bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Simple Method to Replace Islet Equivalents for Volume Quantification of Human Islets
Authors: Ramachandran Karthik , Huang Han-Hung , Stehno-Bittel Lisa
Published: May 2014

Human islets come in a variety of sizes and shapes, and the total volume of islets used for research or clinical transplants must be estimated in a manner that is simple and valid. Islet equivalent (IEQ) measurements are the standard estimate of islet volume. We published a new method (the Kansas method) for estimating rat islet volume using cell numbers that was reliable and valid. Here we modified the method for human islets. We measured the dimensions of isolated human islets showing that they are not spherical and became less so in larger islets, with an average smallest/largest diameter ratio of 0.73 in large islets and 0.85 in small islets. Human islets were individually loaded into 96-well plates, dissociated into single cells, and the total cell number per islet determined with computer-assisted cytometry. Based on the counted cell number per islet, a regression model was created to convert islet diameter to cell number with a high R2 value (0.99). Separate regression equations for male and female donors or young and old donors were not significantly different than the pooled data and did not improve the regression values. There was an inverse correlation between the cell number per IEQ and islet size. The Kansas method was validated with ATP/cell and cell viability data. Compared to the actual cell count, conventional IEQ measurements overestimated tissue volume of large islets by nearly double. Examples of differences in results obtained from the same data sets normalized to IEQ or the Kansas method included viability and insulin secretion concentrations. The implications of the error associated with the current IEQ method of volume estimation are discussed.
Determinants Associated with Work Participation in Patients with Established Rheumatoid Arthritis Taking Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors
Authors: Manders Sofie H.M. , Kievit Wietske , Braakman-Jansen Annemarie L.M.A. , Brus Herman L.M. , Hendriks Lidy , Fransen Jaap , van de Laar Mart A.F.J. , van Riel Piet L.C.M.
Published: May 2014

Objective.

Reduced work participation (WP) is a common problem for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and generates high costs for society. Therefore, it is important to explore determinants of WP at the start of tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) treatment, and for changes in WP after 2 years of TNFi treatment.

Methods.

Within the Dutch Rheumatoid Arthritis Monitoring (DREAM) biologic register, WP data were available from 508 patients with RA younger than 65 years and without an (early) retirement pension. WP was registered at start of TNFi treatment and after 2 years of followup and was measured by single patient-reported binary questions whether they had work, paid or voluntary, or had a disability allowance or a retirement pension. Determinants measured at baseline were age, sex, disease duration, functional status [through Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-DI)], 28-joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28), rheumatoid factor, presence of erosions, number of previous disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, and number of comorbidities. During the 2 years of followup, HAQ-DI response and European League Against Rheumatism response were measured. Univariate analyses (excluded if p value was > 0.2) and multivariate (excluded if p value was > 0.1) logistic regression analyses were used.

Results.

Determinants associated with WP at baseline were having a better HAQ-DI (OR 0.32, p = 0.000) and male sex (OR 0.65, p = 0.065). After 2 years of TNFi therapy, 11.8% (n = 60) started to work and 13.6% (n = 69) stopped working. Determinants associated with starting to work were better baseline HAQ-DI (OR 0.58), positive RF (OR 2.73), and young age (OR 0.96); and for stopping work, worse baseline HAQ-DI (OR 2.74), low HAQ-DI response (OR 0.31), and comorbidity (OR 2.67), all with p < 0.1.

Conclusion.

Young patients with RA and a high functional status without any comorbidity will have a better chance of working. This supports the main goal in the management of RA: to suppress disease activity as soon and as completely as possible to prevent irreversible destruction of the joints, and thus maintain a good functional status of the patient. Because of the low proportion of variance explained by the models in this study, other factors besides the ones studied are associated with WP.
Le développement de nouveaux produits
Authors: Dostaler Isabelle , Oliver Nick , Dewberry Emma
Published: May 2014

Résumé Cet article présente les résultats d’une étude visant à découvrir les pratiques de développement de produits les plus performantes au Japon, au Royaume-Uni et en Amérique du Nord. Des entretiens menés auprès d’entreprises ont permis d’effectuer un exercice détaillé d’étalonnage. La performance quant au développement de produits a été mesurée à l’aide d’indicateurs de délai, de qualité, de respect de l’échéancier et des coûts ainsi que de rentabilité du produit. L’organisation du processus de développement a été abordée par l’examen de la composition des équipes de projet, des caractéristiques de l’interface entre l’ingénierie, les fournisseurs, les clients et l’unité de production, et par l’examen des mécanismes de rétention et d’échange du savoir. La comparaison des projets a permis de constater que les projets britanniques étaient généralement achevés plus rapidement que les projets japonais et nord-américains. Toutefois, ces projets présentaient davantage de problèmes lors du lancement de leur production. Ces résultats amènent à concevoir le processus de développement de produits comme un ensemble d’arbitrages entre différentes dimensions de la performance.
Les garanties de service
Authors: Fabien Louis , Auriacombe Brigitte , Mayaux François
Published: May 2014

Résumé Plus de 10 ans après l’introduction du concept de garantie de service, cet article propose une analyse critique des pratiques récentes en matière de garanties de service. Une grille d’observation a été développée pour analyser 173 engagements distincts, provenant de 56 entreprises de service. Les auteurs concluent que les engagements des entreprises envers leurs clients sont peu compromettants, et qu’ils portent très rarement sur la satisfaction totale du client. Ils concluent en proposant quelques pistes de réflexion.
Gérer le risque lié à l'impartition des technologies de l'information
Authors: Aubert Benoît , Patry Michel , Rivard Suzanne
Published: May 2014

Résumé L’impartition des technologies de l’information permet à la firme de retirer un certain nombre de bénéfices dont les plus importants sont l’accès à une expertise de pointe, l’augmentation de la qualité des services offerts, la possibilité de se concentrer sur ses compétences clés et la réduction des coûts. Une fois l’entente d’impartition signée, certaines entreprises font pourtant face à des coûts de transition et de gestion qu’elles n’avaient pas prévus, à des coûts de service cachés, à des coûts élevés de renégociation de contrats, à des conflits avec leur fournisseur, de même qu’à des niveaux de service inférieurs à ceux qui avaient été prévus au contrat. Bien que l’impartition d’activités de technologies de l’information ne soit pas exempte de risques, il existe des pratiques qui permettent d’en retirer les bénéfices et d’en éviter les écueils. Cet article propose et illustre une méthode de gestion du risque lié à l’impartition qui s’appuie sur des études de cas menées au cours des dernières années et qui s’est avérée utile à un certain nombre d’entreprises qui l’ont mise en pratique.
L'écart entre le consultant et la P.M.E.
Authors: Raymond Louis , Blili Sam , El Alami Driss
Published: May 2014

Résumé Une analyse historique montre que, depuis ses débuts, la consultation en management s’est toujours développée pour et autour des grandes firmes. Si l’on confronte les réalités de la petite et moyenne entreprise (P.M.E.) avec les paradigmes dominants du consultant, d’où découlent sa conception de l’organisation et de l’environnement de même que sa démarche professionnelle, on se rend compte qu’un profond écart peut le séparer de la petite entreprise. L’objectif de cet article est de mettre en évidence cet écart, de proposer un autre point d’ancrage de la consultation et de déboucher sur des pistes conduisant à une approche de conseil en management plus adaptée aux P.M.E.
Le cas d'une mise en œuvre ERP réussie aux centres hospitaliers de LaSalle et de Verdun
Authors: Ménard Caroline , Bernier Carmen
Published: May 2014

Résumé Les systèmes de gestion intégrés transforment profondément la manière de concevoir, de déployer et de faire fonctionner une organisation. Il faut nécessairement repenser les façons de faire, revoir l’organisation du travail et le partage des rôles et des responsabilités des acteurs touchés par la transformation. Mais comment l’organisation et ses membres parviennent-ils à absorber un tel changement et ainsi installer les façons de faire en liaison avec la solution technologique? Plusieurs chercheurs intéressés au processus de transformation organisationnelle ont proposé des modèles mettant en avant l’hypothèse selon laquelle le changement organisationnel progresse suivant diverses phases lors desquelles l’organisation accomplit des gestes importants menant à l’application du changement. Par le biais d’un cas réel de mise en place d’une solution ERP au sein de la direction des finances des centres hospitaliers de LaSalle et de Verdun et en adoptant une perspective d’acteurs, cet article tente d’illustrer les activités au travers desquelles s’installent les nouvelles façons de faire imposées par la solution ERP.
Les fondements démographiques de la main-d'œuvre québécoise de demain
Authors: Légaré Jacques
Published: May 2014

Résumé Une vision à long terme des structures démographiques du Québec dévoile le fait que notre société bénéficie actuellement d’une situation exceptionnellement favorable en ce qui a trait à ses niveaux de dépendance démographique. En effet, les personnes âgées de 20 à 64 ans n’ont jamais été aussi nombreuses par rapport aux personnes dites dépendantes, soit les enfants, les adolescents et les personnes âgées. Cette réalité n’en est pas moins un mirage pour l’avenir de la dynamique démographique au Québec. Nous nous dirigeons vers un vieillissement de la main-d’œuvre et vers une forte croissance de la population de retraités. Face au déficit de main-d’œuvre appréhendé, il faut mettre en place dès maintenant des mécanismes de planification des ressources humaines, lesquels permettront de gérer la main-d’œuvre québécoise de demain de façon décente et surtout équitable pour les générations à venir.
Les technologies de l'information et la gestion de la relève
Authors: Y. Haines III Victor
Published: May 2014

Résumé L’informatisation de la gestion des ressources humaines a fait beaucoup de chemin depuis les premières applications de traitement de la paie au début des années 1950, de sorte qu’on trouve aujourd’hui une multitude de solutions informatiques qui répondent à un large éventail de besoins. Ainsi, les entreprises peuvent préférer les progiciels de gestion intégrés, les systèmes informatiques des ressources humaines ou les applications spécialisées. Dans ces trois cas, il existe de nombreuses possibilités d’amélioration de l’efficacité de la gestion de la relève. Cet article vise à décrire les solutions informatiques développées pour la gestion de la relève. Il met en lumière le potentiel énorme de l’utilisation des technologies de l’information pour la gestion de la relève, mais il fait aussi état des limites de leur utilisation.
Planifier la relève dans un contexte de vieillissement de la main-d'œuvre
Authors: Saba Tania , Guérin Gilles
Published: May 2014

Résumé Le vieillissement de la population canadienne et de celle de la plupart des pays industrialisés est un phénomène largement admis. Il influe sur la planification de la relève dans les organisations, qui doivent remédier aux pénuries de main-d’œuvre et assurer le remplacement des ressources humaines. En fin de carrière, les travailleurs peuvent se prévaloir des programmes de retraite anticipée, choisir de travailler plus longtemps ou opter pour une retraite progressive. Les défis liés à la relève sont de taille, puisque la prévision des besoins de main-d’œuvre s’avère un processus complexe qui doit composer avec des préférences individuelles, des contextes économiques et des politiques publiques. Cet article tente de préciser les stratégies et les actions organisationnelles qui permettraient un meilleur arrimage entre les besoins organisationnels et ceux des individus à l’approche de la retraite. Dans ce but sont examinés les attitudes des travailleurs, les nouvelles tendances des politiques publiques en matière de retraite et les défis organisationnels face au vieillissement de la main-d’œuvre.
La transmission d'entreprise au Québec
Authors: Richer Francine , St-Cyr Louise , Lambaraa Youssef
Published: May 2014

Résumé Cet article présente les résultats d’une étude réalisée en 2002 qui dressait un portrait de l’expérience « réussie » de dirigeants québécois en matière de transmission d’entreprise. Dans un premier temps, l’article fait état des stratégies déployées par les participants au regard du transfert de propriété et du transfert de direction. Sur le plan du transfert de propriété, les modes d’acquisition et de financement de l’entreprise sont examinés. Quant au transfert de direction, la préparation des successeurs à la fonction de dirigeant et le rôle du prédécesseur après le transfert sont étudiés. Dans un deuxième temps, les résultats sont regroupés selon que les participants ont acquis l’entreprise d’un membre de leur famille ou non. Il ressort de cette étude que les stratégies permettant de réaliser la transmission varient sensiblement en ce qui concerne le transfert de propriété de même que le cheminement de carrière des nouveaux dirigeants et le rôle assumé par les prédécesseurs après le transfert. De plus, il n’existe pas de modèle unique en matière de transmission d’entreprise et il est possible d’équilibrer les choix pour maximiser les chances de réussite.
Trois modèles classiques d'échec de la succession intergénérationnelle
Authors: Miller Danny , Steier Lloyd , Le Breton-Miller Isabelle
Published: May 2014

Résumé Dans plusieurs entreprises familiales, la succession intergénérationnelle est prédéterminée par des facteurs personnels. La question n’est pas de savoir qui sera le meilleur P.D.G., mais de reconnaître les problèmes liés à la succession et de les résoudre. Cette étude à la fois exploratoire et inductive examine ces problèmes dans les successions qui échouent. On trouve à la source de ces dernières une relation inadéquate entre le passé de l’organisation et son présent. On constate un attachement rigide au passé, un rejet en bloc du passé ou encore un mélange inapproprié entre le passé et le présent. Nous appelons ces grandes tendances les modèles conservateur, rebelle ou oscillant; chacun d’eux est caractérisé par des orientations distinctes en ce qui concerne la stratégie, l’organisation et la gouvernance. Cet article discute la nature de ces modèles, leurs causes potentielles et leurs possibles implications pour la performance.
Gouvernance et qualité de l'information financière
Authors: He Luo , Labelle Réal , Piot Charles , Thornton Daniel B.
Published: May 2014

Résumé De nombreux gestionnaires s’interrogent sur le bien-fondé de la réforme actuelle en matière de gouvernance d’entreprise. Ils en voient clairement les coûts, puisqu’ils devront les assumer, mais ils se demandent quels seront les effets de ces prétendues «meilleures pratiques» destinées à améliorer la transparence ou la qualité de l’information financière, élément clé d’une saine gouvernance. Cet article examine la recherche qui met en relief les facteurs censés contribuer à la qualité de l’information financière; ces facteurs combinés pourraient servir au calcul d’une mesure agrégée de la qualité de l’information financière. Une analyse de la littérature permet de dégager cinq catégories de facteurs, soit le conseil d’administration, le comité de vérification, le vérificateur externe, les caractéristiques du P.D.G. et les autres facteurs. Le présent article présente les trois premières catégories de facteurs, tandis qu’un second article, qui paraîtra dans le prochain numéro de la revue Gestion , décrit les deux dernières catégories.
Le retraitement des états financiers : échec de la gouvernance d'entreprise?
Authors: Rakoto Philémon
Published: May 2014

Résumé Le retraitement des états financiers constitue une reconnaissance publique des erreurs ou des fraudes commises dans l’information financière divulguée antérieurement. C’est une forme évidente et extrême de la mauvaise qualité de l’information financière divulguée. Le retraitement récent des résultats de Nortel Networks ainsi que les scandales comptables déclenchés ces dernières années par d’autres grandes sociétés ont miné la confiance du public dans l’information financière divulguée. La prolifération des retraitements des états financiers indique que les mécanismes de gouvernance n’ont pas réussi à prévenir la divulgation de l’information financière de mauvaise qualité. Cet article présente des exemples illustrant l’ampleur des retraitements des états financiers de sociétés américaines et canadiennes. Il passe ensuite en revue des écrits sur les mécanismes de gouvernance pouvant prévenir l’information financière de mauvaise qualité. Puis, il analyse les conséquences des retraitements sur les différents intervenants dans le processus de divulgation d’une information fiable. Enfin, il indique quelques voies de recherche intéressantes. L’objectif de cet article est de mettre en évidence les conséquences néfastes des retraitements, afin de dissuader les intervenants d’adopter des comportements fautifs.
Alerte sur résultats : confirmation ou anticipation des difficultés?
Authors: Martinez Isabelle , Saboly Michèle
Published: May 2014

Résumé Les alertes sur résultats ( profit warnings ) se sont multipliées depuis la fin des années 1990 sur les marchés financiers nord-américains et européens. Au Canada, le plus célèbre avertissement est sans doute celui de Nortel émis en avril 2004. Ces alertes sont volontairement émises par les dirigeants en cas de révision de prévisions pour aider les investisseurs à modifier leurs anticipations. Cet article cherche à mieux comprendre ce phénomène. Les résultats sont obtenus à partir d’une analyse de contenu des communiqués d’alerte émis en France entre 2000 et 2002 et de la situation financière des sociétés émettrices. Ils révèlent deux comportements de communication : la confirmation de difficultés déjà apparues et l’anticipation de futures difficultés.
L'obligation de communication sur le contrôle interne : étude du cas français
Authors: Le Maux Julien , Alloul Aurélia
Published: May 2014

Résumé Les scandales financiers qui se sont produits ces dernières années ont montré que certaines normes comptables n’étaient pas adéquates et que certains comportements étaient pervertis en matière de gouvernement d’entreprise, d’audit des comptes et d’analyse financière. L’absence de contrôle interne ou un contrôle interne mal adapté ont servi à expliquer certaines dérives financières. la loi Sarbanes-Oxley de 2002 a été une réaction brutale du législateur américain, qui a eu un impact dans des pays comme la France et le Canada. Ces différentes lois font du gouvernement d’entreprise un élément privilégié pour restaurer la confiance dans l’entreprise et les marchés financiers. Or, le contrôle interne permet d’apporter la transparence nécessaire pour rétablir cette confiance et aboutir à un gouvernement «efficace». La première partie de l’article examine le cadre économique et légal des lois en question, tandis que la seconde partie expose les résultats d’une étude empirique portant sur l’application de la Loi de sécurité financière de France.
Revision of the genusRhinoprosopa(Diptera: Syrphidae)
Authors: Mengual Ximo
Published: May 2014

The New World flower fly genusRhinoprosopaHull, 1942 (Diptera: Syrphidae) is revised and two new species are described:R. hulliMengual,new species(Costa Rica) andR. zophinaMengual,new species(Costa Rica). Diagnoses, illustrations, synonymies, and distributional data are given for all known species. An identification key to all seven species is also provided.
Regulatory T Cells: New Keys for Further Unlocking the Enigma of Fetal Tolerance and Pregnancy Complications
Authors: Jiang Tony T. , Chaturvedi Vandana , Ertelt James M. , Kinder Jeremy M. , Clark Dayna R. , Valent Amy M. , Xin Lijun , Way Sing Sing
Published: May 2014

The immunological alterations required for successful pregnancy in eutherian placental mammals have remained a scientific enigma since the discovery of MHC haplotype diversity and unique immune signatures among individuals. Within the past 10 years, accumulating data suggest that immune-suppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) confer essential protective benefits in sustaining tolerance to the semiallogeneic fetus during pregnancy, along with their more established roles in maintaining tolerance to self and “extended self” commensal Ags that averts autoimmunity. Reciprocally, many human pregnancy complications stemming from inadequacies in fetal tolerance have been associated with defects in maternal Tregs. Thus, further elucidating the immunological shifts during pregnancy not only have direct translational implications for improving perinatal health, they have enormous potential for unveiling new clues about how Tregs work in other biological contexts. In this article, epidemiological data in human pregnancy and complementary animal studies implicating a pivotal protective role for maternal Tregs are summarized.
Early Christian spiritualties of sin and forgiveness according to 1 John
Authors: Van der Merwe Dirk G.
Published: May 2014

The article attempts to investigate the possible lived experiences created by this text. The text revolves around the experience of fellowship with God (1:6, 7) who is characterised as ‘light’. For the author of 1 John, sin disrupts this fellowship. He creates an awareness and a ‘spirituality of sin and guilt’ in the lives of his readers through the use of the experiential metaphor of darkness in a dialectic combination with light and the two false negations ‘do not have sin’ (sin as a noun) and ‘do not sin’ (sin as a verb). This fellowship is re-established through living in the light: the confession, forgiveness and expiation of sin. The author creates a spirituality of confession, forgiveness and expiation of sin through descriptive cultic (blood of Jesus and expiation), forensic (paraclete), atypical (cleans, expiation, paraclete) and all-inclusive (all [twice], whole, anyone) language. Thus, in his rhetoric, the author uses metaphor, dialectic, sacrificial, forensic, atypical and all-inclusive language to facilitate a variety of ‘lived experiences’ within his readers. Firstly, he wants them to feel guilty about their sins and consequently, after they have confessed their sins, to strengthen their faith. Secondly, he wants to encourage them to believe that they can experience the forgiveness of their sins and, by doing so, know that they have eternal life (5:13) and can experience fellowship with God and, mutually, with one another.
Amongst the unbelievable: Rage, faith and reason in selected writings by V.S. Naipaul
Authors: Balfour Robert J.
Published: May 2014

This article focuses on the representation of faith as conveyed by Naipaul in the course of four travelogues. Drawing on historical scholarship pertaining to Islamic societies in transition, and comparing this to a selection of the literary critical reception that Naipaul’s writing about Islam has evoked, I argue for a revision of literary readings of Naipaul’s travelogues. My premise is that the author’s subject positioning influences both a self-critical as well as more compassionate perspective on the relationship between faith and political transition in developing societies.
Fast coral reef calcifiers are more sensitive to ocean acidification in short‐term laboratory incubations
Authors: Comeau S. , Edmunds P. J. , Spindel N. B. , Carpenter R. C.
Published: May 2014

To identify the properties of taxa sensitive and resistant to ocean acidification (OA), we tested the hypothesis that coral reef calcifiers differ in their sensitivity to OA as predictable outcomes of functional group alliances determined by conspicuous traits. We contrasted functional groups of eight corals and eight calcifying algae defined by morphology in corals and algae, skeletal structure in corals, spatial location of calcification in algae, and growth rate in corals and algae. The responses of calcification to OA were unrelated to morphology and skeletal structure in corals; they were, however, affected by growth rate in corals and algae (fast calcifiers were more sensitive than slow calcifiers), and by the site of calcification and morphology in algae. Species assemblages characterized by fast growth, and for algae, also cell‐wall calcification, are likely to be ecological losers in the future ocean. This shift in relative success will affect the relative and absolute species abundances as well as the goods and services provided by coral reefs.
Comment: A potential bias in the databases of phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing rates because of the improper formulation of the null hypothesis in dilution experiments
Authors: Latasa Mikel
Published: May 2014

Comment.
Hygroscopicity of aerosol and its organic component at a coastal location
Authors: Yakobi-Hancock J. D. , Ladino L. A. , Mason R. H. , Bertram A. K. , Schiller C. L. , Leaitch W. R. , Toom-Sauntry D. , Jones K. , Wong J. P. S. , Abbatt J. P. D.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. As one aspect of the NETwork on Climate and Aerosols: Addressing Key Uncertainties in Remote Canadian Environments (NETCARE), measurements of the cloud condensation nucleation properties of 50 and 100 nm aerosol particles were conducted at Ucluelet on the west coast of Vancouver Island in August 2013. Additionally, the size-resolved chemical speciation of two particle size ranges (42–75 nm and 78–141nm) was inferred using a combination of ion chromatography and particle size distributions. Together, this information was used to estimate the hygroscopicity parameter of the organic species contained within the ambient aerosol particles (κorg). The overall hygroscopicity parameter of the aerosol (κambient) exhibited a wide variation, ranging from 0.14 to 1.08, with the highest values arising when the organic to sulfate ratio of the aerosol composition was lowest and when the winds were from the west, i.e. off the ocean. Correspondingly, the aerosol's two-day average chemical speciation also showed variation but was consistently dominated by its organic (60 to 86% by mass) and sulfate (10 to 34% by mass) components. With derived values of κorg from 0.3 to 0.5, it is illustrated that the organic component of marine-influenced aerosol can be viewed as quite hygroscopic, somewhat more than typical continental organics but not as much as soluble inorganic components.
Experimentally measured morphology of biomass burning aerosol and its impacts on CCN ability
Authors: Giordano M. , Espinoza C. , Asa-Awuku A.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. This study examines the morphological properties of freshly emitted and atmospherically aged aerosols from biomass burning. The impacts of particle morphology assumptions on hygroscopic predictions are examined. Chamber experiments were conducted at the UC-Riverside Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) Atmospheric Processes Lab using two biomass fuel sources, manzanita and chamise. Morphological data was obtained through the use of an aerosol particle mass analyzer (APM), scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) system and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Data from these instruments was used to calculate both a dynamic shape factor and a fractal-like dimension for the biomass burning emissions. This data was then used with κ-Köhler theory to adjust the calculated hygroscopicity for experimentally determined morphological characteristics of the aerosol. Laboratory measurement of biomass burning aerosol from two chaparral fuels show that particles are non-spherical with dynamic shape factors greater than 1.15 for aerosol sizes relevant to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activation. Accounting for particle morphology can shift the hygroscopicity parameter κ by 0.15 or more. To our knowledge, this work provides the first laboratory chamber measurements of morphological characteristics for biomass burning cloud condensation nuclei and provides experimental particle shape evidence to support the variation in reported hygroscopicities of the complex aerosol.
Progressive eutrophication behind the world-largest super floating macroalgal blooms in the Yellow Sea
Authors: Xing Q. , Gao M. , Gao X. , Tosi L. , Schmitt F. G. , Zhang Y. , Shi P. , Wei J. , Luo Y.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. World-largest super floating macroalgal blooms of Ulva prolifera have lasted 7 years by now in every summer in the Yellow Sea, the outer part of a semi-enclosed coastal sea. Evaluation of the inter-annual variability in the trophic status is one of fundamental tasks for prediction and management of the blooms. We show the new findings of a progressive eutrophication in the large Yellow Sea basin behind the super floating macroalgal blooms. The inter-annual variability in human-induced nutrient pollution from 2001 to 2012 was assessed by a nutrient pollution index weighted by area (AWCPI-NP), and a significant increase in the trophic status was found in the macroalgal bloom (MAB) phase (2007–2012): the average AWCPI-NP was higher than that in the pre-MAB phase (2001–2006) by about 45%; meanwhile, in the Jiangsu Shoal, origin place of the drifting macroaglae, the annual in-situ nutrient concentrations increased rapidly from 2000 to 2011. Chlorophyll a concentration (Chl a), an indicator of eutrophication, increased by about 15% in the bloom region from the pre-MAB to MAB phase. This progressive eutrophication might lead to the non-linear outburst in the growth of macroalgae, i.e., green tides, in the Yellow Sea since 2007.
Evaluation of surface properties and atmospheric disturbances caused by post-dam alterations of land-use/land-cover
Authors: Woldemichael A. T. , Hossain F. , Pielke R.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. This study adopted a differential land-use/land-cover (LULC) analysis to evaluate dam-triggered land–atmosphere interactions for a number of LULC scenarios. Two specific questions were addressed: (1) can dam-triggered LULC heterogeneities modify surface and energy budget which, in turn, change regional convergence and precipitation patterns? and (2) how extensive is the modification in surface moisture and energy budget altered by dam-triggered LULC changes occurring in different climate and terrain features? The Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS, version 6.0) was set up for two climatologically and topographically contrasting regions: the American River Watershed (ARW) located in California and the Owyhee River Watershed (ORW) located in eastern Oregon. For the selected atmospheric river precipitation event of 29 December 1996 to 3 January 1997, simulations of three pre-defined LULC scenarios are performed. The definition of the scenarios are: (1) the control scenario representing the contemporary land-use, (2) the pre-dam scenario representing the natural landscape before the construction of the dams and (3) the non-irrigation scenario representing the condition where previously irrigated landscape in the control is transformed to the nearby land-use type. Results indicated that the ARW energy and moisture fluxes were more extensively affected by dam-induced changes in LULC than the ORW. Both regions, however, displayed commonalities in the modification of land–atmosphere processes due to LULC changes, with the control–non-irrigation scenario creating more change than the control–pre-dam scenarios. These commonalities were: (1) the combination of a decrease in temperature (up to 0.15 °C) and an increase in dewpoint (up to 0.25 °C) was observed, (2) there was a larger fraction of energy partitioned to latent heat flux (up to 10 W m−2) that increased the amount of water vapor to the atmosphere and resulted in a larger convective available potential energy (CAPE), (3) low level wind flow variation was found to be responsible for pressure gradients that affected localized circulations, moisture advection and convergence. At some locations, an increase in wind speed up to 1.6 m s−1 maximum was observed, (4) there were also areas of well developed vertical motions responsible for moisture transport from the surface to higher altitudes that enhanced precipitation patterns in the study regions.
Climate change and non-stationary flood risk for the Upper Truckee River Basin
Authors: Condon L. E. , Gangopadhyay S. , Pruitt T.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. Future flood frequency for the Upper Truckee River Basin (UTRB) is assessed using non-stationary extreme value models and design life risk methodology. Historical floods are simulated at two UTRB gauge locations, Farad and Reno using the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model and non-stationary Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) models. The non-stationary GEV models are fit to the cool season (November–April) monthly maximum flows using historical monthly precipitation totals and average temperature. Future cool season flood distributions are subsequently calculated using downscaled projections of precipitation and temperature from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase-5 (CMIP-5) archive. The resulting exceedance probabilities are combined into a single risk metric using recent developments in design life risk methodologies. This paper provides the first end-to-end analysis using non-stationary GEV methods coupled with contemporary downscaled climate projections to demonstrate how the risk profile of existing infrastructure evolves with time over its design life. Results show that flood risk increases significantly over the analysis period (from 1950 through 2099). This highlights the potential to underestimate flood risk using traditional methodologies that do not account for time varying risk. Although model parameters, for the non-stationary method are sensitive to small changes in input parameters, analysis shows that the changes in risk over time are robust. Overall, flood risk at both locations (Farad and Reno) is projected to increase 10–20% between the historical period 1950–1999 and the future period 2000–2050 and 30–50% between the same historical period and 2050–2099.
Turbulence in the interstellar medium
Authors: Falceta-Gonçalves D. , Kowal G. , Falgarone E. , Chian A. C.-L.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. Turbulence is ubiquitous in the insterstellar medium and plays a major role in several processes such as the formation of dense structures and stars, the stability of molecular clouds, the amplification of magnetic fields, and the re-acceleration and diffusion of cosmic rays. Despite its importance, interstellar turbulence, like turbulence in general, is far from being fully understood. In this review we present the basics of turbulence physics, focusing on the statistics of its structure and energy cascade. We explore the physics of compressible and incompressible turbulent flows, as well as magnetised cases. The most relevant observational techniques that provide quantitative insights into interstellar turbulence are also presented. We also discuss the main difficulties in developing a three-dimensional view of interstellar turbulence from these observations. Finally, we briefly present what the main sources of turbulence in the interstellar medium could be.
Weekly gridded Aquarius L-band radiometer/scatterometer observations and salinity retrievals over the polar regions – Part 1: Product description
Authors: Brucker L. , Dinnat E. P. , Koenig L. S.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. Passive and active observations at L band (frequency ~1.4 GHz) from the Aquarius/SAC-D mission offer new capabilities to study the polar regions. Due to the lack of polar-gridded products, however, applications over the cryosphere have been limited. We present three weekly polar-gridded products of Aquarius data to improve our understanding of L-band observations of ice sheets, sea ice, permafrost, and the polar oceans. Additionally, these products intend to facilitate access to L-band data, and can be used to assist in algorithm developments. Aquarius data at latitudes higher than 50° are averaged and gridded into weekly products of brightness temperature (TB), normalized radar cross section (NRCS), and sea surface salinity (SSS). Each grid cell also contains sea ice fraction, the standard deviation of TB, NRCS, and SSS, and the number of footprint observations collected during the seven-day cycle. The largest 3 dB footprint dimensions are 97 km × 156 km and 74 km × 122 km (along × across track) for the radiometers and scatterometer, respectively. The data is gridded to the Equal-Area Scalable Earth version 2.0 (EASE2.0) grid, with a grid cell resolution of 36 km. The data sets start in August 2011, with the first Aquarius observations and will be updated on a monthly basis following the release schedule of the Aquarius Level 2 data sets. The weekly gridded products are distributed by the US National Snow and Ice Data Center at http://nsidc.org/data/aquarius/index.html .
Weekly gridded Aquarius L-band radiometer/scatterometer observations and salinity retrievals over the polar regions – Part 2: Initial product analysis
Authors: Brucker L. , Dinnat E. P. , Koenig L. S.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. Following the development and availability of Aquarius weekly polar-gridded products, this study presents the spatial and temporal radiometer and scatterometer observations at L band (frequency ~1.4 GHz) over the cryosphere including the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, sea ice in both hemispheres, and over sub-Arctic land for monitoring the soil freeze/thaw state. We provide multiple examples of scientific applications for the L-band data over the cryosphere. For example, we show that over the Greenland Ice Sheet, the unusual 2012 melt event lead to an L-band brightness temperature (TB) sustained decrease of ~5 K at horizontal polarization. Over the Antarctic ice sheet, normalized radar cross section (NRCS) observations recorded during ascending and descending orbits are significantly different, highlighting the anisotropy of the ice cover. Over sub-Arctic land, both passive and active observations show distinct values depending on the soil physical state (freeze/thaw). Aquarius sea surface salinity (SSS) retrievals in the polar waters are also presented. SSS variations could serve as an indicator of fresh water input to the ocean from the cryosphere, however the presence of sea ice often contaminates the SSS retrievals, hindering the analysis. The weekly grided Aquarius L-band products used are distributed by the US Snow and Ice Data Center at http://nsidc.org/data/aquarius/index.html , and show potential for cryospheric studies.
Research Note: Estimating Price and Income Demand Elasticities for Spain Separately by the Major Source Markets
Authors: Álvarez-Diaz Marcos , González-Gómez Manuel , Otero-Giráldez Maria Soledad
Published: May 2014

The main goal of this study is to estimate the price and income elasticity of demand for tourism to Spain. This estimation is done separately for the major international source markets for Spain: Germany, the UK, Italy and the Netherlands. For this purpose, the authors use the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach to cointegration and the bootstrap method to construct empirical confidence intervals for each estimate. The results reveal that the tourism demand in all the countries studied has a similar income elasticity, which is approximately unitary. However, there is an important difference with regard to price elasticity: tourism demand from the UK is statistically price inelastic, but demand is elastic for the remaining countries. This finding is relevant because, first, it underlines the importance of studying the source markets separately instead of analysing an aggregate international tourism demand, and, second, it supports the need to implement different tourism policies and strategies with respect to the pricing decisions for each source market.
Propuesta analítica de cinco tesis interpretativas de la violencia estructural y el ejercicio de gobernabilidad en materia de gestión de seguridad pública y prevención de violencia en el Municipio de Santa Tecla
Authors: Morales Peña Juan Carlos
Published: May 2014

El objetivo del presente trabajo académico es mostrar una propuesta no convencional de interpretación analítica de cómo a todo esfuerzo de regeneración del tejido social le sigue, en forma simultánea, otro proceso de deconstrucción social. Se trata de un enfoque de estudio desde donde la relación entre seguridad y desarrollo, en su carácter de interdependencia, se expone a la colisión de dos lógicas, es decir, una de naturaleza articuladora, con un significativo  elemento de cohesión y regeneración social indispensable para el fortalecimiento de la organización comunitaria, y que se inscribe en los contenidos de las estrategias de prevención de la violencia y demás políticas públicas en materia de seguridad y convivencia ciudadana; así como también, de otra lógica de manifestación desestructurante, con capacidad de acumulación de nuevos insumos sociales en tiempo presente para deconstrucciones futuras. En este sentido, se plantea un fenómeno de sumatoria lícita, relativamente legítima pero no consciente del riesgo venidero y su potenciación en términos de efectos adversos sobre el colectivo social y su desenvolvimiento en la matriz cooperación – cooptación – conflicto.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rpsp.v1i1.1389
Policía Comunitaria y Efectividad Policial en El Salvador
Authors: Editor El
Published: May 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rpsp.v1i1.1397Revista Policía y Seguridad Pública 1(1) 2012: 359-364
Carta del Director
Authors: Martínez Ventura Jaime Edwin
Published: May 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rpsp.v1i2.1356Revista Policía y Seguridad Pública 2(1) 2012: 13-14
Organized Crime in Central America: The Northern Triangle
Authors: Badura Benjamin
Published: May 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rpsp.v1i2.1366
Informe de rendición de cuentas ANSP 2011 - 2012
Authors: Editor El
Published: May 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rpsp.v1i2.1368Revista Policía y Seguridad Pública 1(2) 2012: 305-315
Libros: Contacto en Italia. Los Zetas y el narcotráfico en Europa
Authors: Morales Peña Juan Carlos
Published: May 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rpsp.v1i2.1369
Libros: De los maras a los Zetas. Los secretos del narcotráfico, de Colombia
Authors: López Ramírez Augusto Rigoberto
Published: May 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rpsp.v1i2.1370
Web: Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la delincuencia organizada transnacional y sus protocolos
Authors: Morales Peña Juan Carlos
Published: May 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rpsp.v1i2.1373Revista Policía y Seguridad Pública 1(2) 2012: 324-325
Cine: Gomorra
Authors: Morales Peña Juan Carlos
Published: May 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rpsp.v1i2.1374Revista Policía y Seguridad Pública 1(2) 2012: 326
Use of Syntactic Elaboration Techniques to Enhance Comprehensibility of EST Texts
Authors: Rahimi Mohammad , Rezaei Amir
Published: May 2014

The current study examined differential effects of two pre-modification types, syntactic elaboration and syntactic simplification (at the level of syntax and irrespective of problematic lexis), on EST students’ reading comprehension. The purpose was to see whether a priori syntactic elaborative adjustment, given its advantages over simplification, can augment comprehensibility of scientific texts in order to replace simplification adjustment. To carry out the study, three versions of 5 passages including Baseline, syntactically simplified, and syntactically elaborated were provided. All the five passages were relevant to civil engineering and they were modified using two above-mentioned techniques. The subjects of the study were composed of 185 homogenous civil engineering students who participated in different phases. The results revealed that syntactic simplification and syntactic elaboration procedures operated nearly in the same way in orienting the EST texts toward comprehensibility. The results of the study even indicated that students benefited more from elaborated than simplified texts although it was not statistically significant. Therefore, the study supports the view that syntactic elaborative adjustment can be exercised in advance on EST materials for pedagogical purposes since it increases the reading comprehension at the same time keeps unfamiliar syntactic units intact to be learned by EST readers
Engage Them, Don’t Enrage Them – Student Voices and What It Takes to Participate
Authors: Aboudan Rima
Published: May 2014

Students who get involved reap several academic benefits (Furtwengler: 1991). This paper concerns features of pedagogy that involve students, get them to participate, and capture and sustain their interest. Analysis of data from feedback by 80 students and 40 faculty members in the United Arab Emirates University highlighted four core components in motivating student participation: the content connect-ability of subject-matter to students’ everyday lives; the use of student active-involvement opportunities in lessons; the students’ sharing of responsibility in the learning process; and the establishment of a rewarding system for effort and engagement.
A Comparison Study on the Rhetorical Moves of Abstracts in Published Research Articles and Master’s Foreign-language Theses
Authors: Ren Hongwei , Li Yuying
Published: May 2014

The abstract of research papers is one of the first things that a reader will read to determine the value of the research. A well-written abstract will surely promote the text attached to it more effectively. By examining the rhetorical moves in the abstracts of Chinese Master’s English theses and published research articles in applied linguistics, this study compares the practices of student writers and expert writers in fulfilling the rhetorical goal of abstracts to shed light on the degree to which students appropriate to the practices of their own discipline and to provide relevant ESP materials for both teachers and student writers of applied linguistics, especially those who write in English as a foreign language.
Code-switching in Iranian Elementary EFL Classrooms: An Exploratory Investigation
Authors: Rezvani Ehsan , Rasekh Abbass
Published: May 2014

This paper presents the results of a small-scale exploratory investigation of code-switching (CS) between English and Farsi by 4 Iranian English foreign language (EFL) teachers in elementary level EFL classrooms in a language school in Isfahan, Iran. Specifically, the present study aimed at exploring the syntactical identification of switches and the functions that the switches served. The data consist of field notes and scripts of audio-recordings of the teachers’ talk collected during classroom observations. The findings suggest that CS is a frequently applied strategy and a valuable resource for bilingual teachers in foreign language classrooms, and its judicious and skillful use can boost the quality of teaching. Moreover, it was found that EFL teachers in this study tended to use the learners’ L1 (i.e., Farsi) to serve a number of pedagogic and social functions, which contributed to better teacher-student classroom interaction. Implications may be drawn for language teacher education programs and for further research on systematic investigation into actual classroom practices.