bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
De keuze tussen bestuursrechtelijke en strafrechtelijke handhaving en de Aanwijzing sociale zekerheidsfraude
Authors: van der Vorm B.
Published: April 2021

De keuze tussen bestuursrechtelijke en strafrechtelijke handhaving en de Aanwijzing sociale zekerheidsfraude – Noot bij HR 6 oktober 2020, ECLI:NL:HR:2020:1496

De keuze tussen bestuursrechtelijke en strafrechtelijke handhaving speelt niet uitsluitend op academisch niveau, maar is ook van belang voor de praktijk van de rechtshandhaving. In de onderhavige zaak is de verdachte veroordeeld wegens medeplegen van uitkeringsfraude, hetgeen strafbaar is gesteld in artikel 227b Sr. Volgens de verdediging dient het Openbaar Ministerie niet-ontvankelijk te worden verklaard in de vervolging, omdat het de Aanwijzing sociale zekerheidsfraude niet heeft nageleefd. In plaats van een strafrechtelijke vervolging zou de zaak bestuursrechtelijk moeten zijn afgedaan. De Hoge Raad verwerpt de klacht van de verdediging. Volgens de Hoge Raad heeft het gerechtshof vastgesteld dat ten tijde van de vervolgingsbeslissing, in december 2016, op basis van de toen bekend zijnde gegevens over het benadelingsbedrag, was voldaan aan de criteria van de Aanwijzing.
Elaboration of stochastic models to
comprehensive evaluation of occupational
risks in complex dynamic systems
Authors: Bochkovskyi A.P.
Published: April 2021

Purpose: Elaborate stochastic models to comprehensive evaluation of occupational risks in
“man - machine - environment” systems taking into account the random and dynamic nature
of the impact on the employee of negative factors over time.
Design/methodology/approach: Within study, the methods of probability theory and the
theory of Markov processes - to find the limit distribution of the random process of dynamic
impact on the employee of negative factors over time and obtain main rates against which
the level of occupational risks within the "man - machine - environment" systems can be
comprehensively evaluated; Erlang phases method, Laplace transform, difference equations
theory, method of mathematical induction - to elaborate a method of analytical solution of
the appropriate limit task for a system of differential equations in partial derivatives and
appropriate limit conditions were used.
Findings: A system of differential equations in partial derivatives and relevant limit conditions
is derived, which allowed to identify the following main rates for comprehensive evaluation
of occupational risks in systems "man - machine - environment": probability of excess the
limit of the employee's accumulation of negative impact of the harmful production factor;
probability of the employee’s injury of varying severity in a random time. An method to the
solution the limit task for a system of differential equations, which allows to provide a lower
bounds of the probability of a certain occupational danger occurrence was elaborated.
Research limitations/implications: The elaborated approach to injury risk evaluation is
designed to predict cases of non-severe injuries. At the same time, this approach allows to
consider more severe cases too, but in this case the task will be more difficult.
Practical implications: The use of the elaborated models allows to apply a systematic
approach to the evaluation of occupational risks in enterprises and to increase the objectivity
of the evaluation results by taking into account the real characteristics of the impact of
negative factors on the employee over time.
Originality/value: For the first time, a special subclass of Markov processes - Markov
drift processes was proposed and substantiated for use to comprehensive evaluation of
occupational risks in “man - machine - environment” systems.
MICHAEL GOVE’S HERITAGE: SCHOOL GOVERNANCE REFORM
Authors: Riddell Richard
Published: April 2021

This article examines the nature and effects of the radical reforms to English school governance since 2010, the year in which a Coalition Government, led by the Conservative Party, came to power in the UK, and Michael Gove was ­appointed Secretary of State for Education for England, a post he occupied for four formative years of Education reform. These governance reforms were part of a much wider programme of change, arguably fundamental in the sense that they have affected the classroom experiences of students directly. This programme encompassed changes to the curriculum, the assessment of children (and, by proxy, teachers and schools), the initial training and assessment of teachers and, eventually, school inspection, with the most recent revised Ofsted Inspection Framework governing inspections in use from September 2019 (Ofsted 2019).

Nevertheless, governance changes provide the framework through which all educational change in the future can be conceived, considered, interpreted, implemented and realised with students. So although all the above changes are identified with Gove, the changes to governance, often still badged as ‘academisation’, may be argued to be the most fundamental and the basis for considering future change and, indeed, Gove’s heritage. No one policy maker controls the complete process of change and its development, of course, one of the features of ‘complexity’, and it is argued here that the methods of realising governance reform in England have severely constrained future choices of direction.
Vorfragenkompetenz und Bindung bei der Auslegung steuerrechtlicher Vorschriften
Authors: Schnabelrauch Marcus
Published: April 2021

Under current German law a criminal court is allowed to sentence for tax evasion although the tax court denies the underlying fiscal claim. This consequence follows from the criminal courts’ competence to examine preliminary tax questions (Vorfragenkompetenz). The work analyses whether such contradictory decisions have to be avoided for constitutional reasons. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the current legal situation including related fields of law the work establishes that the criminal courts’ competence to examine preliminary tax questions is unconstitutional; this result is followed by viable reform proposals. The investigation is concluded by an excursus regarding the legal situation in civil, administrative and social court proceedings.
Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Three “under” (Understood, Underdiagnosed, and Undertreated) Disease
Authors: O. Konstantinov Vladimir
Published: April 2021

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is one of the most prevalent genetic disorders leading to premature atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. The main cause of FH is a mutation in the LDL-receptor gene that leads to loss of function of these receptors causing high levels of blood cholesterol. The diagnosis of FH is not very easy. Wide screenings are needed to reveal high levels of LDL cholesterol among “healthy” population. If the patient has MI or stroke at an early age, high levels of LDL cholesterol, and tendon xanthomas, the diagnosis of FH becomes much more clear. Genetic testing is a gold standard in the diagnosis of FH. There are several factors, influencing the time course of FH. Smoking males with low levels of HDL cholesterol have an extremely higher risk of death than nonsmoking females with high HDL cholesterol. Management of FH includes low cholesterol diet, statin and ezetimibe treatment, PCSK inhibitors, and LDL aphaeresis. Early and effective treatment influences much the prognosis in FH patients.
»The walls ought to be demolished from the inside«: KRUM and the failure of the prison struggle in Sweden in the 1960s and 70s
Authors: Nilsson Roddy
Published: April 2021

Abstract SwedishArtikeln behandlar fångkampen i de svenska fängelserna vid 1960-talets slut och 1970-talets början. Framför allt diskuteras den roll Riksförbundet för Kriminalvårdens humanisering (KRUM) spelade. Delvis i motsättning till den tidigare forskningens uppfattningen att fångarnas relativa nederlag kan förklaras av en kombination av en svag förhandlingsposition, otillräcklig förhandlingskompetens, motpartens överlägsna resurser och taktiska skicklighet och vikande stöd från media, argumenterar artikeln för att nederlaget också måste förstås i relation till brister i fångarnas strategi och till otillräckligheten i den maktmodell, med betoning framför allt på abstrakta rättigheter, som fanns inom KRUM. På den sistnämnda punkten kolliderade KRUM:s liberalt dominerade modell tydligt med den syn på fången som vuxit fram inom den svenska kriminalvården under decennierna efter andra världskriget.Abstract EnglishThe article deals with a struggle for inmates’ rights in Swedish prisons at the end of the 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s. The focus is on the role played by the Swedish National Association for the Humanization of Prisons (KRUM). Previous research has argued that the inmates ultimately lost their struggle due to a combination of their weaker bargaining position, their lack of negotiation skills, their counterpart’s superior tactical skill and resources, and declining support for their cause in the media. The current article contends that the defeat must also be understood in relation to deficiencies in the prisoners’ strategy and to the inadequacy of the power model, with its emphasis on abstract rights, which existed within KRUM. On the latter point, KRUM’s liberal-dominated model clearly clashed with the view of the prisoner that has emerged within the Swedish Correctional Service since World War II.
Politiets infiltration på digitale platforme – set i et menneskeretligt perspektiv
Authors: Lentz Lene Wacher
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn the physical wodd, police 'infiltration' traditionally refers to investigations in which incognito police officers blend in with, for example, guests in bars and restaurants for the purpose of eavesdropping. So far, traditional infiltration has not been subject to regulation in Denmark as this has not been deemed legally necessary. A number of novel legal problems present themselves, however, in relation to police infiltration of the digital world. In this context, undercover police officers gain access to closed, private forums on the Internet. The current article argues that police infiltration of digital platforms risks violating the right to private life and private communication under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights, and argues that a tighter legal regulation be enacted in this area. These considerations on infiltration may also be relevant to matters of criminalprocedure in, inter alia, Norway and Sweden, as police infiltrations in these neighboring countries also take place without specific statutory regulation.
Hvem styrer fængslerne og fangehåndteringen i Danmark?
Authors: Fransen Peter
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article analyses how the directors of the Prison and Probation Service have dealt with the treatment of convicted prisoners over the past 111 years. What opinions have they expressed on the issues? What values have they wanted to promote? What influence have they had on the system’s development? These top officials have had to deal with a changing political reality. Furthermore, their position has become increasingly administrative in recent decades with less emphasis placed on their professional perspectives concerning the treatment of convicted prisoners.
L’estètica emocional de la transformació: una revisitació barroca de la faula d’Apol·lo i Dafne
Authors: Valsalobre Pep
Published: April 2021

El conegut sonet XIII de Garcilaso de la Vega «A Dafne ya los brazos le crecían» degué establir el paradigma literari del dolor amorós en la figura d’Apol·lo desconsolat per la pèrdua de Dafne, almenys en la literatura renaixentista peninsular. Per això, un segle després, Francesc Fontanella reprèn el sonet garcilasià i en fa una relectura profundament barroca. El text català «transforma» la simetria i l’ordre amb què el sonet castellà descriu la metamorfosi de la nimfa en una amalgama indestriable entre l’antic ésser i la nova realitat, entre l’humà i la planta, i en congela la figura mutacional: no interessen els orígens o els resultats del procés tant com la mutació en ella mateixa, opció que s’avé amb la consideració del Barroc com l’estètica de la transformació. Paral·lelament, els termes bàsicament sensorials del text renaixentista són transmutats en el sonet català en carac­terístiques emocionals humanes; el poeta Barroc posa l’èmfasi en la intencionalitat (quasi auto-) transformativa de Dafne, a qui el text atribueix una extraordinària voluntat contrària a Apol·lo, inútil al capdavall. Finalment, el text elegíac de Fontanella trenca amb les seculars expectatives canòniques del sonet renaixentista com a emblema del desconsol amorós per superar-les a partir de la literaturització de l’experiència biogràfica.
High-resolution imaging of skin deformation shows that afferents from human fingertips signal slip onset
Authors: Delhaye Benoit P , Jarocka Ewa , Barrea Allan , Thonnard Jean-Louis , Edin Benoni , Lefèvre Philippe
Published: April 2021

Human tactile afferents provide essential feedback for grasp stability during dexterous object manipulation. Interacting forces between an object and the fingers induce slip events that are thought to provide information about grasp stability. To gain insight into this phenomenon, we made a transparent surface slip against a fixed fingerpad while monitoring skin deformation at the contact. Using microneurography, we simultaneously recorded the activity of single tactile afferents innervating the fingertips. This unique combination allowed us to describe how afferents respond to slip events and to relate their responses to surface deformations taking place inside their receptive fields. We found that all afferents were sensitive to slip events, but fast-adapting type I (FA-I) afferents in particular faithfully encoded compressive strain rates resulting from those slips. Given the high density of FA-I afferents in fingerpads, they are well suited to detect incipient slips and to provide essential information for the control of grip force during manipulation.
ST-AFN: a spatial-temporal attention based fusion network for lane-level traffic flow prediction
Authors: Shen Guojiang , Yu Kaifeng , Zhang Meiyu , Kong Xiangjie
Published: April 2021

Traffic flow prediction is the foundation of many applications in smart cities, and the granular precision of traffic flow prediction has to be enhanced with refined applications. However, most of the existing researches cannot meet these requirements. In this paper, we propose a spatial-temporal attention based fusion network (ST-AFN), for lane-level precise prediction. This seq2seq model consists of three parts, namely speed process network, spatial encoder, and temporal decoder. In order to exploit the dynamic dependencies among lanes, attention mechanism blocks are embedded in those networks. The application of deep spatial-temporal information matrix results in progresses in term of reliability. Furthermore, a specific ground lane selection method is also proposed to ST-AFN. To evaluate the proposed model, four months of real-world traffic data are collected in Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, China. Experimental results demonstrate that ST-AFN can achieve more accurate and stable results than the benchmark models. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a deep learning method has been applied to forecast traffic flow at the lane level on urban ground roads instead of expressways or elevated roads.
The biosonar of the boto: evidence of differences among species of river dolphins (Iniaspp.) from the Amazon
Authors: Melo Jéssica F. , Amorim Thiago O. S. , Paschoalini Mariana , Andriolo Artur
Published: April 2021

Echolocation clicks can reflect the anatomy of the vocalizing animal, enabling the distinction of species. River dolphins from the family Iniidae are formally represented by one species and two subspecies (Inia geoffrensis geoffrensisandI. g. humboldtiana). Additionally, two other species have been proposed (I. boliviensisandI. araguaiaensis) regarding its level of restricted distribution and morph-genetics differences. For the Committee on Taxonomy of the Society for Marine Mammalogy, the specific status of the proposed species relies on further knowledge on morphology, ecology, and genetics. Given that species-specific status is required for conservation efforts, we described and compared the echolocation clicks ofIniaspp., searching for specific differences on their vocalizations. The sounds were captured with a Cetacean Research ™ C54XRS (+3/−20 dB, −185 dB re: 1V/μPa) in Guaviare River (Orinoco basin), Madeira River (Madeira basin), Xingu River (Amazon Basin), and Araguaia River (Tocantins-Araguaia basin). We found significant differences in all analyzed parameters (peak frequency, 3 dB bandwidth, 10 dB bandwidth and inter-click interval) for all species and subspecies. Differences in acoustical parameters of clicks are mainly related to the animal’s internal morphology, thus this study may potentially support with information for the species-level classification mostly ofI. araguaiaensis(the Araguaian boto). Classifying the Araguaian boto separately fromI. geoffrensishas important implications for the species in terms of conservation status, since it is restricted to a highly impacted river system.
Preparation and Properties of Ni–W Composite Coatings Reinforced by Graphene Nanoplatelets
Authors: Cheng Desen , Zhang Lan , Zhan Zhuoyi , Xia Huimin , Ma Kaiqiang , Ma Huizhong , Gao Yuan
Published: April 2021

Metal enhancement is crucial for reducing energy use and material waste. Composite electrodeposition is an economic and efficient method for improving the surface properties of metals. Herein, Ni–W matrix composite coatings reinforced with graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) are prepared on 7075 aluminum (Al) alloy plates by the co‐deposition technique. Characterization results reveal that the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the coating can be improved by the successful embedding of GNPs. The Ni–W/GNP coating exhibits rougher, cauliflower‐like morphology, higher microhardness (782.6 HV), lower wear rate (2.72 × 10−5 mm3 N−1 m−1), and better corrosion current density (18.19 μA cm−2) compared with the Ni–W coating (578.2 HV, 7.43 × 10−5 mm3 N−1 m−1, and 25.16 μA cm−2, respectively). Moreover, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy and analysis verify that the grain size is decreased for GNP‐reinforced composite coatings with a typical Ni‐based solid‐solution phase.
Structure and Formation Kinetics of Millimeter‐Size Single Domain Supercrystals
Authors: García‐Lojo Daniel , Modin Evgeny , Gómez‐Graña Sergio , Impéror‐Clerc Marianne , Chuvilin Andrey , Pastoriza‐Santos Isabel , Pérez‐Juste Jorge , Constantin Doru , Hamon Cyrille
Published: April 2021

Organizing nanoparticles (NPs) into periodic structures is a central goal in materials science. Despite progress in the last decades, it is still challenging to produce macroscopic assemblies reliably. In this work, the analysis of the pervaporation‐induced organization of gold octahedra into supercrystals within microfluidic channels using a combination of X‐ray scattering techniques and FIB‐SEM tomography is reported. The results reveal the formation of a single‐domain supercrystal with a monoclinic C2/m symmetry and long‐range order extending over the dimensions of the microfluidic channel, covering at least 1.7 × 0.3 mm2. Time‐resolved small angle X‐ray scattering analysis shows that the formation of the superlattice involves an accumulation of the NPs within the channel before the nucleation and growth of the supercrystal. The orientation of the crystal remains unchanged during its formation, suggesting a growth mechanism directed by the channel interface. Together, these results show the potential application of the pervaporation strategy to providing spatially determined control over NP crystallization, which can be used for the rational fabrication of nanomaterial architectures.
Eco‐Friendly Electronics—A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Cenci Marcelo Pilotto , Scarazzato Tatiana , Munchen Daniel Dotto , Dartora Paula Cristina , Veit Hugo Marcelo , Bernardes Andrea Moura , Dias Pablo R.
Published: April 2021

Eco‐friendliness is becoming an indispensable feature for electrical and electronic equipment to thrive in the competitive market. This comprehensive review is the first to define eco‐friendly electronics in its multiple meanings: power saving devices, end‐of‐life impact attenuators, equipment whose manufacturing uses green processing, electronics that use materials that minimize environmental and health risks, designs that improve lifespan, reparability, etc. More specifically, this review discusses eco‐friendly technologies and materials that are being introduced to replace the well‐established ones. This is done for all material classes (metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites). Manufacturing, recycling, and final product characteristics are discussed in their various interconnected aspects. Additionally, the concept of consciously planned obsolescence is introduced to address the paradoxical relationship between durability and efficiency. The overall conclusions are that there is an important global trend to make electronics more eco‐friendly. However, matching the performance and stability of well‐established materials and technologies seems to be the main barrier to achieve it. These new implementations can have detrimental or beneficial net impacts on the environment. Assessing their net outcome is challenging because their impacts are frequently unknown and the current evaluation methods (and tools) are incapable of comprehensively quantifying these impacts and generating reliable verdicts.
Modeling and Optimal Planning of an Energy–Water–Carbon Nexus System for Sustainable Development of Local Communities
Authors: Mehrjerdi Hasan , Aljabery Ahmed A. M.
Published: April 2021

Achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) announced by United Nations guarantees access to clean, affordable, and inexhaustible resources for all present and future human societies. Access to water and energy have always been two pillars of the SDGs. The use of renewable energy and nexus planning is among the essential strategies to achieve sustainable energy and water development while minimizing carbon emissions. Accordingly, this paper aims at proposing a method to access energy and water in line with SDGs targets, i.e., considering their linkage with carbon emission. This objective is addressed by proposing a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model for a local community's water and energy resource planning based on energy–water–carbon nexus. To this end, initially, the relationship between the energy supply system, drinking water, and carbon pollution is modeled for a local community. Hybrid renewable energies and desalination are considered as the primary energy and water resources, respectively. The optimal size of the nexus components is then determined by considering the community demand with the minimum system cost and maintaining the permissible pollution. The simulations demonstrate nexus planning's superiority to achieve a more sustainable community in terms of affordability and pollution when supplying energy and water.
Mechanobiological Stimulations of Algal Cells for Energy Harvesting
Authors: Song Jihwan , Kim Dongchoul , Lee Luke P.
Published: April 2021

Stimulation of microalgae enables high lipid productivity because the induced stress can lead to a change in the microalgal metabolism. However, existing systems based on the control of pH, temperature, or nitrogen that stimulate microalgae through a culture medium face difficulties in maintaining the stress or are accompanied by complicated procedures to exert this stress, which decreases the lipid productivity. Here, the mechanobiological stimulations of algal cells via effective collisions in a soft lattice and phototaxis system are presented for energy harvesting. An energy harvesting system with a soft lattice (i.e., a micropillar array) is designed, which radiates light through a waveguide. Numerical simulations show that the average number of collisions when the distance of the soft lattice is set to be 10 mm and the intensity of light is set to 30 W m−2 is increased by up to 300% than in conditions without light. However, more interestingly, this amplifying effect disappears when the distance of the soft lattice becomes significantly small (e.g., 0.1 mm) owing to the reduced gradient and excessively enhanced intensity of light by their superposition. This analysis provides important insights into the design of mechanobiological stimulation‐based energy harvesting systems of algal cells.
Surface Study of Cu2SnS3 Using First‐Principles Density Functional Theory
Authors: Dahule Rohit , Raghav Abhishek , Hanindriyo Adie Tri , Hongo Kenta , Maezono Ryo , Panda Emila
Published: April 2021

Here, the electronic structure of monoclinic Cu2SnS3 (CTS) along with the surface energy and surface electronic structure of (200) and (31) terminated surfaces are computed using density functional theory (DFT). Moreover, this computation is carried out using the Heyd–Scuseria–Ernzerhof (HSE) hybrid functional after geometry optimization of ions performed using local density approximation (LDA). Surface distortion is seen for both these considered CTS surfaces after geometrical optimization of these surface supercells. In (200) surface supercell, Cu and Sn atoms are seen to move inwards, and outwards respectively, whereas, for (31) surface supercell, S atoms show high lateral displacement. Moreover, the relaxation effect of subsurface ions results in the displacement of 0.1 Å, which further reduced beyond the second layer for (200) surface supercell, whereas, (31) surface shows the random displacement of the subsurface ions. Moreover, the surface energy of (200) and (31) surfaces are calculated to be 0.0292 and 0.3106 eV Å−2, respectively, indicating (200) being the more stable CTS surface. Furthermore, the valence and conduction band edges of these surfaces are found to overlap, suggesting metallic characteristics for these surfaces contrary to the semiconducting behavior found for the bulk CTS (with the calculated band gap of 0.78 eV).
Design of Planar Reconfigurable, Tunable, and Wide Angle Resonant Absorbers for Applications in the IR Spectrum
Authors: Gomes de Souza Igor Leonardo , Rodriguez‐Esquerre Vitaly Felix , Alves Oliveira Israel
Published: April 2021

A hybrid resonant absorber Fabry Perot—FP tunable from a simple stack of planar layers of ultra‐thin films of phase change material is proposed, designed, and demonstrated numerically. This work shows that properly designed metal–dielectric–metal) structures comprising thin films of titanium (Ti), germanium telluride (GeTe) on a silver (Ag) substrate produce a dynamic modulation of light in the near IR with almost perfect absorption (A > 93%). It is demonstrated that the resonant peaks of the hybrid absorber can be tuned in two different ways for any wavelength, with the crystallization fractions and the thickness of the dielectric. The influence of the metallic top layer thickness is also analyzed and demonstrated the fabrication error tolerance of the proposed absorber is demonstrated. Also analyzed is the influence of the thickness of the metallic top layer and tolerance to fabrication error of the proposed absorber is demonstrated. Finally, the physical mechanisms for the coupling of the electromagnetic field and the absorbed optical power in the structure proposed are presented and discussed. This study allows the beginning of the development of hybrid devices to control the absorption of light in the region of the electromagnetic spectrum used in optical communications.
Large‐Area Blade‐Coated Solar Cells: Advances and Perspectives
Authors: Xiao Yifan , Zuo Chuantian , Zhong Jun‐Xing , Wu Wu‐Qiang , Shen Liang , Ding Liming
Published: April 2021

High‐efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and organic solar cells (OSCs) are promising alternatives for silicon‐based solar cells. At present, the key point for commercialization of PSCs and OSCs is realizing large‐scale production while maintaining the same high efficiency as small‐area ones. In this review, the blade‐coating method for preparing large‐area films is introduced first and the recent advances of blade‐coated OSCs and PSCs are summarized. Then, the effects of blading parameters on the crystal growth and film formation of the light‐harvesting materials are discussed. Moreover, the limitations and advantages of making high‐quality films via blade‐coating are discussed. Finally, some strategies for the up‐scaling of solar cells via blade‐coating are proposed.
Rationalizing the Unprecedented Stereochemistry of an Enzymatic Nitrile Synthesis through a Combined Computational and Experimental Approach
Authors: Yavuzer Hilmi , Asano Yasuhisa , Gröger Harald
Published: April 2021

In this contribution, the unique and unprecedented stereochemical phenomenon of an aldoxime dehydratase‐catalyzed enantioselective dehydration of racemic E‐ and Z‐aldoximes with selective formation of both enantiomeric forms of a chiral nitrile is rationalized by means of molecular modelling, comprising in silico mutations and docking studies. This theoretical investigation gave detailed insight into why with the same enzyme the use of racemic E‐ and Z‐aldoximes leads to opposite forms of the chiral nitrile. The calculated mutants with a larger or smaller cavity in the active site were then prepared and used in biotransformations, showing the theoretically predicted decrease and increase of the enantioselectivities in these nitrile syntheses. This validated model also enabled the rational design of mutants with a smaller cavity, which gave superior enantioselectivities compared to the known wild‐type enzyme, with excellent E‐values of up to E>200 when the mutant OxdRE‐Leu145Phe was utilized.
An Ion‐In‐Conjugation‐Boosted Organic Semiconductor Gas Sensor Operating at High Temperature and Immune to Moisture
Authors: Yu Chuang , He Jing‐Hui , Cheng Xue‐Feng , Lin Hong‐Zhen , Yu Haitao , Lu Jian‐Mei
Published: April 2021

Organic electrical gas sensors have been developed for many decades because of their high sensitivity and selectivity. However, their industrialization is severely hindered by their intrinsic humidity susceptibility and poor recovery. Conventional organic sensory materials can only operate at room temperature owing to their weak intermolecular interactions. Herein, we demonstrate using a croconate polymer (poly‐4,4′‐biphenylcroconate) that the “ion‐in‐conjugation” concept enables organic gas sensors to operate at 100 °C and 70 % relative humidity with almost complete recovery. The fabricated sensor had a parts‐per‐billion (ppb) detection limit for NO2 and showed the highest sensitivity (2526 ppm−1 at 40 ppb) of all reported NO2 chemiresistive sensors. Furthermore, charge transfer increased with temperature. Theoretical calculations and in situ FTIR spectra confirmed the ion‐in‐conjugation‐inspired hydrogen bond as key for excellent sensitivity. A NO2 alarm system was assembled to demonstrate the feasibility of this sensor.
Extension of lubricant drain interval by modified pure biomass oil filter
Authors: Chen Xiaohui , Chen Lu , Gan Xianqian , Pan Shouquan , Pan Hongkun
Published: April 2021

With the extensive use of internal combustion engines, the large volume of lubricant consumption has become an urgent problem. In this study, a new adsorbent of modified sawdust (MS) was used to clean the waste diesel engine lubricant and prepared into a pure biomass oil filter (PBF) for the actual operation of buses. The characterization results of sawdust showed that the crystallinity index of MS enhanced 19.26%, and MS had smoother morphology, obvious pores than raw sawdust (RS). In on‐road tests, both total acid number (1 mg KOH·g−1) and total base number (9 mg KOH·g−1) were within the permitted range of the standard, and the kinematic viscosity showed a decreasing trend. In addition, the concentration of metals and insoluble colloids (<0.2%) in the lubricant was far below the oil change limit, which made the oil drain interval of the two vehicles extended from 15 000 km (recommended by manufacture) to 60 500 and 71 500 km, respectively. Conclusively, it is believed that PBF is efficient to alleviate lubricant deterioration and prolong the oil drain interval.
Biodegradable PLA based nanocomposites for packaging applications: The effects of organo‐modified bentonite concentration
Authors: Bezerra Lima Edla Maria , Middea Antonieta , Marconcini José Manoel , Corrêa Ana Carolina , Fernandes Pereira Jéssica , Vieira Guimarães Alessandra , Firmino de Lima Josimar , Ramos dos Anjos Marianna , Miranda de Castro Izabela , Nunes Oliveira Renata , Ramos Moreira Carla , de Paiva Maurício Magalhães , Rangel Francisco Luiz Correa , Neumann Reiner
Published: April 2021

The effects of concentration and surface modification of two Brazilian bentonite clays on nanocomposites' properties based on polylactic acid – (PLA) were investigated. The samples were prepared by the extrusion/injection method to obtain biodegradable packaging plastics. The raw materials and their bionanocomposites were characterized by various techniques. Natural clay samples presented a size of around 2 μm while the modified ones' size was 5–6 μm, probably due to the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in the interlayer space. The particle size and the contact angle increased with the treatment and the clay's density decreased. The organoclays were homogeneously dispersed in PLA, which can be associated with the interactions between PLA chains' carbonyl groups and the organoclays. The bionanocomposites present modified clay particles axis aligned to the flow direction of the extruder/injector. Chocolate organoclay acts as a nucleating agent to PLA crystal growth, increasing the sample's crystallinity, while Bofe organoclay interferes with the amorphous chain's mobility and diminishes the sample's crystallization. The addition of both organoclays to PLA diminished the sample's elongation at break and strength, although the organoclays increased the sample's Young modulus, even though Bofe organoclay is more active in PLA amorphous phase and Chocolate organoclay on the crystalline one.
Sixteen analysands' and large groups' reactions to the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Volkan Vamık
Published: April 2021

The first part of this paper describes 16 analysands' reactions to the COVID‐19 pandemic, from early March 2020 until mid‐January 2021 when this paper was written, when different vaccines for the virus have become available and when the new COVID‐19 variant showed its face. The data come from the author's supervision via telephone of 10 younger psychoanalysts who were treating one or two of these cases. Most of the analysts and their analysands are located in Istanbul, Turkey, others in the United States and one analyst and her patient in Germany. The second part of this paper describes how the initial response to the virus pandemic has increased some of the 16 analysands' investments in their large‐group identities. The pandemic's impact on “border psychology” is also described. Lastly, this paper poses suggestions about the psychoanalyst's role in making helpful suggestions in dealing with the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on large groups.
Protein Mannosylation as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker of Lupus Nephritis: An Unusual Glycan Neoepitope in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Alves Inês , Santos‐Pereira Beatriz , Dalebout Hans , Santos Sofia , Vicente Manuel M. , Campar Ana , Thepaut Michel , Fieschi Franck , Strahl Sabine , Boyaval Fanny , Vizcaíno Ramon , Silva Roberto , Holst‐Bernal Stephanie , Vasconcelos Carlos , Santos Lélita , Wuhrer Manfred , Marinho António , Heijs Bram , Pinho Salomé S.
Published: April 2021

Objective

Changes in protein glycosylation are a hallmark of immune‐mediated diseases. Glycans are master regulators of the inflammatory response and are important molecules in self–nonself discrimination. This study was undertaken to investigate whether lupus nephritis (LN) exhibits altered cellular glycosylation to identify a unique glycosignature that characterizes LN pathogenesis.

Methods

A comprehensive tissue glycomics characterization was performed in kidney specimens from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and biopsy‐proven LN. A combination of advanced tissue mass spectrometry, in situ glyco‐characterization, and ex vivo glycophenotyping was performed to structurally map the repertoire of N‐glycans in LN tissue samples.

Results

LN exhibited a unique glycan signature characterized by increased abundance and spatial distribution of unusual mannose‐enriched glycans that are typically found in lower microorganisms. This glycosignature was specific for LN, as it was not observed in other kidney diseases. Exposure of mannosylated glycans in LN was shown to occur at the cell surface of kidney cells, promoting increased recognition by specific glycan‐recognizing receptors expressed by immune cells. This abnormal glycosignature of LN was shown to be due to a deficient complex N‐glycosylation pathway and a proficient O‐mannosylation pathway. Moreover, mannosylation levels detected in kidney biopsy samples from patients with LN at the time of diagnosis were demonstrated to predict the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) with 93% specificity.

Conclusion

Cellular mannosylation is a marker of LN, predicting the development of CKD, and thus representing a potential glycobiomarker to be included in the diagnostic and prognostic algorithm of LN.
Distributed fault tolerant model predictive control for multi‐unmanned aerial vehicle system
Authors: Zhang Boyang , Sun Xiuxia , Liu Shuguang , Deng Xiongfeng
Published: April 2021

This paper is devoted to the cooperative tracking control of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles with unknown faults. Considering the practical case that the unmanned aerial vehicles suffer from strong nonlinearities, external disturbances, actuator, and sensor faults, this brief investigates the distributed adaptive fault tolerant scheme for multi‐unmanned aerial vehicle system within model predictive control framework. Firstly, for preparation to the fault occurrence case, the baseline model predictive control scheme is designed under fault‐free case. Then considering the fault occurrence, a fault detection strategy is proposed by means of the moving horizon estimation and linearly parameterized approximation for actuator and sensor faults, respectively. Thereby with the characterized fault information, the fault tolerant model predictive control scheme is constructed by using an adaptive updating mechanism to compensate for actuator and sensor faults simultaneously. Finally, simulations well demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed control scheme.
Pharmacological inhibition of the primary endocannabinoid producing enzyme, DGL‐α, induces autism spectrum disorder‐like and co‐morbid phenotypes in adult C57BL/J mice
Authors: Fyke William , Alarcon Juan Marcos , Velinov Milen , Chadman Kathryn K.
Published: April 2021

Accumulating evidence links dysfunction in the endocannabinoid system (ECS) with the pathology of neurodevelopmental disorders, particularly autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Variants in ECS genes CNR1 and DAGLA are associated with neurological phenotypes in humans. The endocannabinoids (eCBs), 2‐AG and AEA, which act at the primary cannabinoid receptor (CB1), mediate behaviors relevant to neurodevelopmental disorders. The overlap between these eCBs is poorly understood. Most ECS studies have focused on stress responses, anxiety, and epilepsy, however, its role in social behavior and communication has only recently come under investigation. This represents a critical gap in our understanding of the ECS and its relationship to ASD. Furthermore, the increasing prevalence of ASD and a lack of therapeutics emphasize a crucial need for novel therapeutic targets. To this aim, we used an inhibitor of the eCB producing enzyme DGL‐α, DO34, and the CB1 inverse agonist, rimonabant, to evaluate the role of the primary eCB, 2‐AG, in ASD. Adult male C57BL/6J mice were used in a series of behavioral paradigms which assessed social behavior, social communication, repetitive behaviors, anxiety and locomotor activity. DO34 and rimonabant increased anxiety‐like behavior, while only DO34 induced hyperactivity, social deficits, and repetitive self‐grooming behavior. These data indicate that reduced 2‐AG bioavailability, or CB1 inhibition, each induce unique respective behavioral phenotypes relevant to neurodevelopmental disorders, particularly ASD. This suggests fundamental differences in CB1 signaling via 2‐AG and the CB1 receptor itself, particularly for social behaviors, and that 2‐AG signaling may represent a target for the development of novel therapeutics.

Lay Summary

Endocannabinoids play a critical role in the developing nervous system. Alterations in the endocannabinoid system are linked to neurodevelopmental disorders. Studies suggest these variants may play a critical role in the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder. In this study, pharmacological inhibition of the primary endocannabinoid producing enzyme, DGL‐α, induced a constellation of deficits in behavioral domains associated with autism.
Colorimetric identification of miRNA‐195 sequence for diagnosing osteosarcoma
Authors: Xu Zhendong , Zheng Kunlun , Du Zhuang , Xin Jindang , Luo Meimei , Wang Fengdan
Published: April 2021

Improving biosensing performance is mandatory for biomolecular recognition and disease identification. Gold nanoparticle (GNP)‐based colorimetric assay is the easy and cost‐effective identification method by a naked eye detection. In this research, osteosarcoma biomarker (miRNA‐195) was identified by citrate‐capped GNP‐colorimetric assay. As salt‐induced aggregation was used to observe the color changes of GNP, sodium chloride (NaCl) and capture DNA were optimized as 50 mM and ∼20 pmol, respectively. The capture DNA only on GNP could not stabilize under high NaCl, and the color of GNP turned into purple. At the same time, when capture DNA was hybridized with target, the condition can stabilize the GNP under higher NaCl, which retains the GNP color as red. This simple assay reaches the limit of detection of target miRNA‐195 as ∼40 fmol. Control experiments with noncomplementary DNA turned the solution into purple, indicating the specific detection of target. The mixture of target in diluted serum retains the color of the GNP solution to be red, indicating the selective detection of target DNA. This simple assay helps to quantify the level of miRNA‐195 target DNA and to diagnose the osteosarcoma.
Häufigkeit von und Mortalität bei Hochbaueinstürzen
Authors: Proske Dirk , Schmid Michael
Published: April 2021

Der Beitrag befasst sich mit der Bestimmung der Einsturzhäufigkeiten von Hochbauten bzw. Gebäuden für verschiedene Länder und Regionen. Zunächst werden entweder direkte Angaben des Gebäudebestands verwendet oder Gebäudebestände über Ersatzparameter abgeschätzt. Die Einsturzereignisse wurden aus der Tagespresse oder aus der Literatur entnommen. Neben der Berechnung der Einsturzhäufigkeiten werden auch die Mortalitäten durch Gebäudeeinstürze bestimmt. Dazu wurden wiederum Angaben aus der Tagespresse oder Literatur verwendet. Außerdem erfolgt eine kurze Diskussion der Ursachen der Gebäudeeinstürze. Für Industrieländer ergibt sich eine mittlere jährliche Einsturzhäufigkeit von 2,4 × 10–7 pro Jahr und für Entwicklungsländer von 4,7 × 10–6 pro Jahr. Die mittlere Mortalität liegt bei 9,8 × 10–8 für die Industrieländer und 1,5 × 10–6 pro Jahr für die Entwicklungsländer. Die Ursachen von Gebäudeeinstürzen liegen in den Entwicklungsländern – und damit bei der überwiegenden Anzahl der Einstürze – in der ungenügenden Qualifikation der Beteiligten.
Development of a CRISPR‐Cas9 Based Luciferase Turn‐On System as Nonhomologous End Joining Pathway Reporter
Authors: Wang Yi , Zhao Yanjie , Su Weijun , Guo Xiaojing , Li Shuai
Published: April 2021

There is a need of a non‐homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway reporter system that facilitates screening and discovery of NHEJ chemical inhibitors. In this study, we developed a CRISPR‐Cas9 based luciferase turn‐on system as a NHEJ pathway reporter. By substituting nucleotide 205C with ATC, we introduced a reading‐frame shift and a pre‐stop codon into the luciferase coding region and thereby generated a bioluminescent signal mute HEK293T reporter cell line. Then, a CRISPR‐Cas9 plasmid expressing a guide RNA targeting luciferase coding region was introduced into the reporter cell line to generate NHEJ‐associated indel to restore the reading frame and subsequently turn on the bioluminescent signal. We observed over three‐thousand fold increase in signal after CRISPR‐Cas9 vector transfection. Different known chemical inhibitors of the NHEJ pathway, such as NU7441, KU0060648, and KU55933, could significantly inhibit the bioluminescent signal generated by CRISPR‐Cas9 targeting. In addition, we validated our system by high throughput sequencing.
Effect of roasting treatments on total phenol, antioxidant activity, fatty acid compositions, and phenolic compounds of teff grains
Authors: Ahmed Isam A. Mohamed , Uslu Nurhan , Al Juhaimi Fahad , Özcan Mehmet Musa , Osman Magdi A. , Alqah Hesham A. S. , Babiker Elfadıl E. , Ghafoor Kashif
Published: April 2021

Background and objectives

Teff grains are subjected to several treatments, such as cooking and baking, and studies on the impact of thermal treatments such as roasting on the bioactive properties, phenolic compounds, fatty acids, and minerals of teff grains are scarce. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of microwave and oven roasting processes on total phenol, antioxidant activity, fatty acid compositions, and phenolic compounds of teff grains.

Findings

Roasting treatments greatly influenced the biochemical content and bioactive properties of teff grains. Roasting increased oil, carotenoids, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of teff grains with the highest values being observed in microwave‐roasted grains, except total flavonoids of soluble fraction which was highest in oven‐roasted grains. It also increased total phenolic of soluble fraction and most phenolic compounds in both soluble and bound fractions with the highest values being found in conventional oven‐roasted grains, except gallic acid, trans‐cinnamic acid, naringenin, and isorhamnetin which were high in control samples. In addition, oven roasting increased palmitic acid, linoleic acid, nickel, and boron, whereas microwave roasting increased the content of stearic acid, calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron, copper, zinc, and lead of teff grains compared to controls.

Conclusions

The findings of this study indicate that teff grains are suitable sources of nutrients and bioactive compounds that could be enhanced by roasting.

Significance and novelty

The teff grains have high nutritional value, antioxidants, fatty acids, and phenolic compounds which are improved by roasting treatment and hence probable potential application in functional foods. Studying the effects of processing treatments such as roasting of teff grain will help in promoting the worldwide utilization of this important gluten‐free cereal.
A Multi‐Parametric Catalyst Screening for CO2 Hydrogenation to Ethanol
Authors: Goryachev Andrey , Pustovarenko Alexey , Shterk Genrikh , Alhajri Nawal S. , Jamal Aqil , Albuali Mohammed , van Koppen Luke , Khan Il Son , Russkikh Artem , Ramirez Adrian , Shoinkhorova Tuiana , Hensen Emiel J. M. , Gascon Jorge
Published: April 2021

The direct hydrogenation of CO2 to higher alcohols has the potential to turn the main contributor of global warming into a valuable feedstock. However, for this technology to become attractive, more efficient and, especially, selective catalysts are required. Here we present a high throughput study on the influence of different promoters on the CO2 hydrogenation performance of Rh−SiO2 catalysts. Fe and K promoters were found to improve ethanol selectivity at the expense of undesired CH4. The best‐performing catalyst, with a composition 2 wt.% K, 20 wt.% Fe, and 5 wt.% Rh, displays an EtOH selectivity of 16 % at CO2 conversion level of 18.4 % and CH4 selectivity of 46 %. The combination of different characterization techniques and catalyst screening allowed us to unravel the role of each catalyst component in this complex reaction mechanism.