bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Addendum to Toluene‐2,4‐diamine [BAT Value Documentation, 2010]
Authors: Nasterlack M.
Published: November 2016

This article has no abstract
Are Solid Solutions Better in FeNbSb‐Based Thermoelectrics?
Authors: Fu Chenguang , Liu Yintu , Zhao Xinbing , Zhu Tiejun
Published: November 2016

Forming solid solutions, due to its universal applicability, has been the most effective strategy for improving the performance of a wide variety of thermoelectric materials. Taking p‐type FeNb1−xVxSb solid solutions as an example, here it is shown that the formation of solid solutions cannot always improve the thermoelectric performance. The peak zT and thermoelectric quality factor of p‐type FeNb1−xVxSb decrease with increasing V content, remarkably different from other thermoelectric systems. The present results demonstrate that comprehensive understanding of the multiple effects of forming solid solutions is important for developing high‐performance thermoelectrics.
Dorsal column myelopathy after intrathecal chemotherapy for leukemia
Authors: Pinnix Chelsea C. , Chi Linda , Jabbour Elias J. , Milgrom Sarah A. , Smith Grace L. , Daver Naval , Garg Naveen , Cykowski Matthew D. , Fuller Greg , Cachia David , Kamiya-Matsuoka Carlos , Woodman Karin , Dinardo Courtney , Jain Nitin , Kadia Tapan M. , Pemmaraju Naveen , Ohanian Maro , Konopleva Marina , Kantarjian Hagop M. , Dabaja Bouthaina S.
Published: November 2016

Intrathecal chemotherapy with methotrexate, a folate antagonist, is widely used to treat central nervous system malignancies. The mechanisms underlying methotrexate‐induced neurotoxicity are unclear but may be related to increased homocysteine levels. Intrathecal methotrexate‐induced myelopathy mimicking subacute combined degeneration, with normal B12 levels, has been documented. We examined treatment and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of 13 patients with leukemia who received intrathecal methotrexate and developed urinary and bowel incontinence, ascending motor weakness, and sensory loss with dorsal column hyperintensity on MRI between 2000 and 2016. Cerebrospinal fluid evaluation was negative for leukemia in all patients and positive for elevated protein in 12 patients. Seven of eight patients with available data had reduced serum folate, increased serum homocysteine, or both, implicating methotrexate as the cause of neurotoxicity. Autopsy of one patient revealed loss of myelinated axons in the posterior columns. These findings suggest that methotrexate neurotoxicity may be mediated by folate antagonism. Awareness and a high index of suspicion of these characteristic clinical and radiographic features in patients who develop myelopathy after intrathecal methotrexate may help to avoid additional neurotoxic therapy in such patients.
Anthropologists' views on race, ancestry, and genetics
Authors: Wagner Jennifer K. , Yu Joon‐Ho , Ifekwunigwe Jayne O. , Harrell Tanya M. , Bamshad Michael J. , Royal Charmaine D.
Published: November 2016

Controversies over race conceptualizations have been ongoing for centuries and have been shaped, in part, by anthropologists.

Objective

To assess anthropologists' views on race, genetics, and ancestry.

Methods

In 2012 a broad national survey of anthropologists examined prevailing views on race, ancestry, and genetics.

Results

Results demonstrate consensus that there are no human biological races and recognition that race exists as lived social experiences that can have important effects on health.

Discussion

Racial privilege affects anthropologists' views on race, underscoring the importance that anthropologists be vigilant of biases in the profession and practice. Anthropologists must mitigate racial biases in society wherever they might be lurking and quash any sociopolitical attempts to normalize or promote racist rhetoric, sentiment, and behavior.
Biocatalytic Properties and Structural Analysis of Phloroglucinol Reductases
Authors: Conradt David , Hermann Bianca , Gerhardt Stefan , Einsle Oliver , Müller Michael
Published: November 2016

Phloroglucinol reductases (PGRs) are involved in anaerobic degradation in bacteria, in which they catalyze the dearomatization of phloroglucinol into dihydrophloroglucinol. We identified three PGRs, from different bacterial species, that are members of the family of NAD(P)H‐dependent short‐chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDRs). In addition to catalyzing the reduction of the physiological substrate, the three enzymes exhibit activity towards 2,4,6‐trihydroxybenzaldehyde, 2,4,6‐trihydroxyacetophenone, and methyl 2,4,6‐trihydroxybenzoate. Structural elucidation of PGRcl and comparison to known SDRs revealed a high degree of conservation. Several amino acid positions were identified as being conserved within the PGR subfamily and might be involved in substrate differentiation. The results enable the enzymatic dearomatization of monoaromatic phenol derivatives and provide insight into the functional diversity that may be found in families of enzymes displaying a high degree of structural homology.
Polysulfate [SnO3n+1]2−: Ist mit dem [S6O19]2−‐Anion das Ende erreicht?
Authors: Schindler Lisa Verena , Becker Anna , Wieckhusen Maria , Klüner Thorsten , Wickleder Mathias S.
Published: November 2016

Das neue S6O192−‐Ion wurde in Form seines Rubidium‐ und Ammoniumsalzes durch Reaktion der entsprechenden Sulfate mit SO3 erhalten. Es ist das längste bislang bekannte Polysulfat‐Anion und besteht aus einer Kette von sechs eckenverknüpften [SO4]‐Tetraedern. Die einzigartige Verbindung wurde umfangreich charakterisiert, einschließlich einer theoretischen Untersuchung der Bindungssituation des Anions.
Thiol‐Ene Step‐Growth as a Versatile Route to Functional Polymers
Authors: Sarapas Joel M. , Tew Gregory N.
Published: November 2016

A new use of the thiol‐ene reaction to generate functional, redox‐tunable polymers is described. To illustrate the versatility of this approach, tailored divinyl ether monomers were polymerized with triethylene glycol dithiol to yield polymers containing either a carbonate or zwitterionic phosphocholine within the polymer backbone. Similarly, dithioerythritol was polymerized with triethylene glycol divinyl ether to yield a polymer with pendant diols and show how functional groups can be designed into either the divinyl ether or dithiol monomer. Using the thioether functional group inherent to this polymerization, all three polymers were selectively and quantitatively oxidized to either sulfoxides or sulfones by treatment with dilute hydrogen peroxide or mCPBA, respectively. With these illustrative examples, it is shown that the thiol‐ene polymerization is a broad‐reaching method to access a class of new redox‐active polymers which contain varied and dense functional‐group compositions.
Phototriggered Secretion of Membrane Compartmentalized Bioactive Agents
Authors: Hughes Robert M. , Marvin Christina M. , Rodgers Zachary L. , Ding Song , Oien Nathan P. , Smith Weston J. , Lawrence David S.
Published: November 2016

A strategy for the light‐activated release of bioactive compounds (BODIPY, colchicine, paclitaxel, and methotrexate) from membrane‐enclosed depots is described. We have found that membrane‐permeable bioagents can be rendered membrane impermeable by covalent attachment to cobalamin (Cbl) through a photocleavable linker. These Cbl‐bioagent conjugates are imprisoned within lipid‐enclosed compartments in the dark, as exemplified by their retention in the interior of erythrocytes. Subsequent illumination drives the secretion of the bioactive species from red blood cells. Photorelease is triggered by wavelengths in the red, far‐red, and near‐IR regions, which can be pre‐assigned by affixing a fluorophore with the desired excitation wavelength to the Cbl‐bioagent conjugate. Pre‐assigned wavelengths allow different biologically active compounds to be specifically and unambiguously photoreleased from common carriers.
Catalytic Asymmetric Reductive Condensation of N–H Imines: Synthesis of C2‐Symmetric Secondary Amines
Authors: Wakchaure Vijay N. , List Benjamin
Published: November 2016

A highly diastereoselective and enantioselective Brønsted acid catalyzed reductive condensation of N−H imines was developed. This reaction is catalyzed by a chiral disulfonimide (DSI), uses Hantzsch esters as a hydrogen source, and delivers useful C2‐symmetric secondary amines.
Thermogravimetric study on the flue‐cured tobacco leaf pyrolysis and combustion using a distributed activation energy model
Authors: Wang Xuebin , Wang Zhao , Dai Ya , Ma Kuoyan , Zhu Lijun , Tan Houzhang
Published: November 2016

In this work, the pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of TLs were tested by using a nonisothermal thermogravimetric analysis, and the distribute activation energy model was used to determine the kinetic parameters. Tobacco leaves from upper, middle, and lower parts of tobacco plants were compared, and the effects of oxygen concentration and heating rate were also investigated. Results show that the decomposition and burnout performances of middle TLs were the best. When oxygen concentration is in the range of 0 to 10%, the increase of oxygen concentration brought little effect on volatile release while remarkably improving residual char burning. The mass loss curves moved backward with the increase of heating rate due to the delay of heat transfer. In general, E first increased and then decreased as mass loss, and it was also affected by oxygen concentration. Energy value under the condition of 10% oxygen concentration is much higher than that under 0% and 5% oxygen conditions. A kinetic compensation effect between E and k was investigated for small molecule species release and char oxidation in TL combustion. The general compensation effects of small molecule species release and char oxidation could be expressed as ln(k) = 0.230E − 4.73 and ln(k) = 0.215E − 17.69, respectively. Copyright © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Triazole‐Containing Dendrimer‐like Core Cross‐Linked Micelles that Stabilize Pd Nanoparticles as Heterogenized Homogeneous Catalysts for Room‐Temperature Suzuki–Miyaura Reactions in Water
Authors: Li Bing , Yu Yangyang , Zhao Pengxiang , Zhang Shiyong
Published: November 2016

Featuring the advantages of both homogeneous (high activity) and heterogeneous (recyclability) catalysts, heterogenized homogeneous catalysts (e.g., dendrimer‐stabilized metal nanoparticles) have received much attention in recent years. Here, we develop a new triazole‐containing dendrimer‐like core cross‐linked micelle (DCCM) stabilized Pd nanoparticles as a highly efficient heterogenized homogeneous catalyst for the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction. Both arylboronic acids and iodobenzenes with diverse electronic properties performed with excellent reactivity under the mild conditions of room temperature, water as the sole solvent, and as low as 0.5 % catalyst loading. Importantly, the Pd@triazole‐DCCMs can tolerate various functional groups well (e.g., alcohol, aldehyde, ester, acyl, amino, and cyano, etc.) and give the corresponding biphenyl products in high yields. Recycling experiments suggest that the new heterogenized homogeneous catalyst can be recovered simply and reused many times with negligible activity change.
A Differential Game Based Guidance Law for an Accelerating Exoatmospheric Missile
Authors: Ye Qing , Liu Chunsheng
Published: November 2016

A differential game‐based guidance law design is proposed for a class of accelerating exoatmospheric missiles. By analyzing the nonlinear dynamic equations, a class of motions that does not require maneuver effort is derived for the missile. Using this property, a two phase guidance scheme can be derived that permits a perfect interception. In Phase 1, the missile is put in collision course with the target, which means in Phase 2 the missile should intercept the target with a straight line flight course, at a specified terminal body angle. Differential game based guidance laws are derived respectively for the two phases to guarantee the implementation of the guidance scheme. Simulation results show that the methodology provides robust interception performance.
Meta‐analysis of neuropsychological measures of executive functioning in children and adolescents with high‐functioning autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Lai Chun Lun Eric , Lau Zoe , Lui Simon S. Y. , Lok Eugenia , Tam Venus , Chan Quinney , Cheng Koi Man , Lam Siu Man , Cheung Eric F. C.
Published: November 2016

Existing literature on the profile of executive dysfunction in autism spectrum disorder showed inconsistent results. Age, comorbid attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and cognitive abilities appeared to play a role in confounding the picture. Previous meta‐analyses have focused on a few components of executive functions. This meta‐analysis attempted to delineate the profile of deficit in several components of executive functioning in children and adolescents with high‐functioning autism spectrum disorder (HFASD). Ninety‐eight English published case‐control studies comparing children and adolescents with HFASD with typically developing controls using well‐known neuropsychological measures to assess executive functions were included. Results showed that children and adolescents with HFASD were moderately impaired in verbal working memory (g = 0.67), spatial working memory (g = 0.58), flexibility (g = 0.59), planning (g = 0.62), and generativity (g = 0.60) except for inhibition (g = 0.41). Subgroup analysis showed that impairments were still significant for flexibility (g = 0.57–0.61), generativity (g = 0.52–0.68), and working memory (g = 0.49–0.56) in a sample of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) subjects without comorbid ADHD or when the cognitive abilities of the ASD group and the control group were comparable. This meta‐analysis confirmed the presence of executive dysfunction in children and adolescents with HFASD. These deficits are not solely accounted for by the effect of comorbid ADHD and the general cognitive abilities. Our results support the executive dysfunction hypothesis and contribute to the clinical understanding and possible development of interventions to alleviate these deficits in children and adolescents with HFASD. Autism Res 2017, 10: 911–939. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ensemble perception of color in autistic adults
Authors: Maule John , Stanworth Kirstie , Pellicano Elizabeth , Franklin Anna
Published: November 2016

Dominant accounts of visual processing in autism posit that autistic individuals have an enhanced access to details of scenes [e.g., weak central coherence] which is reflected in a general bias toward local processing. Furthermore, the attenuated priors account of autism predicts that the updating and use of summary representations is reduced in autism. Ensemble perception describes the extraction of global summary statistics of a visual feature from a heterogeneous set (e.g., of faces, sizes, colors), often in the absence of local item representation. The present study investigated ensemble perception in autistic adults using a rapidly presented (500 msec) ensemble of four, eight, or sixteen elements representing four different colors. We predicted that autistic individuals would be less accurate when averaging the ensembles, but more accurate in recognizing individual ensemble colors. The results were consistent with the predictions. Averaging was impaired in autism, but only when ensembles contained four elements. Ensembles of eight or sixteen elements were averaged equally accurately across groups. The autistic group also showed a corresponding advantage in rejecting colors that were not originally seen in the ensemble. The results demonstrate the local processing bias in autism, but also suggest that the global perceptual averaging mechanism may be compromised under some conditions. The theoretical implications of the findings and future avenues for research on summary statistics in autism are discussed. Autism Res 2017, 10: 839–851. © 2016 The Authors Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Autism Research
Biophysical characterization of quaternary pyridinium functionalized polynorbornenes for DNA complexation and their cellular interactions
Authors: Guler Gokce Zeliha , Zuhal Birol Semra , Eren Tarık , Ercelen Ceylan Sebnem
Published: November 2016

Cationic polymers with hydrophobic side chains have gained great interest as DNA carriers since they form a compact complex with negatively charged DNA phosphate groups and interact with the cell membrane. Amphiphilic polyoxanorbornenes with different quaternary alkyl pyridinium side chains with ethyl‐p(OPy2) and hexyl units‐p(OPy6) bearing 10 kDa MWT were synthesized by living Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization method.

The physicochemical characteristics: critical micellar concentration, size distribution, surface charge, and condensation of polymer/DNA complex were investigated. Morphology of complexes was monitored by Atomic force microscopy. Cytotoxicity and interaction of these complexes with model lipid vesicles mimicking the cell membrane were examined. These polymers were enabled to form small sized complexes of DNA, which interact with model membrane vesicles. It was found that the nature of hydrophobicity of the homopolymers significantly impacts rates of DNA complexation and the surface charge of the resulting complexes. These results highlight the prospect of the further examinations of these polymers as gene carriers.
Linking Governance and Management
Authors: Moulds Gerry
Published: November 2016

Retired governance consultant Gerry Moulds looks back on his experience and shares his thoughts on how best to build an accountability framework that links governance and management.
For Your Bookshelf …
Authors: Moore Jannice
Published: November 2016

Jannice Moore is president of The Governance Coach™, specializing in coaching boards to apply Policy Governance principles for optimum effectiveness.
Using yeast to determine the functional consequences of mutations in the human p53 tumor suppressor gene: An introductory course‐based undergraduate research experience in molecular and cell biology
Authors: Hekmat‐Scafe Daria S. , Brownell Sara E. , Seawell Patricia Chandler , Malladi Shyamala , Imam Jamie F. Conklin , Singla Veena , Bradon Nicole , Cyert Martha S. , Stearns Tim
Published: November 2016

The opportunity to engage in scientific research is an important, but often neglected, component of undergraduate training in biology. We describe the curriculum for an innovative, course‐based undergraduate research experience (CURE) appropriate for a large, introductory cell and molecular biology laboratory class that leverages students′ high level of interest in cancer. The course is highly collaborative and emphasizes the analysis and interpretation of original scientific data. During the course, students work in teams to characterize a collection of mutations in the human p53 tumor suppressor gene via expression and analysis in yeast. Initially, student pairs use both qualitative and quantitative assays to assess the ability of their p53 mutant to activate expression of reporter genes, and they localize their mutation within the p53 structure. Through facilitated discussion, students suggest possible molecular explanations for the transactivation defects displayed by their p53 mutants and propose experiments to test these hypotheses that they execute during the second part of the course. They use a western blot to determine whether mutant p53 levels are reduced, a DNA‐binding assay to test whether recognition of any of three p53 target sequences is compromised, and fluorescence microscopy to assay nuclear localization. Students studying the same p53 mutant periodically convene to discuss and interpret their combined data. The course culminates in a poster session during which students present their findings to peers, instructors, and the greater biosciences community. Based on our experience, we provide recommendations for the development of similar large introductory lab courses. © 2016 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 45(2):161–178, 2017.
The Low‐Temperature Oxidation of Propane by using H2O2 and Fe/ZSM‐5 Catalysts: Insights into the Active Site and Enhancement of Catalytic Turnover Frequencies
Authors: Peneau Virginie , Armstrong Robert D. , Shaw Greg , Xu Jun , Jenkins Robert L. , Morgan David J. , Dimitratos Nikolaos , Taylor Stuart H. , Zanthoff Horst W. , Peitz Stefan , Stochniol Guido , He Qian , Kiely Christopher J. , Hutchings Graham J.
Published: November 2016

Fe‐containing ZSM‐5 catalysts are reported to be efficient catalysts for the partial oxidation of propane to oxygenated products at reaction temperatures as low as 50 °C in an aqueous phase reaction when using the green oxidant H2O2. It was previously proposed that extra framework Fe species at the exchange sites of the zeolite are responsible for activation of both the alkane and hydrogen peroxide. Through a systematic study of the influence of framework topology and exchange properties, it is now shown that this high catalytic activity is specific to the MFI‐type Brønsted acidic zeolite ZSM‐5. Furthermore, through a simple aqueous acid washing treatment, leaching of approximately 77 % of iron present within a Fe/ZSM‐5 catalyst only caused the relative propane conversion to decrease by 17 %; implying that most of the initially loaded Fe does not actually contribute to the catalytic activity. This small change in conversion after ‘excess’ Fe removal, amounts to a three‐fold increase in turnover frequency (TOF) (Fe) from 66 h−1 to 232 h−1 compared with the parent Fe/ZSM‐5 catalyst. By comparing these samples, it is shown by NH3 temperature‐programmed desorption, 27Al magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and TEM analysis that surface iron oxide species are effectively spectators in the oxidation of propane with H2O2. This provides further insight as to the location and true nature of the catalytically active Fe species.
Characterization of Carboxylic Acid Reductases as Enzymes in the Toolbox for Synthetic Chemistry
Authors: Finnigan William , Thomas Adam , Cromar Holly , Gough Ben , Snajdrova Radka , Adams Joseph P. , Littlechild Jennifer A. , Harmer Nicholas J.
Published: November 2016

Carboxylic acid reductase enzymes (CARs) meet the demand in synthetic chemistry for a green and regiospecific route to aldehydes from their respective carboxylic acids. However, relatively few of these enzymes have been characterized. A sequence alignment with members of the ANL (Acyl‐CoA synthetase/ NRPS adenylation domain/Luciferase) superfamily of enzymes shed light on CAR functional dynamics. Four unstudied enzymes were selected by using a phylogenetic analysis of known and hypothetical CARs, and for the first time, a thorough biochemical characterization was performed. Kinetic analysis of these enzymes with various substrates shows that they have a broad but similar substrate specificity. Electron‐rich acids are favored, which suggests that the first step in the proposed reaction mechanism, attack by the carboxylate on the α‐phosphate of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), is the step that determines the substrate specificity and reaction kinetics. The effects of pH and temperature provide a clear operational window for the use of these CARs, whereas an investigation of product inhibition by NADP+, adenosine monophosphate, and pyrophosphate indicates that the binding of substrates at the adenylation domain is ordered with ATP binding first. This study consolidates CARs as important and exciting enzymes in the toolbox for sustainable chemistry and provides specifications for their use as a biocatalyst.
A Hemilabile and Cooperative N‐Donor‐Functionalized 1,2,3‐Triazol‐5‐Ylidene Ligand for Alkyne Hydrothiolation Reactions
Authors: Strydom Ian , Guisado‐Barrios Gregorio , Fernández Israel , Liles David C. , Peris Eduardo , Bezuidenhout Daniela I.
Published: November 2016

A series of novel cationic and neutral Rh complexes with an N‐donor‐functionalized 1,2,3‐triazol‐5‐ylidene (TRZ) ligand (in which the pendant N donor is NHBoc, NH2, or NMe2) is described. The catalytic activity of these complexes was evaluated in the hydrothiolation of alkynes. Among the catalysts, a neutral dicarbonyl complex featuring the tethered‐NBoc amido‐TRZ ligand proved very selective for alkyne hydrothiolation with an aryl thiol. Remarkably, the reaction could be carried out in the absence of pyridine or base additive. In addition, during the reaction, no evidence for oxidative addition of the thiol S−H bond was observed, strongly suggesting a reaction pathway in which a bifunctional ligand is involved. Experimental and theoretical mechanistic investigations suggest a ligand‐assisted deprotonation of thiol, hemilabile dissociation of amine from the metal, and thiolate coordination, which is indicative of a different reaction mechanism to those previously reported for related alkyne hydrothiolation reactions.
From Additivity to Cooperativity in Chemistry: Can Cooperativity Be Measured?
Authors: Tebben Ludger , Mück‐Lichtenfeld Christian , Fernández Gustavo , Grimme Stefan , Studer Armido
Published: November 2016

Cooperative effects can be observed in various research areas in chemistry; cooperative catalysis is well‐established, the assembly of compounds on surfaces can be steered by cooperative effects, and supramolecular polymerization can proceed in a cooperative manner. In biological systems, cooperativity is observed in protein–protein, protein–lipid and protein–molecule interactions. Synergistic effects are relevant in frustrated Lewis pairs, organic multispin systems, multimetallic clusters and also in nanoparticles. However, a general approach to determine cooperativity in the different chemical systems is currently not known. In the present concept paper it is suggested that, at least for simpler systems that can be described at the molecular level, cooperativity can be defined based on energy considerations. For systems in which no chemical transformation occurs, determination of interaction energies of the whole system with respect to the interaction energies between all individual component pairs (subsystems) will allow determination of cooperativity. For systems comprising of chemical transformations, cooperativity can be evaluated by determining the activation energy of the synergistic system and by comparing this with activation energies of the corresponding subsystems that lack an activating moiety. For more complex systems, cooperativity is generally determined at a qualitative level.
Bismuth Perfluoroalkylphosphinates: New Catalysts for Application in Organic Syntheses
Authors: Solyntjes Sven , Neumann Beate , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Ignat'ev Nikolai , Hoge Berthold
Published: November 2016

Commercially available BiPh3 was treated with perfluoroalkylphosphinic acids [for example, (C2F5)2P(O)OH] to generate novel, highly Lewis acidic bismuth(III) perfluoroalkylphosphinates of the type PhxBi[RF2PO2]3−x (x=0, 1, 2) (RF=‐C2F5, ‐C4F9). The first bismuth(V) perfluoroalkylphosphinate, Ph3Bi[(C2F5)2PO2]2, was synthesized from Ph3BiCl2 and Ag[(C2F5)2PO2]. Examples for the successful application of the catalytically active bismuth(III) and bismuth(V) phosphinates in carbon–carbon bond forming reactions, such as Friedel–Crafts acylation and alkylation, Diels–Alder, Strecker and Mannich reaction, are presented.
Tandem Aryne‐Capture/Sigmatropic Rearrangement as a Metal‐Free Entry to Functionalized N‐Aryl Pyrrolidines
Authors: Moss Sam G. , Pocock Ian A. , Sweeney Joseph B.
Published: November 2016

We report a new method for the synthesis of novel N‐aryl proline analogues. By reacting an aryne precursor with N‐(2‐malonyl) tetrahydropyridines in the presence of tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF), a tandem aryne‐capture/anion isomerisation/[2,3]‐sigmatropic rearrangement is induced, leading to good yields of 3‐substituted N‐aryl‐2‐acylpyrrolidines. These products are known subunits of biological probes, sensors and drug‐like fragments, and are not easily accessed directly by other methods. The reaction is also notable as the first [2,3]‐rearrangement of cyclic ammonium ylides at room temperature.
Servir les clients avec le sourire: Source d'épuisement ou de performance chez les employés de centres d'appels?
Authors: Picard Karel , Cossette Michel , Morin Denis
Published: November 2016

This study examines the relationships between emotional labour (surface acting, deep acting, and natural expression of positive emotions) and emotional exhaustion and service performance among 215 call centre employees. Of the hypotheses concerning the relation between the three emotional regulation strategies to emotional exhaustion and to service performance, only natural expression of positive emotion is significantly related to both consequences. Results also suggest that neuroticism moderates the link between deep acting and emotional exhaustion: employees with low levels of neuroticism seem more emotionally exhausted when they use deep acting. Copyright © 2016 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Writing out praise: Air Canada employees and the 1968 CEO change
Authors: Hartt Christopher M.
Published: November 2016

In 1968, the Air Canada CEO was an individual from outside the airline industry, when previously all CEOs had been former airline pilots for the organization. In investigating why, the union writings of Air Canada, a large Crown corporation, make no reference to this 1968 CEO change. I examine how the values, beliefs, and ideas of employees affect the development of an organization's written histories. I apply actor network theory, sensemaking, critical sensemaking, and theories of “writing out” to expose and develop the concept of the noncorporeal actant as a critical influence within a network and in the writing of histories. Copyright © 2016 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biological Treatment of Landfill Leachate at Elevated Temperature in the Presence of Polyurethane Foam of Various Porosity
Authors: Koc‐Jurczyk Justyna , Jurczyk Łukasz
Published: November 2016

Application of sequencing batch reactors (SBR) for treatment of leachate from old, stabilized landfills, could be still an economically viable solution, as far as nitrogen removal is concerned. Very low amounts of accesible organic compounds requires an unconventional approach to treatment technology. In this paper the authors proposed utilisation of polyurethane (PU) foam of various porosity as a biomass carrier, hydraulic retention time (HRT) extended to 2 days and temperature elevated to 37°C, to stimulate simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND). The porosity of PU carriers had no effect on the efficiency of organic compounds removal, whilst the ammonium nitrogen (N‐NH4+) removal efficiency was highest in the reactor (SBR2) equipped with PU cuboid‐shape carriers of 30 pores per inch (ppi), reaching 77.6%. In the reactor SBR3 filled with 15 ppi foam, the N‐NH4+ removal efficiency was much lower (54.2%), but still better than observed in reference reactor, SBR1, operated with suspended activated sludge only (46.3%). The average free ammonia concentration in the effluents ranged from 140.18 to 347.98 mg/L at pH 9.6, depending on the reactor. Neither nitrites nor nitrates were found in the effluents, and the kinetics of N‐NH4+ removal proceeded according to the first‐order reaction.
Myxochelin‐Inspired 5‐Lipoxygenase Inhibitors: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation
Authors: Schieferdecker Sebastian , König Stefanie , Pace Simona , Werz Oliver , Nett Markus
Published: November 2016

A total of 48 analogues of the natural product myxochelin A were prepared and evaluated for their inhibitory effects on human 5‐lipoxygenase in both cell‐free and cell‐based assays. Structure–activity relationship analysis revealed that the secondary alcohol function and only chiral center of myxochelin A is not required for biological activity. By expanding the diaminoalkane linker of the two aromatic residues it was possible to generate a myxochelin derivative with superior activity against 5‐lipoxygenase in intact cells.
A Viologen–Perylenediimide Conjugate as an Efficient Base Sensor with Solvatochromic Property
Authors: Pramanik Bapan , Mondal Julfikar Hassan , Singha Nilotpal , Ahmed Sahnawaz , Mohanty Jyotirmayee , Das Debapratim
Published: November 2016

A viologen–perylenediimide conjugate, denoted PDEV, is prepared for efficient base sensing. The conjugate shows solvatochromic behavior as well. The base sensitivity of viologen is purposefully coupled with the emission property of perylenediimide (PDI) to lower the detection limit. PDEV shows base‐sensing ability at the ppb level, which is at least three orders of magnitude lower than those of previously reported sensors. The probe is sensitive toward solvent polarity and generates different shades of colors according to the polarity of the medium (solvent). The photophysical properties show a linear correlation with the solvent polarity, and this makes it an efficient solvatochromic agent. On the other hand, the generation of viologen radical cations by bases affects the aggregation and consequently the absorption and emission behavior of the PDI core. The effect of bases can also be visualized, because the probe generates different colors in the presence of bases, both under normal and under UV light. Organic amines can be detected even in the crystalline state, since the dark red color of the PDEV crystals changes to purple in a reversible fashion on exposure to amine vapors. An easy and practical paper‐based tool created by using the probe can efficiently be used to detect solvent polarity and presence of bases optically.
The Flavin–Tryptophan Dyad F10T as a Cryptochrome Model Compound: Synthesis and Photochemistry
Authors: Paul Shubhajit , Meng Lingqiang , Berger Stefan , Grampp Günter , Matysik Jörg , Wang Xiaojie
Published: November 2016

Many animals sense the Earth's magnetic field and use it for navigation. It has been proposed that a light‐dependent quantum effect in cryptochrome photoreceptor proteins residing in the retina allow for such an iron‐free spin‐chemical compass. The primary photochemistry in cryptochromes and photolyases is assumed to be confined mainly in a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) residue and three nearby tryptophan residues. Functional studies require model compounds allowing for direct structural modifications. Inspired by the structure of natural cryptochrome, a flavin–tryptophan dyad (F10T) has been synthesized. 1H photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (photo‐CIDNP) NMR studies on F10T demonstrate the spin‐correlated radical‐pair formation through photoinduced electron transfer from donor (tryptophan) to acceptor (flavin) moieties under illumination with a white light source similar to sunlight. This is the first model compound of natural cryptochromes with a provision for controlled structural modifications.
Catalytic Transesterification of Starch with Plant Oils: A Sustainable and Efficient Route to Fatty Acid Starch Esters
Authors: Söyler Zafer , Meier Michael A. R.
Published: November 2016

The transesterification of maize starch with olive oil or high oleic sunflower oil was studied under homogeneous conditions in the presence of 1,5,7‐triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec‐5‐ene (TBD) as catalyst. Most importantly, this method used two renewable resources directly, without any pretreatment or derivatization, for the synthesis of polymeric materials with desirable properties. Moreover, the solvent, oils, and catalyst could be recovered through facile work‐up and reused for further modifications. The obtained fatty acid starch esters (FASEs) were highly soluble in common organic solvents and were thoroughly characterized. Degrees of substitution (DS) were calculated using31P NMR spectroscopy, and DS values of approximately 1.3 were obtained. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis revealed thermal transitions of the modified starches at approximately 80–90 °C. Films were produced from these FASEs, and their hydrophobic surfaces were characterized using contact‐angle measurements. Furthermore, mechanical properties were examined using tensile strength measurements and showed approximately 40 and 80 % elongation at break for modified maize starch and modified amylose from maize, respectively.
Dry‐Deposited Transparent Carbon Nanotube Film as Front Electrode in Colloidal Quantum Dot Solar Cells
Authors: Zhang Xiaoliang , Aitola Kerttu , Hägglund Carl , Kaskela Antti , Johansson Malin B. , Sveinbjörnsson Kári , Kauppinen Esko I. , Johansson Erik M. J.
Published: November 2016

Single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) show great potential as an alternative material for front electrodes in photovoltaic applications, especially for flexible devices. In this work, a press‐transferred transparent SWCNT film was utilized as front electrode for colloidal quantum dot solar cells (CQDSCs). The solar cells were fabricated on both glass and flexible substrates, and maximum power conversion efficiencies of 5.5 and 5.6 %, respectively, were achieved, which corresponds to 90 and 92 % of an indium‐doped tin oxide (ITO)‐based device (6.1 %). The SWCNTs are therefore a very good alternative to the ITO‐based electrodes especially for flexible solar cells. The optical electric field distribution and optical losses within the devices were simulated theoretically and the results agree with the experimental results. With the optical simulations that were performed it may also be possible to enhance the photovoltaic performance of SWCNT‐based solar cells even further by optimizing the device configuration or by using additional optical active layers, thus reducing light reflection of the device and increasing light absorption in the quantum dot layer.
Protect speech in the classroom
Authors: Adele Goldie
Published: November 2016

The First Amendment guarantees the right to free speech, even symbolic speech, according to the Supreme Court in the 1992 case of R.A.V v. St. Paul. This guarantee has been interpreted in various ways over past decades through court decisions.
Variation of cytopathologists' use of the indeterminate diagnostic categories “atypical” and “suspicious for malignancy” in the cytologic diagnosis of solid pancreatic lesions on endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspirates
Authors: Virk Renu K. , Gamez Roberto , Mehrotra Swati , Atieh Mohammed , Barkan Güliz A. , Wojcik Eva M. , Pambuccian Stefan E.
Published: November 2016

Indeterminate cytologic diagnoses in endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (EUS‐FNA) of solid pancreatic lesions include the diagnostic categories “atypical” (ATY) and “suspicious for malignancy” (SUSP), which are used at variable rates and are associated with variable underlying risk of malignancy. The aim of this study was to determine individual cytopathologists' rates of indeterminate diagnoses in EUS‐FNA of solid pancreatic lesions and their relationship to cytopathologists' experience and volume of pancreatic EUS‐FNA examined, as well as the potential impact of departmental consensus review on indeterminate diagnoses.

Design

The diagnostic rates of ATY and SUSP and their underlying risk of malignancy were calculated for six cytopathologists who diagnosed 1,114 of 1,225 EUS‐FNA of solid pancreatic lesions from 1/1/2001 to 9/15/2014, and were then compared for the periods before and after the implementation of departmental consensus review during 2009.

Results

The six cytopathologists diagnosed 10% of cases as indeterminate; 82 (7.4%) as “atypical” and 29 (2.6%) as “suspicious”. The individual cytopathologists' indeterminate diagnosis rates varied twofold (6.67–12.80%) and did not correlate with their experience, total or annual volume of EUS‐FNAs. Of the 56/99 (56.57%) cases with follow‐up, the underlying rate of malignancy was 47% (35/75; for “atypical” and 87.5% (21/24); for “suspicious”). The underlying rates of malignancy were 33–67% for “atypical” and 80–100% for “suspicious” diagnoses made by individual cytopathologists. The rate of indeterminate diagnoses decreased from 11.55 to 7.88% after the implementation of departmental consensus review.

Conclusion

Individual cytopathologists' rates of indeterminate diagnoses and their significance vary; however, consensus review is helpful in reducing these rates. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2017;45:3–13. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spectrum of gallbladder malignancies on fine‐needle aspiration cytology: 5 years retrospective single institutional study with emphasis on uncommon variants
Authors: Kumar Rajesh , Srinivasan Radhika , Gupta Nalini , Dey Pranab , Rajwanshi Arvind , Nijhawan Raje , Lal Anupam , Kalra Naveen
Published: November 2016

Background

Ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is the standard modality for diagnosis of gallbladder malignant neoplasms. Adenocarcinoma is the most common malignancy; however, other types may also be encountered. The aim of this study was to perform a retrospective analysis of gallbladder malignancies diagnosed on FNAC in the last 5 years to document the cytomorphological spectrum and the variations thereof.

Methods

The records of the Department of Cytology, PGIMER were searched from July 2010 to June 2015 and all cases of gallbladder malignancies were analyzed in detail for cytomorphological characteristics. Giemsa and Hematoxylin−Eosin stained slides were evaluated with immunocytochemistry on cell blocks wherever available.

Results

A total of 791 gallbladder FNAC performed in cases of radiologically suspected gallbladder malignancies were evaluated. Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) was more common in females with a male to female ratio of 1:2.3. Median age was 53.4 years (range 24‐85 years); 81 cases (10.2%) were nondiagnostic and 31 (3.9%) were suspicious of malignancy. A total of 645 FNACs were positive for malignancy, out of which there were 619 (96%) adenocarcinoma and 26 cases with unusual malignancies. These included adenosquamous carcinoma (8, 1.2%), squamous cell carcinoma (7, 1.1%), small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (9, 1.3%), and one case each of undifferentiated carcinoma and Non Hodgkin lymphoma respectively. The unusual malignancies were confirmed on cell block immunocytochemistry.

Conclusion

Adenocarcinoma is most common type of gallbladder malignancy; however, other unusual types of carcinomas occur and in such cases, FNAC supplemented by cell block immunocytochemistry is required for an accurate diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2017;45:36–42. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Grassland management impacts on soil carbon stocks: a new synthesis
Authors: Conant Richard T. , Cerri Carlos E. P. , Osborne Brooke B. , Paustian Keith
Published: November 2016

Grassland ecosystems cover a large portion of Earths’ surface and contain substantial amounts of soil organic carbon. Previous work has established that these soil carbon stocks are sensitive to management and land use changes: grazing, species composition, and mineral nutrient availability can lead to losses or gains of soil carbon. Because of the large annual carbon fluxes into and out of grassland systems, there has been growing interest in how changes in management might shift the net balance of these flows, stemming losses from degrading grasslands or managing systems to increase soil carbon stocks (i.e., carbon sequestration). A synthesis published in 2001 assembled data from hundreds of studies to document soil carbon responses to changes in management. Here we present a new synthesis that has integrated data from the hundreds of studies published after our previous work. These new data largely confirm our earlier conclusions: improved grazing management, fertilization, sowing legumes and improved grass species, irrigation, and conversion from cultivation all tend to lead to increased soil C, at rates ranging from 0.105 to more than 1 Mg C·ha−1·yr−1. The new data include assessment of three new management practices: fire, silvopastoralism, and reclamation, although these studies are limited in number. The main area in which the new data are contrary to our previous synthesis is in conversion from native vegetation to grassland, where we find that across the studies the average rate of soil carbon stock change is low and not significant. The data in this synthesis confirm that improving grassland management practices and conversion from cropland to grassland improve soil carbon stocks.
Linking otolith microchemistry and dendritic isoscapes to map heterogeneous production of fish across river basins
Authors: Brennan Sean R. , Schindler Daniel E.
Published: November 2016

Production patterns of highly mobile species, such as anadromous fish, often exhibit high spatial and temporal heterogeneity across landscapes. Such variability is often asynchronous in time among habitats, which stabilizes production at aggregate scales of complexity. Reconstructing production patterns explicitly in space and time across multiple scales, however, remains difficult but is important for prioritizing habitat conservation. This is especially true for fishes inhabiting river basins due to long‐range dispersal, high mortality at early life stages, complex population structure and elusive life history variation. We develop a new approach for mapping production patterns of Pacific salmon across a large river basin by integrating otolith microchemistry and dendritic isoscape models. The geographically continuous Bayesian assignment framework presented here yielded high accuracies (>90%) and relatively high precisions (precisions <4%; i.e., assignment areas of <530 river km of the 13 100 km total river length) when used to determine the natal source of known‐origin juvenile Chinook salmon captured throughout the study region. Integrating these methods enabled us to base estimates of provenance and habitat use of individuals on a per location basis using strontium isotopic data throughout the continuous spatial domain of a river network. Such a framework provides substantial advantages over the more common nominal approach to employing otolith microchemistry to reconstruct movement patterns of fish. In doing so, we reconstructed the spatial production patterns of adult Chinook salmon returning to a large watershed in Bristol Bay, Alaska and illustrate the power of such an approach to conservation efforts.
Does cooperation mean kinship between spatially discrete ant nests?
Authors: Procter Duncan S. , Cottrell Joan E. , Watts Kevin , A'Hara Stuart W. , Hofreiter Michael , Robinson Elva J. H.
Published: November 2016

Eusociality is one of the most complex forms of social organization, characterized by cooperative and reproductive units termed colonies. Altruistic behavior of workers within colonies is explained by inclusive fitness, with indirect fitness benefits accrued by helping kin. Members of a social insect colony are expected to be more closely related to one another than they are to other conspecifics. In many social insects, the colony can extend to multiple socially connected but spatially separate nests (polydomy). Social connections, such as trails between nests, promote cooperation and resource exchange, and we predict that workers from socially connected nests will have higher internest relatedness than those from socially unconnected, and noncooperating, nests. We measure social connections, resource exchange, and internest genetic relatedness in the polydomous wood antFormica lugubristo test whether (1) socially connected but spatially separate nests cooperate, and (2) high internest relatedness is the underlying driver of this cooperation. Our results show that socially connected nests exhibit movement of workers and resources, which suggests they do cooperate, whereas unconnected nests do not. However, we find no difference in internest genetic relatedness between socially connected and unconnected nest pairs, both show high kinship. Our results suggest that neighboring pairs of connected nests show a social and cooperative distinction, but no genetic distinction. We hypothesize that the loss of a social connection may initiate ecological divergence within colonies. Genetic divergence between neighboring nests may build up only later, as a consequence rather than a cause of colony separation.