bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of Functional MRI to Assess Effects of Deep Brain Stimulation Frequency Changes on Brain Activation in Parkinson Disease
Authors: DiMarzio Marisa , Madhavan Radhika , Hancu Ileana , Fiveland Eric , Prusik Julia , Joel Suresh , Gillogly Michael , Telkes Ilknur , Staudt Michael D , Durphy Jennifer , Shin Damian , Pilitsis Julie G
Published: August 2020

BACKGROUND

Models have been developed for predicting ideal contact and amplitude for subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson disease (PD). Pulse-width is generally varied to modulate the size of the energy field produced. Effects of varying frequency in humans have not been systematically evaluated.

OBJECTIVE

To examine how altered frequencies affect blood oxygen level-dependent activation in PD.

METHODS

PD subjects with optimized DBS programming underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Frequency was altered and fMRI scans/Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale motor subunit (UPDRS-III) scores were obtained. Analysis using DBS-OFF data was used to determine which regions were activated during DBS-ON. Peak activity utilizing T-values was obtained and compared.

RESULTS

At clinically optimized settings (n = 14 subjects), thalamic, globus pallidum externa (GPe), and posterior cerebellum activation were present. Activation levels significantly decreased in the thalamus, anterior cerebellum, and the GPe when frequency was decreased (P < .001). Primary somatosensory cortex activation levels significantly decreased when frequency was increased by 30 Hz, but not 60 Hz. Sex, age, disease/DBS duration, and bilaterality did not significantly affect the data. Retrospective analysis of fMRI activation patterns predicted optimal frequency in 11/14 subjects.

CONCLUSION

We show the first data with fMRI of STN DBS-ON while synchronizing cycling with magnetic resonance scanning. At clinically optimized settings, an fMRI signature of thalamic, GPe, and posterior cerebellum activation was seen. Reducing frequency significantly decreased thalamic, GPe, and anterior cerebellum activation. Current standard-of-care programming can take up to 6 mo using UPDRS-III testing alone. We provide preliminary evidence that using fMRI signature of frequency may have clinical utility and feasibility.
Tracking structural evolution: operando regenerative CeOx/Bi interface structure for high-performance CO2 electroreduction
Authors: Pang Ruichao , Tian Pengfei , Jiang Hongliang , Zhu Minghui , Su Xiaozhi , Wang Yu , Yang Xiaoling , Zhu Yihua , Song Li , Li Chunzhong
Published: August 2020

Unveiling the structural evolution and working mechanism of catalysts under realistic operating conditions is crucial for the design of efficient electrocatalysts for CO2 electroreduction, yet remains highly challenging. Here, by virtue of operando structural measurements at multiscale levels, it is identified under CO2 electroreduction conditions that an as-prepared CeO2/BiOCl precatalyst gradually evolves into CeOx/Bi interface structure with enriched Ce3+ species, which serves as the real catalytically active phase. The derived CeOx/Bi interface structure compared to pure Bi counterpart delivers substantially enhanced performance with a formate Faradaic efficiency approaching 90% for 24 hours in a wide potential window. The formate Faradaic efficiency can be further increased by using isotope D2O instead of H2O. Density functional theory calculations suggest that the regenerative CeOx/Bi interfacial sites can not only promote water activation to increase local *H species for CO2 protonation appropriately, but also stabilize the key intermediate *OCHO in formate pathway.
The Natural World
Authors: Barash David P.
Published: August 2020

This chapter examines how threats, counterthreats, warnings, feints, and deceptions are found throughout the natural world, in the daily lives of animals and even plants. Indeed, these can be seen in plants with thorns and poisons, as well as in animals growling, roaring, baring teeth, showing and exaggerating their weapons (or pretending to have weapons), misrepresenting their ferocity, puffing themselves up, and generally seeking to intimidate their rivals or potential predators. The chapter then considers the role of honesty versus deception: the evolution of warning coloration, whereby brightly colored poison arrow frogs, for example, inform would-be predators that eating them would be a bad idea; and mimicry, in which animals who are not themselves especially dangerous resemble others that are harmful to their predators and thus gain protection via the “empty threat” the former conveys. This, in turn, speaks to the intriguing question of whether a given threat is real or fake, honest or dishonest, and what difference—if any—this makes. The chapter also explains the hawk–dove model of the variations of animal threat, and looks at vocal threats and animal eavesdropping.
Rethinking the Conflict Narrative
Authors: Smith Bradley C.
Published: August 2020

Research on evangelical business leaders has generally emphasized conflict wherein evangelicals struggle to carve out a niche in the corporate domain or stand their ground as they are swept along toward unchristian choices. On the contrary, evangelical executives experience conflict not because they are concerned that their faith and their work are incompatible, but because they are made to feel like second-class citizens by members of their own faith communities. Most of any reservation evangelical business leaders experience regarding their chosen profession concerns the opportunity cost associated with what they are not able to do—including especially more explicitly religious work—rather than what they do but perhaps should not. For this reason, evangelical executives seek to elevate “worldly” concerns to spiritual significance. Instead of accenting distinctions between themselves and non-evangelicals, evangelical executives make a point to blur lines—between sacred and secular, laity and clergy, and business and ministry.
Heaven Has Eyes
Authors: Xu Xiaoqun
Published: August 2020

A history of Chinese law and justice from the imperial era to the post-Mao era, the book addresses the evolution and function of law codes and judicial practices in China’s long history and examines the transition from traditional laws and practices to their modern counterparts in the twentieth century and beyond. From ancient times to the twenty-first century, there has been an enduring expectation or hope among the Chinese people that justice should and will be done in society, which is expressed in a popular Chinese saying, “Heaven has eyes.” To the Chinese mind in the imperial era, justice was, and was to be achieved as, an alignment of Heavenly reason, state law, and human relations. Such a conception did not change until the turn of the twentieth century, when Western-derived notions—natural rights, legal equality, the rule of law, judicial independence, and due process—came to replace the Confucian moral code of right and wrong, which was a fundamental shift in philosophical and moral principles that informed law and justice. The legal-judicial reform agendas since the beginning of the twentieth century (still ongoing today) stemmed from this change in the Chinese moral and legal thinking, but to materialize these principles in everyday practices is much more difficult to accomplish, hence all the legal dramas, including tragedies, in the past century or so. The book lays out how and why that is the case.
From the Imperial Capital to the Magistrate’s Court
Authors: Xu Xiaoqun
Published: August 2020

Chapter 2 describes the institutions in the capital and in provinces that performed judicial functions, and their procedures and practices, throughout the imperial era. It lays out the role of the three judicial bodies in the central government, and the judicial functions performed by administrative officials at all levels below the imperial capital—provinces, prefectures, and counties. It details the judicial procedures prescribed by law, in criminal adjudications in particular, from trial procedures including personal investigation of homicide conducted by the county magistrate to the death penalty reviews that would go through all administrative levels to the central government and ultimately to the emperor. It addresses how such institutions and practices grew to be more and more elaborate and comprehensive, and presents some noteworthy practices and their rationales.
The Rule of Law, Judicial Independence, and Due Process
Authors: Xu Xiaoqun
Published: August 2020

Chapter 5 examines the continuation of the legal-judicial reform and its achievements and limitations under the Beijing government (1912–1927) and the Guomindang (GMD, or Nationalist Party) government (1927–1949). The Beijing government tried to implement an ambitious reform plan but failed to materialize it completely due to a lack of resources, among other problems. The GMD continued the reform but also instituted practices particular to its ideology of ruling the country through the party, including the invention of political offenses and their punishments through special laws and special courts. The durability of positive reform outcomes in those years is shown in the way the Chinese judiciary functioned in the Japanese-occupied territories during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945).
“Contradictions among the People”
Authors: Xu Xiaoqun
Published: August 2020

Chapter 8 turns to the Maoist practices of resolving civil disputes through mediation by courts, workplace leaders, and residents committees, guided by the notion that such disputes were “contradictions among the people.” The focus is on the impact of the Marriage Law of 1950, since other kinds of civil disputes were rather rare under the Maoist Socialist system. The principle of gender and marital equality and the way marital disputes and divorces were handled by community and workplace leaders as well as courts were continuation of the same practices in the revolutionary years. The emphasis on mediation before adjudication in divorce cases was also similar to the earlier times, even though mediators were different.
From Foundation to Capstone
Authors: Regnerus Mark
Published: August 2020

Marriage has come a long way since biblical times. Across much of the Christian world, women are no longer thought of as property, and practices like polygamy or arranged unions are widely rejected. There remain plenty of conflicting opinions about marriage, however, as the Reformation pushed marriage away from the authority of the Church and toward the state. Still today, Christians wrestle over how marriage can be both civil and religious. Despite this quandary, Christians around the world tend to hold perspectives on marriage that have much in common. But what has changed, almost without notice, is the vision for an ideal marital timetable. Marriage, even in the minds of most Christians, has become less about a foundation to build upon and more of a capstone that marks a successful young adult life. What it certainly means, however, is that fewer people—Christians included—will ever marry at all.
Sex
Authors: Regnerus Mark
Published: August 2020

While sex and marriage are still connected in the minds of most Christians, the link is weakening. Cheap sex has become normative, a process boosted by the separation of sex from fertility by wide use of effective birth control. Sex was described as easy by most Christians, including those living in more traditional locations. The “reverence due to a woman” noted in Humanae Vitae is diminishing, as predicted. Clergy and religious leaders struggle to motivate chaste behavior on the part of their young adults, a task made more difficult by the power that flows toward young men when they are outnumbered by marriage-minded women. Meanwhile, matrimony is getting more expensive. Christians are more willing than non-Christians to pursue marriage, but social expectations of a big wedding are a drain on their pocketbook. Marriage waits, as many Christians save up money for a ceremony that need not be so expensive.
Revitalizing Christian Marriage
Authors: Regnerus Mark
Published: August 2020

There are practical ways Christians can stimulate marriage. First, there are beautiful stories about marriage out there; tell them. Second, cultivate marriage-friendly subcultures; participation in vibrant Christian organizations can resist the emergent global “monoculture” that undermines marriage. Third, construct the home as a haven from market mentalities. Fourth, seek improvement in premarital preparation; new marriages need mentors to help them understand what to expect. Fifth, aid and support suffering marriages in your midst; there is such a thing as the “good enough” marriage. Sixth, parents need to be thoughtful about the relationship advice they give (or fail to offer) their children. Seventh, young adults should weigh the costs and benefits of living at home until they are married. Eighth, governments should consider creative ways to support marriage. They can be expensive, but it is riskier to ignore the decline of marriage than to explore new ways to revitalize it.
Songs of Sacrifice
Authors: Maloy Rebecca
Published: August 2020

Songs of Sacrifice argues that liturgical music—both texts and melodies—played a central role in the cultural renewal of early Medieval Iberia. Between the seventh and eleventh centuries, Christian worship on the Iberian Peninsula was structured by rituals of great theological and musical richness, known as the Old Hispanic (or Mozarabic) rite. Much of this liturgy was produced during the seventh century, as part of a cultural and educational program led by Isidore of Seville and other bishops. After the conversion of the Visigothic rulers from Arian to Nicene Christianity at the end of the sixth century, the bishops aimed to create a society unified in the Nicene faith, built on twin pillars of church and kingdom. They initiated a project of clerical education, facilitated through a distinctive culture of textual production. The chant repertory was carefully designed to promote these aims. The creators of the chant texts reworked scripture in ways designed to teach biblical exegesis, linking both to the theological works of Isidore and others, and to Visigothic anti-Jewish discourse. The notation reveals an intricate melodic grammar that is closely tied to textual syntax and sound. Through musical rhetoric, the melodies shaped the delivery of the texts to underline words and phrases of particular liturgical or doctrinal import. The chants thus worked toward the formation of individual Christian souls and a communal, Nicene identity. The final chapters turn to questions about the intersection between orality and writing and the relationships of the Old Hispanic chant to other Western plainsong traditions.
From Scripture to Chant
Authors: Maloy Rebecca
Published: August 2020

Chapter 3 shows that the sacrificium texts were shaped by traditions of patristic biblical exegesis that circulated on the Iberian Peninsula, through the writings of Isidore and others. In this way, the chant advanced the bishops’ goals of identity formation and the teaching of doctrine. Passages of the Old Testament are transformed through an extensive repositioning and rewording, often changing the semantic meaning of the original. The new texts promoted a Christianized experience and understanding of the Old Testament. Through their delineation of clear boundaries between Christian and Jewish observances, the chants are connected to contemporaneous anti-Jewish discourse and law, and were a conduit for the formation of a Gothic, Nicene identity. As a product of the distinctive intellectual culture that produced them, the chant texts were designed in accordance with the goals of the Visigothic cultural program: shaping a kingdom and church unified in Nicene belief.
The Origin and Character of God
Authors: Lewis Theodore J.
Published: August 2020

The Origin and Character of GOD: Ancient Israelite Religion through the Lens of Divinity is an up-to-date and comprehensive reference work for readers of all backgrounds. It looks synthetically at the vast topic of God—exploring questions of historical origin (El and Yahweh traditions), how God was characterized in literature (mythic warrior, king, parent, judge, holy, compassionate) and how he was represented in iconography, both materially and abstractly.
Using the window of divinity to peer into the varieties of religion experience, it explores the royal use of religion for power, prestige and control balanced against the intimacy of family and household religion. It probes priestly prerogatives and cultic status, prophetic challenges to injustice, and the pondering of theodicy by poetic sages.
The volume presents a well-researched work that is a reliable guide to reconstructing the religion of ancient Israel’s past within its ancient Near Eastern context. It is a distillation of decades of scholarship. It is methodologically sophisticated, acknowledging the inherent difficulties involved in such a reconstruction. It carefully examines what we can know from limited source material (textual and archaeological) and how we should evaluate our data when we stand at such a great cultural distance from these ancient societies.
This volume presents a work that is worthy of the ideas imagined by the people who lived in ancient Judah and Israel, ideas that should captivate a modern audience for their intrinsic quality, for their historical relevance and for their resonance with modern questions of faith and practice.
Overview of China’s Social Health Insurance
Authors: Huang Xian
Published: August 2020

Chapter 3 draws from secondary materials and literature to review the history and evolution of social health insurance in contemporary China (since 1949), providing the historical background and the economic context of China’s social health insurance expansion in the 2000s. It shows that throughout the history of contemporary China, social welfare was never considered a basic social right for citizens. Despite dramatic changes in the coverage and generosity of social health insurance across different developmental periods, the stratification of Chinese social health insurance is persistent and was reinforced during the social health insurance expansion between 1999 and 2011. Moreover, the economic transition and the diversification of regional economies in China constitute the economic context, in which the Chinese central and local leaders’ motivations for and differential responses to social health insurance expansion take shape.
Understanding Subnational Variation in Chinese Social Health Insurance
Authors: Huang Xian
Published: August 2020

Chapter 6 investigates the coverage and generosity of Chinese social health insurance in the first decade of the 2000s, with a focus on the regional (i.e., cross-provincial) variation using a cross-sectional time-series research design. First, a cluster analysis provides supportive evidence for the existence of four models of social health insurance expansion in China. The clustering of Chinese provinces in social health insurance expansion also corresponds to the differences among local political economies. Second, the chapter makes detailed inter-regional comparisons and intra-regional studies to reconstruct the mechanism linking a local political economy to the local distributive patterns of health insurance benefits—that is, local socioeconomic conditions shape local leaders’ policy preferences and choices for allocating social health insurance benefits in their jurisdictions. Finally, a regression analysis demonstrates significant correlations between local social risks and social health insurance coverage, and between local fiscal resources and social health insurance generosity.
Conclusion
Authors: Huang Xian
Published: August 2020

Chapter 8 summarizes the main findings and contributions of this book. After a speculative note on the prospect of health reform in China after 2012 when the new leader, Xi Jinping, took power, this chapter discusses the implications of this study for both Chinese social welfare development and its authoritarianism. Finally, it concludes with a deliberation of the conditions for applying the argument about stratified expansion of social welfare provision beyond China.
The Politics of Maps
Authors: Leuenberger Christine , Schnell Izhak
Published: August 2020

This book traces how the geographical sciences have become entwined with politics, territorial claim-making, and nation-building in Israel/Palestine. In particular, the focus is on the history of geographical sciences before and after the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948, and how surveying, mapping, and naming the new territory became a crucial part of its making. With the 1993 Oslo Interim Agreement, Palestinians also surveyed and mapped the territory allocated to a future State of Palestine, with the expectation that they would, within five years, gain full sovereignty. In both cases, maps served to evoke a sense of national identity, facilitated a state’s ability to govern, and helped delineate territory. Besides maps’ geopolitical functions for nation-state building, they also became weapons in map wars. Before and after the 1967 war between Israel and its Arab neighbors, maps of the region became one of the many battlefields in which political conflicts over land claims and the ethno-national identity of this contested land were being waged. Aided by an increasingly user-defined mapping environment, Israeli and Palestinian governmental and non-governmental organizations increasingly relied on the rhetoric of maps to put forth their geopolitical visions. Such struggles over land and its rightful owners in Israel/Palestine exemplify processes under way in other states across the globe, whether in South Africa or Ukraine, which are engaged in disputes over territorial boundaries, national identities, and the territorial integrity of nation-states. Maps, no less, have become crucial tools in these struggles.
Origins
Authors: Miller Kenneth P.
Published: August 2020

This chapter argues that the polarization of Texas and California can be traced to their origins. The chapter examines the two states’ common experiences as possessions of Spain and Mexico; their mid-nineteenth century American settlement, conquest, and admission as states; and their opposite positions on the questions of slavery and secession. Although the two origin stories have similarities, they also bear crucial differences. Texas’s bloody independence struggle and its decade-long career as an independent nation were different from California’s experience as a remote maritime province inundated by a global gold rush and its rapid admission to the Union. Most critically, Texas was settled by American southerners and was oriented toward the South, while California was settled by migrants from across the nation and around the world and was oriented toward the North. These differences became imprinted in the states’ identities and helped shape their futures.
Culture
Authors: Miller Kenneth P.
Published: August 2020

Cultural differences also have contributed to the Texas-California partisan divide. Texas culture is a fusion of southern and western elements. Its southern-style conservative Protestantism and traditional mores combine with a western libertarianism and a strong quasi-nationalism. By comparison, California was long divided along north/south cultural lines, with Northern California more cosmopolitan and culturally liberal and Southern California more culturally conservative. By the end of the twentieth century, however, California’s progressive cultural elements gained dominance. The two states’ broad cultural characteristics translate to political culture. Texas has a more conservative political culture, consisting of elements that political scientist Daniel Elazar has called “traditionalistic” and “individualistic,” while California has a more diverse political culture, increasingly dominated by more liberal, “moralistic” elements.
How Texas Turned Red
Authors: Miller Kenneth P.
Published: August 2020

This chapter explains how Texas came to align with the Republican Party. Texas is now the essential Republican state, but for most of its history it was part of the solid Democratic South. In the mid-twentieth century, the Texas Democratic Party divided into liberal and conservative factions—partly over race and civil rights but also over a range of questions including New Deal economic policies and anti-communism. Texas Democrats engaged in what V. O. Key called the most intense intraparty fight of any state in the South. The long-dormant state Republican Party began to revive in the 1960s as many Texans became alienated from a national Democratic Party that was shifting to the left. Republican gains produced a period of balanced two-party competition that lasted from the 1970s through the 1990s. By the early 2000s, the GOP established dominance, making Texas the nation’s largest and most powerful Republican state.
Taxes
Authors: Miller Kenneth P.
Published: August 2020

This chapter places Texas and California on the national spectrum of state tax policy and shows how they occupy opposite poles. Texas has maintained a low overall tax burden and is one of a small number of states that has steadfastly refused to adopt an income tax. Advocates of the Texas tax system argue that it protects personal freedom, promotes economic growth, and provides the state a crucial advantage in attracting new residents and businesses. Critics say the system is regressive and fails to produce adequate funding for government programs. By comparison, California has embraced a far higher tax burden and a progressive tax structure. Its largest revenue source, the personal income tax, is the highest in the nation. Advocates say California’s tax system generates needed funding for government programs and appropriately shifts the tax burden to those most able to pay, while critics say these taxes are excessive and help drive residents and businesses out of the state.
Poverty
Authors: Miller Kenneth P.
Published: August 2020

Poverty is a chronic problem in both Texas and California, as it is in the rest of the nation. This chapter analyzes the two states’ competing strategies for addressing it. The Texas Model provides comparatively low levels of direct government support for the poor. The choice is based in part on budget limitations, but more fundamentally on the conservative view that government welfare programs often fail to lift people out of poverty and can foster dependency. California takes a more progressive approach. The state believes that government has a responsibility to provide for those in need and has increased state spending on government programs to assist the poor, including Medicaid expansion, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), aid to the homeless, and more.
Social Policy Reforms and Economic Distances in China
Authors: Gao Qin , Yang Sui , Zhai Fuhua , Wang Yake
Published: August 2020

Using CHIP data for 2002, 2007, and 2013, this chapter examines the effects of social policy reforms on the economic distance between rich and poor households in the urban, rural, and migrant sectors. In the urban sector, pensions consistently narrowed economic distances, whereas other social benefits—health insurance, social assistance, supplementary income, and in-kind benefits—had little redistributive impact. Social benefits in both the rural and migrant sectors changed from being regressive in 2002 to becoming progressive in 2013. In the rural areas, benefits in 2013 from agricultural and livelihood subsidies played the most significant redistributive role; private transfers also narrowed economic distances. Among migrants in 2013, health benefits and taxes and fees narrowed economic distances, although less so than among rural residents. Despite the expansion of social policies during this period, in both urban and rural China market forces trumped the redistributive effects of the social benefits.
China’s Urban Gender Wage Gap
Authors: Song Jin , Sicular Terry , Gustafsson Björn
Published: August 2020

This chapter uses data from the urban household CHIP surveys for the years 1995, 2002, 2007, and 2013 to provide consistent estimates of the gender wage gap in urban China and it investigate those factors that have contributed to this gap. The gender wage gap widened substantially and progressively from 1995 to 2007, but from 2007 to 2013 the gender wage gap narrowed. In 2013 the gender wage gap was between 19 and 25 percent. Oaxaca-Blinder decompositions reveal that the contributions of the differences in the characteristics of women and men to the wage gap declined over time; by 2013 the gap was largely unexplained. Key factors underlying the gender wage gap in recent years include individual characteristics, such as age, education, marriage, and children, as well as employment sector and occupation.
Violence against Women in Politics
Authors: Krook Mona Lena
Published: August 2020

Women have made significant inroads into politics in recent years, but in many parts of the world, their increased engagement has spurred attacks, intimidation, and harassment intended to deter their participation. This book provides the first comprehensive account of this phenomenon, exploring how women came to give these experiences a name—violence against women in politics—and lobby for its increased recognition by citizens, states, and international organizations. Drawing on research in multiple disciplines, the volume resolves lingering ambiguities regarding its contours by arguing that violence against women in politics is not simply a gendered extension of existing definitions of political violence privileging physical aggressions against rivals. Rather, it is a distinct phenomenon involving a broad range of harms to attack and undermine women as political actors. Incorporating a wide range of country examples, the book illustrates what this violence looks like in practice, catalogues emerging solutions around the world, and considers how to document this phenomenon more effectively. Highlighting its implications for democracy, human rights, and gender equality, the volume concludes that tackling violence against women in politics requires ongoing dialogue and collaboration to ensure women’s equal rights to participate—freely and safely—in political life around the globe.
A “New” Phenomenon?
Authors: Krook Mona Lena
Published: August 2020

Chapter 6 explores whether violence against women in politics is in fact a “new” phenomenon, noting that existing evidence points to at least three scenarios: it is a new expression of an old problem; it stems from technological advances and rising levels of incivility in world politics; and it constitutes a backlash against women’s increased presence in politics. While the lack of prior research complicates the task of testing these various explanations, the chapter ultimately argues that the search for a definitive answer may be misplaced: rather than constituting competing hypotheses, these accounts more likely collectively capture distinct elements driving this phenomenon.
A Distinct Phenomenon
Authors: Krook Mona Lena
Published: August 2020

Chapter 9 argues that violence against women in politics is not simply a gendered version of already-recognized forms of political violence. Rather, it constitutes a distinct phenomenon that specifically aims to exclude women as women from the political sphere. Rather than being an incidental feature, gender is central to the logic of violence, shaping its origins, manifestations, and outcomes. The chapter elaborates on this distinction by proposing that violence against women in politics originates in structural violence against women, is manifested through cultural violence against women, and results in symbolic violence against women. This distinction means that violence against women in politics poses threats to democracy, human rights, and gender equality.
A Continuum of Violence
Authors: Krook Mona Lena
Published: August 2020

Chapter 11 outlines competing views on defining “violence.” A minimalist conception of violence as force focuses on the deliberate infliction of physical injury, highlighting the intentions of agents committing acts of violence at single moments in time. In contrast, a more comprehensive view of violence as violation recognizes a wider range of transgressions, privileging the experiences of victims and the “ripples of violence” affecting survivors, their families, and their communities over time. The chapter argues in favor of adopting a comprehensive approach, limited not to the use of force but drawing attention to violations of personal integrity more broadly. It draws on feminist work theorizing a continuum of violence against women to highlight why identifying a more complete spectrum of violent acts is vital, as manifestations of violence not only shade into one another but also inform and reinforce one another.
Psychological Violence
Authors: Krook Mona Lena
Published: August 2020

Chapter 13 provides an overview of psychological forms of violence against women in politics. Psychological violence inflicts trauma on individuals’ mental state or emotional well-being. It seeks to disempower targets by degrading, demoralizing, or shaming them—often through efforts to instill fear, cause stress, or harm their credibility. These acts may occur inside and outside official political settings and be carried out in person, by telephone, or via digital means like email and social media. Experiencing it firsthand, targets (and their allies) have taken the lead in devising and sharing coping strategies, empowering individuals and mobilizing groups to call out psychological violence and counteract its pernicious effects.
Cross-Cutting Solutions
Authors: Krook Mona Lena
Published: August 2020

Chapter 17 builds on previous chapters, which focus on solutions for individual categories of violence, by cataloguing solutions that cut across multiple forms of violence. Collective efforts to understand this problem highlight the multi-faceted and overlapping nature of its manifestations, thus single-pronged solutions alone may not suffice to address the fuller spectrum of acts of violence against women in politics. The chapter outlines three categories of cross-cutting solutions pioneered in various parts of the globe: awareness-raising initiatives, legal reforms, and safety and support frameworks. It shows that as a group, they tackle this problem at various stages, seeking to prevent, sanction, and provide redress for acts of violence against women in politics.
Introduction
Authors: Weirich Paul
Published: August 2020

Handling risk well is a hallmark of rational decisions. Some risks are chances of bad events and others are the volatility of an act’s possible outcomes. Attitudes to a risk may focus on everything that occurs if the risk occurs, or just on the intrinsic features of the risk. Rationality’s requirements concerning attitudes to risks depend on the type of risk and the type of attitude. The requirements, for simplicity, may target cognitively ideal agents in ideal conditions for forming attitudes to risks. The idealizing assumptions about agents create a normative model. Well-established research methods explain how removing idealizations generalizes the model. Rational attitudes to risks ground rational choices concerning acts that affect risks. They explain the rationality of maximizing expected utility, as the book argues. Its philosophical account of risk is precise, systematic, and explanatory.
Evaluation of an Act
Authors: Weirich Paul
Published: August 2020

The expected-utility principle asserts that an act’s utility equals its expected utility, that is, a probability-weighted average of the utilities of the act’s possible outcomes. The mean-risk principle asserts that an act’s utility equals the sum of (1) the act’s expected utility ignoring the act’s risk and (2) the intrinsic utility of the act’s risk. The justification of both principles uses the independence of evaluations of risks and prospects, taking them in isolation. The scope of intrinsic evaluations of risks and prospects makes the evaluations independent, and their independence grounds the additivity of evaluations of an act’s risks and prospects, and also the additivity of an evaluation of the act’s risk, in the sense of its exposure to chance, and the act’s evaluation ignoring its risk.
Monks in Motion
Authors: Chia Jack Meng-Tat
Published: August 2020

Chinese Buddhists have never remained stationary. They have always been on the move. Why did Buddhist monks migrate from China to Southeast Asia? How did they participate in transregional Buddhist networks across the South China Sea? In Monks in Motion, Jack Meng-Tat Chia tells a story of monastic connectivity across the South China Sea during the twentieth century. Following in the footsteps of three prominent monks—Chuk Mor (1913–2002), Yen Pei (1917–1996), and Ashin Jinarakkhita (1923–2002)—Chia explores the connected history of Buddhist communities in China and maritime Southeast Asia. Monks in Motion is the first book to offer a history of what Chia terms “South China Sea Buddhism,” referring to a Buddhism that emerged from a swirl of correspondence networks, forced exiles, voluntary visits, evangelizing missions, institution-building campaigns, and the organizational efforts of countless Chinese and Chinese diasporic Buddhist monks. Drawing on multilingual research conducted in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, he challenges the conventional categories of “Chinese Buddhism” and “Southeast Asian Buddhism” by focusing on the lesser-known—yet no less significant—Chinese Buddhist communities of maritime Southeast Asia. By crossing the artificial spatial frontier between China and Southeast Asia, Monks in Motion brings Southeast Asia into the study of Chinese Buddhism and Chinese Buddhism into the study of Southeast Asia.
Introduction
Authors: Chia Jack Meng-Tat
Published: August 2020

The introduction sets out the purpose of the book, which is to study Chinese Buddhist migration in the twentieth century, highlighting the connected history of Buddhist communities in China and maritime Southeast Asia. This chapter introduces the term “South China Sea Buddhism,” referring to the forms of Buddhism in maritime Southeast Asia—which use Mandarin Chinese, Southern Chinese dialects, and Southeast Asian languages in their liturgy and scriptures—that have emerged out of Buddhist connections across the South China Sea. It challenges the conventional categories of “Chinese Buddhism” and “Southeast Asian Buddhism” by focusing on the lesser-known Chinese Buddhist communities of maritime Southeast Asia. Finally, the chapter discusses the sources and outline of the book.
Migrants, Monks, and Monasteries
Authors: Chia Jack Meng-Tat
Published: August 2020

Chapter 1 provides the historical background to Chinese migration and the spread of Buddhism to maritime Southeast Asia between the nineteenth century and the 1940s to set the stage for the discussion of the three monks in this study. In rough chronological order, this chapter tells the history of Chinese migration to colonial Southeast Asian states, arrival of Chinese Buddhism, and the South China Sea Buddhist networks that connected China and Southeast Asia. During this period, Buddhist monks came to the Malay Archipelago and propagated ideas of Buddhist modernism to the overseas Chinese communities. By the end of the 1940s, communist victory in the Chinese civil war led to the establishment of the People’s Republic of China and the evacuation of the Kuomintang government to Taiwan; this period also marked the beginning of decolonization in maritime Southeast Asia.
Yen Pei
Authors: Chia Jack Meng-Tat
Published: August 2020

Chapter 3 uses Yen Pei’s life and career as a window into the larger and more complex dynamics of migration and transregional Buddhist circulations in the South China Sea during the second half of the twentieth century. The chapter draws on the case of Yen Pei to reveal that, first, migrant monks were significant actors in connecting the Buddhist communities in China and Southeast Asia, and second, Singapore’s so-called reformist Buddhist movement can be better understood by contextualizing it within the broader history of South China Sea Buddhism in the twentieth century. The first half of this chapter discusses Yen Pei’s decade-long career in Taiwan between 1952 and 1964 and his three missionary trips to Southeast Asia in 1958, 1961, and 1964. The second half of the chapter focuses on his religious career in Singapore from 1964 to his death in 1996.
Introduction
Authors: Gallicchio Marc
Published: August 2020

The Introduction gives a brief outline of the history behind the events that led to the unconditional surrender by the Japanese as World War II came to a close in 1945. In the final months of the war, the Introduction argues, a vigorous public debate erupted over the policy of unconditional surrender and the definition of “victory.” This debate wasn’t just about the best way to end a war; it extended the ideological battleground of the New Deal into the international realm. The Introduction concludes that to fully understand Japan’s decision to surrender, readers need to understand what the various participants knew at that time and that is what this book aims to do.
“We Do Not Exclude a Constitutional Monarch Under the Present Dynasty”
Authors: Gallicchio Marc
Published: August 2020

The second chapter picks up in Okinawa, where the last chapter ended, in June 1945, when Japanese forces began an orderly retreat from the Shuri line to the Kiyan Peninsula, located at the southernmost part of Okinawa. Thereafter began a plan within the Japanese political and military elite to end the war. The initial hope was for Japan’s withdrawal from the European colonies it had conquered, providing they were granted their independence. Japan would also disarm itself and accept limits imposed on its defense establishment. There would be no occupation of the homeland. The chapter argues that this was a daring plan. The chapter presents the U.S. reaction to this in terms of how those in power wanted the Japanese surrender to be shaped.
The Challenges at Work
Authors: Pinckney Jonathan C.
Published: August 2020

This chapter presents the results of two statistical analyses: one comparing transitions initiated by nonviolent resistance (civil resistance transitions) with all other types of political transitions from 1945 until 2011, and a second looking at the effects of the challenges of transitional mobilization and maximalism within civil resistance transitions. The analysis finds strong support for the book’s two key empirical claims: that civil resistance transitions are much more likely to end in democracy than other types of transition, and that high levels of mobilization and low levels of maximalism during civil resistance transitions are key in leading to this democratizing effect.
Value
Authors: Richardson John
Published: August 2020

The first chapter introduces Nietzsche’s notion of value; this metaethics orients the book’s later discussions. He speaks of values both descriptively, as objects of study, and valuatively, as what he values; only in the latter sense does he see them as good. The chapter argues that the first, naturalistic view of values, in which they are simply objects of valuing, has priority for him. A value is really just a sign used by a will, which values precisely by steering by that sign. Since all organisms use signs in this way, all of them value. Nietzsche challenges us to “incorporate” this metaethical truth into our own valuing and to recognize that our own values are likewise only “perspectival” goods (i.e., goods internal to our valuing perspective). The chapter articulates twelve “principles” he holds regarding values and locates his metaethical position in relation to those attributed to him by other interpreters.
The Yes
Authors: Richardson John
Published: August 2020

The ninth chapter begins presenting the values Nietzsche offers as lesson from his critiques of our values so far. It treats the center-piece of these new values, “the Yes.” He sets the goal of a “universal affirmation”: viewing everything, even the ugly, the weak, the sick as good. The bad is a way of being good. This amounts to a “value monism,” denying “opposite values,” which he thinks are presumed in morality’s dualist distinction between good and evil. This Yes is expressed in some of his most famous ideas, including eternal return and amor fati. He tries out ways to “prove” this value monism given what values are. But ultimately he doesn’t offer it as required or true because he wants us to value it “honestly”—as just a valued. We are to value it in a way that engages not just our belief, but our willing and feeling, too.
Self
Authors: Richardson John
Published: August 2020

The tenth chapter shows how incorporating the truth about values lets one “become who one is”: an individual and self, crystallized from the herd identity one has in living by norms. Nietzsche’s idea of the self grounds it in our reflexivity or self-relation; to “be a self” is to be adequately reflexive. The chapter gives a genealogy of this selfhood, showing it as the culmination of a reflexivity intrinsic to will to power itself and progressively improved in higher forms of this will. Our better self-understanding makes possible a fuller selfhood, one achieved by distinguishing oneself both from one’s parts—one’s drives and affects—and from the group of which one is part. It’s by unifying one’s drives (overcoming fragmentation) and individuating from one’s herd (overcoming assimilation) that one becomes a full-fledged self. This enables one to have values “of one’s own” and to be “selfish” in the way Nietzsche advocates.
Violent Beasts and Legal Animals
Authors: Naik Abhayraj , Chenchiah Rachel
Published: August 2020

What kind of animal politics, what kind of human politics, makes possible in India a negative anthropology of the animal that is accurate and ethical? The essay suggests that the correct approach should include an uncompromising and fully non-deterministic conception of law’s role in human relations with the animal. The essay is a [re]examination of law, violence, and animals/ animality. It draws upon sources from philosophy, history, law, culture, art, and society to shift the focus of the discussion away from ‘being’ and towards ‘becomings’, that is, towards potential possibilities and the ground for individuation. The musings on crows, on woundedness and the difficulty of reality, on violence and order in the postcolony, on the rule of law for nature in India, and on the problems and perils of utilitarian reason and a narrow protectionist approach for animals—suggest that while an uncompromising and completely non-deterministic aesthetic-politico-legal approach to violence and animals may be immensely challenging and incredibly difficult, it is this, this continuous and constant striving for the unsettled proper of man and animal, which ultimately allows us to practice our humanness without being ashamed of our continuity with all life.
Common Concepts
Authors: Joseph Sophy K.
Published: August 2020

This chapter intends to clarify primary concepts such as ‘farmer’, ‘customary rights of a farmer’, and ‘principle of common heritage’ with the help of important literature. While discussing the pedagogy of the book, it is important to discuss the nomenclatures used in the title. This is aimed at clarifying the perspective from which the author is analysing the subject. In pedagogical sense, there is a movement from popularly used meaning to particularly ascribed meaning to explain the terminologies such as ‘farmers’ and ‘customary rights’. This has been done with the help of historical analysis through different phases. The author argues that popular legal definition of ‘farmer’ is exclusionary in character and therefore the benefits of commercialization cannot reach the original owners of plant genetic resources.