bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of meter-scale lateral oxygen gradients at the sediment-water interface on selected organic matter based alteration, productivity and temperature proxies
Authors: Bogus K. A. , Zonneveld K. A. F. , Fischer D. , Kasten S. , Bohrmann G. , Versteegh G. J. M.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. A valid assessment of selective aerobic degradation on organic matter (OM) and its impact on OM-based proxies is vital to produce accurate environmental reconstructions. However, most studies investigating these effects suffer from inherent environmental heterogeneities. This includes differences in the initial OM composition, as a result of variable upper water column conditions, or from those induced by selective aerobic degradation. In this study, we used surface samples collected along two meter-scale transects and one longer transect in the northeastern Arabian Sea to constrain initial OM heterogeneity, in order to evaluate selective aerobic degradation on temperature, productivity and alteration indices at the sediment-water interface. All of the alteration indices, the higher plant alkane index, alcohol preservation index, and diol oxidation index, demonstrated that they are sensitive indicators for changes in oxygen content at the sediment-water interface. The export production indices, a cholesterol-based stanol/stenol and dinoflagellate lipid- and cyst-based ratios, showed significant (more than 20%) change over the lateral oxygen gradients. Therefore, they do not exclusively reflect surface water productivity, but can be altered after deposition with varying oxygen content at the sediment-water interface. Two of the investigated proxies, the glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGT) based TEX86 sea surface temperature indices and a productivity index based on phytol, phytane and pristane, did not show any trends related to oxygen concentration at the sediment-water interface. Nevertheless, unrealistic sea surface temperatures were obtained after application of the TEX86, TEX86L, and TEX86H proxies. The phytol-based ratios were likely modified by the sedimentary production of pristane. Our results demonstrate the rapid and selective impact of aerobic organic matter degradation on the lipid and palynomorph composition of surface sediments on a small spatial scale and suggests useful tracers of changing redox conditions along the sediment-water interface.
Potentials and limits of urban rainwater harvesting in the Middle East
Authors: Lange J. , Husary S. , Gunkel A. , Bastian D. , Grodek T.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. In the Middle East, water is scarce and population growth causes a rapid rise of urban centers. Since many towns of the Palestinian Authority (PA) suffer from water shortage, the use of rainwater harvesting (RWH) as an alternative to conventional water supply has gained increasing interest among water resources planners. This study quantifies actual volumes of urban RWH to be expected from highly variable Mediterranean rainfall. A one-parameter model uses measured potential evaporation and high resolution rainfall data as input to calculate RWH volumes from rooftops inside Ramallah, a traditional Arab town. While during average seasons a 87% runoff harvest (480 from 550 mm of rainfall) can be expected, this value decreases to about 75% (190 from 250 mm of rainfall) during drought seasons. A survey comprising more than 500 questionnaires suggests that approximately 40% of the houses are equipped with RWH systems from which one third are out of use. Although water quality is perceived to be favourable, only 3% of the active RWH systems are actually used for drinking and only 18% for domestic purposes. All active RWH systems investigated may harvest approximately 16 × 103 m3 of rooftop runoff during an average season and 6 × 103 m3 during droughts. When these numbers are extrapolated to all houses in Ramallah, theoretical maximum potentials increase to approximately 298 × 103 m3 during average seasons and 118 × 103 m3 during droughts. A part of this potential can easily be exhausted by rehabilitation of installed RWH systems. Also, the use of collected water for drinking should be advocated. This should go along with regular checks of water quality and regulations concerning adequate water storage and treatment/disinfection procedures where necessary. Regional estimates for the entire Lower Jordan River Basin yielded RWH potentials of 20 × 106 m3 during the average season 2002/2003 but only 3 × 106 m3 during the drought season 1998/1999. Thus, urban RWH is a relatively small contribution to overcome water scarcity in the region and decreases significantly during droughts. Yet it is a sustainable water resource, which is available on spot for everybody. Due to population growth and ongoing urbanization it will be more important in future.
Operational forecast of hydrophysical fields in the Georgian Black Sea coastal zone within the ECOOP
Authors: Kordzadze A. A. , Demetrashvili D. I.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. One of the parts of the Black Sea Nowcasting/Forecasting System is the regional forecasting system for the easternmost part of the Black Sea (including the Georgian water area), which has been developed within the context of the EU International projects ARENA and ECOOP. A core of the regional system is a high-resolution baroclinic regional model of the Black Sea dynamics developed at M. Nodia Institute of Geophysics (RM-IG). This model is nested in the basin-scale model of Marine Hydrophysical Institute (MHI, Sevastopol/Ukraine). The regional area is limited to the Caucasian and Turkish coastal lines and the western liquid boundary coinciding with the meridian 39.36° E. Since June 2010 we have regularly been computing 3 days' forecasts of current, temperature and salinity for the easternmost part of the Black Sea with 1 km spacing. In this study the results of two forecasts are presented. The first forecast corresponds to summer season and covers the prognostic interval from 00:00 h, 6 August to 00:00 h, 9 August 2010. The second one corresponds to autumn season and covers the prognostic interval from 00:00 h, 26 October to 00:00 h, 29 October 2010. Data needed for the forecasts – the initial and prognostic hydrophysical fields on the open boundary, also 2-D prognostic meteorological fields at the sea surface – wind stress, heat fluxes, evaporation and precipitation rates for our regional area are being placed on the MHI server every day and we are available to use these data operatively. Prognostic hydrophysical fields are results of forecast by the basin-scale model of MHI and 2-D meteorological boundary fields represent the results of forecast by regional atmospheric model ALADIN. All these fields are given on the grid of basin-scale model with 5 km spacing and with one-hour time step frequency for the integration period. The analysis of predicted fields shows that to use the model with high resolution is very important factor for identification of nearshore eddies of small sizes. It should be noted the very different character of regional circulation in summer and autumn seasons in the easternmost part of the Black Sea.
Intravitreal Bevacizumab for Choroidal Neovascularization Secondary to Best Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy in a 6-Year-Old Child
Authors: Chhablani Jay , Jalali Subhadra
Published: November 2011

Purpose

To report a young patient with choroidal neovascularization (CNV) secondary to Best vitelliform macular dystrophy (BVMD) who recovered good visual acuity with intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB).

Methods

A 6-year-old boy was noted to have diminution of vision in both eyes. His best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/40 in the right eye (OD) and 20/160 in the left eye (OS). Detailed examination including slit-lamp biomicroscopy, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed active CNV in OS. Two consecutive IVB injections (1.25 mg/0.05 mL) were given in OS.

Results

During the follow-up, OD showed minimal subretinal fluid on OCT and was treated with one injection of IVB (1.25 mg/0.05 mL). At 9 months of follow-up, OS BCVA was 20/50 and OD BCVA 20/30 with presence of scarred CNV on fundus examination and OCT in both the eyes. No drug-related ocular or systemic side effects were encountered.

Conclusions

Intravitreal bevacizumab appears to be a promising and cost-effective modality of treatment in CNV associated with BVMD with good visual recovery.
Nanostructured Material Surfaces – Preparation, Effect on Cellular Behavior, and Potential Biomedical Applications: A Review
Authors: Guduru Deepak , Niepel Marcus , Vogel Jürgen , Groth Thomas
Published: November 2011

Nanostructures play important roles in vivo, where nanoscaled features of extracellular matrix (ECM) components influence cell behavior and resultant tissue formation. This review summarizes some of the recent developments in fostering new concepts and approaches to nanofabrication, such as top-down and bottom-up and combinations of the two. As in vitro investigations demonstrate that man-made nanotopography can be used to control cell reactions to a material surface, its potential application in implant design and tissue engineering becomes increasingly evident. Therefore, we present recent progress in directing cell fate in the field of cell mechanics, which has grown rapidly over the last few years, and in various tissue-engineering applications. The main focus is on the initial responses of cells to nanostructured surfaces and subsequent influences on cellular functions. Specific examples are also given to illustrate the potential nanostructures may have for biomedical applications and regenerative medicine.
Hbv-Related Liver Disease in Renal Insufficiency: Successful Antiviral Therapy with Entecavir
Authors: Fabrizi Fabrizio , Viganò Mauro , Banfi Giovanni , Martin Paul , Messa Piergiorgio , Lampertico Pietro
Published: November 2011

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection persists among patients with renal insufficiency in the industrialized world. A variety of therapeutic options are now available for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection, including potent new nucleos(t)ide analogs, along with standard and pegylated interferon. We report on a patient with aggressive hepatitis B and renal insufficiency who was successfully treated with nucleoside analogs (mostly entecavir monotherapy) for two years. He received intense immunosuppression for severe myopathy of lower limbs, probably related to vasculitis. HBV DNA (at the beginning, >1 × 108 IU/mL) was no longer detectable in serum after a few months of antiviral therapy, while HBeAg and HBsAg seroconversion occurred with ALT normalization. Clinical signs of vasculitis disappeared. Five months after discontinuation of entecavir therapy, he remained HBsAg negative with detectable anti-HBs antibody in serum. We conclude that nucleos(t)ide analogs can offer excellent response in selected patients with renal insufficiency and hepatitis B-related liver disease. Prospective, controlled clinical trials are needed to confirm these encouraging results.
From Molecules to Materials: Collaborative Research at the Chemistry—Materials Science Interface and Lessons Learned in Cyclophane Chemistry
Authors: Hassan Zahid , Zysman‐Colman Eli , Lahann Jörg , Bräse Stefan
Published: June 2024

In the spirit of pursuing collaborative research at the interface of chemistry and materials science for engineering cyclophane‐based functional systems, the journey from molecules to materials and a portion of the accomplishments exploring technologically‐relevant small‐molecule organic emitters, polymer thin films, and supra‐sensing through supramolecular host‐guest interactions (molecular self‐assembly) is shared. This report highlights diverse research trajectories and the importance of active collaboration within the chemistry community. It is also intended to serves young scientists who are committed to research in interdisciplinary domains. This inspires fostering global research networks and promoting industrial−academic symbiosis that bring innovations to the education environment and curriculum by sharing mutual experiences, knowledge, and specialized skills which may cut across several inter‐related disciplines.
Chiral Kirigami for Bend‐Tolerant Reconfigurable Hologram with Continuously Variable Chirality Measures
Authors: Choi Won Jin , Lee Sang Hyun , Cha Minjeong , Kotov Nicholas A.
Published: June 2024

Despite the commonality of static holograms, the holography with multiple information layers and reconfigurable grey‐scale images at communication frequencies remain a confluence of scientific challenges. One well‐known difficulty is the simultaneous modulation of phase and amplitude of electromagnetic wavefronts with a high modulation depth. A less appreciated challenge is scrambling of the information and images with hologram bending. Here, this work shows that chirality‐guided pixelation of plasmonic kirigami sheets enables tunable multiplexed holography at terahertz (THz) frequencies. The convex and concave structures with slanted Au strips exhibit gradual variations in geometries facilitating modulation of light ellipticity reaching 40 deg. Real‐time switching of 3D images of the letter “M” and the Mona Lisa demonstrates the possibility of complex grey‐scale information content and importance of continuously variable mirror asymmetry. Microscale chirality measures of each pixel experiences little change with bending while retaining controllable reconfigurability upon stretching, which translates to remarkable resilience of chiral holograms to bending. Simplicity of their design with local chirality measures opens the door to information technologies with fault‐tolerant THz encryption, wearable holographic devices, and new communication technologies.
The Implication and Application of Brain Glymphatic System in Multiple Diseases
Authors: Du Yufan , Yan Chenxing , Wang Yazhen , Xu Yanyan , Cun Xingli , Gao Huile
Published: June 2024

The glymphatic system within the central nervous system (CNS) facilitates the exchange and elimination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and interstitial fluid (ISF), aiding in the removal of potentially poisonous metabolic wastes to maintain brain stability. Sleep and Aquaporin‐4 (AQP‐4) expression positively regulate the glymphatic system. When sleep is disturbed and AQP‐4 polarization is inhibited, the glymphatic system is impaired, leading to the inability to effectively eliminate soluble wastes from the brain. This disruption can potentially contribute to, or accelerate, the progression of various CNS diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, as well as non‐CNS diseases, like diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Therefore, the normal functioning of the glymphatic system is essential for the recovery from both CNS diseases and non‐CNS diseases. In this review, an overview of the constituents and functions of the glymphatic system in the brain, specifically highlighting the glymphatic system lesions in different diseases is provided. Additionally, currently unresolved questions pertaining to this topic are summarized. Ultimately, the cerebral glymphatic system is expected to be a novel and promising target for the diagnosis and treatment of multiple diseases.
Machine Learning Assisted Electronic/Ionic Skin Recognition of Thermal Stimuli and Mechanical Deformation for Soft Robots
Authors: Shi Xuewei , Lee Alamusi , Yang Bo , Ning Huiming , Liu Haowen , An Kexu , Liao Hansheng , Huang Kaiyan , Wen Jie , Luo Xiaolin , Zhang Lidan , Gu Bin , Hu Ning
Published: June 2024

Soft robots have the advantage of adaptability and flexibility in various scenarios and tasks due to their inherent flexibility and mouldability, which makes them highly promising for real‐world applications. The development of electronic skin (E‐skin) perception systems is crucial for the advancement of soft robots. However, achieving both exteroceptive and proprioceptive capabilities in E‐skins, particularly in terms of decoupling and classifying sensing signals, remains a challenge. This study presents an E‐skin with mixed electronic and ionic conductivity that can simultaneously achieve exteroceptive and proprioceptive, based on the resistance response of conductive hydrogels. It is integrated with soft robots to enable state perception, with the sensed signals further decoded using the machine learning model of decision trees and random forest algorithms. The results demonstrate that the newly developed hydrogel sensing system can accurately predict attitude changes in soft robots when subjected to varying degrees of pressing, hot pressing, bending, twisting, and stretching. These findings that multifunctional hydrogels combine with machine learning to decode signals may serve as a basis for improving the sensing capabilities of intelligent soft robots in future advancements.
A Low‐Dosage Flame‐Retardant Inorganic Polymer Binder for High‐Energy‐Density and High‐Safety Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Chen Zhuzuan , Chen Tingjie , Wang Junwen , Li Pengxian , Liu Ju , Chen Wenyan , Yang Zhuohong , Deng Yonghong , Chang Jian , Yang Yu
Published: June 2024

The developing electric vehicles and portable electronics urgently require rechargeable lithium batteries with high energy density and high safety. Lithium‐sulfur (Li‐S) batteries have shown significant advantages in their high energy density. However, the use of traditional polymer binders faces significant challenges, such as soluble polysulfides, large volume changes, and electrode flammability, resulting in performance degradation and safety hazards. Here, a polymeric aluminophosphate (AP) is for the first time proposed as an inorganic polymer binder to simultaneously realize high energy density, long cycling stability, and reliable safety of Li‐S batteries. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of polar P‐O and Al‐O chain segments, the AP binder provides strong mechanical adhesion, anchors polysulfides, and promotes the redox kinetics of sulfur electrodes. The AP binder also ensures high flame retardancy for sulfur electrodes at an extremely low dosage of 2 wt%. Consequently, the retardant sulfur electrode can be operated stably with high specific capacities (1190 mAh g−1), high capacity retention rates (>99.1%) during 500 cycles, and excellent rate capability (3 C). Based on the entire cell, the soft‐packaged Li‐S full battery provides high capacities (3.6 mAh cm−2), high cell energy density (415 Wh kg−1 and 297 Wh L−1), and high capacity retention rates (>99.8%).
Nanoconfined Strategy Optimizing Hard Carbon for Robust Sodium Storage
Authors: Song Zhenqi , Di Miaoxin , Zhang Xinyue , Wang Ziyang , Chen Suhua , Zhang Qianyu , Bai Ying
Published: June 2024

Developing non‐graphitic carbons with unique microstructure is a popular strategy to enhance the significant potential in practical applications of sodium‐ion batteries (SIB), while the electrochemical performance imbalances arising from their intricate active surface and porous structure pose significant challenges to its commercialization. Inspired by the structure of biological cell membranes, N/P co‐doped hard carbon nanospheres (NPCS) anodes with abundant ultramicropores (≈0.6 nm) are proposed and synthesized as robust sodium anodes. Based on density functional theory calculations, optimizing ultramicropores can enable small Na+ to be well confined within the pores and hinder large solvent molecules from invading and reacting, introducing N/P species contributes to the rapid adsorption/diffusion of Na+. In situ XRD and Raman analysis suggest that the nanoconfinement strategy induced by abundant ultramicropores and N/P co‐doping enables highly reversible electrochemical reactions. Electrochemical test confirms that the nanoconfinement strategy endows the NPCS anode with high reversible capacity (376.3 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1), superior initial coulombic efficiency (87.3% at 1.0 A g−1), remarkable rate capability (155.6 mAh g−1 at 50.0 A g−1) and excellent cycling stability (with capacity retention of ≈94.6% after 10 000 cycles), lightening a promising avenue for developing SIB with robust durability.
Soil biological and physical measurements did not improve the predictability of corn response to phosphorus fertilization
Authors: Groebner Ben , Clark Jason D. , Svedin Jeffrey D. , Ransom Curtis J. , Clay David E.
Published: June 2024

Including soil health and physical measurements with traditional soil fertility measurements has the potential to improve corn (Zea mays L.) P fertilizer recommendations. The objectives for this study were to (1) evaluate the accuracy of current South Dakota corn P recommendations in predicting yield increases and (2) determine if the predictability of yield response to P fertilization improves by including selected soil biological, physical, and chemical measurements. This project was conducted in central and eastern South Dakota from 2019 to 2022 at 117 experimental sites that varied in management, landform, and soil type. A treatment of 48.9 kg P2O5‐P ha−1 was compared to a control with no P fertilizer. Soil samples (0–15 cm) collected before fertilization were analyzed for selected soil physical, chemical, and biological parameters. Analysis suggested that the current critical P value of 16 mg Olsen‐P kg−1 was still accurate as it was still within the 68% confidence interval for the linear (12–19 mg kg−1) and quadratic plateau (16–26 mg kg−1) models. Using the critical value of 16 mg Olsen‐P kg−1, we correctly predicted P responsiveness 70% of the time. The accuracy of predicting P responsiveness was not further improved by considering selected enzymes, permanganate oxidizable C, soil respiration, total C, or total N, but was improved by considering pH, soil organic matter, and apparent cation exchange capacity. Therefore, the use of typical soil fertility measurements without soil physical and biological measurements is currently the best option for predicting the responsiveness of corn to P fertilization in South Dakota.
Temperature‐Activated Near‐Infrared‐II Fluorescence and SERS Dynamic‐Reversible Probes for Long‐Term Assessment of Osteoarthritis In Vivo
Authors: Li Qingqing , Xiao Shenggan , Ge Xiaoguang , Zheng Liting , Wu Ying , Du Wei , Chen Lanlan , Yang Huanghao , Song Jibin
Published: June 2024

The abnormal fluctuation of temperature in vivo usually reflects the progression of inflammatory diseases. Noninvasive, real‐time, and accurate monitoring and imaging of temperature variation in vivo is advantageous for guiding the early diagnosis and treatment of disease, but it remains difficult to achieve. Herein, we developed a temperature‐activated near‐infrared‐II fluorescence (NIR‐II FL) and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanoprobe for long‐term monitoring of temperature changes in rat arthritis and timely assessment of the status of osteoarthritis. The thermosensitive polymer bearing NIR‐II FL dye was grafted onto the surface of nanoporous core‐satellite gold nanostructures to form the nanoprobe, wherein the nanoprobe contains NIR‐II FL and Raman reference signals that are independent of temperature change. The ratiometric FL1150/FL1550 and S1528/S2226 values of the nanoprobe exhibited a reversible conversion with temperature changes. The nanoprobe accurately distinguishes the temperature variations in the inflamed joint versus the normal joint in vivo by ratiometric FL and SERS imaging, allowing for an accurate diagnosis of inflammation. Meanwhile, it can continuously monitor fluctuations in temperature over an extended period during the onset and treatment of inflammation. The tested temperature change trend could be used as an indicator for early diagnosis of inflammation and real‐time evaluation of therapeutic effects.
Single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal transformation of a two‐dimensional noninterpenetrated layer to a microporous three‐dimensional fourfold interpenetrated MOF triggered by DMF
Authors: Huang Pei‐Pei , Wu Ting‐Ting , Tuo Meng‐Qi , Pan Hui‐Bin , Yue Si‐Yu , Huang Pei , Gao Yan‐Hong , Lu Jiu‐Fu , Jin Ling‐Xia
Published: June 2024

We have demonstrated a single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal (SCSC) transformation from a two‐dimensional noninterpenetrated layer to a microporous three‐dimensional fourfold interpenetrated MOF. The centrosymmetric [Co2(μ2‐OH)(EIBA)3]n (SNUT‐25) transforms into a microporous [Co(EIBA)2]n (SNUT‐26), which is triggered by the reaction time with DMF that acts as a structure‐directing agent (HEIBA = 4‐(2‐ethyl‐1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)benzoic acid; DMF = N,N′‐dimethylformamide). Despite the distinct structure and coordination arrangements of SNUT‐25 in contrast to SNUT‐26, both Co‐MOFs were synthesized using the same ligand. Fascinatingly, upon introducing a specific quantity of DMF combined with a negligible proportion of nitric acid, SNUT‐25 will progressively and completely transform into SNUT‐26. Under the synergistic induction of solvent molecules and temperature, SNUT‐25 changed from the original two‐dimensional layered structure to the three‐dimensional pore structure of SNUT‐26. In addition, SNUT‐25 and SNUT‐26 are efficient photocatalysts for the degradation of organic dye methyl blue (MB) under visible light irradiation. Surprisingly, the degradation rates of both SNUT‐25 and SNUT‐26 can reach over 96%. In addition, SNUT‐25 and SNUT‐26 also exhibited high electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction.
Plastic deformation of the microfibrils in wet polyacrylonitrile fibers induced by the stretching field
Authors: Gao Quan , Wang Xu , Wang Zhihan , Zhou Yongfa , Ren Jiang
Published: June 2024

The plastic deformation of the microfibrils governs the formation and development of orientation, crystallization, and structural defects in polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers due to the flow‐fiber coupling effect during stretching process. In this study, we investigated the morphological changes of microfibrils in PAN fibers during wet‐fiber stretching using ultrathin section technology and electron microscopy observation. Their plastic deformation mechanism was also revealed. An interconnected network was formed and separated by the pore/voids during coagulation process. Stretching forces facilitated the plastic deformation of microfibrils, resulted in their elongation and orientation. Moreover, the inter‐fibril distance reduced and pore/void shape and dimensions were changed. The distinct response of microfibril elements under stretching force resulted in skin‐core structures within the fiber. Tensile strength increased from 27 to 382 MPa, while elongation at break decreased from 225% to 28%. Aligned microfibrils exhibited high tensile strength, whereas unoriented microfibrillar networks showed relatively high elongation properties. Additionally, we proposed a relationship between microfibril morphology changes and fiber mechanical properties.
Review on the pharmacological effects and pharmacokinetics of scutellarein
Authors: Lai Jiang , Li Chunxiao
Published: June 2024

Scutellarein is a flavonoid from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi that has been shown to have a variety of pharmacological activities. This review aims to summarize the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic studies on scutellarein and provide useful information for relevant scholars. Pharmacological studies indicate that scutellarein possesses a diverse range of pharmacological properties, including but not limited to anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, neuroprotective, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anticancer, and cardiovascular protective effects. Further investigation reveals that the pharmacological effects of scutellarein are driven by multiple mechanisms. These mechanisms encompass the scavenging of free radicals, inhibition of the activation of inflammatory signaling pathways and expression of inflammatory mediators, inhibition of the activity of crucial viral proteins, suppression of gluconeogenesis, amelioration of insulin resistance, improvement of cerebral ischemia‐reperfusion injury, induction of apoptosis in cancer cells, and prevention of myocardial hypertrophy, among others. In summary, these pharmacological studies suggest that scutellarein holds promise for the treatment of various diseases. It is imperative to conduct clinical studies to further elucidate the therapeutic effects of scutellarein. However, it is worth noting that studies on the pharmacokinetics reveal an inhibitory effect of scutellarein on uridine 5′‐diphosphate glucuronide transferases and cytochrome P450 enzymes, potentially posing safety risks.
Influence of extraction solvents on the chemical constituents and biological activities of Astragalus aduncus from Turkey flora: In vitro and in silico insights
Authors: Lazarova Irina , Nilofar  , Caprioli Giovanni , Piatti Diletta , Ricciutelli Massimo , Ulusan Musa Denizhan , Koyuncu Ismail , Yuksekdag Ozgur , Mollica Adriano , Stefanucci Azzurra , Zengin Gokhan
Published: June 2024

The n‐hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, ethanol/water (70% ethanol), and water extracts of Astragalus aduncus aerial parts were investigated for their antioxidant potential, enzyme inhibition activity (anti‐acetylcholinesterase [AChE], anti‐butyrylcholinesterase [BChE], antityrosinase, antiamylase, and antiglucosidase) and antiproliferative effect (against colon adenocarcinoma cell line [HT‐29], gastric cancer cell line [HGC‐27], prostate carcinoma cell line [DU‐145], breast adenocarcinoma cell line [MDA‐MB‐231], and cervix adenocarcinoma cell line [HeLa]). In addition, the phytochemical profile of the extracts was evaluated using validated spectrophotometric and high‐pressure liquid chromatography‐electrospray ionization/tandem mass spectroscopy methods. Generally, the 70% ethanol extract demonstrated the strongest antioxidant properties, and it was the richest source of total phenolic constituents. Our findings indicated that the ethyl acetate extract was the most potent BChE inhibitor (11.44 mg galantamine equivalents [GALAE]/g) followed by the ethanol extract (8.51 mg GALAE/g), while the ethanol extract was the most promising AChE inhibitor (3.42 mg GALAE/g) followed by the ethanol/water extract (3.17 mg GALAE/g). Excellent tyrosinase inhibitory activity (66.25 mg kojic acid equivalent/g) was observed in ethanol/water extracts of the aerial part of A. aduncus. Тhese results showed that the most cytotoxic effects were exhibited by the ethyl acetate extract against HGC‐27 cells (IC50: 36.76 µg/mL), the ethanol extract against HT‐29 cells (IC50: 30.79 µg/mL), and the water extract against DU‐145 cells (IC50: 37.01 µg/mL). A strong correlation was observed between the highest total flavonoid content and the highest content of individual compounds in the ethanol extract, including rutin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, delphinidin‐3,5‐diglucoside (delphinidin‐3,5‐O‐diglucoside), and kaempferol‐3‐glucoside (kaempferol‐3‐O‐glucoside). In the present study, the A. aduncus plant was considered a new source of antioxidants, enzyme inhibitors, and anticancer agents and could be used as a future health‐benefit natural product.
Advancing Catalysts by Nanoconfinement and Catalysis for Enhanced Hydrogen Production from Magnesium Borohydride: A Review
Authors: Wahab Md A. , Urooj Ifra , Sohail Manzar , Karim Mohammad Rezaul , Alnaser Ibrahim A. , Abdala Ahmed , Haque Rezwanul
Published: June 2024

Hydrogen storage in solid‐state materials represents a promising avenue for advancing hydrogen storage technologies, driven by their potential for high efficiency, reduced risk, and cost‐effectiveness. Among the employed materials, magnesium borohydride (Mg(BH4)2) stands out for its exceptional characteristics, with a gravimetric capacity of 14.9 wt% and a volumetric hydrogen density capacity of 146 kg/m3. However, the practical application of Mg(BH4)2 is impeded by challenges such as high desorption temperatures (≥ 270 °C), sluggish kinetics, poor reversibility, and the formation of unexpected byproducts like diborane. To address these limitations, extensive research efforts have been directed towards enhancing the hydrogen storage properties of Mg(BH4)2. Various strategies have been explored, including incorporating catalysts or additives, nanoconfinement of Mg(BH4)2 within porous supports, and modifications involving metal alloys and compositional adjustments. These approaches are actively under investigation for improving the performance of Mg(BH4)2‐based hydrogen storage systems. This review provides a comprehensive survey of recent advancements in Mg(BH4)2 research, focusing on experimental findings related to nanoconfined Mg(BH4)2 and modified thermodynamic processes aimed at enabling hydrogen release at lower temperatures by mitigating sluggish kinetics. Precisely, nanostructuring techniques, catalyst‐mediated nanoconfinement methodologies, and alloy/compositional modifications will be elucidated, highlighting their potential to enhance hydrogen storage properties and overcome existing limitations. Furthermore, this review also discusses the challenges encountered in utilizing Mg(BH4)2 for hydrogen storage applications and offers insights into the prospects of this material. By synthesizing the latest research findings and identifying areas for further exploration, this review aims to contribute to the ongoing efforts toward realizing the full potential of Mg(BH4)2 as a viable solution for hydrogen storage in diverse applications.
Analyses of the bioluminescence mechanism in the land snail, Quantula weinkauffiana
Authors: Yano Daichi , Pholyotha Arthit , Sutcharit Chirasak , Tongkerd Piyoros , Oba Yuichi , Panha Somsak
Published: June 2024

The mechanism of bioluminescence in the luminous land snails remains largely unknown. Here, we analyzed basic biochemical properties of the luminous land snail, Quantula weinkauffiana. The luminescence activity was extracted from the light organ located near the mouth using a neutral buffer containing detergent. The reaction of the crude buffer extract was triggered by the addition of only hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). These results are inconsistent with the single precedent report on the bioluminescence in the Quantula striata by Shimomura and Haneda in 1986, in which the luminescence of the buffer extract (without detergent) from the light organ was induced by the coaddition of three indispensable components H2O2, ferrous ion, and 2‐mercaptoethanol. Based on the present findings, we suggested that an insoluble photoprotein is involved in the bioluminescence of the luminous land snails and the luminescence reaction is simply triggered by H2O2.
Green, yellow, or cyan? Introduction of color change mutations into a green thermostable fluorescent protein and characterization during an introduction to biochemistry lab course
Authors: Anderson Matthew R. , Dargatz Cammi J. , Banerjee Tuhina , DeVore Natasha M.
Published: June 2024

Green fluorescent protein has long been a favorite protein for demonstrating protein purification in the biochemistry lab course. The protein's vivid green color helps demonstrate to students the concept(s) behind affinity or ion exchange chromatography. We designed a series of introduction to biochemistry labs utilizing a thermostable green protein (TGP‐E) engineered to have unusually high thermostability. This protein allows students to proceed through purification and characterization without the need to keep protein samples on ice. The 5‐week lab series begins with an introduction to molecular biology techniques during weeks 1 and 2, where site‐directed mutagenesis is used introduce, a single nucleotide change that shifts the fluorescent spectra of TGP‐E to either cyan (CTP‐E) or yellow (YTP‐E). Students identify successful mutagenesis reaction by the color of a small expression sample after induction with IPTG. Next, students purify either the TGP‐E (control—typically one group volunteers), YTP‐E, or CTP‐E protein as a 1‐week lab. During the following week's lab, students run SDS‐PAGE to verify protein purity, bicinchoninic acid assay to quantify protein yield, and absorbance and fluorescence spectra to characterize their protein's fluorescent character. The final lab in the series investigates the thermostability of YTP‐E and CTP‐E compared with TGP‐E using a fluorescence plate reader. This 5‐week series of experiments provide students with experience in several key biochemistry techniques and allows the students to compare properties of mutations. At the end of the course, the students will write a research report and give a short presentation over their results.
Diffusion‐induced phase separation 3D printed scaffolds for dynamic tissue repair
Authors: Chai Muyuan , Zhong Wenwen , Yan Shengtao , Ye Tan , Zheng Rui , Yang Zhilu , Shi Xuetao
Published: June 2024

Many hydrogen‐bonded cross‐linked hydrogels possess unique properties, but their limited processability hinders their potential applications. By incorporating a hydrogen bond dissociator (HBD) into these hydrogels, we developed injectable 3D printing inks termed diffusion‐induced phase separation (DIPS) 3D printing inks. Upon extrusion into water and subsequent diffusion of HBD, these ink cure rapidly. The DIPS‐printed scaffold retained most of the original hydrogel properties due to the regeneration of hydrogen bonds. Additionally, the reversible nature of hydrogen bonds provides DIPS 3D‐printed scaffolds with exceptional recycling and reprinting capabilities, resulting in a reduction in the waste of valuable raw ink materials or additives. Postprocessing introduces new crosslinking methods that modulate the mechanical properties and degradation characteristics of DIPS scaffolds over a broad range. Based on its suitable mechanical properties and bioactivity, we successfully repaired and functionally reconstructed a complex defect in penile erectile tissue using the DIPS scaffold in a rabbit model. In summary, this approach is relevant for various hydrogen‐bonded cross‐linked hydrogels that offer mild printing conditions and enable the incorporation of bioactive agents. They can be used as scaffolds for dynamic tissue reconstruction, wearable devices, or soft robots.
Topological differences of striato‐thalamo‐cortical circuit in functional brain network between premature ejaculation patients with and without depression
Authors: Zhang Xinyue , Niu Peining , Su Mengqing , Zhou Li , Huang Yunke , Chen Jianhuai , Liu Shaowei
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Premature ejaculation (PE), a common male sexual dysfunction, often accompanies by abnormal psychological factors, such as depression. Recent neuroimaging studies have revealed structural and functional brain abnormalities in PE patients. However, there is limited neurological evidence supporting the comorbidity of PE and depression. This study aimed to explore the topological changes of the functional brain networks of PE patients with depression.

Methods

Resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs‐fMRI) data were acquired from 60 PE patients (30 with depression and 30 without depression) and 29 healthy controls (HCs). Functional brain networks were constructed for all participants based on rs‐fMRI data. The nodal parameters including nodal centrality and efficiency were calculated by the method of graph theory analysis and then compared between groups. In addition, the results were corrected for multiple comparisons by family‐wise error (FWE) (p < .05).

Results

PE patients with depression had increased degree centrality and global efficiency in the right pallidum, as well as increased degree centrality in the right thalamus when compared with HCs. PE patients without depression showed increased degree centrality in the right pallidum and thalamus, as well as increased global efficiency in the right precuneus, pallidum, and thalamus when compared with HCs. PE patients with depression demonstrated decreased degree centrality in the right pallidum and thalamus, as well as decreased global efficiency in the right precuneus, pallidum, and thalamus when compared to those without depression. All the brain regions above survived the FWE correction.

Conclusion

The results suggested that increased and decreased functional connectivity, as well as the capability of global integration of information in the brain, might be related to the occurrence of PE and the comorbidity depression in PE patients, respectively. These findings provided new insights into the understanding of the pathological mechanisms underlying PE and those with depression.
Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells alleviate fatty liver ischemia‐reperfusion injury by activating autophagy through upregulation of IFNγ
Authors: Xu Chenhao , Fang Xixi , Lu Bei , Song Yisu , Shu Wenzhi , Lu Zhengyang , Su Renyi , Xiang Ze , Xu Xiao , Wei Xuyong
Published: June 2024

Liver ischemia‐reperfusion injury (IRI) is an important factor affecting the prognosis of liver transplantation, and extended criteria donors (e.g., steatosis donor livers) are considered to be more sensitive to ischemia‐reperfusion injury in liver transplantation. Currently, the application of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) has great promise in the treatment of various injuries in the liver. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic role and mechanism of hMSCs in fatty liver IRI. After more than 8 weeks of high‐fat chow feeding, we constructed a fatty liver mouse model and established ischemic injury of about 70% of the liver. Six hours after IRI, liver injury was significantly alleviated in hMSCs‐treated mice, and the expression levels of liver enzyme, inflammatory factor TNF‐α, and apoptotic proteins were significantly lower than those of the control group, which were also significant in pathological sections. Transcriptomics analysis showed that IFNγ was significantly upregulated in the hMSCs group. Mechanistically, IFNγ, which activates the MAPK pathway, is a potent agonist that promotes the occurrence of autophagy in hepatocytes to exert a protective function, which was confirmed by in vitro experiments. In summary, hMSCs treatment could slow down IRI in fatty liver by activating autophagy through upregulation of IFNγ, and this effect was partly direct.
Immunomodulatory Synthetic Glycocluster Molecule Prevents Melanoma Growth In Vivo
Authors: Honkanen Meija , Narvi Elli , Ojala Veera K , Jokilammi Anne , Rantakari Pia , Kronqvist Pauliina , Kähäri Veli‐Matti , Veräjänkorva Esko , Kurppa Kari J. , Rahkila Jani , Ekambaram Ramesh , Savolainen Johannes , Leino Reko , Elenius Klaus
Published: June 2024

Triacedimannose (TADM) is a synthetic trivalent acetylated glycocluster and a transmembrane macrophage activator independent of the mannose receptor. TADM induces Th1‐type immune responses and suppresses Th2‐type cytokines in acute and chronic allergic inflammation models in vivo. We, therefore, wanted to test whether TADM could also facilitate anti‐tumour tissue responses similar to what has been observed for the immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as anti‐PD‐1 and anti‐CTLA‐4. A syngeneic mouse melanoma model was selected since metastatic melanoma has been successfully targeted by checkpoint inhibitors in the clinic. TADM inhibited the growth of B16 mouse melanoma tumours at levels comparable to an anti‐PD‐1 antibody. TADM‐treated tumours encompassed significantly more apoptotic cells as measured by TUNEL staining, and interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) expression was increased in the spleens of TADM‐treated mice compared to untreated controls. TADM‐treated mice also demonstrated increased Ly6 C low monocytes and neutrophils in the spleens. However, TADM‐treated tumours showed no discernible differences in infiltrating immune cells. TADM can alone suppress the growth of melanoma tumours. TADM likely activates M1 type macrophages, type N1 neutrophils, and CD8+ and Th1 T cells, suppressing the type 2 immune response milieu of melanoma tumour with a strong type 1 immune response.
How to Break the Activity‐Stability Conundrum in Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysis: Mechanistic Insights
Authors: Binninger Tobias , Moss Genevieve C. , Rajan Ziba S. H. S. , Mohamed Rhiyaad , Eikerling Michael H.
Published: June 2024

Technically viable electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) must be both active and stable under the harsh conditions at an electrolyser anode. While numerous highly active metal‐oxide catalysts have been identified, only very few are sufficiently stable, with iridium oxides being the most prominent. In this perspective, we draw insights from OER mechanisms to circumvent the activity‐stability conundrum generally plaguing the development of OER catalysts. In the commonly considered OER mechanisms, one or several metal‐oxygen (M−O) bonds are required to be broken along the OER pathway, providing a mechanistic link between the OER and oxide decomposition. However, a recently discovered mechanism on crystalline iridium dioxide provides a new OER pathway without M−O bond breakages, thus enabling the combination of sufficient activity and stability.
Broaching spiritual and religious issues in assessment in counseling: A model for counselor preparation and practice
Authors: Stewart‐Sicking Joseph A.
Published: June 2024

Assessing clients’ religious and spiritual resources is a fundamental multicultural competence. Building on models for broaching race in counseling, this article argues that models of competence in assessing spirituality and religion must include a critical lens and a transference lens alongside insights from the psychology of spirituality and religion.
Application of ZnS:Ni Loaded on Sponge‐Activated Carbon as an Efficient Adsorbent for Dye Removal
Authors: Khodadoust Saeid , Zeraatpisheh Fatemeh
Published: June 2024

In the present work, a ZnS:Ni loaded on sponge‐activated carbon (SAC) was synthesized and applied as an effective adsorbent to remove bromophenol blue (BPB) dye from aqueous solutions. Various techniques such as Fourier‐transform infrared, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) were used to characterize ZnS:Ni–SAC. The effective parameters such as BPB concentration, amount of ZnS:Ni–SAC, ultrasonic time, and pH of the aqueous solution were investigated and optimized by response surface methodology. To investigate the accuracy and reliability of the proposed method, the analysis of variance was used based on p‐values and F‐test. The optimal values of the parameters were obtained using the desirability function, and they were as follows: 15 mg L−1 BPB concentration, 20 min sonication time, 18 mg of ZnS:Ni–SAC, and pH = 7. To evaluate the adsorption mechanism and calculation of maximum adsorption capacity, different adsorption isotherms were studied, and according to the obtained results, the Langmuir isotherm model showed the highest compatibility due to its higher R2 (0.997). Also, the proposed adsorbent represented good adsorption capacity (125 mg g−1). Moreover, kinetic studies proved the applicability of the pseudo‐second‐order model (R2 = 0.986) compared to other models. The achieved results confirmed the applicability of ZnS:Ni–SAC as a versatile adsorbent for the removal of BPB.
Valorization of Sugarcane Leaf to Binderless Fiberboards by Hot‐Pressing Process and Polyurethane Coating
Authors: Sutaro Watchara , Sarattawipak Jirapat , Phuengklay Tanakorn , Kupasittirat Pasakorn , Prommachan Sutipol , Intharapat Punyanich , Phinichka Natthapong , Boonsombuti Akarin , Phalakornkule Chantaraporn
Published: June 2024

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) leaf is an abundant waste from agriculture. In this study, we prepared binderless fiberboards from sugarcane leaf with <3 % moisture (w/w) and <1 mm in size by hot‐pressing temperature in the 210–240 °C range, followed by surface coating with polyurethane. The effect of hot‐pressing temperature on the modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), internal bonding (IB) strength, and thickness swelling of the binderless sugarcane leaves was investigated. An optimal pressing condition for preparing the binderless sugarcane leaf fiberboards was 230 °C for pressing temperature, 5 MPa for pressing pressure, and 600 s for pressing time, giving 1200 kg m−3 for board density, MOE of 657.1 MPa, MOR of 7.04 MPa, and IB strength of 0.277 MPa. The thickness swelling of the coated samples was almost completely eliminated by the surface coating.