bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Osteo‐nevus of Nanta: A Case Report and Review of the Japanese Literature
Authors: Sasaki Satsuki , Mitsuhashi Yoshihiko , Ito Yoshihiko
Published: April 2015

We reported a 58‐year‐old Japanese male with osteo‐nevus of Nanta on his right cheek. Histological examination revealed nests of nevus cells throughout the entire dermis. Just beneath the nevus in the lower dermis, several basophilic oval‐shaped membranous structures were positive with Kossa stain. No inflammatory infiltrate or foreign‐body granuloma were seen. We reviewed 28 cases of osteo‐nevus of Nanta reported in the Japanese literature and discussed the pathogenesis of ossification in the lesions of nevus cell nevi.
A Case of Metastatic Extramammary Paget's Disease That Responded to Combination Chemotherapy
Authors: Yamazaki Naoya , Yamamoto Akifumi , Wada Takashi , Ishikawa Masashi , Moriya Yoshihiro , Nakanishi Yukihiro
Published: April 2015

Extramammary Paget's disease is considered to be a malignant tumor originating from the sweat glands. Some cases of extramammary Paget's disease infiltrate the dermis and metastasize to the regional lymph nodes. No standard treatment has been established for advanced cases. Few previous studies of the treatment for metastatic Paget's disease have revealed an effective regimen. The prognosis of metastasized cases is very poor.

We encountered a patient in whom extramammary Paget's disease had metastasized to the lymph nodes beyond the regional lymph nodes and systemic chemotherapy was partially effective. Combination chemotherapy consisted of mitomycin C 3.5 mg/m2 and epirubicin 50 mg/m2 on day 1, vincristine 0.6 mg/m2 on days 1 and 7, cisplatin 30 mg/m2 from days 1 to 3, and 5‐fluorouracil 350 mg/m2 from days 3 to 7. After two courses of chemotherapy, the metastatic lymph nodes decreased in size by more than 90% compared to that before chemotherapy. We defined the treatment effect of this regimen as a partial response (PR). Microscopic examination of the resected lymph nodes revealed replacement of metastatic lesions by fibrous tissue, suggesting a therapeutic effect. Anorexia, alopecia, and leukopenia (neutropenia) have been reported as toxicities, but all were tolerated.

Our results may provide useful indications for the management of this tumor. This particular combination chemotherapy is recommended for extramammary Paget's disease patients with systemic nodal metastases.
A Reactive Acrosyringeal Proliferation in a Patient with Ectodermal Dysplasia: Eccrine Syringofibroadenoma‐like Lesion
Authors: Utani Atsushi , Hattori Yukari
Published: April 2015

A 33‐year‐old man with ectodermal dysplasia (ED) has suffered from keratotic, exudative, erythematous plaques on the genital area, thighs, and soles since age 17. Verrucous soft nodules in a cobblestone arrangement developed on the erythematous plaque on his left thigh when he was 31 years old. Histologic examination of the verrucous nodules demonstrated that they were composed of anastomosing thin cords of uniform, cuboidal, epithelial cells and a fibrovascular stroma. The changes are indicative of eccrine syringofibroadenoma of Mascaro (ESFA), which has been reported as a neoplasm, a hamartoma, or a nevus. With etretinate treatment, the verrucous nodules completely disappeared within two months. Similar, but much flatter, verrucous lesions recurred and disappeared twice during the subsequent two years period. These verrucous lesions were likely induced by irritation from urine, stool, and/or mechanical friction. This case of ESFA in a patient with ED clearly showed a reactive process which was successfully managed with oral etretinate.
A Case of Unna‐Thost Disease Accompained by Epidermophyton floccosum Infection
Authors: Maruyama Ryuji , Katoh Takuro , Nishioka Kiyoshi
Published: April 2015

We report herein a case of 61‐year‐old man with Unna‐Thost disease (nonepidermolytic hereditary palmoplantar keratoderma) who had been suffering from refractory dermatophyte infection. Diffuse palmoplantar hyperkeratosis developed in his infancy. Coarse scaling, fissures, marked erythema, and nail deformities appeared in his early adult life. Microscopic examination revealed fungal elements in scales and nail particles. Cultures of those scales isolated Epidermophyton floccosum. Genealogical study demonstrated that his mother, sister, brother, daughter, and niece had had similar tylosis, and all of the affected individuals except his daughter had been proved to have E. floccosum or Trichophyton rubrum infection. Oral itraconazole (100mg/day) was highly effective in treating his dermatophytosis without any adverse effects. Scaling, fissures and underlying erythema disappeared within four months.
Erythema Dyschromicum Perstans in Early Childhood
Authors: Lee Sang‐ju , Chung Kee‐Yang
Published: April 2015

Erythema dyschromicum perstans (EDP) is a rare disorder characterized by asymptomatic, slowly progressive, ash‐gray macular pigmentation of the skin which usually occurs from age 5 through adult life. We have experienced two cases of EDP in children aged 2 and 3, both exceptionally younger than the previously reported cases. We therefore suggest that EDP should be included in the differential diagnosis of pigmentary disorders occurring at an early age.
A Case of Edematous Striae Distensae in Lupus Nephritis
Authors: Lee Ji Ho , Lee Eun Kyoung , Kim Chung Won , Kim Tae Yoon
Published: April 2015

A 17‐year‐old girl with systemic lupus erythematosus presented with painful edematous abdominal striae. She had been treated with systemic steroid for the systemic lupus erythematosus. At the time of presentation, she had abruptly gained 10kg due to combined lupus nephritis. The histopathologic finding of the edematous striae distensae included dermal edema with separation of collagen fibers and small fragmented elastic fibers. Edematous striae distensae are uncommon but can develop from the combined effects of glucocorticoid and generalized edema.
Difficulties in Treating Steroid Withdrawal: Intermittent ACTH and Low Dose Systemic Cyclosporin Used to Treat a Senile Erythroderma Patient
Authors: Horiuchi Yasuhiro
Published: April 2015

The tapering or termination of prolonged strong topical and/or systemic corticosteroid application for extensive generalized eczema has adverse effects on the body and thus presents a very difficult situation. The present case is that of a 68‐year‐old man with erythroderma following eczema, whose steroid withdrawal was successfully treated with intermittent ACTH and low dose systemic cyclosporin administration over a period of one year.
Granuloma Annulare in Herpes Zoster Scars
Authors: Ohata Chika , Shirabe Hirotsugu , Takagi Keiichi , Kawatsu Tomoyuki
Published: April 2015

A 54‐year‐old Japanese female developed granuloma annulare twice in herpes zoster scars. Soon after the second event, she developed ulcerative colitis, which was well controled by sulfonamides and corticosteroid suppository. She had no history of diabetes mellitus. There was no recurrence of granuloma annulare by June of 1999. Granuloma annulare might have contributed to the complications of ulcerative colitis, although this had not been noticed before.
Cutaneous CD30 (Ki‐1)‐Positive Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma Preceded by Hodgkin's Disease
Authors: Terao Hiroshi , Kiryu Hiromaro , Ohshima Koichi , Kikuchi Masahiro , Furue Masutaka
Published: April 2015

A 38‐year‐old female was diagnosed as Hodgkin's disease of the axillar lymph nodes, nodular sclerosis type, as evidenced by the presence of Reed‐Sternberg cells positive for CD30 and CD15 and negative for CD3, CD20, and CD45. She achieved complete remission after combination chemotherapy. Two years later, she noticed a red papule on her pubic area without any lymph node involvement. The biopsy specimens showed diffuse proliferation of large‐sized atypical lymphoid cells positive for CD30 and CD45, and negative for CD3, CD20 and CD15. These findings were mostly compatible with CD30 (Ki‐1)‐positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (Ki‐1 lymphoma). Our case is considered to be cutaneous Ki‐1 lymphoma preceded by Hodgkin's disease.
Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Epidermal Langerhans' Cells of Elderly Patients with Decubital Ulcers
Authors: Kohn Sarah , Kohn David , Schiller Dan
Published: April 2015

In the present study, Langerhans' cells (LCs) in the sacral epidermis, 8–10 cm from lesions of patients (mean age 71 years) with decubital ulcers, were compared ultrastructurally and morphometrically with those in the patients' own normal epidermis from the upper leg, before and after supplementation with 50 mg/day elementary zinc (in the form of a 220‐mg tablet of Avazinc, administered once daily) for four months. Zinc intake resulted in from 80% to full healing of the decubital ulcers in the patients studied. The percentages of LCs were low in both perilesional sacral epidermis (2.07 ± 0.71%) and in control leg epidermis (2.71 ± 1.38%) before zinc supplementation and also afterward (2.12 ± 0.16% and 2.59 ± 0.88%, respectively). LCs demonstrated a more dendritic morphology after zinc supplementation: 68.15 ± 9.28% and 77.0 ± 3.45% of sacral and of control leg epidermal LCs, respectively, had dendrites before, and 91.52 ± 3.43% and 84.15 ± 3.64% of sacral and of control leg epidermal LCs, respectively, had dendrites after zinc supplementation. The LC section area in the sacral epidermis near the lesion as well as in the control leg epidermis and the number of LC granules in LC sections were not affected by zinc supplementation. The higher percentage of LCs having dendrites in the epidermis of patients with decubital ulcers after zinc supplementation may indicate that these LCs are in a more motile state, which might affect the healing process of the lesions.
A Case of Pemphigus Vulgaris Successfully Treated with Single Filtration Plasmapheresis: A Correlation of Clinical Disease Activity with Serum Antibody Levels
Authors: Yano Chizuko , Ishiji Takaoki , Kamide Ryoichi , Niimura Michihito
Published: April 2015

We report a patient with pemphigus vulgaris (PV) successfully treated with single filtration plasmapheresis. A 40‐year‐old man with PV was started on therapy with prednisolone (PSL). Although the dosage of PSL was doubled, and both cyclosporin A (CyA) and pulse therapy were added, the disease was not controlled. After single filtration plasmapheresis began, most of the eroded lesions on the trunk reepithelialized. A switch to double filtration was followed by recurrence. Finally, additional treatments with single filtration plasmapheresis were required to obtain remission. To evaluate the efficacy of the treatment, circulating antibodies were measured by immunofluorescence (IIF) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) using recombinant desmoglein (Dsg) 3. IIF titer and the ELISA scores correlated with the clinical disease activity. It is suggested that ELISA was more sensitive than IIF.
Quinolone Drug Rash in a Patient with Infectious Mononucleosis
Authors: Paily Rejith
Published: April 2015

Infectious mononucleosis and the associated ampicillin rash are well documented. The case of a patient with infectious mononucleosis who was treated with levofloxacin and developed a rash similar to the ampicillin rash is reviewed. The exact mechanism is not understood. With closer observation, physicians may be able to recognize more cases with similar phenomena.
Topical Anthralin for Psoriasis Vulgaris: Evaluation of 70 Japanese Patients
Authors: Yamamoto Toshiyuki , Matsuuchi Mizue , Irimajiri Junya , Otoyama Kazunobu , Nishioka Kiyoshi
Published: April 2015

In order to determine the usefulness of anthralin in the treatment of psoriasis, we evaluated the effectiveness of topical anthralin therapy in patients with psoriasis vulgaris in our hospital. Seventy patients with plaque‐type psoriasis (58 men and 12 women), aged 17–79 years‐old (mean; 47.6 years‐old), who were treated at the Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, between 1992 and 1999, were retrospectively evaluated. Mean psoriasis activity and severity index (PASI) score before therapy was 24.6. Patients were treated with 0.1–2.0% topical anthralin. Responses were determined by clinical examination. The mean PASI score decreased to 8.7 after three months. The most effective anthralin concentration was 0.4–0.5%. The overall response rate was 85.7%, complete remission was obtained in 21.4%, and partial remission in 64.3%. Ten patients (14.3%) were anthralin‐resistant. In all patients who entered complete remission, recurrence was noted within six months after stopping anthralin. Minor skin irritation and pigmentation occurred in most of the patients; however, no severe side effects were noted during the treatment. Our study indicated that anthralin is effective for chronic plaque‐type psoriasis.
An Open Trial of Oral Macrolide Treatment for Psoriasis Vulgaris
Authors: Komine Mayumi , Tamaki Kunihiko
Published: April 2015

Seventeen patients were included in a clinical open trial of macrolides for treatment of psoriasis vulgaris. PASI scores, itch and ointment scores were used to evaluate their effectiveness. PASI scores dropped from 22.8 to 13.7; this was statistically significant. Itch reduced in 11 out of 13 patients, and the extent of itch reduced significantly by 54% on average. Ointment scores reduced from 44.9 to 34.4, which was also statistically significant. Macrolides are known not only as potent anti‐biotics, but also as immunomodulatory agents. These data suggest that macrolides could be used as one of the adjunctive therapies of psoriasis vulgaris, and this study is a first step toward the future evaluation of macrolides in a double blind trial.
Dermatitis Herpetiformis in a Japanese Patient with Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Amo Yasuyuki , Tanei Ryoji , Tanabe Kazumi , Katsuoka Kensei
Published: April 2015

We report a 73‐year‐old Japanese man with dermatitis herpetiformis which developed after diagnosis of anaplastic large cell lymphoma. The patient suffered fever, sweating, shivering, and multiple enlarged cervical lymph nodes. The diagnosis of anaplastic large cell lymphoma was confirmed by the histologic features of a biopsied cervical lymph node. The patient underwent combination chemotherapy. However, one month after the initial therapy, pruritic erythematous skin lesions with peripheral vesicles appeared on his buttocks. A skin biopsy showed subepidermal blister formation associated with polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cell infiltrates. Direct immunofluorescence examination of the area adjacent to the lesion showed granular deposits of IgA at the dermoepidermal junction. While it is well‐known that dermatitis herpetiformis can develop into lymphoma, there have been only a few reports of its appearance after a diagnosis of lymphoma. This case suggests that dermatitis herpetiformis may be induced by anaplastic large cell lymphoma.
Lichen Planus: A Clinical and Epidemiological Study
Authors: Bhattacharya Madhumita , Kaur Inderjeet , Kumar Bhushan
Published: April 2015

Clinical and epidemiological data from 232 patients with lichen planus is presented. Lichen planus constituted 0.38% of the total dermatology outpatients diagnosed. The patient ages ranged from 8 to 76 years, most being in the age range from 20 to 49 years. Duration of disease varied from 1 month to 7 years. Both sexes were equally affected. The majority of the patients (47.4%) had classical lesions followed by hypertrophic and actinic lichen planus next in frequency. Itching was the predominant symptom in 79.3%. Limbs were the most frequent initial site of onset (55.6%). Mucosal involvement along with cutaneous lesions were observed in 16.8% and genital involvement in only 5.2%. Nail changes were observed in 15.1% of patients. A history of recurrence of the disease was obtained from 10.3% of patients. Liver disease was found to be associated in 2.2% of patients. No malignant changes were observed in any of the lesions of lichen planus.
Changes in Plasma Serotonin Concentration and Acceleration Plethysmograms in Patients with Raynaud's Phenomenon after Long‐term Treatment with a 5‐HT2 Receptor Antagonist
Authors: Igarashi Masaru , Okuda Tomoki , Oh‐i Tsunao , Koga Michiyuki
Published: April 2015

High blood serotonin concentrations have been reported in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon and a relationship has been suggested. Because of the difficulty in evaluating Raynaud's phenomenon objectively, a possible correlation between blood serotonin concentrations and clinical findings has not yet been evaluated. We measured plasma serotonin concentrations and acceleration plethysmograms (APG) before and one year after administration of a serotonin receptor antagonist. Twenty‐seven patients with either collagen disease or diseases associated with Raynaud's phenomenon were given a combined 5‐HT2 and serotonin receptor antagonist, sarpogrelate hydrochloride. Plasma serotonin concentrations were determined before and after administration and the APG d/a value was measured as an index of peripheral hemodynamics. These values were compared with the clinical symptoms of the patients. After one year of treatment, the subjective symptoms improved in 59.3% of patients who has Raynaud's phenomenon. The pre‐treatment plasma serotonin concentrations of the study patients were significantly higher than those of the normal controls, but became significantly decreased following 5‐HT2 administration. However, there was no clear‐cut relationship with the clinical symptoms. The pre‐treatment APG d/a value of the patients was significantly lower than that of the normal controls, although there was no significant difference after administration when analyzed as an entire group or in a subset of patients whose symptoms did not subjectively improve or worsened after one year of treatment. In the subset in whom the subjective symptoms improved, however, the value significantly increased following administration, suggesting an improvement in peripheral hemodynamics. These results suggest the possibility that APG can be used as an objective index of peripheral hemodynamics.
Inhibitory Effect of Rumex Japonicus Houtt on the Porphyrin Photooxidative Reaction
Authors: Li Ya‐Ping , Takamiyagi Atsushi , Ramzi Saeef Taher , Nonaka Shigeo
Published: April 2015

Rumex Japonicus Houtt (RJH), a plant indigenous to Okinawa, Japan, has been used traditionally by the local people for treatment of acute and chronic cutaneous diseases; however, its pharmacological effect is not clearly understood. To investigate its active function, we examined the antioxidative effect of RJH on the hematoporphyrin‐induced photooxidative reaction. We measured intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cultured transformed human vascular endothelial cells (ECV‐304) by flow cytometry, lipid peroxide (LPO) in erythrocyte ghosts by spectrofluorometry, and hemolysis by spectrophotometry. Results showed the generation of intracellular ROS in ECV‐304, LPO production in erythrocyte ghosts, and hemolysis after visible light irradiation in the presence of hematoporphyrin. In the RJH root extract treated group, generation of intracellular ROS, LPO production, and hemolysis were inhibited significantly.

It has been reported that the RJH root contains emodin and chrysophanic acid. In our study, three fractions were separated from the RJH root extract by thin layer chromatography (TLC). We found that fraction 1 (near the origin) showed a strong inhibitory effect on LPO levels; however, fraction 2 (equal to emodin) and fraction 3 (equal to chrysophanic acid) showed no inhibitory effect on LPO levels. Our experiments verified that RJH has an antioxidative effect against photohemolysis and supports our hypothesis that RJH may have potential as a protective agent against oxidative stress associated with some diseases such as porphyrias.
Introducción: El futuro incierto de las relaciones laborales
Authors: HAYTER Susan
Published: April 2015

En su introducción, la coordinadora de este número monográfico sitúa la selección de artículos en su contexto. Las instituciones tradicionales de relaciones laborales, basadas en la premisa del derecho laboral del desequilibrio de poder entre trabajador y empleador, están siendo socavadas por cambios globales sin precedentes en los patrones de trabajo y de empleo. Ello, junto con la aparición de formas alternativas de representación de los trabajadores, plantea un gran reto al sindicalismo tradicional, a los encargados de las políticas y a los estudiosos de las relaciones laborales. Este número monográfico pretende contribuir al debate sobre la evolución futura.
Evidence‐Based Practice in the Face of Complexity and Comorbidity: A Case Study of an Adolescent With Asperger's Syndrome, Anxiety, Depression, and Chronic Pain
Authors: Loades Maria E.
Published: April 2015

Problem

Working with clients who present with multiple conditions and comorbidities, including mental health difficulties, neurodevelopmental disorders, and physical health conditions, requires the therapist to go beyond the existing evidence base to make decisions about which specific cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) models and resultant treatment approaches to draw on in therapy. Routine outcome monitoring across a number of parameters, including goal progress, symptom improvement, and changes in functioning, are core to maintaining accountability through monitoring the ongoing impact of idiosyncratic interventions.

Method

The case of a young person (age 17 years) who presented with mixed anxiety and depression in the context of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and chronic pain are presented. In addition to evidence‐based adaptations to CBT for clients with ASDs, the therapist selected a cognitive model of low self‐esteem as a means of collaboratively conceptualizing the client's difficulties.

Findings and Conclusion

Routine outcome measurement demonstrated the effectiveness of the intervention.
EADV Taskforce's recommendations on measurement of health‐related quality of life in paediatric dermatology
Authors: Chernyshov P. , de Korte J. , Tomas‐Aragones L. , Lewis‐Jones S. ,   the EADV Quality of Life Task Force
Published: April 2015

The impact of skin conditions in children can profoundly affect a variety of lifestyle parameters that may have important personal consequences. Several national guidelines for children with different skin conditions recommend health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) measurement as part of the assessment process. HRQoL also plays an important role in educational programmes for children with chronic skin conditions and their parents. In this paper, the EADV Taskforce on Quality of life provides researchers and clinicians data on the achievements in this field, as well as the peculiarities of HRQoL assessment in children, and an overview of the most commonly used and validated generic, dermatology‐specific and disease‐specific instruments related to paediatric dermatology. Finally, an analysis of the current problems of HRQoL assessment in children with skin diseases and directions for future studies are also discussed. The main goal of this paper is to help dermatologists decide which HRQoL instrument to use with children, depending on the context.
Exuberant granulation tissue response associated with Neobenedenia sp. (Monogenea: Capsalidae) infestation in two cobia, Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus)
Authors: Hurley‐Sanders J , Harms C , Christiansen E , Clarke E , Law J
Published: April 2015

Monogenean parasite infestations are common in captive marine teleosts, and are generally found on the skin and gills. This report describes an unusual pathological presentation of exuberant granulation tissue of the gills, suspected to be related to Neobenedenia infestation in two cobia housed together at a North Carolina aquarium.
The ontogeny of the chin: an analysis of allometric and biomechanical scaling
Authors: Holton N. E. , Bonner L. L. , Scott J. E. , Marshall S. D. , Franciscus R. G. , Southard T. E.
Published: April 2015

The presence of a prominent chin in modern humans has been viewed by some researchers as an architectural adaptation to buttress the anterior corpus from bending stresses during mastication. In contrast, ontogenetic studies of mandibular symphyseal form suggest that a prominent chin results from the complex spatial interaction between the symphysis and surrounding soft tissue and skeletal anatomy during development. While variation in chin prominence is clearly influenced by differential growth and spatial constraints, it is unclear to what degree these developmental dynamics influence the mechanical properties of the symphysis. That is, do ontogenetic changes in symphyseal shape result in increased symphyseal bending resistance? We examined ontogenetic changes in the mechanical properties and shape of the symphysis using subjects from a longitudinal cephalometric growth study with ages ranging from 3 to 20+ years. We first examined whether ontogenetic changes in symphyseal shape were correlated with symphyseal vertical bending and wishboning resistance using multivariate regression. Secondly, we examined ontogenetic scaling of bending resistance relative to bending moment arm lengths. An ontogenetic increase in chin prominence was associated with decreased vertical bending resistance, while wishboning resistance was uncorrelated with ontogenetic development of the chin. Relative to bending moment arm lengths, vertical bending resistance scaled with significant negative allometry whereas wishboning resistance scaled isometrically. These results suggest a complex interaction between symphyseal ontogeny and bending resistance, and indicate that ontogenetic increases in chin projection do not provide greater bending resistance to the mandibular symphysis.
Safe Removal of a Broken Abutment Screw with Customized Drill Guide and Rotary Instrument: A Clinical Report
Authors: Yoon Joon‐Ho , Lee Heeje , Kim Man‐Yong
Published: April 2015

This clinical report introduces a method for safe retrieval of a broken implant abutment screw. A reverse‐tapping rotary instrument has been introduced in the market and is widely used to retrieve broken screws; however, it is difficult to use the rotary instrument unless an access hole for engagement of the rotary instrument is positioned directly on the center of the top of the broken screw remnant. Poor visibility is another limitation to make an access hole. To keep the position of the rotary instrument at the center of the broken screw, a customized drill guide was fabricated, modifying an implant impression coping with self‐cured acrylic resin, all easily found in daily practice. The broken screw was easily removed, not damaging the internal threads of the implant. This technique could be applied to most implant systems when a specific removal kit for each implant system is not prepared.
Oral health perception in veterans with self‐identified disabilities:NationalSurvey ofVeterans, 2010
Authors: Wiener R. Constance
Published: April 2015

Objective

This study examines the relationship of self‐identified disability and oral health perception in a veteran population.

Methods

TheNationalSurvey ofVeterans, 2010, database was used to conduct a cross‐sectional study of 8,303 participants. Questionnaires were mailed to the veterans, and the questions were developed to assess sociodemographic information, health perception, and health status, among other areas of interest. TheAndersenBehavioralModel was used as the framework for the study. The outcome of interest was perceived oral health, and the main variable of interest was self‐identified disability. The data were analyzed for descriptive, and bivariate analyses, and logistic regression.

Results

There were 1,904 participants (21.2 percent) with self‐identified disability. There were 2,505 participants (41.0 percent) who indicated negative oral health perception. In logistic regression, individuals with self‐identified disability had an unadjusted odds ratio of 1.63 (95 percentCI: 1.44, 1.85) and an adjusted odds ratio of 1.69 (95 percentCI: 1.44, 1.99) for negative oral health perception as compared with participants who did not self‐identify disability.

Conclusion

Oral health perception in a veteran population is affected by predisposing and enabling factors among which is self‐identified disability.
Influence ofUVBexposure on the vitamin D status and calcium homoeostasis of growing sheep and goats
Authors: Kovács S. , Wilkens M. R. , Liesegang A.
Published: April 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVB) on vitamin D status, intestinal calcium absorption and bone metabolism in growing sheep and goats. The hypothesis was that growing sheep and goats are able to synthesise vitamin D within their skin as a result ofUVBexposure and that respective consequences for their vitamin D blood levels and the associated parameters can be shown. Fourteen 18‐week‐old lambs and goat kids were kept in anUVB‐free environment and randomly assigned to two groups. One group was daily exposed toUVB(300 watt) for 12 weeks, and the other served as a control group. Except for the exposure toUVB, all animals were kept under the same conditions and fed according to their requirements. Before the start of the experiment and every second week, blood samples were taken. Also the left metatarsus of each animal was analysed by quantitative computer tomography to test for bone mineral status before the start, in week 7 and at the end of the experiment. After 12 weeks, the animals were slaughtered and samples were taken from skin, gastrointestinal tract and kidney for further analyses. In this study, exposure toUVBled to increased serum 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25VitD) levels in goat kids, whereas in lambs, serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25VitD) levels were increased. In both speciesUVB‐exposed animals showed lower 7‐dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) values in skin than their respective control groups. These results indicate that growing goat kids and lambs are able to synthesise vitamin D in the skin when being exposed toUVB.
Contrasting patterns of population structure and demographic history in cryptic species of Bostrychia intricata (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) from New Zealand
Authors: Muangmai Narongrit , Fraser Ceridwen I. , Zuccarello Giuseppe C.
Published: April 2015

Spatial patterns of genetic diversity provide insight into the demography and history of species. Morphologically similar but genetically distinct “cryptic” species are increasingly being recognized in marine organisms through molecular analyses. Such species are, on closer inspection, often discovered to display contrasting life histories or occasionally minor morphological differences; molecular tools can thus be useful indicators of diversity. Bostrychia intricata, a marine red alga, is widely distributed throughout the Southern Hemisphere and comprises many cryptic species. We used mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene sequences to assess the genetic variation, population genetic structure, and demographic history of B. intricata in New Zealand. Our results supported the existence of three cryptic species of B. intricata (N2, N4, and N5) in New Zealand. Cryptic species N4, which was found throughout New Zealand, showed a higher genetic diversity and wider distribution than the other two species, which were only found in the North Island and northern South Island. Our analyses showed low to moderate genetic differentiation among eastern North Island populations for cryptic species N2, but high differentiation among North and South Island populations for N4, suggesting different population structure between these cryptic species. Data also indicated that N2 has recently undergone population expansion, probably since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), while the higher genetic diversity in N4 populations suggests persistence in situ through the LGM. The contrasting population structures and inferred demographic histories of these species highlight that life history can vary greatly even among morphologically indistinguishable taxa.
Health factors related to physical activity among children and adolescents: Results from Spanish National Health Surveys 2006 and 2011/12
Authors: Alonso‐Fernández Nazaret , Jiménez‐García Rodrigo , Alonso‐Fernández Leticia , Hernández‐Barrera Valentín , Palacios‐Ceña Domingo
Published: April 2015

Purpose

To describe the prevalence of physical activity during leisure time among children ages 6–14 in 2006 and 2011/12.

Design and Methods

A cross‐sectional study used individualized data for children 6–14 years of age from the Spanish National Health Surveys in 2006 (n = 5,108 children) and 2011/12 (n = 3,265 children).

Results

Leisure time decreased between 2006 and 2011/12(p < .05). Variables associated with increased physical activity were: normal weight (odds ratio [OR] = 1.87; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.37–2.57), children perceived to be in good health by their parents (OR = 2.03;95% CI: 1.43–2.87), and less than 2 hr of screen time per day(OR = 2.00; 95% CI: 1.61–2.47).

Practice Implications

Primary care‐based nurses are essential to improving adherence to physical activity.
Computational Network Model Prediction of Hemodynamic Alterations Due to Arteriolar Rarefaction and Estimation of Skeletal Muscle Perfusion in Peripheral Arterial Disease
Authors: Heuslein Joshua L. , Li Xuanyue , Murrell Kelsey P. , Annex Brian H. , Peirce Shayn M. , Price Richard J.
Published: April 2015

Objective

To estimate the relative influence of input pressure and arteriole rarefaction on gastrocnemius muscle perfusion in patients with PAD after exercise and/or percutaneous interventions.

Methods

A computational network model of the gastrocnemius muscle microcirculation was adapted to reflect rarefaction based on arteriolar density measurements from PAD patients, with and without exercise. A normalized input pressure was applied at the feeder artery to simulate both reduced and restored ABI in the PAD condition.

Results

In simulations of arteriolar rarefaction, resistance increased non‐linearly with rarefaction, leading to a disproportionally large drop in perfusion. In addition, perfusion was less sensitive to changes in input pressure as the degree of rarefaction increased. Reduced arteriolar density was observed in PAD patients and improved 33.8% after three months of exercise. In model simulations of PAD, ABI restoration yielded perfusion recovery to only 66% of baseline. When exercise training was simulated by reducing rarefaction, ABI restoration increased perfusion to 80% of baseline.

Conclusion

Microvascular resistance increases non‐linearly with increasing arteriole rarefaction. Therefore, muscle perfusion becomes disproportionally less sensitive to ABI restoration as arteriole rarefaction increases. These results highlight the importance of restoring both microvascular structure and upstream input pressure in PAD therapy.
Evidence of two subaggregations of humpback whales on the Kodiak, Alaska, feeding ground revealed from stable isotope analysis
Authors: Wright Dana L. , Witteveen Briana , Wynne Kate , Horstmann‐Dehn Larissa
Published: April 2015

Knowledge of humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) foraging on feeding grounds is becoming increasingly important as the growing North Pacific population recovers from commercial whaling and consumes more prey, including economically important fishes. We explored spatial and temporal (interannual, within‐season) variability in summer foraging by humpback whales along the eastern side of the Kodiak Archipelago as described by stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope ratios of humpback whale skin (n = 118; 2004–2013). The trophic level (TL) of individual whales was calculated using basal food web δ15N values collected within the study area. We found evidence for the existence of two subaggregations of humpback whales (“North,” “South”) on the feeding ground that fed at different TLs throughout the study period. Linear mixed models suggest that within an average year, Kodiak humpback whales forage at a consistent TL during the feeding season. TL estimates support mixed consumption of fish and zooplankton species in the “North” (mean ± SE; 3.3 ± 0.1) and predominant foraging on zooplankton in the “South” (3.0 ± 0.1). This trend appears to reflect spatial differences in prey availability, and thus, our results suggest North Pacific humpback whales may segregate on feeding aggregations and target discrete prey species.
Morphology successfully separates third instar larvae of Muscina
Authors: GRZYWACZ A. , HALL M. J. R. , PAPE T.
Published: April 2015

Three representatives of the muscid genus Muscina Robineau‐Desvoidy (Diptera: Musicidae), Muscina levida (Harris), Muscina prolapsa (Harris) and Muscina stabulans (Fallén), are well known for their medical, veterinary and forensic importance. However, data in the literature provide contradictory information for the identification of third instar larvae of these species. This hinders easy species differentiation because it requires the rearing of material to adult stages in order to facilitate reliable identification. Third instar larvae of these three Muscina species were studied in detail using light and scanning electron microscopy to provide thorough redescriptions of their morphology. Existing information concerning third instar morphology, with particular reference to its value for taxonomy and identification, is revised and discussed. Emden's spiracular distance factor (SDF) is considered here as inappropriate for identification purposes in third instar larvae of Muscina spp. because its values are not constant ratios but increase during larval maturation and overlap in the examined species. These species were, instead, discriminated here by differences in the spinulation patterns of their abdominal segments.
Arabidopsis thaliana HomeoBox 1 (AtHB1), a Homedomain‐Leucine Zipper I (HD‐Zip I) transcription factor, is regulated by PHYTOCHROME‐INTERACTING FACTOR 1 to promote hypocotyl elongation
Authors: Capella Matías , Ribone Pamela A. , Arce Agustín L. , Chan Raquel L.
Published: April 2015

Arabidopsis thaliana HomeoBox 1 (AtHB1) is a homeodomain‐leucine zipper transcription factor described as a transcriptional activator with unknown function. Its role in A. thaliana development was investigated.

AtHB1 expression was analyzed in transgenic plants bearing its promoter region fused to reporter genes. Knock‐down mutant and overexpressor plant phenotypes were analyzed in different photoperiod regimes.

AtHB1 was mainly expressed in hypocotyls and roots and up‐regulated in seedlings grown under a short‐day photoperiod. AtHB1 knock‐down mutants and overexpressors showed shorter and longer hypocotyls, respectively, than wild type (WT). AtHB1 transcript levels were lower in PHYTOCHROME‐INTERACTING FACTOR 1 (PIF1) mutants than in controls, suggesting that AtHB1 is regulated by PIF1 in hypocotyls. β‐glucuronidase (GUS) activity in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves cotransformed with PromAtHB1::GUS and 35S::PIF1 indicated that PIF1 induces AtHB1 expression. Hypocotyl lenght was measured in seedlings of athb1, pif1, or double athb1/pif1 mutants and PIF1 or AtHB1 overexpressors in WT, athb1 or pif1 backgrounds, both in short‐ or long‐day. These analyses allowed us to determine that AtHB1 is a factor acting downstream of PIF1. Finally, a transcriptome analysis of athb1 mutant hypocotyls revealed that AtHB1 regulates genes involved in cell wall composition and elongation.

The results suggest that AtHB1 acts downstream of PIF1 to promote hypocotyl elongation, especially in response to short‐day photoperiods.
Evaluation of three‐dimensional root surface changes and resorption following rapid maxillary expansion: a cone beam computed tomography investigation
Authors: Akyalcin S. , Alexander S. P. , Silva R. M. , English J. D.
Published: April 2015

Structured Abstract

Objectives

To evaluate root surface changes and resorption following toothborne rapid maxillary expansion (RME) using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).

Setting and Sample Population

The Department of Orthodontics at The University of Texas Health Science Center. Twenty‐four consecutively treated patients (mean age: 12.8 years) requiring maxillary expansion.

Material and Methods

An observational cohort included 48 CBCT images collected prior to (T1) and 4.8 months after (T2) RME from the study sample. Maxillary (study group) and mandibular (control group) first molars (n = 48) and first premolars (n = 48) were segmented and digitally registered using a ‘best‐fit’ algorithm. Linear surface and volumetric changes between the study and control groups were compared using independent sample t‐tests. Additionally, individual root length measurements were compared between the T1 and T2 images in each group using paired t‐tests.

Results

All study teeth had significant changes for the evaluation of maximum linear surface area and volumetric changes as compared to control teeth (p < 0.05). On average, premolars and molars in the study group experienced a root shortening of 0.36–0.52 mm (p < 0.05). Color‐coded diagrams demonstrated thinning and resorption occurring primarily at the apex and buccal aspects of the roots. Severity of these changes was individual‐specific, as root resorption patterns were non‐uniform.

Conclusion

Significant volume loss, linear surface area changes, and thinning/shortening of maxillary first molar and premolar roots were common findings with the use of toothborne RME therapy.
Modeling of muscle forces in humans with and without temporomandibular joint disorders
Authors: Iwasaki L. R. , Liu H. , Gonzalez Y. M. , Marx D. B. , Nickel J. C.
Published: April 2015

Structured Abstract

Objectives

Subjects with/without temporomandibular joint disorders (TMJD) were tested for differences in muscle forces.

Setting and Sample Population

School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo. Ninety‐one subjects were classified in four groups based on the presence/absence (±) of chronic myofascial and/or TMJ pain (P) and bilateral disc displacement (DD).

Material and Methods

Validated numerical models employed an organizational objective and subjects' anatomy to calculate masticatory muscle forces during static biting. anova and Holm's step‐down procedure post hoc tests assessed group differences. Theoretical geometries, representing the range of subjects' muscle orientations, were surveyed via numerical models to identify key combinations resulting in high muscle forces. Effect size (Cohen's d) and anova/post hoc tests assessed group differences in key muscle orientations.

Results

+P−DD subjects had significantly higher muscle forces, especially for lateral pterygoid muscles, compared to the other groups (p < 0.01) for bite forces that were directed posteromedially or posterolaterally on mandibular molars and posteriorly and slightly medially on mandibular incisors. Key muscle orientations for peak lateral pterygoid muscle forces were identified, and group comparisons showed mean orientation in +P−DD compared to other diagnostic groups was ≥5° more upright for masseter and ≥3° more posteriorly directed for temporalis muscles (all Cohen's d ≥ 0.8).

Conclusion

Predicted lateral pterygoid muscle forces were significantly higher in +P−DD compared to other groups for specific biting conditions and were attributable, in part, to differences in masseter and temporalis muscle orientations.
Mandibular distraction osteogenesis assisted by cell‐based tissue engineering: a systematic review
Authors: Tee B. C. , Sun Z.
Published: April 2015

Structured Abstract

Objectives

To review the advances and limitations of recent investigations on mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO) assisted by mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation.

Materials and Methods

Following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta‐analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, the PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane electronic databases were systematically searched and screened from their inception through August 2014. Searching terms included the following: ‘distraction osteogenesis’, ‘mandible OR mandibular OR jaw’, and ‘cells’, without any other limitations.

Results

Nineteen studies meeting the eligibility criteria were selected from 227 published articles and used for qualitative synthesis. Fifteen of the studies used small animal models (rats or rabbits), while the other four used large animal models (dogs, pigs or sheep). Among these studies, large variations exist in MDO protocol, cell transplantation time, route and quantity, as well as methodology of outcome assessment. Additionally, all studies had certain biases. Nevertheless, the majority of studies found that MSC transplantation enhanced MDO bone regeneration.

Conclusion

Evidence from animal studies indicates that MDO may be enhanced by mesenchymal stem cell transplantation, but many questions related to animal models, MDO protocols, and cell transplantation remain to be investigated.
Saturation of the biological response to orthodontic forces and its effect on the rate of tooth movement
Authors: Alikhani M. , Alyami B. , Lee I. S. , Almoammar S. , Vongthongleur T. , Alikhani M. , Alansari S. , Sangsuwon C. , Chou M. Y. , Khoo E. , Boskey A. , Teixeira C. C.
Published: April 2015

Structured Abstract

Objectives

Investigate the expression and activity of inflammatory markers in response to different magnitudes of orthodontic forces and correlate this response with other molecular and cellular events during orthodontic tooth movement.

Setting and Sample Population

CTOR Laboratory; 245 Sprague Dawley male rats.

Methods and Materials

Control, sham, and 5 different experimental groups received different magnitudes of force on the right maxillary first molar using a coil spring. In the sham group, the spring was not activated. Control group did not receive any appliance. At days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28, the maxillae were collected for RNA and protein analysis, immunohistochemistry, and micro‐CT.

Results

There was a linear relation between the force and the level of cytokine expression at lower magnitudes of force. Higher magnitudes of force did not increase the expression of cytokines. Activity of CCL2, CCL5, IL‐1, TNF‐α, RANKL, and number of osteoclasts reached a saturation point in response to higher magnitudes of force, with unchanged rate of tooth movement.

Conclusion

After a certain magnitude of force, there is a saturation in the biological response, and higher forces do not increase inflammatory markers, osteoclasts, nor the amount of tooth movement. Therefore, higher forces to accelerate the rate of tooth movement are not justified.
Pelagic neonatal fossils support viviparity and precocial life history of Cretaceous mosasaurs
Authors: Field Daniel J. , LeBlanc Aaron , Gau Adrienne , Behlke Adam D.
Published: April 2015

Mosasaurs were large marine squamates that inhabited all of the world's oceans during the Late Cretaceous. Their success as apex predators has been attributed to their rapid acquisition of aquatic adaptations, which allowed them to become fully pelagic. However, little is known about the breeding biology of derived, flipper‐bearing mosasaurs, as the record of neonatal mosasaur fossils is extremely sparse. Here, we report on the fragmentary cranial remains of two neonatal mosasaurs from the Niobrara Formation, referred to Clidastes sp. Comparison with other preliminary reports of neonatal mosasaurs reveals that these specimens are among the smallest individuals ever found and certainly represent the smallest known Clidastes specimens. The recovery of these extremely young specimens from a pelagic setting indicates that even neonatal mosasaurs occupied open oceanic habitats and were likely born in this setting. These data shed new light on the ecology of neonatal mosasaurs and illustrate the degree to which size‐related taphonomic and collection biases have influenced our understanding of the early life history of these iconic marine reptiles.