bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Species identification ofWickerhamomyces anomalusand related taxa usingβ‐tubulin(β‐tub) DNA barcode marker
Authors: Huang Chien‐Hsun , Chang Mu‐Tzu , Huang Lina
Published: October 2012

Wickerhamomyces anomalusis used in food and feed processing, although the species has been reported as an opportunistic human pathogen, predominantly in neonates. Neither phenotypic nor the most frequently applied genotypic marker (D1/D2 LSUribosomal DNA) provide sufficient resolution for accurate identification of this yeast. In this study, theβ‐tubulin gene was used for species identification by direct DNA sequencing and as marker in a species‐specific PCR assay. The results showed that all examinedW.anomalusstrains were clearly distinguished from the closely related species by comparative sequence analysis of theβ‐tubulin gene. In addition, the species‐specific primers were also developed based on theβ‐tubulin gene, which was employed for polymerase chain reaction with the template DNA ofWickerhamomycesstrains. A single 218 bp species‐specific band was found only inW.anomalus. Our data indicate that the phylogenetic relationships between these strains are easily resolved by sequencing of theβ‐tubulin gene and combined with species‐specific PCR assay. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exoglucanase‐encoding genes from three Wickerhamomyces anomalus killer strains isolated from olive brine
Authors: Muccilli Serena , Wemhoff Sabrina , Restuccia Cristina , Meinhardt Friedhelm
Published: October 2012

Wickerhamomyces anomalus killer strains are important for fighting pathogenic yeasts and for controlling harmful yeasts and bacteria in the food industry. Targeted disruption of key genes in β‐glucan synthesis of a sensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain conferred resistance to the toxins of W. anomalus strains BS91, BCA15 and BCU24 isolated from olive brine. Competitive inhibition of the killing activities by laminarin and pustulan refer to β‐1,3‐ and β‐1,6‐glucans as the main primary toxin targets. The extracellular exoglucanase‐encoding genes WaEXG1 and WaEXG2 from the three strains were sequenced and were found to display noticeable similarities to those from known potent W. anomalus killer strains. Accession Nos for WaEXG1 genes for the strains in brackets are JQ734563 (BS91), JQ734564 (BCA15) and JQ734565 (BCU24); for WaEXG2 genes JQ734566 (BS91), JQ734567 (BCA15) and JQ734568 (BCU24), respectively. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metastable de Sitter vacua in N = 2 to N = 1 truncated supergravity
Authors: Catino Francesca , Scrucca Claudio A. , Smyth Paul
Published: October 2012

Abstract

We study the possibility of achieving metastable de Sitter vacua in general N=2toN=1truncatedsupergravitieswithoutvectormultiplets,andcomparewiththe situations arising in N = 2 theories with only hypermultiplets and N = 1 theories with only chiral multiplets. In N = 2 theories based on a quaternionic manifold and a graviphoton gauging, de Sitter vacua are necessarily unstable, as a result of the peculiar properties of the geometry. In N = 1 theories based on a Kähler manifold and a superpotential, de Sitter vacua can instead be metastable provided the geometry satisfies some constraint and the superpotential can be freely adjusted. In N = 2 to N = 1 truncations, the crucial requirement is then that the tachyon of the mother theory be projected out from the daughter theory, so that the original unstable vacuum is projected to a metastable vacuum. We study the circumstances under which this may happen and derive general constraints for metastability on the geometry and the gauging. We then study in full detail the simplest case of quaternionic manifolds of dimension four with at least one isometry, for which there exists a general parametrization, and study two types of truncations defining Kähler submanifolds of dimension two. As an application, we finally discuss the case of the universal hypermultiplet of N = 2 superstrings and its truncations to the dilaton chiral multiplet of N = 1 superstrings. We argue that de Sitter vacua in such theories are necessarily unstable in weakly coupled situations, while they can in principle be metastable in strongly coupled regimes.
Minimally Invasive Partial Fasciectomy for Dupuytren's Contractures
Authors: Gelman Scott , Schlenker Robert , Bachoura Abdo , Jacoby Sidney M. , Lipman Jeffrey , Shin Eon K. , Culp Randall W.
Published: October 2012

Background

Numerous options exist for the treatment of Dupuytren's contracture. This study describes the technique and early results of partial fasciectomy through a mini-incision approach as an additional treatment option for Dupuytren's disease.

Methods

This procedure involves the excision of diseased Dupuytren's tissue with the use of multiple 1 cm transverse incisions. Patient demographics, digit involvement, the number of incisions required to release each digit, and complications were recorded for all patients. Range of motion data was obtained from a subgroup of patients that had at least 6 months of follow-up. A paired t test was used to compare preoperative and postoperative contracture.

Results

Sixty-seven patients underwent 75 procedures that involved 119 digits. The mean patient age at the time of surgery was 63 years (range, 33–95 years). A total of 32 digits (47 joints) were available for range of motion analysis. After a mean of 2.2 years following surgery, metacarpophalangeal joint contractures maintained correction (34° preoperatively, 19° postoperatively, p=0.008). After a mean postoperative duration of 2.0 years, proximal interphalangeal joint contractures trended worse than preoperative levels (39° preoperatively, 45° postoperatively, p=0.319). There was one major complication, which consisted of a nerve laceration that was identified and repaired intraoperatively.

Conclusions

Partial fasciectomy through the described mini-incision approach provides an additional surgical option for patients who desire a less invasive surgical procedure than traditional fascietomy. Although this procedure is safe and effective at achieving immediate cord release, maintenance of correction for proximal interphalangeal joint contractures remains problematic.
Hurricane Katrina as an Experiment in Housing Mobility and Neighborhood Effects: Were the Relocated Poor Black Evacuees Better-Off?
Authors: Price Gregory N.
Published: October 2012

Hurricane Katrina induced hundreds of thousands of New Orleans citizens to evacuate and relocate to different neighborhoods. Some of these evacuees moved to neighborhoods with poverty rates lower than the one they left in New Orleans. With survey data on a small sample of black Katrina evacuees who registered for absentee voter ballots, this paper explores whether or not there were improvements in the welfare of black evacuees— neighborhood effects—as a result of moving to neighborhoods with a lower poverty rate. With data from a small sample of relocated Katrina evacuees, we provide matching estimates of the short-run treatment effect of different types of changes in neighborhood poverty on five different measures of individual welfare. Treatment parameter estimates reveal—conditional upon the change in origin to destination neighborhood poverty rate—positive neighborhood effects mostly for black evacuees who did not move from high poverty to low poverty neighborhoods, but could have. Our results suggest that at least in the short-run, antipoverty policies based on housing mobility and changing the poverty characteristics of neighborhoods are not necessarily effective in improving the welfare of poor black households.
Declining Religious Authority? Confidence in the Leaders of Religious Organizations, 1973–2010
Authors: Hoffmann John P.
Published: October 2012

One view of secularization is that it can be conceived of as declining religious authority. Although studies conducted in the 1990s suggested that confidence in the leaders of religious organizations—a promising indicator of religious authority—decreased in the 1970s and 1980s, research has not examined recent trends. The goals of this study are to (1) examine trends in confidence using data from the early 1970s through 2010 and (2) use recent advances in age-period-cohort analysis to provide a more robust empirical examination of these trends. Using data from the cumulative General Social Surveys, 1973–2010, the results suggest that, even after considering age effects, period declines in confidence have continued, but declines by birth cohort were primarily among those born in the boomer and early post-boomer generations (roughly 1945–1970) relative to those born earlier (pre-1945) or later (post-1970). Moreover, these effects appear to be due mainly to differences in religious participation, especially among more recent cohorts. In particular, there has been a rebound in confidence among members of the younger generation who attend religious services.
From west to east; experience with adapting a curriculum in evidence-based medicine
Authors: Widyahening Indah S. , Van der Heijden Geert J. M. G. , Moy Foong Ming , Van der Graaf Yolanda , Sastroasmoro Sudigdo , Bulgiba Awang
Published: October 2012

Clinical epidemiology (CE) and evidence-based medicine (EBM) have become an important part of medical school curricula. This report describes the implementation and some preliminary outcomes of an integrated CE and EBM module in the Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia (UI), Jakarta and in the University of Malaya (UM) in Kuala Lumpur. A CE and EBM module, originally developed at the University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), was adapted for implementation in Jakarta and Kuala Lumpur. Before the start of the module, UI and UM staff followed a training of teachers (TOT). Student competencies were assessed through pre and post multiple-choice knowledge tests, an oral and written structured evidence summary (evidence-based case report, EBCR) as well as a written exam. All students also filled in a module evaluation questionnaire. The TOT was well received by staff in Jakarta and Kuala Lumpur and after adaptation the CE and EBM modules were integrated in both medical schools. The pre-test results of UI and UM were significantly lower than those of UMCU students (p < 0.001). The post test results of UMCU students were comparable (p = 0.48) with UI, but significantly different (p < 0.001) from UM. Common problems for the modules in both UI and UM were limited access to literature and variability of the tutors’ skills. Adoption and integration of an existing Western CE-EBM teaching module into Asian medical curricula is feasible while learning outcomes obtained are quite similar.
GAP‐43 dependency defines distinct effects of netrin‐1 on cortical and spinal neurite outgrowth and directional guidance
Authors: Shen Yiping , Meiri Karina
Published: October 2012

Growth‐associated protein‐43 (GAP‐43) is a major nervous system protein whose phosphorylation by protein kinase C regulates growth cone responses to extracellular guidance cues via F‐actin. GAP‐43 is essential for axon pathfinding in both cortical afferents and efferents: when it is genetically deleted, somatosensory, auditory and visual somatotopic maps fail to form, and telencephalic commissural axons fail to cross the midline. Here we investigated whether the midline guidance cue netrin‐1 depends on GAP‐43 for its functions in neurite growth and guidance. We used 3‐dimensional collagen gel co‐cultures to show that both endogenous netrin‐1, expressed by the spinal cord floor plate, and recombinant netrin‐1, expressed by transfected COS7 cells, stimulate neurite outgrowth and chemotropic guidance of neocortical callosal axons. In contrast both were significantly inhibited in GAP‐43 (−/−) neocortical callosal axons, mimicking the in vivo phenotype. Conversely, neither netrin‐1‐stimulated neurite outgrowth nor guidance of dorsal spinal cord commissure axons were affected when GAP‐43 was absent, again consistent with in vivo phenotype but suggesting fundamental differences in how neocortical and spinal cord axons respond to netrin‐1. In addition, differences in GAP‐43 dependency also distinguished how ventrolateral cortical efferents respond to netrin‐1: in contrast to callosal neurites, in which netrin‐1 required GAP‐43 in order to stimulate both outgrowth and guidance, in ventrolateral efferents, netrin‐1 required GAP‐43 only to stimulate outgrowth, but not guidance. Moreover, netrin‐1 increased the numbers of both types of cortical, but not spinal neurites. The results demonstrate previously unappreciated diversity in how different classes of neurons respond to the same guidance cue.
Constructive Effects of Engaging in Post-Event Processing in High and Low Socially Anxious Individuals
Authors: Makkar Steve R. , Grisham Jessica R.
Published: October 2012

Post-event processing (PEP), the act of engaging in a detailed, self-focused, and negative analysis of a prior social situation, has been hypothesised to contribute to the maintenance of social phobia (Clark & Wells, 1995). In light of this proposal, the present study investigated whether deliberate engagement in PEP as opposed to distraction following a speech task elicits unhelpful effects on emotion, cognition, and behaviour in a subsequent speech task in high and low socially anxious participants. The PEP manipulation instructed participants to focus on the anxious thoughts, images, feelings, and somatic sensations relating to the first speech. Contrary to hypotheses, results demonstrated that engaging in PEP as opposed to distraction led to a number of constructive outcomes such as: increased willingness among low socially anxious participants to give the second speech, a reduction in negative performance appraisals and underestimation of performance among high socially anxious participants, and better self-perceived speech quality irrespective of social anxiety level. However, there were no effects of response condition on anxiety, performance appraisals, observable behaviour, and negative cognitions. The findings underscore the need for additional research identifying the precise contents, construals, and processing modes that distinguish between adaptive and maladaptive forms of PEP.
Gender Differences in Cognitive Schema Vulnerability and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents
Authors: Brenning Katrijn , Bosmans Guy , Braet Caroline , Theuwis Lotte
Published: October 2012

This study aims to investigate whether gender differences in the prevalence of depressive symptoms, with girls reporting more depressive symptoms than boys, are related to gender differences in cognitive schema vulnerability. A cross-sectional study investigating adolescents from both clinical (N = 110) and non-clinical samples (N = 118) was conducted, using the Young Schema Questionnaire — Short Form (YSQ-SF) as a measure of cognitive schema vulnerability. Results show that adolescent girls tend to score higher on several maladaptive cognitive schemas, and that these schemas tend to be more highly correlated with depressive symptoms compared to adolescent boys. Further, cognitive schema vulnerability mediated the relationship between life-stress and depressive symptoms in girls but not in boys.
An Experimental Investigation of Standard Setting in Clinical Perfectionism
Authors: Egan Sarah J. , Dick Marian , Allen Peter J.
Published: October 2012

This study investigated if clinical perfectionism leads to resetting standards higher following both success and failure. A sample of 206 participants (74% female) completed an online experiment consisting of three sets of a nonverbal reasoning task and were asked before each set to select how many of the trials they aimed to get correct. Each set was followed by feedback regarding performance. Half of the participants received ‘difficult’ items for set 2, to allow investigation of failure effects. There was a significant relationship between clinical perfectionism and the standards that were set for the first set; however, there was no relationship with standard setting following success or failure. Instead, previous actual success or failure was the best predictor of goal setting. Consequently, clinical perfectionism was associated with setting higher standards in general, but not resetting standards higher following success or failure. Findings suggest that while clinical perfectionism plays a role in standard setting prior to performance, following performance actual success or failure becomes the best indicator. The implications of these findings for the cognitive behavioural model of clinical perfectionism are discussed.
LIGETI'S ‘LE GRAND MACABRE’: HOW HE SOLVED THE PROBLEM OF WRITING A MODERNIST OPERA
Authors: Searby Michael
Published: October 2012

Ligeti's Le Grand Macabre (1974–77) is one of the most successful operas of the 20th century in terms of the number of performances. Originally, Ligeti had intended to compose an ‘anti-opera’ in the manner of Kagel's Staatstheater, but changed his fundamental compositional approach during the process of composing the work. He realised that a more traditional opera with a clear narrative (unlike Kagel's avant-garde opera) was more suitable, and it therefore became necessary for him to transform his style to one in which the text was audible to an audience. As a result there is very little of his mature micropolyphonic technique in the resulting work, but rather there is an exploration of music from the past, and the use of parody. In composing his opera Ligeti revitalised his approach through a re-engagement with history, but combined with a modernist rigour; thus he was able to create a new and fruitful musical language, and to transform his compositional technique.
WALTON'S FINAL WORK: HARMONY AND THE ART OF (MAKE-BELIEVE) FUGUE
Authors: Rice Hugh Collins
Published: October 2012

Walton's Prologo e Fantasia, written at the end of his life, is one of the few completed original works of his final decade. Undoubtedly flawed, it can be seen simply as an exemplar of Walton's failing creative powers and his sheer difficulty in writing any music at all. But it is also possible to discern in it continued experimentation with developing aspects of his language, especially seen in the context of his exploration of similar devices in preceding works. Analysis of his harmony shows development of greater ambiguity in a tonal context. And, while many of his other works contain significant fugal passages, particularly towards their conclusions, the use of a fuga finta here presents a different perspective on a typical Waltonian device. While the work does not stand alongside Walton's most important orchestral achievements, and performances will probably remain relatively few, it does nevertheless provide some interesting insights into the musical language of his post-war music.
Contrasting effects of associates and coordinates in children with and without language impairment: A picture–word interference study
Authors: BROOKS PATRICIA J. , SEIGER-GARDNER LIAT , SAILOR KEVIN
Published: October 2012

In picture naming, semantic context words produce either facilitation or inhibition, depending on their relationship to the target-picture name. This study used the picture–word interference task to examine facilitative effects of associates (the word carrot paired with a picture of rabbit) and inhibitory effects of coordinates (mouse paired with a rabbit) in children and adults. Experiment 1 with adults (N = 44) documented robust associate and coordinate effects with either auditory or visual presentation of interfering words. Experiment 2 used auditory presentation of interfering words with children (N = 44, 6 years, 10 months to 11 years, half with typical development, half with specific language impairment). Children showed significant facilitation from associates but no reliable coordinate interference effect. The strength of the associative priming effect in children was correlated with their language abilities (Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test and Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals scores). The results indicate the dominant role of association in facilitating word retrieval in speech production in children. In children with specific language impairment, lexical access gains weaker support from networks of associations in semantic memory.
Allegorical Erasmus: Bruno Maderna's Ritratto di Erasmo
Authors: Wetters Brent
Published: October 2012

This essay aims to find a unifying thread amid the eclectic works of Bruno Maderna, and also to situate his compositional philosophy in relation to his more famous colleagues of the Darmstadt Summer Courses. More than any of the other composers at Darmstadt, Maderna was committed to its ‘project’ and to the values it placed on musical discourse, in spite of the fact that he seemed to abstain from its often-heated polemics. In contrast to many of his colleagues, Maderna was not one to speak at length about his compositions, preferring to express himself through his music. However, one work – his 1969 radio documentary, Ritratto di Erasmo – makes a poignant statement both about his music and the post-war generation as a whole. By championing Erasmus's equivocation, the work reveals something of Maderna's relationship to the arguments at Darmstadt. Just as Erasmus was situated between Luther and the Catholic Church, Maderna seemed to sit silently in the middle, while the more ideologically inclined composers swarmed at the periphery.
Towards a multitudinous voice: Dario Fo's adaptation of L'Histoire du soldat
Authors: Casadei Delia , Carbotti Rossella
Published: October 2012

Dario Fo worked with La Scala only once, in 1978–79; the occasion was an adaptation of Ramuz and Stravinsky's L'Histoire du soldat (1918). This brief, pointedly anti-operatic work connected the dissident artist and a leading cultural institution at a time when both were re-evaluating their means of addressing the public. For Fo, as well as for the Italian Left at large, 1978 marked the ten-year anniversary of the 1968 riots and a time of deep doubt about the possibility of collective political action. For La Scala, 1978 was not only the tenth year under the bold musical directorship of Claudio Abbado, but also involved celebrations of the theatre's bicentenary. In this article we weave together the Left's crisis with a close reading of Fo's adaptation, using the notion of vocal address as an interpretative linchpin. By considering the myth of Risorgimento opera as vox populi, the figure of Stravinsky's songless soldier, the sound of babbling crowds and the recorded speaking voice of Antonio Negri, we offer a new exploration of the cross section of art and left-wing politics in the Italy of 1978.
Quality of life of community-based palliative care clients and their caregivers
Authors: Connell Tanya , Fernandez Ritin S. , Tran Duong , Griffiths Rhonda , Harlum Janeane , Agar Meera
Published: October 2012

Objective:

This study aimed to investigate health-related quality of life of palliative care (PC) clients and their caregivers, at baseline and follow-up, following a referral to a community PC service.

Method:

Quality of life of clients and their caregivers was respectively measured using the McGill Quality of Life instrument (MQoL) and the Caregiver Quality of Life Cancer Index (CQoLC) instruments. Participants were recruited from June 8 to October 27, 2006. This study was undertaken in one zone of an Area Health Service in New South Wales, which has a diverse socioeconomic population. The zone covers an area of 6237 km2 and is divided into five sectors, each with a PC service, all of which participated in this study.

Results:

Data were obtained from 49 clients and 43 caregivers at baseline, and 22 clients and 12 caregivers at 8 week follow-up. Twenty-one participants died and six moved out of the area during the study. At baseline, clients reported a low mean score for physical symptoms (3.3 ± 1.9) and a high score for support (8.7 ± 1.0). Caregivers scored a total CQoLC of 63.9 ± 21.4 and clients had a total QOL of 6.1 ± 1.3. At follow up, matched data for 22 clients and 13 caregivers demonstrated no statistical differences in quality of life.

Significance of results:

This study has provided evidence that health-related quality of life questionnaires show lower scores for physical health and higher scores for support, which can directly inform specific interventions targeted at the physical and support domains.
Setting priorities in and for end-of-life care: challenges in the application of economic evaluation
Authors: NORMAND CHARLES
Published: October 2012

Health technology assessment processes aim to provide evidence on the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of different elements of health care to assist setting priorities. There is a risk that services that are difficult to evaluate, and for which there is limited evidence on cost-effectiveness, may lose out in the competition for resources to those with better evidence. It is argued here that end-of-life care provides particular challenges for evaluation. Outcomes are difficult to measure, can take place over short time scales, and services can be difficult to characterise as they are tailored to the specific needs of individuals. Tools commonly used to measure health care outcomes do not appear to discriminate well in the end-of-life care context. It is argued that the assumption that units of time of different quality of life can simply be added to assess the overall experience at the end of life may not apply, and that alternative perspectives, such as the Peak and End Rule, might offer useful perspectives.
International Translation of Project EX: A Teen Tobacco Use Cessation Program
Authors: Sussman Steve
Published: October 2012

Aims: There are relatively few documented teen tobacco use cessation efforts outside the United States (U. S.). Project EX is an evidence-based program that consists of eight sessions, as a school-based clinic tobacco cessation-only version and a classroom-based prevention and cessation version. This paper provides a ‘snapshot’ of progress on international translation of Project EX pilot study work in eight countries that have been approached thus far. The program was implemented in Wuhan, China; Israel and partners; Bashkortostan, Russia; and Elche, Spain. Implementation is planned for Vienna, Austria; Mumbai, India; and Bangkok, Thailand. This work will lead eventually to a greater understanding regarding preference for type of programming (e. g., clinic versus classroom modality), challenges in recruitment and retention, program receptivity, and short-term (approximately 3-month post-program) quit rates. Protocol and Interim Results of International Translation of Project EX: Convenience samples are being recruited based on previous contacts with each location. A protocol was sent to each location, proposing a controlled design, in which subjects enter cessation groups or become a wait-list control, with an immediate pretest, posttest, and 3-month follow-up. Language translation of program materials was completed in seven of the eight locations. Several variations in design and implementation were demanded though. For example, youth fear of reporting tobacco publicly mandated to researchers that the prevention/cessation classroom version be implemented in some locations (Israel and partners, and India). Program effects are suggested across countries. Conclusions: Ongoing partnerships with parties actively involved in tobacco control facilitate pilot testing of teen tobacco use cessation programming. The Project EX curriculum appears quite translatable, though having flexibility in implementation modality eased being able to pilot test the program. Research on this cognitive-behavioral, motivation enhancement approach continues.
Smokers’ Attitude and Intention to Quit after Seeing a Movie with Smoking
Authors: Hanewinkel Reiner , Sargent James D. , Isensee Barbara , Morgenstern Matthis
Published: October 2012

Aims: To assess the association between seeing smoking in a movie and adolescent and adult smokers’ attitude towards smoking and intention to quit. Methods: A natural experiment was conducted in a multiplex cinema. We conducted exit interviews with 4,073 movie patrons, of whom 645 (16 %) were smokers. Eleven per cent (n = 69) of the smokers were aged 14 to 17 years old. Subjects had exited 26 movies, of which 12 (46 %) contained smoking. We used multilevel mixed-effects linear regression to assess the effects of (a) exposure to movie smoking (yes vs. no), and (b) age (adolescent vs. adult smokers) on general attitude towards smoking and intention to quit smoking within the next 6 months (both scales ranged 0 – 10). Results: Smokers who saw a movie with smoking had more favourable attitudes towards smoking than those seeing a movie without smoking (p = 0.004). A significant interaction between age group and movie smoking indicated that this difference was more pronounced in adolescent smokers (p = 0.035). No significant differences were found for intentions to quit smoking. Conclusions: Study results suggest that smoking in the movies may influence young smokers to have a more favorable attitude towards smoking.
Zusammenhang zwischen verschiedenen Glücksspielformen und glücksspielassoziierten Problemen
Authors: Haß Wolfgang , Orth Boris , Lang Peter
Published: October 2012

Fragestellung: Anhand der Daten aus drei in den Jahren 2007, 2009 und 2011 durchgeführten Repräsentativbefragungen zum Glücksspielverhalten der 16- bis 65-jährigen Bevölkerung in Deutschland werden Zusammenhänge zwischen der Nutzung einzelner Glücksspiele, der Glücksspielgesamtaktivität und dem Auftreten von glücksspielassoziierten Problemen untersucht. Methodik: Erhebung der Teilnahme an den verbreitetsten Glücksspielformen in Deutschland in den zurückliegenden 12 Monaten per Telefonbefragung (CATI), standardisierte Instrumente: South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) zum Screening auf Glücksspielsucht, bi- und multivariate logistische Regressionsanalysen, abhängige Variable: Problemspielverhalten (problematische oder pathologische Ausprägung nach SOGS). Ergebnisse: Problemspieler geben im Vergleich zu problemfreien Glücksspielern bei den meisten Glücksspielen (außer Lotterien) erheblich häufiger an, diese in den zurückliegenden 12 Monaten gespielt zu haben. Zudem weisen sie eine höhere Glücksspielanzahl (GSA) auf, haben also mehr verschiedene Glücksspiele genutzt. Die höchsten Problemspieleranteile finden sich unter Befragten, die Casinospiele im Internet, das kleine Spiel in der Spielbank, Geldspielautomaten in Spielhallen, Gaststätten etc., Sportwetten privater Anbieter, das große Spiel oder Keno angegeben haben (Anteile in abnehmender Reihenfolge: 11,7 % bis 6,5 %). Entsprechend ergeben sich bei diesen Glücksspielen in bivariaten Regressionsanalysen in annähernd gleicher Reihenfolge auch die höchsten Risiken für Problemspielverhalten. Wird zusätzlich die GSA statistisch kontrolliert, reduzieren sich die Risiken zwar deutlich, bleiben aber bei den genannten Glücksspielen (Ausnahme: großes Spiel) signifikant. Auch bei simultaner Betrachtung aller Glücksspiele im multivariaten Modell, womit zusätzlich die individuelle Spieleauswahl berücksichtigt wird, ergeben sich die höchsten Risiken für Geldspielautomaten, gefolgt von Casinospielen im Internet (Odds Ratios 4,77 bzw. 3,75). Vergleichsweise niedrige Risiken finden sich dagegen, modellunabhängig, für die Lotterien. Schlussfolgerungen: Aufgrund des häufig multiplen Spielverhaltens von Problemspielern sollte bei der Analyse von Zusammenhängen zwischen dem Auftreten problematischen Spielverhaltens und der Nutzung einzelner Glücksspielformen die Glücksspielgesamtaktivität einbezogen werden. Regulierungs- und Präventionsmaßnahmen erscheinen den Analysen zufolge insbesondere in Hinsicht auf Geldspielautomaten und Casinospiele im Internet indiziert.
Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesondes (SHADOZ) ozone climatology (2005–2009): Tropospheric and tropical tropopause layer (TTL) profiles with comparisons to OMI‐based ozone products
Authors: Thompson Anne M. , Miller Sonya K. , Tilmes Simone , Kollonige Debra W. , Witte Jacquelyn C. , Oltmans Samuel J. , Johnson Bryan J. , Fujiwara Masatomo , Schmidlin F. J. , Coetzee G. J. R. , Komala Ninong , Maata Matakite , bt Mohamad Maznorizan , Nguyo J. , Mutai C. , Ogino S‐Y. , Da Silva F. Raimundo , Leme N. M. Paes , Posny Francoise , Scheele Rinus , Selkirk Henry B. , Shiotani Masato , Stübi René , Levrat Gilbert , Calpini Bertrand , Thouret Valérie , Tsuruta Haruo , Canossa Jessica Valverde , Vömel Holger , Yonemura S. , Diaz Jorge Andrés , Tan Thanh Nguyen T. , Thuy Ha Hoang T.
Published: October 2012

We present a regional and seasonal climatology of SHADOZ ozone profiles in the troposphere and tropical tropopause layer (TTL) based on measurements taken during the first five years of Aura, 2005–2009, when new stations joined the network at Hanoi, Vietnam; Hilo, Hawaii; Alajuela/Heredia, Costa Rica; Cotonou, Benin. In all, 15 stations operated during that period. A west‐to‐east progression of decreasing convective influence and increasing pollution leads to distinct tropospheric ozone profiles in three regions: (1) western Pacific/eastern Indian Ocean; (2) equatorial Americas (San Cristóbal, Alajuela, Paramaribo); (3) Atlantic and Africa. Comparisons in total ozone column from soundings, the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI, on Aura, 2004‐) satellite and ground‐based instrumentation are presented. Most stations show better agreement with OMI than they did for EP/TOMS comparisons (1998–2004; Earth‐Probe/Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer), partly due to a revised above‐burst ozone climatology. Possible station biases in the stratospheric segment of the ozone measurement noted in the first 7 years of SHADOZ ozone profiles are re‐examined. High stratospheric bias observed during the TOMS period appears to persist at one station. Comparisons of SHADOZ tropospheric ozone and the daily Trajectory‐enhanced Tropospheric Ozone Residual (TTOR) product (based on OMI/MLS) show that the satellite‐derived column amount averages 25% low. Correlations between TTOR and the SHADOZ sondes are quite good (typical r2= 0.5–0.8), however, which may account for why some published residual‐based OMI products capture tropospheric interannual variability fairly realistically. On the other hand, no clear explanations emerge for why TTOR‐sonde discrepancies vary over a wide range at most SHADOZ sites.
High spatial resolution studies of epithermal neutron emission from the lunar poles: Constraints on hydrogen mobility
Authors: Boynton W. V. , Droege G. F. , Mitrofanov I. G. , McClanahan T. P. , Sanin A. B. , Litvak M. L. , Schaffner M. , Chin G. , Evans L. G. , Garvin J. B. , Harshman K. , Malakhov A. , Milikh G. , Sagdeev R. , Starr R.
Published: October 2012

The data from the collimated sensors of the LEND instrument are shown to be of exceptionally high quality. Counting uncertainties are about 0.3% relative and are shown to be the only significant source of random error, thus conclusions based on small differences in count rates are valid. By comparison with the topography of Shoemaker crater, the spatial resolution of the instrument is shown to be consistent with the design value of 5 km for the radius of the circle over which half the counts from the lunar surface would be determined. The observed epithermal‐neutron suppression factor due to the hydrogen deposit in Shoemaker crater of 0.25 ± 0.04 cps is consistent with the collimated field‐of‐view rate of 1.7 cps estimated by Mitrofanov et al. (2010a). The statistical significance of the neutron suppressed regions (NSRs) relative to the larger surrounding polar region is demonstrated, and it is shown that they are not closely related to the permanently shadowed regions. There is a significant increase in H content in the polar regions independent of the H content of the NSRs. The non‐NSR H content increases directly with latitude, and the rate of increase is virtually identical at both poles. There is little or no increase with latitude outside the polar region. Various mechanisms to explain this steep increase in the non‐NSR polar H with latitude are investigated, and it is suggested that thermal volatilization is responsible for the increase because it is minimized at the low surface temperatures close to the poles.
Toward a statistical framework to quantify the uncertainties of hydrologic response under climate change
Authors: Steinschneider Scott , Polebitski Austin , Brown Casey , Letcher Benjamin H.
Published: October 2012

The cascade of uncertainty that underscores climate impact assessments of regional hydrology undermines their value for long‐term water resources planning and management. This study presents a statistical framework that quantifies and propagates the uncertainties of hydrologic model response through projections of future streamflow under climate change. Different sources of hydrologic model uncertainty are accounted for using Bayesian modeling. The distribution of model residuals is formally characterized to quantify predictive skill, and Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling is used to infer the posterior distributions of both hydrologic and error model parameters. Parameter and residual error uncertainties are integrated to develop reliable prediction intervals for streamflow estimates. The Bayesian hydrologic modeling framework is then extended to a climate change impact assessment. Ensembles of baseline and future climate are downscaled from global circulation models and are used to drive simulations of streamflow over parameters drawn from the posterior space. Time series of streamflow statistics are calculated from baseline and future ensembles of simulated flows. Uncertainties in hydrologic model response, sampling error, and the range of future climate projections are integrated to help determine the level of confidence associated with hydrologic alteration between baseline and future climate regimes. A case study is conducted on the White River in Vermont, USA. Results indicate that the framework can be used to present a reliable depiction of the range of hydrologic alterations that may occur in the future.
Comparisons of dynamic triggering near Beijing, China following recent large earthquakes in Sumatra
Authors: Wu Jing , Peng Zhigang , Wang Weijun , Gong Xuan , Chen Qifu , Wu Chunquan
Published: October 2012

Dynamic triggering around the Fangshan Pluton near Beijing is repeatedly identified. Here we report clear triggered events in this region during the surface waves of the 2012 Mw8.6 Sumatra earthquake. However, we do not find any triggered events during the G2 waves of the Mw8.6 event, and the surface waves of the Mw8.2 Sumatra earthquake that occurred two hours later. The peak ground velocities of the 2012 Mw8.2 event are around the apparent triggering threshold of 0.1–0.2 cm/s in this region. Hence, the fact that this event did not trigger does not require an influence of elapsed time since last trigger (the Mw8.6 mainshock), but is consistent with it. The lack of triggering during the G2 wave of the 2012 Mw8.6 mainshock may be caused by relatively weak surface‐wave signals in the intermediate period of 100–10 s.
Observations of the nightside ionosphere of Mars by the Mars Express Radio Science Experiment (MaRS)
Authors: Withers Paul , Fillingim M. O. , Lillis R. J. , Häusler B. , Hinson D. P. , Tyler G. L. , Pätzold M. , Peter K. , Tellmann S. , Witasse O.
Published: October 2012

The vertical structure of the nightside ionosphere of Mars and its dependence on solar zenith angle are currently poorly determined, as is the importance of two key sources of nightside plasma, electron precipitation and transport of dayside plasma. We examined 37 electron density profiles of the ionosphere of Mars at solar zenith angles of 101°–123° obtained by the Mars Express Radio Science Experiment (MaRS) between 18 August and 1 October 2005. In general, solar activity was low during this period, although several solar energetic particle events did occur. The results show that (1) trends in peak electron density and altitude with solar zenith angle are consistent with transport of dayside plasma as an important plasma source up to 115°, but not higher; (2) peak altitudes of around 150 km observed at larger (>115°) solar zenith angles are consistent with simulated plasma production by electron precipitation; and (3) peak altitudes observed during solar energetic particle events are at 90 km, consistent with accepted models. Solar energetic particle events can be the main source of nightside plasma. These results challenge current models of the nightside ionosphere, including their implications for plasma sources. The total electron content is correlated with peak electron density, requiring explanation. Due to the geographical distribution of this data set (latitudes poleward of 38°N), we do not explore the influence of crustal field strength and direction on the nightside ionosphere.
Saturn's auroral/polar H3+ infrared emission: The effect of solar wind compression
Authors: Stallard Tom S. , Masters Adam , Miller Steve , Melin Henrik , Bunce Emma J. , Arridge Chris S. , Achilleos Nicholas , Dougherty Michele K. , Cowley Stan W. H.
Published: October 2012

Previous investigations into Saturn's aurora have shown that they are strongly controlled by the solar wind. Here, for the first time, we use a combination of ground‐based infrared observations of the aurora and in situ measurements of the magnetosphere in order to better understand this association. We show that large‐scale variability in both the intensity and ion flow velocities can be directly correlated with the solar wind dynamic pressure, with, in particular, the arrival of solar wind compressions. Large compressions in the solar wind trigger the same morphological changes in the auroral structure as have previously been seen in UV images, and these are accompanied by the loss of the open field line corotation region seen in the velocity measurements. This region has been explained as an “old core” of magnetic field lines open to the solar wind, protected from reconnection due to the twisting in the magnetotail, and therefore requires that this region be removed only by major compressions in the solar wind; thus, our observations here generally agree with this model. In addition, we have observed a >8 h delay between the arrival of a major compression and the resulting effect upon the aurora, suggesting that reconnection must either occur well into the tail or that there are other processes in the chain of events that lead to the major dawn brightening seen in both these observations and previously studied UV images.
Transcriptional up-regulation of ULK1 by ATF4 contributes to cancer cell survival
Authors: Pike Luke R. G. , Singleton Dean C. , Buffa Francesca , Abramczyk Olga , Phadwal Kanchan , Li Ji-Liang , Simon Anna Katharina , Murray James T. , Harris Adrian L.
Published: October 2012

Hypoxia in the microenvironment of many solid tumours is an important determinant of malignant progression. The ISR (integrated stress response) protects cells from the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) stress caused by severe hypoxia. Likewise, autophagy is a mechanism by which cancer cells can evade hypoxic cell death. In the present paper we report that the autophagy-initiating kinase ULK1 (UNC51-like kinase 1) is a direct transcriptional target of ATF4 (activating transcription factor 4), which drives the expression of ULK1 mRNA and protein in severe hypoxia and ER stress. We demonstrate that ULK1 is required for autophagy in severe hypoxia and that ablation of ULK1 causes caspase-3/7-independent cell death. Furthermore, we report that ULK1 expression is associated with a poor prognosis in breast cancer. Collectively, the findings of the present study identify transcriptional up-regulation of ULK1 as a novel arm of the ISR, and suggest ULK1 as a potentially effective target for cancer therapy.
Children Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing With Additional Learning Needs
Authors: Wiley Susan
Published: October 2012

Additional learning problems are common in children who are deaf or hard of hearing (HoH). This higher rate of additional disabilities beyond the general population may be related to the overlap of causes for hearing loss, such as prematurity, that also can impact child development. Delayed identification of atypical learning strategies impacts appropriate interventions for all of a child's needs and, furthermore, may impact communication strategies, thus negatively impacting language outcomes. In this article, I outline some red flags for additional disabilities in children who are deaf or HoH. I will present an algorithm for thinking systematically through causes of slow language progress in children who are deaf or HoH to guide professionals who work with children. I will stress strategies to identify expanded team members and collaborate towards improved outcomes for children with different learning needs.
Developmental Psychology as Alternative Doctoral Education for Academic Careers in Communication Sciences and Disorders
Authors: Hagstrom Fran
Published: October 2012

In this paper, I define and provide the basis of developmental psychology as an alternate doctoral pathway for individuals seeking an academic career in communication sciences and disorders. I describer mentor-based and discipline-based choices and interdisciplinary job searching from a personal perspective. I outline the ccontributions of developmental theories to the field of communication sciences and disorders, these include the classical developmental theories of Piaget, Vygotsky, and Werner, as well as the sociocultural theory of Wertsch. I discuss examples of theory to practice and clinical action.
Geometric phases of the Faraday rotation of electromagnetic waves in magnetized plasmas
Authors: Liu Jian , Qin Hong
Published: October 2012

Geometric phases of circularly polarized electromagnetic waves in nonuniform magnetized plasmas is studied theoretically. The variation of the propagation direction of circularly polarized waves results in a geometric phase, which also contributes to the Faraday rotation, in addition to the standard dynamical phase. The origin and properties of the geometric phase are investigated. The influence of the geometric phase to plasma diagnostics using the Faraday rotation is discussed as an application of the theory.
Integrated automated nanomanipulation and real-time cellular surface imaging for mechanical properties characterization
Authors: Eslami Sohrab , Zareian Ramin , Jalili Nader
Published: October 2012

Surface microscopy of individual biological cells is essential for determining the patterns of cell migration to study the tumor formation or metastasis. This paper presents a correlated and effective theoretical and experimental technique to automatically address the biophysical and mechanical properties and acquire live images of biological cells which are of interest in studying cancer. In the theoretical part, a distributed-parameters model as the comprehensive representation of the microcantilever is presented along with a model of the contact force as a function of the indentation depth and mechanical properties of the biological sample. Analysis of the transfer function of the whole system in the frequency domain is carried out to characterize the stiffness and damping coefficients of the sample. In the experimental section, unlike the conventional atomic force microscope techniques basically using the laser for determining the deflection of microcantilever's tip, a piezoresistive microcantilever serving as a force sensor is implemented to produce the appropriate voltage and measure the deflection of the microcantilever. A micromanipulator robotic system is integrated with the MATLAB® and programmed in such a way to automatically control the microcantilever mounted on the tip of the micromanipulator to achieve the topography of biological samples including the human corneal cells. For this purpose, the human primary corneal fibroblasts are extracted and adhered on a sterilized culture dish and prepared to attain their topographical image. The proposed methodology herein allows an approach to obtain 2D quality images of cells being comparatively cost effective and extendable to obtain 3D images of individual cells. The characterized mechanical properties of the human corneal cell are furthermore established by comparing and validating the phase shift of the theoretical and experimental results of the frequency response.