might also pave a new arena in the nutraceutical research. The present review deals with the legal statutory status of carotenoids as nutraceuticals with relevance to their pro-vitamin A activity, anti-oxidant activity and protection from heart diseases. In a nutshell, the chapter describes the usefulness of carotenoids as a nutraceutical.
Antioxidant Properties of Fresh and Frozen Peels of Citrus Species
Authors: Azman Nur Fatin Inazlina Noor , Azlan Azrina , Khoo Hock Eng , Razman Muhammad Rizal
Published: August 2019

Citrus peel is a functional food. It is rich in antioxidants. This study aims to investigate the antioxidant properties of selected fresh and frozen peels of Citrus species. Frozen and fresh peels of lemon (Citrus limon), key lime (C. aurantifolia) and musk lime (C. microcarpa) were screened for their antioxidant properties such as total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were also determined. Among the three citrus peels, musk lime peel had the significantly highest total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. Frozen citrus peels showed significantly higher antioxidant content than the fresh peels. The frozen peels also showed promising antioxidant activity as indicated by their significantly higher FRAP value compared with fresh citrus peels. Moreover, frozen citrus peel possessed higher antioxidant activity as indicated by its lower EC50 values which ranged between 0.823 ± 0.1 and 3.16 ± 0.92 mg mL-1. A moderately high correlation was determined between FRAP value and total phenolic content (r=0.783), and between FRAP value and total flavonoid content. This study shows that frozen peels of citrus are functional foods and sources of potent antioxidants.
Significance of Health Related Predictors of Diabetes in Pima Indians Women
Authors: Bashir Ilham A , Mariod Abdalbasit Adam , Banu Rasitha , Elyas Tahani Babiker
Published: August 2019

This study was carried out to investigate the significance of health-related predictors of diabetes in Pima Indians Women. The study population was the females 21 years and above of Pima Indian heritage patients of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases. The research question was: what are the health predictions that associated with the presence of diabetes in Pima Indians? The study aimed at testing the significance of health-related predictors of diabetes in Pima Indians women. That was according to World Health Organization criteria (i.e. if the 2-hour post-load plasma glucose was at least 200 mg/dl at any survey examination or if found during routine medical care). A total of 768 women were registered in the database. (268:35%) were having diabetes, while (500:65%) were not. The average number of pregnancies was higher (4.9) in diabetic in comparing to (3.3) in non-diabetic women with a significant difference (P <0.05) between them. Significant (P<0.05) positive correlation (41.7) was found between plasma level and occurrence of diabetes and that patients with a normal range of plasma level were at higher risk of being diabetic. OR = 2.479, [95% CI =1.999, 3.073], P=0.00. The Body Mass Index (BMI) showed a significant association (P<0.05) with the occurrence of diabetes and that even the normal weighted women were at almost 8 times risk of being diabetic in comparison to the overweight, OR = 7.876, [95% CI= 3.557, 17.439]; P=0.00. Significant inverse relation (P<0.05) was seen between the age distribution and diabetic occurrence. Women at age group < 25 years were at higher risk to contract diabetes in comparison to the older age group. OR = 6.616, [CI= 4.145, 10.561], P=0.00. The study concluded that the genetic component is likely to contribute more to the emergence of diabetes in the Pima Indians and their offspring. The study recommended that there should be more preventive input and periodic follow-up especially during pregnancy in this ethnic group to reduce the risk and complications of type II diabetes. Besides, the provision of intervention for weight reduction.
Nutritional Analysis and Overall Diet Quality of Fresh and Processed (Sun-dried and Fermented) Puntius sophore
Authors: Goswami Sanchari , Manna Kuntal
Published: August 2019

Puntius sophore (P. sophore), a small indigenous fish, belonging to family Cyprinidae is an important source of micronutrients. But as it may be considered as one of the most perishable among all foodstuffs therefore, their preservation becomes necessary for future use. Fermentation and sun-drying process have been used for the processing of P. sophore. Both fresh and processed (fermented and sun-dried) P. sophore is very popular among the common people of Tripura, Northeastern part of India. So, the aim of the present study was to analyze the nutrient content of raw and processed P. sophore and evaluate the overall diet quality of them. In this study, proximate composition, minerals, amino acids, fatty acids analysis for raw and cooked sample of fresh and processed (fermented and sun-dried) P. sophore were performed as the cooking process lead to changes of certain nutrients. The changes in the amount of fat and ash content were found to be higher in fried fish sample. Mineral content such as Na, K, Fe, Cu, Mn, Se was increased in processed sample whereas Ca and Mg was reduced. The amino acid profile showed that aspartic acid was the major component of fish protein. But after cooking amino acid content was reduced. The analysis of fatty acid composition showed that saturated fatty acids were the most abundant in both fresh and processed P. sophore which was increased through frying. In the present experiment, frying process was found to be good for health.
Luteolin in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Sangeetha R.
Published: August 2019

Diabetes is an increasing pandemic and several million people are affectedbythis disease worldwide. The treatment of diabetes includes lifestyle modifications, oral antidiabetic drugs and insulin. The chronic use of oral antidiabetic drugs produces undesirable side effects. Hence safe alternative medicines are always sought after. Plant phytochemicals are the best alternatives as they possess a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities. Flavonoids are an important class of phytocomponent which is commonly present in fruits and vegetables. Luteolin belongs toflavone class of flavonoid which has multiple health benefitslike antioxidant, antidiabetic,anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. Luteolin mediates several pharmacological actions of which the role of luteolin in the treatment of diabetes is well studied. In thisreview, the use of flavonoids as antidiabetic agents is discussed, with special reference to luteolin.Luteolin mediates its anti-diabetic potential by maintaining blood glucose levels and improving the sensitivity of body cells to insulin and these mode of actions have been discussed here.
Nutritional, Functional and Sensory Properties of Ready-To-Eat Chia and Quinoa Mix Enriched Low Amylose Rice Based Porridge Mixes
Authors: Goyat Jyoti , Rudra Shalini G , Suri Sukhneet , Passi S J , Dutta Himjyoti
Published: August 2019

Ready-to-eat porridges are prepared from cereal flours. Pregelatinization of the starch component results in high hygroscopicity of porridge flours resulting in easy reconstitution. Chia and quinoa seeds are popular due to their health-promoting nutritional composition and functionality. In this study, 10%, 15 % and 20% of a pregelatinized low amylose ready-to-eat rice flour were substituted with a 1:1 mixture of chia and quinoa seed flours. Analysis of the significant difference between all the results was carried out by Duncan’s multiple range test at a significance level of 0.05. Substitution significantly enhanced levels of proteins, dietary fibres, iron, calcium, potassium, sodium and zinc. Palmitic, stearic and oleic acids were proportionately higher than lesser significant changes in linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid. Although thermal destruction caused a marked reduction of total phenolic and flavonoid contents, the relative rise in ferric and cupric ion reducing the antioxidant potentials suggested the probable formation of Maillard compounds with radical scavenging properties. Chia seed mucilage was found to play a critical role in thickness and viscosity development in the optimally reconstituted porridges. Supporting results were also obtained from the texture analysis of the porridges. However, the mucilage was observed to be sensitive to high cooking temperature resulting in lower cold paste viscosity in the rapid viscosity analysis study. The roasted aroma in porridges was more acknowledged. Substitution level of 20% gave an overall sensory score below the set acceptance level. Hence, porridge mixes prepared from the rice flour substituted up to 15% with the flour mix was sensorily acceptable, rich in macro and micronutrients and can serve as a therapeutic diet for infants, old-aged and patients with poor digestive systems.
Nutritional composition, sensory evaluation and Halal perspective African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed with diets containing najasa (impurities)
Authors: Md. Noordin Wan Norhana , Ibrahim Saadiah , A. Nawawi Roslina , Dwi Sari Mutiara , Huda Nurul
Published: August 2019

Lately, Muslim consumers in Malaysia, are avoiding catfish (Clarias gariepinus) owing to the uncertainty of its halal status. This is due to the use of unclean/impure substances (najasa in Islamic law) as feed from animal carcasses or feed incorporated with animal waste (fat, blood or bone). Under the islamic law, animals which consume large quantities of najasa and led to noticeable changes of its odour, colour and taste of the meat are haram (forbidden) or makruh (undesirable). To our knowledge there is no investigation on whether the feed could alter the odour, taste or colour of the catfish from this perspective. Thus a study was undertaken to evaluate if feeding diets comprising of najasa will affect the nutritional composition and sensory characteristics of catfish.The fish were fed with imported pellets (consisting of 10-15% blood meal with porcine DNA detected), local pellets and 100% chicken offal for 12 weeks. The results showed treatment with imported pellets do not have a significant (p>0.05) effect on the nutritional composition (proximate composition, amino acids and fatty acids profiles), colour, odour and flavour of catfish fillet, but significantly (p<0.05) change the odour and flavour.
Organoleptic and Physicochemical Properties of Tarts Developed from Quinoa, Chickpea and Oats Flour and Their Ranking by Topsis Method
Authors: Sharma Luxita , Ajmera Puneeta
Published: August 2019

Malnutrition is the reason for stunted growth among children and nutritional deficiencies are prevalent in all age groups. The present food industry provides food products that are not necessarily nutrient rich. Quinoa, Chickpeas and Oats are better supplier of nutrients and are rich in fiber, vitamins and minerals therefore these are used to develop the food product.
The present study was designed to focus on the development of the best sample of the tarts that was acceptable by all age groups. A panel of twenty experts examined four samples of tarts, namely A, B, C & D, which were made with different variations in the ratio of Quinoa: Chickpea: Oats as 30:35:3540:30:30, 50:25:25 and 60:20:20 respectively.
The scores obtained from the panel of experts were used to evaluate the best tart in terms of six evaluation criteria i.e. appearance, color, texture, taste, flavor and aftertaste. TOPSIS methodology was used for ranking of tarts as this is the best MADM methodology for ranking of the criteria. This research assessed the effects of baking on the development of tarts and it was found that a successful food product could be made using the ratio of 60:20:20 (sample D). The physicochemical properties were analyzed which showed that the carbohydrate, protein, fat, sugar, and energy content of the acceptable tart were 40.4 g, 8.4 g, 12.7 g, 15.37 g and 310.6 kcals respectively.
Evaluation of Selected Novel Delicacies of Wild Plants Using Wistar Rats: An Insight into Nutritional Quality
Authors: Magdalene Obi-Abang , Okpashi Victor Eshu , Agiang Margaret , Eneji Egbung Josephine
Published: August 2019

The quest to improving the nutritional quality of a growing population is critical. Nutritional quality is lacking in terms of which vegetable will yield the desired nutrient. This research investigates the nutritional quality of some wild edible vegetables and their effect on rats. Four different delicacies were prepared with two novel vegetables - Adenia cissampeloides (ACD) and Arthropteris palisoti (APD) plants. The mineral and vitam profiles in these vegetables were determined using standard methods. Twenty four weanling rats with weight ranging from - 43.99 to 81.49 g, were randomly designated into four groups (n = 6). Two groups of the experimental rats were fed with the formulated experimental diets, while the other two groups were fed with protein-free (casein) and basal diets. Carbohydrate, protein, vitamins C and E were significant at p < 0.05 in the two wild vegetables; the mineral composition showed significance at p < 0.05 for delicacies with low Na+ content while Ca2+ concentration was significantly high in ACD and APD. Mg2+ was high in ACD while Phosphorus concentration was high in APD. The ACD-fed rats had a higher value (2.37 ± 0.01 %) compared to APD (2.18 ± 0.01). The reference group consumed more food (97.06 ± 14.70 g) followed by the basal group (88.98 ± 10.61), ACD (43.89 ± 14.34), and APD (42.02 ± 7.98), respectively. There was no significant differences (p ˃ 0.05) observed in the body weight changes, protein efficiency ratio, net protein utilization, net protein retention, true digestibility, fecal and carcass protein levels in all the groups. Findings suggest that nutrients in these vegetables are of good quality to benefit the user hence it is recommended in routine diet preparations.
Revealing Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Potency of Melinjo (Gnetum Gnemon) Seed Protein Hydrolysate at Different Stages of Seed Maturation
Authors: Supriyadi Anang , Arum Laras Sekar , Nugraha Ari Satia , Istri Ratnadewi Anak Agung , Siswoyo Tri Agus
Published: August 2019

roteins hydrolyzed from melinjo seeds (Gnetum gnemon) at green (GM), yellow (YM) and red (RM) stages of maturity were studied for their effectiveness in antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. The seed protein extract was hydrolyzed using alcalase 2.4L, and the resulting hydrolysates with the highest degree of hydrolysis, protein profile, and the most potent contributors to antioxidant and invitro antidiabetic activities were identified. The degree of hydrolysis value of hydrolysates ranged from 52-84%, and the SDS-PAGE protein profile showed two distinct bands in which the band with molecular weight of 30 kDa degraded more intensively. Antioxidant capacity was measured using different standard methods, including radical cation 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothizoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS•+) assay, hydroxyl radical (OH•), and superoxide anion (O2•-) scavenging. The green hydrolysate (GMH) had significantly higher (p<0.05) free radical scavenging (ABTS•+, OH•, and O2•-) activities than that of the yellow hydrolysate (YMH) and red hydrolysate (RMH). However, invitro antidiabetic testing was performed based on the inhibitory activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. GMH was found to be more effective than YMH and RMH. These results showed that the antioxidant and antidiabetic activity in hydrolyzed GM protein has high potential to be utilized as natural nutraceuticals.
Extraction, Purification, and Characterization of Lycopene from Jordanian Vine Tomato Cultivar, and Study of its Potential Natural Antioxidant Effect on Samen Baladi
Authors: Abdullah Mai Adnan , Al Dajah Salameh , Abu Murad Ahmad , El-Salem Ahmad Mohammed , Khafajah Ali Mahmoud
Published: August 2019

Lycopene is one of the carotenoids, a fat-soluble pigment that has antioxidant properties. Lycopene was extracted from vine tomato wastes, characterized and then introduced to Jordanian traditional sheep ghee (Samen Baladi). The quality attributes in term of peroxide value PV, acidity (%FFA), refractive index (RI) and iodine value (IV) were analyzed according to reference methods. CIE C*.H*. L* colour is measured using Konika Minolta CR-400 Chroma Meter handheld. All parameters were analyzed after storage for one month at room temperature (RT) and at 4°C.
Results showed that lycopene content in vine tomato wastes was 218.74 ppm, it has twice antioxidant power compared with that of ascorbic acid using DPPH scavenging method. The stability of lycopene was affected significantly after storage as its UV/ Vis spectral profile was changed dramatically.
Comparing the Samen Baladi with lycopene, the PV, and FFA% were significantly p<0.05 lower than those of Samen Baladi without lycopene while the IV was significantly p<0.05 higher. Upon storage for one month, at RT and 4°C, there were no significant differences in colour during storage, but those with lycopene were significantly p<0.05 different than those without lycopene in term of C*.H*. L* colour scale indicating that those with lycopene were duller and darker and the hue shifted to red. We can conclude that lycopene may be a promised natural product to act as natural antioxidant but concerning the changes in colour, it may be a challenge in marketing as it negatively affects customer preference toward this sensory attribute.
Investigation of Infant Feeding Practice and Nutritional Status among Selected Tribal and Non-tribal Community in Bangladesh
Authors: Akther Farhana , Tasnim Tasmia , Rahaman Jesmin , Huq A. K. Obidul , Rezaul Karim Kazi Muhammad , Uddin Ielias
Published: August 2019

Malnutrition is one of the major causes of mortality for children in developing countries. Inappropriate feeding practices can have profound consequences for the growth, development, and survival of infants and children. A cross sectional study was carried out among 180 mother-infant pair of the tribal (Garo) and Non-tribal (Non-Garo) households at Madhupur Upazilla in Tangail region. The objectives of the study were to assess the feeding behavior of Garo and Non-Garo mothers and also prevalence of malnutrition among infants and young children. More than half of Garo respondents had smaller family size and a higher spending on food compared to Non-Garo respondents. From the breast feeding related information it was seen that colostrum was given to their babies as the first food in Garo (81.2%) and Non Garo groups (63.4%) respectively. It was also observed that 12.2% Garo mothers gave powder milk, but the non-Garo mothers preferred honey and sugar water. Exclusive breast-feeding in Garo and Non-Garo areas were 64.6% and 45.7% respectively. In Non-Garo areas breast feeding continued longer times than Garo areas. The predominance of moderate to severe underweight in Non-Garo and Garo areas were 42.21% and 34.44% respectively. A similar trend of stunting and wasting was found in both groups of the infants. Finally, it can be clearly viewed and concluded that the feeding practices of mothers from Garo community were better compared to Non-Garo communities, and largely depends on various socioeconomic factors that affect the nutritional status of their children.
Comparison of the long-term outcome of cemented Charnley low-friction arthroplasty with hybrid arthroplasty in patients with congenital hip disease
Authors: Lampropoulou-Adamidou Kalliopi , Hartofilakidis George
Published: August 2019

Aims

To our knowledge, no study has compared the long-term results of cemented and hybrid total hip arthroplasty (THA) in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) secondary to congenital hip disease (CHD). This is a demanding procedure that may require special techniques and implants. Our aim was to compare the long-term outcome of cemented low-friction arthroplasty (LFA) and hybrid THA performed by one surgeon.

Patients and Methods

Between January 1989 and December 1997, 58 hips (44 patients; one man, 43 woman; mean age 56.6 years (25 to 77)) with OA secondary to CHD were treated with a cemented Charnley LFA (group A), and 55 hips (39 patients; two men, 37 women; mean age 49.1 years (27 to 70)) were treated with a hybrid THA (group B), by the senior author (GH). The clinical outcome and survivorship were compared.

Results

At all timepoints, group A hips had slightly better survivorship than those in group B without a statistically significant difference, except for the 24-year survival of acetabular components with revision for aseptic loosening as the endpoint, which was slightly worse. The survivorship was only significantly better in group A compared with group B when considering reoperation for any indication as the endpoint, 15 years postoperatively (74% vs 52%, p = 0.018).

Conclusion

We concluded that there was not a substantial difference at almost any time in the outcome of cemented Charnley LFAs compared with hybrid THAs when treating patients with OA of the hip secondary to CHD. We believe, however, that after improvements in the design of components used in hybrid THA, this could be the method of choice, as it is technically easier with a shorter operating time. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:1050–1057.
Femoral lengthening using the Precice intramedullary limb-lengthening system
Authors: Calder Peter R. , McKay Joseph E. , Timms Anna J. , Roskrow Tracy , Fugazzotto Sharon , Edel Penina , Goodier W. D.
Published: August 2019

Aims

The Precice intramedullary limb-lengthening system has demonstrated significant benefits over external fixation lengthening methods, leading to a paradigm shift in limb lengthening. This study compares outcomes following antegrade and retrograde femoral lengthening in both adolescent and adult patients.

Patients and Methods

A retrospective review of prospectively collected data was undertaken of a consecutive series of 107 femoral lengthening operations in 92 patients. In total, 73 antegrade nails and 34 retrograde nails were inserted. Outcome was assessed by the regenerate healing index (HI), hip and knee range of movement (ROM), and the presence of any complications.

Results

The mean lengthening was 4.65 cm (1.5 to 8) in the antegrade group and 4.64 cm (1.6 to 8) in the retrograde group. Of the 107 lengthenings, 100 had sufficient datapoints to calculate the mean HI. This was 31.6 days/cm (15 to 108). There was a trend toward a lower (better) HI with an antegrade nail and better outcomes in adolescent patients, but these were not statistically significant. Hip and knee ROM was maintained and/or improved following commencement of femoral lengthening in 44 patients (60%) of antegrade nails and 13 patients (38%) of retrograde nails. In female patients, loss of movement occurred both earlier and following less total length achieved. Minor implant complications included locking bolt migration and in one patient deformity of the nail, but no implant failed to lengthen and there were no deep infections. Three patients had delayed union, five patients required surgical intervention for joint contracture.

Conclusion

This study confirms excellent results in femoral lengthening with antegrade and retrograde Precice nails. There is a trend for better healing and less restriction in hip and knee movement following antegrade nails. There are clinical scenarios, that mandate the use of a retrograde nail. However, when these are not present, we recommend the use of antegrade nailing. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:1168–1176
A precise method for determining acetabular component anteversion after total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Murphy Michael P. , Killen Cameron J. , Ralles Steven J. , Brown Nicholas M. , Hopkinson William J. , Wu Karen
Published: August 2019

Aims

Several radiological methods of measuring anteversion of the acetabular component after total hip arthroplasty (THA) have been described. These are limited by low reproducibility, are less accurate than CT 3D reconstruction, and are cumbersome to use. These methods also partly rely on the identification of obscured radiological borders of the component. We propose two novel methods, the Area and Orthogonal methods, which have been designed to maximize use of readily identifiable points while maintaining the same trigonometric principles.

Patients and Methods

A retrospective study of plain radiographs was conducted on 160 hips of 141 patients who had undergone primary THA. We compared the reliability and accuracy of the Area and Orthogonal methods with two of the current leading methods: those of Widmer and Lewinnek, respectively.

Results

The 160 anteroposterior pelvis films revealed that the proposed Area method was statistically different from those described by Widmer and Lewinnek (p < 0.001 and p = 0.004, respectively). They gave the highest inter- and intraobserver reliability (0.992 and 0.998, respectively), and took less time (27.50 seconds (sd 3.19); p < 0.001) to complete. In addition, 21 available CT 3D reconstructions revealed the Area method achieved the highest Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r = 0.956; p < 0.001) and least statistical difference (p = 0.704) from CT with a mean within 1° of CT-3D reconstruction between ranges of 1° to 30° of measured radiological anteversion.

Conclusion

Our results support the proposed Area method to be the most reliable, accurate, and speedy. They did not support any statistical superiority of the proposed Orthogonal method to that of the Widmer or Lewinnek method. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:1042–1049.
Does time from fracture to surgery affect mortality and intraoperative medical complications for hip fracture patients?
Authors: Leer-Salvesen Sunniva , Engesæter Lars B. , Dybvik Eva , Furnes Ove , Kristensen Torbjørn B. , Gjertsen Jan-Erik
Published: August 2019

Aims

The aim of this study was to investigate mortality and risk of intraoperative medical complications depending on delay to hip fracture surgery by using data from the Norwegian Hip Fracture Register (NHFR) and the Norwegian Patient Registry (NPR).

Patients and Methods

A total of 83 727 hip fractures were reported to the NHFR between 2008 and 2017. Pathological fractures, unspecified type of fractures or treatment, patients less than 50 years of age, unknown delay to surgery, and delays to surgery of greater than four days were excluded. We studied total delay (fracture to surgery, n = 38 754) and hospital delay (admission to surgery, n = 73 557). Cox regression analyses were performed to calculate relative risks (RRs) adjusted for sex, age, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification, type of surgery, and type of fracture. Odds ratio (OR) was calculated for intraoperative medical complications. We compared delays of 12 hours or less, 13 to 24 hours, 25 to 36 hours, 37 to 48 hours, and more than 48 hours.

Results

Mortality remained unchanged when total delay was less than 48 hours. Total delay exceeding 48 hours was associated with increased three-day mortality (RR 1.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.23 to 2.34; p = 0.001) and one-year mortality (RR 1.06, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.22; p = 0.003). More intraoperative medical complications were reported when hospital delay exceeded 24 hours.

Conclusion

Hospitals should operate on patients within 48 hours after fracture to reduce mortality and intraoperative complications. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:1129–1137.
Low haemoglobin at admission is associated with mortality after hip fractures in elderly patients
Authors: Yombi Jean C. , Putineanu Dan C. , Cornu Olivier , Lavand’homme Patricia , Cornette Pascale , Castanares-Zapatero Diego
Published: August 2019

Aims

Low haemoglobin (Hb) at admission has been identified as a risk factor for mortality for elderly patients with hip fractures in some studies. However, this remains controversial. This study aims to analyze the association between Hb level at admission and mortality in elderly patients with hip fracture undergoing surgery.

Patients and Methods

All consecutive patients (prospective database) admitted with hip fracture operated in a tertiary hospital between 2012 and 2016 were analyzed. We collected patient characteristics, time to surgery, duration and type of surgery, comorbidities, Hb at admission, nadir of Hb after surgery, the use and amount of red blood cells (RBCs) transfusion products, postoperative complications, and death. The main outcome measures were mortality at 30 days, 90 days, 180 days, and one year after surgery.

Results

We included 829 patients; the mean age was 81 years (sd 11). Mortality at 30 days, 90 days, 180 days, and one year was 5.7%, 12.3%, 18.1%, and 23.5%, respectively. The highest mortality was observed in patients aged over 80 years (162/557, 29%) and in male patients (85/267, 32%). Survival at 90 days, 180 days, and one year after surgery was significantly lower in patients with a Hb level below 120 g/l at admission. In multivariate analysis, Hb level below 120 g/l at admission was found to be an independent factor associated with mortality (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.68 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.22 to 2.31); p = 0.001), along with age (aHR 1.06 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.06); p < 0.001), male sex (aHR 2.19 (95% CI 1.61 to 2.96); p < 0.001), and need for RBC transfusions (aHR 1.10 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.19); p = 0.01).

Conclusion

Our results suggest that low Hb at admission along with age and RBC transfusions is significantly associated with short- and long-term mortality after hip fracture surgery, independently of comorbidity confounders. Further studies should be performed to understand how preoperative Hb could be taken into account in perioperative management. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:1122–1128.
The badge of honour
Authors: Vig Stella
Published: August 2019

Stella Vig discusses how we can safeguard the profession of surgery.
Surgeons in sport
Authors: Court Stephen
Published: August 2019

From Olympic champions and rugby heroes to the latest crop of trainees battling it out in Gaelic football and ironman competitions, surgeons have a long and often distinguished record in sport. Here, we outline the history of surgeons in sport, and talk to surgeons of today and tomorrow about their sporting achievements.
5G is here… Hip, hip, Huawei!
Authors: Kerstein Ryan
Published: August 2019

Our resident gadget geek surveys the tech landscape
Implementing a cost-effective method of improving coding accuracy
Authors: Priyatilake H , Kumar L , Appleton S
Published: August 2019

An investigation into the financial impact of coding inaccuracies and how it can negatively affect patient care.
Children refusing treatment
Authors: Wheeler Robert
Published: August 2019

Each month we take a close look at a recent legal case with implications for the surgical profession.
Remembering the first and second victim
Authors: Slop Mr
Published: August 2019

Mr Slop reflects on surgeon experiences of patient fatalities.
Maternity leave and returning to work in core surgical training
Authors: Lilis L
Published: August 2019

A guide for trainees and trainers.
Why do I do what I do?
Authors: Griffiths M
Published: August 2019

Trauma surgeon, Martin Griffiths, talks to us about who inspired him to pursue a career in surgery and what motivates him on a day-to-day basis.