bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Characterization of New Silica‐Titania Mixed Oxides Obtained by Sol‐Gel Technique
Authors: Elia A. , Aispuro P. Martín , Quaranta N. , Martín‐Martínez J.M. , Vázquez P.
Published: March 2011

Summary: Although titanium dioxide has a high surface area, it is not thermally stable and its surface area decreases strongly at high temperature due to phase transformation and crystal growth. To improve the thermal stability of titanium dioxide, the synthesis of mixed oxides can be an elegant approach. In this study different experimental variables for the synthesis and characterization of new titania‐silica mixed oxides intended to be used as fillers have been proposed. To manufacture the mixed oxides, different tetraethylortosilicate (TEOS)/Tetrabutyl orthotitanate (TBTi) mixtures in different ratio, ethanol as solvent, and acetic acid as catalyst were used via sol‐gel synthesis route. These oxides were characterized by transmission electron microscopy coupled with EDX analysis (TEM‐EDX), optical microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, textural properties, and pH measurements and wettability with liquids of different polarity.
Modification of Particle Filled Polymers with High Energy Electrons Under In‐Stationary Conditions of Melt Mixing
Authors: Wagenknecht Udo , Gohs Uwe , Leuteritz Andreas , Volke Sebastian , Wiessner Sven , Heinrich Gert
Published: March 2011

Summary: Polymer modification with high energy electrons is well‐established in polymer industry and used for degradation, cross‐linking, grafting, curing, and polymerization. These applications use local and temporal precise input of energy in order to generate excited atoms or molecules and ions for subsequent molecule changes via radical induced chemical reactions. In the present study, high energy electrons have been used to modify polyolefine (polyethylene and polypropylene) systems in presence of a grafting agent under stationary and in‐stationary conditions. Polymer modification with high energy electrons under stationary conditions characterizes a process where required absorbed dose is applied to polymers in solid state and at room temperature. Polymer modification with high energy electrons under in‐stationary conditions is a novel process where required absorbed dose is applied in molten state during melt mixing process. In this novel process, the penetration depth of electrons is limited to a part of mixing volume. The total mixing volume is modified due to the change of polymer mass within the penetration depth of electrons during mixing process. A 1.5 MeV electron accelerator has been directly coupled to a banbury mixing chamber in order to study this novel process. In comparison to the stationary process, the main differences are working at higher temperature, absence of any crystallinity, intensive macromolecular mobility as well as intensive mixing during dose application. The influence of both processes on mechanical properties and flame resistance of polymer composites is discussed.
Computational‐Regulatory Developments in the Prediction of Oral Drug Absorption
Authors: Valsami G. , Macheras P.
Published: March 2011

Early prediction of human intestinal absorption is important in selection of potential orally administered drugs. Various computational models for prediction of the fraction of dose absorbed, Fa, have been developed. In 1989, a sigmoidal relationship between Fa and drug absorption potential was shown. Since then various physicochemical descriptors of molecules (lipophilicity, polar surface area, hydrogen bond descriptors) have been found to correlate with human intestinal absorption and various attempts in estimating Fa have been reported. Most studies rely on the presupposition that Fa is mainly dependent on drug’s solubility, which drives the dissolution rate in the gastrointestinal (GI) fluids, and the rate of passive drug transport across the intestinal membrane. In the same vein, the biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) and the relevant FDA guideline classify drugs in four categories according to their aqueous solubility and permeability. However, the biopharmaceutics drug disposition classification system (BDDCS) revealed the poor predictability of permeability estimates for Fa and the major role of transporters for GI uptake of drugs. The role of solubility in the reaction limited model of dissolution and the ubiquitous presence of supersaturated solubility‐dissolution phenomena in the GI lumen, call for a more physiologically relevant consideration of GI absorption.
The impact of graft composition on clinical outcomes in pediatric patients undergoing unmanipulated HLA‐mismatched/haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Liu Dai‐Hong , Zhao Xiao‐Su , Chang Ying‐Jun , Liu Yan‐Kai , Xu Lan‐Ping , Chen Huan , Han Wei , Chen Yu‐Hong , Wang Yu , Huang Xiao‐Jun
Published: March 2011

Objective

In pediatric patients, the association of graft composition with clinical outcomes after unmanipulated haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has not been well defined. Therefore, the impact of graft composition on transplant outcomes was evaluated.

Methods

We examined the absolute numbers and relative proportions of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD14+, and CD34+ cells contained in allografts of 103 children who underwent unmanipulated HLA‐mismatched/haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) without in vitro T cell depletion.

Results

Multivariate analysis showed that a high CD34+ cell dose in G‐CSF‐primed bone marrow and peripheral blood grafts (G‐PB) was related to accelerated platelet engraftment (P = 0.004). A higher CD3/CD14 ratio in G‐PB (≥1.30) was associated with grade II–IV acute graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) (HR = 3.552; 95%CI 1.015–12.428, P = 0.047). In addition, only a heavier donor weight (HR = 5.837; 95%CI 1.841–18.513, P = 0.003) and a higher ratio of CD3/CD14 in the total graft (HR = 9.752; 95%CI 1.834–51.865, P = 0.008) were associated with worse overall survival. No aspect of graft composition affected neutrophil engraftment or disease relapse, though occurrence of chronic GVHD and a higher CD3/CD14 ratio in G‐PB and total graft may reflect a lower incidence of relapse without statistical significance.

Conclusions

The dose of CD34+ cells and the CD3/CD14 ratio in allografts seem to have prognostic value for engraftment and clinical outcomes in pediatric patients undergoing unmanipulated haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. A lower CD3/CD14 ratio in allografts demonstrated a survival benefit. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;57:135–141. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbant Assay Using Monoclonal Antibody Against Bacoside A3 for Determination of Jujubogenin Glycosides in Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst
Authors: Tothiam Charinrat , Phrompittayarat Watoo , Putalun Waraporn , Tanaka Hiroyuki , Sakamoto Seiichi , Khan Ikhlas A. , Ingkaninan Kornkanok
Published: March 2011

Introduction

In Ayurvedic medicines, Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. (brahmi) is known as a medicinal plant used for memory enhancement. Its active compounds are classified as pseudojujubogenin and jujubogenin glycosides. Owing to the lack of chromophore in the saponin glycoside structures, HPLC‐UV–vis gives low sensitivity for determination of such compounds. In the case of the detection of small amounts of saponin glycosides, immunological assay could be a suitable method.

Objective

To develop and validate a sensitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) using monoclonal antibody (MAb) against bacoside A3, the major jujubogenin glycoside found in brahmi.

Methodology

An immunogen was prepared by conjugating bacoside A3 with a bovine serum albumin (BSA). To determine its immunogenicity, the ratio of hapten in bacoside A3– BSA conjugate was determined by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF‐MS). After immunisation in mice, hybridomas secreting MAbs against bacoside A3 were produced by fusing the immunised splenocytes with SP2/0‐ Ag14 myeloma cells. The antibody was raised specifically against jujubogenin glycosides. The ELISA using anti‐bacoside A3 MAb was developed.

Results

Bacoside A3 in the range of 3.05–97.70 ng mL−1 could be detected by ELISA using anti‐bacoside A3 MAb. The assay showed a detection limit of 0.48 ng mL−1 (0.517 nm). The validation study showed that the method was precise, accurate and sensitive. Interestingly, the MAb showed cross‐reactivity with the other jujubogenin glycosides, bacopaside X and IV. However, it did not show cross‐reactivity with any of pseudojujubogenin glycosides.

Conclusion

The study demonstrated that ELISA using anti‐bacoside A3 MAb can be used for determination of total jujubogenin glycosides in brahmi. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of 2″‐Galloylated Flavonol 3‐O‐Glycosides Accumulating in Developing Leaves of Persimmon
Authors: Kawakami Kayoko , Shibukura Yuki , Kanno Tomomi , Furuki Tomoko , Aketa Saiko , Hirayama Masao
Published: March 2011

Introduction

Dried leaves of persimmon, traditionally consumed as a herbal tea in Japan, contain bioactive galloylated flavonol glycosides. Investigation of the seasonal compositional changes in these compounds is important for determining the optimum harvest time.

Objective

The three objectives were: (1) to elucidate the compositional changes of the flavonol glycosides in persimmon leaves collected in different seasons; (2) to develop an efficient method for separation of the constituents; and (3) to compare their antioxidant activities.

Methodology

Fresh persimmon leaves were collected at different growth stages in 2007 and 2008 in Niigata, Japan. Total flavonols were extracted with 70% aqueous acetone followed by ethyl acetate partitioning, and were analysed by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Enzymatic transformation and chromatographic fractionation was performed to isolate the individual flavonols. Two antioxidant assays were performed.

Results

Four nongalloylated flavonol glycosides were detected at the leaf‐shooting stage, and four additional galloylated flavonol glycosides accumulated during leaf development, resulting in a total of eight constituents. Isolation of nongalloylated and galloylated constituents was successfully achieved through enzymatic transformation of the flavonol mixture using combinations of tannase, β‐glucosidase and β‐galactosidase, followed by chromatographic fractionation. The gallates were identified as regiospecific 2″‐galloylated galactosides and glucosides of kaempferol and quercetin. A mixture of 2″‐galloylated flavonol glycosides had a two‐fold stronger antioxidant activity than the nongalloylated mixture.

Conclusion

This study showed that four 2″‐galloylated flavonol glycosides had accumulated in developing leaves of persimmon by the end of May through a rapid 2″‐galloylation of the corresponding nongalloylated flavonol glycosides. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A preferred AMPK phosphorylation site adjacent to the inhibitory loop of cardiac and skeletal troponin I
Authors: Sancho Solis Raquel , Ge Ying , Walker Jeffery W.
Published: March 2011

5′‐AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that is activated when cellular AMP to ATP ratios rise, potentially serving as a key regulator of cellular energetics. Among the known targets of AMPK are catabolic and anabolic enzymes, but little is known about the ability of this kinase to phosphorylate myofilament proteins and thereby regulating the contractile apparatus of striated muscles. Here, we demonstrate that troponin I isoforms of cardiac (cTnI) and fast skeletal (fsTnI) muscles are readily phosphorylated by AMPK. For cTnI, two highly conserved serine residues were identified as AMPK sites using a combination of high‐resolution top‐down electron capture dissociation mass spectrometry, 32P‐incorporation, synthetic peptides, phospho‐specific antibodies, and site‐directed mutagenesis. These AMPK sites in cTnI were Ser149 adjacent to the inhibitory loop and Ser22 in the cardiac‐specific N‐terminal extension, at the level of cTnI peptides, the intact cTnI subunit, whole cardiac troponin complexes and skinned cardiomyocytes. Phosphorylation time‐course experiments revealed that Ser149 was the preferred site, because it was phosphorylated 12–16‐fold faster than Ser22 in cTnI. Ser117 in fsTnI, analogous to Ser149 in cTnI, was phosphorylated with similar kinetics as cTnI Ser149. Hence, the master energy‐sensing protein AMPK emerges as a possibly important regulator of cardiac and skeletal contractility via phosphorylation of a preferred site adjacent to the inhibitory loop of the thin filament protein TnI.
Sulforaphane Inhibits Oral Carcinoma Cell Migration and Invasion In Vitro
Authors: Jee Hyeon‐Gun , Lee Kyu Eun , Kim Jong Bin , Shin Hyo‐Keun , Youn Yeo‐Kyu
Published: March 2011

Sulforaphane is a predominant isothiocyanate in Brassica oleracea, a family of cruciferous vegetables, and is known to be inversely related to the risk of various types of human carcinomas. Studies using oral carcinoma cell lines are scarce, however, and the role of sulforaphane on oral carcinoma cell metastasis is yet to be determined. In this study, the growth inhibition of oral carcinoma cell lines by sulforaphane was determined using aqueous soluble tetrazolium salts, and the growth of various oral cancer cell lines was attenuated. The migration and invasion activities of the cells also decreased, as observed in monolayer scratch assays and transwell invasion experiments. The molecular change behind the impairment of the migration and invasion was investigated via secreted metalloprotease level detection using Multiplex protein analysis kits. At the molecular level, the secreted forms of MMP‐1 and MMP‐2 were down‐regulated. The expressions of MMP‐1 and MMP‐2 did not change when a conventional tumoricidal agent paclitaxel was used. These findings indicate that sulforaphane may have therapeutic potential as an inhibitor of metastasis in oral carcinoma patients. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laser ablation synthesis of new phosphorus nitride clusters from α‐P3N5 via laser desorption ionization and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Pangavhane Sachinkumar Dagurao , Hebedová Lucie , Alberti Milan , Havel Josef
Published: March 2011

Phosphorus nitride clusters generated during Laser Desorption Ionization (LDI) and Matrix‐Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI) of solid P3N5 were analyzed via Time‐of‐Flight Mass Spectrometry (TOF MS). The LDI TOF mass spectra show the formation of series of clusters: PmNn+ {(m = 1; n = 8–11), (m = 4; n = 3–4), (m = 5; n = 1–5), (m = 6; n = 1–3, 5–8), (m = 2–7; n = 1), (m = 5–10; n = 2), (m = 4–6; n = 3), (m = 4,5; n = 4), (m = 5,6; n = 5)}, and PmNn– (m = 4,5; n = 1). Using 3‐hydroxypicolinic acid (HPA) as a matrix the PmNn+ species (m = 1–4, 6, 8) with a high nitrogen content (n = 4, 5, 8, 10–12, 20) were identified. The formation of a N6– cluster was also detected using a C60 matrix. Under various conditions singly charged Pm+ (m = 2–7, 9, 13), Pm– (m = 3–11, 13, 15, 17), Nn+ (n = 5, 9, 10, 12, 13), and Nn– (n = 6, 10‐15) clusters were identified in the mass spectra. Such high nitrogen content clusters (up to N15–) generated by laser desorption from a solid material are described for the first time. The stoichiometry of the PmNn clusters was determined via isotopic envelope analysis and computer modelling. The composition of the clusters with respect to the crystalline structure of α‐P3N5 is discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Binding of alpha 1‐acid glycoprotein with aconitum alkaloids: an investigation using an intensity fading matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry method
Authors: Liu Wenlong , Liu Shu , Li Huilin , Song Fengrui , Liu Zhiqiang , Liu Shuying
Published: March 2011

Intensity fading matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (IF‐MALDI) mass spectrometry has become an alternative screening approach for the affinity‐binding analysis of proteins and peptides with ligands. In this study, an attempt has been made to study the interaction of alpha 1‐acid glycoprotein (AGP) with aconitum alkaloids by IF‐MALDI Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (IF‐MALDI‐FT‐MS). Compared with the nonbinding internal standard, clear reduction in the ion abundances of the target alkaloids was observed with the addition of AGP. Relative binding affinities of different alkaloids towards the protein could also be estimated using IF‐MALDI‐FT‐MS. The binding affinity was also investigated by using ultrafiltration liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ultrafiltration LC‐DAD/ESI‐MS), and results were consistent with that of IF‐MALDI‐FT‐MS. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative and confirmative performance of liquid chromatography coupled to high‐resolution mass spectrometry compared to tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Kaufmann Anton , Butcher Patrick , Maden Kathryn , Walker Stephan , Widmer Miryam
Published: March 2011

The quantitative and confirmative performance of two different mass spectrometry (MS) techniques (high‐resolution MS and tandem MS) was critically compared. Evaluated was a new extraction and clean‐up protocol which was developed to cover more than 100 different veterinary drugs at trace levels in a number of animal tissues and honey matrices. Both detection techniques, high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) (single‐stage Orbitrap instrument operated at 50 000 full width at half maximum) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) (quadrupole technology) were used to validate the method according to the EU Commission Decision 2002/657/EEC. Equal or even a slightly better quantitative performance was observed for the HRMS‐based approach. Sensitivity is higher for unit mass resolution MS/MS if only a subset of the 100 compounds has to be monitored.

Confirmation of suspected positive findings can be done by evaluating the intensity ratio between different MS/MS transitions, or by accurate mass based product ion traces (no precursor selection applied). MS/MS relies on compound‐specific optimized transitions; hence the second, confirmatory transition generally shows relatively high ion abundance (fragmentation efficacy). This is often not the case in single‐stage HRMS, since a generic (not compound‐optimized) collision energy is applied. Hence, confirmation of analytes present at low levels is superior when performed by MS/MS. Slightly better precision, but poorer accuracy (fortified matrix extracts versus pure standard solution) of ion ratios were observed when comparing data obtained by HRMS versus MS/MS. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fundamental Mathematical Model for AOD Process. Part II: Model validation
Authors: Pisilä Sauli E. , Järvinen Mika P. , Kärnä Aki , Ikäheimonen Topi , Fabritius Timo , Kupari Pentti
Published: March 2011

A fundamental mathematical model for AOD process has been developed and proposed in “Fundamental Mathematical Model for AOD Process. Part I: Derivation of the Model” 1. Validation of the model with process data, measured from full scale AOD process, is presented in this paper.

A broad selection of input data for the model was exported from various types of full scale industrial AOD heats. In this study 6 different types of heats were studied and simulated. Process data was measured from two AOD converters (95 t, 150 t). Validation of the model was then done by comparing simulated and measured values for carbon and chromium content, carbon release rate, melt composition, slag composition and bath temperature during final stages of carbon removal.

The validation results showed that the model was in good agreement with the measured process data, and same model parameters were valid in all of the simulated heats.
Headache, menstruation and combined oral contraceptives: A diary study in 184 women with migraine
Authors: Lieba‐Samall Doris , Wöberl Christian , Frantall Sophie , Brannathl Werner , Schmidtl Karin , Schrolnbergerl Claudia , Wöber‐Bingöll Çicek ,   PAMINA study group
Published: March 2011

Half of female migraineurs in childbearing age use combined oral contraceptives (COCs), but the influence of COCs on perimenstrual migraine is still unclear. We therefore aimed to analyze the risk of occurrence and persistence (i.e. presence for more than 1 day) of headache and migraine before and during menstruation in women with migraine, comparing users of COCs to non‐users.

We included 184 women with at least 1 day of menstruation recorded in a 90‐day diary. We differentiated between (a) the 2 days before menstruation, (b) the first 3 days of menstruation and (c) the remaining days of menstruation and analyzed subgroups of women with (n =82) and without (n =102) COCs.

In both groups, risk of any headache as well as that of migraine was highest during the first 3 days of menstruation with a hazard ratio of 1.9 and 2.1 for non‐users and 2.1 and 2.2 for users. Although use of COCs showed no statistically significant overall effect, users were at higher risk for any headache premenstrually and non‐users at higher risk for migraine on days 4+ of menstruation.

In conclusion, use of COCs exerts only subtle differences on the course of perimenstrual migraine in menstruating women with migraine.
Head circumference, apolipoprotein E genotype and cognition in the Bavarian School Sisters Study
Authors: Perneczky R. , Alexopoulos P. , Wagenpfeil S. , Bickel H. , Kurz A.
Published: March 2011

Background

The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ɛ4 allele is correlated with an earlier onset of Alzheimer's disease symptoms; larger head circumference has been associated with an individual resilience against cognitive impairment.

Methods

We explored if larger head circumference attenuates the effect of theAPOEɛ4 allele on cognition in 380 Catholic sisters covering the spectrum from normal cognitive performance to severe dementia.

Results

Linear regression analysis, adjusting for risk factors for cognitive decline, revealed thatAPOEɛ4 was correlated with worse cognition and that larger head circumference attenuated the negative effect of the ɛ4 allele on cognitive performance.

Conclusion

Larger head circumference (i.e. larger brain size) seems to be associated with greater resilience against genetic determinants of cognitive impairment, possibly due to enhanced brain or cognitive reserve.
Calorie restriction and prevention of age‐associated chronic disease
Authors: Omodei Daniela , Fontana Luigi
Published: March 2011

Life expectancy in the world has increased dramatically during the last century; the number of older adults is expected to rise while the number of youths will decline in the near future. This demographic shift has considerable public health and economic implications since aging is associated with the development of serious chronic diseases. Calorie restriction (CR) is the most effective nutritional intervention for slowing aging and preventing chronic disease in rodents. In non‐human and human primates, CR with adequate nutrition protects against abdominal obesity, diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Cancer morbidity and mortality are also diminished in CR monkeys, and data obtained from individuals practicing long‐term CR show a reduction of metabolic and hormonal factors associated with increased cancer risk.
Translational application of epigenetic alterations: Ovarian cancer as a model
Authors: Maradeo Marie E. , Cairns Paul
Published: March 2011

Cancer is a disease initiated and driven by the accumulation and interplay of genetic and epigenetic mutations of genes involved in the regulation of cell growth and signaling. Dysregulation of these genes and pathways in a cell leads to a growth advantage and clonal expansion. The epigenetic alterations involved in the initiation and progression of cancer are DNA methylation and histone modifications which interact to remodel chromatin, as well as RNA interference. These alterations can be used as candidate targets in molecular tests for risk, early detection, prognosis, prediction of response to therapy, and monitoring, as well as new therapeutic targets in cancer. In this review, we discuss the rationale, studies to date, and issues in the translational application of epigenetics using epithelial ovarian cancer as a specific example of all types of cancer.
Anti‐interleukin‐6 receptor antibody, tocilizumab, for the treatment of autoimmune diseases
Authors: Tanaka Toshio , Narazaki Masashi , Kishimoto Tadamitsu
Published: March 2011

Interleukin (IL)‐6 is a cytokine with multiple biological activities. It contributes to host defense against pathogens, whereas accelerated production of IL‐6 plays a significant pathological role in various diseases. Clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of tocilizumab, a humanized anti‐IL‐6 receptor antibody, for patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Castleman's disease or juvenile idiopathic arthritis, leading to approval of this innovative drug for the treatment of these diseases. Since IL‐6 has been demonstrated to play a significant role in the development of various other autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, tocilizumab can be expected to become a novel drug for such diseases as well.
Applications of Platelet‐Rich Plasma in Musculoskeletal and Sports Medicine: An Evidence‐Based Approach
Authors: Nguyen Rosalyn T. , Borg‐Stein Joanne , McInnis Kelly
Published: March 2011

This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the current literature that pertains to the therapeutic use of autologous platelet‐rich plasma (PRP). The basic science literature regarding the role of growth factors in mediating the healing process and the laboratory data from in vitro and in vivo studies that evaluated PRP are reviewed. Subsequently, the current evidence regarding PRP efficacy from animal models, human surgical studies, and human clinical studies is presented. A critical analysis of the literature follows, and the article concludes with the authors' perspectives on the state of PRP as a potentially efficacious bioregenerative treatment option for musculoskeletal and sports medicine applications. The relevant articles in this review were obtained via PubMed literature searches for PRP publications that pertain to musculoskeletal and sports medicine conditions. This article is not intended to be a formal meta‐analysis.
Effect of Concussion on Clinically Measured Reaction Time in 9 NCAA Division I Collegiate Athletes: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Eckner James T. , Kutcher Jeffrey S. , Richardson James K.
Published: March 2011

Objectives

To evaluate the effect of concussion on clinically measured reaction time (RTclin) and in comparison to a computerized reaction time measure (RTcomp).

Design

Prospective, repeated measures observational study.

Setting

Athletic training clinic at a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I university.

Participants

Data are reported for 9 collegiate athletes with acute concussion who were part of a larger cohort of 209 athletes recruited from the university's football, women's soccer, and wrestling teams before the start of their respective athletic seasons.

Methods

Baseline RTclin and RTcomp were measured during preparticipation physical examinations. RTclin measured the time required to catch a suspended vertical shaft by hand closure after its release by the examiner. RTcomp was derived from the simple RT component of the CogState‐Sport computerized neurocognitive test battery. Athletes who subsequently sustained a physician‐diagnosed concussion underwent repeated RTclin and RTcomp testing within 72 hours of injury. A Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare baseline and after‐injury RTs.

Main Outcome Measurements

After‐injury changes in RTclin and RTcomp were calculated with respect to each athlete's own preseason baseline value.

Results

After‐injury RTclin was prolonged in 8 of the 9 athletes with concussions, whereas RTcomp was prolonged in 5 of the 9 athletes with concussions. The mean (standard deviation) RTclin increased from 193 ± 21 ms to 219 ± 31 ms (P = .050), and mean RTcomp increased from 247 ± 75 to 462 ± 120 ms (P = .214).

Conclusions

We concluded that RTclin appears to be sensitive to the known prolongation of RT after concussion and compares favorably with an accepted computerized RT measure. This study supports the potential utility of RTclin as part of a multifaceted concussion assessment battery.
Reliability and Accuracy of a Video Analysis Protocol to Assess Core Ability
Authors: McDonald Dawn A. , Delgadillo James Q. , Fredericson Michael , McConnell Jennifer , Hodgins Melissa , Besier Thor F.
Published: March 2011

Objective

To develop and test a method to measure core ability in healthy athletes with 2‐dimensional video analysis software (SiliconCOACH). Specific objectives were to: (1) develop a standardized exercise battery with progressions of increasing difficulty to evaluate areas of core ability in elite athletes; (2) develop an objective and quantitative grading rubric with the use of video analysis software; (3) assess the test‐retest reliability of the exercise battery; (4) assess the interrater and intrarater reliability of the video analysis system; and (5) assess the accuracy of the assessment.

Design

Test‐retest repeatability and accuracy.

Setting

Testing was conducted in the Stanford Human Performance Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.

Participants

Nine female gymnasts currently training with the Stanford Varsity Women's Gymnastics Team participated in testing.

Methods

Participants completed a test battery composed of planks, side planks, and leg bridges of increasing difficulty. Subjects completed two 20‐minute testing sessions within a 4‐ to 10‐day period. Two‐dimensional sagittal‐plane video was captured simultaneously with 3‐dimensional motion capture.

Main Outcome Measurements

The main outcome measures were pelvic displacement and time that elapsed until failure occurred, as measured with SiliconCOACH video analysis software. Test‐retest and interrater and intrarater reliability of the video analysis measures was assessed. Accuracy as compared with 3‐dimensional motion capture also was assessed.

Results

Levels reached during the side planks and leg bridges had an excellent test‐retest correlation (r2 = 0.84, r2 = 0.95). Pelvis displacements measured by examiner 1 and examiner 2 had an excellent correlation (r2 = 0.86, intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.92). Pelvis displacements measured by examiner 1 during independent grading sessions had an excellent correlation (r2 = 0.92). Pelvis displacements from the plank and from a set of combined plank and side plank exercises both had an excellent correlation with 3‐dimensional motion capture measures (r2 = 0.92, r2 = 0.90).

Conclusions

Core ability test battery with SiliconCOACH grading method is an accurate and reliable way to assess core ability exercise performance.
Association Between Unsafe Driving Performance and Cognitive‐Perceptual Dysfunction in Older Drivers
Authors: Park Si‐Woon , Choi Eun Seok , Lim Mun Hee , Kim Eun Joo , Hwang Sung Il , Choi Kyung‐In , Yoo Hyun‐Chul , Lee Kuem Ju , Jung Hi‐Eun
Published: March 2011

Objective

To find an association between cognitive‐perceptual problems of older drivers and unsafe driving performance during simulated automobile driving in a virtual environment.

Design

Cross‐sectional study.

Setting

A driver evaluation clinic in a rehabilitation hospital.

Participants

Fifty‐five drivers aged 65 years or older and 48 drivers in their late twenties to early forties.

Methods

All participants underwent evaluation of cognitive‐perceptual function and driving performance, and the results were compared between older and younger drivers. The association between cognitive‐perceptual function and driving performance was analyzed.

Main Outcome Measurements

Cognitive‐perceptual function was evaluated with the Cognitive Perceptual Assessment for Driving (CPAD), a computer‐based assessment tool consisting of depth perception, sustained attention, divided attention, the Stroop test, the digit span test, field dependency, and trail‐making test A and B. Driving performance was evaluated with use of a virtual reality–based driving simulator. During simulated driving, car crashes were recorded, and an occupational therapist observed unsafe performances in controlling speed, braking, steering, vehicle positioning, making lane changes, and making turns.

Results

Thirty‐five older drivers did not pass the CPAD test, whereas all of the younger drivers passed the test. When using the driving simulator, a significantly greater number of older drivers experienced car crashes and demonstrated unsafe performance in controlling speed, steering, and making lane changes. CPAD results were associated with car crashes, steering, vehicle positioning, and making lane changes. Older drivers who did not pass the CPAD test are 4 times more likely to experience a car crash, 3.5 times more likely to make errors in steering, 2.8 times more likely to make errors in vehicle positioning, and 6.5 times more likely to make errors in lane changes than are drivers who passed the CPAD test.

Conclusion

Unsafe driving performance and car crashes during simulated driving were more prevalent in older drivers than in younger drivers. Unsafe performance in steering, vehicle positioning, making lane changes, and car crashes were associated with cognitive‐perceptual dysfunction.
Apolipoprotein E4 Genotype Increases the Risk of Being Diagnosed With Posttraumatic Fibromyalgia
Authors: Reeser Jonathan C. , Payne Erin , Kitchner Terrie , McCarty Catherine A.
Published: March 2011

Objective

To determine whether the apolipoprotein E4 (Apo E4) allele may be a genetic risk factor for fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS).

Design

A retrospective assessment of associations between Apo E4 genotype and selected environmental exposures among a cohort diagnosed with FMS compared with control subjects.

Setting

Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation's Personalized Medicine Research Project (PMRP) biobank.

Participants

One hundred fifty‐one case subjects with fibromyalgia and 300 age‐ and gender‐matched control subjects.

Methods

Fibromyalgia case subjects were identified according to a strict phenotypic definition from among the nearly 20,000 subjects enrolled in the PMRP. Age‐ and gender‐matched control subjects also were identified from the PMRP in a 2:1 control/case ratio. Apo E4 genotype was determined by single nucleotide polymorphism analysis for both case subjects with fibromyalgia and control subjects. Case subjects with fibromyalgia and control subjects were asked to assess their level of function and stress by completing the Short Form‐36 and the Perceived Stress Scale.

Main Outcome Measures

Statistical associations between the Apo E4 genotype and phenotypic criteria (diagnosis of FMS) as well as historical environmental exposures as documented in the electronic medical record were assessed.

Results

Approximately one quarter of both case subjects with fibromyalgia and control subjects were found to carry at least one Apo E4 allele. The odds ratio (OR) for case subjects with fibromyalgia who had ever been in a motor vehicle accident and subsequently had been diagnosed with FMS was increased among those with at least one copy of the Apo E4 allele (OR 7.04) compared with those without an Apo E4 allele (OR 1.90). The presence of an Apo E4 allele did not influence the degree of pain or level of function among those with FMS.

Conclusions

These data suggest that specific interactions between genetically susceptible individuals (eg, those with at least one copy of the Apo E4 allele) and the environment (eg, involvement in a motor vehicle accident) may contribute to the risk of being diagnosed with FMS, although Apo E4 allele status does not appear to modulate perceived FMS severity.
Costly Jobs: Trade-related Layoffs, Government Compensation, and Voting in U.S. Elections
Authors: MARGALIT YOTAM
Published: March 2011

Does globalization's impact on the labor market affect how people vote? I address this question using a new dataset based on plant-level data that measures the impact of foreign competition on the U.S. workforce over an 8-year period. Analyzing change in the president's vote share, I find that voters were substantially more sensitive to the loss of local jobs when it resulted from foreign competition, particularly from offshoring, than to job losses caused by other factors. Yet, I also find that between 2000 and 2004, the anti-incumbent effect of trade-related job losses was smaller in areas where the government certified more of the harmed workers to receive special job training and income assistance. The findings have implications for understanding the impact of international economic integration on voting behavior, as well as for assessing the electoral effect of government programs designed to compensate the losers from globalization.
Spheres in the vicinity of a bifurcation: elucidating the Zweifach–Fung effect
Authors: DOYEUX V. , PODGORSKI T. , PEPONAS S. , ISMAIL M. , COUPIER G.
Published: March 2011

The problem of the splitting of a suspension in bifurcating channels divided into two branches of non-equal flow rates is addressed. As has long been observed, in particular in blood flow studies, the volume fraction of particles generally increases in the high-flow-rate branch and decreases in the low-flow-rate branch. In the literature, this phenomenon is sometimes interpreted as the result of some attraction of the particles towards this high-flow-rate branch. In this paper, we focus on the existence of such an attraction through microfluidic experiments and two-dimensional simulations and show clearly that such an attraction does not occur but is, on the contrary, directed towards the low-flow-rate branch. Arguments for this attraction are given and a discussion on the sometimes misleading arguments found in the literature is given. Finally, the enrichment of particles in the high-flow-rate branch is shown to be mainly a consequence of the initial distribution in the inlet branch, which shows necessarily some depletion near the walls.
Advances in automated NMR protein structure determination
Authors: Guerry Paul , Herrmann Torsten
Published: March 2011

Around half of all protein structures solved nowadays using solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy have been because of automated data analysis. The pervasiveness of computational approaches in general hides, however, a more nuanced view in which the full variety and richness of the field appears. This review is structured around a comparison of methods associated with three NMR observables: classical nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) constraint gathering in contrast with more recent chemical shift and residual dipole coupling (RDC) based protocols. In each case, the emphasis is placed on the latest research, covering mainly the past 5 years. By describing both general concepts and representative programs, the objective is to map out a field in which – through the very profusion of approaches – it is all too easy to lose one's bearings.
Esterprodrugs of ciprofloxacin as DNA-gyrase inhibitors: synthesis, antiparasitic evaluation and docking studies
Authors: Dubar Faustine , Wintjens René , Martins-Duarte Érica S. , Vommaro Rossiane C. , de Souza Wanderley , Dive Daniel , Pierrot Christine , Pradines Bruno , Wohlkonig Alexandre , Khalife Jamal , Biot Christophe
Published: March 2011

Novel ester prodrugs of ciprofloxacin proved to be extremely efficient against Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii. Molecular modeling and computational calculations were used to understand the mechanisms of action of these drugs.
Substrate diffusion and oxidation in GMC oxidoreductases: an experimental and computational study on fungal aryl-alcohol oxidase
Authors: Hernández-Ortega Aitor , Borrelli Kenneth , Ferreira Patricia , Medina Milagros , Martínez Angel T. , Guallar Victor
Published: March 2011

AAO (aryl-alcohol oxidase) provides H2O2 in fungal degradation of lignin, a process of high biotechnological interest. The crystal structure of AAO does not show open access to the active site, where different aromatic alcohols are oxidized. In the present study we investigated substrate diffusion and oxidation in AAO compared with the structurally related CHO (choline oxidase). Cavity finder and ligand diffusion simulations indicate the substrate-entrance channel, requiring side-chain displacements and involving a stacking interaction with Tyr92. Mixed QM (quantum mechanics)/MM (molecular mechanics) studies combined with site-directed mutagenesis showed two active-site catalytic histidine residues, whose substitution strongly decreased both catalytic and transient-state reduction constants for p-anisyl alcohol in the H502A (over 1800-fold) and H546A (over 35-fold) variants. Combination of QM/MM energy profiles, protonation predictors, molecular dynamics, mutagenesis and pH profiles provide a robust answer regarding the nature of the catalytic base. The histidine residue in front of the FAD ring, AAO His502 (and CHO His466), acts as a base. For the two substrates assayed, it was shown that proton transfer preceded hydride transfer, although both processes are highly coupled. No stable intermediate was observed in the energy profiles, in contrast with that observed for CHO. QM/MM, together with solvent KIE (kinetic isotope effect) results, suggest a non-synchronous concerted mechanism for alcohol oxidation by AAO.
The harmala alkaloid harmine is a modulator of circadian Bmal1 transcription
Authors: Onishi Yoshiaki , Oishi Katsutaka , Kawano Yasuhiro , Yamazaki Yoshimitsu
Published: March 2011

Biological rhythms are orchestrated by a cell-autonomous clock system that drives the rhythmic cascade of clock genes. We established an assay system using NIH 3T3 cells stably expressing the Bmal1 promoter-driven luciferase reporter gene and used it to analyse circadian oscillation of the gene. Modulators of PKC (protein kinase C) revealed that an activator and an inhibitor represented short- and long-period phenotypes respectively which were consistent with reported effects of PKC on the circadian clock and validated the assay system. We examined the effects of the alkaloid harmine, contained in Hoasca, which has a wide spectrum of pharmacological actions, on circadian rhythms using the validated assay system. Harmine dose dependently elongated the period. Furthermore, EMSA (electrophoretic mobility-shift assay) and Western-blot analysis showed that harmine enhanced the transactivating function of RORα (retinoid-related orphan receptor α), probably by increasing its nuclear translocation. Exogenous expression of RORα also caused a long period, confirming the phenotype indicated by harmine. These results suggest that harmine extends the circadian period by enhancing RORα function and that harmine is a new candidate that contributes to the control of period length in mammalian cells.
Swallowing Evaluation and Ventilator Dependency—Considerations and Contemporary Approaches
Authors: Burkhead Lori M.
Published: March 2011

With the advent of advanced life-saving practices, speech-language pathologists will continue to see a surge in the number of patients dependent on ventilators in both the acute and chronic phases of the health care continuum. Today, there are more individuals requiring ventilators, whether in the intensive care unit (ICU), in long-term care facilities, or in the community. In the past, it has been common to delay rehabilitation efforts in the ICU patient who requires a ventilator, based on the rationale that patients are too sick. This excuse no longer fits with contemporary knowledge regarding best practices in the ICU. Additionally, this argument is moot with regard to patients with diagnoses that will mandate long-term ventilator use. Our profession must understand and be able to address the unique concerns and needs regarding swallowing in those with either transient or chronic ventilator dependency.
The impact of nontraditionalism on the malleability of gender stereotypes in Spain and Germany
Authors: Zafra Esther Lopez , Garcia‐Retamero Rocio
Published: March 2011

Gender stereotypes and inequalities are based on and sustained by people's perception of gender roles. The evolution of these gender roles, however, might be substantially different depending on cultural and social evolution in different countries. In a study, we investigated stereotypes in Germany and Spain, where residents might have different beliefs about gender roles due to their different social evolution after the Second World War and their economic and social advances. Results showed that in both countries people's expectations of differences in masculine characteristics between men and women were less noticeable than perceptions in the past or present. We also demonstrated that people perceive an increase in masculinity in women. This increase is more evident in Spaniards than in Germans. In estimations about the past, present, and future, Spaniards also perceived an increase of gender‐stereotypic feminine characteristics more in men than in women. Our results are consistent with the predictions of social role theory, as gender stereotypes can include dynamic aspects and the content of these stereotypes is rooted in social roles.
Productive engagements with student difference: Supporting equity through cultural recognition
Authors: Keddie Amanda , Niesche Richard
Published: March 2011

In this paper, the focus is on how a group of Australian educators support student equity through cultural recognition. Young's theorising of justice is drawn on to illuminate the problematic impacts arising from the group's efforts to value students’ cultural difference associated, for example, with quantifying justice along distributive lines and with essentialising student difference as negation and lack within a frame of cultural imperialism. These theoretical tools draw attention to, and support a critical examination of, the social rules and relations within the school that create barriers to equity. Towards reconciling discrepancies relating to how student difference might best be supported, the paper endorses the prevailing imperative of centring students’ perspectives and experiences. Such centring remains crucial to educators recognising the partiality and interest within their attempts to ‘help’ marginalised students and disrupting the relations of teacher privilege and authority that reinscribe domination, control and exclusion.
Pedagogy and pictorial evidence: interpreting Post‐Reformation English prints in context
Authors: Ormond Barbara
Published: March 2011

This article discusses the increasing emphasis on using pictorial sources in teaching, learning and assessment in history and asserts that pedagogies for interpreting visual imagery need to be purposefully aligned in relation to the particular media or production contexts under study. Expecting students to be able to glean meaning from images without a supportive pedagogy generally leads to simplistic interpretations and discussion rarely goes beyond what is literally ‘seen’. Interpretation of pictorial sources is a cross‐curricular concern, with learning programmes increasingly making use of the widespread availability of visual media.

To illustrate the way in which knowledge of context is essential to successful readings of pictorial evidence, this article examines prints produced in the Post‐Reformation period in England. Through an illustration of their unique characteristics it can be seen that critical contextual understandings need to be integrated into pedagogical approaches. In the teaching of history in New Zealand, as in many history curricula, the increased recognition of the importance of pictorial evidence is an expression of the necessity that students adopt the historians' practices of investigating sources. This article provides suggestions of how these expectations can be met through appropriate pedagogies.