bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electromyogram (EMG) Signal Classification Based on Light-Weight Neural Network with FPGAs for Wearable Application
Authors: Choi Hyun-Sik
Published: March 2023

Recently, the application of bio-signals in the fields of health management, human–computer interaction (HCI), and user authentication has increased. This is because of the development of artificial intelligence technology, which can analyze bio-signals in numerous fields. In the case of the analysis of bio-signals, the results tend to vary depending on the analyst, owing to a large amount of noise. However, when a neural network is used, feature extraction is possible, enabling a more accurate analysis. However, if the bio-signal time series is analyzed as is, the total neural network increases in size. In this study, to accomplish a light-weight neural network, a maximal overlap discrete wavelet transform (MODWT) and a smoothing technique are used for better feature extraction. Moreover, the learning efficiency is increased using an augmentation technique. In designing the neural network, a one-dimensional convolution layer is used to ensure that the neural network is simple and light-weight. Consequently, the light-weight attribute can be achieved, and neural networks can be implemented in edge devices such as the field programmable gate array (FPGA), yielding low power consumption, high security, fast response times, and high user convenience for wearable applications. The electromyogram (EMG) signal represents a typical bio-signal in this study.
Two Functional Wheel Mechanism Capable of Step Ascending for Personal Mobility Aids
Authors: Lee Geunho , Togami Naohisa , Hayakawa Yusuke , Tamura Hiroki
Published: March 2023

Obstacles such as ramps, steps, and irregular floor surfaces are commonly encountered in homes, offices, and other public spaces. These obstacles frequently limit the daily activities of people who use mobility aids. For this purpose, this study solves a slope minimization problem for personal mobility aids. As a solution approach, a gradient-reduction scheme is proposed, which allows existing mobility aids to reduce the required horizontal forces and vibrations when ascending steps while maintaining their wheel sizes. Practically, an axle-transitional wheel mechanism realizing the gradient-reduction computation model is established, and its step-ascending wheel prototype is developed. Specifically, since the proposed wheel enables integration into existing personal mobility-assisting devices, two functional roles, such as rolling and step ascending, can be used. The developed step-climbing wheel can help the users of mobility aids mitigate the aforementioned limitations. The physical and mental burdens of caregivers and medical staff can also be reduced by making the users of the gradient-reduction scheme more self-sufficient. This study provides details on the axle-transitional wheel mechanism and its step-ascending wheel prototype. The findings are analyzed mathematically, and their functionality is verified through extensive experiments using a prototype.
Modelling the Dynamic Linkage Amidst Energy Prices and Twin Deficit in India: Empirical Investigation within Linear and Nonlinear Framework
Authors: Asif Mohammad , Sharma Vishal , Chandniwala Vinay Joshi , Khan Parvez Alam , Muneeb Syed Mohd
Published: March 2023

Energy and electricity are critical prerequisites for every nation and critical components of social and economic growth. The monetary policy economist has been debating the issue of relying on core inflation or headline inflation, which includes energy, because the energy price is so volatile that it obscures the trend in inflation and dilutes the objectives of monetary policy. This paper aims at analyzing the impact of the twin deficit on energy inflation within a linear and nonlinear framework in India using time series data covering the period from 1971 to 2021. ARDL and NARDL approaches are employed to investigate the linear/symmetric response of energy inflation due to the twin-deficit in India. Estimates show a negative relationship between the twin-deficit and energy inflation in a symmetric model. The results of the asymmetric model reveal that the response of energy inflation due to expansionary fiscal policy (increment in CFD) and contractionary fiscal policy (decline in CFD) is diverse, in terms of size of the coefficient. Further, estimates of NARDL show the distinct impact of increases and decreases in CAD on energy inflation. The study offers several implications for policymakers and energy economists.
Distributed Energy Systems: Constraints and Opportunities in Urban Environments
Authors: Marrone Paola , Fiume Federico , Laudani Antonino , Montella Ilaria , Palermo Martina , Fulginei Francesco Riganti
Published: March 2023

Cities need to make themselves energy self-sufficient by exploiting renewable sources and, above all, to evaluate the potential and constraints that each city can express by virtue of its own characteristics. This study focused on how the realisation of a renewable energy community could be approached in urbanised contexts. The methodology involved the selection of three case studies in Rome analysing the feasibility, programming and design scale, and the implications of planning RECs. Through simulation at three levels of detail, this study identifies elements to assess the feasibility of RECs and to elaborate scenarios to support their planning and dimensioning. The practical importance is to identify a possible methodological path and relevant factors which public or private stakeholders can consider at different levels in setting up RECs in an urban context. The research conclusions of these simulations point out that the specificities of a context affect many factors, among which an important role is played by the facilities and spaces for public use, as they are synergetic to a shared use of energy between residential and non-residential functions, but above all, because they are also available to accommodate services for the energy community.
Towards the Decarbonization of Industrial Districts through Renewable Energy Communities: Techno-Economic Feasibility of an Italian Case Study
Authors: Ceglia Francesca , Marrasso Elisa , Martone Chiara , Pallotta Giovanna , Roselli Carlo , Sasso Maurizio
Published: March 2023

In Europe, the recast of Directive 2018/2001 defined Renewable Energy Communities as innovative configurations for renewable energy sharing between different end user types. In this regard, this work aims to assess the benefits following the constitution of a Renewable Energy Community in the industrial area of Benevento (South of Italy), involving a mixed-use building and an industrial wastewater treatment plant. The alternative single end users’ configuration has been also examined, and both solutions have been compared with the current state where the users’ electric energy requests are fully met by the power grid. The users have been equipped with a 466 kWp photovoltaic plant, modelled in HOMER Pro®, providing in input experimental meteorological data (global solar radiation and air temperature) collected by one of the weather control units in Benevento. Real data about users’ electric energy demand have been gathered from their electricity bills, and when unavailable their electric load profiles on an hourly basis have been reconstructed based on the aggregated monthly data. Energy sharing has been proven to increase energy self-consumption and the users’ self-sufficiency. Annually, the primary energy demand is reduced by 577 MWh (1.2 MWh/kWp), carbon dioxide emissions by 84 tCO2 and operative costs by 101 kEUR.
A Comprehensive Comparative Analysis of Energetic and Exergetic Performance of Different Solar-Based Organic Rankine Cycles
Authors: Valencia Ochoa Guillermo , Castillo Santiago York , Duarte Forero Jorge , Restrepo Juan B. , Albis Arrieta Alberto Ricardo
Published: March 2023

In this work, a comprehensive energetic and exergetic comparative assessment is presented for the simple solar organic Rankine cycle (SORC), regenerative solar organic Rankine cycle (RORC), and dual-loop solar organic Rankine cycle (DORC), considering parameters such as the net power produced, exergy destruction, exergy, and energy efficiency in four zones located in Colombia due to their high solar irradiation potential. The energetic and exergetic balances were applied for each system component, using toluene as the working fluid. The RORC system showed a 2% increase in efficiency over the SORC, while the DORC cycle was lower than the SORC (45.85%) and RORC (46.90%) systems. Finally, for the exergy analysis, the results revealed that the SORC (5.3%) and RORC (5.2%) systems had the highest efficiency compared to DORC systems. Additionally, the highest exergy destruction (89%) was related to the collector, followed by the evaporators (1–2%), pumps (0.1%), and turbines (1.12%).
Process Optimization and CO2 Emission Analysis of Coal/Biomass Gasification Integrated with a Chemical Looping Process
Authors: Sornumpol Ratikorn , Saebea Dang , Arpornwichanop Amornchai , Patcharavorachot Yaneeporn
Published: March 2023

Biomass gasification is an attractive technology and one of the pathways for producing hydrogen. Due to the variable seasons and low calorific value of biomass, the addition of coal in the gasifier is suggested because coal has a high calorific value and carbon-to-hydrogen ratio. In general, the gaseous product obtained in gasification always contains a high amount of carbon dioxide, therefore, the co-gasification of biomass and coal should integrate with the calcium looping carbon dioxide capture process to provide purified hydrogen. In this work, the model of the co-gasification of biomass and coal integrated with the calcium looping carbon dioxide capture process was developed through an Aspen Plus simulator. The developed model was used to analyze the performance of this process. The sensitivity analysis demonstrated that increasing the gasification temperature, steam-to-feed (S/F) ratio, calcium oxide-to-feed (CaO/F) ratio, and regenerator temperature could improve hydrogen production. Next, further optimization was performed to identify the optimal operating condition that maximizes hydrogen production. The results showed that the optimal operating temperature of the gasifier is 700 °C with an S/F mass ratio of 2 and coal to biomass (C/B) mass ratio of 0.75:0.25. However, the carbonator and regenerator temperatures should be 450 °C and 950 °C, respectively, with a CaO/F mass ratio of 3. Under these operating conditions, the maximum H2 content and H2 yield can be provided as 99.59%vol. (dry basis) and 92.38 g hydrogen/kg biomass feeding. The other results revealed that the energy efficiency and carbon capture efficiency of this process are 42.86% and 99.99%, respectively, and that the specific emission of released CO2 is 80.77 g CO2/MJ.
Electricity Production from Yeast Wastewater in Membrane-Less Microbial Fuel Cell with Cu-Ag Cathode
Authors: Włodarczyk Barbara , Włodarczyk Paweł P.
Published: March 2023

Wastewater has high potential as an energy source. Therefore, it is important to recover even the smallest part of this energy, e.g., in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). The obtained electricity production depends on the process rate of the electrodes. In MFC, the microorganisms are the catalyst, and the cathode is usually made of carbon material (e.g., with the addition of Pt). To increase the MFC efficiency (and reduce costs by reducing use of the noble metals), it is necessary to search the new cathode materials. In this work, the electricity production from yeast wastewater in membrane-less microbial fuel cells with Cu-Ag cathode was analyzed. In the first place, the measurements of the stationary potential of the electrodes (with Cu-Ag catalyst obtained by the electrochemical deposition technique) were performed. Because the cathode is constantly oxidized during the operation of ML-MFC, it was necessary to pre-oxidize the cathodes. Without pre-oxidation, there is a risk of changing the catalytic properties of the electrodes (along with the level of oxidation of the cathodes’ surface) throughout their operation in the ML-MFC. These measurements allowed to assess the oxidation activity of the Cu-Ag cathodes. Additionally, the influence of anodic charge on the catalytic activity of the Cu-Ag cathodes was measured. Next, the analysis of the electric energy production during the operation of the membrane-less microbial fuel cell (ML-MFC) fed by process yeast wastewater was performed. The highest parameters (the power of 6.38 mW and the cell voltage of 1.09 V) were obtained for a Cu-Ag catalyst with 5% of Ag, which was oxidized over 6 h, and after 3 anodic charges. This research proved that it is feasible to obtain the bio-electricity in the ML-MFC with Cu-Ag cathode (fed by yeast wastewater).
Statistical Analysis of Electric Vehicle Charging Based on AC Slow Chargers
Authors: Kim Dong Sik , Chung Young Mo , Chung Beom Jin
Published: March 2023

Regarding DC fast chargers, various studies, such as the charge scheduling, have been conducted. On the other hand, research on AC slow chargers has rarely been conducted due to the predictable and simple usage pattern. Despite the long charging times of AC slow chargers, which use the existing electric outlets with relatively low supplied power, these chargers are suitable for daily home charging of electric vehicles (EVs) during the night. Due to their low installation costs, they are likely to be the dominant type of charging equipment. In this paper, the EV charging process based on AC slow chargers, which supply a maximum power of 3 kW from an AC 220 V outlet, is analyzed by constructing a simple charging model. The charging time and fees are statistically derived and investigated. Furthermore, power load curves for charging EVs with the 3 kW charger are observed. From the statistical analyses, we conclude that daily charging of EVs can be an appropriate scenario in using the AC slow chargers, and the power load can be spread without employing any demand response schemes.
Multi-Objective Parameter Optimization of Pulse Tube Refrigerator Based on Kriging Metamodel and Non-Dominated Ranking Genetic Algorithms
Authors: Zhao Hongxiang , Shao Wei , Cui Zheng , Zheng Chen
Published: March 2023

Structure parameters have an important influence on the refrigeration performance of pulse tube refrigerators. In this paper, a method combining the Kriging metamodel and Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA II) is proposed to optimize the structure of regenerators and pulse tubes to obtain better cooling capacity. Firstly, the Kriging metamodel of the original pulse tube refrigerator CFD model is established to improve the iterative solution efficiency. On this basis, NSGA II was applied to the optimization iteration process to obtain the optimal and worst Pareto front solutions for cooling performance, the heat and mass transfer characteristics of which were further analyzed comparatively to reveal the influence mechanism of the structural parameters. The results show that the Kriging metamodel presents a prediction error of about 2.5%. A 31.24% drop in the minimum cooling temperature and a 31.7% increase in cooling capacity at 120 K are achieved after optimization, and the pressure drop loss at the regenerator and the vortex in the pulse tube caused by the structure parameter changes are the main factors influencing the whole cooling performance of the pulse tube refrigerators. The current study provides a scientific and efficient design method for miniature cryogenic refrigerators.
Biodesulfurization Processes for the Removal of Sulfur from Diesel Oil: A Perspective Report
Authors: Mamuad Roselle Y. , Choi Angelo Earvin Sy
Published: March 2023

The presence of elevated levels of sulfur in diesel oil results in an increased sulfur content in the process stream, which poses significant risks to human health, animals, the environment, vehicles, and infrastructure. Sulfur is a major contributor to particulate matter (PM) and total PM emissions. The level of pollutants emitted is correlated to the sulfur content in diesel fuel. Consequently, regulations regarding the sulfur content in crude oil products, particularly in diesel oil, have become increasingly stringent. Refiners are working to develop sulfur-free fuels with less than 10 ppm of sulfur. To address the impending threats to human health and the environment, and the impact of climate change on property, eco-friendly desulfurization techniques such as biodesulfurization (BDS) are being explored. Several bacterial species have been identified for the BDS of diesel oil, but extensive studies are needed to fully understand the mechanism. Further research on BDS is also required to make it more attractive and competitive in industrial applications. Combining BDS with other technologies for the desulfurization of diesel oil can potentially reduce operating costs and improve resource allocation, making this innovation a viable option for industry.
Are Nordic Saltmarshes Europe’s Way to ‘Live in Harmony with Nature’? Scientists Driven Future Scenarios via a Participatory Workshop
Authors: Cowan Emily , Tiller Rachel , Banta Gary
Published: March 2023

Saltmarshes have the ability to not only promote biodiversity, but to put nations on the path towards climate recovery and net-zero emissions through saltmarshes’ capability to take up carbon. As the European Union’s (EU) Green Deal sets out to reach net-zero emissions by 2050, innovative solutions will need to be identified, possibly even through better preserving century-old habitats such as saltmarshes. Based on the upcoming needs from the EU, in the Spring of 2021, a workshop was held with leading Nordic saltmarsh and blue carbon scientists using the transdisciplinary methods of Systems Thinking and Bayesian Belief Networks to identify solutions that can include saltmarshes in future policy. These joint methods elicited multiple future scenarios in which data were collected on perceived notions of the value of saltmarshes and how to better govern them to ensure their longevity. The models developed in this study include human perceptions and comprehensive quantitative scenarios through their ability to define paths forward in the form of comprehensive policy recommendations. We found through scenario analysis that a major belief among the stakeholders was numerous events of change such as ‘outreach, getting salt marshes on the political agenda and forming new narratives would help to increase saltmarsh area via conservation and restoration prioritization’ would have a positive impact of saltmarshes in Nordic countries.
Feasibility of Using a Silicon Preparation to Promote Growth of Forest Seedlings: Application to Pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Oak (Quercus robur)
Authors: Oszako Tomasz , Kowalczyk Konrad , Zalewska Weronika , Kukina Olga , Nowakowska Justyna Anna , Rutkiewicz Artur , Bakier Sławomir , Borowik Piotr
Published: March 2023

The present study was inspired by scientific reports describing the positive effects of silicon preparations on fruit and vegetables in horticulture. The use of silicon preparations in forest protection represents a new research application, especially in the cases of oak seedlings that are damaged by oak powdery mildew. Additionally, these preparations increase the photosynthetic efficiency of the seedlings, and thus promote increased biomass and better nutritional value of the root systems. The new idea of using silicon formulations in forestry, based on the initial test results, is particularly important for seedlings in the post-planting period in forest plantations. In particular, these preparations increase yield and plant growth, and improve plant health. So far, no comparable studies have been conducted on forest tree species. To this end, one year-old pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and two year-old English oak (Quercus robur L.) seedlings were sprayed with silicon preparations of different concentrations, and changes in growth parameters and photosynthetic efficiency were observed. The main objective of the study was to determine the effect of the silicon preparation on the seedlings during their first life span, i.e., the first year after planting. In this study, 50 pine and 50 oak seedlings were sprayed three times with the silicon preparation, in five variants (control; concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3% and 5%), as well as the chlorophyll fluorescence, height, thickness and biomass of the roots, were measured. It was found that the treatment with a concentration of 2% was better and statistically, significantly different from the other variants, e.g., in terms of increasing photosynthetic efficiency.
Assessing Moisture Content and Its Mitigating Effect in an Urban Area Using the Land Surface Temperature–Vegetation Index Triangle Method
Authors: Przeździecki Karol , Zawadzki Jarosław
Published: March 2023

Nowadays, climate change and heat extremes are becoming highly challenging problems in many cities across the globe. One of the solutions to overcome this problem is the use of vegetation, and, in particular, extending the range of overgrown areas, which are sometimes referred to as “urban green areas.” In this paper, the moisture condition and its mitigating effect on Land Surface Temperature in urban areas were examined in Warsaw, Poland, using satellite data. To do so, the so-called “Triangle Method” was employed. The triangle method is based on a Land Surface Temperature–Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (LST-NDVI) scatterplot to calculate the Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index (TVDI) and its modification–quadratic Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index (qTVDI). This article discusses, in detail, the usefulness of the triangle method for the analyses of built-up areas. The drought satellite indices TVDI and qTVDI compared with those of LST, NDVI, and NDBI (Normalized Difference Building Index). The study shows that the triangle method based on LST-NDVI scatterplot analysis is a promising tool for establishing moisture conditions over urban areas and for studying the effect of vegetation impact on urban heat islands. Detailed analysis shows that over an urban area, qTVDI shows better agreement with LST than classic TVDI.
Quantification and Diversity Analyses of Major Glucosinolates in Conserved Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) Germplasms
Authors: Kim Seong-Hoon , Lee Gi-An , Subramanian Parthiban , Hahn Bum-Soo
Published: March 2023

The genebank at the National Agrobiodiversity Center (RDA-Genebank, Jeonju, Republic of Korea), conserves approximately 8000 germplasms of Brassica spp., of which Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) is one of the major crops actively used as food in Northeast Asia, including Korea, as the main ingredient for kimchi. Glucosinolates are a major class of compounds in Chinese cabbage that are responsible for their distinctive flavor, and RDA-Genebank is constantly building a related database (DB) to select suitable germplasms required by consumers and provide resources for breeding programs. In this study, ten glucosinolates were analyzed in sixty Chinese cabbage germplasms. Six aliphatic glucosinolates were the major components, accounting for 85.00% to 91.98% of total glucosinolates in each germplasm. Among them, gluconapin (333.26 to 23,501.58 μmol∙kg−1 DW) was highly represented, followed by glucobrassicanapin (545.60 to 10,344.70 μmol∙kg−1 DW) and progoitrin (155.28 to 8536.51 μmol∙kg−1 DW). In addition, we selected germplasms with a high content of each studied glucosinolate. To analyze the diversity and distribution of glucosinolates among the studied germplasms, Pearson’s correlation was performed, and the related results were interpreted through their biosynthetic pathways. The k-means clustering indicated four optimal clusters, which were confirmed through principal component analysis. Orthogonal projection to latent structure discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was also performed on the status (landrace and cultivar) and origin (Korea, China, Taiwan, and Japan) passport data of the germplasms, followed by the calculation of variable importance in the projection (VIP) values. These results are part of a continuous series of studies to analyze the glucosinolates of Brassica germplasms that are being conserved at RDA-Genebank. We aim to provide related results through a public platform accessible to everyone and thereby improve the distribution of Brassica germplasms.
Optimization of Mopan Persimmon Wine Fermentation with Pectinase and Analysis of Its Mechanism of Action
Authors: Wang Zijuan , Hao Qinghong , An Xiaowen , Chitrakar Bimal , Li Jiamin , Zhao Zhihui , Ao Changwei , Sun Jinxu
Published: March 2023

Due to the high sugar content of Mopan persimmon, which has an annual output of more than 0.5 million tons in China, it can be processed to make fruit wine. In this study, a strain of yeast screened from different persimmon samples was used for persimmon wine fermentation. The optimal conditions of persimmon wine fermentation were determined through single-factor experiments as follows: Yeast addition of 0.08 g/kg; a fermentation temperature of 28 °C; sucrose addition of 18%; and pectinase addition of 0.01%. Under these conditions, the alcohol content of persimmon wine reached 12.9%. The addition of pectinase during persimmon wine fermentation was found to decompose pectin at high speed, reduce the viscosity of the fermentation liquid, increase the dissolved oxygen content in the fermentation liquid, promote the growth and reproduction of yeast, and effectively convert the sugars into alcohol. After fermentation, alcohol, residual sugars, and total phenolic content with or without pectinase treatment were 12.9 and 4.4%, 2.2 and 13.4 g/L, and 738.7 and 302 µg/mL, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed that compared with the mash without pectinase treatment, the mash with pectinase had a larger network structure and more pores and yeasts.
Dissipation of Four Typical Insecticides on Strawberries and Effects of Different Household Washing Methods
Authors: Wang Wenting , Song Jong-Wook , Jeong Seong-Hoon , Jung Jung-Hoon , Seo Jong-Su , Kim Jong-Hwan
Published: March 2023

The dissipation patterns of chlorfenapyr, cyenopyrafen, indoxacarb, and spirotetramat on strawberries and the effects of different household washing methods were investigated. A risk assessment was also conducted by monitoring the insecticide residues detected. The concentrations ranged from 0.011 to 0.27 mg/kg for chlorfenapyr, 0.064 to 0.99 mg/kg for cyenopyrafen, 0.042 to 0.53 mg/kg for indoxacarb, and from 0.25 to 1.3 mg/kg for spirotetramat, which were all below the maximum residue limits (MRLs) reported. Soaking the fruit in solution and then rinsing with running water (B) led to better residue removal (40.9 ± 23.7%) than only soaking in solution (A) (24.7 ± 22.5%). However, neither method decreased chlorfenapyr concentrations, suggesting that the physical–chemical properties of chlorfenapyr could also affect its removal on strawberries. Regarding the different washing solutions in method B, 3% vinegar (removal efficiency: 48.7%) and 3% salt (45.7%) were the most efficient, followed by 3% green tea (38.9%), and tap water only (24.6%). Additionally, the estimated risk quotients (RQs) for strawberry consumption for women were about 1.5 times higher than those observed for men, but both were lower than 1, suggesting minimal risk to humans.
High-Efficiency Fermentation of Nattokinase by Recombinant PSP2 Using Oyster Protein Hydrolysate as a Substrate
Authors: Tian Ming , Ning Chen , Peng Siyuan , Li Deyu , Jin Renyi , Zhang Yang , Liu Zhemin , Mou Haijin , Zhu Changliang
Published: March 2023

In recent years, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases have been the focus of several studies. In this study, oyster protein hydrolysate was produced via enzyme hydrolysis and used as a fermentation substrate to ferment recombinant strain PSP2 to produce nattokinase. Using the synergism strategy, fermentation products with fibrinolytic and angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities were obtained and evaluated. The fermentation medium contained 1.0% trypsin, 1.0% oyster protein hydrolysate, 2.0% maltose, and 0.5% sodium chloride, with an initial pH of 7.0. The maximum nattokinase activity was 390.23 ± 10.24 FU/mL after 72 h of fermentation. The flavor of the product was improved, and heavy metals and volatile salt nitrogen were partially removed via fermentation. The ACE inhibitory activity (IC50) of the fermentation products was 1.433 mg/mL. This study provides a novel approach for the development of marine functional foods with hypotensive and antithrombotic properties.
Natural Polymeric Composites Derived from Animals, Plants, and Microbes for Vaccine Delivery and Adjuvant Applications: A Review
Authors: Nordin Abu Hassan , Husna Siti Muhamad Nur , Ahmad Zuliahani , Nordin Muhammad Luqman , Ilyas Rushdan Ahmad , Azemi Ahmad Khusairi , Ismail Noraznawati , Siti Nordin Hawa , Ngadi Norzita , Azami Mohammad Saifulddin Mohd , Mohamad Norpi Abdin Shakirin , Reduan Mohd Farhan Hanif , Osman Abdinasir Yusuf , Pratama Dyah Ayu Oktavianie A. , Nabgan Walid , Shaari Rumaizi
Published: March 2023

A key element in ensuring successful immunization is the efficient delivery of vaccines. However, poor immunogenicity and adverse inflammatory immunogenic reactions make the establishment of an efficient vaccine delivery method a challenging task. The delivery of vaccines has been performed via a variety of delivery methods, including natural-polymer-based carriers that are relatively biocompatible and have low toxicity. The incorporation of adjuvants or antigens into biomaterial-based immunizations has demonstrated better immune response than formulations that just contain the antigen. This system may enable antigen-mediated immunogenicity and shelter and transport the cargo vaccine or antigen to the appropriate target organ. In this regard, this work reviews the recent applications of natural polymer composites from different sources, such as animals, plants, and microbes, in vaccine delivery systems.
An Investigation into Compound Likelihood Ratios for Forensic DNA Mixtures
Authors: Wivell Richard , Kelly Hannah , Kokoszka Jason , Daniels Jace , Dickson Laura , Buckleton John , Bright Jo-Anne
Published: March 2023

Simple propositions are defined as those with one POI and the remaining contributors unknown under Hp and all unknown contributors under Ha. Conditional propositions are defined as those with one POI, one or more assumed contributors, and the remaining contributors (if any) unknown under Hp, and the assumed contributor(s) and N unknown contributors under Ha. In this study, compound propositions are those with multiple POI and the remaining contributors unknown under Hp and all unknown contributors under Ha. We study the performance of these three proposition sets on thirty-two samples (two laboratories × four NOCs × four mixtures) consisting of four mixtures, each with N = 2, N = 3, N = 4, and N = 5 contributors using the probabilistic genotyping software, STRmix™. In this study, it was found that conditional propositions have a much higher ability to differentiate true from false donors than simple propositions. Compound propositions can misstate the weight of evidence given the propositions strongly in either direction.
Mindset and Reflection—How to Sustainably Improve Intra- and Interpersonal Competences in Medical Education
Authors: Lombardo Lisa , Ehlers Jan , Lutz Gabriele
Published: March 2023

Intra- and interpersonal competences (IICs) are essential for medical expertise. However, the effects of current medical curricula seem to not be sustainable enough, even though poorly trained IICs have negative effects on medical practice. A defensive attitude towards openly addressing personal–professional challenges seems to hinder a sustainable implementation of IICs training. Therefore, this study asks about the changeability of IICs and target factors of their implementation in medical education. The aim was to detect factors for the sustainable implementation of IICs in medical education from medical and non-medical perspectives. For this purpose, a total of 21 experts were interviewed. The interview material was analysed according to grounded theory principles to generate core categories to answer the research questions. As a first result, analysis revealed that IICs are changeable and developable, not in all, but in many students. It also showed four central prerequisites for successful implementation: the longitudinal integration of reflection and feedback in medical education and practice; a clear framework and individual path of education; the students’ mindset to develop themselves on a personal level; as well as the superiors’ mindset to openly deal with personal challenges in low hierarchies. Contrasting Carol Dweck’s mindset concept with our findings supports our theory that the development of a mindset which allows an open approach to personal deficits and challenges seems to be of central importance for both students and teachers. Two key factors in this process might be teaching about the impact of mindsets on learning and the willingness of superiors to openly address their personal challenges. To improve IICs in medical professionals, it seems helpful to pay more attention to the development of mindsets. Educating teachers and superiors about targeting factors could be a feasible direction for sustainable implementation.
COVID-19 Prevention Strategies for Victoria Students within Educational Facilities: An AI-Based Modelling Study
Authors: Lyu Shiyang , Adegboye Oyelola , Adhinugraha Kiki , Emeto Theophilus I. , Taniar David
Published: March 2023

Educational institutions play a significant role in the community spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Victoria. Despite a series of social restrictions and preventive measures in educational institutions implemented by the Victorian Government, confirmed cases among people under 20 years of age accounted for more than a quarter of the total infections in the state. In this study, we investigated the risk factors associated with COVID-19 infection within Victoria educational institutions using an incremental deep learning recurrent neural network-gated recurrent unit (RNN-GRU) model. The RNN-GRU model simulation was built based on three risk dimensions: (1) school-related risk factors, (2) student-related community risk factors, and (3) general population risk factors. Our data analysis showed that COVID-19 infection cases among people aged 10–19 years were higher than those aged 0–9 years in the Victorian region in 2020–2022. Within the three dimensions, a significant association was identified between school-initiated contact tracing (0.6110), vaccination policy for students and teachers (0.6100), testing policy (0.6109), and face covering (0.6071) and prevention of COVID-19 infection in educational settings. Furthermore, the study showed that different risk factors have varying degrees of effectiveness in preventing COVID-19 infection for the 0–9 and 10–19 age groups, such as state travel control (0.2743 vs. 0.3390), international travel control (0.2757 vs. 0.3357) and school closure (0.2738 vs. 0.3323), etc. More preventive support is suggested for the younger generation, especially for the 10–19 age group.
Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Urinary Tract Infection among Diabetic Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Ahmed Anas Elyas , Abdelkarim Suhaila , Zenida Maria , Baiti Maisa Ali Hussein , Alhazmi Atyaf Abbas Yahya , Alfaifi Bushra Ahmed Hussain , Majrabi Rania Qarmoush Mohammed , Khormi Nidaa Qasem M. , Hakami Alyaj Alla Ali , Alqaari Rafa Abdu Mohammed , Alhasani Raffan Ahmed , Alajam Ramzi Abdu , Alshehri Mohammed M. , Alenazi Aqeel M. , Alqahtani Bader , Alshamrani Meshal , Alhowimel Ahmed , Abdelwahab Siddig Ibrahim
Published: March 2023

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common long-term complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). Additionally, various factors, such as socio-demographics, type of DM, fasting blood glucose, regular diabetes monitoring, comorbid chronic diseases, HbA1c, body mass index (BMI), and duration of DM, are also thought to predispose individuals to developing UTIs more frequently when they have DM. This research aims to evaluate the risk factors for UTIs and their prevalence among people with DM in Saudi Arabia (KSA). This cross-sectional study was conducted among 440 adults with type 1, type 2, and gestational DM. The participants had to be at least 18 years old, of both genders, and had been suffering from DM for any period of time. A self-administered questionnaire was utilized to collect data on demographic characteristics, such as sex, age, height, weight, material state, education level, income, and clinical profiles of DM and UTI. The crude (COR) and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) were calculated using logistic regression in the IBM SPSS software. The incidence of types 1 and 2 DM and gestational diabetes reached 34.1, 60.9, and 5%, respectively. Most of the participants had first-degree relatives with DM (65.9%). UTI was common in 39.3% of participants. A chi-squared statistical analysis revealed that the frequency of UTI varied depending (χ2 = 5.176, P = 0.023) on the type of DM. Burning urination and abdominal pain were the most common symptoms. The CORs for sex, marital status, hypertension, and BMI were significant (P < 0.05) and had values of 2.68 (95% CI = 1.78–4.02), 0.57 (95% CI = 0.36–0.92), 1.97 (95% CI = 1.14–3.43), and 2.83 (95% CI = 1.19–2.99), respectively. According to the adjusted model, only sex influenced the occurrence of UTIs. The AOR for sex was 3.45 (95% CI = 2.08–5.69). Based on this study, the authorities related to the health of DM patients can use its findings to guide awareness programs and clinical preparedness.
How Soon Do Depression and Anxiety Symptoms Improve after Bariatric Surgery?
Authors: Aylward Laura , Lilly Christa , Konsor Madeline , Cox Stephanie , Abunnaja Salim , Szoka Nova , Tabone Lawrence
Published: March 2023

Depression and anxiety are prevalent among bariatric surgery candidates, yet little is known about the course of symptoms after surgery. This study aimed to identify how soon changes in depression and anxiety occur after surgery. A retrospective review of patients treated at a university hospital was conducted. Participants attended a presurgical psychological evaluation, completed surgery, and attended follow-up visits with bariatric medical providers (2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months postoperatively). Depression and anxiety symptoms were assessed at all time points by the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Depression and Anxiety. Generalized estimating equations models with repeated measures by person over time were used to examine change in depression and anxiety symptoms across time. Among 27 patients, anxiety (incident rate ratio (IRR) = 0.81, p = 0.04) and depression (IRR = 0.78, p = 0.05) significantly improved both 6 weeks and 3–6 months after bariatric surgery, after controlling for education, marital status, surgery type, age, and baseline body mass index. This is the first known study to show faster improvement in anxiety compared to depression after bariatric surgery. Understanding reductions in anxiety and depression symptoms may be important for postoperative care and timing of weight maintenance interventions.
Characterization of Dissolved Organic Matter from Agricultural and Livestock Effluents: Implications for Water Quality Monitoring
Authors: Qi Guizhi , Zhang Borui , Tian Biao , Yang Rui , Baker Andy , Wu Pan , He Shouyang
Published: March 2023

There is growing concern about the impact of agricultural practices on water quality. The loss of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous through agricultural runoff poses a potential risk of water quality degradation. However, it is unclear how dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition is associated with pollution levels in water bodies. To address this, we conducted a cross-year investigation to reveal the nature of DOM and its relationship to water quality in agricultural effluents (AEs) and livestock effluents (LEs). We discovered that DOM fluorescence components of AEs were mainly from autochthonous and terrestrial sources, while in LEs it was primarily from autochthonous sources. LEs showed a higher β:α and biological index (BIX) than AEs, indicating that LEs had higher biological activity. Compared to the LEs, DOM in AEs exhibited a higher humification index (HIX), illustrating that DOM was more humic and aromatic. Overall, our results suggest that the BIX and fluorescence index (FI) were best suited for the characterization of water bodies impacted by LEs and AEs. Excitation–emission matrix spectroscopy and parallel factor (EEMs-PARAFAC) analysis showed that DOM in AEs was mainly a humic-like material (~64%) and in LEs was mainly protein-like (~68%). Tryptophan-like compounds (C1) were made more abundant in AEs because of the breakdown of aquatic vegetation. The microbial activity enhanced protein-like substances (C1 and C2) in LEs. Our study revealed a positive correlation between five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) concentrations and tyrosine-like substance components, suggesting that fluorescence peak B may be a good predictor of water quality affected by anthropogenic activities. For both LEs and AEs, our results suggest that peak D may be a reliable water quality surrogate for total phosphorus (TP).
Possible Sources of Trace Metals in Obese Females Living in Informal Settlements near Industrial Sites around Gauteng, South Africa
Authors: Lion Gladness Nteboheng , Olowoyo Joshua Oluwole
Published: March 2023

Trace metals have been reported in the literature to be associated with obesity. Exposure to some trace metals such as Mn, Cr, Ni, Cd, and Pb may pose a serious health risk to individuals living around a polluted environment. The present study assessed the levels of trace metals in the blood of obese females living around industrial areas in Gauteng, South Africa. The study was carried out using a mixed method approach. Only females with a BMI ≥ 30.0 were considered. A total of 120 obese females participated in the study (site 1: 40—industrial area, site 2: 40—industrial area, and site 3: 40—residential area), aged 18–45 and not in menopause. Blood samples were analysed for trace metals content using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The mean concentrations of trace metals were in the order Pb > Mn > Cr > Co > As > Cd (site 1), Pb > Mn > Co > As > Cd (site 2), and Mn > Cr > Co > As > Pb > Cd (site 3). The blood Mn from site 1 ranged from 6.79 µg/L–33.99 µg/L, and the mean differences obtained from the participants from different sites were significant (p < 0.01). The blood levels of Mn, Pb, Cr, Co, As, and Cd were above the recommended limits set by the WHO in some of the participants. The present study noted, among others, closeness to industrial areas, lifestyle decisions such as the use of tobacco products by their partners indoors, and the method used for cooking as factors that might have accounted for the blood levels of Mn, Pb, Cd and Co. The study showed that there is a need for constant monitoring of the levels of trace metals in the blood of those living in these areas.
Person–Environment Fit in Urban Neighbourhoods in Slovenia: Challenges and Coping Strategies
Authors: Filipovič Hrast Maša , Sendi Richard , Kerbler Boštjan
Published: March 2023

A poor person–environment fit may bring various negative effects to older people’s independence and physical and psychological well-being. The presented study is especially valuable as it explores the challenges of living in cities in a country located in central and eastern Europe; namely, a less researched area when it comes to the quality of life of older people dwelling in an urban environment. The research questions that were explored are (1) what environmental pressures have people identified in the urban environment in Slovenia; and (2) what strategies have they used to deal with them? The study is based on 22 interviews with older people and three focus groups, that were then analysed using a thematic analysis approach. The study results identify a number of environmental pressures, which were divided into structural housing pressures, structural neighbourhood pressures, and formal and informal pressures. The analysis shows important behavioural responses, such as strategies of using formal and informal help, moving away from environmental pressures, mobility, actively involved in changing the environment, as well as attitudinal adaptation strategies, such as acceptance, resilience, using distraction, modesty and planning for the future. We further emphasize how these coping strategies are linked to individual and community capabilities, which function as a conversion factor.
Life Satisfaction among Self-Employed People in Different Welfare Regimes during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Significance of Household Finances and Concerns about Work
Authors: Nordenmark Mikael , Landstad Bodil J. , Tjulin Åsa , Vinberg Stig
Published: March 2023

Most studies have shown that self-employed people have higher levels of life satisfaction than employed people due to high levels of job satisfaction, work flexibility, and job control. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, many self-employed people experienced economic strain and worried about the situation of their employees and survival of the company. The aim of this study was to examine the level of life satisfaction among self-employed people during the COVID-19 pandemic in different welfare regimes. Analyses were mainly based on Eurofound’s “Living, Working and COVID-19” online survey. Fieldwork took place between April and June 2020 in 27 EU countries. The results showed that there was a significantly lower level of life satisfaction among self-employed people than employed people during the pandemic. This was in contrast to analyses from approximately one year before the pandemic, which showed that life satisfaction was higher among self-employed people. The main reasons for this lower level of life satisfaction among the self-employed during the pandemic were worse household financial situation and more worries about their job. Analyses of life satisfaction among the self-employed in different welfare regimes indicated that self-employed people in the Nordic welfare state regime largely kept their relatively high level of life satisfaction during the pandemic, but this was not the case for self-employed people in other welfare regimes.
How Does the Experience Quality of Recreational Activities Organized within the Scope of Public Health Affect Perceived Value, Satisfaction and Behavioral Intentions of Individuals?
Authors: Yayla Ozgur , Aytekin Arif , Uslu Fatih , Ergun Gozde Seval , Keles Huseyin , Guven Yigit
Published: March 2023

This study has been conducted in a sample of Eskişehir city center, which is one of the important destinations in Turkey, to determine the effects of experience quality in recreational activities on perceived value, satisfaction, and behavioral intention. Following this purpose, the data were obtained from 420 people who participated in recreational activities organized by the local governments between April and June 2022. As a result of the findings, it has been determined that the perceptions of individuals regarding the experience quality of the activities positively affect their perceptions of value and satisfaction. Moreover, individuals’ positive value perceptions of activities increase their satisfaction and behavioral intentions. This study differs from other studies by examining the variables of experience quality, perceived value, satisfaction, and behavioral intention in recreational activities as a whole. Most studies on recreation, which is accepted as important in the context of public health, in addition to the fact that recreational activities emphasize the perspective of protecting and improving health. Unlike other studies, this one is expected to contribute to the literature by determining the antecedents for the activities to be much more efficient.