bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The relationship of textural characteristics with composition of sandesh produced from various market milk classes
Authors: KHAMRUI KAUSHIK , SOLANKI DHANESHWAR C
Published: April 2010

The texture of sandesh an Indian milk‐based sweetmeat, was characterised by instrumental means and interrelationships among textural parameters and composition were studied. Hardness, fracturability, chewiness and adhesiveness was highest for sandesh prepared from milk containing 6% fat, 9% SNF and lowest for sandesh prepared from milk containing 1.5% fat, 9% SNF. Hardness of sandesh was significantly positively (P < 0.01) correlated with the fat content but negatively (P < 0.01) correlated with moisture and ash. Moisture and fat had negative and positive correlation (P < 0.01) with fracturability, respectively. Ash and moisture had a positive (P < 0.01) influence on resilience whereas fat had a negative influence. Cohesiveness was not influenced by composition parameters. Springiness had positive and negative correlation (P < 0.05) with fat and moisture, respectively. Gumminess followed similar pattern to that of hardness. Moisture and fat had negative and positive effect respectively (P < 0.01) on adhesiveness. Chewiness was negatively and positively influenced (P < 0.01) by moisture and fat of sandesh, respectively.
Interrater reliability and agreement of the Care Dependency Scale in the home care setting in the Netherlands
Authors: Kottner Jan , Halfens Ruud , Dassen Theo
Published: April 2010

Scand J Caring Sci; 2010; 24; 56–61
 
Interrater reliability and agreement of the Care Dependency Scale in the home care setting in the Netherlands

The care dependency scale (CDS) aims at determining nursing care needs in a holistic way, at providing standardized and meaningful descriptions of the type and intensity of nursing care needs and the degree of independence. Assessment results support appropriate care planning for individuals and they provide epidemiological data about care dependency. Although the CDS is used worldwide in various healthcare settings, data quality in the home care setting has not been examined yet. The interrater reliability and agreement of CDS scores were investigated within two large prevalence surveys of care problems in the Netherlands in the home care setting. Three hundred and thirty‐five (year 2007) and 337 (year 2008) home care clients were independently assessed twice by trained nurses. Intraclass correlation coefficients [ICC(1,1)] for CDS sum scores were 0.94 (95% CI: 0.92–0.95) and 0.93 (95% CI: 0.92–0.95), and corresponding standard errors of measurement were 3.2 and 3.3. The items mobility, day/night pattern and learning ability contained the largest amounts of measurement error and the lowest interrater reliability. Results indicate that CDS sum scores are reproducible estimates characterizing the care dependency in the home care setting. Interrater agreement is too low to make clinical decisions on individual level.
Randomized clinical trial of musical distraction with and without headphones for adolescents’ immunization pain
Authors: Kristjánsdóttir Ólöf , Kristjánsdóttir Guðrún
Published: April 2010

Scand J Caring Sci; 2011; 25; 19–26
 
Randomized clinical trial of musical distraction with and without headphones for adolescents’ immunization pain

Distraction has shown to be a helpful pain intervention for children; however, few investigations have studied the effectiveness of this method with adolescents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of an easy and practical musical distraction in reducing adolescents’ immunization pain. Furthermore, to examine whether musical distraction techniques (with or without headphones) used influenced the pain outcome. Hundred and eighteen 14‐year‐old adolescents, scheduled for polio immunization, participated. Adolescents were randomly assigned to one of three research groups; musical distraction with headphones (n = 38), musical distraction without headphones (n = 41) and standard care control (n = 39). Results showed adolescents receiving musical distraction were less likely to report pain compared to the control group, controlling for covariates. Comparing musical distraction techniques, eliminating headphone emerged as a significant predictor of no pain. Results suggest that an easy and practical musical distraction intervention, implemented without headphones, can give some pain relief to adolescents during routine vaccination.
The quest for well‐being: self‐identified needs of women in chronic pain
Authors: Skuladottir Hafdis , Halldorsdottir Sigridur
Published: April 2010

Scand J Caring Sci; 2011; 25; 81–91
 
The quest for well‐being: self‐identified needs of women in chronic pain

Women suffer more chronic pain in most Western countries than men, with considerable consequences for the sufferers. The aim of this phenomenological research was to study self‐reported needs of women in chronic pain. The data consisted of ten in‐depth interviews, which lasted from 60 to 120 minutes each, with five women in chronic pain, aged 36–53. Twelve needs were identified in the study, which were categorized into three clusters of needs or major quests: The quest to learn to live with the pain, which involves the need for diagnosis; the need to find effective treatment and keep the pain tolerable; the need for helpful advice and information and the need to take care of self and for a different pace and a new life pattern. The quest for support, caring and connection which involves the need for someone close who cares; the need to be connected to others and have someone to care for; the need for practical support e.g. financial support and household assistance and the need for professional support and caring. Finally, the quest for normalcy which involves the need to avoid the sick role and maintain a sense of dignity; the need to focus on personal strengths and prevent discouragement and depression; the need to be involved in decision‐making regarding own care and treatment and the need to participate in family and social activities to fight isolation and loneliness. The overriding theme in all these quests is the quest for well‐being; physically, mentally, emotionally and socially. Conflicting needs created five major dilemmas in the women’s lives. Women in chronic pain may be seen in any clinical setting and health professionals need to be able to recognize their needs in order to be able to give effective care, to cooperate with them and empower them.
UK‐414,495, a selective inhibitor of neutral endopeptidase, potentiates pelvic nerve‐stimulated increases in female genital blood flow in the anaesthetized rabbit
Authors: Wayman CP , Baxter D , Turner L , Van Der Graaf PH , Naylor AM
Published: April 2010

Background and purpose:  Female sexual arousal consists of a number of physiological responses resulting from increased genital blood. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y and to a lesser extent nitric oxide are neurotransmitters found in the vasculature of the genitalia. Neutral endopeptidase (NEP) modulates the activity of neuropeptides including VIP. The aim of this study was to investigate the control of genital blood flow by VIP and endogenous neuropeptides using a selective NEP inhibitor [UK‐414,495, ((R)‐2‐({1‐[(5‐ethyl‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐yl) carbamoyl]cyclopentyl}methyl) valeric acid)].

Experimental approach:  Vaginal and clitoral blood flow (VBF and CBF) were monitored using laser Doppler in terminally anaesthetized New Zealand rabbits. Increases in VBF and CBF were induced by either electrical stimulation of the pelvic nerve or by i.v. infusion of VIP.

Key results:  Stimulation of the pelvic nerve increased VBF and CBF, compared with basal flow. Increases were mimicked by infusion of exogenous VIP. UK‐414,495 dose‐dependently potentiated pelvic nerve‐stimulated increases in VBF (EC50= 37 ± 9 nM; 3.6 × IC50 rabbit NEP). Nerve‐stimulated increases in VBF and CBF were both enhanced after UK‐414,495. UK‐414,495 increased the amplitude and duration of VIP‐induced increases in VBF. UK‐414,495 had no effect on basal VBF or cardiovascular parameters.

Conclusions and implications:  Inhibition of NEP potentiates pelvic nerve‐stimulated increases in genital blood flow. This suggests that the endogenous neurotransmitter mediating genital blood flow is a substrate for NEP (most likely VIP). NEP inhibitors may restore sexual arousal in women adversely affected by female sexual arousal disorder.

This article is commented on by Angulo, pp. 48–50 of this issue. To view this commentary visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2010.00693.x
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC PROPERTIES OF PRASIOLA (CHLOROPHYCEAE) AND NOSTOC (CYANOPHYCEAE) FROM ANTARCTIC AND NON‐ANTARCTIC SITES1
Authors: Kosugi Makiko , Katashima Yuya , Aikawa Shimpei , Tanabe Yukiko , Kudoh Sakae , Kashino Yasuhiro , Koike Hiroyuki , Satoh Kazuhiko
Published: April 2010

The terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc commune Vaucher ex Bornet et Flahault occurs worldwide, including in Japan and on the Antarctic continent. The terrestrial green alga Prasiola crispa (Lightf.) Kütz. is also distributed in Antarctica. These two species need to acclimate to the severe Antarctic climate including low ambient temperature and desiccation under strong light conditions. To clarify this acclimation process, the physiological characteristics of the photosynthetic systems of these two Antarctic terrestrial organisms were assessed. The relative rate of photosynthetic electron flow in N. commune collected in Japan and in Antarctica reached maxima at 900 and 1,100 μmol photons · m−2 · s−1, respectively. The difference seemed to reflect the presence of high amounts of UV‐absorbing substances within the Antarctic cyanobacterium. On the other hand, the optimal temperatures for photosynthesis at the two locations were 30°C–35°C and 20°C–25°C, respectively. This finding suggested a decreased photosynthetic thermotolerance in the Antarctic strain. P. crispa exhibited desiccation tolerance and dehydration‐induced quenching of PSII fluorescence. Re‐reduction of the photooxidized PSI reaction center, P700, was also inhibited at fully dry states. Photosynthetic electron flow in P. crispa reached a maximum at 20°C–25°C and at a light intensity of 700 μmol photons ḃ m−2 ḃ s−1. Interestingly, the osmolarity of P. crispa cells suggested that photosynthesis is performed using water absorbed in a liquid form rather than water absorbed from the air. Overall, these data suggest that these two species have acclimated to optimally photosynthesize under conditions of the highest light intensity and the highest temperature for their habitat in Antarctica.
Performance Measures Predict Onset of Activity of Daily Living Difficulty in Community‐Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Wennie Huang Wen‐Ni , Perera Subashan , VanSwearingen Jessie , Studenski Stephanie
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVES: To assess the predictive value of five performance‐based measures for the onset of difficulty in activities of daily living (ADLs).

DESIGN: A prospective cohort study; home visits every 6 months for 18 months.

SETTING: Community‐based.

PARTICIPANTS: Community‐dwelling older adults, n=110, (mean age 80.3±7.0; range 67–98) who reported no difficulty in basic ADLs.

MEASUREMENTS: The Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), gait speed, Berg Balance Scale (BBS), grip strength, and Timed Up and Go Test (TUG) were evaluated at baseline. Seven ADL items were assessed at baseline and 6, 12, and 18 months. The onset of ADL disability was self‐report of difficulty in any of the seven ADL items. Logistic regression models were fitted for each of the physical performance measures to predict onset of ADL difficulty at 6, 12, and 18 months.

RESULTS: After controlling for age, comorbid conditions, and sex, the BBS was the most consistent and best predictor for the onset of ADL difficulty over an 18‐month period (6 months, c‐statistic=0.725, (95% confidence interval (CI)=0.60–0.85; 12 months, c‐statistic=0.840 95% CI=0.75, 0.93; 18 months, c‐statistic=0.821, 95% CI=0.71, 0.93). The SPPB showed excellent predictive value for the onset of difficulty at 12 months. Ninety‐five, 89, and 75 older adults completed the 6, 12, and 18‐month follow‐up visits, respectively.

CONCLUSION: BBS, followed by SPPB, TUG, gait speed, and grip strength, were predictive of the onset of ADL difficulty over an 18‐month period in community‐dwelling older adults. Screening nondisabled older adults with simple performance tests could allow clinicians to identify those at risk for ADL difficulty and may help to detect early functional decline.
The Lost Promise of Reconciliation: New Left vs. Old Left
Authors: Mauss Armand L.
Published: April 2010

The dialogue between the Old and New Left during the past decade has resulted less in reconciliation than in rupture. This process has made quite clear and explicit the chief differences between the two movements, which are only roughly divided along generational lines. The differences discussed here are of four general kinds: (a) social roots and orientations, (b) political positions, (c) strategy and tactics, and (d) representative personalities and forums. References are made to the other articles in this issue where they fit into the schematic contrast here presented.
Political Libertarianism at Berkeley: An Application of Perspectives from the New Student Left
Authors: Finney Henry C.
Published: April 2010

Longitudinal data from the University of California at Berkeley are analyzed to test the relevance of New Left explanations of student protest politics when applied more generally to the study of student libertarianism. After first noting the predominance of change (more often in a libertarian direction) among the Berkeley panel, analysis turns to several prominent New Left themes purporting to help account for student activism in the sixties. These include a concern with students' class origins, dissatisfaction with the modern university, rejection of conventional achievement values, and intellectual competence. Except for dissatisfaction with the university, all of these themes are found to be of relevance in understanding student libertarianism. It is argued that the well‐known association between social class background and student activism not only does not extend to the realm of attitudes regarding political tolerance, but has also been over‐emphasized in its own right. The analysis suggests that a complex pattern of intellectualism and ascetic idealism may underlie the emergence of political tolerance among college undergraduates.
Criteria and Contingencies of Success in a Radical Political Movement1
Authors: Demerath N. J. , Marwell Gerald , Aiken Michael T.
Published: April 2010

Using data collected in 1965 on white student civil rights workers in the South affiliated with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, this paper seeks to probe the factors that underlie the subjective sense of success and failure in an episode of political activism. Focusing on some fifty local projects scattered from Virginia to Alabama, we find that success was only partially a function of gains in voter registration, the summer's principal objective. It was related as well to the degree to which projects had been able to penetrate barriers into the black community to build black organizations, the degree of project cohesiveness, and the extent of personal fulfillment of the volunteers as individuals. One last correlate involved the amount of time spent protesting, and the paper explores this in particular detail, focusing on the sense in which the summer might be described as a romantic venture. Finally, the paper offers a comparison between the white student New Left and some of its older predecessors, stressing a distinction between “sympathetic” and “self‐interested” activism.
Old and New Left Activity in the Legal Order: An Interpretation
Authors: Hakman Nathan
Published: April 2010

When in court cases defendants are accused of fomenting violent revolution or rebellion, persons are allegedly harassed, imprisoned, and otherwise persecuted on the basis of false criminal charges, or radicals identify with the defendants as victims of economic, cultural, or racial injustice, then so‐called political or ideological trials occur. Although relationships between Old Left and New Left attorneys and clients vary and ideological and tactical differences continue to divide them, a reasonably coherent litigation strategy has been developed for dealing with these cases. It supplements the appropriate use of conventional legal procedures with variations of mass action, publicity, and confrontation. In the past only a small number of Old Left attorneys were willing to conduct litigation in this manner, but more recently the activities of the New Left movements have produced an additional array of movement lawyers. In meeting their responsibility to revolutionaries, the author suggests, these radical lawyers could be contributing to the basic morality of American law.
Romantics and Renegades: Political Defection and the Radical Left
Authors: Abcarian Gilbert
Published: April 2010

It is frequently asserted that Old and New Leftists are quintessentially similar. To explore this viewpoint, political defection experiences among eight American ex‐Communists of the Old Left as reported in their autobiographical writing are examined. Such experiences are briefly placed in the context of the contemporary New Left movement in order to assess the likelihood of their recurrence among New Left spokesmen. The concept of interchangeability, which postulates the unidimensionality of the political radical, is utilized for this purpose. The validity of that concept is questioned, in the context of inquiry, on the ground that the ideological structure as well as potentialities for alienation among radicals of the Old and New Left are incommensurate.
Socialization of Attitudes toward the Legal System1
Authors: Torney Judith V.
Published: April 2010

Socialization to the legal system was explored with data on attitudes toward policemen, the Supreme Court, and the fairness of laws obtained from approximately 9000 elementary school children tested in 1961–62. Analysis of variance was used to examine differences by school grade, sex, social class, and intelligence. Four models of the process of socialization were also discussed. Lower‐middle class children tended to give higher ratings to the policeman than either upper‐middle or lower class children, a precursor perhaps of the current “law and order” emphasis in adults from this group. There was also a significant increase with age in the amount of difference between the attitudes of boys and girls.
Legal Structures and Restoring Equity1
Authors: Macaulay Stewart , Walster Elaine
Published: April 2010

Psychological research suggests that harmdoers typically respond in one of two ways after injuring another: (a) sometimes harmdoers make voluntary reparation to the victim, or acquiesce when forced to make reparation; (b) sometimes harmdoers engage in defensive behavior. Instead of acknowledging responsibility for the victim's predicament, they try to justify their harmdoing. They may insist that the victim deserves to suffer or may deny that he was really injured by their actions. This article examines the factors that tend to encourage or prevent individuals from voluntarily reestablishing equitable relationships, and considers the extent to which current legal practices encourage or discourage the equitable resolution of legal disputes.
On Hanging Loose and Loving: The Dilemma of Present Youth1
Authors: Miller Henry
Published: April 2010

A polemic in which it is argued that the use of drugs among contemporary American youth is but one of many different behaviors and mystiques pervading their life. Thus, a fascination with the encounter, with ethnicity, with expressive politics, with nomadism, with sexuality, as well as with drugs, suggests that youth are engaged in a frustrating dialectic between freedom and commitment. The search for freedom is not political but rather a groping for sensate and affectual liberation. The dilemma posed by the inevitable constraints of commitment generates an awesome paradox which accounts for the anguish of the generation.
The Future of Drugs and Drugs of the Future
Authors: Kline Nathan S.
Published: April 2010

Drugs have played an important role in man's experience for thousands of years, first in relation to religious and ritualistic functions, later for a variety of secular reasons as well. Social, psychological, and technological factors set the stage for today's drug problem. It is becoming increasingly clear that the problem is not drugs, but the manner and purpose of their use. Life styles can be altered by drugs, positively as well as negatively. Pharmacological treatment can provide relief for abnormal psychological states and correct potential pathology. New knowledge is also opening vistas for enlarging man's creative and productive capacities. Man himself remains the key determinant.
Some Speculations on U.S. Drug Use
Authors: Newitt Jane , Singer Max , Kahn Herman
Published: April 2010

This paper distinguishes three principal purposes of drug use: for social control, for pleasure, and for medical and quasi‐medical reasons. The argument is made that a traditional view of the future as a leisure society may lead us to focus disproportionately on forms of drug use that have a pleasure or “mind expansion” motive. While acknowledging the likelihood of more drug use of these kinds, the authors offer a number of reasons why the greatest increase in drug use and the social problems it causes may, in a 20 or 30 year perspective, be in the area of medical prescription and self‐doctoring for anxieties and behavioral abnormalities. The overlap of this area with the use of drugs for social control is identified as posing formidable ethical problems. The paper concludes with a speculative description of all the roles of mind‐affecting drugs in the U.S. culture in the year 2000.
A Study of Participants in an Anti‐Vietnam War Demonstration1
Authors: Morse Stanley J. , Peele Stanton
Published: April 2010

What attitudinal and cognitive factors prompt an individual to participate in protests designed to change government policy? This study found that participants in a large‐scale anti‐Vietnam war demonstration believed that a good citizen should play an active role in the political process. They also responded more positively toward ideological than traditional U.S. symbols, were oriented toward the international rather than national political system, and were concerned more with humanity in general than with any particular political system. Nonstudent protestors leaned toward socialism and America's Populist traditions and felt less politically efficacious than student demonstrators.
African Identity of the Negro American and Achievement
Authors: Wolkon George H.
Published: April 2010

Correlates and consequences of African as compared to American identity of Negro Americans in a remedial junior college program were investigated. The major findings were: (a) males were more likely than females to identify themselves as coming from an African family background, and (b) those who identified themselves as American achieved higher grades than those identifying themselves as African. The major explanations concern the ambivalence of the African “protest identity” and issues concerned with the criterion variable of achievement. It was suggested that a positive identity will be related to successful socialization or achievement in a particular culture only when the identity is congruent with the core values of that culture.
Mutual Perceptions of Racial Images: White, Black, and Japanese Americans1
Authors: Kurokawa Minako
Published: April 2010

Mutual and self‐perceptions of the racial images of white, blacks, and the Japanese Americans were studied among adults, college students, and school children in California. For adults and college students, Katz and Braly's adjective list was used, in which subjects were asked to choose 5 traits out of 84 to describe each racial group. Children were instructed to describe racial images in their own words. The hypothesis that whites occupying the dominant position are endowed with positive traits and minority groups with negative traits was only partially supported. Minority acceptance of the negative image ascribed by the dominant group, which was generally true in the 1930 Katz and Braly work, did not hold in this study. Whites were portrayed as materialistic and pleasure loving; blacks as musical, aggressive, and straightforward; and the Japanese as industrious, ambitious, loyal to family, and quiet.
Some Pertinent Questions on Collective Violence and the News Media
Authors: Lang Gladys Engel , Lang Kurt
Published: April 2010

How responsible the coverage of conflict and confrontation by the news media is for the violence in contemporary American society involves at least four separate issues. (1) Do general news practices help create violence‐prone situations? (2) What effect does the presence of TV and other news media in such situations have on the likelihood that violence will erupt? (3) What impact do news reports of violence already in progress have on its subsequent spread or abatement? (4) Are predictions of violence more likely to become self‐fulfilling or self‐defeating? The information available suggests that the media are rarely a major influence on the amount of violence in any specific situation and that they function as much to deter as to incite violence. Yet, if media reports of both actual and potential violence affect expectations, then this will influence the nature of public protest as well as the official response to it and to other situations where the possibility of violent confrontation must be reckoned with.
Assignment of Responsibility in the Case of Lt. Calley
Authors: Kelman Herbert C. , Lawrence Lee H.
Published: April 2010

Attitudes toward the trial and conviction of Lt. William Calley were explored in a national survey, completed between May 28 and June 12, 1971, conducted by the Roper Organization staff. Of the 989 respondents, 34% approved of Calley's having been brought to trial and 58% disapproved. Subgroups were identified on the basis of the reasons behind their attitudes. Those who approved because they felt the individual soldier must bear responsibility (AR) and those who disapproved because they felt it unfair to hold Calley individually responsible (DR) showed marked and consistent differences in response to hypothetical questions, queries about legal precedents, and other trial‐related questions; the groups were, however, almost equally disenchanted with the Vietnam war. Demographically, DR's tended to be lower in SES and education. Findings are discussed in terms of patterns of integration into the national system; the DR group's hypothesized pattern appears conducive to violence upon orders from authority.
Understanding Women: Implications for Personality Theory and Research
Authors: Carlson Rae
Published: April 2010

This paper addresses the neglect of work on feminine psychology as a symptom of the far broader impoverishment of contemporary work in personality. Bakan's concepts of agency and communion are invoked toward understanding the constraints imposed by current research paradigms. Agentic (masculine) modes of inquiry involving manipulation, quantification, and control need to be complemented by the communal (feminine) research styles (naturalistic, qualitative, open) developed in other disciplines. Three issues are proposed for research in personality: duality in human nature, typology and qualitative patterning and biological bases of personality. These issues are consonant with the nature of feminity, engage the talents of female investigators, and could foster development of the new research paradigms required for serious inquiry in personality. Suggestions for conceptual elaboration and empirical research are proposed.
The Invisible Woman: The Case of the Female Playwright in German Literature1
Authors: Novak Sigrid Scholtz
Published: April 2010

Literary historians maintain that women have never contributed significantly to the German drama. Facts, however, point clearly to the opposite. Indeed, the first known German dramatist (10th century) was a woman! Two major causes for the lack of historic recognition are: (a) prejudice that women are incapable of good dramatic production, (b) underrating of plays because professional critics —traditionally men — have used male psychology as the criterion for judging female characters in plays by women. A revaluation of women's contributions to drama is imperative.
Early Childhood Experiences and Women's Achievement Motives
Authors: Hoffman Lois Wladis
Published: April 2010

Research findings in child development are reviewed to shed light on female achievement motives. It is suggested that females have high needs for affiliation which influence their achievement motives and behavior, sometimes enhancing and sometimes blocking them. Since girls as compared to boys have less encouragement for independence, more parental protectiveness, less pressure for establishing an identity separate from the mother, and less mother‐child conflict which highlights this separation, they engage in less independent exploration of their environments. As a result they develop neither adequate skills nor confidence but continue to be dependent upon others. Thus while boys learn effectance through mastery, the effectiveness of girls is contingent on elicting the help of others. Affective relationships are paramount in females and much of their achievement behavior is motivated by a desire to please. If achievement threatens affiliation, performance may be sacrificed or anxiety may result.
Toward An Understanding of Achievement‐Related Conflicts in Women
Authors: Horner Matina S.
Published: April 2010

The motive to avoid success is conceptualized within the framework of an expectancy‐value theory of motivation. It is identified as an internal psychological representative of the dominant societal stereotype which views competence, independence, competition, and intellectual achievement as qualities basically inconsistent with femininity even though positively related to masculinity and mental health. The expectancy that success in achievement‐related situations will be followed by negative consequences arouses fear of success in otherwise achievement‐motivated women which then inhibits their performance and levels of aspiration. The incidence of fear of success is considered as a function of the age, sex, and educational and occupational level of subjects tested between 1964 and 1971. Impairment of the educational and interpersonal functioning of those high in fear of success is noted and consequences for both the individual and society are discussed.
Determinants of Occupational Role Innovation Among College Women1
Authors: Tangri Sandra Schwartz
Published: April 2010

This study of 200 senior college women investigates the relationship between non‐sextypical occupational choices (Role Innovation) and background, personality, and college experience. Role Innovators are more autonomous, individualistic, and motivated by internally imposed demands to perform to capacity. Rather than cross‐sex identification, there is some evidence of role modeling of more educated working mothers. The Role Innovators' career commitment is greater, yet they have as many romantic and friendship relationships with men as do Traditionais. Faculty and female college friends provide role support, but a supportive boyfriend may be more important at this stage. A four‐part typology is suggested in which role modeling and the type of maternal model are related to motivational patterns and occupational choice.
Altruism: Human, Cultural, or What?
Authors: Cohen Ronald
Published: April 2010

The article isolates and tries to explain a phenomenon called the altruistic paradox which refers to the fact that mankind individually and collectively can be both cruel and kind at one and the same time. Altruism is operationally defined and then discussed at both the psychological and sociocultural levels. It is theorized that man is hedonistic and reward‐oriented as an organism, while cultures have evolved altruistic values as survival mechanisms. Thus altruism is in fact a superorganic phenomenon which for a number of reasons is found more often in more complex cultures that have stable family life which can produce the emotional development necessary to activate the culturally derived altruism in human behavior.
A Legal Look at Prosocial Behavior: What Can Happen for Failing to Help or Trying to Help Someone
Authors: Kaplan John
Published: April 2010

The law has in general been extremely loath to attempt to enforce prosocial behavior. Partly this stems from a view that the law is having enough trouble controlling overtly antisocial conduct and until this is done better, the refinements must wait. In addition, two problems confront the law in this instance. First, there is the “Why me?” question, the difficulty of selecting among a large number of people who did not behave in a prosocial way which one or few should be prosecuted. Secondly, there is reluctance to interfere with human freedom any more than absolutely necessary. Prosocial behavior is, however, enforced in a number of specific situations where, for one cause or another, our reasons for generally not compelling prosocial behavior do not apply.
The Bewildering World of Psychotherapy
Authors: Frank Jerome D.
Published: April 2010

Certain generalizations beneath the apparent chaos of the field of psychotherapy are noted, including the flourishing of psychotherapies in times of social change, the congruence of the values of popular psychotherapies with the values of their era, the similarity of improvement rates following all forms of psychotherapy, and the fact that all cohorts of patients improve on the average over time. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that persons receive psychotherapy not primarily because of specific symptoms but because they are demoralized, and that the effectiveness of all forms lies in their ability to combat this state by a particular relationship, a special setting, a conceptual scheme, and a therapeutic task which, in conjunction, arouse the patient's hopes and restore his sense of mastery over himself and his environment. Implications for the psychotherapist as a social reformer and for research in psychotherapy are considered.
Black Ghetto Residents as Rioters1
Authors: Moinat Sheryl M. , Raine Walter J. , Burbeck Stephen L. , Davison Keith K.
Published: April 2010

Los Angeles riot participants, both actual and “psychological,” were compared with nonparticipants to see if participation could be predicted, using stepwise multiple linear regression analysis and a second form of linear regression analysis (Wood's algorithm). Data were from 586 interviews of black residents, representing a random sample of the riot curfew area. Neither active nor psychological riot participation could be predicted when age and sex were not controlled, but significant prediction was possible when the population was divided into four groups by age and sex. The usefulness of the regression in characterizing rioters versus nonrioters is limited because a large number of independent variables is needed. Results support the theory that rioting is a community phenomenon.
Race and Sex in the Perception of Emotion1
Authors: Gitter A. George , Black Harvey , Mostofsky David
Published: April 2010

A factorial design was utilized to investigate the effects of race of expresser (black or white), sex of expresser, race of perceiver (black or white), and sex of perceiver on the perception of emotion (POE), employing seven emotions (anger, happiness, surprise, fear, disgust, pain, and sadness). Overall results indicate significant main effects: for race of expresser (whites were more accurately perceived), for sex of expresser (females were more accurately perceived), for race of perceiver (blacks were more accurately perceived). There was no significant effect associated with sex of perceiver.
Are Social Stereotypes Vanishing: A Study of a Non‐College Population
Authors: Alfert Elizabeth
Published: April 2010

Participants in an in‐service course mandatory for school employees were asked to rate one white and one black class member of the same sex who was unknown to them at the first class meeting. White raters adhered to certain stereotypes. They rated blacks as more superstitious, more religious, and less individualistic; they perceived whites as possessing more ability and greater dominance. There was no overall difference in favorableness of the traits attributed to the two races; however, when attribution of traits descriptive of the same disposition but differing in evaluative aspects was compared, it was found that the negatively evaluated traits were attributed more to blacks, while the positive or neutral traits were attributed more to whites.
Correlates of Student Political Activism and Ideology
Authors: Lewis Steven H. , Kraut Robert E.
Published: April 2010

This study of student political orientations treats attitudes and activism as conceptually and empirically independent, does not confound demographic variables in the subject groupings, and focuses on the dimensions of activism and attitudes and not specifically on left activists. Yale freshmen (N = 164) were classified into four ideology groupings and two levels of activism. Patterns of socialization and personality correlates of activism and ideology are presented and related to earlier studies. The absence of significant interactions and the concordance of some correlates of activism and ideology are discussed.
How Scientific are the Social Sciences?1
Authors: Myrdal Gunnar
Published: April 2010

The social sciences are scientific in the sense that we seek true knowledge of man and his society. Why then does progress in the social sciences seem slow in comparison to the natural sciences? To some extent perhaps there is selective recruitment of the most gifted students away from the social sciences, but more crucial is the fact that the problems we deal with are more difficult to master; the social scientist can never get down to constants (laws of nature) and thus to a generally valid knowledge. Another cause of difficulty is the unavoidable intrusion of the scientist's valuations, which are diversified and not self‐evident. Consequently relatively little stands as undisputed truth in our findings. It should be the task of the sociology and social psychology of science to examine the problem of bias in social research. Social scientists and social engineers additionally must take responsibility for inducing necessary changes in the political process.
White Conditioning of Black Dependency
Authors: McGee D. Phillip
Published: April 2010

The white professional researcher is held responsible for the creation and refinement of the social conditioning techniques employed to establish and maintain dependent and acquiescent behavior in black people. The role which black people play in perpetuating the conditioning process is also significant. Dominant emphasis is placed not on “what whites have done to blacks,” but on “why blacks permit whites to do what they do.” This change of emphasis has profound implications for theory and research in black behavior.
The System‐Maintenance Role of the White Psychologist
Authors: Thomas Charles W.
Published: April 2010

A practicing investigator cognizant of the limitations of science claims that the white psychologist cannot help but maintain the current social system since he is rewarded quite well by it for his current activities. If he were to radically change his current activities, he would no longer be rewarded by the system in which he functions. The common dimension characteristic of white psychologists, justification for the status quo, manifests itself in three distinct orientations: (a) bio‐asocial‐ism which justifies traditional instrumentation, (b) cultural pathologism which justifies traditional paradigms, and (c) integrationism which justifies traditional policies. A further two‐fold dimension common to these orientations is a belief that black people are similar enough to white people to permit measurement by common instruments, and different enough from white people to justify scientific research into the causes of the differences.
Institutional Racism and the American Psychological Association1
Authors: Sawyer Jack , Senn David J.
Published: April 2010

Institutional racism—institutional practice that perpetuates racial inequality—does not require individual prejudice or institutional intent, but is a by‐product of business as usual. Psychologists for Social Action showed how APA practices institutional racism by condoning employment practices of Lancaster Press, APA's major printer. In May 1969, the Press employed one black person (“wash‐up man”) out of 300 employees, though Lancaster's 63,000 population included over 15% blacks and Puerto Ricans. Both the Press and the APA Central Office attributed this to low educational level. The authors met with representatives of Lancaster minority communities and together with them influenced the Press to hire 9 black persons out of 18 new employees between October 1, 1969 and September 30, 1970. A May 1973 postscript documents APA's continued hesitancy to influence its suppliers toward equal employment practices.
Black Studies in Historical Perspective
Authors: Bailey Ronald
Published: April 2010

This paper presents an overview of the major intellectual forces affecting black scholars in the past and an outline of what will occur in the future. The role of the white researcher is discussed in relationship to the concept of scientific objectivity, with an illustration of how the very concepts employed by researchers (“integration” versus “liberation”) channel their energies in one direction as opposed to another. Discussion of black behavior is grounded in a consideration of African behavior. Black Americans are viewed as fundamentally African, not European; the difference between these two provides the legitimate epistemological foundation for a distinctive Black Studies.
The Role of the White Researcher in Black Society: A Futuristic Look
Authors: Clark Cedric X.
Published: April 2010

Contemporary researchers hold one of two orientations: a materialistic orientation, represented by behaviorism, which approaches the study of black people with an increasing emphasis on genetic determinants; and a nonmaterialistic orientation, represented by phenomenology, which approaches the study of black people with an increasing emphasis on psychic determinants. The former is concerned with the brain and behavior, the latter with mind and consciousness. Both orientations are similar in their concern with internal as opposed to external determinants, a relatively recent ideological shift in psychological research. The materialistic internal orientation is viewed as a serious danger to black people insofar as it reflects a “bad seed” (or gene) philosophy and is in opposition to the ontological premise of most black thinking, which is nonmaterialistic or spiritual in essence. At best, the future portends a misguided approach to race related social issues; at worst, it portends a search for a “final” (genetic) solution.
The Forced Evacuation of the Japanese Minority during World War II
Authors: Miyamoto S. Frank
Published: April 2010

Three general causes of the Japanese American evacuation are examined. Collective disposition considers the antagonism toward immigrants, special characteristics of California politics, economic competition, segregation and racial stereotypes, and Japanese American international relations as conditions which instituted a persistent anti‐Japanese attitude on the West Coast. Situational factors include the tendency to suspect treachery of all Japanese following Pearl Harbor and the time pressures which curtailed deliberation by government officials on the evacuation question. Collective interaction considers the interaction among the main elements which produced the evacuation decision. A short section describes the relocation centers and the evacuees' reaction to detention.
Interracial Marriage: A Picture of the Japanese Americans1
Authors: Kikumura Akemi , Kitano Harry H. L.
Published: April 2010

The most outstanding fact about Japanese American marriage patterns prior to the 1960s was that Japanese tended to marry predominately within their own group. However, a review of past studies and an analysis of current rates of intermarriage indicate that this pattern is rapidly changing. Outgroup rates approaching 50 percent for Japanese American marriages occur in areas as diverse as Hawaii, Los Angeles, Fresno, and San Francisco. The varying rates and patterns of Japanese outmarriages are discussed.
Stereotypes as a Measure of Success
Authors: Sue Stanley , Kitano Harry H. L.
Published: April 2010

Chinese and Japanese stereotypes have undergone dramatic changes. Early stereotypes were uniformly negative, reflecting the social, economic, and political climate in America. Labor union members and gold miners were particularly vehement in their denunciation of Asian Americans because of the perceived threat of job competition. With the passage of numerous discriminatory laws and the entrance of other ethnic minorities, the Chinese and Japanese were considered less dangerous and the favorability of stereotypes increased. World War II revived negative stereotypes against the Japanese. Currently, these Asian American groups are viewed as highly successful, model minorities. To what extent are these positive stereotypes and views accurate? Methodological and conceptual problems in the study of stereotypes have hindered a clear analysis of this question. It is suggested that some stereotypes have kernels of truth. The potential negative consequences of favorable stereotypes are also discussed.
Assimilation and Changing Social Roles of Chinese Americans1
Authors: Fong Stanley L. M.
Published: April 2010

This article is concerned with the effects of social change on the role relationships and adjustment of Chinese Americans. The influences of cultural and social assimilation have undermined the commitment of Chinese youths to traditional cultural norms, and social disequilibrium can be seen within the family as well as outside the home. The changing sex role of females has affected their relationships with their parents and the opposite sex. Chinese vary in the extent to which they have become progressively removed from their parental culture, and the social distances between Chinese with different life styles have segregated them into a variety of disparate groups. Some of the changes in the psychological and social characteristics of the Chinese are examined from empirical studies.
Mental Illness among the Chinese: Myth or Reality?1
Authors: Berk Bernard B. , Hirata Lucie Cheng
Published: April 2010

This study examines trends in mental hospital commitments among the Chinese in California over the past one hundred years. There has been a two‐fold increase for the general population compared to a seven‐fold increase among the Chinese; while initially the Chinese had substantially lower rates of commitment, since the 1930s they have been roughly equal to the general population. Rates of increase within the Chinese population were not uniform; males, the aged, and the foreign born experienced substantially greater increases. Changes have also occurred in patterns of diagnosis and length of hospitalization over the century.
Sex Differences, Sex Experience, Sex Guilt, and Explicitly Sexual Films1
Authors: Mosher Donald L.
Published: April 2010

Two pornographic films portraying face‐to‐face intercourse and oral‐genital sex between the same couple were viewed by 194 single male and 183 single female undergraduates. The males were more aroused than the females by the film of oral‐genital sex. Females, high sex‐guilt subjects, and less sexually experienced subjects rated the films as more pornographic, disgusting, and offensive. High guilt subjects saw the oral‐genital sex as abnormal. Males reported more affective arousal indicative of general activation and approach tendencies, while women reported larger increases in negative affects after viewing the films.