bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CHARACTERIZATION OF CHROMOSOME OF STRIPPED KEELBACK Xenochrophis vittattus (Linnaeus, 1758) FROM PIYUNGAN, BANTUL, DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA
Authors: Hanifa Berry Fakhry , Nurhandayani Niken Satuti
Published: September 2015

Indonesia is a tropical country which has varies of habitat types that are dispersed into thousands islands. The diversity and its tropical climate, makes Indonesia as a suitable place as a natural habitat for herpetofauna, especially Sub Order Serpentes. Xenochrophis vittattus (Linnaeus, 1578), called stripped keelback snakes, is a semi-aquatic snakes spread in Indonesia, especially in Java, Sumatra, Bangka, and Manado, and commonly used as pet. Since there are few reports on genetic studies, especially in the field of karyology, this study aims to characterize the chromosomes of stripped keelback from Piyungan population, Bantul, Yogyakarta. This study used a brief splash of blood cultures method. This has been known as the first stripped keelback cytological study in Indonesia. The results showed that striped keelback has a diploid chromosome (2n) = 34, consists of metacentric chromosome (number 1, 2, 3, 4, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26); submetacentric chromosome (number 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18). Whereas the chromosome number 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, and 34 were micro chromosomes. Striped keelback karyotype formula was 2n = 2x = 34 = 12 m 14 sm 8 micro chromosomes. The longest chromosome of stripped keelback was 2.9335 ± 0.1772 um, whereas the shortest one was 0.5088 ± 0.013 um, and the R value was 5.9106 ± 1.1265.

Keywords: Xenochrophis vittattus, Stripped keelback, chromosome characterization, karyotype
PIGMENTS CHARACTERIZATION OF MACROALGAE IN DRINI BEACH, GUNUNGKIDUL, YOGYAKARTA FOR SYSTEMATICS STUDY
Authors: Rahmawati Selvi , Haryatfrehni Riswi , Meilianda Afra , Nuhamunada Matin , Pradani Listia , Prakasa Bagas Lantip
Published: September 2015

Drini Beach is one of beaches in Gunungkidul, D.I. Yogyakarta with dead-coral reefs as the landform. Dead-coral reef is a good habitat for macroalgae. Based on the pigment content, the macroalgae are divided into Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, and Rhodophyta with their specific pigments chlorophyta, carotenoid and phycobiliprotein, respectively. These pigments are potentially used as a marker for identification and classification. The research aimed to identify and quantify pigments content of macroalgae in Drini Beach, Gunungkidul, DIY. Samples collection was done in June, 2013. Pigment extractions were done for polar and nonpolar pigments and then the extracts were analyzed using spectrophotometry UV-VIS Shimadzu Genesys
10. The result showed that nonpolar extraction of Chaetomorpha had a maximum absorption peak between 320-380, 400-500, and 670 nm ; Borgesenia has maximum peak of 340, 440, and 670 nm; Cladophora in wavelenght of 340, 415, 435, 470, and 665 nm ; and Dictyosphaeria in wavelenght between 330-370, 415, 435, 470, and 665 nm of macroalgae samples; Padina in wavelenght of 340, 380, 440, 665 ; Gelidiella between 305-345 nm ; Gracilaria in wavelenght 330 nm ; Laurencia in wavelength between 310-340, 500, 550, 625, and 680 nm ; and Amphiroa in wavelenght 330 dan 400 nm. Besides, polar extraction using distilled water of Rhodhophyta showed maximum absorption peak of genus Gelidiella between 330-340, 410, and 665 nm; Gracilaria between 330-345, 410, 565, 665 nm ; Laurencia between 330-345, 435, and 665 nm ; and Amphiroa in wavelenght 335, 415, and 665 nm. Based on the results, it could be concluded that Chlorophyta has chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid; Phaeophyta has chlorophyll a, b, and, c; and Rhodophyta has chlorophyll a, carotenoid, and phycoeritrine.

Keywords :, macroalgae, Gunung Kidul, pigment, spectrophotometry
THE EFFECT OF GLUCOSE AND LIGHT QUALITY ON SEED GERMINATION, VITAMIN E AND CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT OF GREEN BEAN SPROUT (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilcz.)
Authors: Dewi Kumala , _ Parmi
Published: September 2015

Environmental factors such as the existence of exogenous sugar and light quality during seed germination may affect the growth and quality of seedlings. This experiment was aimed to evaluate the effect of glucose and light quality on seed germination percentage, vitamine E and chlorophyll content in green bean sprout (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilcz). The experiment design used was 5x5 factorial. The main factor was glucose concentration which consisted of 5 levels (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2.5% or 5 %). The second factor was variation of light quality which consists of 3 different light spectrums namely blue, red or green as well as sunlight and dark condition. Seeds were selected, sterilized and germinated in a petridish containing various level of glucose. Fourty seeds were germinated in each petridish and 5 replicates were used per treatment. Petridish with seeds in it were then placed in a growth chamber having different light quality (blue, red or green), under dark condition or light condition. Growth parameters observed were germination percentage and height of bean sprout. In addition, vitamine E and chlorophyll conten were determined using spectrophotometer. Data were analyzed by using analysis of variance (ANAVA) and followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at significant level of 5%. The results showed that increasing glucose content caused reduction in the germination percentage and height of bean sprouts whereas green and blue light also reduced seed germination. The vitamine E content in green bean sprout grown under red and blue light was relatively similar compared to those grown under sunlight or dark condition, however, green light decreased the vitamine E content in green bean sprout. In addition, the existence of glucose and light quality influenced chlorophyll content in green bean sprout.

Keywords : glucose, light quality, green bean, vitamine E, chlorophyll content.
SIMPLE SCREENING FOR POTENTIAL CHRYSENE DEGRADING FUNGI
Authors: Hidayat Asep , Tachibana Sanro
Published: September 2015

Chrysene is a class of organic compounds, arranged in four benzene rings, and a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), It has been found to have a variety of toxicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, and carcinogenicity on microorganisms, plants and animals in environment. Nowadays, the most attention on degradation of PAHs is investigating degradation of high-molecular-weight molecules. However, microbes which have ability to degrade PAHs containing more than three benzene rings are more difficult to be obtained. In order to provide chrysene degrading fungi, this study was conducted for screening, and isolating the fungi from soil, and hence investigating the selected fungi having high chrysene degradation activity. From the 62 soil samples collected from Matsuyama-Japan, 92 isolates were found and 20 isolates of them grew well in Malt extract media contaminated with chrysene (covered up 90%). Among them, a fungus, Fusarium sp. has the highest activity to degrade chrysene compared to others screened fungi. This fungus was evaluated further on liquid medium from distilled water and sea water to confirm their validity in degrading chrysene. The result showed that Fusarium sp. F092 degraded 48% of chrysene, where the chrysene degradation showed no differences at salinity of 35o/oo. The effect of variation of enzymes activities on incubation times was evaluated simultaneously. When the fungus was grown in a liquid culture, the highest activity of 1,2-dioxygenase reached 203.5 UL-1 were observed on 30 days incubation and 29.7 Ul-1 for 2,3-dioxygenase on 40 days incubation. The products of chrysene degradation by Fusarium sp. F092 are, 1-hydroxy 2-napthoic acid and catechol. In conclusion, Fusarium sp. F092 shows a high potential activity degrade PAHs contamination .

Keywords: Screening, chrysene, bioegradation, Fusarium sp. F092
DEVELOPMENT OF DNA BIOSENSOR BASED ON SILVER NANOPARTICLES UV-Vis ABSORPTION SPECTRA FOR Escherichia coli DETECTION
Authors: Chrisnasari Ruth , Wijaya Antonius Loren , Purwanto Maria Goretti Marianti
Published: September 2015

In this research we reported the synthesis of oligonucleotide-silver nanoparticle (OSN) conjugates and demonstrated their use along with magnetic beads as biosensor for Escherichia coli detection under magnetic field condition. Oligonucleotide DNA probes were conjugated on silver nanoparticles using alkanethiols linker. Two kinds of alkanethiols linker, 11-mercaptoundodecanoic acid (11-MUDA) and 16-mercaptophexadecanoic acid (16-MHDA) were compared to get the best probe conjugation yield and OSN UV-Vis absorption spectra properties. Three different methods of Escherichia coli DNA isolation i.e. Chen and Kuo (1993), Phenol Chloroform Isoamylalcohol (PCI) extraction and boiling lysis were also compared to explore the performance of the biosensor towards the DNA target purity. Detection process through hybridization between the DNA probe and the target was carried out at 55oC for 1 hour incubation time. The results showed that 16-MHDA gave higher conjugation yield and higher OSN UV-Vis absorption spectra than 11-MUDA. The biosensor was able to detect the presence of the DNA target which was isolated from the three isolation methods. The best detection signal was achieved by Chen and Kuo isolation method in which it could detect the presence of the DNA target up to 1.3 ng/µL.

Keywords: DNA biosensor, Silver Nanoparticles, Escherichia coli
INDUCTION OF IN VITRO FLOWERING OF INDONESIAN WILD ORCHID, Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Blume
Authors: Semiarti Endang , Mercuriani Ixora S. , Slamet Agus , Sulistyaningsih Bekti , Bestari I. A. P. , Jang Soenghoe. , Machida Y. , Machida C.
Published: September 2015

Orchids are generally cultivated for their flower. To induce flower initiation in Phalaenopsis amabilis orchid, genetic and physiological approaches were developed. Genetic modification by insertion of P. amabilis Flowering Locus T (PaFT) gene driven by Ubiquitin promoter into orchid genome using Agrobacterium tumefaciens, whereas physiological approach was conducted by the use of growth regulators: N6­benzyladenine (BA) (1, 3, 9) mg.L-1 or gibberellic acid (GA3) (5, 10, 15) mg.L-1 alone or in combination in culture medium. Orchid seeds were sown on New Phalaenopsis (NP) medium for 8 weeks, then subcultured on NP liquid medium + BA + GA3 with shaking for 9 weeks. Developping protocorms were spread on NP solid medium, then supplemented with NP liquid medium + BA + GA3 (5:2). Cultures were maintained at 25oC with a photoperiod of 8 hrs light/16 hrs dark. For genetic transformation, 3 weeks old protocorms were immersed overnight in cultures of A. tumefaciens with T-DNA harboring Ubipro::PaFT and Hygromycin phosphotransferase (HPT) gene as selectable marker. Phenotypic analysis was carried out from 5-20 plants, each of them was observed for leaf and root number and lengths, comparing with untreated plants. Shoots with normal phenotype were generated from all treatments. RT-PCR analysis from 3 plants each of 4 weeks-24 months old-WT plants, 6 months old phytohormone treated plants and also 12 and 24 months old transgenic plants showed that POH1 juvenile gene transcript can be detected at juvenile stage of WT and PaFT mRNA was expressed in late stage after 6 months old WT plants. In all phytohormone treated plants and transgenic orchid both POH1 anf PaFT transcripts can be detected in 5, 12 and 24-months old plants, but no flower initiation was occurred. It indicates that post transcriptional inhibition might be occurred, and it needs to be explored.

Keywords: in vitro, flower, PaFT, growth regulators, Orchids
THE COMPUTATION OF CYCLIC PEPTIDE WITH PROLIN-PROLIN BOND AS FUSION INHIBITOR OF DENV ENVELOPE PROTEIN THROUGH MOLECULAR DOCKING AND MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATION
Authors: Parikesit Arli Aditya , . Hilyatuzzahroh , Nugroho Andreas S , Hapsari Amalia , Tambunan Usman Sumo Friend
Published: September 2015

A disease that caused by dengue virus (DENV) has become the major health problem of the world. Nowadays, no effective treatment is available to overcome the disease due to the level of dengue virus pathogeneses. A novel treatment method such as antiviral drug is highly necessary for coping with the dengue disease. Envelope protein is one of the non-structural proteins of DENV, which engaged in the viral fusion process. It penetrates into the host cell to transfer its genetic material into the targeted cell followed by replication and establishment of new virus. Thus, the envelope protein can be utilized as the antiviral inhibitor target. The fusion process is mediated by the conformational change in the protein structure from dimer to trimer state. The previous research showed the existing cavity on the dimer structure of the envelope protein. The existing ligand could get into cavity of the envelope protein, stabilize the dimer structure or hamper the transition of dimer protein into trimer. In this fashion, the fusion process can be prevented. The aim of this research is designing the cyclic peptide with prolin-prolin bond as fusion inhibitor of DENV envelope protein through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation. The screening of 3,883 cyclic peptides, each of them connected by prolin-prolin bond, through molecular docking resulted in five best ligands. The result showed that PYRRP was the best ligand. PAWRP was also chosen as the best ligand because it showed good affinity with protein cavity. Stability of ligand-protein complex was analyzed by molecular dynamics simulation. The result showed that PYRRP ligand was able to support the stability of DENV envelope protein dimer structure at 310 K and 312 K. While PAWRP ligand actively formed complex with the DENV envelope protein at 310 K compared to 312 K. Thus the PYRRP ligand has a potential to be developed as DENV fusion inhibitor.

Keywords: dengue, envelope protein, fusion process, cavity, cyclic peptide, molecular docking, molecular dynamics
DIVERSITY OF MICROBIAL ENDOPHYTES IN THE STEM AND STEM WATER OF Ceiba pentandra
Authors: Pratiwi Rina Hidayati
Published: September 2015

Ceiba pentandra (Kapok trees) serve the purpose of drug which we know as tribal medicine. Based on research before, most of secondary metabolites were found in the stem and stem water of C. pentandra which could produce antimicrobial compounds against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Nevertheless, little is known about the diversity of endophytic microorganisms inhabit the stem and stem water of C. pentandra and their potential to produce bioactive compounds. The purpose of this work was to know the diversity of endophytic microorganisms inhabited the stem and stem water of C. pentandra. The microbes were isolated from the stem and stem water of C. pentandra. The endophytes were characterized based on the morphology appearance of the microbial endophytes microscopical and macroscopical. From the samples of stem water, 278 isolates of the microbial endophytes grew at NA medium and 31-257 isolates at PDA medium whereas from stem, 4 isolates of the microbial endophytes grew at NA medium and 2 isolates at PDA medium. When identified morphologically and biochemically, only 7 colonies at stem water and 5 colonies at stem had showed identifiable differences. Among the microbial group the most frequently in endophytic association with stem water may it be khamir. Meanwhile, bacteria was the most frequently in endophytic association with stem. This research indicated that culturable endophytes in the stem and stem water of C. pentandra were very diverse. Microbial endophytes are suggested as an outstanding source of bioactive natural products that could be useful for medicines.

Keywords: Ceiba pentandra, microbial endophytes, diversity
CCR5Δ32 POLYMORPHISM NOT DETECTED IN HIV PATIENTS IN VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING MOEWARDI GENERAL HOSPITAL SURAKARTA, INDONESIA
Authors: Sari Yulia , Haryati Sri , Redhono Dhani , Prasetyo Afiono Agung
Published: September 2015

Background: The CCR5.32 polymorphism (a naturally occurring 32-bp deletion in CCR5) influences the ability of HIV-1 to infect the target cells. Homozygosity for CCR5.32 prevents infection of HIV-1 R5 strain, while the heterozygous is associated with lower plasma viral load and delayed progression to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, there is no report about the presentation of CCR5.32 polymorphisms in Indonesian HIV patients. The aim of this study is to detect CCR5.32 polymorphisms in Indonesian HIV patients, especially in Voluntary Counseling and Testing Moewardi General Hospital Surakarta, Indonesia. In an ongoing molecular epidemiology study of blood borne virus, 154 HIV patients in Moewardi General Hospital Surakarta were used for the study. The blood samples were collected during November – December 2011. The blood samples were aliquoted and fractionated. The DNA was extracted from all blood samples, and subjected for the PCR assay to detect the presentation of CCR5.32 polymorphisms. Internal amplification control was included in all assays. PCR products were analyzed in 3% agarose. The results showed that CCR5.32 polymorphism was not detected in all blood samples. So it can be concluded that all patients in this study had the CCR5 wild type.

Keywords: CCR5.32, HIV, Indonesia.
TORQUE TENO VIRUS/TOXOPLASMA/HIV TRIPLE INFECTION DETECTED IN HIV PATIENTS IN MOEWARDI GENERAL HOSPITAL SURAKARTA, INDONESIA
Authors: . Hartono , Dharmawan Ruben , Redhono Dhani , Prasetyo Afiono Agung
Published: September 2015

Torque Teno Virus infection (TTV) was reported increase in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients who are progressing toward AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). Toxoplasmosis is considered one of the opportunistic infections for individuals with AIDS, and is also a major cause of morbidity and mortality. However, there is no report about the presence of triple infection of TTV/Toxoplasma/HIV in Indonesian HIV patients. Aim of this study is to determine the TTVToxoplasma/HIV infection status in HIV patients in Moewardi General Hospital Surakarta, Indonesia. Blood samples from 51 HIV patients in Moewardi General Hospital Surakarta were collected in November 2011. The blood samples were aliquoted and fractionated. Plasma was used for IgM anti Toxoplasma and IgG anti Toxoplasma detection using ELISA. The nucleic acid was extracted from all plasma samples, and then subjected for Torque Teno Virus DNA detection using nested PCR assay. The positive results were confirmed by sequencing of the PCR products. The IgM anti Toxoplasma and IgG anti Toxoplasma were positively detected in 23.5% (12/51) and 11.8% (6/ 51) HIV patients, respectively. Torque Teno Virus DNA was detected in 25.5% (13/51) patients. Three HIV patients co-infected with Torque Teno Virus were IgM anti Toxoplasma positive (5.9%, 3/51). This results indicate the need for adequate management of HIV patients, especially in the incident of triple infection of TTV/Toxoplasma/HIV.

Keywords: Torque Teno Virus, Toxoplasma, HIV, Indonesia.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN-G ANTI-Toxoplasma gondii ANTIBODIES CONCENTRATION IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD SAMPLES AMONG MALE COMMERCIAL SEX WORKER IN SURAKARTA
Authors: Wanahari Tenri Ashari , Dirgahayu Paramasari , Sari Yulia , Prasetyo Afiono Agung , Kageyama Seiji , . Murkati , Dharmawan Ruben , Kusumawati Asmarani
Published: September 2015

Primary prevention of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection among high risk-community of HIV transmission is very essential. The goal of the study was as preliminary study to quantify Immunoglobulin-G (IgG) anti-T. gondi protein concentration in peripheral blood samples among male CSW in Surakarta, Indonesia. In cross sectional study, peripheral blood samples of thirty male CSW in Surakarta were collected, and determined for IgG anti-T. gondii using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Then we conducted three statistical modeling approach using simple linear regression model, to predict the IgG protein concentration (Y) from each IgG index measurement (X). IgG index measurement was determined by dividing samples optical density (O.D) and cut-off calibrator O.D (O.D was measured in spectrophotometer). The models were Y1 = 21.3*X1 – 4.3 (for the range between 0.2 to 1.7 of IgG index), Y2 = 85.0*X2 – 112.5 (between 1.7 to 2.5 of IgG index), and Y3 = 666.7*X3 – 1566.7 (for more than 2.5 of IgG index). Pearson correlation analysis was used to measure relationship between IgG antibodies concentration and age (p
<0.05 was considered as significant). All data analysis was done using STATA® 12 statistical software and Python® 3.3 programming software. The result showed that by fitting linear regression model, we found high titer (more than 300 IU/ml) of IgG anti-T.gondii among 20% of male CSW. About 13.33% of them had moderate titer 100 – 300 IU/ml of IgG antibodies, and 66.67% of them had less than 100 IU/ml of IgG antibodies titer. There was mild negative correlation between IgG antibodies titers with age, but it was not significant. The present study was the first finding reported IgG anti-T. gondii concentration status among male commercial sex worker in Indonesia, indicating of a need more public health promotion for primary prevention of toxoplasmosis among this community.

Keywords: Immunoglobulin-G concentration, Toxoplasma gondii, Male commercial sex worker, Indonesia, Linear regression
EFFECT OF BIOACTIVE FROM Phyllathus niruri ON BEFORE AND DURING INFECTION OF Plasmodium berghei IN MICE
Authors: Kesetyaningsih Tri Wulandari , Sundari Sri
Published: September 2015

Malaria is a health problem in many countries, including Indonesia. The problem is diffi­cult to be solved due to resistance on many antimalarial drugs. Therefore, alternative treat­ment is needed to be developed. Phyllanthus niruri before infection can increase the activ­ity of macrophages in mice were infected by Plasmodium berghei but there has been no research after infection. This study aims to compare the effect of P. niruri between before and after infection with malaria. 

 
DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF MACROALGAE IN INTERTIDAL ZONE OF DRINI BEACH, GUNUNGKIDUL, DIY
Authors: Pratama Wiga , Dewi Shinta C. , Sari Ihda Z.R. , Hardiyati Anisa , Wajong Allan E.
Published: September 2015

Macroalgae is a macroscopic algae living in the intertidal zone. Based on the dominant pigment algae can be divided into 3 groups, there are Chlorophyta (green algae), Phaeophyta (brown algae), and Rhodophyta (red algae). Macroalgae have ecological and economic roles that are beneficial for humans. This research aims to study of distribution and abundance of macroalgae in the intertidal zone of Drini Beach, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta. The study was conducted on June 8, 2013. Data were collected using plot method with 100 x 100 cm2 quadratic plot at 17 sampling points. Measurement of physicochemical parameters in each sampling point including salinity, air temperature and water temperature. Data analysis was performed by calculating the percent cover of each type macroalgae. The results showed that macroalgae were found consist of 9 types of Rhodophyta, 7 types of Chlorophyta and 2 types of Phaeophyta. The highest abundance of macroalgae was Rhodophyta (50,76%), followed by Chlorophyta (43,37%) and the lowest one was Phaeophyta (5,88%). The highest abundance of macroalgae species is Chaetomorpha crassa (26,91%) and the lowest one is Gigartina sp. (0,02%).

Keywords: Distribution, Abundance, Macroalgae, Intertidal
MACROALGAL ABUNDANCE IN INTERTIDAL ZONE OF SARANGAN BEACH, GUNUNGKIDUL, DIY
Authors: Hadisusanto Suwarno , Dewi Shinta Candra , Meilianda Afra , Haryatfrehni Riswi , Sari Ihda Zuyina Ratna
Published: September 2015

Sarangan beach has high biodiversity of macroalgae. Macroalgae has an important role as primary producer for herbivorous marine animals, potentially as biomonitoring, and pollutant bioremediation. As benthic organisms, macroalgae grows attached rocky or reef substrate in intertidal zone. These research aimed to study the macroalgal abundance in Sarangan Beach and influence factors of it. This study is important for local government as a reference to manage and develop the coastal areas of Gunungkidul. Sampling was conducted in 2012-2013 start from determination of the sampling point with line transect then collect data using quadrat plots 100 x 100 cm2 size, seawater nutrient analysis, species identification, and data calculation. The results showed that there were 14 species of Chlorophyta, 4 species of Phaeophyta, and 17 species of Rhodophyta. Enteromorpha intestinalis has a highest abundance, then Ulva fasciata, and Cladophora catenata. Analysis of correlation and regression showed that nutrient levels doesn’t affect the macroalgal abundance in Sarangan Beach. Based on result, the limiting factor of macroalgal abundance in Sarangan Beach is substrate.

Keywords: Abundance, Macroalgae, Sarangan Beach, Substrate
THE EFFECT OF ORGANIC MATTER AND INDIGENOUS BACTERIA IN REHABILITATION OF EX- NICKEL MINE AREA
Authors: . Sariwahyuni
Published: September 2015

This research was aimed to examine the influence of organic matter and indigenous bacteria in rehabilitating the ex-nickel mine area. This research was conducted from August 2012to January 2013 at ex-nickel mine area PT Inco Sorowako South Sulawesi by means of splits plot design technique. Organic matter was set as the main plot and phosphate solvent bacteria, metal reducing bacteria were set assubplotandsub-subplot respectively. Organic matter400 g/polybag(19ton/ha), Pseudomonasaeruginosa2x106cells /ml and Bacillusmegaterium2x106cells /mlwith a dose of20ml/plant were able to reduce the concentration ofNi(II) by 25.83%, increasephospat availability 42.355%, increase thesoilpH from 4.19to 7.5(44.13%) and provide improvedseedsweight 100%.

Keywords: Organic matter, indigenous bacteria, Nickel toxicity and Phosphate availability
THE SIGHTING REPORT OFJAVAN HAWK-EAGLE (Nisaetus bartelsi) IN THE AREA OF KONDANG MERAK, MALANG REGENCY, INDONESIA
Authors: Ardiansyah Muhammad , Pramudita Haris Eka , Cahyono Heru , Hermadhiyanti Windri , Arifiantari Rani , Sa’adah Ana , Ramadhani Charina , Retnaningtyas Riri Wiyanti , Diwanata Bima
Published: September 2015

Kondang Merak is one of tourism destination located in southern coast of Malang Regency. This area consists of tropical rainforest and teak forest. The birds’ diversity in this area is rich, including the Javan Hawk-Eagle (Nisaetus bartelsi). This species is one of Java’s endemic species that is endangered and protected by the government. This bird’s population decreases due to habitat degradation, poaching, and illegal trading. This research is held to collect data about the Javan Hawk-Eagle’s presence in Kondang Merak to support the conservation efforts in that region. The method used in this research is observation in several points of which the landscape conditions is estimated to match with the Javan Hawk-Eagle’s habitat criteria. The Javan Hawk-Eagle was found at three different times in one of our observation area.

Keywords: Nisaetus bartelsi, Kondang Merak
THE CACAO FLOWER VISITOR INSECTS DIVERSITY AND THEIR POTENTIALITIES AS POLLINATORS
Authors: Tarmadja Samsuri
Published: September 2015

The cacao flower is beautiful, but small in size, unique in another way, and it has no smell. There a reason that bees do not attracted for pollinating the cacao flowers. Study on the diversities of flower visitor insects and their potentialities as pollinators was conducted on smallholder cacao plantations at Gumawang-Puthat village, Pathuksubdistrict of Gunungkidul in October 2012 to January 2013. First, field observations on 10 open flowers per plant and 10 plants per period. Second, we placed yellow paper sticky-traps on flowering sections of cacao trunks, collecting insects that became entangled. The results showed that eight species of insects visited cacao flowers. The largest populations occur in the rainy season. Aphid Toxopteraaurantii, mealy bug Planococcuslilacinus, black ants (Dolichoderusbituberculatus), Crematogaster ants and ngangrang (Anoplolepislongipes), were common cacao flower visitor, but not all role as pollinators. Aphid was potential as pollinator for self compatible clones. Mealy bug infested as pest on cushion and stalk of flower. Black ants, Crematogaster ants, and ngangrangas symbionts of aphids and mealy bug and also no act as pollinators. Drosophila flies as flower visitors, but only outside sepal and not into the petal sac and style. Only midges Cecidomyiid and Ceratopogonid were potential as pollinators, due to the body size, character of morphology and activity in the flower were proportionate as pollinator.

Keywords: Insect diversity, visitor and pollinator, cacao
PATTERNS OF Coptotermes sp. TERMITE ATTACK ON Shorea leprosula Miq IN KHDTK SEBULU, EAST KALIMANTAN
Authors: Fernandes Andrian , . Ngatiman
Published: September 2015

Red meranti (Shorea leprosula Miq) as a major commercial timber has been widely planted in Dipterocarp forests. Coptotermes sp. termite often attacks S. leprosula Miq to its death, but the attack patterns are unknown. This research aims to get data on the frequency, intensity, and patterns of Coptotermes sp. attack in KHDTK Sebulu, East Kalimantan. Methods used were observation, recording, and mapping on S. leprosula Miq trees attacked by termites in KHDTK Sebulu. The results showed that the frequency of termite attacks on S. leprosula Miq in KHDTK Sebulu was 6.4-30.5% and termite attacks intensity was 4.7-22.1%. Termite attack patterns tended to spread and were followed by the formation of the nest to produce colonies.

Keywords : S. Leprosula Miq plant, Coptotermes sp.,attack frequency, attack intensity, attack pattern.
STUDY OF BUTTERFLY SPECIES AT KONDANG MERAK BEACH SOUTHERN MALANG AREA
Authors: Sari Herlina Putri Endah , Rahayu Sofia Ery , . Masjhudi , Fauziah Fury
Published: September 2015

There are many variants of butterfly species living at Kondang Merak beach Southern Malang, Indonesia, but the information about their diversity has notbeen available yet. This research aimed to determine the diversity of butterfly species at Kondang Merak beach. This research was conducted in April 2013. The butterfly was captured using insect nett with standart walk method. This research found the total of 40 butterflies species belong to 5 families, i.e. Pieridae (15 species), Nymphalidae (14 species), Papilionidae (5 spesies), Lycaenidae (5 spesies) and Hesperidae (1 species). Ideopsis juventa from family of Nymphalidae is the most abundant species in this area. Further research is necessary in order to provide more complete database about the diversity of butterfly at Kondang Merak beach.

Keywords: Butterfly, Lepidoptera, Kondang Merak beach
DIVERSITY OF EXINE’S ORNAMENTAL CHARACTER STUDIES IN FERN AND FLOWERING PLANT
Authors: Sari Septi Kurniama , Azizah Nur , Ananda Rizqy Amalia , Ratih Kristin Kusuma
Published: September 2015

Pollen or pollen wall consists of two layers, namely exine and intine. Exine (outer layer) composed of sporopolenin, and intine (inner layer) composed of cellulose. Pollen wall structure, especially the Exine, is one of the characters used for identification. The shape and type of pollen or spores of each specific plant species. Exine’s ornamentation have variations in form and structure. That like are thorns, scratches, basins and other types of ornamentation. Pollen and spore sampling is done randomly in some plants that are supposed to represent members berspora ferns (Asplenium nidus, Platycerium bifurcatum, and Microsorum diversifolium) and pollen of flowering plants (Ipomea sp., Tridax procumben. And flowers Crinum asiaticum). Spores of Asplenium nidus to have a corrugate apertura monocalpalae with ornaments. Platycerium bifurcatum spores aperture shape gemenete dicolpale with ornaments, while the spores Microsorum diversifolium has the form apertura psilatum dicolpalae with ornaments. Polen has Tridax procumben apertura echinatus peripole with ornaments, Ipomea sp. has the form apertura saculate peripole with ornaments, while the Crinum asiaticum has the form apertura clevate peripole with ornaments. The diversity of spore of plant species in nature have affect the diversity of forms of ornamentation owned.

Keywords: Diversity, exine, ornament’s type, spores and pollen.
ORCHID RE-INVENTORY IN PEGUNUNGAN MENOREH, PREFECTURE PROVINCE OF KULONPROGO, D.I. YOGYAKARTA
Authors: Lawrie M.D. , Putri S.P.M. , Pangesti H. , Dewi D.M. , Khalsum U.
Published: September 2015

Pegunungan Menoreh is one area with high orchid diversity. In this area, have a suitable climate for growing orchids. The last research was conducted by Nugroho et al. (2010) in Pegunungan Menoreh that found 11 species orchid. However, it was still potentially to found more orchid. This research has been carried out on May 2011- November 2012 after last inventory on 2010. The aim of this research is to complete the basic data of orchid diversity in Pegunungan Menoreh, Kulonprogo, D.I. Yogyakarta. This research was done by explorative method in Baladewa, Bukit Krengseng, Ngasinan and Watublencong. The results showed 19 orchid species from 17 genera consists of 6 terrestrial species, 2 saprophyte species, 10 epiphytic species and 1 amoebophyte species. The terrestrial species were Arundina graminifolia (D. Don) Hochr., Dienia ophrydis(J. König) Seidenf., Malaxis sp., Nervilia aragoana Commons ex Gaudich., Spathoglottis plicata Blume and Vanilla planifolia Jacks. Ex Andrews. The saprophyte species were Didymoplexis pallens Griff. and Epipogium roseum(D. Don) Lindl. The epiphyte species were Acriopsis lilifolia (Koenig) Ormerod, Appendicula ramosa Blume.,Cymbidium sp., Dendrobium mutabile Blume (Lindl.), D. crumenatum Swartz, Eria retusa (Blume) Rchb.f., E.Javanica (Sw.) Blume, Flickingeria fimbriata(Blume) A.D. Hawkes, Liparis condylobulbon Rchb.f. and Oberonia sp. The amoebophytes was Zeuxine gracillis.

Keywords : orchid diversity, Pegunungan Menoreh, re-inventory
THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE WHITE-BELLIED SEA EAGLE (Haliaeetus leucogaster) BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Retnaningtyas Riri Wiyanti , Hermadhiyanti Windri , Rahayu Dwi Anggorowati , Listyorini Dwi
Published: September 2015

The white-bellied sea eagle, Haliaeetus leucogaster, is one of the top predators living in the coastal area of Indonesia. This species has the range of distribution in all across Indonesian archipelago. However, this raptor population decreases particularly in the Java southern seas due to illegal hunts and the decreasing quality of their natural habitat. Meanwhile, this species is still poorly studied in Indonesia. This research focuses on the identification of Haliaeetus leucogaster by means of morphometrical analysis in regards to the conservation of this species. The method used in this research is by measuring morphometrical characteristics according to Rahmat (2009) including wing span, body weight, total length, total wing length, wing width, patagial width tail length, tarsus length and depth, talons with claws and without claws, claws, culmen with cere and without cere, culmen height and width, inter-pupil distance, iris color, primairy wing feather number, secondary wing feather number and the number of tail feathers.

Keywords: Haliaeetus leucogaster, morphological characteristics
SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF 18s DNA OF Melosira sp., Dunaliella sp., Isochrysis sp. AND Porphyridium sp.
Authors: Kusumawati Lucia , Wahyudi Ruben , Pinontoan Reinhard , Panggabean Maria Gorreti Lily
Published: September 2015

Phytoplankton has high level of biodiversity. In previous years phytoplankton was identified by their morphological characters. However, their morphology might change in different environments. These difficulties can be overcome by comparing their 18S rDNA sequences. This research is aimed to verify the identity of Melosira sp., Dunaliella sp., Isochrysis sp. and Porphyridium sp. Here, PCR method was used to amplify 18s DNA sequences. Three primer pairs were used, i.e. 18S-F and 18S-R; 501F and 1700R; 18S-2F and 18S-2R. PCR products were sequenced. MEGA5 was used to make phylogenetic tree. Genus verification for Isochrysis sp., Dunaliella sp. and Melosira sp. were conducted successfully using Blast and phylogenetic tree. 18s DNA sequence of Porphyridium sp. shows an interesting result and needs further verification.

Keywords: Phytoplankton, Melosira sp., Dunaliella sp., Isochrysis sp., Porphyridium sp.
DAILY ACTIVITIES OF BALI MYNA (Leucopsar rothschildi) AT BALI MYNA GUIDANCE CENTER, TEGAL BUNDER, BALI BARAT NATIONAL PARK
Authors: Setyaningrum Arista , Noviyani Pipit , Suripto Bambang Agus
Published: September 2015

Bali Myna (Leucopsar rothschildi) is Bali’s endemic bird. Their number is decreasing gradually in the wild (Balen et al., 2000). Its bright color of white feather and blue skin that surrounded its eye have made them easy to be hunted when it perched on abranch. Bali Myna was classified as endangered species by International Union of Conservation and Natural resources (IUCN) in 1977 (Whitten et al. 1999). There is a captive breeding in Tegal Bunder, Bali Barat National Park (BBNP) called Bali Myna Guidance Centre to increase wild population as an effort to prevent extinction. There, its conditions should be monitored regularly to keep them in prime condition, before being released for breeding purpose. Their condition could be controlled by monitoring their daily activities.
THE EFFECT OF SALINITY TO ACTIVITY AND EFFECTIVITY PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZING BACTERIA ON GROWTH AND PRODUCTION OF PADDY
Authors: Widawati Sri
Published: September 2015

This study aimed to determine the extent of phosphate solubilizing bacteria resistant to salinity and still be able to provide P for paddy plant. Research using completely randomized design with fertilizer treatments:
(A) Bakteri Aerobacter aerogenes + Azotobacter indicus (B) Bakteri Bacillus thuringiensis + B. megaterium
+ Pseudomonas fluorescens, (C) Bakteri Nocardia mesentrica + Spirillum lipoferum, (D) Mix bakteri Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus thuringiensis, B. megaterium, Nocardia mesentrica, Aerobacter aerogenes, Spirillum lipoferum, dan Azotobacter indicus, and (E) control (whitout inoculant), and salinity (NaCl): (1) 0% (0 grams / 7 kg soil), (2) 0.1% (7 grams / 7 kg soil), (3) 0.2% (14 g / 7 kg soil), (4) 0.3% (21 g / 7 kg soil), and (5) 0 , 4% (28 g / 7 kg soil). Thirty and one hundred days after transplanting (DAT), and then measured plant height, number of tillers, number and dry weight of whole grain paddy. The results showed that 0,1 % (7 gram/7 kg tanah) salinity is very good for the growth, activity and effectiveness of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and production of paddy, but 0.4% salinity (28 gr/7kg land) is still safe on the growth, activity and effectiveness of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus thuringiensis,
B. megaterium, Nocardia mesentrica, Aerobacter aerogenes, spirillum lipoferum and Azotobacter indicus) as biofertilizer or growth promoting rhizobacteria on growth and production of paddy.

Keywords: Salinity, Phosphate solubilizing bacteria, Paddy
IN VITRO SELECTION ON FUSARIC ACID OF Vanilla planifolia PLANTLETS FOR OBTAINING A CULTIVAR, WHICH RESISTANT TO Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vanillae
Authors: Nurcahyani E. , Suharyanto E. , Hadisutrisno B. , Sumardi I.
Published: September 2015

The most production constrain on Vanilla planifolia Andrews plantation recently has been caused by foot rot disease that later influence in decreasing the yield product. This disease is caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vanillae (Fov). So far, the disease has not been successfully prohibited although some experiments had been conducted. The use of foot rot resistant cultivar has been introduced, which expected has high yield as one alternative method for controlling this disease. A resistant vanilla plantlet to Fov has been initiated by in vitro selection on MS medium containing fusaric acid (FA) on selective concentration. The purpose of research were to study and determine: 1) The proper combination of 2,4-D and NAA for callus initiation and shoot development from shoot tip explants, along with proper concentration of BAP for shoots initiation from nodal explants; 2) The FA concentration of plantlet selection tolerant to steady growth; 3) The proper concentration of FA for in vitro selection for suppressing the Fov. Results showed that: 1) the proper concentration of both combination between 2,4-D and NAA is about 2,0 mg/L and 10 mg/L respectively for callus initiation and shoot development from shoot tip explants; also the BA concentration is 1,0 mg/L for shoot initiation from a nodal explants; 2) the FA tolerant concentration for plantlet selection with vanilla steady growth is between 90 ppm-110 ppm; 3) the 110 ppm of FA was effective for suppressing the Fov compared to 90 ppm and 100 ppm respectively.

Keywords: Vanilla planifolia Andrews, the vanilla foot rot disease, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vanillae, in vitro, fusaric acid
SUMPIL SILAGE (Faunus ater) AS HIGH PROTEIN FISH FEED ATRACTANT FOR INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY OF FISHERIES
Authors: Haryatfrehni Riswi , Aulia Rahadyan , . Ihlas , Wibowo Cahyo A. , S.T. Woro Anindito
Published: September 2015

The increase in fish feed demands caused extra fee. Hence it needs to be done diversification of fish feed. Silage are food additives which function as attractants to increase appetite. Sumpil (Faunus ater) are abundance mangrove pests that contain protein. This study aims to utilize sumpil silage as fish food attractant and increase its protein content. Silage was made by mixing sumpil meat and acid of sauerkraut. Silage was incubated for 0, 4, 7, and 11 days and then measured levels of protein with Lowry-Folin method. The highest levels were found in silage of 7 days incubation, which is 153.99 mg/mL. The highest protein level silage mixed with the fish feed. Red tilapia maintained for 3 weeks and was given five treatments and three replications, namely feed A (high protein), feed B (protein medium), feed B+silage 1%, feed B+3% silage, and feed B+silage 5%. The parameters observed were body weight and body length after feed treatment. The results showed that the average weight of fish treatmented by feed B+silage 1% and 3% are greater than the treatment of feed B only but not greater than the treatment of feed A, although the difference was not significant. While the average length of fish relatively the same. On the other hand most rapid response was found in fish treated with feed B+silage 5%. Based on the results, sumpil silage are potential as attractant that could increase fish productivity.

Keywords: Silage, sumpil, feed, attractants, protein
IDENTIFICATION OF BULBING HORMONE GENES IN ONION (Allium cepa)
Authors: Tagashira Minami , Kaneta Tsuyoshi
Published: September 2015

Initiation of onion (Allium cepa L.) bulb formation seems to require “bulbing hormone” which has been considered to be produced in leaf blades in response to the stimulus of long day conditions. But “bulbing hormone” is not yet identified. Previous study revealed a protein called Flowering locusT (FT) as flowering hormone, florigen. FT act for flowering by change on the day length on the higher plants. Objective of this study is identify”bulbing hormone” in onion plants. Method used in this study are cloning gene and gene expression analysis of the FT in onion plants.Full length of cDNA was cloned by the degenerate PCR and 5’­and 3’-RACE method.As a result, six kinds of full length cDNA clones for FThomologs in onion plants were obtained.These genes were named AcFT1 to6. By expression analysis of these genes, AcFT4, 5 and 6,expression increased as it got closer to a condition in long days in association with the bulbing of onion. Furthermore, in order to investigate the functions of these genes, we optimize transformation methods for onion plants. Medium containing 2,4-Dand kinetin showed high efficient plant regeneration from seed-derived callus of onion. Medium containing 2,4-D and kinetin as plant growth regulators is effective for induction of shoot-inducible callus, and advance shoots were developed from the callus on the shoot induction medium which contained thidiazuron, benzyl adenine or trans-zeatin as cytokinins. In conclusion, bulbing hormone in onion plants were possibly gene AcFT4, 5,6.

Keywords : Allium cepa L, bulbing hormone gene, Flowering locusT
Biological Test of Formulation of Subculture Helicovepa armigera Nuclear Polihedrosis Virus (HaNPV) on Mortality of Spodoptera litura Larvae infested to cabbage (Brassica oleracea Var. capitata Linn.) Plantation
Authors: Nasution Desy Efriyani Anggraeny , Miranti Mia , . Melanie
Published: September 2015

Helicoverpa armigera Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (HaNPV) is one of the biological agents that could be used for the development of organic farming in Indonesia. One of the organic agricultural food products which have high economic value is cabbage, HaNPV effectif to control the population of several species of insect pests, can be used instead of synthetic insecticides in agricultural development efforts of organic cabbage. HaNPV formulation can be used as a way to maintain the virulence properties of the virus and facilitate the storage and application. The preparation of subculture HaNPV formulations was in liquid, powders, cornstarch and talk carrier material. The design experimental was used randomized block design consists single factor (type HaNPV formulation consisting of powder formulations, liquid formulation, formulation in cornstarch, and talc formulation including water formulation without virus as a control), with eight replications. The results showed that all of the formulations of subculture HaNPV causing larvae mortality at range 97.4% -100%. The highest mortality of larvae occurred in cabbage plants are protected by HaNPV carrier liquid and talk preparations by 100% each.

Keywords: Formulations Helicoverpa armigera Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (HaNPV), subculture, Spodoptera litura, Brassica oleracea Var. capitata Linn.
THE SYNERGY OF BIOCHAR, COMPOST AND BIOFERTILIZER FOR DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
Authors: Antonius Sarjiya , Dewi Tirta Kumala , Osaki M.
Published: September 2015

To initiate the decomposition process need decomposer inoculants and an easily available nutrient as C sources (sugar, carbohydrate) and N sources (protein, N inorganic fertilizer). Fresh organic materials are suitable sources for all nutrient needed. Cattle manure or Urea is important N sources for the initiation of composting process. Charcoal – Ash is referring the entire remnants of a wood/bamboo burning fire. In reality, what remains after a typical fire in a bamboo or wood burning stove or fireplace is both ash and charcoal. Both ash and charcoal can offer tremendous benefits to the compost and garden soil. In order to enhance the decomposition processes and its quality of compost, addition of other valuable materials are necessary. Therefore preliminary study of synergy of biochar for composting was conducted. The field experiments were conducted in Terantang village, Sampit-Central Kalimantan and laboratory analysis were conducted in the laboratory of ecology and physiology of microorganisms, Reserach Center for Biology Cibinong. The parameters measured were the number of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria after composting and the C/N ratio of the compost. Those all parameters were compared with natural composting (control). The significant higher number of PGPR and better quality of final compost of treated biochar were observed. In this paper, more detail the effect of biochar on composting, its quality of compost and their effect on sorghum nursery will be discussed.

Keywords: biochar, compost, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, sorghum
Improving the evidence base for better comparative effectiveness research
Authors: Brophy James M
Published: September 2015

The last 20 years has documented that the evidence base for informed clinical decision-making is often suboptimal. It is hoped that high-quality comparative effectiveness research may fill these knowledge gaps. Implicit in these changing paradigms is the underlying assumption that the published evidence, when available, is valid. It is posited here that this assumption is sometimes questionable. However, several recent methods that may improve the design and analysis of comparative effectiveness research have appeared and are discussed here. Examples from the cardiology literature are provided, but it is believed the highlighted principles are applicable to other branches of medicine.