bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does cereal, protein and micronutrient availability hold the key to the malnutrition conundrum? An exploratory analysis of cereal cultivation and wasting patterns of India
Authors: Sanjeev Rama Krishna , Nuggehalli Srinivas Prashanth , Krishnan Bindu , Basappa Yogish Channa , Dinesh Akshay S. , Ulahannan Sabu K.
Published: June 2020

Background: High prevalence of maternal malnutrition, low birth-weight and child malnutrition in India contribute substantially to the global malnutrition burden. Rural India has disproportionately higher levels of child malnutrition. Stunting and wasting are the primary determinants of malnutrition and their district-level distribution shows clustering in different geographies and regions.

Methods: The last round of National Family Health Survey (NFHS4) has disaggregated data by district, enabling a more nuanced understanding of the prevalence of markers of malnutrition. We used data from NFHS4 and agricultural statistics datasets to analyse relationship of cereal cultivation with the prevalence of child malnutrition. We studied the current science on growth-related nutrient-sensing pathways to explain this pattern. 

Results: Stunting and wasting patterns across districts show a distinct geographical and age distribution; districts with higher wasting showed early prevalence of 40% at six months of age. Wasting was associated with higher cultivation of millets, with a stronger association seen for jowar and other millets. Low maternal BMI in districts with higher wasting could be linked to the consumption of millets as staple. We conceptualised a hypothetical schematic pathway linking early origin of wasting in children with millet-based diet, driven by inhibition of critical intra-cellular pathways controlling growth covering pre-natal, post-natal and early childhood. The analysis was limited by lack of fine-scale data on prevalence of low birth-weight and type of cereal consumed.

Conclusions: Multi-site observational studies of long-term effects of type of cereals consumed could help explain the ecogeographic distribution of malnutrition in India. Cereals, particularly millets constitute the bulk of protein intake among the poor, especially in rural areas in India where wasting persists. Policies and programs targeting malnutrition need to address type of cereal consumed in order to impact childhood malnutrition in parts of India where subsistence cultivation of millets for staple consumption is prevalent.
Crowdvoting Judgment: An Analysis of Modern Peer Review
Authors: Wagner Michael R.
Published: June 2020

In this paper, we propose and analyze models of self policing in online communities, in which assessment activities, typically handled by firm employees, are shifted to the “crowd.” Our underlying objective is to maximize firm value by maintaining the quality of the online community to prevent attrition, which, given a parsimonious model of voter participation, we show can be achieved by efficiently utilizing the crowd of volunteer voters. To do so, we focus on minimizing the number of voters needed for each assessment, subject to service-level constraints, which depends on a voting aggregation rule. We focus our attention on classes of voting aggregators that are simple, interpretable, and implementable, which increases the chance of adoption in practice. We consider static and dynamic variants of simple majority-rule voting, with which each vote is treated equally. We also study static and dynamic variants of a more sophisticated voting rule that allows more accurate voters to have a larger influence in determining the aggregate decision. We consider both independent and correlated voters and show that correlation is detrimental to performance. Finally, we take a system view and characterize the limit of a costless crowdvoting system that relies solely on volunteer voters. If this limit does not satisfy target service levels, then costly firm employees are needed to supplement the crowd.
Práticas de re-existências poéticas: a poesia no “busão” em Fortaleza (CE)
Authors: Do Nascimento Silva Francisco Rômulo , Jacó de Freitas Geovani
Published: June 2020

Este artigo aborda a poesia praticada por Poetas no interior dos ônibus urbanos na cidade de Fortaleza-CE. Como uma das táticas de sobrevivência, a poesia “no busão” cumpre pelo menos dois principais objetivos para os poetas das periferias de Fortaleza e região metropolitana: desmontar os estigmas socialmente cristalizados e sustentar-se financeiramente. A poesia dentro dos ônibus não é algo novo na capital cearense e existe em diversas cidades espalhadas pelo Brasil. Essa prática poética e seus poetas de periferia acena para um novo sentido: não é suficiente resistir. É preciso re-existir para “descolonizar”, inventar outras formas de vida: criar é re-existir. Portanto, a primeira reivindicação da re-existência é permanecer vivo em face às “formas contemporâneas de subjugação da vida ao poder da morte”, conforme Achille Mbembe, ao falar de uma força colonial-capitalista em sua forma atual como devir-necropolítico-do-mundo. Um jogo de permanentes deslocamentos (fuga) inventivos, planos estratégicos e fugazes de “desaparecimento” e autoafirmação. Seguindo Frantz Fanon, um verdadeiro salto que introduza a invenção na existência, pois “no mundo em que me encaminho, eu me recrio continuamente”: uma poética decolonial. Como processo investigativo, utilizamos o aporte metodológico da pesquisa qualitativa, bibliográfica e a experiência etnográfica, com a realização de entrevistas em profundidade e de relatos registrados em diário de campo.
Anorexia nervosa in adolescents
Authors: Neale Josephine , Hudson Lee D
Published: June 2020

Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder with peak onset in adolescence, which carries the highest mortality rate of all psychiatric illnesses. It is commonly comorbid with other physical and mental health problems, yet training on management of people with eating disorders and working knowledge of clinicians working with underweight adolescents is inconsistent. This review of anorexia nervosa in adolescents provides an overview of the presentation, aetiology and treatment of this disorder, with a particular focus on the assessment and management of physical health risks, including refeeding syndrome.
BIOÉTICA Y BIODERECHO
Authors: Gracia Diego
Published: June 2020

Hoy se ha convertido en tópico hermanar ambos términos. A fin de cuentas, la ética y el derecho son los dos sistemas normativos de que dispone toda sociedad. Las diferencias entre uno y otro, por lo demás, no acaban de estar claras. En una sociedad perfecta parece que debieran coincidir. De hecho, así pensó gran parte de la cultura occidental, desde sus mismos orígenes en la antigua Grecia. Lo que la razón dicta como correcto o incorrecto, eso es lo que debería convertirse en ley. El Derecho “natural” se expresaría así como Derecho “positivo”. Esto explica que en algunos idiomas, como el inglés, una misma palabra, right, sirva para designar tanto lo éticamente correcto como lo jurídicamente justo. Así ha venido pensando la cultura occidental desde que el naturalismo estoico hizo sentir su influjo en los jurisconsultos romanos. Y el Derecho romano ha sido la matriz del derecho positivo propio de los países descendientes del gran Imperio romano.
Turó de la Peira/ Can Peguera. Nou Barris (Barcelona) Construcción de un espacio público para todos
Authors: Chávez Tatiana C.
Published: June 2020

El presente trabajo, encargado en el Máster en Diseño Urbano de la Universitat de Barcelona, presenta una línea base de investigación desarrollada en el periodo de crisis de la COVID19, mediante la herramienta Google Earth, que pretende dar una lectura rápida de dos de los trece barrios que conforman el distrito de Nou Barris de Barcelona: Can Peguera y Turó de la Peira.Ambos barrios han sido un punto de acogida de una parte importante de la inmigación de la ciudad de Barcelona. Por un lado, el barrio Can Peguera tiene su origen en el proyecto de reubicación en el año 1929 con el cual se pretendía reubicar a los obreros que vivían en chabolas en Montjuïc, en grupos de viviendas conocidas popularmente como casas baratas.Como resultado del desarrollismo franquista, el territorio de Turó de la Peira fue urbanizado en el año 1955 amparado por un Plan Parcial en el marco del Plan Comarcal de 1953; lo cual generó una especulación urbanística descontrolada y el uso de materiales de baja calidad lo cual se evidenció con el hundimiento, en la década de 1980, por aluminosis del primer edificio de viviendas en la Calle Cadí en el Turó de la Peira.Bajo este contexto se han establecido criterios de investigación en función de la evolución histórica territorial, las características socioeconómicas básicas, planeamientos urbanísticos aplicados, el análisis de los sistemas conectividad y el análisis de la morfología del mismo mediante el análisis del espacio público a ojo de águila utilizando Google Earth ya que no se podía transitar por el territorio.
Conclusion to the Special Issue: Understanding the Direct Support Workforce in the United States
Authors: Hewitt Amy S. , Laws Carol B.
Published: June 2020

This special issue sheds light on the needs of the direct support professionals (DSPs), as well the possibilities when positive practices are implemented. A commitment to quality services and quality lives requires a commitment to finding solutions that better support DSPs so they can afford (emotionally, physically and financially) to keep doing the work they love. Improving supports to people with IDD is contingent on improving the compensation, working conditions, professional development, and career opportunities of DSPs.
The Prevalence of OSA Among an Adult Population With Down Syndrome Referred to a Medical Clinic
Authors: Cornacchia Michelle , Sethness Janis , Alapat Philip , Lin Yu-Hsiang , Peacock Cynthia
Published: June 2020

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder affecting approximately 16% of adults (24% of men and 9% of women), and, if untreated, it can cause significant complications (Young, 2009). This study evaluates 56 adult patients with Down syndrome and analyzed retrospective data to determine the: (1) prevalence of OSA, (2) severity of OSA, and (3) association between body mass index (BMI) and OSA. Of those participants that had polysomnography (PSG) testing available, 82.1% were diagnosed with OSA, divided by severity into mild (45.7%), moderate (15.2%), and severe (39.1%) levels. Because of the high prevalence of OSA among our study population, we recommend that all adults with DS be screened for OSA with PSG.
Ultra-fast all optical half-adder realized by combining AND/XOR logical gates using a nonlinear nanoring resonator
Authors: Sami Parisa , Shen Chao , Hosseinzadeh Sani Mojtaba
Published: June 2020

We proposed an optical half-adder design using nonlinear materials, photonic crystal structure shape of hexagonal lattice layout, and silicon dielectric rods in the air bed. The optical half-adder structure is designed and optimized by combining the AND and XOR logic gates. The compound AlGaAs is used as a nonlinear material in the structure. The linear part of AlGaAs material is

n

1

=
1.4

, and the nonlinear part is

n

2

=
1.5
×

10

−
17

. The main performance for all-optical logic gates is set at an operating wavelength of 1.55 µm. The time delay at all optical gates provided has a 3.1 PS response time with on/off contrast ratio for SUM and CARRY ports of 12.78 dB and 12.9 dB, respectively, and the bit rate is 0.322 Tb/s. In the best case, the 1/0 contrast ratio between input = 1 and input = 0 is 4.59 dB. The computations are performed using the finite difference two-dimensional method.
Selective grating obtained by dye microstructuration based on local photobleaching using a laser writer
Authors: Gassenq Alban , Chevrier Kevin , Bard Antoine , Benoit Jean-Michel , Symonds Clémentine , Bellessa Joel
Published: June 2020

We propose a method to pattern organic optically active materials based on local photobleaching for creating a wavelength-selective grating. Usually, photobleaching is considered a limitation for an organic emitter. Here, this property is exploited to locally suppress dye emission and absorption at the microscale with an abrupt interface and no changes in layer thickness. Periodic patterns were fabricated and exhibit diffraction only at a 590 nm wavelength with a spectral selectivity of 11 nm. Based on laser writer flexibility and efficiency, this study shows the potential of local photobleaching for applications such as wavelength-selective grating fabrication.
Optical coherence tomography angiography to evaluate murine fetal brain vasculature changes caused by prenatal exposure to nicotine
Authors: Raghunathan Raksha , Liu Chih-Hao , Ambekar Yogeshwari S. , Singh Manmohan , Miranda Rajesh C. , Larin Kirill V.
Published: June 2020

Maternal smoking causes several defects ranging from intrauterine growth restriction to sudden infant death syndrome and spontaneous abortion. While several studies have documented the effects of prenatal nicotine exposure in development and behavior, acute vasculature changes in the fetal brain due to prenatal nicotine exposure have not been evaluated yet. This study uses correlation mapping optical coherence angiography to evaluate changes in fetal brain vasculature flow caused by maternal exposure to nicotine during the second trimester-equivalent of gestation in a mouse model. The effects of two different doses of nicotine were evaluated. Results showed a decrease in the vasculature for both doses of nicotine, which was not seen in the case of the sham group.
Material slow and fast light in a zero-dispersion configuration
Authors: Macke Bruno , Ségard Bernard
Published: June 2020

We study the propagation of light pulses in an absorbing medium when the frequency of their carrier coincides with a zero of the refractive index dispersion. Although slow light and, a fortiori, fast light are not expected in such conditions, we show that both can be obtained by selecting particular phase components of the transmitted field. Analytical expressions of the resulting signals are obtained by a procedure of periodic continuation of the incident pulse, and a proof of principle of the predicted phenomena is performed by means of a very simple electrical network; the transfer function of which mimics that of the medium.
Figure correction of borosilicate glass substrates by nanosecond UV excimer laser irradiation
Authors: Beckmann Clemens M. , Ihlemann Jürgen
Published: June 2020

The mechanical stress in thin films can have a deleterious effect on the quality of optical components by deforming the underlying substrate. In addition, the substrate might be deformed by gravity or stress induced by mounting. We suggest a method to compensate the substrate deformation by laser generated tensile stresses in the backside of the substrate. We show results for irradiation of the borosilicate glass Schott D263M with an ArF excimer laser. We measured the integrated stress in dependence of the laser fluence and corrected a sample for the deformation by a chromium coating. We show that also antibiaxial plane stress components can be induced. For precise corrections a scheme for stabilization of the generated surface stresses still needs to be developed.
Tunable multiresonance using complementary circular metamaterial
Authors: Zhan Fengwei , Lin Yu-Sheng
Published: June 2020

We present a design of a tunable infrared (IR) resonator by using complementary circular metamaterial (CCM). CCM is composed of concentric rings. It exhibits superior characteristics of narrow multiresonance generated by the coupling between two adjacent concentric rings in the IR wavelength range. An effective modulation of reflection spectra can be realized by changing the height of each concentric ring. By slightly elevating the concentric rings, the corresponding resonances can be switched between on and off states, and the resonances become more sensitive to the surrounding refraction index. The figure of merit (FOM) is 10.91 for CCM exposed on the surrounding environment with different refraction indices. The correlation coefficient is 0.998. The proposed CCM design provides potential applications in refraction index sensors and exhibits the possibility for future multichannel IR switches, environmental sensors, bandpass filters, wavelength-division multiplexing, and so on.
Upper bound of efficiency for Smith-Purcell emission and evanescent-to-propagating wave conversion in metal-groove metasurfaces
Authors: Jiang Ningxiao , Song Yanan , Du Jiayuan , Zhao Xinyu , Sun Xiaodong , Hu Xinhua
Published: June 2020

When a charged particle moves parallel and close to the surface of a metasurface, intense Smith-Purcell radiation can be observed at resonant frequencies. Here, we present a systematic investigation on the Smith-Purcell radiation and evanescent-to-propagating wave conversion in metal-groove metasurfaces. Based on a coupled mode theory, analytic formulas are derived for the resonant frequency, Q-factor, and wave conversion efficiency at resonant frequency. The accuracy of the formulas is verified by numerical simulations. It is found that the resonant frequency and Q-factor depend on the depth and filling ratio of the grooves, respectively. A high Q-factor can be obtained by decreasing the filling ratio of the grooves. As the Q-factor increases, the wave conversion efficiency at resonant frequency increase but exhibits an upper limit. Such an upper bound of efficiency (Cr,max = 4) can be approached at a moderate Q-factor (Q = 16) or an optimal filling ratio of the grooves (fs = 0.05). Our results may benefit the construction of compact high-power free-electron light sources.
Hyperparatextuality: Meaning-making in the digital reading frame
Authors: Barnett Tully
Published: June 2020

In this article, I propose the concept of hyperparatextuality as a way of looking beyond the digital paratext to consider the distributed state of immersive reading in digitized and read-in-browser environments. Beginning with a look at the history of the paratext and its relevance in the digital age, this article considers the hyperparatexts of the HathiTrust reading panes in particular to explore the relationship between digitized texts and the platforms that house them. The concept of paratext and its evolving meaning in the digital age has intrigued researchers for decades as literary production, circulation and consumption responds to digitization and digitalization. Digital paratexts might include fan communities, digital editions to material books in the form of official and unofficial content, Goodreads and other reading-related and review websites, and Kindle highlighting tools. However, digitization introduces new reading materialities, interfaces and frames with buttons, links and hypertextual content. These 'read-in-browser' environments, websites through which we access digitized literary works, introduce new paratexts into the reading experience and require different concepts to understand them. When digital paratexts are also hypertextual, they operate differently. This article proposes some ways of thinking about this.
True stories: Storytelling and empathy in None in Three’s digital game narratives
Authors: Powell Anna
Published: June 2020

Since its conception in 2017, the Global None in Three (Ni3) Research Centre for the Prevention of Gender Based Violence (GBV) has been working to collect real stories about people’s personal experiences of GBV from both victim and perpetrator perspectives. Led by a team of experts from across the globe, these real-life experiences have been used to inform the development of a series of serious, prosocial computer games whose narratives, in-game dialogue and characters are based around this empirical data. This article discusses the translation of these stories into the games’ digital narratives, and explores how their re-telling is fundamental to the success of the games as educational tools for increasing empathy in players and, ultimately, for changing attitudes and behaviours towards GBV. In doing so, it explores the coexistence and fluctuating relationship between digital narratives and the spoken word – whose significance might be seen to book-end the None in Three project as a whole, in its development of the game and in the dissemination of its message about preventing gender-based violence.
La teología política de la secularización. Pedro de Basaldúa y el exilio vasco en Argentina
Authors: Zanca José
Published: June 2020

Desde el inicio de la Guerra Civil española los católicos argentinos defendieron diferentes modelos políticos, sustentados en diversos principios teológicos. El caso del nacionalismo vasco, fervientemente católico y aliado a la Republica, puso a los intelectuales confesionales sudamericanos frente a una compleja situación. ¿Por qué los vascos no adherían un gobierno que parecía dispuesto a instaurar los principios políticos que el catolicismo había defendido desde el siglo XIX? Luego del triunfo de Franco, el conflicto continuó, dado que el nacionalismo vasco fue un propagandista del "mundo libre" en oposición a los "totalitarismos" en América. El presente artículo intenta dar cuenta de la transformación de las ideas del catolicismo, analizando la circulación de ideas entre los exiliados vascos, concentrándose en la figura de Pedro de Basaldúa, un destacado político, intelectual y articulador étnico-cultural en la segunda mitad del siglo XX entre Europa y América Latina.
Revisión de los factores de innovación en periodismo: análisis de laboratorios de medios
Authors: Pozo-Montes Yaiza , Larrondo Ureta Ainara
Published: June 2020

La profesión periodística pasa desde hace más de dos décadas por una etapa de adaptación a un escenario marcado por la innovación constante. Se trata de un contexto marcado por la proliferación de emisores y el creciente poder los receptores, en el que los medios de comunicación tradicionales buscan soluciones efectivas para explotar con la máxima rentabilidad y calidad las opciones de producción multiplataforma, multimedia e interactiva. Los laboratorios de innovación (Media Labs) puestos en marcha en el seno de medios de gran relevancia resultan a este respecto un buen indicador. Esta investigación centra su interés en diversos casos de éxito de innovación empresarial, profesional y de contenidos en el ámbito del periodismo y la comunicación en España -Lab RTVE, El Confidencial.Lab, Vocento Media Lab y El Pais_Lab-, teniendo en cuenta indicadores como su estructura interna, la implementación de nuevos perfiles en la redacción o el tipo de productos innovadores desarrollados por estos laboratorios.
A Archai 30 inaugura nova fase editorial da Revista Archai
Authors: Cornelli Gabriele , Gomes Gustavo Laet
Published: June 2020

A Archai 30 inaugura uma nova fase editorial da Revista Archai. Saiba mais...
A consistência das teses de Trasímaco sobre a justiça no livro I da República de Platão
Authors: Menezes Luiz Maurício Bentim da Rocha
Published: June 2020

A discussão entre Trasímaco e Sócrates no Livro I da República de Platão dá vigor à questão da justiça iniciada com Céfalo. Trasímaco é um personagem importante da obra, pois vai relacionar a justiça ao governo da cidade. Isso faz com que a justiça saia da esfera individual e entre na esfera pública. Em nosso artigo, pretendemos verificar as teses de Trasímaco sobre a justiça e se estas são consistentes entre si. O problema da consistência das teses é antigo entre os comentadores e apresenta diferentes soluções. Nosso intuito é propor uma solução para o problema e relacionar isto à arte do governo proposta por Trasímaco. Isso nos permite verificar a maneira pela qual Sócrates e Trasímaco diferem entre si em suas propostas de governo e dos tipos de governante. Desse modo, nosso trabalho pretende contribuir com a literatura platonista sobre o papel ocupado por Trasímaco dentro da obra de Platão.
O corpo como evidência da alma no Górgias de Platão
Authors: Montenegro Maria Aparecida De Paiva , Santiago Pedro Henrique Araújo
Published: June 2020

Pretendemos mostrar que, no Górgias, diálogo dedicado à crítica da retórica, as frequentes alusões de Sócrates à compleição do corpo, bem como o uso recorrente de metáforas corpóreas para referir-se ao que, por analogia, passa-se com a alma servem de ferramenta retórica para fazer frente à retórica de Górgias. Desse modo, ao mesmo tempo em que chamamos atenção para a maneira como Platão se vale das armas do adversário justamente para atacá-lo, ressaltamos o papel imprescindível do corpo como evidência da alma na filosofia platônica. Com isto, nosso intuito é reforçar a vertente interpretativa segundo a qual Platão pode ser entendido mais como um pensador que parte dos problemas prementes de seu tempo para daí nos conduzir a reflexões filosóficas – no diálogo em questão, as consequências políticas de uma paidéia pautada numa retórica sofística –, do que como um filósofo comprometido apenas com uma metafísica transcendente.
Resenha de Arruzza, C. A Wolf in the City: Tyranny and the Tyrant in Plato’s Republic (2019)
Authors: Maia Rosane De Almeida
Published: June 2020

Resenha de Arruzza, C. A Wolf in the City: Tyranny and the Tyrant in Plato’s Republic (2019).
Paideutikos eros
Authors: Pentassuglio Francesca
Published: June 2020

This paper focuses on the figure and the role of Aspasia in Aeschines’ eponymous dialogue, with special regard to the Milesian’s ‘paideutic’ activity and the double bond connecting it to Socrates’ teaching, namely the elenctic method and a particular application of Σωκρατικὸς ἔρως. The study aims to highlight some crucial traits of Aeschines’ Aspasia by examining three key texts, all numbered among the testimonies on the Aspasia: Cicero’s account in De inventione 1.31.51-53 and two fundamental passages from Xenophon’s Memorabilia (2.3.36) and Oeconomicus (3.14). After analysing a set of ancient sources which repeatedly mention the close and personal association between Socrates and Aspasia (Plato, Maximus of Tyre, Plutarch, Theodoret of Cyrus), I will try to reconstruct the dialogical context of Xenophon’s testimonies and to combine them with Cicero’s account. My final aim is to clarify the role of Aspasia in Aeschines’ presentation of the Socratic theory of ἔρως. In pursuing this main objective, in the concluding section I will address two further issues: (1) Aspasia’s connection with the figure of Diotima, as depicted in the same ancient sources and (2) the relationship between Aspasias’ pedagogical use of ἔρως and that made by Socrates in the Alcibiades.
Sur la lysis dionysiaque
Authors: Bacelar Agatha Pitombo
Published: June 2020

Cet article est une étude sur la lysis, la « libération » dionysiaque. On commence avec la suggestion que dans la description de la mania telestike dans le Phèdre 244d-245a, le meilleur candidat parmi les pratiques cultuelles dionysiaques à l’opération de soustraction résultante de la rhétorique socratique c’est la transe ménadique (I). Les références ménadiques accompagnent également les témoins sur Dionysos Lysios à Corinthe, Sicyone et Thèbes (II), mais ici les sources nous invitent à élargir l’horizon des pratiques cultuelles dionysiaques pour regarder les cultes à mystère en l’honneur du dieu, notamment aux renseignements des lamelles d’or trouvées dans des sépultures des initiés (III). Puis, on entreprend de proposer une lecture  exclusivement dionysiaque (i.e. non-orphique) de la lamelle de Pélinna (OF 485 Bernabé). Cette lecture prend appui sur: une analyse du texte de la lamelle (IV); une critique des interprétations qui mettent la lysis en rapport avec l’expiation du crime des Titans (V); un examen du rôle de Perséphone (VI) ; la signification de lysis dans l’OF 350 Bernabé (VII); l’articulation des célèbres passages de la République où il est question des initiations (2. 363a-366b) avec les dynamiques de la punition différée dans les représentations grecques anciennes de la justice divine (VIII). Puis, l’article suggère que la lysis dionysiaque porte sur une délivrance non seulement après la mort, mais aussi pendant la vie des initiés (IX). En conclusion, l’étude revient au Phèdre 245a pour mettre en contraste les transes ménadique et mystique (X).
Argumentation and counterfactual reasoning in Parmenides and Melissus
Authors: Marcacci Flavia
Published: June 2020

Parmenides and Melissus employ different deductive styles for their different kinds of argumentation. The former’s poem flows in an interesting sequence of passages: contents foreword, methodological premises, krisis, conclusions and corollaries. The latter, however, organizes an extensive process of deduction to show the characteristics of what is. In both cases, the strength of their argument rests on their deductive form, on the syntactical level of their texts: the formal structure of their reasonings help to identify the features and logical intersections of their thoughts. On the one hand, Parmenides uses modal reasoning, enforcing the employment of the principle of the excluded middle. On the other hand, Melissus radicalizes the use of modal reasoning and employs counterfactual statements in order to develop his doctrine of what is. Despite their differences, both deserve a place in the Stone Age of logic and theory of argumentation due to their common ambition to demonstrate what is.
Epicotyl Graftng In Mango
Authors: Subedi Shankar
Published: June 2020

Grafting is the process of joining two separate plant parts so that they will unite and continue to grow as a single plant. Epicotyl grafting is a special type of grafting mostly practiced in mango propagation. It is also called stone grafting because mango stones are used as propagation material to produce rootstocks. By this method mango seedlings can be grown quickly and cheaply at home producing higher quality fruit than other propagation techniques.
Bell pepper yield as a function of an alternative source of organic matter
Authors: Alixandre Tamnata Ferreira , Alves Adriana Ursulino , Marafon Géssica , Cardoso Edson de Almeida , Gomes Maristela Caetano , Alves Anarlete Ursulino
Published: June 2020

For a good development and a consequently high production, the bell pepper requires, among other conditions, satisfactory levels of soil fertility. In this perspective, this work aimed to evaluate the parameters of production and productivity of the bell pepper cultivar ‘Casca Dura Ikeda’ cultivated in field conditions, with different doses of buriti stem, in Bom Jesus, Piauí. The experiment was conducted at the Horticulture Department of the Campus Professora Cinobelina Elvas of the Federal University of Piauí (CPCE/UFPI). The experimental design was in randomized blocks with treatments distributed in plots referring to organic fertilization. There were five (5) doses of buriti stem (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 t ha-1) plus an additional treatment (bovine manure and NPK mineral fertilizer), with four replications and an experimental unit consisting of twenty plants. The following variables were analyzed: number of fruits per plant, mean fruit length, basal diameter, mean thickness of the fruit pulp, mean fruit weight, production, and yield. We concluded that the yield attributes of the bell pepper cv. ‘Casca Dura Ikeda’ are influenced by organic fertilization, and production is increased by the buriti stem doses of 20 t ha-1 and 30 t ha-1 and by the use of the combination of manure and mineral fertilizer.
O postawach konformizmu i nonkonformizmu
Authors: Paszkiewicz Joanna
Published: June 2020

The article proposes a conceptual differentiation of the attitudes of a conformist and a non-conformist, presents a survey of various meanings attributed to the two terms in sociological literature – historical and contemporary – and discusses definitions found in it. The author argues, through concrete examples, that conformism should be considered as an attitude based on a relation between an individual and a group with its norms, values, and even typical qualities.
Uwagi o możliwościach uzasadniania systemów normatywnych
Authors: Lang Wiesław
Published: June 2020

The author begins by asking the question: what kind of justification, if any, can be given in support of a normative system? Within the category of normative systems he allows for a variety of theories, ethical and legal. The are cross-classified, in particular they are divided into open and closed systems with regard to their normative, axiological and informative content.
Kilka uwag na zakończenie dyskusji
Authors: Skarga Barbara
Published: June 2020

Barbara Skarga analyses briefly the views of the authors who took part in a discussion on religion and ethics. She notices that so many critics miss the difference between the deep, esoteric Christian tradition and its popular esoteric version. The pope’s arguments and fears are well reasoned and more tolerant as they seem to be at first sight. The modern world is split by crisis of values, wars, nationalisms, intolerance, positivistic consumerism. Catholic moralists see these dangers and rightly oppose to them. They take however too narrow view as for the primordial role of the catholic religion in the process of coping with them. People in the whole world and especially in Poland are in doubt about whether there is only one credible truth and one institution to carry it on.
Ewangelizacyjna ekspansja
Authors: Szostek Andrzej
Published: June 2020

Andrzej Szostek believes the new evangelization to be one of the most important tasks of the modern catholic church. He reminds as that Poland in 15th century was a very tolerant country for people of various religious denominations. The modern catholic church should base on this tradition and strive for humanity and more universal outlook. The idea of the new evangelization is an essential message involved in the Gospel.
Maksymy, równość i wrażliwość moralna
Authors: Łuków Paweł
Published: June 2020

Equal treatment and sensitivity to differences are often seen as contradictory demands on moral theory. However, they are consistent if moral principles are capable of various degrees of generality. General principles structure moral perception and judgement. When they are in conflict with each other, they give rise to more specific principles. Supplemented with an adequate decision procedure, principles can guide action in a way that avoids uniformity of rigorism and indeterminacy of situationism. Textual analysis shows that, contrary to traditional interpretations, Kantian maxims are good candidates for principles that can be general and specific.
Komputeryzacja a etyka zawodowa
Authors: Bober Wojciech
Published: June 2020

Newly emerging professions dealing with computing attempt at formulating their own codes of ethics and professional conduct. However, there are widely-known problems with professional ethics – many authors argue that formulating codes of professional ethics causes moral confusion. In this paper, the author examines some main arguments against professional ethics and argues that there are good reasons for developing it. Then he tries to extract those features of professions dealing with computing that may justify a formulation of special codes of professional conduct. He criticises the widely-used concept of the ‚computer professional’ and argues for limiting it to such professions as programmers or operators of computer systems.
Rozdroża aksjologiczne demografii
Authors: Jedynak Stanisław
Published: June 2020

The subject of the article is a description of a certain version of fanaticism represented by spokesmen of family planning. The author first presents some definitions of fanaticism. Next he discusses the world’s demographic problems linking demography with the question of good life. He calls the standpoints that do not notice the negative effect of the demographic explosion fanatical.
„Cierpię, więc jestem”
Authors: Szawarski Zbigniew
Published: June 2020

Suffering is a constitutive attribute of human existence. I cannot be a fully-fledged human being if I am not a sentient being. The authors points out a number of important differences between pain and suffering and argues that the modern reductionist biomedical model of disease totally ignores that distinction and treats equally a person in pain and a suffering person. Medicine can control pain but it is not always able, and perhaps it should not always control suffering. It is for the patient to accept and make sense of his suffering. It is a tragic paradox of modern medicine that although death is sometimes the only effective way to eliminate suffering, some doctors aim to do everything to delay death even if this means a dramatic increase of suffering.
Wartość cierpienia
Authors: Górnicka Joanna
Published: June 2020

What is the meaning of pain or suffering in philosophy? What is the difference between the idea of pain in the antiquity, the notion of suffering in Christian philosophy and our contemporary approach to this problem? How has the idea changed through centuries? The author tries to find answers to these questions.
Sumienie socjalistyczne
Authors: Hołówka Jacek
Published: June 2020

It is a fairly widespread conviction that conscience offers not only a yardstick for moral evaluations but constitutes a cognitive faculty that helps one learn something about the world. If so much is true, and, as it seems to be the case with Henryk Jankowski, one is equipped with a socialist conscience, the resulting position is equally informed by certain evaluative and epistemological premises. A conscientious socialist sees the world as a vast terrain of opportunities that can be used to make the world a socially better world. This attitude can be very strong, deep rooted, intransigent and good natured. It may sometimes desensitize its representative to the implications of many facts that are incompatible with his vision of the future, but it can also make him a loyal, ingenious, honest and tireless defender of the common good. An example of Henryk Jankowski is adduced, on the seventieth anniversary of his birth, as a particularly admirable embodiment of the socialistic ideals, motivated by ethical rather than political reasons.
W kręgu miłośników i lubych. Homoseksualiści w życiu społecznym i kulturze Aten w VI-IV w. p.n.e.
Authors: Fijałkowski Paweł
Published: June 2020

The author discusses the problem of homosexuality in the Hellenic period. The presented analyses are not only historical as the author shows in detail reviewing the evidence of homosexual behaviour, but he also discusses the forms and meanings of that behaviour. He is specially interested in the axiological context. He tries to recreate the system of evaluations according to which these sexual activities were seen as positive and shows the borderline beyond which homosexuality was condemned.
Tyrania - matka polityki
Authors: Rodziewicz Artur
Published: June 2020

Tyranny is a phenomenon following in the footsteps of politics and contemporary political thought. The aim of this article is an attempt to bring out and – on the basis of Plato’s texts – show the fundamental relationship between tyranny and politeia, which should make a philosopher interested in the foundation of tyranny. The relationship, or better – dependence – is based on the conception that, in my opinion, is fundamental for Platonic philosophy which combines ontological and political investigations that one could call ‘opposition’s transformations’ whose extreme points are the philosopher and the tyrant. They represent two different attitudes towards politics. The article is accompanied by the belief that one cannot practice classical political philosophy, that is a quest for a perfect political system, without incessant dwelling on tyranny. For tyranny is an area where politics comes into being.
Od Redakcji, 50/2015
Authors: Kuźniar Adrian
Published: June 2020

Metaetyka jest prężnie rozwijającą się dziedziną dociekań filozoficznych, której pytania należą do problemów określających przedmiot refleksji filozoficznej od czasów jej zarania. Metody tych dociekań również mają starożytny rodowód, sięgający wysiłków analitycznych Sokratesa. W dziedzinie tej cały czas pojawiają się kolejne zagadnienia, ciekawe i doniosłe teorie, a nawet nowe paradygmaty badawcze. Metaetyka jest przedsięwzięciem interdyscyplinarnym, w którym wykorzystuje się i rozwija teorie z zakresu m.in. filozofii języka, ontologii i epistemologii, odnosząc się także do wyników innych nauk, w szczególności psychologii i biologii. Niniejszy, poświęcony problematyce metaetycznej, numer Etyki bardzo dobrze ilustruje przedstawiony stan rzeczy; znalazły się w nim teksty obejmujące szerokie spektrum tematów.
Afirmacja świata i życia w filozofii taoizmu
Authors: Misiuna Bohdan
Published: June 2020

Bohdan Misiura
Blaski i cienie odwagi
Authors: Konstańczak Stefan
Published: June 2020

Stefan Konstańczak
„Uprawidłowienie nazw” w etyce uczonego i dziennikarza
Authors: Goćkowski Janusz
Published: June 2020

Janusz Goćkowski
Problemy poczucia winy
Authors: Wantuła Halina
Published: June 2020

The article presents some problems connected with the feeling of own fault and demonstrates differences in their resolving. Following questions have been successively discussed: consequences of feeling guilty, genesis of the feeling of own fault and components of these experiences, different forms of manifestation of feeling guilty, feeling guilty confronted with justice and punishment, meaning of the expressions “existential feeling guilty” and “pre-existential feeling guilty”.
Przyczynek do kwestii statusu ocen w języku nauki
Authors: Nowak Leszek
Published: June 2020

The author quotes some opinions according to which the valuations have no cognitive value: (1) the valuations have no truth-value; (2) they cannot be decided basing on experience; (3) the have no significance in the semiotic sense of the term; (4) no problematic of the semiotic characteristic of valuation should be taken up, as they are not problems of cognitive value; (5) valuative expressions do not belong to the science. The author analyses mainly the 5th opinion. It can be understood in three ways: (a) as a summary of an actual development stage of the science; (b) as a methodological thesis being a component of some methodological model of a science, and (c) as a directive addressed to scientists and recommending them to eliminate valuations from their science. In every of the above meaning the 5th opinion is to be rejected. In the interpretation (a) it is a trivial falsehood, in the interpretation (c) it is ineffective as a guide line of an action, and in the interpretation (b) it assumes an inadequate reconstruction of a science, for it is possible to carry out such a reconstruction which would make possible an occurring of valuations in the science which do not lose anything of their adequacy in other respects. Designing such a reconstruction the author takes as a point of departure a distinction between objective valuations (which are sentences in the logical meaning) and purely expressive valuations (which are not sentences in the logical meaning). The former may be used as scientific assumptions and the latter – being deprived of logical value – only as criteria in the choice of problems. It is evident, however, that the sole existence of valuations in a role of scientific assumption does not disturb a realization of the paramount aim of scientific investigations, i.e. resolutions of problems formulated by the scientists. This can only take place when some additional conditions are fulfilled which the author is trying to formulate in a general way.
Aksjologiczne i deontyczne normy moralne
Authors: Czeżowski Tadeusz
Published: June 2020

Among ethical norms teleological and formal ones are distinguished. The former admit that a behaviour which tends to a realisation of a moral Good is ethical, and the latter determine an ethical behaviour as consonant to a norm. Teleological norms determine a behaviour showing its purpose, and the formal norms emphasize the relation to other people as their characteristics. The former determine a duty through the Good, the latter instead adopt the concept of duty as primordial. Therefore, the former may be called axiological norms and the latter deontic ones. The deontic norms are either egalitarian, when they contain a postulate of equal rights: what I should have, under certain conditions, the same should have everybody when he fulfils these conditions, or elitarian, when they deny the postulate of egalitarism and grant larger rights to some chosen individuals (individual elitarism) or to some groups (group elitarism) to a detriment of others. A possible third situation, when the rights of other people are considered to be above our owns can be connected with any of the two mentioned. A full system of norms should determine both a complex of Goods being aims of an ethical action and behaviour towards other individuals. It must contain, therefore, both axiological and deontic norms. In various ethics, in which only norms of one kind are specified, norms of the second kind are included in the former.
Prawo w etosie starego i nowego testamentu
Authors: Duda Sebastian
Published: June 2020

The article talks of an evolution of a Biblical notion of Law. The author shows the way, the meaning of the Hebrew term “Torah” was transformed throughout the Pentateuch, in the prophetic tradition and in the wisdom books. He puts into analysis the relationship between the Judaism as a religious formation and the Law as a code. The Law included basic regulations to the moral, religious and political life of Israel.
Początki moralności?
Authors: Mościskier Andrzej
Published: June 2020

Biology tries to answer the central theoretical question of ethics, namely the question of the origins of the moral behaviour. Biologists formulated three different conceptions: classical etiology, sociobiology and cognitive etiology which tried to answer the problem. Classical etiology has been falsified by the progress made in biology in recent years. Sociobiology denies the altruistic behaviour among the animals and thus excludes the possibility of biological explanation of the origins of ethics. Cognitive etiology, on the contrary, points out some phenomena which can serve as the testimony of the presence of the beginnings of the moral behaviour among the animals.
Etyczne zagadnienia transplantacji
Authors: Biernbacher Dieter
Published: June 2020

The author discusses some ethical problems connected with taking human organs for transplantation from living and dead people. First of all, he asks whether being an organ giver should be taken as our moral duty. It seems to be the duty of heart in Kantian terms. Various possibilities in the legal regulation of taking organs are considered here as well as the criteria and forms of their distribution. None of them, however, can be satisfying because of the inescapable conflict between the principle of utility and that of autonomy.
Czego nauczyło nas Baby Doe?
Authors: Chańska Weronika
Published: June 2020

The paper reconstructs a famous ethical debate on the Baby Doe case. The consequence
of the fact that contemporary medicine can not and probably should not treat all severely
handicapped children is twofold: we have to establish who is entitled to decide on the ways of
treatment in the case of incompetent children (physicians, parents or ethical committees); and
what are the criteria of fair judgment.
The second part of the paper is an overview of Polish legal regulations establishing the
proper kinds of treatment in the case of terminally ill patients. The author concludes with
some remarks on the place of ethical debate in political life of contemporary Poland.
EL ALTAR DE JÚPITER PISTOR (OV. FAST. 6.349-394): UN NUEVO ESPACIO LITERARIO
Authors: Radiminski Maricel
Published: June 2020

La narración de la etiología del altar de Júpiter Pistor (Ov. Fast. 6.349-394) asume el surgimiento de ese sitio cultual como retribución al dios por ayudar a los romanos ante el asedio galo. Roma es presentada como vencida y la construcción de esta derrota se vincula estrechamente con el tratamiento del espacio a lo largo del relato. Asimismo, dicha configuración espacial muestra una singular inclusión de escenarios épicos. Demostraremos que, al alejarse de los elementos y tópicos propios de la epopeya y acercarse al ámbito de la elegía, este relato ovidiano deja ver los mecanismos genéricos del mismo poema.