bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magnetically Responsive Optical Modulation: from Anisotropic Nanostructures to Emerging Applications
Authors: Li Jianing , Li Gang , Lu Xuegang , Wang Shancheng , Leng Meiying , Yang Sen , Guan Jianguo , Long Yi
Published: October 2023

Magnetically responsive optical modulation has emerged as a promising application in various fields such as smart windows, anti‐counterfeiting, and colorimetric sensors, due to its unique advantages in remote and nondestructive control, as well as precise and high‐contrast response. Compared to isotropic counterparts, anisotropic magnetic nanostructures (AMNs) take advantage of the interplay among magnetic dipoles, magnetocrystalline anisotropy, shape anisotropy, and crystal facets to control diverse dimensions of light propagation. By manipulating frequency, amplitude, polarization, and plasmonic resonance, AMNs can provide a  variety of functional applications. A comprehensive overview of recent developments in optical modulation based on AMNs with a focus on their emerging applications and design strategies is presented. It starts with a brief introduction of typical AMN building blocks, highlighting various optical modulation modes, including tunable transmission, diffraction, polarization, and plasmonic resonance. The primary focus is to discuss design strategies for various applications, i.e., smart windows, anti‐counterfeiting labels, colorimetric sensors, and multifunctional‐driven devices. It concludes with the challenges and perspectives for magneto‐optical modulation based on anisotropic structures. Overall, this review provides in‐depth insight into building blocks, magnetic modulation strategies, and optical property modulation of AMNs, thereby accelerating practical applications of these structures in functional devices.
Palladium Zinc Nanocrystals: Nanoscale Amalgamation Enables Multifunctional Intermetallic Colloids
Authors: Yarema Olesya , Moser Annina , Chang Chun‐Wei , Clarysse Jasper , Schenk Florian M. , Egüz Eda , Vemulapalli Hanut , Mittal Neeru , Edison Eldho , Wu Yi‐Hsuan , Kuznetsov Denis A. , Müller Christoph R. , Niederberger Markus , Franck Christian M. , Wood Vanessa , Yarema Maksym
Published: October 2023

Intermetallic nanocrystals are emerging materials for energy, catalysis, and biomedical applications, but combining two or more metals at the nanoscale remains challenging. The amalgamation reaction represents a convenient method for hundreds of intermetallic compositions, as it relies on fast and efficient alloying of liquid metals into presynthesized metallic seeds. Here, Pd–Zn nanocrystals, prepared via Zn amide thermolysis on the surface of Pd nanocrystals and subsequent amalgamation alloying, are investigated. Size‐uniform nanocrystals and control over a wide range of Pd–Zn compositions are achieved. This allows deriving a phase diagram at the nanoscale, in which miscibility gaps and three phases with broad solid solutions are detected. Furthermore, the formation of homogeneous ZnO shells for Pd–Zn compositions extending beyond phase solubility limits is observed. Full chemistry control for Pd–Zn nanocrystals enables a rational choice of materials for selected energy applications, achieveing an extended lifetime of Zn‐ion batteries for Zn‐rich PdZn2 stoichiometry, superior electrocatalytic properties for nearly stoichiometric PdZn halite phase, and the stability and efficiency of high‐voltage cathodes benefiting from ZnO shell protection around Pd3Zn10 nanocrystals are reported. This paper exemplifies the multifunctionality of intermetallics Pd–Zn nanocrystals, while this methodology can be extended to many other bimetallic nanomaterials.
A Sonoresponsive and NIR‐II‐Photoresponsive Nanozyme for Heterojunction‐Enhanced “Three‐in‐One” Multimodal Oncotherapy
Authors: Yan Lang , Cao Zhi , Ren Lijun , Zhang Tiantian , Hu Jinyan , Chen Jikuai , Zhang Xiaofang , Liu Bing , Feng Chuanqi , Zhu Jiangbo , Geng Bijiang
Published: October 2023

Although low‐cost nanozymes with excellent stability have demonstrated the potential to be highly beneficial for nanocatalytic therapy (NCT), their unsatisfactory catalytic activity accompanied by intricate tumor microenvironment (TME) significantly hinders the therapeutic effect of NCT. Herein, for the first time, a heterojunction (HJ)‐fabricated sonoresponsive and NIR‐II‐photoresponsive nanozyme is reported by assembling carbon dots (CDs) onto TiCN nanosheets. The narrow bandgap and mixed valences of Ti3+ and Ti4+ endow TiCN with the capability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) when exposed to ultrasound (US), as well as the dual enzyme‐like activities of peroxidase and glutathione peroxidase. Moreover, the catalytic activities and sonodynamic properties of the TiCN nanosheets are boosted by the formation of HJs owing to the increased speed of carrier transfer and the enhanced electron–hole separation. More importantly, the introduction of CDs with excellent NIR‐II photothermal properties could achieve mild hyperthermia (43 °C) and thereby further improve the NCT and sonodynamic therapy (SDT) performances of CD/TiCN. The synergetic therapeutic efficacy of CD/TiCN through mild hyperthermia‐amplified NCT and SDT could realize “three‐in‐one” multimodal oncotherapy to completely eliminate tumors without recurrence. This study opens a new avenue for exploring sonoresponsive and NIR‐II‐photoresponsive nanozymes for efficient tumor therapy based on semiconductor HJs.
Highly Robust Conductive Organo‐Hydrogels with Powerful Sensing Capabilities Under Large Mechanical Stress
Authors: Li Tian , Qi Haobo , Dong Xinyu , Li Guanjin , Zhai Wei
Published: October 2023

The low mechanical strength of conductive hydrogels (<1 MPa) has been a significant hurdle in their practical application, as they are prone to fracturing under complex conditions, limiting their effectiveness. Here, this work fabricates a strong and tough conductive hierarchical poly(vinyl alcohol) (PEDOT:PSS/PVA) organo‐hydrogel (PPS organo‐hydrogel) via a facile combining strategy of self‐assembly and stretch training. With PVA/PEDOT:PSS microlayers and aligned PVA/PEDOT:PSS nanofibers, PVA and PEDOT:PSS nanocrystalline domains, and semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks, PPS organo‐hydrogels display outstanding mechanical performances (strength: 54.8 MPa, toughness: 153.97 MJ m−3). Additionally, PPS organo‐hydrogels also exhibit powerful sensing capabilities (gauge factor (GF): 983) due to the aligned hierarchical structures and organic liquid phase of DMSO. Notably, with the synergy of such mechanical and sensing properties, organo‐hydrogels can even detect objects as light as 1 gram, despite bearing a tensile strength of ≈23 MPa. By incorporating these materials into human‐machine interfaces, such as controlling artificial arms for grabbing objects and monitoring sport behaviors in soccer training, this work has unlocked a new realm of possibilities for these high‐performance hierarchical organo‐hydrogels. This approach to designing hierarchical structures has the potential to lead to even more high‐performance hydrogels in the future.
Spin Quantum Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes Enabled by 2D Chiral Perovskite with Spin‐Dependent Carrier Transport
Authors: Wang Qingqian , Zhu Hongmei , Tan Yangzhi , Hao Junjie , Ye Taikang , Tang Haodong , Wang Zhaojin , Ma Jingrui , Sun Jiayun , Zhang Tianqi , Zheng Fankai , Zhang Wenda , Choi Hoi Wai , Choy Wallace C. H. , Wu Dan , Sun Xiao Wei , Wang Kai
Published: October 2023

Chiral‐induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect provides innovative approach to spintronics and quantum‐based devices for chiral materials. Different from the conventional ferromagnetic devices, the application of CISS effect is potential to operate under room temperature and zero applied magnetic field. Low dimensional chiral perovskites by introducing chiral amines are beginning to show significant CISS effect for spin injection, but research on chiral perovskites is still in its infancy, especially on spin‐light emitting diode (spin‐LED) construction. Here, the spin‐QLEDs enabled by 2D chiral perovskites as CISS layer for spin‐dependent carrier injection and CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) as light emitting layer are reported. The regulation pattern of the chirality and thickness of chiral perovskites, which affects the circularly polarized electroluminescence (CP‐EL) emission of spin‐QLED, is discovered. Notably, the spin injection polarization of 2D chiral perovskites is higher than 80% and the CP‐EL asymmetric factor (gCP‐EL) achieves up to 1.6 × 10−2. Consequently, this work opens up a new and effective approach for high‐performance spin‐LEDs.
Optical Metasurfaces for Tunable Vortex Beams
Authors: Su Vin‐Cent , Huang Shao‐Yang , Chen Meng‐Hsin , Chiang Chia‐Hung , Xu Kai‐Lun
Published: October 2023

The pursuit of device miniaturization and the generation of complex output responses has driven the development of optically tunable metasurfaces. Among these advancements, metasurface‐based vortex beams (VBs) have emerged as promising optically tunable knob technology due to their infinite output states through various orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes. In this study, the metasurface‐based VBs are successfully fabricated with exceptionally high OAM modes of 32 and 16, carefully examined using the Mach‐Zehnder interferometer. Throughout this study, these devices are referred to as infinite‐OAM meta‐knobs (IOMKs). The optical tunability of IOMKs is demonstrated by illuminating them with incident light possessing diverse degrees of freedom, including different polarizations and wavelengths. Furthermore, the interference nature of the IOMKs is experimentally explored by incorporating them into interference eraser measurements, providing an additional degree of freedom to the optical knob. In the interference eraser experiment, the broadband capability and the high reproducibility of the IOMKs with the OAM modes of 32 and 16 at three distinct wavelengths of 450, 530, and 610 nm is demonstrated. These findings represent a significant step toward understanding the potential applications of IOMKs in quantum optics and their promising role in the generation of complex output states.
Custom Arrayed Waveguide Gratings with Improved Performance
Authors: van Wijk Arthur C. , Doerr Christopher R. , Akca Imran B.
Published: October 2023

Arrayed waveguide gratings (AWGs) are key optical components of various new applications in telecommunication, astronomy, medical imaging, and spectroscopy. It is a very powerful integrated light‐dispersion technology with significant flexibility for tailoring its performance to the individual system needs of each application. There are several examples of custom AWG designs in the literature aiming for improved system performance. In this review, an overview of the available methods for improving the bandwidth, spectral resolution, and transmission function shape of AWGs is provided. The working principle as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed.
A Transient Spore‐Forming Microbial Fuel Cell with Extracellularly Biosynthesized Tin Oxide Nanoparticles for Powering Disposable and Green Papertronics
Authors: Rezaie Maryam , Rafiee Zahra , Choi Seokheun
Published: October 2023

Transient electronics, which can operate only for short‐lived applications and then be eco‐friendly disintegrated, create opportunities in environmental sensing, healthcare, and hardware security. Paper‐based electronics, or papertronics, recently have rapidly advanced the physically transient device platform because paper as a foundation offers an environmentally sustainable and cost‐effective option for those increasingly pervasive and fast‐updated single‐use applications. Paper‐based power supplies are indispensable to realize a fully papertronic paradigm and are a critical enabler of environmentally benign power solutions. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) hold great potential as power sources for such green papertronic applications. This work reports the design, operation, and optimization of a high‐power papertronic MFC by biosynthesizing microbe‐mediated tin oxide nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs) on dormant Bacillus subtilis endospores. They form an electrical conduit that improves electron harvesting during the spore germination and power generation. The MFC is packaged in a sub‐microporous alginate to minimize the potential risk of bacteria leakage. Upon the introduction of water, the paper‐based MFC generates a significantly enhanced power density of 140 µW cm−2, which is more than two orders of magnitude greater than their previously reported counterparts. Six MFCs connected in series generate more than sufficient power to run an on‐chip, light‐emitting diode.
Color‐Changing Paints Enabled by Photoresponsive Combinations of Bio‐Inspired Colorants and Semiconductors
Authors: Martin Cassandra L. , Flynn Kaitlyn R. , Kim Taehwan , Nikolic Skyler K. , Deravi Leila F. , Wilson Daniel J.
Published: October 2023

Modern paints and coatings are designed for a variety of applications, ranging from fine art to extraterrestrial thermal control. These systems can be engineered to provide lasting color, but there are a limited number of materials that can undergo transient changes in their visual appearance in response to external stimuli without requirements for advanced fabrication strategies. The authors describe color‐changing paint formulations that leverage the redox‐dependent absorption profile of xanthommatin, a small‐molecule colorant found throughout biology, and the electronic properties of titanium dioxide, a ubiquitous whitening agent in commercial coatings. This combination yields reversible photoreduction upon exposure to sunlight, shifting from the oxidized (yellow) form of xanthommatin, to the reduced (red) state. The extent of photoreduction is dependent on the loading density and size of titanium dioxide particles, generating changes in hue angle as large as 77% upon irradiation. These coatings can be blended with non‐responsive supplemental colorants to expand the accessible color palette, and irradiated through masks to create transient, disappearing artwork. These formulations demonstrate energy‐efficient photochromism using a simple combination of a redox‐active dye and metal oxide semiconductor, highlighting the utility of these materials for the development of optically dynamic light‐harvesting materials.
Catalytic CO2 Conversion to C1 Chemicals over Single‐Atom Catalysts
Authors: Zhang Zhikun , Yang Ziyan , Liu Lina , Wang Yaru , Kawi Sibudjing
Published: October 2023

Carbon dioxide, as an abundant and nontoxic C1 resource, can be extensively applied to produce C1 building blocks via direct and indirect routes. On account of the stable electronic structure and high activation energy of CO2, the most challenging problem of CO2 conversion is the rational design of low‐cost and efficient catalysts with attractive performance. Single‐atom catalysts (SACs) with atomically dispersed metal atoms, strong metal–support interaction, and tunable/unsaturated coordination environment offer a potential choice by achieving maximum atomic utilization and lowering the CO2 activation barrier. Furthermore, the geometric and electronic structure of SACs can be easily regulated by tuning the coordination environment of single atoms, which significantly affects their catalytic performance. In this review, therefore, a comprehensive review of thermocatalytic CO2 conversion to C1 chemicals over SACs is presented. Specifically, the physiochemical and electronic properties, synthesis methods, and characterization technologies are introduced. Thereafter, an overview of catalytic performance and mechanism of SACs is described during thermocatalytic CO2 conversion to C1 chemicals. Finally, the main limitations of current studies on CO2 conversion to C1 chemicals over SACs are summarized, and simultaneouslyperspectives on the future are proposed, in order to provide a guidance for decarbonizing the industries and cycling greenhouse gases.
Enabling Unprecedented Ultra‐Efficient Practical Direct Seawater Splitting by Finely‐Tuned Catalyst Environment via Thermo‐Hydrodynamic Modulation
Authors: Bahuguna Gaurav , Patolsky Fernando
Published: October 2023

Direct sea water splitting as asource of clean renewable energy is indeed a holy grail and necessitates the invention of unprecedented avenues. Toward this goal, for the first time, the effect of thermo‐hydrodynamic processes modulation (electrolyte flow and heating) on water splitting reactions, through the controlling of the nanocatalyst surface environment, is studied thoroughly. A catenated sulphur type‐nickel polysulphide‐based single crystalline, high surface area 3D electrocatalyst (NiS2pSxsurface), with surface‐enriched oxygen evolution reaction (OER, Ni3+) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER, pSn2−) catalyzing species, is prepared by a single‐step process. Thermo‐hydrodynamic processes‐induced electrochemical analysis demonstrates a dramatic improvement in the electrocatalytic performance of the catalyst, by both flow and temperature modulation. Decoupling contributions from the electrolyte and electrodes heating demonstrate an intrinsic electrode property influence on the overall temperature‐dependent electrochemical performance. Furthermore, a chlorine‐phobic behavior of the NiS2pSxsurface catalyst is observed, even at 80 °C, for direct seawater oxidation, confirming the electrocatalyst potential for direct seawater splitting. Notably, a cell voltage of 1.39 V (at 10 mA cm−2), reaching industrially practical large‐scale of >500 mA cm−2 is observed for additive‐free direct seawater splitting, which is the lowest reported cell voltage to date, even for alkaline additive‐based electrolysers.   Consequently, an alternative approach for direct seawater splitting is realized and can be universally extended to any present‐day electrocatalyst platform.
Tuning 2D Perovskite Passivation: Impact of Electronic and Steric Effects on the Performance of 3D/2D Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Gozukara Karabag Zeynep , Karabag Aliekber , Gunes Ummugulsum , Gao Xiao‐Xin , Syzgantseva Olga A. , Syzgantseva Maria A. , Varlioglu Yaylali Figen , Shibayama Naoyuki , Kanda Hiroyuki , Rafieh Alwani Imanah , Turnell‐Ritson Roland C. , Dyson Paul J. , Yerci Selcuk , Nazeeruddin Mohammad Khaja , Gunbas Gorkem
Published: October 2023

Surface passivation with 2D perovskites is a powerful strategy to achieve improved stability and performance in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Various large organic cations have been successfully implemented, led by phenylethylammonium (PEA+) and its derivatives. However, systematic studies on large sets of cations to understand the effect of substituent position on 2D perovskite passivation and device performance are lacking. Herein, a collection of halogenated PEA+iodide salts (x‐XPEAIwherex:ortho(o),meta(m), para(p),X: F, Cl, Br) are synthesized by a facile method and deposited on top of 3D perovskite. The 2D perovskite layer formation is confirmed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering  analyses for all cations, regardless of the nature and position of the halogen. Density functional theory analysis reveals that lower formation energies and higher interfacial dipoles achieved bym‐substituted cations are responsible for enhanced performance compared to theiro‐ andp‐ counterparts. While them‐BrPEAI‐treated device shows a champion efficiency of 23.42%, (VOC=1.13 V, FF=81.2%), considering average efficiencies, stability, and reproducibility, the treatment withm‐ClPEAIsalt yields the best overall performance. This comprehensive study provides guidelines for understanding the influence of large cation modification on performance and stability of 3D/2D PSCs.
Unveiling and Balancing the Passivation‐Transport Trade‐Off in Perovskite Solar Cells with Double‐Side Patterned Insulator Contacts
Authors: Mao Kaitian , Cai Fengchun , Zhu Zhengjie , Meng Hongguang , Li Tieqiang , Yuan Shaojie , Zhang Jieqi , Peng Wei , Xu Jiahang , Feng Xingyu , Chen Qi , Xu Jixian
Published: October 2023

Including an ultrathin insulator interlayer at the perovskite/charge transport interface is a critical strategy for suppressing surface recombination in state‐of‐the‐art perovskite solar cells. However, its further improvement with increased thickness faces a trade‐off due to the exponentially inhibited electrical transport. Here, a patterned insulator contact (PIC) design is presented to overcome this passivation‐transport trade‐off where the conventional ultrathin interlayer is replaced by a thicker counterpart with local openings. Such a PIC is realized using metal fluorides with a high coverage of 80% and a thickness tolerance increased by 3–5. Balancing inhibited transport via local openings is verified by direct observation with local photocurrent mapping. It revealed the atomic passivation mechanism of hydrogen bonding between fluoride ions and perovskite organic cations. It extends the top‐surface passivation to double‐sided passivation and find that LiF‐modified substrate improves the wettability and promotes the out‐of‐plane growth of perovskite. These combined advances and distilled knowledge allow us to achieve power‐conversion‐efficiency (PCE) of 25% (certified 24.95%) in p–i–n perovskite solar cells by simultaneously enhancing the open‐circuit voltage (Voc) and the fill factor (FF). The device's reproducibility and operational stability are also improved.
Near‐infrared laser‐activated aggregation‐induced emission nanoparticles boost tumor carbonyl stress and immunotherapy of breast cancer
Authors: Pan You , Suo Meng , Huang Qinqin , Lyu Meng , Jiang Yi , Wang Shile , Tang Wenxue , Ning Shipeng , Zhang Tianfu
Published: October 2023

The induction of tumor carbonyl stress is reported to efficiently revert immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment and enhance cancer immunotherapy. However, low oxygen concentration due to inherent tumor hypoxia limits its catalytic effect. Herein, an injectable thermosensitive hydrogel system (named APH) is developed for co‐loading of near‐infrared (NIR) aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) nanoparticles and plasma amine oxidase (PAO) for boosting carbonyl stress and enhancing antitumor immunity. Upon 808 nm NIR laser irradiation, the AIE nanoparticles trigger a mild‐temperature (around 45°C) photothermal effect in the tumor site, which significantly relieves tumor hypoxia and promotes the catalytic effect of released PAO to inhibit the growth of Myeloid‐derived suppressor cells. Remarkably, the synergistic therapeutic effect of APH is verified through a significant inhibitory effect on the distant tumor, enhanced immune memory, and effective suppression of postoperative recurrence, rechallenge, and metastasis. Overall, the combined effect of AIE‐mediated photothermal therapy and carbonyl stress by APH upon NIR irradiation therapy can significantly activate cancer immunotherapy, making it a promising treatment approach for cancer treatment.
Dispersion behavior of liquid–liquid and gas–liquid two‐phase flow in micro‐packed beds
Authors: Zhang Jingwei , Xu Jianhong , Chen Zhuo
Published: October 2023

Micro‐packed beds have the advantages of excellent heat and mass transfer efficiency and high safety, which have been successfully applied to hydrogenation and oxidation reactions. The dispersion behavior of multiphase flow is closely related to mass transfer and reaction performance. However, the study of dispersion law in micro‐packed beds is not sufficient. This work investigated the dispersion behavior of gas–liquid/liquid–liquid two‐phase flow in micro‐packed beds. The average size and distribution of droplets/bubbles were measured in different systems. Key parameters that affect the dispersion characteristics of the two phases were observed experimentally, including gas/liquid phase flow rate, size of the packing, and physical parameters of the systems. The experimental results showed that gas–liquid and liquid–liquid dispersion processes exhibited different characteristics due to the different physical parameters of liquid and gas as the dispersed phase. The fracture driving force of the gas–liquid process was mainly from the continuous liquid phase, while the fracture driving force of the liquid–liquid process came from both the dispersed phase and the continuous phase.
Mass transfer and electrochemical behavior of nitrate reduction to ammonia in electrocatalytic flow cell reactor
Authors: Lv Yang , Chen Jiahe , Bai Panwei , Xie Tao , Liu Jingjun , Ou Honghui , Yang Guidong
Published: October 2023

The electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (e‐NITRR) process based on plasma has become a potential technology for commercial large‐scale green ammonia synthesis. This work emphasized the prominent influence of operating parameters on e‐NITRR through the combination of experiments and simulations in an electrocatalytic flow cell reactor. An integrated model was developed and the non‐linear functions between operating conditions and exchange current density were obtained by optimization fitting. The average relative error of experiments and simulations was <5%, which can provide solutions for the design of reactor structures and optimization of process parameters. Besides, the results also showed that the tandem steps of NO3− → NO2− and NO2− → NH3 were, respectively, controlled by mass transfer and electrochemical kinetics at low electrolyte flow rate, and this characteristic makes the increase in electrode dimensions have the opposite effect on the formation rate of NO2− and NH3.
Electrochemical Cyclization of α,β‐Alkynic Hydrazones and Primary Amines for the Synthesis of 3‐Alkynyltriazoles
Authors: Zhou Pengjuan , Li Hongjun , Jiang Rui , Wan Yaya , Hou Jing , Hong Yu , Tang Dong
Published: October 2023

An environmentally friendly iodine‐catalyzed electrochemical synthetic protocol has developed to access 3‐alkynyltriazoles through the cyclization of α,β‐alkynic hydrazones and primary amines. This reaction is carried out without the addition of electrolyte with excellent functional group tolerance in an undivided cell under mild conditions, affording substituted 3‐alkynyltriazoles with moderate to good yields. The gram scale reaction demonstrates the potential of this protocol in industrial synthesis.
Metamorphosis of a Commodity Plastic like PVC to Efficient Catalytic Single‐Chain Nanoparticles
Authors: Blazquez‐Martín Agustín , Verde‐Sesto Ester , Arbe Arantxa , Pomposo José A.
Published: October 2023

We perform the conversion of a commodity plastic of common use in pipes, window frames, medical devices, flexible hoses, etc. like polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to single‐chain nanoparticles (SCNPs). SCNPs are versatile, protein‐mimetic soft nano‐objects of growing interest for catalysis, sensing, and nanomedicine, among other uses. We demonstrate that the metamorphosis process ‐as induced through metal‐free click chemistry‐ leads to well‐defined, uniform SCNPs that are stable during storage in the solid state for months. All the conversion process (from PVC isolation to PVC‐SCNPs synthesis) can be run in a green, dipolar aprotic solvent and involving, when required, a simple mixture of ethanol and water (1/1 vol.) as non‐solvent. The resulting PVC‐SCNPs are investigated as recyclable, metalloenzyme‐mimetic catalysts for several representative Cu(II)‐catalyzed organic reactions. The method could be valid for the metamorphosis and valorization of other commodity plastics in which it is feasible to install azide functional groups in their linear polymer chains.
Characterization of starch biofilm reinforced with cellulose microfibers isolated from Musa Saba' midrib residue and its application as an active packaging film
Authors: Wahab Dayangku Nurshahirah Awang , Siddique Md. Bazlul Mobin , Chew Jiuan Jing , Su Hieng Tiong , Khairuddin Nozieana , Khaerudini Deni Shidqi , Hossain Md. Sohrab , Sunarso Jaka
Published: October 2023

Two main disadvantages of starch‐based biofilms are their low mechanical strength and high hydrophobicity. This work investigated incorporation of cellulose microfibers (CMF) with a range of CMF loading (i.e., 0, 0.5, and 1.0 wt% of CMF) as fillers to improve the mechanical properties of starch‐based biofilm. CMFs (average diameter = 75 μm) were isolated from midrib of Musa Saba' banana residue using chemical treatments of steam explosion alkaline treatment, acid‐chlorite treatment, and acid hydrolysis. The starch‐based biofilm showed improved tensile strength (32.5%), Young's Modulus (55.4%), opacity (23.7%), crystallinity (54.2%), and reduction in elongation (27%) with 1.0 wt% CMF loading compared with biofilm without CMF. The film's mechanical properties improvement is further supported by the even filler dispersion within the film matrix shown in field emission scanning electron microscope micrographs. Active packaging containing the antimicrobial compound of myricetin was incorporated into the 1.0 wt% CMF reinforced film to produce SC1M, which showed the fastest release of myricetin in 95% ethanol (fatty acid simulant), followed by 3% acetic acid (acidic simulant) and slowest in distilled water (aqueous simulant). CMF derived from banana midrib residue can be a viable bioreinforcement component for developing biofilms for fatty food packaging, which protects against humidity, oxygen, temperature, and light‐induced deterioration.
Facile preparation of novel type polymethyl methacrylate/CoFe2O4/BNNS composite cements and their caloric performance in alternating magnetic fields
Authors: Wang Jingxiang , Li Min , Liu Xunwei , Yu Jiangmin , Yang Dicheng , Yuan Chunping , Yin Xiaoying , Yan Yinan
Published: October 2023

Magnetic hyperthermia generated by functionalized bone cement is a promising approach to treat postosteocarcinoma cancer regeneration. However, it is crucial to minimize the magnetic field intensity using localized high‐caloric‐generating nanoparticles to avoid the potential hazards of electromagnetic field exposure to living organisms. Herein, in situ hydrothermally synthesized CoFe2O4 (CoFe) nanoparticles and boron nitride nanosheet (BNNS)–supported CoFe complexes (BNCoFe) are incorporated into polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) cement to prepare a composite implant with high‐intensity magnetic–thermal performance and safety. The results show that the CoFe nanoparticles (size = ~70 nm) anchored on BNNS surfaces exhibit a maximum magnetic–thermal ablation temperature of ~42°C within 50 s under an alternating magnetic field of 400 KHz (field frequency) and 30 Oe (field intensity) in vitro. Furthermore, the incorporation of BNNSs into the PMMA matrix notably increases the thermal conductivity of PMMA from 0.07 to 0.25 W mK−1 and improves its mechanical properties (compressive strength increases from 74.0 ± 1.6 to 81.0 ± 1.0 MPa), which is attributed to the crystalline structure of BNNSs in the PMMA matrix. Inductively coupled plasma analysis shows a considerably reduced Co2+ ion release from PMMA/BNCoFe, indicating its potential as a safe implantation material for hyperthermia treatment.
Increased Diagnostic Accuracy of the Labial Gland Biopsy in Primary Sjögren Syndrome When Multiple Histopathological Features Are Included
Authors: van Ginkel Martha S. , Nakshbandi Uzma , Arends Suzanne , Haacke Erlin A. , Liefers Silvia C. , Verstappen Gwenny M. , van Nimwegen Jolien F. , Brouwer Elisabeth , Stel Alja J. , Spijkervet Fred K. L. , Vissink Arjan , Bootsma Hendrika , van der Vegt Bert , Kroese Frans G. M.
Published: October 2023

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the labial salivary gland biopsy based on multiple histopathological features in patients with suspected primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS).

Methods

Patients from a diagnostic sicca cohort with clinically suspected pSS who underwent a labial gland biopsy were included. Patients were categorized as having pSS or non‐Sjögren syndrome sicca (non‐SS sicca) based on vignettes scored by an expert panel. Labial gland biopsies were analyzed for the presence of four histopathological features: focus score (FS) ≥1, prelymphoepithelial and lymphoepithelial lesions, immunoglobulin G plasma cell shift, and germinal centers. Sensitivity and specificity of histologic features were calculated, and the optimal cutoff value for the number of histopathological features needed to diagnose pSS was determined with receiver operating curve analysis.

Results

A total of 38 patients were categorized as having pSS and 65 as having non‐SS sicca. In labial gland biopsies of patients with pSS, the prevalence of FS ≥1 was 82%, followed by 68% for pre‐lymphoepithelial and lymphoepithelial lesions, 63% for plasma cell shift, and 24% for germinal centers. Although FS ≥1 showed the highest sensitivity for patients with pSS (82%), specificity was higher for the other three features (98%–100%). The presence of two or more (of four) histopathological features had almost comparable sensitivity to FS alone, but specificity increased with 12% to 100%. For fulfillment of American College of Rheumatology/EULAR criteria, specificity increased from 84% to 95% when an abnormal biopsy was defined by the presence of two or more histopathological features instead of FS ≥1 only.

Conclusion

The diagnostic accuracy of the labial gland biopsy increases when other histopathological features besides FS are taken into account, by reducing the number of false‐positive biopsies.
Modeling in molecular genetics allows students to make connections between biological scales
Authors: Wilson Kristy J. , Chatterjee Allison K.
Published: October 2023

Students often see college courses as the presentation of disconnected facts, especially in the life sciences. Student‐created Structure Mechanism/Relationship Function (SMRF) models were analyzed to understand students' abilities to make connections between genotype, phenotype, and evolution. Students were divided into two sections; one section received instructions that included a specific gene as an example related to larger issues like human disease or the environment. The other section was only given generic examples, like gene X and phenotype Y. Coding of exam models and a comprehensive (extensive) model reveled students were able to make links and work within and between biological scales of organization. Modeling provided a way to show and allow students to practice and demonstrate the ability to build step‐by‐step causal relationships that link ideas together. We also observed a small differing with students receiving the specific prompt performing better than students receiving generic prompt at the point in the semester where linking across many biological scales was required to be successful.
Impact of genomic testing on urologists' treatment preference in favorable risk prostate cancer: A randomized trial
Authors: Carbunaru Samuel , Sun Zequn , McCall Cordero , Ofori Bernice , Marshall Norma , Wang Heidy , Abern Michael , Liu Li , Hollowell Courtney M. P. , Sharifi Roohollah , Vidal Patricia , Kajdacsy‐Balla Andre , Sekosan Marin , Ferrer Karen , Wu Shoujin , Gallegos Marlene , Gann Peter H. , Moreira Daniel , Sharp Lisa K. , Ferrans Carol E. , Murphy Adam B.
Published: October 2023

Introduction

The Oncotype Dx Genomic Prostate Score (GPS) is a 17‐gene relative expression assay that predicts adverse pathology at prostatectomy. We conducted a novel randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of GPS on urologist's treatment preference for favorable risk prostate cancer (PCa): active surveillance versus active treatment (i.e., prostatectomy/radiation). This is a secondary endpoint from the ENACT trial which recruited from three Chicago hospitals from 2016 to 2019.

Methods

Ten urologists along with men with very low to favorable‐intermediate risk PCa were included in the study. Participants were randomly assigned to standardized counseling with or without GPS assay. The main outcome was urologists' preference for active treatment at Visit 2 by study arm (GPS versus Control). Multivariable best‐fit binary logistic regressions were constructed to identify factors independently associated with urologists' treatment preference.

Results

Two hundred men (70% Black) were randomly assigned to either the Control (96) or GPS arm (104). At Visit 2, urologists' preference for prostatectomy/radiation almost doubled in the GPS arm to 29.3% (29) compared to 14.1% (13) in the Control arm (p = 0.01). Randomization to the GPS arm, intermediate NCCN risk level, and lower patient health literacy were predictors for urologists' preference for active treatment.

Discussion

Limitations included sample size and number of urologists. In this study, we found that GPS testing reduced urologists' likelihood to prefer active surveillance.

Conclusions

These findings demonstrate how obtaining prognostic biomarkers that predict negative outcomes before treatment decision‐making might influence urologists' preference for recommending aggressive therapy in men eligible for active surveillance.
Factors associated with diagnostic and pre‐treatment intervals among breast cancer patients attending care at the Uganda Cancer Institute: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Achan Jennifer , Kasujja Francis Xavier , Opito Ronald , Wabinga Henry , Orach Christopher Garimoi , Mwaka Amos Deogratius
Published: October 2023

Background

Most breast cancer (BC) patients in Uganda are diagnosed with advanced‐stage disease and experience poor outcomes. This study examined the diagnostic and pre‐treatment intervals and factors associated with these intervals among BC patients attending care at the Uganda Cancer Institute (UCI).

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional, facility‐based study. Data were collected using structured questionnaire administered by trained research assistants and analyzed using STATA version 14.0. Modified Poisson regressions models were used to determine the strength of associations between independent variables and diagnostic and pre‐treatment intervals.

Results

The mean age (±SD) of the 401 participants was 47.1 ± 11.7 years. Four in 10 participants had stage III (41.9%; n = 168) and over a third (34.7%; n = 140) stage IV cancers. The median interval from first consultation to diagnosis, i.e. diagnostic interval (DI) was 5.6 months (IQR: 1.5–17.0), while the median interval from histological diagnosis to start of chemotherapy, i.e. pre‐treatment interval (PTI) was 1.7 months (IQR: 0.7–4.5). Majority (85%, n = 341) of participants were diagnosed at ≥3 months from first consultation with clinicians. Participants with tertiary education and those who lived within 100–199 km from the UCI were about four times and twice more likely to be diagnosed early (DI <3 months from first consultation) ([aPR = 3.88; 95% CI: 1.15–13.0] and [aPR = 2.19; 95% CI: 1.06–4.55]), respectively. About half (48.3%; n = 176) of participants started chemotherapy within 1 month of cancer diagnosis. Patients who lived more than 300 km from the UCI were less likely to start chemotherapy within 1 month of histology diagnosis of cancer. [Correction added on October 17, 2023 after first online publication. The term ‘, i.e.‘ has been included in the results section in this version.]

Conclusion

Majority of breast cancer patients are diagnosed late and in advanced stages. There is need to promote all efforts toward timely diagnosis when cancers are still in early stages by identifying factors responsible for prolonged diagnostic intervals among breast cancer patients.
Disseminated perforating necrobiosis lipoidica: A case report and literature review
Authors: Saber Mina , Mohaghegh Fatemeh , Mohammadian Parisa
Published: October 2023

Key Clinical Message

Necrobiosis lipoidica is a rare cutaneous granulomatous disease that mainly affects diabetic patients. The perforating type of the disease is an uncommon variant that is resistant to therapy and can be easily identified using dermoscopy.

Perforating necrobiosis lipoidica (NL) is a rare NL variant that primarily affects patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Dermoscopy helps to differentiate this type of disease. The disseminated form of perforating NL mainly occurs in the setting of DM. Here we present a case of disseminated perforating NL in a 24‐year‐old woman with type 1 DM.
Surgical management of extracranial internal carotid artery aneurysm—Case report and literature review
Authors: Jaha Luan , Ademi Bekim , Rudari Hajriz , Vokrri Lulzim , Gjikolli Bujar , Koshi Adhurim , Kuçi Astrit , Jaha Art
Published: October 2023

Key Clinical Message

Extracranial internal carotid artery aneurysms (EICAAs) can lead to serious medical conditions, such as stroke or compression over cranial nerves. In very few cases, there may be hemorrhagic complications due to the rupture. Although rare, they should be suspected cause in every patient with transitory ischemic attack or stroke, especially in the presence of pain, palpable mass or bruit in the neck.

Extracranial internal carotid artery aneurysms (EICAAs) are rare arterial aneurysms, with a prevalence of less than 1%. Although they are not common, these aneurysms can lead to serious medical conditions, such as stroke or compression over cranial nerves. In very few cases, there may be hemorrhagic complications due to the rupture of the aneurysm. This report presents a case of a successful surgical intervention for EICAA, and an overview of symptoms, risk factors, causes, diagnostic procedures, treatments, and potential postoperative complications. A 70‐year‐old Albanian lady had been experiencing pain due to a pulsating mass in her neck for many years. Physical examination did not reveal any signs of infection, injury, or previous surgery. A palpable thrill and a carotid bruit were detected over an evident pulsating mass on the left side of her neck. Her past medical history was consistent with three transitory ischemic attacks in recent months and a stroke 5 years earlier. Comorbidities included hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and long‐standing coronary artery disease. Imaging investigation in terms of ultrasound and CT‐scan confirmed the presence of an aneurysm of the proximal tract of the internal carotid artery measuring 42 × 31 mm. Surgery was indicated on symptomatic and anatomical grounds. The procedure was carried out under general anesthesia. After proximal and distal clamping, the aneurysm was excised followed by end‐to‐end anastomosis of the internal carotid artery. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient was discharged home on the fifth postoperative day. Despite the growing number of reported cases of successful endovascular treatment for internal carotid artery aneurysms, open surgery remains a safe and effective treatment option. However, it is crucial to provide customized treatment plans for each patient based on their individual characteristics and the particularities of their aneurysm.
A Physical Impedance Model of Lithium Intercalation into Graphite Electrodes for a Coin‐Cell Assembly
Authors: Yesilbas Göktug , Chou Chun‐Yu , Bandarenka Aliaksandr S.
Published: October 2023

Graphite electrodes are widely used in commercial metal‐ion batteries as anodes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy serves as one of the primary non‐destructive techniques to obtain key information about various batteries during their operation. However, interpretation of the impedance response of graphite electrodes in contact with common organic electrolytes can be complicated. It is especially challenging, particularly when utilizing the 2‐electrode configuration that is common in battery research. In this work, we elaborate on a physical impedance model capable of accurately describing the impedance spectra of a graphite|electrolyte|metallic Li system in a coin‐cell assembly during two initial charge/discharge cycles. We analyze the dependencies of the model parameters for graphite and metallic lithium as a function of the state of charge to verify the model. Additionally, we suggest that the double layer capacitance values obtained during specific intercalation stages could help to determine if the area‐normalized values align with the expected range. The data and the procedure necessary for calibration are provided.
NHC‐Stabilized Dialanes(4) of Al2Mes4
Authors: Werner Luis , Hagn Julika , Radius Udo
Published: October 2023

The synthesis and characterization of novel N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) stabilized dialanes Al2Mes4 as well as first investigations concerning the reactivity of these compounds are reported. The synthesis of these compounds proceeds via the mesityl‐substituted alanes (NHC)⋅AlHMes2 (NHC=IMeMe{=1,3,4,5‐tetramethyl‐imidazolin‐2‐ylidene}, IiPrMe {=1,3‐di‐iso‐propyl‐4,5‐dimethylimidazolin‐2‐ylidene}) and iodo‐alanes (NHC)⋅AlIMes2 (NHC=IMeMe, IiPrMe). Metallic reduction of (NHC)⋅AlIMes2 afforded the new NHC‐stabilized dialanes (NHC)2⋅Al2Mes4 (NHC=IMeMe, IiPrMe). The NHC‐ligated dialanes are thermally robust and storable synthons for the dialane Al2Mes4. First reactivity studies on (IMeMe)2⋅Al2Mes4 towards small molecules confirm this, as this compound shows controlled and selective reactions with several substrates. Reaction with CuCl leads to oxidation of the dialane and formation of (IMeMe)⋅AlClMes2, reactions with pyridine N‐oxide and tBu−N=C=S, respectively, gave the chalcogenide‐bridged dimers {(IMeMe)⋅AlMes2}2‐μ‐E (E=O, S), and reaction with acetylene afforded the dimetallaacetylide {(IMeMe)⋅AlMes2}2‐μ‐(C≡C).
Segregated localization of two calponin‐related proteins within sarcomeric thin filaments in Caenorhabditis elegans striated muscle
Authors: Ono Shoichiro
Published: October 2023

The calponin family proteins are expressed in both muscle and non‐muscle cells and involved in the regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics and cell contractility. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, UNC‐87 and CLIK‐1 are calponin‐related proteins with 42% identical amino acid sequences containing seven calponin‐like motifs. Genetic studies demonstrated that UNC‐87 and CLIK‐1 have partially redundant function in regulating actin cytoskeletal organization in striated and non‐striated muscle cells. However, biochemical studies showed that UNC‐87 and CLIK‐1 are different in their ability to bundle actin filaments. In this study, I extended comparison between UNC‐87 and CLIK‐1 and found additional differences in vitro and in vivo. Although UNC‐87 and CLIK‐1 bound to actin filaments similarly, UNC‐87, but not CLIK‐1, bound to myosin and inhibited actomyosin ATPase in vitro. In striated muscle, UNC‐87 and CLIK‐1 were segregated into different subregions within sarcomeric actin filaments. CLIK‐1 was concentrated near the actin pointed ends, whereas UNC‐87 was enriched toward the actin barbed ends. Restricted localization of UNC‐87 was not altered in a clik‐1‐null mutant, suggesting that their segregated localization is not due to competition between the two related proteins. These results suggest that the two calponin‐related proteins have both common and distinct roles in regulating actin filaments.
Hg(II)⋅d8[M] Interactions: Are they Metallophilic Interactions or Spodium Bonds?
Authors: Burguera Sergi , Bauzá Antonio , Frontera Antonio
Published: October 2023

Some literature reports have shown the existence of short Hg(II)⋅⋅⋅d8[M] (M=Pd, Pt) contacts between linear Hg(II) and square planar d8[M] complexes that have been defined as heterometallophilic interactions. Linear L−Hg(II)−L complexes exhibit a π‐hole or positive belt of electrostatic potential at the Hg atom, whereas late transition metals can serve as effective electron donors through their filled dz2 orbitals. This study provides compelling evidence that Hg(II)⋅⋅⋅d8[M] interactions should be more appropriately termed spodium bonds.