bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The consequences of consanguinity on the rates of malformations and major medical conditions at birth and in early childhood in inbred populations
Authors: Zlotogora Joël , Shalev Stavit A.
Published: July 2010

The rate of malformations and major medical conditions in early childhood was analyzed in a single village according to the degree of relationship between the parents. In the village, 70–80% of the marriages are between descendants of the founders and therefore consanguineous. In the period 1992–2003, in 99 of 2,610 children, a major malformation was diagnosed at birth and seven additional fetuses were aborted because of a severe malformation. A significant medical condition was diagnosed in 38 additional children in early childhood. The total of 144 cases with malformations or a major medical condition represented 5.52% (95% CI: 4.64–6.4) of the live births. Three malformations/disorders were relatively frequent: Down syndrome, esophageal atresia, and profound deafness. The rate of malformations and significant medical conditions was 7.77% (95 CI: 5.68–9.86) when the parents were first cousins and 3.63% (95% CI: 2.11–5.15) when they were not related (P = 0.002, Fisher's exact test). Offspring of parents that were second cousins or closer but less than first cousin had a risk that was similar to the one of offspring of couples that were more distantly related. We propose therefore, that in inbred populations, all the couples that are not related as first cousins but in which the spouses are both descendants of the founders should be considered as related. The high prevalence of profound deafness in the village is due to mutations in the Connexin 26 gene, while the relatively high frequency of Down syndrome is not explained by maternal age only. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
X chromosome monosomy restricted to the left ventricle is not a major cause of isolated hypoplastic left heart
Authors: Bernardini Laura , Giuffrida Maria Grazia , Francalanci Paola , Capalbo Anna , Novelli Antonio , Callea Francesco , Dallapiccola Bruno
Published: July 2010

Hypoplastic left heart sequence (HLHS) encompasses obstructive lesions of the left side of the heart accompanied by varying degrees of underdevelopment of the mitral valve, either atresia or stenosis, left ventricle, aortic valve, and ascending aorta. HLHS has an incidence of 0.016–0.036% live births and can occur as an isolated defect or several different chromosome abnormalities. In particular, about 20% of patients with monosomy X, have HLHS, suggesting a relationship between this form of aneuploidy and this congenital heart defect (CHD). Somatic mutations restricted to the cardiac affected structure have been considered a mechanism of CHD. The aim of this study was to evaluate if monosomy X restricted to the left ventricle causes isolated HLHS. Formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded cardiac tissue obtained from 19 patients with HLHS (10 males and 9 females) without extra cardiac anomalies and with a normal constitutional karyotype, were investigated by FISH analysis, using X/Y/18 centromeric probes. The results of this analysis were compared with those obtained by examining the heart specimens of 15 chromosomally normal pediatric patients affected by either restrictive or dilated cardiomyopathy, which were used as negative controls. Mosaic monosomy X was detected in the cardiac tissue nuclei of both groups, with similar frequencies (6–16% and 12–16%, respectively), suggesting that chromosome X monosomy is not rare in this tissue, but is not a major cause of isolated HLHS. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Discordant phenotype and sterol biochemistry in Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome
Authors: Koo Grace , Conley Sandra K. , Wassif Christopher A. , Porter Forbes D.
Published: July 2010

Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a malformation syndrome resulting from mutations of the 7‐dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7) gene. During cholesterol biosynthesis, DHCR7 catalyzes the conversion of 7‐dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) to cholesterol. A clinical diagnosis of SLOS is confirmed biochemically by the presence of elevated levels of 7DHC. Phenotypic severity of SLOS has previously been shown to correlate with the 7DHC/cholesterol ratio. We describe a patient with a severe SLOS phenotype, but a very low serum 7DHC/cholesterol ratio. We show that this discordance is due to alternative splicing of a previously unreported IVS5+3 A>T mutation. This mutation results in the transcription of both normal and mutant mRNA transcripts. We postulate that alternative splicing of the IVS5+3 A>T results in insufficient DHCR7 activity during embryogenesis, but sufficient DHCR7 activity once cholesterol synthetic rates decrease postnatally. This unique case underscores the adjunctive use of fibroblast and molecular testing in ambiguous cases of SLOS and may provide insight into the potential efficacy of therapeutic interventions altering postnatal cholesterol biosynthesis. Published 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Studies on curing kinetics and thermal behavior of phosphorylated epoxy resin in the presence of aromatic amide‐amines
Authors: Durga Geeta , Kukreja Parveen , Narula A. K.
Published: July 2010

This article describes the synthesis of some novel aromatic amide‐amine curing agents by reacting 1 mole of p‐amino benzoic acid with 1 mole of each of 1,4‐phenylene diamine (P), 1,5‐diamino naphthalene (N), 4,4′‐(9‐fluorenyllidene)‐dianiline (F), 3,4′‐oxydianiline (O), and 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl sulphide (DS) and were designated as PA, NA, FA, OA, and SA, respectively. The aromatic amide‐amines so synthesized were characterized with the help of spectroscopic techniques, viz., Fourier Transform Infrared, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance. The curing kinetics of the epoxy resins obtained by reacting amines with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A blended with tris(glycidyloxy)phosphine oxide in a ratio of 3 : 2, respectively, were investigated by DSC technique using multiple heating rate method (5, 10, 15, 20°C/min). Activation energies were determined by fitting the experimental data into Kissinger and Flynn‐Wall‐Ozawa Kinetic models. The activation energies obtained through Flynn‐Wall‐Ozawa method were slightly higher than Kissinger method but were comparable. However, both the energies were found to be dependent on the structure of amines. The thermal stability and weight loss behavior of isothermally cured thermosets were also investigated using thermogravimetric analysis in nitrogen atmosphere. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis of polyacrylonitrile via ARGET ATRP using CCl4 as initiator
Authors: Zong Guangxi , Chen Hou , Wang Chunhua , Liu Delong , Hao Zhihai
Published: July 2010

Activators regenerated by electron transfer (ARGET) for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of acrylonitrile (AN) was investigated using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) as initiator, ferric trichloride anhydracs (FeCl3)/iminodiacetic acid (IDA) as catalyst system, L‐ascorbic acid (VC) as reducing agent, and N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) as solvent. Kinetic data of polymerization demonstrated the features of living/controlled free‐radical polymerization. The conversion of AN increased with the increasing concentration of CCl4, [FeCl3]/[IDA] catalyst system and VC. The molecular weight decreased with the increasing concentration of CCl4, [FeCl3]/[IDA] catalyst system and VC. The value of polydispersity index (PDI) increased with the increasing concentration of [FeCl3]/[IDA] catalyst system and VC, while the value of PDI decreased first and then increased with the increasing concentration of CCl4 and IDA. 1H‐NMR spectra of PAN further verified the features of living/controlled free radical polymerization of AN. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Influence of processing conditions and physicochemical interactions on morphology and fracture behavior of a clay/thermoplastic/thermosetting ternary blend
Authors: Hernandez M. , Duchet‐Rumeau J. , Sautereau H.
Published: July 2010

This study provides information on the mechanical behavior of epoxy‐poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)‐clay ternary composites, which have been prepared using the phase separation phenomenon of PMMA and the introduction of organophilic‐modified montmorillonites (MMTs), the continuous matrix being the epoxy network. Two dispersion processing methods are used: a melt processing without any solvent and an ultrasonic technique with solvent and a high‐speed stirrer. TEM analysis shows that phase separation between PMMA and the epoxy network was obtained in the shape of spherical nodules in the presence of the clay in both process methods used. Nanoclay particles were finely dispersed inside thermosetting matrix predominantly delaminated when ultrasonic blending was used; whereas micrometer‐sized aggregates were formed when melt blending was used. The mechanical behavior of the ternary nanocomposites was characterized using three‐point bending test, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and linear elastic fracture mechanics. The corresponding fracture surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy to identify the relevant fracture mechanisms involved. It was evidenced that the better dispersion does not give the highest toughness because ternary nanocomposites obtained by melt blending present the highest fracture parameters (KIc). Some remaining disordered clay tactoids seem necessary to promote some specific toughening mechanisms. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Thermally stimulated depolarization study in polyvinylidenefluoride–polysulfone polyblend films
Authors: Saxena Pooja , Gaur M. S.
Published: July 2010

Thermally stimulated depolarization currents (TSDCs) in short‐ and open‐circuit modes in polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF)–polysulfone (PSF) polyblend have been recorded. The TSDC thermograms of PVDF and PSF in short‐circuit mode show two peaks, whereas the polyblend of the two polymers shows a single peak. With the increase in PSF weight percentage in the polyblend, the magnitude of TSDC peak current increased and the peak current position shifted toward the lower temperature side. The single peak in polyblend appears at 165°C ± 10°C, which is at higher temperature than the temperature of low‐temperature peak for individual polymers. This suggests that this peak may be due to dipolar polarization. Subsequently, shifting of peak toward higher temperature side with increase in polarizing temperature indicates the space charge peak. This contradiction has been explained on the basis of induced dipole theory. The behavior of short circuit TSDC could be explained in terms of the heterocharge caused by dipole orientation and ionic homocharge drift, together with the injection of charge carriers from electrodes and their subsequent localization in surface and bulk traps. However, two oppositely directed TSDC peaks observed in open‐circuit mode in all the polyblend samples could be considered as the result of superposition of two overlapped and oppositely directed peaks, one caused by relaxation of dipole polarization and the other by the space charge. Thus, we have compared TSDC measured in open‐ and short‐circuit modes to distinguish between these two relaxation processes and separate them. There is only one broad peak observed in the short‐circuit mode of the polyblend, which entirely corresponds to the relaxation of dipole polarization. Insertion of a dielectric gap in the open‐circuit mode does not affect the dipole current, but the space charge component flowing in the opposite direction is added to the former. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Morphology, thermal and mechanical properties of the polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane side‐chain epoxy hybrid material
Authors: Chiu Yie‐Chan , Chou I‐Chen , Tsai Hsieh‐Chih , Riang Linawati , Ma Chen‐Chi M.
Published: July 2010

The side‐chain polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)‐type epoxy (IPEP) hybrid material was synthesized, and the particle sizes of the POSS segment were less than 5 nm and which particles dispersed uniformly. The 3D AFM microphotograph of the IPEP/DGEBA (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A) hybrid material exhibited the unique “island” shape, and their XRD pattern displayed amorphous halo structure. The POSS segments of the IPEP could improve the thermal degradation activation energies. Additionally, introduction of the IPEP into the DGEBA could improve the char yield and provide the antioxidation property in the air atmosphere. The char yields of the IPEP/DGEBA hybrid materials could improve from 14.48 to 19.21% and from 0.18 to 1.17% in the nitrogen and air atmospheres, respectively. The IPEP segments could also improve the hardness when the IPEP contents of the IPEP/DGEBA hybrid materials were less than 50 wt %. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Innovation, sustainability and regional development: the Nelson/Marlborough seafood cluster, New Zealand
Authors: Pavlovich Kathryn , Akoorie Michèle
Published: July 2010

This paper explores how innovation, developed through multi‐sector partnerships within a regional context, has assisted in increasing the sustainability of the New Zealand fishery industry. Qualitative data were collected from a single regional cluster, the Nelson/Marlborough seafood industry, located in the upper South Island – the largest seafood region in New Zealand. This context is unique in that New Zealand controls the world's fourth largest coastal fishing zone, with a 200‐mile exclusive economic fishing zone (EEZ) established in 1978, and has one of the world's most innovative quota management systems. Analysis of the qualitative interview data demonstrated that: (1) collaboration among core firms was primarily at the product and process level, generally to improve the productivity of the firm; (2) opportunities for new sector growth were available from related industry collaboration; and (3) multi‐sector collaborations involving both core firms and social infrastructure contributed more significantly to sustainable strategic outcomes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Two New Furanoeremophilanes from Senecio santelisis
Authors: Arias Cassará María L. , Borkosky Susana A. , Sierra Manuel González , Bardón Alicia , Ybarra María I.
Published: July 2010

From an Argentine collection of Senecio santelisis Phil., the new furanoeremophilanoids, (10βH)‐6β‐acetoxy‐1α‐hydroxyfuranoeremophilan‐9‐one (1) and (10βH)‐1α‐hydroxy‐6β‐(propanoyloxy)furanoeremophilan‐9‐one (2), together with the known (10αH)‐6β‐acetoxy‐1α‐hydroxyfuranoeremophilan‐9‐one (3), (10αH)‐1α,6β‐diacetoxyfuranoeremophilan‐9‐one (4), and (10αH)‐1α‐hydroxy‐6β‐(propanoyloxy)furanoeremophilan‐9‐one (5) were isolated. Their structures and relative configurations were established on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. CHCl3 Extract and pure compounds were evaluated for their antifungal activity. Compound 5 exhibited remarkable mycelial growth inhibition against B. cinerea with an IC50 value of 21.4 μg/ml.
Insecticidal Constituents from the Argentine Liverwort Plagiochila bursata
Authors: Ramírez Marta , Kamiya Norma , Popich Susana , Asakawa Yoshinori , Bardón Alicia
Published: July 2010

The new 2,3‐secoaromadendrane 1, together with the known compounds plagiochilines A and M (2 and 3, resp.), fusicogigantone A (4), and 1,4‐dimethylazulene (5) were isolated from an Argentine collection of the liverwort Plagiochila bursata. Structures were elucidated by extensive 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR studies. Compounds 2 and 4, incorporated to the larval diet at 100 μg per g of diet, reduced the larval growth of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by 66±29% and 25±8% and produced 55 and 75% larval mortality at early instars and 20 and 25% pupal mortality, respectively. Treatment with compound 2 also produced abdomen and wing malformation in adults leading to impossibility to mate.
Antimicrobial Activity of Rosmarinus officinalis against Oral Pathogens: Relevance of Carnosic Acid and Carnosol
Authors: Bernardes Wagner A. , Lucarini Rodrigo , Tozatti Marcos G. , Souza Maria G. M. , Andrade Silva Márcio L. , da Silva Filho Ademar A. , Martins Carlos H. Gomes , Miller Crotti Antonio E. , Pauletti Patricia M. , Groppo Milton , Cunha Wilson R.
Published: July 2010

The in vitro inhibitory activity of crude EtOH/H2O extracts from the leaves and stems of Rosmarinus officinalis L. was evaluated against the following microorganisms responsible for initiating dental caries: Streptococcus mutans, S. salivarius, S. sobrinus, S. mitis, S. sanguinis, and Enterococcus faecalis. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined with the broth microdilution method. The bioassay‐guided fractionation of the leaf extract, which displayed the higher antibacterial activity than the stem extract, led to the identification of carnosic acid (2) and carnosol (3) as the major compounds in the fraction displaying the highest activity, as identified by HPLC analysis. Rosmarinic acid (1), detected in another fraction, did not display any activity against the selected microorganisms. HPLC Analysis revealed the presence of low amounts of ursolic acid (4) and oleanolic acid (5) in the obtained fractions. The results suggest that the antimicrobial activity of the extract from the leaves of R. officinalis may be ascribed mainly to the action of 2 and 3.
A Novel Dimeric Coumarin Analog and Antimycobacterial Constituents from Fatoua pilosa
Authors: Chiang Chun‐Ching , Cheng Ming‐Jen , Peng Chien‐Fang , Huang Hung‐Yi , Chen Ih‐Sheng
Published: July 2010

One novel dimeric coumarin analog, fatouapilosin (1), together with 18 known compounds, have been isolated from the whole plants of Fatoua pilosa. The structures of these isolates were elucidated by means of spectroscopic techniques (UV, IR, MS, 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR, DEPT, COSY, NOESY, HSQC, HMBC, and MS analyses). Among the tested compounds 2–14, scopoletin (3), isobavachalcone (12), and (E)‐1‐[2,4‐dihydroxy‐3‐(3‐methylbut‐2‐enyl)phenyl]‐3‐(2,2‐dimethyl‐8‐hydroxy‐2H‐benzopyran‐6‐yl)prop‐2‐en‐1‐one (14) exhibited the strongest antimycobacterial activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, with MIC values of 42, 18, and 30 μg/ml, respectively.
Variation in Volatile Leaf Oils of Eleven Eucalyptus Species Harvested from Korbous Arboreta (Tunisia)
Authors: Elaissi Ameur , Medini Hanène , Larbi Khouja Mohamed , Simmonds Monique , Lynene Fréderic , Farhat Farhat , Chemli Rachid , Harzallah‐Skhiri Fethia
Published: July 2010

Hydrodistillation of the dried leaves of eleven species of the genus Eucalyptus L'Hér., i.e., E. astringens Maiden, E. camaldulensis Dehnh., E. diversifolia Bonpl., E. falcata Turcz., E. ficifolia F. Muell., E. gomphocephala DC., E. lehmannii (Schauer) Benth., E. maculata Hook., E. platypus Hook., E. polyanthemos Schauer, and E. rudis Endl., harvested from Korbous arboreta (region of Nabeul, northeast of Tunisia) in April 2006, afforded essential oils in yields varying from 0.1±0.1 to 3.8±0.1%, dependent on the species. E. astringens and E. ficifolia showed the highest and the lowest mean percentage of essential oil amongst all the species examined, respectively. Analysis by GC (RI) and GC/MS allowed the identification of 138 components, representing 74.0 to 99.1% of the total oil. The contents of the different samples varied according to the species. The main components were 1,8‐cineole, followed by trans‐pinocarveol (1), spathulenol (2), α‐pinene, p‐cymene, (E,E)‐farnesol, cryptone, globulol (3), β‐phellandrene, α‐terpineol, viridiflorol, and α‐eudesmol. The principal‐component and the hierarchical‐cluster analyses separated the eleven Eucalyptus leaf essential oils into seven groups, each constituting a chemotype.
Effect of Controlled Crossing on the Triglyceride and Fatty Acid Composition of Virgin Olive Oils
Authors: Dabbou Samia , Rjiba Imed , Echbili Adel , Gazzah Noureddine , Mechri Beligh , Hammami Mohamed
Published: July 2010

Our study reports the triglyceride (triacylglycerol, TAG) composition of five new Tunisian virgin olive oil cultivars obtained through controlled crossings of the cultivar (cv.) Chemlali Sfax. These cultivars have been selected among a progeny of 500 olive descendants, based on an evaluation of the fatty‐acid (FA) composition of their oils. Among these samples, two were derived from the crossing with the cv. Sigoise as pollinator (SM634) or pollen acceptor (SM1110) and the others from the crossing with the cv. Meski as pollen acceptor (SM513, SM514, and SM517). The five descendants were characterized by a good fat value, a balanced FA composition, and a high content of triolein, varying between 26.9 (SM514) and 45.46% (SM1110). They had an improved FA composition as compared to that of the cv. Chemlali Sfax and their fruits were slightly bigger. The principal component analysis suggested that the TAG variables were more suitable than the total FAs for an optimum classification of the cultivar samples analyzed. The cultivars obtained through the crossing with the cv. Sigoise (as pollen acceptor or pollinator) had a more favorable composition of FAs and TAG than those obtained through the crossing with the cv. Meski, which indicated that genetic factors had the most important influence on the quality of the virgin olive oils.
ent‐Kaurene Diterpenoids from Blepharispermum hirtum
Authors: Fatope Majekodunmi O. , Varma Gouri B. , Alzri Nasser M. , Marwah Ruchi G. , Nair Rani S.
Published: July 2010

The twigs and leaves of Blepharispermum hirtum Oliver (Asteraceae) were investigated for their larvicidal and antimicrobial activity. Fractionation of the extracts of the twigs, directed by brine shrimp test and antibacterial activities, led to the isolation of compounds 1–4; two of which are new ent‐kaurene diterpenoids, blepharispins A and B (1 and 2, resp.). The structures of compounds 1 and 2 were established from spectral data. The absolute configuration at C(15) in 1 was inferred from Mosher ester analysis and relative configurations were suggested by a NOESY experiment. Compound 4 was significantly larvicidal to newly hatched naupleii of Artemia salina L. (BST LC50=1.3 (3.7–0.0) μg/ml), but the blepharispins were not (BST LC50>500 μg/ml). Nevertheless, compound 1 inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis at a MIC value of 62.5 μg/ml. The significance of the bioactivity results and the presence of ent‐kaurene diterpenoids in B. hirtum are discussed from biosynthetic and local utilization viewpoints.
How to Spoil the Taste of Insect Prey? A Novel Feeding Deterrent against Ants Released by Larvae of the Alder Leaf Beetle, Agelastica alni
Authors: Hilker Monika , Häberlein Christopher , Trauer Ute , Bünnige Martina , Vicentini Mark‐Oliver , Schulz Stefan
Published: July 2010

Chemical defense of leaf beetle larvae (Chrysomelidae) against enemies is provided by secretions containing a wide range of deterrent compounds or by unpalatable hemolymph constituents. Here we report a new, very strong feeding deterrent against ants released by larvae of the alder leaf beetle Agelastica alni when attacked. The larvae release a defensive fluid from openings of pairwise, dorsolaterally located tubercles on the first to the eighth abdominal segments. The fluid, consisting of hemolymph and probably a glandular cell secretion, has previously been shown to contain a very stable, non‐volatile feeding deterrent. The major deterrent component was isolated by repeated HPLC separation and analyzed by NMR and MS. The compound proved to be γ‐L‐glutamyl‐L‐2‐furylalanine (1), a novel dipeptide containing the unusual amino acid L‐2‐furylalanine. This amino acid, although synthetically well known, has not previously been reported from natural sources. The absolute configuration of the natural compound was elucidated by enantioselective gas chromatography after derivatization. The structure of the dipeptide was verified by the synthesis of several isomeric dipeptides. In bioassays a concentration of 1 μg μL−1 was sufficient to deter polyphagous Myrmica rubra ants from feeding.
Low‐Temperature Alkane CH Bond Activation by Zeolites: An In Situ Solid‐State NMR H/D Exchange Study for a Carbenium Concerto
Authors: Haouas Mohamed , Fink Gerhard , Taulelle Francis , Sommer Jean
Published: July 2010

Isotopic H/D exchange has been monitored by in situ MAS NMR spectroscopy of 2‐[D14]methylpentane with H‐USY to probe the controversy over the alkane conversion mechanism. The probe molecule has distinct exchangeable sites with different accessibility to the zeolite surface. In the early stages of the process, the regioselectivity of exchange demonstrates that the slow step of the mechanism is controlled by a carbenium ion intermediate. At a later stage of exchange, intramolecular hydride migrations, typical of carbenium chemistry, replace D by H also on other carbon atoms, resulting in a loss of regioselectivity. Therefore, the first and the subsequent steps of the H/D exchange proceed at this temperature through a carbenium intermediate species.
Improving handoff efficiency by IS‐FMIPv6 based on IEEE 802.21
Authors: Wu Tin‐Yu , Chen Wei , Lee Wei‐Tsong , Huang Yong‐Ping
Published: July 2010

The Media‐Independent Handover (MIH) standard proposed by IEEE 802.21 can reduce handoff delay when mobile nodes switch between heterogeneous access networks and help Mobile Nodes (MNs) roam seamlessly. The MIH standard is suitable for not only heterogeneous networks but also homogeneous networks. According to the Fast Mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6), during handover initiation, for MNs to get new Access Router (nAR's) prefixes, using Router Solicitation for Proxy Advertisement (RtSolPr)/Proxy Router Advertisement (PrRtAdv) may be time consuming. If there are additional quality of service requirements, the FMIPv6 would require much more time. Based on FMIPv6, this paper proposes a new IS‐FMIPv6, which combines MIH services. We also propose a new mechanism for discovering the access route. This scheme reduces the time spent for finding the route to the nAR and increases the probability that FMIPv6 operates in the predictive mode by reducing initiation handoff delay. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reduction of NO by CO on Unsupported Ir: Bridging the Materials Gap
Authors: Chen Wenhua , Shen Quantong , Bartynski Robert A. , Kaghazchi Payam , Jacob Timo
Published: July 2010

Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and density functional theory (DFT) are used to investigate adsorption sites and reaction of coadsorbed NO and CO on planar Ir(210) and faceted Ir(210) with tailored sizes of three‐sided nanopyramids exposing (311), (31${\bar 1}$) and (110) faces. Both planar and faceted Ir(210) are highly active for reduction of NO by CO with high selectivity to N2, which is accompanied by simultaneous oxidation of CO. Evidence is found for structure sensitivity in adsorption sites and reaction of coadsorbed NO and CO on faceted Ir(210) versus planar Ir(210). Strong interaction between NO and CO at high NO exposure and one‐monolayer CO pre‐coverage results in “explosive” evolution of N2 and CO2 on planar Ir(210) and size effects in reduction of NO by CO on faceted Ir(210) for average facet size ranging from 5 to 14 nm without change in facet structure.
Sexually distinct development of vocal pathways in Xenopus laevis
Authors: Yamaguchi Ayako , Muñoz Martha M. , Bose Tina O. , Oberlander Joseph G. , Smith Shane
Published: July 2010

Deterministic rules, rather than experience, are thought to regulate the development of simple behaviors in vertebrates and invertebrates. We revisited this issue through examination of the sexually distinct vocalizations of African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis), a reproductive behavior used by sexually mature males and females. We discovered that, as expected for simple behavior, female vocalizations develop through deterministic rules. The rare calls of juvenile females are indistinguishable from those of adult females. The vocal pathways of juvenile females, as measured by the contractile properties of the laryngeal muscles (the vocal muscles) and the laryngeal motoneuron somata (vocal motoneurons) size, are the developmental default and do not differentiate as they mature. Male Xenopus, in contrast, produce extensive vocalizations with rudimentary acoustic structure before reaching sexual maturity. Moreover, the functional properties of the vocal central pattern generator mature before muscle fibers and motoneuron size are fully masculinized. The results suggest that neuronal activity during development may be important in organizing the contractile properties of the muscle fibers in male, but not in female Xenopus. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 70: 862–874, 2010
Topological Diversity, Adsorption and Fluorescence Properties of MOFs Based on a Tetracarboxylate Ligand
Authors: Grünker Ronny , Senkovska Irena , Biedermann Ralf , Klein Nicole , Klausch Andrea , Baburin Igor A. , Mueller Uwe , Kaskel Stefan
Published: July 2010

The combination of a tetradentate ligand, N,N,N′,N′‐benzidinetetrabenzoate (BenzTB), with paddle‐wheel SBUs based on Zn, Co or Cu has led to a series of new metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with different structural motifs, depending on the additional acid present and the reaction temperature. Isomorphous compounds M2(H2O)2(BenzTB) [DUT‐10(M), M = Zn, Cu, Co] crystallize in the Imma space group (sp. gr.) and adopt the lvt topology, whereas the use of Zn and Cu under modified crystallization conditions gives rise to new phases Zn2(H2O)2(BenzTB) (sp. gr. Cccm, DUT‐11) and Cu2(H2O)2(BenzTB) (sp. gr. P4/mnc, DUT‐12) with pts and ssb framework topologies, respectively. DUT‐10(Zn) exhibits selective gas sorption properties for H2 and CO2 over N2 and solvent‐induced change in fluorescence.
Systematic Study of Halide‐Induced Ring Opening of 2‐Substituted Aziridinium Salts and Theoretical Rationalization of the Reaction Pathways
Authors: D'hooghe Matthias , Catak Saron , Stanković Sonja , Waroquier Michel , Kim Yongeun , Ha Hyun‐Joon , Van Speybroeck Veronique , De Kimpe Norbert
Published: July 2010

The ring‐opening reactions of 2‐alkyl‐substituted 1,1‐bis(arylmethyl)‐ and 1‐methyl‐1‐(1‐phenylethyl)aziridinium salts with fluoride, chloride, bromide and iodide in acetonitrile have been evaluated for the first time in a systematic way. The reactions with fluoride afforded regioisomeric mixtures of primary and secondary fluorides, whereas secondary β‐chloro, β‐bromo and β‐iodo amines were obtained as the sole reaction products from the corresponding halides by regiospecific ring opening at the substituted position. Both experimental and computational results revealed that the reaction outcomes in the cases of chloride, bromide and iodide were dictated by product stability through thermodynamic control involving rearrangement of the initially formed primary halides to the more stable secondary halides. The ring opening of the same aziridinium salts with fluoride, however, was shown to be mediated by steric interactions (kinetic control), with the corresponding primary β‐fluoro amines being obtained as the main reaction products. Only for 2‐acylaziridinium ions was the reaction outcome shown to be under full substrate control, affording secondary β‐fluoro, β‐chloro, β‐bromo and β‐iodo amines through exclusive attack at the activated α‐carbonyl carbon atom.
A Convenient Approach to 16‐, 19‐, and 22‐Membered 2,2′‐Bipyridine Thiacrown Ethers and Their Conformation Preferences
Authors: Ławecka Justyna , Karczmarzyk Zbigniew , Wolińska Ewa , Branowska Danuta , Rykowski Andrzej
Published: July 2010

A convenient, three‐step synthesis of 1:1 thiacrown ether macrocycles 5a–c containing a fused cyclopenteno[c]2,2′‐bipyridine subunit has been accomplished through first homocoupling of 1,2,4‐triazine bisulfides 3a–c tethered to poly(ethylene glycol) chains with potassium cyanide and secondDiels–Alder/retro‐Diels–Alder reaction of such obtained thiamacrocycles 4a–c with 1‐pyrrolidino‐1‐cyclopentene. Macrocycles 5a–c were oxidized to nonracemic monosulfoxides 6a–c by using Davis' oxaziridine and tested in the asymmetric addition of the diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The crystal structure determinations of 5a–c and 6b and theoretical calculations at the DFT/B3LYP/6‐311G** level were used to establish their cis or trans conformations in the solid state and the gas phase.
Facile Synthesis of Substituted Mono‐, Di‐, Tri‐ and Tetra‐2‐aryl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐perimidines
Authors: Belmonte Marta Martínez , Escudero‐Adán Eduardo C. , Benet‐Buchholz Jordi , Haak Robert M. , Kleij Arjan W.
Published: July 2010

The efficient synthesis of a variety of substituted 2‐aryl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐perimidines using Zn‐catalysis is reported. A series of 2,3‐dihydroperimidines with various functional groups have been isolated in high yield by simple filtration from the reaction mixture. The new compounds have been fully characterized by spectroscopic and spectrometric analyses and in some cases also by X‐ray diffraction. The synthetic approach was subsequently also tested for di‐, tri‐, and tetra‐(salicyl)aldehyde reagents and afforded the corresponding multi‐perimidines in good yields. In the present studies also an unexpected bis(2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐perimidine) decomposition product has been identified. The current approach underlines the simplicity of creating a series of perimidines which may be post‐altered by using the functional group diversity introduced through the aldehyde reagents.
Phosphomolybdic Acid (PMA)–SiO2 as a Heterogeneous Solid Acid Catalyst for the One‐Pot Synthesis of 2H‐Indazolo[1,2‐b]phthalazine‐triones
Authors: Sabitha Gowravaram , Srinivas Chitti , Raghavendar Avula , Yadav Jhillu Singh
Published: July 2010

Phosphomolybdic acid (PMA)–SiO2 was found to be an efficient catalyst for the three‐component condensation reaction of phthalhydrazide, 1,3‐diketone, and aldehydes to produce 2H‐indazolo[1,2‐b]phthalazine‐triones in excellent yields. The catalyst can be recovered and reused without significant loss of activity.
Triterpenoids from the Stems of Momordica charantia
Authors: Chen Chiy‐Rong , Liao Yun‐Wen , Shih Wen‐Ling , Tzeng Chih‐Ying , Cheng Hsueh‐Ling , Kao Wei‐Tsung , Chang Chi‐I
Published: July 2010

Two new cucurbitane triterpenes, (23E)‐7β‐methoxycucurbita‐5,23,25‐trien‐3β‐ol (1) and 23,25‐dihydroxy‐5β,19‐epoxycucurbit‐6‐ene‐3,24‐dione (2), and a new D : C‐friedooleanane triterpene, 3α‐[(E)‐feruloyloxy]‐D : C‐friedooleana‐7,9(11)‐dien‐29‐oic acid (3), together with two known D : C‐friedooleanane triterpenes, 3β‐[(E)‐feruloyloxy]‐D : C‐friedooleana‐7,9(11)‐dien‐29‐oic acid (4) and 3‐oxo‐D : C‐friedooleana‐7,9(11)‐dien‐29‐oic acid (5), were isolated from the stems of Momordica charantia. The structures of the new compounds 1–3 were determined by spectroscopic methods.
Phlomisamide and Phlomisteriod: A New Ceramide and a New Stigmasterol Derivative from Phlomis cashmeriana
Authors: Hussain Javid , Bukhari Nausheen , Hussain Hidayat , Haider Sajjad , Hassan Zahid
Published: July 2010

Phlomisamide (1), a new ceramide, and a new stigmasterol derivative, phlomisteriod (2), have been isolated from Phlomis cashmeriana. Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive analysis of their 1D‐ (1H‐ and 13C‐NMR) and 2D‐NMR (COSY, HMQC, HMBC), and HR‐EI‐MS data.
New Approaches to 6‐Oxoisoaporphine and Tetrahydroisoquinoline Derivatives
Authors: Sobarzo‐Sánchez Eduardo , Uriarte Eugenio , Santana Lourdes , Tapia Ricardo A. , Pérez Lourido Paulo
Published: July 2010

2,3‐Dihydro‐6‐hydroxy‐5‐methoxy‐7H‐dibenzo[de,h]quinolin‐7‐one, 6‐hydroxy‐5‐methoxy‐7H‐dibenzo[de,h]quinolin‐7‐one, and 2‐(6,7‐dimethoxy‐3,4‐dihydroisoquinolin‐1‐yl)benzyl benzoate, easily available by a Bischler–Napieralski cyclization, were used as starting materials to afford 6‐oxoisoaporphine and 2,3‐dimethoxy‐5,6,8,12b‐tetrahydroisoindolo[1,2‐a]isoquinoline as the main products. However, the catalytic hydrogenation of the benzyl benzoate derivative afforded, under mild conditions, 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐6,7‐dimethoxy‐1‐(2‐methylphenyl)isoquinoline.
A New Lycopodine Alkaloid from Phlegmariurus yunnanensisChing
Authors: Xie Xiaoyan , Jiang Jinhe , Liu Ying , Min Kang , Xue Yongmei , Jing Bi , Zhang Yan , Chen Yegao
Published: July 2010

A new lycopodine alkaloid, 15α‐methyllycopodane‐5β,6β‐diol N‐oxide (1), was isolated from the whole plants of Phlegmariurus yunnanensis Ching, together with the two known alkaloids 15α‐methyllycopodane‐5β,6β‐diol (2) and lycoposerramine H (3), and four serratene‐type triterpenoids, serratenediol‐3‐acetate (4), serratenediol (5), lycocryptol (6), and serratriol (7). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses, including HR‐ESI‐MS, 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR, DEPT, 1H,1H‐COSY, HSQC, HMBC, and NOESY.
Three New Phenylpropanoids from Inula nervosaWall.
Authors: Yan Lan , Huang Ying , Fu Jian‐Jun , Qin Jiang‐Jiang , Zeng Qi , Zhu Yan , Yan Shi Kai , Zhang Wei‐Dong , Jin Hui‐Zi
Published: July 2010

Three new phenylpropanoid compounds, named nervolans A–C (1–3, resp.), together with two other known phenylpropanoids, coniferyl diangelate and sinapyl diangelate, were isolated from the aerial parts of Inula nervosa Wall. (Asteraceae), a traditional Chinese medicinal plant. The structures of 1–3 were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analyses, including HR‐ESI‐MS data and 2D‐NMR spectroscopy. Compounds 1–5 exhibited mild inhibitory effects against NO production in LPS‐stimulated RAW264.7 cells.
The prevalence and clinical significance of 18F–2‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose (FDG) uptake in the thyroid gland on PET or PET‐CT in patients with lymphoma
Authors: Lin Michael , Wong Christine , Lin Peter , Shon Ivan Ho , Cuganesan Ramesh , Som Seu
Published: July 2010

F18–2‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) has become a well established tool in staging and assessing therapy response in lymphoma. Incidental thyroid uptake on PET is not uncommon and can pose a diagnostic and management challenge. We retrospectively evaluate the prevalence and clinical significance of incidental FDG uptake in the thyroid gland in patients with lymphoma. 1868 lymphoma patients underwent PET and PET‐CT between August 2002 and August 2008. 52 patients (2.8%) demonstrated FDG thyroid uptake (M = 17, F = 35; mean age 63 yr). Thyroid uptake was determined as focal or diffuse, maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) recorded as well as SUV max ratio compared to background mediastinum activity (SUVR). Corresponding CT findings on PET‐CT were evaluated independently. Results were correlated with clinical, histopathological and imaging follow‐up. 30 (1.6%) patients had focal thyroid uptake. 16 (53%) had histological confirmation either by surgery (n = 7) or FNA under USS (n = 9). The final diagnosis was benign in 12/30 patients and malignant in 9/30. The malignancy risk for focal thyroid uptake was 30%. Five patients had intercurrent thyroid cancer (four papillary, one microinvasive follicular) and four had lymphomatous involvement. There was no significant difference between the mean sizes of benign (23.7 mm, range 12–34) and malignant nodules (23.6 mm, range 8–48). The mean SUVmax of malignant and benign nodules was 4.4 (range 1.8–10.1) and 3.2 (range 1.8–6.9) respectively with no statistically significant difference. 22 (1.2%) patients had diffuse FDG uptake in thyroid and benign aetiology was found in all with adequate follow‐up (15/22). Focal FDG thyroid uptake on PET or PET‐CT in lymphoma patients warrants further investigations. The malignancy risk is 30% either due to intercurrent thyroid cancer or lymphomatous involvement. SUVmax, SUVR and CT attenuation characteristics are not helpful in distinguishing between benign and malignant aetiologies. Diffuse thyroid uptake has a benign aetiology. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional analysis of bispecific antibody (EpCAMxCD3)‐mediated T‐lymphocyte and cancer cell interaction by single‐cell force spectroscopy
Authors: Hoffmann Sabrina C. , Wabnitz Guido H. , Samstag Yvonne , Moldenhauer Gerhard , Ludwig Thomas
Published: July 2010

The atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a powerful tool to analyze forces generated on cellular interactions on the single‐cell level. This highly sensitive device can record changes in force in the pico‐Newton range, which equals single molecule bonds. Here, we have used single‐cell force spectroscopy by AFM to investigate the interaction between T cells and tumor cells that is induced by the bispecific antibody HEA125xOKT3 (specificity anti‐EpCAMxCD3). We show that HEA125xOKT3 induces a specific increase in adhesion force between T cells and cancer cells. The adhesive force that is generated on cell‐cell contact is dependent on the applied force on initial contact and the duration of this initial contact. In summary, HEA125xOKT3 has been found to mediate contact formation by distinct processes. It induces direct cell‐cell interaction, which results in the activation of T‐cell signaling, facilitates the formation of supramolecular activation clusters and ultimately of an immune synapse.
A novel high‐affinity human monoclonal antibody to mesothelin
Authors: Ho Mitchell , Feng Mingqian , Fisher Robert J. , Rader Christoph , Pastan Ira
Published: July 2010

Mesothelin is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐anchored glycoprotein that is highly expressed on the cell surface of mesothelioma, ovarian cancer and other malignant tumors. The interaction between mesothelin and CA125 (also called MUC16) may facilitate the implantation and metastasis of tumors in the peritoneal cavity. A desirable therapeutic agent involves finding a fully human monoclonal antibody (mAb) that binds to mesothelin or CA125 and inhibits their interaction. Here, we report the identification of a novel human mAb to mesothelin. HN1, a human single‐chain Fv specific for mesothelin, was isolated from a naïve human single‐chain variable fragment (scFv) phage display library. To investigate HN1 as a potential therapeutic, we generated a fully human IgG with the γ 1 heavy chain and the κ light chain and an immuntoxin by fusing the HN1 scFv to a truncated Pseudomonas exotoxin A. The HN1 IgG kills cancer cells with very strong antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity. HN1 binds a conformation‐sensitive epitope in human mesothelin with high affinity (KD = 3 nM). The HN1 epitope is different from that of SS1, a mouse Fv used to develop therapeutic antibodies that are currently in clinical trials. HN1 binds to cell surface‐associated mesothelin on human mesothelioma, ovarian cancer, lung adenocarcinoma and pancreatic cancer cells. In addition, HN1 can functionally block the interaction of mesothelin and CA125 on cancer cells. Most importantly, because the HN1 immuntoxin kills mesothelin‐expressing cancer cells with high cytotoxic activity, we believe that it has significant potential for mesothelin‐expressing cancer treatment and diagnosis. Published 2010 UICC. This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain of the United States of America.
5′‐AMP‐activated protein kinase activity is elevated early during primary brain tumor development in the rat
Authors: Jang Taichang , Calaoagan Joy M. , Kwon Eunice , Samuelsson Steven , Recht Lawrence , Laderoute Keith R.
Published: July 2010

We found that adenosine 5′‐monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK), which is considered the “fuel sensor” of mammalian cells because it directly responds to the depletion of the fuel molecule ATP, is strongly activated by tumor‐like hypoxia and glucose deprivation. We also observed abundant AMPK activity in tumor cells in vivo, using subcutaneous tumor xenografts prepared from cells transformed with oncogenic H‐Ras. Such rapidly growing transplants of tumor cells, however, represent fully developed tumors that naturally contain energetically stressed microenvironments that can activate AMPK. Therefore, to investigate the induction of AMPK activity during experimental tumorigenesis, we used an established model of brain tumor (glioma) development in the offspring of rats exposed prenatally to the mutagen N‐ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea. We observed that immunostaining for a specific readout of AMPK activity (AMPK‐dependent phosphorylation of acetyl‐CoA carboxylase) was prominent during N‐ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea‐initiated neurocarcinogenesis, from the occurrence of early hyperplasia (microtumors) to the emergence of large gliomas. Moreover, we observed that immunostaining for activating phosphorylation of AMPK correlated with the same stages of glioma development, notably in mitotic tumor cells in which the signal showed punctate as well as cytoplasmic patterns associated with spindle formation. Based on these observations, we propose that neurocarcinogenesis requires AMPK‐dependent regulation of cellular energy metabolism.
Improved instrumental variables estimation of simultaneous equations under conditionally heteroskedastic disturbances
Authors: Iglesias Emma M. , Phillips Garry D. A.
Published: July 2010

In this paper we develop estimation techniques and a specification test for the validity of instrumental variables allowing for conditionally heteroskedastic disturbances. We propose modified two‐stage least squares (2SLS) and modified 3SLS procedures where the conditional heteroskedasticity is taken into account, which are natural extensions of the traditional 2SLS and 3SLS estimators and which achieve a lower variance. We recommend the use of these modified 2SLS and 3SLS procedures in practice instead of alternative estimators like limited‐information maximum likelihood/full‐information maximum likelihood, where the non‐existence of moments leads to extreme values, and also for ease of computation. It is shown theoretically and with simulation that in some cases 2SLS, 3SLS and our modified 2SLS and 3SLS procedures can have very severe biases (including the weak instruments case), and we present bias correction procedures to apply in practice along the lines of Flores‐Lagunes (2007). Our new estimation procedures can also be used to extend the test for weak instruments of Stock and Yogo (2005) and to allow for conditional heteroskedasticity. Finally, we show the usefulness of our estimation procedures with an application to the demand and supply of fish. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of some oximes and associated therapeutic consequences: a critical review
Authors: Voicu Victor A. , Bajgar Jiri , Medvedovici Andrei , Radulescu Flavian Stefan , Miron Dalia Simona
Published: July 2010

Undoubtedly, the use of oximes represents real progress in counteracting intoxications with organophosphates (OP), through potentiating antidotal effects of atropine. The penetration extent of these compounds through the blood–brain barrier (BBB) to significantly reactivate phosphorylated or phosphonylated acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the brain still remains a debatable issue. Penetration of biological barriers by oximes was investigated mainly through determination of several quantitative parameters characterizing digestive absorption and BBB penetration. A weak penetration of biological barriers could be concluded from the available experimental data. The functional parameters/therapeutic effects following the penetration of oximes through BBB, more precisely the antagonism of OP‐induced seizures and hypothermia, prevention of brain damage and respiratory center protection, leading to the final end‐point, the survival of intoxicated organisms, are of high interest. It seems obvious that oximes are weakly penetrating the BBB, with minimal brain AChE reactivation (<5%) in important functional areas, such as the ponto‐medullar. The cerebral protection achieved through administration of oximes is only partial, without major impact on the antagonism of OP‐induced seizures, hypothermia and respiratory center inhibition. The antidotal effects probably result from synergic effects of other PD properties, different from the brain AChE reactivation process. Oxime structures especially designed for enhanced BBB penetration, through potentiating the hydrophobic characteristics, more often produce neurotoxic effects. Certainly, obtaining oximes with broad action spectrum (active against all OP types) would make a sense, but certainly, such a target is not achievable only through the increase in their penetrability in the brain.