bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le cœur artificiel autonome total biocompatible CARMAT© : une innovation technologique exemplaire ?
Authors: Jacques Bertrand
Published: September 2014

On présente les motivations et les arguments concernant un ensemble d'innovations rassemblées sous le nom de CARMAT©. Elles dérivent elles-mêmes de recherches et d'inventions multidisciplinaires. On revient sur les exigences cohérentes auxquelles répond ce nouveau cœur artificiel total autorégulé. L'utilisation systématique de matériaux biocompatibles, d'une part, et la régulation autonome, d'autre part, représentent les deux grandes originalités du CARMAT©, lui permettent de limiter les risques de complications majeures (rejet, hémolyse et thrombose) et d'adapter instantanément son fonctionnement aux diverses situations rencontrées. Après avoir décrit les obstacles à surmonter et les multiples difficultés à résoudre, on montre leur caractère de novation exemplaire, au reste perfectible.
Le mi-lieu de l'événement innovant – À partir de Levinas et Deleuze
Authors: Choplin Hugues , Soulier Eddie
Published: September 2014

Mobiliser le concept philosophique d' événement pour rendre compte de l'innovation : telle est la proposition principale de ce texte. Précisément, il s'agit de penser le mouvement singulier de l'innovation – en particulier pédagogique – depuis les philosophies de l'événement de Levinas et de Deleuze. Ainsi émerge le problème du milieu , en tant qu'il désigne ce qui prépare – plutôt que ne conditionne – l'événement innovant. Mais, de notre point de vue, en subordonnant ainsi le mi-lieu à cet événement, Levinas et Deleuze reconduisent, serait-ce en le renouvelant, le régime même du pouvoir .
L'innovation théologique
Authors: Capelle Philippe
Published: September 2014

Cet article montre comment la théologie, discours de la foi, systématique, rationnel et critique, loin de se fixer dans le « même » répétitif d'une croyance ou d'un dogme, se veut d'abord coextensive au jeu de l'innovation, mieux : qu'elle en ouvre une dimension propre. « Nouveau Testament », « Bonne nouvelle » ( Euagelion ), « Nouvelle alliance » : ces dénominations ne constituent pas pour la théologie de simple objets de commentaires, elles rendent compte d'une tradition herméneutique singulière qui engage la « vérité » dans une nouvelle logique du dialogue, ouvrant à l'intelligence de l'« événement ». La lecture de deux textes bibliques (tirés du Nouveau Testament) en offre une double illustration.
Le travail comme expression
Authors: Smith Nicholas H.
Published: September 2014

Cet article replace la conception du travail développée par la psychodynamique du travail dans la tradition philosophique de l’expressivisme et soutient la primauté de la conception expressiviste du travail sur la conception classique du travail comme poiesis . À l’issue d’une reconstruction des arguments principaux portant sur l’opposition entre poiesis (travail de production) et praxis (action morale), l’attention sera portée sur les limites de ce modèle de conceptualisation du travail. Un modèle alternatif est introduit à partir de la prise en compte de plusieurs dimensions du concept d’expression utilisé dans le langage courant. Cela nous permet de mettre en évidence ce qui, dans le modèle psychodynamique de C. Dejours, est précisément « expressiviste ». Une fois l’origine expressiviste de la théorie de Dejours établie, plusieurs interprétations des normes d’expression sont présentées, en lien avec l’évaluation des organisations du travail contemporaines. Summary , p. 85. Resumen , p. 86.
La surveillance dans les centres d'appel est-elle un vecteur de self development ? Capacités et reconnaissance au travail
Authors: Tweedie Dale
Published: September 2014

Cet article analyse le travail dans les centres d’appel à la lumière de deux approches philosophiques portant sur le self development en situation de travail. La première approche est tirée de la (re)lecture d’Aristote par James Murphy, pour lequel le travail peut développer les capacités techniques, sociales et morales constitutives d’un accroissement de la subjectivité. La seconde approche est tirée des théories de la reconnaissance d’Axel Honneth et Christophe Dejours, au sein desquelles les formes de reconnaissances institutionnelle et interpersonnelle du travail peuvent développer le rapport de soi à soi qui est au principe d’une action autonome. À partir de ces deux perspectives théoriques, il apparaît que la contribution du travail au self development est biface, le travail pouvant soit créer soit détruire les conditions présidant au « bien-être » des travailleurs. Les expériences des travailleurs en centre d’appels, évoluant sous étroite surveillance, servent d’illustration de ces deux destins possibles. Summary , p. 123. Resumen , p. 123.
Qu'est-ce qu'un « travail décent » ? Propositions pour élargir la campagne de l' Oit pour le travail décent à partir de la psychodynamique
Authors: Deranty Jean-Philippe , Mac Millan Craig
Published: September 2014

Cet article propose une analyse critique de la notion de « travail décent » qui se situe au cœur de la campagne de l’Organisation internationale du travail pour le travail décent. L’article soutient que le concept de travail qui sous-tend la campagne de l’organisation internationale du travail est trop réduit. Il manque à l’approche par l’ Oit le point de vue du travail, qui ne soit pas réduit à une dimension économique et un rapport social. Mais le travail doit aussi être analysé en terme d’activité, qui a des incidences sur la santé individuelle dans la mesure où elle mobilise le corps, l’esprit et le fonctionnement psychique (vie d’âme) des travailleurs. La littérature en philosophie politique portant sur le « travail qui a du sens » permet d’élargir la notion de travail décent proposée par l’ Oit , en raison d’une démonstration convaincante de la nécessité de référer le contenu du travail à une définition précise de la justice. Cependant, ces travaux peuvent être utilement complétés par l’approche en psychodynamique du travail. Nous avons dégagé trois domaines dans lesquels une extension de la définition du travail permettrait de compléter la campagne de l’ Oit en faveur du travail décent : le niveau des habiletés individuelles, le niveau du travail collectif et enfin le niveau de la culture politique du travail. Summary , p. 173. Resumen , p. 174.
La gestion contre le travail ?
Authors: Collard Damien
Published: September 2014

L’auteur s’interroge sur les raisons de la coupure grandissante entre la sphère de la gestion et la sphère du travail. Dans une perspective clinique, il étudie les mécanismes organisationnels qui ont accompagné le déploiement de deux « démarches qualité » à la Sncf dans le domaine de la relation de service. La mise en place de relations de type client-fournisseur en interne et la définition de normes de service strictes constituent deux mécanismes clés qui sont au fondement du déni du travail des agents en front office . Par ailleurs, les effets induits par ces démarches sur le travail de ces agents, appréhendés en termes de déficit et d’excès de prescription, sont analysés. Summary , p. 194. Resumen , p. 194.
The Evolution and Specialization of IETF Standards
Authors: Gencer Mehmet
Published: September 2014

The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) specification documents corpus spans three decades of Internet standards production. This chapter summarizes the results of an exploratory study on this corpus for understanding how this system of standards and its production have evolved in time. This study takes an alternative perspective, which considers a system like IETF as an organization itself, rather than a constellation of extra-organizational activities. Thus, how it works and evolves are examined with respect to its endogenous dynamics rather than by taking it as a system, which responds to requirements coming from the external environment. The author conducts a longitudinal examination of several features of these documents, their authorship, their dependency and collaboration network structure, and topics. They present a review of how the standards corpus evolves into specialized subsystems and a commentary of findings towards monitoring and managing such standardization processes.
Co-Evolutionary Analysis of Cognitive Radio Systems
Authors: Fomin Vladislav V. , Medeisis Arturas
Published: September 2014

Cognitive radio technology is commonly seen as a promise to form the basis of the next largest breakthrough in the development of ubiquitous wireless broadband services. However, the disruptive nature and complexity of this technology raises a host of associated issues, including the open question on reasons for the slow progression of the innovation. In this chapter, the authors offer a co-evolutionary analysis of the CR innovation context, aiming to reveal a stakeholders' domain, which is best positioned to lead the further CR development. Having analysed the position of CR within technology, market, and regulatory domains, the authors come to conclude that the regulatory domain oversees some of the most crucial enabling factors that may decide the future of CR technology.
Are Asian Countries Ready to Lead a Global ICT Standardization?
Authors: Seo DongBack
Published: September 2014

East Asian countries are booming with both technological and demographic advances. They have traditionally developed their economies by being licensed foreign Information and Communications Technology (ICT) standards and using them to develop their home market and to export products. This chapter proposes that East Asian countries should start to develop a leadership role in global ICT standardizations even though their focuses are currently still primarily on developments in their own nations.
Perceived Enjoyment and the Effect of Gender on Continuance Intention for Mobile Internet Services
Authors: Khedhaouria Anis , Beldi Adel
Published: September 2014

Based on technology acceptance theory, the authors examined the effect of perceived enjoyment and gender on the intention to continue using mobile Internet services (MIS) in an everyday life context. A survey was conducted among 623 current MIS users to test the structural equation model. Their findings confirm the effect of perceived enjoyment on MIS continuance intention as well as the moderating effect of gender. Women expressed a stronger need for perceived usefulness and ease-of-use than men, while men expressed a significant need for perceived enjoyment. Interestingly, and somewhat contrary to previous findings, the effect of perceived usefulness on MIS continuance intention was stronger for women; whereas the effect of perceived enjoyment was significantly stronger for men. The authors findings suggest that MIS developers and providers should consider the gender of users when designing and offering MIS. The paper provides some guidelines regarding how MIS can be designed and customized for gender segments.
The Two Human CXCR4 Isoforms Display Different HIV Receptor Activities: Consequences for the Emergence of X4 Strains
Authors: Duquenne Charline , Psomas Christina , Gimenez Sandrine , Guigues Adeline , Carles Marie-Josée , Barbuat Claudine , Lavigne Jean-Philippe , Sotto Albert , Reynes Jacques , Guglielmi Paul , Mettling Clément , François Vincent , Corbeau Pierre
Published: September 2014

CXCR4 is a chemokine receptor that plays key roles with its specific ligand, CXCL12, in stem cell homing and immune trafficking. It is also used as a coreceptor by some HIV-1 strains (X4 strains), whereas other strains (R5 strains) use an alternative coreceptor, CCR5. X4 strains mainly emerge at late stages of the infection and are linked to disease progression. Two isoforms of this coreceptor have been described in humans: CXCR4-A and CXCR4-B, corresponding to an unspliced and a spliced mRNA, respectively. In this study, we show that CXCR4-B, but not CXCR4-A, mediates an efficient HIV-1 X4 entry and productive infection. Yet, the chemotactic activity of CXCL12 on both isoforms was similar. Furthermore, HIV-R5 infection favored CXCR4-B expression over that of CXCR4-A. In vitro infection with an R5 strain increased CXCR4-B/CXCR4-A mRNA ratio in PBMCs, and this ratio correlated with HIV RNA plasma level in R5-infected individuals. In addition, the presence of the CXCR4-B isoform favored R5 to X4 switch more efficiently than did CXCR4-A in vitro. Hence, the predominance of CXCR4-B over CXCR4-A expression in PBMCs was linked to the ability of circulating HIV-1 strains to use CXCR4, as determined by genotyping. These data suggest that R5 to X4 switch could be favored by R5 infection–induced overexpression of CXCR4-B. Finally, we achieved a specific small interfering RNA–mediated knockdown of CXCR4-B. This represents a proof of concept for a possible gene-therapeutic approach aimed at blocking the HIV coreceptor activity of CXCR4 without knocking down its chemotactic activity.
Osteoarthritis Prevalence Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Numbers-Needed-to-Treat Analysis
Authors: Luc Brittney , Gribble Phillip A. , Pietrosimone Brian G.
Published: September 2014

Objective:

To determine the prophylactic capability of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in decreasing the risk of knee osteoarthritis (OA) when compared with ACL-deficient patients, as well as the effect of a concomitant meniscectomy. We also sought to examine the influence of study design, publication date, and graft type as well as the magnitude of change in physical activity from preinjury Tegner scores in both cohorts.

Data Sources:

We searched Web of Science and PubMed databases from 1960 through 2012 with the search terms osteoarthritis, meniscectomy, anterior cruciate ligament, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, and anterior cruciate ligament deficient.

Study Selection:

Articles that reported the prevalence of tibiofemoral or patellofemoral OA based on radiographic assessment were included. We calculated numbers needed to treat and relative risk reduction with associated 95% confidence intervals for 3 groups (1) patients with meniscal and ACL injury, (2) patients with isolated ACL injury, and (3) total patients (groups 1 and 2).

Data Extraction:

A total of 38 studies met the criteria. Of these, 27 assessed the presence of tibiofemoral osteoarthritis in patients treated with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Data Synthesis:

Overall, ACL reconstruction (ACL-R) yielded a numbers needed to treat to harm of 16 with a relative risk increase of 16%. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction along with meniscectomy yielded a numbers needed to treat to benefit of 15 and relative risk reduction of 11%. Isolated ACL-R showed a numbers needed to treat to harm of 8 and relative risk increase of 43%. Activity levels were decreased in both ACL-R (d = −0.90; 95% confidence interval = 0.77, 1.13) and ACL-deficient (d = −1.13; 95% confidence interval = 0.96, 1.29) patients after injury.

Conclusions:

The current literature does not provide substantial evidence to suggest that ACL-R is an adequate intervention to prevent knee osteoarthritis. With regard to osteoarthritis prevalence, the only patients benefiting from ACL-R were those undergoing concomitant meniscectomy with reconstruction.
A new species of Berkheya (Asteraceae, Arctotideae) from the Northern Cape, South Africa
Authors: Bergh Nicola G. , Helme Nick A.
Published: September 2014

Background: Berkheya is a large, mainly southern African genus of approximately 75 species, several of which are poorly known and under-collected. Since revision in 1959, only a few new species have been described. Publication of new taxa facilitates conservation objectives and contributes to a better understanding of the southern African flora.Objectives: The objectives of this study were to describe a new species of Berkheya, consider its taxonomic position within the genus and assess its conservation status.Methods: Macromorphology and micromorphology of the new species were compared with known species.Results: Berkheya dumicola N.G.Bergh Helme was described from two subpopulations from the northern Bokkeveld escarpment, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. The species is a tall shrub with radiate flowerheads, toothed receptacle alveole margins, a uniseriate pappus of small, rounded scales and very short twin-hairs on the cypsela.Conclusion: Berkheya dumicola is a new species with a unique combination of features. Based on morphological characteristics, its closest relative within the genus is likely to be the recently describedBerkheya chrysanthemoides J.C.Manning Goldblatt. The limited geographic extent and small population size of B. dumicola warrant an International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) status of ‘Endangered’.
A Cross-Sectional Study of Physical Activity and Health-Related Quality of Life in an Elderly Indonesian Cohort
Authors: Clifford Angela , Rahardjo Tri Budi , Bandelow Stephan , Hogervorst Eef
Published: September 2014

Introduction:

Improving health-related quality of life (QoL) may have far-reaching clinical implications, and previous studies have shown associations between participation in physical activity and higher QoL. However, it is unclear which types of physical activity are particularly beneficial and how much of this relationship is explained by instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) following physical activity.

Method:

This observational study measured frequency of participation in several different physical activities and IADL scores in a large elderly, community-dwelling sample. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to assess relationships between these variables and self-rated QoL using the Medical Outcome Survey SF-36 questionnaire.

Findings:

Participation in walking was found to be associated with higher QoL ratings in older men and women. IADL scores were correlated with QoL ratings but only partially mediated the association between walking and QoL. Participation in other types of physical activity was not significantly associated with QoL ratings.

Conclusion:

Walking may be recommended alongside treatment for illness or disability due to its potential benefits to QoL and treatment outcomes. Further research should investigate the role of physical fitness in this relationship, to determine whether these findings can be replicated in different populations.
Using Appreciative Inquiry to Explore the Potential of Enhanced Practice Education Opportunities
Authors: Clarke Maria , Thornton Jacqui
Published: September 2014

This practice analysis demonstrates how appreciative inquiry has been used within a Local Health Board to enhance the quality of practice placements and increase the range of occupational therapy practice opportunities offered to students. A positively focused appreciative inquiry workshop, collaboratively facilitated between the Local Health Board and a university, brought about change. Both student placements and the range of placement opportunities increased, and occupational therapists and students reported greater confidence and improved experiences. The use of appreciative inquiry in discussion provided a guiding structure and a framework that enhanced and sustained positive change.
La mujer fatal
Authors: Tardío Gastón Francisco Javier
Published: September 2014

Nuestra historia está llena de mitos y tópicos. Ni qué decir tiene, que la imagen de la mujer fatal es recurrente en obras de todas las épocas y lugares. En este trabajo se pretende reflejar cómo ha aparecido esa femme fatale en la literatura. Tras analizar cómo la historia, y la propia literatura, han ido perfilando y caracterizando a estas mujeres, se hace un recorrido por algunos ejemplos que ya se venían dando desde la antigua Grecia. El arte se nutre de su poder de seducción y, en este trabajo, se pretende reflejar cómo aparece esta mujer fatal dentro de la literatura y su relación con el cine. Todo ello ha dado lugar a que la crítica literaria se haya posicionado al respecto con diferentes tesis argumentativas sobre la mujer y sobre el feminismo. Con este último análisis se cierra el artículo.
El adverbio de manera corto en el español formal de México
Authors: Medina Gómez Lorena Yadira , Alarcón Neve Luisa Josefina
Published: September 2014

El adverbio de manera corto en el español formal de México
Antidiuretic Activity of the Methanol Extract of Aporusa lindleyana Wight (Euphorbiacea) Baillon in Rats
Authors: Ganegamage SK , Abeytunga TU , Ratnasooriya WD
Published: September 2014

Purpose: To determine the diuretic activity of Aporusa lindleyana in rats following its claimed use in Sri Lankan traditional medicine.Methods: Three doses (500, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg) of the methanol extract (ME) of Aporusa lindleyana (Leaf and bark in 5:1 ratio) were orally administered to female, adult Sprague Dawley rats. Furosemide, vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) and distilled water were used as diuretic reference, antidiuretic reference and control, respectively. Urine output was recorded up to 6 h at hourly intervals. To investigate the mode of action, pH, specific gravity, conductivity, total dissolve solids, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, leucocytes, nitrite, urobilinogen, protein, blood, ketones, bilirubin and glucose were tested in the urine of 500 mg/kg treated and control rats. Six hours later, serum electrolyte levels (Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) were evaluated. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was also determined in terms of creatinine clearance. Overt toxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and a phytochemical studies were conducted.Results: Significant (p < 0.05) reduction of urine output (by 45 %) and aldosterone secretion index (Na+/K+) were observed while sodium (by 38 %) and potassium (by 114 %) levels were increased significantly (p < 0.05). GFR was not changed significantly (p > 0.05). Further, the methanol extract (leaf/bark in 5:1 ratio) was non-toxic in terms of overt signs of toxicity, serum alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), urea and creatinine levels. Phytochemical evaluation revealed the presence of alkaloids, unsaturated sterols, unsaturated terpenes, unsaturated lactones, lucocyanins, tannins and polyphenols and cyanogenic glycosides.Conclusion: The methanol extract of Aporusa lindleyana has moderate and safe oral antidiuretic activity.Keywords: Aporusa lindleyana, Antidiuretic, Diuretic, Toxicity, Phytochemicals, Sri Lankan traditional medicine
Drivers of column-average CO2 variability at Southern Hemispheric Total Carbon Column Observing Network sites
Authors: Deutscher N. M. , Sherlock V. , Mikaloff Fletcher S. E. , Griffith D. W. T. , Notholt J. , Macatangay R. , Connor B. J. , Robinson J. , Shiona H. , Velazco V. A. , Wang Y. , Wennberg P. O. , Wunch D.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. We investigate factors that drive the variability in total column CO2 at the Total Carbon Column Observing Network sites in the Southern Hemisphere using fluxes tagged by process and by source region from the CarbonTracker analysed product as well as the Simple Biosphere model. We show that the terrestrial biosphere is the largest driver of variability in the Southern Hemisphere column CO2. However, it does not dominate in the same fashion as in the Northern Hemisphere. Local- and hemispheric-scale biomass burning can also play an important role, particularly at the tropical site, Darwin. The magnitude of seasonal variability in the column-average dry-air mole fraction of CO2, XCO2, is also much smaller in the Southern Hemisphere and comparable in magnitude to the annual increase. Comparison of measurements to the model simulations highlights that there is some discrepancy between the two time series, especially in the early part of the Darwin data record. We show that this mismatch is most likely due to erroneously estimated local fluxes in the Australian tropical region, which are associated with enhanced photosynthesis caused by early rainfall during the tropical monsoon season.
Characterising terrestrial influences on Antarctic air masses using Radon-222 measurements at King George Island
Authors: Chambers S. D. , Hong S.-B. , Williams A. G. , Crawford J. , Griffiths A. D. , Park S.-J.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. We report on one year of high-precision direct hourly radon observations at King Sejong Station (King George Island) beginning in February 2013. Findings are compared with historic and ongoing radon measurements from other Antarctic sites. Monthly median concentrations reduced from 72 mBq m−3 in late-summer to 44 mBq m−3 in late winter and early spring. Monthly 10th percentiles, ranging from 29 to 49 mBq m−3, were typical of oceanic baseline values. Diurnal cycles were rarely evident and local influences were minor, consistent with regional radon flux estimates one tenth of the global average for ice-free land. The predominant fetch region for terrestrially influenced air masses was South America (47–53° S), with minor influences also attributed to aged Australian air masses and local sources. Plume dilution factors of 2.8–4.0 were estimated for the most terrestrially influenced (South American) air masses, and a seasonal cycle in terrestrial influence on tropospheric air descending at the pole was identified and characterised.
Sensitivity study of the aerosol effects on a supercell storm throughout its lifetime
Authors: Takeishi A. , Storelvmo T.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. An increase in atmospheric aerosol loading could alter the microphysics, dynamics, and radiative characteristics of deep convective clouds. Earlier modeling studies have shown that the effects of increased aerosols on the amount of precipitation from deep convective clouds are model-dependent. This study aims to understand the effects of increased aerosol loading on a deep convective cloud throughout its lifetime with the use of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model as a cloud-resolving model (CRM). It simulates an idealized supercell thunderstorm with 8 different aerosol loadings, for three different cloud microphysics schemes. Variation in aerosol concentration is mimicked by varying either cloud droplet number concentration or the number of activated cloud condensation nuclei. We show that the sensitivity to aerosol loading is dependent on the choice of microphysics scheme. For the schemes that are sensitive to aerosols loading, the production of graupel via riming of snow is the key factor determining the precipitation response. The formulation of snow riming depends on the microphysics scheme and is usually a function of two competing effects, the size effect and the number effect. In many simulations, a decrease in riming is seen with increased aerosol loading, due to the decreased droplet size that lowers the riming efficiency drastically. This decrease in droplet size also results in a delay in the onset of precipitation, as well as so-called warm rain suppression. Although these characteristics of convective invigoration (Rosenfeld et al., 2008) are seen in the first few hours of the simulations, variation in the accumulated precipitation mainly stems from graupel production rather than convective invigoration. These results emphasize the importance of accurate representations of graupel formation in microphysics schemes.
Methane as a diagnostic tracer of changes in the net circulation of the middle atmosphere
Authors: Remsberg E. E.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. This study makes use of time series of methane (CH4) data from the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) to determine whether there were any statistically significant changes of the net circulation within the stratosphere and lower mesosphere during 1992–2005. HALOE CH4 profiles in terms of mixing ratio vs. pressure-altitude are binned into subtropical and extratropical latitude zones of the southern and of the Northern Hemisphere, and their separate time series are then analyzed using multiple linear regression (MLR) techniques. A positive trend in the subtropics and a negative trend in the extratropics is interpreted as indicating an acceleration of the net circulation. A significant acceleration is found in the Northern Hemisphere from 20 hPa to 7 hPa, a likely indication of changes from the effects of wave activity during those years. No similar acceleration is found in the Southern Hemisphere. The trends from HALOE H2O are analyzed and compared with those from CH4 for consistency because H2O is a primary product in the upper stratosphere of the chemical conversion of CH4. The CH4 and H2O trends have a ratio of nearly 2 : 1, and they are anti-correlated most clearly near the stratopause in the southern extratropics. Seasonal anomalies are found in the HALOE CH4 time series of the lower mesosphere, and they are ascribed to wave-driven, secondary residual circulation cells associated with the descent of the SAO westerlies. The time series residuals for CH4 of the lower mesosphere also exhibit aperiodic structure, and it is anti-correlated with that of the tracer-like species HCl. Such structure indicates the effects of variations in the wave forcing. It is concluded that multi-year, global-scale distributions of CH4 are very useful for diagnosing large-scale changes of the net transport within the middle atmosphere.
Validation of GOME-2/MetOp-A total water vapour column using reference radiosonde data from GRUAN network
Authors: Antón M. , Loyola D. , Román R. , Vömel H.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. The main goal of this article is to validate the total water vapour column (TWVC) measured by the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) satellite sensor and generated using the GOME Data Processor (GDP) retrieval algorithm developed by the German Aerospace Center (DLR). For this purpose, spatially and temporally collocated TWVC data from highly accurate sounding measurements for the period January 2009–May 2014 at six sites are used. These balloon-borne data are provided by GCOS Reference Upper-Air Network (GRUAN). The correlation between GOME-2 and sounding TWVC data is reasonably good (determination coefficient (R2) of 0.89) when all available radiosondes (1400) are employed in the inter-comparison. When cloud-free cases (544) are selected by means of the satellite cloud fraction (CF), the correlation exhibits a remarkable improvement (R2 ~ 0.95). Nevertheless, analyzing the six datasets together, the relative differences between GOME-2 and GRUAN data shows mean values (in absolute term) of 19% for all-sky conditions and 14% for cloud-free cases, which evidences a notable bias in the satellite TWVC data against the reference balloon-borne measurements. The satellite-sounding TWVC differences show a strong solar zenith angle (SZA) dependence for values above 50° with a stable behaviour for values below this zenith angle. The smallest relative differences found in the inter-comparison (between −5 and +3%) are achieved for those cloud-free cases with SZA below 50°. Furthermore, the detailed analysis of the influence of cloud properties (CF, cloud top albedo (CTA) and cloud top pressure (CTP)) on the satellite-sounding differences reveals, as expected, a large effect of clouds in the GOME-2 TWVC data. For instance, the relative differences exhibit a large negative dependence on CTA, varying from +5 to −20% when CTA rises from 0.3 to 0.9. Finally, the satellite-sounding differences also show a negative dependence on the reference TWVC values, changing from +10% (TWVC below 10 mm) to −20% (TWVC above 50 mm).
Site-level model intercomparison of high latitude and high altitude soil thermal dynamics in tundra and barren landscapes
Authors: Ekici A. , Chadburn S. , Chaudhary N. , Hajdu L. H. , Marmy A. , Peng S. , Boike J. , Burke E. , Friend A. D. , Hauck C. , Krinner G. , Langer M. , Miller P. A. , Beer C.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Modelling soil thermal dynamics at high latitudes and altitudes requires representations of specific physical processes such as snow insulation, soil freezing/thawing, as well as subsurface conditions like soil water/ice content and soil texture type. We have compared six different land models (JSBACH, ORCHIDEE, JULES, COUP, HYBRID8, LPJ-GUESS) at four different sites with distinct cold region landscape types (i.e. Schilthorn-Alpine, Bayelva-high Arctic, Samoylov-wet polygonal tundra, Nuuk-non permafrost Arctic) to quantify the importance of physical processes in capturing observed temperature dynamics in soils. This work shows how a range of models can represent distinct soil temperature regimes in permafrost and non-permafrost soils. Snow insulation is of major importance for estimating topsoil conditions and must be combined with accurate subsoil temperature dynamics to correctly estimate active layer thicknesses. Analyses show that land models need more realistic surface processes (such as detailed snow dynamics and moss cover with changing thickness/wetness) as well as better representations of subsoil thermal dynamics (i.e. soil heat transfer mechanism and correct parameterization of heat conductivity/capacities).
The varicocele: the proper therapy for the proper patient
Authors: Capece Marco , Imbimbo Ciro
Published: September 2014

Varicocele is present in 15% to 20% of the general population, but in approximately 35% to 40% of males presenting for an evaluation of their infertility. Indeed it is well known that varicocele can cause testicular damage and infertility. No evidence indicates a varicocele treatment in infertile men who have normal semen analysis or in men with subclinical varicocele. In this situation, varicocelectomy cannot be recommended. Varicocele repair may be effective in men with subnormal semen analysis, a clinical varicocele and otherwise unexplained infertility, but we need further randomized studies to confirm that this subgroup of infertile couples will benefit from treatment. There is no doubt about the standard indications of varicocelectomy, but recent literature seems to go towards new indications of varicocele repair. The aim of this review is to give a look at the literature to analyze the proper indications to varicocelectomy for the proper patient.
Previsão e conseqüências da abertura de uma nova barra do Mar do Ararapira, Paraná-São Paulo, Brasil
Authors: Angulo Rodolfo José , Souza Maria Cristina de , Muller Marcelo Eduardo
Published: September 2014

O Mar de Ararapira é um estuário separado do mar por um estreito esporão, denominado Restinga do Ararapira, e possui uma barra que migra para sudoeste. Em trabalhos anteriores foi sugerido que o processo de migração pode mudar subitamente com a abertura de uma nova barra. O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar a evolução do esporão, estimar as taxas de migração da Barra do Ararapira e a data de abertura da nova barra, prever as mudanças morfológicas no estuário e nas costas próximas à barra decorrentes desse evento, e avaliar as consequências sociais e políticas dessas mudanças. Para atingir tais objetivos foram interpretadas fotografias aéreas de diversas datas e levantados perfis topográficos na parte mais estreita do esporão. Concluiu-se que uma nova barra deverá se formar a aproximadamente 6 km a noroeste da atual, entre 2012 e 2016. Esse evento causará o assoreamento da barra atual, forte erosão na costa oceânica próxima à mesma e progradação equivalente à erosão nas costas oceânicas próximas à nova barra. Essas mudanças deverão afetar as vilas próximas da Barra do Ararapira, Pontal do Leste e Enseada da Baleia, os parques Nacional do Superagui e Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso e os estados do Paraná e São Paulo. A previsão dos prováveis efeitos das mudanças decorrentes da abertura da nova barra sobre as comunidades locais e os limites dos estados e das unidades de conservação possibilita tomar decisões e executar medidas preventivas para minimizar ou evitar os efeitos adversos dessas mudanças. O acompanhamento das mudanças após a abertura possibilitará verificar a pertinência das previsões e auxiliará na compreensão de eventos futuros
Composição mineralógica e geoquímica dos solos do parque estadual do Itacolomi - Ouro Preto/MG
Authors: Andrade Larice Nogueira , Leite Mariangela Garcia Praça , Bacellar Luís De Almeida Prado
Published: September 2014

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a mineralogia e geoquímica dos solos do Parque Estadual do Itacolomi, Ouro Preto (MG), e relacioná-las aos cenários geológicos da região. Foram selecionados seis locais, de onde se coletaram amostras em seis profundidades (0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50 e 50-60 cm), representando áreas das diferentes unidades litológicas da região. Os elementos químicos foram determinados por meio do ICP-OES, e a determinação mineralógica dos solos foi realizada por difração de raios-X. Os resultados das análises demonstraram que a geologia exerce grande influência nas características do solo. Os elementos químicos obtidos nos solos analisados foram comparados com valores-padrões definidos pela norma CETESB (2005), possibilitando a comprovação da influência geológica na qualidade dos solos, onde foram detectadas concentrações anômalas de diversos elementos. Pelo fato de a área de estudo ser uma Unidade de Conservação, com menor possibilidade de interferência antrópica, tais anomalias representam concentrações naturais, ou seja, são reflexo da litologia.
The Fish Pain Debate: Broadening Humanity’s Moral Horizon
Authors: Elder Maximilian Padden
Published: September 2014

This article explores the moral complexities and inconsistencies in the perception of fish welfare; mainly, that fish lack the ability to suffer and, therefore, exist outside of humanity’s moral horizon. The science behind fish sentience has advanced to the point where a serious discussion on the human-fish relationship is warranted. It is argued that enough scientific evidence exists to provide evidence for fish sentience and suffering. However, for those unconvinced in light of the lack of both scientific and popular consensus, the precautionary principle, where we treat fish as if they may suffer, will ultimately be advocated as an appropriate approach to fish welfare.
Risk Factors for the Development of Animal Cruelty
Authors: Gullone Eleonora
Published: September 2014

Research shows that animal cruelty shares many of the aetiologial pathways and risk factors that have been shown for other aggressive behaviors. The shared aetiology not only aids understanding of the co-occurrence that has been documented between animal cruelty and other aggressive and antisocial crimes, it also highlights the dangers over and above those to animals that are lurking where animal cruelty offenders remain unidentified and their crimes remain unsanctioned. This article reviews current understandings about the development of antisocial behaviors, including human aggression, and animal cruelty behaviors. Available research leads one to ask, when individuals have been found to be guilty of animal cruelty, what other aggressive behaviors might they be guilty of? For young children, one must ask, are they victims of child abuse, are they living in circumstances of domestic violence, and/or what is the aggression or violence that they may have been witness to? Animal cruelty, and most aggressive behaviors from the later childhood years onward, are indicators of non-normative development. Early detection of such behaviors can provide a valuable opportunity to engage in preventative intervention for young people or for appropriate sanctions to be applied for adults. Such interventions would be beneficial for all, humans and animals alike.
Thinking About Earth, 20 Years Later: Reconsidering Stephen Clark’s Ecological Theology
Authors: Feehan Ross
Published: September 2014

This review commemorates the 20th anniversary of Stephen Clark’s explication of ecological thought. After appraising both philosophical and theological perspectives, Clark argues that society must awaken to Earth’s "Otherness." I describe Clark’s ecological consciousness and highlight the significance of his book for 21st-century readers.
Superficiality
Authors: Pyle Forest
Published: September 2014

This chapter analyzes the radical aestheticism in Rossetti’s poetry. It argues that the genuine significance of Rossetti—and the special form of his acute engagement with a radical aestheticism—is best grasped not in spite of, but by virtue of, his superficiality. “Superficiality” is invoked both as a description and as a judgment, the latter of which is more ethical than aesthetic in nature, and one that is routinely invoked not only in the case of Rossetti’s painting and poetry, but as a response to any form of aestheticism.
The Lawyer
Authors: Deery Phillip
Published: September 2014

This chapter charts the political trajectory of a leading New York lawyer, O. John Rogge, from defending the Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee and warning of a fascist threat in America in the 1940s to assisting the prosecution of the Rosenbergs and denouncing the Soviet Union in the 1950s. This chapter locates Rogge’s ideological transformation within his involvement with the international peace movement.
From Theoretical to Applied Environmental Aesthetics
Authors: Sepänmaa Yrjö
Published: September 2014

Yrjö Sepänmaa discusses the relationship between the theory and practice of environmental aesthetics. He suggests that the future lies in moving outside the academy through a new kind of professional aesthetic activity and through engagement with the public. Environmental aestheticians should combine or complement their role as analysts with the role of guides, acting as experts in beauty in cooperation with researchers from other disciplines, practical workers, policymakers, and the wider public. The need for a close cooperation between various parties as a consequence of the transition from theoretical to applied environmental aesthetics poses intricate problems of communication across boundaries between different and sometimes divergent disciplines and audiences. As an important way to tackle these problems, Sepänmaa points to a series of seven international congresses on environmental aesthetics that took place in Finland from 1994 to 2009. This series has been a major force in the unification of the discipline, in crossing borders between the natural sciences and the humanities, in finding a common language for exchanging information and ideas across boundaries, and in linking activities of players from different fields.
“Why Do You Write?”—The Fault of Writing
Authors: Fort Jeff
Published: September 2014

This chapter presents some key formulations in which Kafka, Blanchot and Beckett articulate the imperative that bears on their writing. It is shown that these formulas reelaborate the Kantian sublime, and with it the “moral law” to which the latter would give access – a reelaboration that can be understood as a form of translation. These translations have at their basis the well known exclamation attributed to Martin Luther: “I cannot do otherwise,” a phrase cited on more than one occasion by all three authors, but in contexts and with connotations that shift the meaning of the German expression (“Ich kann nicht anders”), into a register of helplessness: rather than the resolute “I cannot do otherwise,” the more pathetic “I can’t help it.” It is further shown that the radically fictive nature of these writers’ works reveals, in its very extremity and impersonality, an autobiographical dimension that can be read in certain figural aspects of their fiction. These figures – especially a death mask in Blanchot – are emblematic of temporal residues that haunt, and imperatively command, the writing in question. These paradoxes are related to a breach between writing and life presented as an ambiguous “fault,” understood as irreparable fissure and ethical shortcoming.
The Ecstasy of Judgment
Authors: Fort Jeff
Published: September 2014

This chapter provides detailed readings of three of Kafka’s “judgment stories”: “The Judgment,” “The Metamorphosis,” and “The Stoker.” These readings reveal that Kafka compulsively stages judgment scenes in which the protagonist fails to speak in his own defense and is condemned to death and exile, in ways that foreground the fictive and performative aspects of speech. But where Kafka’s protagonists fail at self-defense, suffering bodily and social abjection as a result, Kafka as a writer “succeeds” in emerging, ecstatically, as a text. A parallel is discerned between the power wielded in speech within the story and its manifestation, and undoing, at the level of its writing. It is further shown that this paradoxical movement involves, at the level of narrative scenography, the production of corpses and abjected bodies that constitute the limit of sublimity and power implicit in the logic of the judgment narratives. It is suggested that this repetitive working over of judged bodies and ejected corpses is part of an ongoing attempt on Kafka’s part to dismantle the logic of power that governs his writing during this phase.
Degradation of the Sublime
Authors: Fort Jeff
Published: September 2014

This chapter provides a discussion of Kafka’s 1922 story “A Hunger Artist” and argues that this late story engages in a retrospective critique of the author’s previous strivings for sublimity and transcendence, as examined in earlier chapters of this book. Drawing on Kant’s analysis of the sublime in The Critique of Judgment, it is shown that the hunger artist’s own pursuit and understanding of his art is articulated in terms that resonate directly with the Kantian sublime (in particular the “mathematical sublime”), but in a mode of failure and degradation, leaving the art of hunger at risk of oblivion. Arguing that the story is structured as a joke with a punchline, the chapter makes a link between the logic of this story and the joke logic at work in Freud’s theory of the comic, specifically in the form of a “degradation of the sublime” which Freud attributes to jokes aimed at “unmasking” the pretentions of elevated personages. The hunger artist is a figure who is radically destituted and emptied, but this emptiness itself is seen as a new shape and “ground” for the imperative to write.
Women of Faith
Authors: Fraser Connolly Mary Beth
Published: September 2014

Women of Faith: The Chicago Sisters of Mercy and the Evolution of a Religious Community examines the history of the Sisters of Mercy of the Chicago Regional Community, the first congregation of Catholic sisters in Chicago from its establishment in 1846, its expansion into Illinois, Iowa, and Wisconsin, and development through the twentieth century to 2008. Women of Faith is a history of the sisters themselves, their spirituality, their ministries, and of their relationships to one another. It examines the living charism or founding spirituality, of Catherine McAuley and how the Sisters of Mercy from the nineteenth to twentieth centuries reinterpreted it for themselves. Women of Faith considers the historical context of the Mercys’ spirituality and examines the everyday lives of the congregation, with a special focus on the process of formation and identity building, the connection between belief and action, and how women religious confronted the realities of their secular and religious worlds. While Women of Faith encompasses all of the Chicago Regional Community’s history beginning in 1846, the bulk of the work focuses on the developments within the Mercy congregation, the Catholic Church, and American society in the twentieth century, particularly influential movements like the Sister Formation Conference, the renewal of Vatican II, and the civil rights and feminist movements.
Ontology and Imagination
Authors: Kaag John
Published: September 2014

In this chapter, Kaag outlines the metaphysical implications of his analysis of the imagination. If the imagination is continuous with nature (both in the sense of evolution and embodied mind) then what does this suggest about the natural world at large? What sort of ontological assumptions must be operative in order for human creativity to emerge it physical grounding? This chapter explores Peirce's metaphysics, particularly his development of tychism and synechism. Peirce's critique of determinism and necessity is in line with the early analysis of abduction. Kaag pays special attention to Peirce's rendering of law, habit, generality, and complexity.