bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Humanizing Latino Newcomers in the “No Coast” Region
Authors: Hamann Edmund T. , Reeves Jenelle
Published: May 2017

In December 2006 and again in May 2008, the Midwest was the setting for large-scale Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) raids in rural meatpacking towns that drew national attention. In the first raids, concurrent sweeps in six different communities that hosted Swift plants, children, and schools emerged as important and sympathy-generating themes as children were separated from detained parents and schools were left struggling to figure out what to do with those children. Both of these issues distracted from the intended law enforcement thrust of the raids, reducing their popularity and making them more controversial. In contrast, the May 2008 raid at a kosher meat-processing facility in Postville, Iowa, had the ICE enforcement agents querying their detainees about whether they had children and placing those who answered yes under house arrest. Although this, too, destroyed the former workers' chance at earning a livelihood, it did not separate mothers from children, nor did it require schools to become emergency sanctuaries for frightened and marooned children. Thus, two key sympathy-generating factors that could make the larger public dubious of ICE enforcement were bypassed. Invoking trope theory, this chapter looks at local and regional mainstream print media coverage of both raids to see how the imagining of children, school, transnationality, and workers in and by Middle America was changed between the two raid cycles, in turn changing the semiotics of how these raids were to be responded to.
“The Most Assassinated Woman in the World”
Authors: Petersen Christina
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the evocation of Pearl White's star persona by avant-garde theorists and filmmakers ranging from Sergei Eisenstein to surrealist Robert Desnos. The avant-garde's reactions to White fall largely along movement lines. At once the embodiment of a low-culture narrative mode and a spectacular star object who transcended any particular plot line, White's pejorative status as “the most assassinated woman in the world” may have been more revealing than Jean Epstein originally intended. Whereas Epstein decried White's constant near-death experiences and numerous last-minute escapes as unrealistic pulp fiction, surrealists celebrated her as a “marvelous” apparition. This chapter compares the reactions of adherents of surrealism and impressionism to White and considers how Desnos and the surrealists attempted to transpose the “love and poetry” of her films into their own filmmaking practice. It suggests that White's legacy aside from international stardom exerted an influence upon the avant-garde movement, and that her influence had revolutionary potential for challenging the status quo.
Slave Market
Authors: Bontemps Arna
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the poor working conditions for Negroes and those within the labor movement trying to improve them after emancipation, as reflected in the so-called “slave market” in a Chicago street in 1938. As Negro migrants came from the South, they were often excluded from unions. However, some in the meatpacking and garment industries allowed Negroes into their unions after seeing them used as strikebreakers. This chapter considers some important developments that spoke of advancements for Negro laborers, including the establishment in 1925 of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, made up entirely of Negro porters, in Chicago and eventually admitted into the American Federation of Labor; the formation of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), which organized workers industry-wide and openly recruited Negroes; and the creation of the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC), which conducted a hearing in Chicago early in 1942 to investigate allegations that several firms practiced discrimination in their employment practices.
Social Life and Social Uplift
Authors: Bontemps Arna
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes the social life of Illinois Negroes in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In the early days, receptions, cake-walks, dinner parties and barbeques were common events on the social calendar of the women's clubs, social clubs, lodges and other fraternal organizations. Apparently, the early social life of Negroes was highly organized and controlled. This chapter considers the different forms of Negro entertainment that took place in various social clubs in Illinois, such as the Danabegy Club and the Hannibal Guards; the old-fashioned barbeques enjoyed by the “down home” folks; charity balls; women's clubs such as the Domestic Art Club at Bloomington and the Ida B. Wells Club of Chicago; and other events such as the Emancipation Day celebrations.
And Churches
Authors: Bontemps Arna
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the storefront churches and “cults” of Illinois in the early decades of the twentieth century. Before the Negroes' mass exodus to Illinois and Chicago, migrants settling in the state had selected one or another among the orthodox faiths and had been absorbed quietly. However, the dramatic influx about the middle of the second decade of the twentieth century gave rise to a number of “storefront” churches. Several new standard churches were born during the Great Migration, including Monumental Baptist Church, Liberty Baptist Church, and Progressive Baptist Church. In addition, during the period from the start of World War I, churches of a number of other established faiths were added to the orthodox list. Furthermore, the independent churches multiplied in the latter years of the nearly three decades since 1914. This chapter considers the appeal of storefronts to common people and their undeclared religious war with standard churches, along with the emergence of the spiritualist churches as well as other churches that were regarded as cults in Illinois.
“Courtesy Incarceration”
Authors: Peterson Brittany L. , Cohen Beth M. , Smith Rachel A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at the stigma experienced by family members of people who are incarcerated, examining how relatives and loved ones of people in prison try to build a sense of community and support. The chapter is based on a collaborative effort designed to preserve the integrity and credibility of the research while capitalizing on the unique strengths that come with personal experience. Each methodological choice helps to balance and alleviate the tension between objectivity and subjectivity in scholarship. The juxtaposition of the “subjective” relationship to the prison system and the “objective” research goals provides a holistic approach to exploring the experiences of those with incarcerated loved ones, in an effort to understand the communicative strategies used in these complex situations.
“A Fate Worse than Death”
Authors: Mccann Bryan J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter contends that antiprison and anti-death penalty activists need to reexamine their rhetorical habits and political strategies if they hope to achieve any lasting change in the nation's prison system. It draws from literature theorizing the death penalty's place in the prison-industrial complex, rhetoric of anti-death penalty activists, and personal experiences of grassroots abolitionist organizers to critique the prevalence of LWOP (life imprisonment without the possibility of parole) in the death-penalty abolitionist movement. Specifically, the chapter argues that while the alternative of LWOP serves as an understandable rhetorical strategy to spread the anti-death penalty gospel to more ambivalent audiences, it undermines a central organizational posture of the abolitionist cause: understanding capital punishment as only the most macabre expression of a colossal and broken prison-industrial complex.
The Marriage of Convenience
Authors: Kaoma Kapya J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses how the myth that sexual rights are Western impositions has taken solid root in African theological and political discourse, in spite of the established fact that homosexuality was practiced in traditional societies. Right-leaning American and African religious and political leaders unabashedly claim that homosexual behaviors were introduced by Western progressives—giving them a neocolonial nexus. Sadly, scapegoating the West for what is essentially African diversity in sexual behaviors increases the culture of silence that surrounds sexuality across the continent. However, there is undoubtedly a very public outcry or countermobilization against homosexuality in today's Africa. Postcolonial Africa is highly critical of colonial laws and values, but one colonial legacy is the English law that reads the same across Anglophone Africa.
Sexual Politics and Constitutional Reform in Ecuador
Authors: Lind Amy
Published: May 2017

This chapter turns to the perpetuation of homophobia and transphobia as it is inherent in Ecuador's modernization project; and as it has been politically contested in the context of neoliberal and post-neoliberal governance during the 1990s and 2000s. It specifically examines the 1998 and 2008 constitutional reforms as a discursive and institutional realm in which constitutional assembly members struggled to redefine the family and remake the nation. Given their progressive nature with regard to LGBTTI rights, these constitutions are often compared by political observers to post-apartheid South Africa's constitution and, more recently, to Bolivia's 2009 constitution. Advances in LGBTTI rights legislation in Ecuador have occurred at the nexus of homophobic and homopositive discourses—stemming from sexual rights activism, yet also from discursive negotiations within the elected constitutional assemblies concerning homosexuality as a crime versus disease.
Prejudice before Pride
Authors: Weiss Meredith L.
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents evidence for the so-called homophobic anticipatory countermovement, with reference primarily to Southeast Asian cases—particularly Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines—and considers the roots and implications of such a sequence. These cases are chosen for their proximity, which is useful for evaluating the extent of global and regional discursive circuits, but also for their diversity. Indonesia and Malaysia are both Muslim-majority states, but Indonesia today is far more democratic than Malaysia; the Philippines is a Catholic-majority democracy; while Singapore is a single-party-dominant state with important Muslim and evangelical Christian minorities. While all but prosperous Singapore are developing states, all are highly exposed to global trade, media, and other circuits. Moreover, all four states offer recent examples of high-profile homophobia, all with roots in Christian or Islamist discourse.
Navigating International Rights and Local Politics
Authors: Zeidan Sami
Published: May 2017

This chapter contends that performing one's gender or sexuality is a right worth protecting and defending against sexist and homophobic intolerance. First, it calls attention to the potential confines of the labels brought to bear on non-heteronormative sexualities and genders by even the most liberal societies. Further, the chapter focuses on the tensions raised in balancing activism as it claims rights and struggles against the emergence of a borrowed homophobia implanted locally in a contested state, and the more stable and durable forms of local sexual governance. Ultimately, being open to change develops from varied life experiences that transcend intellectual musings or from perspectives derived from one's immediate vantage point.
The Contested Table
Authors: Cinotto Simone
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the conflict over food that pitted New York-born Italians against their immigrant parents during the period 1920–1930. It begins with a discussion of how food became a symbol of both domesticity and ethnicity for Italian Americans in East Harlem by focusing on the domestic conflicts that arose between first- and second-generation Italian immigrants, and particularly the food conflicts in the immigrant home. It then explores the factors that fueled the clash of values and tastes between immigrant children and their parents, including the former's fascination for a modern popular culture that disregarded immigrant ways of life as backward and inferior, and the parents' desire to own a home—which meant mobilizing all of a family's resources, including children's paychecks—and sacrificing other investments in social mobility such as education. It also considers how food and food rituals were used in the construction of the Italian American family, with its emphasis on solidarity, strong gender roles, a commitment to work, suspicion toward abstract ideas, and an appreciation of the limits of happiness.
“Buy Italian!”
Authors: Cinotto Simone
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how the fondness of New York City's Italian immigrants for imported foods helped make the food import business crucial to the project of diasporic Italian nationalism. It argues that the Italian state, especially the fascist regime after 1922, and its representatives in New York supported the business of importing food in order to expand the country's economic and political influence in the United States. The chapter first provides an overview of New York's food imports from Italy during the period 1890–1920, along with the food import crisis and the Italian Chamber of Commerce's “Buy Italian!” campaign of 1935–1936. It then considers how food frauds, imitations, and canned symbols sparked a feud between Italian food importers, on the one side, and domestic Italian food producers and grossieri, on the other. It also explains how supplying immigrants with “authentic” Italian food helped strengthen relations between Italy and America and created a tangible economic dimension that complemented ideological and emotional diasporic nationalism.
Minstrelsy’s Material Culture
Authors: Smith Christopher J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the material culture of blackface minstrelsy, and particularly of instrumental dance music in the “creole synthesis,” using evidence drawn from William Sidney Mount's four paintings: Just in Tune (1849), Right and Left (1850), Just in Tune () and The Banjo Player and The Bone Player (1856). Three of the four images in the portraits are most likely of dance musicians (both fiddlers and the bones player), while the fourth (the banjo player) could be imagined to accompany singing but equally likely completes the dance-band instrumentation—fiddle, banjo, and bones representing three-fourths of the iconic ensemble of minstrelsy. All of these works provide confirmation of Mount's expertise in and admiration for the details of African American vernacular music. This chapter analyzes the relationship between Mount's “private” pencil sketching and his “public” oil painting, as well as the complex layers of racial, economic, and political symbolism in his work. It also explores the musical detail of each of the four paintings and their significance to our understanding of the roots of minstrelsy.
Akimbo Culture
Authors: Smith Christopher J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the physical and participatory implications of blackface dance, and the dance cultures more generally, depicted by William Sidney Mount. It also uses the evidence drawn from Mount's visual depictions to locate prototypical blackface dance vocabularies and rhythmic practices in vernacular art works of the earlier nineteenth century. The chapter first considers the resources for recovering the kinesics of minstrelsy, along with visible evidence of Afro-Caribbean influence on bodily kinesics, before turning to juba and the aesthetics of African movement. It then analyzes Mount's choreological evidence to illustrate the consistency with which he records and manipulates the cultural associations of body vocabulary, as well as his integration of the creole synthesis in his works. It argues that it was rhythm and dance that accounts for minstrelsy's remarkably immediate yet enduring popularity and influence. It shows that, in addition to the symbolic transgression of bourgeois grace implicit in Jim Crow's akimbo representation, the images' anatomical distortions also capture movement, not stasis. The chapter concludes by looking at the so-called “bending knee-bone” in blackface performance.
A Yank in France, a Jap in America
Authors: Tamura Eileen H.
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at Kurihara's enlistment in the U.S. Army during the war on Germany. On October 29, 1918, Kurihara's 328th Field Artillery arrived at the front, just southeast of the major Allied offensive between the Meuse River and the Argonne Forest. Once at the front, Kurihara's unit prepared for an offensive aimed at the strategically important town of Metz, which served as a German hub, a heavily fortified railroad center “entirely surrounded by a chain of permanent forts mounting heavy long-range guns.” On November 11, 1918, as the men were preparing the assault, the Armistice was declared, bringing “joy and relief” to the soldiers. However, ignoring the patriotism he and other Nisei veterans had demonstrated in the war, the government now treated them and other Nisei who lived on the West Coast as “alien citizens.” As the chapters to follow demonstrate, Kurihara did not take this affront quietly, and while incarcerated, he became a vociferous and impassioned dissident.
Into the Pit
Authors: Warfield Patrick
Published: May 2017

This chapter details John Philip Sousa's career as a violinist, his earliest efforts as a composer, and his first tours away from Washington as a professional theater musician. By 1874, Sousa had gained at least some experience as a violinist for light opera, the tradition in which he would soon make his mark as an arranger and composer. Sousa also worked at the Washington Theatre Comique. Moreover, he published three works during the early 1970s, all piano pieces on dance forms: Moonlight on the Potomac Waltzes, “Review,” and “Cuckoo.” While Sousa was conducting incidental music for Milton Nobles's play Jim Bludso, or, Bohemians and Detectives—which was presented at Kernan's Theatre Comique between June 21 and June 26, 1875—Nobles was impressed by the young conductor, and a few days later he sent Sousa a telegram asking that he join the troupe on tour. Sousa would then tour the Midwest and the southern United States for the next two months.
Making the Sousa Band
Authors: Warfield Patrick
Published: May 2017

This chapter details the making of the Sousa Band. When the modern Marine Band makes its annual tours, it travels as a representative of the Marine Corps, but their 1891 outing was to be a commercial enterprise. Every bandsman was granted leave from the military and then personally contracted to former Minnesota secretary of state David Blakely. As a result, from April 1 to May 3, 1891, the band functioned as a civilian ensemble. Performances would not be free, nor would they be spread evenly across the country. Venues were instead selected on the basis of the band's likely draw, and ticket prices were negotiated with local managers. This was to be a commercial enterprise with David Blakely at the helm.
Theater on the Bandstand
Authors: Warfield Patrick
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on John Philip Sousa's theatrical works, dances, and songs. Even as his reputation as a bandleader overtook his work in the theater, his musical outlook remained thoroughly dramatic. Sousa was an actor in the same way many modern pop icons are actors, and it was through the character of the March King that the bandsman and the theatrical musician were reconciled. At the heart of this character stood the Sousa march. These three-minute works became theatrical delights when performed under the composer's baton, and every element of the Sousa march—from its initial announcement to its appearance in concerts and in middle-class parlors—converged to create the dramatic persona recognized by audiences across America.
Introduction
Authors: Westfahl Gary
Published: May 2017

This book offers a comprehensive study of William Gibson's career as a science fiction writer, focusing not only on his novels and stories but also on his other works such as publications in science fiction fanzines and contributions to elusive books. Having read almost all of Gibson's published works (including over 170 interviews), the author examines aspects of Gibson's works that are visibly most important to him. For example, he has always been and remains, in his background and proclivities, a science fiction writer. In addition, he has grown especially intrigued by both tinkerers with new technology and avant-garde artists as chief avatars of the constant transformations now characterizing contemporary life, as can be inferred from Spook Country and Zero History. This book also includes a new Gibson interview; the first determined effort to compile an exhaustive, accurate bibliography of his works; and a survey of the relevant secondary literature.
Journey to the Future
Authors: Westfahl Gary
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes William Gibson's early years based on his autobiographical sketch, “Since 1948,” first posted to his blog on November 6, 2002. There, he relates the generally familiar story of how he was born in South Carolina and, as a child, frequently moved with his parents because of his father's various jobs. In these early years, the major influence on Gibson's life was television. This chapter first considers Gibson's childhood and adolescence before discussing how he discovered science fiction literature, which became his passion. It then considers the change in Gibson's perception of science fiction beginning in 1962, which he often attributes to his chance discovery of William S. Burroughs and, through him, other Beat Generation writers. It also looks at Gibson's publication of fanzines, his enthusiasm about Fritz Leiber, and how he developed an interest in science fiction poetry and later in nonfiction. Finally, the chapter documents the turbulent events of Gibson's first two decades of his life and notes that since the 1980s, his life has been remarkably uneventful.
Moving out of the Margins and into the Mainstream
Authors: Sakamoto Arthur , Kim ChangHwan , Takei Isao
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the beginning of a new stage of Asian American history that is characterized by improved socioeconomic opportunities and a move away from the Asian American strongholds of Hawaii and California. The high levels of Asian American demographic growth and migration to the New South are facilitated by a less discriminatory labor market than was characteristic of the pre-Civil Rights era. Many Asian Americans are flocking to the New South to take advantage of its improved socioeconomic opportunities. Whereas the better-paying and more desirable jobs were reserved for whites in the Old South, Asian Americans in the New South no longer appear to be automatically excluded from the top of the “racial hierarchy.”
Historians as Public Intellectuals
Authors: Lichtenstein Nelson
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents the author's reflections on the meaning of the public intellectual. At Berkeley, the author and his comrades saw themselves as standing in a revolutionary tradition that reached back almost to the first years of the twentieth century. The task was to put that ideology to work. At the time they crammed as much history and analysis onto a series of mimeographed leaflets which they distributed bright and early at Sather Gate. New and more effective forms of distribution would soon become available, but the impulse to reach a larger, animated public by deploying ideas generated in either the seminar room or the political caucus retains its potency. Indeed, such an impulse is a hallmark of good citizenship, which is the essence of what being a political activist or even a public intellectual is all about.
From Corporatism to Collective Bargaining
Authors: Lichtenstein Nelson
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the emergence increasingly privatized system of collective bargaining after the end of World War II. The turning point came between 1946 and 1948 when a still powerful trade union movement found its efforts to bargain over the shape of the postwar political economy decisively blocked by a powerful remobilization of business and conservative forces. Labor's ambitions were thereafter sharply curbed, and its economic program was reduced to a sort of militant-interest-group politics, in which a Keynesian emphasis on sustained growth and productivity gain sharing replaced labor's earlier commitment to economic planning and social solidarity. This forced retreat narrowed the political appeal of labor-liberalism and contributed both to the demobilization and division of those social forces that had long sustained it.
Market Triumphalism and the Wishful Liberals
Authors: Lichtenstein Nelson
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the triumphalism of the free market that emerged in the decade that followed the end of the Cold War. The idea that capitalist markets are essential to, or even define, the democratic idea has always been present in the West, but the idea achieved a near hegemonic power after the fall of the Berlin Wall. New Dealers and old-fashioned populists once held that laissez-faire capitalism presented the gravest danger to freedom, democracy, equality, and the material well-being of most citizens. But Americans were now told to believe that democracy and the free market are identical. And in a maddening piece of ideological larceny, market triumphalists invoked that ultimate sanction—once the principal asset of the left—the stamp of historic inevitability.
Making the World Safe for Workers
Authors: McKillen Elizabeth
Published: May 2017

This intellectually ambitious study explores the significance of Wilsonian internationalism for workers and the influence of American labor in both shaping and undermining the foreign policies and war mobilization efforts of Woodrow Wilson's Administration. The book highlights the major fault lines that emerged within labor circles as Wilson pursued his agenda in the context of Mexican and European revolutions, World War I, and the Versailles Peace Conference. The book's spotlight falls on the American Federation of Labor, whose leadership collaborated extensively with Wilson, assisting with propaganda, policy, and diplomacy. At the same time, other labor groups (and even sub-groups within the AFL) vehemently opposed Wilsonian internationalism. As the book shows, the choice to collaborate with or resist U.S. foreign policy remained an important one for labor throughout the twentieth century. In fact, it continues to resonate today in debates over the global economy, wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, and the impact of U.S. policies on workers at home and abroad.
The Mexican Revolution as Catalyst
Authors: McKillen Elizabeth
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores how the Mexican revolution helped to catalyze a debate within U.S. labor, Socialist, and immigrant Left circles over Woodrow Wilson's internationalist principles that would grow significantly in the coming years. It shows that most labor and Socialist participants in the debate over U.S. foreign policy toward Mexico converged in trying to prevent a U.S. military occupation of Mexico. It also considers the reactions of groups such as the American Federation of Labor (AFL), the United Mine Workers of America, Partido Liberal Mexicano, Industrial Workers of the World, and the Socialist Party regarding Wilson's claim that his military interventions in Mexico were designed to help the Mexican people rather than to protect American corporate interests. Finally, it discusses the disagreements among labor and Socialist groups over a host of issues, such as whether industrial democracy or an end to imperialism could be achieved within a capitalist context.
Antiwar Cultures of the AFL, the Debate over Preparedness, and the Gompers Turnabout
Authors: McKillen Elizabeth
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the internal political debate that raged within the American Federation of Labor (AFL) over Woodrow Wilson's policies toward the European war between 1914 and 1917. It first considers the campaign against military training in the schools as part of an ambitious antiwar and anti-preparedness program promoted by the Seattle Central Labor Council (SCLC), an AFL affiliate. It then discusses the antiwar activities of the Chicago Federation of Labor, the United Mine Workers of America, and the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union. It also analyzes AFL President Samuel Gompers's decision to reverse the de facto AFL policy of noninterference in the antiwar activities of AFL unions and his attempt to secure their loyalty to the government in the event of war. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the failed efforts of left-wing Socialists and Industrial Workers of the World activists to develop a viable strategy for staging general strikes to stop the war and prevent U.S. involvement in it.
World Flutelore
Authors: Olsen Dale A.
Published: May 2017

In many places around the world, flutes and the sounds of flutes are powerful magical forces for seduction and love, protection, vegetal and human fertility, birth and death, and other aspects of human and nonhuman behavior. This book explores the cultural significance of flutes, flute playing, and flute players from around the world as interpreted from folktales, myths, and other stories—in a word, “flutelore.” A scholarly yet readable study, the book draws upon a range of sources in folklore, anthropology, ethnomusicology, and literary analysis. Describing and interpreting many examples of flutes as they are found in mythology, poetry, lyrics, and other narrative and literary sources from around the world, the book seeks to determine what is singularly distinct or unique about flutes, flute playing, and flute players in a global context. It shows how and why flutes are important for personal, communal, religious, spiritual, and secular expression and even, perhaps, existence. This is a book for students, scholars, and any reader interested in the cultural power of flutes.
Flutes That Talk
Authors: Olsen Dale A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter works with a concept that seems common in many animistic cultures, where flutes talk rather than produce music. Many flutists in European-derived cultures often refer to their instrument's sound as its “voice,” which is usually a reference to its tone color. In the jazz world, most notably with flutist (and saxophonist) Rahsaan Roland Kirk, humming into the flute while blowing it during improvisations creates very raspy tone colors. Flutist D. J. Sterling refers to his own playing/humming style as “the talking flute,” and others have imitated him. The chapter focuses on two flute techniques: imitation of speech tones on a flute and flute-speak or flute-think.
Flutes and Protective Power
Authors: Olsen Dale A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses tales about the protective power of flutes. Protection, as suggested by folklore/mythology, is often “magical” because it usually involves powers that are greater than normal powers. Fluteloric protection appears to be mostly magical, although some flutetales emphasize the beauty of the flute music in itself. In other words, either the flute or flute music conjures up some type of divine help to ward off danger or evil powers, or the sweet sound of the flute and its music themselves soothe the savage beast or dangerous human beings. The chapter describes four categories of protection: “magical protection,” “aesthetic protection,” “practical protection,” and “physical protection.”
Militaries and Modern States
Authors: Bowman Kirk
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents the best cases to understand the construction of the widely held assumptions that all viable countries have institutionalized militaries: Costa Rica and Honduras in the period 1948 to 1958. It is in this political space and time that Costa Rica demilitarized and Honduras militarized. The chapter focuses on the domestic and international dynamics in these two cases that produced such variance in militarization. The cases show that the local populations in 1948–1958 did not consider the military to be a necessary institution in a modern country, and that this view was constructed over time in Honduras. Through the prism of recent history in Latin America, it may seem natural to assume that Latin American countries have always had powerful military institutions. But this assumption is completely inaccurate for nearly the entire region.
Afterword
Authors: Stearns Peter N.
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter explains how the classic half-empty, half-full conundrum applies to demilitarization. It is possible to point to the compromises that emerged in the most demilitarized societies and paint an even gloomier picture of the prospects of further change in the future. Yet the extent of real change and considerable durability is also clear, for distinctive features persist from funding levels to public opinion. The emergence of a real peace culture in several nations clearly has the capacity to extend to generations not directly touched by the catastrophes that triggered demilitarization in the first place. The reduced military maintains public favor by radical shifts in function, taking on humanitarian and crime-fighting roles that are far different from the activities that predominated before demilitarization.
Back in the USSR
Authors: Horne Gerald
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses Patterson's travel to the Soviet Union for treatment for his collapsed lungs, as it was the only place where a Negro without money could get adequate medical care. The FBI maintained that it was during this era—the mid-1930s—that Patterson was ensconced in the anti-Nazi underground in Europe, darting furtively in and out of Hamburg and Paris particularly. The authorities had reason to know, as they kept track of his movements as the ailing Communist—then listed as residing at 181 West 135th Street in Harlem—departed from New York for Europe on July 21, 1934, after spending a tumultuous two weeks in Cuba in May. However, Patterson was not the only U.S. Negro who had served time in the Soviet Union, for his comrade James Ford had spent more than two years there as well, as Moscow—along with Hamburg—had become a fortress of anti-Jim Crow and anticolonial resistance.
The CP’s “FBI Faction” Rises
Authors: Horne Gerald
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the powerful FBI faction within the highest ranks of the CP, led by Morris Childs, who was quite effective in gumming up potentially far-reaching proposals and stoking internal conflict. This internecine conflict wracking the CP provided a plethora of headlines for the U.S. press, which in turn alienated actual and potential members. At the sixteenth convention of the CP in February 1957, there were seventy correspondents from newspapers, television, and radio, including journalists from Italy, Poland, and the Soviet Union, who did a credible job of presenting a portrait of disarray disrupting presumed agents of Moscow. Despite party support collapsing all around—which became evident after this convention—as a Communist, Patterson found it necessary to find the time to survey the domestic and the global scene when contemplating strategy and tactics.
Se Valorizando (Valuing Oneself)
Authors: Williams Erica Lorraine
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the ambiguities implicit in the sexual and romantic encounters of the women of Aprosba with foreign men. It first analyzes how some Aprosba members conceptualize their sexual/romantic encounters and exchanges with foreigners. It then considers how the ambiguous entanglements between sex workers and foreign men—both leisure tourists and marinheiros— complicate notions of power, agency, affect, desire, and cosmopolitanism. It also discusses the racial politics of Aprosba, which has an overwhelmingly white Brazilian leadership and an overwhelmingly Afro-Brazilian membership. It shows that some sex worker express sentiments of se valorizando, or valuing oneself, tied to the act of charging for sexual services. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the perspectives of Jacqueline Leite, founder of the Humanitarian Center for the Support of Women (CHAME), a Salvador-based nongovernmental organization, about the issue of exploitation in sex tourism.
Faith and Transcendence in Hindu Traditions
Authors: Yadlapati Madhuri M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores several notes of ambiguity or self-correction in Hindu faith: the relationship between mystical certitude and discursive doubt in the Upanishads; bhakti (devotional faith) and the limitations of dharma in the epics; the questioning of assumptions about reality spurred by the doctrine of maya; and the paradoxical character of Hindu theism as reflected in the figure of Shiva. This fourfold examination illustrates ambiguities in a few of the very different strands of Hindu thought and practice. Behind all four thematic strands is a sense that beyond the worldly values of dharma teachings, the spiritual journey requires self-correction as part of the transformative experience of religious transcendence.
Production Tensions
Authors: Duffy Brooke Erin
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how convergence-related transformations are redefining what it means to be a magazine producer and how this differentiates those who work in magazine production from other individuals, organizations, and industries involved in the production of culture. It considers how these changes are leading to increased demands on workers, interorganizational tensions, and a professional culture that tends to favor certain types of people. It also explores whether this emergent professional culture has the potential to reproduce gender hierarchies and other social inequalities. The chapter suggests that the concurrent trends of multi-skilled labor and consumer co-creative practices in the digital age have resulted in a further deprofessionalization of roles and positions within women's magazines. However, the effects of this deprofessionalization are being felt unevenly across the industry, and decision-making power is firmly locked into traditional organizational hierarchies.
Inviting Audiences In
Authors: Duffy Brooke Erin
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the shifting dynamics of the magazine producer–consumer relationship within two different industrial contexts. First, it considers how media producers are making their offerings for audiences more interactive by integrating commentary, advice, photos, and more. It situates this trend in historical perspective by recalling women's magazines' tradition of “inviting readers in.” Second, it looks at an external force encroaching on magazine production: the rise of fashion blogging. It also describes the labor politics of user-generated content and goes on to discuss how various industry insiders conceptualize fashion blogging, along with industrial and organizational trends that seem to respond to this cultural movement. The chapter shows that media producers are “inviting audiences in” to numerous spaces that they have carved out within magazine-branded properties. Community chat rooms, virtual programs, and user-generated contests engage interactive consumers while supplanting the work of professional content producers. Although editors of women's magazines maintain control over these initiatives, they have unequivocally less power over fashion bloggers.
Interview with Christian Petzold
Authors: Fisher Jaimey
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents an interview with Christian Petzold, which mainly took place in July 2011, with a shorter followup in October 2012, at Petzold's office in Berlin. Topics covered include where Petzold grew up; the first film he can remember seeing in a movie theater; the atmosphere in Berlin when he arrived to study literature; his decision to transfer to the German Film and Television Academy in Berlin; his collaborations Harun Farocki; how he finds Farocki's nonfiction films; the impression left by the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the reunification of Germany in 1990; and the influence of genre films such as Detour on Cuba Libre, Near Dark on The State I Am In, and Driver on Wolfsburg on his own films.
Conclusion
Authors: Vanel Hervé
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that John Cage's Muzak-plus ultimately addresses his idealistic belief that art could foster a revolution in society, one that would lead not to a transfer of power but, in an anarchist fashion, to its pulverization in the hands of the individual members of a collective. However, in the aftermath of World War II, any suggestion that art could be at the service of society was met with increased suspicion. Whether directly or indirectly, suggested Cage himself, any willingness to improve the world may only end up making the matter worse. One could read this warning as a summary of Muzak's self-styled ambition.
Racial Blackness and the Discontinuity of Western Modernity
Authors: Barrett Lindon
Published: May 2017

This book is the unfinished manuscript of literary and cultural theorist Lindon Barrett, who died in 2008. The study offers a genealogy of how the development of racial blackness within the mercantile capitalist system of Euro-American colonial imperialism was constitutive of Western modernity. The book explores the complex transnational systems of economic transactions and political exchanges foundational to the formation of modern subjectivities. In particular, the book traces the embodied and significatory violence involved in the development of modern nations. Masterfully connecting historical systems of racial slavery to post-Enlightenment modernity, this pathbreaking publication shows how Western modernity depended on a particular conception of racism contested by African American writers and intellectuals from the eighteenth century to the Harlem Renaissance.
Connecting Stories
Authors: Davies Carole Boyce
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents the author's reflections on issues of sexuality in the Caribbean context. It also provides some extended family history. She says that growing up with what she saw as an already sexually liberated mother in a time before the sexual revolution of the 1960s and 1970s is something that she cherishes. For the first nine or ten years of her life, she was blissfully nurtured, loved, cared for in an extended family situation in Trinidad, but one in which her mother was always her center. Then, as she entered adolescence, she began to get a sense that there also existed a bourgeois social standard, though many others around lived lives that resisted compliance and expressed themselves more naturally and organically.
Postscript
Authors: Davies Carole Boyce
Published: May 2017

This chapter returns to the “twilight” theme but this time focusing on the logic of “escape routes.” It argues that the paradigm of the North as being the only place of freedom can be contested with the present contemporary framing of the South and the Caribbean as also carrying that significance of freedom and escape, which is the overarching theme of this book. The chapter concludes with a focus on Harriet Tubman, who identified the necessity of movement and the transgression of borders as fundamental and critical. While she is known more for her work liberating Africans from the Maryland area to points north, she also had the leading role in the Combahee River Raid in South Carolina, liberating about eight hundred Africans in 1863 during the Civil War.
Conclusion
Authors: Goodall Alex
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter talks about how after Franklin Delano Roosevelt's death, there was political unrest. Roosevelt had presided over a transformation in the American state more far reaching than any since the Civil War. But with a new, untested president in the White House and tensions running high over the disposition of Germany and Eastern Europe, the future of the grand alliance was in doubt. The chapter shows how countersubversion in the United States was shaped by a distinctive tradition in which leading public figures were consistently forced to reconcile their countersubversive instincts with the trends of decentralized governance. The political ideologies of Joseph McCarthy, which combined elements of antigovernment populism, social conservatism, and state-based political authoritarianism, owe much to this earlier history.
Modern Patterns in Emotions History
Authors: Stearns Peter N.
Published: May 2017

This chapter addresses the question of whether or not emotions and emotional standards change when a society moves toward modernity. It seeks to explore the current status of the issue, to indicate promising lines for renewed attention, and to urge greater priority for analysis and discussion. For emotions history, key initial questions involve whether any emotional changes accompanied the onset of greater modernity, and certainly what emotional shifts the changing economic and social structures would generate. The goal here is to relaunch a discussion, inviting contributions from both premodern and modern sides and with a special plea for work that bridges the two.
The Skein of Chinese Emotions History
Authors: Kutcher Norman
Published: May 2017

This chapter draws out some common threads from the history of emotions in Chinese literature. The first of these threads is orthodoxy. Specific Chinese traditions—and here Confucianism is the case in point—dictated the rules of proper behavior: these rules were considered to regulate even the emotions. The second thread is context. Whether, or how, an emotion was expressed was a product of the venue (textual or otherwise) in which it was to be described or expressed. The third thread is the role of the formula (or, the formulaic) in emotion and its expression, or how we understand professions and descriptions of emotion that are expressed via stock phrases.
Advertising for Love
Authors: Epstein Pamela
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses how matrimonial ads give a new and unique insight into the way that rapid urban growth and capitalism of the nineteenth century affected people's intimate lives and their approach to experiencing love. Matrimonial advertisers provide an excellent window into how these upheavals in society were negotiated; they were ordinary men and women who wanted nothing more than to conform to a middle-class lifestyle but felt forced to find traditional relationships in an unconventional fashion. Matrimonial advertisements provided a space, for urban dwellers in particular, in which to experiment with a new kind of personal interaction. Matrimonials revealed individuals who were on the move—both geographically and socially—circulating themselves in public in an attempt to find intimacy.
Introduction
Authors: Mitrani Sam
Published: May 2017

This book examines the development of the Chicago Police Department from the 1850s through the 1880s amid class tensions and political and economic conflict in the city. During the late nineteenth century, Chicago was the most violent, turbulent city in the country. From the Lager Beer Riot of 1855, through the Civil War, the 1867 strikes for the eight-hour workday, the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the 1877 strike and riot, the May Day strikes and the Haymarket bombing, and the Pullman Strike, Chicago was the scene of the crises accompanying industrialization and the development of a wage labor economy. This book explores how the various political and economic groups in Chicago, particularly the business elite, shaped the Chicago Police Department, as well as how the police shaped the relations between those groups. The book demonstrates the crucial role played by state institutions in the rise of capitalism and how businessmen influenced these state institutions to meet their needs.