bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COST MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
Authors: الطائي مرفت رزاق ولي , ساكو زهير ميخائيل
Published: March 2024

يهدف البحث إلى تأكيد أهمية إتباع الإدارة السليمة والتخطيط المحكم للكلفة منذ بداية إقرار المشروع الإنشائي لتسهيل مهمة وضع الاسس الصحيحة لمتابعة وضبط كلفة المشروع بالإضافة إلى تحديد المعوقات الأساسية التي تؤثر على عملية ادارة وتخطيط الكلفة الإنشائية ومحاولة تقديم مقترحات حلول لها من خلال توضيح دور الأطراف المشاركة في العملية الإنشائية . واستنادا إلى المعلومات الأولية والقراءات الاستطلاعية والبيانات التي تم جمعها والتي كانت عن هذا الموضوع فقد تم صياغة فرضية البحث كما يأتي :- ان واقع الحال يؤشر الحاجة الملحة لتحديد الأسس الصحيحة في ادارة وتخطيط الكلفة في تنفيذ المشاريع ضمن منهاج واضح وسليم والاخذ بنظر الاعتبار ما هو معمول به حاليا من اجل تقييم هذه الأسس وتطويرها قدر الامكان. من اجل تحقيق أهداف البحث فقد تم إتباع منهجية علمية للبحث تضمنت مايلي:- -1- استعراض معظم المصادر المحلية والعالمية ذات الصلة المباشرة بموضوع البحث لغرض الوقوف على احدث التقنيات الادارية والتخطيطية الخاصة بكلف التشييد ومتابعتها . المواقع بعض الجهات الهندسية ذات العلاقة بموضوع البحث. والسيطرة عليها، كما تمت الاستعانة بتقارير ومواضيع منشورة عبر الانترنيت -2- دراسة حالة الخمس من مشاريع التشييد قيد الانشاء حاليا في العراق تم تحليل تلك المشاريع من اجل الوقوف على الجوانب السلبية والايجابية المتعلقة بموضوع البحث. -3- القيام باستبيان مفتوح وتحليله ثم تصميم استمارة الاستبيان المغلق النظامية بالاعتماد على ما جمع من بيانات ومعلومات من خلال الدراسة النظرية والاستبيان المفتوح للتعرف والتحقق من بعض الأمور المتعلقة بواقع ادارة وتخطيط الكلفة في مشاريع الشييد في ظل المتغيرات الكثيرة التي اثرت عليها. كنتيجة للخطوات المتبعة في تطبيق هذه المنهجية فقد تم التوصل إلى اثبات فرضية البحث وانطلاقا من هذه الفرضية فقد تم اقتراح خطة علمية مناسبة الادارة وتخطيط الكلفة بصيغة تسهل من عملية متابعة وضبط الكلفة الإنشائية لكافة تفاصيل المشروع الانشائي من أجل معالجة نقاط الضعف في وقتها المناسب. يهدف البحث ايضا إلى نشر ثقافة ادارة وتخطيط الكلفة واتخاذ القرارات المناسبة وفقا للاساليب الحديثة في اوساط الاطراف ذات العلاقة بذلك
NONLINEAR ANALYSES OF COMPOSITE PREFLEX STEEL BEAMS ENCASED IN CONCRETE
Authors: Al-Azawi Raad K. , Jafar Yousif S.
Published: March 2024

In the present study, a nonlinear three-dimensional finite element analysis has been used to predict the load-deflection and moment-rotation behaviors of composite encased beams consisting of preflex steel sections using the finite element computer program (ANSYS V. 10). Composite encased beams are analyzed and a comparison is made with available experimental moment-rotation curves, good agreement with the experimental results is observed. Camber of steel section is introduced on the steel section of the composite beams encased in concrete. It is found that using of preflex section can increase the ultimate load capacity of the composite encased beam by relatively (15%) and also it is found that rotations are nearly (65% to 80%) the rotations of the same beam without preflex steel section. Parametric studies have been carried out to study the increasing of the moment-carrying capacity due to the use of encased concrete for the laminated partially encased beams; meanwhile the slip along the composite partially encased beams length is studied. The strain distributions along the steel section and encased concrete depth are also examined. Poisson’s ratio of concrete, the effect of cambering of steel-section and the effect of mesh refinement are also investigated.
WATER QUALITY OF AL-HAMMAR MARSH SOUTH IRAQ
Authors: Al-Mosewi Tariq J.Kadhem
Published: March 2024

Water quality plays an important role in the restoration of marshes south Iraq, hence, in this paper water samples were taken from different sites in Hammar marsh in south of Iraq to know the variation of some water parameters with the distance along Hammar marsh. The water samples will submit to chemical and physical analyses.Ten water samples were analysis to discuss the results of these parameters and give reasons for changing these parameters with the location along the Hammar marsh. It was found that the concentrations of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) with the acceptable range for drinking and agriculture uses, DO concentrations did not decreased less than 6 mg/l.The analyses showed that high concentrations of The Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Electrical Conductivity (EC) at the beginning and end of the marsh, the analyses showed a decrease in these parameters at the middle of the marsh.The analyses showed low concentrations of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) along the Al-Hammar marsh, the concentration of TSS strongly depends on the velocity of water in marsh which is considered low at the study region. As well as the analyses showed that the Mg concentration increased above 125 mg/l level, this level may cause diarrhea.It was also found that the concentrations of sulphates exceed allowable limits of WHO standards for drinking water (400 mg/l), these concentrations of SO4 came from severally burned of organic matter in soils after drainage period.
PANEL METHOD CACULATIONS OF WING - TAIL INTERFERENCE EFFECTS
Authors: Majeed Maki H.
Published: March 2024

A low-order panel method was used to predict the flow characteristics between two sets of wings representing wing and tail. Constant source and doublet singularities with Drichlet boundary condition are used on the body surfaces. Distance and setting angle changes of the tail are studied to predict the air flow characteristics. Since the flow is incompressible non-viscous (potential flow), the results obtained contain a large physical evidence and may give a good design tool for aircraft stability consideration. A FORTRAN program was built to calculate the flow characteristics and then validated with published data. Highly acceptable results are obtained as compared with these data, so that; the program can be used for discussing the design or control parameters of such aerodynamical problems
DETECTION OF STATIC AIR-GAP ECCENTRICITY IN THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR BY USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK (ANN)
Authors: Al-Sabbagh Qais S. , Alwan Hayder E.
Published: March 2024

This paper presents the effect of the static air-gap eccentricity on the performance of a three phase induction motor .The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approach has been used to detect this fault .This technique depends upon the amplitude of the positive and negative harmonics of the frequency. Two motors of (2.2 kW) have been used to achieve the actual fault and desirable data at no-load, half-load and full-load conditions. Motor Current Signature analysis (MCSA) based on stator current has been used to detect eccentricity fault. Feed forward neural network and error back propagation training algorithms are used to perform the motor fault detection. The inputs of artificial neural network are the amplitudes of the positive and negative harmonics and the speed, and the output is the type of fault. The training of neural network is achieved by data through the experiments test on healthy and faulty motor and the diagnostic system can discriminate between “healthy” and “faulty” machine.
AXISYMMETRIC DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF THIN OBLATE SHELLS
Authors: Al – Rajihy Ahmed A. , Al – Jessany Ala M. Hussein , Al – Raheimy Nawal H.
Published: March 2024

This paper presents a theoretical investigation of the axisymmetric free vibrations of an isotropic thin oblate spheroid shell. The analysis depends on the Rayliegh – Ritz's method. The non – shallow shell theory is used for the analysis. The analysis based on considering the oblate spheroid as a continuous system constructed from two spherical shell elements matched at the continuous boundaries.Throughout the results, it is shown that when the eccentricity reaches zero, an exact thin sphere solution is emerged and when the eccentricity equals one an exact thin circular plate solution is emerged. Therefore, the eccentricity of an oblate shell at medium value lies between these two values.It was found that the Rayleigh – Ritz's method is suitable for all eccentricities, while the literature showed that the Rayleigh's method is suitable for eccentricities less than 0.6.
DEVELOPMENT OF A LAN SIMULATION TOOL BASED ON WINDOWS ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Ali Hamid M. , Ezzat Nidhal , Kadhim Wisam F.
Published: March 2024

The Internet’s rapid growth has spurred the development of new protocols and algorithms to meet changing operational requirements such as security, multicast transport, mobile networking, policy management, and quality of service support. Development and evaluation of these operational tools requires answering many design questions. This work proposes a computer network simulation program, devoted for wired LAN systems. The simulator would be able to work under Microsoft Windows NT platforms, also it has the potential to provide an emulation environment which should be suitable for testing protocols above the TCP layer under the Windows NT platform supported network layers, and offering scalability by running the simulator under distributed network system.
EFFECT OF ZRO2 , WO3 ADDITIVES ON CATALYTIC PERFORMANCE OF PT/HY ZEOLITE COMPARED WITH PT/Γ-AL2O3 FOR IRAQI NAPHTHA TRANSFORMATION
Authors: Al-Hassany Maha
Published: March 2024

Light naphtha treatment was achieved over 0.3wt%Pt loaded-alumina, HY-zeolite and Zr/W/HY-zeolite catalysts at temperature rang of 240-370°C, hydrogen to hydrocarbon mole ratio of 1-4 0.75-3 wt/wt/hr, liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) and at atmospheric pressure.The hydroconversion of light naphtha over Pt loaded catalyst shows two main reactions; hydrocracking and hydroisomerization reactions. The catalytic conversion of a light naphtha is greatly influenced by reaction temperature, LHSV, and catalyst function. Naphtha transformation (hyroisomerization, cracking and aromatization) increases with decreasing LHSV and increasing temperature except hydroisomerization activity increases with increasing of temperature till 300°C then began to decrease due to the formation of hydrocracking reaction. The investigation of Pt containing catalysts under study shows a very high hydrogenlysis activity , due to presence of metal component (i.e. Zr, W) which enhances the rate of paraffin isomerization and cracking.The hyroisomerization and the hydrocraking activities can be arranged as follows,.Pt/Zr/W/HY > Pt/HY > Pt/γ-Al2O3The results showed that, Pt/γ-Al2O3 has higher activity for the direct dehydrogenation of C6 and C7 paraffin's present in naphtha to aromatics than Pt/HY and Pt/Zr/W/HY. This was due to pore volume catalyst ,the aromatics compounds increased as the pore volume increased.
Effect Of Initial Pressure Upon Laminar Burning Velocity Of Methane-AirMixtures
Authors: حميد محمد ناصر
Published: March 2024

The effect of the initial pressure upon the laminar flame speed, for a methane-airmixtures, has been detected paractically, for a wide range of equivalence ratio.In this work, a measurement system is designed in order to measure the laminar flamespeed using a constant volume method with a thermocouples technique. The laminarburning velocity is measured, by using the density ratio method.The comparison of the present work results and the previous ones show goodagreement between them. This indicates that the measurements and the calculationsemployed in the present work are successful and precise.
STUDY THE PERFORMANCE OF SULFAMIC ACID AND CITRIC ACID IN REMOVAL THE SCALE DEPOSITED ON THE DURA REFINERY HEAT EXCHANGE PIPING SYSTEM
Authors: Majeed Najwa S.
Published: March 2024

This paper describes an experimental study on the performance of sulfamic acid and citric acid in scale removal of Dura refinery heat exchange piping systems. Experiments were carried out using sulfamic acid and citric acid inhibited by hexamine as cleaning solutions at different time, temperature and concentrations. A dynamic flow system was designed for this state. A scaled copper alloy pipes from the main hot water lines (heat exchanger) was used. Hexamine was used as corrosion inhibitor.The research involved a study of effect of the time ,temperature and acid concentration of each acid on the scale removal, and a comparison of the performance of the two used acids were investigated.
ADDING PERFECT FORWARD SECRECY TO KERBEROS
Authors: Flayyih Wameedh Nazar
Published: March 2024

Kerberos system is a powerful and widely implemented authentication system. Despite this fact it has several problems such as the vulnerability to dictionary attacks which is solved with the use of public key cryptography. Also an important security feature that is not found in Kerberos is perfect forward secrecy. In this work the lack of this feature is investigated in Kerberos in its original version. Also a public key based modification to Kerberos is presented and it is shown that it lacks the prefect forward secrecy too. Then some extensions are proposed to achieve this feature. The extensions are based on public key concepts (Diffie-Hellman) with the condition of keeping the password based authentication; this requires little modifications to the original Kerberos. Four extensions are proposed; two of them modify the (Client-Authentication Server) exchange achieving conditional perfect forward secrecy, while the remaining two modify the Client-Server exchange achieving perfect forward secrecy but with increased overhead and delay.
SHORT TERM DEFLECTION OF ORDINARY, PARTIALLY PRESTRESSED AND GFRP BARS REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
Authors: Oukaili Nazar K. Ali , Al-Hawwassi Iqbal Fadhil Peera
Published: March 2024

The behavior of structural concrete beams is studied under short-term loading. A computer program developed originally by Oukaili to evaluate curvature is modified to evaluate the deflection for flexural structural concrete members. The program deals with actual stress-strain relationships of concrete and steel. The analysis is based on requirements of equilibrium and compatibility of strain in concrete and reinforcement. The proposed model is used in conjunction with the step by step analysis for small loading increments that allows the determination of the history of strain and stress in concrete with prestressing steel or non-prestressing reinforcement only or prestressing and non-prestressing reinforcement together. The evaluation of curvatures for the structural member involves iterations for computing the strains vectors at each analysis step. Newmark's numerical integration is used to evaluate the deflection of the member depending on the curvature values. The stress-strain model that was proposed by (Korpenko et al. 1986) is used and compared with experimental data and other analytical models for each of concrete and steel. The comparison showed good agreement between the model used and the experimental data. This relationship is used in SECTION program and presented in this study. The analytical results for load-deflection diagram are compared with available experimental data. The comparison has shown good agreement.
BEARING CAPACITY OF SQUARE FOOTING ON GEOGRID-REINFORCED LOOSE SAND TO RESIST ECCENTRIC LOAD
Authors: Al-Mosawe Mosa J. , Al-Saidi Aamal A. , Jawad Faris W.
Published: March 2024

This research presents and discuss the results of experimental investigation carried out on geogrids model to study the behavior of geogrid in the loose sandy soil. The effect of location eccentricity, depth of first layer of reinforcement, vertical spacing, number and type of reinforcement layers have been investigated. The results indicated that the percentage of bearing improvement a bout (22 %) at number of reinforced layers N=1 and about (47.5%) at number of reinforced layers N=2 for different Eccentricity values when depth ratio and vertical spacing between layers are (0.5B and 0.75B) respectively.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR GENERAL DIAGNOSTIC AND REMEDY OF CASTING DEFECTS
Authors: Daws Qasim M. , Jawad Ban Bakir
Published: March 2024

Casting defects are ones of the important problems occurring in the casting process .The large number of the defects make the diagnosis of them difficult and depend on the inspector experience and his information of the defects property. This diagnostic perhaps being wrong and not accurate. Therefore in this research an inclusive program through information system was designed to diagnose the defects and its causes then put the suggested remedy, this program contains four methods to recognize the defects in castings .The methods are 1.Use selection of the listed property of the defects 2.Benefit from the pictures of defects to diagnose the defect. 3. The questions and answers method .4.Combo box that contains all the defects name .The last method was designed only for the workers having a great experience in this field. It is found after verification that the method of picture is the simplest and rapidly one because the user needs to see the picture that is given to him and compare them with the castings defect. The program was designed by the use of Visual Basic language, which allows making dealing with the methods easy. The arrangement of this number of defects was done by use general classification that classify them to seven groups and these were divided to subdivision groups .The verification was done to check the effectiveness of the program and it gave good results .
PARAMETRIC STUDY OF LAMINAR FREE CONVECTION IN HORIZONTAL ANNULUS WITH AND WITHOUT FINS ON THE INNER CYLINDER
Authors: Saleh Saad M. , Mehdi Jasim Mohammed
Published: March 2024

An experimental and numerical study has been carried out to investigate the heat transfer by natural convection in air-filled annulus between two horizontal isothermal concentric cylinders with and without annular fins under steady state conditions; the inner cylinder surface is maintained at a higher temperature and the outer cylinder surface at a lower one. In the experimental study, the annulus inner surface is maintained at high temperature by applying uniform heat flux to the inner cylinder while the annulus outer surface is subjected to ambient temperature and maintained at low temperature. The experiments were curried out at a range of Rayleigh number (1.81×103 – 4.03×104) for case without fins and (1.08×103 – 2.94×104) for case with fins, at different diameter ratios (η = 2.0, 2.6 and 3.0). The results showed that: (1) increasing the diameter ratio(η) strongly increases the heat transfer rate, (2) increasing Rayleighnumber increases the heat transfer rate for any η and (3) attaching annular fins to the inner cylinder surface of (No. of fins/cm) of 1.25 and (fin height/gap width) of 0.143, 0.186 and 0.286 reduced the mean Nusselt number ( Nu) within (16.3 - 29.7) percent of that for the case without fins at the same Rayleigh number. In the numerical study, only the case without fins was investigated. The buoyancy driven fluid flow resulting from the temperature difference between the cylinders, is assumed to be steady, laminar, two dimensional and symmetric about the vertical center-line. Only half of the domain needs to be modeled from symmetry considerations. Navier-Stokes and energy equations are expressed in vorticity-stream function form and discretized via finite difference method. The Rayleigh number (based on gap width) varied from l02 to l05 with the influence of diameter ratio obtained near a Rayleigh number of 104.Results for the local and mean Nusselt number, the contour maps of the streamlines and isotherms are presented, to show some of the flow and heat transfer characteristics. The results numerically obtained showed a good agreement with the present experimental data.
DERIVATION OF THE LORENTZ-EINSTEIN TRANSFORMATION VIA ONE OBSERVER
Authors: AL-Kazalchi O.M. , Omara Faiz T.
Published: March 2024

Lorentz-Einstein transformation derived by Einstein in his theory of special relativity. Physical laws and principles are invariant in all Galilean reference frames under this transformation. The transformation in every day use in a host of contexts as in free solution of the Dirac equation in the modern field of heavy ion in atomic physics. Most books on theoretical physics and special theory of relativity and all research papers have derived the Eorentz-Einstein transformation using various propositions and employing two observers each located in Galilean system with relative motion receding the same events in the space-time manifold. This paper derives Lorentz-Einstein transformation by proposing just one observer using local coordinates of two Galilean system with relative motion following the track of a spherical pulse of light, which to our knowledge is not found in the literature.
REMOVAL OF KEROSENE FROM WASTE WATER USING IRAQI BENTONITE
Authors: Sulaymon Abbas H. , Ali Ziad T. Abd
Published: March 2024

The aim of the present research is to study the potentiality of Iraqi bentonite as adsorbent for removing of kerosene from wastewater. Also the capacity of bentonite for kerosene removal was compared to the activated carbon capacity. The sorption of kerosene onto bentonite and AC. were described by two well – known adsorption isotherm models namely Langmuir and Freundlich models. It was found that the Freundlich model can fit very well the equilibrium isotherm adsorption of kerosene onto bentonite and AC. Batch experiments were carried out to study the effect of adsorption of kerosene onto bentonite using various conditions such as initial concentrations of kerosene ( 100-500 ) mg/L, agitation speeds (125, 250, 500, 800) RPM, and weights of bentonite ( 0.05, 0.5,1.1 ) gm, particle sizes (0.5- 0.6) mm, and temperature 303 k . It was found that the best results for removing kerosene onto bentonite were obtained at Co=500 mg/L, RPM =800. Activated carbon was used as powder and granular of particle sizes ranged (1-1.18) mm and (0.5-0.6) mm. The results indicated that the activated carbon was more active than bentonite for removing of kerosene from wastewater
EFFECT OF INNER BOUNDARIES GEOMETRY ON NATURALCONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER IN HORIZONTAL ANNULI
Authors: Jehhef Kadhum A. , Badawy Faris A.
Published: March 2024

An analytical modeling of natural convection in physically-based analysis is developed for investigate free convective heat transfer in horizontal eccentric annulus between a circular outer cylinder and heated different shape inner envelope with used four models of the shapes of the inner cross section of (circular, triangular, square and hexagon inner boundary). The main objective of this paper was taking a composite model based on asymptotic solutions for three limiting cases: pure conduction, laminar boundary layer convection and transition flow convection. Laminar conditions up to Rayleigh number RaPi of 5×104 were investigated. By using data from MATLAB simulations for a wide range of two cylinder temperature difference in order to study the effects of annulus diameter ratio, Rayleigh number, and the cross section geometries of inner cylinder on the Nusslte number and the ratio of thermal conductivity. The numerical result illustrated for the circular the increasing the Rayleigh number leading to slightly increasing the non-dimensional Nusslte number with various value of annulus diameter ratio and when used the high annulus perimeter ratio (Po/Pi( about (4.5,2.6,1.6 and 1.175). There is rapid increasing in the non-dimensional ratio of thermal conductivity with increasing the Rayleigh number at the high values of (Po/Pi(, and the result showed that the non-dimensional ratio of thermal conductivity and the Nusslte number values of the (triangular, square and hexagon) less than in the case of circular inner boundary, but the hexagon model showed the Nusslte number more that than in the (triangular and square). the mathematical results compared with model developed by pervious numerical the model and data are in good agreement, with an average RMS difference of 10.6% for the circular annulus of dimensional Nusselt number (NuPi) and less than 4.9 % and 9.8% for the square inner geometry non-dimensional ratio thermal conductivity.
ESTIMATION OF RADON-222 CONCENTRATIONS IN A RESIDENTIAL AREA IN BAGHDAD CITY
Authors: AlMaliky Salam J. , Ma`rof Baha` ElDin , Ali Ahmed H.
Published: March 2024

Airborne radioactive particulates (for both indoor and outdoor air), in Al-Jaderiya region (Baghdad), have been collected to measure the concentration of Radon-222 daughter products of gamma ray emission (214Pb, 214Bi and 218Po) and hence calculate the concentration of Radon-222. 24 samples were analyzed (12 indoor and others outdoor), using gamma ray spectrometric system based on a High purity Germanium detector (HpGe) of (40%) efficiency. The average concentrations of Radon-222, were found to be (93.7 Bq/m3) and (18.9 Bq/m3), in indoor and outdoor air respectively. The comparison of these concentrations with some internationally typical values has showed that the concentrations of Radon-222 are higher in outdoor air of the area of study compared with many regions in USA and other countries. On the contrary, the concentrations of Radon-222 in indoor air of the area of study are less than those in many European countries.
UTILIZATION OF THOMAS MODEL TO PREDICT THEBREAKTHROUGH CURVES FOR ADSORPTION AND IONEXCHANGE
Authors: Mustafa Yasmen A. , Ebrahim Shahlaa E.
Published: March 2024

Fixed bed sorption processes such as adsorption and ion exchange do not operate at
 
steady state. The design equations are differential that usually require numerical methods
 
to solve. Thomas gives a general analytical solution for these equations. It is based on
 
second-order reaction kinetics and the assumption of Langmuir isotherm. Computer
 
program for the solution of Thomas model was designed using MATLAB 7.0. Four sets
 
of experimental data are tested to show the capability of Thomas model to predict the
 
breakthrough curves for adsorption and ion exchange processes. These data represent the
 
sorption of o-cresol from water by activated carbon, acetic acid from air by activated
 
carbon, phenol from water by natural zeolite, and trichloroethylene from air by zeolite-
 
5A.The results show that there are a good agreement between the experimental data and
 
the model.
MEMBRANES SEPARATION PROCESS FOR OILY WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Authors: Makki Hasan Ferhood , Al-Alawy Ahmed Faiq , Al-Hassani Maha H. , Rashad Zaid Waadulla
Published: March 2024

Pilot-scale dead end microfiltration membranes were carried out to determine the feasibility of theprocess for treating the oily wastewater which discharge from some Iraqi factories such as power station of south of Baghdad and the general company of petrochemical industries. Polypropylene membranes(cylindrical shape) with different pore diameters (1 and 5 micron) were used to conduct the study onmicromembrane process. The variables studied are oil concentration (100 – 1000 ppm), feed flow rate (20 –40 l/h), operating temperature (31 – 50°C) and time (0 – 3 h). It was found that the flux increases withincreasing feed flow rate, temperature and pore size of membrane, and decreases with increasing oilconcentration and operating time. It was found also that the effect of feed oil concentration has the greatest effect on the fouling of membrane among other variables. The percent rejection of oil improved significantly with decreasing oil concentration but decreased with increasing feed temperature, pore size of membrane and operating time. Feed flow rate has slightly effect on oil rejection. The type of oil used in this work is 20W-50 gasoline and diesel engine oil. A general model of dead end filtration mode has been successfully evaluated to explain fundamental mechanisms involved in flux decline during dead end microfiltration of oily water emulsions. Analysis of the fall in flux with time for the polypropylene membrane (5 μm) indicates that intermediate and standard pore models give the best prediction for experimental behavior. Empirical correlations for the prediction of the flux and percent reject of oil were determined in this study. These equations have the correlation coefficient 98.87% and 91.49% respectively.
OILY WATER TREATMENT USING CERAMIC MEMBERANE
Authors: Abdullah Sama Mohammed
Published: March 2024

This research was conducted using ceramic microfiltration membrane for treatment of oily wastewater in the pilot-scale dead-end filtration system designed in the laboratory under the influence of conditions of feed flow rate 15-35 l/h, feed temperature 32-48°C, oil feed concentration 300-1200 ppm, feed solution pH 2.6-9.8. The influence of these conditions on the permeate flux rate and oil rejection percent were investigated. Experimental results indicated that when feed flow rate increased to 35 l/h permeate fluxrates increased to 100 l/m2.h and oil rejection percent decreased to 70.1%, and when feed temperatureincreased to 48 ºC permeate flux rate increased to 62 l/m2.h and oil rejection percent decreased to 56.44%.But when oil feed concentration increased to 1200 ppm permeate flux rate decreased to 17.2 l/m2.h and oil rejection percent increased to 99.7%. Also basic feed solution (pH=9.8) gave high permeate flux rate(44.51 l/m2.h) and low oil rejection percent (84%) in comparison with acidic feed solution (pH=2.6) whichgave low permeate flux rate (26.42 l/m2.h) and high oil rejection percent (99.46%). Four classical modelswere investigated to flux decline and the results showed that the experimental data was consistent (R2 =0.9883) with the complete blocking filtration model.
CORROSION OF AMALGAMS IN ORAL CAVITY
Authors: Yusif Ghassan L.
Published: March 2024

This paper is a study of the effect of natural saliva (oral cavity) and a fluoride mouthwash on dentalamalgams .Two types electrodes were made the first was of a high copper amalgam while the second wasmade from a low copper amalgam. They were immersed in two types of electrolytes for twelve hours and the whole galvanic cell was connected to a computer via a potentiosat. Their corrosion currents, corrosionvoltage and corrosion resistance was recorded and compared to find which medium that is usually has themost severe effect on the amalgams corrosion.
الخرائط الجيوتكنيكية لتربة محافظات بغداد وديالى وواسط وبابل
Authors: الشكرجي يوسف جواد , الخزاعي محمد عبد الزهرة تركي
Published: March 2024

تناولت هذه الدراسة الخصائص الجيوتكنيكية لتربة محافظات بغداد وديالى وواسط وبابل واعتمدت علىالاستقراء والمقارنة والتحليل لخصائص التربة. حيث شملت هذه الدراسة جمع المعلومات وتبويبها وتحليلها.(15 m) 7 …" ) ولحد عمق ,5 ,3 ,1 " m) ثم رسم خرائط جيوتكنيكية لكل خاصية ولأعماقوشملت الخصائص المدروسة دراسة حدود القوام (حد السيولة ودليل اللدونة) ووزن وحدة الحجم الجاف نسبةالفراغ الابتدائية ونسبة المواد الناعمة ومقاومة التربة من خلال دراسة (عدد الضربات في فحص الاختراقالقياسي والمقاومة الانضغاطية اللامحصورة) ومعاملات الانضمام (دليل الأنضغاط) ونسبة المواد العضويةونسبة أيون الكبريتات كما تم دراسة منسوب المياه الجوفية في مدينة بغداد.وقد تم رسم ( 138 ) خارطة جيوتكنيكية منها ( 64 ) خارطة رسمت لمنطقة الدراسة بمقياس رسم.( 1 : 1500000 ) و ( 74 ) خارطة رسمت لمدينة بغداد بمقياس رسم( 100000 :  1)
ESTIMATION OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COEFFICIENT OF CONSOLIDATION AND LIQUID LIMIT OF MIDDLE AND SOUTH IRAQI SOILS
Authors: Al- Tae′e Asma Y. , Al- Ameri Abbas F.
Published: March 2024

In this paper, a relationship between the liquid limit and the coefficient of consolidation of Iraqi soils arestudied. The samples of soil used in study are undisturbed silty clay. These samples are taken from different locations and depths of Middle and South of Iraq by cooperation with Consulting Engineering Bureau- University of Baghdad- College of Engineering. The depth reached about 20 meters. The experimental work is made to calculate the liquid limit and the coefficient of consolidation. From these sites, 280 points are obtained. The relationship between the liquid limit and the coefficient of consolidation is drawn as a curve. This curve is studied and compared with the curve that obtained from other studies.From these curves, it can be noticed that the curves are close to each other when the liquid limit is equal to 60 while they diverge when the liquid limit is less or greater than 60. Therefore, the coefficient ofconsolidation of Iraqi soils can be obtained when the liquid limit is given.
SIMULATION OF INDIRECT EVAPORATIVE COOLER HEAT EXCHANGER AT IRAQI CONDITIONS
Authors: Joudi Khalid A. , Hmood Khawla N.
Published: March 2024

The investigation included PHE performance variation with heat exchanger dimensions, plate spacing, inlet air velocities and inlet air temperatures. The momentum and energy equations were solved in 3-dimensions by using FLUENT 5.3 software and heat exchanger performance parameters were extracted from the post processing of the numerical data. In addition, a 2-dimensional fluid flow and heat transfer numerical analysis for the crossflow PHE was carried out. A numerical code based on the finite difference method and the SIMPLE algorithm was developed to solve the governing equations. The result of the numerical study for PHE performance shows that for both air streams the maximum thermal gradient occurs at 0.5 m/s inlet air velocity while the minimum occurs at 5 m/s velocity. Furthermore; the greater thermal gradient for the both air streams occurs at 3 mm plate spacing and decrease progressively to the lowest gradient at 10 mm spacing. Also, the results indicated that indirect evaporative cooling could be applied to obtain suitable outlet air temperatures for low and medium values of wet-bulb temperatures in arid climates.
NUMERICAL STUDY OF NATURAL CONVECTION IN A CAVITY WITH WAVY VERTICAL WALLS
Authors: HABEEB SATTAR  J.
Published: March 2024

This paper describes a numerical study of natural convection heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics inside a cavity with wavy vertical walls. The bottom wall is heated by spatially varying temperature and other three walls are kept at cooled temperature. Governing equation was discretized using the finite volume-method with staggered variables arrangement in curvilinear coordinates. Two geometrical configurations were used in this study for symmetrical and unsymmetrical wavy vertical walls (total of 132 cases) for range of Ra=100 to 106 and fixed Prandtl number (0.71). The effects of the wave geometry, wave amplitude, number of undulation, and Rayliegh number on flow behavior, thermal field, local Nusselt number and Nusselt number ratio (NNR) factor have been studied. Streamline, velocity vector, and isothermal contour are used to present the corresponding flow and thermal field inside the cavity. The Results show that the enhanced of heat transfer rate seems to depend on geometrical configuration.
Material Selection Using Hybrid Grey Relation Analysis Approach Based on Weighted Entropy for Ranking: The Case of Helicopter Rotor Blade
Authors: AL-Taie Alya I. , Doos Qasim M.
Published: March 2024

Engineering design relies highly on the selection of suitable materials. Because there are many engineering materials, selecting a suitable material for a product requires a systematic selection approach. This paper provides a hybrid strategy for choosing the best material for an engineering design to give the best performance at the lowest cost based on Ashby's performance indices. Then, it ranks the result by the grey relational approach integrated with the Weighted Entropy Method to choose the optimum material for the main rotor blade of a helicopter. Different materials used for manufacturing rotor blades, such as Aluminium alloys, titanium alloys, steel, composites, and wood, have been discussed. The performance indices chosen are stiffness, strength, and fracture toughness. The performance indices proved that the composite material has excellent structural strength, stiffness, and toughness. The result shows that CFRP is the best material for manufacturing helicopter rotors, while wood and steel were the best and cheapest when the design had to be economical.
Study the Behaviour of the Natural Clay Soil Shallow Foundation System Subjected to Impact Loads
Authors: Rasheed Azad Hameed , Ahmed Balqees Abdulwahid
Published: March 2024

In civil engineering, there are many problems related to the transmission of pressure waves through the soil due to dynamic loads. In industrial applications, these vibrations remain often caused by the impact of weights on the foundation machine. Typically, these basics transmit effective vertical stresses to the surface layers. Accordingly, the dynamic performance of natural clay soils under the influence of individual active loads was careful in this work. Energy A deflection scale system dropped different loads from several elevations. The application of this research was to study the surface soil responses only. These responses include the vertical displacements, velocities, and accelerations implied by impacts on the soil surface. Some of the results showed a decrease in the displacement value of the natural clay soil by a rate ranging from 25% to 35%, a result of an increase in the overburden pressure based on an increase in the embedment depth, which led to a rise in the stiffness of the clayey soil.
The Effect of Parking Pricing on Key Parking Performance Characteristics in Public Garages
Authors: Pavlek Hrvoje , Slavulj Marko , Šojat Dino , Prskalo Hrvoje
Published: March 2024

A sound parking policy is crucial for sustainable urban mobility. Since mostly fixed public garage supply often makes up a significant proportion of urban parking supply, matching it to demand becomes a challenge. This paper researches the impact of changes in parking pricing on key parking performance characteristics in urban garages. Compared to previous research, this paper focuses on user composition for daily parking with data obtained from parking system management. For the study area, two public garages in the City of Zagreb were chosen. This paper offers a solution for managing garage parking in urban areas sustainably. Based on user composition and key parking performance characteristics, this paper argues for introducing dynamic parking pricing based on occupancy. The results of analyzing key parking performance characteristics and user composition showed that the impact of price changes affects the observed public garages differently. Based on the analysis, solutions will be able to be offered for a more rational urban parking policy.
Electric vehicles application - environmental justification
Authors: Kovačević Tatjana , Ninović Milena , Miličić Milica , Pitka Pavle
Published: March 2024

The transport sector is the second largest source of greenhouse gas pollution in terms of total carbon dioxide emissions in the European Union. Reducing emissions in transport is more expensive than in other sectors because transport is still heavily reliant on fossil fuels. For years, electric vehicles have played a prominent role in the transport sector in terms of solving the f harmful gas emissions problem. They have the potential to reduce CO2 emissions by offering an alternative to conventional vehicles based on internal combustion engines. Although they have zero CO2 emissions in the tailpipe, electric vehicles require the consumption of electricity to produce them as well as to power the battery, which contributes to the creation of CO2 emissions. The paper compares the use of a delivery vehicle with an internal combustion engine and an electric vehicle in the field of road transportation of the postal sector from the aspect of environmental sustainability. The electric vehicle use showed a lower generation of CO2 by 114.2 g/km, taking into account the average emission of carbon dioxide for electric vehicles according to the data of the European Union.
Integration of traditional folk music and contemporary pop music of China
Authors: Huihui Ji
Published: March 2024

This article analyzes the main forms of modern pop music creation and the relationship between traditional folk music and modern pop music, and expounds the infiltration and integration path between traditional folk music and contemporary pop music. The article is aimed at identifying the ways of the most harmonious development of Chinese traditional and modern music.
Soft power and public diplomacy of Brazil: experience for Russia?
Authors: Naumov Alexandr , Belousova Marina , Griva Ivan
Published: March 2024

The article is devoted to the analysis of soft power and public diplomacy of the Federal Republic of Brazil. The object of the study is the resources, instruments and technologies of Brazil's soft power and public diplomacy, the subject is the policy implementation of soft power and public diplomacy of this country. The chronological framework of the study covers the period from Brazil's acquisition of independence in 1822 to L.I. Lula da Silva's winning the elections in 2022. The authors consider the policy of soft power during the periods of the Empire, the First and Second Republics, the era of military dictatorship, as well as during the subsequent democratization up to the current period.
नेपालको विकासमा सन्थालको भूमिका {The role of Santhals in the development of Nepal}
Authors: भट्टराई Bhattarai उत्तमप्रसाद Uttamprasad
Published: March 2024

पूर्वी नेपालका झापा, मोरङ्ग र सुनसरी जिल्लामा परापुर्व कालदेखि वस्दै आएका सन्थाल अत्यन्तै गरिव र अभावको जिन्दगी व्यतित गर्दै आएका छन्। सन्थालले बोल्ने भाषा सन्थाली हो र यो भाषा आग्नेय एसीयाली भाषामा पर्दछ । २०६८ सालको जनगणना अनुसार सन्थालको जनसंख्या ५१७३५ रहेको छ । कामको सिलसिलामा यिनीहरु देशका अन्य क्षेत्रमा समेत बसोवास गर्दछन् । अन्य भाषा परिवारका प्रभावमा आएर लगभग १५०० जति सन्थालले आफ्नो मातृभाषा छोडीसकेको पाइन्छ । मलेरिया र जङ्गली जनावरको आतङ्कलाई झेलेका सन्थाल जातिले नेपालको माटोमा रगत बगाएका छन् । जङ्गला मुलुकलाई कृषियोग्य बनाए । खेती किसानी गरेर देशलाइ उर्वर बनाउन महत्वपूर्ण योगदान दिएका छन्। सस्ता, भरपर्दा र इमान्दार मजदूरका रुपमा यिनको गणना हुन्छ । यिनीहरु स्वावलम्बी हुन्छन्, भिक्षा मागेर खादैनन्। आफ्नो जातिको अर्कालाई सहयोग गर्दा रमाउँछन् । विक्रमसम्बत् २० को दशकतिर सन्थाल अगुवाले सामाजिक र राजनीतिक क्षेत्रमा अतुलनीय योगदान दिएका छन् । प्रजातान्त्रिक आन्दोलन होस् या जनजीविकाका क्षेत्रमा होस यी सन्थालले भरपर्दो काम गरेका छन्। तुरसा हेम्ब्रम, मंगल सोरेन जस्ता सन्थाली अगुवाका योगदान धेरै छन्। हालको अवस्थामा आफ्नो संस्कृति, भाषा, धर्मको जगेर्ना गर्न बुद्धिलाल सोरेन, भुजूलाल टुडु, मोहन टुडु, सुन्दर वेसरा, वडाराम हेमरम, फुलकुमारी हेमरम, शिवु मुर्मू लगायतका योगदान धेरै छन्। हालको अवस्थामा सेवा क्षेत्रमा समेत सन्थाली अगाडि आएका छन्। आफ्नो भाषा, लिपी, संस्कृति जगेर्ना गर्न यी व्यक्तिसँग अन्य धेरै व्यक्ति सन्थाली युवा–युवती अगाडि आएका छन् । राज्यले दुरगामी महत्व राख्ने विषयमा यिनीहरुको अस्तित्व जोगाइ दिने प्रकारका नीति ल्याउनु वाञ्छनीय हुन्छ ।
Silence Speaks Volume in Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot and Krapp's Last Tape
Authors: Neupane Khagendra
Published: March 2024

The paper attempts to examine the deployment of silence as an intricate rhetorical device in Samuel Beckett's plays, Waiting for Godot and Krapp's Last Tape. In doing so, it seeks to interpret the rhetorical complexity of silence and its profound implications for the overall meanings of the plays. Simultaneously, the exploration of silence in Krapp's Last Tape extends beyond the surface, investigating its integral role in the protagonist's interactions with a tape recorder and its far-reaching implications for the play's temporal and mnemonic dimensions. The study underscores the profound interplay between silence and broader thematic elements in the plays, inviting a deeper exploration of Beckett's narrative techniques and paving the way for further investigations into the rhetoric of silence within literary discourse. Similarly, it examines the linguistic interplay between Vladimir and Estragon in Waiting for Godot, and Krapp's language evolution and the linguistic devices employed to convey his mental state in Krapp's Last Tape where language becomes an expression of existential angst. The analysis encompasses themes such as repetition, silence, absurdity, and non-linear narrative, shedding light on the impact of these linguistic elements on the portrayal of mental conditions.
An Archetypal Journey: Hero's Transformation in Hetchchhakuppa, a Kirant Mythic Play
Authors: Rai Prakash
Published: March 2024

The paper examines the archetypal journey of Hetchhakuppa in the Kirant mythic play, Hetchchhakuppa written and directed by Prabin Puma to spot his metamorphosis from an innocent to an experienced individual, from a physical being to a spiritual and from a paleolithic to a neolithic existence. Employing Joseph Campbell's idea of the hero's journey passing through several stages for transformations, the study delves into the heroic journey of the hero, Hetchchhakuppa, which embodies the universal journey of human beings for the advancement of humanism and the world. The notion of “transformations of the hero through the journey” by Campbell to trace the hero's multiple levels of transformations and Jung's "archetype symbolism' to explore a deeper level of the hero's psychical transformation through different stages of the journey serve as a foundation for analyzing and interpreting the texts of the play. The archetypal hero, Hetchchhakuppa's incessant adventure brings transformative changes in his individual and collective life developing self-realization, growth, maturity, and resurrection out of the exotic expeditions. His transformative journey exhorted by dynamic movement and commitment despite the hardship and adversity invigorates him to transcend the constraints of physical boundaries, self-absorption, and naivety for triumphing over stagnant nature. The journey Hetchchhakuppa takes on mirrors a common journey of all mankind to sustain humanity and his steadfast commitment to perpetuating the expedition reflects a shared yearning for progress and transformation not only of the individual but also of the universal man.
Ecological Devastation in Annie Proulx’s Barkskins: A Byproduct of Capitalism
Authors: Shrestha Ravi
Published: March 2024

This research article deals with the ecological devastation of a part of North America or New France (today’s Canada) colonized by France in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The novel Barkskins on which the research is done is written by Annie Proulx, an American novelist. Firstly, the article reflects the portrayal of the environmental and ecological crisis of North America by European colonialists/capitalists. It shows Annie’s close observation of the chopping down of ancient American trees, the killing of wild animals, and the business of timber and fur by Europeans. Such commercial activities that reflect European capitalism cause the heavy loss of biodiversity. Their activities reflect their anthropocentric nature. Secondly, the article deals with how Native Americans encounter European capitalists. Even though they want to defend their true wilderness from the white Europeans, they prove to be weaker than the capitalists. However, their biocentric nature appears to be different from the anthropocentric nature of the European colonialists. So, one objective of the article is to discover how European capitalists/colonialists cause ecological devastation in North America. The second objective of the article is to examine why they demolish the true wilderness of North America and the third objective of the article is to scrutinize how the Native Americans react. Since the novel reflects the ecological crisis and the article deals with the impact of European capitalists/Colonists on ecology and the environment in North America, ecocriticism is a suitable theory to apply for textual analysis in the article. Hence, for a broad theoretical framework, Greg Garrard’s theory of Ecocriticism has been applied for textual analysis to explore how and why the biodiversity of North America has been affected since in Ecocriticism, Garrard’s definition of ecocriticism “Indeed, the widest definition of the subject of ecocriticism is the study of the relationship of the human and the non-human, throughout human cultural history and entailing critical analysis of the term ‘human’ itself” (5)  becomes very contextual for textual analysis in the research.