bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of salvage surgery in patients with recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx
Authors: Zafereo Mark E. , Hanasono Matthew M. , Rosenthal David I. , Sturgis Erich M. , Lewin Jan S. , Roberts Diana B. , Weber Randal S.
Published: September 2009

BACKGROUND:

The objective of this study was to comprehensively review overall survival, functional outcomes, and prognostic factors in patients who underwent salvage surgery for locally recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx (SCCOP) after initial radiotherapy.

METHODS:

The authors retrospectively reviewed 1681 consecutive patients who completed definitive therapy for primary SCCOP and identified 168 patients with locally recurrent SCCOP who underwent salvage surgery (41 patients), reirradiation or brachytherapy (18 patients), palliative chemotherapy (70 patients), or supportive care (39 patients).

RESULTS:

Twenty‐six of 39 patients (67%) developed a second recurrence after salvage surgery. The 3‐year overall survival rate for patients who underwent salvage surgery or received reirradiation, palliative chemotherapy, or supportive care were 48.7%, 31.6%, 3.7%, and 5.1%, respectively. For patients who underwent salvage surgery, older age (P = .03), the absence of a disease‐free interval (P < .01), and advanced recurrent tumor stage (P = .07) were associated with lower overall survival. Patients with recurrent neck disease (P = .01) and positive surgical margins (P = .04) had higher rates of recurrence after salvage surgery. Postoperative complications occurred in 19 patients (46%), and there were no perioperative deaths. Functionally, 71% of patients demonstrated ≥80% speech intelligibility, 68% were able to tolerate some oral intake, and 87% who required a tracheotomy subsequently were decannulated.

CONCLUSIONS:

Age, disease‐free interval, recurrent tumor stage, recurrent neck disease, and surgical margin status influenced overall survival or recurrence rate after salvage surgery for recurrent SCCOP. Although most patients had good functional outcomes, only a select group of patients with recurrent SCCOP achieved long‐term survival after salvage surgery. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Decreased number of parvalbumin and cholinergic interneurons in the striatum of individuals with Tourette syndrome
Authors: Kataoka Yuko , Kalanithi Paul S.A. , Grantz Heidi , Schwartz Michael L. , Saper Clifford , Leckman James F. , Vaccarino Flora M.
Published: September 2009

Corticobasal ganglia neuronal ensembles bring automatic motor skills into voluntary control and integrate them into ongoing motor behavior. A 5% decrease in caudate (Cd) nucleus volume is the most consistent structural finding in the brain of patients with Tourette syndrome (TS), but the cellular abnormalities that underlie this decrease in volume are unclear. In this study the density of different types of interneurons and medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the striatum was assessed in the postmortem brains of 5 TS subjects as compared with normal controls (NC) by unbiased stereological analyses. TS patients demonstrated a 50%–60% decrease of both parvalbumin (PV)+ and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)+ cholinergic interneurons in the Cd and the putamen (Pt). Cholinergic interneurons were decreased in TS patients in the associative and sensorimotor regions but not in the limbic regions of the striatum, such that the normal gradient in density of cholinergic cells (highest in associative regions, intermediate in sensorimotor and lowest in limbic regions) was abolished. No significant difference was present in the densities of medium‐sized calretinin (CR)+ interneurons, MSNs, and total neurons. The selective deficit of PV+ and cholinergic striatal interneurons in TS subjects may result in an impaired cortico/thalamic control of striatal neuron firing in TS. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:277–291, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Depression of Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II in dorsal root ganglion neurons after spinal nerve ligation
Authors: Kojundzic Sanja Lovric , Puljak Livia , Hogan Quinn , Sapunar Damir
Published: September 2009

The enzyme calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is associated with memory and its α isoform is critical for development of activity‐induced synaptic changes. Therefore, we hypothesized that CaMKII is involved in altered function of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons after neuronal injury. To test this hypothesis, Sprague–Dawley rats were made hyperalgesic by L5 and L6 spinal nerve ligation (SNL), and changes in total phosphorylated and unphosphorylated CaMKII (tCaMKII) and phosphorylated form of its α isoform (pCaMKIIα) were analyzed using immunochemistry in different subpopulations of DRG. SNL did not induce any changes in tCaMKII between experimental groups, while the overall percentage of pCaMKIIα‐positive neurons in injured L5 DRG SNL (24.8%) decreased significantly when compared to control (41.7%). SNL did not change the percentage of pCaMKIIα/N52 colabeled neurons but decreased the percentage of N52‐negative nonmyelinated neurons that expressed pCaMKIIα from 27% in control animals to 11% after axotomy. We also observed a significant decrease in the percentage of small nonpeptidergic neurons labeled with IB4 (37.6% in control vs. 4.0% in L5 SNL DRG), as well as a decrease in the percentage of pCaMKIIα/IB4 colabeled neurons in injured L5 DRGs (27% in control vs. 1% in L5 DRG of SNL group). Our results show that reduction in pCaMKIIα levels following peripheral injury is due to the loss of IB4‐positive neurons. These results indicate that diminished afferent activity after axotomy may lead to decreased phosphorylation of CaMKIIα. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:64–74, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunochemical characterization of inhibitory mouse cortical neurons: Three chemically distinct classes of inhibitory cells
Authors: Xu Xiangmin , Roby Keith D. , Callaway Edward M.
Published: September 2009

The cerebral cortex has diverse types of inhibitory neurons. In rat cortex, past research has shown that parvalbumin (PV), somatostatin (SOM), calretinin (CR), and cholecystokinin (CCK) label four distinct chemical classes of GABAergic interneurons. However, in contrast to rat cortex, previous studies indicate that there is significant colocalization of SOM and CR in mouse cortical inhibitory neurons. In the present study we further characterized immunochemical distinctions among mouse inhibitory cortical neurons by double immunochemical labeling with chemical markers. We found that, PV, SOM, and vasointenstinal peptide (VIP) reliably identify three nonoverlapping distinct subpopulations, as there was no overlap of immunoreactivity between PV and all the other chemical markers tested, and SOM and VIP did not show any overlap in labeled neurons in all the cortical areas. In comparison, there was significant overlap in combinations of other chemical markers. With some laminar and regional variations, the average overlap of SOM/CR (percentage of SOM+ cells expressing CR) and SOM/neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY) across all examined layers and cortical regions was 21.6% and 7.1%, respectively. The average overlap of VIP/CR, VIP/NPY, and CR/NPY was 34.2%, 9.5%, and 10%, respectively. We quantified and assessed the percentages of marker‐positive GABAergic cells, and showed that the nonoverlapping subpopulations (i.e., PV+, SOM+ and VIP+ cells) accounted for about 60% of the GABAergic cell population. Taken together, our data reveal important chemical distinctions between mouse inhibitory cortical neurons and indicate that PV, SOM, and VIP can differentially label a majority of mouse inhibitory cortical neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:389–404, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Review: GaN growth by ammonia based methods – density functional theory study
Authors: Krukowski S. , Kempisty P. , Strąk P.
Published: September 2009

Recent results in Density Functional Theory (DFT) simulations of ammonia‐based growth of gallium nitride on GaN (0001) are reviewed. These simulations are important to the following GaN growth methods that use ammonia as active nitrogen source: ammonothermal, MOVPE, HVPE and also ammonia‐source MBE. In the simulations of GaN growth, the two main approaches were discussed: (1) equilibrium, based on chemical potentials of the components, and (2) dynamic, based on consideration of atomistic processes on the surface. These two approaches are unified by the kinetic procedure of determination of the chemical potential levels for nitrogen and hydrogen as a function of partial pressure of ammonia. Here the DFT modeling of GaN(0001) surface employing the technique of the simulation of subsurface electric field is described and employed. The results of DFT modeling include the ammonia and molecular hydrogen adsorption on GaN(0001) surface that allows to determine some basic features of ammonia‐based growth of GaN. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Quantification of the In‐distribution in embedded InGaAs quantum dots by transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Blank H. , Litvinov D. , Schneider R. , Gerthsen D. , Passow T. , Scheerschmidt K.
Published: September 2009

The In‐concentration in InGaAs quantum dots located within a GaAs matrix was determined with the composition evaluation by lattice fringe analysis (CELFA) technique. However, the results obtained with this method cannot account for the three‐dimensional shape of quantum dots and their embedding in GaAs. A correction procedure was developed that takes into consideration the shape of the quantum dots and the TEM sample thickness and quantum‐dot size. After correction, In‐concentration profiles show an increasing In‐content towards the top of the quantum dots which is consistent with the effect of In‐segregation and earlier studies using other experimental techniques. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Summary of ‘Interventions for unilateral refractive amblyopia’, including tables of key findings and quality of included trials
Authors: Shotton K. , Powell C. , Voros G. , Hatt S. R. , van Dalen E. C. , Kremer L. C. M.
Published: September 2009

This is a summary, including tables of key findings and quality of included trials, of a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Shotton K, Powell C, Voros G, Hatt SR. Interventions for unilateral refractive amblyopia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 4, Art. No.: CD005137. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005137.pub2.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Commentary. Copyright © 2009 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Two commentaries on ‘Acyclovir for treating primary herpetic gingivostomatitis’
Authors: Wiedermann Bernhard L. , Amir Jacob
Published: September 2009

These are commentaries on a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Nasser M, Fedorowicz Z, Khoshnevisan MH, Shahiri Tabarestani M. Acyclovir for treating primary herpetic gingivostomatitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 4. Art No.: CD006700. DOI: 10.1002/14 651 858.CD006700.pub2.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Summary article. Copyright © 2009 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of the 28‐Isopolytungstate Fragment [H2W28O95]20– Stabilized by Two External Lanthanide Ions [Ln2(H2O)10W28O93(OH)2]14–
Authors: Ismail Amal H. , Bassil Bassem S. , Suchopar Andreas , Kortz Ulrich
Published: September 2009

The V‐shaped polyanions [Ln2(H2O)10W28O93(OH)2]14– [Ln = Sm (1), and Eu (2)] have been synthesized by reaction of Ln3+ and WO42– in aqueous acidic medium. The sodium salt of 1 and the mixed sodium‐europium salt of 2 have been characterized in the solid state by FTIR, single‐crystal XRD, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and elemental analysis. Single‐crystal X‐ray analyses were carried out on Na14[Sm2(H2O)10W28O93(OH)2]·40H2O (Na‐1) which crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P$\bar {1}$, a = 14.8727(6) Å, b = 21.7762(11) Å, c = 23.5751(10) Å, α = 89.175(2)°, β = 86.430(2)°, γ = 75.364(2)°, and Z = 2 and on Na8Eu2[Eu2(H2O)10W28O93(OH)2]·47H2O (NaEu‐2) which crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/n, a = 25.3862(11) Å, b = 14.6364(5) Å, c = 40.3264(16) Å, β = 96.107(3)°, and Z = 4. The polyanions 1 and 2 consist of a novel isopolyanion unit [H2W28O95]20– and two {Ln(H2O)n}3+ supporting groups. The {W28} cluster coordinates to the two Ln3+ ions and acts as a tri‐ and tetradentate ligand for the two lanthanide ions. The {W28} cluster consists of two undecatungstate {W11} fragments and a hexatungstate fragment {W6}. Furthermore, in the solid state, one {W28} fragment is connected to another {W28} via lanthanide‐oxo bridges forming a {W56} aggregate ([Ln2(H2O)10W28O93(OH)2]14–)2. It was also possible to synthesize other lanthanide derivatives of the {W28} cluster (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, and Gd) as determined by FTIR and preliminary single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Convenient Synthesis of Ferrocene Conjugates Mediated by Benzyltriethylammonium Tetrathiomolybdate in a Multi‐Step Tandem Process
Authors: Sudhir V. Sai , Baig Nasir Baig Rashid , Chandrasekaran Srinivasan
Published: September 2009

The synthesis of a wide range of ferrocene‐derived sulfur‐linked mono‐ and disubstituted Michael adducts and conjugates mediated by benzyltriethylammonium tetrathiomolybdate (1) in a tandem process is reported. New route to access acryloylferrocene (4) and 1,1′‐diacryloylferrocene (5) is discussed. Conjugation of amino acids to ferrocene is established via their N and C termini and also via side chains employing conjugate addition as key step to furnish mono‐ and divalent conjugates. This methodology has also been extended to access several ferrocene–carbohydrate conjugates. The electrochemical behavior of some selected ferrocene conjugates was studied by cyclic voltammetry. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Global volume conservation in unsteady free surface flows with energy absorbing far‐end boundaries
Authors: Demirel Ender , Aydin Ismail
Published: September 2009

A wave absorption filter for the far‐end boundary of semi‐infinite large reservoirs is developed for numerical simulation of unsteady free surface flows. Mathematical model is based on finite volume solution of the Navier–Stokes equations and depth‐integrated continuity equation to track the free surface. The Sommerfeld boundary condition is applied at the far‐end of the truncated computational domain. A dissipation zone is formed by applying artificial pressure on water surface to dissipate the kinetic energy of the outgoing waves. The computational scheme is tested to verify the conservation of total fluid volume in the domain for long simulation durations. Combination of the Sommerfeld boundary and dissipation zone can effectively minimize reflections and prevent cumulative changes in total fluid volume in the domain. Solitary wave, nonlinear periodic waves and irregular waves are simulated to illustrate the numerical developments. Earthquake excited surface waves and nonlinear hydrodynamic pressures in a dam–reservoir are computed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design, Fabrication and Preliminary Study of a Mini Power Source with a Planar Six‐cell PEM Unitised Regenerative Fuel Cell Stack
Authors: Su H. N. , Liao S. J. , Xu L. M.
Published: September 2009

A novel micro planar fuel cell power supplier, in which a six‐cell PEM unitised regenerative fuel cell (URFC) stack is used as the power generator, was designed and fabricated. Six membrane electrode assemblies were prepared and integrated on one piece of membrane by spraying catalyst slurry on both sides of the membrane. Each cell was made by sandwiching a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) between two graphite monopolar plates and six cell units were mechanically fixed in two organic glass endplates. When the stack was operated in an electrolysis mode, hydrogen was generated from the splitting of water and stored using a hydrogen storage alloy; conversely, when the stack was operated in fuel cell mode, hydrogen was supplied by the hydrogen storage alloy and oxygen was supplied from air by self‐breathing of the cathode. At room temperature and standard atmospheric pressure, the open‐circuit voltage (OCV) of the system reached 4.9 V, the system could be discharged at a constant current density of 20 mA cm–2 for about 40 min, and the work voltage was ∼2.9 V. The system showed good stability for 10 charge–discharge cycles.
t(19;22)(q13;q12) Translocation leading to the novel fusion gene EWSR1‐ZNF444 in soft tissue myoepithelial carcinoma
Authors: Brandal Petter , Panagopoulos Ioannis , Bjerkehagen Bodil , Heim Sverre
Published: September 2009

Myoepithelial neoplasms of soft tissue have only recently been acknowledged as a separate diagnostic entity. To know based on histological appearance whether these tumors are benign or malignant is often difficult, and their tumorigenic mechanisms remain poorly understood. We report a myoepithelial carcinoma with an aberrant near‐diploid karyotype, 43∼47,XX,add(1)(p34)x2,add(3)(q27)x2,del(12)(q22),+add(18)(p11)x2,del(22)(q11),+r, found in cells cultured from a lung metastasis. The deletion in 22q led us to search by molecular cytogenetic means for possible EWSR1 rearrangements, and eventually a novel chimeric gene consisting of the 5′‐end of EWSR1 (22q12) and the 3′‐end of ZNF444 (19q13) was found. How the new fusion gene contributes to tumorigenesis is unknown, but the finding of an EWSR1 rearrangement suggests that this, possibly even the EWSR1‐ZNF444, is a defining pathogenetic feature of at least a subset of these tumors. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sensitivity analysis of a Penman–Monteith type equation to estimate reference evapotranspiration in southern Spain
Authors: Estévez Javier , Gavilán Pedro , Berengena Joaquín
Published: September 2009

Sensitivity analysis is crucial in assessing the impact of climatic variables on reference evapotranspiration estimations. The sensitivity of the standardized ASCE–Penman–Monteith evapotranspiration equation for daily estimations to climatic variables has not yet been studied in Spain. Andalusia is located in southern Spain where almost 1 million ha are irrigated under quite different conditions; it has a high inter‐annual variability in rainfall. In this study, sensitivity analyses for this equation were carried out for temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation and wind speed data from 87 automatic weather stations, including coastal and inland locations, from 1999 to 2006. Topography and Mediterranean climate characterize the heterogeneous landscape and vegetation of this region. Simulated random and systematic errors have been added to meteorological data to obtain ET0 deviations and sensitivity coefficients for different time periods. BIAS and SEE (standard error of estimate) have been used to evaluate the effect of both types of errors. The results showed a large degree of daily and seasonal variability, especially for temperature and relative humidity. In general, the effect on ET0 values of introduced random errors was larger than that of systematic errors. ET0 overestimations were produced using positive errors in temperature, solar radiation and wind speed data, while these errors in relative humidity resulted in ET0 underestimations. The sensitivity of ET0 to the same climatic variables showed significant differences among locations. The geographical distribution of sensitivity coefficients across this region was also studied. As an example, during spring months, ET0 equation was more sensitive to temperature in stations located along the Guadalquivir Valley. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of experimental diabetes and insulin replacement on epididymal secretory products and sperm maturation in albino rats
Authors: Singh Soudamani , Malini Thayman , Rengarajan Srinivasan , Balasubramanian Karundevi
Published: September 2009

The present study is aimed to explore the impact of experimental diabetes and insulin replacement on epididymal secretory products, sperm count, motility, and fertilizing ability in albino rats. Prepubertal and adult male Wistar strain rats were made diabetic with a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ), at 120 and 65 mg/kg body weight for prepubertal and adult rats, respectively. After 3 days of STZ administration, insulin was given to a group of diabetic rats at a dose of 3 U/100 g body weight, subcutaneously and killed after 20 days of treatment. STZ‐diabetes significantly reduced the epididymal tissue concentrations of testosterone, androgen‐binding protein, sialic acid, glycerylphosphoryl choline, and carnitine, suggesting its adverse effects on the secretory activity and concentrating capacity of epididymal epithelium. Impaired cauda epididymidal sperm motility and fertility (in vivo) of STZ‐diabetic rats imply the defective sperm maturation. Insulin replacement prevented these changes either partially or completely. From the above findings, it is evident that STZ‐diabetes has an adverse effect on sperm maturation, which may be due to the decrease in the bioavailability of testosterone and epididymal secretory products. J. Cell. Biochem. 108: 1094–1101, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cancer stem cells: Cell culture, markers, and targets for new therapies
Authors: Gilbert Candace A. , Ross Alonzo H.
Published: September 2009

A cancer stem cell (CSC) is defined as an undifferentiated cell with the ability to self‐renew, differentiate to multiple lineages and initiate tumors that mimic the parent tumor. In this review, we focus on glioblastomas, describing recent progress and problems in characterizing these cells. There have been advances in CSC culture, but tumor cell heterogeneity has made purification of CSCs difficult. Indeed, it may be that CSCs significantly vary from tumor to tumor. We also discuss the proposal that CSCs are resistant to radiotherapy and chemotherapy and play a major role in repopulating tumors following treatment. To overcome their resistance to conventional therapies, we may be able to use our extensive knowledge of the signaling pathways essential for stem cells during development. These pathways have potential as targets for new glioblastoma therapies. Hence, although there is an ongoing debate on the nature of CSCs, the theory continues to suggest new ideas for both the lab and the clinic. J. Cell. Biochem. 108: 1031–1038, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Motivational interviewing in the assessment and management of suicidality
Authors: Zerler Harry
Published: September 2009

Motivational Interviewing (MI) can be effectively applied to clinical crises and suicidal patients. A case example of a suicidal patient demonstrates traditional management combined with two evidence‐based practices: MI and Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality. The case example illustrates some benefits and limitations of the application of these innovative approaches in a difficult area of clinical practice. A rationale for further clinical use is advanced. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 65:1–11, 2009.
Polyfluorene‐Based Blue‐Emitting Materials
Authors: Zhao Qiang , Liu Shu‐Juan , Huang Wei
Published: September 2009

Polyfluorenes are a class of promising blue light‐emitting conjugated polymer due to their excellent optoelectronic properties. However, the applications of polyfluorenes in polymer light‐emitting diodes (PLEDs) have been hampered by the appearance of long‐wavelength green emission, leading to the problem of color purity and stability. Hence, the preparation of pure blue‐emitting polyfluorenes becomes very important for the realization of real blue‐emitting PLEDs. In this short review, we introduce the efforts made by our group to realize polyfluorenes with pure blue emission, including the incorporation of spirobifluorene units, heterofluorene units, hyperbranched, and star‐shaped structures into polymer backbones.

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Interpolation via translations
Authors: Rasga João , Carnielli Walter , Sernadas Cristina
Published: September 2009

A new technique is presented for proving that a consequence system enjoys Craig interpolation or Maehara interpolation based on the fact that these properties hold in another consequence system. This technique is based on the existence of a back and forth translation satisfying some properties between the consequence systems. Some examples of translations satisfying those properties are described. Namely a translation between the global/local consequence systems induced by fragments of linear logic, a Kolmogorov‐Gentzen‐Gödel style translation, and a new translation between the global consequence systems induced by full Lambek calculus and linear logic, mixing features of a Kiriyama‐Ono style translation with features of a Kolmogorov‐Gentzen‐Gödel style translation. These translations establish a strong relationship between the logics involved and are used to obtain new results about whether Craig interpolation and Maehara interpolation hold in that logics (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The current role of the vascularized‐fibular osteocutaneous graft in the treatment of segmental defects of the upper extremity
Authors: Hollenbeck Scott T. , Komatsu Issei , Woo Shoshana , Schoeman Mark , Yang Jun , Erdmann Detlev , Levin L. Scott
Published: September 2009

Large osseous defects of the upper extremity can be a challenging problem for the reconstructive surgeon. There are numerous treatment options reported in the literature with variable results. We review our experience with the vascularized‐fibular osteocutaneous graft for these complex defects with a focus on surgical techniques and outcomes. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2011.
Metabolism and actions of conjugated linoleic acids on atherosclerosis‐related events in vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells
Authors: Eder Klaus , Ringseis Robert
Published: September 2009

Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) are biologically highly active lipid compounds that have attracted great scientific interest due to their ability to cause either inhibition of atherosclerotic plaque development or even regression of pre‐established atherosclerotic plaques in mice, hamsters and rabbits. The underlying mechanisms of action, however, are only poorly understood. Since cell culture experiments are appropriate to gain insight into the mechanisms of action of a compound, the present review summarizes data from cell culture studies about the metabolism and the actions of CLAs on atherosclerosis‐related events in endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs), which are important cells contributing to atherosclerotic lesion development. Based on these studies, it can be concluded that CLAs exert several beneficial actions including inhibition of inflammatory and vasoactive mediator release from ECs and SMCs, which may help explain the anti‐atherogenic effect of CLAs observed in vivo. The observation that significant levels of CLA metabolites, which have been reported to have significant biological activities, are well detectable in ECs and SMCs indicates that the anti‐atherogenic effects observed with CLAs are presumably mediated not only by CLAs themselves but also by their metabolites.
The research on the mechanical and tribological properties of carbon fiber and carbon nanotube‐filled PEEK composite
Authors: Li Jian , Zhang Liqiang Q.
Published: September 2009

The main objective of this article is to develop high wear resistance carbon fiber reinforced polyether ether ketone composite with addition of multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT). These compounds were well mixed in a Haake batch mixer, and compounded polymers were fabricated into sheets of known thickness by compression molding. Samples were tested for wear resistance with respect to different concentration of fillers. The wear resistance properties of these samples depend on filler aspect ratio. Wear resistance of composite with 20 wt% of CF increases when MWCNT was introduced. The worn surface features have been examined using scanning electron microscope. Photomicrographs of the worn surfaces revealed higher wear resistance with the addition of carbon nanotube. Also, better interfacial adhesion between carbon and vinyl ester in carbon‐reinforced vinyl ester composite was observed. POLYM. COMPOS., 31:1315–1320, 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Bone metabolic disorder in patients with prostate cancer receiving androgen deprivation therapy (ADT): impact of ADT on the growth hormone/insulin‐like growth factor‐1/parathyroid hormone axis
Authors: Isahaya Etsuko , Hara Noboru , Nishiyama Tsutomu , Hoshii Tatsuhiko , Takizawa Itsuhiro , Takahashi Kota
Published: September 2009

BACKGROUND

Although androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has been associated with bone loss in patients with prostate cancer, its mechanism remains unclear. The growth hormone (GH)/insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1)/parathyroid hormone (PTH) axis plays a critical role in bone synthesis, but its activity during ADT is also unknown.

METHODS

Seventy‐one patients with localized prostate cancer, who received ADT, were prospectively studied based on their bone mineral density (BMD) and blood and urine samples at the baseline and after ADT for 6 months.

RESULTS

The IGF‐1 level was correlated with BMD before ADT (rs = 0.325, P = 0.007), but such a relationship disappeared after ADT (P = 0.565). Following ADT, the serum IGF‐1 level increased compared with that at the baseline (22 ± 6 nmol/L vs. 19 ± 5 nmol/L, respectively, P < 0.001). The serum PTH level was reduced after ADT (41 ± 33 ng/L) compared with the baseline (55 ± 44 ng/L) (P < 0.001), but no change was observed in the serum GH level (P = 0.691). Bone resorption markers such as blood N‐telopeptide (NTx), urinary NTx, calcium, and inorganic phosphorus levels increased after ADT (P < 0.001 in all). The ratio of the IGF‐1 level after ADT/before ADT was associated with the ratio of the value after ADT/before ADT of alkaline phosphatase (rs = 0.266, P = 0.025) and calcium (rs = 0.242, P = 0.042).

CONCLUSION

Despite the unaffected GH and upregulated bone resorption, the serum IGF‐1 level was elevated by ADT. The IGF‐1 level was correlated with BMD before ADT, but the relationship was disrupted after ADT. IGF‐1 or its receptor in the bone may be functionally inactivated during ADT. Prostate 70: 155–161, 2010. ©2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Radical prostatectomy: Influence on serum and urinary androgen levels
Authors: Olsson Mats , Ekström Lena , Schulze Jenny , Kjellman Anders , Akre Olof , Rane Anders , Gustafsson Ove
Published: September 2009

BACKGROUND

The role of the prostate as an active endocrine organ and the hormonal changes after radical prostatectomy (RP) has not been well studied. The objective of this study was to investigate the serum and urine hormonal changes after RP.

METHODS

Fifty‐five healthy men with localized prostate cancer were enrolled in this cross‐sectional study at a single academic center. We measured serum levels of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in all 55 patients preoperatively and in 53 patients 90 days postoperatively. Free testosterone was calculated in all patients. Inhibin B levels was analyzed in 44 patients pre‐ and postoperatively. Steroid urine profile including testosterone, DHT, 5α‐androstane‐3α,17β‐diol (3αAdiol), and androsterone (ADT) was also determined preoperatively and 90 days postoperatively in 18 patients.

RESULTS

There were 53% increase in serum LH (P < 0.0001), 21% increase in serum FSH (P < 0.0001), and 13% decrease in DHT levels (P < 0.03). There were no significant changes in any other serum hormone investigated. Urinary levels of DHT glucuronides (DHT‐G) decreased by 67% (P < 0.0003) while Androsterone‐G and 3αAdiol‐G increased by 37% (P = 0.019) and 44% (P = 0.023), respectively. There were no alterations in the urinary levels of the other steroids investigated. Inhibin B levels correlated inversely with both FSH (r = −0.67, P < 0.0001) and LH (r = −0.51, P = 0.0004).

CONCLUSION

RP leads to significant increases in serum gonadotropins and significant DHT decrease in both serum and urine. These hormonal changes are independent of inhibin B. Prostate 70: 200–205, 2010. ©2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protective effects of melatonin in reduction of oxidative damage and immunosuppression induced by aflatoxin B1‐contaminated diets in young chicks
Authors: Sirajudeen M. , Gopi Kandasamy , Tyagi Jagbir Singh , Moudgal Ram Phal , Mohan Jag , Singh Ram
Published: September 2009

In the present study, the ability of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) to induce endogenous oxidative damages and the possible ameliorating effects of dietary melatonin (MEL) were investigated. Newly hatched broiler chicks (n = 240) were fed aflatoxin‐contaminated diets (0.5 or 1 mg kg−1 diet) with or without MEL (40 mg kg−1 bw) supplementation in diet for 40 days. AFB1 resulted in a significant increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the liver and erythrocytes accompanied with suppression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzyme activities of erythrocytes. It also caused a significant reduction in levels of serum proteins and marked elevation in activities of serum transaminases. AFB1 treatment also decreased both humoral and cell‐mediated immune responses in growing chicks. Simultaneous administration of MEL with AFB1 resulted in an obvious improvement in all the tested parameters. Long‐term rather than short‐term administration of MEL was more effective in rendering protection against AFB1‐induced toxicity. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 26: 153–160, 2011.
Fishing through time: population dynamics of plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) in the Kattegat–Skagerrak over a century
Authors: Cardinale Massimiliano , Hagberg Jacob , Svedäng Henrik , Bartolino Valerio , Gedamke Todd , Hjelm Joakim , Börjesson Patrik , Norén Fredrik
Published: September 2009

Over the past century, advances in technology and historical events such as climate change have resulted in significant changes in the exploitation pattern, population sizes and the potential yield of fish stocks. These variations provide contrast in the data that improves our knowledge on population dynamics and our ability to develop management strategies for long‐term sustainable exploitation. In this study, we use a standardized scientific trawl survey to obtain a historical time series (1901–2007) of relative abundance, recruitment and size structure for plaice in the Kattegat–Skagerrak. Our work extends the available time series by more than 80 years so that the evaluation of trends is more informative than is possible from the current assessment. We show that the current adult biomass is approximately 40% of the maximum observed at the beginning of the century and during the 1960s. The average maximum individual length has been reduced by 10 cm over the studied time period. An analysis of trends in mean length indicates that fishing mortality was variable during the first half of the century and has increased steadily over the past 20 years. Recruitment has been the highest on record during recent years, suggesting that the alleged link between coastal environmental degradation and juvenile survival is of low importance. The overall findings of our work will provide managers with a historical perspective on the population dynamics of the stock, which will support the long‐term management of plaice in the Kattegat–Skagerrak.
Economic Growth and the Standard of Living in Southern New England, 1640–1774
Authors: Main Gloria L. , Main Jackson T.
Published: September 2009

This study draws upon a large sample of probated estates from early Connecticut and Massachusetts. It finds that total probate wealth per adult male grew slowly over the colonial period and its growth was confined entirely to real estate. The value of consumption goods per estate fell during the early eighteenth century which raises questions about the impact of economic growth on household life.
Mortgage Lending and American Urbanization, 1880–1890
Authors: Snowden Kenneth A.
Published: September 2009

The connection between the spatial pattern of the urban growth spurt of the 1880s and the mortgage market is an aspect of the familiar capital market segmentation hypothesis that has received little attention. Although mortgage lending expanded most rapidly in the smaller western cities during the decade, I conclude that an underlying pattern of segmentation impeded urbanization in these areas at least until 1890. The initial advantage that segmentation conferred on borrowers in the East was reduced to some extent by binding usury ceilings along the Atlantic seaboard.
Coping with Crisis? The Diffusion of Waterworks in Late Nineteenth-Century German Towns
Authors: Brown John C.
Published: September 2009

The article examines the diffusion of waterworks in one hundred Rhenish Prussian towns. It exploits features of the institutions of local political representation to develop and estimate a median voter model of demand for water capacity. The results suggest that rising income of the median voter and demand of industrial users, rather than crises in public health, spurred the installation of improved water supply.
U.S. City Finances and the Growth of Government, 1850–1902
Authors: Legler John B. , Sylla Richard , Wallis John J.
Published: September 2009

In terms of revenues and expenditures, local government was the largest component of the U.S. federal system in 1902. Although it has been conjectured that this was also true during most of the nineteenth century, the evidence to support the conjecture is weak. We present a summary of a large sample of data for individual cities in 1850, 1860, and 1870, and link it to census data for 1880, 1890, and 1902.We study effects of city size and geographical location, and trends over time in city fiscal activity. Our provisional conclusion is that local government became the largest of the three components in the federal system only toward the end of the nineteenth century.
Product Quality and Vertical Integration in the Early Cotton Textile Industry
Authors: Temin Peter
Published: September 2009

This article explores differences between the cotton industries in England and America in the early nineteenth century. I show that the two countries produced almost entirely different products: the Enlish made fine fabrics; the Americans, coarse. The cause of this disjunction is found in the American tariff policy, whichwas influenced by the Massachusetts cotton manufacturers. Since coarse spinning promoted vertical integration, the American product structure favored integration. This argument reveals that the variables analyzed were jointly determined, since the Massachusetts firms with the political clout to affect the tariff were vertically integrated.
Locational Choice in the Antebellum South
Authors: Schaefer Donald F.
Published: September 2009

This article examines the economic and noneconomic factors that influenced the migration decisions of antebellum Southern households. It appears that nonslaveowners were neither pushed to inferior locations nor did they move independently of the economic consequences. For slaveowners, the observed links between locational choice and the economic characteristics of locations are weaker. The proportion of whites in a location's population was positively associated with the choice of a location for the nonslaveowners. This association was not found for any other group.
State-Issued Currency and the Ratification of the U.S. Consitution
Authors: Schweitzer Mary M.
Published: September 2009

Paper money, a major component of the colonial money supply, was critical to the economic policies of the colonial legislatures. Why did the state legislatures relinquish the power to issue money to the new federal government through the ratification of the Constitution? Hostility between states with radically different philosophies regarding paper money raised concerns about the viability of the union, and it was this fear which led to the clause in the Federal Constitution that prohibited state paper money issues.
Working Class Rosies: Women Industrial Workers during World War II
Authors: Kossoudji Sherrie A. , Dresser Laura J.
Published: September 2009

After joining the industrial workforce during World War II, women disappeared from industrial employment with postwar reconversion. This article uses data from Ford Motor Company employee records to describe female industrial workers, their work histories before Ford, and their exit patterns from Ford. We draw a more complete picture of these industrial workers and discuss the differences between those who chose to leave Ford and those who left involuntarily. Contrary to popular myth it was housewives, along with African-American and older women, those with the fewest outside opportunities, who were more likely to be laid-off.
The Bank Panic of 1907: The Role of Trust Companies
Authors: Moen Jon , Tallman Ellis W.
Published: September 2009

The Bank Panic of 1907 was one of the most severe financial crises in the United States before the Great Depression. Although contemporaries realized that the panic in New York City was centered at trust companies, subsequent research has relied heavily on national bank data. Balance sheet data for trust companies and state banks as well as call reports of national banks indicate that the contraction of loans and deposits in New York City during the panic was confined to the trust companies.
Inventive Activity in the British Textile Industry, 1700–1800
Authors: Griffiths Trevor , Hunt Philip A. , O'Brien Patrick K.
Published: September 2009

An analysis of innovations in the eighteenth-century British textile industry is the basis for an evaluation of aggregate studies of invention during the Industrial Revolution, derived from patent evidence alone. Disaggregation of the data challenges recent generalizations concerning the pace and pattern of technical change over the period. Discontinuities in the nature of invention, promoting an acceleration in total factor productivity growth, are traced to the 1790s. Prior to that date, industrial development conformed to a pattern of Smithian growth, as manufacturers diversified their output in response to an expanding domestic market for consumer goods.
Weimar Economic Decline, Nazi Economic Recovery, and the Stabilization of Political Dictatorship
Authors: van Riel Arthur , Schram Arthur
Published: September 2009

A politicoeconomic model of the relationship between economic and structural variables and government popularity is developed and applied to the Weimar Republic. We obtained data from decentralized election results in the 1924 to 1933 period, using a weighted panel estimation method. Parameter estimates show a strong relationship between the development of economic variables and the decline in electoral support that confronted every government in this period. We link this finding to existing historiographie theories and extrapolate from it to estimate the effects of the economic recovery in the first years of the Nazi regime.
The Survival of Handloom Weaving in Rural Canada Circa 1870
Authors: Inwood Kris , Wagg Phyllis
Published: September 2009

Handloom weaving with a mixture of wool and cotton yarn was common in late nineteenth-century Canada. The hand technology survived using industrial inputs and part-time female labor whose opportunity cost was relatively low in rural areas. The demand for homespun was income-sensitive and reinforced by the cold Canadian climate. The patterns of weaving by men and women differed, but both produced for the market in addition to home consumption. Cloth constituted a significant share of farm production, especially in low-income areas.
Original Intent and the Sherman Antitrust Act: A Re-examination of the Consumer-Welfare Hypothesis
Authors: Grandy Christopher
Published: September 2009

An important tenet of the Chicago School of antitrust asserts that the Sherman Act's framers sought to foster consumer welfare. This article challenges that interpretation by re-examining the legislative history. That history suggests that a consumer-welfare standard did not survive the legislative process and that, if anything, Congress focused on the behavior of producers.
Was There a Bubble in the 1929 Stock Market?
Authors: Rappoport Peter , White Eugene N.
Published: September 2009

In contrast to historical accounts of the boom and crash of the 1929 stock market, recent econometric studies have concluded that there were no bubbles in the American stock market over the past one hundred years. Examining the pricing of loans to stock brokers, we find information on the lenders' perceptions of the future course of stock prices in 1929. From this market, we extract an estimate of the bubble in stock prices. This bubble component contributes significantly to explain stock price behavior, even though standard cointegration tests suggest that there was no bubble in the market.
Standards of Living in Colonial Korea: Did the Masses Become Worse Off or Better Off Under Japanese Rule?
Authors: Kimura Mitsuhiko
Published: September 2009

This article discusses the changing living standards among the Korean masses under Japanese rule. Farm income per household, agricultural real wages, and per capita calorie intake from staple foods declined. On the other hand primary school enrollment, literacy, and survival rates rose, and average stature at least did not decrease. Arguing that literacy rates, survival rates, and average stature are variables more directly related to living conditions than the others, this article concludes that the Korean masses' standards of living rose between colonization and 1940. Still, any summary assessment depends on the weights assigned to different variables.
The U.S. Banking System From a Northern Exposure: Stability versus Efficiency
Authors: Bordo Michael D. , Rockoff Hugh , Redish Angela
Published: September 2009

This article asks whether the vaunted comparative stability of the Canadian banking system has been purchased at the cost of creating an oligopoly. We assembled a data set that compares bank failures, lending rates, interest paid on deposits, and related variables over the period 1920 to 1980. Our principal findings are (1) interest rates paid on deposits were generally higher in Canada; (2) interest income received on securities was generally slightly higher in Canada; (3) interest rates charged on loans were generally quite similar; and (4) net rates of return to equity were generally higher in Canada than in the United States.
The Color Line: Racial Norms and Discrimination in Urban Labor Markets, 1910–1950
Authors: Sundstrom William A.
Published: September 2009

In both northern and southern cities of the United States, African-Americans faced a web of social constraints on such activities as housing, shopping, and everyday interpersonal interactions. These constraints had implications for the labor market as well. In particular, norms against white subservience to blacks played an important role in determining the racial composition of occupations. Close attention to the operation of such social norms can add much explanatory power to conventional economic analyses of discrimination based on human capital and taste for discrimination.
The Rise of an Inventive Profession: Learning Effects in the Midwestern Harvester Industry, 1850–1890
Authors: Nader John
Published: September 2009

This article makes use of nearly one thousand patents to trace the origins and evolution of professional invention in the midwestern harvester industry. These data indicate that professional inventors had become integrated into the industry by the 1870s. This unity of business and invention made firms loci of learning and fostered the rise of a market in technology through which patents and patentees became available.