bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
1,2,4‐Oxadiazolidin‐3,5‐diones and 1,3,5‐Triazin‐2,4,6‐triones as Cytosolic Phospholipase A2α Inhibitors.
Authors: Gopalsamy Ariamala , Yang Hui , Ellingboe John W. , McKew John C. , Tam Steve , Joseph‐McCarthy Diane , Zhang Wen , Shen Marina , Clark James D.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Neat Reaction Technology for the Synthesis of Novel 1,5‐Benzodiazepines.
Authors: Kidwai Mazaahir , Mothsra Poonam
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cyclocarbopalladation of Alkynes: A Stereoselective Method for Preparing Dibenzoxapine Containing Tetrasubstituted Exocyclic Alkenes.
Authors: Yu Hannah , Richey Rachel N. , Carson Matthew W. , Coghlan Michael J.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Temporary Phosphate Tethers: A Metathesis Strategy to Differentiated Polyol Subunits.
Authors: Waetzig Joshua D. , Hanson Paul R.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Synthesis of Cyclic β‐Oxophosphoranes by Microwave‐Assisted Reaction of Cyclic Phosphine Oxides and Dialkyl Acetylenedicarboxylates.
Authors: Keglevich Gyoergy , Dudas Eszter , Sipos Melinda , Lengyel Dora , Ludanyi Krisztina
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Novel Reductive Coupling Reaction Between Diphenylphosphine Sulfide and Formamides.
Authors: Yan Peng , Hashimoto Yukihiko
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of the Fluorine Atom Yielding a Stable Heptatrienide Structure.
Authors: Gololobov Yu. G. , Linchenko O. A. , Starikova Z. A. , Garbuzova I. A. , Petrovskii P. V.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
O,O‐Diphenyl N‐Sulfonylbenzimidoylphosphonates, a Novel Type of C‐Phosphorylated Imines.
Authors: Rassukana Yu. V. , Sinitsa A. A. , Onys'ko P. P.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Complex Compounds of Methyl Derivatives of 8‐Quinolineselenol with Metals and Their Cytotoxic Activity.
Authors: Lukevics E. , Shestakova I. , Domracheva I. , Nesterova A. , Ashaks J. , Zaruma D.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Novel Ferrocenyl Oxindole and Ferrocene‐Substituted Dispiroheterocycles Through [3 + 2]‐Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides.
Authors: Jayashankaran Jayadevan , Durga Rathna , Manian R. S. , Raghunathan Raghavachary
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of (‐)‐Cubebol by Face‐Selective Platinum‐, Gold‐, or Copper‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerization: Evidence for Chirality Transfer.
Authors: Fehr Charles , Galindo Jose
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwave‐Assisted Selenium Dioxide Oxidation of Camphor Derivatives to α‐Dicarbonyl Compounds and Oxoimines.
Authors: Belsey Sarah , Danks Timothy N. , Wagner Gabriele
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Artificial Ribonucleases. Part 6. Ribonuclease Activity of Tetrapeptides Based on Amino Acids Involved in the Catalytic Site of RNase T1.
Authors: Koroleva L. S. , Donina A. A. , Tamkovich N. V. , Kovalev N. A. , Zenkova M. A. , Sil'nikov V. N.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Broensted Acid Catalyzed O‐Glycosidation of 1‐C‐Alkyl‐D‐glucopyranose Derivatives.
Authors: Yamanoi Takashi , Matsuda Sho , Yamazaki Ippo , Inoue Ryo , Hamasaki Keita , Watanabe Mikio
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Synthesis of Carbohydrate Thionolactones.
Authors: Chayajarus Kampanart , Fairbanks Antony J.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Selective Removal of Anomeric O‐Acetate Groups in Carbohydrates Using HClO4—SiO2.
Authors: Tiwari Pallavi , Misra Anup Kumar
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Efficient Approach to the Asymmetric Total Synthesis of (‐)‐Anisodine.
Authors: Chang Junbiao , Xie Weilin , Wang Limin , Ma Nianchun , Cheng Senxiang , Xie Jingxi
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A General, Convergent Strategy for the Construction of Indolizidine Alkaloids: Total Syntheses of (‐)‐Indolizidine 223AB (I) and Alkaloid (‐)‐205B (II).
Authors: Smith Amos B. III , Kim Dae‐Shik
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Sonogashira Alkynylation of Unprotected 8‐Brominated Adenosines and Guanosines: Fluorescence Properties of Compact Conjugated Acetylenes Containing a Purine Ring.
Authors: Firth Andrew G. , Fairlamb Ian J. S. , Darley Kate , Baumann Christoph G.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Phosphoramidite Derivatives for the Preparation of Oligonucleotides Containing a Hydrazide Group in any Specified Position of the Oligonucleotide Chain.
Authors: Antsypovich S. I. , Oretskaya T. S. , von Kiedrowski G.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stereoselective Cascade Reactions that Incorporate a 7‐exo Acyl Radical Cyclization.
Authors: Grant Seth W. , Zhu Koudi , Zhang Yu , Castle Steven L.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Bistramide A.
Authors: Crimmins Michael T. , DeBaillie Amy C.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthetic Analogues of the Manzamenones and Plakoridines which Inhibit DNA Polymerase.
Authors: Doncaster Jeremy R. , Etchells Laura L. , Kershaw Neil M. , Nakamura Ryoichi , Ryan Hazel , Takeuchi Ryo , Sakaguchi Kengo , Sardarian Ali , Whitehead Roger C.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Innovative Synthesis Methods of Mixed Actinides Compounds: Control of the Composition Homogeneity at a Molecular or Nanometric Scale
Authors: Grandjean Stephane , Chapelet‐Arab Benedicte , Lemonnier Stephane , Robisson Anne‐Charlotte , Vigier Nicolas
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Perspective in Recent Solid Acid Catalyst
Authors: Yarmo Mohd Ambar , Shariff Raja Saadiah Raja , Omar Siti Rohaya , Ching Juan Joon , Haron Roziana
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Extended Lanthanide—Transition Metal Arrays with Cyanide Bridges: Syntheses, Structures, and Catalytic Applications
Authors: Liu Shengming , Poplaukhin Pavel , Ding Errun , Plecnik Christine E. , Chen Xuenian , Keane Mark A. , Shore Sheldon G.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Critical Features of Colossal Magnetoresistive Manganites
Authors: Tokura Y.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ring C Closure as Key Step in the Synthesis of Steroids
Authors: Saraber Florence C. E. , de Groot Aede
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthetic Applications of Multi‐Component Coupling Reactions Proceeding via Bis‐π‐allylpalladium Complexes
Authors: Malinakova Helena C.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Photochemical, Electrochemical and Enzymatic Methods for Ether‐Bond Cleavage
Authors: Stolarzewicz Andrzej , Grobelny Zbigniew , Pisarski Wojciech , Losiewicz Bozena , Piekarnik Beata , Swinarew Andrzej
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Reassessment of the Transition Metal Free Suzuki‐Type Coupling Methodology
Authors: Thomas Tran Thomas Tran , Thompson Alison
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Photochemical Rearrangement of Aromatic Ethers: A Review of the Photo‐Claisen Reaction
Authors: Galindo Francisco
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Biologically Interesting Compounds Containing Hydroxamic Acid Moiety
Authors: Krchnak Viktor
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthetic Approaches to the 2004 New Drugs
Authors: Li Jin , Liu Kevin K.‐C. , Sakya Subas
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Imidic Acids and Derivatives: Imidoyl (Imino) Halides
Authors: Nakajima N. , Ubukata M.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Tellurocarboxylic Acids and Derivatives
Authors: Murai T.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Dithiocarboxylic Acid Esters
Authors: Glass R. S.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structures and Dynamics of G Protein Coupled Receptors
Authors: Klein‐Seetharaman Judith , Loewen Michele C.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Solvation Dynamics in Room Temperature Ionic Liquids: Dynamics Stokes Shift Studies of Fluorescence of Dipolar Molecules
Authors: Mandal Prasun K. , Saha Satyen , Karmakar Rana , Samanta Anunay
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Why Are Proteins Charged? Networks of Charge—Charge Interactions in Proteins Measured by Charge Ladders and Capillary Electrophoresis
Authors: Gitlin Irina , Carbeck Jeffrey D. , Whitesides George M.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Roles of Nuclear Receptors in the Gene Expression of Drug‐Metabolizing Enzymes under Various Physiological Conditions
Authors: Yoshinari Kouichi
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Recent Progress in Solid‐State Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Li Bin , Wang Liduo , Kang Bonan , Wang Peng , Qiu Yong
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hydrogen Bond Assembled Synthetic Molecular Motors and Machines
Authors: Kay Euan R. , Leigh David A.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Development of Highly Sensitive Determination of Biogenic Compounds by High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography with Pre‐Column Fluorescence Derivatization
Authors: Inoue Hirofumi
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
On‐Line Content Uniformity Determination of Tablets Using Low‐Resolution Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Wikstrom Hakan , Romero‐Torres Saly , Wongweragiat Sudaratana , Williams Julie Ann Stuart , Grant Edward R. , Taylor Lynne S.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Novel Spectroscopic Probe for Molecular Chirality
Authors: Ji Na , Shen Yuen‐Ron
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The case for cytomegalovirus prophylaxis in solid organ transplantation
Authors: Snydman David R.
Published: August 2006

Cytomegalovirus prevention strategies have been debated for the past decade. This review argues in favour of the prophylaxis strategy. Clinical trials comparing prophylaxis to pre‐emptive therapy have, thus far, had insufficient power to differentiate strategies, especially with regard to the indirect effects of CMV. From meta‐analyses, prospective trials, observational studies, and case control studies, there is evidence that prophylaxis prevents cytomegalovirus infection and disease, reduces the indirect effects of cytomegalovirus, including organ rejection and transplant associated, all cause mortality as well as opportunistic infection, and even bacteremia as well as post transplant lymphoproliferative disease. Prophylaxis has also been shown to be cost effective. One must recognise that with the current prophylaxis regimens employed for 3 months post‐transplantation, late onset cases of cytomegalovirus disease may occur. Cytomegalovirus replication monitoring may be necessary after cessation of prophylaxis, especially in the high risk cytomegalovirus seropositive donor to cytomegalovirus seronegative recipient. Future trials with longer periods of prophylaxis are being undertaken. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FOUR NEW SPECIES OF SELAGINELLA (PTERIDOPHYTA – SELAGINELLACEAE) FROM BOLIVIA
Authors: KESSLER M. , SMITH A. R. , LEHNERT M.
Published: August 2006

Four new species of Selaginella from Bolivia are described and illustrated: S. alampeta, a species from humid montane forests at 1200–1700 m that is most similar to S. flexuosa; S. arroyoana, a presumably poikilohydric species found on the walls of periodically dry stream beds and in fissures among rocks on Precambrian sandstone massifs at 750–900 m in eastern Bolivia; S. bryophila, an epiphytic species known only from the type collection made among mats of liverworts in humid montane rain forest, and S. chiquitana, from semideciduous forests at 800 m on a Precambrian sandstone massif in southeastern Bolivia.
A NEW SPECIES OF DISSOCHAETA BLUME (MELASTOMATACEAE) FROM KALIMANTAN (BORNEO, INDONESIA)
Authors: KADEREIT G.
Published: August 2006

Dissochaeta atrobrunnea (Melastomataceae–Dissochaeteae) from Kalimantan (Borneo, Indonesia) is described and illustrated. The species can be assigned to Dissochaeta sect. Dissochaeta and is easily recognized by its dense cover of light brown, sessile, stellate hairs and dark brown, 4–6 mm long bristles on branches, leaf undersurfaces, petioles, inflorescences, bracts and hypanthia. Like all other species of Dissochaeta sect. Dissochaeta, D. atrobrunnea shows heterantherous flowers.
THE MACAL RIVER: A FLORISTIC AND PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL STUDY OF A THREATENED RIVERINE VEGETATION COMMUNITY IN BELIZE
Authors: URBAN L. , BRIDGEWATER S. G. M. , HARRIS D. J.
Published: August 2006

A species checklist is presented for a stretch of the seasonally flooded Macal River in the Cayo District of Belize, together with preliminary phytosociological data for the primary riverine communities. A total of 229 species were recorded in the seasonally flooded riparian zone, representing 7% of the flora of Belize. Results of quantitative sampling indicate that Inga vera subsp. vera dominates the river corridor. Other important woody associates include Cuphea calophylla, C. utriculosa, Calyptranthes bartlettii, C. lindeniana, Lindenia rivalis, Pleuranthodendron lindenii, Calliandra tergemina and Nectandra salicifolia. One of the most significant threats to riparian vegetation in the region is the Chalillo Dam upstream of the study site. The current work provides baseline floristic and ecological data for this threatened riparian habitat and documents the structure and composition of vegetation that exists downstream from the dam before its construction.
Different Polycomb group complexes regulate common target genes in Arabidopsis
Authors: Makarevich Grigory , Leroy Olivier , Akinci Umut , Schubert Daniel , Clarenz Oliver , Goodrich Justin , Grossniklaus Ueli , Köhler Claudia
Published: August 2006

Polycomb group (PcG) proteins convey epigenetic inheritance of repressed transcriptional states. Although the mechanism of the action of PcG is not completely understood, methylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27) is important in establishing PcG‐mediated transcriptional repression. We show that the plant PcG target gene PHERES1 is regulated by histone trimethylation on H3K27 residues mediated by at least two different PcG complexes in plants, containing the SET domain proteins MEDEA or CURLY LEAF/SWINGER. Furthermore, we identify FUSCA3 as a potential PcG target gene and show that FUSCA3 is regulated by MEDEA and CURLY LEAF/SWINGER. We propose that different PcG complexes regulate a common set of target genes during the different stages of plant development.
The CRY box: a second APCcdh1‐dependent degron in mammalian cdc20
Authors: Reis Alexandra , Levasseur Mark , Chang Heng‐Yu , Elliott David J , Jones Keith T
Published: August 2006

Cdc20 and cdh1 are coactivators of the anaphase‐promoting complex (APC). APCcdc20 is necessary for the metaphase–anaphase transition and, at the end of mitosis, vertebrate cdc20 itself becomes a target for degradation through KEN‐box‐dependent APCcdh1 activity. By studying the degradation of fluorescent protein chimaeras in mammalian oocytes and early embryos, we found that cdc20 was degraded through two independent degradation signals (degrons), the KEN box and a newly described CRY box. In both oocytes and G1‐stage embryos, the rate of degradation through the CRY box was greater than through the KEN box, although both were mediated by APCcdh1. Thus, mammalian oocytes and embryos have the capacity to recognize two degrons in cdc20.
Double‐strand breaks arising by replication through a nick are repaired by cohesin‐dependent sister‐chromatid exchange
Authors: Cortés‐Ledesma Felipe , Aguilera Andrés
Published: August 2006

Molecular studies on double‐strand break (DSB) repair in mitosis are usually performed with enzymatically induced DSBs, but spontaneous DSBs might arise because of replication failures, for example when replication encounters nicks. To study repair of replication‐born DSBs, we defined a system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the induction of a site‐specific single‐strand break. We show that a 21‐base pair (bp) HO site is cleaved at only one strand by the HO endonuclease, with the resulting nick being converted into a DSB by replication during the S phase. Repair of such replication‐born DSBs occurs by sister‐chromatid exchange (SCE). We provide molecular evidence that cohesins are required for repair of replication‐born DSBs by SCE, as determined in smc3, scc1 and scc2 mutants, but not for other recombinational repair events. This work opens new perspectives to understand the importance of single‐strand breaks as a source of recombination and the relevance of cohesion in the repair of replication‐born DSBs.
Glucocorticoids cause rapid dissociation of a T‐cell‐receptor‐associated protein complex containing LCK and FYN
Authors: Löwenberg Mark , Verhaar Auke P , Bilderbeek Joyce , van Marle Jan , Buttgereit Frank , Peppelenbosch Maikel P , van Deventer Sander J , Hommes Daniel W
Published: August 2006

Although glucocorticoid (GC)‐induced nongenomic effects have been reported, the underlying mechanisms remain unexplained. We previously described that lymphocyte‐specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK) and FYN oncogene related to SRC, FGR, YES (FYN) mediate GC‐induced inhibition of T‐cell‐receptor (TCR) signalling. Here we characterize the underlying molecular mechanism. The present study shows that the GC receptor is part of a TCR‐linked multiprotein complex containing heat‐shock protein (HSP)90, LCK and FYN, which is essential for TCR‐dependent LCK/FYN activation. Experiments with cells transfected with GC‐receptor short interfering RNA (siRNA) showed that the GC receptor is an essential component of the TCR signalling complex. Short‐term GC treatment induces dissociation of this protein complex, resulting in impaired TCR signalling as a consequence of abrogated LCK/FYN activation. HSP90siRNA‐transfected cells are not able to assemble this TCR‐associated multiprotein complex, and accordingly HSP90siRNA treatment mimics GC effects on LCK/FYN activities. These observations support a model for nongenomic GC‐induced immunosuppression on the basis of dissolution of membrane‐bound GC‐receptor multiprotein complexes after GC‐receptor ligation.
Yield and nitrogen use efficiency in wheat, and soil fertility status as influenced by substitution of rice with pigeon pea in a rice - wheat cropping system
Authors: Singh V. K. , Dwivedi B. S.
Published: August 2006

Rice–wheat cropping systems managed on 10 million ha in the Indo-Gangetic Plain region (IGPR) of India are the most important production systems for national food security. Recent reports, however, indicate that the system is under production fatigue and the growth rates of rice and wheat have started declining. We, therefore, conducted field experiments at Modipuram, Meerut, India, for 3 consecutive years (1998–99 to 2000–01), to study the conservation of soil organic carbon, improvement in nitrogen use efficiency and increase in system yields through inclusion of a grain legume (pigeon pea) in place of rice. The wheat yields following pigeon pea crops were significantly (P<0.05) greater than those following rice crops during 1999–2000 and 2000–01, but not during 1998–99. The economic optimum doses of fertiliser N for wheat in the pigeon pea–wheat system were smaller (128–133 kg N/ha) than those in the rice–wheat system (139–173 kg N/ha), owing to increased N supply, greater N use efficiencies and a better crop growth environment in the pigeon pea–wheat system. The post-wheat harvest nitrate-N (NO3-N) at 90–105 cm soil depth in plots fertilised with 120 or 180 kg N/ha was greater for the rice–wheat system (6.5–8.1 mg/kg) than for the pigeon pea–wheat system (5.8–6.0 mg/kg), suggesting that inclusion of pigeon pea may help to minimise NO3-N leaching to deeper soil profile layers. In plots of pigeon pea, soil organic carbon at 0–15 cm and 15–30 cm soil depths was increased at the end of the experiment compared with the initial organic carbon content. With continuous rice–wheat cropping, the bulk density of soil increased over the initial bulk density, at different soil profile depths in general, and at 30–45 cm soil depth in particular. Inclusion of pigeon pea in the system maintained soil bulk density at its initial level, and thus eliminated sub-surface soil compaction. Despite these advantages of pigeon pea over rice as a preceding crop to wheat, permanent substitution of rice with pigeon pea in rice–wheat system is unlikely, because rice is a staple foodgrain crop in India. Nonetheless, decline in wheat productivity owing to puddling-induced soil constraints that arise on continuous rice–wheat systems could be minimised by introduction of pigeon pea into the system at longer time intervals.
Effect of town microclimate on the Queensland fruit fly Bactrocera tryoni
Authors: Dominiak B. C. , Mavi H. S. , Nicol H. I.
Published: August 2006

Weekly data from the urban and rural environments of numerous Australian inland towns were used to assess the impact of urban environments on the potential growth rate of the Queensland fruit fly. The urban environments were warmer and more moist than adjacent rural environments, making rural landscapes less attractive for fruit fly. Further analysis of climatic data revealed an acute negative water balance during the summer season. Under this harsh environment, the health and greenness of urban backyards and parks is maintained with frequent use of urban irrigation. This study aims to quantify the impact of urban hydrology on environmental conditions for the population potential of Queensland fruit fly in south-eastern New South Wales. CLIMEX, a climate-driven simulation model, was used in this study. Results indicated that throughout the winter season, low temperatures kept the Queensland fruit fly under control, irrespective of any other factor, including favourable moisture conditions. During summer, moisture was the major limiting factor. Even partial irrigation reduced the limiting effects of the deficiency of rainfall often experienced during midsummer. Irrigation also resulted in a large increase in the duration of the favourable period for the potential growth of fruit fly and an almost complete removal of unfavourable periods. When irrigation water was applied at optimal or excessive levels, the duration of favourable conditions for the Queensland fruit fly extended beyond the summer season. For the Queensland fruit fly, towns appear to be oases compared with the surrounding rural desert. Queensland fruit fly is unlikely to travel freely between towns, minimising chances of reinvasion once a resident population has been eliminated.
Nutrient uptake in tropical turfgrasses growing in winter in southern Queensland
Authors: Menzel C. M. , Broomhall P.
Published: August 2006

The effects of fertilisers on 8 tropical turfgrasses growing in 100-L bags of sand were studied over winter in Murrumba Downs, just north of Brisbane in southern Queensland (latitude 27.4°S, longitude 153.1°E). The species used were: Axonopus compressus (broad-leaf carpetgrass), Cynodon dactylon (bermudagrass ‘Winter Green’) and C. dactylon × C. transvaalensis hybrid (‘Tifgreen’), Digitaria didactyla (Queensland blue couch), Paspalum notatum (bahiagrass ‘38824’), Stenotaphrum secundatum (buffalograss ‘Palmetto’), Eremochloa ophiuroides (centipedegrass ‘Centec’) and Zoysia japonica (zoysiagrass ‘ZT-11’). Control plots were fertilised with complete fertilisers every month from May to September (72 kg N/ha, 31 kg P/ha, 84 kg K/ha, 48 kg S/ha, 30 kg Ca/ha and 7.2 kg Mg/ha), and unfertilised plots received no fertiliser. Carpetgrass and standard bermudagrass were the most sensitive species to nutrient supply, with lower shoot dry weights in the unfertilised plots (shoots mowed to thatch level) compared with the fertilised plots in June. There were lower shoot dry weights in the unfertilised plots in July for all species, except for buffalograss, centipedegrass and zoysiagrass, and lower shoot dry weights in the unfertilised plots in August for all species, except for centipedegrass. At the end of the experiment in September, unfertilised plots were 11% of the shoot dry weights of fertilised plots, with all species affected. Mean shoot nitrogen concentrations fell from 3.2 to 1.7% in the unfertilised plots from May to August, below the sufficiency range for turfgrasses (2.8–3.5%). There were also declines in P (0.45–0.36%), K (2.4–1.5%), S (0.35–0.25%), Mg (0.24–0.18%) and B (9–6 mg/kg), which were all in the sufficiency range. The shoots in the control plots took up the following levels (kg/ha.month) of nutrients: N, 10.0–27.0; P, 1.6–4.0; K, 8.2–19.8; S, 1.0–4.2; Ca, 1.1–3.3; and Mg, 0.8–2.2, compared with applications (kg/ha.month) of: N, 72; P, 31; K, 84; S, 48; Ca, 30; and Mg, 7.2, indicating a recovery of 14–38% for N, 5–13% for P, 10–24% for K, 2–9% for S, 4–11% for Ca and 11–30% for Mg. These results suggest that buffalograss, centipedegrass and zoysiagrass are less sensitive to low nutrient supply than carpetgrass, bermudagrass, blue couch and bahiagrass. Data on nutrient uptake showed that the less sensitive species required only half or less of the nitrogen required to maintain the growth of the other grasses, indicating potential savings for turf managers in fertiliser costs and the environment in terms of nutrients entering waterways.
Weed management practices in glyphosate-tolerant and conventional cotton fields in Australia
Authors: Werth J. A. , Preston C. , Roberts G. N. , Taylor I. N.
Published: August 2006

Forty growers in 4 major cotton-growing regions in Australia were surveyed in 2003 to investigate how the adoption of glyphosate-tolerant cotton (Roundup Ready) had influenced herbicide use, weed management techniques, and whether changes to the weed spectrum could be identified. The 10 most common weeds reported on cotton fields were the same in glyphosate-tolerant and conventional fields in this survey. Herbicide use patterns were altered by the adoption of glyphosate-tolerant cotton with up to 6 times more glyphosate usage, but 21% fewer growers applying pre-emergence herbicides in glyphosate-tolerant fields. Other weed control practices such as the use of post-emergence herbicides, inter-row cultivation and hand hoeing were only reduced marginally. However, growers indicated that management practices are likely to change over time, especially with the introduction of enhanced glyphosate tolerance technology (Roundup Ready Flex), and anticipate a 32% decrease in the number of growers using alternative weed management practices. To date, management practices other than glyphosate use have not changed markedly in glyphosate-tolerant cotton indicating a conservative approach by growers adopting this technology and reflecting the narrow window of herbicide application. The range of weed control options still being employed in glyphosate-tolerant cotton would not increase the risk of glyphosate resistance development.
Emergence, stand establishment and vigour of deep-sown Australian and CIMMYT wheats
Authors: Gooding S. , Botwright Acuña T. L. , Fox P. N. , Wade L. J.
Published: August 2006

The short coleoptile of the majority of released Australian wheat cultivars, is well-documented to increase time to emergence and reduce stand establishment. We examined the effect of seeding depth on coleoptile length and seedling characteristics of 36 CIMMYT wheats, bred for their ability to emerge from deep sowing, relative to 14 Australian cultivars in controlled and field environments. Coleoptile length of one of the CIMMYT lines, Berkut, exceeded that of Vigour 18 when grown in the dark in a controlled environment. In a second experiment in controlled conditions, this time with a regular day/night cycle, seedlings of 4 CIMMYT and 4 Australian cultivars emerged from 5 and 8 cm sowing depths, but only 50% of the Australian wheats emerged from 11 cm, compared with 100% for the CIMMYT wheats. In a third experiment, 6 cultivars were sown at depths of 5, 8 and 11 cm at 2 field sites with different soil types (a sandy loam duplex and a red clay) at Kukerin, Western Australia. Field site and sowing depth interacted for emergence time, stand establishment and coleoptile length, with higher values of each at the clay site. The first internode elongated at both field sites, but to a lesser extent on the clay soil, where the response was only observed with deep sowing. CIMMYT wheats Parus/Pastor and Berkut were notable for rapid emergence, a long sub-crown internode and coleoptile, and above-average leaf area in controlled and field environments, in comparison with Australian cultivars. These lines hold promise as genetic sources of improved stand establishment and early vigour in wheats for use in Australia and similar environments.
Effect of nitrogen fertiliser on nitrogen partitioning and pool sizes in irrigated Sultana grapevines
Authors: Treeby M. T. , Wheatley D. M.
Published: August 2006

The growth and nitrogen (N) percentage of the annual components and the N percentage of the perennial components of unfertilised and fertilised (100 kg N/ha.season) irrigated grapevines (Vitis vinifera cv. Sultana syn. Thompson Seedless) were compared over 2 consecutive seasons. Leaf, stem and fruit samples were measured for dry matter yield and N content at about fortnightly intervals during the growing season, and samples of 1–2-year-old wood, trunk, cane and root were sampled for N content at about fortnightly intervals during the growing season and 4-week intervals during dormancy. Total vine biomass was assessed on unfertilised vines following fruit harvest in the second season. Total vine biomass at this time was about 13.1 kg dry matter/vine, 43% of which was below the soil surface. Dry matter and fruit yield of vines did not respond to N application until the second season with an increase in annual biomass and fruit yield of 75 and 140%, respectively. The N contents of all vine organs were related to vine phenology, with N percentage decreasing in all annual parts during the season. The N percentage in perennial parts was lowest near flowering and fluctuated from then until harvest depending on demand by annual parts, principally leaves and fruit, and supply.
Investigation of the interaction between flow-driven and rainfall-driven erosion processes
Authors: Rouhipour H. , Ghadiri H. , Rose C. W.
Published: August 2006

The effect of interaction between erosion processes has received only limited direct attention by researchers in the field of soil erosion by water. In modelling the processes involved in erosion it is uncertain whether it is justifiable to simply add the contribution of each of the separate erosion processes to give the total sediment concentration, or whether there may be some positive or negative interaction between flow-driven and rainfall-driven processes. Most laboratory experiments have shown that generally the rate of erosion in a rain-impacted flow is greater than for un-impacted flows of similar depth and velocity, indicating positive interaction. The experiments reported in this paper were carried out in the Griffith University Tilting Flume Simulated Rainfall (GUTSR) facility (5.8 by 1.0 m), using 2 different soil materials. Sediment concentration due to flow-driven and rainfall-driven erosion processes, or combination of both processes, depended on factors such as soil characteristics and streampower of the flow, and varied with time, tending to steady-state values. Interaction was defined as positive if the sediment concentration produced by both rainfall and overland flow acting together exceeded the sum of their individual concentrations. Such interaction was positive for a silty loam soil, but negative for a loamy sand. Reasons for the unexpected negative interaction are uncertain, but may be due to the suppression by rainfall of micro-rills or proto-rills, which tended to form preferentially on the loamy sand under flow alone.
Modelling aggregate liberation and dispersion of three soil types exposed to ultrasonic agitation
Authors: Field Damien J. , Minasny Budiman , Gaggin Michael
Published: August 2006

This paper reports on a study involving the application of ultrasonic agitation to 3 soil types to assess soil aggregate disruption and subsequent dispersion. The measurement of various particle size fractions resulting after the application of ultrasonic agitation for different time periods made it possible to describe the resulting aggregate disruption using the established aggregate liberation and dispersion curve (ALDC) model. Originally this model had been used to assess only the 2–20 µm fraction liberated from Vertosols. This work has shown that the model can be applied to a variety of size fractions between 2 and 100 µm in diameter and soil types, namely Chromosols and Ferrosols. By estimating the critical energy (Ecrit) required to initiate dispersion of liberated aggregates for each fraction, it is implied that the linkage between aggregates is weaker than the linkages between the materials composing the aggregates. Further, the ratio between the rate constants in the ALDC model can be used to establish if there is a stepwise breakdown of larger aggregates, a criterion required to establish the presence of an aggregate hierarchy. Finally, by assessing the aggregate distribution on a continuous scale, it is possible to recognise unique pathways of aggregate liberation and dispersion for each soil type rather than assuming that aggregates breakdown into predefined discrete size fractions.
Residual effects of cotton-based crop rotations on soil properties of irrigated Vertosols in central-western and north-western New South Wales
Authors: Hulugalle N. R. , Weaver T. B. , Finlay L. A.
Published: August 2006

The residual effects of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) based crop rotations on soil physical and chemical properties were evaluated in 2 irrigated on-farm experiments located at Warren (1999–2001) in the central-west and Merah North (2000–05) in the north-west of New South Wales. The soils in both sites were grey, self-mulching Vertosols. The rotations sown at Warren from 1993 to 1998 were: (1) continuous cotton (cotton sown every year); (2) long-fallow cotton (cotton alternating with a bare fallow); (3) cotton–high input wheat (Tricticum aestivum L.), in which wheat was sown at a rate of 100 kg/ha and fertilised with 180 kg/ha of urea; (4) cotton–low input wheat, in which wheat was sown at a rate of 40 kg/ha and did not receive any N fertiliser; and (5) cotton–green manured field pea (Pisum sativum L.). At Merah North the rotations sown from 1993 to 2000 were: (1) continuous cotton; (2) long-fallow cotton; (3) cotton–green manured faba bean (Vicia faba L.) until 1999 when sorghum was sown during the 1999–2000 growing season; (4) cotton–dolichos (Lablab purpureus L.)–green manured faba bean from 1993 to 1994 followed by cotton–unfertilised wheat in which wheat was sown at a rate of 50–70 kg/ha thereafter; (5) cotton–dolichos; and (6) cotton–fertilised dolichos with P and K removed by cotton replaced as fertiliser. Soil was sampled to a depth of 0.6 m at 0.15-m increments and analysed for pH (in 0.01 m CaCl2), EC1 : 5, ESP, specific volume, nitrate-N, organic C (SOC), plastic limit, and dispersion.
Residual effects of rotation history were reflected in subsoil specific volume at both sites, and nitrate-N in the surface 0.3 m and SOC in the 0–0.6 m depth at Warren. In general, higher values of specific volume occurred where cotton–wheat rotations, and in particular, fertilised wheat, had been sown. At Merah North, subsoil specific volume in ex-long-fallow cotton was similar to that in the cotton–wheat rotation. At Warren, ex-continuous cotton had lowest subsoil specific volume, the ex-cotton–high input wheat rotation and ex-long fallow cotton had greater SOC sequestration, and the ex-cotton–high input wheat rotation had higher nitrate-N. These differences mirrored those present when the rotation treatments were in place. Residual effects of crop rotations are more likely to occur where the residues of the rotation crops are relatively recalcitrant or where cropping intensity is lower.
Molecular model of a type III secretion system needle: Implications for host-cell sensing
Authors: Deane Janet E. , Roversi Pietro , Cordes Frank S. , Johnson Steven , Kenjale Roma , Daniell Sarah , Booy Frank , Picking William D. , Picking Wendy L. , Blocker Ariel J. , Lea Susan M.
Published: August 2006

Type III secretion systems are essential virulence determinants for many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. The type III secretion system consists of cytoplasmic, transmembrane, and extracellular domains. The extracellular domain is a hollow needle protruding above the bacterial surface and is held within a basal body that traverses both bacterial membranes. Effector proteins are translocated, via this external needle, directly into host cells, where they subvert normal cell functions to aid infection. Physical contact with host cells initiates secretion and leads to formation of a pore, thought to be contiguous with the needle channel, in the host-cell membrane. Here, we report the crystal structure of the
Shigella flexneri
needle subunit MxiH and a complete model for the needle assembly built into our three-dimensional EM reconstruction. The model, combined with mutagenesis data, reveals that signaling of host-cell contact is relayed through the needle via intersubunit contacts and suggests a mode of binding for a tip complex.
The significance of direct sunlight and polarized skylight in the ant’s celestial system of navigation
Authors: Wehner Rüdiger , Müller Martin
Published: August 2006

As textbook knowledge has it, bees and ants use polarized skylight as a backup cue whenever the main compass cue, the sun, is obscured by clouds. Here we show, by employing a unique experimental paradigm, that the celestial compass system of desert ants,
Cataglyphis
, relies predominantly on polarized skylight. If ants experience only parts of the polarization pattern during training but the full pattern in a subsequent test situation, they systematically deviate from their true homeward courses, with the systematics depending on what parts of the skylight patterns have been presented during training. This “signature” of the polarization compass remains unaltered, even if the ants can simultaneously experience the sun, which, if presented alone, enables the ants to select their true homeward courses. Information provided by direct sunlight and polarized skylight is picked up by different parts of the ant’s compound eyes and is channeled into two rather separate systems of navigation.
Memory enhancement in healthy older adults using a brain plasticity-based training program: A randomized, controlled study
Authors: Mahncke Henry W. , Connor Bonnie B. , Appelman Jed , Ahsanuddin Omar N. , Hardy Joseph L. , Wood Richard A. , Joyce Nicholas M. , Boniske Tania , Atkins Sharona M. , Merzenich Michael M.
Published: August 2006

Normal aging is associated with progressive functional losses in perception, cognition, and memory. Although the root causes of age-related cognitive decline are incompletely understood, psychophysical and neuropsychological evidence suggests that a significant contribution stems from poorer signal-to-noise conditions and down-regulated neuromodulatory system function in older brains. Because the brain retains a lifelong capacity for plasticity and adaptive reorganization, dimensions of negative reorganization should be at least partially reversible through the use of an appropriately designed training program. We report here results from such a training program targeting age-related cognitive decline. Data from a randomized, controlled trial using standardized measures of neuropsychological function as outcomes are presented. Significant improvements in assessments directly related to the training tasks and significant generalization of improvements to nonrelated standardized neuropsychological measures of memory (effect size of 0.25) were documented in the group using the training program. Memory enhancement appeared to be sustained after a 3-month no-contact follow-up period. Matched active control and no-contact control groups showed no significant change in memory function after training or at the 3-month follow-up. This study demonstrates that intensive, plasticity-engaging training can result in an enhancement of cognitive function in normal mature adults.