bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The politic history of early Stuart parliaments
Authors: Millstone Noah
Published: January 2019

This essay traces the development of a particular way of writing the history of parliament: the politic history. A creation of the late Renaissance, politic histories preferred to explain events neither through divine intervention, nor through imperceptible forces and contingency, but rather through human intentionality. Following classical and contemporary models such as Tacitus, Commynes and Guicciardini, English politic historians wove narratives of vice, secrecy and dissimulation. The essay explores how, in the early seventeenth century, historians appropriated the modes of politic composition and applied them to new institutional settings: university elections, church councils and especially parliaments. It concludes with an analysis of the most impressive politic history of the early Stuart parliament, Sir John Eliot’s Negotium posterorum. Composed during Eliot’s imprisonment after 1629, the Negotium posterorurm is clearly the first part of a formal, politic history of Charles I’s reign, heavily modelled on Tacitus and with parliament as its central stage. Eliot’s project suggests how politic narration could be applied to the recent past, helping to produce historicised accounts of the present.
‘That memorable parliament’: medieval history in parliamentarian polemic, 1641–42
Authors: Peacey Jason
Published: January 2019

This essay examines how England’s medieval parliamentary history – from Henry III to Henry IV – was deployed for polemical purposes in the months surrounding the outbreak of the Civil Wars. In particular, the aim is to both acknowledge and move beyond the ‘baronial context’ of the English Civil Wars, in which reflections on medieval history were used to justify a form of ‘parliamentarian’ rhetoric that afforded the peerage a decisive role. By examining a range of neglected popular pamphlets that appeared in print during the months leading up to conflict, the essay demonstrates instead how evidence relating to the fourteenth century began to be used to reflect on parliamentary power and on the House of Commons, and to discuss the possibility of deposing and executing ‘unprofitable’ kings and of electing and binding their successors. Attention is drawn to an important shift in parliamentarian rhetoric regarding the king and parliament. It is argued that the treatment of medieval parliaments reveals incipient political radicalism in the opening weeks and months of the Civil Wars.
Introduction
Authors: Weeks Liam
Published: January 2019

This comprises a general introduction to the topic of independents. It begins with a discussion as to the meaning of the concept, and what is understood by an independent for the purposes of this study, particularly in relation to the role of such a representative vis-à-vis government and parliament. There then follows a rationale for a book on this topic, before the international and Irish experience of independents is briefly examined, and in particular the evolution of parliamentary representation from Independent to political party, with a discussion of how parties have become dominant. The final section outlines the central premise of this book and its structure, detailing how the question of an independent presence can be explained.
A typology of independents
Authors: Weeks Liam
Published: January 2019

This chapter has two main aims. The first is to disaggregate Independents from ‘others’ to provide a definitive dataset of their electoral performance. This is necessary because to date there is no overall record of independents’ electoral performance and presence, and to enable more reliable and valid analysis about this actor. The second, and primary, aim is to use this disaggregation to construct a typology of Independents. Using newspaper archives and historical literature, the background of every Independent candidate contesting a general election between 1922 and 2016 in Ireland is examined, from which they are grouped into a number of Independent families and sub-categories. A detailed profile is provided of each of these categories, describing their key characteristics and respective electoral performances. It is shown that independents form a residual heterogeneous category, about whom a better understanding can be achieved if their diversity is appreciated.
Independents and government
Authors: Weeks Liam
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the role of independents in parliament, specifically in terms of their contribution to the formation and maintenance of governments, because this is where their influence is most obviously exhibited. There is a thick-descriptive account of each of the minority administrations that needed the votes of independents, in terms of the leverage wielded by the latter, and the consequences for the former, with a focus on their longevity and stability. Parliamentary roll-call data is used to measure the participation levels of the independents, to what extent they worked collectively as a team, and what level of support was offered to individual minority administrations. The analysis of the dynamics between independents and minority governments indicates that there is no one-size-fits-all model to describe such relationships. Instead, there have been four different types of arrangements, each of which are described in detail. In general, the stronger the working relationship between independents and the parties, the higher the level of support received from independents and the more stable the government.
Introduction
Authors: Triantafillou Peter , Vucina Naja
Published: January 2019

This chapter introduces the reader to the emerging political concern with health promotion in many OECD countries since the late 1980s. It outlines the aims and contributions of the book. Finally, it provides an overview of the remainder of the book.
Governing obesity in Denmark
Authors: Triantafillou Peter , Vucina Naja
Published: January 2019

This chapter analyses predominant forms of political rationalities, expert knowledge, and governing technologies employed in the attempt to govern obesity in Denmark. If first examines how obesity became the object of biomedical and political concern through epidemiological studies. Moreover, it accounts for the key health promotion programmes employed to control obesity in Denmark. It points to the importance of a highly organized civil society, notably the gymnastics movement. Finally, by exploring two obesity control programmes targeting child obesity, the chapter examines the workings of health promotion.
Promoting recovery in England
Authors: Triantafillou Peter , Vucina Naja
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the political rationalities, expertise, and techniques of government involved in the emergence of mental recovery in England as a field of more or – very often – less systematic political intervention. Like in many other liberal democracies, the treatment of the mentally ill in England has undergone a substantial transformation from an approach in which relatively narrow biomedical interventions were employed in large-scale mental institutions to so-called community-based care. Our overall argument in this chapter is that recovery is a power-laden practice that works above all through nurturing and structuring the self-steering capacities – the freedom – of the mentally ill. While we strongly sympathise with those that celebrate the emancipatory potential of the de-institutionalisation of the treatment of mental illness, we are also concerned with the new kind of power engrained in the recovery approach.
Conclusion
Authors: Triantafillou Peter , Vucina Naja
Published: January 2019

This chapter concludes that health promotion strategies and interventions have supplemented and partially recast earlier curative and preventive approaches in both England and Denmark. On the one hand, it is clear that curative approaches and physical prevention both continue to play a fundamental role in public health politics. On the other hand, it seems clear, at least in the areas of obesity control and mental recovery, that health promotion strategies seeking to augment the productivity and vigour of individuals and the population through a wide range of institutional, psychological, and socialising interventions have grown substantially since the 1980s. The chapter concludes that the terms biopower, constructivist neoliberalism and optimistic vitalism are useful concepts to grasp current modes of health politics.
‘He saw a greater Sun appear’: waiting for the apocalypse in Milton’s Poems 1645
Authors: Augustine Matthew C.
Published: January 2019

Many scholars of Milton’s early verse have discerned in The Poems of Mr John Milton (1645) a prophecy of the English revolution and of the unsung poet’s transformation into the bard of Paradise Lost. This chapter attempts to read the poetry of young Milton within the uncertain horizons of his own lived history. It thus focuses on the problematic of becoming at the heart of Poems 1645. For if notes of apocalyptic and rebirth sound throughout the volume, this chapter nonetheless shows how the staging and re-staging of this theme ultimately folds hoped-for millenarian rupture back into the fabric of secular time. What is argued of the Nativity Ode has general application to Milton’s inaugural collection of verse: despite all that it would confirm about Milton’s genius, the shape of his career, and the direction of English history, the most that it can do is resolve upon an indeterminate waiting.
Introduction
Authors: Bala Sruti
Published: January 2019

The mode of being of the new intellectual can no longer consist in eloquence, which is an exterior and momentary mover of feelings and passions, but in active participation in practical life, as constructor, organizer, ‘permanent persuader’ and not just a simple orator.

(Gramsci, 1996...
Gestures of institutional critique
Authors: Bala Sruti
Published: January 2019

Chapter I deals with the question of institutional critique in relation to participatory art. What is the place of institutional critique in relation to participatory performance? The chapter reflects on the conundrums of institutional critique, exploring the formation of participatory art forms as emergent from the critique of mainstream art institutions. It compares a number of approaches to institutional critique: the institutional affiliations of a community-based theatre project from Darfur, Sudan, a flash mob performance by an Israeli activist group protesting a Cape Town Opera production in Tel Aviv Opera House, a breaching experiment by visual artist Pilvi Takala, of trying to enter Disneyland dressed as Snow White, amongst others. Sometimes the gesture of critique consists in building counter-institutions, and sometimes in fleeing them. Institutional critique, understood as the explicit use of an artistic practice to interrogate, oppose or break out of art institutional frameworks has very asymmetrical trajectories across the world and across domains. The chapter argues that the changing institutional conditions of participation expose not just the norms of a certain institution, but also its specific traditions of institutional critique.
On the inconvenient means and ends of participation
Authors: Bala Sruti
Published: January 2019

Chapter II addresses the relationship between participatory art and the concept of ‘impact’. It investigates the assumptions around impact, as well as the methodological challenges of thinking the impact of a work of art. Using the 2012 Spanish language production Afuera: lesbianas en escena (Outside: Lesbians on Stage) by the theatre collective Teatro Siluetas from Guatemala and El Salvador as a point of departure, the chapter reflects on the assessment of impact in relation to the question of participation. It critically engages with the field of evidence-led impact studies in the arts. It situates the debate on the usefulness or non-utility of participatory art in relation to social science scholarship pertaining to the ascendancy of ‘participation’ in the context of international development. It suggests that it is worthwhile extending the kinds of activities considered as relevant to a participatory aesthetic, to thus not only analyse performances as distinct works, but to place them in a longer-term aesthetic continuum with workshops, rehearsals, after-talks, meetings with the artists, and other para-theatrical events. The chapter grapples with the question of how to discuss impact in relation to participatory art without it being mortgaged into a matter of quantifiable impact alone.
Unsolicited gestures of participation
Authors: Bala Sruti
Published: January 2019

Chapter III examines one workshop setting using the methodological framework of the Theatre of the Oppressed in the context of a political party-led women’s empowerment programme in rural South India, launched in 2013. The analysis focuses on identifying instances and moments of unsolicited participation in a theatrical format explicitly defined as participatory. I question the status of participatory art in the developmental context as forging cohesion and understanding amongst participants and instead turn to its ambiguities. The analysis of participation seeks to link the macro-dimension of participation in social development with the micro-dimension of community theatre practice. Of particular interest is how participation occurs by way of a nuanced range of reactions, with functions ranging from the disruptive to the ameliorative. The case study calls for methodological attention to ancillary activities that take place at the margins of the theatre event. The chapter argues for paying attention to the gestures of participation that may not find their way into discursive iteration, because the gestures may arise out of the very impossibility of such an iteration in language or in formal conventions.
The collector as taste advisor and interior decorator: popular advice manuals and the orchestration of the private interior
Authors: Lasc Anca I.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines influential collecting and taste manuals from the second half of the nineteenth century dedicated to both a male, respectively a female, audience. After providing a brief history of collecting and its development in post-revolutionary France, the chapter explains how the visual and critical discourses about the proper appearance of the modern, private interior and about the arrangement of objects displayed therein informed the development of a new historicist, themed aesthetic. This new aesthetic required a mastermind to supervise the organization of each interior decorating ensemble within the upper as well as the middle-class private home - increasingly more decorated in the aftermath of the Industrial and Consumer Revolutions - paving the way to the work of the later interior decorators at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century.
The inventor of interiors: old professions in search of a name
Authors: Lasc Anca I.
Published: January 2019

The focus here is on the visual and written records of three professional groups – upholsterers, cabinet-makers, and architects – that each made claims to the art and business of interior decorating. After a brief history of these groups in the pre-revolutionary era, the chapter examines their new status quo and quest for legitimacy in the nineteenth century and in the aftermath of the abolition of guilds and trades. To secure clients, they emphasized artistic skill over practical requirements or commercial interests. Dramatically different images and writings about the professions developed as a result. If the trade literature was filled with practical advice specific to each profession - including educational opportunities, union requirements, and claims to the status of rightful interior decorators over other professional groups - the more widely-circulating pattern books or illustrations in popular journals included a portfolio of images with minimal information. The latter favored creativity over practical considerations, blurring boundaries between professions and proposing unified, themed interiors where every element occupied a unique and pre-established position within a larger whole. Going beyond the requirements and expectations of their own trade organizations, together, upholsterers, cabinet-makers, and architects helped define the new profession of the proto-interior designer.
Introduction
Authors: D’Addario Christopher
Published: January 2019

The introduction provides a rationale for the volume, as well as an overview of the ensuing essays. As a kind of thought experiment, the chapter raises the possibility of reconsidering seventeenth-century literary culture as the ‘Age of Marvell’, a rubric that would foreground the uncertainties and complexities writers faced as the remarkable events of the century moved swiftly around them. Christopher D’Addario identifies the excavation of such complexity as a common thread in the essays that follow, noting that many of the essays in the volume emphasise the variable motivations and multifaceted contexts out of which the literature of this period was produced. Detailed summaries of each essay’s methodology and primary interest conclude the chapter.
Impractical criticism: close reading and the contingencies of history
Authors: Schoenfeldt Michael
Published: January 2019

Over the last seventy years, the discipline of English literature has been marked by an unnecessary and largely counterproductive tension between aesthetics and history. For many politically oriented critics, aesthetics was either uninteresting or implicated in the elite practices they deliberately opposed. And for those who focused on aesthetics, history frequently seemed like a distraction from what made the work of art a special kind of utterance, separate from other modes of language. This chapter revisits some of the signal literary engagements in the latter half of the long twentieth century, in order to consider what has been accomplished, what we have left out, and where we may be going next. With reference to writers from Donne and Herbert to John Milton, the chapter suggests, finally, that our analyses have too frequently ignored the decidedly impractical pleasure that emerges from literary activity, and argues that by bringing our own pleasure out of the closet, we can begin to restore to literary criticism some of the visceral thrill that drew us to it in the first place.
Debating censorship: liberty and press control in the 1640s
Authors: Robertson Randy
Published: January 2019

Scholars have long debated the extent and efficacy of English censorship in the 1640s. Drawing on publication and censorship data, this chapter argues that the infamous 1643 Licensing Ordinance proved more effective than many scholars have allowed. While writers, printers, and publishers enjoyed greater liberty to produce and circulate polemics in the 1640s, the measures adopted by Parliament and the Council of State limited the freedom of the press. Yet something changed fundamentally during this decade of civil war: at moments in the 1640s, the government lost control not just of the presses but of the discourse surrounding censorship. By examining the contests that arose over censorship, culminating in a discussion of John Lilburne’s treason trial, this chapter traces the vicissitudes of censorship in the 1640s and registers the discursive changes in debates about press freedom.
Marvell’s personal elegy? Rewriting Shakespeare in A Poem upon the Death of O. C.
Authors: Garganigo Alex
Published: January 2019

‘I saw him dead’ is probably the best-known line in Marvell’s elegy for Cromwell, and most readings advance it as proof of the poem’s personal nature. The poet apparently saw the corpse of the Lord Protector in September 1658. Upon further inspection, however, Marvell’s claim proves less personal and more mediated and ironic than we have thought, directly quoting Hal’s startled response to Falstaff’s rising from the dead in Henry IV, Part 1. Not only does Marvell’s echo of Shakespeare rehearse someone else’s experience (Hal’s stunned mixture of grief, relief, and exasperation at Falstaff’s revival); it also drags along the whole tangle of Hal’s relationships to Falstaff and his father, as both second selves and others. Among the grief and admiration for Cromwell lurks a resentment of being in his shadow, of being forever a servant and client to some great man, even in death.
A Note on Profit and Inequality
Authors: Harvey Mark
Published: January 2019

This chapter is a sequel to Chapter Two, providing an analysis of how profits are generated within commercial enterprises producing for the market. It argues both against both Marx’s one-sided productionist view and contemporary one-sided market-based views. It presents an alternative integrative approach, proposing that profits require asymmetries of economic power over both workers and consumers.
Making People Work for Wages: Instituting the Capital–Labour Exchange in the United Kingdom
Authors: Harvey Mark
Published: January 2019

This chapter develops the theoretical analysis by providing an historical account of the development of wage labour, in a long duration account from the beginning of the 19th century through to mid-20th century in the United Kingdom. It shows how new forms of coercive labour developed with industrial capitalism through employment and welfare law. It argues that state power, through law and fiscal regimes, conditions the exchange between labour and capital. As such, it critiques the abstraction of the economy as a separate sphere and discipline, proposing a co-evolutionary account of economic organisation, law and fiscal regimes.
Introduction: Re-Evaluating the AFL
Authors: Paxton Naomi
Published: January 2019

This chapter introduces the Actresses' Franchise League and the archival research process and methodology of the author, and considers how the League has been portrayed in previous scholarship and marginalised in theatre historise. It tackles areas of contemporary historiographic concern around autobiographical material, digital research and intertheatricality, and posits that the story of the League has hitherto fallen between suffrage and theatre histories. This chapter also details the suffrage plays republished, researched and examined by scholars to date, and argues that a re-evaluation of the work of the organisation is both timely and necessary.
Sisterhood
Authors: Paxton Naomi
Published: January 2019

This chapter investigates the professional networks that were a vital part of the formation and success of the Actresses' Franchise League, and campaigning and sociality within the theatrical profession and the suffrage movement. The contribution of male suffragist supporters is considered in this chapter, as are suffrage plays that tackle social and political issues around low paid work, working conditions and prostitution. Representations of the sisterhood of suffrage campaigners in suffrage plays are examined, along with the role of the League in the Census Boycott of 1911, the work of suffragist actresses in variety and the links between theatre professionals in the British and American suffrage campaigns.
Introduction: The Korean War in Britain
Authors: Huxford Grace
Published: January 2019

This introduction first gives an overview of Korean War historiography alongside a summary of the war itself, before exploring the position of the Korean War and the Cold War in British history-writing. It highlights how selfhood and citizenship have emerged as growing categories of analysis in Cold War studies and argues why it is important to consider them in the context of post-1945 Britain. It closes by exploring the challenges and possibilities of writing the social history of warfare and bringing domestic and military ‘spheres’ together in a meaningful way.
No woman wants any more war: Popular responses to the outbreak of war
Authors: Huxford Grace
Published: January 2019

This chapter uses Mass Observation (MO) survey material to assess initial responses to the outbreak of war in the summer of 1950. It first explores the utility of MO surveys and diaries to the social history of the war, before analysing responses in detail, alongside early television and newspaper reports. It concludes that the first few months of the Korean War were a worrying time for many Britons, as anxieties gathered around several areas: aerial attack, nuclear warfare and the mobilisation of male citizens.
You’re in Korea my son: Experiencing battle
Authors: Huxford Grace
Published: January 2019

This chapter uses letters, diaries and under-explored ‘battle experience’ forms produced by British servicemen to understand the everyday lived experience of fighting the Korean War. But it also traces how, through the repeated discussion of ‘experience’ and collective memories of the Second World War, the seeds for Korea’s subsequent cultural obscurity were sown. Korea lacked the moral virtue of the 1939-45 conflict, despite the harsh toll it exacted on its participants. Constant comparisons often concealed the unique elements of the Korean War, including the unfamiliar and often inhospitably landscape to the physical and psychological demands of both rapid movement up and down the peninsula. These forgotten elements of British military experience in Korea are vital to any social history of the conflict.
Brainwashing in Britain: Korean War prisoners of war
Authors: Huxford Grace
Published: January 2019

This chapter starts by examining the experiences and treatment of British POWs in Korea before exploring how they were regarded by British society upon their return. This chapter traces the broader cultural implications of Korean War captivity in Britain, emphasising the lived experience of imprisonment for British POWs, before examining how the term brainwashing emerged from rumours and half-truths about Korean War captivity. It explores both the popular and official responses to allegations of brainwashing and its broader cultural significance within post-1945 Britain.
Negotiating nursing
Authors: Brooks Jane
Published: January 2019

Negotiating nursing explores how the Queen Alexandra's Imperial Military Nursing Service (Q.A.s) salvaged men within the sensitive gender negotiations of what should and could constitute nursing work and where that work could occur. The book argues that the Q.A.s, an entirely female force during the Second World War, were essential to recovering men physically, emotionally and spiritually from the battlefield and for the war, despite concerns about their presence on the frontline. The book maps the developments in nurses’ work as the Q.A.s created a legitimate space for themselves in war zones and established nurses’ position as the expert at the bedside. Using a range of personal testimony the book demonstrates how the exigencies of war demanded nurses alter the methods of nursing practice and the professional boundaries in which they had traditionally worked, in order to care for their soldier-patients in the challenging environments of a war zone. Although they may have transformed practice, their position in war was highly gendered and it was gender in the post-war era that prevented their considerable skills from being transferred to the new welfare state, as the women of Britain were returned to the home and hearth. The aftermath of war may therefore have augured professional disappointment for some nursing sisters, yet their contribution to nursing knowledge and practice was, and remains, significant.
Salvaging soldiers, comforting men
Authors: Brooks Jane
Published: January 2019

The chapter maps the nursing practices on active service overseas that recovered men including, body care, feeding work, the management of pain and support for the dying. These four areas of nursing practice are commonly associated with nursing work, yet, as the chapter argues, in war zones, they demanded complex gendered negotiations. Comfort care placed the single female nurse too close to the naked male body and feeding work was allied to mothering, rather than professional practice. In the absence of sufficient medical officers in a war zone, pain relief demanded the development of scientific skills of diagnosis and prescription. The chapter examines how the nurses managed these contradictions to develop an understanding of the critical role of fundamental nursing care and create a space for themselves as experts by the bedside.
Challenging nursing spaces
Authors: Brooks Jane
Published: January 2019

The creation of spaces conducive to healing is a critical aspect of the provision of good nursing care. The nursing sisters of the British Army, having trained in the British hospital system would have been well versed in the need to create and maintain and environment in which healing could take place. The zones into which they were posted during the Second World War and the spaces they were given in which to care for their patients, were however, rarely either favourable to health or to the ‘serenity and security’ needed for recovery. Extreme weather conditions, limited water supplies, equipment and electricity combined to hinder all aspects of patient care. The often hostile places in which nurses worked demanded that they develop clinical skills and the ability to improvise and innovate in order create healing spaces for their soldier-patients. However, as the chapter argues it was the highly feminised home-maker work that created these spaces, which the nurses themselves credited to be an essential aspect to the healing process in which they were the critical performers.
Nursing presence
Authors: Brooks Jane
Published: January 2019

Military success in war was contingent on men sustaining a determination to fight. Persuading men to continue fighting or returning them to combat after illness or injury depended on maintaining their morale. The use of female nurses in upholding this resolve was integral to the war effort. The chapter explores the value of the presence of women in hospital wards and in social environments on active service overseas. It considers the occasional antipathy of military authorities and male colleagues to the location of female nurses in war zones. However, it is argued through the provision of expert clinical care, domestic acumen and the use of their ‘female-selves’, nurses were able to salvage men in readiness to return to battle. Nursing sisters thus created a space for themselves in frontline duties. However, the chapter argues, this was not without its difficulties. As single, white women in far-flung places, this position situated nurses in a liminal place between the respectable European colonial wife and the ‘biohazardous’ local women. The chapter acknowledges these difficulties, but also demonstrates how the nurses negotiated their way through these contradictions to their advantage and for those in their care.
Negotiating the boundaries of nursing practice
Authors: Brooks Jane
Published: January 2019

The chapter examines the changes to the dominion of nursing work on active service overseas. The chapter first explores the extensions to the nursing role, most particularly the care of wounds and burns. This is followed by a discussion of the expansion of nursing duties into those that had hitherto been the domain of medicine. These roles include the commencement and management of blood transfusions, surgical work and anaesthesia. Finally the chapter considers ‘new work’, the most critical of which was the administration and use of penicillin. The constantly shifting requirements of war nursing prevented Army nurses from remaining in a professional comfort zone of accepted roles and regimes. The experience of living with uncertainty may have caused anxieties for some, but the active participation in new treatment modalities suggests that nurses who went to war were keen to move beyond the normal boundaries of nursing practice and many relished the opportunity to do so. The chapter argues that the developments in practice and the increased confidence nursing sisters displayed with this new work altered their working relationships with medical officers from one of deference to one of collegiality, enabling more productive decisions for their soldier-patients’ care.
Conclusion
Authors: Brooks Jane
Published: January 2019

From the mid-1930s, with the growing inevitability of another war, civilian nurses clamoured to join the QAs and TANS.1 Female nurses were keen to demonstrate their skills in healing men for the war effort and to create a space for themselves as an essential part of the military medical services. The impetus for their eagerness to join the war was as much about caring for the men as it was about their personal and professional development. Sister Penny Salter wrote of the ‘remarkable men I had the privilege to nurse’,...
Building reputations: a genteel life in trade
Authors: Lucey Conor
Published: January 2019

This chapter presents a cultural history of the eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century building tradesman in Britain, Ireland and North America, focusing on his social identity and professional class; the textual and visual representations of the building trades in contemporary print culture; degrees of social and professional mobility; and the means by which the builder promoted and self-fashioned as an arbiter of architectural taste. Of particular importance here is how the reputations of tradesman were characterized in social and architectural discourse at a time when concerns were raised about the quality of speculatively built urban domestic architecture (in terms of aesthetics and sound construction); a discourse predicated on the emerging architectural profession and its corresponding demand for authority over all aspects of design and building. Taken together, the themes of this chapter provide the cultural backdrop for an examination of the artisan’s relationship to house design, to interior decoration, and to real estate advertising.
Designing houses: the façade and the architecture of street and square
Authors: Lucey Conor
Published: January 2019

This chapter builds on a rich and complex history of the eighteenth-century urban house in the cities of Britain, Ireland and North America. Shifting emphasis away from construction, economic competence and labour organization – the predominant focus of academic studies devoted to this class of building producer – it investigates the artisan’s engagement with the processes and aesthetics of architectural design. With prominence given to the design of the house façade, topics include the emerging standardization in building construction; building regulations and the varying degrees of control exercised by landowners and city councils; and the responsibility of design to the urban milieu, specifically the requisite (ideal) interface between private concern (house) and public obligation (street). With reference to artisanal education through apprenticeship and builders’ academies, and the role of pattern books and drawing portfolios, this chapter argues that building tradesmen were concerned as much with making design (architecture) as with making profits (building).
A labour of Sisyphus: the quest for a great Labour Party
Authors: Gamble Andrew
Published: January 2019

A central historical progressive dilemmas is explored, in chapter four, by Andrew Gamble through a re-visiting of Marquand’s 1977 biography of Ramsay MacDonald. An extensive historical work, which sought to rescue MacDonald from the simplistic cries from his own party of betrayal for his heading of the coalition National Government in 1931, the book was also intended to offer clear lessons for what Marquand viewed as a Labour Party in the 1970s undermining itself though its class warfare, trade union sectionalism and doctrinal narrowness. Gamble argues that the dilemmas observed and lived out by both MacDonald and by Marquand, as his biographer, endured throughout the twentieth century and indeed remain unresolved today. Nearly one hundred years on, MacDonald offers insights into the way in which, in times arguably even more challenging than our own he grappled for an extended period with these delicate political balancing acts.
Globalisation, the breaking and re-making of social democratic citizenship
Authors: Schattle Hans
Published: January 2019

Hans Schattle’s chapter explores the breaking of the postwar-era social contract across the ‘Western’ democracies alongside the dominance, since the Reagan-Thatcher era, of neoliberalism and its tenets of deregulation, privatization and unfettered trade. The legions of dislocated industrial workers who comprised an essential base of support for social democratic parties throughout the twentieth century have been relatively neglected by left and centre-left parties at the dawn of the twenty-first century as party leaders have shifted the balance of their strategies and public outreach toward the more affluent professional classes. Schattle also reckons with the sobering reality that exclusionary variants of right-wing populism have tapped the public resentment against the excesses and inequities of economic globalisation far more effectively than a renewed model of social democracy. He argues that empowerment, equity and engagement are three lodestars for the re-making of social democratic citizenship and illustrates how new voices and venues are emerging in pursuit of more auspiciously deployed governing institutions and public policies.
A union of hearts? Republican social democracy and Scottish nationalism1
Authors: Jackson Ben
Published: January 2019

Ben Jackson is pre-occupied, in chapter seven, with possible changes in the configuration of the United Kingdom: his essay confronts head-on the looming possibility of Scottish secession from the United Kingdom in the aftermath of the Brexit referendum. Jackson sees this development as a long time in coming and critiques the thinkers behind Charter 88 for giving the Scottish question ‘short shrift’ in their landmark document on constitutional reform Although the spectre of secession might sound ominous, Jackson points out that Scottish nationalism has evolved in a way highly compatible with the imperatives of republican social democracy, and that somewhat ironically, Scottish independence from the United Kingdom could have the effect of finally shifting England into more pluralist and republican forms of governance; it could also prompt England, he argues, to forge a stronger link between democratic reform and economic reform that Marquand has long advocated in his writings.
As if: contestation, care and the ‘temper of the country’
Authors: Calder Gideon
Published: January 2019

Gideon Calder’s intersecting themes of political contestation, care and the temper of the country examine the public good less as a fixed entity but rather as an evolving conversation taking place across a wide range of social settings, not least in the flux and informality of everyday life. Drawing on Marquand’s belief that progressivism was as much about process as outcomes, Calder suggests that it is also not just about doctrine, but also, as R.H. Tawney articulated, dependent on a certain ‘temper’ in the country at large. Progress required not just structural or economic change, but good relationships, not just the espousal of social democracy, but the making of social democrats. Consequently, Calder concludes his chapter with ten suggestions for progress not via policy, but through conversation. One is to converse as if listening were as valued an attribute as speaking; another is not to speak as if the status quo tightly defines all available horizons.
Democracy and social democracy
Authors: Wright Tony
Published: January 2019

The hands-on challenges involved in building up genuinely democratic mechanisms of self-government in Britain take a high profile in Tony Wright’s chapter focused on the democracy aspects within social democracy. Like it or not, Wright notes, the Brexit referendum was a remarkably successful democratic uprising, regardless of whether leaving the European Union is truly in the long-term interest of Britain and its citizenry. The defeat for the ‘Remain’ campaign underscored the weaknesses of the Labour party in the ‘politics of place and identity’, and renewed the imperative for social democrats to defend the liberal tradition in the face of nationalist and populist attacks. Despite all the setbacks that have undermined social democracy throughout the past generation, its ‘permanent revisionism’ is needed more than ever. Wright also notes that for all the problems, social democrats can take pride in the hard-fought public goods won through the years – better jobs, cleaner air, affordable health care – and forge ahead for a wholesale democratic revolution in Britain that renders a government more ‘decentralised, pluralised and participatory’.
Social democracy before and after the EU referendum
Authors: Owen Lord David
Published: January 2019

David Owen, in chapter thirteen, reflects upon the underlying concerns that he and David Marquand share in principle: creating conditions to foster a more equitable distribution of wealth and resources in Britain, as well as a bottom-up, republican social democracy championing the virtues of justice and equality. Despite their incompatible positions on Europe, with Marquand supporting a federal Britain embedded in a federal Europe and Owen having campaigned for Brexit, the two erstwhile parliamentary colleagues converge in placing priority, in tandem, on democratic empowerment and economic reform and see these two goals as thoroughly interconnected. Can Britain manage to hang together in a post-Brexit Europe and also shift to a republican civic culture? Owen sees this prospect as still within reach, despite the obstacles.
From Bodmin Moor to Cardiff Bay: a European education?
Authors: Marquand David
Published: January 2019

David Marquand revisits the trajectory of his thinking and writing across his varied life experiences. Above all, Marquand places value on the ‘mutual learning’ that goes with pluralist democracy as well as the potential, through public deliberation, for citizens to transform their outlooks, perspectives and maybe even their very natures as human beings by taking on board the perspectives of others that they encounter in political conversation, even in the most informal of settings. This is what worries Marquand most about populism: that populism of any kind has the effect of extinguishing the potential for dynamic political education, mutual respect, public empowerment and moral advancement. It is also why Marquand, in his essay, issues a ringing endorsement of pluralist democracy and a sharp denunciation of populism in which its leaders, or, in many cases, demagogues, falsely claim to speak ‘for the people’, when they are merely speaking to the people, while also fraudulently framing the people as a ‘homogenous and monolithic whole’.
Doing it ourselves: countercultural and alternative radical publishing in the decade before punk
Authors: Baines Jess , Credland Tony , Pawson Mark
Published: January 2019

Fanzines did not begin with punk and, in many ways, represented a continuum of radical, underground printing. This chapter looks at examples of pre-punk, countercultural publications. It also makes clear how punk often built on structures put in place prior to 1976–77.
Zines and history: zines as history
Authors: Robinson Lucy
Published: January 2019

Fanzines serve as portal back in time, but also as examples of history being created. Professor Robinson asks what fanzines can teach the historian, both in terms of methodology and in archiving the past.
Invisible women: the role of women in punk fanzine creation
Authors: Blase Cazz
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the important roles played by women in the development of punk-related and fanzines cultures. It focuses on women fanzines producers and writers, suggesting that fanzines provided space for female voices to heard and female perspectives presented.
‘Pam ponders Paul Morley’s cat’: City Fun and the politics of post-punk
Authors: Wilkinson David
Published: January 2019

By examining the Manchester fanzine City Fun, David Wilkinson asks how fanzines captured the conflicted and evolving politics of the British counterculture as it mutated, fragmented and fed into punk, post-punk and beyond against a backdrop of collapsing post-war welfare-capitalism and the rise of Thatcherite neoliberalism.
Vague post-punk memoirs, 1979–89
Authors: Vague Tom
Published: January 2019

Tom Vague produced on of (post-)punk’s most notable fanzines, Vague. Here Vague recalls the rationale for his fanzine, the processes he went through to produce it and the shifting historical and cultural context the informed the content.
Punking the bibliography: RE/Search Publications, the bookshelf question and ideational flow
Authors: Reed S. Alexander
Published: January 2019

Punk-informed fanzines covered more than just music. Taking the US publication Re/Search as an example, S. Alexander Reed examines how zines served as cultural conduits to radical literature and radical ideas. Indeed, Re/Search proved crucial to disseminating the intellectual foundations of industrial culture.
Punks against censorship: negotiating acceptable politics in the Dutch fanzine Raket
Authors: Lohman Kirsty
Published: January 2019

Kirsty Lohman uses the Dutch fanzine Raket to frame a discussion of self-censorship and boundary-drawing practices in punk. These were issues that were of particular importance in a subculture that has, since its inception, been contested on the political as well as cultural level.
Introduction
Authors: Tanaka Mariko Hori , Tajiri Yoshiki , Tsushima Michiko , Eaglestone Robert
Published: January 2019

Roger Luckhurst argues that the modern concept of trauma developed in the West through the interlocking areas of ‘law, psychiatry and industrialized warfare’ (2008: 19). However, over the twentieth century, trauma as a concept became increasingly medicalised and simultaneously significantly linked with wider political frameworks: with survivor and testimony narratives, with responses to persecution and prejudice, to the Holocaust, and other acts of mass atrocity and genocide. In such discourses, the concept of trauma is not fully material or bodily, nor simply psychic, nor fully cultural, nor simply historical or structural, but a meeting of all of these. As Luckhurst usefully suggests, it is precisely because it is a knot, or a point of intersection, of turbulence, that ‘trauma’ is such a powerful force and is impossible to define easily....
Insignificant residues: trauma, face and figure in Samuel Beckett
Authors: Jones David Houston
Published: January 2019

Building on his detailed discussion of the impossibility of speech in Beckett’s work in relation to Agamben’s account of testimony in his book Samuel Beckett and Testimony, David Houston Jones turns in this chapter to the question of the face, which Agamben himself left undeveloped after his article ‘The Face’. Jones considers the face as a vector of the expressive capabilities of testimony. He discusses a range of dramatic and narrative situations in which the expressive capabilities of the face are pitted against the epistemological problem of testimony, from the deterritorialised face of Not I to the inexpressive face in Watt and the later prose. This analysis of the face in Beckett constitutes a unique critique of Agamben’s idea of testimony and contributes to a rethinking of trauma theory with reference to the realm of the visual.