bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detection and characterization of betamethasone metabolites in human urine by LC‐MS/MS
Authors: Matabosch Xavier , Pozo Oscar J. , Monfort Núria , Pérez‐Mañá Clara , Farré Magí , Segura Jordi , Ventura Rosa
Published: December 2014

Glucocorticosteroids are prohibited in sports when administered by systemic routes and allowed using other administrations for therapeutic reasons. Therefore, markers to distinguish between routes of administration through the analysis of urine samples are needed in anti‐doping control. As a first step to achieve that goal, the metabolism of betamethasone (BET) was investigated in the present work. Urine samples obtained after BET intramuscular injection were hydrolyzed with β‐glucuronidase and subjected to liquid‐liquid extraction with ethyl acetate in alkaline conditions. The extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Common open screening methods for fluorine containing corticosteroids (precursor ion scan method of m/z 121, 147, 171, and neutral loss (NL) scan methods of 20 and 38 Da in positive ionization, and 46 and 76 Da in negative ionization) were applied to detect BET metabolites. Moreover, an NL method was applied to detect A‐ring reduced metabolites of BET, which are ionized as [M+NH4]+ (NL of 55, 73, and 91 Da, corresponding to the consecutive losses of NH3, HF and one, two and three water molecules, respectively). BET and 24 metabolites were detected. Six metabolites were identified by comparison with standards, and for ten, feasible structures were proposed based on mass spectrometric data. Eleven of the characterized metabolites had not been previously reported. Metabolites resulting from 11‐oxidation, 6‐hydroxylation, C20 or 4‐ene‐3‐one reduction and combination of some of them were detected. Moreover one metabolite resulting from cleavage of the side chain with subsequent oxidation of carbon at C17 was also detected. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using optical coherence tomography to rapidly phenotype and quantify congenital heart defects associated with prenatal alcohol exposure
Authors: Karunamuni Ganga , Gu Shi , Doughman Yong Qiu , Noonan Amanda I. , Rollins Andrew M. , Jenkins Michael W. , Watanabe Michiko
Published: December 2014

Background: The most commonly used method to analyze congenital heart defects involves serial sectioning and histology. However, this is often a time‐consuming process where the quantification of cardiac defects can be difficult due to problems with accurate section registration. Here we demonstrate the advantages of using optical coherence tomography, a comparatively new and rising technology, to phenotype avian embryo hearts in a model of fetal alcohol syndrome where a binge‐like quantity of alcohol/ethanol was introduced at gastrulation. Results: The rapid, consistent imaging protocols allowed for the immediate identification of cardiac anomalies, including ventricular septal defects and misaligned/missing vessels. Interventricular septum thicknesses and vessel diameters for three of the five outflow arteries were also significantly reduced. Outflow and atrioventricular valves were segmented using image processing software and had significantly reduced volumes compared to controls. This is the first study to our knowledge that has 3D reconstructed the late‐stage cardiac valves in precise detail to examine their morphology and dimensions. Conclusions: We believe, therefore, that optical coherence tomography, with its ability to rapidly image and quantify tiny embryonic structures in high resolution, will serve as an excellent and cost‐effective preliminary screening tool for developmental biologists working with a variety of experimental/disease models. Developmental Dynamics 244:607–618, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Heterogeneity in vascular smooth muscle cell embryonic origin in relation to adult structure, physiology, and disease
Authors: Pfaltzgraff Elise R. , Bader David M.
Published: December 2014

Regional differences in vascular physiology and disease response exist throughout the vascular tree. While these differences in physiology and disease correspond to regional vascular environmental conditions, there is also compelling evidence that the embryonic origins of the smooth muscle inherent to the vessels may play a role. Here, we review what is known regarding the role of embryonic origin of vascular smooth muscle cells during vascular development. The focus of this review is to highlight the heterogeneity in the origins of vascular smooth muscle cells and the resulting regional physiologies of the vessels. Our goal is to stimulate future investigation into this area and provide a better understanding of vascular organogenesis and disease. Developmental Dynamics 244:410–416, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Surrogate light chain is required for central and peripheral B‐cell tolerance and inhibits anti‐DNA antibody production by marginal zone B cells
Authors: Ren Weicheng , Grimsholm Ola , Bernardi Angelina I. , Höök Nina , Stern Anna , Cavallini Nicola , Mårtensson Inga‐Lill
Published: December 2014

Selection of the primary antibody repertoire takes place in pro‐/pre‐B cells, and subsequently in immature and transitional B cells. At the first checkpoint, μ heavy (μH) chains assemble with surrogate light (SL) chain into a precursor B‐cell receptor. In mice lacking SL chain, μH chain selection is impaired, and serum autoantibody levels are elevated. However, whether the development of autoantibody‐producing cells is due to an inability of the resultant B‐cell receptors to induce central and/or peripheral B‐cell tolerance or other factors is unknown. Here, we show that receptor editing is defective, and that a higher proportion of BM immature B cells are prone to undergoing apoptosis. Furthermore, transitional B cells are also more prone to undergoing apoptosis, with a stronger selection pressure to enter the follicular B‐cell pool. Those that enter the marginal zone (MZ) B‐cell pool escape selection and survive, possibly due to the B‐lymphopenia and elevated levels of B‐cell activating factor. Moreover, the MZ B cells are responsible for the elevated IgM anti‐dsDNA antibody levels detected in these mice. Thus, the SL chain is required for central and peripheral B‐cell tolerance and inhibits anti‐DNA antibody production by MZ B cells.
Regulation of natural cytotoxicity receptors by heparan sulfate proteoglycans in ‐cis: A lesson from NKp44
Authors: Brusilovsky Michael , Radinsky Olga , Cohen Limor , Yossef Rami , Shemesh Avishai , Braiman Alex , Mandelboim Ofer , Campbell Kerry S. , Porgador Angel
Published: December 2014

NKp44 (NCR2) is a distinct member of natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) family that can induce cytokine production and cytolytic activity in human NK cells. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are differentially expressed in various normal and cancerous tissues. HSPGs were reported to serve as ligands/co‐ligands for NKp44 and other NCRs. However, HSPG expression is not restricted to either group and can be found also in NK cells. Our current study reveals that NKp44 function can be modulated through interactions with HSPGs on NK cells themselves in ‐cis rather than on target cells in ‐trans. The intimate interaction of NKp44 and the NK cell‐associated HSPG syndecan‐4 (SDC4) in –cis can directly regulate membrane distribution of NKp44 and constitutively dampens the triggering of the receptor. We further demonstrate, that the disruption of NKp44 and SDC4 interaction releases the receptor to engage with its ligands in –trans and therefore enhances NKp44 activation potential and NK cell functional response.
Use of an ionic liquid‐based surfactant as pseudostationary phase in the analysis of carbamates by micellar electrokinetic chromatography
Authors: Tejada‐Casado Carmen , Moreno‐González David , García‐Campaña Ana M. , del Olmo‐Iruela Monsalud
Published: December 2014

The applicability of an ionic liquid‐based cationic surfactant 1‐dodecyl‐3‐methyl‐imidazolium tetrafluoroborate (C12MImBF4) as pseudostationary phase in MEKC has been evaluated for the analysis of 11 carbamate pesticides (promecarb, carbofuran, metolcarb, fenobucarb, aldicarb, propoxur, asulam, benomyl, carbendazim, ethiofencarb, isoprocarb) in juice samples. Under optimum conditions (separation buffer, 35 mM NaHCO3 and 20 mM C12MImBF4, pH 9.0; capillary temperature 25°C; voltage –22 kV) the analysis was carried out in less than 12 min, using hydrodynamic injection (50 mbar for 7.5 s) and detection at 200 nm. For the extraction of these CRBs from juice samples, a dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) procedure has been proposed, by optimization of variables affecting the efficiency of the extraction. Following this treatment, sample throughput was approximately 12 samples per hour, obtaining a preconcentration factor of 20. Matrix‐matched calibration curves were established using tomato juice as representative matrix (from 5 to 250 μg/L for CBZ, BY, PX, CF, FEN, ETH, ISP, and 25–250 μg/L for ASL, ALD, PRC, MTL), obtaining quantification limits ranging from 1 to 18 μg/L and recoveries from 70 to 96%, with RSDs lower than 9%.
A new fluorescent quenching method for the determination of phosphoproteins by using calconcarboxylic acid
Authors: Zhu Zhongxin , Zhu Xinliang , Shen Jiayi , Zhou Ayi , Ni Maowei , Jin Litai , Cong Weitao
Published: December 2014

A fluorescent quenching detection method for phosphoproteins in SDS‐PAGE by using calconcarboxylic acid (CCA) was described. In this method, the fluorescence intensity of CCA was greatly increased with the presence of Al3+ in the gel background, while in zones where phosphoproteins are located this intensity was absent because of fluorescence quenching phenomenon through the formation of CCA‐Al3+‐phosphoprotein appended complex. Approximately 4–8 ng of phosphoproteins can be selectively detected within 1 h (1D SDS‐PAGE), which is similar to that of the most commonly used Pro‐Q Diamond stain. The specificity of this novel technique for phosphoproteins was confirmed by dephosphorylation, Western blot, and LC‐MS/MS analysis, respectively. Furthermore, to better understand the newly developed method, the detection mechanism of CCA stain was explored by fluorescent spectrometry. According to the results, it is believed that CCA stain may provide a new choice for selective, economical, MS compatible, and convenient visualization of gel‐separated phosphoproteins.
Determination of beta‐agonists in swine hair by μFIA and chemiluminescence
Authors: Chen Xu , Luo Yong , Shi Bo , Gao Zhigang , Du Yuguang , Liu Xianming , Zhao Weijie , Lin Bingcheng
Published: December 2014

β‐Agonists are a group of illegal feed additives. In this paper, it was found that the light emission produced by the oxidation of luminol by potassium ferricyanide was enhanced by the β‐agonists (ractopamine, salbutamol, and terbutaline). Based on chemiluminescence phenomenon, a novel, rapid, and sensitive microflow injection analysis system on a microfluidic glass chip was established for determination of the β‐agonists. The chip was fabricated from two glass plates (64 mm × 32 mm) with microchannels of 200 μm width and 100 μm depth. The detection limits were achieved at 2.0 × 10−8 mol/L of ractopamine, 1.0 × 10−8 mol/L of terbutaline and 5.0 × 10−7 mol/L of salbutamol. In this report, our method was applied for determination of the β‐agonists in swine hair from three different sources with satisfactory results.
Properties of nucleic acid staining dyes used in gel electrophoresis
Authors: Haines Alicia M. , Tobe Shanan S. , Kobus Hilton J. , Linacre Adrian
Published: December 2014

Nucleic acid staining dyes are used for detecting nucleic acids in electrophoresis gels. Historically, the most common dye used for gel staining is ethidium bromide, however due to its toxicity and mutagenicity other dyes that are safer to the user and the environment are preferred. This Short Communication details the properties of dyes now available and their sensitivity for detection of DNA and their ability to permeate the cell membrane. It was found that GelRed™ was the most sensitive and safest dye to use with UV light excitation, and both GelGreen™ and Diamond™ Nucleic Acid Dye were sensitive and the safer dyes using blue light excitation.
Probing the mechanism of the interaction between l‐cysteine‐capped‐CdTe quantum dots and Hg2+ using capillary electrophoresis with ensemble techniques
Authors: Xu Laifang , Hao Junjie , Yi Tao , Xu Yinyin , Niu Xiaoying , Ren Cuiling , Chen Hongli , Chen Xingguo
Published: December 2014

A good understanding of the mechanism of interaction between quantum dots (QDs) and heavy metal ions is essential for the design of more effective sensor systems. In this work, CE was introduced to explore how l‐cysteine‐capped‐CdTe QDs (l‐cys‐CdTe QDs) interacts with Hg2+. The change in electrophoretic mobility can synchronously reflect the change in the composition and property of QDs. The effects of the free and capping ligands on the system are discussed in detail. ESI‐MS, dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, and fluorescence (FL) were also applied as cooperative tools to study the interaction mechanism. Furthermore, the interaction mechanism, which principally depended on the concentration of Hg2+, was proposed reasonably. At the low concentration of Hg2+, the formation of a static complex between Hg2+ and the carboxyl and amino groups of l‐cys‐CdTe QDs surface was responsible for the FL quenching. With the increase of Hg2+ concentration, the capping l‐cys was stripped from the surface of l‐cys‐CdTe QDs due to the high affinity of Hg2+ to the thiol group of l‐cys. Our study demonstrates that CE can reveal the mechanism of the interaction between QDs and heavy metal ions, such as FL quenching.
A microfluidic direct formate fuel cell on paper
Authors: Copenhaver Thomas S. , Purohit Krutarth H. , Domalaon Kryls , Pham Linda , Burgess Brianna J. , Manorothkul Natalie , Galvan Vicente , Sotez Samantha , Gomez Frank A. , Haan John L.
Published: December 2014

We describe the first direct formate fuel cell on a paper microfluidic platform. In traditional membrane‐less microfluidic fuel cells (MFCs), external pumping consumes power produced by the fuel cell in order to maintain co‐laminar flow of the anode stream and oxidant stream to prevent mixing. However, in paper microfluidics, capillary action drives flow while minimizing stream mixing. In this work, we demonstrate a paper MFC that uses formate and hydrogen peroxide as the anode fuel and cathode oxidant, respectively. Using these materials we achieve a maximum power density of nearly 2.5 mW/mg Pd. In a series configuration, our MFC achieves an open circuit voltage just over 1 V, and in a parallel configuration, short circuit of 20 mA absolute current. We also demonstrate that the MFC does not require continuous flow of fuel and oxidant to produce power. We found that we can pre‐saturate the materials on the paper, stop the electrolyte flow, and still produce approximately 0.5 V for 15 min. This type of paper MFC has potential applications in point‐of‐care diagnostic devices and other electrochemical sensors.
Determination of the action modes of cellulases from hydrolytic profiles over a time course using fluorescence‐assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis
Authors: Zhang Qing , Zhang Xiaomei , Wang Peipei , Li Dandan , Chen Guanjun , Gao Peiji , Wang Lushan
Published: December 2014

Fluorescence‐assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis (FACE) is a sensitive and simple method for the separation of oligosaccharides. It relies on labeling the reducing ends of oligosaccharides with a fluorophore, followed by PAGE. Concentration changes of oligosaccharides following hydrolysis of a carbohydrate polymer could be quantitatively measured continuously over time using the FACE method. Based on the quantitative analysis, we suggested that FACE was a relatively high‐throughput, repeatable, and suitable method for the analysis of the action modes of cellulases. On account of the time courses of their hydrolytic profiles, the apparent processivity was used to show the different action modes of cellulases. Cellulases could be easily differentiated as exoglucanases, β‐glucosidases, or endoglucanases. Moreover, endoglucanases from the same glycoside hydrolases family had a variety of apparent processivity, indicating the different modes of action. Endoglucanases with the same binding capacities and hydrolytic activities had similar oligosaccharide profiles, which aided in their classification. The hydrolytic profile of Trichoderma reesei Cel12A, an endoglucanases from T. reesei, contained glucose, cellobiose, and cellotriose, which revealed that it may have a new glucosidase activity, corresponding to that of EC 3.2.1.74. A hydrolysate study of a T. reesei Cel12A‐N20A mutant demonstrated that the FACE method was sufficiently sensitive to detect the influence of a single‐site mutation on enzymatic activity.
High‐resolution quantification by charge‐dominant electrophoretic mobility shift of quantum dots
Authors: Zhang Yi , Wang Tza‐Huei
Published: December 2014

Conjugation of biomolecules to colloidal nanoparticles, such as quantum dots (QDs), often leads to change in mobility. We discover that linking DNA molecules to quantum dots alters their surface charge density without significantly increasing the hydrodynamic radius, causing a prominent shift in electrophoretic mobility. In this study, a high‐resolution molecular quantification method named quantification by QDs electrophoretic mobility shift (qQEMS) is developed based on the charge‐dominant transformation that closely associates DNA quantity to QDs electrophoretic mobility. The versatility of qQEMS is demonstrated by a number of quantification assays in which DNA molecules functioned as enzyme substrates, target‐specific probes, and competitive charge carriers. qQEMS shows a great potential as a generic and versatile quantification platform for a wide range of applications.
IL‐17A activates ERK1/2 and enhances differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells
Authors: Rodgers Jane M. , Robinson Andrew P. , Rosler Elen S. , Lariosa‐Willingham Karen , Persons Rachael E. , Dugas Jason C. , Miller Stephen D.
Published: December 2014

Inflammatory signals present in demyelinated multiple sclerosis lesions affect the reparative remyelination process conducted by oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). Interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), and interleukin (IL)−6 have differing effects on the viability and growth of OPCs, however the effects of IL‐17A are largely unknown. Primary murine OPCs were stimulated with IL‐17A and their viability, proliferation, and maturation were assessed in culture. IL‐17A‐stimulated OPCs exited the cell cycle and differentiated with no loss in viability. Expression of the myelin‐specific protein, proteolipid protein, increased in a cerebellar slice culture assay in the presence of IL‐17A. Downstream, IL‐17A activated ERK1/2 within 15 min and induced chemokine expression in 2 days. These results demonstrate that IL‐17A exposure stimulates OPCs to mature and participate in the inflammatory response. GLIA 2015;63:768–779
Superadditive opercular activation to food flavor is mediated by enhanced temporal and limbic coupling
Authors: Seubert Janina , Ohla Kathrin , Yokomukai Yoshiko , Kellermann Thilo , Lundström Johan N.
Published: December 2014

Food perception is characterized by a transition from initially separate sensations of the olfactory and gustatory properties of the object toward their combined sensory experience during consumption. The holistic flavor experience, which occurs as the smell and taste merge, extends beyond the mere addition of the two chemosensory modalities, being usually perceived as more object‐like, intense and rewarding. To explore the cortical mechanisms which give rise to olfactory–gustatory binding during natural food consumption, brain activation during consumption of a pleasant familiar beverage was contrasted with presentation of its taste and orthonasal smell alone. Convergent activation to all presentation modes was observed in executive and chemosensory association areas. Flavor, but not orthonasal smell or taste alone, stimulated the frontal operculum, supporting previous accounts of its central role in the formation of the flavor percept. A functional dissociation was observed in the insula: the anterior portion was characterized by sensory convergence, while mid‐dorsal sections activated exclusively to the combined flavor stimulus. psycho‐physiological interaction analyses demonstrated increased neural coupling between the frontal operculum and the anterior insula during flavor presentation. Connectivity was also increased with the lateral entorhinal cortex, a relay to memory networks and central node for contextual modulation of olfactory processing. These findings suggest a central role of the insular cortex in the transition from mere detection of chemosensory convergence to a superadditive flavor representation. The increased connections between the frontal operculum and medial temporal memory structures during combined olfactory–gustatory stimulation point to a potential mechanism underlying the acquisition and modification of flavor preferences. Hum Brain Mapp 36:1662–1676, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reorganization of functional brain networks mediates the improvement of cognitive performance following real‐time neurofeedback training of working memory
Authors: Zhang Gaoyan , Yao Li , Shen Jiahui , Yang Yihong , Zhao Xiaojie
Published: December 2014

Working memory (WM) is essential for individuals' cognitive functions. Neuroimaging studies indicated that WM fundamentally relied on a frontoparietal working memory network (WMN) and a cinguloparietal default mode network (DMN). Behavioral training studies demonstrated that the two networks can be modulated by WM training. Different from the behavioral training, our recent study used a real‐time functional MRI (rtfMRI)‐based neurofeedback method to conduct WM training, demonstrating that WM performance can be significantly improved after successfully upregulating the activity of the target region of interest (ROI) in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Zhang et al., [2013]: PloS One 8:e73735); however, the neural substrate of rtfMRI‐based WM training remains unclear. In this work, we assessed the intranetwork and internetwork connectivity changes of WMN and DMN during the training, and their correlations with the change of brain activity in the target ROI as well as with the improvement of post‐training behavior. Our analysis revealed an “ROI‐network‐behavior” correlation relationship underlying the rtfMRI training. Further mediation analysis indicated that the reorganization of functional brain networks mediated the effect of self‐regulation of the target brain activity on the improvement of cognitive performance following the neurofeedback training. The results of this study enhance our understanding of the neural basis of real‐time neurofeedback and suggest a new direction to improve WM performance by regulating the functional connectivity in the WM related networks. Hum Brain Mapp 36:1705–1715, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quorum sensing and biofilm formation in mycobacteria: Role of c‐di‐GMP and methods to study this second messenger
Authors: Sharma Indra Mani , Petchiappan Anushya , Chatterji Dipankar
Published: December 2014

Bacteria have evolved to survive the ever‐changing environment using intriguing mechanisms of quorum sensing (QS). Very often, QS facilitates formation of biofilm to help bacteria to persist longer and the formation of such biofilms is regulated by c‐di‐GMP. It is a well‐known second messenger also found in mycobacteria. Several methods have been developed to study c‐di‐GMP signaling pathways in a variety of bacteria. In this review, we have attempted to highlight a connection between c‐di‐GMP and biofilm formation and QS in mycobacteria and several methods that have helped in better understanding of c‐di‐GMP signaling. © 2014 IUBMB Life, 66(12):823–834, 2014
Insights into the organization of plumatellid larvae (lophotrochozoa, Bryozoa) by means of 3D‐imaging and confocal microscopy
Authors: Schwaha Thomas F. , Handschuh Stephan , Redl Emanuel , Wanninger Andreas
Published: December 2014

Cover illustration. Phylactolaemata are the smallest clade of the Bryozoa consisting approximately of 70–80 species. They are an exclusively limnic and possess a rather abberant larval type that is considered to be altered due to accelerated asexual development that is heterochronically shifted into the larval period. In this issue of the Journal of Morphology, Schwaha et al. (pp. 109–120 10.1002/jmor.20326) study the serotonergic nervous system and muscular system of plumatellid Phylactolaemata. The cover illustration shows a maximum intensity projection of a CLSM image stack showing the serotonergic nervous system in yellow, muscular system in red and cell nuclei in blue.
Ultrafast 3D balanced steady‐state free precession MRI of the lung: Assessment of anatomic details in comparison to low‐dose CT
Authors: Heye Tobias , Sommer Gregor , Miedinger David , Bremerich Jens , Bieri Oliver
Published: December 2014

Purpose

To evaluate the anatomical details offered by a new single breath‐hold ultrafast 3D balanced steady‐state free precession (uf‐bSSFP) sequence in comparison to low‐dose chest computed tomography (CT).

Materials and Methods

This was an Institutional Review Board (IRB)‐approved, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)‐compliant prospective study. A total of 20 consecutive patients enrolled in a lung cancer screening trial underwent same‐day low‐dose chest CT and 1.5T MRI. The presence of pulmonary nodules and anatomical details on 1.9 mm isotropic uf‐bSSFP images was compared to 2 mm lung window reconstructions by two readers. The number of branching points on six predefined pulmonary arteries and the distance between the most peripheral visible vessel segment to the pleural surface on thin slices and 50 mm maximum intensity projections (MIP) were assessed. Image quality and sharpness of the pulmonary vasculature were rated on a 5‐point scale.

Results

The uf‐bSSFP detection rate of pulmonary nodules (32 nodules visible on CT and MRI, median diameter 3.9 mm) was 45.5% with 21 false‐positive findings (pooled data of both readers). Uf‐bSSFP detected 71.2% of branching points visible on CT data. The mean distance between peripheral vasculature and pleural surface was 13.0 ± 4.2 mm (MRI) versus 8.5 ± 3.3 mm (CT) on thin slices and 8.6 ± 3.9 mm (MRI) versus 4.6 ± 2.5 mm (CT) on MIPs. Median image quality and sharpness were rated 4 each.

Conclusion

Although CT is superior to MRI, uf‐bSSFP imaging provides good anatomical details with sufficient image quality and sharpness obtainable in a single breath‐hold covering the entire chest. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;42:602–609.
Displacing hexokinase from mitochondrial voltage‐dependent anion channel impairs GLT‐1‐mediated glutamate uptake but does not disrupt interactions between GLT‐1 and mitochondrial proteins
Authors: Jackson Joshua G. , O'Donnell John C. , Krizman Elizabeth , Robinson Michael B.
Published: December 2014

The glutamate transporter GLT‐1 is the major route for the clearance of extracellular glutamate in the forebrain, and most GLT‐1 protein is found in astrocytes. This protein is coupled to the Na+ electrochemical gradient, supporting the active intracellular accumulation of glutamate. We recently used a proteomic approach to identify proteins that may interact with GLT‐1 in rat cortex, including the Na+/K+‐ATPase, most glycolytic enzymes, and several mitochondrial proteins. We also showed that most GLT‐1 puncta (∼70%) are overlapped by mitochondria in astroglial processes in organotypic slices. From this analysis, we proposed that the glycolytic enzyme hexokinase (HK)−1 might physically form a scaffold to link GLT‐1 and mitochondria because HK1 is known to interact with the outer mitochondrial membrane protein voltage‐dependent anion channel (VDAC). The current study validates the interactions among HK‐1, VDAC, and GLT‐1 by using forward and reverse immunoprecipitations and provides evidence that a subfraction of HK1 colocalizes with GLT‐1 in vivo. A peptide known to disrupt the interaction between HK and VDAC did not disrupt interactions between GLT‐1 and several mitochondrial proteins. In parallel experiments, displacement of HK from VDAC reduced GLT‐1‐mediated glutamate uptake. These results suggest that, although HK1 forms coimmunoprecipitatable complexes with both VDAC and GLT‐1, it does not physically link GLT‐1 to mitochondrial proteins. However, the interaction of HK1 with VDAC supports GLT‐1‐mediated transport activity. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Wild Morchella conica Pers. from different origins: a comparative study of nutritional and bioactive properties
Authors: Vieira Vanessa , Fernandes Ângela , Barros Lillian , Glamočlija Jasmina , Ćirić Ana , Stojković Dejan , Martins Anabela , Soković Marina , Ferreira Isabel CFR
Published: December 2014

BACKGROUND

Morchella conica Pers. is a species of fungus that belongs to the Morchellaceae family and was studied in order to obtain more information about this species, by comparing Portuguese and Serbian wild samples. Free sugars, fatty acids, tocopherols, organic and phenolic acids were analysed by chromatographic techniques. M. conica methanolic extracts were tested regarding antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The absence of hepatotoxicity was confirmed in porcine liver primary cells.

RESULTS

The nutrition value varied between the two samples and the Serbian one gave the highest energy contribution and content in sugars, polyunsaturated fatty acids and phenolic compounds, while the Portuguese sample was richer in saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols and organic acids. In general, the Portuguese sample revealed the highest antioxidant potential (except for lipid peroxidation inhibition), while the Serbian one displayed higher antimicrobial activity. None of the samples revealed toxicity towards liver cells.

CONCLUSION

The present study provides new data concerning chemical characterization and bioactivity of Morchella conica Pers. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Identification of antioxidant peptides of Jinhua ham generated in the products and through the simulated gastrointestinal digestion system
Authors: Zhu Chao‐Zhi , Zhang Wan‐Gang , Zhou Guang‐Hong , Xu Xing‐Lian
Published: December 2014

BACKGROUND

The objective of this study was to purify and identify antioxidant peptides present in the extract of Chinese dry‐cured Jinhua ham. Jinhua ham extracts were separated into five fractions (A–E) by size‐exclusion chromatography. Each fraction was subjected to a simulated gastrointestinal (GI) digestion system and fractions showing strong antioxidant activities were collected and subjected to liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) for further purification and identification.

RESULTS

Using MS/MS analysis, 33 peptides were identified in these fractions. Several key peptides were selected for synthesis and their antioxidant activity determined. The peptide showing strongest DPPH radical scavenging activity was GKFNV, which showed 92.7% antioxidant activity at a concentration of 1 mg mL−1; the peptide LPGGGHGDL showed the highest hydroxyl radical scavenging activity; and LPGGGT and HA showed strong inhibition activity against erythrocyte hemolysis (about 45%) before digestion. On the other hand, KEER may contribute to Fe2+ chelating ability in fraction C after GI digestion.

CONCLUSION

Jinhua dry‐cured ham seems to be a potential source of antioxidant peptides generated in the products and in GI digestion. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Simultaneous determination of herbicide residues in tobacco using ultraperformance convergence chromatography coupled with solid‐phase extraction
Authors: Guo Weiyun , Bian Zhaoyang , Zhang Daohong , Tang Gangling , Liu Wei , Wang Jianlong , Li Zhonghao , Yang Fei
Published: December 2014

A time‐saving and organic solvent efficient method to simultaneously determine six kinds of herbicide residues in tobacco using solid‐phase extraction for sample clean‐up and preconcentration and the highly sensitive ultraperformance convergence chromatography method was developed. Parameters for ultraperformance convergence chromatography, including the choice of stationary phase and modifiers, autobackpressure regulator pressure, column temperature, and the flow rate of mobile solvents, were optimized. The herbicide residues of napropamide, alachlor, quizalofop‐ethyl, diphenamid, metolachlor, and clomazone in tobacco samples were successfully separated and detected at levels as low as 0.0043–0.0086 mg/kg within 5 min using a nonpolar high strength silica C18 selectivity for bases column and methanol as the cosolvent of the mobile phase of carbon dioxide (75–99.9%, v/v). Analysis of tobacco samples had recoveries of 69.8–95.0%, limit of quantitation of 0.0127–0.0245 mg/kg, limit of detection of 0.0043–0.0086 mg/kg, and correlation coefficient of >0.9990. Results support this method as an efficient alternative to current methodologies for the determination of herbicide residues in tobacco.
Ionic‐liquid‐based surfactant‐emulsified microextraction procedure accelerated by ultrasound radiation followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography for the simultaneous determination of antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs
Authors: Zare Fahimeh , Ghaedi Mehrorang , Daneshfar Ali
Published: December 2014

In the present work, an efficient and environmental friendly method of ionic‐liquid‐based emulsified microextraction procedure accelerated by ultrasound radiation has been developed. Subsequently, its performance was compared with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and ultrasound‐assisted surfactant‐based emulsification microextraction methods. The optimization of experimental conditions was carried out by combination of central composite design and response surface methodology. The optimum conditions of variables were set as follows: 50 μL of 1‐hexyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (extracting solvent), 10 min ultrasound time, and 10 min vortex time for agitating 6 mL sample solution in pH 3 in the presence of 4 mg sodium dodecyl sulfate without addition of salt and 200 μL of methanol as diluent solvent. Under these conditions, the responses are linear for doxepin and perphenazine in the range of 0.3–1000 and 5–1000 μg/L, respectively. The limits of detection were 0.1 μg/L for doxepin and 1 μg/L for perphenazine. Relative standard deviations were lower than 3.5 for the determination of both species. Finally, the method was used for the preconcentration and determination of doxepin and perphenazine in urine sample with relative recoveries in the range of 89–98%.
Effect of central inset pharyngeal flap for velopharyngeal insufficiency on eustachian tube function
Authors: El‐Anwar Mohammad Waheed , Amer Hazem Saeed , Elnashar Ismail , Khazbak Alaa Omar , Khater Ahmed
Published: December 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the central inset pharyngeal flap, used for correcting persistent velopharyngeal incompetence after cleft palate repair, on Eustachian tube (ET) function.

Methods

This study included 28 patients who were diagnosed with persistent velopharyngeal insufficiency following primary cleft palate repair, together with otitis media with effusion (OME) and/or ET dysfunction that failed to improve after the primary palatoplasty and extensive medical treatment. Diagnosis of velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) in these cases was performed by video nasoendoscopy and speech assessment. Prior to and after surgery, patients were assessed through otoscopic, tympanometric, and audiometric evaluation.

Results

All postoperative otoscopic findings were significantly better than preoperative (P < 0.05) finding, except for tympanic membrane (TM) calcification (P > 0.05). Postoperative tympanometry revealed type A curve (normal) in 30 ears (53.6%), with significant improvement in ET function after this type of flap (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

ET can be improved after performing the superiorly based flap with new central inset in patients with persistent VPI following palatoplasty. Thus, there is no need for surgical interference to manage OME in these cases, except after trying this technique.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 125:1729–1732, 2015
Effects of oxymetazoline on nasal flow and maximum aerobic exercise performance in patients with inferior turbinate hypertrophy
Authors: Gómez‐Hervás Javier , García‐Valdecasas Bernal Juan , Fernández‐Prada María , Palomeque‐Vera Juan M. , García‐Ramos Amador , Fernández‐Castanys Belén F.
Published: December 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

To determine the effect of topical intranasal oxymetazoline on nasal resistance and aerobic exercise performance in patients with nasal congestion caused by inferior turbinate hypertrophy.

Study Design

Individual randomized controlled trial.

Methods

Eight patients with inferior turbinate hypertrophy performed a set of exercise tests to exhaustion 1 week apart. They were given oxymetazoline or a placebo before each of the two test sessions according to a random pattern. Changes in nasal airflow were measured as peak nasal flow and ventilatory efficiency parameters, ventilatory equivalents, end‐expiratory pressure, oxygen consumption, cardiac efficiency, rate of perceived exertion, and maximal and submaximal mechanical power.

Results

Ten minutes after use of the drug or placebo, improvements in maximum nasal airflow were seen in the oxymetazoline group (P < 0.05). However, exercise tests showed improvements in both groups (P < 0.05). After exertion, there was no difference between the two groups in maximum nasal airflow (P > 0.05). There were no differences between groups in oxygen consumption, rate of perceived exertion, respiratory exchange ratio, ventilation, or ventilatory equivalents for oxygen.

Conclusion

Oxymetazoline increased nasal airflow in patients with turbinate hypertrophy, but this change did not translate into gains in physical exercise parameters or perceived exertion.

Level of Evidence

1b. Laryngoscope, 125:1301–1306, 2015
What drives quality of life in patients with sporadic vestibular schwannoma?
Authors: Carlson Matthew L. , Tveiten Øystein Vesterli , Driscoll Colin L. , Goplen Frederik K. , Neff Brian A. , Pollock Bruce E. , Tombers Nicole M. , Lund‐Johansen Morten , Link Michael J.
Published: December 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

To investigate the influence of posttreatment audiovestibular symptoms, facial neuropathy, and headache on long‐term quality‐of‐life outcomes in patients with sporadic vestibular schwannoma (VS) utilizing the Short Form 36 (SF‐36) Health Survey and the Penn Acoustic Neuroma Quality of Life (PANQOL) scale.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional observation study.

Methods

Patients with sporadic small‐ or medium‐sized VS (< 3.0 cm) who were evaluated between 1998 and 2008 at two independent tertiary academic referral centers were surveyed. Multivariable associations with the PANQOL total score and the SF‐36 physical and mental component scores evaluated using regression analysis.

Results

A total of 538 surveyed patients returned a completed questionnaire, providing a response rate of 79%. Two hundred forty‐seven (46%) patients underwent stereotactic radiosurgery, 143 (27%) microsurgery, and 148 (28%) observation. Multivariable regression analysis revealed that ongoing dizziness was associated with the greatest reduction in PANQOL total score, followed by headache. After adjusting for all examined features, ongoing dizziness and ongoing headache were the only two variables that were associated with both the SF‐36 physical and mental component scores. Patient sex and treatment modality did not significantly influence PANQOL or SF‐36 scores.

Conclusions

Ongoing dizziness and headache are the strongest predictors of long‐term quality‐of‐life reduction in patients with sporadic VS, while the impact of hearing loss, facial nerve function, and tinnitus are less by comparison. This information may be valuable for patient counseling, refinement of VS quality‐of‐life assessment instruments, and determining high‐yield targets for therapy in efforts to further improve patient outcomes.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 125:1697–1702, 2015
A comparative population‐based analysis of sinonasal diffuse large B‐cell and extranodal NK/T‐cell lymphomas
Authors: Dubal Pariket M. , Dutta Rahul , Vazquez Alejandro , Patel Tapan D. , Baredes Soly , Eloy Jean Anderson
Published: December 2014

Objective/Hypothesis

Diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and extranodal natural killer/T‐cell lymphoma (ENKTL) are aggressive tumors. ENTKL is very rare in the United States and often affects the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses; DLBCL, although more common, rarely occurs in these locations. Our study aims to compare incidence and survival of these lymphomas in the sinonasal cavity.

Study Design

Retrospective analysis of the United States National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry.

Methods

The SEER database was searched for patients diagnosed with sinonasal ENKTL and DLBCL between 1973 and 2011. Data analyzed included patient demographics, incidence, treatment modality, and survival.

Results

Three hundred and twenty‐eight sinonasal ENKTL (SN‐ENKTL) cases and 1,054 sinonasal DLBCL (SN‐DLBCL) cases were identified. The mean ages at diagnosis for SN‐ENKTL and SN‐DLBCL were 51.7 and 67.8 years, respectively (P = 0.0001). Overall 1‐, 5‐, and 10‐year disease‐specific survival (DSS) rates for SN‐DLBCL were 85.5%, 63.5%, and 44.0%, compared to 66.4%, 30.9%, and 9.2% for SN‐ENKTL, respectively (P < 0.0001). For patients matched for stage, age, and treatment modality, the 1‐, 5‐, and 10‐year DSS for the SN‐DLBCL group was 94.4%, 72.8%, and 46.8%, respectively, whereas the respective survival rates for the SN‐ENKTL group were 77.6%, 38.4%, and 13.9%, respectively (P < 0.0001 at each time interval).

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this study represents the only population‐based comparison between SN‐DLBCL and SN‐ENKTL. SN‐DLBCL has a better prognosis regardless of gender, stage, treatment modality, and age.

Level of Evidence

2b. Laryngoscope, 125:1077–1083, 2015
Voice disorders in Sjögren's syndrome: Prevalence and related risk factors
Authors: Pierce Jenny L. , Tanner Kristine , Merrill Ray M. , Miller Karla L. , Ambati Bala K. , Kendall Katherine A. , Roy Nelson
Published: December 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

Sjögren's Syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease that causes sicca (dryness) symptoms by affecting secretions most notably of the lacrimal and salivary glands. Voice disorders have been documented in patients with SS, but the true prevalence and relationships among possible contributing factors remain unknown. This preliminary epidemiological investigation examined prevalence and risk factors for voice disorders in SS.

Study Design

Self‐report epidemiological questionnaire.

Methods

One hundred and one (101) patients with SS (94 females, 7 males; M age = 59.4 years; standard deviation [SD] = 14.1 years) completed an extensive interview using a previously validated questionnaire involving the patient's medical, family, occupational, psychosocial, social/lifestyle, voice use, and general health histories. Summary statistics, chi‐squares, risk ratios, and multiple logistic regression were used to determine the frequency and severity of voice disorders in individuals with SS, as well as associations with demographic, lifestyle, health, disease severity, and voice use factors.

Results

The prevalence of a current voice disorder in individuals with SS was 59.4%. In general, voice disorders began gradually; were chronic; and correlated with SS disease severity independent of age, sex, duration of the disease, comorbid autoimmune conditions, and use of SS‐related medication. Specific voice symptoms including chronic throat dryness and soreness were significantly associated with SS disease severity.

Conclusions

Voice disorders are relatively common in SS and are more frequent as disease severity worsens. These findings have important implications for evaluation and treatment of patients with SS.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 125:1385–1392, 2015
Factors associated with severe epiglottitis in adults: Analysis of aJapanese inpatient database
Authors: Suzuki Sayaka , Yasunaga Hideo , Matsui Hiroki , Fushimi Kiyohide , Yamasoba Tatsuya
Published: December 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

The aim of the study was to evaluate the factors associated with the development of severe epiglottitis in adults to provide information for physicians to make early decisions on airway management.

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Methods

Adult patients admitted to acute care hospitals with a diagnosis of acute epiglottitis between January 2011 and December 2012 were identified in the Diagnosis Procedure Combination database of Japan. The main outcome measures were: 1) severe epiglottitis requiring airway intervention or resulting in early death within 2 days after admission and 2) 2‐day mortality. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between patient characteristics and development of severe epiglottitis.

Results

A total of 6,072 epiglottitis patients from 599 hospitals were identified. The proportion of developing severe epiglottitis was 9.4%, and 2‐day mortality was 0.4%. Factors significantly associated with severe epiglottitis were older age, male sex (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.60; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.28–2.00;P < .001), body mass index (BMI) >25.0 kg/m2(OR 1.31; 95% CI, 1.05–1.63;P = .018), diabetes mellitus (OR 1.41; 95% CI, 1.06–1.86;P = .017), epiglottic cyst (OR 2.90; 95% CI, 1.46–5.78;P = .002), pneumonia (OR 2.90; 95% CI, 1.73–4.86;P < .001), and academic hospitals (OR 1.56; 95% CI, 1.21–2.00;P = .001). Epiglottitis‐related admission was summer‐dominant, but seasonality was not significantly associated with severe epiglottitis.

Conclusion

Development of severe epiglottitis was significantly associated with older age, BMI >25.0 kg/m2, diabetes mellitus, epiglottic cyst, or pneumonia at admission.

Level of Evidence

2b.Laryngoscope, 125:2072–2078, 2015