bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Mushroom Residues, Date Residues and Bacterial Inoculum (A. Chroococcum, P. Putida) on the Growth and Yield of Broccoli.
Authors: Al-Obidiy J A , Alkobaisy J S , Mohammed H J
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted in sandy clay loam textured soil at the research station of the College of Agriculture / University of Anbar to find out the effect of adding white Spent mushroom residues Agaricus bisporus, date residues and bacterial inoculum on the growth and yield of broccoli. A three-level factorial experiment was designed for this purpose: the first is white mushroom residues with three levels [0, 10, and 20 tons ha−1] and symbolized by symbols [M0, M1, and M2], and the second date residues with three levels [0, 10 and 20 tons.ha−1] and symbolized by symbols [D0, D1, and D2] and the third factor is bacterial inoculum [Azotobacter chroococcum+Pseudomonas putida] which included two levels; No addition [B0] and inoculum addition [B1], added with all the mentioned treatments half of the fertilizer recommendation. The experiment was designed with a randomized completely blocks design [RCBD] and three replications. The results showed that the triple interaction of the treatments at the highest levels [B1D2M2] gave the best results and significantly for Plant height [PHA], Leaf Area [LA], number of leaves [NOL], number of secondary heads [NOSH], weight of the main flower disc [NOMF] and diameter of the main flower disc [DOMFD] ]75.30 cm, 1182.70 cm2 plant−1, 70.22 leaf−1, 13.53 plant heads−1, 1515.50 g and 26.49 cm] respectively. The control treatment with no residues and no bacterial inoculum [B0D0M0] was added reveal the lowest rates for all the mentioned properties.
Evaluation of Biofertilizers Prepared from Local Bacterial Isolates in the Growth and Yield of Cowpea in Gypsiferous Soil
Authors: Abd F K , Alkurtany A E S
Published: December 2023

For clean and sustainable agriculture based on natural, non-chemical products, a field experiment was conducted during the agricultural season 2021-2022 on the cowpea plant in Salah Al-Din Governorate to evaluate the effect of six biofertilizers prepared from local bacterial isolates, which included: Bradyrhizobium manausense, Bradyrhizobium vignae, Rhizobium sp., Enterobacter cloaca, Enterobacter ludwigii, Bacillus cereus, in the growth and yield of cowpea in gypsiferous soil. The results showed that all inoculated treatments were significantly superior to the control treatment in all growth and yield traits of cowpea plant, it also appeared that a significant superiority of Brad. manausense biofertilizer followed by Brady. vignae in all plant traits: root nodules number, weight of root nodules, plant height, dry weight of plant, early yield of pods, concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in plant as it recorded 53 nodule plant−1, 2.01 g nodule−1, 58.42 cm, 63.83g plant−1, 3658 g plant−1, 4.12 N %, 0.49 P % respectively, compared to the control treatment which recorded 0 nodule plant−1, 0 g nodule−1, 27.1 cm, 15.32g plant−1 950 g plant−1, 1.34 N %, 0.13 P % respectively, and the results showed that the treatments with Rhizobium sp., Enterobacter cloaca, Enterobacter ludwigii, Bacillus cereus biofertizers did not record any formation of root nodules, also the results indicated that the treatment inoculated with the inoculum prepared from Enterobacter cloaca bacteria was superior to Rhizobium sp, Bacillus cereus, Enterobacter ludwigii treatments in plant height, shoot dry weight and pod yield of cowpea plant.
Effect of Spraying Humic Acid and Different Types of Zinc Fertilizer on Some Growth and Yield Traits of Wheat
Authors: Sallume M O , Mahdi L E , Alani A R , Farhan K J , Al-Dulaim K H
Published: December 2023

A plastic pot experiment was carried out for the agricultural season 2021-2022 in the fields of the College of Agriculture-University of Anbar and located at 30° north latitude and 43° east longitude, in order to know the role of foliar spraying of wheat plants with humic acid at concentrations of 0 mg.L−1 (H0), 0.75 g.L−1 (H1) and 1.5 g.L−1(H2) and the added zinc element sprayed with concentrations: 0 mg.L-1 (Zn0), 60 mg.L−1 in the form of nano-zinc oxide (Zn1) and 120 mg.L−1 in the form of traditional zinc oxide fertilizer (Zn2). A factorial experiment was designed according to the sectors Randomized complete set (R.C.B.D) with three replications The results of the statistical analysis showed that there was a significant increase in foliar spraying with humic acid and for all concentrations, with superiority for the highest concentration, as well as when feeding with nano particles and traditional zinc, with a clear superiority of nano particle zinc in all the studied characteristics: Plant hight, leaf area, spike length, seeds yield, and zinc concentration in seeds:(61.67 cm, 24.51 dm2 plant−1, 12.33 cm, 8.05 gm, pot−1, 14.00 mg kg−1) compared to control treatment H0Zn0 :(46.00 cm, 16.13 dm, plant−1, 8.67 cm, 6.28 gm−1, 7.80 mg kg−1) respectively Start your abstract here…
Response of Three Garlic Allium Sativum L. Genotypes to Potassium Fertilization Levels
Authors: Zail S A , Al. Abdaly M M
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out at the Agricultural Research Station of the College of Agriculture, the University of Anbar for the season (2021-2022) in order to study the effect of different levels of potassium fertilization on the growth, yield and quality of bulbs for three garlic genotypes. The experiment included the use of four levels of potassium fertilization (0, 150, 200, 250) kg/ha, respectively, it was added to three garlic genotypes (local, Chinese, and Egyptian). The study was carried out as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with three replicates. The results showed that the local cultivar was immunologically superior in vegetative growth characteristics (plant height, leaf area) and reached 100.44 cm and 7.08 cm2 compared to the lowest plant height achieved by plants of the Egyptian cultivar, which amounted to 55.17 cm and the lowest leaf area achieved by the Chinese cultivar plant, which reached 6.96 dm2. The local cultivar and the level of fertilization 250 kg / ha also excelled in the yield trait, as it achieved the highest weight of heads, the highest number of cloves and the highest yield per unit area 91.93 g per clove, 36.24 clove per plant, 36.24 ton / ha compared to the lowest amount achieved by plants of the Chinese cultivar without fertilizing.
Effect of Adding with Organic Nutrient (Complex-Groop) and Spraying with Kinetin on Some Characteristics of Vegetative Growth and Yield of Pomegranate Trees Punica granatum L. Cv. Salimi
Authors: Al-Doori M F , Hussein S A
Published: December 2023

The study was conducted in a private orchard in Owainat region in Tikrit city of Salah al-Din Governorate - Iraq, during the growing season 2022. To study the effect of adding the organic nutrient Complex-Groop at three concentrations (0, 125, 250) g Tree−1 in two batches, the first on 2/15 and the second on 5/15 – 2022, and spraying with growth regulator of Kinetin at three concentrations (0, 75, 150) ml L−1 with three sprays during the growing season, where the first spray was on 3/15, the second on 4/15, and the third on 5/15 on some characteristics of vegetative growth and yield of Pomegranate trees Salimi cultivar. The experiment was carried out according to the randomized complete block design as a factorial experiment with three replications and two trees for each experimental unit. The results were summarized as follows: The addition of the organic nutrient Complex-Groop at two concentrations of 125 and 250 g Tree−1 resulted in a significant increase in leaf area and chlorophyll content. The interaction between the levels of the organic nutrient and the growth regulator Kinetin significantly affected all the studied traits.
Effect of adding Melatonin and Biochar on some Growth Characteristics of Ocimum Basilicum L. CV. Cinnamon
Authors: Alfahdawi H E , Khaleefa H G , Almehemdi A F
Published: December 2023

The study was carried out in one of the fields of the Department of Horticulture and Landscaping at the College of Agriculture / University of Anbar for the growing season 2022 from 31/3 to 1/11 at the geographical location longitude 33.4274 N and latitude 43.3331 east. To study the effect of four levels of melatonin (0, 25, 50, and 75) mmol and four levels of Biochar (0, 250, 500, and 750) gm pot−1, respectively. The experiment was carried out according to a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that melatonin outperformed at the level of 75 mmol in plant height (48.03 cm), stem diameter (5.04 mm), number of branches (5.25 branches plant−1), leaf area (10.56 cm2 leaf−1), number of leaves (129.70 leaf plant−1) and fresh leaves weight. (159.68 gm), the dry weight of the leaf (17.13 gm), and the percentage of dry matter (10.65%). It can conclude that spraying aromatic basil plants with melatonin and adding biochar has improved the growth stimulation of this medicinal crop effectively. Therefore, these materials can be used to stimulate the growth of this crop or other crops.
Effect of 2,4-D and NAA in Callus Induction and Differentiation from Different Explants of Moringa Oleifera Lam
Authors: Al-Hamidi A O A , Al-Hadedy S H A , Bashi A Z A K
Published: December 2023

This study was carry out in the Laboratory of Plant Cells and Tissue Culture / Department of Forestry Sciences in the College of Agriculture and Forestry / University of Mosul during the year 2021-2022 to study the effect of adding different concentrations of 2,4-Dichloro-Phenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) to the MS medium in the induction of callus from different parts of the Moringa oleifera Lam. and then study the effect of different concentrations of 6-Benzyladenine (BA) and Kinetin (Kin) on the differentiation of callus into buds and embryogenesis. Concerning callus induction, the results showed that 2,4-D or NAA in the nutrient medium was necessary after three weeks of cultivation 2,4-D was superior to NAA in the percentage of callus induction, as callus induction occurred by 100% of the explants cultured in the media supplemented with 0.1 mg.l−1 2,4-D. On the other hand, the parts (apical buds, single node, parts of the leaf blade, epicotyl, cotyledon, hypocotyl) differed significantly among themselves in the percentage of their ability on callus induction, as the cotyledons gave the highest rate of induction, amounting to 80%. The shoots resulting from the callus rooted after four weeks of cultivation in media supplemented with different concentrations of IBA at a rate of 100%, regardless of the concentration of IBA. The study proved the existence of a genetic match between the mother plants and the plants produced from the callus induction from them.
Effect of Alar and Light Intensity on some Vegetative Growth Characteristics of Juniper Plant (Juniperus Sabina L.)
Authors: Abbas A A , Al-Bakkar A H A Q
Published: December 2023

The research carried out at the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering in the Agricultural Research and Experiment Station of the College of Agriculture / University of Kirkuk in Al-Sayada, which is located at an altitude of 300 meters above sea level and at 35.23 North latitude and 44.20 East longitude. The aim of the study is to know the effect of foliar spraying with alar in three concentrations (0, 750 and 1500) mg.L−1, where the plants were sprayed after planting twice on (6/7/2021 and 6/22/2021) and two levels of light intensity. (50% of the light intensity inside the wooden canopy and 100% of the light intensity under direct sunlight) on the growth of juniper plants and to determine if juniper cultivation is successful in Kirkuk’s particular environmental and climatic circumstances, . A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used to conduct the experiment. The treatments were distributed randomly to the experimental units, with three replications, three seedlings in one experimental unit. The plants were grown in each experimental unit, three plants, the distance between one plant and another was 40 cm, and the distance between one replication and another was 1 meter. The characteristic of the length of the long branches from the base of the main branch, and the characteristic of the length of the short branches at the end of the main branches, which amounted to (3,255 branches.plant−1, 28,460 cm, 12,533 cm) respectively, which did not differ significantly between them at the end of the experiment.
Estimation of some Genetic Parameters and Field Evaluation for Pure Lines of Cherry Tomato
Authors: Alwan O K , Al-Zuhairy N S A , Badri A N
Published: December 2023

An experiment was carried out in one of Unheated greenhouses of the Department of Horticulture and Landscaping at the College of Agriculture-Diyala University during the fall season2021/2022 where the seeds were sown eight pure lines of Cherry tomato the entry is:(LA3002, LA2838A, LA0797, LA4355, LA7371, LA3534, LA3535, LA3530)With the aim of evaluating its field performance and estimating some of its genetic parameters, the following characteristics were studied: number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight (g), plant yield (g), total yield (Ton greenhouse −1), vitamin C, Lycopene and beta-carotene100gm −1. and the results showed that lines the pure ones differed significantly among themselves under the probability level of 0.05 and 0.01 in all studied traits, and outperforming the pure line LA2838A Significantly four characteristics: the number of fruits in the plant and vitamin C Lycopene and beta-carotene reached (365.666 fruits.plant−1, 0.326 mg .100 gm−1, 5.62 mg. gm−1 and 0.333 mg. gm−1), respectively. The genetic, environmental and phenotypic variance differed from zero significantly for all studied traits, and the genetic variance was greater than the environmental variance for all traits, and the values of heritability in the broad sense and the expected genetic improvement as a percentage of the average trait were high for all traits except for lycopene trait if it was average for both.
The Role of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Spraying with some Elements on some Vegetative and Yield Characteristics of Strawberry Cv. Albion
Authors: Alsobihi M H N , Saleh S A A
Published: December 2023

This study was conducted at the research station of the College of Agriculture - University of Anbar during the agricultural season 2021 to study the effect of adding types of organic fertilizer (without addition, poultry manure, manufactured organic fertilizer) which are symbolized by (M0, M1, M2) respectively. The combination of the recommendation and half of the recommendation with spraying with a some elements that contains calcium, boron, zinc, magnesium, amino acids and molybdenum, and it was at 6 levels (T1 fertilizer recommendation without spraying, T2 fertilizer recommendation with growth stimulator spray 2.5 g L-1, T3 fertilizer recommendation with a spray of 5 g L−1, T4 is half recommended without spraying, T5 half recommended with spraying 2.5 g L−1 and T6 half recommended with spraying 5 g L−1) on some vegetative growth and yield characteristics of strawberry. The results showed that the addition of organic fertilizer and poultry manure gave the highest value in the number of leaves (80.82leaf plant−1), the number of crowns (7.328 crown plant−1), the leaf area (88.81 dm2 plant−1), and the leaf content of chlorophyll (333.69 mg 100 g weight fresh-1) and the weight of the fruit is (41.47 g fruit −1) and the total yield is (712.17 g plant −1).
Study Reactive Effects of Lighting Systems and Addition Melatonin and L - Tryptophane on Heat Shock Proteins (HSP70), Melatonin and The Antioxidant Status in Broiler Chicken Managed in Hot Climates
Authors: Kadim E M , Alhamdani A A
Published: December 2023

The study examined how lighting system, feed additive, or their synergy reduces the negative effects of hot climates on broiler chicks in Iraq. Two light programs were tested. CLP is the first program, with 23 hours of light and one hour of scotoperiod. The second program, Intermittent Lighting Program (ILP), consisted of 9 hours’ photoperiod, 3 hours scotoperiod, and 4 nutritive treatments. T1 (Control). T2 adds 0.50 mg/kg/ration melatonin. T3 adds 400 mg/kg/ration tryptophane. T4 adds 400 mg/kg tryptophane and cofactors. 240 one-day-old male Ross 308 chicks with a mean body weight of 47 gm were managed until day 7 of the experiment. Three replicates of 10 chicks were randomly assigned to 8 treatments. The experiment lasted 49 days. ILP improved (P < 0.05) in heat shock proteins. HSP70 vs. CLP T2, T3, and T4 improved significantly from T1. ILP also benefits from feed additive interaction. The interaction between feed additive and lighting program showed that T2 in CLP and T3 in ILP improved significantly (P < 0.05) compared to T1, T3, and T4 of CLP and T1 and T2 of ILP, but not T4. In conclusion, intermittent lighting with or without nutritional additives mitigated the negative effects of hot climates on broilers’ antioxidant status and HSP70 levels.
A Comparative Study of Calcium Metabolism between Quail and Domestic Rabbits
Authors: Esmail B H , Rashied R M , Salman M I
Published: December 2023

The existing study was conducted to evaluate calcium; vitamin D and calcitonin concentration in two types of amniotes that live in the Iraqi environment include the local rabbit and the Japanese quail. The study included 18 female Japanese quail Coturnix coturnix, weighing 145.5 ± 34.341 g, they were 16 weeks in ages and 18 female local rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus, at the age of one years and 1438.5 ± 284.988 g in weight. The results showed that the mean serum calcium concentration in bird and rabbit were 8.134±0.450 (mg/dl) and 7.267±1.761 (mg/dl) respectively and it was significantly at at 0.066 higher in bird in comparison to rabbit, the mean of vitamin D in bird and rabbit were 24.22± 3.159 (ng/ml) and 28.43±4.632 (ng/ml) respectively and it was significantly higher in rabbit than bird at 0.007 while the mean serum calcitonin concentration in bird and rabbit were 1.354±0.1960 (mg/dl) and 1.676±0.4151 (mg/dl) respectively and it was significantly at 0.009 higher in rabbit in comparison to bird. Egg laying, shell calcification and medullary bone formation induce more extra demand of calcium in birds while the high rate of teeth erupting demand extra calcium in rabbits, the metabolism of vitamin D will be altered indirectly by these process which associated with increased requirements for calcium. The study showed an increase in the level of calcium in both rabbits and quail birds, and that this increase will change the metabolism of vitamin D, and many physiological processes will occur.
Effects of Dietary Addition of Natural and Nano Zinc Oxide to the Diet on the Physiological State of Common Carp
Authors: AlNoori A A , AlKhshali Mohammed S , Abuelheni J.
Published: December 2023

The study was carried to find out the effect of natural zinc oxide and nano zinc oxide on the physiological state of common carp. The experiment was divided into 7 treatments that included the control treatment without any addition, the second, third and fourth treatment by adding zinc oxide nanoparticles at concentrations of 25,50 and 75 mg/kg feed respectively, the fifth, sixth and seventh treatment by adding natural zinc oxide at the same concentrations above. The results showed that the T5, T6 and T7 treatments were significantly superior (P>0.01) in the number of red blood cells, while the T2 treatment recorded the lowest number and amounted to 0.95 cells x 106 / mm3, T7 recorded highest range of white blood cells amounted 10.15 cells x 10³ / mm3. The two treatments, T5 and T7, excelled in the size of the packed blood cells, and no significant differences were recorded among the treatments. The two treatments T5 and T7 recorded the highest levels of hemoglobin in the blood, reaching 12.05 and 11.95 g/ dl, respectively. It is clear from the results of the cholesterol values that the T7 recorded the highest concentration, amounting to 127.90 mg/100ml. It can be concluded from the study that the addition of zinc nanoparticles to the fish diet improves the level of performance without causing any harm to the fish and the blood picture was within the normal ranges.
A study of egg quality characteristics for two Asiatic (Coturnix japonica) and two European (Coturnix coturnix) quail lines
Authors: Salih JH , Hassan AM , Hussen SH
Published: December 2023

The present study was carried out at the Dept. of Animal Production, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. A total of 64 female quails from four lines involved two European (White and Dark Ukrainian) and two Asiatic (White and Dark Local) aged 56 days old, were equally distributed into four trial groups containing 16 birds for each. The aim was to investigate both external and internal egg quality characteristics. The following traits were measured; weights, lengths (high) and diameters of egg, yolk, albumen and shell; and the indices of shape, yolk and albumen were computed; also, Haugh units and percentages of yolk, albumen and shell were calculated. The results revealed the significant (p<0.01) superiority of European quails on Asiatic ones in egg quality characteristics; also, the white Ukrainian line appeared a significant difference (p<0.01) compared to the rest lines for egg weight and yolk percentage; however, Haugh units resulted in almost the same values for both European lines which surpassed significantly (p<0.01) both Asiatic ones; the same trend was found for albumen index. Most correlation coefficients between egg quality characteristics were significant (p<0.01), and the highest coefficient was between Haugh units and albumen index (0.89); therefore, the regression analysis derived an effective equation between them for future prediction with a high coefficient of variation (R2= 0.8). In conclusion, Ukrainian-European quail surpassed in its egg quality Asiatic ones, and Haugh units as a major quality indicator can be predicted from the albumen index for quail’s eggs.
Effect of Adding L-Arginine to Broiler Diets on Production and Physiological Performance
Authors: Khaleel A I , Saed Z J M
Published: December 2023

The present work was aimed to study the effect of L-arginine level to dietary, this study was conducted in the poultry field of the Animal Production Department at the College of Agriculture / University of Anbar for the period from 10/26/2022 to 12/7/2022 (42 days), with the aim of studying the comparison of adding different ratios of L-Arginine and a percentage of vitamin C in Productive and physiological performance of broiler chickens. In the study, 150 broiler chicks (unsexed) Ross strain (308) were used in the study, at the age of one day. They were individually weighed and randomly distributed to five experimental treatments, with three replications per treatment (10 birds replicated). First treatment is control with not addition, second treatment included the addition of L-Arginine at a rate of 1g/1kg of feed, third treatment included the addition of L-Arginine at a rate of 1.5g/1kg of feed, fourth treatment included the addition of L-Arginine at a rate of 2 gm / 1 kg of feed and fifth treatment included the addition of vitamin C at a rate of 300 mg / 1 kg of feed. The results of the production performance study and the economic indicator showed that the use of the above-determined ratios of arginine and vitamin C in diets had no significant effect on weight gain, body weight, feed conversion factor, and mortality at (P≤0.05).
Spraying with Local Anemone Flower Extract and Isoflurane and its Effect on Serum Characteristics of Broiler Chickens Transferred During Different Seasons
Authors: Al Tamimi M S , Shanound A Q , Mohammed M O , Mustafa N AG
Published: December 2023

The effects of anemone flower extract and isoflurane on broiler chickens transported in different seasons were discovered. Different densities of broiler chickens in transport cages were used in the field experiment in February, March, July and August. As it was divided, Ross 308 birds received 10 treatments per transfer and three replicates per treatment. The following is T1 control without spraying and 10 birds in the cage. Control of T2 without spraying and 12 birds in the cage. T3 Spraying 10 caged birds with a 2% extract of local anemone flowers. T4 Spray the birds with the extract at 4% and 10 birds per cage. T5 Spraying 10 caged birds with 6% extract. T6 Use 2% extract to spray the birds. Birds number 12 in the cage. T7 Use 4% extract to spray the birds. Birds number 12 in the cage. T8 spraying the birds with the extract at 6% and 12 birds in the cage. T9 sprays birds with isoflurane at 6%, 10 per cage. T10 Applying 6% isoflurane to birds. ALT liver enzymes dropped significantly. T9, T10, and T5 recorded international units of 12.01, 12.06, and 12.17, respectively, compared to T1 and T2, which recorded 12.92 and 12.96.
The Biophysiological Impact of Alcoholic Extract of Turamic with or without Folic Acid in Awassi Ewes, Comparative Study
Authors: Alsaadi S A , Abdulazeez S T , Baker A G
Published: December 2023

The aim of the study was to demonstrate the physiological effectiveness of the alcoholic extract of curcumin with or without the addition of folic acid in some blood measurements and biochemical characteristics blood of adult ewes, compare the coefficients and find the best treatment in terms of positive changes to the physiological status of the animal’s body. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of alcoholic extract of curcumin at a concentration of (100 mg/mL/kg) and folic acid at a concentration of (8 mg/ mL/kg) and their combination based on these coefficients in twenty ewes and for sixty days. the current study indicated effect of alcoholic extract of curcumin and folic acid and curcumin-folic acid mixture groups as a decrease in blood sugar and total protein levels, an increase in blood albumin levels and a decrease in liver enzymes represented by Aspartate Aminotransferase and Alanine Aminotransferase. This study was concluded that using of alcoholic extract of turmeric and folic acid alone and as a combination led to significant and vital changes in some of the chemical qualities of Awassi sheep in terms of a decrease in blood sugar and total protein levels, in conjunction with an increase in serum albumin levels and a decrease in liver enzymes in the study parameters.
Investigation of some Bacterial Species Contaminated with some Foods in Baghdad Regions
Authors: Al-Shamary E I , Seedra Z T , Sheikh A A
Published: December 2023

The study aimed to detect and diagnose intestinal bacteria that do not ferment sorbitol, which contaminate some foods in Baghdad because they are known to be responsible for major health problems all over the world, study their resistance to antibiotics, and find some solutions to the problem of their resistance to antibiotics. Twenty -nine bacterial isolates were obtained from different food samples, including minced meat, burgers, white cheese, and salads, and it was found that only 4 of them were not fermented for sorbitol, as they appeared in pale yellow color. The results of VITEK2 test showed the attribution of these isolates to the species Citrobacterr freuadii, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella Pneumoniae ssp pneumoniae and Proteus hauseri with probability rates (87%, 99%, 95% and 87%), respectively. It was found that there was a variation in the resistance of the four locally isolated bacteria to the antibiotics under test. Citrobacter freuadii and hauseri Proteus were found to be resistant to each of the two antibiotics: Amoxicillin and Methicillin at all concentrations. Acinetobacter baumannii was resistant to the two antibiotics: Ampicillin and Methicillin. The results confirm the contamination of the studied food samples with some types of pathological intestinal bacteria, and the resistance of some of them to some antibiotics, and the possibility of inhibiting them with some plant extracts.
Enhancing Volatile Oil in Mentha piperita L. Through the Application of Nano Iron Oxide and Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Spraying Treatments
Authors: Ali W S , Al-Bayaty A J A
Published: December 2023

This study aimed to investigate the effect of nano iron oxide and vitamin B3 (niacin) application on the volatile oil of Mentha piperita L. plant. Nano iron oxide was used at concentrations of 0, 40, 80, and 120 mg. L−1, while vitamin B3 (niacin) was applied at 0, 50, and 100 mg.L−1 in distilled water. The results demonstrated that spraying the combination of nano iron oxide (120 mg.L−1) and niacin (100 mg.L−1) in distilled water led to a significant increase in the effective compounds of the volatile oil represented by Menthol, Menthone, Menthofurane, Cis-carane, 1.8 Cineole, Limonene, β-Pinene and Trans-caryophylline, at concentrations of 75.575, 43.473, 43.792, 42.941, 35.601, 33.705, 33.500, and 29.925 mg/ml, respectively. These findings highlight the potential benefits of nano iron oxide and niacin application in enhancing volatile oil in Mentha piperita L. plant.
Improving the Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Supported Ice Cream Fortified with Dates by Adding Kappa-Carrageenan
Authors: Al-Tameemi E K , Obaid A A
Published: December 2023

The aim of the research is to introduce kappa-carrageenan in the manufacture of ice cream instead of carboxymethyl cellulose and to know its effect on the chemical and biological properties. three replicates of the control treatment T1, two replicates of the treatment in which 50% of the CMC was replaced with kappa-carrageenan T2, and three replicates of the treatment in which all of the CMC was replaced with kappa-carrageenan T3. The chemical composition of Zuhdi dates were (70.69, 59.20, 2.68, 0.47, 2.57, and 18.28 %) for each of the total sugars, reducing sugars, protein, fats, total ash and moisture (respectively). The physical examinations of Al-Zuhdi dates showed that the solids value was 75.00, the refractive index was 1.3560, the color intensity was 1.50, and pH was 6.60. pH was in between T1 and T3 amounted to 6.6 and 6.8, respectively, and the total acidity between T1 and T3 were 0.23 and 0.20, respectively, and the results showed no significant differences for the total solids, they were (28, 29, and 30%) and the refractive index was 1.3810, 1.3811, and 1.3837. Sensory tests showed that there were significant (P≤0.05) differences for the ice cream in texture, composition, resistance to melting, and no significant differences appeared in taste, color, and external appearance, and there was no growth of microorganisms and total number of bacteria, Psychrophile bacteria, coliform bacteria, yeasts, and molds.
DNA Marker Identification of Trichoderma and Fusarium Level Species
Authors: Hussein L F , Saadullah A A M
Published: December 2023

Mycotoxins, a class of biologically active toxic secondary metabolites with a wide structural range and complexity, are generated as contaminants in human and animal food by a variety of toxigenic Molds. The toxic effects caused differ depending on the type of mycotoxin present in the food. Environmental variables as substrate composition and texture, temperature, and humidity influence toxin production and the degree of contamination of feed and food items. Fusarium and Trichoderma species which produce mycotoxins in animal feed and different cereals can be laborious as well as more time to identify due to hard colony and hyphal characteristics. Aim of the study was isolation and identification of fungi from 30 samples of poultry feeds and some agricultural products as well as molecular identification for Trichoderma and Fusarium species with the detection of mycotoxin related gene. Ribosomal gene region (ITS), Translation elongation factor, Beta-tubulin with elongation factor (EF1) used for species identification of Trichoderma and Fusarium respectively. PCR amplification and sequence analysis were done successfully. A set of 10 Trichoderma and 19 Fusarium isolates were subjected to phenotypic and genotypic characterization that distinguish as T. asperellum, T. harzianum, T. afroharzianum, T. atroviride, T. lentiforme with T. asperelloides besides F. aywerte, F. oxysporum, F. sporodochiale in addition F. chlamydosporum. Molecular technique depending on target nucleotide of ITS not identify precisely all Trichoderma therefore tef1 established to separate all Trichoderma isolates. The cluster target nucleotide investigation depending on tef1 split the T.harzianum, T. afroharzianum, T. atroviride as well as T. asperellum.
Landscape justice: creating stakeholders’ rights and responsibilities in utilizing and managing conservation forests in jeneberang watershed upstream
Authors: Supratman  , Alam S , Hasannudin DAL , Sabar A
Published: December 2023

The government has organized state forest areas to be managed with specific management objectives, so that forest ecosystem services can be produced sustainably. On the other hand, this arrangement limits the access of local communities whose livelihoods depend on the forest. The dynamics of land use change in conservation forest areas due to pressure from local communities and non-forestry sectors have, over the past ten years, led to environmental problems such as: forest degradation, water crisis, floods and droughts, and erosion. This paper examines the concept of sovereignty and the concept of forest tenure as principles of creating rights and responsibilities in relation to sustainable and equitable forest utilization and management. This is particularly important in the context of developing forest governance based on landscape justice. This paper recommends the reconstruction of forest landuse, from a fractional basis to a landscape-based watershed area.
Biodiversity protection and preservation: the roles of legal governance in Indonesia
Authors: Ramli R N H , Annisa A N , Hakim M Z
Published: December 2023

Indonesia is regarded as a biodiversity hot spot. It has a variety of natural ecosystems home to many unique species. Biodiversity plays a vital role in maintaining the ecosystem and providing essential environmental and health services. It can also help prevent the extinction of certain species. Moreover, biodiversity can also indirectly have a positive economic impact on a country. On the other hand, the rich biodiversity in Indonesia is under threat. Previous research on biodiversity in Indonesia has examined how indigenous people protect biodiversity. Furthermore, another study has discussed the challenges of preserving biodiversity. This research aims to scrutinise the possibility of legal governance in managing biodiversity in Indonesia. First, this research elaborates on the various benefits of biodiversity. It also helps identify the factors that contribute to its conservation. Second, this essay analyses the current regulations in biodiversity protection at the national and provincial levels. Third, this research discusses the possibility of collaborating between the regions to protect and preserve biodiversity.
Biodiversity management policy in indonesia
Authors: Duadji N , Purba D , Juliana A , Wulandari FR , Zenitha SA , Budiati A , Kurniasih D , Djausal GP
Published: December 2023

The study examines policies for managing biodiversity in Indonesia from 1990-2020. The study uses evaluation research, especially regulatory impact analysis (RIA), with a qualitative approach. The objects of this research are ten regulatory documents in the form of laws that have received stipulations and various relevant national government commitment actions. The analysis process uses the RIA technique, which includes analysis of strategic problems in biodiversity management and regulatory analysis through the comparison of policy content with issues of public interest, including climate change mitigation, welfare, empowerment, intergovernmental relations, and others. The results: 1) The issue of damage and reduction of biodiversity in Indonesia is high; 2) The government’s partiality through laws reflects limited focus and required actions, minimal regulation of responsibilities across sectors and between institutions (government and non-government), weak sanctions; 3) The law has not placed the community/stakeholders outside the government as subjects in biodiversity management, the government still dominates it. The study contributes to improving the quality of regulations. Public costs can be minimized in the context of policy revisions; on the content side of regulatory revisions, it can suppress lost resources, protect the environment from damage, and mitigate climate change.
Deforestation Vulnerability Based Administrative Boundary and Forest Area in Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
Authors: Rijal Syamsu , Mutmainnah Ismiah , Nursaputra Munajat , Chairil A
Published: December 2023

Deforestation is a change in forest cover into other types of cover which is a global problem. Deforestation that occurs varies in each region. Deforestation hazard is a better behavioral conclusion or profile information about deforestation that occurs because it displays three aspects of assessment, namely the Percentage of Forest Area (PFA), the proportion of deforestation events (PDE) and the rate of deforestation (RD). Analysis of deforestation profiles in Nusa Tenggara, which consists of two provinces from 1990 to 2020. This study uses overlapping data on land cover, district administration, and Area functions for forest-non-forest analysis. Analysis of deforestation profiles based on district administration produces 15 forms of deforestation profiles. The largest profile in West Nusa Tenggara Province is the 3-1-1 profile (large percentage of low-rate events), which is a non-vulnerable category. The highest profile in East Nusa Tenggara Province is 1-3-1 (a small percentage of late events) and is a very vulnerable category. Dominant deforestation occurs outside forest areas, but if viewed from a profile perspective, all functions of the area are classified as very vulnerable in East Nusa Tenggara Province, and conservation forest areas in West Nusa Tenggara Province. This happened because the largest deforestation occurred in the end period in each function of the forest area. This is a warning for the management of forest areas in Nusa Tenggara.
Analysis of The Quality of The Mamasa Sub-Watershed Using The Land Cover Approach and Land Cover Projections in 2031
Authors: Soma Andang Suryana , Chaeruddin Andi Alif , Wahyuni
Published: December 2023

The biophysical cover that can be seen on the earth’s surface due to regulation, activity, and human intervention is called land cover. In general, changes in land cover can be observed using spatial data from land cover maps from several points in different years. Changes in land cover in a watershed will directly affect the quality of the watershed. This study aims to analyze land cover changes in 2011 – 2016 and 2016 – 2021, analyze land cover change projections in 2031, and analyze watershed quality using the Percentage of Vegetation Cover approach. The overlay analysis approach was used to conduct an examination of land cover change. Land cover change projections were carried out using the Multi-Layer Perceptron method and Cellular Automata (CA) Markov chain modeling in Idrisi TerraSet Software and watershed quality analysis by calculating the PPV entering the plants permanently. The results of this study note that changes in land cover in 2011 – 2016 experienced a change of 763,53 hectares, and in 2016 – 2021, the most significant change was 802,69 hectares. The biggest change in land cover occurred in the closure of dry land agriculture. The results of the projected land cover in 2031 have changed by 4.472,44 hectares, with the most significant change occurring in dry-land agriculture. Calculating the percentage value of vegetation cover shows that the quality of the Mamasa sub-watershed has decreased from very good to sound due to a decrease in permanent vegetation.
POLYMORPHISM Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) PRIMERS FOR GENETIC DIVERSITY FOR POOTI PLANTS (Hopea gregaria)
Authors: Nurislami Annisa , Restu Muh , Tuheteru Faisal Danu , Albasri  , Larekeng Siti Halimah
Published: December 2023

Pooti (Hopea gregaria) is a medium size tree that can grow up to 35 m from the Dipterocarpaceae family. Since 1998, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has reported the pooti tree as endangered, and the species has a narrow distribution, found only in Southeast Sulawesi. One of the efforts to overcome the rarity of the Pooti plant is through a tree breeding program. However, this tree breeding program will only be successful with the support of genetic diversity information. The study of genetic diversity can be done using a molecular-based approach using Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers. Samples of Pooti leaves used in the study were taken from Botanical Forest Park Nipa-Nipa (Tahura) and Protected Forest Nanga-Nanga, Kendari City, Southeast Sulawesi Province. A total of 50 samples were extracted using the CTAB (Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide) method. Ten types of primers that have been carried out obtained seven primers that can produce bright polymorphic bands and can be continued for study genetic diversity, namely UBC 810, UBC 813, UBC 814, UBC 822, UBC 823, UBC 827, and UBC 830.
Composition and diversity of medicinal plant species and their utilization on agroforestry land at community forest bangkeng buki' in Bukit Harapan village Bulukumba regency
Authors: Makkasau Ahmad Rifqi , Millang Syamsuddin , Jannah Rahmatul
Published: December 2023

Medicinal plants and their utilization have long been known by the people of Bukit Harapan village and their use is increasing along with the difficulty of accessing modern medicine. This study aims to determine the composition and diversity of medicinal plant species and their utilization by the community. This research uses direct observation methods in the field and interviews with respondents with the determination of respondents using snowball sampling in communities that implement agroforestry systems in the Bangkeng Buki’ Community Forest area. The research was conducted from December 2022 to March 2023. The results showed that the composition of plant species on land that applied the agroforestry system found in Bukit Harapan Village amounted to 77 species of plants and 40 of them were medicinal plants consisting of 28 types of cultivated plants and 12 types of plants that grew wildly. The plant species diversity index obtained is 2.72 with the criteria H’ classified as moderate. The percentage of plant parts that are most utilized by the community is the leaves by 53% and most people use medicinal plants in single form and the rest in mixed form. Based on this, it is necessary to preserve medicinal plants in Bukit Harapan village so that they can be utilized by the community in a sustainable manner.
Experimental Analysis of Solar Parabolic Trough Collector for Novel Solar Cooking System in Gujarat, India
Authors: Mistri Piyushkumar M. , Pathak Kedar , Satankar Raj Kumar , Gamit Jigar. C.
Published: December 2023

Indian villages use wood, cow-buffalo dung cakes, and agricultural waste for cooking, while urban areas use piped natural gas and LPG. Desertification and rising fuel prices require renewable energy sources like solar energy. Three types of solar cookers are used for cooking like: box, concentrator, and indirect. The box solar cooker, popular for over two centuries, uses solar radiation to generate heat energy for cooking food. It can be powered by reflector sheets and energy-storing materials, with a 35.3-21.7 % energy efficiency compared to a standard cooker with 27.6-16.9%. Direct solar cookers with parabolic reflectors concentrate reflected energy, suitable for direct or indirect cooking. In winter, a parabolic dish solar cooker cooks at a faster pace and higher temperatures. Moreover, the Parabolic Trough Collector offers a more practical cooking solution. This research work evaluates the efficiency of the Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC) in various real-world climatic conditions using locally available materials for reflector having 97 % of reflectivity and absorber tube made-up of copper tube covered with black colour sheet. Cooking system efficiency was tested, and the results ranged from 5 to 40%. Further, this study aims to identify an applied performance evaluation in Gujarat, India.
Development of an Indoor Test-bed for Evaluation of Tracking Mechanism
Authors: Tiwari Chandni , Chandra Laltu , Bandyopadhyay Bibek
Published: December 2023

Tracking systems are used in both solar photovoltaic and concentrated solar thermal power to harness solar energy. It is essential for a tracking mechanism to ensure reliability. There are possibilities of misalignment between collector and the sun, even if the sun’s position is known, which leads to noticeable energy losses. One of the reasons for this misalignment is the individual uncertainty/errors associated with different components of the tracking system. Evaluation of integrated tracking mechanism is, generally, performed on the field globally, which includes additional effects. Therefore, it is a very tedious process and time-consuming, in addition to the involved cost. Considering these aspects, this paper presents design of an indoor test-bed for evaluation of tracking mechanism under a controlled condition. The test-bed simulates the apparent sun-path, which is designed using a mathematical tool. A step-by-step approach for evaluation of a single-axis tracking mechanism is reported. However, provisions are made to evaluate even a dual-axial tracking mechanism. Experiments are performed with the considered one-axis tracking mechanism to demonstrate the applicability of such a test-bed. A comparative study shows that the test-bed indeed allows characterization of the developed one-axis tracking mechanism and its time independence. Thus, it can be safely stated that such a test bed, in future, will provide first-hand evaluation of existing and new tracking mechanism before its on-field implementation.
Review on Solar Hybrid Systems and its Approaches for Green Power Generation
Authors: Mishra Rahul , Doda Devendra Kumar , Jangid Satish , Kumar Sujeet
Published: December 2023

In one and a half hours, enough sunlight strikes the earth’s surface to supply enough energy for one year. Solar technologies harness the power of the sun by using photovoltaic panels or mirrors that focus and convert the energy from the sun’s rays into electrical energy. From this energy, electricity can be generated, or it can be stored in batteries or thermal storage. Photovoltaics (PV) or concentrated solar power are two methods of converting sunlight into electricity. Inexhaustible and renewable, solar energy is harnessed through the use of mirrors and panels and is produced from the Sun’s light - photovoltaic energy. By reducing the cost of battery storage and solar energy, hybrid systems are expected to become more cost competitive. Even at today’s prices of around 6-7 Indian Rupees per kilowatt hour (kWh), solar, wind, and storage can provide reliable round-the-clock power. In order to revaluate the performance, we have compared some of the research work done in the off-grid / off-grid systems simulated using HOMER. As HOMER compares thousands of possibilities at once, you can see how variables beyond your control affect the optimal system, such as wind speed, fuel costs, etc.