bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peer Language
Authors: Paugh Amy L.
Published: November 2020

Peer language (also peer interaction or peer talk) refers to the language varieties, linguistic patterns, styles, discourse genres, and other, often innovative, characteristics of the communicative practices used by children and youth. Peer‐controlled spaces afford children opportunities for linguistic experimentation and trying out of language forms and ways of communicating that are not possible or permissible in other contexts and participant structures, particularly when subject to the scrutiny of adults. Attending to children's agentive use of languages during peer interaction demonstrates their critical impact on processes of linguistic and cultural continuity and transformation.
Peirce, Charles Sanders
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914) was an important and very influential late nineteenth‐ and early twentieth‐century American semiotician, philosopher, and mathematician. He is regarded as one of the founders of both semiotics and pragmatism.
Performance, Linguistic and Communicative
Authors: Comito Jacqueline
Published: November 2020

Scholars tend to study two types of performance. One is performances of theater, dance, and other art forms as social interactions that are highly prominent and set apart from daily life, both of which rely on the patterned use of language. This entry surveys the other, the scholarship of linguistic and communicative performance – individual and social behavior in everyday interactions as performances where social actors create and recreate their identities with specific intents through framing and keying. Individuals as social actors put ordinary activities – from community meetings to preparing family dinners – into social, political, and historical contexts as they evaluate the event and change their representations. The situation, the setting, other participants, even the individual's age and experience affect the social actor's ability to be understood and influence others' perceptions. Analyzing social interactions as performances allows us to understand more fully the ways in which individuals invent themselves as they seek not only self‐actualization, but also immortality.
Performativity vs. Indexicality
Authors: Koyama Wataru
Published: November 2020

Appealing to the Peircean/Jakobosian multifunctional semiotic model of communication, this entry explains indexicality in relation to the other two kinds of the relationship between the sign and its object, i.e. iconicity and symbolicity, and articulates the following three dimensions along which indexicality can be characterized: (i) presupposing vs. entailing indexicality; (ii) object‐level indexicality (pragmatics) vs. second‐order indexicality (metapragmatics); and (iii) referential vs. non‐referential indexicality. Then it identifies the broad sense of “performativity” with entailing indexicality, and the narrow, Austin's prototypical sense of the term with the specific subcategory of entailing indexicality which also shows referential explicitness and metapragmatic reflexivity, as is found in the use of (explicit) “performatives” in nomically calibrated ritual settings. The nature of rituals, in turn, is described in terms of the poetic function, metapragmatics, entailing indexicality, and entextualization.
Pike, Kenneth
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Kenneth Pike (1912–2000) was an important American linguist and anthropologist, and developed the theory of tagmemics.
Possession, Grammatical
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Grammatical possession is a relationship between two constituents in a sentence where one unit is the “possessor” or owner, in some sense, over the other unit (the “possessed”). These asymmetrical relationships are marked in various ways in different languages, the possessive “apostrophe –s” in English, or the genitive case in the many European languages, being among some of the most well known.
Prototype Semantics and Cross‐Linguistic Comparison
Authors: Koptjevskaja‐Tamm Maria , Vejdemo Susanne
Published: November 2020

Linguistic expressions are instrumental in categorizing the world. Prototype semantics holds that categorization is centered on best exemplars, or prototypes, with other potential members of the categories evaluated in accordance with their similarity to it. Prototype effects have been documented in language acquisition and learning, reaction times, priming effects, saliency in listing tasks, etc. The debated issues include what the prototype really is and whether it changes with context. An important extension of categorization research concerns cross‐linguistic comparison: what is universal and what is language specific in linguistic categorization and to what extent the emerging categories can be accounted for by reference to prototypes.
Public–Private (Sphere)
Authors: Zentz Lauren
Published: November 2020

Public–private (sphere) is a complementary pair of concepts intended to explore a dichotomy of one space (the public) seen as open to a certain group, and another group/individual considered closed off to some or all in the former category. The latter is seen as closer to the self, while the former is seen as existing further from the self. The notion of public sphere is generally associated with negotiations between bourgeois classes and the state, though more recent linguistic anthropological conceptualizations of the term explore the notions of public and private on multiple, contextualized scales ranging from intimate interactions and spaces to nation‐state and global contexts.
Reading
Authors: Jakubiak Cori
Published: November 2020

The meaning of reading is contested among various stakeholders. Shifts in nomenclature from
reading
to
literacy
have occurred since the late twentieth century, and now reading as an academic field, area of professional practice, and site of policy interest is often referred to as literacy. Within literacy studies, two contrasting, ideological views of reading predominate: the autonomous view, which characterizes reading as a technical skill involving cognitive decoding processes; and the situated view, which characterizes any textual practice as a manifestation of peoples' prior language socialization and membership in particular discourse communities. Debates around these two contrasting views of reading reached a peak in the late twentieth‐century United States in what are often referred to as “the reading wars.” The outcomes of these debates reverberate into the present, as different theories of how people learn to read and write have numerous political dimensions and instructional implications.
Ritual and Forms of Communication
Authors: Wirtz Kristina
Published: November 2020

Ritual and communication have been studied both through communicative rituals and in approaches to what is communicated through ritual as a key domain of social action. First, some of the defining debates about what ritual is are described, including what ritualmeansand what itdoes, and how these issues can be approached semiotically. Then approaches to ritualincommunication, and particular to interaction rituals, are reviewed. Interaction rituals, usually considered to be smaller‐scale communicative events, can be embedded in larger‐scale social actions regarded as rituals. And so the next section considers forms of ritual communication, which is to say, how and what can be communicated through rituals. Overall, rituals are shown to be a powerful form of communication as social action that can define categories of personhood and change relationships. Ritual mobilizes what emerge as recognizable sequences of semiotic activity to accomplish many effects.
Self‐talk
Authors: Dunn Cynthia Dickel
Published: November 2020

The self can be understood as a person's subjective sense of who they are as person across time and situations. Language plays a central role in the construction of selves because the self is both enacted through talk and represented in talk. Speakers draw on a variety of linguistic resources to represent the self, ranging from grammatical features such as first‐person pronouns to discourse genres such as personal narratives. Depending on the language and cultural context, these self‐representations may be relatively fixed, stable, and individualistic or more fluid, collectivist, and situationally variable.
Language Shift
Authors: Mufwene Salikoko S.
Published: November 2020

Language shift (LS) is interpreted in this entry as the outcome of fewer and fewer opportunities or motivations that particular speakers have to practice their heritage vernacular. As a process it may, but need not, lead to language endangerment and loss. It can be domain‐specific and proceeds at different speeds among the members of the relevant population. It occurs especially in polities that are culturally assimilationist and where the socioeconomic structure exerts significant ecological pressures on minority, marginalized, or immigrant populations to adopt the dominant language of the economy. On the other hand, assimilationist pressures in the Global North have not been uniform, especially in relation to immigrants from the Global South, who now have more latitude to maintain their heritage languages. The absence of such assimilationist pressures in the Global South itself has also sustained multilingualism. Overall, LS is shown to be a more diverse subject matter than traditionally assumed.
Silence
Authors: Achino‐Loeb Maria‐Luisa
Published: November 2020

Silence is central to the perception of meaning. Through gaps, pauses, and omissions the continuous flow of ambient sound is transformed; parsed into seemingly discrete units, be they
phonemes
or
notes
, that are understood as speech or music. Silence rests on a central ambiguity between
presence
and
absence
, which determines the limits of both perception and communication as well as defines the parameters of knowledge derived from them. As a speech act, silence is both language‐specific and varied, both in its form and its semantic import: whether it refers to consent or dissent, reverence or indifference. Because, at its core, silence points to an act of selective suppression of experience, it is central to the arbitrary forging of boundaries in all identity, notably racial identity. Oscillating between negativity and potentiality, silence acts as a matrix of meaning: from the perception of significant sound to the limits of perspective.
Sound Symbolism
Authors: Bermúdez Natalia
Published: November 2020

Sound symbolism refers to a non‐arbitrary association of a particular sound to a conventional meaning. Examples of sound symbolism across diverse languages are important because they provide recurring evidence that language is not entirely arbitrary or systematic, showing that human interpretation of linguistic forms is not purely based on grammar but also dependent on cognitive and social dimensions. Current and future directions of research on sound symbolism include cognitive, typological, semiotic, and verbal art approaches. Experimental research in the cognitive sciences explores how iconic relationships between form and meaning facilitate language learning, acquisition, and memory. Typological approaches to sound newly show how grammatical integration and phonetic saliency also facilitate sound symbolic interpretation. Semiotic approaches address sound symbolism in relation to the theory of qualia. Verbal art research explains sound symbolism in the context of ethnographic description, grammatical integration, and human creativity.
Swadesh, Morris
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Morris Swadesh (1909–1967) was an influential mid‐twentieth‐century Americanist and linguist, who specialized in language origins and comparative relationships. He is noted for proposing the tool of glottochronology, using lexical statistics to attempt to determine how closely two languages might be related by examining lists of supposedly cross‐culturally universal terms.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951) was one of the most important, and most cited, philosophers of the twentieth century. He is known primarily for his work on the philosophy of formal logic and mathematics, the philosophy of language, and the philosophy of the mind.
Writing and Writing Systems: Classification of Scripts
Authors: Daniels Peter T.
Published: November 2020

The elements (characters, signs, letters) of a writing system relate to the languages they record in a variety of ways. In the nineteenth century a classification into three types was developed: ideography, syllabary, and alphabet, according as the elements related to words, syllables, or segments. This sequence also supposedly represented inexorable, teleological evolution, whereby “the alphabet” was claimed to be the “best type.” The mid‐twentieth century saw the development of classifications orthogonal to the earlier one, and in the late twentieth century the tripartite classification was shown to be inadequate for relating especially to writing systems that had been little known or unknown in earlier times. It has largely been superseded by a quinquepartite classification reflecting historical relations that imputes no superiority to any of the types, but recognizes that writing systems relate more or less “efficiently” to the languages they record, largely as a result of historical contingency.
Writing and Writing Systems: History
Authors: Wyse Dominic
Published: November 2020

Humans' ability to intentionally communicate meaning through written language is one of the attributes that makes them unique in comparison with all others species on earth. This entry begins with a short account that summarizes some key historical developments that ultimately led to alphabetic writing. This is followed by some of the important philosophical and theoretical trends in writing scholarship including the attack on phonocentrism and modern insights from the philosophy of pragmatism. The final section considers recent research in the discipline of education, and some potential areas of interest for future research including digital developments.
Youth Language
Authors: Tetreault Chantal
Published: November 2020

Linguistic anthropology only began taking serious notice of youth language starting in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Despite the fact that a youth focus developed fairly recently in the field, linguistic anthropology has wholeheartedly embraced the study of youth and youth language. Scholars have noted that youth language seems to make particularly visible the emergent aspects of language and identity; research on youth language has especially highlighted gender and racialization. Youth language research has more recently enlarged its scope and influence beyond social identity construction to include large‐scale social processes such as migration, citizenship, and globalization.
Conklin, Harold
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Harold Conklin (1926–2016) was an early proponent of the study of folk classification, cognition, and a type of formal semantic analysis in anthropology called ethnoscience, ethnosemantics, or componential analysis. He made major contributions to cognitive anthropology, the study of kinship, color nomenclature theory, and the ethnography, ethnobotany, and agricultural ecology of the Philippines.
Stimuli‐Responsive Dynamic Metaholographic Displays with Designer Liquid Crystal Modulators
Authors: Kim Inki , Ansari Muhammad Afnan , Mehmood Muhammad Qasim , Kim Won‐Sik , Jang Jaehyuck , Zubair Muhammad , Kim Young‐Ki , Rho Junsuk
Published: November 2020

Flat optics, realized by the artificially created 2D material platform called optical metasurfaces, is currently undergoing a science‐to‐technology transition. However, “real‐time” active operations of such flat optical devices remain yet unresolved. Here, liquid crystals (LCs)‐integrated metaholograms for ultracompact dynamic holographic displays are proposed. The anisotropic nature of the LCs allows facile and repeatable manipulation of the polarization of light. Specifically designed (“designer”) LCs and efficient helicity‐encoded metaholograms are combined to realize stimuli‐responsive dynamic displays. The designer LC modulators are used as switches that enable a variety of external stimuli (e.g., electric field, heat, surface pressure) to operate holographic images in real‐time. Such a dynamic metaholographic platform will provide a path to external stimuli‐driven “smart” sensing and display applications such as hologram labels for temperature/pressure/touch monitoring and interactive holographic displays with haptic motion recognition.
Influence of Aqueous Matrices into Candelilla Wax Organogels Emulsions for Topical Applications
Authors: Botega Daniele Cristina Zulim , Nogueira Cecilia , de Moura Naine Martins , Martinez Renata Miliani , Rodrigues Cristiane , Barrera‐Arellano Daniel
Published: November 2020

Emulgels and bigels are, respectively, partial and total gelified forms of emulsions that can increase stability and bring different permeation and diffusion properties for traditional oil and water mixtures. This work investigated the stability, rheological behavior, and microstructure of bigels and emulgels through a topical application perspective. Candelilla wax (CW)/sunflower oil (5/95) organogels or pure sunflower oil was used to obtain dilute (5% oily phase) and concentrated (40% oily phase) emulsions. It was used three different aqueous phases with each oily phase and oil load: water, sodium polyacrylate hydrogel, and modified starch hydrogel. Dilute emulsions showed better stability with sodium polyacrylate hydrogel forming oil‐in‐water bigels and emulgels while concentrated emulsions were stable only in water‐in‐oil emulgels. Thixotropy, network strength, and thermal stability were modulated by the oily phase and concentration used. Concentrated emulgels showed higher spreadability, but strong temperature‐dependency. Diluted emulgels and bigels showed high hydrogel influence on stability and rheological properties observed. The results showed the potential of CW organogels to stabilize and modify sensory attributes in bigels and emulgels for topical applications.
The effect of ownership on sustainable development and environmental policy in urban waste management: An explicatory empirical analysis of Italian municipal corporations
Authors: Esposito Paolo , Dicorato Spiridione Lucio , Doronzo Emanuele
Published: November 2020

This paper investigates the effect of ownership on sustainable development and environmental policy in Italian municipally owned corporations (MOCs) dealing with urban waste management, trying to understand if multiple ownership can generate better performance compared to single ownership and if the presence of private partners could be crucial in this. The research question is answered by analyzing 41 MOCs of the largest Italian cities operating in urban waste management. In this specific sector, public administrations have tried to improve their offer in terms of sustainable development, environmental policy, and efficiency. The paper covers the Italian case study, where urban waste production per capita is higher than the European average figure. The waste cycle management service is operated in Italy at local level through totally publicly owned companies (monoadministration or multiadministration), mixed (public–private) companies, or via a full externalization achieved by means of public tenders. Through a multinomial ordered probit panel, we show that MOCs with multiple owners perform better than those having a single owner and perform much better with the presence of a private partner, confirming those academic findings according to which collaborative arrangements can increase efficiency, do better than public sector bureaucracy, and lower the costs of service provision. The results of this paper can be used by academics, practitioners, and policy makers alike. To the best of our knowledge, this is the only study that applies this perspective to the analysis of the current international waste management scenario with relation to MOCs having multiple ownerships.
Immobilization of Gold‐on‐Carbon Catalysts Onto Perfluorocarbon Emulsion Droplets to Promote Oxygen Delivery in Aqueous Phase D‐Glucose Oxidation
Authors: Perovic Milena , Zeininger Lukas , Oschatz Martin
Published: November 2020

The catalytic activity of metal nanoparticles (NPs) supported on porous supports can be controlled by various factors, such as NPs size, shape, or dispersivity, as well as their interaction with the support or the properties of the support material itself. However, these intrinsic properties are not solely responsible for the catalytic behavior of the overall reaction system, as the local environment and surface coverage of the catalyst with reactants, products, intermediates and other invloved species often play a crucial role in catalytic processes as well. Their contribution can be particularly critical in liquid‐phase reactions with gaseous reactants that often suffer from low solubiltiy. One example is D‐glucose oxidation with molecular oxygen over gold nanoparticles supported on porous carbons. The possibility to promote oxygen delivery in such aqueous phase oxidation reactions via the immobilization of heterogenous catalysts onto the interface of perfluorocarbon emulsion droplets is reported here. Gold‐on‐carbon catalyst particles can stabilize perfluorocarbon droplets in the aqueous phase and the local concentration of the oxidant in the surroundings of the gold nanoparticles accelerates the rate‐limiting step of the reaction. Consequently, the reaction rate of a system with the optimal volume fraction of fluorocarbon is higher than a reference emulsion system without fluorocarbon, and the effect is observed even without additional oxygen supply.
Towards Economic and Sustainable Amination with Green and Renewable Feedstocks
Authors: Wang Hongli , Shi Feng
Published: November 2020

The synthesis of N‐substituted amines is one of the key transformations in synthetic chemistry and chemical industry, because amines are ubiquitous in the syntheses of agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, flavorings, fragrances, and advanced materials. In order to realize the clean and economic synthesis of N‐substituted amines, several aspects should be concerned. 1) The application of alkyl halides as alkylation reagents should be replaced by alcohol and alkane; 2) the employment of amines as nitrogen sources can be replaced by nitrobenzene, nitrile and ammonia; 3) the application of environmentally benign and low‐cost starting materials, such as CO2, HCHO, biomass resources, for the nitrogen‐containing chemicals synthesis should be established; and 4) economic, green and efficient catalyst should be developed for the above transformations. In this account, we describe our results in the clean and economic synthesis of N‐substituted amines with amine, ammonia, nitrobenzene or nitrile as nitrogen sources and alcohol, alkane or CO2, HCHO, CO, and biomass resources as alkylation or carbonylation reagents.

What is the most favorite and original chemistry developed in your research group?

Efficient and economic heterogeneous catalyst for catalytic amination.

How do you get into this specific field? Could you please share some experiences with our readers?

I got my introduction to fine chemical synthesis with heterogeneous catalyst during the post‐graduate and post‐doctor periods. Till now, the clean and economic synthesis of some fine chemicals still remains a big problem in China. Therefore, our group has been concentrating on catalyst design and preparation for amination since 11 years ago. Typically, we want to explore some novel catalyst systems to bridge the heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis.

What is the most important personality for scientific research?

I think the originality and creativity are very important for the scientific research.

What are your hobbies? What's your favorite book(s)?

Reading and walking. I like to read history books.

How do you keep balance between research and family?

Although it is difficult, I try to keep a balance between research and family.

Who influences you mostly in your life?

My Ph.D. supervisor, Prof. Youquan Deng, and postdoctoral collaborating advisor, Prof. Matthias Beller.
Acrylic Polymers Containing a Nickel Salphen Complex: An Approach to Supramolecular and Macromolecular Systems
Authors: Zelada‐Guillén Gustavo A. , Hernández‐Pacheco Paulina , Romero‐Ávila Margarita , Cañas‐Alonso Roberto Carlos , Flores‐Álamo Marcos , Escárcega‐Bobadilla Martha V.
Published: November 2020

Invited for this month's cover are Prof. Martha Escárcega‐Bobadilla and Prof. Gustavo Zelada‐Guillén, collaborators from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). The cover picture shows the structure of a polymerizable Ni‐Salphen complex, determined by X‐ray crystallography, where the Ni center displays 1:1 and 1:2 host–guest stoichiometries toward anions, both coexisting in solution. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/cplu.202000471.
How does replacing natural forests with rubber and oil palm plantations affect soil respiration and methane fluxes?
Authors: Aini Fitri Khusyu , Hergoualc’h Kristell , Smith Jo U. , Verchot Louis , Martius Christopher
Published: November 2020

Replacement of forest by agricultural systems is a major factor accelerating the emissions of greenhouse gases; however, related field studies in the tropics are very scarce. To evaluate the impact of forest transition to plantations on soil methane (CH4) and respiration (CO2) fluxes, we conducted measurements in an undisturbed forest, a disturbed forest, young and old rubber plantations, and an oil palm plantation on mineral soil in Jambi, Sumatra, Indonesia. Methane fluxes and their controlling variables were monitored monthly over fourteen months; soil respiration was measured less frequently. All of the plantations were managed by smallholders and had never been fertilized. To assess the effect of common management practices in oil palm plantations, we added urea at a rate of 33.3 kg N/ha and thereafter monitored intensively soil CH4 fluxes. The soil acted as a sink for CH4 (kg CH4‐C·ha−1·yr−1) in the undisturbed forest (−1.4 ± 1.0) and young rubber plantation (−1.7 ± 0.7). This was not the case in the other land‐use systems which had fluxes similar to fluxes in the undisturbed forest, with 0.4 ± 0.9, −0.2 ± 0.3, and 0.2 ± 0.7 kg·ha−1·yr−1 in the disturbed forest, old rubber plantation, and oil palm plantation, respectively. In the oil palm plantation, there was no inhibitory effect of nitrogenous fertilizer on methanotrophy. Annual soil respiration (Mg CO2‐C·ha−1·yr−1) was higher in the oil palm plantation (17.1 ± 1.9) than in the undisturbed forest (13.9 ± 1.2) while other land‐use systems respired at a similar level to the undisturbed forest (13.1 ± 1.4, 15.9 ± 1.7, and 14.1 ± 1.0 in the disturbed forest, young, and old rubber plantations, respectively). Substrate (litterfall and soil) availability and quality exerted a strong control over annual fluxes of both gases along the land‐use gradient. Temporal variation in CH4 was extremely high and in respiration fluxes was moderate, but was not specifically linked to seasonal variation. Further comprehensive and long‐term research is critically needed to determine more thoroughly the direction and magnitude of changes in soil trace gas emissions as affected by forest‐to‐plantation conversion in the tropics.
Sixty‐five years of fire manipulation reveals climate and fire interact to determine growth rates of Quercus spp.
Authors: Refsland Tyler , Knapp Benjamin , Stephan Kirsten , Fraterrigo Jennifer
Published: November 2020

Minimizing forest vulnerability to more frequent and severe droughts, as climate models predict, has emerged as a primary goal of forest management. One potential strategy to moderate drought‐induced stress is reducing basal area through the repeat application of prescribed fire. However, use of prescribed fire as a management tool to reduce drought vulnerability has been largely untested. Here, we report the long‐term effects of repeat fires on the climate‐growth response of adult oaks (Quercus spp.) in the Missouri Ozarks, USA. We measured the annual radial growth of trees that experienced either no fire, periodic (every 4 yr), or annual prescribed fires from 1950 to 2015. To assess whether increased fire frequency interacts with climate to determine long‐term forest productivity, we modeled annual growth as a function of potential evapotranspiration, fire treatment, and their interaction. We also quantified the effect of fire‐driven reductions in tree density on carbon and oxygen isotope composition of tree rings and drought resistance (growth during drought) and resilience (growth recovery after drought) during past drought events. Annual radial growth and isotopic composition data indicated trees experienced reduced growth due to moisture stress, but drought vulnerability did not vary between frequently burned forests and unburned controls. In contrast, periodic, but not annual, fires reduced annual growth by 9.6% during wet periods favorable to growth with the effect consistent over time. Fire had minimal effects on total and inorganic soil nitrogen after 65 yr of treatment, regardless of frequency, suggesting other underlying causes of the observed growth declines under periodic burning (e.g., crown, bole, or root injury). Our results suggest that long‐term, increased fire frequency can have negative effects on long‐term tree growth, but effects are contingent upon the fire return interval. These findings highlight important differences in how fire and thinning influence density‐dependent competition and the response of tree growth to climate. Although additional studies are needed from other forest ecosystems, this study provides early evidence that increased fire frequency will not alleviate drought stress and instead, may reduce long‐term, aboveground carbon storage in forests.
CD28 is expressed by macrophages with anti‐inflammatory potential and limits their T‐cell activating capacity
Authors: Estrada‐Capetillo Lizbeth , Aragoneses‐Fenoll Laura , Domínguez‐Soto Ángeles , Fuentelsaz‐Romero Sara , Nieto Concha , Simón‐Fuentes Miriam , Alonso Bárbara , Portolés Pilar , Corbí Angel L. , Rojo Jose M. , Puig‐Kröger Amaya
Published: November 2020

CD28 expression is generally considered to be T lymphocyte specific. We have previously shownCD28mRNA expression in M‐CSF‐dependent anti‐inflammatory monocyte‐derived macrophages (M‐MØ), and now demonstrate that CD28 cell surface expression is higher in M‐MØ than in GM‐CSF‐dependent macrophages, and that macrophage CD28 expression is regulated by MAFB and activin A. In vivo, CD28 was found in tumor‐associated macrophages and, to a lower extent, in pro‐inflammatory synovial fluid macrophages from rheumatoid arthritis patients. Analysis of mouse macrophages confirmed Cd28 expression in bone‐marrow derived M‐MØ. Indeed, anti‐CD28 antibodies triggered ERK1/2 phosphorylation in mouse M‐MØ. At the functional level,Cd28KO M‐MØ exhibited a significantly higher capacity to activate the OVA‐specific proliferation of OT‐II CD4+T cells than WT M‐MØ, as well as enhanced LPS‐induced IL‐6 production. Besides, theCd28KO M‐MØ transcriptome was significantly different from WT M‐MØ regarding the expression IFN response, inflammatory response, and TGF‐β signaling related gene sets. Therefore, defective CD28 expression in mouse macrophages associates to changes in gene expression profile, what might contribute to the altered functionality displayed byCd28KO M‐MØ. Thus, CD28 expression appears as a hallmark of anti‐inflammatory macrophages and might be a target for immunotherapy.
Development of regional simulation of seismic ground‐motion and induced liquefaction enhanced by GPU computing
Authors: Kusakabe Ryota , Fujita Kohei , Ichimura Tsuyoshi , Yamaguchi Takuma , Hori Muneo , Wijerathne Lalith
Published: November 2020

Much research has been conducted for physics‐based ground‐motion simulation to reproduce seismic response of soil and structures precisely and to mitigate damages caused by earthquakes. We aimed at enabling physics‐based ground‐motion simulations of complex three‐dimensional (3D) models with multiple materials, such as a digital twin (high‐fidelity 3D model of the physical world that is constructed in cyberspace). To perform one case of such simulation requires high computational cost and it is necessary to perform a number of simulations for the estimation of parameters or consideration of the uncertainty of underground soil structure data. To overcome this problem, we proposed a fast simulation method using graphics processing unit computing that enables a simulation with small computational resources. We developed a finite‐element‐based method for large‐scale 3D seismic response analysis with small programming effort and high maintainability by using OpenACC, a directive‐based parallel programming model. A lower precision variable format was introduced to achieve further speeding up of the simulation. For an example usage of the developed method, we applied the developed method to soil liquefaction analysis and conducted two sets of simulations that compared the effect of countermeasures against soil liquefaction: grid‐form ground improvement to strengthen the earthquake resistance of existing houses and replacement of liquefiable backfill soil of river wharves for seismic reinforcement of the wharf structure. The developed method accelerates the simulation and enables us to quantitatively estimate the effect of countermeasures using the high‐fidelity 3D soil‐structure models on a small cluster of computers.
The effect of yogurt co‐fortified with probiotic and vitamin D on lipid profile, anthropometric indices and serum 25‐hydroxi vitamin D in obese adult: A Double‐Blind Randomized‐ Controlled Trial
Authors: Hajipoor Shima , Hekmatdoost Azita , Rezaei Mansour , Nachvak Seyed Mostafa , Alipour Meysam , Eskandari Sodabeh , Mostafai Roghayeh , Sobhiyeh Mohammad Reza , Mohammadi Reza , Pasdar Yahya
Published: November 2020

Vitamin D deficiency can be regarded as one of the overgrowing health problem in all of the world. Evidence from a clinical trial suggested a role for probiotic bacteria in increasing vitamin D. However, probiotic's effect is strain specific and this effect should be confirmed about different strains. The objective was to determine if yogurt fortification with probiotic bacteria, Lactobillus acidophilus La‐B5, Bifidobacterium lactis Bb‐12 either alone or in combination with vitamin D can be a complementary treatment for vitamin D deficiency. The end‐points were vitamin D, cardio metabolic lipid profile, anthropometric indices (weight, height, waist, hip, fat mass, lean body mass) and dietary intake. A 10‐week parallel‐group, double‐blind, randomized and controlled trial was conducted on 140 obese men and women. The participants were randomly allocated to receive 100 grams either 1) plain low‐fat yogurt or 2) probiotic yogurt or 3) vitamin D‐fortified yogurt or 4) probiotic and vitamin D cofortified yogurt. All groups received low‐calorie diet. Vitamin D increased significantly in group 4 (p = .008), group 3 (p = .001) and group 1 (p = .012 with no difference between groups. Vitamin D‐fortified yogurt had the most effect size and showed a significant difference versus plain (p = .018) and probiotic yogurt (p = .002). Regarding lipid profile, there were no significant differences between groups. Data from this study does not support the hypothesis that yogurt fortified with probiotic bacteria, Lactobillus acidophilus La‐5 and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb‐12 either alone or in combination with vitamin D might impose any increasing effect on serum level of vitamin D in comparison with vitamin D‐fortified yogurt.
Association between Quality of Interactions Schedule ratings and care experiences of people with a dementia in general hospital settings: a validation study
Authors: Lee Kellyn , Frankland Jane , Griffiths Peter , Hewer‐Richards Leah , Young Alexandra , Bridges Jackie
Published: November 2020

Introduction

Establishing methods to evaluate interactions between hospital staff and patients with a dementia is vital to inform care delivery. This study aimed to assess the validity of Quality of Interactions Schedule (QuIS) ratings in relation to the care experiences of people with a dementia in a general hospital setting.

Methods

Four hundred and ninety face‐to‐face interactions between staff and patients with a dementia (n = 107) on six medicine for older people wards in a UK National Health Service hospital were observed and rated using QuIS and the Psychological Well‐Being in Cognitively Impaired Persons (PWB‐CIP) tool. We also invited patient ratings for longer interactions (n = 217). Analyses explored associations between QuIS ratings, PWB‐CIP ratings and patient ratings.

Results

When QuIS was rated negative, the mean researcher‐rated patient psychological well‐being was lower (PWB = 7.9 out of maximum score of 10) than when QuIS was non‐negative (PWB = 8.8, p = 0.036). Negative QuIS ratings were associated with negative ratings on seven out of ten individual PWB‐CIP items. When QuIS was rated negative, the associated patient rating was 4% less likely to be ‘happy’. The patient was also 4% more likely to rate the interaction as ‘kind’. Patients struggled to participate in care ratings.

Conclusions

Some patients found responding to researcher questions difficult or not relevant, reflecting the need for development of more suitable methods in this field. Our findings of an association between lower quality QuIS‐rated interactions and lower psychological well‐being lend support to the use of QuIS with patient populations that include people with a dementia.
Comparative risk of adverse outcomes associated with nonselective and selective antimuscarinic medications in older adults with dementia and overactive bladder
Authors: Kachru Nandita , Holmes Holly M. , Johnson Michael L. , Chen Hua , Aparasu Rajender R.
Published: November 2020

Objective

The differential muscarinic receptor selectivity could cause selective antimuscarinics to offer advantages over nonselective agents with respect to adverse effects. The objective was to examine the comparative risk of falls/fractures and all‐cause hospitalizations among older adults with dementia and overactive bladder (OAB) using nonselective and selective antimuscarinics

Methods/Design

A retrospective cohort study design was conducted among older patients with dementia and OAB using incident antimuscarinics. The primary exposure was classified as nonselective (oxybutynin, tolterodine, trospium, and fesoterodine) and selective (solifenacin and darifenacin). Cox proportional‐hazards regression using inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) evaluated the risk of falls/fractures and all‐cause hospitalizations within 6 months of nonselective and selective antimuscarinic use.

Results

The study cohort consisted of 13,896 (76.9%) nonselective and 4,179 (23.1%) selective antimuscarinic incident users. The unadjusted falls/fractures rate was 27.14% (3,772) for nonselective and 24.55% (1,026) for selective users (p‐value< 0.01). The unadjusted all‐cause hospitalizations rate was 24.14% (3,354) for nonselective and 21.58% (902) for selective users (p‐value <0.01). The IPTW models did not find a significant difference in the risk of falls/fractures (Hazard Ratio [HR] 1.03; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 0.99–1.07) and risk of all‐cause hospitalizations (HR 1.04; 95% CI 0.99–1.08) between nonselective and selective antimuscarinics. Several sensitivity analyses corroborated the main findings.

Conclusions

The study did not find a differential risk of falls/fractures and all‐cause hospitalizations in older adults with dementia and OAB using nonselective and selective antimuscarinics. More research is needed to understand the role of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics in the safety profile of antimuscarinics in dementia.
Electroosmotic flow of a fractional second‐grade fluid with interfacial slip and heat transfer in the microchannel when exposed to a magnetic field
Authors: Dey Pallab , Shit Gopal C.
Published: November 2020

We investigated the time‐dependent viscoelastic fluid flow through a parallel‐plate microchannel under the influence of a transversely applied magnetic field and an axially imposed electric field. We performed the analysis by employing the Poisson‐Boltzmann equation under the Debye‐Huckel approximation. The generalized second‐grade fluid model with a fractional‐order time derivative is used to observe the non‐Newtonian and fractional behavior rates of deformation employing the Riemann‐Liouville fractional operator. We considered the asymmetric zeta potentials and different slip effects at the walls to study the flow behavior near the vicinity of the channel. We obtained an analytical solution in terms of Mittag‐Leffler function, applying Fourier and Laplace transformations. We imposed the heat transfer phenomena with the dissipation of energy and Joule heating effects on the model. The governing equations were also solved numerically by employing an implicit finite difference scheme. The numerical solution was compared with the analytical results, considering the influence of the pertinent parameters involved in the problem. The study delineates that the flow rate decreases with a rise in the fractional‐order parameter, while the opposite trend is observed with the electroosmotic parameter. Due to the application of sufficient strength of the magnetic field and the Joule heating effects, the temperature increases within the channel.
On chip optofluidic low‐pressure monitoring device
Authors: Chandra Roy Abhijit , Bangalore Subramanya Shreyas , Manohar Rudresh Shoorashetty , Venkataraman Venkatakrishnan
Published: November 2020

We present an on chip optofluidic surface deformable liquid Dove prism (LDP) based low‐fluid flow pressure monitoring device. The unique design of the device in combination with liquid and soft solid enabled by the total internal reflection of light makes the sensor highly sensitive and compatible with the integration of a microfluidic and/or Lab‐on‐a‐chip device. A layer‐by‐layer soft lithographic (LSL) and 3D printing technique are exploited to make the device. We have used Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as the layer material and two variety of liquids (a) immersion oil (IO) and (b) di‐iodomethane (DI) as refracting medium to construct the LDP sensor. Optical ray tracing simulation is performed to optimize the sensor. The pressure sensor shows sensitivity as high as ±28.5 mV per 50 Pa pressure with an error ± 2.5 mV and repeatability of ~99.56% at full scale. We have shown the applicability of the sensor by capturing and analyzing respiratory pressure signals of some human subjects at numerous conditions.
Rheological and tribological characterization of novel modified graphene/oil‐based nanofluids using force microscopy
Authors: Caglayan Mustafa Oguzhan
Published: November 2020

In this study, it is aimed to improve the lubrication and anti‐wear characteristics of nanofluids produced by the distribution of silane‐modified graphene nanosheets into the base oil without any surfactant or dispersant. Nanofluids are among the hottest research topics currently studied in the literature due to their interesting thermal and rheological properties. Graphene nanosheet with unique physicochemical properties is a good alternative as a nanofluid component and a lubricant. In this study, the behavior of nanofluidic films on the material was investigated by using scanning probe techniques, phase‐contrast microscopy, and friction force microscopy techniques. Due to stick–slip behavior and rheological properties that are dominant in the studied ranges, problems were encountered in performing tribological analyzes with friction force microscopy. On the other hand, these results have been beneficial in determining tribological factors in nanoscale. The presented nanofluids showed non‐Newtonian behavior at high concentrations and shear rates and shown an improved tribological performance up to 43% in friction coefficient, 91% in wear, and 46% in thermal conductivity compared to the base oil.
Timescale‐dependent AMOC–AMO relationship in an earth system model of intermediate complexity
Authors: Kim Hyo‐Jeong , An Soon‐Il , Kim Daehyun
Published: November 2020

The relationship between Atlantic multi‐decadal oscillation (AMO) and Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is examined with respect to two (inter‐ and multi‐decadal) different timescales using a long‐term unforced simulation of an earth system model of intermediate complexity. In the inter‐decadal timescale, the AMO and the AMOC establish a self‐sustaining oscillatory mode; the AMOC induces the positive AMO through meridional heat transport (MHT), but with the time delay of approximately 7 years as the AMOC anomalies propagate southward over time within the Atlantic basin. After then, the AMO reduces the density in the main sinking region and brings the negative phase of the AMOC, which results in the rest half of the cycle. On the other hand, in the multi‐decadal timescale, the AMO and the AMOC are almost in phase because the AMOC is spatially stationary, resulting in a pan‐Atlantic surface warming. In addition, the Arctic‐originated density fluctuations are required for the multi‐decadal AMOC to switch its phase. The results obtained in this study suggest that timescale dependency should be considered when investigating the AMOC–AMO relationship.
Nevanlinna and Carleson functions of analytic self‐maps on multiply‐connected domains
Authors: Rzeczkowski Michał
Published: November 2020

In the paper we prove that the Nevanlinna counting function and the Carleson function of analytic self‐maps of finitely connected domains with smooth boundary are equivalent. Using this result we obtain the characterization of compact composition operators on Hardy–Orlicz spaces.
Influence of artificial aging time on bending characteristics of 6061 aluminum sheet
Authors: Guan W. , Ting L. , Linyuan K. , Guangxu Z. , Xuejun Z. , Xin S. , Zhiwen L.
Published: November 2020

6061 aluminum alloy has been widely utilized in modern automobile industries with the advantages of low density, good formability and nice machinability. However, the springback phenomena and cross‐section deformation problems still remain unsolved. Accordingly, the effect of artificial aging time on the aforementioned bending properties of 6061 aluminum sheet at room temperature were investigated based on the three‐point bending test. The mechanical properties of 6061 aluminum alloy was significantly changed by artificial aging treatment, and the bearing capacity of T6‐8 h specimen is 2.11 times that of solution heat treatment state specimen when the deflection is the same. With the finite element model verified by experiments, the variation laws of equivalent stress and effective plastic strain of 6061 aluminum sheets in different states were analyzed, and the influence of work hardening exponent n and strength coefficient K on the springback and cross‐section deformation were also obtained. The springback increases when the work hardening exponent n decreases gradually, and the uneven deformation increases with the increase of strength coefficient K. With the increase of strength coefficient K, the warpage
and the thinning rate
increases gradually. As the artificial aging time extends, the springback and cross‐section deformation increase.