bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Union Membership in Post‐Socialist East Germany: Who Participates in Collective Action?
Authors: Frege Carola M.
Published: January 2009

This study has two aims: first, to examine the hypothesis that East German union members are strongly individualistic, instrumental and passive with regard to participation in collective activities; second, to test a selection of social psychological theories of willingness to participate in collective action, in a post‐socialist context. A survey of members of the textile union provided some initial indication that union members in East Germany do not behave in a significantly different way from their Western counterparts with regard to their willingness to become active. Regression analysis revealed two major antecedents of participation: perceived instrumentality of collective action, and union identity.
The Collapse of Compulsory Unionism? Collective Organization in Highly Unionized British Companies, 1979–1991
Authors: Wright Martyn
Published: January 2009

This paper examines compulsory union membership in 50 highly unionized companies between 1979 and 1991. One hundred per cent membership has collapsed among non‐manuals. Post‐entry 100% membership remains in the majority of manual units, as does the pre‐entry closed shop among craft workers. Fewer written union membership agreements, and more unwritten verbal agreements and unofficial understandings, were evident. This pattern is accounted for by the interplay of four factors: product market competition, managerial indulgency, workplace collective organization and labour turnover.
An Explanation of Top Executive Pay: A UK Study
Authors: McKnight Phillip J.
Published: January 2009

This study extends prior research by separating executive remuneration into salary and annual bonus for the purpose of empirically verifying their determinants. A model is introduced to estimate the extent to which pay and its determinants are related. Based on a net sample of 90 large UK firms, salary was found to be strongly related to firm size, as opposed to annual bonus, which was modestly associated with both firm performance and size. An important discovery was that salary showed no relationship to a firm's economic performance. The inability to find any association between salary and performance suggests that each component of pay has a different set of determining factors.
ENVY'S NARRATIVE SCRIPTS: CYPRIAN, BASIL, AND THE MONASTIC SAGES ON THE ANATOMY AND CURE OF THE INVIDIOUS EMOTIONS
Authors: BLOWERS PAUL M.
Published: January 2009

Incorporating Martha Nussbaum's work on the “intelligence” of human emotions in Greco‐Roman moral philosophy, Robert Kaster's analysis of the “narrative scripts” of rivalrous emotions in antiquity, and René Girard's insights into the role of “mimetic desire” in human envy, this article explores the strategies of two major early Christian bishops, Cyprian and Basil of Caesarea, to “read” and to cure the variant scripts of envy and related invidious passions in concrete ecclesial contexts. The article also examines certain monastic theologians in late antiquity who aspired to preempt invidious passions by encouraging salutary scripts of competition in virtue that realized equality of honor in their respective communities.
POETRY AGAINST EVIL: A BULGAKOVIAN THEOLOGY OF POETRY1
Authors: McDERMOTT RYAN
Published: January 2009

The essay introduces Sergei Bulgakov's theology of creation and evil in order to develop a theology of language, conceiving language as the path along which humans receive their own givenness, but also participate in the creation of the world. Poetry's attention to the difficulty of language, its acceptance of artificial disciplines, and its nonrational mode of knowledge uniquely attune it to language's creative—and destructive—potential. Like a monastery for language, poetry enacts a linguistic askesis, schooling its language and its readers in conversion. The essay includes a close reading of Gjertrud Schnackenberg's poem, “Supernatural Love.” A conclusion situates the essay's program for a theology of literature in relation to Henri de Lubac's work on spiritual exegesis and Hans Urs von Balthasar's use of literature in his theology.
NO WEREWOLVES IN THEOLOGY? TRANSCENDENCE, IMMANENCE, AND BECOMING‐DIVINE IN GILLES DELEUZE
Authors: SHERMAN JACOB HOLSINGER
Published: January 2009

This essay adds a theological voice to the current debate over the legacy of Gilles Deleuze. It discusses Peter Hallward's charge that Deleuze is best read as a mystical, theophanic philosopher who values creativity to the detriment of real creatures. It argues that while Hallward is right to discern a flight from bodies, relations, and politics in Deleuze, this is due not to Deleuze's contemplative mysticism, but rather to his strident rejection of any transcendence. The essay then draws upon Thomas Merton in order to argue that only a fully contemplative engagement with transcendence allows us to save the sort of radical becoming that Deleuze sought but couldn't achieve.
K. H. TING'S CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONTEXTUALIZATION OF CHRISTIANITY IN CHINA
Authors: RUOKANEN MIIKKA
Published: January 2009

The spirituality and theology of Chinese Protestant believers and pastors is rooted in the profoundly conservative Evangelical‐revivalist and Pietistic missionary background of the Chinese church. Bishop K. H. Ting (b. 1915), the most prominent church leader and theologian of the Protestant church of China during the last decades, intends to broaden the narrow theological scope of the Chinese Christians. He emphasizes Trinitarian theology, natural theology, the theology of creation, and ethical principles common to all human beings. On the basis of these concepts, Ting attempts to find points of contact between the Christian faith, on the one hand, and traditional Chinese culture and modern secular Chinese society, on the other.

Some critics of K. H. Ting claim that he is trying to introduce into Chinese Christianity liberal theological views which would eventually destroy some of the main pillars of the Evangelical faith. The present essay argues that this, in fact, is not the case; rather, K. H. Ting speaks for theological perspectives which belong to the theological mainstream, the ecumenical heritage of classical theology commonly accepted by a large number of both Protestant and Catholic theologians.

Moreover, the essay points out that the contextualization of Christianity in China has been successful in adapting the Christian faith and life to the social, historical, and political context where the Chinese Christians live today. But the cultural aspect of contextualization, or inculturation, is just in the beginning. Younger Chinese theologians have a great challenge in facing the question: How to relate the Gospel of Jesus Christ to five thousand years of Chinese cultural experience, and how to connect this with various global cultural, economic, and other influences which so deeply affect the life of all people on this planet?
FRIENDSHIP AS A MODE OF THEOLOGICAL ENGAGEMENT: DAVID FORD'S EXPLORATION OF CHRISTIAN WISDOM
Authors: TORRANCE IAIN
Published: January 2009

David Ford's Christian Wisdom is offered in the context of navigating between a theology articulated abstractly and a theology engaged with human practicalities. He explores the notion of love of God for God's sake, love of God purged of any desire for benefit, and an understanding what it is to do theology within earshot of the cries of those in distress. These themes are brought into intense dialogue with the teaching of Jesus, the Shoah, and the book of Job. Subsequently, the understanding of Christian wisdom is tested against the inter‐faith wisdom disclosed in Scriptural Reasoning, in understanding the formation of Christian wisdom through the evolution and re‐invention of universities especially after trauma, and the interpersonal wisdom sought in the communities of L'Arche.
Immigration and Pension Benefits in the Host Country
Authors: LACOMBA JUAN A. , LAGOS FRANCISCO
Published: January 2009

This paper examines the role that low‐skilled immigration plays in determining pension benefits of the host population. With an overlapping‐generations model which allows identifying which groups of native population are in favour or against immigration, we find that despite immigrants having low average productivity, an open borders policy would be implemented since most of current domestic cohorts gain from immigration. Only younger workers might be against immigration since they will coincide with immigrants in their retirement periods. Moreover, we show how a larger immigrant quota would increase the probability of a Pareto improvement for the current domestic population.
Partnership structures and agendas and managers' assessments of stakeholder outcomes
Authors: O'Dowd John , Roche William K.
Published: January 2009

The theory of workplace partnership suggests that partnership structures combining strategic and operational arrangements and addressing substantively significant agendas of broad scope should lead to positive outcomes for the main stakeholder groups: employers, employees and unions. Data from a survey of managers involved in all known partnerships in unionised companies in the Republic of Ireland in 2000 are used to distinguish ‘integrated business partnerships’, where such structures and agendas prevail, and ‘exploratory partnerships’ characterised by operational or strategic structures only and relatively sparse or narrow agendas. Managers involved in integrated business partnerships are shown to assess more positively a range of current and expected outcomes of significance for each stakeholder group. However, managers' assessments and expectations also point towards a bias in favour of employer interests in the outcomes of integrated business partnerships. The theoretical and policy implications of the results are considered.
Employment relations, cost minimisation and inter‐organisational contracting
Authors: Vincent Steve , Grugulis Irena
Published: January 2009

This article explores and theorises the employment relations consequences of cost minimisation in the management of inter‐organisational contracts for less‐skilled work. Case‐study data reveal that cost minimisation creates and exacerbates employment relations problems, with the ‘success’ of particular tactics dependent on the relative tractability of broader economic conditions and social relationships.
Strike and changing workplace relations in a Chinese global factory
Authors: Chan Chris King‐Chi
Published: January 2009

This article engages with the debate around global capitalism and labour politics in the context of China. Data were drawn from fieldwork on a Taiwanese‐invested factory, where a strike was staged in 2004 spreading from one department to the whole factory. After it ended, the protest encouraged further struggles in the factory and inspired workers in other factories. While the original‐place‐based networks and their attached gangsters had previously divided and pacified workers, the function of place‐based networks and gangsters were dramatically changed in favour of the workers' interests during the strike. The author further argues that the expansion of capitalism in China has raised the marketplace and workplace power of workers but their associational power is impeded by the state socialist legacy.
R58fs Mutation in the HGD Gene in a Family with Alkaptonuria in the UAE
Authors: Abdulrazzaq Yousef M , Ibrahim Ahmed , Al‐Khayat Abdullah I , Nagelkerke Nicolaas , Ali Bassam R
Published: January 2009

This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of alkaptonuria in the UAE population and to identify the genotype of affected individuals. In a 3 stage sampling technique 2981 pupils from Government schools in Al Ain and private schools in Dubai were selected to take part in the study, of whom 2857 provided urine samples. Urine collected was analysed for homogentisic acid by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Genomic DNA was isolated from the white blood cells of all family members of the affected case following standard established protocols. Specific PRC primers were designed to amplify all 14 exons of the HGD gene with the flanking intronic sequences including the splice site sequences. 2857 children returned a viable urine sample, of which one was highly positive for homogentisic acid. All 12 members of this girl's family were studied and one, a 22 year old brother, was found to excrete HGA. Another, a sister who had not provided a urine sample, was discovered by genetic testing. There were no complaints of joint pain or other symptoms in any member of this family. Parents were first cousins. We found a single nucleotide deletion c.342delA, located in exon 3, which resulted in a frameshift at amino acid position 58 (p.Arg58fs or p.R58fs). Alkaptonuria may be more common than it is thought to be with an allele prevalence estimated at 0.0107 (95% CI 0.000392 – 0.03473). The R58fs mutation is old, perhaps having occurred several thousand years ago, and has spread over a large geographical area.
Morphological and biochemical analyses of otoliths of the ice‐fish Chionodraco hamatus confirm a common origin with red‐blooded species
Authors: Motta Chiara Maria , Avallone Bice , Balassone Giuseppina , Balsamo Giuseppe , Fascio Umberto , Simoniello Palma , Tammaro Stefania , Marmo Francesco
Published: January 2009

The morphology and composition of the three otoliths of the Antarctic ice‐fish Chionodraco hamatus were studied by scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. The composition of the sagitta, lapillus and asteriscus protein matrices was also analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, western blots and confocal laser scanning microscopy to reveal the presence of and to localize the calcium‐binding proteins calmodulin, calbindin and S‐100. Morphological results indicated that the otoliths in this ice‐fish were similar to those of Trematomus bernacchii, a red‐blooded Antarctic species [B. Avallone et al. (2003) J. Submicrosc. Cytol. Pathol. 35, 69–76], but rather different from those of other teleosts. These two Antarctic species possessed a completely vateritic asteriscus, whereas their sagitta and lapillus were made mostly of aragonite. Parallel analysis of protein patterns in C. hamatus and T. bernacchii revealed that the sagitta significantly differed from the lapillus and asteriscus in both species. The sagitta did not contain the S‐100 protein and showed calmodulin and calbindin located in discontinuous or incremental zones, respectively. These results demonstrate that the otoliths of C. hamatus and T. bernacchii share more resemblances than differences and support the idea of a common origin of these species.
Mandibular corpus bone strain in goats and alpacas: Implications for understanding the biomechanics of mandibular form in selenodont artiodactyls
Authors: Williams Susan H. , Vinyard Christopher J. , Wall Christine E. , Hylander William L.
Published: January 2009

The goal of this study is to clarify the functional and biomechanical relationship between jaw morphology and in vivo masticatory loading in selenodont artiodactyls. We compare in vivo strains from the mandibular corpus of goats and alpacas to predicted strain patterns derived from biomechanical models for mandibular corpus loading during mastication. Peak shear strains in both species average 600–700 µɛ on the working side and approximately 450 µɛ on the balancing side. Maximum principal tension in goats and alpacas is directed at approximately 30° dorsocaudally relative to the long axis of the corpus on the working side and approximately perpendicular to the long axis on the balancing side. Strain patterns in both species indicate primarily torsion of the working‐side corpus about the long axis and parasagittal bending and/or lateral transverse bending of the balancing‐side corpus. Interpretation of the strain patterns is consistent with comparative biomechanical analyses of jaw morphology suggesting that in goats, the balancing‐side mandibular corpus is parasagittally bent whereas in alpacas it experiences lateral transverse bending. However, in light of higher working‐side corpus strains, biomechanical explanations of mandibular form also need to consider that torsion influences relative corpus size and shape. Furthermore, the complex combination of loads that occur along the selenodont artiodactyl mandibular corpus during the power stroke has two implications. First, added clarification of these loading patterns requires in vivo approaches for elucidating biomechanical links between mandibular corpus morphology and masticatory loading. Second, morphometric approaches may be limited in their ability to accurately infer masticatory loading regimes of selenodont artiodactyl jaws.
Immunocytochemical localization of MG1 mucin in human bulbourethral glands
Authors: Piludu M. , Hand A. R. , Cossu M. , Piras M.
Published: January 2009

Salivary mucins MG1 and MG2 have been found in the oral cavity where they perform several functions such as the formation of the mucous layer covering the oral mucosa and teeth. Recent studies have demonstrated their presence in other organs and tissues. The aim of this study was to determine their expression in human bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands. Normal bulbourethral glands were obtained at surgery and fixed in a mixture of 1% paraformaldehyde–1.25% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 m cacodylate buffer and embedded in Epon resin. Thin sections were labeled with rabbit antibodies to MG1 or to an N‐terminal synthetic peptide of MG2, followed by gold‐labeled goat anti‐rabbit IgG. The granules of all mucous cells were intensely reactive with anti‐MG1, whereas no labeling was detected for MG2. These results indicate that MG1 is not exclusively a salivary component and furthermore show that bulbourethral glands represent a significant source of the MG1 detected in human seminal plasma.
Ultrastructural changes of posterior lingual glands after hypoglossal denervation in hamsters
Authors: Cheng S. J. , Huang C. F. , Chen Y. C. , Lee J. J. , Chang H. H. , Chen H. M. , Chiang M. L. , Kuo M. Y. , Kok S. H. , Tseng C. Y.
Published: January 2009

Posterior lingual glands consist of two sets of minor salivary glands that serve important functions in oral physiology. To investigate the hypothesis that the hypoglossal nerve provides sympathetic innervation to the posterior lingual glands, we examined ultrastructural changes in the glands following hypoglossal denervation. In the posterior deep lingual glands (of von Ebner), the serous acinar cells showed a decrease in the number of secretory granules and an increase in lipofuscin accumulation. The ratios of cells containing lipofuscin granules were 11.39, 36.49 and 50.46%, respectively, of the control, 3‐ and 7‐day post‐axotomy glands (P < 0.001). Intraepithelial phagocytotic activity was increased. The mucous acinar cells in the posterior superficial lingual glands (of Weber) also showed degenerative changes after hypoglossal denervation. One week after nerve transection, marked cytoplasmic vacuolation and fragmentation of organelles were frequently observed. Degenerative changes were also found in unmyelinated axons associated with the glands. We provide the first evidence of the structural and functional connections between the sympathetic component of the hypoglossal nerve and posterior lingual glands.
Echocardiography in Fabry disease: diagnostic value of endocardial border binary appearance
Authors: Koskenvuo Juha W. , Engblom Erik , Kantola Ilkka M. , Hartiala Jaakko J. , Saraste Antti , Kiviniemi Tuomas O. , Mononen Ilkka , Saraste Markku
Published: January 2009

Background and Aim:  It has been reported that the endocardium in Fabry disease has a binary appearance on transthoracic echocardiography. It has been suggested that this sign could be used with good accuracy to differentiate Fabry disease from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and even as a first filter to screen for suspected Fabry disease.

Methods:  Therefore, we performed a blinded echocardiography in a non‐selected population of patients with Fabry disease and matched controls. We included 23 echocardiographic studies of Fabry patients.

Results:  Two of the Fabry patients had binary appearance of the endocardium. One of them had left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and the other had a normal left ventricular mass. Binary appearance of the endocardium was detected in four of the controls, and one of them had LVH. Subgroup analysis of patients who had LVH indicated a sensitivity of 12·5% and a specificity of 66·7% for binary appearance of the endocardium to detect Fabry disease as the underlying cause of LVH. Overall, binary appearance of the endocardium had a sensitivity and a specificity of 15·4 and 73·3%, respectively, to distinguish patients with Fabry disease from controls in our population.

Conclusions:  Binary appearance of the endocardium is not feasible for screening Fabry disease by echocardiography.
JURASSIC PALAEONTINIDAE FROM CHINA AND THE HIGHER SYSTEMATICS OF PALAEONTINOIDEA (INSECTA: HEMIPTERA: CICADOMORPHA)
Authors: WANG BO , ZHANG HAICHUN , SZWEDO JACEK
Published: January 2009

Abstract:  Genera of Palaeontinidae (Insecta, Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha) are reviewed based on some newly‐discovered material. An updated list of palaeontinid genera is provided. The genus Palaeontinopsis Martynov is assigned to Palaeontinidae incertae sedis. A new genus and species, Ningchengia aspera gen. et sp. nov., is described based on forewings and hindwings from the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou, China. Fletcheriana colorata Wang, Zhang and Fang and F. minuta Wang, Zhang and Fang are transferred to Suljuktocossus and Ningchengia respectively, resulting in Suljuktocossus coloratus comb. nov. and Ningchengia minuta comb. nov. Papilioncossus Wang, Ren and Shih, 2007 syn. nov. is considered to be a junior synonym of Eoiocossus Wang and Zhang, 2006 and Quadraticossus Wang and Ren 2007 syn. nov. is a junior synonym of Sinopalaeocossus Hong, 1983. The genus Fletcheriana is believed to represent a transition between Dunstaniidae and Palaeontinidae. This result is consistent with the previous view that Dunstaniidae is ancestral to Palaeontinidae. Furthermore, Suljuktocossus is a transitional genus between Fletcheriana and Cretaceous palaeontinids. The fusion of veins RP and M1 in the palaeontinid hindwings implies a change of the mechanism of flight and an improvement in flight ability. The presence of a reduced costal area and the rigid basal leading edge of the palaeontinid forewings suggest gain of lift.
NEW OCTOPODS (CEPHALOPODA: COLEOIDEA) FROM THE LATE CRETACEOUS (UPPER CENOMANIAN) OF HÂKEL AND HÂDJOULA, LEBANON
Authors: FUCHS DIRK , BRACCHI GIACOMO , WEIS ROBERT
Published: January 2009

Abstract:  Three previously unknown octopods are described from Upper Cenomanian limestones of the Hâqel and Hâdjoula localities (Lebanon). Keuppia levante gen. nov., sp. nov., Keuppia hyperbolaris gen. nov,. sp. nov. and Styletoctopus annae gen. nov, . sp. nov. are regarded as the earliest representatives of the Octopoda (= Incirrata). This assumption is mainly based on their medially isolated bipartite gladius vestige. As can be inferred from growth increments, Keuppia gen. nov. can be distinguished from the genus Palaeoctopus by blades that grow forwards along their longitudinal axis. The gladius vestige of Keuppia hyperbolaris sp. nov. differs from that of Keuppia levante sp. nov. in having a more heterogeneous course of growth lines. Based on a pair of widely separated stylets, which closely resemble the rods of modern octopods, Styletoctopus annae gen. nov., sp. nov. is assigned to the Recent family Octopodidae. Peculiar encrustations, which are situated in close association with the gladius vestiges of Keuppia levante sp. nov., Keuppia hyperbolaris sp. nov., and Styletoctopus annae sp. nov. are interpreted as basal fin cartilages. The gladius vestige morphology of Keuppia hyperbolaris sp. nov. and Keuppia levante sp. nov. opens the possibility that both the Octopda and the Cirroctopoda originated from loligosepiid vampyropods instead of teudopseid. The surprising existence of a stylet‐like gladius vestige in Styletoctopus annae sp. nov. suggests that the octopod clade branched off much earlier than previously believed. Octopod apomorphies such as the development of stylets, loss of fins and cirri must have been occurred before the Cenomanian.
BIOCHRONOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF THE EARLIEST SOUTH AMERICAN PALEOGENE MAMMALIAN FAUNAS
Authors: GELFO JAVIER N. , GOIN FRANCISCO J. , WOODBURNE MICHAEL O. , MUIZON CHRISTIAN DE
Published: January 2009

Abstract: The oldest Cenozoic mammalian assemblages in South America have been recovered from levels of the Hansen Member of the Salamanca Formation, Punta Peligro locality in Argentina, and from the Santa Lucía Formation in Tiupampa, Bolivia. These faunas led to the recognition of the Peligran and Tiupampan South American Land Mammal Ages (SALMAs), each alternatively regarded as the oldest Paleocene SALMA. Due to the lack of radioisotopic dates for mammals bearing levels at these localities, no agreement has been reached yet about their relative ages. In this paper, the role of mammal faunas in age inference is discussed. Analysis of the SALMAs shows that the presence of non‐therian mammals in the Peligran is of little consequence to the biochronological evaluation, reflecting instead a relict Mesozoic distribution. In contrast, therian mammals are particularly important in that (1) they were Lauraisan immigrants and (2) they support direct comparisons between the Tiupampa and Punta Peligro faunas. Parsimony and cluster analysis were used to quantitatively test hypotheses concerning the relative age of the Peligran and Tiupampan SALMAs. Our results support the hypothesis that the Tiupampan SALMA (early Danian) is older than the Peligran SALMA (early Selandian). This alignment results in an interpretation of the evolutionary history of South American land mammals that is more straightforward than the alternative.
A RE‐EVALUATION OF SPHENACODONTID SYNAPSID MATERIAL FROM THE LOWER PERMIAN FISSURE FILLS NEAR RICHARDS SPUR, OKLAHOMA
Authors: EVANS DAVID C. , MADDIN HILLARY C. , REISZ ROBERT R.
Published: January 2009

Abstract:  Early Permian terrestrial vertebrate faunal assemblages of Laurasia are dominated by large ophiacodontid, sphenacodontid, and edaphosaurid synapsids. This pattern contrasts with the fauna recovered from the Early Permian fissure fill deposits near Richards Spur, Oklahoma, where derived nontherapsid synapsids are rare. The fragmentary remains of Thrausmosaurus serratidens constitute the only published report of Sphenacodontidae from this locality. Here, we re‐evaluate T. serratidens in light of new information on the faunal assemblage of this locality. We confirm that the type material of T. serratidens cannot be assigned to Sphenacodontidae and conclude that it pertains to an indeterminate varanopid. We also describe new material, including a partial maxilla, several isolated jaw fragments with teeth, an isolated precaniniform tooth and a posterior cervical vertebra that represents unequivocal sphenacodontid remains from the Richards Spur assemblage. This material is the first definitive record of a eupelycosaurian synapsid other than a varanopid from this important locality. Faunal similarities between Richards Spur and the Bromacker Quarry, Germany, may be reflective of upland terrestrial communities during the Early Permian.
Clothing and a Florentine style, 1550–1620
Authors: Currie Elizabeth
Published: January 2009

This article addresses the links between Renaissance clothing and identity, focusing on the reigns of the first Medici grand dukes, a period when the political and social make‐up of the Florentine elite underwent profound changes. Drawing on a wide range of sources, from sumptuary legislation, court correspondence and family account books to tailors’ patterns, it examines different ways of thinking about and analysing dress styles. Taking the under‐explored subject of male dress, it concentrates on two specific clothing types: the traditional full‐length cloak, known as the lucco, worn by government office holders, and the liveries of the Medici courtiers. It concludes with the role played by local textile production, a vital aspect of Florentine culture as well as its economy. Although the Medici family's efforts to shape the dress of its subjects were partially successful, certain fundamental elements of the city's sartorial ethos resisted change.
Identity signs: meanings and methods in Artemisia Gentileschi's signatures*
Authors: Mann Judith W.
Published: January 2009

Artemisia Gentileschi signed nineteen of her approximately forty‐eight extant paintings. She affixed her name in creative ways that reveal her to be a talented manipulator of her image and her identity. By looking at such things as the spelling of her name, its placement, style, and how it is integrated into the painting, we can see how inventively Gentileschi used her signatures. By conscientiously exploiting her name as a pictorial element, Artemisia enriched the meanings of her subjects. She amplified her patrons’ enjoyment of her pictures, furthered her own reputation, and enhanced her prospects for commissions.
Which Candidate Selection Method is the Most Democratic?
Authors: Rahat Gideon
Published: January 2009

This article suggests guidelines for identifying the ramifications of central elements of candidate selection methods for various democratic dimensions – participation, competition, representation and responsiveness – and analyses their possible role in supplying checks and balances. It proposes employing a three-stage candidate selection method: in the first stage a small committee appoints candidates to a shortlist; in the second stage a selected party agency may add or remove candidates using a special procedure (absolute majority vote, for example) and also ratify the re-adoption of incumbent candidates; and, finally, party members select candidates for safe seats or safe list positions among the proposed candidates. The article also recommends employing moderate requirements for candidacy; the use of a non-majoritarian voting method; and allowing the national centre a say in candidate selection.
Developing and setting up a patient and relatives intensive care support group
Authors: Peskett Maureen , Gibb Peter
Published: January 2009

Aim:  The purpose of this article was to highlight the need to provide support for patients and relatives following critical illness and discharge from hospital and how this can be improved through the establishment of user support groups.

Background:  Critical illness predisposes patients to extended physical and psychological ill health with the potential for a reduced quality of life. The authors’ personal experience, patient feedback and current literature suggested that there was a need for further support during their recovery.

Methods:  Building on an existing formal follow‐up service, Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Support Team for Ex‐Patients established a patient‐centred forum, where patients and relatives could share experiences with others who had also been through critical illness by holding drop‐in sessions. Feedback from those attending these flexible and informal sessions indicates that support was needed and that patients and families have found benefit in sharing experiences with others who can empathise, having been through critical illness themselves.

Conclusions:  Our experience has shown there is a need that can be met simply with minimal investment of time and funding but that addresses a gap in patient support that otherwise goes unmet. Although this was a service development in one local area, it could be adapted to ICU patients and relatives more widely.
The consultative process used in outreach: a narrative account
Authors: Christensen Martin
Published: January 2009

Aim:  The aim of this paper was to provide a narrative account of the communication skills used in an effective outreach consultation utilizing Neighbour’s consultative model. Other consultation models were considered; however, because of their overly comprehensive approach or emphasis on behaviour modification, these were deemed inappropriate.

Background:  The nursing profession has endured significant changes of late and as a result is developing more autonomous roles in both the community and the acute health care settings. In the past, the term consultancy was used within the medical context; nowadays, there are advance nurse practitioners for whom consultancy is an integral part of their role. Although every nursing interaction is in essence a consultation, the fact that nurses are taking up on new advanced roles highlights the necessity for nurses to develop their consultation skills even further. Therefore, it makes sense to explore what aspects of that consultancy role needs special consideration in order to ensure that positive outcomes are achieved.

Conclusions:  This paper has used a narrative account to uncover those salient skills needed to enhance the therapeutic relationship with a patient requiring the services of outreach. Furthermore, the application of a recognized consultation model was used to elucidate the underpinning knowledge of systematic history taking and assessment as well as demonstrating the communication skills and strategies needed to increase the patient’s participation and empowerment throughout the consultation.

Relevance to clinical practice:  Effective communication skills encompassed in a consultative model are integral to the success in safeguarding the well‐being of patients requiring advanced levels of care. Prejudging or pre‐empting information being conveyed can be detrimental to patient safety and may prolong or complicate treatment plans.
Commentary: Munro CL et al. (2006). Oral health status and development of ventilator‐associated pneumonia: a descriptive study
Authors: McFetridge Brian
Published: January 2009

Background:  Ventilator‐associated pneumonia (VAP) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality and may be influenced by oral health.

Objective:  To describe the relationship between VAP and oral health status, changes in oral health status during the first 7 days after intubation and microbial colonization of the oropharynx and trachea.

Methods:  A total of 66 patients were enrolled within 24 h of intubation and were followed up for up to 7 days. Data on oral health measures and the clinical pulmonary infection score (CPIS) were collected at baseline, day 4 (n = 37) and day 7 (n = 21). A regression model was used to predict risk of pneumonia at day 4.

Results:  Dental plaque and oral organisms increased over time. Correlations were significant for baseline and day 4 dental plaque (P < 0·001), baseline salivary lactoferrin and day 4 plaque (P = 0·01), and lower salivary volume and higher day 4 CPIS (P = 0·02). Potential pathogens were identified in oral cultures for six patients before or at the same time as the appearance of the organisms in tracheal aspirates. Correlations were significant with day 4 CPIS for score on the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II (P = 0·007), day 4 salivary volume (P = 0·02), interaction of APACHE II score and day 1 CPIS (P < 0·001), and interaction of day 1 CPIS and plaque (P = 0·01).

Conclusions:  Higher dental plaque scores confer greater risk for VAP, particularly for patients with greater severity of illness. Salivary volume and lactoferrin may affect the risk.

Abstract reprinted from American Journal of Critical Care, volume 15, Munro CL et al., ‘Oral health status and development of ventilator‐associated pneumonia: a descriptive study.’, pages 453–460. © 2006, reproduced with permission from American Association of Critical Care Nurses.
Total Hip Replacement in an Alpaca Using a Cementless Implant
Authors: SCHULZ KARA L. , ROUSH JAMES K. , ANDERSON DAVID E. , HOOTS ERIC
Published: January 2009

Objective— To report use of a cementless total hip prosthesis in an alpaca.

Study Design— Case report.

Animals— Alpaca (n=1) with chronic craniodorsal coxofemoral luxation.

Methods— A 2.5‐year‐old Suri alpaca, 3 months pregnant, was admitted for evaluation of acute onset severe left hind limb lameness (grade 4/5) of 6 weeks duration. After diagnosis of craniodorsal luxation of the left femoral head, total hip replacement (THR) using a cementless implant was performed because of the poor prognosis for reduction of a chronic luxation.

Results— A press‐fit prosthesis was used and the alpaca delivered a live cria 8 months later. Persistent mild mechanical lameness remained after surgery, with moderate reduction in mobility of the coxofemoral joint. The prosthesis was stable and correctly positioned at 7 weeks and at 9 months. There was mild exostosis surrounding the proximal aspect of the femur at 9 months, and Steinmann pins used to repair the trochanteric osteotomy were removed because of migration. At 1 year, the alpaca has a slight gait abnormality, remains with the herd on pasture and has been re‐bred.

Conclusion— Chronic coxofemoral luxation in an alpaca can be managed by THR.

Clinical Relevance— THR is a viable treatment option in alpacas with severe coxofemoral disease.
Biomechanical Comparison of Two Alternative Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy Plates with the Original Standard in an Axially Loaded Gap Model: An In Vitro Study
Authors: KLOC PAUL A. , KOWALESKI MICHAEL P. , LITSKY ALAN S. , BROWN NANCY O. , JOHNSON KENNETH A.
Published: January 2009

Objective— To compare the axial compression stiffness of osteotomized canine tibiae stabilized with Slocum, Securos, or Synthes plates after a tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) procedure.

Study Design— In vitro, paired comparison of cadaveric tibial constructs subjected to mechanical testing under an axial load.

Sample Population— Canine tibiae (n=16 pairs) from skeletally mature male and female dogs of various breeds (18–55 kg).

Methods— Tibial pairs (n=16) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 study cohorts (n=8 pairs/cohort): cohort 1, tibial osteotomy stabilization with a Slocum or a Securos plate, or cohort 2, tibial osteotomy stabilization with a Slocum or a Synthes plate. One tibia from each pair was stabilized with 1 of each plate design assigned to the cohort after TPLO. A 3.2 mm osteotomy gap was maintained during plate application in all constructs. Load and axial displacement were recorded while constructs were loaded to 2000 N in axial compression. Failure loads were not reported because no distinct yield point or failure point was evident within the load range for many specimens. Failure modes were recorded for each construct, and photographs of typical failures were obtained. Stiffness (N/mm) was calculated from load–displacement curves. Paired comparisons of mean stiffness were performed within study groups using a paired t‐test. Significance was set at P<.05.

Results— The mean construct stiffnesses for the Slocum (383±183 N/mm) and Securos (258±64.1 N/mm) constructs were not significantly different (P=.164; power=0.566). The mean construct stiffness for the Synthes constructs (486±91.0 N/mm) was significantly greater than that of the Slocum constructs (400±117 N/mm); P=.0468. Modes of failure for the Slocum (16/16) and Securos (8/8) constructs included plastic deformation of the implant with valgus deformity combined with fibular luxation (2/16 Slocum; 1/8 Securos) or fibular fracture (2/16 Slocum; 4/8 Securos). Most Synthes constructs underwent elastic deformation (7/8). One Synthes construct fractured in the saggital plane through the tibial plateau depression at the point of load application.

Conclusions— The Slocum and Securos plate/tibia construct have similar stiffness, whereas the Synthes/tibia constructs are significantly stiffer than the Slocum/tibia constructs. Modes of fixation failure observed in this model were consistent with TPLO fixation failures observed clinically.

Clinical relevance— Construct stiffness in axial load varies with implant type. Implants that confer higher stiffness to the construct may result in greater fixation stability in tibial metaphyseal osteotomies.
Hilar Liver Resection in Dogs
Authors: COVEY JENNIFER L. , DEGNER DANIEL A. , JACKSON ANDREW H. , HOFELING ANDREW D. , WALSHAW RICHARD
Published: January 2009

Objective— To describe hepatic vasculobiliary anatomy important to hilar liver lobe resection in the dog.

Study Design— Experimental study.

Animals— Canine cadavers (n=7).

Methods— The vasculobiliary system of 7 fresh canine livers was injected with a polymer. The parenchyma was dissected at the level of the hilus to determine the vascular and biliary supply to each liver lobe, and then macerated with a corrosion preparation. The information gathered was used to describe a surgical approach for hilar liver lobe resection.

Results— Each liver lobe had a single hepatic artery and biliary duct. The location of these structures was consistent, although minor variations existed (dorsal versus ventral to the lobar portal vein) in the left lateral lobe and papillary process in 2 specimens. Most liver lobes (34/49) were supplied by 1 lobar portal vein and drained by 1 lobar hepatic vein (39/49). The location of the portal and hepatic veins was consistent among specimens.

Conclusions— The left division is the most mobile of the liver lobes and each lobe can be removed separately or en bloc. Because of the location of the hepatic veins, the central division is best removed as a single unit. The right lateral lobe can be removed individually or together with the caudate process. The papillary process is removed by itself.

Clinical Relevance— A hilar liver lobectomy technique can provide an alternative approach to conventional procedures for tumors that encroach upon the hilus of the liver.
Comparison of Alternate and Simultaneous Tensioning of Wires in a Single‐Ring Fixator Construct
Authors: RYAN STEWART , EHRHART NICOLE , ZUEHLSDORFF KELLY , JAMES SUSAN
Published: January 2009

Objective— To measure and compare the strain of wires tensioned with alternate (ALT) and simultaneous (SIM) tensioning in a single‐ring fixator construct and compare the stiffness of these constructs under axial loading.

Study Design— Experimental mechanical study.

Sample Population— Twenty‐four, 84 mm diameter, single‐ring constructs.

Methods— Twenty‐four, 84 mm diameter, single‐ring constructs were assembled using 2 1.6 mm wires placed at a 60° angle tensioned with either ALT or SIM technique to 90 kg tension. Voltage data from a strain gauge were recorded during the wire‐tensioning process, cyclic axial loading, and load‐to‐failure testing. Wire strains were calculated for each wire and compared within constructs and between ALT and SIM groups. Construct stiffness was compared between groups.

Results— There was no difference between the tensioning methods in final wire strains after initial tensioning for both the wire below the ring (W1; P=.698) and the wire above the ring (W2; P=.233). There was also no difference in final wire strains within each tensioning method group (ALT, P=.289; SIM, P=.583). Loss of wire strain (3.5–5%) occurred after cyclic loading for both wires in both groups. There was no difference in construct stiffness between the ALT and SIM groups (P=.126). Mode of failure was by wire breakage in all constructs and occurred most frequently in W1.

Conclusion— ALT tensioning of wires produced similar wire strains within a single‐ring construct after initial tensioning to SIM tensioned wires. There was no difference in construct stiffness under axial loading between AIM and SIM tensioned constructs.

Clinical Relevance— ALT tensioning of wires in a single‐ring fixator construct can be used as an alternative to SIM tensioning, as similar initial wire tensions are achieved.
Revision of Cemented Total Hip Arthroplasty with Cementless Components in Three Dogs
Authors: TORRES BRYAN T. , BUDSBERG STEVEN C.
Published: January 2009

Objective— To report revision of cemented total hip arthroplasty failure with cementless components in 3 dogs.

Study Design— Clinical case reports.

Animals— Dogs with total hip arthroplasty failure (n=3).

Methods— Cementless total hip arthroplasty revision was performed in 3 dogs with previously cemented femoral and acetabular components. All dogs required revision of the femoral component and 1 dog also required revision of the acetabular component.

Results— Revisions resulted in a stable functional prosthesis with successful bone integration.

Conclusions— Use of cementless components may be a viable option for revision of loosened cemented prosthesis after explantation of failed cemented canine total hip replacements.

Clinical Relevance— Failed canine‐cemented total hip arthroplasties can be successfully revised with cementless components.
Successful Cementless Cup Reimplantation Using Cortical Bone Graft Augmentation after an Acetabular Fracture and Cup Displacement
Authors: TORRES BRYAN T. , CHAMBERS JONATHAN N. , BUDSBERG STEVEN C.
Published: January 2009

Objective— To report repair of a periprosthetic acetabular fracture with concurrent component displacement after cementless total hip arthroplasty (THA).

Study Design— Clinical case report.

Animals— Dog (n=1) with an acetabular fracture after THA.

Methods— Acetabular repair was performed on a highly comminuted periprosthetic acetabular fracture after cementless THA. A bulk, structural corticocancellous autograft from the ipsilateral ilial wing was used for repair and reconstruction of the dorsal acetabular wall before reimplantation of a cementless acetabular component.

Results— Repair of a periprosthetic acetabular fracture with a bulk structural autograft was successful in reconstruction of the dorsal acetabular wall and in reestablishing a stable, functional cementless THA acetabular prosthesis.

Conclusions— Structural corticocancellous autografts from the ilium can be successfully used in repair of periprosthetic acetabular fractures after THA.

Clinical Relevance— Structural corticocancellous grafting from the ilium can be considered as a treatment option for repair of periprosthetic acetabular fractures after THA.
Commoners, Kings, and Subaltern: Political Factionalism and Structured Inequality in Lesotho
Authors: Turkon David
Published: January 2009

Conflict studies continue to focus on ethnicity because violence often arises among culturally heterogeneous populations. Conflicts also occur, however, in culturally homogeneous settings such as Lesotho. In Lesotho, sporadic violence has resulted not from ethnic conflicts, but from contests between interest groups vying to control the state and concomitant perquisites. Particular models for state control are legitimized by global interests seeking to promote formation of labor and commodity markets. As a result, the political system in Lesotho has fractured into multiple parties which struggle to promote specialized interests, while expressions of civil society are commonly suppressed. This article concludes that without freedom to develop institutions of civil society, sporadic violence will remain a problem for Lesotho. The lessons learned from analysis of conflict in a culturally homogenous state such as Lesotho also shed light on the ways that factors other than ethnicity contribute to conflict in culturally heterogeneous populations.
Keeping the Peace: A Tale of Murder and Morality in Postapartheid South Africa
Authors: Ran‐Rubin Michal
Published: January 2009

This article examines a South African murder trial known as the Reeds Murders as a site for analyzing discourses of crime, race, and citizenship within the context of postapartheid South Africa. I show how concerns over public morality are represented within the juridical field, as well as how the defendants in this case deploy collective memories of state violence to challenge the court's vision of postapartheid justice. I conclude by exploring both how public fears of African youth emerge in the sentencing of the accused, and also how those fears map onto the contours of a postapartheid moral geography.