bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on the critical loosening condition toward a new design guideline for bolted joints
Authors: Gong Hao , Liu Jianhua , Ding Xiaoyu
Published: September 2018

An understanding of conditions that trigger the loosening of bolted joints is essential to ensure joint reliability. In this study, a three-dimensional finite element model of a typical bolted joint is developed, and a new simulation method is proposed to quantitatively identify the critical transverse force for initiating loosening. This force is used to evaluate the anti-loosening capacity of bolted joints. Using the proposed simulation method, the effects of factors affecting critical loosening are systematically studied. It is found that the preload, frictional coefficients at the thread and the bearing surfaces, clamped length, and fit tolerance mainly affected loosening. When the preload and friction coefficients are increased, and the clamped length and fit tolerance are reduced, loosening is inhibited. Experiments are performed to demonstrate the reliability of the results. Finally, a suggestion is proposed to improve the design guideline VDI 2230 for bolted joints, which considers the requirement of avoiding loosening under vibrational loading.
Long-term, intermittent, low-level elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus 1A viremia in a captive Asian elephant calf
Authors: Bauer Kendra L. , Latimer Erin , Finnegan Mitch
Published: September 2018

A 2-y-old male Asian elephant ( Elephas maximus), with an elevated platelet count (1,100 × 109/L [1,100 × 103/mm3]), tested positive for elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus 1A (EEHV-1A) on conventional PCR (cPCR) of EDTA whole blood. No clinical signs were ever reported and no treatment was administered, but low-level viremia persisted for 2.5 y based on results of cPCR and/or real-time PCR (rtPCR). Sequencing confirmed that the EEHV-1A detected was identical at the beginning through the end of the time period. No other elephants in the herd tested positive for EEHV-1 during this time period. Platelet counts remained elevated throughout the viremia and throughout the animal’s life, and direct correlation between the elevated platelet counts and EEHV-1A viremia could not be confirmed. We document long-term, intermittent, low-level viremia of EEHV-1A and provide additional information to consider when determining if treatment is warranted in a case of EEHV infection.
“Death Lay Here on the Sofa”: Reflections of Young Adults on Their Experience as Caregivers of Parents Who Died of Cancer at Home
Authors: Goldblatt Hadass , Granot Michal , Zarbiv Eti
Published: September 2018

The prevalence of terminally ill patients, who die at home, is increasing. The aim of this study was to address the meaning of being young adults, who were the caregivers of their dying parents. In-depth, semistructured interviews were conducted with 14 Israeli Jewish young adults, who had been the primary caregivers for parents who had cancer and eventually died at home. Three themes emerged: (a) “I was Chosen and was led into that situation”: modes of taking on and performing the role of a caregiver, (b) “My life was on hold”: the experience of performing the caregiving role, and (c) “I underwent . . . the real school of life”: caring for the dying parent as an imprint on self-development. Participants integrated compassionate caring into their identity, reflecting an empowering encounter of young carers with their dying parents as a process of growth in the face of harsh, stressful experiences.
A Systematic Review of Caudal Anesthesia and Postoperative Outcomes in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Patients
Authors: Maharramova Malak , Taylor Katherine
Published: September 2018

Objectives. In pediatric cardiac surgery, does caudal anesthesia promote early extubation, reduce pain scores, reduce stress responses, and length of stay (LOS)? Design. A systematic review. Participants. Inclusion criteria included cardiac surgical procedures (with or without cardiopulmonary bypass) in any subject between the ages of full-term newborn and 18 years receiving caudal anesthesia of any medication combination. Searches were conducted with assistance of an Academic librarian from 1947 to July 2017. Methods. Relevant studies selected were randomized trials or cohort studies. Results. The total number of patients was 2159 in 17 studies. There were 8 prospective randomized clinical trials and 9 cohort studies. Caudal medications included dexmedetomidine, bupivacaine, sufentanil, morphine, fentanyl, and neostigmine. Nine studies reported earlier extubation in patients with caudal anesthesia. Cardiopulmonary bypass and surgical duration mitigated early extubation anesthetic strategies. Three of 5 studies showed reduced pain scores and need for opiates, 2 studies showed no difference. Two of 3 studies showed a reduction in stress response. Hemodynamic assessments were improved in 2 studies and unchanged in 3 studies. Four studies showed reduced hospital LOS. Studies are difficult to interpret because of the comparative techniques used. Conclusions. The data quality in this review is too poor to make recommendations regarding incorporation of caudal anesthesia into clinical practice. Caudal anesthesia may be favorable for early extubation, improved pain, and hemodynamics and reduced LOS. There are many other anesthetic alternatives to facilitate early extubation. Our review is limited by heterogeneous populations, variable pain measurement scales, and absent definitions of extubation indicators.
Using Semantic Web Technologies to Enable Cancer Genomics Discovery at Petabyte Scale
Authors: Cejovic Jovan , Radenkovic Jelena , Mladenovic Vladimir , Stanojevic Adam , Miletic Milica , Radanovic Stevan , Bajcic Dragan , Djordjevic Dragan , Jelic Filip , Nesic Milos , Lau Jessica , Grady Patrick , Groves-Kirkby Nick , Kural Deniz , Davis-Dusenbery Brandi
Published: September 2018

Increased efforts in cancer genomics research and bioinformatics are producing tremendous amounts of data. These data are diverse in origin, format, and content. As the amount of available sequencing data increase, technologies that make them discoverable and usable are critically needed. In response, we have developed a Semantic Web–based Data Browser, a tool allowing users to visually build and execute ontology-driven queries. This approach simplifies access to available data and improves the process of using them in analyses on the Seven Bridges Cancer Genomics Cloud (CGC; www.cancergenomicscloud.org ). The Data Browser makes large data sets easily explorable and simplifies the retrieval of specific data of interest. Although initially implemented on top of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data set, the Data Browser’s architecture allows for seamless integration of other data sets. By deploying it on the CGC, we have enabled remote researchers to access data and perform collaborative investigations.
Demographic and psychiatric predictors of engagement in psychotherapy services conducted via clinical video telehealth
Authors: Valentine Lisa M , Donofry Shannon D , Sexton Minden B
Published: September 2018

Introduction

Military veterans are at high risk for developing mental health problems. Unfortunately, veterans have relatively low rates of engagement in mental health services compared with non-veterans. In order to address barriers to mental health care services, the Veteran’s Health Administration (VHA) has implemented clinical video telehealth (CVT). Although the effectiveness of this technology appears promising, there is limited research evaluating rates of engagement in CVT mental health services or what factors may predict premature attrition from mental health care delivered via this format.

Methods

The present study aimed to investigate treatment engagement among veterans enrolled in psychotherapy delivered via CVT, as well as to explore the effects of various demographic and clinical characteristics on these outcomes. Participants were 250 veterans with consults placed to the CVT clinic at a large Midwestern VHA. To evaluate characteristics related to therapy retention, demographic and symptom profile information was gathered from a subset of 93 participants who attended at least one CVT psychotherapy appointment.

Results

Results indicated there were no significant demographic differences between veterans who attended at least one CVT appointment and those who did not attend at least one session. Demographic variables were not related to the number of CVT visits attended. Regarding psychological characteristics, veterans with anxiety disorders attended fewer CVT appointments overall than veterans with mood disorders and attendance at CVT was negatively correlated with anxiety severity.

Discussion

These findings have potential implications for providers working in CVT clinics as well as for future research in this area.
Young people with left-behind experiences in childhood have higher levels of psychological resilience
Authors: Liang Li , Yang Yisheng , Xiao Qianguo
Published: September 2018

This study investigated the development of psychological capital and its relationship with adult attachment in Chinese college students with left-behind experiences in childhood. The results show that the psychological capital of left-behind experiences in childhood was moderate, and their self-efficacy, optimism, hope, and overall psychological capital were significantly lower than those without left-behind experiences. However, their psychological resilience was remarkably higher than the latter. As for adult attachment, their attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance were also remarkably higher. The findings suggest that left-behind experiences impaired the development of the emotional–motivation system of left-behind experiences in childhood, but facilitated the development of their survival–protection system.
Implementing a Program to Share User Experience Data for Medical Devices
Authors: Gaev Jonathan , Tremoulet Patrice D
Published: September 2018

People who make purchasing decisions about medical technology are often not the ones who will use it. It is challenging to systematically collect and present stakeholder impressions of medical technology and other information relevant to purchasing decisions. We set a goal of collecting and presenting user experience data for 15 different types of healthcare technologies each year.

We developed a program to acquire information from clinicians and health technology management personnel using e-mail surveys. We also developed a unique graphical method to present the results. Over 20 categories of medical technologies have been rated (about 200 models) and over 75,000 surveys have been sent out. In this paper, we summarize how we developed our program, share our design goals, our approach to quality control, and some of the lessons we learned.
Improving Care Transitions in Healthcare: A Human Factors/Ergonomics (HFE) Approach
Authors: Waterson Patrick , Wooldridge Abigail , Wooldridge Abigail , Sesto Mary , Gurses Ayse , Holden Richard , Werner Nicole , Fray Mike , Carman Eva-Maria , Waterson Patrick
Published: September 2018

Delivering safe healthcare often involves multi-disciplinary teams working across multiple locations. Care transitions are required to provide continuity of care and are often fail due to this type of complexity. Care transitions occur in numerous settings, for example: during shift changes, transfer between wards, or during discharge to the patient’s home (WHO Collaborating Centre for Patient Safety Solutions 2007). The aim of the panel will be to discuss different types of care transitions and how HFE can assist in improving patient safety and efficiency of the process. The panel will discuss and share lessons learnt from a range of projects involving care transitions for pediatric trauma care (Woolridge), and barriers and facilitators to follow-up care for bone marrow transplant survivors (Sesto). In addition, the work system elements for care transitions for elective orthopedic patients (Carman), elderly patients after heart failure hospitalization (Holden) and risks to elderly patients’ safe medication management (Gurses) when transitioning from hospital to home will be discussed.
Developing Distributed Expertise Coordination Models of Diabetes Care Teams
Authors: Jahn Michelle A. , Caldwell Barrett S.
Published: September 2018

With the increasing rate of diabetes diagnoses, more patients and healthcare providers are exchanging information. There is a need to understand these diabetes team coordination processes to help facilitate optimal patient care. However, prior to evaluating team coordination processes, it is essential to first define the members of the team. The purpose of this research is to use social network analysis tools to determine the most common and critical diabetes care team members from the practicing healthcare professional perspective. Using participant rankings and measures of centrality (in-degree and in-strength), it was found that the key roles include primary care providers, registered dietitians, registered nurses, pharmacists, endocrinologists, and social workers. The results of this work highlight the importance of coordinating multiple expertise roles and information flow pathways when enhancing diabetes care activities.
Teaming with Technology at the TSA: Practical Methods for Enhancing Human Performance with Automation in Operational Environments
Authors: Korbelak Kristopher , Dressel Jeffrey , Band David , Blanchard Jennifer
Published: September 2018

Automated systems are not only commonplace but often are a necessity to complete highly specialized tasks across many operational environments. The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) aims to enhance human performance and increase safety through the acquisition and implementation of various types of automated systems. The Human Performance Branch (HPB) at TSA supports this aim through research on human factors that influence interactions with automation. Knowledge gained from HPB efforts informs TSA of the automated systems that will best suit worker needs, how to integrate these systems into the general workflow, and the relevant human factors that will support proper system use and, ultimately, enhance human performance. This discussion panel reviews a theoretical framework the TSA can use to guide assessment of multiple drivers of human performance in a consistent and standardized fashion as well as several TSA projects investigating three categories of human factors known to influence performance with automation – human (i.e., individual differences, cognitive constraints), context (e.g., organizational influence, environment), and system characteristics (e.g., type of automation) – and how those factors can be accounted for in the operational environment.
Estimation of Instantaneous Hand Joint Centers of Rotation Using 3D Reconstructed Hand Skeleton Motion from CT Scans
Authors: Yang Xiaopeng , Lim Zhichan , Jung Hayoung , Lee Wonsup , You Heecheon
Published: September 2018

The present study estimated instantaneous hand joint centers of rotation (CoR) using 3D reconstructed hand skeleton motions captured from CT scan. We proposed a novel method for estimation of instantaneous joint CoR using the same bone surfaces for different hand postures. Each bone in a template hand posture was registered to the corresponding bone of different hand postures. The registered hand postures (having the same bone surfaces as the template hand posture but different postures) with the template hand posture were then used for estimation of instantaneous joint CoR. The proposed method performed better than the existing methods in estimation of instantaneous joint CoR. Consistency of instantaneous joint CoRs determined in the same rotation angle range was improved by 31.7% to 51.0% in the proposed method. The present study focused on distal interphalangeal (DIP) and proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints of the index finger of a participant. Joints of the whole hands of more participants will be studied for further generalization of the findings.
First Impressions, Team Satisfaction and Work-Related Flow: A Multilevel Analysis
Authors: Berger Sarah , Hanrahan Jeffery , Bizarro Andrea , Henning Robert
Published: September 2018

First impressions of fellow team members, as well as individual satisfaction with one’s team, are each related to work-related flow experiences but they are rarely studied in combination. To address this gap we collected measures of all three in a laboratory study of dyadic teams (N=55). First impressions were assessed prior to the start of a management simulation task, and both team satisfaction and work-related flow were assessed afterwards. Hierarchical linear modeling revealed that measures of team satisfaction at both the individual and team levels were predictive of work-related flow experiences; an interaction between the discrepancy in first impression ratings within each team and individual ratings of team satisfaction was also found. Findings suggest that discrepancies in first impressions interact with team satisfaction in ways that may negatively impact work-related flow experiences, which in turn has the potential to impair team formation and performance effectiveness of ad hoc teams.
Evaluation of an adjustable support shoulder exoskeleton on static and dynamic overhead tasks
Authors: Van Engelhoven Logan , Poon Nathan , Kazerooni Homayoon , Barr Alan , Rempel David , Harris-Adamson Carisa
Published: September 2018

Introduction: Overhead tasks increase the risk of work related musculoskeletal disorders to industrial workers. A shoulder supporting exoskeleton with adjustable and angle dependent torque (referred to as shoulderX in this paper for brevity) was designed and built at the University of California Berkeley Human Engineering and Robotics Laboratory for workers performing overhead tasks. shoulderX was designed specifically to reduce the exposure to large muscle exertion forces on the shoulder complex from overhead work. Methods: We evaluated shoulderX by measuring the muscle activation of the upper trapezius (UT), anterior deltoid (AD), triceps long head (TR), and infraspinatus (IF) during static and dynamic overhead tasks. Thirteen male subjects with experience in the construction or manufacturing industries were recruited to perform overhead tasks using light (.45 kg) and heavy (2.25 kg) weight tools with four exoskeleton support levels (0, 8.5, 13.0, 20.0 Nm peak torque). Results: During all conditions, the wearer’s shoulder flexor muscle activity of UT, AD were reduced with increasing strength of shoulderX by up to 80%. Subjects unanimously preferred the use of shoulderX over the unassisted condition for all task types (static and dynamic overhead tasks) and tool weights (.45 kg and 2.25 kg). Conclusion: shoulderX reduces the wearer’s primary muscle activity in overhead static and dynamic work and results in a more desirable and balanced pattern of shoulder complex activation. This investigation indicates that shoulderX reduces the risk of work related shoulder injuries during overhead tasks.
The evaluation of absolute position drift of inertial-based motion capture systems
Authors: de Gouw Adrian , Ji Xiaoxu , Cort Joel
Published: September 2018

Inertial based capture technologies allow for direct capture of motions within a manufacturing environment and, may be used with human simulation software to perform ergonomics analyses. However, these technologies are negatively affected by metal environments where “drift” has been shown to cause error in capture accuracy. Twenty participants completed four multi-task events simulating real work, in a laboratory while instrumented with inertial and optical based motion capture systems. Participants began and ended each event by performing a static T-Pose posture in a known location. Lower-leg 3D position data were extracted and the position difference from the start and end T-Poses were analyzed. Results indicate significant lower-leg position error relative to the starting location of the T-Pose to the end, with the inertial systems as compared to the optical based system. These errors can impact overall accuracy and representation of work within a human modeling environment.
Use of Varied Definitions of Repetition with the Distal Upper Extremity Tool (DUET)
Authors: Gallagher Sean , Schall Mark , Sesek Rich , Huangfu Rong
Published: September 2018

Defining what constitutes a repetition in performance of a task involving exertions of the upper extremity can be difficult due to highly varied activities. In this paper, we examine three different definitions of repetition with the use of the Distal Upper Extremity Tool (DUET). These definitions include Grips Alone (manipulation of an object by the hands), Reps Alone (wrist deviations), and Grips + Reps (manipulations plus deviations). Validation of the DUET tool was performed against an existing cross-sectional epidemiology study for all three definitions. The log of the DUET Cumulative Damage (CD) measure demonstrated strong and consistent associations with five separate distal upper extremity outcomes using each of these definitions of repetition when controlled for covariates including site, gender, age, and BMI (with significant odds ratios ranging from 1.20 – 2.10). Results suggest that DUET may allow for flexibility in the definition of “repetition” and still successfully identify hazardous jobs.
Can We Simplify Complexity Measurement? A Primer Towards Usable Framework For Industry Implementation
Authors: Kannan Pranav , Quddus Noor , Peres S. Camille , Mannan M. Sam
Published: September 2018

The development of systems with complex interactions has led to limitations which are reflected in performance including reliability and safety of the systems. Concurrent developments of frameworks to represent and analyze complexity have aided the understanding of complexity in human-machine systems. The methodology and framework presented is proposed to aid the design of experiments to establish causative relationships of complexity attributes with performance and further deployment in industry. The framework leverages three independent measurement paradigms, at the worker level, interaction level, and task level to classify twenty measurable complexity attributes. Their deployment in key performance indicator (KPI) frameworks and procedure writer’s guides are discussed.
A Normative Database of Neck Muscular Strength and Endurance Capacity
Authors: Chowdhury Suman K , Zhou Yu , Reddy Curran P. , Byrne Ryan M. , Zhang Xudong
Published: September 2018

The present study aimed to establish a normative database of the neck muscular strength and the endurance capacity of a healthy population and to explore effects of neck posture, time-of-day (i.e., diurnal variation), and personal characteristics, such as age, sex, and body mass index on neck strength and endurance capacity during sustained-till-exhaustion maximal neck exertions. The multiple regression analyses revealed that sex and neck posture were significant predictors of neck strength, whereas time-of-day and age were significant predictors of neck endurance capacity.
Whole-Body Vibration Exposures Among Solid Waste Collecting Truck Operators
Authors: (Frank) Ryou Hyoung-gon , Johnson Peter W
Published: September 2018

A number of studies have shown an association between whole-body vibration (WBV) exposure and the onset and development of low back pain among professional vehicle operators. This study measured WBV exposures from 12 drivers who operated four different types of solid waste collecting trucks during part of their regular work shift. The daily average weighted A(8), vibration dose value VDV(8), and vector sum A(8) and VDV(8) exposures were analyzed and compared across the solid waste collecting trucks. Study result showed that the majority of A(8) and all of the VDV(8) predominant axis exposures were above International Organization for Standardization (ISO) daily vibration action limit (A(8) = 0.5 m/s2, VDV(8) = 9.1 m/s1.75). Based on the predominant axis and vector sum exposures, most of the trucks reached the daily vibration action limits before 8-hours. When compared to the predominant axis A(8) exposures, the predominant axis VDV(8) exposures reduced the acceptable solid waste collecting truck operating times on average by over 4 hours. Our study results demonstrated that these solid waste collecting truck operators were exposed to high levels of both continuous and impulsive WBV exposures, with the impulsive WBV exposures indicating that they may pose a greater risk to the driver’s health.
Developing An Intraorganizational Human Factors Design Guideline
Authors: Leal Jeremy , Ho Wan Yan (Wendy) , Hydro BC
Published: September 2018

This paper is intended for human factors practitioners who are looking to develop or evaluate intraorganizational human factors design guidelines. It is based on the experiences of a Canadian hydro-electric utility that is currently working on a multi-stage project to develop an intraorganizational human factors design guideline. The paper discusses the challenges faced, methods used to overcome the challenges, outcomes from the implementation of the methods, and recommendations to practitioners.
Lumbar Muscle Fatigue Analysis Using Sorensen Test with Different Upper Body Offload Conditions
Authors: Huangfu Rong , Gallagher Sean , Whitley Phillip , Sesek Richard , Schall Mark , Davis Gerard
Published: September 2018

The Sorensen test has been widely used in assessing the isometric endurance of trunk muscles. In this study, a modified Sorensen test was performed using four different upper body offload conditions (0%, 25% 50% and 75%) and surface EMG (sEMG) was used to determine fatigue characteristics in lumbar muscles. Results showed that the offloading of the upper body has a statistically significant impact on the slope of the EMG median frequency, which is representative of lumbar muscle fatigue responses. The first 25% offloading significantly decreased the fatigue response in the lumbar region. In addition, the 25% offload condition was significantly different from the 75% offload condition. However, the slopes of 25% and 50% offload conditions are not statistically different from each other and same for 50% and 75% offload conditions.
Evaluating the Linear Integration Method of Estimating Cumulative Loading Using an Eccentric Exercise
Authors: Huangfu Rong , Gallagher Sean , Sesek Richard , Schall Mark , Davis Gerard
Published: September 2018

The ability to quantify cumulative exposure is critically in understanding dose-response relationship in the development of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Different integration methods have been used in estimating cumulative loading (force or torque). The general objective of cumulative loading integration methods has been to sum the loading exposure for each individual task, calculate by multiplying the magnitude of the task loading times the task duration, and develop an “area under the curve”. An assumption of this linear integration model is that short time exposure to high forces will result in a similar level of damage as relatively long-time exposure to low forces. In this study, three loading groups of eccentric exercise with the same “area under the curve” were performed by thirty participants (ten in each group). Relaxed elbow angle and maximum isometric voluntary contractions (MIVC) were collected before, immediately after, and 2, 4, 8 days after the exercise. The relaxed elbow angle and the changes in MIVC were significantly impacted by the loading group. This result suggests that the linear integration method of estimating cumulative loading may underestimate the impact of high force loading in terms of cumulative muscle damage.
Development and usability of a novel holographic 3-dimensional user interface using hand-gesture control for a future vehicle application by older adults
Authors: Schwambach Breno , Brooks Johnell , Venhovens Paul , Knizek Robert , Mims Lauren , Jenkins Casey , McConomy Shayne , Yang Yang , Karg Jochen , Weber Julian , Schulte Joerg
Published: September 2018

The Deep Orange program immerses automotive engineering students into the world of an OEM as part of their graduate education. While developing the program’s seventh vehicle concept, students explored new human machine interface concepts with the goal of having a clean, minimal interior design. One outcome of their ideation process is a concept for a holographic companion that can act as a concierge for all functions of the vehicle. After creating a prototype of the holographic display using existing technologies and developing a user interface controlled by hand gestures, a usability study was performed with older adults. The results suggest the system was not intuitive. Participants demonstrated better performance with tasks using discrete hand motions in comparison to those that required continuous motions. The data were helpful to understand the challenges of untrained users interacting with a new HMI system.
Socially Interactive Robots Can Teach Young Students Language Skills; a Systematic Review
Authors: Hein Marika , Nathan-Roberts Dan
Published: September 2018

The goal of this systematic review is to consider whether social factors of robots allow the robots to be socially interactive language learning assistants for young students in the classroom. A total of 443 articles were found. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 17 empirical studies in which a robot assisted children in preschool through elementary school on their language skills were analyzed. This review discusses to which areas of language learning robots have been applied and how the social interaction of the robot influences student learning behaviors and outcomes. The results of this paper indicate that robots have capabilities that are useful for instructing students in oral language skills because of their socially interactive nature. There is room for this social dynamic to be researched further in the human factors and human robot interaction fields.
Trust Repair Strategies with Self-Driving Vehicles: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Kohn Spencer C. , Quinn Daniel , Pak Richard , de Visser Ewart J. , Shaw Tyler H.
Published: September 2018

Trust is important for any relationship, especially so with self-driving vehicles: passengers must trust these vehicles with their life. Given the criticality of maintaining passenger’s trust, yet the dearth of self-driving trust repair research relative to the growth of the self-driving industry, we conducted two studies to better understand how people view errors committed by self-driving cars, as well as what types of trust repair efforts may be viable for use by self-driving cars. Experiment 1 manipulated error type and driver types to determine whether driver type (human versus self-driving) affected how participants assessed errors. Results indicate that errors committed by both driver types are not assessed differently. Given the similarity, experiment 2 focused on self-driving cars, using a wide variety of trust repair efforts to confirm human-human research and determine which repairs were most effective at mitigating the effect of violations on trust. We confirmed the pattern of trust repairs in human-human research, and found that some apologies were more effective at repairing trust than some denials. These findings help focus future research, while providing broad guidance as to potential methods for approaching trust repair with self-driving cars.
Developing Theory and Methods to Understand and Improve Collaboration in Open Source Software Development on GitHub
Authors: Newton Olivia B. , Fiore Stephen M. , Song Jihye
Published: September 2018

As a result of fundamental changes in organizational needs and practices, social coding, a facet of modern collaboration, has become a prevalent phenomenon in software development. While the adoption of social media platforms for social coding, like GitHub, has enabled distributed, asynchronous collaboration among software developers, the structure of such platforms introduces a novel set of socio-technical challenges that cognitive engineering is uniquely qualified to address. Towards this end, we examine GitHub’s social and technical features as a means for both improving and hindering coordination and problem solving in software development. Through an integration of existing theories from the organizational sciences with recent research in social coding, we offer a set of preliminary research questions aimed at improving understanding of open source software development.
Effects of Social Cues on Social Signals in Human-Robot Interaction During a Hallway Navigation Task
Authors: Warta Samantha F. , Newton Olivia B. , Song Jihye , Best Andrew , Fiore Stephen M.
Published: September 2018

This study investigated how humans interact socially with robots. Participants engaged in a hallway navigation task with a robot. Throughout twelve trials, the display on the robot and its proxemics behavior was varied while participants were tasked with first, reacting to the robot’s actions and second, interpreting its behavior. Results indicated that proxemic behavior and robotic display characteristics influence the degree to which individuals perceive the robot as socially present, with more human-like displays and assertive robotic behaviors resulting in greater assessments of social presence. When examined in isolation, repeated interactions over time do not appear to affect the perception of a socially present robot under these particular circumstances. Results are discussed in the context of how social signals theory inform research in human-robot interaction.
Central and Peripheral Cues to Difficulty in a Dynamic Task
Authors: Vangsness Lisa , Young Michael E.
Published: September 2018

Background

Subjective workload assessments (e.g., NASA-TLX, SWAT, WP) rely upon judgments of difficulty (JODs) and workload to determine how challenging it is for an operator to complete a task. While it is likely that subjective workload assessments are an aggregate product of many cues to difficulty, including internal feelings of effort, that become available during task completion (Cordes, 1993; Kahneman, 2000), moment-to-moment judgments may evolve as additional external cues become available. That is, JODs are likely based to some degree upon internal (privileged) cues and integral task characteristics (central cues), but are also influenced by peripheral cues that serve as a proxy for task difficulty. These dynamic and multifaceted cues affect the choice to initiate tasks (e.g., Mitchell, 2017), comply with safety procedures (e.g., Sigurdsson, Taylor, & Wirth, 2013), and allocate resources (e.g, Kurzban, Duckworth, Kable, & Meyers, 2013), among other things. Identifying common cues that inform JODs contributes to workload theory and defines avenues for workload intervention.

Method

We developed a 40-minute videogame task that could be used as a laboratory to test people’s sensitivity to two peripheral cues that are present during many tasks: performance-based feedback and time-on-task. These cues became available as participants completed videogame sessions that were identical in instructions and objective, but differed in the source of their difficulty. Specifically, participants were assigned to one of five conditions in which enemy behavior changed along a continuum with respect to: how quickly enemies moved, how much damage enemies dealt to players, how many shots it took to eliminate an enemy character, how quickly enemies appeared in the level, and how close players could be to enemy characters before being chased. These random changes in task speed, feedback, physical effort, timing, and coordination occurred at the beginning of every level (i.e., block of trials). Participants’ JODs were collected at the beginning of each level and every subsequent three minutes by asking them to indicate whether the task was easier or harder than before.

Performance-based feedback

Participants began each level with 100 hit points of health and received visual and auditory feedback when they came in contact with an enemy character. Crucially, enemy attacks caused participants to lose hit points; when health dropped below 0, the character died and participants had to wait 30 s before resuming the game from a random location within the game space.

Self-reported JODs

Participants’ JODs were collected at the beginning of each level and every subsequent three minutes by asking them to indicate whether the task was easier or harder than before (Böckenholt, 2004). The task was paused 3s before and after the pop-up window appeared to reduce the performance costs associated with task interruption (Altmann & Trafton, 2007).
Outcomes from a research experience for undergraduates (REU) program focused on behavioral research with real-world implications
Authors: DeLucia Patricia R. , Kim Jeong-Hee , Nguyen Ngan , Wang Eugene W. , Yang James
Published: September 2018

The current study examined a National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) Site which provided research training to eight female undergraduates. Although it is well known that undergraduate research experiences benefit students and help them pursue careers in science (e.g., Eagan et al., 2011; Taraban & Logue, 2012; Willis et al., 2013), it is important for students to recognize the association between their research and real-world issues (ASHA, 2015; Rhoten & Pfirman, 2007). Human Factors/Ergonomics provides rich opportunities to enhance research experiences for undergraduates. In the current study, students conducted research focused on real-world implications with topics such as driving, human-robot interaction, and relationships. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed to assess the effectiveness of the training. Measures included students’ ratings on the Undergraduate Research Questionnaire and the Kardash Ratings of Interns’ Research Skills; diaries of training experiences, and semi-structured interviews. Students and their faculty mentors perceived improvements in the students’ research skills after the completion of the training program. In addition, the students described positive experiences from the training and thought they gained preparation for their careers. The strengths and weakness of the training program that were identified by the students will be useful to improve REUs that are conducted in the future. In conclusion, consistent with prior research, undergraduate research training (or experience) focused on real-world applications was effective.
The Effect of Interruptions on Novices Learning a Challenging Surgical Skill
Authors: Fluegel Brandon A. , Powers Sarah A. , Scerbo Mark W.
Published: September 2018

The goal of this study was to examine how interruptions affect the acquisition of laparoscopic skills among novices. Undergraduate students with no prior laparoscopic experience completed a basic laparoscopic training task requiring them to pick up and transfer colored objects in a predetermined sequence. The number of colored objects in the sequence was varied to produce three levels of task demand. During execution of the primary task, participants were exposed to a visual interruption by having their video display go blank. The length of interruptions was also varied to examine its effect on memory for the sequence of object moves. Results show greater perceived workload and sequence errors as the demand of the ring transfer task increased. Interruptions from simulated equipment failure were not found to negatively impact recollection of the predetermined color sequences.
Problem Solving with Color: Color’s Effect on Affect and Problem Solving with Subgoal Labels
Authors: Ramos-Nuñez Pilar , Schaeffer Laura , Catrambone Richard
Published: September 2018

For some students, particular concepts are difficult to understand (Berch & Mazzocco, 2007). Catrambone (1998) identified subgoal labeling as a catalyst for remedying barriers to understanding complex concepts. This study builds on Margulieux and Catrambone’s (2016) research, which examined the effects of subgoal labeling on computer-programming tasks by investigating how performance is impacted by color priming for affective states. Materials used were displayed with red, blue, and green backgrounds as primers. Two control groups with black and no-color backgrounds were used for comparison. The results suggest that color priming did not significantly enhance or inhibit performance. However, there was evidence to suggest that green may be a reliable primer for affect and mood, but not enough to suggest that it be used more than other colors (as evidenced by significant results for the control group). More research should be conducted to examine potential contributing factors for the trends found in this study.
Oncology Related Patient Safety Events
Authors: Wynn Rachel M. , Fong Allan , Weldon Danielle L.M. , Ratwani Raj M. , Miller Kristen
Published: September 2018

Care for cancer patients is very complex with many treatments involving drugs that can be toxic outside of the therapeutic range. As such, cancer patients are a particularly vulnerable population within the healthcare system, with any error potentially being harmful to a population whose health is already compromised. Self-reported patient safety events can provide a window into healthcare, revealing areas of care that require improvement. We identified events occurring in oncology units that both caused harm and were involved cancer patients for both out-patients and in-patients. Across all events, adverse drug reactions and intravenous-related events were the most common. Other relatively frequent events included those related to poor care coordination and falling. These results illustrate the safety risks patients’ face when being treated with cytotoxic drugs and offer insight to areas in which patient care can be improved.
Machine Learning as Grounded Theory: Human-Centered Interfaces for Social Network Research through Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Barberis Canonico Lorenzo , McNeese Nathan J. , Duncan Chris
Published: September 2018

Internet technologies have created unprecedented opportunities for people to come together and through their collective effort generate large amounts of data about human behavior. With the increased popularity of grounded theory, many researchers have sought to use ever-increasingly large datasets to analyze and draw patterns about social dynamics. However, the data is simply too big to enable a single human to derive effective models for many complex social phenomena. Computational methods offer a unique opportunity to analyze a wide spectrum of sociological events by leveraging the power of artificial intelligence. Within the human factors community, machine learning has emerged as the dominant AI-approach to deal with big data. However, along with its many benefits, machine learning has introduced a unique challenge: interpretability. The models of macro-social behavior generated by AI are so complex that rarely can they translated into human understanding. We propose a new method to conduct grounded theory research by leveraging the power of machine learning to analyze complex social phenomena through social network analysis while retaining interpretability as a core feature.
Human Performance in Interpreting Robot-Generated 2d and 3d Maps
Authors: Foots A. N. , Gregory J. M. , Evans A. W. , Baran D. G. , Perelman B. S.
Published: September 2018

Robust mapping capabilities are a critical technology for intelligent robotic systems. They can (1) provide valuable information to human and robot teammates without requiring prior knowledge or experience and (2) enable other, higher-level behaviors, such as autonomous navigation and exploration. To maximize interpretability, a map must be coherent, accurate, and displayed in an intuitive fashion. However, maps inherently require a large amount of computational resources. Therefore, it is beneficial to determine the minimum amount of information that must be provided to a user to meet the specific mission requirements. The purpose of this study is to evaluate human performance on visual tasks using 2D and 3D maps generated from laser point cloud data. In a within-subjects study, 20 participants were tasked with locating and identifying objects, doorways, and windows in a two-story building. The characterizations made herein could ultimately influence how map data from robotic assets are shared and displayed.
Presenting objective visual performance feedback over multiple sets of resistance exercise improves motivation, competitiveness, and performance
Authors: Wilson Kyle M. , de Joux Neil R. , Head James R. , Helton William S. , Dang Jasmine S. , Weakley Jonathon J. S.
Published: September 2018

Providing objective visual feedback on performance during resistance exercise has been shown to acutely improve performance as well as enhance self-reported levels of motivation and competitiveness. The majority of research has only tested this over single sets of exercise with male-only cohorts which, however, potentially limits the real-world applicability. The current study used an all-female cohort of eleven netball players and tested the effects of presenting objective visual feedback to participants during three consecutive sets of jump squat exercises. Compared to when no feedback was provided, participants performed significantly better when given feedback (achieving greater peak concentric movement velocities; ms-1) and reported significantly greater state motivation and task competitiveness. The findings suggest that the beneficial effects of feedback persist longer than a single set of resistance exercise and also occur in female athletes.
Mobile Phone Fingerprinting: A Picture is Worth a Thousand Words
Authors: Furman Susanne M. , Theofanos Mary , Libert John , Grantham John , Stanton Brian
Published: September 2018

The United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) relies on the use of biometrics as an important component of its mission to keep America safe. Risks are involved with the current systems that use contact fingerprint technology such as the transmission of pathogens by contacting the scanner. Touchless systems address this risk but also introduce new challenges. Sixty National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) employees participated in the study to determine the usability of three mobile phone devices as well as the image quality of the resulting fingerprint images. All participants had previous experience with capturing their prints using a contact device and as a result tried to touch the screen on the mobile phone to capture their fingerprints. All the participants had mobile phones and were aware of the phone’s features including a camera and capture process for the mobile phone devices involved using the phone’s camera to take a photo of fingerprints. We believe that participants did not equate the capture process to taking a photo of their fingers and were using an existing mental model for capturing their fingerprints and as a result they touched the phone’s glass screen. The devices provided little if any or often somewhat confusing instructions to assist the user and little if any feedback regarding the success of the capture. To study the image quality of the prints, we assisted the participants in collecting a set of prints using both the mobile phone devices and the contact field devices. We compared the image quality and the interoperability of the contactless captures with the legacy contact captures. Currently the image quality and interoperability is less than desirable.