bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New replacement name for Chinese leafhopper genus Reticulum Dai, Li & Chen, 2006 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae)
Authors: DAI WU
Published: July 2019

Deltocephalinae is the largest and most economically important group of leafhoppers, containing over 6500 described species (Zahniser & Dietrich, 2008). Many undescribed species of Deltocephalinae have been discovered in China. The deltocephaline genus Reticulum was established by Dai, Li and Chen (2006) with the type species R. transvittatum Dai, Li & Chen from China. Dai and Zhang (2008) revised the genus and added two new species. Nevertheless the name Reticulum is preoccupied and was initially introduced by Schröder, Medioli & Scott, 1989 for a genus of the foraminifer Family Komokidae (with the type species Reticulum pingue Schröder, Medioli & Scott, 1989 from Nares Abyssal Plain). Thus, the genus Reticulum Dai, Li & Chen, 2006 is a junior homonym of the genus Reticulum Schröder, Medioli and Scott, 1989. According to Article 60 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, I propose for Reticulum Dai, Li & Chen, 2006 the new replacement name Neoreticulum nom. nov. Accordingly, new combinations are herein proposed for the cicadellid species currently included in this genus: Neoreticulum lanceolatum (Dai & Zhang, 2008), Neoreticulum trispinosum (Dai & Zhang, 2008), and Neoreticulum transvittatum (Dai, Li & Chen, 2006)
Four new species of Hisonotus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the upper rio Uruguay, southeastern South America, with a review of the genus in the rio Uruguay basin
Authors: CARVALHO TIAGO P. , REIS ROBERTO E.
Published: July 2019

Four new species of Hisonotus are described from the upper course of the rio Uruguay basin in Brazil: Hisonotus iota from the rio Chapecó drainage; Hisonotus leucophrys from rio Rancho Grande and rio Ariranhas; Hisonotus megaloplax from the rio Passo Fundo drainage; and Hisonotus montanus from the rio Canoas drainage. The species Epactionotus aky, described from the arroyo Yabotí-Guazú drainage in Argentina, is transferred to Hisonotus and rediagnosed. Hisonotus candombe is considered a junior synonym of H. ringueleti. The new taxa, together with H. nigricauda, H. ringueleti, H. charrua, and H. aky represent the genus Hisonotus in the rio Uruguay basin. A taxonomic key for Hisonotus in the rio Uruguay basin is provided. Their distributions are discussed under biogeographic patterns previously proposed for the rio Uruguay basin.
Revision of the southern African genera Nemopterella Banks and Nemia Navás (Neuroptera: Nemopteridae: Nemopterinae), with descriptions of new genera and species
Authors: ABDALLA ISHTIAG H. , MANSELL MERVYN W. , SOLE CATHERINE L.
Published: July 2019

The southern African genera Nemopterella Banks, 1910 and Nemia Navás, 1915 (Neuroptera: Nemopteridae: Nemopterinae) are revised. Nemopterella is split into three genera: Nemopterella sensu stricto with type species Nemopteryx africana Leach, 1815 (= Nemopterella africana), Afroptera gen. nov., with type species Nemopterella munroi Tjeder, 1967, and the monotypic genus Siccanda gen. nov., with type species Nemopterella arenaria Tjeder, 1967. Eight new species are described in Afroptera gen. nov.: A. acuta Abdalla & Mansell sp. nov., A. alba Mansell & Abdalla sp. nov., A. brinkmani Abdalla & Mansell sp. nov., A. balli Abdalla & Mansell sp. nov., A. cylindrata Abdalla & Mansell sp. nov., A. folia Abdalla & Mansell sp. nov., A. koranna Mansell & Abdalla sp. nov., A. maraisi Abdalla & Mansell sp. nov., as well as two new species in the genus Nemopterella: N. kabas Mansell & Abdalla sp. nov., and N.cedrus Mansell & Abdalla sp. nov.
Distinct Patterns of Cloud Changes Associated with Decadal Variability and Their Contribution to Observed Cloud Cover Trends
Authors: Chen Yong-Jhih , Hwang Yen-Ting , Zelinka Mark D. , Zhou Chen
Published: July 2019

With the goal of understanding the relative roles of anthropogenic and natural factors in driving observed cloud trends, this study investigates cloud changes associated with decadal variability including the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) and the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO). In the preindustrial simulations of CMIP5 global climate models (GCMs), the spatial patterns and the vertical structures of the PDO-related cloud cover changes in the Pacific are consistent among models. Meanwhile, the models show consistent AMO impacts on high cloud cover in the tropical Atlantic, subtropical eastern Pacific, and equatorial central Pacific, and on low cloud cover in the North Atlantic and subtropical northeast Pacific. The cloud cover changes associated with the PDO and the AMO can be understood via the relationships between large-scale meteorological parameters and clouds on interannual time scales. When compared to the satellite records during the period of 1983–2009, the patterns of total and low cloud cover trends associated with decadal variability are significantly correlated with patterns of cloud cover trends in ISCCP observations. On the other hand, the pattern of the estimated greenhouse gas (GHG)-forced trends of total cloud cover differs from that related to decadal variability, and may explain the positive trends in the subtropical southeast Pacific, negative trends in the midlatitudes, and positive trends poleward of 50°N/S. In most models, the magnitude of the estimated decadal variability contribution to the observed cloud cover trends is larger than that contributed by GHG, suggesting the observed cloud cover trends are more closely related to decadal variability than to GHG-induced warming.
Neuroanatomical alterations in people with high and low cannabis dependence
Authors: Lorenzetti Valentina , Chye Yann , Suo Chao , Walterfang Mark , Lubman Dan I , Takagi Michael , Whittle Sarah , Verdejo-Garcia Antonio , Cousijn Janna , Pantelis Christos , Seal Marc , Fornito Alex , Yücel Murat , Solowij Nadia
Published: July 2019

Objectives:

We aimed to investigate whether severity of cannabis dependence is associated with the neuroanatomy of key brain regions of the stress and reward brain circuits.

Methods:

To examine dependence-specific regional brain alterations, we compared the volumes of regions relevant to reward and stress, between high-dependence cannabis users (CD+, n = 25), low-dependence cannabis users (CD−, n = 20) and controls ( n = 37).

Results:

Compared to CD− and/or controls, the CD+ group had lower cerebellar white matter and hippocampal volumes, and deflation of the right hippocampus head and tail.

Conclusion:

These findings provide initial support for neuroadaptations involving stress and reward circuits that are specific to high-dependence cannabis users.
Designing real-time IoT system course: Prototyping with cloud platforms, laboratory experiments and term project
Authors: Küçük Kerem , Bayılmış Cüneyt , Msongaleli Dawson Ladislaus
Published: July 2019

The Internet of things (IoT) is the next technological revolution that includes many industries and applications. IoT can offer solutions for many problems. However, it requires many skills from different disciplines that current electrical and computer engineers lack. In order to encourage the seamless internalization of the IoT and the technologies it supports, a new method should be considered in training electrical and computer engineers. The new methods should focus on applications and projects that involve the use of components such as hardware, software, and cloud platforms that are available in the market rather than class oriented theories. In this study, we introduce a methodology for teaching an IoT systems course that will encourage students to study how to develop and accomplish IoT applications in real time, at a reasonable cost, and for general use rather than meeting the detailed needs of one merchant. We exploit universally available open source software and cloud platforms to enhance teaching IoT course. The proposed course is taught at the undergraduate level in the computer engineering departments of Kocaeli and Sakarya Universities in Turkey. The results show that the designed method can have a constructive influence on the progress of computer engineering education by timely and positive assistance in educating the new IoT engineers.
Dirty scholarship and dirty lives: Explorations in bodies and belonging
Authors: Pickering Lucy , Wiseman Phillippa
Published: July 2019

What is dirt, and how is it used in processes of Othering? This is the central theme of this opening, introductory chapter. The chapter brings together a number of theoretical approaches to dirt. In exploring the central role of dirt and dirt management to the civilising process, we (re)produce a particular sort of history of European relations with dirt – a history characterised as much by dirt as a site of distinction as by an apparent increasing aversion to the dirt of bodily exuviae. By bringing this into dialogue with a second sort of history of European relations with dirt, characterised by shifting ideas about illness and contagion, we explore the kinds of work that discourses about dirt do. Viewed together, it becomes clear that central to both histories are processes of Othering – of the dirty by those who define the dirty. This links to the third theme of the introduction which explores specifically symbolic dimensions of dirt, drawing Douglas’s idea of dirt as ‘matter out of place’ into dialogue with Kristeva’s idea of the abject. In layering a discussion of dirt as abjection upon dirt as distinction we come back to contagion, and the power of (re)producing self/other boundaries through dirt. Together, these tell a story of dirt as a site of power, and a tool used by those who define the dirty to oppress those they consider unclean.
Maps cannot tell the whole story: Interpreting the shitscape with a mixed methods approach
Authors: Terreni Brown Stephanie
Published: July 2019

This article describes the participatory methods used for mapping the expectations and understandings of Kampala city and its shitscape. I defined the shitscape as the collective sanitary apparatus that the city’s inhabitants utilise, and the relationships that mediate these infrastructures and practices. Analysis of Kampala’s shitscape therefore encounters flush toilets and latrines, septic tanks and sewage pipes, and extends to plastic bags and bottles and the wastewater channels that are used to dispose of them. The analysis examines what assumptions are made about particular toileting performances and engages with knowledge(s) of the city and its sanitation infrastructures and practices. Interviews, observations and participatory mapping were conducted in numerous places throughout the city and I utilised the city’s main drainage-channel-cum-river, the Nakivubo Channel, as a transect – observing, interviewing, and conducting participatory mapping with the city’s inhabitants I met along the Nakivubo’s course. Whilst the participatory mapping methods illustrate clear distinctions in the imagination of the city as un/sanitary, un/civilised and un/modern, the qualitative research contradicts this representation. This research suggests, then, that maps – whether archival or participatory – cannot and do not tell the whole story of a city. The ethnographic and in-depth qualitative research shows that different sanitary performances, such as using a flush toilet and using a plastic bag to shit in, are in fact bound by the same moralities of waste disposal and minimising smell. Flying toilets are not, then, a symbol of disgusting and uncivil behaviour, but rather as effective toileting solutions in highly restricted circumstances.
Public Attitudes on Transgender Military Service: The Role of Gender
Authors: Lewis Daniel C. , Tadlock Barry L. , Flores Andrew R. , Haider-Markel Donald P. , Miller Patrick R. , Taylor Jami K.
Published: July 2019

Policy regarding the inclusion of transgender soldiers in the U.S. Military has shifted back and forth in recent years, with public opinion likely a significant factor shaping the eventual policy outcome. As such, this study examines the factors that shape public attitudes toward military service by transgender people. In particular, we examine the influence of sex, social gender roles, and attitudes toward gender in shaping transgender military service attitudes. Further, we hypothesize that personal experiences with the military and with transgender people, along with values, personality predispositions, and religion, are likely to influence individual attitudes. We test these hypotheses using data from a unique October 2015 national survey of American adults. The results suggest that personal experiences, attitudes toward gender roles, and religion have substantial but sometimes conditional effects on attitudes toward military service by transgender people.
Emerging effect of anesthesia on post-operative tumor recurrence and metastasis
Authors: Wang Weilian , Xiao Jinliang , Shen Shuwei , Wang Shu , Chen Minghao , Hu Ya
Published: July 2019

Post-operative recurrence and metastasis of malignant tumors are difficult to control, which probably results from multiple factors that affect the prognosis and the undefined mechanism. Anesthesia may be an influential factor. Researchers have performed many meaningful studies on the relationship between anesthetic drugs/methods and tumor growth/immune function, which provide important references for the anesthetic selection and peri-operative management of tumor patients. Anesthetics, analgesics, and sedatives should be used with caution because their effects in post-operative patients remain controversial. This review summarizes the emerging progress on the effect of anesthesia on post-operative tumor recurrence and metastasis, particularly focusing on the effects of anesthetic drugs, anesthetic methods, and post-operative analgesia on tumor growth and metastasis. Future studies should provide strict criteria for the proper use of anesthetics in patients with malignant tumors and provide experimental evidence for the improvement and development of novel anesthetics and anesthetic methods that have the important clinical significance.
Linking Teacher–Learner Discourse With Mathematical Reasoning of Students With Learning Disabilities: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Xin Yan Ping , Chiu Ming Ming , Tzur Ron , Ma Xiaojun , Park Joo Young , Yang Xuan
Published: July 2019

Informed by a constructivist-based, student-adaptive pedagogical approach, this study explores the benefits of teacher–learner discourse moves for the mathematics learning of students with learning disabilities (LD). During a constructivist teaching experiment for nurturing the multiplicative reasoning and problem solving of five third-grade students with school-identified LD, we analyzed the global trends and detailed dynamics of teacher–student interactions with statistical discourse analysis. We found that the teacher’s discourse moves to support each individual student’s problem solving helped engage them in mathematical reasoning, which improved their problem-solving performance. Thus, this study contributes to knowledge in the field of special education by (a) specifying ways in which discourse-oriented mathematics instruction can help each student with LD and (b) showcasing a novel statistical analysis of teacher–student discourse.
Same-Race Student–Teacher: Comparing Outcomes for Kindergartners With and Without Disabilities
Authors: Gottfried Michael A. , Kirksey J. Jacob , Wright Adam
Published: July 2019

Although numerous studies have examined if students of color benefit from having a teacher of the same race/ethnicity, all attention has been paid to students without disabilities. We examine whether the same benefits hold for students with disabilities (SWDs). Using a nationally representative data set of kindergartners, we explored whether SWDs of color had different academic and social–emotional outcomes when with a teacher of the same race/ethnicity. We compared students of color with and without disabilities in the same classroom with regard to a same-race teacher match. Unlike students without disabilities, we do not find evidence in the data set that SWDs of color benefit from a same-race teacher match in terms of achievement and social–emotional development. Implications with regard to educational equity are discussed.
County Variation in Intimate Partner Homicide: A Comparison of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Victims
Authors: Stansfield Richard , Mancik Ashley , Parker Karen F. , Delacruz Mariel
Published: July 2019

Over the past 5 years, intimate partner homicides have increased among Hispanic women, although ethnicity has rarely been brought into macro-level research on intimate partner homicide. These trends have occurred alongside many macro-level changes in the United States. Although both Hispanic and non-Hispanic women are most likely to die at the hands of a partner via a firearm, no study to date has examined the importance of licensed firearm dealer availability in addition to leading macro-level correlates of intimate partner homicide. Using data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Violent Death Reporting System, the current study explores the role of licensed firearm dealer availability, economic disadvantage, and other features of counties to explore ethnic-specific variation in intimate partner homicides from 2010 to 2016. Results from multilevel negative binomial models revealed consistency in the estimated effects of the rate of licensed firearm dealers and divorce on partner homicides across all models, although the significant association of gun stores and intimate partner homicide was witnessed in urban counties for total and non-Hispanic (both Black and White) models only. Important variation also exists across racial and ethnic groups, including well-established correlates of overall intimate partner homicide (i.e., economic disadvantage, rurality, non-intimate homicide rate, and state policies).
Flexible polyurethane/boron nitride composites with enhanced thermal conductivity
Authors: Fei Ting , Li Yanbao , Liu Baocheng , Xia Chengbo
Published: July 2019

Polymer-based composites with high thermal conductivity have great potential application as thermal management materials. This study was devoted to improving the thermal conductivity of the flexible thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) by employing boron nitride (BN) as heat filler. We prepared flexible and thermally conductive TPU/BN composite via solution mixing and hot pressing. The thermal conductivity of the TPU/BN composite with 50 wt% BN (32.6 vol%) reaches 3.06 W/m·K, approximately 1290% enhancement compared to that of pure TPU (0.22 W/m·K). In addition, the thermal conductivity of our flexible TPU/BN composite with 30 wt% BN is almost not varied (a decrease of only 2.5%) after 100 cycles of mechanical bending, which indicates the high stability of heat conduction of our flexible TPU/BN composite under mechanical bending. The maximum tensile strength of the TPU/BN composite with 5 wt% BN is 48.9 MPa, 14% higher than that of pure TPU (43.2 MPa). Our flexible and highly thermally conductive TPU/BN composites show promise for heat dissipation in various applications in the electronics field.
A novel approach of input tolerance design for parallel mechanisms using the level set method
Authors: Zhao Qiangqiang , Guo Junkang , Yu Dewen , Hong Jun , Liu Zhigang
Published: July 2019

Input uncertainties inevitably result in the output error for parallel mechanisms, which will lead to significant influence on good work performance. To control the output error within the specification boundary, this article proposes a novel approach of input tolerance design based on the level set method for the driving joint. The implementation of the proposed method can be divided into two subtasks. First, using the level set method, the exact input error boundary is determined by means of evolving an initial input error interface with a defined normal speed field, thereby transforming the problem of exploring the exact boundary into solving a partial differential equation with initial value. On this basis, according to the equal and scaled principles, the tolerance width of each input is evaluated in an intuitionally geometrical manner, that is, searching the maximum geometry corresponding to the principle inside the exact input error boundary. Finally, two planar parallel mechanisms with different degrees of freedom are introduced as numerical examples to demonstrate the execution and effectiveness of the proposed method.
Analysis of the dynamic mechanical property of multiple direction impact protection structure inspired by C60 molecule
Authors: Shen Xinhui , Liu Jinguo , Zhang Pengwei , Ni Zhiyu , Liu Yuwang
Published: July 2019

The natural structures have excellent dynamic mechanical properties. In this work, an impact protection structure inspired by the C60 molecule was proposed. And a model of a hollow ball protected by the bio-inspired C60 molecular structure during a drop testing was built. For the bio-inspired C60 molecular structure, the drop process and the dynamic mechanical property was investigated by LS-DYNA software. The results indicate that the bio-inspired C60 molecular structure has a good ability to protect against impact. Furthermore, the effects of the diameter ratio, materials, drop height, and angle were discussed. These variations of geometry and material can influence the dynamic mechanical properties of the bio-inspired C60 molecular impact protection structure.
Are temporal trends in colonoscopy among young adults concordant with colorectal cancer incidence?
Authors: Fedewa Stacey A , Siegel Rebecca L , Jemal Ahmedin
Published: July 2019

Objective

In the United States, colorectal cancer incidence has increased in adults under age 55. Although debate remains about whether this rise is a result of increased detection because of more colonoscopy utilization, population-based trends in colonoscopy among this age group are unknown. We examined changes in colonoscopy rates, as well as colorectal cancer incidence, among adults aged 40–54, using nationally representative data.

Methods

Recent (past year) colonoscopy rates were computed among 53,175 respondents aged 40–54 in National Health Interview Survey data from 2000 through 2015 by five-year age group. Colorectal cancer incidence rates and incidence rate ratios were estimated from 18 population-based Surveillance Epidemiology and End Result registries during the same period.

Results

Among respondents aged 40–44, past-year colonoscopy rates were stable during 2000–2015, and ranged from 2.3% to 3.5% ( p-value for trend = 0.771). In contrast, colonoscopy rates increased from 2.5% in 2000 to 5.2% in 2015 among ages 45–49, and from 5.0% to 14.1% in ages 50–54 (test for trend p-values < 0.001). During 2000–2015, colorectal cancer incidence rates increased by 28% in people aged 40–44 (incidence rate ratio = 1.28, 95% CI 1.20, 2.37), 15% in those aged 45–49 (incidence rate ratio = 1.15, 95%CI 1.10, 1.21), and 17% in those aged 50–54 (incidence rate ratio = 1.17, 95%CI 1.13, 1.21), respectively.

Conclusion

Increases in colonoscopy rates were confined to ages 45–54, whereas colorectal cancer incidence rates rose in those aged 40–44, 45–49, and 50–54. Colonoscopy trends do not fully align with colorectal cancer incidence patterns.
The Reasonable Person Standard for Research Disclosure: A Reasonable Addition to the Common Rule
Authors: Dresser Rebecca
Published: July 2019

The revised Common Rule adopts the reasonable person standard to guide research disclosure. Some members of the research community contend that the standard is confusing and ill-suited to the research oversight system. Yet the revised rule is not as radical as it might seem. During the 1970s, judges started using the standard to evaluate negligence claims brought by injured patients who said doctors had failed to obtain informed consent to the harmful procedures. In its influential Belmont Report, the National Commission recommended application of a “reasonable volunteer standard” to guide IRBs evaluating research disclosures. Evidence also suggests that IRBs often invoke the reasonable person standard in deliberations about consent forms. But past application of the standard has been informal and uneven. Robust application of the reasonable person standard will require researchers and IRBs to learn more about what ordinary people want and need to know about the studies they are invited to join. Input from people with personal experience as study participants could be particularly useful to this effort.
Rethinking the Regulatory Triggers for Prospective Ethics Review
Authors: Coleman Carl H.
Published: July 2019

Under the Common Rule, federally-supported activities involving human participants are presumptively required to undergo prospective ethics review if they are “designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge.” However, the “generalizable knowledge” standard is inherently ambiguous; moreover, it is both over- and under-inclusive of the type of activities that warrant prospective ethical oversight. Rather than conditioning prospective ethics review on an ethically irrelevant criterion like the generalizable knowledge standard, this article proposes that prior ethics review should be required when some individuals are exposed to greater-than-minimal risks for the potential benefit of others, at least when the activity in question is conducted or supported by federal agencies. Under such an approach, the fact that an activity constitutes research would be neither necessary nor sufficient to trigger prospective ethical oversight.
Appraising Harm in Phase I Trials: Healthy Volunteers' Accounts of Adverse Events
Authors: McManus Lisa , Davis Arlene , Forcier Rebecca L. , Fisher Jill A.
Published: July 2019

While risk of harm is an important focus for whether clinical research on humans can and should proceed, there is uncertainty about what constitutes harm to a trial participant. In Phase I trials on healthy volunteers, the purpose of the research is to document and measure safety concerns associated with investigational drugs, and participants are financially compensated for their enrollment in these studies. In this article, we investigate how characterizations of harm are narrated by healthy volunteers in the context of the adverse events (AEs) they experience during clinical trials. Drawing upon qualitative research, we find that participants largely minimize, deny, or re-attribute the cause of these AEs. We illustrate how participants' interpretations of AEs may be shaped both by the clinical trial environment and their economic motivation to participate. While these narratives are emblematic of the larger ambiguity surrounding harm in the context of clinical trial participation, we argue that these interpretations also problematically maintain the narrative of the safety of clinical trials, the ethics of testing investigational drugs on healthy people, and the rigor of data collected in the specter of such ambiguity.
Public Health Surveillance: Electronic Reporting as a Point of Reference
Authors: Black Jennifer , Hulkower Rachel , Suarez Walter , Patel Shreya , Elliott Brandon
Published: July 2019

Federal, state, and local laws shape the use of health information for public health purposes, such as the mandated collection of data through electronic disease reporting systems. Health professionals can leverage these data to better anticipate and plan for the needs of communities, which is seen in the use of electronic case reporting.
Broadband Access as a Public Health Issue: The Role of Law in Expanding Broadband Access and Connecting Underserved Communities for Better Health Outcomes
Authors: Bauerly Brittney Crock , McCord Russell F. , Hulkower Rachel , Pepin Dawn
Published: July 2019

Broadband internet access is a super-determinant of health that plays an important role in healthcare and public health outcomes. Laws and policies shape implementation and use of broadband for healthcare and public health. Connecting broadband and telehealth laws with their health impacts, through legal epidemiological research, enables states to make evidence-based decisions to improve health outcomes for underserved populations.
Health Equity, School Discipline Reform, and Restorative Justice
Authors: González Thalia , Etow Alexis , De La Vega Cesar
Published: July 2019

Every day, students from marginalized communities disproportionately face adversity and trauma. It is well documented that exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can impact children's ability to focus, learn, and even regulate their emotions. Many schools, rather than providing multi-tiered systems of support to address the root causes of behavior, place these students at greater risk of experiencing health disparities through the use of exclusionary school discipline (ESD) practices. ESDs not only deny students important educational opportunities, but also can compound existing social, economic, and health inequities. Thus, ESD practices must be understood as more than simply impacting what happens in the classroom. Instead, they should be conceptualized as public health policies with far-reaching impacts on a child's lifelong health and well-being. Even though school discipline has largely been overlooked by the public health community, current reform efforts are one aspect of a holistic health justice framework.

This article seeks to begin to bridge current gaps in the literature and public discourse by identifying key linkages between ESD practices and health. It then presents evidence-based design principles to ensure education policy is aligned with a health justice framework. And finally, it explores a specific school-based intervention, restorative justice.
Public Health and the Four P's of Marketing: Alcohol as a Fundamental Example
Authors: Greisen Cassandra , Grossman Elyse R. , Siegel Michael , Sager Mellissa
Published: July 2019

This article examines how public health addresses alcohol use through marketing — place, product, promotion, and price. The article reviews current product trends and how restrictions on certain products designs may reduce youth consumption; how product availability may be restricted through zoning; and the current advertising landscape.
Responding to Public Health Emergencies at the Local Level: Administrative Preparedness Challenges, Strategies, and Resources
Authors: Mwaungulu Geoffrey Seta , Dwyer Katherine Schemm
Published: July 2019

This manuscript summarizes the most common barriers to effective administrative preparedness and how to surmount them through the use of promising practices, strategies, and NACCHO developed resources focused on addressing unique jurisdictional requirements and needs.
Civil Rights Law and the Determinants of Health: How Some States Have Utilized Civil Rights Laws to Increase Protections Against Discrimination
Authors: Pepin Dawn , Weber Samantha Bent
Published: July 2019

One fundamental barrier to eliminating health disparities, particularly with regard to the determinants of health, is the persistence of discrimination. Civil rights law is the primary legal mechanism used to address discrimination. Federal civil rights laws have been the subject of wider analyses as a determinant of health as well as a tool to address health disparities. The research on state civil rights laws, while more limited, is growing. This article will highlight a few examples of how some states are using civil rights laws to combat discrimination, particularly in more expansive ways and in the interest of new populations, presenting tools that can target determinants and address the goal of reducing health disparities.
Emergency Declarations for Public Health Issues: Expanding Our Definition of Emergency
Authors: Sunshine Gregory , Barrera Nancy , Corcoran Aubrey Joy , Penn Matthew
Published: July 2019

Emergency declarations are a vital legal authority that can activate funds, personnel, and material and change the legal landscape to aid in the response to a public health threat. Traditionally, declarations have been used against immediate and unforeseen threats such as hurricanes, tornadoes, wildfires, and pandemic influenza. Recently, however, states have used emergency declarations to address public health issues that have existed in communities for months and years and have risk factors such as poverty and substance misuse. Leaders in these states have chosen to use emergency powers that are normally reserved for sudden catastrophes to address these enduring public health issues. This article will explore emergency declarations as a legal mechanism for response; describe recent declarations to address hepatitis A and the opioid overdose epidemic; and seek to answer the question of whether it is appropriate to use emergency powers to address public health issues that are not traditionally the basis for an emergency declaration.
What Guides Us to Neurally and Behaviorally Align With Anyone Specific? A Neurobiological Model Based on fNIRS Hyperscanning Studies
Authors: Gvirts Hila Z. , Perlmutter Rotem
Published: July 2019

An emerging body of hyperscanning functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) research shows interbrain neural synchrony (IBS) during different forms of social interaction. Here we review the recent literature and propose several factors that facilitate IBS, leading us to ask the following question: In a world full of people and opportunities to synchronize with them, what directs our neural and behavioral alignment with anyone specific? We suggest that IBS between what we deem the “mutual social attention systems” of interacting partners—that is, the coupling between participants’ temporoparietal junctions and/or prefrontal cortices—facilitates and enhances the ability to tune in to the specific interaction, its participants and its goals. We propose that this process is linked to social alignment, reinforcing one another to facilitate successful and lucrative social interactions. We further suggest that neurochemical mechanisms of dopamine and oxytocin underlie the activation of this suggested loop. Finally, we suggest possible directions for future studies, emphasizing the need to develop a brain-to-brain neurofeedback system with IBS between the mutual social attention systems of the participants as the direct regulating target.
Does hip morphology correlate with proximal femoral fracture type?
Authors: Rotem Gilad , Sharfman Zachary T , Rath Ehud , Gold Aviram , Rachevsky Gil , Steinberg Ely , Drexler Michael , Haviv Barak , Amar Eyal
Published: July 2019

Purpose:

To determine if boney morphology influences the anatomic location of hip fractures in elderly patients.

Methods:

All patients with hip fractures between 2008 and 2012 who had hip radiographs taken prior to the fracture were reviewed. Fractures were classified as intracapsular or extracapsular and hip morphology was measured on the pre-fracture x-rays. Hip morphology was determined by alpha angle, lateral central edge angle, acetabular index, neck-shaft angle, hip axis length, femoral neck diameter, Tönnis classification for hip osteoarthritis (OA) and the presence of a crossover sign.

Results:

148 subjects (78.4% female, age 83.5 years) with proximal femur fractures were included. 44 patients (29.7%) had intracapsular fractures and 104 (70.3%) had extracapsular fractures. 48% of patients had previous hip fractures on the contralateral side and 74.6% had the same type of fracture bilaterally. The rates of bilateral intracapsular and extracapsular fractures were similar (33.7% vs. 40.9% respectively, p = 0.39). Extracapsular fractures had a statically significant higher neck-shaft angle, a shorter hip axis length, a narrower femoral neck diameter and a higher grade of Tönnis classification of OA ( p = 0.04, 0.046, 0.03, 0.02 respectively). Acetabular coverage and the proximal femoral head-neck junction, which were evaluated by lateral centre-edge angle (LCEA), acetabular index and the presence of a crossover sign, did not correlate with fracture type. The alpha angle > 40° had a statistically significant higher likelihood for extracapsular fractures ( p = 0.013).

Conclusions:

Acetabular coverage and proximal femoral head-neck junction morphology, were found to partially correlate with the location of hip fractures and do not fully elucidate fracture type susceptibility.
Characterization and Expression Analysis of Heme Oxygenase Genes from Sorghum bicolor
Authors: Mulaudzi-Masuku Takalani , Ikebudu Vivian , Muthevhuli Mpho , Faro Andrew , Gehring Christoph A , Iwuoha Emmanuel
Published: July 2019

Heme oxygenases (HOs) have a major role in phytochrome chromophore biosynthesis, and chromophores in turn have anti-oxidant properties. Plant heme oxygenases are divided into the HO1 sub-family comprising HO1, HO3, and HO4, and the HO2 sub-family, which consists of 1 member, HO2. This study identified and characterized 4 heme oxygenase members from Sorghum bicolor. Multiple sequence alignments showed that the heme oxygenase signature motif (QAFICHFYNI/V) is conserved across all SbHO proteins and that they share above 90% sequence identity with other cereals. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that SbHO genes were expressed in leaves, stems, and roots, but most importantly their transcript level was induced by osmotic stress, indicating that they might play a role in stress responses. These findings will strengthen our understanding of the role of heme oxygenases in plant stress responses and may contribute to the development of stress tolerant crops.
Energy-efficient and privacy-preserving spatial range aggregation query processing in wireless sensor networks
Authors: Liu Liang , Hu Zhenhai , Wang Lisong
Published: July 2019

The existing privacy-preserving aggregation query processing methods in sensor networks rely on pre-established network topology and require all nodes in the network to participate in query processing. Maintaining the topology results in a large amount of energy overhead, and in many cases, the user is interested only in the aggregated query results of some areas in the network, and thus, the participation of the entire network node is not necessary. Aiming to solve this problem, this article proposes a spatial range aggregation query algorithm for a dynamic sensor network with privacy protection (energy-efficient privacy-preserving data aggregation). The algorithm does not rely on the pre-established topology but considers only the query area that the user is interested in, abandoning all nodes to participate in distributing the query messages while gathering the sensory data in the query range. To protect node data privacy, Shamir’s secret sharing technology is used to prevent internal attackers from stealing the sensitive data of the surrounding nodes. The analysis and experimental results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the existing algorithms in terms of energy and privacy protection.
Lessons learnt from providing technical assistance to Chinese generic medicines manufactures to achieve the WHO Prequalification standards
Authors: Huang Baobin , Louise Barber Sarah , Foerg-Wimmer Christina
Published: July 2019

The World Health Organization (WHO) Prequalification sets a benchmark of generic medicines quality standards for both local utilization and international procurement. So far in China, there are only 35 medicines prequalified by WHO among around 400 eligible products. With a large volume of generic medicines production capacity, WHO has been paying great attention to Chinese firms by providing technical assistance to achieve WHO Prequalification standards. In 2009–2011, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation sponsored a project to scale up tuberculosis control in China. The adoption of anti-tuberculosis medicines in fixed dose combinations form was selected as an important intervention tool. In order to have quality assured anti-tuberculosis medicines available, four Chinese anti-tuberculosis generic manufacturers were selected for technical assistance as a pilot. The maturity of each generic manufacturers to achieve WHO standards was used to evaluate the role of WHO’s technical assistance. The maturity was measured from the perspective of production and dossier. The WHO’s technical assistance contributes to the maturity of manufacturers. In production, it increased from an average of 53% to 80% for quality management system, and 70% to 80% for good manufacturing practices; in regulatory dossier, it increased from 28% to 67% for quality part, and 0% to 75% for efficacy and safety part. It also found out the factors having impact on the effect of technical assistance. The sustainability of technical interventions was influenced by guaranteed market share and support of two key partners: active pharmaceutical ingredients producers and clinical research organizations. The pressure of upgraded national drug regulatory standards has an impact on the effect of technical assistance.
Burden of drug use for gastrointestinal symptoms and functional gastrointestinal disorders in France: a national study using reimbursement data for 57 million inhabitants
Authors: Tuppin Philippe , Rivière Sébastien , Deutsch David , Gastaldi-Menager Christelle , Sabaté Jean-Marc
Published: July 2019

Background:

Gastrointestinal therapeutic drugs (GTDs) are extensively prescribed. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of GTD use in a large population: the French general health scheme beneficiaries (87% of the 66 million inhabitants) in 2016.

Methods:

The national health data system was used to identify individual characteristics, diseases and GTD classes reimbursed, together with the costs, using anatomical therapeutic chemical class.

Results:

Among the 57.5 million individuals included, 45% received at least one reimbursement among the 130 million prescriptions reimbursed (90% prescribed by a general practitioner): proton-pump inhibitors (PPI; A02BC: 24%), drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders (A03: 20%), drugs for constipation (A06: 10%), antidiarrheals, intestinal anti-inflammatory/anti-infective agents (A07: 10%), antiemetics and antinauseants (A04: 7%), other drugs for acid-related disorders (A02X: 6%), other drugs for peptic ulcer and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (A02BX: 4.5%), antacids (A02A: 1.5%). The overall cost of reimbursed GTDs was €707 million and the mean cost per user was €28. Marked variations were observed according to age, sex, and disease. The rates of at least one reimbursement among infants were A07: 28%, A03: 17%, A02BX: 9%, A02X: 7%, A02BC: 6% and A06: 5%. Women more frequently received a reimbursement than men for each GTD class. Reimbursement rates also varied according to health status (end-stage renal disease A02BC: 66%, pregnancy A03: 53%, A04: 11%), treatments (people with at least six reimbursements for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in 2016 A02BC: 62%). Chronic GTD use (>10 reimbursements/year) was observed in 19% of people with at least one A02BC reimbursement, A02BX: 11%, A03: 7%, A04: 2%, A06: 17% and A07: 3%.

Conclusions:

This study demonstrates extensive and chronic use of GTD in France, raising the question of their relevance according to current guidelines. They must be disseminated to general practitioners, who are the main prescribers of these drugs.
A Mixed Research Synthesis of Literature on Teaching Qualitative Research Methods
Authors: Wagner Claire , Kawulich Barbara , Garner Mark
Published: July 2019

This article surveys the literature from 1999 to 2013 on teaching qualitative research methods. One hundred thirteen articles fitted the inclusion criteria; 79 of these were by academics in the United States and Canada. Only 39 of the 113 were based on empirical research: from these, seven descriptive themes were distilled, of which the dominant ones are experiential learning and practice-based materials and workshops. The literature portrayed teaching qualitative research as providing experiential and practice-based learning opportunities for students that revealed its desirable pedagogical features. It further reported that when students engaged in learning experiences, they underwent paradigm shifts about qualitative research as well as personal transformations. Our study confirmed that there is a lack of a research-based approach to teaching qualitative methods and we recommend that more be done to contribute to its pedagogical culture particularly concerning methods used to evaluate instruction, innovative instructional methods, and approaches to assessment.
Religion as a Workplace Issue: A Narrative Inquiry of Two People—One Muslim and the Other Christian
Authors: Etherington Matthew
Published: July 2019

This study explores the work perspective of two individuals who self-identify as religious and are employed in non-religious work responsibilities. Drawing on the perceptions and experiences of a Muslim and a Christian, this narrative study examines how religion affects intentions, perceptions, and work behavior. The procedure for implementing small-scale personalized narrative research consists of studying individuals through the collection of their lived stories. Using two interviews with a series of open-ended questions, two male participants disclose how their religion intersects with their working lives. With a focus on diversity and inclusion in the workplace, this study distinguishes religion as an important workplace issue. The narratives demonstrate how two people of faith negotiate their beliefs alongside their work life. With an expectation that employers understand and accommodate the religious identities and beliefs of their employees and perhaps even profit from those beliefs, the implications of this study are important for perceiving how religion and work can integrate productively.
As different as night and day: Scaling analysis of Swedish urban areas and regional labor markets
Authors: Strumsky Deborah , Lobo Jose , Mellander Charlotta
Published: July 2019

The urban scaling framework views cities as integrated socioeconomic networks of interactions embedded in physical space. A crucial property of cities highlighted by this approach is that cities act to mix populations, a mixing both facilitated and constrained by physical infrastructure. Operationalizing a view of cities as settings for social interactions and population mixing—assembling a set of spatial units of analysis which contain the relevant social aspects of urban settlements—implies choices about the use of existing data, the assignation of data to locations, and the delineation of the boundaries of urban areas, all of which are far from trivial research decisions. Metropolitan areas have become the spatial unit of choice in urban economics and economic geography for investigating urban life as they are seen as encompassing the distinct phenomena of “urbanity” (proximity, density) and social interactions indirectly captured through a unified labor market. However, the population size and areal extent of metropolitan areas, as most often defined, render opaque the distinction between two salient types of urban population: those who work and those who reside within a metropolitan area. These two sets of individuals, among whom of course there is great overlap, putatively engage in different economic and social interactions which are in turn differently embedded in physical space. Availing ourselves of Swedish micro-level data for two distinct spatial units, tätorts (“dense localites”) and local labor markets, we can distinguish which types of populations and which types of spatial agglomerations are responsible for the observed scaling effects on productivity and physical infrastructure. We find that spatially contiguous labor markets are not enough to generate some of the most salient urban scaling phenomena.