bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Nature and Significance of Pseudo-Dick Reactions
Authors: Huntington Robert W.
Published: January 2023

Filtrates of cultures of hemolytic streptococcus contain very little streptococcal protein, and the hypothesis, which considers such protein a frequent source of pseudo-Dick reactions, appears untenable. The activity of filtrate of a non-scarlatinal streptococcus in the skin did not appear to depend on cellular disintegration, and differed in its great heat-stability and in other respects from that of preparations of streptococcal protein. No agent could be found, other than scarlatinal toxin, which had the potency necessary to induce reactions to 1 or 2 STD of the scarlatinal filtrates used. On the whole, these results tend to suggest that, at least in the age-group studied, pseudo-Dick reactions to serum-free filtrate are unusual, and controls heated for two hours at 100° should be of value in detecting them when they occur.
The Synergistic Effect of Paraffin-Oil Combined with Heat-Killed Tubercle-Bacilli
Authors: Freund Jules , Casals-Ariet J. , Genghof Dorothy Schaefer
Published: January 2023

We have referred in a previous paper to the earlier literature on the synergistic effect of various antigenic and non-antigenic substances on immunization (1). Ramon, Lemetayer and Richou (2) had shown that lanolin and other substances added to diphtheric toxin promote the formation of antitoxin in the guinea-pig and rabbit. Coulaud (3) succeeded in producing intense and persistent sensitization of rabbits with heat-killed tubercle-bacilli incorporated in paraffin. Saenz (4) found that paraffin oil could be substituted for solid paraffin. Freund, Casals and Hosmer (1) observed that repeated injections of small numbers of killed tubercle-bacilli suspended in small amounts of paraffin-oil are followed not only by enhanced sensitization but also by heightened and persistent antibody-formation. The synergistic effect of paraffin-oil became evident strikingly when it was employed in Macacus rhesus monkeys. Burnet (5) and Fox (6) reported that the skin of this species of animal does not develop sensitivity to ordinary amounts of tuberculin even in the presence of extensive tuberculosis.
The Antigenic Property of Insulin
Authors: Wasserman P. , Broh-Kahn R. H. , Mirsky I. Arthur
Published: January 2023

Evidence is presented that insulin is antigenic, as shown by the fact that sera from sensitized rabbits may give positive complement-fixation. Sufficient foreign protein is present in commercially prepared insulin to allow sensitization of a rabbit to that protein by repeated injections of the insulin. Antibodies produced against insulin do not act as anti-hormones.
Immunological Cross-Reactions of Type B Friedländer Bacillus in Type 2 Antipneumococcal Horse and Rabbit Serum
Authors: Beeson Paul B. , Goebel Walther F.
Published: January 2023

The immunological cross-reactions of type B Friedländer bacillus in type 2 antipneumococcal horse serum are not demonstrable in type 2 antipneumococcal rabbit serum.
Blood Groups and MN-Types of Eskimos. II (District of Julianehaab, West Greenland)
Authors: Fabricius-Hansen Vibeke
Published: January 2023

A report is given of the blood-grouping of 1063 persons in the southern district of Julianehaab, West Greenland. The distribution of the blood-types of pure Eskimos is different from that of the more mixed Greenlanders. The percentile distribution found for the former was: O, 36.33; A, 54.64; B, 5.30; AB, 3.71; and for the latter: O, 55.05; A, 36.70; B, 5.26; AB, 2.99. The frequency of types M, MN, and N in nearly pure Eskimos was: M: 66.16, MN: 30.97, N: 2.86.

This confirms the author's previous observation that a low N-value is a characteristic anthropological feature of the Greenland Eskimos.
A Study of Immunity in Rabbits from Two to Three Years After Infection with Vaccine Virus with Attempts to Recover Active Virus
Authors: Morgan Isabel M. , Olitsky Peter K.
Published: January 2023

Of 4 rabbits tested for active immunity nearly 3 years after vaccinal infection, 1 was not immune, 1 showed a slight, and 2 a moderate degree of resistance to cutaneous reinfection. No active virus was recovered from 2 to 3 years after vaccinal infection from selected tissues of the 7 rabbits studied. From the testes of 1 of these animals and the spleen of 2 others, no virus had been detected after 1 year. However, from a skin scar but not from the spleen of 1 rabbit, vaccine virus had been recovered 3 months after infection. Sera from the 7 rabbits, about 2½ years after the last vaccinal infection, neutralized from 10 to 10,000 minimal skin doses of vaccine virus. Sera from 2 of the 7 rabbits, more than 2½ years after last infection, showed agglutinins to vaccinal elementary bodies to a titer of 1:16; the other 5 sera showed none. No precipitins to dermal filtrate were found in any of the sera. The results are discussed with reference to the problem of persistence of virus and duration of immunity.
A Filtrable Toxic Substance in Brothcultures of B. Pertussis
Authors: Wood Mary Lee
Published: January 2023

A bacteria-free filtrate of B. pertussis broth cultures is found to contain a toxic substance which kills mice when injected intraäbdominally or intravenously in small amounts, and produces a necrotic skin-lesion in rabbits when injected endermally. The toxic filtrate is apparently free of bacterial antigen, is thermolabile, and is inactivated by formalin. The toxin is produced only by smooth strains of B. pertussis and appears in broth cultures during the active stages of bacterial growth. It is not neutralized by anti-bacterial immune serum. Although possessing no demonstrable antigenic properties, the toxin injected intraäbdominally in sublethal doses protects mice against death from subsequent intraäbdominal injections of whole organisms. It is suggested that the protective action is due to chronic inflammatory lesions caused by the injection of the toxin, involving the peritoneum and particularly the spleen. The gross and microscopical pathology of these lesions is described, and the possible relation of the toxin to the lesions observed in experimental pertussal infections is discussed.
Studies with Clostridium Chauvoei (Blackleg) Aggressin
Authors: Live Israel
Published: January 2023

Natural aggressin, culture filtrate and sonic extract of Cl. chauvoei reduced phagocytosis in vitro when present in the phagocytic mixtures. By allowing the aggressin to act upon serum and upon leucocytes it was shown that the inhibition of phagocytosis was due to fixation of opsonins and not to a direct action upon the leucocytes. The agglutinative titers of two antisera were diminished when the different dilutions of the sera were mixed with equal quantities of aggressin, filtrate or extract and incubated for one hour prior to setting up the test. Three pairs of rabbits were immunized by intravenous injection of washed suspensions of live organisms, formalin-killed organisms and culture filtrate, respectively. The antisera thus produced were used in complement-fixation and precipitative tests, and they all gave positive reactions with culture filtrates, natural aggressin and extracts of Cl. chauvoei. The fact that suspensions of washed organisms free of by-products of growth, and particularly suspensions of washed formalin-killed organisms, stimulated the production of antibodies which reacted with antigen in aggressin and filtrate, proves that the latter contain soluble material derived from disintegration of the bacterial cells.
In Vitro Anaphylaxis in the Surviving Intestine
Authors: Nicoll Paul A. , Campbell Dan H.
Published: January 2023

The response of surviving smooth muscle from a sensitized animal on treatment with the antigen used for sensitization may be termed in vitro anaphylaxis. This was first demonstrated in 1910 by Schultz (1) on isolated segments of guinea pig intestine. Unfortunately his experimental methods for demonstration of the phenomenon were not well suited for isolated intestinal segments. The horse serum used as antigen produced contractions in both normal and desensitized tissue as well as in the sensitized segments. Therefore the interpretation of a specific response to the antigen had to be made from a quantitative difference in the degree of contraction rather than on a qualitative basis.

In 1913 Dale (2) criticized Schultz's methods for showing in vitro anaphylaxis, especially the use of surviving intestinal segments as the test tissue. He introduced as an alternative tissue the virgin guinea pig uterus that had proved so successful in his studies on standardization of pituitary extracts.
Determination of the Optimal Ratio of Cholesterol to Tissue-Extract Antigen in the Complement-Fixation Test for Syphilis
Authors: Kent John F.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

There is an optimal ratio cholesterol:tissue-extract that exhibits maximal antigenic activity in the complement-fixation test for syphilis. With the antigens studied, increase in the ratio, cholesterol:extract, did not result in anticomplementary properties.

To determine the optimal ratio, extract must be tested in such concentrations that the optimal amount of cholesterol will fall within the range of quantities soluble in alcoholic tissue-extract.

Varying the concentration of alcoholic extract in alcohol does not alter the optimal ratio. Different concentrations of extract require proportionately different quantities of cholesterol for their maximal sensitization.

Varying concentrations of the alcoholic extract in alcohol exhibit the same antigenic activity, provided the optimal quantities of cholesterol are added. Differences in concentration are compensated for in tests by changes in the saline dilutions yielding maximal reactions of given quantities of serum. As a result of these findings, the adjustment of cholesterol and tissue-extract for use as antigen in the complement-fixation test for syphilis may be based upon that optimal ratio of the two which exhibits maximal antigenic activity. The experimental procedures given offer a practical method for determining this ratio.
Hemolytic Effect of Typhoid Cultures in Combination with Pure Lines of Bacteriophage
Authors: Schiff F. , Bornstein S.
Published: January 2023

In the presence of a specific bacteriophage, typhoid bacilli grow hemolytically on sheep blood plates. This phenomenon was analyzed by means of pure line bacteriophages with specific affinities. Pure line phages specific for the O, R, Vi and H-antigens, respectively, cause hemolysis when combined with homologous typhoid cultures. Salmonella strains carrying the corresponding antigens react in the same way as typhoid cultures as far as phage bacteriolysis is concerned. They differ, however, as to hemolysis. In most of them, phage lysis is not accompanied by hemolysis. The hemolytic effect, therefore, depends: (a) Upon an inherent quality of the culture. (b) Upon a bacteriolytic phage effect of sufficient strength.

In presence of the Vi-antigen the hemolytic effect of the O-phage is suppressed.
The Effect of Dilution on the Reaction between Pneumococcus and Its Specific Antibody
Authors: Morris Marion C.
Published: January 2023

Attempts to ascertain the mode of inactivation of viruses by their specific antiviral antibodies have sometimes led to the conclusion that the mechanism of inactivation differs from that observed with bacteria and their specific antisera. While many investigators hold the view that a loose and dissociable union of virus with antibody occurs (1, 2), some (3) have been led to conclude that no “in vitro” union between the virus and the so-called neutralizing antibody exists. Such a concept is based on experimental findings of the following nature: 1) a neutral mixture of virus and antiserum becomes infective upon dilution, i.e., the “dilution-phenomenon” (4, 5); 2) from neutral mixtures, virus or antiserum may be recovered, sometimes apparently quantitatively (3, 6); 3) a mixture which is neutral by one route may be infective by another (5, 6); 4) absorption of neutralizing antibodies from an antiviral serum by virus preparations is usually difficult and frequently impossible (3).
The Rôle of Diffusion in the Pneumococcus-Antipneumococcus Reaction
Authors: Hershey A. D.
Published: January 2023

The absolute rate of the pneumococcus-antipneumococcus reaction predicted by diffusion-theory has been found to agree with the results of protection-experiments. Apparently each molecule of antibody impinging upon the free cell-surface is irreversibly bound. The indifference of the reaction to temperature provides independent confirmation of this conclusion concerning the mechanism of the reaction.
The Mechanical Properties of Thin Films of Serologically Active Substances Prepared from Group A Hemolytic Streptococci
Authors: Bateman J. B. , Chambers L. A. , Calkins H. E.
Published: January 2023

Nucleoproteic agglutinogen (NPA), Lancefield's “M,” and their proteic components have been spread in thin films on 0.01 M buffer solutions. The process of spreading resembles that observed with globular proteins, in that the films are characterized by their extreme insolubility. The resemblance extends also to the fact that for each of these substances a series of films, graded with respect to their mechanical properties, can be prepared by suitable choice of conditions. The possibility of such a gradation in properties, referred to as the transition between “completely” and “incompletely” spread films, is of significance in connection with observations of the serological properties of these films. The force-area-curves of films of “M” show at certain pH values a characteristic inflection not encountered in films of other proteins. The inflection tends to become less pronounced upon repeated compression and can be removed by spreading upon solutions of high electrolyte-content. Characteristic quantitative differences in the force-area-curves for films of NPA and M with pH, together with differences in other mechanical properties, appear to indicate that M is chemically distinct from NPA, and that the major difference resides in the proteic components. The nucleic acid present in varying degree in these substances has only a minor influence on the properties of the films.
Passive Sensitization of Rabbit's Blood
Authors: Dragstedt Carl A. , De Arellano Max Ramirez , Lawton Alfred H. , Youmans Guy P.
Published: January 2023

In early studies upon anaphylaxis in rabbits it was reported by Friedemann (1) and by Scott (2) that no latent period was necessary for the passive sensitization of these animals to the subsequent intravenous injection of antigen such as has been shown to be necessary for the guinea-pig and dog. These observations have been rather generally discounted or explained as being anaphylactoid reactions not truly anaphylactic in character. Such an explanation fails to explain why the simultaneous injection of antigen and antiserum does not provoke reactions in either guinea-pigs or dogs with equal facility to that in rabbits and has no bearing at all upon the observations of Opie (3) and others that the Arthus phenomenon can be produced in rabbits by the subcutaneous injection of antigen either before, simultaneously or after the injection of antiserum.
Antibody Production in Rabbits Following Injection with Pancreatic Ferments
Authors: Wago Heinosuke
Published: January 2023

Accumulated investigations give evidence that ferments when injected into suitable animals display antigenic properties in that they stimulate the production of specific antibodies. Thus:

Hildebrandt (1) in 1893, produced specific antibodies to the enzyme emulsin. Morgenroth (2) in 1899 and Briot (3) in 1900, were both successful in producing a specific antibody to rennin. In 1901 Achalme (4) produced certain specific antibodies to pancreatin, while Sachs (5) a year later produced similar antibodies to pepsin. In 1903 Levene and Stooky (6) increased the antitryptic action of serum by the experimental injection of pancrease extract, and Halpern (7) in 1911 claimed similar results from the injection of dog pancreas into dogs. Most recently (1914) Marras (8) obtained precipitating and complement-fixing antibodies to trypsin.

In the course of experiments directed toward further determination of the antibodies produced to pancreatic ferments, I have made observations that possess a bearing upon the production of antibodies in general and which it is the purpose of this paper to present.
The Production of Anti-Human Haemolysin
Authors: Vedder Edward B.
Published: January 2023

Anti-human haemolysin may be produced readily by the injection of stroma. Stroma may be more easily prepared by first saturating the cells with illuminating gas. The lipoid fraction of the cell is totally ineffective. The proteid fraction of the stroma unites with haemolysin, and on injection produces haemolysin. The globulin fraction of the stroma failed to produce haemolysin, whereas the proteid fraction from which all globulins were removed did produce haemolysin.
The Bactericidal Action of the Whole Blood of Rabbits Following Inoculations of Pneumococcus Bacterins
Authors: Heist George D. , Solis-Cohen Solomon
Published: January 2023

The Journal of Immunology, volume 3, number 4, contains an account of our earlier studies of the bactericidal action of whole, uncoagulated blood on pneumococci. In the same paper, in association with Myer Solis-Cohen, we described a similar bactericidal action of certain whole bloods upon the globoid bodies of acute anterior poliomyelitis, and Matsunami and Kolmer (2), using our method, found that the blood of certain animals was bactericidal for meningococci. In our first paper we gave the details of the method by which we were able to bring the blood, before it had time to coagulate, into contact with bacteria.

The essential feature of the method, suggested by Benjamin F. Lacy, is that a capillary glass tube be filled, by capillary attraction, up to a fixed mark, with broth culture of pneumococci, and then emptied. A certain number of pneumococci remain sticking to the wall of the tube.
A New Method of Testing Antityphoid Serum
Authors: Fukuhara Yoshimoto , Yoshioka Masaaki
Published: January 2023

Our experiments have shown that the virulence titer of the living typhoid bacilli is very variable according to the strain and that no quantitative relationship exists between the virulence titer and the binding power with relation to the protective unit of antiserum. For this reason the lethal dose of the bacteria is not a reliable measure of a protective unit of an antityphoid serum. A reliable test of a bacterial antiserum can be made only through the use of a standard serum. Our new method of testing typhoid antisera is as follows: with the use of an arbitrary protective unit of antiserum (standard serum) the L+ dose of a typhoid culture is determined; with this L+ dose the serum to be tested is mixed in varying quantities; the largest amount of the serum which will just permit the death of a guinea-pig of 250 grams weight within twenty-four hours after the mixture has been injected into the peritoneal cavity is taken as the protective unit. The value of an antityphoid serum is expressed by the number of such protective units contained in 1 cc. of the serum. Any strain of typhoid bacteria can be used for the test. The virulence control is not important. It is also unnecessary to attempt to increase the virulence of the cultures. Efforts in this direction have failed in our hands. The general adoption of our method and particularly of our protective unit will naturally permit, for the first time, a quantitative comparison of the antityphoid sera prepared with different strains and in various laboratories.
Observations on the Production of an Antihaemotoxin for the Haemotoxin of Bacterium Welchii (Bacillus Aerogenes Capsulatus)
Authors: Ford William W. , Williams George Huntington
Published: January 2023

It has previously been shown by Ford and Lawrence (1) that the hemolytic property of milk cultures of Bacterium welchii is to be attributed to the production of a true bacterial haemolysin or haemotoxin by this organism. The opinion previously held that the destruction of blood corpuscles in cultures of this species is due to the presence of acids (butyric and lactic) is not justified, since milk cultures retain their blood-laking powers after complete neutralisation. In tests with the neutralised whey the discoloration of the corpuscles due to the production of methaemoglobin from acids is not seen and the haemolysed blood takes on the brilliant red color usual with true bacterial haemotoxins. Furthermore, cultures of the gas bacillus lose their haemolytic activity on being heated to 62–63°C., while solutions of both butyric and lactic acids can be boiled some time without losing their power to destroy blood corpuscles.
The Influence of Desiccation Upon Natural Hemolysins and Hemagglutinins in Human Sera
Authors: Kolmer John A.
Published: January 2023

As part of a series of studies upon natural hemolysins and hemagglutinins in human sera (1), the influence of desiccation upon these substances has been investigated and the results have proven of particular interest in reference to the method of Sanford (2) of using normal human sera dried on cover glasses for the purpose of conducting microscopical agglutination tests in the classification or typing of blood; these studies have proven especially interesting and of practical importance since Sands and West (3) have found in these laboratories, that drying rabbit antihuman serum in paper and dishes results in the destruction or inactivation of a portion of the immune hemagglutinins and suggesting that the practice of using dried human sera for agglutination tests after the methods of Sanford (2) and Hartman (4), may be open to error due to deterioration of the normal isoagglutinins.
Immunity in Monkeys Recovered from Paralytic Attacks of Poliomyelitis
Authors: Kessel John F. , Stimpert Fred D.
Published: January 2023

Monkeys recovered from paralytic attacks of poliomyelitis, induced by six different strains of virus, were subsequently inoculated by the intracerebral route with homologous and heterologous strains. Of 149 animals tested 61 per cent exhibited complete immunity and an additional 30 per cent partial immunity. The death-rate of the series was 9 per cent while 50 per cent would be the estimated death-rate in a similar series of animals receiving first injections with the same strains of viruses.

On the whole a greater degree of immunity was observed in recovered animals when tested with a homologous strain than when tested with a heterologous strain.

Variations in the resultant immunity to different strains of virus are noted, the percentage ranging from 47 per cent in one strain to 86 per cent in another.

Neutralization-tests were performed on 100 of the animals in the series and correlation between the neutralization- and immunity-tests was observed in only 50 per cent of the animals.
The Electrophoretic Analysis of Tetanal Antitoxic Horse-Sera
Authors: van der Scheer J. , Wyckoff Ralph W. G. , Clarke Frank H.
Published: January 2023

Electrophoretic analyses have been made of the sera of several horses hyperimmunized against tetanal toxin. Mobility measurements show that each of these sera contains a large new T-component having u = ca −2.0 × 10−5 cm2 sec−1 volt−1. The serum of one horse was studied at various stages of the hyper-immunizing process; this new T-peak became prominent when a large amount of antitoxin appeared in the serum. In spite of this obvious association of antitoxic activity with T, the areas under the T-peaks cannot be taken as proportional to the measured antitoxic activity.
Studies on the Adsorption of Complement
Authors: Ecker E. E. , Jones Chase Breese , Kuehn A. O.
Published: January 2023

Lead phosphate and titanium dioxide remove the mid-piece of complement.

Kaolin and Mg(OH)2 are less specific in their action and adsorb both mid-piece and end-piece. Small amounts of aluminum hydroxide gel remove the mid-piece of complement while larger amounts remove the total complement-complex.

The action of zymin on serum-complement is of a different nature, inasmuch as zymin in optimal amounts specifically removes the heat-stabile fraction of the mid-piece. Zymin has no adsorptive effect in the presence of 10 per cent NaCl.

Chemical analyses of the serum before and after treatment with adsorbents reveal marked variations in the amounts of calcium and protein removed; however a correlation appears to exist between the amount of euglobulin-phosphorus (cephalin) and the adsorption of the mid-piece of complement.

It is suggested that the mid-piece of complement is closely associated with a phosphatide in the euglobulin-fraction.

An improved method for the separation of complement into its heat-labile components (mid-piece and end-piece) is given.
Long Term Variations in the Titer of Neutralizing Antibody for Influenza Virus in the Sera of Adults and Children
Authors: Hare Ronald , Riehm William C.
Published: January 2023

It has been shown by Francis et al. (1), Stuart Harris et al. (2, 3), Horsfall et al. (4) and others that the titer of the neutralizing antibody for human influenza virus rises during a clinical attack of influenza. There is also evidence that the titer tends to fall during the post-infection period, and that uninfected contacts may show evidence of subclinical immunization during the time of epidemics. Few or no observations have, however, as yet been made on (1) the variations which may occur in the titer of these antibodies over any extended period of time or (2) the changes which may occur in the antibody for porcine virus. This paper is an account of observations which have been carried out on these two subjects.

For this purpose a group of 22 adults (aged 20 to 45 years) living in Toronto were studied over a period of approximately three years.
Preparation of Protein-Free Scarlatinal Toxin
Authors: Koerber Walter L. , Bunney William Edward
Published: January 2023

A proteose-peptone-free medium is described which permits the production of scarlatinal toxin with a potency of 40,000 to 150,000 STD/ml using NY-5 and Dick I–IV strains of hemolytic streptococcus. Crude toxins prepared on this medium can be concentrated and purified by salt-precipitation and dialysis to yield a protein-free antigenic toxin.
Histamine Tolerance and Anaphylactic Death in Sensitized Guinea-Pigs
Authors: Karady Elizabeth Smith
Published: January 2023

A number of cases have been reported where, due to treatment with histamine, man and animals have shown that subsequent to such treatment they were better able to overcome the effects of histamine injected experimentally, or released in the tissues as the result of cell damage (1–15). Most of the evidence that tolerance is actually produced by such treatment is of an indirect nature. The prevention of anaphylactic shock (5, 6, 9, 10), surgical shock (8), clinical manifestations of various types of hypersensitivity (11–15), and the diminution of uterine muscle response (9, 10) to histamine have been offered as valuable support not only for the theory that the tissues are better able to withstand the release of histamine as the result of pretreatment with this substance, but also that histamine is concerned in the mechanism of these various reactions.
Studies of Hemolytic Streptococcal Antibodies in Control Groups, Rheumatic Fever, and Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Mote John R. , Jones T. Duckett
Published: January 2023

Introduction. The technical procedures used in this study have been described, the specificity of the tests has been discussed, and the incidence of three types of antibodies to the hemolytic streptococcus in a control group has been reported (1) and will not be further reviewed.

It is the purpose of this and the succeeding papers to describe the methods of study and to present data relating to the antibody-patterns seen in hemolytic streptococcal infections in non-rheumatic and in rheumatic subjects as revealed by several types of analyses. We shall first describe methods of study, then examine and compare the results of analyses relating to the frequency of the occurrence of hemolytic streptococcal antibody-responses in these infections.

Methods of Study. Collection of material. Scarlet fever and hemolytic streptococcal respiratory-tract infection. Non-rheumatic patients with scarlet fever or hemolytic streptococcal respiratory-tract infections were seen within the first few days of their illness whenever possible.
Immunologic Properties of an Antigenic Material Isolated from Eberthella Typhosa
Authors: Morgan Herbert R.
Published: January 2023

An antigenic material has been prepared from cultures of E. typhosa grown in a synthetic medium. In small quantities it is lethal for mice and rabbits. In sub-lethal amounts the antigen induces leucopenia and fever in rabbits, and leucopenia in guinea pigs, rats and mice. Upon acid hydrolysis an innocuous acid-soluble material and an acid insoluble fraction possessing toxic properties are released. The intact antigen is heat stable. In immunized rabbits the antigen is still capable of inducing leucopenia and fever. Washed precipitates from mixtures of the antigen and an excess of antibody are still capable of causing these reactions when injected intravenously into normal rabbits. The antigen induces the Shwartzman reaction in rabbits when employed either as the preparatory or eliciting agent. The combination of antigen and antibody in the form of a precipitate will elicit the Shwartzman reaction in animals prepared by intracutaneous injection of the antigen. The precipitate has only relatively slight activity when used as the preparatory agent. The possible relationship of these findings to the immunologic behavior of the somatic antigen and to certain of the manifestations of typhoid fever are discussed.
The Effects of Enzymes on Ragweed-Pollen and Studies on the Iso-Electric Point of Low-Ragweed Antigen
Authors: Rockwell George E.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The acid-pepsin digestion of pollen-antigen does result in a definite loss in its activity. This loss is not due to digestion of the protein but to a decrease in the solubility of the pollen-antigen in the hydrochloric acid and to its oxidation. Such oxidation can be prevented by excluding oxygen during the process of digestion, or by the addition of dextrose. The iso-electric point of low-ragweed pollen-antigen, or of the protein which has absorbed large quantities of the active pollen-antigen, is pH 3.5. The preponderance of evidence as shown by this work and by the work of others indicates definitely that the enzymes of the gastro-intestinal tract destroy little, if any, of the pollenantigen. One can therefore reasonably conclude that, as far as its resistance to digestion is concerned, pollen-antigen is well adapted for oral therapy. This is particularly true if dextrose is given with the pollen.
Acquired Adaptation to the Anesthetic Effect of Steroid Hormones
Authors: Selye Hans
Published: January 2023

A number of steroid hormones as well as the artificial estrogen dihydroxydiethylstilbene cause anesthesia if given in sufficient dosage intraabdominally to the rat. The anesthesia thus produced by progesterone and desoxycorticosterone acetate (D.C.A.) is usually not complicated by any untoward overdosage symptoms. On the other hand, anesthetic doses of testosterone and dihydroxydiethylstilbestrol often cause tonic convulsions and sometimes fatal pulmonary edema.

In the case of daily intraabdominal injections, a high degree of adaptation to the anesthetic action of such steroids is rapidly acquired. Of the two most active anesthetic steroids, adaptation to progesterone is much more rapidly acquired than to D.C.A.

Rats which had been rendered resistant to the anesthetic action of a certain steroid usually exhibit a high degree of resistance to other steroids as well. Cholesterol, a steroid compound which does not produce anesthesia, is unable to impart such resistance to anesthetic steroids. These observations confirm the view that adaptation may be acquired not only to certain chemical substances but also to a certain pharmacological action (Selye '40b).

The high degree of resistance to the anesthetic action of steroid hormones, which has thus been produced by prolonged pretreatment, is not accompanied by the appearance in the blood of any demonstrable antihormones. It thus furnishes another example of an acquired hormone resistance without antihormone formation.
Studies of Passive Auto-Sensitization and Desensitization
Authors: Swineford Oscar , Mason W. Roy
Published: January 2023

Two hitherto unreported kinds of induced cutaneous phenomena are described and tentatively interpreted as examples of “reversed passive local auto-sensitization” and “desensitization of passively auto-sensitized sites.” So far these phenomena cannot be produced at will.
The Absolute Rate of the Phage-Antiphage Reaction
Authors: Hershey A. D.
Published: January 2023

The rate of initial combination of a coliphage and antiphage, as deduced from the rate of neutralization, is slower than that predicted on the assumption of perfect adsorption limited by diffusion. This result is confirmed by the relatively high temperature-coefficient, 2.0 for 10° rise in temperature. It is estimated that about one out of 500,000 collisions between the reactants results in combination at 0°C. Since the fraction of fruitful collisions increases rapidly with temperature, it is unlikely that the slowness of the reaction can be attributed to the requirement of specified mutual orientations between phage and antiphage for combination. The rate of reaction is relatively indifferent to pH and presumably to surface potential in the presence of electrolytes. The assumption that activated collisions consist of unoriented collisions between molecules sharing a minimal total kinetic energy of relative translation, leads to the most satisfactory kinetic formulation compatible with the experimental results. This assumption is incompatible with the mosaic hypothesis applied to the structure of simple antigens, and with any high degree of diversity among antibody-molecules. A hypothesis is suggested to account for some differences between the phage-antiphage and the pneumococcus-antipneumococcus reactions.
The Immunochemistry of Allergens
Authors: Coulson E. J. , Spies Joseph R. , Stevens Henry
Published: January 2023

Anaphylactogenic properties of three products obtained in the fractionation and purification of the principal allergenic component of cottonseed-embryo were investigated. Fractions designated CS-1, CS-5 (a picrate), and CS-13 (proteic component of CS-5 free from picric acid) were shown to cross react with each other and with unfractionated aqueous extract of cottonseed.
Studies on the Release of Histamine from the Blood Cells of the Rabbit by the Addition of Horse Serum or Egg Albumin in Vitro
Authors: Rose Bram , Browne J. S. L.
Published: January 2023

It was shown by Katz (1940) that incubation of the blood from a sensitized rabbit with the specific antigen in vitro resulted in the liberation of histamine from the cells into the plasma, thus demonstrating “anaphylaxis” in vitro. This was later confirmed by Dragstedt, Ramirez de Arellano and Lawton (1940).

It seemed that repetition of this experiment might be of interest particularly since it was previously shown that anaphylactic shock in the rabbit is accompanied by a marked and rapid decrease of the histamine-content of the whole blood, by a moderate decrease in that of the plasma (Rose and Weil, 1939), and by a diminution of the histamine-content of some of the tissues including the lung (Rose, 1940).

Methods. Adult (male and female) rabbits were used throughout. Six of these were sensitized by the intraabdominal injection of horse serum, receiving four doses of 2 ml each at two-day intervals.
Effect of Histaminase Pretreatment on Histamine Shock in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Rose Bram , Browne J. S. L.
Published: January 2023

In a previous paper, Karady and Browne (1) reported that histamine shock in guinea pigs could be markedly reduced in intensity if the animals were first treated with histaminase intravenously. The following method was used: Of thirty guinea pigs weighing from 250 to 300 grams, twenty were given 3 units of Torantil (T. 360) into the exposed jugular vein under light ether narcosis. In fifteen minutes when they had fully recovered, an injection of 4.0 mg of histamine was given intraabdominally. Ten control animals were injected with the same dose of histamine at the same time. Of the pretreated group 4 developed shock within twelve to fifteen minutes and only two died within thirty-five minutes. The remaining animals showed few symptoms. Out of the 10 control guinea pigs, 7 died within 10 minutes. From these findings, it was deduced that histaminase had a definite effect in vivo on histamine shock.
Immunological Relationship Between Spotted Fever and Exanthematic Typhus
Authors: Ruiz Castaneda M. , Silva Roberto
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The inoculation of a highly virulent strain of spotted fever virus into guinea-pigs recovered from typhus infection has shown that these animals are highly resistant to the new infection. There is a very low mortality rate as compared with normal animals and the duration of the febrile reaction is shorter. The transfer of the virus through a series of typhus-immune guinea-pigs shows a further decrease in activity for these animals, while the virus retains its virulence for normals.

Whether the typhus infection is orchitic or non-orchitic, including the typical Old World “Breinl” strain, seems to make no difference in the resistance to the spotted fever infection.

Cross-reactions with the technic of agglutination and of complement fixation are reported with spotted fever immune sera and typhus rickettsiae.

From the experimental data presented we conclude that there is a definite immunological overlapping between spotted fever and typhus infection.
The Use of Chick Embryo Tissues and Fluid as Antigens in the Complement Fixation Reaction in Influenza
Authors: Nigg Clara , Crowley James H. , Wilson Doris E.
Published: January 2023

The preparation of several complement-fixing antigens from the embryonic tissues and fluid of the developing chick has been described.

These several antigens have been studied with ferret immune sera and compared with mouse lung antigens in complement fixation reactions with human sera.

The experimental data show that of all the antigens investigated, that prepared from the embryonic fluid of the developing chick is the antigen of choice on the basis of potency, yield, specificity, physical properties, and ease of production.
The Relationship Between Constant-Antiserum and Constant-Antigen Optimal Ratios Obtained with Rat and Guinea-Pig Precipitin
Authors: Colwell Charlotte A. , Youmans Guy P.
Published: January 2023

Antisera from 14 of 16 rats and from 14 of 17 guinea pigs immunized with sheep serum required from 1 to 2 times as much antiserum for the optimal constant-antigen ratio as for the optimal constant-antiserum ratio. Calculation of the quotient of the constant-antigen ratio/constant-antiserum ratio from fine tests done on 6 rat and 8 guinea-pig antisera showed that approximately 1.6 times as much antiserum was required for the constant-antigen optimum as for the constant-antiserum optimum. This quotient is similar to that obtained by Taylor with rabbit precipitin for crystalline ovalbumin. The exceptions were either weakly flocculating antisera or those exhibiting more than one zone of flocculation. These exceptions might be explained either by individual animal variation or by postulating that the constant-antiserum optimal ratio represents the reaction of a different antigen-antibody system from that yielding the constant-antigen optimal ratio.

The constancy of this quotient, its similarity to the quotient of rabbit antiserum to crystalline ovalbumin, as well as the results of tests with serum proteins precipitated with ammonium sulphate, suggest that the majority of these animals responded to the intraäbdominal injection of sheep serum with circulating precipitins for only a few of the several antigens in sheep serum.
Development of Neutralizing Antibodies to the Viruses of Equine Encephalomyelitis (Western Strain) and St. Louis Encephalitis in the Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid of Man and Animals, Together with Recovery of the St. Louis Virus from the Blood of Monkeys
Authors: Howitt Beatrice F.
Published: January 2023

Neutralizing antibodies against the virus of western equine encephalomyelitis can be demonstrated in the cerebrospinal fluid of convalescent patients. Twenty-one or 26.2 per cent of 80 fluids tested were found to be positive. Twenty (31.2 per cent) of 64 sera from these 80 patients were also positive. All except 3 of the 20 gave positive reactions in both blood and spinal fluid. No neutralizing substances were demonstrated with fluids of negative sera. Antibodies were found in the fluids from 2 to 4 months after removal from the patients, and when taken at varying periods after 8 days from the onset.

Virus was recovered during the first few days from the blood and cisternal fluid of monkeys inoculated either intracutaneously or intracerebrally with the virus of equine encephalomyelitis alone (Br strain) and from the blood on the sixth, twelfth, twenty-fourth and seventy-second hours and fourth day of those inoculated by the same routes with the St. Louis virus alone.

Both viruses could be recovered at different intervals from the blood of those monkeys which received a mixture of the equine and St. Louis strains. Identification of the virus was determined by means of the neutralization test with known positive sera.

Antibodies to the western equine encephalomyelitic virus were demonstrated in the sera of 8 human cases taken prior to death and also in the serum of one experimental monkey. They were found at varying periods, ranging from 2 days after the onset of the equine disease to 9 months in 98 positive human sera tested. In 4 monkeys inoculated intracutaneously with the western equine virus, antibodies began to appear irregularly about the fifth or sixth day after injection and were more regularly present in 7 to 9 days, becoming progressively stronger through the fifth week. The neutralizing substances did not appear as early in the cerebrospinal fluid, but were found in small amounts by the eighth or ninth day, to become stronger by the tenth or eleventh. They either failed to appear or were only weakly positive in those animals running a fatal course after intracerebral inoculation of the equine virus.

Neutralizing substances were more difficult to demonstrate in the serum of the monkeys given the St. Louis virus intracutaneously. They appeared only occasionally after 14 days, but could be found within 9 to 14 days after intracerebral injection. The disease did not run a fatal course in these animals. In the mixed infection, with a single exception practically no antibodies developed against the St. Louis virus in either blood or spinal fluid following either route of inoculation.2
The Effect of Ninhydrin Upon Horse-Serum-Protein and Antibodies
Authors: Eggerth Arnold H.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Ninhydrin combines with some of the amino groups of serum-proteins, to produce altered proteins having new physical and chemical properties. Such ninhydrinized proteins are not coagulated by heat at reactions higher than pH 5.5. In salt-free solution, their isoelectric point is shifted toward the acid side. In the presence of salt they are insoluble at reactions lower than pH 5.0. They are more readily salted out by neutral salts than are the unaltered proteins. The blue pigment is readily formed from the albumin and pseudoglobulin of the serum, but to a lesser extent or not at all by the water-insoluble globulins. Thyphoid H-agglutinins are not injured by ninhydrin; they are considerably concentrated in the acid- and the salt-precipitates of ninhydrinized horse-serum. They are among the first of the proteins of immune horse-serum to be altered. Typhoid O-agglutinins and type I pneumococcal antibodies are partially destroyed by ninhydrin. Certain similarities as well as differences between the action of ninhydrin and formaldehyde upon serum-proteins and antibodies have been indicated and discussed.
A Test of the Alternation-(“Lattice”-)Hypothesis with Divalent and Trivalent Haptens
Authors: Hooker Sanford B. , Boyd William C.
Published: January 2023

A prediction of the alternation-(-“lattice”-“mutual-multi-valence”-“framework”) hypothesis that antibody and divalent hapten should precipitate, was tested with a variety of haptens. Unfavorable evidence was obtained; visible precipitation did not occur. In the absence of proof to the contrary, the possibility remains that the precipitation of divalent haptens by antibody observed by others is due to the fact that they were not molecularly dispersed, as Landsteiner originally suggested.
A Descriptive Theory of Specific Precipitation
Authors: Hershey A. D.
Published: January 2023

Conclusions have been stated at the end of each of the foregoing parts, and are discussed further in the following papers. A summary will be found in paper III.
A Descriptive Theory of Specific Precipitation
Authors: Hershey A. D.
Published: January 2023

In the preceding paper we have shown that it is possible to make explicit, often quantitative, predictions concerning the behavior of homogeneous precipitating systems conforming to the lattice-hypothesis. By direct comparison of these predictions with experimental data, we shall be able to judge the degree to which the underlying theory represents the facts. Certain limitations to the quantitative application of the theory should be recalled.

Whenever precipitates of the composition r ∼ g1 are encountered, a mechanism not postulated by the lattice-hypothesis is indicated. Any assumption sufficient to account for this mechanism will imply a deviation from the equilibria developed in the general theory. Independently of this mechanism, the single assumption that antigen and antibody are multivalent leads to further deviations postulated by the restricted theory. These effects, deriving from the theory itself, are predictable, however. They are of two kinds.