bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interaction between Fibrinogen and IL‐6 Genetic Variants and Associations with Cardiovascular Disease Risk in the Cardiovascular Health Study
Authors: Carty Cara L. , Heagerty Patrick , Heckbert Susan R. , Jarvik Gail P. , Lange Leslie A. , Cushman Mary , Tracy Russell P. , Reiner Alexander P.
Published: December 2009

The inflammatory cytokine interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) is a main regulator of fibrinogen synthesis, though its interaction with fibrinogen genes (FGA, FGB, FGG) and subsequent impact on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk is not well‐studied.

We investigated joint associations of fibrinogen and IL6 tagSNPs with fibrinogen concentrations, carotid intima‐media thickness, and myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke in 3900 European‐American Cardiovascular Health Study participants. To identify combinations of genetic main effects and interactions associated with outcomes, we used logic regression. We also evaluated whether the relationship between fibrinogen SNPs and fibrinogen level varied by IL‐6 level using linear regression models with multiplicative interaction terms. Combinations of fibrinogen and IL6 SNPs were significantly associated with fibrinogen level (p < 0.005), but not with other outcomes. Fibrinogen levels were higher in individuals having FGB1437 (rs1800790) and lacking FGA6534 (rs6050) minor alleles; these SNPs interacted with IL6 rs1800796 to influence fibrinogen level. Marginally significant (p= 0.03) interactions between IL‐6 level and FGA and FGG promoter SNPs associated with fibrinogen levels were detected.

We identified potential gene‐gene interactions influencing fibrinogen levels. Although IL‐6 responsive binding sites are present in fibrinogen gene promoter regions, we did not find strong evidence of interaction between fibrinogen SNPs and IL6 SNPs or levels influencing CVD.
Different Evolutionary Histories of the Coagulation Factor VII Gene in Human Populations?
Authors: Athanasiadis Georgios , Esteban Esther , Gayà‐Vidal Magdalena , Dugoujon Jean‐Michel , Moschonas Nicholas , Chaabani Hassen , Bissar‐Tadmouri Nisrine , Harich Nourdin , Stoneking Mark , Moral Pedro
Published: December 2009

Immoderate blood clotting constitutes a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in modern industrialised societies, but is believed to have conferred a survival advantage, i.e. faster recovery from bleeding, on our ancestors. Here, we investigate the evolutionary history of the Coagulation Factor VII gene (F7) by analysing five cardiovascular‐risk‐associated mutations from the F7 promoter and nine neutral polymorphisms (six SNPs and three microsatellites) from the flanking region in 16 populations from the broader Mediterranean region, South Saharan Africa and Bolivia (687 individuals in total). Population differentiation and selection tests were performed and linkage disequilibrium patterns were investigated. In all samples, no linkage disequilibrium between adjacent F7 promoter mutations −402 and −401 was observed. No selection signals were detected in any of the samples from the broader Mediterranean region and South Saharan Africa, while some of the data suggested a potential signal of positive selection for the F7 promoter in the Native American samples from Bolivia. In conclusion, our data suggest, although do not prove, different evolutionary histories in the F7 promoter region between Mediterraneans and Amerindians.
Stress‐induced DNA methylation changes and their heritability in asexual dandelions
Authors: Verhoeven Koen J. F. , Jansen Jeroen J. , van Dijk Peter J. , Biere Arjen
Published: December 2009

Commentary p 867
Ethanol induction of steroidogenesis in rat adrenal and brain is dependent upon pituitary ACTH release andde novoadrenal StAR synthesis
Authors: Boyd Kevin N. , Kumar Sandeep , O’Buckley Todd K. , Porcu Patrizia , Morrow A. Leslie
Published: December 2009

J. Neurochem.(2010)112, 784–796.

The mechanisms of ethanol actions that produce its behavioral sequelae involve the synthesis of potent GABAergic neuroactive steroids, specifically the GABAergic metabolites of progesterone, (3α,5α)‐3‐hydroxypregnan‐20‐one (3α,5α‐THP), and deoxycorticosterone, (3α,5α)‐3,21‐dihydroxypregnan‐20‐one. We investigated the mechanisms that underlie the effect of ethanol on adrenal steroidogenesis. We found that ethanol effects on plasma pregnenolone, progesterone, 3α,5α‐THP and cortical 3α,5α‐THP are highly correlated, exhibit a threshold of 1.5 g/kg, but show no dose dependence. Ethanol increases plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), adrenal steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), and adrenal StAR phosphorylation, but does not alter levels of other adrenal cholesterol transporters. The inhibition of ACTH release,de novoadrenal StAR synthesis or cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage activity prevents ethanol‐induced increases in GABAergic steroids in plasma and brain. ACTH release andde novoStAR synthesis are independently regulated following ethanol administration and both are necessary, but not sufficient, for ethanol‐induced elevation of plasma and brain neuroactive steroids. As GABAergic steroids contribute to ethanol actions and ethanol sensitivity, the mechanisms of this effect of ethanol may be important factors that contribute to the behavioral actions of ethanol and risk for alcohol abuse disorders.
Macromolecular drug transport into the brain using targeted therapy
Authors: Lichota Jacek , Skjørringe Tina , Thomsen Louiza B. , Moos Torben
Published: December 2009

J. Neurochem. (2010) 10.1111/j.1471‐4159.2009.06544.x

The brain forms a vascular barrier system comprised of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and the blood–CSF barriers. Together they prevent the passage of a number of drugs from the bloodstream into the brain parenchyma, because their molecules are either hydrophilic, too large or both. In many disorders affecting the CNS, these barriers are physically intact, which limits the entry of large molecules with potentially important therapeutic implications. The BBB is the most relevant barrier against drug delivery to the brain as the area of the BBB is about 1000 times larger than that of the blood–CSF barrier. Moreover, the transport through the choroid plexus is directed to the ventricular system, only allowing the transported molecules to access cells near the ventricular and subarachnoid surfaces. This review outlines possible routes for targeted entry of macromolecules like polypeptides, siRNA and cDNA. In the vascular compartment, targeting molecules should interact specifically with proteins expressed exclusively by these barrier cells, and therefore prevent uptake elsewhere in the body. Preferably, the targeting molecule should be conjugated to a drug carrier that allows uptake of a defined cargo. However, evidence for transport of such targetable drug‐carrier complexes through the barriers, in particular the BBB, is contentious, and is discussed with emphasis on the different attempts that have evinced transport through the BBB not only from blood‐to‐endothelium, but also from endothelium‐to‐brain.
Gender‐based voting in the parliamentary elections of 2007 in Finland
Authors: HOLLI ANNE MARIA , WASS HANNA
Published: December 2009

In contrast to many other countries, the Finnish open‐list proportional representation (PR) system with its mandatory preferential voting provides an opportunity to study gender‐based voting empirically. Using the 2007 Finnish national election study, the article presents an analysis of the grounds for same‐gender voting, including motivations related to descriptive and substantive dimensions of representation. None of the motivations is able to account men's higher propensity to vote for a candidate of their own gender. The motivations linked to securing the descriptive and substantive representation of one's own gender in politics play a more decisive part on women's vote choice of same‐gender candidates. Voting for a same‐gender candidate is connected to younger age among both women and men, while the propensity to vote for female candidates increases with support for the Social Democrats, the Greens and the Swedish People's Party. Finally, gender, party choice, and descriptive and substantive motivations seem to be related to gender‐based voting for both parliamentary and presidential elections.
The methyl ester of okadaic acid is more potent than okadaic acid in disrupting the actin cytoskeleton and metabolism of primary cultured hepatocytes
Authors: Espiña Begoña , Louzao MCarmen , Cagide Eva , Alfonso Amparo , Vieytes Mercedes R , Yasumoto Takeshi , Botana Luis M
Published: December 2009

Background and purpose: Okadaic acid (OA) and microcystins (MCs) are structurally different toxins with the same mechanism of action, inhibition of serine/threonine protein phosphatases (PPs). Methyl okadaate (MeOk), a methyl ester derivative of OA, was considered almost inactive due to its weak inhibition of PP1 and PP2A. Here, we have investigated the activity and potency of MeOk in hepatic cells in comparison with that of OA and MCs.

Experimental approach: We tested the effects of MeOK, OA and microcystin‐leucine and arginine (MC‐LR) on the metabolic rate, the actin cytoskeleton and glucose uptake in a rat hepatocyte cell line (Clone 9) and in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. PP2A was assayed to compare OA and MeOk activity.

Key results: MeOk disrupted the actin cytoskeleton and depressed the metabolic rate of both types of rat hepatocytes, being six‐fold less potent than OA in Clone 9 cells but nearly six‐fold more potent in primary cultured hepatocytes. However, unlike OA, MeOk did not change glucose uptake in these cells, suggesting a weak inhibition of PP2A, as confirmed in direct assays of PP2A activity.

Conclusions and implications: Although MeOk was originally described as a weakly bioactive molecule, it clearly depressed the metabolic rate and disrupted the cytoskeleton in primary and immortalized rat hepatocytes. Furthermore, MeOk affected primary hepatocytes at much lower concentrations than those affecting immortalized cells. These effects were unrelated to PP2A inhibition. Our results suggest the risk to public health from MeOk in foodstuffs should be re‐evaluated.
Indicators of Buprenorphine and Methadone Use and Abuse: What Do We Know?
Authors: Maxwell Jane Carlisle , McCance‐Katz Elinore F.
Published: December 2009

Abuse of prescription opioids is a growing problem. The number of methadone pain pills distributed now exceeds liquid methadone used in opioid treatment, and the increases in buprenorphine indicators provide evidence of the need to monitor and intervene to decrease the abuse of this drug. The need for additional and improved data to track trends is discussed, along with findings as to the characteristics of the users and combinations of drugs. Data on toxicities related to methadone or buprenorphine, particularly in combination with other prescribed drugs, are presented and clinical implications and considerations are offered. These findings underscore the need for physicians to be aware of potential toxicities and to educate their patients regarding these issues. (Am J Addict 2009;19:73–88)
Dielectric and Piezoelectric Properties in the System: (1−x)[(Na0.5K0.5NbO3)0.93–(LiTaO3)0.07]–x[BiScO3]
Authors: Skidmore Thomas A. , Comyn Timothy P. , Milne Steven J.
Published: December 2009

Solid solution formation in the system (1−x) [(Na0.5K0.5NbO3)0.93–(LiTaO3)0.07]−x[BiScO3] has been investigated for compositions, 0≤x≤0.05. The tetragonal c/a ratio decreases with increasing BiScO3 content, with a discontinuity at x=0.02, X‐ray diffraction patterns appear pseudo‐cubic for x>0.02. There is a 10‐fold reduction in grain size between x=0.015 and x=0.02: dielectric peaks become suppressed and broadened at this point. Piezoelectric d33 charge coefficients decrease across the compositional range. Results are discussed in terms of chemical inhomogeneity and grain‐size effects.
Mechanosynthesis of Hf1−xZrxB2 Solid Solution and Hf1−xZrxB2/SiC Composite Powders
Authors: Avilés Miguel A. , Córdoba Jose M. , Sayagués María J. , Alcalá María D. , Gotor Francisco J.
Published: December 2009

The synthesis of solid solutions in the HfB2–ZrB2 system was conducted by mechanically induced self‐sustaining reaction (MSR) processes under an inert atmosphere from elemental mixtures of Hf, Zr, and B. The stoichiometry of the Hf1−xZrxB2 solid solution phase was controlled by adjusting the Hf/Zr/B atomic ratio in the starting mixture. Composite materials with SiC were achieved by adding the required amount of SiC to the Hf/Zr/B reactant mixture. The presence of up to 20 vol% of SiC did not inhibit the MSR process. Longer milling times were required to ignite the mixture. Small amounts of the refractory phases ZrC or HfC were observed in the composite powders. The chemical composition, structure, and microstructure of products were studied by X‐ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. This complete characterization confirmed the formation of P6/mmm hexagonal diboride phases with a submicrometric microstructure. The determination of the chemical composition and lattice parameters ascertained the formation of solid solutions with good chemical homogeneity in the HfB2–ZrB2 system.
The prefrontal cortex: a target for antipsychotic drugs
Authors: Artigas F.
Published: December 2009

Objective:  At therapeutic doses, classical antipsychotic drugs occupy a large proportion of subcortical dopamine D2 receptors, whereas atypical antipsychotics preferentially occupy cortical 5‐HT2 receptors. However, the exact cellular and network basis of their therapeutic action is not fully understood.

Method:  To review the mechanism of action of antipsychotic drugs with a particular emphasis on their action in the prefrontal cortex (PFC).

Results:  The PFC controls a large number of higher brain functions altered in schizophrenia. Histological studies indicate the presence of a large proportion of PFC neurons expressing monoaminergic receptors sensitive to the action of atypical‐ and to a lesser extentclassical antipsychotic drugs. Functional studies also indicate that both drug families act at PFC level.

Conclusion:  Atypical antipsychotic drugs likely exert their therapeutic activity by a preferential action on PFC neurons, thus modulating the PFC output to basal ganglia circuits. Classical antipsychotics also interact with these PFC targets in addition to blocking massively striatal D2 receptors.
Quantification of Chlamydia pneumoniae in cultured human macrophages and HL cells: comparison of real‐time PCR, immunofluorescence and ELISA methods
Authors: POIKONEN KARI , LAJUNEN TAINA , SILVENNOINEN‐KASSINEN SYLVI , LEINONEN MAIJA , SAIKKU PEKKA
Published: December 2009

Poikonen K, Lajunen T, Silvennoinen‐Kassinen S, Leinonen M, Saikku P. Quantification of Chlamydia pneumoniae in cultured human macrophages and HL cells: comparison of real‐time PCR, immunofluorescence and ELISA methods. APMIS 2010; 118: 45–8.

Chlamydia pneumoniae is an intracellular gram‐negative bacterium, which replicates only in eukaryotic cells. Quantification of C. pneumoniae in cell culture is needed when studying e.g. the effect of drugs or host cell factors on infectivity and replication. Conventionally, this has been performed by immunofluorescence staining and microscopic counting of chlamydial inclusions. However, this method is usable only if the cell numbers do not fluctuate in cell culture vials and the inclusions are uniform. In macrophages, inclusions are often aberrant, their sizes vary, and multiple inclusions are also seen. Therefore, methods are needed to quantify exact amounts of C. pneumoniae in cells. Here, we describe a new method based on the real‐time PCR quantification of chlamydial genomes adjusted to the number of human genomes in cultures. In human epithelial (HL) cell cultures, the C. pneumoniae inclusion numbers and the ratio of C. pneumonia genomes/human genome (Cpn/Hum) correlated significantly (r = 0.978, p < 0.001); thus with HL cells, both methods are usable. However, in macrophage cultures, the correlation was weaker (r = 0.133, p = 0.036) and we recommend PCR quantification for exact measurements.
Comparison of methods of DNA extraction for real‐time PCR in a model of pleural tuberculosis
Authors: SANTOS ANA , CREMADES ROSA , RODRÍGUEZ JUAN CARLOS , GARCÍA‐PACHÓN EDUARDO , RUIZ MONTSERRAT , ROYO GLORIA
Published: December 2009

Santos A, Cremades R, Rodríguez JC, García‐Pachón E, Ruiz M, Royo G. Comparison of methods of DNA extraction for real‐time PCR in a model of pleural tuberculosis. APMIS 2010; 118: 60–5.

Molecular methods have been reported to have different sensitivities in the diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis and this may in part be caused by the use of different methods of DNA extraction. Our study compares nine DNA extraction systems in an experimental model of pleural tuberculosis. An inoculum of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was added to 23 pleural liquid samples with different characteristics. DNA was subsequently extracted using nine different methods (seven manual and two automatic) for analysis with real‐time PCR. Only two methods were able to detect the presence of M. tuberculosis DNA in all the samples: extraction using columns (Qiagen) and automated extraction with the TNAI system (Roche). The automatic method is more expensive, but requires less time. Almost all the false negatives were because of the difficulty involved in extracting M. tuberculosis DNA, as in general, all the methods studied are capable of eliminating inhibitory substances that block the amplification reaction. The method of M. tuberculosis DNA extraction used affects the results of the diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis by molecular methods. DNA extraction systems that have been shown to be effective in pleural liquid should be used.
Vancomycin‐resistant Enterococcus spp.: validation of susceptibility testing and in vitro activity of vancomycin, linezolid, tigecycline and daptomycin
Authors: RATHE MATHIAS , KRISTENSEN LISE , ELLERMANN‐ERIKSEN SVEND , THOMSEN MARIANNE KRAGH , SCHUMACHER HELGA
Published: December 2009

Rathe M, Kristensen L, Ellermann‐Eriksen S, Thomsen MK, Schumacher H. Vancomycin‐resistant Enterococcus spp.: validation of susceptibility testing and in vitro activity of vancomycin, linezolid, tigecycline and daptomycin. APMIS 2010; 118: 66–73.

Vancomycin‐resistant enterococci (VRE) have emerged to become a significant nosocomial pathogen. However, detection may be challenging and treatment possibilities are limited. Reports of resistance to linezolide, daptomycin and tigecycline underline the need for reliable susceptibility testing with respect to these compounds. We evaluated the in vitro activity of vancomycin, linezolid, daptomycin and tigecycline against a panel of VRE and vancomycin‐susceptible enterococci by broth microdilution (BMD). Etest for determination of minimum inhibitory concentration of these four antibiotics and two disc diffusion assays for detecting VRE and for susceptibility testing against tigecycline and linezolid were evaluated. Before susceptibility testing, all isolates were classified by polymerase chain reaction as vanA or vanB gene positive or vanA/B gene negative. Linezolid, daptomycin and tigecycline had excellent in vitro activity towards all isolates. For daptomycin and tigecycline, the overall agreement between BMD and Etest was suboptimal. For both disc diffusion assays, use of current break points was inadequate to detect vancomycin resistance for isolates carrying the vanB gene. Inspection of the inhibition zone for a diffuse edge, as recommended, accurately predicted presence of the vanB gene.
Phosphatase inhibitors with anti‐angiogenic effect in vitro
Authors: SYLVEST LENE , BENDIKSEN CHRISTINE DAM , HOUEN GUNNAR
Published: December 2009

Sylvest L, Bendiksen CD, Houen G. Phosphatase inhibitors with anti‐angiogenic effect in vitro. APMIS 2010; 118: 49–59.

Levamisole has previously been identified as an inhibitor of angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo, but the mechanism behind the anti‐angiogenic behavior has not yet been established. However, one known effect of levamisole is the inhibition of alkaline phosphatase, and this fact encouraged us to test other phosphatase inhibitors for their anti‐angiogenic effects by using the same method as used to identify levamisole: an ELISA‐based co‐culture angiogenesis assay giving quantitative and qualitative results. Historically, intracellular phosphatases have been associated with the downregulation of signaling pathways, and kinases with their upregulation, but lately, the phospatases have also been coupled to positive signaling, which is why inhibition of phosphatases has become associated with anti‐tumorigenic and anti‐angiogenic effects. The results obtained in this work reveal several agents with anti‐angiogenic potential and give a strong indication that phosphatase inhibition is linked to anti‐angiogenic activity. An apparent disruption of endothelial tube formation was seen for seven of eight phosphatase inhibitors tested in the angiogenesis assay. By looking at the morphological results, it was seen that most of the inhibitors impaired proliferation and elongation of the endothelial cells, which still had a differentiated appearance. One inhibitor, PTP inhibitor IV, seemed to impair endothelial cell differentiation and induced the same morphology as when cells were treated with levamisole, although at a 200 times lower concentration than that of levamisole. Hence, our work points out compounds with a potential that may be of use in the search for new medical products for the treatment of malignant tumors, or other conditions where angiogenesis plays a central role.
Melanocytic nevi in pregnancy: histologic features and Ki‐67 proliferation index
Authors: Chan May P. , Chan Maren M. , Tahan Steven R.
Published: December 2009

Background: Changes in the clinical appearance of benign dermal nevi during pregnancy may be concerning for malignant transformation. Because the hormonal milieu of pregnancy has not proven to alter their banal behavior, histologic characterization is needed to prevent over‐diagnosis and unnecessary treatment.

Methods: Dermal nevi excised from pregnant women (n = 16) were compared with nevi from location‐ and aged‐matched control patients (n = 15). Histologic features and Ki‐67 proliferation index were evaluated.

Results: Nevi in pregnancy were more likely to have dermal mitotic figures (62.5% vs. 13.3%, p = 0.028) and higher mitotic rates (1.44 vs. 0.20 mitoses/mm2, p = 0.0027) than control nevi. A distinctive histologic entity, termed superficial micronodules of pregnancy (SMOPs), was observed more frequently in the nevi of pregnancy (81.3% vs. 26.7%, p = 0.040), and showed consistent immunoreactivity for HMB45. There was a trend toward higher Ki‐67 proliferation index in the nevi of pregnancy (3.0% vs. 1.0%, p = 0.073). Prominent multinucleated melanocytes were seen only in controls. There was no significant difference in pigmentation or irritation changes between groups.

Conclusions: Dermal nevi removed during pregnancy show characteristic histologic features including increased dermal mitoses, superficial micronodules of pregnancy (SMOPs), and trend toward increased Ki‐67 proliferation index.

Chan MP, Chan MM, Tahan SR. Melanocytic nevi in pregnancy: histologic features and Ki‐67 proliferation index.
The myostatin‐induced E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF13 negatively regulates the proliferation of chicken myoblasts
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Wang Kun , Zhang Yong , Meng Jiao , Yu Fang , Chen Yan , Zhu Dahai
Published: December 2009

The ubiquitin ligase RING finger protein 13 gene (RNF13) was first identified in a screen for genes whose expression is regulated by myostatin in chicken fetal myoblasts. In this study, we demonstrate that the RNF13 gene is broadly expressed in many chicken tissues. The expression of RNF13 gradually decreases during skeletal myogenesis, and myostatin up‐regulates RNF13 expression at both the transcriptional and translational levels. Interestingly, ectopic expression of RNF13 inhibits cell proliferation and suppresses the expression of the myogenic genes MyoD and Caveolin‐3 in muscle cells. Moreover, recently, we have reported that RNF13 is a RING‐type E3 ubiquitin ligase. In this report, we provide experimental evidence to show that mutations disrupting the RING finger abolish the growth‐suppressive activity of RNF13, indicating that its E3 ligase activity is required for the inhibition of cell proliferation. Taken together, our findings show that RNF13 functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase to negatively regulate cell proliferation.
Enzymatic and electron paramagnetic resonance studies of anabolic pyruvate synthesis by pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase from Hydrogenobacter thermophilus
Authors: Ikeda Takeshi , Yamamoto Masahiro , Arai Hiroyuki , Ohmori Daijiro , Ishii Masaharu , Igarashi Yasuo
Published: December 2009

Pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase (POR; EC 1.2.7.1) catalyzes the thiamine pyrophosphate‐dependent oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl‐CoA and CO2. The thermophilic, obligate chemolithoautotrophic hydrogen‐oxidizing bacterium, Hydrogenobacter thermophilus TK‐6, assimilates CO2 via the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle. In this cycle, POR acts as pyruvate synthase catalyzing the reverse reaction (i.e. reductive carboxylation of acetyl‐CoA) to form pyruvate. The pyruvate synthesis reaction catalyzed by POR is an energetically unfavorable reaction and requires a strong reductant. Moreover, the reducing equivalents must be supplied via its physiological electron mediator, a small iron‐sulfur protein ferredoxin. Therefore, the reaction is difficult to demonstrate in vitro and the reaction mechanism has been poorly understood. In the present study, we coupled the decarboxylation of 2‐oxoglutarate catalyzed by 2‐oxoglutarate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase (EC 1.2.7.3), which generates sufficiently low‐potential electrons to reduce ferredoxin, to drive the energy‐demanding pyruvate synthesis by POR. We demonstrate that H. thermophilus POR catalyzes pyruvate synthesis from acetyl‐CoA and CO2, confirming the operation of the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle in this bacterium. We also measured the electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of the POR intermediates in both the forward and reverse reactions, and demonstrate the intermediacy of a 2‐(1‐hydroxyethyl)‐ or 2‐(1‐hydroxyethylidene)‐thiamine pyrophosphate radical in both reactions. The reaction mechanism of the reductive carboxylation of acetyl‐CoA is also discussed.
Head injuries related to sports and recreation activities in school‐age children and adolescents: Data from a referral centre in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Crowe Louise M , Anderson Vicki , Catroppa Cathy , Babl Franz E
Published: December 2009

Objectives:  Head injuries (HI) in children are common and even mild HI can lead to ongoing cognitive and behavioural changes. We set out to determine the causes of sport‐related HI in school‐age children presenting to a large urban ED as a basis for future interventions.

Method:  Identification and medical record review of all sport‐related HI in children aged 6–16 years at a tertiary children's hospital ED in Victoria, Australia, over a 1 year period. Information was collected on demographics, injury variables and radiology findings. HI were classified as mild, moderate and severe based on GCS and radiography reports.

Results:  Over 12 months there were 406 HI in school‐age children. Seventy per cent were male. A large number of HI (129; 33%) were related to sports. Of these, most were classified as mild and 13% were classified as moderate or severe. Among a range of sports, Australian Rules football was associated with more than 30% of all HI attributable to a sport and recreation cause. Equestrian activities were the main cause of moderate HI.

Conclusion:  The present study identified sports as a major cause of HI in the Victorian paediatric emergency setting with Australian Rules football the most commonly involved sport. Further prevention initiatives should consider targeting Australian Rules football and equestrian activities.
Cracking Resistance of Silicon Carbide Composites by Single‐ and Double‐Notched Specimen Techniques
Authors: Nozawa Takashi , Tanigawa Hiroyasu
Published: December 2009

This paper aims to evaluate fracture resistance of nanoinfiltration transient eutectic phase‐sintered (NITE)–silicon carbide fiber‐reinforced silicon carbide matrix (SiC/SiC) composites, using the single‐edge notched bend (SENB) test and the double‐notch tensile (DNT) test. Both SENB and DNT test results identified notch insensitivity of NITE–SiC/SiC composites. With the fact of notch insensitivity, unique proportional limit stress, and fracture strength were identified regardless of the presence of artificial notches. By applying the nonlinear fracture mechanics, micro‐ and macrocracking energies were separately estimated. Specifically, lower microcrack formation energy was identified compared with conventional low‐stiffness composite system. Finally, superior crack resistance of NITE–SiC/SiC composites was clearly demonstrated.
BaTiO3–Epoxy Composites for Electronic Applications
Authors: Ramajo Leandro , Reboredo María M. , Castro Miriam S.
Published: December 2009

A brief review related with dielectric properties of BaTiO3/epoxy composites is presented. The composites were obtained using the dipping technique. To facilitate the mixing and modify the filler surface, a solvent and a surface coupling agent were used. Intermediate and low concentrations of solvent and silane improved microstructure and dielectric properties of the composite material, whereas higher concentrations led to composites of poor quality. Finally, a model using finite elements was used, in order to predict the composite permittivity in relation to the percentage of filler. Model results were compared with the effective medium theory and experimental results.
Synthesis and Characterization of Nanocomposite Powders Composed of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles and Wollastonite Nanowires
Authors: Lin Kaili , Chang Jiang , Liu Xiaoguo , Ning Congqin
Published: December 2009

In the present study, the hydroxyapatite/wollastonite [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2/CaSiO3, HAp/CS] nanocomposite powders with different weight ratio were synthesized by a two‐step chemical precipitation method under the aid of hydrothermal treatment. The products were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, field‐emission transmission electron microscopy, and X‐ray fluorescence spectrometer. The results showed that the powders were composed of particle‐like HAp and wire‐like CS powders. The diameter of the HAp and CS were about 30–100 and 20–80 nm, respectively. The length of the CS nanowires was up to several micrometers.
SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF VITAMIN B1 ON SANITIZER AND DISINFECTANT TREATMENTS FOR REDUCTION OF BACILLUS CEREUS IN RICE
Authors: LEE MIN‐JEONG , HA JI‐HYOUNG , HA SANG‐DO
Published: December 2009

The synergistic bactericidal effects of vitamin B1 (thiamine dilauryl sulfate) and the efficacy of commercial sanitizers for minimization of Bacillus cereus contamination in cooked rice were investigated. Sanitizer‐treated rice exhibited a greater reduction than water‐treated rice, while sanitizer‐treated rice with Vitamin B1 produced an even greater reduction. The treatments for B. cereus in rice included (1) 100 ppm hydrogen peroxide with 500 ppm vitamin B1; (2) 200 ppm hydrogen peroxide with 100 ppm vitamin B1; (3) 400 ppm hydrogen peroxide; (4) 50 ppm chlorine with 500 ppm vitamin B1; (5) 60 ppm chlorine with 300 ppm vitamin B1; (6) 70 ppm chlorine with 100 ppm vitamin B1; (7) 80 ppm chlorine; and (8) 100,000 ppm ethanol with 500 vitamin B1. All treatments completely eliminated B. cereus in rice. The sensory properties of all sanitizer‐treated cooked rice did not differ significantly from the same properties for water‐treated cooked rice.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The prevalence of Bacillus cereus in rice and rice products has been documented and control of the growth of B. cereus in rice is an important consideration. The results obtained from this study can be of use to rice producers in the manufacture of safe products. Although chemical disinfectants can be used to reduce the amount of B. cereus in rice, vitamin B1 can also be used as an effective additive that reduces the amount of disinfectant use via a synergistic antimicrobial effect. The increasing use of chemical disinfectants for safety in the food industry can be reversed using our method.
IMPROVED MEDIUM FOR DETECTION OF KLEBSIELLA IN POWDERED MILK
Authors: GAO HONG , GAO QI‐LI , ZHANG XIA , GUAN CHUN , LUO MAO‐HUANG , ZHANG HAI‐BIN , LIU PEI , ZHANG HAI‐YING , LI JING
Published: December 2009

The selectivities to pathogenic Klebsiella strains of different isolation media were compared by known standard strains. The modified MacConkey‐inositol‐carbenicillin (MCIC) medium (Named MCIAC, MacConkey‐inositol‐adonitol‐carbenicillin) supplemented with adonitol gave no false‐negative colonies, and exhibited higher selectivity. MCIC and Simmons citrate agar with inositol (SCAI) media gave two false‐negative colonies, respectively. These three media all gave two false‐positive colonies, respectively. Salmonella Shigella medium gave four false‐negative colonies and five false‐positive colonies. Violet red bile glucose agar medium gave the most false‐positive colonies, although it gave no false‐negative colonies. One hundred samples of powdered milk were examined by MCIAC, MCIC and SCAI plates. The typical positive colonies were further identified using Vitek GNI Auto Microbic system and API 20E system. The results showed that the specificity of the MCIAC medium was higher than MCIC and SCAI media.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

MacConkey‐inositol‐carbenicillin (MCIC) is the most commonly used selective medium for the detection of Klebsiella. But some inositol‐nonfermenting Klebsiella strains would be missed when selected by this medium. We improved the MCIC medium by supplementing with 1% adonitol. The new modified medium (MacConkey‐inositol‐adonitol‐carbenicillin, MCIAC) had advantages over other selective Klebsiella media in having a higher selectivity and an incubation time of only 16–24 h. MCIAC could be routinely used for pathogenic Klebsiella selection of powdered milk and other food samples.
EFFECTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS, NISIN, LYZOZYME AND EDTA ON THE SURVIVAL OF YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA POPULATION IN INOCULATED ORANGE BEVERAGES
Authors: LUCERO ESTRADA CECILIA S.M. , DEL CARMEN VELÁZQUEZ LIDIA , DE GUZMÁN ANA MARÍA S.
Published: December 2009

Inactivation of a Yersinia enterocolitica strain by 3.4% ascorbic acid (AA), 0.5% citric acid (CA), 0.2% lactic acid, 100 IU/mL nisin, 2,400 IU/mL lysozyme and 20 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA ), alone and combined, was studied at different temperatures (4 and 25C) in commercial and laboratory‐prepared orange beverages. In laboratory‐prepared juice, highest reductions (between 3.06 and 4.07 log units) were obtained with acid mixtures at 25C after 20 min of incubation. At 24 h of incubation, EDTA was bactericidal and the mixtures with nisin or lysozyme resulted in count reductions of 6.03 and 5.98 log units, respectively. In commercial orange beverage, AA and CA gave reductions of 5.43 and 4.26 log units, respectively. The three acid mixtures were bactericidal within the first 10 min. EDTA alone or mixed completely inhibited Y. enterocolitica strain at 6 and 24 h of incubation. At 4C, all the results were significantly lower than at 25C.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Yersinia enterocolitica is a common cause of gastrointestinal disorders and may lead to sequelae. This pathogen can maintain its virulence in a wide temperature range and under adverse conditions such as pH lower than 4. There are reports describing the isolation of Y. enterocolitica from water and ice in Brazil and Latin America. The sale of unpasteurized drinks is a common practice in our region and their consumption has increased over the past years. In the present work, chemical compounds and biological inhibitors were studied. Some of these compounds showed to be efficient for reducing Y. enterocolitica populations. Furthermore, they did not modify the organoleptic characteristics of the beverages and they are not toxic for human beings.
The importance of soft tissue examination in post‐traumatic decision‐making: A case report
Authors: Altundasar Emre , Demiralp Burak
Published: December 2009

Dental and facial traumas involving teeth and supporting tissues are common sports‐related injuries. In this case report treatment of a 23‐year‐old student who had been elbowed by an opponent player during a basketball game, which caused oblique fractures on both maxillary incisor teeth is presented. The patient presented 17 days following trauma having completed full recovery of soft tissues. A fragment of upper incisor tooth had been embedded in lower lip at the time of trauma, which was covered by healing tissues. At the 1 month control the patient complained of a hard structure in his lower lip. The elusive broken fragment was revealed by a radiograph and then removed surgically. This case report is a good example of the importance of the training of general dentists about sports‐related traumatic injuries as well as emphasising the importance of the use of mouthguards during contact sports.
SOURCE ROCK POTENTIAL OF EOCENE, PALEOCENE AND JURASSIC DEPOSITS IN THE SUBSURFACE OF THE POTWAR BASIN, NORTHERN PAKISTAN
Authors: Fazeelat T. , Jalees M. I. , Bianchi T. S.
Published: December 2009

The hydrocarbon source rock potential of five formations in the Potwar Basin of northern Pakistan – the Sakesar Formation (Eocene); the Patala, Lockhart and Dhak‐Pass Formations (Paleocene); and the Datta Formation (Jurassic) – was investigated using Rock‐Eval pyrolysis and total organic carbon (TOC) measurement. Samples were obtained from three producing wells referred to as A, B and C. In well A, the upper ca. 100 m of the Eocene Sakesar Formation contained abundant Type III gas‐prone organic matter (OM) and the interval appeared to be within the hydrocarbon generation window. The underlying part of the Sakesar Formation contained mostly weathered and immature OM with little hydrocarbon potential. The Sakesar Formation passes down into the Paleocene Patala Formation. Tmax was variable because of facies variations which were also reflected in variations in hydrogen index (HI), TOC and S2/S3 values. In well A, the middle portion of the Patala Formation had sufficient maturity (Tmax 430 to 444°C) and organic richness to act as a minor source for gas. The underlying Lockhart Formation in general contained little OM, although basal sediments showed a major contribution of Type II/III OM and were sufficiently mature for hydrocarbon generation.

In Well B, rocks in the upper 120 m of the Paleocene Patala Formation contained little OM. However, some Type II/III OM was present at the base of the formation, although these sediments were not sufficiently mature for oil generation. The Dhak Pass Formation was in general thermally immature and contained minor amounts of gas‐prone OM.

In Well C, the Jurassic Datta Formation contained oil‐prone OM. Tmax data indicated that the formation was marginally mature despite sample depths of > 5000 m. The lack of increase in Tmax with depth was attributed to low heat flows during burial. However, burial to depths of more than 5000 m resulted in the generation of moderate quantities of oil from this formation.
Antibodies and DNA Photoproducts: Applications, Milestones and Reference Guide
Authors: Mitchell David , Brooks Becky
Published: December 2009

Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies recognizing the primary DNA photoproducts induced by ultraviolet radiation (UVR) have proven to be essential tools in the study of photochemical and photobiological phenomena. As specific “DNA damage binding proteins” these reagents have been used to develop a diverse array of technical procedures applied to a plethora of important problems in DNA photochemistry and the biological effects of UVR at the molecular, developmental, organism and population levels. This survey attempts to cover this science from an historical perspective and to reveal the great breadth of discovery and contribution associated with the development and application of DNA damage antibodies to the current body of science.
Photosensitizer–Antibiotic Conjugates: A Novel Class of Antibacterial Molecules
Authors: Cahan Rivka , Swissa Nissim , Gellerman Gary , Nitzan Yeshayahu
Published: December 2009

Bacterial resistance to a variety of antibiotics has led to intensive research into the effect of photosensitizers as a cytotoxic agent against bacterial cells. In this study, we synthesized the following conjugates with or without a linker: rose bengal‐penicillanic acid (RBPA), rose bengal‐linker‐penicillanic acid (RBLPA) and rose bengal‐linker‐kanamycin (RBLKAN). The antibacterial activity of these conjugates was examined on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Exposure of the cultures to 100 J cm−2 showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of RBPA, RBLPA and RBLKAN on S. aureus was 0.195, 0.156 and 0.004 μm, respectively. The MIC of RBPA, RBLPA and RBLKAN on E. coli was 1.56, 2.5 and 0.156 μm, respectively. In dark control experiments, the MIC of these conjugates was not detected until a concentration that was 16‐fold that of the MIC found in the light experiments. RBPA and RBLPA as well as RBLKAN are bactericidal for both bacterial cells. Total eradication of S. aureus and E. coli was observed with RBLKAN (0.078 and 20 μm 16 J cm−2, respectively). Under these conditions, scanning electron microscopic analysis showed significant damage to these bacteria. However, the photosensitizer and antibiotics individually were not effective.
Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation on Acetylcholinesterase Activity in Freshwater Copepods
Authors: Souza María Sol , Balseiro Esteban , Laspoumaderes Cecilia , Modenutti Beatriz
Published: December 2009

We analyzed the effects of UV radiation (UVR) effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in two calanoid copepods, Boeckella gibbosa and Parabroteas sarsi that inhabit Patagonian shallow lakes. We studied the effect of experimental UVR (UV‐B and UV‐A) exposure on AChE activity in relation to basal antioxidant capacities of both copepods. Our experiments showed that UVR can effectively depress AChE activity, although with differences between species. In both copepods AChE was affected by UV‐B, whereas UV‐A only affected AChE in B. gibbosa. Both copepods also differed in body elemental composition (C:N:P), photoprotecting compound content (carotenoids and mycosporine‐like amino acids) and enzymatic antioxidant capacity (glutathione S‐transferase [GST]). Our results suggest that when exposed to UVR, AChE activity would depend more on the antioxidant capacity (GST) and P availability for enzyme synthesis than on the photoprotective compounds.
Family Network Support and Mental Health Recovery
Authors: Pernice‐Duca Francesca
Published: December 2009

Family members often provide critical support to persons living with a serious mental illness. The focus of this study was to determine which dimensions of the family support network were most important to the recovery process from the perspective of the recovering person. Consumers of a community mental health program completed in‐depth structured interviews that included separate measures of social network support and recovery. Consumers named an average of 2.6 family members on the social network, interacted with family on a weekly basis, and were quite satisfied with their contact. This study revealed that support and reciprocity with family members are important dimensions of a personal support network that relates to the recovery process.
Preliminary testing of a Turkish version of the Strategies Used by Patients to Promote Health (SUPPH) scale in a sample of breast cancer patients
Authors: Akin Semiha , Can Gulbeyaz , Durna Zehra , Aydiner Adnan
Published: December 2009

Aims and objectives. The study is designed to test the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the SUPPH Scale.

Background. Self‐efficacy has been found to have a major impact on adjustment to illness and health practices. The importance of the concept of self‐efficacy and its effects on treatment has begun to be investigated, particularly in cancer patients. There is need for research to be conducted in Turkey on the validity and reliability of instruments to measure level of self‐efficacy in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy.

Design. It is a descriptive study. The research was conducted in the outpatient Chemotherapy Unit Oncology Institute in 2007.

Method. The sample selection criteria were: patients with the diagnosis of breast cancer who were receiving chemotherapy, were female, were 18 years old or older, and who volunteered to participate in the study. The study was conducted with 141 patients. Permission to conduct the study was received from the Oncology Institute and the ethics committee. After the translinguistic study, the content validity of the scale was confirmed and tested. Reliability and validity of the scale was done using intra‐class correlation (ICC) analysis and Cronbach’s α statistics.

Results. The Turkish version of the SUPPH Scale is valid and reliable for measuring breast cancer patients’ self‐efficacy level. The scale’s Cronbach alpha value and item‐total score correlation coefficients were found to be adequate, in general. The scale can be used to guide nurses to understand changes that occur in self‐efficacy in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy.

Conclusions. The Turkish version of the SUPPH Scale showed an adequate reliability and validity for its use on adult Turkish breast cancer patients.

Relevance to clinical practice. This study is significant in providing the opportunity to use this scale in breast cancer patients in areas with a high Turkish population globally.
The education and information needs of young adults with type 2 diabetes: a qualitative study
Authors: Savage Sally , Dabkowski Susan , Dunning Trisha
Published: December 2009

Aims and objectives.  To identify the preferred content and delivery mode of education information for people aged 25 to 45 with type 2 diabetes to enable them to effectively self‐manage their diabetes.

Background.  People with type 2 diabetes are required to manage their own health and initiate behavioural changes. Self‐management education and resources have typically been targeted at people aged 50 years and older. Little is known about the concerns and needs of younger people in managing type 2 diabetes, which are likely to be different from those of older people.

Design.  A qualitative design was considered the most appropriate to elicit participants’ views and perceptions of their type 2 diabetes information needs.

Methods.  Data were obtained from one focus group (n = 9) and telephone interviews (n = 4) with people aged 25 to 45 with type 2 diabetes conducted in 2008.

Results.  Implicit in participants’ responses was their need to be active partners in managing their diabetes. Participants wanted information that is easy to understand, brief, consistent, age‐specific and about a number of topics that are not adequately covered at present. They wanted a centralised source of information and a range of delivery mode options. Participants expressed some ambivalence about the Internet as a source of information. Participants also wanted age‐specific group sessions, support from peers, psychological support, increased understanding of type 2 diabetes in the community, and a focus on preventing diabetes.

Conclusions.  Young people with type 2 diabetes have specific diabetes needs and preferred information delivery modes. Participants felt current diabetes education programs do not cater specifically to their age group. Education and information resources need to be developed for the target group, addressing their content and format preferences.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Health professionals need to utilise appropriate delivery modes and include information relevant to younger people when providing education information to young adults with type 2 diabetes.