bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ascorbic Acid and Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Pitt Brice , Pollitt Norman
Published: August 2008

Milner (1963), using urinary saturation tests to determine ascorbic acid levels in a group of male chronic schizophrenics, reported that far higher doses of ascorbic acid were required to achieve saturation in that group than in normal subjects. Briggs (1962) observed hypovitaminosis C in schizophrenics, and postulated a disturbance of ascorbic acid metabolism which could be relevant to the biochemical basis of schizophrenia.
Combined Antidepressant Therapy
Authors: Winston Frank
Published: August 2008

It is still generally believed that it is dangerous to combine the tricyclic antidepressants with any of the M.A.O. inhibitors, and the Federal Drug Administration, the Witts Committee and the drug manufacturers caution against so doing. Several current texts reiterate these warnings. (Beck, 1967; Malitz, 1966: Shepherd et al., 1968).
A Technique for Comparing the Relative Importance of Season of Conception and Season of Birth: Application to Emotionally Disturbed Children
Authors: McNeil Thomas F. , Raff Carol S. , Cromwell Rue L.
Published: August 2008

Numerous studies have related psychiatric disturbance to season of birth. Barry and Barry (1961) cited nine independent studies which concluded that mentally ill persons, especially schizophrenics, tend to have been born during the first four months of the calendar year. Hare and Price (1969) reported more recent evidence of similar seasonal birth trends for large groups of hospitalized British schizophrenics and manic-depressives, as compared with neurotics. Barry and Barry (1964) later suggested that the seasonal birth pattern may be more relevant to middle and lower class schizophrenics than to upper class schizophrenics from private mental hospitals. Orme (1963) upheld this seasonality of birth pattern among less intelligent but not among more intelligent psychotics. Norris and Chowning (1962), who confirmed the seasonal birth pattern among Canadian schizophrenics from both public and private hospitals, observed that the significance of seasonal differences between schizophrenics and normal populations depends upon which population birth years are selected for comparison. Norris and Chowning therefore suggest that the seasonal birth trend among schizophrenics may be the result of random variations in birth rate together with post-hoc grouping of the particular years for comparison. While this interpretation and criticism is tenable for a given study, it has become less tenable as evidence converges from the many independent studies.
Schizophrenia in Advanced Senescence
Authors: Müller C.
Published: August 2008

Psychiatrists have been interested in the terminal stages of schizophrenia for many years. The attempt to distinguish different lines of evolution for this mysterious illness has unfortunately not been very successful. One can only agree with Henri Ey, who said, ‘… the final stages (of schizophrenia) are not the clinical expression of well-defined types, of real entities. They are organized forms in the schizophrenic catastrophe, forms of liquidation of the bankrupt psyche, which depend less on a specific process than on its psychodynamic vicissitudes.’
Alcohol, Thioridazine and Chlorpromazine Effects on Skills Related to Driving Behaviour
Authors: Milner Gerald , Landauer Ali A.
Published: August 2008

The environment of most out-patients involves driving and also drinking. ‘Tranquillisers’ alone or in conjunction with alcohol may contribute to the road toll (Milner, 1969). Animal laboratory and human studies indicate that a variety of drugs may potentiate the effects of alcohol (Forney and Hughes, 1968; Milner, 1970).
Possible Biological Advantages among Schizophrenics' Relatives
Authors: Carter Michael , Watts C. A. H.
Published: August 2008

There is good evidence that genetic factors are necessary, though by no means sufficient, for the development of schizophrenia. Several studies have compared the incidence of schizophrenia in identical and in fraternal twin pairs: these studies are discussed, for example, in the Medical Research Council Annual Report 1965–66 (pp. 54–61), where Essen-Möller's (1963) cumulative figures are quoted: Identical (MZ) pairs: 69 per cent concordant for schizophrenia (both schizophrenic) (194/280 pairs). Fraternal (DZ) pairs: 13 per cent concordant for schizophrenia (both schizophrenic) (59/448 pairs).
Neuroticism and Extraversion in Elderly Normal Subjects and Psychiatric Patients: Some Normative Data
Authors: Bolton N. , Savage R. D.
Published: August 2008

As a recent review of the literature makes clear (Savage, 1970), there is very little available evidence on the performance of elderly psychiatric patients on tests of extraversion and neuroticism. The aim of this study is to present some normative data on the Maudsley Personality Inventory (Eysenck, 1959) for elderly subjects and to compare this with the results obtained from younger samples.
A Clinical and Biochemical Survey of 729 Gases of Mental Subnormality
Authors: Rao B. S. Sridhara Rama , Narayanan H. S. , Reddy G. N. Narayana
Published: August 2008

It has been estimated (Zellweger, 1961) that less than 5 per cent of all cases of mental subnormality have a hereditary metabolic defect. This is a figure which requires confirmation, and is one that is likely to vary in different parts of the world. We have accordingly carried out a systematic clinical and biochemical screening of the cases of mental subnormality (IQ lower than 70) attending the out-patient department of the Mental Hospital, Bangalore. A total of 729 patients (439 males and 290 females) were available for this study.
Effects of Amylobarbitone and Nitrazepam on the Electrodermogram and Other Features of Sleep
Authors: Haider Ijaz , Oswald Ian
Published: August 2008

The elctrical resistance of the palmar skin, and the naturally-occurring difference in electrical potential between the palm and the dorsal surface of the forearm show simultaneous changes in response to sudden or emotionally-laden sensory stimuli (the ‘galvanic skin response’ or GSR). Spontaneous GSRs occur during wakefulness, especially in anxiety states, but they are reduced by general relaxation and it might be supposed that they would be absent during sleep of uniform EEG appearance. However, Oswaldet al. (1959) reported that this was not so and that in sleep with very high voltage slow waves (today generally called Stage 4 sleep) there could be present random spontaneous GSR activity, measured by the potential difference technique. Since these electrical phenomena cannot be related to any known stimulus, to call them galvanic skinresponsesis inappropriate, and they may better be termed electrodermogram (EDG) activity.
Self-mutilation During Alcohol Amnesia: Report of a Case
Authors: Ryback Ralph S.
Published: August 2008

The patient in the case presented below lacerated his wrists under conditions which have been used experimentally (8) and observed in man (7, 9) to produce alcohol amnesia. His family history is typical of those seen frequently in suicidal attempts (2).
A Clinical Study of Hypnagogic Hallucinations
Authors: McDonald Carrick
Published: August 2008

Hypnagogic hallucinations are well established in text books of psychiatry, as also are hypnopompic hallucinations. Hypnagogic hallucinations are those which occur as the subject falls asleep and prevent him falling into a sound sleep, whereas hypnopompic hallucinations occur when the subject is waking up. Since by definition hypnagogic hallucinations actually waken the subject, the distinction between these two types of mental phenomena may be artificial. Psychiatric texts vary in their assessment of the significance of these hallucinations, and, with some exceptions, they have generally been considered as ‘normal’ phenomena.
Three Forms of the Clinical Tests of the Sensorium and their Reliability
Authors: Withers Eileen , Hinton John
Published: August 2008

Although the clinical tests of the sensorium (CTS) recommended in some standard psychiatric textbooks (Slater and Roth, 1969) are in common use, and although there have been studies using most of the constituent tests, there have been few investigations into the entire collection of tests.
Breathlessness in Depression
Authors: Burns B. H.
Published: August 2008

Breathlessness is a difficult symptom to define (Howell and Campbell, 1966). Comroe (1966) spoke of the value of obtaining detailed accounts, in the patients' own words, of how they experience their breathlessness. Olsen (1964), who wrote that, ‘the problem of defining dyspnoea becomes a little easier if it is considered as a complex of completely subjective symptoms,’ also stated ‘it is recognized that difficult breathing may be observed by the physician without the patient being aware of respiratory embarrassment’.
Factors in the Treatment of Frigidity
Authors: Faulk M.
Published: August 2008

The literature on the treatment of sexual frigidity indicates that some success can be obtained by a variety of methods, including psychoanalytic interviews (Abrahams, 1956), insight therapy with physical self-examination (Dawkins and Taylor, 1961; Ellison, 1968), group therapy (Stone and Levine, 1950), desensitization (Lazarus, 1963), and directive advice and counselling (Hastings, 1967; Masters and Johnson, 1970). This investigation aims to look at the different kinds of frigid women and to see if this is related to outcome in treatment.
Dental Phobia
Authors: Lautch Henry
Published: August 2008

Although a number of papers have been written emphasizing the need for conservative dentistry and describing various ways of dealing with patients fearful of dental treatment, little systematic attention has been paid to understanding the basis of this impediment. A fear of dental treatment is, indeed, so common that it can almost be considered normal unless of such a degree as to interfere with much needed dental care. Thus, in the U.S.A. Freidson and Feldman (1958) reported that 51 per cent of a large and representative sample did not visit a dentist regularly. Out of these 9 per cent reported that their reluctance to do so was based on fear. Similarly, Kegeles (1963) reported that fear of dental treatment significantly reduced the number of preventive dental care visits, independent of social class. Shoben and Borland (1954) found that unfavourable family dental experience and unfavourable family attitudes towards dentistry were the only factors which discriminated between fearful and non-fearful dental patients.
Anxiety Associated with Flying: A Retrospective Survey of Military Aircrew Psychiatric Casualties
Authors: Goorney A. B. , O'Connor P. J.
Published: August 2008

This paper describes a retrospective study of the influence of personal variables and treatment methods on the prognosis for a return to flying of service aircrew suffering from anxiety states precipitated by flying stress. The study was made preparatory to a prospective investigation of treatment of anxiety states in aircrew.
The Precipitants of Amphetamine Addiction
Authors: Bell D. S.
Published: August 2008

For the purposes of this paper the term ‘precipitant’ is defined as a new circumstance associated in time with the onset of the addiction. If the precipitant is merely the ‘final staw’ in a long chain of causal circumstances, no particular value can be attached to its identification. If, on the other hand, the precipitant brings into operation the background causal factors leading to addiction, it has important practical and therapeutic implications. It could be expected that this type of precipitant might persist during the addiction and its disappearance might be associated with remission of the addiction.
The EEG and Sex Chromosome Abnormalities
Authors: Fenton G. W. , Tennent T. G. , Comish K. A. , Rattray N.
Published: August 2008

A number of recent reports have drawn attention to the abnormal EEG findings obtained in subjects with Klinefelter's Syndrome (Dumermuth, 1961; Hambert and S: son Frey, 1964; Hambert, 1964; Nielsen, 1969; Nielsen and Pedersen, 1969; Pasqualini et al., 1957; Prader et al., 1958; Zuppinger et al., 1967). An increased prevalence of epilepsy within this group has also been noted (Hambert, 1964). Much less is known about the electroencephalogram in the XYY syndrome, the available data being limited to single case reports or reports involving only a few subjects (Borgaonkar et al., 1968; Bartlett et al., 1968; Court-Brown et al., 1968; Cowie and Khan, 1968; Forssman, 1967; Forssman and Hambert, 1966; Kessler and Moos, 1970; Leff and Scott, 1968; Mintzer et al., 1968; Nielsen and Pedersen, 1969; Nielsen and Tsuboi, 1969; Nielsen et al., 1966; Pergament et al., 1968; Persson, 1967; Weiner et al., 1968; Welch et al., 1967). This paper describes the initial findings of a comparative study of Special Hospital patients with sex chromosome abnormalities and a group of matched controls of normal chromosome complement from the same institution.
Body Build of Paranoid and Non-Paranoid Schizophrenic Males
Authors: Polednak Anthony P.
Published: August 2008

The paranoid—non-paranoid distinction among schizophrenics may be useful and meaningful (14): certain psychological and physiological responses have been shown to distinguish patients of these subgroups (5, 12, 16) and biochemical (2, 5) and morphological (7, 9, 17) differences have also been demonstrated.
Prisoners of XYY Constitution: Psychological Aspects
Authors: Griffiths A. W.
Published: August 2008

There is little definite information about the psychological correlates of the XYY chromosome anomaly. Hope et al. (1967) made observations on 7 subjects relevant to Reactive-Narcissism (Ss scores lower), Dependence (higher), Over-activity (lower), HOQ (More obsessional). Other studies with inconclusive results have been made by Little (1968), Nielsen and Tsuboi (1969) 9SS, Street and Watson (1969) 22SS, and Forssman (1970) 11Ss.
Incidence and Sex Ratio of Transsexualism in Sweden
Authors: Wålinder Jan
Published: August 2008

The difficulty in calculating the incidence and prevalence of transsexualism is obvious. Those figures which can be arrived at are always minimal values, and a group of persons with transsexual symptomatology, which are most difficult to assess, will always elude the calculations.
Response Inhibition and Deviant Social Behaviour in Adult Mental Defectives
Authors: Lowe Gordon R. , Saggar Usha
Published: August 2008

This investigation is an extension of a study carried out recently (Lowe, 1966) with educationally subnormal school children.
A Monosymptomatic Phobia Treated by a Single Session of Behaviour Therapy
Authors: Perinpanayagam K. S.
Published: August 2008

This is a case in which it seems reasonable to assume that a patient developed a maladaptive conditioned response, which was symbolic of an underlying conflict. She was treated successfully by a single session of behaviour therapy. Not only did the symptom disappear, but there seems to be an improvement in the underlying unconscious conflict.
Classification and the British Glossary of Mental Disorders: Some Experience of its Use
Authors: Copeland J. R. M.
Published: August 2008

A Glossary of Mental Disorderswas published in 1968, prepared by the Registrar-General's Advisory Committee on Medical Nomenclature and Statistics. The document used as a basis the Eighth Edition of the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases (I.C.D.), Section V, which deals with mental disorders and mental subnormality. For the first time in this country the meaning of the categories listed in the I.D.C. are described, and the new Glossary stands beside the Second Edition of the American Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (D.S.M. II) which was also published in 1968. The psychiatrists working on the United States-United Kingdom Diagnostic Project at the Institute of Psychiatry, Maudsley Hospital, London, and the Psychiatric Institute, New York, made diagnoses according to the new Glossary descriptions on 820 hospital in-patients drawn from both sides of the Atlantic and interviewed using a standardized interview. The comments contained in this article are based on their experience.
The Relationship between Delusions of Sexual Change and Olfactory and Gustatory Hallucinations in Schizophrenia
Authors: Connolly F. H. , Gittleson N. L.
Published: August 2008

Doubt about one's sexual identity and ideas of changing sex have been shown to be typical of sufferers from schizophrenia (Gittleson and Levine, 1966; Gittleson and Dawson-Butterworth, 1967).
Female Arsonists
Authors: Tennent T. G. , McQuaid A. , Loughnane T. , Hands A. J.
Published: August 2008

Arson has long been a subject of interest to the psychiatrist. In the early nineteenth century, continental psychiatrists in particular maintained that pyromania was a form of insanity, and laws were enacted in the German States and in France to protect such persons from the death penalty. The underlying sexual roots of arson have been stressed (e.g. Stekel, 1924), and although Reiss (1909) suggested that it might represent any form of displaced emotional reaction to tension, and McKerracher and Dacre (1966) that it might represent displaced aggression, the view of a sexual basis for arson is still commonly held.
Flupenthixol and Trifluoperazine: A Double-blind Investigation in the Treatment of Schizophrenics
Authors: Gottfries C. G.
Published: August 2008

Flupenthixol is the latest addition to the thioxanthene series (Møller Nielsen, 1967). Clinical investigations have shown that it is principally indicated in conditions of prolonged psychosis without severe anxiety (Gross and Kaltenbäck, 1965; Knutsen, 1965, Noreik and Rimestad, 1965; Gottfries, 1967). An antidepressant effect and an effect on neurosis have also been reported, (Ravn and Rud, 1965; Sonne, 1966), and there have been tests with the preparation as a depot-neuroleptic (Enerheim et al., 1970).
The Effect of Low Intelligence on the Emotional and Environmental Concepts of Retarded Offenders
Authors: Bhagat M. , Fraser W. I.
Published: August 2008

Over the past thirty years the emphasis on low intelligence as a major causal factor in criminality has decreased considerably. When intelligence tests were less refined, early in this century, authors considered a depressed intelligence score as an important determinant in delinquency. Improved psychometrics, with their culturally non-biased test items, have since proved that individuals from deprived upbringing and adverse social learning situations do relatively poorly on verbal items. Woodward (1955) pointed out that both in this country and in the United States the delinquent is only 8 I.Q. points behind the normal population. Opinions amongst psychologists have gradually but radically changed, and it is for this reason that research workers now look elsewhere for causal factors in the subnormal offender rather than attributing his delinquencies to low intelligence.
Alcoholism: The Influence of Parental Illness
Authors: Schuckit Marc , Rimmer John , Winokur George
Published: August 2008

Alcoholism is associated with a high family incidence of both alcoholism and affective disorder (1). First degree male relatives of alcoholic probands have a 50 per cent lifetime expectancy for alcoholism, while first degree female relatives have a 50 per cent lifetime expectancy for affective disorder (1). Children of alcoholic parents raised with that parent show no higher, and perhaps less, alcoholism than children of alcoholic parents raised separately (2). This paper looks at the influence of parental alcoholism or affective disorder on the characteristics of alcoholism in probands, their progeny and siblings.
A Diagnostic Index Used at Two Psychiatric Hospitals
Authors: Kellam Alexander M. P.
Published: August 2008

The diagnostic index is a most valuable tool when using a hospital's records for research purposes. This paper describes an attempt to produce such an index suitable for use in a busy psychiatric hospital. It was felt that priority should be given to simplicity and ease of use, as otherwise few of those concerned would have been able to spare the time needed for its preparation. Later an attempt was made to assess its reliability in use at two hospitals.
Fatal Heart Block and Cardiac Arrest Following ECT
Authors: Malik M. O. A.
Published: August 2008

The patient, C, was a 33-year-old woman who attended hospital complaining of depression, inability to sleep, and weakness of hands and legs. This had been going on for 4 to 5 weeks. She had been suffering from ‘writer's cramp’ five years previously but this had been satisfactorily treated with drugs.
Cluster Analysis: A Brief Discussion of Some of the Problems
Authors: Everitt B. S.
Published: August 2008

In the last two years psychiatrists, amongst others, have become aware of the technique of cluster analysis, and having obviously decided that this technique may be useful have applied it to sets of data (e.g. Pilowsky et al., 1969; Paykel, 1970), and in some cases drawn conclusions about the results. This paper will attempt to point out some of the problems of this type of analysis, in the hope that in the future casual users of the technique may be more aware of its possible pitfalls.
On the Arousal State-Dependent Recall of 'Subconscious’ Experience: Stateboundness
Authors: Fischer R. , Landon G. M.
Published: August 2008

Thus the mind is not large enough to contain itself: but where can that part of it be which it does not contain?
Undiagnosed Psychiatric Patients Part 1: Record Study
Authors: Welner Amos , Liss Jay L. , Robins Eli , Richardson Marsha
Published: August 2008

Among patients admitted to psychiatric hospitals are some who are discharged undiagnosed. It can be expected that psychiatric patients, as patients in other medical specialties, who do not meet the criteria for any of the established diagnostic groups, will be considered as undiagnosed until the course of their illness and clinical picture makes the diagnosis evident. The undiagnosed patients are a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Because in a space of five years, 256 patients left undiagnosed, it was felt that this group merited investigation.
Synopses of Papers Awaiting Publication
Authors: Alexander D. A.
Published: August 2008

Until relatively recently, senile dementia has been a much ignored problem in psychiatry, but largely due to considerable social, medical and demographic influences much needed interest and energy have been injected into geriatric psychiatry. Although the historical development of this diagnostic concept has been shrouded by the use of ambiguous and often emotive language, certain major threads in its history can be teased out.
An Adjuration on ‘Adjuvants’
Authors: Pond D. A.
Published: August 2008

‘Adjuvant’ —forsooth! Now we know from the list of contents headings of your December issue that you really believe you edit the ‘British Journal of Pharmaco-psychiatry‘! We, the ‘adjuvant therapists', may be a motley crew of neurosurgeons, behaviour therapists, analysts and occupational therapists, but with only our scalpels, training schedules, couches and raffia we should be able to rescue most of our patients from the machinations of you druggists! Adjuvants of the world arise—we have nothing to lose but our humanity!
The N.A.M.H. ‘Guidelines’
Authors: Payne Rudolph
Published: August 2008

The correspondence in the Journal on the topic of the N.A.M.H. ‘Guidelines' makes me wonder whether the Joint Working Party would not perform its task in the most satisfactory way if it would supervise the making of a cartoon film showing how violent patients should be managed.
The Royal College of Psychiatrists: Our Immediate Tasks and Aims
Authors: Roth Martin
Published: August 2008

I should like to express my appreciation and gratitude to the fellows and members of our new College for placing me in the position in which I now stand. The Presidency is the greatest honour our Royal College can confer and the first occupant of the office sets out lacking guidelines or landmarks, without precedents or hallowed practices to constrain or cushion him. He will be expected to lead a democratically elected body of men towards their chosen objectives without falling prey to the dizziness or sense of grandeur that are prone at a height to deceive the senses. I am deeply conscious of the privilege, responsibility and the opportunities for advancing the discipline to which we are dedicated that are afforded by the Presidential office. I can only say that they will always have the first claim on such energies and talents as I am able to command.
Aetiological Models of Schizophrenia: Relationships to Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Soskis David A.
Published: August 2008

In the current state of psychiatric knowledge, clinicians must synthesize their personal view of the nature and cause of schizophrenia from several competing, complementary, and sometimes contradictory perspectives. They are also faced with the necessity of making day-to-day decisions concerning the diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenic illness in their patients. The present study seeks to clarify the relationship between clinicians' opinions on the nature or cause of schizophrenia and the way they diagnose and treat this disorder, as reflected in their opinions on which are the most useful diagnostic signs and modes of treatment.
Psychiatric In-Patients and Out-Patients: A Reply to Mezey and Evans
Authors: Morgan D. G. , Compton R. M.
Published: August 2008

Department of Health and Social Security statistics show a steady rise in the use of outpatient services from the inception of the National Health Service; since the Mental Health Act of 1959, the numbers of new outpatient and clinic attendances have increased by one-third and one-fifth respectively (D.H.S.S., 1971). However, as our knowledge of the actual functions of out-patient services and their relationship to in-patient care is at best only rudimentary, the recent article by Mezey and Evans (Journal, June 1971, 118, p. 609) is a much needed contribution towards evaluating these different facilities of the psychiatric services.
The Royal College of Psychiatrists' Memorandum on the Abortion Act in Practice
Authors: Psych R. C.
Published: August 2008

The College strongly supports the Abortion Act which, as the growing number of unwanted pregnancies terminated indicates—37,736 in its first calendar year, 54,819 in 1969 and 80,723 in 1970—has worked well since its inception and has been widely applied throughout the country. We are concerned, however, by the fact that is some areas patients are being denied terminations that they would readily obtain elsewhere. In consequence they have either to persist with an unwelcome pregnancy, resort to the private sector in London (or in some other large city) or have recourse to a back-street abortionist. As a result, commercialization of abortion (the ‘abortion racket’) has developed; this has been attended by adverse publicity in the press which threatens to bring a humane, socially enlightened measure into unnecessary disfavour. There are doubtless many reasons why so few terminations are being performed in some parts of the country, but amongst the more obvious would seem to be: regional disparities in numbers of gynaecologists and gynaecological beds; the influence of certain dominant gynaecologists in swaying their colleagues for or against therapeutic abortion; and the different constructions put on the wording of the Act by gynaecologists, the lay public and non-gynaecological physicians.
Psychiatric In-Patients and Out-Patients
Authors: Mezey A. G.
Published: August 2008

The reply of Morgan and Compton in this issue of the Journal (pp. 433–6), is based on a misunderstanding of our results and of the problem investigated. This leads them into a refutation of ‘claims' never made and they buttress it with a statistical exercise of great naivety. Our findings were:

(a) ‘… in certain important respects in-patients and out-patients are derived from different though overlapping populations.’ The most marked differences (dismissed by Morgan and Compton as 'slight’) were found among the elderly. ‘The admission rate for the over 65s of both sexes was 4 · 90 per 1,000. In contrast, increasing age was associated with a gradual fall of out-patient referral rate to 1 · 60 for the over 65s.’ We did not claim to have demonstrated the cause of these differences, but mentioned possible reasons for them.

(b) In a district general hospital-centied psychiatric service we observed a 34 per cent increase of new out-patient referrals while hospital admissions remained static; this occurred over a period of three years, when nationally hospital admissions were still rising. We quoted in illustration some extreme figures from official statistics and the figures for the Sheffield and the Liverpool regions were extreme whether one refers to Tables 3, 11 or 13 (1). This prompted the hypothesis that an increase in new out-patient referrals can prevent admission or prove an alternative to it. No ‘claim’ was made, and we advisedly used the term 'suggestion’ to emphasize that these are ‘no more than tentative and incomplete incursions into this difficult and relatively unexplored field’ (2).
Misuse of Heroin and Methadone in the City of Oxford
Authors: Arroyave Fernando , Little Doreen , Letemendia Felix , De Alarcon Richard
Published: August 2008

The aim of this paper is to present an enumerative survey of abuse of heroin and methadone by persons of 30 years of age and under, known to have resided at some time within the Oxford City boundaries during the year 1969.
Drowsiness and Antidepressant Drugs in Mild Depressive Illness
Authors: Wheatley David
Published: August 2008

A sedative or tranquillizing effect may be important in the treatment of mild depressive illness not requiring admission to hospital or ECT (Wheatley, 1969), and Hare et al. (1962, 1964) have suggested that antidepressant drugs may exert their effect by virtue of their sedative action. Other workers also have found similar effects from antidepressant drugs and tranquillizers (Overall et al., 1964; Paykel, 1969).
The Incidence of Depressive Symptoms During Recovery from Hypomania
Authors: Morgan H. G.
Published: August 2008

Manic-depressive psychosis is characterized by severe swings of mood, which may be depressive, hypomanic or manic in type: occasionally a circular form is seen, with successive mood fluctuations in both directions in the same individual. Kraepelin indicated the frequency of these various types (depression alone 48·9 per cent, mania alone 16 6 per cent, circular 34·5 per cent), but also emphasized how difficult it is to predict the precise course of the disease in any individual patient. He stated: ‘we cannot speak of even an approximate regularity in the course of the disease’, and ‘the kind and direction of the attack and the intervals do not by any means remain the same in the individual case’ (Kraepelin, 1921).
XYY Karyotype in a Pair of Monozygotic Twins: A 17-Year Life-History Study
Authors: Rainer John D. , Abdullah Syed , Jarvik Lissy F.
Published: August 2008

We have recently had the opportunity to investigate clinical and behavioural characteristics of a pair of 17-year-old twin boys who were discovered to have the XYY karyotype (18). Since these twins, known to this department since infancy, had been studied at the age of three, early direct findings as well as retrospective data are available regarding their symptoms and development.
A Simple Sleep Recorder for Clinical Situations
Authors: Johnson J. , Kitching R.
Published: August 2008

In spite of the importance of sleep disorder in clinical practice, and the widespread use of hypnotics (Johnson and Clift, 1968), no simple technique for objectively recording sleep patterns in clinical situations is available. EEG recording during sleep (Oswald, 1969) or the use of motility beds (Hinton and Marley, 1959) are sophisticated techniques for use largely in laboratory conditions. Many clinical investigations of sleep disorders (Haider, 1968) or trials of hypnotics (Matthewet al., 1969), rely upon subjective assessments of the quality and duration of sleep by the patient, together with a night nurse's assessment largely based upon observed restlessness. Errors in the estimation of duration of sleep are particularly likely to occur in depressed patients where the illness itself produces an altered awareness of the passage of time (Orme, 1969), while nursing observations on sleep are unreliable (Kupferet al., 1970). Similarly patients suffering from insomnia due to chronic pain or secondary to diffuse organic cerebral disease may misjudge the passage of time and their period of wakefulness during the hours of isolation during the night. Another group who particularly misjudge the passage of time in relation to sleep are those obsessional personalities, with overvalued ideas about the necessity for adequate sleep, who account for so many of the requests for hypnotics in general practice. Hypnotic drug-dependent patients overvalue their insomnia during their withdrawal from drugs, and again make inaccurate assessment of their sleep patterns.
The Death of a Profession
Authors: Jansen J. I.
Published: August 2008

Psychiatric Social Work as a profession with its tradition, training and culture rooted in the Hospital Service, will in all probability soon cease to exist. It would appear that the imminent decease of this profession is not generally known or understood. This account, an expression of much personal regret, is also an attempt to give a background to the current situation. It pays tribute to the medical profession, without whom the Psychiatric Social Workers would never have acquired their specialization and expertise. It has been in hospitals and other allied settings that the Psychiatric Social Workers have practised their professional skills and had the opportunities to keep abreast of clinical progress and new approaches to mental health, so essential to teaching new generations.
Plasma Magnesium and Calcium Levels in Depressive Psychosis
Authors: Naylor G. J. , Fleming Laura W. , Stewart W. K. , McNamee H. B. , Poidevin D. Le
Published: August 2008

There have been reports of the association of alterations in the divalent cation content of plasma with depressive illness. Coirault and colleagues (1959) found increased ionized calcium levels despite decreased total plasma calcium concentration in patients recovered from depression. More recently, Frizel and colleagues (1969) have reported normal plasma ionized and total calcium levels both before and after recovery from depression.
Blood Nucleoside and Nucleotide Studies in Mental Disease
Authors: Hansen Otto
Published: August 2008

The generally accepted (Waelsch and Weil-Malherbe, 1964) reduction in the rate of glucose utilization in cases of severe depression could not be confirmed with specifically determined blood glucose in patients given diets high in carbohydrate for three or four days before testing (Herzberg, Coppen and Marks, 1968; Hansen, 1969). Nevertheless, in numerical agreement with previous findings with older methods for blood sugar determination (Henneman, Altschule and Gonz, 1954; Balter and Efron, 1965), depression as a symptom in psychosis correlated highly with elevation of non-glucose carbohydrate concentrations as determined by the colorimetric anthrone method. It was found that elevated whole blood uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG), enzymatically determined, correlated with depression in psychosis (Hansen, 1969).
The Management and Nature of Depressive Illnesses in Late Life: A Follow-Through Study
Authors: Post Felix
Published: August 2008

Since the long-term results of the treatment of elderly depressives admitted to the writer's care between 1949 and 1951 were communicated (1962), further experiences (e.g. Colwell and Post, 1959; Post, 1968) have confirmed that affective illnesses in late life are associated with much subsequent mental invalidism and needs for further treatment. It was hoped that these needs might be met by increased use of out-patient and community care as well as by the introduction of thymoleptic drugs. A follow-up investigation of a further consecutive series of depressives over the age of 60 receiving inpatient treatment from the same psychiatrist in the same hospital during the years 1966–67 was undertaken with the following aims in view:

Firstly, it was intended to test the proposition that the less reluctant use of electro-convulsive therapy in old persons, as well as the introduction of antidepressant drugs and of more active after-care measures, had improved the long term outlook in the affective illnesses of late life. It was realized that a comparison of two series of patients separated from one another by some 15 years might be vitiated by differences between the samples other than those due to changed methods of treatment. It would, however, have been unethical to withhold the new forms of management from a control group.
Parent-Child Relationships and Homosexuality
Authors: Robertson Graham
Published: August 2008

A review of some of the literature concerned with the aetiology of homosexuality shows that certain variables, in particular those involving the relationship between the homosexual and his parents, differ between studies involving populations of neurotic homosexuals and those concerned with non-psychiatric populations. Investigators concerned with the former group (Bieber et al., 1962; O'Connor, 1964; West, 1955), have placed emphasis on the importance of the mother-child relationship, having found this to be abnormally intense in the case of many homosexuals. On the other hand, a well controlled study by Bene (1965), involving a non-psychiatric population of homosexuals, revealed no difference between her homosexual and heterosexual groups as regards maternal overprotection. Her findings caused her to place more emphasis on the father-child relationship.
Psychiatric Diagnosis and the In-patient Multidimensional Psychiatric Scale (I.M.P.S.)
Authors: Kerry R. J. , Orme J. E.
Published: August 2008

An interview with the patient is the main method of examination in the functional psychoses, following which the diagnosis is made. This diagnosis is fundamental in communicating about the patient, in clinical discussions between psychiatrists or in comparing research results. It is essential that the diagnosis should be reliable and valid. Kreitman (1961) has defined reliability as the amount of agreement between psychiatrists examining the same patient, or a comparable series of patients. He also argues that the frame of reference of the examiner should be that of general clinical psychiatry. It should also avoid personality traits in psychiatrists which are associated with different kinds of orientation (Kreitman, 1961). Another problem, that of nomenclature, may turn out to be an argument about the choice of labels. These problems are of great concern to the clinical psychiatrist and are made worse by weaknesses in interview techniques. It is important to look for improvements, and the present study examines the reliability and validity of the In-patient Multidimensional Psychiatric Scale (I.M.P.S.). This is a scale for rating psychotic syndromes following an interview with the patient. These syndromes have been established by repeated factor analyses (Lorr and Klett, 1967). The initial work was based on psychotic American patients, but similar factor syndromes appear from studies of psychotics in other countries (Lorr and Klett, 1968, 1969a, 1969b).
An Attempt to use the MMPI as a Predictor of Failure in Military Training
Authors: Callan John P.
Published: August 2008

During World War II psychiatric screening to exclude ineffective soldiers from active duty consisted of interviews of three to six minutes duration. These interviews were described as successful by Bloomberg and Hyde (1), and by Leavitt (2). But six years later Bloomberg admitted that induction screening had proved ineffective, and suggested continuous observation for the first six months of military service to separate those who would adjust from those who would not (3). This concept of prolonged observation was supported by the wartime findings of Egan et al. (4) and Aita (5). Egan's group examined the records of 2,054 men who had been psychiatrically rejected on the basis of a short interview, but who later served; 79.4 per cent rendered satisfactory service. Aita's five-year follow-up showed that of 100 soldiers considered borderline on interview 21 per cent failed to render satisfactory service and of 100 considered satisfactory 5 per cent failed. If the questionable risk hundred had been rejected the Army would have lost 49 average and 30 outstanding soldiers. It seemed, therefore, more profitable for the Army to risk retaining ineffectives than to attempt to weed them out completely on the basis of brief psychiatric interviews.
Schizophrenia-like Psychosis Following ‘Mandrax’ Overdose
Authors: Roman D.
Published: August 2008

In recent years a number of new hypnotics have been introduced which are claimed to give a more natural sleep than barbiturates, and to be free from the dangers of addiction and of respiratory depression when taken in overdosage. Among these drugs is methaqualone, which is used either on its own (Melsed), or in combination with the antihistamine diphenhydramine hydrochloride (Mandrax).
Differential Costs of Care in a Mental Deficiency Hospital in Scotland
Authors: Primrose D. A.
Published: August 2008

In considering the cost of different forms of care for patients with mental deficiency there is a tendency to compare crude averages. Mental deficiency has many manifestations and occurs in people of widely differing degrees of physical ability and behaviour so that comparisons which do not take this into account are not meaningful. An attempt has been made to assess the cost of hospital care for different groups of patients and to show that there is a wide variation in the costs which arc normally expressed as an average. This average is often used to compare with the expenditure, say, in a hostel, when in fact those patients suitable for hostel care are at the lower end of the cost range. Again, whilst everyone would like to see patients dealt with in small groups, the extra cost this would involve is often overlooked. The analysis presented helps to clarify points such as these.
Staff v. Patients: The Phenomenon of Rejection
Authors: Morgan R. , Cheadle A. J.
Published: August 2008

It is accepted as professionally unethical for doctors and nurses to be influenced by their (negative or positive) feelings in their behaviour towards patients. ‘Emotional involvement’ with patients, though seldom defined, is usually sternly discouraged during medical and nursing training. As a result many graduates deny not only that they are influenced by their feelings towards their patients but even that they have any feelings at all.
A Taxonomy of Depressive Phenomena and its Relationships to the Reactive-Endogenous Dichotomy
Authors: Kear-Colwell J. J.
Published: August 2008

This study has arisen out of the work of the Newcastle group (Kiloh and Garside, 1963; Kayet al., 1969) and that of the London group (Kendell, 1968) on the forms of depressive illness. In the present investigation, unlike those mentioned, a subjective approach was employed; that is, what the patients actually reported about themselves rather than a psychiatric appraisal of the patient was used as the data. A similar approach was employed by Pilowsky, Levine and Boulton (1969) in their taxonomic study of depression. The object of this paper is firstly, to investigate the systematic and the taxonomy of depressive phenomena; secondly to look at this taxonomy in depressive illness and non-depressive illness patients; and thirdly to investigate the psychiatrist's notion of the endogenous-reactive dichotomy within this taxonomy. Essentially the question is whether there is a continuum of depression, at one pole being reactive depression and at the other pole endogenous depression or whether these two classical diagnoses represent separate empirical entities. The former view is taken by the London workers and the latter by the Newcastle workers. In a recent review article, Eysenck (1970) favoured the binary or separate entity model, although he suggests that both views of depressive illness are over simplistic in their formulations.
Methods of Recording Prescriptions in Hospital and their Effects on Transcribed Drug Lists
Authors: Watt J. A. , Dorricott N. , Stewart R. A. Y. , Daw D. P.
Published: August 2008

The dangers of transcribed drug lists were emphasized in the Aitken Report (1) and by Trillwood (2). Subsequent work by Crooks (3) and by Wallace (4) has demonstrated the disturbingly high level of transcription errors in other centres.
Personality and Psychiatric Treatment Expectancies
Authors: Caine T. M. , Wijesinghe B. , Wood R. R.
Published: August 2008

Goldstein (1962) and Frank (1963) have emphasized the importance in the treatment process of the patient's and therapist's assumptive world. A number of authors have related certain personality variables, such as thinking introversion, to choice of medical specialty and orientation to treatment on the part of the doctor. The immediate fore-runners of the present investigation are the reports of Caine (1970), Smail (1970) and Caine and Leigh (1972), in which a test of ‘direction of interest‘, in terms of an interest in the external world rather than in the internal world of thoughts and feelings, and a test of ‘conservatism’ were found to relate to nurses' attitudes to patient care and patients' symptomatology and treatment expectancies. This report is an extension of the search for the personality variables underlying patient and therapist expectancies. A third variable, namely convergent-divergent thinking, as defined by Hudson (1966), has been added. Convergent-divergent thinking has to do with whether one prefers to converge on a single solution to a problem or whether one prefers to investigate several possible solutions. Personality variables similar to the ones with which we have been working have been described in association with these thinking types.
The Prognosis of Psychiatric Disorders in Young Norwegian Men
Authors: Sund Arne
Published: August 2008

The aim of this social-psychiatric and personal follow-up examination has been to illustrate the long-term prognosis of Norwegian youth suffering from psychiatric disorders which initially presented during peacetime compulsory military service. The follow-up examinations were conducted personally, and a control group of presumed healthy men was also followed. Sund (1968, 1970) has made a systematic comparison between the patient group and the control group concerning prognosis. Here, therefore, the main emphasis will be on a comparison of the courses followed by clinically different diagnostic sub-group. Eitinger (1950) showed the necessity of undertaking personal follow-up examinations in order to map out the prognosis for this kind of patient. Prognostic studies outside Scandinavia have been reported by Ginzberg et al. (1959), by Glass et al. (1956) and by Plag and Arthur (1965). However, the periods of observation in these studies have been short; moreover, adjustment to the military system was the objective, and the cases were not personally examined in a follow-up. It has been difficult to find prognostic studies with sufficiently long observation periods and with personal follow-up to serve as an adequate basis of comparison with our material. To a large extent, therefore, we have chosen to see the development of our patients in relation to our knowledge of psychiatric reactions in the rest of the population.
The Tattooed Male Patient
Authors: Gittleson N. L. , Wallen G. D. P.
Published: August 2008

The incidence of tattooing is known to be high in certain selected groups.