bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reconstruction of Late Pleistocene and Holocene Sea Level Curve for the East Coast of India
Authors: Loveson V. J. , Nigam R.
Published: May 2019

Holocene sea level curve has been generated for the East Coast of India. About seventy five 14C dates which are available from published works on coastal plains and offshore regions of the East Coast were considered and were subsequently calibrated into calendar years for analysis and plotting thereof. From the 100m depth, a moderate rate of sea level rising at the rate of about 0.88m/100 years is observed during 14,800 to 10,800 YBP. In between 10,800 to 9,200 YBP, a steep rise (Sea Level Rise - SR1) is noticed at the rate of 2.06m/100 years. Following a brief sluggish phase (for nearly about 1,100 years) of slow rising around 0.82m/100 years, another steep rate of rising of about 2.22m/100 years (SR2) is observed during 8,100 to 7,200 YBP. After that period to the Recent, there were 5 minor fluctuations with regression phases dominating over transgression phases in terms of duration and magnitude. It is also observed that the magnitude of all five high stands in between 7,200 to the recent has a decreasing trend from +4m to 0m. It obviously indicates that the most of the present day coastal plains were once under the sea as evidenced by the presence of many inland leftover paleo delta signatures in the East Coast of India.
Distribution of Inertinites in the Early Paleogene Lignites of Western India: On the Possibility of Wildfire Activities
Authors: Rajak Pramod K. , Singh Vijay K. , Singh Prakash K.
Published: May 2019

In the present investigation 643 samples from early Paleogene lignite seams of western India have been studied to see the distribution of inertinites. These horizons are characterized by high content of charcoal occuring as inertinite in these lignites though there is no definite trend of inertinite distribution in space and time. Bhavnagar lower seam of the Saurashtra basin, Gujarat (BHL-6 band) and Gurha lignite seam of the Bikaner-Nagaur basin, Rajasthan (GU-8 band) recorded the highest level of charcoal to the tune of 25% (mmf basis) while the mean seam value of 16.6% is seen in the Seam-V of Panandhro lignite field of the Kachchh basin, Gujarat. The study is comparable with the wildfire activities of Early Paleogene period occurring in other parts of the world.
Erratum to: Study on contact fatigue of a wind turbine gear pair considering surface roughness
Authors: Liu Heli , Liu Huaiju , Zhu Caichao , Sun Zhangdong , Bai Houyi
Published: May 2019

The article “Study on contact fatigue of a wind turbine gear pair considering surface roughness”, written by Heli LIU, Huaiju LIU, Caichao ZHU, Zhangdong SUN, Houyi BAI, was erroneously originally published online without open access. After online first publication this was corrected and the article is now an open access publication. The article is forthwith distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The original article has been corrected.
The VTOL dream – Will it always remain out of reach?
Authors: Curtis P
Published: May 2019

In this paper, we examine some of the physics behind Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) flying machines, and some of the emerging technologies that are driving the recent upsurge of new VTOL projects. The paper attempts to put these into context by examining some of the projects that have been publicised over the past couple of years, particularly those that transition from hovering into wing-borne flight. Although much progress has been made, there still needs to be significant breakthroughs in technologies, particularly battery technology, before the dream of fast, quiet and environmentally friendly inter-city VTOL aircraft can be realised.
Tidal and spatial variability of flow speed and seismicity near the grounding zone of Beardmore Glacier, Antarctica
Authors: Cooley Jade , Winberry Paul , Koutnik Michelle , Conway Howard
Published: May 2019

GPS measurements of tidal modulation of ice flow and seismicity within the grounding zone of Beardmore Glacier show that tidally induced fluctuations of horizontal flow are largest near the grounding line and decrease downstream. Seismic activity is continuous, but peaks occur on falling and rising tides. Beamforming methods reveal that most seismic events originate from two distinct locations, one on the grid-north side of the grounding zone, and one on the grid-south side. The broad pattern of deformation generated as Beardmore Glacier merges with the Ross Ice Shelf results in net extension along the grid-north side of the grounding zone and net compression along the grid-south side. During falling tides, seismic activity peaks on both sides because of increased vertical flexure across the grounding line. During rising tides, seismic activity in the region of extension on the grid-north side is relatively low because the tidal influence on both horizontal strain rate and vertical flexure is small. On the grid-south side during rising tides, however, tidally induced horizontal strain rates promote increased seismicity in regions of long-term compressional flow paths. Our study highlights how concurrent geodetic and seismic measurements provide insight into grounding-zone mechanics and their influence on ice-shelf buttressing.
Anticholinergic burden of patients with dementia attending a Psychiatry of Later Life service
Authors: Vaughan R. M. , Flynn R. , Greene N.
Published: May 2019

Objectives

Older adults with dementia are particularly vulnerable to adverse outcomes resulting from anticholinergic use. We aimed to: (i) Examine the anticholinergic burden of patients with dementia attending a Psychiatry of Later Life (PLL) service (ii) Examine concomitant prescription of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) and anticholinergics and (iii) Compare the Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden (ACB) scale with a recently published composite list of anticholinergics.

Methods

Retrospective chart review of new referrals with a diagnosis of dementia (n = 66) seen by the PLL service, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland, over a consecutive period of 4 months.

Results

The mean ACB score was 2.2 (range = 0–9, SD = 2.1). 37.9% (n = 25) had a clinically significant ACB score (>3) and 42.1% (n = 8) of those taking AChEIs had a clinically significant ACB score. A significantly greater number of medications with anticholinergic activity were identified using the composite list versus the traditional ACB scale (2.3 v.1.5, p = 0.001).

Conclusions

We demonstrated a significant anticholinergic burden amongst patients with dementia attending a specialist PLL service. There was no difference in anticholinergic burden between groups prescribed and not prescribed AChEIs, indicating that these medications are being prescribed without discontinuation of potentially inappropriate medications with anticholinergic activity. The true anticholinergic burden experienced by patients may be underestimated by the use of the ACB score alone, although the clinical significance of this finding is unclear. Calculation of true clinical anticholinergic burden load and its translation to a specific rating scale remains a challenge.
Too Big to be Owned: Reflections on Jerusalem in Islamic History
Authors: Mourad Suleiman A.
Published: May 2019

Muslims have venerated Jerusalem since the seventh century. Their direct control of the city began in 638 and lasted, except for a few interruptions, until 1917. When we examine the evolution of an official Muslim attitude towards Jerusalem, it becomes clear that they perceived their role not as owners of the city but rather as custodians. This attitude was informed by the realization that Jerusalem was sacred to Muslims, Christians, and Jews alike, and that all three religious communities share many of the same sacred sites. As such, statesmanship and law obliged Muslim rulers to protect and defend Christian and Jewish sacred spaces, even against occasional Muslim mob behavior that called for the destruction, confiscation, or exclusive use of those places. The Trump administration's decision in 2017 to enact the 1995 decision of the U.S. Congress to move the American embassy to Jerusalem stands as a violation of this historical framework and of the rule of law and sanctions the eradication of Palestinian identity and historical memory.
Effects of Artificial Defoliation on the Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)
Authors: Iremiren G. O.
Published: May 2019

Artificial defoliation of okra 4, 6 and 8 weeks after sowing generally delayed flowering, decreased plant height and stem girth at flowering and reduced the harvest duration. Pod length, pod diameter, mean pod weight and number of pods plant−1 were also decreased by defoliation but pod yield ha−1 was not.

The removal of leaves from the upper half of the stem only had a similar effect to complete defoliation whereas the removal of leaves from the lower half only had no significant effect, indicating that the leaves on the upper stem contributed more to growth and yield than those lower down. Significant time × degree of defoliation interactions occurred for most growth and yield parameters.
CLASS NUMBER FORMULA FOR DIHEDRAL EXTENSIONS
Authors: CAPUTO LUCA , NUCCIO MORTARINO MAJNO DI CAPRIGLIO FILIPPO A. E.
Published: May 2019

We give an algebraic proof of a class number formula for dihedral extensions of number fields of degree 2q, where q is any odd integer. Our formula expresses the ratio of class numbers as a ratio of orders of cohomology groups of units and allows one to recover similar formulas which have appeared in the literature. As a corollary of our main result, we obtain explicit bounds on the (finitely many) possible values which can occur as ratio of class numbers in dihedral extensions. Such bounds are obtained by arithmetic means, without resorting to deep integral representation theory.
The Background and Meaning of Amos 5:17B
Authors: Hauan Michael James
Published: May 2019

“‘…for I will pass through the midst of you,’ says Yahweh”

In commenting on this verse, most scholars have understood Amos's image of Yahweh passing through the midst of the people Israel as an allusion to his passing through Egypt. They make reference in this regard to Exod 12:12:

For I will pass through (we ʿābarû) the land of Egypt that night, and I will smite all the first-born in the land of Egypt, both man and beast; and on all the gods of Egypt I will execute judgments: I am Yahweh.
Do schooling gains yield anomalous Jensen effects? A reply to Flynn (2019) including a meta-analysis
Authors: te Nijenhuis Jan , van der Boor Esteban , Choi Yu Yong , Lee Kunho
Published: May 2019

A test of Jensen effects is of nil value as a diagnostic instrument when various good-sized meta-analyses show Jensen effects appear for both genetic effects and environmental effects. Using thought experiments, Flynn (2019) claims that some schooling gains yield Jensen effects, which should not be the case for an environmental effect. However, a meta-analysis (K = 12, total N = 60,993, mean r = 0.13) of schooling gains shows no Jensen effect. Real data trump thought experiments, so it is concluded there is no empirical proof of anomalous Jensen effects for schooling gains.
Infection with behaviour-manipulating parasites enhances bioturbation by key aquatic detritivores
Authors: Williams Maureen A. , Donohue Ian , Picard Juliette , O'Keeffe Floriane , Holland Celia V.
Published: May 2019

The ecological ubiquity of parasites and their potential impacts on host behaviour have led to the suggestion that parasites can act as ecosystem engineers, structuring their environment and physical habitats. Potential modification of the relationship between parasites and their hosts by climate change has important implications for how hosts interact with both their biotic and abiotic environment. Here, we show that warming and parasitic infection independently increase rates of bioturbation by a key detritivore in aquatic ecosystems (Gammarus). These findings have important implications for ecosystem structure and functioning in a warming world, as alterations to rates of bioturbation could significantly modify oxygenation penetration and nutrient cycling in benthic sediments of rivers and lakes. Our results demonstrate a need for future ecosystem management strategies to account for parasitic infection when predicting the impacts of a warming climate.
ANDRILL ARISE: A model for team-based field research immersion for educators
Authors: Pound Kate , Huffman Louise , Hubbard Joanna , Cattadori Matteo , Dahlman LuAnn , Dooley Julia , Frisch-Gleason Robin , Lehmann Rainer , Trummel Betty
Published: May 2019

The 4thInternational Polar Year featured a range of large international research projects and included a focus on Education and Public Outreach (EPO). ANDRILL (the ANtarctic geological DRILLing Project) was a large international (USA, New Zealand, Italy, Germany) multidisciplinary research project investigating the sedimentary record of Cenozoic ice sheet dynamics that brought approximately 160 scientists to McMurdo Station in the 2006 and 2007 field seasons, during which two > 1000 m sediment cores were successfully retrieved from the floor of the Ross Sea. ARISE (ANDRILL Research Immersion for Science Educators), the EPO arm of ANDRILL, deployed an international team of six to eight educators each season to Antarctica and embedded them with science teams. ARISE was unique in the EPO spectrum because it deployed ateamof international educators together with an EPO coordinator, offered an on-ice geoscience course for the educators, and supported educator participation at both pre-ice and post-ice meetings. Conservative estimates indicate that at least 314,700 individuals have been reached directly through the wide range of ARISE EPO endeavours.

Educator field research immersion is a small subset of educator professional development (PD) opportunities, with little quantitative or qualitative evaluation of polar immersion experiences having been reported. Here, surveys of ARISE educators and scientists are used to evaluate the efficacy of the ARISE program as PD in the context of research on educator PD. Persistent and recurring themes emerging from the surveys are: (1) the positive and reinforcing impact of deployment as a team; (2) the importance of access to scientists across an extended period of time and venues; (3) the importance of ‘doing science’ as a means of learning; and (4) recognition of the senses of excitement, engagement and inspiration displayed by both educators and scientists − about drilling progress, core interpretation, and outreach plans – and the EPO audience. Key components of the program are shown to be (1) deployment of a multi-educator team; and (2) guidance and support of the EPO coordinator at all phases of the ARISE experience.
Differential Absorption and Translocation of Metribuzin by Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) and Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: Devlin Daniel L. , Gealy David R. , Morrow Larry A.
Published: May 2019

Foliar and root absorption and translocation of metribuzin (4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one) by downy brome (Bromus tectorumL. # BROTE) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) was determined. After a 48-h absorption period, roots of three-week-old downy brome plants had absorbed two times more metribuzin on a total plant fresh weight basis than had roots of winter wheat. Root-absorbed metribuzin was translocated similarly regardless of species with 80% of absorbed14C accumulating in leaf blades, 10% in the leaf sheaths, and 10% in the roots. After 24 h, leaves of downy brome and winter wheat had absorbed, respectively, 26 and 36% of foliar-applied metribuzin, and absorption increased threefold with the addition of a nonionic surfactant. Translocation of foliar-absorbed metribuzin was primarily towards the apex of the treated leaf. No translocation from the treated leaf to other plant parts occurred with either species. The greater tolerance of winter wheat to metribuzin is due in part to less root absorption of metribuzin by winter wheat than by downy brome.
Weed Control Systems for Transplanted Sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris)
Authors: Wilson Robert G. , Smith John A. , Yonts C. Dean , Robb James G. , Kerr Eric D.
Published: May 2019

Management systems for direct-seeded and transplanted sugarbeets (Beta vulgarisL. ‘Mono Hy D2′) were compared for weed control and sugarbeet selectivity from 1983 through 1985 in western Nebraska. Broadleaf weed density was similar, but yellow foxtail [Setaria glauca(L.) Beauv. # SETLU] density was lower in transplanted compared to direct-seeded sugarbeets. Preplant soil-incorporated applications of cycloate (S-ethyl cyclohexylethylcarbamothioate) plus trifluralin [2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine] at 3.3 plus 0.6 kg ai/ha or ethofumesate [(±)-2-ethoxy-2,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-5-benzofuranyl methanesulfonate] plus trifluralin at 2.2 plus 0.6 kg/ha was noninjurious to transplanted sugarbeets but caused severe injury to direct-seeded sugarbeets. The combination of cycloate or ethofumesate with trifluralin improved weed control over that obtained when cycloate or ethofumesate was used alone. By combining the improved weed control obtained from cycloate plus trifluralin or ethofumesate plus trifluralin with the transplanting crop establishment technique, a superior sugarbeet weed control program was developed.
Red Rice (Oryza sativa) Control with Herbicide Treatments in Soybeans (Glycine max)
Authors: Khodayari Khosro , Smith Roy J. , Black Howard L.
Published: May 2019

Preplant incorporation of alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide] at 3.6 kg ai/ha, metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] at 2.2 kg ai/ha, and tank mixtures of imazaquin {2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid} with either alachlor at 0.14 + 2.2 kg ai/ha or metolachlor at 0.14 + 1.1 kg ai/ha controlled >90% red rice (Oryza sativaL. # ORYSA) in soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.]. Also, FMC-57020 [2-(2-chlorophenyl)methyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone] at 1.7 kg ai/ha applied preplant incorporated controlled > 80% of the red rice. DPX-Y6202 {2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)oxy]-phenoxy]-propionic acid, ethyl ester} was the best and most consistent postemergence herbicide treatment for red rice control when applied once at 0.28 kg ai/ha or sequentially at 0.14 kg ai/ha each time. Haloxyfop {2-[4-[[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid} applied at 0.16 kg ai/ha followed by another application at 0.14 kg ai/ha gave excellent red rice control in 2 of 3 years. Soybeans were uninjured by the herbicide treatments and yield was higher from treated than untreated soybeans.
Norflurazon Absorption by Excised Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) Roots
Authors: Mersie Wondimagegnehu , Singh Megh
Published: May 2019

The absorption of norflurazon [4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-(3-(trifluromethyl)phenyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone] by 1-cm segments cut from the apical 5-cm roots of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedik. # ABUTH) was studied. Norflurazon absorption was rapid in the first 10 min but there was very little increase thereafter up to 120 min. Norflurazon also penetrated the entire tissue volume within 30 min after the root segments were placed in absorption solution. Norflurazon did not accumulate to concentrations above the external solution over 120 min, and 90% of the absorbed herbicide diffused freely out of the tissue within 10 min. The metabolic inhibitor KCN did not affect norflurazon uptake, whereas pretreatment of root tissue with DNP increased absorption. Anoxia increased absorption by 60 and 120% above aerated treatment at 10 min and 2 h, respectively. These experiments suggest that norflurazon, which is considered to move primarily in the apoplast, moved into both the apoplast and symplast of velvetleaf root cells by simple diffusion.
Effects of Temperature on Damage to Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) by the Scentless Plant Bug Niesthrea louisianica
Authors: Patterson David T. , Coffin Robert D. , Spencer Neal R.
Published: May 2019

In controlled-environment chambers, the scentless plant bug Niesthrea louisianica Sailer damaged reproductive structures of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik. # ABUTH) and reduced viable seed production by 98 to 99%, in comparison with insect-free control plants. The insect completed its life cycle on velvetleaf in two temperature regimes simulating warm growing-season conditions in Mississippi (29/23 C day/night) and Minnesota (24/18 C). Feeding by N. louisianica delayed flowering, capsule development, and capsule and seed maturation in biotypes of velvetleaf from Mississippi and Minnesota, in both temperature regimes. Numbers and weights of capsules and seed were lower in the infested plants. Augmentation of natural populations of N. louisianica to increase population density early in the growing season might be effective in reducing velvetleaf seed production.
Biochemical Characterization of Itchgrass (Rottboellia exaltata) Biotypes
Authors: Fisher Herbert H. , Menendez Ricardo A. , Daley Larry S. , Robb-Spencer Donna , Crabtree Garvin D.
Published: May 2019

Polyacrylamide electrophoresis and spectroscopic methods were used to characterize biotypes A and B itchgrass [Rottboellia exaltataL.f. # ROOEX] and their F2progeny. Electrophoretic analyses of F2progeny showed that differences between these two biotypes are multiallelic. Spectrophotometric data indicated differences between the photosynthetic apparatus of the two biotypes. These differences may reflect different abilities to adapt to varying light conditions and infer that these biotypes promote survival of the species by increasing the number of environmental nitches thatR. exaltatacan occupy.
Reproductive Biology and Control ofSolanum dimidiatumandSolanum carolinense
Authors: Wehtje Glenn , Wilcut John W. , Hicks T. Vint , Sims Gregory R.
Published: May 2019

Studies were conducted to investigate the reproductive biology and herbicide response of horsenettle (Solanum carolinenseL. # SOLCA) and robust horsenettle (Solanum dimidiatumRaf. # SOLDM) that are common in peanut (Arachis hypogaeaL.) production. Of these two species, horsenettle had a higher rate of seed germination, greater ability for seedling establishment in a competitive situation (pasture), greater ability to regenerate from smaller root fragments, and greater ability to regenerate from progressively greater depths in soil. Horsenettle was relatively more sensitive to glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] (1.1 and 2.2 ai kg/ha), propylene glycol butyl ether esters of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] (0.8 and 1.7 ae kg/ha), and the ethanolamine salt of 2,4-D (1.7 ae kg/ha) than robust horsenettle. Conversely, robust horsenettle was more sensitive to dicamba [3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid)] (0.3 and 0.6 ae kg/ha). In a field study, dicamba applied annually in July or August for 2 yr at a rate of at least 1.1 kg/ha controlled 92% or more.
Germination and Seedling Development of Hogpotato (Hoffmanseggia densiflora)
Authors: Hackett Neil M. , Murray Don S.
Published: May 2019

Acid-scarified hogpotato (Hoffmanseggia densifloraBenth. ex. Gray # HOFDE) seed incubated in distilled water germinated at least 94% when incubated at constant 15, 20, 30 C, and at alternate 20/30 C (20 C for 16 h and 30 C for 8 h) temperatures. Highest germination in buffered solutions occurred at pH 5.0 and 6.0 with reduced germination at lower and higher pH levels. Sodium chloride concentrations of 50 mM and greater reduced the germination rate. Percent germination after 9 days was reduced at NaCl concentrations of 100 mM and greater. Radicle lengths measured after 3 days were significantly reduced with increasing NaCl concentration. Twenty-day-old hogpotato seedlings having three true leaves were able to resprout after topgrowth removal. Regrowth occurred on 15% of the seedlings approximately 15 days after top removal.
Rice (Oryza sativa) Tolerance to Fenoxaprop
Authors: Snipes Charles E. , Street Joe E.
Published: May 2019

Experiments were conducted for 3 yr to evaluate the effects of the ethyl ester of fenoxaprop {(±)-2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-benzoxazolyl)oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid} on rice (Oryza sativaL. 'Starbonnet′) applied at 112 and 168 g ai/ha or as two applications of 112 g ai/ha applied 10 to 14 days apart. Fenoxaprop did not adversely affect grain yield, panicle weight, seed weight, or seed germination when applied before the booting stage of both sprinkler-irrigated and flooded rice. Rice height was sometimes reduced by treatment at earlier growth stages, but yields were not affected. With the exception of applications at early jointing (internode elongation = 6 mm) in 1983, milling yield was not adversely affected by fenoxaprop applications made prior to booting of both sprinkler-irrigated and flood-culture rice. Applications during heading adversely affected most yield parameters.
Efficacy of Controlled-Release Formulation of Trifluralin in No-Till Soybeans (Glycine max)
Authors: Schreiber Marvin M. , White Michael D. , Shasha Baruch S.
Published: May 2019

A series of experiments were conducted from 1983 through 1986 to determine the efficacy of encapsulated starch formulations of trifluralin [2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine] in conventional and no-till soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] production. The encapsulated starch formulations remaining on the soil surface were significantly more effective than the emulsifiable concentrate when applied in February, March, or April. Encapsulated trifluralin products prepared by both the starch xanthate and starch borate processes were as effective as the emulsifiable concentrate even when used in conventional-tillage systems for weed control and for maintaining soybean yields. Our data indicate that an effective and economical herbicide such as trifluralin need not be lost in no-till soybean production if new controlled-release formulation technology is used by the agricultural industry.
Selective Control of Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) with Foliar Herbicides
Authors: Carter Charles H. , Keeley Paul E.
Published: May 2019

In 1982 and 1983, CGA 82725 {2-propynyl-2-[4-[(3,5-dichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid}, fenoxaprop {(±)-2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-benzoxazolyl)oxy]phenoxyl]propanoic acid}, fluazifop {(±)-2-[4-[[5-trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy]phenoxy] propanoic acid}, haloxyfop {2-[4-[[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid}, and sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino-(butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} were evaluated as postemergence treatments for the control of rhizome johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers. # SORHA] in cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Acala SJ-2′). Applications of fluazifop or haloxyfop, and the higher rates of sethoxydim or CGA 82725 or fenoxaprop, controlled 90% or more johnsongrass 20 and 52 weeks after application and prevented cotton yield losses.
A Smooth-Cone Spreader for Application of Dry Herbicide Formulations
Authors: Dale Jim E.
Published: May 2019

A new machine consisting of a detachable hopper of containerized granules with a preselected circular orifice to regulate flow of granules, and a revolving hollow-cone spreader turned by an electric motor, was tested. Flow of herbicide granules at typical use rates was linearly correlated with orifice diameter. Coefficients of determination for flow rates of alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide], trifluralin [2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine], and norflurazon [4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3 (2H)-pyridazinone] were 0.96 or greater. Based on patterns of distribution of commercial trifluralin granules parallel and perpendicular to a linear path, the machine could be used to apply herbicide granules in row crops. Control of johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers. # SORHA] with alachlor plus oryzalin [4-(dipropylamino)-3,5-dinitrobenzenesulfonamide] applied preemergence (pre) as sprays and granules did not differ significantly in soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Forrest′]. Trifluralin granules applied preplant incorporated (ppi) at 1.1 kg ai/ha controlled 80 to 95% of the johnsongrass and doubled soybean yield compared to the cultivated control plot. Norflurazon plus alachlor pre at 1.7 to 2.2 plus 2.2 to 3.0 kg ai/ha controlled annual grasses and prickly sida (Sida spinosaL. # SIDSP) equally with sprays and granules.
Water Stress-Induced Germination of Giant Foxtail (Setaria faberi) Seeds
Authors: Taylorson Ray B.
Published: May 2019

Giant foxtail (Setaria faberi Herrm. # SETFA) seed germination was about 55% in water but increased to >90% after pretreatment in polyethyleneglycol 8000 (PEG) at water potentials of −0.3 MPa or less. Pretreatment at 20 C required about 24 h exposure to PEG for maximum effect, but at 35 C shorter times (4 to 8 h) gave a partial effect. Treatment with PEG can begin at the time of seed wetting or after the seeds have imbibed water for 24 h. Continuous exposure to a water potential of −0.5 MPa PEG (or less) imhibited germination. Other methods of applying temporary water stress to the seeds, such as slow hydration in a humid atmosphere, or drying after partial hydration, increased germination in a manner similar to PEG treatment. The relatively slow response kinetics with PEG suggest that increased germination was caused by physiological adaptation to water stress, possibly by observed adjustments in seed water potential. It is suggested the water stress mechanism could operate under field conditions where wetting-drying cycles are common.
Behavior of Weed Seed in Soil Clods
Authors: Terpstra Rinse
Published: May 2019

Clods of three sizes (1.5-, 3.3-, and 5.3-cm diameter) and two hardnesses [soft (0.3 MPa) and hard (2.2 MPa)] were made by incorporating seed from one of the five following weed species: corn poppy (Papaver rhoeasL. # PAPRH), shepherdspurse [Capsella bursa-pastoris(L.) Medic. # CAPBP], smooth crabgrassDigitaria ischaemum(Schreb.) Muehlenb. # DIGIS], common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL. # CHEAL), and Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop. # CIRAR], listed by increasing seed size. Under conditions of this experiment, higher germination occurred with larger seed. The higher germination was connected with fewer dormant seed remaining in the clods. Germination significantly decreased (13%) in the larger soft and hard clods with the smaller seed sizes (less germination associated with more dormant seed remaining in the clod). Germination of the two larger seed decreased (23%) only in the larger soft clods but was less significant with both small seed. Non-emerged seedlings increased with larger clods and was most significant with the three large seed in the hard clods and absent with the three large seed in the soft ones. On the average, 70% of the germinated seed emerged. Differences in germination as well as in nonemerged seedlings caused decreased emergence on larger clods. Clod influence in germination and emergence was explained by the volumes of the clod layers involved, and in some comparable aspects corresponded with volumes (depths) of soil layers.
Interactive Effects of Tobacco Thrips Control and Herbicides on Competition Between Large Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) and Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea)
Authors: Murdock Edward C. , Alden Judy A. , Toler Joe E.
Published: May 2019

The effects of tobacco thrips (Frankliniella fuscaHinds) control and herbicides on peanut (Arachis hypogaeaL. ‘Florigiant’) canopy development and competition with large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop. # DIGSA] were examined in field experiments during 1983 and 1984. Greater early-season peanut canopy development generally occurred when tobacco thrips were controlled with aldicarb [2-methyl-2-(methylthio) propionaldehyde-O-(methylcarbamoyl)oxime]. Tobacco thrips control did not affect large crabgrass dry weights or peanut seed yields with no herbicide, alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide], vernolate (S-propyl dipropylcarbamothioate) + benefin [N-butyl-N-ethyl-2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine] + alachlor, and handweeding + sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio) propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one}. Averaged across weed control levels, large crabgrass dry weights with and without aldicarb were 320 and 310 g/m2in 1983, and 260 and 250 g/m2in 1984, respectively. Peanut seed yields with and without aldicarb were 1550 and 1630 kg/ha in 1983, and 2870 and 2920 kg/ha in 1984, respectively.
Absorption, Translocation, and Toxicity of Glyphosate and Oxyfluorfen in Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus)
Authors: Pereira Welington , Crabtree Garvin
Published: May 2019

The potential for yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL. var.leptostachyusBoeck. # CYPES) regrowth was reduced by increasing plant age and by glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] and oxyfluorfen [2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene]. Of the amount of glyphosate transported to underground parts, most was found in the tubers, with immature rhizomes, roots, and tubers having 2 to 3 times higher concentrations than comparable mature tissues. Addition of unlabeled oxyfluorfen as a tank mixture with glyphosate increased absorption and translocation, mainly into leaves and new tubers, of radioactivity from14C-glyphosate in 30-day-old plants. In contrast to the younger plants, the addition of oxyfluorfen decreased14C-glyphosate detected in 60-day-old plants. The greater effectiveness of glyphosate when applied with oxyfluorfen on yellow nutsedge at the early growth stage has important implications in the field because the tuberization process must be stopped early in the development of the plant for successful control.
Interaction of Acifluorfen with Fluazifop for Annual Grass Control
Authors: Godley John L. , Kitchen Lynn M.
Published: May 2019

In field and greenhouse studies, tank mixing 0.3 and 0.4 kg ai/ha of the butyl ester of fluazifop {(±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid} with 0.4 kg ai/ha of acifluorfen {5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid} reduced control of large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop. # DIGSA] and itchgrass (Rottboellia exaltataL.f. # ROOEX) compared to fluazifop applied alone in soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.]. Less antagonism between the two herbicides was observed in a year when conditions were optimum for large crabgrass control with fluazifop. Application of acifluorfen 1 to 3 days before application of fluazifop decreased large crabgrass control. Antagonism between fluazifop and acifluorfen was avoided when fluazifop was applied 3 to 5 days before acifluorfen. No antagonism was observed when fluazifop at 0.3 or 0.4 kg/ha was tank mixed with acifluorfen at 0.4 kg/ha for control of itchgrass. Itchgrass was more susceptible to fluazifop than large crabgrass.
Postemergence Grass Control Herbicides Applied to the Soil
Authors: Gillespie Greg R. , Nalewaja John D.
Published: May 2019

The phytotoxicity of seven herbicides after soil application was determined in the field and greenhouse. Clopropoxydim {(E,E)-2-[1-[[(3-chloro-2-propenyl)oxy] imino] butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one}, sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-(2-ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one}, the methyl ester of haloxyfop {2-[4-[[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid} applied to soil at 0.21 kg/ha, and the methyl ester of diclofop {(±)-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid}applied to soil at 1.12 kg/ha were phytotoxic to oats (Avena sativaL. ‘Moore’) in the field and greenhouse. These rates are equivalenttopostemergence use rates of these herbicides. DPX-Y6202 {2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid} and the butyl ester of fluazifop {(±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid} applied to soil at 0.84 kg/ha or greater were phytotoxic to oats. The ethyl ester of fenoxaprop {(±)-2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-benzoxazolyl)oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid} soil applied exhibited very limited phytotoxicity to oats. Oat stands were reduced when oats were seeded into soil treated with clopropoxydim, sethoxydim, haloxyfop, diclofop, DPX-Y6202, fluazifop, and fenoxaprop, with the amount of stand reduction decreasing from clopropoxydim to fenoxaprop. Oat fresh weight reductions were greatest with all herbicides when the herbicides were in contact with all underground parts (shoots, seeds, and roots). Oat fresh weight reductions were greater when either the shoot or seed of the germinating oat plants were exposed to the herbicides compared to root exposure. Foxtail millet (Setaria italicaL. ‘Siberian’) was more susceptible to injury than oats or wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘Len’) when seeded into soil treated with any one of the seven postemergence grass control herbicides.
Distribution of Urophora affinis and U. quadrifasciata, Two Flies Introduced for Biological Control of Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) in Montana
Authors: Story Jim M. , Nowierski Robert M. , Boggs Keith W.
Published: May 2019

A survey was conducted at 88 sites in Montana in 1984 and 1985 to determine the distribution of Urophora affinis Frauenfeld and U. quadrifasciata (Meigen), two seed head flies released on spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa Lam. # CENMA) in North America. U. affinis, released in Montana during 1973 to 1977, was found at 40 of the 88 sites. The fly was concentrated within a short radius (about 5 to 8 km) of release sites, even at sites having well-established populations. U. quadrifasciata, released in British Columbia in 1972, but not in the United States, was found at 84 sites. The data suggest that the fly entered the state in the northwest corner and dispersed in a southeasterly direction. There was a strong positive relationship between mean number of galls per seed head and percent infestation for both fly species.
Comparative Studies of Monoecious and Dioecious Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) Biotypes
Authors: Steward Kerry K. , Van Thai K.
Published: May 2019

Selected biological and physiological parameters of hydrilla [Hydrilla verticillata(L.f.) Royle # HYLLI] biotypes were compared in growth chambers, glasshouse, or outside aquaria. Salinity tolerance was similar for both biotypes with an injury threshold of approximately 13 parts per thousand (ppt). The registered aquatic herbicides diquat (6,7-dihydrodipyrido [1,2-α:2′,1′-c] pyrazinediium ion) and dipotassium and monoamine salts of endothall (7-oxabicyclo [2.2.1] heptane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid)4produced similar injury to both biotypes. Biomass of the monoecious plants, growing in controlled environments, declined under short days. Tuber production in monoecious plants was greatest under short days and was significantly higher than in dioecious plants under the same conditions. Growth response to temperature was similar among all plants and was retarded at 15 C. Tuber germination occurred at lower temperatures in the monoecious plants, which was indicative of a lower temperature tolerance. Vegetative propagules were the only perennating structures observed in the monoecious biotype, and regrowth was entirely from tubers and turions. The annual growth habit, in conjunction with rapid and abundant propagule production, adapts the monoecious biotype to northern areas with short growing seasons.
Effects of Rainfall and Temperature on Postemergence Control of Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia) with Imazaquin and DPX-F6025
Authors: Edmund Richard M. , York Alan C.
Published: May 2019

Foliar absorption of imazaquin {ammonium salt of 2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid} following postemergence application was not necessary for control of sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL. # CASOB). Application of imazaquin to the soil resulted in control similar to application to the soil plus foliage. A 0.6-cm simulated rainfall 0.05 h after postemergence application of 140, 280, or 560 g ae/ha of imazaquin did not reduce sicklepod control. Foliar absorption was necessary for control with postemergence application of DPX-F6025 {ethyl ester of 2-[[[[(4-chloro-6-methoxypyrimidin-2-yl)amino]-carbonyl] amino] sulfonyl] benzoate}. Application of DPX-F6025 to the foliage resulted in control similar to application to the soil plus foliage. Sicklepod control resulting from postemergence application of 18 g ae/ha of DPX-F6025 was reduced when 0.6 cm of simulated rainfall was received 1 h after application but not when received 4 h after application. With application of 9 g/ha of DPX-F6025, simulated rainfall 24 h after application reduced control. Sicklepod control resulting from postemergence application of sublethal rates of imazaquin and DPX-F6025 was greater when plants were exposed to 3 or more days of 24/18 C day/night temperature than when grown at a continuous 32/24 C temperature. Exposure to low temperature for 3 days immediately before imazaquin application resulted in greater enhancement of control than did exposure for 3 days immediately after application. The reverse was found with DPX-F6025. Control obtained with both imazaquin and DPX-F6025 increased as the number of days of exposure to low temperature increased from 3 to 6. Enhancement of control with low temperature diminished as the herbicide application rate increased.
Efficacy of Bentazon and MSMA as Affected by a Humic Acid-Type Polymeric Polyhydroxy Acid Adjuvant
Authors: McWhorter Chester G. , Wills Gene D. , Wauchope Robert D.
Published: May 2019

Foliar applications of14C-bentazon [3-(1-methylethyl)-(1H)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide] with PPA (polymeric polyhydroxy acid) at 1 or 2% (v/v) or nonoxynol (9.5 POE) [α-(p-nonylpheny1)-ω-hydroxypoly(oxyethylene)] at 1% (v/v) or mixtures of PPA and nonoxynol did not increase absorption or translocation of14C-bentazon in soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Lee 74′] or common cocklebur (Xanthium strumariumL. # XANST). PPA alone at 1 to 2% (v/v) did not significantly affect absorption or translocation of14C-bentazon in smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridusL. # AMACH), but PPA with nonoxynol significantly increased translocation out of the treated leaf. Both PPA and nonoxynol decreased absorption and movement of14C-MSMA [monosodium salt of methylarsonic acid] out of the treated leaf of johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers. # SORHA]. In greenhouse research, PPA at 0.25 and 0.5% (v/v) did not increase the level of control of common cocklebur obtained following postemergence applications of bentazon at 0.24 and 0.48 kg ai/ha. Similarly, PPA at 0.25 and 0.50% (v/v) did not increase the toxicity of MSMA at 0.3 and 0.6 kg ai/ha to either johnsongrass or common cocklebur.
Influence of Adjuvants on the Deposition, Absorption, and Translocation of Clopyralid in Honey Mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa)
Authors: Bovey Rodney W. , Hein Hugo , Meyer Robert E. , Bouse L. Fred
Published: May 2019

The addition of surfactant (trimethylnonylpolyethoxyethanol) at 0.5% (v/v) of the spray solution caused a twofold increase in the deposit of clopyralid (3,6-dichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid) applied at 0.14 or 0.28 kg ae/ha on greenhouse-grown honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosaTorr. # PRCJG) and increased transport into the plants compared to clopyralid applied alone. Application of equal rates of benazolin [4-chloro-2-oxo-3(2H)-benzothiazoleacetic acid] with clopyralid at 0.28 + 0.28 kg/ha enhanced transport of clopyralid into honey mesquite. Spray deposit, absorption, and translocation of clopyralid was unaffected by addition of 0.5% (v/v) of d'limonene (4-isopropenyl-1-methyl-cyclohexane). Greater spray deposit of clopyralid on plant surfaces after addition of surfactant was associated with reduced liquid surface tension and greater percentage of spray volume in small droplets (<204-μm diam).
Degradation of Dichlormid and Dietholate in Soils with Prior EPTC, Butylate, Dichlormid, and Dietholate Exposure
Authors: Wilson Robert G. , Rodebush James E.
Published: May 2019

Field and laboratory experiments were conducted in 1983 and 1984 to compare the degradation of dichlormid (2,2-dichloro-N,N-di-2-prophenylacetamide), dietholate (O,O-diethylO-phenylphosphorothioate), EPTC (S-ethyl dipropyl carbamothioate), and butylate [S-ethyl bis(2-methylpropyl) carbamothioate] in soils that had or had not been previously treated with each chemical. EPTC + dichlormid, butylate + dichlormid, EPTC + dichlormid + dietholate, or butylate + dichlormid + dietholate were applied annually for 4 yr to field plots to establish treatment histories. Butylate and EPTC degradation was enhanced in soils with previous histories of butylate and EPTC, respectively. Degradation rates of dietholate were equivalent in untreated soils or soils previously treated with EPTC + dietholate or butylate + dietholate.
IL CONCETTO DI INTERESSE: DALL'EUFEMISMO ALLA TAUTOLOGIA
Authors: Hirschman Albert O.
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Il concetto di «interesse» o «interessi» è uno dei piò centrali e controversi in economia e, piò in generale, nelle scienze sociali e nella storia. è anche un concetto con molti sensi, per non dire ambiguo, e il suo significato ha subito via via grossi spostamenti. Da quando è entrato nel linguaggio comune di diversi paesi europei, attorno alla metà del XVI secolo, come termine di derivazione latina (intérêt, interest, ecc.), il concetto ha indicato le forze fondamentali, basate sulla spinta dell'autoconservazione e all'auto-accrescimento, che motivano o dovrebbero motivare le azioni del principe o dello Stato, dell'individuo, e poi di gruppi di persone che occupano una posizione sociale o economica omogenea (classi, gruppi d'interesse). Quando è riferito all'individuo, il concetto ha assunto talvolta un significato assai ampio, inglobando per esempio l'interesse per l'onore, la gloria, l'amor proprio, e persino per l'aldilà. In altre epoche, al contrario, si è limitato ad indicare esclusivamente la ricerca di un vantaggio economico. In maniera analoga, l'espressione « perseguire i propri interessi» può ricoprire — fino ad essere una tautologia — tutto l'insieme delle azioni umane, ma spesso servirà, piò utilmente, ad indicare un modo specifico ostiledi condotta, variamente concepito come azione « razionale » o « strumentale». Anche la stima in cui è tenuto il comportamento motivato dall'interesse ha subito considerevoli variazioni. Il termine entrò originariamente in uso, già alla fine del Medioevo, come eufemismo inteso a rendere rispettabile una data attività, quella di percepire un interesse sui prestiti, da tempo considerata contraria alla legge divina e conosciuta come il peccato dell'usura. Nella sua accezione piò ampia, ha acquistato talvolta un grande prestigio come chiave di un ordine sociale realizzabile, pacifico e progressista. E tuttavia è stato anche attaccato come concetto che degrada lo spirito umano ed è suscettibile di distruggere e di corrodere pericolosamente le fondamenta della società. Indagare su questi molteplici significati e su queste molteplici valutazioni significa di fatto esplorare buona parte della storia economica e in particolare della storia delle dottrine economiche e politiche occidentali nell'arco degli ultimi quattro secoli.
LA PARTECIPAZIONE DEI MILITARI NEI NUOVI AUTORITARISMI. IL CILE IN UNA PROSPETTIVA COMPARATA
Authors: Huneeus Carlo , Olave Jorge
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Tra il colpo di stato in Brasile ai primi di aprile del 1964 e quello in Argentina nel marzo del 1976, in America Latina si é delineato un processo di crollo di molti governi democratici e di instaurazione di regimi autoritari capaci di sopravvivere lunghi anni. Solo la Colombia, il Venezuela e il Costa Rica, hanno resistito a questo processo, mentre sono cadute democrazie con alle spalle una lunga e solida tradizione di libertà, come l'Uruguay e il Cile.