bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE ALL WALES STRATEGY: advising on planning and implementation
Authors: Crowe Elvet A.
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. The All Wales Advisory Panel has taken the opportunity to present its perspective of developments occurring in Wales under the terms of the All Wales Strategy in its first Annual Report (HMSO, 1985), in which it presents a corporate view of those developments, and some of the issues which are of concern. This article allows me to express my personal points of view on some of the relevant issues in the hope that these will contribute to the debate about the development of the new services in Wales and will be challenged energetically.
INFLATABLE STRUCTURES
Authors: Sykes David , Townsend Kenneth , Deakin David
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. The article arises from a week‐long workshop in the design and construction of inflatable play‐structures for use with children with profound multiple handicaps. The progress of the workshop is described and some of the skills acquired by the participants in the making of the three different play structures illustrated. Some of the design problems encountered are considered. It concludes with a tentative analysis of the functions of inflatables in schools and units, an outline of a possible design procedure, and some suggestions on how future structures may be developed.
THE WHOLE CHILD: achieving a balanced curriculum for secondary age pupils with severe learning difficulties
Authors: Sillitoe Pippa
Published: August 2010

Central to the educational needs and development of any pupil with severe learning difficulties should be the procedure of assessment, programme planning, recording, and evaluation.

Part 1 of this paper details the methodology of educational priority teaching which exists at Melland School. Part 2, which will be published in the next issue of the Journal, outlines the programme of structured opportunities for leisure. The important issue of planning for and teaching generalisation of skills is broached.

The paper shows how, through widely differing activity content, the needs of the “whole child” are being met.
SERVICES IN DORSET: for people with mental handicaps
Authors: Griffiths David , Browning Roger L.
Published: August 2010

In just 36 months, Dorset has developed a near comprehensive local service for people with mental handicaps and their families in each of the county's towns and localities. At the same time Coldharbour Hospital, the county's mental handicap hospital, has reduced its size by two thirds. This article describes how the two health authorities involved worked together to achieve this.
The AWS and education of children with severe mental handicaps
Authors: Todd Stuart , Beyer Stephen , Evans Gerry , Blunden Roger
Published: August 2010

This article was prompted by a research study (Beyer, Evans, Todd, and Blunden, 1986) which suggested that educational provision for children with mental handicaps was problematic in planning for change under the All‐Wales Strategy. It attempts to examine and explain the issues that have been raised. It is argued that until some attention is given to discussing future educational provision for people with mental handicaps, the ultimate success of the strategy may be severely restricted.
THE NURSING PROCESS
Authors: Martin R. W. , Ticktum R. J.
Published: August 2010

The nursing process is a very useful tool for involving and maintaining individualised support and care for people with mental handicaps. It also provides nurses with a methodology that can enhance their professional input into the multidisciplinary function.

The article describes how the Nursing Process Monitoring Group in Frenchay Health Authority implemented the system in a fairly large unit, and provides examples of the documentation used for the benefit of others who may wish to follow suit.
Parents' concerns for the future: the role of RESCARE in influencing plans for residential provision
Authors: Segal Stanley
Published: August 2010

Parents play an important role in changing attitudes and creating resources. The needs of people who are handicapped are not only lifelong, but are subject to changes in the social climate and context. Just as Mencap was triggered off by a mother in 1946 so, around 40 years later, RESCARE has been triggered off by a father. “New” needs must be anticipated.

In an uneven, changing society, the author suggests there is considerable value in parents and professionals working together as partners for the benefit of people with mental handicaps.
COMMUNITY BASED RESPITE CARE for adults with mental handicaps
Authors: Tyndall Peter
Published: August 2010

The following article: comments on the increasing community‐based provision of respite care for adults with mental handicaps in Wales as a consequence of the All Wales Strategy; describes its genesis and evolution in Wales by Cardiff Universities Social Services; questions whether the correct balance has been struck between the needs of carers and people with mental handicaps; and argues for the provision in each locality of a range of services which will increase the level of choice open to consumers.
CHALLENGING BEHAVIOUR AND COMMUNITY SERVICES 4. Establishing services
Authors: Cummings Richard , Emerson Eric , Barrett Sheila , McCool Christine , Toogood Alexander , Hughes Heather
Published: August 2010

This paper describes some important aspects of setting up community based services for people with severe mental handicaps and challenging behaviours. These include the selection and furnishing of property, the development of comprehensive operational policies, and the recruitment and training of staff.
Integrating pupils with severe learning difficulties
Authors: Price Frank
Published: August 2010

It is possible, by observing models of integration of pupils with severe learning difficulties, to extract certain principles that can be applied when initiating an integration scheme. This article stresses the importance of school based initiatives.
Psychotherapy in mental handicap with potentially violent people: SOME THOUGHTS FROM PRACTITIONERS
Authors: Howard Andrea , Beail Nigel , Frankish Pat , Grimshaw Jan , Ball Tina
Published: August 2010

A group of clinical psychologists in the Yorkshire Region have met regularly to provide support for each other and to share ideas on ways of working with a very demanding client group, people with mental handicaps who are potentially violent. They decided to put their ideas into the following discussion paper on the benefits of a psychotherapeutic approach. They felt that some guidelines for using this method of treatment would be useful. Comment and discussion is invited from other people doing similar work.
ANOTHER POINT OF VIEW
Authors: Barker Beth
Published: August 2010

Burnside is a London Borough of Redbridge social education centre for men and women with mental handicaps. Its staff see their role as helping centre members claim their role as adults with some independence. If members' relatives take the role of protective parents of children, they may prevent their adult sons and daughters from claiming this right.

A working party of centre members, relatives, and staff designed a questionnaire to ask members and the relatives with whom they lived about the centre and learning to be independent. It was expected that members and relatives would have different views on: reasons for members attending the centre; whether and in what respects the centre should be changed; whether independence was encouraged at home; and estimates of independence.

The findings held some surprises and challenges. Clearly, staff and relatives need to learn more about the points of view of centre members. Asking the right questions is not as easy as it sounds, but it surely should come before trying to decide whether relatives or staff know better than members themselves what action will promote their rights. It was found that, on the measures chosen to test the opposite assumption, families sometimes encourage independence more than staff. The work also shows that centre staff do not assess members' overall independence reliably between themselves.
REVIEWS
Authors: CLARKE DAVID C. , WYNN‐JONES ALAN , GREGORY SUSAN P. , McBRIEN JUDITH
Published: August 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Self‐advocacy skills training (report of two workshops held between April and September 1987) Alison Wertheimer

Responding to adolescent needs. A pastoral care approach (Special needs in ordinary schools series) Polly Lowe

The visually handicapped child in your classroom (Special needs in ordinary schools series) Elizabeth K. Chapman and Juliet M. Stone

Behaviour problems in mental handicap: an annotated bibliography 1970–1985 Kenneth Day, Joyce Hamilton, and Paul Smith
GOAL PLANNING
Authors: Golding Laura , Allen Peter
Published: August 2010

This paper describes the introduction of a goal planning system, over a period of 12 months, into four houses which were opened in response to the planned closure of a hospital for people with mental handicaps.

The measures taken of goals set, goals achieved, and the stability of a key worker system, together with a description of the process of goal planning which includes staff training and support, enable the authors to describe the introduction of the scheme and to discuss pertinent issues.
Depressive illness and mental handicap
Authors: Yapa Padmini , Roy Ashok
Published: August 2010

Affective disorders, especially depression, are under‐diagnosed in people with mental handicaps. Two case reports are presented which highlight the difficulties in, and the importance of, diagnosing depression in such individuals and the need to start early treatment.
A post‐16 education project: for students with profound and multiple learning difficulties
Authors: Tompkins Alan , Carpenter Barry
Published: August 2010

Further education, post‐16, for students with profound and multiple learning difficulties is rarely debated. Improvements in educational provision for children with such handicaps, however, has led to an examination of how they will spend their latter years of statutory education.

This article describes how one school planned for, and initiated, an integrated programme of further education for four students with profound and multiple learning difficulties in the context of its Further Education Unit for young people with severe learning difficulties. Through a detailed analysis of the daily environmental experiences of each student, a relevant and age‐appropriate curriculum was designed.
Snoezelen: an approach to the provision of a leisure resource for people with profound and multiple handicaps
Authors: Haggar Louise Elandra , Hutchinson Roger Brian
Published: August 2010

This article outlines the history and development of the Snoezelen Centre at Whittington Hall Hospital in Chesterfield. Snoezelen originates from Holland. It is a leisure and recreation facility for people with profound and multiple handicaps. The concept involves creating high quality, purpose built environments which are used in a sensitive and caring way to provide pleasurable sensory stimulation and relaxation. The article describes the environments at Whittington Hall and the activities within them, together with details of the approach to staff development for Snoezelen workers. It also gives the background of a research project associated with the development of the facility, which seeks to evaluate the impact of Snoezelen on the daily lives of the people who use it.
An Evaluation of Anti‐Epileptic Treatment in People with Mental Handicap
Authors: Gupta A. K. Sen , Davies P. E.
Published: August 2010

The anti‐epileptic drugs, carbamazepine and sodium valproate, were used to control generalised seizures (tonic clonic) and absence seizures in people with mental handicap in Brock‐hall Hospital, who were not well‐controlled with other drugs like phenobarbitone, phenytoin and primidone. The results indicated that the number of seizures decreased dramatically with these newer anti‐convulsants and without the need for polypharmacy, as was the norm previously. In addition, nurses' ratings of the patients suggested a reduction in the number of problem behaviour towards other patients and staff, and more amenable and pleasant behaviour.
Organizational Risk as it Derives from What Managers Value: A Practice‐Based Approach to Risk Assessment
Authors: Corvellec Hervé
Published: August 2010

Two observations serve as starting points for this paper. First, conventional risk assessment techniques provide sophisticated ways to identify and estimate hazards, but eschew the fact that there is no risk unless something of value is considered to be at stake. Second, what managers consider as being of value follows from how they organize their managerial practice. Based on a case study of a Swedish public transportation administration, a claim is presented that organizational risk conceptions derive primarily, although not exclusively, from what managers consider being of value both in and for their organizational practice. In particular, it is suggested to begin the risk assessment process with a critical appraisal of what managers hold as being of value and why.
Conceptions of Emergency Calls: Emergency Communication in an Age of Mobile Communication and Prevalence of Anxiety
Authors: Eriksson Mats
Published: August 2010

In a mobile communication environment, people's interactions with public emergency assistance organizations become transformed. Sociologists argue that we live in an age when fear and anxiety are increasingly evident in public discourse; this paper explores Swedish conceptions of emergency calls, in light of this trend. A qualitative study examined eight focus groups, comprising 36 Swedish citizens aged 16–71 years, concerning various uses of mobile telephony. The paper concludes that citizen mobile telephony use places great demands on the public safety answering point (PSAP). Consumer expectations are dominated by increased necessity for trustworthy and helpful interaction with PSAP operators.
Southern Irish Protestants: an example of de‐ethnicisation?
Authors: RUANE JOSEPH , BUTLER DAVID
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT.The study of minorities is central to research in ethnicity and nationalism. But there are cases where the precise nature of the minority is not easy to determine. One view of Southern Irish Protestants is that in the decades after independence they transformed themselves (or were transformed) from British nationals to Irish nationals or, alternatively, from a British ethnic to an Irish religious minority. This paper argues that treating the (past) British dimension of Irish Protestant identity as ethnic or national misconceives it and overlooks the historically deep Irish context of Protestant identity. One consequence of this is the neglect of the specifically Irish roots of residual tensions in Catholic–Protestant relationships. The themes of the paper are exemplified with case material drawn from research on Protestants and Catholics in rural West Cork.
Demography, diversity and nativism in contemporary Africa: evidence from Uganda
Authors: GREEN ELLIOTT D.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT.The relationship between population growth, ethnic diversity and conflict in the developing world is little understood but highly relevant to a large number of countries. In order to understand this relationship, I focus on a case study of local conflict in the district of Kibaale in western Uganda. Uganda's unusually high population growth rate and high level of ethnic diversity are often seen to have led to communal violence in Kibaale. Yet I claim that while this conflict was indeed sparked by population growth and resultant internal migration, it has nothing to do with ethnic diversityper se. Rather, the conflict in Kibaale has much more to do with nativism and the salience of claims to indigeneity at the local level. Kibaale may thus prove something of a warning sign for other parts of Uganda and other developing countries with similar high population growth and little success in nation‐building.
Partition, consociation, border‐crossing: some lessons from the national conflict in Ireland/Northern Ireland
Authors: ANDERSON JAMES
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT.Outlining Ireland's long history of ethno‐national conflict, and the recent protracted ‘peace process’ in Northern Ireland, contextualises a critique of the problems underlying such conflicts, and the difficulties in transforming externally imposed conflict management into self‐sustaining conflict resolution. It is argued that the problems and difficulties are deeply rooted in a thoroughly modern complex of nationalism, ethnicity, sovereignty and representative democracy. These are knotted together in a common denominator of territoriality, and the nub of the problem is the ‘double paradox’ of democracy'sundemocratic origins in the present. Territoriality, the use of bordered geographical space, is a powerful and ubiquitous mode of social organisation which simplifies social control. But it can grosslyoversimplify and distort social realities, particularly at borders and especially where territory is contested, thereby reinforcing other distorting simplifications typically found in ethno‐national conflicts. In consequence, radical remedies are needed if the problems are to be overcome. Making ethno‐national peace paradoxically calls for more creative border‐crossing conflicts around other issues.
The role of classical music in the construction of nationalism: an analysis of Danish consensus nationalism and the reception of Carl Nielsen
Authors: BRINCKER BENEDIKTE
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. Very little research has been conducted into the relationship between classical music and nationalism. This is a shame as music has played a significant role in the construction and consolidation of nationalism in many European countries. This article illustrates this by analysing the role of classical music and, in particular, contemporary serious music in the construction of Danish consensus nationalism in the 1930s and 1940s. In so doing, it explores the repression of the modernist expression which was and still is considered a Continental European phenomenon in favour of a local and traditional expression. Furthermore, it analyses the elevation of Carl Nielsen to the position of Danish composer par excellence.
Seasonal patterns of occurrence of Palaearctic migrants in southern Africa using atlas data
Authors: UNDERH1LL LESLIE G. , PRYS‐JONES ROBERT P. , HARRISON JAMES A. , MARTINEZ PETER
Published: August 2010

A statistical method, using presence/absence data from monthly fieldcards, to describe the phenology of migration is developed. The method uses the generalized linear model to fit a Fourier series to binomial‐type data giving the proportion of fieldcards reporting a species. A method for estimating mid‐arrival and mid‐departure dates, and residency period is also developed. The methodology is applied to data collected during the ‘Southern African Bird Atlas Project’ for the following species: Willow Warbler Phulloscopus trochilus, Red‐backed Shrike Lanius collurio, European Swallow Hirundo rustica, White Stork Ciconia ciconia, Steppe Buzzard Buteo buteo and European Bee‐eater Merops apiaster.
Feeding associations between Red‐necked Grebes Podiceps griseigena and Velvet Scoters Melanitta fusca in winter
Authors: BYRKJEDAL INGVAR , ELD0Y STEINAR , GRUNDETJERN SVEIN , L0YNING MASS K.
Published: August 2010

Red‐necked GrebesPodiceps griseigenawintering along the coast of Jseren, southwest Norway, were found to feed either solitarily or in close association with Velvet ScotersMelanitta fuscafeeding on bottom prey (mainly echinoderms) dug out from the sandy substrate. By scuba diving at spots where both species were feeding, we found that stirring the sand caused polychaete worms to emerge from the substrate. Bottom samples showed that these worms (on average >1000 per m2) vastly outnumbered other animal taxa living in the substrate and that polychaetes were probably the most likely prey of grebes associated with scoters. Food competition between the two species and/or kleptoparasitism by the grebes were probably not involved (no food‐stealing attempts by the grebes toward scoters handling prey brought to the surface, no aggression by scoters toward grebes and no effect of the grebes on the time budget of the scoters). Red‐necked Grebes associating with scoters were mainly first‐year birds, and the frequency of association decreased from a maximum of nearly 60% of the grebes in November toc.5% before spring departure in April. Grebes feeding solitarily hunted in a manner resembling divers(Gavia), and they brought fish to the surface significantly more often than grebes feeding with scoters. Solitary grebes spent less time feeding and more time preening and swimming than did grebes associating with scoters. The association appears to be a way naive birds could easily obtain prey. Skills needed to dive for more nutritious but agile fish are probably gradually acquired through the winter as more of the grebes adopt solitary feeding.
Systematic status of the Black‐collared Bulbul Neolestes torquatus
Authors: DOWSETT ROBERT J. , OLSON STORRS L. , ROY MICHAEL S. , DOWSETT‐LEMAIRE FRANÇOISE
Published: August 2010

The Afrotropical monotypic genus Neolestes has been treated variously as a bulbul (Pycnonotidae) or a ‘shrike’ (Malaconotidae, Laniidae or Prionopidae). Recent field observations and fresh laboratory material have enabled a multi‐disciplinary review incorporating biology, anatomy and DNA. The DNA analysis suggests that N. torquatus represents a deep branch of the pycnonotid clade. The plumage of Neolestes is unlike that of any bulbul, although the juvenile plumage is more bulbul‐like than shrike‐like. Evidence from the syrinx, skull, humerus and carpometatarsus eliminates a relationship between Neolestes and the shrikes and mainly points to one with the Pycnonotidae. Neolestes could be the primitive sister‐group of the Pycnonotidae, or a member of some larger group of which the bulbuls are but one manifestation. The vocalizations are not shrike‐like but are reminiscent of those of the African species of Pycnonotus; other aspects of its behaviour point in this direction. We believe there is no evidence for considering Neolestes to be a ‘shrike’, and recommend treating it as a primitive member of the Pycnonotidae, although as incertae sedis.
Sex‐specific territorial responses in Tawny Owls Strix aluco
Authors: APPLEBY BRIDGET M. , YAMAGUCHI NOBUYUKI , JOHNSON PAUL J. , MACDONALD DAVID W.
Published: August 2010

A territorial intruder often poses more of a threat to the territory holder of the same sex as itself. As territorial aggression is associated with costs, aggression shown by birds towards territorial intruders of the opposite sex deserves investigation. This behaviour could arise due to the reproductive value of a mate or through mutualism between members of a pair. We investigated these hypotheses by presenting mated pairs of Tawny Owls Strix aluco with playback of male calls, female calls and a male and female duetting, and recording the number and intensity of responses by the male and female territory holders. Females responded significantly more often to female than to male calls. Males responded equally often to male and female playback. Males which had previously bred successfully with their mate were significantly more likely to respond to female playback in the spring, which suggested males were responding to female playback due to the reproductive value of their mate. There was no evidence of mutualism between members of a pair.
Effects of resource availability and distribution on autumn movements of the Nutcracker Nucifraga caryocatactes in the Alps
Authors: ROLANDO ANTONIO , CARISIO LOREDANA
Published: August 2010

Radiotracking was used to study the ranging behaviour and movements of the Nutcracker Nucifraga caryocatactes in the Alevé forest (northwest Italian Alps), from September to December 1994‐96, when Nutcrackers collected seeds of Arolla Pines Pinus cembra. Home range size and overlap decreased from September to December. Autumn ranging behaviour was not consistent with territoriality. Nutcrackers stored seeds throughout the Alevé; many apparently stored seeds in scree at high altitudes (above 2200 m) where the forest comes to an end, and also in Larch forests opposite the Alevé (probably to avoid competition with rodents and conspecifics). Estimates of Nutcracker abundance, derived from transect counts, varied significantly among habitats, years and months, which possibly reflected differences in seed availability and abundance. The ranging behaviour observed at the Alevé was compared with that monitored at Mont Avic, another area in the northwest Italian Alps, where resources (in this case Hazel Corylus avellana nuts) were concentrated in a few zones. Home range size was significantly larger at Mont Avic, especially during late autumn. There, the home range size increased and overlap decreased from September to November, when birds abandoned Hazels and dispersed to the coniferous woods. Differences between Alevé and Mont Avic implied that the availability and distribution of resources are the major determinants of the ranging behaviour of the Nutcracker during autumn. However, differences between adults and juveniles were also found.
Wing moult in relation to autumn migration in adult Common Whitethroats Sylvia communis communis
Authors: HALL1 K. SUSANNA S. , FRANSSON THORD
Published: August 2010

Most long‐distance passerine migrants in Sweden moult on breeding grounds before leaving on autumn migration to winter quarters. However, birds laying second or replacement clutches, or just breeding late, have too little time for a normal moult on the breeding grounds. When time is limited the birds may respond by making various adjustments to the moult, for example by moulting more quickly or by suspending the moult. In this study, the relationship between the performance of post‐nuptial remex moult in Common Whitethroats breeding on Gotland, southeast Sweden, and autumn migration departure was investigated. The majority (77%) of the birds had interrupted moult in either the primaries or secondaries. Interruption of moult was more common among birds with a later onset date, as was asymmetry in moult between wings. The interruption of moult led to a significant time gain and moult completion was, consequently, more synchronized than moult onset. The results from this study indicate, in accordance with other data, that an early start of autumn migration is important. An early start may be crucial to facilitate the crossing of the Sahara Desert once the dry season has begun.
Dominance rank influences food hoarding in New Zealand Robins Petroica australis
Authors: BURNS K. C. , STEER JAMIE
Published: August 2010

Social interactions are thought to be an important determinant of food hoarding behaviour in birds. Theoretical work predicts that subordinate birds should cache more to offset losses to dominant birds. However, empirical support for this prediction is mixed. We evaluated whether social dominance influences the food hoarding behaviour of New Zealand Robins Petroica australis. Robins provide a unique opportunity to test food hoarding theory because they are fearless of humans and will cache food presented to them by hand. We offered mealworms to free‐ranging male and female Robins to test whether (1) one sex was socially dominant, (2) the subordinate sex cached more frequently than the dominant sex and (3) birds cached more frequently when they were in the presence of a potential competitor. Our results indicate that males were dominant over females. Males acquired most of the prey offered to birds during trials and won all aggressive encounters observed between sexes. However, caching rates ran contrary to theoretical predictions. Males stored approximately twice as many mealworms as females. Both sexes also stored more food when they were alone than when they were accompanied by conspecifics. We interpret the reluctance of females and paired birds to hoard food as a strategy to avoid the loss of caches to competitors. Our overall results indicate that dominance rank strongly influences caching decisions, but that caching rates ran contrary to theoretical predictions.
Primary moult, body mass and migration of Grey Plovers Pluvialis squatarola in Britain
Authors: SERRA LORENZO , CLARK NIGEL A. , CLARK JACQUIE A.
Published: August 2010

Long‐distance migrants have evolved complex strategies for the timing of their annual moult, fattening and migration cycles. These strategies are likely to vary at different stages of a bird's life. Ringing data on 6079 Grey Plovers Pluvialis squatarola, caught on the Wash, England, between 1959 and 1996, were analysed to relate migratory strategies to patterns of primary moult and body mass changes. Adults returning from breeding grounds had a shorter and delayed primary moult (duration 90 days, starting date 19 August) in comparison with over‐summering birds (duration 109 days, starting date 5 June). Three categories of migrant adults were identified on the basis of primary moult and body mass: (1) birds which did not moult, but increased body mass and migrated further south; (2) birds which moulted 1–3 inner primaries, suspended moult, increased body mass and migrated; and (3) birds which completed or suspended moult and wintered locally. In birds of the second category, timing of primary moult and body mass increase overlapped. Among wintering birds, 38% were in suspended moult. Ninety‐six per cent of birds that suspended moult at the beginning of winter were males and almost all completed moult in spring. Grey Plovers which left Britain in autumn had an average body mass of 280 g, enough to reach southern Morocco without refuelling. Both wintering adults and first‐year birds showed a prewinter body mass increase, peaking in December. Adults had a synchronized premigratory body mass increase in May, which suggested a negligible presence of African migrants. The average departure mass for spring migration, estimated at 316 g, would allow birds to fly non‐stop to the Siberian breeding grounds in western Taymyr.
Life history of the Mato Grosso AntbirdCercomacra melanariain the Brazilian Pantanal
Authors: BATISTA DE PINHO JOÃO , ESTEVES LOPES LEONARDO , DE MORAIS DRÁUSIO HONÓRIO , MENDES FERNANDES ALEXANDRE
Published: August 2010

Here we describe the habitat use, reproductive biology, diet and details of the life history of the Mato Grosso AntbirdCercomacra melanaria, one of the least studiedCercomacraspecies. We located 30 nests, of which 22 became active and were monitored. The nest consists of a deep cup, placed among dense tangles of vegetation, almost always in forests ofVochysia divergens(Cambarazal). Eggs are pinkish‐cream coloured, covered with reddish brown to purple spots and blotches that are concentrated around its centre and larger end. Average nest success was 32%. The Mayfield method indicated daily survival rates during egg and nestling periods of 0.94 and 0.96, respectively, and a success rate of 26%. Examination of 24 stomach contents revealed a diet based exclusively on arthropods.
Linking territory quality and reproductive success in the Red‐billed Chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrochorax: implications for conservation management of an endangered population
Authors: KERBIRIOU CHRISTIAN , GOURMELON FRANÇOISE , JIGUET FREDERIC , LE VIOL ISABELLE , BIORET FREDERIC , JULLIARD ROMAIN
Published: August 2010

As changes in land use have been identified as the main factor explaining the decline in Red‐billed Chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrochorax populations across western Europe, a study was carried out in Ouessant (western France) in order to assess the relationship between territory quality and reproductive success. As such an approach could be hindered by the fact that the birds’ reproductive performance could be influenced by their breeding experience, we analysed both inter‐ and intranest‐site variation in fledging success. Territory quality was quantified, combining habitat selection, territory size, the amount of feeding area and distance between nest and feeding area. Feeding habitats selected positively by Red‐billed Choughs were characterized by a mean sward height of less than 5 cm. Foraging area was on average 21 557 m2. Feeding areas (i.e. feeding habitat within foraging area) close to the nest were used preferentially. Fledging success appeared to be influenced neither by the total area of feeding sites in a Chough territory, nor by the mean feeding flight distance. However, fledging success adjusted to nest‐site and year appeared to be influenced by feeding area close to the nest: one additional fledgling was expected for each additional 10 000 m2 of feeding habitat within 300 m of the nest. These first results allowed us to consider recommending landscape management measures to ensure a favourable conservation status of local Chough populations.
Nitrate leaching losses under Miscanthus grass planted on a silty clay loam soil
Authors: Christian D.G. , Riche A.B.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Nitrate leaching under newly planted Miscanthus grass was measured for three years. The crop received either no fertilizer‐N or an annual spring application of 60 kg or 120 kg N ha‐1. During three winters soil water was collected from porous cup probes installed 90 cm deep. Nitrate leaching was calculated from the mean drain flow recorded in two drain gauges multiplied by the mean nitrate‐N concentration in the soil water solutions collected. In the first year soil water nitrate concentrations were high on all treatments and N losses were 154, 187 and 228 kg ha‐1 respectively on the unfertilized treatment and those that received 60 or 120 kg N ha‐1. Leaching losses in the second and third years were, in turn, 8, 24 and 87 kg ha‐1 and 3, 11 and 30 kg ha‐1 for the unfertilized treatment and for the 60 and 120 kg N ha‐1 treatments respectively. Leaching losses were closer to those recorded under extensively managed grassland than arable land. The large losses in the first year were probably due to the previous agricultural management at the site and excessive inputs of N on the fertilized plots. In the second and third year, lower drainage volumes may also have influenced losses. The results show that Miscanthus, once established, can lead to low levels of nitrate leaching and improved groundwater quality compared with growing arable crops.
The effectiveness of cover crops during eight years of a UK sandland rotation
Authors: Shepherd M. A.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Growing cover crops during the winter before spring‐planted crops is often suggested as an effective method to decrease nitrate leaching. A four‐course crop rotation (potatoes‐cereal‐sugarbeet‐cereal) was followed through two rotations on a sandy soil in the English Midlands. Three management systems were imposed on the rotation to test their effects on nitrate loss. The effects of cover crops on nitrate leaching and crop yields were compared with the more conventional practice of over‐winter bare fallow before potatoes and sugarbeet.

Cover crop N uptake was variable between years, averaging 25 kg ha−1, which is typical of their performance on sandy soils in the UK. The cover crops usually decreased nitrate leaching but their effectiveness depended on good establishment before the start of drainage. Over 7 years, cover crops decreased the average N concentration in the drainage from 24 to 11 mg l−1. Potato yield and tuber N offtake increased after cover crops. Ware tuber yield increased by an average of c. 8%; this was unlikely to be due to additional N mineralization from the cover crop because the potatoes received 220–250 kg fertilizer N ha−1, and non‐N effects are therefore implicated. Sugar yield was not increased following a cover crop.

After 8 years of nitrate‐retentive practices, there were no measurable differences in soil organic matter. However, plots that had received only half of the N fertilizer each year contained, on average, 0.14% less organic matter at the end of the experiment.
Getting the Smaller Picture: Small‐Area Analysis of Public Expenditure Incidence and Deprivation in Three English Cities
Authors: Bramley Glen , Evans Martin
Published: August 2010

This paper examines public expenditure incidence at small‐area level in cities. The motivations for such research are briefly reviewed. The article reports on an attempt at measuring public expenditure across the majority of programmes down to the level of Census wards and the actual results obtained for three urban local authorities in England. The relationship between spending, income and deprivation is examined overall and for particular spending programmes, using a number of approaches including regression‐based expenditure models. The conclusions suggest that spending is indeed targetted on poorer areas but raise questions about both the strength of this relationship and how best to measure deprivation and the need to spend.
The Dynamics of Household Wealth Accumulation in Italy
Authors: Jappelli Tullio , Pistaferri Luigi
Published: August 2010

We examine the dynamics of wealth accumulation distribution in Italy using data drawn from the Survey of Household Income and Wealth, a representative survey of the Italian population conducted by the Bank of Italy. We compare survey data with National Accounts data and discuss sample representativeness, attrition and measurement issues. We then look at wealth inequality (the cross‐sectional dispersion of wealth) and wealth mobility (individual transitions across the wealth distribution) and examine the age profile of wealth using repeated cross‐sectional data. Finally, we consider various explanations for the pattern of wealth accumulation in Italy, focusing on retirement, bequests, income risk, health shocks and credit market imperfections.
On Sharing NATO Defence Burdens in the 1990s and Beyond
Authors: Sandler Todd , Murdoch James C.
Published: August 2010

This article investigates NATO burden sharing in the 1990s in light of strategic, technological, political and membership changes. Both an ability‐to‐pay and a benefits‐received analysis of burden sharing are conducted. During 1990–99, there is no evidence of disproportionate burden sharing, where the large allies shoulder the burdens of the small. Nevertheless, the theoretical model predicts that this disproportionality will plague NATO in the near future. Thus far, there is still a significant concordance between benefits received and defence burdens carried. When alternative expansion scenarios are studied, the extent of disproportionality of burden sharing increases as NATO grows in size. A broader security burden‐sharing measure is devised and tested; based on this broader measure, there is still no disproportionality evident in the recent past.
Voluntary Contributions to Personal Pension Plans: Evidence from the British Household Panel Survey
Authors: Guariglia Alessandra , Markose Sheri
Published: August 2010

In this paper, we use data from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) for the years 1992 to 1998 to study the determinants of saving in the form of voluntary contributions to personal pension plans (PPPs). We first estimate a probit model with selection for the probability of making these voluntary contributions. We then estimate a random‐effects tobit regression for the amounts contributed and compare the results with those of a similar regression for conventional saving. Our findings suggest that voluntary contributions to PPPs are made essentially for retirement purposes, whereas conventional saving is undertaken for precautionary motives. The former type of saving is thus unlikely to offset the latter completely.
Measuring the Cost‐Effectiveness of an R&D Tax Credit for the UK
Authors: Griffth Rachel , Redding Stephen , Van Reenen John
Published: August 2010

This paper investigates the economic impact of the government's proposed new UK R&D tax credit. We measure the benefit of the credit by the effect on value added in the short and long runs. This is simulated from existing econometric estimates of the tax‐price elasticity of research and development (R&D) and the effect of R&D on productivity. For the latter, we allow R&D to have an effect on technology transfer (catching up with the technological frontier) as well as innovation (pushing the frontier forward). We then compare the increase in value added to the likely exchequer costs of the programme under a number of scenarios. In the long run, the increase in GDP far outweighs the costs of the tax credit. The short‐run effect is far smaller, with value added only exceeding cost if R&D grows at or below the rate of inflation.
A conceptual framework for understanding global and transnational public goods for health
Authors: Sandler Todd , Arce M. Daniel G.
Published: August 2010

The paper presents two taxonomies for classifying global and transnational health‐promoting activities according to three parameters of publicness — non‐rivalry of benefits, non‐excludability of non‐payers and the aggregation technologies. Based on these taxonomies and their implications for efficiency and equity, this paper identifies the need for international cooperation in some, but certainly not all, areas concerning the provision of such health‐promoting activities. Additionally, institutional responses are evaluated in light of the various health‐promoting activities. The roles of multilaterals, non‐governmental organisations, foundations and nations are addressed. A host of current global health issues — for example, public‐private partnerships, international orphan drug legislature and patent protection — are addressed.
Following or Leading Public Opinion? Social Security Policy and Public Attitudes Since 1997
Authors: Hills John
Published: August 2010

This paper examines New Labour's social security and related policies since 1997 in the light of evidence on public attitudes. The list of measures where policies have been in or have come into line with public attitudes is much longer than the list of measures where policies have been out of line with public attitudes or appear to have led them. One interpretation is that policy has been led by opinion surveys and focus groups, with opportunities lost to take more radical action and then persuade people of the need and justification for it. An alternative would be that policy has navigated with the grain of some of the more progressive parts of public opinion to achieve a result that has carried the public with it, in a way that would not have been sustainable if there had simply been an increase in the generosity of an unreformed social security system.
The Analysis of Welfare Effects of an Environmental Product Tax: An Application to the Taxation of Car Tyres in Hungary
Authors: Galarraga Ibon , Markandya Anil
Published: August 2010

A sophisticated welfare analysis developed by Morris and Kis (1996) is presented here for the study of the effect of a product charge tax on the car tyre market in Hungary. The analysis is extended and complemented in this paper by, first, using the AIDS model and an algorithm developed by Galarraga and Markandya (2000) to estimate demand elasticities from limited data and, second, including the income effects into the analysis. The latter does not have much impact on the results but the generalisation of the model might be useful for the analysis of different goods where the proportion of income spent on them is more important.
Distributional Implications of Environmental Taxation in Denmark
Authors: Klinge Jacobsen Henrik , Birr‐Pedersen Katja , Wier Mette
Published: August 2010

Environmental taxes have been introduced in many countries. However, few countries have reached the level of environmental taxation that is seen in Denmark today. This paper analyses the individual taxes as well as the combination of all these taxes and duties related to environmental concerns, including taxes on heating, transport fuels, electricity, water, waste, plastic bags, registration of cars, annual car use and pesticides.

The distributional effect of taxes is examined in relation to household income, socio‐economic class, residential location and family status. The shifting of the tax structure from high marginal income tax to consumption‐based taxes, especially environmental taxes, might have distributional impacts that have not been considered part of the tax policy.

The results suggest that in Denmark taxes on petrol and registration duties for cars are progressive, whereas most other environmental taxes are regressive, especially the green taxes on water, retail containers and CO2 emissions.
Tax Sensitivity in Electronic Commerce*
Authors: Scanlan Mark A.
Published: August 2010

Empirical research into the impact of taxation on e‐commerce has concluded that there is a significant positive relationship between local sales tax rates and the likelihood that a person will shop online. This paper finds that the tax sensitivity for online purchases at the local level is much lower than previously estimated and is not significant under previous general models. However, by using a splined tax‐rate function, this paper finds that consumers living in counties with high sales tax rates are still sensitive to tax rates when deciding whether to shop online, while those in counties with low tax rates exhibit no significant sensitivity.
The Production of Unshrinkability by Cross‐linkage Formation in Wool
Authors: Menkart J. , Speakman J. B.
Published: August 2010

When Lincoln wool and human hair fibres are treated with a solution of mercuric acetate (0·1m) in acetic acid (0·1n), the increase in the resistance of the fibres to deformation is a linear function of the square root of the time of treatment, except in the initial stages. Determination of the slopes of the lines has shown that the rate of diffusion of mercuric acetate into Lincoln wool is 2·2 times as fast as into the human hair, in general agreement with earlier observations7 on the rate of diffusion of Acid Orange 26 into 56s Down wool and human hair at 60°c. and pH 2·04. Since, in addition, Lincoln wool fibres are finer than those of human hair, i.e. since the ratio of surface to mass is greater, the elastic properties of Lincoln wool fibres are modified far more rapidly than those of human hair by treatment with mercuric acetate. In agreement with these observations, the rate at which Lincoln wool fibres are penetrated by mercuric acetate, as determined by staining the treated fibres in a solution of hydrogen sulphide and preparing cross‐sections, has been shown to be far greater than in the case of human hair. These results serve to explain why, in a previous paper3, the elastic properties of human hair fibres were found to be only slightly altered under conditions which made an all‐wool flannel unshrinkable. Since it has also been shown that there is a smooth relationship between the milling shrinkage of treated patterns and the extent to which the fibres are penetrated by mercuric acetate, as observed in stained cross‐sections, there can be no doubt that mercuric acetate makes wool unshrinkable by modifying the elastic properties of the fibres.
Some Developments in Dispersed Azo Dyes for Cellulose Acetate Rayon and Nylon
Authors: Stead E. , Murray A.
Published: August 2010

Summary of a lecture to the Scottish Section at the St. Enoch Hotel, Glasgow, on 23rd January 1951, Mr. D. B. F. McAndrew in the chair