bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improvement in Surface Properties of Ti6Al4V Alloy by ZrN Thin Film
Authors: Kadam Suresh N. , Jagdeo Kailash R. , Nair M.R.
Published: December 2022

Ti6Al4V alloy is attracting attention as a biomaterial due to its excellent mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and super plasticity. However; this alloy contains aluminium and vanadium liable to do serious harm to human bodies. For overcoming surface originated problems, various surface modification techniques have been used on metallic implants. In this study cathodic arc PVD was used to produce ZrN coating with different substrate bias voltage at 20mttor nitrogen gas pressure. Corrosion resistance of Ti6Al4V and ZrN coated Ti6Al4V were investigated by an electrochemical test, at 37°C in normal saline solution. Tafel extrapolation method was used for calculating corrosion rate. ICP-AES studies were carried out to determine amount of ions leached out from samples when kept immersed in normal saline solution. The surface morphology was carried out by XRD. The ZrN coated samples showed variation in the corrosion resistance with varying voltage and the sample coated at-200V showed an optimum corrosion resistance.
Protection of Mild Steel Corrosion in Sulphuric Acid Environment Using Wheat Starch
Authors: Nwanonenyi Simeon C. , Ogbobe Okoro , Oguzie Emeka Emmanuel
Published: December 2022

The corrosion of mild steel in 0.5 M H2SO4acid solution and the inhibition process by wheat starch (WS) was investigated using weight loss and potentiodynamic polarization measurement techniques respectively. Gravimetric results revealed that there is significant reduction in the corrosion rate of mild steel in the presence of inhibited solution compared to blank solution, and also the inhibition efficiency was found to depend on the concentration of the WS. Data on potentiodynamic polarization results confirmed that WS exhibited mixed type inhibition behaviour, though the cathodic effect was more pronounced. The mode of WS adsorption on the corroding metal surface followed Langmuir isotherm model. In addition, the trend of inhibition efficiency with temperature, activation energy and heat of adsorption parameters revealed a strong interaction between the WS constituents and the corroding metal surface, thus indicating that WS lowered the corrosion process by blanketing the mild steel surface through chemical adsorption mechanism. The mechanism of inhibition was discussed in the light of the chemical structure of starch.
Structural, Morphological and Optical Characterization of SnO2:F Thin Films Prepared by Chemical Spray Pyrolysis
Authors: Yousif Salam Amir , Abass Jenan Mohamed
Published: December 2022

Fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) films were successfully prepared on glass and quartz substrate at a substrate temperature equal to 450 °C for different fluorine doping (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15) by a homemade spray pyrolysis technique. The spray solution prepared from tin tetrachloride pentahydrate (SnCl4 · 5H2O) dissolved in distilled water at (0.1 M) concentration and ammonium fluoride (NH4F) was added into the solution for fluorine doping. X-ray diffraction patterns of the spray-deposited (SnO2: F) films for different fluorine doping show that all the diffractograms contain the characteristic SnO2 orientations. The matching of the observed and standard d-values confirm that the deposited films are of tin oxide with tetragonal structure and the films are polycrystalline with (110) as a preferred growth orientation. The surface morphology of SnO2: F thin film has been examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The average transmittance in the visible region (at 550 nm) has been found (40%, 47%, 52%, 59%, 61%) for the fluorine doping (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2) respectively.
Effect of Manganese Contain on the Optical Properties of CuO Thin Films
Authors: Jabbar Wasmaa Abdulsattar
Published: December 2022

Copper oxide prepared with various contains of Manganese by chemical spray pyrolysis. Some optical properties are studied from recording the absorption spectra via UV-Visible spectrophotometer in the range of 460-900 nm. The absorbance increased with increasing Mn-contain in the CuO thin films, and the absorption coefficient. Extinction coefficient and refractive index are decreased with increasing Mn-contain in the CuO thin films, also the energy gap shifted from 2 eV to 1.91 eV after 4%Mn additive.
Purification of Nitrate Contaminated Aqueous Solution Using Modified and Unmodified Palmkernel Shell
Authors: Adebayo O.L. , Adaramodu A.A. , Ajayi M.G. , Olasehinde F.E. , Oyetunde J.G.
Published: December 2022

The adsorption capacity of Palmkernel shell (PKS) which was used as an adsorbent in this study were boosted by acid thermoactivation. The nitrate sorption potential, point zero charge (PZC) and surface area of the PKS were enhanced by the acid thermoactivation process. The process of sorption of nitrate from solution was analyzed using five different isotherm models [Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Harkins-Jura, and Halsey isotherm equations]. The value of the Langmuir monolayer sorption capacity qm [mg/g] increased from 60.12 to 85.73, PZC values increased from 5.50 to 8.40, and the surface area [m2/g] value increased from 29 m2/g to 98 m2/g after the activation process. The effect of pH on the sorption of the nitrate on both sorbents was also considered and it was discovered that the adsorption of nitrate decreases with increase in nitrate solution pH. The effects of the sorbents dose on the sorption process was also studied and the results showed that the amount of nitrate sorbed by both sorbent decreases with increase in sorbent dose.
The Changing Shape of a Liquid Drop in an Electric Field
Authors: Jayalal A.A.S.N. , Wijewardena Gamalath K A I L
Published: December 2022

An approximate extension of the slender body theory was used to determine the static shape of a conically ended dielectric fluid drop in an electric field. Using induced surface charge density, hydrostatic pressure and the surface tension of the liquid with interfacial tension stresses and Maxwell electric stresses, a governing equation was obtained for slender geometries for the equilibrium configuration and numerically solved for 3D. For an applied electric field, the electric energy on a spherical drop can be maximized in a weak dielectric by increasing the applied electric field. The minimum dielectric constant ratio needed to produce a conical end is 14.5 corresponding to a cone angle 31.25° .There is a sharp increment of the aspect ratio after reaching the threshold value of the applied field strength and the deformation of the fluid drop increases with the increase in dielectric constant of the fluid drop. For a particular dielectric constant ratio, the threshold electric field producing conical interface increases with the increased surface tension of the liquid. The threshold electric field for a water drop is 1.0854×104 units and the corresponding aspect ratio is 15. For the minimum dielectric ratio the cone angle of the drop decreases with applied field making the drop more stable at higher fields.
Microwave Assisted Synthesis, Spectral Studies and Antimicrobial Activities of some 2′,4′-Difluorophenyl Chalcones
Authors: Vijayakumar S. , Arulkumaran R. , Sundararajan R. , Sakthinathan S.P. , Suresh R. , Kamalakkannan D. , Ranganathan K. , Sathiyamoorthy K. , Mala V. , Vanangamudi Ganesan , Thirunarayanan Ganesamoorthy
Published: December 2022

Some 2′,4′-difluorophenyl chalcones have been synthesized under microwave irradiation using aldol condensation between 2,4-difluoroacetophenone and substituted benzaldehydes using catalytic amount of hydroxyapatite. The yields of the chalcones are more than 85%. The purities of these synthesized chalcones were examined by their physical constants and spectroscopic data. The UV absorption maxima (λmax, nm), infrared stretches (ν, cm-1) of CO, fingerprint region of CHip/op, CH=CHop, C=Cop modes, NMR chemical shifts (δ, ppm) of vinyl proton, carbon and carbonyl carbons have been assigned and correlated with Hammett substituent constants, F and R parameters using single and multi-regression analysis. From the statistical analysis the effect of substituent on the above spectral frequencies can be discussed. The antimicrobial activities of these synthesized chalcones have been screened using Bauer-Kirby method.
Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Bezaktiv Yellow HE-4G on Mixture of Date Pits and Olive Stone from Aqueous Solution
Authors: Babaci H. , Aksas H. , Louhab K.
Published: December 2022

In this paper, the adsorption of an anions dye Bezaktiv Yellow HE-4G onto mixture biosorbent, olive stones and date pits was investigated in aqueous solution. The effect of operational parameter such as initial dye concentration, time contact, temperature and pH was evaluated. The pseudo first-order and the pseudo second-order were used to describe the kinetics data. The data were evaluated for compliance with Freundlich and Langmuir models. Biosorptions data were successfully described by Freundlich isotherm model and the pseudo second-order model. Thermodynamic parameters indicated that the biosorption of BY HE-4G onto biosorbent mixture was spontaneous and endothermic in nature. The results indicated that the mixture of date pits and olive stone could be used as an adsorbent for textile waste water treatment without high cost.
Coherent States in a Laser Cavity
Authors: Priyashanka K.M. , Wijewardena Gamalath K A I L
Published: December 2022

A mathematical model was developed to obtain the population inversion of the atoms in laser field in a laser cavity by considering the electric field in the optical cavity and the atomic states of the medium to be quantized. The master equation of the density operator of the laser field was studied analytically and numerically. Using coherent states, the Fokker-Plank equation for the phase space density for the laser field was solved analytically for the time dependent and steady state situations. The laser field above the threshold can be represented by a randomly phased mixture of coherent states. As the pump parameter increases in the laser process, the phase density becomes narrower, tending toward a delta function, creating a coherence laser field.
PEG Mediated Eco-Friendly One Pot Sunthesis of Benzylamine Coumarin Derivatives Using Multicomponent Reactant
Authors: Viradiya Denish J. , Kotadiya Vipul C. , Khunt Mita D. , Baria Bharat H. , Bhoya Umed C.
Published: December 2022

A green resourceful, eco-friendly and facile protocol was developed for the synthesis of benzylamine coumarin derivatives by the reaction of 4-hydroxy coumarin, secondary amine and aromatic aldehyde in the presence of PEG400 as a solvent as well as catalyst at room temperature. A wide range of functional groups were tolerated in the developed protocol. The structures of all the synthesized compounds were confirmed by 1H NMR, IR, MASS and Elemental Analysis. The target molecules were obtained in good to excellent yield applying this method.
Contamination and Radionuclides Concentration in Imported Canned Foodstuffs in Baghdad Markets
Authors: Abbas Oudah Abdul Jabbar , Al-Mashhadani Asia H.
Published: December 2022

This work was concerned with study the contamination and concentration of natural and man-made radioactivity 40K, 137Cs, 214Bi (238U series) and 228Ac (232Th series) in 19 different imported foodstuffs canned samples (Mushrooms, Black Olives, Broad Beans, Peaches, Sweet Corn, Tomato Past, Green Peas, Chick Peas, Baby milk 1,2,3 and Full milk powder) , were collected from locally markets in different regions in Baghdad city. Samples were analyzed by high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector gamma spectrometer systems from Canberra, with high resolution (2.0 keV at 1332 keV) and relative efficiency of ~30% for 137Cs (661.7 keV) and provide (Software Genie 2000 from Canberra). From the data obtained, the activity concentrations (Bq/kg or Bq/l) for 40K, 137Cs, 214Bi and 228Ac in above foodstuff samples were measured. It was found that these values lie within the worldwide range for radioactivity in food. The mean value of radium equivalent activity (Raeq) in all samples it was below the threshold value of 370 Bq/kg. The all value of indoor and outdoor annual effective dose equivalent in samples it was lower than the world average values (0.45 mSv/y for indoor and 0.07 mSv/y for outdoor).
The Evolution of Unstable 'Beta-Gamma' Magnetic Fields of Active Region AR 2222
Authors: Hamidi Zety Sharizat , Sabri S.N.U. , Shariff N.N.M. , Monstein C.
Published: December 2022

This event allows us to investigate how plasma–magnetic field interactions in the solar corona can produce suprathermal electron populations over periods from tens of minutes to several hours, and the interactions of wave-particle and wave-wave lead to characteristic fine structures of the emission. An intense and broad solar radio burst type IV was recorded by CALLISTO spectrometer from 240-360 MHz. Using data from a the KRIM observatory, we aim to provide a comprehensive description of the synopsis formation and dynamics of a a single solar burst type IV event due to active region AR2222. For five minutes, the event exhibited strong pulsations on various time scales and “broad patterns” with a formation of a group type III solar burst. AR 2222 remained the most active region, producing a number of minor C-Class solar flares. The speed of the solar wind also exceeds 370.8 km/second with 10.2 g/cm3 density of proton in the solar corona. The radio flux also shows 171 SFU. Besides, there are 3 active regions, AR2217, AR2219 and AR2222 potentially pose a threat for M-class solar flares. Active region AR2222 have unstable 'beta-gamma' magnetic fields that harbor energy for M-class flares. As a conclusion, we believed that Sun’s activities more active in order to achieve solar maximum cycle at the end of 2014.
Effect of Drying Processes on Stability of Anthocyanin Extracts from Saffron Petal
Authors: Heydari Somayeh , Rezaei Roya , Haghayegh Gholam Hossein
Published: December 2022

Saffron (Crocus sativus) has cyanic color flowers with major colorant of anthocyanin. Attractive color and functional properties of anthocyanins make them a good substitute for synthetic pigments in the food industry. These natural soluble water colorants are rather unstable and influenced by final processing treatment. The drying process is critical to the stability of saffron petals anthocyanins. Four different dehydration methods were evaluated: traditional method (at room temperature and under the sun); dehydration with electrical oven at different temperatures; and dehydration with microwave at different powers. The results showed that the highest amount of anthocyanin was obtained when saffron petals treated by traditional methods (at room temperature and under the sun). According to the results, the stability of saffron petals anthocyanins gradually accessed with increase of the heating temperature and decrement of heating time until 100 °C. However, heated at 120 and 140 °C, the anthocyanins could break down, and their residual amounts declined within 20 min and 10 min, respectively. The results suggested that saffron petals anthocyanins tended to degrade at high temperatures (>100 °C). Between these methods, drying at room temperature and drying with microwave at 900 W obtained the highest and the lowest results respectively.
Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Evaluation of some Newer 5-[6-Chloro/Fluor/Nitro-2-(p-Chloro/Fluoro/Methyl Phenyl)-Quinolin-4-yl]-1,3,4-Oxadiazole-2-Thiols
Authors: Faldu V.J. , Talpara P.K. , Bhuva N.H. , Vachharajani P.R. , Shah Viresh H.
Published: December 2022

Recent study shows that quinolines represent one of the most active classes of compounds possesses wide spectrum biodynamic activities and use as potent therapeutic agents. In present research work, 5-[6-chloro/fluoro/nitro-2-(p-chloro/fluoro/methyl phenyl)-quinolin-4-yl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiols have been synthesized by condensation of substituted quinoline-4-carbohydrazides and mixture of carbon disulphide and potassium hydroxide. All of these compounds were screened for their in vitro anti microbial assay against gram (+ve), gram (-ve) bacteria and fungi activity compared with standard drugs viz., Ampicilin, Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Griseofulvin and Nystatin at different concentrations.
Thermodynamic Interactions of P-Chlorotoluene with P-Xylene at 303.15 K, 308.15 K, 313.15 K and 318.15 K
Authors: Pavan Kumar G. , Babu Ch. Praveen , Samatha K.
Published: December 2022

Ultrasonic velocity, density and viscosity of the binary liquid mixtures of P-Chlorotoluene with p-xylene over the whole composition range at 303.15, 308.15, 313.15 and 315.15 K at frequency 2 MHz have been measured. Acoustical parameters such as adiabatic compressibility, intermolecular free length, impedance, molar volume, internal pressure, free volume, Rao constant and Wada constant. The acoustical parameters can be used to assess the strength of induced dipole-dipole interactions in this system studied.
Variability of Hubble’s Parameter, Geomagnetic Activity, and Putative Changes in Space-Mass Density: Implications for Terrestrial Cell Growth
Authors: Persinger Michael A.
Published: December 2022

The quotient for Planck’s Length divided by the product of Hubble’s parameter and twice the width of the Compton wave length for a proton has been considered a critical increment for the time required for a proton to expand one Planck’s Length. The empirical time of 3.25 ms, found in magnetic field effectiveness for multiple physical and biochemical reactions, requires a local Hubble constant (H) of 58 km·s-1·MPar-1 with a resulting mass density of 0.14 protons per cubic meter. This mass density multiplied by the cube of the galactic orbital velocity is within error measurement of the background photon flux density measured locally by photomultiplier units over the last four years. Regression analyses for the weak positive correlation between Huchra’s annual fluctuations in H and global annual geomagnetic activity over the last 30 years indicated that every 1 nT increase was associated with 0.44 km·s-1·MPar-1 increase in H. The required average density is equivalent to that of the rest mass of the electron. The results and quantitative solutions indicate that the measurement of H is affected by geomagnetic activity and that the time for a proton to expand 1 Planck’s Length can vary over time. Unless earth-based reactions from exposures to pulsed or “quantum well” like magnetic fields that depend upon resonant precision with this value are adjusted appropriately their efficacy could vary significantly.
Microwave Assisted Sulphated Titania Catalyzed Aldol Condensation: Synthesis of some (E) 3-(2-Naphthyl)-1-(Substituted Phenyl)-2-Propen-1-Ones under Solvent-Free Conditions
Authors: Janaki P. , Sekar K.G. , Thirunarayanan Ganesamoorthy
Published: December 2022

A series of titled chalcones were synthesized by aldol condensation between 2-naphthaldehyde and various substituted acetophenones using solid acidic solid sulphated titania catalyst under microwave irradiation. The yields of these chalcones are more than 90%. The synthesized chalcones are characterized by their physical constants, analytical and spectroscopic data.
Pre and Post Effect of Swift Heavy Ion Irradiation on Infrared Spectral Evolution of Y3+xFe5-xO12 (x = 0.0 - 1.0) System
Authors: Modi Kunal B. , Shah Suraj J. , Kathad Chetan R. , Sharma Pooja U.
Published: December 2022

Present work aims to investigate the effect of Y3+ - substitution and 50 MeV, Li3+ ion irradiation (fluence: 5 x 1013 ions/cm2) on infrared spectral evolution of Y3+xFe5-xO12 (x = 0.0, 0.2 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0) garnet system. Infrared absorption spectra for x = 0.0 – 0.6 compositions show three absorption bands while x = 0.8 – 1.0 compositions are characterized by two absorption bands, identical with IR spectra of rare earth ortho ferrites. The position and intensity of bands are found to be influenced by Y3+ - substitution. The intensity of absorption bands for x = 0.0 – 0.4 compositions is found to increase, while for x = 0.6 – 1.0 compositions no effect of swift heavy ion irradiation has been observed. The results have been explain in the light of SHII induced defect states, partial removal of un-wanted YFeO3 phase and change in structural parameters. It seems that YFeO3 phase is irradiation hard phase.
Theoretical Modeling of a Photodetector Based on Ballistic Carbone Nanotube with VHDL-AMS
Authors: Troudi M. , Mahmoudi Abdelghani , Sghaier N. , Soltani A.
Published: December 2022

In this paper we present a new VHDL-AMS model of carbone nanotube field effect transistor for photo-detection application: (photo-CNTFET). Contrary to classical photodetectors, the photo-CNTFET has the potential to work on a wide range of optical frequencies and high quantum efficiency and can be used as a highly sensitive and rapid response photodetector. Based on its excellent conductivity and very low capacitance, Carbon nanotubes provide highly mobile electrons and low noise in the system. The simulation results obtained in the present paper has shown its relevance as precise and fast tool to investigate the effects of photoexcitation on Ids-Vds characteristics of the photo-CNTFET. We have present results obtained after variation of power illumination and light beam wavelength.
Total Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Water of Rusalka Lake in the City of Szczecin
Authors: Daniszewski Piotr
Published: December 2022

The progress of civilizations causes changes in the water catchment areas lakes; aquatic waters are order - phosphorus and nitrogen compounds. Level of activity alkaline phosphatase (APA) has an important impact on the chemical and biological processes taking place in the aquatic environment. APA belongs to a group of indicators, who tells us about the extent limitations to development of biomass in the tank water. Water of Rusalka lake were the subjects of 2008-2012 (July – September). Total alkaline phosphatase activity was determined seven times a year in these environments. A study of seasonal fluctuations showed that a maximum total alkaline phosphatase activity, both in the water and in the bottom sediment, occurred in spring (May) and summer (July, August).
Study on Radon Emanation from Selected Cement Samples by Using Nuclear Track Detector (Cr 39)
Authors: Abass Khalid H. , Al Mayyali Ali Obies Muhsen , Kadhim Inaam H.
Published: December 2022

In this work, we have study the concentration of radon gas in seven cement samples from different regions in Iraq (Kofa, Sulaymaniya, Kubesa, Karbala, Al-Kaem, Basra, and Almas cement) by using alpha-emitters registrations that emitted from radon gas in CR-39 nuclear track detector. Sealed-cup technique that used in this study to determine the alpha emitters from radon gas. The results obtained shown that the highest average radon gas concentration in cement samples which was (55.16 Bq/m3) for Almas samples, while the lowest average radon gas concentration in cement samples which was (24.13 Bq/m3) for Karbala samples. The current results show that the radon gas concentration in all cement samples that studied is below the allowed limit from International Commission of Radiation Protection (ICRP) agency.
Future Vision of Advanced Oxidation Process and its Immediate Efficacy - A Deep, Insightful Comprehension and a Far-Reaching Review
Authors: Palit Sukanchan
Published: December 2022

Environmental engineering is moving briskly and steadily from one challenging phase to another. The world of challenges are immense as well as far-reaching. Advanced oxidation processes today stands in the midst of immense scientific vision, scientific understanding and invincible scientific challenges. The effectivity of degradation quality of ozone and hydroxyl radicals is outstanding and path-breaking. Environmental concerns and subsequent environmental regulations are the burning issues of our present day civilization. Novel separation processes as well advanced oxidation techniques are the plausible solutions for zero-discharge norms and effective environmental engineering paradigm. The question of effective environmental engineering techniques comes into the horizon of a scientist’s mind. Amongst the advanced oxidation techniques, ozonation or ozone-oxidation stands today in the new millennium as the most effective environmental engineering techniques. Wastewater treatment and provision of clean drinking water are unquestionably the primordial issues of present day mankind and the ever-alert civil society. The visionary challenges are moving from one avenue of environmental disaster to another. Environmental disaster – both manmade as well as natural has plunged our civilization to unending catastrophe. These environmental calamities are harbingers of more immense and impending environmental disasters. The scientific paradigm and the scientific domain needs rethought and needs to be restructured. In the face of these immense environmental calamities, the thrust areas of novel separation processes and advanced oxidation needs immense retrospection. In such a critical juncture of history and time, this treatise effectively addresses the questions of zero-discharge norms with respect to new discoveries in the field of advanced oxidation processes particularly the field of ozonation.
Volumetric Properties of Sodium Cyclamate Solutions in Presence of Glucose and Sucrose
Authors: Kharat Sanjeevan J. , Munde Sachin M.
Published: December 2022

Densities of sodium cyclamate (Na-cycl) in water and (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5) m (glucose/sucrose) have been measured at (298.15, 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15) K. From density values, partial molar volumes (V0Φ), expansion coefficient (E∞), Hepler’s constant (δ2V0Φ/δT2)p, apparent specific volumes (ASV), partial molar volumes of transfer (∆trsV0Φ), doublet (VAB) and triplet (VABB) interaction coefficients have been calculated. An increase in the values of V0Φ and ∆trsV0Φ was observed with increase in the concentration of glucose/sucrose. The positive values of E∞ and V0Φ are due to the strong solute-solvent interactions. The positive values of (δ2V0Φ/δT2)p suggest structure making behaviour of sodium cyclamate in water and in presence of glucose and sucrose. The positive values of (∆trsV0Φ) and VAB may be due to the interactions between hydrophilic group (–OH, C=O, and –O–) of glucose/sucrose and sodium ion of sodium cyclamate. All solutions studied exhibit sweet taste because ASV of all solutions ranges from (0.569 × 10-6) m3×kg-1 to (0.626 × 10-6) m3×kg-1.
On Invariant Light
Authors: Orlov Sergey
Published: December 2022

A new physical model of the appearance of light, properties, and its trajectory. Explains the paradox of invariance and isotropy of light based on the laws of classical physics.
Synthesis and Characterization of Biologically Potent Chalcone Bearing 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Linkage
Authors: Variya Hiren H. , Panchal Vikram , Bhabhor Falguni G. , Patel G.R.
Published: December 2022

In this article, we have described to design and synthesized a series of substituted chalcone based 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives. Titled compounds (E)-S-(-5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl) 2-(4-(3-(5-methyl-3oxo-2(p-tolyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl) phenoxy) etanethioate (III1-6) were synthesized using of derivatives of S-(-5-phenyl-1,3,4 oxadiazole-2-yl)2-chloroethaethioate (I1-6) were reacted with (E)-4-(3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) acryloyl)-5-methyl-2(p-tolyl)-1H-pyrazol-3(2H)-one (II) in presence of K2CO3 in DMF as a solvent. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by analytical and spectral (IR, 1H NMR, and LC-MS) Methods.
Physicochemical Study of some Imidazoline Derivatives in Solutions
Authors: Baluja Shipra , Kacchadia Nikunj
Published: December 2022

Some physicochemical properties such as density, refractive index, conductance etc. have been studied for some newly synthesized imidazoline derivatives in different solvents at 308.15 K.
Schultz and Modified Schultz Polynomials of Coronene Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Farahani Mohammad Reza
Published: December 2022

Let G = (V;E) be a simple connected graph. The sets of vertices and edges of G are denoted byV = V(G) and E = E(G), respectively. In such a simple molecular graph, vertices represent atoms andedges represent bonds. The distance between the vertices u and v in V(G) of graph G is the number ofedges in a shortest path connecting them, we denote by d(u,v). In graph theory, we have manyinvariant polynomials for a graph G. In this research, we computing the Schultz polynomial, ModifiedSchultz polynomial, Hosoya polynomial and their topological indices of a Hydrocarbon molecule, thatwe call “Coronene Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons”.
Determination of Flux Density of the Solar Radio Burst Event by Using Log Periodic Dipole Antenna (LPDA)
Authors: Hamidi Zety Sharizat , Shariff N.N.M.
Published: December 2022

In this article, an evaluation of the flux density of the solar radio burst is presented. A rod aluminium’s type as a conductor with nineteenth (19) elements of different sizes is being prepared to construct a log periodic dipole antenna (LPDA) from 45-870 MHz. The performance was carried out at the National Space Agency (PAN), Sg. Lang, Banting Selangor by connecting to the Compound Low Cost Low Frequency Spectroscopy Transportable Observatory (CALLISTO) spectrometer. The input impedance, R0 = 50 ohm is chosen for this LPDA antenna. From the analysis, the gain of the antenna is 9.3 dB. This antenna potentially captures a signal that covers about 0.08 m2 area of the Sun.The temperature of the burst that detected at the feedpoint of the antenna is 32 K. However, the signal becomes decrease to 28.75 K while by CALLISTO spectrometer as a receiver. It was also found that the isotropic source spectral power is 1576 W/Hz. Since the burst level above the background sky is 0.41 dB , the flux density of the burst is 5.5 x 10-21 W/m2/Hz. Based on the results, we conclude that this antenna is suitable for to observe the Sun activities at low frequency region.
Mega Watt Security Assessment of Power Systems
Authors: Chowdhury Amit Kumar , Mondal Surajit , Mukherjee Mainak , Biswas Pabitra Kumar
Published: December 2022

This paper deals with the security aspects of power system by evaluating the severity of transmission line outage. MW security assessment is made by determining the power flow in the line using load flow for each contingency. The severity of contingency is measured using a scalar index called performance index (PI). DC load flow and Fast Decoupled load flow are used as approximate and exact load flow methods for MW security assessment respectively. Contingency analysis is carried out and ranked lists in the decreasing order of severity based on PI values are prepared for standard test systems. The severity of line is evaluated and compared using these load flow methods. A new method is proposed to avoid Masking problems in MW security assessment. Security analysis is made on standard test systems such as 5, 6, IEEE 14 and IEEE 30 bus systems under present study.
Synthesis and Characterization of Fully Substituted Pyrimidines by Using Ketene Dithioacetal as Potent Antimicrobial Agent
Authors: Khunt Hasmukh R. , Pipaliya Piyush P. , Ghelani Satish M. , Babariya Jayesh S. , Naliapara Yogesh T.
Published: December 2022

Various ketene dithioacetals of acetoacetanilides were reacted with guanidine nitrate in the presence of base to produce the 2-amino-4-isopropyl-6-alkoxy-N-arylpyrimidine-5-carboxamide derivatives with good yields. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by mass, NMR and IR and also evaluated for antimicrobial activity against five different bacterial and fungal strains. The compounds 4i, 4k and 4l has found comparatively good active against all the bacterial strains.
Potentials of African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) Fruit Shell Adsorbent in Recovery of Valuable Hydrocarbons for Spent Engine Oil
Authors: Taiwo Elijah , Tokede Oluwatosin , Sanda Olayinka
Published: December 2022

Inventory of spent engine oil continuously increase and indiscriminately disposed of at auto-mechanics garages. Adsorptive separation established to be indispensable in recovery of these hydrocarbons was carried out using Chrysophyllum albidum (African star apple) fruit shell – a renewable resource. In this study, clay pretreated spent engine oil was recovered in a fixed bed adsorption processes and the recovered adsorbate components determined by GC-MS analysis. The results showed African star apple fruit shell adsorbent effective in recovering n-hexane solubilized spent lubricating oil. The study concluded that using the developed African star apple fruit shell adsorbent, an agricultural waste adsorbent in the recovery of waste lubricating oil will enhance greatly the nation’s economy.
Calculation of Electrochemical Parameters Starting from the Polarization Curves of Ferrocene at Glassy Carbon Electrode
Authors: Neghmouche N.S. , Lanez Touhami
Published: December 2022

This work is a contribution to the calculation of electrochemical parameters from the polarization curves of ferrocene. The parameters are: The anodic (Epa) and the cathodic (Epc) peak potentials, as well as the corresponding anodic (ipa) and cathodic (ipc) peak currents, were obtained at different scan rates (0.05, 0.10, 0.30, 0.50 V.s-1). The half-wave potentials (E1/2) of the couple in the investigated solvents have been evaluated. The diffusion coefficients (D) have been calculated using the Randles-Sevcik equation.
Quantum Transport Properties of Two-Dimensional Quantum Lattices under Synthetic Magnetic Fields
Authors: Wijesinghe Pubudu G. , Wijewardena  Gamalath K.A.I.L.
Published: December 2022

Motivated by recent experimental progress, we study the quantum transport properties of two-dimensional electron gases under high perpendicular magnetic fields. We use a simple tight-binding model to model the system and open-source software to simulate quantum electronic transport properties such as band structure variations and conductance-flux relationships in such systems. Dependence of quantum transport properties on two-dimensional square, triangular and kagome lattice shapes were studied adding a Gaussian noise to account for the impurities. Numerical simulations are presented to predict the emergence of physical effects related to quantum Hall effect, such as the existence of Landau levels and edge states. The kagome lattice exhibits a different band structure giving rise to a flat band, due to its trihexagonal geometry. The peak conductance value increases with decreasing lattice constant due to higher transmission probability. The transport properties vary significantly with lattice geometries, both with the lattice type and the lattice constant.
Dependence of Mesomorphism on Molecular Rigidity
Authors: Rola R.R. , Bhola G.N. , Bhoya Umed C.
Published: December 2022

A novel smectogenic homologous series of twelve homologues synthesized and studied with a view to understand and establish the effect of molecular structure on liquid crystal properties (LC) and LC behaviors of thermotropic homologues. First (C1) to last (C16) member of a series exhibited only enantiotropically smectogenic property without showing nematic property which is absent even in the monotropic condition. Transition and melting temperature including textures of homologues were determined by an optical polarizing microscopy equipped with a heating stage, texture of a smectic phase are of the type A or C. Smectogenic phase length ranger between 5.1°C to 22.6°C. Smectic-Isotropic (Sm-I) thermal stability is 153.55°C. Analytical, spectral and thermal data supported molecular structures of homologues. LC behaviors of present novel series are compared with the structurally similar homologous series. Transition curves viz. Cr-Sm and Sm-I transition curves of a phase diagram behaved in normal manner.
Nanocrystalline Hexagonal Shaped CdS Thin Films for Photoconducting Application
Authors: Patil S.M. , Pawar P.H.
Published: December 2022

Nanocrystalline thin films of cadmium sulphide were prepared by chemical bath deposition technique onto glass substrate at 60 °C. The deposition parameters were optimized to obtain good quality of nanocrystalline thin films such as, time, precursor concentration, temperature of deposition and pH of the solution. The studies on crystal structure, composition, surface morphology, electrical conductivity and photoconductivity of the films were carried out by using different analytical technique. Characterization includes X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), Electrical and photoconductivity. The response and recovery time of the thin film were measured and presented.
Study of Molecular Interactions in Ternary Liquid Mixtures
Authors: Kavitha Ch. , Ratnakar A. , Narendra Kolla
Published: December 2022

The ultrasonic velocities and densities of ternary mixtures of quinolone with toluene and methanol as common compound, including those of pure liquids, over the entire composition range were measured at temperatures (303.15, 308.15, 313.15 and 318.15) K and atmospheric pressure. From the experimental data, excess molar volume VmE, excess ultrasonic velocity uEand excess acoustic impedance ZEwere calculated. The variation these parameters with composition and temperature of the mixtures are discussed in terms of molecular interactions in these mixtures. All the calculated excess parameter values were found to be positive and negative at each temperature studied.
Preheated Fly-Ash Catalyzed Cyclization of Chalcones: Synthesis of some Substituted Pyrazole-1-Carbothioamides and Spectral Correlations in 3-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-5-(Substituted Phenyl)-4,5-Dihydro-1H-Pyrazole-1-Carbothioamides
Authors: Thirunarayanan Ganesamoorthy , Sekar K.G.
Published: December 2022

Some substituted 1-thiocarbomyl pyrazolines including 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(substituted phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioamides using solvent-free preheated fly-ash catalyzed cyclization between chalcones and thiosemicarbazide microwave irradiation. The yields of these thiocarbomyl pyrazolines are more than 80%. The purities of these synthesised pyrazoline derivatives are checked by their physical constants and spectral data earlier reported in the literature. The spectral data of these 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(substituted phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioamides had been correlated, using single and multi-linear regression analysis.
Space Weather: The Significance of e-CALLISTO (Malaysia) as One of Contributor of Solar Radio Burst due to Solar Activity
Authors: Hamidi Zety Sharizat , Shariff N.N.M. , Monstein C. , Ibrahim Z.A.
Published: December 2022

The impact of solar activities indirectly affected the conditions of earth's climate and space weather in general. In this work, we will highlight a low cost project, however, potentially gives a high impact through a dedicated long-term and one of the most successful space weather project. This research is a part of an initiative of the United Nations together with NASA in order to support developing countries participating in ‘Western Science’ research. At the beginning of 2007, the objective to monitor the solar activities (solar flares and Coronal Mass Ejections) within 24 hours all over the world has positively turned to reality. Realize how important for us to keep doing a research about the solar bursts, by using the new radio spectrometer, CALLISTO. This research is not only hoping to give a knowledge to the people about how the solar bursts are produced, the characteristics of every type of solar burst at the wide range (45 MHz to 870 MHz) but also the effect of the solar burst toward the Earth. By using the same CALLISTO spectrometer within the 45-870 MHz, designing and leading by Christian Monstein from ETH Zurich, Switzerland, this research project is the one of successful project under ISWI program. Malaysia becomes the 19th countries that involve this research. One of the advantages to start the solar monitoring in Malaysia is because our strategic location as equator country that makes possible to observing a Sun for 12 hours daily throughout a year. We strongly believe that Malaysia as one of contributor of solar activity data through E-CALLISTO network. This is a very good start for developing a radio astronomy in Malaysia.
Development and Assessment of Polyester Reinforced with Sansevieria Cylindrica/Zawa Flour Composites
Authors: Manne Ravindra Gandhi , Kumar M. Ashok , Murthy V. Nikill , Karthikeyan N. , Johnson M.
Published: December 2022

This paper zero in on preparation of hybrid composites in which Polyester matrix filled with Sanseveria cylindrica fiber(SCF) and Zawa flour. SCF fiber was taken 10% volume constantly in all the samples. Camera ready samples were prepared using hand layup technique in which filler constituent proportions were taken by using rule of hybrid mixture (RoHM). The mail aim of the composites is to increase the tensile flexural, and impact strengths, TGA, DSC results by incorporating the filler. It was observed that, tensile strength was linearly increased up to 4wt.% zawa after that sudden falling was observed. On other hand, tensile modulus was increased linearly up to 5wt.% was the clear indication of addition of zawa imparts more stiffness to the composites. Flexural strength was increased up 3wt.% zawa flour after than it starts depreciating suddenly. Flexural modulus was increased linearly up to 3wt.% zawa four composites after that decreases. Impact strength was optimised at 4wt.% zawa flour after that it starts going down. In DSC analysis, for 3wt.% zawa flour composite registered good performance than the 2wt.%,whereas in TGA analysis 3wt.% composite was having good performance than 2wt.% zawa flour composites. Reasons attributed for increased glass transition temperature was due to the less moisture content or due to the deprived of void due to the good bonding strength
Synthesis and Nitration of 7-Hydroxy-4-Methyl Coumarin via Pechmann Condensation Using Eco-Friendly Medias
Authors: Hussien Fadia Al Haj , Keshe Mohammad , Alzobar Khaled , Merza Joumaa , Karam Ayman
Published: December 2022

A nitro coumarin derivatives has been synthesized via nitration of 7-hydroxy-4-methyl coumarin wich was synthesized via Pechmann condensation resorcinol with a β-ketoester using Amberlyst-15 as a green and efficient catalyst and by caring out the reaction of resorcinol and ethyl acetoacetate (with 1: 1 mol ratio) in the presence of 0.2 g of Amberlyst-15 at 110°C under solvent-free conditions. These nitro coumarin derivatives have biological activity and momentousness in the industrial fields. The purified products were measured the melting points and characterized by spectral methods: FT-IR, 1H-NMR , 13C-NMR.
Why Hot Water Freezes Faster than Cold?
Authors: Kurić Lutvo
Published: December 2022

The modern science mainly treats the biochemical basis of sequencing in bio-macromolecules and processes in chemistry and biochemistry. In these informational cybernetic principles we seek to answer the following question: Why hot water freezes faster than cold These principles determine the freezing point of water. Determine that the hot water freezes faster than cold. What we did is the following: We translated the physical and chemical parameters from the language of water into the digital language of programmatic, cybernetic and information principles. This we did by using the adequate mathematical algorithms. By using chemical-information procedures, we calculated the numerical value for the information content of molecule of water. What we got this way is the digital picture of this molecule. These digital pictures reveal to us a whole new dimension of water. They reveal to us that the chemical process of this molecule is strictly conditioned and determined by programmatic, cybernetic and information principles.
Total π Electron Energy of Linear Acenes Nanostructure
Authors: Khakpoor Ali Asghar
Published: December 2022

Moletronics is a branch of nanoelectronic that considers the use of small groups of molecules in nanoscale. A family of organic molecules that has been highly regarded in Moletronics and nanoscale are Acenes with the chemical formula C4n+2 H2n+4. Since the identification and analysis of nanostructures, especially in large Acenes need high money and time, a model for predicting the physical and electronic properties is of special importance. Topological indices that were introduced during the studies on the molecular graphs in chemistry can describe and predict some chemical, physical, electronic of the molecules. This paper explains and proves some theorem and then examines topological index F (G) in the linear Acenes family. It is tried to provide an appropriate model to determine the amounts of total π electron energy in the family, and especially for the members where the number of loops are high.
Single-edged akinakai of Transylvania and Great Hungarian Plain. Reflection of a Balkan tradition
Authors: Topal Denis
Published: December 2022

In the Scythian time in the territory of the Middle Danube, Transylvanian and the Southern Carpathian regions, the original group of single-edged akinakai is distributed. By the time the Scythians penetrated Carpathian region, a part of the population of Basarabi culture (bearers of the Illyrian tradition of single-edged weaponry) moved to the north, to the South Carpathians and Transylvania. Perhaps it is the circumstance that can explain the appearance of single-edged akinakai with a T-shaped handle of the Nógrád type in the foothills of the Southern Carpathians and the Apuseni Mountains in the south-west of Transylvania. The basis for the Nógrád akinakai, apparently, was the akinakai of the Shumeyko type (or Piliny type according to A. Vulpe), which spread at the turn of the Early and Middle Scythian periods. This is indicated by the features of Nógrád akinakai, characteristic of the Shumeyko type like a narrow elongated blade (often triangular), a massive kidney-shaped crosshair, a two-part handle and decoration with its transverse notches, a narrow elongated rhombic pommel. Like Shumeyko akinakai, the single-edged swords of the Nógrád type appear at the turn of the 7th – 6th centuries BC and exist until the end of the 6th century. At the same time, the bulk of the complexes with akinakai of the Nógrád type belongs to the second half or even to the late 6th century BC.