bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scattering amplitudes in open superstring theory
Authors: Schlotterer O.
Published: November 2011

This review is concerned with scattering amplitudes in open superstring theories. In particular, we introduce two different formalisms to compute tree level amplitudes – the Ramond Neveu Schwarz‐ (RNS‐) and the Pure Spinor (PS‐) formalism. The RNS approach proves to be flexible in describing compactifications from ten to four flat spacetime dimensions. We solve the technical problems due to the underlying interacting conformal field theory on the worldsheet. This is exploited to extract phenomenologically relevant scattering amplitudes of gluons and quarks as well as production‐ and decay rates of massive vibration modes which have already been identified as virtual exchange particles at the massless level. In case of a TeV string scale, string specific signatures in parton collisions might be observed at the LHC experiment in the near future and constitute the first experimental evidence for string theory. These statements apply to a wide class of string vacua and therefore bypass the so‐called landscape problem of string theory. The PS formalism allows for a manifestly supersymmetric treatment of scattering amplitudes in ten spacetime dimensions with sixteen supercharges. We introduce a family of superfields which arises in tree amplitudes of massless open string states and can be naturally identified with diagrams made of cubic vertices. We firstly achieve a compact superspace representation of multiparticle field theory amplitudes and moreover express the complete n point superstring amplitude as a minimal linear combination of partial field theory amplitudes and hypergeometric functions. The latter carry the stringy effects and are analyzed from different perspectives.
Synthesis and analytical investigation of C‐terminally modified peptide aldehydes and ketone: application to oxime ligation
Authors: Buré Corinne , Marceau Philippe , Meudal Hervé , Delmas Agnès F.
Published: November 2011

C‐terminally modified peptides aldehyde (glycinal and alpha‐oxo aldehyde peptides) and ketone (pyruvic acid‐containing peptide) were synthesised to get new insights into the mechanism of acido‐catalysed oxime ligation. Their tetrahedral hydrated forms were investigated in solution and in the gas phase, using NMR and in‐source collision‐induced dissociation mass spectrometry, respectively, and the kinetics of the oximation reactions followed using analytical HPLC. The results obtained confirmed that the first step of the oximation reaction was the limiting step for the pyruvic acid‐containing peptides because of the steric effect and of the carbon angular strain of the ketone. The second step is the determining step for the aldehyde peptides because the basicity of the oxygen of the hydroxyl function of the tetrahedral form is greater for glycinal than for alpha‐oxo aldehyde. These data strongly suggest that the hydrated form of the aldehyde partner has to be considered when oxime reactions are performed in aqueous buffer. Copyright © 2011 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resistive‐switching mechanism of transparent nonvolatile memory device based on gallium zinc oxide
Authors: Wang Yongshun
Published: November 2011

We report an indium‐free transparent resistive switching random access memory (TRRAM) device based on a gallium‐doped zinc oxide (GZO)‐Ga2O3‐ZnO‐Ga2O3‐GZO structure grown by metal‐organic chemical vapor deposition. The bipolar resistive‐switching behavior is investigated based on the filament model. ZnO insulator layer fabricated at different temperature are compared to further support the filament mechanism. The compliance current applied on the device is changed from low to high to study the properties of conductive filaments in ZnO. The Joule‐heating effect is also studied by adjusting the integrating time in voltage sweeping.
Dynamic properties of reconstruction defect on 90° partial dislocation in Si
Authors: Wang Chaoying , Wang Zhenqing , Meng Qingyuan , Wang Zhaoying
Published: November 2011

The molecular dynamics (MD) and nudged elastic band (NEB) methods are employed to investigate the dynamic properties of the reconstruction defect (RD) on 90° partial dislocation in Si. This involves the motion of RD in single‐period (SP‐RD) and double‐period (DP‐RD) structures. When the temperature is lower than 1100 K, the migration processes and velocities of SP‐RD can be simply observed. It is found that SP‐RD is remarkably mobile, which is essentially determined by its structural characteristics. At relatively higher temperature, the previous prediction that SP‐RD may act as the nucleating center of a double kink is proved. All these MD results are in good agreement with the calculated barriers. The migration of DP‐RD is carried out by the motion of left–right kink RD complex (LR‐RD) and right–left kink RD complex (RL‐RD). Their motion sequences are described in detail and it is also found that the dangling bonds make the movement of the two complexes easier.
ISO 22000/HACCP Associated with the Presence of Microorganisms in the Processing of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fillets
Authors: Carbonera Nádia , Cappelletti Bianca Martins , Espírito Santo Milton Luiz Pinho
Published: November 2011

Pseudomonas is one among the many bacteria that contribute to the deterioration of fish. Other microorganisms such as Salmonella sp., coagulase positive Staphylococcus and thermotolerant coliforms can also be found. The presence of this microbiota is always related to raw materials, poor handling, or badly designed plants. In this study the presence of these indicators was evaluated. The monitoring was conducted during the reception of the fish, chilling and storage of the product at −18 °C. As part of the monitoring, preventive measures for each Critical Control Point associated with the program of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point were established. The results showed that there was significant difference (p < 0.05) between the samples. The resistance of these microorganisms involved in getting the frozen fillets confirmed the need for more effective control and should be subject to a regulatory program like ISO 22000. This program specifies the requirements needed for a system that can monitor and master hazards and ensure that food is safe for human consumption. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quasi‐random hypergraphs revisited
Authors: Chung Fan
Published: November 2011

The quasi‐random theory for graphs mainly focuses on a large equivalent class of graph properties each of which can be used as a certificate for randomness. For k ‐graphs (i.e., k ‐uniform hypergraphs), an analogous quasi‐random class contains various equivalent graph properties including the k ‐discrepancy property (bounding the number of edges in the generalized induced subgraph determined by any given (k ‐ 1) ‐graph on the same vertex set) as well as the k ‐deviation property (bounding the occurrences of “octahedron”, a generalization of 4 ‐cycle). In a 1990 paper (Chung, Random Struct Algorithms 1 (1990) 363‐382), a weaker notion of l ‐discrepancy properties for k ‐graphs was introduced for forming a nested chain of quasi‐random classes, but the proof for showing the equivalence of l ‐discrepancy and l ‐deviation, for 2 ≤ l < k, contains an error. An additional parameter is needed in the definition of discrepancy, because of the rich and complex structure in hypergraphs. In this note, we introduce the notion of (l,s) ‐discrepancy for k ‐graphs and prove that the equivalence of the (k,s) ‐discrepancy and the s ‐deviation for 1 ≤ s ≤ k. We remark that this refined notion of discrepancy seems to point to a lattice structure in relating various quasi‐random classes for hypergraphs. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2011
Clustering based on periodicity in high‐throughput time course data
Authors: Blackstock Anna J. , Manatunga Amita K. , Park Youngja , Jones Dean P. , Yu Tianwei
Published: November 2011

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, traditionally used in analytical chemistry, has recently been introduced to studies of metabolite composition of biological fluids and tissues. Metabolite levels change over time, and providing a tool for better extraction of NMR peaks exhibiting periodic behavior is of interest. We propose a method in which NMR peaks are clustered based on periodic behavior. Periodic regression is used to obtain estimates of the parameter corresponding to period for individual NMR peaks. A mixture model is then used to develop clusters of peaks, taking into account the variability of the regression parameter estimates. Methods are applied to NMR data collected from human blood plasma over a 24‐h period. Simulation studies show that the extra variance component due to the estimation of the parameter estimate should be accounted for in the clustering procedure. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 4: 579–589, 2011
Securing wireless communications in transmit‐beamforming systems by precoding jamming noise signals
Authors: Ma Shichuan , Hempel Michael , Yang Yaoqing (Lamar) , Sharif Hamid
Published: November 2011

Information transmission in wireless communication systems is traditionally protected by cryptographic techniques at the higher layers. Recently, a method of physical layer security has attracted much attention because it can potentially provide lower probability of interception of the signals at the eavesdroppers and hence augment the link security in addition to the conventional encryptions. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to securing transmit‐beamforming systems by using uniquely designed jamming noise signal, which can significantly degrade the signal quality at the eavesdropper but not at the intended receiver. The jamming noise signal is generated from the null space of the channel matrix. An eigenvector‐based implementation of this theoretical method is also provided. Unlike previous physical layer security methods, the proposed approach can provide secure communications over systems with arbitrary antenna configurations. Our proposed method offers more degrees of freedom to generate the jamming noise signal, resulting in the eavesdropper being unable to decode the information signals. Moreover, the eavesdropper cannot influence the system secrecy capacity by employing more antennas or by moving close to the transmitter. Simulation results show that the secrecy capacity increases significantly, by about 7 bits/s/Hz for a 4 × 4 antenna configuration, under typical transmit power constraints. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meeting modern grid codes with large direct‐drive permanent magnet generator‐based wind turbines—low‐voltage ride‐through
Authors: Banham‐Hall D.D. , Smith C.A. , Taylor G.A. , Irving M.R.
Published: November 2011

Ambitious offshore wind energy targets continue to drive technological innovation, with the latest direct‐drive permanent magnet generator‐based wind turbines promising higher efficiency and availability. However, these machines have fixed rotor flux, provided by the magnets, which means that their voltage rises with speed. Further, high machine stator reactance leads to significant magnetic energy storage in the stator windings. Both these aspects provide new challenges for the power converter when designing to meet modern low‐voltage ride‐through requirements.

This paper therefore proposes a novel control strategy, using a minimally rated chopper and dynamic brake resistor (DBR) integrated with the wind turbine's power converter, to help these systems to meet the demands of modern grid codes. This control method may allow the chopper and DBR to be rated at only 40% of a fully rated version. Despite only partially rating the DBR system, the control method minimizes the torsional oscillations in the drive train, thereby protecting the mechanical system. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Thermoelectric Properties of Clathrates in the Sn‐In‐As‐I System
Authors: Kelm Evgeny A. , Olenev Andrei V. , Bykov Mikhail A. , Sobolev Alexey V. , Presniakov Igor A. , Kulbachinskii Vladimir A. , Kytin Vladimir G. , Shevelkov Andrei V.
Published: November 2011

Clathrates of the general formula Sn24–x–δInxAs22–yI8have been synthesized withxmax= 10.7. They crystallize in the clathrate‐I type of crystal structure, space groupPm$\bar{3}$n, with the cubic unit cell parameter ranging froma= 11.088 (x= 0) toa= 11.343 (x= 10.7) Å. The crystal structure refined for five compositions with different indium contents revealed that despite the linear dependence of the unit cell parameter uponxthe details of the crystal structure change twice upon varying the indium contents. These changes occur without altering the space group and show up in positional disorder of atoms within the framework and the concomitant change of the coordination of part of tin atoms from 3+2 to 3+3, which is additionally confirmed by the Mössbauer spectroscopy data. In general, these changes reflect the transition from the Sn24P19.3I8structure type for high indium contents to the Sn20.5As22I8structure type for low indium contents. It is shown that the Sn24–x–δInxAs22–yI8clathrates haven‐type conductivity with high values of the Seebeck coefficient ranging from –322 to –594 μV·K–1at room temperature. They display an abnormally low thermal conductivity at 293 K, from 0.36 to 0.57 W·m–1·K–1. The calculated thermoelectric figure‐of‐merit for Sn24–x–δInxAs22–yI8has its room‐temperature maximum at 0.041 forx= 6.5.
Settlement in empty versus occupied habitats: an experimental study on bank voles
Authors: Glorvigen Petter , Bjørnstad Ottar N. , Andreassen Harry P. , Ims Rolf A.
Published: November 2011

Despite the recognised importance of colonisation (settlement in empty habitats) and immigration (settlement in an established population) to species persistence and evolution few have investigated these processes in territorial mammals and how they affect species’ traits. We translocated female bank voles (Myodes glareolus) onto an island (2.58 ha) in a two‐stage experiment (stage 1:colonisationof empty population space and stage 2:immigrationinto an established population) to test (1) if colonisers and immigrants differ in probability of settlement and pregnancy, and (2) if settlement is affected by cues of conspecifics, i.e., simulated deserted home ranges (SDHR) and resident presence. Density was kept well below saturation in 8 temporally distinct population replicates over 3 years. SDHR and resident presence neither attracted nor repelled colonisers and immigrants, respectively, and settlement was not different from a random model. Probability of settlement tended to be higher in colonisers than immigrants and the probability of pregnancy was significantly higher in colonisers; immigrants settling within the home range of residents had nearly zero probability of pregnancy. Colonisation of empty habitat patches selected based on physical or resource based habitat features is apparently the optimal settlement strategy of dispersing voles, because cues from conspecifics may provide ambiguous information and social factors may inhibit settlement or delay reproduction in immigrants even at low population density.
On the classification problem for split graphs
Authors: Morais de Almeida Sheila , Picinin de Mello Célia , Morgana Aurora
Published: November 2011

The Classification Problem is the problem of deciding whether a simple graph has chromatic index equal to Δ or Δ+1. In the first case, the graphs are called Class 1, otherwise, they are Class 2. A split graph is a graph whose vertex set admits a partition into a stable set and a clique. Split graphs are a subclass of chordal graphs. Figueiredo at al. (J. Combin. Math. Combin. Comput. 32:79–91, 2000) state that a chordal graph is Class 2 if and only if it is neighborhood-overfull. In this paper, we give a characterization of neighborhood-overfull split graphs and we show that the above conjecture is true for some split graphs.
Head Trauma in the Cat: 2. Assessment and Management of Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Garosi Laurent , Adamantos Sophie
Published: November 2011

Practical relevance Feline trauma patients are commonly seen in general practice and frequently have sustained some degree of brain injury.

Clinical challenges Cats with traumatic brain injuries may have a variety of clinical signs, ranging from minor neurological deficits to life-threatening neurological impairment. Appropriate management depends on prompt and accurate patient assessment, and an understanding of the pathophysiology of brain injury. The most important consideration in managing these patients is maintenance of cerebral perfusion and oxygenation. For cats with severe head injury requiring decompressive surgery, early intervention is critical.

Evidence base There is a limited clinical evidence base to support the treatment of traumatic brain injury in cats, despite its relative frequency in general practice. Appropriate therapy is, therefore, controversial in veterinary medicine and mostly based on experimental studies or human head trauma studies. This review, which sets out to describe the specific approach to diagnosis and management of traumatic brain injury in cats, draws on the current evidence, as far as it exists, as well as the authors' clinical experience.
Blindness and Behavioural Changes in the Cat: Common Neurological Causes
Authors: Falzone Cristian , Lowrie Mark
Published: November 2011

Practical relevance Blindness and behavioural changes occur relatively commonly in cats, either separately or in combination, causing devastating consequences for the cat and owner. Blindness can be caused by primary ophthalmic, metabolic or intracranial disease. Similarly behavioural changes may be the primary result of intracranial or systemic disease, but also occur secondarily to visual deficits or changes in interaction with the external environment (ie, non-medical problems). The anatomical pathways involved in vision are very close to those involved in behavioural regulation. It is, therefore, likely that a brain lesion (especially a forebrain lesion) that causes blindness will also cause behavioural abnormalities.

Clinical challenges In cases of partial or unilateral blindness, obvious visual deficits may not be apparent to the owner or clinician. Rather, the visual impairment may manifest more subtly as changes in behaviour, reluctance to jump or unwillingness to go outside. Similarly, behavioural problems may be episodic and, hence, a cat presenting with behavioural disturbances may appear clinically normal on evaluation. Behavioural changes are unlikely to be noticed unless marked and associated with bilateral blindness or advanced systemic illness.

Audience This article discusses these two major disorders separately, with the aim of highlighting for the clinician some of the important aspects of the general clinical and neurological examination that can be performed to identify these challenging cases.
Levelling the playing field—A case study of how non-market values can compete in policy debates over wastewater allocation in a semi-arid region
Authors: Bark Rosalind H
Published: November 2011

In this paper we describe how benefits are transferred from previous non-market valuation research to inform the public policy debate on the allocation of treated wastewater to Riparian Projects in the semi-arid city of Tucson, Arizona, United States. Specifically, we transfer property premiums associated with proximity to riparian habitat to two proposed, and one accidental, urban Riparian Project. The study demonstrates that nearby property owners would likely benefit from wastewater reuse in riparian corridor restoration projects. Furthermore, the variable costs of supplying supplementary treated wastewater to one of the Riparian Projects are covered by incremental property tax revenues. We conclude that there is a window of opportunity to utilize a portion of Tucson's treated wastewater, over half of which is currently discharged at the northern end of the city, for additional in-town riparian restoration projects. Such riparian restoration projects also provide a mechanism for Endangered Species Act compliance.
A non-local formulation of rotational water waves
Authors: Ashton A. C. L. , Fokas A. S.
Published: November 2011

The classical equations of irrotational water waves have recently been reformulated as a system of two equations, one of which is an explicit non-local equation for the wave height and for the velocity potential evaluated on the free surface. Here, in the two-dimensional case: (a) we generalize the relevant formulation to the case of constant vorticity, as well as to the case where the free surface is described by a multivalued function; (b) in the case of travelling waves we derive an upper bound for the free surface; (c) in the case of constant vorticity we construct a sequence of nearly Hamiltonian systems which provide an approximation in the asymptotic limit of certain physical small parameters. In particular, the explicit dependence of the vorticity on the coefficients of the Korteweg–de Vries equation is clarified.
Turbulent fountains in one- and two-layer crossflows
Authors: Ansong Joseph K. , Anderson-Frey Alexandra , Sutherland Bruce R.
Published: November 2011

The Lagrangian theory developed for fountains in a stationary fluid is extended to predict the path and breadth of a fountain in a one- and two-layer fluid with a moderate crossflow. The predictions compare well with the results of laboratory experiments of fountains in a one-layer fluid. The empirical spreading parameter determined from the one-layer experiments is used in the theory for fountains in a two-layer crossflow. Though qualitatively correct, the theory underpredicts the height and radius of the fountains. Similar to the behaviour of fountains in two-layer stationary ambients, the fountain in a two-layer crossflow is observed to exhibit three regimes of flow: it may penetrate the interface, eventually returning to the level of the source where it spreads as a propagating gravity current; upon descent, it may be trapped at the interface where it spreads as a propagating intrusion; it may do both, partially descending to the source and partially being trapped at the interface. These regimes are classified theoretically and empirically. The theoretical classification compared the buoyancy excess of the descending flow to the density difference between the two layers. The regimes are also classified using empirically determined regime parameters which govern the relative initial momentum of the fountain and the relative density difference of the fountain and the ambient fluid.
Quietism
Authors: Jones Rufus M.
Published: November 2011

It has been too much the custom to treat Quietism as a sporadic type of religion, as a sort of capricious “sport,” to use a familiar botanical term, expressing itself in two or three famous, but solitary and isolated, mystics on the continent of Europe, and to assume that later evidences of Quietism must be traced back to the teachings of these few rare expounders of it. I am convinced, on the contrary, that these select individuals were only luminous examples of a profound religious tendency, which, in varying form of expression, swept over the entire western world in the latter part of the seventeenth and the early part of the eighteenth centuries, flooded into the consciousness of all who were intensely religious, and left an “unimaginable touch” even on the rank and file of believers. It was a deep and widespread movement, confined to no one country and it was limited to no one branch of the Christian Church. It burst forth in sundered places and spread like a new Pentecost, through kindled personalities and through quick and powerful books of genius.
Simon Zelotes
Authors: Lake Kirsopp
Published: November 2011

Simon Zelotes or Simon the Cananæan is one of the Twelve of whom it is customary to say that we know nothing except that his name shows that he had once belonged to the Sect of the Zealots or Cananæans, the “physical-force men” of the Jews, and that he had afterwards, seeing the error of his ways, adopted the pacific teachings of Jesus.

It is therefore somewhat of a shock to discover from Josephus that, if his evidence be correct, the use of the name Zealot to describe a Jewish sect or party cannot be earlier than A.D. 66. For this reason it seems opportune to bring together the facts dealing with the Zealots and cognate contemporary movements, and in their light to ask once more what is the meaning of “Simon the Zealot.”
Zionism
Authors: Fullerton Kemper
Published: November 2011

About six o'clock on the morning of Oct. 12th, 1914, the Porto di Rodi dropped anchor off Jaffa. No one with a particle of historical imagination can look for the first time without a thrill on the scene that spread itself out before us in the long luxurious roll of the Mediterranean and the easy flowing lines of the distant hills. The little city stood opposite us black against the morning sunshine, which came pouring over the mountains and into the Philistine plain. On such a day some two thousand years ago a man had gone up to a house-top in that city. It was also at the sixth hour, though, being Jewish reckoning, this meant the dazzle of the noon. The man did not notice the sky effects. His attention was concentrated upon a curious phenomenon. An object like a great sheet seemed to be descending out of the sky. As it reached the level of the house-top and he was enabled to look into it, he found it full of all sorts of squirming things, every one of them unclean and very offensive. Disgusted at the sight, he was about to turn away when a command came from somewhere: “Rise, Peter, kill and eat.” “But I cannot,” the man said. “I have never eaten anything common or unclean.” “What God hath cleansed make not thou common,” replied the voice. While the man stood wondering at the strange experience, there was a loud knocking at the door, and he was informed that a certain Cornelius, centurion of the Italian cohort, wished to speak to him about a matter touching the welfare of his soul!
The Anonymous Hymns of Samuel Longfellow
Authors: Foote Henry Wilder
Published: November 2011

On February 27, 1917, I had occasion to spend some hours in the library of Union Theological Seminary in New York, looking over the admirable collection of hymnody on the Seminary's shelves. As I came to the collection of Unitarian hymn-books I opened by chance a copy of the Unitarian Hymn and Tune Book (1877), when a letter fell from the volume. Picking it up I recognized the handwriting of Samuel Longfellow and saw that the letter had to do with certain of his hymns.
Intermediaries in Jewish Theology: Memra, Shekinah, Metatron
Authors: Moore George Foot
Published: November 2011

The Christian interpretation of the Old Testament was early set upon finding in it a figure corresponding to the Son, or the Word (Logos), in the New Testament, a divine being, intermediary between God the Father and the world in creation, revelation, and redemption. For Christian theology, with its philosophical presumptions, a God who visibly and audibly manifested himself to men in human form and action was necessarily such a being; the Supreme God, in his supramundane exaltation or his metaphysical transcendence, could not be imagined thus immediately to intervene in mundane affairs. In this assumption and to a considerable extent in their particular interpretations the Fathers had a precursor in the Jewish theologian Philo.
The Problem of Christian Origins
Authors: Lake Kirsopp
Published: November 2011

Johannes Weiss, Das Urchristentum, Göttingen, 1917.

Alfred Loisy, Les Actes des Apôtres, Paris, 1920.

F. J. Foakes Jackson and Kirsopp Lake, The Beginnings of Christianity, Volume I, London, 1920.

Eduard Meyer, Ursprung und Anfänge des Christentums, Stuttgart and Berlin, 1921.

Roland Schütz, Apostel und Jünger, eine quellenkritische und geschichtliche Untersuchung über die Entstehung des Christentums, Giessen, 1921.

B. H. Streeter, ‘Fresh Light on the Synoptic Problem,’ Hibbert Journal, October, 1921.

The purpose of this article is not so much to offer a review of the books mentioned above as to indicate briefly their nature and contents, and to discuss the varied yet similar points of view which they represent toward some of the problems in the story of Christian origins as studied today.
Teknonymy in the Old Testament
Authors: Radin Max
Published: November 2011

The term teknonymy is applied to the custom of naming a man after his son. It is unusual in Western Europe, where the name received at birth is rarely changed, but as a practice of primitive peoples it has long been known to anthropologists. Indeed the term is of anthropological devising, apparently invented by Tylor, the father of the craft, and duly noted in Sir James Frazer's great repertorium of anthropological data, The Golden Bough. But neither Frazer nor Tylor seems to have referred to the teknonymy of a civilized people, the Arabs, who have developed the system as fully as could well be done. Almost every Arab has a personal or direct name, the ism, and an indirect one, or surname, taken from his child, the kunyah. He may have a number of other names as well, derived from his tribe, his rank, a sobriquet, a common pseudonym, or a patronymic. But it is the name and kunyah that most closely correspond to the given, or Christian, name and the surname of Western Europe. This kunyah contains the Abu, ‘father,’ indispensable to all Western writers who seek to establish an oriental background for their stories, culminating in the literally preposterous ‘Abou Ben Adhém’ of Leigh Hunt's famous poem. As a matter of fact kunyah may mean ‘patronymic,’ but the kunyah that contains Abu, ‘father of’, is so much the most common that ordinarily, when the word kunyah is used, we think of the teknonymic system rather than the other.
Social Unrest and Spiritual Agitation in Present-Day Japan
Authors: Anesaki Masaharu
Published: November 2011

In many aspects of social life Japan shares with the whole world the consequences of the World War, particularly in the intricate connections between social unrest and spiritual agitation. Japan had passed through two wars in recent times; they aroused the nation to national self-consciousness, but they brought also many new problems. Yet those wars were fought far from Japan itself, and did not bring home the disasters and miseries of war. In the World War Japan took a part, but it remained for the people a matter of distant lands. Thus they were comparatively indifferent to the various issues raised by the war, such as the combat between militarism and democracy, the questions of international justice and the self-determination of nations, the problems of peace and social reconstruction. Moreover, their indignation against the aggressive Occident led the people to discredit the pleas of the allies against Germany, and often to incline to sympathize with the German claim of “a place in the sun.” These circumstances tended to keep the Japanese comparatively untouched by the problems created by the war. But the collapse of the great empires and the final outcome of the war could not fail to produce a profound impression among the Japanese. Although the people at large did not realize the whole situation, yet the gravity of the changes and problems was more or less fully grasped, and serious thought was stirred on social and religious questions.
Calvin and Servetus
Authors: Emerton Ephraim
Published: November 2011

In the Genevan suburb of Champel, in an angle formed by the crossing of two unfrequented roads, stands a monument erected in the year 1903 by citizens of Geneva to commemorate an incident in the history of their community which for three centuries and a half has justly been regarded by critics as a blot upon its good name. The monument consists of a rough, irregular granite block about a man's height and resting upon a base of natural rock. On one side is the name of Michael Servetus, and on the other the following touching inscription:

FILS

RESPECTUEUX ET RECONNAISSANTS

DE CALVIN

NOTRE GRAND REFORMATEUR

MAIS CONDAMNANT UNE ERREUR

QUI FUT CELLE DE SON SIECLE

ET FERMEMENT ATTACHES

A LA LIBERTE DE CONSCIENCE

SELON LES VRAIS PRINCIPES

DE LA REFORMATION ET DE L'EVANGILE

NOUS AVONS ELEVE

CE MONUMENT EXPIATOIRE

LE XXVII OCTOBRE MCMIII

That such an inscription could be accepted as an expression of the best judgment of the modern Genevese in regard to this action of their fathers is evidence of a change of sentiment that has required all these three and a half centuries to come to its rights. During my travels two years ago I met a Genevan scholar of world-wide reputation in a field of knowledge that has kept him for the greater part of his active life far removed from the provincial feeling that might well cling to one who had never left the familiar scenes of early life. He was a member of an ancient Genevan aristocratic family, still in possession of a landed estate that for six generations at least had been in the hands of his fathers. In the course of conversation I remarked upon the admirable action of his fellow-citizens in showing, though tardily, their sense of the historic significance of Calvin's terrible act of justice. In so doing I meant to pay to Geneva the respectful tribute of my humble admiration. But the response was not such as I had anticipated. Not even yet was this Genevan aristocrat quite ready to admit that his fellow-citizens had done well to recognize thus publicly their regret that the man to whom they as well as he looked back as the creator of their redoubtable commonwealth had allowed himself this one human slip. Even modified as their expression of regret was, even though they had guarded the reputation of Calvin by ascribing his fault to the Spirit of the Age, still it seemed to this sturdy conservative that any such confession of error could be only another outburst of that radical temper which was slowly transforming the Geneva of Calvin into a community more in sympathy with the liberalism of the modern world.
The Service to Nervous Invalids of the Physician and of the Minister
Authors: Putnam James J.
Published: November 2011

Nervous invalidism as a specific problem is in one way or another everybody's concern. The invalid himself naturally wishes to get well; but he should recognize that it is possible to be sound in mind even though limited in bodily strength, and should come to see with peculiar clearness some of the needs and dangers and opportunities that illness may bring. We are apt to construe health too narrowly, and to forget the relations of both health and illness to character and insight.
Driver and Wellhausen
Authors: Cooke G. A.
Published: November 2011

More than two years have passed since Dr. Driver died (26 Feb., 1914), the greatest Hebraist of his generation, recognized both in England and in America as a master among Old Testament scholars. The time has come when we may attempt, more calmly perhaps than was possible before, to take a survey of his work as a whole, and to consider what are his permanent contributions to Biblical science.
Theology and Psychology
Authors: Leuba James H.
Published: November 2011

The recent extension of scientific psychology to religious life could not leave the theologian unconcerned. “What theological problems can the psychological treatment of religion solve?” “According to what method must the psychology of religion proceed?” These and other questions have become, especially among German theologians, frequent topics of discussion.
The Book Of Jubilees and the Rabbinic Halaka
Authors: Finkelstein Louis
Published: November 2011

In spite of the fact that Singer, Epstein, and, somewhat later, Charles, and Schechter have dealt with the Book of Jubilees, no apology is required for attempting to study it from a somewhat new angle. It is well known that much light can be thrown on the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha by a comparison with rabbinic sources. It may be true that the Jewish traditions were not compiled till a comparatively late date, and that they were probably put in writing still later, yet much that is contained in them is of very ancient origin, and the authorities in whose names statements are quoted are a help, if not an infallible index, to fixing their date. Especially the Book of Jubilees must be viewed in the light thrown upon it by the Talmud and kindred sources, since it was doubtless written in Hebrew, contains numerous laws and allusions to Agadic statements, and presents generally the appearance of a targum or a midrash.
A Turning Point in Synoptic Criticism
Authors: Bacon Benjamin Wisner
Published: November 2011

Christianity as not only a world-religion, but pre-eminently the world-religion, can be rationally appreciated only in the light of its origins. The nineteenth century, therefore, to which nothing was understood that had not been understood genetically, devoted its newly won methods of historical criticism to a comparison of the contemporary documents, the Pauline Epistles, with Acts, the earliest embodiment of the tradition, that it might learn the facts of the great evolution of the Church from the Synagogue. But inquiry into the story of the second founder of our faith was, from the nature of the case, a mere preliminary to the deeper inquiry into the story of its first Founder.
The Philosophy of Plato as a Meditation on Death
Authors: Lloyd Alfred H.
Published: November 2011

It is of the philosophy of Plato that I would write, but I would keep in mind a definition of philosophy given by Plato himself when he spoke of it as “meditation on death.” I would write, too, not of any inner details of what Plato thought, but of his teaching in its general character and value; and especially, on behalf of my readers, I would assume that, for their purposes as well as always for my own, no fair estimate and no vital appreciation of Plato or his meditation can ever be attained without some understanding of the place of Plato and his philosophy in the history of his very remarkable people, the ancient Greeks, and of their dead civilization.
The Task of the Systematic Religious Thinker of Today
Authors: Evans Daniel
Published: November 2011

Theology was once the great intellectual interest of thoughtful men. It explained their religious experience, justified their faith, and gave them intellectual satisfaction. It earned and deserved the title of “the queen of the sciences.” It has now fallen upon evil days. It is depreciated and neglected. Its foes are many; and its friends, even in the Church, are not numerous. The explanation for this situation of theology may be found in the immediate practical interests of life, the new thought-world in which men now live, and also in the inadequacy of the theology once current to meet the intellectual and moral demands of modern men.

Explanation, however, is not justification. There is the same reason for theology today as yesterday. The facts of religious experience remain essentially the same, and they still demand interpretation. The faith of the soul must be maintained in a world which challenges its right to be, and against hostile systems of thought. The interpretation and vindication of religion are more needed today than ever before. The incompetence of old theologies is no reason for doing without theology. If we are true to the demands of religion, we shall be constrained to provide some theology. The new attempts at securing an adequate theology must, however, be thorough and courageous. The great need now is the discovery of some principle by which we can interpret the facts of religious experience and arrive at a reasoned insight into the meaning of man, the world, and God. It is the conviction of the writer that the religious thinker has given him in Christ this interpretative principle, and that his great tasks can be achieved by the use of this principle.
The Moral Crisis within the Church
Authors: Paradise Frank Ilsley
Published: November 2011

When Pope Pius X, standing upon the traditional rock of papal authority, issues a decree upon matters of faith, his words carry the weight not only of his sacred office but also of his immense social influence. We may perhaps share Tertullian's amazed indignation, when Pope Calixtus first assumed the right to speak for the whole church—“Audio edictum esse praepositum et quidem peremptorium”—and yet we listen. We listen, because, in this modern world, no interest which concerns the well-being of any part can be of indifference to the whole social structure; and more especially we listen because the movement which in Roman Catholic circles is known as Modernism is a vital and pressing problem in every organized body of Christian believers.
The Mediatorial Office of the Vedic Fire-God
Authors: Hopkins E. Washburn
Published: November 2011

The mediatorial office of Agni (Latin ignis), the Vedic Fire-god, has never been explained; nor has there ever been an attempt to clarify the relation between Agni as mediator and as avenger, or to show whether either of these functions is extraordinary. Usually the office is taken for granted, as if it were the regular business of Agni to act as a mediator between gods and men. It depends on what is called a mediator whether this is true or not; and the loose use of language has surprising results when non-Sanskrit scholars take up a word used by Sanskrit scholars in a literal sense and employ it in the theological sense. ‘Mediator’ means literally a go-between, or messenger, and Chaucerian English so uses the word; but the common theological connotation adds to this the idea that the messenger or go-between goes as an intercessor or reconciler between two opposed parties.

Now when the author of Ethnic Trinities (and even Tiele) undertakes to show the universality of Christian ideas in religious phenomena, he instances the Hindu Fire-god as a ‘mediator,’ using the word as applied in Christian theology. As a matter of fact, this gives a very incorrect view of Agni, who does not intercede with other gods for the sake of men. The idea that the fire of the sacrifice helps to appease the wrath of other gods is not wholly absent; but it is worth while to see when and where this idea is found, and especially to learn how it is reached and what it implies.
The Religion of the Future
Authors: Eliot Charles W.
Published: November 2011

As students in this summer's School of Theology you have attended a series of lectures on fluctuations in religious interest, on the frequent occurrence of religious declines followed soon by recoveries or regenerations both within and without the churches, on the frequent attempts to bring the prevalent religious doctrines into harmony with new tendencies in the intellectual world, on the constant struggle between conservatism and liberalism in existing churches and between idealism and materialism in society at large, on the effects of popular education and the modern spirit of inquiry on religious doctrines and organizations, on the changed views of thinking people concerning the nature of the world and of man, on the increase of knowledge as affecting religion, and on the new ideas of God. You have also listened to lectures on psychotherapy, a new development of an ancient tendency to mix religion with medicine, and on the theory of evolution, a modern scientific doctrine which within fifty years has profoundly modified the religious conceptions and expectations of many thinking people. You have heard, too, how the new ideas of democracy and social progress have modified and ought to modify not only the actual work done by the churches, but the whole conception of the function of churches.
Froude; or the Historian as Preacher
Authors: Frothingham Paul Revere
Published: November 2011

We have had abundant evidence of late, if evidence were needed i n the matter, that preaching is not of necessity confined to pulpits, nor a matter solely of the churches of the world. There are sermons which come from men of letters, as well as ministers, and from politicians who are genuine prophets. Whatever may be thought about the character of the sermons he delivers, and the nature of the texts from which he draws his inspiration, there can be no question of the fact that Theodore Roosevelt is essentially a preacher. His messages to Congress, which came with more than ministerial regularity and frequency, were essentially homiletical in form as well as hortatory in purpose, and his public addresses might well be collected under the Newmanesque title of Political and Plain Sermons.
The Old Theology and the New
Authors: Brown William Adams
Published: November 2011

By the old theology we mean the type of theology which, whatever its date, ignores the modern scientific movement and is unaffected in method by the results of that movement. By the new theology, conversely, we mean the type of theology whose method is determined by the modern scientific movement and which is hospitable to its results. The purpose of this article is to ask what is the relation of the two, what they have in common, wherein they differ, and what ought to be the attitude of the representatives of the one to the other.
New Testament Eschatology and New Testament Ethics
Authors: Peabody Francis Greenwood
Published: November 2011

The most important contribution of this generation to Biblical interpretation has been made, beyond question, through the appreciation and analysis of New Testament eschatology. Round the teaching of the Gospels, like an atmosphere which even though unconscious of it they breathe, lies, according to this view, a circle of apocalyptic expectation, with its literature, its vocabulary, and its inextinguishable hopes. Though Rabbinical orthodoxy might regard this literature as heretical, it may well have had a peculiar fascination for contemplative or poetic minds. When, therefore, after solitary reflection on his mission, Jesus came into Galilee ‘preaching the gospel of the kingdom of God,’ it might be anticipated that he, like John the Baptist, would apply to that kingdom the language of apocalyptic hope, and would announce its approach as heralded by a catastrophic end of the world-age. This key of interpretation, once in the hands of German learning, has been applied with extraordinary ingenuity to many obscurities and perplexities of the Gospels, and has unlocked some of them with dramatic success. The strange phenomenon, for example, of reserve and privacy in the teaching of Jesus, becomes, in this view, an evidence of his esoteric consciousness of Messiahship, which none but a chosen few were permitted to know. ‘He that hath ears to hear, let him hear.’ The cardinal phrases of the teaching, ‘Kingdom of Heaven,’ ‘Son of God,’ and ‘Son of Man,’ all point, it is urged, not to a normal, human or social regeneration, but to a supernatural, revolutionary, and catastrophic change.
The Reality of Religious Ideals
Authors: Boodin John E.
Published: November 2011

Not the least significant fact of this great scientific age is its deep interest in religion. On the one hand, in spite of serious protests from the conservatives, science has established its right to apply the same method to the study of religion which has been of such great service in reducing the facts of other fields from chaos to order; and thus we have Comparative Religion, Higher Criticism, and the Psychology of Religion. On the other hand, attempts have been made from the philosophical side to furnish the same rationale for the ultimate religious concepts as for the scientific. The import of this has been, not to show that both sorts of ideas are ultimately equally invalid, equally lose themselves in the unknowable, as in the dark all cows are gray; but to show the legitimacy and importance of both in steering us in the direction of the real. What I am concerned with in this paper is to inquire into the validity of our religious ideals; but to do this I shall have to inquire first how any ideals become valid. If this seems a roundabout way, I still feel that it is the shortest way to reach the end in view.