bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why bumblebees have become model species in apidology: A brief history and perspectives
Authors: Lihoreau Mathieu , Monchanin Coline , Lacombrade Mathilde , Brebner Joanna , Gómez-Moracho Tamara
Published: February 2025

In recent years, bumblebees have increasingly been used to study various aspects of bee biology, ecology and evolution. They are now broadly accepted as tractable model species, complementary to the domestic honey bees, for fundamental and applied apidology. Here, we provide a brief history of how bumblebee research developed since their domestication and commercialisation for crop pollination in the 1990s. Bumblebees are large social bees that can be kept and trained in the lab year-round. They are easy to manipulate and track individually in their small colonies. These practical advantages have offered new possibilities for experimental bee research, leading to major breakthroughs in different fields such as cognition, navigation, nutrition, host-parasite interactions, and insect declines. Many of these findings have later been confirmed in honey bees and other pollinators. We discuss some exciting directions for future apidology research based on bumblebees.
Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity (SOGI): A Tutorial on Ethical Data Practices
Authors: Oda Fernanda S. , Stiehl Christie M.
Published: February 2025

In the U.S., approximately 13 million individuals identify as part of a sexual and gender minority (SGM). This broad spectrum includes sexual orientation identities such as gay, lesbian, bisexual, queer, pansexual, and same-gender-loving, as well as gender identities such as transgender, gender non-conforming, bigender, and two-spirit. As behavior analysts heed the call to engage in culturally competent practices that address diverse sexual orientation and gender identities (SOGI), they will likely consider collecting SOGI data as part of their practice. The benefits of SOGI data collection certainly exist. However, the historical oppression and increased vulnerability of SGM populations require a careful and thorough evaluation of ethical data collection practices to avoid harm and to ensure respectful and inclusive practices. The present tutorial aims to begin the discussion of ethical and effective SOGI data collection practices within behavior analysis by offering initial guidelines and considerations. We highlight methods that improve cultural sensitivity, and caution against traditional methods that could harm respondents or contribute to a non-inclusive environment.
Can ChatGPT-4o Really Pass Medical Science Exams? A Pragmatic Analysis Using Novel Questions
Authors: Newton Philip M. , Summers Christopher J. , Zaheer Uzman , Xiromeriti Maira , Stokes Jemima R. , Bhangu Jaskaran Singh , Roome Elis G. , Roberts-Phillips Alanna , Mazaheri-Asadi Darius , Jones Cameron D. , Hughes Stuart , Gilbert Dominic , Jones Ewan , Essex Keioni , Ellis Emily C. , Davey Ross , Cox Adrienne A. , Bassett Jessica A.
Published: February 2025

ChatGPT apparently shows excellent performance on high-level professional exams such as those involved in medical assessment and licensing. This has raised concerns that ChatGPT could be used for academic misconduct, especially in unproctored online exams. However, ChatGPT has previously shown weaker performance on questions with pictures, and there have been concerns that ChatGPT’s performance may be artificially inflated by the public nature of the sample questions tested, meaning they likely formed part of the training materials for ChatGPT. This led to suggestions that cheating could be mitigated by using novel questions for every sitting of an exam and making extensive use of picture-based questions. These approaches remain untested. Here, we tested the performance of ChatGPT-4o on existing medical licensing exams in the UK and USA, and on novel questions based on those exams. ChatGPT-4o scored 94% on the United Kingdom Medical Licensing Exam Applied Knowledge Test and 89.9% on the United States Medical Licensing Exam Step 1. Performance was not diminished when the questions were rewritten into novel versions, or on completely novel questions which were not based on any existing questions. ChatGPT did show reduced performance on questions containing images when the answer options were added to an image as text labels. These data demonstrate that the performance of ChatGPT continues to improve and that secure testing environments are required for the valid assessment of both foundational and higher order learning.
Study of a Power Supply System Operation Based on Methane Generator Supported by an Energy Storage System, to Cover High Fluctuation Electrical Loads: Greenhouse Case Study
Authors: Elmasides Costas
Published: February 2025

The operation of a greenhouse requires the consumption of high amounts of energy. The problem is strengthened by the energy crisis that characterizes our days. This article studies an energy management strategy based on the utilization of methane generators (MG) for energy saving in greenhouses. The management strategy includes covering the energy needs of a greenhouse unit (GHU) by directly injecting the energy produced by the generator units. If the energy produced from MG cannot meet the energy needs of the GHU, an energy storage system (ESS) or a backup (in case ESS is unavailable) is used to support the load, covering the gap between production and consumption. In case of excess energy, priority is given to charging the ESS, and the possible presence of excess energy is led to the network. The main objective of energy management is the optimal design of the MG-ESS system to minimize the possibility of energy excess and deficit. The analysis presented is based on actual GHU energy demand. The special feature of this load is the existence of strong daily fluctuations in energy consumption, especially during the summer months. This study presents a methodology for managing such loads with the main objective of maximizing the operating efficiency of MG. Briefly, this article brings a new look to the existing literature in the following areas: (I) a methodology for the efficient operation of methane generators in combination with ESS to cover both mild and intense power fluctuations has been developed, (II) The mapping of the load profile and its division into zones of different power levels providing the possibility of choosing different sizes of generators that will operate at their optimal power has been achieved and (III) a techno-economically optimal ESS to support the generators in meeting load needs and absorbing excess energy has been designed. The analysis based on the use of three different MGs in the three mapped load zones that will operate at constant power due to their support by an ESS led to the identification of the appropriate combination of MG-ESS for the autonomous operation of the GHU. The preliminary economic evaluation of the optimal MG-ESS combination based on LCOE showed that the proposed system (LCOE = 0.216 – 0.279) is competitive with the existing system (LCOE = 0.392) responsible for covering the load’s energy demand.
Enhancing the performance of rigid pavement slabs using sugarcane bagasse ash and macro synthetic fibers
Authors: Elayouty Esraa Elsayed , Ragheb Shady Rezk , Youssef Ahmed Mohammed , El-Bany Marwa El-Sayed , Agwa Ibrahim Saad
Published: February 2025

This study uses a few materials with various ratios, such as sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) and macro synthetic fiber (MSF), to enhance the rigid pavement slab (RPS) load-carrying capacity (LCC). In the study presented herein, the investigation was developed in two phases. Firstly, we selected materials and evaluated their physical, mechanical, and chemical characteristics. Nine different concrete mixes were designed as part of the study. The investigation focused on the ratio of replacement SBA used, which ranged from 0 to 25% by weight of the cement content, and MSF ratios 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% by volume of concrete mixture. Compressive strength (CS), flexural strength (FS), slump, and splitting tensile strength (STS) were used to assess each mixture’s characteristics. SEM was also used to illustrate the specifics of the SBA results. Accordingly, three mixes have been chosen to be used in the next. In the second phase, a study was conducted on the ultimate LCC for RPS internal, edge, and corner. Nine RPS measuring 800 mm × 800 mm × 50 mm were constructed and subjected to a static load at three different locations. The optimal ratios for high mechanical properties are 10% SBA replacement for cement content and 1% MSF inclusion by volume in the concrete mixture. The CS of SBA10 increases by approximately 7.32% compared to its reference mixture. With the SBA10F1 mix design, there is a 34% increase in ultimate LCC for internal loading, a 33% increase for edge loading, and a 36% increase for corner loading compared to its reference mixture. This research presents new insights into the combined use of SBA and MSF, contributing to the development of more sustainable RPS.
Evaluation of the First Implementation of the Sohanjana Anti-bullying Intervention: Perspectives of the Institutional Staff
Authors: Siddiqui Sohni , Schultze-Krumbholz Anja
Published: February 2025

Educational institutions in Pakistan recognize the concerning prevalence of traditional and cyberbullying. However, there are no evidence-based interventions to address this issue in these institutions. The current study examined the outcomes of the first implementation of the Sohanjana Anti-bullying Intervention, a comprehensive approach tailored specifically for Pakistani educational institutions that addresses the urgent need for a socially and culturally appropriate anti-bullying program. It aims to educate and train teachers to effectively address bullying issues among students by identifying, addressing, and intervening appropriately. The current study involved seven participants from four schools, who received 32 h of training and then applied their acquired knowledge. Data were collected at several stages before and after the intervention, and additional data were collected from staff (N = 101) to examine changes in bullying behaviors. The intervention successfully increased teachers’ awareness of bullying control strategies. Data from the experimental group of trained teachers showed a statistically significant decrease in social and verbal bullying in the post-intervention scores. Although decreases in social, verbal, and physical bullying were observed in the post-intervention data collected from staff, statistical significance was not reached, with the exception of one experimental school in a rural region that showed a significant decrease in physical bullying after the intervention. The limitations and implications of the study are discussed.
In Place Industrial 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene(TNT) wastewater biodegradation treatment using obligate aerobic bacteria
Authors: Mohamed Naguin Khaled
Published: February 2025

This study aims to introduce biological treatments for the explosive substance 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). This material has been scientifically proven to be toxic and the toxicity of its derivatives has been evaluated on living organisms, but does not affect bacteria. Fungi and yeasts, therefore these microorganisms can be used to treat the toxic material TNT and its derivatives that dissolve in water. You can use one of the biotic methods in an environmentally friendly way, such as: B. a bioreactor. Here, a screening for TNT degradation by six selected bacteria revealed that Buttiauxella sp. S19-1 has the strongest degradation ability. Furthermore, BuP34O (a gene encoding protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase – P34O, a key enzyme in the β-ketoadipate pathway) was upregulated during TNT idegradation. Knockout of BuP34O in S19-1 to generate the S-M1 mutant strain resulted in a significant reduction in TNT degradation efficiency compared to S19-1. Furthermore, the EM1 mutant strain (Escherichia coli DH5α transfected with BuP34O) showed higher degradation efficiency than DH5α. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of TNT degradation by S19-1 revealed 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotolune (ADNT) as an intermediate metabolite of TNT. Furthermore, the recombinant protein P34O (rP34O) expressed an activity of 2.46 µmol/min·mg. Our results represent the first report of the involvement of P34O in the bacterial degradation of TNT and its metabolites, suggesting that P34O may catalyze downstream reactions in the in the TNT degradation pathway. Furthermore, the TNT-degrading ability of S19-1, a gram-negative marine bacterium, offers enormous potential for the restoration of TNT-contaminated water bodies.
A Clinical Investigation of Hip Implant Migration and Wear
Authors: Putzer David , Talpeanu Gabriela , Shahriary Fatemeh , Guarino Roberto , Thaler Martin , Nogler Michael , Awaja Firas
Published: February 2025

The prediction of survival rate probability for hip implants, based on clinical data acquired before and after surgery, incorporating patient-specific parameters, represents a pivotal advancement in enabling more precise risk assessment for potential complications, such as aseptic loosening and implant wear-related inflammation, on an individualized basis. This critical step marks a substantial progression toward the realization of digitized and personalized medicine. The objective of this study was to establish prediction aiding correlations between implant wear and migration data, derived from X-ray imaging of 149 patients diagnosed with hip arthritis, and the performance of hip implants. The patients underwent cementless hip replacement surgery, receiving implants consisting of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) paired with titanium-aluminum-vanadium (Ti6Al4V) wedges. Over the course of a median follow-up period of 4 years, X-ray assessments were conducted to monitor the migration of the femoral head and acetabular components using Ein Bild Röntgen Analyse (EBRA). Clinical findings revealed a linear relationship between average migration and wear. Notably, it was observed that increased cup migration corresponded proportionally to greater wear values. Furthermore, in-depth analysis revealed significant distinctions based on gender and age. Specifically, the established relationship can confidently serve as a reliable predictive model for the behavior of hip implants in female subjects and individuals aged 50–60 years.
Psychological impact of disaster and migration on preschool children following the 2023 Turkey earthquakes
Authors: Temelturk Rahime Duygu , Cikili-Uytun Merve , Yurumez Esra , Zengin Nisa Didem , Buyukkal Ummuhan , Oztop Didem Behice
Published: February 2025

This study aimed to investigate the psychological impact of the Turkey 2023 earthquakes on preschool-aged children and to compare them with those with other life-threatening traumas. Thirty-four preschool children who experienced earthquakes on February 6, 2023, and applied to our outpatient clinic in the following 3 months, and 37 other trauma-experienced preschool children were included in this cross-sectional study. Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment/Post-Traumatic Stress sections were conducted. Parents were asked to complete the Pediatric Emotional Distress Scale and the Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 1.5–5 to evaluate stress-related reactions alongside psychiatric problems of children. The results showed that acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were more common in the earthquake-experienced group than in the other trauma-experienced group (Fisher’s exact test, 52.9% vs. 8.1%, p < 0.001 and 38.2% vs. 8.1%, p = 0.004, respectively). Migration after the earthquake had no additional impact on trauma-related psychiatric outcomes, either ASD or PTSD (p = .153, and p = 0.106, respectively); whereas sleep problems predicted PTSD (OR = 1.26, β = 0.42, p = 0.036) in the earthquake-experienced group. Our study provides implications for understanding the psychological impact of earthquakes and risk factors for PTSD among preschool children.
The School Principal and the Children: Patriarchy and Changing Childhoods in Jalāl Āl-e Ahmad's Novella
Authors: Balslev Sivan
Published: February 2025

The School Principal introduces readers to a disillusioned and sarcastic teacher who transitions to the role of school principal in a peripheral primary school. Often regarded as a social criticism treatise rather than a work of art, the novella is characterized by the narrator's pervasive cynicism. However, amidst the sarcasm, the principal's actions reveal a surprising undercurrent of compassion, particularly evident in his interactions with children. This article proposes a compassionate reading of the text, positioning it within the framework of childhood history. The narrative, seen through the lens of childhood history, unveils a cultural shift in Iran during the first half of the 20th century, specifically in the realm of education. It explores the complexities of transitioning from child labor to formal schooling and the evolving perceptions of children as innocent, passive, and dependent. A key conflict in the novella revolves around the clash between Iranian patriarchy and the emerging concept of modern childhood. The principal grapples with adapting to a new model that places children at the center of societal and familial concerns. Despite attempts to prioritize children's welfare, the principal struggles to reconcile the demands of patriarchy with the evolving notion of childhood.
Make Theatre Playable
Authors: Torner Evan
Published: February 2025

This manifesto addresses the global decline in humanities investment by way of one of its relatively novel but underfunded sectors: “immersive” or playable theatre. While traditional, proscenium-based theatre faces a cultural crisis, immersive experiences and playable theatre continue to suffer from a lack of legitimacy. The manifesto emphasizes how pivotal such productions are to re-kindling passion for drama and literature among a new generation of theatre-goers accustomed to playable media. The time for long-term institutional support for the large tent called “immersive” is now.
Pedogenic carbonate as a transient soil component in a humid, temperate forest (Michigan, USA)
Authors: Kelson Julia R. , Huth Tyler E. , Andrews Kirsten , Bartleson Miriam N. , Cerling Thure E. , Jin Lixin , Salinas Matthew P. , Levin Naomi E.
Published: February 2025

In humid, continental Michigan, we identified pedogenic carbonate in a soil profile developed on glacial drift sediments, as rinds, rhizoliths, and filaments (at depths >50 cm). Given that the climate setting is unusual for pedogenic carbonate, we investigated its formation with environmental monitoring and isotope analyses of carbonate (δ13C, δ18O, Δ47, and 14C) and waters (δ18O and δ2H). We found covariation in δ13C and Δ47 amongst the carbonate types (rhizoliths, rinds, filaments, bulk soil, and detrital clasts), and 14C ages of rinds that predate plausible formation ages. The δ13C and Δ47 values of the bulk carbonate and some of the pedogenic morphologies are not fully compatible with pedogenic formation in the modern environment. The δ18O data from precipitation and river waters and from carbonates are not uniquely identifying; they are compatible with the soil carbonate being pedogenic, detrital, or a mix. We conclude that the soil carbonate is likely a physical mix of pedogenic and detrital carbonate. Pedogenic carbonate is forming in this humid setting, likely because seasonal cycles in soil respiration and temperature cause cycles of dissolution and re-precipitation of detrital and pedogenic carbonate. The pedogenic carbonate may be a transient feature as carbonate-rich till undergoes post-glacial chemical weathering.
DIGITALLY RESTRICTED SETS AND THE GOLDBACH CONJECTURE
Authors: CUMBERBATCH JAMES
Published: February 2025

We show that for any set D of at least two digits in a given base b, almost all even integers taking digits only in D when written in base b satisfy the Goldbach conjecture. More formally, if

$\mathcal {A}$

is the set of numbers whose digits base b are exclusively from D, almost all elements of

$\mathcal {A}$

satisfy the Goldbach conjecture. Moreover, the number of even integers in

$\mathcal {A}$

which are less than X and not representable as the sum of two primes is less than

$|\mathcal {A}\cap \{1,\ldots ,X\}|^{1-\delta }$

.
First reports of White-finned flying fish, Cheilopogon arcticeps (Beloniformes: Exocoetidae) from Indian Ocean
Authors: Ray Dipanjan , Roy Sanmitra , Khatua Tapan , Mishra Subhrendu Sekhar , Mohapatra Anil
Published: February 2025

Cheilopogon arcticeps (Günther, 1866) is recorded for the first time from the Indian coastal waters. Two specimens of C. arcticeps (158–167 mm SL) were collected from the Petuaghat fishing harbour of Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India. The present paper reports the species for the first time from Indian waters and thus, the distributional range of the species is extended from Western Pacific Ocean to the Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean. This paper provides more detailed information on the taxonomy and morphometric of the poorly known species.
Brain–body dysconnectivity: deficient autonomic regulation of cortical function in first-episode schizophrenia
Authors: Sargent Kaia , Martinez Emily , Reed Alexandra , Guha Anika , Bartholomew Morgan , Diehl Caroline , Chang Christine , Salama Sarah , Subotnik Kenneth , Ventura Joseph , Nuechterlein Keith , Miller Gregory , Yee Cindy
Published: February 2025

Background

An accumulating body of evidence indicates that peripheral physiological rhythms help regulate and organize large-scale brain activity. Given that schizophrenia (SZ) is characterized by marked abnormalities in oscillatory cortical activity as well as changes in autonomic function, the present study aimed to identify mechanisms by which central and autonomic nervous system deficits may be related. We evaluated phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) as a physiological mechanism through which autonomic nervous system (ANS) and central nervous system (CNS) activity are integrated and that may be disrupted in SZ.

Methods

PAC was measured between high-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV) as an index of parasympathetic activity and electroencephalography (EEG) oscillations in 36 individuals with first-episode SZ and 38 healthy comparison participants at rest.

Results

HRV-EEG coupling was lower in SZ in the alpha and theta bands, and HRV-EEG coupling uniquely predicted group membership, whereas HRV and EEG power alone did not. HRV-EEG coupling in the alpha band correlated with measures of sustained attention in SZ. Granger causality analyses indicated a stronger heart-to-brain effect than brain-to-heart effect, consistent across groups.

Conclusions

Lower HRV-EEG coupling provides evidence of deficient autonomic regulation of cortical activity in SZ, suggesting that patterns of dysconnectivity observed in brain networks extend to brain–body interactions. Deficient ANS–CNS integration in SZ may foster a breakdown in the spatiotemporal organization of cortical activity, which may contribute to core cognitive impairments in SZ such as dysregulated attention. These findings encourage pursuit of therapies targeting autonomic function for the treatment of SZ.
SARS-CoV-2 vaccination influence in the development of long-COVID clinical phenotypes
Authors: Pasculli Patrizia , Antonacci Michele , Zingaropoli Maria Antonella , Dominelli Federica , Ciccone Federica , Pandolfi Francesco , Fosso Ngangue Yann Collins , Masci Giorgio Maria , Campagna Roberta , Iafrate Franco , Panebianco Valeria , Catalano Carlo , Turriziani Ombretta , Galardo Gioacchino , Palange Paolo , Mastroianni Claudio Maria , Ciardi Maria Rosa
Published: February 2025

Although SARS-CoV-2 vaccination reduces hospitalization and mortality, its long-term impact on Long-COVID remains to be elucidated. The aim of the study was to evaluate the different development of Long-COVID clinical phenotypes according to the vaccination status of patients. Clinical and demographic characteristics were assessed for each patient, while Long-COVID symptoms were self-reported and later stratified into distinct clinical phenotypes. Vaccination was significantly associated with the avoidance of hospitalization, less invasive respiratory support, and less alterations of cardiopulmonary functions, as well as reduced lasting lung parenchymal damage. However, no association between vaccination status and the development of at least one Long-COVID symptom was found. Nevertheless, clinical phenotypes were differently associated with vaccination status, as neuropsychiatric were more frequent in unvaccinated patients and cardiorespiratory symptoms were reported mostly in vaccinated patients. Different progression of disease could be at play in the different development of specific Long-COVID clinical phenotypes, as shown by the different serological responses between unvaccinated and vaccinated patients. A higher anti-Spike (S) antibody titre was protective for vaccinated patients, while it was detrimental for unvaccinated patients. A better understanding of the mechanism underlying the development of Long-COVID symptoms might be reached by standardized methodologies and symptom classification.
Reversal rewards drive language switching during observational learning: Evidence from a dual-brain EEG study
Authors: Huang Junjun , Lv Mengjie , Xiang Yingyi , Liu Shuang , Shen Yujing , Schwieter John W. , Liu Huanhuan
Published: February 2025

Research on the cognitive neural mechanisms of language control often overlooks the role of rewards. To investigate how reversal rewards affect bilingual language switching during observational learning, we conducted a dual-brain electroencephalography (EEG) study. Participants, classified as direct learners or observers, performed a voluntary language-switching task under dynamic reward conditions. Our results demonstrated that both direct learners and observers exhibited high correct acquisition rates for the switch and non-switch behaviors in both pre- and post-reversal phases. Notably, direct learners and observers showed reduced switch costs in the post-reversal phase, highlighting enhanced language control efficiency. EEG analyses revealed that direct learners exhibited late positive component (LPC) switch costs in both pre- and post-reversal phases, while observers showed LPC switch costs only in the post-reversal phase. These findings support the Adaptive Control Hypothesis by highlighting the adaptability of language control mechanisms in response to dynamic reward environments during direct and observational learning.
Teaching Science Communication to Master’s Students in STEM
Authors: Fick Julian , Hendriks Friederike , Kumpmann Noemi , Thies Barbara
Published: February 2025

Abstract: Introduction: In times of crisis like COVID-19, science communication is a means to provide orientation to the public. Science communication places high demands on the capabilities of those who conduct it, and, thus, interventions should be developed and evaluated for their effectiveness. Aim: This paper introduces an intervention to support science communication knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, and performance. The manualized one-day training program covered communication basics and specific strategies to enhance comprehensibility, involvement, and credibility in communication. Method: In developing the intervention, we used a constructive alignment approach, resulting in closely linked evaluation, instructional methods (including peer and video feedback), and content. 16 STEM master’s students attended the training program. Results: The evaluation revealed an increase in participants’ knowledge, their positive attitude toward science communication, and self-efficacy beliefs. Coding videos from short presentations additionally revealed an increase in involvement strategy usage but not in comprehensibility or credibility strategy use. Discussion: While we confirmed the overall effectiveness of the intervention, we also discuss the challenges that emerged with assessing the performance and evaluating the evidence. Further, we discuss how psychology can support the handling of public crises through education and by fostering researchers’ science communication skills.
Understanding Generalized Trust in News Media in China
Authors: Mu Wenlong , Wang Jingtong , Zhu Wenlan , Li Rongyong
Published: February 2025

Abstract: Trust in news media (TNM) has continued declining in some countries (e.g., US) while remaining stable or even increasing in others (e.g., China). Scholars are interested in understanding what factors contribute to these differences. A reliable and equivalent measurement is essential for cross-national comparisons of TNM. However, there is currently no instrument available to measure generalized TNM in China. This study examined the psychometric properties of the Generalized Trust in News Media Scale (GTNMS) in China. The study sample comprised 578 participants, including 347 females (60.0%) and 231 males (40.0%). Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), bifactor-CFA, and bifactor Exploratory Structural Equation Modelling (bifactor-ESEM) were adopted to examine the construct validity of the Chinese version of GTNMS. Measurement invariance (MI) and predictive validity of the Chinese version of GTNMS were also examined. The results revealed that the Chinese adaptation of GTNMS demonstrated optimal representation through a bifactor-ESEM, comprising a global factor (G-factor) and four specific factors (S-factors). Both the G-factor and S-factors showed acceptable internal consistency reliability. However, the S-factors retained a lower level of specificity after controlling for the G-factor, which indicated that the GTNMS was essentially unidimensional. The results from the Structural Equation Modelling analysis also revealed that only the G-factor could predict individuals’ news avoidance. In addition, MI of the GTNMS was established across participants using official and commercial media. Overall, the GTNMS is a reliable tool for measuring generalized TNM in China.
Topographic Effects on Seasonal Variations of the North Atlantic Deep Water Transport
Authors: Chen Lei , Yang Jiayan , Lin Xiaopei , Wu Lixin
Published: February 2025

Ocean circulation responds to seasonal and longer timescale changes in atmospheric forcing through the propagation of Rossby and boundary waves, which transmit pressure anomalies and influence geostrophic velocities along their pathways. Rossby waves are guided by potential vorticity isolines shaped by bathymetry. This study hypothesizes that seasonal velocity variability in the North Atlantic Ocean's deep water layer is primarily driven by wind stress and that its pattern and magnitude are strongly influenced by bathymetry. Analysis of satellite gravimetric observations, ocean state estimates, and wind‐driven model simulations reveals that Ocean Bottom Pressure (OBP) and velocity in the deep water layer are significantly modulated by bathymetry, with pronounced variability near topographic features. These findings suggest that measurements of the Deep Western Boundary Current alone may be insufficiently to fully capture the net variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC).
Venus' O 5577 Å Oxygen Green Line: A Global Diffuse Proton‐Induced Aurora
Authors: Gray Candace L. , Peter Kerstin , Pätzold Martin , Tellmann Silvia , Nordheim Tom , Schmidt Carl , Chanover Nancy J. , Withers Paul
Published: February 2025

The Venusian O(1S–1D) 5577 Å “oxygen green line” has been an enigmatic feature of the Venusian atmosphere since its first attempted observation by the Venera spacecraft. Its first detection in 1999 and subsequent detections point to a unique auroral phenomena. However, the lack of (1D–3P) 6300 Å “oxygen red line” emission suggests that the green line originates from deep in the ionosphere, much lower than current models predict. Here, we present 16 years of ground‐based observations of the Venusian green line, comparing its behavior to the solar wind and spacecraft observations of the Venusian ionosphere. We find that all instances of green line emission occur during solar energetic particle (SEP) events, with a Matthews correlation coefficient of 0.93 between emission and the presence of SEPs. Coordinated observations between Venus Express and ground‐based observatories show enhanced nightside ionospheric peak densities during the time of green line emission, with the lowest peak occurring at 115 km near local midnight. Such high density yet low altitude peaks suggest the presence of highly energetic particle precipitation. Initial modeling indicates 50 keV protons are needed to penetrate to such low altitudes. Comparisons of solar wind data confirm that such protons are present during all green line detections and nightside ionosphere enhancements. The association of SEP storms with green line emission and low nightside ionospheric peaks indicates that the green line is a unique global diffuse aurora, likely originating deep in the ionosphere and driven by proton precipitation, something that could be common for all non‐magnetic planetary atmospheres.
Unraveling the Mantle Dynamics in Central Asia With Joint Full Waveform Inversion
Authors: Gao Yajian , Tilmann Frederik , Yuan Xiaohui , Rietbrock Andreas , Kufner Sofia‐Katerina , Li Wei , Schurr Bernd , Fichtner Andreas
Published: February 2025

We use the full waveform inversion method to study the crustal‐mantle seismic structure beneath Central Asia. By combining earthquake waveforms and ambient noise cross‐correlations, we construct a 3D model of Vp and Vs down to a depth of 220 km. This model reveals a complex Indian‐Asian plate configuration and interaction, resulting from the plate subduction, indentation, and break‐off. Beneath the Hindu Kush, the marginal Indian slab with its lower crust is successfully imaged, the latter of which hosts vigorous intermediate‐depth seismicity. The subducted marginal Indian slab can be traced further east to the Kohistan Arc, which is a previously undetected structure. We first imaged a flat cratonic Indian plate beneath the Pamir. The indentation of the cratonic Indian plate forces the Asian plate to delaminate, indicated by the south‐eastwards dipping high‐velocity anomalies, atop which a south‐dipping low‐velocity zone is observed with higher resolution than previous studies, which we interpret as the delaminated Asian lower crust. In addition, a sharp velocity transition at lithospheric depth is newly discovered and coincides with the Talas‐Ferghana fault, delineating the boundary of the Ferghana basin with the Central Tian Shan. Low‐velocity anomalies mainly focus beneath the south and northern part of the Central Tian Shan with deep Moho, indicating the lithosphere is possibly delaminated and the deformation of the Central Tian Shan is probably concentrated at the north and south margins by the Tarim basin and Kazakh Shield, respectively. In contrast, West Tian Shan displays a simpler lithospheric structure with a single deep Moho.
Tight Temperature‐Salinity Relationship in Central Water Revealed by Argo Data
Authors: Zhurbas Victor , Lebedev Konstantin , Kuzmina Natalia
Published: February 2025

Using temperature and salinity profiles from the Argo repository, distributions of water volume on temperature‐salinity plane (so‐called volumetric T‐S diagrams or TSV plots) are compiled for the upper 2,000‐m layer of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans. The study is focused on Central Waters (CWs) that originate at the surface in the Subtropical Convergence and occupy the permanent thermocline within subtropical gyres. The South and North Atlantic, South Indian, and western North Pacific CWs (SACW, NACW, SICW, and WNPCW, respectively) are shaped as steep‐sided ridges or narrow strips of elevated volume on the T‐S plane (tight T‐S relationship). In contrast, the western South Pacific, eastern South Pacific, and eastern North Pacific CWs (WSPCW, ESPCW, and ENPCW, respectively) do not have a tight T‐S relationship and appear as still elongated but relatively wide poorly structured low elevations on TSV plots. Central Waters with tight T‐S relationship are bordered from the poleward side by strong eastward baroclinic currents. The tight T‐S relationship is found only in a denser part of CWs that outcrops within the strong eastward baroclinic currents and at higher latitudes. We hypothesize that enhanced isopycnal stirring and further diapycnal mixing of thermohaline irregularities in the strong meandering eddy‐producing eastward currents substantially contribute to tightening the T‐S relationship in CWs. By searching for same T‐S characteristics in the main thermocline and at the surface, it was confirmed that CWs originate at the surface in the Subtropical Convergence in early spring and late winter.
Aqueous‐Phase Processing Affects the Formation and Size Distribution of Aerosol Organic Functional Groups During Heavy Pollution
Authors: Mei Sheng‐Shi , Xia Kaihui , Liu Cheng‐Cheng , Chen Xiaokang , Yuan Renmin , Liu Hao , Zhao Chun , Liu Shang
Published: February 2025

Size‐resolved organic functional group (OFG) concentrations in aerosol particles were measured during January−February 2019 in Hefei, a major urban city in eastern China. Alkane, carboxylic acid, and hydroxyl groups were the main components of the organic aerosol (OA), contributing 35.0%, 22.5%, and 21.8%, respectively. The mass concentrations and size distributions of the OFGs strongly depended on ambient relative humidity (RH). Specifically, the OFG mass concentrations were 50% higher during the high‐RH periods than the low‐RH periods. The peak size of the OFGs size distribution was 0.56–1 μm during the high‐RH periods, while a peak size of 0.32–0.56 μm was observed during the low‐RH periods. In addition, the concentrations of the total OA, carboxylic acid, and hydroxyl groups were positively correlated with the photochemical age (PCA), with the high‐RH samples increasing faster (greater slope) with PCA and being associated with a higher oxygen‐to‐carbon ratio. These results suggest that aqueous‐phase processing likely enhanced the production of the OFGs, especially oxygenated functional groups. Further analysis of size distribution of the oxygenated OFGs and the viscosity of aerosols indicates that the secondary OFGs were formed via surface‐limited mechanisms under low‐RH conditions and volume‐limited mechanisms under high‐RH conditions. These findings reinforce the important role of multiphase chemistry in the formation and evolution of OAs.
Regulation of ER stress-induced apoptotic and inflammatory responses via YAP/TAZ-mediated control of the TRAIL-R2/DR5 signaling pathway
Authors: El Yousfi Y. , Fernández-Farrán F. J. , Oliver F. J. , López-Rivas A. , Yerbes R.
Published: February 2025

In tumors, cancer cells are frequently exposed to adverse environmental conditions that result in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Mechanical signals emerging from extracellular matrix (ECM) rigidity and cell shape regulate the activity of transcriptional co-activators Yes-associated protein (YAP) and its paralog Transcriptional Coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ). However, the role of ECM rigidity and YAP/TAZ in tumor cell fate decisions under ER stress remains relatively unexplored. Our results suggest that the YAP/TAZ system plays an important role in the control of ER stress-induced cell death by mechanical signaling arising from ECM stiffness in tumor cells. Mechanistically, YAP/TAZ regulates apoptosis induced by ER stress in tumor cells by controlling the activation of the TRAIL-R2/DR5-mediated extrinsic apoptotic pathway through a dual mechanism. On the one hand, the YAP/TAZ system prevents intracellular TRAIL-R2/DR5 clustering in tumor cells. On the other hand, it inhibits cFLIP down-regulation in tumor cells experiencing ER stress. In addition, YAP/TAZ controls the expression of pro-inflammatory interleukin-8 (IL-8/CXCL8) in tumor cells undergoing ER stress by a TRAIL-R2/DR5/caspase-8-dependent mechanism. Although other mechanisms may also be involved in controlling cell death and inflammation in tumor cells facing environmental stress, our results support a model in which regulation of the subcellular localization and activity of the YAP/TAZ transcriptional co-activators could contribute to the microenvironmental control of cell fate decisions in tumor cells undergoing ER stress.
Harnessing macrophage-drug conjugates for allogeneic cell-based therapy of solid tumors via the TRAIN mechanism
Authors: Taciak Bartlomiej , Bialasek Maciej , Kubiak Malgorzata , Marszalek Ilona , Gorczak Malgorzata , Osadchuk Olha , Kurpiel Daria , Strzemecki Damian , Barwik Karolina , Skorzynski Marcin , Nowakowska Julia , Lipiński Waldemar , Kiraga Łukasz , Brancewicz Jan , Klopfleisch Robert , Krzemiński Łukasz , Gorka Emilia , Smolarska Anna , Padzinska-Pruszynska Irena , Siemińska Małgorzata , Guzek Jakub , Kutner Jan , Kisiala Marlena , Wozniak Krzysztof , Parisi Giacomo , Piacentini Roberta , Cassetta Luca , Forrester Lesley M. , Bodnar Lubomir , Weiss Tobias , Boffi Alberto , Kucharzewska Paulina , Rygiel Tomasz P. , Krol Magdalena
Published: February 2025

Treatment of solid tumors remains challenging and therapeutic strategies require continuous development. Tumor-infiltrating macrophages play a pivotal role in tumor dynamics. Here, we present a Macrophage-Drug Conjugate (MDC) platform technology that enables loading macrophages with ferritin-drug complexes. We first show that macrophages actively take up human heavy chain ferritin (HFt) in vitro via macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (MSR1). We further manifest that drug-loaded macrophages transfer ferritin to adjacent cancer cells through a process termed ‘TRAnsfer of Iron-binding protein’ (TRAIN). The TRAIN process requires direct cell-to-cell contact and an immune synapse-like structure. At last, MDCs with various anti-cancer drugs are formulated with their safety and anti-tumor efficacy validated in multiple syngeneic mice and orthotopic human tumor models via different routes of administration. Importantly, MDCs can be prepared in advance and used as thawed products, supporting their clinical applicability. This MDC approach thus represents a promising advancement in the therapeutic landscape for solid tumors.
Stirring the false vacuum via interacting quantized bubbles on a 5,564-qubit quantum annealer
Authors: Vodeb Jaka , Desaules Jean-Yves , Hallam Andrew , Rava Andrea , Humar Gregor , Willsch Dennis , Jin Fengping , Willsch Madita , Michielsen Kristel , Papić Zlatko
Published: February 2025

False vacuum decay—the transition from a metastable quantum state to a true vacuum state—plays an important role in quantum field theory and non-equilibrium phenomena such as phase transitions and dynamical metastability. The non-perturbative nature of false vacuum decay and the limited experimental access to this process make it challenging to study, leaving several open questions regarding how true vacuum bubbles form, move and interact. Here we observe quantized bubble formation in real time, a key feature of false vacuum decay dynamics, using a quantum annealer with 5,564 superconducting flux qubits. We develop an effective model that captures both initial bubble creation and subsequent interactions, and remains accurate under dissipation. The annealer reveals coherent scaling laws in the driven many-body dynamics for more than 1,000 intrinsic qubit time units. This work provides a method for investigating false vacuum dynamics of large quantum systems in quantum annealers.
Validated HPLC method for simultaneous determination of azelastine hydrochloride fluticasone propionate and oxymetazoline in nasal mucosa and nasopharyngeal swabs from real human samples
Authors: Mikawy Neven N. , Magdy Nancy , Mohamed Marwa H. , El-Kosasy Amira M.
Published: February 2025

A combination of three co-administrated drugs, such as azelastine hydrochloride (AZT), fluticasone propionate (FP), and oxymetazoline (OXY), is more effective than single therapy for the treatment of seasonal allergy and COVID-19. We established an efficient methodology for the determination of those analytes in spiked nasal mucosa and nasopharyngeal swabs from real human samples. A simple and quick protein precipitation method was used for sample extraction, using acetonitrile. RP-HPLC/DAD method was performed using an Exsil 100 ODS C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column with an acetonitrile: water (70:30 v/v) solvent system at a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min. A photodiode array detector was applied at 240 nm. A good separation of the three proposed analytes with a short run time of 10 min was noted. Our method was validated according to FDA guidelines for bioanalytical validation methods. Calibration curves were linear in nasal mucosa samples at concentration ranges of 8–125, 10–100, and 10–125 µg/mL, with average recoveries ± SD of 101.56%±0.39, 102.45%±0.86, and 104.61%±4.52 for AZT, FP, and OXY; respectively. The results of precision and accuracy are within acceptable limits. According to stability assays, the three analytes under investigation were stable throughout sample preparation, storage, and injection. Our method was applied to real nasopharyngeal swabs. It shows that the results of the swabs were not affected by gender or age. Good recoveries with low % RSD were observed: 99.03% ± 0.75, 100.02% ± 0.94, and 100.94% ± 1.98 for both genders, and 100.45% ± 0.96, 100.69% ± 1.08, and 100.32% ± 1.53 for different ages for AZT, FP, and OXY; respectively. Moreover, the amount of those drugs in the nasal mucosa was observed for seven hours, and a constant concentration with a low% RSD was noted for the first four hours. Therefore, this method can be applied to monitor the therapeutic dose in the nasal mucosa for the determination of those analytes.
Museomics and morphological analyses of historical and contemporary peninsular Italian wolf (Canis lupus italicus) samples
Authors: Fabbri Elena , Vecchiotti Antonia , Mattucci Federica , Velli Edoardo , Engdal Vilde Arntzen , Baccetti Nicola , De Faveri Adriano , Hulva Pavel , Bolfíková Barbora Černá , Saarma Urmas , Cilli Elisabetta , Caniglia Romolo
Published: February 2025

After centuries of decline and protracted bottlenecks, the peninsular Italian wolf population has naturally recovered. However, an exhaustive comprehension of the effects of such a conservation success is still limited by the reduced availability of historical data. Therefore, in this study, we morphologically and genetically analyzed historical and contemporary wolf samples, also exploiting the optimization of an innovative bone DNA extraction method, to describe the morphological variability of the subspecies and its genetic diversity during the last 30 years. We obtained high amplification and genotyping success rates for tissue, blood and also petrous bone DNA samples. Multivariate, clustering and variability analyses confirmed that the Apennine wolf population is genetically and morphologically well-distinguishable from both European wolves and dogs, with no natural immigration from other populations, while its genetic variability has remained low across the last three decades, without significant changes between historical and contemporary specimens. This study highlights the scientific value of well-maintained museum collections, demonstrates that petrous bones represent reliable DNA sources, and emphasizes the need to genetically long-term monitor the dynamics of peculiar wolf populations to ensure appropriate conservation management actions.
A probe-mediated fluorescent biosensor for MC-LR detection using exonuclease III as a signal amplifier
Authors: Wang Yuyan , Zeng Ying , Ren Xiaoya , Qiu Jun , Pan Jiafeng , Yang Fei
Published: February 2025

A novel probe-mediated fluorescent biosensor using Exo III as the amplification tool was reported for the sensitive detection of MC-LR, with a very low detection limit of 0.37 ng L−1.
A rapid method for the determination of methylmercury and inorganic mercury species in whole blood by liquid chromatography with detection using vapor generation ICP-MS/MS
Authors: Pacer Emily J. , Palmer Christopher D. , Parsons Patrick J.
Published: February 2025

Two common mercury species (inorganic mercury and methylmercury) found in blood can be separated in under 5 mins on a C8 column and detected at levels below 1 μg L−1 by vapor generation coupled to ICP-MS/MS.