bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simulation-guided, application-specific manufacturing of gecko-inspired adhesives
Authors: Hajj-Ahmad Amar , Gharibi Armin , Lanzetta Michele , Cutkosky Mark R.
Published: February 2025

We introduce a simulation-based approach to specify tool trajectories for micromachining the molds used to create directional gecko-inspired adhesives. A challenge is that the final feature geometries are different from the corresponding tool-paths. Therefore, the process of designing molds for different applications has previously required empirical iteration. Large plastic strains and sensitivity to material parameters and friction also make it difficult to apply conventional finite element analyses, with only approximate agreement between predicted and observed cutting forces. The solution reported here uses a plane-strain FEA analysis specialized for metal working, with a customized material model to accommodate the strain rates and strain hardening effects. The analysis was conducted for wax and soft aluminum molds with a variety of wedge-shaped features. Predicted and measured microscopic feature geometries match to within 2.8%.
Nonlinear Complementary Strain Energy Formulation for Planar Beam Flexures Undergoing Intermediate Deflection
Authors: Ma Fulei , Bai Ruiyu , Chen Guimin , Awtar Shorya
Published: February 2025

The previously presented beam constraint model (BCM) successfully captures pertinent nonlinearities to predict the constraint characteristics of beam flexures. This has been followed by multiple attempts to construct a more comprehensive framework comprising strain energy (SE) principles and complementary strain energy (CSE) principles. However, comprehensive results are still lacking in the current literature, especially in the validation of the CSE definition, fundamental relations between beam coefficients, further relationships between the SE and the CSE, and suitable examples. This article addresses all these gaps. The nonlinear CSE is derived using the principle of complementary virtual work for a planar beam undergoing intermediate deflections. This result is shown to be consistent with the load—displacement relations and the nonlinear strain energy formulation in the BCM. Furthermore, the current article also demonstrates for the first time that the SE and the CSE are interrelated through the gap energy, which is derived and formulated in terms of tip loads. Finally, this CSE expression is employed in the analysis of a fixed-guided mechanism. All results are validated to a high degree of accuracy via nonlinear finite element analysis.
Innovative Designs of 3D Heat Sinks by Topology Optimization
Authors: Wang Dingbiao , Yang Chongrui , Wang Guanghui , Li Yi , Dbouk Talib
Published: February 2025

The topology optimization (TO) method is developed and applied to 3D heat sink design optimization using the finite element method (FEM). To go from theory to practical application of optimized heat sink designs, the impact of the ratio between fin height (Hc) and substrate thickness (Hb) on the performance of heat sinks was investigated, studying the critical role of geometric parameters in heat dissipation performance, focusing on optimizing the internal fluid channels to enhance the overall hydraulic and thermal efficiencies under various operating conditions. Optimal flow conditions vary across TO designs; notably, structures with near-equal (Hc) and (Hb) ratios demonstrated superior energy and fluid flow overall performances. At high Reynolds numbers, the optimized heat sink designs showed an enhancement in the overall performance up to 41.2%, showcasing the effectiveness of the present TO method. The new 3D optimal designs can be applied to different applications such as the cooling of CPU, GPU, and different electronic chips.
Unsteady Flow Development and Reynolds Stress Measurements in a Centrifugal Compressor Vaned Diffuser
Authors: Meier Matthew A. , Gooding William J. , Key Nicole L.
Published: February 2025

Modern aeroengine designers face the challenge of reducing fuel consumption, which is pushing compressor technology into new design spaces. To optimize these design spaces, high-fidelity computational models are crucial to the compressor design process. It is important to validate these models with experimental data. Nonintrusive measurement techniques allow for the acquisition of data well suited for this comparison, as they do not lead to local disruptions of the flow field. This investigation utilized three-component laser Doppler velocimetry to acquire a unique dataset of detailed unsteady velocity measurements in the vaned diffuser of an aeroengine centrifugal compressor. These measurements allowed for a thorough study of the flow development in the vaneless and semivaneless space of the diffuser as well as through the diffuser passage. The components of the Reynolds stress tensor were also determined at multiple locations in the diffuser flow field. These data are used to study the jet and wake propagation from the impeller exit flow field into the diffuser passage and the resulting secondary flow structures. Predictions from unsteady computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations using the shear stress transport (SST) and baseline k–ω explicit algebraic Reynolds stress model (BSL-EARSM) turbulence models are also compared with these experimental data. Both turbulence models yielded results that qualitatively agreed with the experimental radial velocity profile through the vaneless and semivaneless space. With the experimentally determined Reynolds stress tensor, the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) is calculated at multiple points through the flow field and is compared to the TKE at the same geometric locations in the computational flow field. This comparison highlights the difference in dissipation and production of turbulence between the experimental data and the computational predictions. Investigating the differences in TKE throughout the diffuser helps elucidate the differences in predicted flow structures in the diffuser passage.
Electrochemical study of oxidized hyaluronic acid grafted with aniline tetramer Bletilla striata polysaccharide hydrogel wound dressings
Authors: Luo Li , Wang Xiaofei , Ma Li , Wang Kaibin , Ma Jiandong , Zhao Xiaoliang , Wang Yonggang , Zhang Jing , Wang Cunjin , Zhang Weijie
Published: February 2025

Bletilla striata polysaccharide, also known as Bletilla gum, is a water-soluble polymeric viscous polysaccharide with antimicrobial and coagulation-promoting activities. This study used Bletilla striata polysaccharide as the base material and crosslinked it with an electroactive carrier material to prepare a hydrogel with both conductivity and bioactivity. Specifically, hydroxypropyl chitosan with good bioactivity was used as a cross-linking agent. Through Schiff base reaction, oxidized hyaluronic acid grafted with aniline tetramer copolymer and oxidized Bletilla striata polysaccharide were crosslinked to prepare conductive hydrogels, and their properties were characterized. Comparative results indicate that the oxidized Bletilla striata polysaccharide-hyaluronic acid conductive hydrogel (HP/OB-OT4) prepared with 20% grafted conductive polymer aniline tetramer content exhibits good conductivity, with an electrical conductivity reaching 0.32 ± 0.013 mS/cm, meeting the requirements for microcurrent stimulation. It also shows a degradation rate of 58.46 ± 1.96% and possesses good antibacterial properties and biocompatibility, demonstrating potential for application in biomedical material fields such as wound dressings.
Attention-enhanced conditional variational autoencoder integrating 3D plasma etching simulation for etching process optimization
Authors: Guo Jianming , Ren Kun , Ni Dong , Gao Dawei
Published: February 2025

Accurate prediction of etching profiles is essential for optimizing semiconductor manufacturing processes. In this work, we present a novel approach to etch process optimization using the EtchAttnCVAE model, which combines conditional variational autoencoders (CVAE) with the attention mechanism to improve the precision of profile predictions. By leveraging three-dimensional plasma etching simulations and real process data, our model captures intricate details of etching profiles, ensuring high structural fidelity under varying conditions. The EtchAttnCVAE model enhances both forward and inverse optimization capabilities. In forward prediction, it accurately generates etching profiles from process conditions, while in inverse optimization, it efficiently identifies optimal recipes from target profiles. This dual capability is part of a comprehensive workflow, which begins with a neural network-based surrogate model for rapid predictions, followed by inverse model calibration and process optimization. Our results demonstrate that the EtchAttnCVAE model significantly outperforms traditional methods by accelerating recipe generation and improving prediction accuracy, making it an ideal solution for smart manufacturing in the semiconductor industry.
Stress-strain analysis of single ultrasound-driven microbubbles for viscoelastic shell characterization
Authors: Nawijn Charlotte L. , Spiekhout Sander , Voorneveld Jason , Bosch Johannes G. , Versluis Michel , Segers Tim , Lajoinie Guillaume
Published: February 2025

Microbubbles are of great interest both for ultrasound imaging and for ultrasound-assisted therapy due to their nonlinear scattering, which is enhanced by the viscoelastic shell. A full characterization of this nonlinear response is therefore crucial to fully exploit their potential. Current microbubble characterization techniques rely on assumptions regarding the microbubble shell rheology. Here, a stress-strain method is proposed to characterize the viscoelastic shells of single microbubbles with minimal underlying assumptions, which mainly entail separable viscous and elastic contributions. Detailed knowledge of the acoustic driving pressure and frequency, combined with a precise measurement of the bubble oscillations obtained through high-frequency ultrasound scattering, allows to derive the viscoelastic contribution of single microbubbles. To account for experimental uncertainties, we employed a fitting procedure of the surface tension in the buckled and ruptured regimes, which currently limits the applicability of the method to phospholipid-shelled microbubbles. The method was validated through simulations, and used to experimentally characterize 275 individual microbubbles from a monodisperse population, revealing a shell elasticity of (0.49 ± 0.10) N m−1, and initial surface tension of (28.7±3.94) mN m–1. Besides providing detailed information on single bubble dynamics, this analysis paves the way for the characterization of the viscous dissipation mechanisms of individual microbubble shells.
Inflammatory responses to acute carbon monoxide poisoning and the role of plasma gelsolin
Authors: Arya Awadhesh K. , Sethuraman Kinjal , Waddell Jaylyn , Cha Yong Sung , Liang Yuanyuan , Bhopale Veena M. , Bhat Abid R. , Imtiyaz Zuha , Dakessian Alik , Lee Yoonsuk , Thom Stephen R.
Published: February 2025

The mechanism for neurological deficits from carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is unclear. In a series of 150 patients with CO poisoning, we found marked elevations of blood-borne inflammatory filamentous (F-) actin–coated microparticles (MPs), neutrophil activation, and a 90% reduction in the normal level of plasma gelsolin (pGSN), a protein capable of lysing F-actin–coated MPs. This led to studies in a murine model where the same events occur and cause neuroinflammation with cognitive dysfunction. All events are recapitulated when F-actin MPs are injected intravenously, which establishes a blood-to-brain-to-blood inflammatory cycle that persists for weeks. All changes, including cognitive dysfunction, can be abrogated by an injection of human recombinant pGSN within 2 weeks after CO poisoning. These findings demonstrate that CO-induced neurological injury has an inflammatory etiology. Because of MP-mediated communications between the brain and systemic circulation, CO-induced cognitive deficits may be reversible with a pharmaceutical intervention.
Direct observations of cross-scale wave-particle energy transfer in space plasmas
Authors: Li Jing-Huan , Zhou Xu-Zhi , Liu Zhi-Yang , Wang Shan , Omura Yoshiharu , Li Li , Yue Chao , Zong Qiu-Gang , Le Guan , Russell Christopher T. , Burch James L.
Published: February 2025

The collisionless plasmas in space and astrophysical environments are intrinsically multiscale in nature, behaving as conducting fluids at macroscales and kinetically at microscales comparable to ion and/or electron gyroradii. A fundamental question in understanding the plasma dynamics is how energy is transported and dissipated across scales. Here, we present spacecraft measurements in the terrestrial foreshock, a region upstream of the bow shock where the solar wind population coexists with the reflected ions. In this region, the fluid-scale, ultralow-frequency waves resonate with the reflected ions to modify the velocity distributions, which in turn cause the growth of the ion-scale, magnetosonic-whistler waves. The latter waves then resonate with the electrons, and the accelerated electrons contribute to the excitation of electron-scale, high-frequency whistler waves. These observations demonstrate that the chain of wave-particle resonances is an efficient mechanism for cross-scale energy transfer, which could redistribute the kinetic energy and accelerate the particles upstream of the shocks.
Asgard archaea reveal the conserved principles of ESCRT-III membrane remodeling
Authors: Souza Diorge P. , Espadas Javier , Chaaban Sami , Moody Edmund R. R. , Hatano Tomoyuki , Balasubramanian Mohan , Williams Tom A. , Roux Aurélien , Baum Buzz
Published: February 2025

ESCRT-III proteins assemble into composite polymers that undergo stepwise changes in composition and structure to deform membranes across the tree of life. Here, using a phylogenetic analysis, we demonstrate that the two endosomal sorting complex required for transport III (ESCRT-III) proteins present in eukaryote’s closest Asgard archaeal relatives are evolutionarily related to the B- and A-type eukaryotic paralogs that initiate and execute membrane remodeling, respectively. We show that Asgard ESCRT-IIIB assembles into parallel arrays on planar membranes to initiate membrane deformation, from where it recruits ESCRT-IIIA to generate composite polymers. Last, we show that Asgard ESCRT-IIIA is able to remodel membranes into tubes as a likely prelude to scission. Together, these data reveal a set of conserved principles governing ESCRT-III–dependent membrane remodeling that first emerged in a two-component ESCRT-III system in archaea.
MAIT cell homing in intestinal homeostasis and inflammation
Authors: Wu Zhengyu , Chen Xingchi , Han Fei , Leeansyah Edwin
Published: February 2025

Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a large population of unconventional T cells widely distributed in the human gastrointestinal tract. Their homing to the gut is central to maintaining mucosal homeostasis and immunity. This review discusses the potential mechanisms that guide MAIT cells to the intestinal mucosa during homeostasis and inflammation, emphasizing the roles of chemokines, chemokine receptors, and tissue adhesion molecules. The potential influence of the gut microbiota on MAIT cell homing to different regions of the human gut is also discussed. Last, we introduce how organoid technology offers a potentially valuable approach to advance our understanding of MAIT cell tissue homing by providing a more physiologically relevant model that mimics the human gut tissue. These models may enable a detailed investigation of the gut-specific homing mechanisms of MAIT cells. By understanding the regulation of MAIT cell homing to the human gut, potential avenues for therapeutic interventions targeting gut inflammatory conditions such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) may emerge.
IL-4 induces CD22 expression to restrain the effector program of virtual memory T cells
Authors: Yang Bin , Piedfort Ophélie , Sanchez-Sanchez Guillem , Lavergne Arnaud , Gong Meijiao , Peng Garrie , Madrigal Ariel , Petrellis Georgios , Katsandegwaza Brunette , Rodriguez Lucia Rodriguez , Balthazar Alexis , Meyer Sarah J. , Van Isterdael Gert , Van Duyse Julie , Andris Fabienne , Bai Qiang , Marichal Thomas , Machiels Bénédicte , Nitschke Lars , Najafabadi Hamed S. , King Irah L. , Vermijlen David , Dewals Benjamin G.
Published: February 2025

Parasitic helminths induce the production of interleukin-4 (IL-4), which causes the expansion of virtual memory CD8
+
T cells (T
VM
cells), a cell subset that contributes to the control of coinfection with intracellular pathogens. However, the mechanisms regulating IL-4–dependent T
VM
cell activation and expansion remain ill defined. Here, we used single-cell RNA sequencing of CD8
+
T cells to identify pathways that control IL-4–dependent T
VM
cell responses. Gene signature analysis of CD8
+
T cells identified a cell cluster marked by CD22, a canonical regulator of B cell activation, as a selective surface marker of IL-4–induced T
VM
cells. CD22
+
T
VM
cells were enriched for interferon-γ and granzyme A and retained a diverse TCR repertoire while enriched in self-reactive CDR3 sequences. CD22 intrinsically regulated the IL-4–induced CD8
+
T cell effector program, resulting in reduced responsiveness of CD22
+
T
VM
cells and regulatory functions to infection and inflammation. Thus, helminth-induced IL-4 drives the expansion and activation of T
VM
cells that is counterinhibited by CD22.
Afraid of needles? Try lotion: Engineering skin commensals for vaccination
Authors: Shapiro Daniel A. , Hunter Christopher A.
Published: February 2025

Commensals induce germinal center–like structures in the skin that can be used for vaccination.
Is one lymphocyte’s brake another lymphocyte’s gas?
Authors: Xu Thomas T. , Pillai Shiv
Published: February 2025

PD-1 contributes to memory B cell development and robust antibody responses through B cell extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms.
Persistence in time: the hunt for
Bacillus anthracis
at a historic tannery site in Austria reveals genetic diversity thought extinct
Authors: Mayerhofer-Rochel Maximilian F. , Himmelbauer Florian , Reinprecht Pierre , Herndler Sebastian , Weidinger Hugo , Hellinger Hans-Jörg , Szostak Michael P. , Grass Gregor , Ehling-Schulz Monika
Published: February 2025

Identifying and analyzing historic anthrax loci may provide a treasure trove to fill in the gaps of persistence in time and genetic diversity of
Bacillus anthracis
. In countries where anthrax has become a disease of the past, detailed knowledge of the exact location and stability of spores in soil reservoirs is limited. Reviewing archival records may provide valuable clues to unearthing such forgotten sites. Knowledge of anthrax diversity in Austria is scarce, as the only available isolates—originating from the last outbreak in Austria in 1988—cluster in the B.Br.004 (CNEVA) canonical single-nucleotide polymorphism (canSNP) group. Thus, we analyzed archival records on anthrax incidents in Austria to locate historic
B. anthracis
soil reservoirs. In parallel, we tested the performance of different soil processing protocols for the isolation of
B. anthracis
spores to establish a suitable workflow for screening historical anthrax loci. Using an optimized workflow, we were able to isolate viable
B. anthracis
spores 80 years after the last occurrence of anthrax at an abandoned tannery identified through our archival work. Genome analysis of the isolated strains allowed to improve the phylogeographic resolution within the hitherto poorly covered A.Br.064 (V770) canSNP group by linking historical records to genetic information. Furthermore, our results re-emphasize that
B. anthracis
can survive for decades at historic sites and may pose a health threat when such sites are eventually reactivated by climatic factors or human intervention.

IMPORTANCE

Bacillus anthracis
is a continuing threat from a One Health perspective since it leads to severe infections in animals and humans. Ongoing climate change or human activities can reactivate historical
B. anthracis
loci, previously considered inactive or forgotten. Therefore, knowledge of historic anthrax incidents at abandoned animal processing facilities, such as tanneries or farmyards, along with robust detection protocols, is of prime interest when monitoring this important zoonosis. As shown here, archival records of possible origins of anthrax-contaminated goods received at tanneries are valuable sources and support these efforts. Investigation for viable spores at such historical sites could not only provide new insights into the past genetic diversity and population structure of
B. anthracis
but also provide important information for taking appropriate measures to prevent future outbreaks originating from these sites.
Candida albicans
enhances iron uptake to maintain fluconazole resistance
Authors: Sharma Rishabh , Nahar Anubhav , Puri Sumant
Published: February 2025

Widespread use of fluconazole has led to the emergence of fluconazole-resistant (FR)
Candid
a spp. causing challenges in clinical treatment. Iron, an essential nutrient, affects the levels of ergosterol (a fluconazole target) in fungal membranes. Our lab-generated FR strain (fluconazole minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] >125 µg/mL) showed a twofold lower MIC (4.66 µg/mL) for the iron chelator deferasirox (DFX), compared to its patent strain CAI4 (DFX MIC 9.34 µg/mL), suggesting a greater sensitivity to iron chelation. A sublethal dose of DFX (2.33 µg/mL) was able to effectively synergize with 125 µg/mL fluconazole to kill the FR strain. Iron estimation revealed significantly enhanced intracellular iron accumulation in the FR strain compared to CAI4. Expression of iron-uptake genes (
FRP1
,
FRE10
, and
RBT5
) was also significantly upregulated in the FR strain, particularly under high iron. FR strain also showed an increase in the levels of cellular ergosterol, along with an increase in the expression of ergosterol biosynthesis genes (
ERG11
and
ERG9
), compared to CAI4, under both low and high iron. The strain further showed increased β-glucan levels and exposure. Additionally, FR strain showed significantly higher survival in high-iron mice compared to low-iron mice, during fluconazole treatment. Finally, we observed a synergistic fungicidal response between 2.33 µg/mL DFX and 125 µg/mL fluconazole, for FR clinical strains. Overall, this suggests that FR
C. albicans
actively uptakes more iron to maintain cellular conditions needed to support its resistance against fluconazole; and that DFX alone or in conjugation with fluconazole has the potential to overcome fluconazole drug resistance.
Chlamydia
plasmid-encoded protein Pgp2 is a replication initiator with a unique β-hairpin necessary for iteron-binding and plasmid replication
Authors: Wan Danny , Pan Matthew , Zhong Guangming , Fan Huizhou
Published: February 2025

The virulence plasmid of the obligate intracellular bacterium
Chlamydia
encodes eight proteins. Among these, Pgp3 is crucial for pathogenicity, and Pgp4 functions as a transcriptional regulator of both plasmid and chromosomal genes. The remaining proteins, Pgp1, Pgp5, Pgp6, Pgp7, and Pgp8, are predicted to play various roles in plasmid replication or maintenance based on their amino acid sequences. However, the function of Pgp2 remains unknown, even though it is required for transformation. In this study, we utilized AlphaFold to predict the three-dimensional (3-D) structure of
Chlamydia trachomatis
Pgp2. Despite a lack of apparent sequence homology, the AlphaFold structure exhibited high similarity to experimentally determined structures of several plasmid replication initiators. Notably, Pgp2 features a unique β-hairpin motif near the DNA-binding domain, absent in other plasmid replication initiators with overall 3-D structures similar to Pgp2. This β-hairpin motif is also present in AlphaFold models of Pgp2s across all 13
Chlamydia
species. To assess its significance, we engineered a plasmid lacking the 11 amino acids constituting the β-hairpin motif in
C. trachomatis
Pgp2. Although this deletion did not alter the overall structure of Pgp2, the mutated plasmid failed to transform plasmid-free
C. trachomatis
. These findings reveal that Pgp2 is a plasmid replication initiator, with the β-hairpin motif playing a critical role in binding to its cognate iteron sequences in the replication origin of the chlamydial plasmid.
Mecillinam activity against multidrug-resistant
Shigella sonnei
and
Shigella flexneri
Authors: Stefanovic Aleksandra , Gowland Leah , Ritchie Gordon , Lee Colin , Chorlton Sam , Matic Nancy , Leung Victor , Payne Michael , Lowe Christopher F. , Romney Marc G.
Published: February 2025

We performed phenotypic susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing to investigate
in vitro
mecillinam activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR)
Shigella
. Ninety-five isolates (53 [56%]
Shigella sonnei
and 42 [44%]
Shigella flexneri
) were included. The MIC
50
and MIC
90
were 1 and 2 µg/mL, respectively, by agar dilution, and all zone diameters were ≥15 mm by disc diffusion testing. No known clinically relevant mecillinam resistance mutations (including
cys
B) were detected. The favorable MIC profile and absence of resistance markers make pivmecillinam an agent worth considering for the treatment of infections caused by MDR
Shigella
. Clinically feasible susceptibility testing methods and standardized interpretations for mecillinam and
Shigella
spp. are needed to guide therapy.

IMPORTANCE

Rapidly emerging resistance in
Shigella
species leaves few antibiotic treatment options. The World Health Organization recommends pivmecillinam, a prodrug of mecillinam, for the treatment of
Shigella
infections. However, little is known about the susceptibility of
Shigella
spp. to mecillinam in North America. We performed mecillinam susceptibility testing on our collection of resistant
Shigella
isolates and investigated genetic mechanisms of resistance using whole-genome sequencing. We observed a favorable mecillinam susceptibility profile and a lack of known genetic mechanisms of resistance. However, in the absence of standardized laboratory guidelines for mecillinam susceptibility testing, interpreting susceptibility test results is challenging. We propose that further studies are needed to correlate susceptibility testing data with clinical outcomes, with the aim of establishing standardized clinical breakpoints for
Shigella
spp. and mecillinam.
Supplemental Material: Formation of talc in the subduction interface: Mg isotopes demonstrate Mg loss over Si gain
Authors: Easthouse Griffin , al. et
Published: February 2025

Detailed methods, plot of δ26Mg with distance from a reaction boundary, additional mass balance plots, Mg isotope and bulk geochemical data, and global exhumed subduction interface matrix compilation. 
Effectiveness and safety of the XEN45 gel stent compared to trabeculectomy in primary open-angle glaucoma: the Gold-Standard Pathway Study
Authors: Ahmed Iqbal K , Vera Vanessa , Stalmans Ingeborg , Fea Antonio Maria , Mansouri Kaweh , Gu Xuemin , Craven Earl Randy , Reitsamer Herbert A
Published: February 2025

Aim

To compare the gel stent to trabeculectomy in the Gold-Standard Pathway Study (GPS) patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).

Methods

In the GPS, patients with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) poorly controlled with IOP-lowering medication were randomised (2:1, gel stent:trabeculectomy). Aggregate primary endpoint: patients (%) at month 12 achieving ≥20% IOP reduction from baseline without medication increase, clinical hypotony, vision loss to counting fingers or secondary surgical intervention (SSI). Secondary endpoints included changes in mean IOP and medication count from baseline; postoperative interventions; visual recovery; postoperative complications; and the Symptom and Health Problem Checklist (SHPC-18) questionnaire.

Results

Of 130 eyes with POAG treated/analysed (gel stent, n=88; trabeculectomy, n=42); 61.4% and 69.0% met the primary endpoint, respectively (p=0.394). At month 12, the change from baseline in mean IOP was statistically greater post-trabeculectomy (by 2.8 mm Hg; p=0.028) than post-gel stent. Postoperative intervention and postoperative complication rates were 39.8% and 75.0% (gel stent) versus 76.2% and 92.9% (trabeculectomy), respectively. Hypotony (IOP ≤6 mm Hg at two consecutive visits) rates were 14.8% (gel stent) and 28.6% (trabeculectomy). Visual recovery was faster/better (per the mean and time to first return to baseline best corrected visual acuity) and SHPC-18-related improvements were greater post-gel stent than post-trabeculectomy.

Conclusion

Similar proportions of eyes with POAG achieved the primary endpoint post-gel stent and post-trabeculectomy. The mean IOP reduction was statistically greater post-trabeculectomy. The gel stent resulted in fewer postoperative interventions, faster/better visual recovery, favourable patient-reported outcomes and fewer specific adverse events, although more SSIs and IOP elevations were observed.
Uptake and 4-week outcomes of an ‘opt-out’ smoking cessation referral strategy in a London-based lung cancer screening setting
Authors: Bhamani Amyn , Katsampouris Evangelos , Bojang Fanta , Verghese Priyam , Creamer Andrew , Prendecki Ruth , Khaw Chuen R , Dickson Jennifer L , Horst Carolyn , Tisi Sophie , Hall Helen , McCabe John , Gyertson Kylie , Hacker Anne-Marie , Farrelly Laura , Navani Neal , Hackshaw Allan ,   The SUMMIT Consortium, Janes Samuel M , Quaife Samantha L
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Lung cancer screening (LCS) enables the delivery of smoking cessation interventions to a population experiencing long-term tobacco dependence, but the optimal delivery method remains unclear. Here, we report uptake and short-term outcomes of an ‘opt-out’ smoking cessation referral strategy in an LCS cohort.

Methods

Individuals currently smoking tobacco who attended a face-to-face lung health check in the SUMMIT study (NCT03934866) were offered very brief advice on smoking cessation and where possible, an ‘opt-out’ referral to their local stop smoking service (SSS). Aggregate data on referral outcomes were obtained from each SSS individually.

Results

33.7% (n=2090/6203) of individuals currently smoking tobacco consented to a practitioner-made ‘opt-out’ smoking cessation referral. 42.7% (n=893/2090) of these individuals resided in boroughs where SSS were not present or required self-referral. Males (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.16), younger individuals (55–59: aOR 1.70, 60–64: aOR 1.71 and 65–69: aOR 1.78) and those of ethnic minority backgrounds (Asian: aOR 1.31, Black: aOR 1.71 and Mixed: aOR 1.72) were more likely to consent, while individuals from the most deprived socioeconomic quintile were less likely to do so (aOR 0.65).

High level of motivation to quit within a defined time frame (aOR 1.92), previous quit attempts in the past 12 months (1–4: aOR 1.65 and ≥5: aOR 1.54) and time to first cigarette of ≤60 min (<5: aOR 2.07, 6–30: aOR 1.55 and 31–60: aOR 1.56) were measures of tobacco dependence associated with a higher likelihood of providing consent.

Outcomes were available for 742 referrals. An appointment with the service was accepted by 47.3% (n=351/742) of individuals, following which 65.5% (n=230/351) set a quit date. The 4-week quit rate among those setting a quit date and all individuals referred was 57.4% (n=132/230) and 17.8% (n=132/742), respectively.

Conclusion

A proactive, ‘opt-out’ smoking cessation referral strategy for individuals currently smoking tobacco who interact with an LCS programme may be beneficial.
Phase II randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess the efficacy and safety of MLC1501 in patients with stroke: the MLC1501 study Assessing Efficacy in post-STrOke Subjects with mOtor deficits (MAESTOSO) study protocol
Authors: Chen Christopher P L H , Esagunde Romulo U , Escabillas Cyrus G , Hiyadan John Harold , Advincula Joel M , Co Christian Oliver C , Collantes Maria Epifania V , Lao Annabelle Y , Koh Yeow-Hoay , De Silva Deidre Anne , Tham Carol Huilian , Lokin Johnny K , Venketasubramanian Narayanaswamy
Published: February 2025

Background

MLC1501, consisting of four herbs, that is,Radix Astragali,Radix Angelicae sinensis,Rhizoma Chuanxiong,Radix Polygalae, has the same pharmacological properties as its precursors MLC601 and MLC901 which contain extracts of nine herbs and showed neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and neurorestorative properties in non-clinical models, as well as clinical benefits in improving functional and neurological recovery after brain injuries.

Aims

To determine the efficacy of MLC1501 on motor recovery as measured by Fugl-Meyer motor Assessment (FMA) total score at 24 weeks in patients with ischaemic stroke (IS).

Design

A total of 300 patients aged >18 years, diagnosed with IS in the prior 2–10 days, with National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) total score of 8–18 and a combined score of ≥3 on NIHSS motor items 5A, 5B, 6A and/or 6B, will be randomised in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive oral placebo, MLC1501 low dose or MLC1501 high dose for 6 months. The study is governed by a Steering Committee. An independent Data Monitoring Committee oversees patient safety.

Outcomes

The primary outcome is mean change from baseline in FMA total score at 24 weeks. Efficacy outcomes evaluated in person at baseline, 12 weeks and 24 weeks include the FMA (total, upper extremity and lower extremity motor scores), modified Rankin Scale (mRS), Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System–Global Health (PROMIS-10) and NIHSS. Additionally, telephone assessment at week 4 includes the simplified mRS and PROMIS-10.

Safety will be evaluated by standard assessments and occurrence of adverse events over the duration of the study.

Discussion

Interventions that enhance recovery beyond the acute period of stroke are needed. MLC1501 has a good safety profile as well as potential to be a treatment for recovery after brain injury. The results of this study will provide objective level B evidence on the efficacy of MLC1501 on long-term recovery and safety of 24 weeks of treatment among patients with IS.

Trial registration number

NCT05289947.
Management Zone Delineation Strategies for Soil Phosphorus Recommendations Under a No Till Field in Eastern Canada
Authors: Nze Memiaghe Jeff , Cambouris Athyna N. , Duchemin Marc , Ziadi Noura , Karam Antoine
Published: February 2025

Soil phosphorus (P) spatial variability under no-tillage (NT) management should be taken into account for developing P fertilization programs while avoiding P losses and stratification. Little is known on controlling field-scale P spatial variability using management zones (MZs), particularly under no-tilled soils. The general objective of this study was to delineate MZs in a corn–soybean rotation in a cropland (9.5 ha) under NT for 20 years, exploring soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa)–P relationship to reduce soil P spatial variability for site-specific P fertilizer recommendations in Eastern Canada. To address this, an intensive grid sampling of 35 m by 35 m (total:134 soil samples) was implemented in fall 2014. Mehlich-3 extractable P and aluminum (Al) were determined in the upper soil profile (0–5 cm). The (P/Al)M3 index was calculated. The ECa data was measured in two depths (0–30 cm and 0–100 cm; ECa30 and ECa100) using a Veris system. The MZs were delineated using (P/Al)M3 or the ECa alone or in combination. Mean (P/Al)M3 value was 7.9%. Variability of soil P was moderate (32-36%), indicating that uniform P fertilizer recommendation is not adapted to this large NT field. Mean values of ECa30 and ECa100 were 15.8 and 32.6 mS m-1, respectively. A significant ECa30–soil P correlation (0.22–0.23) was observed. Delineating two to three MZs using (P/Al)M3 measurements represented the best agronomic strategy, generating highest P reductions (40–74 kg P2O5). This study highlighted a potential for reducing spatial variability of soil P, by delineating MZs, while reducing P losses from crop fields.
COMPUTER-AIDED DISEASE CLASSIFICATION BASED ON KPLSKELM ALGORITHM
Authors: DOU YIFENG , LIU JIANTAO
Published: February 2025

Objective: This study aims to explore the use of machine learning algorithms for predicting disease classification. Methods: An integrated algorithm (KPLSKELM) was proposed in this study. The algorithm employed kernel principal component analysis to transform the original data into a high-dimensional feature space, thereby enhancing its linear separability. It used the sparrow search algorithm (SSA) to optimize the weight matrix and parameters of the kernel extreme learning machine (KELM). The algorithm incorporated a Gaussian perturbation search mechanism to refine the population initialization strategy so as to mitigate the issues of poor convergence rate and susceptibility to local optima in the later SSA iterations. Lévy flight perturbations were introduced during the foraging search process of the sparrow population to guide the population in moving appropriate step sizes, thereby increasing the diversity of the spatial search. The proposed method was experimentally validated using a binary classification breast cancer dataset collected by Dr. William H. Wolberg from a Wisconsin hospital in the United States and a multiclass classification dataset of electrocardiographic recordings during childbirth. Multiple metrics were adopted to evaluate the classification performance. Results: The accuracy and F1_score of the KELM model remained relatively low across different percentages of the training set, although a recall of 1.0000 was consistently achieved. Both the SSA-improved KELM and the Lévy-improved SSA-optimized KELM algorithms exhibited better performance in terms of the comprehensive metric F1_score and improved with the increase in the percentage of the training set. The KPLSKELM model outperformed others in all metrics, with accuracy, precision, recall, and F1_score approaching or reaching the highest levels when using 90% of the training set. Conclusions: The proposed method demonstrated excellent performance in various disease prediction tasks, holding high practical application value. It provided a reference for further assisting clinicians in making more precise treatment decisions.
An IS Research Agenda on Large Language Models: Development, Applications, and Impacts on Business and Management
Authors: Chau Michael , Xu Jennifer
Published: February 2025

Large language models have been advancing very rapidly and are making substantial impacts on all areas of business and management. We review the development of large language models and their applications in business and management, and identify the major issues and challenges faced by both practitioners and researchers. Based on our review, we propose an agenda for information systems researchers on large language models and discuss some of the potential directions for future research. Lastly, we present the articles in the special issue as exemplary research on large language models and discuss their implications.
LayoutEnc: Leveraging Enhanced Layout Representations for Transformer-based Complex Scene Synthesis
Authors: Cui Xiao , Sun Qi , Wang Min , Li Li , Zhou Wengang , Li Houqiang
Published: February 2025

In complex scene synthesis, the effective representation of layouts is paramount. This paper introduces LayoutEnc, an advanced approach specifically designed to enhance layout representation by improving interpretability, robustness, and expressiveness, thereby facilitating more efficient image transformation. Distinct from conventional approaches that homogenize layout and image data, LayoutEnc distinctively processes various data modalities, enhancing the fidelity and interpretability of the layout representation. We apply stochastic noise injection to image tokens to align training and inference conditions, thereby fortifying the robustness of the layout representation. Additionally, LayoutEnc employs a two-stage multi-scale guidance learning strategy, to meticulously extract and refine semantic and textural features from training images. This enriched layout representation is then adeptly integrated into a transformer-based image generation framework, facilitating controlled and nuanced scene synthesis. Experimental results on the COCO-stuff and Visual Genome datasets demonstrate that LayoutEnc outperforms prior works in metrics such as FID and Scene-FID scores. The code and demo are available on
https://github.com/qsun1/LayoutEnc
.
Lessons Learned and Challenges Ahead in the Translation of Implantable Microscale Sensors and Actuators
Authors: Park Jae Young , Barrera Nikolas , Bai Tianyu , Meng Ellis , Fang Hui , Lee Hyowon
Published: February 2025

Microscale sensors and actuators have been widely explored by the scientific community to augment the functionality of conventional medical implants. However, despite the many innovative concepts proposed, a negligible fraction has successfully made the leap from concept to clinical translation. This shortfall is primarily due to the considerable disparity between academic research prototypes and market-ready products. As such, it is critically important to examine the lessons learned in successful commercialization efforts to inform early-stage translational research efforts. Here, we review the regulatory prerequisites for market approval and provide a comprehensive analysis of commercially available microimplants from a device design perspective. Our objective is to illuminate both the technological advances underlying successfully commercialized devices and the key takeaways from the commercialization process, thereby facilitating a smoother pathway from academic research to clinical impact.
Theoretical Exploration of Electronic, Magnetic, and Thermodynamic Attributes of a Penta-Graphene Structure Under Strain and Electric Field via Tight-Binding Study
Authors: Abdi Mona , Astinchap Bandar
Published: February 2025

Penta-graphene (PG) structures have enticed enormous appeal due to their exotic physical properties. Based on tight-binding (TB) calculations, we demonstrated that the band gap of the PG monolayer can be controlled by applying external factors such as an electric field, magnetic field (MF), and strain. This ability to manipulate the electronic properties makes PG monolayers highly practical for electronic applications. Here, for the first time, we study the impact of the electric field, MF, and strain on the electronic heat capacity (EHC) and Puali magnetic susceptibility (PMS) properties of the PG monolayer using the TB method and the Green function technique. Our results showed that the PG monolayer is a paramagnetic material. Applying strain, electric field, and MF reduces the PMS of the PG structure. Thus, the EHC increases with the application of an electric field and compression strain. Overall, controlling PMS and EHC in PG monolayers opens up opportunities for advancements in spintronic, energy storage, thermal management, sensing, and nanoelectronics, leading to advanced technologies in several industries.
Thermally Stable Orange-Red BaLaLiWO6:Sm3+/Sr2+ Phosphors for Potential Application in Plant Growth
Authors: Qiu Lanwei , Zhang Wei , Xie Wei , Hu Zhengfa , Chen Jinquan , Feng Zuyong , Luo Jie , Ye Yang , Xiong Guangting
Published: February 2025

Phosphor of BaLaLiWO6 doped with lanthanide activators Sm3+ and Sr2+ was successfully achieved via a high-temperature solid state reaction. Powder X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that the phosphors crystallize in a cubic crystal system with the space group Fm-3m could be correlated with the structural changes after Sm-doping. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed irregular morphology, the material crystallized particles aggregated and were non-uniform with particle sizes ranging from 1 to 9 μm. Under 405 nm excitation, the phosphor exhibited four narrow emission peaks in the range of 500 − 750 nm, resulting from the 4G5/2–6H5/2, 6H7/2,
6H9/2 and 6H11/2 transitions of Sm3+ ions. The substitution of Sr2+ for Ba2+ altered the local environment of the luminescent ions, resulting in a significant increase in the emission of the Ba0.2Sr0.8La0.92LiWO6: 0.08Sm3+ sample, with an approximately 66% enhancement. Notably, the phosphor also demonstrated outstanding thermal stability, retaining 89% of initial intensity at 425 K. When integrated with an InGaN LED chip, the electroluminescence spectrum of Ba0.2Sr0.8La0.92LiWO6: 0.08Sm3+ closely matched the absorption spectrum of the PR pigment in plants, indicating strong potential for use in solid-state lighting applications for plant growth.
Blood pressure in human large cerebral arteries: a feasibility study
Authors: Shoemaker Leena N. , Matern Tyson , Kamar Farah , St Lawrence Keith , Ortega-Gutierrez Santiago , Zanaty Mario , Shoemaker J. Kevin
Published: February 2025

We explored the feasibility of making direct measures of blood pressure in the large arteries at the base of the brain in humans. Measures were made with an optical sensor positioned in the aorta, common carotid, internal carotid artery external to the cranium, internal carotid artery within the cranium, and/or middle cerebral artery (MCA), M1 segment. Measures varied across individuals, as did the pressure gradient from systemic pressures to those in the MCA.
Osteochondral Fracture of the Posterior Aspect of Lateral Femoral Condyle Presumably Caused by Tibia Pushing Up Against the Femur—A Case Report
Authors: Inanaga Saki , Shimizu Masaki , Yanagisawa Shinya , Hagiwara Keiichi , Kimura Masashi
Published: February 2025

A healthy 16‐year‐old girl presented with an osteochondral fracture of the posterior aspect of the lateral femoral condyle (LFC) following patellar dislocation. Satisfactory results were obtained with osteochondral fragment fixation and medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction. To the best of our knowledge, this is only the third reported case of an osteochondral fracture of the posterior LFC. However, we believe that the mechanism of injury differed from that in the two previous cases.