bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sensitive detection of sulfide ions in red region based on luminescence resonance energy transfer between upconversion nanoparticles and dye‐670
Authors: Yang Xueping , Liu Yunchun , Chen Hongqi , Wang Lun
Published: July 2020

Many sulfides are toxic substances that easily harm the respiratory tract, therefore affecting respiratory function or damaging other organs of the body, leading to its failure. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop methods for sensitive detection of sulfur ions (S2−). Based on luminescence resonance energy transfer (LRET) theory, we report the construction of a near‐infrared (NIR) excitation luminescence probe using NaGdF4:Yb3+,Er3+@NaYF4 upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) as the donor and dye‐670 as the receptor for detection of S2−. When UCNPs and dye‐670 molecules were combined using ligand exchange and electrostatic attraction, LRET occurred and UCNP luminescence was quenched. When S2− was added to the system, sulfide ions were able to destroy the double bond of the dye, inhibiting LRET and restoring UCNP luminescence. Under optimum condition, the linear range of S2− detection was 0.65–18.2 μM, and the detection limit was 34.2 nM. This method was applied for determination of S2− in water with satisfactory results.
Thermoluminescence properties of unique Rosso Levanto marble
Authors: Toktamış Hüseyin , Ünsal Ö.L. , Toktamış Dilek , Yazıcı A. Necmeddin
Published: July 2020

This marble extracted from deposits in Elazığ in Turkey resembles red meat in appearance and is only found in Elazığ. This type of marble has been widely used in the most famous architectural structures and buildings. In this study, the thermoluminescence (TL) properties of a unique marble that originated from Turkey, named Rosso Levanto, were investigated. Two distinct TL peaks were observed at 160°C and around 375°C. Particle size experiments showed that best TL intensity was seen at 200 μm particle size and therefore dose–response, heating rate, cycle of measurement and fading experiments were carried out on powdered samples with a particle size of 200 μm. The findings revealed good linearity in dose–response, observed up to 0.5 kGy. The reproducibility experiment gave good results, but peak intensity decreased by about 40% in first 6 h of storage in a dark room.
Virtual laboratories during coronavirus (COVID‐19) pandemic
Authors: Vasiliadou Rafaela
Published: July 2020

Coronavirus (COVID‐19) disease is an emerging situation that brought challenges to all sectors, including academia and research. Undergraduate and postgraduate students in biochemistry and molecular biology have been affected significantly due to the recent laboratory closures. Experiments have been suspended for long causing extreme stress to the students. Virtual laboratory is a powerful educational tool that enables students to conduct experiments at the comfort of their home. An excellent opportunity to engage students with technology and in parallel to avoid unforeseen disruptions, as happened recently due to pandemic.
The adoption of environmentally sustainable supply chain management: Measuring the relative effectiveness of hard dimensions
Authors: Choudhary Sangita , Kumar Anil , Luthra Sunil , Garza‐Reyes Jose Arturo , Nadeem Simon Peter
Published: July 2020

Adopting green practices in supply chains contributes towards protecting the environment. For the successful adoption of environmentally sustainable supply chain management (ESSCM), the dimensions related to technology, strategy, policy and so forth, termed as hard dimensions in the scholarly literature, play a significant role. However, the independent influence of these dimensions on ESSCM has not been previously studied. Therefore, the present study aims to fill this gap and to evaluate the effectiveness of these dimensions. To do this, the most significant dimensions are identified through a thorough literature review and experts' inputs. To determine their priority and cause–effect relationship, a hybrid approach of best–worst method (BWM) and decision‐making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) is used. The analysis indicates that ‘total quality management’ and ‘technologies for cleaner production’ are the most important causal dimensions, and it provides several insights to the decision makers to formulate robust business strategies to the adoption of ESSCM.
Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoid Rich Fraction of Ligaria cuneifolia (Loranthaceae)
Authors: Dobrecky Cecilia , Marchini Timoteo , Ricco Rafael , Garcés Mariana , Gadano Andrea , Carballo Marta , Wagner Marcelo , Lucangioli Silvia , Evelson Pablo
Published: July 2020

Ligaria cuneifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Tiegh. (Loranthaceae), the ‘Argentine mistletoe’, is a hemiparasite species largely used in folk medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity using in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo methods. A screening of phenolics was performed by UV spectroscopy on different fractions. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated in vitro by the 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH.) assay on a crude extract (CE), ethyl acetate fraction (EAF), and aqueous fraction (AF). The results suggest that EAF concentrates the antioxidant capacity and was selected for further analysis. Capillary electrophoresis was employed to monitor the individual antioxidant capacity and the potential contributors to this effect. Ex vivo assays showed an efficient inhibition of tert‐butyl hydroperoxide‐induced rat liver phospholipid oxidation, as well as rat brain autoxidation, and H2O2‐induced DNA damage in blood monocytes. In vivo, the topical application of EAF significantly decreased skin chemiluminescence in a mice model.
Presentation and resolution of gender dysphoria as a positive symptom in a young schizophrenic man who presented with self‐emasculation: Frontiers of bioethics, psychiatry, and microsurgical genital reconstruction
Authors: Wilcox Vanden Berg Rand N. , Gaffney Christopher D. , Paduch Darius A.
Published: July 2020

Gender dysphoria can present as a positive symptom of schizophrenia. Completion of gender affirmation surgeries should not occur as a result of male genital self‐mutilation via a deferral of emergent surgical reconstruction. Instead, gender affirmation should be considered after a full workup and assessment for resolution of any acute psychosis.
A case of LGL leukemia with paucity of erythropoiesis
Authors: Razavi Habib M.
Published: July 2020

The differential diagnosis for neutropenia is large and includes, drug effect, viral infections, sepsis, immune, hypersplenism, and bone marrow disorder. The presence of an autoimmune disorder and large granular lymphocytosis should prompt assessment for immunophenotyping and in select cases a bone marrow biopsy to rule out LGL‐leukemia.
NMR Studies on the Interaction between Oncogene RET G‐Quadruplex and Berberine†
Authors: Wang Fei , Wang Chunxi , Liu Yaping , Lan Wenxian , Wang Renxiao , Huang Shaohua , Cao Chunyang
Published: July 2020

Summary of main observation and conclusion

RET G‐quadruplex DNA (G4‐DNA) is formed in the promoter region of RET protein, which is involved in the initiation and progression of human cancers. Berberine inhibits cancer cell growth through interactions with RET G4‐DNA, but how it binds to RET G4‐DNA remains unknown. Previously, we reported that colchicine selectively bound to RET G4‐DNA, but the structural basis of its binding selectivity is still unclear. Here, mainly by NMR, we demonstrated how berberine bound to RET G4‐DNA in a means different from colchicine, and implied several key determinants for small molecules specifically binding to one G4‐DNA.
Synergistic Catalysis with Azomethine Ylides
Authors: Wei Liang , Wang Chun‐Jiang
Published: July 2020

Azomethine ylides are useful intermediates for the rapid construction of chiral N‐containing compounds. However, its synthetic potential has not been fully developed due to the limited reaction models. In combination with synergistic catalysis and azomethine ylide chemistry, we have developed several types of novel catalytic system including Cu/Pd, Cu/Ir and PTC/Ir catalysis, which can convert readily‐available azomethine ylides to various high‐valued molecules such as unnatural α‐amino acids, homoallylic amines and N‐heterocycles. Compared with the traditional mono‐catalysis, the synergistic catalyst system exhibits enhanced catalytic efficiency and chiral induction ability in many cases. In addition, we have demonstrated that these strategies could be applied in the construction of bioactive compounds and natural products.
Disparities in pediatric and adolescent cancer survival: A need for sustained commitment
Authors: Johnson Kimberly J.
Published: July 2020

Pediatric cancer mortality and survival rates have improved since the early 2000s for all racial and/or ethnic and socioeconomic groups. However, disparities in pediatric and adolescent cancer survival continue to persist. Continued and enhanced support for research and policy efforts that have the goal of eliminating disparities in pediatric and adolescent cancer survival relating to race and/or ethnicity and socioeconomic status are needed.
Morphological identification and systematic classification of mammalian retinal ganglion cells. I. Rabbit retinal ganglion cells
Authors: Famiglietti Edward V.
Published: July 2020

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) convey visual signals to 50 regions of the brain. For reasons of interest and convenience, they constitute an excellent system for the study of brain structure and function. There is general agreement that, absent a complete “parts list,” understanding how the nervous system processes information will remain an elusive goal. Recent studies indicate that there are 30–50 types of ganglion cell in mouse retina, whereas only a few years ago it was still written that mice and the more visually oriented lagomorphs had less than 20 types of RGC. More than 30 years ago, I estimated that rabbits have about 40 types of RGC. The present study indicates that this number is much too low. I have employed the old but powerful method of Golgi‐impregnation to rabbit retina, studying the range of component neurons in this already well‐studied retinal system. Close quantitative and qualitative analyses of 1,142 RGCs in 26 retinas take into account cell body and dendritic field size, level(s) of dendritic stratification in the retina's inner plexiform layer, and details of dendritic branching. Ninety‐one morphologies are recognized. Of these, at least 32 can be correlated with physiologically studied RGCs, dye‐injected for morphological analysis. It is unlikely that rabbits have 91 types of RGC, but is argued here that this number lies between 60 and 70. The present study provides a “yardstick” for measuring the output of future molecular studies that may be more definitive in fixing the number of RGC types in rabbit retina.
Aza‐ and Mixed Thia/Aza‐Macrocyclic Receptors with Quinoline‐Bearing Pendant Arms for Optical Discrimination of Zinc(II) or Cadmium(II) Ions
Authors: Garau Alessandra , Aragoni M. Carla , Arca Massimiliano , Bencini Andrea , Blake Alexander J. , Caltagirone Claudia , Giorgi Claudia , Lippolis Vito , Scorciapino Mariano Andrea
Published: July 2020

The synthesis and coordination properties of two fluorescent chemosensors, featuring [9]aneN3 (1,4,7‐triazacyclononane; L1) and [12]aneNS3 (1‐aza‐4,7,10‐trithiacyclododecane; L2) as receptor units, and a quinoline pendant arm with an amide group as a functional group spacer are described. The optical responses of L1 and L2 in the presence of several metal ions were analysed in MeCN/H2O (1 : 4 v/v) solutions. A selective chelation enhancement of fluorescence (CHEF) effect was observed in the presence of Zn2+ in the case of L1, and in the presence of Cd2+ in the case of L2, following the formation of a 1 : 1 and a 1 : 2 metal/ligand complex, respectively, which was also confirmed by potentiometric measurements. 1H and 13C NMR measurements in CD3CN/CDCl3 in combination with molecular mechanics calculations show that for both complexes of L1 and L2 with Zn2+ and Cd2+, respectively, the coordination of the carbonyl group from the pendant arm could be the origin of the observed optical selectivity.
Effect of altered leaf angle on maize stalk lodging resistance
Authors: Xue Jun , Qi Bingqin , Ma Buyi , Li Bixia , Gou Ling
Published: July 2020

Increasing light intensity in the mid and low canopy can improve maize (Zea mays L.) stalk lodging resistance. Field experiments involving altered leaf angle were designed to explore how leaf angle affects the light distribution within the canopy, stalk carbohydrate accumulation, stalk strength formation, and grain yield. When the leaf area was constant and the average leaf angle was decreased by ∼10° above the ear leaves and increased by ∼25° at the ear leaves and below, the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) at the ear layer increased by 41–62%, and the interception of PAR (IPAR) below the ear increased by 107–229%. Average cellulose content of the third and fourth internodes increased by 13–21%, whereas lignin content increased by 9–30%. The rind penetration strength (RPS) of the third internode increased by 13–21%, whereas the crush strength (CS) of the fourth internode increased by 15–27%. These changes resulted in a reduction of 6–11% in the lodging percentage. The grain yield increased by 15–27% because of increases in kernel number and kernel weight. Therefore, under close planting, selecting a maize ideotype with upright leaves in the upper canopy and flat leaves in the lower canopy is conducive to rational radiation allocation in the maize canopy. This would facilitate structural carbohydrate accumulation and mechanical strength formation while improving lodging resistance and grain yield.
Large‐scale fire rescue in wearable wireless sensor networks: A hole processing and trust value‐based mobile adaptive routing algorithm
Authors: Zhang Lincong , Zhang Ce , Wei Kefeng , Feng Yongxin , Zhang Wenbo
Published: July 2020

Advances in wearable technology and the proliferation of wearable devices have led to the rapid development of wearable wireless sensor networks (WWSNs) in the fields of medical monitoring and disaster relief, which have gradually become a key technology for the Internet of Medical Things. This study focused on the safety of rescuers in the event of a large‐scale fire and applied a WWSN to monitor and transmit their physiological information. User mobility is a huge problem for routing in a WWSN: the topology changes rapidly and routing should be adjusted accordingly, but node movement can easily fracture links that need to be repaired, which takes time and can cause routing holes. Thus, mainstream routing algorithms are presently unsuitable for fire rescue. To solve the routing hole problem, a hole processing and trust value‐based mobile adaptive routing algorithm (MARA) is proposed comprising two parts: location‐aided routing for multiple request zones (LAR‐MRZ) and route maintenance algorithm based on the trust value (RMA‐TV). Simulation results showed that MARA provided an excellent performance in terms of the packet delivery rate and delay and demonstrated good adaptability for a WWSN in a fire scenario.
An evaluation of food addiction as a distinct psychiatric disorder
Authors: Schulte Erica M. , Wadden Thomas A. , Allison Kelly C.
Published: July 2020

Objective

To evaluate the state of the literature for whether food addiction may warrant consideration as a distinct psychiatric disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) using Blashfield et al.'s (1990; Comprehensive Psychiatry, 31(1), 15–19) five criteria. This framework was utilized because it has recently been applied to examine the diagnostic utility of several eating disorder phenotypes. The criteria are: (a) at least 50 journal articles published on the proposed syndrome in the past 10 years; (b) proposal of diagnostic criteria and assessment measures; (c) clinician reliability in diagnosis; (d) cohesiveness of the proposed diagnostic criteria; and (e) differentiation from similar, existing diagnostic categories.

Method

For each criterion, a literature review was conducted to examine if the minimum qualification had been met, and key findings were discussed.

Results

Two of the criteria (literature and differentiation) have been empirically supported to extent specified. Two criteria (diagnostic criteria and syndrome) have been partially fulfilled, due to only having self‐report assessment measures and no examination of the odds ratios for meeting more than one symptom, respectively. Clinician reliability has not yet been evaluated.

Discussion

The existing literature suggests that food addiction may warrant consideration as a proposed diagnostic category in the DSM, though future research is needed to fulfill Blashfield et al.'s (1990; Comprehensive Psychiatry, 31(1), 15–19) criteria. The development of a semi‐structured interview would be an impactful contribution for addressing these gaps.
Foraging strategy mediates ectotherm predator–prey responses to climate warming
Authors: Twardochleb Laura A. , Treakle Tyler C. , Zarnetske Phoebe L.
Published: July 2020

Climate warming and species traits interact to influence predator performance, including individual feeding and growth rates. However, the effects of an important trait—predator foraging strategy—are largely unknown. We investigated the interactions between predator foraging strategy and temperature on two ectotherm predators: an active predator, the backswimmer Notonecta undulata, and a sit‐and‐wait predator, the damselfly Enallagma annexum. In a series of predator–prey experiments across a temperature gradient, we measured predator feeding rates on an active prey species, zooplankton Daphnia pulex, predator growth rates, and mechanisms that influence predator feeding: body speed of predators and prey (here measured as swimming speed), prey encounter rates, capture success, attack rates, and handling time. Overall, warming led to increased feeding rates for both predators through changes to each component of the predator’s functional response. We found that prey swimming speed strongly increased with temperature. The active predator’s swimming speed also increased with temperature, and together, the increase in predator and prey swimming speed resulted in twofold higher prey encounter rates for the active predator at warmer temperatures. By contrast, prey encounter rates of the sit‐and‐wait predator increased fourfold with rising temperatures as a result of increased prey swimming speed. Concurrently, increased prey swimming speed was associated with a decline in the active predator’s capture success at high temperatures, whereas the sit‐and‐wait predator’s capture success slightly increased with temperature. We provide some of the first evidence that foraging traits mediate the indirect effects of warming on predator performance. Understanding how traits influence species’ responses to warming could clarify how climate change will affect entire functional groups of species.
Control Strategy of Braking Energy Recovery for Range‐Extended Electric Commercial Vehicles by Considering Braking Intention Recognition and Electropneumatic Braking Compensation
Authors: Xu Shiwei , Zhao Xuan , Yang Naixing , Bai Zhifeng
Published: July 2020

Braking energy recovery is a key technology for improving energy efficiency and extending the driving range of electric vehicles. However, there are challenges for maximizing energy recovery and improving braking sense. To solve these problems, a hierarchical control strategy of braking energy recovery that considers braking intention recognition and electropneumatic braking compensation is proposed herein. For the upper controller, Layer Hidden Markov Model‐Dynamic Compensatory Fuzzy Neural Network is applied to recognize the driver's braking intention. For the medium controller, a braking force predistribution strategy based on braking intention recognition results is designed. For the lower controller, an electropneumatic braking compensation method is used to reduce the adverse effects due to the composite braking system. Subsequently, vehicle tests in single‐braking conditions and hardware in loop (HIL) simulation in the World Transient Vehicle Cycle (C‐WTVC) are conducted to verify the performance of the control strategy. The results indicate that the proposed control strategy optimizes the braking force in all the tests and simulations, and the energy recovery rate reaches 12.75% in C‐WTVC, thereby surpassing that of the other three control strategies. Therefore, the results of the study indicate an improvement in the economic performance and ride comfort of electric vehicles.
LED flashlight technology facilitates wild meat extraction across the tropics
Authors: Bowler Mark , Beirne Christopher , Tobler Mathias W , Anderson Matt , DiPaola Anna , Fa Julia E , Gilmore Michael P , Lemos Lisley P , Mayor Pedro , Meier Amelia , Menie Guillaume Menie , Meza Diana , Moreno‐Gutierrez Delia , Poulsen John R , de Souza Jesus Anamélia , Valsecchi João , El Bizri Hani R
Published: July 2020

Hunting for wild meat in the tropics provides subsistence and income for millions of people. Methods have remained relatively unchanged since the introduction of shotguns and battery‐powered incandescent flashlights, but the short battery life of such flashlights has limited nocturnal hunting. However, hunters in many countries throughout the tropics have recently begun to switch to brighter and more efficient light‐emitting diode (LED) flashlights. Such brighter spotlights stimulate the freeze response of many species, and improved battery life allows hunters to pursue game more often and for longer periods of time. Interviews with hunters in African and South American tropical forests revealed that LEDs increase the frequency and efficiency of nocturnal hunting, and subsequently the number of kills made. In Brazil, these findings were supported by harvest data. The marked change in efficiency brought about by LEDs, well known to hunters around the world, poses a major threat to wildlife. Here we consider the implications of the increasing use of LED lights in hunting for communities, governments, wildlife managers, and conservationists.
Water Management of PEM Fuel Cell Systems Based on the Humidity Distribution in the Anode Gas Channels
Authors: Grimm M. , Hellmann M. , Kemmer H. , Kabelac S.
Published: July 2020

A proper water management is important for an efficient operation of a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell system. The humidity distribution in the anode gas channels is highly dependent on the cathode humidity and the resulting transmembrane water transport. Therefore, it can be assumed that the cell humidification is optimal when the relative anode humidity is nearly 100% and homogeneously distributed.

In contrast to state‐of‐the‐art approaches, this study focuses on the humidity distribution on anode side in consideration of the anode recirculation loop.

Therefore, a macroscopic 1D+1D simulation model was developed, which simulates humidity profiles along the gas channels with consideration of the transmembrane water transport and the anode gas recirculation.

This study shows the impact of relevant input parameters, such as pressure, stoichiometry and cathode inlet humidity.

Furthermore, the results show that it is possible to reach a nearly homogeneous humidity distribution along the anode gas channels for automotive fuel cell systems. This can be achieved through appropriate operation conditions, e.g., suitable combination of pressure and stoichiometry, and supportive flow directions of the gases and the coolant. The analysis was made for fuel cells operating at full load at system relevant conditions with and without external humidification.
Does greater unemployment make people thinner in Brazil?
Authors: Triaca Lívia Madeira , Jacinto Paulo de Andrade , França Marco Túlio Aniceto , Tejada César Augusto Oviedo
Published: July 2020

The study seeks to analyze the impact of macroeconomic conditions on weight measures, such as BMI, overweight, obesity, and severe obesity in Brazil. We examine this relationship in the specific context of a middle‐income country that differs in many aspects from the high‐income countries usually considered in the literature. The study uses the microdata of VIGITEL in the period from 2006 to 2014 and the state unemployment rate as a proxy for macroeconomic conditions. The results showed that the relationship is robust and presents a procyclical pattern—increases in the unemployment rate reduce BMI, and this reduction is observed throughout the entire distribution, with statistically significant effects for measures of overweight, obesity, and severe obesity. These results agree with the findings for the United States but contradict the results found for Finland and Canada.
“Come and talk”: The insolvency judge as de‐escalator
Authors: Hollemans Ruben , van Dijck Gijs
Published: July 2020

How insolvency courts handle conflicts is an important aspect of the Directive on preventive restructuring frameworks and it has become more important in the current COVID‐19 crisis, as a result of which insolvencies are or will be on the rise. Insolvency courts are one of the key actors that can impact the length and costs of conflicts, and, consequently, the effectiveness and efficiency of insolvency proceedings. However, there is a lack of empirical research that examines when, why and how insolvency courts prevent actual or potential conflicts. This article reports the results of an empirical study that explored the strategies used by insolvency judges in the Netherlands to resolve conflicts and to prevent a dispute from becoming one. The results show that insolvency courts deploy “under the radar” mediation‐like strategies to prevent actual and potential conflicts involving insolvency practitioners, enhancing the speed and cost‐effectiveness of the winding‐up of cases in the perceptions of stakeholders. Consequently, insolvency judges do not only act as adjudicators in court proceedings, but also take on mediation‐like roles, at least in some jurisdictions. Limitations and challenges of these roles are discussed. The findings of this study are relevant for determining and regulating the roles and tasks of insolvency judges.
A low complexity power allocations algorithm for DF MIMO SWIPT relaying systems
Authors: Golipour Sahar , Andargoli Seyed M. H. , Ghazalian Reza
Published: July 2020

In this letter, the maximum achievable rate of downlink decode‐and‐forward (DF) multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) relaying system is investigated. In this system, a MIMO relay can simultaneously harvest power and transfer information. Power allocation over each spatial subchannel at the both base station (BS)‐relay's links and relay‐users' links, and the power splitting ratio (PSR) are optimized simultaneously. Based on the complicated form of optimality conditions, a novel power allocation algorithm is proposed which can find the optimal solution, too. Simulation results validate the efficiency of the proposed method in terms of solution optimality and convergence time.
An optimal cluster‐based routing algorithm for UCBSNs
Authors: Boudargham Nadine , Bou Abdo Jacques , Demerjian Jacques , Guyeux Christophe , Makhoul Abdallah
Published: July 2020

Underwater Collaborative Body Sensor Network (UCBSN) is an important application of Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs). It allows monitoring the performance and status of group of persons in underwater environments to take appropriate actions. In this article, an optimal cluster‐based routing scheme that was previously validated for BSNs and terrestrial CBSN is adapted to the underwater environment and proposed to address UCBSNs challenges. The main aim of the proposed scheme is to ensure reliable transmission of data, while reducing the network delay and the energy consumption of nodes, through optimizing the three steps of the routing process. The performance of the proposed scheme is compared to other existing algorithms in terms of delay, BER, energy consumption, and percentage of dropped packets.
Exosomal secretion may be a self‐protective mechanism of its source cells under environmental stress: A study on human bronchial epithelial cells treated with hydroquinone
Authors: He Zhonghan , Li Yanfeng , Lian Zhenwei , Liu Jin , Xian Hongyi , Jiang Ran , Hu Zuqing , Fang Daokui , Hu Dalin
Published: July 2020

Accumulating evidence reveals that exosome plays an important role in cell‐to‐cell communication in both physiological and pathological processes by transferring bioactive molecules. However, the role of exosomal secretion in the adaption of its source cells to the stimuli of environmental chemicals remains elusive. In this study, we revealed that the exposure of hydroquinone (HQ; the main bioactive metabolite of benzene) to human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE) resulted in decreased ability of cell proliferation and migration, and simultaneously DNA damage and micronuclei formation. Interestingly, when exosomal secretion of HQ treated 16HBE cells was inhibited with the inhibitor GW4869, cellular proliferation and migration were further significantly reduced; concurrently, their DNA damage and micronuclei formation were both further significantly aggravated. Herein, we conclude that exosomal secretion of 16HBE cells may be an important self‐protective function against the toxic effects induced by HQ.
Impact of the CD4:CD8 ratio in bone marrow on stem cell mobilization and engraftment in autologous stem cell transplant patients
Authors: Oka Satoko , Nohgawa Masaharu
Published: July 2020

Bone marrow (BM) damage after previous chemotherapy, such as that involving alkylating agents, and radiation therapy alone cannot explain poor hematopoietic progenitor cell mobilization. We examined the T lymphocytes of BM in 67 autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplant (auto‐PBSCT) patients with non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) or multiple myeloma (MM) to establish whether the cellular phenotype predicts mobilization and engraftment between January 2000 and January 2020 at the Japanese Red Cross Society Wakayama Medical Center. The total number of mobilized CD34+ cells was <2 × 106/kg in 30 patients (group A) and ≥2 × 106/kg in 37 (group B). The median absolute number of CD3+CD4+ cells was lower in group A than in group B (P = .013), and the median absolute number of CD3+CD8+ cells was higher in group A than in group B (P = .016). A low CD4:CD8 ratio was observed in all patients in group A, whereas all patients in group B showed a normal CD4:CD8 ratio (P < .001). A strong correlation was found between the CD4:CD8 ratio and median total CD34+ cells yield (r = .723, P < .001). The present results showed that a lower CD4:CD8 ratio correlated with later neutrophil and platelet engraftment (r = .662, P = .007 and r = .571, P = .008, respectively). The present results indicate that the CD4:CD8 ratio in BM contributes to the prediction of mobilization and engraftment in auto‐PBSCT patients.
Characterization of the cellular transport mechanisms for the anti‐cachexia candidate compound TCMCB07
Authors: Hu Yongjun , Gruber Kenneth A. , Smith David E.
Published: July 2020

Background

Cachexia is a debilitating, life‐threatening condition whose pathology includes reduced food intake accompanied by hypermetabolism, leading to a catabolic state. The hypothalamic melanocortin system is a critical regulator of metabolic rate with effects being mediated through the melanocortin‐4 receptor (MC4R). MC4R activation is also critical to the initiation and maintenance of cachexia. A major problem in the design of anti‐cachexia drugs has been the need to cross the blood–brain barrier to access the metabolic rate‐controlling centres in the hypothalamus. The overwhelming majority of anti‐cachexia drugs are only effective when administered intracerebroventricularly. TCMCB07 is a cyclic nonapeptide peptide MC4R antagonist with parenteral anti‐cachexia activity in both small and large animal models. This suggests it can cross the blood–brain barrier. The aim of this study was to examine potential transport mechanisms of TCMCB07 furthering its preclinical development for subsequent studies in humans.

Methods

In vitro studies were performed in transporter‐transfected cells to study whether or not TCMCB07 was an inhibitor as well as substrate for OATP1A2, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OATP2B1, OCT2, OAT1, OAT3, MATE1, MATE2‐K, P‐gp (MDR1), and BCRP. In vivo mass balance studies were also performed in mice to evaluate the absorption and disposition of TCMCB07 after oral and intravenous bolus administrations.

Results

TCMCB07 inhibited the uptake of prototypical substrates in cells transfected with OATP1A2 (IC50 24.0 μM), OATP1B1 (IC50 6.8 μM), OATP1B3 (IC50 307 μM), OATP2B1 (IC50 524 μM), OCT2 (IC50 1,169 μM), MATE1 (IC50 8.7 μM), and MATE2‐K (IC50 20.7 μM) but not in cells transfected with OAT1 and OAT3. TCMCB07 did not affect the P‐gp (MDR1)‐mediated and BCRP‐mediated permeability of prototypical substrates in transfected cells. Importantly, direct evidence was shown for the uptake of TCMCB07 in OATP1A2‐transfected cells (i.e. Vmax 236 pmol/mg, Km 58.4 μM, and Kd 0.39 μL/mg), demonstrating that the nonapeptide was a substrate for this transporter. Mass balance studies demonstrated that 24.2% of TCMCB07 was absorbed orally in vivo (P = 0.0033) and excreted primarily in the bile after both oral and intravenous administrations.

Conclusions

OATP1A2 is the transporter responsible for the oral absorption of TCMCB07 in the intestine and for its pharmacologic response in the brain.
Enantioselective synthesis of tri‐deuterated (–)‐geosmin to be used as internal standard in quantitation assays
Authors: Porcelli Caterina , Kreissl Johanna , Steinhaus Martin
Published: July 2020

For the accurate and sensitive quantitation of the off‐flavor compound geosmin, particularly in complex matrices, a stable isotopologue as internal standard is highly advantageous. In this work, we present a versatile synthetic strategy leading from (4aR)‐1,4a‐dimethyl‐4,4a,5,6,7,8‐hexahydronaphthalen‐2(3H)‐one to tri‐deuterated (–)‐geosmin ((4S,4aS,8aR)‐4,8a‐dimethyl(3,3,4‐2H3)octahydronaphthalen‐4a(2H)‐ol). The starting material was readily accessible from inexpensive 2‐methylcyclohexan‐1‐one using previously published procedures.
Proteomic characterization of kefir milk by two‐dimensional electrophoresis followed by mass spectrometry
Authors: Santini Giuseppe , Bonazza Francesca , Pucciarelli Stefania , Polidori Paolo , Ricciutelli Massimo , Klimanova Yulia , Silvi Stefania , Polzonetti Valeria , Vincenzetti Silvia
Published: July 2020

Kefir is a type of fermented milk obtained thanks to the introduction of “kefir grains” in mammalian milk. Kefir grains consist of lactic and acetic acid bacteria and yeasts in alternative proportions that are held together by a matrix of complex sugars known as “kefiran.” Thanks to the fermentative process, the kefir milk is rich in nutraceutical substances such as amino acids, vitamins, and mineral salts. The most valuable compounds of kefir fermentation are mainly lactic acid, exopolysaccharides, and bioactive peptides, the resulting products of proteolytic release from milk proteins (caseins and whey proteins). Among the nutraceutical properties of kefir are antimicrobial and antitumor activity, immunomodulating effect, and cholesterol‐lowering effect. Therefore, in light of these intriguing properties of kefir milk, in this work, a proteomic analysis, by two‐dimensional electrophoresis followed by mass spectrometry, has been performed. As a result, milk‐derived polypeptides were identified in commercial kefir milk from organic farming. In particular, polypeptides deriving from κ‐, αs1‐, and αs2‐caseins that may have potentially beneficial effects on human health have been detected.
Robust optimal utilization with a grid‐connected microgrid using EFO‐GBDT based controller technique with integrated converters
Authors: Padhmanabhaiyappan S , Karthik R , Ayyar K.
Published: July 2020

This paper proposes the model and design of optimal utilization of grid connected Micro Grid (MG) system with Enhanced Fruit fly Optimization with Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (EFO‐GBDT) based controller technique. The integration (modeling and design) of high performance converter topology is formulated with the consideration of enhanced converter efficiency, effective implementation, source of renewable energy and reduced swapping loss. In the proposed technique the control scheme is used to consolidate the performance of both an EFO algorithm and also GBDT. In the proposed technique, the EFOA plays out an estimate method to initiate an exact control signal systems and accumulates the control signal database, an offline way of light in power variety between the source side (source of renewable energy and battery) and load side. The performance of dataset used to work as the GBDT mode for an online way and it leads to the control procedure in less performance time. In this proposed technique, an objective function is determined by the system, data subject to be an equality and inequality restrictions. The restrictions are the sources of renewable energy, power require the storage of an charged elements. A battery is implemented as source energy and it is used to permit and balance the renewable power system units and to keep running at a steady and balance output power. At that point the proposed model is performed based on MATLAB/Simulink, its working platform and the performance is assessed based on the existing techniques.
The CRF1 receptor mediates social behavior deficits induced by opiate withdrawal
Authors: Piccin Alessandro , Contarino Angelo
Published: July 2020

Poor sociability and aggressive behavior are key clinical features of opioid use disorders. The corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) system may mediate behavioral effects of substances of abuse but its implication in substance‐induced social behavior deficits and outward‐directed hostility remains largely unknown. CRF signaling is mediated by two receptor types, termed CRF1 and CRF2. The present study aimed at understanding the role for the CRF1 receptor in social and aggressive behavior induced by withdrawal from repeated opiate administration. Thus, wild‐type (CRF1+/+), CRF1 receptor heterozygous (CRF1+/−), and null mutant (CRF1−/−) female and male mice were treated with saline or escalating doses of morphine (20‐100 mg/kg, i.p.) during six consecutive days and tested in the three‐chamber task for sociability (i.e., preference for an unfamiliar same‐sex conspecific vs. an object) 7 days after the last administration. Moreover, aggressive biting behavior toward the unfamiliar conspecific was assessed during the three‐chamber test. Opiate withdrawal disrupted sociability in CRF1+/+ and CRF1+/−, but not in CRF1−/−, female mice, without affecting aggressive biting behavior in any genotype. In contrast, opiate withdrawal did not affect sociability but increased aggressive biting behavior in male mice, independently of CRF1 receptor‐deficiency. Nevertheless, in opiate‐withdrawn CRF1+/+, but not CRF1+/− and CRF1−/−, male mice, sociability directly correlated with aggressive biting behavior, suggesting a role for the CRF1 receptor in hostility‐linked social approach. These findings demonstrate the implication of the CRF1 receptor in social behavior deficits associated with repeated opiate administration and withdrawal, revealing a new potential target for the treatment of opioid use disorders.
Unintended responses to IT‐enabled monitoring: The case of the electronic logging device mandate
Authors: Scott Alex , Balthrop Andrew , Miller Jason W.
Published: July 2020

Research shows that electronic monitoring technologies can reduce illicit agent (e.g., frontline worker) behavior along monitored dimensions such that principals (e.g., firms) benefit. Drawing on theory from criminology regarding the concept of offense displacement, we explain why the benefits from increased monitoring may be mitigated if agents subsequently increase other types of illicit acts not subject to greater monitoring. We investigate this possibility by examining how a mandate requiring millions of truck drivers to adopt electronic logging devices to record their working hours affected different safety behaviors and outcomes. Using data from millions of driver inspections and crash counts before and after the mandate and a differences‐in‐differences identification strategy, we find greater monitoring due to the mandate achieved its first‐order effect of reducing the frequency that drivers were in non‐compliance with work hour rules (the monitored dimension). However, drivers for small firms that were most affected by the mandate also appear to have increased their frequency of unsafe driving (e.g., speeding). We also find that crash counts for small firms did not fall relative to large firms, and may have increased. These results call into question whether increased electronic monitoring has improved safety in this industry.
Browning and quality management of pear fruit by salicylic acid treatment during low temperature storage
Authors: Adhikary Trina , Gill Parmpal S , Jawandha Sukhjit K , Bhardwaj Rachana D , Anurag Rahul K
Published: July 2020

BACKGROUND

‘Patharnakh’ pear, a dominant cultivar in the Punjab province of India, has a shorter storage life as it matures during the hot and humid weather. Studies have reported that postharvest chemical treatments have a major role in improving the storage life of the fruit. In this study, the efficacy of different concentrations (1, 2, and 3 mmol L−1) of salicylic acid (SA), a well‐known signaling molecule, was explored to overcome browning and maintain the postharvest quality of the Patharnakh pear during cold storage.

RESULTS

SA treated pears were better than the untreated fruits in all of the studied parameters. SA application alleviated the rate of weight loss and respiration, and lowered the decay percentage. The efficacy of SA in the reduction of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, which correlates negatively with the total phenolic content, was quite noticeable. The SA treated fruits exhibited a slower oxidation of the total phenol content by inhibiting the action of PPO and retaining the total phenolic content, leading to lower incidence of browning. SA effectively maintained the ascorbic acid content and superoxide dismutase activity. Total soluble solids, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, and pH of the pears were highest with the SA treatment.

CONCLUSION

The 2 mmol L−1 SA treatment exhibited the best result of reducing fruit decay and tissue browning, and maintaining the postharvest quality parameters of pear up to 60 days of cold storage. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Application of a Robotic Tele‐Echography System for COVID‐19 Pneumonia
Authors: Wang Jing , Peng Chengzhong , Zhao Yan , Ye Ruizhong , Hong Jun , Huang Haijun , Chen Legao
Published: July 2020

To date, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has infected millions of people worldwide. Ultrasound plays an indispensable role in the diagnosis, monitoring, and follow‐up of patients with COVID‐19. In this study, we used a robotic tele‐echography system based on a 5G communication network for remote diagnosis. The system has great potential for lung, heart, and vasculature information, medical staff protection, and resource sharing, can be a valuable tool for treating patients during the pandemic, and can be expected to expand to more specialized fields.
Contemporary ethical considerations in clinical otolaryngology
Authors: Holt G. Richard
Published: July 2020

The practice of otolaryngology has been significantly challenged by the constraints of the novel virus pandemic, but the specialty has continued to provide clinical care for patients in a manner consistent with ethical principles and moral leadership. Continued attention to maintaining the ethical foundations for appropriate informed consent, provision of remote health care through telemedicine, and strengthening the patient‐physician relationship while role modeling the highest level of professionalism will continue to be challenging for the specialty throughout and beyond the pandemic temporal boundaries. These contemporary elements of ethical clinical care, examined in the context of disruption of the traditional practice of otolaryngology, are foundational to the duties and responsibilities inherent to the profession of medicine.

Level of Evidence

5
Distribution of Free and Esterified Oxylipins in Cream, Cell, and Skim Fractions of Human Milk
Authors: Gan Junai , Zhang Zhichao , Kurudimov Karina , German J. Bruce , Taha Ameer Y.
Published: July 2020

Human milk contains oxylipins involved in infant development. Although oxylipins have been identified in whole or skim milk, their localization within human milk cream, cell, and skim fractions is not known. This study determined the distribution of free and esterified oxylipins in cream, cell, and skim fractions of human milk. Out of 72 oxylipins probed by mass‐spectrometry, 42, 29, and 41 oxylipins (free or bound) were detected in cream, cell, and skim fractions, respectively. Over 90% of free and bound oxylipins were derived from linoleic acid in all milk fractions. Other oxylipins were derived from n‐6 arachidonic acid and dihomo‐gamma‐linolenic acid, and n‐3 alpha‐linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid. Free oxylipins were more abundant in skim milk (59.9% of total oxylipins) compared to cream and cell pellet, whereas esterified oxylipins were most abundant in milk cream and cell pellets (74.9–76.9%). The heterogenous distribution of oxylipins in different fractions of human milk may regulate the guided release of these bioactive signaling molecules within infants.
Mixing, stratification, and plankton under lake‐ice during winter in a large lake: Implications for spring dissolved oxygen levels
Authors: Yang Bernard , Wells Mathew G. , Li Jingzhi , Young Joelle
Published: July 2020

The mixing and stratification present under ice‐covered lakes during winter can potentially influence the oxygen concentrations in the subsequent spring. During winter, plankton rely on updrafts caused by convection to remain in the photic zone and perform primary production. Thus, there is a crucial link in winter between under‐ice light levels, circulation, and dissolved oxygen (DO) production. Detailed observations of temperature, oxygen, and incoming solar radiation over three winters between 2015 and 2017 suggested that plankton abundance and DO concentrations were maximal near the end of the winter before the ice melted when there was increased under‐ice light and convection. DO was supersaturated by the end of the severe winter of 2015 when the ice cover duration was the longest. In comparison, DO increased but was not saturated in the warmer winters of 2016 and 2017. The spring overturn started when the water column became isothermal and continued until when the mean water column temperature first exceeded 4°C, at which time, hypolimnetic DO depletion started and continued until the fall overturn. The concentration of DO when the water column becomes stratified in spring, along with the timing of the end of spring overturn, are both important initial conditions for summer DO concentrations.