bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis as a trigger of type-1 diabetes: destination Sardinia, or beyond?
Authors: Rani Pittu Sandhya , Sechi Leonardo A , Ahmed Niyaz
Published: July 2012

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease in which the insulin producing β cell population is destroyed by the infiltrated T lymphocytes. Even though the exact cause of T1DM is yet to be ascertained, varying degree of genetic susceptibility and environmental factors have been linked to the disease progress and outcome. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is an obligate zoonotic pathogen that causes chronic infection of intestines in ruminants, the Johne's disease. MAP that can even survive pasteurization and chlorination has also been implicated to cause similar type of enteritis in humans called Crohn's disease. With the increasing recognition of the link between MAP and Crohn's disease, it has been postulated that MAP is an occult antigen which besides Crohn's could as well be thought to trigger T1DM. Epitope homologies between mycobacterial proteins (Hsp 65) and pancreatic glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD 65) and infant nutrition studies implicate MAP as one of the triggers for T1DM. PCR and ELISA analyses in diabetic patients from Sardinia suggest that MAP acts as a possible trigger for T1DM. Systematic mechanistic insights are needed to prove this link. Unfortunately, no easy animal model(s) or in-vitro systems are available to decipher the complex immunological network that is triggered in MAP infection leading to T1DM.
Nuclear Pedigree Criteria for the Identification of Individuals Suspected to be at Risk of an Inherited Predisposition to Renal Cancer
Authors: Tołoczko-Grabarek Aleksandra , Sikorski Andrzej , Brzosko Marek , Lubiński Jan
Published: July 2012

Renal clear cell carcinomas represent about 3% of all visceral cancers and account for approximately 85% of renal cancers in adults. Environmental and genetic factors are involved in the development of renal cancer. Although to date there are 19 hereditary syndromes described in which renal cell cancer may occur, only four syndromes with an unequivocal genetic predisposition to renal cell carcinoma have been identified: VHL syndrome (mutations in the VHL gene), hereditary clear cell carcinoma (translocations t(3:8), t(2:3)), hereditary papillary carcinoma (mutations in the MET protooncogene) and tuberous sclerosis (mutations in the TSC1 and TSC2 genes). Little is known genetically about the other forms of familial renal cell cancer. Since there is a growing awareness about the necessity of early intervention, clinical criteria have been developed that aid in the identification of hereditary forms of renal cancer. The aim of the current study was to identify minimal inclusion criteria so that nuclear pedigree families can be ascertained for risk assessment and/or kidney tumour screening. The results reveal that inclusion features described herein, such as (a) renal clear cell cancer diagnosed before 55 years of age, and (b) renal clear cell cancer and gastric cancer or lung cancer among first degree relatives, are useful in identifying suspected hereditary clear cell renal cancer patients.
Functional Impact of Sequence Alterations Found in BRCA1 Promoter/5'UTR Region in Breast/Ovarian Cancer Families from Upper Silesia, Poland
Authors: Pamuła Jolanta , Krześniak Małgorzata , Zientek Helena , Pękala Wioletta , Rusin Marek , Grzybowska Ewa
Published: July 2012

The 5' region of BRCA1 contains multiple regulatory sequences flanking the two alternative promoters α and β and two alternative, non-coding exons, 1a and 1b. Aberrations within the 5' region BRCA1 (encompassing two alternative promoters α and β and exons 1a and 1b) may be associated with an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer. In this study we screened 150 patients for polymorphism and mutations in this region of BRCA1. All probands came from familial breast and/or ovarian cancer that had been found to be mutation-negative in a previous search for founder mutations in BRCA1 (185delAG, C61G, 4153delA, 5382insC) or BRCA2 (6174delT, 9631delC). In our study we found several sequence alterations within the non-coding region of BRCA1 by using direct DNA sequencing and allele-specific PCR amplification. Three families with a polymorphic deletion in BRCA1 exon 1b (2223delAAAAA, Acc. U37574) were found. Moreover, two linked nucleotide substitutions (2642A>T, 2743T>C, Acc. U37574) in BRCA1 intron 1 were detected in 16 patients. In order to assess the functional significance of these two sequence variants, we constructed a reporter vector encoding firefly luciferase under the transcriptional and translational control of wild type and altered BRCA1 promoter region. The reporter assay was performed using a lung cancer cell line (NCI-H1299) and a breast cancer cell line (MCF7). We have demonstrated that the analysed sequence variants have no functional significance in our experimental system. However, we have found that the BRCA1 promoter has lower relative activity in the breast cancer cell line compared with the lung cancer cell line. Based on the results of our functional experiments we conclude that the polymorphic deletion 2223delAAAAA and two linked substitutions 2642A>T and 2743T>C do not significantly alter BRCA1 expression and are probably not disease-causing mutations.
Comparing intra-abdominal pressures in different body positions via a urinary catheter and nasogastric tube: a pilot study
Authors: Rooban Nirooshan , Regli Adrian , Davis Wendy A , De Keulenaer Bart L
Published: July 2012

Objectives

Intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) is most commonly measured via the bladder with the patient in the supine position. In the ICU, patients are nursed with the head of the bed elevated at 30° (HOB30) to reduce the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia. This study investigated whether gastric pressure at HOB30 can be used as a surrogate measure of IAP via the bladder in the supine position.

Methods

A prospective observational study was conducted in a single-centre intensive care unit. A total of 20 patients were included. IAP was recorded simultaneously via the bladder catheter (bladder pressure, IBP) and via nasogastric tube (gastric pressures, IGP) in the supine and HOB30 position. Each patient had three sets of IAP measurements performed at least 4 h apart.

Results

In the supine position, mean IBP was 12.3 ± 4.5 mmHg compared to IGP of 11.8 ± 4.7 mmHg. The bias between the two groups was 0.5 and precision of 3.7 (LA, -6.8 to 7.5 mmHg). At 30 degrees, mean IBP was 15.8 ± 4.9 mmHg compared to IGP of 13.1 ± 6.1 mmHg. The bias between both groups was 2.7 with a precision of 5.5 (LA, -8.0 to 13.5). Comparing IBP in the supine position with IGP at 30° showed a bias of -0.8 and precision of 5.6 (LA, -10.1 to 11.6 mmHg).

Conclusion

IAP measured via a nasogastric tube was less influenced by changing the body position from supine to HOB30 than was bladder pressure.
Aiming for a negative fluid balance in patients with acute lung injury and increased intra-abdominal pressure: a pilot study looking at the effects of PAL-treatment
Authors: Cordemans Colin , De laet Inneke , Van Regenmortel Niels , Schoonheydt Karen , Dits Hilde , Martin Greg , Huber Wolfgang , Malbrain Manu LNG
Published: July 2012

Introduction

Achievement of a negative fluid balance in patients with capillary leak is associated with improved outcome. We investigated the effects of a multi-modal restrictive fluid strategy aiming for negative fluid balance in patients with acute lung injury (ALI).

Methods

In this retrospective matched case-control study, we included 114 mechanically ventilated (MV) patients with ALI. We compared outcomes between a group of 57 patients receiving PAL-treatment (PAL group) and a matched control group, abstracted from a historical cohort. PAL-treatment combines high levels of positive end-expiratory pressure, small volume resuscitation with hyperoncotic albumin, and fluid removal with furosemide (Lasix®) or ultrafiltration. Effects on extravascular lung water index (EVLWI), intra-abdominal pressure (IAP), organ function, and vasopressor therapy were recorded during 1 week. The primary outcome parameter was 28-day mortality.

Results

At baseline, no significant intergroup differences were found, except for lower PaO2/FIO2 and increased IAP in the PAL group (174.5 ± 84.5 vs 256.5 ± 152.7, p = 0.001; 10.0 ± 4.2 vs 8.0 ± 3.7 mmHg, p = 0.013, respectively). After 1 week, PAL-treated patients had a greater reduction of EVLWI, IAP, and cumulative fluid balance (-4.2 ± 5.6 vs -1.1 ± 3.7 mL/kg, p = 0.006; -0.4 ± 3.6 vs 1.8 ± 3.8 mmHg, p = 0.007; -1,451 ± 7,761 vs 8,027 ± 5,254 mL, p < 0.001). Repercussions on cardiovascular and renal function were limited. PAL-treated patients required fewer days of intensive care unit admission and days on MV (23.6 ± 15 vs 37.1 ± 19.9 days, p = 0.006; 14.6 ± 10.7 vs 25.5 ± 20.2 days, respectively) and had a lower 28-day mortality (28.1% vs 49.1%, p = 0.034).

Conclusion

PAL-treatment in patients with ALI is associated with a negative fluid balance, a reduction of EVLWI and IAP, and improved clinical outcomes without compromising organ function.
Contribution of KIR3DL1/3DS1 to ankylosing spondylitis in human leukocyte antigen-B27 Caucasian populations
Authors: Lopez-Larrea Carlos , Blanco-Gelaz Miguel Angel , Torre-Alonso Juan Carlos , Armas Jacome Bruges , Suarez-Alvarez Beatriz , Pruneda Laura , Couto Ana Rita , Gonzalez Segundo , Lopez-Vázquez Antonio , Martinez-Borra Jesus
Published: July 2012

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and humaAn leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci are both highly polymorphic, and some HLA class I molecules bind and trigger cell-surface receptors specified by KIR genes. We examined whether the combination of KIR3DS1/3DL1 genes in concert with HLA-B27 genotypes is associated with susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Two HLA-B27-positive Caucasian populations were selected, one from Spain (71 patients and 105 controls) and another from the Azores (Portugal) (55 patients and 75 controls). All were typed for HLA-B and KIR (3DS1 and 3DL1) genes. Our results show that in addition to B27, the allele 3DS1 is associated with AS compared with B27 controls (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.003 in the Spanish population and Azoreans, respectively). We also observed that the association of KIR3DS1 to AS was found in combination with HLA-B alleles carrying Bw4-I80 in trans position in the Spanish population (30.9% in AS versus 15.2% in B27 controls, p = 0.02, odds ratio (OR) = 2.49) and in Azoreans (27.2% in AS versus 8.7% in B27 controls, p = 0.01, OR = 4.4 in Azoreans). On the other hand, 3DL1 was decreased in patients compared with B27 controls (p < 0.0001 in the Spanish population and p < 0.003 in Azoreans). The presence of this allele in combination with Bw4-I80 had a protective effect against the development of AS in the Spanish population (19.7% in AS, 35.2% in B27 controls; p = 0.03, OR = 0.45). The presence of KIR3DS1 or KIR3DL1 in combination with HLA-B*27s/HLA-B Bw4-I80 genotypes may modulate the development of AS. The susceptibility to AS could be determined by the overall balance of activating and inhibitory composite KIR-HLA genotypes.
Mild autonomic dysfunction in primary Sjögren's syndrome: a controlled study
Authors: Cai Fin ZJ , Lester Sue , Lu Tim , Keen Helen , Boundy Karyn , Proudman Susanna M , Tonkin Anne , Rischmueller Maureen
Published: July 2012

Introduction

The aim of this study was to compare cardiovascular autonomic nervous system function in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) with that in control individuals, and to correlate the findings with autonomic symptoms and the presence of exocrine secretory dysfunction.

Methods

Twenty-seven female patients with pSS and 25 control individuals completed the COMPASS (Composite Autonomic Symptom Scale) self-reported autonomic symptom questionnaire. Beat-to-beat heart rate and blood pressure data in response to five standard cardiovascular reflex tests were digitally recorded using a noninvasive finger pressure cuff and heart rate variability was analyzed by Fourier spectral analysis. Analysis was performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA), multivariate ANOVA and repeated measures ANOVA, as indicated. Factor analysis was utilized to detect relationships between positive autonomic symptoms in pSS patients.

Results

Multiple, mild autonomic disturbances were observed in pSS patients relating to decreased heart rate variability, decreased blood pressure variability and increased heart rate, which were most evident in response to postural change. There was a strong trend toward an association between decreased heart rate variability and increased severity of the secretomotor, orthostatic, bladder, gastroparesis and constipation self-reported autonomic symptom cluster identified in pSS patients. This symptom cluster was also associated with fatigue and reduced unstimulated salivary flow, and therefore may be an important component of the clinical spectrum of this disease.

Conclusion

There was evidence of mild autonomic dysfunction in pSS as measured with both cardiovascular reflex testing and self-reported symptoms. Pathogenic autoantibodies targeting M3 muscarinic receptors remain a strong candidate for the underlying pathophysiology, but practical assays for the detection of this autoantibody remain elusive.
The 5.5-year results of MegaOATS – autologous transfer of the posterior femoral condyle: a case-series study
Authors: Braun Sepp , Minzlaff Philipp , Hollweck Regina , Wörtler Klaus , Imhoff Andreas B
Published: July 2012

Introduction

Large osteochondral defects of the weight-bearing zones of femoral condyles in young and active patients were treated by autologous transfer of the posterior femoral condyle (large osteochondral autogenous transplantation system (MegaOATS)). The technique presented is a sound and feasible salvage procedure to address large osteochondral defects in weight-bearing zones.

Methods

Thirty-six patients between July 1996 and December 2000 were included. Thirty-three patients (10 females, 23 males) were evaluated by the Lysholm score and X-ray scans. A random sample of 16 individuals underwent magnetic resonance imaging analysis. The average age at the date of surgery was 34.3 (15 to 59) years, and the mean follow up was 66.4 (46 to 98) months. The mean defect size was 6.2 (2 to 10.5) cm2, in 27 patients affecting the medial femoral condyle and in six patients affecting the lateral femoral condyle. Trauma or osteochondrosis dissecans were pathogenetic in 82%.

Results

The Lysholm score in all 33 individuals showed a highly significant increase from a preoperative median 49.0 points to a median 86.0 points (P ≤ 0.001). Twenty-seven patients returned to recreational sports. X-ray scans showed a rounding of the osteotomy edge in 24 patients, interpreted as a partial remodelling of the posterior femoral condyle. Preoperative osteoarthritis in 17 individuals was related to significant lower Lysholm scores (P = 0.014), but progression in 17 patients did not significantly influence the score results (P = 0.143). All 16 magnetic resonance imaging examinations showed vital and congruent grafts.

Conclusion

Patients significantly improve in the Lysholm score, in daily-life activity levels and in return to recreational sports. Thirty-one out of 33 patients were comfortable with the results and would undergo the procedure again. The MegaOATS technique is therefore recommended as a salvage procedure for young individuals with large osteochondral defects in the weight-bearing zone of the femoral condyle.
Enhanced interleukin-1β production of PBMCs from patients with gout after stimulation with Toll-like receptor-2 ligands and urate crystals
Authors: Mylona Eleni E , Mouktaroudi Maria , Crisan Tania O , Makri Stamatoula , Pistiki Aikaterini , Georgitsi Marianna , Savva Athina , Netea Mihai G , van der Meer Jos WM , Giamarellos-Bourboulis Evangelos J , Joosten Leo AB
Published: July 2012

Introduction

Monosodium urate monohydrate (MSU) crystals synergize with various toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands to induce cytokine production via activation of the NOD-like receptor (NLR) family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLPR3) inflammasome. This has been demonstrated in vitro using human cell lines or monocytes of healthy volunteers. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of MSU crystals and of their combination with TLR ligands in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patients with gout.

Methods

PBMCs from 18 patients with primary gout and 12 healthy donors were exposed to MSU crystals in the presence or absence of saturated fatty acid C18:0 (free fatty acid, TLR2 ligand), palmitoyl-3-cystein (Pam3Cys, TLR1/2 ligand) and fibroblast stimulating factor-1 (FSL-1, TLR 2/6 ligand). Production of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) was determined by ELISA. mRNA transcripts of IL-1β were measured by real-time PCR.

Results

MSU crystals alone failed to induce IL-1β, IL-6 or TNFα in both patients and control groups, but a stronger synergy between MSU/Pam3Cys and MSU/C18:0 for the induction of IL-1β was found in patients with gout compared to healthy controls. IL-6, but not IL-8, followed the kinetics of IL-1β. No production of the neutrophil-recruiting IL-17 was detectable after stimulation of the patients' PBMCs with MSU in both the presence or absence of TLR ligands. No change of gene transcripts of IL-1β after stimulation with MSU and Pam3Cys or with MSU and C18:0 was found. A positive correlation was found between synergy in IL-1β production from PBMCs of patients between C18:0 and MSU crystals, as well as the annual number of attacks of acute gouty arthritis (rs: +0.649, P: 0.022).

Conclusions

The synergy between MSU crystals and TLR-2 ligands is more prominent in patients with gout than in controls. This is likely mediated by the enhanced maturation of pro-IL-1β into IL-1β.
Promoter hypermethylation in male breast cancer: analysis by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification
Authors: Kornegoor Robert , Moelans Cathy B , Verschuur-Maes Anoek HJ , Hogenes Marieke CH , de Bruin Peter C , Oudejans Joost J , van Diest Paul J
Published: July 2012

Introduction

Epigenetic events are, along with genetic alteration, important in the development and progression of cancer. Promoter hypermethylation causes gene silencing and is thought to be an early event in carcinogenesis. The role of promoter hypermethylation in male breast cancer has not yet been studied.

Methods

In a group of 108 male breast cancers, the methylation status of 25 genes was studied using methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. Methylation of more than 15% was regarded indicative for promoter hypermethylation. Methylation status was correlated with clinicopathological features, with patients' outcome and with 28 female breast cancer cases.

Results

Promoter hypermethylation of the genes MSH6, WT1, PAX5, CDH13, GATA5 and PAX6 was seen in more than 50% of the cases, but was uncommon or absent in normal male breast tissue. High overall methylation status was correlated with high grade (P = 0.003) and was an independent predictor of poor survival (P = 0.048; hazard ratio 2.5). ESR1 and GSTP1 hypermethylation were associated with high mitotic count (P = 0.037 and P = 0.002, respectively) and high grade (both P = 0.001). No correlation with survival was seen for individual genes. Compared with female breast cancers (logistic regression), promoter hypermethylation was less common in a variety of genes, particularly ESR1 (P = 0.005), BRCA1 (P = 0.010) and BRCA2 (P < 0.001). The most frequently hypermethylated genes (MSH6, CDH13, PAX5, PAX6 and WT1) were similar for male and female breast cancer.

Conclusion

Promoter hypermethylation is common in male breast cancer and high methylation status correlates with aggressive phenotype and poor survival. ESR1 and GSTP1 promoter hypermethylation seem to be involved in development and/or progression of high-grade male breast cancer. Although female and male breast cancer share a set of commonly methylated genes, many of the studied genes are less frequently methylated in male breast cancer, pointing towards possible differences between male and female breast carcinogenesis.
The protein kinase MLTK regulates chondrogenesis by inducing the transcription factor Sox6
Authors: Suzuki Toshiyasu , Kusakabe Morioh , Nakayama Kei , Nishida Eisuke
Published: July 2012

Sox9 acts together with Sox5 or Sox6 as a master regulator for chondrogenesis; however, the inter-relationship among these transcription factors remains unclear. Here, we show that the protein kinase MLTK plays an essential role in the onset of chondrogenesis through triggering the induction of Sox6 expression by Sox9. We find that knockdown of MLTK in Xenopus embryos results in drastic loss of craniofacial cartilages without defects in neural crest development. We also find that Sox6 is specifically induced during the onset of chondrogenesis, and that the Sox6 induction is inhibited by MLTK knockdown. Remarkably, Sox6 knockdown phenocopies MLTK knockdown. Moreover, we find that ectopic expression of MLTK induces Sox6 expression in a Sox9-dependent manner. Our data suggest that p38 and JNK pathways function downstream of MLTK during chondrogenesis. These results identify MLTK as a novel key regulator of chondrogenesis, and reveal its action mechanism in chondrocyte differentiation during embryonic development.
Pancreas-enriched miRNA refines endocrine cell differentiation
Authors: Kredo-Russo Sharon , Mandelbaum Amitai D. , Ness Avital , Alon Ilana , Lennox Kim A. , Behlke Mark A. , Hornstein Eran
Published: July 2012

Genome-encoded microRNAs (miRNAs) provide a post-transcriptional regulatory layer that is important for pancreas development. However, how specific miRNAs are intertwined into the transcriptional network, which controls endocrine differentiation, is not well understood. Here, we show that microRNA-7 (miR-7) is specifically expressed in endocrine precursors and in mature endocrine cells. We further demonstrate that Pax6 is an important target of miR-7. miR-7 overexpression in developing pancreas explants or in transgenic mice led to Pax6 downregulation and inhibition of α- and β-cell differentiation, resembling the molecular changes caused by haploinsufficient expression of Pax6. Accordingly, miR-7 knockdown resulted in Pax6 upregulation and promoted α- and β-cell differentiation. Furthermore, Pax6 downregulation reversed the effect of miR-7 knockdown on insulin promoter activity. These data suggest a novel miR-7-based circuit that ensures precise control of endocrine cell differentiation.
Symmetry-Itemized Enumeration of Cubane Derivatives as Three-Dimensional Entities by the Elementary-Superposition Method of the USCI Approach
Authors: Fujita Shinsaku
Published: July 2012

Cubane derivatives with a given chemical formula and a given symmetry are enumerated by applying the elementary-superposition method (S. Fujita, Theor. Chim. Acta1992, 82, 473–498) of the unit-subduced-cycle-index (USCI) approach to a cubane skeleton of the point group Oh. A cycle index (CI) for a regular or an irregular case of chiral and achiral ligands is calculated in accord with such a given chemical formula. The CI is superposed elementarily onto respective subduced cycle indices with chirality fittingness (SCI-CFs), which are calculated by starting from unit subduced cycle indices with chirality fittingness (USCI-CFs). Thereby, the numbers of fixed points (derivatives) are obtained with respect to the respective SCI-CFs to give a fixed-point vector (FPV). The resulting FPV is multiplied by an inverse matrix of the mark table of Oh to give an isomer-counting vector (ICV), which contains the numbers of 3D-structural isomers in an itemized fashion with respect to point-group symmetries. The concept of prochirality is examined by using cubane derivatives enumerated by the ICV.
Raising the Barcode Scanner: Technology and Productivity in the Retail Sector
Authors: Basker Emek
Published: July 2012

Barcodes and barcode scanners transformed the grocery industry in the 1970s. I use store-level data from the 1972, 1977, and 1982 Census of Retail Trade, matched to data on store scanner installations, to estimate scanners' effect on labor productivity. I find that scanners increased a store's labor productivity, on average, by approximately 4.5 percent in the first few years. The effect was larger in stores carrying more packaged products, consistent with the presence of network externalities. Short-run gains were small relative to fixed costs, suggesting that the impediment to widespread adoption of the new technology was profitability, not coordination problems. (JEL J24, L24, L81, O33)
Drug Innovations and Welfare Measures Computed from Market Demand: The Case of Anti-Cholesterol Drugs
Authors: Dunn Abe
Published: July 2012

The pharmaceutical industry is characterized as having substantial investment in R&D and a large number of new product introductions, which poses special problems for price measurement caused by the quality of drug products changing over time. This paper applies recent demand estimation techniques to individual-level data to construct a constant-quality price index for anti-cholesterol drugs. Although the average price for anti-cholesterol drugs does not change over the sample period, I find that the constant-quality price index drops by 27 percent, a pace more in line with our expectations in such a dynamic segment of the industry. (JEL C43, L11, L65, O31)
How Large Are the Effects from Temporary Changes in Family Environment: Evidence from a Child-Evacuation Program During World War II
Authors: Santavirta Torsten
Published: July 2012

During World War II, some 50,000 Finnish children were evacuated to Sweden and placed in foster families. The evacuation scheme limited sharply the scope for selection into foster care based on background characteristics. A first-come first-served policy was applied where the children were assigned a running number and processed anonymously. Using register and survey data, I examine the extent to which the foster environment affected later life outcomes of the Finnish child evacuees. The results show that nurture, the socioeconomic environment at early stages of life, has important effects on schooling. (JEL I21, J13, J24, N34, N44)
Sweetening the Deal? Political Connections and Sugar Mills in India
Authors: Sukhtankar Sandip
Published: July 2012

Political control of firms is prevalent across the world. Evidence suggests that firms profit from political connections, and politicians derive benefit from control over firms. This paper investigates an alternative mechanism through which politicians may benefit electorally from connected firms, examining sugar mills in India. I find evidence of embezzlement in politically controlled mills during election years, reflected in lower prices paid to farmers for cane. This result complements the literature on political cycles by demonstrating how campaign funds are raised rather than used. Politicians may recompense farmers upon getting elected, possibly explaining how they can get away with pilferage. (JEL D72, G34, L66, O13, O17, Q12, Q13)
When They're Sixty-Four: Peer Effects and the Timing of Retirement
Authors: Brown Kristine M. , Laschever Ron A.
Published: July 2012

This paper examines the effect of peers on an individual's likelihood of retirement using an administrative dataset of all retirement-eligible Los Angeles teachers for the years 1998–2001. We use two large unexpected pension reforms that differentially impacted financial incentives within and across schools to construct an instrument for others' retirement decisions. Controlling for individual and school characteristics, we find that the retirement of an additional teacher in the previous year at the same school increases a teacher's own likelihood of retirement by 1.5–2 percentage points. We then explore some possible mechanisms through which this effect operates. (JEL H75, I21, J14, J26, J45)
Evaluation of the N Latex FLC free light chain assay on the Siemens BN analyser: precision, agreement, linearity and variation between reagent lots
Authors: Pretorius Carel J , Klingberg Sandra , Tate Jill , Wilgen Urs , Ungerer Jacobus P J
Published: July 2012

Background

The clinical utility of serum κ and λ free light chains (FLC) for the diagnosis and prognosis of plasma cell proliferative disorders is well established. We assessed the analytical performance of the N Latex FLC assays and compared it with the Freelite™ assays.

Methods

Analytical precision was assessed according to the CLSI EP5-A2 protocol. Method comparison was performed with 116 clinical samples and linearity was assessed on samples with monoclonal and polyclonal elevations of FLC. Analytical bias and variance was measured with two lots of N Latex FLC reagent.

Results

The N Latex FLC κ and λ assays had a total coefficient of variation of 5–7% across the analytical range. The slopes were 1.36 and 1.37 and the between-method variances were 40.0% and 45.4%, respectively, compared with the Freelite™. Good agreement in classification was observed for κ, λ and the κ/ λ ratio (Cohen's κ 0.84, 0.76 and 0.89). Statistical non-linearity occurred commonly, but clinically significant non-linearity was observed in only one instance. Between-reagent lot variation was 7.3% and 10% for κ and λ, respectively.

Conclusions

The N Latex FLC assay has good precision, did not exhibit gross antigen excess and can be used in clinical practice based on the analytical performance characteristics.
Regional inequality in radiology research output in the UK: a 5-year bibliometric study
Authors: Yoong P , Johnson C A , Rehman J M , Toms A P
Published: July 2012

The objective of this study was to describe the patterns of peer-reviewed general radiology publication rates with reference to deaneries in the UK. This was a retrospective bibliometric analysis of publications in the six highest cited general radiology journals. Publications were identified using a manual search in PubMed between 2005 and 2009. Publications originating from UK radiology departments were identified and subcategorised into primary institution of origin, deanery and publication type. The total number of radiology trainees in each deanery was obtained from the General Medical Council. 913 publications were included in the study. Original papers constituted 48.7% (n=445), review articles 30.3% (n=277) and case reports 17.4% (n=159). The median number of publications in each deanery was 27 [interquartile range (IQR) 11–60], and the median number of publications per trainee was 0.49 (IQR 0.31–0.88). The largest proportion of publications came from the London deanery (n=354, 38.8%), followed by Eastern 86 (9.4%), Oxford and Yorkshire 70 (7.7% each). Relative to the number of trainees within each deanery, Oxford had the highest number of publications per trainee (1.78), followed by East Midlands (1.5), London (1.25) and Eastern (0.99). There was a significantly higher publication rate for those deaneries with academic radiologists (p<0.0001). There is a marked difference in the volume of published work in the general radiology literature among UK deaneries, even accounting for differences in the number of trainees. This probably means that opportunities for training in research are similarly non-uniform.
The use of in utero MRI to supplement ultrasound in the foetus at high risk of developmental brain or spine abnormality
Authors: Griffiths P D , Porteous M , Mason G , Russell S , Morris J , Fanou E M , Reeves M J
Published: July 2012

Objectives

It is widely accepted that the diagnosis of foetal central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities can be improved by performing MRI examinations in utero. Most of the published literature has concentrated on pregnancies in which a developmental abnormality has been detected (or suspected) on ultrasound in an otherwise low-risk pregnancy. In this paper, we test the hypothesis that in utero MRI of the foetal brain in high-risk pregnancies will detect abnormalities not shown by ultrasound at a rate that justifies its use in clinical practice.

Methods

100 females were recruited into the study from foeto-maternal or clinical genetic departments. They all had a foetus/child with a CNS malformation from an earlier pregnancy, which led to an increased risk of recurrence being quoted for the present pregnancy. All in utero MRI examinations were performed on 1.5 T clinical MRI systems at 18 weeks gestational age or later.

Results

In 78% of cases, the ultrasound and MRI results agreed and showed no abnormality. In 13%, ultrasound and MRI described identical abnormal findings. In 9%, the ultrasound and MRI examinations had discrepant findings; in all these cases the MRI findings described more serious CNS pathology. The effects on management were judged to be major, by at least one assessor, in 7/9 of those cases.

Conclusion

As in many other situations involving antenatal detection of CNS abnormalities, in utero MRI should be considered in females with increased risk of foetal CNS malformation based on the results of an earlier pregnancy.

Advances in knowledge

In utero MRI of the foetus has an important role in antenatal diagnosis of females carrying a foetus with an increased risk of a brain abnormality.
MRI evaluation of neoadjuvant low-dose fractionated radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced breast cancer
Authors: Bufi E , Belli P , Costantini M , Rinaldi P , Di Matteo M , Bonatesta A , De Santis M C , Nardone L , Terribile D , Mulé A , Bonomo L
Published: July 2012

Objectives

We address the diagnostic performance of breast MRI and the efficacy of neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy (NRC) treatment (NRC protocol) vs conventional neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in patients with locally advanced breast cancer.

Methods

The NRC protocol consists of six anthracycline/taxane cycles and concomitant low-dose radiotherapy on breast tumour volume. Breast MRI was performed at baseline and after the last therapy cycle in 18 and 36 patients undergoing the NRC protocol or conventional NAC (propensity matching).

Results

In both groups, we observed reduced tumour dimensions after the last cycle (p<0.001), and the response evaluation criteria in solid tumours (RECIST) class directly correlated with the tumour regression grade class after the last cycle (p<0.001). Patients in the NRC group displayed a higher frequency of complete/partial response than those in the NAC group (p=0.034). 17 out of 18 patients in the NRC group met the criteria for avoiding mastectomy based on final MRI evaluation. The RECIST classification displayed a superior diagnostic performance in the prediction of the response to treatment [area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC)=0.72] than time-to-intensity curves and apparent diffusion coefficient (AUC 0.63 and 0.61). The association of the three above criteria yielded a better diagnostic performance, both in the general population (AUC=0.79) and in the NRC and the NAC group separately (AUC=0.82 and AUC=0.76).

Conclusions

The pathological response is predicted by MRI performed after the last cycle, if both conventional MRI and diffusion imaging are integrated. The NRC treatment yields oncological results superior to NAC.

Advances in knowledge

MRI could be used to establish the neoadjuvant protocol in breast cancer patients.
Blast-Induced Ground Vibration Damage Assessment for Foundation Work at a Thermal Power Project in India
Authors: Singh Rakesh K , Sawmliana Chhangte , Roy Pijush Pal
Published: July 2012

This paper presents the extensive trial blasts conducted for damage assessment due to blast-induced ground vibrations for removal of hard rocks as well as establishment of safe blasting zones during excavation work at a proposed thermal power project in India. During the excavation work it was feared that the impact of blasting may cause damage to the rocks or extension of cracks to the nearby foundations/foundation bases for various types of sensitive structures. A number of trial blasts with varying designs and charging patterns were carried out at the site. The impact of ground vibration waves were assessed on nearby structures/foundations. Ground vibrations were monitored at varying distances in a straight line, to find out the characteristics of wave propagation in the particular medium. Based on the analyses of recorded vibration data, it was suggested that no blasting should be carried out within 5 m when the foundation work is in progress. Within 5–15 m, controlled blasting should be carried out with 32 mm diameter Jack Hammer Drilling Machine while beyond 15 m and up to 25 m, 100 mm diameter drill machine can be used with hole depths up to 3.0 m. Within the zone of 25 m to 35 m from the foundation, the depth of blastholes may be more than 3.0 m but it should not be greater than 4.5 m. Beyond 35 m zone, the depth of blast holes should be between 4.5–6.0 m. It was also suggested that a clearance of at least 0.5 m from both the edges of the blasting face should be used between the boundary of excavation line and the last row of holes to minimize over break beyond the excavation line. Lighter explosive charges with longer delay periods should be used for the blastholes adjacent to the excavation boundary.
Exploring the Potential of Assessment Efficacy in Sports Coaching
Authors: Hay Peter , Dickens Sue , Crudgington Bob , Engstrom Craig
Published: July 2012

The role of learning across the cognitive, psychomotor and affective domains in both coach development and in the practice of coaching has been increasingly recognised in the field of sports coaching. A burgeoning body of literature focused on coach pedagogy has reflected this emerging awareness of the centrality of definable forms of learning and has presented a better balance to the already well-established body of literature devoted to the content of coaching and sports performance. This article draws on Bernstein's three message systems to highlight the absence of reference to the inter-related message system of assessment within coaching development and accreditation as well as the practice of coaching itself. In so doing, this article outlines four conditions of assessment efficacy (learning-oriented, authentic, valid and socially just) and explores the potential of assessment to optimise the learning and accreditation outcomes of coach development programs, and to enhance the learning and performance outcomes of the athletes they work with.
Does Motor or Visual Experience Enhance the Detection of Deceptive Movements in Football?
Authors: Pizzera Alexandra , Raab Markus
Published: July 2012

This study addressed the question of whether motor and visual experiences enhance the detection of deceptive and non-deceptive actions in football. Using a pre–post–retention test design, we conducted an intervention study with 40 football players, manipulating specific motor and visual experiences through a training intervention, with the motor group learning to fake fouls and the visual group watching the training. Prior general motor and visual experiences were also assessed via a questionnaire. Referee-like decision-making performance, involving the detection of deceptive actions, was measured using a video test. Separate 4 × 3 (Group × Video Test) repeated-measures analyses of variance were calculated, with decision accuracy and decision time as the dependent variables, representing decision-making performance. The results revealed only slight effects of the intervention, with the motor group reporting long-term effects, as reflected by the greater performance enhancement from post- to retention test. Prior general visual experience in football was shown to enhance deception detection for all three groups. Sport associations could use these results in their referee education programs by including prior general experiences as well as motor and visual training in deceptive and non-deceptive actions to enhance accurate judgments of these situations on the field.
Promoting Long Term Athlete Development in Cross Country Skiing through Competency-Based Coach Education: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Banack Hailey R. , Bloom Gordon A. , Falcão William R.
Published: July 2012

Coach education programs in Canada and abroad have recently been framed around Long Term Athlete Development (LTAD), a seven-stage model that is based on the physical, mental, emotional, and cognitive development of children and adolescents. To date, limited empirical research on LTAD exists. The primary objective of this study was to identify whether individuals who completed a coach education course acquired an understanding of LTAD and whether they integrated this knowledge into their coaching practice. The secondary purpose was to identify information that could be used to improve the coach education program as well as the effectiveness of youth sport coaching in cross-country skiing. Results indicated the course was an effective technique for delivering the core principles of LTAD to coaches with little or no prior knowledge of the concept. As well, coaches successfully integrated the principles of LTAD into their coaching practices. These results are discussed in regard to improving the effectiveness of youth sport coaching.
The Coach's Impact on Long Distance Runners' Training and Competition Motivation
Authors: Goose Mitch , Winter Stacy
Published: July 2012

An understanding of how an athlete's motivation is affected by coaching behaviours is vital information for a coach to acquire. This study examines the impact and need for a coach in optimising international athletes' training and competition motivation within the framework of Cognitive Evaluation Theory. The participants were six long distance runners with international experience. Qualitative data was collected using semi-structured interviews regarding the athletes' motivational experiences. Following inductive analysis, four general dimensions were established: athlete's uninfluenced training motivation; athlete's uninfluenced competition motivation; coaching behaviours impact on athlete's training motivation; and coaching behaviours impact on competition motivation. The findings revealed that coaching behaviours are typically consistent with the current motivational research [1–4] and the role of the coach is more important for an athlete's training motivation rather than competition motivation. Education of coaches in the correct use of motivational behaviours is therefore recommended, if athletes are to fulfill their abilities.
How Elite Coaches' Experiential Knowledge Might Enhance Empirical Research on Sport Performance
Authors: Greenwood Daniel , Davids Keith , Renshaw Ian
Published: July 2012

In sport science, much research has been aimed at developing empirical knowledge of performance and practice. While this body of work has led to significant advances in understanding, one source of information that has been under-represented is the analysis of experiential knowledge of highlevel athletes and coaches. Using the run-up task in sport as an exemplar, we were interested in understanding the relationship between the experiential knowledge of elite coaches and empirical research findings to ascertain how a combination of these knowledge sources might enrich understanding of sport performance. For this purpose, fifteen interviews were conducted with elite coaches from three sports; track and field, gymnastics, and cricket. The qualitative data showed elite coaches intuitively expressed ideas consistent with recent scientific research in their design of training and learning programs. Key ideas expressed included perception-action coupling, the effects of interacting constraints on performance, and an approach to practice which was consistent with insights from nonlinear pedagogy. The data revealed how experiential knowledge of elite coaches might be used to support and enhance empirical research processes. Specific examples include providing direction for future research, assisting in the representative design of empirical research, and highlighting limitations of some empirical research protocols and findings. The coaches' comments suggested a need for more systematic and sustained efforts to explore how experiential knowledge might enrich understanding of sport performance.
Many Drops Interactions I: Simulation of Coalescence, Flocculation and Fragmentation of Multiple Colliding Drops with Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics
Authors: Acevedo-Malavé Alejandro , García-Sucre Méximo
Published: July 2012

Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) is a Lagrangian mesh-free formalism and has been useful to model continuous fluid. This formalism is employed to solve the Navier-Stokes equations by replacing the fluid with a set of particles. These particles are interpolation points from which properties of the fluid can be determined. In this study, the SPH method is applied to simulate the hydrodynamics interaction of many drops, showing some settings for the coalescence, fragmentation and flocculation problem of equally sized liquid drops in three-dimensional spaces. For small velocities the drops interact only through their deformed surfaces and the flocculation of the droplets arises. This result is very different if the collision velocity is large enough for the fragmentation of droplets takes place. We observe that for velocities around 15 mm/ms the coalescence of droplets occurs. The velocity vector fields formed inside the drops during the collision process are shown.
Clusters Formation of Drops from Many Droplets Collisions: A 3D Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Approach
Authors: Acevedo-Malavé Alejandro , García-Sucre Méximo
Published: July 2012

Here the SPH method is applied to simulate in the three-dimensional space the multiple hydrodynamics collisions and formation of clusters of equal-size liquid drops in a vacuum environment. For a range of velocity values from 0.2 mm/ms to 30.0 mm/ms we observe three possible scenarios, such as: coalescence and cluster formation of drops. When the collision velocity is too low the droplets interact only through their deformed surfaces. If this velocity is around 15.0 mm/ms the coalescence of the drops is observed, and after some time starting on t=0 a flat circular section is observed between the colliding drops. This interface disappears when the dynamics runs and the drops finally coalesce. The velocity vector fields were computed for the different scenarios showing some zones inside the drops where the fluid velocity is diminished and other zones where the SPH particles are accelerated.
Intravenous Acetaminophen and Overdoses in Children Epinephrine: It's Happened Again Updated High-Alert Medication List
Authors: Cohen Michael R. , Smetzer Judy L.
Published: July 2012

These medication errors have occurred in health care facilities at least once. They will happen again—perhaps where you work. Through education and alertness of personnel and procedural safeguards, they can be avoided. You should consider publishing accounts of errors in your newsletters and/or presenting them at your inservice training programs.

Your assistance is required to continue this feature. The reports described here were received through the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) Medication Errors Reporting Program. Any reports published by ISMP will be anonymous. Comments are also invited; the writers' names will be published if desired. ISMP may be contacted at the address shown below.

Errors, close calls, or hazardous conditions may be reported directly to ISMP through the ISMP Web site ( www.ismp.org ), by calling 800-FAIL-SAFE, or via e-mail at ismpinfo@ismp.org . ISMP guarantees the confidentiality and security of the information received and respects reporters' wishes as to the level of detail included in publications.