bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Déjà vu: on the use of meat resources by sabretooth cats, hominins, and hyaenas in the Early Pleistocene site of Fuente Nueva 3 (Guadix-Baza Depression, SE Spain)
Authors: Palmqvist Paul , Rodríguez-Gómez Guillermo , Martínez-Navarro Bienvenido , Espigares M. Patrocinio , Figueirido Borja , Ros-Montoya Sergio , Guerra-Merchán Antonio , Granados Alejandro , García-Aguilar José Manuel , Pérez-Claros Juan A.
Published: January 2023

The late Early Pleistocene archaeological site of Fuente Nueva 3 (Orce, Guadix-Baza Depression, SE Spain), dated to ~1.4 Ma, provides evidence on the subsistence strategies of the first hominin population that dispersed in Western Europe. The site preserves Oldowan tool assemblages associated with abundant remains of large mammals. A small proportion of these remains show cut marks and percussion marks resulting from defleshing and bone fracturing, and a small proportion of bones also show tooth marks. Previous taphonomic studies of FN3 suggested that the hominins had secondary access to the prey leftovers abandoned by sabretooth cats and other primary predators. However, a recent analysis by Yravedra et al. (2021) of the frequency of anthropogenic marks and tooth marks has concluded that the hominins had primary access to the carcasses of a wide variety of ungulate prey, even though the frequency of evisceration marks is strikingly low. In this rebuttal, we analyse the patterns of bone preservation in FN3, which show that the exploitation of bone marrow by the hominins after hammerstone breakage was a usual activity at the site. Our study also reviews the evidence available on the lesser abilities of sabretooth cats for carcass processing compared to pantherine felids. This reinforces the hypothesis that primary predators provided the hominins the opportunity to scavenge sizeable chunks of meat and bone marrow of their prey carcasses before the arrival of hyaenas. Finally, we also provide new inferences on resource availability and competition intensity among the members of the carnivore guild in FN3, which reinforce our interpretation that a secondary access by the Oldowan hominins to the prey leftovers of sabretooth cats was an optimal foraging strategy in the Guadix-Baza Depression.
Parametric study of melt pool geometry in hybrid plasma arc-laser melting process for additive manufacturing application
Authors: Wang Chong , Suder Wojciech , Ding Jialuo , Williams Stewart
Published: January 2023

Wire-based hybrid arc-laser additive manufacturing is suitable for producing large metallic parts (metres in scale) with high deposition rates and near-net-shape. In this process, the surface quality and dimensional accuracy of the deposited parts are determined by the melt pool geometry. However, how to control the melt pool in the hybrid process is complex due to the multiple parameters that can be used. In this study, control of melt pool geometry by investigating different process parameters, including laser power, travel direction, arc-laser separation distance, laser beam size, and arc current in the hybrid plasma transferred arc (PTA)-laser process, was studied systematically. It was found that a larger melt pool was achieved with the PTA-leading configuration compared to that with the laser-leading configuration due to a higher laser absorption occurred with the former configuration. The melt pool was enlarged by either increasing the laser power or arc current due to the increased energy input. However, if the laser power density is high enough to determine the melt pool depth, the increasing arc current has very little effect on melt pool depth but only increases the melt pool width. In addition, the melt pool became shallower and wider when using a larger laser beam. The arc-laser separation distance had a minor effect on the melt pool geometry due to the fixed energy input used in the studied cases. The results of this study provide a reference for melt pool control in wire-based hybrid arc-laser additive manufacturing.
Hybrid laser metal deposition of a Fe–Cr–Mo–V–Mn tool steel for hot stamping applications
Authors: Romano Tobia , Abdelwahed Marawan , Bengtsson Sven , Bruzzo Francesco , Casati Riccardo , Gedda Hans , López Elena , Ulfberg Petter , Wilsnack Christoph , Vedani Maurizio
Published: January 2023

In this investigation, a novel Fe–Cr–Mo–V–Mn hot work tool steel powder was specifically developed for laser-based additive manufacturing, targeting the possibility to create conformal cooling channels in hot stamping tools for improved cooling efficiency during the forming of steel sheets for the automotive industry. Specimens of the proposed tool steel were printed via laser metal deposition and characterized to demonstrate its compatibility with hot work tool steels that are commonly used in the tooling industry. The applicability of the developed material was proved by fabricating cooling channels in a simple geometry demonstrator using a hybrid process combining milling and laser metal deposition. Finally, a hybrid-manufactured hot stamping tool segment was tested in a pilot plant to evaluate the effect of the investigated material on the cooling performance when compared to a conventional tool machined from H13 hot work tool steel. The results showed that the Fe–Cr–Mo–V–Mn tool steel features thermophysical properties similar to the most popular H13 steel and it can be efficiently used to produce tools containing conformal cooling channels by hybrid laser metal deposition, without the need of intermediate structures to improve the compatibility between the substrate and the deposited volumes.
Monocular In-flight Measurement of Airfoil Deflections
Authors: Meidow Jochen , Pfingsten Kai-Christoph
Published: January 2023

The knowledge of the actual shape of an aeroplane’s wing in midair is crucial to perform realistic flow simulations. Based on these analyses, the shape of a wing can be optimized by constructive measures and by the selective emptying of the fuel tanks installed inside the wings. As a result, the fuel consumption is reduced and fewer emissions occur. Furthermore, monitoring wing deflections allows for conclusions about the mechanical load and thus the service limit of an airfoil. To determine the wing deflection, we present the concept of a deployed measuring system consisting of measuring marks attached to the wing’s surface and a single camera. A basic model for the bending of a wing is explained and utilized, which assumes the preservation of arc lengths on the wing’s upper surface during bending. The measuring system was successfully applied during several long-distance flights with wide-body aircraft. The design of the measurement system, its setup and calibration, as well as obtained results are presented and discussed.
A Hands-on Medical Mechatronics Exercise to Pump Up Student Learnings
Authors: Pennes Anthony , Mendez Keegan , Hanumara Nevan , Roche Ellen T. , Traverso Giovanni , Custer David , Hom Gim
Published: January 2023

Best practices in Biomedical Engineering education seek to connect classroom knowledge to practical applications. MIT’s Medical Device Design course is comprised of in-class didactics, individual laboratory assignments, and a semester-long, team- based design and prototyping challenge, based in real unmet biomedical need. Students in the course represent a broad set of undergraduate and graduate students, from diverse educational backgrounds, with different levels of training and expertise. This year, as a precursor to the semester-long project, we designed, piloted, and evaluated a new experiential learning lab based around a syringe pump, selected because of its prevalence in the clinical setting, exemplification of core, multidisciplinary biomedical engineering concepts, and suitability for a team-based learning exercise. Students individually calculated patient dosing requirements and translated desired volume and flow rate into stepper motor commands. Then, during a single in-class session, teams worked from a custom-designed and fabricated kit to assemble a syringe pump, breadboard electronics, implement software controls, and finally close the design loop by evaluating their pumps' dispensing performance. A post-lab survey of the student cohort indicated that this pilot lab provided a sound biomedical learning and teamwork opportunity that improved technical literacy. The survey also identified key opportunities for improvement – students wanted more time and instructor-guided learning to increase their understanding of the mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and software subtopics. Consequently, next year we will expand the lab into a multi-class exercise, with enhanced lectures and supplementary materials. Overall, we share this problem-based learning exercise, designed to exemplify key concepts, improve teamwork, and foster hands-on tinkering skills, with other biomedical engineering instructors.
Gothic Voices
Authors: Foley Matt
Published: January 2023

This Element provides new ways of reading the soundscape of the Gothic text. Drawing inspiration from the field of 'sonic Gothic' studies, which has been spearheaded by the writings of Isabella van Elferen, as well as from Mladen Dolar's articulation of the psychoanalytic 'object' voice, this study introduces the critical category of 'vococentric Gothic' into Gothic scholarship. In so doing, it reads important moments in Gothic fiction when the voice takes precedence as an uncanny, monstrous or seductive object. Historically informed, the range of readings proffered demonstrate the persistence of these vocal motifs across time (from the Gothic romance to contemporary Gothic) and across intermedia forms (from literature to film to podcasts). Gothic Voices, then, provides the first dedicated account of voices of terror and horror as they develop in the Gothic mode from the Romantic period until today.
Do Women Make More Protectionist Trade Policy?
Authors: BETZ TIMM , FORTUNATO DAVID , O’BRIEN DIANA Z.
Published: January 2023

Women have more protectionist trade preferences than men do. We assess whether this well-documented relationship between gender and protectionism in the mass public carries over into a relationship between women’s political representation and (a) party platforms, and (b) governments’ trade policy choices. Looking across countries and over time, we demonstrate that with an increase in women’s representation, political party trade policy positions become more protectionist. For government trade policy choices, we identify more nuanced results. The protectionist effect of women’s representation is limited to the most visible products: consumption goods. Women’s representation has no effect on intermediate inputs, where firm demands for trade liberalization are more pronounced and policy makers are thus constrained in implementing a protectionist agenda. These findings contribute to scholarship on the descriptive–substantive representation link, add a new dimension to our understanding of trade politics, and demonstrate the importance of applying a gendered lens to international political economy research.
Hindu: A History
Authors: Truschke Audrey
Published: January 2023

This article provides a textured history of the multivalent term “hindu” over 2,500 years, with the goal of productively unsettling what we think we know. “Hindu” is a ubiquitous word in modern times, used by scholars and practitioners in dozens of languages to denote members of a religious tradition. But the religious meaning of “hindu” and its common use are quite new. Here I trace the layered history of “hindu,” part of an array of shifting identities in early and medieval India. In so doing, I draw upon an archive of primary sources—in Old Persian, New Persian, Sanskrit, Prakrit, Hindi, Marathi, Bengali, and more—that offers the kind of multilingual story needed to understand a term that has long cut across languages in South Asia. Also, I do not treat premodernity as a prelude but rather recognize it as the heart of this tale. So much of South Asian history—including over two thousand years of using the term “hindu”—has been misconstrued by those who focus only on British colonialism and later. We need a deeper consideration of South Asian pasts if we are to think more fruitfully about the terms and concepts that order our knowledge. Here, I offer one such contribution that marshals historical material on the multiform and fluid word “hindu” that can help us think more critically and precisely about this discursive category.
Slope equality of non-hyperelliptic Eisenbud–Harris special fibrations of genus 4
Authors: Enokizono Makoto
Published: January 2023

The Horikawa index and the local signature are introduced for relatively minimal fibered surfaces whose general fiber is a non-hyperelliptic curve of genus 4 with unique trigonal structure.
Genetic diversity of Trypanosoma cruzi infecting raccoons (Procyon lotor) in 2 metropolitan areas of southern Louisiana: implications for parasite transmission networks
Authors: Majeau Alicia , Cloherty Erin , Anderson A. Nikki , Straif-Bourgeois Susanne C. , Dumonteil Eric , Herrera Claudia
Published: January 2023

Trypanosoma cruzi, the aetiological agent of Chagas disease, exists as an anthropozoonosis in Louisiana. Raccoons are an important reservoir, as they demonstrate high prevalence and maintain high parasitaemia longer than other mammals. Given the complex nature of parasite transmission networks and importance of raccoons as reservoirs that move between sylvatic and domestic environments, detailing the genetic diversity of T. cruzi in raccoons is crucial to assess risk to human health. Using a next-generation sequencing approach targeting the mini-exon, parasite diversity was assessed in 2 metropolitan areas of Louisiana. Sequences were analysed along with those previously identified in other mammals and vectors to determine if any association exists between ecoregion and parasite diversity. Parasites were identified from discrete typing units (DTUs) TcI, TcII, TcIV, TcV and TcVI. DTUs TcII, TcV and TcVI are previously unreported in raccoons in the United States (US). TcI was the most abundant DTU, comprising nearly 80% of all sequences. All but 1 raccoon harboured multiple haplotypes, some demonstrating mixed infections of different DTUs. Furthermore, there is significant association between DTU distribution and level III ecoregion in Louisiana. Finally, while certain sequences were distributed across multiple tissues, others appeared to have tissue-specific tropism. Taken together, these findings indicate that ongoing surveillance of T. cruzi in the US should be undertaken across ecoregions to fully assess risk to human health. Given potential connections between parasite diversity and clinical outcomes, deep sequencing technologies are crucial and interventions targeting raccoons may prove useful in mitigating human health risk.
Optimal control of supervisors balancing individual and joint responsibilities
Authors: Yu Zhuoting , Andradóttir Sigrún , Ayhan Hayriye
Published: January 2023

We consider a two-stage service system with two types of servers, namely subordinates who perform the first-stage service and supervisors who have their own responsibilities in addition to collaborating with the subordinates on the second-stage service. Rewards are earned when first- or second-stage service is completed and when supervisors finish one of their own responsibilities. Costs are incurred when impatient customers abandon without completing the second-stage service. Our problem is to determine how the supervisors should distribute their time between their joint work with the subordinates and their own responsibilities. Under the assumptions that service times at both stages are exponentially distributed and that the customers waiting for second-stage service abandon after an exponential amount of time, we prove that one of two policies will maximize the long-run average profit. Namely, it is optimal for supervisors to start collaborating with subordinates either when subordinates can no longer serve new customers or as soon as there is a customer ready for second-stage service. Furthermore, we show that the optimality condition is a simple threshold on the system parameters. We conclude by proving that pooling supervisors (and their associated subordinates) improves system performance, but with limited returns as more supervisors are pooled.
A challenging catheter ablation of anteroseptal manifest accessory pathway from non-coronary aortic cusp in a paediatric patient
Authors: Aydemir Merve Maze , Kafali Hasan Candas , Ergul Yakup
Published: January 2023

Twelve-lead ECG of a child with Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome and systolic dysfunction was consistent with the anteroseptal accessory pathway. The earliest atrial activation during electrophysiological study was found between the right anteroseptal region near the HIS. Multiple femoral tract right-sided cryotest lesions followed by radiofrequency catheter irrigated through the jugular vein route were unsuccessful. Then, non-coronary aortic cusp mapping and cryoablation were successfully performed with a retroartic approach.
Converting sink particles to stars in hydrodynamical simulations
Authors: Liow Kong You , Rieder Steven , Dobbs Clare , Jaffa Sarah
Published: January 2023

To form stars in hydrodynamical simulations, we introduce the grouped star formation prescription to convert the grouped sink particles into stars that follow the IMF. We show that this method is robust in different physical scales. Such methods to form stars are likely to become more important as galactic or even cosmological scale simulations begin to probe sub-parsec scales.
Nature of star formation in first galaxies
Authors: Sharma Mahavir
Published: January 2023

One of the primary foci of research in astrophysics is on developing a rigorous understanding of the first galaxies. This entails studying the physical processes such as accretion, cooling and star formation in first galaxies, and also investigating the consequences of these processes in the present day Universe. We investigate the star formation in the early galaxies and its subsequent evolution using the eagle simulation and find that the star formation has a smooth evolutionary behaviour at low redshifts leading to a main sequence of star formation that can be explained by deterministic models using accretion history as an input. In contrast, at high redshift (>6), most of the galaxies are bursty. At high redshift, instead of exhibiting a main sequence in SFR – Mh plane, they bunch-up around a halo mass of ≈ 109 Mȯ and SFR ≈0.1 Mȯ yr−1. As a consequence, the reionization of the Universe is led by low mass haloes hosting brighter galaxies that are undergoing intense bursts. Furthermore, the bursts in the infant galaxies lead to a poorly mixed interstellar medium in which the stars can form from gas enriched predominantly by a single nucleosynthetic channel. The lower mass subset of the stars formed in first galaxies resemble the carbon enhanced metal poor stars in our Galaxy while the higher mass ones reionized the Universe.
Hot spot drift in synchronous and asynchronous polars: synthesis of light curves
Authors: Sobolev Andrey , Bisikalo Dmitry , Zhilkin Andrey
Published: January 2023

In this paper, the effect of hot spots movement by accretor surface on the appearance of bolometric light curves for two types of polars - synchronous V808 Aur and asynchronous CD Ind is studied. The analysis was carried out under the assumption of a dipole configuration of the magnetic field, in which the axis of the dipole passes through the accretor center. It is shown that a noticeable shift of the flow maximum at the light curve corresponding to the position of the spots in synchronous polars is determined by a change in the magnitude of mass transfer rate. At the same time, the maximum deviation of the spots from the magnetic poles was 30°. In asynchronous polars, assuming a constant of the mass transfer rate, the spots movement caused by a change in the orientation of the dipole axis relative to the donor has a significant effect on the appearance of light curve. The greatest displacement of the spots from the magnetic poles, which equals to 20°, was observed at the moments when the accretion jet switched from one pole to the other. It is concluded that the comparison of synthetic and observational light curves provides an opportunity to study the physical properties of polars.
Advances and Challenges in Observations and Modeling of the Global-Sun Dynamics and Dynamo
Authors: Kosovichev Alexander , Guerrero Gustavo , Stejko Andrey , Pipin Valery , Getling Alexander
Published: January 2023

Computational heliophysics has shed light on the fundamental physical processes inside the Sun, such as the differential rotation, meridional circulation, and dynamo-generation of magnetic fields. However, despite the substantial advances, the current results of 3D MHD simulations are still far from reproducing helioseismic inferences and surface observations. The reason is the multi-scale nature of the solar dynamics, covering a vast range of scales, which cannot be solved with the current computational resources. In such a situation, significant progress has been achieved by the mean-field approach, based on the separation of small-scale turbulence and large-scale dynamics. The mean-field simulations can reproduce solar observations, qualitatively and quantitatively, and uncover new phenomena. However, they do not reveal the complex physics of large-scale convection, solar magnetic cycles, and the magnetic self-organization that causes sunspots and solar eruptions. Thus, developing a synergy of these approaches seems to be a necessary but very challenging task.
Inference of Magnetic Fields and Space Weather Hazards of Rocky Extrasolar Planets From a Dynamical Geophysical Model
Authors: Kumar Varnana M. , Sathyan Thara N. , Girish T.E. , Eapen P.E. , Longhinos Biju , Binoy J.
Published: January 2023

In this paper we have inferred the magnetic shielding characteristics and space weather hazards of selected potentially habitable extrasolar planets using a dynamical geophysical model from calculations of internal heat, phases of volcanism and planetary magnetic moments. The space weather hazards on the extrasolar planet Kepler-452b orbiting around a Sun-like star are found to be a minimum which enhances the habitability probability of this planet.
Radiation Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Soft X-ray Emitting Regions in Active Galactic Nuclei
Authors: Igarashi Taichi , Kato Yoshiaki , Takahashi Hiroyuki R. , Ohsuga Ken , Matsumoto Yosuke , Matsumoto Ryoji
Published: January 2023

We present the results of global three-dimensional radiation magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the formation of soft X-ray emitting regions in active galactic nuclei by applying a radiation magnetohydrodynamic code based on the M1-closure scheme. The effect of Compton cooling is taken into account. When the surface density of the accretion flow exceeds the upper limit of the radiatively inefficient accretion flow (RIAF), the optically thin, hot accretion flow near the black hole co-exists with the soft X-ray emitting, warm (T = 106 – 107 K) Comptonized region around r = 20 – 40rs, where rs is the Schwarzschild radius. Numerical results indicate that when the accretion rate approaches the Eddington accretion rate, the warm Comptonized region stays in optically thin for effective optical depth, Thomson thick, and radiation pressure dominant state. This region is found to oscillate between a geometrically thin, cool state and a geometrically thick state inflated by radiation pressure. The time variability of the accretion flow is consistent with that of the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies.
Study of the non-thermal atmospheric loss for exoplanet π Men c
Authors: Avtaeva Anastasia A. , Shematovich Valery I.
Published: January 2023

We have studied the input of the exothermic photochemistry into the formation of the non-thermal escape flux in the transition H2 − H region of the extended upper atmosphere of the hot exoplanet - the sub-neptune π Men c. The formation rate and the energy spectrum of hydrogen atoms formed with an excess of kinetic energy due to the exothermic photochemistry forced by the stellar XUV radiation were calculated using a numerical kinetic Monte Carlo model of a hot planetary corona. The escape flux was estimated to be equal to 2.5×1012cm−2s−1 for the mean level of stellar activity in the XUV radiation flux. This results in the mean estimate of the atmospheric loss rate due to the exothermic photochemistry equal to 6.7×108g s−1. The calculated estimate is close to the observational estimates of the possible atmospheric loss rate for the exoplanet π Men c in the range less than 1.0×109gs−1.
Arthrose
Authors: Rossbach Philipp
Published: January 2023

Zusammenfassung. Die Arthrose stellt die häufigste, degenerative Gelenkerkrankung dar und jeder Allgemeinpraktiker und Rheumatologe wird in seinem Alltag mit diesem Krankheitsbild zu tun haben. Die Therapie dieser Patienten ist aber häufig nicht einfach und benötigt den Einbezug verschiedener Modalitäten. Eine gute Symptomkontrolle ist allerdings sowohl für den einzelnen Patienten als auch das gesamte sozioökonomische System äusserst relevant und wird sicherlich, aufgrund der demografischen Entwicklung, in den nächsten Jahren noch wichtiger werden.
Reaktive Arthritis
Authors: Stegert Mihaela
Published: January 2023

Zusammenfassung. Die reaktive Arthritis (ReA) ist eine sterile Arthritis, welche ein bis vier Wochen nach bestimmten bakteriellen gastrointestinalen- oder urogenitalen Infektionen auftritt. Die typische Manifestation ist eine asymmetrische Oligoarthritis der grossen Gelenken der unteren Extremitäten. Die reaktive Arthritis gehört zu der Gruppe der Spondylarthropathien und die Patienten weisen häufig extraartikuläre Manifestationen an den Augen (Konjunktivitis, anteriore Uveitis), der Haut (enorale Aphten, Balanitis circinata und Keratoderma blennorrhagicum) sowie Enthesitis und Daktylitis. Mehr als 50% der Patienten erholen sich komplett innert zwei bis sechs Monaten, 30% haben rezidivierende Episoden, und 10–20% entwickeln eine chronische Form mit Bedarf an Immunosuppression.
Long‐Distance Asthenospheric Transport of Plume‐Influenced Mantle From Afar to Anatolia
Authors: Hua J. , Fischer K. M. , Gazel E. , Parmentier E. M. , Hirth G.
Published: January 2023

The origin of widespread volcanism far from plate boundaries and mantle plumes remains a fundamental unsolved question. An example of this puzzle is the Anatolian region, where abundant intraplate volcanism has occurred since 10 Ma, but a nearby underlying plume structure in the deep mantle is lacking. We employed a combination of seismic and geochemical data to link intraplate volcanism in Anatolia to a trail of magmatic centers leading back to East Africa and its mantle plume, consistent with northward asthenospheric transport over a ∼2,500 km distance. Joint modeling of seismic imaging and petrological data indicates that the east Anatolian mantle potential temperature is higher than the ambient mantle (∼1,420°C). Based on multiple seismic tomography models, the Anatolian upper mantle is likely connected to East Africa by an asthenospheric channel with low seismic velocities. Along the channel, isotopic signatures among volcanoes are consistent with a common mantle source, and petrological data demonstrate similar elevated mantle temperatures, consistent with little cooling in the channel during the long‐distance transport. Horizontal asthenospheric pressure gradients originating from mantle plume upwelling beneath East Africa provide a mechanism for high lateral transport rates that match the relatively constant mantle potential temperatures along the channel. Rapid long‐distance asthenospheric flow helps explain the widespread occurrence of global intraplate magmatism in regions far from deeply‐rooted mantle plumes throughout Earth history.
Ionospheric Modulation by EMIC Wave‐Driven Proton Precipitation: Observations and Simulations
Authors: Tian Xingbin , Yu Yiqun , Gong Fan , Ma Longxing , Cao Jinbin , Solomon Stanley C. , Shreedevi P. R. , Shiokawa Kazuo , Otsuka Yuichi , Oyama Shin‐ichiro , Miyoshi Yoshizumi
Published: January 2023

Protons of tens of keV can be resonantly scattered by electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves excited in the magnetosphere, resulting in proton precipitation down to the upper atmosphere. In this study, we report for the first time the ionospheric height‐dependent ionization in response to EMIC‐associated isolated proton aurora (IPA) using simultaneous space‐borne and ground‐based measurements. On 06 March 2019, the Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites observed significant proton precipitation in the dusk sector (MLT ∼ 19), while ground‐based magnetometers detected a clear signature of EMIC waves. Meanwhile, the conjugated all sky imager captured an IPA and the nearby Poker Flat incoherent scatter radar (PFISR) showed enhanced electron density in the E region, suggesting a potential consequence of the EMIC wave‐driven proton precipitation. The Global Airglow model simulations confirmed the dominant impact of proton precipitation on the ionosphere and agreed well with PFISR observations. This study confirmed physical links from the magnetosphere to the ionosphere through EMIC‐driven proton precipitation.
Preliminary Modeling of Magnetized Sprite Streamers on Jupiter Following Juno's Observations of Possible Transient Luminous Events
Authors: Janalizadeh Reza , Pasko Victor P.
Published: January 2023

The first observation of possible transient luminous events (TLEs) on Jupiter was reported recently. Whereas initiation of elves on Jupiter has been theoretically studied before, the possibility of sprite streamer inception on Jupiter has not been investigated yet. Here we critically review the literature concerned with TLEs on Jupiter. Subsequently, we report on development of a numerical model for modeling of magnetized streamers in presence of Jupiter's strong magnetic field. The model utilizes the knowledge provided by recent observations of Jupiter's lightning and magnetic field by the Juno spacecraft. It is demonstrated that sprite streamer inception under realistic atmospheric conditions on Jupiter is possible.
Sensitivity and Calibration of Three‐Dimensional SPH Formulations in Large‐Scale Landslide Modeling
Authors: Li Shuai , Tang Hui , Peng Chong , Turowski Jens M. , Schoepa Anne , An Huicong , Chen Xiaoqing , Ouyang Chaojun , Chen Jiangang
Published: January 2023

Numerical prediction of landslide runout and deposition is important for estimating landslide risk and developing mitigation plans. The choice of a suitable model and its parameters and a confident calibration strategy are crucial for numerical simulations. Here, we evaluated two constitutive models with a three‐dimensional smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method by simulating the catastrophic 11 October 2018 Baige landslide. The results indicate that both the soil mechanic and fluid models can capture the dynamic runout and deposition morphology while using different values of input parameters. A point‐wise comparison of deposit elevation can minimize the calibration error. Numerical models were constrained accurately by utilizing both the static observation data and dynamic seismic signals. The effects of friction on deep‐seated landslides motion and deposition are more significant than cohesion. The 3D model includes the effects of shear stresses and velocities inside the material body, resulting in a reduced friction coefficient compared to the 2D model (e.g., depth‐averaged model). Our study highlights the potential of the 3D SPH method for modeling large‐scale complex landslides.
Widespread Increasing Ecosystem Water Limitation During the Past Three Decades in the Yellow River Basin, China
Authors: Zhao Fubo , Wang Xi , Ma Shuai , Wu Yiping , Qiu Linjing , Sun Pengcheng , Li Qiang
Published: January 2023

Terrestrial ecosystems provide crucial ecosystem services to human beings, and their functions are largely dependent on soil moisture availability. Although many studies have evaluated the effects of vegetation and climate changes on soil moisture at the ecosystem scale, changes in ecosystem water limitation remain poorly understood. This study evaluated the spatiotemporal changes of ecosystem water limitation in the Yellow River Basin (YRB)—the second largest river basin of China—during 1982–2016 and identified the major drivers by establishing ecosystem limitation index (ELI) using soil moisture, transpiration, net radiation, and air temperature. The results show a significant and widespread spatiotemporal increase in the water limitation of ecosystems in YRB during the 35‐year study period. Temporally, areas with positive ELI (water‐limited regime) exhibited a significant upward trend (p < 0.01). Spatially, above 75.0% of the total areas showed an upward trend in ELI. Almost all ecosystems showed significant upward trends in water limitation over this period. Further analysis using two different but comparable methods, partial correlation and Lindeman‐Merenda‐Gold, show that vegetation change was the major driver of changes in water limitation, with contributions of more than 35.0%. Air temperature and atmospheric CO2 changes contributed comparably to changes in positive ELI, followed by precipitation changes. These findings improve the understanding of the spatiotemporal pattern and underlying mechanisms of ecosystem water limitation in the greening and warming YRB.
Efficacy and safety of perioperative application of ketamine on postoperative depression: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies
Authors: Guo Jie , Qiu Di , Gu Han-wen , Wang Xing-ming , Hashimoto Kenji , Zhang Guang-fen , Yang Jian-jun
Published: January 2023

Ketamine, a commonly used general anesthetic, can produce rapid and sustained antidepressant effect. However, the efficacy and safety of the perioperative application of ketamine on postoperative depression remains uncertain. We performed a meta-analysis to determine the effect of perioperative intravenous administration of ketamine on postoperative depression. Randomized controlled trials comparing ketamine with placebo in patients were included. Primary outcome was postoperative depression scores. Secondary outcomes included postoperative visual analog scale (VAS) scores for pain and adverse effects associated with ketamine. Fifteen studies with 1697 patients receiving ketamine and 1462 controls were enrolled. Compared with the controls, the ketamine group showed a reduction in postoperative depression scores, by a standardized mean difference (SMD) of −0.97, 95% confidence interval [CI, −1.27, −0.66], P < 0.001, I2 = 72% on postoperative day (POD) 1; SMD−0.65, 95% CI [−1.12, −0.17], P < 0.001, I2 = 94% on POD 3; SMD−0.30, 95% CI [−0.45, −0.14], P < 0.001, I2 = 0% on POD 7; and SMD−0.25, 95% CI [−0.38, −0.11], P < 0.001, I2 = 59% over the long term. Ketamine reduced VAS pain scores on POD 1 (SMD−0.93, 95% CI [−1.58, −0.29], P = 0.005, I2 = 97%), but no significant difference was found between the two groups on PODs 3 and 7 or over the long term. However, ketamine administration distinctly increased the risk of adverse effects, including nausea and vomiting (risk ratio [RR] 1.40, 95% CI [1.12, 1.75], P = 0.003, I2 = 30%), headache (RR 2.47, 95% CI [1.41, 4.32], P = 0.002, I2 = 19%), hallucination (RR 15.35, 95% CI [6.24, 37.34], P < 0.001, I2 = 89%), and dizziness (RR 3.48, 95% CI [2.68, 4.50], P < 0.001, I2 = 89%) compared with the controls. In conclusion, perioperative application of ketamine reduces postoperative depression and pain scores with increased risk of adverse effects.
Chemo-drugs in cell microparticles reset antitumor activity of macrophages by activating lysosomal P450 and nuclear hnRNPA2B1
Authors: Wei Keke , Zhang Huafeng , Yang Shuaishuai , Cui Yuxiao , Zhang Bingxia , Liu Jincheng , Tang Liang , Tan Yaoyao , Liu Simin , Chen Shiqi , Yuan Wu , Luo Xiao , Chen Chen , Li Fei , Liu Junwei , Chen Jie , Xu Pingwei , Lv Jiadi , Tang Ke , Zhang Yi , Ma Jingwei , Huang Bo
Published: January 2023

Macrophages in tumors (tumor-associated macrophages, TAMs), a major population within most tumors, play key homeostatic functions by stimulating angiogenesis, enhancing tumor cell growth, and suppressing antitumor immunity. Resetting TAMs by simple, efficacious and safe approach(s) is highly desirable to enhance antitumor immunity and attenuate tumor cell malignancy. Previously, we used tumor cell-derived microparticles to package chemotherapeutic drugs (drug-MPs), which resulted in a significant treatment outcome in human malignant pleural effusions via neutrophil recruitments, implicating that drug-MPs might reset TAMs, considering the inhibitory effects of M2 macrophages on neutrophil recruitment and activation. Here, we show that drug-MPs can function as an antitumor immunomodulator by resetting TAMs with M1 phenotype and IFN-β release. Mechanistically, drug molecules in tumor MPs activate macrophage lysosomal P450 monooxygenases, resulting in superoxide anion formation, which further amplifies lysosomal ROS production and pH value by activating lysosomal NOX2. Consequently, lysosomal Ca2+ signaling is activated, thus polarizing macrophages towards M1. Meanwhile, the drug molecules are delivered from lysosomes into the nucleus where they activate DNA sensor hnRNPA2B1 for IFN-β production. This lysosomal-nuclear machinery fully arouses the antitumor activity of macrophages by targeting both lysosomal pH and the nuclear innate immunity. These findings highlight that drug-MPs can act as a new immunotherapeutic approach by revitalizing antitumor activity of macrophages. This mechanistic elucidation can be translated to treat malignant ascites by drug-MPs combined with PD-1 blockade.
Alternative splicing in multiple myeloma is associated with the non-homologous end joining pathway
Authors: Liu Enze , Becker Nathan , Sudha Parvathi , Dong Chuanpeng , Liu Yunlong , Keats Jonathan , Morgan Gareth , Walker Brian A.
Published: January 2023

Alternative splicing plays a pivotal role in tumorigenesis and proliferation. However, its pattern and pathogenic role has not been systematically analyzed in multiple myeloma or its subtypes. Alternative splicing profiles for 598 newly diagnosed myeloma patients with comprehensive genomic annotation identified primary translocations, 1q amplification, and DIS3 events to have more differentially spliced events than those without. Splicing levels were correlated with expression of splicing factors. Moreover, the non-homologous end joining pathway was an independent factor that was highly associated with splicing frequency as well as an increased number of structural variants. We therefore identify an axis of high-risk disease encompassing expression of the non-homologous end joining pathway, increase structural variants, and increased alternative splicing that are linked together. This indicates a joint pathogenic role for DNA damage response and alternative RNA processing in myeloma.
Mineral weathering is linked to microbial priming in the critical zone
Authors: Fang Qian , Lu Anhuai , Hong Hanlie , Kuzyakov Yakov , Algeo Thomas J. , Zhao Lulu , Olshansky Yaniv , Moravec Bryan , Barrientes Danielle M. , Chorover Jon
Published: January 2023

Decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM) can be stimulated by fresh organic matter input, a phenomenon known as the ‘priming effect’. Despite its global importance, the relationship of the priming effect to mineral weathering and nutrient release remains unclear. Here we show close linkages between mineral weathering in the critical zone and primed decomposition of SOM. Intensified mineral weathering and rock-derived nutrient release are generally coupled with primed SOM decomposition resulting from “triggered” microbial activity. Fluxes of organic matter products decomposed via priming are linearly correlated with weathering congruency. Weathering congruency influences the formation of organo-mineral associations, thereby modulating the accessibility of organic matter to microbial decomposers and, thus, the priming effect. Our study links weathering with primed SOM decomposition, which plays a key role in controlling soil C dynamics in space and time. These connections represent fundamental links between long-term lithogenic element cycling (= weathering) and rapid turnover of carbon and nutrients (= priming) in soil.
MRI data-driven clustering reveals different subtypes of Dementia with Lewy bodies
Authors: Inguanzo Anna , Poulakis Konstantinos , Mohanty Rosaleena , Schwarz Christopher G. , Przybelski Scott A. , Diaz-Galvan Patricia , Lowe Val J. , Boeve Bradley F. , Lemstra Afina W. , van de Beek Marleen , van der Flier Wiesje , Barkhof Frederik , Blanc Frederic , Loureiro de Sousa Paulo , Philippi Nathalie , Cretin Benjamin , Demuynck Catherine , Nedelska Zuzana , Hort Jakub , Segura Barbara , Junque Carme , Oppedal Ketil , Aarsland Dag , Westman Eric , Kantarci Kejal , Ferreira Daniel
Published: January 2023

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a neurodegenerative disorder with a wide heterogeneity of symptoms, which suggests the existence of different subtypes. We used data-driven analysis of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data to investigate DLB subtypes. We included 165 DLB from the Mayo Clinic and 3 centers from the European DLB consortium and performed a hierarchical cluster analysis to identify subtypes based on gray matter (GM) volumes. To characterize the subtypes, we used demographic and clinical data, as well as β-amyloid, tau, and cerebrovascular biomarkers at baseline, and cognitive decline over three years. We identified 3 subtypes: an older subtype with reduced cortical GM volumes, worse cognition, and faster cognitive decline (n = 49, 30%); a subtype with low GM volumes in fronto-occipital regions (n = 76, 46%); and a subtype of younger patients with the highest cortical GM volumes, proportionally lower GM volumes in basal ganglia and the highest frequency of cognitive fluctuations (n = 40, 24%). This study shows the existence of MRI subtypes in DLB, which may have implications for clinical workout, research, and therapeutic decisions.
Deep phenotyping and genomic data from a nationally representative study on dementia in India
Authors: Lee Jinkook , Petrosyan Sarah , Khobragade Pranali , Banerjee Joyita , Chien Sandy , Weerman Bas , Gross Alden , Hu Peifeng , Smith Jennifer A. , Zhao Wei , Aksman Leon , Jain Urvashi , Shanthi G. S. , Kurup Ravi , Raman Aruna , Chakrabarti Sankha Shubhra , Gambhir Indrajeet Singh , Varghese Mathew , John John P. , Joshi Himanshu , Koul Parvaiz A. , Goswami Debabrata , Talukdar Arunansu , Mohanty Rashmi Ranjan , Yadati Y. Sathyanarayana Raju , Padmaja Mekala , Sankhe Lalit , Rajguru Chhaya , Gupta Monica , Kumar Govind , Dhar Minakshi , Jovicich Jorge , Ganna Andrea , Ganguli Mary , Chatterjee Prasun , Singhal Sunny , Bansal Rishav , Bajpai Swati , Desai Gaurav , Bhatankar Swaroop , Rao Abhijith R. , Sivakumar Palanimuthu T. , Muliyala Krishna Prasad , Sinha Preeti , Loganathan Santosh , Meijer Erik , Angrisani Marco , Kim Jung Ki , Dey Sharmistha , Arokiasamy Perianayagam , Bloom David E. , Toga Arthur W. , Kardia Sharon L. R. , Langa Kenneth , Crimmins Eileen M. , Dey Aparajit B.
Published: January 2023

The Harmonized Diagnostic Assessment of Dementia for the Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI-DAD) is a nationally representative in-depth study of cognitive aging and dementia. We present a publicly available dataset of harmonized cognitive measures of 4,096 adults 60 years of age and older in India, collected across 18 states and union territories. Blood samples were obtained to carry out whole blood and serum-based assays. Results are included in a venous blood specimen datafile that can be linked to the Harmonized LASI-DAD dataset. A global screening array of 960 LASI-DAD respondents is also publicly available for download, in addition to neuroimaging data on 137 LASI-DAD participants. Altogether, these datasets provide comprehensive information on older adults in India that allow researchers to further understand risk factors associated with cognitive impairment and dementia.
Constraints on cooperation shape hierarchical versus distributed structure in human groups
Authors: Zefferman Matthew R.
Published: January 2023

Some human groups are organized hierarchically and some are distributed. Both types of groups occur in economic, political, and military domains, but it is unclear why hierarchical organizations are favored in certain contexts and distributed organizations are favored in others. I propose that these different organizational structures can be explained by human groups having different constraints on their ability to foster cooperation within the group. Human within-group cooperation is often maintained by monitoring and punishment. In hierarchical groups, monitoring and punishment are organized into tree-like command-and-control structures with supervisors responsible for monitoring the cooperation of their subordinates and punishing non-cooperators. By contrast, in distributed groups, monitoring is diffuse and punishment is collective. I propose that the organization of cooperative human groups is constrained by the costs of monitoring and punishment. I formalize this hypothesis with a model where individuals in a group cooperate to produce public goods while embedded in a network of monitoring and punishment responsibilities. I show that, when punishment costs are high and monitoring costs are low, socially-optimal monitoring and punishment networks are distributed. The size of these distributed networks is constrained by monitoring costs. However, when punishment costs are low, socially-optimal networks are hierarchical. Monitoring costs do not constrain the size of hierarchical networks but determine how many levels of supervision are required to foster cooperation in the hierarchical group. These results may explain the increasingly large and hierarchical groups throughout much of human history. They also suggest that the recent emergence of large-scale distributed organizations has been possible because new technologies, like the internet, have made monitoring costs extremely low.
The influence of task difficulty, social tolerance and model success on social learning in Barbary macaques
Authors: Garcia-Nisa Ivan , Evans Cara , Kendal Rachel L.
Published: January 2023

Despite playing a pivotal role in the inception of animal culture studies, macaque social learning is surprisingly understudied. Social learning is important to survival and influenced by dominance and affiliation in social animals. Individuals generally rely on social learning when individual learning is costly, and selectively use social learning strategies influencing what is learned and from whom. Here, we combined social learning experiments, using extractive foraging tasks, with network-based diffusion analysis (using various social relationships) to investigate the transmission of social information in free-ranging Barbary macaques. We also investigated the influence of task difficulty on reliance on social information and evidence for social learning strategies. Social learning was detected for the most difficult tasks only, with huddling relations outside task introductions, and observation networks during task introductions, predicting social transmission. For the most difficult task only, individuals appeared to employ a social learning strategy of copying the most successful demonstrator observed. Results indicate that high social tolerance represents social learning opportunities and influences social learning processes. The reliance of Barbary macaques on social learning, and cues of model-success supports the costly information hypothesis. Our study provides more statistical evidence to the previous claims indicative of culture in macaques.