bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Undergraduate Students’ Perceptions of the Mathematics Courses Included in the Primary School Teacher Education Program
Authors: Serin Mehmet Koray , Incikabi Semahat
Published: October 2017

Mathematics educators have reported on many issues regarding students’ mathematical education, particularly students who received mathematics education at different departments such as engineering, science or primary school, including their difficulties with mathematical concepts, their understanding of and preferences for mathematical concepts. This study aimed to investigate the opinions of primary-school teacher education students in terms of their perceptions of difficulty level of the mathematics courses, change in their achievement, if there is any, and interest in mathematics after completing these courses, and factors affecting their achievement and interest level in these courses. Being qualitative in nature, this study was a case study. The data were analyzed using the content analysis and descriptive methods. According to the results, most students stated that they faced mathematics course content with unexpected level of difficulty. After taking basic mathematics courses, the percentage of students with decreased level of interest and achievement in mathematics was found higher than the students who experienced an increase in their interest and achievement. Students underlined such significant factors for the change of their interest and achievement in mathematics as prior knowledge, lecturer(s), and content coverage. Finally, most of the students viewed mathematics courses as a beneficiary tool for their professional development.
Instrumented cervical spinal fusions in children: Indications and outcomes
Authors: Lastikka M. , Aarnio J. , Helenius I.
Published: October 2017

Purpose

To report indications, outcomes and complications of instrumented cervical spinal fusion in a consecutive series of children at major university hospitals.

Methods

A retrospective, single surgeon series identified 35 consecutive children with a mean follow-up (FU) of 2.5 years undergoing instrumented cervical spinal fusion between 2005 and 2015.

Results

The main indications were skeletal dysplasia and trauma associated cervical instability. Surgical complications were observed in 12 (34%) patients with multiple complications in four (11%). Four (11%) children required at least one revision surgery, three for nonunion and one for graft dislodgement. All were fused at FU. Surgical complications were more common in children undergoing occipitocervical (OC) fusion than in those avoiding fusion of the OC junction (60% versus 24%) (p = 0.043). Complications were found significantly more in children operated on under the age of ten years than above (50% versus 18%) (p = 0.004). The risk of complications was not dependent on the indications for surgery (skeletal dysplasia versus trauma) (p = 0.177),

Conclusion

Skeletal dysplasia associated cervical instability and cervical spine injuries represented the most common indications for instrumented cervical spinal fusion in children. Complications were observed in one-third of these children and 11% required revision surgery for complications. OC spinal fusion and spinal fusion before the age of ten years are associated with higher risk of surgical complications and increased mortality than non-OC fusions and cervical spinal fusions at an older age. We urge surgeons to employ caution to the patient, timing and procedure selection when treating paediatric cervical spine.
Book Reviews
Authors: Fernández Álvaro , Navitski Rielle , Thau Eric M.
Published: October 2017

Cuban Cinema After the Cold War, Enrique García (2015) Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 222 pp., ISBN: 9780786499106, p/bk and e-book, $40

Sumergido: Cine Alternativo Cubano/Submerged: Alternative Cuban Cinema, Luis Duno-Gottberg and Michael J. Horswell (2013) Houston: Literal Publishing, 176 pp., ISBN: 9780977028771, p/bk, $19.95

The Hispanic Image in Hollywood: A Postcolonial Approach, Jorge Barrueto (2013) New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 210 pp., ISBN: 9781433117572, h/bk, $84.95
The immunogenicity and safety of the new, Indonesian DTwP-HB-Hib vaccine compared to the DTwP/HB vaccine given with the Hib vaccine
Authors: Bachtiar Novilia Sjafri , Rusmil Kusnandi , Sudigdoadi Sunarjati , Kartasasmita Cissy B , Hadyana Hadyana
Published: October 2017

Background Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) causes infection with predominant manifestations of pneumonia, meningitis, and other invasive diseases, occurring primarily in children aged under 2 years, particularly in infants.  The World Health Organization (WHO) and Indonesian Technical Advisory Group for Immunization recommend to include the Hib vaccine into the national immunization program. The newly developed DTwP-HB-Hib combination vaccine is anticipated to be the preferred choice for Hib vaccine introduction; it is efficient, simple, and has higher coverage.Objective To evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of a new, combined Bio Farma DTwP-HB-Hib vaccine, compared to the registered Hib monovalent vaccine given simultaneously with the local DTwP-HB vaccine, when used as the primary vaccination of Indonesian infants.Methods A prospective, randomized, open-label, phase II study was conducted on the DTwP-HB-Hib vaccine compared to the Hib (registered) vaccine given simultaneously with the DTwP-HB vaccine, in Bandung from July 2011 to January 2012. Infants were serially vaccinated at 6-11, 10-15, and 14-19 weeks. Serological assessments were done prior to the first vaccine dose and 28 days after the third dose. Safety was assessed from the time of first injection until 1 month after the last injection.Results Of 220 healthy infants enrolled, 211 completed the study, with 105 receiving the combined vaccine and 106 the two separate vaccines. All vaccines were well tolerated. No differences in rates of local and systemic reactions were seen between the two methods of administration. No serious adverse events were considered to be related to the vaccines. In the DTwP-HB-Hib primary-vaccination group, at least 98% of the infants reached protective levels of antibodies (seropositivity) against the antigens employed in the vaccines while 96% in the control group.Conclusion The DTwP-HB-Hib combined vaccine is immunogenic and safe, as well as comparable to the Hib vaccine given simultaneously with to the DTwP-HB vaccine.
Waist circumference and insulin levels in obese children
Authors: Cempaka Vina Paramitha , Sidiartha I Gusti Lanang
Published: October 2017

Background Childhood obesity is one of the most serious public health challenges of the 21st century. Its prevalence has increased at an alarming rate. Overweight and obese children are prone to obesity in adulthood and to developing non-communicable diseases (NCDs) like diabetes and cardiovascular diseases at a younger age. Increased waist circumference has been shown to contribute to the risk of metabolic syndrome in obese adults.Objective To assess for a correlation between waist circumference and insulin level in obese children.Methods In this cross-sectional study, obese children aged 6-10 years were included by consecutive sampling. We excluded children with infectious disease, malignancy, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, or those who had not fasted before the blood draw. Subjects underwent waist circumference and fasting blood glucose measurements. Serum insulin levels were examined by enzyme-labeled chemiluminescent immunometric assay,after subjects had fasted for 10-14 hours. Data were analyzed by correlation analysis.Results Subjects had a mean waist circumference of 80.2 cm (SD 7.2) and mean insulin level of 10.70 (SD 7.5). µIU/mL Pearson’s correlation test revealed a significant, moderately positive correlation between waist circumference and elevated insulin level (r=0.45; P=0.006).Conclusion Waist circumference and insulin level have a significant, moderate, positive correlation in obese children. As such, waist circumference may be a simple method for early detection of hyperinsulinemia, as a risk factor for metabolic syndrome.
Social Representation of Community Therapy in Patients of a Psychosocial Care Center in South Ceará
Authors: Oliveira Sidney Medeiros de , Alexandre Lucimara Araújo Campos , Rodrigues Francisco De Carvalho , Rocha Hidemburgo Gonçalves
Published: October 2017

The decentralization of health care in Brazil, which occurred in the last years since the 1988 constitution, has promoted changes in the mental health care sector. Some proposals for reform in the sector, such as the deactivation of psychiatric hospitals, were implemented. In place of the old asylums, new centers of mental health care emerged, with coexistence in open centers and use of multidisciplinary therapy. Today, the Psychosocial Care Centers called CAPS are already part of the reality of several cities in the country. In Ceará, there were several CAPS in the capital and the interior. In this context of changes also appeared a new therapeutic modality the Community Therapy - TC, implemented by professor Adalberto Barreto, first developed in Fortaleza in Quatro Varas Community, initiating a different approach of attention to mental health. In it the participants help themselves in overcoming their problems, improving their self-esteem and facilitating their return to social life. Our research was carried out with users of the CAPS in South Ceará area, aiming to study the influence of Community Therapy on the treatment of patients. The research was of qualitative character through interviews with users of the CAPS, participants of the Community Therapy. Conclusion: Community Therapy was perceived as positive, a contribution to emotional health. Socialization (environment of meeting with friends, a place of dialogue, where people are willing to listen, moment of fraternization) and a Ressignification (solution of a problem, development, a mental path, attitudes of sad people are softened) of the needs of its users.
Early European Colonial Rule on the African Red Sea Littoral
Authors: Serels Steven
Published: October 2017

This article proposes a new periodization of European colonial rule on the African Red Sea Littoral (ARSL). The ARSL is the arid and semi-arid region between the Red Sea and the Sudanese Nile and the Ethiopian/Eritrean highlands. The region is now divided among Sudan, Eritrea, and Djibouti. However, historically the ARSL was claimed by numerous pastoralist tribes and clans, including the Hadendowa, Bisharin, Amarar, Beni Amer, Habab, and Afar. This article demonstrates that the process of rendering these pastoralists into British, French, or Italian colonial subjects-i.e., of establishing European colonial rule-took decades. Though colonial officials laid their claims to the region at the end of the nineteenth century, it was not until the 1920s and 1930s that they began to exert meaningful forms of colonial control over these pastoralist communities. This article argues that this period of early colonial rule should be treated diffferently from the period of high colonial rule that follows. During the early period, the balance of power on the ground had not yet tipped in the favor of colonial officials. Though these officials were part of large imperial networks, they were not able to efffectively mobilize these networks to get access to the resources they needed to establish efffective administrations. At the same time, these officials did not command local resources, which, in general, remained in the hands of the local communities that continued to mobilize them to their advantage. These communities progressively lost access to the resources that allowed them to hold the colonial state at bay. In the case of the ARSL, this loss was only partially the result of actions taken by the emerging colonial state. Rather, the leading cause was the introduction of rinderpest, a disease that killed up to 90 percent of infected cattle in virgin herds. Following the initial epizootic impoverishment of the region, continuing poverty over time robbed pastoralists of their ability to protect themselves from adverse environmental conditions such as droughts. During the first third of the twentieth century, pastoralists were plagued by repeated famines that left them with no choice but to submit to the colonial state and gain access to the limited colonial food aid programs. This submission marks the end of early European colonial rule.
Morální distres učitelů – skrytý problém
Authors: Mareš Jiří
Published: October 2017

Abstrakt: Přehledová studie se věnuje morální dimenzi učitelovy pedagogické činnosti. Text se soustřeďuje na ty kritické situace ve škole, které jsou vyvolány sociálními tlaky na učitele (ze strany nadřízených orgánů, komunity, vedení školy, členů učitelského sboru, rodičů apod.). Sociální tlaky staví učitele před morální dilemata a on je musí řešit. Musí se rozhodnout: buď se podvolí sociálnímu tlaku a přistoupí na rozhodnutí, s nímž vnitřně nesouhlasí, anebo riskuje, postaví se proti nátlaku a udělá to, co sám považuje za morálně správné. Celý výklad je strukturován do šesti částí. První část shrnuje dosavadní výzkumy etických aspektů činnosti učitelů v zahraničí i v České republice. Druhá část přibližuje základní pojmy typu morálka, etika, dilema. Třetí část rozebírá pojem kritická událost, neboť ta v řadě případů obsahuje etický konï¬ ikt, jehož výsledkem je morální distres učitele. Čtvrtá část charakterizuje klíčový pojem studie – morální distres â a přibližuje i obsah příbuzných pojmů. Výklad připomíná, že se distres mění v čase: rozlišuje prvotní morální distres a reaktivní morální distres, který nastupuje až s určitým odstupem. Přibližuje též model kumulování negativních dopadů distresu v čase, tj. narůstání morálních reziduí. Pátá část je věnována diagnostice morálního distresu u učitelů, zejména kvalitativnímu přístupu. Šestá část naznačuje možné intervenční postupy, které by mohly zmírnit či eliminovat morální distres u učitelů. Přehledová studie upozorňuje na skutečnost, že výzkumy morálního distresu u dvou pomáhajících profesí, které jsou si blízké, tj. učitelství a ošetřovatelství, probíhají zatím nezávisle. Přitom dopady zkoumaného jevu – morálního distresu – jsou obdobné: nespokojenost pracovníků v zaměstnání a zvažování odchodu na jiné pracoviště či odchodu z profese vůbec. Výzkumy u učitelů by se mohly inspirovat bádáním u zdravotnických pracovníků, zejména u zdravotních sester; to je totiž teoreticky i metodologicky pokročilejší.  Klíčová slova: učitel, škola, sociální tlaky, kritická událost, morální dilema, morální distres, diagnostika, intervenceKey words: teacher, school, social pressures, critical incident, moral dilemma, moral distress, assessment, intervention
Curriculum for Excellence: kurikulum založené na kompetencích a zkušenosti z jeho implementace
Authors: Holec Jakub , Dvořák Dominik
Published: October 2017

AbstraktDruh studie: Případová studie popisuje charakteristiky skotského kurikula všeobecného vzdělávání a vývoj za deset let od počátku kurikulární reformy.Hlavní téma: Skotské Curriculum for Excellence (CfE) je obecně považováno za modelový případ celosvětové proměny kurikulární praxe na počátku nového tisíciletí. Zdůrazněním obecných kompetencí, interdisciplinárního přístup a autonomie škol při dováření se podobá českým rámcovým vzdělávacím programům.Posloupnost výkladu: Jsou uvedena konceptuální východiska pro klasifikaci kurikula i odpovídající reformy a stručně je charakterizována metoda studie jedné země. Popisujeme vzdělávací systém Skotska, vznik nového kurikula, jeho strukturu, přijetí ve školách. Důraz klademe na vývoj kurikula a všeobecného školství od zahájení reformy a na současné diskuse i úpravy kurikulární politiky.Závěry: Skotská kurikulární reforma je odvážná a inovativní v celkových cílech, ale málo specifická v  jejich monitorování a naplňování. Současné úpravy stavějí do popředí základní gramotnosti i celkovou pohodu dětí a posilují roli externího hodnocení výsledků žáků a škol.Klíčová slova: kurikulum, Curriculum for Excellence, klíčové kompetence, kurikulární reforma, Skotsko
Adaptační období pro začínající učitele
Authors: Janík Tomáš , Wildová Radka , Uličná Klára , Minaříková Eva , Janík Miroslav , Jašková Jana , Šimůnková Barbora
Published: October 2017

Abstrakt: Předkládaná studie se soustředí na adaptační období pro začínající učitele jakožto příležitost pro podporu profesního rozvoje učitelů. Nejprve identifkuje výzvy, které se s tímto obdobím profesního života pojí, poté představuje zkušenosti z vybraných zemí, ve kterých je adaptační období realizováno, a nakonec diskutuje současné návrhy na implementaci adaptačního období pro začínající učitele v České republice. Se zázemím v řešení výzkumných projektů se tato studie pokouší jít vstříc současným aktivitám MŠMT spojeným se zaváděním kariérního systému pro pedagogické pracovníky a adaptačního období pro začínající učitele. Návrh novely zákona, který tyto systémové prvky podpory učitelů legislativně konstituuje, je v době vzniku tohoto textu projednáván na různých úrovních. Bude-li návrh schválen, otevírá se prostor pro dopracování a konkretizaci adaptačního období. V návaznosti na zahraniční zkušenosti a mezinárodní srovnávací studie se tento text pokusí identifkovat několik principů, jejichž naplnění se může jevit jako přínosné pro rozpracování adaptačního období. Tyto principy jsou spojeny s efektivností indukce pro začínající učitele. Klíčová slova: adaptační období, indukce, začínající učitel, karierní systém, profesionalizační kontinuum
Domain Specificity of Oculomotor Learning after Changes in Sensory Processing
Authors: Tsank Yuliy , Eckstein Miguel P.
Published: October 2017

Humans visually process the world with varying spatial resolution and can program their eye movements optimally to maximize information acquisition for a variety of everyday tasks. Diseases such as macular degeneration can change visual sensory processing, introducing central vision loss (a scotoma). However, humans can learn to direct a new preferred retinal location to regions of interest for simple visual tasks. Whether such learned compensatory saccades are optimal and generalize to more complex tasks, which require integrating information across a large area of the visual field, is not well understood. Here, we explore the possible effects of central vision loss on the optimal saccades during a face identification task, using a gaze-contingent simulated scotoma. We show that a new foveated ideal observer with a central scotoma correctly predicts that the human optimal point of fixation to identify faces shifts from just below the eyes to one that is at the tip of the nose and another at the top of the forehead. However, even after 5000 trials, humans of both sexes surprisingly do not change their initial fixations to adapt to the new optimal fixation points to faces. In contrast, saccades do change for tasks such as object following and to a lesser extent during search. Our findings argue against a central brain motor-compensatory mechanism that generalizes across tasks. They instead suggest task specificity in the learning of oculomotor plans in response to changes in front-end sensory processing and the possibility of separate domain-specific representations of learned oculomotor plans in the brain.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe mechanism by which humans adapt eye movements in response to central vision loss is still not well understood and carries importance for gaining a fundamental understanding of brain plasticity. We show that although humans adapt their eye movements for simpler tasks such as object following and search, these adaptations do not generalize to more complex tasks such as face identification. We provide the first computational model to predict where humans with central vision loss should direct their eye movements in face identification tasks, which could become a critical tool in making patient-specific recommendations. Based on these results, we suggest a novel theory for oculomotor learning: a distributed representation of learned eye-movement plans represented in domain-specific areas of the brain.
Ablation of TFR1 in Purkinje Cells Inhibits mGlu1 Trafficking and Impairs Motor Coordination, But Not Autistic-Like Behaviors
Authors: Zhou Jia-Huan , Wang Xin-Tai , Zhou Liang , Zhou Lin , Xu Fang-Xiao , Su Li-Da , Wang Hao , Jia Fan , Xu Fu-Qiang , Chen Gui-Quan , De Zeeuw Chris I. , Shen Ying
Published: October 2017

Group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu1/5s) are critical to synapse formation and participate in synaptic LTP and LTD in the brain. mGlu1/5 signaling alterations have been documented in cognitive impairment, neurodegenerative disorders, and psychiatric diseases, but underlying mechanisms for its modulation are not clear. Here, we report that transferrin receptor 1 (TFR1), a transmembrane protein of the clathrin complex, modulates the trafficking of mGlu1 in cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) from male mice. We show that conditional knock-out of TFR1 in PCs does not affect the cytoarchitecture of PCs, but reduces mGlu1 expression at synapses. This regulation by TFR1 acts in concert with that by Rab8 and Rab11, which modulate the internalization and recycling of mGlu1, respectively. TFR1 can bind to Rab proteins and facilitate their expression at synapses. PC ablation of TFR1 inhibits parallel fiber–PC LTD, whereas parallel fiber–LTP and PC intrinsic excitability are not affected. Finally, we demonstrate that PC ablation of TFR1 impairs motor coordination, but does not affect social behaviors in mice. Together, these findings underscore the importance of TFR1 in regulating mGlu1 trafficking and suggest that mGlu1- and mGlu1-dependent parallel fiber–LTD are associated with regulation of motor coordination, but not autistic behaviors.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTGroup 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGlu1/5) signaling alterations have been documented in cognitive impairment, neurodegenerative disorders, and psychiatric diseases. Recent work suggests that altered mGlu1 signaling in Purkinje cells (PCs) may be involved in not only motor learning, but also autistic-like behaviors. We find that conditional knock-out of transferrin receptor 1 (TFR1) in PCs reduces synaptic mGlu1 by tethering Rab8 and Rab11 in the cytosol. PC ablation of TFR1 inhibits parallel fiber–PC LTD, whereas parallel fiber–PC LTP and PC intrinsic excitability are intact. Motor coordination is impaired, but social behaviors are normal in TFR1flox/flox;pCP2-cre mice. Our data reveal a new regulator for trafficking and synaptic expression of mGlu1 and suggest that mGlu1-dependent LTD is associated with motor coordination, but not autistic-like behaviors.
Pathological Tau Strains from Human Brains Recapitulate the Diversity of Tauopathies in Nontransgenic Mouse Brain
Authors: Narasimhan Sneha , Guo Jing L. , Changolkar Lakshmi , Stieber Anna , McBride Jennifer D. , Silva Luisa V. , He Zhuohao , Zhang Bin , Gathagan Ronald J. , Trojanowski John Q. , Lee Virginia M.Y.
Published: October 2017

Pathological tau aggregates occur in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative tauopathies. It is not clearly understood why tauopathies vary greatly in the neuroanatomical and histopathological patterns of tau aggregation, which contribute to clinical heterogeneity in these disorders. Recent studies have shown that tau aggregates may form distinct structural conformations, known as tau strains. Here, we developed a novel model to test the hypothesis that cell-to-cell transmission of different tau strains occurs in nontransgenic (non-Tg) mice, and to investigate whether there are strain-specific differences in the pattern of tau transmission. By injecting pathological tau extracted from postmortem brains of AD (AD-tau), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP-tau), and corticobasal degeneration (CBD-tau) patients into different brain regions of female non-Tg mice, we demonstrated the induction and propagation of endogenous mouse tau aggregates. Specifically, we identified differences in tau strain potency between AD-tau, CBD-tau, and PSP-tau in non-Tg mice. Moreover, differences in cell-type specificity of tau aggregate transmission were observed between tau strains such that only PSP-tau and CBD-tau strains induce astroglial and oligodendroglial tau inclusions, recapitulating the diversity of neuropathology in human tauopathies. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the neuronal connectome, but not the tau strain, determines which brain regions develop tau pathology. Finally, CBD-tau- and PSP-tau-injected mice showed spatiotemporal transmission of glial tau pathology, suggesting glial tau transmission contributes to the progression of tauopathies. Together, our data suggest that different tau strains determine seeding potency and cell-type specificity of tau aggregation that underlie the diversity of human tauopathies.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTTauopathies show great clinical and neuropathological heterogeneity, despite the fact that tau aggregates in each disease. This heterogeneity could be due to tau aggregates forming distinct structural conformations, or strains. We now report the development of a sporadic tauopathy model to study human tau strains by intracerebrally injecting nontransgenic mice with pathological tau enriched from human tauopathy brains. We show human tau strains seed different types and cellular distributions of tau neuropathology in our model that recapitulate the heterogeneity seen in these human diseases.
Ontogeny of Circadian Rhythms and Synchrony in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
Authors: Carmona-Alcocer Vania , Abel John H. , Sun Tao C. , Petzold Linda R. , Doyle Francis J. , Simms Carrie L. , Herzog Erik D.
Published: October 2017

In mammals, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus coordinates daily rhythms including sleep–wake, hormone release, and gene expression. The cells of the SCN must synchronize to each other to drive these circadian rhythms in the rest of the body. The ontogeny of circadian cycling and intercellular coupling in the SCN remains poorly understood. Recentin vitrostudies have recorded circadian rhythms from the whole embryonic SCN. Here, we tracked the onset and precision of rhythms in PERIOD2 (PER2), a clock protein, within the SCN isolated from embryonic and postnatal mice of undetermined sex. We found that a few SCN cells developed circadian periodicity in PER2 by 14.5 d after mating (E14.5) with no evidence for daily cycling on E13.5. On E15.5, the fraction of competent oscillators increased dramatically corresponding with stabilization of their circadian periods. The cells of the SCN harvested at E15.5 expressed sustained, synchronous daily rhythms. By postnatal day 2 (P2), SCN oscillators displayed the daily, dorsal-ventral phase wave in clock gene expression typical of the adult SCN. Strikingly, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), a neuropeptide critical for synchrony in the adult SCN, and its receptor, VPAC2R, reached detectable levels after birth and after the onset of circadian synchrony. Antagonists of GABA or VIP signaling or action potentials did not disrupt circadian synchrony in the E15.5 SCN. We conclude that endogenous daily rhythms in the fetal SCN begin with few noisy oscillators on E14.5, followed by widespread oscillations that rapidly synchronize on E15.5 by an unknown mechanism.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe recorded the onset of PER2 circadian oscillations during embryonic development in the mouse SCN. When isolated at E13.5, the anlagen of the SCN expresses high, arrhythmic PER2. In contrast, a few cells show noisy circadian rhythms in the isolated E14.5 SCN and most show reliable, self-sustained, synchronized rhythms in the E15.5 SCN. Strikingly, this synchrony at E15.5 appears before expression of VIP or its receptor and persists in the presence of blockers of VIP, GABA or neuronal firing. Finally, the dorsal-ventral phase wave of PER2 typical of the adult SCN appears ∼P2, indicating that multiple signals may mediate circadian synchrony during the ontogeny of the SCN.
Heterogeneous Patterns of Genetic Diversity and Differentiation in European and Siberian Chiffchaff (Phylloscopus collybita abietinus/P. tristis)
Authors: Talla Venkat , Kalsoom Faheema , Shipilina Daria , Marova Irina , Backström Niclas
Published: October 2017

Identification of candidate genes for trait variation in diverging lineages and characterization of mechanistic underpinnings of genome differentiation are key steps toward understanding the processes underlying the formation of new species. Hybrid zones provide a valuable resource for such investigations, since they allow us to study how genomes evolve as species exchange genetic material and to associate particular genetic regions with phenotypic traits of interest. Here, we use whole-genome resequencing of both allopatric and hybridizing populations of the European (Phylloscopus collybita abietinus) and the Siberian chiffchaff (P. tristis)—two recently diverged species which differ in morphology, plumage, song, habitat, and migration—to quantify the regional variation in genome-wide genetic diversity and differentiation, and to identify candidate regions for trait variation. We find that the levels of diversity, differentiation, and divergence are highly heterogeneous, with significantly reduced global differentiation, and more pronounced differentiation peaks in sympatry than in allopatry. This pattern is consistent with regional differences in effective population size and recurrent background selection or selective sweeps reducing the genetic diversity in specific regions prior to lineage divergence, but the data also suggest that postdivergence selection has resulted in increased differentiation and fixed differences in specific regions. We find that hybridization and backcrossing is common in sympatry, and that phenotype is a poor predictor of the genomic composition of sympatric birds. The combination of a differentiation scan approach with identification of fixed differences pinpoint a handful of candidate regions that might be important for trait variation between the two species.
Conversation with Maria Power, University of Liverpool
Authors: Hrynkow Christopher , Power Maria
Published: October 2017

In the Exchanges, we present conversations with scholars and practitioners of community engagement, responses to previously published material, and other reflections on various aspects of community-engaged scholarship meant to provoke further dialogue and discussion. In this issue Christopher Hrynkow talks to Maria C. Power about her community-based research and her vision for engaged scholarship as undertaken by religious historians. Dr. Maria Power, PhD (History, Royal Holloway), is a lecturer in Religion and Peace Building at the Institute of Irish Studies, University of Liverpool. Her research focuses on the relationship of faith to politics, especially in areas of conflict, and the role that religious organisations play in peacebuilding
Novas experiências, outros significados: repensando o trabalho no comércio popular
Authors: Rangel Felipe
Published: October 2017

En el artículo, tengo como propósito principal discutir las transformaciones del trabajo en el comercio popular en São Paulo, llevando en cuenta las recientes políticas de formalización y transición de estas actividades de las calles para las galerías. Busco discutir los efectos de estas transformaciones desde trayectorias sociales de trabajadores, demarcadas por nuevas experiencias de trabajo en el comercio popular y nuevos significados dados a la ocupación. En el contexto actual, podemos considerar que los análisis que explican el comprometimiento en el comercio popular como reacción provisoria a la experiencia del desempleo parecen insuficientes, puesto que observamos la introducción de gran contingente de trabajadores a estas ocupaciones con expectativas de permanencia y ascensión social. Además, la circulación del discurso emprendedor también amerita atención cuando se intenta comprender los nuevos sentidos del trabajo en estos mercados populares. El texto está fundamentado en investigación realizada por dos años junto a trabajadores comprometidos en el comercio popular en la ciudad de São Paulo. Metodológicamente, la investigación se constituye en observación del trabajo en galerías comerciales en el barrio del Brás, en conjunto con la realización de entrevistas que  objetivaron recuperar las trayectorias sociales de los agentes. El artículo está organizado de modo a que primero se presenten el objeto y el espacio de la investigación; luego, se presentan dos trayectorias de trabajadores entrevistados; de ahí, se desarrolla una reflexión acerca de una posible transición de lo que quedó conocido como ética del trabajo, muy relacionada a la lógica salarial, a una ética del trabajador, del saber trabajar, en que se celebra la capacidad de lograr éxito aun en un ambiente de inseguridad e instabilidad.
El efecto espejo: sexo, género y cuidado en las trayectorias profesionales y las jerarquías morales y laborales de la antropología en Colombia
Authors: Zambrano Escovar Marta , Durán Urrea Margarita María
Published: October 2017

Este artículo estudia las dimensiones de género, sexo y cuidado en los campos de desempeño y en la configuración de las trayectorias laborales de profesionales que se graduaron de la carrera de Antropología en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, entre 1985 y el 2010. Se basa en una investigación cualitativa con perspectiva biográfica, etnográfica e histórica cuyo núcleo empírico fueron 35 entrevistas (34 en profundidad y una grupal) con dieciocho mujeres y diecinueve hombres que fueron seleccionados según una muestra conceptual que cruzó tres periodos de graduación (1985-1991; 1992-2005 y 2006-2010), procedencia geográfica, origen socioeconómico, sexo, generación, edad, estado civil y campo de desempeño profesional. En este trabajo se analizó la manera como las obligaciones con la familia de origen, la parentela y la prole, así como el cuidado de sí, han motivado pausas en la formación o postergación de la titulación y determinado diferencias sobre las opciones laborales y de contratación según el sexo de las personas entrevistadas. Con base en lo anterior, se puede concluir que las representaciones y prácticas de género en el campo profesional, de la ciencia y la técnica han modulado las asimetrías en las trayectorias laborales de las antropólogas y los antropólogos que fueron entrevistados, así como las de sus pares. El texto explora, además, cómo su devenir profesional ha estado a la vez marcado por condiciones del trabajo y contratación dispares y muchas veces precarias. Finalmente, este artículo propone —y muestra— que el cruce analítico de las categorías género, ética del cuidado y trabajos del cuidado arroja luces y contribuye al entendimiento de las particularidades del ejercicio y orientación de la antropología en Colombia, ya reseñadas y analizadas por la literatura académica disponible. Esto se logra mediante el análisis de la cultura de pares que ha caracterizado a esta disciplina y el choque entre jerarquías laborales y morales que ha regido sus campos de desempeño profesional.
Homenaje a cuatro pioneros de la sociología del trabajo en Colombia.
Authors: Valero Julio Edgar Augusto
Published: October 2017

Los escritos que componen esta compilación biográfica fueron leídos por sus autores el 1. ° de septiembre del 2015 en el evento preparatorio del VIII Congreso Latinoamericano de Estudios del Trabajo, que se realizó en agosto del 2015 en Buenos Aires. Se trataba de hacer un reconocimiento a Alberto Mayor Mora, Anita Weiss, Julio Puig y Fernando Urrea, exponentes de nuestra disciplina, quienes mediante una variada gama de actividades intelectuales —entre las que se encuentran en diferente medida la docencia, la investigación, la consultoría y el activismo social— realizaron tempranas contribuciones y mantuvieron un aplicado esfuerzo que permitió deslindar un campo de estudios dentro de la sociología. Estas actividades empezaron en el Departamento de Sociología de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, en la década de los sesenta, por la misma época en que Ralf Dahrendorf, en su manual Sociología de la industria y de la empresa, definía la manera en que el tratamiento de ciertos temas llegaba a configurar una sociología especial. Sea que las temáticas relativas al trabajo y las relaciones laborales, se entiendan como especialidad, línea de profundización o subcampo de estudio, lo destacable es que los estudiosos aquí exaltados, con sus esfuerzos, y a través de diferentes caminos, búsquedas, experiencias y prácticas, ayudaron a establecer en el país un área de estudios que en la actualidad tiene plena vigencia y expresión en manuales, revistas, eventos y redes de estudiosos a nivel latinoamericano.
Forms and Meanings of Respect: Aging Mothers and Adult Daughters with Mental Illness
Authors: Chadiha Letha A. , Ingersoll-Dayton Berit , Dunkle Ruth E. , Balestrery Jean E.
Published: October 2017

This qualitative study explores the perspectives of aging mothers to understand the ways in which respect is experienced in relationships involving aging mothers and adult daughters with mental illness. Data came from audiotaped personal interviews with a purposive sample of 21 mothers (ages 52–90) of adult daughters with a serious mental illness. An interpretative phenomenological approach was used to analyze transcripts and identify the forms of respect described by aging mothers. Aging mothers and their daughters with mental illness experience multiple forms of respect; however, the meanings of respect vary by generation. These findings have practice, educational, and research implications for social workers serving aging families dealing with mental illness.
Financial Therapy with Families
Authors: Smith Thomas E. , Richards Kristin V. , Panisch Lisa S. , Wilson Thomas
Published: October 2017

A manualized form of financial therapy for families is proposed to decrease tensions caused by conflict arising on family members' understanding of money. When used with families, financial therapy goes beyond financial education by addressing individual behaviors and attitudes toward personal finance within the dynamics of a family system. To address a therapist's lack of formal training in family systems and/or financial therapy, a manualized form of financial therapy is introduced. A case example is presented to illustrate the benefits of this approach. This article demonstrates that therapists can use a manualized format of financial therapy for families to promote positive changes in a family's dynamics and behaviors in regards to finances.
Effect of the grouted tied back-to-back system on the stability of railway embankments
Authors: Sabermahani Mohsen , Esmaeili Morteza , Neyestanaki Hossein Kalantar
Published: October 2017

In this study, the effect of grouting on tied back-to-back system for railway embankments stabilisation was investigated using numerical and experimental approaches. For this purpose, a series of 1 g small-scale physical modelling of 10 m embankments was conducted on the scale of 1:20 with the side slope of 1:1 in three various conditions. First is the embankment without a reinforcement system, second is the embankment with tied back-to-back system and the last embankment was constructed with grouted tied back-to-back system. After the construction of embankments, they were uniformly loaded at the crest. In order to build the embankment with grouted tied back-to-back system, a series of laboratory grouting tests were conducted to achieve the most appropriate grounding approach. Comparing the results illustrated that in embankment with tied back-to-back system, the failure load has increased by 57% compared to the embankment without tie, while this value has obtained about 93% in the embankment reinforced with grouted tied back-to-back. Afterwards, a validated three-dimensional finite element model was developed with experimental data using ABAQUS software. Subsequently, a sensitivity analysis was conducted on grouted zone parameters of 10 and 20 m embankments such as diameter and mechanical properties.
Planned built environments and city transformation: urban design in Montreal, 1956–2015
Authors: Racine François
Published: October 2017

Research on Canadian urbanism and, in particular, Canadian urban design, despite some notable exceptions, are relatively limited. This paper explains from an urban form perspective, the practice of urban design in Montreal from the mid-twentieth century onwards. The paper seeks to interpret the development of urban design practice by studying three representative urban projects built over the past six decades. These projects are used to illustrate the different design strategies adopted, to understand how urban design ideology/ideas have evolved over time and how they have influenced the transformation of the spatial organisation, form, and aesthetics of the city. The principal theoretical and methodological contributions aim to develop a typomorphological framework to study and understand the physical–spatial mode of organisation of planned built environments and to study their relationship to urban form. Although the political, economical and design frameworks in Montreal and Canada may be different, these are valid cases to define an approach applicable to other contexts. The objective is to develop tools to help designers and local authorities establish a dialogue between new built environments and the historical fabric of the city and to increase the spatial and morphological integration of new urban areas to its contextual urban fabric.
Solidarity beyond the grave: Yielding organs in a Nordic welfare state
Authors: Ådahl Susanne
Published: October 2017

According to a survey carried out in 2009, Finnish citizens are exceptionally willing to donate their organs after death, an attitude that paved the way for a 2010 amendment to the Tissue Law that introduced an ‘opt-out’ consent policy. Reactions to the l
‘Silent mentors’: Donation, education, and bodies in Taiwan
Authors: Douglas-Jones Rachel
Published: October 2017

Unlike cadaver donation in the West, which has to a large degree maintained the anonymity of the body used to teach medical students, the Taiwanese Tzu Chi Buddhist Silent Mentor programme at the centre of this article foregrounds the identity of the trai
Nanoemulsion preparation v1
Authors: Khumpirapang Nattakanwadee , Okonogi Siriporn
Published: October 2017

This protocol demonstrates the preparation of Alpinia galanga oil nanoemulsion composed of water, surfactant (Tween 20, Tween 80, and Triton X-100), and the essential oil (active pharmaceutical compound; Alpinia galanga oil).
Characterizing Biodiversity Data Leaks v1
Authors: Townsend Peterson A. , Asase Alex , L. Canhos Dora , de Souza Sidnei , Wieczorek John
Published: October 2017

Biodiversity data exist in large quantities, which is a boon to biodiversity science. In spite of large numbers of data records being available, however, the proportion of those records that is readily usable for science applications is quite small. The difference between the full number of data records existingversusthe records that are ready for use is the result of what we call "leakage" of data, in the form of steps that have not been takenor errors that remove the utility of the data. In this contribution, we explore several large-scale biodiversity data sets in terms of why they contain data records that are or are not ready for use.
Masculinity and Rhythmic Gymnastics. An Exploration on the Transgression of Gender Order in Sport
Authors: Piedra Joaquín
Published: October 2017

Patriarchal dominance in our Western society has oppressed not only women but it has also isolated many men who did not comply with hegemonic masculinity patterns. The aim of this study is to know and analyse the experiences of a group of boys who practise rhythmic gymnastics, traditionally linked to the feminine reality. Within this interpretative paradigm, eight interviews has been done to gymnasts (8-19 years old), who practise rhythmic gymnastics in a competitive or amateur level. The boys express the familiar support that they have had when deciding to practise a traditionally feminine sport. However, many gymnasts have been insulted or mocked by other boys. Therefore, it is important to work with families in order to eliminate stereotypes and prejudices in this masculine discipline in the future. Similarly, rhythmic gymnastics must be promoted among boys, since a higher presence of boys in clubs would ease their reception among girls.
Association between internalized homophobia and mental health indicators in LGBT individuals in Mexico City
Authors: Lozano-Verduzco Ignacio ,   Área Académica 3, Universidad Pedagógica Nacional, Ciudad de México, México.,   ActúaDF, A.C., Ciudad de México, México., Fernández-Niño Julián Alfredo , Baruch-Domínguez Ricardo ,   Departamento de Salud Pública, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia.,   Escuela de Salud Pública de México, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Morelos, México.
Published: October 2017

Introduction. Mental health can be affected by social determinants, including discrimination and marginalization due to systems of oppression, such as heteronormativity. Objective. To analyze the association between internalized homophobia, homophobic violence, discrimination and community connectedness and alcohol use and depressive symptoms in LGBT individuals. Method. Cross-sectional study in which validated instruments for each variable were applied to a non-probabilistic and intentional sample of 2 846 LGBT individuals through face-to-face questioning during the Sexual Diversity and Pride Parade in Mexico City 2015 and by means of a digital survey tool. Binomial regression models were used to analyze associations between variables. Results. Homophobic discrimination and violence, as well as low community connectedness, positively related to depressive symptoms and alcohol use. Discussion and conclusion. Difficulties in the mental health of LGBT individuals are associated with sociocultural and internalized homophobia. Eradicating and minimizing homophobia would be useful to improve LGBT’s mental health.
Morphological and Mineralogical Characterization of Coastal Soil Samples of Kanyakumari District by FT-IR, XRD, SEM/EDAX
Authors: Sajitha S.S. , Metilda P. , Jenin G. Aldous
Published: October 2017

Qualitative analysis was carried out to determine the major and minor constituent minerals present incoastal soil samples collected from west cost of Kanyakumari District, Tamilnadu by FT-IR, XRD andSEM/EDAX techniques. From the IR absorption band and the locations of the different peaks, theminerals were identified with the available literature. In addition to the band positions, the sharpness ofbands was helpful in the identification of mineral components. Identification and estimation ofmineralogical composition were carried out by XRD. XRD technique to yield more information about theminerals. FT-IR and XRD methods were non destructive and can be used in the identification ofmineralogical composition. SEM analysis showed the coastal soil samples have different morphologicalstructures like spherical (Al-Si-O), tubular (Si-O), triangular (Fe-Al-Si-O), platy (Ca-Si-O), nearlyspherical (Fe-Ti-O) and irregular (Ca-Al-Si-O) shapes. Elemental analysis (EDAX) confirmed thepresence of silicon in large quantities than the other oxides such as Al, Ca, Fe and Ti.