bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The utility of prognostic indices, early events, and histological subtypes on predicting outcomes in non‐follicular indolent B‐cell lymphomas
Authors: Tracy Sean I. , Larson Melissa C. , Feldman Andrew L. , Maurer Matthew J. , Novak Anne J. , Slager Susan L. , Villasboas Jose C. , Allmer Cristine , Habermann Thomas M. , Farooq Umar , Syrbu Sergei , Cerhan James R. , Link Brian K.
Published: March 2019

Indolent B‐cell lymphomas other than follicular lymphoma account for up to 10% of all B‐cell neoplasms. While they typically follow a slowly progressive course, some patients experience rapid progression and early mortality. Prognostic scoring systems have not been adopted, hindering the ability of clinicians or researchers to predict outcomes, or risk‐stratify patients during clinical trials. To address this, we evaluated the utility of existing prognostic indices and novel, early disease‐related outcomes, to predict subsequent long term survival. Baseline characteristics and outcomes data were generated from a longitudinal cohort study that prospectively enrolled 632 patients newly diagnosed with marginal zone lymphoma, lymphoplasmacytic lymphomas, or B‐cell lymphomas not otherwise specified, beginning in 2002. The International Prognostic Index (IPI), Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (FLIPI), and MALT International prognostic index (MALT‐IPI) demonstrated c‐statistics that ranged from 0.593‐0.612 for event‐free survival (EFS), and 0.683‐0.714 for overall survival (OS). Patients who attained event‐free survival at 12 months (EFS12) experienced similar mortality to the US general population (standardized mortality ratio [SMR] 1.19; 95% CI 0.95‐1.46). Patients who did not attain EFS12 had subsequent worse morality (SMR 3.14 (95% CI 2.05‐4.59). The MALT‐IPI demonstrated utility in predicting subsequent long‐term outcomes among patients with non‐follicular indolent B‐cell lymphomas. This index should be used by clinicians giving guidance to patients at the time of initial diagnosis, and risk stratification during clinical studies. The divergent long‐term outcomes experienced by patients who do or do not attain EFS12 suggest there exists a subset of patients who harbor high‐risk disease. Future research efforts should focus on methods to identify these patients at the time of diagnosis, in order to enable risk‐tailored therapy.
Extracutaneous manifestations in phacomatosis cesioflammea and cesiomarmorata: Case series and literature review
Authors: Kumar Akash , Zastrow Diane B. , Kravets Elijah J. , Beleford Daniah , Ruzhnikov Maura R. Z. , Grove Megan E. , Dries Annika M. , Kohler Jennefer N. , Waggott Daryl M. , Yang Yaping , Huang Yong ,   Undiagnosed Diseases Network, Mackenzie Katherine M. , Eng Christine M. , Fisher Paul G. , Ashley Euan A. , Teng Joyce M. , Stevenson David A. , Shieh Joseph T. , Wheeler Matthew T. , Bernstein Jonathan A.
Published: March 2019

Phacomatosis pigmentovascularis (PPV) comprises a family of rare conditions that feature vascular abnormalities and melanocytic lesions that can be solely cutaneous or multisystem in nature. Recently published work has demonstrated that both vascular and melanocytic abnormalities in PPV of the cesioflammea and cesiomarmorata subtypes can result from identical somatic mosaic activating mutations in the genesGNAQandGNA11. Here, we present three new cases of PPV with features of the cesioflammea and/or cesiomarmorata subtypes and mosaic mutations inGNAQorGNA11. To better understand the risk of potentially occult complications faced by such patients we additionally reviewed 176 cases published in the literature. We report the frequency of clinical findings, their patterns of co‐occurrence as well as published recommendations for surveillance after diagnosis. Features assessed include: capillary malformation; dermal and ocular melanocytosis; glaucoma; limb asymmetry; venous malformations; and central nervous system (CNS) anomalies, such as ventriculomegaly and calcifications. We found that ocular findings are common in patients with phacomatosis cesioflammea and cesiomarmorata. Facial vascular involvement correlates with a higher risk of seizures (p = .0066). Our genetic results confirm the role of mosaic somatic mutations inGNAQandGNA11in phacomatosis cesioflammea and cesiomarmorata. Their clinical and molecular findings place these conditions on a clinical spectrum encompassing otherGNAQandGNA11related disorders and inform recommendations for their management.
Mandibuloacral dysplasia with type B lipodystrophy in a patient from Chile
Authors: Alarcón Pablo I. , Mujica Ignacia , Sanz Patricia , García Cristian J. , Gilgenkrantz Simone
Published: March 2019

We report the first case of mandibuloacral dysplasia with type B lipodystrophy (MADB) in Chile, South America. MADB is a very rare illness, characterized by short stature, mandibular hypoplasia, acro‐osteolysis in hands, feet and clavicles, lipodystrophy, changes in skin pigments and skin calcinosis at knees and hands. Diagnosis was confirmed by molecular study that showed two compound heterozygous variants in ZMPSTE24 gene, c.1085dup p.(Leu362Phefs*19) and c.794A>G p.(Asn265Ser). This article could help in establishing the correlation between genotype and phenotype of this disorder, comparing with other cases previously described.
Trifluoromethanesulfonyl‐Based Reagents for Direct Trifluoromethylthiolation through Deoxygenative Reduction
Authors: Lin Ya‐Mei , Jiang Lv.‐Qi , Yi Wen‐Bin
Published: March 2019

The introduction of a trifluoromethylthio (−SCF3) group is of great importance owing to the high electron‐withdrawing effect and high lipophilicity of this group. Classical strategies for the formation of trifluoromethylthiolated compounds include indirect and direct routes using toxic or unstable reagents. More recently, some easy‐to‐handle and shelf‐stable reagents have been used for direct trifluoromethylthiolation reactions with high efficiency. Among them, SO2CF3‐based reagents such as CF3SO2Na and CF3SO2Cl are commercially available and stable chemicals, and open a new and efficient pathway for the synthesis of trifluoromethylthiolated compounds. This review summarizes the recent developments of direct trifluoromethylthiolations through deoxygenative reduction from SO2CF3‐based reagents.
Installation of O‐Heterocycles to N‐Heteroarenes via an Et3B/O2‐Mediated Radical Reaction of α‐Alkoxy and α‐Alkoxyacyl Tellurides
Authors: Kuwana Daiki , Ovadia Benjamin , Kamimura Daigo , Nagatomo Masanori , Inoue Masayuki
Published: March 2019

We report a radical‐based method that links highly oxygenated O‐heterocycles and N‐heteroarenes. Treatment of α‐alkoxy or α‐alkoxyacyl tellurides with Et3B under air at room temperature generated α‐alkoxy carbon radicals, which were then added to protonated N‐heteroarenes. Regeneration of aromaticity proceeded in situ without an additional oxidant, leading to O‐heterocycle‐functionalized N‐heteroarenes. The present method enables the formation of hindered C(sp3)−C(sp2) bonds between five O‐heterocycles and five N‐heteroarenes under mild conditions.
Bad blood: A coagulopathy associated with trauma and massive transfusion review
Authors: Vernon Tawnya , Morgan Madison , Morrison Chet
Published: March 2019

Coagulopathy in trauma patients is a known contributor to death due to hemorrhage. In fact, it seen as frequently as 35% of the time. The complexity of the coagulopathy pathway requires a deliberate and planned approach. The methods used to assess and detect if a patient is coagulopathic remain challenging, but tools have been developed to assist the practitioner to effectively manage and even quickly reverse the coagulopathy. The purpose of this review is to educate trauma and emergency medicine staff on the currently available diagnostic tools to assess coagulopathy, to provide an overview of the coagulopathy pathway, as well as provide examples of how to intervene and treat coagulopathy, including the use of crew resource management during mass transfusion protocol activations.
Unveiling the Layer‐Dependent Catalytic Activity of PtSe2 Atomic Crystals for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Hu Dake , Zhao Tianqi , Ping Xiaofan , Zheng Husong , Xing Lei , Liu Xiaozhi , Zheng Jingying , Sun Lifei , Gu Lin , Tao Chenggang , Wang Dong , Jiao Liying
Published: March 2019

Two‐dimensional (2D) PtSe2 shows the most prominent layer‐dependent electrical properties among various 2D materials and high catalytic activity for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and therefore, it is an ideal material for exploring the structure–activity correlations in 2D systems. Here, starting with the synthesis of single‐crystalline 2D PtSe2 with a controlled number of layers and probing the HER catalytic activity of individual flakes in micro electrochemical cells, we investigated the layer‐dependent HER catalytic activity of 2D PtSe2 from both theoretical and experimental perspectives. We clearly demonstrated how the number of layers affects the number of active sites, the electronic structures, and electrical properties of 2D PtSe2 flakes and thus alters their catalytic performance for HER. Our results also highlight the importance of efficient electron transfer in achieving optimum activity for ultrathin electrocatalysts. Our studies greatly enrich our understanding of the structure–activity correlations for 2D catalysts and provide new insight for the design and synthesis of ultrathin catalysts with high activity.
Cyclohexanehexone with Ultrahigh Capacity as Cathode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Lu Yong , Hou Xuesen , Miao Licheng , Li Lin , Shi Ruijuan , Liu Luojia , Chen Jun
Published: March 2019

Organic carbonyl compounds show potential as cathode materials for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) but the limited capacities (<600 mA h g−1) and high solubility in electrolyte restrict their further applications. Herein we report the synthesis and application of cyclohexanehexone (C6O6), which exhibits an ultrahigh capacity of 902 mA h g−1 with an average voltage of 1.7 V at 20 mA g−1 in LIBs (corresponding to a high energy density of 1533 Wh kg−1
). A preliminary cycling test shows that C6O6 displays a capacity retention of 82 % after 100 cycles at 50 mA g−1 because of the limited solubility in high‐polarity ionic liquid electrolyte. Furthermore, the combination of DFT calculations and experimental techniques, such as Raman and IR spectroscopy, demonstrates the electrochemical active C=O groups during discharge and charge processes.
Embedding and Positioning of Two FeII4L4 Cages in Supramolecular Tripeptide Gels for Selective Chemical Segregation
Authors: Kieffer Marion , Garcia Ana M. , Haynes Cally J. E. , Kralj Slavko , Iglesias Daniel , Nitschke Jonathan R. , Marchesan Silvia
Published: March 2019

An unreported d,l‐tripeptide self‐assembled into gels that embedded FeII4L4 metal–organic cages to form materials that were characterized by TEM, EDX, Raman spectroscopy, rheometry, UV/Vis and NMR spectroscopy, and circular dichroism. The cage type and concentration modulated gel viscoelasticity, and thus the diffusion rate of molecular guests through the nanostructured matrix, as gauged by 19F and 1H NMR spectroscopy. When two different cages were added to spatially separated gel layers, the gel–cage composite material enabled the spatial segregation of a mixture of guests that diffused into the gel. Each cage selectively encapsulated its preferred guest during diffusion. We thus present a new strategy for using nested supramolecular interactions to enable the separation of small molecules.
Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Access to Stereotriads through a Flexible Coupling of Substituted Aldehydes and Alkenes
Authors: Li Jing , Preinfalk Alexander , Maulide Nuno
Published: March 2019

A flexible redox‐neutral coupling of aldehydes and alkenes enables rapid access to stereotriads starting from a single stereocenter with perfect levels of enantio‐ and diastereoselectivity under mild conditions. The versatility of the method is highlighted by the installation of heteroatoms along the tether, which enables a route to structurally diverse building blocks. The formal synthesis of (+)‐neopeltolide further demonstrates the synthetic utility of this approach.
Polymeric Carbon Nitride/Reduced Graphene Oxide/Fe2O3: All‐Solid‐State Z‐Scheme System for Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Pan Zhiming , Zhang Guigang , Wang Xinchen
Published: March 2019

The charge transfer between hydrogen evolution photocatalysts (HEPs) and oxygen evolution photocatalysts (OEPs) is the rate‐determining step that controls the overall performance of a Z‐scheme water‐splitting system. Here, we carefully design reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanosheets for use as solid‐state mediators to accelerate the charge carrier transfer between HEPs (e.g., polymeric carbon nitride (PCN)) and OEPs (e.g., Fe2O3), thus achieving efficient overall water splitting. The important role of RGO could also be further proven in other PCN‐based Z‐systems (BiVO4/RGO/PCN and WO3/RGO/PCN), illustrating the universality of this strategy.
Safe Medication Management at Ambulatory Surgery Centers
Authors: Ubaldi Kerri
Published: March 2019

Safe medication management is an important aspect of preventing patient harm. Medication management in the ambulatory setting can be complicated because of state and federal regulations and requirements imposed by accrediting organizations. Ambulatory surgery center leaders should review their medication management programs internally to assess their comprehensiveness in terms of efficiency, meeting regulatory requirements, and keeping patients safe. Partnering with a pharmacist or pharmacy consultant can be a useful way to address challenges with proper medication management. Perioperative medication use and administration, postoperative pain management, medication disposal, staff member and physician education, proper documentation in the medical record by all disciplines, pharmacoeconomics, pharmacy compounding needs, and controlled medication management and oversight are all important components of this segment of care. Ensuring that medication management programs at ambulatory surgery centers meet all regulatory and patient safety requirements is essential.
The Role of Electronic Documentation in Ambulatory Surgery Centers
Authors: Geier Ann , Smith Daren
Published: March 2019

Ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs) have been slow to adopt electronic documentation (ie, electronic health records [EHRs]) compared with other types of health care organizations. However, recent developments, including documentation requirement changes, storage and security needs, and competition for physicians and perioperative personnel, have spurred greater interest in this technology. Electronic documentation systems can help meet the clinical, financial, operational, and regulatory needs of ASCs. Perioperative nurses should be involved in ensuring their facilities choose electronic documentation systems that meet objectives for all areas of their ASCs’ operations. This article examines the benefits of EHRs and their use in ASCs today and in recent history, explains significant factors that encourage the adoption of electronic documentation by ASCs, and provides guidance on how to invest in an EHR system more effectively.
Reprocessing Single‐Use Devices in the Ambulatory Surgery Environment
Authors: Ubaldi Kerri
Published: March 2019

Reprocessing single‐use surgical supplies and devices is an option for hospitals and ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs). The US Federal Government has recognized the practice since 2000, and regulatory oversight has increased dramatically since that time. Reprocessing single‐use devices is safe when personnel use approved methods, and health care facilities can experience significant cost savings by participating in this type of initiative. This article explores reprocessing and its benefits in ASCs, including a review of the oversight that the US Food and Drug Administration currently has for reprocessing and a discussion of the results of studies pertaining to this practice. The article also describes some issues that ASC leaders need to be aware of when considering the implementation of a reprocessing program. Single‐use device reprocessing can be an effective tool for ASC leaders to conserve and manage resources.
Highly stretchable, ionic conductive and self‐recoverable zwitterionic polyelectrolyte‐based hydrogels by introducing multiple supramolecular sacrificial bonds in double network
Authors: Diao Wenjing , Wu Linlin , Ma Xiaofeng , Zhuang Zhenzhen , Li Shuai , Bu Ximan , Fang Ying
Published: March 2019

Zwitterionic hydrogels have been explored for applications in electrochemical devices very recently due to their high water retention ability and interesting electrochemical properties. The use of zwitterionic hydrogels in devices requires them tough and recoverable or healable from fatigue damage. Herein, a double network zwitterionic hydrogel contains a reversible noncovalent interaction crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) first network, together with a covalent/noncovalent hybrid crosslinked acrylamide and sulfobetaine methacrylate copolymer (P(AM‐co‐SBMA)) second network, was fabricated by a simple two‐steps methods of copolymerization and freezing/thawing. The reversible hydrogen bonds, crystalline domain, and electrostatic interactions in the double networks work as sacrificial bonds to dissipate energy and toughen the materials when hydrogel deforms. The broken bonds can reform upon unloading endowing the recovery of hydrogels' properties with the assistance of the elastic covalent network. The optimal hydrogels are highly stretchable (fracture strain 970%), tough (fracture toughness 693 kJ m−3), rapidly recoverable (65% toughness recovery and 75% stiffness recovery after resting 5 min at room temperature) and with widely tunable mechanical properties by multibond crosslinking. Meanwhile, the zwitterionic counterions of SBMA moieties endow the tough and recoverable hydrogels extremely high intrinsic ionic conductivities (7.49 S m−1) at room temperature. This work not only provides a simple strategy for fabricating tough and recoverable zwitterionic hydrogels but also demonstrates multifunctional properties of the zwitterionic hydrogels, which possess a great potential to fulfill flexible devices applications. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47783.
Achieving High‐Temperature Stability of Metastable α‐MoC1‐x by Suppressing Phase Transformation with Mounted Atoms for Lithium Storage Performance
Authors: Gao Cheng , Meng Tao , Yang Pei , Guo Wei , Cao Minhua
Published: March 2019

Despite a significant advancement in preparing metastable materials, one common problem is the strict and precious reaction conditions due to their metastable structures. Herein, we achieved the preparation of high‐temperature stabilized metastable α‐MoC1−x by mounting zinc atoms into its lattice structure. Such a structural construction could suppress the phase transformation from α‐MoC1−x to β‐Mo2C through restricting the displacement of Mo atoms upon increased temperature. The resultant metastable α‐MoC1−x can be stabilized up to 1000 °C and this stability temperature is the highest for the metastable α‐MoC1−x so far. Synchrotron X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirm the structure of Zn‐mounted α‐MoC1−x. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the introduction of the Zn atoms in the lattice structure of α‐MoC1−x could significantly decrease the energy difference (ΔE) between α‐MoC1−x and β‐Mo2C, thus effectively suppressing the phase transformation from α‐MoC1−x to β‐Mo2C and accordingly maintaining the high‐temperature stability of α‐MoC1−x. This novel strategy can be used as a universal method to be extended to synthesize metastable α‐MoC1−x from different precursors or other mounted elements. Moreover, the optimal product exhibits excellent lithium storage performances in terms of the cycling stability and rate performance.
Bimetallic Metal‐Organic Framework‐Derived Nanosheet‐Assembled Nanoflower Electrocatalysts for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Li Yuwen , Lu Mengting , He Panpan , Wu Yuhang , Wang Jiawen , Chen Danni , Xu Hui , Gao Junkuo , Yao Juming
Published: March 2019

Non‐noble metal‐based metal–organic framework (MOF)‐derived electrocatalysts have recently attracted great interest in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Here we report a facile synthesis of nickel‐based bimetallic electrocatalysts derived from 2D nanosheet‐assembled nanoflower‐like MOFs. The optimized morphologies and large Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area endow FeNi@CNF with efficient OER performance, where the aligned nanosheets can expose abundant active sites and benefit electron transfer. The complex nanoflower morphologies together with the synergistic effects between two metals attributed to the OER activity of the Ni‐based bimetallic catalysts. The optimized FeNi@CNF afforded an overpotential of 356 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 with a Tafel slope of 62.6 mV dec−1, and also exhibited superior durability with only slightly degradation after 24 hours of continuous operation. The results may inspire the use of complex nanosheet‐assembled nanostructures to explore highly active catalysts for various applications.
Evolution of high‐mass X‐ray binaries in the small magellanic cloud
Authors: Yang J. , Wik D. R. , Zezas A. , Laycock S. G. T. , Hong J. , Xu R.
Published: March 2019

To understand the progenitor of rotation‐powered pulsars, we compare them with accreting High‐Mass X‐ray binary pulsars, (hereafter X‐ray pulsars), in the small magellanic cloud. The diagram of spin period vs. period derivative shows that isolated neutron stars could be evolved from X‐ray pulsars. The pulsars with long spin period might spin up to 0.001–1 s. The binary orbit is disrupted by a third body in the universe, and the binaries are detached. Therefore, some of the pulsars become isolated neutron stars.
Conformal gravity and the radial acceleration relation
Authors: O'Brien J. G. , Chiarelli T. L. , Falcone M. A. , AlQurashi M. H.
Published: March 2019

During the 2016 International Workshop on Astronomy and Relativistic Astrophysics (IWARA), the question was raised as to whether conformal gravity (CG) could explain the timely result which showed a universal nature found in the centripetal accelerations of spiral galaxies. At the time of the conference, the McGaugh result was only published for 2 weeks. Since then, the result has become known as the radial acceleration relation (RAR) and has been considered tantamount to a natural law. In this paper, we summarize how CG can explain the RAR in a manner consistent with the findings of the original authors without the need for dark matter.
Nonlinear perturbation of black branes at large D
Authors: Miyamoto U.
Published: March 2019

The Einstein equations describing the black brane dynamics both in Minkowski and AdS background were recently recast in the form of coupled diffusion equations in the large‐D(imension) limit. Using such results in the literature, we formulate a higher‐order perturbation theory of black branes in time domain and present the general form of solutions for arbitrary initial conditions. For illustrative purposes, the solutions up to the first or second order are explicitly written down for several kind of initial conditions, such as a Gaussian wave packet, shock wave, and rather general superposed sinusoidal waves. These could be the first examples describing the nontrivial evolution of black brane horizons in the time domain. In particular, we learn some interesting aspects of black brane dynamics, such as the Gregory–Laflamme (GL) instability and nonequilibrium steady state (NESS). The formalism presented here would be applicable to the analysis of various black branes and their holographically dual field theories.
Exact solutions of a model for strange stars with interacting quarks
Authors: Rocha L. S. , Bernardo A. , de Avellar M. G. B. , Horvath J. E.
Published: March 2019

The search for the true ground state of dense matter has remained open since Edward Witten proposed the strange matter hypothesis in 1984. In this hypothesis, the strange matter is assumed to be composed of u, d, and s quarks, having an energy per baryon lower than that of quark matter (only u and d), and even lower than that of the nuclear matter. In this sense, neutron stars would be strange stars. Later work showed that a color‐flavor‐locked (CFL) state would be preferred to the one without any pairing for a wide range of the parameters (gap Δ, strange quark mass ms, and bag constant B). We use an approximate, yet very accurate, CFL equation of state (EoS) to obtain exact solutions for the static Einstein field equations that describe a compact relativistic object, providing the first solution directly connected with microphysics.
Pions near condensation under compact star conditions
Authors: Villavicencio C. , Loewe M. , Raya A.
Published: March 2019

The behavior of pions is studied in systems where their normal leptonic decay is forbidden. When thermal fluctuations are present, a low decay rate results, and as a consequence of lepton recombination, the number of pions remains almost unaltered. Compact star conditions are favorable for the formation of such intermediate state of charged pions: near condensation and almost stable, leading to a continuum source of antineutrinos. In particular, protoneutron stars could be a scenario where this state of matter is relevant.
The equation of state of dense matter: Stiff, soft, or both?
Authors: Drago A. , Moretti M. , Pagliara G.
Published: March 2019

We review the constraints on the equation of state (EoS) of dense matter that have been obtained with the detection of GW170817 and its electromagnetic counterparts. While extremely stiff EoSs are ruled out by the gravitational wave signal, also extremely soft EoSs seem disfavored because they are unable to provide massive enough accretion disks. In this respect, the two‐families scenario, in which hadronic stars (HSs) and quark stars (QSs) coexist, could offer a viable solution: the hadronic matter EoS is very soft and leads to very small radii, whereas the quark matter EoS is stiff and leads to large masses. In this scenario, GW170817 could be interpreted as due to the merger of an HS and a QS. We present a parametric study of the two‐families scenario in which the quark matter EoS is computed by a constant‐speed‐of‐sound (cs) model and study the astrophysical constraints on the free parameters of the model. For this study, we fix , which holds true at asymptotically high densities (the conformal limit). If quark matter is absolutely stable, its baryon density at zero pressure must be smaller than twice the nuclear saturation density and its energy per baryon is a few tens of MeV smaller than that of iron.
Pseudo‐complex general relativity and the slow rotation approximation for neutron stars
Authors: Volkmer G. L. , Razeira M. , Hadjimichef D. , Köpp F. , Vasconcellos C. A. Z. , Bodmann B.
Published: March 2019

Pseudo‐complex General Relativity (pc‐GR) is an algebraic extension of the standard theory of gravitation that relies on pseudo‐complex spacetime coordinates and corresponds to the introduction of two, in general different, metrics which are connected through specific conditions. The pseudo‐complex formalism has an extra contribution, when compared to the Einstein equations, which represent classical spacetime oscillations, with a repulsive character, that has been associated to quantum vacuum fluctuations of the universe (dark energy). This dark energy is relevant only when intense gravitational fields are present. Therefore, neutron stars are an interesting environment to test predictions of pc‐GR. Since all neutron stars rotate, it follows that a complete account of the implications of pc‐GR for compact stars should include rotation effects. In this work, we analyze through monopole corrections the impact of the pseudo‐complex formalism in slow‐rotating relativistic neutron stars.
Unification of strongly magnetized neutron stars with regard to X‐ray emission from hot spots
Authors: Yoneyama T. , Hayashida K. , Nakajima H. , Matsumoto H.
Published: March 2019

Strongly magnetized isolated neutron stars (NSs) are categorized into two families according, mainly, to their magnetic field strength. The one with a higher magnetic field of 1014–1015 Gauss is called “magnetar,” and the other is the X‐ray isolated neutron star (XINS) with 1013 Gauss. Both magnetars and XINSs show thermal emission in X‐rays, whose spectra are different. The soft X‐ray spectrum (below 10 keV) of a magnetar is reproduced with a two‐temperature blackbody (2BB), whereas that of an XINS shows only a single‐temperature blackbody (1BB), and its temperature is even lower than that of magnetars. On the basis of the magnetic field and temperature, it is often speculated that XINSs may be old and cooled magnetars. However, no other strong observational evidence has yet been reported to support the speculation. Here, we report that all the seven known XINSs show high‐temperature emission, which should have a similar origin to that of magnetars. Analyzing all the XMM‐Newton data of the XINSs with the highest statistics ever achieved, we find that their X‐ray spectra are all reproduced with a 2BB model, similar to magnetars, as opposed to the traditional 1BB model. Their emission radii and temperature ratios are also similar to those of magnetars except for two XINSs, which show significantly smaller radii than the others. The remarkable similarity in the X‐ray spectra between XINSs and magnetars suggests that the origins of their emitting regions are also the same. The lower temperature in XINSs can be explained if XINSs are older than magnetars. Therefore, this result is another observational indication that supports the standard hypothesis of classification of highly magnetized NSs. This article is based on our paper Yoneyama et al. (2019; accepted to PASJ).