bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strong Electronic Interaction Between Oxygen Vacancy-Enriched Cobalt-Oxide Support and Nickel-Hydroxide Nanoparticles for Enhanced CO Production
Authors: Bhalothia Dinesh , Li Tien-Fu , Beniwal Amisha , Bagaria Ashima , Chen Tsan-Yao
Published: January 2025

The catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) into carbon monoxide (CO) via the reverse water–gas shift (RWGS) reaction offers a promising pathway toward a sustainable carbon cycle. However, the competing Sabatier reaction presents a significant challenge, underscoring the need for highly efficient catalysts. In this study, we developed a novel catalyst comprising cobalt-oxide-supported nickel-hydroxide nanoparticles (denoted as Co@Ni). This catalyst achieved a remarkable CO production yield of ~5144 μmol g−1 at 573 K, with a CO selectivity of 77%. These values represent 30% and 70% improvements over carbon-supported Ni(OH)2 (Ni-AC) and CoO (Co-AC) nanoparticles, respectively. Comprehensive physical characterizations and electrochemical analyses reveal that the exceptional CO yield of the Co@Ni catalyst stems from the synergistic electronic interactions between adjacent active sites. Specifically, cobalt-oxide domains act as electron donors to Ni sites, facilitating efficient H2 splitting. Additionally, the oxygen vacancies in cobalt oxide enhance CO2 adsorption and promote subsequent dissociation. These findings provide critical insights into the design of highly efficient and selective catalysts for the RWGS reaction, paving the way for advancements in sustainable carbon utilization technologies.
In Vitro Evaluation of the Antiviral Properties of Exogenous mRNA Encoding the Human MxA Protein
Authors: Plotnikova Marina A. , Romanovskaya-Romanko Ekaterina A. , Pulkina Anastasia A. , Shuklina Marina A. , Shurygina Anna-Polina S. , Klotchenko Sergey A.
Published: January 2025

MxA is a cytoplasmic protein induced in human cells exposed to type I and III interferons. It can inhibit various viruses, including influenza A, by blocking the early steps of the viral replication cycle. The rapid advancement of mRNA-based technology has allowed us to evaluate the antiviral activity of MxA-mRNA, encoding intracellular MxA protein, and explore its potential as a therapeutic agent. In this study, we used in vitro transfection methods to obtain functional, mature MxA-mRNA and evaluate its activity within cells. We also observed an undesirable cellular response to transfection with exogenous mRNAs, which involved interferon III induction and reduced cell viability. Nevertheless, preventive administration of MxA-mRNA led to a specific 10–80-fold decrease in influenza A and B levels in cell supernatants—an effect not observed with the control GFP-Luc-mRNA. Additionally, we investigated the antiviral activity of MxA-mRNA against RNA viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2 and both serotypes of RSV, but we could not demonstrate a significant virus-specific effect of exogenous mRNA on their replication. We believe that mRNAs that encode native antiviral proteins have great therapeutic potential.
Microbiota Involved in the Degradation of Tremella fuciformis Polysaccharide and Microbial Enzymatic Potential Revealed by Microbiome and Metagenome
Authors: Song Xiao , Chen Guangning , Zheng Long , Shen Jingjing , Xue Changhu , Chang Yaoguang
Published: January 2025

Tremella fuciformis, as a traditional edible fungus in Asian countries, is rich in polysaccharides with a variety of bioactivities. Nevertheless, its high molecular weight and complex structure have caused limitations in its application and structural analysis. In this study, we successfully screened a Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide-degrading bacterium from the soil by enriching and screening. The mixed bacterium consisted mainly of Verrucomicrobium (55.4%) and Lysobacter (43.8%), which released extracellular enzymes that enabled the degradation of Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides. The functional annotation using microbiome and metagenome combined with bioinformatics revealed its active carbohydrate metabolism, binding, and catalysis. It exposed the enzymatic potential of the bacterium and provided a basis for the exploration of hydrolytic enzymes for hardly degradable polysaccharides in fungi.
Lactobacillus rhamnosus Sepsis in a Preterm Infant Following Probiotic Administration: Challenges in Diagnosis
Authors: Farella Ilaria , Fortunato Maria , Martinelli Domenico , De Carlo Carmela , Sparapano Eleonora , Stolfa Stefania , Romanelli Federica , De Laurentiis Vittoriana , Martinotti Stefano , Capozzi Loredana , Castellana Stefano , Parisi Antonio , Latorre Giuseppe
Published: January 2025

Probiotic administration has become common practice in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) to prevent necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and promote gut health in preterm infants. While probiotics are generally considered safe, rare cases of probiotic-related sepsis have been reported. We present a case of Lactobacillus rhamnosus sepsis in a preterm infant, highlighting the challenges involved in its diagnosis. The infant developed symptoms of sepsis on the 13th day of probiotic treatment. Laboratory analyses, including MALDI-TOF, BioFire BCID2 panel, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS), helped confirm the diagnosis and the presence of Lactobacillus rhamnosus. In this case, accurately identifying the Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain proved challenging, as initial analyses using the Vitek 2 system yielded incorrect identifications. This highlights the limitations of automated systems in distinguishing closely related species, reinforcing the need for advanced molecular techniques to achieve precise strain identification and confirm a probiotic-related infection. Given these diagnostic complexities, it is crucial for clinicians to maintain a high index of suspicion for probiotic-related infections in cases of unexplained sepsis, as this awareness can prompt further diagnostic investigations to ensure accurate pathogen identification. The infant responded to ampicillin therapy, showing clinical improvement within 10 days and was discharged in good health at 67 days of life. This case underscores the importance of advanced molecular diagnostic methods to confirm probiotic-related infections and highlights the need for caution in administering probiotics to vulnerable populations, such as preterm infants. Clinicians must maintain a high index of suspicion for probiotic-associated sepsis in unexplained cases of infection and tailor antibiotic therapy based on susceptibility profiles. These findings emphasize the need for rigorous monitoring, appropriate probiotic strain selection, and optimized safety protocols in NICUs to mitigate potential risks.
Characterization of Microbial Carbon Metabolism in Karst Soils from Citrus Orchards and Analysis of Its Environmental Drivers
Authors: Wang Shixuan , Jin Zhenjiang , Li Xuesong , Zhu Hongying , Fang Fang , Luo Ting , Li Jia
Published: January 2025

Karst regions (KRs) have created significant karst carbon sinks globally through the carbon cycling process involving “water-carbon dioxide-carbonate rock-biota”. Soil organic carbon (SOC) represents a crucial component of these carbon sinks. Microorganisms play a vital role in the soil carbon cycle, influencing the formation and preservation of SOC. Therefore, investigating the carbon metabolism of soil microorganisms in KRs is essential for clarifying the unique biogeochemical cycling mechanisms within these regions. In this paper, soils from karst regions (KRs), mixed regions (MRs) and non-karst regions (NKRs) were collected from citrus orchards in Mao Village, Karst Experimental Field, Guilin City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. The ability to use different carbon sources was analyzed by Biolog-Eco microtiter plate technique; the number of microorganisms was detected by the plate colony counting method, and the microbial biomass was determined by the chloroform fumigation method. The results showed that the soil bacterial number (5.69 ± 0.39 × 106 CFU/g), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) (608.24 ± 63.80 mg/kg), microbial quotient (SMQ) (3.45 ± 0.18%), and Shannon’s index (H′) (3.28 ± 0.05) of the KR were significantly higher than those of the NKR. The pH showed a significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) with the bacterial number and H′ (p < 0.05); SOC showed a highly significant positive correlation with bacterial number (p < 0.01), and a significant positive correlation with MBC, H′, and average well change development (AWCD) (p < 0.05). Total nitrogen (TN) showed a significant positive correlation with MBC (p < 0.05); available potassium (AK) showed a significant positive correlation with bacterial number and MBC (p < 0.05). Exchangeable calcium (Ca2+) demonstrated significant positive correlations with bacterial number, MBC, and H′ (p < 0.05). The above results indicate that soil bacterial number, carbon metabolic ability and diversity were highest in the KR. pH, SOC and exchangeable Ca2+ were the main influencing factors for the differentiation of soil microbial carbon metabolic diversity between the KR and NKR.
Adaptive Laboratory Evolution and Carbon/Nitrogen Imbalance Promote High-Yield Ammonia Release in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Pessina Alex , Giancontieri Anna , Sassi Tommaso , Busti Stefano , Vanoni Marco , Brambilla Luca
Published: January 2025

Ammonia, essential for fertilizers and energy storage, is mainly produced through the energy-demanding Haber–Bosch process. Microbial production offers a sustainable alternative, but natural yeast cells have not yet demonstrated success. This study aimed to enhance ammonia production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by optimizing amino acid utilization through its deamination metabolism. Adaptive laboratory evolution is a method for rapidly generating desirable phenotypes through metabolic and transcriptional reorganization. We applied it to the efficiently fermenting S. cerevisiae strain CEN.PK113-7D using an unbalanced carbon/nitrogen medium to impose selective pressure. We selected several evolved strains with a 3–5-fold increase in amino acid utilization and ammonia secretion. The multi-step bioreactor strategy of the evolved strain AAV6, supplemented with concentrated nitrogen sources, resulted in the production of 1.36 g/L of ammonia, a value in line with levels produced by other microbial systems. This proof-of-concept study suggests that yeast-based processes can be adapted straightforwardly to ammonia production from high-protein waste derived from several sources.
Candidiasis: Insights into Virulence Factors, Complement Evasion and Antifungal Drug Resistance
Authors: Gaffar Nidaa Riaz , Valand Nisha , Venkatraman Girija Umakhanth
Published: January 2025

Invasive fungal infections constitute a substantial global health burden, with invasive candidiasis representing approximately 70% of reported cases worldwide. The emergence of antifungal resistance among Candida species has further exacerbated this challenge to healthcare systems. Recent epidemiological studies have documented a concerning shift towards non-albicans Candida species, exhibiting reduced antifungal susceptibility, in invasive candidiasis cases. The complement system serves as a crucial first-line defence mechanism against Candida infections. These fungal pathogens can activate the complement cascade through three conventional pathways—classical, lectin, and alternative—in addition to activation through the coagulation system. While these pathways are initiated by distinct molecular triggers, they converge at C3 convertase formation, ultimately generating biologically active products and the membrane attack complex. Candida species have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to evade complement-mediated host defence, including the masking of cell wall components, proteolytic cleavage and inhibition of complement proteins, recruitment of complement regulators, and acquisition of host proteins. This review examines the intricate interplay between Candida species and the host complement system, with emphasis on complement evasion strategies. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of exploring the crosstalk between antifungal resistance and immune evasion strategies employed by Candida species. Understanding these interactions may facilitate the development of novel therapeutic approaches and strategies to overcome treatment failures in Candida species infections.
Trends in Healthcare-Acquired Infections Due to Multidrug-Resistant Organisms at a German University Medical Center Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Kolbe-Busch Susanne , Djouela Djoulako Paule Dana , Stingu Catalina-Suzana
Published: January 2025

Background: Healthcare-acquired infections due to multidrug-resistant organisms (MDR-HAIs) pose globally significant challenges to healthcare systems, leading to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. According to the World Health Organization, the COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted the burden of MDR-HAIs. The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics and epidemiology of MDR-HAIs in inpatients at the University of Leipzig Medical Center (ULMC) before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We compared data from inpatients with bacterial infections from 2017 to 2019 (pre-COVID-19) and from 2021to 2023 (during COVID-19) in a cross-sectional, monocentric, retrospective survey. This study focused on selected multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) and four clinical specimens. We analyzed the risk factors for MDR-HAIs using logistic regression models. Results: Out of 342,705 inpatients, 32,206 were diagnosed with a bacterial infection. The prevalence increased significantly from 8.09% (pre-COVID-19) to 10.79% (during COVID-19) (p < 0.001), but the proportion of MDROs decreased from 10.14% to 8.07%. The proportions of MDR-HAIs were 59.86% and 56.67%, respectively. The proportion of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae increased significantly. The risk of MDR-HAIs during COVID-19 decreased by 18% compared to pre-COVID-19 (p = 0.047). Longer hospital stays increased the risk of MDR-HAIs in both periods. This risk significantly decreased for children and the elderly during COVID-19. Conclusion: These findings show that it is also important to analyze epidemiological data at the facility level in order to evaluate the effectiveness of infection control practices even during unprecedented health crises like the COVID-19 pandemic.
Limitations of 18S rDNA Sequence in Species-Level Classification of Dictyostelids
Authors: Chittavichai Thanyaporn , Sathitnaitham Sukhita , Utthiya Supanut , Prompichai Wanasilp , Prommarit Kamonchat , Vuttipongchaikij Supachai , Wonnapinij Passorn
Published: January 2025

Dictyostelid species classification has traditionally relied on morphology, a time-intensive method requiring expert knowledge. This study evaluated the potential and limitations of using the 18S rDNA sequence for species-level classification. 18S rDNA sequences of 16 samples from the Dicty stock center, including 14 samples found in Thailand, were analyzed. Signature sequence analyses confirmed genus-level identification with high accuracy. These sequences were analyzed alongside 309 database entries retrieved from the GenBank database. The analyses confirmed genus-level identification accuracy but highlighted challenges in distinguishing species due to overlapping intraspecific and interspecific variations, negative barcoding gaps, and incorrectly grouped samples to putative taxa by species delimitation analyses. Species delimitation methods, including maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis, achieved limited success, with ML showing the highest accuracy but not exceeding 50%. However, species with high barcoding gaps, such as Raperostelium and Rostrostelium, demonstrated potential for accurate classification. These findings support using 18S rDNA for genus-level identification and suggest its possible application for certain species. Expanded sampling is needed to improve species-level classification and to identify more robust DNA markers for dictyostelid diversity studies.
Inhibitory Effects of Nisin and Gallium (III) Nitrate Hydrate on Planktonic and Adhered Cells and Implications for the Viable but Non-Culturable State
Authors: Poscente Valeria , Di Gregorio Luciana , Bernini Roberta , Bevivino Annamaria
Published: January 2025

Effective antimicrobial and biofilm control strategies require an understanding of the differential effects of antimicrobial agents on the viability and culturability of microbial cells. A viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state, a survival strategy of non-spore-forming bacteria in response to adverse conditions, poses a significant challenge for public health and food safety. In the present study, we investigated the antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of nisin and gallium (III) nitrate hydrate against the Gram-positive strain Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum DSM 20174 and the Gram-negative strain Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 13525, respectively. Both strains were chosen as model systems for their relevance to food and clinical settings. Culture-based methods and flow cytometry (FCM) were used to evaluate the culturability and viability of both planktonic and sessile cells, providing insights into their physiological response to antimicrobial treatment-induced stress at different concentrations (100, 250, 350, and 500 ppm). The findings highlight the strain-specific action of nisin on L. plantarum and the promising antibiofilm effects of Ga (III) against P. fluorescens. This study underscores the promising potential of FCM as a powerful tool for high-throughput analyses of antimicrobial efficacy, providing valuable insights into developing targeted biofilm control strategies for food safety and clinical applications.
Identification, Pathogenicity, and Antimicrobial Resistance Analysis of Bacterial Pathogenesis Aeromonas hydrophila from Hybrid Sturgeon (Huso dauricus ♀ × A. schrenckii ♂) in Zhejiang, China
Authors: Hu Haojie , Weng Xinzhi , Pang Gang , Li Xiaobing , Xia Jing , Gao Xiu , He Jie , Li Ji , Qian Dong
Published: January 2025

In 2019, a disease outbreak struck a hybrid sturgeon farm (Huso dauricus ♀ × A. schrenckii ♂) in Tiantai, Zhejiang province, leading to the deaths of 8000 sturgeons. The sturgeons exhibited reduced appetite, lethargic and uncoordinated swimming, and physical signs such as reddish petechiae and ulcers on the body and fins. Hemorrhagic spots were observed on the kidneys, spleen, and gonads, alongside reddish intestines with hemorrhagic ascites in the abdominal cavity. ST-1902 was isolated and identified as Aeromonas hydrophila through physiological and biochemical characterization and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The pathogenicity of ST-1902 was confirmed through a challenge test, with a median lethal dosage (LD50) of 7.9 × 106 CFU/IND. Histopathological examination showed hyperplasia and neoplasm-like changes in the epicedial mesothelial tissues, enlarged and necrosis renal tissue, and serious hemosiderosis in spleen and gills. Virulent genes (Aer, Epa, Alt, Hly, and Act) were detected in ST-1902, corresponding to typical β-hemolysis, extracellular protease, and enterotoxin. Moreover, antimicrobial experiment detection indicated ST-1902 is sensitive to quinolones and phenicols but resistant to sulfamethoxazole, aminoglycoside antibiotics with Sul1, and Intl and Ant (3”)-I. These results suggest that A. hydrophila was the causative agent of the sturgeon disease and highlight the emerging threat it poses to the sturgeon industry.
Investigating the Post-Mortem Risk of Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Virus in Cadaveric Tissues: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Sacco Matteo Antonio , Gualtieri Saverio , Princi Aurora , Verrina Maria Cristina , Carbone Angela , Tarda Lucia , Ranno Francesco , Gratteri Santo , Aquila Isabella
Published: January 2025

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2, responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, has prompted extensive research into its transmission dynamics; yet, a critical aspect that remains underexplored is the post-mortem infectivity of the virus within cadaveric tissues. Understanding the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 maintains infectivity after death is essential, as it raises significant concerns regarding public health and forensic practices. Research indicates that the virus can persist in various tissues, including lung, liver, and kidney tissues, with studies showing that factors such as the time elapsed since death, the presence of underlying health conditions, and environmental conditions at the time of death can influence the level of infectivity in deceased individuals. These findings are not only crucial for establishing safety protocols for forensic investigators who handle cadavers but also for informing public health guidelines that govern the management of bodies during and after outbreaks. As we investigate the implications of post-mortem SARS-CoV-2 infectivity, it becomes imperative to establish comprehensive protocols to mitigate risks associated with the handling and disposal of infected bodies, thereby protecting public health and ensuring the safety of those working in forensic environments. This paper aims to elucidate the mechanisms of infectivity in cadaveric tissues, explore the persistence of the virus in various tissue types, and assess the broader implications for public health and forensic investigations, ultimately contributing to a safer approach in dealing with COVID-19-related fatalities.
Natural Phenolics Disrupt Microbial Communication by Inhibiting Quorum Sensing
Authors: Helcman Martin , Šmejkal Karel , Čulenová Marie , Béres Tibor , Treml Jakub
Published: January 2025

Quorum sensing, a bacterial cell-to-cell communication mechanism, plays a key role in bacterial virulence and biofilm formation. Targeting quorum-sensing pathways represents a promising strategy for the development of novel antibacterial agents. This study evaluated the anti-quorum-sensing activities of 18 natural compounds, including cannabinoids, arylbenzofurans, flavonoids, caffeine, and chlorogenic acid, using the luminescent biosensor strain Vibrio harveyi MM30. V. harveyi MM30, a mutant strain deficient in the production of autoinducer-2 (AI-2) but responsive to exogenous AI-2, was used to assess the activity of test compounds on the AI-2 receptor pathway. Test compounds were incubated in AI-2-containing media, and luminescence was measured to evaluate quorum-sensing inhibition. Comparisons were made in the absence of AI-2 to determine AI-2-independent inhibitory activity. The most active compounds were further tested on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA 7112) to determine their effects on AI-2 production in spent media. Among the tested compounds, the non-prenylated arylbenzofuran moracin M and the prenylated arylbenzofuran moracin C exhibited significant quorum-sensing inhibitory activity in the AI-2-mediated pathway. None of the test compounds significantly inhibited quorum sensing in the absence of AI-2. Five compounds (cannabigerol, cannabidiol, cannabigerolic acid, moracin M, and moracin C) were selected for further investigation in MRSA 7112 cultures. The spent media from MRSA 7112 cultures treated with moracin M (16, 32, 64 µg/mL) and cannabigerolic acid (16 µg/mL) showed significant inhibition of AI-2 production when transferred to V. harveyi MM30 cultures. Moracin M and cannabigerolic acid demonstrated potential as quorum-sensing inhibitors by targeting AI-2 production and signalling pathways in MRSA 7112 and V. harveyi. These findings suggest their potential for further development as antibacterial agents targeting quorum-sensing mechanisms.
Late Triassic Felsic and Mafic Magmatism in the South Qinling Orogen, Central China: Insights from the Petrology, Zircon U-Pb Geochronology, and Geochemistry of the Huoshaodian Pluton
Authors: Li Meijing , Pei Xianzhi , Pei Lei , Li Zuochen , Li Ruibao , Zhao Shaowei , Qin Li , Wang Mao , Wang Xiao
Published: January 2025

The petrology, geochemistry, and zircon U-Pb chronology of the Huoshaodian pluton in the Liuba area of the western part of the South Qinling tectonic belt are investigated in this study. The Huoshaodian pluton consists of gabbro, quartz diorite, and granodiorite, and the dominated rock type is quartz diorite. The results indicate that the Huoshaodian pluton belongs to the calc-alkaline series. In the chondrite-normalized REE, all of the samples showed similar patterns, with an enrichment of light REEs and depletion of heavy REEs, but they showed slight differences in the degrees of Eu anomalies. The primitive mantle-normalized trace element diagram reveals an enrichment of large-ion lithophile elements (LILEs) and light rare earth elements (LREEs), as well as depleted high field strength elements (HFSEs). The zircon U-Pb dating results reveal that the gabbro, quartz diorite, and granodiorite have crystallization ages of 214.9 ± 0.58 Ma, 215.0 ± 1.2 Ma, and 215.4 ± 1.9 Ma, respectively, indicating that the Huoshaodian pluton was emplaced during the late Triassic period (214.9–215.4 Ma). In terms of petrogenesis, the gabbro of the Huoshaodian pluton originates from a transitional lithospheric mantle that has undergone fluid metasomatism and partial melting. Specifically, it originated through 1%–2% garnet spinel peridotite undergoing partial melting. In addition, the gabbro underwent a slight degree of contamination by crustal materials during its ascent and intrusion, with some continental crust material being incorporated. The quartz diorite and granodiorite of the Huoshaodian pluton are formed through partial melting processes occurring within the normal lower crust. Combined with the previous studies on the early Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the South Qinling, this study proposes that the formation mechanism of the Huoshaodian pluton may be as follows: in the early Triassic, the Mianlue Ocean subducted northward beneath the Qinling microblock, resulting in a large-scale continental-continental collision between the North China Block and the Yangtze Block; when the oceanic crust subducted to a certain depth, the detachment of the subducting slab triggered the upwelling of mantle material. The heat from mantle-derived magma caused the partial melting of the mafic lower crust, while the mafic magma entered into the upper granitic magma chamber and began to mix. Due to the high viscosity contrast and temperature difference between the two end-member magmas, incomplete mixing led to the formation of a melt with distinct adakitic characteristics and a mafic melt representing mantle-derived material.
Mechanical and Microstructural Behavior of Cemented Paste Backfill Under Cyclic Loading
Authors: Safari Amin , Taheri Abbas , Karakus Murat
Published: January 2025

Understanding the mechanical and physical behavior of aged CPB under cyclic loading is a significant area of research. Many parameters such as cementation (hydration) and the microstructure, which dictate the arrangement of particles and permeability, affect the mechanical features of cemented paste backfill (CPB). The impact of a wide range of external energy sources within the mining environment, such as cyclic loading resulting from long-term blasting, can significantly alter the applied stresses on the backfill mass. This paper aims to delve into this crucial area of research. A series of uniaxial cyclic tests were conducted on CPB, utilizing samples made from tailing materials sourced from a copper mine in South Australia. Different loading levels were applied at various curing times. All samples exhibited cyclic loading hardening behavior for cyclic loading levels between 80% and 93% of monotonic unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and a cyclic loading damage behavior was observed for 96% of UCS loading level for both 14- and 28-day curing periods. To further investigate these findings, scanning electron microscope analysis as well as sonic velocity tests were conducted for capturing microstructural changes in the samples before and after tests. These findings can be used to indicate a safe firing distance to a filled mass.
Mapping Soil Contamination in Arid Regions: A GIS and Multivariate Analysis Approach
Authors: Kahal Ali Y. , El-Sorogy Abdelbaset S. , Meroño de Larriva Jose Emilio , Shokr Mohamed S.
Published: January 2025

Heavy metal soil contamination is a global environmental issue that poses serious threats to human health, agricultural advancement, and ecosystem systems. Thirty-five soil samples from various parts of Jazan, Southwest Saudi Arabia, were collected. To create spatial pattern maps for nine potentially toxic elements (PTEs) (As, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn), Ordinary Kriging (OK) was utilized. The variability of the soil metal concentration was estimated using multivariate analysis, including principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis. In addition, the levels of soil contamination in the research area were assessed using contaminations indices, namely, Enrichment Factor (EF), Contamination Factor (CF), and geoaccumulation index (Igeo), and modified contamination degree (mCd). Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and land use/land cover (LULC) were assessed to evaluate vegetation density and identify different forms of land cover and land use. The results showed that the Gaussian model fitted As well, whereas the spherical model fitted Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn. An exponential model was fitted to Fe and V. Pb also suited the Stable model. In each of the selected metals, the root mean square standardized error (RMSSE) values were close to one, and the mean standardized error (MSE) values were almost zero for each fitted model. Moreover, the findings showed that there was a tendency for the concentration of heavy metals in the research area to rise from west to east. The cluster analysis divided the data in this investigation into two clusters. Significant alterations in Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, V, and Zn were revealed by the acquired data. However, the total As and Pb concentrations in the two clusters did not differ significantly. The mCd value of the research region often fell into one of three classes, with areas of 148.20 km2 (nil to very low degree of contamination), 26.16 km2 (low degree of contamination), and 0.495 km2 (moderate degree of contamination). The findings indicated that the minerals connected to the Arabian Shield’s basement rocks are the main source of these PTEs. It is crucial to monitor PTEs contamination because the research region is highly cultivated, as shown by the NDVI and LULC status. Given the potential for future pollution due to human activity, PTEsPTEs decision-makers may use the findings of the spatial distribution maps of pollutants and their concentrations as a basis for future monitoring of PTEs concentrations in the study area.
U-Pb Geochronology of Fersmite: Potential Time Constraints on Magnesite Formation, Sparry Dolomitisation, and MVT Pb-Zn Mineralisation in SE British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Leybourne Matthew I. , Simandl George J. , Petrus Joseph A. , Paradis Suzanne , Akam Carlee , Voinot Alexander , Archibald Douglas , McDonald Andrew M.
Published: January 2025

Fersmite ([Ca,Ce,Na][Nb,Ta,Ti]2[O,OH,F]6) from the Mount Brussilof magnesite deposit, British Columbia, Canada occurs as accessory brittle, black, submetallic to vitreous lustre, acicular to platy crystals up to 2 cm long, developed in sparry dolomite, which lines cavities in sparry magnesite. Fersmite also occurs as smaller crystals (<3 mm) enclosed by dolomite, where it is commonly fractured or broken, formed during the final stage of dolomite crystallisation. Electron microprobe (WDS) major element data indicate that the grains confirmed to be fersmite by X-ray diffraction contain >50% Nb and are atypically Ta-poor. Fersmite contains significant U and Th (up to 4700 ppm and 6 wt.%, respectively) and therefore is a viable mineral for U-Pb geochronology. A series of laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) spot analyses and maps were collected on fersmite grains. Although the fersmite grains have considerable common Pb and have experienced Pb loss, the U-Pb spot data suggest growth or pervasive resetting at ca. 190 Ma. Some 40Ar/39Ar ages (two of four samples) are consistent with the ~190 Ma U-Pb date. Electron microprobe and LA-ICP-MS mapping indicate that the fersmite is middle to heavy rare earth element-rich. The ~190 Ma fersmite age estimate provides an approximate upper time constraint on the age of sparry magnesite mineralisation, sparry dolomitisation, and, indirectly, on the formation of MVT deposits in the Kicking Horse Rim area and possibly elsewhere in southeastern British Columbia.
Insights on the Mechanisms of the Protective Action of Naringenin, Naringin and Naringin Dihydrochalcone on Blood Cells in Terms of Their Potential Anti-Atherosclerotic Activity
Authors: Kaźmierczak Teresa , Cyboran-Mikołajczyk Sylwia , Trochanowska-Pauk Natalia , Walski Tomasz , Nowicka Paulina , Bonarska-Kujawa Dorota
Published: January 2025

Atherosclerosis is caused by injury to the blood arteries and progressive oxidative stress. Blood cells play an important role in its development; thus, their protection is important. Naringenin (N) is documented to possess a protective action against atherosclerosis, and we hypothesize that its derivatives, naringin (Nr) and naringin dihydrochalcone (Nd), with slightly different structures, possess similar or better activity. Therefore, this research aimed to find the mechanism of protective action of N, Nr and Nd in relation to erythrocytes, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and platelets in terms of their potential anti-atherosclerotic effect. Moreover, their physicochemical properties and the interaction of flavonoids with liposomes were studied. All flavonoids protected erythrocytes from AAPH- and H2O2-induced oxidation to varying degrees. None of them had a destructive effect on erythrocyte membrane, and they did not impact the metabolic activity of PBMC and platelets. Nr and Nd inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation better in tested concentrations than N. Studied compounds did not induce liposome aggregation, but N and Nd changed their dipole potential. Obtained results show that Nd possesses slightly better activity than N and may have a better potential health effect on blood cells, which is very important in the design of anti-atherosclerotic therapeutics.
Coptis Root-Derived Hierarchical Carbon-Supported Ag Nanoparticles for Efficient and Recyclable Alkyne Halogenation
Authors: Liu Cheng , Gong Fangyuan , Zou Xiaochuan , Wang Cun , Xiong Zhengwei
Published: January 2025

The advancement of green chemistry and sustainable chemical processes has been significantly facilitated by catalytic systems derived from plant roots, which also present substantial application prospects in the realm of chemical synthesis. This study utilized the roots of Rhizoma Coptidis as a support to successfully fabricate a silver-based nanocatalyst. By depositing silver nanoparticles onto the root material of Coptis chinensis and subjecting it to carbonization, a silver/carbon composite was synthesized, featuring monodisperse silver nanoparticles and a hierarchical mesoporous carbon framework. This composite exhibits robust surface activity, a well-defined pore structure, and superior mechanical properties. The catalyst achieves a catalytic yield nearing 90%, showcasing remarkable activity in terminal alkyne halogenation reactions. Its stability and recyclability are markedly enhanced; it retains 95% of its mass and remains unaltered in the reaction solvent for over 160 h after five cycles. This method simplifies the synthesis of terminal alkynes and their derivatives, rendering the process more environmentally benign and efficacious. Furthermore, it broadens the potential applications of Rhizoma Coptidis in synthetic chemistry and pioneers a novel approach for the synthesis of precious metal catalysts from renewable resources.
Peach Peel Extrusion for the Development of Sustainable Gluten-Free Plant-Based Flours
Authors: Martín-Diana Ana Belen , Jiménez-Pulido Iván Jesús , Aguiló-Aguayo Ingrid , Abadías Maribel , Pérez-Jiménez Jara , Rico Daniel
Published: January 2025

The food industry generates substantial waste, contributing to environmental challenges, such as pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Utilizing by-products, particularly fruit peels that are rich in fiber, antioxidants, and vitamins, presents a sustainable approach to reducing waste, while enhancing the nutritional value of food products. Specifically, peach peel can be used to produce gluten-free flours, with increased fiber content and antioxidant properties. Extrusion technology is a highly effective method for developing these functional flours, as it improves digestibility, reduces anti-nutrients, and enhances nutrient bioavailability. This study investigates the potential of combining corn flour with peach peel flour, derived from Royal Summer peachs (RSF), at different concentrations (0%, 5%, and 15%). A factorial experimental design was utilized to evaluate the impact of RSF incorporation on the proximate composition, antioxidant capacity, and functional properties of the flour. The results indicate that flours containing 15% RSF demonstrated significant improvements in terms of the dietary fiber content (5.90 g per 100 g−1) and antioxidant capacity (ABTS•+ 745.33 µmol TE per 100 g−1), meeting the “source of fiber” labelling requirements. The glycemic index of the 15% RSF flour was reduced to 78.09 compared to non-enriched flours. The functional properties of the flour, such as swelling and gelation capacities, were also enhanced with RSF incorporation. These findings highlight the potential of RSF-enriched flours in regard to the development of sustainable, health-promoting, plant-based, and gluten-free flours.
The Presenter in the Browser: Design and Evaluation of Human Interactive Overlays with Web Content
Authors: Cordeil Maxime , Servais Anais , Truong Guillaume , Dwyer Tim , Vyas Dhaval , Hurter Christophe
Published: January 2025

This research explores the design and evaluation of a webcam-based presentation tool that enables presenters to directly interact with web content via free-hand gestures. Our approach consists of overlaying the webcam video feed on top of web browser content to enable live presentations of any webpage. To support interactive presentations, we designed free-hand gesture interactions with the webpage to enable pointing, clicking, panning, and zooming interactions. We propose three alternatives to enable free-hand clicking: dwell time, modal key control, and a pinching interaction technique. We conducted an exploratory user study of these alternative designs to gather insights on the usability of such systems from a presenter point of view, with a focus on understanding the impact of the three techniques on flow interruptions. The results indicate that the system we propose can be used to deliver presentations effectively and that natural gestures do not disturb the flow of the presentation.
First-Principles Investigations of Two-Sided Functionalised MoS2 Monolayer
Authors: Ray Sreejita , Paulus Beate
Published: January 2025

In this computational study, we investigate two-sided functionalised MoS2 with alkali metal atoms as donors and the organic acceptor molecule F4TCNQ as an acceptor. Characterisation of functionalised MoS2 involves first-principles calculations within the density functional theory (DFT) framework with a PBE+D3 scheme to investigate the electronic structure and quantify the charge transfer in the two-sided functionalised system in comparison to the one-sided functionalised counterpart. Within the two-sided functionalised systems, there is an increase in the overall charge on MoS2 as a result of stronger electron transfer from the donor to the monolayer, additionally controlled by the ability of the acceptor to receive electrons.
Investigation of Thermal Deformation Behavior in Boron Nitride-Reinforced Magnesium Alloy Using Constitutive and Machine Learning Models
Authors: Elajjani Ayoub , Feng Yinghao , Ni Wangxi , Xu Sinuo , Sun Chaoyang , Feng Shaochuan
Published: January 2025

Accurate flow stress prediction is vital for optimizing the manufacturing of lightweight materials under high-temperature conditions. In this study, a boron nitride (BN)-reinforced AZ80 magnesium composite was subjected to hot compression tests at temperatures of 300–400 °C and strain rates ranging from 0.01 to 10 s−1. A data-driven Support Vector Regression (SVR) model was developed to predict flow stress based on temperature, strain rate, and strain. Trained on experimental data, the SVR model demonstrated high predictive accuracy, as evidenced by a low mean squared error (MSE), a coefficient of determination (R2) close to unity, and a minimal average absolute relative error (AARE). Sensitivity analysis revealed that strain rate and temperature exerted the greatest influence on flow stress. By integrating machine learning with experimental observations, this framework enables efficient optimization of thermal deformation, supporting data-driven decision-making in forming processes. The results underscore the potential of combining advanced computational models with real-time experimental data to enhance manufacturing efficiency and improve process control in next-generation lightweight alloys.
Cuttlefish-Bone-Derived Hybrid Composite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering
Authors: Sivaperumal Vignesh Raj , Sadhasivam Sutha , Manikandan Ramalingam , Pugazhendi Ilanchezhiyan , Sekar Saravanan , Lee Youngmin , Lee Sejoon , Sekar Sankar
Published: January 2025

Current investigations into the fabrication of innovative biomaterials that stimulate cartilage development result from increasing interest due to emerging bone defects. In particular, the investigation of biomaterials for musculoskeletal therapies extensively depends on the development of various hydroxyapatite (HA)/sodium alginate (SA) composites. Cuttlefish bone (CFB)-derived composite scaffolds for hard tissue regeneration have been effectively illustrated in this investigation using a hydrothermal technique. In this, the HA was prepared from the CFB source without altering its biological properties. The as-developed HA nanocomposites were investigated through XRD, FTIR, SEM, and EDX analyses to confirm their structural, functional, and morphological orientation. The higher the interfacial density of the HA/SA nanocomposites, the more the hardness of the scaffold increased with the higher applied load. Furthermore, the HA/SA nanocomposite revealed a remarkable antibacterial activity against the bacterial strains such as E. coli and S. aureus through the inhibition zones measured as 18 mm and 20 mm, respectively. The results demonstrated a minor decrease in cell viability compared with the untreated culture, with an observed percentage of cell viability at 97.2% for the HA/SA nanocomposites. Hence, the proposed HA/SA scaffold would be an excellent alternative for tissue engineering applications.
Enhancement of Light Extraction Efficiency Using Wavy-Patterned PDMS Substrates
Authors: Bi Jian Cheng , Kang Kyo-Cheol , Park Jun-Young , Song Junbeom , Lee Ji-Sung , Lim Hyejung , Park Young Wook , Ju Byeong-Kwon
Published: January 2025

This study introduces an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) light extraction method using a wavy-patterned polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate created via oxygen (O2) plasma treatment. A rapid fabrication process adjusted the flow, pressure, duration, and power of the O2 plasma treatment to replicate the desired wavy structure. This method allowed the treated samples to maintain over 90% total transmittance and enabled controlled haze adjustments from 10% to 70%. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations were employed to determine optimal amplitudes and periods for the wavy structure to maximize optical performance. Further experiments demonstrated that bottom-emitting green fluorescent OLEDs constructed on these substrates achieved an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 3.5%, representing a 97% improvement compared to planar PDMS OLEDs. Additionally, color purity variation was minimized to 0.044, and the peak wavelength shift was limited to 10 nm, ensuring consistent color purity and intensity even at wide viewing angles. This study demonstrates the potential of this cost-effective and efficient method in advancing high-quality display.
Principles and Applications of Two-Dimensional Semiconductor Material Devices for Reconfigurable Electronics
Authors: Pan Jiong , Zhang Yike , Yin Jiaju , Guo Pengwen , Yang Yi , Ren Tian-Ling
Published: January 2025

With the advances in edge computing and artificial intelligence, the demands of multifunctional electronics with large area efficiency are increased. As the scaling down of the conventional transistor is restricted by physical limits, reconfigurable electronics are developed to promote the functional integration of integrated circuits. Reconfigurable electronics refer to electronics with switchable functionalities, including reconfigurable logic operation functionalities and reconfigurable responses to electrical or optical signals. Reconfigurable electronics integrate data-processing capabilities with reduced size. Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor materials exhibit excellent modulation capabilities through electrical and optical signals, and structural designs of 2D material devices achieve versatile and switchable functionalities. 2D semiconductors have great potential to develop advanced reconfigurable electronics. Recent years witnessed the rapid development of 2D material devices for reconfigurable electronics. This work focuses on the working principles of 2D material devices used for reconfigurable electronics, discusses applications of 2D-material-based reconfigurable electronics in logic operation and artificial intelligence, and further provides a future outlook for the development of reconfigurable electronics based on 2D material devices.
Entry Points, Barriers, and Drivers of Transformation Toward Sustainable Organic Food Systems in Five Case Territories in Europe and North Africa
Authors: Góralska-Walczak Rita , Stefanovic Lilliana , Kopczyńska Klaudia , Kazimierczak Renata , Bügel Susanne Gjedsted , Strassner Carola , Peronti Benedetta , Lafram Amina , El Bilali Hamid , Średnicka-Tober Dominika
Published: January 2025

Background: The organic sector is often suggested as a lever with a potential for contributing to the three dimensions of sustainability: social, environmental, and economic. This study aims to investigate selected organic initiatives and organic food sectors in different locations, such as capital cities, rural areas, and the bio-district in SysOrg project consortium, in the Warsaw municipality in Poland, North Hessia region in Germany, Cilento bio-district in Italy, Kenitra province in Morocco, and Copenhagen municipality in Denmark to uncover the diverse drivers, barriers, and entry points to enable a transformation process to resilient and sustainable organic food systems. Methods: Following the methodology of the SysOrg project, this study relied on the following mixed data collection methods: quantitative (a household survey distributed among citizens) and qualitative (semi-structured interviews with organized initiatives). Results: The results demonstrate that, despite being in different stages of development in the investigated territories, the organic sector is challenged by similar barriers (e.g., undeveloped market, regulatory/budgetary constraints, and lack of knowledge and awareness) and benefits from analogous drivers (e.g., awareness and education, community support, and incentives). Conclusions: Those similarities, but also analyses of their differences and origins, allowed us to establish critical entry points for the development of a sustainable organic food system, e.g., promoting organics through a top-down approach, providing training and education, reducing information delay, popularizing negative feedback, strengthening the effectiveness of a given incentives scheme by tailored nudging mechanisms, establishing country/regional specific traditional frames, making the system more inclusive, building organic communities, and awareness-building.