bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular control of gut formation in the spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum
Authors: Feitosa Natália Martins , Pechmann Matthias , Schwager Evelyn E. , Tobias‐Santos Vitória , McGregor Alistair P. , Damen Wim G. M. , Nunes da Fonseca Rodrigo
Published: April 2017

The development of a digestive system is an essential feature of bilaterians. Studies of the molecular control of gut formation in arthropods have been studied in detail in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. However, little is known in other arthropods, especially in noninsect arthropods. To better understand the evolution of arthropod alimentary system, we investigate the molecular control of gut development in the spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum (Pt), the primary chelicerate model species for developmental studies. Orthologs of the ectodermal genes Pt‐wingless (Pt‐wg) and Pt‐hedgehog (Pt‐hh), of the endodermal genes, Pt‐serpent (Pt‐srp) and Pt‐hepatocyte‐nuclear factor‐4 (Pt‐hnf4) and of the mesodermal gene Pt‐twist (Pt‐twi) are expressed in the same germ layers during spider gut development as in D. melanogaster. Thus, our expression data suggest that the downstream molecular components involved in gut development in arthropods are conserved. However, Pt‐forkhead (Pt‐fkh) expression and function in spiders is considerably different from its D. melanogaster ortholog. Pt‐fkh is expressed before gastrulation in a cell population that gives rise to endodermal and mesodermal precursors, suggesting a possible role for this factor in specification of both germ layers. To test this hypothesis, we knocked down Pt‐fkh via RNA interference. Pt‐fkh RNAi embryos not only fail to develop a proper gut, but also lack the mesodermal Pt‐twi expressing cells. Thus, in spiders Pt‐fkh specifies endodermal and mesodermal germ layers. We discuss the implications of these findings for the evolution and development of gut formation in Ecdysozoans.
Terrestrial capture of prey by the reedfish, a model species for stem tetrapods
Authors: Van Wassenbergh Sam , Bonte Christoffel , Michel Krijn B.
Published: April 2017

Due to morphological resemblance, polypterid fishes are used as extant analogues of Late Devonian lobe‐finned sarcopterygians to identify the features that allowed the evolution of a terrestrial lifestyle in early tetrapods. Previous studies using polypterids showed how terrestrial locomotion capacity can develop, and how air ventilation for breathing was possible in extinct tetrapodomorphs. Interestingly, one polypterid species, the reedfish Erpetoichthys calabaricus, has been noted being capable of capturing prey on land. We now identified the mechanism of terrestrial prey‐capture in reedfish. We showed that this species uses a lifted trunk and downward inclined head to capture ground‐based prey, remarkably similar to the mechanism described earlier for eel‐catfish. Reedfish similarly use the ground support and flexibility of their elongated body to realize the trunk elevation and dorsoventral flexion of the anterior trunk region, without a role for the pectoral fins. However, curving of the body to lift the trunk may not have been an option for the Devonian tetrapodomorphs as they are significantly less elongated than reedfish and eel‐catfish. This would imply that, in contrast to the eel‐like extant species, evolution of the capacity to capture prey on land in early tetrapods may be linked to the evolution of the pectoral system to lift the anterior part of the body.
Concentration and retention of chlorophyll around the extrafloral nectary of Mallotus japonicus
Authors: Yamawo Akira , Suzuki Nobuhiko
Published: April 2017

Plants need to allocate some of their limited resources for defense against herbivores as well as for growth and reproduction. However, the priority of resource allocation within plants has not been investigated. We hypothesized that plants with extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) invest more chlorophyll around their EFNs—to support a high rate of carbon fixation there—than in other leaf parts of young leaves. Additionally, this chlorophyll may remain around EFNs rather than in the other leaf parts. We used Mallotus japonicus plants to investigate the chlorophyll content at leaf centers and edges and around EFNs at four stages of leaf development: middle‐expanded young leaves, fully expanded mature leaves, senior leaves, and leaves prior to abscission. These four stages of development were located at the third, fifth, eighth, and eleventh leaf positions from the apex, respectively. The results revealed that the chlorophyll content around the EFN side of the third‐position leaves was higher than that at the leaf center or edge. Although the chlorophyll content in the fifth‐position leaves did not differ between those at the leaf edge and around EFNs, the chlorophyll content around EFNs in the eighth‐position leaves was higher than that at the leaf centre and edge. The volume of EF nectar was positively correlated with the chlorophyll content around EFN during the leaf stage, but it was not correlated with the chlorophyll content in the leaf center and edge, except in fifth‐position leaves. These findings suggest that M. japonicus plants facilitate and maintain secretion of EF nectar in their young and old leaves, respectively, through the concentration and retention of chlorophyll around EFNs.
Unusual antioxidant effects in multiphase and complex systems
Authors: Kasaikina Olga T. , Krugovov Dmitriy A. , Mengele Elena A.
Published: April 2017

In recent years, a number of studies have produced evidence that the multiphase and boundary effects in the systems containing surfactants, have to be taken into account for the development of innovative antioxidant technologies of lipid containing products. This report presents some unusual antioxidant effects, which occur only in multiphase complex systems due to the influence of surfactants (S). Hydroperoxides (LOOH), the primary oxidation products, form mixed micelles with surfactants (S) {nLOOH…mS}. In the case of cationic surfactants (S+), an accelerated hydroperoxide decomposition resulted in free radical generation occurs. Moderate magnetic field affects the free radical escape from mixed micelles {nLOOH…mS+} into bulk solution; it can result in inhibiting of lipid oxidation in micellar system. Nonionic S can inhibit the catalyzed lipid oxidation by solubilization of the hydrophilic catalyst and spatial separation of the catalyst and substrate. Anionic surfactants alkylsulfates and alkylphosphates are effective antioxidants for alkylaromatic hydrocarbons due to the catalytic heterolytic decomposition of hydroperoxides into carbonyl compound and phenol which scavenges peroxyl radicals.

Practical applications: Some antioxidant effects caused by surfactants, which occur only in multiphase systems, are presented. Hydroperoxides (LOOH), the primary oxidation products, form mixed micelles with surfactants (S) {nLOOH…mS}; in the case of cationic surfactants (S+), accelerated hydroperoxide decomposition resulted in free radical generation occurs. So, the mixture of cationic surfactants with hydroperoxides can be used as free radical initiators at moderate temperatures; anionic surfactants (S−) inhibit such processes. Alkylsulfates and alkylphosphates are effective antioxidants for alkylaromatic hydrocarbons due to the catalytic heterolytic decomposition of the alkylaromatic hydroperoxides into phenol and carbonyl compound. Nonionic surfactants can inhibit the catalyzed oil oxidation by solubilization of the hydrophilic catalyst and spatial separation of the catalyst and substrate. Moderate magnetic field decreases the free radical escape from mixed micelles {nLOOH…mS+} into bulk solution; it can result in the inhibition of oil oxidation in the micellar system.

External static magnetic field, SMF, 60–150 mT, reduces the yield of radicals in the decomposition of hydroperoxides in mixed micelles with cationic surfactants and acetylcholine chloride (ACh); by this reason SMF can retard lipid oxidation in the presence of ACh and cationic surfactants.
Viscosity based droplet size controlling in negative pressure driven droplets generator for large‐scale particle synthesis
Authors: Li Hanlin , Xue Yijun , Xu Meng , Zhao Wenfeng , Zong Chenghua , Liu Xiaojun , Zhang Qingquan
Published: April 2017

The poor control and regulation of droplets limit the applications of negative pressure driven droplet generator (NPDDG). Here, we present a simple method to control droplet size in NPDDG via varying the oil viscosity. Depending on the infinite intersolubility of high viscous mineral oil and low viscous hexadecane, we obtain a series of oils with kinematic viscosities linearly varied from 4.2 to 194.6 mm2/s. By using these oils as continuous phases, monodisperse droplets are fabricated with controllable size in NPDDG. This viscosity‐based droplet regulation method is effective, reliable, and compatible with scale‐up processes. Compared with droplet generator driven by positive pressure, the presented method can fabricate hydrogel particles massively, without complicated multilayer chip structure and complex fluid controlling, which may extend the potential of NPDDG in droplets based high‐throughput assay or large‐scale materials synthesis.
Chiral analysis of α‐diimine Ru(II) and Fe(II) complexes by capillary electrophoresis using sulfated cyclodextrins as stereoselectors
Authors: Sázelová Petra , Koval Dušan , Severa Lukáš , Teplý Filip , Kašička Václav
Published: April 2017

CE using randomly highly sulfated α‐, β‐, and γ‐CDs (S‐α‐CD, S‐β‐CD, S‐γ‐CD), sulfobutylether‐β‐CD (SBE‐β‐CD), single isomer (6‐O‐sulfo) α‐, β‐, and γ‐CDs, and their derivatives as stereoselectors was applied to chiral analysis of polypyridyl complexes of [Ru(bpy)3]2+, [Ru(phen)3]2+, and [Fe(phen)3]2+ (bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine; phen = 1,10 phenanthroline). The best separations of Δ‐ and Λ‐enantiomers of the these complexes with high resolution (up to R1,2 = 7.0) and short analysis times (10–20 min) were achieved in the BGE composed of 22 mM NaOH/35 mM H3PO4, pH 2.4, containing 1.5–6.0 mM S‐α‐CD or S‐β‐CD, or SBE‐β‐CD as chiral selectors. The developed method was applied to the assessment of enantiomeric purity of several samples of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ catalyst. CE experiments were performed in a homemade analyzer equipped with bare or hydroxypropylcellulose‐coated fused‐silica capillaries (total/effective length 40/29 cm, id/od 50/375 μm) and an UV absorption detector operating at 206 nm. In addition to chiral analysis, apparent binding constants of the complexes of [Ru(bpy)3]2+, [Ru(phen)3]2+, and [Fe(phen)3]2+ enantiomers with five sulfated CDs (S‐α‐CD, S‐β‐CD, S‐γ‐CD, SBE‐β‐CD, and 16Me‐8S‐γ‐CD) were determined from the dependence of their effective electrophoretic mobilities on the concentration of the CDs in the BGE by nonlinear regression analysis. Calculated apparent binding constants of these complexes were found to be in the (1.10–4.66) × 103 L/mol range. Moreover, it was shown that at selected concentrations of some S‐CDs and suppressed or very low electroosmotic flow, the exceptional enantioseparations with infinite resolution could be achieved.
Characterization of interactions of metal‐containing nanoparticles with biomolecules by CE: An update (2012–2016)
Authors: Aleksenko Svetlana S. , Matczuk Magdalena , Timerbaev Andrei R.
Published: April 2017

The methodological developments and applications of CE related to studying biotransformations of metal‐based nanoscale particles of impending medicinal use are overviewed. This is an update to a previous review article (Aleksenko, S. S., Shmykov, A. Y., Oszwałdowski, S., Timerbaev, A. R., Metallomics 2012, 4, 1141–1148) and it covers the research papers published within the last five years. As was anticipated in that review, CE can now be seen as a customary technique in the analysis of biomolecular interactions that exert an impact on the mechanism of action of nanoparticles, comprising metabolism, delivery, cell processing, and targeting. Different ways by which the CE method is applied for such monitoring, including conjugation mode, sample preparation, separation, and detection, are critically assessed. Special emphasis is put on examinations using inductively coupled plasma MS detection recent advent of which to the area made CE a versatile speciation tool for biomedical studies of nanomaterials containing metals.
Accelerated carbonation by cement kiln dust in aqueous slurries: chemical and mineralogical investigation
Authors: Medas Daniela , Cappai Giovanna , De Giudici Giovanni , Piredda Martina , Podda Simona
Published: April 2017

Cement kiln dust accelerated carbonation in aqueous slurries at 25°C and 3 bar PCO2 was investigated by X‐ray diffraction analysis, solution chemistry, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy to better understand chemical and mineralogical processes governing CO2 uptake. Dissolution of lime, portlandite, and ettringite occurs primarily in the carbonation process. These provide Ca2+ ions to react with CO32− ions leading to calcite bulk precipitation from solution. Concomitantly, the dissolution of Ca‐(Al)‐silicate grains takes place but it is limited by the formation of a Si‐rich and Ca‐depleted rim which appears onto the grain surfaces due to an initial hydration step. The Si‐rich decalcified rim hinders the diffusion of Ca2+ ions from the core of silicate grains to the bulk solution. The diffusion of Ca ions through the rim is then the rate limiting step for the carbonation of Ca‐(Al)‐silicate, that accounts for up to 4% of the carbonation potential. Achieved results elucidate the processes governing CO2 uptake by cement kiln dust, and are fundamental in the perspective of enhanced CO2 sequestration by cement kiln dust. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Single‐subject independent component analysis‐based intensity normalization in non‐quantitative multi‐modal structural MRI
Authors: Papazoglou Sebastian , Würfel Jens , Paul Friedemann , Brandt Alexander U. , Scheel Michael
Published: April 2017

Non‐quantitative MRI is prone to intersubject intensity variation rendering signal intensity level based analyses limited. Here, we propose a method that fuses non‐quantitative routine T1‐weighted (T1w), T2w, and T2w fluid‐saturated inversion recovery sequences using independent component analysis and validate it on age and sex matched healthy controls. The proposed method leads to consistent and independent components with a significantly reduced coefficient‐of‐variation across subjects, suggesting potential to serve as automatic intensity normalization and thus to enhance the power of intensity based statistical analyses. To exemplify this, we show that voxelwise statistical testing on single‐subject independent components reveals in particular a widespread sex difference in white matter, which was previously shown using, for example, diffusion tensor imaging but unobservable in the native MRI contrasts. In conclusion, our study shows that single‐subject independent component analysis can be applied to routine sequences, thereby enhancing comparability in‐between subjects. Unlike quantitative MRI, which requires specific sequences during acquisition, our method is applicable to existing MRI data. Hum Brain Mapp 38:3615–3622, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transition of the functional brain network related to increasing cognitive demands
Authors: Finc Karolina , Bonna Kamil , Lewandowska Monika , Wolak Tomasz , Nikadon Jan , Dreszer Joanna , Duch Włodzisław , Kühn Simone
Published: April 2017

Network neuroscience provides tools that can easily be used to verify main assumptions of the global workspace theory (GWT), such as the existence of highly segregated information processing during effortless tasks performance, engagement of multiple distributed networks during effortful tasks and the critical role of long‐range connections in workspace formation. A number of studies support the assumptions of GWT by showing the reorganization of the whole‐brain functional network during cognitive task performance; however, the involvement of specific large scale networks in the formation of workspace is still not well‐understood. The aims of our study were: (1) to examine changes in the whole‐brain functional network under increased cognitive demands of working memory during ann‐back task, and their relationship with behavioral outcomes; and (2) to provide a comprehensive description of local changes that may be involved in the formation of the global workspace, using hub detection and network‐based statistic. Our results show that network modularity decreased with increasing cognitive demands, and this change allowed us to predict behavioral performance. The number of connector hubs increased, whereas the number of provincial hubs decreased when the task became more demanding. We also found that the default mode network (DMN) increased its connectivity to other networks while decreasing connectivity between its own regions. These results, apart from replicating previous findings, provide a valuable insight into the mechanisms of the formation of the global workspace, highlighting the role of the DMN in the processes of network integration.Hum Brain Mapp 38:3659–3674, 2017. ©2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Contributions of imprecision inPET‐MRIrigid registration to imprecision in amyloidPETSUVRmeasurements
Authors: Schwarz Christopher G. , Jones David T. , Gunter Jeffrey L. , Lowe Val J. , Vemuri Prashanthi , Senjem Matthew L. , Petersen Ronald C. , Knopman David S. , Jack Clifford R. ,   The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: April 2017

Quantitative measurement of β‐amyloid from amyloid PET scans typically relies on localizing target and reference regions by image registration to MRI. In this work, we present a series of simulations where 50 small random perturbations of starting location and orientation were applied to each subject's PET scan, and rigid registration usingspm_coregwas performed between each perturbed PET scan and its corresponding MRI. We then measured variation in the output PET‐MRI registrations and how this variation affected the resulting SUVR measurements. We performed these experiments using scans of 1196 participants, half using 18F florbetapir and half using 11C PiB. From these experiments, we measured the magnitude of the imprecision in the rigid registration steps used to localize measurement regions, and how this contributes to the overall imprecision in SUVR measurements. Unexpectedly, we found for both tracers that the imprecision in these measurements depends on the degree of amyloid tracer uptake, and thus also indirectly on Alzheimer's disease clinical status. We then examined common choices of reference regions, and we show that SUVR measurements using supratentorial white matter references are relatively resistant to this source of error. We also show that the use of partial volume correction further magnifies the effects of registration imprecision on SUVR measurements. Together, these results suggest that this rigid registration step is an attractive target for future work in improving measurement techniques.Hum Brain Mapp 38:3323–3336, 2017. ©2017 The Authors Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of decellularized ovine small intestine submucosal layer as extracellular matrix‐based scaffold for tissue engineering
Authors: Rashtbar Morteza , Hadjati Jamshid , Ai Jafar , Jahanzad Issa , Azami Mahmoud , Shirian Sadegh , Ebrahimi‐Barough Somayeh , Sadroddiny Esmaeil
Published: April 2017

Extracellular matrix‐based scaffolds derived from mammalian tissues have been used in tissue engineering applications. Among all the tissues, decellularized small intestine submucosal layer (SIS) has been recently investigated for its exceptional characteristics and biocompatibilities. These investigations have been mainly focused on the decellularized porcine SIS; however, there has not been any report on ovine SIS (OSIS) layer. In this study, OSIS was decellularized and its physical, chemical, and morphological properties were evaluated. Decellularization was carried out using chemical reagents and various physical conditions. The effects of different conditions were evaluated on histological and biomechanical properties, quality of residual DNA, GAPDH gene expression, and biocompatibility. Results revealed satisfactory decellularization of OSIS which could be due to its thin thickness. Mechanical properties, structural form, and glycosaminoglycan contents were preserved in all the decellularized groups. In SDS‐treated groups, further cells and DNA residues were removed compared to the groups treated with Triton X‐100 only. No toxicity was observed in all treatments, and viability, expansion, and cell proliferation were supported. In conclusion, our results suggest that OSIS decellularized scaffold could be considered as an appropriate biological scaffold for tissue engineering applications. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 933–944, 2018.
Competence, Autonomy, and Relatedness as Motivators of Graduate Teaching Assistants
Authors: Kajfez Rachel L. , Matusovich Holly M.
Published: April 2017

Background

Graduate teaching assistants (GTAs) play critical roles in undergraduate education. Past studies have examined various programs developed for GTAs, but little work exists that examines GTAs' personal experiences and perceptions in engineering education. To develop teaching environments and training programs that foster positive motivation in GTAs for teaching and improve the quality of their teaching, we need to better understand the factors that motivate them.

Purpose

Situated in self‐determination theory (SDT), the purpose of our study was to examine graduate students' motivation to teach by answering the research question, “What factors contribute to GTAs' competence, autonomy, and relatedness with regard to teaching?” We scoped the study broadly to include perceptions of events, occurrences, people, institutional structures, and demographics as potential factors.

Design/Method

We employed exploratory interview methods influenced by critical realism to understand GTAs' experiences. Our sample contained 12 participants from five different universities. We used a combination of a priori codes and open coding to determine the factors.

Results

We identified five factors that affect the needs posited by SDT: training, previous experience, appointment structure, students, and teaching colleagues. Each factor uniquely contributed to a GTA's teaching motivation.

Conclusions

GTAs are teachers, but they are also students. We recommend that faculty and administrators consider the five factors we identified and their unique individualized effects on GTAs as students and teachers when designing teaching experiences. This focus will lead to increased motivation in teaching and, with time, increases in the quality of teaching in engineering.
Effect of N‐methyl deuteration on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of enzalutamide
Authors: Pang Xuehai , Peng Lingling , Chen Yuanwei
Published: April 2017

Enzalutamide, a second‐generation antiandrogen, has been developed for the treatment of castration‐resistance prostate cancer. We synthesized the deuterated analogues 6 and found that it showed higher drug exposure and thus stronger antitumor potency in preclinical settings. Compound 6 is being developed clinically for the potential to be differentiated from enzalutamide through reduced dosages and a higher safety margin.
Identification of bioactive compounds in Shaoyao‐Gancao decoction using β2‐adrenoceptor affinity chromatography
Authors: Li Zehua , Gao Haiyang , Li Jiangying , Zhang Yajun
Published: April 2017

Shaoyao‐Gancao decoction, a Chinese herbal formula, is composed of Paeoniae Radix alba and Glycyrrhiza Radix et rhizoma. It has been widely used to treat muscle spasms and asthma. However, little is known about the bioactive components of Shaoyao‐Gancao decoction. In the present study, the bioactive compounds in water‐extract of Shaoyao‐Gancao decoction were separated by the immobilized β2‐adrenoceptor affinity column and identified using quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. The affinity constants of the separated compounds that bind to β2‐adrenoceptor were determined by frontal analysis. Compound bioactivity was tested in a rat tracheal smooth muscle relaxation assay. We identified the bioactive compounds in the water extract of Shaoyao‐Gancao decoction that bound to the β2‐adrenoceptor as paeoniflorin and liquiritin. Paeoniflorin and liquiritin had only one binding site on the immobilized β2‐adrenoceptor, and the affinity constants were (2.16 ± 0.10) × 104 M−1 and (2.95 ± 0.15) × 104 M−1, respectively. Both compounds induced a concentration‐dependent relaxation of tracheal smooth muscle following K+‐stimulated contraction, and the relaxation effects were abrogated by the β2‐adrenoceptor antagonist, ICI 118551. Therefore, paeoniflorin and liquiritin are bioactive compounds in Shaoyao‐Gancao decoction and the β2‐adrenoceptor affinity chromatography is a useful tool for identifying potential β2‐adrenoceptor ligands in natural products used in traditional Chinese medicine.
Comprehensive two‐dimensional PC‐3 prostate cancer cell membrane chromatography for screening anti‐tumor components from Radix Sophorae flavescentis
Authors: Wang Qiang , Xu Junnan , Li Xiang , Zhang Dawei , Han Yong , Zhang Xu
Published: April 2017

Radix Sophorae flavescentis is generally used for the treatment of different stages of prostate cancer in China. It has ideal effects when combined with surgical treatment and chemotherapy. However, its active components are still ambiguous. We devised a comprehensive two‐dimensional PC‐3 prostate cancer cell membrane chromatography system for screening anti‐prostate cancer components in Radix Sophorae flavescentis. Gefitinib and dexamethasone were chosen as positive and negative drugs respectively for validation and optimization the selectivity and suitability of the comprehensive two‐dimensional chromatographic system. Five compounds, sophocarpine, matrine, oxymatrine, oxysophocarpine, and xanthohumol were found to have significant retention behaviors on the PC‐3 cell membrane chromatography and were unambiguously identified by time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. Cell proliferation and apoptosis assays confirmed that all five compounds had anti‐prostate cancer effects. Matrine and xanthohumol had good inhibitory effects, with half maximal inhibitory concentration values of 0.893 and 0.137 mg/mL, respectively. Our comprehensive two‐dimensional PC‐3 prostate cancer cell membrane chromatographic system promotes the efficient recognition and rapid analysis of drug candidates, and it will be practical for the discovery of prostate cancer drugs from complex traditional Chinese medicines.
Application for lower facial fat reduction and tightening by static type monopolar 1‐MHz radio frequency for body contouring
Authors: Sugawara Jun , Kou Seiko , Kokubo Kenichi , Kuroda Aimi , Hashizume Yoshie , Kobayashi Shinji , Maegawa Jirou , Satake Toshihiko
Published: April 2017

Introduction

Liposuction and mesotherapy are popular treatments for fat reduction of lower face, but because these treatments are invasive, a novel non‐invasive treatment with similar or better efficacy has been sought. There are various devices such as CoolSculpt, laser, RF, and HIFU that are used as non‐invasive treatments for fat reduction and body contouring, but these applications have not been applied to facial fat reduction. In this study, we selected Monopolar 1‐MHz RF for body contouring to be applied for fat reduction and tightening of the lower face.

Material and Methods

From March through August of 2016, we treated fourteen Asian women (average age: 44.6 years old) for fat reduction and tightening of the lower face using 1‐MHz Monopolar RF (truSculpt™, Cutera, Inc., Brisbane, CA). We performed the treatment primarily in the nasolabial fold and buccal area weekly for five consecutive weeks, and evaluated the effects for fat reduction and tightening before each treatment and for 2 months after the treatment using handy VECTRA 3D® (Canfield Scientific, Inc.) for imaging. Three‐dimensional (3D) volumetric assessments were performed at pre‐ and post‐two‐months after treatment. Patients rated their satisfaction for tightening using a 5‐points scale.

Results

During the study, more than ninety percent of patients showed volumetric change by fat reduction at the treated area, with an average of 2.7 ml. Sixty percent of patients were either “satisfied” or “very satisfied” with the tightening effects. The treatments were accompanied only by very mild heat pain. Efficacy was maintained for 2 months after the treatments, and three patients showed a higher fat reduction effect at 2 months after the final treatment compared with the final treatment. A mild redness was observed just for few hours after the treatment, but complications such as, swelling, induration, burn, sensory disturbance or facial paralysis, were not observed.

Conclusion

In this study, we found that Monopolar 1‐MHz RF applied with a stationary applicator was effective especially for lower face fat reduction and with a tightening effect in facial contouring. A highly efficacious treatment with satisfactory comfort and safety can be achieved with no downtime, and the device has the potential for becoming one of the standard non‐invasive treatments for fat reduction of facial contouring. Lasers Surg. Med.49:750–755, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An analogue dynamical model for forecasting fog‐induced visibility: validation over Delhi
Authors: Goswami Prashant , Sarkar Sumana
Published: April 2017

Accurate forecasts of fog and visibility are important for many applications; while prolonged fog can adversely affect many crops, even a short duration of dense fog can lead to disruption of air and highway traffic. The genesis and dynamics of fog are a result of many processes; accurate forecasting of fog thus continues to be a challenge. A forecast model of the occurrence of fog, measured in terms of visibility, is presented. The model is formulated as an analogue model; thus the merit of the model is primarily based on its validation against observation. Two forecasts using two sets of meteorological fields are considered: one as the benchmark forecasts with visibility calculated from observed meteorological fields and the other based on meteorological forecasts from an atmospheric mesoscale model (Weather Research and Forecasting). While the benchmark (perfect) forecasts from observed meteorological fields provide the potential skill of the model, the mesoscale forecasts provide an assessment of realizable skill in an operational setting. The validation was carried out against hourly visibility data recorded at Indira Gandhi International Airport over Delhi during the winter months (December and January) for the period 2009–2012. Error statistics show that the analogue fog model can capture a significant part of the observed variability of fog. The forecasts have more success in forecasting intense (visibility < 500 m) and persistent (duration > 4 h) fog events. The model provides a useful forecasting tool, as shown by measures such as average error, number of false warnings and the number of misses.
Microvascular replantation of head and neck amputated parts: A systematic review
Authors: Efanov Johnny I. , Montoya Ixchel J. , Huang Ke N. , Guertin Charles , Harris Patrick G. , Bou‐Merhi Joseph , Danino Alain M.
Published: April 2017

Background

As opposed to upper and lower extremity amputations representing a considerable volume of admissions, the prowess of microsurgeons is seldom solicited in complex cases of head and neck replantation. Our aim was to determine the rate of successful replantation of craniofacial parts in a systematic review of the literature.

Methods

We performed a systematic review of English literature using PubMed/MEDLINE for every replantation of a head and neck parts. Articles selected for analysis required to describe microvascular surgical techniques to be considered a replantation. The measured endpoint for a successful replantation was survival at hospital discharge.

Results

From 113 articles from the literature, reported cases of replanted craniofacial parts included 90 scalps, 56 ears, 34 lips, 26 noses, 1 eyebrow, and 1 midface. A significant majority of amputations were described as an avulsion mechanism (78.4%), as opposed to cutting/sharp (17.3%) or crush‐type (1.9%). The overall success rate at hospital discharge was 72.1%, with a partial failure at 20.2% and a complete failure at 7.7%.

Conclusion

Urgent replantation of head and neck amputated parts allow patients to recover in a timely manner and to decrease the need for secondary reconstructive procedures. The significant rate of success is a strong argument in favor of promoting access to care for replantation of craniofacial parts.
Structural and electrochemical properties of PEO/PAN nanofibrous blends: Prediction of graphene localization
Authors: Abdollahi Serveh , Ehsani Morteza , Morshedian Jalil , Khonakdar Hossein Ali , Reuter Uta
Published: April 2017

Quasi‐solid‐state electrolytes were prepared by employing electrospun mats based on a blend of poly (ethylene oxide) [PEO]/poly (acrylonitrile) [PAN]/graphene nanocomposites. The effects of dispersion of graphene oxide (GO) and graphene sheets (GS) on the morphology, structure, miscibility, thermal, and mechanical properties of the PEO/PAN fibrous mats were investigated. The resultant porous membranes are good absorbent of the liquid electrolyte and exhibit high ionic conductivity. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMTA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), revealed a phase separated structure for all the samples. Furthermore, the theoretical prediction of the position of nanofillers showed that GO particles selectively located in the PEO phase, whereas GS had a tendency to place at the interface of the two phases. Results of wide‐angle x‐ray scattering (WAXS) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments indicated that GS‐loaded sample presents lower amount of crystallinity than PEO/PAN and PEO/PAN/GO. Apart from more amorphous nature, GS‐containing mat showed more electrical conductivity which resulted in higher ionic conductivity as compared to the other samples. On the other hand, according to TEM and XRD results, uniformly distribution and exfoliation of GO nanosheets into PEO/PAN, led to a profound improvement of the mechanical properties in comparison with PEO/PAN/GS. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:3626–3635, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Manufacturing of recycled carbon fiber reinforced polypropylene composites by high speed thermo‐kinetic mixing for lightweight applications
Authors: Altay Lutfiye , Atagur Metehan , Akyuz Orhan , Seki Yoldas , Sen Ibrahim , Sarikanat Mehmet , Sever Kutlay
Published: April 2017

Recycled carbon fiber reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites were fabricated by using high speed thermo‐kinetic mixer. The effect of recycled carbon fiber on the morphological, chemical, physical, thermal, and mechanical properties of PP composites was investigated. The results indicate that the tensile and flexural strength of PP increase with addition of recycled carbon fiber up to 20 wt%. When 40 wt% recycled carbon fiber was added into PP, the tensile and flexural moduli were increased by about 177 and 359%, respectively. The coefficient of thermal expansion was found to be decreased by increasing recycled carbon fiber weight fraction. The addition of low weight fraction of recycled carbon fibers (up to 5 wt%) increased the nucleation process on PP crystallization. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:3656–3665, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
A systematic review of psychotherapeutic interventions for women with metastatic breast cancer: Context matters
Authors: Beatty Lisa , Kemp Emma , Butow Phyllis , Girgis Afaf , Schofield Penelope , Turner Jane , Hulbert‐Williams Nicholas J. , Levesque Janelle V. , Koczwara Bogda
Published: April 2017

Objectives

To summarise the evidence‐base of psychological interventions for women with metastatic breast cancer, by mode of delivery (group, individual, or low‐intensity interventions). To synthesise data regarding core intervention‐elements (eg, intervention duration) and context factors (trial setting, uptake and adherence, and demographic characteristics).

Methods

Four databases were searched (inception‐May 2016): MEDLINE (OvidSP), PsycINFO (OvidSP), CINAHL (EBSCO), and SCOPUS; reference lists were examined for additional publications. Grey literature was excluded. Outcome data were extracted for survival, distress, quality of life, coping, sleep, fatigue, and/or pain and summarised through narrative synthesis.

Results

Fifteen randomised clinical trials (RCTs), reported across 23 articles, met inclusion criteria: 7 groups, 4 individuals, and 4 low‐intensity interventions. Overall, interventions improved distress (8/13 RCTs), coping (4/5 RCTs), and pain (4/5 RCTs). No evidence of survival benefit was found. For remaining outcomes, evidence was either insufficient, or too mixed to draw conclusions. Group programs had the strongest evidence‐base for efficacy; individual and low‐intensity therapy had insufficient evidence to form conclusions. Group interventions had longest intervention durations and lowest uptake and adherence; low‐intensity interventions had shortest durations and highest uptake and adherence. Disparities in uptake, adherence, and reach were evident, with the demographic profile of participants polarised to young, Caucasian, English‐speaking, partnered women.

Conclusions

There remains a paucity of psychological interventions for women with metastatic breast cancer. Those that exist have an inconsistent evidence‐base across the range of patient‐reported outcomes. Further research is needed to evaluate accessible delivery formats that ensure efficacy as well as uptake.
Synthesis and biological potency of anilino‐triazine insecticides
Authors: Johnson Timothy C , Brown Annette V , Bryan Kristy K , Guenthenspberger Katherine K , Hunter Ricky , Martin Timothy P , Niyaz Noormohamed , Tisdell Gene F , Trullinger Tony
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND

An insecticide screening effort identified N‐(4‐bromophenyl)‐4,6‐bis(2,2,2‐trifluoroethoxy)‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2‐amine as having weak potency against two lepidopteran species, Helicoverpa zea and Spodoptera exigua. A structure–activity relationship study about the trifluoroethoxy substituents and the aniline of this compound was carried out in an effort to improve insecticidal potency.

RESULTS

Initially, a series of analogs bearing various substituents on the aniline were prepared, and the insecticidal potency was evaluated against H. zea and S. exigua in greenhouse diet feeding assays. The results showed that electron‐withdrawing substituents, such as Cl, Br and CF3, were preferred over electron‐donating substituents, such as methoxy, and that potency was significantly better when the substituent was in the para‐position. Additional investigations showed that bis(anilino)trifluoroethoxytriazines were more potent. Replacement of the remaining trifluoroethyl group in the bis(anilino)triazine series with an alkyl amine lead to compounds of equal or superior efficacy.

CONCLUSION

The work presented showed that electron‐withdrawing substituents in the para‐position of the aniline ring of the initial hit delivered the best levels of insecticidal potency against the two insect species tested. Further investigations showed that potency could be improved by replacing one of the two trifluoroethoxy groups with additional 4‐substituted aniline. This level of potency was maintained or further improved when the remaining trifluoroethoxy was replaced with a substituted amine. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Performance Practice and Process
Authors: Aston Elaine , Harris Geraldine
Published: April 2017

Drawing on hands-on experience from workshops and interviews, this innovative book explores the work of eight gender aware theatre and performance artists and companies. The authors offer rare insights into the processes as well as the practice of these artists and employ an 'inside', practical approach to understanding their ground-breaking work
Key Issues in Housing
Authors: Bramley Glen , Munro Moira , Pawson Hal
Published: April 2017

With rapid household growth exerting pressure on green belts and the growing dislocation of housing markets in different regions, housing is once again becoming a central issue on the British political agenda. Written by a well-known group of researchers in lively and accessible style, this timely new book provides a broad-ranging assessment of key policy developments in early Twenty-first century Britain as they relate to both private and public sector housing spheres.
Theorizing Nationalism
Authors: Day Graham , Thompson Andrew
Published: April 2017

Theorizing Nationalism provides a comprehensive and accessible review of the main theoretical approaches to understanding nations, nationalism and national identities. Its systematic and clearly structured approach makes it an ideal purchase for undergraduate students of Sociology, Politics and International Relations.

Well illustrated with a variety of international examples, it gives a detailed insight into the contributions of key social theorists, including Anderson, Billig, Gellner, Hobshawn and Smith. It shows how the analysis of nationalism is linked to contemporary studies of gender, ‘race’ and ethnicity and it gives due consideration to important recent developments in the field, including liberal nationalism, globalization and the formation of national identities.

Throughout the book, the authors place developments in the study of nationalism in the context of wider changes taking place in social theory, and show how shifting theoretical perspectives pose new questions about the meaning and importance of nations and nationalism. This is a balanced and wide-ranging text that opens up debates in a clear and helpful manner for students who are new to the field.
Challenges in Validating FLOSS Configuration
Authors: Raab Markus , Barany Gergö
Published: April 2017

Developers invest much effort into validating configuration during startup of free/libre and open source software (FLOSS) applications. Nevertheless, hardly any tools exist to validate configuration files to detect misconfigurations earlier. This paper aims at understanding the challenges to provide better tools for configuration validation. We use mixed methodology: (1) We analyzed 2,683 run-time configuration accesses in the source-code of 16 applications comprising 50 million lines of code. (2) We conducted a questionnaire survey with 162 FLOSS contributors completing the survey. We report our experiences about building up a FLOSS community that tackles the issues by unifying configuration validation with an external configuration access specification.

We discovered that information necessary for validation is often missing in the applications and FLOSS developers dislike dependencies on external packages for such validations.
The Open Source Officer Role – Experiences
Authors: Mols Carl-Eric , Wnuk Krzysztof , Linåker Johan
Published: April 2017

This papers describe the Open Source Officer role and the experiences from introducing this role in several companies. We outline the role description, main responsibilities, and interfaces to other roles and organizations. We investigated the role in several organization and bring interesting discrepancies and overlaps of how companies operate with OSS.
How are Developers Treating License Inconsistency Issues? A Case Study on License Inconsistency Evolution in FOSS Projects
Authors: Wu Yuhao , Manabe Yuki , German Daniel M. , Inoue Katsuro
Published: April 2017

A license inconsistency is the presence of two or more source files that evolved from the same original file containing different licenses. In our previous study, we have shown that license inconsistencies do exist in open source projects and may lead to potential license violation problems. In this study, we try to find out whether the issues of license inconsistencies are properly solved by analyzing two versions of a FOSS distribution—Debian—and investigate the evolution patterns of license inconsistencies. Findings are: license inconsistencies occur mostly because the original copyright owner updated the license while the reusers were still using the old version of the source files with the old license; most license inconsistencies would disappear when the reusers synchronize their project from the upstream, while some would exist permanently if reusers decide not to synchronize anymore. Legally suspicious cases have not been found yet in those Debian distributions.
Addressing Lock-in, Interoperability, and Long-Term Maintenance Challenges Through Open Source: How Can Companies Strategically Use Open Source?
Authors: Lundell Björn , Gamalielsson Jonas , Tengblad Stefan , Yousefi Bahram Hooshyar , Fischer Thomas , Johansson Gert , Rodung Bengt , Mattsson Anders , Oppmark Johan , Gustavsson Tomas , Feist Jonas , Landemoo Stefan , Lönroth Erik
Published: April 2017

This industry paper reports on how strategic use of open source in company contexts can provide effective support for addressing the fundamental challenges of lock-in, interoperability, and longevity of software and associated digital assets. The fundamental challenges and an overview of an ongoing collaborative research project are presented. Through a conceptual model for open source usage in company contexts we characterise how companies engage with open source and elaborate on how the fundamental challenges can be effectively addressed through open source usage in company contexts.
Effects of High Temperatures and Duration of Heating on Olive Oil Properties for Food Use and Biodiesel Production
Authors: Giuffrè A. M. , Zappia C. , Capocasale M.
Published: April 2017

Heating deteriorates the physicochemical properties of a vegetable oil for both edible and biofuel uses. The parameters for edible olive oil are established by European Union regulations and by the International Olive Council. The properties of a vegetable oil to be used as a source for biodiesel production are indicated by the German DIN 51605 for rapeseed oil. Biofuel properties are described by the European EN 14214 and the North American ASTM 6751 standards for biodiesel. It is useful to know how temperature and heating duration influence the physicochemical properties of olive oil. Free acidity, refractive index and myristic acid were not significantly influenced by temperature and heating duration. K232, K266, K270, K274, p‐anisidine value, totox index, kinematic viscosity (at 30, 40, 50 °C), estimated higher heating value, relative density, and cetane number increased during olive oil heating. The biological properties: iodine value, oxidative stability index, antiradical (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical, DPPH∙) activity, and phenol content, decreased when time and temperature increased. Fatty acid methyl esters were highly influenced by the applied variables. Almost all the fatty acid methyl esters, except myristic, stearic, and arachidic acid esters, were influenced by the combined effect of temperature and time in a very highly significant level. These results show how temperature and duration of heating influence extra virgin olive oil degradation for both edible use and biodiesel production.