bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hatay ili soğan alanlarında yabancı otlarla mücadele yöntemleri üzerine araştırmalar
Authors: Kaya Hikmet , Üremiş İlhan
Published: April 2020

Amaç: Hatay ili soğan üretim alanlarında sorun olan yabancı otlara karşı kimyasal mücadele uygulamaları, mekanik mücadele ve kimyasal + mekanik mücadelenin etkinliklerini belirleme çalışmaları Kırıkhan ilçesinde 2015 ve 2016 yıllarında yapılmıştır.Yöntem ve Bulgular: Denemeler Tesadüf Blokları deneme deseninde 3 tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuştur. Çalışmada yabancı ot mücadelesi yapılmayan kontrol parselini de içeren 9 uygulama (çıkış öncesi Pendimethalin 450 g/l (300 ml/da), çıkış sonrası Tepraloxydim 45 g/l (100 ml/da), Quizalofop- P-ethyl 50 g/l (100 ml/da), Bentazone 480 g/l (200 ml/da), Oxyfluorfen 480 g/l (40 ml/da), Linuron 47.5 g/l (100 ml/da), Linuron 47.5 g/l (100 ml/da) + Çapa ve sadece Çapa) ele alınmıştır.Genel Yorum: Yabancı otlara karşı herbisitlerin etkileri ve soğan verim değerleri genel olarak incelendiğinde 2015,  2016 ve 2015-2016 yılları ortalamasından elde edilen en yüksek etkiler Çapa + Linuron ve sadece Çapa uygulamalarından elde edilmiştir.Çalışmanın Önemi ve Etkisi: Soğanda yabancı otlarla mücadele programı; tarladaki koşullar, yabancı ot türleri ve yoğunlukları dikkate alınarak yapılmalıdır.
Optimal Conductor Selection in Radial Distribution Systems for Productivity Improvement Using Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Legha Mahdi , Javaheri Hassan , Legha Mohammad
Published: April 2020

Development of distribution systems result in higher system losses and poor voltage regulation. Consequently, an efficient and effective distribution system has become more urgent and important. Hence proper selection of conductors in the distribution system is important as it determines the current density and the resistance of the line. This paper examines the use of different evolutionary algorithms, genetic algorithm (GA), to optimal branch conductor selection in planning radial distribution systems with the objective to minimize the overall cost of annual energy losses and depreciation on the cost of conductors and reliability in order to improve productivity. Furthermore, The Backward-Forward sweep iterative method was adopted to solve the radial load flow analysis. Simulations are carried out on 69-bus radial distribution network using GA approach in order to show the accuracy as well as the efficiency of the proposed solution technique.
STATCOM for Dynamic Performance Optimization of Grid Connected Wind Power System
Authors: AbdElHafez Ahmed , AL-Sadey Jaber , Al-Bouthigy Radwan
Published: April 2020

Large disturbances in an induction generator-based wind system necessitate rapid compensation for the reactive power. This article addresses the application of Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) in optimizing the performance of grid connected wind power system. The functionality of the static synchronous compensator in maintaining system stability and reliability during/post diverse severe disturbances is thoroughly investigated. A design procedure for STATCOM, particularly the capacitor in the DC side was advised.
PENGEMBANGAN PROFESIONALITAS GURU PENDIDIKAN ANAK USIA DINI (STUDI PADA TAMAN KANAK-KANAK ADE IRMA MATALOKO KABUPATEN NGADA)
Authors: Ita Efrida
Published: April 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan: 1) kondisi guru TKK Ade Irma, 2) pelaksanaan program pengembangan profesionalitas guru TKK Ade Irma, 3) faktor-faktor yang mendukung dan menghambat pelaksanaan program pengembangan profesionalitas guru TKK Ade Irma, dan 4) upaya-upaya yang dilakukan untuk mengatasi kendala-kendala dalam pelaksanaan program pengembangan profesionalitas guru di TKK Ade Irma. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui metode wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Subjek penelitian adalah kepala sekolah dan 2 orang guru. Analisis data menggunakan model interaktif dari Miles dan Huberman dengan komponen-komponennya, yaitu reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Keabsahan data ditentukan dengan cara triangulasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1) kondisi guru di TKK Ade Irma dilihat dari kualifikasi belum memenuhi standar. Sejumlah 2 orang guru lulusan SMU dan SMEA, 2) pelaksanaan kegiatan pengembangan profesionalitas guru belum direncanakan secara baik. Kegiatan yang telah dilaksanakan berupa kelompok kerja guru dan supervisi akademik, sedangkan kegiatan-kegiatan ilmiah lainnya tidak diikutsertakan karena beberapa hambatan, 3) hambatan-hambatan tersebut antara lain minimnya bentuk-bentuk kegiatan bagi pendidik PAUD, ketiadaan dana dari lembaga,  dan 4) Upaya-upaya yang dilakukan guna mengatasi hambatan-hambatan tersebut antara lain memberi dana bersifat pinjaman kepada guru sebagai kontribusi peserta dalam kegiatan oleh kepala sekolah, menyarankan kepada pihak dinas pendidikan untuk menyelenggarakan kegiatan atau program terutama bagi pengembangan guru PAUD, membuat perencanaan pelaksanaan pengembangan profesionalitas dan diusulkan kepada pihak yayasan, memberi penegasan dan himbauan melalui rapat komite berkaitan dengan pembayaran uang sekolah anak.
The Effect of Constant Magnetic Fields on Programmable Shunts
Authors: KURTULDU Hüseyin , ÖZGEDE Büşra
Published: April 2020

The valve pressure settings of the programmable shunt
valves may be changed undesirably in the high magnetic field environments, and
in many cases, these changes are not noticeable. Recent studies have shown that
this effect increases in parallel with the increasing diversity of permanent
magnet containing devices used in daily life. In this study, the effects of the
non-ionizing magnetic field produced by devices such as smartphones and
headphones on the programmable cerebral shunts were investigated. Codman Certas
programmable valves, frequently preferred in the treatment of hydrocephalus,
were used in this study. First, the minimum magnetic flux densities that could
affect these valves when exposed to an external magnetic field have been
determined. Then, the effect of the magnetic flux densities produced by two
different earphones and a mobile phone on this valve was investigated. It has
been observed that such external magnetic fields can cause undesirable pressure
changes on the valves at close distances, and these results suggest that
patients should be aware of this effect.
Application of Mathematical Matrices for Environmental Impact Assessment, A Case Study of Thermal Power Plant
Authors: Karimi Hazhir , Neamat Sevar , Galali Saman
Published: April 2020

Environmental Impact Assessment plays a crucial role in environmental land use planning and has been known as the most effective approach to identifies proposed impacts of the projects and followed that proposing mitigation measures. Mathematical matrix is one of the environmental impact assessment methods that has been used extensively since it provides incorporate impact compensation factors, expert discussion, and provide more objective and practical feedback. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the environmental impacts of the Bistoon thermal power plant located in the west of Iran using the matrix method and proposing mitigation measures for minimizing the adverse effects. First, the activities of the project were identified. Then, environmental components, including physical environment, biological environment, socio-economic environment, were analyzed using maps and field checks. The impacts of the project activities were predicted on the environment and quantified using the mathematical matrix method. The results illustrated that the importance of effects is in a medium and low range; therefore, the status of the project is not very serious and can be verified by implementing a series of remedial actions and environmental improvement plans.
Identifying Drought Status in Duhok Governorate (Iraqi Kurdistan Region) from 1998 through 2012 using Landsat Time Series Dataset
Authors: Gaznayee Heman , Al-Quraishi Ayad
Published: April 2020

Drought is a natural hazard that has a significant impact on the various aspects (i.e., economic, agricultural, environmental, and social). This study was carried out to evaluate drought severity and frequency during the growing season (April month) in Duhok Governorate (DUG), the Iraqi Kurdistan Region (IKR), for the period from 1998 through 2012 based on Landsat-based spectral indices. In this study, 15 mosaics assembled for 15 years consist of two scenes of Landsat time series, in a total of 30 TM and ETM+ images (WRS2: 170/34 & 170/35) acquired in 1998 to 2012. Annual precipitation data were collected from 18 meteorological stations distributed in the (DUG) for the study period. Drought status was investigated using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (MSAVI2), and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI). The study results showed an increase in drought severity and frequency in the (DUG) during the fifty years, particularly in 2000 and 2008. Whereas, the NDVI-based vegetation cover area has been reduced by 21.5% and 50.2% in 2000 and 2008, respectively. Additionally, the lowest values of the MSAVI2 (0.012 and 0.266) occurred in 2000 and 2008. As a result, the percentage of the vegetation cover reduction was 14.0% and 23.9%, respectively. Moreover, drop-in precipitation averages have occurred in those two drought years 2000 and 2008, as well as a significant reduction in the vegetation cover. On the other side, the most significant shrinkage in Duhok Dam (DUD) was by 1.13, 1.44, and 1.36 km2 in 2007, 2008, and 2009. It can be concluded that there are increasing drought episodes in the last two decades, declining in the water body surface area, and decreasing the precipitation averages in DUG from 1998 through 2012.
Effects of Rounding and Truncating Methods of Quantization Error and SQNR for Sine Signal
Authors: Hasso Alaaldin , Jacksi Karwan
Published: April 2020

Within the Analog to Digital Conversion (ADC), quantization noise is a duplicate of a Quantization Error (QE) which is introduced by quantization. In signal processing and telecommunication systems, the noise is non-linear and depends on the signal type. During the analog, Sine signal converts to the digital (ADC) process, the two methods are used Rounding and Truncating in-order to eliminate the error produced in the digitization process. The rounding method quantize assigns each sample of sine signal to the nearest quantization level. However, making the Truncating would have assigned each sample of sine signal to the quantization level below it. This paper compares the rounding and truncating methods of QE for sine signal, signal to quantization noise ratio, correlation coefficient, and regression equation of a line for both methods. Then, it calculates the residual sum of squares and compares it to the regression equations of the lines.
Intermediate-mass Black Holes’ Effects on Compact Object Binaries
Authors: Deme Barnabás , Meiron Yohai , Kocsis Bence
Published: April 2020

Although their existence is not yet confirmed observationally, intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) may play a key role in the dynamics of galactic nuclei. In this paper, we neglect the effect of the nuclear star cluster itself and investigate only how a small reservoir of IMBHs influences the secular dynamics of stellar-mass black hole binaries, using N-body simulations. We show that our simplifications are valid and that the IMBHs significantly enhance binary evaporation by pushing the binaries into the Hill-unstable region of parameter space, where they are separated by the supermassive black hole’s tidal field. For binaries in the S-cluster region of the Milky Way, IMBHs drive the binaries to merge in up to 1%–6% of cases, assuming five IMBHs within 5 pc of mass 104

each. Observations of binaries in the Galactic center may strongly constrain the population of IMBHs therein.
When is Chemical Disequilibrium in Earth-like Planetary Atmospheres a Biosignature versus an Anti-biosignature? Disequilibria from Dead to Living Worlds
Authors: Wogan Nicholas F. , Catling David C.
Published: April 2020

Chemical disequilibrium in exoplanetary atmospheres (detectable with remote spectroscopy) can indicate life. The modern Earth’s atmosphere–ocean system has a much larger chemical disequilibrium than other solar system planets with atmospheres because of oxygenic photosynthesis. However, no analysis exists comparing disequilibrium on lifeless, prebiotic planets to disequilibrium on worlds with primitive chemotrophic biospheres that live off chemicals and not light. Here, we use a photochemical–microbial ecosystem model to calculate the atmosphere–ocean disequilibria of Earth with no life and with a chemotrophic biosphere. We show that the prebiotic Earth likely had a relatively large atmosphere–ocean disequilibrium due to the coexistence of water vapor and volcanic H2, CO2, and CO. Subsequent chemotrophic life probably destroyed nearly all of the prebiotic disequilibrium through its metabolism, leaving a likely smaller disequilibrium between N2, CO2, CH4, and liquid water. So, disequilibrium fell with the rise of chemotrophic life then later rose with atmospheric oxygenation due to oxygenic photosynthesis. We conclude that big prebiotic disequilibrium between H2 and CO2 or CO and water is an anti-biosignature because these easily metabolized species can be eaten due to redox reactions with low activation energy barriers. However, a large chemical disequilibrium can also be a biosignature when the disequilibrium arises from a chemical mixture with biologically insurmountable activation energy barriers and clearly identifiable biogenic gases. Earth’s modern disequilibrium between O2, N2, and liquid water along with minor CH4 is such a case. Thus, the interpretation of disequilibrium requires context. With context, disequilibrium can be used to infer dead or living worlds.
Evidence for Asteroid Scattering and Distal Solar System Solids From Meteorite Paleomagnetism
Authors: Bryson James F. J. , Weiss Benjamin P. , Lima Eduardo A. , Gattacceca Jérôme , Cassata William S.
Published: April 2020

Asteroid-sized bodies are predicted to have been scattered throughout the solar system following gravitational interactions with the giant planets. This process could have delivered water-rich small bodies to the inner solar system. However, evidence from the meteorite record supporting this scattering is limited due to difficulties in recovering the formation distance of meteorite parent bodies from laboratory measurements. Moreover, ancient millimeter-sized solids that formed in the inner solar system (calcium–aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) and chondrules) have also been proposed to have migrated throughout the solar system, which could have been key to their survival. Our understanding of the driving mechanisms, distances, and timings involved in this motion is also restricted for the same reasons. Here, we address these limitations by recovering the formation distance of the parent asteroid of the Tagish Lake meteorite from measurements of its natural remanent magnetization. We find that this meteorite experienced an ancient field intensity <0.15 μT. Accounting for the average effect of a tilted parent body rotation axis and possible uncertainties associated with the remanence acquisition mechanism, this result argues that the Tagish Lake parent body formed at >8–13 au, suggesting this body originates from the distal solar system. Tagish Lake came to Earth from the asteroid belt which, combined with our recovered formation distance, suggests that some small bodies traveled large distances throughout the solar system. Moreover, Tagish Lake contains CAIs and chondrules, indicating that these solids were capable of traveling to the distal solar system within just a few million years.
Host records and geographical distribution of Corynosoma magdaleni, C. semerme and C. strumosum (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae)
Authors: Leidenberger Sonja , Boström Sven , Wayland Matthew
Published: April 2020

A literature survey was conducted to investigate the host and geographical distribution patterns of three Corynosoma species (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae), viz. C. magdaleni, C. semerme and C. strumosum. All three species appear to be restricted to the Northern Hemisphere. Occurrence records of C. magdaleni are limited to the Northern Atlantic coasts, while C. semerme has a circumpolar distribution. The geographical range of Corynosoma strumosum encompasses the distributions of the other two species, but also extends into warmer southern regions. Some Corynosoma populations are living with their definitive hosts in very isolated locations, such as in the brackish Baltic Sea or different freshwater lakes (e.g. Lake Saimaa). All three species have a heteroxenous life cycle, comprising a peracaridan intermediate host, a fish paratenic host and a mammalian definitive host. Occasionally, an acanthocephalan may enter an accidental host, from which it is unable to complete its life cycle. The host records reported here are categorised by type, i.e. intermediate, paratenic, definitive or accidental. While most of the definitive hosts are shared amongst the three Corynosoma species, C. strumosum showed the broadest range of paratenic hosts, which reflects its more extensive geographical distribution. One aim of this study and extensive literature summary is to guide future sampling efforts and therewith contribute to throw more light on the on-going species and morphotype discussion for this interesting parasite species.
Trait differentiation between native and introduced populations of the invasive plant Sonchus oleraceus L. (Asteraceae)
Authors: Ollivier Melodie , Kazakou Elena , Corbin Maxime , Sartori Kevin , Gooden Ben , Lesieur Vincent , Thomann Thierry , Martin Jean-François , Tixier Marie Stéphane
Published: April 2020

There is growing evidence that rapid adaptation to novel environments drives successful establishment and spread of invasive plant species. However, the mechanisms driving trait adaptation, such as selection pressure from novel climate niche envelopes, remain poorly tested at global scales. In this study, we investigated differences in 20 traits (relating to growth, resource acquisition, reproduction, phenology and defence) amongst 14 populations of the herbaceous plant Sonchus oleraceus L. (Asteraceae) across its native (Europe and North Africa) and introduced (Australia and New Zealand) ranges. We compared traits amongst populations grown under standard glasshouse conditions. Introduced S. oleraceus plants seemed to outperform native plants, i.e. possessing higher leaf and stem dry matter content, greater number of leaves and were taller at first flowering stage. Although introduced plants produced fewer seeds, they had a higher germination rate than native plants. We found strong evidence for adaptation along temperature and precipitation gradients for several traits (e.g. shoot height, biomass, leaf and stem dry matter contents increased with minimum temperatures, while germination rate decreased with annual precipitations and temperatures), which suggests that similar selective forces shape populations in both the native and invaded ranges. We detected significant shifts in the relationships (i.e. trade-offs) (i) between plant height and flowering time and (ii) between leaf-stem biomass and grain yield between native and introduced plants, indicating that invasion was associated with changes to life-history dynamics that may confer competitive advantages over native vegetation. Specifically, we found that, at first flowering, introduced plants tended to be taller than native ones and that investment in leaf and stem biomass was greater in introduced than in native plants for equivalent levels of grain yield. Our study has demonstrated that climatic conditions may drive rapid adaption to novel environments in invasive plant species.
Suicide Risk in Mixed States: Clinical and Preventive Perspectives
Authors: Forte Alberto , Montalbani Benedetta , Mastrangelo Martina , Anibaldi Gaia , De Luca Gabriele Pasquale , Imbastaro Benedetta , Pompili Maurizio
Published: April 2020

Patients with mixed states are at high risk of presenting with suicidal behavior. The article provides a broader picture of features commonly associated with suicide risk in mixed states. The authors performed a literature search using the following terms: “suicide” OR “suicidality” OR “suicidal” AND “mixed” AND “bipolar.” Studies that did not report data on suicidal behaviors in mixed states and articles not written in English were excluded. Mania with mixed features, anxiety, psychomotor agitation and irritability, racing/crowded thoughts, severity of intra-episodic depressive symptoms, and time spent with depressive symptoms were associated with a greater risk of suicidal behavior. TheDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition, criteria for bipolar disorder “with mixed features” seeks to capture a significant number of these patients. The key is to recognize patients with mixed states and stabilize their mood through medication to prevent future suicidal behaviors.[Psychiatr Ann. 2020;50(4):152–157.]
Characteristics and properties of Bitlis ignimbrites and their environmental implications
Authors: Işık E. , Büyüksaraç A. , Avşar E. , Kuluöztürk M. F. , Günay M.
Published: April 2020

Bitlis rock is used as a construction material and comes from the lava emitted by volcanoes and their subsequent transformation into ignimbrites. This type of rocks has been characterized physically, chemi­cally, toxicologically and radioactively using different procedures including determination of the coefficient of thermal conductivity, gamma spectrometry, ultrasonic speed test, ICP masses and metal extraction. The results indicate that Bitlis rocks have an ACI greater than 1, although their content of radon is lower than other rocks of volcanic origin. Leaching of metals from these rocks indicates that Pb and Cd can provide an infiltration level in the field higher than the level permitted by TCLP and they have undesired toxicological risks. The percent­ages of extraction of other metals also point to this infiltration problem. Despite this, the material offers good qualities for usage as a building material such as its thermal coefficients.
An Analytics Architecture for Procurement
Authors: Barrad Sherif , Gagnon Stéphane , Valverde Raul
Published: April 2020

Procurement transformation and pure cost reduction are no longer a novelty in today's modern business world. Procurement, as a core business function, plays a key role given its ability to generate value for the firm. From maximizing supplier value to minimizing contract leakage, challenges seldomly lack in this department. In fact, both resource and skill shortages and technology limitations are typically “top-of-mind” for Procurement Executives. Many research articles around the concept of cost reduction however, limited literature has been published in the areas of Artificial Intelligence, analytics and Rules-Based Systems and their specific application in Procurement. This article proposes a new enterprise architecture, leveraging emerging technologies to guide procurement organizations in their digital transformation. Our intent is to discuss how analytics, business rules and complex event processing (CEP) can be explored and adapted to the world of procurement to help reduce costs. This article concludes by suggesting an approach to implement the proposed architecture.
Laparoscopic Surgery for Colorectal Cancer in Korea: Nationwide Data from 2013 to 2018
Authors: Park Sun Jin , Lee Kil Yeon , Lee Suk-Hwan
Published: April 2020

PurposeWe report nationwide data on the current status of laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer (CRC) in Korea.Materials and MethodsNationwide data of patients who underwent surgery for CRC from 2013 to 2018 were obtained from the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service database. Data and trends of laparoscopy use for colorectal resection over six years were examined. ResultsIn Korea, a total of 117,320 patients underwent surgical resection for CRC from 2013 to 2018. The proportion of laparoscopic resection increased from 64.9% in 2013 to 78.5% in 2018. The rate of laparoscopic resection for colon cancer increased from 64.7% in 2013 to 77.4% in 2018. For rectal cancer, the rate of laparoscopic resection increased from 65.4% to 81.6%. Males accounted for 59.8% of all patients, but females surpassed males at over 80 years of age. The age of peak incidence was in the 60s for males and in the 70s for females. A steady increase in the number of patients undergoing surgery for CRC was observed over 80 years of age.ConclusionThe laparoscopic penetration rate for CRC in Korea continued to increase annually and reached 78.5% in 2018.
Linking Destinations Through Sustainable Cultural Routes
Authors: Pattanaro Giulio , Pistocchi Filippo
Published: April 2020

The potential for cultural routes to promote tourism destinations and increase their competitiveness has been more and more recognised at both European and global level. Planning and developing a cultural route linking together different tourism destinations is a rather difficult and complex process. This analysis will concern the proposal – promoted by a French-based pro-Europe association – to create a European cultural route dedicated to Charlemagne., The main findings are expected to serve, inter alia, as a useful toolbox for those tourism decision-makers who are directly involved in the design and development of cultural routes.
Network, Consumer Co-Operatives and Sustainability
Authors: Latini Maura
Published: April 2020

Consumer co-operatives have always embraced the principles of solidarity and collaboration between people, with the ambition to improve the quality of life of poor classes. Therefore, consumer co-operatives can rightly be considered as the first recorded form of socio-economic organization aiming at the search of a primordial sustainability. From the very beginning, the Italian Consumer Co-operatives have been committed to produce good, healthy and safe products at the lowest price on the market and up with new consumer needs.
Aerodynamic Performance Estimation of Camber Morphing Airfoils for Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
Authors: Rajesh Senthil Kumar T , Venugopal Sivakumar , Ramakrishnananda Balajee , Vijay S
Published: April 2020

This paper proposes a methodology to harvest the benefits of camber morphing airfoils for small unmanned aerial vehicle (SUAV) applications. Camber morphing using discrete elements was used to morph the base airfoil, which was split into two, three, and four elements, respectively, to achieve new configurations, into the target one. . In total, thirty morphed airfoil configurations were generated and tested for aerodynamic efficiency at the Reynolds numbers of 2.5 × 105 and 4.8 × 105, corresponding to loiter and cruise Reynolds numbers of a typical SUAV. The target airfoil performance could be closely achieved by combinations of 5 to 8 morphed configurations, the best of which were selected from a pool of thirty morphed airfoil configurations for the typical design specifications of SUAV. Interestingly, some morphed airfoil configurations show a reduction in drag coefficient of 1.21 to 15.17% compared to the target airfoil over a range of flight altitudes for cruise and loiter phases. Inspired by the drag reductions observed, a case study is presented for resizing a SUAV accounting for the mass addition due to the morphing system retaining the benefits of drag reduction.
Untangling causality in midlatitude aerosol–cloud adjustments
Authors: McCoy Daniel T. , Field Paul , Gordon Hamish , Elsaesser Gregory S. , Grosvenor Daniel P.
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Aerosol–cloud interactions represent the leading uncertainty in our ability to infer climate sensitivity from the observational
record. The forcing from changes in cloud albedo driven by increases in cloud droplet number (Nd) (the first
indirect effect) is confidently negative and has narrowed its probable range in the last decade, but the sign and strength of
forcing associated with changes in cloud macrophysics in response to aerosol (aerosol–cloud adjustments) remain uncertain. This
uncertainty reflects our inability to accurately quantify variability not associated with a causal link flowing from the cloud
microphysical state to the cloud macrophysical state. Once variability associated with meteorology has been removed, covariance
between the liquid water path (LWP) averaged across cloudy and clear regions (here characterizing the macrophysical state) and
Nd (characterizing the microphysical) is the sum of two causal pathways linking Nd to LWP:
Nd altering LWP (adjustments) and precipitation scavenging aerosol and thus depleting Nd. Only the
former term is relevant to constraining adjustments, but disentangling these terms in observations is challenging. We
hypothesize that the diversity of constraints on aerosol–cloud adjustments in the literature may be partly due to not
explicitly characterizing covariance flowing from cloud to aerosol and aerosol to cloud. Here, we restrict our analysis to the
regime of extratropical clouds outside of low-pressure centers associated with cyclonic activity. Observations from MAC-LWP (Multisensor Advanced Climatology of Liquid Water Path)
and MODIS are compared to simulations in the Met Office Unified Model (UM) GA7.1 (the atmosphere model of HadGEM3-GC3.1 and
UKESM1). The meteorological predictors of LWP are found to be similar between the model and observations. There is also
agreement with previous literature on cloud-controlling factors finding that increasing stability, moisture, and sensible heat
flux enhance LWP, while increasing subsidence and sea surface temperature decrease it. A simulation where cloud microphysics
are insensitive to changes in Nd is used to characterize covariance between Nd and LWP that is
induced by factors other than aerosol–cloud adjustments. By removing variability associated with meteorology and scavenging, we
infer the sensitivity of LWP to changes in Nd. Application of this technique to UM GA7.1 simulations reproduces
the true model adjustment strength. Observational constraints developed using simulated covariability not induced by adjustments
and observed covariability between Nd and LWP predict a 25 %–30 % overestimate by the UM GA7.1 in LWP change
and a 30 %–35 % overestimate in associated radiative forcing.
Aerosol pH and chemical regimes of sulfate formation in aerosol water during winter haze in the North China Plain
Authors: Tao Wei , Su Hang , Zheng Guangjie , Wang Jiandong , Wei Chao , Liu Lixia , Ma Nan , Li Meng , Zhang Qiang , Pöschl Ulrich , Cheng Yafang
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Understanding the mechanism of haze formation is crucial for the development of deliberate pollution control strategies. Multiphase chemical reactions in aerosol water have been suggested as an important source of particulate sulfate during severe haze (Cheng et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2016). While the key role of aerosol water has been commonly accepted, the relative importance of different oxidation pathways in the aqueous phase is still under debate, mainly due to questions about aerosol pH. To investigate the spatio-temporal variability of aerosol pH and sulfate formation during winter in the North China Plain (NCP), we have developed a new aerosol water chemistry module (AWAC) for the WRF-Chem model (Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry). Using the WRF-Chem-AWAC model, we performed a comprehensive survey of the atmospheric conditions characteristic for wintertime in the NCP, focusing on January 2013. We find that aerosol pH exhibited a strong vertical gradient and distinct diurnal cycle, which was closely associated with the spatio-temporal variation in the relative abundance of acidic and alkaline fine particle components and their gaseous counterparts. Over Beijing, the average aerosol pH at the surface layer was ~ 5.4 and remained nearly constant around ~ 5 up to ~ 2 km above ground level; further aloft, the acidity rapidly increased to pH ~ 0 at ~ 3 km. The pattern of aerosol acidity increase with altitude persisted over the NCP, while the specific levels and gradients of pH varied between different regions. In the region north of ~ 41° N, the mean pH values at surface level were typically > 6 and the main pathway of sulfate formation in aerosol water was S(IV) oxidation by ozone. South of ~ 41° N, the mean pH values at surface level were typically in the range of 4.4 to 5.7, and different chemical regimes and reaction pathways of sulfate formation prevailed in four different regions, depending on reactant concentrations and atmospheric conditions. The NO2 reaction pathway prevailed in the megacity region of Beijing and the large area of Hebei Province to the south and west of Beijing, as well as part of Shandong Province. The transition metal ion (TMI) pathway dominated in the inland region to the west and the coastal regions to the east of Beijing, and the H2O2 pathway dominated in the region extending further south (Shandong and Henan Provinces). In all of these regions, the O3 and TMI pathways in aerosol water as well as the gas-particle partitioning of H2SO4 vapor became more important with increasing altitude. Although pH is sensitive to the abundance of NH3 and crustal particles, we show that the rapid production of sulfate in the NCP can be maintained over a wide range of aerosol acidity (e.g., pH = 4.2–5.7) with transitions from TMI pathway dominated to NO2/O3 pathway dominated regimes.
Canal blocking optimization in restoration of drained peatlands
Authors: Urzainki Iñaki , Laurén Ari , Palviainen Marjo , Haahti Kersti , Budiman Arif , Basuki Imam , Netzer Michael , Hökkä Hannu
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Drained peatlands are one of the main sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions globally. Emission reduction and, more generally, ecosystem restoration can be achieved by raising the water table using canal or drain blocks. When restoring large areas, the number of blocks becomes limited by the available resources, which raises the following question: in which exact positions should a given number of blocks be placed in order to maximize the water table raise throughout the area? There is neither a simple nor an analytic answer. The water table response is a complex phenomenon that depends on several factors, such as the topology of the canal network, site topography, peat hydraulic properties, vegetation characteristics and meteorological conditions. We developed a new method to position the canal blocks based on the combination of a hydrological model and heuristic optimization algorithms. We applied this approach to a large drained peatland area (931 km2) in Sumatra, Indonesia. Our solution consistently improved the performance of traditional block locating methods, indicating that drained peatland restoration can be made more effective at the same cost by selecting the positions of the blocks using the presented scheme.
Documentary evidence of droughts in Sweden between the Middle Ages and c1800
Authors: Retsö Dag , Leijonhufvud Lotta
Published: April 2020

Abstract. This article explores documentary evidence of droughts in Sweden in the pre-instrumental period (1400–1800). The database has been developed using contemporary sources such as private and official correspondence letters, diaries, almanac notes, manorial accounts, and weather data compilations. The primary purpose is to utilize hitherto unused documentary data as an input for an index that can be useful for comparisons on a larger European scale. The survey shows that eight sub-periods can be considered as particularly struck by summer droughts with concomitant harvest failures and great social impacts in Sweden. That is the case with 1634–1641, 1652–1657, 1665–1670, 1677–1684, 1746–1750, 1757–1767, 1771–1776 and 1780–1783 and 1641–1646. Among these, 1652 and 1657 stand out as particularly troublesome. A number of data for dry summers are also found for the middle decades of the 15th century and the 1550s.
Incoming data quality control in high-resolution urban climate simulation: Hong Kong-Shenzhen area urban climate simulation as a case study using WRF/Noah LSM/SLUCM model (Version 3.7.1)
Authors: Li Zhiqiang , Wan Bingcheng , Zhou Yulun , Wong Hokit
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Growing computational power in recent years enabled high-resolution urban climate simulations using limited-area models to flourish. This trend empowered us to deepen our understanding of urban-scale climatology with much finer spatial-temporal details. However, these high-resolution models would also be particularly sensitive to model uncertainties, especially in urbanizing cities where natural surface texture is changed artificially into impervious surfaces with extreme rapidity, and these artificial changes always lead to dramatic changes in the land surface process. While models capturing detailed meteorological processes are being refined continuously, the input data quality has been the primary source of biases in modeling results but has received inadequate attention. To address this issue, we first examine the quality of the incoming static data in two cities in China, i.e., Shenzhen and Hong Kong SAR, provided by the WRF ARW model, a widely-applied state-of-the-art mesoscale numerical weather simulation model. Shenzhen was going through an unprecedented urbanization process in the past thirty years, and Hong Kong SAR is another well-urbanized city. A significant proportion of the incoming data are found out-dated, which highlights the necessity of conducting incoming data quality control in the region of Shenzhen and Hong Kong SAR. Then, we proposed a sophisticated methodology to develop a high-resolution land surface dataset in this region. We conducted urban climate simulations in this region using both the developed land surface dataset and the original dataset utilizing the WRF ARW model coupled with Noah LSM/SLUCM and evaluated the reliability of modeling results. The reliability of modeling results using the developed high-resolution urban land surface datasets is significantly improved compared to modeling results using the original land surface dataset in this region. This result demonstrates the necessity and effectiveness of the proposed methodology. Our results provide evidence on the effects of incoming land surface data quality on the accuracy of high-resolution urban climate simulations and emphasize the importance of the incoming data quality control.
HyLands 1.0: a Hybrid Landscape evolution model to simulate the impact of landslides and landslide-derived sediment on landscape evolution
Authors: Campforts Benjamin , Shobe Charles M. , Steer Philippe , Vanmaercke Matthias , Lague Dimitri , Braun Jean
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Landslides are the main source of sediment in most mountain ranges. Rivers then act as conveyor belts, evacuating landslide-derived sediment. Sediment dynamics are known to influence landscape evolution through interactions among landslide sediment delivery, fluvial transport, and river incision into bedrock. Sediment delivery and its interaction with river incision therefore control the pace of landscape evolution and mediate relationships among tectonics, climate, and erosion. Numerical landscape evolution models (LEMs) are well suited to study the interaction among these earth surface processes. They enable evaluation of a range of hypotheses at varying temporal and spatial scales. While many models have been used to study the dynamic interplay between tectonics, erosion and climate, the role of interactions between landslide-derived sediment and river incision has received much less attention. Here, we present HyLands, a hybrid landscape evolution model integrated within the Topo Toolbox Landscape Evolution Model (TTLEM) framework. The hybrid nature of the model lies in its capacity to simulate both erosion and deposition at any place in the landscape due to fluvial bedrock incision, sediment transport and rapid, stochastic mass wasting through landsliding. Fluvial sediment transport and bedrock incision are calculated using the recently developed Stream Power with Alluvium Conservation and Entrainment (SPACE) model. Therefore, rivers in HyLands can dynamically transition from detachment-limited to transport-limited, and from bedrock to bedrock-alluvial to fully alluviated states. Erosion and sediment production by landsliding is calculated using a Mohr-Coulomb stability analysis while landslide-derived sediment is routed and deposited using a multiple flow direction, non-linear deposition method. We describe and evaluate the HyLands 1.0 model using analytical solutions and observations. We first illustrate the functionality of HyLands to capture river dynamics ranging from detachment-limited to transport-limited configurations. Second, we apply the model to a portion of the Namche-Barwa massif in Eastern Tibet and compare simulated and observed landslide magnitude-frequency and area-volume scaling relationships. Finally, we illustrate the relevance of explicitly simulating landsliding and sediment dynamics over longer timescales for landscape evolution in general and river dynamics in particular. With HyLands we provide a new tool to understand both the long and short-term coupling between stochastic hillslope processes, river incision, and source-to-sink sediment dynamics.
Technical note: Bit by bit: A practical and general approach for evaluating model computational complexity vs. model performance
Authors: Azmi Elnaz , Ehret Uwe , Weijs Steven V. , Ruddell Benjamin L. , Perdigão Rui A. P.
Published: April 2020

Abstract. One of the main objectives of the scientific enterprise is the development of parsimonious yet well-performing models for all natural phenomena and systems. In the 21st century, scientists usually represent their models, hypotheses, and experimental observations using digital computers. Measuring performance and parsimony for computer models is therefore a key theoretical and practical challenge for 21st century science. The basic dimensions of computer model parsimony are descriptive complexity, i.e. the length of the model itself, and computational complexity, i.e. the model's effort to provide output. Descriptive complexity is related to inference quality and generality, and Occam's razor advocates minimizing this complexity. Computational complexity is a practical and economic concern for limited computing resources. Both complexities measure facets of the phenomenological or natural complexity of the process or system that is being observed, analysed and modelled. This paper presents a practical technique for measuring the computational complexity of a digital dynamical model and its performance bit by bit. Computational complexity is measured by the average number of memory visits per simulation time step in bits, and model performance is expressed by its inverse, information loss, measured by conditional entropy of observations given the related model predictions, also in bits. We demonstrate this technique by applying it to a variety of watershed models representing a wide diversity of modelling strategies including artificial neural network, auto-regressive, simple and more advanced process-based, and both approximate and exact restatements of experimental observations. Comparing the models revealed that the auto-regressive model poses a favourable trade-off with high performance and low computational complexity, but neural networks and high-time-frequency conceptual bucket models pose an unfavourable trade-off with low performance and high computational complexity. We conclude that the bit by bit approach is a practical approach for evaluating models in terms of performance and computational complexity, both in the universal unit of bits, which also can be used to express the other main aspect of model parsimony, description length.
The role of flood wave superposition in the severity of large floods
Authors: Guse Björn , Merz Bruno , Wietzke Luzie , Ullrich Sophie , Viglione Alberto , Vorogushyn Sergiy
Published: April 2020

Abstract. The severity of floods is shaped not only by event- and catchment-specific characteristics but also depends on the river network
configuration. At the confluence of relevant tributaries with the main
river, flood event characteristics may change depending on the magnitude
and temporal match of flood waves. This superposition of flood
waves may potentially increase the flood severity downstream in the main
river. However, this aspect has not been analysed for a large set
of river confluences to date. To fill this gap, the role of flood wave superposition in the flood
severity at downstream gauges is investigated in four large
river basins in Germany and Austria (the Elbe, the Danube, the Rhine and
the Weser). A novel methodological approach to analyse flood wave
superposition is presented and applied to mean daily discharge data from
37 triple points. A triple point consists of three gauges: one in the
tributary as well as one upstream and downstream of the confluence with the
main river respectively. At the triple points, differences and similarities in
flood wave characteristics between the main river and the tributary are
analysed in terms of the temporal match and the magnitudes of flood peaks. At many of the confluences analysed, the tributary peaks consistently arrive
earlier than the main river peaks, although high variability in the
time lag is generally detected. No large differences in temporal matching are
detected for floods of different magnitudes. In the majority of
cases, the largest floods at the downstream gauge do not occur due to
perfect temporal match between the tributary and the main river. In terms of
spatial variability, the impact of flood wave superposition is
site-specific. Characteristic patterns of flood wave superposition are
detected for flood peaks in the Danube River, where peak discharges
largely increase due to inflow from alpine tributaries. Overall, we
conclude that the superposition of flood waves is not the driving
factor behind flood peak severity at the major confluences in Germany; however,
a few confluences show the potential for strong flood magnifications if a temporal shift in flood waves was to occur.
Run-up, inundation, and sediment characteristics of the 22 December 2018 Sunda Strait tsunami, Indonesia
Authors: Widiyanto Wahyu , Hsiao Shih-Chun , Chen Wei-Bo , Santoso Purwanto B. , Imananta Rudy T. , Lian Wei-Cheng
Published: April 2020

Abstract. A tsunami caused by a flank collapse of the southwest part of the Anak Krakatau volcano occurred on 22 December 2018. The tsunami affected the coastal areas located at the edge of the Sunda Strait, Indonesia. To gain an understanding of the tsunami event, field surveys were conducted a month after the incident. The surveys included measurements of run-up height, inundation distance, tsunami direction, and sediment characteristics at 20 selected sites. The survey results revealed that the run-up height reached 9.2 m in Tanjungjaya and an inundation distance of 286.8 m was found at
Cagar Alam, part of Ujung Kulon National Park. The tsunami propagated
radially from Anak Krakatau and reached the coastal zone with a direction
between 25 and 350∘ from the north. Sediment samples were collected at 27 points in tsunami deposits with a sediment thickness of 1.5–12.7 cm. The average distance from the coast of the area with significant sediment deposits and the deposit limit are 45 % and 73 % of the inundation distance, respectively. Sand sheets were sporadic, highly variable, and highly influenced by topography. Grain sizes in the deposit area were finer than those at their sources. The sizes ranged from fine sand to boulders, with medium sand and coarse sand being dominant. All sediment samples had a well-sorted distribution. An assessment of the boulder movements indicates that the tsunami run-up had minimum velocities of 4.0–4.5 m s−1.