bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patriarchy Reinvented? ‘Spiritual Parenting’ within African Pentecostalism in Zimbabwe
Authors: Dube Zorodzai
Published: February 2018

How do we explain the emergency of ‘spiritual parenting’ concept within African Pentecostal churches especially in urban Zimbabwe? From ethnographic studies done in Harare, Zimbabwe, these seem to usurp the traditional role of motherhood and fatherhood of counselling, instructing, protecting, guidance and all the functions of parenthood. This study explains the emergence of spiritual parenting as a development plausibly explainable through social variables such as i) the disintegration of traditional patriarchal values due to growing urbanisation and ii) socio-economic insecurities that seem to produce alternative kinship ties. Taking a constructive postmodern approach, the concept of spiritual parenting is plausibly explained as providing alternative ‘fatherhood’ spaces, thus implicitly re-invent traditional patriarchal models under the guise of Christian spiritualities. Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: Using social scientific approaches, the study explains the emergence of particular spiritualties in modern African Christianity, viewing such spiritualties as influenced by particular explanatory social variables. It argues that new spiritualties and practices within African Pentecostalism may be plausibly explained vis-à-vis from particular cultural realities.
Об асимптотике степенной структуры конфигурационных графов с ограничениями на число ребер
Authors: Pavlov Yurii Leonidovich , Cheplyukova Irina Aleksandrovna
Published: February 2018

Рассматриваются конфигурационные графы с $N$ вершинами. Степени вершин являются независимыми одинаково распределенными случайными величинами, имеющими степенное распределение с положительным параметром $\tau.$ Изучаются случайные графы при условии, что сумма степеней вершин не превосходит $n$, а параметр $\tau$ есть случайная величина, равномерно распределенная на интервале $[a,b], 0<a<b<\infty$. Найдены предельные распределения числа $\mu_r$ вершин степени $r$ при различных способах изменения $N,n$ и $r$.
Модули над строго полупервичными кольцами
Authors: Tuganbaev Askar
Published: February 2018

Для кольца $A$ равносильны условия: 1) $A$ - строго полупервичное справа кольцо, 2) каждый правый $A$-модуль, который инъективен относительно какого-нибудь существенного правого идеала кольца $A$, является инъективным модулем, 3) каждый квазиинъективный правый $A$-модуль, который инъективен относительно какого-нибудь существенного правого идеала кольца $A$, является инъективным модулем.
О свойстве редукции для числа $H$-эквивалентных цепочек в дискретной цепи Маркова
Authors: Mikhailov Vladimir Gavrilovich
Published: February 2018

В работе исследовано явление редукции множества перестановок $H$, возникающее при сходимости распределения числа пар $H$-эквивалентных цепочек в отрезке неразложимой цепи Маркова с конечным числом состояний к дискретным распределениям пуассоновского типа.
Вычисление коэффициента аддитивности для некоторых биюнктивных, слабо положительных и слабо отрицательных булевых функций
Authors: Zakrevskii P N
Published: February 2018

Выводятся формулы для коэффициента аддитивности биюнктивных, слабо положительныхили слабо отрицательных булевых функций специального вида. Приведено описание алгоритма вычисления коэффициента аддитивности произвольной булевой функции, заданной конъюктивной нормальной формой.
Функции из классов Шефера, переходящие при отрицании в другие классы Шефера
Authors: Gorshkov Sergei Pavlovich
Published: February 2018

Мультиаффинные, биюнктивные ($2$-КРФ), слабо положительные и слабо отрицательные (хорновские) булевы функции порождают полиномиально решаемые классы систем уравнений. Эти множества булевых функций называются классами Шефера. В работе описаны множества булевых функций $f$ из классов Шефера, для которых $f$ принадлежит другому классу Шефера. Полученные результаты могут иметь приложения при решении систем булевых уравнений.
Структура спектров булевых функций
Authors: Ivchenko Grigorii Ivanovich , Medvedev Yurii Ivanovich , Mironova Vera Aleksandrovna
Published: February 2018

Для спектра Фурье булевой функции $f$ от $n$ переменных определяется понятие его структуры, исследуются различные его свойства, в том числе в стохастической постановке, когда функция $f$ случайна и выбирается с равной вероятностью из множества $F_n=\{f\}$ всех булевых функций от $n$ переменных.
О групповых свойствах подстановок, определенных на смежных классах конечной абелевой группы составного порядка по ее подгруппам
Authors: Maksimovskiy A Yu
Published: February 2018

Найдены необходимые и достаточные условия транзитивности и примитивности групп подстановок, образующими элементами которых являются подстановки на смежных классах абелевой группы $G$. Описано строение этих групп в случаях, когда они примитивны или когда абелева группа $G$ является прямым произведением своих подгрупп. Получены также необходимые и достаточные условия примитивности группы, порожденной правым регулярным представлением группы $G$ и одной из подстановок, определенных на смежных классах группы $G$.
Approximate common divisor problem and continued fractions
Authors: Zhukov Kirill Dmitrievich
Published: February 2018

Описаны два алгоритма вычисления общего делителя двух чисел, одно из которых известно лишь приближенно. Обобщается известный метод, использующий цепные дроби. В некоторых случаях новые алгоритмы превосходят наилучший известный алгоритм, основанный на методе Копперсмита: для вычисления делителя достаточна меньшая точность.
Analyzing the influence of linear redundancy in S-boxes on the affine equivalence within XSL-like round functions
Authors: Cuong Nguyen Bui , Long Nguyen Van , Linh Hoang Dinh
Published: February 2018

Показано, что S-боксы, основанные на операции обращения в конечном поле, всегда обладают полной линейной избыточностью. В общем случае рассматривается влияние линейной избыточности S-боксов на аффинную эквивалентность компонентных функций в раундовых функциях XSL-схем. Предлагается эффективный практический метод проверки наличия этих свойств. Приводятся экспериментальные результаты для раундовых функций в Кузнечике и AES.
The influence of linear mapping reducibility on the choice of round constants
Authors: Burov Dmitry Alexandrovich , Pogorelov Boris Aleksandrovich
Published: February 2018

Исследуется влияние приводимости линейного преобразования на стойкость блочных шифрсистем. Показано, что при замене двух констант в алгоритме развертывания ключа шифра Khazad возникают классы слабых ключей. Изучаются также инвариантные подпространства линейного преобразования шифра Кузнечик; показано, что в отличие от шифра Khazad для него не существует слабых констант алгоритма развертывания ключа. Выбор другого линейного преобразования, аналогичного используемому в шифре Кузнечик, и других констант алгоритма развертывания ключа ключа может привести к появлению слабых ключей.
Synthesis of asymptotically size-optimal Boolean circuits protected from functionality inference
Authors: Lozhkin Sergei Andreevich , Shupletsov Mikhail Sergeevich , Danilov Boris Radislavovich
Published: February 2018

Предлагаются методы синтеза асимптотически оптимальных по сложности схем из функциональных элементов, которые реализуют произвольные функции алгебры логики от заданного числа переменных и обладают заданным уровнем защищенности от раскрытия их функциональности при сокрытии определенного числа локальных соединений. Эти методы опираются на особенности структуры схем из функциональных элементов в произвольном базисе, построенных с использованием методов обобщенного разложения и универсальных систем функций алгебры логики.
Spectral-linear and spectral-differential methods for generating S-boxes having almost optimal cryptographic parameters
Authors: Menyachikhin A V
Published: February 2018

S-боксы являются важным элементом современных шифрсистем. Задача построения S-боксов с близкими к оптимальным значениями криптографических параметров в настоящее время не решена. В статье предлагается ряд новых методов построения таких S-боксов.
Коды аутентификации с секретностью (обзор)
Authors: Zubov Anatolii Yur'evich
Published: February 2018

Приводится обзор кодов аутентификации с секретностью, предназначенных для защиты информации от пассивных и активных атак. Основное внимание уделяется конструкциям и оценкам стойкости кодов аутентификации комбинаторной или алгебраической природы. В качестве кодов аутентификации с секретностью рассматриваются также симметричные шифрсистемы, реализующие шифрование с аутентификацией.
Инволюции с данным весовым дефицитом, соответствующие таблице Кэли конечной абелевой группы
Authors: Sachkov Vladimir Nikolaevich
Published: February 2018

Изучаются весовые характеристики инволюций над конечными абелевыми группами $G_n$ порядка $n\geqslant3$. Для случайной равновероятной инволюции найдено точное распределение числа ее двоичных циклов, совпадающих с двоичными циклами фиксированной инволюции, доказано, что при $n\to\infty$ это распределение сходится к распределению Пуассона с параметром $\lambda=\frac12$. Найдено среднее значение дефицита случайной равновероятной инволюции.
Суммы модулей коэффициентов Уолша-Адамара некоторых сбалансированных булевых функций
Authors: Kamlovskii Oleg Vital'evich
Published: February 2018

Рассматриваются следующие сбалансированные булевы функции от $n$ переменных: а) построенные из нормальных бент-функций методом Доббертина, б) мажоритарная, в) функции, у которых в столбце значений единичные значения располагаются подряд, начиная с любого места. Для них вычисляются точные значения сумм модулей коэффициентов Уолша-Адамара и приводятся их оценки.
О некоторых свойствах частичной консервативности интуиционистской теории множеств с принципом DCS
Authors: Vladimirov Alexey
Published: February 2018

Рассматривается теория множеств Цермело-Френкеля с подлежащей
интуиционистской логикой (для краткости будем называть ее
интуиционистской теорией множеств Цермело-Френкеля) в двусортном
языке (где сорт $0$ - для чисел, а сорт $1$ - для множеств)
со схемой Collection в качестве схемы аксиом подстановки
(теория $ZFI2C$). Доказаны некоторые свойства частичной
консервативности интуиционистской теории множеств
Цермело-Френкеля с принципом двойного дополнения ($DCS$)
относительно некоторого класса арифметических формул
(класса всех так называемых AEN-формул). А именно, пусть
$T$ - любая из теорий $ZFI2C$ и $ZFI2C+DCS$. Тогда:

1) теория $T+ECT$ консервативна над $T$ относительно
класса AEN-формул;
2) теория $T+ECT+M$ консервативна над $T+M^-$
относительно класса AEN-формул.

Здесь $ECT$ - это расширенный тезис Черча, $M$ - сильный
принцип Маркова, а $M^-$ - слабый принцип Маркова.
Кроме того, доказаны следующие свойства частичной консервативности:

3) $T+ECT+M$ консервативна над $T+M^-$ относительно
класса негативных арифметических формул;
4) классическая теория $ZF2$ консервативна над $ZFI2C$
относительно класса негативных арифметических формул.

Библиография: 21 название.
Представления группы Клейна, задаваемые четверками полиномов,
ассоциированных с дважды конфлюентным уравнением Гойна
Authors: Buchstaber Victor Matveevich , Tertychnyi Sergei Ivanovich
Published: February 2018

Каноническое представление группы Клейна
$K_4=\mathbb Z_2\oplus\mathbb Z_2$
на пространстве $\mathbb C^*=\mathbb C\setminus\{0\}$
индуцирует представление этой группы в кольце
полиномов Лорана $\mathscr L= C[z,z^{-1}]$, $z\in\mathbb C^*$
и, как следствие, представление группы $K_4$ в группе
автоморфизмов группы $G=GL(4,\mathscr L)$ посредством
поэлементного действия. Рассматривается полупрямое
произведение $\widehat G= G\ltimes K_4$ и реализация
группы $\widehat G$ как группы полулинейных автоморфизмов
свободного $4$-мерного $\mathscr L$-модуля $\mathscr M^4$.
Построено трехпараметрическое семейство
представлений $\mathfrak R$ группы $K_4$ в группе $\widehat G$
и трехпараметрическое семейство элементов
$\mathfrak X\in\mathscr M^4$ с полиномиальными
координатами степеней $2(\ell-1)$, $2\ell$, $2(\ell-1)$, $2\ell$,
где $\ell$ - произвольное фиксированное натуральное число,
один из трех параметров. Показано, что вектор $ \mathfrak X$
для каждого данного набора параметров является неподвижной
точкой соответствующего представления $\mathfrak R$.
Алгоритм вычисления полиномов - компонент вектора $\mathfrak X$ -
был получен в работе авторов, в которой было показано, что
эти полиномы задают явные формулы автоморфизмов пространства
решений специального дважды конфлюентного уравнения Гойна.
Библиография: 6 названий.
Неравенства Реллиха для полигармонических операторов в областях на плоскости
Authors: Avkhadiev Farit Gabidinovich
Published: February 2018

Для полигармонических операторов в плоских областях исследуются функционалы, значения которых определяются как точные константы в неравенствах Реллиха. Весовая функция выбрана как степень расстояния от точки до границы области. Получены оценки и критерий положительности этих констант для произвольных областей, найдены их точные значения для выпуклых областей, а также для областей, близких в определенном смысле к выпуклым. Рассмотрен также случай, когда весовая функция выбрана как степень коэффициента метрики Пуанкаре.
Библиография: 28 названий.
Точные индексы интерполяции, блуждающие полюсы и равномерная сходимость многоточечных аппроксимаций Паде
Authors: Lubinsky Doron Shaul
Published: February 2018

Вводится понятие точного индекса интерполяции $n$, отвечающего функции $f$ и открытому множеству $\mathscr{L}$: все интерполирующие $f$ рациональные функции $R=p/q$ степени $(n,n)$ с точками интерполяции из $\mathscr{L}$ интерполируют $f$ в точном соответствии со степенью: у функции $fq-p$ имеется ровно $2n+1$ нулей в $\mathscr{L}$. Показано, что в отсутствие точных индексов интерполяции существуют интерполирующие $f$ рациональные функции с узлами интерполяции из $\mathscr{L}$, у которых имеются блуждающие полюсы. И наоборот, у любой последовательности целых чисел такой, что у целой аналитической функции есть точная интерполяция по этим степеням, есть хотя бы подпоследовательность без блуждающих полюсов, в силу чего имеет место равномерная сходимость.
Библиография: 22 названия.
Задача Альфорса для многочленов
Authors: Eichinger Benjamin , Yuditskii Peter Meerovich
Published: February 2018

Выдвигается гипотеза, что асимптотика многочленов Чебышeва в области на комплексной плоскости может быть найдена в терминах воспроизводящих ядер подходящего гильбертова пространства аналитических функций в этой области. Гипотеза основана на двух классических результатах П. Р. Гарабедяна и Г. Видома. Для подтверждения этой гипотезы изучается асимптотика экстремальных многочленов задачи Альфорса на дополнении к системе интервалов вещественной прямой $\mathbb R$ и к системе дуг единичной окружности $\mathbb T$, а также асимптотика экстремальных целых функций для континуального аналога этой задачи.
Библиография: 35 названий.
Теория плюрипотенциала и выпуклые тела
Authors: Bayraktar Turgay , Bloom Thomas , Levenberg Norm
Published: February 2018

В знаменательной работе Р. Бермана и С. Буксома проведен анализ асимптотического поведения пространств голоморфных сечений тензорных степеней некоторых линейных расслоений $L$ над компактными комплексными многообразиями при возрастании степени, использующий идеи из комплексной геометрии. Это позволило им получить результаты о весовых пространствах многочленов в контексте весовой теории плюрипотенциала в $\mathbb C^d$. В настоящей работе, мотивированной недавней статьей первого автора о случайных разреженных многочленах, рассматривается проблематика весовой теории плюрипотенциала, базирующейся на многочленах, ассоциированных с выпуклым телом в $(\mathbb R^+)^d$. Такие классы многочленов не обязательно возникают как тензорные степени сечений линейного расслоения $L$ над компактным комплексным многообразием. Пользуясь методами Бермана и Буксома, мы приходим к аналогичным результатам.
Библиография: 16 названий.
Curcumin modulation of the activation of PYK2 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with lupus nephritis
Authors: Wang Meiying , Zhou Gengmin , Lv Jiyang , Zeng Peiying , Guo Chengshan , Wang Qingwen
Published: February 2018

Introduction: Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2) provides important signals during the activation of lymphocytes, which is essential in autoimmune diseases. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a representative autoimmune disease, and lupus nephritis (LN) is one of its most severe complications. Although glucocorticoid-binding immuno-suppression is the first-line therapy for patients with LN, the common and severe side effects of such treatment call for new strategies to improve long-term prognosis and life quality for these patients. Curcumin has been used to treat autoimmune disease with good curative effect, but little is known about the effect of curcumin on LN patients. Our aim was to investigate the mechanism of curcumin for management of LN, specifically regarding the PYK2 pathways.

Material and methods: Freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 20 LN patients and 20 healthy individuals were cultured and stimulated with either PMA, PMA+TyrA9 (PYK2 specific inhibitor), or PMA+Curcumin, and with PBS as control. After 48 hours of incubation, cells were harvested and the expression of PYK2, p-PYK2, CD40L, CTLA-4, and PBMCs proliferation were measured. Then the expression and activation of PYK2 was evaluated using Western blot, the expression of costimulatory molecules CD40L and CTLA-4 protein was evaluated using flow cytometry, and PBMC proliferation was assessed using a [3H]-thymidine incorporation assay.

Results: Curcumin inhibited the expression and activation of PYK2 in PBMCs in patients with LN in vitro. The inhibition rate of curcumin was negatively correlated with the level of serum complement, but positively correlated with 24-h proteinuria. Curcumin also suppressed the expression of costimulatory molecules CD40L and CTLA-4, as well as PBMC proliferation. Interestingly, these effects were not reproduced on PBMC cultures of healthy subjects.

Conclusions: The inhibition of PYK2 signalling protein may be one of the mechanisms underlying the action of curcumin in LN treatment.
Modeling the impact of chlorine emissions from coal combustion and prescribed waste incineration on tropospheric ozone formation in China
Authors: Liu Yiming , Fan Qi , Chen Xiaoyang , Zhao Jun , Ling Zhenhao , Hong Yingying , Li Weibiao , Chen Xunlai , Wang Mingjie , Wei Xiaolin
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Chlorine radicals can enhance atmospheric oxidation, which potentially increases tropospheric ozone concentration. However, few studies have been done to quantify the impact of chlorine emissions on ozone formation in China due to the lack of a chlorine emission inventory used in air quality models with sufficient resolution. In this study, the Anthropogenic Chlorine Emissions Inventory for China (ACEIC) was developed for the first time, including emissions of hydrogen chloride (HCl) and molecular chlorine (Cl2) from coal combustion and prescribed waste incineration (waste incineration plant). The HCl and Cl2 emissions from coal combustion in China in 2012 were estimated to be 232.9 and 9.4 Gg, respectively, while HCl emission from prescribed waste incineration was estimated to be 2.9 Gg. Spatially the highest emissions of HCl and Cl2 were found in the North China Plain, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Sichuan Basin. Air quality model simulations with the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system were performed for November 2011, and the modeling results derived with and without chlorine emissions were compared. The magnitude of the simulated HCl, Cl2 and ClNO2 agreed reasonably with the observation when anthropogenic chlorine emissions were included in the model. The inclusion of the ACEIC increased the concentration of fine particulate Cl−, leading to enhanced heterogeneous reactions between Cl− and N2O5, which resulted in the higher production of ClNO2. Photolysis of ClNO2 and Cl2 in the morning and the reaction of HCl with OH in the afternoon produced chlorine radicals which accelerated tropospheric oxidation. When anthropogenic chlorine emissions were included in the model, the monthly mean concentrations of fine particulate Cl−, daily maximum 1 h ClNO2, and Cl radicals were estimated to increase by up to about 2.0 µg m−3, 773 pptv, and 1.5  ×  103 molecule cm−3 in China, respectively. Meanwhile, the monthly mean daily maximum 8 h O3 concentration was found to increase by up to 2.0 ppbv (4.1 %), while the monthly mean NOx concentration decreased by up to 0.5 ppbv (6.1 %). The anthropogenic chlorine emissions potentially increased the 1 h O3 concentration by up to 7.7 ppbv in China. This study highlights the need for the inclusion of anthropogenic chlorine emission in air quality modeling and demonstrated its importance in tropospheric ozone formation.
Dependence between the Photochemical Age of Light Aromatic Hydrocarbons and the Carbon Isotope Ratios of Atmospheric Nitrophenols
Authors: Saccon Marina , Kornilova Anna , Huang Lin , Rudolph Jochen
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Concepts were developed to establish relationships between the stable carbon isotope ratios of nitrophenols in the atmosphere and photochemical processing of their precursors, light aromatic volatile organic compounds. The concepts are based on the assumption that nitrophenols are formed dominantly from the photo-oxidation of aromatic VOC. A mass balance model as well as various scenarios based on the proposed mechanism of nitrophenol formation were formulated and applied to derive the time integrated exposure of the precursors to processing by OH-radicals (∫[OH]dt) from ambient observations taken between 2009 and 2012 in Toronto, Canada. The mechanistic model included the possibility of isotopic fractionation during intermediate steps, rather than during the initial reaction step alone. This model included knowledge of kinetic isotope effects of the precursor VOC with the hydroxyl radical and their respective rate constants, as well as isotope ratio source signatures. While many of these values are known, there were some, such as the kinetic isotope effects of reactions of the intermediate compounds, which were unknown. These values were predicted based on basic principles and published laboratory measurements of normal kinetic carbon isotope effects and were applied to the mechanistic models. Due to uncertainty of the estimates based on general principles three scenarios were used with different values for isotope effect that were not known from laboratory studies. Comparison of the dependence between nitrophenol carbon isotope ratios and ∫[OH]dt with published results of laboratory studies and ambient observations was used to narrow the range of plausible scenarios of the mechanistic model and to eliminate the mass balance based model as useful formulation of a the dependence between nitrophenol carbon isotope ratios and ∫[OH]dt.
Average versus high surface ozone
levels
over the continental U.S.A.: Model bias, background influences, and interannual
variability
Authors: Guo Jean J. , Fiore Arlene M. , Murray Lee T. , Jaffe Daniel A. , Schnell Jordan L. , Moore Tom , Milly George
Published: February 2018

Abstract. U.S. background ozone (O3) includes O3 produced from anthropogenic O3 precursors emitted outside of the U.S.A., from global methane, and from any natural sources. Using a suite of sensitivity simulations in the GEOS-Chem global chemistry-transport model, we estimate the influence from individual background versus U.S. anthropogenic sources on total surface O3 over ten continental U.S. regions from 2004–2012. Evaluation with observations reveals model biases of +0–19 ppb in seasonal mean maximum daily 8-hour average (MDA8) O3, highest in summer over the eastern U.S.A. Simulated high-O3 events cluster too late in the season. We link these model biases to regional O3 production (e.g., U.S. anthropogenic, biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC), and soil NOx, emissions), or coincident missing sinks. On the ten highest observed O3 days during summer (O3_top10obs_JJA), U.S. anthropogenic emissions enhance O3 by 5–11 ppb and by less than 2 ppb in the eastern versus western U.S.A. The O3 enhancement from BVOC emissions during summer is 1–7 ppb higher on O3_top10obs_JJA days than on average days, while intercontinental pollution is up to 2 ppb higher on average vs. on O3_top10obs_JJA days. In the model, regional sources of O3 precursor emissions drive interannual variability in the highest observed O3 levels. During the summers of 2004–2012, monthly regional mean U.S. background O3 MDA8 levels vary by 10–20 ppb. Simulated summertime total surface O3 levels on O3_top10obs_JJA days decline by 3 ppb (averaged over all regions) from 2004–2006 to 2010–2012 in both the observations and the model, reflecting rising U.S. background (+2 ppb) and declining U.S. anthropogenic O3 emissions (−6 ppb). The model attributes interannual variability in U.S. background O3 on O3_top10obs days to natural sources, not international pollution transport. We find that a three-year averaging period is not long enough to eliminate interannual variability in background O3.
Aerosol-cloud interactions in mixed-phase convective clouds. Part 2:
Meteorological ensemble
Authors: Miltenberger Annette K. , Field Paul R. , Hill Adrian A. , Shipway Ben J. , Wilkinson Jonathan M.
Published: February 2018

Abstract. The relative contribution of variations in meteorological and aerosol initial and boundary conditions to the variability in modelled cloud properties are investigated with a high-resolution ensemble (30 members). In the investigated case, moderately deep convection develops along sea-breeze convergence zones over the southwestern peninsula of the UK. A detailed analysis of the mechanism of aerosol cloud interactions in this case has been presented in the first part of this study (Miltenberger et al., 2017). The meteorological ensemble (10 members) varies by about a factor 2 in boundary layer moisture convergence, surface precipitation, and cloud fraction, while aerosol number concentrations are varied by a factor 100 between the three considered aerosol scenarios. If ensemble members are paired according to the meteorological initial and boundary conditions, aerosol-induced changes are consistent across the ensemble. Aerosol-induced changes in CDNC, cloud fraction, cell number and size, outgoing shortwave radiation, instantaneous and mean precipitation rates, and precipitation efficiency are statistically significant at the 5 % level, but changes in cloud top height or condensate gain are not. In contrast, if ensemble members are not paired according to meteorological conditions, aerosol-induced changes are statistically significant only for CDNC, cell number and size, outgoing shortwave radiation, and precipitation efficiency. The significance of aerosol-induced changes depends on the aerosol scenarios compared, i.e. for an increase or decrease relative to the standard scenario. A simple statistical analysis of the results suggests that a large number of realisations (typically > 100) of meteorological conditions within the uncertainty of a single day needs to be consider for retrieving robust aerosol signals in most cloud properties. Only for CDNC and shortwave radiation small samples are sufficient. While the results are strictly only valid for the investigated case, the presented evidence combined with previous studies highlights the necessity for careful consideration of intrinsic predictability, detailed meteorological conditions, and co-variability between aerosol and meteorological conditions for observational or modelling studies of aerosol indirect effects.
Observations of sesquiterpenes and their oxidation products in central Amazonia during the wet and dry seasons
Authors: Yee Lindsay D. , Isaacman-VanWertz Gabriel , Wernis Rebecca A. , Meng Meng , Rivera Ventura , Kreisberg Nathan M. , Hering Susanne V. , Bering Mads S. , Glasius Marianne , Upshur Mary Alice , Bé Ariana Gray , Thomson Regan J. , Geiger Franz M. , Offenberg John H. , Lewandowski Michael , Kourtchev Ivan , Kalberer Markus , de Sá Suzane , Martin Scot T. , Alexander M. Lizabeth , Palm Brett B. , Hu Weiwei , Campuzano-Jost Pedro , Day Douglas A. , Jimenez Jose L. , Liu Yingjun , McKinney Karena A. , Artaxo Paulo , Viegas Juarez , Manzi Antonio , Oliveira Maria B. , de Souza Rodrigo , Machado Luiz A. T. , Longo Karla , Goldstein Allen H.
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) from the Amazon forest region represent the largest source of organic carbon emissions to the atmosphere globally. These BVOC emissions dominantly consist of volatile and intermediate volatility terpenoid compounds that undergo chemical transformations in the atmosphere to form oxygenated condensable gases and secondary organic aerosol (SOA). We collected quartz filter samples with 12-hour time resolution and performed hourly in-situ measurements with the Semi-Volatile Thermal desorption Aerosol Gas chromatograph (SV-TAG) at a rural site (T3) located to the west of the urban center of Manaus, Brazil as part of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5) field campaign to measure intermediate volatility and semi-volatile BVOCs and their oxidation products during the wet and dry seasons. We speciated and quantified 30 sesquiterpenes and four diterpenes with concentrations in the range 0.01–6.04 ng m−3 (1–670 ppqv). We estimate that sesquiterpenes contribute approximately 14 % and 12 % to the total reactive loss of O3 via reaction with isoprene or terpenes during the wet and dry seasons, respectively. This is reduced from ~ 50–70 % for within-canopy reactive O3 loss, attributed to ozonolysis of highly reactive sesquiterpenes (e.g. β-caryophyllene) that are reacted away before reaching our measurement site. We further identify a suite of their oxidation products in the gas and particle phases and explore their role in biogenic SOA formation in the Central Amazon region. Synthesized authentic standards were also used to quantify gas- and particle-phase oxidation products derived from β-caryophyllene. Using tracer-based scaling methods for these products, we roughly estimate that sesquiterpene oxidation contributes at least 1–18 % (median 5 %) of total submicron OA mass. However, this is likely a low-end estimate, as evidence for additional unaccounted sesquiterpenes and their oxidation products clearly exists. By comparing our field data to laboratory-based sesquiterpene oxidation experiments we confirm more than 40 additional observed compounds produced through sesquiterpene oxidation are present in Amazonian SOA, warranting further efforts towards more complete quantification.
The influence of dust optical properties on the colour of simulated MSG-SEVIRI Desert Dust imagery
Authors: Banks Jamie R. , Schepanski Kerstin , Heinold Bernd , Hünerbein Anja , Brindley Helen E.
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Satellite imagery of atmospheric mineral dust is sensitive to the optical properties of the dust, governed by the mineral refractive indices, particle size, and particle shape. In infrared channels the imagery is also sensitive to the dust layer height and to the surface and atmospheric environment. Simulations of mineral dust in infrared Desert Dust imagery from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI) have been performed, using the COSMO-MUSCAT (COSMO: COnsortium for Small-scale MOdelling; MUSCAT: MUltiScale Chemistry Aerosol Transport Model) dust transport model and the Radiative Transfer for TOVS (RTTOV) program, in order to investigate the sensitivity of the imagery to assumed dust properties. This paper introduces the technique and performs initial validation and comparisons with SEVIRI measurements over North Africa for daytime hours during the six months of the Junes and Julys of 2011–2013. Using T-matrix scattering theory and assuming the dust particles to be spherical or spheroidal, wavelength- and size-dependent dust extinction values are calculated for a number of different dust refractive index databases, along with several values of the particle aspect ratio, denoting the particle shape. It is found that spherical particles do not appear to be sufficient to describe fully the resultant colour of the dust in the infrared imagery. Comparisons of SEVIRI and simulation colours indicate that of the dust types tested, the dust refractive index dataset produced by Volz (1973) shows the most similarity in the colour response to dust in the SEVIRI imagery, although the simulations have a smaller range of colour than do the observations. It is also found that the thermal imagery is most sensitive to intermediately sized particles (radii between 0.9 and 2.6 μm): larger particles are present in too small a concentration in the simulations, as well as with insufficient contrast in extinction between wavelength channels, to have much ability to perturb the resultant colour in the SEVIRI dust imagery.
Linking big models to big data: efficient ecosystem model calibration through Bayesian model emulation
Authors: Fer Istem , Kelly Ryan , Moorcroft Paul R. , Richardson Andrew D. , Cowdery Elizabeth M. , Dietze Michael C.
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Data-model integration plays a critical role in assessing and improving our capacity to predict ecosystem dynamics. Similarly, the ability to attach quantitative statements of uncertainty around model forecasts is crucial for model assessment and interpretation and for setting field research priorities. Bayesian methods provide a rigorous data assimilation framework for these applications, especially for problems with multiple data constraints. However, the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques underlying most Bayesian calibration can be prohibitive for computationally-demanding models and large data sets. We describe an alternative method, Bayesian model emulation of sufficient statistics, that can approximate the full joint posterior density, is more amenable to parallelization, and provides an estimate of parameter sensitivity. Analysis involved informative priors constructed from a meta-analysis of the primary literature, and introduced novel approaches to the specification of both model and data uncertainties, including bias and autocorrelation corrections on multiple data streams. We report the integration of this method within an ecological workflow management software, Predictive Ecosystem Analyzer (PEcAn), and its application and validation with two process-based terrestrial ecosystem models: SIPNET and ED2. In a test against a synthetic dataset, the emulator was able to retrieve the true parameter values. A comparison of the emulator approach to standard "bruteforce" MCMC involving multiple data constraints showed that the emulator method was able to constrain the faster and simpler SIPNET model’s parameters with comparable performance to the bruteforce approach, but reduced computation time by more than two orders of magnitude. The emulator was then applied to calibration of the ED2 model, whose complexity precludes standard (bruteforce) Bayesian data assimilation techniques. Both models are constrained after assimilation of the observational data with the emulator method, reducing the uncertainty around their predictions. Performance metrics showed increased agreement between model predictions and data. Our study furthers efforts toward reducing model uncertainties showing that the emulator method makes it possible to efficiently calibrate complex models. This efficient data assimilation method allows us to conduct more calibration experiments in relatively much shorter times, enabling constraining of numerous models using the expanding amount and types of data.
Inferring the effects of sink strength on plant carbon balance processes from experimental measurements
Authors: Mahmud Kashif , Medlyn Belinda E. , Duursma Remko A. , Campany Courtney , De Kauwe Martin G.
Published: February 2018

Abstract. The lack of correlation between photosynthesis and plant growth under sink-limited conditions is a long-standing puzzle in plant ecophysiology that currently severely compromises our models of vegetation responses to global change. To address this puzzle, we applied data assimilation of a simple carbon (C) balance model to an experiment where sink strength was manipulated by restricting root volume. Our goals were to infer which processes were affected by growth under sink limitation, and to attribute the overall reduction in growth observed in the experiment, to the effects on component processes. Our analysis was able to infer that, in addition to a reduction in photosynthetic rates, sink limitation reduced the rate of utilization of non-structural carbohydrate (NSC), enhanced respiratory losses, modified C allocation and increased foliage turnover. Each of these effects was found to have a significant impact on final plant biomass accumulation. We also found that inclusion of a NSC storage pool was necessary to capture seedling growth over time, particularly for sink limited seedlings. Our approach of applying data assimilation to infer C balance processes in a manipulative experiment enabled us to extract considerable new information from an existing dataset. We suggest this approach could, if used more widely, be an invaluable tool to develop appropriate representations of sink-limited growth in terrestrial biosphere models.
Die Verschränkung von Umwelt und Wohnwelt – Grüne smart homes aus der Perspektive der pluralen Sphärologie
Authors: Folkers Andreas , Marquardt Nadine
Published: February 2018

Abstract. This paper links two strands of Peter Sloterdijk's sphere project – his theory of the environment and his theory of dwelling – and mobilizes them for an analysis of entanglements between spaces of the environment and the space of the home in contemporary sustainability policies and smart home experiments. First, we retrace how Sloterdijk's topology of the environment combines a historical phenomenological methodology with ecological thinking. In the next step, we discuss Sloterdijk's theory of dwelling, which is closely linked to his thinking of the environment and is central to his conception of a plural spherology, yet has so far largely been overlooked in the reception. Sloterdijk's emphasis on the importance of dwelling in the „world's inner space“ („Weltinnenraum“) under conditions of a no longer externalizable environment helps to theorize how humans dwell on this earth in the 21st century. In the third part of the paper, we bring together both themes – environment and dwelling – to analyze contemporary ecological and digital home experiments from the perspective of a plural spherology. By showing how recent digital experiments in „smart homes“ entangle spaces of dwelling with environmental concerns we build on Sloterdijk's analysis but also extend it with insights from STS and governmentality studies to better capture the power effects inherent to digitalized dwelling.
Nine time steps: ultra-fast statistical consistency testing of the Community Earth System Model (pyCECT v3.0)
Authors: Milroy Daniel J. , Baker Allison H. , Hammerling Dorit M. , Jessup Elizabeth R.
Published: February 2018

Abstract. The Community Earth System Model Ensemble Consistency Test (CESM-ECT) suite
was developed as an alternative to requiring bitwise identical output for
quality assurance. This objective test provides a statistical measurement of
consistency between an accepted ensemble created by small initial temperature
perturbations and a test set of CESM simulations. In this work, we extend the
CESM-ECT suite with an inexpensive and robust test for ensemble consistency
that is applied to Community Atmospheric Model (CAM) output after only nine
model time steps. We demonstrate that adequate ensemble variability is
achieved with instantaneous variable values at the ninth step, despite rapid
perturbation growth and heterogeneous variable spread. We refer to this new
test as the Ultra-Fast CAM Ensemble Consistency Test (UF-CAM-ECT) and
demonstrate its effectiveness in practice, including its ability to detect
small-scale events and its applicability to the Community Land Model (CLM).
The new ultra-fast test facilitates CESM development, porting, and
optimization efforts, particularly when used to complement information from
the original CESM-ECT suite of tools.
Scenario approach for the seasonal forecast of Kharif flows from the Upper Indus Basin
Authors: Ismail Muhammad Fraz , Bogacki Wolfgang
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Snow and glacial melt runoff are the major sources of water contribution from the high mountainous terrain of the Indus River upstream of the Tarbela reservoir. A reliable forecast of seasonal water availability for the Kharif cropping season (April–September) can pave the way towards better water management and a subsequent boost in the agro-economy of Pakistan. The use of degree-day models in conjunction with satellite-based remote-sensing data for the forecasting of seasonal snow and ice melt runoff has proved to be a suitable approach for data-scarce regions. In the present research, the Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) has not only been enhanced by incorporating the glacier (G) component but also applied for the forecast of seasonal water availability from the Upper Indus Basin (UIB). Excel-based SRM+G takes account of separate degree-day factors for snow and glacier melt processes. All-year simulation runs with SRM+G for the period 2003–2014 result in an average flow component distribution of 53, 21, and 26 % for snow, glacier, and rain, respectively. The UIB has been divided into Upper and Lower parts because of the different climatic conditions in the Tibetan Plateau. The scenario approach for seasonal forecasting, which like the Ensemble Streamflow Prediction method uses historic meteorology as model forcings, has proven to be adequate for long-term water availability forecasts. The accuracy of the forecast with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 9.5 % could be slightly improved compared to two existing operational forecasts for the UIB, and the bias could be reduced to −2.0 %. However, the association between forecasts and observations as well as the skill in predicting extreme conditions is rather weak for all three models, which motivates further research on the selection of a subset of ensemble members according to forecasted seasonal anomalies.
Floe-size distributions in laboratory ice broken by waves
Authors: Herman Agnieszka , Evers Karl-Ulrich , Reimer Nils
Published: February 2018

Abstract. This paper presents the analysis of floe-size distribution (FSD) data obtained in laboratory experiments of ice breaking by waves. The experiments, performed at the Large Ice Model Basin (LIMB) of the Hamburg Ship Model Basin (Hamburgische Schiffbau-Versuchsanstalt, HSVA), consisted of a number of tests in which an initially continuous, uniform ice sheet was broken by regular waves with prescribed characteristics. The floes' characteristics (surface area; minor and major axis, and orientation of equivalent ellipse) were obtained from digital images of the ice sheets after five tests. The analysis shows that although the floe sizes cover a wide range of values (up to 5 orders of magnitude in the case of floe surface area), their probability density functions (PDFs) do not have heavy tails, but exhibit a clear cut-off at large floe sizes. Moreover, the PDFs have a maximum that can be attributed to wave-induced flexural strain, producing preferred floe sizes. It is demonstrated that the observed FSD data can be described by theoretical PDFs expressed as a weighted sum of two components, a tapered power law and a Gaussian, reflecting multiple fracture mechanisms contributing to the FSD as it evolves in time. The results are discussed in the context of theoretical and numerical research on fragmentation of sea ice and other brittle materials.
Brief communication: "Oldest Ice" patches diagnosed
37 km southwest of Dome C, East Antarctica
Authors: Passalacqua Olivier , Cavitte Marie , Gagliardini Olivier , Gillet-Chaulet Fabien , Parrenin Frédéric , Ritz Catherine , Young Duncan
Published: February 2018

Abstract. The presence of ice as old as 1.5 Ma is very likely southwest of Dome C, where a bedrock relief high makes the ice thin enough to prevent basal melting. Three-dimensional ice flow modelling is required to ensure that the basal ice is old enough above the bedrock, and that the age resolution of the ice archive is sufficient. A 3D ice flow simulation is led to calculate selection criteria that together locate patches of ice with likely old, well-resolved, undisturbed and datable ice. These patches on the flanks of the bed relief are a balance trade-off between risks of basal melting and sufficient age resolution. The trajectories of the ice particles towards these sites are short and the ice flows over a smoothly undulating bed. Several precise locations of potential 1.5 Ma-old ice are proposed, to nourish the collective thinking on the precise location of a future drill site.
Eficiencia educativa en Honduras, años 2006 y 2011
Authors: González Martha Lineth
Published: February 2018

La población en edad escolar es la porción de la población que comprende entre los cinco y los diecisiete años y demanda de forma constante servicios educativos de calidad. Para conocer las demandas de la población en edad escolar es necesario conocer la distribución de la misma, atendiendo a variables como sexo, edad, departamento y área de residencia. Tras ese análisis se puede afirmar que la población en edad escolar se distribuye de forma desigual. La cobertura educativa ha presentado grandes logros para las personas en edades que corresponden a los dos primeros ciclos de la educación básica, evidenciándose un descenso de la cobertura en el tercer ciclo. El nivel de educación pre básica presentó mayores logros de 2006 a 2011, especialmente por los esfuerzos para la universalización de este nivel. La inversión en educación ha descendido pero este factor no ha impedido logros notables en la cobertura, aunque en algunos departamentos no se justifica los montos invertidos dados los descensos en la cobertura. En vista que las demandas sociales son crecientes y de carácter cambiante y que la población en edad escolar no está exenta de transformaciones; se prevé que para 2021 los niveles educativos que se revestirán de mayor demanda serán el nivel educativo medio y superior, condición que debe considerarse de forma directa en la planificación estatal de la educación nacional.