bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High Noon: Summer 1984
Authors: Sutcliffe-Braithwaite Florence , Thomlinson Natalie
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines women’s experiences in the strike during the summer of 1984. It highlights key events such as the Barnsley rally of May 1984 in order to trace the growth of the support movement in this period. It looks at the formation of the national umbrella group for the support movement, National Women Against Pit Closures, and explores the complex politics of this organisation, as well as its relationship to the NUM. It examines the decision of some women to join the picket lines—often seen as the most novel aspect of women’s strike activism—and explores what their experiences in this arena tell us about gendered norms within coalfield communities in Britain. It also examines the survival strategies employed by women to help their families survive as hardship began to hit striking families, and explores how the shame attached to receiving charity shaped the choices that they made.
Conclusion
Authors: Hendriks Frank
Published: September 2023

This chapter continues and concludes with forward-looking reflections on hybrid democratic innovations (HDIs) that capitalize on tensions between opposites. This feeds into the hybrid-innovations hypothesis, which posits that more versatile and connective democratic innovations stand a better chance of a high performance on a broader spectrum than democratic innovations that fall short of these qualities. The most advanced hybrid innovations couple diverging forms of bottom-up pressure, and keep representative democracy connected and on its toes. Hybrid democratic innovations may be desirable as well as possible, as this book contends, but they also come with challenges and questions reflected on in this final chapter. A strategy of change based on connecting opposites requires great effort, the cognitive agility to rethink democratic innovation, and a good deal of practical wisdom to effectuate it. Done properly, it is proposed that this is valuable and worth our while.
Gecas and the Failure of Law
Authors: Silverman Jon , Sherwood Robert
Published: September 2023

Anton Gecas, a senior commander in the 12th Lithuanian Auxiliary Battalion, responsible for thousands of deaths of Jews and other civilians, lost a libel action against Scottish Television in 1991, encouraging hopes that he would be the first suspect in the UK to be charged with war crimes. But the Scottish Crown Office did not prosecute him, on the same grounds that the Crown Prosecution Service in England refused to prosecute an equally significant perpetrator, Harijs Svikeris. This chapter explains that, as a result of an American inquiry in 1982, Gecas was already on the radar of war crimes investigators because of his involvement in a notorious massacre at Slutsk in Belorussia. The head of the OSI in Washington explained that he was astonished that Gecas was allowed to escape justice. The chapter uncovers the barely concealed hostility between the OSI and the Scottish Crown Office and highlights the difference between the use by the United States of civil denaturalization procedures to strip suspects of their citizenship and the requirements of UK criminal law.
Sawoniuk, the Unexpected Conviction
Authors: Silverman Jon , Sherwood Robert
Published: September 2023

Andrzej Sawoniuk, another Schutzmänner from Belorussia, was the only suspect in any Commonwealth jurisdiction to be convicted of war crimes, although he was traced in the UK only belatedly by the WCU through the work of historians attached to the unit. His name was prominent on a list of ninety-six names presented by the Soviet embassy in London to the Foreign Office in 1988. But because it had the Russian spelling rather than the Polish/Ukrainian one, the CPS believed that he was not to be found in the UK. Sawoniuk’s case illustrates how the Soviet Union relentlessly tracked collaborators who had fled to the West for four decades after the war. But until investigators were able to see the all-important Search File, containing over 200 pages of testimony gathered over the decades, a UK prosecution was in doubt. The case also confounded those opponents of the war crimes legislation who argued that identification of a suspect, after more than half a century, would present an insuperable obstacle. Two of the key witnesses were schoolmates of Sawoniuk, lived in the same small town, Domachevo, and knew him well. The trial made legal history when the court—judge, jury, and press corps—visited Domachevo to test the evidence of one of the eyewitnesses, Fedor Zan.
Slonim, Secrets and Spies
Authors: Silverman Jon , Sherwood Robert
Published: September 2023

The case of Stanislaw Chrzanowski was unique in two respects. He was the only suspect living in the UK to have been the subject of an investigation by the German war crimes agency, the Zentrale Stelle. He was also the only suspect to have come to the attention of the authorities because of suspicions voiced by a member of his own family—his stepson, John Kingston. Chrzanowski was a Schutzmänner in Slonim, whose large Jewish population was almost wholly eliminated by 1942. Witnesses spoke of his brutality but the CPS decided that there was not sufficient reliable eyewitness testimony to prosecute. The discovery of fragmentary scenes from a US television documentary about intelligence operations in post-war Germany has led to speculation that Chrzanowski, who spoke several languages, including German and Russian, may have been of interest to spying agencies either in the US or MI5 and MI6 in the UK. The chapter looks more closely at the protection offered by MI6 to anti-Soviet collaborators who became émigrés in the UK after the war.
Gwendolyn Brooks and Housing as a Civil Right
Authors: Hunter Walt
Published: September 2023

This chapter argues that Gwendolyn Brooks’s many house poems look for more in the home than the lasting security that FDR, at the time of A Street in Bronzeville, claimed led to “true individual freedom.” At stake in questions of housing is the creative imagination that privileges aesthetic activity in times of necessity, in addition to the political resistance and radicalized consciousness that are more obvious accompaniments. The chapter goes on to show that Brooks’s use of character is usefully re-examined through the house poem, which gives the reader an opportunity to set the figure of a person against the ground of a condition. Brooks’s poetry examines how the individual fits into the mesh of economics and politics that determines, at least in part, what role they play vis-à-vis others.
Out of Exile
Authors: Swallow Peter
Published: September 2023

Two of the most influential scholars to work on Aristophanes’ texts in the early nineteenth century were Thomas Mitchell and John Hookham Frere, who each produced translations of several plays, with Mitchell also writing commentaries on five texts. Both authors were Tories, and both interpreted Aristophanes as a starkly political author reinforcing their own world-view, following German and British historians’ interpretations of the Greek poet discussed in Chapter 1. Both were also keen to suppress Aristophanes’ crudity. At the same time, Mitchell’s Aristophanes and Frere’s were subtly different beasts. Frere’s vernacular editions demonstrate a commitment to readability while seeking to preserve the metrical form of the original; though designed for well-educated readers, they became a vehicle for Aristophanes’ working-class reception. Mitchell’s texts, particularly his commentaries, were designed as classroom aides for the nobility, and were far more reactionary than Frere’s Reformist Aristophanes.
Conclusion
Authors: Swallow Peter
Published: September 2023

The monograph’s wide-ranging study of Aristophanic reception in the long-nineteenth century is concluded by looking at an amateur performance of Aristophanes’ Birds staged in Sutton Coldfield in April 1884—a production which demonstrates in microcosm the many diachronic and synchronic chains of reception explored throughout the previous nine chapters, drawing as it does on Planché, Gilbert, Tennyson, and university productions of Greek theatre as well as on Aristophanes. The importance of both political and aesthetic readings of Aristophanes is discussed holistically, and the sheer breadth of Aristophanic receptions is highlighted—received as Old Comedy was in scholarship, theatre, and poetry, from high art to the most popular, public-facing mediums.
Economic Retrospection in Japan
Authors: Ohmura Hanako , Hino Airo
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines the determinants of executive approval in Japan based on monthly polls since the 1960s. Analyses show that both partisanship and economic evaluations matter, but their effects are more pronounced after electoral reform in the 1990s. The existing studies have not rigorously tested the impact of the electoral reform and the impact of ‘Abenomics’ on the models of cabinet approval. The authors’ analyses demonstrate that there are increasing effects of sociotropic and egotropic evaluations after the electoral reform, while the impact of Abenomics is less substantial. The overall results show that support for ruling parties has a significant impact on cabinet support, and the effect of sociotropic economic evaluations is also significant after controlling for ruling party approval, suggesting that there is no trade-off between the impacts of partisanship and economic evaluation, and that both can function in tandem.
Weakened Ties
Authors: Donovan Kathleen M. , Kellstedt Paul M. , Key Ellen M. , Lebo Matthew J.
Published: September 2023

Presidential approval in the United States has been the most consistently watched variable in American politics for decades. Not surprisingly, political scientists have also followed the measure closely and developed a long and deep literature about both its causes and effects. This chapter reviews the historical development of those literatures and examine approval over the 1953–2020 period. The economy and approval were once inextricably related, and that connection was a linchpin of the literature on economic voting. But, with increased partisan polarization, presidential approval seems to have been detached from economic measures and, perhaps, from everything except partisanship.
Economics, Politics, and the Popularity Function
Authors: Stegmaier Mary , Park Brandon Beomseob , Lewis-Beck Michael S.
Published: September 2023

This chapter returns to the core questions of the book: what role does the economy play in shaping executive approval? And what factors explain why this economy–approval relationship varies over time and across countries? It begins with a review of widely recognized cross-national studies with an eye towards how contextual features affect the strength of the economy in vote and popularity functions. In doing so, the authors attempt to assess a question that Paldam (1991) asked: how large is the e-fraction (the economy) compared to the p-fraction (politics)? Then they turn to the country case-study chapters in this volume, characterizing them according to Lijphart’s (1971) case-study typology: theory-confirming, theory-infirming, hypothesis-generating, and deviant case studies. Ten of the eleven case studies can be categorized as fully or partially confirming. Additionally, a few of these can also be considered hypothesis-generating or deviant in that they provide new insights regarding the role of inequality, government responsiveness, and economic measures, topics that deserve further study. In the closing section, the authors discuss additional avenues for further research such as how the pandemic, climate change, migration, and threats to democracy may impact executive approval ratings in the future.
Abuse of Process
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines the issue of abuse of process. As stated in Attorney-General’s Reference (No. 1 of 1990) [1992] QB 630, abuse of process may arise in many different forms. In professional conduct proceedings, a stay on the grounds of abuse of process is exceptional. This is because the focus of regulators is to maintain the standards and integrity of the profession to ensure that public confidence is and can be maintained. Abuse of process is likely to arise only if one of these two categories in R v. Maxwell [2011] 1 WLR 1837 is established: (a) it would be impossible to give the accused a fair hearing; or (b) a hearing would offend the court’s sense of justice and propriety in the particular circumstances of the case.
Adjournment
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter investigates the issue of adjournment. Unlike the cases in the first chapter, in which the burden rests on the regulator to satisfy the tribunal or committee to proceed in the absence of the practitioner, on an application for an adjournment the onus is on the applicant—frequently the practitioner—to produce evidence to show the basis for an adjournment. The overall test for granting or refusing an adjournment is one of procedural fairness, such as in the cases of General Medical Council v. Hayat [2018] and Maitland-Hudson v. Solicitors Regulation Authority [2019]. If an adjournment is sought on medical grounds, there needs to be clear evidence to show that an adjournment is justified. The existence of other proceedings, lack of readiness, or inability to secure representation will not normally be grounds for an adjournment, but each case must be judged on its own facts against the overall principles established in the cases.
Amendment
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter evaluates the issue of amendment of charges and grounds of appeal. Subject to the requirements of a fair hearing, a professional disciplinary tribunal has power to amend the charge or allegation. A key example is Ahmedsowida v. General Medical Council [2021]; the tribunal’s determination that the amendments could be made without injustice was not procedurally unfair. However, to introduce late an entirely new case requiring extensive investigation would be potentially unfair, such as in the case of Bittar v. Financial Conduct Authority [2017]. Meanwhile, an application to amend grounds of appeal is likely to be considered under the Civil Procedure Rules, such as in Kavaarupo v. Nursing and Midwifery Council [2020] and AB, a barrister v. Bar Standards Board [2020].
Appeals
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter details numerous issues relating to appeals. It lists the leading disciplinary cases and looks at the approach of the higher courts to appeals from professional bodies. The courts continue to place considerable reliance on the expertise of the tribunal or committee, and findings of fact are difficult to appeal. The court will reject a late appeal in the absence of exceptional circumstances, and similarly there needs to be good reason to admit fresh evidence. To bring a second appeal, an appellant must show that the appeal raises a point of principle or practice, or there is some other compelling reason for the Court of Appeal to hear it. The test for an appeal on sanction is whether the direction was appropriate and necessary in the public interest or was excessive and disproportionate.
Burden of Proof
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter describes the issues relating to the burden of proof. It is well recognized that the burden of proof rests on the regulator where the disciplinary committee or tribunal is required to determine issues of fact. If the burden is not discharged to the requisite standard, then the regulator has not proved its case and the allegation in question must be found not proved, such as in the cases of Miller v. Minister of Pensions [1947] and Pope v. General Dental Council [2015]. The fact that the practitioner is required to respond to the allegation and that the tribunal examines the practitioner’s explanation does not reverse the burden of proof. However, care must be taken by the tribunal not to reverse the burden, for example by accepting the regulator’s case and calling on the practitioner to explain matters. In other situations, for example registration appeals and applications for restoration to the register, the burden of proof may be on the applicant, and in review cases it has been said that the practitioner has a persuasive burden to address past impairment.
Conditions of Practice Orders
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter reviews conditions of practice orders, which should only be made by a tribunal or committee for the protection of members of the public or in the interests of the practitioner. Defects in the performance of professionals can have a very powerful impact not only upon members of the public individually, but also upon the standing of the profession. The Sanctions Guidance of the General Medical Council (GMC) and the MPTS (November 2020) states, at paragraph 81, that conditions might be most appropriate in cases: (a) involving the doctor’s health; (b) involving issues around the doctor’s performance; (c) where there is evidence of shortcomings in a specific area or areas of the doctor’s practice; or (d) where a doctor lacks the necessary knowledge of English to practise medicine without direct supervision. Each of the healthcare regulators has a ‘bank’ of conditions containing the wording that decision-makers should use when imposing conditions on a practitioner’s registration at an interim tribunal hearing or following a substantive hearing. A restricted practice order may be for either a finite or an indefinite period, but must be proportionate to allow the solicitor to earn their living.
Constitution of Panel
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines the composition or constitution of panels, which will set out the body’s rules or procedures. It looks at issues such as the qualifications for members of a tribunal, whether a tribunal remains quorate if a panel member leaves, and what the position is if the panel member later returns, and whether there is any requirement for a panel to have a member of the same speciality as the practitioner. On the last point, it has been repeatedly stressed that there is no requirement for the speciality of the professionally qualified panel member to match that of the practitioner. The qualifications for panel members are derived from the relevant regulations and rules, rather than any side arrangements containing the pool of panel members. The cases of R (Michalak) v. General Medical Council [2011] and R (Hill) v. Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales [2013] illustrate the problems that can arise for professional disciplinary tribunals if a member departs and either later returns or is substituted for another panel member.
Dishonesty (General Principles)
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter describes the general principles for dishonesty. It is clearly established that, whatever form dishonesty takes, the practitioner must be given timely notice of an allegation of dishonesty with relevant particulars where appropriate, unless it is obvious from the nature of the charge, for example where the allegation is based on a criminal conviction that involves dishonesty. The decision of the Supreme Court in Ivey v. Genting Casinos (UK) Ltd t/a Crockfords [2017] established that the test for dishonesty is now a single objective test, but, importantly, after the fact-finder has first established the defendant’s actual state of mind as to their knowledge or belief of the facts. ‘Knowledge’ includes both actual and blind-eye knowledge. Meanwhile, ‘beliefs’ includes suspicions that may fall short of blind-eye knowledge.
Dishonesty (Sanction)
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter studies the sanction for dishonesty. Dishonesty will be particularly serious if it involves a breach of trust between the practitioner and their employer, patient, client, or regulator, or where it occurs in the performance of professional duties. Erasure or striking off will often, and perfectly properly, be the appropriate sanction in cases of dishonesty, even in the case of a one-off instance of dishonesty. In the healthcare professions, however, erasure is not necessarily inevitable in every case in which dishonest conduct has been substantiated. There may be cases in which the panel concludes that a lesser sanction may suffice and is appropriate, bearing in mind the important balance of the interests of the profession and the interests of the individual. Key examples include Atkinson v. General Medical Council [2009] and Igboaka v. General Medical Council [2016].
Impairment of Fitness to Practise
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter discusses a registrant’s fitness to practise, which will be regarded as impaired by reason only of certain defined matters, such as misconduct, deficient professional performance, a conviction or caution, or adverse physical or mental health. It cites the Dentists Act 1984, the Health and Social Work Professions Order 2001, and the Medical Act 1983 as examples of the statutory provisions governing impairment. It also describes impairment as a matter of judgment for the tribunal or committee, rather than a matter of proof. The chapter emphasizes the need to uphold proper professional standards and public confidence in the profession as key factors. The concept of fitness to practise has the advantage of flexibility, while at the same time recognizing that a decision-maker might conclude that a practitioner’s fitness to practise is impaired.
In Camera Discussions
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter talks about panels that are required to deliberate in private before reaching and announcing certain decisions. In the absence of an express rule, panels will invariably retire before reaching a decision on the facts, impairment, or sanction. It also mentions the Nursing and Midwifery Council (Fitness to Practise) Rules 2004 and the General Dental Council (Fitness to Practise) Rules 2006 that require a committee to deliberate in private to make findings on the facts. The chapter recounts Fabiyi v. Nursing and Midwifery Council, wherein the committee was criticized for retiring for only 8 minutes to consider whether to proceed in the absence of the registrant where there were substantial issues to consider. The decision to proceed in the registrant’s absence was found to be procedurally unfair.
Indicative Sanctions Guidance
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter looks into regulators that publish guidance on sanctions, which are described as ‘indicative’ of the sanction that the tribunal or committee may impose in any given case. The rules of the regulator will often provide that the tribunal or committee must have regard to any sanctions guidance or policy issued by the regulator. It also distinguishes a code of practice that is published pursuant to a statutory requirement between a sanctions policy or an indicative sanctions guidance. The chapter highlights the purpose of a sanctions policy, which is to aid panels in their deliberations and to help them to make fair, consistent, and transparent decisions. Any indicative sanctions guidance should be seen in the context of the regulator’s overarching statutory objective.
Investigation of Allegations
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter illustrates the legal framework for the investigation of allegations by healthcare regulators, which is governed by detailed rules and guidance documents. The legal framework sets out a step-by-step approach that begins with an allegation or complaint considered by the registrar to determine whether or not it may give rise to an allegation of impaired fitness to practise or professional misconduct. It emphasizes how the registrar may carry out investigations that are appropriate in the registrar’s opinion. The chapter explores the task of investigation of case examiners or the investigation committee, whose role is to determine whether there is a case to go forward to the fitness to practise tribunal or committee. Most regulators publish guidance for case examiners or the investigation committee when making decisions to refer an allegation to a fitness to practise or conduct hearing.
Jurisdiction
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter describes regulatory and disciplinary bodies that derive their jurisdiction from various sources, such as under statute, the royal prerogative, royal charter, or by contract with their members. It mentions healthcare professions that are governed by statute and derive their jurisdiction from the royal prerogative. It also talks about architects who are regulated under a statutory scheme and other professions that are regulated by professional bodies incorporated under royal charter. The chapter explains that a tribunal or committee has no power to adjudicate upon a matter that is outside or beyond its jurisdiction. It cites the Court of Appeal cases of Virdi v. Law Society and Hill v. Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales, which show that one cannot expect every contingency to be foreseen and provided for when one is dealing with bye-laws and regulations of professional disciplinary bodies.
Language (Knowledge of English)
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines the requirement for the necessary standard of competence in the English language for medical practitioners, which was recommended by the House of Commons Health Committee. It looks at a report that followed the death of a patient in 2008 when the treating physician administered ten times the recommended maximum dose of diamorphine. It also points out that EU law provides for recognition of certain professional qualifications in EU member states and states in the European Economic Area. The chapter discusses the UK legislation that reflects the need for comprehensible communication between patients/clients and the professional providing the service. It details how regulators publish guidance, codes of practice, and standards that make the necessary knowledge of the English language a paramount requirement for any person applying to be registered and to practise in the UK.
Legal Advice
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter elaborates on the legal framework of legal advice. It notes how the Medical Act 1983 indicated that the appointment of legal assessors or a legally qualified chair must satisfy the criteria concerning qualifications, experience, competence, and other matters to be eligible for appointment. The legal assessor’s role is to advise the committee or tribunal on issues of law or procedure and, if necessary, intervene to prevent an irregularity or a mistake of law from occurring. The General Medical Council’s Legal Assessors Rules expressly define good practice, so advice should be tendered in the presence of the parties, or the parties should be informed as soon as practicable if absent. The chapter references varying cases that involve either a legal assessor, legal adviser, or legally qualified chair.
Legal or Other Representation
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores the provision for allowing legal or other representation of the registrant. It discusses the representation at hearings of the regulators, NHS, school, university hearings, contract-based hearings, and police or prison disciplinary hearings. According to the Legal Services Act 2007, advocates and litigators owe a duty to the court that is a long-standing part of the law of England and Wales. Thus, lawyers should undertake only cases with proper knowledge of the law to enable them to put forward competent arguments and always remember their paramount duty to the court. The chapter explains that most regulators allow a registrant to be represented at a fitness to practise or conduct a hearing by counsel or a solicitor, or a member of a defence organization. It clarifies that courts will not normally permit an appeal based on an allegation of incompetent representation before a disciplinary tribunal.
Misconduct (General Principles)
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter looks into the meaning of misconduct in other professional bodies since the term was not defined in the legislation covering doctors, dentists, nurses, and most other healthcare professionals. Misconduct is a word of general effect, which often involves some act or omission which falls short of what would be proper in the circumstances. Moreover, the misconduct is qualified in two respects: its links to the profession of medicine and professional misconduct being serious. The chapter references the disciplinary case of Doughty v. General Dental Council wherein dental practice and treatment fell short of expected standards, which became a misconduct matter of judgment for the committee. It also tackles cases of negligent conduct.
Reasons
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter highlights the significance of disciplinary committees or fitness to practise tribunals to provide reasons for their decisions. Numerous regulators’ guidance documents indicate how decisions must be fully explained using clear language with sufficient detail so that the parties and others can understand why a particular determination was made. The adequacy of the reasons should take into account the knowledge of the submissions and evidence before the tribunal or committee. The chapter mentions the need for reasons within the healthcare profession. It also looks into the cases that featured the adequacy of reasons in healthcare cases and other professional cases.
Recklessness
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores the definition of recklessness in disciplinary proceedings. Lord Bingham of Cornhill adopted the definition of ‘recklessness’ set out by the Law Commission in its Report on Criminal Law: A Criminal Code for England and Wales. Additionally, a person acts recklessly under the terms and circumstances of being aware of a risk that exists or that will occur. The chapter also tackles disciplinary cases that featured recklessness and dishonesty. It explains how Brett v. Solicitors Regulation Authority showcased how the solicitor allowed the court to be misled and proceed on incorrect assumptions through witness statements with false impressions.
Standard of Proof
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter elaborates on the civil standard of proof universally applied by all tribunals and committees in professional conduct proceedings. The Solicitors Disciplinary Tribunal and the Bar Tribunals and Adjudication Service transitioned arrangements for the tribunal to apply the civil standard concerning allegations. Meanwhile, the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons continues to apply the criminal standard of proof. The chapter highlights the significance of fact-finding tribunals and committees considering the inherent probability or inherent improbability of the relevant event when applying the civil standard of proof on the balance of probabilities. It also tackles health profession cases that feature a standard of proof.
Whistleblowing
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter covers the provision for protection from disclosure or whistleblowing. It elaborates on the Employment Rights Act 1996, which is intended to ensure that a worker will not suffer detriment as a result of whistleblowing as per its amendment. Regulators across the professions have made rules and issued guidance to enable employees and workers to raise concerns and report wrongdoing within the areas the bodies regulate. The chapter discusses A Review of the Fit and Proper Person Test commissioned by the Minister of State for Health that tackled the serious misconduct by directors with the NHS. It explores disciplinary cases that featured whistleblowing.
Words and Phrases
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter notes the words and phrases often utilized in cases of disciplinary proceedings. It also references the cases and chapters that mentioned the terms. Some of the terms range between behaviour, double jeopardy, proportionality, and unacceptable professional conduct. For example, Spencer v. General Osteopathic Council [2013] featured the term ‘unacceptable professional conduct’, which was elaborated on and discussed in the book’s chapter focused on misconduct. The chapter also references R (Officer W80) v. Director General of the Independent Office for Police Conduct [2020] which indicated that police officers must only use force to the extent that it is necessary, proportionate, and reasonable in all the circumstances.
A New Measurement of Poverty
Authors: Santos Juan Manuel
Published: September 2023

In this chapter, the author summarizes the story of the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) and the development of the methodology to calculate it (the Alkire–Foster method) by Sabina Alkire and James Foster at the University of Oxford between 2006 and 2007. He also describes how the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) promoted the MPI. This index is based on the economic theories of Professor Amartya Sen. The author recounts how Mexico was the first country to develop a multidimensional poverty measure and how Colombia and Bhutan, almost simultaneously, were the first countries to adopt an MPI fully based on the Alkire–Foster method. As background to the MPI, the author cites the concept of unsatisfied basic needs (UBN), developed by Óscar Altimir at the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), in addition to other instruments used in Colombia for measuring and monitoring families’ living conditions such as the Living Conditions Index (LCI) and the SISBEN. In 2008, economists at Colombia’s National Planning Department (DNP in Spanish), led by Roberto Angulo, began to study the new MPI created at Oxford, and, in 2009, the Colombian government convened the Mission for the Splicing of Employment, Poverty, and Inequality Series (MESEP in Spanish), which recommended adopting it. Jointly, in 2010, the DNP and OPHI began working to construct an MPI for Colombia (C-MPI).
Introduction: Artificial Intelligence and the Nuclear Dilemma
Authors: Geist Edward
Published: September 2023

This chapter introduces the work and describes its methodology. It opens with a brief encapsulation of the book’s argument as to why emerging technology will enhance the efficacy of military deception instead of enhancing situational awareness. It then outlines the desirable features of a nuclear strategy and makes the case for framing nuclear strategy in “cognitive” terms with the goal of reshaping adversary beliefs.
From Celluloid Nightmares to Silicon Realities
Authors: Geist Edward
Published: September 2023

This chapter relates the myths of machine intelligence and nuclear weapons so common in popular culture to the real history of how AI has been related to nuclear war planning. It demonstrates that the basic narrative of nuclear-armed computers run amok antedates the beginnings of artificial intelligence as a field and contends that this narrative persists because it makes for compelling stories, not because of any particular resemblance to real life. The chapter then describes historical attempts to employ artificial intelligence for nuclear strategy. Most of these examples are previously obscure, such as RAND’s creation of an expert system to substitute for human players in wargames in the 1980s and DARPA’s effort to automate nuclear war planning as part of its Reagan-era Strategic Computing Initiative.
Recipe for a WOPR
Authors: Geist Edward
Published: September 2023

This chapter draws upon theoretical computer science to evaluate the likelihood that computers can be made to track and target strategic nuclear forces in practice. The chapter illustrates the inner workings of multi-target tracking system and its components such as Kalman filters and data association mechanisms using intuitive analogies to familiar situations. It explains how tracking is a form of information fusion, which in turn is a form of reasoning under uncertainty. Reasoning under uncertainty is one of the best-studied problems in artificial intelligence, but computer scientists have proved it to be computationally and epistemologically hard. These findings suggest that a satisfactory general way to make computers reason about uncertainty will remain forever elusive, and therefore that more sensors and more powerful computers cannot be counted upon to make disarming strikes feasible.
Prologue
Authors: Zwicker Jonathan
Published: September 2023

Using the memoir of a nineteenth-century kabuki actor as a focal point, the “Prologue” of Kabuki’s Nineteenth Century suggests a framework for nineteenth-century Japanese theater history in relation to the larger currents of political and intellectual history that formed the background for the emergence of modern Japan. In the summer of 1855, the kabuki actor Nakamura Nakazō III (1809–86) began writing what would become a most singular document of kabuki’s nineteenth century. Part memoir, part diary, the timing of Nakazō’s turn toward the autobiographical is fortuitous. The two decades during which he wrote this memoir would turn out to be among the most significant years in the history of Japan, and Self Praise (Temae miso), as the book is now known, provides an extraordinary eye-witness account of the decade straddling the birth of the modern nation.
Mapping the Stage
Authors: Zwicker Jonathan
Published: September 2023

Nineteenth-century theater ephemera is filled with maps and other spatial diagrams. At the same time, writers were increasingly interested in understanding the history of kabuki in relation to the history of other theatrical traditions: the theater of Late Imperial China, in the first instance, and the theater of Europe later. “Mapping the Stage” examines a wide variety of print and manuscript sources to ask how nineteenth-century writers both deployed cartographic imagery and created a comparative framework for understanding kabuki’s place within the world. These were questions that would have profound implications for the modern discipline of theater history in Japan.
Feminist Lives
Authors: Abrams Lynn
Published: September 2023

Feminist Lives adopts a woman-centred approach to understand how British women charted a new way of being female in the three decades before the Women’s Liberation Movement. Focusing on the so-called ‘transition’ generation of women who were born in the long 1940s and who grew to maturity in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, this book shows how this generation of women developed the aspirational model of womanhood that then emerged after 1970 as the norm amongst women in the Global North. Feminist Lives seeks to fill ‘the feminist history gap’, countering a narrative that has for too long neglected this generation of women as fusty and failing, and as just not feminist enough. Using women’s voices as the book’s evidential and emotional core as they describe themselves, their lives, relationships, feelings, and actions, this study analyses the modes by which women constructed a modern self, built upon new ways of living, feeling, and being.
Young Men from the Provinces
Authors: Duquette Elizabeth
Published: September 2023

Beginning from Lionel Trilling’s argument that “Young Men from the Provinces” are key to the development of the nineteenth century, this chapter reads Henry James’s The Princess Casamassima in the context of that tradition. Tracing how the novel understands key political ideals from the French Revolution—liberté, égalité, fraternité—the chapter shows James exploring what it means that tyrannies and tyrants can be aligned with movements for social justice as from impulses for conservative counter-revolution. Not only does James’s interest in people, both as an abstraction and as a verb, raise questions about to whom obligations might be owed; it also shows James navigating the vexed relationship between the social and the political.
Coda
Authors: Duquette Elizabeth
Published: September 2023

Napoleon Bonaparte defined greatness for the nineteenth century—and he also defined madness and monomania. The coda briefly charts this association, focusing on Henry James’s deathbed dictations, where he imagined, briefly, that he was the French emperor. Napoleon was, in short, not only the symbol of tyrannical ambition; he was also implicated in ambition’s pathology, the delusion of grandeur. Bringing together these two dimensions of ambition opens onto the book’s final point. Reorienting our political imagination so that we remember that tyranny has many forms, that it presented a constant concern across the nineteenth century, and that its return is easier than its defeat. The latter is necessary if we are to finally achieve the democracy we have celebrated for centuries.
The Audible Anthropocene
Authors: Quinn John E. , Speitz Michele , Carmenates Omar , Burtner Matthew
Published: September 2023

Collaborative spaces and shared objects are needed to address grand challenges in sustainability. In this manuscript, we describe how sound and birds spurred a novel collaboration, performance, and subsequent unique co-learning and development. Linking literary scholarship, ecology, and percussion, we translated multiple types of evidence into an avant-garde musical composition, Avian Telemetry (Burtner 2018). This composition paired “records” of Romantic poetry’s avian lyrics with contemporary field recordings and ecological measures of changing soundscapes and bird vocalizations adapting to anthropogenic sounds, noise, and audible encroachments. The mixed-method data collection, interpretations, and performances of the project reflect how we each as scholars interact with, respond to, and shape sound across space and time as well as how we can find shared languages between disciplines. Leveraging boundary objects, like sound, can provide a compelling way to understand and communicate complex problems and include the community in addressing complex sustainability challenges.
Ethnomusicology of Citizenship, Ethnomusicology as Citizenship
Authors: Stokes Martin
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores and contextualizes the recent ethnomusicological preoccupation with citizenship. Ethnomusicology’s engagement with the term ‘citizenship’ started under the rubric of ‘sonic citizenship’—though this term soon disappeared; “citizenship” subsequently filtered into chapter headings, conclusions, footnotes, and index entries. The chapter explores the ever-deepening levels, and ever-widening circles, in which this term now moves. It explores three trajectories of it, labeled ‘identity,’ ‘technocracy,’ and ‘intimacy,’ with reference to case studies in Central Asia, West Africa, Latin America, the Middle East, and Europe. Though there is little dialogue across this field, the chapter concludes, this literature exemplifies a common interest in postcolonial critique, in a performance-centered critical framework, and in a task-oriented, collaborative form of ethnographic practice—a shift, in other words, from an “ethnomusicology of citizenship” to “ethnomusicology as citizenship.”
Conclusion
Authors: Stokes Martin
Published: September 2023

This chapter brings the volume to a close with a discussion of some recent debates about multicultural performance in France in the aftermath of the Bataclan massacre in Paris on 13 November 2015. It discusses slam poet Marc Nammour’s “99” Project, ethnomusicologist Frédéric Deval’s “transcultural” programming at Royaumont Abbey, postcolonial debates about creole citizenship, and the death, at the Bataclan, of a young French North African musician, Kheireddine Sahbi—a student of andalusi music who died with his violin in his hands. Islam in Europe has sharpened debates about citizenship. Music, the chapter shows, is implicated and entangled in ways that bear on the emphases and critical angles of this book. The volume ends with a brief meditation on citizenship and music as craft.
Introduction
Authors: Schonfeld Zach
Published: September 2023

The Introduction provides a detailed overview of Nicolas Cage’s childhood and the formative experiences that led to his interest in acting: how watching Jerry Lewis on television offered an escape from the pain of his mother’s mental illness, how he was profoundly affected by seeing James Dean in East of Eden (1955), and how he was influenced by his eccentric father, a literary professor. In this section, the author also provides a brief explanation of his own interest in Cage and reveals how the book was inspired by experiences both interviewing Cage in 2015 and writing a detailed article about Vampire’s Kiss in 2019. The Introduction gives a sense of the methodology of the book and explains why the author chooses to focus on the first era of Cage’s career.
Punk Romeo
Authors: Schonfeld Zach
Published: September 2023

This chapter tells the story of Nicolas Cage’s first starring role, in Valley Girl (1983), a low-budget teen romance that defied its humble origins, became a cult hit, and made Cage a film star virtually overnight. It chronicles how the eighteen-year-old Cage was discovered by young filmmaker Martha Coolidge, who was unaware of his relation to Francis Ford Coppola and saw potential in his handsome looks and youthful sex appeal. It examines how Cage charmed audiences with his portrayal of a sensitive punk who falls in love with a Valley girl, and how the film became an unlikely cult classic that helped trigger the eighties high school movie boom and influenced Quentin Tarantino.
Baby Fever
Authors: Schonfeld Zach
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines Nicolas Cage’s beloved performance as a baby-stealing ex-con in the Coen Brothers’ 1987 comedy Raising Arizona. The chapter delves into the Coens’ early career as eccentric low-budget filmmakers determined to maintain creative control and explores how their highly specific creative vision sometimes caused friction with Cage’s desire to improvise and bring his own ideas to the character. The chapter argues that Cage’s comical, frenetic performance in Raising Arizona works because the film is essentially a live-action cartoon, deliberately rejecting realism in ways that bewildered film critics at the time. The author also explores how Cage’s performance drew on unlikely influences, such as the cartoon character Woody Woodpecker.
Kiss Me Deadly
Authors: Schonfeld Zach
Published: September 2023

This chapter chronicles the tumultuous making of the low-budget 1989 cult horror film Vampire’s Kiss, in which Nicolas Cage stars as a mentally disturbed literary agent who believes he is turning into a vampire. It explains how Cage accepted the role against the advice of his agent and regarded Vampire’s Kiss as a “punk gesture” and a deliberate rejection of the mass appeal of Moonstruck. The chapter chronicles the extreme lengths to which Cage subjected himself for the role—swallowing a live cockroach, demanding to use a real bat—and explains how Cage’s exaggerated physicality in the film reflects his love of silent cinema and particularly German Expressionist films from the 1920s. Finally, the chapter discusses how Vampire’s Kiss flopped at the box office in 1989, yet later became embraced as a cult film. Cage’s abrasive performance served as a blueprint for his exaggerated, presentation-style approach to acting, and it inspired a wealth of internet memes celebrating his bizarre facial expressions.