bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The key role of market orientation in innovation ambidexterity in agribusiness firms
Authors: Corchuelo Martínez-Azúa Beatriz , Dias Álvaro , Sama-Berrocal Celia
Published: February 2024

The objective of this study is to examine the relationships between market orientation, organizational culture, proactive management, organizational climate, and organizational structure on the innovative orientation (exploitative and exploratory innovation). Little research has been conducted to examine the relationship between these organizational dimensions and innovation orientation. This study offers this and provides a particular type of companies (agribusiness) and context (Extremadura, Spain). Quantitative approach, by using structural modelling equations, to analyze data from 151 innovative agri-food firms was used in this study. Then, using a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), was carried out to obtain additional insights. The main result find that market orientation plays a key role both in exploitative and exploratory innovation in agribusiness firms. Innovation exploitation is influenced by the firm’s organic structure. Results from fsQCA provide valuable findings showing that innovation exploitation and exploration result from distinct organizational configurations, thus providing valuable insights for decision and policy-making.
The Donation of Human Biological Material for Brain Organoid Research: The Problems of Consciousness and Consent
Authors: Kataoka Masanori , Gyngell Christopher , Savulescu Julian , Sawai Tsutomu
Published: February 2024

Human brain organoids are three-dimensional masses of tissues derived from human stem cells that partially recapitulate the characteristics of the human brain. They have promising applications in many fields, from basic research to applied medicine. However, ethical concerns have been raised regarding the use of human brain organoids. These concerns primarily relate to the possibility that brain organoids may become conscious in the future. This possibility is associated with uncertainties about whether and in what sense brain organoids could have consciousness and what the moral significance of that would be. These uncertainties raise further concerns regarding consent from stem cell donors who may not be sufficiently informed to provide valid consent to the use of their donated cells in human brain organoid research. Furthermore, the possibility of harm to the brain organoids raises question about the scope of the donor’s autonomy in consenting to research involving these entities. Donor consent does not establish the reasonableness of the risk and harms to the organoids, which ethical oversight must ensure by establishing some measures to mitigate them. To address these concerns, we provide three proposals for the consent procedure for human brain organoid research. First, it is vital to obtain project-specific consent rather than broad consent. Second, donors should be assured that appropriate measures will be taken to protect human brain organoids during research. Lastly, these assurances should be fulfilled through the implementation of precautionary measures. These proposals aim to enhance the ethical framework surrounding human brain organoid research.
The Resurgence of Enforced Disappearances in the Aftermath of the July 15, 2016 Failed Coup Attempt in Turkey: A Systematic Analysis of Human Rights Violations
Authors: Avincan Köksal
Published: February 2024

After the failed coup attempt on July 15, 2016, Turkey rapidly adjusted its national security strategies to align with the principles of a security state, resulting in a notable increase in human rights violations during the declared State of Emergency. Enforced disappearances, previously used by the State against Kurdish dissidents in the 1990s, resurfaced as a brutal method in the name of “State survival” following the failed coup attempt. This research examined the systematic and organized nature of these enforced disappearances, their prevalence, specific targets, and the human rights abuses resulting from this practice. Twenty cases of enforced disappearances that occurred after July 15, 2016, were analyzed to achieve this. Three main themes emerged from the analysis: (1) enforced disappearance methods, (2) ineffective investigation, (3) torture. The examination revealed that enforced disappearances followed a systematic and widespread pattern. The narratives highlighted commonalities in the methods of disappearances, a preference for individuals affiliated with the Gülen Movement, and the subjecting of victims to severe violations, including torture. Fundamental human rights should have remained non-derogable even during the State of Emergency, as international human rights treaties to which the Turkish State is a signatory protect them.
A Systematic Review of Interventions for Demoralization in Patients with Chronic Diseases
Authors: Dong Li , Li Li , Wu Yunlian , Zhao Xiaoling , Zhong Hui , Cheng Xi , Liu Lixia , Cheng Changxia , Ouyang Mingqiu , Tao Liande
Published: February 2024

Background

Demoralization, a significant mental health concern in patients with chronic diseases, can have a large impact on physical symptom burden and quality of life. The present review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions for demoralization among patients with chronic diseases.

Method

PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science were systematically searched. Research on providing interventions to patients with chronic diseases that included quantitative data on demoralization was then systematically reviewed.

Results

Fourteen studies were included, most of which considered demoralization as a secondary outcome. Interventions included evidence-based meaning-centered psychotherapy, dignity therapy, psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, and others. Ten studies used randomized controlled designs. Six of these investigated evidence-based meaning-centered therapy, and four investigated dignity therapy, showing the best empirical support for these intervention types. Most studies showed significant impacts on demoralization in patients with chronic diseases.

Conclusion

This systematic review provides insights into potential psychological interventions for reducing demoralization in patients with chronic diseases. Randomized controlled designs and adequately powered samples, with demoralization as the primary outcome, are needed to more clearly evaluate its effectiveness.
Shape-Setting of Self-Expanding Nickel–Titanium Laser-Cut and Wire-Braided Stents to Introduce a Helical Ridge
Authors: Bernini Martina , Hellmuth Rudolf , O’Sullivan Mike , Dunlop Craig , McKenna Ciara G. , Lucchetti Agnese , Gries Thomas , Ronan William , Vaughan Ted J.
Published: February 2024

Purpose

Altered hemodynamics caused by the presence of an endovascular device may undermine the success of peripheral stenting procedures. Flow-enhanced stent designs are under investigation to recover physiological blood flow patterns in the treated artery and reduce long-term complications. However, flow-enhanced designs require the development of customised manufacturing processes that consider the complex behaviour of Nickel-Titanium (Ni-Ti). While the manufacturing routes of traditional self-expanding Ni–Ti stents are well-established, the process to introduce alternative stent designs is rarely reported in the literature, with much of this information (especially related to shape-setting step) being commercially sensitive and not reaching the public domain, as yet.

Methods

A reliable manufacturing method was developed and improved to induce a helical ridge onto laser-cut and wire-braided Nickel–Titanium self-expanding stents. The process consisted of fastening the stent into a custom-built fixture that provided the helical shape, which was followed by a shape-setting in air furnace and rapid quenching in cold water. The parameters employed for the shape-setting in air furnace were thoroughly explored, and their effects assessed in terms of the mechanical performance of the device, material transformation temperatures and surface finishing.

Results

Both stents were successfully imparted with a helical ridge and the optimal heat treatment parameters combination was found. The settings of 500 °C/30 min provided mechanical properties comparable with the original design, and transformation temperatures suitable for stenting applications (Af = 23.5 °C). Microscopy analysis confirmed that the manufacturing process did not alter the surface finishing. Deliverability testing showed the helical device could be loaded onto a catheter delivery system and deployed with full recovery of the expanded helical configuration.

Conclusion

This demonstrates the feasibility of an additional heat treatment regime to allow for helical shape-setting of laser-cut and wire-braided devices that may be applied to further designs.
Construction and validation of an infant chest phantom for paediatric computed tomography
Authors: Rodgers Seonaid , Atkinson Janette , Cryer David , Storm Cameron , Nezich Rikki , Ebert Martin A. , Rowshanfarzad Pejman
Published: February 2024

Paediatric imaging protocols should be carefully optimised to maintain the desired image quality while minimising the delivered patient dose. A paediatric chest phantom was designed, constructed and evaluated to optimise chest CT examinations for infants. The phantom was designed to enable dosimetry and image quality measurements within the anthropomorphic structure. It was constructed using tissue equivalent materials to mimic thoracic structures of infants, aged 0–6 months. The phantom materials were validated across a range of diagnostic tube voltages with resulting CT numbers found equivalent to paediatric tissues observed via a survey of clinical paediatric chest studies. The phantom has been successfully used to measure radiation dose and evaluate various image quality parameters for paediatric specific protocols.
OTUB1 accelerates hepatocellular carcinoma by stabilizing RACK1 via its non-canonical ubiquitination
Authors: Peng Liqun , Wu Tiangen , Liu Yingyi , Zhao Dongli , He Wenzhi , Yuan Yufeng
Published: February 2024

Background

Dysregulated ubiquitination modification occupies a pivotal role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumorigenesis and progression. The ubiquitin aldehyde binding 1 (OTUB1) was aberrantly upregulated and exhibited the pro-tumorigenic function in HCC. However, the underlying mechanisms and responsible targets of OTUB1 remain unclear.

Methods

First, bioinformatics analysis, western blot and immunohistochemistry staining were applied to analyze OTUB1 expression in HCC specimens. Then, immunoprecipitation assay-tandem mass spectrometry (MS) combined with the gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to explore the downstream target of OTUB1. Co-immunoprecipitation and ubiquitination assays were used to identify the mechanisms involved. Finally, we explored the regulatory effect of MAZ on OTUB1 through ChIP-qPCR and dual-luciferase reporter assay.

Results

OTUB1 was broadly elevated in HCC tissues and promoted the proliferation and metastasis of HCC in vitro and in vivo. The receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) performed as a functional partner of OTUB1 and its hyperactivation was associated with aggressive development and other malignant features in HCC by activating oncogenes transcription. Mechanistically, OTUB1 directly bound to RACK1 at its C-terminal domain and decreased the K48-linked ubiquitination of RACK1 through its non-canonical suppression of ubiquitination activity, which stabilized RACK1 protein levels in HCC cells. Therefore, OTUB1 significantly increased multiple oncogenes expression and activated PI3K/AKT and FAK/ERK signaling in a RACK1-dependent manner in HCC. Moreover, the transcription factor MAZ upregulated OTUB1 expression through identifying a putative response element of OTUB1 promoter area.

Conclusions

Our findings might provide a new therapeutic strategy for HCC by modifying the MAZ-OTUB1-RACK1 axis.
Clinical presentation, management, and outcome of suspected central nervous system infections in Indonesia: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Maharani Kartika , Dian Sofiati , Ganiem Ahmad Rizal , Imran Darma , Estiasari Riwanti , Ardiansyah Edwin , Andini Putri Widya , Kristina Fransisca , Pangeran David , Chaidir Lidya , Alisjahbana Bachti , Rukmana Andriansjah , Kusumaningrum Ardiana , Adawiyah Robiatul , Subekti Decy , Yunihastuti Evy , Yunus Reyhan Eddy , Waslia Lia , van Ingen Jakko , van Laarhoven Arjan , Hamers Raph L. , van Crevel Reinout
Published: February 2024

Background

Little is known about the etiology, clinical presentation, management, and outcome of central nervous system (CNS) infections in Indonesia, a country with a high burden of infectious diseases and a rising prevalence of HIV.

Methods

We included adult patients with suspected CNS infections at two referral hospitals in a prospective cohort between April 2019 and December 2021. Clinical, laboratory, and radiological assessments were standardized. We recorded initial and final diagnoses, treatments, and outcomes during 6 months of follow-up.

Results

Of 1051 patients screened, 793 were diagnosed with a CNS infection. Patients (median age 33 years, 62% male, 38% HIV-infected) presented a median of 14 days (IQR 7–30) after symptom onset, often with altered consciousness (63%), motor deficits (73%), and seizures (21%). Among HIV-uninfected patients, CNS tuberculosis (TB) was most common (60%), while viral (8%) and bacterial (4%) disease were uncommon. Among HIV-infected patients, cerebral toxoplasmosis (41%) was most common, followed by CNS TB (19%), neurosyphilis (15%), and cryptococcal meningitis (10%). A microbiologically confirmed diagnosis was achieved in 25% of cases, and initial diagnoses were revised in 46% of cases. In-hospital mortality was 30%, and at six months, 45% of patients had died, and 12% suffered from severe disability. Six-month mortality was associated with older age, HIV, and severe clinical, radiological and CSF markers at presentation.

Conclusion

CNS infections in Indonesia are characterized by late presentation, severe disease, frequent HIV coinfection, low microbiological confirmation and high mortality. These findings highlight the need for earlier disease recognition, faster and more accurate diagnosis, and optimized treatment, coupled with wider efforts to improve the uptake of HIV services.
Treatment choice for first permanent molars affected with molar-incisor hypomineralization, in patients 7–8 years of age: a questionnaire study among Swedish general dentists, orthodontists, and pediatric dentists
Authors: Hajdarević A. , Čirgić E. , Robertson A. , Sabel N. , Jälevik B.
Published: February 2024

Purpose

The aim of this study was to investigate attitudes and preferred therapy choice for first permanent molars (FPM) with Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH).

Methods

An online questionnaire was sent out to general dentists (n = 559) working in the Public Dental Service in Region Västra Götaland, orthodontists (n = 293), and pediatric dentists (n = 156) (members from each interest association), in Sweden. The questionnaire contained three parts: general questions regarding the respondents, patient cases, and general questions regarding extraction of FPMs with MIH. Statistics were carried out using Chi-squared tests, with a significance level of 5%.

Results

A response rate of 36% was obtained. Orthodontists and pediatric dentists were more prone to extract FPMs with both moderate and severe MIH, compared to general dentists. When restoring FPMs with moderate MIH, resin composite was preferred. Compared to the general dentists, the pediatric dentists were more prone to choose glass-ionomer cement in the FPMs with severe MIH. The most common treatment choice for FPMs with mild MIH was fluoride varnish. “When root furcation is under development of the second permanent molar on radiographs” was chosen as the optimal time for extracting FPMs with severe MIH, and the general dentists based their treatment decisions on recommendations from a pediatric dentist.

Conclusion

Extraction of FPMs with moderate and severe MIH is considered a therapy of choice among general dentists and specialists, and the preferred time of extraction is before the eruption of the second permanent molar.
Quantitative characterization of the brittleness of deep shales by integrating mineral content, elastic parameters, in situ stress conditions and logging analysis
Authors: Luo Tongtong , Wang Jianguo , Chen Li , Sun Chaoya , Liu Qian , Wang Fenggang
Published: February 2024

Deep shale reservoirs (3500–4500 m) exhibit significantly different stress states than moderately deep shale reservoirs (2000–3500 m). As a result, the brittleness response mechanisms of deep shales are also different. It is urgent to investigate methods to evaluate the brittleness of deep shales to meet the increasingly urgent needs of deep shale gas development. In this paper, the quotient of Young’s modulus divided by Poisson’s ratio based on triaxial compression tests under in situ stress conditions is taken as SSBV (Static Standard Brittleness Value). A new and pragmatic technique is developed to determine the static brittleness index that considers elastic parameters, the mineral content, and the in situ stress conditions (BIEMS). The coefficient of determination between BIEMS and SSBV reaches 0.555 for experimental data and 0.805 for field data. This coefficient is higher than that of other brittleness indices when compared to SSBV. BIEMS can offer detailed insights into shale brittleness under various conditions, including different mineral compositions, depths, and stress states. This technique can provide a solid data-based foundation for the selection of ‘sweet spots’ for single-well engineering and the comparison of the brittleness of shale gas production layers in different areas.
State-of-the-art on the anchorage performance of rock bolts subjected to shear load
Authors: Chen Yu , Xiao Haodong
Published: February 2024

Rock bolts are extensively utilized in underground engineering as a means of offering support and stability to rock masses in tunnels, mines, and other underground structures. In environments of high ground stress, faults or weak zones can frequently arise in rock formations, presenting a significant challenge for engineering and potentially leading to underground engineering collapse. Rock bolts serve as a crucial structural element for the transmission of tensile stress and are capable of withstanding shear loads to prevent sliding of weak zones within rock mass. Therefore, a complete understanding of the behavior of rock bolts subjected to shear loads is essential. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of the research progress of rock bolts subjected to shear load in three categories: experiment, numerical simulation, and analytical model. The review focuses on the research studies and developments in this area since the 1970s, providing a comprehensive overview of numerous factors that influence the anchorage performance of rock bolts. These factors include the diameter and angle of the rock bolt installation, rock strength, grouting material, bolt material, borehole diameter, rock bolt preload, normal stress, joint surface roughness and joint expansion angle. The paper reviews the improvement of mechanical parameter setting in numerical simulation of rock bolt shear. Furthermore, it delves into the optimization of the analytical model concerning rock bolt shear theory, approached from the perspectives of both Elastic foundation beam theory coupled with Elastoplasticity theory and Structural mechanic methods. The significance of this review lies in its ability to provide insights into the mechanical behavior of rock bolts. The paper also highlights the limitations of current research and guidelines for further research of rock bolts.
Ultra-Efficient and Cost-Effective Platinum Nanomembrane Electrocatalyst for Sustainable Hydrogen Production
Authors: Gao Xiang , Dai Shicheng , Teng Yun , Wang Qing , Zhang Zhibo , Yang Ziyin , Park Minhyuk , Wang Hang , Jia Zhe , Wang Yunjiang , Yang Yong
Published: February 2024

Hydrogen production through hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) offers a promising solution to combat climate change by replacing fossil fuels with clean energy sources. However, the widespread adoption of efficient electrocatalysts, such as platinum (Pt), has been hindered by their high cost. In this study, we developed an easy-to-implement method to create ultrathin Pt nanomembranes, which catalyze HER at a cost significantly lower than commercial Pt/C and comparable to non-noble metal electrocatalysts. These Pt nanomembranes consist of highly distorted Pt nanocrystals and exhibit a heterogeneous elastic strain field, a characteristic rarely seen in conventional crystals. This unique feature results in significantly higher electrocatalytic efficiency than various forms of Pt electrocatalysts, including Pt/C, Pt foils, and numerous Pt single-atom or single-cluster catalysts. Our research offers a promising approach to develop highly efficient and cost-effective low-dimensional electrocatalysts for sustainable hydrogen production, potentially addressing the challenges posed by the climate crisis.
Priorities for efficacy trials of gender-affirming hormone therapy with estrogen: collaborative design and results of a community survey
Authors: Grock Shira , Weinreb Jane , Williams Kristen C. , Weimer Amy , Fadich Sarah , Patel Reema , Geft Atara , Korenman Stanley
Published: February 2024

Purpose

Treatment guidelines for gender-affirming hormone therapy with estrogen (GAHT-E) recommend specific dosing regimens based on limited data. Well-controlled efficacy trials are essential to tailoring treatment to patient goals as the guidelines recommend. The goal of this study was to take a foundational step toward designing community-centered effectiveness trials for gender-diverse individuals seeking GAHT-E.

Methods

Our team developed a cross-sectional survey based on broad clinical experience and consultation with our community advisory board. The survey included 60 items covering demographics, transition history, goals and priorities for treatment, indicators of treatment success, sexual function goals, and future research priorities. The survey was distributed during the summer of 2021, primarily through social networks designed for gender-expansive individuals seeking treatment with estrogen.

Results

A total of 1270 individuals completed the survey. Overall treatment goals most frequently rated “extremely important” or “very important” were the following: (1) improved satisfaction with life (81%), (2) appearing more feminine (80%), (3) appearing less masculine (77%), (4) improved mental health (76%), and (5) being seen as your true gender by others (75%). The three body characteristics most frequently rated “highest priority” or “high priority” among changes were the following: (1) facial hair (85%), (2) breast shape or size (84%), and (3) body shape (80%). The highest-rated research priority was comparing feminization with different routes of estrogen administration.

Conclusion

The goals and experiences of individuals seeking GAHT-E are diverse. Future clinical trials of GAHT-E should be grounded in the needs and priorities of community stakeholders.
Morphodynamics and heavy metal accumulation in an artificially built near-natural river (Inde, Germany)
Authors: Schulte Philipp , Weber Alexandra , Keßels Johannes , Lehmkuhl Frank , Schüttrumpf Holger , Esser Verena , Wolf Stefanie
Published: February 2024

Heavy metals in riverine sediments threaten fluvial ecosystems worldwide. Sediment cascades transporting the compounds downstream lead to pollution stress downstream from the original input source. In regulated rivers, artificially built reaches with re-activated morphodynamics and morphological structures may become typical sink areas for contaminants. Therefore, a thorough understanding of transport mechanisms and accumulation dynamics is the key to managing enhanced heavy metal concentrations in alluvial sediments. In this study, we investigate a morphologically diverse 12 km-long river reach of the Inde River in Germany, that was relocated in 2005 due to an open-pit lignite mine. As the Inde catchment is a former industrial hotspot (beginning in the Iron Age; golden age at the end of the nineteenth century), the floodplain sediments that accumulated since the construction of the Neue Inde are enriched in heavy metals. The structures and sediments of the relocation are recycled repeatedly, causing the mixing of contaminated and uncontaminated sediments. The Neue Inde is an important sediment trap, especially due to the river’s intense regulation immediately upstream. Thereby, the input of sediments enriched in heavy metals into the receiving waters, the Rur River, is limited. So far, it is unclear whether there is a threshold of sediment storage that, if exceeded, turns the Neue Inde from a sink to a source. The morphodynamical development of artificially built river reaches mainly depends on the restoration design in terms of initially built morphological structures and the width of the river corridor.
Farmers’ perception of climate change and livelihood vulnerability: a comparative study of Bundelkhand and Central regions of Uttar Pradesh, India
Authors: Jatav Surendra Singh
Published: February 2024

Indian farmers are vulnerable to changing climate with unpredictable rainfall distribution, rising temperature, and complex socioeconomic conditions. The present study aims to assess livelihood vulnerability of farmers in two regions of the most populous State of Uttar Pradesh namely Bundelkhand and Central region. By using multistage random sampling technique, a total of 480 samples from 16 villages, 8 development blocks, 4 districts, and 2 regions were selected to elicit grass-root information on farmers’ perception of climate change, their sensitivity and adaptive capacity to changing climate, and determinants of livelihood vulnerability. Further, this study has adopted methodology mentioned in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s fourth Assessment Report for the development of climate vulnerability index. The results show that farmers in Jhansi district were highly vulnerable to changing climate, while farmers in Barabanki district were relatively less vulnerable. The elevated degree of vulnerability to livelihood in Jhansi district attributed to its comparatively higher exposure and sensitivity to climatic change. The Binary Logistic Regression results show that illiterate farmers are relatively more vulnerable than literate farmers. On the contrary, higher income, assured irrigation, the use of certified seeds, and crop insurance are negatively associated with the LVI. In other words, farmers who have income from non-farm sources, use certified and recommended seed varieties, and avail themselves of crop insurance are relatively less vulnerable to climate change than those who do not have the aforesaid facilities. Hence, the present study suggests that farmers, must adapt to climate change to reduce its negative impact and reap the benefits of adaptation which can be achieved through capacity building, skill development (i.e., use of ultra-modern techniques), and capacity to strengthen the farmers’ ability to adapt. Further, there is also a need to sensitize government officials on the dangers of climate change and to provide appropriate technical support to farmers for their adaptation.
Anthropomorphism in AI: hype and fallacy
Authors: Placani Adriana
Published: February 2024

This essay focuses on anthropomorphism as both a form of hype and fallacy. As a form of hype, anthropomorphism is shown to exaggerate AI capabilities and performance by attributing human-like traits to systems that do not possess them. As a fallacy, anthropomorphism is shown to distort moral judgments about AI, such as those concerning its moral character and status, as well as judgments of responsibility and trust. By focusing on these two dimensions of anthropomorphism in AI, the essay highlights negative ethical consequences of the phenomenon in this field.
Cattaneo-Christov Heat Flux and Thermal Radiation in MHD Nanofluid Flow over a Bi-directional Stretching/Shrinking Surface
Authors: Ali Aamir , Afzaal Muhammad F. , Tariq Faiza , Hussain Shahid
Published: February 2024

Nanofluids have gained popularity due to their better thermophysical properties and usefulness in daily life such as electronic design, solar energy, heat exchanger tubes, and cooling systems, among others. We have looked at the influence of thermal radiation, Cattaneo-Christov heat flux, and slippage on three-dimensional flow of MHD nanofluid along a surface which is stretched/shrinks in both directions in this study. The transformed ordinary differential equations are solved analytically, using homotopy analysis technique. A graphical analysis for the flows for numerous physical features has been presented. It has been observed that the fluids axial and transverse velocities are decreased by the magnetic field parameter, the suction/injection parameter, as well as by the slip parameter for stretching, whereas for shrinking, they are increased. The radiation parameter, heat transfer Biot number, and thermal relaxation parameter increases the nanofluids temperature. Bar charts were also used to evaluate how the physical parameters affect the skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number.
Nitrogen K-edge X-ray adsorption near-edge structure spectroscopy of chemically adsorbed ammonia gas on clay minerals and the 15N/14N-nitrogen isotopic fractionation
Authors: Sugahara Haruna , Yoshimura Toshihiro , Tamenori Yusuke , Takano Yoshinori , Ogawa Nanako O. , Chikaraishi Yoshito , Ohkouchi Naohiko
Published: February 2024

Ammonia (NH3) is a simple and essential nitrogen carrier in the universe. Its adsorption on mineral surfaces is an important step in the synthesis of nitrogenous organic molecules in extraterrestrial environments. The nitrogen isotopic ratios provide a useful tool for understanding the formation processes of N-bearing molecules. In this study, adsorption experiments were conducted using gaseous NH3 and representative clay minerals. The strongly adsorbed NH3 was 15N-enriched in a state of chemical equilibrium between the adsorption and desorption on the siliceous host surface. The nitrogen K-edge X-ray adsorption near-edge structure spectroscopy study revealed that these initial ammonia gases were chemically adsorbed as ammonium ions (NH4+) on clay minerals.

Graphical abstract
Canadian Consensus Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Autoimmune Encephalitis in Adults
Authors: Hahn Christopher , Budhram Adrian , Alikhani Katayoun , AlOhaly Nasser , Beecher Grayson , Blevins Gregg , Brooks John , Carruthers Robert , Comtois Jacynthe , Cowan Juthaporn , de Robles Paula , Hébert Julien , Kapadia Ronak K. , Lapointe Sarah , Mackie Aaron , Mason Warren , McLane Brienne , Muccilli Alexandra , Poliakov Ilia , Smyth Penelope , Williams Kimberly G. , Uy Christopher , McCombe Jennifer A.
Published: February 2024

Autoimmune encephalitis is increasingly recognized as a neurologic cause of acute mental status changes with similar prevalence to infectious encephalitis. Despite rising awareness, approaches to diagnosis remain inconsistent and evidence for optimal treatment is limited. The following Canadian guidelines represent a consensus and evidence (where available) based approach to both the diagnosis and treatment of adult patients with autoimmune encephalitis. The guidelines were developed using a modified RAND process and included input from specialists in autoimmune neurology, neuropsychiatry and infectious diseases. These guidelines are targeted at front line clinicians and were created to provide a pragmatic and practical approach to managing such patients in the acute setting.
Hegel and Egypt's African Element
Authors: Bernasconi Robert
Published: February 2024

Contrary to the widespread view that Hegel excluded Africa from what he called world history proper, the specifically African element of Egypt was indispensable to his account of the pivotal dialectical moment that saw spirit's release from its immersion in nature. Hegel's racist caricature of Africans in the early part of the lectures was not gratuitous, something that commentators can leave to one side. It was integral to his dialectical account of world history because it served to generate the contradiction that saw the Persian Empire give way to Greece. This understanding is confirmed by the newly completed four-volume edition of Hegel's Lectures on the Philosophy of World History in the Gesammelte Werke. These new volumes also enable us to gain critical insight into how the editors of the first two published versions of the lectures, Eduard Gans and Karl Hegel, sought in their different ways to shape the reception of Hegel's lectures.
Analysis of self-heating in electrosprays operating in the cone-jet mode
Authors: Magnani Marco , Gamero-Castaño Manuel
Published: February 2024

The electrohydrodynamic processes taking place in a cone jet cause ohmic and viscous dissipation, and ultimately self-heating of the liquid. Despite this, previous analyses have modelled cone jets as isothermal systems. To investigate the validity of this assumption, this work applies the leaky-dielectric model to cone jets, while also requiring conservation of energy to reproduce the variation of temperature caused by dissipation and temperature-dependent liquid properties. The main goals are to determine whether there exist electrospraying conditions for which the isothermal assumption is inaccurate, and quantify the temperature field under such conditions. The work confirms that self-heating and thermal effects are important in liquids with sufficiently high conductivities, which is a significant limit because these electrical conductivities are needed to produce jets and droplets with radii of tens of nanometres or smaller. The numerical solution provides accurate expressions for evaluating the dissipation and the temperature increase in cone jets, and confirms that thermal effects cause the apparent breakdown of the traditional scaling law for the current of cone jets of highly conducting liquids.
PSEUDO-SACRIFICIAL ALLUSIONS IN HOSIDIUS GETA'S MEDEA
Authors: Parkhouse James
Published: February 2024

This article explores the allusive strategy of the late second-century cento-tragedy Medea attributed to Hosidius Geta, which recounts Medea's revenge against Jason using verses from the works of Virgil. It argues that the text's author recognized a consistent strand of characterization in earlier treatments of the Medea myth, whereby the heroine's filicide is presented as a corrupted sacrifice. Geta selectively uses verses from thematically significant episodes in the Aeneid—the lying tale of Sinon and the death of Laocoön; the murder of Priam; the suicide of Dido—at key points to foreground the theme of pseudo-sacrificial violence. Geta's use of Virgil evinces a keen appreciation both of the symbolism of the broader mythic tradition in which his text is situated and of the original narrative contexts of the verses he recycles. The article's findings contribute to a growing recognition of the creative potential afforded by the cento technique.
Comparison of electrically evoked stapedial reflexes in patients with cochlear implants surgically implanted using Veria and posterior tympanotomy approaches
Authors: Yathiraj A , Manjula P , Geetha C , Jawahar Antony P , Megha
Published: February 2024

Objective

The study aimed to compare ipsilateral and contralateral electrically evoked stapedial reflex thresholds in children with a unilateral cochlear implant surgically implanted either through Veria or posterior tympanotomy approaches.

Methods

Forty-nine children using cochlear implants were studied, of whom 27 underwent the Veria approach and 22 underwent the posterior tympanotomy approach. The electrically evoked stapedius reflex thresholds were measured ipsilaterally and contralaterally by stimulating four equally spaced electrodes.

Results

The ipsilateral electrically evoked stapedius reflex threshold was absent in all four electrodes in the children implanted using the Veria approach. However, the ipsilateral electrically evoked stapedius reflex threshold was present in 70 per cent of the children implanted using the posterior tympanotomy approach. The contralateral electrically evoked stapedius reflex threshold was present in most of the children for both surgical approaches.

Conclusion

The presence of the ipsilateral electrically evoked stapedius reflex threshold varies depending on the surgical technique used for cochlear implantation. However, contralateral reflexes are present in the majority of children using cochlear implants, irrespective of the surgical approach.
Rhinitis medicamentosa – comparing two treatment strategies: a retrospective analysis
Authors: Margulis Itai , Jrbashyan Jenny , Bitterman Fisher Sivan , Feibish Nir , Stein Nili , Cohen-Kerem Raanan
Published: February 2024

Objective

Rhinitis medicamentosa poses a therapeutic challenge for both patients and physicians. Treatment strategies vary, starting with avoidance of decongestants, followed by medications or surgical intervention. This study aimed to compare two treatment strategies for this condition.

Methods

A review was conducted of patients diagnosed with rhinitis medicamentosa from 2013 to 2021, who were managed conservatively with medications or surgically by inferior turbinate reduction.

Results

Forty-seven patients were included: 21 patients were treated conservatively and 26 underwent turbinate reduction. Following surgical therapy, the frequency of using decongestants was significantly reduced (p < 0.001), with a significant improvement in Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-22 scores (p < 0.001). The conservative treatment group was significantly older with more co-morbidities. Following medical therapy, the conservative treatment group had a significant decrease in the frequency of decongestant use, but there was no significant improvement in their Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-22 scores.

Conclusion

Compared to conservative treatment, inferior turbinate reduction for rhinitis medicamentosa resulted in reduced decongestant use and improved quality of life.
Spontaneous abscess of the nasal septum in children: a 10-year series
Authors: Drake Ivy , Wilkinson Sophie , Kubba Haytham
Published: February 2024

Background

This paper reports a 10-year series of spontaneous nasal septal abscesses in immune-competent children, with suggestions for optimal management.

Methods

A retrospective case note review was conducted of children undergoing an operation for incision and drainage of nasal septal abscesses between 2013 and 2023.

Results

Six children were identified via electronic hospital records during the 10-year review period, five with a spontaneous abscess. The children were aged 10–14 years. All were immunocompetent and none had active sinus infection. The most common presenting features were nasal swelling, facial swelling, headache, nasal congestion and fever. The most common bacterial isolate was Staphylococcus aureus. All children received prompt surgical drainage and intravenous antibiotic therapy. Complications were seen in three children, with one child developing significant intracranial complications.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, this is the first series of spontaneous nasal septal abscesses in immunocompetent children. The high prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus suggests spread from the nasal mucosa or vestibule. Early recognition, computed tomography scanning, surgical drainage and antibiotic therapy are the mainstays of treatment, to prevent potentially life-threatening complications.
The predictive effect of family genetic risk scores as an indirect measure of causal effects of one disorder on another
Authors: Kendler Kenneth S. , Ohlsson Henrik , Sundquist Jan , Sundquist Kristina
Published: February 2024

Background

One potential cause of comorbidity is the direct causal effect of one disorder – A – on risk for subsequent onset of disorder B. Could genetic risk scores be utilized to test for such an effect? If disorder A causally impacts on risk for disorder B, then genetic risk for disorder A should be lower in cases of disorder A with v. without a prior onset of B.

Methods

In all individuals (n = 905 736) born in Sweden from 1980 to 1990, from six psychiatric and drug use disorders (major depression, anxiety disorders, alcohol use disorder, drug use disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia), we formed 14 pairs of disorders A and B. In these pairs, we compared, using Cox proportional hazards models, the predictive effect of the familial-genetic risk score (FGRS) for disorder B in those who had v. had not had a prior onset of disorder A.

Results

In all pairs, the impact of the FGRS for disorder B was significantly stronger in cases without v. with a prior history of disorder A. These effects were similar across sex, stable across levels of FGRS and not likely due to clinician bias. In many of our disorder pairs, previous clinical studies suggest a mechanism for a causal effect of disorder A on B.

Conclusions

Our findings provide indirect evidence that the occurrence of one psychiatric or substance use disorder often has a causal effect on risk for subsequent disorders. This mechanism may substantially contribute to the widespread comorbidity among psychiatric conditions.
Screen time, brain network development and socio-emotional competence in childhood: moderation of associations by parent–child reading
Authors: Huang Pei , Chan Shi Yu , Ngoh Zhen Ming , Ong Zi Yan , Low Xi Zhen , Law Evelyn C. , Gluckman Peter D. , Kee Michelle Z.L. , Fortier Marielle V. , Chong Yap Seng , Zhou Juan H. , Meaney Michael J. , Tan Ai Peng
Published: February 2024

Background

Screen time in infancy is linked to changes in social-emotional development but the pathway underlying this association remains unknown. We aim to provide mechanistic insights into this association using brain network topology and to examine the potential role of parent–child reading in mitigating the effects of screen time.

Methods

We examined the association of screen time on brain network topology using linear regression analysis and tested if the network topology mediated the association between screen time and later socio-emotional competence. Lastly, we tested if parent–child reading time was a moderator of the link between screen time and brain network topology.

Results

Infant screen time was significantly associated with the emotion processing-cognitive control network integration (p = 0.005). This network integration also significantly mediated the association between screen time and both measures of socio-emotional competence (BRIEF-2 Emotion Regulation Index, p = 0.04; SEARS total score, p = 0.04). Parent–child reading time significantly moderated the association between screen time and emotion processing-cognitive control network integration (β = −0.640, p = 0.005).

Conclusion

Our study identified emotion processing-cognitive control network integration as a plausible biological pathway linking screen time in infancy and later socio-emotional competence. We also provided novel evidence for the role of parent–child reading in moderating the association between screen time and topological brain restructuring in early childhood.
Don't let perfect be the enemy of better: In defense of unparameterized megastudies
Authors: Li Wei , Hartshorne Joshua K.
Published: February 2024

The target article argues researchers should be more ambitious, designing studies that systematically and comprehensively explore the space of possible experiments in one fell swoop. We argue that while “systematic” is rarely achievable, “comprehensive” is often enough. Critically, the recent popularization of massive online experiments shows that comprehensive studies are achievable for most cognitive and behavioral research questions.
Some problems with zooming out as scientific reform
Authors: Hullman Jessica
Published: February 2024

Integrative experimentation will improve on the status quo in empirical behavioral science. However, the results integrative experiments produce will remain conditional on the various assumptions used to produce them. Without a theory of interpretability, it remains unclear how viable it is to address the crud factor without sacrificing explainability.
Measurement validity and the integrative approach
Authors: Higgins Wendy C. , Gillett Alexander J. , Deschrijver Eliane , Ross Robert M.
Published: February 2024

Almaatouq et al. propose a novel integrative approach to experiments. We provide three examples of how unaddressed measurement issues threaten the feasibility of the approach and its promise of promoting commensurability and knowledge integration.
Representative design: A realistic alternative to (systematic) integrative design
Authors: Holleman Gijs A. , Dhami Mandeep K. , Hooge Ignace T. C. , Hessels Roy S.
Published: February 2024

We disagree with Almaatouq et al. that no realistic alternative exists to the “one-at-a-time” paradigm. Seventy years ago, Egon Brunswik introduced representative design, which offers a clear path to commensurability and generality. Almaatouq et al.'s integrative design cannot guarantee the external validity and generalizability of results which is sorely needed, while representative design tackles the problem head on.
Commensurability engineering is first and foremost a theoretical exercise
Authors: Vandekerckhove Joachim
Published: February 2024

I provide a personal perspective on metastudies and emphasize lesser-known benefits. I stress the need for integrative theories to establish commensurability between experiments. I argue that mathematical social scientists should be engaged to develop integrative theories, and that likelihood functions provide a common mathematical framework across experiments. The development of quantitative theories promotes commensurability engineering on a larger scale.
Integrative experiments require a shared theoretical and methodological basis
Authors: Amerio Pietro , Coucke Nicolas , Cleeremans Axel
Published: February 2024

Creating an integrated design space can be successful only if researchers agree on how to define and measure a certain phenomenon of interest. Adversarial collaborations and mathematical modeling can aid in reaching the necessary level of agreement when researchers depart from different theoretical perspectives.
The social sciences needs more than integrative experimental designs: We need better theories
Authors: Hoffman Moshe , Quillien Tadeg , Burum Bethany
Published: February 2024

Almaatouq et al.'s prescription for more integrative experimental designs is welcome but does not address an equally important problem: Lack of adequate theories. We highlight two features theories ought to satisfy: “Well-specified” and “grounded.” We discuss the importance of these features, some positive exemplars, and the complementarity between the target article's prescriptions and improved theorizing.
Explore your experimental designs and theories before you exploit them!
Authors: Dubova Marina , Sloman Sabina J. , Andrew Ben , Nassar Matthew R. , Musslick Sebastian
Published: February 2024

In many areas of the social and behavioral sciences, the nature of the experiments and theories that best capture the underlying constructs are themselves areas of active inquiry. Integrative experiment design risks being prematurely exploitative, hindering exploration of experimental paradigms and of diverse theoretical accounts for target phenomena.
The miss of the framework
Authors: Smaldino Paul E.
Published: February 2024

The authors rightly critique existing social sciences approaches. However, they are too quick to dismiss the criticism that their proposed paradigm is atheoretical. Social and cognitive theories are indeed incommensurate, often due to the lack of a unifying framework. Without proper integration with theoretical frameworks, their proposal may merely produce a resource-intensive veneer of thoroughness without substantive improvements to understanding.