bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Slow cycling and durable Flt3+ progenitors contribute to hematopoiesis under native conditions
Authors: Solomon Michael , Song Baobao , Govindarajah Vinothini , Good Samantha , Arasu Ashok , Hinton E. Broderick , Thakkar Kairavee , Bartram James , Filippi Marie-Dominique , Cancelas Jose A. , Salomonis Nathan , Grimes H. Leighton , Reynaud Damien
Published: November 2023

The dynamics of the hematopoietic flux responsible for blood cell production in native conditions remains a matter of debate. Using CITE-seq analyses, we uncovered a distinct progenitor population that displays a cell cycle gene signature similar to the one found in quiescent hematopoietic stem cells. We further determined that the CD62L marker can be used to phenotypically enrich this population in the Flt3+ multipotent progenitor (MPP4) compartment. Functional in vitro and in vivo analyses validated the heterogeneity of the MPP4 compartment and established the quiescent/slow-cycling properties of the CD62L− MPP4 cells. Furthermore, studies under native conditions revealed a novel hierarchical organization of the MPP compartments in which quiescent/slow-cycling MPP4 cells sustain a prolonged hematopoietic activity at steady-state while giving rise to other lineage-biased MPP populations. Altogether, our data characterize a durable and productive quiescent/slow-cycling hematopoietic intermediary within the MPP4 compartment and highlight early paths of progenitor differentiation during unperturbed hematopoiesis.
Final Report on COOMET Supplementary Comparison COOMET.PR-S5 (COOMET 429/CU/08)
Authors: Valdés Sandra Pedro , Gomes Juliana F S , Tarasova Olga , Tunegova Zuzana , Krempasky Marian , Huriev Mykola , Parkhomenko Nataliya
Published: November 2023

Main text

This report gives the results of the COOMET Supplementary Comparison COOMET.PR-S5 of Regular Spectral Transmittance 250 nm to 635 nm (COOMET Project 429/CU/08).

The NIM participating in the comparison are: National Metrology Research Institute of Cuba (INIMET), Brazilian National Institute of Metrology, Standardization and Industrial Quality (INMETRO), State Institute of Metrology of Belarus (BelGIM), SMU Slovak Institute of Metrology (Slovakia), and the National Scientific Center "Ukrainian Institute of Metrology" (NSC IM. Ukraine).

Ukraine's designated institute in this area of Photometry and Radiometry field is NSC IM, thus, the standard measurement data of the Ukrmetrteststandard (All-Ukrainian state research and production center for standardization, metrology, certification and protection of consumer rights) are not included in the main part of this report, and were not used to evaluate the comparison reference values (RV) and RV differences. They are only presented in the Annex.

INMETRO of Brazil participates with two spectrophotometers. INIMET was the pilot for the comparison.

The comparison object was a set of four neutral glass filters with different values of regular spectral transmittance. The comparison is performed following the requirements of program participation sequential measurements. The pilot measured twice, at the beginning and at the end.

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCPR, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Update of the BIPM comparison BIPM.RI(II)-K1.Lu-177 of activity measurements of the radionuclide 177Lu to include the 2013 result of the IFIN-HH (Romania), the 2014 result of the LNE-LNHB (France) and the 2022 result of the IRA (Switzerland)
Authors: Coulon Romain , Michotte Carine , Courte Sammy , Nonis Manuel , Ratel Guy , Judge Steven , Sahagia Maria , Luca Aurelian , Antohe Andrei , Ioan Mihail-Razvan , Juget Frederic , Nedjadi Youcef , Duran Teresa , Bobin Christophe , Fréchou Carole
Published: November 2023

Main text

Since 2000, 7 laboratories have submitted 7 samples of 177Lu to the International Reference System (SIR) for activity comparison at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), with comparison identifier BIPM.RI(II)-K1.Lu-177. Recently, the IFIN-HH (Romania), the LNE-LNHB (France) and the IRA (Switzerland) participated in the comparison. The degrees of equivalence between each equivalent activity measured in the SIR or linked to the SIR from the CCRI(II)-K2.Lu-177 comparison have been calculated. The results are given in the form of a table and a graphical representation is also displayed.

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCRI, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Formation of a Rapidly Rotating Classical Be-star in a Massive Close Binary System
Authors: Staritsin Evgeny
Published: November 2023

This paper investigates the spin-up of a mass-accreting star in a close binary system passing through the first stage of mass exchange in the Hertzsprung gap. Inside an accreting star, angular momentum is carried by meridional circulation and shear turbulence. The circulation carries part of the angular momentum of the accreted layers to the accretor’s surface. The greater the rate of arrival of angular momentum in the accretor is, the greater this part. It is assumed that this part of the angular momentum can be removed by the disk further from the accretor. If the angular momentum in the matter entering the accretor is more than half the Keplerian value, then the angular momentum obtained by the accretor during mass exchange stage does not depend on the rate of arrival of angular momentum. The accretor may have the characteristics of a Be-star immediately after the end of mass exchange.
History Taking, Examination, and Record Keeping in Emergency Medicine
Authors: Guly H R
Published: November 2023

Good medical and nursing records are essential in A E for adequate clinical care as well as for medico-legal reasons. This book describes, with many examples, the information that A E records should contain. It is essential for the new A E doctor and A E nurse practitioner.
Management of end-stage renal failure and problems of transplantation in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
Authors: Culleton Bruce , Parfrey Patrick S
Published: November 2023

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is the most common renal cystic disease which causes end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in adults. In Canada, the prevalence of polycystic kidney disease (PKD) among registered ESRD patients was 6.3 per cent (n = 1205) at the end of 1991 (Canadian Organ Replacement Registry; CORR 1993). PKD occurred in 5.3 per cent (n = 135) of new patients starting ESRD therapy during 1991, an incidence virtually unchanged since the previous decade (CORR 1993). Prevalence rates are similar throughout the world, although it has been reported that the disease is rare in Africa (Habte and Abraha 1983), and may be less common in American blacks than whites (Torres et al. 1985).
Chapter Eight
Authors: Smail Simon , Rollnick Stephen
Published: November 2023

Alcohol is widely used in society but the heaviest users are young men. It is a great social lubricant that is associated with fun, enjoyment, and good life. It has a darker side which is often hidden from the general practitioner, particularly as adult males are absent from the doctor’s consulting room anyway. We wanted this chapter to examine the transition from social lubricant to problem alcohol user. We also wanted to investigate the role of the GP in detecting and managing alcohol problems. Just asking about alcohol will pick up 50% of problem drinkers. Some are ready to change and a brief commonsense intervention is described which both informs the drinker about safe limits and may provide the motivation for reduction. The authors recognize that alcohol is a touchy subject and their approach is both shrewd and sensitive.
Reproductive health: family planning and Infertility
Authors: Anderson Richard
Published: November 2023

For many years, problems of fertility and contraception have been the preserve of women, and vasectomy the only point at which men became involved. However, there has been a considerable change in the recent past. Condoms have become much more widely promoted, fuelled by messages about HIV infection, and research continues for a reversible form of male contraception. Efforts are similarly being made to deal with male subfertility which makes a contribution in up to 30% of subfertile couples, and there has been a flurry of interest in the recent reports of falling sperm counts. This chapter presents the current state of the art: often enough knowledge to understand what is going on without always being able to remedy it, and a clear understanding of spermatogenesis without, as yet, a usable form of reversible contraception. Nevertheless, there are still some yawning gaps: for example, what is the psychological effect of infertility among men and how do they cope?
Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Bethell Hugh
Published: November 2023

Cardiovascular disease is not just the major cause of death in the developed world; it is also responsible, more than any other group, for the excess of death among men. Some recent studies have suggested that cardiovascular disease is seen as a male preserve to the extent that women are under-represented both in research and in treatment. It also presents a paradox of its own as it affects men’s health; while we know so much about the causes of cardiovascular disease in general, the reasons for the male excess are still unclear. Obviously, it would be impossible to deal with every aspect of cardiovascular disease in a few pages. This chapter there-fore concentrates on those aspects that relate more clearly to men and those that shed any light on more general implications for men’s health.
Violence in the home
Authors: Bradley Fiona
Published: November 2023

We considered leaving this topic out of a book on men’s health because it seemed to be a women’s problem. The perpetrator is usually male but the patient is usually female. At the core is the need of one gender to control the other. Doctors (and perhaps authors) turn a blind eye to it, fearing the opening of a can of worms or perhaps offending women by mentioning it. It is more difficult in general practice where the perpetrator is likely to be a patient also. This is a disturbing chapter which challenges our attitudes while providing guidance. Asking makes a difference and, indeed, may set in train a series of solutions that are not easy. The GP author explains the strategy of censure by the criminal justice system working together with a therapeutic response. It is a bleak, dark side of men’s health and we are glad we have included it in this book.
In Two Minds
Authors: Dickenson Donna , Fulford Bill (Kwm)
Published: November 2023

In Two Minds is a practical casebook of problem solving in psychiatric ethics. Written in a lively and accessible style, it builds on a series of detailed case histories to illustrate the central place of ethical reasoning as a key competency for clinical work and research in psychiatry. Topics include risk, dangerousness and confidentiality; judgements of responsibility; involuntary treatment and mental health legislation; consent to genetic screening; dual role issues in child and adolescent psychiatry; needs assessment; cross-cultural and gender issues; rational and irrational suicide; shared decision making in multi-agency teams, and the growing role of the user’s voice in psychiatry. Key ethical concepts are carefully introduced and explained. The text is richly supported by detailed guides for further reading. There are separate chapters on teaching psychiatric ethics, including a sample seminar, and on writing a research ethics application. Each case history and discussion is followed by a critical commentary from a practitioner with relevant experience. Jim Birley adds a comparative international perspective on psychiatric ethics. Cartoons by Johnny Cowee provide punchy counterpoint! In Two Minds is the sister volume to the third edition of Sidney, Paul Chodoff and Steven Green’s highly successful Psychiatric Ethics. In providing a bridge between theory and practice, it will be essential reading for everyone concerned with improving standards in mental health care.
Male victims of sexual assault – legal issues
Authors: Adler Zsuzsanna
Published: November 2023

The complexity of the law on sexual offences is perhaps best illustrated by the vast range of prohibited behaviours. The report of a Howard League Working Party (1985) on unlawful sex lists no less than 46 different offences including rape, buggery, incest, gross indecency between men, living on earnings of prostitution, and indecent expo sure. These offences differ along a number of important dimensions such as consent, sex of the perpetrator and of the victim, the nature of the activities involved, and so on.
Measuring psychopathology
Authors: Farmer Anne , McGuffin Peter , Williams Julie
Published: November 2023

Measuring Psychopathology describes the methods by which the signs and symptoms of mental disorder are elicited, examined and evaluated. Written for the non-clinical researcher as well as for those with clinical experience, the authors start by considering the question 'what is psychopathology?' They then employ a historical perspective to explain why and how mental disorders are currently classified, and how the use of an operational approach to diagnosis was adopted. The use of operational criteria to define psychiatric disorder has facilitated the development of standardised interviewing techniques, questionnaires and rating scales. These tools are all covered in some detail, not only with regard to adults with mental disorders, but also with reference to special and challenging groups such as children and the elderly, and those with a learning disability, substance misuse, or who have a personality disorder. The strengths and weaknesses of current methodologies are explored and debated as well as the future diagnostic needs for research in the 21st century. Essential reading for clinicians and non-clinical scientists engaged in research on psychiatric disorders, trainees and junior psychiatrists, and clinical psychologists.
Prostate Cancer: the facts
Authors: Mason Malcolm , Moffat Leslie
Published: November 2023

Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in men. Figures from the US show that the average male stands a one in five chance of developing prostate cancer in his lifetime. Prostate cancer is an illness that kills 10,000 men a year in the UK, with 25,000 new sufferers being diagnosed each year. It is therefore not surprising that prostate cancer is one of the most feared of all illnesses affecting older men. However, the illness remains controversial in both treatment and diagnosis. For anyone worried that they are suffering from prostate cancer, or anyone who has been told that they have a high PSA count, this is a source of great anxiety. How is it diagnosed? What does a high PSA count mean? At what point is surgical treatment necessary, and what are the risks and side effects of such treatment? Prostate Cancer: The Facts is written by two of the leading experts on this illness. In a clear and accessible style, they answer the many questions that those at risk from the illness will have. Throughout the book they advocate a ‘watch and wait’ approach to treatment and discuss the problems inherent with diagnosis and treatment. This is a book that all men (and their partners) should read.
Ethical considerations in feeding or hydrating advanced cancer patients
Authors: MacDonald Neil
Published: November 2023

Medical ethics is not a secular religion where dogma slowly responds to moral issues. Rather, it relates to the specific needs of individual patients and families, while the interpretation of principles is highly dependent upon new knowledge. In turn, albeit slowly in the case of palliative care, knowledge coupled with awareness will ultimately change the attitudes and priorities of health professionals. The changing panorama of the use of assisted hydration and nutrition by patients with advanced chronic illness illustrates this point.
Medical Problems of the Homeless
Authors: Drapkin Arnold
Published: November 2023

In 1771 the Encyclopedia Britannica defined medicine “to be the art of preserving health when present, and of restoring it when lost”-a difficult feat under optimal circumstances and currently impossible in the homeless population. The medical problems of homeless people are those of all humankind, intensified and complicated by their wretched lifestyle. They suffer from “all the ills to which flesh is heir, magnified by disordered living conditions, exposure to the extremes of heat and cold, lack of protection from rain and snow, bizarre sleeping accommodations, and overcrowding in shelters.
Charting Strategic Decisions in the Microcomputer Industry: Profile of an Industry Star
Authors: Eisenhardt Kathleen M , Bourgeois III L J
Published: November 2023

How do executives make strategic decisions in industries with rapid and discontinuous change in demand and technology? How do these executives cope with the continual entry and exit of competitors? How do they choose among a variety of technical and market options? In short, how do top management teams make decisions when the pace of change creates a “high-velocity” environment? This chapter is based on an inductive study of the strategic decision-making processes of firms operating in the high-velocity microcomputer industry (Bourgeois & Eisenhardt, 1987, 1988; Eisenhardt & Bourgeois, 1988; Eisenhardt, 1989). By high velocity, we mean those environments in which rapid and discontinuous change occurs in demand, competition, technology, or regulation in such a way that information is often inaccurate, unavailable, or obsolete.
Korle Meets the Sea
Authors: Dakubu M E Kropp
Published: November 2023

Ghana has played a key role in African/Western relations since medieval times. For this reason and others, Ghana has evolved into a linguistic quilt that contains forty-four indigenous languages and several exotic ones, of which most Ghanaians speak at least two. Using Accra, Ghana’s capital, as a microcosm, Dakubu conducts a linguistic, historical, and ethnographic investigation of the origins and durability of this multilingualism and how it has affected Ghanaian society.
Engineering Change And Manufacturing Engineering Deployment In New Product Development
Authors: Coughlan Paul D
Published: November 2023

As manufacturing firms increase their rates of new product introduction, the management of engineering change has become a major and ongoing challenge. IBM, Lockheed, and Northrop, to mention but a few firms, are critically reviewing their approaches to the management of engineering change (Noaker, 1987; Rohan, 1989). Engineering change occurs in product materials, the manufacturing process, or the specifications of the product itself (Hayes and Clark, 1985). In many ways, engineering change is an inevitable consequence of a rapid rate of new product introduction and short product life cycles.
Computer-aided Monitoring: Its Influence on Employee Job Satisfaction and Turnover
Authors: Chalykoff John , Kochan Thomas A
Published: November 2023

In the last few years, few human resource issues have spawned as intense a public debate as computer-aided monitoring has. To the critics, monitoring conjures up images of repressive managerial control practices associated with an earlier period of American industrialization, namely “19th century garment industry sweatshops” (9 to 5, 1986). Moreover, the capability of information technology to electronically monitor employees’ interactions with clients is viewed as an invasion of privacy and ultimately denigrating to employees (Nussbaum & duRivage, 1986; Shaiken, 1987). On the other hand, proponents view monitoring as essential to conducting business and largely beneficial to employees for their training (“Telephone Monitoring,” 1987). Monitoring employees’ interactions with the organization’s clients, it is argued, both provides feedback to employees and helps ensure the satisfaction of customers in their dealings with the organization. Although these studies provide a useful empirical and theoretical starting point for assessing the impact of information technology, none has linked characteristics of the monitoring process to standard employee-level job outcomes such as job satisfaction and turnover intention. Yet this focus is needed to uncover the actual role that
Culture
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila
Published: November 2023

The assault on religion in the village that accompanied collectivization took a heavy toll. At least half of the churches that had been working at the end of the 1929 were closed by 1933, according to one estimate by a Western observer. The number of priests and other ministers of religion in the USSR recorded by the census dropped from 79,000 in 1926 to 31,000 in 1937. To be sure, these figures cover considerable regional variation, of which we have so far little information. In Stalingrad oblast, according to one source, there were only 300 Orthodox churches functioning at the beginning of 1936, compared with over 2,000 in 1929. But in the Western oblast in 1937 there were 852 working places of worship, including Catholic churches and synagogucs.1 What this meant in terms of the peasants’ religious faith or even their religious observance is, of course, another question. Reliable information on the subject is hard to come by. The 1937 census, unlike those of 1926 and 1939, included a question about religious belief. The question made people extremely nervous, and some believers decided not to declare themselves.
The Corporate Board
Authors: Demb Ada , Neubauer F -Friedrich
Published: November 2023

Written for practitioners, this book is about corporate governance and the role of the board of directors in modern multinational companies. Throughout the world, corporations are experiencing the second major transition in corporate governance of this century. The nature of the relationship between the corporation and the rest of society is changing fundamentally. The corporate board has unique responsibilities during this transition, but as it tries to respond directors are faced with destabilizing paradoxes: resolving who is in control - management or the board, achieving critical judgement while maintaining detachment, and avoiding becoming either a cosy club or a collection of all-stars. This book, based on interviews with 71 directors serving on more than 500 boards in eight countries, shows the nature of the challenges and suggests ways to analyse and confront them. This major international study compares the experiences of board members in Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, The Netherlands, Switzerland, and Venezuela.
Explaining Buyer Behavior
Authors: O’shaughnessy John
Published: November 2023

This is a book applying the philosophy of the social sciences to the study of buyer behaviour. Like Why People Buy, it encompasses ideas from other disciplines such as philosophy and psychology.
Automation and Work in Britain
Authors: Senker Peter J
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses the implications of automation for work organization and skills in Britain’s engineering industries. These industries are engaged in the manufacture of metal goods and mechanical engineering products such as machine tools; electronics, including components; consumer goods; defence products and systems; industrial capital equipment and office equipment; instrument engineering; motor vehicles; and aerospace equipment. As in all advanced industrial countries, these industries play important economic roles as producers and employers. Their performance is heavily dependent on their success in implementing automation, and on the availability of an adequate supply of appropriate skills among the labour force.
Technology, Industrial Relations, and the Problem of Organizational Transformation
Authors: Thomas Robert J , Kochan Thomas A
Published: November 2023

New competitors and new forms of competition have eroded the dominance of U.S. firms in the manufacture and sale of products, which has led, in tum, to a new “consciousness of manufacturing.” Key elements of that consciousness include continuous improvement in quality, growth in product variety and differentiated marketing, and enhanced organizational responsiveness (especially in speed and flexibility) to changing global markets (Hayes et al., 1988). In short, American firms, like their counterparts in other advanced industrial economies, are searching for ways to gain strategic competitive advantage from the development and utilization of new technologies and organizational practices.
Overview
Authors: Rabin Robert L , Sugarman Stephen D
Published: November 2023

In 1989, the U.S. Surgeon General released a report summarizing the progress achieved in the campaign to eliminate cigarette smoking that had begun twenty-five years earlier with the landmark publication of the 1964 Surgeon General’s Report, Smoking and Health (U.S. DHHS 1989; U.S. DHEW 1964a). Although smoking had declined substantially during the ensuing years, the 1989 report was filled with arresting statistical evidence of the toll in mortality and disease associated with continuing tobacco use. In 1985, approximately 390,000 deaths in the United States could be attributed to cigarette smoking. Smoking was identified as the source of 87 percent of lung cancer deaths, 82 percent of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease fatalities, 40 percent of chronic heart disease deaths in individuals under 65 years of age, and a substantial number of other chronic diseases and deaths. More recent figures indicate cigarette smoking is responsible for an estimated 434,000 annual deaths in this country (U.S. DHHS 1992, p. 106).
Organizations Reacting To Hyperturbulence
Authors: Meyer Alan D , Goes James B , Brookse Geoffrey R
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, Meyer, Goes, and Brooks provide two new and extraordinarily important insights. The first has to do with the nature of change in a hyperturbulent environment. Few researchers have encountered hyperturbulent environments; fewer still recognized hyperturbulence when they saw it; and no one else has made as much sense out of the nature of organizational change in hyperturbulent environment as have these authors. Hyperturbulent situations are unusual. These researchers were lucky. But ‘‘luck’‘ is preparation meeting opportunity. It is hard to imagine how any researchers could have exploited their opportunity more fully than did Meyer and associates.
Control Of Blood Flow To Dynamically Active Muscles
Authors: Rowell Loring B
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on the local chemical and neural control of all active muscles including the heart and respiratory muscles. Table 6-2 summarizes how blood flow is distributed to the different major vascular beds during “maximal” exercise. Figure 7-1 illustrates the progression of changes in the distribution of cardiac output away from “inactive” regions and to active muscle with increasing oxygen uptake. Skeletal muscle stands out because the small fraction of cardiac output directed to all of the muscles at rest, that is, about 20 percent, increases so that at Vo2max approximately 85 percent of the cardiac output is distributed to skeletal muscles, only one-half of which, more or less, are active; flow to other muscles is reduced by sympathetic vasoconstriction. The fraction of the total muscle mass that is actually active is unknown.
Mouse Genetics Concepts and Applications
Authors: Silver Lee M
Published: November 2023

Mouse Genetics offers for the first time in a single comprehensive volume a practical guide to mouse breeding and genetics. Nearly all human genes are present in the mouse genome, making it an ideal organism for genetic analyses of both normal and abnormal aspects of human biology. Written as a convenient reference, this book provides a complete description of the laboratory mouse, the tools used in analysis, and procedures for carrying out genetic studies, along with background material and statistical information for use in ongoing data analysis. It thus serves two purposes, first to provide students with an introduction to the mouse as a model system for genetic analysis, and to give practicing scientists a detailed guide for performing breeding studies and interpreting experimental results. All topics are developed completely, with full explanations of critical concepts in genetics and molecular biology. As investigators around the world are rediscovering both the heuristic and practical value of the mouse genome, the demand for a succinct introduction to the subject has never been greater. Mouse Genetics is intended to meet the needs of this wide audience.
Classical Linkage Analysis and Mapping Panels
Authors: Silver Lee M
Published: November 2023

When a new mouse locus has been defined at the DNA level, it can be mapped by three different approaches: somatic cell hybrid analysis, in situ hybridization, or formal linkage analysis. The first of these approaches is not applicable generally to the mouse because single chromosome hybrids have not been gathered together in a systematic way for the whole mouse genome. However, even in those cases where such hybrids exist, this type of analysis provides only a chromosomal assignment. The second approach—in situ hybridization—is more highly resolving than somatic cell hybrid analysis, but this protocol requires special expertise and the resolution is still less than that obtained routinely with linkage analysis. Both of these non-sexual mapping protocols have two advantages over all forms of linkage analysis. First, they do not require any prior knowledge of map positions for other loci. Second, they allow the mapping of non-polymorphic loci. Thus, in the early days of mouse molecular genetics, before many DNA markers had been placed onto the map, and before new methods for uncovering polymorphisms had been developed, both of these protocols served useful functions in the arsenal of general mapping tools.
Outstanding Issues
Authors: Teubal Morris
Published: November 2023

The peculiarities of the Israeli innovation system stem to a large degree from the environment surrounding and the forces shaping Jewish immigration to Palestine during the first decade of the century. Specifically, the tradition of Jewish scholarship, the determination to create a modern state, and the Zionist ideology were driving forces that created functioning, institutionalized bases for modern scientific research, technological development, and the training of new generations of scientists. Both the Hebrew University and the Technion of Haifa were established almost a quarter of a century before the creation of the State in 1948. (The Weizmann Institute began operations in 1934.) So did the appearance of significant applied research in agriculture and in medicine, as well as the beginnings of industrial research.