bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Species of Microctonus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
Authors: Mason W. R. M.
Published: January 2010

This species keys to eleodis Vier. in Muesebeck's revision (U.S. Dept. Agric., Misc. Pub. No. 241, p. 16, 1936) and is very similar to that species and M. aethiops Nees. The female of M. eleodis differs in having a longer ovipositor sheath (about 1.2 times as long as abdomen bevond petiole), shorter petiole (only 1.9 to 2.2 times as long as its apical width), less strongly excavated and longer propodeum (only about 1.5 times as wide as long). The female of M. aethiops differs in having a pair of small dorsal pits near the middle of the petiole (both sexes), shorter ovipositor sheath (about 0.75 times as long as abdomen beyond petiole), slightly shorter petiole (about 2.2 times as long as apical width), and completely black petiole.
A New Species ofPhyllophagafrom the Big Bend Region of Texas and Coahuila, with Notes on other Scarabaeidae of the Area
Authors: Howden Henry F.
Published: January 2010

During May, 1959, a number of uncommon species of Scarabaeidae were collected in or near the Big Bend National Park, Brewster Co., Texas. The object of this paper is to give distribution and habitat data on some of the rarer species and to describe one new species ofPhyllophaga. Because much of the material is still unmounted, a complete list of species taken is not practical, nor can the exact number of specimens taken be given in some cases.
A Note on Sexual Dimorphism in Sitophilus Weevils
Authors: Sevintuna C. , Musgrave A. J.
Published: January 2010

The advantages of being able to determine the sex of insects by means of external characters are obvious, particularly when, as with the Sitophilus weevils, they have been favoured as experimental material by many workers. In Sitophilus oryza (L.), the sex can apparently readily be determined by reference to the relative length of and type of puncturing of the rostrum (Richards, 1947). There has seemed, however, to have been some doubt about a similar reliable method of determining sex in Sitophilus granarius (L.). Richards (1947) stated that there was no certain way of determining the sex of this species without risking injury to the female. In a later paper (1948) he implied, in a footnote, that a specimen could be sexed by reference to the length and slenderness of the rostrum. This had been given as a method of sexing these insects by Back and Cotton (1926).
A Portable Mechanical Insect Trap
Authors: Nicholls C. F.
Published: January 2010

A trap for flying insects that incorporates some of the principles described by Williams and Milne (1935) and Chamberlin and Lawson (1910) was constructed. It consists basically of two conical nets that rotate in a horizontal plane around a central axis that is driven by an electric motor through a series of pulleys. The efficiency of the trap is not affected by wind as an increased airflow through one net is balanced by a decreased airflow through the other. It is green in colour to blend with its surroundings. The trap (Fig. 1) is 5½ feet high at the centre. It has three main sections (Fig. 2): the framework, the drivillg mechanism, and the nets.
Effect of Maleic Hydrazide and Other Plant Growth Regulators on the Pea Aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), Caged on Broad Bean, Vicia faba L
Authors: Robinson A. G.
Published: January 2010

In a preliminary report (Robinson, 1959) it was shown that the plant growth regulator maleic hydrazide (MH) caused both nymphal mortality and reduced fecundity to the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), caged on treated broad bean, Vicia faba L. It was also stated that 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), applied by root absorption to broad bean had no effect on adult or nymphal mortality, or fecundity of adult A. pisum, at the rates used.
Distribution of the Immature Stages of the Diamondback Moth, Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), on Cabbage
Authors: Harcourt D. G.
Published: January 2010

Many experiments in entomology are evaluated by counts of the number of individuals in each unit of space or time. The original counts may be summarized in a frequency distribution showing the number of units containing 0, 1, 2, 3 … individuals of a given species. If a population is distributed over a number of units at random, the distribution of numbers per unit will approximate a Poisson series, the variance of the population being equal to its mean. Such distributions are rare in nature. Usually there is an excess of unoccupied units and of densely occupied units over Poisson expectation. This departure from randomness is attributable to contagion, where the presence of one insect in a unit increases the probability of others occurring in that unit. It results from the egg-laying habits of adult insects, gregariousness of feeding larvae, etc.
Survey of Insects Affecting Livestock in Southwestern Ontario
Authors: Teskey H. J.
Published: January 2010

Knowledge of the insects affecting livestock in Eastern Canada, except possibly cattle grubs, has been inadequate. The distribution and control of cattle grubs in Eastern Canada were studied by Cameron (1918), Stevenson (1934), and Gibson and Twinn (1936). Baker et al. (1950, 1955) reported the progress made in reducing cattle grub populations in the warbly fly control campaign begun in 1948 in Ontario. Occasional records of livestock pests have appeared in The Canadian Insect Pest Review and the annual reports of the Ontario Department of Agriculture. Hadwen (1923) and Hearle (1938) discussed the various pests injurious to livestock in Canada, but did not refer specifically to Ontario.
Identification of First-Instar Aedine Mosquito Larvae of Minnesota (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Price Roger D.
Published: January 2010

The emphasis in mosquito identification has been centered for the most part on the fourth-instar, or mature, larval stage and on both sexes of the adult forms. Some stress in recent years has been placed on pupal and egg morphology; however, as pointed out by Bohart (1954) and others, in comparison with the vast amount of literature on these stages, the amount of work published on the identification of early-instar mosquito larvae has been relatively slight. Regardless of the reasons for this, it would be, for instance, of immeasurable value to a person studying mosquito ecology to be able to identify directly to species any larval stage of the mosquito that he might collect. It is hoped that this paper, even though limited to Minnesota Aedes, will contribute further to the ability to recognize first-instar Aedes larvae and that it will serve as an added stimulus to workers in other geographical areas to collect and assimilate materials in a similar manner.
Microbial Isolations from the Granary Weevil Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Crawford R. E. , McDermott L. A. , Musgrave A. J.
Published: January 2010

The micro-organisms that accur in insects may be pathogenic, nonpathogenic, supposedly or actually beneficial, or casual invaders. The literature on the various aspects of the subject has become extensive (Buchner, 1953; Fraenkel, 1952; Shrewsbury and Barson, 1954a, 1954b; Steinhaus, 1946, 1949).
Descriptions of Five New Species of Mites from India (Acarina: Phytoseiidae, Aceosejidae)
Authors: Chant D. A.
Published: January 2010

The following five undescribed species of mites were collected on citrus trees in the provinces of Assam and Mysore in India by Dr. C. A. Fleschner of the Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, California. These mites are of the suborder Mesostigmata and are probably predacious. They may be introduced to California in attempts to control phytophagous mites on citrus and, therefore, may be recorded from this state in the future. I am grateful to Dr. Fleschner for the opportunity to examine this material.
Notes on the Volterra Equations
Authors: Thompson W. R.
Published: January 2010

According to one of the popular ecological theories, populations are self-governing systems, which maintain themselves in existence by utilizing “density-dependent factors”, whose effect becomes more intense as the population increases and less intense as it decreases. This theory is connected with a mathematical model developed by V. A. Bailey and A.J. Nicholson, 1935, to represent the results of the interaction of predator and prey populations. According to the theory, as expressed verbally, a disturbance of the conditions of stability – the “steady state” – produces oscillations which tend to re-establish the stable conctition. In fact, however, when numbers are inserted in the equations, the population values, at the end of one or more cycles – which increase in amplitude if there are more than one – fall below unity, which, on a common sense view may be considered to mean the extermination of the prey, followed by that of its predator or parasite.
A New Species of the Genus Cinara Curtis (Homoptera: Aphididae) from Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg
Authors: Bradley G. A.
Published: January 2010

Aphids of the species described below were first seen by the author at Cowichan Lake, Vancouver Island, in 1956. Additional observations and collections were made in 1959 at several other locations in southern British Columbia.

The species is unique in that it is apparently the only one in the genus living on western hemlock, Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.

All measurements of the body and appendages are in millimetres.
Notes on the Family Odiniidae with a Key to the Genera and Descriptions of New Species (Diptera)
Authors: Shewell G. E.
Published: January 2010

The genera comprising the family Odiniidae (Hendel, 1922) will run to Agromyzidae in the key to families in Curran (1934), but are distinguished from this family by a number of important characters, notably the abdominal structure of the adult and the bucco-pharyngeal skeleton of the larva. Adult Odiniidae have five pregenital abdominal segments in both sexes. The sixth segment of the female is greatly reduced and largely hidden beneath the fifth, and the seventh is membranous and retractile. In Agromyzidae six well-developed pregenital segments are present and the seventh segment of the female is modified as a heavily-sclerotized non-retractile ovipositor. The odiniid larva (Figs. 2, 6.) has a mouth skeleton much like that of the more generalized saprophagous forms (e.g. Drosophila, Piophila, Lucilia) and in no way resembling the highly-specialized structure of Agromyzidae. Species of Odiniidae are pale grey or clay-yellow with the thorax and abdomen conspicuously mottled or vittate with dark brown. The wing is usually spotted, at least on the cross-veins, and the tibiae have a more or less evident preapical dorsal bristle. Because of the abdominal structure, Hennig (1938) considers them more closely related to Chamaemyiidae than to Agromyzidae. The immature stages have mostly been found living in the galleries of wood-boring Coleoptera and Lepidoptera but the adult of Turanodinia Stack, is reported to have been reared from egg-masses of Pseudococcus comstocki Kuw.
A Plastic Leaf-Cage for Rearing Insects on Whole Attached Leaves
Authors: Cram W. T. , Andison H. , Theaker T. L.
Published: January 2010

At the Victoria laboratory a simple plastic cage was devised for rearing root weevil adults on whole attached strawberry leaflets. The cage (Fig. 1) was constructed from 10-dram plastic pill vials (Cunningham, Drug Stores Ltd., 1300 Douglas Street, Victoria, B.C.) having an inside diameter of one inch and length of three inches.

The bottom of the hard styrene plastic vial was cut off with a band saw and the top of the soft polyethylene piastic lid was cut out with a sharp knife. Bronze screening of 44 mesh (number 60, strainer cloth supplied by Hickman Tye Hardware Co., Ltd., 910 View Street, Victoria, B.C.) was fastened to the bottom of the vial and to the top of the lid by placing 1 ⅛-inch squares of the screen on an electric hot plate and pressing the plastic parts onto the wire. The hot wire melted the plastic and became imbedded in it, forming a strong bond. The screen was trimmed with small tin snips and ground smooth on a grindstone. To facilitate attachment to growing leaves, a hot glass rod was used to melt a notch in the rim of the vial opening and lid large enough to accommodate the leaf petiole. An insect-tight seal was formed around the petiole in the notch when the lid was turned slightly.
The Effect of Population Density on Fecundity in Insects
Authors: Watt K. E. F.
Published: January 2010

Four steps are necessary in constructing and utilizing a mathematical model for control of a specific insect pest. First, a large volume of field data must be collected according to a plan which is sound from both statistical and biological points of view (Morris, 1955). Secondly, a suitable procedure for developing component parts of the whole model and fitting these together must be developed (Watt, ms.). Thirdly, after exhaustive study of available data and testing of equations against these data we must determine the appropriate form of equation to express the action of each type of phenomenon governing dynamics of the pest population. This paper and other in the series (e.g., Watt, 1959) are designed to obtain such formulations. Which phenomena are worthy of smdv for a given pest species will become clear through mathematical analysis of life-table data of the type collected by Morris and Miller (1954). Finally, parameter values are obtained from the data and the equations are manipulated io determine optimum control practices, using methods outlined by Watt (ms.).
A Laboratory Method for Rearing Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae),
Authors: Clark R. C. , Brown N. R.
Published: January 2010

In a previous paper (Clark and Brown, 1959) a field cage was described for rearing syrphid larvae and other predators of the balsam woolly aphid. The cages proved satisfactory in the field but some method was necessary to supplement the results with data for individual predators reared in the laboratory under controlled conditions.

In the past, attempts to rear predator larvae in the laboratory on small pieces of infested bark proved unsatisfactory because of the difficulties of keeping the bark moist and suitable for prey development and preventing the growth of moulds on the prey, the bark, and the containers. In most cases when small petri dishes or other containers were used the prey or predators died before rearing was complete or the individuals which survived were unhealthy and not representative of normal prey or predator development.
Relation of Body Weight to Fecundity in Queen Honeybees
Authors: Boch R. , Jamieson C. A.
Published: January 2010

In a recent communication, Hoopingarner and Farrar (1959) report that the weight of the queen honeybee is genetically controlled, and that a proportional relationship exists between body weight and the number of ovarian tubules. These statements corroborate the findings by Eckert (1934) who found that the number of ovarioles tends to be influenced by hereditary factors. In a subsequent study Eckert (1937) was unable to correlate number of ovarioles with actual brood production. Whether a queen with a greater body weight is capable of laying more eggs than a small and lightweight queen remained to be determined; hence the present study was undertaken.
The Bionomics of a Coleophorid Associated with Asparagus Spears
Authors: Guyer Gordon , Hutson Ray , Wells Arthur
Published: January 2010

The first lots of asparagus received at processing terminals in the Shelby, Michigan area in May of 1959, were heavily contaminated with case-bearer larvae of the family Coleophoridae. Various methods were unsuccessful in an endeavor to dislodge the larvae from the spears. As a result, a detailed investigation was initiated to ascertain the origin, life history, and possible control of this insect.
Note on the Occurrence of Two Species of Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on Low-bush Blueberry in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia
Authors: Wood G. W.
Published: January 2010

Since 1947 a blueberry thrips, Frankliniella vaccinii Morgan, has been reported as a common pest of the low-bush blueberry in New Brunswick. In a previous note Wood (1956) described the injury caused by the thrips under the assumption that only one species was involved. During the summer of 1958, however, several specimens of thrips ollected in Charlotte County, N.B. were sent, by request, to L. J. Stannard of the State Natural History Survey Division, Urbana, Illinois, who discovered two species, F. vaccinii and Taeniothrips vaccinophilus Hood, were included. This information was quite surprising and prompted further examination of specimens collected in this area prior to 1958. These specimens were examined by W. R. Richards, Entomology Research Institute, Ottawa, who reported that both species were present. Specimens collected between 1947 and 1951, however, were all F. vaccinii, those collected in 1951 were about 75 per cent F. vaccinii, and those collected since 1951 were mostly T. vaccinophilus. These records show that T. vaccinophilus, which appeared in or about 1951, has rapidly replaced F. vaccinii as the predominant species infesting blueberry in this area.
A New Species of Catallagia Rothschild from Arizona (Siphonaptera: Hystrichopsyllidae: Neopsyllinae)
Authors: Holland George P.
Published: January 2010

In 1957 James R. Beer, Edwin F. Cook and Robert G. Schwab, of the University of Minnesota, conducted an investigation of mammals and their ectoparasites in the Chiricahua Mountains of southeastern Arizona. The area studied included varied habitats in the general vicinity of the Southwestern Research Station of the American Museum of Natural History at Portal. An account of this investigation has now been published (Beer et al., 1959).
Notes on the Life-history and Habits of the Brown Mite, Bryobia arborea Morgan & Anderson (Acarina: Tetranychidae), on Peach in Ontario
Authors: Herne D. H. C. , Putman Wm. L.
Published: January 2010

The ‘clover’ mite, Bryobia praetiosa Koch, has long been known to be a complex of closely related species or biological races differing greatly in host range, life-history, and habits. Morgan and Anderson (1957) reviewed the problem and described the form occurring on fruit trees in British Columbia as a new species, B. arborea, to be known as the brown mite, and these authors (Anderson and Morgan, 1958) also published a detailed study of the life-histories and habits of this species and of the true clover mite, B. praetiosa. Although the presence of Bryobia mites on fruit trees in Eastern North America, including Ontario, has long been recognized, they have seldom received more than casual mention and no extensive study of their biology in this area appears to have been undertaken. The species has little economic importance in Ontario (Putman and Herne, 1959).
The Olfactory Guidance of Flying Insects. II. Mosquito Repulsion
Authors: Wright R. H. , Rayner H. B.
Published: January 2010

A previous paper (Canadian Entomologist 40(2): 81–89, 1958) considered the general nature of an air-borne scent and suggested a mechanism by which a flying insect could be guided towards the source of an attractive odor. At first sight, it might seem that a repellent is merely an attractant with a minus sign, but this is an oversimplification, because an attractant may and often does bring the attracted insect in from a distance of a few miles, whereas the repellent has done its work if it removes the unwanted insect to a distance of no more than a few inches. The quantitative difference in the effect is so great as to imply a qualitative difference in the mechanism. On the naive view, the attractant draws the insect upwind and therefore the repellent should drive it downwind. A qualitative difference implies some third result, possibly a tendency to move the insect across the wind. This may, in fact, be the way repellents work in some circumstances, but it can scarcely be the whole story and is mentioned at this point merely to bring out the inherent difference between the attraction and repulsion of insects by odors.
Descriptions of Immature Forms and Biology of Xylotrechus colonus (Fab.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Authors: Gardiner L. M.
Published: January 2010

During current studies of Cerambycidae at Laniel, Quebec, new information on the immature forms and biology of the common woodborer, Xylotrechus colonus (Fab.) was obtained. This species belongs to the tribe Clytini of the subfamily Cerambycinae, and was first described by Fabricius in 1775 as Callidium colonus. Packard (1890) described and figured the larva, pupa, and adult in a general way; the mature larva was described in detail by Craighead (1923). Synonomy and adult description were given by Hopping (1932).
The Interaction of the Spruce Budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), and the Parasite Glypta fumiferanae (Vier.)
Authors: Miller C. A.
Published: January 2010

This is the second of a series of papers (Miller, 1959) describing the interaction of primary parasites and the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), based on data collected during an outbreak of the budworm in northern New Brunswick during the period 1947–1958. The first paper showed that the interaction between the spruce budworm and Apanteles fumiferanae Vier. is adequately described by the general mathematicai model developed by Watt (1959). The data on the parasite Glypta fumiferanae (Vier.) to be presented in this paper are also analysed by means of Watt's model and consequently the method is essentially the same. There is, however, one important difference. In the case of A. fumiferanae, the estimated number of adult parasites was only an index based on the potential number emerging from the previous host generation. The observed density of G. fumiferanae is a more realistic estimate. It is based on the actual number of cocoons found on the foliage during the adult emergence period.
The Importance of the European Pine Shoot Moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.) in Quebec City and Vicinity
Authors: Béique René
Published: January 2010

Although the European pine shoot moth is well known as a pest of pines where winters are moderate, particularly in southern Ontario (1, 2, 3, 6), its occurrence in the Province of Quebec has been sporadic and confined chiefly to the more southern regions. There have been occasional reports of this insect in Montreal since 1931 and in Grand' Mère since 1934, but it was not until 1954 that it was discovered in Quebec City. Since that time, however, it has been recorded from several other localities. In 1958, it was found in a nursery at Sayabec, in the Matapedia Valley.
Factors Affecting Assessment of Parasitization by Apanteles fumiferanae Vier. and Glypta fumiferanae (Vier.) on Spruce Budworm Larvae
Authors: Lewis Franklin B.
Published: January 2010

Sampling to obtain valid estimates of the degree of parasitism in natural populations of insects presents a difficult problem to the quantitative-minded investigator. The method used must adhere to the principles of random sampling, yet it must be truly representative with respect to the occurrence of the parasite in its sampling universe, the host insect, in both time and space.
The Meyrick Types of Scopariinae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in the British Museum (Natural History), Exclusive of Hawaiian Species
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: January 2010

The purposes of this paper are: (1) to validate a considerable number of lectotype selections made in the course of a revisional study of the Scopariinae, and (2) to give, for the convenience of students, a list of Meyrick holotypes and lectotypes in the collection of the British Museum (Natural History), which now contains the types of all but five of the large number of species described by Meyrick in this group. The Hawaiian species have been omitted as volume 8 of Zimmerman's Insects of Hawaii gives full particulars of the type material of Hawaiian Scopariinae, including Zimmerman's lectotype selections.
Description and Mating Behaviour of Allothrombium lerouxi, new species, (Acarina: Trombidiidae), a Predator of Small Arthropods in Quebec Apple Orchards
Authors: Moss W. Wayne
Published: January 2010

The genus Allothrombium Berlese, 1903, is an heterogeneous assemblage of about 45 species of mites, of which 13 species have been described from both the Palaearctic and Ethiopian realms, nine from the Australian and three from the Oriental. Five species are Neotropical, while to date only two species have been reported from the Nearctic. A. brevitarsum (Berlese), 1888, A. sericoideum Berlese, 1910, A. crassicomum Berlese, 1910, and A. succinctum Berlese, 1917, are listed by Thor and Willmann (1941) from South America; A. metae Boshell and Kerr, 1942 was described from Colombia and subsequently recorded from Panama (Michener, 1946). Ewing (1909, 1917) described two species from the United States: A. missouriense (Ewing), 1909, from Missouri and A. pulvinum Ewing, 1917, from Illinois. The characters of the mite described below are distinct from those of the Palaearctic species. Its affinities appear to be to the Neotropical and Nearctic forms but it differs from them in the following particulars: from A. sericoideum, A. crassicomum, A. succinctum and A. metae in having shorter body setae clothed with longer pectinations; from A. brevitarsum in having a wider crista metopica and more slender pedipalps; from A. missouriense in having a body over three times greater in length and width. A. pulvinum is similar to the species herein described in some respects but as the original description does not mention characters such as crista metopica or tarsus length it is imposible to be certain of this. Furthermore, no quantitative measurements are given save overall length (3.30 mm.) and width (2.50 mm.). These measurements fall within the ranges observed for the species described below but should not be used as absolute criteria because of pronounced intraspecific variability produced by the integumental flexibility. Howard (1918) figures the pedipalps, chelicerae and body setae of A. pulvinum; the former appendages appear much more slender and elongate, while the body setae possess shorter pectinations. Considering as well the facts of geographic distribution and habitat, I am inclined to consider the two as distinct species.
Observations on the Migration of Larvae of Neodiprion swainei Midd. (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)
Authors: Smirnoff W. A.
Published: January 2010

In the course of studies on Neodiprion swainei Midd. carried out in 1958 and 1959 in the region of Lake St. John, Que., mass migrations of Neodiprion swainei Midd. were observed. This paper gives a brief description of this phenomenon, which has never been reported heretofore, and discusses some of its implications.

On hatching from the eggs which are laid on the needles of the current growth of jack pine, Pinus banksiana Lamb., N. swainei larvae crawl to the old foliage where they feed in colonies of 40 to 70 individuals. At times, when larval populations become so great that all the foliage is destroyed, mass migration begins. The larvae gather in large clusters at the top of the tree where they remain for two or three days. At this time some of the larvae moult. The larvae then abandon the tree by crawling down the tnink or by dropping to the ground. They then creep on the ground, up and down stumps, in search of jack-pine trees with foliage. The migrating larvae are pale yellow in colonr, probably as a result of their starved condition, and large nutnbers perish before they can become established on proper food. Those that manage to reach new food supplies quickly recover their original dark-green pigmentation.
A New Pimplopterus Parasite of Argyresthia laricella (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Walley G. Stuart
Published: January 2010

A description is offered below for an unusual species of Pimplopterus recently reared from the larch twig borer, Argyresthia laricella Kft., in several localities in Eastern Canada. I am indebted to my associate Mr. C. D. F. Miller, who fist drew my attention to the species and the peculiar features of its ovipositor, and to officers at several Forest Biology laboratories in Canada, who have kindly provided an excellent series of reared specimens.
Notes on the Nesting of Bombus morio (Swederus) (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Authors: Milliron H. E.
Published: January 2010

This bumblebee is rather common in southeastern Brazil, northern Argentina, and in parts of western South America. However, no detailed specific data have yet been published on its biology or nesting habits.

On November 5, 1955, while searching for bumblebees in Brazil, the writer succeeded in finding a newly established nest of this species about one-fourth mile from rhe coast in Parana, north of Guaratuba near Praia de Leste, some eight miles south of Matinhos. The coastal terrain at that location is somewhat irregular, not exceeding fifty feet in elevation and covered, for the most part, with rather dense, low woody vegetation. Near mid-day, from a vantage point at the side of the only north-south road, I spotted a queen in low direct flight toward a clump of shrubs growing about fifty feet to the west, where she suddenly vanished upon reaching that point. This behaviour instantly meant one of two possibilities–either she had stopped to visit flowers, or she had entered her nest close by.
The Effectiveness of Residues of Insecticides in Preventing Reinfestation of Apple Leaves by Apple Aphid,Aphis pomiDeG.: II Thiodan and Guthion
Authors: Pielou D. P. , Williams K.
Published: January 2010

In a previous paper (16) an account was given of the relative efficiency of dry deposits of Diazinon [0,0-diethyl0-(2 isopropyl-4-methyl-6-pyrimidyl) phosphorodithioate], Trithion [0,0-diethylS-(p-chlorophenylthiomethyl) phosphorodithioate] and Sevin[l-naphthylN-methylcarbarnate] in preventing the reinfestation of apple trees by the apple aphid,Aphis pomiDeG. In those experiments no comparison was made of the initial effectiveness of the insecticides in killing aphids by direct contact while the spray deposits were still liquid. Instead, interest was concentrated on the relative progress of recolonization ofaphid-freetrees, by aphids, as a measure of the effectiveness of dried and aging deposits. In the work reported here the results of similar investigations on two further aphicides are described.
Notes on Three European Diptera Recently Discovered in Canada
Authors: Shewell G. E.
Published: January 2010

Distinguished from the common ‘cluster fly’, Pollenia rudis (Fab.) as follows: Mesonotum with a median stripe anterior to transverse suture (readily seen with naked eye in oblique posterior view). Basicosta black (in rudis it is reddish-brown in female but inclined to be darker in male especially towards the base). Tessellation of abdomen less broken, the contrasting pollinose areas larger and more regular (rectangular) in outline. Abdominal pollen cinereous with bluish reflection (dull yellowish in rudis). Male genitalia (Figs. 1-3) with forceps and aedeagus longer and more slender.
Techniques for Rearing Ips De Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Hopping G. R.
Published: January 2010

The genus Ips in North America contains several groups of closely related species which are at present poorly defined. Morphological characters alone do not provide an adequate basis for deciding whether some of the forms are specifically distinct or represent mere variations which may occur in the same general locality or even in the same brood. The extent of this variation can be determined only by breeding isolated pairs through successive generations combined with biological studies in the field. The present article describes techniques for rearing successive generations of Ips in the laboratory.
The Biology and Behaviour of the European Pine Shoot Moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.), in Southern Ontario I. Adult
Authors: Pointing P. J.
Published: January 2010

The European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.), has been recognized as a pest of pine plantations since it was described in 1776. Neugebauer (1952) stated that 32 susceptible pine species were known and that scarcely any species were rejected by the insect. Following its accidental introduction into North America about 50 years ago (Busck, 1914) the shoot moth became a serious pest of red pine, Pinus resinosa Ait., which appears to be the most susceptible species (Heikkenen and Miller, 1959). Watson (1947) described the shoot moth as “the most destructive insect affecting hard pines in southern Ontario, and the most difficult to control”. Plantations have been damaged so severely that the planting of red pine has been virtually discontinued within the pest's range.
Ecology of TwoProsimuliumSpecies (Diptera) with Reference to their Ovarian Cycles
Authors: Davies L.
Published: January 2010

Prosimulium fuscumSyme and Davies,P. mixtumS. and D. andP. fontanumS. and D. form a complex of closely-related and largely sympatric species formerly known in North America (Twinn, 1936; Stone and Jamnback, 1955) under the single nameP. hirtipesFries, a well known species in the northern Palaearctic. The first step in demonstrating the multiple nature of the forms grouped under this name in North America was taken by Rothfels (1956) who showed by study of rhe larval salivary gland chromosomes that at least three non-interbreeding forms were present in eastern Canada. L. Davies (1957a) concluded from a study of specimens of all life-stages that none of the North American forms agreed with EuropeanP. hirtipes. A further step in the process was afforded by the work of Syme and D. M. Davies (1958), which erected the three species named above as a result of anatomical study of cytologically defined material, and showed that adult females ofP. fuscumandP. mixtumcould be reliably separated, mainly by features of the genitalia. The present work may be considered as a further step in the study of the commonProsimuliumof eastern North America, by providing information on their ecology, thus amplifying the cytological and anatomical conclusions arrived at in the papers cited above.
Polygyny in Choristoneura Led. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Campbell I. M.
Published: January 2010

In adult populations where females are in excess of males, the ability of the males to mate more than once is an imporcant consideration when predicting the descendant population. Pointing (1961) found that under insectary conditions Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.) males are capable of inseminating mlore than one female. Stehr (1954) srates, with reference to a method of mating Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) in the laboratory, “Aftcr mating, the male may be discarded; only rarely will it mate succesfully with a second female.” During genetic studies conducted in an insectary on the reproductive capacity of four species of Choristoneura, a technique was used in which individual males were mated to several females. The purpose of the study was to gain genetic information and not to measure sexual activity so that maximum mating opportunities for che males were not provided. In the light of Stehr's observation, it was decided to publish these results since they provide valid but limited information concerning the polygamous capabilities of Choristoneura males.
Weather and Outbreaks of the Spruce Budworm in the Province of Quebec from 1939 to 1956
Authors: Pilon J. G. , Blais J. R.
Published: January 2010

Nearly all forest regions in the Province of Quebec where balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) is an important tree component have been subjected to severe defoliation by the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), during the past 20 years. These outbreaks have followed an easterly direction beginning near the Ontario-Quebec border in 1939 and ending in the Gaspé Peninsula in 1958.
The Distribution, Life History, and Economic Importance of the Winter Moth, Operophtera brumata (L.) (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) in Nova Scotia
Authors: Cuming F. G.
Published: January 2010

In the early 1930's defoliation of red oak, Quercus rubra L., white elm, Ulmus americana L., apple, Malus spp., and other deciduous trees in the South Shore region of Nova Scotia was attributed to the fall cankerworm, Alsophila pometaria (Harr.), and the spring cankerworm, Paleacrita vernata (Peck). The identity of the latter was questioned when adults occurred in the fall. These adults were sutbsequently identified as Operophtera brumata (L.), the winter moth (Hawboldt and Cuming, 1950; Smith, 1950).
Some Problems Associated with Weighing Aphids That Have Fed After Starving, as a Method of Measuring Intake of Plant Sap
Authors: Robinson A. G.
Published: January 2010

In recent years, experimental research on feeding and nutrition of aphids has been closely associated with studies on host plant resistance or susceptibility to aphids. No satisfactory artificial feeding technique has yet been devised. Maltais (1952) and Day and Irzykiewicz (195 3) have described methods using membranes, and reviewed the literature on previous attempts to induce plant-sucking insects to feed through membranes. Recently, Maltais (1959) has offered a promising alternative method using plant cuttings in organic nutrient solutions. His new technique was developed to exploit the findings of Mittler (1957) that the natural turgor pressure of willow apparently forced phloem sieve-tube sap up the stylets ofTuberolachnus salignus(Gmelin) .
Observations on Arthropod Predators of the European Pine Shoot Moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae), in Ontario
Authors: Juillet J. A.
Published: January 2010

In studies on introduced parasites of the European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.), in Waterloo County Reforestation Area, near Elmira, Ontario, casual observations showed that some stages of the shoot moth were attacked and eaten by several arthropods. Preliminary studies were initiated in 1958 on population estimates and feeding activity of five predatory groups and were resumed on a larger scale in 1959 with six groups. Results of these studies are described below.
Revision of theaureolusGroup of the GenusPhilodromus(Araneae: Thomisidae) in North America
Authors: Dondale C. D.
Published: January 2010

Spiders of the genusPhilodromusWalckenaer have the flattened body and laterigrade legs of all Thomisidae, or crab spiders, yet lack most of the specializations of the more typical genera in the family. The latter, which comprise the subfamily Thomisinae, are characterized by strong, heavy bodies, prominent eye tubercles, a marked disparity between the length of legs I and II as opposed to that of III and IV, rotund abdomens, and a slow gait (Gertsch, 1939). InPhilodromusand throughout the Philodrominae we find a lithe, smooth body that is weakly spined and covered with soft, recumbent hair (Fig. 22). The legs are slender and nearly equal in lengh; These spiders typically lead an active, predatory life on surfaces and in crevices of woody plants. They are able to exploit this type of habitat largely because their legs are equipped with well-developed scopulae and claw tufts.
Parasitism of Spruce Budworm by Glypta and Apanteles at Different Crown Heights in Montana
Authors: Dodge Harold R.
Published: January 2010

Glypta fumifermae (Vier.) (Ichneumonidae) and Apanteles fumiferanae Vier. (Braconidae) are two of the most common parasites of immature larvae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.). Females parasitize the minute host larvae in the fall. Their eggs or larvae lie dormant within the hibernating host larvae, and then resume development in the spring, when the spruce budworm larva breaks hibernation and commences to feed. The budworm host is killed by Apanteles usually when it is in the fifth larval instar or by the Glypta when it is in the sixth instar.
Artificially Disseminated Virus as a Factor Controlling the European Spruce Sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg.) in the Absence of Introduced Parasites
Authors: Bird F. T. , Burk J. M.
Published: January 2010

An outbreak of the European spruce sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg.), occurring in Eastern Canada between 1930 and 1942, was controlled by a virus disease (Balch and Bird, 1944). The sawfly has been kept at a low level by the disease and by parasitic insects introduced from Europe (Bird and Elgee, 1957).

An infestation of the sawfly was discovered in 1947 near Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, by the Forest Insect Survey Section of the Forest Biology Laboratory at Sault Ste. Marie. This infestation was about 100 miles beyond the previously known western distribution of the insect. Intensive larval sampling in 1949 showed that it was free from virus and practically free from introduced parasites. Thus, an excellent opportunity was provided to introduce the virus into a disease-free population, to study its establishment and spread, and to compare the long term effects of virus alone on population trends with the effects that virus plus introduced parasites were shown to have on population trends in New Brunswick (Bird and Elgee, 1957). The virus was introduced into the infestation in 1950 and studies were carried out each year from 1950 to 1959.
The Morphology of the Larch Shoot Moth, Argyresthia laricella Kft. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae), and Comparisons with A. laevigatella H.-S.
Authors: Eidt D. C.
Published: January 2010

Two species of moths are known to kill shoots of larch (Larix) by mining them: Argyresthia laricella Kearfott in Canada and A. laevigatella Herrick-Schäffer in Europe. The biology and economic status of these insects are compared by Eidt and Sippell (1961).

Opinions differ as to whether the Argyresthia on larch in Europe are one, two, or three species (Edwards, 1911; Grosvenor, 1911; Adkin, 1918). Beirne (1942) believes that only one species is involved but Kratochvil (1943), who did not know of Beirne's work, recognized two species. A. atmoriella Bankes in England and Silesia; A. laevigatella in central Europe. I have referred to all European material as A. laevigatella.
Insects and Other Invertebrates Associated with Flowering Skunk Cabbage,Symplocarpus foetidus(L.) Nutt., at Fanshawe Lake, Ontario
Authors: Judd W. W.
Published: January 2010

Most of the species of plants in the arum family, Araceae, have their flowers arranged on a central spadix which is surrounded by an enveloping spathe. These floral mechanisms have been classified by Müller (1883). The simplest type, represented by the water-arum,Calla palustris, has the spadix fully exposed and the spathe held back from it. Secondly, there is the type in which the spadix is surrounded by the spathe and is only partly visible through the opening of the spathe, as represented by the skunk cabbage,Symplocarpus foetidus. Thirdly, there is the most elaborate arrangement, represented by the cuckoo pint,Arum maculatum. In this type the spathe surrounds the spadix and is constricted a short distance above its base to form a chamber surrounding the flowers which are concentrated at the base of the spadix. Thus there is formed a “pitfall mechanism” or “kettle trap” which entraps insects that have entered the spathe and ensures the pollination of the flowers by the insects (McLean and Ivimey-Cook, 1956; Müller, 1883).
Records and Descriptions of North American Species in the Genus Lepidostoma, with a Revision of the Vernalis Group (Trichoptera: Lepidostomatidae)
Authors: Flint O. S. , Wiggins G. B.
Published: January 2010

In the course of our studies of the Trichoptera of the southern Appalachians during the past few years, considerable material of the genus Lepidostoma has been accumulated. In addition to range extensions and previously undescribed females in various groups within the genus, this material has provided four new species in the vernalis group. With the number of species in this group thus doubled, we believe it useful to provide here a revision of the whole vernalis group, with keys to the males and females. Knowledge of the immature stages is not adequate to permit any systematic analysis at this time.
The Introduced Parasites of the European Pine Shoot Moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae), with a Critical Evaluation of Their Usefulness as Control Agents
Authors: Arthur A. P. , Juillet J. A.
Published: January 2010

Two aspects of the biological control of R. buoliana are reported in this paper. From 1949 to 1957 rearing techniques were developed for and observations were made of the abundance and biology of parasites received in host material that was collected in Europe (Arthur). From 1955 to 1959 a critical evaluation of the parasites was made, largely based on a study at Elmira, Ontario, of the biology and habits of five representative parasitic species in the field and the laboratory to determine factors that limit their efficiency (Juillet).
A New Species of the Genus Eurytoma (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) Phytophagous in the Buds of Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana)
Authors: Bugbee Robert E.
Published: January 2010

In the spring of 1959, Dr. O. Peck of the Entomology Research Institute, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada, sent to me a long series of Eurytoma specimens for determination. Dr. J. B. Thomas reared the series from buds of jack pine (Pinus banksiana) and is ready to publish on the biology of the species. This new species has been included in a projected revision of the genus Eurytoma in North America, north of Mexico, but due to the uncertainty as to just when it will be ready for publication, it seems best to publish the description concurrently with the paper by Dr. Thomas, so as not to hold up 'his valuable contribution to the biology of the species.
The Life History of Ips pini (Say) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Thomas J. B.
Published: January 2010

The pine engraver, Ips pini (Say), is one of the most common bark beetles found in pine and spruce in eastern Canada. Clemens (1916) studied its biology in New York State, and more recently, Reid (1955) reported the seasonal development of this beetle in Alberta. Prebble (1933) discussed the larval development at Fredericton, N.B., and I have listed the associates of this species found in red and white pine logging slash in western Quebec (Thomas, 1955). Leach, Orr and Christensen (1934) and Orr (1935) discussed the association of this bark beetle wit11 blue-staining fungi in red pine logs in Minnesota. Most of the observations reported in this paper concern the life history of I. pini in jack pine at Black Sturgeon Lake in northwestern Ontario from 1952 to 1960. Supplementary observations were also made on the seasonal development of this insect in red pine in southern Ontario in 1956 and 1957, and in white pine at Laniel, Quebec, in 1951.
Features of the Lodgepole Needle Miner Parasite Complex in California
Authors: Telford Allan D.
Published: January 2010

In the vicinity of Tuolumne Meadows, Yosemite National Park, California, an outbreak of the lodgepole needle miner, Evagora milleri (Busck), (new combination, Freeman 1960 = Recurvaria milleri Busck – Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), continues unabated subsequent to its discovery in 1947. Although the outbreak is the third in this area since 1940, factors causing periodic increases and declines of E. milleri have not been determined. Climatic changes were found to have initiated and terminated an outbreak of an allied species, Evagora starki (Freeman), (new combination, Freeman 1960 = Recurvaria starki Freeman), on lodgepole pine in Canada (Stark 1959). However, an apparently sustained favorable climate at Yosemite, while perhaps capable of encouraging needle miner outbreaks cannot, as yet, be held responsible for their declines in this region.