bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human-planted alder trees as a protection against debris flows (a dendrochronological study from the Moxi Basin, Southwestern China)
Authors: Malik Ireneusz , Tie Yongbo , Owczarek Piotr , Wistuba Małgorzata , Pilorz Wojciech , Woskowicz-Ślęzak Beata
Published: May 2013

Large debris flows have destroyed the infrastructure and caused the death of people living in the Moxi Basin (Sichuan Province, Southwestern China). Inhabitants of the Moxi Basin live on the flat surfaces of debris-flow fans, which are also attractive for farming. During the monsoon season debris flows are being formed above the fans. Debris flows can destroy the houses of any people living within the fan surfaces. In order to prevent the adverse effects of flows, people plant alder trees (Alnus nepalensis) at the mouths of debris flow gullies running above debris flow fans. Alders are able to capture the debris transported during flow events. Trees are well adapted to surviving in conditions of environmental stress connected with abrupt transport and deposition of sediment from debris flows. Numerous wounds, tilting and bending of alder trees caused by debris flows only very rarely cause the death of trees. By dating scars and dating the time of alder tilting (through the analysis of annual rings), we have determined the frequency of debris flows occurring at the mouth of the Daozhao valley. In 1980–2012 within the studied debris-flow fan and the Daozhao gully, 2 large debris flow events occurred (1996, 2005) and some smaller events were probably recorded every 2–3 years.
Immunotherapy of Allergic Rhinitis: New Therapeutic Opportunities with Virus-like Particles Filled with Cpg Motifs
Authors: Klimek Ludger , Schendzielorz Philipp , Mueller Philipp , Saudan Philippe , Willers Joerg
Published: May 2013

Background

The incidence of allergic rhinitis (AR) has increased constantly over the last decades. The disease can significantly lower quality of life and subsequently might progress to allergic asthma. Allergen-specific immunotherapy is mostly used to cope with the cause of the disease. However, incidence of systemic reactions or limited compliance hampers the widespread use of this therapeutic approach. Therefore, new candidates are examined to improve immunotherapy of allergies. Recently, a new technology was developed with the aim to positively influence the immune system of allergic patients. Virus-like particles (VLPs) represent a potent vaccine platform that has been proven to be immunogenic and clinically effective. To enhance immune cell activation, addition of Toll-like receptor ligands and/or depot-forming adjuvants seems to be helpful. In this context, CpG motifs represent intensive investigated and potent stimulators of T cells. This article focuses on the function of VLPs and CpG motifs and their clinical experience for treatment of AR.

Methods

A literature review was performed.

Results

Several published studies showed a beneficial impact of the treatment on allergic symptoms. They tested VLPs filled with or without CpG motifs in combination with or without allergen.

Conclusion

Results encourage further investigations of VLPs and CpG motifs as adjuncts to or even alternative candidates for immunotherapy of allergic disorders.
Sinus Surgery and Delivery Method Influence the Effectiveness of Topical Corticosteroids for Chronic Rhinosinusitis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Snidvongs Kornkiat , Kalish Larry , Sacks Raymond , Sivasubramaniam Rahuram , Cope Daron , Harvey Richard J
Published: May 2013

Background

Published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the efficacy of intranasal corticosteroid (INCS) in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) use either nasal delivery (nasal drop or nasal spray) or sinus delivery (sinus catheter or sinus irrigation) in patients with or without sinus surgery. This influences topical drug delivery and distribution. The effect of these factors on the published results of RCTs is assessed. This systematic review explores the strength of evidence supporting the influence of sinus surgery and delivery methods on the effectiveness of topical steroids in studies for CRS with meta-analyses.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted of RCTs comparing INCS with either placebo or no intervention for treating CRS. Data were extracted for meta-analysis and subgroup analyses by sinus surgery status and topical delivery methods.

Results

Forty-eight studies (3961 patients) met the inclusion criteria. INCS improved overall symptoms (standardized mean difference [SMD], −0.49; p < 0.00001) and the proportion of responders (risk ratio [RR], 0.59; p < 0.00001) compared with placebo. It decreased nasal polyp size with a greater proportion of responders (RR, 0.48; p < 0.00001) and prevented polyp recurrence (RR, 0.59; p = 0.0004) compared with placebo. Reduction of polyp size was greater in patients with sinus surgery (RR, 0.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.20, 0.48) than those without (RR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.46, 0.81; p = 0.009). Greater symptom improvement occurred when sinus delivery methods (SMD, −1.32; 95% CI, −2.26, −0.38) were compared with nasal delivery methods (SMD, −0.38; 95% CI, −0.55, −0.22; p < 0.00001).

Conclusion

INCS is effective for CRS. Prior sinus surgery and direct sinus delivery enhance the effectiveness of INCS in CRS.
Epistaxis
Authors: Sacks Raymond , Sacks Peta-Lee , Chandra Rakesh
Published: May 2013

Epistaxis is a common problem that may range in severity from a minor nuisance to hemodynamically significant bleeding. Vascular anatomy allows for predictable identification of suspicious bleeding sites. Historically, packing was the workhorse of management, but, currently, more directed interventions have become available. These modalities may result in improvements in both cost-effectiveness and patient comfort.
Shaking table test of earthquake-damaged masonry structure strengthened with external BFRP
Authors: Lei Zhen , Zhou Deyuan , Li Yarning
Published: May 2013

Externally bonded FRP has been regarded as an effective strengthening technique, but its application in the retrofitting of damaged confined masonry buildings hasn't been studied. This paper conducted a research on a scaled three-story confined masonry structures before and after retrofitted with BFRP. The masonry model was initially tested to failure on a shaking table, from which its cracking development, acceleration responses and displacement were recorded.

Strengthening process, including crack repairing, was then carried out on the pre-damaged model in situ. The strengthened model was retested on the shake table to evaluate the effectiveness of BFRP strengthening technique. The test results showed that the seismic performance of damaged masonry structure was significantly enhanced by BFRP strengthening technique.
Seismic Assessment of existing bridges in Croatia
Authors: Franetović Marin , Mandić Ivanković Ana , Radić Jure
Published: May 2013

Research on development of seismic assessment procedure for existing bridges will be presented in this paper. Both the linear response spectrum analysis and the nonlinear static pushover method are used and results were evaluated following the demands defined by current European seismic design codes. At first, this procedure is validated by its application to major Adriatic arch bridges with spans ranging from 200 m to almost 400 m as a part of an extensive project to develop their appropriate maintenance strategy. Seismic assessment is further developed and their suitability is proved at different bridge types.
Yokohama-Bay Bridge Response Characteristics in the 2011 Great-East Japan Earthquake
Authors: Siringoringo Dionysius , Fujino Yozo
Published: May 2013

Yokohama Bay Bridge with the total span length of 860m (200-460-200) is the second longest span cable-stayed bridge in East Japan and one of the most densely instrumented bridges in Japan. On March 11, 2011, northeastern Japan was shaken by the Great East Japan earthquake and at the bridge location seismic intensity with PGA 1.40–2.50 m/s² was recorded. This paper describes response analysis of the bridge by focusing on the following subjects: 1) temporal and spectral analysis of the bridge responses, 2) system identification and observation of the changes in modal parameters with respect to earthquake amplitude, 3) performance evaluation of link-bearing connection –a seismic isolation device, during the earthquake and 4) post-earthquake field observation.
Reduced scaling of colored concrete pavements by means of super absorbing polymers
Authors: Craeye Bart , Kondo Edlira , Stoop Jan
Published: May 2013

This research project aims to improve the durability and resistance to freeze thaw cycles of colored concrete. The goal of this study is to study the effect of the red pigment on the frost-thaw resistance of concrete and to evaluate possible improvement actions by adding super absorbing polymers (SAPs) to the fresh mix. Also the combined effect of frost-thaw with de-icing salt is investigated.

By means of a laboratory investigation the influence of the red pigment on the scaling and degradation due to frost-thaw cycles is investigated according to the standard ISO/DIS-4846-2 and by means of compressive strength tests, measurements of the weight loss due to scaling and scanning electron microscopy. Secondly, the effect of various amounts and different types of SAP added to the fresh mix is studied and evaluated by means of the previously mentioned testing equipment.
Design of Grouted Connections in Offshore Wind Turbines
Authors: Löhning Thomas , Muurholm Ulrik
Published: May 2013

At the widely-used grouted connection for monopile founded offshore wind turbines unexpected settlements have been detected. These findings have led to a withdrawal of the mostly applied design code for grouted connections. Without having a valid design guide and under the impression of failing connections alternative designs had to be developed. A review of existing codes shows remarkable differences in the assessment of the capacity of grouted connections. Based on extensive and advanced finite element analyses the structural behaviour of grouted connections is investigated. It becomes obvious that the existing codes can not directly be used for the design of grouted connections for monopile founded offshore wind turbines. Furthermore, a plane cylindrical connection is not appropriate. Cylindrical connections with shear keys or conical connection are alternatives. Approaches for the structural verification of theses types are presented.
Renewal of modular expansion joints - an innovative approach that minimises impacts on traffic and on the main bridge structure
Authors: Spuler Thomas , Moor Gianni , O'Suilleabhain Colm
Published: May 2013

An innovative method for the replacement of an old modular expansion joint in a concrete structure is presented: the “box-in-box” method. It requires only the replacement of dynamically loaded parts of the joint, and thus offers several advantages over traditional full-replacement techniques. In particular, it saves the need to break out concreted-in parts of the joint and to place new reinforcement and concrete. Costs are therefore reduced, disruption to traffic is minimised, and structural impacts on what might otherwise be a perfectly sound structure are avoided. And the approach is environmentally friendly, minimising not only the use of new materials and the construction effort required, but also the various impacts of traffic congestion during the works.
Ultimate Strength and Collapse Process of Cable-Stayed Arch Bridges
Authors: Miyachi Kazuhiro , Nakamura Shunichi
Published: May 2013

A new type of cable-supported bridge, the cable-stayed arch bridge, is proposed. This new bridge is a combination of a cable-stayed bridge and an arch bridge, and the girder is supported by both stay cables and arch ribs. Its static behaviour, sectional forces and deflections, under the design load are compared with those of conventional cable-stayed bridges and arch bridges. Elastic-plastic large deformation analysis is then conducted to clarify the progressive collapse process and the ultimate strength. It is found that the cable-stayed arch bridge has smaller sectional forces and deformation under the design load and also has sufficient ultimate strength.
Probabilistic Model for Fatigue Crack Growth in Welded Bridge Details
Authors: Toft Henrik Stensgaard , Sørensen John Dalsgaard , Yalamas Thierry , Baussaron Julien
Published: May 2013

In the present paper a probabilistic model for fatigue crack growth in welded steel details in road bridges is presented. The probabilistic model takes the influence of bending stresses in the joints into account. The bending stresses can either be introduced by e.g. misalignment or redistribution of stresses in the structure. The fatigue stress ranges are estimated from traffic measurements and a generic bridge model. Based on the probabilistic models for the resistance and load the reliability is estimated for a typical welded steel detail. The results show that large misalignments in the joints can have a significant influence on the reliability level.
An Evaluation on Fatigue Damages of Deck Stringer with Suspension Bridge by Field Measurement, Laboratory Tests and FE Analysis
Authors: Iwasaki Masanori , Nagata Jun , Matsuda Tetsuo , Yamaguchi Hironobu , Imamura Takehiro
Published: May 2013

To evaluate the fatigue damages of a deck stringer beam near a support, this report describes a series of non-destructive test in the field, field measurement, laboratory loading tests and FE analysis. In order to secure the long-term durability of floor frame, it was shown clearly that the replacement of bridge bearing is suitable for preventing the recurrence of fatigue damages, and that the pot bearing is suitable as bridge bearing for replacement.
Fatigue experiments on connections made of very high strength steels
Authors: Pijpers Richard , Kolstein Henk , Bijlaard Frans
Published: May 2013

An effective application of Very High Strength Steels (VHSS) can be expected in truss-like structures, typically made of hollow sections. Improved design of VHSS truss structures could incorporate the application of cast joints, since an appropriate design of cast joints limits the stress concentrations in the joint and welds are shifted out of critical zones. The main objective of the research was to determinate the fatigue strength of welded connections made of VHSS. Truss specimens made of circular hollow sections (CHS) and cast joints were fatigue tested. In the V- girth-welded connections of cast steel joints and CHS made of S690-G10MnMoV6-3 and S890- G18NiMoCr3-6, weld root cracks were initiated by applying cyclic loading. The fatigue results of the truss specimens exceeded detail class 71, although the detail class for girth welds is only valid for wall thickness t < 12,5 mm, whilst the average wall thickness of the specimens was 23 mm.
Hydrophobic impregnation as an effective way to increase the resistance of high strength concrete (HSC) bridge beams to frost and defrosting salt attack
Authors: Kolísko Jiří , Hunka Petr , Dobias Daniel , Kratochvile Lucie
Published: May 2013

HSC (High Strength Concrete) is increasingly used for bearing bridge structures nowadays. Bridge structures in the Czech Republic are exposed to severe conditions in winter time. Durability of the concrete is therefore a crucial requirement for bridge structures in the Czech Republic. The design and production of HSC concrete resistant to deterioration caused by freezing, thawing, and de-icing salt sometimes raises difficulties. The possibility of improving the frost resistance of HSC by applying a hydrophobic agent will be discussed here on the basis of an example of dealing with the poor frost resistance of concrete C70/85 applied to real bridge bearing beams. Hydrophobic impregnation of the building structure is one option for protecting this porous construction material against contact with water and hydrous salt water solutions, and also against grease and impurities. This paper presents the results of comparative tests of four hydrophobic impregnations in order to chose one for use to increase the resistance of the concrete of a real bridge structure.
Development of an advanced performance evaluation system for existing concrete bridges
Authors: Miyamoto Ayaho
Published: May 2013

The management of existing concrete bridges has become a major social concern in many developed countries due to the large number of bridges exhibiting signs of significant deterioration. This problem has increased the demand for effective maintenance and renewal planning. In order to implement an appropriate management procedure for a structure, a wide array of corrective strategies must be evaluated with respect not only to the condition state of each defect but also safety, economy and sustainability. This paper describes a new performance evaluation system for existing concrete bridges. The system evaluates performance based on load carrying capability and durability from the results of a visual inspection and specification data, and describes the necessity of maintenance. It categorizes all girders and slabs as either unsafe, severe deterioration, moderate deterioration, mild deterioration, or safe. The technique employs an expert system with an appropriate knowledge base in the evaluation. A characteristic feature of the system is the use of neural networks to evaluate the performance and facilitate refinement of the knowledge base. Generally, although a neural network is a powerful machine-learning tool, the inference process becomes a “black box,” which renders impossible the representation of knowledge in the form of rules. However, the neural network proposed in the present study has the capability to prevent an inference process and knowledge base from becoming a black box. It is very important that the system is capable of detailing how the performance is calculated since the road network represents a huge investment. The effectiveness of the neural network and machine learning method is verified by comparing diagnostic results by bridge experts.
Assessment of bridges on the Swiss national roads
Authors: Schellenberg Kristian , Chèvre Michel , Alvarez Manuel
Published: May 2013

A main strategic goal in the assessment of the existing Swiss national road net is to provide a high level of availability and to reduce the traffic interference originated by constructions or repairs.

Therefore, renovation works tend to be executed in larger maintenance sections, for which the complete infrastructure is repaired in order to ensure a period of 15 years without additional construction work.

Before 2008, the existing bridges were maintained individually under the responsibility of local cantonal administrations. Entering into the new maintenance cycle requires a careful assessment of the structural conditions. Visual inspections and laboratory testing programs are required in order to reach a homogeneous level of the structural condition and fulfilling all standards as far as costs are not disproportional to the benefits.

The structural safety is evaluated according to the new Swiss code for existing structures, SIA 269, which was published in 2011. For typical short span bridges and overpasses from the early 1970's, which represent the largest number of existing objects, focus has to be set on the shear verifications of slabs without stirrups as well as on bending capacity of cantilever slabs.
Maintenance of orthotropic steel bridge decks with longitudinal Y-stiffeners
Authors: Hubmann Michael , Günther Hans-Peter , Kuhlmann Ulrike
Published: May 2013

This paper gives an overview on research realized for orthotropic steel bridge decks, especially considering longitudinal Y-stiffeners. In a running research project fatigue cracks observed at existing bridges with Y-stiffeners were documented together with the original shop drawings based on literature and personal research. Furthermore, existing methods of repairing of cracks between stiffener and crossbeam have been summarized. Promising innovative methods of maintenance were identified and fatigue tests on these details and their repairing methods were realized. Thereby, the construction detail in the original condition and the construction detail in the repaired condition are tested and compared to each other in order to estimate the effectiveness of the maintenance method. First results of this running research program are presented.
Lightweight reinforcement systems for orthotropic bridge decks
Authors: Teixeira de Freitas Sofia , Kolstein Henk , Bijlaard Frans
Published: May 2013

Two systems for reinforcing orthotropic bridge deck (OBD) have been researched: the bonded steel plates system and the sandwich steel plates system. The main idea of these type of reinforcement is to stiffen the existing deck plate, thereby reducing the stresses at the fatigue sensitive details, and thus extending the fatigue life of the OBD. Both reinforcement systems consist of adding a second steel plate to the existing steel deck. The behaviour and the effect of the reinforcement systems on full-scale OBD are investigated. Full-scale static tests and finite element analyses were performed on the reinforced deck panels, using realistic wheel loads. The results showed at least 40% of stress reduction close to the fatigue sensitive details after applying both reinforcements. The two suggested reinforcement systems showed a good performance and proved to be efficient lightweight solutions to refurbish orthotropic bridge decks and extend their life span.
Experimental Research on Transverse Load Distribution of Prefabricated Hollow Slab Concrete Bridges with Hinge Joint Cracks
Authors: Leng Yanling , Zhang Jinquan , Jiang Ruinian , Cooper Sonya , He Haifang , Cheng Shoushan
Published: May 2013

Prefabricated concrete hollow core slab beam bridges account for approximately 25% of the total bridges in China. The majority of these bridges have exceeded their design life and are deteriorating.. It is significant to understand the performance of these bridges in order to develop a sound retrofit strategy accordingly. In this paper, a load test was performed on a simple span bridge model consisting of eight 5 meter length prefabricated concrete hollow core slab beams that were laterally connected by continuous concrete hinge joints. The model was built at one-half scale based on a standard design drawing of 10m simple span bridges with eight laterally connected prefabricated concrete hollow slabs. The effect of hinge joint crack length on the transverse load distribution among the slab beams was studied. It was found that hinge joints under service loads are partially rigid. Cracking of the joints between the two adjacent edge beams has greatest influence on the transverse load distribution. When a concentrated load was placed at the mid-span of the edge beam and the edge joint cracked to 10% of the total beam length, the edge beam received 29% of that total load, which exceeded the design load of the beam. When the crack reached 80% of the total beam length, the edge beam received 87% of the total load. The crack of the joints between middle adjacent beams, though, had less impact; the middle beam only received 24% of the total load when the crack reached 80% of the beam length. Critical crack lengths of joints were determined based on a criterion of the “Single Plate Load Effect”, that is, a beam behaves without connection to the adjacent beams. This test leads to further research on the failure mechanics of prefabricated hollow core concrete beam bridges and their retrofit techniques.
A Sustainable and Cost-Effective Treatment for Accelerated Low Water Corrosion
Authors: Maden Graham
Published: May 2013

Graham Maden, born 1965, received his first degree in Applied Chemistry from the University of Portsmouth where he specialised in corrosion technology. Later at Cranfield University he carried out research into the corrosion of marine structures gaining an MPhil. He works for Mott MacDonald Ltd. in their Special Services group, involved in all manner of technical projects and advising on materials and corrosion related matters.

Accelerated low water corrosion (ALWC) is a microbiological form of attack in steel in marine environments and affects steel structures such as harbour walls and jetties. The bacterial activity produces an aggressive local environment which eats steel away at up to 25 times the rate of normal corrosion, leading to costly repairs or contributing to premature structural failure. An innovative method to treat this phenomenon has been developed, using the components of seawater to sterilise and then deposit a protective coating onto marine steel structures affected by accelerated low water corrosion.
Assessment of Anchorage Capacity of Naturally Corroded Reinforcement
Authors: Tahershamsi Mohammad , Hanjari Kamyab Zandi , Lundgren Karin , Plos Mario
Published: May 2013

Corrosion of reinforcement is a significant cause of deterioration in existing structures. While this topic has been extensively studied using artificially corroded test specimens, little is known about the actual response of naturally corroded structures. Overall, the literature suggests that drastic reduction of the corrosion time, i.e. from years to days, in accelerated corrosion process, might markedly influence the bond and the anchorage capacity of a reinforced concrete member.

Consequently, the anchorage capacity of specimens with naturally corroded reinforcement was investigated. Since a large scatter was observed in the tests of the first series, see [1, 2], fourteen more specimens were tested in a second round using samples from the other side of the same bridge. The specimens were carefully documented regarding crack patterns, crack widths, and spalled regions before testing. In all cases, diagonal shear cracks preceded a splitting-induced pull- out failure; i.e. anchorage failure was achieved as expected. Subsequent work will combine results from both test series, such as load versus deflection, free end-slip and crack patterns; and compare these with the predictions from detailed nonlinear finite element modelling, using the available bond and corrosion models. These will result in a better understanding of the structural behaviour of corroded reinforced concrete structures to field conditions.
Spatial Characterisation of Chloride-induced Corrosion of Bars in Concrete
Authors: Llano Leticia , Rafiq M. Imran , Chryssanthopoulos Marios K.
Published: May 2013

Chloride induced corrosion, caused primarily by de-icing salts or salt spray in marine environments, is one of the most common deterioration processes in reinforced concrete. It often causes a localized loss of section, known as pitting, which can lead to a significant reduction of the structure’s service life. In order to predict the impact of this phenomenon on the mechanical properties of the reinforcing bars in concrete a thorough analysis of its characteristics is needed. At present, most of the models found in literature describe uniform corrosion and those that do address localized corrosion focus on a simplified definition of the reduced cross-sectional area of corroded rebars without due attention to physical characteristics and spatial variability. This may be attributed to the limitations of current non-automated and largely heuristic methods used in evaluating the corrosion characteristics on the surface of reinforcement. Automation of the corrosion measurement method would lead to the development of comprehensive corrosion models considering both systematic and random features of the deterioration process. In this paper, experimental results from corroded bars are processed using 3D scanning techniques and characterised using spatial analysis tools, thus preparing the ground for probabilistic corrosion modelling based on random field concepts.
Experimental and numerical study of bond response in structural concrete with corroded steel bars
Authors: Prieto Miguel , Tanner Peter , Andrade Carmen , Fernandez Miguel
Published: May 2013

Corrosion can affect the bond between reinforcing bars and concrete and hence the transfer of longitudinal stresses. Although a number of experimental studies on bond failure have been conducted in recent years, the findings have diverged rather widely, due primarily to differing test conditions.

The present paper reports on an experimental programme consisting of eccentric pull-out tests run on corroded steel bars in specimens subjected to accelerated or natural corrosion [1]. An axisymmetric bi-dimensional FE model with finite deformations initially developed to study bond mechanics with sound steel bars [2], has been enhanced to consider bond effects in corroded steel bars. The model simulation is compared to some of the experimental results for corroded and sound bars and the findings are analysed.
Challenges in Restoration of structures An Indian Experience
Authors: Manjure Padmakar
Published: May 2013

Restoration work of any structure is seldom simple and a straight forward activity. As one proceeds with the work, at times, it brings up surprises and unexpected problems. The rehabilitation engineer has to be resourceful and innovative in dealing with such challenging situations. In absence of sufficient data and drawings, he has to make prudent assumptions to resolve complex issues. How this is tackled in India on some projects is brought out here.
Replacement of the Cable Stays at Ewijk Bridge, the Netherlands
Authors: Lavery Conor , Moore Pat , Vonk Edo , Nagtegaal Gerland
Published: May 2013

Managing Contractor has carried out the design of the replacement of the existing cables stays at Ewijk Bridge. Replacement of the existing cables is one component of the renovation works necessary to extend the design life of this large steel bridge by at least 30 years.
Road bridge deck replacements for the East London Line project
Authors: Stroscio Riccardo , Bradshaw Andrew
Published: May 2013

This case study paper describes the design and construction of two road bridge deck replacement schemes in London where value engineering maximized value for the client, minimized costs, and minimized traffic and utilities disruption during the works.
RETROSPECTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY OF DISEASES IN RUMINANTS IN KHAGRACHARI HILL TRACT DISTRICT OF BANGLADESH
Authors: Ali MH , Bhuiyan MKJ , Alam MM
Published: May 2013

A retrospective epidemiologic study of animal diseases was undertaken at Khagrachari Sadar Veterinary Hospital during January, 2006 to December, 2010 to determine prevalence and distribution of animal diseases. According to the diseases register, a total of 3988 sick animals were examined and 53 types of diseases were identified during this period. The commonly found various diseases were worm infestation (51.5%), pneumonia and pneumonitis (7.9%), ephemeral fever (3.7%), enteritis (3.4%), mastitis(3.2%), mange (3.2%), indigestion (2.8%), anestrous(2.6%). Rest of the diseases had lower percentage than 2%. Out of 3988 sick animals, 74.7% were female and 25.3 % were male animals. Animals aged between 2-5 (A1) years had high prevalence (54.0%) and it was low in age group 8-10 years (A4), 2.4%. Prevalence of diseases was high (42.3%) in rainy season (June-October) followed by (32.5%) in winter (November-February) and lowest (25.2%) in summer season (March-May). Gastrointestinal diseases 61.6 % (2458 cases) was seen highly prevalent among all groups of animals which was followed by infectious diseases 10.4% (416 cases), skin diseases 9.4 % (377 cases), respiratory diseases 8.27% (330 cases) and reproductive diseases 7.93% (cases). This study suggests that for a period of 15 years or more will help to identify the risk factors of diseases in this area.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v9i2.13457
Solution of Fuzzy Non-linear Equation using Bisection Algorithm
Authors: Saha Goutam Kumar , Shirin Shapla
Published: May 2013

In Classical Mathematics a non-linear equation can be solved by using different types of numerical methods. In this paper a new approach has been introduced to get approximate solutions of a fuzzy non-linear equation with the help of Bisection Algorithm. A non-linear equation over linear fuzzy real numbers is called a fuzzy non-linear equation. Finally, graphical representations of the solutions has also been drawn so that anyone can achieve the idea of converging to the root of a fuzzy non-linear equation. Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 61(1): 53-58, 2013 (January) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v61i1.15096
Multilingualism and fMRI: Longitudinal Study of Second Language Acquisition
Authors: Andrews Edna , Frigau Luca , Voyvodic-Casabo Clara , Voyvodic James , Wright John
Published: May 2013

BOLD fMRI is often used for the study of human language. However, there are still very few attempts to conduct longitudinal fMRI studies in the study of language acquisition by measuring auditory comprehension and reading. The following paper is the first in a series concerning a unique longitudinal study devoted to the analysis of bi- and multilingual subjects who are: (1) already proficient in at least two languages; or (2) are acquiring Russian as a second/third language. The focus of the current analysis is to present data from the auditory sections of a set of three scans acquired from April, 2011 through April, 2012 on a five-person subject pool who are learning Russian during the study. All subjects were scanned using the same protocol for auditory comprehension on the same General Electric LX 3T Signa scanner in Duke University Hospital. Using a multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) for statistical analysis, proficiency measurements are shown to correlate significantly with scan results in the Russian conditions over time. The importance of both the left and right hemispheres in language processing is discussed. Special attention is devoted to the importance of contextualizing imaging data with corresponding behavioral and empirical testing data using a multivariate analysis of variance. This is the only study to date that includes: (1) longitudinal fMRI data with subject-based proficiency and behavioral data acquired in the same time frame; and (2) statistical modeling that demonstrates the importance of covariate language proficiency data for understanding imaging results of language acquisition.
Fish Consumption during Pregnancy, Mercury Transfer, and Birth Weight along the Madeira River Basin in Amazonia
Authors: Marques Rejane , Bernardi José , Dórea José , Brandão Katiane , Bueno Lucélia , Leão Renata , Malm Olaf
Published: May 2013

Birth weight can be a predictor of maternal health issues related to nutrition and environmental contaminants. Total hair mercury (HHg) concentration was studied as an indicator of both fish consumption and methylmercury exposure in mothers (and newborns) living in selected low income areas of the Madeira River basin, Amazonia, Brazil. This cohort study (n = 1,433) consisted of traditional riverines (n = 396), riverines who had moved to urban (n = 676) and rural (n = 67) settings, and tin miner settlers (n = 294). Median maternal HHg was significantly different (p = 0.00001) between riverine (12.1 µg·g−1), rural (7.82 µg·g−1), urban (5.4 µg·g−1), and tin miner (4.5 µg·g−1) groups studied. The same trend (of medians) was observed for newborns’ HHg which also showed significant differences between riverine (3.0 µg·g−1), rural (2.0 µg·g−1), urban (1.5 µg·g−1), and tin miner (0.8 µg·g−1) groups. The correlation between maternal and newborn HHg was statistically significant in the riverine (r = 0.8952; p = 0.0001), urban (r = 0.6744; p = 0.0001), and rural (r = 0.8416; p = 0.0001) groups but not in the mother-infant pairs in the tin miner group (r = 0.0638; p = 0.2752). Birth weight was significantly different among groups but did not show a pattern consistent with that of fish consumption (and HHg). A multiple regression analysis showed that only family income and gestational age had a significant impact on birth weight. Conclusions: Maternal HHg is an important biomarker of maternal fish consumption and of methylmercury exposure during pregnancy. However, in these Amazonian groups, only maternal education and gestational age seemed to affect birth weight positively.
Vitamin D and the Athlete: Risks, Recommendations, and Benefits
Authors: Ogan Dana , Pritchett Kelly
Published: May 2013

Vitamin D is well known for its role in calcium regulation and bone health, but emerging literature tells of vitamin D’s central role in other vital body processes, such as: signaling gene response, protein synthesis, hormone synthesis, immune response, plus, cell turnover and regeneration. The discovery of the vitamin D receptor within the muscle suggested a significant role for vitamin D in muscle tissue function. This discovery led researchers to question the impact that vitamin D deficiency could have on athletic performance and injury. With over 77% of the general population considered vitamin D insufficient, it’s likely that many athletes fall into the same category. Research has suggested vitamin D to have a significant effect on muscle weakness, pain, balance, and fractures in the aging population; still, the athletic population is yet to be fully examined. There are few studies to date that have examined the relationship between vitamin D status and performance, therefore, this review will focus on the bodily roles of vitamin D, recommended 25(OH)D levels, vitamin D intake guidelines and risk factors for vitamin D insufficiency in athletes. In addition, the preliminary findings regarding vitamin D’s impact on athletic performance will be examined.
Animal Models of Tick-Borne Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses
Authors: Zivcec Marko , Safronetz David , Feldmann Heinz
Published: May 2013

Tick-borne hemorrhagic fever viruses (TBHFV) are detected throughout the African and Eurasian continents and are an emerging or re-emerging threat to many nations. Due to the largely sporadic incidences of these severe diseases, information on human cases and research activities in general have been limited. In the past decade, however, novel TBHFVs have emerged and areas of endemicity have expanded. Therefore, the development of countermeasures is of utmost importance in combating TBHFV as elimination of vectors and interrupting enzootic cycles is all but impossible and ecologically questionable. As in vivo models are the only way to test efficacy and safety of countermeasures, understanding of the available animal models and the development and refinement of animal models is critical in negating the detrimental impact of TBHFVs on public and animal health.
Semantic Framework for Social Robot Self-Configuration
Authors: Azkune Gorka , Orduña Pablo , Laiseca Xabier , Castillejo Eduardo , López-de-Ipiña Diego , Loitxate Miguel , Azpiazu Jon
Published: May 2013

Healthcare environments, as many other real world environments, present many changing and unpredictable situations. In order to use a social robot in such an environment, the robot has to be prepared to deal with all the changing situations. This paper presents a robot self-configuration approach to overcome suitably the commented problems. The approach is based on the integration of a semantic framework, where a reasoner can take decisions about the configuration of robot services and resources. An ontology has been designed to model the robot and the relevant context information. Besides rules are used to encode human knowledge and serve as policies for the reasoner. The approach has been successfully implemented in a mobile robot, which showed to be more capable of solving situations not pre-designed.
Improved Adhesion of Gold Thin Films Evaporated on Polymer Resin: Applications for Sensing Surfaces and MEMS
Authors: Moazzez Behrang , O'Brien Stacey , Merschrod S. Erika
Published: May 2013

We present and analyze a method to improve the morphology and mechanical properties of gold thin films for use in optical sensors or other settings where good adhesion of gold to a substrate is of importance and where controlled topography/roughness is key. To improve the adhesion of thermally evaporated gold thin films, we introduce a gold deposition step on SU-8 photoresist prior to UV exposure but after the pre-bake step of SU-8 processing. Shrinkage and distribution of residual stresses, which occur during cross-linking of the SU-8 polymer layer in the post-exposure baking step, are responsible for the higher adhesion of the top gold film to the post-deposition cured SU-8 sublayer. The SU-8 underlayer can also be used to tune the resulting gold film morphology. Our promoter-free protocol is easily integrated with existing sensor microfabrication processes.
Performance Analysis of Cooperative Virtual MIMO Systems for Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Rafique Zimran , Seet Boon-Chong , Al-Anbuky Adnan
Published: May 2013

Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) techniques can be used to increase the data rate for a given bit error rate (BER) and transmission power. Due to the small form factor, energy and processing constraints of wireless sensor nodes, a cooperative Virtual MIMO as opposed to True MIMO system architecture is considered more feasible for wireless sensor network (WSN) applications. Virtual MIMO with Vertical-Bell Labs Layered Space-Time (V-BLAST) multiplexing architecture has been recently established to enhance WSN performance. In this paper, we further investigate the impact of different modulation techniques, and analyze for the first time, the performance of a cooperative Virtual MIMO system based on V-BLAST architecture with multi-carrier modulation techniques. Through analytical models and simulations using real hardware and environment settings, both communication and processing energy consumptions, BER, spectral efficiency, and total time delay of multiple cooperative nodes each with single antenna are evaluated. The results show that cooperative Virtual-MIMO with Binary Phase Shift Keying-Wavelet based Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (BPSK-WOFDM) modulation is a promising solution for future high data-rate and energy-efficient WSNs.
ON ASYMPTOTICS OF SOME FRACTIONAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Authors: Plociniczak Lukasz
Published: May 2013

In this paper we study the large-argument asymptotic behaviour of certain fractional differential equations with Caputo derivatives. We obtain exponential and algebraic asymptotic solutions. The latter, decaying asymptotics differ significantly from the integer-order derivative equations. We verify our theorems numerically and find that our formulas are accurate even for small values of the argument. We analyze the zeros of fractional oscillations and find the approximate formulas for their distribution. Our methods can be used in studying many other fractional equations.
EFFECTIVE CONDUCTIVITY OF 2D DISK – RING COMPOSITE MATERIAL
Authors: Gryshchuk Serhii , Rogosin Sergei
Published: May 2013

For 2D bounded composite material geometrically composed by a disk of variable radius r and an outer ring it is determined in an analytic form the x-component of the effective conductivity tensor. Namely, it is shown that the x-component is a sum of geometrical progression with respect to powers of r 2 for all sufficiently small r.
Le cheminement complexe des nouvelles relations turco-arabes
Authors: Burdy Jean-Paul , Marcou Jean
Published: May 2013

C’est pendant la guerre froide que la rupture entre la Turquie et le monde arabe aura été la plus évidente. Le gouvernement de l’AKP, au pouvoir depuis 2002, a mené une politique d’ouverture économique, de médiation politique et de soft power active en direction du monde arabe. C’est surtout après 2007, en 2009-2010, que la politique de « zéro problème avec les voisins » s’est déployée en direction de l’Irak et en particulier de la Syrie. Les « printemps arabes » ont brutalement remis en cause cette politique, et fortement réduit la capacité d’influence régionale de la Turquie. La crise syrienne, le retour de la diplomatie égyptienne, l’activisme du Qatar, les tensions avec l’Iran, la Russie et Israël : autant d’éléments qui contraignent Ankara à subir le mouvement plus qu’à le maîtriser. L’issue de la crise syrienne sera évidemment décisive pour la nécessaire redéfinition de la politique régionale arabe d’Ankara.
La Turquie : retour au Moyen-Orient
Authors: Özge Artık
Published: May 2013

La Turquie a connu une évolution de sa politique étrangère depuis quinze ans. L’AKP, une fois arrivé au pouvoir en novembre 2002, a montré son ambition de faire de la Turquie une puissance régionale. La « nouvelle » politique de « zéro problème avec les voisins » d’Ahmet Davutoglu s’est concrétisée à travers un ensemble d’événements : activité de l’AKP dans la médiation des crises au Moyen-Orient, discours de Tayyip Erdogan contre Israël qui ont rendu populaire la Turquie dans les populations arabes, rapprochement, jusqu’à l’été 2011, avec la Syrie, voie d’accès politico-économique vers le Proche-Orient. Le résultat économique de cette politique est positif pour la Turquie mais inquiète l’Occident. Cependant, ce changement de politique turc est antérieur à l’arrivée d’AKP puisque déjà mis en œuvre par Ismail Cem, ministre des Affaires étrangères jusqu’en juillet 2002 ; les gouvernements de l’AKP ne font que le développer sous une approche différente.
L'État turc, son armée et l'Otan : ami, allié, non aligné ?
Authors: Mongrenier Jean-Sylvestre
Published: May 2013

La Turquie a longtemps fait figure de pays à la politique étrangère strictement alignée sur celle des États-Unis. Les désaccords turco-américains autour de l’Irak, la grave crise diplomatique entre Ankara et Jérusalem, plus généralement la politique étrangère mise en œuvre par Davutoglu et le gouvernement de l’AKP ont suscité une interrogation de longue portée : l’Occident aurait-il perdu la Turquie ? En fait, la participation de la Turquie à l’Otan n’est pas remise en cause et la volonté d’Ankara d’accroître son rôle international se traduit aussi par une forte présence dans les structures atlantiques. Enfin, les menaces sur la Turquie liées à l’environnement régional donnent plus d’importance encore à l’Otan. Il reste donc à appréhender ce pays avec un prisme plus large que celui de la candidature à l’Union européenne.
Causes, déroulement et conséquences de la rupture israélo-turque
Authors: Encel Frédéric
Published: May 2013

À partir de 1996, Israël et la Turquie avaient constitué un partenariat stratégique. Mais, durant la décennie passée, Ankara a considérablement refroidi la relation bilatérale pour plusieurs raisons géopolitiques, dont sa volonté de créer une vaste zone d’influence islamique dans le monde arabe et le Moyen-Orient. Cette politique passait notamment par une relation sécuritaire et militaire privilégiée avec la Syrie, ennemi traditionnel d’Israël. Or la répression féroce du régime de Bachar al-Assad a ruiné pour beaucoup l’objectif turc. En 2013, la question se pose : le divorce voulu par le gouvernement turc vis-à-vis d’Israël aura-t-il été géopolitiquement intéressant ?
Chypre : un triple enjeu pour la Turquie
Authors: Blanc Pierre
Published: May 2013

Depuis 1974, la partie septentrionale de Chypre est occupée par les forces armées turques. Justifiée au nom de la protection de la minorité chypriote turque, cette présence militaire turque sur l’île traduit un intérêt stratégique qui s’ancre dans les temps longs de l’histoire. Située en face des grands ports anatoliens, à proximité d’un Proche-Orient turbulent et dans une Méditerranée orientale qui révèle aujourd’hui ses richesses en gaz, Chypre ne peut être indifférente aux stratèges turcs. Mais Chypre est aussi une question nationale en Turquie, la politique chypriote des gouvernements turcs faisant par conséquent l’objet d’une certaine unanimité. Le seul élément d’inflexion semble le dossier de l’adhésion de la Turquie à l’Union européenne. Du fait de ces trois dimensions, le devenir de la question chypriote semble en grande partie soumis aux calculs turcs même si d’autres acteurs interviennent.