bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Nason-Clark Nancy , Fisher-Townsend Barbara , Holtmann Catherine , McMullin Stephen
Published: October 2017

Intimate partner violence is a complex, ugly, fear-inducing reality for large numbers of women throughout the world. When violence exists in a relationship, safety is compromised, shame abounds, and peace evaporates. Violence is learned behavior, and it flourishes most when it is ignored, minimized, or misunderstood. This chapter outlines the authors’ program of research and their intellectual indebtedness to diverse bodies of literature on domestic violence and on lived religion. It is organized around a series of pertinent questions that enable the exploration of concepts such as vulnerability, resiliency, cultural competency, and accountability in the lives of families impacted by abuse.
Victims/Survivors
Authors: Nason-Clark Nancy , Fisher-Townsend Barbara , Holtmann Catherine , McMullin Stephen
Published: October 2017

Many women throughout the world have suffered the abuse of an intimate partner in a dating, common-law, or marital relationship. Focusing on data collected over many years, this chapter examines some of the contours of how women of faith talk about their experience of domestic violence and their search for practical and spiritual resources in its aftermath. The chapter examines issues of safety, fear, guilt, uncertainty, forgiveness, and creating peace after violence has shattered the family. Both the challenges facing women of faith and the challenges facing those who assist them are discussed. In addition, a variety of religious practices and beliefs that enhance a woman’s search for healing and wholeness are discussed.
Exploring an Institutionalist and Post-Desert Theoretical Approach to Multiple-Offense Sentencing
Authors: Bottoms Anthony
Published: October 2017

This chapter begins with a discussion of Neil MacCormick’s institutionalist approach to legal phenomena, and argues that this theoretical framework has value as a way to study multiple offense sentencing (MOS). The most thorough completed empirical research into MOS, by Austin Lovegrove in Victoria, Australia, is then considered, alongside the leading Victorian case of Azzopardi v. R. Congruently with the expectations of institutionalism, this analysis uncovers several separate normative principles used by judges in MOS practice. These results are discussed through the lens of what can be described as “post-desert theory.” Overall, the analyses in the chapter are intended to pave the way for the development of a more coherent answer to the question: “what principles should optimally guide sentencers when dealing with cases involving multiple offenses?”
Sentencing the Multiple-Conviction Offender
Authors: Roberts Julian V. , de Keijser Jan W.
Published: October 2017

This chapter focuses on the punishment of offenders sentenced for multiple offenses that have not been separated by independent prosecution and sentencing. Most scholars believe that the striking discrepancy between sentences imposed on multiple and repeat offenders cannot be justified in terms of retributivism. The existing solutions to the overpunishment of offenders convicted of multiple crimes invoke concurrent sentencing or the exercise of mercy by a sentencing court. Both approaches mitigate excessive punishment, but also create a number of problems. This chapter first considers the nature of the problem and the deficiencies of current approaches to multiple-offense sentencing before explaining how much of the gap between the repeat and the multiple offenders’ sentences can be accommodated within a retributive framework. It also describes culpability and harm as independent elements of deservedness and argues in favor of reduced sentences when the offenses are related to one another.
Principles and Procedures for Sentencing of Multiple Current Offenses
Authors: Frase Richard S.
Published: October 2017

This chapter discusses the sentencing principles and procedures for multiple current offenses. It examines a seeming paradox: when multiple crimes are sentenced at one time or close together in time (simultaneous offenses), they are often sentenced much less harshly than when the same crimes are sentenced over a longer period of time (sequential offenses). Sequential offenses almost always receive penalties that are, in effect, fully cumulative (because all earlier sentences have already been entirely served), whereas simultaneous offenses typically receive less than fully cumulative penalties. The chapter first considers the diverse forms that multiple offending and the resulting criminal charges can take before highlighting several consistent differences between simultaneous and sequential offenses that justify presumptions in favor of more lenient treatment of simultaneous offenses cases. It also presents five proposals to make multiple-offense sentencing more principled and consistent.
Multiple-Offense Sentencing
Authors: Manson Allan
Published: October 2017

This chapter argues that the various instances of multiple-offense sentencing are sufficiently different, and that a sentencing system needs to develop a few different methodologies to address different multiple-offense situations. It first considers a number of issues relating to the sentencing of multiple offenders, with particular emphasis on concurrent and consecutive sentences, bulk discounts, proportionality and overall or total culpability, and the so-called culpability cap. It also distinguishes between low-order offenses and high-order offenses and examines the potential role, in limited circumstances, of being able to simply add two or three sentences to reach an acceptable level of overall culpability. Finally, it proposes a typology of multiple-offense sentencing with two scales, one based on the number of offenses and the other on the type of offense.
Introduction
Authors: Hayes Mary , Burkette Allison
Published: October 2017

This introductory chapter addresses the challenges and opportunities that come with teaching the History of the English Language (HEL). HEL is a traditional course whose instructors are tasked with balancing a great number of institutional, curricular, and student needs. Additionally, the course’s prodigious subject poses challenges for new as well as veteran instructors, few of whom have comprehensive training in English linguistics, literature, and the language’s historical varieties. The course encompasses a broad chronological, geographic, and disciplinary scope and, in the twenty-first-century classroom, has come to account for English’s transformative relationship with the internet and social media. In Approaches to Teaching the History of the English Language, experienced instructors explain the influences and ingenuity behind their own successful pedagogical practices. This introduction explains the value of that approach. Additionally, it includes a survey of the volume’s scope and organization.
German, Handwriting, and Other Things I Learned to Keep in Mind When Teaching the History of English
Authors: McWhorter John
Published: October 2017

In this chapter, the author reflects on his initial experience in teaching the History of the English Language (HEL) after years of writing on affiliated topics. He thus addresses a challenge familiar to HEL instructors: how to capitalize on one’s particular professional strengths while attending to the various topics covered in a wide-ranging course. In this reflective chapter, the author offers some practical advice for teaching Old English, accounting for how students regard language versus how trained linguists do so, and using etymology as a device to pique students’ general interest in the HEL subject as well as to introduce substantial lessons.
Teaching the History of English
Authors: Mesthrie Rajend
Published: October 2017

This chapter addresses how the history of English as a linguistic topic has been taught in one South African university. The author focuses on the traditional Old–Middle–Modern English trichotomy as well as colonial and postcolonial synchronic varieties. Subsequent to a curricular shift from historical to applied linguistics in English departments, students taking History of the English Language (HEL) come to the course with little or no background in Old and Middle English. The author offers practical examples of how he accommodated this change in student preparation. Additionally, he addresses how the postcolonial era and globalisation have “revitalised the story of English.” Pidgins, Creoles, and World Englishes problematise the earlier genealogy of the Standard Language, making a linear history less easy to uphold. The author’s discussion of his complementary “Pidgins, Creoles, and New Englishes” course includes helpful pointers to instructors teaching these varieties within a HEL course.
Discovering the Past for Yourself
Authors: Tyrkkö Jukka
Published: October 2017

This chapter outlines the state of the art in corpus-based language teaching and digital pedagogy, focusing on the differences between using corpora with present-day and historical data. The basic concepts of corpus-based research such as representativeness, frequency, and statistical significance can be introduced to students who are new to corpus methods, and the application of these concepts to the history of English can deepen students’ understanding of how historical varieties of the language are researched. This chapter will also address some of the key challenges particular to teaching the history of English using corpora, such as dealing with the seemingly counterintuitive findings, non-standard features, and small datasets. Finally, following an overview of available historical corpora and corpus tools, several practical examples of corpus-driven activities will be discussed in detail, with suggestions and ideas on how a teacher might prepare and run corpus-based lessons.
Serving Time in “HELL”
Authors: Hayes Mary
Published: October 2017

Instructors teaching the History of the English Language (HEL) will well recognize the challenge of covering its broad chronological scope. Additionally, convenient fictions about discrete historical periods and the uniformity of linguistic changes across synchronic varieties make chronological organization of a HEL course a problematic device. This chapter speaks to how an instructor could engage students in thinking critically about HEL’s chronological conventions by framing the course around a specific diachronic textual tradition. The author offers a practical example: a sequence of exercises based on vernacular translations of the “Shepherd Psalm.” Additionally, the chapter demonstrates how an instructor teaching HEL to literature students can get them to attend more closely to questions about language.
Teaching Original Pronunciation
Authors: Crystal David
Published: October 2017

There comes a point when students who are reading older texts want to hear how those texts sounded and thus try to read them aloud themselves. At this point, historical phonology becomes not just a fascinating intellectual exercise but something practical and useful. It isn’t just students of English language who are interested but students of literature and theatre too. This chapter reports the author’s experience in teaching Shakespearean original pronunciation to voice specialists, dialect coaches, theatre companies, and students of English, in both first-language and second-language contexts. It reviews the kinds of question students ask and discusses teaching strategies.
A Neurobiological Account of False Memories
Authors: van de Ven Vincent , Otgaar Henry , Howe Mark L.
Published: October 2017

This chapter discusses human functional neuroimaging findings about how the brain creates true and false memories. These studies have shown that different brain systems contribute to the creation and retrieval of false memories, including systems for sensory perception, executive functioning and cognitive control, and the medial temporal lobe, which has long been associated with episodic and autobiographical memory formation. Many neuroimaging findings provide support for an associative account of false memories, which proposes that false memories arise from associating unrelated mental experiences in memory. At the same time, other neuroimaging findings suggest that false memory creation may depend on states of brain activity during memory encoding. Finally, the chapter briefly provides cautionary notes about using functional neuroimaging as a tool to assess private mental states in individual cases in the courtroom.
Assessing the Veracity of Children’s Forensic Interviews
Authors: Henderson Hayden M. , Andrews Samantha J.
Published: October 2017

This chapter discusses the various ways in which the veracity of children’s forensic interviews can be assessed, and the implications this diversity has for the courtroom. Beforehand, it summarizes the capabilities and vulnerabilities children bring to forensic settings, and then what constitutes veracity, the importance this concept has in legal settings, and how it is typically measured. Reality Monitoring (RM) and Criteria-Based Content Analysis (CBCA) are reviewed alongside experimental and field research designed to elucidate the ways in which interview “quality” can be improved. The usefulness of best practice guidelines, such as the NICHD Investigative Interview Protocol, in assessing quality is considered. Difficulties for translating research into practice are discussed. The implications these factors have for the examination of children in court are then considered, and the experimental and field research is reviewed. The chapter ends by outlining directions for future research.
Tradition and Development
Authors: Kaveny Cathleen
Published: October 2017

This chapter focuses on the work of legal scholar and Catholic moral theologian John T. Noonan Jr. It knits together Alasdair MacIntyre’s narrative-based tradition theory, which is an important methodological strand in contemporary Christian ethics, with common law reasoning, which is the characteristic methodological commitment of the Anglo-American legal system. Drawing upon Noonan’s work, it shows how a richly detailed historical account can reveal both continuities and discontinuities in doctrinal development in both law and Christian ethics. The chapter also show how legal cases illuminate the tension between promoting individual flourishing and protecting the common good. It examines several specific cases, including Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad.
Covenant Fidelity and Culture Wars
Authors: Kaveny Cathleen
Published: October 2017

This chapter grapples with the evolving and sometimes contradictory ways in which Paul Ramsey approaches secular law in his efforts to work out the relationship of love and justice. Over the course of three decades, Ramsey moves from treating the law as a rich locus of insight on the concrete requirements of that relationship, to viewing the law a more or less neutral field ripe for the application of Christian norms, to depicting law as the menacing subject of a hostile takeover by secular liberal values. The chapter contends that this last stage is a harbinger of the legal strategy used by socially conservative culture warriors in later decades. It also argues that Ramsey never fully confronts the question of how law should respond to the phenomenon of human sinfulness.
Architecture of the Street
Authors: Poehler Eric E.
Published: October 2017

Chapter 4 changes the focus from the shape of the street network and the surfaces applied to it to considerations of street’s architectural components. To do so, it dissects the canonical shape of the Pompeian street—a cambered, impermeable stone surface abutting high curbs with pedestrian crossings and intersections and elsewhere—to better understand how this space was formed and how it functioned. The individual components of the street—paving stones, curbstones, stepping stones, and guard stones—are discussed in a series of brief but detailed mini-essays, each of which takes a morphological, functional, and evolutionary approach to the form, distribution, and life cycle of these objects.
World of the Mulio
Authors: Poehler Eric E.
Published: October 2017

Chapter 7 is the story of Sabinus, the fictional cart driver (mulio), from the Casa del Menandro. Sabinus is a narrative device invented to help imagine what the archaeological evidence cannot reveal: how traffic at Pompeii operated day-to-day and how as a system it was maintained. Although a fiction, the image of what Sabinus sees and encounters in the Pompeian street is a culmination and enlivening of the deep archaeological detail of preceding chapters. Importantly, Sabinus is also a means to explore the more speculative aspects of traffic management while simultaneously signaling the hypothetical nature of such exploration. The potential management mechanisms through which traffic information flowed are (1) the social networks that connect local drivers to civil authorities, (2) the observation of the environment and other drivers, and (3) direct contact with such information proxies as inscriptions, maps, and hired guides.
Introduction
Authors: Gordon Matthew S.
Published: October 2017

Concubines and Courtesans examines the intersection of slavery, gender, social networking, cultural production (music, poetry, and dance), sexuality, Islamic family law, and religion. The essays that make up the volume range over nearly a thousand years of Islamic history—from the early, formative period (7th–10th century CE) to the late Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal eras (16th–18th century CE)—and regions from al-Andalus (Islamic Spain) to Central Asia (Timurid Iran). The close, common thread is an effort to account for the lives, careers, and representations of female slaves participating in and contributing to elite, mostly urban, Islamicate society. The classical Arabic sources evince a trajectory from enslavement and early training of these women to a status as mature and dynamic social actors. Sources in other Near Eastern languages, notably Ottoman Turkish and Persian, provide much the same kind of evidence.
Visibility and Performance
Authors: Nielson Lisa
Published: October 2017

The chapter looks at the role of slave women as court musicians during the early Abbasid Empire and their variegated activity as entertainers, intimate companions, and symbols of status for visiting dignitaries and urban society at large. From the eighth century onward, the demand for singing girls in Abbasid cities and courts led quickly to the foundation of music centers, specialized trade in musical concubines, and the development of a complex hierarchy among court musicians organized around the intersection of musical prowess, extramusical performance, and gender. The chapter brings together social history, gender, and the development of performance tradition in the medieval Middle East.
The Ethnic Origins of Female Slaves in al-Andalus
Authors: Puente Cristina de la
Published: October 2017

The chapter seeks to catalogue what is known of the ethnic origins of women slaves in al-Andalus (8th–14th centuries CE)—that is, the territories of the Iberian Peninsula under Islamic domination. It also poses a set of methodological problems that arise in the study of a subject for which Andalusian Arabic sources offer comparatively little information. The chapter underscores the fact that, although it is difficult to unearth evidence on female slaves in these sources, the material they do provide often proves invaluable, specifically in detailing the origins of the enslaved women and, in turn, identifying the scope of the medieval slave trade in women and girls.
Between History and Hagiography
Authors: Dann Michael
Published: October 2017

The chapter analyzes accounts of two prominent women of the early Imami (Twelver) Shi’i tradition, the mother of the Imam Hasan al-Askari (d. 874) and one of his concubines. It considers a group of polemical accounts regarding the crisis of succession that followed his death, in which these two women played an exceptional historical role. It also unpacks the construction of an extensive hagiographical portrait that would come to define the popular memory of Hasan’s concubine in particular. The phenomenon of dynastic succession that characterized Imami Shi’ism and Abbasid imperial practice alike was the central determining factor in the emergence of the two women onto the stage of history and the construction of the elaborate hagiographical tradition that came to surround them.
Next in Line
Authors: Hoff Timothy J.
Published: October 2017

The doctor-patient relationship is besieged by several forces transforming the health care system at the present time, particularly the introduction of retail thinking that seeks to turn patients into consumers. This book examines how the relationship has changed and continues to evolve within a care delivery context that is more corporatized, value-driven, metric-oriented, and transactional than ever before. Through the voices of doctors and patients, combined with an in-depth analysis of bigger system trends, it finds that relational care characterized by proven interpersonal and humane features like trust, empathy, and mutual respect has withered over time, succumbing to a hostile delivery environment in which physicians are increasingly isolated from patients; the organization seeks to garner the allegiances of patients; and patients develop lowered expectations that leave them susceptible to cheapened forms of care delivery. Both doctors and patients still emphasize the importance of relational care for effective diagnosis and treatment, and for maintaining strong emotional bonds that enhance both parties’ experiences. However, the findings suggest that the rise of transactional care delivery in the health system must be offset by greater physician advocacy for relational medicine; a sharp focus on measuring relational care delivery in all its forms; and monetizing relational care so that it becomes something of value to the large organizations in which doctors and patients now find themselves interacting.
Strawson’s Way of Naturalizing Responsibility
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: October 2017

In “Freedom and Resentment” P. F. Strawson interprets the “Pessimist” as one who claims that if determinism is true then the attitudes and practices associated with moral responsibility cannot be justified and must be abandoned altogether. Against the pessimist Strawson argues that no reasoning of any sort could lead us to abandon or suspend our “reactive attitudes.” He claims that responsibility is a “given” of human life and society—something which we are inescapably committed to. This chapter argues that Strawson’s reply to the pessimist is seriously flawed. In particular, he fails to distinguish two very different forms or modes of naturalism and he is constrained by the nature of his own objectives (i.e., the refutation of pessimism) to embrace the stronger and far less plausible form of naturalism.
Free Will, Art, and Morality
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: October 2017

The discussion in this chapter begins with some observations regarding a number of structural similarities between art and morality as it involves human agency. On the basis of these observations we may ask whether or not incompatibilist worries about free will are relevant to both art and morality. Although the analogy between art and morality may be welcomed by compatibilists, it does not pave the way for an easy or facile optimism on this subject. On the contrary, while the art/morality analogy may lend support to compatibilism it also serves to show that some worries of incompatibilism relating to the role of luck in human life cannot be easily set aside, which denies compatibilism any basis for complacent optimism on this subject.
Heading Home
Authors: Stirr Anna Marie
Published: October 2017

Through an ethnographic narrative, this chapter describes a trip to a rural village in Lamjung district and a dohori singing event that took place there. It introduces the post-conflict temporal context of the author’s research, and situates her as a researcher, a woman, and a student of dohori singing, at the intersection of the professional world of Kathmandu and the particular rural world she was visiting. It provides an account of one rural setting to illustrate how different the reality of various forms of rural life is from the idealized version depicted in commercial dohori, while also showing how these ideal rural settings may be produced through dohori’s poetic conventions. This chapter introduces the expressive conventions of rural dohori singing, through a description of how the author learned them in this village. And it situates them in relation to aspects of caste/ethnicity, gender, political identity, and social status.
Determining the Legitimacy of Laws That Use Racial/Ethnic Classifications
Authors: Levesque Roger J.R.
Published: October 2017

Under the US Constitution, the government must ensure that individuals receive the equal protection of laws. This mandate, however, becomes challenging in that equal protection may be different depending on the involved individuals and circumstances. This chapter examines the general parameters of how the legal system addresses claims alleging violations of rights, such as those involving differential treatment based on race. The analysis demonstrates when discrimination exists in law and, equally important, discusses what is needed to envision ways to reach societal interests relating to equal opportunities and equal treatment. The chapter concludes by noting how these legal developments influence the potential relevance and utility of empirical evidence.
Entering Sport
Authors: Martin Jeffrey J.
Published: October 2017

This chapter presents research that sheds light on the ways in which individuals with disabilities get their start in sport. Many people with acquired disabilities start disability sport as novices yet may have had experience in able-bodied sport before the disability. Children with congenital disabilities may start sport at a young age. However, many children with disabilities face a variety of barriers to sport participation. Opportunities for disabled children to learn about sport via school physical education and school-sponsored sports are much scarcer than for able-bodied children. A major challenge for all individuals with disabilities is that formal and informal opportunities are often limited or not widely advertised, or transportation is lacking. As a result, many athletes with disabilities are more reliant on socialization agents such as teammates, coaches, enlightened parents, medical doctors, and physical therapists. In particular, people associated with the medical profession are potentially more influential for athletes with disabilities than for able-bodied athletes, who may have limited contact with physical, occupational, recreational, or rehabilitation therapists.
Negative Affect
Authors: Martin Jeffrey J.
Published: October 2017

Experiencing negative affect during training and during competition is common. Much of the disability sport psychology research on negative affect has not been embedded in common sport theories of anxiety. This chapter presents an overview of the most common concepts and theories regarding anxiety and stress in sport. It also discusses the body of literature in disability sport that addresses negative affect. Most of the research in disability sport on negative affect has been on anxiety and stress, and other negative emotions such as shame, disappointment, frustration, grief, or disgust have not been examined. For athletes with disabilities there are many potential sources of stress, such as a person’s impairment, impairment effects, general sport, disability sport, and non-sport-related considerations. All of these factors can be stressful and tax an athlete’s ability to manage challenges that influence the ability to train and compete optimally. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how the classification process and the wheelchair in various wheelchair sports can also induce anxiety.
Mood
Authors: Martin Jeffrey J.
Published: October 2017

The purpose of this chapter is to overview the sport mood model and mood research conducted in disability sport. Researchers in disability sport have examined mood in a limited fashion, with an overreliance on the Profile of Mood States (POMS) scale, which measures vigor, confusion, depressed mood, anger, fatigue, and tension. A clear limitation of the POMS scale is the underrepresentation of positive mood states that athletes experience. Many of the researchers in disability sport have asked modest questions, such as do athletes with acquired versus congenital disabilities have more positive mood states? Other researchers have used the positive and negative affective schedule and have been able to offer a more well-rounded commentary on various positive and negative affective states and how they are related to other cognitions and sport performance. The chapter concludes with the recommendation that researchers use models of emotion and mood such as the 12-point affect circumplex (12-PAC) model and address how core affect can be assessed to reflect mood or emotion.
Positive Affect
Authors: Martin Jeffrey J.
Published: October 2017

This chapter examines disability sport research on positive affect that ranges from momentary emotions to broader and longer-lasting affective states. The chapter is organized in three ways: a hedonic perspective of momentary experiences of pleasure, engagement such as the experience of flow in sport and peak experiences in hiking and mountain climbing, and obtaining meaning in life, such as contributing to the broader society. Research in these three categories is presented. A plethora of research in disability sport has indicated that sport participation is associated with life satisfaction. Other researchers examining disabled military veterans have shown evidence of posttraumatic growth after acquisition of a disability and have shown how sport has helped facilitate such growth. Research on noncompetitive sport has also indicated that feelings of gratitude and well-being are associated with activities such as hiking, mountain climbing, and water-based activities. The chapter concludes with advocacy for an examination of flow in disability sport.
Self-Esteem
Authors: Martin Jeffrey J.
Published: October 2017

Self-esteem has a long history in psychological research and sport psychology researchers are often interested in whether sport builds self-esteem. This chapter traces the history of self-esteem research in sport and provides definitions of and distinguishes between self-esteem and self-concept, and unidimensional and multidimensional models of self-esteem. The reciprocal effects model of self-esteem is examined, which suggests mastery experiences and self-esteem both exert influences on each other and can be viewed as causes and effects of each other. Antecedents of self-esteem, such as feelings of mastery and favorable judgments of worth from significant others, are also discussed, along with developmental aspects of self-esteem. Related areas of research that might be relevant to disability and disability sport are also discussed, such as terror management theory, the role of discounting and devaluing in psychological disengagement, how self-esteem might act as a mediator, and metacognitive properties of self-esteem.
Quality of Life
Authors: Martin Jeffrey J.
Published: October 2017

People with disabilities report having a wide range of quality of life. Quality of life is typically determined by life satisfaction, and negative and positive affect. Although people with disabilities face many individual, social, and environmental challenges, they often express a good to excellent quality of life. Having a good quality of life, despite these many challenges, is known as the disability paradox. Similarly, the erroneous assumption by many able-bodied people that individuals with disabilities must have terrible lives is also part of the disability paradox. The purpose of this chapter is to examine research showing how exercise can be an important vehicle to enhance quality of life. An overview of quality of life theories, concepts, measurement, and definitions is presented, followed by a review of the research and the mechanisms behind the association between physical activity and quality of life. For instance, feelings of mastery, increased functional fitness, enhanced social support from group and partner exercise, and biological mechanisms are all plausible mechanisms undergirding the salubrious effects of physical activity.
Wounded Warriors
Authors: Martin Jeffrey J.
Published: October 2017

With a large number of severely wounded military veterans returning home from various wars, sport is seen as vehicle to achieving rehabilitation goals. Introducing injured veterans to sport experiences can also have important mental health benefits. The purpose of this chapter is to review research on physical activity and wounded warriors. Sport- and physical activity–based recreation experiences have helped wounded warriors to re-engage in life and give their lives purpose. Other benefits include a renewed recognition and value of family relationships. In camps that lasted multiple days, participants reported that feeling respected and cared for enhanced their quality of life. Gaining sport skills has also led to improved physical self-concept. Some injured soldiers have reported being inspired by other injured veterans. PA experiences providing benefits often go well beyond traditional disability sports, such as surfing, scuba diving, yoga, horseback riding, white water rafting, mountain climbing, fly fishing, ballet, and Outward Bound programs.
Introduction
Authors: Harford Vargas Jennifer
Published: October 2017

This introduction lays out the book’s key terms and methodologies. First it asserts that there is a subgenre of Latina/o fiction that depicts the aftermath of Latin American authoritarian regimes alongside authoritarian structures and discourses of power that minorities and migrants face in the United States and that these novels dramatize these linkages at the levels of both content and form. It then outlines how these novels broaden the thematic concerns, character types, and stylistic features of this subgenre through their development of a Latina/o counter-dictatorial imaginary and deployment of narrative form to critically represent forms of dictatorial power. Furthermore, it positions these novels as postdictatorship and postmemory novels to mark their geographic, historical, generational, thematic, and conceptual distance and difference from Latin American political regimes and novels. It ends by laying out the conceptual utility of its pan-ethnic and transnational Latina/o literary analyses. It thus demonstrates how genre provides a means to understanding shared formal strategies and political concerns across Latina/o groups, at the same time demonstrating how to unpack hemispheric relations through the aesthetic forms and transnational subjectivities that constitute the imaginative horizon of the Latina/o dictatorship novel.
Demolition on Karl Marx Square
Authors: Demshuk Andrew
Published: October 2017

Communist East Germany’s demolition of Leipzig’s intact medieval University Church in May 1968 was an act widely decried as “cultural barbarism”. Although overshadowed by the crackdown on Prague Spring mere weeks later, the willful destruction of this historic landmark on a central site called Karl Marx Square represents an essential turning point in relations between the Communist authorities and the “people” they claimed to serve. As the largest case of East German protest between the 1953 Uprising and 1989 Revolution, this intimate local trauma exhibits how the inner workings of a “dictatorial” system operated more broadly and exposes the often gray and overlapping lines between State and citizenry. Through deep analysis of untapped periodicals and archives, it introduces a broad cast of characters who helped make the demolition possible and restores the voices of ordinary citizens who dared in the name of culture, humanism, and civic pride to protest what they saw as an inconceivable tragedy. In this city that later started the 1989 Revolution triggering the fall of the Berlin Wall, residents from every social background desperately hoped to convince their leaders to step back from the brink. But as the dust cleared in 1968, they saw with all finality that their voices meant nothing, that the DDR was a sham democracy awash with utopian rhetoric that had no connection with their everyday lives. If Communism died in Prague in 1968, it had already died in Leipzig just weeks before, with repercussions that still haunt today’s politics of memory.
Missed Chances, 1949–1959
Authors: Demshuk Andrew
Published: October 2017

After a sketch of Leipzig’s immediate postwar reconstruction efforts before the founding of the DDR in 1949, this chapter features ten years of public enthusiasm for the young Communist State’s early planning initiatives. Press publications and planning exhibitions stimulated optimistic public participation and proposals, because most plans generally adhered to a platform of moderate reconstruction of the historic core alongside startling modern feats that the people desired, such as an underground rail tunnel and an array of new trade fair (Messe) palaces. Such remarkable goodwill from the populace only waned by the end of the 1950s amid increasing impatience that so little of what was planned had actually been realized.
Epilogue
Authors: Demshuk Andrew
Published: October 2017

After first examining the return of the University Church to public discussion on the eve of the peaceful revolution of 1989, in which Leipzig played a leading role, this epilogue examines debates about this troubled memory site after 1989, including whether reconstruction of the University Church was possible or desirable. Passionate argumentation on all sides resulted in the formation of local initiatives, the resignation of a university president, and numerous architectural competitions. The resulting postmodern Paulinum and new Augusteum which have arisen on the western side of Augustus Square cite preceding structures but serve contemporary needs. Historical memory and the search for meaning after public trauma on this unmasterable memory site continue, with repercussions to the present day.
Could a Robot Care? It’s All in the Movement
Authors: Meacham Darian , Studley Matthew
Published: October 2017

In this chapter, we ask if care robots can care. The standard and indeed intuitive response to such a question is no. This response is premised on the argument that care requires internal cognitive and emotional states that robots lack. We explore arguments that belie this conclusion. We argue that care robots may participate in the creation of caring environments through certain types of expressive movement, irrespective of the existence of internal emotional states or intentions. We address three possible objections to this argument and argue that none of them is lethal to our hypothesis. Finally, we examine evidence that despite phenomenological similarity, such human–robot interactions are not neurologically equivalent to human–human interactions and seem to show a difference in intensity. We note that this may change as robots become more widespread and we evolve social and cognitive structures to accept them in our daily lives.
Pediatric Robotics and Ethics
Authors: Borenstein Jason , Howard Ayanna , Wagner Alan R.
Published: October 2017

As robots leave the lab and are deployed in hospital or other healthcare settings, the community of users may become overreliant on and overtrust such technology. Thus, there is a pressing need to examine the tendency to overtrust and develop strategies to mitigate the risk to children, parents, and healthcare providers that could occur due to an overreliance on pediatric robotics. To overcome this challenge, we seek to consider the broad range of ethical issues related to the use of robots in pediatric healthcare. This chapter provides an overview of the current state of the art in pediatric robotics, describes relevant ethical issues, and examines the role that overtrust plays in these scenarios. We conclude with suggested strategies to mitigate the relevant risks and describe a framework for the future deployment of robots in the pediatric domain.
Lovotics
Authors: Cheok Adrian David , Karunanayaka Kasun , Zhang Emma Yann
Published: October 2017

Intimate relationships, such as love and sex, between human and machines, especially robots, has been one of the themes of science fiction. However, this topic has never been treated in the academic area until recently. It was first raised and discussed by David Levy in his book Love and Sex with Robotics (2007). Since then, researchers have come up with many implementations of robot companions, like sex robots, emotional robots, humanoid robots, and artificial intelligent systems that can simulate human emotions. This chapter presents a summary of significant recent activity in this field, predicts how the field is likely to develop, and discusses ethical and legal issues. We also discuss our research in physical devices for human–robot love and sex communication.
Military Robots and the Likelihood of Armed Combat
Authors: Kahn Leonard
Published: October 2017

I explore the questions of whether the use of military robots will lead to an increase in armed conflict and whether this increase would be a morally bad thing. I argue that the answer to both questions is positive, and, along the way, I flesh out the idea of what military robots are and what functions they might have, as well as how the impersonal forces of technological development can affect the choices of rational political agents. I conclude with some suggestions about how we might make the best of what is likely to be a bad business through the establishment of new international norms.
Superintelligence as Superethical
Authors: Petersen Steve
Published: October 2017

Nick Bostrom’s book Superintelligence outlines a frightening but realistic scenario for human extinction: true artificial intelligence is likely to bootstrap itself into superintelligence, and thereby become ideally effective at achieving its goals. Human-friendly goals seem too abstract to be preprogrammed with any confidence; and if those goals are not explicitly favorable to humans, the superintelligence will extinguish us—not through any malice, but simply because it will want our resources for its own purposes. In response, I argue that things might not be as bad as Bostrom suggests. If the superintelligence must learn complex final goals, then this means such a superintelligence must in effect reason about its own goals. And because it will be especially clear to a superintelligence that there are no sharp lines between one agent’s goals and another’s, that reasoning could therefore automatically be ethical in nature.
Still Modernism
Authors: Hornby Louise
Published: October 2017

Still Modernism offers a critique of the modernist imperative to embrace motion, speed, and mobility. In the context of the rise of kinetic technologies and the invention of motion pictures, the book claims that stillness is nonetheless an essential tactic of modernist innovation. More specifically, the book looks at the ways in which photographic stillness emerges as a counterpoint to motion and to film, asserting its own clear visibility against the blur of kinesis. Combining objects and methods from art history, film studies, and literary studies, Louise Hornby reveals how photographers, filmmakers, and writers, even at their most kinetic, did not surrender attention to points of stillness. Rather, the still image, understood through photography, establishes itself as a mode of resistance and provides a formal response to various modernist efforts to see better, to attend more closely, and to remove the fetters of subjectivity and experience. Hornby argues that still photography allows film to access its own diffuse images of motion; photography’s duplicative form provides a serial structure for modernist efforts to represent the face; its iterative structure articulates the jerky rhythms of experimental narrative as perambulation; and its processes of development allow the world to emerge independent of the human observer. Casting new light on the relationship between photography and film, Hornby situates the struggle between the still and the kinetic at the center of modernist culture.
Still There
Authors: Hornby Louise
Published: October 2017

This chapter argues that Woolf develops a theory of photography in her writing that describes how the world emerges within a photographic economy of light, separate from an observing subject. Photography does not reproduce the world; it develops a world through the action of light and independent of an observer. This emergent world, refusing economies of production and control, is suspended in time. The theory of photography embedded in Woolf’s writing draws on the earliest kinds of photographs—cameraless images—that formalize a conception of photography as “light-writing.” Severing the bonds between subjectivity and vision, photography adheres to a notion of objectivity that extirpates the human subject in favor of a vision of the world absent an experiencing self, a world written in terms of exposure, development, and emergence. In Woolf’s writing, the light encloses the world, stilling it, protecting it, and becoming a foil for the absent mother.
Introduction
Authors: Barnard John Levi
Published: October 2017

This introduction situates the study within the fields of classical receptions, black classicism, and African American cultural studies. Drawing on postcolonial critical insights into classical tradition as a mechanism of imperial power, as well as work elaborating black classicism in the United States, the introduction sets the framework for a dialectical reading of African American cultural production in relation to dominant American cultures of classical monumentalism and public historiography. It establishes the relevance of the study to debates about theories of temporality and historical periodization within African American literary studies. It is bookended by discussions of the September 11 Memorial Museum and Kara Walker’s installation A Subtlety, a pairing that emblematizes how narrative and counternarrative unfold across US history in an ongoing contest, and which reveals black classicism as a force so significant that classical history and literature can never be deployed in public discourse without conjuring their own dialectical undoing.
Why Horror Seduces
Authors: Clasen Mathias
Published: October 2017

This book explains the appeals and functions of horror entertainment by drawing on cutting-edge findings in the evolutionary social sciences, showing how the horror genre is a product of human nature. It is the first book to integrate the study of horror with the sciences of human nature and to offer a sustained analysis of the ways in which our evolutionary heritage constrains and directs horror in literature, film, and computer games. The central claim of the book is that horror entertainment works by targeting ancient and deeply conserved neurobiological mechanisms. We are attracted to horrifying entertainment because we have an adaptive tendency to find pleasure in make-believe that allows us to experience negative emotions at high levels of intensity within a safe context. This book offers a detailed theoretical account of the biological underpinnings of the paradoxically and perennially popular genre of horror. The theoretical account is bolstered with original analyses of a range of well-known and popular modern American works of horror literature and horror film to illustrate how these works target evolved cognitive and emotional mechanisms to fulfill their function of absorbing, engaging, and horrifying audiences: I Am Legend (1954), Rosemary’s Baby (1967), Night of the Living Dead (1968), Jaws (1975), The Shining (1977), Halloween (1978), and The Blair Witch Project (1999). The book’s final chapter expands the discussion to include interactive, highly immersive horror experiences offered through horror video games and commercial haunted attractions.