bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of gastrointestinal nematode resistance to avermectin anthelmintics on beef cattle operations in Georgia
Authors: Paras Kelsey , Georgia Melissa , Howell Sue , Collins James , Storey Bob , Kaplan Ray
Published: February 2023

Anthelmintic resistance is a worldwide problem in all livestock systems, with most reports of resistance in cattle parasites being to the macrocyclic lactone (ML) drug class. Several prevalence studies performed internationally demonstrate that anthelmintic resistance in cattle parasites is a growing problem, however, no similar studies have been performed in the US. The primary objective of this study was to gain data on the prevalence of ML resistance in gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) parasites on beef cattle farms in Georgia. We also wanted to test the efficacy of combination anthelmintic therapy in these same herds, and use these data as a basis for educational outreach programs for beef producers in Georgia.
Economic benefits of diagnostic testing in livestock
Authors: Marsh Thomas L.
Published: February 2023

Anaplasmosis is an economically important livestock disease that can result in death loss, productivity loss, and burdensome treatment costs. Uncontrolled outbreaks can impose a significant financial burden on cattle producers worldwide, which may be mitigated by diligent surveillance and management. Evaluating the economic benefit of various management tools can be complicated, and in the case of diagnostic testing, is influenced by disease prevalence as well as the test and individual herd characteristics. This study applies an economic model to determine the value of anaplasmosis testing in various scenarios representative of cow-calf operations.
Evaluation of reproductive performance of dairy heifers subjected to two estrus detection systems and treated with two prostaglandin formulations
Authors: Veronese A. , Marques O. , Moreira R. , Belli A. , Bilby T. R. , Chebel R. C.
Published: February 2023

Efficient and accurate identification of estrus is critical for the success of estrous detection based reproductive management. We hypothesized that management of dairy heifers with the aid of an automated estrous detection system (AES) would improve service rate and consequently the reproductive performance of dairy heifers. In addition we hypothesized that treatment of heifers with cloprostenol (CLO) would improve pregnancy per service compared with treatment with dinoprost (DIN). The objectives were to evaluate the reproductive performance of dairy heifers managed with the aid of an AES vs a mounting detector device (MD) and synchronized with CLO vs DIN.
Pregnancy loss attributable to mastitis in primiparous Holstein cows
Authors: Dahl M. , Maunsell F. , De Vries A. , Galvao K. , Risco C. , Hernandez J.
Published: February 2023

Several observational studies have produced different levels of strength of evidence indicating that mastitis can be a predisposing factor for pregnancy loss (PL) in dairy cows. In some of those studies, clinical mastitis before or after AI, subclinical mastitis before AI, and clinical mastitis during early lactation in combination with low BCS increased the risk of subsequent PL. Some studies, however, failed to identify a relationship between PL and clinical or subclinical mastitis after AI in dairy cows. To our knowledge, no studies have simultaneously examined the relationships between PL and exposures to clinical, subclinical, or clinical and subclinical mastitis during different exposure periods (for instance, before breeding and during gestation) in dairy cows. The objective of the study reported here was to examine the association between PL and previous exposure to clinical or subclinical mastitis before breeding or during gestation in primiparous Holstein cows.
Evaluation of four commercial test for detection of ceftiofur in waste milk tank samples
Authors: Pereira R. V. , Tempini P. , Belmar M. A.
Published: February 2023

Antimicrobial resistance is a great concern for human and animal health. Over the years increasing concern has been established over drug resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporins, including ceftiofur. Drug use in lactating animals commonly results in drug residues in the milk that in the U.S. is frequently used as a feed source for pre-weaned calves. This milk is commonly called waste milk, and also includes milk from cows with high somatic cell counts (SCC) and fresh cows. Feeding waste milk to preweaned calves has been shown to potentially result in a higher selection of cephalosporin resistant bacteria. The objective on this study was to evaluate factors affecting the specificity, specificity and predictive values of 4 commercially available tests (labeled for detecting beta-lactam drug residues in comingled milk) when testing waste milk (WM) tank samples.
Assessment of gastrointestinal nematode parasitism in dairy calves housed in calf hutches
Authors: Walker Anna , Kaplan Ray , Paras Kelsey , Smith David , Wang Min , Woolums Amelia
Published: February 2023

Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) are an important cause of morbidity and production losses in cattle. Clinical infection with GIN can cause diarrhea and hypoalbuminemia, but subclinical infections are more prevalent, harder to recognize, and a greater threat to productivity. Emphasis in the dairy industry has been placed on management strategies to mitigate disease and productive losses caused by GIN infections in grazing heifers and adult cattle, but hutch calves have largely been left out of this discussion. Milk-fed dairy calves housed in hutches are presumed not to acquire GIN infection because transmission of GIN is thought to require exposure to a pasture environment and subsequent ingestion of contaminated forage. However, a recent assessment of fecal egg counts (FEC) in hutch calves for another research project revealed calves raised in hutches with unexpectedly high FEC. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence and magnitude of GIN in hutch calves on two calf ranches and to evaluate factors associated with the probability for calves to be parasitized.
Assessment of lidocaine local anesthesia and meloxicam analgesia on duration of castration and subsequent feeding and locomotion behavior
Authors: Ley Brian Vander , Krumme Stacy , Adkins Pamela , Nagy Dusty , Dalton Cody
Published: February 2023

Pain management at the time of castration has become a controversial subject among veterinarians and livestock producers. While animal welfare and pain management is a significant concern, veterinarians and producers are also concerned about time needed to implement additional procedures and perceive a lack of economic return. Previous reports have detailed performance and behavioral parameters related to castration; however, little information exists related to feeding behavior and the time needed to implement pain mitigation strategies. The objective of our research was to provide an estimate of time expenditures related to pain mitigation techniques as well as to quantify differences in feeding behavior, locomotion behavior, and growth performance of calves castrated with or without local anesthesia and analgesia.
Effects of Tri-Lution® on serum volatile fatty acids, electrolytes, and trace mineral status in commercial veal calves
Authors: Krueger L. A. , Ayangbile G. A.
Published: February 2023

Commercial veal calves in the United States may be deficient in iron as an outcome of consuming primarily milk or milk replacer with limited grain intake. Iron deficiency promotes the desired coloration of veal, but may also predispose calves to metabolic stress. Tri-Lution® contains proprietary, probiotic strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Enterococcus faecium, which is a lactic acid producing bacterium. Together with prebiotic nutrients, these probiotic microbes are hypothesized to sequester coliform bacteria and promote reductive fermentation in the intestine. In January 2017, a commercial veal calf grower in the midwestern United States reported to us that calves fed Tri-Lution® showed improved dietary intake, manure consistency, and thrift compared with control calves during an internal performance trial. The calves in that trial became the subjects of the present study, of which the objective was to quantify metabolic differences between control and Tri-Lution®-fed calves.
Probiotic therapy as an alternative to antibiotics in calves with moderate diarrhea
Authors: Fukuda T. , Tsukano K. , Nishi Y. , Amatatsu M. , Suzuki K.
Published: February 2023

Neonatal calf diarrhea, which mainly affects animals before weaning, is easy to diagnose and is characterized by frequent passing of soft feces (less than 10% dry content). Long-term utilization of broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy is being followed in order to control these infections. The use of probiotics for diarrhea treatment may have value as an alternative therapy that prevents the use of antibiotics, thereby reducing the emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and residual antibiotics in dairy foods, meat, and milk. We aimed to assess the utility of the probiotic products containing 3 probiotics (Enterococcusfaecalis T-110, Clostridium butyricum TO-A, and Bacillus mesentericus TO-A) in shortening the duration of diarrhea symptoms and normalizing the consistency of the feces. In addition, we assessed whether probiotics therapy could be an alternative to antibiotic therapy in calves with moderate diarrhea.
Becoming indispensable by making what really matters what really matters
Authors: Garry Franklyn B.
Published: February 2023

In the name of being good service providers, many food animal practitioners focus mainly on the tasks they are asked to perform by a client. Meanwhile, many things occur on cattle operations that can adversely affect animal welfare and productivity, but the producer fails to recognize their importance or the possibility that the veterinarian could help improve them. Such problems can be overlooked by the veterinarian because the veterinarian is not asked to intervene. A pathway to becoming indispensable is to identify and improve such issues, working as a collaborator on the operation rather than simply as a service provider, striving for optimal animal health and productivity. Examples include evaluating and assuring animal welfare, evaluating why cows fail as a means to prevent failure, and educating to improve worker performance. Working on these issues may require using other methods to accomplish the technical tasks and changing the focus of the veterinarian. This presentation will discuss some of the urgent needs for veterinary attention in cattle production and ways to get them done, which in turn make the veterinarian indispensable.
Becoming indispensable in times of change
Authors: Nielsen Shannon
Published: February 2023

We face many challenges in our profession as we strive to provide consistent, scientific, and ethical medical services for our clients. We also find ourselves reassessing work schedules and expectations across generations of clients and coworkers. To navigate these obstacles, culture development is essential. Culture development allows us to form dynamic and high-functioning teams. The strong foundation of the team allows us to provide better services to our clients. Employee development, retention, and management has become more crucial than ever before. In these times of change across our industry, the same principles that allow us to develop culture within our organization can help us become indispensable to our clients. To become indispensable we must adopt a growth-oriented mindset, create intentional culture with our coworkers, create intentional culture with our clients, and build a foundation of trust. This will enable us to market the value that we provide to our clients. In the age of readily available information, we cannot afford to become irrelevant.
Evidence-based decision making for management of feedlot animal health
Authors: Behlke E. J.
Published: February 2023

Establishing a decision-making process is an important component of veterinary medicine, cattle production, and the interface of these 2 enterprises. There are various methods that can be employed for the decision-making process, with evidence-based decision making being a very common method. Many different types of evidence exist, and understanding the underlying strengths, limitations, and implications associated with each type of evidence utilized to make a decision is just as, if not more, important than the decision itself.
Nutritional management between health and performance
Authors: Fox J.Trent
Published: February 2023

The goals of finishing beef cattle include improving cattle performance and efficiency, producing a product that meets the standards of the consumer, and creating good animal husbandry and health for the cattle. Proper management and feeding of finishing cattle can have a huge impact on disease incidence. Feeding high energy diets will drive an improvement in efficiency by reducing losses of carbon dioxide and methane gas. This improvement reduces the cost and resources of producing beef. An issue is that cattle are accustomed to consuming grasses and not nutrientrich diets, thus they require an adaptation period. Good management of formulation and delivery of feed is key to reduce the likelihood of negative impacts during this period. Bovine respiratory disease is the most prominent disease in this population of cattle. This paper attempts to outline the impact of acidosis and bovine respiratory disease as well as other feed-related diseases commonly seen in feedlot cattle such as rumen tympany or bloat, acute or atypical intersitial pneumonia, and laminitis.
Genomic testing in dairy cattle
Authors: Erf David
Published: February 2023

Genomic testing is closing in on 10 years of existence in the dairy cattle genetics industry. In 2008 this technology was introduced, 2009 brought genomic evaluations to the marketplace, and 2010 saw the first commercial genomic testing in the dairy industry. Fast forward to 2018 and we will see well over one-half million dairy animals tested this year. To put into perspective, we have progressed from less than 1 out of every 200 dairy heifers being tested 7 years ago to more than 1 out of every 10 being tested today.
Evolving world of precision dairy technology, Part II
Authors: Endres Marcia I.
Published: February 2023

An area within precision dairy farming is automation for milking and feeding cattle. Robotic milking systems are becoming more common worldwide, with rapid growth taking place throughout the USA. In addition, more farms are installing computerized automated feeders that can feed whole milk, milk replacer, or combinations of whole milk and milk replacer to individual calves in a controlled manner according to a predefined feeding plan. This automation technology also commonly provides individual animal data that can be used to more precisely manage the herd. Various aspects related to housing and management are critical for the success of these technologies on the dairy farm such as sanitation, feeding practices, animal training, barn design, animal grouping, animal health monitoring, and equipment maintenance.
Common field problems in camelids
Authors: Walker Pamela G.
Published: February 2023

On the whole, came lids are a hardy group and not prone to diseases. In this session we will discuss common causes of problems in came lids and how to treat and manage these conditions. Some of the topics to be discussed are gastrointestinal parasites, Mycaplasma haema/amae, meningeal worm infection, polioencephalomalacia, and more.
Getting from strategy to success
Authors: Reed Brian K.
Published: February 2023

Success of a veterinary practice relies not only on successful medical and surgical skills, but also on skills related to management of the veterinary business. One area of business management important to veterinarians is evaluating, developing, and implementing new opportunities in practice. Understanding and implementing a strategic planning process can help practices to achieve long-term success and help serve their communities, clients, and employees. This presentation will explain the strategic planning process, outline the importance of growth to any business, and explore several financial evaluation techniques. Implementation of these concepts should help a veterinary practice team to be successful in the long term.
Becoming invaluable by carving out a niche in your practice
Authors: Lewis Keelan
Published: February 2023

The answers to two important questions when you are a veterinary student or a new associate make a huge difference in their success or failure at the practice: 1) How do you be good at your job and 2) be happy doing it? The simple answer is culture of the practice. In this discussion, Dr. Keelan Lewis will discuss her experience developing new associates into the unique niche culture of her practice.
IncrediBULL testing trailer
Authors: Jones Meredyth
Published: February 2023

Proper bull evaluation involves lots of expensive equipment, often used in less-than-ideal environmental conditions. Texas A&M University has outfitted a utility trailer with electricity, a large work surface, secured drawers, and customized shelving and racks to to organize all of our BSE equipment to take into the field when we test bulls. It helps ensure high quality work independent of the elements.
Survey of Iowa beef veterinarians on Johne's disease in cow-calf operations
Authors: Breuer R. M. , Krull A. C. , Kreuder A. J.
Published: February 2023

Johne's disease has historically been considered a disease of dairy cattle with little impact on beef herds in the United States. Over the past several years, a substantial increase in the number ofJohne's positive submissions from Midwestern beef operations has been observed at the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, suggesting an increase in the prevalence of disease in the cow-calf industry. Thus, there is an urgent need to better understand the current knowledge ofbeefveterinarians related to Johne's disease and assess the impact of the disease in the cow-calf industry.
Changes in milk yield in the proximity of AI as predictors of conception risk
Authors: Pinedo P. , Santos J. E. P. , Schuenemann G. , Bicalho R. , Galvao K. , Chebel R.
Published: February 2023

Adequate increments in milk yield during early lactation are an indication of proper transition from the negative energy balance after calving to more stable stages as lactation progresses. Most research in this area has focused on the transition period, encompassing the 3 weeks before and after calving. However, changes in milk yield in proximity of AI may better predict the probabilities for a successful insemination. We hypothesize that the change in milk yield in 2 consecutive monthly test days around AI is associated with potential fertility of insemination. Therefore, our objective was to test the effect of magnitude of change in milk production in the proximity of AI on the risk of conception in a large population of Holstein cows. The potential associations with cow survival also were analyzed as a secondary objective.
Effects of innate immune stimulation on naturally occurring respiratory disease in beef calves
Authors: Kaufman E. I. , Bassel L. L. , Alsop S. N. A. , Vulikh K. , Siracusa L. R. , Hewson J. , Sharif S. , Caswell J. L.
Published: February 2023

Stress- and virus-induced immunosuppression are considered major risk factors for the development of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in beef calves. Although vaccines and the metaphylactic use of antibiotics are available to minimize BRD in herds, it continues to be the leading cause of morbidity in feedlot calves. Research in mice found that lethal bacterial pneumonia was prevented by stimulating the innate immune system. The purpose of this study was to determine if stimulation of innate immune responses on arrival to a feedlot could decrease the prevalence and severity of naturally occurring BRD in beef calves.
Diagnosis of Johne's disease
Authors: Rzepka Joanna , Hines Siddra
Published: February 2023

Johne's disease is a chronic and highly contagious wasting disease of all ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium ssp paratuberculosis (MAP). Major clinical signs include weight loss, pipestream diarrhea, edema, decreased milk production, and eventually death. In the US, Johne's disease affects ~70% of dairy herds, costing the industry up to $250 million per year in production loss. An estimated 5 to 10% of beef herds are also affected. Johne's disease represents a significant problem in goat and sheep herds as well; however, no serologic tests are currently licensed by the USDA for small ruminants.
Correlation of carbohydrate larval antigen (CarLA®) antibody response with parasitism in Ontario sheep
Authors: Borkowski Emma A. , Karrow Niel A. , Menzies Paula I. , Avula Jacob , Lillie Brandon N. , Peregrine Andrew S.
Published: February 2023

Gastrointestinal nematode parasites (GINs) are a significant cause of morbidity, mortality and loss of productivity on North American sheep farms. In light of the rising prevalence of anthelmintic resistance, selection of animals with a superior immune response to GINs has received considerable attention. In New Zealand, measurement of salivary antibody to a carbohydrate larval antigen (CarLA®, AgResearch Inc.) has been used successfully to identify sheep with superior immunity. However, climate and GIN epidemiology in Ontario are different from New Zealand, and sheep are generally not exposed to GINs for several months during housing over winter. To date, CarLA® has not been evaluated in North America. The purpose of this study was to determine whether Car LA® correlates with parasite burden under temperate grazing conditions in Ontario.
Practical guide for performing a bovine necropsy
Authors: Behlke E. J.
Published: February 2023

Bovine veterinarians are often afforded the opportunity to determine the cause of death based on grossly visible pathological changes alone, without the need for additional diagnostic testing. In some production systems (e.g., feedlot, Stocker, and some cow/calf operations) this opportunity is capitalized upon for almost every mortality. However, for 1 reason or another, some veterinarians are reluctant to consis¬ tently take advantage of performing this procedure. Once the appropriate equipment is employed, and a standardized pro¬ cedure is followed, practitioners will be pleasantly surprised at how efficiently and effectively a postmortem diagnosis can be determined. Furthermore, with the implementation of commonly used technologies, the same principles can be utilized to assist with expanding the geographic area in which diagnoses are made.
Veterinary practice ownership, student loan debt, and job fulfillment
Authors: Glaesemann Jennafer M.
Published: February 2023

Veterinary medicine is a dynamic field that has long enjoyed high rates of personal fulfillment often supported by perceived or achieved social mobility, honor and respect, stable career prospects, and good income potential. However, job satisfaction and career expectations pale in comparison to contemporary veterinary graduates with veterinary student debt levels nearly 200% greater than average starting salaries. This widening income-to-debt ratio has disillusioned modern recent graduates with withering job fulfillment and some exodus from private practice veterinary medicine. However, early career private practice ownership stands out as a viable means to positively direct one’s student debt, work environment, and personal fulfillment.
Designing effective reproductive management programs for lactating dairy cows
Authors: Giordano Julio O.
Published: February 2023

A proactive, systematic, and consistent reproductive management program conducted by committed personnel that prioritizes attention to detail usually leads to successful reproductive performance of the dairy herd, regardless of the approach and the level of technology utilized. Programs aimed at maximizing the insemination of cows after a detected estrus can be successful; however, they should be coupled with a synchronization of ovulation protocol for timed artificial insemination (TAI) to assure timely insemination of all cows. Synchronization of ovulation protocols to increase the fertility of first as well as second and subsequent TAI services are available, and can be successfully implemented by dairy farms. Dairy farms seeking to optimize reproductive performance of their herds need to carefully evaluate the resources, personnel, and time available to implement a reproductive management program.
Overview of indicators to assess on-farm welfare of sheep and goats
Authors: Hempstead M. N. , Stilwell G. , Plummer P. J.
Published: February 2023

The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of a number of useful indicators to assess on-farm welfare of sheep and goats in commercial systems. Assessing the welfare of production animals is vital to ensure that optimal conditions are provided by animal managers. Welfare is a multifactorial concept that is difficult to describe as there are multiple definitions and interpretations. However, welfare is generally concerned with an animal’s quality of life and includes natural living, affective state, and biological functioning. Animal welfare assessment protocols for sheep and goats use a variety of animal-, management- and resource-based indicators of welfare. Management- and resource-based indicators are useful for on-farm welfare assessments, as they can be reliably and quickly measured; however, animal-based indicators may give a more accurate indication of specific welfare conditions, as they directly focus on the animal. Useful indicators should be valid, reliable, and feasible, and some examples include body condition scoring, hair/fleece condition, skin lesions, claw overgrowth, lameness, and the human-animal relationship. Identification of areas of welfare compromise is the first step in order to improve the welfare of sheep and goats on-farm.
Nine dimensions of veterinary wellbeing and personal resilience
Authors: Reddish Anna D. , Brandt Jen C.
Published: February 2023

Veterinarians, like all health professionals, are subject to multiple demands and stressors that at times in their careers can compromise satisfaction, engagement, and wellbeing. These stressors include high debt load, long hours, heavy workloads, client demands, navigating social media, and isolation. Our health as professionals can be conceptualized on a continuum, with optimal wellbeing at 1 end and burnout on the other. Veterinarians and the organizations they work within may move at times toward the wellbeing end of continuum, while others may move more towards burnout. A major component of maintaining personal wellbeing is resilience. Veterinarians that have strategies for overcoming adverse situations are more apt to avoid burnout. Individuals and organizations can play a role in fostering and promoting wellbeing through 9 dimensions: career, creative, emotional, environmental, financial, intellectual, physical, social, and spiritual.
Inventory management in the large animal veterinary practice
Authors: Rooker Eric J.
Published: February 2023

“Inventory is money sitting around in another form.” This is the driving factor for this author’s obsession with inventory management. We, as food animal veterinarians need to stop looking at the products on our shelves or in our trucks as simply a product, and instead as stacks of money. Because that is what they are, an investment with the promise of a profitable return later. So why, then, are food animal practices not managing their inventories as closely as they do their bills, their accounts receivable, or as the cash in a cash drawer? Why do practices accept shrink as just another part of business when in reality it is reducing the practice’s bottom line? In this manuscript the author wants to challenge the reader’s thought process on how they approach inventory and shrink in general.
What we learned from the AABP human resource management survey
Authors: Stup Richard E.
Published: February 2023

Veterinary practices are small businesses, and subject to the same challenges that other small businesses face. As the business grows it becomes necessary to add personnel, both professionals and support staff, to serve customers and support a host of other necessary tasks. Veterinarians have identified human resource management (HRM) as an important need for growing practices. Ideally, better HRM will help veterinary practices achieve several important outcomes, such as customer satisfaction, high employee performance, strong business results, employee fulfillment, and minimal employee turnover. This presentation reports on results of the AABP human resources management survey
Lessons learned about managing treatment protocols
Authors: Schuler Adlai M.
Published: February 2023

Whenever antimicrobial use is implemented into a food production system, federal regulations require and consumers expect that antimicrobial stewardship is at the forefront of the conversation. By taking a team approach to protocol and SOP development, the dairy can leverage the veterinarian’s knowledge of pathogens, antimicrobials, and regulatory requirements to construct a platform for success that ultimately reduces antimicrobial use on farm, meets regulatory requirements, and improves the case outcome for the cow in cases of mastitis.
Efficacy of pain control strategies for caustic paste disbudding in very young dairy calves
Authors: Reedman C. N. , Duffield T. F. , DeVries T. J. , Lissemore K. D. , Karrow N. , Winder C. B.
Published: February 2023

Dairy producers disbudding calves with caustic paste are less likely to provide pain control than those using cautery. Little research has been conducted on pain control for this method and no studies have speifically examined calves under a week of age although producers will commonly apply this product at this time. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of local anesthesia and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) analgesia in very young dairy calves disbudded with caustic paste.
Comparative pharmacokinetics of meloxicam between healthy postpartum versus mid-lactation dairy cows
Authors: Warner R. , Ydstie J. , Fonley M. , Wulf L. W. , Mochel J. P. , Coetzee J. F. , Gorden P. J.
Published: February 2023

Pain is a physiological response that cattle often experience as a result of pathological conditions or through implementation of common management procedures. There is a need for effective modalities of analgesia to manage pain and limit welfare concerns in lactating dairy cattle. Meloxicam has been shown to be an effective treatment to decrease lameness-associated pain related to udder edema in the postpartum period.1 To date, transdermal flunixin meglumine is the only available labeled product for bovine pain control in the United States. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs) drugs, like meloxicam and flunixin meglumine, are commonly used by veterinarians. Previous work by our team has found differences in plasma and milk concentrations of oral meloxicam between postpartum and mid-lactation dairy cows.2 This work displayed an increased relative bioavailability in postpartum cows and longer milk residue. Due to this discovery, longer withdrawal periods for meat and milk are necessary in the postpartum cow following meloxicam therapy. This prior work has precipitated a need to further characterize the bioavailability of oral administration of meloxicam in various stages of lactation and establishment of withdrawal periods in the postpartum dairy cow. We hypothesize that meloxicam will be more bioavailable in postpartum relative to mid-lactation dairy cows and therefore require longer withdrawal times.
Evaluation of heat and pH treatments on degradation of ceftiofur in whole milk
Authors: Garzon A. , Pandey P. , Tell L. , Aly S. , Pereira R.
Published: February 2023

Waste milk feeding practices have been implicated as a potential source for disseminating antimicrobial resistant bacteria among animals and the environment. Feeding dairy heifers raw milk with low concentrations of antimicrobials increases the proportion of antimicrobial resistance. Two potential interventions to degrade antimicrobial drugs in milk are heat and pH treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of heat and pH treatments on the degradation of ceftiofur and ceftiofur free acid equivalents (CFAE) in milk at concentrations previously found in waste milk on dairy farms
Association between hyperketonemia in early lactation and culling and hyperketonemia in subsequent lactation in Holstein dairy cows
Authors: Rodriguez Z. R. , Lukach J. , Wynands E. , Ferro P. P. C. , Cramer G. , Caixeta L. S.
Published: February 2023

Hyperketonemia (HYK) is an early lactation metabolic disease frequently observed in high-producing dairy cattle and it has been associated with suboptimal reproductive performance, decreased milk yield, increase occurrence of other diseases, and increase in culling. The majority of the reports so far focused on the association of HYK and these outcomes during early lactation, however, the effect of HYK in the whole lactation and following lactations has not been as extensively characterized. Therefore, our primary objective was to evaluate the association of HYK occurring during the first 10 days after calving and culling in Holstein dairy cows throughout an entire lactation. Our secondary objective was to determine the likelihood of the occurrence of HYK in subsequent lactations in Holstein dairy cows.
randomized clinical trial assessing the effect of 3 different commercial oral calcium supplementation bolus on calcium dynamics and urine pH after calving
Authors: Ferro P. P. C. , Antunes A. M. , Neves R. C. , Caixeta L. S.
Published: February 2023

Calcium (Ca) homeostasis is one of the many metabolic challenges faced by a dairy cow during her transition from the dry period into lactation. The use of anionic salts during the dry period is an effective strategy to prevent clinical hypocalcemia, yet subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH) has been reported to affect up to 70% of multiparous cows. Although the use of oral calcium supplements immediately after calving is a commonly adopted method to prevent and treat SCH in multiparous cows, there is a shortage of information comparing different oral calcium products. Thus, the overall goal of this project is to evaluate the effect of different commercially available oral calcium products on postpartum serum calcium profiles of dairy cows. Additional objectives are: determine milk production, urine pH, and Ca concentrations during the first 5 days after oral calcium supplementation. This study is ongoing, with serum and urine samples currently being analyzed to determine Ca concentrations.
Association of lung lesions measured by thoracic ultrasonography at first diagnosis of bronchopneumonia with relapse rate and growth performance in feedlot cattle
Authors: Timsit E. , Tison N. , Booker C. W. , Buczinski S.
Published: February 2023

Severity of lung lesions quantified by thoracic ultrasonography (TUS) at time of bronchopneumonia (BP) diagnosis predicted death among feedlot steers non-treated for this condition. Further research is now needed to confirm that lung lesions detected by TUS can be associated with negative outcomes in cattle with BP that were subsequently treated for this condition. Therefore, the objective was to quantify effects on relapse rate and average daily gain (ADG) of lung lesions detected by TUS at first BP diagnosis in feedlot cattle.
Antimicrobial resistance in bovine respiratory disease
Authors: Wennekamp Trent R. , Campbell John R. , Waldner Cheryl L. , Larson Kathy , Windeyer Claire , Trokhymchuk Anatoliy
Published: February 2023

Antimicrobials are important tools in modern beef production. Antimicrobial drugs are often used for metaphylaxis to prevent and treat early cases of bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD) as well as for therapeutic purposes in feedlot cattle. Antimicrobial resistance of bovine respiratory pathogens can result in treatment failures and losses associated with increased treatment costs and mortalities.

Mixing of cattle from multiple sources within auction markets has always been a significant risk factor for BRD. The stress of establishing a social dominance hierarchy along with the mixing of pathogens from a variety of farm sources can increase the risk of BRD in weaned calves. One method feedlots have used to mitigate this risk is to reduce mixing stress by purchasing calves directly from the ranch rather than through the auction market.

The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence and antimicrobial sensitivity of 3 major bovine respiratory disease (BRD) bacterial pathogens at arrival and again later in the feeding period in feedlot calves derived from the auction market and from a single ranch source.
effects of handling intensity at time of processing on physiological response, immune response, and vaccination status in beef cattle at the feedlot
Authors: Bourek J. R. , Torres S. , Welsh J. , Terrell S. P. , Lukasiewicz K. , Taylor L. M. , Thomson D. U.
Published: February 2023

Newly received feeder calves are often experience stress upon arrival at the feedlot due to weaning, commingling, transportation, marketing, nutrition, handling and others. Many of these factors are out of the control of the feedlot receiving the cattle, however cattle handling upon arrival and at processing is a controllable aspect. The objectives of this study was to determine the effects of cattle handling intensity at processing had an effect on stress markers in newly received feeder calves relating to the physiological, inflammatory and the immune response.
Assessing the risk of subclinical infections in cows with clinical mastitis
Authors: Scillieri Smith Jessica C. , Morrill Kimberley M. , Gauthier Heather M. , Dann Heather M. , Ballard Catherine S. , Rauch Bradley J. , Virkler Paul D.
Published: February 2023

The objective of this project was to evaluate the risk of SCM in NCQs of cows with CM in comparison to animals with normal milk. Our hypothesis is that cows with CM in one quarter are at a higher risk of SCM in NCQs when compared to low and high somatic cell count (SCC) control groups.
Randomized clinical trial of ScourGuard® vaccine in dairy cows on colostrum brix score and transfer of passive immunity success in their calves
Authors: Dubuc J. , Rousseau M. , Roy J. -P. , Buczinski S.
Published: February 2023

The use of a brix refractometer on dairy farms for colostrum management is becoming more common. This cow-side test can indirectly assess colostrum immunological quality and provide inputs to make decisions regarding colostrum feeding to calves. Achieving a high prevalence of transfer of passive immunity (TPI) success depends on factors such as colostrum immunological quality, volume of colostrum ingested, time delay between birth and ingestion of first colostrum meal, and level of bacterial contamination in colostrum. ScourGuard® vaccine (Zoetis, Kirkland, QC, Canada) is labelled in Canada for dairy cows as an aid for preventing calf diarrhea but it remains unclear if vaccinating the cows would yield greater colostrum brix score. Therefore, the first objective of the study was to quantify the efficacy of ScourGuard® vaccine in dairy cows for increasing colostrum brix score. The second objective was to quantify its efficacy for increasing TPI success in calves.
Validation of an automated cell counter to determine leukocyte differential counts in neonatal Holstein calves
Authors: Von Konigslow T. E. , Renaud D. L. , Duffield T. F. , Higginson V. , Kelton D. F.
Published: February 2023

Morbidity and mortality in calf rearing facilities is known to be high early in the production cycle causing large amounts of antimicrobials to be used for group metaphylaxis after arrival. With recent work focusing on identifying risk factors and biomarkers associated with mortality risk in calves arriving at veal facilities, it may be possible to reduce antimicrobial use after arrival by selectively treating only high risk calves. For a selective antimicrobial therapy protocol to be implemented without a decline in animal health and welfare, further refinement of calf risk assessment is required to increase the sensitivity and specificity of risk status determination. Rapid, on-farm white blood cell differential counts presents an opportunity to improve disease risk assessment in young calves when interpreted with clinical exam findings. The objective of this prospective cross-sectional diagnostic accuracy study was to validate an automated leukocyte cell counter, the QScout BLD test (Advanced Animal Diagnostic, Morrisville, NC), in its ability to determine leukocyte differential cell counts in neonatal Holstein calves.
Evaluation of the longitudinal effect of metaphylaxis treatment of preweaned dairy calves with enrofloxacin on the susceptibility of antimicrobial resistant fecal E. coli.
Authors: Pereira Richard V. , Altier Craig , Siler Julie , Mann Sabine , Jordan David , Warnick Lorin D.
Published: February 2023

The use of antimicrobial drugs in food animals, specifically drugs in classes used also in human medicine, remains a contentious public health issue. Increasing concern with antimicrobial resistance has also enhanced the need for research that measure the impacts of utilizing antimicrobial drugs on antimicrobial resistance. The objective of this study was to longitudinally quantify E. coli resistant to ciprofloxacin and ceftiofur in calves treated with enrofloxacin or tulathromycin for control of bovine respiratory disease in high risk calves.
Bovine leukemia virus in the U.S. dairy industry
Authors: LaDronka R. M. , Bartlett P. C. , Norby B.
Published: February 2023

Bovine leukemia virus is a deltaretrovirus of cattle and the causitive agent of enzootic bovine leukosis. A small proportion of infected animals develop the clinical manifestation of lymphoma, however the majority remain subclinically infected. Infection is common in the U.S. dairy cattle population and in other major dairy producing countries that have not taken steps to reduce and erradicate infection in their populations. The 1997 and 2008 NAHMS dairy studies examined the prevalence of BLV infection at the cow and herd levels, respectively. There has been no updated estimates of prevalence in the U.S. cattle population in the last decade. Within that time, evidence of the negative impact of subclinical infection has been mounting. Cows exhibit alterations in immune function, decreased longevity, and reduced milk production. The first major objective of this study was to provide an updated estimate of BLV prevalence in a multistate sample of U.S. dairy cattle. The second major objective was to measure herd and cow level associations between BLV prevalence and economically important dairy production outcomes, namely milk production, reproductive efficiency, and somatic cell count.
Exploring the species diversity of gastrointestinal nematodes in western Canadian beef cattle
Authors: De Seram E. , Redman E. , De Queiroz C. , Campbell J. , Pollock C. , Gilleard J. , Ekanayake S. , Uehlinger F.
Published: February 2023

The objectives of this study were to explore herd level species diversity of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) communities in calves from western Canada and the effects of anthelmintic treatment on their relative species abundance in feedlot steers. Coinfection with multiple GIN species is common in cattle. Exploring the GIN diversity is important to understand parasite epidemiology and particularly the response to control programs; however, research is limited in Canadian beef cattle.
Comparison of the microbiota of healthy calf eyes compared to eyes with active pinkeye infection
Authors: Wiener-Mastbergen Brittanny , Peters Kelli , Parker Kristen , Lawrence Paul
Published: February 2023

Pinkeye, also known as infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK), is a highly contagious disease, causing inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva of the eye that can lead to ulcerations and occasionally blindness. This is a multifactorial disease caused by Moraxella bovis, Moraxella bovoculi, bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1), and multiple Mycoplasma species. Factors instrumental in causing eye irritation and allowing for infection include excessive ultraviolet light, face flies, wind, plant material, dust, and pollen. Agents involved in pinkeye infection colonize the eyes and nasal cavities of affected animals. Control and prevention of the disease includes vaccination, fly control, environmental management, and antibiotic treatment. The economic impact resulting from pinkeye infections includes decreased weight gain, decreased weaning weight, decreased milk production, and increased treatment costs, which were estimated to be $150 million in the United States alone in 1993. There are 8 commercially licensed pinkeye vaccines manufactured by 3 companies. These vaccines only include Moraxella bovis. There is little to no publically available data supporting the efficacy of these vaccines.
Serum iron concentration as a marker of inflammation in young cows that underwent dehorning surgery
Authors: Murakami Y. , Shimamori T. , Nishi Y. , Otsuka M. , Fukuda T. , Tsukano K.
Published: February 2023

The systemic reaction to proinflammatory cytokines is the production and secretion of acute phase proteins (APPs) by the liver. The common APPs measured in cattle are haptoglobin (Hp), serum amyloid A (SAA), lipopolysaccharide binding protein, alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein, and transferrin. Iron (Fe) plays important roles in many enzymatic activities, and is an essential trace element for the host and pathogen. Previous studies have demonstrated that the serum Fe concentration decreases in acute traumatic reticuloperitonitis and mastitis in cows. Therefore, the relationship between inflammation and the serum Fe concentration may be useful for the evaluation of the host response to inflammation during surgery because measurement of the serum Fe concentration is cheap and easy to perform. However, comparative studies have not been conducted regarding the serum Fe concentration in cattle that underwent surgery. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to measure changes in the serum Fe concentration in cows that underwent dehorning surgery in order to assess the usefulness of the serum Fe concentration as a marker of inflammation.
Building confidence in transition cow consulting
Authors: Gingrich K. Fred
Published: February 2023

Nutrition can greatly impact the health and productivity of the lactating dairy cow. Nutrition and management during the dry period and immediately prior to calving have a tremendous impact on the success of the cow to transition into lactation. The veterinarian may be asked to intervene on individual sick cows with transition problems (i.e. ketosis, displaced abomasum [LDA], hypocalcemia) or evaluate a herd that has a higher incidence of transition cow disease than expected. Veterinarians should develop the skills necessary to consult producers on how to diagnose whether the transition cows are having a negative impact on herd health and productivity, evaluate the cause of the increased herd-level incidence, and recommend management and nutritional changes to correct the problem. This paper will primarily focus on clinical and subclinical ketosis prevention and its sequelae.
Approach to right-sided pings in the dairy cow
Authors: Gordon Eric D.
Published: February 2023

The diagnosis and approach to the right-sided abomasal displacement in the bovine can be frustrating for any dairy practitioner. Right-sided abdominal pings are varied and often troublesome to diagnose, but a systemic workup can assist the practitioner in successful identification and resolution of these cases. This article is a review of types of right-side abomasal displacements in the dairy cow, typical presenting signs, and approaches to correct diagnosis and positive outcomes.
Heifer management decisions
Authors: Rogers Glenn M.
Published: February 2023

This presentation represents my experiences with a beef heifer development enterprise. Hopefully, this information can benefit some of your clients’ operations, or at least challenge your thoughts on heifer development.