bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serumspiegelüberwachung von 5‐Fhiorocytosin durch Hochleistungsflüssigkeits‐Chromatographie: Drug‐Monitoring of 5‐Fluorocytosine in Serum by High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Essers L. , Hantschke D. , Leisse K.‐H.
Published: January 2012

Zusammenfassung: Serumkonzentrationsbestimmungen von 5‐Fluorocytosin (5FC) sind bei Patienten mit eingeschränkter Nierenfunktion — Kreatininclearence 10 ml/min. — unbedingt erforderlich. Bei einem Patienten mit entsprechender Behandlung wurden zur Konzentrations‐ bestimmung von 5FC im Serum die Hochleistungsflüssigkeits‐Chromatographie (HPLC) und der Bioassay verglichen. Beide Methoden ergaben, auch bei dem mehrmaligen Vergleich mit Standardkonzentrationen, zuverlässige Werte. Die HPLC ist spezifischer. Sie hat, bei allerdings größerem apparativen Aufwand, den weiteren Vorteil, daß die Ergebnisse in etwa einer halben Stunde zur Verfügung stehen.

Summary: Drug monitoring of 5‐fluorocytosine is essential in patients with renal failure. Two important methods‐bioassay and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)‐were compared, measuring 5‐fluorocytosine spiked sera and a serum of a patient with Candida mycosis. Both assays showed reliable results. The HPLC determination took less time (25 min) and was more specific than the bioassay, which as a biological method, was more simple.
Natural Relationships of Dermatophytes to the Milieu of their Existence. A Review. Naürliche Beziehungen der Dermatophyten zur Umwelt ihrer Existenz. Eine Ubersicht
Authors: Dvor̂ák J. , Otĉenáŝek M.
Published: January 2012

Summary: The authors present a summarizing review of as yet known findings of dermatophytes from different objects of heterotrophy. The review is given in the alphabetical order of the names of the agents, their taxonomic groups and the names of the host. It is based on the available data on the isolations of dermatophytes from the lesions of man and animals and from the soil. References to the individual entries follow the semantic hierarchy of the terms and are mediated through numerals and signs.

Zusammenfassung: Die Autoren legen eine zusammenfassende Übersicht der bis jetzt aus verschiedenen Objekten der Heterotrophie bekannten Dermatophytenfunde vor. Die Übersicht ist alphabetisch nach den Namen der Erreger, ihren taxonomischen Gruppen und den Namen der Wirte geordnet. Ihre Grundlagen sind die bisherigen Angaben über Dermatophytennachweise aus Läsionen beim Menschen und bei Tieren sowie aus der Erde. Hinweise für die einzelnen Stichwörter gehen von der semantischen Hierarchie der Begriffe aus und sind durch Nummern und Zeichen vermittelt.
Versuch zur Bewertung der Virulenz hefeartiger Pilze durch Bestimmung enzymatischer Eigenschaften und mit einem Hautinfektionsmodell an der weißen Maus: An Attempt to Estimate the Pathogenicity of Yeast‐like Fungi Based on Enzymatic Properties of the Fungus and on a Skin Infection Model in the White Mouse
Authors: Szarmach H. , Malyszko E. , Wroński A. , Niczyporuk W.
Published: January 2012

Zusammenfassung: Die Verfasser stellten einen Bewertungsversuch der Virulenz der hefeartigen Pilze anhand des Haut‐Infektionstestes an der weißen Maus und der Messung enzymatischer Eigenschaften des Pilzes auf. Sie richteten die Aufmerksamkeit auf die Abhägigkeit zwischen den klinischen Symptomen und den enzymatischen Eigenschaften der isolierten Stämme sowie auf die Brauchbarkeit solcher Untersuchungen in der Diagnostik der nichtgonorrhoischen Entzündung der unteren Abschnitte des Urogenitaltraktes. Anhand der erzielten Daten wurde festgestellt, daß die hefeartigen Pilze, die häufiger proteolytische und lipolytische Eigenschaften vorweisen, sowie häufiger in der Myzelphase auftreten, die häufigste Ursache der Beschwerden von seiten des Urogenitaltraktes sind.

Summary: An attempt to estimate the pathogenicity of yeast‐like fungi was made by evaluating the results of a skin infection model in the white mouse and on the basis of some enzymatic properties of the fungi. It was noted that there was correlation between clinical symptoms and enzymatic properties of the isolated strains. The usefulness of this kind of examinations for diagnosis of non‐gonorrhoeal inflammation of lower parts of the urogenital tract was stressed. It may be said on the basis of the data obtained that yeast‐like fungi showing simultaneously distinct proteolytic and lipolytic properties and found in the mycelial phase are the most frequent cause of disturbances in the urogenital tract.
Dermatophyte Carriers among School Children Dermatophyten‐Träger unter Schulkindern
Authors: Polonelli L. , Garcovich A. , Morace G.
Published: January 2012

Summary: Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum canis were isolated from apparently healthy scalps of schoolboys during an epidemiological study of dermatophyte carriers. Various other keratinophilic fungi were also isolated.

Zusammenfassung: Während einer epidemiologischen Untersuchung auf Dermatophyten‐Träger konnten Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum canis von offensichtlich gesunder Kopfhaut bei Schuljungen isoliert werden.
Dermatophytes and Dermatophytosis in Denmark 1979: Dermatophyten und Dermatophytosis in Dänemark 1979
Authors: Svejgaard E. , Onsberg P. , Rosman N. , Stenderup A. , Sylvest B.
Published: January 2012

Summary: In 1979, a survey was performed in Denmark in order to obtain information on the occurrence of dermatophyte species. From 513 patients from urban and rural areas fungi were isolated. T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes were by far the most frequent species followed by M. canis and E. floccosum. T. verrucosum and T. tonsurans were isolated in a few cases

Zusammenfassung: Im Jahre 1979 wurde in Dänemark eine Untersuchung vorgenommen, die Auskunft über die Häufigkeit der hautpathogenen Dermatophyten geben sollte. Pilze wurden von 513 Patienten aus Städten und Landgebieten isoliert. T. rubrum und T. mentagrophytes waren die weitaus häufigsten Dermatophyten, nach denen M. canis und E. floccosum folgten. T. verrucosum und T. tonsurans wurden nur in wenigen Fällen isoliert.
Two Different Methods for Direct Microscopy of Mycotic Material: Zwei verschiedene Methoden für die direkte Mikroskopie des mykologischen Materials
Authors: Nielsen P. G.
Published: January 2012

Summary: Two different methods for direct microscopy of mycotic material at a dermatological clinic are described. Material from suspicious looking mycotic lesions in 223 out‐patients was collected partly with tape‐technique and partly with cover‐slip‐technique. Preparations were stained with Schwartz‐Lampkins Staining Solution. The cover‐slip‐technique appeared to be superior to the tape‐technique in 46.3 per cent.

Zusammenfassung: Zwei verschiedene Methoden für die direkte Mikroskopie (Nativpräparat) von mykologischen Material einer dermatologischen klinik wurden beschrieben. Material von vendächtigen mykotischen Läsionen bei 223 ambulanten Patienten wurde teils mit der Deck‐glas‐Technik und teils mit der Klebefilm‐Technik eingesammelt. Die Präparate wurden mit der Schwartz‐Lampkins Färbemethode behendelt. Die Deckglas‐Technik war der Klebefilm‐Technik mit 46,3 Prozent überlegen.
Topical Tioconazole in Deimatomycosis: Lokalbehandlung mit Tioconazol bei Dermatomykosen
Authors: Kuokkanen K.
Published: January 2012

Zusammenfassung: Eine doppelblinde Vergleichstudie über die antimykotische Wukung und Verträglichkeit einer 2 %igen Tioconazol‐Salbe und des entsprechenden Vehikels wurde bei der Therapie von Dermatomykosen durchgeführt. Tioconazolsalbe zeigte sich sowohl klinisch (p <0,001) wie auch mykologisch (p < 0,001) signifikant effektiver als das Vehikel.

14 von 17 Patienten, die mit Tioconazolsalbe für 4 Wochen behandelt wurden, waren mykologisch geheilt (82,4 %). 17 von den mit dem Vehikel behandelten Patienten wurden später in einer offenen Studie mit Tioconazolsalbe nachbehandelt. Danach waren 16 Patienten mykologisch geheilt (94,1%) und ein Patient klinisch aber nicht mykologisch geheilt.

Bei einer Kontrolle nach 6 Wochen wurden 34 Patienten untersucht und 27 (79%) waren klinisch und mykologisch geheilt. Trichophyton rubrum wurde bei 3 Patienten kultiviert; 4 Patienten waren mykologisch geheilt, obwohl sie noch einige klinische Symptome zeigten.

Bei einem Patienten trat eine Kontaktallergie gegen Tioconazol auf. Im übrigen wurden die Salben gut vertragen und es trat keine Verfärbung der Haut oder der Kleider auf. Bei den Laboruntersuchungen wurden keine von dem Medikament verursachten pathologischen Werte gefunden.

Summary: A double‐blind comparison of the efficacy and safety of 2 % tioconazole hydrochloride and vehicle creams was carried out in the treatment of fungal infections of the skin. Tioconazole cream proved significantly more effective than the vehicle, both clinically (p<0.001) and mycologically (p<0.001); 14 out of the 17 patients treated with tioconazole cream for four weeks were cured mycologically (82.4%).

Seventeen of the vehicle treated patients were later taken into an open study where they were treated with tioconazole cream. Sixteen were cured mycologically (94.1%) and one patient was clinically cured but mycologically still infected.

At a follow‐up 6 weeks after the completion of treatment, 34 patients were reviewed, and 27 (79 %) were clinically and mycologically free of infection. Trichophyton rubrum was cultured in 3 patients; 4 patients were mycologically cured but showed still some clinical signs.

One patient with previous contact sensitivities developed an allergic reaction to tioconazole. Otherwise the creams were well tolerated and there was no staining of skin or clothing. There were no drug related abnormalities in the laboratory tests.
Genetic Ichthyosis and Trichophyton rubrum Infection in Infants: Genetische Ichthyosen und Trichophyton‐rubrum‐Infektionen bei kleinen Kindern
Authors: Kamalam A. , Thambiah A. S.
Published: January 2012

Summary: Extensive and chronic tinea glabrosa in one infant and a chronic tinea manuum and tinea unguium in another due to Trichophyton rubrum infection have been described. X‐Linked ichthyosis vulgaris in the former and ichthyosis vulgaris (dominant) in the latter case were the associated conditions. The slow epidermal turnover and slow nail growth are the probable predisposing factors in these infants. It is emphasised that genetic ichthyotic disorders are more prone for T. rubrum infection.

Zusammenfassung: Beschreibung einer ausgedehnten chronischen Tinea corporis bei einem Säugling sowie einer Tinea manuum mit Onychomykose bei einem weiteren Kind. Bei dem ersten Kind lag eine X‐chromosomal gebundene Ichthyosis und bei dem zweiten eine Ichthyosis vulgaris vor. Der langsame epidermale turnover und das langsame Nagelwachstum werden hier als prädisponierende Faktoren angesehen. Es wird daraufhingewiesen, daß Patienten mit genetisch bedingten Ichthyosen anfällier für T. rubrum‐Infektion sind.
Die Bedeutung der Immunabwehr in der Gallenblase
Authors: Somos Susanna , Schmidt A. , Loibl A. , Gróf P.
Published: January 2012

Zusammenfassung: Den neuesten Forschungen nach ist die Galle eine reiche Quelle der sekretorischen Immunglobnline, da das dimere IgA und das pentamere IgM von bestimmten Leberzellen aktiv aus dem Blut in die Galle transportiert werden, denn die Schleimhautoberflächen können nur von den polymerisierten Moleküle ‐ wie sekretorische Immunglobuline ‐ erreicht werden. Damit kann die Leber leicht und rasch ‐ ohne Komplementbildungsreaktion ‐ Immunkomplexe und Allergene eliminieren. Der Schutzaktivität dieser Faktoren ist es zuzuschreiben, daß die Resultate der mikrobiologischen Untersuchungen in der intraoperativ gewonnenen Galle wie folgt ausfielen: Pilziiektionen hat man in keinem einzigen Fall, bakterielle Infektionen auch nur in einem geriugen Teil der Fälle beobachtet. Der IgA‐ und IgM‐Gehalt der Galle war hoch: er überstieg die normalen Senunwerte. Das ist das Resultat der bepatischen Clearence‐Aktivität. Dadurch wird zugleich auch das bewiesen, daß die Eliminierung des den Entzündungsprozeß auslösenden infektiösen Faktors mit den lokalen Faktoren, so mit der Wirkung der Gallensäuren und dem hepatischen Clearence‐Mechanismus in Zusammenhang stehen.

Summary: Recently, the participation of the liver in the secretion of secretory immunoglobulins has been demonstrated: the secretion of circulating dimeric IgA and pentameric IgM by the liver has the effect that the secretory immunglobulins can get to the mucous membranes. In this way, the liver can actively and rapidly remove the harmful antigens and immununecomplexes without complementfixation. To this protective effect may be ascribed that the microbidogical results in human bile were as follows: none of the samples were mycologically positiv; only a minority of the samples contained bacteria (14.4%).‐Immunological findings: in comparison with albumin and IgG which are transsudable proteins the IgA and IgM levels were significantly higher. This phenomenon is based on the hepatic clearence mechanismus. For this reason, elimination of ful antigens or organisms is connected with local factors, e. g. the effect of bile acids and the hepatic clearence mechanismus.
Die Beeinflussung der enzymaktivitätshemmenden Wirkung von Imidazol‐Aiitimyzetika durch Glukokortikoide
Authors: Raab W. , Högl F.
Published: January 2012

Zusammenfassung: Als weiterer Beitrag zur Frage nach Interaktionen zwischen Imidazol‐Derivaten und Glucocorticoiden wurde die Wirkung von Prednisolon‐21‐hemisuccinat‐Natrium, bzw. Triamcinolonacetonid auf die enzymhemmende Aktivität von Econazolnitrat untersucht. Interaktionen konnten nicht festgestellt werden: In niedrigen Konzentrationen lassen die Glucocortidcoide die durch Econazolnitrat venusachte Enzymhemmung unbeeinflußt. In höheren Konzenhtionen läßt sich ein additiver Effekt der beiden Wirkstoffgruppen nachweisen. Hierbei ist zu berücksichtigen, daß auch die untersuchten Glucocorticoide für sich allein eine Hemmwirkung der beiden Testenzyme G‐6‐PDH (Glucose‐6‐Phosphat‐Dehydrogenase) und SP („Saure” Phosphatase) venusachen.

Für den Kliniker bedeuten diese Ergebnisse, daß auch in biochemischen Modellen ein Antagonismus zwischen Glucocorticoiden und Imidazol‐Derivaten nicht eintritt und somit dem the‐rapeutischen Einsatz der Kombination nicht entgegensteht.

Summary: As a further contribution to the problem of interactions between imidazole derivatives and glucocorticoids, the influence of prednisolone‐21‐hemisuccinate‐sodium and triamcinolone actonide on the enzyme‐inhibitory activitiy of econazole nitrate was investigated. Interactions which might be indicative for some counteraction were absent: in low concentrations, glucocorticoids failed to exert any changes in the enzyme inhibition provoked by the imidazole antifungal; in higher concentrations, an additive effect was seen between the enzyme inhibition exerted by glucocorticoids and the enzyme inhibition exerted by econazole nitrate. The enzymes under investigation were giucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase and “acid” phosphatase.

For the clinicians, these results confirm the lack of biochemical interactions between glucocorticoids and imidazole derivatives, as they were combined for topical antifungal therapy.
Die Beeinflussung der membranschädigenden Wirkung von antimyzetisch wirksamen Imidazolderivaten durch Glucocorticoide
Authors: Högl F. , Raab W.
Published: January 2012

Zusammenfassung: Als weiterer Beitrag zur Frage nach Interaktionen zwischen Imidazol‐Derivaten und Glucocorticoiden wurde die Wirkung von Prednisolon‐21‐hemisuccinat‐Natrium auf die membranschädigende Wirkung von Econazolnitrat auf Mitochondrien der Rattenleber untersucht.

Die Einwirkung von Econazolnitrat auf die Aktivität der „Sauren” Phosphatase wurde durch die Anwesenheit des Glucocorticoids gehemmt, jedoch trat dieser „Schutzeffekt” erst dann ein, wenn die Konzentration des Glucocorticoids das Zehnfache der Konzentration von Econazolnitrat betrug.

An Hand der vorliegenden Ergebnisse wird das zur Frage nach Interaktionen zwischen Imidazol‐Derivaten und Glucocorticoiden vorliegende Schrifttum diskutiert.

Summary: As a further contribution to the problem of interactions between glucocorticoids and antifungal imidazole derivatives, the influence of prednisolone‐21‐hemisuccinate sodium on the membrane disrupting activity of econazole nitrate was investigated. If the concentration of the glucocorticoid was more than ten times higher than the concentration of the imidazole derivative, the membranes were protected: less acid phosphatases were liberated from the rat liver mitochondria. On the other hand, however, in the relative concentrations as the two types of compounds were used clinically, no antagonistic effect could be demonstrated. This result confirms the lack of interactions between glucocorticoids and antifungal imidazole derivatives as they were combined in topical antimicrobial/antiinflammatory preparations.
Mycetoma of the Hand Caused by Phialophora Jeanselmei
Authors: Pupaibul K. , Sindhuphak W. , Chindamporn A.
Published: January 2012

Summary: A case of mycetoma of the hand caused by Phialophora jeanselmei is described. The causative agent was identified by histological structure of the grains and by cultural and physiological characteristics of the fungus. The case presented in this report appears to be the second case of mycetoma of the hand caused by this pathogen in Thailand.

Zusammenfassung: Bericht über einen Fall eines Mgzetoms der Hand, hervorgerufen durch Phialophora jeanselmei. Der Erreger wurde durch die histologische Struktur der Granula sowie durch die mgkologische Kultur und durch Prüfung seiner physiologischen Eigenschaften identifiziert. Es handelt sich bei diesem Fall um den zweiten Bericht aus Thailand über ein Myzetom der Hand durch Ph. jeanselmei.
Dermatophytosis due to Microsporum gypseum in a Pet Rabbit‐A Case Report
Authors: Sinha B. K. , Prasad C. B. , Sinha M. N. , Prasad L. N.
Published: January 2012

Summary: A case of dermatophytosis in a two months old pet rabbit due to Microsporum gypseum has been reported. This is the first report from Bihar and the second from India.

Zusammenfassung: Bericht über eine Microsponun gypseum‐Infektion bei einem zwei Monate alten Kaninchen. Es handelt sich um den ersten derartigen Bericht aus Bihar und um die zweite Mitteilung aus Indien.
Awake GlideScope intubation in a critically ill pediatric patient
Authors: Fraser‐Harris Eva , Patel Yash
Published: January 2012

We report a challenging case of a 10‐year‐old boy with history of biventricular heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, severe asthma, and obesity with a BMI of 37. He presented to our hospital in acute decompensated heart failure. Our anesthesia team was consulted by the pediatric intensivist for urgent airway management in this rapidly deteriorating, premorbid patient. We describe here the use of the GlideScope® in an awake pediatric patient of ASA 4E status with a potentially difficult airway who required to remain in the seated position and thus necessitating a face‐to‐face approach.
Correction of distal limb prolapse of a diverting colostomy by stapling under sedation
Authors: Arenal J. J. , Tinoco C. , Benito C. , Citores M. A. , Visa J.
Published: January 2012

Aim  To describe a surgical technique to treat colostomy prolapse as a day case procedure with the patient under sedation and analgesia.

Method  A 60‐mm GIA Universal Stapler is inserted into the lumen of the prolapsed colon at right angles to the contour of the abdominal wall. Several firings are then made to completely divide the prolapsed colon. The instrument is then placed parallel to the skin to remove the prolapsed portion leaving 1–2 cm of bowel above the level of the skin.

Results  Two patients underwent the procedure. The operation times were 30 and 13 min. Both took oral liquids 2 h after surgery and solids 2 h later. They were discharged at 24 and 4 h after surgery, respectively. No postoperative pain was reported in either case. At 14 and 6 months of follow‐up there has been no recurrence.

Conclusion  Stapling treatment of prolapsed colostomies has the advantage of being an extra‐abdominal procedure. It is performed under sedation and analgesia, the operation time is very short, recovery to normal life is rapid and there is less likelihood of complications by avoiding a laparotomy.
Randomized comparison of pitavastatin and pravastatin treatment on the reduction of urinary albumin in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Kimura S. , Inoguchi T. , Yokomizo H. , Maeda Y. , Sonoda N. , Takayanagi R.
Published: January 2012

The effect of pitavastatin and pravastatin treatment on renal function was compared in type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy in a randomized, controlled, open‐label, parallel and multi‐centre study. Type 2 diabetic patients with modest renal impairment (serum creatinine level <1.4 mg/dl) accompanied by albuminuria (30–600 mg/g creatinine) were randomly assigned to receive 2 mg of pitavastatin (n = 44) or 10 mg of pravastatin (n = 43) for 12 months. At 12 months, pitavastatin significantly reduced urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio than pravastatin in subjects with macroalbuminuria (−67.2% vs. +14.5%, p = 0.0040), but not in subjects with microalbuminuria. There was no significant difference in the change in estimated glomerular filtration rate between the two groups. Pitavastatin is more effective than pravastatin for the reduction of albuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients with early stage of diabetic nephropathy.
Exenatide and sitagliptin are not associated with increased risk of acute renal failure: a retrospective claims analysis
Authors: Pendergrass M. , Fenton C. , Haffner S. M. , Chen W.
Published: January 2012

Aim: This study evaluated whether the risk of acute renal failure (ARF) increases with exenatide and sitagliptin use.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study of a large medical and pharmacy claims database was performed. Data for 4 91 539 patients were analysed. Cox proportional hazard models were used to compare the risk of ARF between diabetic and non‐diabetic subjects and between diabetic patients treated with exenatide, sitagliptin and control medications.

Results: Adjusted Cox analyses showed diabetic subjects had a higher risk of ARF [HR 1.51, confidence interval (CI) 1.26–1.81, p < 0.001] than non‐diabetic controls. Compared with diabetic controls, neither exenatide (HR 0.77, CI 0.42–1.41, p = 0.40) nor sitagliptin (HR 1.17, CI 0.82–1.65, p = 0.39) increased the risk of ARF.

Conclusion: Our study revealed an increased incidence of ARF in diabetic versus non‐diabetic patients but no association between use of exenatide or sitagliptin and ARF. Because of the limitations of this observational analysis, we cannot exclude the possibility of a very small increased risk.
Efficient Image‐Based Proximity Queries with Object‐Space Precision
Authors: Morvan T. , Reimers M. , Samset E.
Published: January 2012

We present an efficient algorithm for object‐space proximity queries between multiple deformable triangular meshes. Our approach uses the rasterization capabilities of the GPU to produce an image‐space representation of the vertices. Using this image‐space representation, inter‐object vertex‐triangle distances and closest points lying under a user‐defined threshold are computed in parallel by conservative rasterization of bounding primitives and sorted using atomic operations. We additionally introduce a similar technique to detect penetrating vertices. We show how mechanisms of modern GPUs such as mipmapping, Early‐Z and Early‐Stencil culling can optimize the performance of our method. Our algorithm is able to compute dense proximity information for complex scenes made of more than a hundred thousand triangles in real time, outperforming a CPU implementation based on bounding volume hierarchies by more than an order of magnitude.
Inadequate Bivariate Measures of Health Inequality: The Impact of Income Distribution*
Authors: Brekke Kjell Arne , Kverndokk Snorre
Published: January 2012

Bivariate measures of health inequality are influenced by changes in two variables: health and a socioeconomic variable, such as income. For these measures, what is reported as an increase in health inequality might just as well be a reduction in income inequality. In particular, several papers have found that socioeconomic health inequalities in Nordic countries are no less than in other European countries. The correct interpretation could just be that income inequality is no higher in Nordic countries than in the rest of Europe. The problem is especially profound when the causality is running from health to income.
The location of the thioglycolic acid molecules in intrafibrillar unordered areas of the human hair keratin structure
Authors: Zabashta Y. F. , Kasprova A. V. , Senchurov S. P. , Grabovskii Y. E.
Published: January 2012

Synopsis

It has been established after conducting an X‐ray diffraction study of the structure of hair treated with the thioglycolic acid solution that the preferable location of thioglycolic acid molecules should be the intrafibrillar unordered areas. Based on this fact it has been concluded that the redistribution of disulphide bonds of hair occurs mainly in the mentioned above areas when treated with thioglycolic acid solution.
Safety and efficacy of flunarizine in childhood migraine: 11 years’ experience, with emphasis on its effect in hemiplegic migraine
Authors: PEER MOHAMED BASHEER , GOADSBY PETER J , PRABHAKAR PRAB
Published: January 2012

Aim  The aim of this study was to report a single‐centre experience of flunarizine in childhood migraine with focus on safety and efficacy.

Method  We conducted a retrospective observational audit of 72 individuals (40 male, 32 female; mean age 13y; age range 1y 6mo–17y) at a tertiary paediatric neurology unit between 1998 and 2009. Children were included if they had a diagnosis of migraine and at least one follow‐up assessment and a minimum of 3 months’ treatment with flunarizine.

Results  Of 102 individuals identified, 30 were excluded for the following reasons: no outcome data (n=13), non‐migraineurs (n=9), missing records (n=4), or inadequate treatment duration (n=4). Of the final cohort (72 individuals), 44 had migraine without aura, 15 had migraine with aura or childhood migraine equivalents, eight had sporadic hemiplegic migraine, and five had familial hemiplegic migraine. The median age was 13 years (1y 6mo–17y) and median duration of migraine was 48 months. Starting dose was 5mg. Other doses used were 2.5mg (three individuals), 7.5mg (one individual), and 10mg (six individuals). Treatment duration was 12 months. Successful prophylaxis, defined as at least a 50% reduction in attack frequency, was observed in 57% (41/72). Response rate was higher among those with hemiplegic migraines (85%) than in those who did not have hemiplegic migraines (51%). Side effects were noted in 15 (21%) individuals (depression, n=6; weight gain/increased appetite, n=5; tiredness/sedation, n=2; and worsening headache, n=2), and led to discontinuation of treatment in 13.

Interpretation  In our cohort of children with migraine, flunarizine appears to be more effective in the hemiplegic migraine group. Adverse effects were seen in one‐fifth of the individuals, leading to discontinuation in 18%.
Heavy maternal alcohol consumption and cerebral palsy in the offspring
Authors: O’LEARY COLLEEN M , WATSON LINDA , D’ANTOINE HEATHER , STANLEY FIONA , BOWER CAROL
Published: January 2012

Aim  The aim of this study was to investigate the association between heavy maternal alcohol consumption and pre‐ peri‐ and postneonatally acquired cerebral palsy (CP).

Method  The records of all mothers with an International Classification of Diseases, revision 9 or 10 (ICD‐9/‐10) alcohol‐related diagnostic code, indicating heavy alcohol consumption, recorded on population‐based health, mental health, and drug and alcohol data sets from 1983 to 2007, and their children were identified through the Western Australian Data‐linkage System. This ‘exposed’ cohort was frequency matched with mothers without an alcohol‐related diagnosis and their offspring (comparison group). Cases of CP were identified through linkage with the Western Australia CP Register. Analyses were undertaken using multivariate logistic regression.

Results  There were 23 573 live births in the exposed group (58.6% non‐Aboriginal; 41.4% Aboriginal) and 292 cases of CP. The odds of pre/perinatally acquired CP were elevated for children of non‐Aboriginal mothers with an alcohol‐related diagnosis recorded during pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio 3.32; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.30–8.48) and for Aboriginal children when an alcohol‐related diagnosis was recorded up to 12 months before the mother’s pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio 2.49; 95% CI 0.99–6.25). Increased odds of postneonatally acquired CP following any alcohol‐related diagnosis were found for non‐Aboriginal children (adjusted odds ratio 7.92; 95% CI 2.23–28.14).

Interpretation  These results suggest that heavy maternal alcohol consumption is a direct cause of pre/perinatally acquired CP, and an indirect cause of postneonatally acquired CP, in non‐Aboriginal children. The lack of an association for Aboriginal children requires further investigation but may be due to under ascertainment of alcohol use disorders during pregnancy and other aetiological pathways.
Selection and preparation of hand and foot movements: Cz activity as a marker of limb system preparation
Authors: Miller Jeff
Published: January 2012

Event‐related potentials were used to examine the preparation of hand and foot responses in tasks using both limb systems. As in tasks using only one system, opposite lateralized readiness potentials were observed for hand and foot responses (Experiment 1). Furthermore, movement‐related activity at Cz was more positive prior to hand than foot responses, revealing that Cz activity can be used to index selective movement preparation by one limb system. In Experiment 2, two responses were cued prior to stimulus onset. Cue‐related activity at Cz was more positive with hand than foot cuing, reinforcing the conclusion that Cz activity is sensitive to selective preparation for one of these limb systems. Overall, the results show that it is possible to carry out motor preparation of two responses within the same limb system and that differential Cz activity is a useful index of this preparation in tasks with hand versus foot movements.
Women's Group‐based Work and Rural Gender Relations in the Southern Peruvian Andes
Authors: FORSTNER KATHRIN
Published: January 2012

This article explores how gendered roles and identities are being negotiated in the context of rural development interventions, using the case study of women's group‐based craft production in the Puno region of the Southern Peruvian Andes. It argues that membership of producer groups has had positive effects on women's self‐esteem and, at least in some cases, on their relationships with their male partners. However, the transformative potential of rural development interventions targeting women may be limited by cultural norms that continue to define gender roles in relation to male domination and female subordination.
Winter body condition in relation to age, sex and plumage ornamentation in a migratory songbird
Authors: HARGITAI RITA , HEGYI GERGELY , TÖRÖK JÁNOS
Published: January 2012

Winter body condition may play important roles in the life history of migratory birds, but it is difficult to estimate. We used the growth rate of winter‐grown tail feathers of Collared FlycatchersFicedula albicollisas an indicator of winter body condition, comparing this trait between age classes and sexes and relating it to plumage ornamentation (forehead and wing patch sizes). Adults and males were in better nutritional condition during winter, as indicated by their faster tail feather growth rates, than were yearlings and females, respectively, which could indicate differences in individual quality and foraging ability with age, or age‐ and sex‐related winter habitat segregation. However, feather growth rate was related neither to the size of the winter‐grown forehead patch nor to the size of the summer‐grown wing patch, suggesting weak condition‐dependence for the winter‐grown ornament and complex life‐history consequences for the summer‐grown ornament.
Effects of diet on synaptic vesicle release in dynactin complex mutants: a mechanism for improved vitality during motor disease
Authors: Rawson Joel M. , Kreko Tabita , Davison Holly , Mahoney Rebekah , Bokov Alex , Chang Leo , Gelfond Jon , Macleod Greg T. , Eaton Benjamin A.
Published: January 2012

Synaptic dysfunction is considered the primary substrate for the functional declines observed within the nervous system during age‐related neurodegenerative disease. Dietary restriction (DR), which extends lifespan in numerous species, has been shown to have beneficial effects on many neurodegenerative disease models. Existing data sets suggest that the effects of DR during disease include the amelioration of synaptic dysfunction but evidence of the beneficial effects of diet on the synapse is lacking. Dynactin mutant flies have significant increases in mortality rates and exhibit progressive loss of motor function. Using a novel fly motor disease model, we demonstrate that mutant flies raised on a low calorie diet have enhanced motor function and improved survival compared to flies on a high calorie diet. Neurodegeneration in this model is characterized by an early impairment of neurotransmission that precedes the deterioration of neuromuscular junction (NMJ) morphology. In mutant flies, low calorie diet increases neurotransmission, but has little effect on morphology, supporting the hypothesis that enhanced neurotransmission contributes to the effects of diet on motor function. Importantly, the effects of diet on the synapse are not because of the reduction of mutant pathologies, but by the increased release of synaptic vesicles during activity. The generality of this effect is demonstrated by the observation that diet can also increase synaptic vesicle release at wild‐type NMJs. These studies reveal a novel presynaptic mechanism of diet that may contribute to the improved vigor observed in mutant flies raised on low calorie diet.
Confluences of human and physical geography research on the outdoors: an introduction to the special section on ‘Exploring the outdoors’
Authors: Couper Pauline , Yarwood Richard
Published: January 2012

This special section of Area demonstrates the multiple ways that geographers engage with the outdoors. Human and physical geographers have pursued different paths of academic research on the outdoors, ranging from ‘objective’ empirical epistemologies to understandings of outdoor spaces as socially constructed. The special section highlights that more‐than‐representational accounts and more‐than‐scientific encounters have the potential to bridge human and physical geographies and lead to new understandings of the outdoors. In this editorial overview we argue for the outdoors as a site of boundary crossing between human and physical, and between ‘academic’ and ‘explorer’, geographies.
The paradigm of structural engineering approaches for river flood risk reduction in Norway
Authors: Kelman Ilan , Rauken Trude
Published: January 2012

In Norway, river floodplains are legitimately attractive for development, due to their flat land and good soil, but this has also led to major flood disasters. To address this concern, the dominant approach has been a strong focus on structural engineering measures separating water and people. Norwegian national policies for flood risk reduction have been gradually changing towards alternatives to structural engineering approaches. So far, few inroads have been made at the local level. To detail and analyse the opportunities and challenges for river flood risk reduction in Norway, a detailed case study of the flood risks for the city of Moss in southern Norway is presented. This paper's contribution is to examine the structural engineering paradigm in the context of changing flood risk, and national–local differences for flood risk reduction, for the case study of Norway. Drawing on international experiences would help Norway in balancing river flood risk reduction with other local development and livelihood activities.
Printing of antimicrobial microcapsules on textiles
Authors: Ocepek Barbara , Boh Bojana , Šumiga Boštjan , Tavčer Petra Forte
Published: January 2012

One of the processes for the application of functional compounds that alter textile properties is encapsulation. In our research, a microencapsulated biocide was used to produce an antimicrobial textile product. Melamine–formaldehyde polymer wall microcapsules with a triclosan core were applied to a cotton fabric by screen printing. Printed samples were dried and cured. The fabric hand properties of washed and unwashed samples were tested and the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was evaluated. The quantity of free formaldehyde on the printed and washed samples was monitored for 2 months. The results show that microcapsules with triclosan can be successfully applied to a cotton fabric by printing, where they provide good antibacterial protection without substantially changing the fabric properties. The quantity of formaldehyde on the unwashed samples is high and it changes with time; however, it significantly decreases with washing.
Effects of Connectivity and Spatial Resolution of Analyses on Conservation Prioritization across Large Extents
Authors: ARPONEN ANNI , LEHTOMÄKI JOONA , LEPPÄNEN JARNO , TOMPPO ERKKI , MOILANEN ATTE
Published: January 2012

Abstract: The outcome of analyses that prioritize locations for conservation on the basis of distributions of species, land cover, or other elements is influenced by the spatial resolution of data used in the analyses. We explored the influence of data resolution on prioritization of Finnish forests with Zonation, a software program that ranks the priority of cells in a landscape for conservation. We used data on the distribution of different forest types that were aggregated to nine different resolutions ranging from 0.1 × 0.1 km to 25.6 × 25.6 km. We analyzed data at each resolution with two variants of Zonation that had different criteria for prioritization, with and without accounting for connectivity and with and without adjustment for the effect on the analysis of edges between areas at the project boundary and adjacent areas for which data do not exist. Spatial overlap of the 10% of cells ranked most highly when data were analyzed at different resolutions varied approximately from 15% to 60% and was greatest among analyses with similar resolutions. Inclusion of connectivity or edge adjustment changed the location of areas that were prioritized for conservation. Even though different locations received high priority for conservation in analyses with and without accounting for connectivity, accounting for connectivity did not reduce the representation of different forest types. Inclusion of connectivity influenced most the outcome of fine‐resolution analyses because the connectivity extents that we based on dispersal distances of typical forest species were small. When we kept the area set aside for conservation constant, representation of the forest types increased as resolution increased. We do not think it is necessary to avoid use of high‐resolution data in spatial conservation prioritization. Our results show that large extent, fine‐resolution analyses are computationally feasible, and we suggest they can give more flexibility to implementation of well‐connected reserve networks.
Effect of Stage‐Specific Vital Rates on Population Growth Rates and Effective Population Sizes in an Endangered Iteroparous Plant
Authors: ANDRELLO MARCO , NICOLÈ FLORENCE , TILL‐BOTTRAUD IRÈNE , GAGGIOTTI OSCAR E.
Published: January 2012

Abstract:  Effective population size (N
e
) determines the strength of genetic drift and can influence the level of genetic diversity a population can maintain. Assessing how changes in demographic rates associated with environmental variables and management actions affect N
e
thus can be crucial to the conservation of endangered species. Calculation of N
e
through demographic models makes it possible to use elasticity analyses to study this issue. The elasticity of N
e
to a given vital rate is the proportional change in N
e
associated with a proportional increase in that vital rate. In addition, demographic models can be used to study N
e
and population growth rate (λ) simultaneously. Simultaneous examination is important because some vital rates differ diametrically in their associations with λ and N
e
. For example, in some cases increasing these vital rates increases λ and decreases N
e
. We used elasticity analysis to study the effect of stage‐specific survival and flowering rates on N
e, annual effective population size (Na), and λ in seven populations of the endangered plant Austrian dragonhead (Dracocephalum austriacum). In populations with λ≥ 1, the elasticities of Neand Na were similar to those of λ. Survival rates of adults were associated with greater elasticities than survival rates of juveniles, flowering rates, or fecundity. In populations with λ < 1, Neand Na exhibited greater elasticities to juvenile than to adult vital rates. These patterns are similar to those observed in other species with similar life histories. We did not observe contrasting effects of any vital rate on λ and Ne; thus, management actions that increase the λ of populations of Austrian dragonhead will not increase genetic drift. Our results show that elasticity analyses of Neand Na can complement elasticity analysis of λ. Moreover, such analyses do not require more data than standard matrix models of population dynamics.
Condom Use Trajectories in Adolescence and the Transition to Adulthood: The Role of Mother and Father Support
Authors: Pingel Emily S. , Bauermeister José A. , Elkington Katherine S. , Fergus Stevenson , Caldwell Cleopatra H. , Zimmerman Marc A.
Published: January 2012

Few studies have investigated how mother and father support differ on predicting youths’ sexual risk behavior. We therefore examined the influence of parental support on condom use trajectories and its correlates in a predominantly African‐American sample (N = 627; 53% female participants; M = 14.86 years [SD = 0.64]) from adolescence to young adulthood. We used hierarchical growth curve modeling to examine the relationship between condom use, substance use, psychological distress, and parental support prospectively. We found that consistent condom use decreased over time and was associated negatively with psychological distress and substance use. Furthermore, both maternal and paternal support were associated with more condom use over time. We discuss the implications of our findings for HIV prevention programs.
Emotional Substrates of White Racial Attitudes
Authors: Banks Antoine J. , Valentino Nicholas A.
Published: January 2012

A steep decline in biologically based racial animus over the past four decades has not led to a softening of opposition to race‐conscious policies such as affirmative action. One explanation for this is that a new racial belief system—referred to as symbolic racism or racial resentment—has replaced “old‐fashioned racism.” Another is that nonracial values such as ideology and a preference for small government now drive policy opinions. Our theory suggests that whereas disgust once accompanied ideas about “biologically inferior” groups, anger has become fused to conservative ideas about race in the contemporary period. As a result, anger now serves as the primary emotional trigger of whites’ negative racial attitudes. We experimentally induce disgust, anger, or fear using an apolitical task and find anger is uniquely powerful at boosting opposition to racially redistributive policies among white racial conservatives. Nonracial attitudes such as ideology and small government preference are not activated by any of these negative emotions.
Government versus Opposition at the Polls: How Governing Status Affects the Impact of Policy Positions
Authors: Bawn Kathleen , Somer‐Topcu Zeynep
Published: January 2012

We argue that governing status affects how voters react to extreme versus moderate policy positions. Being in government forces parties to compromise and to accept ideologically unappealing choices as the best among available alternatives. Steady exposure to government parties in this role and frequent policy compromise by governing parties lead voters to discount the positions of parties when they are in government. Hence, government parties do better in elections when they offset this discounting by taking relatively extreme positions. The relative absence of this discounting dynamic for opposition parties, on the other hand, means that they perform better by taking more moderate positions, as the standard Downsian model would predict. We present evidence from national elections in Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, 1971–2005, to support this claim.
Effect of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy on Endothelium‐Dependent Vasodilatation in the Cutaneous Microvasculature
Authors: TESSELAAR ERIK , SCHIFFER ANGÉLIQUE , WIDDERSHOVEN JOS , BROERS HERMAN , HENDRIKS ERIC , LUIJTEN KEES , CREUSEN JOHN
Published: January 2012

Aims:
 Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) improves hemodynamic parameters, exercise capacity, symptoms, functional status, and prognosis among patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). The role of the vascular endothelium in these improvements is largely unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether the endothelium‐dependent reactivity of the peripheral microcirculation improves in CHF patients during the first 2 months of CRT.

Methods:
 We used local heating and iontophoresis of acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) to measure endothelial function and smooth muscle function in the cutaneous microvasculature of 11 CHF patients before and 2 months after CRT.

Results:
 We found that the perfusion response in the skin to local heating was increased 2 months post‐CRT compared with baseline, both in terms of maximum perfusion (baseline: 113 [90–137] vs 2‐months post‐CRT: 137 [98–175], P = 0.037) and area under curve (baseline: 1,601 [935–2,268] vs 2‐months CRT: 2,205 [1,654–2,757], P = 0.047). Also, the perfusion response to iontophoresis of ACh was improved (Emax: 23.9 [20.6–26.2]vs at 2‐months CRT: 31.2 [29.3–33.4], P = 0.005). No difference was found between the responses to SNP before and after CRT.

Conclusion:
 These results show that CRT improves endothelium‐dependent vasodilatory capacity in the peripheral microcirculation within 2 months of therapy. The improvement in functional capacity that is seen in patients treated with CRT may, therefore, be in part mediated by an improvement of endothelium‐dependent vasodilatory capacity. PACE 2012; 35:377–384)