bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Creating a SANCTuary of learning spaces in universities teaching for diversity in use of spaces, both physical and virtual to ensure a best learning and inclusive experience for students
Authors:   University College Cork, Power Katie ,   Cork Institute of Technology
Published: May 2021

The SANCT Model as per Vollmer (2016) suggests that certain elements are necessary for the support of learning in spaces, being – Self-esteem, Autonomy, Normality, Control and moTivation. The SANCT model can be applied to university spaces to ensure a SANCTuary of optimum spaces for users to enjoy. These spaces create a community for students and staff within safe boundaries and the desire is that these boundaries will be permeable to the general community through extended campus initiatives. The SANCT elements must be planned for and sustained in the design of university spaces, both physical and virtual to encourage the enjoyment of space by local users in the form of students, staff and outsider users in the form of community and professional visitors. The people are the most important part of every university and the spaces must meet the unique learning needs of the users who occupy them. The spaces must wrap around the people to keep them physically and emotionally safe with a sense of identity and belonging being encouraged by the distinct entity of university spaces.
Designing and delivering experiential learning opportunities: Environmental law in action
Authors:   University College Cork, Ryall Áine
Published: May 2021

This paper reports on the experience gained with an undergraduate Law module – LW3372 Environmental Law: Contemporary Issues in Governance, Regulation and Enforcement – in the academic year 2018/19. This module incorporates specific features designed to enable students to engage with environmental law ‘in action’ through experiential learning opportunities set in the context of a research-based approach to teaching and learning. In 2018/19, the module was restructured to map it on to the Connected Curriculum framework adopted by University College Cork (University College Cork, 2018). This involved, in particular, a stronger focus on the research component which forms part of the assessment for the module and more explicit linkages to law ‘in action’, specifically: how to engage Law to solve contemporary societal challenges. The module also sought to draw out and engage with implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with a particular focus on Goal 13 Climate Action and Goal 16 Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions (UN General Assembly, 2015). The research objective underpinning this project was to explore and report on the experience of implementing selected elements of University College Cork’s Connected Curriculum framework in an undergraduate module. The project on which this paper is based drew on the detailed framework for curriculum design and renewal developed by Dilly Fung at University College London (UCL) (Fung, 2017). The core principle underpinning UCL’s Connected Curriculum initiative is that students learn through research and active enquiry. One particularly important dimension of the model developed by Fung involves connecting students with research and researchers. Early exposure to frontier research, together with the opportunity to connect directly with researchers and practitioners who are working to solve societal challenges, equips students with invaluable insights into their field of study. It also serves to demonstrate to students the fundamental role of research in society. Connecting effectively with research facilitates a further dimension of the Connected Curriculum framework – ‘outwardfacing student assessments’. In other words, the assessment element of a module or programme, as the case may be, is conceptualised and designed to be the ‘output’ of a student’s own research and enquiry. Depending on the particular model of assessment deployed, this ‘output’ may have an impact on local and wider audiences (e.g. policy briefs, research reports, blogs, podcasts, student-run events etc.). This outward-facing focus, and the emphasis on student-generated outputs, is a key element of delivering impactful experiential learning opportunities in the field of environmental law.
Cross cultural experiences of Chinese students studying Food Science in Ireland
Authors:   University College Cork, O’Sullivan Maurice G. , Supple Briony ,   University College Cork, McCarthy Marian ,   University College Cork
Published: May 2021

Food science is the comprehensive study of food and beverages or more specifically the application of the scientific disciplines of the physical, biological, and chemical as well as engineering, microbiology and nutrition to the study of food and beverages to improve the sensory properties, safety, nutrition, functionality, sustainability and availability. UCC attracts diverse cross-cultural groups of students to degree programmes in Ireland annually including 3000 international students from over 100 countries (UCC, 2018). However, anecdotally, students were underperforming (grades lower than Irish students) for some of their formative assessments due to a lack of familiarity with the Irish teaching system. For this reason, it was decided to investigate, from first principals, the experiences of these Chinese students both from their Chinese and Irish experiential perspectives in order to determine areas that could be optimised to improve their integration and promote their holistic learning experiences. The action research findings of this present study will thus be used to optimise a new bespoke degree programme, specifically catered for Chinese students, that commenced in UCC in September 2017.
Pro-Life or Pro-Choice? Humanistic Buddhists’ Voices Surrounding Abortion in Contemporary Taiwan
Authors: Lin Grace Cheng-Ying
Published: May 2021

In Taiwan, abortion was legalized in 1984. This paper examines the voices surrounding abortion expressed by monasteries in Humanistic Buddhism, a prominent Buddhist philosophy practiced in modern Taiwan. Humanistic Buddhism emphasizes that it is a “religion of the people.” However, in addition to the law of karma and causality, the value of all life forms is prioritized based on the ethics of “non-harming (ahimsā).” When some monasteries insist that abortion is killing, resulting in karmic retribution, some express sympathy with a woman’s decision to abort. When some monasteries promote a newly popularized ritual to appease aborted fetuses, some are keenly critical of the exploitation of women and manipulation of scriptures. Through a discursive analysis, this paper demonstrates the wide spectrum of Buddhist narratives in response to reproductive politics embedded in the conflicts between modernity and tradition, as well as locality and globality.
A Discussion of Relevant Religious Teachings from Islam and Christianity to the COVID-19 Crisis.
Authors: Raja Irfan
Published: May 2021

The Coronavirus crisis has undoubtedly changed the landscape of the world. The pandemic has radically changed the way of life of most of the seven billion people in the global community. In the past, people living in uncertain times have sought solace and comfort in God, through the medium of faith. This paper considers historical perspectives of past epidemics and pandemics, comparing and contrasting the themes that arise through relevant religious teachings of Islam and Christianity, with the aim of identifying sources of consolation to contemporary adherents in the current crisis.
Penerapan Corporate Governance terhadap Kinerja Perusahaan
Authors: Sari Indah Permata
Published: May 2021

Corporate governance adalah sistem yang mengarahkan dan mengendalikan perusahaan dengan tujuan, agar mencapai keseimbangan antara kewenangan perusahaan dan pertanggungjawaban kepada stakeholders. Kinerja Perusahaan merupakan hasil dari kegiatan manajemen di setiap perusahaan. Pada dasarnya penerapan corporate governance tidak semudah memahami konsepnya. Penerapan dan pengelolaan good corporate governance (GCG) merupakan sebuah konsep yang menekankan pentingnya hak pemegang saham untuk memperoleh informasi dengan benar, akurat, dan tepat waktu. Oleh karena itu, baik perusahaan publik maupun tertutup harus memandang GCG bukan sebagai aksesoris belaka, tetapi sebagai upaya peningkatan kinerja dan nilai perusahaan. Masih banyak penyimpangan yang muncul akibat tidak adanya integritas dari manajemen perusahaan. Timbulnya ketidaktaatan, kesalahpahaman, konflik peran serta fungsi pengambilan keputusan. Penerapan Good Corporate Governance (GCG) salah satunya dapat didorong dari sisi regulasi. Dorongan tersebut adalah dengan dituangkannya prinsip-prinsip dasar GCG ke dalam regulasi. GCG menitikberatkan perlindungan terhadap pemegang saham terutama pemegang saham minoritas, kepentingan tersebut pada dasarnya telah diakomodasi oleh Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas namun untuk tidak dapat dikatakan sempurna, dimana kehadiran Komite Audit, Komite Nominasi atau Remunerasi telah menjadi bukti ketertinggalan dengan perkembangan bisnis saat ini.Studi ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan penerapan dan implementasi tata kelola corporate governance yang baik terhadap kinerja perusahaan. Manfaat penerapan corporate goveranance adalah untuk meningkatkan kinerja perusahaan, mempermudah diperolehnya dana pembiayaan dan mengembalikan kepercayaan kepada investor. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui studi literatur dengan mengumpulkan jurnal-jurnal dan buku-buku literature terkait dengan penerapan tata kelola corporate governance terhadap kinerja perusahaan.
Chitosan and Aloe vera gel formulations as wound healing agents in episiotomy
Authors: Macêdo Maria Dennise Medeiros , Dantas Hiago Kartney Belarmino , Souza Matheus Ferreira de , Pedrosa Thiago Cajú , Azevedo Ana Caroline Santana de , Ferreira Valeria Pereira , Lucena Breno de Medeiros , Sousa Wladymyr Jefferson Bacalhau de , Fook Marcus Vinicius Lia
Published: May 2021

Episiotomy is an obstetric technique that consists of making an incision in the perineum during vaginal childbirth, to facilitate the baby to pass through. After delivery, the perineal region is sutured with absorbable threads to heal the cut. However, are frequent reports of pain, infections, and dyspareunia after the execution of this technique. In this context, the use of biomaterials becomes relevant as they promote faster and safer tissue repair, making it an attractive alternative for the healing process of episiotomy. Based on the physical-chemical and biological properties of chitosan and Aloe vera, this research developed three different vaginal gels, with the purpose of promoting tissue regeneration and infection prevention post-episiotomy. Chitosan solutions with concentrations of 5% w/v were prepared by dissolving the chitosan powder in 2% v/v aqueous solution of acetic acid. After the extraction and processing of the mucilage, the pulp of the Aloe vera leaf was added to the chitosan gel in the proportions of 1, 2, and 3% v/v. All formulations were neutralized by the slow drip technique of a neutralizing solution of sodium hydroxide (2 M). The compositions were analyzed according to their organoleptic aspect, optical microscopy, spreadability, hydrogen potential, absorption spectroscopy, cytotoxicity, and rheological behavior. Based on the results obtained, it was possible to conclude that gels produced have the potential to be used as vaginal gels.
Concentrações séricas de zinco e transtornos mentais comuns: Uma revisão integrativa
Authors: Cabral Sarah de Melo Rocha , Carvalho Layonne de Sousa , Sousa Alana Paulina de Moura , Santos Marize Melo dos
Published: May 2021

Objetivou-se analisar a produção científica acerca das evidências atuais sobre a relação entre as concentrações séricas de zinco e transtornos mentais comuns. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, realizada entre março e julho de 2020, utilizando a estratégia PICOS para selecão dos artigos. As bases de dados foram acessadas por meio da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde e Portal de Periódicos da Capes, correspondendo às: Science Direct, Springer Science, Medline/Pubmed, ProQuest LLC, AGRIS, Bentham Science Publishers, Cengage Learning, Web of Science, John Wiley & Sons, Scopus, Directory of Open Access Journals, Maney Publishing, e SAGE Publications. Foram analisadas sete publicações que avaliaram indivíduos de ambos os sexos, em diferentes faixas etárias, baseando-se em estudos observacionais analíticos. Os estudos elencados para análise, conduzidos em grupos de diferentes faixas etárias e número amostral, apresentaram resultados semelhantes, demonstrando prevalências de concentrações reduzidas de zinco no sangue de pacientes com depressão e/ou ansiedade. A correlação entre concentrações séricas de zinco e transtornos mentais comuns, na maioria dos resultados, converge para evidências de que a deficiência de zinco sérico está significativamente associada à sintomatologia depressiva e de ansiedade. Baseando-se nos delineamentos das investigações elencadas, os mesmos não podem determinar uma relação de causalidade entre o zinco e os sintomas depressivos e de ansiedade. Porém, é plausível afirmar, com bases nos resultados e mecanismos fisiológicos do zinco, que a baixa concentração periférica deste elemento pode desempenhar um papel na fisiopatologia de algum domínio da função mental.
Caracterização morfoagronômica de genótipos de feijoeiro comum quanto à precocidade
Authors: Rodrigues Ana Paula Sandoval , Oliveira Taniele Carvalho de , Oliveira Altacis Junior , Santos Andressa Alves Cabreira dos , Almici Mirian da Silva , Silva Valvenarg Pereira da , Morais Lucas Henrique Pereira , Pires Anelise Saldanha Carneiro , Lima Felipe Romanzini Duran , Silva Vinícius Souza da , Silva Geovane José da , Miranda Gabrielly Andrade , Barelli Marco Antonio Aparecido
Published: May 2021

O feijoeiro comum é uma cultura de grande importância alimentar, econômica e social, em termos de produção e consumo, é uma leguminosa herbácea, com ciclo em torno de 95 dias, a maioria das cultivares utilizadas para o cultivo no mercado brasileiro expressa grande variabilidade genéticas quanto ao início de florescimento e a duração total do ciclo. Diante disso, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a caracterização morfoagronômica de genótipos de feijoeiro comum quanto à precocidade de cultivo. O experimento foi conduzido na EMAPER, no município de Cáceres-MT, adotando o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com três repetições, avaliando 58 genótipos de feijão comum. As parcelas foram compostas por quatro linhas de 4 m, com espaçamento de 0,5 m entre linhas. As características avaliadas foram o número de dias para o florescimento e ciclo de cultivo, os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e a comparação das medias pelo teste de agrupamento Scott-Knott a 1% de probabilidade. A divergência genética foi estimada método de otimização de Tocher e hierárquico UPGMA, baseada na Distância Generalizada de Mahalanobis utilizando o programa computacional GENES. Pode-se concluir que existe variabilidade genética entre os genótipos de feijão comum avaliados, e os genótipos 3 (BG-UNEMAT-11) e 57 (TB 02-23) apresentaram menor número de dias para florescimento (31 dias) e menor ciclo da cultura (73 a 82 dias), sendo os mais indicados para programas de melhoramento genético visando precocidade.
Service of the Orthodox military clergy in the occupied territory of Galicia during the First World War
Authors: Starostenko Eleonora V.
Published: May 2021

The activity of the Orthodox military clergy in the Russian army on the territory of Galicia during the First World War is considered. It was established that the religious situation in Galicia and the conduct of hostilities on the enemy’s territory had a great influence on the activities of military priests. The attitude of the protopresbyter of the military and naval clergy to the uniate question, the specificity of the interaction of military priests with the local population are shown. The features of the organisation and implementation of services are analysed. The work of priests to maintain a fighting spirit is considered. Cases of both conscientious and unacceptable attitude to the service was established.
Before Sound, there was Soul: The Role of Animation in Silent Nonfiction Cinema
Authors: Mihailova Mihaela
Published: May 2021

Mihaela Mihailova examines the role and functions of the drawn image within early-twentieth-century scientific and educational media texts (in this case, a range of 1920s educational animated short films). Exploring seminal names from animation history, such as Bray Productions and the Fleischer brothers, Mihailova demonstrates the contemporary resonances and applications of these works. The chapter examines a range of foundational trends, methods and approaches that subsequently shaped animated documentary during the nine decades since the advent of sound. Examining the functions which the drawn image fulfils, animation is seen as a metacommentary on its own expressive limitations, as well as those of nonfiction, foregrounding the challenges of conveying reality by means of a single representational mode. At once liberated from the concreteness of the photographic record and limited in their abstraction by the requirements of scientific content, these films occupy a position between mechanical recording and pure artistic creation.
Animated Documentary, Recollection, ‘Re-enactment’ and Temporality
Authors: Ward Paul
Published: May 2021

In this chapter Paul Ward focuses particularly on the concept of re-enactment, arguing that it raises varied questions about the nature of performance, agency, point of view and temporality within animated documentary. Ward grounds his theoretical speculations and conceptual distinctions in close readings of two animated documentaries, Andersartig (2011) and The Children of the Holocaust (2014), both of which depict individual childhood memories of living in Nazi-era Germany. He concludes that works such as these encourage audiences and critics alike to understand and engage with animated documentary as a filmmaking mode able to portray intangible, often non-indexical (and therefore un-photographable) documentary phenomena.
The Reasons for Animating Reality: Animated Documentary and Re-enactment in the Work of Jonas Odell
Authors: Martinelli Lawrence Thomas
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses three animated documentaries by filmmaker Jonas Odell: Never Like the First Time! (2006), Lies (2008), and Tussilago (2010). Comparative analysis establishes many of the criteria against which these films are generally considered to be examples of animated documentary practice. In all three works, documentary audio interviews are integrated as voiceover and form the foundations on which Odell as animator-filmmaker visually “packages” interviewees’ stories in ways that render them more interesting and attractive to audiences. As with many other animated documentaries, Odell’s stylistic and technical choices strike a balance between aesthetic aspiration and documentary responsibility to the sense and meaning of his interviewees’ stories. Odell’s filmmaking choices exemplify animated documentary’s distinctive capacity to translate complex communicational codes and data – for example, interviewees’ experiences of memory, the varied styles of their spoken narrations, and the subjective quality of Odell’s interpretations of their testimonies – into concrete, highly distinctive audio-visual forms.
Creative Challenges in the Production of Documentary Animation
Authors: Sofian Sheila M.
Published: May 2021

In this chapter, Sheila M. Sofian examines animated documentary from a filmmaker’s perspective. This chapter explores the appropriateness of animation’s use within nonfiction film. This chapter also asks how and when animation’s use might enhance audience understanding of a given documentary topic, and how and when it might distract from the same. The chapter also examines whether animation’s use in documentary reveals the filmmaking process in a more overt fashion than witnessed within live action documentary, and what controversies arise as a result. This chapter discusses these and other issues through reflective accounts of the production and exhibition of Sofian’s own animated documentary films. In discussing these works, this chapter examines the creative process of animated documentary production and the unique challenges faced when producing non-fiction animated films. The relationship between sound and image, choice of animation technique, and the effectiveness of literal versus abstract imagery are all topics explored.
Tarjama as Debt: The Making of a Secular History of Arabic Literature
Authors: Kesrouany Maya I.
Published: May 2021

Chapter four investigates tarjama’s dual meaning in Arabic as biography and translation in the works of Ṭāhā Ḥusayn and Muḥammad Ḥusayn Haykal. Following up on the secular prophecy of chapter three, it studies the complex relationship between Islam and literature in the two modernists’ mappings of Arabic literary history and in relation to their approach to translation. It examines specifically Haykal’s two-volume biography of Jean Jacques Rousseau in 1921 and 1923, his biography of the Prophet and literary essays, exploring political and spiritual temporalities in his unfolding critique of colonialism. It then considers Ṭāhā Ḥusayn’s controversial claims about the historicity of Jahili poetry as post-Islamic in On Jahili Poetry (1926) and argues that it prefigures his translations of André Gide ((1946) and Voltaire (1947), resituating his “heretic” claims within his translation theory. It concludes on the failed narrative subjectivities that emerge from the translations’ critique of European Enlightenment thought, contextualizing the importance of these adaptations to the study of the Arabic novel.
Trades and Professions
Authors: Pittock Murray
Published: May 2021

Edinburgh’s tightly controlled burgess network, which was regulated by the Town Council, strongly defined the middle orders. It also controlled the limits of what was politically tolerable for those looking to make their way in society via the trade and craft incorporations of the city: Chirurgons and Barbouris (who separated in 1722), Goldsmythis, Skinners and Furriers, Hammermen, Wrights and Masons, Tailors, Baxters, Fleschouris, Curdwainers, Wabstaris, Waekaris [hatters], Bonnet-Makers, and Dyers and Candlemakers. Control of the system was strongly identified with the exercise of political control on a wider stage, as burgess privileges and licensing were an established route to patronage.
Cinema, Museums, Memory and Education
Authors: Mandelli Elisa
Published: May 2021

In the first decades of the twentieth century, film was considered an ideal medium for the preservation of memory and was rapidly included among the educational means used in museums. This chapter explores the ways in which films and moving images were used in museums as educative tools, and how they were shown to visitors, in auditoriums or in galleries. This chapter also discusses how, in addition to their educational role, films responded to the museum’s need to keep up with the times and to show that the museum was a ‘living’ organism, attentive to the demands of a modern and urban public and ready to fit in the dynamics of city life, with its growing number of attractions and forms of entertainment.
The Secular Scripture
Authors: Phillips Christina
Published: May 2021

This chapter continues to explore the interdependence and co-imbrication of the religious and secular, focusing now on mature Egyptian novels from the mid twentieth century. It explores Mahfuz’s famous trilogy (1956-7) and al-Sharqawi’s Al-Ard (1954) and Muhammad Rasul al-Hurriyya (1962) as different culminations of the secularisation process implied by nation formation, and the conflict and tension inherent therein, examining methods of religious displacement and othering, strategies of demystification, lines of religious critique, symbolic trajectories, as well as spiritual yearning, apologetics and theological conundrums as they appear in these works. The evidence is that, into maturity, as the secular aesthetic in the Egyptian novel stabilises, religious themes endure and religion remains a contested site.
Introduction: Comparative Perspectives on Islamisation
Authors: Peacock A. C. S.
Published: May 2021

The Arab conquests of the Middle East and much of North Africa and Central Asia in the seventh century mark the beginning of a process of religious and cultural change which ultimately resulted in the present Muslim-majority populations of almost all of these regions (see Figure 1.1). Yet the countries with the greatest Muslim populations today exist outside the Middle East in South Asia (India, Pakistan and Bangladesh) and in Southeast Asia, where Indonesia constitutes the largest Muslim-populated state in the world. Islam spread far into Africa and Europe too, and significant Muslim populations also arose in parts of the world which remained mostly non-Muslim, such as China and Ethiopia. This spread of Islam is often referred to as ‘Islamisation’, a term widespread in scholarship and in recent times in more popular media.
The Conversion Curve Revisited
Authors: Bulliet Richard W.
Published: May 2021

In 1970, I published ‘A Quantitative Approach to Medieval Muslim Biographical Dictionaries’ in the Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient.1 Originally a part of my doctoral thesis, the article sought to derive fluctuations over time in traffic flows along the major caravan routes passing through Nishapur, a major city in north-eastern Iran, from the place names borne by the religious elite of that city during the first Islamic centuries. A second part of my submission was gently rejected by the editor. It dealt with a bell-shaped curve that traced the rise and fall in popularity of the personal names Muhammad, Ahmad, ʿAli, al-Hasan and al-Husain during the same period. Four years later, when I was teaching at the University of California, Berkeley, I was still puzzling over the bell-shaped curve of overtly religious Islamic naming.
Civilising the Savage: Myth, History and Persianisation in the Early Delhi Courts of South Asia
Authors: Auer Blain
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores the success of the Persian language and Persianate courtly culture in South Asia during the important two centuries 1200–1400 in the early Delhi courts. It was at the very end of the twelfth century, in 1192, that Qutb al-Din Aybeg (r. 1206–10), a commander of the Islamic Ghurid empire that originated from northern Afghanistan, captured Delhi, an important city within the realm of the Chauhan kings. Following the death of his Ghurid sultan, Muʿizz al-Din Muhammad b. Sam (r. 1173–1206), the former realms of the Ghurid empire centred in Ghazna were divided up and Qutb al-Din Aybeg took control of Delhi and Lahore, which had served as a southern capital of the Ghaznavid kingdom at the heart of the Punjab region. His successor, Shams al-Din Iltutmish (r. 1211–36), established the Shamsi dynasty, choosing Delhi as his capital. It was the first time in history that an Islamic kingdom with an enduring presence was firmly established in northern India with access throughout the Ganga-Yamuna region, as well as to the south in the Deccan
Islamisation and Sinicisation: Inversions, Reversions and Alternate Versions of Islam in China
Authors: Frankel James D.
Published: May 2021

In the People’s Republic of China (PRC), religious freedom is guaranteed by the constitution, but is hardly taken for granted. Media fanning public fears about the spread of radical Islam is a recent development, as seen on the front page of the Hong Kong daily Ming Pao, which juxtaposed an infl uential Islamic community in Yunnan province with the Charlie Hebdo attacks in Paris.1 Such editorial skew is largely motivated by the interest in playing upon popular prejudice to help sell newspapers, a motivation shared by both Western and Eastern media. But the underlying preconception is strikingly similar. Fear among non-Muslims of Islamisation – the spread of Islamic extremism, or simply of Islam – has made its way to China.
Institutionalisation? Achieving Policy in a Fragmented State
Authors: Hammond Daniel R.
Published: May 2021

The penultimate chapter argues that dibao is afflicted by institutionalisation issues common to other policies during the reform era. I use two cases from dibao to examine this lack of institutionalisation and discuss the implications. The first case discusses the progress of the social assistance law. The second case addresses the responsiveness of social assistance to changes in prices. Both cases highlight the problems of and opportunities a lack of institutionalisation creates. The chapter seeks to discuss both the positive and negative cases for the lack of institutionalisation in China’s social assistance system. Using recent legislative development and recent announcements on the running of dibao to frame the discussion the chapter argues that while the lack of institutionalisation both causes problems and creates opportunities. The fragmented nature of the Chinese state is the reason for both a lack of institutionalisation and its responsive and adaptive nature. To resolve the challenges facing the programme a compromise incorporating some institutionalised elements would work best. Finally, the chapter looks beyond China at how social assistance has been implemented and automatic government introduced for examples relevant to dibao and situates the current challenges within a comparative context.
The Great Dictator: Geraldine Chaplin in the films of Carlos Saura
Authors: Rybin Steven
Published: May 2021

As the first chapter of this book demonstrates, moviegoers mainly knew Geraldine Chaplin in the 1960s as the daughter of cinema’s most famous silent clown. Nevertheless, the expansive, transnational character of her career is already in evidence in the international assortment of films she made during that decade (in Italy, Britain, and France.). The transnational quality of her persona is also important to an understanding to the work discussed in this chapter, the films she made with Spanish auteur Carlos Saura between 1967 and 1979. In these films with Saura, who was also Chaplin’s partner during this period, Chaplin creatively intervenes in the politics and cinema of Spain during the final years of the dictatorship of Francisco Franco, whose repressive cruelties are dealt with both explicitly and implicitly in Saura’s films. Chaplin’s performances in Saura’s films, the chapter argues, creatively intervene in traditional understandings of womanhood in Franco’s Spain, all the while demonstrating a fervent commitment to use performance as a vehicle for liberation.
Introduction
Authors: Lockhart James
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses the literature on Chile, the CIA and the Cold War while articulating the book's objectives and central arguments. It explains the book's structure and organization and lists its sources.
The Viaux Movement
Authors: Lockhart James
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses the rise of Brig. Gen. Roberto Viaux's anticommunist movement to the Tacnazo, an acuartelamiento, or mobilization of a military unit for political purposes, in October 1969. It explains how Viaux's movement represented a continuing expression of Chilean anticommunism while identifying and exploring the movement's grievances with the Frei administration. And it examines the United States and CIA's involvement in this.
Then Face to Face: Timing Trust in Macbeth
Authors: Waldron Jennifer
Published: May 2021

How does the temporality of trust shift as one moves from face-to-face interactions to larger social, technical, natural, and supernatural environments? This essay juxtaposes the most visceral elements of trust with more abstract ones by attending to length of the time span across which trust is understood to operate. Jennifer Waldron shows how Shakespeare’s Macbeth juxtaposes the split-second timing of face-to-face trust in the present with an apocalyptic time frame that imaginatively extends over vast reaches of time and space. Waldron argues that Macbeth’s actions simultaneously rupture natural temporalities of trust and supernatural ones. During the course of the play, Macbeth desperately attempts to seal off time, to contain Banquo and Duncan in their graves, and to avoid countenancing his own act of murder. Yet in spectacles such as the appearance of Banquo’s ghost and the line of kings presented by the witches, theater audiences witness several different versions of an apocalyptic theater.
The Face as Rhetorical Self in Ben Jonson’s Literature
Authors: Shimizu Akihiko
Published: May 2021

In this essay, Akihiko Shimizu reconsiders the most widely accepted critical views on Jonson’s “flat” characters versus Shakespeare’s “round” ones. He argues that the Jonsonian concept of character—underpinned by classical rhetorical theories of Quintilian and Plutarch—should be understood as an effect of interaction and exchange and not as a manifestation of consciousness. Jonson’s characters are the effect of a simultaneous process of rhetorical self-enhancement and self-exposure. As these men and women attempt to depict their own worth by affecting humours, their interlocutors use rhetorical conjecture to expose what lies beneath this verbal disguise. Both Jonson’s and Shakespeare’s literature share an interest in performativity, acknowledging the impersonated character as inter-subjective, and prompting the audience to participate in deciphering the character from outward appearance and face.
Introduction
Authors: Eiran Ehud
Published: May 2021

The introduction starts with the question that drives the book: why, and under what circumstances states launched settlement projects in occupied territories, during the era of decolonization. It explains what is meant by settlement projects: a sustained clusters of policies that allow states to strategically plan, implement and support the permanent. It offers a preliminary view of the answer: states embarked on these projects in order to secure permeant territorial expansion into contested territories. Specifically, the projects were aimed to help states manipulate expected interactions in the international arena that were to determine the future of these regions. The introduction highlights the contributions of the book and presents the plan of the book. It also presents the universe of cases, both post 1960 expansionist occupations, and within them, those that included a settlement project.
Mobility and Marginalization: Arne Sucksdorff’s Documentary Authorship in India and Brazil
Authors: Stjernholm Emil
Published: May 2021

This chapter studies the Swedish documentary filmmaker Arne Sucksdorff’s work in India and Brazil by mapping the production and circulation of The Flute and the Arrow (1957) and My Home is Copacabana (1965). The former film represented a growing interest not only from international documentary filmmakers and experts in India but also the Nehru administration’s desire to both formally and informally support foreign filmmakers’ ventures in the country. Furthermore, Sucksdorff’s film bears traces of the expository documentary mode and a naturalist, anti-modernist sentiment. Alienated by the Swedish film establishment, he moved to Brazil, teaching film production for UNESCO and mentoring filmmakers who later became key figures in the Brazilian New Wave “Cinema Novo.” He also directed in Rio de Janeiro the documentary drama My Home is Copacabana (1965), thus occupying a privileged position within Brazilian film culture during an important transformative period.
Out of the Margins of Feminist Filmmaking: Vibeke Løkkeberg, Norway, and the Film Cultures of 1970s West Berlin
Authors: Holtar Ingrid S.
Published: May 2021

This chapter addresses how 1970s films by Norwegian women filmmakers form an unexplored history of cinematic and feminist “elsewheres,” through their many international connections. In particular, the films by Vibekke Løkkeberg were part of the international women’s film festival circuit at the time. Foregrounding her Women in media (1974), shot while the director was participating at the First International Women’s Film Seminar in West Berlin in 1973, the chapter emphasizes connections to women’s filmmaking in the New German Cinema movement. Women in media is comprised of interviews with French, Italian, British and American women working in film and television who discuss the difficulties of gaining access to production. As a case study, Løkkeberg’s film provides an interesting document about the fight for equality in media in Western Europe, and contextualizing connections between a peripheral feminist national cinema (such as that of Norway at the time), and an emerging international feminist network.
“There is no Elsewhere!”: Stories of Race, Decolonization, and Global Connectivity in Göran Hugo Olsson’s Documentaries
Authors: Körber Lill-Ann
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on interviews with Swedish film maker Göran Hugo Olsson, about his films The Black Power Mixtapes 1967-1975 (2011) and Concerning Violence (2014), framed with an introduction and contextualization. Both films are based on found footage and archival material. The chapter deals with “elsewheres” of Nordic film in a geographical and in a temporal sense: What has today’s Sweden got to do with the histories of the Black Power Movement in the United States, addressed in The Black Power Mixtapes 1967-1975, and with decolonization wars and liberation movements in West, southern and East Africa thematized in Concerning Violence?
This interconnectedness in time and space is characteristic for Olsson’s films. The chapter asks in which sense does the re-actualization of archival material contribute to a historicization of contemporary issues of (post-) colonialism and racism? In which sense do the films contribute to, or challenge, narratives of Sweden’s exceptional position in an asymmetrical world order?
Celebrated, Contested, Criticized: Anita Ekberg, A Swedish Sex Goddess in Hollywood
Authors: Wallengren Ann-Kristin
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines how Anita Ekberg in the American press and media was apprehended and constructed as a new Swedish star in Hollywood, and how notions and ideas about Sweden, sexuality, gender and stereotypes were negotiated and reproduced. This analysis also addresses the Swedish reception and construction of Ekberg, arguably more derogative and verging on harassment. Ekberg was one of the most famous blonde bombshells in Hollywood during the 1950s. Besides making films she became known as a model and pin-up girl which was an important way to fame during the fifties in the USA, and she was a staple in the magazines concerning her sometimes scandalous stories. She came to a United States permeated with discussions about sexuality and to a popular culture that favored sex, breasts and voluptuous female bodies more than anything else. The chapter thus investigates how Swedish sexuality and Swedish blonde were created, propagated and circulated in American cultural discourse.
The Mead of Poetry: Old Norse Poetry as a Mind-Altering Substance
Authors: Burrows Hannah
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the Old Norse myth of the mead of poetry in light of the distributed cognition hypothesis. It explains how Norse skaldic poetry scaffolds various cognitive processes, and then argues that the myth of the poetic mead, which sees poetry as an alcoholic substance, is exploited by Old Norse poets to understand and describe poetry’s effect on the mind. Examples are given that suggest poets saw poetry as ‘mind altering’ in ways that resonate with certain aspects of the distributed cognition hypothesis: in particular, that poetry is cognition-enabling through feedback-loop processes; that the mind can be extended into the world and over time in poetry; that cognition can be shared and/or furthered by engaging with other minds; that the body plays a non-trivial role; and that poetry performs mental and affective work in the world.
Enculturated, Embodied, Social: Medieval Drama and Cognitive Integration
Authors: Wright Clare
Published: May 2021

Highlighting the embodied, collaborative, and spatially and temporally divers nature of medieval English plays, this essay argues that the cognitive work of medieval drama is best understood through the theory of cognitive integration, and in particular niche construction. Using the famous fifteenth-century York Play of the Crucifixion as a case study, the essay illustrates how this pageant constructed its particular niche, and its reliance on social as well as spatial and material affordances. The Play of the Crucifixion, it is argued, created opportunities for highly personal, individual devotional responses in the midst of what was fundamentally, and necessarily, a social and collaborative act. What is more, as a niche created for the purpose of devotion, it was focused on stimulating emotion and feeling, rather than supporting rational problem solving. It also overlapped with, and perhaps influenced, other devotional niches active beyond the frame of performance, contributing to extensive feedback cycles to which it was also subject.
Distributed Cognition, Improvisation and the Performing Arts in Early Modern Europe
Authors: Cumming Julie E. , Tribble Evelyn
Published: May 2021

The feats of skill exhibited by early modern actors, singers, and dancers can best be approached through the lens of distributed cognition. Complex assemblages of material, social, bodily, and neural resources enabled and constrained the work of early modern performers. Skilled performers were expected not simply to reproduce material; improvisation and spontaneity were more highly valued than rote memorisation. To be a performer was to be an improviser. Improvisation always involved interaction with other performers and with a given text, whether a score, a choreography, or a play text. This chapter analyses a variety of assemblages underpinning the work of a range of early modern performance practice. These include improvised polyphonic music performed in ecclesiastical settings; improvisation in Renaissance dance; the early modern English theatre, and the notation systems used for part-singing. Each of these operates within a specific cognitive ecology, and each places different demands upon the particular assemblages of embodied expertise, environments, and skilled practice. Distributed cognition provides an analytic framework for understanding these accomplishments.
Building the Beloved Community in Provincetown
Authors: Gano Geneva M.
Published: May 2021

The ‘beloved community’ formed in Provincetown, Massachusetts in tandem with the high period of Greenwich Village’s bohemian ‘little renaissance.’ Once a prosperous whaling port, the village of Provincetown had been undergoing economic decline and a marked ethnic shift in the decades preceding its development as an art colony. By the turn of the century, its Catholic, Portuguese population overtook its ‘native’ Yankee one; at this time, the village amplified its reputation as home to two successful summer art schools and boosted its image within a booming regional tourist economy as a quaint, Cape Cod fishing village. A coterie of moderns from Greenwich Village discovered Provincetown’s relatively underdeveloped beaches and wharves and by the teens had made it their home base, at least during the summer season. This chapter core of this coterie lived out their bohemian identities by drinking copiously, dressing wildly, bathing naked, and forming the performing group that would come to be known as the Provincetown Players. This endeavour brought together individuals with a wide range of talents (as well as those with very little talent but a desire to participate in the fun) for theatrical events that served to consolidate—physically, in the space of the theatre, as well as ideologically, through the content of their plays—a distinctly modern and modernist ‘beloved community’ of friends, lovers, and associates at a distance from the metropolis.
Cultivating the Taos Mystique
Authors: Gano Geneva M.
Published: May 2021

Unlike the new development at Carmel and the recently revitalized fishing village of Provincetown, the old frontier trading post of Taos, New Mexico, was experiencing slow, steady growth at the turn of the twentieth century. The rapid, regional expansion of a modern, automobile-based tourism into Taos and a broadly-articulated modernist fascination with experiencing the ways of the primitive ‘other’ attracted a distinctively modernist coterie to the region and shifted the local power structures from the Native Puebloans and established Hispanic residents toward the relative newcomers: Anglo business and land owners. This chapter considers the development of the local tourism and real estate industry alongside a vogue for witnessing, appreciating, and representing Native American ceremonial dance ceremonials. Through analysis of literary representations of these dances by Marsden Hartley, Mabel Dodge Luhan, Harriet Monroe, Alice Corbin Henderson, and Mary Austin, this chapter identifies a fascination with Native dance as a distinctively modernist practice: ones that served, for each other and the larger world, as ‘a sign of modernism in us.’ Further, these dances were integral to the creation of the ineffable ‘Taos mystique’ that undergirded the local tourism and real estate industry.
Turkmenistan
Authors: Ashurov Barakatullo
Published: May 2021

Turkmenistan is the second-largest country in Central Asia, but the smallest population, with the majority professing Sunni Islam. The earliest material evidence of the Christian presence in Central Asia, derives from Turkmenistan; however, in modern Turkmenistan it is a minority religion. The largest non-Muslim minority faith is Russian Orthodox Christianity; there is also a small contingent of the Armenian Apostolic Church. The main Protestant denominations are Evangelical Baptists, Seventh-day Adventists and Evangelical Lutherans, many of which operate as underground house churches since registration is almost impossible. The Russian Orthodox expression of Christianity is the ‘majority-minority’ community in Turkmenistan, primarily centred among the local-born Russian-Turkmen mixed-raced or Russian and other European ethnic communities of the country. Turkmen law, recognising that the majority of the population are Muslims, prohibits proselytising, including the publication and import of religious literature. With an unregistered status, many individuals and religious communities continually experience administrative restrictions or various other forms of persecution, including imprisonment. Today there are more than 2,000 Protestant believers in Turkmenistan belonging to officially registered Evangelical unions and significantly more believers belonging to independent or unregistered churches.
Afghanistan
Authors: Roberts Anthony
Published: May 2021

With Turkic and Tajik peoples to the north, Tajiks and Pashtuns in the west, ethnic Hazaras in the central highlands and the Pashtuns to the south and east, Afghanistan’s diversity stems from its history as a regional crossroads. Christianity began in Afghanistan in the fourth century and was later revived by missionaries in the frontier areas, but there was little concerted effort to spread the faith until after 1945, when the Pashtun monarchy sought to modernise Afghanistan. However, the Soviet invasion prompted fighters to repel the forces under the banner of Islam. Amidst a civil war, Christian NGO’s continued until expelled by the Taliban in 2001. The new government allowed Christian NGO’s to expand into new areas of the country. For the sake of believers’ security the most visible fellowships have been limited to foreigners. Most find it difficult to sustain everyday life in the country while openly professing Christianity due to ostracism from society. While Islam has been linked with Afghan identity, worldview has begun to change. Unfortunately, there has been an exodus of Afghan believers, usually after social and legal ostracism. Nevertheless, due to sacrifices by Afghan believers, the church is growing in numbers despite all the challenges.