bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kit paleontológico: um material didático com abordagem investigativa
Authors: Bergqvist Lílian Paglarelli , Prestes Stella Barbara Serodio
Published: July 2014

Neste trabalho apresentamos um kit para aulas práticas que possibilitará, aos estudantes do Ensino Fundamental, conhecer mais sobre a Paleontologia e compreender a utilidade dos fósseis para a interpretação dos ambientes pretéritos e para a datação das camadas sedimentares. A quase totalidade das escolas do Ensino Fundamental II não dispõe de material para aulas práticas sobre temas relacionados à Paleontologia. O kit consiste em réplicas de fósseis brasileiros e de uma cartilha com as informações necessárias para o desenvolvimento das atividades práticas. Com esse intuito, foram utilizadas réplicas de fósseis procedentes da Bacia de Itaboraí, no estado do Rio de Janeiro, de idade paleocênica, e um bloco de rochas da Formação Pirabas, nos estados do Maranhão, Piauí e Pará, de idade miocênica. Este material também representa uma forma de divulgar a paleontologia brasileira e desmistificar o uso de fósseis de dinossauro como recurso único no ensino e divulgação da Paleontologia.
Entre táticas e consumos de propostas curriculares no cotidiano escolar: um laboratório de química e uma sala de projetos
Authors: Ramos Tacita Ansanello , Petrucci-Rosa Maria Inês
Published: July 2014

Pretende-se, neste artigo, focalizar como os praticantes do cotidiano consomem noções presentes nos documentos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais para o Ensino Médio (PCNEM) e Orientações Curriculares Nacionais para o Ensino Médio (OCNEM), e como tal prática se relaciona com a reconfiguração dos lugares da química dentro de uma instituição de ensino. Com base na pesquisa realizada, vem-se percebendo a substituição de lugares, em algumas instituições escolares, simbolicamente relacionados com a Química, assim como acervos de objetos relacionados com essas práticas disciplinares que vêm sendo ressignificados nos currículos praticados. Para compor o material empírico da pesquisa, foram desenvolvidos procedimentos de construção de dados com abordagem etnográfica e escuta de narrativas, incluindo registros fotográficos. Os discursos presentes nos PCNEM e OCNEM a favor da integração por áreas e do trabalho interdisciplinar, de certa forma, provocam efeitos nas práticas curriculares que vão reconfigurando o lugar para essa disciplina dentro de algumas instituições de ensino.
Disciplina escolar Ciências: inovações curriculares nos anos de 1950-1970
Authors: Valla Daniela Fabrini , Roquette Diego Amoroso Gonzalez , Gomes Maria Margarida , Ferreira Marcia Serra
Published: July 2014

O trabalho analisa aspectos produtores de significados curriculares para a disciplina escolar Ciências durante as décadas de 1950/70: as políticas internacionais e nacionais que influenciaram a educação brasileira; as mudanças curriculares que marcaram a disciplina no âmbito de um 'movimento renovador'; as ações curriculares expressas em livros didáticos. Com base em estudos sócio-históricos no campo do Currículo e, particularmente, sobre as disciplinas escolares, compreendemos as 'inovações' como construções que resultam de tensões entre o tradicional e o 'novo'. Nessa perspectiva, defendemos que a introdução de conhecimentos ecológicos, nos anos de 1970, na disciplina escolar Ciências, pode ser considerada uma 'inovação' curricular que dialoga com 'tradições' já existentes. Tomando os livros didáticos como materiais curriculares que participam das 'invenções de tradição', percebemos as coleções de Paulo Maurício Silva e Sebastião Rodrigues Fontinha Filho, publicadas no período, trazendo esses conhecimentos ecológicos em meio às influências sofridas pelos padrões e retóricas hegemônicos.
Nova abordagem para identificar conexões disciplinares usando mapas conceituais: em busca da interdisciplinaridade no Ensino Superior
Authors: Correia Paulo Rogério Miranda , Cordeiro Gislaine Banchetti , Cicuto Camila Aparecida Tolentino , Junqueira Patrícia Grandino
Published: July 2014

A interdisciplinaridade pode ser considerada uma maneira diferente de enfrentar o impacto da explosão do conhecimento científico no âmbito educacional. Apesar da sua importância, as ações interdisciplinares nas salas de aula ainda são pouco frequentes, visto as dificuldades de planejamento e implementação enfrentadas pelos docentes. A literatura não apresenta um procedimento robusto para ajudar os professores a identificar possíveis conexões entre os seus cursos. O presente trabalho explorou o mapeamento conceitual (MC) como forma de identificar pontos de acoplamento entre as disciplinas Ciências da Natureza e Psicologia, Educação e Temas Contemporâneos. Após quatro etapas de elaboração e revisão dos MCs, foi possível representar a interface entre essas disciplinas e identificar os conceitos tecnologia, complexidade e religião como elementos promissores para estimular a interdisciplinaridade. A utilização dos procedimentos descritos neste trabalho pode ser útil para se buscar a interdisciplinaridade em outras disciplinas de diferentes níveis da educação formal.
O raciocínio de estudantes do Ensino Fundamental na resolução de situações das estruturas multiplicativas
Authors: Magina Sandra Maria Pinto , Santos Aparecido dos , Merlini Vera Lucia
Published: July 2014

Este artigo analisa o desempenho e as estratégias de estudantes dos 3º e 5º anos do Ensino Fundamental na resolução de duas situações do Campo Conceitual Multiplicativo, classificando os níveis de raciocínio empregados por eles. O estudo baseou-se nas ideias teóricas de Vergnaud, e consistiu da aplicação de um teste, composto por 13 questões, para 349 estudantes de uma Escola Pública de São Paulo. Para efeito deste artigo, a discussão centrou-se em duas classes de situações: uma envolvendo a correspondência um para muitos, e a outra, a correspondência de muitos para muitos. Os resultados apontam para uma evolução limitada da competência dos estudantes ao lidarem com problema multiplicativo. Analisando apenas o problema que envolveu a ideia de muitos para muitos, essa evolução cai drasticamente. Do ponto de vista das estratégias, os estudantes do 5º ano usaram, prioritariamente, procedimentos multiplicativos, enquanto os do 3º ano usaram aditivos.
Effects of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii strains (Woloszynska, 1912) Senayya & Subba Raju on the mobility of Daphnia laevis (Cladocera, Daphniidae)
Authors: Restani GC , Fonseca AL
Published: July 2014

Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii is a cyanobacterium distributed worldwide that is known to produce cyanotoxins. Some of the Brazilian strains can produce saxitoxins (STXs), which are classified as neurotoxins and can paralyze cladocerans .Daphnia laevis is a cladoceran with a wide distribution in the Americas and has been studied as a possible test-organism in toxicity bioassays. The present work tested the acute effect on D laevis mobility when fed a saxitoxin-producing (STX and neoSTX) C. raciborskii strain, CYRF-01, and compared the results with the effects of a non-toxic strain (NPCS-1). Neonates (6-24 hours after birth) were exposed to concentrations of C. raciborskii varying from 102 to 106 cells·mL–1 of each strain for up to three hours. The cladocerans were then transferred to a medium without toxic filaments for 24 hours. Only the organisms exposed to the STX-producing strain showed signs of the immobilization of swimming movements, confirming the effects of the toxins. There was a linear correlation between the time required to induce stopping the swimming movement, with a shorter time to needed to induce immobilization at a higher the concentration; this correlation was inverse to the time required to recover the swimming movements (longer at higher concentrations, p < 0.1). D. laevis is a tropical and subtropical species with great potential for use in toxicity tests for the detection of STXs, despite being native to and found in a great array of freshwater bodies. This is the first assay testing STX-producing and non-producing C. raciborskii strains on D. laevis, species that are both found in Brazilian ecosystems.
Biological aspects of Tiracola grandirena (Herrich-Schäffer, 1868) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): a polyphagous armyworm
Authors: Specht A , Iltchenco J , Fronza E , Roque-Specht VF , Luz PC , Montezzano DG
Published: July 2014

We studied the biology of Tiracola grandirena(Herrich-Schäffer, 1868) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Hadeninae) at 25 ± 1 °C, 70 ± 10% RH and 14 hours of photo phase. Three experiments, using 150 larvae each, were conducted for the larval stage. In the first, used to assess the duration and survival of all stages, insects were reared individually and fed an artificial diet (Grenee). In the second, individuals were also reared separately, but were fed leaves of 10 plants from different families. In the third, the larvae were not individualised, the food plants were rotated such as to provide three plant species every 48 hours. In the first experiment, the viability of the eggs, larvae, pupae and prepupae was 91.9, 94.7, 32.49 and 43.5%, respectively. The average duration of the egg, larvae, prepupae, pupae and adult were 6.0, 25.3, 25.7, 21.4 and 12.7 days, respectively. The prolonged prepupal period indicates that T. grandirena can develop larval (prepupal) diapause. The results of the experiments with different host plants showed that T. grandirena is polyphagous at species, population and individual level.
Ecological interpretations of the leaf anatomy of amphibious species of Aeschynomene L. (Leguminosae - Papilionoideae)
Authors: Leme FM , Scremin-Dias E
Published: July 2014

We present the leaf anatomy of seven amphibious species of Aeschynomene L. (Papilionoideae, Leguminosae), interpreting their structures and ecological functions, and also, providing information on which their taxonomy can be based, especially of morphologically similar species. We evaluated Aeschynomene americana, A. ciliata, A. evenia, A. denticulata, A. fluminensis, A. rudis and A. sensitiva. The anatomy corroborates the separation of the series Americanae, Fluminenses, Indicae and Sensitivae, with the shape of the petiole, types of trichomes and quantity of vascular units in the petiole as main characteristics to delimit the species. The petiole shape varies from cylindric in A. americana, A. sensitiva and A. fluminensis, to triangular in A. evenia and quadrangular in A. rudis, A. denticulata and A. ciliata. We observed four types of trichomes: hydathode trichome, long conic trichome, short conic trichome and bulb-based trichome. The hydathode trichome was the most common, except for A. americana and A. fluminensis. Species with higher affinity with water share similar adaptive characteristics, including hydathode trichomes described for the first time for the genus. This article adds unseen descriptions for the genus and on the adaptation factors of the amphibious species.
Non-destructive equations to estimate the leaf area of Styrax pohlii and Styrax ferrugineus
Authors: Souza MC , Habermann G
Published: July 2014

We developed linear equations to predict the leaf area (LA) of the species Styrax pohlii and Styrax ferrugineus using the width (W) and length (L) leaf dimensions. For both species the linear regression (Y=α+bX) using LA as a dependent variable vs. W × L as an independent variable was more efficient than linear regressions using L, W, L2 and W2 as independent variables. Therefore, the LA of S. pohlii can be estimated with the equation LA=0.582+0.683WL, while the LA of S. ferrugineus follows the equation LA=−0.666+0.704WL.
Distribution, management and diversity of yam local varieties in Brazil: a study on Dioscorea alataL.
Authors: Siqueira MVBM , Nascimento WF , Silva LRG , Ferreira AB , Silva EF , Ming LC , Veasey EA
Published: July 2014

Widely spread in the tropics, yams were introduced into Brazil during the colonial period and are currently grown throughout the country. Despite its importance as a pharmacological and food source, there is a lack of studies describing how and where this tuber is grown in Brazil. The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the cultivation and distribution of Dioscorea alata in different Brazilian regions. A total of 63 farmers were visited in different municipalities and communities in four regions in the country: South, Southeast, Northeast and Midwest. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect socio-economic, use, management and diversity data for this crop. The majority of interviewers were men, married, with children, using retirement benefits and agriculture as income and family labour as the main support in the yam cultivation. A wide distribution of this species was found, with the occurrence of D. alata in the four sampled regions. A variety of vernacular names for this species was collected, differing according to the region where it is cultivated. Most farmers cultivate yams in fields, however an increased usage of home gardens for the cultivation of this tuber was found. Also, most farmers cultivate yams in association with other crops in areas of different sizes and slash and burn practices, although mostly disappearing, are still being used by many farmers. The results of this study provide more concrete data on the distribution and diversity of this important crop.
Pollination syndromes in a Caatinga plant community in northeastern Brazil: seasonal availability of floral resources in different plant growth habits
Authors: Quirino ZGM , Machado IC
Published: July 2014

To describe plant phenological patterns and correlate functioning for the quantity and quality of resources available for the pollinator, it is crucial to understand the temporal dynamics of biological communities. In this way, the pollination syndromes of 46 species with different growth habits (trees, shrubs, herbs, and vines) were examined in an area of Caatinga vegetation, northeastern Brazil (7° 28′ 45″ S and 36° 54′ 18″ W), during two years. Flowering was monitored monthly in all the species, over two years (from January 2003 to December 2004). Pollination syndromes were characterised based on floral traits such as size, colour, morphology, symmetry, floral resources, as well as on direct visual observation of floral visitors on focal plants and published information. We observed differences among the plant growth habits with respect to floral traits, types of resources offered, and floral syndromes. The flowering periods of the species varied among floral syndrome groups. The majority of the melittophilous species flowered during the rainy season in the two study years, while the species of the other pollination syndroms flowered at the end of the dry season. An asynchrony of flowering was noted among the chiropterophilous species, while the phalenophilous group concentrated during the rainy season. The overall availability of floral resources was different during the rainy and the dry seasons, and also it varied among plants with different growth habits. The availability of oil-flowers coincided with the period of low nectar availability. We observed a relationship between the temporal distribution of the pollination syndromes and the availability of floral resources among each growth habits in this tropical ecosystem. Resource allocation in seasonal environments, such as the Caatinga, can function as a strategy for maintaining pollinators, facilitating therefore the reproductive success of plant species. The availability of floral resources during all the year, specially in seasonal environments such as the Caatinga, may function as a strategy to maintain pollinator populations ensuring the reproductive success of the plants.
Aquatic insect community structure under the influence of small dams in a stream of the Mogi-Guaçu river basin, state of São Paulo
Authors: Saulino HHL , Corbi JJ , Trivinho-Strixino S
Published: July 2014

The fragmentation of lotic systems caused by construction of dams has modified many aquatic communities. The objective of this study was to analyse changes in the aquatic insect community structure by discontinuity of habitat created by dams along the Ribeirão das Anhumas, a sub-basin of the Mogi-Guaçu River (state of São Paulo, Brazil). Entomofauna collection was carried out in 10 segments upstream and downstream of five dams along the longitudinal profile of the stream, with a quick sampling method using a D net (mesh 250 mm) with 2 minutes of sampling effort. The insects were sorted and identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level and analysed by the Shannon diversity index, β diversity, richness estimated by rarefaction curves and relative participation of functional feeding groups. The results showed a slight reduction in diversity in the downstream segments, as well as along the longitudinal profile of the stream. However, there were no significant differences in abundance and richness between the upstream and downstream segments, indicating that the dams did not influence these variables. Differences were observed in the functional feeding groups along the longitudinal profile. Predator and gatherer insects were dominant in all segments analysed. The feeding group of shredders was more abundant in the segment DSIII with the participation of Marilia Müller (Odontoceridae – Trichoptera), although we observed a decrease of shredders and scrapers with the decrease of the canopy cover reducing values of β diversity in the continuum of Ribeirão das Anhumas. This result demonstrated the importance of the conservation of the riparian vegetation in order to maintain the integrity of the stream.
Implication of anaerobic and aerobic decomposition of Eichhornia azurea (Sw.) Kunth. on the carbon cycling in a subtropical reservoir
Authors: Bianchini Junior I , Cunha-Santino MB , Ribeiro JU , Penteado DGB
Published: July 2014

This study aimed at describing kinetic aspects of aerobic and anaerobic mineralization of Eicchornia azurea. The samples of aquatic macrophyte and water were collected in the Monjolinho Reservoir (22° 00′ S and 47° 54′ W). To determine the leachate potential, dried plant fragments were added to reservoir water, with sampling lasting for 4 months, where the particulate and dissolved organic carbon concentrations were measured. The kinetics of mass loss was obtained with 10 mineralization chambers for both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, with the plant fragments and reservoir water. Two additional chambers were used to monitor the volume of gases produced from anaerobic mineralization, with bioassays to determine oxygen uptake. The results were fitted to a first-order kinetic model, from which 27.21% of detritus corresponded to labile/soluble fractions and 72.62% to the refractory fractions. The decay rates for the global mass losses of the labile/soluble components were 2.07 day–1. DOC mineralization was not verified for either condition. Under aerobic condition, the mass loss constant rate (0.0029 day–1) for the refractory fractions was 2.4 the value for the anaerobic one. Under anaerobic condition, the gases formation occurred in three phases. Based on these results, in the Monjolinho Reservoir, the decomposition of E. azurea that undergo within the water column and in upper layers of sediment is a faster process, favoring the mineralization. In contrast, in the lower layers of sediment the diagenetic processes (i.e. humus production and accumulation of organic matter) are favored.
Temporal change in species and functional plant traits in the moist grassland on the Sete Cidades National Park, Piauí, Brazil
Authors: Mendes MRA , Silva Júnior MC , Castro AAJF , Takahashi FSC , Munhoz CBR
Published: July 2014

The present study investigated the dynamic on a short-time scale in the vegetation in moist grassland of the Sete Cidades National Park, Piauí. Herb-subshrub layer samples was carried out in July 2007, 2009 and 2011. Changes in structural, floristic and functional traits in the community were assessed by species richness, diversity and similarity indices between those periods, as well as by hierarchical classification and ordination. Cluster and Principal Component Analyses identified functional groups according to 23 species trait state. To distinguish the contribution of space and time configuration in the community structure, we used the variance partition technique. The functional groups of chamaephytes and therophytes II were associated with wetter sites, while the groups of non-tussock hemicriptophytes I, tussock hemicriptophytes (FG4), and geophytes (FG5) were associated to the drier ones. We found a non-accelerated dynamics, at least on a short-time scale, represented by some descriptors in the community, such as the close similarity between the inventories and ordering of sampling transects in moist grassland. Therefore, besides considering the partition of the temporal niche as a mechanism for the co-existence of species, the heterogeneity of space dictated by environmental filters seems to determine the stability of the this grassland communities over time.
Sex ratio and parental investment in Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) agamemnon Richards (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae)
Authors: Buschini MLT , Bergamaschi ACB
Published: July 2014

The life history and sex ratio data of the solitary wasp Trypoxylon agamemnon nesting in trap-nests in southern Brazil was recorded from January 2002 to December 2007. Its sex ratio is strongly female-biased, being bivoltine or multivoltine with until three generations per year. It has two alternative life histories (diapause and direct development) and overlapping generations. In addition to the conflict of interest between the sexes, it is possible that local mate competition occurs between males and may cause a greater investment in the production of females.
Annelida (Oligochaeta and Aphanoneura) from the Natural Reserve of Isla Martín García (upper Río de la Plata estuary, Argentina): biodiversity and response to environmental variables
Authors: César II
Published: July 2014

The Island of Martín García – located in the Upper Río de la Plata, to the south of the Uruguay River – is an outcropping of the crystalline basement. Fourteen sampling sites were selected, five along the littoral section of the island and nine in inland ponds. Four major environmental variables were measured: water temperature, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, and pH. A total of 34 species of Oligochaeta and Aphanoneura were found, 30 belonging to Naididae plus one species each of the Narapidae, Lumbricidae, Enchytraeidae, and Aeolosomatidae. The thirteen most frequent species were: A. leydigi (30%), N. bonettoi (13%), L. hoffmeisteri (11%), N. variabilis(10%), S. trivandrana (6.5%), A. pigueti (5.6%), D. sawayai (4.5%), D. digitata(3.5%), C. diastrophus (2.7%), A. costatus (2.5%), P. longiseta (2.0%), Enchytraeidae (1.5%), and A. p. paraguayensis(1.4%). UPGMA clustering of species based on their occurrence in different ecological conditions revealed two main species groups. Canonic-correspondence analysis (CCA) was conducted with the 15 most frequent and abundant species in the 9 sampling sites and the 4 environmental variables. Results from the CCA revealed that the order of fluctuation of the environmental variables during the sampling period was, from the greatest to the least: dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH, and water temperature. Approximately 97.6% of the correlations between species and environmental variables were expressed on axis 1 of the ordination diagram. Species richness correlated with the four environmental variables in the following order, from the weakest to the strongest: water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, and dissolved oxygen.
Evaluation of hollocelulase production by Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler during the submerged fermentation growth using RSM
Authors: Chicatto JA , Costa A , Nunes H , Helm CV , Tavares LBB
Published: July 2014

The cellulase proteins have a great importance in the enzymatic hydrolysis of woody biomass. Despite of costs being a major concern, it has been a stimulus to study basidiomycetes biochemical properties which degrade lignocellulosic material and have prompted the processes' study for obtaining cellulolytic enzymes in fungi. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of the initial nitrogen content on (ammonium sulfate) and on sugar cane bagasse, which hereby, acts as an inducer of hydrolytic enzymes to produce cellulases and xylanases, using three Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler strains as a transformation agent. A factorial design with 22 replications in the central point was conducted, varying concentrations of ammonium sulfate and sugar cane bagasse. The submerged cultures carried out in synthetic culture medium and incubated at 25°C for 7 days on an orbital shaker at 150 rpm. The total protein and cellulase activity as endoglucanase, exoglucanase and β-glucosidase and the xylanase was also determined. The results showed that the production of hydrolytic enzymes was stimulated by the presence of high concentrations of sugar cane bagasse (30g/L), characterizing it as an inducer due to the demonstrated proportional relationship. Thus, ammonium sulfate acted as a reducing agent in the synthesis of enzymes, being the low concentrations (0.1g/L) indicated for the enzyme production system under study. Among the studied strains, the EF52 showed higher activity for xylanase, endoglucanases, β-glucosidase and also protein.
Influence of fish farming in net cages on phytoplankton structure: a case study in a subtropical Brazilian reservoir
Authors: Bartozek ECR , Bueno NC , Rodrigues LC
Published: July 2014

This study investigated the enrichment influence due to fish farming in net cages on the phytoplankton composition, density and diversity in two arms of a subtropical reservoir (Salto Caxias, Paraná). There were no statistically significant differences in the phytoplankton composition and diversity, as well as for concentrations of nutrients among the handled treatment. The density values were higher during the summer. Richness and Shannon diversity values were low during the study period. The equitability values were high during the winter and low in the summer. Variations of phytoplankton community and nutrients were mainly influenced by seasonality. The absence of significant differences between the treatments was probably due to the small number of net cages and fish used, as well as to the hydrodynamics of the studied environments, which are influenced by upstream rivers inflows.
Description of Karyotype of Kerodon acrobata, an endemic rodent in Brazilian Cerrado
Authors: Zappes IA , Portella AS , Lessa GM
Published: July 2014

Kerodon acrobata is a caviidae rodent endemic from Brazilian Cerrado. It was described only in 1997 and the data about it is very scarce. The aim of this work was to characterize the karyotype of K. acrobata. Giemsa staining, nucleolar organizer region (NOR) banding, C-positive heterochromatin banding and DAPI fluorescence were used in N metaphases of a specimen collected in Asa Branca Farm, in Aurora do Tocantins municipality, Tocantins state, Brazil. K. acrobata showed the same diploid number, fundamental number and chromosome morphology as Kerodon rupestris. But its NOR location and heterochromatin distribution patterns indicated a unique cytogenetic profile when compared to its sister species, emphasizing the evolutionary uniqueness of this relatively new and unknown species. This record also extends the distribution of this species northward.
Implications of water hardness in ecotoxicological assessments for water quality regulatory purposes: a case study with the aquatic snail Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818)
Authors: Oliveira-Filho EC , Caixeta NR , Simplício NCS , Sousa SR , Aragão TP , Muniz DHF
Published: July 2014

Water hardness is a property depending on the presence of alkaline earth metals, mainly calcium and magnesium. Among the strategies for water quality monitoring, ecotoxicological assays are performed to minimize impacts and classify water bodies. For these laboratory evaluations parameters are previously defined in the guidelines, including water hardness for both cultivation and testing medium. The present work was performed to evaluate the effects of different levels of water hardness on the survival and reproduction of the freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata and discuss the influence of natural water hardness on the results of ecotoxicological tests with these environmental samples. Comparing the groups it was possible to observe that those maintained in waters with least hardness had lower reproductive success, while the groups maintained in highest hardness showed better reproduction. These data show that waters with low hardness make the reproduction of the snail B. glabrata unfeasible, and this reveal a problem for ecotoxicity assays using natural water samples.
Macrofauna do solo em uma cronosequência de capoeiras, florestas e pastos no Centro de Endemismo Belém, Amazônia Oriental
Authors: Rousseau Guillaume Xavier , Silva Paulo Rogério dos Santos , Celentano Danielle , Carvalho Claúdio José Reis de
Published: July 2014

O Centro de Endemismo Belém (CEB) -região biogeográfica localizada entre os rios Tocantins e Pindaré- é a área mais desmatada da Amazônia. Estudar a biota do solo dos remanescentes florestais e de áreas em regeneração (capoeiras) do CEB é fundamental para promover práticas agrícolas mais sustentáveis e orientar ações de restauração de áreas degradadas. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse estudo foi identificar os principais determinantes da composição e da diversidade dos grandes táxons de macrofauna do solo (uso atual do solo, núcleos geográficos, histórico de uso, freqüência de fogo) em uma cronoseqüência de capoeiras e florestas no CEB. A macrofauna foi amostrada em oito áreas de capoeiras baixas (4-7 anos), seis áreas de capoeiras médias (11-15 anos), sete áreas de capoeiras altas (20-40 anos), oito áreas de remanescentes de florestas e três áreas de pastagem. Sua composição e diversidade foi estudada através de Análises de Componentes Principais e Entre-classes. Um total de 9.225 indivíduos pertencentes a 29 grandes taxóns (ordens ou famílias) foram coletados nas 32 parcelas amostradas. A composição da macrofauna se mostrou sensível ao efeito do histórico de uso do solo e identificou comunidades significativamente distintas entre as micro-regiões, havendo nessa escala efeito da cronosequência de capoeiras e florestas. A intensidade do uso do solo levou a redução da abundância e da riqueza de predadores, indicando alterações significativas no funcionamento do solo. Esses resultados mostram um efeito duradouro da degradação sobre a macrofauna do solo e conseqüentemente sobre suas funções ecológicas.
Produção de protease colagenolítica por Bacillus stearothermophillus de solo amazônico
Authors: Lima Lorena Azevedo , Cruz Filho Raimundo Felipe , Santos Januário Gama dos , Silva Wilson Castro
Published: July 2014

As proteases colagenolíticas são enzimas capazes de hidrolisar as ligações peptídicas de vários tipos de colágeno e têm grande importância na medicina e em aplicações terapêuticas. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a produção de proteases colagenolíticas por Bacillus stearothermophilus. Os tratamentos foram realizados por meio de um planejamento fatorial completo 2³, a fim de avaliar a significância dos efeitos e interações das variáveis - pH inicial, concentração de substrato e temperatura - sobre a produção de protease colagenolítica. O ponto central foi executado em quadruplicata para fornecer uma estimativa dos erros experimentais. Ensaios enzimáticos com colágeno e azocaseína como substratos foram realizados para determinação das atividades colagenolítica e proteolítica respectivamente. A maior atividade enzimática colagenolítica foi 79,38 U mL-1, correspondendo a atividade específica de 136,86 U mg-1, em condições iniciais de fermentação, na concentração de substrato a 1% (p/v), pH 7,2 e 25 °C. A atividade proteolítica da enzima foi mais ativa em pH 9,0 e 50 °C e foi estável nas faixas de pH (6,0 - 9,0) e temperatura (45 °C - 50 °C). Bacillus stearothermophilus apresenta viabilidade para a produção de proteases colagenolíticas e a obtenção dessas enzimas tem grande importância para aplicações biotecnológicas.
Constituintes químicos isolados dos galhos e cascas de amapazeiro (Parahancornia amapa, Apocynaceae)
Authors: Henrique Marycleuma Campos , Nunomura Rita de Cássia Saraiva , Nunomura Sergio Massayoshi , Silva Suniá Gomes
Published: July 2014

Parahancornia amapa (Apocynaceae) é típica da região amazônica e conhecida popularmente como amapazeiro e muito utilizada na medicina popular da região Amazônica. O objetivo desse trabalho foi o estudo fitoquímico dos galhos e cascas dessa espécie. Do extrato diclorometânico dos galhos foram isolados o β-sitosterol, estigmasterol, além de triterpenóides pentacíclicos, α-amirina, β-amirina, lupeol e friedelina. Do extrato metanólico das cascas foi isolado o alcaloide indólico isositsiriquina. As estruturas desses compostos foram identificadas por análise dos espectros de massa de alta resolução, Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de ¹H e 13C e comparações com dados da literatura. Esse é o primeiro relato de isolamento de alcaloide neste gênero.
Influência das condições do habitat sobre a estrutura de herbáceas aquáticas na região do Lago Catalão, Manaus, AM
Authors: Bleich Monica Elisa , Piedade Maria Teresa Fernandez , Knopki Patrícia Bianco , Castro Nathália Góes Duarte de , Jati Sewbert Rodrigues , Sousa Rodrigo Nunes de
Published: July 2014

Na Amazônia, as herbáceas aquáticas são encontradas em todas as tipologias de água, mas sua abundância pode ser influenciada pelas condições limnológicas de cada ambiente. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência das condições do habitat sobre a estrutura de herbáceas aquáticas na região do Lago Catalão, Manaus, AM. Foram avaliadas sete transecções em ambientes de água branca (AB), nove em água decantada (AD) e sete em água mista (AM). Em cada transecção foram identificadas as herbáceas aquáticas, estimada a área de cobertura relativa, calculada a frequência de ocorrência e avaliadas as variáveis turbidez, condutividade elétrica, pH e profundidade. A variação na profundidade indicou que os ambientes de AD e AM eram mais profundos do que AB, já águas mais ácidas e com menor condutividade foram registradas na AM. Foram registrados 32 táxons de herbáceas aquáticas sendo as espécies mais frequentes Paspalum repens, Salvinia auriculata, Pistia stratiotes e Lemna valdiviana. Entre as espécies levantadas, 50% foram comuns aos três ambientes. Por outro lado, algumas espécies ocorreram exclusivamente em ambientes de AB, em AD e em AM. Na AB foram mais frequentes as formas flutuantes, que também apresentaram a maior cobertura neste ambiente; na AD e na AM as emersas apresentaram maior frequência e cobertura. A AM apresentou maior riqueza de herbáceas aquáticas em relação aos demais ambientes. As variações registradas indicam que as condições limnológicas dos rios de água branca e preta podem determinar a estrutura da comunidade de herbáceas aquáticas, mesmo em pequenas escalas espaciais.
Peacock bass mortality associated with catch-and-release sport fishing in the Negro River, Amazonas State, Brazil
Authors: Thomé-Souza Mario J. F. , Maceina Michael J. , Forsberg Bruce R. , Marshall Bruce G. , Carvalho Álvaro L.
Published: July 2014

Sport fishing for peacock bass Cichla spp. in the Brazilian Amazon has increased in popularity and attracts anglers who generate significant economic benefits in rural regions. The sustainability of this fishery is partly dependent on the survival of fish caught through catch-and-release fishing. The objective of this work was to investigate, hooking mortality of Cichla spp., including speckled peacock bass (C. temensis Humbolt), butterfly peacock bass (C. orinocensis Humbolt), and popoca peacock bass (C. monoculus Agassiz) in the basin of the Negro River, the largest tributary of the Amazon River. Fish were caught at two different sites using artificial lures, transported to pens anchored in the river and monitored for 72 hours. A total of 162 individual peacock bass were captured and hooking mortality (mean % ± 95% confidence intervals) was calculated. Mean mortality was 3.5% (± 5.0), 2.3% (± 3.5) and 5.2% (± 10.2) for speckled peacock bass, butterfly peacock bass, and popoca peacock bass, respectively. Lengths of captured fish ranged from 26 to 79 cm (standard length), however, only fish under 42 cm died. This research suggests that catch-and-release sport fishing of peacock bass does not result in substantial mortality in the Negro River basin.
Copper toxicity for Scinax ruber and Rhinella granulosa (Amphibia: Anura) of the Amazon: Potential of Biotic Ligand Model to predict toxicity in urban streams
Authors: Franco-de-Sá Jorge Felipe Oliveira , Val Adalberto Luis
Published: July 2014

In the last years many populations of anurans have declined and extinctions have been recorded. They were related to environmental pollution, changes of land use and emerging diseases. The main objective of this study was to determine copper sensitivity of the anuran of the Amazon Rhinella granulosa and Scinax ruber tadpoles at stage 25 and Scinax ruber eggs exposed for 96 h to copper concentrations ranging from 15 µg Cu L-1 to 94 µg Cu L-1. LC50 at 96 h of Rhinella granulosa Gosner 25, Scinax ruber Gosner 25 and Scinax ruber eggs in black water of the Amazon were 23.48, 36.37 and 50.02 µg Cu L-1, respectively. The Biotic Ligand Model was used to predict the LC50 values for these species and it can be considered a promising tool for these tropical species and water conditions. Copper toxicity depends on water physical-chemical composition and on the larval stage of the tadpoles. The Gosner stage 19-21 (related to the appearance of external gills) is the most vulnerable and the egg stage is the most resistant. In case of contamination by copper, the natural streams must have special attention, since copper is more bioavailable.
Psychoactive substance use, family context and mental health among Brazilian adolescents, National Adolescent School-based Health Survey (PeNSE 2012)
Authors: Malta Deborah Carvalho , Oliveira-Campos Maryane , Prado Rogério Ruscitto do , Andrade Silvania Suely Caribé , Mello Flávia Carvalho Malta de , Dias Antonio José Ribeiro , Bomtempo Denise Birche
Published: July 2014

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between the consumption of psychoactive substances (tobacco, alcohol and illicit drugs) and demographic variables, mental health and family context among school-aged children. METHODS: The National Adolescent School-based Health Survey was held with a national sample of 109,104 students. Data regarding demographic variables, family background and mental health were collected. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the associations of interest. RESULTS: Multivariate analyses showed that alcohol consumption was higher among girls, drug experimentation was more frequent among boys and that there was no difference between sexes for smoking. Being younger and mulatto were negatively associated with the use of tobacco, alcohol and illicit drugs. Also negatively associated with such risk behaviors were characteristics of the family context represented by: living with parents, having meals together and parental supervision (when parents know what the child does in their free time). Moreover, characteristics of mental health such as loneliness and insomnia were positively associated with use of tobacco, alcohol and illicit drugs. Not having friends was positively associated with use of tobacco and illicit drugs and negatively associated with alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows the protective effect of family supervision in the use of tobacco, alcohol and drugs and, on the contrary, the increasing use of substances according to aspects of mental health, such as loneliness, insomnia and the fact of not having friends. The study's findings may support actions from health and education professionals, as well as from the government and families in order to prevent the use of these substances by adolescents.
Trend of the risk and protective factors of chronic diseases in adolescents, National Adolescent School-based Health Survey (PeNSE 2009 e 2012)
Authors: Malta Deborah Carvalho , Andreazzi Marco Antonio Ratzsch de , Oliveira-Campos Maryane , Andrade Silvania Suely Caribé de Araújo , Sá Naíza Nayla Bandeira de , Moura Lenildo de , Dias Antonio José Ribeiro , Crespo Claudio Dutra , Silva Júnior Jarbas Barbosa da
Published: July 2014

OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence of major risk and protection factors for chronic non-communicable diseases in school-aged children in Brazilian capitals surveyed in the National Adolescent School-based Health Survey in its two editions, 2009 and 2012. METHODS: The frequencies, with Confidence Interval of 95%, of the following demographic variables were compared: food intake, body image, physical activity, smoking, alcohol and other drugs. Prevalence was compared in the two editions of the survey. RESULTS: The proportion of students who attend two physical education classes a week was maintained at 49% between 2009 and 2012, increasing in public schools from 50.6% (95%CI 49.8 - 51.4) to 52.5% (95%CI 49.2 - 55.7), and decreasing in private schools. There was no change in the proportion of students who watch two hours or more of television daily, about 80%. As for body image, there was no change between the two editions, and about 60% considered themselves being of normal weight. There was a reduction in the percentage of adolescents who experienced cigarettes, from 24.2% (95%CI 23.6 - 24.8) to 22.3% (95%CI 21.4 - 23.2), and the prevalence of smoking was maintained at about 6% (there was no statistical difference between 2009 and 2012). The consumption of beans, fruits, sweets and soft drinks also decreased. Frequency of drug experimentation was of 8.7% (95%CI 8.3 - 9.1) in 2009, and 9.6% (95%CI 9.0 - 10.3) in 2012, with no difference between confidence intervals, and the frequency of alcohol experimentation was maintained at about 70%; the percentage of use in the past 30 days was also maintained at around 27%. CONCLUSION: In the Brazilian capitals, the vast majority of prevalence of risk factors were kept stable in the two editions of the National Survey of School. These data generate evidence to guide the implementation of public policies to minimize the exposure of adolescents to risk factors.
Prevalence of asthma symptoms among adolescents in Brazil: National Adolescent School-based Health Survey (PeNSE 2012)
Authors: Barreto Maurício Lima , Ribeiro-Silva Rita de Cássia , Malta Deborah Carvalho , Oliveira-Campos Maryane , Andreazzi Marco Antonio , Cruz Alvaro Augusto
Published: July 2014

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to describe the prevalence rates of asthma symptoms in Brazil, its Regions and State capitals, according to data from the National Adolescent School-based Health Survey, 2012. Furthermore, it aims to compare the prevalence of asthma in the capitals evaluated by PeNSE 2012 with previous results of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). METHODS: Cross sectional study of 9th grade students at public and private schools of all Brazilian states and the Federal District (Brasília). A self reported questionnaire containing items from the ISAAC was applied in order to identify the presence of asthma symptoms. RESULTS: The results of PeNSE indicate a high prevalence of asthma symptoms (23.2%) and of reports of a previous medical diagnosis of asthma (12.4%). Of the five state capitals in which the PeNSE results were compared to the ISAAC, São Paulo, Curitiba and Porto Alegre presented an increase in the prevalence of asthma symptoms. In Salvador, there was a reduction. CONCLUSION: Brazil is among the countries with the highest prevalence of asthma in the world, and the prevalence is still growing.
Sexual behavior of school-aged adolescents in the city of Goiânia, Goiás
Authors: Sasaki Reinaldo Satoru Azevedo , Souza Márcia Maria de , Leles Cláudio Rodrigues , Malta Deborah Carvalho , Sardinha Luciana Monteiro Vasconcelos , Freire Maria do Carmo Matias
Published: July 2014

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the characteristics of sexual behavior in school-aged adolescents and possible differences regarding sex and type of school. METHODS: Cross-sectional study using data from the National Adolescent School-based Health Survey (PeNSE) 2009, carried out by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, in partnership with the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The sample consisted of 3,099 9th graders living in Goiânia, State of Goiás, Brazil, mostly aged between 13 to 15 years old, who answered a self-applicable questionnaire on risk and protective health factors. The Rao-Scott test was used in the statistical analysis, considering the complex sample design. RESULTS: The prevalence of sexual intercourse was of 26.5% (95%CI 23.8 - 29.4) at least once in life and of 18.5% (95%CI 16.5 - 20.8) in the last year. Both behaviors were more frequent among male students and among those attending public schools. Most of the respondents had their first intercourse at the age of 13 or younger, with up to 3 partners. They had also used a pregnancy prevention method in the last intercourse, and received guidance on prevention at school. The age of the first intercourse was earlier and the number of partners was higher among male students. More females and those attending public schools reported having received information on pregnancy prevention. Guidance on STD/AIDS was also more frequent in public schools. CONCLUSION: Results showed a need for health education measures involving education and health professionals, as well as parents, to reduce the discrepancies found regarding sex and type of school.
Factors associated with injuries in adolescents, from the National Adolescent School-based Health Survey (PeNSE 2012)
Authors: Malta Deborah Carvalho , Prado Rogério Ruscitto do , Caribe Silvania Suely Andrade , Silva Marta Maria Alves da , Andreazzi Marco Antonio Ratzsch de , Silva Júnior Jarbas Barbosa da , Minayo Maria Cecilia de Souza
Published: July 2014

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of injuries among teenagers and to examine the associated risk factors, such as sociodemographic characteristics, risk behaviors, family ties and other factors. METHOD: The prevalence of the outcome (injury) was estimated with a 95%confidence interval. In order to verify factors associated with the injury, a bivariate analysis was made with estimated odds ratio (OR) and its respective confidence intervals. Then, a multivariate analysis was carried out, only with variables whose descriptive level was equal to or lower than 5% (p < 0.05) remaining in the model. RESULTS: The study of injury in adolescents, based on the data from the National Adolescent School-based Health Survey (PeNSE), pointed out that 10.3% of the teenagers suffered severe injuries in the past 12 months, such as cuts or perforations, broken bones or dislocated joints. The following variables remained independently associated with "suffering severe injuries": being a male teenager; black, mulatto or indigenous race/color and working. Factors related to family ties are significant when the relations are fragile amongst members: adolescents that are injured the most are the ones who suffer most aggressions at home, who skip classes without notifying their parents, those who do not live with their parents and have low family control. The most relevant aspects of mental health are insomnia and loneliness. The factors associated to the exposure to situations of violence that remained in the model were: insecurity in school and in the route home-school; getting a ride with someone inebriated; drinking and driving motorized vehicles; not wearing the seatbelt; not wearing a helmet and being bullied. Among the factors of individual behavior, the following can be emphasized: use of alcohol, cigarettes, trying illicit drugs and early sexual intercourse. CONCLUSION: The analysis of the determinants for suffering injuries in childhood and adolescence shows the complex relationship between associated factors, which points to the need for action towards several aspects to reduce social inequalities, strengthen family ties and prevent violent contexts and individual risk factors.