bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cash Management
Authors: Caraux Laurent P. , Geller A. Neal
Published: June 2007

A total system approach to cash management can produce savings through reduction of cash tied up in the system and earlier availability of cash received. Assume, for example, that a hotel chain could gain two additional days of activity for its average daily collection of $300,000: if the released funds could be invested at eight percent per year, the total annual savings would be $48,000.
Motivation, Leadership, and Employee Performance: A Review
Authors: Nebel E.C.
Published: June 2007

Recent research suggests that the supposedly universal principles of management work only under certain conditions. Although each of the management approaches now in vogue may have something to offer the practicing manager, no single approach is likely to solve all of his man agement problems.
Zero-Base Budgeting of Hotel Indirect Expenses
Authors: Kreul Lee M.
Published: June 2007

A relatively new method for planning expenses has much to offer the lodging operator
How to Negotiate a Contract, Part II
Authors: Eyster James J.
Published: June 2007

How to derive the projections needed to determine whether a proposed project will yield sufficient financial rewards to both the owner and the operator - and how to prepare for successful contract negotiations
Benefit Segmentation
Authors: Lewis Robert C.
Published: June 2007

Through the use of discriminant analysis, the traditional challenge to any advertising — "Will it sell? " - can now be answered in advance. A recent study identifies the attributes that should be stressed in advertising restaurants of three types
The Effective GM
Authors: Ley David A.
Published: June 2007

A study of general managers' daily activities suggests that managers rated highly effective by their corporate offices spend less time on leadership, more time on entrepreneurial activities, than do their less effective counterparts- and more time, period
Club Careers
Authors: Abbey James R.
Published: June 2007

A survey of club managers reveals that the club industry needs hospitality graduates- and tells students how to prepare for careers in the field
Marketing in an Inflationary Economy
Authors: Yesawich Peter C.
Published: June 2007

The key to success in the coming years will be innovation. You may spend more to get your revitalized marketing campaign moving, but your investment will pay off handsomely when the economic shakeout is over
When the Patron Refuses to Leave
Authors: McConnell Jon P.
Published: June 2007

A recent case raises questions related to dress codes, citizen's arrests, and the innkeeper's right to evict unwanted persons
Newspapers
Authors: Egbert Harry A.
Published: June 2007

The immediacy, flexibility, and relative economy of newspaper advertising make it a useful tool for filling hotel rooms and generating restaurant business
Management Has
Authors: Wasmuth William J. , Davis Stanley W.
Published: June 2007

A new management simulation gives participants both the knowledge and the skills needed to tackle personnel and organizational problems
Protecting Your Lease
Authors: Goldfaden Raymond W.
Published: June 2007

You are negotiating with the landlord of a modern highrise to lease the premises for a new restaurant. The landlord has a reputation for being fastidious about his building, but not particularly attentive to his tenants' problems.

You prudently pay particular attention to the assignment, subletting, and mortgaging clauses of the lease, because you know that if safeguards are not written into the lease now, the landlord can thwart your attempts to make improvements to the premises or even to sell your restaurant. As a result of your negotiations, the landlord agrees in the lease that he will not unreasonably withhold consent should you wish to assign the lease, but you are still troubled. What are your rights if the landlord withholds his consent in the future? What can you do if your landlord is unreasonable?
National-Origin Discrimination and the Hospitality Industry
Authors: Kohl John R , Greenlaw Paul S.
Published: June 2007

You plan to open a Chinese restaurant, and have hired a staff knowledgeable in Cantonese cuisine. But in hiring a predominantly Chinese staff, you may risk being charged with discrimination under the new guidelines issued by the EEOC
Energy-Management Systems
Authors: Saidel David
Published: June 2007

The drawbacks of manually controlled systems are illustrated daily in most hotels. Consider the busboy who reads a newspaper by the light of 15 large chandeliers in an otherwise vacant ballroom. New, technologically advanced energy-management systems are helping to change the picture
Patron Misconduct
Authors: Sherry John E. H.
Published: June 2007

When push comes to shove, who takes the blame? A look at food-service operators' responsibility to protect their patrons
A Layman's Look at Tourism Statistics
Authors: Cournoyer Norman G. , Kindahl James K.
Published: June 2007

What exactly is a "multiplier"? What is meant by "induced sales "? Where do the figures come from? This no-nonsense primer on the quantitative measures and economic jargon of today's tourism studies provides guidance for those attempting to decipher tourism statistics
Frontiers in Group Dynamics
Authors: Lewin Kurt
Published: June 2007

In the first of these articles, those aspects of group life which can be represented as an equilibrium in a phase space were considered. In the discussion of social equilibrium it was emphasized that for understanding social events, and for planning social action, a reference from the phase space to the total social field is usually necessary. As an example of such an analysis of a social field, certain problems of social channels will be discussed briefly in this second article. We shall then consider some general problems of social planning, with particular reference to the role of “action research ” in bringing about social change.
The Emergence of the Egalitarian Organization
Authors: Srivastval Suresh , Cooperrider David L.
Published: June 2007

This paper develops an egalitarian theory of organizing, a theory which is premised on the emergence of an interhuman logic that transcends instrumental or techno-economic rationality as a basis for collective action. An interhuman logic, it is proposed, is one that seeks to create and maintain social-organizational arrangements that heighten or maximize the ideal membership situation for all members of a given organization. Through an “appreciative” analysis of field data collected from a world-reknowned medical group practice, propositions are developed which seek to explain and extend the implications of an interhuman logic for understanding the potential of participatory systems.
Introduction to the Special Issue
Authors: Mathews John A.
Published: June 2007

Organizational innovation is now widely seen to be a major source of competitive advantage for firms, along with product and process innovation. One of the major intellectual sources for the current organizational upheavals, in which firms strive for some form of "international best practice," is the sociotechnical systems tradition, which traces its roots back to innovations such as semi-autonomous work teams in manufacturing in the 1960s, associated with the work of the Tavistock Institute. An international Colloquium was staged in Melbourne, Australia, in May 1995, to explore the current relevance and contribution of STS ideas to organizational innovation.
The Cognitive Analysis of Competitive Structures: A Review and Critique
Authors: Hodgkinson Gerard P.
Published: June 2007

In recent years, there has been a growth of interest in the study of business competition from a cognitive perspective. This paper reviews this rapidly expanding literature in order to synthesize key empirical findings and identify significant theoretical and methodological issues which warrant further investigation. It is argued that the notion of "competitive enactment" and the associated "cognitive life cycle" approach recently advanced by Porac and his associates (Porac, Thomas, & Baden-Fuller, 1989; Porac & Thomas, 1990; Levenhagen, Porac, & Thomas, 1993) represent a potentially major breakthrough in our understanding of the dynamics of competition in industries and markets. However, several important propositions are derived for which the currently available empirical evidence is found wanting. Furthermore, a number of methodological hurdles are identified which have yet to be overcome if the validity of these propositions is to be investigated with an acceptable degree of rigor.
Ignoring Commitment Is Costly: New Approaches Establish the Missing Link Between Commitment and Performance
Authors: Benkhoff Birgit
Published: June 2007

The branch network of a bank was used to investigate the link between employee commitment and organizational performance in terms of sales targets met and change in profits. Commitment was measured by the conventional Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ) and different variations of a specifically designed new commitment scale. The approach taken involved the application of multiple regression analysis. That way a variety of factors assumed to contribute to performance, apart from commitment, could be included in the model and held constant. It emerged that employee commitment is significantly related to the financial success of bank branches. The results varied depending on how commitment and performance were measured. Supervisory commitment appears to have a particularly strong impact on the outcome indicators.
The Revolt Against Cultural Authority: Power/Knowledge as an Assumption in Organization Theory
Authors: Feldman Steven P.
Published: June 2007

Foucault-inspired organization theory has interpreted the Enlightenment effort to make reason the foundation for human freedom as a failure. Reason is seen as developing into "disciplinary knowledge," which dominates modern organizations and the individuals who live and work in them. In fact, the individual's very identity is the means by which the individual is enslaved. Knowledge is thus seen as nowhere separate from power. In this essay, I will use a concept of traditional authority to examine Foucault-inspired organization theory and its power/knowledge conceptual framework in terms of their ethical and cultural implications. This will include Foucault's influence on both the literature in critical organization theory and postmodern organization theory. My approach will highlight the Foucault-inspired misinterpretation of the effect of the Enlightenment on modem organizations, its rejection of the authority of the past as a basis for moral order, and its impossible attempt to find "freedom" through the destruction of cultural authority.
Identification with the Human Species: A Challenge for the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Evan William M.
Published: June 2007

The unanticipated proliferation of ethnic conflicts, after the collapse of the Soviet Union and Eastern European satellites, poses a perplexing question: Can human beings develop an identification with more inclusive social units than ethnic/racial groupings and nation-states? A concentric circle model is presented of multiple identities, from the self to the human species. Achieving an identification with the human species-a substantial challenge for the twenty-first century-would have profound implications for the incidence and resolution of interethnic and international conflicts.
High Commitment Management in the U.K.: Evidence from the Workplace Industrial Relations Survey, and Employers' Manpower and Skills Practices Survey
Authors: Wood Stephen , de Menezes Lilian
Published: June 2007

Are the practices widely associated with the high commitment or involvement model, such as job flexibility and minimal status differences, actually used in conjunction with each other? Or rather are they being used, as some commentators speculate, in a fragmented or ad hoc manner? The authors use Latent Variable Analysis to assess whether practices identified with high commitment management do form a unity. They are simultaneously attempting to see if such practices can be used as indicators for measuring an underlying high commitment orientation on the part of management. The analysis uses data from the 1990 UK Workplace Industrial Relations Survey and its sister survey, the Employers' Manpower and Skills Practices Survey, on the use of a range of high commitment practices across the whole economy. The evidence suggests that there is an identifiable pattern to the use of high commitment practices. Four progressive styles of high commitment management (HCM) were discovered. Though the use of it in its entirety is still relatively rare in the UK, the proportion of organizations with medium levels of high commitment management is higher than is perhaps commonly assumed. High degrees of high commitment management are not necessarily associated with nonunion workplaces. The research also demonstrates that HCM does have some performance effects, though they are not unique to it since those organizations that adopt high commitment management in its entirety do not perform better on any performance criteria than all others, but they do perform better than some types.
Toward Less Division of Labor? New Production Concepts in the Automotive, Chemical, Clothing, and Machine Tool Industries
Authors: Huys Rik , Sels Luc , Van Hootegem Geert , Bundervoet Jan , Henderickx Erik
Published: June 2007

In this contribution, we focus on the results of the Belgian Trend Study. The intention of this study was to examine the prevalence of new production concepts within the widest possible range of companies in the automotive, the machine tool, the chemical, and the clothing industries. The Trend Study aimed to answer the following questions: is the Taylorist division of labor a thing of the past? What are the alternatives? Are shifts in the division of labor accompanied by another type of personnel policy, and do traditional industrial relations have to make way for this new approach? The methodological concept used had to guarantee that the findings at the level of each industry could be generalized. Though the picture emerging from the empirical data collected in the four industrial sectors is inevitably diverse, the data make it possible merely to suggest a neorather than a post-Thylorist or -Fordist concept.
The Influence of Human Factors and Specialist Involvement on Information Systems Success
Authors: Martinsons Maris G. , Chong Patrick K. C.
Published: June 2007

Despite remarkable advances in information technology (IT), many computer-based information systems (IS) still fall short of performance expectations. A growing share of these implementation failures are due to nontechnical factors. This article considers the human factors and human resource (HR) management issues associated with IT assimilation. A taxonomy of specialist roles in the IS adoption process is proposed and illustrated in a series of brief case studies. The results from a field investigation are then reported. The relationships between different HR specialist roles and selected IS success measures were examined in more than 60 organizations across East and Southeast Asia. Proactive and supportive HR roles were found to be associated with greater user satisfaction, smoother organizational change and improved productivity, but did not significantly affect perceived output quality. The implications for management practice are discussed and specific areas for further research are identified.
Hanoi’s Informal Sector and the Vietnamese Economy: A Case Study of Roving Street Vendors
Authors: Jensen Rolf , Peppard Donald M.
Published: June 2007

This article analyzes the results of survey data on roving street vendors of Hanoi. It describes the continued ties of these members of the urban informal sector to the rural sector of the economy, analyzes the allocation of their labor between the two sectors, and establishes the importance of the incomes they earn as street vendors in the context of other measures of household expenditure and of poverty levels in Vietnam. The survey results are also compared to those from other empirical studies of the informal sector in Vietnam and to more general literature about the informal sector.
The Complex Wars of the Congo: Towards a New Analytic Approach
Authors: Carayannis Tatiana
Published: June 2007

Since 1996, the Democratic Republic of Congo has been the battleground for wars within wars, where networks of conflict interact to produce different patterns of local resource extraction and different patterns of local and regional violence, resulting in one of the most devastating, yet surprisingly understudied, humanitarian disasters of our day. This article analyzes these transboundary networks of conflict using a network-centered approach, and examines how normative changes in the international system may have contributed to the processes of these wars.
China after the Sixteenth Party Congress: Prospects and Challenges
Authors: Wang T. Y.
Published: June 2007

Generational succession in leadership is always an important event because the differences in formative experiences of a new generation can result in radically different policies and views of the world. The recent leadership transition in China thus deserves scholarly attention. In the aftermath of the Sixteenth Party Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, this edited volume aims to examine the “prospects and challenges” for China’s new leaders in the areas of elite politics, political reform, democratization, the economy, the military, Sino-U.S. relations, and cross-Strait interactions. This introductory chapter summarizes the key arguments of this collection of articles.
The “New Deal”: Politics and Policies of the Hu Administration
Authors: Li Cheng
Published: June 2007

The recently held Sixteenth Congress of the Chinese Communist Party and the Tenth National People’s Congress signified a shift in power to the so-called “fourth generation” of Chinese leaders. With the declining trend of “strong-man politics,” Chinese politicians have been increasingly concerned about coalition-building, political compromise, and factional negotiation. The norm in Chinese elite politics has transformed from the zero-sum games of the past to an emerging pattern of power-sharing among competing factions, regions, and social groups. Prominent leaders are willing to cooperate—not because they are motivated by democratic ideals, but because they recognize their own limitations and thus the need to cut a “new deal” between factions. The new leadership also signifies new policies. President Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao have outlined a new vision and a “New Deal” (xinzheng) for China’s future. The “New Deal” is an economic and socio-political program that incorporates three interrelated aspects: first, more balanced regional economic development to reduce regional disparity, increase employment, and stimulate the domestic market; second, increased concern for social justice, fairness, and the need to create a social safety net; and third, greater political transparency and institutionalization.
Democratizing China
Authors: Hsieh John Fuh-sheng
Published: June 2007

Whether China will become democratic is an interesting question with significant practical implications. This paper draws on the experiences of other Confucian societies (mainly Taiwan and South Korea) to show that it will be very difficult for China to become democratic anytime soon. Basically, in a Confucian society, people live in collectivities with stringent hierarchical structures. Such a feature is not conducive to democratization. In the cases of Taiwan and South Korea, cultural change, the emergence of a pluralistic social order following economic development, and foreign influence may have all contributed to their transition to democracy; however, more important is the quasi-pluralistic social order—namely, ethnic and national identity cleavages in Taiwan and regionalism in South Korea—in clearing the hurdle placed by the Confucian culture. Unfortunately, in China, no ready-made quasi-pluralistic social order exists, and other factors conducive to democratization may not be forthcoming soon, rendering the prospect of democratic transition in the foreseeable future quite bleak.
The Uncertainty of Government Debt Projections
Authors: Hurst Ian , Riley Rebecca
Published: June 2007

Since 1998, fiscal policy in the UK has been guided by two rules: the golden rule to borrow over the economic cycle only to invest, such that the average annual surplus on the public sector current budget as a share of GDP is greater or equal to zero; and the sustainable investment rule that public sector net debt should not exceed 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.
Net Migration and the Macroeconomy: Inflation and Output Effects
Authors: Kirby Simon , Riley Rebecca
Published: June 2007

Since the last NIESR forecast in October the Government Actuary's Department (GAD) has released new projections of the UK population. In comparison to previous projections these show substantial upward revisions to growth in the population of working age and to total population growth from 2005 to 2007. From 2008 and onwards there have been smaller upward revisions. Figure 1 illustrates the profile for growth in the population of working age implied by both the GAD 2003-based and the most recent GAD 2004-based mid-year projections.
Commentary: The Savings-Investment Balance: Is there a UK investment shortfall?
Authors: Weale Martin
Published: June 2007

In the first half of this decade, the world experienced a period of low short and long-term interest rates. Shortterm rates have risen from these low levels, first in Canada and the United Kingdom, then in the United States and finally in the Euro Area. Long-term rates, by contrast, remained low, suggesting that holders of longterm
debt expected the rise in short-term rates to be only temporary. Only in the past few months has the apparently anomalous pricing of long-term debt started to disappear. But with interest rates on long-term debt similar to short-term market rates internationally, the market does not yet show that the traditional upwardsloping yield curve and, on this basis, long rates remain depressed. They are also markedly below the levels of two to three years ago.
UK Economy Forecast
Authors: Barrell Ray , Kirby Simon , Riley Rebecca
Published: June 2007

Following a period of weakness, economic growth has been sustained for three quarters only a little below trend and appears to be gaining momentum (figure 1). We expect to see a further acceleration in growth, resulting in growth per annum of 2½ per cent this year and 2¾ per cent per annum in 2007 and 2008. Robust growth ahead is supported by the strength of external demand and small improvements in UK competitiveness. Demand is also supported by sharp rises in equity prices over the recent past. On the supply side, strong labour force growth is central to the near-term outlook.
Is UK Business Investment Unusually Weak?
Authors: Barrell Ray , Riley Rebecca
Published: June 2007

In the 15 years to 2000 UK business investment rose quite substantially in real terms. Having shown little deviation from an average of 7¼ per cent over the period 1965–85, the real share of business investment in GDP measured 10¾ per cent in 2000 (see figure 1). One of the factors contributing to this increase was the sharp fall in the relative price of investment goods, the scale of which is illustrated by the altogether different trends in real and nominal shares of business investment in GDP.
UK Economy Forecast
Authors: Kirby Simon , Riley Rebecca
Published: June 2007

The economy continues to expand at a robust pace (figure 1). We now expect GDP to rise by 2¾ per cent in 2007 after similar growth in 2006. This is an upward revision to our forecast for economic growth in 2006 and 2007 of approximately ¼ percentage point since October. Underlying these changes to the forecast for 2006 are upward revisions to the data for the first half of last year and stronger than expected growth for the third quarter of last year. The healthy pace of expansion forecast for this year is supported by a further acceleration in domestic demand growth after the weakness observed in 2005. This is led by a pick-up in consumer spending, supported by stronger growth in real disposable incomes and rapid accumulation of household wealth, and the continued strength of investment demand.
Les 50 Ans de Social Compass: Autobiographie D'une Revue Qui S'est Trompée de Nom
Authors: Houtart François
Published: June 2007

On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the International Review of Sociology of Religion, Social Compass, here is the letter I received from it. It is addressed to anyone who ever turned its pages, reading perhaps...
La Sociologie des Religions à L'horizon 2050: Un Point de Vue Latino-Américain
Authors: Gumucio Cristián Parker
Published: June 2007

Any attempt to grasp that which is currently at stake in sociology of religion from a Latin American point of view requires awareness of the current context, including multiple on-going processes of globalization and geopolitical tensions in the post-September 11 world. The internal contradictions of the process of modernization and the inequalities involved in globalization create repercussions in the field of religion in Latin America, with its diverse and plural character. The emergence of new religious phenomena-neo-pagan magical cults, anti-globalization movements with spiritual overtones, Pentecostal cults, African-American cults, New Age movements, various ecclesiastical movements and the greater or lesser influence of each established church or denomination in Latin American societies, all this will depend, in future, upon global scenarios and upon the general climate of uncertainty which exists, and which has an effect on the search fr meaning and people's needfor ritual expression.
New Approaches in the Sociology of Religion: A Western Perspective
Authors: Davie Grace
Published: June 2007

This article has three sections. The first deals with the attempts by the sociology of religion to come to terms with the post-modern condition; it draws on the argument set out in the final chapter of Davie (1994). The second section updates these ideas taking account of more recent evidence. The third looks to the future; it is based primarily on the more theoretical aspects of Davie (2002a). It illustrates the needfor rather different approaches in the sociology of religion as the debates of the new century assert themselves.
Challenges for the Sociology of Religion in the African Context: Prospects for the Next 50 Years
Authors: van Binsbergen Wim M. J.
Published: June 2007

On the occasion of Social Compass's 50th anniversary as a leading journalfor the sociology of religion, the author was asked to define the challenges which this discipline willface in the African context in the next 50 years. After retrospectively sketching both the African situation (with its three pillars of historic African religion, Islam, and Christianity) and some Africanist themes in the sociology of religion, globalization is discussed as a major challenge. how does it affect religion and identity, and how does the model of the formal (self-)organization which it favours, have an impact especially with regard to representation and resilience of African religious forms? The second major challenge clusters around the problematic state of civil society in Africa: in the face of disorder and violent conflict. Here the pivotal question is. can African religious forms contribute to the societal consensus that is central to modern statehood?
Collective Terminology to Describe the Minority Ethnic Population
Authors: Aspinall Peter J.
Published: June 2007

A wide range of terminology is used, often interchangeably, to describe the minority ethnic group population as a whole and major segments of it.While some terms have been extended to give clarity, as in ‘Asian, Black and other minority ethnic’, much in this lexicon remains cumbersome or ambiguous in usage. Further, white minority groups such as the Irish frequently get omitted in the category shuffle, creating ‘injustices of recognition’. Imprecision in terminology can equally apply to ‘pan-ethnic’ terms like ‘Asian’ and ‘Black’, the specific terms having the potential to describe quite different populations in the absence of explanation about the concept being measured and method of assignment. The use of terminology that is precisely defined and acceptable to those being described is advocated.
Talking to Manager-Academics
Authors: Deem Rosemary
Published: June 2007

The paper examines how qualitative feminist research can inform the study of engendered practices in organizational settings. It reviews current debates about feminist research, including Oakley’s (1998, 2000) critique of the ways in which qualitative methods and data are used by feminists. The work of Skeggs (2001) on feminist principles for undertaking qualitative research is also examined. The paper then considers two pieces of research on work and engendered organizations that used mixed methods and data. Finally the paper considers some of the methodological challenges faced by the author in two recent qualitative projects about manager-academics. Using qualitative data, it is argued, does not necessarily restrict the wider policy applicability of the project findings. However, working in teams with those not committed to feminist research can present other challenges, which may also throw light on the phenomena being researched.
Distant Lives, Still Voices
Authors: Mauthner Melanie
Published: June 2007

Sisters and sistering are peculiarly absent from the sociology of the family. Sociologists document women’s roles as mothers, carers, workers, daughters and wives yet neglect their experiences as sisters. Our knowledge of this widespread tie derives more from media images than from women’s own experiences. This article explores several reasons for this marginalization: from the sensational depiction of sisters in popular culture as either friends or rivals, and their mythical status in feminist politics, to the specialized interest of psy professionals and policy makers in childhood rivalry and sibling solidarity among the elderly. It reveals the paradox surrounding the silence of sistering as part of family lives and the visibility of sisterhood in the public and sociological imagination. Drawing on a qualitative study of sister relationships among girls and women aged 6–50, it illustrates the complexities of sistering as personal lived experience.
The Unfreedom of Being Other
Authors: Power Elaine M.
Published: June 2007

This article theorizes the experiences of lone mothers living on welfare in contemporary consumer society using a governmentality framework, with particular attention to liberalism’s practices of unfreedom. Analysis suggests two main ways in which lone mothers were constructed and disciplined as Other: as ‘welfare bums’ who were not in the labour market; and as ‘flawed consumers’ without the financial resources to participate in consumer society. This type of study, with its attention to the ‘messy actualities’ of how subjects take up neo-liberal discourse, offers possibilities for the re-politicization of the Foucauldian-inspired governmentality literature by accounting for the costs of neo-liberal forms of rule, and providing insight into how it might be contested.
The Public and Private in C.Wright Mills’s Life and Work
Authors: Brewer John D.
Published: June 2007

Charles Wright Mills revitalized sociology’s focus on the public–private distinction and this article offers a biographical reading of these writings by locating them in the turmoil of his private life. The article thus looks at the public–private distinction as it manifested in the public writings and private life of one of the major theorists of this theme. Its central argument is that we need to reposition Mills’s intellectual biography by locating it spatially, for his sociological writings on this theme were heavily influenced by the ‘spaces of selfhood’ within which he lived and worked.This connects intellectual biography with the spatial turn in sociology. The purpose of such intellectual biography, however, is not merely to fill in the background of a sociologist’s life, but to provide materials that take us to the centre of the sociological enterprise itself. It is argued that Mills’s ‘spaces of selfhood’ are a medium into understanding his whole vision of sociology.
Enter the Transformational Leader
Authors: Newman Janet
Published: June 2007

It is widely acknowledged that network governance is an increasingly significant feature of modern states.This article focuses on the cultural processes of attachment and identification that are formed in the spaces opened up in the ‘differentiated polity’ (Rhodes, 1997) of network governance. It explores the constitution of new subject positions – as ‘transformational leaders’ – for senior public service managers. The empirical data, drawn from interviews with senior public service managers in the UK, highlights tensions in the process of state modernization, and suggests ways in which ‘transformational’ identities might be influential in shaping the micro-politics of policy delivery.
Civic Activity – Feminine Activity?
Authors: Salmenniemi Suvi
Published: June 2007

The article examines the interconnections between gender, civil society and political citizenship in contemporary Russia. It asks how masculinity, femininity and their interrelationships are represented in the context of socio-political activity and what kind of gendered agency these representations construct. The analysis is based on interviews with socially and politically active persons in Central Russia. The main argument in the article is that political space, agency and citizenship in Russia tend to be polarized along gender lines: civic activity is associated with femininity, while institutional politics is considered a masculine territory, and these spheres are represented as quite distinct from each other.
Digitalis Toxicity
Authors: Bigger J. Thomas
Published: June 2007

The principal causes of digitalis toxicity are overdose, reduced volume of distribution, reduced renal elimination, and increased myocardial sensitivity. The metabolic mechanism of digitalis toxicity is intense inhibition of sarcolemma Na‐K ATPase, which leads to increases of intracellular Na+ and Ca2+ and arrhythmogenic membrane ionic currents. A variety of cellular electrophysiologic effects and effects on the nervous system are responsible for the array of clinical arrhythmias seen during digitalis toxicity, i.e., sinus bradycardia, atrioventricular block, nonparoxysmal atrioventricular junctional tachycardia, and ventricular tachycardia.
Chronopharmacokinetics and Chronopharmacodynamics of Dextromethamphetamine in Man
Authors: Shappell Scott A. , Kearns Gregory L. , Valentine Jimmie L. , Neri David F. , DeJohn Charles A.
Published: June 2007

Stimulants, in particular the amphetamines, have been studied as countermeasures to fatigue induced by circadian desynchronosis and extended flight operations. To make recommendations concerning the use of dextromethamphetamine for operational tasks, its chronopharmacokinetic and chronopharmacodynamic profiles and influence on circadian rhythms as a countermeasure to performance deficits and fatigue were studied. Ten male volunteers, divided into two groups of five each, were given 30 mg/70 kg of oral dextromethamphetamine during two test sessions one week apart and were evaluated with cognitive (dichotic listening, pattern recognition, and compensatory tracking), subjective (fatigue scale), and physiologic (blood pressure) testing. Session order was counterbalanced with dextromethamphetamine administration at either 8:40 AM or 8:40 PM during session one and a crossover to the other time during session two. Subjective and cognitive testing was begun 1.5 hours before dextromethamphetamine administration and continued every half hour until 12.5 hours after administration. Blood pressure was measured immediately before behavioral testing. Serum and urine were collected at regular intervals for gas chromatography/mass spectrometer analysis of methamphetamine and one of its metabolites, amphetamine. No differences were found in the day‐versus‐night pharmacokinetic profile of dextromethamphetamine. Cognitive performance and subjective fatigue improved after daytime administration of dextromethamphetamine in comparison to performance before drug administration. This effect was suppressed during the circadian trough, which occurred approximately 8 hours into the night sessions (4:30 AM). No correlations were seen between serum concentration of methamphetamine and measured behavioral parameters.
β‐Blocker Use in Systolic Heart Failure and Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Hash Thomas W. , Prisant L. Michael
Published: June 2007

Statistics regarding long‐term survival for patients with heart failure are discouraging today. Converting enzyme inhibitors have produced a modest effect on mortality. β‐Blockers may be the next addition to standard therapy for heart failure because they generate consistent improvements in hemodynamic factors, symptom scores, and submaximal exercise tolerance in randomized, controlled clinical trials. They augment ejection fraction, reduce heart volume, and consistently lower neurohormonal activation as reflected by plasma norepinephrine levels. Trials with carvedilol and bisoprolol suggest an effect on mortality similar to that with converting enzyme inhibitor trials. Future studies, especially the β‐blocker Evaluation Survival Trial (BEST), with mortality as the main end point should elucidate the degree of effect on mortality further.
Use of Probe Drugs as Predictors of Drug Metabolism in Humans
Authors: Kivistö Kari T. , Kroemer Heyo K.
Published: June 2007

The pharmacokinetics of many drugs often vary considerably among individuals, largely because of variations in the expression of different cytochrome P‐450 (CYP) enzymes in the liver and other tissues. Relatively selective substrate probes in vivo have been discovered for several major CYP isoforms involved in oxidative drug metabolism. Regarding isoforms that show genetic polymorphism (CYP2C19 and CYP2D6), genotyping as well as phenotyping with appropriate probe drugs can be used to distinguish between “poor” and “extensive” metabolizers. Measurement of CYP2D6 activity, which is being performed increasingly by means of genotyping, has an established role in the individualization of the dosage of selected CYP2D6 substrates. However, the therapeutic implications of extremely high CYP2D6 activity in some patients (ultrarapid metabolizers) need more attention. The therapeutic consequences of CYP2C19 polymorphism are not as well characterized as those of CYP2D6 polymorphism, but are likely to be of little significance with most CYP2C19 substrates. Probe‐based assays are also available for measurement of in vivo activity of CYP1A2, CYP2E1 and CYP3A4; those will be discussed in detail in this review. These tests can be used, for example, to compare the activity of a specific isoform among patients and to characterize effects of such environmental factors as drugs and compounds in the diet on enzyme activity. However, it should be recognized that attempts to develop valid probe‐based assays of in vivo activity of specific, nonpolymorphic CYP isoforms have proved relatively difficult; for example, none of the several putative probes of CYP3A4, the most important drug‐metabolizing CYP isoform, is completely satisfactory. It is now clear that many diverse factors must be considered in the validation of these tests.
Polysomnography in Drug Development
Authors: Dietrich Bruno
Published: June 2007

Polysomnography in drug development is used to detect desirable and undesirable effects of drugs on normal and disturbed sleep. Although this method is essential for the approval of new hypnotic drugs, it is quite often neglected in the development of drugs that show unwanted side effects on normal sleep. In this review, the requirements for qualified polysomnography are described, the strong and weak points of the method are discussed, and its importance for the drug development process is pointed out.
Faculty Computer Use and Training: Identifying Distinct Needs for Different Populations
Authors: Dusick Diane M. , Yildirim Soner
Published: June 2007

A quantitative survey directed at all faculty at a California urban community college yielded data from 117 faculty about computer use, competency, and attitudes toward using computers. Correlation analysis, multiple regression, and Ordinary Least Squares regression were used to delineate the relationships between computer use and other variables and to develop a path analysis model depicting the relationship among attitude, courses taken, having a home computer, competency, and computer use. The researchers present their model along with data obtained from an open-ended qualitative survey administered to elucidate further the relationships among these variables. Based on their quantitative and qualitative findings, the authors make suggestions for future research to assist in faculty development efforts.
The Revised Institution: The Community College Mission at the End of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Levin John S.
Published: June 2007

Seven urban and rural community colleges in the United States and Canada were examined using a qualitative multiple-case-study design to define changes in the colleges' institutional missions during the 1990s. Group site visits, personal interviews with administrators and faculty, and policy documents provided the data, which were analyzed using an analytical framework drawn from globalization literature. Two iterations of pattern coding and content analysis identified specific themes and patterns in documents, interviews, and observations. Observational data also provided support for emerging patterns. Although most of the interviewees perceived little change in their institutions' missions during the 1990s, the data collected indicated alterations to mission based on global economic concerns. The author summarizes the mission changes at each college and suggests that a new globally oriented vocationalism dominated the community college mission at the end of the twentieth century.
Community Colleges under the Microscope: An analysis of Performance Predictors for native and Transfer Students
Authors: Carlan Philip E. , Byxbe Ferris R.
Published: June 2007

Stratified random samples of native and transfer students at a university were compared based on data extracted from student transcripts for 1989, 1990, and 1991. Transfers' first-semester GPAs at the university were less than their community college cumulative GPAs, but natives maintained similar upper and lower division GPAs. Regression analysis revealed, however, that upper division GPAs varied little between native and transfer students when influences of related variables were held constant. Separate regression analyses of transfer and native variables detected that lower division GPA and major were significant predictors of upper division GPA for both groups, but more so for transfers than for natives, with business and science majors earning lower GPAs than others. Although race was not a significant predictor for transfers, it was the most significant predictor for native students: White natives earned higher upper division GPAs than minority natives. The authors conclude that community colleges need to improve the rigor of their business and science programs, but they provide nurturing environments for minority students.
The Career Lines of Chief Academic Officers in Public Community Colleges
Authors: Ceida Brent D. , McKenney Cynthia B. , Burley Hansel
Published: June 2007

Administrative careers in higher education have typically been examined from an individual orientation, placing attention on the demographics and background characteristics of those holding a particular office. This study follows the structural perspective, examining the sequence of positions held by individuals who currently occupy the position of chief academic officer (CAO) in public community colleges. Six, three-sequence career lines are identified, representing the experiences of 43.9% of the sample. In addition, a faculty position emerges as the most common entry port to the career lines and the community college labor market.
Business Feculty Recruitment: The Effects of Full-Time versus Part-Time Employment
Authors: Winter Paul A. , Kjorlien Chad L.
Published: June 2007

This study addressed faculty recruitment for community colleges, an issue of immediate importance because many faculty hired during the enrollment boom of the 1960's are retiring. The design for this research was a factorial experiment involving a three-way analysis of variance. The participants (N = 136) were randomly selected male (n = 68) and female (n = 68) business professionals completing the MBA degree. The participants role-played the part of applicants for business department faculty positions by rating jobs described in simulated recruitment advertisements. The ANOVA results indicated that both male and female business professionals preferred part-time rather than full-time teaching positions. Implications for recruitment practice and future research are discussed.
Opening the Door to the Baccalaureate Degree
Authors: Walker Keneth P.
Published: June 2007

Community colleges have made their mark by providing high-quality, open access to higher education. This democratization of learning has resulted in the development of nearly 1,200 community and technical colleges across the United States. During the 100 years since the first public junior college was founded, the broader community college mission has expanded from a singular focus on university transfer to include technical and vocational education, adult education, workforce development, and remedial education. In the new century, the demand for even greater access to education has become critical. Once again, community colleges are being asked to step forward and provide the skilled workforce to keep the nation competitive in a global economy. Community colleges are uniquely qualified to meet this challenge of educating a wide population to the level required for entry into the skilled workforce. While the inate principles of the community college will remain intact, the mission should expand to offer the baccalaureate degree to more students, at convenient locations, in a more student-centered learning environment, and at a greatly reduced cost.
What Influences Student Persistence At Two-Year Colleges?
Authors: Cofer Jamnes , Somers Patricia
Published: June 2007

The Higher Education Act of 1992 increased the availability of student loan funds dramatically. Using the National Student Postsecondary Aid Study, this study examines the difference in effects of background, achievement and aspiration, college experience, price variables, and accumulated debt in 1993 as compared to 1996 on student persistence decisions. In contrast with previous studies using NPSAS:87, the authors find that there is more financial aid available, albeit in the form of loans. Current year subsidies are positively associated with persistence, but the opposite is true for accumulated debt, except for higher debt levels in 1996. The authors provide context and explanation for these findings.
Community College Leadership Preparation: Needs, perceptions, and Recommendations
Authors: Brown Linda , Martinez Mario , Daniel David
Published: June 2007

This research provides the results of a random survey, administered in 2001, of 128 community college instructional leaders. Respondents rated 48 skills and areas of expertise in effectively fulfilling community college instructional leadership roles. Survey results also suggest respondents recommend a different emphasis in doctoral coursework than they experienced in their doctoral programs of study.