bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Because life it selfe is but motion’: Toward an anthropology of mobility
Authors: Lelièvre Michelle A , Marshall Maureen E
Published: December 2015

Over the last two decades, mobility has gained new prominence within anthropology, particularly in theories of globalization, immigration, and subjectivity. At stake in all of the recent ethnographic and archaeological work on mobility is not just how anthropologists conceptualize mobility, but also how we conceptualize the political. Many discussions of mobile subjects have seemed to challenge traditional understandings of the political that are synonymous with a monolithic state and a stable, sedentary subject population. Yet, we maintain that there are still challenges to a coherent anthropological theory of mobility and its relation to the political. To address these challenges, we forward a conceptual framework of mobility that is grounded in the practices, perceptions, and conceptions of movement entwined with processes of emplacement. Illustrated by case studies from the Late Bronze Age (1500 – 1150 B.C.) South Caucasus and nineteenth-century Nova Scotia, the conceptual framework that we detail understands mobility as a mediator between political subjects and political institutions, thus making it possible to examine how subjects and institutions are continuously remade in relation to each other.
Optimization of A-TIG welding process parameters for RAFM steel using response surface methodology
Authors: Vasantharaja P , Vasudevan M
Published: December 2015

In the present work, the optimization of Activated TIG (A-TIG) welding process parameters to achieve the desired weld bead shape parameters such as depth of penetration, bead width, and heat-affected zone (HAZ) width have been carried out using response surface methodology (RSM). The main problem faced in fabrication of weld joints is the selection of optimum combination of input variables for achieving required quality of welds. This problem can be solved by development of mathematical model and execution of experiments by RSM. Central composite design of RSM has been used to generate the design matrix for generating data on the influence of A-TIG welding process parameters. The input variables considered were welding current, torch speed, electrode tip angle, and arc gap. The response variables considered were depth of penetration, bead width and HAZ width. A second-order response surface model is developed for predicting the response for the set of given input process parameters. Then, numerical and graphical optimization is performed using RSM to obtain the desired depth of penetration, bead width, and target HAZ width using desirability approach.
Design Terminable and Interminable: The Possibility of Death in Final Destination
Authors: Brinkema Eugenie
Published: December 2015

The tautological, deterministic, elegantly straightforward premise of James Wong’s Final Destination franchise (2000–2011) supplants horror’s antagonistic monster with the certainty of death – the ineluctability of dying is what ultimately brings about deaths. The givenness of the violence of ontology is routed through formal schemas of design, list, plan, and schematic, and paranoically interpreted in relation to signs auguring the approach of a death that is less figure than function. The films’ staging of ‘death’s design’ formalizes a confrontation between the finitude of beings whose end ultimately arrives and the infinitude of aesthetic possibility, whose end is precisely endlessly deferred.
Dreadful Architecture: Zones of Horror in Alien and Lee Bontecou’s Wall Sculptures
Authors: Benson-Allott Caetlin
Published: December 2015

Architects have long held that visual encounters with designed spaces bring viewers into new worlds and generate new sensations and attitudes. As Peter Kraftl and Peter Adey write, ‘spaces are made in an ongoing, contingent sense, in styles that are not only symbolic, but more than representational – haptic, performative, material, and affective.’ Designed spaces interact with and affect the bodies they come in contact with; in short, they generate affect, including horror. By examining two very different types of built worlds – namely Lee Bontecou’s mixed-media wall-mounted sculptures (1959–1966) and the Nostromo set of Ridley Scott’s Alien (1979) – the author explores how visual encounters with the horror of the void unveil horror’s operation as a non-narrative zone of intensity. These examples reveal the differences between horror and fear, dread, and disgust (affects typically evoked by horror narratives) and horror’s independence from narrative and even figuration.
Hannibal: A Disturbing Feast for the Senses
Authors: Ndalianis Angela
Published: December 2015

This article analyses the television series Hannibal (NBC, 2013-) and argues that it is one of the most powerfully affect-driven shows to ever grace the television screen. Hannibal the series not only inflicts a cacophony of sensory assaults on the characters that inhabit its dark narrative universe, but also extends these assaults to the audience that participates in the world it has to offer. Providing a close reading of the episode ‘Hutamono’ (2:6), it is argued that we become victims, both of Hannibal the character and Hannibal the television series’ masterful style and affective power.
Staff views on how to improve mealtimes for elderly people with dementia living at home
Authors: Johansson Linda , Björklund Anita , Sidenvall Birgitta , Christensson Lennart
Published: December 2015

Dementia commonly leads to difficulties in performing daily activities, which can also often affect the ability to prepare and eat meals. As a result, formal support to maintain good nutritional intake might be needed, but there is a lack of knowledge concerning how to support older persons with dementia living at home. The aim of this study was to explore and describe staff views on how to improve mealtimes for persons with dementia who are still living at home. A qualitative descriptive study was performed and data were collected during 2011–2012 through four focus group interviews with staff working in the homes of persons with dementia. Data were analyzed using inductive content analysis. The participants described several ways to improve mealtimes for persons with dementia and advocated adjustments facilitating the preservation of the persons’ independence. Finding suitable actions calls for knowledge about the person and his/her individual situation. Proposed actions were enabling meals at home, taking over, and moving meals outside of the home. In addition, it was found that, the types of meals served to these persons should be as familiar to the individual as possible. The results of this study indicate the importance of using a person-centered approach and meeting the individual needs when supporting people with dementia in regards to their meals when living at home. Individualized care in the home may be expensive, however, it is fair to say that people who become malnourished and admitted to hospitals is even more costly. Furthermore, sharing and reflecting experiences and knowledge can assist staff to identify ways to manage complex situations. Therefore, the use of refection should be a part of staff members’ everyday work.
The Impact of Psychological Science on Policing in the United States
Authors: Tyler Tom R. , Goff Phillip Atiba , MacCoun Robert J.
Published: December 2015

The May 2015 release of the report of the President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing highlighted a fundamental change in the issues dominating discussions about policing in America. That change has moved discussions away from a focus on what is legal or effective in crime control and toward a concern for how the actions of the police influence public trust and confidence in the police. This shift in discourse has been motivated by two factors—first, the recognition by public officials that increases in the professionalism of the police and dramatic declines in the rate of crime have not led to increases in police legitimacy, and second, greater awareness of the limits of the dominant coercive model of policing and of the benefits of an alternative and more consensual model based on public trust and confidence in the police and legal system. Psychological research has played an important role in legitimating this change in the way policymakers think about policing by demonstrating that perceived legitimacy shapes a set of law-related behaviors as well as or better than concerns about the risk of punishment. Those behaviors include compliance with the law and cooperation with legal authorities. These findings demonstrate that legal authorities gain by a focus on legitimacy. Psychological research has further contributed by articulating and demonstrating empirical support for a central role of procedural justice in shaping legitimacy, providing legal authorities with a clear road map of strategies for creating and maintaining public trust. Given evidence of the benefits of legitimacy and a set of guidelines concerning its antecedents, policymakers have increasingly focused on the question of public trust when considering issues in policing. The acceptance of a legitimacy-based consensual model of police authority building on theories and research studies originating within psychology illustrates how psychology can contribute to the development of evidence-based policies in the field of criminal law.
Multisensory Stimulation as an Intervention Strategy for Elderly Patients With Severe Dementia
Authors: Sánchez Alba , Marante-Moar M. Pilar , Sarabia Carmen , de Labra Carmen , Lorenzo Trinidad , Maseda Ana , Millán-Calenti José Carlos
Published: December 2015

The objective of this study was to compare the effect of multisensory stimulation environment (MSSE) and one-to-one activity sessions in the symptomatology of elderly individuals with severe dementia. Thirty-two participants were randomly assigned to the following 3 groups: MSSE, activity, and control group. The MSSE and activity groups participated in two 30-minute weekly sessions over 16 weeks. Pre-, mid-, and posttrial; 8-week follow-up behavior; mood; cognitive status; and dementia severity were registered. Patients in the MSSE group demonstrated a significant improvement in the Neuropsychiatric Inventory and Bedford Alzheimer Nursing Severity Scale scores compared with the activity group. Both MSSE and activity groups showed an improvement during the intervention in the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory aggressive behavior factor and total score, with no significant differences between groups. The MSSE may have better effects on neuropsychiatric symptoms and dementia severity in comparison with one-to-one activity sessions in patients with severe dementia.
Can Avoiding Light at Night Reduce the Risk of Breast Cancer?
Authors: Keshet-Sitton Atalya , Or-Chen Keren , Yitzhak Sara , Tzabary Ilana , Haim Abraham
Published: December 2015

Excessive exposure to artificial light at night (ALAN) suppresses nocturnal melatonin (MLT) production in the pineal gland and is, therefore, associated with an increased risk of breast cancer (BC). We examined indoor and outdoor light habits of 278 women, BC patients (n = 93), and controls (n = 185; 2010-2014). Cases and controls were age and residential area matched. Data regarding behavior in the sleeping habitat in a 5-year period, 10 to 15 years prior to disease diagnosis, were collected using a questionnaire. Sleep quality, bedtime, sleep duration, TV watching habits, presleeping reading habits, subjective illumination intensity, and type of illumination were collected. Binary logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (ORs with 95% CIs) for BC patients in relation to those habits. OR results revealed that women who had slept longer (controls), 10 to 15 years before the time of the study, in a period of 5 years, had a significant (OR = 0.74; 95% CI = 0.57-0.97; P < .03) reduced BC risk. Likewise, women who had been moderately exposed to ALAN as a result of reading using bed light (reading lamp) illumination and women who had slept with closed shutters reduced their BC risk: OR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.67-0.97, P < .02, and OR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.68-0.99, P < .04, respectively. However, women who had been exposed to ALAN as a result of living near strong illumination sources were at a significantly higher BC risk (OR = 1.52; 95% CI = 1.10-2.12; P < .01). These data support the hypothesis that diminishing nighttime light exposure will diminish BC risk and incidence. This hypothesis needs to be tested directly using available testing strategies and technologies that continuously measure an individual’s light exposure, its timing, and sleep length longitudinally and feed this information back to the individual, so that BC risk can be distinguished prospectively.
Impact of Chronic Sleep Disturbance for People Living With T1 Diabetes
Authors: Barnard Katharine , James Janet , Kerr David , Adolfsson Peter , Runion Asher , Serbedzija George
Published: December 2015

Aim:

The aim was to explore personal experiences and to determine the impact of impaired sleep on well-being and diabetes-related activities/decision making among a cohort of people living with T1D.

Method:

Adults with T1D over the age of 18 and parents/carers of children with T1D were invited to complete an online questionnaire about their quality and quantity of sleep. Questions included impact of sleep on diabetes-related decision making, effective calculation of bolus doses, important aspects of psychosocial functioning, and frequency of waking. Diasend download data were used to objectively determine frequency of nocturnal blood glucose testing in children.

Results:

A total of 258 parent/carer participants (n = 221 female, 85.6%) and 192 adults with T1D (n = 145, 75.5% female, age range 19 to 89 years) took part. In all, 239 parents/carers and 160 adults believed waking in the night has an impact on their usual daily functioning. Of these, 236 parents/carers and 151 (64%) adults reported the impact as negative. Chronic sleep interruption was associated with detrimental impact on mood, work, family relationships, ability to exercise regularly, ability to eat healthily, and happiness.

Conclusion:

Chronic sleep interruption is highly prevalent in adults with T1D and parents/carers of children with T1D with negative effects on daily functioning and well-being. Appropriate interventions are required to alleviate this burden of T1D, address modifiable risk factors for nocturnal hypoglycemia, and reduce the (perceived) need for nocturnal waking.
Novel immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of acute leukemia (myeloid and lymphoblastic)
Authors: Ishii Kazusa , Barrett Austin J.
Published: December 2015

There have been major advances in our understanding of the multiple interactions between malignant cells and the innate and adaptive immune system. While the attention of immunologists has hitherto focused on solid tumors, the specific immunobiology of acute leukemias is now becoming defined. These discoveries have pointed the way to immune interventions building on the established graft- versus-leukemia (GVL) effect from hematopoietic stem-cell transplant (HSCT) and extending immunotherapy beyond HSCT to individuals with acute leukemia with a diversity of immune manipulations early in the course of the leukemia. At present, clinical results are in their infancy. In the coming years larger studies will better define the place of immunotherapy in the management of acute leukemias and lead to treatment approaches that combine conventional chemotherapy, immunotherapy and HSCT to achieve durable cures.
Antigenemia without antigenuria in a cat with histoplasmosis
Authors: Jarchow Anthony , Hanzlicek Andrew
Published: December 2015

Case summary

Based on demonstration of the yeast phase of Histoplasma capsulatum on fine-needle aspirate cytology of the kidney, a 5-year-old cat was diagnosed with histoplasmosis. Urine and serum were tested for antigen via a Histoplasma antigen enzyme immunoassay. At the time of diagnosis, and on multiple occasions during antifungal treatment, antigenemia was detected without antigenuria. The cat was treated with standard therapy and achieved clinical remission.

Relevance and novel information

Diagnosis is most commonly made by finding the yeast phase of H capsulatum via cytology of fluid samples or cytology or histopathology of infected tissues. In certain cases this may require invasive tests. Recently, a non-invasive test, a Histoplasma antigen enzyme immunoassay, has been shown to be a sensitive test for supporting the diagnosis of histoplasmosis in cats. Urine has been considered the biologic specimen of choice for antigen testing and there is a paucity of information concerning the use of other specimens such as serum. The case herein reports a cat with antigenemia without antigenuria. These findings suggest that further research is necessary to better understand the ideal biologic sample or combination of samples as it pertains to antigen testing in cats. It also suggests that to maximize sensitivity both urine and serum may need to be tested in cats with suspected histoplasmosis.
India’s Digital Poll Battle: Political Parties and Social Media in the 16th Lok Sabha Elections
Authors: Kanungo Neena Talwar
Published: December 2015

This article analyzes the use of social media platforms by select political parties (BJP, BSP, CPI(M), INC, NCP and AAP) during the campaign in the 2014 Lok Sabha elections. The methodology of data collection for the study includes the content analysis of Twitter and Facebook postings on social media platforms by these political parties for a period of 67 days. The study attempts to understand and analyze the strategies adopted by the political parties to interact and communicate with the voters online. It finds that social media has emerged as a virtual site where major political issues have been raised and contested; social media campaign is not simply interactive, but is aggressive as well. While underlying the growing importance and impact of social media in political campaign, this study however observes that it has not been a game changer in the 16th Lok Sabha elections.
The Public Life of a ‘Progressive’ Law: PESA and Gaon Ganarajya (Village Republic)
Authors: Choubey Kamal Nayan
Published: December 2015

This article explores the public life of a law enacted in the post-liberalization era for the tribal-dominated areas (or Scheduled Areas [SAs] of the Indian Constitution) of India. This law, the Panchayat (Extension to Scheduled Areas) (PESA) Act, 1996 has been termed by many grassroots tribal organizations as ‘progressive’ and ‘historic’, because it gives some crucial rights to the gram sabha of SAs. Apart from giving a contextual understanding of the enactment of the law and its provisions, this article evaluates the general pattern of the experiences of its implementation, and in this context, focuses in particular on the case study of Rajasthan. It aims to underline the basic argument that though the implementation of this law has been highly dismal, it has got a public life for itself and has created enormous awareness among the tribals for their rights, which has led to the emergence of ‘legalism from below’ and deeper democratization in these areas.
Book Review: B.L. Shankar and Valerian Roderigues. The Indian Parliament: A Democracy at Work and Sudha Pai and Avinash Kumar (Eds). The Indian Parliament: A Critical Appraisal
Authors: Mehra Ajay K.
Published: December 2015

B.L. Shankar and Valerian Roderigues. The Indian Parliament: A Democracy at Work. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. 2014. 428 pages. ₹550 [Paperback edition].

Sudha Pai and Avinash Kumar (Eds). The Indian Parliament: A Critical Appraisal. Hyderabad: Orient BlackSwan. 2014. 353 pages. ₹775.
Book Review: Ajay Gudavarthy, Maoism, Democracy and Globalisation: Cross-currents in Indian Politics
Authors: Prakash Om
Published: December 2015

Ajay Gudavarthy, Maoism, Democracy and Globalisation: Cross-currents in Indian Politics. New Delhi: SAGE. 2014. 260 pages. ₹895.
Developing the Tools to Manage Complex Crises
Authors: Bandara Thilina , Banerjee Arinjay , Dhillon Jasmine , Rafferty Ellen
Published: December 2015

With an increase in globalization and the rise of new and reemerging diseases, there is potential for widespread disease outbreaks and dissemination. Evidence shows individuals with an established appreciation for, and understanding of, an interdisciplinary framework for problem solving have an advantage in dealing with major global crises. The Integrated Training Program in Infectious Disease, Food Safety and Public Policy (ITraP) was recently developed at the University of Saskatchewan, Canada, to build these interdisciplinary skills in young professionals. This article presents the benefits and advantages of this type of training, by providing real-world examples of how knowledge and skills emphasized in ITraP teachings provide methods to assist in controlling epidemic situations. Moreover, to further the conversation about these training programs and to aid groups who are considering developing similar programs, this article discusses lessons learned from the first few years of ITraP’s inception, including the major barriers to success. We found that although interdisciplinary training programs are becoming increasingly necessary to deal with problems in our complex world, there are still a multitude of obstacles to be considered prior to the development and implementation of such a multifaceted program. Therefore, it is important that as these types of training programs begin to grow and evolve, researchers begin a dialogue regarding what types of teaching methods to employ, what interdisciplinary theories to use, and whether there is any evidence of success and sustainability.
Blood at 70: its roots in the history of hematology and its birth
Authors: Coller Barry S.
Published: December 2015

This year we celebrate Blood's 70th year of publication. Created from the partnership of the book publisher Henry M. Stratton and the prominent hematologist Dr William Dameshek of Tufts School of Medicine, Blood has published many papers describing major advances in the science and clinical practice of hematology. Blood's founding antedated that of the American Society of Hematology (ASH) by more than 11 years and Stratton and Dameshek helped galvanize support for the creation of ASH. In this review, I place the birth of Blood in the context of the history of hematology before 1946, emphasizing the American experience from which it emerged, and focusing on research conducted during World War II. I also provide a few milestones along Blood's 70 years of publication, including: the growth in Blood's publications, the evolution of its appearance, the countries of submission of Blood papers, current subscriptions to Blood, and the evolution of topics reported in Blood's papers. The latter provides a snapshot of the evolution of hematology as a scientific and clinical discipline and the introduction of new technology to study blood and bone marrow. Detailed descriptions of the landmark discoveries reported in Blood will appear in later papers celebrating Blood's birthday authored by past Editors-in-Chief.
Clinical efficacy and management of monoclonal antibodies targeting CD38 and SLAMF7 in multiple myeloma
Authors: van de Donk Niels W. C. J. , Moreau Philippe , Plesner Torben , Palumbo Antonio , Gay Francesca , Laubach Jacob P. , Malavasi Fabio , Avet-Loiseau Hervé , Mateos Maria-Victoria , Sonneveld Pieter , Lokhorst Henk M. , Richardson Paul G.
Published: December 2015

Immunotherapeutic strategies are emerging as promising therapeutic approaches in multiple myeloma (MM), with several monoclonal antibodies in advanced stages of clinical development. Of these agents, CD38-targeting antibodies have marked single agent activity in extensively pretreated MM, and preliminary results from studies with relapsed/refractory patients have shown enhanced therapeutic efficacy when daratumumab and isatuximab are combined with other agents. Furthermore, although elotuzumab (anti-SLAMF7) has no single agent activity in advanced MM, randomized trials in relapsed/refractory MM have demonstrated significantly improved progression-free survival when elotuzumab is added to lenalidomide-dexamethasone or bortezomib-dexamethasone. Importantly, there has been no significant additive toxicity when these monoclonal antibodies are combined with other anti-MM agents, other than infusion-related reactions specific to the therapeutic antibody. Prevention and management of infusion reactions is important to avoid drug discontinuation, which may in turn lead to reduced efficacy of anti-MM therapy. Therapeutic antibodies interfere with several laboratory tests. First, interference of therapeutic antibodies with immunofixation and serum protein electrophoresis assays may lead to underestimation of complete response. Strategies to mitigate interference, based on shifting the therapeutic antibody band, are in development. Furthermore, daratumumab, and probably also other CD38-targeting antibodies, interfere with blood compatibility testing and thereby complicate the safe release of blood products. Neutralization of the therapeutic CD38 antibody or CD38 denaturation on reagent red blood cells mitigates daratumumab interference with transfusion laboratory serologic tests. Finally, therapeutic antibodies may complicate flow cytometric evaluation of normal and neoplastic plasma cells, since the therapeutic antibody can affect the availability of the epitope for binding of commercially available diagnostic antibodies.
Una Marson at the BBC
Authors: Procter James
Published: December 2015

This essay focuses on the Jamaican poet, dramatist, and broadcaster Una Marson (1905–65) and her turbulent career at the BBC between 1939 and 1946. Drawing on a range of unpublished archival sources, including files recently vetted and released for research since the publication of Delia Jarrett-Macauley's authoritative biography of Marson in 1998, the essay has two primary aims. First, to recover in greater detail and in more holistic terms than has previously been possible the personal story of Marson's professional relationships at the corporation. Second, to pursue what the director of Empire Services described as the “jealousies,” “dissentions,” and “rivalry” that Marson's appointment provoked during a relatively neglected period of black metropolitan cultural production in the early 1940s.
Come and Gone
Authors: Best Stephen
Published: December 2015

Huey Copeland's Bound to Appear: Art, Slavery, and the Site of Blackness in Multicultural America can be categorized as the most recent in a long line of scholarly investigations into what has come to be called “the afterlife of slavery”—the general preoccupation with establishing the authority of the slave past in contemporary black life—and the first to explore that subject in the field of contemporary art. Best notes that when we reverse the thesis of slavery's afterlife and reconceptualize it as the basis for a historiography of slavery, we can tend also to hypostatize aspects of the slave past as missing from the visual field and in need of recovery—as, in one way of phrasing it, bound to appear. Best contends that this last entailment is not always tenable or justified by the historical record, and he invites us to consider other ways of predicating of loss.
Rop, the Sec1/Munc18 homolog inDrosophila, is required for furrow ingression and stable cell shape during cytokinesis
Authors: DeBruhl Heather , Albertson Roger , Swider Zachary , Sullivan William
Published: December 2015

Physically separating daughter cells during cytokinesis requires contraction of an actin-myosin ring and vesicle-mediated membrane addition at the cleavage furrow. To identify vesicle trafficking proteins that function in cytokinesis, we screened deficiencies and mutations of candidate genes by live-imaging the mitotic domains of the Drosophila embryo. In embryos homozygous for some of these deficiencies, we observed several cytokinesis phenotypes, including slow furrow ingression and increased membrane blebbing. We also found that cytokinesis required the Sec1/Munc18 homolog, Rop, which interacts with syntaxin and mediates exocytosis at the plasma membrane. In a temperature sensitive Rop mutant (RopTS), the contractile ring disassembled during furrow ingression, indicating that maintenance of the ring required vesicle addition. Furthermore, in some dividing RopTS cells, the shape of the daughter cells became unstable, causing cytokinesis failure. These results further highlight the importance of vesicle trafficking in animal cytokinesis and show that vesicle fusion influences cell shape during cytokinesis.
To boldly gulp: standard metabolic rate and boldness have context-dependent influences on risk-taking to breathe air in a catfish
Authors: McKenzie David J. , Belão Thiago C. , Killen Shaun S. , Rantin F. Tadeu
Published: December 2015

The African sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus has bimodal respiration, it has a suprabranchial air-breathing organ alongside substantial gills. We used automated bimodal respirometry to reveal that undisturbed juvenile catfish (N=29) breathed air continuously in normoxia, with a marked diurnal cycle. Air breathing and routine metabolic rate (RMR) increased in darkness when, in the wild, this nocturnal predator forages. Aquatic hypoxia (20% air saturation) greatly increased overall reliance on air breathing. We investigated whether two measures of risk taking to breathe air, namely absolute rates of aerial O2 uptake (ṀO2,air) and the percentage of RMR obtained from air (%ṀO2,air), were influenced by individual standard metabolic rate (SMR) and boldness. In particular, whether any influence varied with resource availability (normoxia versus hypoxia) or relative fear of predation (day versus night). Individual SMR, derived from respirometry, had an overall positive influence on ṀO2,air across all contexts but a positive influence on %ṀO2,air only in hypoxia. Thus, a pervasive effect of SMR on air breathing became most acute in hypoxia, when individuals with higher O2 demand took proportionally more risks. Boldness was estimated as time required to resume air breathing after a fearful stimulus in daylight normoxia (Tres). Although Tres had no overall influence on ṀO2,air or %ṀO2,air, there was a negative relationship between Tres and %ṀO2,air in daylight, in normoxia and hypoxia. There were two Tres response groups, ‘bold’ phenotypes with Tres below 75 min (N=13) which, in daylight, breathed proportionally more air than ‘shy’ phenotypes with Tres above 115 min (N=16). Therefore, individual boldness influenced air breathing when fear of predation was high. Thus, individual energy demand and personality did not have parallel influences on the emergent tendency to take risks to obtain a resource; their influences varied in strength with context.
Conformational dynamics of stem II of the U2 snRNA
Authors: Rodgers Margaret L. , Tretbar U. Sandy , Dehaven Alexander , Alwan Amir A. , Luo George , Mast Hannah M. , Hoskins Aaron A.
Published: December 2015

The spliceosome undergoes dramatic changes in both small nuclear RNA (snRNA) composition and structure during assembly and pre-mRNA splicing. It has been previously proposed that the U2 snRNA adopts two conformations within the stem II region: stem IIa or stem IIc. Dynamic rearrangement of stem IIa into IIc and vice versa is necessary for proper progression of the spliceosome through assembly and catalysis. How this conformational transition is regulated is unclear; although, proteins such as Cus2p and the helicase Prp5p have been implicated in this process. We have used single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) to study U2 stem II toggling between stem IIa and IIc. Structural interconversion of the RNA was spontaneous and did not require the presence of a helicase; however, both Mg2+ and Cus2p promote formation of stem IIa. Destabilization of stem IIa by a G53A mutation in the RNA promotes stem IIc formation and inhibits conformational switching of the RNA by both Mg2+ and Cus2p. Transitioning to stem IIa can be restored using Cus2p mutations that suppress G53A phenotypes in vivo. We propose that during spliceosome assembly, Cus2p and Mg2+ may work together to promote stem IIa formation. During catalysis the spliceosome could then toggle stem II with the aid of Mg2+ or with the use of functionally equivalent protein interactions. As noted in previous studies, the Mg2+ toggling we observe parallels previous observations of U2/U6 and Prp8p RNase H domain Mg2+-dependent conformational changes. Together these data suggest that multiple components of the spliceosome may have evolved to switch between conformations corresponding to open or closed active sites with the aid of metal and protein cofactors.
On Developing General-Purpose Educational Activities in Primary School Students Abstract
Authors: Виноградова  , Vinogradova Natalya
Published: December 2015

The paper discusses the issue of how to achieve planned meta-object training outcomes of primary school students, namely, to develop generalpurpose

educational activities, in terms of the requirements, introduced by the Federal State Educational Standard of Primary General

Education. Difficulties encountered by schoolchildren when mastering general-purpose educational activities are described, as well as specifics

of organizing the educational process, aimed at forming and enhancing cognitive, communicational and regulative educational activities, given

the specific features of subjects taught in the primary school.
Christian Patriot or Oromo Traitor? The Ethiopian State in the Memories of Ras Gobäna Dače
Authors: Yates Brian J.
Published: December 2015

In this article, Yates explores the memories of a key Oromo figure, ras Gobäna Dače, to argue for their use in past and contemporary versions of the modern Ethiopian state. Yates uses theoretical frameworks on memory by Gary Alan Fine, Allesandro Portelli and John Lonsdale to situate various memories on Gobäna. The source base includes folklore, oral interviews and late nineteenth century manuscripts that center on Gobäna. Yates uses the memories of three key moments in this Oromo life: his birth, his conquests of Oromo lands, and his death, and argues that memories of these moments are inextricably linked to notions of the Ethiopian state. For many oppressed Oromo, Ethiopia is a state where the Oromo cannot, do not and will not have a role and cast Gobäna as a cautionary tale for all Oromo who desire to work for Ethiopia. For the ruling elites, Ethiopia is a place for solely civilized Christian state construction, and Gobäna remains a shadowy figure in this discourse and when he is mentioned it is his Christianity that is emphasized and not his ethnicity. Ras Gobäna, an Oromo state architect, cannot be used in either version of Ethiopia's history, which remain separate and in competition.
Fundamentalist Fool or Populist Paragon? William Jennings Bryan and the Campaign against Evolutionary Theory
Authors: Maddux Kristy
Published: December 2015

This essay revisits William Jennings Bryan's campaign against evolutionary theory through analysis of four rhetorical moments—his platform orations “The Prince of Peace” (beginning in 1904) and “The Menace of Darwinism” (beginning in 1921), his testimony at the Scopes Trial, and his undelivered closing speech, “On Evolution.” In contrast to popular memory of Bryan as the fundamentalist fool, I maintain that he shared little rhetorical ground with his fundamentalist contemporaries, who tended to make arguments that used scientific reasoning to prove empirical facts of religious truth. Instead, Bryan opposed evolution through what Michael Lee has called the “populist argumentative frame,” a rhetorical orientation devoted to guarding the interests of the common people against an oppressive elite. Recognizing the populist foundations to Bryan's anti-evolution discourse, as well as the absence of fundamentalism in his discourse, helps to explain how Bryan fared so badly on the stand at the Scopes Trial.
What Happened to the Beverly Caribou Herd after 1994?
Authors: Adamczewski Jan , Gunn Anne , Poole Kim G. , Hall Alexander , Nishi John , Boulanger John
Published: December 2015

The Beverly herd was one of the first large migratory herds of barren-ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) defined in northern Canada on the basis of annual return of breeding females to traditional calving grounds near Beverly Lake in Nunavut. In 1994, herd size was estimated at 276 000 ± 106 600 (SE) adult caribou, but monitoring was minimal from 1994 to 2007. The next calving ground survey in 2002 revealed that caribou densities had dropped by more than half since 1994; annual surveys following from 2007 to 2009 demonstrated an extreme decline in numbers of calving cows, and by 2011, no newborn calves were seen there. We examine two possible explanations for the declining use of the traditional Beverly calving grounds from 1994 until their abandonment by 2011. One explanation is that a true numerical decline in herd size occurred, driven in at least the later stages by low cow survival and poor calf productivity, which led the remaining Beverly cows to switch to the neighbouring Ahiak calving ground 250 km to the north in 2007 – 09 and join that herd. An alternative explanation is that the decline on the traditional Beverly calving grounds was largely due to a distributional shift to the north of the Beverly herd that may have begun in the mid-1990s. We suggest that the former explanation is the more likely and that the Beverly herd no longer exists as a distinct herd. We acknowledge that gaps in monitoring of Beverly and Ahiak caribou hamper definitive evaluation of the Beverly herd’s fate. The large size sometimes achieved by barren-ground caribou herds is not a guarantee of persistence; monitoring shortfalls may hamper management actions to address declines.
Exposure to Coastal Hazards in a Rapidly Expanding Northern Urban Centre, Iqaluit, Nunavut
Authors: Hatcher Scott V. , Forbes Donald L.
Published: December 2015

The City of Iqaluit, Nunavut, is an expanding urban centre with important infrastructure located in the coastal zone. This study investigates the exposure of this infrastructure to coastal hazards (rising mean sea level, extreme water levels, wave run-up, and sea ice). Using a coastal digital elevation model, we evaluate the inundation and flooding that may result from projected sea level rise. Some public and private infrastructure is already subject to flooding during extreme high water events. Using a near upper-limit scenario of 0.7 m for relative sea level rise from 2010 to 2100, we estimate that critical infrastructure will have a remaining freeboard of 0.3–0.8 m above high spring tide, and some subsistence infrastructure will be inundated. The large tidal range, limited over-water fetch, and wide intertidal flats reduce the risk of wave impacts. When present, the shorefast ice foot provides protection for coastal infrastructure. The ice-free season has expanded by 1.0–1.5 days per year since 1979, increasing the opportunity for storm-wave generation and thus exposure to wave run-up. Overtopping of critical infrastructure and displacement by flooding of subsistence infrastructure are potential issues requiring better projections of relative sea level change and extreme high water levels. These results can inform decisions on adaptation, providing measurable limits for safe development.
The Role of Societal and Contextual Factors in Second Language Learning Motivation: A Perspective from Tertiary Students in Pakistan
Authors: Shahbaz Muhammad , Liu Yongbing
Published: December 2015

In recent years, SLA and L2 learning motivation have received extensive attention of researchers and teachers across the globe but the issue remains underdeveloped and there are only some small-scale studies on this subject in Pakistan. Among different factors that affect L2 learning motivation, the current study focuses on exploring differences in L2 learning motivation by college type (private vs. public) and major subject of study (Arts vs. Sciences). Analyzing the questionnaire data from 547 first year college students, the study singles out different situation-specific factors that account for variation in ESL learning motivation. Results indicate that private college students have a higher motivation level and better achievements in ESL learning as compared to public college students. Public college students have strong instrumental motivation while private college students show preferences for an ideal L2 self. L2 motivation does not differ a great deal between students with different subjects of study but there is a big gap in the achievement of both groups. Arts majors’ motivation depends heavily on their attitude towards English while science majors are instrumentally motivated to learn English. We also discuss some possible reasons for the differences in motivation and implications of the study for ESL teachers and learners.
Developing Research in Teacher Education for Sustainability: UN DESD via the Journal of Teacher Education for Sustainability
Authors: Pipere Anita , Veisson Marika , Salīte Ilga
Published: December 2015

This study marks the end of the UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development that coincides with the 10th anniversary of the Baltic and Black Sea Circle Consortium on Educational Research (BBCC), and aims to analyse the research output performance of BBCC members and other scholars published in the Journal of Teacher Education for Sustainability (JTEFS) during this last decade. Using the methodology of bibliometric study and literature review, the authors describe the main bibliographic indicators of JTEFS and provide a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the research paradigms and their developmental changes in the papers published by JTEFS (2005ñ2014). The results of the study show that in general the journal has evolved in line with the advanced trends in educational research, research in teacher education, research in sustainability education and sustainability studies in higher education. The analysis of published papers indicates both the progress and issues of research in teacher education for sustainability. The authors conclude with some visionary insights into the further development of JTEFS and this research field in general.
Innovative and Traditional Elements in the Work of Academic Staff: The Views of Pre-service Teachers
Authors: Jurgena Inese , Cēdere Dagnija , Keviša Ingrīda
Published: December 2015

The academic staff of the institutions of higher education plays a key role in the implementation of innovations in the study process. This article aims to analyze the views of students, pre-service teachers, on the role of innovations and traditions in the work of the academic staff at their institution of higher education. The survey data from 192 full-time and part-time first year students at Riga Teacher Training and Educational Management Academy show that readiness for innovative activity and active involvement in the creation, acquisition and implementation of innovations is an essential factor in the work of the academic staff. The results indicate that according to the views of pre-service teachers, in the context of pedagogy, the term ‘innovation’ refers to the process of renewal, educational reforms, selection of the most appropriate teaching material, and the elaboration, adoption and utilization of innovations in the pedagogical practice.
Human Securitability: A Participatory Action Research Study Involving Novice Teachers and Youngsters
Authors: Kravale-Pauliņa Mārīte , Oļehnoviča Eridiana
Published: December 2015

Civic participation, initiative and interest in current events can bridge the alienation felt towards national and municipal institutions, thereby enabling individuals to improve their quality of life and contribute to all-round sustainable development of their resident state. This paper reports on a participatory action research study into civic initiatives for securitability involving novice teachers and youngsters from the Latgale region of Latvia. Research participants evaluated national planning documents, enhanced their knowledge and devised civic initiatives to improve the quality of life. Focus group discussions and reasoned argumentative essays were employed to establish how novice teachers (n = 40) and youngsters (n = 58) make sense of the concept of ‘human securitability’. Data analysis was accomplished by qualitative content analysis. The action research exposed an initial understanding of novice teachers and youngsters regarding the human securitability and the possibilities of improving the quality of life. Moreover, this study provided an environment for the research participants to deepen their understanding of said phenomena and participate in educational events envisioning practical engagement with securitability and civic initiatives. The action research study created initiatives for the development of civic securitability and the participation in setting developmental goals.
Ignition Study on a Rotary-valved Air-breathing Pulse Detonation Engine
Authors: Wu Yuwen , Han Qixiang , Shen Yujia , Zhao Wei
Published: December 2015

In the present study, the ignition effect on detonation initiation was investigated in the air-breathing pulse detonation engine. Two kinds of fuel injection and ignition methods were applied. For one method, fuel and air was pre-mixed outside the PDE and then injected into the detonation tube. The droplet sizes of mixtures were measured. An annular cavity was used as the ignition section. For the other method, fuel-air mixtures were mixed inside the PDE, and a pre-combustor was utilized as the ignition source. At firing frequency of 20 Hz, transition to detonation was obtained. Experimental results indicated that the ignition position and initial flame acceleration had important effects on the deflagration-to-detonation transition.
Genome-Wide Mutational Signature of the Chemotherapeutic Agent Mitomycin C inCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Tam Annie S , Chu Jeffrey S C , Rose Ann M
Published: December 2015

Cancer therapy largely depends on chemotherapeutic agents that generate DNA lesions. However, our understanding of the nature of the resulting lesions as well as the mutational profiles of these chemotherapeutic agents is limited. Among these lesions, DNA interstrand crosslinks are among the more toxic types of DNA damage. Here, we have characterized the mutational spectrum of the commonly used DNA interstrand crosslinking agent mitomycin C (MMC). Using a combination of genetic mapping, whole genome sequencing, and genomic analysis, we have identified and confirmed several genomic lesions linked to MMC-induced DNA damage in Caenorhabditis elegans. Our data indicate that MMC predominantly causes deletions, with a 5′-CpG-3′ sequence context prevalent in the deleted regions of DNA. Furthermore, we identified microhomology flanking the deletion junctions, indicative of DNA repair via nonhomologous end joining. Based on these results, we propose a general repair mechanism that is likely to be involved in the biological response to this highly toxic agent. In conclusion, the systematic study we have described provides insight into potential sequence specificity of MMC with DNA.