bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A‐esterase activities in relation to the differential toxicity of pirimiphos‐methyl to birds and mammals
Authors: Brealey Clive J. , Walker Colin H. , Baldwin Brian C.
Published: November 2006

Pirimiphos‐methyloxon (2‐diethylamino‐6‐methylpyrimidin‐4‐yl dimethyl phosphate) the phosphate analogue of pirimiphos‐methyl, and paraoxon (diethyl 4‐nitrophenyl phosphate) the phosphate analogue of parathion were used as substrates to determine the esterase activity in plasma. Aryl groups released were measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography or with a recording spectrophotometer. In a survey of 14 species of birds representing six different avian orders, the plasma esterase activities (expressed as nmol min−1 ml−1 of plasma) were always low, ranging from 0‐71 for pirimiphos‐methyloxon and from 0‐0.63 for paraoxon. By contrast, mammalian activities were very much higher than these, and in no case was a sample of mammalian plasma less than 13 times more active than any sample of avian plasma using the same assay procedure. It is concluded that birds are deficient in A‐esterase activity towards pirimiphos‐methyloxon and paraoxon. The importance of this deficiency in determining the relatively high susceptibility of birds to these and other organophosphorus insecticides is discussed.
Effect of temperature, body size, bait age and long‐term feeding on the response of mice to reserpine
Authors: Meehan Adrian P.
Published: November 2006

Experiments were carried out to assess the effects of ambient temperature, body size, bait habituation and bait age upon the response of mice to the sedating rodenticide, reserpine. No evidence of bait habituation was found, nor did baits lose potency with time. They did, however, diminish in palatability. A large body size and high ambient temperature both adversely affected the susceptibility of mice and occasionally caused incomplete sedation.
Degradation of the herbicide flamprop‐methyl in soil
Authors: Hitchings Eric J. , Roberts Terry R.
Published: November 2006

The degradation of the wild oat herbicide flamprop‐methyl [methyl DL‐N‐benzoyl‐N‐(3‐chloro‐4‐fluorophenyl)alaninate] in four soils has been studied under laboratory conditions using 14C‐1abelled samples. The flamprop‐methyl underwent degradation more rapidly than its analogue flamprop‐isopropyl. However, similar degradation products were formed, namely the corresponding carboxylic acid and 3‐chloro‐4‐fluoroaniline. The latter compound occurred mainly as ‘bound’ forms although evidence was obtained of limited ring‐opening to give [14C]carbon dioxide. The time for depletion of 50% of the applied herbicide was approximately 1‐2 weeks in sandy loam, clay and medium loam soils and 2‐3 weeks in a peat soil.
Effect of thiourea on the histopathology and the reproductive performance of the male flesh fly Sarcophaga ruficornis (Fabr.)
Authors: Kumar Sharma Rajendra , Agarwal Neeta , Saxena Ranjana
Published: November 2006

When newly emerged and 24‐hour‐old male flesh flies Sarcophaga ruficornis (Fabr.) were fed on food containing 1.5% thiourea for 24 h, there was a small decrease in the size of the testes in both cases. Disturbance in spermatogenesis and histopathological damage were also observed in both cases. However, in the newly emerged flies the effect was mainly on secondary spermatocytes and spermatids, while in the others the effect was more pronounced on spermatogonia. The reproductive performance in respect of the production of larvae was considerably diminished in the newly emerged treated flies and was even further diminished in flies that were 24 h old when treated. The rate of adult emergence, however, remained unaffected for both kinds.
The persistence of insecticide spray deposits on woven polypropylene and jute sacking
Authors: Webley David J. , Kilminster Kenneth M.
Published: November 2006

In a trial, simulating the spray treatment of bags, the persistence and biological activity of insecticide spray deposits on jute and woven polypropylene sheets have been compared; in addition, the build‐up of residues in thin layers of maize under the sprayed sheets has been measured. The insecticides were found to have a much shorter persistence on polypropylene than on jute and this was coupled with higher residues on the grain. However, the deposits on polypropylene retained equal or greater activity against Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) than the deposits on jute, despite the loss of surface deposit. Wettable powder formulations had a slightly greater surface persistence than emulsifiable concentrates and resulted in smaller residues in the grain. There would seem to be more usefulness in using insecticide sprays on woven polypropylene than on jute bags, and a wettable powder formulation of a non‐volatile insecticide of low mammalian toxicity would be the best choice. Of the insecticides tested, the pyrethroid permethrin (cis: trans ratio= 25:75) was the most effective and gave the least residue in the grain.
Studies with permethrin against bodylice in Egypt
Authors: Nassif Mofeida , Peter Brooke J. , Hutchinson David B. A. , Kamel Osman M. , Anthony Savage E.
Published: November 2006

Approximately 350 people, the inhabitants of two villages in the Fayum district of Egypt, were individually dusted with 50 g of powder containing 2.5 or 5.0 g permethrin kg−1. The inhabitants of a third village were left untreated as a control. Before treatment, approximately two‐thirds of the population of all three villages were infested with bodylice. Fourteen days after treatment, the permethrin dust at the lower strength reduced the infestation by 98.8% and at the higher strength by 100%. The dust containing 5 g permethrin kg−1 maintained a high level of residual control (80.5%) for at least 91 days. The other gave a lower level of control at this time. Urine samples, taken from subjects in each of the treated villages before and after dusting, were analysed for permethrin metabolites. Results indicated that the maximum amount of permethrin absorbed, orally, through the skin, or by inhalation, was 39 μg kg−1 body weight, 24 h after treatment. No residue was found 30 days and 60 days after treatment. It was concluded that there was a very substantial safety margin when permethrin dusts were used on man for bodylice control.
Studies on residues and the metabolic pathway of methidathion in tomato fruit
Authors: Chopade Harishchandra M. , Dauterman Walter C. , Simoneaux Bruce J.
Published: November 2006

The residues and metabolism of methidathion [S‐(2, 3‐dihydro‐5‐methoxy‐2‐oxo‐1, 3, 4‐thiadiazol‐3‐ylmethyl) O, O‐dimethyl phosphorodithioate] and its secondary metabolites: demethyl‐methidathion [S‐(2, 3‐dihydro‐5‐methoxy‐2‐oxo‐1, 3, 4‐thiadiazol‐3‐ylmethyl) O‐methyl O‐hydrogen phosphorodithioate] (IV), the sulphide (2,3‐dihydro‐5‐methoxy‐3‐methylthiomethyl‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐one) (I), tsulphoxide(2,3‐dihydro‐5‐methoxy‐3‐ methylsulphinylmethyl‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐one) (II) and the sulphone (2,3‐dihydro‐5‐methoxy‐3‐methylsulphonylmethyl‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐one (III) were studied in laboratory‐treated tomato fruit. The metabolites and residues of methidathion were determined for the applied doses of 1, 7 and 14 mg of methidathion kg−1 of fruit. Methidathion was metabolised extensively over a 14‐day period. The amount of metabolites formed was a function of both the applied dose as well as the time after application. Major water‐soluble metabolites were found to be IV and the cysteine conjugate S‐(2,3‐dihydro‐5‐methoxy‐2‐oxo‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐3‐ylmethyl)‐L‐cysteine (VI). The chloroform‐soluble metabolites were identified as the oxygen analogue of methidathion [S‐(2,3‐dihydro‐5‐methoxy‐2‐oxo‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐3‐ylmethyl) O, O‐dimethyl phosphorothioate] (V), the sulphoxide II, and the hydroxy compound 2,3‐dihydro‐3‐hydroxymethyl‐5‐methoxy‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐one. The oxygen analogue of methidathion (V) was found in small amounts, corresponding to <5% of the added methidathion. Demethyl‐methidathion (IV) appeared to be a precursor in the formation of the cysteine conjugate VI. The sulphide I seemed to be more reactive in forming the cysteine conjugate than the sulphoxide II or the sulphone III.
A new pyrethroid of high insecticidal activity
Authors: Ohsumi Tadashi , Hirano Masachika , Itaya Nobushige , Fujita Yoshio
Published: November 2006

New pyrethroids containing heterocyclic rings in the alcohol moieties were synthesised and their insecticidal activities were studied. Of these new pyrethroids, 3‐benzylpyrrol‐1‐ylmethyl (1RS‐cis, trans‐3(2,2‐dichlorovinyl)‐2,2‐dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate was found to be the most effective, having higher activity than permethrin against Musca domestica by a topical application method. In addition, para‐substituted analogues of the 3‐benzylpyrrol‐1‐ylmethyl ester were also synthesised to study the substituent effects on insecticidal activities; the residual effects of these compounds against Blattella germanica were also examined.
The persistence and activity of insecticide spary deposits on woven polypropylene fabric
Authors: Webley David J. , Kilminster Kenneth M.
Published: November 2006

Wettable powder formulations of the organophosphorus insecticides, fenitrothion and pirimiphos‐methyl, and the pyrethroids, permethrin and deltamethrin, have been compared for persistence and activity on woven polypropylene fabric; the residues produced in maize kept under the test sheets have also been measured. The test insects were Sitophilus oryzue (L.) and Tribolium custuneum (Herbst). Permethrin at 41 and 83 mg m−2 was completely effective for the full 12 weeks of the experiment. Deltamethrin at 6.2 and 12.5 mg m−2 was almost equally effective but after 4 weeks the deposit was slower acting against S. oryzae. The organophosphorus compounds were effective only up to 2 weeks at 250 mg m−2 and up to 4 weeks at 500 mg m−2. No residues could be detected under the pyrethroids but the organophosphorus insecticides gave residues of 2–4 mg kg−1 on a thin layer of grain. This residue was biologically effective against the test insects.
The effect of some herbicides on vesicular‐arbuscular endophyte abundance in the soil and on infection of host roots
Authors: Smith T. Francis , Noack Amanda J. , Cosh Stephen M.
Published: November 2006

The effect of the herbicides di‐allate, diquat, diuron, paraquat, tri‐allate and trifluralin, at a range of application rates from 0.5 to 32 times that recommended by the manufacturers, on vesicular‐arbuscular (V‐A) endophyte spore abundance in the soil and on infection of wheat roots was investigated in field and glasshouse experiments. Paraquat and diquat had no measurable effect on V‐A endophyte spore abundance. There was a slight trend to lower V‐A endophyte spore numbers at high rates of application of di‐allate and tri‐allate but no trend for the other chemicals. Infection intensity (% root length infected) declined at high rates of di‐allate and led to lower mycorrhizal root weights. The phosphorus content of the shoots was also reduced by di‐allate. High doses of di‐allate, diuron, tri‐allate and trifluralin reduced most parameters of plant growth more than mycorrhizal parameters. It is therefore concluded that at normal application rates these chemicals are unlikely to affect adversely endomycorrhiza formation or function.
Studies of the mechanism of action of asulam in plants. Part II: Effect of asulam on the biosynthesis of folic acid
Authors: Veerasekarana Ponnan , Kirkwood Ralph C. , Parnell Edgar W.
Published: November 2006

The possible relationship between folate levels in plants and their tolerance to asulam has been examined. Plants with a high content of folates were relatively less susceptible to asulam. There was evidence of a depletion of the folates in the shoots of plants treated with asulam, either alone at 1. 1 kg ha−1 or in combination with 4, 6‐diamino‐1‐(3, 4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1, 2‐dihydro‐2, 2‐dimethyl‐1, 3, 5‐triazine (DCDT) at 1.1 kg ha−1. In wheat shoot tips (Triricum estivum L.), asulam at 1.1 kg ha−1 reduced the levels of the N5‐methyl, N10‐formyl and N5‐formyl derivatives of 5, 6, 7, 8‐tetrahydrofolates, particularly when applied in combination with DCDT. Studies with cell‐free extracts of wheat seedlings revealed that asulam inhibited the enzymic synthesis of 7, 8‐dihydro‐pteroateina manner similar to sulphanilamide inhibition. The biochemical site of action of asulam in plants is discussed.
Effects of plant protection chemicals on vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizas
Authors: Spokes John R. , David Roderick M. MacDonald , Hayman S.
Published: November 2006

The effects of eight plant protection chemicals on the development of vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizas were influenced by the identity of the host plant and fungal endophyte, the soil type, and the composition and concentration of the biocide. These effects ranged from stimulatory (as with the fungicide chloroneb, applied to inocula of Glomus microcarpus used with pot‐grown lettuce), through negligible (aldicarb on G. mosseae in pot‐grown onions and field grown barley with indigenous mycorrhizal fungi) to short‐term inhibition (drazoxolon on G. mosseae in onion) and longer term inhibition (the fungicides benomyl and triadimefon on G. mosseae in onion).
Metabolism of [14C]cymoxanil in grapes, potatoes and tomatoes
Authors: Belasco Irvin J. , Han Jerry C‐Y. , Chrzanowski Robert L. , Baude Frederic J.
Published: November 2006

Foliar‐applied [14]cymoxanil, 1‐(2‐cyano‐2‐methoxyimino‐[2‐14C]acetyl)‐3‐ethylurea was rapidly metabolised in grapes, tomatoes and potatoes, Furthermore, the metabolism of this fungicide was unusual in that the metabolites were found to be naturally occurring compounds, with glycine as the major metabolite. Significant levels of radioactivity were found in other amino‐acids, sugars, starch, fatty acids and lignin, indicating incorporation of carbon‐14 via the various metabolic pathways.
Assessment of fungicides for the prevention of storage rot of yam tubers
Authors: Ogundana Samuel K. , Dennis Colin
Published: November 2006

Twelve fungicides were screened against the soft rot pathogens of yam tubers. Benomyl and thiabendazole were the only fungicides which completely prevented infection either by spore suspensions or mycelial discs of the pathogens. Captan, iprodione and mancozeb prevented infection by spore suspensions, but did not give complete protection against infection from the mycelial disc of all the pathogens.
The pyrethrins and related compounds. Part XXV: Synthesis and insecticidal activity of conformationally restrained compounds related to 3‐phenoxybenzyl esters
Authors: Elliott Michael , Farnham Andrew W. , Janes Norman F. , Khambay Bhupinder P. S.
Published: November 2006

Derivatives of 3‐phenoxybenzyl pyrethroidal esters were synthesised in which rotation about the benzylic C‐1–C‐α bond was restricted by an additional bridging ring. The insecticidal activities of these compounds to houseflies (Musca dornestica) and mustard beetles (Phaedon cochleariae) depended on the size of the bridging unit and on whether it joined C‐α to C‐2 or C‐6 of the benzyl nucleus. The results obtained are considered in relation to current correlations of the structures with the activities of pyrethroids.
Eradication of over‐wintering mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) in apple buds by nitrogen‐containing surfactants
Authors: Clifford Derek R. , Gendle Peter , Holgate Margaret E. , Lulham Malcolm
Published: November 2006

The eradicant activities of 24 nitrogen‐containing preparations, comprising primary, secondary or tertiary amines, amine acetates, diamines, amine oxides or quaternary ammonium salts, were assessed in trials with potted dormant apple rootstocks, heavily infected with the powdery mildew fungus Podosphaera leucotricha. The surfactants consisted of mixtures in which C12/C14 or C16/C18 alkyl or alkenyl compounds predominated. Of the amine acetates (at 50g litre−1), only the formulation containing C12/C14 primary amine acctates was considered worthy of further evaluation. Some amine oxides and quaternary ammonium compounds (at 35 g litre−1) were good eradicants and were as effective as ‘PP222’ a (nonylphenol‐ethoxylate mixture) which was included for comparison. All the compounds showing good activity contained one C12/C14 alkyl group whereas C16/C18 compounds, whether saturated or unsaturated, were relatively inactive. In a field trial, C12/C14 (dimethyl) amine oxide, C12/C14bis (2‐hydroxyethyl) amine oxide, and C12/C14 amine acetate (35 g litre−1) greatly reduced the amount of primary mildew on trees that were previously heavily infected, but there were signs that the fruit yield was reduced.
Possible methods of inhibiting or reversing the evolution of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes
Authors: Curtis Christopher F.
Published: November 2006

The following possible methods of minimising the risks of resistance are considered: (a) adjustment of the dosage and frequency of spraying so that resistance genes are effectively recessive; (b) detection and eradication of new foci of resistance before they have a chance to spread; (c) spraying a ‘mosaic’ of unrelated insecticides with the intention that immigrants from one sector of the mosaic to another will ‘dilute’ the frequency of resistance genes; (d) re‐introduction of susceptibility genes into the progeny of wild females by the release of heterozygous males with resistance genes translocated on to their Y chromosome so that they are protected from insecticidal killing but will pass susceptibility to their female progeny; (e) replacement of a resistant by a susceptible population by means of a negatively heterotic system such as bidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility. A plausible case can be made for each of these methods based on theoretical models and appropriate assumptions. However, an assessment of whether any of them will really beof any value depends on the answers to certain questions in the field. Therefore field projects have been initiated on Anopheles culicifacies in Sri Lanka and Pakistan, Culex quinquefasciatus in Tanzania and Anopheles arabiensis in Sudan. The results so far are summarised.
The phytotoxicity of narrow distillation range petroleum spraying oils to valencia orange trees in South Australia. Part I: The influence of distillation temperature and spray timing on yield and alternate cropping
Authors: Furness Geoffrey O. , Maelzer Derek A.
Published: November 2006

Petroleum oil sprays are used on citrus to control California red scale (Aonidiella aurantii Maskell), but may have phytotoxic effects on trees and fruit. As part of a programme to establish improved specifications for spray oils for South Australia, three oils with various 50%‐distillation temperatures were applied to trees each month from October to May to observe their effects on crop yield. Some treatments were applied once in each of three consecutive seasons while others were applied only once in the first season. The 50%‐distillation temperatures of the three oils were 211, 224 and 240°C at 10 mmHg. The oils caused significant reductions in yield, and caused or accentuated alternate cropping cycles. The higher the 50%‐distillation temperature of the oil, the greater the effect. The time of application was also important. The greatest yield reductions (expressed as two averages) occurred when the oils were sprayed in November; the tendency to alternate cropping increased with the month of application from December to May. For the oil with the highest 50%‐distillation temperature, the yield reductions were about 30%, and the yields from trees in a severe alternate cropping cycle, in the ‘light crop’ year, were as low as 25% of those on unsprayed trees.
Laboratory and field trials of the rodenticide brodifacoum against warfarin‐resistant Norway rats
Authors: Apperson Charles S. , Sanders O. Thomas , Kaukeinen Dale E.
Published: November 2006

Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) trapped in a low‐income housing area in Raleigh, North Carolina, and on a poultry farm in Garner, North Carolina, manifested high levels of resistance to warfarin in laboratory tests. Of the rats tested, 59.1 and 91.7% from the Raleigh and Garner trap sites, respectively, survived a 6‐day no‐choice test of a diet containing 0.005 % warfarin. The warfarin‐resistant rats were subsequently given a choice of a 0.005% brodifacoum bait and a placebo diet. Of 27 rats, 19 died after a 3‐day test. Survivors had consumed significantly less brodifacoum (0.1 < P > 0.05) than those that died, but the survivors also died when subjected to an additional 1‐day no‐choice test of the brodifacoum bait. Field trials, in which warfarin‐resistant rats in four poultry houses were fed with poison bait for 14–16 days with 0.005% brodifacoum in a pelletised bait (‘Talon’), resulted in 87–99 % control being achieved.
Control of potato late blight (Phytophthora infestans) with systemic fungicides
Authors: Cooke Louise R. , Clifford Derek R. , Holgate Margaret E.
Published: November 2006

A mixture (‘Fubol’) of metalaxyl with mancozeb, performed better than mixtures of propamocarb (as the hydrochloride) or the experimental fungicide cymoxanil with mancozeb, when applied as sprays to control potato blight in a small‐scale field trial conducted in 1978. Another experimental fungicide, 2‐chloro‐N‐(2‐oxotetrahydrofuran‐3‐yl)acet‐2″,6′‐xylidide (RE 20615), applied at a greater rate but without mancozeb, was as effective as ‘Fubol’. The mixture of mancozeb and propamocarb or cymoxanil performed no better than mancozeb alone. In 1979, when blight incidence was greater, use of RE 20615/dithiocarbamate mixtures allowed the extension of spray intervals to 21 days, compared with a 14‐day schedule for the dithiocarbamate alone. RE 20615, applied in 1979 to the soil within the furrows at planting time as a controlled‐release granular formulation, gave adequate control of late blight up to early September, after which disease development accelerated. Yield was not significantly different from that obtained with a standard dithiocarbamate treatment.
The behaviour of residues of benzoylprop‐ethyl and its breakdown products in wheat
Authors: Bosio Pierre G. , Elgar Kenneth E. , Mathews Brian L. , Woodbridge Austin P. , Wright A. Neill
Published: November 2006

Samples of wheat grain and straw have been analysed from trials with the wild oat herbicide benzoylprop‐ethyl (I) in several countries. Following recommended commercial treatments (application of 1.0–1.6 kg ha−1 at Feekes growth stage G‐J), total residues of I and its hydrolysis product N‐benzoyl‐N‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐DL‐ alanine (free and conjugated) were low and in the majority of instances they were < 0.01 mg kg−1 in samples of grain from the UK, although rather higher residues were detected in some grain samples from other countries. Residues in straw were higher, but normally did not exceed 2 mg kg−1, and were rather variable, possibly as a result of differences in agricultural practice.
The behaviour of residues of flamprop‐isopropyl and its breakdown products in barley
Authors: Bosio Pierre G. , Cole Edwin R. , Woodbridge Austin P. , Mathews Brian L. , Wright A. Neill
Published: November 2006

Residue data are reported for flamprop‐isopropyl (I) in barley grain and straw samples following applications of the herbicide to crops grown in eight countries. The samples were analysed for I and its hydrolysis product N‐benzoyl‐N‐(3‐chloro‐4‐fluorophenyl)‐DL‐alanine (II). Following recommended applications (normally 1 kg ha−1 at Feekes scale G‐I/J), residues of I and II in the grain were low (90% were <0.02 mg kg−1 for I, 86% were <0.06 mg kg−1 for II, levels which were essentially the limits of determination). Residues in straw were higher and more variable, but again 63 and 77% of samples were below 1 mg kg−1 for I and II, respectively.
The herbicidal activity of 2,2‐dialkyl‐2‐cyanoacetanilides
Authors: Huppatz John L. , Phillips John N. , Rattigan Barbara M.
Published: November 2006

The pre‐emergent herbicidal activities of various 2,2‐dialkyl‐2‐cyanoacetanilides and their derivatives are reported, and the relationships between their structure and activities on a range of plant species are examined. Their selectivity behaviour is compared with that of a 2‐alkyl‐2‐cyanoacetanilide and a 2‐chloroacetanilide herbicide (alachlor).
Metabolism of [14C]triadimefon in barley shoots
Authors: Rouchaud Jean , Moons Chantal , Meyer Joseph A.
Published: November 2006

Barley plants grown in a greenhouse were treated at growth stage 6 (during the stem extension, when the first node of the stem was visible at the base of the shoot) by spraying with [14C]triadimefon at a rate of 500 g of triadimefon ha−1, which is four times higher than is recommended. The aerial part of the plants was harvested and analysed, 66 days after treatment, at growth stage 10 (during the stem extension, when the sheath of the last leaf was completely grown out, and the ear was swollen but not yet visible). Free triadimefon and triadimenol (the mixture of both diastereoisomers of triadimenol) accounted for 9.7 and 20.3%, respectively, of the total radioactivity incorporated into the plant; their concentrations in the plants were 1.00 and 2.10 mg of the respective products kg−1 fresh weight. Conjugated triadimenol and 4‐chlorophenol, respectively, accounted for 8.0 and 35.1% of the total radioactivity in the plant, and their concentrations in the plant were 0.80 and 1.58 mg of the respective non‐conjugated products kg−1 fresh weight. Only 13% (the bound residue) of the total radioactivity was insoluble in acetone+water (10+3 by volume).
Accumulation of systemic fungicides and other solutes by haustorial complexes isolated from Pisum sativum infected with Erysiphe pisi
Authors: Manners John M. , Gay John L.
Published: November 2006

Haustorial complexes, isolated from pea leaves infected with powdery mildew, were incubated with individual 14C‐labelled systemic fungicides or other solutes, and the accumulation of these compounds by the complexes was assessed following filter centrifugation of the products through silicone oil. Inulincarboxylic acid and butyric acid were not absorbed; glucose, sucrose, acetic acid and glycerol were absorbed very slowly by the complexes. All the systemic fungicides, which included nuarimol, fenarimol, dimethirimol, ethirimol, and other pyrimidine‐based analogues, were accumulated against large concentration gradients (30‐1500 fold). The fatty acids, linoleic and lauric, were also readily accumulated. The accumulation of the fatty acids and fungicides was usually complete within 5–15 min. The degree of accumulation of all the solutes was significantly correlated with their lipophilicity, indicating that partitioning of compounds into sub‐cellular lipids was the major mechanism determining accumulation by the complexes. The cations 2‐hydroxyethylarnmonium and 1‐methylpyridinium were also accumulated against large concentration gradients (18‐and 46‐fold, respectively) but less rapidly than the fungicides. The significance of these findings for the systemic distribution and mode of action of fungicides is discussed.
Efficiency of triforine and binapacryl in tank mixtures with calcium chloride against apple powdery mildew
Authors: Austin Douglas J. , Warman Timothy M.
Published: November 2006

The mildew fungicide triforine is incompatible with calcium chloride used to reduce the incidence of bitter pit in apples. Two commercial non‐ionic surfactants delayed sedimentation in spray mixtures containing both triforine and calcium chloride. The biological efficiency of triforine, alone or with calcium chloride plus surfactant, was tested in an orchard trial which included binapacryl, alone or with calcium chloride, as ‘standard’ treatment. Triforine (weekly or fortnightly) controlled mildew on Cox's Orange Pippin and Golden Delicious better than binapacryl, and the addition of calcium chloride did not affect adversely the control by either fungicide. The added calcium chloride had little effect on the deposition and persistence of the fungicides. The inclusion of calcium chloride in spray programmes slightly improved the yields (both cultivars) and russet grade (Cox only) associated with each fungicide. Calcium chloride sprays, whether mixed or alternated, increased the calcium levels in postharvest fruit for both varieties, and decreased the incidence of bitter pit for Cox after storage for 5½ months. No adverse effect was associated with the inclusion of the surfactants in tank mixtures containing either fungicide.
A study of the fate of [14C]maleic hydrazide in white ash and black locust seedlings by high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Mischke Charles F. , Domir Subhash C.
Published: November 2006

The distribution and metabolic fate of [14C]maleic hydrazide in white ash and black locust seedlings were studied using high‐performance liquid chromatography in conjunction with thin‐layer chromatography and liquid scintillation spectrometry. Most of the maleic hydrazide was translocated to the leaves and stems of the black locust seedlings within 1 day after treatment but in the case of the white ash seedlings it remained in the stem tissue. After 30 days, the 14C was concentrated in the leaves of the black locust seedlings, but only in the stem and at the injection point of the white ash seedlings. Approximately 40 and 10% of the applied 14C was found at the injection points of the white ash and black locust seedlings, respectively. Chromatographic analysis of extracts showed no detectable metabolite in the black locust seedlings but two metabolites were detected in the white ash seedlings.
The effect of isoprothiolane on the emergence of infection pegs from appressoria of Pyricularia oryzae
Authors: Hirooka Takashi , Miyagi Yukio , Araki Fujio , Kunoh Hitoshi , Ishizaki Hiroshi
Published: November 2006

The effect of isoprothiolanea (di‐isopropyl 1,3‐dithiolan‐2‐ylidenemalonate), a systemic fungicide used for rice blast control, on the infection process of Pyriculuria oryzae was studied by micromanipulation in a scanning electron microscope. Whether or not infection pegs emerged from the appressoria was examined by inverting each appressorium contact surface. Infection pegs were observed on more than 80% of the appressoria, 48 h after inoculation, on both untreated rice leaves and cellophane film. Isoprothiolane, approximately 10 μg ml−1 in the ambient water of inoculated conidia, reduced the emergence of infection pegs on rice leaves and cellophane film by 96 and 100%, respectively.
Depression of the minimum concentration of methyl bromide effective against diapausing warehouse moth larvae at 15°c by prior exposure at a moderate concentration
Authors: Bell Christopher H.
Published: November 2006

Warehouse moth (Ephestia elutella) larvae in diapause were exposed at 15°C to methyl bromide at 8 mg litre−1 for 14.5 h and then immediately exposed at a lower concentration. The exposure at 8 mg litre−1 killed 44–69% of the larvae treated. Subsequent concentrations down to 1.1 mg litre−1 obeyed Haber's rule (concentration × time= k, a constant for mortality), but a higher concentration‐time product (ct) was required for over 90% kill at 0.8 mg litre−1. Only concentrations down to 1.9 mg litre−1 obey Haber's rule if there is no prior exposure at a higher concentration. Although minimum effective concentrations are lower at 15°C than at 25°C, exposure at a higher concentration depresses the subsequent level to a similar extent at each temperature. The contribution to the efficacy of a treatment, of low concentrations persisting at the end of fumigation, is thus likely to be even greater at moderate to low temperatures than at 25°C. The implications for the development of resistance to methyl bromide are discussed.
Studies on the selectivity of alloxydim‐sodium in plants
Authors: Veerasekaran Ponnan , Catchpole Anthony H.
Published: November 2006

Alloxydim‐sodium, methyl 3‐[1‐(allyloxyimino)butyl]‐4‐hydroxy‐6,6‐dimethyl‐2‐oxocyclohex‐3‐enecarboxylate sodium salt, is a selective herbicide which controls grass weeds in a wide range of broad‐leaf crops. Spray retention, tested at two growth stages, was generally greater for the broad‐leaf crops (cotton, sugarbeet, flax, beans and peas) than for wild oat (Avena fatua L.), blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds), barley and couch grass [Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.], and did not contribute to selectivity between susceptible and tolerant species. Broad‐leaf crops tolerated 2820 g alloxydim‐sodium ha−1, three times the recommended rate used to control annual grasses. Differential uptake and translocation were not factors contributing to selectivity. In wild oat, blackgrass and sugarbeet, uptake and translocation of 14C continued during a period of 14 days after treatment with [14C]alloxydim‐sodium. Translocation in susceptible and tolerant species was predominately symplastic. Over 40% of the applied 14C was eliminated from treated wild oat, blackgrass and sugarbeet plants within 7 days, due to degradation and volatilisation. A greater proportion of the methanol‐soluble radioactivity extracted from leaves and roots was present as water‐soluble polar metabolites in sugarbeet, than in wild oats, 7 days after treatment. The proportion of unaltered alloxydim in the organo‐soluble fraction of a methanol extract was greater in wild oat than in sugarbeet. Differential metabolism appears to be one of the factors contributing to alloxydim‐sodium selectivity between sugarbeet and wild oat.
The use of bendiocarb in ryegrass establishment
Authors: Lemon Roger W. , Greig Roderick J.
Published: November 2006

Problems with the establishment of autumn‐reseeded ryegrass can be attributed to a number of causes, one of which is damage by pests, particularly larvae of shoot‐boring flies such as the frit fly (Oscinella frit). In trials over a period of 2 years, bendiocarb has been tested as a seed treatment and as spray and granule formulations for the protection of ryegrass seedlings from pest attack. The trials have included both conventional broadcasting of seed following ploughing of the old sward, and direct drilling following the use of total herbicide. Seed treatments at rates of 10 g a.i. kg−1 of seed and above have given greatly improved plant stands, resulting in yield increases in some trials. Spray and granule applications at 0.5‐1.0 kg a.i. ha−1 have significantly improved establishment at some sites. Bendiocarb has also been tested on spring reseeded leys and although results have been less dramatic than on autumn sowings, significant increases in plant stand were obtained. No evidence of phytotoxicity has been found with any variety of Italian or perennial ryegrass which has been tested, nor with timothy and cocksfoot which have been included in mixtures.
A survey of sheep dip usage in Scotland in 1978
Authors: Bowen H. Michael , Cutler James R. , Craigie Isobel R.
Published: November 2006

A survey of sheep dipping in Scotland in 1978 showed that about 42 tonnes of organophosphorus and 17 tonnes of organochlorine insecticides were used to control ectoparasites. Information is presented about their pattern of use and about the disposal of surplus sheep dip and the empty containers. Six river pollution incidents involving sheep dips in 1978 are recorded. The main geographical areas affected by headfly (Hydrotaea irritans Fall.) and the measures taken against them are noted.
Fibre‐reactive insect‐resist agents for wool: The synthesis and effectiveness of some organophosphorus compounds
Authors: Jones F. William , O'Loughlin Gary J. , Mayfield Robert J.
Published: November 2006

Fibre‐reactive derivatives of 10 organophosphorus compounds were synthesised and evaluated as insect‐resist agents for wool. Some were very effective against wool pests and, when the fibre‐reactive group was a 2‐bromoacrylic ester group. these compounds also exhibited good fastness to washing and dry‐cleaning.
Screening of pesticides for use on established grassland to improve herbage yield
Authors: Clements Robert O. , Henderson Ian F.
Published: November 2006

Pest damage to temporary grassland in lowland England is widespread. It can be controlled by pesticide treatment, but the use of chemicals is restricted by the short intervals between successive harvests. Twenty‐one pesticides, of limited persistence or low mammalian toxicity, were tested in field experiments to assess their effectiveness and suitability for use on established grassland. The synthetic pyrethroid, permethrin, was the most promising of the materials tested.
Leaching of aldicarb and thiofanox, and their uptake in soils by sugarbeet plants
Authors: Dejonckheere Willy , Steurbaut Walter , Melkebeke Guy , Kips René H.
Published: November 2006

The leaching of aldicarb and thiofanox in soils (sandy loam, silt loam and sandy clay loam), and their uptake by sugarbeet plants were studied. Three irrigation levels were maintained: half, normal and double dose. The residues were determined as the sum of the insecticidal metabolites (parent compound + sulphoxide+ sulphone) for both pesticides. Leaching was greatly influenced by the amount of water added and the soil type. Under normal conditions, leaching seemed to proceed very slowly, keeping the chemicals available for uptake by the root systems for a long time. The concentration of insecticide in the leaves was highest in beets grown on sandy loam and lowest in those grown on sandy clay loam. The quantity of irrigation did not influence the residue concentration in the leaves greatly, although its influence was obvious on the total residue present (μg per plant). Increasing the water dose always resulted in a higher total residue, and a greater plant weight. The breakdown in the soils was directly related to the water dose. The experiments show that thiofanox was more stable than aldicarb and was taken up by sugarbeet to a greater extent.
The microbial formation of the 23‐keto derivative from avermectin B2a in soil
Authors: Gullo Vincent P. , Kempf August J. , Macconnell John G. , Mrozik Helmut , Arison Byron , Putter Irving
Published: November 2006

The nematicide avermectin B2a, as the [5‐3H]‐labelled compound, formulated on attapulgite clay and mixed into pots of moist soil, had a half‐life of between 2.5 and 3 days in sandy loam soil under greenhouse conditions. A major metabolite, the 23‐keto derivative, was identified and shown to be much more persistent than the parent compound. This metabolite is responsible for the prolonged nematicidal activity of avermectin B2a applied to soil.
The joint action of mixtures of insecticides, or of insect growth regulators and insecticides, on susceptible and diflubenzuron‐resistant strains of Spodoptera littoralis boisd
Authors: El‐Guindy Mohsen A. , Abdel‐Sattar Mostafa M. , El‐Refai Abdel Rahman M.
Published: November 2006

The joint action of insecticides, or of mixtures of insect growth regulators and insecticides, on the susceptible (S) strain and diflubenzuron‐resistant (Rd) strain of the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis Boisd. was investigated. The joint action of the insecticides and/or insect growth regulator mixtures was determined by mixing them in proportion to their activity equivalents at the LD25 or ED25 levels. A total of 15 mixtures of two synthetic pyrethroids, two organophosphorus, one carbamate and one organochlorine insecticides, were applied to the fourth‐instar larvae of the S and Rd strains. The insecticide mixtures cypermethrin/methomyl and cypermethrin/endrin exhibited high and moderate levels of synergism on the S strain, respectively. However the mixtures chlorpyrifos/methomyl, phosfolan/methomyl, and phosfolan/endrin produced antagonism, while the other mixtures showed varying levels of additive effects. The response of the fourth‐instar larvae of the S strain, to the joint action of diflubenzuron/juvenoid, diflubenzuron/insecticide, or insecticide/juvenoid mixtures, revealed that diflubenzuron produced high levels of synergism when combined with methoprene and progressively less with fenvalerate, methomyl and cypermethrin. On the other hand, the mixture diflubenzuron/triprene was antagonistic. Fenvalerate with the two juvenoids produced synergism while methomyl showed an additive effect with methoprene. However, the mixtures cypermethrin/methoprene, cypermethrin/triprene and methomyl/triprene produced antagonism. The mixtures that produced potentiation on the fourth‐instar larvae of the S strain lost their high potency when tested against the Rd strain. The results also indicated that insecticide/juvenoid mixtures, when applied on 2‐day‐old pupae of the S strain, were synergistic, except in the case of cypermethrin/methoprene and methomyl/triprene mixtures, for which additive effects were observed. When the mixtures that had synergistic effects on the S strain were tested on the Rd strain, the results revealed that their synergistic effects were apparently reduced. This was attributed to the fact that the generalised levels of tolerance in the Rd strain towards various compounds may have influenced the several defence mechanisms to act against the synergistic action of the chemical mixtures.
Insecticidal activity of the pyrethrins and related compounds. Part XIV: Selectivity of pyrethroid insecticides between Ephestia kuhniella and its parasite Venturia canescens
Authors: Elliott Michael , Janes Norman F. , Stevenson John H. , Walters John H. H.
Published: November 2006

Relative potencies for 20 pyrethroids against the Mediterranean flour moth Ephestia kuhniella, and its hymenopterous parasite Venturia canescens, show a wide range of selectivity factors (2‐140), indicating the possibility of identifying compounds with selectivity favouring the survival of beneficial parasites rather than pest hosts.
Photolysis of fluotrimazole
Authors: Clark Terence , Watkins David A. M. , Weerasinghe Deepthi K.
Published: November 2006

The major product identified in the photochemical degradation of fluotrimazole, in aqueous suspension, as a thin film on glass, and sprayed on barley leaves, was 3‐(trifluoromethyl)triphenylmethanol. This was also detected after photolysis in methanol, although methyl 3‐trifluoromethyltrityl ether was the major product. Moreover, under all these conditions, 3‐(trifluoromethyl)triphenylmethane was also present. 3‐Trifluoromethylbenzophenone was produced only by irradiation of an aqueous suspension. The photolysis products, in contrast to fluotrimazole, were inactive at 1 mmol against barley powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis).
Histological damage by the microbial metabolite and chitin synthesis inhibitor complex nikkomycin to the silk and salivary glands of the mite Tetranychus urticae
Authors: Mothes‐Wagner Ursula , Seitz Karl‐August
Published: November 2006

The action of the chitin synthesis inhibitor complex nikkomycin on the silk and salivary glands of Tetranychus urticae (Acari, Tetranychidae) was examined with the electron microscope. Histological defects after nikkomycin treatment included a swelling of the cisterna of rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Subsequent defects were vacuolation, resulting from globular ER vesicles, and damage to the secretory grana of all the glands studied (the silk gland and the anterior and dorsal podocephalic glands). The consequences of the histological changes on the salivary secretions and the production of webs are discussed.
Pyrethroid insecticides derived from substituted biphenyl‐3‐ylmethanols
Authors: Plummer Ernest L. , Cardis Angeline B. , Martinez Anthony J. , Vansaun William A. , Palmere Raymond M. , Pincus David S. , Stewart Robert R.
Published: November 2006

The synthesis of a series of mono‐ and disubstituted biphenyl‐3‐ylmethyl esters of 3‐(2,2‐dichlorovinyl)‐2,2‐dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid is described. The bioactivity of these compounds against Spodoptera eridania, Epilachna varivestis, Oncopeltus fasciatus, Acrythosiphon pisum and Tetranychus urticae is presented and discussed. Substitution of fluorine, chlorine and methyl groups in the 2‐position of the biphenyl ring generally led to an increase in activity over the unsubstituted parent biphenyl ester. In addition, pyrethroid esters derived from these 2‐substituted biphenyl‐3‐ylmethanols appeared to have a broader spectrum of activity than ‘classical’ pyrethroids. For example, the (1RS)‐cis‐3‐(2,2‐dichlorovinyl)‐2, 2‐dimethylcyclopro‐panecarboxylic acid ester of 2‐methylbiphenyl‐3‐ylmethanol was acaricidal, while maintaining a level of activity against other insects that was equal to or greater than cis‐permethiin. Biological data on other esters of this novel alcohol are also presented.
Methods of assessing the efficacy of non‐volatile nematicides
Authors: Hague Nigel G. M. , Damadzadeh Mahmoud , Garabedian Sahag K. , Radwan Kamal H.
Published: November 2006

In‐vivo tests of non‐volatile nematicides using a fungal‐feeding nematode Aphelenchus avenae were shown to be more reliable than in‐vitro tests. Phoxim and carbofuran were as effective as thionazin against the stem nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci in preventing eggs being laid, but they did not prevent nematodes from migrating from treated plants. Aldicarb and phoxim delayed the emergence of second‐stage juveniles from cysts of the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis; phoxim at 8 mg kg−1 of soil gave the same results as aldicarb at 2 mg kg−1 of soil and both chemicals altered the sex ratio in the final population. A simple pot‐test with G. rostochiensis in foul soil types was used to demonstrate the comparative effectiveness of non‐volatile nematicides.
Effects of phthalimide fungicides on the accumulation of fenarimol by Aspergillus nidulans
Authors: De Waard Maarten A. , Van Nistelrooy Johannes G. M.
Published: November 2006

Phthalimide fungicides (captafol, captan and folpet) enhanced the accumulation of fenarimol by the mycelium of a wild‐type strain and a fenarimol‐resistant strain of Aspergillus nidulans. The accumulation is ascribed to inhibition of active efflux of fenarimol from the mycelium. It is assumed that the synergistic action observed between the phthalimide fungicides and fenarimol with respect to fungitoxicity, was caused by the increased accumulation of fenarimol.
Cross‐resistance to pyrethroids and other insecticides in Aedes aegypti
Authors: Chadwick Peter R. , Slatter Robin , Bowron Marcus J.
Published: November 2006

Two substrains of Aedes aegypti, already resistant to DDT and pyrethroids, were further selected using either DDT or permethrin by mass exposure of the females only. DDT selection over 14 generations raised the resistance to DDT so far that no accurate LC50 values could be determined. Selection with permethrin raised the tolerance to an irregular plateau 7–10 times the original. DDT selection in the adults raised the DDT resistance of the larvae, but this could be partly overcome using a dehydrochlorinase inhibitor. The resistance to pyrethroids was increased but tolerance of dieldrin, malathion and propoxur compounds was little changed. Permethrin selection of the adults raised resistance to pyrethroids more than DDT selection but also increased DDT resistance. Similar patterns were found for the larval insects. A strain from Demerara in Guyana showed both DDT and pyrethroid resistance, including strong resistance to pyrethrins together with dieldrin and propoxur. It was concluded that two major independent resistance mechanisms existed in the selected strains, a dehydrochlorinase affecting DDT alone, and an unknown mechanism, probably nerve insensitivity (kdr) affecting both DDT and pyrethroids.