bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: SUBSTITUTED AMINOACRYLIC DERIVATIVES. 13. AMIDE SYNTHESIS BY MEANS OF PUSH‐PULL ACETYLENES
Authors: NEUENSCHWANDER M. , LIENHARD U. , FAHRNI H.‐P. , HURNI B.
Published: April 2016

Durch eine Bromierungs‐Dehydrobromierungssequenz werden aus den entsprechenden Olefinen die thermisch stabilen Push‐Pull‐Acetylene (I) gewonnen, die als Dehydratisierungsmittel von Carbonsäuren und Aminen geeignet sind.
ChemInform Abstract: ALKYLATION OF Δ6‐1‐OCTALONE
Authors: CAMPBELL S. , PETRAGNANI N. , BROCKSOM T. , TSUCHIYA L.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Methylierung des Octalons (I) mit Methyliodid in verschiedenen Lösungsmitteln wird das Methyl‐octalon (II) erhalten, das nach Behandeln mit Natronlauge und anschließender Hydrierung ein Gemisch von cisund trans‐ Methyl‐decalon (IV) ergibt.
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANOBORATION OF ALKYNYLSTANNANES. V. REACTION OF DIALKYLDI‐1‐PROPYNYLSTANNANES WITH TRIALKYLBORANES
Authors: KILLIAN L. , WRACKMEYER B.
Published: April 2016

1H‐, 1 1B‐, 13C‐ und 1 19Sn‐ NMR‐Daten werden zur Identifizierung der Additionsprodukte von (I) und (II) herangezogen.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION AND FLUORESCENCE PROPERTIES OF COPPER(I) CARBOXYLATES
Authors: HARDT H. D. , WEBER P.
Published: April 2016

Durch Reduktion mit Ascorbinsäure oder ihrem Na‐Salz werden in wäßriger Lösung von Ammoniumbenzoaten und Cu‐sulfat‐pentahydrat die Salze (Ia) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: KINETIC ENERGY RELEASE IN THE FRAGMENTATION OF CSH3+ IONS
Authors: HARRISON A. G.
Published: April 2016

Es erweist sich als unmöglich, die aus den Mercaptanen (I) bzw. dem Disulfid (II) entstehenden isomeren Ionen CH2 SH und CH3S anhand ihrer kinetischen Energieübertragung zu unterscheiden.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON DIAZEPINES. IV. 3H‐1,2‐BENZODIAZEPINES
Authors: TSUCHIYA T. , KURITA J.
Published: April 2016

Die Lithiumaluminiumhydridreduktion′ der IH‐Benzodiazepine (I) ergibt Dihydroderivate (II), aus denen durch Dehydrierung mit dem Triazolindion (III) die 3H‐Benzodiazepine (IV) erhalten werden.
ChemInform Abstract: THE BONDING CAPABILITIES OF TRANSITION METAL CLUSTERS
Authors: LAUHER J. W.
Published: April 2016

Für eine Reihe von Übergangsmetall‐Clusterverbindungen ( ;z.B. Ni‐, Fe‐, Rh‐,Re‐,Pt‐,Os und Co‐Carbonylen) wurden auf der Grundlage der erweiterten Hückel‐Theorie die Bindungsfahigkeiten und die Stöchiometrien berechnet.
ChemInform Abstract: CARBOXYLATION OF OLEFINS WITH CARBON MONOXIDE USING VARIOUS STRONG ACIDS‐H2O‐GROUP 1B METAL CARBONYL CATALYST SYSTEMS
Authors: YONEDA N. , FUKUHARA T. , TAKAHASHI Y. , SUZUKI A.
Published: April 2016

Zur Auffindung einer praktischen Methode für die Darstellung von Carbonsäuren wird das katalytische Verhalten von Cu(I)‐Carbonylen in Gegenwart starker Säuren untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: NEUES DARSTELLUNGSVERFAHREN VON CARBO‐ UND SCHWEFELDIIMIDEN
Authors: KLINGEBIEL U.
Published: April 2016

Die 1:1‐molare Umsetzung der Lithioaminofluorsilane (I) mit Trimethylsilylisocyanat, Phenylisocyanat oder Trimethylsilylthionylimid (II) führt unter LiF‐Elirninierung zu den Carbodiimiden (IIIa) bzw. dem Schwefeldiimid (IIIb), das sich bei gaschromatographischen Reinigungs versuchen zersetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF XANTHONE‐O‐GLYCOSIDES. PART 1. SYNTHESIS OF 3‐O‐β‐GLYCOSIDES
Authors: CHARI V. M. , KLAPFENBERGER R. , WAGNER H.
Published: April 2016

Die Glykosidierung der lß‐Dihydroxyxanthone (I) mit α‐Acetobromoglucose in Pyridin unter Verwendung von AgzCO3 als Säureakzeptor führt zu den Titelverbindungen (IIa) und (IIc), wobei die Kondensation ausschließlich an der 3‐Hydroxygruppe erfolgt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHETIC STUDY OF AMINO SUGARS FROM PYRIDINES. IV. SYNTHESIS OF 5‐AMINO‐5‐DEOXYPIPERIDINOSES FROM THE SINGLET OXYGEN ADDUCT OF 1‐ACYL‐1,2‐DIHYDROPYRIDINES. (1)
Authors: NATSUME M. , SEKINE Y. , SOYAGIMI H.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem Dihydropyridin (I) erhält man durch Photooxidation in Dichlormethan in Gegenwart von Methylenblau das instabile Peroxid (II), das mit Mercaptanen, z.B. Thiophenol, zu den Thioethern (III) und (IV) substituiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: REDISTRIBUTION EQUILIBRIUMS IN BROMINE‐TERMINATED POLY(DIMETHYLSILTHIANS)
Authors: MOEDRITZER K.
Published: April 2016

Hexamethylcyclotrisilthian und Dibromodimethylsilan bilden beim Erhitzen Flüssigkeiten, die Molekülgemische enthalten, wie NMR‐spektroskopisch bestätigt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF TITANIUM(IV) ISOPROPOXIDE WITH ALIPHATIC AND AROMATIC HYDROXY ESTERS, PART I. 5‐, 6‐, 7‐ AND 8‐COORDINATE TITANIUM(IV) COMPLEXES
Authors: PAL M. , PRAKASH S. , KAPOOR R. N.
Published: April 2016

Ti(IV)‐isopropoxid (I) setzt sich mit den Hydroxyestern (II) unter wasserfreien Bedingungen abhängig vom stöchiometrischen Verhältnis zu den mono‐, di‐, tri‐ oder tetrasubstituierten Verbindungen (III) mit der Koordinationszahl 5, 6, 7 oder 8 um.
ChemInform Abstract: ALKYLATION OF ENAMINES OF 2,2,6,6‐TETRAMETHYL‐4‐OXOPIPERIDINE AND 2,2,6,6‐TETRAMETHYL‐4‐OXOPIPERIDIN‐1‐OXYL BY MANNICH BASES FROM β‐NAPHTHOL
Authors: KAGAN E. SH. , MIKHAILOV V. I. , SHOLLE V. D. , SMIRNOV V. A. , ROZANTSEV E. G.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem Enamin (I) und dem Enaminradikal (IV) erhält man in siedendem Dioxan unter Einleiten von Methan mit der Mannich‐Base (II) die Verbindungen (III) und (V).
ChemInform Abstract: MAGNETIC ISOTOPE AND MAGNETIC FIELD EFFECTS ON CHEMICAL REACTIONS. SUNLIGHT AND SOAP FOR THE EFFICIENT SEPARATION OF CARBON‐13 AND CARBON‐12
Authors: TURRO N. J. , KRAEUTLER B.
Published: April 2016

In homogenem Benzol zeigt die photochemische Decarbonylierung von Dibenzylketon eine geringe aber meß‐ bare "C/"C‐Trennung, die stark zunimmt, wenn Hexadecyltrimethylammoniumchlorid zugesetzt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: A SYNTHETIC ORDERED LEUCITE‐TYPE STRUCTURE
Authors: KLASKA R.
Published: April 2016

Röntgenographische Untersuchungen der unter hydrothermalen Bedingungen (450°C, 700 bar) in alkalischer Lösung kristallisierenden Verbindung (I) (Raumgruppe I4, /a, Z=16) lassen eine tendenzielle Ga,Si‐Ordnung in den Tetraederzentren erkennen.
ChemInform Abstract: OXYGEN GENERATION FROM WATER BY REDOX CATALYSIS
Authors: KIWI J. , GRAETZEL M.
Published: April 2016

ist auf dem Wege der Reaktionen A und B möglich, wenn Redoxkatalysatoren wie PtO2 oder IrO2 zugegen sind.
ChemInform Abstract: BRIDGING LIGANDS IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY. 2. SYNTHESIS AND REACTIVITY OF THE GREEN DIMER OF MOLYBDENOCENE CONTAINING A BRIDGING FULVALENE LIGAND
Authors: SMART J. C. , CURTIS C. J.
Published: April 2016

Das grüne Fulvalen‐verbrückte Mo‐Dimere (II) wird durch eine 1:4‐molare Umsetzung des M0‐acetats (I) mit Na‐cyclopentadienid synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON VITAMIN D (CALCIFEROL) AND ITS ANALOGS. 15. 24‐NOR‐1α,25‐DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 AND 24‐NOR‐25‐HYDROXY‐5,6‐TRANS‐VITAMIN D3
Authors: MOURINO A. , BLAIR P. , WECKSLER W. , JOHNSON R. L. , NORMAN A. W. , OKAMURA W. H.
Published: April 2016

Verschiedene Umwandlungsreaktionen werden an Vitamin‐D‐Verbindungen vorgenommen.
ChemInform Abstract: HEAT CAPACITY MEASUREMENTS OF GERMANIUM SULFIDE, GERMANIUM SELENIDE AND GERMANIUM TELLURIDE
Authors: WIEDEMEIER H. , SIEMERS P. , GAUR U. , WUNDERLICH B.
Published: April 2016

Anhand der mit einem Differentialscanningkalorimeter im Temp.‐Bereich 220‐610 K gemessenen Wärmekapazitä‐ ten werden die Debye‐Temp.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF MILLIGRAM QUANTITIES OF TETRASULFUR TETRANITRIDE AND TETRASULFUR DINITRIDE BY A METHOD SUITABLE FOR ISOTOPIC LABELING
Authors: APTER S. , CARRUTHERS M. , SUTCLIFFE L. H.
Published: April 2016

Eine Lösung von Sund Br2 wird in einem evakuierten Borosilicatrohr erhitzt (50°C, 24 h) und nach Zugabe von CCl4 trockenes NH3 (bis zum pH 8) durch die Lösung geleitet.
ChemInform Abstract: POLYCARBONYL COMPOUNDS. 23. ETHOXYCARBONYL ISOTHIOCYANATE AS A REAGENT FOR INTRODUCING THIOXO FUNCTIONS IN SQUARIC ACID AMIDES
Authors: SEITZ G. , SUTRISNO R.
Published: April 2016

Quadratsäure1,2‐diamide (I) reagieren mit Ethoxycarbonyl‐isothiocyanat (II) unter Umwandlung einer Carbonylgruppe zu Monothioquadratsäure‐1,2‐diamiden (III).
ChemInform Abstract: DERIVATIVES OF 2‐AMINO‐1,2,3,4‐TETRAHYDRONAPHTHALENE. V: SYNTHESES OF TRANS‐2‐AMINO‐3,5,8‐TRIHYDROXY‐1,2,3,4‐TETRAHYDRONAPHTHALENE AND ITS N‐SUBSTITUTED DERIVATIVES
Authors: CHRISTOVA K. , DANTSCHEV D.
Published: April 2016

Durch Umsetzung der Epoxyverbindung (I) mit NH3 werden die Hydroxyaminoverbindung (II) und als Nebenprodukt das dimere Derivat (III) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDY OF DIFFERENTIAL CAPACITANCE‐POTENTIAL CURVES IN THE CASE OF BULK AND THIN LAYER GOLD (100) ELECTRODES IN CONTACT WITH SODIUM FLUORIDE AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
Authors: LECOEUR J. , SELLA C. , MARTIN J.‐C.
Published: April 2016

(100)‐orientierte Au‐Einkristall‐Elektroden, massiv oder in Form von Dünnschichten (herstellbar durch Hetero‐Epitaxie von Au auf der (100)‐Fläche eines NaCl‐Einkristalls, durch Ablösen einer entsprechend orientierten Dünnschicht von einem polierten Au‐ Einkristall mittels Ionenbeschusses im Vakuum oder durch Homo‐Epitaxie einer Au‐ Schicht auf einem Au‐Einkristall), werden in wäßriger NaF‐Lösung polarisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: DECYSTEAMINYLTHIENAMYCIN
Authors: SHIH D. H. , HANNAH J. , CHRISTENSEN B. G.
Published: April 2016

Unter Schotten‐Baumann‐Bedingungen wird Thienamycin (I) zu (IIa) acyliert, das mit p‐Brom‐benzylbromid (IIb) ergibt.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDY OF THE SYSTEM FORMED BY STANNOUS BROMIDE AND STANNOUS CHLORIDE. COMPARISON BETWEEN THE SYSTEMS FORMED BY 3 STANNOUS HALIDES (CHLORIDE, BROMIDE, IODIDE)
Authors: THEVET F. , DAGRON C. , FLAHAUT J.
Published: April 2016

Das System SnBr2‐SnCl2 ist durch die Existenz zweier fester Lösungen, von der SnBr2‐Seite (γ‐Phase) und von der SnCl2‐Seite (δ‐Phase) her, charakterisiert, deren Existenzbereiche durch eine relativ enge Mischungslücke zwischen 35 und 45 mol‐% SnCl2 voneinander getrennt sind (peritektische Zersetzung bei 241 bzw. 240°C).
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ZINC VANADITE
Authors: SRINIVASAN V. , UDUPA M. R. , PITCHAI R. , NATARAJAN S.
Published: April 2016

Der Spinell ZnV2O4 wird gemäß Reaktion A dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: CONFIGURATION AND CONFORMATION OF ACYCLIC KETO DIESTERS
Authors: KINGSBURY C. A. , HUTTON R. F. , DURHAM D.
Published: April 2016

Aus den Vinylketonen (I) erhält man mit Malonester (II) in Gegenwart von Methylat die Addukte (III) in Form verschiedener Stereoisomerer, deren Konformationen bestimmt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: RACEMATE CLEAVAGE AND DETERMINATION OF THE ABSOLUTE CONFIGURATION OF 2,6‐DISUBSTITUTED BICYCLO (3.3.1)NONANES
Authors: GERLACH H.
Published: April 2016

(i)‐endo,endo‐Bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan‐2,6‐diol ließ sich über die diastereomeren Ester mit (‐)‐Camphansäure in die Enantiomeren trennen.
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW CONVENIENT SYNTHESIS OF THE INDENO(2,1‐C)QUINOLINE SYSTEM FROM 4‐PHENYL‐3‐VINYLQUINOLINE DERIVATIVES
Authors: PARAMASIVAM K. , VEERAMANI K. , RAMASAMY K. , SHANMUGAM P.
Published: April 2016

2‐Oxo‐(I) und 2‐Chlor‐4‐phenyl‐3‐vinylchinolin‐Derivate (IV) cyclisieren bei der Einwirkung von Aluminiumchlorid, Polyphosphorsäure oder Schwefelsäure in guten Ausbeuten zu Indeno(2,1‐c)chinolinen (II) bzw. (III).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF DIASTEREOMERIC L‐MENTHYL ESTERS OF α‐MERCURATED PHENYLACETIC ACIDS WITH TRIS(TRIPHENYLPHOSPHINE)PLATINUM. STEREOCHEMISTRY AND MECHANISM OF THE PLATINUM CARBENOID (PH3P)2PT0 INSERTION INTO THE CARBON‐MERCURY BOND
Authors: REUTOV O. A. , SOKOLOV V. I. , SULEIMANOV G. Z. , BASHILOV V. V.
Published: April 2016

Diastereo‐mere L‐Menthylester von α‐Brommercuriphenylessigsäure (I) werden mit Tris‐(triphenyl)‐platin (II) zu Quecksilberplatinverbindungen (III) umgesetzt, die in Tetrahydrofuran(THF) unter dem Einfluß von Sonnenlicht Quecksilber abspalten.
ChemInform Abstract: TETRACYCLIC DITERPENOIDS BY INTRAMOLECULAR C‐ALKYLATION OF ΓΔ‐UNSATURATED DIAZO KETONES
Authors: CECCHERELLI P. , TINGOLI M. , CURINI M. , PELLICCIARI R.
Published: April 2016

Aus der Vinylverbindung (I) erhält man über eine Oxidation zu (IIa) das Diazoketon (IIb), das zum Carbinol (IIc) hydrolysiert und zu den beiden Ketonen (III) und (IV) cyclisiert werden kann.
Participation in medical decision-making across Europe: An international longitudinal multicenter study
Authors: Bär Deucher A. , Hengartner MP , Kawohl W. , Konrad J. , Puschner B. , Clarke E. , Slade M. , Del Vecchio V. , Sampogna G. , Égerházi A. , Süveges Á. , Krogsgaard Bording M. , Munk-Jørgensen P. , Rössler W. ,   and the CEDAR study group
Published: April 2016

Background

The purpose of this paper was to examine national differences in the desire to participate in decision-making of people with severe mental illness in six European countries.

Methods

The data was taken from a European longitudinal observational study (CEDAR; ISRCTN75841675). A sample of 514 patients with severe mental illness from the study centers in Ulm, Germany, London, England, Naples, Italy, Debrecen, Hungary, Aalborg, Denmark and Zurich, Switzerland were assessed as to desire to participate in medical decision-making. Associations between desire for participation in decision-making and center location were analyzed with generalized estimating equations.

Results

We found large cross-national differences in patients’ desire to participate in decision-making, with the center explaining 47.2% of total variance in the desire for participation (P< 0.001). Averaged over time and independent of patient characteristics, London (mean = 2.27), Ulm (mean = 2.13) and Zurich (mean = 2.14) showed significantly higher scores in desire for participation, followed by Aalborg (mean = 1.97), where scores were in turn significantly higher than in Debrecen (mean = 1.56). The lowest scores were reported in Naples (mean = 1.14). Over time, the desire for participation in decision-making increased significantly in Zurich (b= 0.23) and decreased in Naples (b= −0.14). In all other centers, values remained stable.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that patients’ desire for participation in decision-making varies by location. We suggest that more research attention be focused on identifying specific cultural and social factors in each country to further explain observed differences across Europe.
Cardiovascular risk factors among patients with schizophrenia, bipolar, depressive, anxiety, and personality disorders
Authors: Pérez-Piñar M. , Mathur R. , Foguet Q. , Ayis S. , Robson J. , Ayerbe L.
Published: April 2016

Background

The evidence informing the management of cardiovascular risk in patients with psychiatric disorders is weak.

Methods

This cohort study used data from all patients, aged ≥ 30, registered in 140 primary care practices (n = 524,952) in London to estimate the risk of developing diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, tobacco consumption, obesity, and physical inactivity, between 2005 and 2015, for patients with a previous diagnosis of schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, bipolar or personality disorder. The role of antidepressants, antipsychotics and social deprivation in these associations was also investigated. The age at detection of cardiovascular risk factor was compared between patients with and without psychiatric disorders. Variables, for exposures and outcomes, defined from general practitioners records, were analysed using multivariate regression.

Results

Patients with psychiatric disorders had an increased risk for cardiovascular risk factors, especially diabetes, with hazard ratios: 2.42 (2.20–2.67) to 1.31 (1.25–1.37), hyperlipidemia, with hazard ratios: 1.78 (1.60–1.97) to 1.25 (1.23–1.28), and obesity. Antidepressants, antipsychotics and social deprivation did not change these associations, except for smoking and physical inactivity. Antidepressants were associated with higher risk of diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Antipsychotics were associated with a higher risk of diabetes. Antidepressants and antipsychotics were associated with lower risk of other risk factors. Patients with psychiatric conditions have later detection of cardiovascular risk factors. The interpretation of these results should acknowledge the lower rates of detection of risk factors in mentally ill patients.

Conclusions

Cardiovascular risk factors require special clinical attention among patients with psychiatric disorders. Further research could study the effect of antidepressants and antipsychotics on cardiovascular risk factors.
A literature review and summary of capsular contracture: An ongoing challenge to breast surgeons and their patients
Authors: Malahias M. , Jordan D. J. , Hughes L. C. , Hindocha S. , Juma A.
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Capsular contracture is a significant difficulty where implants are used in both breast augmentation and breast reconstruction surgery. This report reviews the published literature focusing on factors and techniques that reduce the incidence of this complication, as well as evaluating the available treatment options for patients who have developed a contracture.

A search of the MEDLINE database for clinical studies involving the understanding, diagnosis and management of capsular contracture was performed, with 106 articles deemed relevant for this review. Our search criteria included observational studies as we wish to discuss and highlight the areas of this condition that have been investigated, and unfortunately there is limited clinical evidence in regard to high quality trials in this field.

Risk factors for capsular contracture are multi-factorial, and all surgeons should aim to minimise these as much as possible both intra- and peri-operatively. However, in high risk patients it is not achievable to completely remove these elements. When capsular contracture does develop, there are currently only a limited number of surgical options including capsulotomy, capsulectomy with or without re-implantation, or reconstruction with autologous tissue. These procedures, as well as the original implant surgery, ought to be discussed with patients on an individual basis, taking into account their personal needs and expectations.

The future of this complication may lie in the development of pharmaceutical interventions, and recent studies have shown promising results. Although this field requires more research, the effectiveness of some new pharmaceutical approaches, to provide alternative non-surgical options for patients with capsular contracture, can only aid both patients and the breast surgeon.

Highlights
Huge aneurysmal bone cyst mimicking a kidney tumor: Case report and review of literature
Authors: Termos Salah , Alsaleh Ahmad , Rifaii Haithem , Hammoud-Termos Nijmeh , Aoun Bilal
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Introduction:

Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is an uncommon osteolytic lesion that occurs in 1.4 per 100,000 patients (Leithner et al. [1]). ABCs are benign tumors with low risk of malignant transformation (osteosarcoma).

Case report:

We report a case of a large ABC of the 4th lumbar vertebra resembling a kidney mass that was presented with flank pain, urinary incontinence and neurological symptoms.

Discussion:

Recurrence rate in ABC is 25% if not completely removed. Aggressive curettage with bone grafting or en bloc resection is usually recommended. Angiography was initially performed, and due to the absence of mass hypervascularity, embolization was not considered and the patient underwent a complete resection in two stages.

Conclusion:

ABC can mimic renal cell carcinoma and other malignant bone tumors. In huge tumors with a difficult location as in our case, we recommend a two stage procedure for huge tumors to ensure a complete resection and hence lower recurrence rate and better outcome.

Highlights:
Joint Motion Quality in Chondromalacia Progression Assessed by Vibroacoustic Signal Analysis
Authors: Bączkowicz Dawid , Majorczyk Edyta
Published: April 2016

Background

Because of the specific biomechanical environment of the patellofemoral joint, chondral disorders, including chondromalacia, often are observed in this articulation. Chondromalacia via pathologic changes in cartilage may lead to qualitative impairment of knee joint motion.

Objective

To determine the patellofemoral joint motion quality in particular chondromalacia stages and to compare with controls.

Design

Retrospective, comparative study.

Setting

Voivodship hospitals, university biomechanical laboratory.

Patients

A total of 89 knees with chondromalacia (25 with stage I; 30 with stage II and 34 with stage III) from 50 patients and 64 control healthy knees (from 32 individuals).

Methods

Vibroacoustic signal pattern analysis of joint motion quality.

Main Outcome Measurements

For all knees vibroacoustic signals were recorded. Each obtained signal was described by variation of mean square, mean range (R4), and power spectral density for frequency of 50‐250 Hz (P1) and 250‐450 Hz (P2) parameters.

Results

Differences between healthy controls and all chondromalacic knees as well as chondromalacia patellae groups were observed as an increase of analyzed parameters (P < .001) with only one exception. No statistically significant difference between control group and stage I of chondromalacia patellae was found. All chondromalacia groups were differentiated by the use of all analyzed parameters (P < .01), whose values correspond to the progress of chondromalacia.

Conclusions

Chondromalacia generates abnormal vibroacoustic signals, and there seems to be a relationship between the level of signal amplitude as well as frequency and cartilage destruction from the superficial layer to the subchondral bone.

Level of Evidence

IV
The Effect of Distractive Function on Volitional Preemptive Abdominal Contraction During a Loaded Forward Reach in Normal Subjects
Authors: Kublawi Marwan A. , Hooper Troy L. , Nagar Vittal R. , Wilhelm Mark P. , Browne Kevin L. , Brismée Jean‐Michel , Sizer Phillip S.
Published: April 2016

Background

Volitional preemptive abdominal contraction (VPAC) is used to protect the spine and prevent injury. No published studies to data have examined the effect of distraction on VPAC use during function.

Objective

To examine the effect of an auditory distraction (“Stroop task”) on healthy subjects' ability to sustain VPAC by use of the abdominal drawing‐in maneuver during loaded forward reach.

Design

Within‐subjects, repeated‐measure cohort design.

Setting

Clinical laboratory setting.

Participants

Convenience sample of 42 healthy individuals (ages 20‐57 years).

Methods

Transversus abdominis (TrA) thickness was measured with M‐mode ultrasound imaging. Each subject performed Stroop versus no Stroop during 4 conditions: (1) without VPAC, quiet standing; (2) with VPAC, quiet standing; (3) without VPAC, forward reach; and (4) with VPAC, forward reach. An investigator blinded to the conditions measured the first 10 subjects to establish intratester reliability of probe/transducer placement and TrA measurement.

Data Reduction

TrA thickness (mm) change represented VPAC performance. A single investigator measured onscreen TrA thickness twice at each second from second‐6 through ‐10 on a recorded ultrasound imaging sequence.

Results

A 2 (Stroop) × 4 (Activity) repeated‐measures analysis of variance found no significant Stroop × Activity interaction [F(3, 93) = 0.345, P = .793] and no main effect for Stroop [F (1,31) = 1.324, P = .259] but found a significant main effect for activity [F (3,93) = 17.729, P < .001]. Tukey post‐hoc pairwise comparisons demonstrated significant differences between VPAC versus no‐VPAC conditions, except between quiet standing/yes‐VPAC and loaded forward reach/no‐VPAC conditions (P = .051). The interclass correlation coefficient (3,2) for probe/transducer placement reliability was 0.87, 0.91, 0.92, and 0.93 for conditions 1‐4, respectively. The interclass correlation coefficient (3,2) for TrA measurement reliability was 0.96, 0.99, 0.99, and 0.99 for conditions 1‐4, respectively.

Conclusion

A distracting executive function (Stroop task) did not produce a significant negative impact on normal individuals' ability to sustain a VPAC during quiet standing or loaded forward reach activities.

Level of Evidence

II
Mechanisms of prion-induced neurodegeneration
Authors: Saá Paula , Harris David A. , Cervenakova Larisa
Published: April 2016

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), or prion diseases, are fatal neurodegenerative disorders characterised by long incubation period, short clinical duration, and transmissibility to susceptible species. Neuronal loss, spongiform changes, gliosis and the accumulation in the brain of the misfolded version of a membrane-bound cellular prion protein (PrPC), termed PrPTSE, are diagnostic markers of these diseases. Compelling evidence links protein misfolding and its accumulation with neurodegenerative changes. Accordingly, several mechanisms of prion-mediated neurotoxicity have been proposed. In this paper, we provide an overview of the recent knowledge on the mechanisms of neuropathogenesis, the neurotoxic PrP species and the possible therapeutic approaches to treat these devastating disorders.
Calpain 3 deficiency affects SERCA expression and function in the skeletal muscle
Authors: Toral-Ojeda Ivan , Aldanondo Garazi , Lasa-Elgarresta Jaione , Lasa-Fernández Haizpea , Fernández-Torrón Roberto , López de Munain Adolfo , Vallejo-Illarramendi Ainara
Published: April 2016

Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A (LGMD2A) is a form of muscular dystrophy caused by mutations in calpain 3 (CAPN3). Several studies have implicated Ca2+ dysregulation as an underlying event in several muscular dystrophies, including LGMD2A. In this study we used mouse and human myotube cultures, and muscle biopsies in order to determine whether dysfunction of sarco/endoplasmatic Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) is involved in the pathology of this disease. In CAPN3-deficient myotubes, we found decreased levels of SERCA 1 and 2 proteins, while mRNA levels remained comparable with control myotubes. Also, we found a significant reduction in SERCA function that resulted in impairment of Ca2+ homeostasis, and elevated basal intracellular [Ca2+] in human myotubes. Furthermore, small Ankyrin 1 (sAnk1), a SERCA1-binding protein that is involved in sarcoplasmic reticulum integrity, was also diminished in CAPN3-deficient fibres. Interestingly, SERCA2 protein was patently reduced in muscles from LGMD2A patients, while it was normally expressed in other forms of muscular dystrophy. Thus, analysis of SERCA2 expression may prove useful for diagnostic purposes as a potential indicator of CAPN3 deficiency in muscle biopsies. Altogether, our results indicate that CAPN3 deficiency leads to degradation of SERCA proteins and Ca2+ dysregulation in the skeletal muscle. While further studies are needed in order to elucidate the specific contribution of SERCA towards muscle degeneration in LGMD2A, this study constitutes a reasonable foundation for the development of therapeutic approaches targeting SERCA1, SERCA2 or sAnk1.
Taiwanese Migrants in Australia: An Investigation of Their Acculturation and Wellbeing
Authors: Khawaja Nigar G. , Yang Sabrina , Cockshaw Wendell
Published: April 2016

Taiwanese migrants who have settled in Brisbane, Australia ( N = 271) completed a questionnaire battery available in both Mandarin and English. A series of multiple and hierarchical regression analyses were used to investigate the factors associated with these migrants’ acculturation and indicators of psychological wellbeing. Results indicated that various personal factors (age, English language proficiency, and duration of stay) were associated with acculturation and indicators of psychological wellbeing. Acculturation was not associated with wellbeing. Social support was associated with the indicators of the participants’ wellbeing. The outcome indicated that although associated with similar personal and environmental factors, acculturation and psychological wellbeing occurred separately. The study highlights the significance of certain personal resources and social support.
Milk processing quality of suckled/milked goats: effects of milk accumulation interval and milking regime
Authors: Högberg M. , Dahlborn K. , Hydbring-Sandberg E. , Hartmann E. , Andrén A.
Published: April 2016

Milk with a high concentration of fat and casein is required for cheese production, and these components have a major impact for both quality and yield of the curd. Recent observations have shown that suckling can elevate milk fat concentration in goats and our aim was therefore to check the hypothesis that animal welfare and cheese-processing properties of goat milk could be optimised by appropriate management of suckled/milked goats. Twelve Swedish dairy goats were kept together with one kid each in 4 different mixed management-systems (milking combined with partial suckling) in a cross-over design. Two milk accumulation intervals were tested; Short = dams and kids were together for 16 h (T16) and Long = ; dams and kids were together for 8 h (T8 h). In addition, two milking regimes were used; Suckled Before Milking = S and Milked Before Suckling = M. Milk accumulation interval referred to how long dams and kids were separated. The milk yield available for processing (milk offtake), was weighed and analysed from each milking occasion and the suckled milk yield was estimated by a weigh-suckle-weigh method (WSW) in combination with observing the suckling behaviour during the free suckling periods. Milking managements, such as ‘suckling before milking (S)’, increased milk fat concentration compared to milking before suckling (M) and ‘Short accumulation treatments (T16)’ gave higher milk fat, casein concentration and individual curd yield (%) compared to the ‘Long accumulation treatment (T8)’. The total individual curd yield (g) was the same despite treatment, but the animal welfare was most likely higher in T16 where dams and kids spent more time together.
Procedural reform at the Arctic Council: the amended 2015 Observer Manual
Authors: Knecht Sebastian
Published: April 2016

This note studies the addendum to the Arctic Council (AC)'s 2013 Observer Manual adopted at the Senior Arctic Officials’ (SAO) meeting in Anchorage, Alaska, in October 2015. The amendment means another essential step to systematise further and improve the council's working relations with currently 32 entities that hold observer status in the forum. Compared to the initial manual that sketched out the role observers should play in the council's subsidiary bodies, the latest revisions delineate a framework for enhancing observer participation and commitment in working group, task force and expert group meetings. After reviewing the content and practical implications of the addendum in the context of larger reform efforts to adapt the council to the age of a global(ising) Arctic, the article further discusses a number of signals the Anchorage decision sends to observers. These comprise the council's willingness and ability to quick, unified and purposeful action towards institutional adaptation and procedural reform as considered necessary to address organisational deficiencies, strengthened top-down steering of the reform processes by SAOs as related to the work conducted in subsidiary bodies and the overall functioning of the council, and higher expectations on observers to contribute to the AC system and deliver on the new provisions.
Item response theory and the measurement of psychiatric constructs: some empirical and conceptual issues and challenges
Authors: Reise S. P. , Rodriguez A.
Published: April 2016

Item response theory (IRT) measurement models are now commonly used in educational, psychological, and health-outcomes measurement, but their impact in the evaluation of measures of psychiatric constructs remains limited. Herein we present two, somewhat contradictory, theses. The first is that, when skillfully applied, IRT has much to offer psychiatric measurement in terms of scale development, psychometric analysis, and scoring. The second argument, however, is that psychiatric measurement presents some unique challenges to the application of IRT – challenges that may not be easily addressed by application of conventional IRT models and methods. These challenges include, but are not limited to, the modeling of conceptually narrow constructs and their associated limited item pools, and unipolar constructs where the expected latent trait distribution is highly skewed.
Doctrine in a radically apophatic register
Authors: Ticciati Susannah
Published: April 2016

This article develops an account of doctrine that seeks to reconceive the nature of doctrinal reference within the context of human transformation. It sets out from Augustine's advice to the preacher of the doctrine of predestination, discovering three layers of doctrinal interpretation, rooted in and geared towards transformation. Augustine's advice is applied generally to suggest that the role of doctrine is to ward off general classification in respect of God, making way for redemptive encounter with God. These insights generate a new perspective on the question of doctrinal reference that rules out both straightforward reference to God and straightforward denial of such reference. The article concludes by suggesting that one way through the resultant linguistic minefield would be to speak of ‘hyper-reference’ to God, with the intention of evoking the ‘more than’ of God.
A tradition in crisis: understanding and repairing division over homosexuality in the Church of Scotland
Authors: Fraser Liam J.
Published: April 2016

Like many Western churches, the Church of Scotland has been divided in recent years over the ordination of gay clergy in committed relationships, and, more generally, over the status of homosexuality for Christian ethics. Yet there has been no academic research undertaken which situates the debate within the wider context of Scottish theology. This failure has resulted in theological and ecclesial impasse, which this paper seeks to remedy through a diagnostic analysis of division over homosexuality, drawing upon the analytic tools developed by R. G. Collingwood. While this article has as its focus the Church of Scotland, its method and conclusions will be relevant to other Protestant denominations, especially Reformed churches such as the Presbyterian Church (USA).
Trinity, incarnation and time: a restatement of the doctrine of God in conversation with Robert Jenson
Authors: Schlesinger Eugene R.
Published: April 2016

This article engages Robert W. Jenson on the question of the relation between the immanent Trinity and the person Jesus of Nazareth and proposes a restatement of the doctrine of God that takes into account his concerns. I note that many of the criticisms levelled against Jenson are contradictory and offer instead a rearticulation of Thomas Aquinas's doctrine of God, refracted through the theology of Hans Urs von Balthasar, as a more viable mode of engaging Jenson's ideas. In particular, I suggest ananalogia temporalisrooted in the divine processions to account for the relationship between time and eternity, thereby showing how Thomas's theology can both accommodate and benefit from many of Jenson's insights, while also avoiding the more serious charges levelled against him.
MINOANISATION IN THE MIDDLE BRONZE AGE: EVALUATING THE ROLE OF CYCLADIC PRODUCERS AND CONSUMERS
Authors: Abell Natalie
Published: April 2016

Minoanisation – the process by which Cretan ways of doing things spread throughout the Aegean – is a major focus of study in the Middle and Late Bronze Age Cycladic islands, but debate about the primary causes of the phenomenon has been concerned chiefly with its Late Bronze Age phases. In this article, the author considers the earliest phase of Minoanisation at Ayia Irini on Kea, Period V. The ceramic assemblage is considered holistically, including local and imported as well as Minoanising and non-Minoanising pottery. The Keian assemblage is compared with recently published discussions of Phase C at Akrotiri on Thera and City II-iii at Phylakopi on Melos. New, non-Minoanising features of the Keian assemblage in Period V, particularly in the form of new shapes and increased importation of Melian and/or Theran pottery, suggest that Melian and/or Theran communities engaged in new production and exchange strategies at this time. It is likely that these new intra-Cycladic relationships played an important role in changing local tastes and practices at Ayia Irini, spurring the adoption of new Minoanising as well as non-Minoanising forms of material culture and practice.
British English? American English? Are there such things?
Authors: Murphy M. Lynne
Published: April 2016

In the last issue of English Today I argued that while the differences between American and British English may be small, they are innumerable, varied and interesting. But that article (and many of the things I write) invited the question of whether it even makes sense to talk of American English and British English. These labels are extremely problematic on geographic, linguistic and political grounds. Are we justified in using such sloppy terminology? Shouldn't linguists like me know better? Let's look the problems of nomenclature, starting with the eastern side of the Atlantic.
Local Politics, Local Citizenship? Socialized Governance in Contemporary China
Authors: Woodman Sophia
Published: April 2016

The demise of collective units that attach citizens to the state in China has been overstated; the hegemonic form of Chinese citizenship today links participation and welfare entitlement to membership in a collective unit in a specific locality. This article presents an ethnographic account of the operation of this “normal” form of local citizenship in resident and villager committees in Tianjin. These committees combine participatory and welfare dimensions of citizenship in one institutional setting. Here, citizens are bound to the state through a face-to-face politics that acts both as a mechanism of control and a channel for claims-making, a mode of rule I term “socialized governance,” which blurs the boundaries between political compliance and social conformity, and makes social norms a strong force in the citizenship order. While variably achieved in practice, this form of citizenship represents an ideal that shapes conditions for politics and perceptions of inequality.
Competence visualisation: Making sense of data from 21st-century technologies in language learning
Authors: Bull Susan , Wasson Barbara
Published: April 2016

This paper introduces an open learner model approach to learning analytics to combine the variety of data available from the range of applications and technologies in language learning, for visualisation of language learning competences to learners and teachers in the European language context. Specific examples are provided as illustrations (Facebook, Second Life and mobile assisted language learning (MALL)), though the approach is a general one. We describe the Next-TELL open learner model as an exemplar that can encompass a range of data from a variety of technologies and activities, and as a competence-focussed visual analytics tool that can be readily used inside and outside the classroom.

The Next-TELL open learner model offers several visualisations for learners and teachers to explore the learner’s current competences, which can be selected according to user preferences or the purpose of viewing the learning data. The selection of visualisations means that the open learner model is appropriate for school, university and other learning contexts. Viewing this data can help students to reflect on and monitor their learning, and can support teachers’ decision-making during classroom activities or later, in their planning of subsequent sessions. As an example, we outline the use of the Next-TELL open learner model in a school in Norway.
The use of online annotations in reading instruction and its impact on students’ reading progress and processes
Authors: Yeh Hui-Chin , Hung Hsiu-Ting , Chiang Yu-Hsin
Published: April 2016

Studies suggest that the incorporation of online annotations in reading instruction can improve students’ reading comprehension. However, little research has addressed how students use online annotations in their reading processes and how such use may lead to their improvement. This study thus adopted Reciprocal Teaching (RT) as an instructional framework to support students’ reading comprehension progress and processes, facilitated by the use of online annotations. A total of 54 English language learners at a university were recruited to read with online annotations based on the RT procedure, namely predicting, clarifying, questioning, and summarizing. The data collected included the students’ scores on pre- and post-tests and their participation records in a collaborative learning environment. The results reveal that the students enhanced their reading comprehension after the intervention. Their reading processes were also analyzed, and the major differences between the groups making more and less progress were identified. Those who made more progress not only frequently reviewed their previously generated predictions, clarifications, questions, and summaries but also actively provided feedback to their peers in a reciprocal manner. Pedagogical implications and recommendations are discussed.
Industrial coal consumption in early modern London
Authors: CAVERT WILLIAM M.
Published: April 2016

The importance of energy, in particular coal, is the subject of ongoing debate amongst economic historians who examine its relationship to the timing and nature of British industrialization. Yet attention to the case of London during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries shows that heavy coal consumption did not require industrial production, nor was heavy industrial coal demand dependent on steam engines. Rather, through the first sustained attempt to quantify industry's proportion of London's demand for mined coal, this article argues that the early modern world's leading coal market was driven primarily by domestic rather than industrial consumption, but that many industrial facilities nevertheless consumed fuel on scales often associated with later industrialization.
Urban agency in early modern and modern China
Authors: ROWE WILLIAM T.
Published: April 2016

I am what Chinese would call awaihang(outsider to the guild) in this discussion, neither a specialist in European urban history nor up-to-date on the body of critical social theory that informs much of the discussion in the roundtable. Therefore, I see my role here as primarily presenting a comparative case – China – and only incidentally engaging with the theoretical aspects of the discussion.
Comments on urban agency: relational space and intentionality
Authors: LEWIS ROBERT
Published: April 2016

For urban historians and urban historical geographers, the relevance and meaning of the city as a driver of human history is central to what we do, both theoretically and empirically. For some, the question of how to define what a city does is a pressing one. For many of us, though, the question is rarely raised; it resides in that murky place behind our writing and thinking, and has little direct or conscious play over how we go about doing our daily work. Historical geographers, with their greater emphasis on theory and spatial relations, are more likely than historians, trained as they are to think through narrative, empirical evidence and temporality, to explore the city's role in explaining social change. Despite this difference, the fact remains that only a handful of urban historical scholars of whatever stripe are actively interested in thinking through the scope and significance of urban agency. The fact that few openly grapple with the question of urban agency, of course, does not mean that we do not work with some understanding of the city's ontological status. All of us do, for better or worse.
Correlating the morphological features of tetralogy of Fallot and the Eisenmenger malformation
Authors: Restivo Angelo , Anderson Robert H. , Carletti Raffaella , di Gioia Cira R. T.
Published: April 2016

We studied a series of 43 autopsied cases of tetralogy of Fallot, assessing the mode of insertion of the outlet septum relative to the limbs of the septomarginal trabeculation, and compared the findings in retrospective fashion with our previous observations of a group of hearts with the so-called Eisenmenger malformation. In the majority of hearts with tetralogy of Fallot, the outlet septum inserted frontally relative to the septomarginal trabeculation, but in a minority of cases the outlet septum inserted in lateral fashion, as had been observed in all our hearts studied with the Eisenmenger malformation. The different modes of insertion were found to correlate, first, with the axis of anatomical aortic rightward rotation, coincident with the commissure between the right coronary and the left coronary leaflets of the aortic valve. The different modes of insertion of the outlet septum also correlated with the level of attachment of the arterial valvar leaflets on its subpulmonary and subaortic surfaces; concomitantly, correlation was found between the length of the subpulmonary infundibulum and the length of the muscular outlet septum itself. In the majority of hearts showing tetralogy of Fallot, the elongated infundibulum was also uniformly narrow, but in a minority the infundibulum was well expanded, obstructed only at its mouth, but widening at the valvar level. In all the hearts with the Eisenmenger malformation, in contrast, the unobstructed infundibulum was well expanded. The morphological findings of the present study show unequivocally that tetralogy of Fallot and Eisenmenger malformation are two phenotypically different congenital cardiac anomalies.
Correlation of P-wave dispersion with insulin sensitivity in obese adolescents
Authors: Sert Ahmet , Aslan Eyup , Buyukınan Muammer , Pirgon Ozgur
Published: April 2016

Background

P-wave dispersion is a new and simple electrocardiographic marker that has been reported to be associated with inhomogeneous and discontinuous propagation of sinus impulses. In the present study, we evaluated P-wave dispersion in obese adolescents and investigated the relationship between P-wave dispersion, cardiovascular risk factors, and echocardiographic parameters.

Methods

We carried out a case–control study comparing 150 obese adolescents and 50 healthy controls. Maximum and minimum P-wave durations were measured using a 12-lead surface electrocardiogram, and P-wave dispersion was calculated as the difference between these two measures. Echocardiographic examination was also performed for each subject. Multivariate linear regression analysis with stepwise variable selection was used to evaluate parameters associated with increased P-wave dispersion in obese subjects.

Results

Maximum P-wave duration and P-wave dispersion were significantly higher in obese adolescents than control subjects (143±19 ms versus 117±20 ms and 49±15 ms versus 29±9 ms, p<0.0001 for both). P-wave dispersion was positively correlated with body mass index, waist and hip circumferences, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, total cholesterol, serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, and insulin, homoeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance score, left ventricular mass, and left atrial dimension. P-wave dispersion was negatively correlated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. By multiple stepwise regression analysis, left atrial dimension (β: 0.252, p=0.008) and homoeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (β: 0.205; p=0.009) were independently associated with increased P-wave dispersion in obese adolescents.

Conclusions

Insulin resistance is a significant, independent predictor of P-wave dispersion in obese adolescents.
Everolimus-induced near-resolution of giant cardiac rhabdomyomas and large renal angiomyolipoma in a newborn with tuberous sclerosis complex
Authors: Colaneri Massimo , Quarti Andrea , Pozzi Marco
Published: April 2016

We report a case of a newborn, affected by tuberous sclerosis complex, with a prenatally diagnosed giant cardiac rhabdomyoma associated with a large renal angiomyolipoma presenting as a duct-depending lesion not treatable by surgery. After receiving everolimus, a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor, we observed a rapid, significant, and durable reduction of both lesions without remarkable side effects.