bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Isolation Method of the Operative Field on Gingival Damage, Patients' Preference, and Restoration Retention in Noncarious Cervical Lesions
Authors: Loguercio AD , Luque-Martinez I , Lisboa AH , Higashi C , Queiroz VA Oliveira , Rego RO , Reis A
Published: July 2015

Objectives

To evaluate the retention rates, gingival damage, and patients' preferences for adhesive restorations in noncarious cervical lesions (NCCL) associated with the use of rubber dam vs cotton rolls/retraction cord isolation.

Methods

Thirty patients having one pair of similar NCCL on opposing sides of the same arch were enrolled in this study. A total of 60 restorations were placed. In each patient one restoration was placed under rubber dam isolation (RD) using dental retainers, and the other one was placed using cotton rolls/retraction cord (CR/RC) isolation. Dental residents with more than 10 years of clinical experience restored all NCCL using the same adhesive (GO!, SDI Limited, Bayswater, Australia) and composite resin (Ice, SDI). The patients' preferences were recorded. The gingival condition (bleeding, gingival laceration, and gingival insertion level) was evaluated immediately after the restorative procedure and after one week. Gingival sensitivity was also assessed one week after the end of the restorative procedures. The clinical time required to perform each restoration was recorded. The performance of the restorations was assessed using the FDI criteria at baseline and six, 12, and 18 months after clinical service. All criteria evaluated were submitted to appropriate statistical analysis (α=0.05).

Results

The retention rates of the restorations at each recall time were not affected by the isolation method (p>0.05). No significant difference between isolation methods was found in regard to patients' preferences (p=0.86), gingival bleeding (p=0.57), laceration (p=0.64), insertion (p>0.52), gingival sensitivity (p=0.52), or chairside time (p=0.77).

Conclusions

The use of CR/RC was shown to be similar to the use of RD in terms of retention rates, patient's preference, gingival damage, and chairside time for adhesive restorations in NCCL.
How I do It: Medial Flap Inferior Turbinoplasty: With Illustration and Video
Authors: Barham Henry P. , Knisely Anna , Harvey Richard J. , Sacks Raymond
Published: July 2015

Introduction

Techniques for inferior turbinate reduction vary from complete turbinectomy to limited cauterization. Surgical methods differ on the degree of tissue reduction and reliance on surgical tissue removal versus tissue ablation.

Method

The technique and surgical steps of our preferred method of turbinate reduction are presented.

Results

Critical steps include proper design of the medial flap and removal of turbinate bone and lateral mucosa to allow lateral positioning of the medial flap. Bipolar cautery of the inferior turbinate artery branches allows complete haemostasis and undermining of the head allows proper debulking of the anterior aspect of the turbinate and widening of the nasal valve area.

Conclusion

The medial flap inferior turbinoplasty provides consistent, robust results. Long-term relief of obstructive symptoms without additional risk of complication is expected with this procedure.
Tissue Factor and Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor in Nasal Mucosa and Nasal Secretions of Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyp
Authors: Shimizu Shino , Ogawa Takao , Takezawa Kumiko , Tojima Ichiro , Kouzaki Hideaki , Shimizu Takeshi
Published: July 2015

Background

Activation of the coagulation system with an increase in thrombin generation is involved in the pathogenesis of tissue remodeling in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Tissue factor (TF) is an important protein for initiation of the extrinsic coagulation pathway, and TF pathway inhibitor (TFPI) is a regulator of TF-induced coagulation. This study was conducted to elucidate the roles of TF and TFPI in the pathogenesis of CRS.

Methods

Tissue localization of TF, TFPI, and fibrin was determined by immunostaining of nasal polyps and inferior turbinates obtained during endonasal surgery in patients with CRS with nasal polyp (CRSwNP). Nasal secretions were collected from patients with CRSwNP, allergic rhinitis, and from control patients. The concentrations of TF and TFPI were measured in nasal secretions from each group. The concentrations of TF and TFPI released into culture medium by normal human nasal epithelial cells treated with thrombin, protease-activated receptor 1 agonist peptide, or tumor necrosis factor α were also measured.

Results

TF expression was localized in nasal epithelial cells and in infiltrating eosinophils of nasal mucosa. TFPI expression was localized in nasal epithelial cells, and fibrin deposition was observed in nasal secretions and the lamina propria of nasal polyps. Nasal secretions contained significant concentrations of TF and TFPI. The concentration of TFPI in nasal secretions correlated positively with thrombin activity and the concentration of thrombin-antithrombin III complex. Treatment with thrombin, protease-activated receptor 1 agonist peptide, or tumor necrosis factor α stimulated significant release of TF and TFPI from cultured nasal epithelial cells.

Conclusions

By upregulating the coagulation system, TF and TFPI play an important role in the pathogenesis of CRSwNP.
Relationship between Olfactory Dysfunction and Suicidal Ideation: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Authors: Joo Young-Hoon , Hwang Se-Hwan , Han Kyung-do , Seo Jae-Hyun , Kang Jun-Myung
Published: July 2015

Background

We investigated the relationship between olfactory dysfunction and depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation in South Korea by using data from the 2010-2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES).

Methods

Cross-sectional data of 11,972 adults who completed the KNHANES were analyzed.

Results

The prevalence of olfactory dysfunction was 5.0% among the population ≥ 19 years of age. Olfactory dysfunction was significantly associated with age, alcohol consumption, waist circumference, job, education level, and rhinitis. Depressed mood for two or more continuous weeks was reported by 19.2% of participants with olfactory dysfunction and 12.8% of participants without olfactory dysfunction (p = 0.0009). Suicidal ideation was reported by 20.5% of participants with olfactory dysfunction and 14.1% of participants without olfactory dysfunction (p < 0.0001). The participants with olfactory dysfunction were at higher risk for depressed mood than were participants without olfactory dysfunction (odds ratio [OR] 1.505 [95% confidence interval [CI], 1.106-2.048]) after adjusting for confounders. The participants with olfactory dysfunction were also at higher risk for suicidal ideation (OR 1.306 [95% CI, 1.027-1.662]).

Conclusion

In the Korean population, olfactory dysfunction was associated with an increased risk for depressed mood and suicidal ideation. Further epidemiologic and experimental studies are necessary to clarify the impact of olfactory dysfunction on psychological diseases.
Topical Mitomycin C as an Adjunct to Surgical Debulking and Medical Treatment in Rhinoscleroma
Authors: Abdel-Naby Awad Osama G. , Hammad Mostafa Sayed
Published: July 2015

Background

Rhinoscleroma is a chronic granuloma that is endemic in Egypt and is caused by gram-negative bacilli (Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis). The nasal mucosa is affected in almost all cases, which causes nasal obstruction, anosmia, and epistaxis. The disease usually passes through an atrophic stage (atrophic rhinitis) and a granulomatous stage before ending in the fibrotic stage, with possible bone destruction.

Objective

This study assessed the effect of topical mitomycin C (MMC) on reducing the recurrence of granulation tissue and intranasal adhesions after endoscopic debulking and continuous medical treatment of nasal rhinoscleroma.

Materials and Methods

This double-blind randomized clinical trial was performed with 30 patients who had rhinoscleroma (granulomatous and fibrotic stages). At the end of endoscopic debulking, meshes impregnated with MMC was placed in one nasal cavity for 5 minutes, while another meshes impregnated with saline solution were placed in the opposite side. Repeated meshes with MMC were placed in the same side during the follow-up period. Patients were followed up for 1 year. The recurrence of granulation tissue and the degree of intranasal adhesions were recorded and compared according to the Lund-Kennedy score.

Results

At 12 months’ follow-up, among the total 30 patients, 30 MMC sides were compared with 30 control sides: 69% of MMC sides versus 32% of control sides had no recurrence of granulation tissue (p = 0.01) and 65% of MMC sides versus 24% of control sides had no recurrence of intranasal adhesions (p = 0.03). The Lund-Kennedy score decreased from 2.1 ± 0.64 to 0.8 ± 0.41 and from 2.3 ± 0.33 to 1.9 ± 0.20 in the MMC sides and control sides, respectively, with a nonstatistically significant lower incidence of intranasal adhesions in the MMC sides.

Conclusion

Topical MMC may reduce granulation tissue and intranasal adhesion formation in patients with rhinoscleroma. Further studies with a larger number of samples and longer follow-up periods are recommended.
Impact of Endoscopic Sinus Surgery on Olfaction and Use of Alternative Components in Odor Threshold Measurement
Authors: Gupta Divya , Gulati Achal , Singh Ishwar , Tekur Uma
Published: July 2015

Background

One of the major causes of olfactory disturbances is chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), and the main surgical modality to treat CRS is functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). It, therefore, is essential to assess the effect of this surgery on olfaction. Also, it is necessary to find new ways of measuring olfaction so as to reduce dependability on standard tests available.

Objectives

To study the prevalence of olfactory impairment in patients with CRS and to evaluate the impact of FESS on olfaction. The study also aims at investigating the use of other odorants in place of butanol-1 in the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center test.

Subjects and Methods

Forty patients of CRS without nasal polyposis were included in the study to analyze the prevalence of olfactory dysfunction and examine the influence of FESS at 1 and 3 months after surgery. Computed tomography scores (Lund Mackay scores) were calculated preoperatively, whereas other tests, viz., visual analog scale scoring, nasal endoscopy (Lund Kennedy scoring), and composite olfactory testing with odor thresholds of butanol-1, peppermint, lemon, clove, and ethyl acetate were carried out before surgery and after surgery at 1 and 3 months.

Results

Of 40 patients, 70% had symptoms of hyposmia or of anosmia before surgery, which dropped to 22.5% at 1 month after surgery and to 10% at 3 months after surgery. Nasal endoscopy and visual analog scale scores improved significantly. Odor threshold and odor identification scores also improved compared with the preoperative levels. A significant positive correlation was found between the threshold scores of butanol-1 and other odorants, both before and after surgery.

Conclusion

Significant improvement was observed in olfaction after FESS, both in patient responses and in objective testing. The olfactory results with peppermint, lemon, clove, and ethyl acetate were close to those with butanol-1, and, hence, these other odorants can be used in place of butanol-1 in measuring the odor threshold.
Ja zur Gewässerrevitalisierung – (k)eine Frage der Fruchtfolgeflächenverluste (Essay)
Authors: Kräuchi Norbert , Tschannen Martin
Published: July 2015

Yes to revitalisation of watercourses: (not) a question of loss of arable land (essay)

Because of the reduced availability of soil resources, projects for flood control, renaturation or revitalisation of watercourses have been opposed on the grounds of their excessive consumption of land in general, and arable land in particular. By the way of the Water Protection Act, which has been revised and came into force in 2011, the Confederation obliges the cantons to prepare strategic plans for revitalisation of watercourses. In the Canton of Aargau, it is planned to revitalise 152 km of watercourses between 2015 and 2035, which will lead to the loss of 32 ha of arable land. This is about 1.5 ha per year, or 6% of the annual loss of arable land, which is about 24 ha per year. Three quarters of this total is lost to settlements. If one only considers losses outside built-up areas, in 2014, more than half was lost to buildings connected to agricultural activity. We can demonstrate, using the Siegfried maps of 1880, that more than 1,000 ha of former marsh and wetland are now arable land. The planned revitalisation of watercourses in Aargau over the next 20 years is equivalent to about 3% of the marsh and wetlands converted over the last 135 years. Revitalisation is compulsory, and the planned obligation to compensate the loss of arable land disregards the true situation: the major consumers of soil resources are settlements and, outside built-up areas, agriculture.
Verdichten mit «Greening», oder was wir von Singapur lernen können (Essay)
Authors: Gantner Urs
Published: July 2015

Densification by greening, or what we can learn from Singapore (essay)

Singapore, a city-state with a high population density, wants to give its population, its tourists and its economy a living and livable city and has developed the concept of the Garden City. Parks, nature reserves, forest, green corridors, trees, botanical gardens, horizontal and vertical greening of buildings, as well as popular participation, are all important for this vision of the city. Singapore is counting on dense construction alongside “greening” and biodiversity. Let us be prepared to learn from Singapore's example! Our land is also a non-renewable resource. To protect our ever more limited agricultural land, we should renounce any extension of building land, and free ourselves from the expanding carpets of suburban development. Let us build multiple urban neighbourhoods with mixed use and more biodiversity. Let us develop new types of communal gardens. Urban gardens in the widest sense – from private gardens to garden cooperatives, to parks and botanical gardens – are a part of our living space. The city should be our garden.
Seed Germination and in vitro Plant Regeneration through Callus Culture of Two Lychnis Species
Authors: Bae Kee Hwa , Yoon Eui Soo
Published: July 2015

Lychnis cognate Maxim and Lychnis fulgens Fish. Ex Spreng are two valued ornamental plants in Korea. Soaking of seeds in GA3 solution remarkably promoted germination up to 60%, but the control (0 mg/l) was not effective (> 5%). To select an adequate temperature for seed germination, seeds, previously soaked in a 1000 mg/l GA3 for 24 hrs, were incubated at 15, 20, 25, and 30°C. Seed germination of over 20% was obtained at 15, 20, and 25°C, but only 10% at 30°C. These results indicate that the seeds of L. cognate and L. fulgens are in a such dormant state that they hardly germinate even by dormancy breaker (GA3) and low (15 ? 25°C) temperature treatment. The highest callus induction was observed in the leaf explants of the seedlings on MS containing specific concentrations of 3.0 mg/l BA and 1.0 mg/l NAA. The adventitious shoot was formed < 90% of calli on 1/2 WPM medium. The height of in vitro propagated plantlet was no different media used for regeneration. This in vitro propagation protocol should be useful for conservation of endangered and ornamental plant.Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 25(1): 1-12, 2015 (June)
In vitro Functional Analysis of Synthetic Cupep?1 and Cupep?2 Peptides from Phloem Sap of Chinese Long Cucumber
Authors: El Shabrawi Hattem M , Asker Mohsen , Aly Usama I , Ghareeb Hassan , Gabr Ahmed M M , Hanafy Moemen S , Liu Chun Ming
Published: July 2015

The vascular system of plants consists fundamentally of two functional cell types, phloem and xylem. Phloem forms an extensive conduit for the dynamic long?distance transport of a diverse range of macromolecular signals that are required for plant development and defense mechanisms. Vascular tissues contain low levels of signaling peptide molecules, which are technically difficult to identify and characterize. We identified low molecular weight peptides from the phloem sap of Chinese Long cucumber using nano?LC?ESI?MS/MS with high SEQUEST scores. Bioinformatics analyses predicted their biological functions as signaling peptides and/or antimicrobial peptides. Here, we selected two peptides (Cupep?1 and Cupep?2), with highly SEQUEST score, to be synthesized and functionally investigated. Cupep?1 synthetic peptide showed a robust antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans. These results potentiate the use of Cupep?1 peptide as a natural food preservative. We also show that the Cupep?2 peptide was able to conditionally change plant cell differentiation. Thus we suggest a role of Cupep?2 in plant development.Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 25(1): 71-85, 2015 (June)
Effect of 5?aminolevulinic Acid on PLB Culture of Cymbidium dayanum In Vitro
Authors: Nahar Syeda Jabun , Haque Syed Mostafizul , Kazuhiko Shimasaki
Published: July 2015

Abstract not availablePlant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 25(1): 99-102, 2015 (June)
Welcome to the Brave New World: CRISPR Mediated Genome Editing?pathway to Designer Babies?
Authors: Elizondo Diana , Fernando Lourds Michelle , Oliver Everett , Clinton Keely , Retland Nicole , Paturault Henri , Ullah Hemayet
Published: July 2015

Abstract not availablePlant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 25(1): 143-154, 2015 (June)
CAD/CAM technology to reshape your Dental Practice
Authors: Quader SM Abdul , Hasan Md Nazmul , Chowdhury Shirin Sultana
Published: July 2015

Abstract not availableUpdate Dent. Coll. j: 2014; 4 (2): 01-03
Progressive idiopathic external root resorption in multiple teeth: A 6- year follow-up study)
Authors: Chowdhury Shirin Sultana , Bashar AKM
Published: July 2015

This paper describes a case of progressive idiopathic external root resorption at cement-enamel junction in multiple teeth of both jaws ongoing for 6 years. In addition to clinical features serial radiographs are presented that revealed progressive involvement of root resorption. Since the first appointment until the next 6 years no clinical, radiographic or laboratory findings were available to disclose the etiology of such extensive ongoing resorption; neither the provided treatments could arrest the progression of the pathology that forced the clinicians to diagnose the case as progressive idiopathic external resorption.Update Dent. Coll. j: 2014; 4 (2): 14-19
Growth Modification in Class II Malocclusion: A Review
Authors: Rita Sufia Nasrin , Sadat SM Anwar
Published: July 2015

Class II malocclusion is the condition in which the mandibular first molars occlude distal to the normal relationship with the maxillary first molar. The etiology of class II malocclusion varied between skeletal, soft tissues, dental factors and habits. Skeletal class II could be because of protrusion of maxilla, retrusion of mandible and combination of both. The treatment modalities of any skeletal problem include Growth modification, Dental camouflage and Orthognathic surgery. The optimal time for treatment of patients with Class II malocclusions therapy should be initiated at the beginning of cervical vertebrae maturation stage CS3 to maximize the treatment effects. Age of treatment is approximately 8-14 years. The growth modification of moderate to severe skeletal class II malocclusion can be done by head gear, bionator, activator, twin block, herbest appliance, Frankel II regulator. The ultimate goal of growth modification depends on treatment timing, length of treatment, working mechanism of appliance, patients skeletal and dental condition we want to treat and the compliance of the patient.Update Dent. Coll. j: 2014; 4 (2): 23-26
Induction of G2/M Arrest by Berberine via Activation of PI3K/Akt and p38 in Human Chondrosarcoma Cell Line
Authors: Eo Seong-Hui , Kim Ju-Hee , Kim Song-Ja
Published: July 2015

Berberine is a clinically important natural isoquinoline alkaloid found in many medicinal herbs. Berberine has been shown to have many pharmacological effects including antimicrobial, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the effects and mechanism of action of berberine
have not been studied in chondrosarcoma. Therefore, the effects of berberine on proliferation in a human chondrosarcoma cell line (HTB-94) were investigated. Berberine inhibited cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. We also determined that inhibition of cell proliferation
by berberine occurred via G2/M phase arrest in HTB-94 cells. Berberine induced cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase by upregulation of p53 and p21 expression and suppressed cyclin B1, cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (cdc2), cdc25c, and phosphorylated retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor
protein (pRb) expression. In addition, berberine stimulated phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) and p38 kinase. Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt with LY294002 (LY) and p38 kinase with SB203580 (SB), respectively, decreased berberine-induced p53 and p21 expression
and restored cell proliferation and expression of cyclin B1, cdc2, cdc25c, and pRb cell cycle progression proteins. These results suggest that berberine-induced inhibition of cell proliferation by cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phases was regulated through PI3K/Akt and p38 kinase
pathways in HTB-94 chondrosarcoma cells.
IL-24 Induces Apoptosis via Upregulation of RNA-Activated Protein Kinase and Enhances Temozolomide-Induced Apoptosis in Glioma Cells
Authors: Hu Chang-Wei , Yin Gang-Feng , Wang Xi-Rui , Ren Bao-Wen , Zhang Wen-Gao , Bai Qing-Ling , Lv Yan-Ming , Li Wen-Ling , Zhao Wen-Qing
Published: July 2015

Human interleukin-24 (IL-24) has been found recently to play a tumor-suppressor role in a variety of tumors, including gliomas. However, the exact mechanism of glioma tumor suppression by IL-24 remains unclear. We collected by surgery 30 gliomas at different grades and evaluated IL-24
and double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) expression using fluorescence quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemical techniques. Two human glioma cell lines, U87 and U251, were transfected with Ad5F35-IL24 via recombinant adenovirus-mediated gene transfer and apoptosis,
as well as PKR and eIF-2α expression analyzed. The results showed that IL-24 and PKR expression decreased with increasing tumor grade. Compared with cells of the control groups, Ad5F35-IL24-infected U87 and U251 cells exhibited a significantly increased apoptosis and elevated PKR, eIF-2α,
p-PKR, and p-eIF-2α levels, while the expression of Bcl-2 was decreased. Finally, IL-24 also sensitized apoptosis of glioma cells to temozolomide (TMZ). This study indicates that IL-24 upregulates expression and activation of PKR, further increasing expression and activation of eIF-2α,
and decreasing Bcl-2 to promote apoptosis. IL-24 also increases chemosensitivity of glioma cells to TMZ.
Ascensions to Subject in Blackfoot
Authors: Frantz Donald G.
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1980), pp. 293-299
Getting the Whole Picture: The Role of Mental Images in Semantics and Pragmatics
Authors: Lakoff George
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1980), pp. 191-206
On the Nature of Anaphoric Restrictions
Authors: DeCarrico Jeanette Speer
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1980), pp. 287-292
Subject, Topic, and Control in Russian
Authors: Nichols Johanna , Rappaport Gilbert , Timberlake Alan
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1980), pp. 372-386
Talking, Speaking and Chatting in Aztec
Authors: Knab Tim
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1980), pp. 180-190
The Conversational Duet
Authors: Falk Jane
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1980), pp. 507-514
The Importance of Conversational Discourse Strategies in the Acquisition of Literacy
Authors: Collins James , Michaels Sarah
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1980), pp. 142-156
The Status of Lexical Associations and the Obligatory Contour Principle in the Analysis of Tone Languages
Authors: Singler John V.
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1980), pp. 442-456
RELIABILITY PERFORMANCE OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK FOR CIVIL INFRASTRUCTURE – PART I: EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS
Authors: JANG Won-Suk , KIM Du Yon , Skibniew Mirosław J
Published: July 2015

Ubiquitous computing has changed the shape of the construction industry by providing a tool of automated sensing and monitoring the construction events using wireless sensor networks (WSNs). On the other hand, wireless signals are vulnerable to a range of environmental factors, such as obstructions from built structures, construction materials and equipment. Moreover, attenuation of the signal performance from the obstructions might reduce the reliability of the WSN performance for possible applications to civil infrastructure. This paper reports the experimental findings by simulating detailed obstruction environments using major construction materials to analyze the performance reliability of wireless communication. The T-R separation distance, construction materials, and their thickness have been identified as potential attenuation components, which were also analyzed quantitatively using the path loss exponent, attenuation index and cumulative beta distribution. The results from this research are expected help general civil engineers evaluate the performance of WSNs in the applications of civil infrastructure.
A HYBRID FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION MODEL FOR WEALTH MANAGEMENT BANKS FOLLOWING THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS
Authors: CHANG Shun-Chiao , TSAI Pei-Hsuan
Published: July 2015

The study constructs a hybrid approach to financial performance evaluation for wealth management (WM) banks affected by the global financial crisis from the middle of 2007 into 2008 utilizing an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR). Five aspects of multi-criteria group decision making including service, performance, professionalism, risk control, and consumers’ confidence (SPPRC) reveal that consumers’ confidence, risk control and service are the top three key factors for Taiwan’s seven main WM banks in evaluating the performance of banking managers.
MULTIVARIATE GRANGER CAUSALITY BETWEEN CO2 EMISSIONS, ENERGY INTENSITY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN PORTUGAL: EVIDENCE FROM COINTEGRATION AND CAUSALITY ANALYSIS
Authors: SHAHBAZ Muhammad , JAM Farooq Ahmed , BIBI Sadia , LOGANATHAN Nanthakumar
Published: July 2015

The present study aims to investigate the relationship between economic growth, energy intensity and CO2 emissions by incorporating financial development in CO2 emissions function using Portuguese annual data over the period of 1971–2011. The unit root problem of variables is examined by applying Zivot-Andrews unit root test and the ARDL bounds testing approach is for long run relationship. The direction of causal relationship between the series is examined by the VECM Granger causality approach and robustness of causality analysis is tested by innovative accounting approach (IAA). Our empirical evidence confirmed that the variables are cointegrated for long run relationship. The results exposed that economic growth and energy intensity increase CO2 emissions, while financial development condenses it. The VECM Granger causality analysis showed the feedback effect between energy intensity and CO2 emissions, while economic growth and financial development Granger cause CO2 emissions. The study suggests that environment degradation can be controlled by using energy efficient technologies. Financial development can also play its role in improving the environmental quality by encouraging investment in energy efficient technology to enhance domestic production and save the environment from degradation.
Effectiveness of Marketing Activities in Engineering in Czech Republic
Authors: Milichovský František
Published: July 2015

Purpose of the article is to present the selected data obtained from primary research, which concerns the marketing activities use in the Czech companies in view of their industry. Nowadays, high competitive environment influence permanent pressure on companies which are in turn force to monitor and adapt them in order to retain their expected market position. In article there were gained data by primary research, using a structure questionnaire survey and processing by statistical software IBM SPSS Statistics 22. The research sample consists 147 companies in 2013. All companies were operating in the Czech environment and they were chosen in random way from chosen CZ-NACE groups. The main scientific aim is to analyse the condition for realisation of marketing activities and determine whether there is a relationship between measurement of marketing effectiveness and industry field in the Czech business environment. Findings of the article point to differences in the use of individual marketing activities in view of engineering field. It was found that companies have to respect corporate goals to fill stakeholders᾿ requirements, with a small improving because of the engineering industry field. Through realisation marketing activities there are many ways how to impact target audience. Also, it was found there is only average dependency between tracking of marketing performance and engineering field. The result of the article is describing relevant approach to prove efficiency of realisation of marketing activities in relation with engineering companies. The companies know the importance of relationship with their customers. Marketing management and realisation of marketing activities has become realm where is possible to find opportunities to increase own competitiveness in view of the growing competitive environment.
Analysing Sovereign Credit Default Swaps of Baltic Countries
Authors: Kregzde Arvydas , Murauskas Gediminas
Published: July 2015

The paper analyses development of the Baltic sovereign CDS market. The level of commonalities and differences in credit risk of the Baltic countries with regard to CDS spreads is investigated. We apply principal component analysis, regression analysis, correlation analysis methods and Granger causality test. Driving forces for changes of CDS spreads in the individual country are established. We discover that the main impact of CDS spread changes arrives from external sources. Our study reveals interdependence between CDS spreads of the Baltic countries and analyses a contagion effect of the change of CDS spreads.
Operational Risk Assessment and Management in Small and Medium-sized Enterprises
Authors: Stasytytė Viktorija , Aleksienė Loreta
Published: July 2015

Modern organizations have raised a need to actively and quickly react to the changes in external business environment, as well as in internal processes considering not only the present situation, but also evaluating possible changes and forecasting the future. Enterprise risk assessment and management, which is strongly related with foreseeing the uncertain future, becomes topical not only scientifically, but also practically seeking to reveal new and unique solutions. Operational risk management in small and medium enterprises, creating the largest part of value added in the whole European Union, demands a separate attention and coordinated decisions and means. The objective of the paper – to analyse the process of enterprise risk management in small and medium-sized enterprises, as well as to propose adequate risk management solutions for these companies. After performing a research, it was found out that small and medium enterprises more than big organizations require a risk management strategy and methodology, need to distinguish activity objectives and events influencing them, and they can efficiently apply a risk portfolio method to manage risk. In small and medium enterprises it is recommended to incorporate a risk management system based on COSO ERM model that can be modified depending on company needs and possibilities, turning it into less formal and structured and easily applicable.
The Features of the Concept of Mass Customization
Authors: Skačkauskienė Ilona , Davidavičius Sigitas
Published: July 2015

In order to achieve competitive advantage organizations are forced to analyse and discuss application possibilities of customized solutions. Unfortunately, the application of such solutions is associated with increases in costs, raising the time of delivery and decreasing the level of quality compared to mass-produced products. Circa 1990 the concept of mass customization was proposed which solved mentioned problems and which, compared to the mass production, has properties necessary for more efficient adaptation to changing market conditions without making concessions in price, quality and delivery time. This paper analyses the concept of mass customization aiming to define research area in order to adapt the concept for service organizations. The analysis of mass customization definitions presented in the literature was processed and summary presented, this enabled to identify the main dimensions which are characterizing mass individualization. The main types of mass customization were presented and analysed in this article as well. Comparative literature analysis, abstraction and synthesis methods were applied during the research. The results of analysis enabled to formulate guidelines of further research.
Development of Suitable Propagation Systems for Tephrosia spp. in Sri Lanka
Authors: Priyadarshan A.I.S. , Senanayake S.P. , Jayatilleke M.P. , Rajapakse S.
Published: July 2015

Genus Tephrosia (Fabaceae) commonly known as ‘Pila’ in Sri Lanka. Some Tephrosia spp. are used in many traditional therapeutic preparations in Sri Lanka and also in other countries. Increased use of Tephrosia in traditional therapeutic systems has developed a great demand for these species. Thus production of planting materials for commercial cultivation has become a timely requirement. Therefore, this research was conducted to determine suitable propagation systems for four selected Tephrosia spp.; T. purpurea, T. villosa, T. noctiflora and T. pumila. Even though seeds of Tephrosia spp. showed high viability, lower germination percentage was observed on wet filter paper as well as in six different potting media [M0 (Coir: dust: Sand; 1:1:1), M1 (Coir dust: Sand: Top soil; 1:1:1), M2 (Coir dust: Sand: Top soil: Compost; 1:1:1:1), M3 (Coir dust: Sand: Top soil: Compost: Cow dung; 1:1:1:1:1), M4 (Coir dust: Sand: Compost; 1:1:1), M5 (Coir dust: Sand: Top soil: Cow dung; 1:1:1:1)] during a period of one week. Water impermeability of seed coats was identified as the main reason for the seed dormancy in Tephrosia spp. and soaking seeds in Con. H2SO4: H2O; 3:1 for 25 minutes and rubbing seeds on sandpaper for 2 minutes were determined as suitable dormancy breaking methods. Variation was observed in the growth performance of Tephrosia spp. in six different potting media. Growth performances of seedlings of Tephrosia spp. in hydroponic solution and soil medium were observed and soil medium was selected as the most suitable medium for the growth of Tephrosia species based on their growth performances. J. Sci. Univ. Kelaniya 9 (2014): 39-45
Cobalt Ferrite Films as described by third order perturbed Heisenberg Hamiltonian
Authors: Samarasekara P.
Published: July 2015

Magnetic properties of thick films of Cobalt ferrite have been investigated using third order perturbed modified Heisenberg Hamiltonian at different values of second and fourth order magnetic anisotropy. Thick films with up to 10,000 layers have been employed for this investigation. The magnetic energy versus number of layers, second and fourth order anisotropy have been plotted in order to find the magnetically easy and hard directions of cobalt ferrite films. Energy has minimum and maximum values at certain values of second and fourth order anisotropy values, indicating that that there are magnetically easy and hard directions. Energy shows the same type of variations with number of layers in the film. For the values considered in this manuscript, the easy direction of magnetization was found to be 153° with the normal line drawn to the film surface. However, the easy axis direction depends on the values of parameters used in simulation. Determination of easy directions of magnetic films is important in applications of magnetic memory devices. J. Sci. Univ. Kelaniya 9 (2014): 27-38
Processing of CD74 by the Intramembrane Protease SPPL2a Is Critical for B Cell Receptor Signaling in Transitional B Cells
Authors: Hüttl Susann , Kläsener Kathrin , Schweizer Michaela , Schneppenheim Janna , Oberg Hans-Heinrich , Kabelitz Dieter , Reth Michael , Saftig Paul , Schröder Bernd
Published: July 2015

The invariant chain (CD74), a chaperone in MHC class II–mediated Ag presentation, is sequentially processed by different endosomal proteases. We reported recently that clearance of the final membrane-bound N-terminal fragment (NTF) of CD74 is mediated by the intramembrane protease signal peptide peptidase-like (SPPL)2a, a process critical for B cell development. In mice, SPPL2a deficiency provokes the accumulation of this NTF in endocytic vesicles, which leads to a B cell maturation arrest at the transitional 1 stage. To define the underlying mechanism, we analyzed the impact of SPPL2a deficiency on signaling pathways involved in B cell homeostasis. We demonstrate that tonic as well as BCR-induced activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway is massively compromised in SPPL2a−/− B cells and identify this as major cause of the B cell maturation defect in these mice. Altered BCR trafficking induces a reduction of surface IgM in SPPL2a-deficient B cells, leading to a diminished signal transmission via the BCR and the tyrosine kinase Syk. We provide evidence that in SPPL2a−/− mice impaired BCR signaling is to a great extent provoked by the accumulating CD74 NTF, which can interact with the BCR and Syk, and that impaired PI3K/Akt signaling and reduced surface IgM are not directly linked processes. In line with disturbances in PI3K/Akt signaling, SPPL2a−/− B cells show a dysregulation of the transcription factor FOXO1, causing elevated transcription of proapoptotic genes. We conclude that SPPL2a-mediated processing of CD74 NTF is indispensable to maintain appropriate levels of tonic BCR signaling to promote B cell maturation.
Sirtuin 1 Regulates Dendritic Cell Activation and Autophagy during Respiratory Syncytial Virus–Induced Immune Responses
Authors: Owczarczyk Anna B. , Schaller Matthew A. , Reed Michelle , Rasky Andrew J. , Lombard David B. , Lukacs Nicholas W.
Published: July 2015

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major cause of lower respiratory tract infection in children worldwide. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), an NAD+-dependent deacetylase, has been associated with the induction of autophagy and the regulation of inflammatory mediators. We found that Sirt1 was upregulated in mouse lung after RSV infection. Infected animals that received EX-527, a selective SIRT1 inhibitor, displayed exacerbated lung pathology, with increased mucus production, elevated viral load, and enhanced Th2 cytokine production. Gene expression analysis of isolated cell populations revealed that Sirt1 was most highly upregulated in RSV-treated dendritic cells (DCs). Upon RSV infection, EX-527–treated DCs, Sirt1 small interfering RNA–treated DCs, or DCs from conditional knockout (Sirt1f/f-CD11c-Cre+) mice showed downregulated inflammatory cytokine gene expression and attenuated autophagy. Finally, RSV infection of Sirt1f/f-CD11c-Cre+ mice resulted in altered lung and lymph node cytokine responses, leading to exacerbated pathology. These data indicate that SIRT1 promotes DC activation associated with autophagy-mediated processes during RSV infection, thereby directing efficient antiviral immune responses.
Impaired NK Cell Activation and Chemotaxis toward Dendritic Cells Exposed to Complement-Opsonized HIV-1
Authors: Ellegård Rada , Crisci Elisa , Andersson Jonas , Shankar Esaki M. , Nyström Sofia , Hinkula Jorma , Larsson Marie
Published: July 2015

Mucosa resident dendritic cells (DCs) may represent one of the first immune cells that HIV-1 encounters during sexual transmission. The virions in body fluids can be opsonized with complement factors because of HIV-mediated triggering of the complement cascade, and this appears to influence numerous aspects of the immune defense targeting the virus. One key attribute of host defense is the ability to attract immune cells to the site of infection. In this study, we investigated whether the opsonization of HIV with complement (C-HIV) or a mixture of complement and Abs (CI-HIV) affected the cytokine and chemokine responses generated by DCs, as well as their ability to attract other immune cells. We found that the expression levels of CXCL8, CXCL10, CCL3, and CCL17 were lowered after exposure to either C-HIV or CI-HIV relative to free HIV (F-HIV). DCs exposed to F-HIV induced higher cell migration, consisting mainly of NK cells, compared with opsonized virus, and the chemotaxis of NK cells was dependent on CCL3 and CXCL10. NK cell exposure to supernatants derived from HIV-exposed DCs showed that F-HIV induced phenotypic activation (e.g., increased levels of TIM3, CD69, and CD25) and effector function (e.g., production of IFNγ and killing of target cells) in NK cells, whereas C-HIV and CI-HIV did not. The impairment of NK cell recruitment by DCs exposed to complement-opsonized HIV and the lack of NK activation may contribute to the failure of innate immune responses to control HIV at the site of initial mucosa infection.
Pak2 Links TCR Signaling Strength to the Development of Regulatory T Cells and Maintains Peripheral Tolerance
Authors: O’Hagan Kyle Leonard , Choi Jinyong , Pryshchep Olga , Chernoff Jonathan , Phee Hyewon
Published: July 2015

Although significant effort has been devoted to understanding the thymic development of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), the precise signaling pathways that govern their lineage commitment still remain enigmatic. Our findings show a novel role for the actin cytoskeletal remodeling protein, p21-activated kinase 2 (Pak2), in Treg development and homeostasis. The absence of Pak2 in T cells resulted in a marked reduction in both thymus- and peripherally derived Tregs, accompanied by the development of spontaneous colitis in Pak2-deficient mice. Additionally, Pak2 was required for the proper differentiation of in vitro–induced Tregs as well as maintenance of Tregs. Interestingly, Pak2 was necessary for generating the high-affinity TCR- and IL-2–mediated signals that are required by developing Tregs for their lineage commitment. These findings provide novel insight into how developing thymocytes translate lineage-specific high-affinity TCR signals to adopt the Treg fate, and they further posit Pak2 as an essential regulator for this process.
Healthcare workers’ experiences of HIV testing in Tshwane, South Africa
Authors: Mataboge Mamakwa S. , Peu Mmapheko D. , Chinuoya Martha , Rikhotso Richard , Ngunyulu Royinah N. , Mulaudzi Fhumulani M.
Published: July 2015

Background: In an era when antiretroviral (ARV) therapy has become part of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) prevention strategy, early testing and introduction to ARVs iscritical for improving public health outcomes in general and, in particular, the lives of people living with HIV. South Africa has the highest number of people living with HIV as compared with the rest of the world. Initiated voluntary HIV counselling and testing and provider initiated counselling and testing (PICT) are required in order to increase the uptake of HIV testing.Objectives: To explore and describe the experiences of healthcare workers who are themselves in need of HIV testing.Method: A descriptive, exploratory design was used. In-depth interviews were conducted with the 26 healthcare workers who were involved in HIV testing in the Tshwane district of South Africa. The participants were sampled purposively from two healthcare settings. A thematic framework was used for data analysis.Results: There was a complication with regard to PICT as healthcare workers felt they could not initiate HIV testing for themselves and or their work colleagues without their confidentiality being compromised. This was complicated further by both the perceived and actual fear of stigmatisation and discrimination. It was difficult for qualified staff to support and encourage the uptake of HIV testing by students nurses as this was seen, albeit incorrectly, as targeting the students in a negative manner.Conclusion: There is a need for accessible HIV testing policies for healthcare workers in order to increase access to HIV testing and prevent the progression of the disease
Religion, mission and national development: A contextual interpretation of Jeremiah 29:4-7 in the light of the activities of the Basel Mission Society in Ghana (1828-1918) and its missiological implications
Authors: White Peter
Published: July 2015

We cannot realistically analyse national development without factoring religion into the analysis. In the same way, we cannot design any economic development plan without acknowledging the influence of religion on its implementation. The fact is that, many economic development policies require a change from old values, attitudes, beliefs and behaviour patterns of the citizenry to those that are supportive of the new policy. Christianity has become a potent social force in every facet of Ghanaian life, from family life, economic activities, occupation, and health to education. In the light of the essential role of religion in national development, this article discusses the role the Basel Mission Society played in the development of Ghana and its missiological implications. This article argues that the Basel Mission Society did not only present the gospel to the people of Ghana, they also practicalised the gospel by developing their converts spiritually, economically, and educationally. Through these acts of love by the Basel Mission Society, the spreading of the Gospel gathered momentum and advanced.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: The article contributes to the interdisciplinary discourse on religion and development with specific reference to the role of the Basel Mission Society�s activities in Ghana (1828�1918). It provides missiological implications of their activities in the light of the broader Ecumenical discourses.
Approximation of a Function and its Derivatives by Entire Functions
Authors: Gauthier Paul M. , Kienzle Julie
Published: July 2015

A simple proof is given for the fact that for m a non-negative integer, a function f ∊ C
(m)(ℝ), and an arbitrary positive continuous function ∊, there is an entire function g such that |g(i)(x) − f
(i)(x)| < ∊(x), for all x ∊ ℝ and for each i = 0, 1 …, m. We also consider the situation where ℝ is replaced by an open interval.