bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strategy-Proofness, Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives, and Majority Rule
Authors: Dasgupta Partha , Maskin Eric
Published: December 2020

We show that strategy-proofness, the Pareto principle, anonymity, neutrality, independence of irrelevant alternatives, and decisiveness uniquely characterize majority rule on any domain of preferences for which there exists a voting rule satisfying these axioms. In our formulation, strategy-proofness includes manipulations by coalitions. However, we demonstrate that the characterization still holds when coalitions are restricted to arbitrarily small size. We also show that when coalitions can manipulate outside the domain, there is an extension of majority rule that satisfies these axioms on any domain without Condorcet cycles. (JEL D72)
Comparison of 3D T1-SPACE and DSA in evaluation of intracranial in-stent restenosis
Authors: Shao Qiuji , Li Qiang , Wu Qiaowei , Li Tianxiao , Li Li , Chang Kaitao
Published: December 2020

Objective:

In-stent restenosis (ISR) after stenting for intracranial stenosis is a significant issue. This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of the 3D T1-SPACE technique in the follow-up of patients after stent implantation.

Methods:

Fifteen patients with intracranial arterial stenosis were prospectively enrolled 6–8 months after stenting. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and 3D T1-SPACE imaging were performed to evaluate the degree of stenosis and the enhancement of the vessel wall. Bland–Altman plots were used to assess the agreement between the two imaging methods, and the Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated as a measure of the linear correlation.

Results:

Eight Enterprise stents and seven Wingspan stents were used in 15 patients. The follow-up DSA after 6–8 months showed that the degree of stenosis was 40% (range, 30–72%), and ISR occurred in 4 of 15 (26.7%) lesions. The degree of stenosis assessed using the 3D T1-SPACE imaging technique was 35% (range, 30–75%). All four patients with ISR demonstrated significant enhancement. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the two methods was 0.959 (p < 0.05), and the Bland–Altman plot showed that all data points were within the consistency limits (x- ± 1.96 s).

Conclusion:

As a non-invasive imaging modality, 3D T1-SPACE showed great consistency with DSA in measuring the degree of stenosis after intracranial stenting. It may be used as an optional method for detecting ISR.

Advances in knowledge:

This study evaluated the usefulness of 3D T1-SPACE technique in the follow-up of patients after stent implantation, which could be used as an optional and non-invasive method in detection of in-stent restenosis.
Accuracy of three cone-beam CT devices and two software systems in the detection of vertical root fractures
Authors: Caetano Aline PF , Sousa Thiago O , Oliveira Mariana R , Evanglista Karine , Bueno Juliano M , Silva Maria AG
Published: December 2020

Objectives :

The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of vertical root fracture (VRF) detection using three tomography devices and two software systems in teeth with different endodontic fillings.

Methods:

The sample consisted of 45 premolars divided into 3 groups: No filling (NF, n=15); Gutta percha (GP, n=15) and Metallic Post (MP, n=15). Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were acquired in Kodak 9000 3D, Orthopantomography 300 (OP300) and PreXion 3D devices, before and after induced root fractures. Two oral radiologists analyzed all images using InVivoDental and e-Vol DX software systems. The analysis was repeated after 15 days in 30% of the sample. Data analysis compared receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, as well the areas under the ROC curves. Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value were calculated according to each tomographic device and software. Intra- and interexaminer reliability were tested using the Kappa coefficient.

Results:

The highest accuracy was seen in the image set from the PreXion 3D, using InVivo (0.96) or e-Vol DX (0.92) in image analysis. The OP300 device presented a similar performance of the PreXion 3D in teeth with different endodontic fillings. When using e-Vol DX, the accuracy of Kodak 9000 3D improved from 0.62 to 0.74.

Conclusions:

The PreXion 3D device is the most accurate when detecting VRF, with a performance similar to the OP300 in endodontic filled teeth. Kodak 9000 3D is indicated for teeth without fillings, with better accuracy using e-Vol DX software.
Effectiveness of non-pharmacological falls prevention interventions for people with Multiple Sclerosis, Parkinson’s Disease and stroke: protocol for an umbrella review
Authors: O'Malley Nicola , Clifford Amanda M. , Comber Laura , Coote Susan
Published: December 2020

Background: Falls are common among people with neurological diseases and have many negative physical, psychosocial and economic consequences. Implementation of single-diagnosis falls prevention interventions is currently problematic due to lack of participants and resources. Given the similarities in falls risk factors across stroke, Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and Multiple Sclerosis (MS), the development of an intervention designed for mixed neurological populations seems plausible and may provide a pragmatic solution to current implementation challenges. This umbrella review aims to summarise the totality of evidence regarding the effectiveness of non-pharmacological falls prevention interventions for people with MS, PD and stroke and identify the commonalities and differences between effective interventions for each disease to inform the development of an evidence-based intervention that can be tailored for people with mixed diagnoses.

Methods: This umbrella review will be conducted and reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. 15 electronic databases and grey literature will be searched. Systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials and studies investigating the effects of non-pharmacological falls prevention interventions on falls outcomes among people with MS, PD and stroke will be included. Methodological quality of included reviews will be assessed using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews 2 tool. The Grading of Recommendations Assessments, Development and Evaluation framework will be used to rate the quality of evidence. A summary of evidence table and narrative synthesis will be utilised to clearly indicate the findings.

Discussion: This umbrella review presents a novel and timely approach to synthesise existing falls literature to identify effective non-pharmacological interventions for people with MS, PD and stroke. Of importance, a robust methodology will be used to explore the differences and similarities in effective interventions for individuals with these neurological conditions to facilitate the development of an intervention for these mixed neurological groups.
Electronic data capture for large scale typhoid surveillance, household contact tracing, and health utilisation survey: Strategic Typhoid Alliance across Africa and Asia
Authors: Thindwa Deus , Farooq Yama G. , Shakya Mila , Saha Nirod , Tonks Susan , Anokwa Yaw , Gordon Melita A. , Hartung Carl , Meiring James E. , Pollard Andrew J. , Heyderman Robert S. ,   The Strategic Typhoid alliance across Africa and Asia consortium
Published: December 2020

Electronic data capture systems (EDCs) have the potential to achieve efficiency and quality in collection of multisite data. We quantify the volume, time, accuracy and costs of an EDC using large-scale census data from the STRATAA consortium, a comprehensive programme assessing population dynamics and epidemiology of typhoid fever in Malawi, Nepal and Bangladesh to inform vaccine and public health interventions.

A census form was developed through a structured iterative process and implemented using Open Data Kit Collect running on Android-based tablets. Data were uploaded to Open Data Kit Aggregate, then auto-synced to MySQL-defined database nightly. Data were backed-up daily from three sites centrally, and auto-reported weekly. Pre-census materials’ costs were estimated. Demographics of 308,348 individuals from 80,851 households were recorded within an average of 14.7 weeks range (13-16) using 65 fieldworkers. Overall, 21.7 errors (95% confidence interval: 21.4, 22.0) per 10,000 data points were found: 13.0 (95% confidence interval: 12.6, 13.5) and 24.5 (95% confidence interval: 24.1, 24.9) errors on numeric and text fields respectively. These values meet standard quality threshold of 50 errors per 10,000 data points. The EDC’s total variable cost was estimated at US$13,791.82 per site.

In conclusion, the EDC is robust, allowing for timely and high-volume accurate data collection, and could be adopted in similar epidemiological settings.
LACTOSTASIS
Authors: Guseynov Arif
Published: December 2020

The lecture provides detailed information on the problems of modern diagnostics and treatment of lactostasis, which is of interest to many doctors, especially to specialist doctors: obstetrician-gynecologists, surgeons, mammologists, general practitioners. The etiology and pathogenesis, modern methods of diagnosis and differential diagnosis are described in detail. The optimal tactics of therapy are proposed, the schemes of conservative treatment are justified and described, the issues of prevention of lactostasis are considered.
Notariado público y jurisdicciones conflictivas en Asturias (ss. XIII-XIV).
Authors: Albarrán-Fernández Elena
Published: December 2020

Los siglos XIII y XIV fueron una época de desarrollo de una intensa actividad política y administrativa por parte de los monarcas castellanos.
Tomando como punto de partida el reinado de Alfonso X, Asturias fue objeto del
ejercicio de dos particulares prerrogativas regias: la creación de nuevas pueblas y
el nombramiento de notarios; enmarcadas ambas en un contexto de renacimiento
urbano y de difusión del Ars notariae desde el norte de Italia. Mientras la monarquía castellano-leonesa trataba de blindar sus derechos y prerrogativas en un
nuevo código legislativo, la Iglesia y la nobleza asturiana comprendieron la importancia del notariado público como instrumento de poder, generándose profundas tensiones jurisdiccionales. En este contexto, el notariado público se convirtió
en un instrumento indispensable por su condición de depositario de la fe pública,
un elemento clave en el desarrollo de la vida económica, un eslabón entre el poder
político y el pueblo, así como un testigo de la memoria de la sociedad.
Las escrituras usuales en Santiago de Compostela en la primera mitad del siglo XVI a través de las fuentes del Hospital Real.
Authors: Ares Legaspi Adrián
Published: December 2020

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la escritura que, a mediados del siglo XVI en Santiago de Compostela, desarrollaban los individuos que no tenían en el ejercicio escrito su sustento económico. Para ello, seleccionamos uno de los libros de cuentas del Hospital Real, en el cual figuran las firmas de una gran variedad de vecinos de Santiago, así como diversos documentos autógrafos de algunos de los miembros de la institución. A través de su análisis nos aproximaremos a la cultura gráfica de los no profesionales de la escritura, atendiendo a tres variables: la difusión social de la escritura, los niveles de destreza gráfica y los modelos gráficos empleados
El empréstito de Sevilla a Juan II en 1429.
Authors: Collantes de Terán Sánchez Antonio
Published: December 2020

Uno de los instrumentos utilizados por los monarcas castellanos para hacer frente a necesidades extraordinarias fue el crédito. Una de las formas en que se manifestó fue el empréstito o préstamo forzoso demandado a los súbditos, sobre el que los trabajos son todavía escasos. En este se analiza el demandado por Juan II en 1429 al concejo de Sevilla, cuya recaudación fue muy conflictiva por los rechazos a los distintos repartimientos que efectuaron tanto la hacienda real como las autoridades municipales.
Palabra de notario. El registro de Gonzalo Pérez, escribano de Castrillo Tejeriego (1334-1335).
Authors: Herrero Jiménez Mauricio
Published: December 2020

En este trabajo damos noticia del hallazgo en el Archivo de la Real Chancillería de Valladolid del registro notarial escrito en 1334 y 1335 por Gonzalo Pérez, escribano público de Castrillo-Tejeriego (Valladolid). Se presentó en 1520 en la Chancillería de Valladolid porque era testimonio de la firmeza y legalidad que proporcionó el notario al registro en el primer tercio del siglo XIV. El registro notarial de Gonzalo Pérez de Castrillo-Tejeriego es el más antiguo de los registros conocidos de Castilla.
In character
Authors: Hart Karen
Published: December 2020

Use the January birthday of author A A Milne to explore the world of Winnie the Pooh, Piglet, Tigger and more by going on a walk and identifying hidey-holes where these characters could find a home.
Review of the American Thoracic Society guidelines on the pharmacological management of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Farne Hugo
Published: December 2020

This article summarises the recommendations of the new American Thoracic Society guidelines on the pharmacological management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, comments on how they differ from other guidelines, and considers the research needs and unanswered questions posed.
Integrating Health Services in Ontario Through Mergers and Centralization
Authors:   McGill University, Ragupathi Krithika
Published: December 2020

On 18 April 2019, the Legislative Assembly of Ontario passed Bill 74, The People’s Health Care Act, which provided new authorities to the Ministry of Health and a newly createdOntario Health super agency to facilitate the integration of health care services across Ontario. This reform represents a shift away from the previous regionalized system of Local Health Integration Networks (LHINs). While centralization is intended to improve efficiency within the system and create a patient-centred model of care, it also equips the Ministry and Ontario Health with greater authority over health agencies. Ontario’s reform represents another move towards centralization in a wave of regionalization reversal that has swept across the country. Implementation of this reform will take several years to roll out. An analysis of centralization reforms in other jurisdictions can provide insight into Ontario’s decision to reform. Though this bill was presented as a modernization of Ontario’s health system to meet people’s needs, a common theme in stakeholders’ opinions is the lack of consultation with the public.
HoloBlade: an open-hardware spatial light modulator driver platform for holographic displays
Authors: Kadis Andrew , Wang Youchao , Dong Daoming , Christopher Peter , Mouthaan Ralf , Wilkinson Timothy D.
Published: December 2020

Spatial light modulators (SLMs) are key research tools in several contemporary applied optics research domains. In this paper, we present the argument that an open platform for interacting with SLMs would dramatically increase their accessibility to researchers. We introduce HoloBlade, an open-hardware implementation of an SLM driver-stack, and provide a detailed exposition of HoloBlade’s architecture, key components, and detailed design. An optical verification rig is constructed to demonstrate that HoloBlade can provide Fourier imaging capability in a 4f system. Finally, we discuss HoloBlade’s future development roadmap and the opportunities that it presents as a research tool for applied optics.
Design and optimization method of a convex blazed grating in the Offner imaging spectrometer
Authors: Xiong Zhencong , He Wenjun , Wang Qi , Liu Zhiying , Fu Yuegang , Kong Dejie
Published: December 2020

The convex reflective diffraction grating is an essential optical component in Offner systems, which has been widely used in imaging spectrometers. We propose a new design and optimization method for the convex blazed grating in the Offner imaging spectrometer. The method integrates the macro- and microdesign of the optical system, and it can be used to design and optimize the convex blazed grating with high diffraction efficiency. Traditional geometric optics theory and image quality evaluation methods are used to design the macro-optical structure parameters of the Offner system. And then the incident ray information, such as the incident angle and the polarization states are calculated by using the three-dimensional polarization ray-tracing method. To improve the diffraction efficiency, we combine rigorous coupled wave analysis and a particle swarm optimization algorithm to optimize the microstructure parameters of the convex-blazed grating. Further, a convex-blazed grating in a mid-wave infrared Offner imaging spectrometer is designed as an example to illustrate our design method in detail. The design results indicate that the Offner imaging spectrometer has good imaging quality, and the average diffraction efficiency of the −1st diffraction order of the convex-blazed grating in the spectral coverage 3–5 µm is 82.24%. Compared to the traditional design method, the lowest spectral diffraction efficiency is improved from 59.88% to 69.24%, the highest spectral diffraction efficiency is improved from 90.45% to 91.84%, and the standard deviation is reduced from 7.82 to 6.62.
Experimental demonstration of the impact of the fringe shape in sub-lambda/2 sensing with optical feedback interferometry
Authors: Knudsen Einar , Perchoux Julien , Mazoyer Thierry , Imas José Javier , Veng Mengkoung , Jayat Francis , Tronche Clément , Bosch Thierry
Published: December 2020

It is established in the optical feedback interferometry (OFI) theory that the shape of the interferometric fringe has an impact on the detector’s response to very small displacement measurements. In this paper, we validate—for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, based on experimental results—this statement by comparing experiments to an established model implementation. Through these experiments, we show that the amplitude of the signals induced by sub-

λ

/

2

optical path variations is linearly dependent on the slope of the underlying fringe. Thus, careful control of the phase allows us to maximize the detection amplitude of very small displacements by positioning the phase where the fringe slope is the steepest. These results are directly applicable to established OFI applications that measure sub-

λ

/

2

optical path variations, such as OFI vibrometers or acoustic imaging though the acousto-optic effect.
Low SNR difference Nyquist-WDM channels with optical sinc-shaped pulses based on flat electro-optic frequency combs
Authors: Dong Fang , Chen Guangqiu , Liu Zheqi , Lin Peng , Zhang Ying , Ma Wanzhuo , Wang Tianshu , Liu Zhi
Published: December 2020

We experimentally demonstrate Nyquist wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) channels with a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) difference based on flat electro-optic combs (EOCs), which reduce the interchannel crosstalk penalty in Nyquist-WDM transmission with no guard band. The five Nyquist-WDM channels are generated through the insertion of uniform and coherent lines around each line of the EOCs from a dual-parallel Mach–Zehnder modulator. For the five channels, the normalized root-mean-square error of optical sinc-shaped pulses at a repetition rate of 9 GHz is between 1.23% and 2.04%. The SNRs of the Nyquist signal can be better than 30 dB by using flat EOCs with a narrow linewidth as WDM sources, and the difference in SNR is less than 0.6 dB for the WDM channels. The transmission performance of five Nyquist-WDM channels with no guard band is compared in a 56 km fiber link. The results show that our scheme provides a minimum interchannel sensitivity penalty of 0.7 dB at the forward-error-correction limit. The Nyquist-WDM channels with low SNR difference can effectively improve the communication performance of the Nyquist-WDM system.
Wigner matrix formalism for phase-modulated signals
Authors: Coïc H. , Rouyer C. , Bonod N.
Published: December 2020

Laser beams can carry multi-scale properties in space and time that ultimately impact their quality. The study of their evolution along complex optical sequences is of crucial interest, especially in high-intensity laser chains. For such analysis, results obtained with standard numerical methods strongly depend on the sampling. In this paper, we develop an analytic model for a sinusoidal phase modulation inside a sequence of first-order optics elements based on the Wigner matrix formalism. A Bessel decomposition of the Wigner function gives pseudo-Wigner functions that obey the general ABCD matrix law transformation without approximations and sampling considerations. Applied to a Gaussian beam, explicit expressions are obtained for the projections of the Wigner function in the sub-spaces and give a powerful tool for analyzing the laser beam properties. The formalism is established in the spatial and temporal domains and can be used to evaluate the impact of the phase noise on the beam properties and is not limited to small modulation depths. For the sake of illustration, the model is applied to the Talbot effect with the analysis of the propagation in the spatial and phase-space domains. A comparison with full numerical calculations evidences the high accuracy of the analytic model that retrieves all the features of the diffracted beam.
The plasma lipidome of the Quaker parrot (Myiopsitta monachus)
Authors: Beaufrère Hugues , Gardhouse Sara M. , Wood R. Darren , Stark Ken D.
Published: December 2020

Dyslipidemias and lipid-accumulation disorders are common in captive parrots, in particular in Quaker parrots. Currently available diagnostic tests only measure a fraction of blood lipids and have overall problematic cross-species applicability. Comprehensively analyzing lipids in the plasma of parrots is the first step to better understand their lipid metabolism in health and disease, as well as to explore new lipid biomarkers. The plasma lipidome of 12 Quaker parrots was investigated using UHPLC-MS/MS with both targeted and untargeted methods. Targeted methods on 6 replicates measured 432 lipids comprised of sterol, cholesterol ester, bile acid, fatty acid, acylcarnitine, glycerolipid, glycerophospholipid, and sphingolipid panels. For untargeted lipidomics, precursor ion mass-to-charge ratios were matched to corresponding lipids using the LIPIDMAPS structure database and LipidBlast at the sum composition or acyl species level of information. Sterol lipids and glycerophospholipids constituted the majority of plasma lipids on a molar basis. The most common lipids detected with the targeted methods included free cholesterol, CE(18:2), CE(20:4) for sterol lipids; PC(36:2), PC(34:2), PC(34:1) for glycerophospholipids; TG(52:3), TG(54:4), TG(54:5), TG(52:2) for glycerolipids; SM(d18:1/16:0) for sphingolipids; and palmitic acid for fatty acyls. Over a thousand different lipid species were detected by untargeted lipidomics. Sex differences in the plasma lipidome were observed using heatmaps, principal component analysis, and discriminant analysis. This report presents the first comprehensive database of plasma lipid species in psittacine birds and paves the way for further research into blood lipid diagnostics and the impact of diet, diseases, and drugs on the parrot plasma lipidome.
Patient journey following lumbar spinal fusion surgery (FuJourn): A multicentre exploration of the immediate post-operative period using qualitative patient diaries
Authors: Rushton Alison , Jadhakhan Feroz , Masson Annabel , Athey Victoria , Staal J. Bart , Verra Martin L. , Emms Andrew , Reddington Michael , Cole Ashley , Willems Paul C. , Benneker Lorin , Heneghan Nicola R. , Soundy Andrew
Published: December 2020

The aim of this study was to capture and understand the immediate recovery journey of patients following lumbar spinal fusion surgery and explore the interacting constructs that shape their journey. A qualitative study using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) approach. A purposive sample of 43 adult patients (≥16 years) undergoing ≤4 level instrumented fusion for back and/or leg pain of degenerative cause, were recruited pre-surgery from 4 UK spinal surgery centres. Patients completed a weekly diary expressed in their own words for the first 4 weeks following surgery to capture their life as lived. Diary content was based on previous research findings and recorded progress, recovery, motivation, symptoms, medications, healthcare appointments, rehabilitation, positive/negative thoughts, and significant moments; comparing to the previous week. To maximise completion and data quality, diaries could be completed in paper form, word document, as online survey or as audio recording. Strategies to enhance diary adherence included a weekly prompt. A framework analysis for individual diaries and then across participants (deductive and inductive components) captured emergent themes. Trustworthiness was enhanced by strategies including reflexivity, attention to negative cases and use of critical co-investigators. Twenty-eight participants (15 female; n = 18 (64.3%) aged 45–64) contributed weekly diaries (12 withdrew post-surgery, 3 did not follow through with surgery). Adherence with diaries was 89.8%. Participants provided diverse and vivid descriptions of recovery experiences. Three distinct recovery trajectories were identified: meaningful recovery (engagement in physical and functional activities to return to functionality/mobility); progressive recovery (small but meaningful improvement in physical ability with increasing confidence); and disruptive recovery (limited purpose for meaningful recovery). Important interacting constructs shaped participants’ recovery including their pain experience and self-efficacy. This is the first account of immediate recovery trajectories from patients’ perspectives. Recognition of a patient’s trajectory may inform patient-centred recovery, follow-up and rehabilitation to improve patient outcomes.
Impact of artificial light intensity on nocturnal insect diversity in urban and rural areas of the Asir province, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Hakami Abdulrahim Refdan , Khan Khalid Ali , Ghramh Hamed A. , Ahmad Zubair , AL-zayd Adil Ali Ahmad
Published: December 2020

Continuous urban developments have resulted in increased demand for street furniture, one of which is street light columns. Artificial light at night (ALAN) pose significant impacts on insect diversity in urban and rural areas. The ALAN is a significant driver of decline in insect diversity. This study evaluated the impact of light intensity and sky quality at night on insect diversity in rural and urban areas of the Asir province, Saudi Arabia. Insect traps were installed in both areas during night. Light intensity of nearby road lamps was measured using light meter, while sky quality was measured using sky quality meter. Rural areas exhibited low light intensity (10.33 flux/f.candle) and good sky quality (18.80 magnitude/arcsec2). Urban areas exhibited intense light (89.33 flux/f.candle) and poor sky quality (15.49 magnitude/arcsec2). Higher insect diversity was recorded for rural areas where insects belonging to seven orders (i.e., Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, and Dermaptera) were collected. However, insects of four orders (i.e., Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, and Neuroptera) were found in urban areas indicating low diversity. Lepidopteran insects were frequently recorded from rural areas indicating they are attracted to artificial light. It is concluded that excessive ALAN and poor sky quality at night disrupt insect biodiversity. Therefore, ALAN and sky quality must be considered responsible for decline in insect biodiversity along with other known factors.
Towards capability-adjusted life years in public health and social welfare: Results from a Swedish survey on ranking capabilities
Authors: Månsdotter Anna , Ekman Björn , Meili Kaspar Walter , Feldman Inna , Hagberg Lars , Hurtig Anna-Karin , Lindholm Lars
Published: December 2020

Introduction

The aim of this study was to rank capabilities and suggest a relevant set of capabilities for the Swedish context to inform the development of capability-adjusted life years (CALYs). CALYs is a quality of life measure for policy making based on the capability approach by Amartya Sen.

Materials and methods

A Swedish governmental review proposed the following 10 relevant capabilities: time, financial situation, mental/physical health, political resources, knowledge, living environment, occupation, social relations, security, and housing. Researchers in health-related disciplines from 5 universities ranked these capabilities from 1 to 10 (most to least important) in a web-based cross-sectional survey; 115 of 171 responses were eligible.

Results

Health, social relations, and financial situation were deemed most important. Stratification by gender, research field, and age group revealed few differences. We found that it was possible to rank capabilities and that health, social relations, and financial situation were ranked highest by a non-representative sample of researchers and doctoral students from health-related disciplines at five Swedish universities.

Conclusions

The revealed ranking is dependent on the metric and must be further explored. The findings support continued development of CALYs for monitoring and evaluating outcomes in public health and social-welfare interventions.
Do we agree on who is playing the ball? Developing a video-based measurement for Shared Mental Models in tennis doubles
Authors: Raue Charlotte , Dreiskämper Dennis , Strauss Bernd
Published: December 2020

Sport teams work in complex environments in which each member’s tasks are mutually dependent on those of the others. To function effectively, expert teams generate Shared Mental Models (SMMs) to help adapt their own behavior to that of the others and master upcoming actions. Although SMMs have been discussed in domains such as organizations, there is still little research in the context of sport. One reason for this is that measurement methods have failed to incorporate the dynamic nature of the sport context. This study reports on the development of a video-based measurement of SMMs in tennis doubles. It examined the quality criteria first in a pilot and then in a main study. The final video-based measurement consists of 35 tennis doubles video clips requiring decisions on ball-taking behavior in two conditions (SelfandPartner). In the conditionSelf, participants reported their own responses; in the conditionPartner, those of their partner. The main study analyzed 29 male tennis teams with a mean age of 34.57 years (SD= 12.25) and a mean of 22.79 years (SD= 10.49) tennis experience. SMMs were analyzed for each partner as the inter-player agreement (Self–Partner) and averaged for each team. After completing the video-based measurement, participants filled out questionnaires on SMMs, team trust, and demographics. Results indicated that not only the split-half reliability (r= .49), the content validity (ηp2= .23), the inter-player agreement (r= .63), and the inter-player agreement and accuracy (r= .61), but also the feasibility of the measurement were good. However, no relationships to the proposed convergent or criterial validity measures were found. In sum, measuring SMMs with a video-based test is possible and a promising method. No relationship to the frequently used questionnaires was found, suggesting that the two target different parts of SMMs. Future research should carefully examine and choose the appropriate measurement.
Greater thermoregulatory strain in the morning than late afternoon during judo training in the heat of summer
Authors: Otani Hidenori , Goto Takayuki , Kobayashi Yuki , Shirato Minayuki , Goto Heita , Hosokawa Yuri , Tokizawa Ken , Kaya Mitsuharu
Published: December 2020

Purpose

The time-of-day variations in environmental heat stress have been known to affect thermoregulatory responses and the risk of exertional heat-related illness during outdoor exercise in the heat. However, such effect and risk are still needed to be examined during indoor sports/exercises. The current study investigated the diurnal relationships between thermoregulatory strain and environmental heat stress during regular judo training in a judo training facility without air conditioning on a clear day in the heat of summer.

Methods

Eight male high school judokas completed two 2.5-h indoor judo training sessions. The sessions were commenced at 09:00 h (AM) and 16:00 h (PM) on separate days.

Results

During the sessions, indoor and outdoor heat stress progressively increased in AM but decreased in PM, and indoor heat stress was less in AM than PM (mean ambient temperature: AM 32.7±0.4°C; PM 34.4±1.0°C,P<0.01). Mean skin temperature was higher in AM than PM (P<0.05), despite greater dry and evaporative heat losses in AM than PM (P<0.001). Infrared tympanic temperature, heart rate and thermal sensation demonstrated a trial by time interaction (P<0.001) with no differences at any time point between trials, showing relatively higher responses in these variables in PM compared to AM during the early stages of training and in AM compared to PM during the later stages of training. There were no differences between trials in body mass loss and rating of perceived exertion.

Conclusions

This study indicates a greater thermoregulatory strain in the morning from 09:00 h than the late afternoon from 16:00 h during 2.5-h regular judo training in no air conditioning facility on a clear day in the heat of summer. This observation is associated with a progressive increase in indoor and outdoor heat stress in the morning, despite a less indoor heat stress in the morning than the afternoon.
Public transportation and transmission of viral respiratory disease: Evidence from influenza deaths in 121 cities in the United States
Authors: Howland Renata E. , Cowan Nicholas R. , Wang Scarlett S. , Moss Mitchell L. , Glied Sherry
Published: December 2020

One important concern around the spread of respiratory infectious diseases has been the contribution of public transportation, a space where people are in close contact with one another and with high-use surfaces. While disease clearly spreads along transportation routes, there is limited evidence about whether public transportation use itself is associated with the overall prevalence of contagious respiratory illnesses at the local level. We examine the extent of the association between public transportation and influenza mortality, a proxy for disease prevalence, using city-level data on influenza and pneumonia mortality and public transit use from 121 large cities in the United States (US) between 2006 and 2015. We find no evidence of a positive relationship between city-level transit ridership and influenza/pneumonia mortality rates, suggesting that population level rates of transit use are not a singularly important factor in the transmission of influenza.
The rise to dominance of genetic model organisms and the decline of curiosity-driven organismal research
Authors: Farris Sarah M.
Published: December 2020

Curiosity-driven, basic biological research “…performed without thought of practical ends…” establishes fundamental conceptual frameworks for future technological and medical breakthroughs. Traditionally, curiosity-driven research in biological sciences has utilized experimental organisms chosen for their tractability and suitability for studying the question of interest. This approach leverages the diversity of life to uncover working solutions (adaptations) to problems encountered by living things, and evolutionary context as to the extent to which these solutions may be generalized to other species. Despite the well-documented success of this approach, funding portfolios of United States granting agencies are increasingly filled with studies on a few species for which cutting-edge molecular tools are available (genetic model organisms). While this narrow focus may be justified for biomedically-focused funding bodies such as the National Institutes of Health, it is critical that robust federal support for curiosity-driven research using diverse experimental organisms be maintained by agencies such as the National Science Foundation. Using the disciplines of neurobiology and behavioral research as an example, this study finds that NSF grant awards have declined in association with a decrease in the proportion of grants funded for experimental, rather than genetic model organism research. The decline in use of experimental organisms in the literature mirrors but predates the shift grant funding. Today’s dominance of genetic model organisms was thus initiated by researchers themselves and/or by publication peer review and editorial preferences, and was further reinforced by pressure from granting agencies, academic employers, and the scientific community.
Violence and hepatitis C transmission in prison—A modified social ecological model
Authors: Sazzad Hossain M. S. , McCredie Luke , Treloar Carla , Lloyd Andrew R. , Lafferty Lise
Published: December 2020

Background

Transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) among the prisoner population is most frequently associated with sharing of non-sterile injecting equipment. Other blood-to-blood contacts such as tattooing and physical violence are also common in the prison environment, and have been associated with HCV transmission. The context of such non-injecting risk behaviours, particularly violence, is poorly studied. The modified social-ecological model (MSEM) was used to examine HCV transmission risk and violence in the prison setting considering individual, network, community and policy factors.

Methods

The Australian Hepatitis C Incidence and Transmission Study in prisons (HITS-p) cohort enrolled HCV uninfected prisoners with injecting and non-injecting risk behaviours, who were followed up for HCV infection from 2004–2014. Qualitative interviews were conducted within 23 participants; of whom 13 had become HCV infected. Deductive analysis was undertaken to identify violence as risk within prisons among individual, network, community, and public policy levels.

Results

The risk context for violence and HCV exposure varied across the MSEM. At the individual level, participants were concerned about blood contact during fights, given limited scope to use gloves to prevent blood contamination. At the network level, drug debt and informing on others to correctional authorities, were risk factors for violence and potential HCV transmission. At the community level, racial influence, social groupings, and socially maligned crimes like sexual assault of children were identified as possible triggers for violence. At the policy level, rules and regulations by prison authority influenced the concerns and occurrence of violence and potential HCV transmission.

Conclusion

Contextual concerns regarding violence and HCV transmission were evident at each level of the MSEM. Further evidence-based interventions targeted across the MSEM may reduce prison violence, provide opportunities for HCV prevention when violence occurs and subsequent HCV exposure.
Geographical and social isolation drive the evolution of Austronesian languages
Authors: Padilla-Iglesias Cecilia , Gjesfjeld Erik , Vinicius Lucio
Published: December 2020

The origins of linguistic diversity remain controversial. Studies disagree on whether group features such as population size or social structure accelerate or decelerate linguistic differentiation. While some analyses of between-group factors highlight the role of geographical isolation and reduced linguistic exchange in differentiation, others suggest that linguistic divergence is driven primarily by warfare among neighbouring groups and the use of language as marker of group identity. Here we provide the first integrated test of the effects of five historical sociodemographic and geographic variables on three measures of linguistic diversification among 50 Austronesian languages: rates of word gain, loss and overall lexical turnover. We control for their shared evolutionary histories through a time-calibrated phylogenetic sister-pairs approach. Results show that languages spoken in larger communities create new words at a faster pace. Within-group conflict promotes linguistic differentiation by increasing word loss, while warfare hinders linguistic differentiation by decreasing both rates of word gain and loss. Finally, we show that geographical isolation is a strong driver of lexical evolution mainly due to a considerable drift-driven acceleration in rates of word loss. We conclude that the motor of extreme linguistic diversity in Austronesia may have been the dispersal of populations across relatively isolated islands, favouring strong cultural ties amongst societies instead of warfare and cultural group marking.
Cu and Na contents regulate N uptake of Leymus chinensis growing in soda saline-alkali soil
Authors: Liu Hongshan , Li Yuefen , Li Shujie
Published: December 2020

Leymus chinensis (L. chinensis) is the dominant plant in the eastern margins of the Eurasian temperate grasslands. It is a very robust species, exhibiting good saline-alkali resistance and stabilizing soil. In this study, 67 soil samples and L. chinensis were collected in western Jilin province, China. The contents of N, P, K, S, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu and Na were measured, revealing that the growth of L. chinensis was mainly restricted by N based on the stoichiometric N: P ratios of plant. Furthermore, path analysis indicated that N was significantly correlated with K, S, Cu, and Zn. Imbalances in the homeostasis of these four elements may thus constrain N. The homeostasis index of Cu (HCu) in sites with 100%-70% of vegetation cover was only 0.79, it was classified as a sensitive element. However, K, S and Zn, whose concentrations in L. chinensis were significantly related to those of N, exhibited no homeostatic characteristics. These results suggest that when seeking to treat saline-alkali stress, it is important to add fertilizers containing K, S, and Zn to avoid growth limitation. Na+, an ion associated with high soil alkalinity, exhibited weak homeostasis in L. chinensis even in sites with only 40%-10% of vegetation cover. When soil Na exceeded 16000 mg/kg, the homeostasis mechanism of L. chinensis appeared to be overwhelmed, resulting in rapid and probably harmful accumulation of Na. Proper control of N content can alleviate the toxicity of Na stress in L. chinensis and enhance its Na tolerance. Together, these results suggest that combined fertilization with N, K, S, Zn and Cu should be applied to improve grasslands growth. The results of this study can provide a reference basis for sustainable grassland management.
Youth empowerment through the creation of i-docs: Educational and social impacts
Authors: Jiménez-Morales Manel , Lopera-Mármol Marta , Salvadó Romero Alan
Published: December 2020

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) are key elements in the educational process of teens. Consequently, efforts should be made to integrate ICT into educational plans and policies. Based on this premise, HEBE has been launched – a study on youth empowerment that was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and carried out by five universities: the University of Girona, the Autonomous University of Madrid, the Autonomous University of Barcelona, the University of Barcelona and Pompeu Fabra University. The project, based on media literacy and transmedia skills, involves the creation of an interactive documentary (i-doc). The HEBE i-doc: digital prints relates the experiences and reflections during the maturation stage of six youngsters with different cultural, educational, family and social backgrounds and profiles. This exploration was carried out through their own audio-visual creations, in a life story format. The i-doc has the dual purpose of (1) devising a methodology based on digital ethnography, and (2) creating an interactive platform for sharing experiences and promoting the visibility of these issues via citizen science.
Using inquiry to promote democratic citizenship among young adolescents during summer civics camps
Authors: Blevins Brooke , Bauml Michelle , Scholten Nate , Smith Victoria Davis , LeCompte Karon N. , Magill Kevin Russel
Published: December 2020

The purpose of this study was to examine how participation in small-group inquiry projects at a summer civics camp contributed to middle schoolers’ beliefs about themselves as citizens and influenced their general and individual conceptions of citizenship. Using an action civics model for their projects, participants worked in small groups to identify an issue in their community, study its root causes and propose solutions. This study utilized a convergent mixed-methods approach involving the collection of both pre- and post-surveys and qualitative data (exit tickets, advocacy projects and semi-structured interviews) to investigate the research questions. Participants for this study included 108 middle schoolers (entering fifth to ninth grade) who attended a free, week-long summer civics camp hosted at two private universities in the United States. Utilizing Westheimer and Kahne’s citizenship typology to analyze the data, three primary findings emerged. Firstly, some students’ conceptions of citizenship did shift slightly towards more participatory and justice-oriented notions of citizenship, although their predominant orientations towards democratic citizenship remain personally responsible. Secondly, students began to appropriate the citizenship frameworks used during the camp to nuance and expand their understandings citizenship and advocacy. Finally, students began to see ways they could use their voice to advocate for change in their communities. This research showcases how inquiry might enhance democratic citizenship education in a global world through interaction with others, responding to one’s community, developing civic knowledge, critically investigating issues and allowing for multiple solutions.
Radio drama as art and industry: A case study on the textual and institutional entanglements of the radio play The Slow Motion Film
Authors: Willems Gertjan
Published: December 2020

This article argues that in order to obtain a deeper comprehension of the radio play as a work of art, one should complement the dominant method of textual analysis with industry analysis. This argument is illustrated by means of a case study on the 1967 Belgian radio playThe Slow Motion Film. This radio play is an adaptation (in fact, a re-adaptation as there had been radio adaptations in 1940 and 1950) of the innovative theatre playThe Slow Motion Film(1922) by Herman Teirlinck. In order to explain the creative choices of the radio play, which are largely based on the pursuit of fidelity to the source work, the institutional aspect is of great importance. The goal of honouring Teirlinck and highlighting the cultural-historical importance of his work fitted within the broader cultural-educational mandate of the public broadcaster, which prevented a more inventive adaptation. This article argues that in order to gain a better understanding of the radio play as a text, the industrial context also needs to be studied. Furthermore, this article contributes to the largely unwritten history of the radio play in theLow Countries.
La publicidad digital en Euskadi. Gestión publicitaria en línea de los diarios generalistas de la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco
Authors: Epalza Lahuerta Egoitz , Castañeda Zumeta Aitor , Pazos Illarramendi Malen
Published: December 2020

Se analizan aquí los procesos de gestión de la publicidad digital de los diarios generalistas de la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco. Se dan a conocer los formatos más demandados de dichos diarios, modelos de financiación, métricas y perspectivas de futuro del sector. Se procede pues a la realización de entrevistas estructuradas a responsables de publicidad de los cuatro grandes grupos de prensa vascos. Las personas entrevistadas dejan clara su versatilidad del sector publicitario, decantándose por formatos multipantalla y destacando el CPM por impresiones como métrica preferida, y destacando el contenido patrocinado como fuente financiadora principal junto con la publicidad.