bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AMÉRICA LATINA NO SÉCULO XXI E A REESTRUTURAÇÃO PRODUTIVA À LUZ DA TEORIA DA CEPAL
Authors: Milani Ana Maria Rita , Hortencio Vitor Emanuel Feitosa
Published: April 2020

RESUMO Ao longo dos 70 anos de existência da CEPAL o pensamento que inspira seus principais trabalhos esteve guiado pelo método histórico estrutural e a perspectiva do sistema centro-periferia, a qual salienta que as possibilidades de desenvolvimento da região “periférica” estariam condicionadas pelos movimentos da economia mundial. Na década de 1990, os países da região aderem aos modelos de ajuste estrutural, concretizando o triunfo do neoliberalismo. Diante desse contexto, o debate sobre a necessidade da industrialização regional ainda segue vivo, alimentado, de um lado, pelo desempenho industrial medíocre da região latino-americana e, por outro, pelo fato de a região ter sido beneficiada pela favorável conjuntura internacional na primeira década do século XXI, mas com a ampliação dos setores produtores de commodities. Assim, este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a reestruturação estrutural no começo do século XXI em América Latina, tendo como base teórica as contribuições da CEPAL, para entender com se apresenta a mudança estrutural nas economias da região. Observou-se que a mudança estrutural na América Latina no século XXI aconteceu de forma complexa, e sua compreensão requer a análise de muitas variáveis que entrariam na construção do caminho para o desenvolvimento na visão da CEPAL.
NOVO DESENVOLVIMENTISMO - UM SEGUNDO MOMENTO DO ESTRUTURALISMO LATINO-AMERICANO
Authors: Bresser-Pereira Luiz Carlos
Published: April 2020

RESUMO A macroeconomia estruturalista do desenvolvimento e a correspondente estratégia nacional de desenvolvimento, o Novo Desenvolvimentismo que um grupo de economistas principalmente latino-americanos estão desenvolvendo, podem ser vistos como um segundo momento da economia estruturalista do desenvolvimento. Uma abordagem de impulso à demanda e modelos como o da doença holandesa, a crítica à “restrição estrangeira”, a tendência da taxa de câmbio a se apreciar ciclicamente e o caráter cronicamente supervalorizado da taxa de câmbio nos países em desenvolvimento colocam pela primeira vez a taxa de câmbio no núcleo da economia do desenvolvimento.
THE COMMODITY-FINANCE NEXUS: TWIN BOOM AND DOUBLE WHAMMY
Authors: Akyüz Yılmaz
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT International commodity prices and capital inflows to developing countries are increasingly synchronized, subjecting commodity-dependent economies to double boom-bust cycles. On the one hand, there are a number of common monetary factors, notably international interest rates and the exchange rate of the dollar that influence commodity prices and capital inflows in the same direction. On the other hand, commodity prices and capital inflows reinforce each other through their influence on economic activity in developing countries. Capital inflows move pro-cyclically with commodity prices, aggravating both positive and negative external trade shocks. This synchronization has greatly heightened the vulnerability of commodity-dependent developing economies to global boom-bust cycles.
Qualidade de Vida e Transtornos Mentais Menores dos Estudantes de Medicina do Centro Universitário de Caratinga (UNEC) - Minas Gerais
Authors: Silva Railly Crisóstomo , Pereira Alexandre de Araújo , Moura Eliane Perlatto
Published: April 2020

Resumo: Introdução: A qualidade de vida dos estudantes de Medicina há muito tempo tem sido objeto de atenção e pesquisas. Os fatores considerados estressores inerentes aos processos formativos na educação médica são potenciais desencadeadores de transtornos mentais com impacto na qualidade de vida. Conhecer a qualidade de vida, a saúde mental geral dos estudantes de Medicina e os fatores associados é fundamental para subsidiar ações que visem a melhorias e aperfeiçoamentos do aprendizado desses discentes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade de vida dos estudantes de Medicina do Centro Universitário de Caratinga (UNEC), localizado em Minas Gerais, a prevalência de transtornos mentais menores (TMM) e os fatores associados. Método: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, transversal e quantitativo que foi conduzido por meio de um questionário autorrespondido contendo questões sobre dados sociodemográficos, qualidade de vida (WHOQOL-abreviado) e saúde mental geral (QSG-60 de Goldberg). Participaram do estudo 94 estudantes do curso de Medicina do UNEC, divididos em três grupos: (G1) 32 alunos do primeiro ano, (G2) 30 do terceiro ano e (G3) 32 do quinto ano. Todos preencheram o TCLE. Realizaram-se análises estatísticas descritivas de frequência, análise inferencial e análise de conglomerado. Resultados: Os estudantes percebem sua qualidade de vida como boa. O domínio de relações sociais obteve o maior escore, e o psicológico alcançou o menor escore. Não houve diferença significativa na qualidade de vida e saúde mental geral, nos diferentes períodos do curso. Observou-se correlação significativa entre a saúde mental geral com os domínios de qualidade de vida, mostrando que um pior estado da saúde mental geral vem acompanhado de uma pior qualidade de vida. A prevalência de TMM detectados na amostra analisada foi de 41,5% entre os estudantes de Medicina do UNEC, com escores mais acentuados no domínio estresse psíquico e os menores no domínio desejo de morte. Identificou-se a presença de três grupos com perfis distintos de qualidade de vida: pior percepção da qualidade de vida (25,5% dos estudantes), intermediária (30,9%) e melhor (43,6%). Conclusões: Os estudantes de Medicina pesquisados têm uma boa percepção de sua qualidade de vida. A saúde mental dos estudantes tem influência na qualidade de vida. Os resultados apontam para a necessidade de estudos qualitativos para aprofundar as informações sobre a qualidade de vida dos estudantes do UNEC.
Fate and transport of compounds with estrogenic activity in reconstructed soil columns
Authors: Alves Thiago Caique , Pinheiro Adilson , Kaufmann Vander
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT Endocrine disruptors (ED) are exogenous agents capable of deregulating the normal functioning of the endocrine system in humans and animals. The ED entry routes in the environment highlight the launch of domestic and agricultural wastewater in water bodies. This work aims to evaluate the occurrence, mobility and biosorption attenuation of hormones and antibiotics in soil columns in the application of agricultural and domestic waste and rain simulation. Soil columns, which were filled with soil from an agricultural area, were installed under the conditions of a swine wastewater application (ARS) at a dose of 50 m3/ha with and without the biosorbent effect and human urine at a rate equivalent to nitrogen compared with ARS. The estrogen concentrations were observed by High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD), and the mass balance was developed to evaluate the estrogen removal in the soil profile. The occurrence of hormones in all analyses was approximately 20%. Pine bark adsorbent was found to be considerably efficient in removing hormones from liquid matrices. The mass balance of the soil columns with adsorbent exhibited an estrogen recovery in the matrix applied to less than a 1% rate. For comparison, the soil columns without adsorbent obtained a mass transit about 20% of the total applied.
Weeds Biomass as Affected by Tillage Practices and Cropping Systems under a Semiarid Environment
Authors: MEHMOOD-UL-HASSAN  , QAYYUM A. , SHER A. , TAHIR M.I. , AZEEM M. , FAREED A.
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT: Tillage practice has a significant role on weeds eradication and soil water conservation in crop production. Under semiarid agriculture, the monsoon rains (65%) are major source of water in Potohar, Pakistan, which can effectively be used mostly for winter crops production. To evaluate the impact of different tillage system for prevailing cropping systems and their weeds biomass under semiarid conditions, field experiment was conducted at the Arid University Research Farm Koont Rawalpindi (Pakistan) during crop growth seasons 2013-14 and 2014-15. Tillage systems as treatments were (a) three cultivations with a cultivator, as control treatment, (b) mold-board with two cultivations, (c) chisel-plough with two cultivations and (d) minimum tillage (only tillage performed at sowing time) with glyphosate. Sowing was made using drill for all cropping systems i.e. a, b, and d except c which was planted on bed (made by bed planter). In addition to ploughing treatments, different cropping systems (a) wheat - fallow (b) wheat and brassica - fallow, (c) wheat and chickpea - fallow and (d) wheat - cluster bean (green manure crop) were also used for minimum two years rotations. On average in both study years, interactive effect of treatments (mold board with 2 cultivations) for the rotation wheat and brassica - fallow showed a reduction in weeds dry biomass of Anagallis arvensis (blue pimpernel, 55.6%), Asphodelus tenuifolius (jungle onion, 42.3%), Chenopodium album (common goosefoot, 40.8%), Circium arvense (creeping thistle, 53.1%), Convolvulus arvensis (field bind weed, 56.6%) and Cynodon dactylon (vilfa stellata, 45.8%) within 60 days after sowing (DAS) as compared with the control treatment (three cultivations on a wheat - fallow cropping system). Similar trends were observed at the crop maturity stage. Results of the experiment showed that better weed biomass suppression can be achieved by using moldboard plough for cultivation with followed by wheat- brassica cropping system and/or wheat - chickpea intercropping for semiarid soil condition in Pakistan.
Safety and Efficacy of Apatinib Monotherapy for Unresectable, Metastatic Esophageal Cancer: A Single-Arm, Open-Label, Phase II Study
Authors: Yanwei Li , Feng He , Ren Peng , Yue Jie , Zhang Wencheng , Tang Peng , Shang Xiaobin , Pang Qingsong , Liu Dongying , Chen Chuangui , Pan Zhanyu , Tao Yu Zhen
Published: April 2020

Lessons Learned

Patient compliance with the oral dosage treatment was good, with no need for hospitalization. Patients with tracheal and esophageal fistulas can take crushed apatinib by nutrient tube, with the same bioavailability and efficacy. Apatinib may be an effective and safe second- or further-line treatment for advanced esophageal cancer.

Background

Apatinib is an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2), which is thought to play a role in esophageal cancer progression. Our goal was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of apatinib in patients with unresectable esophageal cancer and to examine whether VEGFR2 expression influenced the clinical response.

Methods

This single-arm, open-label, investigator-initiated phase II study enrolled patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) or adenocarcinoma of the esophagus or esophagogastric junction who were admitted to Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital between August 2017 and January 2019. Apatinib monotherapy (500 mg/day) was given orally or via an enteral tube until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, withdrawal, or death. Patients were followed until treatment was discontinued or death. The main endpoints were tumor response, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and adverse events (AEs).

Results

Among 32 patients screened for inclusion, 30 were included in the safety and survival analyses (i.e., received apatinib), and 26 were included in the efficacy analysis (at least one imaging follow-up). Median follow-up time and exposure to apatinib were 5.34 months and 72 days, respectively. Among 26 patients included in the efficacy analysis, 2 had a partial response (PR; 7.7%) and 14 had stable disease (SD; 53.8%). The overall response rate (ORR) was 7.7%, and the disease control rate (DCR) was 61.5%. Median PFS and OS were 4.63 months (95% confidence interval, 2.11–7.16 months) and 6.57 months (4.90 months to not estimable), respectively. Fifteen patients (50.0%) experienced treatment-related AEs, most commonly hypertension (26.7%), diarrhea (20.0%), and hand-foot-skin reaction (10.0%). No patients had grade ≥4 treatment-related AEs.

Conclusion

Apatinib was effective as second- or further-line treatment for advanced esophageal cancer.
Synthesis of bio-based plasticizer with improved migration resistance for poly(vinyl chloride)
Authors: Li Qiaoguang , Ma Yufeng , Song Fei , Shu Xugang , Jia Puyou , Zhou Yonghong
Published: April 2020

Bio-based plasticizers have attracted more attention due to their sustainability. In order to replace dioctyl phthalate (DEHP) in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) products, the authors designed and synthesized a kind of bio-based plasticizer based on dehydroabietic acid and castor oil (BPDC). Its chemical structure was characterized. The performance of PVC films plasticized with BPDC was investigated and compared with that of DEHP. The obtained bio-based plasticizer with flexible long alkane chains and polar benzene ring groups showed improved volatility resistance and solvent extraction resistance. The introduction of BPDC improved the thermal stability of PVC films due to the thermal stability of the ester groups and benzene groups of BPDC. The reduction in the glass transition temperature and increase in the elongation at break of PVC films indicated an effective plasticizing efficiency.
Süreç Temelli Yazma Eğitiminin Bir Boyutu Olarak “Hazırlık”
Authors: DOĞAN Yusuf
Published: April 2020

Yazma, yoğun ve uzun süreli çalışmalar yaparak geliştirilebilen bir dil becerisidir. Süreç temelli yazma, bu yoğun ve uzun süreli çalışmaları içeren, dikkatin ürüne değil sürece yoğunlaştırıldığı bir yaklaşımdır. Bu araştırma, süreç temelli yazma eğitiminin ilk basamağı olan “hazırlık”ın önemini ve bu aşamada yürütülecek çalışmaların ayrıntılarını ortaya koymayı amaçlayan nitel bir çalışmadır. Bu amaç çerçevesinde, araştırmada alanyazın taraması ve doküman incelemesinden yararlanılmıştır. Bu kapsamda öncelikle yazma becerisinin niteliği üzerinde durulmuş, ardından süreç temelli yazma yaklaşımı tanıtılmıştır. Daha sonra bu sürecin ilk basamağı olan “hazırlık” aşaması; “konu belirleme, konu üzerinde düşünme ve fikir üretme, konuyu sınırlandırma ve yazma amacı belirleme, yazı türünü belirleme ve hedef kitleyi belirleme” yönleriyle ele alınmıştır. Süreç temelli yazmanın ilk aşaması olan hazırlığın, bütün yönleriyle ayrıntılı bir şekilde ele alındığında, yazma sürecinin diğer aşamalarını da olumlu yönde etkileyeceği ve hızlandıracağı söylenebilir.
Öğretmen Görüşlerine Göre Ortaokul Öğrencilerinin Konuşma Kusurları
Authors: YILDIRIM Nurşen
Published: April 2020

İnsanlar, duygu ve düşüncelerini sesler aracılığıyla söze dönüştürerek başkalarına anlatırlar. Bu araştırmada iletişimin vazgeçilmez unsuru olan konuşma üzerinde durulmuştur. Araştırmanın amacı, ortaokul öğrencilerinde (5, 6, 7 ve 8. sınıflar) gözlemlenen konuşma kusurlarının Türkçe öğretmenlerinin görüşleri ile belirlenmesidir. Bunun için çalışmada araştırmacı tarafından geliştirilen, 7 alt boyutta 44 madde içeren bir anketten yararlanılmıştır. Malatya il merkezinde görev yapmakta olan 50 öğretmenden görüş alınmış ve veriler SPSS 22.0 programı ile analiz edilerek öğrencilerde en sık görülen konuşma kusurları tespit edilmiştir. Buna göre; gelecek zaman 1. tekil kişi çekimini “ -eceğim, -acağım” yerine “-ecem, -acam” şeklinde kullanmak ortaokul öğrencilerinde en fazla görülen konuşma kusurudur. Bu durum hızla ve en az çabayla konuşma isteğinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Ayrıca kısıtlı bir kelime haznesiyle konuşmak, tekrara düşerek konuşmak, konuşurken gereksiz sesler çıkarmak öğrencilerde sık görülen diğer konuşma yanlışlarıdır. Öğrenci konuşmalarında sık gözlemlenen bu üç durum birbiriyle bağlantılı olup kelime dağarcığının kısıtlı olmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Bireyin sözcük evrenini genişletmek bu üç konuşma kusurunun da giderilmesinde etkili olacaktır.
Akıcı Okuma ile İlgili Lisansüstü Tezlerin Araştırma Eğilimleri: Bir Betimsel Analiz Çalışması
Authors: MADEN Aslı
Published: April 2020

Araştırmada akıcı okuma ile ilgili lisansüstü tezlerin tespit edilmesi ve çeşitli açılardan analiz edilerek eğilimlerinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada betimsel içerik analizi yöntemi uygulanmıştır. Araştırmanın veri kaynağını, Yükseköğretim Kurulu (YÖK) Ulusal Tez Merkezinde yer alan akıcı okuma üzerine, 2020 yılına kadar, hazırlanmış olan lisansüstü tezler oluşturmaktadır. Veri kaynağını oluşturan tezler, Ulusal Tez Merkezi genel ağ sayfası taranarak tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmada, yayın sınıflama formu kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, akıcı okuma ile ilgili 2009 yılından bu yana 43 farklı tezin hazırlandığı tespit edilmiştir. Akıcı okumayla ilgili en fazla 2019 yılında tez yazıldığı, bu tezlerin daha çok Gazi Üniversitesi’nin lisansüstü programlarında hazırlandığı görülmüştür. Bununla birlikte akıcı okumaya dair tezlerde daha çok akıcı okuma becerisini geliştirme konusunun tercih edildiği belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca ulaşılan sonuçlar akıcı okumaya yönelik tezlerde nicel araştırma desenlerine ve bu desenlere bağlı olarak ise ölçek, test, envanter gibi araçların kullanılmasına dair bir eğilimin olduğunu göstermektedir.
Kitap Satış Danışmanları ve Okunabilir Kitap
Authors: ÇETİNKAYA Fatih Çetin , DURMAZ Mücahit , ÖKSÜZ Halil İbrahim
Published: April 2020

Kitap satış danışmanlarının, okunabilir nitelikteki çocuk kitaplarının seçimlerine ilişkin görüşlerini ortaya koymayı amaçlayan bu araştırma betimsel nitel araştırma yaklaşımıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu Ankara ilindeki farklı kitap satış merkezlerinde çalışan, bir ile 23 yıl aralığında kitap satış danışmanlığı yapan toplam 13 satış elemanı oluşturmaktadır ve araştırmada kolay ulaşılabilir örneklem tekniği tercih edilmiştir. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak görüşme tekniği kullanılmaktadır. Görüşme formunda yer alan sorulara kitap satış elemanlarının vermiş oldukları cevaplar ses kayıt cihazı ile kaydedilmiştir. Araştırmada elde edilen verilerin analizinde nitel veri analizi tekniklerinden olan betimsel analiz tekniğinden faydalanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucu elde edilen bulgulara göre, resimli çocuk kitabını sesli olarak okuma deneyimine sahip katılımcıların birçoğu çocuklarda meydana gelen olumlu etkilerden bahsetmektedir. Araştırmaya katılan danışmanlar genellikle değer öğretimine yönelik resimli çocuk kitaplarının tercih edildiğini bildirmektedir. Resimli çocuk kitaplarını incelemek ve satın almak için genellikle ebeveynler gelmektedir. Bu ebeveynler arasında da çoğunluğu anneler oluşturmaktadır. Ayrıca gelen annelerin çalışan, eğitimli ve yüksek sosyoekonomik düzeyden olduğu yönünde görüşler sıklıkla belirtilmiştir. Kitap satış danışmanları, genellikle kitapların çocuğun yaşına uygunluğu, toplumsal olarak hassas olunan konulara değinmeme, çok satan kitaplar ve fiyat ile ilgili sorularla karşılaştıklarını bildirmişlerdir.
Trypan blue and Turk solution v1
Authors: Cosentino Marco , Storelli Elisa , Luini Alessandra , Rasini Emanuela , LM Legnaro Massimiliano , Ferrari Marco , Marino Franca
Published: April 2020

Trypan Blue test Trypan is test used as a stain to selectively colour dead cells. Live cells or tissues with intact cell membranes are not coloured. Since cells are very selective in the compounds that pass through the membrane, in a viable cell trypan blue is not absorbed; however, it traverses the membrane in a dead cell. Hence, dead cells appear as a distinctive blue colour under a microscope. Since live cells are excluded from staining, this staining method is also described as a dye exclusion method.Trypan is test used as a stain to selectively colour dead cells. Live cells or tissues with intact cell membranes are not coloured. Since cells are very selective in the compounds that pass through the membrane, in a viable cell trypan blue is not absorbed; however, it traverses the membrane in a dead cell. Hence, dead cells appear as a distinctive blue colour under a microscope. Since live cells are excluded from staining, this staining method is also described as a dye exclusion method. Türk's solution Türk's solution is a hematological stain (crystal violet or aqueous methylene blue) that destroys the membrane of red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets and platelets within a blood sample, and stains the nuclei of the white blood cells, making them easier to see and count. Turk's solution is a gold standard for counting leukocytes in a defined volume of blood.
Sex, Drug, and HIV/AIDS: The Drug Career of an Urban Chinese Woman
Authors: Wang Xiying , Liu Liu
Published: April 2020

This case study is based on the life history of an urban Chinese woman, Lydia, who has become an AIDS patient through injecting heroin use. Adopting theories of drug career and biopolitics, this study depicts Lydia’s drug-centered life. From the perspective of a drug career, this article vividly illustrates her experience of drug initiation, escalation, maintenance, and finally achievement of abstinence. In addition, this study also shows how drug use has penetrated all dimensions of Lydia’s life including intimate relationships, financial arrangements, and compulsory drug treatment; in the end, contracting HIV was when she finally hit rock bottom and worked to get rid of her heroin dependence. From the perspective of biopolitics, this article focuses on the institutional and social structure transformation that is reflected by Lydia’s personal experience, especially the social service, treatment, and intervention programs provided for her during an era of increasingly growing drug use and HIV-infected population.
Transitions and Conflicts: Reexamining Impacts of Migration on Young Women’s Status and Gender Practice in Rural Shanxi
Authors: Yang Lichao , Ren Xiaodong
Published: April 2020

This article explores impacts of migration on young women’s status and gender practice in rural northern China. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in a village in Shanxi Province, it suggests that rural-urban migration has served partially to reconstruct the traditional gender-based roles and norms in migration families. This reconstructive force arises mainly from the changes of the patrilocal residence pattern and rural women’s acquisition of subjectivity during the course of migration. However, after migrant women return to their home villages, they usually reassume their roles as care providers and homemakers, which is vividly expressed by a phrase referring to one’s wife as ‘the person inside my home’ (wo jiali de). Meanwhile, although migrant women’s capacity and confidence have greatly increased consequent upon working out of the countryside, their participation in village governance and in the public sphere has been decreasing. Further examination suggests that the reinforcement of gender inequality and the transformation of gender relations result from the continuous interplay of local power relations, market dominance, and unchallenged patrilocal institutions. Through adopting a life course perspective, it challenges too strict a differentiation between migrant and left behind women in existing literature.
Mothers Left without a Man: Poverty and Single Parenthood in China
Authors: Li Qin
Published: April 2020

Most single-parent families in China are headed by women, and single mothers represent one of the fastest-growing groups living in poverty. Yet few studies have examined this group. This article seeks to better understand how (and why) single mothers are disadvantaged in China. Based on in-depth interviews conducted in Zhuhai, Guangzhou Province, it demonstrates that single mothers are left behind in four respects: lower income and worse economic conditions, lower employment and career development opportunities, worse physical and mental health, and poorer interpersonal relationships and less chance of remarriage. The causes of these disadvantages include Chinese family beliefs, a culture of maternal sacrifice, the traditional division of labour between men and women and social stereotypes about single mothers. The article highlights the impacts of Chinese familism culture on single mothers and advocates incorporating a gender perspective into the agenda of family policy and other relevant social policies in China.
Öğretmenlerde Mutluluk ve İyimserlik Üzerine Bir Araştırma
Authors: GENÇ Hulisi , ŞAHİN Yahya , ALTUNTAŞ Serkan
Published: April 2020

Bu araştırmanın amacı, öğretmenlerin mutluluk ve iyimserlik düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek ve cinsiyet, branş, mesleki saygınlık düşüncesi, mesleği sevme ve kitap okuma durumu değişkenlerine göre mutluluğun anlamlı şekilde farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığını araştırmaktır. Araştırmanın örneklemini, 540 (315’i kadın, 225’i erkek) branş öğretmeni oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, veri toplama araçları olarak araştırmacı tarafından geliştirilen “Kişisel Bilgi Formu” “Oxford Mutluluk Ölçeği Kısa Formu” ve “İyimserlik Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Yapılan analizlerde ikili değişkenler için t-testi ve çoklu değişkenler için tek yönlü varyans analizi istatistik tekniği kullanılmıştır. Araştırma bulgularına göre; öğretmenlerin mutluluk puanlarında cinsiyet değişkeni açısından anlamlı bir farklılık görülmemiştir. Diğer değişkenler olan branş, mesleki saygınlık algısı, mesleği sevme ve kitap okuma açısından mutluluk puanlarında anlamlı bir farklılık görülmüştür. Rehberlik öğretmenlerinin branş öğretmenlerinden, mesleğini sevenlerin sevmeyenlerden, öğretmenlik mesleğini saygın bulanların bulmayanlardan daha yüksek mutluluk puanına sahip olduğu bulunmuştur. Ayrıca okunan kitap sayısının artmasının mutluluk üzerinde etkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İyimserlik ve mutluluk arasındaki ilişki incelendiğinde .64 düzeyinde bir ilişkinin olduğu, ayrıca iyimserliğin mutluluğun %41 kadarını yordadığı bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonuçları ilgili literatür doğrultusunda tartışılmış ve öneriler sunulmuştur.
EXCURSION AS A METHOD OF COGNITION
Authors: Vyshnevskyi V.
Published: April 2020

A critical analysis of the essence of the excursion was given. It is noted that the available definitions often make focus on the scientific function of the excursion, which actually is not important. It is also not possible to consider excursion as entertainment. This is its secondary feature. A certain change in the essence of excursion occurred as a result of technical progress, which led to some reduction of the role of the tour guide. It is now possible that excursion takes place without him. The excursion is not necessarily a collective event. An individual excursion is possible as well.
A new definition of the excursion is given, which corresponds to its true essence: «excursion is a visit to interesting places in order to gain new knowledge and impressions. It is a way of spending free time and a method of getting of knowledge”. Thus, the most important function of the excursion is the getting of a new knowledge, which is a basis of other functions, in particular, educational one. In turn, knowledge is gained through the use of certain scientific methods. Typically, these methods are divided into empirical and theoretical ones, in other words, methods of data collection and methods of their processing. The first group of methods includes observation, measurement, experiment, survey. The most common method in the excursion is observation, which is at the same time an integral part of other, more complicated methods. Numerous examples are given about the use of these methods in excursions, which enrich excursions, activate excursionists.
There are also numerous theoretical methods of cognition: description, explanation, comparison, analogy, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, systematization, classification, and some others. Among these methods, the most important in the excursion is a description. In many cases, this is the only method used by tour guides. At the same time, the abuse of this method impairs the effectiveness of excursion, in particular, a result of losing the attention of excursionists. Another widely used method is an explanation. The spread of this method and its effectiveness is facilitated by the fact that it gives answers to the questions, which are not entirely clear.
Many examples have been shown that excursion involves not only the use of these methods of cognition (both empirical and theoretical), but can itself be considered as such a separate method. The peculiarity of this method is to combine the classical methods of cognition, as well as the essential components of the excursion, namely the movement of excursionists, approaching to the excursion objects, their showing and commenting. All these peculiarities have additional influence on human feelings. It can be used not only by the visual and hearing organs but also by others. This enhances the attention of excursionists and, accordingly, promotes better assimilation of information. As a result, some excursions are remembered for life.
GEOLOGISTICAL STRATEGIES OF URBOTURISM SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN CONDITIONS OF OVERTURISM
Authors: Smyrnov I.
Published: April 2020

The article deals with the geographical and logistical aspects of sustainable development of urban tourism under the conditions of overtourism, in particular the strategies, measures and proposals for sustainable development. The main terms of overtourism, such as tourist flow and its characteristics, the capacity of tourist destination, the capacity of hotel base, the capacity of restaurant base, transport and tourist potential are covered. Their connection with tourism logistics on the one hand and social geography on the other is shown. On the example of Lviv and the Concept of Tourism Decentralization, adopted in this city within the framework of the Tourism Development Strategy for 2021, geographical and logistical approaches to overtourism are showed, in particular through the vertical and horizontal diversification of tourist flows in the central part of the city. Other problems of overtourism in Lviv (processing of urban and tourist waste, cases of intimate tourism, tourist safety problems, etc.) are reflected and ways of solving these problems (due to the development of conference tourism, blogger tourism, etc.) are suggested.
Vertical diversification of tourist flows is carried out in the centre of Lviv by dividing the tourist flows up and down. Up means new tourist routes such as Lviv Roofs and tourists visiting newly opened restaurants on the buildings highest floors on the Market Square – “Galichyna Highest Restaurant” and “Haute Cuisine Restaurant”. Down means the introduction of underground tourist routes under the Rynok Square – from Lviv City Hall to I. Pidkova Square, where a restaurant and a museum are planned. Horizontal diversification of tourist flows means the expansion of the city tourist territory by creating a “second Lviv centre” on the basis of Shevchenko Avenue and Hrushevskiy Square with such interesting tourist sites as the M. Hrushevsky monument, the old building of the Lviv University (the so-called “Habsburg University”, that now houses the Geological and Biological Faculties of Ivan Franko LNU), the “Shkotska” (“Scottish”) coffee house, where Lviv Mathematical School members met in informal settings in the ’20-’30s of the XX century The following directions of horizontal diversification of tourist flows are their direction to the peripheral sections of the city – Sykhiv, Mayorivka, Levandivka (published guide book “Tourist Sykhiv”), as well as the introduction of new excursions “Lviv +” with visits to Zhovkva (with former royal residence) and Drohobych ( with the home of well-known artist B. Schulz).
Previsões da produção agropecuária e reprodução de Podocnemis expansa no entorno da Ilha do Bananal no Estado do Tocantins
Authors: Faria Vailton Alves , Malvásio Adriana , Rosanova Clauber
Published: April 2020

O estudo objetivou apresentar e analisar as projeções da produção agropecuária dos municípios de Caseara, Cristalândia, Formoso do Araguaia, Lagoa da Confusão, Marianópolis e Pium com a quantidade de fêmeas de quelônios da espécie P. expansa nidificando nas praias do rio Javaés durante o período de execução do Projeto Quelônios da Amazônia (PQA), compreendido entre 1985 e 2010. Os dados da produção agropecuária foram analisados para a série histórica de 1990 a 2015, através do número de cabeças de gado de corte e área plantada com lavoura temporária e permanente para o conjunto dos municípios. Para análise e previsão dos dados, utilizou-se o modelo de séries temporais autoregressivo integrado de médias móveis de Box Jenkins (1976). A partir da análise dos dados da produção agropecuária, observou-se que, em 1990, havia 73,5% da área coberta por formações savânicas (domínio de cerrado), passando em 2015 para 62,1%, redução de 11,4%, ocasionada pelo aumento das atividades agropecuárias. Em relação à quantidade de fêmeas de P. expansa nidificantes, a série de dados mostrou-se instável, com períodos curtos de crescimento e decrescimento não sendo possível estabelecer um padrão dessas variáveis com a produção agropecuária nas praias do rio Javaés. De forma geral, os resultados mostraram que existem outras variáveis “aparentemente” causadoras de menor impacto ao meio ambiente, como as variações climáticas, que apresentam mais efeitos sobre a população de fêmeas nidificantes nas praias do rio Javaés do que a expansão agropecuária na região.
Promoção do desenvolvimento de Desmanthus virgatus L. Willd por ação de Rizóbios
Authors: Andrade Maria Verônica Meira , Sarmento Edvania da Conçeição , Alves Aldivan Rodrigues , Santana Liliane Pereira , Gualter Régia Maria Reis
Published: April 2020

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da inoculação turfosa sobre o crescimento e desenvolvimento da espécie Desmanthus virgatus L. A espécie foi cultivada em vasos plásticos, contendo solo proveniente da área experimental do IFMA, Campus Caxias. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, sendo testadas plantas inoculadas e não inoculadas, com oito repetições. A espécie Jureminha (Desmanthus virgatus L.) foi produzida através de sementes, com quebra da dormência em água a 60º aproximadamente, em seguida as sementes foram inoculadas, segundo recomendações do fabricante, sendo semeadas quatro sementes por vaso, realizando-se o desbaste e deixando duas plantas por vaso, 15 dias após a semeadura. As variáveis estudadas foram: altura da planta, diâmetro do caule principal, número de nódulos radiculares, produtividade de matéria seca e peso de raíz. As avaliações foram realizadas aos 60, 75, 90, 105, 120 e 135 dias após a emergência (DAE), para altura da planta e diâmetro do caule principal. O peso dos nódulos e raízes e a produtividade foram avaliados no final do experimento. Os rizóbios inoculados nas sementes de jureminha foram eficientes, promovendo aumento no crescimento e desenvolvimento da espécie. A inoculação da espécie jureminha apresentou resultado positivo para as variáveis analizadas, exceto diâmetro do caule.
Caracterização da Lama de alto-forno visando o aproveitamento agrícola
Authors: Oliveira Fábio Ribeiro de , Silveira Camila Santos , Assis Paulo Santos
Published: April 2020

A lama de alto-forno é um dos resíduos da fabricação de ferro gusa que apresenta características que trazem maiores dificuldades relacionadas ao aproveitamento e destinação final. Algumas formas de utilização deste resíduo incluem a queima em fornos de cerâmicas e metalúrgicas, visando, principalmente, o uso como fonte energética. Também existem referências da utilização da lama de alto forno como insumo na agricultura, contudo, é uma forma de aproveitamento ainda pouco explorada e dependente das propriedades do composto. Desta forma, este trabalho busca, através da classificação do resíduo e estudo das características da lama gerada em uma guseira, fornecer subsídios para análise de um possível reaproveitamento agrícola. Foram realizados testes de lixiviação e solubilização em adição aos dados da análise de espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado. Os resultados, após serem confrontados com valores de referência na literatura, indicaram altas concentrações de elementos como chumbo e cromo, que inviabilizam um aproveitamento agrícola em larga escala.
Surgical intervention on uterine fibromyoma in a country with limited resources: case of the gynaecology-obstetrics department of the Communal Medical Centre of Ratoma Conakry - Guinea
Authors: Diallo Mamadou H. , Balde Ibrahima S. , Diallo Amadou D. , Balde Ousmane , Diallo Fatoumata B. , Fofana Mamadou S. , Sow Alhassane , Barry Alpha B. , Sy Telly , Keita Namory
Published: April 2020

Background: In developing countries, treatment of uterine fibromyoma is confronted with numerous problems, namely: financial inaccessibility to the proposed treatments, fear of surgery and the weakness of the technical platform. The objectives of the study were to calculate the frequency of uterine fibromyomas, describe the socio-demographic characteristics of patients, identify the main clinical data and to describe the modalities of surgical management.Methods: It was a mixed descriptive study, cumulative over a period of 5 years (60 months) with data collection in two phases: a 4-year retrospective study from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2018 and a 1-year prospective study from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019.Results: Authors collected 135 cases of uterine fibromyomas operated on out of a total of 260 cases of gynaecological pathologies, i.e. a frequency of 51.92%. Nulliparous women were the most concerned (45.18%), and women who attended school (60%) and those who did not attend school (40%). Women at home and housewives accounted for 42.20% and 54.07% respectively. Clinically, the circumstances of discovery were dominated by menometrorrhagia and menorrhagia respectively 77.77% and 68.14%. The large uterus was the most frequent physical sign found in 96.29% of cases. Uterine fibromyomas were recorded in 86.6% of cases in women with genital activity. The operative indications were dominated by the large polymyomatous uterus (64.44%), followed by hemorrhagic fibroma (18.52%) The surgical treatment was conservative in 92.60%. The total hysterectomy was performed in 7.40. Lethality was 1.4%.Conclusions: The surgical management of fibroids contrasts conservative treatment (myomectomy) with radical treatment (hysterectomy) with multiple possible approaches (hysteroscopy, vaginal surgery, laparoscopy or laparotomy). In this context, only laparotomy was possible due to lack of equipment. Laparoscopy and hysteroscopy equipment are necessary for less invasive surgery.
A pharmacovigilance study of anti-depressant agents in psychiatric patients at a tertiary care teaching hospital
Authors: Bhushan D. Phani , Babu R. Hari , Rashi J. , Suvidha M. Tabitha Satya , U. Mounika Susanthi , Lekha T. Sri
Published: April 2020

Background: Anti-depressant drugs have great benefit in treating a many psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, although all these drugs are associated with many potential adverse effects. In this study, the occurrence of adverse effects like weight gain, sleep disturbances, dry mouth were assessed and reported in drug naïve patients Anti-depressant drugs.Methods: It is a prospective observational study of patients attending Psychiatry department in NRI General Hospital of age 10 to 80 years who were prescribed with anti-depressant drugs. The study was conducted for a period of 8 months from June 2018 to February 2018.Results: Among 86 patients prescribed with antidepressants, the occurrence of adverse drug reactions due to antidepressants was 60.78% with Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors being the most common class of drugs implicated for adverse drug reactions followed by 24.49% with Tricyclic antidepressants. A total of 51 adverse drug reactions were noted of which weight gain was most common, closely followed by sleep disturbances and drowsiness. Out of 52 adverse drug reactions assessed for causality, 88.2% of the adverse drug reactions cases were probable, while 11.7% were possible. According to Hartwig and Siegel’s Scale 84.3% of the cases are found to be mild, 15.68% moderate.Conclusions: The study allows knowing information about the occurrence and pattern of adverse drug reactions associated with Anti-depressant drugs in the population thus reducing its incidence and protecting the user population from available harm.
Evaluation of automated hematology analyser: Mindray BC-6800 plus as a screening tool for diagnosing malaria
Authors: Dhanani Hiren J.
Published: April 2020

Background: Malaria is one of the major health problems of developing and tropical countries like India, causing huge financial burden also. Smear examination for diagnosis is a routine and cost-effective method for diagnosis. CBC is one the most commonly ordered test in clinical practice. The Mindray BC-6800 plus haematology analyser provide dedicated flag of “Infected RBC?” for suspected malaria while analysing CBC. Present study attempts to evaluate whether CBC done on BC-6800 plus can serve as an aid for malaria screening and diagnosis.Methods: Prospective study of 30077 cases was carried out where thick and thin smear examination done by experienced microscopists and CBC was analysed on BC- 6800 plus analyser.Results: Total 323 cases were found to be positive for malaria by smear examination, out of which 285 were of P. vivax and 38 were of P. falciparum malaria. Sensitivity of 88.24%, specificity of 99.21%, PPV of 54.70%, NPV of 99.87% for Infected RBC flag for all cases of malaria. For P. vivax malaria cases analyser provided highest sensitivity of 99.65% with NPV of nearly 100%, however P. Falciparum malaria cases analyser produced sensitivity of 2.63% only. In P. vivax cases present study found very good correlation between InR count and parasite load under microscope. Present study also evaluated interference of parasitized red cells in differential count causing falsely elevated neutrophils and/or eosinophils.Conclusions: By lowering threshold for “Infected RBC?” flag to 0, BC-6800 plus can serve as an excellent screening tool especially for P. vivax malaria.
Attitudes and opinions of dental practitioners towards the use of clinical photography in Srinagar: a cross sectional study
Authors: Yousuf Asif , Jan Iram , Sidiq Mohsin
Published: April 2020

Background: Clinical photography has become a part of modern-day dental practice. It has been used for dento-legal documentation, diagnosis, clinical assessment, treatment planning, patient motivation, communication with the patient and laboratory, academic purposes and also for marketing. The aim of the study was to assess and determine the knowledge and the extent of the use of photography by dental practitioners of Srinagar city.Methods: A cross-sectional survey involving a questionnaire consisting of 10 questions was distributed among 88 randomly selected dental practitioners of Srinagar city, out of which 72 dental practitioners responded positively and returned the questionnaire. The data collected were computerized and analyzed statistically. The average values of the responses received by groups of questions were analyzed.Results: According to the survey conducted, 52(72.22%) dentists used photography for dental practice. Out of all the dentists surveyed, 63(87.5%) of the dentists knew about the importance of dental photography. It was observed that 40(55.55%) fresher dentists (<5 years’ experience) showed more positive attitude towards the application of photography in their dental practice. It was also revealed that the application of clinical photography among male dentists, dentists with <5 years’ experience and dentists who work with an assistant were significantly higher as compared to other dentists (p<0.05).Conclusions: Hence, from this study, majority of respondents (87.5%) were aware of the importance of dental photography. The reasons which prevented the dentist from using clinical photography were lack of time, expensive instruments, lack of interest and cross infection. Male practitioners were more likely than female practitioners to use clinical photography. Photographic training should hence be inculcated in the curriculum of dentistry. Also dental practitioners should actively participate in CDE programs on Clinical photography to improve the quality of dental practice.
Jaundice in adult patients above 50 years of age: a comparative study of liver function tests
Authors: Chauhan Suneel , Barwal Vijay Kumar , Sharma Gopal A. , Vaid Ajay , Sood Nikhil , Rana Naveen
Published: April 2020

Background: Diagnosis of jaundice involves a range of tests. The liver function tests are done in all to arrive at a diagnosis and then manage the case appropriately. With advancing age, the incidence of liver disease increases. Understanding these changes is important for the management of liver diseases in the elderly. We conducted this study to find the difference in mean levels of Liver enzymes in younger and older age group of patients suffering with jaundice.Methods: It was a prospective observational study. All patients admitted with jaundice in the medicine ward satisfying inclusion/exclusion criteria were enrolled. The results of liver function tests in younger age and older age participants were then compared.Results: Total 100 participants were enrolled during the study period. 53 were enrolled in group one and the rest in group two. Anorexia (90%) was the most common symptom followed by abdominal distension (54%). The total bilirubin (8.8±4.7) as well as conjugated bilirubin (3.4±2.8) were higher in group one though they were not significant statistically (p=0.10 and 0.25 respectively). Mean AST and ALT levels were much higher in group 1 and statistically significant (p values <0.004 and 0.002 respectively). Conversely the mean PT values were higher in group two (p=0.02).Conclusions: Although the symptom severity may be more in elderly, the LFTs are not deranged proportionately. So there is a need to devise separate cut offs and these have to be lower for the older age group patients with jaundice. More studies with larger sample size are required to confirm the results.
Frequency of early post operative complications of modified radical mastectomy within period of four weeks
Authors: Melwani Rekha , Malik Sadaf Jabeen , Shakeel Sobohi , Zafar Shahid , Khoso Muhammad Yousif , Ali Syed Naqeeb
Published: April 2020

Background: Most of the complications are developed after modified radical mastectomy in breast cancer patients, hence to avoid and reduces the postoperative complications, this study is performed to identify the frequency of early post-operative complications of modified Radical Mastectomy within the period of four weeks.Methods: Cross-sectional case series using non-probability convenient sampling technique was conducted in surgical unit I of Tertiary care hospital, for 1 year from 15 January 2018 to 14 January 2019. 89 patients FNAC proved breast cancer were included, patients that received neoadjuvant chemo or radiotherapy or with inflammatory breast cancer, metastasis and with co-morbid were excluded. After taking consent patients were operated by senior consultant. Follow up was taken daily 7th post-operative day and then followed in OPD on weekly basis fourth week and final outcome was noted. SPSS version 23 was used for data analysis. Quantitative data was reported as frequency in percentages.Results: Total 31 patients developed complications during the study, accounts 34% of total patients. The most common complication was breast seroma in 12(13.48%) of cases with an increased risk in cases of age >50 yr, size of tumor >8 cm, weight >70 kg and increased number of lymph nodes [3 or above] palpable after wards hematoma in 6(6.74%), lymphedema in 5(5.62%), wound infection 4(4.49%) and shoulder dysfunction in 4(4.49%) patients, no patient was found scar hypertrophy.Conclusions: Seroma formation, hematoma were found most common early complications after modified radical mastectomy, lymphedema, wound infection and shoulder dysfunction were observed in small number of patients.