bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The training response law explains how deep neural networks learn
Authors: Nakazato Kenichi
Published: April 2022

Deep neural network is the widely applied technology in this decade. In spite of the fruitful applications, the mechanism behind that is still to be elucidated. We study the learning process with a very simple supervised learning encoding problem. As a result, we found a simple law, in the training response, which describes neural tangent kernel. The response consists of a power law like decay multiplied by a simple response kernel. We can construct a simple mean-field dynamical model with the law, which explains how the network learns. In the learning, the input space is split into sub-spaces along competition between the kernels. With the iterated splits and the aging, the network gets more complexity, but finally loses its plasticity.
Detecting motivic equivalences with motivic homology
Authors: Hemminger David
Published: April 2022

Let

k
k

be a field, let

R
R

be a commutative ring, and assume the exponential characteristic of

k
k

is invertible in

R
R

. In this note, we prove that isomorphisms in Voevodsky’s triangulated category of motives

D
M

(
k
;
R
)

\mathcal {DM}(k;R)

are detected by motivic homology groups of base changes to all separable finitely generated field extensions of

k
k

. It then follows from previous conservativity results that these motivic homology groups detect isomorphisms between certain spaces in the pointed motivic homotopy category

H

(
k

)
∗

\mathcal {H}(k)_*

.
Early modern encounters
Authors: Pearsall Sarah M. S.
Published: April 2022

‘Early modern encounters’ focuses on moments of conflict over polygamy in three major settings of the early modern world. Christian missionaries were keen to end polygamy among many world cultures, but they often found it difficult to do so, given its political importance. There have also been major encounters between polygamous empires and colonizing Christian Europeans. The first considers polygyny in the Aztec Empire in what is now Mexico, and the conflicts between Catholic missionaries and indigenous people receive attention. Polygamy played an important role in the Mughal Empire, in what is now India and Pakistan and was important to the emperors Akbar and Jahangir especially. West African empire-building, centered on Dahomey, was a kingdom in which polygamy played a vital role.
Modern encounters
Authors: Pearsall Sarah M. S.
Published: April 2022

‘Modern encounters’ argues that despite increasing condemnations of polygamy, it continued around the world, well into the twentieth century, in increasingly altered modern contexts. Polygamy around the world began to seem to many, even in cultures of traditional polygamy such as those in Egypt and Turkey, to be inferior, uncivilized, and embarrassing. There was increasing legislation against it as nations sought to prove their progress and international standing through limitations on polygamy. Yet there were still many adherents and practitioners of polygamy across a range of settings. Many people, including renegade Mormons in Canada, indigenous Americans, Aboriginal Australians, and Māori people in New Zealand, practiced polygamy, as did Thai, Chinese, and Nigerian people.
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: McManus Freda
Published: April 2022

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy: A Very Short Introduction focuses on cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT). It outlines the range of therapies that share a model of cognition and behaviour that are central in understanding and resolving psychological distress. It also provides an overview of what CBT is, how it developed, and what it is used for. The processes of assessment and formulation are outlined before looking at the main techniques used in CBT protocols for common mental health problems such as anxiety and depression. This VSI discusses recent developments in CBT such as third wave approaches before looking at potential future challenges and areas of development for CBT, such as dissemination of CBT protocols and applying CBT to new problems of patient groups. It examines the fundamental idea behind CBT, in which thoughts or other mental events and behaviours influence the way one feels and vice versa.
Centralized insourcing of sterile compounding: One multihospital health system’s journey
Authors: Bracero Dom , Carlos Pagan Luis , Rowe Abbi , Cassano Angela T
Published: April 2022

Purpose

The process and challenges associated with an initiative to pivot from insourcing the batch compounding of high-volume sterile preparations to insourcing patient-specific compounding of parenteral nutrition (PN) at a health-system central fill pharmacy (CFP) serving 8 hospitals in central Florida are described.

The insourcing initiative was prompted by a need for greater oversight of sterile compounding to ensure patient safety and the potential for cost savings. In 2014 the health system opened a CFP to provide replenishment of automated dispensing machines and insourcing of 19 compounded sterile preparations (CSPs) as the hub of a hub-and-spoke distribution system for 8 local hospitals. The need to comply with a 2016 proposed Food and Drug Administration requirement limiting the distribution by 503A pharmacies of non–patient-specific CSPs beyond 1 mile and the state of Florida’s scope of practice definition related to sterile compounding prompted the CFP to switch from CSP insourcing to PN insourcing. The business case was based on substantial projected cost savings of more than $900,000 annually from PN insourcing versus outsourcing. A hybrid model for insourcing PN preparation was developed by using the PN compounding device, solutions, and additives from different vendors. Standardization of PN formulations and order templates streamlined the ordering process and reduced the unnecessary use of additives and associated costs.

Conclusion

With careful planning, the CFP successfully pivoted from insourcing CSPs to insourcing PN. A collaborative approach with early and frequent communication among key health-system and vendor stakeholders was vital to the success of the initiative.
Preoperative biomarkers related to inflammation may identify high-risk anastomoses in colorectal cancer surgery: explorative study
Authors: Holmgren Klas , Jonsson Pär , Lundin Christina , Matthiessen Peter , Rutegård Jörgen , Sund Malin , Rutegård Martin
Published: April 2022

Background

Colorectal anastomotic leakage can be considered a process of failed wound healing, for which related biomarkers might be a promising research area to decrease leak rates.

Methods

Patients who had elective surgery with a primary anastomosis for non-metastatic colorectal cancer, at two university hospitals between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2015 were included. Patients with an anastomotic leak were identified and matched (1:1) to complication-free controls on the basis of sex, age, tumour stage, tumour location, and operating hospital. Preoperative blood samples were analysed by use of protein panels associated with systemic or enteric inflammation by proteomics, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Multivariable projection methods were used in the statistical analyses and adjusted for multiple comparisons to reduce false positivity. Rectal cancer tissue samples were evaluated with immunohistochemistry to determine local expression of biomarkers that differed significantly between cases and controls.

Results

Out of 726 patients undergoing resection, 41 patients with anastomotic leakage were matched to 41 controls. Patients with rectal cancer with leakage displayed significantly elevated serum levels of 15 proteins related to inflammation. After controlling for a false discovery rate, levels of C-X-C motif chemokine 6 (CXCL6) and C-C motif chemokine 11 (CCL11) remained significant. In patients with colonic cancer with leakage, levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were increased before surgery. Local expression of CXCL6 and CCL11, and their receptors, were similar in rectal tissues between cases and controls.

Conclusion

Patients with anastomotic leakage could have an upregulated inflammatory response before surgery, as expressed by elevated serological levels of CXCL6 and CCL11 for rectal cancer and hs-CRP levels in patients with colonic cancer respectively.
Doctor, I fractured my ankle. When can I return to play? An updated systematic review
Authors: Sinha Amit , Robertson Greg , Maffulli Nicola
Published: April 2022

Introduction

Ankle fractures in sport are common. Their optimal management is unclear, as is when patients can return to their sports activities. This systematic review provides a contemporary assessment of the literature on return to sports following acute traumatic ankle fractures managed both operatively and non-operatively.

Sources of data

We systematically searched Pubmed, Google Scholar, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE and CINAHL using the terms ‘ankle fractures’, ‘ankle injuries’, ‘athletes’, ‘sports’, ‘return to sport’, ‘return to activity’, ‘operative management’, ‘non-operative management’.

Areas of agreement

Thirteen retrospective studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The methodological quality of the studies was generally poor. The proportion of patients returning to sporting activity was high. In some studies, a quicker return to sporting activity was demonstrated in patients managed non-operatively.

Areas of controversy

The time to return to sporting activity and level of performance post-treatment are not universally recorded, and the optimal time to return to sport remains to be confirmed.

Growing points

Conservative management for stable or undisplaced fracture may result in a higher proportion of patients returning to sport more quickly.

Areas timely for developing research

Randomized controlled trials should compare conservative to surgical treatment for appropriately chosen fracture patterns. Future studies should routinely report the timing of return to sport, the level of performance reached, and the time to achieve this.
Subjectivity and Trauma in Early Modern French Mémoires
Authors: O’Brien John
Published: April 2022

Focusing on accounts of the massacre of St Bartholomew’s Day and its aftermath found in early modern French writers of memoirs, most but not all Protestant, this article adopts a conceptual approach based on the work of Cathy Caruth to examine how the trauma of 24 August 1572 frames subjectivity in terms of the textualization of experience, external identification, and the imprint of history on the mind and sometimes on the body of the suffering victim. The article argues that such subjectivity occurs, not by absorbing the external into the self, but by the reverse process: assimilating the self to the larger framework of pain and suffering afforded by historical, political, and biblical models. It assesses the merits and drawbacks of Caruth’s theory of trauma and how successfully her approach invites us to revise our ideas of experience, selfhood, and personal witness in sixteenth-century French accounts of civil war.
Genetic Diversity in Successive Age Cohorts of Ilex paraguariensis in Southern Brazil
Authors: Bittencourt Larissa , e Silva Douglas Trautmann , Nascimento Bruno , Saiki Flavia Anan , Stedille Lilian Iara Bet , da Costa Newton Clóvis Freitas , Mantovani Adelar
Published: April 2022

Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil. (yerba mate) is a native species widely consumed in southern Brazil, a region that presents a current scenario of forest fragmentation. The objective was to evaluate the genetic diversity, genetic structure, and gene flow among cohorts of I. paraguariensis in two forest remnants. Genetic analyses were conducted using microsatellite markers from leaves from adult (Ad), regenerating (Reg), and seed-derived (Se) populations in Santa Catarina (SC) (Chapecó’s National Forest [CCO]) and Rio Grande do Sul (RS) (Teixeira Soares’ Municipal Natural Park [PTS]). We found unique alleles in both populations, eleven in the CCO and eight in the PTS. There was no significant difference in genetic diversity indexes, whereas high and significant fixation indexes were observed (FCCO = 0.394; FPTS = 0.319). The proportion of genetic variation obtained between populations was lower (8%) than the proportion within populations (92%). The presence of significant genetic structure was verified in the cohorts of I. paraguariensis for two study areas. Moreover, all pairwise genetic divergence between Ad and Reg, and Ad and Se cohorts was significant, except for Ad versus Reg in PTS. Aiming to maintain diversity over generations, we recommend the conservation of remnants and expansion of connectivity between fragments.
Average semivariance directly yields accurate estimates of the genomic variance in complex trait analyses
Authors: Feldmann Mitchell J , Piepho Hans-Peter , Knapp Steven J
Published: April 2022

Many important traits in plants, animals, and microbes are polygenic and challenging to improve through traditional marker-assisted selection. Genomic prediction addresses this by incorporating all genetic data in a mixed model framework. The primary method for predicting breeding values is genomic best linear unbiased prediction, which uses the realized genomic relationship or kinship matrix (K) to connect genotype to phenotype. Genomic relationship matrices share information among entries to estimate the observed entries’ genetic values and predict unobserved entries’ genetic values. One of the main parameters of such models is genomic variance (σg2), or the variance of a trait associated with a genome-wide sample of DNA polymorphisms, and genomic heritability (hg2); however, the seminal papers introducing different forms of K often do not discuss their effects on the model estimated variance components despite their importance in genetic research and breeding. Here, we discuss the effect of several standard methods for calculating the genomic relationship matrix on estimates of σg2 and hg2. With current approaches, we found that the genomic variance tends to be either overestimated or underestimated depending on the scaling and centering applied to the marker matrix (Z), the value of the average diagonal element of K, and the assortment of alleles and heterozygosity (H) in the observed population. Using the average semivariance, we propose a new matrix, KASV, that directly yields accurate estimates of σg2 and hg2 in the observed population and produces best linear unbiased predictors equivalent to routine methods in plants and animals.
Target isoforms are an overlooked challenge and opportunity in chimeric antigen receptor cell therapy
Authors: Bogetofte Barnkob Mike , Vitting-Seerup Kristoffer , Rønn Olsen Lars
Published: April 2022

The development of novel chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) cell therapies is rapidly growing, with 299 new agents being reported and 109 new clinical trials initiated so far this year. One critical lesson from approved CD19-specific CAR therapies is that target isoform switching has been shown to cause tumour relapse, but little is known about the isoforms of CAR targets in solid cancers. Here we assess the protein isoform landscape and identify both the challenges and opportunities protein isoform switching present as CAR therapy is applied to solid cancers.
The influence of childhood socioeconomic status on non-communicable disease risk factor clustering and multimorbidity among adults in Botswana: a life course perspective
Authors: Keetile Mpho , Letamo Gobopamang , Navaneetham Kannan
Published: April 2022

Childhood socioeconomic circumstances have a great influence on the health of individuals in adult life. We used cross-sectional data from a non-communicable disease (NCD) survey conducted in 2016, and respondents aged ≥15 y were selected from 3 cities/towns, 15 urban villages and 15 rural areas using a multistage probability-sampling technique. The total sample for the study was 1178. Two multinomial logistic regression models were fitted to data to ascertain the association between childhood socioeconomic status (SES) and NCD risk factor clustering and multimorbidity, using SPSS version 27. All comparisons were considered to be statistically significant at a 5% level. The prevalence of multiple NCD risk factors and multimorbidity was 30.1 and 5.3%, respectively. The odds of reporting NCD risk factor clustering were significantly high among individuals who reported low (adjusted OR [AOR]=1.88, 95% CI 1.21 to 2.78) and middle (AOR=1.22, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.05) childhood SES compared with high childhood SES. Conversely, individuals from a low SES background were more likely to report both single (AOR=1.17, 95% CI 1.00 to 2.01) and multiple NCD conditions (AOR=1.78, 95% CI 1.11 to 2.68) compared with those with a high childhood SES background. There is a need to stimulate policy debate and research to take cognisance of childhood socioeconomic circumstances in health policy planning.
Extraction Induced by Emulsion Breaking for Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn Determination in Chocolate by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: Bakircioglu Dilek , Bakircioglu Kurtulus Yasemin , Topraksever Nukte
Published: April 2022

Background

Chocolate is a rich source of essential and non-essential elements. A new liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) approach, extraction induced by emulsion breaking (EIEB), is proposed in which the analyzed elements are transferred from the organic phase to the aqueous phase before measurement by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS).

Objective

To compare EIEB to microwave digestion (MWD) for extraction of elements from chocolate prior to FAAS.

Methods

EIEB parameters were varied to optimize the procedure. EIEB-FAAS was then compared to MWD-FAAS for the analysis of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn in milk and dark chocolate samples. A certified reference material (NIST 2384, baking chocolate) was analyzed to determine the recoveries of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn by the two methods.

Results

The optimized EIEB extraction method involves dilution of tempered chocolate with toluene, ultrasonic emulsification with acidified Triton X-114, breaking the emulsion by heating, and centrifugation to produce two well-defined phases. Analysis of dark and milk chocolate samples showed similar repeatability by EIEB-FAAS (RSDr 0.3 to 6.6% in dark and 0.5 to 8.7% in milk) and MWD-FAAS (RSDr 0.5 to 5.4% in dark and 0.7 to 10.2% in milk), with no significant difference detected between the methods for analysis of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn based on Student’s t-test. Analysis of NIST 2384 baking chocolate certified reference material for Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn demonstrated recoveries of 98.6 to 99.5% for EIEB-FAAS compared to 95.8 to 98.6% for MWD-FAAS.

Conclusion

EIEB-FAAS was shown to provide high recovery and excellent repeatability for accurate determination of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn from dark and milk chocolates.

Highlight

The EIEB-FAAS method is simpler and requires fewer reagents compared to other sample preparation methods and allows the calibration to be carried out using aqueous calibration solutions.
Resumption of Short-term Burn Reconstruction Missions to Ukraine in Light of COVID-19: A Paradigm Shift
Authors: Dabek Robert J , Vlasov Alexey , Savenko Maxim , Pasunko Artem , Driscoll Daniel N , Knittel Justin G , Fuzaylov Gennadiy
Published: April 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the lives of billions of people globally. Some medical systems continue to be overburdened due to the viral illness leading to incredible public health challenges domestically as well as abroad. However, with vaccination distribution increasing globally, many are pushing for a return to some form of normalcy. In the medical community, some are weighing the risks of returning to global health missions and considering protective strategies to minimize risk of viral spread. Here, we describe our experience in returning to an annual burn reconstruction mission in a low- and middle-income country. We have successfully carried out a return surgical mission trip. Our team of 10 individuals was able to perform over 75 procedures on 25 pediatric patients in 4 operative days. We applied a variety of protective strategies and altered mission protocol to limit exposure and transmission risk while focusing heavily on education and training. Additionally, we increased the use of telemedicine and eliminated typical in-person clinic visits. We increased operative complexity to increase impact while limiting patient exposure. Rigorous perioperative safety and follow-up protocols were implemented. The increased use of telemedicine, reduction of in-person visits, emphasis on education, and implementation of safety and follow-up protocols have led to an improvement in efficiency, safety, and accountability. Our adaptations have provided guidance on responsibly resuming surgical outreach missions, with changes that are likely to endure beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.
Penalty coupling of trimmed isogeometric Kirchhoff–Love shell patches
Authors: Proserpio Davide , Kiendl Josef
Published: April 2022

We present a formulation for isogeometric Kirchhoff–Love shell analysis on complex CAD models consisting of multiple trimmed patches. The method is based on the penalty coupling method presented in Herrema AJ, Johnson EL, Proserpio D, Wu MCH, Kiendl J, Hsu MC (Penalty coupling of non-matching isogeometric Kirchhoff–Love shell patches with application to composite wind turbine blades. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 2019;346:810–840.) and extended to the application on arbitrary coupling curves defined either in the physical or parametric space. We present the detailed formulation ready for implementation. Different numerical tests demonstrate the accuracy and applicability of the method.
Should I Stay or Should I Go? Why Participants Leave Collaborative Governance Arrangements
Authors: Chen Xin , Sullivan Andrew A
Published: April 2022

What drives collaborating participants to leave collaborative arrangements? Collaboration is a dynamic and emergent process rather than a static condition. Previous studies focus on collaboration’s emergence and performance; few empirical studies examine why participants stop collaborating. We address this question by studying how the history and structure of the Illinois enterprise zone program relate to local governments’ renewing enterprise zone arrangements. We formulate hypotheses and provide empirical analysis at both the collaboration and individual participant levels to understand what relates to dropout. Using probit models, we provide evidence that participants of collaboration are less likely to drop out if the previous performance has been high when controlling for observable factors. Collaboration’s resource balance, stability, and participant similarity also relate to a lower likelihood of a participant’s dropping out of a collaboration. These findings shed light on the development of collaborative governance life cycle, particularly relating to later stages of collaboration.
Adherence to Mirror Image Hierarchy: Evidence from Modern Standard and Libyan Arabic
Authors: Atiega Awasha , Morse Saadia , Elkhodairy Marwa
Published: April 2022

Referring to a specific object sometimes requires using several modifiers, such as adjectives with nouns to describe objects. The ordering of these adjectives is generally assumed to adhere to universal hierarchies. It is, therefore, predicted that prenominal (e.g. English) languages present preferred ordering, and postnominal (Arabic) languages are further expected to mirror the ordering observed in those prenominal languages. This paper investigates these predictions by providing a quantitative account of internal orderings of elements in some Arabic noun phrases in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and Libyan Arabic (LA). The primary concern is with the relative ordering of adjectives, where both semantic adjective classes and functions (specifying~descriptive~classifying) are invoked. The study findings showed ordering preference in both MSA and LA, at both the global and refined functional levels, in line with the suggested hierarchies. Deviation from the preferred order also appeared possible but under certain circumstances which appear at a greater level in LA than MSA. These instances were, however, accounted for through factors such as contrastive environments.
Foucault’s archeological discourse analysis with digital methodology—Discourse on women prior to the first wave women’s movement
Authors: Karlsen Heidi
Published: April 2022

In L’archéologie du savoir (1969), Foucault specifies the method of discourse analysis as the identification of statements. Few digital humanities projects have set out to conduct discourse analysis in this tradition. A certain degree of confusion relates to what the Foucauldian statement consists of and how it can be operationalized in order to identify discourse, using digital methods. This article demonstrates, however, that such an operationalization becomes possible if we take Foucault’s own distinction between statement (énoncé) and enunciation (énonciation) into account. As an example, the article shows how discourse on women prior to the first wave women’s movement in Western countries has been identified in almost 7,000 books digitized by the Norwegian National Library. This article concludes that a digitized Foucauldian discourse analysis is possible, using a combination of digital methodology and close reading.
Insurgencies fromThere There
Authors: Berger Jason
Published: April 2022

Considering Tommy Orange’s debut novel There There (2018) along with John Rollin Ridge’s sensational novel The Life and Adventures of Joaquín Murieta, The Celebrated California Bandit (1854), this essay examines alternate formations and implications of nineteenth- through twenty-first-century Indigenous resistance to what Mark Rifkin calls “settler common sense.” The essay uses Orange’s central thematic of “there there” as a formal and conceptual means to rethink the unique historical schemas and stakes of Indigenous fiction then and now. More specifically, the essay examines how these two novels, written by Indigenous authors with starkly different historical and ideological positions, offer nuanced and original portrayals of the complex alternate ground—physical-tactical, cultural, and political—that Indigenous resistance has and must negotiate. Ultimately, it argues that Orange’s novel deploys unique formal strategies that allow a consolidation of historical agency to confront the realities of US imperialism that have rendered Indigenous life and its modes of resistance precarious.
Iron plays a role in sulfasalazine-induced ferroptosis with autophagic flux blockage in K7M2 osteosarcoma cells
Authors: Liu Junyu , Lou Chenge , Zhen Chenxiao , Wang Yijia , Shang Peng , Lv Huanhuan
Published: April 2022

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone malignancy in children and young adults, with a very poor prognosis. It is of great importance to develop targeted therapeutic strategies for osteosarcoma. Sulfasalazine (SAS) is an FDA-approved drug for the treatment of Crohn’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. It acts as an inhibitor of cystine/glutamate system, which is important for cellular glutathione synthesis and maintenance of GPx4 activity. Nowadays, SAS has been repurposed as an antitumor drug for inducing ferroptosis in cancers. This study aimed to uncover the role of iron in SAS-induced ferroptotic cell death in K7M2 osteosarcoma cells. Herein, SAS led to an iron-dependent cell death mode in K7M2 cells, accompanied with decreased antioxidant defense and increased production of cytosolic and lipid reactive oxygen species. Results also showed that iron supplement with ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) or ferrous ammonium sulfate (FAS) exacerbated the declined cell viability of SAS-treated K7M2 cells, while in the case of iron depletion, it weakened such suppression. Furthermore, iron promoted SAS-induced alterations on cell cycle, cytoskeleton, mitochondria morphology and function, and redox system. Iron also induced the dysfunction of autophagic activity in SAS-treated K7M2 cells. In conclusion, our study uncovered the essential role of iron in SAS's effects on K7M2 cells and provided the potential combined therapy of inhibition on antioxidant defense and an increase in oxidative potential, which further disturbed the redox status in tumor cells.
APIP5 functions as a transcription factor and an RNA-binding protein to modulate cell death and immunity in rice
Authors: Zhang Fan , Fang Hong , Wang Min , He Feng , Tao Hui , Wang Ruyi , Long Jiawei , Wang Jiyang , Wang Guo-Liang , Ning Yuese
Published: April 2022

Many transcription factors (TFs) in animals bind to both DNA and mRNA, regulating transcription and mRNA turnover. However, whether plant TFs function at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels remains unknown. The rice (Oryza sativa) bZIP TF AVRPIZ-T-INTERACTING PROTEIN 5 (APIP5) negatively regulates programmed cell death and blast resistance and is targeted by the effector AvrPiz-t of the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. We demonstrate that the nuclear localization signal of APIP5 is essential for APIP5-mediated suppression of cell death and blast resistance. APIP5 directly targets two genes that positively regulate blast resistance: the cell wall-associated kinase gene OsWAK5 and the cytochrome P450 gene CYP72A1. APIP5 inhibits OsWAK5 expression and thus limits lignin accumulation; moreover, APIP5 inhibits CYP72A1 expression and thus limits reactive oxygen species production and defense compounds accumulation. Remarkably, APIP5 acts as an RNA-binding protein to regulate mRNA turnover of the cell death- and defense-related genes OsLSD1 and OsRac1. Therefore, APIP5 plays dual roles, acting as TF to regulate gene expression in the nucleus and as an RNA-binding protein to regulate mRNA turnover in the cytoplasm, a previously unidentified regulatory mechanism of plant TFs at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels.
The current status and shortcomings of stereotactic radiosurgery
Authors: Mehrens Hunter , Nguyen Trang , Edward Sharbacha , Hartzell Shannon , Glenn Mallory , Branco Daniela , Hernandez Nadia , Alvarez Paola , Molineu Andrea , Taylor Paige , Kry Stephen
Published: April 2022

Background

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is a common treatment for intracranial lesions. This work explores the state of SRS treatment delivery to characterize current treatment accuracy based on treatment parameters.

Methods

NCI clinical trials involving SRS rely on an end-to-end treatment delivery on a patient surrogate (credentialing phantom) from the Imaging and Radiation Oncology Core (IROC) to test their treatment accuracy. The results of 1072 SRS phantom irradiations between 2012 and 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Univariate analysis and random forest models were used to associate irradiation conditions with phantom performance. The following categories were evaluated in terms of how they predicted outcomes: year of irradiation, TPS algorithm, machine model, energy, and delivered field size.

Results

Overall, only 84.6% of irradiations have met the IROC/NCI acceptability criteria. Pass rate has remained constant over time, while dose calculation accuracy has slightly improved. Dose calculation algorithm (P < .001), collimator (P = .024), and field size (P < .001) were statistically significant predictors of pass/fail. Specifically, pencil beam algorithms and cone collimators were more likely to be associated with failing phantom results. Random forest modeling identified the size of the field as the most important factor for passing or failing followed by algorithm.

Conclusion

Constant throughout this retrospective study, approximately 15% of institutions fail to meet IROC/NCI standards for SRS treatment. In current clinical practice, this is particularly associated with smaller fields that yielded less accurate results. There is ongoing need to improve small field dosimetry, beam modeling, and QA to ensure high treatment quality, patient safety, and optimal clinical trials.
Afterword: Notes with Ears
Authors: Cimini Amy
Published: April 2022

In order to dramatize the futures one might imagine for a music so deeply concerned with a listener’s embodied standpoint, the book concludes by imagining Amacher in the role of her fictive character—Intelligent Life’s Aplisa Kandel. This gesture addresses questions of social content and resistance that have long been central to feminist musicology to an emerging sound art discourse—that often claims Amacher as an originary figure—struggling to extend its interpretive horizons toward the social, the cultural, and the political. With this, one can meditate on how much, about Amacher, remains speculative and open-ended.
On Demographic and Gender Dividend in India
Authors: James K. S.
Published: April 2022

A young population consequent to demographic changes and an expected emergence of middle class are considered to be a critical part of harnessing demographic dividend opportunities for India. While the demographic dividend potential is well recognized, there are many pessimistic views expressed on the ability of the country to take advantage of demographic changes due to several institutional constraints. Of these, lack of significant improvement in female labour force participation and other gender related indicators have attracted wide attention. This chapter examines the demographic dividend opportunities for India through a gender lens. The chapter argues that although demographic changes have not simultaneously led to improvements in the work participation of females, the gender dividend is definitely positive in India as women’s work needs to be viewed more broadly than merely as employment outside the home.
New Urbanism and the Remaking of Citizenship, Class, and ‘Community’
Authors: Srivastava Sanjay
Published: April 2022

The chapter focuses upon the privately developed DLF City in Gurgaon (Haryana) in order to explore what contemporary urban processes tell us about new forms of citizenship, the changing nature of the state, and ideas of ‘community’. It develops the notions of ‘post-nationalism’ and ‘moral consumption’ to explore emerging meanings of class and their relationships to processes such as the actions of middle-class residents’ welfare associations. This focus also allows for an investigation of changing relationships between the state and private capital in the wake of the post-1991 ‘liberalization’ policies. The chapter suggests that an investigation of contemporary contexts of urbanism and new consumer cultures provides insights into changing relationships between the categories of ‘the state’, ‘capital’, and ‘the people’. And that the social production of urban spaces allows for an understanding of both the public life of the new city and the refashioning of urban identities.
Rural Real Estate
Authors: Upadhya Carol
Published: April 2022

This chapter examines the market-based routes through which agrarian land in India is transformed into real estate—especially on the peripheries of expanding metropolitan cities and regional towns. As agrarian land becomes a key site of speculative accumulation for regional, national, and transnational finance capital, as well as for urban middle class and affluent households, the increasing flow of money into rural land markets produces a pattern of ‘empty urbanization’, in which alienated and converted land often remains unused and unoccupied. This phenomenon reflects the increasing financialization of land in the post-liberalization period.
“Gone Modern”
Authors: Meglin Joellen A.
Published: April 2022

This chapter explores Page’s collaborations with international visual artists who designed costumes and props for the choreographer in ways that ushered her toward modernism in a variety of modes: Constructivism, neo-primitivism, abstraction, the fourth dimension, and Bauhausian functionalism. The solos of the late 1920s and early 1930s are read in close detail: Ballet Scaffolding (1928), Tropic (1932), Possessed (1932), and Phoenix (1933), designed by Remisoff; Expanding Universe (1932), designed by Isamu Noguchi; and Variations on Euclid (1933), designed by Pavel Tchelitchew. In these works, choreographer and designer explored materiality in motion—the dynamic architecture of the body as it moved in space, whether through portable sculptures, sculpted fabric, extensional props, or multifaceted masks. The sense of experiment and impulse toward the avant-garde in such works led critic John Martin, stalwart champion of modern dance, to comment in a 1933 review that the ballet choreographer had “gone modern.” So, too, creating several solos with Louis Horst—modern dance’s mentor—as her accompanist and musical advisor nudged her toward modern music. This chapter unfolds against the backdrop of Page’s love affair with Noguchi and her eventual reconciliation with her husband, Thomas Hart Fisher. Prelude to these modernist thrusts were Page’s subscription, early in her career, to minstrel stereotypes (Negro Dances of New Orleans, 1927) and her shift, beginning with Blues (1928), to the aesthetics of blues and jazz.
Hessians
Authors: Baer Friederike
Published: April 2022

Between 1776 and 1783, Britain hired an estimated 30,000 German soldiers to fight in its war against the Americans. Collectively known as Hessians, the soldiers and accompanying civilians, including women and children, spent extended periods of time in locations as dispersed and varied as Canada in the north and West Florida and Cuba in the south. This study examines how they experienced and described the war they fought in, the land they traversed, and the people they encountered. Based chiefly on their own writings, including a large body of letters and diaries, the book offers a groundbreaking reimaging of Britain’s war against American independence.
Introduction
Authors: Baer Friederike
Published: April 2022

The Introduction provides a general overview of Britain’s decision to hire thousands of German troops in the war against the American rebels. By the early 1780s, they made up more than one third of the of the British regular army’s strength in North America. Members of the German corps produced a voluminous body of official and private records that offers provides fascinating insight into their experiences between 1776, when the first contingents set foot on American soil, and 1783, when the British army evacuated the newly founded United States. An examination of German-authored records, including in particular diaries and letters, draws the eye from a higher view of the war to more personal, subjective narratives of this period in American history.
“An Unfortunate Affair”
Authors: Baer Friederike
Published: April 2022

This chapter focuses on American and German views of each other in the fall and winter of 1776 up to and including the Battle of Trenton. In general, the Germans viewed themselves as liberating the people from the oppression they had suffered under rebel occupation. They blamed the rebels for the destruction of their own land while the Americans singled out the Hessians as a particularly merciless and violent enemy. Plundering was a major concern on both sides. The defeat at Trenton, which resulted in the capture of more than 1,000 Hessians, had a significant impact on the perceptions of the two sides of each other.
“A War against All Humanity”
Authors: Baer Friederike
Published: April 2022

This chapter examines the experiences of the German troops that belonged to Barry St. Leger’s force, participated in General Burgoyne’s failed campaign, or remained in garrison in Canada for the duration of the war. After the Battle of Bennington in August 1777, General John Burgoyne’s army continued its march toward Albany. St. Leger’s force, which was made up of British and Hanau troops, Loyalists, and Native Americans, including the Iroquois chief Joseph Brant, had been sent into New York as a diversion in support of the campaign. However, St. Leger’s failure to capture Fort Stanwix in the Mohawk Valley prevented the force from advancing toward Albany. In October, Burgoyne’s army suffered what would be one of the major British defeats of the war at the Battle of Saratoga. In the meantime, a significant proportion of the British army that remained garrisoned in Canada until 1783 was composed of German troops.
“How German Bones Are Scattered Around in this War”
Authors: Baer Friederike
Published: April 2022

This chapter examines the experiences of the German troops that were sent to Pensacola in West Florida in order to help protect this loyal province from Spanish and French threats. They belonged to a large number German soldiers that departed from New York in the fall of 1778 for places as distant as Nova Scotia in the North and the Gulf Coast in the South The Third Waldeck Regiment was dispatched to West Florida. It was the only German regiment that was sent as far south, and the only one that fought against the Spanish. It turned out to be a devastating mission.
Nonlinear Dynamics
Authors: Schuldberg David
Published: April 2022

This chapter applies fundamental concepts of dynamics, nonlinearity, and chaotic behavior to notions of creativity, health, and illness. It describes how nonlinear dynamical systems (NDS) models apply to crucial issues and phenomena that are not well described with customary linear models. The difficulty begins with simply trying to stay healthy or to promote health and well-being in others, or to cope anew with a changing world, such as the vexing difficulties with meeting the COVID-19 pandemic. Such “wicked problems” are evident across psychological, physiological, and social systems, and they are perennially puzzling, even maddening. These difficult problems—known since the ancients as uniquely “resistant”—may be much more amenable to nonlinear dynamic methods. Even very simple models can provide accurate insights. This chapter utilizes an illustrative “toy” model, an entertaining and fascinating magnetic pendulum toy. The chapter shows how well-being emerges from multivariate nonlinear processes, a point of view that untangles the seemingly quixotic nature of living well and promoting a good society and a survivable future. When people accept that relationships among our variables (including health and creativity) are generally nonlinear ones—and when they remember things always change with time—theorizing and research become more true-to-life, although more complex. Approaches that are realistically grounded in NDS can address previously impossible problems, including promoting healthy, creative, and fulfilling lives, reforming the U.S. healthcare system, and perhaps even turning the tide in time on the existential crisis of global climate change.
Nonlinearity in Cultural Evolution
Authors: Eisler Riane
Published: April 2022

This chapter suggests a nonlinear course for human cultural evolution, one characterized by the tension between the partnership model and the domination model as two psychosocial attractors. It describes the interactive configurations of these two models, revealing patterns in what otherwise may seem random and disconnected events. It focuses attention on the cultural construction of the relations children first experience and observe, taking into account the findings from psychology indicating that these relationships profoundly impact what people grow up to believe is normal and moral in all subsequent ones. It further takes into account findings from neuroscience on the impact of early experiences on the brain, providing an integrated perspective on personal and cultural development. People can use the apparent chaos and disequilibrium of current social, economic, and environmental dislocations to bring about the new thinking and meaningful change needed for cultural well-being. The chapter highlights the role psychology and other social sciences can play in strengthening the psychosocial attractor of the partnership model and weakening that of the domination model, and how teaching this new worldview is a vital step toward the emergence of more humane, sustainable, and equitable social systems.
Human Nature from Chaos
Authors: Guisinger Shan
Published: April 2022

Applying chaos concepts of emergence and self-organization to the empirical foundation of behavior genetics and neuroscience, this chapter shows how unique attributes of human nature can be programed into our genes. The last 5 million years of human evolution produced a highly social species of cooperative hunters and gatherers with strong couple, family, and tribal loyalties, psychologically distinct from our closest cousins. Humanity also shares a legacy of innate cognitions, emotions, and behaviors from our ancestors. The chapter begins by showing how altered activity of neurotransmitters and neurocircuits leads to the emergence of complex and sophisticated maternal behavior in a never-mothered hen. Then, it describes how human’s new ecological niche as interdependent collaborative foragers and breeders led to the evolution of novel instincts for working together, including smiling, taking another’s perspective, helping, sharing language, imitating, sharing goals, collaborating and practicing for cooperative hunting and fighting, expressing moral emotions including guilt, shame, and altruism, pair-bonding to raise children together, teaching and learning cultural knowledge, midwifing, doctoring, and helping relatives with childcare.
Evolution, Chaos Theory, Narrative, and Dreaming
Authors: Guisinger Shan
Published: April 2022

This chapter explores anorexia nervosa as an unusually clear example of how instincts can self-organize as specific stories, and it also demonstrates a role for dreaming in the emergence of particular narratives. Human nature seems to emerge as beliefs and stories about our roles and our place in our community. Those who develop anorexia nervosa become obsessed by a story that demands that they restrict feeding and move hyperactively, which seems quite mad, because they starving. Anorexia symptoms are homogeneous and delusional and we can observe a clear correspondence between the manifestly insane cognitions and specific neurocircuit changes recently revealed by brain imaging studies. A wholescale reorganization of the brain’s response to feeding opportunities is triggered by a critical drop in the energy regulation hormone, leptin. Thus, serious weight loss in those with the genetic predisposition initiates anorexia nervosa. The symptoms of anorexia nervosa (AN) were probably selected during Paleolithic famines to help hunter-gatherers searching for better lands. Decreasing feeding, moving actively, and denying starvation would have helped individuals migrate. A bifurcation to the same behaviors has been described in starving rats and pigs. Moreover, post-pubescent girls are most vulnerable because ovarian hormones turn on the heritability of AN-related genes. This specific gene and environment interaction indicates that teenaged girls were the best candidates to search for better lands during famine, probably because they were more likely to survive to reproduce if they encountered an enemy band. Dreaming appears to help condition fear of food and consolidate anorexic beliefs. However, different neural modules also seem to use dreaming to help people to recover from anorexia nervosa. The hypothesis that anorexia nervosa is due to evolutionary adaptations to search for better lands during famine rather than learned habits or psychological issues has major treatment implications.