bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Colonialism and Neo-colonialism at the United Nations
Authors: Schabas William A.
Published: July 2023

The United Nations took an immediate interest in monitoring the situation in so-called non-self-governing territories’, that is, essentially the colonial empires of European States. This was in addition to the monitoring of the Trust Territories, which were merely a new version of the League of Nations Mandates. The various reports that emerged, along with the files on petitions from residents in the colonies, provide rich evidence of racial discrimination as well as the resistance to it. The colonial powers regularly made insincere claims that there was no racial discrimination. At the same time, they attempted to justify inequalities in education, medical care, and criminal justice. The activities of the United Nations were concentrated in the 1950s and 1960s, constantly declining with the arrival of new independent States. Over time, the focus centred on the consortium of racist States in southern Africa. South Africa refused to reach an agreement on Trust Territory status for South West Africa, which it sought to annex. The International Court of Justice issued a series of important rulings concerning South West Africa, not all of them positive.
Apartheid
Authors: Schabas William A.
Published: July 2023

The South African regime of white supremacy was central to United Nations activity on racial discrimination, and in the area of human rights more generally, for more than four decades. Initially, South Africa and its supporters argued that this was a domestic matter outside the authority of the United Nations. Quickly, such a conservative interpretation of the Charter was rejected. In 1952 the General Assembly authorized a commission of inquiry into the apartheid regime. Over time, United Nations organs adopted a range of measures directed at South Africa. These were promoted by countries of the Global South and, for many years, opposed by those of the North. The developed countries resisted imposition of mandatory sanctions. The Special Committee against Apartheid was at the centre of United Nations activities.
Racial Discrimination as a Crime against Humanity
Authors: Schabas William A.
Published: July 2023

Nazi racists were convicted and punished at Nuremberg for the persecution of minorities under the charge of crimes against humanity. The definition was narrow in order to shelter those who created the Tribunal from liability for their own racist acts and policies. In the 1960s, under the impetus of African States, the General Assembly broadened the definition of crimes against humanity in order to encompass racial discrimination committed in peacetime. This progressive development of international criminal law was confirmed in the 1968 treaty on statutory limitation and the 1973 Convention against apartheid, despite opposition from States of the Global North. The 1973 Convention recognized universal jurisdiction and called for establishment of a permanent international criminal court. The Rome Statute, adopted in 1998, confirmed that racial discrimination and apartheid are crimes against humanity. United Nations organs also considered whether apartheid policies could fall within the scope of genocide.
The Colour Line’s Long Twentieth Century
Authors: Schabas William A.
Published: July 2023

The legacy of the Durban Conference has haunted twenty-first century initiatives dealing with racism and racial discrimination. States of the Global South take their bearings from it, while those of the Global North resist, confirming that the controversies in this area that have marked United Nations activity since 1946 have still not dissipated. One area of great controversy is reparations for historic injustice including slavery, the slave trade, and colonialism. There is a new focus on ‘people of African descent’. The murder of George Floyd by law enforcement personnel in the United States, in May 2020, sparked a global campaign as well as important initiatives within the United Nations, including an explicit condemnation of the president of the United States. Keeping racism and racial discrimination at the heart of the United Nations human rights agenda remains a constant struggle.
The Politics and Everyday Practice of International Humanitarianism
Authors: Bradley Miriam
Published: July 2023

Through a combination of eleven in-depth case studies of humanitarian emergencies and thematic chapters which cover key concepts, actors, and activities, this book explores the work of the largest international humanitarian agencies. Its central argument is that politics plays a fundamental role in determining humanitarian needs, practices, and outcomes. In making this argument, the book highlights the many challenges and dilemmas facing humanitarian agencies in the contemporary world. It covers significant ground—temporally, geographically, and thematically. The case study chapters range from the late 1960s to the present and include emergencies in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, and Europe. The thematic chapters are divided into three sections: the first explains key concepts and trends in international humanitarianism; the second discusses how the work of international humanitarian agencies interacts with a range of other actors—including media, celebrities, donors, states, civil society, military forces, and armed groups—who have significant impacts on humanitarian response and outcomes; and the third turns to the operations and activities undertaken by aid agencies on a day-to-day basis.
Nigerian Civil War, 1967–1970
Authors: Bradley Miriam
Published: July 2023

Chapter 2 examines the international humanitarian response to the Nigerian Civil War, which cost up to two million lives, mainly as a result of famine-induced starvation and disease. In mid-1967, the military governor of Nigeria’s Eastern Region declared independence, naming the breakaway region the Republic of Biafra. The Nigerian government imposed a blockade with the aim of starving the secessionists into submission, and severe famine ensued. Within around a year, it was apparent that the secessionists would not win militarily, but by disseminating images of starving ‘Biafran babies’ and a discourse of genocide, they were able to attract public sympathy around the world, and the war continued until they surrendered in January 1970. Global public sympathy translated into funding for a large-scale humanitarian response, primarily through airlifts which operated without Nigerian consent. Relief agencies working in this context faced enormous challenges in terms of getting access to provide relief within Biafra and dilemmas in terms of whether to provide relief in the absence of permission from the Nigerian government, to take sides in the conflict, and to speak out about what they witnessed. Ultimately, the humanitarian effort had major unintended consequences—it strengthened the secessionists and likely lengthened the war by more than a year, during which time hundreds of thousands of lives were lost.
Nexus Concept
Authors: Bradley Miriam
Published: July 2023

Chapter 16 charts the main ways in which international actors have sought to coordinate or integrate humanitarian, development, and peace-building responses to crises over the past forty years. At the World Humanitarian Summit in 2016, a variety of donors, development, and humanitarian actors committed to reducing needs rather than simply meeting them, to addressing the causes of humanitarian crises rather than only their consequences, through a New Way of Working which, among other things, seeks to transcend the humanitarian–development divide by embracing the so-called triple nexus. The triple nexus is the latest in a line of concepts and initiatives since the 1980s that have sought to better connect humanitarian action, development programming, and peace-building efforts, and this chapter surveys the most prominent of its precursors before exploring the New Way of Working and the triple nexus. For each iteration, the chapter discusses who was driving the agenda, how successful they were in getting other actors involved, what the main lines of contention were, and who resisted its implementation.
Needs Assessment, Evaluation, and Response Decisions
Authors: Bradley Miriam
Published: July 2023

Chapter 21 examines the quality and use of evidence in humanitarian response. Evidence is important in identifying what kinds of interventions work and under what conditions they work. It is also important in assessing the level and types of need in any given humanitarian crisis and the capacity of local and national actors in that context to meet those needs. There are a number of obstacles to quality needs and capacity assessments and to quality evaluations, but there have been improvements in some areas in recent years. Donor decisions about what to fund and operational agency decisions about what programmes to implement should be based on quality evidence about needs and capacities and about what works and under what conditions. However, this chapter argues not only that the evidence is often inadequate but also that decisions tend not to be based on the evidence that is available. Instead, other factors—including organizational inertia, donor political interests, and aid agency marketing interests—play an outsized role in shaping response decisions.
Material Assistance and Direct Service Provision
Authors: Bradley Miriam
Published: July 2023

Chapter 22 focuses on the goods and services international humanitarian agencies provide directly to populations affected by crisis. When a humanitarian emergency leaves people hungry or homeless, mainstream humanitarian response has tended to focus on providing them with food or shelter—in other words, giving them the commodity they are lacking. Sometimes, the work of international humanitarian agencies extends to installing or repairing essential infrastructure, including water points or systems, clinics, and schools. Where people lack basic services, including medical and health-care services, international humanitarian agencies may provide them directly. While the provision of in-kind assistance in particular tends to be seen as benign and apolitical, this chapter shows that this is not the case. It begins with a general discussion of the provision of goods and services provided by international humanitarian agencies before discussing in greater depth the politics of camps and the politics of food aid. The chapter then turns to two significant areas of recent innovation in the delivery of humanitarian assistance: cash transfer programming and the so-called digital revolution. While cash offers advantages over in-kind assistance, many donors and international humanitarian agencies long resisted extensive cash programming, even in the face of compelling evidence as to the relative risks and benefits of cash and other kinds of programming. By contrast, digital technologies have been uncritically embraced by many humanitarian actors, despite the fact that they can increase the political complexity of humanitarian work and often carry significant risks to programming, ‘beneficiaries’, or both.
Unparalleled Challenge
Authors: Israel Jonathan I.
Published: July 2023

This chapter covers the limitations of book censorship in the Dutch Golden Age and the reasons why the efforts to suppress Spinoza’s Ethics and general philosophy failed from the outset. It examines the immediate impact of Spinoza’s works in the Netherlands and internationally and discusses the main contours of the early reception of Spinoza’s ideas in the Netherlands, England, and France. The main cause of the sense of an unparalleled challenge was what were generally regarded as the irreligious implications of Spinoza’s philosophy and broadly considered to be his atheism, anti-Scripturalism, anti-Christianity, and removal of what were thought to be the basic pillars of morality.
Schooldays
Authors: Israel Jonathan I.
Published: July 2023

This chapter focuses on the education provided by the Amsterdam Sephardic community during the period Spinoza was at school, the structure and character of the teaching he received, and the differing roles of Hebrew, Spanish, and Portuguese in the synagogue, community school, in his home, and in the community’s cultural life. It also considers the medieval Jewish intellectual influences that can be shown to have fed to a greater or lesser extent into his early background in philosophy, in particular the writings of Maimonides, Gersonides, and Yoseph Shlomo Delmedigo as well as Menasseh ben Israel and Saul Levi Mortera.
Twilight of the “True Freedom”
Authors: Israel Jonathan I.
Published: July 2023

This chapter relates Spinoza’s move from Voorburg to the centre of The Hague, and describes cultural conditions in The Hague at the time of his move. It considers too how Spinoza reacted to the growing Calvinist and Orangist challenge to the “True Freedom” of the De Witt regime and the growing threat to Dutch freedom of expression and freedom of the press that it represented. It considers also developments in the Republic more generally including the growing threat from Louis XIV’s France and Spinoza’s evolving view of church authority, ecclesiastical privilege, and the relationship of church and state as expressed in the Tractatus Theologico-Politicus. This chapter focuses too on what Spinoza identified as the key structural weaknesses of the Dutch Republic and the failings resulting form its narrowly oligarchic character.
Entering (or Not Entering) Princely Court Culture (1672–1673)
Authors: Israel Jonathan I.
Published: July 2023

This chapter recounts the deliberations over the moves to appoint Spinoza to a professorship at Heidelberg, in the Rhenish Palatinate, in 1673, how this fits with the policies of the Elector Karl Ludwig (1617–80) of the Palatinate, why Spinoza was pondering leaving the United Provinces during the French invasion and after the fall of De Witt, and the suggestion that he might move to the territory of Cosimo III, the penultimate Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany (reigned: 1670–1712). It details Spinoza’s connections with the Rhineland and Tuscany and, once again, the role of Steno. It considers why he declined the offer to go to Heidelberg and stayed after all at The Hague
Conclusion
Authors: Israel Jonathan I.
Published: July 2023

From 1670 onwards all Spinoza’s major works were subject not just to prohibition regarding publication and sale, but a general ban on their being used in teaching, openly discussed, recommended or cited positively, or having the core ideas borrowed, cited or tacitly used in other publications. This comprehensive general ban, imposed by Dutch provincial states and city governments, the States General, the French crown, the papacy and all branches of its Inquisition both sides of the Atlantic, German princes, Swiss cantons, and by England’s blasphemy laws and more, in this way became a uniquely universal prohibition. Yet, within a few years, well under a decade, despite substantial obstacles which did much to confine, channel, thin out, and shape Spinoza’s early image and influence, his philosophy, penetrating widely often masked and disguised, became, to the great indignation of conservatives and churchmen of every description, an active force in Europe of uniquely penetrating impact and fundamentally transformative consequence, a major shaping force in the formation of the Early Enlightenment.
Surprise! A Social Meta-Epistemology for Process Reliabilism
Authors: Goldberg Sanford C.
Published: July 2023

For proponents of Process Reliabilism (PR), the familiar cases of Truetemp and Norman the Clairvoyant raise a challenge: what, beyond being formed by a reliable process, renders a belief justified? After arguing that none of the leading answers to the problem of idiosyncratic reliability is adequate, this chapter offers an alternative answer in terms of the evolved human capacity for surprise. It appeals to this capacity as part of an etiological version of PR, and argues that embracing this proposal’s answer to the problem of idiosyncratic reliability pushes PR itself in a more thoroughly social direction.
Sensitivity, Discrimination, and Perspective
Authors: Becker Kelly
Published: July 2023

The sensitivity condition in epistemology says that S knows that p only if, were p false, S would not believe that p. Sensitivity theorists typically espouse epistemological externalism, according to which not everything that contributes to the positive epistemic status of a belief must be cognitively accessible to the agent. Even so, sensitivity theorists typically hold that a belief’s basis, which largely determines its epistemic status, depends only on facts (involving states, processes, and events) about the individual independently of the external environment. But from a standpoint common to knowledge-first epistemology, naive realism, and epistemological disjunctivism, restricting the individuation of belief bases to facts about the individual seems curiously unmotivated. Responding on behalf of the original sensitivity theorists, this chapter suggests that their basis individualism aims to capture the idea that what one knows depends on one’s perspective—on resources available, or on how things appear from here.
Moderate Knowledge Externalism
Authors: Pritchard Duncan
Published: July 2023

It is argued that the general structure of knowledge is along the lines set out by anti-risk virtue epistemology. Since such a proposal makes no essential demand that one’s cognitive success be significantly supported by reflectively accessible rational support, epistemic externalism about knowledge results. Nonetheless, anti-risk virtue epistemology offers an account of knowledge that is entirely built around a conception of cognitive responsibility. This ensures that it is able to accommodate supposedly internalist intuitions about the relationship between knowledge and cognitive responsibility. Moreover, it is argued that this proposal is entirely consistent with the idea that the knowledge possessed by cognitively developed agents characteristically involves a significant level of reflectively accessible rational support. Indeed, it is claimed that not only does the knowledge possessed by cognitively developed agents enjoy such rational support but also, in line with epistemological disjunctivism, such reflectively accessible rational support will often include factive reasons.
The Safety Conception of Knowledge
Authors: Hawthorne John , Dietz Christina H.
Published: July 2023

The so-called safety conception of knowledge enjoys considerable popularity, but there are important choice points when it comes to its articulation and deployment. This chapter explores a number of them and also make vivid some important challenges to various versions of the safety approach. Since Williamson’s work on safety has heavily influenced our own thinking, section 1 presents some key facets of his presentation of safety; section 2 presents five important choice points for the safety theorist; section 3 discusses an important issue concerning methodological orientation that turns on the difference between analysis and model-building.
Cleaning Up Renaissance Italy
Authors: Stevens Crawshaw Jane L.
Published: July 2023

People and goods from across the globe filled the vibrant ports of Genoa and Venice during the Renaissance. This book takes us onto the streets, bridges, and waterways of these significant, sensuous cities to reveal the ambitious schemes undertaken to promote the cleanliness and health of their communities. Along the way, we encounter a broad and fascinating cross-section of Renaissance society—from courtesans to street-food sellers and architects to canal diggers—and, using new archival sources, uncover both the ideals and lived experiences of health and environmental management. An illuminating and original account of social policies, urban design, and environmental management between 1400 and 1600, Cleaning Up Renaissance Italy provides a new, multidisciplinary history of Renaissance Italy.
Nation-Building and Federalism in Nepal
Authors: Hachhethu Krishna
Published: July 2023

This book’s primary contribution to political science will be in the presentation and elucidation of identity-based federalism, a unique concept and a novel form of federalism. Nepal’s Interim Constitution of 2007 and two subsequent reports, prepared for Constituent Assembly-I by its State Restructuring Committee and by the High-Level Commission, were crucial for the conceptualization of identity-based federalism. Theoretical discourse within political science, the comparative experience of South Asian countries, and the federal debate in Nepal all suggest that there are two contrasting nation-building visions—that of the nation-state and that of the state-nation. There is a conceptual coherence between nation-state, liberal democracy, majoritarianism, assimilationist strategies, and a unitary state or territorial federalism. By contrast, the state-nation path of nation-building entails inclusive democracy, consociational government, the accommodation of ethnic diversity, and identity-based federalism. For Nepal, the key question was whether the project of state restructuring underway since 2006 should follow the principle of the nation-state or that of the state-nation, or rather be something else entirely. This book, written by a scholar who had a ringside view and who knows all the participants well, tracks the history of the clash between these two contrasting visions during the critical transitional period when the Constitution was being prepared (2008–2015) and in the immediate aftermath when it was being put into practice. It analyses the forces supporting both visions and explains the ultimate victory of one side over the other.
Consensus Dishonoured
Authors: Hachhethu Krishna
Published: July 2023

It was political parties not stakeholders that had legitimate authority of constitution-making. At the outset, the first Constituent Assembly (CA-I) elections brought about a change in the political equation in favour of emerging forces (Maoist and Madheshi parties) and non-dominant ethnics (i.e. Janajati, Madheshi, and Dalits). Consequently, radical ethnic content was placed on the table for inter-party negotiation. At another pole, there were traditional parties (Nepali Congress and Unified Marxist-Leninist) which wanted to reinstate the erstwhile 1990 Constitution implicitly but with a new content, republic instead of monarchy. The most tricky question was that none of these two opposing camps had required a two-thirds majority in the 601-members CA to pass the new constitution by voting. So a compromise was inevitable on contentious issues, at one point under compulsion of time limitation of the CA (May 2012) but dishonoured by both sides. Hence, the country was headed towards another round of CA elections.
Preparing to Paint
Authors: Rublack Ulinka
Published: July 2023

This chapter reveals the unconventional, experimental side of Dürer’s friendship with Willibald Pirckheimer and Lorenz Behaim, but also how Pirckheimer and Dürer were united in their extraordinary efforts to work harder than most to excel. It emphasizes that Pirckheimer’s protracted attempt to master ancient Greek and to translate it can be compared to Dürer’s approach to mastering perspective and painting. Both Pirckheimer and Dürer around 1508 were still very much training to become masters of their art. Yet Dürer´s Feast of the Rose Garlands altarpiece in Venice had demonstrated his mastery of colour, and his Landauer altarpiece would confirm his supreme skill in terms of originality and technique.
Letter 3
Authors: Rublack Ulinka
Published: July 2023

Dürer penned his third letter to Jakob Heller in March 1508. He now demanded a significant increase in his fee. The artist still had not started to paint the panel, but was very involved with the commission. The chapter argues that although Dürer was strategic in trying to negotiate for adequate pay, he was also sincere in describing a creative process of immersion to Heller. This is clear from a close reading of his letters. They reveal both his creative frustrations and his commercial concerns. The chapter contextualises this tension in relation to the emerging art market in Germany.
Visiting Wilhelm’s Court
Authors: Rublack Ulinka
Published: July 2023

This chapter shows that although Wilhelm of Bavaria’s son Maximilian I now ruled over Bavaria, the abdicated duke remained a vital player in cultural politics. The Munich cabinet of curiosities in turn inspired Hainhofer to become a trader in rarities because he knew about Wilhelm’s continued demand for artefacts. This part of the book charts their close relationship until Hainhofer was cut off from the Catholic court during the Thirty Years’ War. Wilhelm V. used the language and behaviour of art lovers in order to forge connections with Catholic and Protestant rulers whom he hoped would retain political neutrality or support the Catholic League.
The ‘Old Lord’
Authors: Rublack Ulinka
Published: July 2023

It is highly unusual in literature of this period to gain a sense of the interaction between an art agent and a client; yet this is offered by Philipp Hainhofer’s reports on his travels and his correspondence with Wilhelm of Bavaria. As with Fugger, Wilhelm’s personal fascination with how artefacts were made and ethnographic information about some of them fed on the information merchants could source to argue for the highest quality of pieces and to maximize their price. This chapter discusses how the relationship between the art agent and the former duke developed through personal visits and letters. It analyses the social practices through which art lovers developed intimacy.
Agent for the Duke of Pomerania
Authors: Rublack Ulinka
Published: July 2023

In 1610, the duke of Pomerania-Stettin appointed Philipp Hainhofer as his art agent. This chapter explains why this was such a significant development in his career and what this involved. Hainhofer was now able to mediate between courts of different confessions. He acted as a diplomat as much as an art agent. This chapter thus shows how the movement of ‘art lovers’ that focused on the exchange of rarities ranging from horses and antlers to shells or paintings had crucial political dimensions. It served to establish a connection that was charged with the notion of affective ties and friendship, but in reality functioned as a tool to pursue political interests.
Gone Girls, 1684-1901
Authors: Gilbert Nora
Published: July 2023

In Gone Girls, Nora Gilbert argues that the persistently prevalent trope of female characters running away from some iteration of “home” played a far more influential role in the histories of both the rise of the novel and the rise of modern feminism than previous accounts have acknowledged. For as much as the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century British novel may have worked to establish the private, middle-class, domestic sphere as the rightful (and sole) locus of female authority in the ways that prior critics have outlined, it was also continually showing its readers female characters who refused to buy into such an agenda—refusals which resulted, strikingly often, in those characters’ physical flights from home. Just as the #MeToo movement has used the tool of repeated, aggregated storytelling to take a stand against contemporary rape culture, Gone Girls identifies and amplifies a recurrent strand of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century British storytelling that served both to emphasize the prevalence of gendered injustices throughout the period and to narrativize potential ways and means for readers facing such injustices to rebel, resist, and get out.
The New Runaway-Woman Novelist
Authors: Gilbert Nora
Published: July 2023

This chapter examines the most overtly feminist genre explored in this study, fin-de-siècle New Woman fiction. Structurally, this chapter has the most in common with my first chapter on amatory fiction, in that it puts the personal biographies of some of the female authors who were most associated with the New Woman movement into conversation with the semi-autobiographical, runaway-woman künstlerromanae they chose to write. Focusing primarily on Mona Caird’s The Daughters of Danaus (1894), Sarah Grand’s The Beth Book (1897), and George Egerton’s The Wheel of God (1898), this chapter brings the book’s discussion of the relationship between female authorship, female sexuality, and female rebellion full circle, with a final beat comparing Egerton’s lesser-known epistolary novel Rosa Amorosa: The Love-Letters of a Woman (1901) to Aphra Behn’s originary Love-Letters Between a Nobleman and His Sister (1684) with which my literary history began.
Introduction
Authors: Spieker Luke Dimitrios
Published: July 2023

This chapter introduces the book’s objectives, focus, structure, and methodology. The book will be guided by three interrelated research objectives. Backward-looking, it will analyse how the Court has mobilized Article 2 TEU so far. Taking a more forward-looking perspective, the book will then explore where we can go from here. In this context, the study will provide a conceptual framework for the judicial mobilization of Article 2 TEU, explore its potential, and sketch trajectories for future development. Finally, this book will ask whether these developments should be welcomed. This will entail a critical reflection of the already existing case law and its prospective developments. The study will approach these issues largely from a doctrinal perspective and develop the multifaceted potential of Article 2 TEU under the banner of ‘doctrinal constructivism’. To better connect the transnational, English-speaking and the national doctrines of EU law it will employ a multilingual approach.
Practice
Authors: Spieker Luke Dimitrios
Published: July 2023

This chapter traces the rise of Article 2 TEU in the Court’s jurisprudence. It starts by examining how the Court engaged with the rule of law, democracy, and fundamental rights before their codification in Article 6 TEU-Amsterdam and later Article 2 TEU-Lisbon. Until 2018, these provisions played only a marginal role in proceedings before the Court. This changed with Associação Sindical dos Juízes Portugueses, which constitutes a critical breakthrough for the judicial mobilization of Article 2 TEU. As such, this chapter conducts a thick analysis of this case, its context, innovation, and reception. In a third step, it systematizes how the jurisprudence has evolved in the ruling’s aftermath. It concludes by demonstrating how Article 2 TEU has moved to the very heart of the Court’s constitutional jurisprudence. With the rulings on the rule of law conditionality, the Union’s values have been elevated to ‘the very identity of the European Union’.
Doctrine
Authors: Spieker Luke Dimitrios
Published: July 2023

This chapter offers a doctrinal basis for the judicial applicability of Article 2 TEU by assessing, mitigating, and refuting often-voiced objections. Despite the Court’s growing engagement, many still question the provision’s judicial applicability. These doubts concern its legal normativity (values), its justiciability (indeterminacy), and the Court’s jurisdiction (exclusivity of political procedures). Ultimately, none of these objections appear to be convincing. First, systematic and comparative considerations along with the provision’s drafting history strongly suggest that Article 2 TEU contains legal principles, not moral values. Second, the Court has found ways to overcome the indeterminacy of these values by operationalizing them through specific Treaty provisions. Going beyond the case law, this chapter explores strategies that would even allow the Court to develop Article 2 TEU into a freestanding provision. Finally, the chapter refutes the objection that reviewing the Member States’ compliance with Article 2 TEU should be withdrawn from the Court’s purview.
Article 2 TEU as Constitutional Frame of the Verbund
Authors: Spieker Luke Dimitrios
Published: July 2023

This chapter zooms out to the level of the Verbund. In this dimension, Article 2 TEU should be reduced to a thin constitutional frame that secures a minimum of homogeneity between the EU and the Member States’ constitutional structures. Drawing on insights from federal theory, a certain degree of constitutional homogeneity is an essential precondition for sustaining federal systems. The European Union is no exception in this regard. Unlike in federal states, however, the constitutional homogeneity across the Verbund is assured not only in a top-down manner (EU → Member States) but also through horizontal (among the Member States) and bottom-up channels (Member States → EU). Ultimately, these claims for homogeneity converge in Article 2 TEU. The following chapters will demonstrate the important role of the EU judicial system in securing the required degree of constitutional homogeneity in the Verbund.
Borders as Sites of Mobility
Authors: Zenobi Luca
Published: July 2023

This chapter shifts the focus of the book from the making of borders to the way in which people encountered them, starting with their role as sites of mobility. The chapter uses network analysis and new digital tools to chart data from largely untapped sources, namely registers of safe conducts and trade licences. In so doing, it shows that contemporaries encountered both internal boundaries and external frontiers on a daily basis and that the spatial coordinates of border-crossing were very evident to them. At the same time, the chapter shows that the people’s ability to move went hand in hand with a certain degree of control on behalf of the authorities. Fifteenth-century borders were indeed permeable but only because Italian rulers were content to channel people and goods through specific checkpoints rather than preventing them from entering their territories altogether.
Value Realism and Idiosyncrasy
Authors: Kirwin Claire
Published: July 2023

There are many parts of our lives for which it seems perfectly right and proper that we differ from each other in our relation to value: we pursue different careers, choose different spouses, prefer different flavors of ice cream. Even the most robust of realists typically assumes that where this is so—where the value on the scene is properly ‘idiosyncratic’, as I put it—we cannot understand this value on a realist model, and must instead see it as deriving from the person’s attitudes or preferences. I argue that this assumption is mistaken, and that the phenomenon of idiosyncrasy is fully compatible with realism. The world contains many different forms of value, and we each possess different forms of ‘value-expertise’—different kinds and degrees of ability to experience, understand, and engage with that value. This model allows us to make sense of idiosyncrasy within a fully realist framework.
Modest Stance-Dependence
Authors: Ingram Stephen
Published: July 2023

Stance-dependence theories maintain that all moral truths depend solely on us for their existence and authority. Whereas ‘ambitious’ stance-dependence theories seek to capture the form of moral objectivity involved in positing agent-neutral or inescapable reasons to act, ‘modest’ stance-dependence theories deny that there are such reasons. This chapter argues that the most promising modest theories fail to capture the non-arbitrariness of moral choice. Specifically, they face a ‘stability’ charge, for they introduce a destabilising contingency into the moral domain. There are two strategies modest theorists might deploy in response to this charge—one claims that moral truths depend only on our ‘idealised’ attitudes, the other involves a localised error theory. This chapter argues that both strategies fail, and that modest stance-dependence theories should therefore be rejected.
Dualistic Intuitionism
Authors: Ingram Stephen
Published: July 2023

The second part of the book argues that, by exploring the nature and importance of interpersonal moral dialogue, robust realists can defend epistemological and meta-semantic claims that are friendly to their moral ontology. This chapter begins that argument by presenting an intuitionist epistemology. The intuitionist theory in question is dualistic in the sense that it gives a central role to both a priori and a posteriori intuitions. By exploring the need for inclusive and cooperative moral dialogue at the ‘frontiers’ of moral inquiry, we find that the justification of moral beliefs sometimes involves adequately understanding a self-evident moral proposition, and sometimes involves certain kinds of moral-emotional experience. After responding to two objections facing the proposed intuitionist view, the chapter concludes that robust realists can account for the possibility of moral knowledge.
Sceptical Challenges
Authors: Ingram Stephen
Published: July 2023

This chapter responds to three major challenges facing robust realism and its epistemology. More specifically, it answers three arguments that, if successful, would give us reason to be sceptical about the possibility of forming justified moral beliefs about robust moral truths. These are the metaphysical argument from disagreement, the epistemological argument from disagreement, and the evolutionary debunking argument. Drawing on previous claims about the nature and importance of inclusive and cooperative moral dialogue, this chapter argues that each of these challenges can be defused, and that robust realists can remain optimistic about the possibility of our forming justified moral beliefs about robust moral truths.
Temporal Interactions Between Social Motivation and Behavior In Daily Life Among Individuals at Clinical High-Risk for Psychosis
Authors: Strauss Gregory P , Raugh Ian M , Luther Lauren , Walker Elaine F , Mittal Vijay A
Published: July 2023

Background and Hypotheses

Poor social functioning is common among individuals at clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis and is associated with greater likelihood of conversion. Unfortunately, processes contributing to social impairment are unclear, making social functioning difficult to improve via treatment. The current study examined whether abnormalities in social functioning result from aberrant temporal interactions between social motivation and behavior.

Study Design

Participants included 105 individuals at CHR and 62 healthy controls (CN) who completed 6 days of ecological momentary assessment. Multilevel models examined time-lagged interactions between social behavior and motivation.

Study Results

CHR and CN did not differ in social motivation; however, CHR were less likely to interact with family and coworkers and more likely to engage in interactions via phone and text/social media. Autocorrelations indicated that social behavior and motivation were generally consistent across time in CHR and CN groups. Time-lagged analyses indicated that both groups had an increase in social motivation across time when they were alone and a decrease in social motivation across time when they were with others. However, the relative decrease when with others and increase when alone were less robust in CHR than CN, particularly for in-person interactions. Social motivation at time t did not differentially impact social partner or modality at time t+1 in the groups.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that social behavior and motivation have different temporal interactions in CHR and CN. Psychosocial interventions may benefit from targeting the frequency of social behavior with specific partners and modalities to change social motivation.
Setting Down the Skewer: Japan’s Brazilian Food Businesses During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Hillyer Rumika Suzuki
Published: July 2023

Drawing from fieldwork conducted from September 2020 to August 2021, this qualitative, interview-based research note explores how Japan’s Brazilian food industry was uniquely affected by the COVID pandemic and the Japanese government’s counter-virus measures. Most Brazilian food establishments in Japan are churrascaria, which include a buffet-style setting and waiters who carve skewered grilled meat directly at patrons’ tables. Given the active discouragement of in-person dining generally and buffet-style specifically by the Japanese government, Brazilian churrascaria had to adjust their operations and menus to meet new dining norms. Moreover, many workers in the Brazilian food industry are immigrants working part time, whose vulnerability was compounded by limited Japanese proficiency and lower socioeconomic statuses. Data derived from interviews with 20 individuals working in Japan’s Brazilian food industry, including owners, chefs, servers, and suppliers, show specifically how this more ‘niche’ industry and its workers were uniquely affected by the pandemic. This research note can therefore serve as an abbreviated case study for future social scientific inquiries that analyze inequality in Japan’s restaurant industry stemming from COVID-19 and the Japanese government’s varied approach to protecting the food industry and its workers.
Infusion of Gross National Happiness values in teaching Mathematics in higher secondary schools in Bhutan
Authors: Dorji Jigme , Gyeltshen Tashi
Published: July 2023

This interpretivist study employed a qualitative multiple-embedded case study to examine the infusion of Gross National Happiness (GNH) values in teaching Mathematics. The study aimed to gain insights into Mathematics teachers’ perceptions, understandings and practices of GNH values in Bhutanese classrooms. The study involved 10 teachers teaching Mathematics in grades XI and XII (age 16 to 18 years) students from five schools in eastern Bhutan using purposive sampling. The data collected through semi-structured interviews, classroom observations and field notes were analysed thematically. The study found that teachers have limited knowledge, skills and strategies required to explicitly infuse GNH values into Mathematics. First, the majority of teacher participants have not participated in any professional development programme related to GNH. Second, some teacher participants who participated in the GNH professional development programme did not receive clear guidance on how to plan and conduct lessons with GNH values in Mathematics. Third, the majority of the teachers face difficulty relating the concept of Mathematics to GNH. The knowledge generated from the study can contribute to the empirical baseline for future researchers related to GNH and Mathematics education. The study recommends research on factors affecting the infusion of GNH values in teaching Mathematics
A reconsideration of Jack Welch's managerial legacy
Authors: Rice John , Martin Nigel , Raziq Muhammad Mustafa , Fieger Peter
Published: July 2023

Purpose

In this paper, the authors will examine Welch's legacy and aftermaths, both for GE and more broadly within management practice and academic thought. As a complex character, indeed a person of many contradictions, the authors try to avoid polemics in this, instead focusing on his accomplishments and the unanswered questions about his impact.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper is a historical case using secondary and published materials to assess the case of Jack Welch's leadership of General Electric over the period 1981–2001.

Findings

Welch's proponents suggest he emphasized controlling corporate destiny, being open to new ideas, pursuing quality and low cost, having confidence, a vision founded on reality, a global focus and possessing energy and enthusiasm. However, his short-termist perspective undermined the long-term success of the company and his “win at any cost” mantra predisposed some employees to cutting ethical or environmental corners. As the market capitalization gains evaporated that had been used to justify the “end justifies the means” rationale, little is left of his legacy.

Research limitations/implications

The paper discusses the implications of the GE case for issues associated with corporate governance, financialization and human resource management.

Originality/value

This is a timely reconsideration of the Jack Welch legacy two years after his death. In avoiding polemics and seeking a considered assessment of his positive and negative outcomes, the paper is an important addition to the research on Welch and American management thought.
Nonlocal fiber-reinforced double porous material structure under fractional-order heat and mass transfer
Authors: Dutta Rachaita , Das Soumik , Gupta Shishir , Singh Aditi , Chaudhary Harsh
Published: July 2023

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to analyze the thermo-diffusion process in a semi-infinite nonlocal fiber-reinforced double porous thermoelastic diffusive material with voids (FRDPTDMWV) in light of the fractional-order Lord–Shulman thermo-elasto-diffusion (LSTED) model. By virtue of Eringen’s nonlocal elasticity theory, the governing equations for the considered material are developed. The free surface of the substrate is governed by the inclined mechanical load and thermal and chemical shocks.

Design/methodology/approach

With the aid of the normal mode technique, the solutions of the nondimensional coupled governing equations have been obtained.

Findings

The expressions of field variables are obtained analytically. By using MATHEMATICA software, various graphical implementations are presented to describe the impacts of angle of inclination, fractional-order and nonlocality parameters. The present model is also validated on the basis of some comparative studies with some preestablished cases.

Originality/value

As observed from the literature survey, many different studies have been carried out by taking into account the deformation analysis in nonlocal double porous thermoelastic material structures and thermo-mechanical interaction in fiber-reinforced medium under fractional-order thermoelasticity theories. However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, no research emphasizing the thermo-elasto-diffusive interactions in a nonlocal FRDPTDMWV has been carried out. Moreover, the effect of fractional-order LSTED theory on fiber-reinforced thermoelastic diffusive half-space with double porosity has not been illuminated till now, which significantly defines the novelty of the conducted research.