bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of immunomagnetic cell enrichment in combination with RT‐PCR for the detection of rare circulating head and neck tumor cells in human peripheral blood
Authors: Tong Xiaodong , Yang Liying , Lang James Campbell , Zborowski Maciej , Chalmers Jeffrey J.
Published: January 2007

Detection of rare, circulating tumor cells (CTC's) in human peripheral blood is a potential indicator of prognosis and diagnosis in oncology. Typical methods to detect these CTC's are either by immunocytochemistry (ICCS) or RT‐PCR. However without accurate, rapid, and reproducible enrichment processes, these detection techniques are labor intensive and/or unreliable. In this article, a repeatable enrichment process that included a flow‐through immunomagnetic cell separation system, the quadrupole magnetic sorter (QMS) was optimized with the aid of a statistical analysis software package. The QMS was operated in a negative mode of operation by immunomagnetically targeting normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) through the CD45 surface marker. Three head and neck squamous carcinoma cell lines (HNSCC), Detroit‐562, SCC‐4, and CAL‐27, were used to determine the sensitivity of RT‐PCR for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in spiked PBL. The detection purity needed for detection was found to be one cell in 104, one cell in 103, and one cell in 105 for the Detroit‐562, SCC‐4, and CAL‐27, respectively. The actual number of cancer cells needed for RT‐PCR detection ranged from 30 to 1 cell. To mimic the potential concentration of rare CTC present in peripheral blood of cancer patients, the spiking concentration was chosen to be one cancer cell per 105 total leukocytes from healthy donors. Using a single step immunomagnetic labeling, the final, optimized enrichment process produced a 57.6 ± 30.3‐fold (n = 6) enrichment of the rare cancer cells with a final cancer cell recovery of (77.8 ± 6.6)%. © 2007 Clinical Cytometry Society
Socs 3 modulates the activity of the transcription factor Stat3 in mammary tissue and controls alveolar homeostasis
Authors: Robinson Gertraud W. , Pacher‐Zavisin Margit , Zhu Bing Mei , Yoshimura Akihiko , Hennighausen Lothar
Published: January 2007

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 and 3 (Stat5 and Stat3) control pregnancy‐mediated mammary development and involution‐dependent remodeling, respectively. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (Socs3) has been implicated in the modulation of both Stat3 and Stat5 activity. To explore the biology of Socs3 in mammary tissue, the gene was deleted using Cre‐mediated recombination. Deletion of the Socs3 gene from mammary stem or early progenitor cells did not grossly alter pregnancy‐mediated mammary development but resulted in impaired lactation due to attenuated proliferation. Loss of Socs3 from differentiated luminal cells did not interfere with glandular function during lactation, but resulted in accelerated tissue remodeling upon weaning. Loss of Socs3 led to enhanced and precocious Stat3 activation. Thus, Socs3 serves as a modulator of Stat3 activity to ensure controlled proliferation and apoptosis in pregnancy and involution, respectively. Developmental Dynamics 236:654–661, 2007. Published 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metal Complexation of Calix[4]azacrown Derivatives – Evidence for Communication Between Upper and Lower Functionalised Rims
Authors: Bond Andrew D. , Creaven Bernadette S. , Donlon Denis F. , Gernon Tammy L. , McGinley John , Toftlund Hans
Published: January 2007

The coordination chemistry of calix[4]azacrowns obtained from the reaction of a diester calix[4]arene with diethylenetriamine provided unusual copper(II) and manganese(II) complexes in which calix[4]azacrown acts as a bidentate N,O‐donor ligand, in some cases, but as a unidentate N‐donor ligand, in other cases. The first example of a binuclear ruthenium(II)/manganese(II) complex, involving the calix[4]arene framework as the bridging ligand, is also reported. The calix[4]arene framework consists of a bipyridyl unit connected at the upper rim of the calix[4]arene, through an amide linkage, and an azacrown unit at the lower rim, also connected through amide groups. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Gravity oscillations applied in batch mixing
Authors: Noui‐Mehidi Mohamed N , Wu Jie , Nguyen Bon V
Published: January 2007

This paper discusses the benefits of using gravitational oscillations to achieve good mixing in relatively large vessels. An experimental study was performed on a semicircular‐type tank equipped with a vertical central baffle plate. Liquid oscillations were generated by a rubber plate, placed on the bottom of the tank, which was divided into two separate chambers that were alternately inflated with controlled compressed air. For specific inflation periods, resonance yielding maximal amplitude was achieved in the two tank compartments. While flow visualization showed overall good mixing for different excitation frequencies, measurements of mixing times via a conductivity method revealed fast mixing for a particular frequency close to the natural frequency of an oscillating U‐tube, and for which the maximal oscillation amplitude was recorded. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Sonographic diagnosis of thyroid nodules: Correlation with the results of sonographically guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy
Authors: Kovacevic Obad , Smetana Škurla Mirna
Published: January 2007

Purpose.

To assess the reliability of sonography in differentiating benign from malignant thyroid nodules and selecting lesions for fine‐needle aspiration (FNA).

Methods.

During a 2‐year period, the following 7 sonographic parameters were assessed in 129 patients with thyroid nodules: size, number, echogenicity, echotexure, margin regularity, presence of calcifications, and presence of a hypoechoic rim. Sonographically guided FNA was performed on thyroid nodules ≥5 mm in diameter. Out of 184 FNAs, we obtained 168 specimens adequate for cytologic analysis and 16 (9%) nondiagnostic specimens.

Results.

FNA diagnoses included 150 (89%) benign and 18 (11%) malignant nodules. Among 53 solitary nodules, 11 were carcinomas and 42 were benign (p < 0.01). The mean size of the carcinomas was 28 ± 12 mm versus 18 ± 10 mm for benign nodules (p < 0.01). The following sonographic features were significantly associated with malignancy: hypoechogenicity, irregular margins, calcifications, and absence of a hypoechoic rim. Differences in echotexure between malignant and benign nodules were not statistically significant.

Conclusion.

Sonographically guided FNA should be performed on thyroid nodules ≥5 mm in diameter with sonographic characteristics that suggest malignancy. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 35, 2007
A biosocial model of entrepreneurship: the combined effects of nurture and nature
Authors: White Roderick E. , Thornhill Stewart , Hampson Elizabeth
Published: January 2007

Why do people get involved in the creation of new ventures? Prior research suggests entrepreneurial behavior has multiple causes. Nurture explanations; often couched in terms of sociological theories like social learning have been popular. Aspects of nascent entrepreneurs' social contexts, notably their family business background, have been associated with new venture creation. But nature also appears to play a role. Other research has linked heritable biological factors, including testosterone, with the career choice to launch a new venture. This study presents theory and evidence linking the combination of both sociological and biological factors with new venture creation: a biosocial model of entrepreneurship. Empirical results indicate new venture creation is more likely among those individuals having a higher testosterone level in combination with a family business background. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetics of polymethylmethacrylate particle‐induced inhibition of osteoprogenitor differentiation and proliferation
Authors: Chiu Richard , Ma Ting , Smith R. Lane , Goodman Stuart B.
Published: January 2007

Periprosthetic bone loss induced by implant wear debris may be a combined effect of osteolysis and reduced bone formation resulting from particle‐induced suppression of osteoprogenitor differentiation. This study investigated the time‐dependent effects of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) particles on the osteogenic capability of bone marrow osteoprogenitor cells during the early phase of differentiation. Murine bone marrow cells were challenged with PMMA particles (0.30% v/v) on the first day of growth in osteogenic medium. Particles were removed from culture after 1, 3, and 5 days, respectively, after which cell growth in osteogenic medium was continued until the 15th day. Bone marrow osteoprogenitor cells exposed to particles during the first 5 days of differentiation showed complete, irreversible inhibition of proliferation, alkaline phosphatase expression, and mineralization. Osteoprogenitors exposed to particles for more than 5 days showed the same degree of inhibition, while those exposed to particles for less than 5 days showed a diminished inhibitory response. Conditioned medium from particle‐treated cells did not suppress osteogenic development, demonstrating that suppression of osteogenesis was not due to secreted inhibitory factors. This study has shown that the early phase of osteoprogenitor differentiation is a crucial time period during which exposure to PMMA particles causes irreversible inhibition of osteogenesis. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:450–457, 2007
Comparison of the stability of various internal fixators used in the treatment of osteochondritis dissecans—a mechanical model
Authors: Morelli Moreno , Poitras Philippe , Grimes Valentine , Backman David , Dervin Geoffrey
Published: January 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine what characteristics of fixation devices used in the treatment of osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) contribute to improved stability to resist shear loading. An OCD model was designed using rigid polyurethane foam. Each specimen consisted of two components, an osteochondral fragment and a corresponding defect. A total of 40 specimens were prepared and assigned to one of four groups: control (no extrinsic stabilizer); two 2‐mm‐diameter Kirschner wires (K‐wires), 40 mm in length; one threaded washer and a 28‐mm screw; and one threaded washer and a 38 mm screw. Each specimen was mounted onto an Iosipescu shear test fixture and subjected to shear loads at a pseudo‐static displacement rate of 0.075 mm/s. All groups demonstrated some stability; controls were significantly less stable than all other groups. The group with the threaded washer and 38‐mm screw demonstrated the greatest stability (p < 0.001), and no difference was noted between the K‐wire and 28‐mm screw groups. These results suggest that, in this OCD model, friction conferred some intrinsic stability to resist loads in shear. However, stability was improved with the use of long implants that compressed the fragments together. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:495–500, 2007
Change in isoflavone concentration of soybean (Glycine max L.) seeds at different growth stages
Authors: Kim Jin‐Ae , Chung Ill‐Min
Published: January 2007

This study was conducted to determine the fluctuating levels of isoflavone in soybean (Glycine max L.) seeds of six varieties at different development stages. The average concentration of total isoflavone in the fully matured seed was 669 µg g−1, whereas those in the seeds of the R5 (beginning), R6 (green full‐sized) and R7 (onset of physiological maturity) stages were 145, 296 and 611 µg g−1, respectively. Sowonkong variety was highest in total isoflavone content of the fully matured and the R7 seed among all the varieties. In all six varieties, total isoflavone levels at the R7 stage were higher than those of R5 and R6 stages. Total isoflavone concentrations rapidly increased as growth stages transitioned from R5 to R7, as indicated by a positive correlation (r = 0.80***) between the total isoflavone and growth stages. Overall, total isoflavone levels were similar between R7 and the full maturity stages. Of the various isoflavone derivatives, acetylglucoside and aglycon were not significantly correlated with total isoflavone concentrations. However, glucoside (r = 0.97***), malonylglucoside (r = 0.99***), TGIN (genistein + genistin + malonylgenistin + acetylgenistin, r = 0.93***) and TDIN (daidzein + daidzin + malonyldaidzin + acetyldaidzin, r = 0.99***) were very highly correlated with total isoflavone concentrations. As a result, they constituted most of the total isoflavones in the soybean seeds at R5, R6, R7, and full maturity stages. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Kinetics and mechanism of adducts formation of tetraaza cobalt(II) complexes with some organic bases in DMF solvent
Authors: Asadi Mozaffar , Asadi Zahra
Published: January 2007

The kinetics and mechanism of the adduct formation of two Co(II) tetraaza complexes, [Co(ampen)] {[(N,N′‐ethylenebis‐(o‐amino‐α‐phenylbenzylideneiminato)cobalt(II)]} and [Co(campen)] {[(N,N′‐ethylenebis‐(5‐chloro‐o‐amino‐α‐phenylbenzylideneiminato)cobalt(II)]}, with four organic bases, 4‐nitro imidazole (4‐NO2Imid), 4‐methyl imidazole (4‐MeImid), imidazole (Imid), and 1‐methyl imidazole (1‐MeImid), in DMF were studied spectrophotometrically. The kinetic parameters and the second‐order k2 rate constants show the following nucleophilicity trend of the bases toward the given substrate: 4‐NO2Imid > 4‐MeImid > Imid > 1‐MeImid. The linear plots of kobs vs. the molar concentration of the base, the high span of k2 values, and the large negative values of ΔS≠ suggest an associative (A) mechanism. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 39: 137–144, 2007
Rate constant and products for the reaction of Cl atom with n‐butyraldehyde
Authors: Wu Hai , Mu Yujing
Published: January 2007

The photooxidations of n‐butyraldehyde initiated by Cl atom were carried out at room temperature (298 ± 2K) and 1 atm pressure. The rate coefficient for the reactions of Cl atom with n‐butyraldehyde was determined as k = (2.04 ± 0.36) × 10−10 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 by using relative rate techniques. The photooxidation products of n‐butyraldehyde reaction with Cl atom were also studied by using both gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) and gas chromatography techniques. C2H5CHO, CH3CHO, CO and CO2 were the major products observed. In the absence of NO, the observed yields of C2H5CHO, CH3CHO, and CO were 60%, 3%, and 9%, respectively. However, when NO was introduced into the reaction chamber and the initial ratios of [NO]0/[n‐butyraldehyde]0 were between 1 and 8, the yield of C2H5CHO decreased to 33%, whereas that of CH3CHO and CO rose up to 21% and 25%, respectively. On the basis of mechanism data deduced in this study and the fraction molar yields, the approximate branching ratios for Cl atom attack at C(O)H, α‐, β‐, and γ‐positions in n‐butyraldehyde could be derived as ⩾42%, <25%, 21%, and ⩽12%, respectively. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 39: 168–174, 2007
Combined use of WEB2170 and HBO therapy can reduce ischemia and reperfusion injury to the skeletal muscle in a rabbit model
Authors: Riccio Michele , Pangrazi Pier Paolo , Campodonico Andrea , Scalise A. , Marchesini A. , Talevi D. , Carboni A. , Bertani C. , Bertani Aldo , Mazzanti L.
Published: January 2007

Ischemia/reperfusion injury is regarded as the main cause of failure in revascularization of limbs and transfer of free flaps in the so called nonreflow phenomenon. This type of damage is caused by the production of free radicals, above all, of neutrophils that release great quantities of extracellular superoxide through the action of a membrane enzyme. In our study we used 40 white rabbits. Rabbit rectus femoris muscle is perfused by a single artery and vein and is therefore a valuable model for study of ischemia‐induced reperfusion injury of skeletal muscle. The objective of this study was to individualize a valid method of protection for the muscle from damage by ischemia‐induced reperfusion injury. We have tested the effectiveness of WEB2170, a PAF antagonist, of hyperbaric oxygen therapy one (HBO), and of combined employment of WEB2170 and HBO. The results show that both PAF and HBO play important protective roles against damage from ischemia/reperfusion injury, and that the combined employment of both therapies has a synergistic effect. We propose therefore a new therapeutic protocol for the prevention of damage resulting from ischemia/reperfusion injury with the simultaneous employment of this PAF and HBO. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2007.
The versatility of vascularized iliac crest with internal oblique muscle flap for composite upper maxillary reconstruction
Authors: Maranzano Massimo , Atzei Andrea
Published: January 2007

The middle third defects of the face following total or partial oncologic maxillectomy include very important facial structures, both for esthetical and for functional reasons. Among the outcomes, large oronasal or oromaxillary fistulas due to destruction of big bone segments and soft tissues have long been the consequences of such extensive surgical ablations. In the last few years, immediate reconstruction of maxillary bones and soft tissues has proved to be a reliable morphofunctional reconstruction technique following surgery for large oncological defects or the late effects of radiation therapy. Among other free flaps such as composite fibula, composite scapula, or composite radial, the use of vascularized iliac crest with the internal oblique flap has become our flap choice for morphofunctional maxillary reconstruction for bone segments within 6–15 cm of length, and when there is no need for overlying facial skin or oral sphincter reconstruction. The advantages of this composite bone flap are its available large and resizable bone stock; the quality of the bone for transfer (optimal height, depth, and contour to maintain a good facial profile); and the possibility to properly reconstruct the oral lining, orbital content; and maxillary soft tissues with a portion of the internal oblique muscle flap raised with the same pedicle. In addition, this flap's soft tissue will epithelialize during the healing stages. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2007.
Variability of the recessive oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy phenotype
Authors: Semmler Alexander , Kress Wolfram , Vielhaber Stefan , Schröder Rolf , Kornblum Cornelia
Published: January 2007

Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) is usually transmitted as an autosomal‐dominant trait and characterized by an expansion from 6 to 8 or more GCG/GCA repeats in the poly‐(A) binding protein nuclear 1 (PABPN1) gene on chromosome 14q11. Autosomal‐recessive OPMD with a homozygous (GCG)7 expansion of PABPN1 has only been described in two Canadian patients, who showed a comparably mild phenotype, suggesting that it is less severe than the dominant form. We clinically and genetically characterized the first two reported cases of autosomal‐recessive OPMD in Europe. Remarkably, both patients revealed severe and diverse phenotypes, with an unusual onset and atypical clinical course in one patient. Former studies found a 1%–2% frequency of the (GCG)7 allele, which theoretically produces an incidence of 1:10,000 of autosomal‐recessive OPMD in the general population. We conclude that the apparent rarity of the autosomal‐recessive form of OPMD may be due to the fact that genetic testing is generally administered only to patients with typical clinical features or a positive family history. Muscle Nerve, 2007
A comparative proteome and phosphoproteome analysis of differentially regulated proteins during fertilization in the self‐incompatible species Solanum chacoense Bitt.
Authors: Vyetrogon Kateryna , Tebbji Faiza , Olson Douglas J. H. , Ross Andrew R. S. , Matton Daniel P.
Published: January 2007

We have used 2‐DE for a time‐course study of the changes in protein and phosphoprotein expression that occur immediately after fertilization in Solanum chacoense. The phosphorylation status of the detected proteins was determined with three methods: in vivo labeling, immunodetection, and phosphoprotein‐specific staining. Using a pI range of 4–7, 262 phosphorylated proteins could be mapped to the 619 proteins detected by Sypro Ruby staining, representing 42% of the total proteins. Among these phosphoproteins, antibodies detected 184 proteins from which 78 were also detected with either of the other two methods (42%). Pro‐Q Diamond phosphoprotein stain detected 111 proteins, of which 76 were also detected with either of the other two methods (68%). The 32P in vivo labeling method detected 90 spots from which 78 were also detected with either of other two methods (87%). On comparing before and after fertilization profiles, 38 proteins and phosphoproteins presented a reproducible change in their accumulation profiles. Among these, 24 spots were selected and analyzed by LC‐MS/MS using a hybrid quadrupole‐TOF (Q‐TOF) instrument. Peptide data were searched against publicly available protein and EST databases, and the putative roles of the identified proteins in early fertilization events are discussed.
PROTEOMICS: The Birth of the PROTEOMICS Family of Journals
Authors: Dunn Michael J.
Published: January 2007

No abstracts.
Novel polymeric, thio‐containing photoinitiator comprising in‐chain benzophenone and an amine coinitiator for photopolymerization
Authors: Wei Jun , Wang Hongyu , Yin Jie
Published: January 2007

A novel thio‐containing diamine with a benzophenone structure, 4‐amino‐4′‐[4‐aminothiophenyl]benzophenone (AATBP), was synthesized. Two kinds of polymeric photoinitiators, PUPIA and PUPI, were synthesized through the polycondensation of toluene‐2,4‐diisocyanate with AATBP and/or N‐methyldiethanolamine (MDEA). A macroamine, PUPA, was also synthesized for comparison. Fourier transform infrared, 1H NMR, and gel permeation chromatography analyses confirmed the structures of all the polymers. The ultraviolet–visible spectra of PUPIA, PUPI, and AATBP were similar, and all exhibited the maximal absorption above 325 nm. The photopolymerization of two monomers with different functionalities, poly(propylene glycol)diacrylate and trimethylolpropane triacrylate initiated by PUPIA, PUPI/MDEA, PUPI/PUPA, AATBP/MDEA, and AATBP/PUPA, was studied through differential scanning photocalorimetry. The results showed that both PUPIA and PUPI/MDEA had high photoefficiency, and their low‐molecular‐weight counterparts could hardly initiate the photopolymerization. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 576–587, 2007
Synthesis and characterization of a novel liquid‐crystalline epoxy resin combining biphenyl and aromatic ester‐type mesogenic units
Authors: Cai Zhi‐Qi , Sun Jianzhong , Zhou Qiyun , Xu Junlong
Published: January 2007

A novel liquid‐crystalline epoxy resin combining biphenyl and aromatic ester‐type mesogenic units, diglycidyl ether of 4,4′‐bis(4‐hydroxybenzoyloxy)‐3,3′,5,5′‐tetramethyl biphenyl, was synthesized. Its spectroscopic structure, thermal properties, and phase structures were investigated with NMR, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and polarized light microscopy (PLM), respectively. The curing agent, diaminodiphenylsulfone, was chosen to investigate the curing behavior by means of DSC and PLM during isothermal and nonisothermal processes. Only one exothermal peak appeared in the isothermal DSC curves. Birefringence was also observed during the curing processes and preserved after postcuring. Compared with short rigid‐rod and flexible epoxies, the cured liquid‐crystalline epoxy resin that was obtained displayed special thermal stability according to thermogravimetric analysis because of its long rigid‐rod mesogenic unit and bulky methyl groups. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 727–735, 2007
Strong and weak hydrogen bonds in the protein–ligand interface
Authors: Panigrahi Sunil K. , Desiraju Gautam R.
Published: January 2007

The characteristics of NH···O, OH···O, and CH···O hydrogen bonds and other weak intermolecular interactions are analyzed in a large and diverse group of 251 protein–ligand complexes using a new computer program that was developed in‐house for this purpose. The interactions examined in the present study are those which occur in the active sites, defined here as a sphere of 10 Å radius around the ligand. Notably, NH···O and OH···O bonds tend towards linearity. Multifurcated interactions are especially common, especially multifurcated acceptors, and the average degree of furcation is 2.6 hydrogen bonds per furcated acceptor. A significant aspect of this study is that we have been able to assess the reliability of hydrogen bond geometry as a function of crystallographic resolution. Thresholds of 2.3 and 2.0 Å are established for strong and weak hydrogen bonds, below which hydrogen bond geometries may be safely considered for detailed analysis. Interactions involving water as donor or acceptor, and CH···O bonds with Gly and Tyr as donors are ubiquitous in the active site. A similar trend was observed in an external test set of 233 protein–ligand complexes belonging to the kinase family. Weaker interactions like XH···π (X = C, N, O) and those involving halogen atoms as electrophiles or nucleophiles have also been studied. We conclude that the strong and weak hydrogen bonds are ubiquitous in protein–ligand recognition, and that with suitable computational tools very large numbers of strong and weak intermolecular interactions in the ligand–protein interface may be analyzed reliably. Results confirm earlier trends reported previously by us but the extended nature of the present data set mean that the observed trends are more reliable. Proteins 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Learning to teach science as inquiry in the rough and tumble of practice
Authors: Crawford Barbara A.
Published: January 2007

This study examined the knowledge, beliefs and efforts of five prospective teachers to enact teaching science as inquiry, over the course of a one‐year high school fieldwork experience. Data sources included interviews, field notes, and artifacts, as these prospective teachers engaged in learning how to teach science. Research questions included 1) What were these prospective teachers' beliefs of teaching science? 2) To what extent did these prospective teachers articulate understandings of teaching science as inquiry? 3) In what ways, if any, did these prospective teachers endeavor to teach science as inquiry in their classrooms? 4) In what ways did the mentor teachers' views of teaching science appear to support or constrain these prospective teachers' intentions and abilities to teach science as inquiry? Despite support from a professional development school setting, the Interns' teaching strategies represented an entire spectrum of practice—from traditional, lecture‐driven lessons, to innovative, open, full‐inquiry projects. Evidence suggests one of the critical factors influencing a prospective teacher's intentions and abilities to teach science as inquiry, is the teacher's complex set of personal beliefs about teaching and of science. This paper explores the methodological issues in examining teachers' beliefs and knowledge in actual classroom practice. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 44: 613–642, 2007.
A preliminary model to simulate the effect of insecticides on a spider‐leafhopper system in the paddy field
Authors: Sasaba Takafumi , Kiritani Keizi , Urabe Tatsuo
Published: January 2007

On the basis of life‐table studies of the green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticepsUhler, a descriptive model was constructed to simulate the life system of leafhoppers in the paddy field.

Computer simulation demonstrated the existence of an optimum ratio of predators to prey in utilization of spiders for the control of leafhoppers. Also the population density of Lycosa which prey upon leafhoppers appears to determine the feasibility of controlling leafhoppers with reduced number of applications of selective insecticides. The increase of leafhoppers after application of non‐selective insecticides was also simulated by the proposed model.
Quantitative evaluation of temporal similarity in abundance of animal species
Authors: Wool David
Published: January 2007

A quantitative method is suggested for measuring the similarity of seasonal abundance patterns of different animal species. The method was applied to two sets of field data and produced biologically meaningful and interesting results.
A new variety of low‐linolenic rapeseed oil; Characteristics and room‐odor tests
Authors: Prévôt A. , Perrin J. L. , Laclaverie G. , Auge Ph. , Coustille J. L.
Published: January 2007

Two Canadian rapeseed oils, “Westar” and “low‐linolenic”, supplied by the Canola Council were studied and compared with a French rapeseed. The linolenic acid content of the low‐linolenic variety is about 3%. This drop in the C18∶3 is completely compensated for by an increase in the C18∶2. Seventy‐two percent of the triglycerides with at least one linolenic chain disappeared. A strong increase in the OOL and OLL was observed. The room‐odor tests showed that the “low‐linolenic” had a significantly higher odor score than the French rapeseed and the “Westar”, both of these being very similar. A fruity odor dominated in the “low‐linolenic”, and the fishy painty odors were particularly reduced.
Lipase catalyzed alcoholysis of sunflower oil
Authors: Mittelbach Martin
Published: January 2007

Lipase‐catalyzed alcoholysis of sunflower oil under anhydrous conditions was examined. Lipases fromPseudomonas fluorescens and 2 immobilized enzymes fromMucor miehei and aCandida sp. gave sufficient conversion with petroleum ether as the solvent, even when methanol and ethanol were used. The overall content of tri‐, di‐ and monoglycerides, as well as the corresponding alkyl esters, was measured. BecausePseudomonas lipase led to almost quantitative esterification, further studies were carried out with that enzyme varying the amounts of enzyme or the alcohols. Acceptable conversions were achieved even without solvent. Reaction rates of alcoholysis with 5 homologous alcohols, with or without the addition of water, were measured, and in all cases the reaction rates increased with higher chain length of the alcohol. In the case of methanol the highest rate was obtained without any addition of water, but a significantly higher rate was observed with 96% ethanol as opposed to absolute ethanol. The main advantages of lipasecatalyzed, nonaqueous alcoholysis as compared to classical procedures are the mild reaction conditions, the isolation of glycerin without further purification and without the formation of chemical waste, and the ability of lipases to catalyze the esterification of free fatty acids.
Estimating the processed value of soybeans
Authors: Brumm Thomas J. , Hurburgh Charles R.
Published: January 2007

Interest in marketing soybeans on the basis of protein and oil content is increasing. Producers, breeders, handlers and buyers of soybeans need a method of evaluating soybean lots of different composition. A model is presented that predicts, given soybean composition and processing conditions, the yield of crude soybean oil and soybean meal from the processing of soybeans in a solvent extraction plant. From these yields, an estimated processed value (EPV) was calculated. For one set of price conditions, the EPV of typical soybeans had a range of .93 per bushel if premiums were paid for meal protein in excess of specifications and a range of .53 per bushel if meal protein premiums were not paid. Trading rules established by the National Oilseed Processors Association for domestic meal markets have a significant effect on the value and composition of soybean meal.
A weighing method for measuring the induction period of marine and other oils
Authors: Olcott H. S. , Einset E.
Published: January 2007

A convenient method for measuring the length of the induction period of marine and other oils and unsaturated fatty acid esters depends upon determining the increases in weight. Small amounts of oil with or without additives are held in constant temperature ovens and weighed at regular intervals. Some of the details of technique are described.
Analyses of fatty acid isomers in two commercially hydrogenated soybean oils
Authors: Jones E. P. , Scholfield C. R. , Davison V. L. , Dutton H. J.
Published: January 2007

A conventional shortening and a hydrogenated winterized oil have been investigated to determine their composition of natural and isomeric fatty acids. Two solvent systems were applied in countercurrent distributions: the acetonitrile pentane‐hexane system for separation of monoenoates from dienoates and the methanolic silver nitrate pentane‐hexane system for separation of geometric isomers. Whilecis andtrans monoenoates were well resolved, the separation ofcis,cis fromcis,trans dienoates was complicated by the presence of positional isomers. The fractions isolated were oxidatively cleaved, and the esters of the resultant acids were quantitatively analyzed by gas‐liquid chromatography.

Although the amounts of saturated components of the two fat products were similar, the percentage oftrans isomers of the shortening was more than twice that of the winterized oil. The amount of oleic acid (cis‐9‐octadecenoic) was 19.6% for the shortening and 25.4% for the winterized oil. The shortening contained 13.3% linoleic acid (cis,cis‐9,12‐octadecadienoic), whereas the winterized oil contained 30% linoleic acid.

Although our primary interest was in the estimation ofcis‐9‐octadecenoic andcis,cis‐9,12‐octadecadienoic acids, the completeness of cleavage data makes it possible to estimate all geometric and positional monoenoate and dienoate isomers in the two fat products.
Solvent winterization of partially hydrogenated soybean oils
Authors: McConnell D. G. , Evans C. D. , Cowan J. C.
Published: January 2007

Among the important advantages of solvent as compared with conventional winterization of soybean oil are the speed of operation and increased yields up to 25%. Easier and faster filtration results with the solvent system despite the high yields of solids when low iodine value (IV) oils are winterized at low temperatures. Hydrogenated stocks with IV as low as 90 can be winterized easily at temperatures of 蜢16C. The time of winterization can be reduced from several days to a few hours. With all the variations possible in IV, temperature, and solvent selectivity, liquid soybean oil can be produced with specified characteristics and with a minimum linolenate content. Acetone was the best solvent tested for winterization.
Assay of aflatoxin in peanuts and peanut products using acetone‐hexane‐water for extraction
Authors: Robertson J. A. , Lee Louise S. , Cucullu Alva F. , Goldblatt L. A.
Published: January 2007

A quantitative method is described for the assay of aflatoxin in peanut products. The procedure involves extraction of aflatoxin from the sample with a homogeneous acetone‐hexane‐water solvent mixture followed by purification of the extract by phasic extraction of the aflatoxin with aqueous sodium chloride and then with chloroform. The purified chloroform extract is analyzed by thin‐layer chromatography by comparison of the intensity of fluorescence of any aflatoxin with the intensity of a known standard. The aflatoxin analyses of peanuts were found to be very variable due to sampling, and this variability has been greatly reduced by finely grinding and thoroughly mixing 2 kg of the sample before removal of an aliquot for assay. The method is sensitive to approximately 2 parts per billion.
Individual molecular species of different phospholipid classes. Part II. A method of analysis
Authors: Renkonen Ossi
Published: January 2007

New analytical possibilities arise when glycerosphophatides are converted into diglyceride acetates or analogous compounds: In this less polar form the phospholipids can be subjected to the usual methods of triglyceride fractionation, including chromatography on silica gel mixed with silver nitrate. This opens a route to subfractionation of various glycerophosphatide classes, and makes analysis of the individual molecular species potentially possible in many cases. The same approach can also be applied to the analysis of sphingomyelins.

Two methods are suitable for the conversion of glycerophosphatides into 舠diglyceride acetates舡: 1) Acetolysis in a mixture of acetic anhydride and acetic acid, and 2) treatment with phospholipase C (E.C. 3.1.4.3.) followed by acetylation. Acetolysis was used successfully with phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and corresponding alkoxy phosphatide (native cephalin B), phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl inositol, phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidic acid and cardiolipin. Phospholipase C fromClostridium welchii was used for native choline and ethanolamine plasmalogens as well as for sphingomyelins. Although this enzyme does not attack pure ethanolamine phosphatides it did so in the presence of added (dipalmitoyl) phosphatidyl choline or serum sphingomyelin. The mixed substrates containing sphingomyelin proved particularly valuable, since the plasmalogenic diglyceride acetates were easily separated from the usual diglyceride acetates and ceramide diacetates on silicic acid.

The diglyceride acetates obtained from lecithins of hens舗 eggs, ox‐brain and human serum were subjected to preparative TLC on Kieselgel G mixed with silver nitrate. The resulting subfractions were characterized by GLC analysis of the fatty acid methyl esters. When these data were combined with enzymic analysis of the acids occupying the alpha and beta positions of the molecules a rather detailed description of the lecithins became possible.

The use of diglyceride acetates provides a route to analysis of fatty acids in many phosphatidyl compounds which have been obtained previously only as mixtures with the alkoxy analogs.
Conversion of methyl ricinoleate to methyl 12‐ketostearate with Raney nickel
Authors: Freedman Bernard , Nelson Jane S. , Binder R. G. , Applewhite T. H.
Published: January 2007

A convenient laboratory preparation of methyl 12‐ketostearate is described. Methyl ricinoleate is converted to methyl 12‐ketostearate in 70舑75% yield by Raney nickel. The type and quantity of Raney nickel have a marked influence on the yield as well as on the time and temp required for the conversion. The reaction is not a direct isomerization as previously assumed but appears to be a two‐step process. Methyl ricinoleate is hydrogenated rapidly to methyl 12‐hydroxystearate which is then dehydrogenated slowly to the product. Hydrogenolysis of the alcohol function is a competing reaction which is minimized by the proper choice of reaction conditions.
The reconstitution of flavors
Authors: Polak Ernest H.
Published: January 2007

The traditional purpose of flavor reconstitution in processed foods is to restore the depleted flavor level and quality. A more recent trend is the impartation of flavor to foods which have none, such as addition of synthetically reconstituted chicken flavor to soya protein and bacon flavor to hydrogenated fat. Flavor reconstitution of such foods can be approached from either a physicochemical study or by the use of organoleptic procedures. For best results a marriage of the two methods is required. The advent of modern gas chromatographic techniques has revolutionized the possibilities for the discovery of new flavor components and for determining the amounts in which they are present in food substances. While much time has been spent in the last 15 years gathering analytical data of this type, rapid progress can be expected in the future by the utilization of this information in areas of flavor reconstitution new to the flavor industry. The usual problems which arise when flavor reconstitution from analytical data is attempted are reviewed. The performance advantages and disadvantages of reconstituted flavors are compared against their natural counterparts.
Gas‐liquid chromatographic analysis of lactoylated monoglycerides
Authors: Neckermann E. F. , Noznick P. P.
Published: January 2007

This paper describes a method for analyzing gas‐liquid chromatograms of silylated monoglycerides (1) and lactoylated monoglycerides. A simple method for lactoylating a monoglyceride for the determination of the products formed is also revealed. Resolution of glycerides containing as many as five lactoyl groups is obtained.
Gas chromatographic determination of tocopherols and sterols in soya sludges and residues
Authors: Nelson J. P. , Milun A. J.
Published: January 2007

A method is described for determining the individual and total sterols and tocopherols of soya sludges and residues. The method involves saponification of the sample followed by gas chromatographic analysis of the unsaponifiables. Data are presented on the reproducibility and accuracy of the method.
Nonvolatile α‐branched chain fatty acid derivatives: III. Addition of acid chlorides, anhydrides and amides to terminal olefins
Authors: Perlstein T. , Eisner A. , Ault W. C. , De Haven P. A.
Published: January 2007

At‐butyl peroxide initiated free radical reaction was employed for the preparation of α‐branched fatty acid chlorides, which were then converted in situ to methyl esters. Similarly prepared were an α‐branched fatty acid amide and an α‐branched acid anhydride. The latter was converted to the methyl ester. The use of the acid chloride and acid anhydride permitted reduction in the molar ratio of reactants to half or less than that used in the addition of esters to terminal olefins without affecting the yield. The resulting increase of α‐branched product concentration in the reaction mixture also made isolation of the product easier. The direct addition of a variety of stearic acid derivatives to 1‐decene under the same conditions (20:4:1.2 molar ratio of reactants at 160 C) gave the following olefin based yield order: stearoyl chloride > stearic anhydride > stearamide and methyl stearate > stearic acid.
Chlorinated alcohols: II. The chlorination of oleyl alcohol
Authors: Grimm R. A. , Menting J. E. , Stirton A. J. , Weil J. K.
Published: January 2007

Chlorination of oleyl alcohol gives mainly 9,10‐dichlorostearyl alcohol but a variety of other products are also formed. By‐products include 9(10)‐(9,10‐dichlorostearoxy)‐10(9)‐chlorostearyl alcohol (14%) and 9,10‐dichlorostearyl 9,10‐dichlorostearate (3–4%) in addition to three or four less clearly defined products (12%). One group of products is apparently derived from participation of the hydroxyl group in the chlorine addition step while the other products formed by the reaction of the hydroxyl group with chlorine or chlorine and hydrogen chloride.
Carboxymethylated soybean protein
Authors: McKinney L. L. , Uhing E. H.
Published: January 2007

Soybean protein in aqueous alkaline dispersions at pH 10–11 reacts readily with sodium chloroacetate at temperatures of 50–70°C. to give a protein derivative containing 7–9% carboxymethyl groups. Ultracentrifugal measurements indicate no change in molecular size of the protein when the reaction is carried out at 50°C. but lowered molecular weight at 70°C. The reaction with sodium chloroacetate lowers the pH of minimum solubility from pH 4.5–3.1 and renders the protein more soluble at a neutral pH. Dispersions of carboxymethylated proteins exhibit resistance to putrefaction and do not gel on the addition of formaldehyde.
Solubilities of vegetable oils in aqueous ethanol and ethanol‐hexane mixtures
Authors: Kaparthi Ramalingam , Chari K. S.
Published: January 2007

The solubility of vegetable oils in aqueous ethanol depends on the concentration of alcohol and temperature of the system. At ordinary temperatures even absolute alcohol is not a good solvent for vegetable oils since the solubility is even less than 10 g. of oil per 100 g. of alcohol. Mowrah, safflower, peanut, and cottonseed oils are soluble in absolute alcohol at 70°C. All the oils investigated are found to be miscible above the boiling point of alcohol even if the concentration is 98%. In 95% ethanol they are miscible between 90° and 100°C. Addition of a good solvent, like n‐hexane, increases the solubility of oils, and the solubility temperatures are lowered. From the results obtained by various methods of solubility determination it is found that the apparatus employed in the present work yields more reliable results by eliminating the visual observation of turbidity temperatures, ensuring vigorous stirring and allowing sufficient amount of time to attain equilibrium conditions in determining the solubilities of vegetable oils.
Tall oil studies. II. Decolorization of polyethenoxy tallates with ozone and hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Karabinos J. V. , Ballun A. T.
Published: January 2007

A method for decolorizing tall oil‐ethylene oxide condensates (polyethenoxy tallates) by use of ozone or hydrogen peroxide is presented. The chemistry of the possible reactions involving quinoid structures is discussed.
Definite influence of location and climatic conditions on the fatty acid composition of sunflower seed oil
Authors: Lajara José R. , Diaz Ursicino , Quidiello Rafael Diaz
Published: January 2007

Percentages of linoleic, oleic and stearic acids present significant differences between growing areas, whereas palmitic acid content remains practically constant, or at least presents no significant relation to the growing area. Nevertheless, palmitic acid appears to follow a pattern that relates its content to the total content of the other three major fatty acids. Seeds grown in the northern part of Spain presented a higher linoleic content than seeds grown in the South, which is in agreement with the general theory found in prior studies. Although there is an inverse correlation between oleic and linoleic content, we have found that the total content of both is neither constant nor independent of temperature, and increases when temperature and oleic acid increase. However, stearic content increases when the combination of linoleic and oleic acid decreases, suggesting a total constant value for the combination of these three acids. The average temperature of the are during development of the seed and the local climatic conditions have the greatest influence over fatty acid composition, while the seed variety presents limited influence.
Factors affecting the pyrophorisity of spent bleaching clay
Authors: Taylor Dennis R. , Jenkins Dennis B.
Published: January 2007

Artificial cakes of bleaching clay/vegetable oil have been studied for their pyrophoric character using both Differential Scanning Calorimetry and a constant‐temperature, fixed‐interval, spontaneous heating (CaTFISH) test developed in this laboratory. It was determined that this is a two‐step process involving a first‐stage low‐temperature spontaneous heating reaaction followed by a second‐stage high‐temperature spontaneous heating reaction. The latter is characterized by charring and, in some cases, flaming combustion. A study of relevant variables has established that clay type, filter cake age, oil retention, moisture, and the presence of antioxidant significantly affect the spontaneous heating characteristics of clay/oil masses. Oil type was not found to be a significant variable in these studies.