bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementing the “Professional Standards for Teaching Mathematics”: Rethinking How We Teach: Learning Mathematical Pedagogy
Authors: Prevost Fernand J. , Farrell Margaret A.
Published: December 2020

A human child is at the most learning age of the most learning species that has yet evolved on this planet” (Skemp 1987, p. 101). So begins Skemp's essay titled “A New Model oflntelligence.” Skemp goes on to point out that the extent to which the learner's potential will be realized is largely dependent on the individual's teachers. In Skemp's view, teachlng is any kind of action that influences the learning process. This “learning process” is not directly observed but, warns Skemp (1987), “a person who intervenes without an adequate mental image of what is going on inside is as likely to do harm as good” (p. 101).
Don't Give Up!
Authors: Kraus William H.
Published: December 2020

The importance of persistence in problem solving was made clear to me last year as I taught a new course in problem solving. In particular, three problems that I had seen many times before took on new meaning as I was forced to analyze them from the point of view of a teacher.
An Unexpected Expected Value
Authors: Schwartzman Steven
Published: December 2020

In the standard approach to probability, textbooks typically make a distinction between choosing items with replacement and choosing items without replacement
A Rapidly Converging Recursive Approach to Pi
Authors: Dence Joseph B. , Dence Thomas P.
Published: December 2020

The terms recursion, recursive, and recurrence are used in several different but related ways in mathematics and computer science. For example, some readers would describe program 1 as iterative and not recursive.— Ed.
Practical Geometry Problems: The Case of the Ritzville Pyramids
Authors: Nowlin Donald
Published: December 2020

The wheat-producing country of eastern Washington state furnishes a practical example of an applied geometry problem requiring only a knowledge of the relationship between the parts of a circle and the parts of a right triangle. The solution of this problem is related to several topics in the Curriculum and Evaluation Standards (NCTM 1989) that do not appear in a traditional curriculum. One of the main features of this example is that it shows that memorized formulas from textbooks must sometimes be modified to fit real-world problems. The solution of the problem requires the students to make some desirable connections among mathematical concepts that may otherwise be perceived as unrelated.
Sharing Teaching Ideas
Authors: Fisher Julie , Hurwitz Marcia , Frey-Mason Patricia
Published: December 2020

“Hey! Mrs. Fisher, we're cooking today?” My seventh-grade students giggle as I stand in the doorway. As they move to their seats, some students stop by the round table, which holds my cooking pot
Activities: Area and Perimeter Connections
Authors: Kennedy Jane B. , Dotseth Karen A. , Kim Girard , Moody Mally
Published: December 2020

Mathematics can be made much more meaningful through the use of modeling and manipulatives. Teachers trying to move mathematics teaching into the future look for ways to make mathematics less mysterious, monotonous, and menial.
Connecting Research to Teaching: Probability and Statistics
Authors: Shaughnessy J. Michael
Published: December 2020

This issue introduces a new department to the Mathematics Teacher, “Connecting Research to Teaching.” Articles will focus on mathematical and pedagogical ideas related to the NCTM's Curriculum and Evaluation Standards (1989) and the Professional Standards for Teaching Mathematics (1991). Authors will strive to present information to help teachers (1) understand students' conceptions or misconceptions of important ideas, (2) consider various approaches to teaching, and (3) offer activities that probe students' understanding. Although research offers no one correct answer to the many perplexing problems surrounding teaching and learning mathematics, the suggestions and perspectives may help teachers pursue their work with new insights. It is hoped that the department will also stimulate researchers to reflect on connecting research to the classroom. Communication and collaboration between teachers and researchers will benefit both groups and help each grow in appreciation of the other's tasks.
Soundoff: Coalescing: The Latest Operation in Mathematics
Authors: Long Vena M.
Published: December 2020

In fifty states similar statements have been written and broadcast through various media as coalitions have been formed to spearhead the mathematicsreform movement. We in education know how to form coalitions, a1liances, and so forth. I am part of several myself. Coalitions strive to include all levels of education, business, industry, parents, school boards, the financial community, the tourism industry, the agricultural community, and the like. They have a logo and letterhead; some have a newsletter; but a coalition must not just be, it must do. It must “coalesce.”
Activities: Pythagorean Dissection Puzzles
Authors: Miller William A. , Wagner Linda , Dotseth Karen A. , Kim Girard , Moody Mally
Published: December 2020

The Pythagorean theorem is one of the most familiar mathematical formulations, quoted in movies, television, and cartoons. Yet, as familiar as it may be to many people, it is often not completely understood. In the NCTM's Curriculum and Evaluation Standards (1989, 113–14), Standard 12: Geometry for grades 5–8 states, “One of the most important properties in geometry, the Pythagorean theorem, is introduced in the middle grades. Students can a Fig 1 Pythagorean theorem discover this relationship through explorations …” (see fig. 1).
Watching Your Weight
Authors: Clarke Doug
Published: December 2020

The NCTM's standards documents (1989, 1991) encourage teachers to present students with activities that are drawn from real-world contexts and that help them make connections among various content areas. The following situation involves a wealth of mathematics for middle school and high school students, including measurement, data analysis, ratio, predictions, and graphing.
Tips for Beginners: Daily-Quiz Sheet
Authors: Columba Lynn , Dolgos Kathleen A.
Published: December 2020

A procedure for focusing attention and establishing readiness in the classroom is the “daily-quiz sheet.” An eight-and-one-half-by-eleven-inch sheet of paper is divided into five rows and four columns (fig. 1). Each row is for one day of the week with four rectangles for four problems each day. As the students enter the classroom, they will see four problems on the chalkboard or overhead projector; they will immediately recognize this activity as their daily quiz and focus their attention on doing mathematics. This drill-and-review process can be an essential part of daily mathematics instruction, since the problems are selected from homework, yesterday's lesson, or last week's concepts.
An Attractive View of Composite Functions
Authors: Hansen Will
Published: December 2020

One day, one of my students came to me with a question. With his scientific calculator in radian mode, he somewhat absentmindedly pushed the cos x key repeatedly. At first he noted only that the numbers changed rapidly, but he found that something else was quite interesting. As he continued the process, the succeeding numbers did not change much; eventually, they didn't change at all, ending on 7390851 after about fortyfive pushes of the cos x key. He cleared his calculator and started with a different input, or seed value, and pushed the cos x key again. He was startled to find that he arrived at the same value of 7390851. Why was this result occurring? This is an intriguing question for students because its explanation can lead to a geometric view of the idea of a limit. In addition, the visual image that is created is so appealing that students often get genuinely excited when they see the solution. Although this geometric method has been used for several years by those studying chaos (Barton 1990), many teachers may be unaware of it. The purpose of this article is to encourage this method's use in the curriculum.
Sharing Teaching Ideas: Bulletin Boards In Mathematics Class
Authors: Schloemer Cathy G.
Published: December 2020

Could you use a few bulletin-board ideas? Here are some that have been consistently popular in my high school classroom.
A Geometrical Approach to the Six Trigonometric Ratios
Authors: Bonsangue Martin V.
Published: December 2020

The sine and cosine ratios are often visualized as lengths of the projections of a unit segment on the x-and y-axis. This type of pictorial approach for the other four trigonometric ratios has been presented in the problems sections of some textbooks (e.g., Wooton, Beckenbach, and Dolciani 1969, p. 82, no. 29; p. 85, no. 27; Vance 1963, p. 70, nos. 14–16). However, relationships among the trigonometric ratios are often thought of as algebraic rather than geometric. This article presents geometric interpretations of the six trigonometric ratios, as well as some trigonometric relationships derived geometrically rather than algebraically.
The Power of 1
Authors: Crossfield Don
Published: December 2020

Let's make a list of deep and exciting mathematics results—ones that really excite our students.
The Use of Dot Paper in Geometry Lessons
Authors: Woodward Ernest , Hamel Thomas Ray
Published: December 2020

One of the most signjficant documents written in the last twenty years is the NCTM publication, Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics (1989).
Sharing Teaching Ideas: Hidden Treasures In Students' Assumptions and Adapt Your Function Ploiter
Authors: Zerger Monte , Derksen Jared , Dugdale Sharon , Rhoads Genele , Spradlin Lynn
Published: December 2020

The blind assumptions that students make when solving problems can be sources of frustration for teachers. Fortunately, they can be springboards to discovery for them as well. Exploring these assumptions and their validity or invalidity typically causes several questions to surface and arouse a teacher's curiosity. These question, when carefully examined, often lead to the discovery of previously hidden and fascinating relationships.
Drilling Square Holes
Authors: Smith Scott G.
Published: December 2020

A drill bit that produces square holes… it defies common sense. How can a revolving edge cut anything but a circular hole? Not only do such drill bits exist, as well as bits for pentagonal, hexagonal, and octagonal holes, but they derive their shape from a simple geometric construction known as a Reuleaux triangle, which was named after Franz Reuleaux, 1829–1905.
Looking at ∑k=1nk and ∑k=1nk2 Geometrically
Authors: Hegblom Eric
Published: December 2020

Two commonly taught algebraic sums are and The first equation has a short algebraic proof, and the second has a more intricate one. An alternative approach is to evaluate the sums geometrically. A method for each sum is presented here. Evaluating the first sum involves positioning squares and then determining area. Evaluating the second sum involves arranging cubes then determining volume. Although this article can use only two-dimensional pictures to demonstrate the second sum, manipulating (three dimensional) physical cubes adds considerable clarity to a presentation.
Pixy Stix Segments and the Midpoint Connection
Authors: McClintock Ruth
Published: December 2020

The NCTM's Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics (1989) offers a vision of mathematically empowered students embarking on exciting flights of discovery. This vision challenges teachers to look for ways to incorporate problem solving, cooperative learning, mathematical connections, reasoning, communication skills, and proofs into lesson plans. The Pixy Stix activities described in this article are not quite as magical as Peter Pan and Tinkerbell's prescription of sprinkling pixie dust over children who want to fly, but they do embody all the attributes mentioned above and may enable your high school geometry students to take off in some surprising directions.
Implementing the “Curriculum and Evaluation Standards”: Implementing the Discrete Mathematics Standards: Focusing on Recursion
Authors: Kenney Margaret J. , Bezuszka Stanley J.
Published: December 2020

This article applies to Standard 12 of the Curriculum Standards for Grades 9-12 (NCTM 1989), focuses primarily on one particular topic noted in that standard, and offers some suggestions for using that topic in a variety of settings.
Implementing the “Professional Standards for Teaching Mathematics”: Applying the Standards to the College Mathematics Classroom: Ideas and Obstacles
Authors: Prichard Mary Kim
Published: December 2020

This assumption that how teachers teach mathematics is fundamentally connected with how they learned it underlies the first standard of the “Standards for the Professional Development of Teachers of Mathematics.” This standard, Experiencing Good Mathematics Teaching, focuses on the role of the college and university mathematics professors in the process of reforming school mathematics teaching. It is essential that mathematics teacher educators invite and encourage college-level mathematics faculty to join them in implementing the teaching standards. The NCTM's Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics (1989) and Professional Standards for Teaching Mathematics (1991) present a new vision of school mathematics. Mathematics courses and programs of study in colleges and universities should share in this vision.
The effects of empathy and self concept on problem solving: Focusing on the mediating effect of communication of nursing students
Authors: Hwang Young Hui , Park Sun Jung
Published: December 2020

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the effect of nursing students' empathy and self-esteem on problem-solving ability through the mediated effect of communication skills.Methods: Data were collected from 179 nursing students between 1 October and 30 October, 2018 from three universities in Gyeonggi-Do. Data on subjects’ general characteristics, empathy, self-esteem, communication skills, and problem solving ability were collected using a structured self-reporting questionnaire.Results: Of the total subjects, 89.9% were female. The subjects' empathy was 3.40±0.36, self-esteem was 3.16±0.56, communication skills was 3.65±0.48, and problem-solving ability was 3.52±0.42. Communication skills showed a partial mediating effect on the relationship between empathy and problem solving ability. Communication skills also showed a partial mediating effect on the relationship between self-esteem and problem solving ability.Conclusion: These findings indicate that it will be more effective to develop strategies that can improve empathy, self-esteem, and communication skills together when developing programs that improve problem-solving ability.
The influence of gender-friendly environment and communication competence of male nursing students on adjustment to college life
Authors: Park Seonmin , Kim Jung-Hee
Published: December 2020

Purpose: This study examined the effects of a gender-friendly environment and the communication competence of male nursing students on college life adaptation.Methods: The participants included 221 male nursing students from the nursing departments at five universities. Data were collected using self-report questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and multiple regressions with SPSS/WIN 18.0.Results: The participants’ scores on the gender-friendly environment, communication competence, and college life adaptation were 58.41±10.96, 56.19±7.32, and 117.37±16.86, respectively. Factors influencing male nursing students’ college adaptation included satisfaction with major, communication competence, academic grade, and economic level. These variables together explained 59% of college adaptation in male nursing students (F=26.74, p<.001).Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that the development and application of educational programs for communication competence and a gender-friendly educational environment are essential in enhancing the adaptation of male nursing students to college life.
Health-related nudging
Authors: Fage-Butler Antoinette
Published: December 2020

The aim of this paper is to present a methodological approach that provides analytical, critical and normative purchase on nudges’ bypassing of reflection, using a combination of multimodal analysis, Foucauldian theory, and Habermas’s (1996) concept of deliberative democracy. The approach is demonstrated using an example of a health-related nudge from the Danish context: healthy product placement in a supermaket. Multimodal analysis highlights how various modes (colour, symbol, front and back, positioning and discourse) contribute meanings to the nudge. A Foucauldian perspective provides critical perspectives on nudges as shaping practices, as short of epistemic content and thus potentially difficult to resist, and as representing a politicisation of public space. Nudges’ lack of transparency is discussed in relation to Habermas’s normative framework of deliberative democracy where recognising public perspectives and ensuring consensus are key. Limitations of the article include a smaller data set; however, the data are used to illustrate the methodological approach. On the basis of the findings, I argue for the importance of furthering critical public discourse on nudging. That way, nudgees may be better positioned to spot nudges, and the implications of policymakers using this technique of governance can be more effectively scrutinised.
‘dark side’ of the LEAP CCT programme in Ghana
Authors: Puorideme Dennis
Published: December 2020

Studies of social transfer targeting practices and mechanisms, including the proxy means test (PMT) instrument, have often assumed that the essential purpose of these mechanisms is to ensure fairness, cost-effectiveness and efficiency, yet there is limited consensus on their optimal performance. This article builds on recent studies of social transfer targeting practices in developing countries by providing a better interpretation of the power dynamics involved in ‘translating’ the PMT instrument at the intersection of official, public and cultural discourses. It is a Foucault-based study that combines ethnography and discourse studies to analyse the everyday actions and practices of programme officials and caregivers. This study demonstrates that officials legitimise and translate the PMT instrument, separate individuals from families, and constitute them as objects for governmental intervention to achieve efficiency and cost-effectiveness. The re-categorisation of family members into households ‘outside’ of everyday sociocultural relations and practices is contested and resisted, creating a complex system of power relationships around the PMT.
Employee representations of customer harassment and its causes in self-reported tales
Authors: Borchmann Thomas , Pedersen Bendt Torpegaard
Published: December 2020

In this paper we explore the potential qualities of the processing and sharing of instances of verbal and behavioural harassment experienced by employees in their interactions with customers. The data originates from a study of an internet forum where employees from customer-oriented job functions share their experiences of troublesome interactions with customers. 1859 tales and 2932 responses have been analysed using content analysis and descriptive statistics. The study focused on mapping 1) the character of the incidents experienced, 2) the employees’ perceptions and representations of possible causes of the incidents, 3) the content and character of the solutions presented, 4) the emotions displayed, and 5) the received responses. In this article we limit our focus to the findings relating to the character of the experienced incidents and the representation of possible causes of the incidents and use these findings to discuss the potential qualities of the experience processing. We argue that the experience processing displays both positive and negative qualities. Among the positive qualities are; a potential for authenticity stemming from the events being self-experienced, continuity, equal access, reflexivity and diminishing of self-blame. Among the negative qualities are; some conditioning by gender socialization, traces of narrowmindedness and individualization founded in attribution biases, some problematic stereotyping and rare instances of self-blame.
Odpowiedzialność deliktowa uczestników kartelu – aspekty podmiotowe w świetle wybranego orzecznictwa
Authors: Affre Joanna , Rybicki Przemysław
Published: December 2020

The article concentrates on the problem of the liability of cartel participants towards third parties for infringements of competition law. First of all, the legal basis for the redress and the resulting rights for third parties were analysed. This was followed by judgments of the CJEU and national courts, in which victims – not bound by a contract with the cartel participants – claimed damages from them. The analysis of the case-law shows how far the liability of the cartel participants reaches and what are the limitations of this liability.
The Problem of Implementing the Francophone Policy in the Field of Education in the Countries of Asia and Africa (1958-1969)
Authors: Zinchenko Irina
Published: December 2020

The article discusses the issues related to the implementation of the Francophone policy in African and Asian countries. The author examines France's methods of cooperating with its former colonies; which countries received more attention; why specifically education played an important role in the implementation of the Francophone policy, and how did the financial support for this field change during the presidency of Charles de Gaulle. In the presented work, the policy of Francophonie is understood as the totality of France’s actions towards creating privileged political and economic ties with foreign states through the means of the French language and culture.In accordance with the latest methodological developments, foreign cultural policy is viewed as a group of measures developed and implemented by a state on an external level in order to promote national culture and language. The perception of the problems of foreign cultural policy was significantly influenced by the concept of "soft power" elaborated by political scientist J. Naya. This study applied several research methods: the system analysis method and the comparative analysis method. Topics related to the political implementation of Francophonie are little studied in Russian historiography. The article uses documents from the archives of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs previously unfamiliar to the general public. The implementation of the Francophone policy in the countries of Asia and Africa in 1958-1969 resulted in the extensive cultural, economic and political cooperation between France and its former colonies. Despite the numerous successes in implementing the Francophone policy, by 1969, the government of the Fifth Republic had failed to restore the French cultural influence on the territories that had gained independence from France in a non-peaceful way.
The Supply Crisis in the USSR in the Early 1970s: Mass Consciousness and Government Reaction
Authors: Yakupova Dar'ya Viktorovna , Yakupov Roman Aleksandrovich
Published: December 2020

The research subject of this study is the reciprocal influence of the problems of food supply and the social stability of the Soviet state with an analysis aiming to establish the relationship between the onset of the provision crisis and the massive politicization of economic processes in the USSR on the part of society during the examined period.The article is directed at studying the degree of impact the unfulfilled consumer expectations had on the social perception of power by the population of the Soviet Union during the agrarian crisis of the early 1970s.Particular attention is paid to the interaction between the government and society on questions of food supply, as well as the alleviation of the provision crisis through imports.The methodological basis of this work is founded on the basic principles of scientific knowledge - objectivity and historicism, which allowed the authors to study the evolution of the population's mass consciousness in a dialectical relationship with the era's phenomena. Upon implementing the above-mentioned principles, a number of both general scientific and specific historical research methods were applied (historical-situational, historical-comparative, historical-systemic, and statistical methods). The scientific novelty of this work is its attempt to reflect on the course of the socio-political development of the USSR under the influence of changing internal and external factors caused by the consumer crisis.The authors note that under difficult conditions, the authorities of the USSR and the CPSU Central Committee were forced to meet the social needs of the population in order to maintain a certain level of food provisions, as well as to support welfare. Evidence supports that increased social payments and higher wages in the early 1970s temporarily reduced the population's discontent with the Soviet political regime. The authors conclude that the concentration of the population’s attention on the low level of meeting their urgent needs was the basis of social inversion and the revision of the Soviet government approval index.
The General and the Specific in Modern Historical Knowledge
Authors: Khvostova Kseniya Vladimirovna
Published: December 2020

The article focuses on the study of the particular features in understanding the relationship between general and specific manifestations of reality in historical research. The author describes historical civilizations as the unity of social, cultural, political and economic manifestations in societies. The author also examines the role of emergentism and mental causality in the understanding of global social phenomena and gives particular attention to the local-temporal changes in civilizations. The author analyzes the differences in understanding a historical event within the framework of modern philosophy and historical sciences. According to the philosophy of Heidegger and Deleuze, only large-scale phenomena that transcend the boundaries of daily life can be called “events”. An occurrence in everyday life should not be called an event. Taking into account the close ties among major historical events and happenings in daily life, and based on the role of specifics in the modern post-non-classical historical paradigm, the author proposes that the social phenomena of everyday life should also be considered in historical studies as events. The author also discusses the analysis of linguistic methods in historiography and the role of induction in historical research. The text focuses on the particularities of using mathematical methods in the historical analysis of the distant past and highlights historical transdisciplinarity. Finally, the author considers the role of the modern post-non-classical scientific paradigm and the role of synergy in historical research, The findings are illustrated using examples from Byzantine history.
Optina Pustyn' as a Model for Monastic Reform at the Beginning of the 20th Century
Authors: Zapalskii Gleb
Published: December 2020

The article's research subject is the sources from corporate meetings of the clergy in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century: conventions of monks, clergy and laity, as well as the Local Council of 1917–1918. The author considers how the monastic reform was planned and what role Optina Pustyn' played in this process. The author analyses the participation of this monastery's monks in corporate meetings, identifies in what context Optina Pustyn' was mentioned at these meetings, and clarifies how the monastery's traditions and experience were used in the church's monastic reform. Optina Pustyn' is considered as one of the main spiritual centers of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. In accordance with the “center-periphery” model, Optina and its traditions influenced the development of the Church at the regional and then at the central level. Based on the article's material, the author demonstrates that at the beginning of the 20th century, Optina Pustyn', administratively remaining in deep province, in the spiritual sense had reached the national level. This was manifested not only in mass pilgrimages, but also in the fact that Optina was openly recognized by the Holy Synod and the monastic community as an exemplary, well-maintained monastery. Optina monks were invited to various corporate meetings of the clergy - up to the Local Council of 1917-1918, and Optina traditions were sought in chartering the monastic reform. Thus, the author argues that when reforming monasteries, the church administration tried to rely on the informal category of spiritual experience.
Collectivism and individualism in patrimonial estate communities on the example of two ecological settlements in Central Russia
Authors: Demidova Yulia
Published: December 2020

This article examines the correlation between individualism and collectivism with regards to economic and household activities, as well as festive culture in the settlements during fairs, festivals and holidays. Characteristics is given to the phenomenon of ecological settlements. Chronology of the development of this movement is provided. The author reviews the economic practices alongside private and collective leisure activities, determines the features of individualism and collectivism thereof. Analysis of the content of leisure activities demonstrates the clear prevalence of collectivism, which indicates the need for realization of the ideological principle through social practices within the community. However, the economic activities of Anastasians mark the prevalence of individualism, which is widely described in the narratives, and illustrates significance of the processes of personal fulfillment and self-actualization in the new environment. In realization of the aforementioned practices, inhabitants of the settlements resort to the “traditional, passed down through generations lifestyle”. The author believes that sociocultural practices represent an attempt to integrate positive aspects of modern individualism and archaic collectivism and communalism. The conclusion is made that the practices of patrimonial estate communities are collective in nature, which distinguishes them from the practices of urban life; however, they remain individualistic. What was considered an ordinary collective practice in peasant environment, now can be interpreted as the infringement of personal space, since the individual becomes the supreme unit, initiator of most cultural practices, both individualistic and collectivistic (harvest festivals or community help on birthdays). The communities of patrimonial estates mark the formation of new social reality, which intertwines the individual and the collective.
Salary of the employees of textile industry of Yaroslavl Governorate in the early XX century
Authors: Shilnikova Irina
Published: December 2020

  This article considers the questions of labor compensation of the industrial workers in prerevolutionary Russia based on the materials of one of the largest textile factories – Yaroslavl Big Manufactory (YBM). Attention is focused on the dynamics of nominal and real salaries at different phases of business cycle, as well as the ratio of salaries between high- and low-paid groups of workers in the early XX century (depending on the level of qualification and gender affiliation). The research contains the archival materials preserved in the State Archive of Yaroslavl Oblast in the fund of the Yaroslavl Big Manufactory (F. 674), including personal records of the employees and payroll registers for the period from the end of the XIX – beginning of the XX centuries. The conclusion is made that during the period of economic depression until 1908, the nominal salary of YBM employees grew faster than during the industrial ramp-up of 1909 – 1913, which was justified by the policy of factory’s administration, which in 1905 – 1907 raised the prices in order to meet the demands of the strikers. At the time of economic depression, the gap in salaries of high- and low-paid categories of workers (by professional, gender, and age groups) was reduced. In 1909 – 1913, the previous level of salary differentiation gradually came back to the situation of the period of depression. The conducted research allows formulating the hypothesis that at the time of unfavorable economic conjuncture, the entrepreneurs were oriented towards reduction of salary differentiation by raising salaries of the low-paid categories to the level of higher-paid workers; while during the years of economic upswing, the level of salary differentiation was increasing again, which was justified by intention to improve labor motivation among most qualified workers.  
The peculiarities of women's socialization in the United States (turn of the XIX – XX centuries)
Authors: Ovcharenko Anastasiia Olegovna
Published: December 2020

Throughout the XIX century in the United States of America firmly established the ideals of the “Victorian Era”, according to which American women were considered the home keepers, had to create comfort and coziness, while men had to provide for their families. However, due to a number of factors, namely social consequences of the development of industrial society, and thus, emergence of the middle class, the prevalent in the society ideas underwent certain transformations. The article not only discusses the origin of the concept of “Victorianism” in Great Britain and its interpretations in the United States, but also explains the reasons that at the turn of the XIX – XX centuries led to the distortion of the long-held beliefs on gender roles in the society. In examination of peculiarities of self-determination of the American women, the author employs historical-genetic method that allows to grasp the reasons, according to which the representatives of “softer gender” traditionally were engaged in private sphere of life, as well as to follow the evolution of liberalization of their views in the context of the United States history of the turn of the XIX – XX centuries. Leaning of the principle of systematicity, the author views feminist movement not only as an attempt of American women to earn their place in public sphere, but also as part of the commenced process of social modernization. The author demonstrates how the American women, influenced by the subjective and objective factors, gradually were earning their place in public sphere, while changing their character, image and lifestyle. The article outlines the key difficulties faced by women at the turn of the XIX –XX centuries in their attempt overcome the traditional beliefs prevalent in the United States. An important role played their gender self-determination, which reflected sociocultural stereotypes established in the American society, as well as the new trends of socialization and professionalization of an individual.
National security as a subject of research in the Russian social science, humanities, and jurisprudence
Authors: Putintsev Andrey Vladimirovich
Published: December 2020

The subject of this article is the trends of reflection of the problems of national security in the Russian scientific works within the framework social and humanities disciplines as a whole, and jurisprudence in particular. Research methodology is define by uniqueness of the subject matter. Analysis is conducted on the texts of thesis works defended in jurisprudence, economic, sociological, philosophical, and political sciences in the XXI century. Using the level approach, the author proposes classification of scientific works depending on the proximity of their subject to national security as the complex object of study, as well as gives a brief overview of the structure of research from the perspective of different scientific disciplines. Attention is turned to underdevelopment of cross-disciplinary relations within the framework of the universal theory of national security. The author creates a five-level model of the theory of national security that allows ranking research from the applied levels to most abstract. In the context of this model, the author examines methodological approaches towards national security that formed within the framework of different social and humanities disciplines. The conclusion is made on the leading role of political science in creating a cross-disciplinary theory of national security; however, emphasis is placed on the fields available for analysis using solely the legal scientific methodology. Considering the revealed lacuna with regards to fundamental legal research, the need for further theoretical-legal research of national security is substantiated.
Criminalistic characteristic of investigation of undue influence upon critical information structure of the Russian Federation
Authors: Golubev Filipp Alekseevich
Published: December 2020

This article provides comprehensive description of the crime established by the Article 274.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The subject of this research is the crimes in the area of information technologies and their circumstances set by the Article 274.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, as well as comprehensive characteristic of criminal impact upon the critical information infrastructure of the Russian Federation. The subject of research also includes the concept of the object of infringement – the critical information structure of the Russian Federation, isolated circumstances of the instance of crime that determine the nature and dynamics of criminal activity thereof, classification and criminalistic characteristic of the objects of crime, essential evidence of unfavorable consequences of undue influence upon critical information structure of the Russian Federation. Definition is given to the concept of the object of infringement – the critical information structure of the Russian Federation. The author examines isolated circumstances the instance of crime that determine the nature and dynamics of criminal activity thereof. Classification and criminalistic characteristic are given to the objects of crime; essential evidence of unfavorable consequences of undue influence upon the critical information structure of the Russian Federation is identified and analyzed. The author concludes that taking into consideration the fact that currently there is no practice, guidelines, recommendations on investigation and detection of crimes established by the Article 274.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the crimes that fall under the indicated category have even grater latency compared to other crimes of the Chapter 28 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which necessitates the development of guidelines, recommendations, normative legal and local acts on detection, investigation and prevention of crimes in the area of computer technologies.
On the improvement of work management in authorities of the prosecutor's office on consideration of complaints of the parties to criminal proceedings against actions (or inaction) and decisions of the investigator and the prosecutor
Authors: Popov Aleksandr Aleksandrovich
Published: December 2020

This article raises the questions on the improvement of work management in the prosecutorial branches on consideration of complaints of the parties to criminal proceedings against actions (or inaction) and decisions of the investigator and the prosecutor. Analysis is conducted on the existing in the prosecutor’s office procedure of pretrial dispute, which legislative consolidation is associated with usage of the term “superior prosecutor”. The subject of this research is the norms of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, executive documents of the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation and prosecutor's offices of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as scientific literature on the topic at hand. The conclusion is made that the current legislation and the established law enforcement practice assume on the recurrent appeal on the same instance of violation of law within a single prosecutorial branch, and thus do not effectively protect the rights and legitimate interests of the parties involved in the criminal procedure sphere. For this reason, the author makes recommendations on the amendments to the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation aimed at adjustment of the procedure of consideration of complaints of the parties to criminal proceedings, which would ensure their resolution within the framework of a single prosecutorial branch in a single instance.
Strategies to reconcile beliefs and practices: A case study of teacher agency enactment in curriculum making
Authors: Ching Lee Wei
Published: December 2020

This qualitative case study investigated why and how a teacher used his agency in curriculum-making. The study uses in-depth interviews, classroom observation, and teaching artefacts to understand the socio-cultural perspective on the interplay among agency, resources, schema, and structure.
It finds that in this case, teacher agency was triggered by the perturbation resulting from a misalignment between the teacher’s personal beliefs and the school’s cultural schema. Strategies for reconciling were enacted through resource creation, cultural schema integration, negotiation
for curriculum space, and researching. More attention is needed to understand how the perturbation emerged in the practices, the coupling relationships between resources and cultural schema, and the agency transformation.
Andrés de Santa María en los críticos de arte colombianos
Authors: Quinche Ramírez Víctor Alberto
Published: December 2020

La figura del crítico de arte es una instancia de mediación en el proceso social de “lectura” de las obras de arte. La lectura de una obra hace que de una existencia previa meramente virtual, la obra pase a ser actualizada en la experiencia que el receptor hace de ella en el proceso de actualización de sentido mediante el acto mismo de la lectura. De esta manera, la lectura que propone el crítico es o aspira a ser canónica, y su pretensión de corrección aspira a ser normativa e ilustradora para la experiencia del receptor “normal”. Este trabajo reconstruye la forma como los críticos de arte en Colombia se han referido (han “leído”) a la producción pictórica de Andrés de Santa María (1860-1945) desde la fase de su estancia en Bogotá a finales del siglo xix, hasta el año 2002. La herramienta que se emplea para leer el desarrollo del lenguaje de los críticos es una combinación de la estética de la recepción, la hermenéutica y algunos rasgos de la filosofía analítica del arte.
Hojman conserved quantity for a holonomic system in the event space
Authors: Xu Xue-Jun  , Mei Feng-Xiang  , Qin Mao-Chang  ,   (1)北京理工大学理学院,北京100081; (2)北京理工大学理学院,北京100081;浙江师范大学物理系,金华321004
Published: December 2020

A Hojman conserved quantity constructed by using the special Lie symmetry, or the Noether symmetry, or the form invariance for a holonomic system in the event space is studied. First, the differential equations of motion of the system are established. Second, the critera of three kinds of symmetries, such as the Lie symmetry, the Noether symmetry and the form invariance, and the relation among them are obtained. Third, the conservation law theorem gained by Hojman is generalized and applied to the system, and a non-Noether conserved quantity is obtained. Two examples are finally given to illustrate the application of the results.
Mei symmetry for two-dimensional charged particle in motion
Authors: Lou Zhi-Mei  ,   绍兴文理学院物理系,绍兴312000
Published: December 2020

The motion of a charged particle in an electromagnetic field is studied by Mei symmetry.Based on the Mei symmetry of two-dimensional particle motion, the generator and the partial differential equations for the electromagnetic field are obtained by comparing the coefficients of all the monomials. A specific example is given in this paper.
New exact solutions of coupled Klein-Gordon-Schr?dinger equations
Authors: Liu Cheng-Shi  , Du Xing-Hua  ,   大庆石油学院数学系,大庆163318
Published: December 2020

By using a functiontransformation method, coupled KleinGordornSchrdinger equations are reduced to the integrals that can be solved with elementary functions and elliptic functions. Its exact solutions that include discontinuous solutions, hyperbolic function type solutions and elliptic function type solutions, and a special solutions obtained in a reference, are given.
The space dent of sphere-symmetry harmonic oscillator in ground state
Authors: Long Shu-Ming  , Ran Qi-Wu  , Xiong Xiao-Jun  ,   (1)陕西理工学院物理系,汉中723000; (2)西安交通大学电气学院,西安710049
Published: December 2020

A rigorous solution of Schrdinger equation of an spheresymmetry harmonic oscillator is studied by the power series method.We found that wave function ψ(r,θ,φ)|r～0 can be infinite, rψ(r,θ,φ)|r～0 must be finite; this is in accord with Born's statistical explanation. The groundstate energy of the spheresymmetry harmonic oscillator is ω/2. The space dent will appear in the ground state of the spheresymmetry harmonic oscillator.
The nonadiabatic conditional geometric phase shift in a coiled fiber system
Authors: Shen Jian-Qi  , Zhuang Fei  ,   (1)杭州师范学院物理系,杭州310012; (2)浙江大学光及电磁波研究中心，瑞典皇家工学院浙江大学联合光子学研究中心,杭州310027
Published: December 2020

The nonadiabatic conditional geometric phase gate is required in the topological quantum computation in order to overcome the conflict between the requirement of adiabatic condition(to avoid the severe distortion from the nonadiabaticity to the results) and the removal of decoherence effects. It was demonstrated that the effective Hamiltonian that describes the propagation of photon fields inside the coiled fiber is just the WangMatsumoto type of Hamiltonian. Thus, the coiled fiber system will automatically generate the nonadiabatic conditional geometric phase shift. In addition, it was shown that the dynamical phase(resulting from the effective Hamiltonian) acquired by the polarized photons vanishes, and the conditional initial state can be easily prepared only by controlling the initial wave vector of photons. In a word, the coiled fiber system can automatically satisfy the requirements and conditions, which were proposed by Wang and Matsumoto in order to create the nonadiabatic conditional geometric phase shift in their NMR scheme.
A fat strange set crisis in a piecewise-continuous system
Authors: He Yue  , Jiang Yu-Mei  , Shen Ying  , He Da-Ren  ,   扬州大学物理科学与技术学院,扬州225002
Published: December 2020

This article reports a characteristic crisis observed in a kicked rotor subjected to a piecewise continuous force field. The discontinuity border in the definition range of the twodimensional mapping, which describes the system, oscillates as the discrete time develops so that the forward images of the border form a fat fractal. With a chosen group of parameters the iterations on the fat fractal display chaotic motion, and the transient iterations from the initial values in a certain region of the phase space are attracted to the fat fractal. At a threshold of a control parameter, an elliptic periodic orbit suddenly appears inside the fat strange set, inducing an escaping of the iterations to the elliptic islands around it. The fat chaotic attractor thus suddenly transfers to a fat transient set. The influence of the feature of the crisis on the dependence of the lifetime in the transient set on the control parameter has been analyzed. It is shown that the dependence follows a universal scaling law suggested by Grebogy, Ott and Yorke, and the scaling exponent can be approximated according to the variation rules of the elliptic islands and the measure of the fat fractal as control parameter changes. It is possible to compare the results of the direct numerical computation on the scaling exponent and that obtained with the approximation. They are in good agreement.