bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integração Acadêmica de Estudantes do Ensino Superior: um estudo sobre ingressantes de um curso de turismo
Authors: Ghiraldello Luciane , Mercuri Elizabeth Nogueira Gomes da Silva
Published: November 2015

O ingresso no ensino superior constitui-se em uma etapa repleta de desafios, caracterizada por fortes mudanças, diante das múltiplas e complexas tarefas a serem desempenhadas pelo estudante e consideradas fortemente associadas ao sucesso acadêmico ao longo do curso. Sendo o aluno do curso de Turismo um dos grupos menos conhecidos, o presente estudo teve por objetivo identificar e analisar as características das vivências acadêmicas de estudantes ingressantes em um curso de Turismo e sua relação com o semestre e o turno do curso. Participaram deste estudo 35 estudantes ingressantes dos turnos matutino e noturno de uma Instituição de Ensino Superior (IES) privada do estado de Minas Gerais. Utilizou-se como instrumento de coleta de dados o Questionário de Vivências Acadêmicas – versão reduzida (QVA-r) –, uma escala tipo Likert de cinco pontos, aplicada ao final do primeiro e do segundo semestres de curso. Os dados totais mostram um padrão de integração acadêmica dos estudantes de Turismo, próximo ao dos de outros cursos de graduação. Quanto à relação entre a integração acadêmica e as variáveis semestre e turno do curso, foram observadas diferenças significativas entre semestres, quanto ao domínio institucional, e entre turnos, em relação ao domínio pessoal. São aqui discutidas implicações das condições institucionais para o processo de integração do estudante ao ensino superior.
Difusión de la investigación científica de turismo en Portugal
Authors: Peral Patricia Picazo , Gil Sergio Moreno , Santana Arminda Almeida
Published: November 2015

Considerando la creciente importancia del turismo en Portugal y el papel protagonista que desempeña este sector en su economía, es notoria la necesidad de analizar la investigación turística que los investigadores e instituciones de este país realizan en el ámbito turístico. El presente artículo analiza la contribución realizada por aquellos investigadores afiliados a instituciones portuguesas en revistas académicas especializadas en turismo, tanto de ámbito nacional, como internacional. El análisis permite identificar aquellas instituciones y autores que han realizado un mayor esfuerzo de investigación y difusión en turismo. El artículo presenta no sólo un ranking de instituciones y autores, sino que también analiza el ámbito geográfico de la aplicación de las investigaciones, el número de coautores medio por trabajo, el número de citas, las revistas en las que publican más activamente sus trabajos y la evolución temporal (2006-2011) del resultado obtenido en la investigación turística. Finalmente, se establecen una serie de conclusiones en relación a la situación actual de la investigación en turismo en Portugal.
A Importância da Identidade Regional na Configuração de Clusters Turísticos
Authors: Souza Dercia Antunes , Gil Antonio Carlos
Published: November 2015

Este ensaio tem como objetivo discutir a importância da identidade regional na configuração dos clusters turísticos. Como uma das características essenciais na definição de um cluster é a sua dimensão geográfica, a identidade regional torna-se um componente importante para a compreensão de sua constituição e desenvolvimento. Há que se considerar, no entanto, que essa identidade envolve tanto a identidade da região quanto a identidade regional (ou consciência regional) de seus habitantes. A identidade da região refere-se à sua caracterização ambiental, econômica e sociocultural. A consciência regional, por sua vez, refere-se ao conhecimento que os habitantes têm da região e de seus limites e também ao seu apego emocional à região, à solidariedade com os demais integrantes e também à disposição para atuar em prol da região. Propõe-se que na realização de pesquisas acerca da configuração de clusters turísticos seja considerada a identidade regional. Recomenda-se a construção de instrumentos para mensuração da identidade regional dos habitantes das regiões que abrigam clusters turísticos como também a construção de teorias fundamentadas para o conhecimento da identidade regional segundo a perspectiva de seus atores.
Nor crime, neither punishment: racism in perception of judiciary and of victims of acts of discrimination
Authors: Santos Gislene Aparecida dos
Published: November 2015

Neste artigo analisamos como casos de racismo , que compõem uma amostra de processos jurídicos ocorridos na cidade de São Paulo entre 2003 e 2011, foram percebidos pelo judiciário e pelas vítimas, e discutimos se essa experiência inf luenciou positivamente o sentimento de autorrespeito vivido pelas últimas. Avaliamos os achados da pesqui sa como peças de um discurso sobre a brasilidade construído, pelo lado do judiciário, por meio da desclassificação dos atos de racismos de modo que não sejam configurados como crimes; e, pelo lado das vítimas, em torno do desejo de resolverem esse conflito sem o recurso a medidas punitivas. Ambas as ações desqualificam a ação da lei antirracismo. Concluímos que esse discurso ratifica a regulação das relações raciais de modo a manter a crença na suposta harmonia da sociedade brasileira.
Capoeira, heiress of the black diaspora in the Atlantic: from criminal Arts to an instrument of education and citizenship learning
Authors: Amaral Mônica Guimarães Teixeira do , Santos Valdenor Silva dos
Published: November 2015

O artigo apresenta a capoeira como uma expressão estética e de luta que remonta à ancestralidade afro-brasileira, capaz de transmitir, por meio do jogo e de suas músicas, os conteúdos negados da história e cultura do negro no Brasil. Enfatiza, não apenas a importância de seu reconhecimento como profissão, mas sua relevância histórica, cultural e política para a formação das novas gerações. Discussões sobre temas, como a luta por reconhecimento, sustentada por Axel Honneth e a fenomenologia do brasileiro, apresentada por Vilém Flusser, bem como a história do escravizado e de suas lutas de resistência, sobretudo no final do século XIX, fundamentam os caminhos percorridos nas oficinas de capoeira em sala de aula. A ideia é apresentar a capoeira como um exemplo vivo e atual da tradição afro-brasileira para um ensino culturalmente relevante.
Which curriculum should I take to the rap party that you invited me?
Authors: Fonseca Ana Silvia Andreu da
Published: November 2015

Este trabalho procura justificar a inserção curricular do rap nacional na grande área de Linguagens, Códigos e suas Tecnologias do Ensino Médio, sobretudo no tocante ao ensino de língua e literatura. Nesse sentido, são apresentados elementos como: as teorias do currículo, indicativos da Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação e dos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais para o Ensino Médio, e a manifestação do rap no tempo (através de suas fases histórico-discursivas) e no espaço (em todo território nacional). Há décadas o rap nacional tem ocupado um lugar de destaque na produção cultural urbana do Brasil; apesar disso, seu uso em salas de aula do sistema oficial de educação tem sido limitado.
Investigating a Liver Fat
Authors: Rider Oliver J. , Banerjee Rajarshi , Rayner Jennifer J. , Shah Ravi , Murthy Venkatesh L. , Robson Matthew D. , Neubauer Stefan
Published: November 2015

Objective—

To investigate the relationship between hepatic fat content, circulating triglyceride levels and aortic stiffness in adult and childhood obesity.

Approach and Results—

Seventy-seven adults and 18 children across a wide range of body mass index (18.5–52.6 kg/m
2
; percentile 8–100) with no identifiable cardiac risk factors underwent; 1H- magnetic resonance spectroscopy to quantify hepatic fat content and magnetic resonance imaging to assess aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) and regional distensibility. In adults, multivariable regression showed age (β=0.09;
P
=0.02), liver fat (β=2.5;
P
=0.04), and serum triglyceride (β=0.47;
P
=0.01) to be independent predictors of PWV. Age and blood pressure–adjusted, moderated regression showed that 43% of the total negative effect of hepatic fat on PWV is attributable to indirect effects via increased triglyceride (
P
=0.005). In addition, regional distensibility was positively correlated with hepatic fat (ascending;
r
=−0.35; descending,
r
=−0.23; abdominal,
r
=−0.41; all
P
<0.001). Similar to that seen in adults, PWV (
r
=0.72;
P
<0.001) and abdominal regional distensibility (
r
=−0.52;
P
<0.001) were correlated with liver fat in children.

Conclusions—

Increasing age, liver fat, and triglyceride are all related to increased aortic stiffness in adults. Even when controlling for the effects of age and blood pressure, hepatic fat has a negative effect on PWV, with substantial indirect effect occurring via increased circulating triglyceride level. This relationship between hepatic fat and aortic stiffness occurs early in the obesity process and is also seen in children. As such, hepatic fat content is a potential therapeutic target to treat the elevated vascular risk in obesity.
MFAP4 Promotes Vascular Smooth Muscle Migration, Proliferation and Accelerates Neointima Formation
Authors: Schlosser Anders , Pilecki Bartosz , Hemstra Line E. , Kejling Karin , Kristmannsdottir Gudlaug B. , Wulf-Johansson Helle , Moeller Jesper B. , Füchtbauer Ernst-Martin , Nielsen Ole , Kirketerp-Møller Katrine , Dubey Lalit K. , Hansen Pernille B.L. , Stubbe Jane , Wrede Christoph , Hegermann Jan , Ochs Matthias , Rathkolb Birgit , Schrewe Anja , Bekeredjian Raffi , Wolf Eckhard , Gailus-Durner Valérie , Fuchs Helmut , Hrabě de Angelis Martin , Lindholt Jes S. , Holmskov Uffe , Sorensen Grith L.
Published: November 2015

Objective—

Arterial injury stimulates remodeling responses that, when excessive, lead to stenosis. These responses are influenced by integrin signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Microfibrillar-associated protein 4 (MFAP4) is an integrin ligand localized to extracellular matrix fibers in the vascular wall. The role of MFAP4 in vascular biology is unknown. We aimed to test the hypothesis that MFAP4 would enhance integrin-dependent VSMC activation.

Approach and Results—

We produced
Mfap4
-deficient (
Mfap4

−/−

) mice and performed carotid artery ligation to explore the role of MFAP4 in vascular biology in vivo. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of MFAP4 in neointimal formation ex vivo and in primary VSMC and monocyte cultures in vitro. When challenged with carotid artery ligation,
Mfap4

−/−

mice exhibited delayed neointimal formation, accompanied by early reduction in the number of proliferating medial and neointimal cells, as well as infiltrating leukocytes. Delayed neointimal formation was associated with decreased cross-sectional area of ligated
Mfap4

−/−

carotid arteries resulting in lumen narrowing 28 days after ligation. MFAP4 blockade prohibited the formation of neointimal hyperplasia ex vivo. Moreover, we demonstrated that MFAP4 is a ligand for integrin α
V
β
3
and mediates VSMC phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase, migration, and proliferation in vitro. MFAP4-dependent VSMC activation was reversible by treatment with MFAP4-blocking antibodies and inhibitors of focal adhesion kinase and downstream kinases. In addition, we showed that MFAP4 promotes monocyte chemotaxis in integrin α
V
β
3
–dependent manner.

Conclusions—

MFAP4 regulates integrin α
V
β
3
–induced VSMC proliferation and migration, as well as monocyte chemotaxis, and accelerates neointimal hyperplasia after vascular injury.
Cytosolic Receptor Melanoma Differentiation–Associated Protein 5 Mediates Preconditioning-Induced Neuroprotection Against Cerebral Ischemic Injury
Authors: Gesuete Raffaella , Christensen Sara N. , Bahjat Frances R. , Packard Amy E.B. , Stevens Susan L. , Liu Mingyue , Salazar Andres M. , Stenzel-Poore Mary P.
Published: November 2015

Background and Purpose—

Preconditioning with poly-
l
-lysine and carboxymethylcellulose (ICLC) provides robust neuroprotection from cerebral ischemia in a mouse stroke model. However, the receptor that mediates neuroprotection is unknown. As a synthetic double-stranded RNA, poly-ICLC may bind endosomal Toll-like receptor 3 or one of the cytosolic retinoic acid–inducible gene-I–like receptor family members, retinoic acid–inducible gene-I, or melanoma differentiation–associated protein 5. Activation of these receptors culminates in type I interferons (IFN-α/β) induction—a response required for poly-ICLC–induced neuroprotection. In this study, we investigate the receptor required for poly-ICLC–induced neuroprotection.

Methods—

Toll-like receptor 3, melanoma differentiation–associated protein 5-, and IFN-promoter stimulator 1–deficient mice were treated with poly-ICLC 24 hours before middle cerebral artery occlusion. Infarct volume was measured 24 hours after stroke to identify the receptor signaling pathways involved in protection. IFN-α/β induction was measured in plasma samples collected 6 hours after poly-ICLC treatment. IFN-β–deficient mice were used to test the requirement of IFN-β for poly-ICLC–induced neuroprotection. Mice were treated with recombinant IFN-α-A to test the role of IFN-α as a potential mediator of neuroprotection.

Results—

Poly-ICLC induction of both neuroprotection and systemic IFN-α/β requires the cytosolic receptor melanoma differentiation–associated protein 5 and the adapter molecule IFN-promoter stimulator 1, whereas it is independent of Toll-like receptor 3. IFN-β is not required for poly-ICLC–induced neuroprotection. IFN-α treatment protects against stroke.

Conclusions—

Poly-ICLC preconditioning is mediated by melanoma differentiation–associated protein 5 and its adaptor molecule IFN-promoter stimulator 1. This is the first evidence that a cytosolic receptor can mediate neuroprotection, providing a new target for the development of therapeutic agents to protect the brain from ischemic injury.
Multi-crease Self-folding by Global Heating
Authors: Miyashita Shuhei , Onal Cagdas D. , Rus Daniela
Published: November 2015

This study demonstrates a new approach to autonomous folding for the body of a 3D robot from a 2D sheet, using heat. We approach this challenge by folding a 0.27-mm sheetlike material into a structure. We utilize the thermal deformation of a contractive sheet sandwiched by rigid structural layers. During this baking process, the heat applied on the entire sheet induces contraction of the contracting layer and thus forms an instructed bend in the sheet. To attain the targeted folding angles, the V-fold spans method is used. The targeted angle θout can be kinematically encoded into crease geometry. The realization of this angle in the folded structure can be approximately controlled by a contraction angle θin. The process is non-reversible, is reliable, and is relatively fast. Our method can be applied simultaneously to all the folds in multi-crease origami structures. We demonstrate the use of this method to create a lightweight mobile robot.
The Universality of Technology and the Independence of Things
Authors: Figal Günter
Published: November 2015

In the 1949 Bremen Lectures, Martin Heidegger characterizes the essence of technology as a universal, or total, condition of modern existence. This makes it appear as though nothing can exist in the world independent of the technological. The fact that technology attempts to do away with distance, however, means that technology’s very workings presuppose the existence of distance and nearness that oppose it. Things, insofar as they are, according to Heidegger, essentially near remain independent of technology. By describing the nearness and nearing of things, this article reinterprets the Heideggerian concepts of the fourfold and world-formation to critically challenge the universality of technology. The human experience of things in their spatiality—especially the human aesthetic enjoyment of and abiding with things—is an example of a facet of life where technology does not annihilate distance and nearness.
As If, As Such
Authors: Johnson David E.
Published: November 2015

“As If, As Such” reads Derrida’s understanding of the institution of literature as both the most interesting thing in the world and “perhaps” more interesting than the world in relation to his remark that the noema remains one of the most difficult and problematic concepts in Husserl’s phenomenological toolbox. By focusing on the noema as the objective side of consciousness and thus as what does not properly belong to consciousness, hence as the site of the tension between form and matter, the following essay also explains why Derrida claimed that the “as” was always the target of deconstruction. Ultimately, “As If, As Such” seeks to elaborate what Derrida called the “power of literature” as that which is at work in the possibility of life.
Action and Reflection (ii)
Authors: Griffioen Sander
Published: November 2015

This is the second article in a series of two on the topic of “action” and “reflection”. The first article appeared last year in the fall issue of this journal (Vol. 79 (2), 140–171). This second article is divided into two sections. The first section deals with reflection, mainly in the form of reflexivity, a central notion in contemporary sociology and an attitude characteristic of the modern secular mind. The second section discusses second-order agency (soag), subdivided intospiritsandpowers. Most instances of (humanly engendered) spirits fall under an “as if” category: all these cases are about certain communalities expressing themselves in such a strong way that itseemsas if a supra-personal agent is at work.Zeitgeisterare a point in case. The only incidence of asoag-kind may be that ofmobs. Powers fit our model better than spirits and for that reason most of the second part of this essay is dedicated to that topic. The foremost distinction that will be made is that between incomplete and full powers. The thesis presented in the final section is that powers can only come to completion by taking a “religious turn”. The notion of “assent” as a basic ingredient of human action is what connects the first to the second part of the essay.
Talpapellis solorinae sp. nov. and an updated key to the species of Talpapellis and Verrucocladosporium
Authors: Zhurbenko Mikhail P. , Heuchert Bettina , Braun Uwe
Published: November 2015

The genus Talpapellis Alstrup & M.S.Cole (1998: 227) was introduced for a lichenicolous hyphomycete on Peltigera venosa collected in British Columbia, Canada (Alstrup & Cole 1998). Details of the conidiogenesis, the generic affinity and application of this genus name have previously been unclear and largely confused. Based on a revision and reassessment of type material and examination of additional collections from North America and Asia, Heuchert et al. (2014) published an amended circumscription of Talpapellis, discussed the conidiogenesis of this genus, described a new variety of T. peltigerae Alstrup & M.S.Cole (1998: 227) and provided a key to the recognised taxa of Talpapellis and confusable species of Verrucocladosporium K.Schub. et al. (Crous et al. 2007, Braun et al. 2009).
Thismia puberula (Thismiaceae), a new species from Southern Vietnam
Authors: Nuraliev Maxim , Beer Anton , Kuznetsov Andrey , Kuznetsova Svetlana
Published: November 2015

Thismia puberula, a new species of Thismiaceae, is described and illustrated. The species was discovered in 2014 during botanical survey of Chu Yang Sin national park (Dak Lak province, Southern Vietnam). Thismia puberula possesses vermiform roots and mitriform inner tepals. It is most similar to T. angustimitra, T. mirabilis, T. mucronata and T. okhaensis. The new species differs from related species mainly by dome-shaped annulus with delimited vertical and horizontal parts covered by hairs, broad mitre with foveae, inner mitre surface covered by papillate trichomes, and presence of interstaminal glands. An updated key to Vietnamese species of Thismia is provided.
Five new South American species of Myrcia s.l. (Myrtaceae)
Authors: Santos Matheus Fortes , Lucas Eve , Sano Paulo Takeo
Published: November 2015

Five new species of Myrcia s.l. are described and illustrated: Myrcia ascendens (related to Myrcia densa), Myrcia attenuata (related to Myrcia bicolor), Myrcia costeira (related to Myrcia bicarinata), Myrcia rupestris (related to Myrcia lenheirensis) and Myrcia subterminalis (related to Myrcia bicolor). The new species occur in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (M. costeira and M. subterminalis), the Espinhaço range in Brazil (M. ascendens and M. rupestris) and the eastern Guiana Shield in French Guiana (M. attenuata). Additionally, species are discussed regarding distribution, habitat, phenology and taxonomic affinity.
Thismia brunneomitra, another new species of Thismia (Thismiaceae) from Ulu Temburong, Brunei Darussalam
Authors: Hroneš Michal , Kobrlová Lucie , Taraška Vojtěch , Popelka Ondřej , Hédl Radim , Sukri Rahayu Sukmaria , Metali Faizah , Dančák Martin
Published: November 2015

A new species of Thismia (Thismiaceae) from northwest Borneo is described and illustrated. Thismia brunneomitra was discovered in 2015 in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest in the Ulu Temburong National Park, Temburong district of Brunei Darussalam. The new species is characterized by brown to blackish flowers with twelve darker vertical stripes on the perianth tube, inner tepal lobes that are connate to form a mitre with three very short processes at the apex, three-toothed apical margin of the connective and large wing-like appendage of the connective. An updated determination key of Thismia species found in Borneo is included.
The second genus and species of the extinct neuropteroid family Corydasialidae, from early Eocene McAbee, British Columbia, Canada: do they belong to Megaloptera?
Authors: Archibald S. Bruce , Makarkin Vladimir N.
Published: November 2015

Ypresioneura obscura gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene (Ypresian) McAbee locality (Canada, British Columbia) is described. It is assigned to the extinct neuropteroid family Corydasialidae, as the second known genus and species. The Corydasialidae was previously known only from late Eocene (Priabonian) Baltic amber. It was originally assigned to the Megaloptera, but the character states that support this conclusion are not strongly diagnostic. There is still doubt as to whether this family belongs to Megaloptera or to the Neuroptera. If this is a megalopteran (which we favor), it is the first specimen of the order from the insect-rich Okanagan Highlands series of Ypresian localities, which occur sporadically across the southern interior of British Columbia, Canada into north-central Washington, USA.
Hypocaccus (s.l.) hirsutus sp. nov., an atypical new species of the genus
Hypocaccus C. Thomson, 1867 from India (Coleoptera: Histeridae: Saprininae)
Authors: LACKNER Tomáš
Published: November 2015

An atypical new species of Hypocaccus C. Thomson, H. hirsutus sp. nov. from south India is described and figured, but left unassigned to a subgenus. Current problems of taxonomy, morphological characters and inter-relationships of Hypocaccus subgenera are discussed and notes on the distribution of Hypocaccus C. Thomson, 1867 in India are given.
A new species of Bryoleuca Hampson, 1908 from Afghanistan (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Bryophilinae)
Authors: PEKARSKY OLEG
Published: November 2015

A new species of the raptricula species-group, Bryoleuca pljushtchi sp. n. is described. A diagnostic comparison is made with Bryoleuca raptricula ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775), Bryoleuca felina (Eversmann, 1852), Bryoleuca orthogramma (Boursin, 1954), Bryoleuca volodia An, Choi & Ronkay, 2013 and Bryoleuca nahnybidai Pekarsky, 2014. Adults and female genitalia of the new species and its closest relatives are illustrated. Modern taxonomic studies of the raptricula-group started by Fibiger et al. (2009) and got progress by the clarification of the taxonomic status of B. felina (Pekarsky & Ronkay 2010). Subsequently, further two newly recognised species were described in the last two years, B. volodia and B. nahnybidai. The first attempt to prepare the checklist of the subfamily was made by Hacker (1990) and, later, European check list was given in the Noctuidae Europaeae, Vol. 11 (Fibiger et al. 2009). As for the fauna of Afghanistan, Koçak and Kemal (2012) listed twelve Bryophilinae species one of which, B. raptricula, belongs to the genus Bryoleuca. The taxonomic situation of the raptricula species-complex is far not completely known yet. Present paper contains the description of a new Bryoleuca species from Afghanistan. The single female of this new species was collected by Ukrainian entomologists Igor Pljushtch and Oleg Pak in Central Afghanistan in 2013.
Exploring the Predictability of 30-Day Extreme Precipitation Occurrence Using a Global SST–SLP Correlation Network
Authors: Lu Mengqian , Lall Upmanu , Kawale Jaya , Liess Stefan , Kumar Vipin
Published: November 2015

Correlation networks identified from financial, genomic, ecological, epidemiological, social, and climatic data are being used to provide useful topological insights into the structure of high-dimensional data. Strong convection over the oceans and the atmospheric moisture transport and flow convergence indicated by atmospheric pressure fields may determine where and when extreme precipitation occurs. Here, the spatiotemporal relationship among sea surface temperature (SST), sea level pressure (SLP), and extreme global precipitation is explored using a graph-based approach that uses the concept of reciprocity to generate cluster pairs of locations with similar spatiotemporal patterns at any time lag. A global time-lagged relationship between pentad SST anomalies and pentad SLP anomalies is investigated to understand the linkages and influence of the slowly changing oceanic boundary conditions on the development of the global atmospheric circulation. This study explores the use of this correlation network to predict extreme precipitation globally over the next 30 days, using a logistic principal component regression on the strong global dipoles found between SST and SLP. Predictive skill under cross validation and blind prediction for the occurrence of 30-day precipitation that is higher than the 90th percentile of days in the wet season is indicated for the selected global regions considered.
An Initial Study on Climate Change Fingerprinting Using the Reflected Solar Spectra
Authors: Jin Zhonghai , Sun Moguo
Published: November 2015

Attribution of averaged spectral variation over large spatial and temporal scales to different climate variables is central to climate change fingerprinting. Using 10 years of satellite data for simulation, the authors generate a group of observation-based spectral fingerprints and a time series of monthly mean reflectance spectra over the ocean in five large latitude regions and globally. Next, these fingerprints and the interannual variation spectra are used to retrieve the interannual changes in the relevant climate variables to test the concept of using the spectral fingerprinting approach for climate change attribution. Comparing the fingerprinting retrieval of climate variable change to the actual underlying variable change, the RMS differences between the two are less than twice as large as the monthly variability for all variables in all regions. Instances where larger errors are observed correspond to those variables with large nonlinear radiative response, such as the cloud optical depth and the ice particle size. Using the linear fingerprinting approach and accounting for the nonlinear radiative error in fingerprints results in significantly higher retrieval accuracy; the RMS errors are reduced to less than the monthly variability for nearly all variables, indicating the profound impact of the nonlinear error on fingerprinting retrieval. Another important finding is that if the cloud fraction is known a priori, the retrieval accuracy in cloud optical depth would be improved substantially. Moreover, a better retrieval for the water vapor amount and aerosol optical depth can be achieved from the clear-sky data only. The test results demonstrate that climate change fingerprinting based on reflected solar benchmark spectra is possible.
A Direct Determination of the World Ocean Barotropic Circulation
Authors: Colin de Verdière Alain , Ollitrault Michel
Published: November 2015

The time-mean Argo float displacements and the World Ocean Atlas 2009 temperature–salinity climatology are used to obtain the total, top to bottom, mass transports. Outside of an equatorial band, the total transports are the sum of the vertical integrals of geostrophic- and wind-driven Ekman currents. However, these transports are generally divergent, and to obtain a mass conserving circulation, a Poisson equation is solved for the streamfunction with Dirichlet boundary conditions at solid boundaries. The value of the streamfunction on islands is also part of the unknowns. This study presents and discusses an energetic circulation in three basins: the North Atlantic, the North Pacific, and the Southern Ocean. This global method leads to new estimations of the time-mean western Eulerian boundary current transports maxima of 97 Sverdrups (Sv; 1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) at 60°W for the Gulf Stream, 84 Sv at 157°E for the Kuroshio, 80 Sv for the Agulhas Current between 32° and 36°S, and finally 175 Sv for the Antarctic Circumpolar Current at Drake Passage. Although the large-scale structure and boundary of the interior gyres is well predicted by the Sverdrup relation, the transports derived from the wind stress curl are lower than the observed transports in the interior by roughly a factor of 2, suggesting an important contribution of the bottom torques. With additional Argo displacement data, the errors caused by the presence of remaining transient terms at the 1000-db reference level will continue to decrease, allowing this method to produce increasingly accurate results in the future.
Examining the Predictability of the Stratospheric Sudden Warming of January 2013 Using Multiple NWP Systems
Authors: Tripathi Om P. , Baldwin Mark , Charlton-Perez Andrew , Charron Martin , Cheung Jacob C. H. , Eckermann Stephen D. , Gerber Edwin , Jackson David R. , Kuroda Yuhji , Lang Andrea , McLay Justin , Mizuta Ryo , Reynolds Carolyn , Roff Greg , Sigmond Michael , Son Seok-Woo , Stockdale Tim
Published: November 2015

The first multimodel study to estimate the predictability of a boreal sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) is performed using five NWP systems. During the 2012/13 boreal winter, anomalous upward propagating planetary wave activity was observed toward the end of December, which was followed by a rapid deceleration of the westerly circulation around 2 January 2013, and on 7 January 2013 the zonal-mean zonal wind at 60°N and 10 hPa reversed to easterly. This stratospheric dynamical activity was followed by an equatorward shift of the tropospheric jet stream and by a high pressure anomaly over the North Atlantic, which resulted in severe cold conditions in the United Kingdom and northern Europe. In most of the five models, the SSW event was predicted 10 days in advance. However, only some ensemble members in most of the models predicted weakening of westerly wind when the models were initialized 15 days in advance of the SSW. Further dynamical analysis of the SSW shows that this event was characterized by the anomalous planetary wavenumber-1 amplification followed by the anomalous wavenumber-2 amplification in the stratosphere, which resulted in a split vortex occurring between 6 and 8 January 2013. The models have some success in reproducing wavenumber-1 activity when initialized 15 days in advance, but they generally failed to produce the wavenumber-2 activity during the final days of the event. Detailed analysis shows that models have reasonably good skill in forecasting tropospheric blocking features that stimulate wavenumber-2 amplification in the troposphere, but they have limited skill in reproducing wavenumber-2 amplification in the stratosphere.
Differences between Nonprecipitating Tropical and Trade Wind Marine Shallow Cumuli
Authors: Ghate Virendra P. , Miller Mark A. , Zhu Ping
Published: November 2015

Marine nonprecipitating cumulus topped boundary layers (CTBLs) observed in a tropical and in a trade wind region are contrasted based on their cloud macrophysical, dynamical, and radiative structures. Data from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) observational site previously operating at Manus Island, Papua New Guinea, and data collected during the deployment of ARM Mobile Facility at the island of Graciosa, in the Azores, were used in this study. The tropical marine CTBLs were deeper, had higher surface fluxes and boundary layer radiative cooling, but lower wind speeds compared to their trade wind counterparts. The radiative velocity scale was 50%–70% of the surface convective velocity scale at both locations, highlighting the prominent role played by radiation in maintaining turbulence in marine CTBLs. Despite greater thicknesses, the chord lengths of tropical cumuli were on average lower than those of trade wind cumuli, and as a result of lower cloud cover, the hourly averaged (cloudy and clear) liquid water paths of tropical cumuli were lower than the trade wind cumuli. At both locations ~70% of the cloudy profiles were updrafts, while the average amount of updrafts near cloud base stronger than 1 m s−1 was ~22% in tropical cumuli and ~12% in the trade wind cumuli. The mean in-cloud radar reflectivity within updrafts and mean updraft velocity was higher in tropical cumuli than the trade wind cumuli. Despite stronger vertical velocities and a higher number of strong updrafts, due to lower cloud fraction, the updraft mass flux was lower in the tropical cumuli compared to the trade wind cumuli. The observations suggest that the tropical and trade wind marine cumulus clouds differ significantly in their macrophysical and dynamical structures.
Key Informant Models for Measuring Group-level Variables in Small Groups
Authors: Algesheimer René , Bagozzi Richard P. , Dholakia Utpal M.
Published: November 2015

We offer a new conceptualization and measurement models for constructs at the group-level of analysis in small group research. The conceptualization starts with classical notions of group behavior proposed by Tönnies, Simmel, and Weber and then draws upon plural subject theory by philosophers Gilbert and Tuomela to frame a new perspective applicable to many forms of small group behavior. In the proposed measurement model, a collective property is operationalized as shared interpersonal action that explicitly allows us to control for systematic (method) error and random error. Group members act as key informants of group properties and processes and are treated as methods in a multitrait multimethod setting to validate our models. The models are applied to data of 277 three-person groups to develop and illustrate new procedures for ascertaining variation in measures due to hypothesized construct(s), method error, and random error. Implications and guidelines for small group research are discussed.
Volume‐Based Enteral Nutrition Support Regimen Improves Caloric Delivery but May Not Affect Clinical Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Haskins Ivy N. , Baginsky Mary , Gamsky Nathaniel , Sedghi Kia , Yi Sojung , Amdur Richard L. , Gergely Mary , Sarani Babak
Published: November 2015

Introduction: Meeting enteral nutrition goals is an ongoing challenge in the intensive care unit (ICU). Most hospitals use rate‐based (RB) protocols for nutrient delivery. Previous studies have found that volume‐based (VB) protocols improve delivery of prescribed calories. However, these studies did not assess clinical outcomes. We hypothesize that a VB method will improve the delivery of prescribed calories and lead to improved clinical outcomes. Methods: A before‐and‐after study was performed following implementation of a VB feeding protocol in an adult mixed medical‐surgical ICU. Formal institutional review board approval was obtained. The effect of RB and VB protocols on percentage of goal calories received, ICU length of stay (LOS), hospital LOS, mortality, days on the ventilator, and rates of infection were investigated using the Kruskal‐Wallis test of differences. Multivariate regression was used to identify independent predictors of outcome. Significance was defined as P < .05. Results: A total of 77 patients were included (RB = 39, VB = 38). There were no differences in demographics between the 2 groups with the exception of the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score, which was significantly higher in the VB group. VB patients received significantly more prescribed calories (74% vs 57%, P < .001). VB patients had significantly longer ICU LOS and duration of mechanical ventilation on univariate analysis. These differences did not persist after controlling for APACHE II score. Conclusion: VB enteral feeding allows for a significantly greater provision of prescribed calories but may not affect clinical outcomes. A larger sample size is needed for adequate power to corroborate these findings.
Normal-Hearing Listeners’ and Cochlear Implant Users’ Perception of Pitch Cues in Emotional Speech
Authors: Gilbers Steven , Fuller Christina , Gilbers Dicky , Broersma Mirjam , Goudbeek Martijn , Free Rolien , Başkent Deniz
Published: November 2015

In cochlear implants (CIs), acoustic speech cues, especially for pitch, are delivered in a degraded form. This study’s aim is to assess whether due to degraded pitch cues, normal-hearing listeners and CI users employ different perceptual strategies to recognize vocal emotions, and, if so, how these differ. Voice actors were recorded pronouncing a nonce word in four different emotions: anger, sadness, joy, and relief. These recordings’ pitch cues were phonetically analyzed. The recordings were used to test 20 normal-hearing listeners’ and 20 CI users’ emotion recognition. In congruence with previous studies, high-arousal emotions had a higher mean pitch, wider pitch range, and more dominant pitches than low-arousal emotions. Regarding pitch, speakers did not differentiate emotions based on valence but on arousal. Normal-hearing listeners outperformed CI users in emotion recognition, even when presented with CI simulated stimuli. However, only normal-hearing listeners recognized one particular actor’s emotions worse than the other actors’. The groups behaved differently when presented with similar input, showing that they had to employ differing strategies. Considering the respective speaker’s deviating pronunciation, it appears that for normal-hearing listeners, mean pitch is a more salient cue than pitch range, whereas CI users are biased toward pitch range cues.
An efficient way of investigating the intrinsic size effect in machining
Authors: Ahn Il Hyuk , Moon Seung Ki , Hwang Jihong
Published: November 2015

This study seeks to develop an efficient way of quantitatively investigating the intrinsic size effect in machining. This is accomplished by carrying out the following procedures: conducting the pure two-dimensional orthogonal machining with the cutting edge radius and the uncut chip thickness varied, investigating the relation between the cutting edge radius and the specific cutting energy when the uncut chip thickness is fixed, and then estimating the specific cutting energy for a perfectly sharp tool by extrapolating the relations obtained for different values of the uncut chip thickness. Finally, the usefulness of the developed method is validated by showing that the estimate of the specific cutting energy for a perfectly sharp tool can be effectively utilized for understanding and modeling the intrinsic size effect, especially the material length scale, in machining.
Modern pollen–plant richness and diversity relationships exist along a vegetational gradient in southern Norway
Authors: Felde Vivian A , Peglar Sylvia M , Bjune Anne E , Grytnes John-Arvid , Birks H John B
Published: November 2015

The relationships between modern pollen and floristic plant richness, diversity and evenness are assessed using pollen assemblages and associated vegetation data from 52 lakes along an elevational and vegetational gradient in the Setesdal valley of south-central Norway. Various data transformations were applied to minimise bias in the vegetation and pollen datasets. Plant species were transformed to their pollen or spore equivalents to reduce taxonomic biases. Pollen counts were transformed using Andersen’s general pollen-representation values for northern European trees and shrubs and the Regional Estimates of Vegetation Abundance from Large Sites (REVEALS) model with pollen-productivity estimates (PPEs) appropriate for Setesdal to minimise pollen-representation bias. Pollen count-size bias (before or after transformation) was eliminated by rarefaction analysis based on bootstrap resampling. Richness and diversity were quantified using Hill numbers ( N0, N1, N2), and evenness was estimated as the ratios of N0, N1 and N2. Diversity partitioning was used to estimate β diversity. The strongest correlations between pollen and plant richness and diversity are with pollen counts transformed using Andersen’s representation values and rarefied to a common count size and with plants transformed to their pollen equivalents. However, if sites from the low-alpine zone are excluded where there are high values of far-transported tree pollen, the richness and diversity relationships are also statistically significant for untransformed pollen data and plants transformed into their pollen equivalents. The effects of data transformation on diversity partitioning and estimates of β diversity are explored. We demonstrate that there are statistically significant positive relationships between pollen and plant richness and diversity along the entire elevational gradient after transforming the datasets to minimise biases due to taxonomic differences, differential pollen representation, and pollen-count size, and similar significant positive relationships along the forested parts of the gradient (nemoral, boreonemoral, southern boreal, middle boreal) after transforming the datasets to minimise biases due to taxonomic differences and pollen-count size.
The meaning and making of union delegate networks
Authors: Peetz David , Murray Georgina , Muurlink Olav , May Maggie
Published: November 2015

Networks are a subject of growing research interest. Yet union networks, particularly networks of delegates, and ways to build them, are still poorly understood. This is a study of the meaning that workplace union delegates assign to networks of support. It explores the characteristics of effective delegate and union networks and influences upon them. Effective networks are a combination of strong and weak ties, such that delegates sometimes do not recognise they are part of a network. Our three-stage research methodology involved delegate focus groups, a paper-based self-completion questionnaire of recently trained delegates (N=473) and a follow-up telephone survey (N=145). It found that organisers were key to creation of internal workplace networks (although they did not necessarily establish them) and in providing a bridge for delegates with external networks. They were the key support person for many delegates. Networks took a variety of forms. Only a minority were formalised. A majority were mainly internal to the workplace. Social media were rarely used, with little intention of using them more, and were, we suspect, underutilised.
Evaluating the appropriateness of a community pharmacy model for a colorectal cancer screening program in Catalonia (Spain)
Authors: Santolaya M , Aldea M , Grau J , Estrada M , Barau M , Buron A , Francesc M , Castell A , Rodriguez C , Gascón P , Rius P , Guayta-Escolies R ,   on behalf of the PROCOLON research group (all members of this group are listed in Author Note)
Published: November 2015

Background

The traditional model of community pharmacy has changed, with patients, caregivers and consumers having access to many cognitive services other than the traditional dispensing and supply of medicines. In December 2009, a population-based colorectal cancer screening program started in Barcelona, introducing the community pharmacist and the professional expertise of the pharmacist into the organisational model.

Aim

To evaluate the program implementation process in the pharmacies, identify barriers and facilitators, and know the opinion of the professionals involved in the colorectal cancer screening program in Catalonia (Spain).

Methods

Cross-sectional study of the pharmacies that participated in the first round of the program during the first and second trimester of 2010 in Barcelona. A validated questionnaire was used to analyse several functional aspects in the implementation process. Qualitative aspects about the opinion of the pharmacist were studied. A descriptive and bivariate analysis was performed.

Results

All the pharmacies involved in the program (n = 74) participated in the study. The majority of the sample population was composed of women (70.3%), mean age 44.9 years, and most of them (74%) had attended a specific training session. Pharmacists considered their participation in the program to be an added value to their professional role and a way to increase consumer’s confidence on this kind of services. The average time to provide the service was estimated to be less than 10 minutes per consumer. Only three (4.1%) pharmacists considered that the program involved a lot of extra work in the daily activities of the pharmacy. The level of satisfaction of the pharmacists was very high.

Conclusions

Community pharmacies can be a successful alternative and great resource to implement a population cancer screening program. This functional model can improve the accessibility and participation rates on target population. The level of motivation of the community pharmacist, the specific training program and the perception to give a better care for their patients can be an enabler.
Dermatophyte surveillance in cats in three animal shelters in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Mozes Rachael , Pearl David L , Rousseau Joyce , Niel Lee , Weese J Scott
Published: November 2015

Objectives

The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of dermatophyte shedding in cats admitted to three Ontario animal shelters from February to May 2013.

Methods

Four hundred cats were sampled within 48 h of admission, using a standard toothbrush sampling technique. Dermatophyte culture was performed.

Results

Dermatophytes were not identified in any of the 400 cats (0–0.9% one-sided exact 97.5% confidence interval).

Conclusions and relevance

These results imply that dermatophyte shedding is rare in cats admitted to Ontario animal shelters. Consequently, identification of infected animals, particularly multiple animals, represents an unusual occurrence that may justify prompt and intensive control measures.