bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the expression level of miR-9-5p and miR-192-5p in gastrointestinal cancer: introducing novel screening biomarkers for patients
Authors: Tavakolian Shaian , Goudarzi Hossein , Faghihloo Ebrahim
Published: April 2020

Objective

It has been indicated that there is a tight association between cancer and different factors, such as environment and genetics, including aberrantly expressed microRNAs. The crucial role of microRNAs in the regulation of diverse signaling pathways in gastrointestinal cancer has been established in several studies. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the expression of microRNA-9 and -192 in colon and gastric cancers. After extracting the RNA from tissues and serum samples of patients, suffering from colon and gastric cancer, cDNA was synthesized. Then by performing quantitative real-time PCR, we evaluated the expression level of miR-9-5p and miR-192-5p in collected samples.

Results

Unlike to colon cancer in which the expression level of miR-9-5p remained unchanged, the relative expression of this miRNA decreased remarkably in gastric cancer (with P value < 0.05), in comparison with normal adjacent tissues. In agreement with this finding, we also found that the expression level of miR-192-5p was decreased in gastric cancer tissues, compared to normal gastric tissue. Given the reduction in the expression level of miR-9-5p and miR-192-5p in gastric cancer, it could be postulated to consider these miRNAs as promising diagnostic biomarkers.
Age-period-cohort effects in pre-existing and pregnancy-associated diseases amongst primiparous women
Authors: Metcalfe Amy , Ahmed Sofia B. , Nerenberg Kara
Published: April 2020

Background

The average age at first birth is steadily increasing in developed countries; however, demographic shifts in maternal age at childbearing have not occurred in isolation. While temporal increases in adverse pregnancy outcomes are typically attributed to increases in maternal age, little is known about how maternal health status has changed across maternal age, period of delivery, and birth cohort.

Methods

Natality files were used to identify primiparous women delivering liveborn, singleton infants in the USA in 1989, 1994, 1999, 2004, 2009, and 2014 (n = 6,857,185). Age-period-cohort models using the intrinsic estimator adjusted for temporal trends in smoking and gestational weight gain were used to quantify temporal changes in the rates of pre-existing (chronic hypertension, pre-existing diabetes) and pregnancy-associated (pregnancy-associated hypertension, gestational diabetes, eclampsia) diseases. Log-linear models were used to model the impact of temporal changes on preterm birth, small, and large for gestational age (SGA/LGA) births.

Results

Significant period effects resulted in temporal increases in the rate of chronic hypertension, pregnancy-associated hypertension, and gestational diabetes, and a significant decrease in the rate of eclampsia. These observed period effects were associated with a 10.6% increase in the rate of SGA and a 7.1% decrease in LGA. Had the rate of pre-existing and pregnancy-associated diseases remained static over this time period, the rate of preterm birth would have increased by 5.9%, but instead only increased by 4.4%.

Conclusions

Independent of changes in the incidence of pre-existing and pregnancy-associated diseases as women age, the obstetric population is becoming less healthy over time. This is important, as these changes have a direct negative impact on short-term obstetric outcomes and women’s long-term health.
Effect of in feed administration of different butyrate formulations on Salmonella Enteritidis colonization and cecal microbiota in broilers
Authors: Onrust Lonneke , Baeyen Steve , Haesebrouck Freddy , Ducatelle Richard , Van Immerseel Filip
Published: April 2020

Butyrate has been used extensively as a feed additive to improve gut health and to decrease Salmonella colonization in poultry. Salmonella mainly colonizes the ceca so butyrate concentrations should be increased in this gut segment. Discrepancies on the effects of butyrate on Salmonella colonization, described in the scientific literature, could thus be due to butyrate release location effects. In this study, newly developed butyrate formulations were evaluated for their effect on cecal butyrate concentrations and on colonization by Salmonella Enteritidis. In a first trial, broilers were randomly allocated to 7 dietary treatment groups with formulations based on different approaches to modify the butyrate release profile: release from wax matrices based on diffusion/erosion; micropellets supposedly release butyrate around pH 7 in the colon; tributyrin is based on the hydrolysis of esters in the small intestine. Fat-protected butyrate was included as a reference, because of its known effect on reduction of Salmonella colonization. Four days after infection, the number of cfu Salmonella per g cecal content and spleen were determined. Butyrate formulations in a wax matrix significantly reduced the Salmonella colonization in cecal content. In a second trial, wax and fat-protected butyrate treatments were replicated and results from the first trial were confirmed. Compared to the control group a higher proportion of butyrate concentration was observed in ceca for those groups with reduced Salmonella colonization. This was associated with a beneficial shift in the cecal microbiota. In conclusion, formulations that increase cecal butyrate concentrations are superior in protecting against Salmonella Enteritidis colonization.
Three positive periodic solutions of second order nonlinear neutral functional differential equations with delayed derivative
Authors: Yang He , Zhang Lu
Published: April 2020

This paper deals with the existence of three positive periodic solutions for a class of second order neutral functional differential equations involving the delayed derivative term in nonlinearity $(x(t)-cx(t-\delta)){''}+a(t)g(x(t))x(t)=\lambda b(t)f(t,x(t),x(t-\tau_{1}(t)),x'(t-\tau_{2}(t)))$(x(t)−cx(t−δ))″+a(t)g(x(t))x(t)=λb(t)f(t,x(t),x(t−τ1(t)),x′(t−τ2(t))). By utilizing the perturbation method of positive operator and Leggett–Williams fixed point theorem, a group of sufficient conditions are established.
Analysis of a stochastic single species model with Allee effect and jump-diffusion
Authors: Jin Yalin
Published: April 2020

In this paper, we consider the effects of the small and abrupt random perturbations in the environment, and formulate a stochastic single species model with Allee effect and jump-diffusion. We first prove that the model admits a unique solution which is global and positive. Then we study the stochastic permanence and extinction of the model. In addition, we estimate the growth rate of the solution. Our results reveal that the properties of the model have close relationships with the jump-diffusion. Finally, we work out several numerical simulations to validate the theoretical results.
Improved results of nontrivial solutions for a nonlinear nonhomogeneous Klein–Gordon–Maxwell system involving sign-changing potential
Authors: Gan Canlin , Xiao Ting , Zhang Qiongfen
Published: April 2020

This paper is concerned with the following system: $$ \textstyle\begin{cases} {-\Delta u+\lambda A(x) u-K(x)(2 \omega +\phi ) \phi u=f(x, u)+h(x), \quad x \in \mathbb{R}^{3}}, \\ {\Delta \phi =K(x)(\omega +\phi ) u^{2}, \quad x \in \mathbb{R}^{3}}, \end{cases} $${−Δu+λA(x)u−K(x)(2ω+ϕ)ϕu=f(x,u)+h(x),x∈R3,Δϕ=K(x)(ω+ϕ)u2,x∈R3, where $\lambda \geq 1$λ≥1 is a parameter, $\omega >0$ω>0 is a constant and the potential A is sign-changing. Under the classic Ambrosetti–Rabinowitz condition and other suitable conditions, nontrivial solutions are obtained via the linking theorem and Ekeland’s variational principle. Especially speaking, we use a super-quadratic condition to replace the 4-superlinear condition which is usually used to show the existence of nontrivial solutions in many references. Our results improve the previous results in the literature.
Correction to: Identification of the targets of hematoporphyrin derivative in lung adenocarcinoma using integrated network analysis
Authors: Yin Hongtao , Yu Yan
Published: April 2020

The Fig. 1b is wrongly published in the original publication of the article. The correct version of Fig. 1b is presented in this Correction.
Global woodland structure from local interactions: new nearest-neighbour functions for understanding the ontogenesis of global forest structure
Authors: Pommerening Arne , Wang Hongxiang , Zhao Zhonghua
Published: April 2020

Background

A number of hypotheses and theories, such as the Janzen-Connell hypothesis, have been proposed to explain the natural maintenance of biodiversity in tropical and temperate forest ecosystems. However, to date the details of the processes behind this natural maintenance are still unclear. Recently two new nearest-neighbour characteristics were proposed and in this paper we demonstrate how they can contribute to a better understanding of the ontogenesis of global forest structure from localised neighbourhoods.

Methods

We applied the new species and size segregation functions together with appropriate test procedures to four example woodland data sets from China at Daqingshan, Jiaohe, Jiulongshan and Xiaolongshan forest regions. In addition we quantified the morphology of the new characteristics and modelled a neighbourhood allometric coefficient linking the two functions.

Results

The results revealed quite different species segregation patterns with both conspecific and heterospecific attraction. We found these to be generally matched by equivalent size segregation patterns of attraction of similar and different sizes. It was straightforward to model the size segregation function from the knowledge of the species segregation function by estimating a neighbourhood allometric coefficient.

Conclusions

The new characteristics have helped to quantify the extent and rate of decline of neighbourhood interactions in terms of spatial species and size diversity. Through the allometric neighbourhood coefficient the analysis highlighted once more how closely related species and size segregation are, thus supporting the mingling-size hypothesis. Using both a traditional and a restricted random-labelling test has provided a valuable tool for understanding the exact nature of species-mingling and size-inequality relationships.
Conventional angiography findings in hemodynamically unstable patients with acute abdominal hemorrhage and a negative CT bleeding study
Authors: O’Brien Amy C. , Healy Gerard M. , Rutledge Nicholas , Patil Aishan , McCann Jeffrey W. J. , Cantwell Colin P.
Published: April 2020

Background

CT bleeding study (CTA) is regularly requested in acute abdominal haemorrhage (AAH) with haemodynamic instability by clinical teams and interventional radiologists because CTA can; detect arterial bleeding at low rates of hemorrhage, accurately localize the bleeding point and characterize the etiology.

How best to manage an unstable patient who has an AAH with a haematoma and no acute vascular findings on CTA represents a difficult clinical scenario for treating physicians and Interventional Radiologists.

Purpose

To review the conventional angiography (CA) findings and clinical outcome of hemodynamically unstable patients with AAH who had a preceding negative CTA.

Materials and methods

All patients who were hemodynamically unstable and underwent CTA and CA for acute arterial abdominal hemorrhage at our institution between 01/01/2010 and 31/12/2017 were identified. Patients with obstetric, penetrating trauma, abdominal aortic or venous sources of hemorrhage were excluded. Patients who had a negative CTA before CA were included. Patient medical records were reviewed for clinical outcome.

Results

In the study period 160 hemodynamically unstable patients underwent 178 CA procedures. 155 CA procedures were preceded by CTA. 141 CTAs demonstrated active bleeding or an abnormal artery. 14 CTAs in 13 patients demonstrated hematoma but no acute bleeding (mean age = 56-years; M:F, 12:1). Eight of the 14 CA studies demonstrated: active bleeding (n = 4), pseudoaneurysm (n = 1) or a truncated artery (n = 3). Cases of renal hemorrhage demonstrated a significantly higher proportion of false negative CTA studies (36%). Selective (n = 8) or empiric (n = 4) embolization was performed in twelve cases. All patients stopped bleeding and there were no mortalities.

Conclusion

In a cohort of hemodynamically unstable patients, 57% (8/14) of cases with no acute vascular findings on CTA demonstrated a source of hemorrhage on CA. The false negative rate of CTA was significantly higher for renal tract hemorrhage compared to other sites of bleeding.
Screening and evaluation of reliable traits of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genotypes for salt tolerance at the seedling growth stage
Authors: SIKDER Ripon Kumar , WANG Xiangru , JIN Dingsha , ZHANG Hengheng , GUI Huiping , DONG Qiang , PANG Nianchang , ZHANG Xiling , SONG Meizhen
Published: April 2020

Background

Salt stress significantly inhibits the growth, development, and productivity of cotton because of osmotic, ionic, and oxidative stresses. Therefore, the screening and development of salt tolerant cotton cultivars is a key issue towards sustainable agriculture. This study subjected 11 upland cotton genotypes at the seedling growth stage to five different salt concentrations and evaluated their salt tolerance and reliable traits.

Results

Several morpho-physiological traits were measured after 10 days of salinity treatment and the salt tolerance performance varied significantly among the tested cotton genotypes. The optimal NaCl concentration for the evaluation of salt tolerance was 200 mmol·L− 1. Membership function value and salt tolerance index were used to identify the most consistent salt tolerance traits. Leaf relative water content and photosynthesis were identified as reliable indicators for salt tolerance at the seedling stage. All considered traits related to salt tolerance indices were significantly and positively correlated with each other except for malondialdehyde. Cluster heat map analysis based on the morpho-physiological salt tolerance-indices clearly discriminated the 11 cotton genotypes into three different salt tolerance clusters. Cluster I represented the salt-tolerant genotypes (Z9807, Z0228, and Z7526) whereas clusters II (Z0710, Z7514, Z1910, and Z7516) and III (Z0102, Z7780, Z9648, and Z9612) represented moderately salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive genotypes, respectively.

Conclusions

A hydroponic screening system was established. Leaf relative water content and photosynthesis were identified as two reliable traits that adequately represented the salt tolerance of cotton genotypes at the seedling growth stage. Furthermore, three salt-tolerant genotypes were identified, which might be used as genetic resources for the salt-tolerance breeding of cotton.
Prediction and in silico validation of MYH7 gene missense variants in the Iranian population: a bioinformatics analysis based on Iranome database
Authors: Shahbazi Shirin
Published: April 2020

Background

Identifying disease-causing genetic variants in a particular population improves the molecular diagnosis of genetic disorders. National genome databases provide valuable information on this matter. This study aimed to investigate the genomic variants of the MYH7 gene, related to the common heart disease, i.e., hereditary cardiomyopathy.

Results

MYH7 gene variants were extracted from the Iranome database and loaded into SPSS software. The filtration steps were performed based on the variant specification and with emphasis on identifying missense changes. Using predictive algorithms, different aspects of the changes such as allele frequency and functional defects were investigated. Our results showed that 41 (17.4%) coding variants were synonymous compared with 18 (7.7%) missense alterations. The missense variants were mostly observed in exons 20–40 that encode MyHC α-helical rod tail. The p.Pro211Leu, p.Arg787His, p.Val964Leu, p.Arg1277Gln, and p.Ala1603Thr were already known to be associated with inherited cardiomyopathy. Four of the missense variants, p.Asn1623Ser, p.Arg1588His, p.Phe1498Tyr, and p.Arg1129Ser, were located on MyHC α-helical rod tail and none of them was annotated on dbSNP or genomAD databases.

Conclusion

Our study showed several MYH7 variants associated with the disease in the Iranian population. The results emphasize the importance of analyzing the exons encoding MyHC α-helical rod tail. The investigation of genomic databases can be considered as a cost-effective strategy using targeted mutation detection analyses. The efficacy of this prediction method should be elucidated in further studies on patients’ cohorts.
Prevalence and predictors of urinary tract infection in full-term and preterm neonates
Authors: Mohamed Wael , Algameel Alkassem , Bassyouni Rasha , Mahmoud Abd el Tawab
Published: April 2020

Background

Early and prompt diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) in neonates has important therapeutic implications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of UTI in neonates admitted to a referral neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and to identify predictors associated with an increased risk of UTI in NICU population.

Results

The prevalence of culture-proven UTI in the studied neonates was 6.67%. Moreover, UTI was more frequent (70%) among full-term neonates. Additionally, both fever and pyuria were the only clinical and laboratory findings that showed significant association with UTI (p < 0.05). Binary logistic regression revealed that neonates with pyuria in urine analysis were 5.44 times more liable to have UTI, while the presence of fever constitutes a risk of only 0.166 (odds ratios were 5.44 and 0.166, respectively). Additionally, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the regression model were 50.0, 94.5, 20.05, and 98.57%, respectively.

Conclusions

We conclude that UTI is not uncommon in full-term neonates admitted in NICU. Additionally, pyuria was significantly related to positive urine culture and its detection in urine analysis increases the likelihood of UTI by 5.44 times.
UNDERSTANDING THE DEADLIFT AND ITS VARIATIONS
Authors: Holmes Clifton J.
Published: April 2020

Apply It!

From this article, the reader should:

• Understand what the deadlift exercise is and how it can be beneficial for anyone going through a resistance training program;

• Gain foundational knowledge about the similarities and differences between deadlift exercise variations;

• Be able to avoid the common errors associated with the deadlift exercises in order to stay safe and injury-free; and

• Know how to determine which deadlift exercise variation is best for a particular individual.
IDENTIFICATION OF MULTI-STAKEHOLDER VALUE IN MEDICAL DECISION-MAKING
Authors: Moons Karen , Pintelon Liliane , Jorissen Pieterjan , De Ridder Dirk , Everaerts Wouter
Published: April 2020

The recent trend is towards value-based healthcare, which is characterized by the relationship between quality of care and the associated costs. However, value in healthcare is a largely unmeasured and misunderstood concept. In particular, a definition of multi-stakeholder value in healthcare decision-making is missing. In this case study, we review the radical prostatectomy procedure because previous studies have shown discrepancies between what the patient’s value most and what the experts think the patient’s value most. The objective of this research is to address this gap by identifying a multi-stakeholder definition of value which will improve healthcare decision-making. Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques, more specifically the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), are applied to prioritize the quality of care indicators according to the following six pillars of quality: safety, effectiveness, efficiency, timeliness, patient-centeredness and equity. In addition, the average cost of a radical prostatectomy is estimated. A distinction is made between three treatment stages in order to calculate the overall quality score by assigning weights to criteria in each treatment stage. According to the AHP weights, the pillars of effective, patient-centered and equitable care contribute the most to value creation. Finally, some of the challenges of MCDM studies are addressed, such as conflicting preferences between stakeholder groups. In conclusion, this case study stresses the need to adapt operational research methods and knowledge to be applied in value-based healthcare. The AHP is a suitable approach to address the needs of healthcare decision-makers, to set priorities, and to identify value improvement opportunities while considering all of the stakeholders involved in the full care cycle.
MCDM 2019 Special Topics Articles
Authors: Topcu Ilker , Ozaydin Ozay
Published: April 2020

After the 25th International Conference on Multiple-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM 2019) in Istanbul, one of the most successful MCDM conferences to date, authors that presented their works were invited to submit these studies to the special topic section of IJAHP.
Decision Making in the Time of Corona Virus
Authors: Mu Enrique
Published: April 2020

At IJAHP we are concerned for the well-being of our friends and colleagues worldwide. Out of this concern we have systematically contacted many of them to know how they are riding out this crisis. We recently contacted our colleague and long time friend Leandro Pecchia. Dr. Pecchia, originally from Italy, is an associate professor of biomedical engineering at the University of Warwick, U.K.
Bowtie loaded meander antenna for a high-temperature superconducting terahertz detector and its characterization by the Josephson effect
Authors: Yu Mei , Geng Haifeng , Jiang Shoulu , Hua Tao , An Deyue , Xu Weiwei , Chen Zhi Ning , Li Jun , Wang Huabing , Chen Jian , Wu Peiheng
Published: April 2020

In a quasi-optical system, the high temperature superconducting terahertz detector often suffers from a fundamental problem of low coupling efficiency with the terahertz signal, especially for the detector based on YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO) bicrystal Josephson junction (JJ) due to a small normal-state resistance. Here, we developed a bowtie loaded meander antenna to enhance coupling efficiency. Differing from the conventional characterization confining on vector network analyzers, we applied three methods to evaluate the antenna, including the measurements of the maximal size of the first order Shapiro step under per incident power, the coupling efficiency between the antenna and the junction, and voltage responsivity. Furthermore, with simulation analysis, we propose that the inductive reactance of the YBCO bicrystal JJ is around 60 ohms under terahertz irradiation at 210 GHz, thus, the reactance is comparable as that of the antenna.
Using Gamification to Improve the Quality of Educating Children with Autism
Authors: Afrasiabi Navan Azadeh , Khaleghi Ali
Published: April 2020

This study was conducted with a pre-test–post-test design with a control group in which participants were divided into two experimental (ten persons) and control (ten persons) groups. The Smile 1 intervention took place in 16 sessions of 30 min, which consisted of eight sessions of 1 h owing to the time spent by the parents of the participants in the study. Additionally, a Child Behaviour Check List (CBCL) was used to measure the effectiveness of this interventional game on reducing the behavioural problems of children that participated. The questionnaire consists of 113 questions in which 13 different behavioural factors are identified in the children. For this purpose, pre-test and post-test stages were performed for both groups. In fact, due to time constraints for holding intervention sessions, it was expected from the outset that significant changes in participant behaviour during the two months of interventions would not be observed.
Oral Administration of Alginate Oligosaccharide from Padina sp. Enhances Tolerance of Oxygen Exposure Stress in Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Yudiati Ervia , Rustadi Rustadi , Ginzel Fanny Iriany , Hidayati Jelita Rahma , Rizfa Mila Safitri , Azhar Nuril , Djarod Muhammad Salauddin Ramadhan , Heriyati Eny , Alghazeer Rabia
Published: April 2020

Alginate is rich in bioactive compounds and has been known to act as a stimulator on the innate immune system. The objective of this study is to determine polysaccharide and oligosaccharide alginate yield, that percentage inhibition with a different type of extraction, to evaluate growth performance as well as immune response by oxygen stress tolerance. Thermal heating with oven laboratory at 140oC for 4.5 hr was done to breakdown the polysaccharide into oligosaccharide. The extraction was conducted by maceration, filtration, precipitation, and centrifugation. Factorial design with two factors was implemented to 260 Zebrafish and reared in thirteen aquariums (20 fish per aquarium) for 12 days. Zebrafish was fed at different dose (4.0g; 6.0g; 8.0g.kg-1) and different type of extraction [noEDTA/noKCl; KCl; EDTA and (EDTAandKCl)]. The evaluation of radical scavenging activity was done spectrophotometrically at 515 nm. Results showed that the highest alginate yield either polysaccharide or oligosaccharide was gained from KCL treatments, percentage inhibition (82.61%), growth performance as well as tolerance of stress (P<0.05). The best growth performance was reached in oligosaccharide supplementation at 6.0g.kg-1 treatment. It can be concluded that alginate oliogosaccharide produced by thermal heating enhanced the antioxidant activity, boost the fish’s immune system, proofed by better growth performance and more tolerant to the low oxygen stress.
Uji Pengaruh Aktivitas Ekstrak Daun Cempaka (Mickelia champaca. L) terhadap Pengendalian Jamur Phytophthora infestans
Authors: Purwintasari Susiana
Published: April 2020

Dalam usaha untuk mencari fungisida alami yang aman terhadap lingkungan dan tanaman non sasaran, telah dilakukan penelitian pemanfaatan daun cempaka dalam pengendalian pertumbuhan populasi jamur Phytophthora infestans. Jamur Phytophthora infestans ini adalah jamur yang menyebabkan penyakit busuk daun (late blight) pada tanaman kentang (Solanum tuberosum). Ekstrak dikhlorometan daun cempaka dengan konsentrasi 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, dan 5 persen (b/v) diujikan terhadap pertumbuhan jamur Phytophthora infestans secara in vitro, data dianalisis dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan enam perlakuan dan empat ulangan serta menunjukkan penghambatan menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak diklorometan sudah menunjukkan penghambatan pertumbuhan pada konsentrasi satu persen secara in vitro. Penghambatan pertumbuhan semakin kuat seiring dengan konsentrasi yang meningkat. Namun tidak berbeda secara nyata antara konsentrasi dua persen dan tiga persen. Pada konsentrasi lima persen jamur mengalami penghambatan pertumbuhan yang tertinggi (ditunjukkan oleh luas pertumbuhannnya yang paling kecil). Ekstrak daun cempaka menghambat jamur Phytophthora infestans secara in vitro namun belum bisa mematikannya
Sintesis Anisol Menggunakan N-Setil N,N,N-Trim Etil Ammonium Bromida sebagai Katalis Transfer Fasa
Authors: Fachriyah Enny , Sumardjo Damin , Arsalan Sausan Syakib
Published: April 2020

Telah dilakukan sintesis anisol dengan cara mereaksikan fenol, natrium hidroksida dan dimetil sulfat dalam pelarut metilen klorida dengan N-setil-N,N,N-trimetil amonium bromida digunakan sebagai katalis transfer fasa. Hasil sintesis yang diperoleh ditentukan indeks bias dan bobot jenisnya serta dilakukan analisis dengan kromatografi gas dan spektroskopi infra merah. Hasil yang diperoleh mempunyai indeks bias pada 20°C (nD20) sebesar 1,51025 dan bobot jenis pada 18°C (ρ18) sebesar 0,99725. Analisa dengan kromatografi gas menunjukkan kemurnian 98,68% dengan spektroskopi infra merah menunjukkan adanya gugus – OCH3 dan gugus aromatik. Diperkirakan produk adalah anisol.
Penentuan Bilangan Hidrophile-Lipophile Balance (HLB) Fosfolipida dari Buah Kelapa
Authors: Hudiyanti Dwi , Ariadi Basuki , Hastuti Rum
Published: April 2020

Telah dilakukan penentuan bilangan HLB fosfolipida dari buah kelapa. Bilangan HLB ditentukan dengan metode Davies yang menghitung bilangan HLB dari bilangan HLB komponen-komponennya. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fosfolipida dalam buah kelapa adalah fosfatidiletanolamin dan fosfatidilserin dengan komponen asam lemaknya adalah asam palmitat, miristat, laurat, kaprilat dan kaprat. Dari perhitungan diperoleh bilangan HLB fosfatidiletanolamin adalah adalah antara 11,32-17,02 dan fosfatidilserin antara 13,42- 19,12. Bilangan ini menunjukkan bahwa kedua fosfolipida dari buah kelapa itu berpotensi untuk digunakan sebagai zat pengemulsi.
Synthesis of Metal–Curcumin Complex Compounds (M = Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Cu²⁺)
Authors: Peni Peni , Sasri Risya , Silalahi Imelda Hotmarisi
Published: April 2020

Curcumin complex compound, MLn (L = curcumin; M = Na+, Mg2+, Cu2+) has been synthesized from the reaction between curcumin and metal precursors (NaCl, MgSO4.7H2O, CuCl2.2H2O) in ethanol under reflux conditions. Synthesis takes place through the reaction between the metal ions Na+, Mg2+, or Cu2+ as the central atom and curcumin as the ligand. Curcumin has been consumed after the reaction lasts for four hours, shown by thin-layer chromatography in which a new spot appears at higher Rf as the spot of curcumin disappears in the reaction mixture. Compared with the spectrum of  curcumin, the FTIR spectra of the complexes  show changes in the absorption bands and shifts of wave numbers particularly in absorption bands of phenolic –OH and C=O enol groups which strongly indicates the coordination of metal ions with the curcumin ligand which is proposed to be in β–1,3 diketone system. Also, the FTIR spectra of the reaction product showed typical absorption bands for the metal-oxygen group, M–O, at 524 cm–1, 670 cm–1 and 470 cm–1 in Na+–curcumin, Mg2+–curcumin and Cu2+–curcumin, respectively.
Antioxidant potential and identification of active compounds on Kabau seed (Archidendron bubalinum) flesh and husk extract
Authors: Rahmawati Fri , Kurniaty Linggom , Bintang Maria
Published: April 2020

Kabau (Archidendron bubalinum) is one of the plants that is often used as food ingredients and has the potential to be developed in the health sector. This study aims to determine the antioxidant potential of kabau seeds using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picril hidrazil (DPPH) and ferric reducing ability power (FRAP) methods and to identify active compounds of kabau seeds using GC-MS. Kabau seeds were macerated using 70% ethanol and 99.9% ethanol. The results showed that 99.9% ethanol extract of kabau seed coat had the highest antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 26.75 ppm for the DPPH method and 121.55 ppm for the FRAP method, respectively. Identification of active compounds using GC-MS showed that 99.9% ethanol extract of kabau seed coat contained the most 9,12-octadecadienoic acid compounds (linoleic acid) so that it could be developed as an antioxidant.
Demetilasi Senyawa N-metilpiridinium iodida dengan Pemanasan pada Pelarut Polar Aprotik
Authors: Cahyono Bambang , Ismiyarto Ismiyarto , Suradi Agus , Suzery Meiny
Published: April 2020

Reaksi Demetilasi dengan anion iodida telah dilakukan terhadap senyawa N-Metilpiridinium Iodida. Reaksi berlangsu pada Suhu titik didih asetonitril, 82 Celsius. Analisis Produk Reaksi dengan Spktrofotometer UV-Vis, mengindikasikan bahwa reaksi demetilasi garam N-metilpiridinium iodida telah berlangsung. hasil Penelitian menunjukan bahwa amonium heterosiklik aromatik lebih mudah terdemetilasi daripada amonium heterosiklik nanoaromatik.
Hidrasi Metilisoeugenol dengan Metode Oksimerkurasi-Demerkurasi
Authors: Ngadiwiyana Ngadiwiyana
Published: April 2020

Telah dilakukan hidrasi metilisoeugenol dengan metode oksimerkurasi-demerkurasi. Metilisoeugenol merupakan hasil isomerisasi metileugenol. Reaksi oksimerkurasi-demerkurasi dilakukan pada suhu 25°C. Pada tahap oksimerkurasi digunakan campuran merkuri asetat dengan pelarut THF + H2O dengan perbandingan volume (1:1), sedangkan pada tahap demerkurasi digunakan pereduksi NaBH4, dalam NaOH. Hasil reaksi berupa cairan berwama putih. Kemurnian hasil ditentukan dengan kromatografi gas, dihasilkan senyawa l-(3,4-dimetoksifenil)-1-propanol dengan kemurnian 19,20%. Analisis struktur dilakukan dengan spektrofotometer IR dan kromatografi gas-spektrometer massa.
Reduksi Senyawa 6-Amino-5-Nitroso Urasil Menjadi 5,6-Diaminourasil (Studi Pendahuluan)
Authors: Suhartana Suhartana , Rusdiarso Bambang , Narsito Narsito
Published: April 2020

Telah dilakukan sintesis dan reduksi senyawa 6-amino-5-nitroso urasil (6-A-5-NU) menjadi 5,6 diaminourasil (DAU). Analisis kualitatif dilakukan dengan penentuan titik leleh dan spektra IR. Senyawa 5,6- Diaminourasil (DAU) disintesis dari urea dan etilsianoasetat dalam suasana enolat. Reaksi diawali dengan melalui pembentukan senyawa hasil antara senyawa 6-aminourasil, dan 6-Amino-5-Nitroso Urasil (keduanya madya yang stabil), sebelum diperoleh senyawa hasil akhir DAU. Hasil DAU yang diperoleh mempunyai titik leleh 249-254°C (literatur 257-258°C) dan rendemen yang diperoleh adalah 80,86%, kondisi optimum diperoleh dengan memakai reduktor amonium sulfida, dan suhu 40°C.
Pengaruh Pemanasan Terhadap Kemampuan Tanah Diatomit sebagai Adsorben Logam Krom (III) dan Kadmium (II)
Authors: Nuryono Nuryono , Kunarti Eko Sri , Narsito Narsito
Published: April 2020

Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk mengkaji pengaruh pemanasan terhadap kemampuan tanah diatomit Sangiran, Sragen, Jawa Tengah terhadap kemampuannya mengadsorbsi logam Cr(III) dan Cd(II) dalam larutan. Sebelum proses adsorpsi dilakukan tanah diatomit dikarakterisasi keberadaan situs aktifnya dengan menggunakan spektrofotometri infra merah (IR) dan analisis termogravimetri (TGA). Adsorpsi dilakukan melalui sistem bath dengan mencampurkan sejumlah sampel tanah dengan larutan logam pada temperatur kamar, 30°C, pH 4,0- 6,0 (tanpa pengaturan) untuk Cr(lll), dan 5.0 - 7,0 untuk Cd(II). Proses serupa dilakukan terhadap tanah diatomit yang telah dipanaskan pada temperatur yang berbeda (300°C, 500°C dan 900°C). Pengaruh lama kontak dan konsentrasi awal logam terhadap adsorpsi dievaluasi untuk menentukan kapasitas, tetapan adsorpsi, dan energi adorpsi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tanah diatomit melepaskan semua molekul air pada pemanasan 580°C, dan kondensasi gugus silanol menjadi siloksan terjadi pada pemanasan 700°C. Pemanasan tanah diatomit sampai 500°C dapat meningkatkan kemampuan mengadsorpsi ion Cr(III), sedangkan untuk adsorpsi ion Cd(ll) tidak berubah secara signifikan. Sebaliknya, pemanasan sampai 900°C mengakibatkan penurunan yang tajam terhadap kemampuannya mengadsorpsi baik ion Cr(III) maupun Cd(II). Kapasitas adsorpsi tertinggi untuk Cr(III), 205,3 mg/g, terjadi pada tanah setelah pemanasan 500°C, sedangkan untuk Cd(II), 14.93 mg/g, terjadi pada tanah setelah pemanasan 300°C. Tetapan adsorpsi berkisar 6.93 - 11,51 x 103 untuk Cd(II) dan 0,94- 1,58 x 103 untuk Cr(III), sedangkan energi adsorpsi berkisar 17,30- 18,55 kJ/mol untuk Cr(III) dan 21,49- 23,56 kJ/mol untuk Cd(ll).
Katalis Zn/Zeolit Alam dan Pengujian Aktivitasnya pada Konversi Metanol Menjadi Hidrokarbon
Authors: Ismiyarto Ismiyarto
Published: April 2020

Telah dilakukan sintesis katalis Zn/Zeolit alam dengan metode impregnasi menggunakan larutan [ZN(NH3)4(NO3)2] dan zeolit alam dari Cipatujah, Jawa Barat dengan variasi tempeatur reduksi. Sintesis katalis Zn/Zeolit alam dengan temperatur oksidasi 350oC dan temperatur reduksi 400oC mempunyai karakter katalis yang paling optimal, mempunyai keasaman total 4,07 mmol NH3/g dan kandungan Zn 0,81%. Dibandingkan dengan katalis H+-zeolit alam dengan reaksi thermal, energi aktivasi (Ea) konversi metanol menjadi hidrokarbon menggunakan katalis Zn/zeolit alam mempunyai harga relatif kecil. Analitis konversi metanol menjadi hidrokarbon dilakukan dengan kromatografi gas.
Pengaruh Konsentasi Kobalt Sulfat terhadap Persentase Hasil Elektrooksidasi Etanol
Authors: Agronomianto Gembong , Rahmanto Wasino Hadi , Hastuti Rum
Published: April 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan persentase etanol teroksidasi dan pengaruh variasi konsentrasi reagen redoks pada kondisi tegangan listrik, waktu elektrolisa, dan temparatur sel yang sama. Elektroda yang digunakan adalah timbal sebagai anoda dan kawat neklin sebagai katoda, dengan larutan kobalt sulfat sebagai reagen redoksnya. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan etanol terelektrooksidasi menjadi karbondioksida dengan persentase etanol teroksidasi sekitar 0,13-2,27 %. Dari hasil variasi konsentrasi reagen redoks, yakni kobalt sulfat, semakin meningkat jumlah etanol teroksidasi.
Studi Pelarutan Perak dengan Hidrogen Peroksida dan Asam Sulfat dalam Sistem Asetonitril/Air
Authors: Haris Abdul , Kuncaka Agus
Published: April 2020

Telah dipelajari pelarutan serbuk perak menggunakan H2O2 dan H2SO4 dalam media air dan media campuran asetonitril-air. Pelarutan serbuk perak dilakukan dengan pengadukan pada kecepatan 400 rpm selama 1,5 jam dan banyaknya Ag yang larut dianalisis dengan SSA. Dari penelitian yang telah dilakukan diperoleh konsentrasi ion Ag+ maksimum yang larut dalam media air sebesar 1,49 x 10-2 M dan dalam media campuran 60%(v/v) asetonitril-air sebesar 2,20 x 10-2 M. Dengan perhitungan pelarutan perak, didapatkan energi bebas transfer standar (DGt0) ion Ag+ dari media air ke media campuran 60% (v/v) asetonitril-air ialah-971,94 joule mol-1. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dengan meningkatnya persentase asetonitril dalam media campuran asetonitril-air, maka besarnya DGt0 cenderung makin negatif atau kelarutan ionAg+ makin besar.
Analisis Kimia, Mineral dan Sifat Fisika Tanah Liat Desa Kelaci Tabanan dan Pemanfaatannya sebagai Bahan Baku Keramik
Authors: Nugroho Totok
Published: April 2020

Perkembangan industri pariwisata di Bali membuka peluang bagi usaha kerajinan tangan dan industri kecil lainnya. Salah satu industri untuk meningkatkan produksi tersebut adalah industri keramik, yang mana ditunjukkan dari banyaknya cinderamata yang diminati wisatawan selama berkunjung ke Bali. Karena itu, eksploitasi dari bahan lokal perlu diteliti dan dikembangkan. Salah satu bahan lokal tersebut adalah lempung Kelaci dari daerah Tabanan. Berbagai macam uji telah dilakukan yang melibatkan analisis kimia, mineral dan fisika. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa lempung dari Kelaci dapat digunakan sebagai bahan lokal untuk membuat keramik, perkakas batu dan perkakas tahan asam.
Senyawa Triterpen yang Mempunyai Aktivitas sebagai Antimikroba dari Daun Pacar Cina (Aglalailu odorata Lour)
Authors: Kusrini Dewi
Published: April 2020

Telah diisolasi senyawa triterpene dari daun pacar cina yang mempunyai aktivitas sebagai anti mikroba dengan metode kromatoygrafi (KK, KCKT). Penentuan struktur molekul dari senyawa terisolasi dengan menggunakan metode spektroskopi IR, MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, uji aktivitas antimikroba dilakukan terhadap ikan Guppy. Berdasarkan spektra yang dihasilkan dapat diidentifikasikan sebagai 24, 25-dihidroksi dammaran 2-en, 3-on dan uji aktivitas diperoleh LC50 = 13 ppm, yang berarti mepunyai aktivitas antimikroba.
Produk Reaksi Maillard (MRP) sebagai Anti Bakteri dan Pengendali Kadar Dekstran dalam Nira
Authors: Aminin Agustina L. N. , Ambarsari Laksmi , Mochtar H. M.
Published: April 2020

MRP adalah hasil reaksi pencoklatan non enzimatik yang dapat dibuat dengan merefluks larutan yang mengandung asam amino dan gula reduksi. Aktivitas MRP diamati dengan meneliti pertumbuhan mikroorganisme dari nira yang ditumbuhkan dalam medium sintetik melalui pengukuran turbiditas. Pengaruh MRP terhadap produksi dekstran diamati melalui analisa kadar dekstran menggunakan metode Haze. Hasil pengamatan baik terhadap pertumbuhan mikroba maupun kadar dekstran menunjukkan bahwa MRP yang dibuat dari lisin dan glukosa dengan waktu pemanasan lima jam dan menggunakan gas nitrogen memberikan penghambatan sampai 50%.
Pemanfaatan Oktil Eugeniloksi Etanoat Hasil Sintesis sebagai Plasticizer Membran Polimer Cair Elektroda Selektif Ion
Authors: Lusiana Retno Ariadi , Siswanta Dwi
Published: April 2020

Dua plasticizer, dibenzil eter  (DBE) dan oktil eugeniloksi etanoat (OEE) dipelajari untuk mengetahui kemampuannya dalam membran polimer ESI (Elektroda Selektif Ion) perklorat dengan senyawa aktif  TOMA-Cl (tetra oktil metil amonium klorida). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dari hasil pengukuran terhadap karakteristik ESI perklorat didapatkan bahwa penggunaan DBE memberikan hasil yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan OEE sebagai plasticizer.  Secara umum, interaksi yang terjadi antara fasa membran dengan anion mengikuti kaedah seri Hofmeister.
Ekstraksi Campuran Logam Berat dan Pemisahan Cr(VI) dari Cr(III) Menggunakan Teknik Membran Cair Berpendukung (SLM)
Authors: Djunaidi Muhammad Cholid , Haris Abdul , Gunawan Gunawan
Published: April 2020

Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang transport logam berat menggunakan SLM dengan senyawa pembawa. Pengukuran pH memperlihatkan ion hidrogen terlibat dalam transport ini. Penentuan konsentrasi logam berat menggunakan AAS dan spektrofotometer UV-Vis menunjukkan bahwa dalam larytan campuran, transport optimum logam berat dalam fasa penerima diperoleh dengan pembawa campuran 1:4 (TBP:D2EHPA 1M)  dan pemisahan Cr(VI) dari Cr(III) dapat dilakukan dengan pembawa tunggal. Urutan transport logam berat dengan pembawa campuran 1:4 (TBP:D2EHPA)  tersebut dalam larutan campuran dan limbah laboratorium adalah tCu(II) > tFe(III) > tNi(II. Pada pemisahan Cr dalam limbah penyamakan kulit, TBP dapat mengekstrak Cr(III) dan Cr(VI) sementara D2EHPA hanya mengekstrak Cr(III) sehingga Cr(III) dan Cr(VI) dapat dipisahkan
Pemisahan Logam Berat Menggunakan Membran Cair Berpendukung dengan Variabel Konsentrasi Ion Logam dan pH Fasa Umpan
Authors: Djunaidi Muhammad Cholid , Haris Abdul
Published: April 2020

Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang pemisahan logam berat Ag, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb dan Zn menggunakan teknik Membran Cair Berpendukung (SLM) dengan asam di2etilheksilfosfat (D2EHPA) sebagai pembawa. Pemisahan dilakukan dalam perangkat SLM selama 5 jam. Analisa dilakukan dengan mengukur konsentrasi logam di fasa umpan dengan AAS dan pengukuran konsetrasi ion hydrogen dengan pH meter. Hasil yang diperoleh memperlihatkan bahwa tranport dipengaruhi oleh konsentrasi logam, konsentrasi ion hidrogen dan selektifitas pembawa terhadap logam. Pembwa D2EHPA cukup selektif untuk pemisahan logam berat dengan urutan: Zn>Ag>Cu>Pb>Ni.Kata kunci: SLM, logam berat, selektifitas, pembawa, D2EHPA.
Pemerangkapan Garam Ammonium Sulfat dalam Zeolit
Authors: Taslimah Taslimah , Muharam Salih , Sumardjo Damin
Published: April 2020

Modifikasi zeolit alam menjadi material penyimpan hara telah dilakukan dengan cara impreknasi basah. Impreknasi dilakukan dengan merendam zeolit dalam larutan ammonium sulfat pada konsentrasi 13,2% - 39,6%(b/v) dengan selang 6,6%. Kalsinasi zeolit hasil dilakukan pada suhu 250C selama 4 jam, karakterisasi hasil dilakukan engan menggunakan difraktometer sinar-X dan spektrofotometer infra merah.Disimpulkan bahwa molekul ammonium sulfat terperangkap dalam zeolit dalam bentuk (NH4)2Ca(SO4)2. Perlakuan kalsinasi pada 250C selama 4 jam tidak merubah struktur zeolit.
Pemanjangan Sistem Terkonjugasi Sinamaldehid dan Uji Aktivitas sebagai Bahan Aktif Tabir Surya
Authors: Ngadiwiyana Ngadiwiyana , Ismiyarto Ismiyarto , Anam Khairul
Published: April 2020

Telah dilakukan pemanjangan sistem terkonjugasi sinamaldehid dengan reaksi aldol kondensasi. Penelitian ini diawali dengan mengisolasi sinamaldehid dari minyak kayu manis menggunakan pelarut natrium bisulfit. Selanjutnya sinamaldehid direaksikan dengan asetofenon melalui reaksi kondensasi. Analisis struktur senyawa hasil menggunakan spektrometer UV-Vis dan spektrometer infra merah, selanjutnya penentuan SPF dari produk yang dihasilkan dilakukan dengan mengukur absorbansinya terhadap sinar UV.Sinamaldehid didapatkan sebagai cairan jernih kekuningan dengan kemurnian 99,87% dan rendemen 82,00%. Senyawa hasil kondensasi didapatkan sebagai padatan berwarna kuning dengan titik lebur 540C, rendemen 72,21%. Analisis dengan spektometer UV-Vis memberikan serapan pada 312 nm dan 224 nm, sedangkan dengan IR mempunyai pita pada 1676,0 cm-1 (-C=O), 1604 cm-1 (–C=C-), 3028 (=C-H), dan 1575 cm- (cincin aromatis). Sinamaldehid mampu memberikan perlindungan SPF maksimum pada konsentrasi 10 g/mL, sedangkan senyawa hasil reaksi mampu memberikan perlindungan maksimum pada konsentrasi 6 g/mL.
Pengambilan Ion Logam Mn2+ dan Ni2+ Menggunakan Na-Zeolit: Suatu Usaha Pengkajian Pemanfaatan Sumber Daya Alam Indonesia
Authors: Widodo Didik Setiyo , Sugiharto Eko , Wahyuni Endang Tri
Published: April 2020

Zeolit alam asal Cikalong Jawa Barat telah digunakan untuk pengambilan ion Mn2+ dan Ni2+ dari larutannya, dengan cara mempertukarkan ion-ion tersebut dengan ion Na+ dalam zeolit alam termodifikasi berdasarkan sistem batch. Penelitian ini juga mengkaji pengaruh keberadaan ion Cu2+ di dalam sistem pertukaran kation. Konsentrasi ion-ion dianalisis dengan metode spektrofotometri serapan atom. Data eksperimen menunjukkan bahwa zeolit alam yang telah dimodifikasi dengan Na+ dapat digunakan untuk mengambil ion Mn2+ dan Ni2+ melalui mekanisme pertukaran kation. Uji selektivitas memperlihatkan bahwa Na-Zeolit lebih selektif terhadap Mn2+ dibandingkan terhadap Ni2+. Urutan selektivitas ini tidak dipengaruhi oleh keberadaan Cu2+. Na-Zeolit mampu mempertukarkan kation Mn2+ sampai 57,73 % dalam keadaan sendiri dan 19,72 % dalam keadaan bersama; Ni2+ sampai 37,71 % dalam keadaan sendiri dan hanya 5,81 % dalam keadaan bersama kation logam lain di dalam larutannya.
Pengaruh Derajad Keasaman (pH) pada Kesetimbangan Kompleks Zn(II)-EDTA oleh Adsorben Kitosan
Authors: Mahatmanti F. Widhi
Published: April 2020

Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang pengaruh derajad keasaman (pH) terhadap kesetimbangan kompleks Zn(II)-EDTA oleh adsorben kitosan. Adsorpsi oleh adsorben kitosan dilakukan pada pH buffer 2-10 dengan wak-tu interaksi 3 hari. Analisis hasil Zn(II)-EDTA yang teradsorpsi digunakan Spektroskopi Serapan Atom (AAS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada pH = 6, khelat Zn(II)-EDTA mayoritas terdapat dalam dalam bentuk ZnL2- sehingga akan berinteraksi dengan kitosan melalui interaksi elektrostatik menurut persamaan reaksi: RcNH3+ + ZnL2- menjadi RcNH3+ ZnL2-.
Polimerisasi Eugenol Dengan Katalis Asam Sulfat Pekat
Authors: Ngadiwiyana Ngadiwiyana
Published: April 2020

Telah dilakukan polimerisasi kationik terhadap eugenol dengan menggunakan katalis asam sulfat pekat tanpa menggunakan media pelarut. Polimerisasi ini dilakukan pada suhu kamar, diperoleh hasil berbentuk padatan yang berwarna keungu-unguan dengan titik lebur 860C. Polimer yang terbentuk tidak larut dalamk air tetapi larut dalam aseton, etanol dan benzena. Identifikasi hasil dilakukan dengan spektrofotometri Infra Merah (FTIR) dan spektroskopi 1H-NMR. Berat molekul poli(eugenol) ditentukan dengan metode viskometri, diperoleh harga Mv = 7800,75 atau DP = 48
Zeolit Alam Sebagai Material Coating: Uji Karakteristik Pupuk Coating dan Noncoating
Authors: Pardoyo Pardoyo , Lestari Siswati , Arryanto Yateman
Published: April 2020

It has been intensively researched to find out the differences of coating and noncoating fertilizer characteristic. Adsorption of water evaporate, pH resistance and influence of material contact area were examined. A distinction between two material structures was analyzed with infrared spectrophotometer. The result showed that at optimum time (70 hours) increase of noncoating fertilizer weight because of water evaporate was 0,9771 gram bigger than coating fertilizer (0,8730 gram). Coating fertilizer was more resistant to pH than noncoating fertilizer. Coating fertilizer dissolved smaller than noncoating fertilizer about 0,02 gram. At the same optimum time, material, which has larger contact area, had the increase of weight bigger than material, which has smaller contact area. The IR spectra of coating fertilizer showed a peak of absorption at 532,3 cm-1 because of vibration T-O which encounter oxygen that has not been found at noncoating fertilizer spectra.Keyword: zeolite, characteristic, fertilizer, coating