bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A numerical modelling of rotating substellar objects up to mass-shedding limits
Authors: Yoshida Shin’ichirou
Published: November 2022

Rotation may affect the occurrence of sustainable hydrogen burning in very low-mass stellar objects by the introduction of centrifugal force to the hydrostatic balance as well as by the appearance of rotational break-up of the objects (mass-shedding limit) for rapidly rotating cases. We numerically construct the models of rotating very low-mass stellar objects that may or may not experience sustained nuclear reaction (hydrogen-burning) as their energy source. The rotation is not limited to being slow so the effect of the rotational deformation of them is not infinitesimally small. Critical curves of sustainable hydrogen burning in the parameter space of mass versus central degeneracy, on which the nuclear energy generation balances the surface luminosity, are obtained for different values of angular momentum. It is shown that if the angular momentum exceeds the threshold $J_0=8.85\times 10^{48}\, {\rm erg}~{\rm s}$ the critical curve is broken up into two branches with lower and higher degeneracy because of the mass-shedding limit. Based on the results, we model mechano-thermal evolutions of substellar objects, in which cooling, as well as mass/angular momentum reductions, are followed for two simplified cases. The case with such external braking mechanisms as magnetized wind or magnetic braking is mainly controlled by the spin-down time-scale. The other case with no external braking leads to the mass-shedding limit after gravitational contraction. Thereafter the object sheds its mass to form a ring or a disc surrounding it and shrinks.
Evaluating chemically homogeneous evolution in stellar binaries: electromagnetic implications – ionizing photons, SLSN-I, GRB, Ic-BL
Authors: Ghodla Sohan , Eldridge J J , Stanway Elizabeth R , Stevance Héloïse F
Published: November 2022

We investigate the occurrence of rapid-rotation-induced chemically homogeneous evolution (CHE) due to strong tides and mass accretion in binaries. To this end, we generalize the relation in Packet to calculate the minimum angular momentum (AM) accretion required by a secondary star to experience accretion-induced CHE. Contrary to traditionally assumed 5–10 per cent accretion of initial mass (Z ≲ 0.004, M ≳ 20 M⊙) for spinning up the accretor (resulting in CHE), this value can drop to ∼2 per cent for efficient AM accretion, while for certain systems it could be substantially larger. We conduct a population study using bpass of evolving stars under the influence of strong tides in short-period binaries and also account for the updated effect of accretion-induced spin-up. We find accretion CHE (compared to tidal CHE) to be the dominant means of producing homogeneous stars even at 10 per cent AM accretion efficiency during mass transfer. Unlike tidal CHE, it is seen that CH stars arising due to accretion can retain a larger fraction of their AM till core collapse. Thus, we show that accretion CHE could be an important formation channel for energetic electromagnetic transients like gamma-ray bursts, Ic-BL (SLSN-I, Ic-BL) under the collapsar (magnetar) formalism, and a single CH star could lead to both the transients under their respective formation scenario. Lastly, we show that under the current treatment of CHE, the emission rate of ionizing photons by such stars decreases more rapidly at higher metallicities than previously predicted.
Copyright Enforcement
Authors: Ballhausen Miriam
Published: November 2022

This chapter focuses on the enforcement of rights in free and open source software (‘FOSS’). Aside from considering the whos, whats, whys, and hows of enforcement, the chapter also takes a look at the key arguments in relation to the enforcement of copyright in FOSS. The first is what an enforceable copyright is. Next, the chapter turns to the question of how copyright in FOSS can be enforced. The consistent enforcement of copyright in FOSS in Germany is then explored. Afterward, the chapter considers who can enforce copyright in FOSS, before dealing with the key arguments, alleged infringements, and court decisions on license compliance. This chapter is intended to answer these questions more broadly and especially to provide an overview over what to consider when facing or considering to bring a FOSS-related copyright enforcement action.
SPDX and Software Bill of Materials ISO/IEC 5962L 2021
Authors: Stewart Kate
Published: November 2022

This chapter discusses the Software Package Data Exchange (‘SPDX’) specification. SPDX defines a common language for communicating the components, licenses, security information, and copyrights associated with software. The SPDX specification describes the necessary sections and fields to produce a valid SPDX document. This grass-roots effort has had participation over the years from a wide variety of software developers, systems and tool vendors, foundations, and the legal community — all committed to creating a common language for products, components, and software packages to be able to exchange Software Bill of Materials (‘SBOM’) data efficiently and effectively. By providing a common syntax and vocabulary for organisations and communities to share this software bill of materials data, compliance can be automated, and this improved transparency facilitates vulnerability identification and remediation.
Corporate Concerns
Authors: Crick Toby
Published: November 2022

This chapter examines the role of open source software (‘OSS’) in the corporate world. There is an expectation today that enterprises utilise such tools and processes and need to demonstrate to investors and regulators alike that they have an adequate open source policy and processes in place. This chapter thus looks at code audits and the good practices around managing and logging the enterprise’s code base across proprietary third party tools, third party OSS tools, and its own internally produced code that an enterprise can deploy. It then considers how OSS can add value to a business or even become a valuable business in and of itself. Afterward, the chapter sets out how the process of mergers and acquisitions (‘M&A’), investment, and ultimately initial public offerings (‘IPO’) should be adapted where a key asset of a target business is OSS. Finally, investment around open source is explored.
Open Source Software and Security
Authors: Schulz Charles-H
Published: November 2022

This chapter considers OSS and cybersecurity. One of the arguments of the proponents of software freedom was and still is, that software developed publicly and collaboratively is fundamentally more secure than software developed in a black box with no transparency or external access to its source code. The contrarian thesis on the other hand argues that public and open access to source code was precisely a potential avenue for attackers to study the source code and then exploit vulnerabilities that are baked into the software from its inception. As it stands, however, both software development and distribution models are fundamentally at odds with proper security concerns and practices. If anything, the gap between the reality and the claimed advantages of each party was widening further down the road. This chapter thus explores the reality of these two assertions.
Economics of Open Source
Authors: Böhm Mirko
Published: November 2022

This chapter showcases the relationship between free and open source software (FOSS) and economics. FOSS is unique in that it is at the same time state of the art technology, a commodity, and a public good. FOSS communities are social groups of individual and organisational contributors that participate voluntarily in the production of public information goods. Furthermore, communities are able to resolve issues without the coordination provided by a central authority like the state. This shapes how FOSS collaboration relates to market competition and the value propositions of businesses. Today collaboration spans both unpaid or volunteer participation and industry contributions that are made in the course of employment or under the guidance of a commercial sponsor. This chapter develops a basic taxonomy based on a combination of the revenue model, the type of good, and the differentiating aspects of FOSS-based products.
Cloud Native Development, Containers, and Open Source Licensing
Authors: Fontana Richard
Published: November 2022

This chapter deals with containers, a Linux operating system feature that enables isolation of a user-space instance from the rest of the system. Given the abundance of open source software in containers, issues of open source license interpretation and compliance naturally arise in the container setting. One of the characteristics of the rapid rise of container technology adoption has been a perceived inattention to open source license compliance by many container users. To the extent this is a fair assessment, it may reflect the ease with which a user of container technology can assemble and distribute complex, open source-based software collections without awareness of their contents or associated licensing terms. At the same time, because containers may be new and unfamiliar to lawyers, they may be overly concerned about the impact of open source license obligations arising out of the use of containers.
Everything Open
Authors: Katz Andrew
Published: November 2022

This chapter focuses on ‘openness’. An increasing number of fields describe themselves as ‘open’. The term most frequently connotes access to, and the ability to reuse data and information, but within those connotations, there is a tension between maximising the use of content, and preventing it from being re-closed (use maximisation, and anti-closure). This is not all. Transparency in governance (including access to and influence of the decision making process) is frequently connoted by the term ‘open’, as is a rejection of structures which would allow dominance by a specific entity or group of entities: ‘lock-in’. The four connotations can be described as use-freedom, transparency, open participation, and anti-lock-in. An understanding of these four different connotations assists in determining the commonality between the many different open fields.
Race and Civil Procedure
Authors: Quintanilla Victor D.
Published: November 2022

This chapter discusses how race, racism, and structural inequalities are central to understanding the day-to-day operation of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (FRCP), and are yet obscured from most first-year Civil Procedure courses. It begins by examining the doorways of discretion, particularly within rules and standards that apply to pretrial case management. The chapter focuses on dispositive motions, which filter out claims and terminate litigation, and emphasize motions to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6). It then reflects on the social construction of race and racism. Because the FRCPs require judges to justify their decisions in legal opinions, dispositive motions become hidden sites where the legal construction of race and racism take place. Finally, the chapter explores the dominant perspective in the field that the FRCPs have evolved from a neutral, apolitical, and colorblind rule-making processes rather than from highly normative and partisan contestations. Over the past several decades, dominant interests and racial insiders have enacted reforms that impede the efforts of racial outsiders to use federal courts to realize rights and advance social equality.
Dealing with the Authoritarian Past
Authors: Raimundo Filipa
Published: November 2022

This chapter describes how Portugal has dealt with the legacies and memory of its authoritarian past since 1974, from a comparative perspective. It suggests that, since the 1980s, the legacies and memories of the authoritarian past have ceased to be salient and that related political divisions have not emerged. This is very different from what happens in most post-communist and, to a lesser extent, Latin American countries, where the authoritarian past remains a source of contention and, therefore, requires an explanation. The absence of an ‘authoritarian successor party’ and the presence of other overlapping and overshadowing legacies are therefore examined as potential explanations for the Portuguese pattern. This chapter concludes with some ideas for future research in this field.
Taxation and Accountability at the Local Level
Authors: Lopes da Fonseca Mariana
Published: November 2022

This chapter analyses the process of decentralization and the development of local autonomy in Portugal. It describes the evolution of intergovernmental fiscal relations, namely how state transfers, tax sharing arrangements, and municipal tax revenues have changed over time. The chapter also compares Portugal to other European countries in terms of revenue and expenditure decentralization, and the composition of local tax revenues. It reviews the literature on the distribution and management of public resources across and within municipalities, exposing the widespread opportunistic behaviour of multi-level politicians and lack of political accountability. It highlights the need to foster accountability at the local level by strengthening local fiscal autonomy, increasing transparency, and informing voters.
Secularism, Atheism, and Digital Media
Authors: Taira Teemu
Published: November 2022

The emergence and development of the digital media environment have facilitated the proliferation of new forms of religious practice and reshaped the more traditional ones. However, these developments apply to secularism and atheism, and it could be argued that increased awareness of secularism and atheism in the 21st century has been conditioned by digitalization. This chapter proceeds by mapping the existing research on secularism and atheism in digital religion studies and in media, religion, and culture, and then moves to an examination of how the development of digital media spaces has shaped and enlivened secularist and atheist practices. Three analytically separate but interconnected areas will be studied, starting from the most general societal level, proceeding to communities and associations, and finally focusing on atheist individuals and their digital networks.
Patient experiences with clinical confirmatory genetic testing after using direct-to-consumer raw DNA and third-party genetic interpretation services
Authors: Nguyen Dolphyn Tiffany T , Ormond Kelly E , Weissman Scott M , Kim Helen J , Reuter Chloe M
Published: November 2022

The availability of raw DNA and genetic interpretation tools allow individuals to access genetic health risk information, where analytical false-positives exist. Little is known about the experience of individuals who receive pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant(s) through raw DNA interpretation and follow-up with clinical confirmatory genetic testing. This qualitative study set out to describe the experiences of individuals who pursued clinical confirmatory genetic testing, including their perception of the process. Participants were recruited from social media and eligible if they discovered a potential pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant in a raw DNA interpretation report, completed clinical confirmatory genetic testing in the U.S., and provided documentation of those results. Individuals participated in semi-structured interviews, which were transcribed and inductively coded to identify themes. Of the 12 participants, 3 received clinical genetic testing results that confirmed pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants noted in raw DNA interpretation reports (confirmation positive), and 9 were not confirmed. Nearly all (n = 11) participants described emotional distress and information-seeking behavior as a coping mechanism after discovering a pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant in raw DNA interpretation. When pursuing confirmatory genetic testing, many (n = 9) faced challenges with finding knowledgeable healthcare providers and obtaining insurance coverage. Despite reporting concerns over raw DNA interpretation and a desire for more safeguards, almost all (n = 10) participants stated interest in using the service again. Overall, participants’ experiences reveal they find personal utility in raw DNA interpretation results and provide insight into opportunities for patient and provider education.
Successful Pregnancy and Cancer Outcomes With Ipilimumab and Nivolumab for Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Zambrana Francisco , Barbancho Carmen , Huelves Miriam , García de Santiago Belén , Martín Yolanda , Muñoz de Lengaria Marta , de Velasco Guillermo
Published: November 2022

Pregnancy and cancer share CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 as some of the immunomodulatory pathways that reshape the immune system from a destructive response to a state of tolerance to the fetus and the tumor, respectively. Ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4 inhibitor) and nivolumab (anti-PD-1 inhibitor) are used in combination for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma, and their use could theoretically result in an immune response against the fetus. Furthermore, these immune checkpoint inhibitors are immunoglobulin G antibodies that transfer from the mother to the fetus and may cause a direct toxicity. We present the first report of a metastatic renal cell carcinoma patient in which ipilimumab and nivolumab were successfully used starting in her first trimester of pregnancy, with sufficient follow-up to show favorable outcomes for both the mother and the child. We describe our management of this challenging case and we review the available evidence, coming from Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Studies and case reports of metastatic melanoma patients.
Cannabis use disorder in patients with chronic pain: overestimation and underestimation in a cross-sectional observational study in 3 German pain management centres
Authors: Bialas Patric , Böttge-Wolpers Claudia , Fitzcharles Mary-Ann , Gottschling Sven , Konietzke Dieter , Juckenhöfel Stephanie , Madlinger Albrecht , Welsch Patrick , Häuser Winfried
Published: November 2022

There are concerns that cannabis use disorder (CUD) may develop in patients with chronic pain prescribed medical cannabis (MC). The criteria for CUD according to the Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders Version 5 (DSM-5) were not developed for the identification of patients using cannabis for therapeutic reasons. In addition, some items of CUD might be attributed to the desire of the patient to relieve the pain. Therefore, alternative strategies are needed to identify the true prevalence of CUD in persons with chronic pain being treated with MC. The prevalence of CUD in patients with chronic pain according to the DSM-5 criteria was assessed using an anonymous questionnaire in 187 consecutive patients attending 3 German pain centres in 2021. Questionnaires were rated as follows: (1) all criteria included, (2) removal of items addressing tolerance and withdrawal, and (3) removal of positive items if associated with the desire to relieve pain. Abuse was assessed by self-report (use of illegal drugs and diversion and illegal acquisition of MC) and urine tests for illegal drugs. Physicians recorded any observation of abuse. Cannabis use disorder according to the DSM-5 criteria was present in 29.9%, in 13.9% when items of tolerance and withdrawal were removed, and in 2.1% when positive behaviour items were removed. In 10.7%, at least 1 signal of abuse was noted. Urine tests were positive for nonprescribed drugs (amphetamines and tranquilizer) in 4.8% of subjects. Physicians identified abuse in 1 patient. In this study, the DSM-5 criteria overestimated and physicians underestimated the prevalence of CUD in patients prescribed MC for chronic pain.
68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT and PET/MRI in Rectal Linitis Plastica Secondary to Prostate Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Zhao Qian , Dong Hui , Dong Aisheng , Zuo Changjing
Published: November 2022

Primary or secondary rectal linitis plastica is rare. We describe MRI, 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT, and PET/MRI findings in a case of rectal linitis plastica secondary to prostate adenocarcinoma. In this case, the rectal linitis plastica was the first manifestation of the prostatic adenocarcinoma, and the rectum was the only metastatic site of the prostate adenocarcinoma. The rectal wall showed circumferential thickening with a concentric ring pattern on MRI, and diffuse intense 68Ga-PSMA-11 uptake on PET/CT and PET/MRI. Familiarity with the imaging findings of rectal linitis plastica secondary to prostate adenocarcinoma may be helpful for recognition of this rare entity.
Neobacillus rhizosphaerae sp. nov., isolated from the rhizosphere, and reclassification of Bacillus dielmonensis as Neobacillus dielmonensis comb. nov.
Authors: Kämpfer Peter , Glaeser Stefanie P. , McInroy John A. , Clermont Dominique , Lipski André , Criscuolo Alexis
Published: November 2022

A Gram-stain-positive, facultative anaerobic endospore-forming bacterium, which originated from roots/rhizosphere of maize (Zea mays), was investigated for its taxonomic position. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, strain JJ-3T was grouped together with

Neobacillus

species showing the highest similarities to

Neobacillus bataviensis

(98.8 %) and the three species Neobacillus dendrensis,

Neobacillus soli

and

Neobacillus cucumis

(all 98.6 %). The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to the sequences of the type strains of other

Neobacillus

species were lower than 98.5 %. The average nucleotide identity, average amino acid identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization values between the JJ-3T genome assembly and those of the other

Neobacillus

type strains were <83, <85 and <27 %, respectively. Chemotaxonomic features supported the grouping of the strain to the genus Neobacillus, e.g. the major fatty acids were C15 : 0 anteiso and C15 : 0 iso, the polar lipid profile contained the major components diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine, and the major quinone was menaquinone MK-7. Physiological and biochemical test results were slightly different from those of the most closely related species. For this reason, JJ-3T represents a novel species of the genus

Neobacillus

, for which we propose the name Neobacillus rhizosphaerae sp. nov., with JJ-3T (= CIP 111895T=LMG 32087T=DSM 111784T=CCM 9084T) as the type strain. We also propose to reclassify

Bacillus dielmonensis

as Neobacillus dielmonensis comb. nov. based mainly on the results of phylogenomic and conserved signature indel analyses.
Genetic diversity and variation in antimicrobial-resistance determinants of non-serotype 2 Streptococcus suis isolates from healthy pigs
Authors: Kittiwan Nattinee , Calland Jessica K. , Mourkas Evangelos , Hitchings Matthew D. , Murray Susan , Tadee Pakpoom , Tadee Phacharaporn , Duangsonk Kwanjit , Meric Guillaume , Sheppard Samuel K. , Patchanee Prapas , Pascoe Ben
Published: November 2022

Streptococcus suis

is a leading cause of bacterial meningitis in South-East Asia, with frequent zoonotic transfer to humans associated with close contact with pigs. A small number of invasive lineages are responsible for endemic infection in the swine industry, causing considerable global economic losses. A lack of surveillance and a rising trend in clinical treatment failure has raised concerns of growing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among invasive

S. suis

. Gene flow between healthy and disease isolates is poorly understood and, in this study, we sample and sequence a collection of isolates predominantly from healthy pigs in Chiang Mai province, Northern Thailand. Pangenome characterization identified extensive genetic diversity and frequent AMR carriage in isolates from healthy pigs. Multiple AMR genes were identified, conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, lincosamides, tetracycline and macrolides. All isolates were non-susceptible to three or more different antimicrobial classes, and 75 % of non-serotype 2 isolates were non-susceptible to six or more classes (compared to 37.5 % of serotype 2 isolates). AMR genes were found on integrative and conjugative elements previously observed in other species, suggesting a mobile gene pool that can be accessed by invasive disease isolates. This article contains data hosted by Microreact.
Predicting Effectiveness of Antihypertensive Medications for Heart Failure based on Longitudinal Patient Records and Deep Learning
Authors: Chowdhury Shaika , Chen Yongbin , Ma Xiao , Dai Qiying , Yu Yue , Zong Nansu
Published: November 2022

Drug treatment for heart failure (HF) condition includes different medications. As patients could respond variably to a particular medication, being able to predict drug effectiveness is crucial for personalized treatment. Laboratory tests in EHR summarize different aspects of the patient’s physiological process related to a diagnosis, where blood pressure (BP) is deemed a critical hemodynamic parameter for HF prognosis. This work first proposes a novel method based on combinations of different clinical end points to generate the positive and negative samples corresponding to HF patients on whom the drug is effective and not effective respectively. We then formulate drug effectiveness prediction as a time series classification problem and experiment with several deep learning models, leveraging the temporal BP laboratory measurements from EHR as the features. Over thorough comparative evaluations among 3 categories of HF medications and two types of lab features, we achieved the best F1 performance of ∼0.97.
Multispecies autocatalytic RNA reaction networks in coacervates
Authors: Ameta Sandeep , Kumar Manoj , Chakraborty Nayan , Matsubara Yoshiya J , Prashanth S , Gandavadi Dhanush , Thutupalli Shashi
Published: November 2022

Robust and dynamic localization of self-reproducing autocatalytic chemistries is a key step in the realization of heritable and evolvable chemical systems. While autocatalytic chemical reaction networks already possess attributes such as heritable self-reproduction and evolvability, localizing functional multispecies networks within complex primitive phases, such as coacervates, has remained unexplored. Here, we show the self-reproduction of an RNA system within charge-rich coacervates where catalytic RNAs are produced by the autocatalytic assembly of constituent smaller RNA fragments. We systematically demonstrate the catalytic assembly of active ribozymes within phase-separated coacervates — both in micron sized droplets as well as a coalesced macrophase, underscoring the facility of the complex, charge-rich phase to support these reactions in multiple configurations. By constructing multispecies reaction networks, we show that these newly assembled molecules are active, participating both in self- and cross-catalysis within the coacervates. Finally, these collectively autocatalytic reaction networks endow unique compositional identities to the coacervates which in turn transiently protect the identity against external perturbations, due to differential molecular transport and reaction rates. Our results establish a compartmentalised chemical system possessing a compositional identity possessing a balance between robustness and variability required for chemical evolution.
Education in the Time of COVID-19: The Improvised Experiment of Virtual Assessments
Authors: Guevara Hidalgo Esteban
Published: November 2022

One of the aspects in which the COVID-19 pandemic impacted the most was education. Teachers and students had to face a new reality for which they were not prepared adapting in an improvised way new methods and strategies to teach and to learn. Within virtual education, exams reduced in some cases to multiple choice tests while others tried to mimic traditional (pen and paper) exams. In this paper, these two kind of evaluations are compared. Although the results appear to be similar, a deeper look shows that their structure is completely different and some groups of students are unfairly harmed or benefited depending on the assessment applied. Beyond analyzing the reasons of this discrepancy, it is determined that for some type of evaluation, at least 21.1% of students maybe passing a course irregularly meanwhile, at least 5.5% could be failing a course despite their actual capabilities.
Do newcomers with high political skill benefit more from the formal mentoring program?
Authors: Liu Jia , Yao Li , Cai Di , Liu Shengming
Published: November 2022

Purpose

Previous research on the factors influencing mentoring received has primarily focused on protégés' personalities and the similarity between protégés and mentors, whereas understanding on the role of protégés' skills is still limited. Drawing upon the social influence theory, this study investigated how newcomers' political skill influences newcomers' mentoring received and further affects newcomers' socialization outcomes (i.e. person-organization fit perception [P-O fit], performance proficiency and well-being).

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected from 255 newcomers at a large Chinese information and technology (IT) company using a three-wave, time-lagged design.

Findings

The authors found that newcomers' political skill positively predicted mentoring received, which in turn positively affected newcomers' socialization outcomes.

Originality/value

These findings indicate that political skill enables newcomers to exert social influence on organizational insiders to achieve desirable socialization outcomes, enlarging both the mentoring and political skill literature.
Is job autonomy really a blessing for empowering leadership–intrapreneurial behaviour nexus?: empirical evidence for situational strength theory
Authors: Alam Muhammad Zubair , Rafiq Muhammad , Rehman Sumaira , Nasir Sobia
Published: November 2022

Purpose

In this study, the situation strength theory (SST) has been applied to assess the predictability of empowering leadership (EL) in explaining intrapreneurial behaviour (IB) under the strong situation effect of job autonomy (JA).

Design/methodology/approach

The proposed theoretical framework was assessed using cross-sectional survey data from 237 engineers employed in Pakistan's automotive firms. Covariance-based structural equation modelling (CB-SEM) was used to analyse the survey data.

Findings

The study's results revealed a positive relationship of EL with JA and IB. Drawing from the conceptualisation of SST, JA serves as an organisational strong situation by offering sufficient cues and significantly intensifies the relationship between EL and IB.

Practical implications

The study contributes by establishing the requirement of strong organisational situations for nurturing IB in organisations. The study's outcomes are useful for academia, practitioners and industry to identify strong situations for employees' organisational behavioural outcomes like IB to dampen the personality impacts of employees on organisational processes. Hence, the study offered a major shift or an alternative in existing human resource practices, from personality assessments to creating cues from strong situations for fostering human behaviours. This will impact organisational human resource management scope during talent management, selection, promotion and employment.

Originality/value

The present study is novel from the IB investigation due to situational response in organisations, as assessed by employees. The study contributes towards SST by extending its epistemology to explain IB as an outcome of EL. The present study offers important empirical evidence for the role of the strong organisational situation of JA.
Towards a consumer social behavior theory for sharing economy: an integrated view
Authors: Abutaleb Soha , El-Bassiouny Noha , Hamed Sara
Published: November 2022

Purpose

The current study is exploring factors affecting social and sharing behavioral intentions. The paper proposes a new theory, the consumer social behavior theory, which aids in understanding social behaviors. This is through the convergence of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and norm activation theory (NAT) to foster the understanding of sharing and social behaviors. Religiosity, as a cultural and psychological factor, along with five major predictors of sharing practices are also incorporated. These predictors are economic benefits, sustainability, enjoyment, trust and difficulties in sharing practices.

Design/methodology/approach

The current study takes a new route through proposing a new theoretical contribution and developing a new theory termed consumer social behavior theory (CSBT) to be commonly used in social behavioral contexts.

Findings

The CSBT is an output of integrating two prominent theories in pro-social and pro-environmental contexts. It is found that integrating both theories help in thoroughly examining behavioral intentions. Religiosity is found to significantly impact intentions towards social behaviors, yet no study examined its role in sharing and social behaviors contexts.

Originality/value

This study is contributing to and enriching the sharing economy research domain through new theoretical developments. A theory adaptation for TPB and NAT was conducted to advance a thorough understanding of sharing and social behavioral intentions. This work is considered the first of its kind to develop an integrated view for sharing and social behaviors.
Interrupting the conversation: Donald MacKinnon, wartime tutor of Anscombe, Midgley, Murdoch and Foot
Authors: Mac Cumhaill Clare , Wiseman Rachael
Published: November 2022

Elizabeth Anscombe, Mary Midgley, Iris Murdoch and Philippa Foot all studied at Oxford University during the Second World War. One of their wartime tutors was Donald MacKinnon. This paper gives a broad overview of MacKinnon's philosophical outlook as it was developing at this time. Four talks from between 1938 and 1941—‘And the Son of Man That Thou Visiteth Him’ (1938), ‘What Is a Metaphysical Statement?’ (1940), ‘The Function of Philosophy in Education’ (1941) and ‘Revelation and Social Justice’ (1941)—give a foretaste of the conception of moral philosophy that he later articulated in A Study of Ethical Theory (1957). We identify aspects of his philosophical outlook and unusual treatment of method that likely shaped his teaching. We trace his influence in the work of Midgley, Murdoch and Foot, all of whom studied with him from Trinity Term 1940 until their finals in 1942. In the case of Anscombe, though she was briefly his student—he taught her Plato—she and MacKinnon moved in shared intellectual circles, and there is reason to think that some of the forces that shaped MacKinnon's outlook also shaped hers. The sketch we offer is incomplete—in particular, we are not able to do justice to MacKinnon's explicitly theological writings—but we hope to achieve three things. First, to go some way towards indicating the importance of the teacher MacKinnon to understanding the work of his better-known pupils. Second, to introduce a philosopher for whom the teaching of philosophy, practical ethics and metaphysical theory were deeply entwined. Third, to reflect on the relationship between, on the one hand, a conception of the practice and significance of metaphysics and, on the other, a view on the role and nature of philosophical teaching and learning.
The role of vocabulary components in second language learners' early reading comprehension
Authors: Röthlisberger Martina , Zangger Christoph , Juska‐Bacher Britta
Published: November 2022

Background

In countries with German as an official language, children with German as a second language perform overall worse in school than their German native speaking peers. This particularly affects written language skills, which require advanced language knowledge. The reasons are manifold, but one is prominent, namely poor vocabulary knowledge. Vocabulary, however, consists not only of the number of known words but also of a complex and hitherto under‐researched lexico‐semantic framework, which is referred to as vocabulary depth.

Method

In the present study, a sample of 373 children (322 German native speakers and 51 with German as a second language) was examined longitudinally in Grade 2 and 3 for their reading comprehension and vocabulary breadth and depth. Vocabulary depth was defined as relational and semantic word knowledge. Latent change score models on vocabulary breadth and depth development including reading precursor skills, non‐verbal intelligence and SES were conducted.

Results

The children with German as a second language scored lower than the native German speakers in reading and vocabulary tests, with the difference in vocabulary depth being more pronounced than in vocabulary breadth. Importantly, the differences did not tend to diminish over time, which could have been expected. The differences in reading comprehension can be accounted for mainly by the variations in vocabulary, especially in vocabulary depth.

Conclusions

These findings emphasise the importance of including not only vocabulary breadth but also vocabulary depth in the context of reading research on children who do not speak the majority language.
Issues in calibrating models with multiple unbalanced constraints: the significance of systematic model and data errors
Authors: Cameron David , Hartig Florian , Minnuno Francesco , Oberpriller Johannes , Reineking Björn , Van Oijen Marcel , Dietze Michael
Published: November 2022

Calibrating process‐based models using multiple constraints often improves the identifiability of model parameters, helps to avoid several errors compensating each other and produces model predictions that are more consistent with underlying processes. However, using multiple constraints can lead to predictions for some variables getting worse. This is particularly common when combining data sources with very different sample sizes. Such unbalanced model‐data fusion efforts are becoming increasingly common, for example when combining manual and automated measurements.

Here we use a series of simulated virtual data experiments that aim to demonstrate and disentangle the underlying cause of issues that can occur when calibrating models with multiple unbalanced constraints in combination with systematic errors in models and data. We propose a diagnostic tool to help identify whether a calibration is failing due to these factors. We also test the utility of adding terms representing uncertainty in systematic model/data systematic error in calibrations.

We show that unbalanced data by itself is not the problem—when fitting simulated data to the ‘true’ model, we can correctly recover model parameters and the true dynamics of latent variables. However, when there are systematic errors in the model or the data, we cannot recover the correct parameters. Consequently, the modelled dynamics of the low data volume variables departs significantly from the true values. We demonstrate the utility of the diagnostic tool and show that it can also be used to identify the extent of the imbalance before the calibration starts to ignore the more sparse data. Finally, we show that representing uncertainty in model structural errors and data biases in the calibration can greatly improve the model fit to low‐volume data, and improve coverage of uncertainty estimates.

We conclude that the underlying issue is not one of sample size or information content per se, despite the popularity of ad hoc approaches that focus on ‘weighting’ datasets to achieve balance. Our results emphasize the importance of considering model structural deficiencies and data systematic biases in the calibration of process‐based models.
The in vitro effects of selected substances and nanomaterials against Diaporthe eres, Diplodia seriata and Eutypa lata
Authors: Štůsková Kateřina , Pečenka Jakub , Tekielska Dorota Anna , Špetík Milan , Bytešníková Zuzana , Švec Pavel , Ondreáš František , Ridošková Andrea , Richtera Lukáš , Adam Vojtěch , Eichmeier Aleš
Published: November 2022

Grapevine trunk pathogens (GTPs) cause serious damage to grapevines and have significant economic impacts. There is no effective protection against grapevine trunk diseases. Newly designed AgSe nanoparticles (NPs) and CuSe NPs, single‐element Ag NPs, Cu NPs, Se NPs and selected chemicals or chemical agents such as sodium arsenite, 8‐hydroxyquinoline, silver nitrate, colloidal silver, Altron Silver fertilizer and silver thiosulfate complex (NH4)3/Ag(S2O3)2 were tested in vitro against two serious GTPs Diaporthe eres, Eutypa lata and Diplodia seriata isolated from walnut. The most significant inhibition of fungal growth was observed for silver nitrate and AgSe NPs, which showed the highest level of half the maximum effective EC50 concentration with the lowest concentrations. In the case of silver nitrate at a concentration of 1000 mg L−1, 79% inhibition of mycelial growth was observed for the pathogen E. lata, 48% for D. seriata and 54% for D. eres. AgSe NPs, in which the concentration of silver is 2588 mg L−1 and that of selenium is 902 mg L−1, showed 68% inhibition of mycelial growth in the pathogen E. lata, 54% in D. seriata and 58% in D. eres.
Combined plasma levels of IL‐10 and testosterone, but not soluble HLA‐G5, predict the risk of death in COVID‐19 patients
Authors: Amodio Giada , Capogrosso Paolo , Pontillo Marina , Tassara Michela , Boeri Luca , Carenzi Cristina , Cignoli Daniele , Ferrara Anna Maria , Ramirez Giuseppe A. , Tresoldi Cristina , Locatelli Massimo , Santoleri Luca , Castagna Antonella , Zangrillo Alberto , De Cobelli Francesco , Tresoldi Moreno , Landoni Giovanni , Rovere‐Querini Patrizia , Ciceri Fabio , Montorsi Francesco , Salonia Andrea , Gregori Silvia
Published: November 2022

Background

The identification of biomarkers correlated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) outcomes is a relevant need for clinical management. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection is characterized by elevated interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐10, HLA‐G, and impaired testosterone production.

Objectives

We aimed at defining the combined impact of sex hormones, interleukin‐10, and HLA‐G on COVID‐19 pathophysiology and their relationship in male patients.

Materials and methods

We measured by chemiluminescence immunoassay, electrochemiluminescent assays, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay circulating total testosterone, 17β‐estradiol (E2), IL‐10, and ‐HLAG5 as well as SARS‐CoV‐2 S1/S2 Immunoglobulin G from 292 healthy controls and 111 COVID‐19 patients with different disease severity at hospital admission, and in 53 COVID‐19 patients at 7‐month follow‐up.

Results and discussion

We found significantly higher levels of IL‐10, HLA‐G, and E2 in COVID‐19 patients compared to healthy controls and an inverse correlation between IL‐10 and testosterone, with IL‐10, progressively increasing and testosterone progressively decreasing with disease severity. This correlation was lost at the 7‐month follow‐up. The risk of death in COVID‐19 patients with low testosterone increased in the presence of high IL‐10. A negative correlation between SARS‐CoV‐2 Immunoglobulin G and HLA‐G or IL‐10 at hospitalization was observed. At the 7‐month follow‐up, IL‐10 and testosterone normalized, and  HLA‐G decreased.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that combined evaluation of IL‐10 and testosterone predicts the risk of death in men with COVID‐19 and support the hypothesis that IL‐10 fails to suppress excessive inflammation by promoting viral spreading.
Outcome after veno‐arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in elderly patients: A 14‐year single‐center experience
Authors: Provaznik Zdenek , Philipp Alois , Müller Thomas , Kostiantyn Kozakov , Lunz Dirk , Schmid Christof , Floerchinger Bernhard
Published: November 2022

Background

Use of veno‐arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA‐ECMO) in elderly patients is controversial because of presumed poor outcome. Our primary aim was to determine the influence of advanced age on short‐ and long‐term outcome; the secondary aim was to analyze risk factors for impaired outcome.

Methods

Between January 2006 and June 2020, 645 patients underwent VA‐ECMO implantation in our department. The patients were categorized into four groups:<50, 50–59.9, 60–69.9 and ≥70 years old. Data were retrospectively analyzed for short‐ and long‐term outcome. Risk factors for in‐hospital mortality and mortality during follow‐up were assessed using multivariate regression analysis.

Results

VA‐ECMO support duration was comparable in all age groups (median 3 days). Weaning rates were 60.8%/n = 104 (<50 years), 51.4%/n = 90 (50–59.9 years), 58.8%/n = 107 (60–69.9), and 67.5%/n = 79 (≥70, p = 0.048). Hospital mortality was highest in the patients aged 50–59.9 years (68%/n = 119), but not in the elderly patients (60–69.9, ≥70:62.1%/n = 113, 58,1%/n = 68). At discharge, the cerebral performance category scores were superior in the patients <50 years. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed chronic kidney failure requiring hemodialysis, duration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and elevated blood lactate levels before VA‐ECMO, but not age as predictors of in‐hospital mortality. Cox's regression disclosed age as relevant risk factor for death during follow‐up. The patients' physical ability was comparable in all age groups.

Conclusion

VA‐ECMO support should not be declined in patients only because of advanced age. Mortality and neurological status at hospital discharge and during follow‐up were comparable in all age groups.
Randomised clinical trial: effects of MD‐7246 on irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea
Authors: Lembo Anthony , Kuo Braden , Boinpally Ramesh , Li Ella , Mallick Madhuja , Bochenek Wieslaw , Bartolini Wilmin
Published: November 2022

Background

MD‐7246, a delayed‐release formulation of linaclotide, is designed to target the ileocaecal junction and caecum with the aim of relieving abdominal pain independently of bowel function.

Aims

To evaluate the efficacy, safety and dose–response of MD‐7246 in patients with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea (IBS‐D).

Methods

A randomised, double‐blind, phase 2 clinical trial enrolled adult patients with IBS‐D (Rome IV criteria). Patients were randomised to placebo or once‐daily oral MD‐7246 300, 600 or 1200 μg for 12 weeks. Abdominal and bowel symptoms were assessed daily. Key efficacy endpoints were change from baseline in abdominal pain and responder rates for a 30% reduction in abdominal pain in 6/12 weeks. Additional abdominal pain responder and exploratory bowel function endpoints were also assessed.

Results

Among the 388 randomised patients, there was no significant difference in mean change from baseline in abdominal pain between the MD‐7246 300 μg, 600 μg and 1200 μg groups and placebo (−1.93, −1.58, −1.95 and − 2.01, respectively; p > 0.05 for each group vs placebo). The abdominal pain responder rates in the MD‐7246 groups were similar to or lower than those in the placebo group. All doses of MD‐7246 had a minimal effect on bowel function and were generally well tolerated.

Conclusions

MD‐7246 at the doses studied did not improve abdominal pain relative to placebo in an IBS‐D patient population. Similarly, most additional efficacy endpoints showed no improvement with MD‐7246 relative to placebo.