bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Promoting in-role and extra-role green behavior through ethical leadership: mediating role of green HRM and moderating role of individual green values
Authors: Islam Talat , Khan Mubbsher Munawar , Ahmed Ishfaq , Mahmood Khalid
Published: December 2020

Purpose

Human misbehaviors are responsible for climate change as they waste resources and pollute water and air that dilapidate the environment. Considering the fact and contributing to the United Nations sustainable development goals of 2019, organizations started focusing their green HRM practices to develop employees' green attitudes and behaviors. This study is an attempt in this direction. It examines the impact of ethical leadership on individuals' green in-role and extra-role behaviors with the mediating role of green HRM practices and the moderating role of individual green values.

Design/methodology/approach

The study collected data from 645 MBA executive students working in various manufacturing industries with at least one year of experience. The data were collected using a questionnaire-based survey in two-time lags.

Findings

Hypothesized relationships are tested through structural equation modeling. Findings reflected a significant impact of ethical leadership on green HRM practices, in-role, and extra-role green behaviors. Besides, green HRM practices mediated the relationship between ethical leadership and both types of green behaviors. Furthermore, it was observed that the individual green values strengthened the association between green HRM practices and both types of green behaviors.

Research limitations/implications

A cross-sectional design with time lags was used to avoid common method bias. The findings of the study contribute to supply-value-fit theory and validate the scale of individual green value.

Practical implications

This study guides management that employees only perceive their organizational practices as green when they find their leaders are ethical. Further, considering individual green values in the recruitment process can help organizations accomplishing their green goals.

Originality/value

This study is novel in examining the mediating role of green HRM practices between ethical leadership and green behaviors. Further, the analysis not only validates the scale of individual green values but also noted its moderating role between green HRM and green behaviors.
Mental health interventions in an Italian prison: the Parma integrated approach
Authors: Pelizza Lorenzo , Zambelli Ursula , Rossi Enrico , Verdoliva Germana , Maestri Davide , De Amicis Ilaria , Paraggio Cecilia , Zaimovic Amir , Veneri Bruno , Urbani Beatrice , Gran Dall'Olio Diana , Adriani Adriana , Cutrino Stefania , Bertoli Silvia , Paulillo Giuseppina , Pellegrini Pietro
Published: December 2020

Purpose

Mental health interventions for Italian prisoners with mental disorders remain a problematic issue, despite radical changes in general psychiatric care and a 2008 major government reform transferring mental health care in prison to the National Health Service. The aim of this study is to describe the mental health intervention model implemented since January 2020 for prisoners allocated in the Parma Penitentiary Institutes (PPI). This approach is specifically based on specialized, “person-centered” and “person-tailored” therapeutic-rehabilitation plans in line with psychiatric treatments usually provided in community mental health-care centers of the Parma Department of Mental Health.

Design/methodology/approach

All the processes and procedures included in the PPI intervention model were first carefully illustrated, paying special attention to the service for newly admitted prisoners and each typology of specialized therapeutic-rehabilitation treatment potentially provided. Additionally, a preliminary descriptive process analysis of the first six months of clinical activity was also performed.

Findings

Since January 2020, 178 individuals entered the PPI service for newly admitted prisoners. In total, 83 (46.7%) of them were engaged in the services of the PPI mental health-care team (35 with pathological addiction and 48 with mental disorders): 56 prisoners were offered an integrated mental health intervention and 27 exclusively an individual psychological or psychiatric treatment.

Originality/value

The results support the potential applicability of an integrated mental health intervention in prison, planning a person-tailored rehabilitation in close collaboration with the prisoners, their families and the local mental health/social services.
Discursive power and resistance in the information world maps of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex and asexual community leaders
Authors: Kitzie Vanessa , Wagner Travis , Vera A. Nick
Published: December 2020

Purpose

This qualitative study explores how discursive power shapes South Carolina lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex and asexual (LGBTQIA+) communities' health information practices and how participants resist this power.

Design/methodology/approach

In total, 28 LGBTQIA+ community leaders from South Carolina engaged in semi-structured interviews and information world mapping–a participatory arts-based elicitation technique–to capture the context underlying how they and their communities create, seek, use and share health information. We focus on the information world maps for this paper, employing situational analysis–a discourse analytic method for visual data–to analyze them.

Findings

Six themes emerged describing how discursive power operates both within and outside of LGBTQIA+ communities: (1) producing absence, (2) providing unwanted information, (3) commoditizing LGBTQIA+ communities, (4) condensing LGBTQIA+ people into monoliths; (5) establishing the community's normative role in information practices; (6) applying assimilationist and metronormative discourses to information sources. This power negates people's information practices with less dominant LGBTQIA+ identities and marginalized intersectional identities across locations such as race and class. Participants resisted discursive power within their maps via the following tactics: (1) (re)appropriating discourses and (2) imagining new information worlds.

Originality/value

This study captures the perspectives of an understudied population–LGBTQIA+ persons from the American South–about a critical topic–their health–and frames these perspectives and topics within an informational context. Our use of information world mapping and situational analysis offers a unique and still underutilized set of qualitative methods within information science research.
Mesoergonomics, the missing part of the macroergonomics and microergonomics approach
Authors: Panjaitan Nismah , Hasnida Ab-Samat , Ali Amir Yazid
Published: December 2020

Purpose

This study aims to find work concepts and mesoergonomic stages that are not well known and are not widely used in solving problems related to ergonomics using macro and micro ergonomics.

Design/methodology/approach

The study used a questionnaire distributed to several ergonomists who were able to provide opinions on meso ergonomics, especially in determining what aspects affected meso ergonomics so that the meso stages could be determined.

Findings

The results of data collection show that aspects that affect meso ergonomics are closely related to macro and micro ergonomics, aspects that are found to have similarities between the three because meso ergonomics is between them.

Research limitations/implications

Determine the stages of meso ergonomics and clarify the limits of meso ergonomics using a questionnaire distributed to several respondents who understand ergonomics.

Practical implications

This paper can be applied to organizations that have a tiered organizational structure so that departments in the organization are divided into several parts to be observed and related to each other in carrying out organizational functions.

Social implications

Provides convenience for researchers in observing organizations with the presence of mesoergonomics which is a bridge between macro and micro ergonomics.

Originality/value

The stages of meso ergonomics are arranged based on aspects and meso ergonomics variables that have been obtained from previous studies which now have added some considerations in the preparation of mesoergonomic stages such as the macroergonomic analysis design on macro ergonomics.
Income inequality and financialization: a not so straightforward relationship
Authors: Alexiou Constantinos , Trachanas Emmanouil , Vogiazas Sofoklis
Published: December 2020

Purpose

The authors explore the impact of financialization on income inequality for a panel of 19 OECD countries over the period 2000–2017. The authors control for the effect of banking crises, credit market regulation and globalization, among other factors.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors use three proxies for income inequality and four proxies for financialization. The authors employ a panel fixed effects approach using Driscoll and Kraay’s (1998) nonparametric covariance matrix estimator, which produces standard errors that are robust to general forms of cross-sectional dependence.

Findings

The authors provide evidence which to a great extent supports the view that the process of financialization has increased income inequality. In the disposable Gini specifications, two out of the four financialization measures are found to significantly contribute to rising inequality whilst in the specification with the market income Gini coefficient, three out of the four financialization proxies appear to adversely affect inequality. In the specification with the Gini coefficient based on manufacturing pay, the evidence is weak. Furthermore, trade unions appear to play a significant role in reducing inequality in two out of the three Gini specifications while the effect of credit market regulation is rather ambiguous.

Originality/value

The authors’ findings suggest a positive relationship between financialization and income inequality; however, the results depend on the proxies used to measure financialization and income inequality. The authors conclude that the process of financialization in triggering income inequality is complex and merits additional research.
Interpersonal communications at core of conflicts' escalation in organization. The interplay of interpersonal communication escalation, people's habitus and psycho-sociological processes are more important than contextual factors
Authors: Valitova Aysylu , Besson Dominique
Published: December 2020

Purpose

Develop an integrated model to analyze conflicts at work and apply it to a case study. The core of the conceptual model is constituted by the interpersonal relationships modalities using the Palo Alto school theorization (symmetrical and complementary relations framework in people's relative positioning). This model also articulates inside this interpersonal relationships structure five other dimensions: Perception processes, Life dynamics, Habitus from Bourdieu and developed by Lahire, psychosociological processes and sociological factors (including cultural ones). We apply this model to the case study of a Community center in a French city where a serious conflict happens with the final consequence of the closure of the center.

Design/methodology/approach

In-depth case study by long conversations (more than interviews) with the main protagonists of the Community center and of the conflict. These talks have been completed by secondary sources and extended review of newspaper articles.

Findings

Our model revels to be pertinent to enlighten the multiple dimensions of the conflict. In particular, we show that the dynamics of interpersonal relationships is central in the conflict development and is embedded in multiple psychosociological processes (perceptions processes with deep perceptive divergences between people, personal construction of Social Identity by protagonists, group thinking, active minority construction, etc.). The sociological factors, as well of personal habitus, have an effect but are not determinants of people's behavior. People are partially conscious of the occurring phenomena but cannot be considered as omniscient, purely strategic actors.

Research limitations/implications

1-Application of the conceptual model is applied only on one case study. 2-More attention should be given to prospective dimension of stories and storying (antenarrative).

Practical implications

The case analysis based on our reactional model of conflicts leads to point out several mistakes in the management of the considered organization and more precisely in the management of the conflictual relationships. Change of level 2 has been misconducted by the top manager of the Community center and we show which alternative decisions could have been made in order to avoid the burst of the conflict. More general conflict management methods can be deduced from our analysis.

Originality/value

Articulation of these different concepts in an integrated model has never been previously made neither applied in a case study.
Creating a compassion system to achieve efficiency and quality in health care delivery
Authors: Vogus Timothy J. , McClelland Laura E. , Lee Yuna S.H. , McFadden Kathleen L. , Hu Xinyu
Published: December 2020

Purpose

Health care delivery is experiencing a multi-faceted epidemic of suffering among patients and care providers. Compassion is defined as noticing, feeling and responding to suffering. However, compassion is typically seen as an individual rather than a more systemic response to suffering and cannot match the scale of the problem as a result. The authors develop a model of a compassion system and details its antecedents (leader behaviors and a compassionate human resource (HR) bundle), its climate or the extent that the organization values, supports and rewards expression of compassion and the behaviors and practices through which it is enacted (standardization and customization) and its effects on efficiently reducing suffering and delivering high quality care.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper uses a conceptual approach that synthesizes the literature in health services, HR management, organizational behavior and service operations to develop a new conceptual model.

Findings

The paper makes three key contributions. First, the authors theorize the central importance of compassion and a collective commitment to compassion (compassion system) to reducing pervasive patient and care provider suffering in health care. Second, the authors develop a model of an organizational compassion system that details its antecedents of leader behaviors and values as well as a compassionate HR bundle. Third, the authors theorize how compassion climate enhances collective employee well-being and increases standardization and customization behaviors that reduce suffering through more efficient and higher quality care, respectively.

Originality/value

This paper develops a novel model of how health care organizations can simultaneously achieve efficiency and quality through a compassion system. Specific leader behaviors and practices that enable compassion climate and the processes through which it achieves efficiency and quality are detailed. Future directions for how other service organizations can replicate a compassion system are discussed.
The travel of ideas: the dual structure of mobilized knowledge in the context of professional learning networks
Authors: Jesacher-Roessler Livia Anna Julia
Published: December 2020

Purpose

In the context of professional learning networks (PLNs), there are many studies which address knowledge mobilization (KMb). The majority of these focus on how research is mobilized by various actors. This paper explores the concepts of KMb both on an individual and an organizational level and discusses the role of PLN participants and PLNs as catalysts for institutional change (IC). To illustrate this, a model was developed which draws on a concept that depicts the mobilization processes at the various levels.

Design/methodology/approach

The model was developed by drawing on theoretical approaches to both KMb on an individual and an organizational level of schools. The strengths and limitations of the model are then assessed as part of an exploratory study. Interviews of PLN participants (n = 7) from two schools and detailed logbooks of two participants were used to reconstruct experiences of KMb in the PLNs and the process of KMb among schools. By contrasting two schools, the study traces how mechanisms of KMb occurred. Data sources were analyzed using a structured content analysis alongside a deductive–inductive code system.

Findings

The results of the exploratory study show that, although the model is able to map the KMb practices, some refinement is still needed. While the extension of concepts describing the work of knowledge mobilizer (KM) leads to a more theoretically differentiated perspective, the data also showed that PLN participants only partially define themselves as KMs. The connection to concepts of strategies of knowledge mobilizing on an organizational level led to an increased transparency in the theoretical model. The data showed that KMb is influenced by organizational and individual beliefs.

Originality/value

The paper adds to the current knowledge base through a theoretical model that addresses the underinvestigated topic of KMb regarding the link between the individual and organizational levels. With a special focus on individual and organizational levels, a connection between KMb and IC is provided. The theoretical framework and research findings from an additional explorative study can be used to further develop relevant insights into the actions of participants from PLNs that enable IC processes among their schools.
Association of nurses’ characteristics and level of knowledge with ageist attitudes toward older adults: a systematic review
Authors: Rababa Mohammad , Hammouri Ammar M. , Al-Rawashdeh Sami
Published: December 2020

Purpose

This study aims to examine the association between nurses’ ageism and their knowledge about aging and socio-demographic and professional characteristics in recent international nursing research studies.

Design/methodology/approach

An extensive search of seven databases covering papers since 2000 was undertaken and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed.

Findings

Ageism among nurses is still poorly understood. It is evident that ageism is associated with poor nurses’ level of knowledge about aging. A range of nurses’ demographical and professional characteristics have been examined as potential predictors of ageism, but they were inconsistent with positive, negative and neutral associations.

Originality/value

There is a lack of robustly designed studies investigating the association of nurses’ level of knowledge about aging and their socio-demographical and professional characteristics to ageism. Future descriptive-correlational and interventional studies are recommended to understand and target ageism in health-care settings.
How can practical wisdom manifest itself in five fundamental management and leadership practices?
Authors: Jakubik Maria
Published: December 2020

Purpose

Practical wisdom (PW; phronesis), as one of the human virtues, is experiencing a renewal in the contemporary management literature. The aim of this conceptual paper is first, to explore the core practices of managers and leaders in the literature and second, to demonstrate how PW can manifest itself in these practices.

Design/methodology/approach

The research follows the interpretivist research philosophy, inductive approach, qualitative method and the theory-building research strategy. The data collection method is a literature review. The practice ecosystem framework is applied to demonstrate the presence of PW in the core practices of managers and leaders.

Findings

The paper proposes a practice-based paradigm of management and leadership. From the literature study, envisioning, enabling, energizing, engaging and executing as five fundamental practices are identified.

Research limitations/implications

The most significant literature was selected based on decisions of the author. Therefore, it might be that important sources were overlooked. The paper proposes future research questions, and it calls for an empirical validation of the proposed conceptual model in management and leadership practices context.

Practical implications

The practical implications for managers and leaders are in applying the framework developed in this paper as a tool or guidelines to cultivate PW in their practices. The paper offers implications for management education, traditional educational institutions and educational practitioners because they are the key influencers of wise thinking and actions of future managers and leaders.

Originality/value

The novelty of this paper is in making explicit how the eight features of PW can manifest themselves in the everyday actions of managers and leaders. Applying the practice ecosystem framework for this purpose is an original contribution.
Simultaneous‐source deblending using adaptive coherence‐constrained dictionary learning and sparse approximation
Authors: Evinemi E. Isaac , Mao Weijian
Published: December 2020

The dictionary learning and sparse approximation method using the K‐singular value decomposition algorithm rely on the knowledge of the sparsity or noise variance as a constraint when it is used for data denoising. However, the determination of the sparsity or noise variance of seismic data can be tricky and sometimes unknown, especially in seismic field data. Thus, where the cardinality or the noise variance is not known, the intrinsic character of the relative coherence between the removed noise from noisy data and its learned dictionary is instead used as a constraint for the sparse approximation of simultaneous‐source seismic data. The dictionary learning is obtained using a modified orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm which uses coherence as a constraint and is referred to as coherence dictionary learning. The coherence dictionary learning is then adapted to handle the simultaneous‐source seismic data deblending. A blending structure with random time dithering of sequential source shooting is used to guarantee adequate randomness of the noise. Two‐dimensional overlap patches of the noisy data were extracted from the common receiver gather domain to train the dictionary and to determine the sparse representation of the signal. The method is tested on both synthetic and field data, and it shows adequate data recovery. Comparing the result of this method to the matching pursuit algorithm constrained by the signal sparsity and the noise variance reveals that our approach performs better at noise attenuation and yields a reasonable data recovery especially for strong seismic signal.
Transfronterizo Children’s Literacies of Surveillance and the Cultural Production of Border Crossing Identities on the U.S.–Mexico Border
Authors: Nuñez Idalia , Urrieta Luis
Published: December 2020

This article examines the cultural production of three transfronterizo children who daily, physically cross a U.S.–Mexico international bridge. Drawing on theories of identity, border inspections, literacy, and language, the findings reveal that transfronterizo children developed literacies of surveillance, or the acquired and produced language and literacy practices to move across the surveillance, inspectors, and border. Transfronterizo children strategically used their full linguistic repertories to legitimize their border crossing identities in the context of surveillance.
Acute fatty liver of pregnancy – A short review
Authors: Donck Marie , Vercruysse Yoann , Alexis Alexandros , Rozenberg Serge , Blaiberg Samantha
Published: December 2020

Acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP) is a rare but dramatic condition associated with a high maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. We present a short review of AFLP management, illustrated by a case report. We conducted a systematic literature search for ‘acute fatty liver of pregnancy’, concerning its management. We found initially 11 studies, and three of them met the selection criteria. Prompt diagnosis, maternal stabilisation and rapid delivery are mandatory. This illustrative AFLP case fulfilled nine out of 14 Swansea criteria. Caesarean section is often required (as illustrated in this case), reducing maternal and perinatal mortality rates.
Epithelial expression and role of secreted STC1 on asthma airway hyperresponsiveness through calcium channel modulation
Authors: Xu Jiayan , Meng Yaqi , Jia Man , Jiang Jie , Yang Yi , Ou Yingwei , Wu Yunhui , Yan Xiaoyi , Huang Mao , Adcock Ian M. , Yao Xin
Published: December 2020

Background

Asthma is characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), inflammation, and airway remodeling. Airway hyperresponsiveness results from enhanced airway smooth muscle (ASM) contraction potentially under the control of an epithelium‐derived relaxing factor (EpDRF). However, relatively rare is known about EpDRF. We aimed to elucidate the role of epithelium‐derived stanniocalcin‐1 (STC1) on AHR and ASM contraction.

Methods

Stanniocalcin‐1 levels in the serum of asthmatic patients and healthy volunteers and in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from ovalbumin (OVA)‐challenged mice were measured by ELISA. The effects of exogenous STC1 on AHR and on inflammation were examined in mice. IL‐13 modulation of STC1 mRNA and protein levels was studied in human bronchial epithelial cell lines (16HBE). The function of STC1 on Ca2+ influx and ASM contraction was examined ex vivo.

Results

Serum STC1 was decreased in asthma (n = 93) compared with healthy volunteers (1071 ± 30.4 vs 1414 ± 75.1 pg/ml, p < 0.0001, n = 23) and correlated with asthma control (p = 0.0270), lung function (FEV1, p = 0.0130), and serum IL‐13 levels (p = 0.0009). Treatment of ten asthmatic subjects with inhaled corticosteroids/long‐acting beta2‐agonists (ICS/LABA) for 1 year enhanced STC1 expression which correlated with improved asthma control (p = 0.022). STC1 was mainly expressed in bronchial epithelium and intranasal administration of recombinant human STC1 (rhSTC1) reduced AHR and inflammation in mice. IL‐13 suppressed STC1 release from 16HBE, whereas rhSTC1 blocked store‐operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) by suppressing stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) and further inhibited ASM cell contractility by suppressing Ca2+‐dependent myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation.

Conclusion

Our data indicate that STC1 deficiency in asthmatic airways promotes STIM1 hyperactivity, enhanced ASM contraction, and AHR. STC1 may be a candidate EpDRF.
Hepatitis B virus surface protein induces sperm dysfunction through the activation of a Bcl2/Bax signaling cascade triggering AIF/Endo G–mediated apoptosis
Authors: Han Ting‐Ting , Huang Ji‐Hua , Gu Jiang , Xie Qing‐Dong , Zhong Ying , Huang Tian‐Hua
Published: December 2020

Background

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) was found to exist in semen and male germ cells of patients with chronic HBV infection. Our previous studies demonstrated that HBV surface protein (HBs) could induce sperm dysfunction by activating a calcium signaling cascade and triggering caspase‐dependent apoptosis. However, the relationship between sperm dysfunction caused by HBs and caspase‐independent apoptosis has not been investigated.

Objectives

To evaluate the effects of HBs exposure on sperm dysfunction by activating caspase‐independent apoptosis.

Materials and methods

Spermatozoa were exposed to HBs at concentrations of 0, 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL for 3 h. Flow cytometry, qRT‐PCR, immunofluorescence assay, ELISA, and zona‐free hamster oocyte penetration assays were performed.

Results

With increasing concentrations of HBs, various parameters of the spermatozoa changed. The number of Bcl2‐positive cells declined and that of both Bax‐positive cells and Apaf‐1–positive cells increased. The transcription level of Bcl2 increased and that of both Bax and Apaf‐1 declined. The average levels of AIF and Endo G declined in mitochondria and increased in the cytoplasm and nucleus. The sperm DNA fragmentation index increased. The mean percentages of live spermatozoa declined and that of both injured and dead spermatozoa increased; and the sperm penetration rate declined. For the aforementioned parameters, the differences between the test and the control groups were statistically significant.

Conclusion

HBs exposure can activate the Bax/Bcl2 signaling cascade that triggers AIF/Endo G–mediated apoptosis, resulting in sperm DNA fragmentation, sperm injury, and death, and a decrease in the sperm fertilizing capacity. This new knowledge will help to evaluate the negative impact of HBV on male fertility in HBV‐infected patients.
NLRP3 regulates alveolar bone loss in ligature‐induced periodontitis by promoting osteoclastic differentiation
Authors: Chen Yuyi , Yang Qiudong , Lv Chunhua , Chen Yue , Zhao Wenhua , Li Wenlei , Chen Hongyu , Wang Hua , Sun Wen , Yuan Hua
Published: December 2020

Objectives

NLRP3 inflammasome is a critical part of the innate immune system and plays an important role in a variety of inflammatory diseases. However, the effects of NLRP3 inflammasome on periodontitis have not been fully studied.

Materials and methods

We used ligature‐induced periodontitis models of NLRP3 knockout mice (NLRP3KO) and their wildtype (WT) littermates to compare their alveolar bone phenotypes. We further used Lysm‐Cre/RosanTnG mouse to trace the changes of Lysm‐Cre+ osteoclast precursors in ligature‐induced periodontitis with or without MCC950 treatment. At last, we explored MCC950 as a potential drug for the treatment of periodontitis in vivo and in vitro.

Results

Here, we showed that the number of osteoclast precursors, osteoclast differentiation and alveolar bone loss were reduced in NLRP3KO mice compared with WT littermates, by using ligature‐induced periodontitis model. Next, MCC950, a specific inhibitor of the NLRP3 inflammasome, was used to inhibit osteoclast precursors differentiation into osteoclast. Further, we used Lysm‐Cre/RosanTnG mice to demonstrate that MCC950 decreases the number of Lysm‐Cre+ osteoclast precursors in ligature‐induced periodontitis. At last, treatment with MCC950 significantly suppressed alveolar bone loss with reduced IL‐1β activation and osteoclast differentiation in ligature‐induced periodontitis.

Conclusion

Our findings reveal that NLRP3 regulates alveolar bone loss in ligature‐induced periodontitis by promoting osteoclastic differentiation.
Case study of participatory action research for wildlife conservation
Authors: Milich Krista M. , Sorbello Kayce , Kolinski Lev , Busobozi Richard , Kugonza Moses
Published: December 2020

Negative interactions between humans and wildlife create one of the greatest threats to biodiversity conservation. When wild animals damage the crops in agricultural fields, subsistence farmers suffer food insecurity and economic instability. Animals can be killed or injured during these interactions, and communities may develop negative feelings about conservation. To address conservation concerns, projects should look at both sides of these interactions. A Participatory Action Research approach allows researchers and community members to work collaboratively to investigate and take action in response to this issue. Our team developed a community project to determine residents' perceptions of the benefits and costs of living around Kibale National Park, Uganda, and to implement changes to mitigate those costs. During our initial survey in 2015, we found that over 80% of our 114 respondents were subsistence farmers with no other source of income. All respondents felt that crop damage by wild animals was the biggest problem with living near the park, and they had negative feelings about the park and animals. Thus, we worked with project participants to establish the following land‐use changes throughout 2016 and 2017: (a) planting garlic as a cash crop, (b) planting tea as a buffer crop, (c) building beehive fences, and (d) maintaining a trench around the boundary of the park. Through monthly surveys, we assessed the success of these changes on reducing crop damage and improving conservation initiatives. Compliance with land‐use changes was significantly associated with a reduction in the events of crop damage, which has implications for economic stability and an individual's attitude about conservation. This project provides guidelines for using Participatory Action Research methods to develop sustainable interventions to improve human‐wildlife interactions.
Intentional introgression of a blight tolerance transgene to rescue the remnant population of American chestnut
Authors: Newhouse Andrew E. , Powell William A.
Published: December 2020

In contrast to many current applications of biotechnology, the intended consequence of the American Chestnut Research & Restoration Project is to produce trees that are well‐adapted to thrive not just in confined fields or orchards, but throughout their natural range. Our primary focus is on disease tolerance, but we believe it will also be critically important that optimal restoration trees should have robust genetic diversity and resilience, which can be supplied by a full complement of their wild‐type genes. Chestnut restoration offers a unique case study because many restoration or intervention options have been attempted: doing nothing, planting non‐native chestnut species, planting hybrids, mutagenesis (exposing seeds to high levels of radiation to induce random mutations), backcross breeding, and now genetic engineering. Any of these techniques may be advantageous independently or in combinations, depending on the specific goals of land managers or restoration practitioners, but genetic engineering offers a unique opportunity to enhance blight tolerance while minimizing other changes to the genome.
Adverse event profiles of epidermal growth factor receptor‐tyrosine kinase inhibitors in cancer patients: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Yin Xiaonan , Zhao Zhou , Yin Yuan , Shen Chaoyong , Chen Xin , Cai Zhaolun , Wang Jian , Chen Zhixin , Yin Yiqiong , Zhang Bo
Published: December 2020

The efficacy of agents targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in patients with various cancers was well elucidated. However, the safety profile of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR‐TKIs) has not been systematically investigated. This meta‐analysis aimed to evaluate the safety profile of EGFR‐TKIs in patients with cancer. A systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library databases, ASCO, and ESMO abstracts were conducted. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared safety profile of EGFR‐TKIs with placebo were included. The end points included treatment‐related adverse events (AEs), treatment discontinuation, and toxic death. Twenty‐eight RCTs containing 17,800 patients were included. The analyses showed that the most frequently observed all‐grade AEs in patients treated with EGFR‐TKIs were diarrhea (53.7%), rash (48.6%), mucositis (46.5%), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased (38.9%), and skin reaction (35.2%). The most common high‐grade (grade ≥3) AEs were mucositis (14.8%), pain (8.2%,), metabolism and nutrition disorders (7.4%), diarrhea (6.2%), dyspnea (6.1%), and hypertension (6.1%). The incidence of serious AEs, treatment discontinuation, and toxic death due to AEs were 18.2%, 12.36%, and 3.0%, respectively. Pooled risk ratio (RR) showed that the use of EGFR‐TKIs was associated with an increased risk of developing AEs. Subgroup analysis indicated that the risk of AEs varied significantly according to tumor type, generation line, and drug type. Our meta‐analysis indicates EGFR‐TKIs was associated with a significant increased risk of a series of unique AEs. Early detection and proper management of AEs are important to reduce morbidity, avoid treatment discontinuation, and improve patient quality of life.

Study Highlights

WHAT IS THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE TOPIC?

The safety profile of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)‐tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) varied in different trials, and has not been systemically investigated.

WHAT QUESTION DID THIS STUDY ADDRESS?

We conducted this meta‐analysis of randomized control trials (RCTs) to provide a comprehensive evaluation of adverse event in patients with cancer receiving EGFR‐TKIs.

WHAT DOES THIS STUDY ADD TO OUR KNOWLEDGE?

Our meta‐analysis indicates EGFR‐TKIs was associated with a significant increased risk of a series of unique adverse events (AEs).

HOW MIGHT THIS CHANGE CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY OR TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE?

The integrated understanding of safety profile of EGFR‐TKIs will help in the future design of new EGFR‐TKIs with a better safety profile.
Effect of meal timing on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tegoprazan in healthy male volunteers
Authors: Yoon Deok Y. , Sunwoo Jung , Shin Naree , Kim Ah R. , Kim Bongtae , Song Geun S. , Jang In‐Jin , Lee SeungHwan
Published: December 2020

Tegoprazan, a novel potassium‐competitive acid blocker, is used to treat acid‐related diseases. However, there is no information on the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles of the marketed dosage of tegoprazan under various meal timings in a fed and fasted state. The study aimed to assess the effect of meal timing on PKs and PDs of tegoprazan 50 mg after a single administration in healthy male subjects. An open‐label, single‐dose, three‐treatment, three‐period crossover study was conducted. A total of 12 subjects were orally administered a single dose of tegoprazan 50 mg among various conditions: in a fasted state, at 30 min before or 30 min after a high‐fat meal. PK parameters were estimated by the noncompartmental method. Continuous 24‐h intragastric pH monitoring was done for PD analysis. The PKs and PDs of tegoprazan were compared among the various meal timings. Compared with the fasting condition, the PK profile of tegoprazan was similar when administered 30 min before a high‐fat meal; however, delayed absorption with similar systemic exposure was observed when administered 30 min after a high‐fat meal. The magnitude of acid suppression evaluated through the PD parameters increased when administered 30 min after a high‐fat meal compared with fasting the condition and when administered 30 min before a high‐fat meal. However, the increased difference in acid suppression was not clinically significant. Meal timing had no clinically significant effect on the PKs and PDs of tegoprazan 50 mg. Therefore, the marketed dosage of tegoprazan could be administered regardless of the meal timing.

Study Highlights

WHAT IS THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE TOPIC?

Tegoprazan, a novel potassium‐competitive acid blocker, is used to treat acid‐related diseases.

WHAT QUESTION DID THIS STUDY ADDRESS?

This study evaluated the effect of food on pharmacokinetics (PKs) and pharmacodynamics (PDs) of tegoprazan under various mealtime conditions.

WHAT DOES THIS STUDY ADD TO OUR KNOWLEDGE?

This study showed that delayed absorption of tegoprazan was observed at “after meal condition,” however, the amount of systemic exposure of “after meal condition” was similar to “fasting condition” and “before meal condition.” In addition, gastric acid suppression of tegoprazan was similar between fasting condition and before meal condition, whereas increased gastric acid suppression was observed at after meal condition.

HOW MIGHT THIS CHANGE CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY OR TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE?

In the actual clinical environment, patients take medicine under various fed conditions. This study evaluated the effect of food on PKs and PDs of tegoprazan in various clinical conditions, and provided the important information about meal timing when administering tegoprazan.
Paradigm shift in image‐enhanced endoscopic ultrasonography
Authors: Ohno Eizaburo
Published: December 2020

This Editorial refers to the article by R. Ishikawa et al., p 829‐839 of this issue.
Breakthrough percepts of online identity: Detecting recognition of email addresses on the fringe of awareness
Authors: Harris Kathryn , Miller Claire , Jose Brendan , Beech Anthony , Woodhams Jessica , Bowman Howard
Published: December 2020

A key issue facing cybercrime investigations is connecting online identities to real‐world identities. This paper shows that by combining the Fringe‐P3 method with a concealed information test, we can detect a participant's familiarity with their own email address, thus connecting their real‐world identity to their online one. Participants were shown Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) streams of email addresses, some including their own email address (probe) or a target email address. Familiarity with the probe was accurately detected with significant results at the group level and for 7 of 11 participants at the individual level. These promising results demonstrate that the method can be successfully used to detect online identities. Factors that may affect how well an email address probe stands out in the RSVP streams are also discussed.
Identifying key questions in the ecology and evolution of cancer
Authors: Dujon Antoine M. , Aktipis Athena , Alix‐Panabières Catherine , Amend Sarah R. , Boddy Amy M. , Brown Joel S. , Capp Jean‐Pascal , DeGregori James , Ewald Paul , Gatenby Robert , Gerlinger Marco , Giraudeau Mathieu , Hamede Rodrigo K. , Hansen Elsa , Kareva Irina , Maley Carlo C. , Marusyk Andriy , McGranahan Nicholas , Metzger Michael J. , Nedelcu Aurora M. , Noble Robert , Nunney Leonard , Pienta Kenneth J. , Polyak Kornelia , Pujol Pascal , Read Andrew F. , Roche Benjamin , Sebens Susanne , Solary Eric , Staňková Kateřina , Swain Ewald Holly , Thomas Frédéric , Ujvari Beata
Published: December 2020

The application of evolutionary and ecological principles to cancer prevention and treatment, as well as recognizing cancer as a selection force in nature, has gained impetus over the last 50 years. Following the initial theoretical approaches that combined knowledge from interdisciplinary fields, it became clear that using the eco‐evolutionary framework is of key importance to understand cancer. We are now at a pivotal point where accumulating evidence starts to steer the future directions of the discipline and allows us to underpin the key challenges that remain to be addressed. Here, we aim to assess current advancements in the field and to suggest future directions for research. First, we summarize cancer research areas that, so far, have assimilated ecological and evolutionary principles into their approaches and illustrate their key importance. Then, we assembled 33 experts and identified 84 key questions, organized around nine major themes, to pave the foundations for research to come. We highlight the urgent need for broadening the portfolio of research directions to stimulate novel approaches at the interface of oncology and ecological and evolutionary sciences. We conclude that progressive and efficient cross‐disciplinary collaborations that draw on the expertise of the fields of ecology, evolution and cancer are essential in order to efficiently address current and future questions about cancer.
Melanocortin 1 receptor is dispensable for acute stress induced hair graying in mice
Authors: Zhang Bing , He Megan , Rachmin Inbal , Yu Xiaoling , Kim Seungtea , Fisher David E. , Hsu Ya‐Chieh
Published: December 2020

Stress is a risk factor for many skin conditions, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms of its impacts have only begun to be revealed. In mice, acute stress induces loss of melanocyte stem cells (MeSCs) and premature hair greying. Our previous work demonstrated that the loss of MeSCs upon acute stress is caused by the hyperactivation of the sympathetic nervous system. Stress also induces the secretion of stress hormones from the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis; however, whether stress hormones are involved in the hair greying process has not been fully examined. In particular, the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is released from the pituitary glands upon stress. ACTH is a ligand for the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), which plays critical roles in regulating MeSC migration and skin pigmentation. We investigated whether the MC1R pathway is required for the stress‐induced hair greying. We confirmed that MC1R is the major melanocortin receptor expressed in MeSCs. However, induction of acute stress via resiniferatoxin (RTX) injection still leads to hair greying in Mc1r mutant mice, suggesting that the ACTH–MC1R pathway is not a major contributor in acute stress‐induced premature hair greying.
Delegating power? Performance management from a process perspective
Authors: Gofen Anat , Gassner Drorit
Published: December 2020

In contrast to the well‐documented impacts of implementing performance management (PM) systems, the evolution of PM systems' design is understudied, despite the understanding that PM requires ongoing maintenance, continuing reconsideration, and constant adaption to local circumstances. This study employs a process perspective on PM by focusing on the four generations of the Israeli police PM system implemented from 1999 to 2016. Data are drawn from official documentation and interviews with various stakeholders who were involved in the system's re‐designs. PM evolution emerged as a decentralization process, during which Chiefs were gradually given more power, partially at the expense of top management power, through increased discretion, self‐learning features, enhanced understanding and decoupling of measurement–incentives. Shifting from “one size fits all” to a more “tailor‐made” approach, and from top‐down control to user management, PM decentralization exemplifies constructive efforts to bridge the well‐known gap between policy aims and outcomes in performance‐oriented reforms.
The role of histopathology in the diagnosis and management of coeliac disease and other malabsorptive conditions
Authors: Brown Ian , Bettington Mark , Rosty Christophe
Published: December 2020

Most absorption of nutrients takes place in the proximal small intestine, and the most common disorders leading to malabsorption are associated with a morphological abnormality in the duodenal mucosa that is appreciable in histological sections of biopsy specimens. Coeliac disease is the most well‐known example, causing intraepithelial lymphocytosis, inflammation and villous atrophy in the duodenum. Remarkably similar inflammatory changes can be induced by other processes, including medications, e.g. angiotensin II receptor blockers and immune checkpoint inhibitors, immune dysregulation disorders, e.g. common variable immunodeficiency and autoimmune enteropathy, infections, collagenous sprue, and tropical sprue. However, there are often subtle histological differences from coeliac disease in the type of inflammatory infiltrate, the presence of crypt apoptosis, and the extent and type of inflammation beyond the duodenum. The clinical setting and serological investigation usually allow diagnostic separation, but some cases remain challenging. Histopathology is also important in assessing the response to treatment, such as the change in villous architecture caused by a gluten‐free diet, or the response to cessation of a potentially causative medication. This review examines the practical role that histopathology of duodenal biopsy specimens plays in the assessment and management of inflammatory malabsorptive processes of the proximal small intestine, with a particular emphasis on coeliac disease.