bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of a Conformational Equilibrium That Determines the Efficacy and Functional Selectivity of the μ‐Opioid Receptor
Authors: Okude Junya , Ueda Takumi , Kofuku Yutaka , Sato Motohiko , Nobuyama Naoyuki , Kondo Keita , Shiraishi Yutaro , Mizumura Takuya , Onishi Kento , Natsume Mei , Maeda Masahiro , Tsujishita Hideki , Kuranaga Takefumi , Inoue Masayuki , Shimada Ichio
Published: November 2015

G‐protein‐coupled receptor (GPCR) ligands impart differing degrees of signaling in the G‐protein and arrestin pathways, in phenomena called “biased signaling”. However, the mechanism underlying the biased signaling of GPCRs is still unclear, although crystal structures of GPCRs bound to the G protein or arrestin are available. In this study, we observed the NMR signals from methionine residues of the μ‐opioid receptor (μOR) in the balanced‐ and biased‐ligand‐bound states. We found that the intracellular cavity of μOR exists in an equilibrium between closed and multiple open conformations with coupled conformational changes on the transmembrane helices 3, 5, 6, and 7, and that the population of each open conformation determines the G‐protein‐ and arrestin‐mediated signaling levels in each ligand‐bound state. These findings provide insight into the biased signaling of GPCRs and will be helpful for development of analgesics that stimulate μOR with reduced tolerance and dependence.
A Bioorthogonal Reaction of N‐Oxide and Boron Reagents
Authors: Kim Justin , Bertozzi Carolyn R.
Published: November 2015

The development of bioorthogonal reactions has classically focused on bond‐forming ligation reactions. In this report, we seek to expand the functional repertoire of such transformations by introducing a new bond‐cleaving reaction between N‐oxide and boron reagents. The reaction features a large dynamic range of reactivity, showcasing second‐order rate constants as high as 2.3×103 M−1 s−1 using diboron reaction partners. Diboron reagents display minimal cell toxicity at millimolar concentrations, penetrate cell membranes, and effectively reduce N‐oxides inside mammalian cells. This new bioorthogonal process based on miniscule components is thus well‐suited for activating molecules within cells under chemical control. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the metabolic diversity of nature enables the use of naturally occurring functional groups that display inherent biocompatibility alongside abiotic components for organism‐specific applications.
β‐Diketiminate‐supported magnesium alkyl: synthesis, structure and application as co‐catalyst for polymerizations mediated by a lanthanum half‐sandwich complex
Authors: Georges Sébastien , Bonnet Fanny , Roussel Pascal , Visseaux Marc , Zinck Philippe
Published: November 2015

Mg(n‐Bu){η2‐HC[C(Me)NMes]2} (2) (Mes = mesityl, 2,4,6‐Me3C6H2), a new β‐diketiminate‐supported magnesium alkyl, has been synthesized and structurally characterized. The X‐ray analysis of the lanthanum half‐sandwich complex Cp*La(BH4)2(THF)2 (1) (Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl; THF = tetrahydrofuran) is also reported. Complex 2 has been assessed as both alkylating agent and chain transfer agent for the lanthanum‐catalysed polymerization and coordinative chain transfer polymerization of isoprene and styrene using 1 as the pre‐catalyst. The results are compared with those for n‐butylethylmagnesium (BEM) which is traditionally used for this purpose. The 1,4‐trans stereospecific polymerization of isoprene shows a more controlled character using 2 versus BEM, and higher activities are observed for the chain transfer polymerization of styrene when 2 is used as chain transfer agent. The activity is in turn lower than that observed using BEM when 1 equiv. of magnesium compound is used for the polymerization of styrene. The combination of 1, 2 and Al(i‐Bu)3 leads finally to a 1,4‐trans stereoselective coordinative chain transfer polymerization of isoprene, in a similar way to BEM. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A non‐covalent functionalization of copper tetraphenylporphyrin/chemically reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite for the selective determination of dopamine
Authors: Karuppiah Chelladurai , Sakthinathan Subramanian , Chen Shen‐Ming , Manibalan Kesavan , Chen Sin‐Ming , Huang Sheng‐Tung
Published: November 2015

A non‐covalent functionalization based on a copper tetraphenylporphyrin/chemically reduced graphene oxide (Cu‐TPP/CRGO) nanocomposite is demonstrated for selective determination of dopamine (DA) in pharmaceutical and biological samples. A homogeneous electron‐rich environment can be created on the graphene surface by Cu‐TPP due to the π–π non‐covalent stacking interaction. The synthesized Cu‐TPP/CRGO nanocomposite was characterized using scanning electron microscopy NMR, ultraviolet–visible and electrochemical impedance spectroscopies. The electrocatalytic activity of DA was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. The oxidation peak current (Ipa) of DA increased linearly with increasing concentration of DA in the range 2–200 μM. The detection limit was calculated as 0.76 μM with a high sensitivity of 2.46 μA μM−1 cm−2. The practicality of the proposed DA sensor was evaluated in DA hydrochloride injection, human urine and saliva, and showed satisfactory recovery results for the detection of DA. In addition, the Cu‐TPP/CRGO nanocomposite‐modified electrode showed excellent stability, repeatability and reproducibility towards the detection of DA. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 99mTc tricarbonyl complex of O,O′‐diethylethylenediamine‐N,N′‐di‐3‐propanoate as potential tumour diagnostic agent
Authors: Lakić Mladen , Sabo Ljubica , Ristić Slavica , Savić Aleksandar , Petričević Saša , Nikolić Nadežda , Vukadinović Aleksandar , Janković Drina , Sabo Tibor J. , Vranješ‐Đurić Sanja
Published: November 2015

The extensive development of radiopharmaceuticals towards early tumour detection and treatment has increased the demand for new ligands with higher tumour selectivity. Research has been done on the potential of the novel O,O′‐diethylethylenediamine‐N,N′‐di‐3‐propanoate (L) ligand as a radionuclide vehicle for tumour targeting. Under alkaline conditions, L hydrolyses and produces half ester ligand (L') and diacid ligand (L''), with characteristic donor atom array N,N,O. Ligand L was successfully labelled with 99mTc at pH = 9 by coordination with the octahedral fac‐[99mTc(CO)3(H2O)3]+ intermediate, forming the main radioproduct fac‐[99mTcL′(CO)3] (Tc1). The 99mTc complex showed a low lipophilic character (log P = 0.48) and low binding affinity to human serum albumin (2.51 ± 0.48%). In vitro stability studies in saline and human plasma, as well as challenge studies with cysteine and histidine, revealed high stability of the complex during 24 h. Biodistribution studies of Tc1 in female C57BL/6 mice bearing B16/F1 melanoma metastases showed significant tumour uptake: 9.81 ± 1.19%ID g−1 in the liver, 5.87 ± 0.54%ID g−1 in the lungs and 3.17 ± 0.33%ID g−1 in the ovary at 30 min post‐injection. Favourable physicochemical properties, satisfactory in vitro/in vivo stability and biodistribution profile in the experimental metastatic melanoma model indicate the possible application of the radiolabelled ligand in tumour diagnosis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stimuli‐Triggered Sol–Gel Transitions of Polypeptides Derived from α‐Amino Acid N‐Carboxyanhydride (NCA) Polymerizations
Authors: He Xun , Fan Jingwei , Wooley Karen L.
Published: November 2015

The past decade has witnessed significantly increased interest in the development of smart polypeptide‐based organo‐ and hydrogel systems with stimuli responsiveness, especially those that exhibit sol–gel phase‐transition properties, with an anticipation of their utility in the construction of adaptive materials, sensor designs, and controlled release systems, among other applications. Such developments have been facilitated by dramatic progress in controlled polymerizations of α‐amino acid N‐carboxyanhydrides (NCAs), together with advanced orthogonal functionalization techniques, which have enabled economical and practical syntheses of well‐defined polypeptides and peptide hybrid polymeric materials. One‐dimensional stacking of polypeptides or peptide aggregations in the forms of certain ordered conformations, such as α helices and β sheets, in combination with further physical or chemical cross‐linking, result in the construction of three‐dimensional matrices of polypeptide gel systems. The macroscopic sol–gel transitions, resulting from the construction or deconstruction of gel networks and the conformational changes between secondary structures, can be triggered by external stimuli, including environmental factors, electromagnetic fields, and (bio)chemical species. Herein, the most recent advances in polypeptide gel systems are described, covering synthetic strategies, gelation mechanisms, and stimuli‐triggered sol–gel transitions, with the aim of demonstrating the relationships between chemical compositions, supramolecular structures, and responsive properties of polypeptide‐based organo‐ and hydrogels.
Altered tactile processing in children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Tavassoli Teresa , Bellesheim Katherine , Tommerdahl Mark , Holden Jameson M. , Kolevzon Alexander , Buxbaum Joseph D.
Published: November 2015

Although tactile reactivity issues are commonly reported in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Less feed‐forward inhibition has been proposed as a potential mechanism for some symptoms of ASD. We tested static and dynamic tactile thresholds as a behavioral proxy of feed‐forward inhibition in 42 children (21 children with ASD and 21 typically developing [TD] children). Subthreshold conditioning typically raises the dynamic detection threshold, thus comparison of the dynamic to the static threshold generates a metric that predicts gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) mediated feed‐forward inhibition. Children with ASD had marginally higher static thresholds and a significantly lower ratio between thresholds as compared with TD children. The lower ratio, only seen in children with ASD, might be indicative of less inhibition. Static thresholds were correlated with autism spectrum quotient scores, indicating the higher the tactile threshold, the more ASD traits. The amount of feed‐forward inhibition (ratio between dynamic/static) was negatively correlated with autism diagnostic observation schedule repetitive behavior scores, meaning the less inhibition the more ASD symptoms. In summary, children with ASD showed altered tactile processing compared with TD children; thus measuring static and dynamic thresholds could be a potential biomarker for ASD and might be useful for prediction of treatment response with therapeutics, including those that target the GABAergic system. Autism Res 2016, 9: 616–620. © 2015 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the Road to Resilience: The Help‐Seeking Experiences of Irish Emigrant Survivors of Institutional Abuse
Authors: Moore Jeff , Thornton Christine , Hughes Mary
Published: November 2015

Understanding how survivors of complex trauma navigate towards resources can inform the design of interventions and health promotion strategies. However, there are little data on the resilience and help‐seeking experiences of this group or others who have experienced institutional abuse in childhood. This empirical study sets out to illustrate the help‐seeking experiences of Irish emigrant survivors of institutional childhood abuse (ICA). Twenty‐two survivors of ICA were purposefully recruited from community organisations in the UK and data were collected via semi‐structured interviews. As a result of negative initial help‐seeking experiences in Ireland, most participants engaged in long periods of self‐management and disclosed information about their childhood as part of a redress scheme in later life. Outside of this scheme, turning points, such as illness or family problems, and the needs of children were influential in seeking help. Peer support networks played an important role as a trusted signposting pathway towards formal interventions. Participants identified interpersonal barriers to formal help‐seeking as helping professionals' failure to share control, insensitivity to identity loss and literacy issues, and the lack of explicit boundaries. The paper concludes with a discussion about the implications for research and future practice.

‘This empirical study sets out to illustrate the help‐seeking experiences of Irish emigrant survivors of institutional childhood abuse’

Key Practitioner Messages:

Turning points, such as illness and bereavement, and the desire to provide for children, influence the help‐seeking of survivors of ICA.

Irish emigrant survivors of ICA cite failure to share control, insensitivity to identity loss, literacy issues and the lack of explicit boundaries as barriers to help‐seeking.

General awareness of ICA can help practitioners in low‐threshold services prevent against culturally insensitive practice.

Peer support networks can provide uniquely trusted signposting towards formal interventions.
The Gastrointestinal Tract Metabolism and Pharmacological Activities of Grosvenorine, a Major and Characteristic Flavonoid in the Fruits of Siraitia grosvenorii
Authors: Wang Mengyue , Xing Shihua , Luu Thithanhthuy , Fan Min , Li Xiaobo
Published: November 2015

Grosvenorine is the major flavonoid compound of the fruits of Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle) C. Jeffrey, a medical plant endemic to China. In the present study, for the first time, the grosvenorine metabolism in an in vitro simulated human gastrointestinal tract (including artificial gastric juice, artificial intestinal juice and intestinal flora), as well as its pharmacological activities (including anti‐complement, antibacterial and antioxidant activities), was investigated. The results showed that grosvenorine was metabolized by human intestinal flora; its four metabolites were isolated by semi‐preparative HPLC and identified by NMR as kaempferitrin, afzelin, α‐rhamnoisorobin, and kaempferol. Further pharmacological evaluation showed that grosvenorine exhibited good antibacterial and antioxidant activities, with its metabolites possessing more potent activities. Although grosvenorine did not present obvious anticomplement activity, its metabolites showed interesting activities. This study revealed that intestinal bacteria play an important role in the gastrointestinal metabolism of grosvenorine and significantly affect its pharmacological activities.
Gastroprotective and Antioxidant Effects of Lobaria pulmonaria and Its Metabolite Rhizonyl Alcohol on Indomethacin‐Induced Gastric Ulcer
Authors: Atalay Fadime , Odabasoglu Fehmi , Halici Mesut , Cakir Ahmet , Cadirci Elif , Aslan Ali , Aydin Berktas Ozlem , Kazaz Cavit
Published: November 2015

Two lichen metabolites, rhizonaldehyde (1) and rhizonyl alcohol (2), were isolated from the acetone extract of Lobaria pulmonaria by chromatographic methods, and their chemical structures were determined by UV/VIS, IR, and 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR spectroscopic methods. The gastroprotective and in vivo antioxidant activities of extracts of L. pulmonaria and its metabolites, 1 and 2, were investigated in indomethacin‐induced ulcer models in rats. The gastric lesions were significantly reduced by acetone, hexane, and CHCl3 extracts, with 75.3–41.5% inhibition. Rhizonyl alcohol (2) significantly reduced the gastric lesions with an inhibition rate of 84.6–42.8%, whereas rhizonaldehyde (1) significantly increased the gastric lesions. Antioxidant parameters and myeloperoxidase activities were also evaluated in the gastric tissues of the rats. Indomethacin caused oxidative stress, which resulted in lipid peroxidation in gastric tissues by decreasing the levels of the antioxidants as compared to healthy rat tissues. In contrast to indomethacin, all extracts and rhizonyl alcohol (2) caused a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation levels and an increase in antioxidant parameters, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione‐S‐transferase, and reduced glutathione in gastric tissues. The administration of rhizonyl alcohol (2) also resulted in a decrease in gastric myeloperoxidase activity increased by indomethacin. The gastroprotective effect of rhizonyl alcohol (2) can be attributed to its antioxidant properties and its suppressing effect on neutrophil infiltration into gastric tissues.
α‐Glucosidase Inhibitors from the Fungus Aspergillus terreus 3.05358
Authors: Shan Wei‐Guang , Wu Zhao‐Ying , Pang Wei‐Wei , Ma Lie‐Feng , Ying You‐Min , Zhan Zha‐Jun
Published: November 2015

One new diketopiperazine alkaloid amauromine B (1), along with three known meroterpenoids, austalide B (2), austalides N and O (3 and 4), and two known steroids (5 and 6), was isolated and identified from the culture broth of the fungus Aspergillus terreus 3.05358. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic techniques, including 2D‐NMR and MS analysis, the absolute configuration of 1 was unambiguously established by single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. All the isolates were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on α‐glucosidase. Amauromine B (1) and austalide N (3) exhibited more potent α‐glucosidase inhibitory activities than the positive control acarbose.
Keep your eye on …
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: November 2015

The benefits of antipsychotic medications for ASD‐related symptoms

The importance of parental involvement in interventions for disruptive behaviors

The progress in computer and online therapy for depression and anxiety
New report calls for an end to ‘conversion therapy’ for youth
Authors: Canady Valerie
Published: November 2015

Interventions aimed at a fixed outcome, such as gender conformity or heterosexual orientation, including those aimed at changing gender identity, gender expression, and sexual orientation, are coercive, can be harmful, and should not be part of behavioral health treatment, according to the findings of a report released October 15 by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA).
Addiction counselors train CPS workforce on MAT in Conn.
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: November 2015

Pregnant women who are in treatment for opioid use disorders with methadone or buprenorphine have a good chance of giving birth to a child with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), a transient and easily treatable condition. However, in many states, these women are reported to child welfare authorities as soon as their babies are born, usually by hospital staff. In Connecticut, the Department of Children and Families (DCF) is working to educate the workers who go out on these and other calls relating to parental drug use about medication‐assisted treatment (MAT) and about substance use disorders (SUDs) in general. And the state has teamed with certified SUD counselors to help provide this training.
A national response to school shootings
Authors: Fritz Gregory K.
Published: November 2015

This past October, President Obama spoke to the American people after yet another mass school shooting, saying, “Somehow this has become routine. The reporting is routine. My response here at the podium ends up being routine, as does the conversation in the aftermath of it. We've become numb to this.” His comments reflected the widespread frustration in the United States that despite the mounting toll, nothing really changes. It appears to me that Americans want something to be done about school shootings, but that the solution has to be cheap, with little impact on our own lifestyles, and it can't conflict with any group's cherished ideals. And it should have immediate and guaranteed success.
Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes over Hierarchical BiOBr/β‐Co(OH)2/PVP Multicomponent Photocatalyst under Visible‐Light Irradiation
Authors: Li Wei , Li Peitao , Liu Yin , Zhang Baoliang , Zhang Hepeng , Geng Wangchang , Zhang Qiuyu
Published: November 2015

A novel visible‐light driven BiOBr/β‐Co(OH)2/PVP (PVP=polyvinylpyrrolidone) hierarchical multicomponent photocatalyst assembled in nanosheets was synthesized by a simple one‐pot solvothermal synthesis. The as‐prepared photocatalyst was characterized by field‐emitting scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, N2 adsorption–desorption analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray powder diffraction analysis, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectra, and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. This research shows that the formation of the p–n heterojunction would be very conducive to effectively inhibit the recombination of the photoexcited electron–hole pairs and enhance the photoactivity significantly. Owing to its narrow band‐gap energy (≈2.49 eV) and fast interfacial charge migration, this novel photocatalyst can efficiently absorb visible light and shows an improved ability for utilizing light energy. Although both β‐Co(OH)2 and BiOBr alone exhibit little photoactivity for the degradation of dyes, the BiOBr/β‐Co(OH)2/PVP hierarchical multicomponent photocatalyst exhibits unexpected, surprisingly high photoactivity and stability in degrading dyes in aqueous solution at moderate Co/Bi molar ratio and moderate PVP addition. The catalyst′s photoactivity is approximately 9.7 times of that of β‐Co(OH)2 and 3.2 times of that of BiOBr. This unusual photoactivity mainly arises from the synergetic chemical coupling effects between BiOBr, β‐Co(OH)2, and PVP. The excellent photoactivity and photostability of this hierarchical multicomponent photocatalyst make it a promising photocatalyst under visible‐light response. Beyond that, this novel photocatalyst can be reused many times without significant loss of its activity.
Competition Between π–π and CH/π Interactions: A Comparison of the Structural and Electronic Properties of Alkoxy‐Substituted 1,8‐Bis((propyloxyphenyl)ethynyl)naphthalenes
Authors: Carson Bradley E. , Parker Trent M. , Hohenstein Edward G. , Brizius Glen L. , Komorner Whitney , King Rollin A. , Collard David M. , Sherrill C. David
Published: November 2015

The structural and electronic consequences of π–π and CH/π interactions in two alkoxy‐substituted 1,8‐bis‐ ((propyloxyphenyl)ethynyl)naphthalenes are explored by using X‐ray crystallography and electronic structure computations. The crystal structure of analogue 4, bearing an alkoxy side chain in the 4‐position of each of the phenyl rings, adopts a π‐stacked geometry, whereas analogue 8, bearing alkoxy groups at both the 2‐ and the 5‐positions of each ring, has a geometry in which the rings are splayed away from a π‐stacked arrangement. Symmetry‐adapted perturbation theory analysis was performed on the two analogues to evaluate the interactions between the phenylethynyl arms in each molecule in terms of electrostatic, steric, polarization, and London dispersion components. The computations support the expectation that the π‐stacked geometry of the alkoxyphenyl units in 4 is simply a consequence of maximizing π–π interactions. However, the splayed geometry of 8 results from a more subtle competition between different noncovalent interactions: this geometry provides a favorable anti‐alignment of CO bond dipoles, and two CH/π interactions in which hydrogen atoms of the alkyl side chains interact favorably with the π electrons of the other phenyl ring. These favorable interactions overcome competing π–π interactions to give rise to a geometry in which the phenylethynyl substituents are in an offset, unstacked arrangement.
A Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe Based on a Through‐Bond Energy Transfer (TBET) System for Imaging HOCl in Living Cells
Authors: Zhang Yan‐Ru , Meng Ning , Miao Jun‐Ying , Zhao Bao‐Xiang
Published: November 2015

A simple ratiometric probe (Naph‐Rh) has been designed and synthesized based on a through‐bond energy transfer (TBET) system for sensing HOCl. In this probe, rhodamine thiohydrazide and naphthalene formyl were connected by simple synthesis methods to construct a structure of monothio‐bishydrazide. Free probe Naph‐Rh showed only the emission of naphthalene. When probe Naph‐Rh reacted with HOCl, monothio‐bishydrazide could be converted into 1,2,4‐oxadiazole, which not only ensured that the donor and the acceptor were connected with electronically conjugated bonds, but also resulted in the spiro‐ring opening and the emission of rhodamine. Therefore, a typical TBET process took place. The probe possessed high‐energy transfer efficiency and large pseudo‐Stokes shifts. As the first TBET probe for HOCl, Naph‐Rh showed excellent selectivity and sensitivity toward HOCl over other reactive oxygen species (ROS)/reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and could respond fast to a low concentration of HOCl in the real sample. In addition, the probe was suitable for imaging HOCl in living cells due to its real‐time response, excellent resolution, and reduced cytotoxicity.
Diastereodivergent Asymmetric Michael Addition of Cyclic Azomethine Ylides to Nitroalkenes: Direct Approach for the Synthesis of 1,7‐Diazaspiro[4.4]nonane Diastereoisomers
Authors: Li Chun‐Yan , Yang Wu‐Lin , Luo Xiaoyan , Deng Wei‐Ping
Published: November 2015

The first highly diastereoselective and enantioselective catalytic asymmetric Michael addition of cyclic azomethine ylides with nitroalkenes have been developed to diastereodivergently generate either the syn or anti adducts by employing N,O‐ligand/Cu(OAc)2 and N,P‐ligand/Cu(OAc)2 catalytic systems. Both catalytic systems exhibit broad substrate applicability to afford the corresponding Michael adducts in good to excellent yields, with excellent levels of diastereo‐ (up to 99:1 diastereomeric ratio) and enantioselectivities (up to >99 % enantiomeric excess). Importantly, the chiral 1,7‐diazaspiro[4.4]nonane diastereomer derivatives can be easily obtained in good yields through facile NaBH4 reduction of the Michael adducts.
Lignin‐Derived Advanced Carbon Materials
Authors: Chatterjee Sabornie , Saito Tomonori
Published: November 2015

Lignin is a highly abundant source of renewable carbon that can be considered as a valuable sustainable source of biobased materials. By applying specific pretreatments and manufacturing methods, lignin can be converted into a variety of value‐added carbon materials. However, the physical and chemical heterogeneities of lignin complicate its use as a feedstock. Herein lignin manufacturing process, the effects of pretreatments and manufacturing methods on the properties of product lignin, and structure–property relationships in various applications of lignin‐derived carbon materials, such as carbon fibers, carbon mats, activated carbons, carbon films, and templated carbon, are discussed.
Triacylglycerols of camellia oil: Composition and positional distribution of fatty acids
Authors: Wei Wei , Cheng Huang , Cao Xi , Zhang Xi , Feng Fengqin
Published: November 2015

Camellia oil one of the most important vegetable oils in China. Fatty acid composition and positional distribution analyzed by GC and GC‐MS in this study reveals that camellia oil is rich in oleic acid (around 78% in TAG and 85% at sn‐2 position of TAG). Camellia oil has a potential as an edible oil which provides oleic acid or for use as a feedstock in designing oleic acid‐enriched structured lipids.

Camellia oil – a high oleic‐vegetable oil.
Domino Oxidative Cyclization of 2‐Amino­acetophenones for the One‐Pot Synthesis of Tryptanthrin Derivatives
Authors: Reddy B. V. Subba , Reddy D. Maheswara , Reddy G. Niranjan , Reddy M. Ramana , Reddy V. Krishna
Published: November 2015

A new CuI/DMSO‐mediated oxidative domino process has been developed for the synthesis of tryptanthrin derivatives. This is the first example of the synthesis of tryptanthrin derivatives directly from 2‐aminoaryl methyl ketones and isatoic anhydrides through copper‐promoted oxidative functionalization.
Topical prazosin attenuates sensitivity to tactile stimuli in patients with complex regional pain syndrome
Authors: Drummond Eleanor S. , Maker Garth , Birklein Frank , Finch Philip M. , Drummond Peter D.
Published: November 2015

Background

The sympathetic nervous system may play an important role in certain forms of chronic pain. The main aim of this study was to determine whether functional blockade of α1‐adrenoceptors would alter sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation in patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS).

Methods and Results

In an initial study, high‐performance liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry of intradermal interstitial fluid collected from the forearms of three healthy individuals established that the α1‐adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin penetrated the skin barrier when mixed in Lipoderm® cream base. Next, we found that application of this cream to the forearm of 10 healthy participants attenuated axon reflex vasodilatation to the iontophoresis of phenylephrine, demonstrating functional blockade of α1‐adrenoceptors. Subsequently, effects of the cream on sensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimulation were investigated in 14 healthy participants and 19 patients with CRPS (eight with an apparent adrenergic component of pain). Both in patients and controls, topical application of the prazosin cream increased sensitivity to skin cooling but reduced sensations evoked by gentle brushing. In addition, hyperalgesia to sharp stimulation was lower at the prazosin‐ than vehicle‐treated site in the CRPS‐affected limb, and allodynia to brushing was lower at the prazosin‐treated than vehicle‐treated site in patients with an adrenergic component of pain.

Conclusions

Prazosin cream inhibited adrenergic axon reflex vasodilatation in healthy volunteers, and also inhibited dynamic allodynia and punctate hyperalgesia in the CRPS‐affected limb of some patients. Further studies are required to assess the potential benefits of topically applied prazosin for CRPS.
Pain and pain tolerance in whiplash‐associated disorders: A population‐based study
Authors: Myrtveit S.M. , Skogen J.C. , Sivertsen B. , Steingrímsdóttir Ó.A. , Stubhaug A. , Nielsen C.S.
Published: November 2015

Background

Pain is a cardinal symptom in individuals with whiplash‐associated disorders (WAD). We aimed to compare pain characteristics between individuals with WAD and individuals reporting chronic pain from other causes, and to determine whether potential differences were accounted for by experimental pain tolerance.

Methods

Data from the 6th Tromsø Study (2007–2008, n = 12,981) were analysed. The number of painful locations was compared between individuals with WAD and individuals reporting chronic pain from other causes using negative binomial regression, pain frequency using multinomial logistic regression and pain intensity using multiple linear regression. Differences in experimental pain tolerance (cold pressor test) were tested using Cox regression; one model compared individuals with WAD to those with chronic pain from other causes, one compared the two groups with chronic pain to individuals without chronic pain. Subsequently, regression models investigating clinical pain characteristics were adjusted for pain tolerance.

Results

Of individuals with WAD, 96% also reported other causes for pain. Individuals with WAD reported a higher number of painful locations [median (inter‐quartile range): 5 (3.5–7) vs. 3 (2–5), p < 0.001] and higher pain intensity (crude mean difference = 0.78, p < 0.001) than individuals with chronic pain from other causes. Pain tolerance did not differ between these two groups. Compared to individuals without chronic pain, individuals with WAD and individuals with chronic pain from other causes had reduced pain tolerance.

Conclusions

Individuals with WAD report more additional causes of pain, more painful locations and higher pain intensity than individuals with chronic pain from other causes. The increased pain reporting was not accounted for by pain tolerance.
Nickel Oxide and Nickel Co‐doped Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanocomposites and its Octylphenol Sensing Application
Authors: Gong Wanyun , Zou Jing , Zhang Sheng , Zhou Xin , Jiang Jizhou
Published: November 2015

Nickel oxide and nickel co‐doped graphitic carbon nitride (NiONiGCN) nanocomposites were successfully prepared by thermal treatment of melamine and NiCl2 ⋅ 6H2O. NiONiGCN nanocomposites showed superior electrochemical catalytic activity for the oxidation of octylphenol to pure GCN. A detection method of octylphenol in environmental water samples was developed based at NiONiGCN nanocomposites modified electrode under infrared light irradiation. Differential pulse voltammetry was used as the analytic technique of octylphenol, exhibiting stable and specific concentration‐dependent oxidation signal in the presence of octylphenol in the range of 10 nM to 1 µM and 1 µM to 50 µM, with a detection limit of 3.3 nM (3S/N).
Electrochemical Characterization of Corrosion Products in Leaded Bronze Sculptures Considering Ohmic Drop Effects on Tafel Analysis
Authors: Doménech‐Carbó Antonio , Doménech‐Carbó María Teresa , Redondo‐Marugán Jorge , Osete‐Cortina Laura , Vivancos‐Ramón María Victoria
Published: November 2015

The characterization of corrosion products in leaded bronze based on the voltammetry of immobilized particles methodology is described. Voltammetric data, supported by Fourier transform infra‐red spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy‐energy dispersive X‐ray microanalysis (FESEM‐EDX) and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) allow the identification of copper and lead corrosion materials. The mutual influence of such products is modeled upon considering uncompensated ohmic drops in the Tafel analysis of the rising portion of the respective voltammetric signals for their electrochemical reduction.
Effects of schedules of reinforcement on pouched rats' performance in urban search‐and‐rescue training
Authors: Edwards Timothy L. , La Londe Kate B. , Cox Christophe , Weetjens Bart , Poling Alan
Published: November 2015

Standard operating procedures have been developed to train Cricetomys to locate humans in collapsed structures and return to the release point on command. The present study demonstrated that the schedule of reinforcement for target location influences the rats' performance. Rats required more time to locate targets when no reinforcement was arranged for target location but less time to return to the release point. These findings suggest that training conditions should be based on the priority assigned to target location and return in an operational scenario.
The Market Performance of Socially Responsible Investment during Periods of the Economic Cycle – Illustrated Using the Case of FTSE
Authors: Wu Junjie , Lodorfos George , Dean Aftab , Gioulmpaxiotis Georgios
Published: November 2015

The debate about socially responsible investment (SRI) portfolio performance compared with its non‐SRI counterparts remains inconclusive. This paper contributes to the debate by adding a new approach, examining the issue of a full economic circle through economic boom, recession and recovery. We compare stock performance of two value‐weighted investment portfolios: FTSE4Good (SRI portfolios) and FTSE 350 (conventional portfolios) from 2004 to 2011 including 2007 to 2009 financial crash. The results indicate the SRI portfolio performed better and recovered its value quicker in post‐crisis than the non‐SRI portfolio, indicating that SRI portfolios are more resilient to economic turmoil and market shocks. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Screening of peroxynitrite scavengers in Flos Lonicerae by using two new methods, an HPLC‐DAD‐CL technique and a peroxynitrite spiking test followed by HPLC‐DAD analysis
Authors: Qi Jin , Chen You‐Hua , Wang Ying , Chen Xi , Wang Lu , Hu Yuan‐Jia , Yu Bo‐Yang
Published: November 2015

Introduction

Peroxynitrite is involved in the pathogenesis of a number of significant diseases. Peroxynitrite scavengers thus have potential application in understanding and treating these diseases. It is, therefore, important to establish screening methods able to rapidly identify peroxynitrite scavengers from herbal plants.

Objective

To develop effective and easily operable screening methods for identifying peroxynitrite scavengers in complex matrices, including Chinese herbal medicines.

Methods

Two simple and efficient screening methods have been developed for the identification of natural peroxynitrite scavengers in Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (FLJ). Method I used HPLC‐DAD‐(luminol‐peroxynitrite)‐CL techniques combined with Q‐TOF MS/MS analysis, while Method II used pre‐column reaction of the sample with peroxynitrite, followed by HPLC separation and Q‐TOF MS/MS analysis.

Results

Five peroxynitrite scavengers (neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, 3,4‐O‐dicaffeoyl quinic acid, 3,5‐O‐dicaffeoyl quinic acid and 4,5‐O‐dicaffeoyl quinic acid) were identified in FLJ using Method I. Besides the compounds identified using Method I, three additional peroxynitrite scavengers (rutin, isoquercitrin and luteoloside) were identified using Method II.

Conclusion

The two new methods proved to be complementary and the use of these methods should allow rapid detection of peroxynitrite‐scavenging natural products from FLJ and other complex matrices. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accounting for Market Frictions and Power Asymmetries in Online Labor Markets
Authors: Kingsley Sara Constance , Gray Mary L. , Suri Siddharth
Published: November 2015

Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT) is an online labor market that defines itself as “a marketplace for work that requires human intelligence.” Early advocates and developers of crowdsourcing platforms argued that crowdsourcing tasks are designed so people of any skill level can do this labor online. However, as the popularity of crowdsourcing work has grown, the crowdsourcing literature has identified a peculiar issue: that work quality of workers is not responsive to changes in price. This means that unlike what economic theory would predict, paying crowdworkers higher wages does not lead to higher quality work. This has led some to believe that platforms, like AMT, attract poor quality workers. This article examines different market dynamics that might, unwittingly, contribute to the inefficiencies in the market that generate poor work quality. We argue that the cultural logics and socioeconomic values embedded in AMT's platform design generate a greater amount of market power for requesters (those posting tasks) than for individuals doing tasks for pay (crowdworkers). We attribute the uneven distribution of market power among participants to labor market frictions, primarily characterized by uncompetitive wage posting and incomplete information. Finally, recommendations are made for how to tackle these frictions when contemplating the design of an online labor market.
Spiritual or religious struggle in hematopoietic cell transplant survivors
Authors: King Stephen Duane , Fitchett George , Murphy Patricia E. , Pargament Kenneth I. , Martin Paul J. , Johnson Rebecca H. , Harrison David A. , Loggers Elizabeth Trice
Published: November 2015

Background

This study describes the prevalence of religious or spiritual (R/S) struggle in long‐term survivors after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), demographic and medical correlates of R/S struggle, and its associations with depression and quality of life.

Methods

Data were collected in conjunction with an annual survey of adult (age ≥18 years) survivors of HCT. Study measures included R/S struggle (negative religious coping, NRC, from Brief RCOPE), measures of quality of life (subscales from 36‐item Short Form Health Survey and McGill), and the Patient Health Questionnaire 8. R/S struggle was defined as any non‐zero response on the NRC. Factors associated with R/S struggle were identified using multi‐variable logistic regression models.

Results

The study analyzed data from 1449 respondents who ranged from 6 months to 40 years after HCT. Twenty‐seven percent had some R/S struggle. In a multi‐variable logistic regression model, R/S struggle was associated with greater depression and poorer quality of life. R/S struggle was also associated with younger age, non‐White race, and self‐identification as either religious but not spiritual or spiritual but not religious. R/S struggle was not associated with any medical variables, including time since transplant.

Conclusions

Religious or spiritual struggle is common among HCT survivors, even many years after HCT. Survivors should be screened and, as indicated, referred to a professional with expertise in R/S struggle. Further study is needed to determine causal relationships, longitudinal trajectory, impact of struggle intensity, and effects of R/S struggle on health, mood, and social roles for HCT survivors. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of disclosure of diagnosis and patient autonomy on quality of life and illness perceptions in Chinese patients with liver cancer
Authors: Jie Bin , Qiu Yan , Feng Zheng‐Zhi , Zhu Shai‐Nan
Published: November 2015

Objective

This prospective cohort study explored the impact of disclosure of diagnosis and patient autonomy on the health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) and illness perceptions in Chinese patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Methods

Patients with HCC who were admitted for potentially curative treatments in a teaching hospital were recruited from August 2013 to July 2014. Patients were interviewed at admission regarding their HRQOL and their attitude towards disclosure of diagnosis. They were interviewed again regarding HRQOL and illness perceptions at discharge.

Results

There were 218 patients recruited; 57.8% of them were aware of their cancer diagnosis (disclosed group). For 63.8% of the participants, their desire for disclosure or nondisclosure was satisfied (autonomy‐satisfied group). When comparing the patients in the disclosed group with the patients who were uninformed, the patients in the disclosed group had higher scores for global HRQOL at discharge (p = 0.013) and higher scores on understanding of their illness regarding illness perceptions (p = 0.022). When comparing the patients in the ‘autonomy‐satisfied’ group with the patients whose desire for disclosure was not satisfied, the patients in the autonomy‐satisfied group had better emotional functioning and better global HRQOL at discharge (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively). Additionally, the patients in the autonomy‐satisfied group had higher scores for personal control (p = 0.009) and lower scores for emotional reaction (p = 0.007) regarding illness perceptions, even after controlling for other confounding factors.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that for patients with HCC who have undergone potentially curative treatment, physicians should satisfy patients' desires for autonomy regarding the disclosure of their diagnosis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LRS Bianchi type‐I string cosmological model in gravity
Authors: Sahoo Pradyumn
Published: November 2015

In this study the locally rotationally symmetric (LRS) Bianchi type‐I (BI) cosmological model has been investigated in the presence of one dimensional cosmic strings in gravity. The exact solutions of the field equations are obtained through the use of constant deceleration parameter and the scalar expansion is proportional to the shear scalar. Considering the accelerating nature of the universe in the present epoch, the physical behavior of the model has been discussed.
Human Reliability Analysis of Roof Bolting Operation in Underground Coal Mines
Authors: Tu Junxiang
Published: November 2015

Investigations have shown that human error is the most common cause of roof bolting injuries. Human error probability estimation has become a critical issue for human reliability analysis (HRA) of roof bolting operation. Specialist judgment plays a crucial role in quantifying human error probability in the field because of limited availability of empirical data. However, the aggregation of specialist judgment is typically not carried out in a formal way in HRA. In this paper, an approach to combine Bayesian methodology and the success likelihood index method was to build a computable model using information from specialists for HRA of roof bolting operation. A numerical example was used to illustrate the application of the proposed methodology. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gain‐scheduled filtering for linear parameter‐varying systems using inexact scheduling parameters with bounded variation rates
Authors: Sadeghzadeh Arash
Published: November 2015

This paper is concerned with the problem of full‐order H2 linear parameter‐varying filter design for continuous‐time systems with bounded rate of variations under the condition that the scheduling parameters do not exactly fit the real ones. The scheduling parameters and their derivatives are supposed to belong to polytopes with known vertices. The synthesis conditions are formulated in terms of parameter‐dependent bilinear matrix inequalities by means of parameter‐dependent Lyapunov function and introducing some extra variables for the filter design. An iterative procedure is presented to cast the bilinear matrix inequalities problem into a linear matrix inequality optimization problem. The design of robust filters for both time‐varying and time‐invariant systems can be viewed as particular cases of the proposed method. The merit of the method presented in this paper lies in two fields. The first pertains to dealing with the measurement uncertainty in a less conservative manner than available approaches in the gain‐scheduled filtering problem. The second is to provide more efficient methods than the existing ones in the literature for the robust filter design. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Marginalized zero‐inflated negative binomial regression with application to dental caries
Authors: Preisser John S. , Das Kalyan , Long D. Leann , Divaris Kimon
Published: November 2015

The zero‐inflated negative binomial regression model (ZINB) is often employed in diverse fields such as dentistry, health care utilization, highway safety, and medicine to examine relationships between exposures of interest and overdispersed count outcomes exhibiting many zeros. The regression coefficients of ZINB have latent class interpretations for a susceptible subpopulation at risk for the disease/condition under study with counts generated from a negative binomial distribution and for a non‐susceptible subpopulation that provides only zero counts. The ZINB parameters, however, are not well‐suited for estimating overall exposure effects, specifically, in quantifying the effect of an explanatory variable in the overall mixture population. In this paper, a marginalized zero‐inflated negative binomial regression (MZINB) model for independent responses is proposed to model the population marginal mean count directly, providing straightforward inference for overall exposure effects based on maximum likelihood estimation. Through simulation studies, the finite sample performance of MZINB is compared with marginalized zero‐inflated Poisson, Poisson, and negative binomial regression. The MZINB model is applied in the evaluation of a school‐based fluoride mouthrinse program on dental caries in 677 children. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.