bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of Insect Pests on Georgia Soybeans, 1997
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Taylor J. Delano , Crowe Bert D.
Published: December 2017

The efficacy of seven selected insecticides for control of velvetbean cater-pillar and stink bugs was evaluated at the University of Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA. the insecticides were foliar applied on 18 Aug on ‘Davis’ soybeans planted on 4 Jun. Individual plots were 4 rows wide X 50 ft long with alleys 6 ft wide on each end and 2 border rows on each side, arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Each spray concentrate was applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with 4, TX-12 nozzles on a 6 ft boom (2 nozzles per row) at 40 psi that delivered 19.5 gpa. Each plot was sampled prior to treatment and 3, 14, and 21 DAT (days after treatment) by taking a 20-sweep sample with a 15-inch diam net from a single row. Soybeans were in the R5 growth stage (pods filling with seeds) during the test period. On 2 Sep and 18 Sep, all plots were visually rated for % defoliation. At maturity, all plots were harvested with a plot combine and yields adjusted to 13% moisture. The data were subjected to ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range test (P = 0.05).
Evaluation of Planting Treatments for Sunflower Stem Weevil Control, 1997
Authors: Armstrong J. Scott , Koch Mike D.
Published: December 2017

Sunflower test plots were planted 14 May at the Central Great Plains Research farm 4 miles east of Akron, CO. Plots were 4 rows wide (22-inch row spacing) by 50 ft long and arranged in a RCB with four replications. The two row planter was calibrated to plant 18,000 seeds/acre. The soil type was a Weld silt loam. Gaucho 480°F seed treatment was applied at three rates; (8.2, 12.3, and 16.4 oz (AI)/cwt seed). Furadan 4°F was injected in the seed furrow at planting immediately following seed placement and prior to planter press wheels in a 1:1 (water:Furadan 4 F) dilution using a microinjection unit. Evaluations for lodged plants were made on 27 Sep by counting all plants in the center 2 rows followed by counting the number lodged. Mature SSW larvae were counted by dissecting four stalks from each plot on 15 Oct. Only the lower 18 inches of stalk was dissected. The diam of each stalk was measured at the cotyledon scars. The center two rows of each plot were hand harvested and thrashed. Yield data are adjusted to 10% moisture.
Evaluation of Application Method for Aphid Control by Imidacloprid on Connecticut Shade ToBacco, 1997
Authors: LaMondia James A. , Rathier Thomas M.
Published: December 2017

Preplant broadcast, transplant drench, or band application treatments of Admire 2°F (imidacloprid) were evaluated for tobacco aphid control in a cloth-covered shade tent at the CT Agricultural Expt. Station Valley Laboratory in Windsor, CT. Admire 2°F was applied at 0.17 lb (AI)/acre (1.0 oz per 1000 plants based on 10,800 plants/acre) for all treatments. The soil was an Entic Haplorthod (71.8% sand, 23.0% silt, 5.2% clay, pH = 6.0 and OM = 4.0%). On 29 May, plots were fertilized with 145 lb N/acre of cottonseed meal-based 10-8-10. On 2 Jun, plots were broadcast with Lorsban 4 E at 1.5 lb (AI)/acre and Ridomil 2 E at 1 lb (AI)/acre and spiked to incorporate. On 3 Jun, preplant Admire 2°F in 100 gal/acre water was broadcast to appropriate plots in a 39-inch swath using a TeeJet 8004E nozzle at 18 to 20 psi and spiked. Tobacco was transplanted on 4 Jun to rows 39 in apart with a 1-ft spacing within rows. There were 5 replicates of 4-row plots each per treatment (total 20 plots, 15 X 15 ft each). Plots were separated by an untreated border row. Plots were irrigated 5 Jun with 0.4 inches water. Admire 2°F was applied on 6 Jun as a soil drench using a backpack sprayer with a TeeJet TG-3 nozzle at 15 psi to deliver 20 ml/plant in two 10-ml applications 2 cm to each side of every plant. Admire 2°F was band applied at sidedress in 70 gal water/acre to appropriate plots on 20 Jun (with 59 lb N/acre) or 30 Jun (with 69 lb N/acre) to 6 inches on either side of rows using a backpack sprayer with a TeeJet 8004-E nozzle and incorporated by mechanical cultivation and hoeing. One leaf each from 10 plants per row was removed on 29 Jul, 7 Aug, 14 Aug, and 22 Aug and rated for apterous tobacco aphids (scale: 0 = no aphids or winged only; 1 = 1 aphid per leaf; 2 = 2-10 aphids 3 = 11-100 aphids and 4 = more than 100 aphids per leaf). Treatments were compared within dates by the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis Test and the Bonferroni Test.
Tobacco Budworm and Tobacco Aphid Control on Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1996
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Wilkinson William B.
Published: December 2017

This study was conducted at the Southern Piedmont Agric. Res. and Ext. Cntr., Blackstone, VA, to evaluate various foliar insecticides for the control of TA and TBW and for their impact on the yield of flue-cured tobacco. Tobacco ‘NC 37NF’ was transplanted into experimental plots, 8 X 40 ft (2 rows X 24 plants), on 20 May. Eight treatments and an untreated check were established in a RBC design with 4 replications. A Gandy granular applicator mounted on a tractor was used to apply Temik as a side-dress treatment to the Temik + Tracer plots on 18 Jun. Foliar treatments for TBW control were applied on 25 Jun and 19 Jul using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 28 gpa at 60 psi through TX-10 nozzles (3/row). Foliar applications of Provado and Orthene in combination with Silwet 77L (4 fl oz/acre) were applied for TA control on 5 Jul and 8 Aug. Before the first application for TBW control, TBW larvae were collected from untreated fields and released at one larvae per plant on 10 plants per plot on 25 Jun and natural infestations were assessed on 10 additional plants in each plot. Before the second application for TBW, newly hatched larvae were released at 1 larva/plant on 20 plants/plot on 18 Jul. TBW were counted on 20 plants/plot at 3, 7, and 14 DAT. On 20 Aug, TBW damage was rated on a scale of 0 to 5: 0 = no damage and 5 = severe damage. TA were counted on the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants/plot. TA damage was rated on a scale of 0 to 10: 0 = no sign of TA infestations; 10 = very severe damage. The tobacco was harvested and cured and yield was determined. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated by Waller-Duncan K-ratio t-test (K - 100). TA data were transformed to log10 (x + 1) before analysis. TBW data were transformed to SQRT (X + 0.25). Actual means are presented in the table.
European Red Mite Control with Pyramite in Apple Orchards, 1997
Authors: Bostanian N. J. , Racette G.
Published: December 2017

This study evaluates the effect of Pyramite on ERM when this compound is used to control white apple leafhopper (WALH), Thylocyba pomaria McAtee in apple orchards. A RCB design was used with three replications, each replicate consisting of a single standard sized apple tree. Treatments were evaluated by counting the number of mite eggs and motile forms on 10 leaves per replicate at different intervals after treatment. The leaves were selected randomly at shoulder height from each replicate. The treatments were applied on 23 Jun 1997. A Nobili (Molinella-Bologna, Italy) airblast sprayer was used. It was calibrated to deliver 107 gpa (1000 L/ha) at 150 PSI (1034.7 kPa).
White Apple Leafhopper Control with Pyramite in Apple Orchards, 1997
Authors: Bostanian N. J. , Racette G.
Published: December 2017

The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications, each replicate consisting of 175 trees (7 rows X 25 trees). The effect of the sprays on WALH was evaluated by counting the number of nymphs and adults on 10 leaves per tree on 5 trees per replication. The leaves were randomly sampled from trees on the 4th row. A total of 200 leaves were examined per treatment per date. The treatments were applied as soon as wing pads were noted on the 1st-generation nymphs (23 Jun). The treatments were made with a Nobili airblast sprayer (Molinella-Bologna, Italy) calibrated to deliver 107 gpa (1000 L/ha) at 150 psi (1034.7 kPa).
Late-Season Tobacco Hornworm Control in Georgia Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1997
Authors: Taylor J. Delano , McPherson Robert M. , Crowe Bert D.
Published: December 2017

Flue-cured ‘K-326’ tobacco was transplanted on 1 Apr at the Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station Bowen Farm. Production practices were used according to Georgia Cooperative Extension Service guidelines and included a preplant tank mixture of Tillman, Devrinol, Ridomil, and Nemacur. Fertilizer (6-6-18) was applied at the rate of 1000 lb/acre in a split application. On 24 Jun, tops were removed and leaves stripped from all plants in the test area, and 16-0-0 fertilizer was applied at a rate of 100 lb/acre. In early Jul, all suckers except the 2 main shoots were removed from each plant. On 16 Jul the test site was partitioned into 24 plots that were 4 rows wide X 20 ft long, with 6 plots power range (replication) arranged in a RB design with 4 replications. The left row of each plot was left untreated (fallow border row) and the remaining 3 rows were treated with a selected insecticide using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with three TX-12 nozzles per row at 40 psi. One treatment served as an untreated control. The number of live hornworm larvae on plants 2-6 on the middle treated row was recorded from each plot 2, 5 and 8 d after treatment (DAT). Treatments were reapplied on 25 Jul and hornworm counts taken 3, 7, and 10 DAT. On 4 Aug, plants 2-6 on the center row were visually rated for % defoliation and also rated for aphid infestations. Aphid ratings ranged from 0 to 7, with 0 = no aphids, 1 = > 10 aphids/plant, 2 = 10-100 aphids/plant, 3 = 100-500 aphids/plant, 4 = 500-1500 aphids/plant, 5 = 1500-3000 aphids/plant, 6 = 3000-5000 aphids/plant, and 7 = > 5000 aphids/plants. All count data and defoliation and aphid ratings were subjected to analysis of variance and the means were separated using DMRT (P = 0.05).
Control of Hessian Fly and Russian Wheat Aphid in Spring Wheat, 1997
Authors: Bragg D.E.
Published: December 2017

Plots were seeded in an on-farm manner on 10 Apr in an RCBD with 4 replicates of 36 X 300 ft per treatment. Three varieties were seeded: Alpowa; Wawawai, with HF resistance; and ID488, with both HF and RWA resistance. Treatments were 0.5 and 1.0 oz (AI)/cwt Gaucho 480 applied as seed treatments to Alpowa and Wawawai. Untreated checks for all 3 varieties were established. RWA was counted on 45 DAE. HF was evaluated on 65 DAE (Feeks Scale 10.5), as percent HF infested tillers. Harvest data was collected on 16 Aug.
Evaluation of Selected Insecticides and Application Timings for Control of Cereal Leaf Beetle and Aphids on Wheat, 1997
Authors: Chappel G. F. , Herbert D. A.
Published: December 2017

Efficacy of selected insecticides and application timing was evaluated against CLB and aphids in wheat. Pioneer 2580 was planted 8 Nov in a producer’s field in Dinwiddie County, VA, using a 7-inch row spacing. All treatments were broadcast as foliar sprays with water using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20.0 gpa at 30 psi through 8004VS flat fan nozzles spaced 19 inches apart on the spray boom. A RCB experimental design was used with 4 replicates: plots were 17 rows by 50 ft. CLB sampling involved recording the number of eggs and larvae/ft2 (20.57 inches of a 7-inch row). Aphids were sampled by removing 5 randomly selected grain heads per plot. Samples were placed in a mild soapiwater solution (2 drops liquid dish detergent per gal water) for 10 minutes. Samples were then rinsed over a U.S.A. Standard Testing Sieve No. 60 mesh, and the total number of aphids per sample recorded. Defoliation was evaluated by removing 10 randomly selected flag leaves from each plot and visually recording the percent defoliation per leaf. Average percent defoliation was recorded per plot. Treatments 1-5 were applied at Zadok’s growth stage (GS) 31 (3 Apr), treatments 6-10 at Zadok’s growth stage 37 (23 Apr) and treatments 11-15 at Zadok’s growth stage 56 (6 May). Post-treatment CLB egg and larvals samples were taken 3 days after final treatment (9 May). Post-treatment aphid and defoliation samples were taken 24 days after final treatment (24 May).
Efficacy of Late Season Applications of Various Turf Insecticides Against Japanese Beetle Populations, 1996
Authors: Vittum P. J.
Published: December 2017

Four insecticides were tested for efficacy against Japanese beetle larvae at the Hillcrest Park Cemetery, Springfield, MA. The lawn consisted of 50% Kentucky bluegrass, 20% creeping bentgrass, 20% crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), and was mowed at ca. 2.0 inches. Treatment plots were 8 ft by 8 ft, replicated 5 times, arranged in aCRB. Applications were made on 27 Aug 1996. Granular products were applied by hand using glass jars with perforated lids. Liquid formulations were applied by hand with a watering can using 4 liters of water per plot. Plots were watered in with 0.15 inch irrigation within one hour after application. Product efficacy was evaluated for all treatments on 18 Oct (52 DAT) by removing 5 cupcutter plugs (4.25 inch diam) from near the center of each plot, dislodging soil and counting all grubs to a depth of 3 inches.
Control of Mole Cricket Nymphs with Insecticide-Treated Baits, 1997
Authors: Hertl P. T. , Brandenburg R. L.
Published: December 2017

The efficacy of several bait formulations was evaluated for the control of mole cricket nymphs in a field test on a bermudagrass fairway at the Fox Squirrel Country Club in Brunswick Co, NC. Plots 16 X 16 ft were established in an area heavily infested with mole crickets. Treatments with four replicates were randomly assigned to the plots in a CRBD. All insecticides were applied late in the day on 17 Sep under sunny skies. The 4-inch soil temperature was 83°F and all formulations tested were applied using a Republic EZ Handspreader®. The fairway irrigation system was used to moisten the soil in the test area prior to application. The Talstar 0.2 G was applied to the appropriate plots and then the entire test site received 0.25 inch of water as post-irrigation for this treatment. The turf surface was allowed to dry before appropriate amounts of each bait were applied to the plots. The fairway irrigation system was turned off to prevent irrigation of the area on the first night of the test. Soil at the test site is classified as Kureb fine sand with a pH of 5.8 and 0.56% humic matter. Soapy water flush sampling indicate that the fairway population was approximately 85% Southern and 15% Tawny mole crickets. Plots were evaluated for fresh damage on 23 Sep (6 DAT) and 1 Oct (14 DAT) using the damage grid evaluation method of Mack and Cobb (1989). A m2 grid divided into nine sections was randomly placed in each plot and a damage rating (0-9) given based on the occurrence of fresh damage in the nine subsections (with 0 = no damage and 9 = severe damage). Five damage ratings were made in each plot on each sampling date. The actual damage means are reported in the Table. All data were transformed x + 0.5 prior to ANOVA and Tukey’s Studentized Range Test.
Management of Scarab White Grubs with Imidacloprid and Halofenozide in a Low Maintenance Turf-Grass Area, 1997
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The turfgrass area in Lewistown, PA, consisted primarily of fine fescue (80%) and weeds (20%). Treatment plots were 8 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB block design and replicated 3 times. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker, and top dressing sand was added to facilitate product distribution. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 8002VS TeeJet nozzle mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 726 ml of water/48 ft2 or delivering 4 gal/1000 ft2. At the 1st treatment time (19 May) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 72° F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 71° F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 68° F; RH, 70%; amount of thatch, 0.0625 inch; soil textural class, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: % sand, 28.8; % silt, 56.4; % clay, 14.8; organic matter, 3.7%; percent water content (percent of weight), 19.9; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.0; application time, late morning; and skies cloudy. Immediately after application each treatment was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water. At the 2nd treatment time (11 Jun) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 75° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 74° F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 69° F; RH, 80.0%; amount of thatch, 0.0625 inch; soil textural class, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: % sand, 22.4; % silt, 62.6; % clay, 15.0; organic matter, 4.3%; percent water content (percent by weight), 20.7; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.9; application time, mid-morning; and skies sunny. Immediately after application each treatment was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water. At the 3rd treatment time (14 Jul) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 98° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 91° F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 87° F; RH, 76%; amount of thatch, 0.0625 inch; soil textural class, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: % sand, 28.9; % silt, 56.2; % clay, 14.9; organic matter, 6.2%; percent water content (percent by weight), 13.5; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.7; application time, mid-morning; and skies sunny. Immediately after application each treatment was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water. At the 4th treatment time (21 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 71° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 70° F; soil temperature at 2 inch. 68° F; RH, 74%; amount of thatch, 0.0625 inch; soil textural class, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: % sand, 26.3% silt, 60.4; % clay, 13.3; organic matter, 4.2%; percent water content (percent by weight), 20.8; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.1; application time, mid-morning; and skies sunny. Immediately after application, each treatment was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water. Post-treatment counts were made on 18 Sep. Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of scarab white grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Spider Mite Control on Rose Plants, 1997
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. , Williams M. M.
Published: December 2017

Rose plants were kept in a nursery holding area on the campus of Michigan State University. The rose plants, 2-3 ft tall, were container grown in 2 gal pots. They were hand irrigated 3 times per week. Counts were made by taking ten randomly sampled leaves per plant and observing the number of mites and eggs present by using a dissecting microscope. Pre-treatment counts were made on 25 Jul. Five replications of each treatment were blocked using an adjusted count which represented 45% of the eggs added to the total number of adult mites. This was done because some plants had a few mites, but a large number of viable eggs at the time of pre-counts. Treatments were applied on 29 Jul using an R & D CO2 sprayer with an 8003 nozzle at 30 psi. The plants were sprayed to runoff. The checks were sprayed with water. Post-counts were taken on 4 Aug and 18 Aug.
Control of Poplar-and-Willow Borer, 1996-1997
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney
Published: December 2017

Trials were conducted at the Upper Colorado Environmental Plant Center on willow shrubs used for propagation that had sustained serious injury by poplar-and-willow borer. Objectives of the trial were to identify optimal treatment timing for control and to evaluate both a chlorpyrifos (Dursban) and permethrin (Astro) insecticide for relative efficacy. Plot design was a RCB with eight replications. Applications were made on 3 dates during 1996, using a hand-operated compressed-air sprayer that provided a drenching spray of the lower 2.5 ft of trunk. Evaluations were made 10 Jun of 1997, by counting all active borer holes evident by extruded frass.
Evaluation of Transgenic Corn Against European Corn Borer, 1997C
Authors: Ostlie K. R. , Luedeman J. , Price P. , Helgeson K. , Rowe J.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted to assess the performance of Bacillus thuringienis (Bt) trangenic corn hybrids (100- and 105-day RM) and comparable non-Bt hybrids against a natural ECB infestation in east central Minnesota. Plots, each measuring 50 ft by 8 rows (30- inch row spacing), were established in Dakota silt loam soil on 19 May at a rate of 32,000 seeds per acre. Plots were arranged in a RCB with four replications. ECB injury assessments for first generation on 30 Jul included % shotholing from the center two rows of each plot and leaf injury ratings (1 to 9 scale) from 10 plants per plot. Tunnel length and number from first generation were measured from 10 plants per plot on 13-15 Aug. Measurements for second generation ECB on 14, 20, & 27 Oct included cumulative tunnel length and number, fall larvae, ear and shank damage from 10 plants per plot. Plants were harvested on 6 Nov and yields were corrected to 15.5% moisture.
Flea Beetle Control, 1997
Authors: Collins J. A. , Drummond F. A.
Published: December 2017

Materials were applied on 11 Jun to 20- by 20 ft-plots in bearing blueberry fields at Jonesport (Test 1) and Township 19 (Test 2), Maine. There were 3 (Test 1) or 4 (Test 2) replications of each treatment and a minimum 5-ft untreated buffer strip around each plot. Treatments were blocked according to prespray population levels. Insecticides were applied at a rate of 25 gpa using a CO2-propelled 80-inch boom sprayer, with 4, flat-spray 80002VS TeeJet® nozzles operating at 35 psi. At treatment, larvae were mid- to late instar and plants were at full bloom. On sampling dates indicated in the table, 10 sweeps with a standard 12-inch sweep-out were taken systematically through the center area of each plot avoiding plot boundaries. Any FB larvae were counted and then distributed back into the same plot. For Test 1, on each of 2 dates (12 and 18 Jun), 20 FB larvae were collected from a plot which had been treated with Mycotrol ES. The larvae were surface disinfected with zephiran chloride, maintained in the laboratory, and observed for sporulation of Beauveria bassiana. No usual weather conditions were observed during the trial.
Thrips Control, 1997
Authors: Collins J. A. , Drummond F. A.
Published: December 2017

Materials were applied to 13- by 13-ft plots in vegetative blueberry fields at Dresden (Test 1) and Columbia Falls (Test 2), Maine. Blueberry plant developmental stage varied for each treatment; timing is given in the table. Each treatment had four replications in a randomized block design with a minimum 5-ft untreated buffer strip between each set of 4 plots. Insecticides were applied at a rate of 25 gpa using a CO2-propelled 80-inch boom sprayer, with 4, flat-spray 80002VS TeeJet® nozzles operating at 35 psi. On 23 Jun (Test 1) and 25 Jun (Test 2), the percentage of lowbush blueberry’s stems with and without thrips’ curls was determined from each of 4, sq ft samples per plot; 16 per treatment. Blueberry stems were 2-3 inches tall on both dates.
Control of Lepidopteran Pests on Cabbage with Emamectin Benzoate and Bacillus Thuringiensis, 1997
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Conner J. M.
Published: December 2017

Two sets of 3 beds, 240 ft long on 6-ft centers and separated by a 15-ft drive, were prepared by fumigating with methyl bromide/chloropicrin 67/33% at a rate of 220 lbs/acre, fertilizing with a bottom mix of 800 lbs/acre 5-16-8 and a top mix of 210 lbs/acre of 19-0-19, and covering with a black polyethylene mulch. The center row in each set of 3 was planted 20 Nov 1996 with collard seedlings var ‘Georgia’ seeded 15 Oct 96 to provide inoculum of the target pests. Greenhouse-grown seedlings planted in flats on 10 Dec 1996 were transplanted in single rows on 29 Jan 1997 at 18-inch spacing and watered by a semiclosed irrigation system. An additional 46 lbs/acre of N and K was injected into the beds 30 days after transplanting and plants were sprayed with Bravo 720 at 1.5 pt/acre after transplanting for disease control. Each row of cabbage was considered one of 4 replicates and divided into 5 plots 34 ft long 5; to which treatments were randomly assigned in a RCB design. Sixty plants per row were checked for the presence of target pests on 13 Mar and treatments initiated after an average of 0.48 DBM larva per plant was observed. All treatments were sprayed weekly beginning 17 Mar for 5 weeks at a rate of 32 gpa , using a high-clearance sprayer at 200 psi of pressure and 3 yellow hollow cone AlbuzTM ceramic nozzles per row. Weekly evaluations 3 to 5 days after application on 12 randomly selected plants per plot consisted of counts of live DBM, CSW, CL larvae and a damage rating on 5 upper wrapper leaves and 3 J outer leaves of the head. Damage was rated as 0 = none, 1 = minor feeding (0-1 %) on wrapper leaves, 2 = 2-5% wrapper leaf surface, no head damage, 3 = 6-10% wrapper leaf area consumed with minor feeding on head, 4=11-30% wrapper leaf area consumed with moderate feeding on head, 5 = >30% wrapper leaf area eaten, considerable feeding and numerous feeding scares on head. At harvest the 15 largest heads per treatment were selected and graded for marketability based on amount of insect damage. The “Fancy” category had no insect damage to the head when harvested, whereas “standard” heads were damaged but could be salvaged for market by peeling the damaged outer leaves. The weight of the remaining “Standard” heads was added to the weight of the “Fancy” heads to obtain an estimate of marketable weight. A category of culls consisted of heads that were not salvageable due to extensive ; insect damage.
Operative Management for Pediatric and Adolescent Scaphoid Nonunions: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Jauregui Julio J. , Seger Edward W. , Hesham Khalid , Walker Sarah E. , Abraham Roby , Abzug Joshua M.
Published: December 2017

Introduction:

Scaphoid fractures in the pediatric population represent ∼3% of all hand and carpal fractures. Cast immobilization has been shown to yield excellent results in the acute phase, however some patients develop nonunions. Currently, there is no consensus regarding the best surgical treatment after development of a pediatric/adolescent scaphoid nonunion.

Methods:

A comprehensive literature review was performed utilizing Medline, Ovid, and Embase databases to compare surgical techniques for adolescent scaphoid nonunions on the basis of union rates, functional outcomes, and operative complications. Our initial search returned 2110 publications. Inclusion criteria consisted of a scaphoid fracture with >3 months of no clinical or radiographic improvement after cast immobilization and age less than 18 years. Ultimately, 11 studies met our criteria and were included in the final analysis.

Results:

A total of 176 surgically treated pediatric/adolescent scaphoid nonunions were identified from the 11 studies, including 157 nonvascularized bone graft procedures and 19 nongrafted rigid fixation procedures. Patients treated with a nongrafted method achieved union with a total random effects model revealing a union rate of 94.6%, whereas the grafted cohort had a union rate of 94.8%. Functional outcomes including range of motion and grip strength were significantly improved in both cohorts. Patients managed operatively with bone graft had 4 complications, in contrast those without bone grafting did not report complications (P=0.9).

Conclusion:

Surgical treatment of pediatric/adolescent scaphoid fracture nonunions produce excellent union rates and functional outcomes after surgical intervention, using both grafted and nongrafted techniques. Future prospective studies are needed to assess if the outcomes of a specific technique are more favorable, as well as to determine if differences exist based on fracture location.

Level of Evidence:

Level III. This study is a meta-analysis of studies containing level of evidence of III or greater.
PARACENTRAL ACUTE MIDDLE MACULOPATHY IN PREGNANCY
Authors: Chen Xuejing , Desai Shilpa J. , Baumal Caroline R.
Published: December 2017

Purpose:

To describe a case of paracentral acute middle maculopathy (PAMM) during the first trimester of pregnancy without other ocular or systemic comorbidities.

Methods:

Case report.

Results:

A 31-year-old woman in her first trimester of pregnancy presented with a paracentral scotoma in the absence of other retinal pathology or systemic associations. Optical coherence tomography showed a classic acute PAMM lesion, and optical coherence tomography angiography showed preservation of vascular flow in the area of the PAMM lesion 1 week after symptom onset. Subsequent workup for underlying systemic disease that can affect the retinal vasculature was negative.

Conclusion:

Paracentral acute middle maculopathy lesions have been described in eyes with retinal vascular disease and in people with systemic vascular diseases or events. This is the first described case of a PAMM lesion in the absence of associated factors other than an uncomplicated pregnancy.
Premature Termination of Psychotherapy in Patients With Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Gamache Dominick , Savard Claudia , Lemelin Sophie , Côté Alexandre , Villeneuve Évens
Published: December 2017

The goal of the present study was to establish profiles of patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) who dropped out early from an outpatient psychotherapy program. From a sample of 56 BPD patients who dropped out after the first of a three-year program, a TwoStep cluster analysis procedure was performed, using the five factors of the Treatment Attrition-Retention Scale for Personality Disorders (Gamache et al., J Pers Disord 1–21, 2017) and the Global Assessment of Functioning score (Spitzer et al., Global Assessment of Functioning [GAF] Scale. In Sederer LI, Dickey B [Eds], Outcomes assessment in clinical practice [pp 76–78]. Baltimore, MD: Walter and Williams) as clustering variables. Four clusters emerged: Higher-functioning, Narcissistic features/entitlement, Pseudo-normality, and Highly dysfunctional. Differences between the clusters were found on sex, occupational status, and presence of antisocial features. These findings could help both identify BPD patients at potential risk of dropping out of psychotherapy and adjust interventions accordingly to reduce premature termination.
Mechanisms of Image Stabilization in Central Vision Loss: Smooth Pursuit
Authors: González Esther G. , Tarita-Nistor Luminita , Mandelcorn Efrem , Mandelcorn Mark , Steinbach Martin J.
Published: December 2017

SIGNIFICANCE

In addition to understanding the adaptive mechanisms of eccentric viewing during smooth pursuit, the ocular motor adaptations of patients with central vision loss give us a better understanding of the basic mechanisms of smooth pursuit in the healthy visual system.

PURPOSE

For patients with age-related macular degeneration and controls with normal vision, we examined the closed-loop gain of horizontal and vertical smooth pursuit eye movements as a function of stimulus speed and direction. We hypothesized that pursuit gain functions would be affected by stimulus speed and the location of the preferred retinal locus (PRL) in relation to the scotoma as determined by a fixation stability task using a microperimeter. Specifically, that a PRL on the left of the scotoma in the visual field would decrease the rightward gain relative to the leftward gain and a PRL below the scotoma in the visual field would decrease the upward gain.

METHODS

Ten patients and 15 controls were tested in a step–ramp procedure with direction (left/right for horizontal motion; up/down for vertical motion), speed (5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 deg/s), and five replication conditions randomized and blocked by orientation (horizontal vs. vertical).

RESULTS

Horizontal pursuit had a higher gain than vertical pursuit. The two eyes of the patients moved conjugately with similar smooth pursuit gains. For horizontal pursuit, all patients, regardless of PRL location, showed significantly better pursuit of leftward motion. For vertical pursuit, downward pursuit had a higher gain than upward pursuit for most patients.

CONCLUSIONS

PRL location was not predictive of the directional preponderance of pursuit performance. These results imply that patients may not use the PRL that was initially found during a static fixation task; they may adapt to the task by using a PRL that appears more suitable.
Specific symptoms may discriminate between fibromyalgia patients with vs without objective test evidence of small-fiber polyneuropathy
Authors: Lodahl Mette , Treister Roi , Oaklander Anne Louise
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Introduction:

Multiple studies now confirm that ∼40% of patients with fibromyalgia syndrome meet diagnostic criteria for small-fiber polyneuropathy (SFPN) and have objective pathologic or physiologic evidence of SFPN, whereas 60% do not. Given possibilities that tens or hundreds of millions globally could have SFPN, developing screening tools becomes important.

Objectives:

This analysis explored whether specific symptoms might help distinguish these fibromyalgia endophenotypes.

Methods:

With institutional review board approval, all adults tested for SFPN by distal-leg skin biopsy or autonomic function testing at Massachusetts General Hospital in 2014 to 2015 were queried about symptoms. Inclusion required a physician's fibromyalgia syndrome diagnosis plus meeting the American College of Rheumatology 2010 Fibromyalgia Criteria. The primary outcome was the validated Small-fiber Symptom Survey, which captures severity of all known SFPN-associated symptoms. The Composite Autonomic Symptom Score-31, Short-Form Health Survey-36, and Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaires provided secondary outcomes.

Results:

Among the 39 participants, 14 had test-confirmed SFPN (SFPN+) and 25 did not (SFPN−). Their pain severity did not differ. Paresthesias (“tingling”) were different (worse) in the SFPN+ group (3.14 ± 0.9 vs 2.28 ± 1.1; P = 0.16). Their component subscore for dysautonomia symptoms was also worse (10.42 ± 4.0 vs 7.16 ± 4.0; P = 0.019). Receiver operating characteristic analyses revealed that each item had fair diagnostic utility in predicting SFPN, with areas under the curve of 0.729. No secondary questionnaires discriminated significantly.

Conclusion:

Among patients with fibromyalgia, most symptoms overlap between those with or without confirmed SFPN. Symptoms of dysautonomia and paresthesias may help predict underlying SFPN. The reason to screen for SFPN is because—unlike fibromyalgia—its medical causes can sometimes be identified and definitively treated or cured.
Application of a Healthcare Failure Modes and Effects Analysis to Identify and Mitigate Potential Risks in the Implementation of a National Prehospital Pediatric Rapid Sequence Intubation Program
Authors: Howard Ian , Castle Nicholas , Al Shaikh Loua Asad
Published: December 2017

Introduction

Rapid sequence intubation (RSI) has become the de facto airway method of choice in the emergency airway management of adult and pediatric patients. There is significant controversy regarding pediatric RSI in the prehospital setting, given not only the complexities inherent in both the procedure and patient population, but in variations in emergency medical service models, prehospital qualifications, scope of practice, and patient exposure too.

Methods

A Healthcare Failure Mode and Effects Analysis was conducted to identify and mitigate potential hazards in the national implementation of a prehospital pediatric RSI program. A process map and potential failure points were developed and identified. Probabilities, severity, and hazards scores were calculated for each failure point, and actions items developed to address these.

Results

One hundred four potential failure points were identified among 44 subprocesses, divided between nine major processes. In terms of severity, most were classified as either major (n = 39 [37.5%]) or catastrophic (n = 35 [33.7%]) with just more than half falling within the uncommon category (n = 56 [53.9%]) in terms of probability. Five strategic actions items were identified to mitigate against the failure points meeting criteria for action. To monitor the success of these, 11 quality and performance indicators were developed for concurrent implementation.

Conclusions

The Healthcare Failure Mode and Effects Analysis represents a simple yet comprehensive first step toward risk analysis of complex procedures within the prehospital emergency care setting. Application of the methodology provided guidance for the consensus identification of hazards associated with prehospital pediatric RSI and appropriate actions to mitigate them.
Use of Oral Hydration Protocols for Dysphagic Patients Following Stroke
Authors: Goroff Holly , Herzog Lauren , Cardi Roseann , Reding Michael
Published: December 2017

Purpose

The aim of the study was to describe the use of oral hydration protocols for dysphagic patients following stroke.

Design and Methods

We reviewed inpatient records for patients able to take food and liquids orally within 30 days of an ischemic stroke. Orders were hierarchically defined with three levels of liquid consistency modification (LCM) and six levels of augmented hydration orders (AHOs). Change from admission to discharge in hydration and functional independence measure (FIM) scores across LCM and AHO groups was assessed.

Findings

Length of stay, admission FIM, discharge FIM, and change in FIM scores were all significantly related to LCM and AHO group assignment. Need for supplemental intravenous hydration was low (6.9%) over the 2-year study period and was significantly related to both LCM and AHO group assignment.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance

The association of LCM and AHO interventions with functional outcomes and need for intravenous fluids helps to validate their clinical utility.
Falls in Hospitalized Children With Neurodevelopmental Conditions: A Cross-sectional, Correlational Study
Authors: Craig Francesco , Castelnuovo Rosanna , Pacifico Rossella , Leo Rosaria , Trabacca Antonio
Published: December 2017

Purpose

The aim of the current study was to investigate in-hospital falls among children with neurological or neurodevelopmental conditions and investigated associated child characteristics.

Design

A cross-sectional, correlational study design was used in this study. A total of 446 patients were enrolled in the study, of which 298 were admitted with neurological conditions and 148 with neurodevelopmental conditions.

Methods

Intelligent quotient (IQ) was assessed according to age, and the Humpty Dumpty Falls Scale (HDFS) was completed and scored for each participant.

Findings

The neurodevelopmental group showed higher HDFS total mean score (p = .001) compared to the neurological group. We found that fall rates are more frequent (p = .003) in the neurodevelopmental group (12.9%) compared with the neurological group (5.1%). In addition, we found that, in both groups, HDFS total mean score correlates negatively with children’s age, gender and IQ.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

The results of this study suggest that the fall prevention programs must be implemented in children with neurodevelopmental conditions, not only in children with neurological conditions.
A Feasibility Trial of Two Rehabilitation Models in Severe Cardiopulmonary Illness
Authors: Steele Bonnie G. , Dougherty Cynthia M. , Burr Robert L. , Colwell Ina Gylys , Hunziker James
Published: December 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to compare functional capacity and daily activity between two exercise rehabilitation interventions in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) over 6 months. Secondarily, we compared intervention groups on symptoms, depression, quality of life, and cardiopulmonary function.

Design/Methods

Ninety patients with severe COPD (n = 63) or HFrEF (n = 27) were randomized to either an exercise adherence intervention or standard cardiopulmonary rehabilitation. Patients were 65-year-old male veterans who had either severe COPD (FEV1 < 50% predicted) or HFrEF (EF% < 40%).

Results

There were no statistically significant differences between the intervention groups or COPD or HfrEF groups on functional capacity, daily activity, symptoms, depression, quality of life, or cardiopulmonary function at 6 months.

Conclusion

In late-stage COPD and HFrEF, functional capacity is not improved with rehabilitation interventions.

Clinical Relevance

In severe COPD and heart failure, cardiopulmonary rehabilitation conducted at home or in the outpatient setting was not beneficial.
The Surgical Outcomes of Totally Laparoscopic Stomach-partitioning Gastrojejunostomy for Gastric Outlet Obstruction: A Retrospective, Cohort Study
Authors: Kushibiki Toshihiro , Ebihara Yuma , Hontani Koji , Tanaka Kimitaka , Nakanishi Yoshitsugu , Asano Toshimichi , Noji Takehiro , Kurashima Yo , Murakami Soichi , Nakamura Toru , Tsuchikawa Takahiro , Okamura Keisuke , Shichinohe Toshiaki , Hirano Satoshi
Published: December 2017

Background:

We have reported the effectiveness of laparoscopy-assisted stomach-partitioning gastrojejunostomy Roux-en-Y reconstruction (LASPGJ-RY) for gastric outlet obstruction (GOO). The aim of this study was to evaluate the surgical outcomes of totally laparoscopic stomach-partitioning gastrojejunostomy Roux-en-Y reconstruction (TLSPGJ-RY) for GOO.

Materials and Methods:

This retrospective study enrolled 19 consecutive patients with GOO. Surgical outcomes of LASPGJ-RY (LA group; n=8) and TLSPGJ-RY (TL group; n=11) between January 2004 and 2015 were compared. The patients’ background characteristics, operative findings, postoperative complications, and period to starting postoperative chemotherapy were examined.

Results:

Eligible cases included 6 patients with gastric cancer, 4 with pancreatic cancer, 4 with duodenal cancer, 4 with urologic malignancies, and 1 with benign duodenal stenosis. The patients’ background characteristics were not significantly different. In surgical outcomes, there were no significant differences in operating time, bleeding, complications (≥Clavien-Dindo grade IIIA), and postoperative hospital stay between the groups. The time to resume diet was significantly shorter in the TL group (median, 3 d; range, 3 to 6 d) than in the LA group (median, 5 d; range, 3 to 7 d; P=0.0093), and the number of patients who could receive chemotherapy after surgery was significantly higher in the TL group (P=0.039).

Conclusions:

TLSPGJ-RY was a safe and feasible gastrojejunostomy procedure for GOO. TLSPGJ-RY might be useful for early resumption of oral intake after surgery.
Artificial Neural Networking Model for the Prediction of Early Occlusion of Bilateral Plastic Stent Placement for Inoperable Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Shao Feng , Huang Qiang , Wang Chen , Qiu LuJun , Hu Yuan Guo , Zha Shu Yun
Published: December 2017

Background:

This study aimed to determine whether the back-propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) model could be constructed to accurately in predicting early occlusion of bilateral plastic stent placement for inoperable hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HCA).

Methods:

A total of 288 patients from the An Hui provincial Hospital were randomly divided into the training cohort (80%) and the internal testing cohort (20%). The predictive accuracy of the BP-ANN for predicting early occlusion of bilateral plastic stent placement of inoperable HCA was measured by the area under the curve (AUC) on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The results were compared with those obtained using the conventional multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Results:

Multivariate analysis revealed that cancer stage (P=0.005) and Bismuth stage (P=0.003) were independently and significantly associated with early stent occlusion. In the training cohort, BP-ANN had larger AUC than the multivariate logistic regression model (P=0.00049). In the internal testing cohort, the AUC of the BP-ANN had larger AUC than the multivariate logistic regression model (P=0.02142).

Conclusions:

This study showed that the BP-ANN model is a good predictive tool. It performed better than the conventional and commonly used statistical model in predicting early occlusion of bilateral plastic stent placement for inoperable HCA.
Unbiased classification of mosquito blood cells by single-cell genomics and high-content imaging
Authors: Severo Maiara S. , Landry Jonathan J.M. , Lindquist Randall L. , Goosmann Christian , Brinkmann Volker , Collier Paul , Hauser Anja E. , Benes Vladimir , Henriksson Johan , Teichmann Sarah A. , Levashina Elena A.
Published: December 2017

Mosquito blood cells are ancestral immune cells that help control infection by vector-borne pathogens. Despite their importance, little is known about mosquito blood cell biology beyond the ambiguous morphological and functional criteria used for their classification. Here we combined the power of single-cell RNA-sequencing, imaging flow cytometry and single-molecule RNA hybridization to analyze blood cells of the malaria mosquitoAnopheles gambiae. By demonstrating that blood cells express nearly half of the mosquito transcriptome, our dataset represents an unprecedented view into their transcriptional machinery. Analyses of differentially expressed genes identified transcriptional signatures of two distinct cell types that challenge the current morphology-based classification of these cells. We further demonstrated an active transfer of a cellular marker between blood cells that confounds their identity. We propose that cell-to-cell exchange is broadly relevant for cell type classification and may account for the remarkable cellular diversity observed in nature.
Visual Continuous Recognition Reveals Widespread Cortical Contributions to Scene Memory
Authors: Ellmore Timothy M. , Reichert Chelsea P. , Ng Kenneth , Mei Ning
Published: December 2017

Humans have a remarkably high capacity and long duration memory for complex scenes. Previous research documents the neural substrates that allow for efficient categorization of scenes from other complex stimuli like objects and faces, but the spatiotemporal neural dynamics underlying scene memory are less well understood. In the present study, we used high density EEG during a visual continuous recognition task in which new, old, and scrambled scenes consisting of color outdoor photographs were presented at an average rate 0.26 Hz. Old scenes were single repeated presentations occurring within either a short-term (≤ 20 seconds) or longer-term intervals of between 30 sec and 3 minutes or 4 and 10 minutes. Overall recognition was far above chance, with better performance at short- than longer-term intervals. A group ANOVA found parietal and frontal ERPs discriminated the three scene types as early as 59 ms after stimulus onset. Parietal ERPs were greater for old compared to new scenes by 189 ms, while fronto-temporal ERPs were greater for new compared to old scenes by 194 ms. For old scenes presented within longer-term intervals, parieto-temporal and centro-frontal ERPs were greater by 228 and 355 ms respectively compared to old scenes presented within a short-term interval. Supervised machine learning exhibited above-chance decoding of scene type by 275 ms. Single-subject BOLD-fMRI showed greater activity for old scenes across frontal, parietal, and temporal cortex. These converging findings show that a widespread network including parietal, frontal, and temporal regions supports short- and long-term scene memory.

Significance Statement

The ability to recognize a scene as novel or familiar is critical for basic cognition. Scene recognition plays an important role in episodic memory because it helps us quickly establish place, a first step in recalling where previous events occurred. Short-term recognition supports our ability to detect changes in the immediate environment, an ability critical to survival. Scene recognition after a longer-term interval is often the essential cue for retrieving autobiographical memories. Previous behavioral studies demonstrate high capacity and long duration scene memory. Neural studies have identified the brain regions that support scene-specific processing. The present study extends this research by filling a gap in understanding how distributed spatiotemporal patterns of neural activity support short- and long-term scene memory.