bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metallogenic Prediction of Metal Minerals Based on Remote Sensing Technology
Authors: Li Yuanyuan
Published: April 2021

Human beings have many indispensable material resources in the development of the earth, and mineral resources are an important part of them. In China, mineral resources are also one of the important products since ancient times. In today’s era, China has entered an important period of building a well-off society in an all-round way. With the deepening of urbanization, social production and people’s growing living needs, China’s demand for mineral resources is also rising. However, due to endless mining and development, mineral resources in our country have become increasingly scarce, the reserve reserves are seriously insufficient, and the supply of mineral resources in the development and use is in short supply. In order to solve this difficult problem, this paper studies the metallogenic prediction of metal minerals by remote sensing technology, analyzes the relevant data, and provides a scientific basis for further resource exploration.
Application of Artificial Intelligence in Higher Vocational English Teaching Mode
Authors: Wu Xiao
Published: April 2021

Science and technology has always been an indispensable force in the reform of English teaching(ET) mode. In recent years, the extensive application of AI technology has also accelerated the ET Reform under the background of AI. However, due to the fact that the research is still in the trial stage, there are still many problems in the practical application of many higher vocational colleges(HVC). Therefore, this paper puts forward the application research of AI in Higher Vocational ET mode. In this paper, the main problems and advantages of AI technology in ET are analyzed in depth. It is considered that the current reform has some typical problems, such as over reliance on multimedia, lack of innovation in multimedia teaching content, and no change in teaching thinking mode. In view of these problems, this paper puts forward the optimization and improvement measures, through the establishment of AI education platform and other means, to strengthen the intelligent work of English education. Based on the analysis of the changes of students and teachers in learning and teaching English according to AI, it is believed that because of the change of teaching methods, the ET in HVC has become much easier, and the students’ interest in learning has also been greatly improved. The results of the survey on the implementation of AI cloud teaching further confirm that AI has great help for ET. This paper holds that accelerating the reform of modern education is a major development trend of education in the future, and AI plays an important role in this aspect.
Dynamic and Static Analysis of a AGV Forklift
Authors: Yan Wen , Fang Jia , Chu Weijie , Fu Zehuai , Zhu Shuwei
Published: April 2021

In this paper, a dynamic counterweight device is designed to avoid the offset of AGV forklift in the actual vehicle operation; the strength of the working device under dangerous working conditions is verified by finite element static analysis; based on the multi-body dynamics theory, the dynamic analysis of the forklift truck shows that the reason for the deviation is the eccentric load of the forklift after lifting. The function of the dynamic counterweight device is verified by the dynamic analysis of whether there is a dynamic counterweight device or not. The results show that the dynamic counterweight device can significantly improve the running deviation of AGV forklift when the eccentric load meets the design requirements, and improves the motion accuracy.
Integrated Design and Verification of Civil Aircraft Cockpit Crew Alerting System Based on System Engineering
Authors: Li Kai , Zuo Pianpian
Published: April 2021

The cockpit crew alerting system is an important part of the modern cockpit and the only channel for the flight crew to obtain the status of the aircraft system. With the development of avionics, aircraft systems are becoming more and more complex, and more and more information needs to be obtained by the flight crew through the cockpit crew alerting system. So, how to make the flight crew correctly and efficiently obtain the required information becomes the design difficulty of the cockpit crew alerting system. This paper applies system engineering theory and methods to propose a forward design and verification method for the cockpit crew alerting system. This method reduces design changes due to incomplete demand capture, reduces product development costs, and provides a reference for the integrated design and airworthiness verification of the cockpit crew alerting system in the future.
Study on Optimization for High Lift Devices of Civil Aircraft Based on Rapid Calculation Method
Authors: Mao Jun , Chen Yingchun
Published: April 2021

For the requirements of aircraft high lift device design, sorts out the key links of aerodynamic calculation, optimization design process and optimization strategy selection required for the parameters optimization. By selecting accurate and efficient calculation and analysis software, compiling high lift devices 3D model forming program and calculation analysis software pre-processing program, engineering application research of aerodynamic characteristic analysis software and the establishment of calculation analysis platform are carried out. Combined with the optimization software to establish the optimization process and define the optimization objectives and constraints, the optimization design platform for the parameters of the civil aircraft high lift device based on the multi-control section and multi-airfoil is realized. The optimization results of the calculation examples are in good agreement with the wind tunnel test results, which provide guarantee for the parameters optimization of the high lift devices of civil aircraft.
Design Method and Strength Verification for Wind Power Generators Based on Line Gear Increasers
Authors: Deng Aiping , Geng Ting , Li Xingyuan , Ding Jiang
Published: April 2021

Wind power generation is widely considered as one of the most potential solutions to the energy crisis. Common wind generators in the industry are usually extremely huge. However, these huge wind generators are not decently available for remote places like border posts or observation stations. To maximize electricity production, wind generators of compact sizes are desired. This paper presents the design method and strength verification for a wind power generator based on line gear increasers. The line gear is a new type of gear that meshes between a pair of space curves. Based on the theory of line gear, a new design method of gear increaser is proposed. The space curve shape design, the meshing stress analysis, and the strength verification are carried out for the line gears. This paper can provide reference for the miniaturization design of wind power generators.
Product Innovation: A Multimodal Interaction Design Method based on HCI and TRIZ
Authors: Chen Shaohan , Kamarudin Khairul Manami , Yan Shihua
Published: April 2021

The border between tangible and digital products is getting more diffuse, which has caused the focus of product innovation to migrate from technology to user experience and Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). In HCI, the comprehensive interactions between users and products are collectively referred to as multimodal interaction, and multimodal interaction defines the user experience of the product. However, there is currently a lack of design methods for multimodal interaction. This paper presents a multimodal interaction design method by exploiting the synergy of HCI and TRIZ. This method covers the whole design process, from the analysis of the user needs to the generation of the design solutions and it contains tools as flexible as active, a more valid view on user experience is provided during all design stages. A case experiment validated the effectiveness of the method. The implications of this study will help designers to innovate products with multimodal interaction.
Research on User Experience Based on Competition Websites
Authors: Xu Jiawei , Zhang Zhisheng
Published: April 2021

The design of the website interface has an impact on the user experience in all aspects. A set of relatively perfect interactive interface is often in line with the needs, cognition and behavior of the target user to form a good experience. In order for users to have a good experience in their use, subjective evaluation and usability evaluation methods are usually used to test and tune after the interface is designed. This analysis method has its limitations. For example, it cannot reveal the thinking process and psychological activities of the user and the interface in the interaction process for the designer, and provide the tester with the time and space information of the user’s search and processing process. This paper adopts more cutting-edge research methods. First, we analyze the usability of three websites of the same type and different structure, such as evaluating the effectiveness by task completion rate and error rate, and evaluating efficiency by operating time and operating path. Secondly, conduct eye movement experiments on users, further assist and re-verify the usability evaluation method, and analyze its dynamic interaction characteristics, and conduct a comprehensive user experience research on competition websites from qualitative and quantitative perspectives.
Analyze the Quality of Math Kangaroo Problems with a Content Analysis
Authors: Jiang Peijie , Xiong Bin
Published: April 2021

The research analyzed problems in Math Kangaroo (5&6) with a content analysis method from four aspects: problem background, knowledge structure, cognitive structure and thinking mode. There were several detailed analysis indicators for each aspect. The research results show that the problems in Math Kangaroo have the following characteristics: the pictures are beautifully presented, the backgrounds are natural and interesting, and it does not deviate from the essence of mathematics; the knowledge points are not much, but a deep understanding is required; mathematical thinking and problem analysis are needed. Th enlightenment is: good problems are problems that the problem solving process should help improve students’ thinking ability and they should be solved by serious thinking.
A Study on the Utilization of Drone Education in the Fourth Industrial Revolution
Authors: Chun Hyunjin
Published: April 2021

In the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, various high-tech technologies are developed. Among these technologies, drone field is currently very burgeoning and important. Especially when drones become cheaper, drone technology gets more popular. Therefore, research on the methodology of drone education is very necessary. And in future societies, the demand for creative talent increases. However, there is a lack of relevant research compared to the importance of drone education. So this study is about the methodology of drone education that is practically available in educational institutions. The results of this study can enhance learners’ understanding of drones and the opportunity to use drones in various fields. In addition, the learners will be able to improve their problem-solving skills and creativity. And these findings can be used in future drone projects. In addition, the result of the study can be a theoretical basis for future education.
Production cost efficiency analysis of regional water companies in eastern Indonesia
Authors: Setiawan A R , Gravitiani E , Rahardjo M
Published: April 2021

Climate change can cause decreasing the quantity and quality of both surface and groundwater resources due to the increasing temperature and water evaporation. The Regional Water Companies (Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum/PDAMs) that use both surface and groundwater for supplying water to the community have many challenges to expanding services due to the effect of climate change. Also, the territory of Indonesia in the form of an archipelago makes the effect of climate change can be higher and disrupt the stability of water resources, especially in Eastern Indonesia. This study aimed to analyzes the efficiency of production costs by using PDAM performance indicator data for fiscal years 2016 until 2018. The data sourced from the Water Supply Improvement System Implementation Agency (Badan Peningkatan Penyelenggaraan Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum/BPPSPAM). Using a statistical cost method, we highlight several independent variables that are likely to affect PDAM cost-efficiency. The study results showed that of the 48 PDAMs observed, 28 were classified as efficient (58.33%) while the remaining 20 (41.67%) were inefficient. Energy costs, maintenance costs and general administrative costs become significant factors affecting the efficiency of production costs, but not chemical costs. In addition to costs, variable non-revenue water, service coverage and number of employees also influence cost efficiency. An efficient PDAMs can continue to expand their service coverage by reducing non-revenue water and the costs above by also incorporating the impact of climate change in their medium and long-term planning.
The resistance of restorer lines and F1 hybrids to bacterial leaf blight disease
Authors: Widyastuti Y , Kartina N , Wibowo B P , Nasution A , Satoto
Published: April 2021

Bacterial leaf blights (BLB) is one of a major problem in hybrid rice cultivation cause yield losses from 15 to 80%. The disease is caused by the bacterium of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). To overcome this problem, improvement of hybrid rice parental lines have been conducted since 2010 in the Indonesian Center for Rice Research. There were two activities conducted in the research i.e. evaluation of some improved parental lines resistance to BLB and evaluation of their F1 hybrid for yield and agronomic traits during the dry season of 2015 in a field station. Results showed that several Restorer lines were resistant to BLB. The restorer lines CRS850, CRS851, CRS882, 890, and CRS982 have been identified as resistant lines in early tillering and booting stages to both Xoo IV and VIII races. Those Restorer lines are the potential to use as parental lines to develop new hybrid varieties possessing resistance to BLB. The best F1 hybrids with resistance to BLB was GMJ7/CRS850 that showed resistance in early tillering and booting stages to both Xoo IV and VIII races. GMJ12/CRS890 hybrid showed the best performance and yielded higher than that of the check variety.
Selected soil nutrient availability, plant nutrient uptake and upland rice yield in response to rice straw and mycorrhiza application
Authors: Syamsiyah J , Sunarminto B H , Hanudin E , Widada J , Setyawati A , Suntoro
Published: April 2021

Climate change such as long drought will have an impact on food supply. Adaptation to these conditions must be conducted by improving food production. This study aims to determine the effect of straw and mycorrhizal use on soil moisture, nutrient availability and uptake as well as upland rice yield. This field trial used 3 x 2 factors, with 4 replications arranged in a Complete Randomized Block Design. The first factor consists of without straw; fresh straw (10 ton/ha); and weathered straw (10 ton/ha). The second factor was without and with mycorrhizae (5 gram/plant). The result showed that the application of fresh straw and weathered straw combine with mycorrhizal inoculation can increase soil moisture, improve the availability of soil N, P, K, increase the uptake of N, P, K. There is a positive correlation between soil moisture content with the uptake of N, P, K on the plant. Moreover, The highest grain yield (3.9 ton/ha) was obtained at the weathered straw combine with mycorrhizae. An application of rice straw in any condition can optimize soil fertility and can be used as a way of adaptation to climate change.
Water management for increase rice production in the tidal swampland of Kalimantan, Indonesia: constraints, limitedness and opportunities
Authors: Hairani A , Noor M
Published: April 2021

Water management is a key factor in the development of swampland for agriculture, especially rice. Naturally, swampland is affected by water tide from the sea or river during spring and neap tide. Micro water management greatly influences the success of farming in swampland. The functions of micro water management: improvement of land quality, leaching out of ions and toxic compounds, controlling of certain weeds and pests, plant growth and yield, and mitigating of climate change and greenhouse gas emissions. There are many factors influence the increasing rice production in swampland through improved water management. For example, the implementation of a one-way water flow system or a dam overflow system is restricted by tide strength, canal dimensions, and construction and operational of water gate. Support of water supply network infrastructure is important and influences land productivity and cropping intensity. In poor swamp irrigation areas (SIA), most farmers can only plant once a year (Cropping Index, CI=100) with productivity 2-3 t ha-1. But in a good SIA, the yield reaches 6-7 t ha-1 and 2-3 planting times a year (CI 180-200). The implementation of water management in agriculture in swampland also requires the participation of farmers and solid institutional of water administrator. This paper is a review of several research results on the implementation of water management in tidal swampland that have been carried out by Indonesian Swampland Agricultural Research Institute (ISARI). This paper will address the constraints, limitations and opportunities of water management including an effort to mitigate and adapt to climate change through water management in tidal swampland of Kalimantan, Indonesia.
Habitat suitability model of Agarwood in a changing climate
Authors: Sutomo  , Iryadi R , Kurniawati F
Published: April 2021

Agarwood is a resin produced from several types of trees that are infected. The high demand for agarwood causes CITES in 2004 to include this in appendix II, meaning that the agarwood trading is determined by quota. The Global Climate Change Model (GCM) predicts that by the end of the 21st century, compared with the pre-1980s, global warming will lead to an increase in average temperatures of 3-4 °C, a decrease in rainfall 30-40%, significant changes in seasons and severe weather events. When there are changes in these climate variables, the habitat value for the area will also change. This study aims to develop a species distribution model of Aquilaria malaccensis based on naturalised distribution to project the potential distribution of A. malaccensis throughout Indonesia under current climate conditions and to assess the sensitivity of this distribution to climate change. The Biodiversity and Climate Change Virtual Laboratory application was used for this analysis. The distribution of A. malaccensis looks to be changing where in the year 2050 the decline in the number of locations estimated to be suitable for A. malaccensis habitat will experience a significant decline such as distribution on the islands of Kalimantan, Bali, Lombok, and Timor. The opposite pattern is found in the pattern of prediction of its distribution on Sumatra and Sumba. On both of these islands, the number of suitable habitat prediction locations for A. malaccensis will increase by 2050. This study has an important implication on the agarwood, where it emphasizing that conservation (both in-situ and ex-situ) of A. malaccensis agarwood is needed.
Peri-urbanization of small cities in Java and its impacts on paddy fields: The case of Tegal Urban Region, Indonesia
Authors: Mardiansjah F H , Sugiri A , Ma’rif S
Published: April 2021

Extended urban formation and peri-urbanization processes have characterized the urbanization process in small cities in Java, the most fertile island that produces more than half of the national rice production. The process has brought the growth of small cities’ urban activities expand to their rural surroundings and reduce the available paddy fields, which increase the impact on greenhouse gas production and spoiling rural resources. Using the case of extended formation in Tegal Region, formed by Tegal City and the two surrounding kabupaten (regencies/districts), this paper aims to discuss the influences of such urbanization process on paddy fields in the region. The analysis uses time serial statistical data gathered from the monograph of the region from 1990 until now. It uses kecamatan (sub-districts) as the observation units that are classified into some groups based on their distance to the city. The result shows that the peri-urbanization process of small cities also brings impacts on the availability of paddy fields, including those that are equipped with technical irrigation systems. Later, a discussion on policy implications of the peri-urbanization process of small cities that can be useful for formulating better approaches in managing small cities’ growth in the future concludes the paper.
DPSIR1 model approach to address land-use changes in Deli Serdang District, North Sumatera Province
Authors: Rahmawaty  , Harahap M M , Kurniawan H , Mandasari D
Published: April 2021

Deli Serdang Regency is bordered by Medan City, Langkat, Karo, Simalungun, and Serdang Bedagai Districts, North Sumatra Province. This study aimed to analyze land-use changes during ten years period in Deli Serdang District. Land-use changes were spatially analyzed using Geographic Information System (GIS). The factors causing land-use changes, the Driving Force, Pressure, State, Impact and Response (DPSIR) models were used. The results showed that within an interval of ten years (2009-2019) there were land-use changes in Deli Serdang. The area of land use had increased, including: Mangrove forest (4,589.56 ha to 5,645.23 ha), industry (2,470.52 ha to 3,316.39 ha), open land (361.11 ha to 1,451.04 ha), Plantation (80,649.32 ha to 88,411.56 ha), settlement (21,596.50 ha to 23,581.43 ha) and shrubs (2,332.16 ha to 3,013.33 ha). The area of land use that were reduced include dryland forests, mixed gardens, cultivation, paddy fields and ponds. The increasing open land and industry, the reduction in the vegetation area, especially forests, are the important issues in climate change because forests acts as carbon absorber. Based on the DPSIR analysis, population increase is a trigger factor for land–use changes in Deli Serdang Regency.
The environmentally friendly technology: A framework for the development of tidal swampland to promote food production in Indonesia
Authors: Yusuf WA , Husnain  , Anwar K , Khairullah I
Published: April 2021

High yield and low methane emission are two goals in tidal swampland management systems. In tidal swampland, draining converts soil organic matter to be oxidized and release emission of CO2 into the atmosphere. Organic matter has been used as a soil amendment to improve the properties of this soil. Methane is produced by anaerobic soil bacteria, methanogens, and methanotrophs, by utilizing organic matter from the soil and rice root exudates, and it is transported to the atmosphere through aerenchyma. In wetland soil, rice straw incorporation with and existing vegetation are a source of organic matter to improve soil fertility. However, management of organic matter with a traditional system called “Tajak, Puntal, Ampar” often increase methane (CH4) emissions, one of the main sources of anthropogenic CH4. A portion of organic matter decomposition in saturated soils yielding methane (CH4) rather than CO2. Methane is one of the main greenhouse gases and is known to be a major cause of global warming. We analyze each of the components of technology and its relation to lessons learned. The environmentally friendly technology in tidal swampland includes: water management, land preparation and land management, amelioration and fertilization, use of low-emission varieties, and intercropping. Implementation of this technology in swamps can reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This paper presents a framework for environmentally friendly farming in the wetland for food production, which includes (1) the characterization and problem of soil; and (2) environmentally friendly technology. Implementation of this technology in swamps can reduce GHG
The stability of high Zinc rice strain in different agro climate conditions
Authors: Barokah Umi , Parjanto  , Djoar D W , Susanto Untung
Published: April 2021

The production of crops, especially rice, is agitated due to climate change. The change in climate conditions causes the change of growing and harvesting season of rice. Zinc is a micronutrient that is needed by the body for its growth. The symptoms of zinc deficiency, both small and large, can cause stunted growth, eczema, hair loss, delayed sexual maturity and mental development disorders. This study aimed to determine agronomic performance stability and rice genotypes’ yield with high-contain zinc and high yield in different agro-climate conditions. The test was carried out on two different agro-climates, namely, in Karang Village, Karang Pandan, Karanganyar (highlands) with a height of + 830 meters above sea level (masl) and in Plumbon Village, Mojolaban, Sukoharjo (lowlands) with a height of + 121 masl, from February to June 2017. A total of ten strains and two comparative varieties (Ciherang and Inpari 5 Merawu) were tested using a Randomized Block Design repeated four times on a 4m x 5m plot following a spacing of 25cm x 25cm and using transplanting techniques. The test results showed that the strain of IR 97477-115-1-CRB-0-SKI-1-SKI-0-2, IR 99284-15-3-2, IR 97477-115-1-CRB-0-SKI-3-SKI-0-2, B13884E-MR-22-3-1 and B13884-MR-29-1-1 had a relatively high-contain Zinc of broken rice in the two test sites. However, the strain of IR 97477-115-1-CRB-0-SKI-1-SKI-0-2 and IR 97477-115-1-CRB-0-SKI-3-SKI-0-2 had high stability of yield and Zinc content in different agro-climate conditions. So, it is prospective to provide new high yielding varieties.
Estimation of greenhouse gases from sewage from on-site sewage management system
Authors: Pratama M A , Amrina U , Kristanto G A
Published: April 2021

Reducing greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions plays an important role in preventing global warming and climate change. It is generally known that domestic wastewater management activities are significant contributors to the emissions due to its biological process that produces methane, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide. Various studies related to GHGs emissions from this sector have been conducted. However, only limited studies focused on the on-site sewage treatment. Since 72% of total existing wastewater treatment facilities in Indonesia are on-site systems, this study attempted to estimate GHGs emissions from each component in the system using the IPCC method. Depok City was chosen as the study case and the estimation was limited to on-site treatment tank, wastewater collection tank, and fecal sludge treatment system. Our study estimated that the total annual emissions from the on-site sewage system in Depok City were 232.45 Gg CO2eq, consisted of 232.39 Gg CO2eq of on-site emissions and 0.0662 Gg CO2eq of off-site emissions. Among the system component, direct emissions from the on-site treatment such as septic tanks is the highest contributor to the total emission (70% followed by direct emission from fecal sludge treatment plant (19%). Through scenario evaluations, this study suggests that converting private septic tanks into the communal type is the most effective strategy in reducing total GHGs emissions from on-site wastewater treatment systems.
The characteristics of swampland rice farming in South Sumatra: local wisdom for climate change mitigation
Authors: Ratmini N P S , Herwenita
Published: April 2021

Swampland has been used for agriculture for hundreds of years, yet most still use traditional ways. In general, rice farming in swampland is cultivated once a year before the dry season depending on land classification. This paper presents the swampland rice farming system’s role as local wisdom that needs to be maintained for environment preservation and climate change mitigation. Data was collected through interviews with farmers and extension workers and reviews of relevant experimental studies and articles. The success of rice farming in swampland is primarily determined by nature such as sudden flood and drought. Swampland is divided into three typologies, namely shallow swampland, mid swampland, and deep swampland. The nursery system and rice variety selection are key for successful rice farming in swampland. There are dry and floating nursery systems in South Sumatra. The dry nursery is carried out in dry land and field beds, usually done for shallow swampland; floating nursery is carried out in higher water level swampland using rafts made from waterweeds. Some of superior adaptive varieties in swampland are Inpara-1, Inpara-2, Inpara-4, Batutegi, Limboto, Inpari-1, Inpari-4, Inpari-6, Inpari-9 and Mekongga which may increase production in swampland.
The spatial ecology dynamics of groundwater quality: a case study of the urban environment, Yogyakarta City, Indonesia
Authors: Nurroh S , Gunawan T , Kurniawan A
Published: April 2021

Ecological vulnerability assessment is essential to environmental degradation and resource management, particularly in the urban environment that given recent global warming concerns. In this study, we propose to evaluate the spatial ecology dynamics of groundwater quality with a typical ecologically in the urban environment, Yogyakarta city, as a case study. The proposed method is based on the definition of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Water (IPCC VI) using software GeoDA 10.4. The results of the research study indicated the ecological spatial dynamics of quality groundwater in Yogyakarta City had variations in spatial correlation distribution. The overall result is 19% of the High-High (HH) classification areas appeared mainly between high concentration and the high population densities, where the economic activities have been developing rapidly. As well, 27% of the Low-Low (LL) classification areas appeared mainly between low concentration and the low population densities. The applied analysis indicates a spatial correlation between groundwater quality index and population densities index in the urban environment with positive autocorrelation. Based on result research that indicates the urgency of applying the sanitation facilities to convince local society for anticipating climate change regarding groundwater quality.
Pattern of forest biomass recovery and biodiversity loss after reduced impact logging in East Kalimantan
Authors: Susanty F H
Published: April 2021

Climate change substantially impacts sustainable ecosystem management, seeking to maintain the maximum amount of biomass and control biodiversity loss. Reduced impact logging (RIL) is a means to reduce the impact of biomass and biodiversity loss on natural production. This practice makes an important contribution to climate change mitigation and adaptation. This study aimed to determine the variation pattern of biomass recovery and biodiversity loss on natural forest stands after using the RIL technique. The approach to assessing the pattern was based on measuring growth patterns and quantitative ecological parameters on stands. The value was constructed based on STREK plots data in the Labanan forest. The total plot was 48 ha with 4 different treatments, using 28 years of data measurements. The biomass recovery values pattern is based on stand structure pattern, basal area, volume and aboveground biomass values. The biodiversity loss indicated by quantitative ecological values included a heterogeneity index, richness index, and similarity index. Fluctuations on stand structure changes followed lognormal curves. This study demonstrates the importance of the RIL technique in maintaining existing stored biomass in standing stock and allowing 99 % recovery 27 years after logging. This technique could curtail biodiversity loss as indicated by maintaining the high heterogeneity and richness indices of species, but the similarity to the primary forest’s initial conditions will reach 60–70 %.
1-D HEC-RAS modelling and the vulnerability level assessment of Belik River sub-watershed
Authors: Prastica R M S
Published: April 2021

Restoration of sub-watershed needs a comprehensive point of views because the climate change factors could affect any environment aspects inside it. The paper investigates the Belik River sub-watershed in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The research aims to analyze the characteristics of the river in the study area and to assess its vulnerability level. The observation employs HEC-RAS supporting tool to simulate 1-D frames of the river to visualize the characteristics of the river. Then, the vulnerability level is evaluated by field survey to conclude the restoration strategy in the sub-watershed. There are two findings in this research: first, the river has a high level of vulnerability to the water-related disaster and second, the sub-watershed is classified as high-risk level of the endangered environment. Hence, the proposed restoration strategy is compulsorily needed to mitigate and to rehabilitate the sub-watershed. To conclude, the Belik River sub-watershed could be categorized as a red zone of high-risk level towards environmental vulnerability to flooding, contaminants, aquatic habitat, and social prosperity.
The hydraulics analysis of the USBR stilling basin type of a dam under multiple flow discharge scenarios (A case study of Temef Dam, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia)
Authors: Widiarti W Y , Wiyono R U A , Laksono N J T , Wahyuni S
Published: April 2021

Temef Dam was built to meet the needs of water supply and irrigation. Climate change and dam construction exaggerate security issues related to water resources. One important part of dam construction is the stilling basin, which can dissipate the energy from the discharge of the spillway and preserve the dam from flooding and degradation. The purpose of this study was to determine the most appropriate USBR stilling basin type under multiple flow discharge scenarios. The analysis involved 1) determining the designed flood hydrograph and 2) hydraulic analysis to select the USBR stilling basin. The study results showed that 1) analysis of the designed flood hydrograph for a 100-year return period up to the PMF showed values from 890 m3/second to 4300 m3/second and 2) the appropriate stilling basin is a USBR Type II. The results also presented detailed hydraulic structure calculations (stilling basin length = 47 m, stilling basin wall height = 15 m, steep channel blocks = 14 pieces, and indentation blocks = 9 pieces). This study is very useful because the right design will be able to ensure the smooth operation of the dam and prevent the dam from damage.
Promote collaborative governance? Review of disaster risk reduction strategy in Jakarta
Authors: Rahmayanti K P
Published: April 2021

Increasing climate change problems affect disaster risks that will be fundamental threats to sustainable development. Climate change has driven global warming results in repeated severe flooding across Greater Jakarta and its surrounding cities. Central, provincial, and local government regulations reflect the public sectors’ effort in disaster risk reduction. This study aims to analyze the current disaster risk reduction strategies and investigate the collaborative perspective on floods that affected the local government. This research utilizes a post-positivism approach and collects data through in-depth interviews, online media content analysis, and literature studies. The study found that the central and local governments have policies that are in place to reduce the risk of floods. The government already implemented structural and nonstructural disaster risk reduction. The result implies that various government levels already establish policies to increase collaborative perspectives among government institutions. However, it is essential to create an integrated framework to facilitate a more collaborative process in managing floods in Jakarta.
Cumulonimbus cloud prediction based on machine learning approach using radiosonde data in Surabaya, Indonesia
Authors: Putra R M , Fibriantika E , Herawati H , Kusumayanti Y , Afriani E , Hidayanti A , Wiujiana A , Swastiko W A , Andrianto D
Published: April 2021

Increase in frequency and strength of cumulonimbus is one of the impacts of climate change. The presence of cumulonimbus usuallyy causes extreme weather. Cumulonimbus can produce heavy rainfalls, tornadoes, turbulences, and other extreme weather events. Upper air conditions have a great effect on the process of cloud growth. Radiosonde observations can be used to predict the presence of cumulonimbus in the short-term period of weather forecast. This study aimed to predict the occurrence of cumulonimbus using radiosonde data based on the machine learning approach. In this study, indices data from upper-air observation were used. The model prediction of radiosonde data was trained using machine learning to predict the presence of cumulonimbus. Based on data processing results, the prediction of cumulonimbus events using radiosonde indices data is good enough when implemented in new test data. The influence of the Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) index in the predictor index predicts cumulonimbus. Machine learning model can predict cumulonimbus incidence by 80% in one month testing period when adding the CAPE index. Meanwhile, when not using CAPE, cumulonimbus events’ predicted results only reach 72% of events. The false alarm rate when adding CAPE was 17% and without CAPE was 21%. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the prediction of cumulonimbus cloud events using radiosonde data based on the machine learning approach is sufficiently reliable to be used.
The changes of the start in the wet season and dry season and potential electrical energy on wet season based on hydrology (Case: Kalijirak River, Karanganyar Regency)
Authors: Hadiani R R , Solichin  , Rosyid M I , Pariyanto D , Hadi S
Published: April 2021

Climate change causes changes at the beginning of the rainy season and the dry season. In Microhydro planning, determining the rainy season’s right start is very important to determine the energy potential. The beginning of the dry season is an excellent time to start carrying out structural work. This research was conducted in Kalijirak River, Mount Bromo Forest and Karanganyar Regency, a forest protected by the Indonesian government. The survey shows that the river flow is up to 1,458 m3/s in the dry season. This discharge is the potential to generate electrical energy. The construction must build in the dry season. This research aims to determine the beginning of the rainfall season to know the potential energy can generate and the beginning of the dry season to schedule the construction—analysis of seasonal changes based on rainfall intensity while analyzing energy potential based on dependable discharge. The rainfall-runoff simulation uses the Mock method to produce a dependable discharge. The results show that the beginning of the November rainy season period secondmeans that the rainy season shifts back four periods, and the beginning of the dry season in May period 2 means the dry season shifts back four periods). This means, if the season moves late, the start of construction is also late. It late up to fourPeriode. Besides that, it also shows that the annual energy potential is 64,774,372 kWh.
Variability of PM10 in a Global Atmosphere Watch Station near the equator
Authors: Supeni A , Permadi D A , Gunawan D , Dayantolis W , Suwarman R
Published: April 2021

Particulate Matter or aerosol is associated with climate change and global warming through the effect called radiative forcing. Biomass burning aerosol consists of Black Carbon, which has a positive radiative forcing that warms the atmosphere. The goal of this study is to ascertain biomass burning in Sumatera Island’s effect on aerosol concentration. We used Particulate Matter with diameter less than 10 µm (PM10) concentration in the near equator Global Atmosphere Watch Bukit Kototabang (GAW-BKT) and biomass burning in Sumatera Island from Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) hotspot count. The statistical and spatial analysis was done for 2014-2018, which include the severe 2015 biomass-burning season. From the analysis of PM10 concentration and hotspot (R2=0.85) and air mass trajectories, biomass burning in Sumatera is the source of PM10 in GAW-BKT. Statistical analysis showed that hotspot in Sumatera, as well as PM10 concentration, follows a monsoonal pattern where the 90th percentile of the hotspot and PM10 concentration fell on dry season. The seasonal variabilities of particulates suggest the strong contribution of biomass open burning which occurred annually with different intensities.
Gas emission study of a crop residue burning machine
Authors: Sulastri N N , Long J , Buser M , Funk P
Published: April 2021

Crop residue burning is a common agriculture practice to eliminate post-harvest vegetative material, which hinders the seedling of the next crop. A prototype of a crop residue burning machine was developed and equipped with six LPG burners. The burners were designed as a forced-draft burner where the air was supplied by a blower/pump. While open field burning is a practical and economical practice for controlling insects, diseases, and weeds, the environmental risks of this activity are an issue. Open biomass burning is a major source of global air pollutants and has a major impact on global climate change. This study aimed to estimate the concentration of CO and NOx emitted from the combustion using this prototype. CO and NOx are important indirect greenhouse gases that affect the formation of tropospheric ozone or change the lifetime of methane. The air pollutants were measured using ECOM-EN2. The gas velocity, static pressure, and gas concentration were sampled with 1 minute’s average sampling time. Gas emission study shows a high concentration of O2 in the flue gas. The recorded CO and NOx concentration exceeds the concentrations that regulated by EPA NAAQS. The average combustion efficiency of 98.0±0.3%, the highest emission factors for CO, NO, and NO2 are 57, 3.7, and 0.5 lb/acre, respectively.
A numerical simulation study of injecting CO2into coal bed (enhanced coal bed methane) to reduce GHG emission
Authors: Budi I S , Rudiyono A , Wibowo J A , Luthfie B
Published: April 2021

Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHG), including CO2, will lead to changes in the Earth’s climate with the consequence of the rise in the global average temperature. Reducing CO2atmospheric concentrations by capturing emissions at the source and then storing them in subsurface reservoirs is considered a reliable solution until emission-free energy sources are developed and viable. Depleted oil and gas reservoirs, saline water aquifer, un-mineable coals are common sites for underground storage. The injection of CO2in coal beds, known as ECBM is considered one of the most efficient and favorable economic options of all storage because CO2is stored and at the same time will improve the recovery of coal bed methane. This method has huge potential as Indonesia hosts many coal deposits, however, exploitation of CBM is still very limited and mostly on pilot project status. The objectives of this study are to realize the potential value of ECBM and understand important operating parameters that will optimize the project. Reservoir simulations are an inexpensive method for predicting optimal trade-offs between these two separated processes (maximum storage/sequestration and maximum CBM production). This study reveals that methane recovery dependent strongly on the injection rate, while coal swelling/shrinkage only affects early production.
Analysis and design of low gas emission of ethanol fuel from ionic liquid-assisted pretreatment of biomass
Authors: Utami A R I , Sulaeman M F , Mei M
Published: April 2021

The growth of gas emissions (GE) in the environment that stirred climate change, has correlated with the decline of fossil fuels. Generally, GE was produced by burning fossil fuels such as gasoline in the combustion engine. Gasoline has higher air toxic emissions than ethanol. Hence, the investigation of ethanol has gained attention. On the other hand, biomass has become a renewable source of ethanol. However, due to the rigid structure of biomass, biomass pretreatment is needed before the hydrolysis and fermentation process. Recently, growing attention has been devoted to applying ionic liquids (ILs)-assisted pretreatment despite the high-cost process. Therefore, in this study, to optimize the ethanol production from biomass, the simulation using SuperPro Designer (SPD) software was conducted. Bagasse as biomass material was treated by IL, namely choline acetate (ChOAc), with the range of ratio IL/biomass of 0–1.5. The developed SPD model was validated with published data. The results indicated that the minimum ratio of IL/biomass was 1.3. When in the hydrolysis performed at high-loading after 72 h reaction time, the glucose and xylose concentrations were 49 g/L and 13 g/L, respectively. When the fermentation process was conducted, the initial mixed sugar solution concentration was 23 g/L of glucose and 6 g/L of xylose. Then, the ethanol concentration was 15 g/L at 24 h, which was 89% of the theoretical ethanol yield. To conclude, the developed SPD model not only could support to optimize the biomass refinery into low GE of ethanol but also could reduce large cost experimental.
Carbon stocks of Petungkriyono mixed forest as climate change mitigation
Authors: Damayanti I , Bambang A N , Soeprobowati T R
Published: April 2021

The Petungkriyono forest covers 53.88 km2 at Pekalongan Regency with 54.6% composition of mixed forest (29.43 km2). This study aimed to estimate above-ground biomass and carbon stocks from five villages; Tlogopakis, Tlogohendro, Kayupuring, Yosorejo and Kasimpar. Non-destructive samples of 30 plots were conducted by designing plots with 0.04 ha and stand inventory involving diameter at breast height, height and number of trees. The result showed that the total estimated biomass from five villages was 3,006.10 Mg ha-1 and carbon stocks were 1,442.93 Mg C ha-1. The averages of biomass and carbon stocks were 601.22 Mg Ha-1 and 288.59 Mg C ha-1. This indicates that 2,943 ha area of Petungkriyono mixed forest has carbon stocks capacity up to 1,769,390.46 Mg C. The highest above-ground biomass contribution 59% tree compared with 41% poles. The significantly higher above-ground biomass describes higher carbon stocks long term storage of CO2 to either mitigate or defer global warming. Climate change mitigation from carbon stocks can be obtained from CO2 equivalents if well managed. Petungkriyono mixed forest may have considerable potential for mitigating climate change by carbon sequestration.