bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The likelihood of divorce and the riskiness of financial decisions
Authors: Stark Oded , Szczygielski Krzysztof
Published: August 2019

We link causally the riskiness of men's management of their finances with the probability of their experiencing a divorce. Our point of departure is that when comparing single men to married men, the former manage their finances in a more aggressive (that is, riskier) manner. Assuming that single men believe that low relative wealth has a negative effect on their standing in the marriage market and that they care about their standing in that market more than married men do, we find that a stronger distaste for low relative wealth translates into reduced relative risk aversion and, consequently, into riskier financial behavior. With this relationship in place we show how this difference varies depending on the “background” likelihood of divorce and, hence, on the likelihood of re-entry into the marriage market: married men in environments that are more prone to divorce exhibit risk-taking behavior that is more similar to that of single men than married men in environments that are little prone to divorce. We offer a theoretical contribution that helps inform and interpret empirical observations and regularities and can serve as a guide for follow-up empirical work, having established and identified the direction of causality.
The Stability of Philosophical Intuitions: Failed Replications of Swain et al. (2008)
Authors: Ziółkowski Adrian
Published: August 2019

In their widely cited article, Swain et al. (2008) report data that, purportedly, demonstrates instability of folk epistemic intuitions regarding the famous Truetemp case authored by Keith Lehrer. What they found is a typical example of priming, where presenting one stimulus before presenting another stimulus affects the way the latter is perceived or evaluated. In their experiment, laypersons were less likely to attribute knowledge in the Truetemp case when they first read a scenario describing a clear case of knowledge, and more likely to ascribe knowledge when they first read a vignette describing a clear case of nonknowledge. We tried to replicate Swain et al. findings in three experiments: one devised in Polish, and the other two conducted in English. We found no priming effect for knowledge ratings regarding the Truetemp case – laypersons were similarly likely to attribute knowledge in all three investigated conditions (primed with a clear case of knowledge, primed with a clear case of nonknowledge, and not primed). These three failed replication attempts are not decisive as to whether the priming effect in question occurs, nevertheless, the collected data puts Swain et al. conclusions about instability of epistemic intuitions in jeopardy.
The happiness initiative: Changing organizational culture to make ‘brilliance’ mainstream in aged care
Authors: Miller Evonne , Devlin Nicole , Buys Laurie , Donoghue Geraldine
Published: August 2019

With the ageing of the population, researchers are investigating the experiences of people living and working in residential aged care. Positive organizational scholarship in healthcare (POSH) and its focus on ‘brilliance’ has not been used as a lens for understanding or improving aged care, although the sector prioritizes person-centred, consumer-directed care. In this qualitative case study, through in-depth interviews, a focus group, and observations, we use a POSH lens to explore how forms of leadership, management structures, and human resource practices facilitate positive experiences for both staff and residents. A thematic data analysis identified the importance of authentic leadership in creating a client-centred organizational culture where ‘happiness’ is an explicit core value. Educating and recruiting staff that share this vision, alongside reflective engagement, rituals and symbols, enabled the building of a responsive care culture that facilitated acts of ‘brilliance’ in healthcare.
The association of red meat intake with inflammation and circulating intermediate biomarkers of type 2 diabetes is mediated by central adiposity
Authors: Mazidi Mohsen , Kengne Andre Pascal , George Elena S. , Siervo Mario
Published: August 2019

We explored the role of lipid accumulation products and visceral adiposity on the association between red meat consumption (RMC) and markers of insulin resistance (IR) and inflammation in USA adults. Data on RMC and health outcome measurements were extracted from the 2005–2010 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Overall 16 621 participants were included in the analysis (mean age = 47·1 years, 48·3 % men). ANCOVA and ‘conceptus causal mediation’ models were applied while accounting for survey design. In adjusted models, a lower RMC was significantly associated with a cardio-protective profile of IR and inflammation. BMI had significant mediation effects on the association between RMC and C-reactive protein (CRP), apo B, fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin, homoeostatic model assessment of IR andβ-cell function, glycated Hb (HbA1c), TAG:HDL ratio and TAG glucose (TyG) index (allPs < 0·05). Both waist circumference and anthropometrically predicted visceral adipose tissue mediated the association between RMC and CRP, FBG, HbA1c, TAG:HDL ratio and TyG index (allPs < 0·05). Our findings suggest that adiposity, particularly the accumulation of abdominal fat, accounts for a significant proportion of the associations between red meat consumption, IR and inflammation.
Tomato and lycopene consumption is inversely associated with total and cause-specific mortality: a population-based cohort study, on behalf of the International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP)
Authors: Mazidi Mohsen , Katsiki Niki , George Elena S. , Banach Maciej
Published: August 2019

No data exist on the associations of dietary tomato and lycopene consumption with total and cause-specific mortality. Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 1999–2010, we evaluted the long-term impact of tomato and lycopene intake on total and cause-specific (CHD and cerebrovascular disease) mortality. We also assessed the changes in cardio-metabolic risk factors according to tomato and lycopene intake. Vital status to 31 December 2011 was ascertained. Cox proportional hazard regression models (followed by propensity score matching) were used to investigate the link between tomato and lycopene consumption total, CHD and cerebrovascular mortality. Among the 23 935 participants included (mean age = 47·6 years, 48·8 % men), 3403 deaths occurred during 76·4 months of follow-up. Tomato intake was inversely associated with total (risk ratio (RR) 0·86, 95 % CI 0·81, 0·92), CHD (RR 0·76, 95 % CI 0·70, 0·85) and cerebrovascular (RR 0·70, 95 % CI 0·62, 0·81) mortality. Similar inverse associations were found between lycopene consumption, total (RR 0·76, 95 % CI 0·72, 0·81), CHD (RR 0·73, 95 % CI 0·65, 0·83) and cerebrovascular (RR 0·71, 95 % CI 0·65, 0·78) mortality; these associations were independent of anthropometric, clinical and nutritional parameters. Age and obesity did not affect the association of tomato and lycopene consumption with total, CHD and cerebrovascular mortality. C-reactive protein significantly moderated the link between lycopene and tomato intake with total, CHD and cerebrovascular mortality. ANCOVA showed that participants with a higher tomato and lycopene consumption had a more cardio-protective profile compared with those with a lower intake. Our results highlighted the favourable effect of tomato and lycopene intake on total and cause-specific mortality as well as on cardio-metabolic risk factors. These findings should be taken into consideration for public health strategies.
Interspecific interactions between acanthocephalan species in the intestine of stone loach and minnow
Authors: Bollache Loic
Published: August 2019

Interspecific interactions between parasites sharing the same host are often antagonistic; the presence of one species decreases the number of individuals or negatively affects both the distribution and reproduction of the other species. Antagonistic interactions between co-infecting parasites may translate into direct competition or interactive segregation, but elements of both may be present. Potential interactions between two acanthocephalan species, Pomphorhynchus laevis and Acanthocephalus anguillae, were studied in the field in two of their natural fish definitive hosts. There was no evidence for competitive exclusion between P. laevis and A. anguillae. However, a negative interaction was found for the first time in the field between these two species. Based on the analysis of parasite abundance and total biomass using a static regression approach, I found that the abundance and total biomass of parasite was also limited by host characteristics. These results are consistent with previous laboratory studies on competition between P. laevis and A. anguillae.
Dracunculiasis: water-borne anthroponosis vs. food-borne zoonosis
Authors: Galán-Puchades M.T.
Published: August 2019

Dracunculiasis is the first parasitic disease set for eradication. However, recent events related to the Dracunculus medinensis epidemiology in certain African countries are apparently posing new challenges to its eradication. Two novel facts have emerged: the existence of animal reservoirs (mainly dogs but also cats and baboons), and possibly a new food-borne route of transmission by the ingestion of paratenic (frogs) or transport (fish) hosts. Therefore, instead of being exclusively a water-borne anthroponosis, dracunculiasis would also be a food-borne zoonosis. The existence of a large number of infected dogs, mainly in Chad, and the low number of infected humans, have given rise to this potential food-borne transmission. This novel route would concern not only reservoirs, but also humans. However, only animals seem to be affected. Dracunculus medinensis is on the verge of eradication due to the control measures which, classically, have been exclusively aimed at the water-borne route. Therefore, food-borne transmission is probably of secondary importance, at least in humans. In Chad, reservoirs would become infected through the water-borne route, mainly in the dry season when rivers recede, and smaller accessible ponds, with a lower water level containing the infected copepods, appear, whilst humans drink filtered water and, thus, avoid infection. The total absence of control measures aimed at dogs (or at other potential reservoirs) up until the last years, added to the stimulating reward in cash given to those who find parasitized dogs, have presumably given rise to the current dracunculiasis scenario in Chad.
A Novel Collision-Free Path Planning Modeling and Simulation Methodology for Robotical Arms Using Resistive Grids
Authors: Hernández-Mejía Carlos , Vázquez-Leal Héctor , Torres-Muñoz Delia
Published: August 2019

Path planning represents planning collision-free strategies to move from starting point to ending point. These strategies can be carried out for known and unknown environments. Recently, a novel and reduced CPU-time modeling and simulation methodology for path planning in known environment based on resistive grids (RGs) has been introduced. In this work, a novel modified version of Resistive Grid Path Planning Methodology (RGPPM) methodology is presented with the purpose of exploring collision-free path planning for robotic arms. This extension of the methodology allows to numerically relate positions in the RG with angular values of the robotic systems. In addition, it is possible to include obstacles in the configuration space, and therefore collision detection can be established for RGs. Finally, the variation of links for robotic arms and obstacles for configuration space is explored by simulating different scenarios.
Phonological selectivity in the acquisition of English clusters
Authors: SHATZ Itamar
Published: August 2019

Phonological selectivity is a phenomenon where children preselect which target words they attempt to produce. The present study examines selectivity in the acquisition of complex onsets and codas in English, and specifically in the acquisition of biconsonantal (CC) clusters in each position compared to triconsonantal (CCC) clusters. The data come from the naturalistic productions of three English-speaking children. The results indicate that children only attempt to produce target tokens with a CCC onset after they have successfully produced target tokens with a CC onset, and that the same occurs in the case of codas. Frequency, morphological complexity, sonority, and /s/ clusters were examined and ruled out as possible explanations of these acquisition patterns. Overall, this suggests that children are selective in their target words, and only attempt to produce words that contain a cluster after they have produced words containing a shorter cluster of the same type (i.e., onset/coda).
Jaguar hunting in Amazonian extractive reserves: acceptance and prevalence
Authors: Carvalho Elildo AR
Published: August 2019

Hunting is a major threat to the endangered jaguar in Brazil. Effective interventions for jaguar conservation demand a better understanding of the prevalence and motivations for hunting. In this study, I investigate the prevalence of jaguar hunting and the potential factors driving the acceptance of this behaviour among residents of two extractive reserves in the eastern Brazilian Amazonia. Between September and October 2013, I surveyed 134 households to assess people’s acceptance of jaguar hunting and potential predictors of acceptance using multiple-item rating scales. To estimate the prevalence of jaguar hunting, I used direct questioning and the randomized response technique. Acceptance of jaguar hunting was neutral to slightly positive on average, being related negatively to educational level and to people’s perceptions of risk of suffering sanctions for hunting a jaguar and related positively to perception of jaguars as a threat to humans. The prevalence rates of jaguar hunting among surveyed households were 9% and 23% according to direct questioning and the randomized response technique, respectively. The results suggest that investments in education and law enforcement may help decrease local support for jaguar hunting in the study area.
Outbreaks of Salmonella illness associated with frozen raw breaded chicken products in Canada, 2015–2019
Authors: Morton V. K. , Kearney A. , Coleman S. , Viswanathan M. , Chau K. , Orr A. , Hexemer A.
Published: August 2019

Frozen raw breaded chicken products (FRBCP) have been identified as a risk factor for Salmonella infection in Canada. In 2017, Canada implemented whole genome sequencing (WGS) for clinical and non-clinical Salmonella isolates, which increased understanding of the relatedness of Salmonella isolates, resulting in an increased number of Salmonella outbreak investigations. A total of 18 outbreaks and 584 laboratory-confirmed cases have been associated with FRBCP or chicken since 2017. The introduction of WGS provided the evidence needed to support a new requirement to control the risk of Salmonella in FRBCP produced for retail sale.
Metabotyping and its role in nutrition research
Authors: Hillesheim Elaine , Brennan Lorraine
Published: August 2019

Personalised nutrition is at its simplest form the delivery of dietary advice at an individual level. Incorporating response to different diets has resulted in the concept of precision nutrition. Harnessing the metabolic phenotype to identify subgroups of individuals that respond differentially to dietary interventions is becoming a reality. More specifically, the classification of individuals in subgroups according to their metabolic profile is defined as metabotyping and this approach has been employed to successfully identify differential response to dietary interventions. Furthermore, the approach has been expanded to develop a framework for the delivery of targeted nutrition. The present review examines the application of the metabotype approach in nutrition research with a focus on developing personalised nutrition. Application of metabotyping in longitudinal studies demonstrates that metabotypes can be associated with cardiometabolic risk factors and diet-related diseases while application in interventions can identify metabotypes with differential responses. In general, there is strong evidence that metabolic phenotyping is a promising strategy to identify groups at risk and to potentially improve health promotion at a population level. Future work should verify if targeted nutrition can change behaviours and have an impact on health outcomes.
Influence of historical and contemporary habitat changes on the population genetics of the endemic South African parrotPoicephalus robustus
Authors: COETZER WILLEM G. , DOWNS COLLEEN T. , PERRIN MIKE R. , WILLOWS-MUNRO SANDI
Published: August 2019

The Cape ParrotPoicephalus robustusis a habitat specialist, restricted to forest patches in the Eastern Cape (EC), KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) and Limpopo provinces of South Africa. Recent census estimates suggest that there are less than 1,600 parrots left in the wild, although historical data suggest that the species was once more numerous. Fragmentation of the forest biome is strongly linked to climate change and exploitation of the forest by the timber industry. We examine the subpopulation structure and connectivity between fragmented populations across the distribution of the species. Differences in historical and contemporary genetic structure of Cape Parrots is examined by including both modern samples, collected from 1951 to 2014, and historical samples, collected from 1870 to 1946. A total of 114 individuals (historical = 29; contemporary = 85) were genotyped using 16 microsatellite loci. We tested for evidence of partitioning of genotypes at both a temporal and spatial scales by comparing shifts in allelic frequencies of historical (1870–1946) and contemporary (1951–2014) samples across the distribution of the species. Tests for population bottlenecks were also conducted to determine if anthropogenic causes are the main driver of population decline in this species. Analyses identified three geographically correlated genetic clusters. A southern group restricted to forest patches in the EC, a central group including birds from KZN and a genetically distinct northern Limpopo cluster. Results suggest that Cape Parrots have experienced at least two population bottlenecks. An ancient decline during the mid-Holocene (∼ 1,800-3,000 years before present) linked to climate change, and a more recent bottleneck, associated with logging of forests during the early 1900s. This study highlights the effects of climate change and human activities on an endangered species associated with the naturally fragmented forests of eastern South Africa. These results will aid conservation authorities with the planning and implementation of future conservation initiatives. In particular, this study emphasises the Eastern Cape mistbelt forests as an important source population for the species and calls for stronger conservation of forest patches in South Africa to promote connectivity of forest taxa.
The PERSONS score: A new tool for cancer patients’ symptom assessment in simultaneous care and home care settings
Authors: Cortellini Alessio , Porzio Giampiero , Cofini Vincenza , Necozione Stefano , Parisi Alessandro , Peris Flaminia , Ravoni Giulio , Spinelli Giuseppe , Masel Eva K. , Berghoff Anna S. , Ficorella Corrado , Verna Lucilla
Published: August 2019

Background

Scientific societies recommend early interaction between oncologic and supportive care, but there is still a lack of systematic evaluations regarding symptoms from the perspective of oncologists.

Patients and methods

The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the PERSONS score, in both “simultaneous care” and “supportive care” settings using the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS) as a comparator.

Results

From November 2017 to April 2018, 67 and 110 consecutive patients were enrolled in outpatient and home care cohorts, respectively. The final study population comprised 163 patients. There were no significant changes over time in the total PERSONS scores and total ESAS scale. The intra-interviewer reliability (ICC2,1) and inter-interviewer reliability (ICC2,k) showed good reproducibility (test-retest) in each group of patients: 0.60 (0.49–0.70) and 0.82 (0.75–0.87), respectively, for the home care patients and 0.73 (0.62–0.81) and 0.89 (0.83–0.93), respectively, for the outpatient cohort. There were high correlations between PERSONS and ESAS, both at the baseline and final assessments. The mean PERSONS and ESAS scores between the home care patients and outpatients were not different at the baseline and final assessments. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve for the PERSONS total score revealed good diagnostic ability. Area under the curve (AUC) was 0.825 and 0.805 for improvement and deterioration, respectively.

Conclusions

The PERSONS score is an easy to apply tool for symptom assessment. Importantly, the PERSONS score showed high concordance with the established ESAS scale and, therefore, provides an alternative for everyday use in supportive care assessment.
Herbicide carryover to various fall-planted cover crop species
Authors: Rector Lucas S. , Pittman Kara B. , Beam Shawn C. , Bamber Kevin W. , Cahoon Charles W. , Frame William H. , Flessner Michael L.
Published: August 2019

Residual herbicides applied to summer cash crops have the potential to injure subsequent winter annual cover crops, yet little information is available to guide growers’ choices. Field studies were conducted in 2016 and 2017 in Blacksburg and Suffolk, Virginia, to determine carryover of 30 herbicides commonly used in corn, soybean, or cotton on wheat, barley, cereal rye, oats, annual ryegrass, forage radish, Austrian winter pea, crimson clover, hairy vetch, and rapeseed cover crops. Herbicides were applied to bare ground either 14 wk before cover crop planting for a PRE timing or 10 wk for a POST timing. Visible injury was recorded 3 and 6 wk after planting (WAP), and cover crop biomass was collected 6 WAP. There were no differences observed in cover crop biomass among herbicide treatments, despite visible injury that suggested some residual herbicides have the potential to effect cover crop establishment. Visible injury on grass cover crop species did not exceed 20% from any herbicide. Fomesafen resulted in the greatest injury recorded on forage radish, with greater than 50% injury in 1 site-year. Trifloxysulfuron and atrazine resulted in greater than 20% visible injury on forage radish. Trifloxysulfuron resulted in the greatest injury (30%) observed on crimson clover in 1 site-year. Prosulfuron and isoxaflutole significantly injured rapeseed (17% to 21%). Results indicate that commonly used residual herbicides applied in the previous cash crop growing season result in little injury on grass cover crop species, and only a few residual herbicides could potentially affect the establishment of a forage radish, crimson clover, or rapeseed cover crop.
Contrasting Patterns in the Decrease of Spatial Variability With Increasing Catchment Area Between Stream Discharge and Water Chemistry
Authors: Egusa Tomohiro , Kumagai Tomo'omi , Oda Tomoki , Gomi Takashi , Ohte Nobuhito
Published: August 2019

Understanding how spatial variability in stream discharge and water chemistry decrease with increasing catchment area is required to improve our ability to predict hydrological and biogeochemical processes in ungauged basins. We investigated differences in this decrease of variability with increasing catchment area among catchments and among specific discharge (Qs) and water chemistry parameters. We defined the slope of the decrease in the variability with increasing catchment area as the rate of decrease in the standard deviation and coefficient of variation (δSD and δCV, respectively), both of which are −0.5 for the simple mixing of random variables (random mixing). All δSD and δCV values of Qs were less than −0.5, while those of most water chemistry values were greater than −0.5, indicating that with increased catchment area the spatial variability of Qs decreased more steeply than for random mixing, while for water chemistry they decreased less steeply. δSD and δCV had linear relationships with both the spatial dissimilarity index and relative changes in parameters' mean values with increasing catchment area. It suggested that differences in δSD or δCV for Qs and water chemistry can be explained by the different spatial structures, where dissimilar values of Qs and similar values of water chemistry, respectively, are located close together in space. Differences in δSD and δCV according to Qs and water chemistry should significantly affect the determination of representative elementary area and therefore need to be considered when predicting representative elementary area from spatial variability of low‐order streams.
Scaling Laws in Rayleigh‐Bénard Convection
Authors: Plumley Meredith , Julien Keith
Published: August 2019

The heat transfer scaling theories for Rayleigh‐Bénard convection (RBC) are reviewed and discussed for configurations with and without rotation and magnetic fields. Scaling laws are a useful tool in studying and characterizing geophysical flows as they provide a basis for extrapolation to extreme parameter regimes that remain unobtainable by current computational and experimental efforts. Specifically, power law scalings that relate the efficiency of the heat transport, as measured by the nondimensional Nusselt number Nu, to the thermal driving are pursued. Relations of the functional form
are considered. Given the strongly stabilizing influences of rotation and magnetic fields, thermal driving is considered in the context of the supercriticality of the system given by the ratio of the Rayleigh number Ra, measuring the thermal forcing, to the critical Rac, above which convection occurs. Analytical predictions for the exponent α are presented for the regimes of convection, rotating convection, and magnetoconvection, and the scalings are benchmarked against available numerical and experimental results in the accessible regimes. The exponents indicate that the thermal bottleneck to heat transport occurs within the thermal boundary layers for nonrotating RBC and the turbulent interior for rotating RBC. For magnetoconvection, a single exponent of α=1 is obtained for all theories and no bottleneck is identified.
Illuminating the Rupturing of Microseismic Sources in an Injection‐Induced Earthquake Experiment
Authors: Huang Yihe , De Barros Louis , Cappa Frédéric
Published: August 2019

We analyze source parameters of Mw −3.9 to −3.1 induced earthquakes during an in situ fluid injection experiment in France using the spectral ratio method based on empirical Green's function. We choose 10 event pairs with highly similar waveforms and resolve their spectral ratios using multiple S wave windows. We find that master events ruptured meter‐scale source patches with <1‐μm slip in a preexisting fracture network oriented differently from the injected plane. The temporal correlation between master earthquake occurrence and injection pressure peak and the relatively low ratio of stress drop to crustal strength suggest that both fluid pressure perturbation and aseismic deformation play important roles in inducing the earthquakes. The comparison between stress drops of induced earthquakes in the experiment and in the central United States indicates a dependency of stress drop on crustal shear strength.
Identifying Solar Flare Precursors Using Time Series of SDO/HMI Images and SHARP Parameters
Authors: Chen Yang , Manchester Ward B. , Hero Alfred O. , Toth Gabor , DuFumier Benoit , Zhou Tian , Wang Xiantong , Zhu Haonan , Sun Zeyu , Gombosi Tamas I.
Published: August 2019

In this paper we present several methods to identify precursors that show great promise for early predictions of solar flare events. A data preprocessing pipeline is built to extract useful data from multiple sources, Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites and Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)/Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI), to prepare inputs for machine learning algorithms. Two classification models are presented: classification of flares from quiet times for active regions and classification of strong versus weak flare events. We adopt deep learning algorithms to capture both spatial and temporal information from HMI magnetogram data. Effective feature extraction and feature selection with raw magnetogram data using deep learning and statistical algorithms enable us to train classification models to achieve almost as good performance as using active region parameters provided in HMI/Space‐Weather HMI‐Active Region Patch (SHARP) data files. Case studies show a significant increase in the prediction score around 20 hr before strong solar flare events.
Lachlan Orogen, Eastern Australia: Triangle Formation Records the Late Ordovician Arrival of the Macquarie Arc Terrane at the Margin of Eastern Gondwana
Authors: Zhang Q. , Buckman S. , Bennett V. C. , Nutman A. , Song Y.
Published: August 2019

The Ordovician intraoceanic Macquarie Arc terrane is faulted against coeval, quartz‐rich turbidites of the Adaminaby Group within the Lachlan Orogen of eastern Australia. Debates exist concerning the polarity of subduction beneath the Macquarie Arc and the nature of its emplacement, given it is juxtaposed against the Adaminaby Group to both the west and east. We present new provenance and zircon analyses of the Triangle Formation, which consists of interleaved quartz‐rich passive margin sandstones and island arc volcaniclastic rocks. In contrast, the structurally underlying Adaminaby Group contains no volcaniclastic detritus and displays a strong passive margin affinity. One sample from the Triangle Formation yielded a youngest zircon age of 456 ± 16 Ma indicating a subtle Macquarie Arc signature among an overwhelmingly Neoproterozoic and older Gondwanan provenance. The Adaminaby Group yielded a youngest zircon age of 481 ± 6 Ma and a strong Gondwanan zircon signature. We compared these results with volcaniclastic rocks from the Weemalla Formation stratigraphically higher in the Macquarie Arc, which yielded a distinctly unimodal zircon age of 451 ± 8 Ma, which is indistinguishable from the youngest zircon in the Triangle Formation. We suggest the Triangle Formation represents trench fill material sourced predominantly from the Gondwana margin but including some younger Macquarie Arc detritus. This constrains the initiation of this arc‐continent collision to between 448 and 462 Ma (Late Ordovician).
An Examination of Snow Albedo Estimates From MODIS and Their Impact on Snow Water Equivalent Reconstruction
Authors: Bair Edward H. , Rittger Karl , Skiles S. McKenzie , Dozier Jeff
Published: August 2019

Snow albedo is a dominant control on snowmelt in many parts of the world. An empirical albedo decay equation, developed over 60 years ago, is still used in snowmelt models. Several empirical snow albedo models developed since show wide spread in results. Remotely sensed snow albedos have been used in a few studies, but validations are scarce because of the difficulty in making accurate in situ measurements. Reconstruction of snow water equivalent (SWE), where the snowpack is built in reverse, is especially sensitive to albedo. We present two new contributions: (1) an updated albedo model where grain size and light absorbing particle content are solved for simultaneously and (2) multiyear comparisons of remotely sensed and in situ albedo measurements from three high‐altitude sites in the western United States. Our remotely sensed albedos show 4 to 6% RMSE and negligible bias. In comparison, empirical albedo decay models, which require extensive in situ measurements, show RMSE values of 7 to 17% with biases of −6 to −14%. We examine the sensitivity of SWE reconstructions to albedo error at two sites. With no simulated error in albedo, reconstructed SWE had MAE values of 7 to 13% and 5–6% bias. The accuracy actually improved with some simulated added error, likely because of a fundamental bias in the reconstruction approach. Conversely, the best age‐based decay model showed an 18–20% MAE and bias in reconstructed SWE. We conclude that remotely sensed albedos where available are superior to age‐based approaches in all aspects except simplicity.
Behavioral predictors of autism recurrence are genetically independent and influence social reciprocity: evidence that polygenic ASD risk is mediated by separable elements of developmental liability
Authors: Pohl Alexa , Jones Warren R. , Marrus Natasha , Zhang Yi , Klin Ami , Constantino John N.
Published: August 2019

The preponderance of causal influence on total population attributable risk for autism is polygenic in nature, but it is not known how such liability engenders the development of the syndrome. In 348 epidemiologically ascertained toddler twins, we explored associations between autistic traits and three robust, highly heritable predictors of familial autism recurrence: variation in attention, motor coordination, and parental autistic trait burden. We observed that these predictors—despite collectively accounting for over one third of variance in clinical recurrence—are genetically independent in early childhood, and jointly account for a comparable share of inherited influence on early reciprocal social behavior in the general population. Thus, combinations of what are otherwise discrete, inherited behavioral liabilities—some not specific to autism—appear to jointly mediate common genetic risk for autism. Linking genetic variants and neural signatures to these independent traits prior to the onset of the development of autism will enhance understanding of mechanisms of causation in familial autistic syndromes. Moreover, ongoing biomarker discovery efforts will benefit from controlling for the effects of these common liabilities, which aggregate in individuals with autism but are also continuously distributed in “controls”. Finally, early inherited liabilities that participate in the early ontogeny of autistic syndromes represent parsimonious intervention targets for polygenic forms of the condition, and represent candidate trans-diagnostic endophenotypes of potential relevance to a diversity of neuropsychiatric syndromes.
Cognitive control of complex motor behavior in marmoset monkeys
Authors: Pomberger Thomas , Risueno-Segovia Cristina , Gultekin Yasemin B. , Dohmen Deniz , Hage Steffen R.
Published: August 2019

Marmosets have attracted significant interest in the life sciences. Similarities with human brain anatomy and physiology, such as the granular frontal cortex, as well as the development of transgenic lines and potential for transferring rodent neuroscientific techniques to small primates make them a promising neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric model system. However, whether marmosets can exhibit complex motor tasks in highly controlled experimental designs—one of the prerequisites for investigating higher-order control mechanisms underlying cognitive motor behavior—has not been demonstrated. We show that marmosets can be trained to perform vocal behavior in response to arbitrary visual cues in controlled operant conditioning tasks. Our results emphasize the marmoset as a suitable model to study complex motor behavior and the evolution of cognitive control underlying speech.
Isolating contiguous Pt atoms and forming Pt-Zn intermetallic nanoparticles to regulate selectivity in 4-nitrophenylacetylene hydrogenation
Authors: Han Aijuan , Zhang Jian , Sun Wenming , Chen Wenxing , Zhang Shaolong , Han Yunhu , Feng Quanchen , Zheng Lirong , Gu Lin , Chen Chen , Peng Qing , Wang Dingsheng , Li Yadong
Published: August 2019

Noble metals play a momentous role in heterogeneous catalysis but still face a huge challenge in selectivity control. Herein, we report isolating contiguous Pt atoms and forming Pt-Zn intermetallic nanoparticles as an effective strategy to optimize the selectivity of Pt catalysts. Contiguous Pt atoms are isolated into single atoms and Pt-Zn intermetallic nanoparticles are formed which are supported on hollow nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (PtZn/HNCNT), as confirmed by aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and X-ray absorption spectrometry measurements. Interestingly, this PtZn/HNCNT catalyst promotes the hydrogenation of 4-nitrophenylacetylene to 4-aminophenylacetylene with a much higher conversion ( > 99%) and selectivity (99%) than the comparison samples with Pt isolated-single-atomic-sites (Pt/HNCNT) and Pt nanoparticles (Pt/CN). Further density functional theory (DFT) calculations disclose that the positive Zn atoms assist the adsorption of nitro group and Pt-Zn intermetallic nanoparticles facilitate the hydrogenation on nitro group kinetically.
Entangled-photon decision maker
Authors: Chauvet Nicolas , Jegouso David , Boulanger Benoît , Saigo Hayato , Okamura Kazuya , Hori Hirokazu , Drezet Aurélien , Huant Serge , Bachelier Guillaume , Naruse Makoto
Published: August 2019

The competitive multi-armed bandit (CMAB) problem is related to social issues such as maximizing total social benefits while preserving equality among individuals by overcoming conflicts between individual decisions, which could seriously decrease social benefits. The study described herein provides experimental evidence that entangled photons physically resolve the CMAB in the 2-arms 2-players case, maximizing the social rewards while ensuring equality. Moreover, we demonstrated that deception, or outperforming the other player by receiving a greater reward, cannot be accomplished in a polarization-entangled-photon-based system, while deception is achievable in systems based on classical polarization-correlated photons with fixed polarizations. Besides, random polarization-correlated photons have been studied numerically and shown to ensure equality between players and deception prevention as well, although the CMAB maximum performance is reduced as compared with entangled photon experiments. Autonomous alignment schemes for polarization bases were also experimentally demonstrated based only on decision conflict information observed by an individual without communications between players. This study paves a way for collective decision making in uncertain dynamically changing environments based on entangled quantum states, a crucial step toward utilizing quantum systems for intelligent functionalities.
Anomalous enhancement of resurgent Na+ currents at high temperatures by SCN9A mutations underlies the episodic heat-enhanced pain in inherited erythromelalgia
Authors: Huang Chiung-Wei , Lai Hsing-Jung , Huang Po-Yuan , Lee Ming-Jen , Kuo Chung-Chin
Published: August 2019

Inherited erythromelalgia (IEM), caused by mutations in Nav1.7 channel is characterized by episodic neuropathic pain triggered especially by warm temperature. However, the mechanism underlying the temperature–dependent episodic attacks of IEM remains elusive. We investigated the electrophysiological effect of temperature changes on Nav1.7 channels with three different mutations, p.I136V, p. I848T, and p.V1316A, both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro biophysical studies of the mutant channels show consistent temperature-dependent enhancement of the relative resurgent currents if normalized to the transient currents, as well as temperature-dependent changes in the time to peak and the kinetics of decay of the resurgent currents, but no congruent temperature–dependent changes in steady–state parameters such as shift of activation/inactivation curves and changes of the absolute size of the window or resurgent currents. In vivo nerve excitability tests (NET) in IEM patients reveal the essentially normal indices of NET at a single stimulus. However, there are evident abnormalities if assessed with preconditioning pulses, such as the decrease of threshold elevation in hyperpolarizing threshold electrotonus (50–100 ms), the increase of inward rectification in current–voltage curve, and the increase of refractoriness at the interpulse interval of 2–6 ms in recovery cycle, probably also implicating derangements in temperature dependence of inactivation and of recovery from inactivation in the mutant channels. The pathogenesis of heat–enhanced pain in IEM could be attributed to deranged temperature dependence of Nav1.7 channels responsible for the genesis of resurgent currents.
Regulation of mitochondrial activity controls the duration of skeletal muscle regeneration in response to injury
Authors: Pessemesse Laurence , Tintignac Lionel , Blanchet Emilie , Cortade Fabienne , Jublanc Elodie , Demangel Remi , Py Guillaume , Sar Chamroeun , Cabello Gérard , Wrutniak-Cabello Chantal , Casas François
Published: August 2019

Thyroid hormone is a major regulator of skeletal muscle development and repair, and also a key regulator of mitochondrial activity. We have previously identified a 43 kDa truncated form of the nuclear T3 receptor TRα1 (p43) which stimulates mitochondrial activity and regulates skeletal muscle features. However, its role in skeletal muscle regeneration remains to be addressed. To this end, we performed acute muscle injury induced by cardiotoxin in mouse tibialis in two mouse models where p43 is overexpressed in or depleted from skeletal muscle. The measurement of muscle fiber size distribution at different time point (up to 70 days) upon injury lead us to unravel requirement of the p43 signaling pathway for satellite cells dependent muscle regeneration; strongly delayed in the absence of p43; whereas the overexpression of the receptor enhances of the regeneration process. In addition, we found that satellite cells derived from p43-Tg mice display higher proliferation rates when cultured in vitro when compared to control myoblasts, whereas p43−/− satellites shows reduced proliferation capacity. These finding strongly support that p43 plays an important role in vivo by controling the duration of skeletal muscle regeneration after acute injury, possibly through the regulation of mitochondrial activity and myoblasts proliferation.
Complete chloroplast genome sequences of four Allium species: comparative and phylogenetic analyses
Authors: Huo YuMeng , Gao LiMin , Liu BingJiang , Yang YanYan , Kong SuPing , Sun YuQing , Yang YaHui , Wu Xiong
Published: August 2019

The genus Allium is one of the largest monocotyledonous genera, containing over 850 species, and most of these species are found in temperate climates of the Northern Hemisphere. Furthermore, as a large number of new Allium species continue to be identified, phylogenetic classification based on morphological characteristics and a few genetic markers will gradually exhibit extremely low discriminatory power. In this study, we present the use of complete chloroplast genome sequences in genome-scale phylogenetic studies of Allium. We sequenced and assembled four Allium chloroplast genomes and retrieved five published chloroplast genomes from GenBank. All nine chloroplast genomes were used for genomic comparison and phylogenetic inference. The chloroplast genomes, ranging from 152,387 bp to 154,482 bp in length, exhibited conservation of genomic structure, and gene organization and order. Subsequently, we observed the expansion of IRs from the basal monocot Acorus americanus to Allium, identified 814 simple sequence repeats, 131 tandem repeats, 154 dispersed repeats and 109 palindromic repeats, and found six highly variable regions. The phylogenetic relationships of the Allium species inferred from the chloroplast genomes obtained high support, indicating that chloroplast genome data will be useful for further resolution of the phylogeny of the genus Allium.
Acute exposure to a high-fat diet in juvenile male rats disrupts hippocampal-dependent memory and plasticity through glucocorticoids
Authors: Khazen Tala , Hatoum Ossama A. , Ferreira Guillaume , Maroun Mouna
Published: August 2019

The limbic circuit is still undergoing maturation during juvenility and adolescence, explaining why environmental and metabolic challenges during these developmental periods can have specific adverse effects on cognitive functions. We have previously shown that long-term exposure (8–12 weeks) to high-fat diet (HFD) during adolescence (from weaning to adulthood), but not at adulthood, was associated with altered amygdala and hippocampal functions. Moreover, these HFD effects were normalized by treatment with glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonists. Here, we examined in male rats whether acute exposure (7–9 days) to HFD during juvenility [from postnatal day (PND) 21 to PND 28–30] or adulthood (from PND 60 to PND 67–69) is sufficient to affect hippocampal functions and whether it is also dependent on GRs activation. Juvenile HFD abolished both hippocampal synaptic plasticity, assessed through in vivo long-term potentiation (LTP) in CA1, and long-term hippocampal-dependent memory, using object location memory (OLM). No effect of HFD was observed in short-term OLM suggesting a specific effect on consolidation process. In contrast, adult HFD enhanced in vivo LTP and OLM. Systemic application of GR antagonist alleviated HFD-induced LTP and OLM impairments in juveniles. These results suggest that acute exposure to HFD during juvenility is sufficient to impair hippocampal functions in a GR-dependent manner. Interestingly, this effect depends on the developmental period studied as acute exposure to HFD at adulthood did not impair, but rather enhanced, hippocampal functions.
Influence of the grain size of high explosives on the duration of a high conductivity zone at the detonation
Authors: Satonkina Nataliya P.
Published: August 2019

At the detonation of condensed explosives, on the profile of electric conductivity is observed the area of high values, which is usually associated with the chemical reaction zone. The new interpretation of experimental data on the electrical conductivity allows one to diagnose the influence of the grain size on the charge structure and the reaction zone in the whole range of densities investigated. The reliability of the proposed hypotheses are investigated by the methods of statistical analysis. The level of confidence shows the consistency. The results of this paper are useful for the explosion physics, for the industrial production of nanodiamonds, for the miniaturization of explosive devices.
FeSe2/carbon nanotube hybrid lithium-ion battery for harvesting energy from triboelectric nanogenerators
Authors: Tian Yang , Wang Zhaoying , Fu Jiangming , Xia Kequan , Lu Jianguo , Tang Haichao , Rabia Khatoon , Chen Hongwen , Zhu Zhiyuan , Zhang Qinghua , Zeng Yu-Jia , Ye Zhizhen
Published: August 2019

FeSe2–carbon nanotubes hybrid lithium ion batteries, exhibiting excellent electrochemical performances, could withstand the high-voltage pulse to directly harvest electricity from triboelectric nanogenerators with high stability.
Nitrogen-thermal modification of the bifunctional interfaces of transition metal/carbon dyads for the reversible hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of heteroarenes
Authors: Su Hui , Sun Lu-Han , Xue Zhong-Hua , Gao Peng , Zhang Shi-Nan , Zhai Guang-Yao , Zhang Yi-Ming , Lin Yun-Xiao , Li Xin-Hao , Chen Jie-Sheng
Published: August 2019

A nitrogen thermal approach involving Co species and N dopants leads to bifunctional Co/NC boundaries for the reversible hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of heteroarenes.
Rhodium(iii)-catalyzed cascade reactions of benzoic acids with dioxazolones: discovery of 2,5-substituted benzoxazinones as AIE molecules
Authors: Li Jinbiao , Zhang Shuaizhong , Lonka Madhava Reddy , Zhang Jinquan , Zou Hongbin
Published: August 2019

Rhodium-catalyzed cascade reactions of benzoic acids with 1,4,2-dioxazol-5-ones afford 2,5-substituted benzoxazinones, which exhibited AIE properties with an ESIPT phenomenon.
Surfactant-free hydrothermal synthesis of hierarchical flower-like Bi2WO6 mesosphere nanostructures with excellent visible-light photocatalytic activity
Authors: Jiang Wan , Huangfu Tongshuai , Yang Xin , Bao Liang , Liu Yong , Xu Gang , Han Gaorong
Published: August 2019

Hierarchical flower-like Bi2WO6 mesosphere nanostructures self-assembled with nanosheets were synthesized by hydrothermal treatment of an aqueous suspension of Bi(NO3)3·5H2O and Na2WO4·2H2O without surfactants or mineralizers.