bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring juror evaluations of expert opinions using the Expert Persuasion Expectancy framework
Authors: Martire Kristy A. , Edmond Gary , Navarro Danielle
Published: February 2020

Purpose

Factfinders in trials struggle to differentiate witnesses who offer genuinely expert opinions from those who do not. The Expert Persuasion Expectancy (ExPEx) framework proposes eight attributes logically relevant to this assessment: foundation, field, specialty, ability, opinion, support, consistency, and trustworthiness. We present two experiments examining the effects of these attributes on the persuasiveness of a forensic gait analysis opinion.

Methods

Jury‐eligible participants rated the credibility, value, and weight of an expert report that was either generally strong (Exp. 1; N = 437) or generally weak (Exp. 2; N = 435). The quality of ExPEx attributes varied between participants. Allocation to condition (none, foundation, field, specialty, ability, opinion, support, consistency, trustworthiness) determined which attribute in the report would be weak (cf. strong; Exp. 1), or strong (cf. weak; Exp. 2).

Results

In Experiment 1, the persuasiveness of a strong report was significantly undermined by weak versions of ability, consistency, and trustworthiness. In Experiment 2, a weak report was significantly improved by strong versions of ability and consistency. Unplanned analyses of subjective ratings also identified effects of foundation, field, specialty, and opinion.

Conclusions

We found evidence that ability (i.e., personal proficiency), consistency (i.e., endorsement by other experts), and trustworthiness (i.e., objectivity) attributes influence opinion persuasiveness in logically appropriate ways. Ensuring that factfinders have information about these attributes may improve their assessments of expert opinion evidence.
Food‐symptom diaries can generate personalized lifestyle advice for managing gastrointestinal symptoms: A pilot study
Authors: Clevers Egbert , Nordqvist Alex , Törnblom Hans , Tack Jan , Masclee Ad , Keszthelyi Daniel , Van Oudenhove Lukas , Simrén Magnus
Published: February 2020

Background

Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms have a heterogeneous pathophysiology. Yet, clinical management uses group‐level strategies. There is a need for studies exploring personalized management options in patients with GI symptoms. From diaries of GI symptoms, food intake, and psychological distress, we extracted and validated personalized lifestyle advice. Secondly, we investigated group‐level GI symptom triggers using meta‐analysis.

Methods

We collected 209 diaries of GI symptoms, food intake, and psychological distress, coming from 3 cohorts of patients with GI symptoms (n = 20, 26, and 163, median lengths 24, 17, and 38 days). Diaries were split into training and test data, analyzed, and the triggers emerging from the training data were tested in the test data. In addition, we did a random effects meta‐analysis on the full data to establish the most common GI symptom triggers.

Key Results

Analysis of the training data allowed us to predict symptom triggers in the test data (r = 0.27, P < .001), especially in the subset of patients with a strong global association between lifestyle factors and symptoms (r = 0.45, P < .001). Low exposure to these triggers in the test data was associated with symptom reduction (P = .043). Meta‐analysis showed that caloric intake in the late evening or night predicted an increase in GI symptoms, especially bloating. Several food‐symptom associations were found, whereas psychological distress did not clearly lead to more severe GI symptoms.

Conclusions & Inferences

Diaries of GI symptoms, food intake, and psychological distress can lead to meaningful personalized lifestyle advice in subsets of patients.
An unusual and severe presentation of rheumatoid arthritis in the temporomandibular joint
Authors: Burns M. , Chapman S. , Creedon A. , Bailey M.
Published: February 2020

Rheumatoid arthritis is a common autoimmune inflammatory disease that can present within the temporomandibular joints. The common features include: condylar flattening, reduced joint space and osteophyte formation, resulting in pain, reduced mouth opening and muscle spasm. We present an unusually severe case of rheumatoid arthritis within the temporomandibular joints, leading to extensive erosion of the mandibular fossa resulting in intracranial gas within the middle cranial fossa. There have been no reports to our knowledge of any cases of this severity.
The association between physical fitness parameters and white matter microstructure in older adults: A diffusion tensor imaging study
Authors: Chen Feng‐Tzu , Erickson Kirk I. , Huang Haiqing , Chang Yu‐Kai
Published: February 2020

The present study was designed to examine whether different measures of physical fitness are differentially associated with white matter (WM) microstructure in older adults. Fifty‐six healthy adults (mean age: 59.14 years) completed a standardized evaluation of physical fitness measurements (e.g., VO2peak, push‐ups, abdominal sit‐ups, sit‐and‐reach, t test, and vertical jump). Fractional anisotropy (FA), an index of WM microstructure, was assessed using diffusion tensor imaging. The findings indicated that the cardiorespiratory fitness was positively associated with FA in the right cingulum hippocampus and the left cerebral peduncle. However, other physical fitness metrics were not significantly associated with FA in any region. These results suggest that cardiorespiratory fitness, but not other metrics of fitness, might be sensitive to WM microstructure.
Numerical Investigation of Nonlinear Dynamics of a Pneumatic Artificial Muscle With Hard Excitation
Authors: Kalita Bhaben , Dwivedy Santosha K.
Published: February 2020

In this work, a numerical analysis has been carried out to study the nonlinear dynamics of a system with pneumatic artificial muscle (PAM). The system is modeled as a single degree-of-freedom system and the governing nonlinear equation of motion has been derived to study the various responses of the system. The system is subjected to hard excitation and hence the subharmonic and superharmonic resonance conditions have been studied. The second-order method of multiple scales (MMS) has been used to find the response, stability, and bifurcations of the system. The effect of various system parameters on the system response has been studied using time response, phase portraits, and basin of attraction. In these responses, while the saddle node bifurcation is found in both super and subharmonic resonance conditions, the Hopf bifurcation is found only in superharmonic resonance condition. By changing different system parameters, it has been shown that the response with three periods leads to chaotic response for superharmonic resonance condition. This study will find applications in the design of PAM actuators.
Confluent Modeling of Heterogeneous Safety and Operational Instrumentation and Control Systems
Authors: Parekh Mithil , Gao Yuan , Jockenhoevel-Barttfeld Mariana , Waedt Karl
Published: February 2020

Individual systems or groups of systems related to the safety and operational instrumentation & control (I&C), and electrical systems are gradually replaced in existing nuclear power plants (NPPs) as part of modernization projects. Modernizations are usually scheduled over multiple years. Different automation platform generations and safety-related product families are deployed to progressively replace legacy systems. Typically, each of the new I&C platforms and products have their own set of engineering tools. One challenge for the modernization of installed systems is the safety and security approval of these heterogeneous systems by regulatory bodies. An NPP consists of systems manufactured by different vendors, which target different application domains, like category A according to IEC 61226 for a reactor protection system, category C for some control room data processing systems or nonclassified for auxiliary systems. Thus, replacing a legacy system by introducing a new one might bring in unknown risks, especially when the new system has more complex interfaces, e.g., when replacing an analog system by a digital system. Moreover, considering the time and budget limitations, commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware and software are also involved in modernization projects. In contrast to specialized equipment, vulnerabilities for COTS are widespread. On the other hand, existing security measures/mitigations are also required to reflect the system's changes, e.g., mitigations for known vulnerabilities of COTS systems. In order to make an overall and integrated safety analysis after a system change in the frame of a modernization project, it is necessary to jointly consider these I&C systems targeting different application domains, in addition to the physical aggregates, like sensors, pumps, and valves that interact with the physical processes. The restrictive deployment of wireless technologies may also be modeled and analyzed. While wireless is not deployed by legacy systems, it is being covered by new nuclear IEC standards, as some utilities intend to simplify selected I&C maintenance procedures that involve temporary data collection. The key modeling concepts consider new developments in the critical infrastructure and industrial automation domain. With the integrated modeling approach, different disciplines can be addressed, like probabilistic and deterministic safety analyses, security assessments, need for testing and specialized trainings.
A Comparison of Turbulence Levels From Particle Image Velocimetry and Constant Temperature Anemometry Downstream of a Low-Pressure Turbine Cascade at High-Speed Flow Conditions
Authors: Chemnitz Silvio , Niehuis Reinhard
Published: February 2020

The development and verification of new turbulence models for Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equation-based numerical methods require reliable experimental data with a deep understanding of the underlying turbulence mechanisms. High accurate turbulence measurements are normally limited to simplified test cases under optimal experimental conditions. This work presents comprehensive three-dimensional data of turbulent flow quantities, comparing advanced constant temperature anemometry (CTA) and stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (PIV) methods under realistic test conditions. The experiments are conducted downstream of a linear, low-pressure turbine cascade at engine relevant high-speed operating conditions. The special combination of high subsonic Mach and low Reynolds number results in a low density test environment, challenging for all applied measurement techniques. Detailed discussions about influences affecting the measured result for each specific measuring technique are given. The presented time mean fields as well as total turbulence data demonstrate with an average deviation of ΔTu<0.4% and ΔC/Cref<0.9% an extraordinary good agreement between the results from the triple sensor hot-wire probe and the 2D3C-PIV setup. Most differences between PIV and CTA can be explained by the finite probe size and individual geometry.
Wettability effect on wave propagation in saturated porous medium
Authors: Li Jimmy X. , Rezaee Reza , Müller Tobias M.
Published: February 2020

Micro-fluid mechanics studies have revealed that fluid slip on the boundary of a flow channel is a quite common phenomenon. In the context of a fluid-saturated porous medium, this implies that the fluid slippage increases with the increase of the hydrophobicity, which is the non-wetting degree. Previous studies find that wettability of the pore surface is strongly related to the slippage, which is characterized by slip length. To accurately predict acoustical properties of a fluid-saturated porous medium for different wettability conditions, the slippage of the wave-induced flow has to be taken into account. This paper introduces the slip length as a proxy for wettability into the calculation of the viscous correction factor, dynamic permeability, and dynamic tortuosity of the Biot theory for elastic waves in a porous medium. It demonstrates that, under different wettability conditions, elastic waves in a saturated porous medium have different phase velocity and attenuation. Specifically, it finds that increasing hydrophobicity yields a higher phase velocity and attenuation peak in a high-frequency range.
Climate change spurs global speedup of ocean currents
Authors: Voosen Paul
Published: February 2020

Rising winds boost flows in tropics and Southern Ocean.
Mechanism of homodimeric cytokine receptor activation and dysregulation by oncogenic mutations
Authors: Wilmes Stephan , Hafer Maximillian , Vuorio Joni , Tucker Julie A. , Winkelmann Hauke , Löchte Sara , Stanly Tess A. , Pulgar Prieto Katiuska D. , Poojari Chetan , Sharma Vivek , Richter Christian P. , Kurre Rainer , Hubbard Stevan R. , Garcia K. Christopher , Moraga Ignacio , Vattulainen Ilpo , Hitchcock Ian S. , Piehler Jacob
Published: February 2020

Activated by interaction

Cytokines trigger immune responses when they bind to their cognate receptors. Class I cytokine receptors rely on the associated Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) to initiate signal transduction. There has been debate over whether activation involves ligand-induced dimerization of these receptors or ligand-induced conformational change of preformed dimers. Wilmes
et al.
imaged cytokine receptors in the plasma membranes of live human cells by single-molecule fluorescence microscopy and observed ligand-induced dimerization. They found that the JAK2 pseudokinase domains contribute to dimerization and that hyperactive JAK2 mutants promote dimerization, consistent with the model that dimerization triggers activation.

Science
, this issue p.
643
Climate change contributes to widespread declines among bumble bees across continents
Authors: Soroye Peter , Newbold Tim , Kerr Jeremy
Published: February 2020

Increasing temperatures and declines

One aspect of climate change is an increasing number of days with extreme heat. Soroyeet al.analyzed a large dataset of bumble bee occurrences across North America and Europe and found that an increasing frequency of unusually hot days is increasing local extinction rates, reducing colonization and site occupancy, and decreasing species richness within a region, independent of land-use change or condition (see the Perspective by Bridle and van Rensburg). As average temperatures continue to rise, bumble bees may be faced with an untenable increase in frequency of extreme temperatures.

Science, this issue p.685; see also p.626
Room temperature magnetoelectric coupling in a molecular ferroelectric ytterbium(III) complex
Authors: Long Jérôme , Ivanov Maxim S. , Khomchenko Vladimir A. , Mamontova Ekaterina , Thibaud Jean-Marc , Rouquette Jérôme , Beaudhuin Mickaël , Granier Dominique , Ferreira Rute A. S. , Carlos Luis D. , Donnadieu Bruno , Henriques Marta S. C. , Paixão José António , Guari Yannick , Larionova Joulia
Published: February 2020

Major-league magnetostriction

Magnetoelectric materials polarize in response to either electric or magnetic fields, making them attractive for data-storage applications. Long
et al.
discovered a ytterbium-based molecular magnetoelectric material with high magnetoelectric coupling (see the Perspective by Zhou and Han). An applied magnetic field strains the material, which changes its electrical properties. The required field is much lower than other magnetoelectric materials, and this work highlights the potential for using molecular materials in devices.

Science
, this issue p.
671
; see also p.
627
Structure of the secretory immunoglobulin A core
Authors: Kumar Nikit , Arthur Christopher P. , Ciferri Claudio , Matsumoto Marissa L.
Published: February 2020

Hefty structures of IgA and IgM complexes

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgA are antibody isotypes that can form higher-order secretory complexes (sIgM and sIgA), which allows them to effectively bind and neutralize antigens with low-affinity repetitive epitopes, such as those found on the surface of many bacteria and viruses. The assembly and transport of these molecules is also dependent on the joining chain (J-chain) and the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) secretory component (SC). The architecture of these complex, multimeric structures has remained elusive. Li
et al.
resolved cryo–electron microscopy structures of the sIgM-Fc pentamer in complex with the J-chain and SC. Using similar techniques, Kumar
et al.
visualized dimeric, tetrameric, and pentameric structures of secretory sIgA-Fc interacting with the J-chain and SC. Both groups report highly similar mechanisms wherein the J-chain serves as a template for antibody oligomerization. An unanticipated, amyloid-like assembly of the oligomerized structure is present in both cases, with the J-chain conferring asymmetry for pIgR binding and transcytosis. These studies may inform structure-based engineering of these molecules for future therapeutic purposes.

Science
, this issue p.
1014
, p.
1008
Guideline-directed medical therapy in elderly patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a cohort study
Authors: Seo Won-Woo , Park Jin Joo , Park Hyun Ah , Cho Hyun-Jai , Lee Hae-Young , Kim Kye Hun , Yoo Byung-Su , Kang Seok-Min , Baek Sang Hong , Jeon Eun-Seok , Kim Jae-Joong , Cho Myeong-Chan , Chae Shung Chull , Oh Byung-Hee , Choi Dong-Ju
Published: February 2020

Objectives and design

Guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) with renin–angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors and beta-blockers has improved survival in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). As clinical trials usually do not include very old patients, it is unknown whether the results from clinical trials are applicable to elderly patients with HF. This study was performed to investigate the clinical characteristics and treatment strategies for elderly patients with HFrEF in a large prospective cohort.

Setting

The Korean Acute Heart Failure (KorAHF) registry consecutively enrolled 5625 patients hospitalised for acute HF from 10 tertiary university hospitals in Korea.

Participants

In this study, 2045 patients with HFrEF who were aged 65 years or older were included from the KorAHF registry.

Primary outcome measurement

All-cause mortality data were obtained from medical records, national insurance data or national death records.

Results

Both beta-blockers and RAS inhibitors were used in 892 (43.8%) patients (GDMT group), beta-blockers only in 228 (11.1%) patients, RAS inhibitors only in 642 (31.5%) patients and neither beta-blockers nor RAS inhibitors in 283 (13.6%) patients (no GDMT group). With increasing age, the GDMT rate decreased, which was mainly attributed to the decreased prescription of beta-blockers. In multivariate analysis, GDMT was associated with a 53% reduced risk of all-cause mortality (HR 0.47, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.57) compared with no GDMT. Use of beta-blockers only (HR 0.57, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.73) and RAS inhibitors only (HR 0.58, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.71) was also associated with reduced risk. In a subgroup of very elderly patients (aged ≥80 years), the GDMT group had the lowest mortality.

Conclusions

GDMT was associated with reduced 3-year all-cause mortality in elderly and very elderly HFrEF patients.

Trial registration number

NCT01389843.
Evaluating quality of overall care among older adults with diabetes with comorbidities in Ontario, Canada: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Petrosyan Yelena , Kuluski Kerry , Barnsley Jan , Liu Barbara , Wodchis Walter P
Published: February 2020

Objectives

This study aimed to: (1) explore whether the quality of overall care for older people with diabetes is differentially affected by types and number of comorbid conditions and (2) examine the association between process of care measures and the likelihood of all-cause hospitalisations.

Design

A population-based, retrospective cohort study.

Setting

The province of Ontario, Canada.

Participants

We identified 673 197 Ontarians aged 65 years and older who had diabetes comorbid with hypertension, chronic ischaemic heart disease, osteoarthritis or depression on 1 April 2010.

Main outcome measures

The study outcome was the likelihood of having at least one hospital admission in each year, during the study period, from 1 April 2010 to 3 March 2014. Process of care measures specific to older adults with diabetes and these comorbidities, developed by means of a Delphi panel, were used to assess the quality of care. A generalised estimating equations approach was used to examine associations between the process of care measures and the likelihood of hospitalisations.

Results

The study findings suggest that patients are at risk of suboptimal care with each additional comorbid condition, while the incidence of hospitalisations and number of prescribed drugs markedly increased in patients with 2 versus 1 selected comorbid condition, especially in those with discordant comorbidities. The median continuity of care score was higher among patients with diabetes-concordant conditions compared with those with diabetes-discordant conditions, and it declined with additional comorbid conditions in both groups. Greater continuity of care was associated with lower hospital utilisation for older diabetes patients with both concordant and discordant conditions.

Conclusions

There is a need for focusing on improving continuity of care and prioritising treatment in older adults with diabetes with any multiple conditions but especially in those with diabetes-discordant conditions (eg, depression).
Hyperosmolar therapy for acute brain injury: study protocol for an umbrella review of meta-analyses and an evidence mapping
Authors: Badenes Rafael , Hutton Brian , Citerio Giuseppe , Robba Chiara , Aguilar Gerardo , Alonso-Arroyo Adolfo , Taccone Fabio Silvio , Tornero Carlos , Catalá-López Ferrán
Published: February 2020

Introduction

Acute brain injury is a challenging public health problem worldwide. Elevated intracranial pressure is a common complication after acute brain injury. Hyperosmolar therapy is one of the main therapeutic strategies for the management of intracranial hypertension. This study protocol outlines an umbrella review of meta-analyses which will investigate the benefits and harms of hyperosmolar therapy routinely used for the management of acute brain injury in the intensive care.

Methods and analysis

We will search PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. We will include meta-analyses of primary research studies (eg, randomised controlled trials, observational studies or both) that evaluate one or more hyperosmolar solutions (including hypertonic saline and/or mannitol) for the treatment of adult patients with acute brain injury of any severity. Two researchers will independently screen all citations, full-text articles and abstract data. Potential conflicts will be resolved through discussion with a third researcher. Primary outcomes will be mortality and neurological outcomes at discharge. Secondary outcomes will include control of intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, length of stay (in hospital an intensive care unit) and any adverse event. Quality of the included meta-analyses will be assessed using the AMSTAR-2 tool. An overall summary of methods and results will be performed using tabular and graphical approaches and will be supplemented by narrative description. We will analyse whether published meta-analyses present an outline of available evidence (eg, cited, described and discussed any previous meta-analysis). Where objectives from two or more meta-analyses overlap, we will assess the causes of any noted discrepancies between meta-analyses.

Ethics and dissemination

No ethical approval will be required. Findings from this study will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. All data will be deposited in a cross-disciplinary public repository.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42019148152.
Interleukin-22 orchestrates a pathological endoplasmic reticulum stress response transcriptional programme in colonic epithelial cells
Authors: Powell Nick , Pantazi Eirini , Pavlidis Polychronis , Tsakmaki Anastasia , Li Katherine , Yang Feifei , Parker Aimee , Pin Carmen , Cozzetto Domenico , Minns Danielle , Stolarczyk Emilie , Saveljeva Svetlana , Mohamed Rami , Lavender Paul , Afzali Behdad , Digby-Bell Jonathan , Tjir-Li Tsui , Kaser Arthur , Friedman Joshua , MacDonald Thomas T , Bewick Gavin A , Lord Graham M
Published: February 2020

Objective

The functional role of interleukin-22 (IL22) in chronic inflammation is controversial, and mechanistic insights into how it regulates target tissue are lacking. In this study, we evaluated the functional role of IL22 in chronic colitis and probed mechanisms of IL22-mediated regulation of colonic epithelial cells.

Design

To investigate the functional role of IL22 in chronic colitis and how it regulates colonic epithelial cells, we employed a three-dimentional mini-gut epithelial organoid system, in vivo disease models and transcriptomic datasets in human IBD.

Results

As well as inducing transcriptional modules implicated in antimicrobial responses, IL22 also coordinated an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response transcriptional programme in colonic epithelial cells. In the colon of patients with active colonic Crohn’s disease (CD), there was enrichment of IL22-responsive transcriptional modules and ER stress response modules. Strikingly, in an IL22-dependent model of chronic colitis, targeting IL22 alleviated colonic epithelial ER stress and attenuated colitis. Pharmacological modulation of the ER stress response similarly impacted the severity of colitis. In patients with colonic CD, antibody blockade of IL12p40, which simultaneously blocks IL12 and IL23, the key upstream regulator of IL22 production, alleviated the colonic epithelial ER stress response.

Conclusions

Our data challenge perceptions of IL22 as a predominantly beneficial cytokine in IBD and provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of IL22-mediated pathogenicity in chronic colitis. Targeting IL22-regulated pathways and alleviating colonic epithelial ER stress may represent promising therapeutic strategies in patients with colitis.

Trial registration number

NCT02749630.
British Society of Gastroenterology/Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland/Public Health England post-polypectomy and post-colorectal cancer resection surveillance guidelines
Authors: Rutter Matthew D , East James , Rees Colin J , Cripps Neil , Docherty James , Dolwani Sunil , Kaye Philip V , Monahan Kevin J , Novelli Marco R , Plumb Andrew , Saunders Brian P , Thomas-Gibson Siwan , Tolan Damian J M , Whyte Sophie , Bonnington Stewart , Scope Alison , Wong Ruth , Hibbert Barbara , Marsh John , Moores Billie , Cross Amanda , Sharp Linda
Published: February 2020

These consensus guidelines were jointly commissioned by the British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG), the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland (ACPGBI) and Public Health England (PHE). They provide an evidence-based framework for the use of surveillance colonoscopy and non-colonoscopic colorectal imaging in people aged 18 years and over. They are the first guidelines that take into account the introduction of national bowel cancer screening. For the first time, they also incorporate surveillance of patients following resection of either adenomatous or serrated polyps and also post-colorectal cancer resection. They are primarily aimed at healthcare professionals, and aim to address:

Which patients should commence surveillance post-polypectomy and post-cancer resection?

What is the appropriate surveillance interval?

When can surveillance be stopped?

two or more premalignant polyps including at least one advanced colorectal polyp (defined as a serrated polyp of at least 10 mm in size or containing any grade of dysplasia, or an adenoma of at least 10 mm in size or containing high-grade dysplasia);or

five or more premalignant polyps

The Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE II) instrument provided a methodological framework for the guidelines. The BSG’s guideline development process was used, which is National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) compliant.

two or more premalignant polyps including at least one advanced colorectal polyp (defined as a serrated polyp of at least 10 mm in size or containing any grade of dysplasia, or an adenoma of at least 10 mm in size or containing high-grade dysplasia);or

five or more premalignant polyps

The key recommendations are that the high-risk criteria for future colorectal cancer (CRC) following polypectomy compriseeither:

two or more premalignant polyps including at least one advanced colorectal polyp (defined as a serrated polyp of at least 10 mm in size or containing any grade of dysplasia, or an adenoma of at least 10 mm in size or containing high-grade dysplasia);or

five or more premalignant polyps

This cohort should undergo a one-off surveillance colonoscopy at 3 years. Post-CRC resection patients should undergo a 1 year clearance colonoscopy, then a surveillance colonoscopy after 3 more years.
Medulloblastoma cancer stem cells: molecular signatures and therapeutic targets
Authors: Bahmad Hisham F , Poppiti Robert J
Published: February 2020

Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant primary intracranial neoplasm diagnosed in childhood. Although numerous efforts have been made during the past few years to exploit novel targeted therapies for this aggressive neoplasm, there still exist substantial hitches hindering successful management of MB. Lately, progress in cancer biology has shown evidence that a subpopulation of cells within the tumour, namely cancer stem cells (CSCs), are thought to be responsible for the resistance to most chemotherapeutic agents and radiation therapy, accounting for cancer recurrence. Hence, it is crucial to identify the molecular signatures and genetic aberrations that characterise those CSCs and develop therapies that specifically target them. In this review, we aim to give an overview of the main genetic and molecular cues that depict MB-CSCs and provide a synopsis of the novel therapeutic approaches that specifically target this population of cells to attain enhanced antitumorous effects and therefore overcome resistance to therapy.
MALT lymphoma of the colon: a clinicopathological review
Authors: Hollie Norris , Asakrah Saja
Published: February 2020

Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma) occurs in approximately 9% of non-Hodgkin B cell lymphoma. However, it occurs only rarely within the colon. The presentation is often asymptomatic, and can have multiple endoscopic appearances, including a single or multinodular polypoid lesion. Furthermore, small biopsies can make histological evaluation challenging. The 2016 WHO classification update includes many molecular features of entities and expands the differential diagnosis of lymphoid lesions of the colon. In addition to immunohistochemistry, molecular methods may be tempting to use for small difficult cases. Furthermore, treatment approaches are varied for this entity, and not well studied. Therefore, an updated review on MALT lymphoma of the colon is needed.
A two-dimensional quantum key distribution protocol based on polarization-phase encoding
Authors: Toonabi Ali Mehri , Darareh Mahdi Davoudi , Janbaz Shahrooz
Published: February 2020

In this paper, we introduce a new quantum key distribution protocol, which we refer to as polarization-phase (PoP) protocol. In this protocol, two degrees of photonic freedom of the same particle in a hybrid manner are used to encode the information in the format of two- or high-dimensional quantum states (qubits and qudits, respectively). Here, we only discuss the qubit version of the general PoP protocol (we refer to two-dimensional PoP (TD-PoP) protocol) as an interesting extension for the standard BB84 protocol. We investigate the performance of the TD-PoP protocol using infinite-key analysis against restricted individual attacks, i.e. the intercept-resend and photon number splitting attacks, in both ideal single-photon and Poisson (attenuated laser) sources. In addition, we demonstrate that this protocol, despite using two physical dimensions, is simple and fully has empirical implementation capability. Ability to extract two bits of information from each detection event, and increasing the sifting parameter, the secure key rate, and the likelihood of detection of an eavesdropper, are the advantages of the TD-PoP protocol compared to the standard polarization- or phase-encoded BB84 protocol.
Where is geoscience going?
Authors: Ludden John
Published: February 2020

This short article provides my views – and not necessarily views that are shared by the British Geological Survey, where I was executive director from 2006–19, or by the Earth science community in general. I have outlined some of the trends that I see as important for the geosciences, largely from a solid-Earth perspective. I stress that fundamental discovery science in this sector must be, and will largely continue to be, led by the academic community but that Earth sciences research needs to be more focused on problem solving rather than refining our knowledge of the problems that face the Earth system. Academics and government laboratories have distinct but complementary roles in the pursuit of discovery and in applied geoscience research and training of geoscientists.
Role of Astrocytic Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson’s Disease Animal Models from a Molecular Signaling Perspective
Authors: Udovin Lucas , Quarracino Cecilia , Herrera María I. , Capani Francisco , Otero-Losada Matilde , Perez-Lloret Santiago
Published: February 2020

Despite the fact that astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells, critical for brain function, few studies have dealt with their possible role in neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson’s disease (PD). This article explores relevant evidence on the involvement of astrocytes in experimental PD neurodegeneration from a molecular signaling perspective. For a long time, astrocytic proliferation was merely considered a byproduct of neuroinflammation, but by the time being, it is clear that astrocytic dysfunction plays a far more important role in PD pathophysiology. Indeed, ongoing experimental evidence suggests the importance of astrocytes and dopaminergic neurons’ cross-linking signaling pathways. The Wnt-1 (wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 1) pathway regulates several processes including neuron survival, synapse plasticity, and neurogenesis. In PD animal models, Frizzled (Fzd) neuronal receptors’ activation by the Wnt-1 normally released by astrocytes following injuries leads toβ-catenin-dependent gene expression, favoring neuron survival and viability. The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) capsaicin receptor also participates in experimental PD genesis. Activation of astrocyte TRPV1 receptors by noxious stimuli results in reduced inflammatory response and increased ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) synthesis, which enhances neuronal survival and differentiation. Another major pathway involves IκB kinase (IKK) downregulation by ARL6ip5 (ADP-ribosylation-like factor 6 interacting protein 5, encoded by the cell differentiation-associated, JWA, gene). Typically, IKK releases the proinflammatory NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) molecule from its inhibitor. Therefore, by downregulating NF-κB inhibitor, ARL6ip5 promotes an anti-inflammatory response. The evidence provided by neurotoxin-induced PD animal models guarantees further research on the neuroprotective potential of normalizing astrocyte function in PD.
Fiberoptic-Coupled Spectrofluorometer with Array Detection as a Process Analytical Chemistry Tool for Continuous Flow Monitoring of Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics
Authors: Shokoufi Nader , Vosough Maryam , Rahimzadegan-Asl Mona , Abbasi-Ahd Atefeh , Khatibeghdami Mahsa
Published: February 2020

Nowadays, there is an increasing need for sensitive real-time measurements of various analytes and monitoring of industrial products and environmental processes. Herein, we describe a fluorescence spectrometer in continuous flow mode in which the sample is fed to the flow cell using a peristaltic pump. The excitation beam is introduced to the sample chamber by an optical fiber. The fluorescence emitted upon excitation is collected at the right angle using another optical fiber and then transmitted to the fluorescence spectrometer which utilizes an array detector. The array detection, as a key factor in process analytical chemistry, made the fluorescence spectrometer suited for multiwavelength detection of the fluorescence spectrum of the analytes. After optimization of the experimental parameters, the system has been successfully employed for sensitive determination of four fluoroquinolone antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin. The linear dynamic ranges of four fluoroquinolones were between 0.25 and 20 μg·mL−1, and the detection limit of the method for ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin were 81, 36, 35, and 93 ng·mL−1, respectively. Finally, the proposed system is carried out for determination of fluoroquinolones in some pharmaceutical formulations.
Effect of Load on the Tribological Properties of Eutectic Al-Si Reinforced n-Al2O3 under Dry Sliding Conditions
Authors: Srivyas Pranav Dev , Charoo M.S.
Published: February 2020

Advanced composites are the materials of the new generation. Hence, the focus of the study is to determine the tribological properties of the eutectic Al-Si alloy reinforced with (2, 4, 6, 8, and10 wt. %) of n-Al2O3 against chrome-plated steel ball under dry sliding conditions. The novelty of this work is the fabrication of the composite sample with this elemental composition, which is not done before. Spark plasma sintering (SPS) nonconventional fabrication method is used to fabricate advanced composite samples. Friction coefficient (COF) and wear rate of the composite samples were studied under high load, varying from 50 N to 300 N, using the ball-on-disc tribometer configuration, with other parameters such as stroke, frequency, sliding distance, and sliding velocity remaining constant at 2 mm, 30 Hz, 120 meter, and 0.120 m/s, respectively. Reduction in wear volume for the advanced composite was reported in the range 15.45–44.58% compared to the base alloy (eutectic Al-Si alloy). An increase in friction coefficient was reported in the range 28.80–35.65% compared to the base matrix alloy material. It was also reported that the wear rate increases and the friction coefficient of the composite sample decreases with an increase in load for the tribo-pair. It was observed that an increase in the wt. % of reinforcement influences the friction and wear behavior of the composite. Wear mechanism at high load was characterized by plastic deformation, adhesion, delamination, and abrasion wear. For pre- and postcharacterization of surface and worn tracks, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) electron dispersion spectroscopy (EDS), 3D surface profilometer, and optical microscopy were used. This work aimed to investigate the influence of load on the tribological properties of Al-Si eutectic reinforced n-Al2O3 under dry sliding conditions. Its main objective was to provide a new contribution to the tribological behavior of these composites fabricated using the nonconventional spark plasma sintering method.
A Model for In-Plane Capacity of Multi-Leaf Stone Masonry Walls
Authors: Shrestha Jagat Kumar , Bhandari Sujit
Published: February 2020

Masonry walls with distinct layers, known as multi-leaf masonry walls, are prevalent in many regions of the world including ancient architecture in Europe and new construction in the Himalayan region of South Asia. This paper presents a model for determining the capacity of multi-leaf stone masonry wall from its physical and mechanical parameters. For the study, a “Standard Wall” with typical properties of a multi-leaf stone masonry wall is defined and the capacity of the stone masonry wall is studied varying different physical and mechanical parameters of the wall to explore an analytical model that can represent the capacity of multi-leaf stone masonry. 300 models of multi-leaf stone masonry panels are analysed in ANSYS, and the capacity and displacement parameters are extracted by bilinearization of the pushover curve. As a result, a mathematical model between the capacity of a multi-leaf stone masonry wall and physical and mechanical properties is established.
Framingham Risk Stratification of Middle-Aged Migraineurs
Authors: Bank Gyula , Kapus Krisztian , Meszaros Janos , Mak Kornel , Pohl Marietta , Pusch Gabriella , Fejes Eva , Tibold Antal , Feher Gergely
Published: February 2020

Introduction. Migraine is a common primary headache disorder involving about 10-15% of the whole population. Several epidemiological and prospective studies showed a link between migraine (especially migraine with aura) and cardio- and cerebrovascular events. Objectives. We prospectively analyzed the data of vascular event-free middle-aged patients with migraine who were referred to our Headache Clinic between 01/2014 and 01/2018. Framingham 10-year risk were calculated; covariates included in the analysis were age, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive medication use, current smoking, and diabetes status. Results. Total of 1037 patients were screened and 221 were selected, 161 were women (mean age 55.5±5.2 years) and 60 were men (mean age 56±6 years). 25 patients (11.3%) were labelled as having low risk, 162 patients (73.3%) had moderate risk, and 34 patients (15.4%) had high or very high risk. Blood pressure and lipid targets were reached in 73% and in 49% in the moderate risk and in 53% and 12% in the high risk/very high risk groups, respectively. Migraine with aura (MA) was associated significantly higher cardiovascular risk profile compared with migraine without aura (MO). About one-third of our nondiabetic patients had fasting blood glucose above the normal levels. 24 patients (mean age 60±4.9 years) were diabetic. Mean blood pressure was 149/85 Hgmm, mean choleterol was 5.11 mmol/l, and mean LDL was 2.93 mmol/l in this subgroup, respectively, which do not fall within the recommended targets. Conclusion. Our article draws attention to the higher cardiovascular risk profile of middle-aged migraineurs and highlights the deficiency of primary prevention. Pain physicians must be aware of the cardiovascular aspects of migraine and holistic approach is required instead of focusing only on pain and pain relief.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Holotranscobalamin, Vitamin B12, Methylmalonic Acid, and Homocysteine in Detecting B12 Deficiency in a Large, Mixed Patient Population
Authors: Jarquin Campos Araceli , Risch Lorenz , Nydegger Urs , Wiesner Jacobo , Vazquez Van Dyck Maclovia , Renz Harald , Stanga Zeno , Risch Martin
Published: February 2020

Four biomarkers are commonly employed to diagnose B12 deficiency: vitamin B12 (B12), holotranscobalamin (HoloTC), methylmalonic acid (MMA), and homocysteine (Hcy). 4cB12, a combined index of the B12 status, has been suggested to improve the recognition of B12 deficiency. We aimed to evaluate the four different markers for detecting B12 deficiency, as determined by 4cB12. Within a large, mixed patient population, 11,833 samples had concurrent measurements of B12, HoloTC, MMA, and Hcy. 4cB12 was calculated according to the methods described by Fedosov. Diagnostic cutoffs as well as diagnostic accuracy for the detection of B12 deficiency were assessed with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The median age was 56 years, and women accounted for 58.8% of the samples. Overall, the area under the curve (AUC) for the detection of subclinical B12 deficiency was highest for HoloTC (0.92), followed by MMA (0.91), B12 (0.9) and Hcy (0.78). The difference between HoloTC and B12 was driven by a significantly higher AUC for HoloTC (0.93) than for B12 (0.89), MMA (0.91), and Hcy in women 50 years and older (0.79; p<0.05 for all). In the detection of subclinical B12 deficiency, there were no significant differences in the AUCs of HoloTC, B12, and MMA among men and women <50 years. In conclusion, in women<50 years and in men, HoloTC, MMA, or Hcy do not appear superior to B12 for the detection of B12 deficiency. For women 50 years and older, HoloTC seems to be the preferred first-line marker for the detection of subclinical B12 deficiency.
Functionalized-AgNPs for Long-Term Stability and Its Applicability in the Detection of Manganese Ions
Authors: Hoang Van-Tuan , Mai Mai , Thi Tam Le , Vu Ngoc Phan , Tien Khi Nguyen , Dinh Tam Phuong , Quang Huy Tran , Le Anh-Tuan , Xuan Dinh Ngo , Tran Vinh-Hoang
Published: February 2020

In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were functionalized by various molecules, including sodium borohydride (NaBH4), polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride (PHMB), and Tween 80 to investigate the long-term stabilization of AgNPs in an aqueous dispersion. PHMB-functionalized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs/PHMB) exhibited better stability than others and could be stored at ambient temperature for at least 180 days. In addition to creating stabilization based on the electrostatic repulsion, the use of PHMB helped to increase the degree of stability of the colloidal AgNPs for a long time owing to strong interactions between Ag atoms on AgNPs with nitrogen (N) positions in PHMB molecules. The formed bond led to improving maintenance ability of the electrostatic repulsion layer among independent nanoparticles. The applicability of the as-prepared AgNPs/PHMB was also examined for Mn2+ detection via a colorimetric approach. The calibration curve was found to be linear over the range of 0–100 mM with a correlation coefficient of 0.97. The amine groups of PHMB brought out a cooperative effect to form of ion-templated chelation with Mn2+, which caused the aggregation of AgNPs/PHMB. This suggested that the AgNPs/PHMB could be used as a potential probe in the detection of Mn2+ ions. More importantly, the long-term stability of AgNPs/PHMB paved a great promising path to provide many further solutions for the producer in practical applications.
FGF/FGFR2 Protects against Tubular Cell Death and Acute Kidney Injury Involving Erk1/2 Signaling Activation
Authors: Xu Zhuo , Zhu Xingwen , Wang Mingjie , Lu Yibing , Dai Chunsun
Published: February 2020

Background: Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are heparin-binding proteins involved in a variety of biological processes, and part of them may act through binding with cell membrane receptor FGFR2. Objectives: To clarify the role and mechanisms of FGFR2 signaling in tubular cell survival and acute kidney injury (AKI). Method: In this study, kidney ischemia/reperfusion (IR) or cisplatin injection was used to induce AKI in mice. Results: In the kidneys after IR or cisplatin injection, the expression of FGFs and Erk1/2 phosphorylation were elevated. To investigate the role of FGFs in tubular cell survival and AKI, a mouse model with tubular cell specific FGFR2 gene disruption was generated. The knockouts were born normal. At 2 months of age, about one-third of the knockouts developed mild hydronephrosis. Ablation of FGFR2 in tubular cells aggravated acute kidney dysfunction as well as tubular cell apoptosis induced by IR or cisplatin. In addition, Erk1/2 phosphorylation was less in the knockout kidneys than in control littermates at day 1 after cisplatin injection. In cultured NRK-52E cells, recombinant FGF2 protein induced Erk1/2 phosphorylation and inhibited cisplatin-induced cell death. PD98059 abolished Erk1/2 phosphorylation and partly reversed the protective effect of FGF2 on cisplatin-induced cell death. Conclusions: This study indicates that FGF/FGFR2 signaling plays an important role in protecting against tubular cell death and AKI, which is partly through stimulating Erk1/2 activation.