bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non-invasive assessment of ventriculo-arterial coupling using aortic wave intensity analysis combining central blood pressure and phase-contrast cardiovascular magnetic resonance
Authors: Bhuva Anish N , D’Silva A , Torlasco C , Nadarajan N , Jones S , Boubertakh R , Van Zalen J , Scully P , Knott K , Benedetti G , Augusto J B , Bastiaenen Rachel , Lloyd G , Sharma S , Moon J C , Parker K H , Manisty C H , Hughes Alun D
Published: August 2019

Background

Wave intensity analysis (WIA) in the aorta offers important clinical and mechanistic insight into ventriculo-arterial coupling, but is difficult to measure non-invasively. We performed WIA by combining standard cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) flow-velocity and non-invasive central blood pressure (cBP) waveforms.

Methods and results

Two hundred and six healthy volunteers (age range 21–73 years, 47% male) underwent sequential phase contrast CMR (Siemens Aera 1.5 T, 1.97 × 1.77 mm2, 9.2 ms temporal resolution) and supra-systolic oscillometric cBP measurement (200 Hz). Velocity (U) and central pressure (P) waveforms were aligned using the waveform foot, and local wave speed was calculated both from the PU-loop (c) and the sum of squares method (cSS). These were compared with CMR transit time derived aortic arch pulse wave velocity (PWVtt). Associations were examined using multivariable regression. The peak intensity of the initial compression wave, backward compression wave, and forward decompression wave were 69.5 ± 28, −6.6 ± 4.2, and 6.2 ± 2.5 × 104 W/m2/cycle2, respectively; reflection index was 0.10 ± 0.06. PWVtt correlated with c or cSS (r = 0.60 and 0.68, respectively, P < 0.01 for both). Increasing age decade and female sex were independently associated with decreased forward compression wave (−8.6 and −20.7 W/m2/cycle2, respectively, P < 0.01) and greater wave reflection index (0.02 and 0.03, respectively, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

This novel non-invasive technique permits straightforward measurement of wave intensity at scale. Local wave speed showed good agreement with PWVtt, and correlation was stronger using the cSS than the PU-loop. Ageing and female sex were associated with poorer ventriculo-arterial coupling in healthy individuals.
Non-symbiotic soil microbes are more strongly influenced by altered tree biodiversity than arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi during initial forest establishment
Authors: Grossman Jake J , Butterfield Allen J , Cavender-Bares Jeannine , Hobbie Sarah E , Reich Peter B , Gutknecht Jessica , Kennedy Peter G
Published: August 2019

While the relationship between plant and microbial diversity has been well studied in grasslands, less is known about similar relationships in forests, especially for obligately symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. To assess the effect of varying tree diversity on microbial alpha- and beta-diversity, we sampled soil from plots in a high-density tree diversity experiment in Minnesota, USA, 3 years after establishment. About 3 of 12 tree species are AM hosts; the other 9 primarily associate with ectomycorrhizal fungi. We used phospho- and neutral lipid fatty acid analysis to characterize the biomass and functional identity of the whole soil bacterial and fungal community and high throughput sequencing to identify the species-level richness and composition of the AM fungal community. We found that plots of differing tree composition had different bacterial and fungal communities; plots with conifers, and especially Juniperus virginiana, had lower densities of several bacterial groups. In contrast, plots with a higher density or diversity of AM hosts showed no sign of greater AM fungal abundance or diversity. Our results indicate that early responses to plant diversity vary considerably across microbial groups, with AM fungal communities potentially requiring longer timescales to respond to changes in host tree diversity.
Isolation and polyphasic identification of Tateyamaria armeniaca sp. nov.
Authors: Yoon Jaewoo
Published: August 2019

A novel alphaproteobacterium, designated KMU-156T, was isolated from seawater collected on the coast of Jeju Island, Republic of Korea, and its phylogenetic position was determined using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Strain KMU-156T was Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, apricot-colored, rod-shaped, non-motile and chemoorganoheterotrophic. Phylogenetic study based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the novel bacterium belongs to the family ‘Rhodobacteraceae’, of the class Alphaproteobacteria, and that it possessed the greatest sequence similarity (98.2%) with Tateyamaria omphalii MKT107T. DNA–DNA hybridization values between strains KMU-156T, T. omphalii KCTC 12333T and Tateyamaria pelophila DSM 17270T were less than 70%. The major isoprenoid quinone of the novel isolate was ubiquinone-10 (Q-10) and the major (> 10%) cellular fatty acids were C16:0 and C18:1 ω7c. The genomic DNA G + C content of strain KMU-156T was 59.3 mol%. The polar lipid profile of the strain KMU-156T had phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, an unidentified aminolipid, an unidentified phospholipid and two unidentified lipids. From the discriminative taxonomic features, the strain is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Tateyamaria for which the name Tateyamaria armeniaca sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of T. armeniaca sp. nov. is KMU-156T (= KCCM 90321T = NBRC 113460T).
Metabolic responses of rice source and sink organs during recovery from combined drought and heat stress in the field
Authors: Lawas Lovely Mae F , Erban Alexander , Kopka Joachim , Jagadish S V Krishna , Zuther Ellen , Hincha Dirk K
Published: August 2019

Background

Drought and heat stress effects on rice have been extensively studied, in particular during the sensitive flowering and grain-filling stages. However, in the field these stresses usually occur together because reduced transpirational cooling under drought conditions results in increased plant tissue temperature. In addition, environmental stresses are usually transient and the ability to efficiently recover from stress may be at least as important for overall stress tolerance as the direct stress response itself. Nevertheless, nothing is known about recovery mechanisms after drought and heat stress in rice under field conditions.

Results

We have used gas chromatography–mass spectrometry–based metabolomics to elucidate the metabolic responses of flag leaves, flowering spikelets, and developing seeds from 3 rice cultivars differing in their drought and heat tolerance to rewatering after stress in the field. Within 60 hours after rewatering, many stress-responsive metabolites returned to their control levels, although recovery was not complete. In addition, control plants showed developmental differences that were revealed by metabolite profiles during 60 hours of post-stress sampling, in particular in developing seeds. Correlation analysis identified several metabolites as marker candidates for the stability of grain yield or quality under conditions of combined drought and heat stress.

Conclusions

The rewatering responses of stressed plants seemed to be a combination of the reversal of stress effects and reinitiation of development after stress relief. The identified potential markers can be useful in efforts to breed stress-tolerant rice germplasm to ensure food availability under changing climate conditions.
Mechanical energy balance and apparent fracture toughness for dykes in elastoplastic host rock with large-scale yielding
Authors: Vachon Rémi , Hieronymus Christoph F
Published: August 2019

The dynamics of dyke emplacement are typically modelled by assuming an elastic rheology for the host rock. However, the resulting stress field predicts significant shear failure in the region surrounding the dyke tip. Here, we model the dyking process in an elastic-perfectly plastic host rock in order to simulate distributed shear fracturing and subsequent frictional slip on the fracture surfaces. The fluid mechanical aspects of the magma are neglected as we are interested only in the fracture mechanics of the process. Magma overpressure in dykes is typically of the same order of magnitude as the yield stress of the host rock in shear, especially when the pressure effect of volatiles exsolving from the magma is taken into account. Under these conditions, the plastic deformation zone has spatial dimensions that approach the length of the dyke itself, and concepts based on linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) no longer apply. As incremental plasticity is path dependent, we describe two geologically meaningful endmember cases, namely dyke propagation at constant driving pressure, and gradual inflation of a pre-existing crack. For both models, we find that plastic deformation surrounding the fracture tip enhances dyke opening, and thus increases the energy input into the system due to pressure work integrated over the fracture wall. At the same time, energy is dissipated by plastic deformation. Dissipation in the propagation model is greater by about an order of magnitude than it is in the inflation model because the propagating dyke tip leaves behind it a broad halo of deformation due to plastic bending and unbending in the relict process zone. The net effect is that plastic deformation impedes dyke growth in the propagation model, while it enhances dyke growth in the inflation model. The results show that, when the plastic failure zone is large, a single parameter such as fracture toughness is unable to capture the physics that underpin the resistance of a fracture or dyke against propagation. In these cases, plastic failure has to be modelled explicitly for the given conditions. We provide analytical approximations for the propagation forces and the maximum dyke aperture for the two endmember cases, that is, the propagating dyke and the dyke formed by inflation of a crack. Furthermore, we show that the effect of plasticity on dyke energetics, together with an overestimate of magma pressure when interpreting dyke aspect ratios using elastic host rock models, offers a possible explanation for the long-standing paradox that laboratory measurements of fracture toughness of rocks consistently indicate values about two orders of magnitude lower than those derived from dyke observations.
In lung transplantation, are pulmonary grafts from donors deceased from hanging as suitable as grafts from donors deceased from other causes?
Authors: Santos Silva João , Olland Anne , Massard Gilbert , Falcoz Pierre-Emmanuel
Published: August 2019

A best evidence topic was constructed according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was whether pulmonary grafts from donors deceased from hanging offer the same benefit as grafts from donors deceased from other causes in lung transplantation. Of the 17 papers found, 4 provided the best evidence to answer the question. The authors, date, journal, country of publication, study type, group studied, relevant outcomes and results of these papers are tabulated. One study reported a large cohort of donors and analysed the outcomes by cause of death, reporting no differences in survival. The remaining 3 papers analysed observational studies on the outcomes of lung transplantation using pulmonary grafts from donors deceased from hanging, compared with donors deceased from other causes. No differences in the rates of post-transplantation pulmonary graft dysfunction and long-term overall survival were reported. Although the cohort of donors deceased from hanging is small, we conclude that these donors are an important contribution to the donor pool. Ex vivo lung perfusion may have a role in assessing graft viability in this scenario.
Welcome to BCS Insights 2019
Authors: Hamilton Johanna
Published: August 2019

In June, BCS staged a major event exploring the state of the tech industry, focusing on two main areas: prejudice and bias and where AI is taking our society. Johanna Hamilton AMBCS reports
The Rise of Esports
Authors: Hamilton Johanna
Published: August 2019

The bedroom coders of the 1980s helped spawn a huge gaming industry that continues to evolve and flourish nearly four decades on, with the development of esports. Johanna Hamilton AMBCS looks at the rise of a multi-million dollar industry and the significant benefits the fledgling industry offers society.
Cyber Protection of Public Assets
Authors: Creese Joe
Published: August 2019

Jos Creese, Past President of BCS and a leading authority on cyber planning, explains why more funds need to be allocated to protect the UK’s digital infrastructure – as increasingly complex systems could make essential services vulnerable to cyber attack
The Dangers of Data Collection
Authors: Smith Andy
Published: August 2019

Data mining is being used to target individuals, both by advertisers and organised crime. Andy Smith FBCS CITP examines the role played by data aggregation.
Making the Mentoring Process Work
Authors: O'Brien Patrick
Published: August 2019

In the third of three articles about mentoring, Patrick O’Brien, Managing Director of The Amanuenses Network, explains the process of mentorship and why it is mutually beneficial, both for the mentor and mentee
The theory and application of the random dislocation directional seismic wave technique in a tunnel environment
Authors: Yue Yonggao , Jiang Tao , Wang Jingye , Chao Yunfeng , Zhou Qi , Zheng Jinghan , Wang Xin
Published: August 2019

Performing exact predictions of geological conditions for tunnel construction is important for ensuring safe and quick tunnel engineering. Weak effective signals and strong random noise are the main factors that affect the distance and precision of tunnel seismic detection. Considering that directional seismic wave (DSW) technology has the ability to enhance target signals and suppress random noise, we attempt to apply this method to solve the problems of low detection accuracy and short detection distance. However, the process of data processing with the DSW technique generates false multiple wave interference (FMWI), which can lead to the misinterpretation of geological structures. This study analyses the origins of FMWI and presents the random dislocation directional seismic wave (RDDSW) method to suppress this interference. The results of a numerical simulation indicate that the FMWI is effectively suppressed and that the signal-to-noise ratio of the data is increased by approximately N times through use of the N-element RDDSW technique. In the ideal case, only spherical diffusion attenuation is considered, and the detection distance increases by approximately $\scriptstyle\sqrt N $ times. In addition, this method is also effective for signals from curved events, thereby improving the precision of the analysis of the geological structure of the tunnel. Furthermore, the field data results further verify that the RDDSW technique can significantly suppress interference and thus improve the quality of the data at little cost. Hence, the RDDSW technique has great significance for accurately predicting the geological structures of tunnels and increasing the detection distance in tunnels.
Trumping Capacity Gap with Negotiation Strategies: the Mexican USMCA Negotiation Experience
Authors: Bahri Amrita , Lugo Monica
Published: August 2019

In the past few months, we have witnessed the ‘worst deal’ in the history of the USA become the ‘best deal’ in the history of the USA. The negotiation leading to the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA) appeared as an ‘asymmetrical exchange’ scenario that could have led to an unbalanced outcome for Mexico. However, Mexico stood firm on its positions and negotiated a modernized version of North American Free Trade Agreement. Mexico faced various challenges during this renegotiation, not only because it was required to negotiate with two developed countries but also due to the high level of ambition and demands raised by the new US administration. This paper provides an account of these impediments. More importantly, it analyzes the strategies that Mexico used to overcome the resource constraints it faced amidst the unpredictable political dilemma in the US and at home. In this manner, this paper seeks to provide a blueprint of strategies that other developing countries could employ to overcome their negotiation capacity constraints, especially when they are dealing with developed countries and in uncertain political environments.
Soil compaction and the architectural plasticity of root systems
Authors: Correa José , Postma Johannes A , Watt Michelle , Wojciechowski Tobias
Published: August 2019

We present examples of root plasticity in response to soil compaction and discuss their role in plant performance. Subsequently, we propose a plastic ideotype for soil compaction tolerance.
Agree to disagree: Modelling co-existing scholarly perspectives on literary text
Authors: Bleeker Elli , Buitendijk Bram , Haentjens Dekker Ronald
Published: August 2019

This essay addresses two open challenge in the domain of digital scholarly editing: (1) formally defining the meaning of markup, and (2) allowing the reuse and exchange of textual data through a distributed editorial workflow that allows the editing of texts from multiple, diverging yet co-existing perspectives. We argue that successfully addressing these issues would promote the distribution and exchange of scholarly knowledge, on a technical as well as a theoretical level. The essay introduces ongoing work on a new data model for text called ‘TAG’ (Text-as-Graph) and its reference implementation ‘Alexandria’. The essay outlines how TAG, based on a hypergraph for text, can improve the modeling of complex literary texts, and how Alexandria supports the exchange of markup files in a way that sustains scholarly discourse. We discuss three components of TAG: first, the markup technology stack allows for the formal definition of the meaning of markup (‘markup semantics’); secondly, users can add multiple layers of markup that each represent an alternative perspective on text; and finally the editorial workflow is set up in a git-like distributed version management system. As a result, the TAG model provides for the synthesis of dispersed scholarly practices and the advancement of academic discourse.
The Creative Recuperation of “Blind Tom” Wiggins in Tyehimba Jess’s Olio and Jeffery Renard Allen’s Song of the Shank
Authors: Rutter Emily Ruth
Published: August 2019

This essay examines Tyehimba Jess’s Pulitzer Prize-winning poetry collection Olio (2016) and Jeffery Renard Allen’s acclaimed novel Song of the Shank (2014), focusing specifically on their creative recuperations of “Blind Tom,” a famed pianist who remained in bondage throughout a performance career that spanned the antebellum and postbellum periods. Citing and interpolating archival documents about “Blind Tom,” Olio and Song of the Shank denaturalize what Jennifer Stoever terms the “sonic color line,” whereby music and other forms of aural production became inextricably bound up with racial stratification. Through contrapuntal persona poems, which may be read vertically, horizontally, and diagonally, Jess also pays tribute to Tom’s musical dexterity while implying the myriad possible interpretations of the musician’s life and art. Alternatively, Allen’s nonlinear novel makes use of free indirect discourse, not to reimagine Tom’s interiority but instead to focalize the largely undocumented interior thoughts of those who controlled Tom’s life, underscoring the famed musician’s lack of agency and self-determination. Not purporting to recover the “real” Tom, Allen and Jess employ distinct but decidedly self-reflexive methodologies, suggesting the ways in which historical accounts are similarly constructed to emphasize particular perspectives and silence others. As they advance counternarratives to archival accounts of “Blind Tom,” Jess’s Olio and Allen’s Song of the Shank also elucidate cultural through-lines between the nineteenth century and our own time, especially unsettling teleological readings of the nation’s steady progress toward racial equality.
Ron Fricke
Authors: MacDonald Scott
Published: August 2019

This is the first substantive, career interview with Ron Fricke, whose “world films” offer spectacular panoramas of modern place and life. After shooting Koyaanisqatsi (1984) with Godfrey Reggio, Fricke directed and filmed his own films, beginning with the Imax-format film Chronos, which was a popular offering in several museums of natural history. Chronos was followed by the first two parts of Fricke’s world-film trilogy: Baraka (1992) and Samsara (2011). In order to make his films, Fricke has pioneered new technologies that have made time-lapse, 70mm and Imax-format shooting more flexible. Fricke’s films evoke and often document global spiritual practices. His own practice seems much influenced by a Buddhist sensibility that has become increasingly evident in every film he has made.
Janet Biggs
Authors: MacDonald Scott
Published: August 2019

This is the first substantive career interview with installation artist Janet Biggs. Biggs discusses her motivation for making installations, rather than theatrical films, and the different ways in which moviegoers and visitors to installations experience moving image art. Biggs describes her experiences traveling to the ends of the earth to record compelling imagery in the Arctic, at a sulfur-mining operation inside a volcano in Indonesia, and in the Afar triangle region of Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Djibouti, Her many wide-ranging conceptual videos explore various forms of physical labor and athletic endeavor from football to water ballet and synchronized swimming to NASCAR, as well as the mysteries of Alzheimer’s disease and attempts to break the on-land speed record.
Christian Teaching in the Pluralistic University
Authors: Glanzer Perry L. , Alleman Nathan F. , Marsden George
Published: August 2019

With the help of the more sophisticated understanding of the ways one’s teaching may informed by one’s Christian identity discussed in chapters 2 through 4, we can now investigate the most controversial question of this book: How can a faculty member teach from a Christian perspective while honoring the integrity of the secular academy? In postmodern culture, teachers are expected to integrate their various identities into their teaching (e.g., feminist, environmentalist, Marxist). Therefore, this chapter explores how a professor could teach from a Christian perspective while working in the context of the pluralistic academy. It sets forth some general views about how teachers should address this matter, then focuses on how Christian teachers should determine when and how to draw upon their nonprofessional identities in their professional practice. Fundamentally, this chapter addresses the heart of what it means to foster a rich tournament of identities and narratives, which is the ultimate essence of liberal education.
The Birth of Modern Transnational Bribery Law
Authors: Davis Kevin E.
Published: August 2019

This chapter traces the development of modern transnational bribery law in the United States. After a brief discussion of the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Oscanyan v. Arms Co., it traces the evolution of domestic anti-bribery law in the United States through the twentieth century. It then discusses the Watergate investigation and scandals involving companies such as Lockheed and United Brands that led to enactment of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977. The historical record sheds light on the moral and economic motivations behind this landmark legislation. Subsequent amendments to the FCPA and related statutes, such as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, are also discussed.
The Modern Regime
Authors: Davis Kevin E.
Published: August 2019

Modern transnational bribery law has spread beyond the United States and has developed into a complex, decentralized, dynamic, and global “anti-bribery regime.” These developments were prompted by lobbying on the part of the United States and members of civil society. The emergence of the new regime was marked by the adoption of the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention and the UN Convention against Corruption, as well as several other international instruments. This chapter describes the legal instruments that underpin the regime. It also surveys the institutions that implement the regime and the efforts that have been undertaken to monitor levels of enforcement, the incidence of bribery, and the impact of transnational bribery law. It concludes by asking whether the current anti-bribery regime qualifies as an example of global experimentalist governance.
Prohibitions that Extend Beyond Bribery
Authors: Davis Kevin E.
Published: August 2019

Prohibitions that cover “fraud” or “improper accounting” or “illicit enrichment” can be used as substitutes for prohibitions of bribery, but this approach has both pros and cons. To illustrate the general issues we can conduct a thought experiment in which a prohibition on bribery is replaced with the broadest prohibition imaginable, one that simply covers “corruption.” Broader prohibitions can, if crafted with sufficient care, address the problem of underbreadth that undermines the effectiveness of prohibitions limited to bribery. Their risks include unpredictability and illegitimate after-the-fact lawmaking. In addition, the effectiveness of broad prohibitions can be compromised by overbreadth and imprecision. These issues clearly arise in connection with prohibitions on fraud, improper accounting, and illicit enrichment.
Mexican American
Authors: Telles Edward , Sue Christina A.
Published: August 2019

This chapter examines Mexican Americans’ understandings of their ethnic identities, including the meaning and importance they attribute to them and the relevance of ethnicity to their lives. It reveals how their ethnic expressions generally involve a mix of symbolic and consequential ethnicity but how ethnicity often manifests differently than the symbolic or optional expressions of ethnicity experienced by many later-generation European Americans. Many of the respondents, to varying degrees, had experiences of lacking choice regarding their ethnicity, having to negotiate both Mexican and American communities, having a sense of linked fate to co-ethnics, and being stereotyped or discriminated against—all of which signal a consequential aspect to their ethnicities. The chapter also illustrates how the full Mexican American Study Project sample is distributed along a symbolic–consequential ethnicity continuum and how these distributions vary by factors such as urban area, gender, skin color, and generation.
Nephites and Israelites
Authors: Fenton Elizabeth
Published: August 2019

This essay reads The Book of Mormon within the context of a popular early American discourse: the Hebraic Indian theory. Theories about the origins of Native peoples emerged as soon as Europeans realized that Columbus had not made port in Southeast Asia, and one hypothesis held that indigenous Americans descended from the ten lost tribes of Israel. This theory possessed an elegance that others lacked, as it explained the origin of Americans and solved the riddle of the location of the tribes. For two centuries, English and Anglo-American writers sought to prove that Europeans had located Israel in the Americas. Although it posits a biblical origin for America, The Book of Mormon rejects the lost tribes theory. This essay contends that, through its revisions of the Hebraic Indian theory, The Book of Mormon disrupts its own chronology and resists the collapsing of sacred and national histories into a uniform line.
Reform Within the Scholarly Tradition
Authors: Spannaus Nathan
Published: August 2019

Qursawi’s reformist project focuses on tahqiq as a means of ensuring religious correctness, against the predominance of taqlid, which he saw as perpetuating misguidance, and of questioning conventional positions on the divine attributes and the timing of the isha (night) prayer. It is not fundamentalist or scripturalist, but rather relies on established Hanafi-Maturidi forms of reasoning and methods of interpretation, tied to sound sources of religious knowledge—scripture and authoritative consensus. This chapter presents the underlying logic and approach of his reformism as a coherent whole within the postclassical scholarly tradition. It also compares Qursawi’s thought with that of the 18th-century reformers in Voll’s Hijaz network, arguing that while Qursawi has no connection with this network, the similarities show how reform can be (independently) articulated in different settings. Qursawi’s reformism is ultimately shaped by the Central Asian scholarly tradition and the circumstances under Russian imperial rule.
Modernity
Authors: Spannaus Nathan
Published: August 2019

This chapter addresses the question of modernity, arguing that the changes to Volga-Ural Muslims’ relationship with the Russian state remade their society, dismantling the Islamic social order, based on sharia, that had historically predominated in the region. The result was the disembedding of Muslim society, the removal of overarching social structures with a religious basis; this broke the link between the individual and communal institutions, with the latter weakened by tsarist control. In effect, any adherence to Islamic legal norms was functionally rendered a personal choice. Addressing the social and religious impact of disembedding, this chapter connects it with secularity, itself a massive shift in the religious construction of society, and argues that such a transformation represents the beginning of modernity. Therefore, the elements of Qūrṣāwī’s thought that respond to these changes can be considered examples of Islamic modernism.
The Model Regime
Authors: Frase Richard S. , Roberts Julian V.
Published: August 2019

This chapter outlines a model regime of prior record enhancement (PRE), designed to promote more rational, parsimonious, and humane sentences. It provides general principles and specific rules reflecting what is known about PRE justifications, costs, benefits, and adverse consequences. The principles specify which punishment purposes justify PRE, while also recognizing the overarching importance of maintaining proportionality to conviction offense seriousness, ensuring that PREs are necessary and cost-effective, minimizing racial disparities and imprisonment of aging and nonviolent offenders, avoiding interference with offender efforts at desistance, and striking a reasonable balance between rule and discretion. The model’s PRE counting rules exclude juvenile and misdemeanor priors, convictions more than 10 years old, upweighting of felonies based on their severity or similarity, and custody status points. First offenders receive substantial sentence mitigation, after which PRE magnitude increases modestly and is capped. High-history offenders are punished no more than twice as severely as first offenders.
The Long Southern Strategy
Authors: Maxwell Angie , Shields Todd
Published: August 2019

Beginning with Barry Goldwater’s Operation Dixie in 1964, the Republican Party targeted disaffected white voters in the Democratic stronghold of the American South. To realign these voters with the GOP, the party capitalized on white racial angst that threatened southern white control. However—and this is critical—that decision was but one in a series of decisions the GOP made not just on race, but on feminism and religion as well, in what is called here the “Long Southern Strategy.” In the wake of Second-Wave Feminism, the GOP dropped the Equal Rights Amendment from its platform and promoted traditional gender roles in an effort to appeal to anti-feminist white southerners, and it politicized evangelical fundamentalist Christianity as represented by the Southern Baptist Convention. All three of those decisions were necessary for the South to turn from blue to red. To make inroads in the South, however, GOP politicians not only had to take these positions, but they also had to sell them with a southern “accent.” Republicans had to mirror southern white culture by emphasizing an “us vs. them” outlook, preaching absolutes, accusing the media of bias, prioritizing identity over the economy, depicting one’s way of life as under attack, encouraging defensiveness toward social changes, and championing a politics of vengeance. Over time, that made the party southern, not in terms of place, but in its vision, in its demands, in its rhetoric, and in its spirit. In doing so, it nationalized southern white identity, and that has changed American politics.
The Myth of Post-Racial America
Authors: Maxwell Angie , Shields Todd
Published: August 2019

Beyond portraying race relations as a zero-sum economic game, GOP contenders courted southern white voters by championing “colorblindness.” The color-blind message gave white Americans and, particularly, white southerners a way to move past race, while rendering federal programs to counteract institutional racism unnecessary. Replacing race-baiting with race-burying, the Long Southern Strategy catalyzed a political muteness on race that endured and gave rise to a myth of post-racialism. This myth, while attractive to white southern voters, not only misconstrues the degree and nature of racial animus still present in the hearts and minds of many white Americans, but it also fuels Racial Resentment at continued efforts to protect minority civil rights, at politically correct speech, or at efforts to address structural racial inequities.
The Not-So-New Southern Sexism
Authors: Maxwell Angie , Shields Todd
Published: August 2019

The stereotype of southern white womanhood is anything but new, and manipulating it for political gain became a critical part of the Long Southern Strategy. The stereotype strips women of their power, intelligence, and strength, casting them as delicate and in need of constant protection. Antebellum southern white men manufactured that vulnerability to justify the strict laws segregating the races that would protect white women from predatory black men. This notion of southern white womanhood clashed with Second-Wave Feminism and the ultimately failed effort to secure an Equal Rights Amendment. The feminist loss, however, was a major GOP gain, as the Republican establishment realized that traditional gender roles could be the next way to appeal to southern white voters. In due course, the GOP’s messaging tapped into and perpetuated a Modern Sexism, characterized by a distrust of ambitious women, a demonization of feminism, and a growing resentment toward working women.
The Myth of the Social Conservative
Authors: Maxwell Angie , Shields Todd
Published: August 2019

The relationship between the GOP and the Christian Right became so fundamental to the party’s success that Republicans constantly had to maintain a sense of urgency regarding the country’s moral compass. Moreover, to retain the loyalty of southern white religious voters, the GOP not only prioritized social conservative policy issues like gay marriage, but it also repackaged “secular” issues regarding the environment, the economy, and even war as issues of religious-political concern. By doing so, the GOP created a religious-partisan brand that dissolved denominational differences, overcame third-party challenges from Christian Right leaders, and softened the Christian authenticity litmus test for candidates. To that end, the religiosity of the contemporary GOP is not solely a reflection of the rising saliency of moral issues; rather, via the Long Southern Strategy, almost every issue became part of the evangelical cosmology in a spirit of Christian nationalism inherent in southern white identity.
Philosophical Assumptions
Authors: Butz Karel
Published: August 2019

The pedagogical ideas of Mimi Zweig, Paul Rolland, and Shinichi Suzuki are provided and explained how they can be applied into a string classroom setting. The chapter discusses the purpose of learning a string instrument, why string education matters, creating an “end goal” for orchestra students, establishing a “healthy foundation” for music learning, developing musicianship, facilitating musical success, treating students as artists, and defining classroom goals. The author’s personal mantras, based on his general philosophy of teaching and playing, provide a personal example of how guiding teaching principles apply to everyday string teaching, and enrich the learning experience for both teachers and students.
Assembling a Labor Market
Authors: Sallaz Jeffrey J.
Published: August 2019

The booming voice industry in the Philippines is a case of an emergent global labor market. New technologies developed over the past several decades allow companies to spin off or relocate their phone services anywhere in the world. Differences in labor costs across regions of the world matter, but the resulting search for ideal labor is as much a social as an economic process. To capture this social dynamic, this chapter analyzes markets as assemblages. The key mediators in such as assemblage are firms, states, and workers. This chapter provides the theoretical tools to understand labor markets as assemblages, and suggests why some assemblages are more stable than others.
Responsible Women
Authors: Sallaz Jeffrey J.
Published: August 2019

Women in the Philippines, and eldest daughters (ates) in particular, are customarily expected to serve as breadwinners for their families, both immediate and extended. In a country where divorce is illegal and birth control is controversial, too many Filipinas find themselves with a larger network of people to support. Whereas in the past, these “responsible women” would have had to leave the country as migrant workers, call centers offer them a new opportunity to stay at home. Working as a call center agent, in other words, represents a sustainable solution to the dilemma of breadwinning. As a case study of Hannah, a breadwinner, illustrates, these jobs are lifelines.
The Minotaur
Authors: Hays Gregory
Published: August 2019

Ancient concepts of the person emerge not only from philosophical works but from literature and myth. Using a contemporary painting by the artist Erika Meriaux, this reflection focuses on the mythological story of the Minotaur, a creature who awkwardly straddles the boundary between human and animal, between person and nonperson. The Minotaur foreshadows modern anxiety about boundary cases: the clever dolphin or mentally challenged child. What obligations are owed to such a being? Meriaux's painting follows in the footsteps of some ancient writers in emphasizing the monster's human characteristics; yet he remains stubbornly bovine. Is it possible to be a person without being human? Meriaux's depiction challenges us to respond but leaves the answer up to us
Persons in Patristic and Medieval Christian Theology
Authors: Williams Scott M.
Published: August 2019

By surveying the history of Christian theology of the Trinity and Incarnation from Origen of Alexandria to William of Ockham, this chapter shows that Boethius’s addition of rationality to the definition of persona is a significant moment in the history of personhood. Among Greek and Syriac philosophical theologians, rationality was not included in theorizing about what made each divine individual or hypostasis (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit) distinct from the others. The evidence surveyed suggests that rationality is included in the definition of a persona only in Latin authors after Boethius. Nevertheless, rationality did no substantive work in Boethius’s or later Latin authors’ theorizing about the Trinity or Incarnation with regard to personhood. Richard of St. Victor replaced Boethius’s “individual substance” with “incommunicable existence” in order to give a fully general definition of persona. This change was widely accepted by later philosophers (e.g., John Locke) and theologians.
Persons as Food in Voltaire’s Candide
Authors: Tsien Jennifer
Published: August 2019

Voltaire’s Candide describes a number of scenes involving the reification of nameless characters, stories in which their personhood is denied or diminished through slavery or cannibalism. The way these victims fight against reification by others is by remembering their stories and recounting them. According to some definitions, a person is defined by one’s continuous existence through time, which one is aware of through one’s memory, so the old woman’s and the slave’s narrations are what establish their status as subjects rather than objects. Nevertheless, these characters remain in a gray area between individual and type. Their particular experiences suggest that they are indeed individuals, but their lack of names perhaps suggests the extent to which their masters have dehumanized them. Cannibalism is a powerful metaphor for some people’s denial of others’ personhood, or in other words, treatment of persons as things.
The Concept of a Person in Eighteenth-Century German Philosophy
Authors: Thiel Udo
Published: August 2019

Most seventeenth- and eighteenth-century philosophers, including major players such as Locke and Leibniz, discuss the concept of a person in the context of theological and moral questions. Particularly prominent are questions about the immortality of the soul and a life after death and about moral responsibility. These questions in turn connect to metaphysical issues, such as individuation and diachronic identity. This chapter examines how the three most important eighteenth-century German philosophers, Leibniz, Wolff, and Kant, deal with these themes. Apart from many significant differences between these philosophers, especially with respect to Kant versus Leibniz and Wolff, there are also several important positive connections. These relate to the question of animal and human souls, the role consciousness plays in the constitution of personhood, and the link between the concept of a person in epistemology and metaphysics on the one hand and in practical philosophy on the other.
Hegel's Aesthetics
Authors: Moland Lydia L.
Published: August 2019

Hegel’s Aesthetics: The Art of Idealism is the first comprehensive interpretation of Hegel’s philosophy of art in English in thirty years. In a new analysis of Hegel’s notorious “end of art” thesis, it argues for a variety of ways art ends, including historical, conceptual, and prosaic endings. It shows the indispensability of Hegel’s aesthetics for understanding his philosophical idealism and introduces a new claim about his account of aesthetic experience. In contrast to previous interpretations, it argues for considering Hegel’s discussion of individual arts—architecture, sculpture, painting, music, and poetry—on their own terms, unlocking new insights about his theories of perception, feeling, selfhood, and freedom. This new approach allows Hegel’s philosophy to engage with modern aesthetic theories and opens new possibilities for applying Hegel’s aesthetics to contemporary art. Hegel’s Aesthetics also clarifies why Hegel is known as the “father of art history” by elucidating his controversial analysis of symbolic, classical, and romantic art and by clarifying his examples of each. By incorporating newly available sources from Hegel’s lectures on art, it expands our understanding of the particular artworks Hegel discusses as well as the theories he rejects. Hegel’s Aesthetics situates his arguments in the intense philosophizing about art among his contemporaries, including Kant, Lessing, Herder, Schelling, and the Schlegel brothers. It gives us a rich vision of the foundation of his ideas about art and the range of their application, confirming Hegel as one of the most important theorists of art in the history of philosophy.
Introduction
Authors: Moland Lydia L.
Published: August 2019

Hegel has long been considered both the father of art history and the prophet of art’s end. This chapter explains this hybrid reputation and argues that a misunderstanding of both what Hegel means by the “end of art” and the “end of history” prevents us from understanding art’s role in his philosophical idealism. It argues that art has three kinds of endings in Hegel’s system: conceptual ends, prosaic ends, and a historical end. It suggests that while Part II of Hegel’s aesthetics enhances our understanding of his social-political philosophy, the less-discussed Part III enables us to understand his theory of selfhood, perception, feeling, and freedom. It describes the intense philosophizing about art among Hegel’s contemporaries and discusses the complex state of the sources available for analyzing Hegel’s thoughts about art.
Individuality Embodied
Authors: Moland Lydia L.
Published: August 2019

While architecture simply houses the spiritual, sculpture shows spirit embodied in physical form. Hegel claims that the human body can uniquely express this perfect interpenetration and that it does so most effectively in the still, reposed sculptures of fifth-century bce Greece. He argues that marble best captures skin tones and so is sculpture’s most appropriate material. Once statues begin to depict action, however, sculpture’s perfect interpenetration is disrupted. Sculpture then disintegrates into less perfect forms, including figures that attempt to depict emotion and sculpture that is simply decorative. This chapter also considers how Hegel’s theory can be applied to non-representational sculpture and contemporary evocations of imperfect bodies.
Subjectivity in Retreat
Authors: Moland Lydia L.
Published: August 2019

Modern subjectivity is difficult to capture in art’s sensuous media. Painting is the first of Hegel’s individual arts to attempt this challenge. Christian painting especially, Hegel claims, is able to depict spirit’s disappearance into a human’s sense of interiority. It does so by cancelling sculpture’s third dimension and by evoking particularly subjective emotions such as love and bliss. Hegel sides with those who define painting’s essence as based in color rather than drawing. He praises masters of color such as Titian and Correggio as well as Dutch genre painting and still lifes for achieving maximum effect. This chapter also considers ways Hegel’s theory of painting can be extended to contemporary, non-representational painting.
A Relational Humility Framework
Authors: Mosher David K. , Hook Joshua N. , Davis Don E. , Van Tongeren Daryl R. , Worthington Everett L.
Published: August 2019

In this chapter, we describe a relational humility model that examines how perceptions of humility impact relationships, and we review research that supports the model. First, we describe the development of a relational humility framework in the field of psychology that addressed many conceptual and methodological issues in studying humility. Second, we describe two key hypotheses that have organized research on relational humility: (a) the social bonds hypothesis and (b) the social oil hypothesis. Third, we review research on relational humility in three key relational contexts: (a) social and romantic relationships, (b) cultural differences, and (c) business contexts. Finally, we discuss limitations in our proposed relational humility model, present areas for future research, and discuss practical applications of relational humility.
Humility and Helplessness in the Realization of Limitations within Hospice
Authors: de Vries Kay
Published: August 2019

The historical and founding basis of the religiosity and spiritual focus of the hospice movement has congruency with the concept of humility; hospice culture retains much of the Christian foundations and a religious presence within which the implications of humility are found. The hospice culture and ideology support positing a model of hospice as a liminal space that includes dying as a journey, crossing thresholds, a waiting room for the dying, hospice as family, hospice nurses as ritual specialists who control the passage of dying in various ways, and hospice as a symbolically protected environment. Being in the presence of the overwhelming weakness of the dying humbled hospice staff and took them into a space and experience of complete powerlessness and helplessness that was momentary and transient, where they focused on care instead of cure through excellence in terms of humility and sensibility as opposed to power and mastery.