bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FIAs (Foliation Intersection/Inflection Axes) Preserved in Porphyroblasts, the DNA of Deformation: A Solution to the Puzzle of Deformation and Metamorphism in the Colorado, Rocky Mountains, USA
Authors: SHAH Afroz Ahmad
Published: August 2010

FIAs have been used extensively for more than a decade to unravel deformation and metamorphic puzzles. Orogenic processes developing early during the history or orogenesis challenge scientists because compositional layering in rocks always reactivates where multiple deformations have occurred, leaving little evidence of the history of foliation development preserved in the matrix. The foothills of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, USA contain a succession of four FIA sets (trends) that would not have been distinguishable if porphyroblasts had not grown during the multiple deformation events that affected these rocks or if they had rotated as these events took place. They reveal that both the partitioning of deformation and the location of isograds changed significantly as the deformation proceeded.
Discovery of Radiolaria from the Zongzhuo Formation in Tianba, Kangmar, Tibet and its Age Implication
Authors: LI Guobiao , XIE Dan , WAN Xiaoqiao , HAN Hongdou , CHEN Puli
Published: August 2010

There is a group of variegated marine deposits, including the red beds widespread in the area of Tianba, Kangmar, southern Tibet, which previous works have contributed to Cretaceous Zongzhuo Formation by lithologic associations only, but with poor fossil evidence. Due to the absence of age dating fossils, the red bed age is obscure. Abundant Cretaceous radiolaria were discovered from the Zongzhuo Formation in the present study. In spite of the poor general preservation of some radiolarian specimens as recrystallized quartz infillings, 58 species from 46 genera of radiolaria, extracted from chert and silicous limestone of the Zongzhuo Formation in Kangmar, were identified on the basis of their shape and ornamentation. Based on the radiolaria, the age of the Zongzhuo Formation of this area has been referred to as Late Cretaceous. The new radiolarian data from the Zongzhuo Formation of Tianba area provide a local basis to correlate these deposits with other regions of the Tethyan Himalaya.
Thermal Characteristics of the Embankment with Crushed Rock Side Slope to Mitigate Thaw Settlement Hazards of the Qinghai‐Tibet Railway
Authors: LI Guoyu , MU Yanhu , ZHANG Xia
Published: August 2010

Permafrost (perennially frozen ground) appears widely in the Golmud‐Lhasa section of the Qinghai‐Tibet railway and is characterized by high ground temperature (≥–1°C) and massive ground ice. Under the scenarios of global warming and human activity, the permafrost under the railway will gradually thaw and the massive ground ice will slowly melt, resulting in some thaw settlement hazards, which mainly include longitudinal and lateral cracks, and slope failure. The crushed rock layer has a thermal semiconductor effect under the periodic fluctuation of natural air. It can be used to lower the temperature of the underlying permafrost along the Qinghai‐Tibet railway, and mitigate the thaw settlement hazards of the subgrade. In the present paper, the daily and annual changes in the thermal characteristics of the embankment with crushed rock side slope (ECRSS) were quantitatively simulated using the numerical method to study the cooling effect of the crushed rock layer and its mitigative ability. The results showed that the ECRSS absorbed some heat in the daytime in summer, but part of it was released at night, which accounted for approximately 20% of that absorbed. Within a year, it removed more heat from the railway subgrade in winter than that absorbed in summer. It can store approximately 20% of the “cold” energy in subgrade. Therefore, ECRSS is a better measure to mitigate thaw settlement hazards to the railway.
Tectonic Evolution of the Tianhuan Depression and the Western Margin of the Late Triassic Ordos
Authors: Xiangbo LI , Huaqing LIU , Rong WANYAN , Lihua WEI , Jianbo LIAO , Ming FENG , Yuhu MA , Yunlai BAI
Published: August 2010

The Ordos Basin is one of the most important oil and gas basins in China. Based on surface outcrop, key exploratory wells and seismic reflection data and by using the technology of “prototype basin recovery”, seismic profile “layer flattening” and “restoration of balanced section”, and other methods, the sedimentary boundary, structure and the evolution history of the Tianhuan depression on the western margin of the Ordos Basin are reestablished. The following results have been obtained. (1) The west boundary of the Late Triassic Ordos Basin was far beyond the scope of the current basin. The basin is connected with the Late Triassic Hexi Corridor Basin, and its western margin did not have tectonic characteristics of a foreland basin. (2) The Tianhuan depression was first formed in the Late Jurassic. At the late stage it was impacted by the late Yanshanian and Himalayan tectonic movement and the depression axis gradually moved eastwards to the present location with a cumulative migration distance of ∼30 km. (3) Eastward migration of the depression axis caused adjustment and even destruction of the originally formed oil and gas reservoirs, so that oil and gas remigrated and aggregated, resulting in secondary structural reservoirs formed at high positions on the western flank of the depression.
Origin and Distribution of Hydrogen Sulfide in Oil‐Bearing Basins, China
Authors: Guangyou ZHU , Shuichang ZHANG , Yingbo LIANG
Published: August 2010

The concentration of hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) varies greatly in the oil‐bearing basins of China, from zero to 90%. At present, oil and gas reservoirs with high H2S concentration have been discovered in three basins, viz. the Bohai Bay Basin, Sichuan Basin and the Tarim Basin, whereas natural gas with low H2S concentration has been found in the Ordos Basin, the Songliao Basin and the Junggar Basin. Studies suggest that in China H2S origin types are very complex. In the carbonate reservoir of the Sichuan Basin, the Ordos Basin and the Tarim Basin, as well as the carbonate‐dominated reservoir in the Luojia area of the Jiyang depression in the Bohai Bay Basin, Wumaying areas of the Huanghua depression, and Zhaolanzhuang areas of the Jizhong depression, the H2S is of Thermochemical Sulfate Reduction (TSR) origin. The H2S is of Bacterial Sulphate Reduction (BSR) origin deduced from the waterflooding operation in the Changheng Oilfield (placanticline oil fields) in the Songliao Basin. H2S originates from thermal decomposition of sulfur‐bearing crude oil in the heavy oil area in the Junggar Basin and in the Liaohe heavy oil steam pilot area in the western depression of the Bohai Bay Basin. The origin types are most complex, including TSR and thermal decomposition of sulfcompounds among other combinations of causes. Various methods have been tried to identify the origin mechanism and to predict the distribution of H2S. The origin identification methods for H2S mainly comprise sulfur and carbon isotopes, reservoir petrology, particular biomarkers, and petroleum geology integrated technologies; using a combination of these applications can allow the accurate identification of the origins of H2S. The prediction technologies for primary and secondary origin of H2S have been set up separately.
Mixing Deposition of Upper Carboniferous in Jiangshan, Zhejiang Province and its Tectonic Significance
Authors: GUO Fusheng , ZHU Zhijun , HOU Zengqian , YAN Zhaobin , GUO Guolin
Published: August 2010

The Outangdi Formation in Jiangshan, Zhejiang, is the mixing deposit of terrigenous clastics and carbonates in Weiningian of the late Carboniferous. The mixing deposits include interbeddings, which constitute a series of alternated clastic and carbonate beds and mixing within the same bed which forms “hunji rock”. The Outangdi Formation has the features of intercalated marine and terrestrial deposits with the progradational sequences, which are lower fine and upper coarse sedimentary granularity in the section. Hunji rock is formed in a seashore environment. It is a mixed carbonate sediment found in beaches or tideland facies with quartz sand taken from a bayou or beach by coastwise flow and circumfluence. There are two kinds of hunji sequences: (1) interbeds of sandstone and carbonate rock in seashore environments; and (2) interbeds of clastics in river facies and carbonate rock in ocean facies. It is indicated that mixing depositions belong to “facies mixing”, affected mainly by regional tectonic uplift, rise of the global sea level, and the dynamics of water medium in the basin. Regional sea level periodic changes and progradational sequences probably resulted from the intense uplift of the old land called Cathaysia. The classification and name of mixed sediments are also discussed in the present study. Interbeds and alternated beds of clastic and carbonate beds are named “hunji sequence”, a new genetic term. It is suggested that hunji rock means a special sediment event of mixing terrigenous clastics and carbonates instead of a name of a specific rock.
Thermochemical Sulfate Reduction in the Tazhong District, Tarim Basin, Northeast China: Evidence from Formation Water and Natural Gas Geochemistry
Authors: XIANG Caifu , PANG Xiongqi , WANG Jianzhong , LI Qiming , WANG Hongping , ZHOU Changqian , YANG Haijun
Published: August 2010

Systematic analyses of the formation water and natural gas geochemistry in the Central Uplift of the Tarim Basin (CUTB) show that gas invasion at the late stage is accompanied by an increase of the contents of H2S and CO2in natural gas, by the forming of the high total dissolved solids formation water, by an increase of the content of HCO−3, relative to Cl−, by an increase of the 2nd family ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Sr2+and Ba2+) and by a decrease of the content of SO2−4, relative to Cl−. The above phenomena can be explained only by way of thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR). TSR often occurs in the transition zone of oil and water and is often described in the following reaction formula: σCH+CaSO4+H‐2O→H2S+CO2+CaCO3. (1) Dissolved SO2−4in the formation water is consumed in the above reaction, when H2S and CO2are generated, resulting in a decrease of SO2−4in the formation water and an increase of both H2S and CO2in the natural gas. If formation water exists, the generated CO2will go on reacting with the carbonate to form bicarbonate, which can be dissolved in the formation water, thus resulting in the enrichment of Ca2+and HCO−3. The above reaction can be described by the following equation: CO2+H2O+CaCO3→Ca2++2HCO−3. The stratigraphic temperatures of the Cambrian and lower Ordovician in CUTB exceeded 120°C, which is the minimum for TSR to occur. At the same time, dolomitization, which might be a direct result of TSR, has been found in both the Cambrian and the lower Ordovician. The above evidence indicates that TSR is in an active reaction, providing a novel way to reevaluate the exploration potentials of natural gas in this district.
Oil and Gas Accumulation in the Foreland Basins, Central and Western China
Authors: SONG Yan , ZHAO Menjun , LIU Shaobo , HONG Feng , FANG Shihu
Published: August 2010

Foreland basin represents one of the most important hydrocarbon habitats in central and western China. To distinguish these foreland basins regionally, and according to the need of petroleum exploration and favorable exploration areas, the foreland basins in central and western China can be divided into three structural types: superimposed, retrogressive and reformative foreland basin (or thrust belt), each with distinctive petroleum system characteristics in their petroleum system components (such as the source rock, reservoir rock, caprock, time of oil and gas accumulation, the remolding of oil/gas reservoir after accumulation, and the favorable exploration area, etc.). The superimposed type foreland basins, as exemplified by the Kuqa Depression of the Tarim Basin, characterized by two stages of early and late foreland basin development, typically contain at least two hydrocarbon source beds, one deposited in the early foreland development and another in the later fault‐trough lake stage. Hydrocarbon accumulations in this type of foreland basin often occur in multiple stages of the basin development, though most of the highly productive pools were formed during the late stage of hydrocarbon migration and entrapment (Himalayan period). This is in sharp contrast to the retrogressive foreland basins (only developing foreland basin during the Permian to Triassic) such as the western Sichuan Basin, where prolific hydrocarbon source rocks are associated with sediments deposited during the early stages of the foreland basin development. As a result, hydrocarbon accumulations in retrogressive foreland basins occur mainly in the early stage of basin evolution. The reformative foreland basins (only developing foreland basin during the Himalayan period) such as the northern Qaidam Basin, in contrast, contain organic‐rich, lacustrine source rocks deposited only in fault‐trough lake basins occurring prior to the reformative foreland development during the late Cenozoic, with hydrocarbon accumulations taking place relatively late (Himalayan period). Therefore, the ultimate hydrocarbon potentials in the three types of foreland basins are largely determined by the extent of spatial and temporal matching among the thrust belts, hydrocarbon source kitchens, and regional and local caprocks.
Distribution and Forming Model of Fluvial Terrace in the Huangshui Catchment and its Tectonic Indication
Authors: WANG Xianyan , LU Huayu , VANDENBERGHE Jef , CHEN Zhongyan , LI Langpin
Published: August 2010

The Huang Shui River, a main tributary of the Yellow River, crosses a series of tectonically subsided and uplifted areas that show different patterns of terrace formation. The distribution of fluvial terrace of the Huang Shui River is studied through topographic and sedimentologic terrace mapping. Three terraces in the Haiyan Basin, four terraces in the Huangyuan Basin, 19 terraces in the Xi'ning Basin (the four high terraces may belong to another river), nine terraces in the Ping'an Basin, five terraces in the Ledu Basin and 12 terraces in the Minhe Basin are recognized. Sedimentology research shows that the geomorphologic and sedimentological pattern of the Huang Shui River, which is located at the margin of Tibet, are different from that of the rivers at other regions. The formation process of the terrace is more complicated at the Huang Shui catchment: both accumulation terrace and erosion terrace were formed in each basin and accumulation terraces were developed in some basins when erosion terraces were formed in other basins, indicating fluvial aggradation may occur in some basins simultaneously with river incision in other basins. A conceptual model of the formation process of these two kinds of fluvial terraces at Huang Shui catchment is brought forward in this paper. First, the equilibrium state of the river is broken because of climatic change and/or tectonic movement, and the river incises in all basins in the whole catchment until reaching a new equilibrium state. Then, the downstream basin subsides quickly and the equilibrium state is broken again, and the river incises at upstream basins while the river accumulates at the subsidence basin quickly until approaching a new equilibrium state again. Finally, the river incises in the whole catchment because of climatic change and/or tectonic movement and the accumulation terrace is formed at the subsidence basin while the erosion terrace is formed at other basins. The existence of the accumulation terrace implied the tectonic subsidence in the sub‐basins in Huang Shui catchment. These tectonic subsidence movements gradually developed from the downstream Minhe Basin to the upstream Huangyuan Basin. Dating the terrace sequence has potential to uncover the relationship between the subsidence in the catchment and the regional tectonic at the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.
Holocene Floral and Faunal Remains Revealed Concealed Neotectonic Disturbance (Saria Tal, Kumaun Himalaya, India)
Authors: GUPTA Asha
Published: August 2010

Palynological and paleontological investigations supported by the radiocarbon dates of the lacustrine sediments of two profiles from the temperate lake Saria Tal, in Nairn Tal District, Kumaun Himalaya, have revealed the presence of a concealed fold at the region. The profile from bore cores represents the upper part of the Late Holocene and the profile from exposed sections from the Middle Holocene to the over middle part of the Late Holocene. The data generated from different investigations have uniformly indicated that the former profile represents normal superposition, while the latter represents the reverse order. The contemporary pollen as well as moüuscan zones of both profiles are situated at different elevations but consist of similar bioremains – indicating continuation of the same strata in two profiles. The presence of reverse order of superposition, continuation of the same strata in two profiles at different elevations, and the orientation of biozones, have indicated that the revealed folding is of syncline type. The present study has also given an idea about the origin of this lake.
Mesozoic‐Cenozoic Tectonics of the Yellow Sea and Oil‐Gas Exploration
Authors: WAN Tianfeng , HAO Tianyao
Published: August 2010

The purpose of the present study was to study the tectonics of the Yellow Sea. Although oil‐gas exploration has been undertaken for more than 30 years in the southern Yellow Sea, the exploration progress has achieved little. There are three tectonic periods with near N–S trending shortening and compression (260–200 Ma, 135–52 Ma and 23–0.78 Ma) and three tectonic periods with near E–W trending shortening and compression (200–135 Ma, 52–23 Ma and 0.78 Ma) at the Yellow Sea and adjacent areas during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. The Indosinian tectonic period is the collision period between the Sino‐Korean and Yangtze Plates, which formed the basic tectonic framework for the Yellow Sea area. There were strong intraplate deformations during the Yanshanian (200–135 Ma) and Sichuanian (135–52 Ma) periods with different tectonic models, which are also the main formation periods for endogenic metallic mineral deposits around the Yellow Sea. The three tectonic periods during the Cenozoic affect important influences for forming oil‐gas reservoirs. The Eocene–Oligocene (52–23 Ma) is the main forming period for oil‐gas sources. The Miocene–Early Pleistocene (23–0.78 Ma) was a period of favorable passage for oil‐gas migration along NNE trending faults. Since the Middle Pleistocene (0.78 Ma) the NNE trending faults are closed and make good conditions for the reservation of oil‐gas. The authors suggest that we pay more attention to the oil‐gas exploration at the intersections between the NNE trending existing faults and Paleogene‐Neogene systems in the southern Yellow Sea area.
Temporal‐Spatial Structure of Intraplate Uplift in the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau
Authors: LI Dewei
Published: August 2010

The intraplate uplift of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau took place on the basis of breakup and assembly of the Precambrian supercontinent, and southward ocean‐continent transition of the Proto‐, Paleo‐, Meso‐ and Neo‐Tethys during the Caledonian, Indosinian, Yanshanian and Early Himalayan movements. The intraplate tectonic evolution of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau underwent the early stage of intraplate orogeny characterized by migrational tectonic uplift, horizontal movement and geological processes during 180–7 Ma, and the late stage of isostatic mountain building characterized by pulsative rapid uplift, vertical movement and geographical processes since 3.6 Ma. The spatial‐temporal evolution of the intraplate orogeny within the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau shows a regular transition from the northern part through the central part to the southern part during 180–120 Ma, 65–35 Ma, and 25–7 Ma respectively, with extensive intraplate faulting, folding, block movement, magmatism and metallogenesis. Simultaneous intraplate orogeny and basin formation resulted from crustal rheological stratification and basin‐orogen coupling that was induced by lateral viscous flow in the lower crust. This continental dynamic process was controlled by lateral flow of hot and soft materials within the lower crust because of slab dehydration and melted mantle upwelling above the subducted plates during the southward Tethyan ocean‐continent transition processes or asthenosphere diapirism. Intraplate orogeny and basin formation were irrelevant to plate collision. The Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau as a whole was actually formed by the isostatic mountain building processes since 3.6 Ma that were characterized by crust‐scale vertical movement, and integral rapid uplift of the plateau, accompanied by isostatic subsidence of peripheral basins and depressions, and great changes in topography and environment. A series of pulsative mountain building events, associated with gravity equilibrium and isostatic adjustment of crustal materials, at 3.6 Ma, 2.5 Ma, 1.8–1.2 Ma, 0.9–0.8 Ma and 0.15–0.12 Ma led to the formation of a composite orogenic belt by unifying the originally relatively independent Himalayas, Gangdisê, Tanghla, Longmenshan, Kunlun, Altyn Tagh, and Qilian mountains, and the formation of the complete Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau with a unified mountain root after Miocene uplift of the plateau as a whole.
Geochemical Signatures of Early Paleogene Source Rocks in the Sanshui Basin, South China
Authors: LIU Chunlian , FÜRSICH Franz T. , CHEN Liang , CHE Xiaoguang , WU Jie
Published: August 2010

The Honggang member of the early Paleogene Buxin Formation is the main source rock in the Sanshui Basin, characterized by organic‐rich black shales with the cyclic recurrence of organic‐poor sediments. The geochemical characteristics of the Honggang member have been documented to determine the organic matter types and depositional environments in this paper. The organic matter of the black shales mainly consists of a mixture of land plant‐derived and phytoplankton‐derived organic matter. Total organic carbon content (TOC)‐sulfur‐iron (Fe) relationships suggest that the organic‐rich black shales were deposited under dysoxic‐to‐euxinic water conditions. The time that iron minerals remained in contact with H2S in anoxic waters possibly influenced the formation of syngenetic pyrite, and organic carbon controlled the formation of diagenetic pyrite. Organic‐poor intervals usually show pyrite sulfur enrichment and higher degree of pyritization values relative to low organic carbon contents. This resulted from HS− diffusing downward from overlying organic‐rich sediments and formed Fe sulfides through reactions with sufficient Fe. Trace elements generally exhibit low concentrations and little TOC dependence, suggesting some degree of depletion in these elements in the early Paleogene sediments of the Sanshui Basin. This probably resulted from cyclic recurrences of oxic benthic conditions, which promoted the remobilization of trace elements and caused the low concentration of trace elements.
Macrocrystal Garnet and Its Inclusions in Kimberlite Pipes from the Mengyin Area, Shandong Province, China
Authors: WANG Lijuan , ZHAO Lei , DING Yifei , HAO Jinghua , LI Youzhi , MA Junhong , LI Yuanyuan , ZHANG Xiaoli
Published: August 2010

Based on previous studies of kimberlite xenoliths and diamond inclusions in this region, macrocrystal garnet was analyzed with the electric microprobe technique (EPMA). The garnet is collected from the Shengli No.1 kimberlite pipe in the Mengyin area of Shandong Province, China. The results indicate that the garnet contains two kinds of multiphase inclusions: one is K‐, B‐, and Cl‐bearing oxygen‐free phase, K‐ and Cl‐bearing oxygen‐free phase, and volatile‐bearing garnet inclusions (in1 and in3); and the other is chlorite, phlogopite, apatite and calcite (in2). It is suggested that the formation of garnet and its inclusions is associated with strongly reduced mantle fluid. Such a fluid was transformed from ultra‐deep high‐reduction oxygen‐free fluid into low‐reduction alkaline fluid, and finally into oxidized fluid with low oxygen fugacity. This result confirms that the Mengyin area underwent metamorphism of slightly active deep fluid, and provides evidence for searching diamond by means of indicative minerals.
Characteristics of Underground Water Flow at Different Water Levels in Tianshengan Karst Area, Yunnan, China
Authors: KOGOVŠEK Janja
Published: August 2010

Three tracing tests from the same injection point executed at low, medium, and high water levels in the karst aquifer near Tianshengan village, Lunan Stone Forest, Yunnan Province, China, have revealed the basic properties of underground water flow. They showed the general directions of water flows; tracer concentrations were observed at six successive points allowing for the calculation of apparent dominant flow velocities at these sections towards the Dalongtan karst spring. For the high water level, the discharge between single sections was between two and 10 times greater than that at low water level. For the medium water level, the flow velocity at different sections was between 1.4 and 3.7 times faster than that at low water level; and for high water level, it was between 1.3 and 2.7 times faster than that at medium water level. The fastest water flow appeared at the first section (23 cm/s at medium water level); and the slowest (0.6 cm/s at low water level) appeared where water flow must cross the Tianshengan fault (north‐south direction), and later, a layer of 20‐30 m thickness of quartz sandstone and shale clay‐stones. It was also possible to calculate the recovery of the tracer for point 4, Dakenyan, where discharge was measured. At the medium water level, 50% of the injected tracer was detected a half‐day after its first appearance and at low water level after more than 3 days. The previously published research illustrates the transport velocities of possible contaminants and their solubilities in water at different hydrological conditions.
Hydrogeochemistry and Water Quality Evaluation along the Flow Path in the Unconfined Aquifer of the Düzce Plain, North‐western Turkey
Authors: ÜNSAL Nail , ÇELİK Mehmet
Published: August 2010

The Düzce Plain has a multi‐aquifer system, which consists of a near surface unconfined aquifer, along with first and second deeper confined aquifers. Hydrochemical evolution and water quality are related to infiltration of the precipitation, recharge from the formations surrounding the plain, flow path of groundwater and the relationship between surface and groundwater. The groundwater in the unconfined aquifer flows towards the Efteni Lake and the Büyük Melen River. Surface waters are divided into two main hydrochemical facies in the study area: (a) Ca2+–HCO3−; and (b) Ca2+, Mg2+–HCO3, SO2−4. The groundwater has generally three main hydrochemical facies: (a) Ca2+–HCO−; (b) Ca2+, Mg2+–HCO−3; and (c) Ca2+, Mg2+–HCO−3, CI−. The hydrochemical facies “a” and “b” dominate within shallow depths in recharge areas under rapid flow conditions, while hydrochemical facies “c” characterizes shallow and mixed groundwater, which dominate intermediate or discharge areas (near Efteni Lake and Büyük Melen River) during low flow conditions and agricultural contamination. Calcium and bicarbonate ions, total hardness and electrical conductivity of total dissolved solids (EC‐TDS) values increase along the groundwater flow path; but these parameters remain within the limits specified by the standards set for industrial and agricultural usages.
Exploratory Precipitation in North‐Central China during the Past Four Centuries
Authors: YI Liang , YU Hongjun , XU Xingyong , YAO Jing , SU Qiao , GE Junyi
Published: August 2010

Two robust precipitation reconstructions were conducted by combining tree‐ring chronologies, dryness/wetness indices from historical documents, and climate data from the global grid. It was found that the recurrent drought history of a region can help us understand the variability of precipitation. Several dry/wet periods during the past four centuries and potential cycles of precipitation variation were determined. Furthermore, the reconstructions are not only consistent well with each other in North‐central China, but also in good agreement with variations of precipitation in northeastern Mongolia, the Longxi area in Gangsu Province and the Dulan area of Qinghai Province, and the snow accumulation of the Guliya glacier. These synchronous variations indicate that it is valuable to study various climate records, find common information and determine the driving force of climate change.
Late Cenozoic Geomorphology, Geochronology and Physiography of Yuntaishan in Southern Taihang Mountain, North China
Authors: WU Zhonghai , ZHAO Xitao , MA Yinsheng , ZHAO Xun , ZHAO Ting , YANG Shouzheng , GAO Linzhi
Published: August 2010

The late Cenozoic geomorphic features and geochronologic data of the Zhingfang River catchment in the Yuntaishan World Geopark are studied. Several quarternary geochronologic methods, including electron spin resonance (ESR), optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), thermo‐luminescence (TL) and U‐series are presented in this paper. The results suggest that there are two planation surfaces, named as the Taihang surface which is a peneplain of Taihang stage formed during Oligocene or Oligocene to early‐middle Miocene period, and Tang‐hien surface which is a mature wide valley of Tang‐hien stage formed during late Miocene‐Pliocene or Pliocene‐early Pleistocene period and probably ended prior to 2.2–2.6 Ma based on ESR dating. After the Tang‐hien stage, the incision and aggradation of the river formed six stream terraces with heights of 3–5 m, 8–12 m, 22–24 m, 28–38 m, 50–62 m and 80–85 m above the river bottom, respectively. The dating results of the alluvium sediments suggest that these terraces were formed during Holocene, 20–23 ka B.P., 110–120 ka B.P., 200–240 ka B.P., 840–1200 ka B.P. or ∼450 ka B.P. and 1600–1800 ka B.P. or ∼1100 ka B.P., respectively. These results indicate that episodic incision of the river, which controls the formation of the scenery in the Yuntaishan World Geopark, was mainly influenced by the periodic dry‐wet climate change during late Cenozoic mountain uplift.
Lieder machen Leute:Teaching Postwar German Identity through Song
Authors: Wickham Christopher
Published: August 2010

The negotiation of a West German identity in the decades that followed World War II can be traced in the issues and movements that preoccupied the populace. These in turn are documented in the work of socially and politically motivatedLiedermacher. Songs thus serve as a point of entry for students into how Germans saw themselves in the Bonn Republic. By focusing on theWirtschaftswunder, anti‐nuclear activity, the environment, and patriotic militarism as addressed in five song texts from 1967 to 1985, this article provides a resource platform from which to build learning units and student projects exploring this era.
Looking Back: Teaching Landeskunde with Liedermacher Songs
Authors: Rundell Richard
Published: August 2010

Popular music is a lingua franca for young people. The songs of German Liedermacher lend themselves to classroom uses. Liedermacher are cultural commentators who entertain and edify with their songs. Focusing on social and political aspects of postwar Germany, Liedermacher songs have been a “gesungene Landeskunde” resource since the early 1960s. Some songs took a retrospective view of the 20th century, e.g. Degenhardt's “Zeit‐Zeuge Jahrgang 00,” Mey's “Das Foto vor mir auf dem Tisch”, and Wader's “Familienerbe”. Each of these three songs takes personalized stock of a dense century as history “von unten,” each with a strikingly distinct voice accompaniment.
Happily Ever After: Integrating Language and Literature through Technology?
Authors: Kraemer Angelika
Published: August 2010

This article describes a fourth‐year German course on fairy tales that focuses on the integration of academic content with linguistic skills through technology‐enhanced course modules. Situated in the discussion of the language‐literature gap and the benefits of computer‐assisted language learning, the proposed online course modules may prove appropriate in other German classes, thereby providing language educators with specific examples to help integrate the teaching of language and literature through online activities. Research findings from a qualitative study revealed several positive outcomes including increases in students' self‐perceived confidence, motivation, and language skills as well as various challenges related to instructor involvement and functionality issues.
Reading Kästner's Emil und die Detektive in the Context of a Literacy‐Oriented Curriculum
Authors: Redmann Jennifer
Published: August 2010

The focus in many language curricula is shifting from “four skills” to “literacy.” In a literacy‐oriented curriculum, texts stand at the center of every course at every level. Teachers introduce content through texts early in the language learning process, assist even advanced students with the challenges of reading and writing in German, and help learners make connections at every level between texts, language, and culture. This article describes approaches and offers materials for teaching a classic German children's novel, Erich Kästner's Emil und die Detektive (1929), in the second year of a literacy‐oriented curriculum.
“I asked my parents why a wall was so important”: Teaching about the GDR and Post‐Reunification Germany
Authors: Streitwieser Bernhard , Lys Franziska
Published: August 2010

Fifteen years after the ‘peaceful revolutions’ brought about the collapse of communism and the reunification of East and West Germany, a heated debate rages over the legacy of communism and the continuing impact of 1989. This paper describes a new course that explores the contentious issues in this debate through the innovative use of the course management system Blackboard. The paper describes how using Internet technology (video and audio links to archival and documentary footage, historic recordings, web linked academic articles, newspaper reports, internet sites, on‐line quizzes and virtual discussions) has brought today's undergraduates into the current debate and engaged them technologically in ways that deviate from more traditional teaching models. Such a course is not as prevalent as one would expect, least of all in undergraduate curricula in Germany and the United States.
Authentic Models and Usage Norms? Gender Marking in First‐Year Textbooks
Authors: Vandergriff Ilona , Barry David , Mueller Kimberly
Published: August 2010

Our study of seven first‐year college‐level German textbooks surveys how these texts deal with the challenge of representing gender‐inclusive language. Specifically, we look at gender marking in human nouns to see whether they occur as single‐gender forms (e.g., Student), as morphological pairs in either full form (e.g., Student/Studentin) or orthographically‐reduced form (Student/in, StudentIn), as lexical pairs (e.g., Großmutter/Großvater) or as gender‐neutral forms (e.g., Studierende, plural). All textbooks surveyed show a strong tendency to avoid gender‐exclusive forms but none introduces students to orthographically‐reduced pairs.
Moving in(to) Imaginary Worlds: Drama Pedagogy for Foreign Language Teaching and Learning
Authors: Even Susanne
Published: August 2010

This article introduces drama pedagogy as an approach with great potential for foreign language acquisition, addressing students' multiple skills and facilitating their communicative and interactional competence. A strong emphasis is placed on social, emotional, and kinesthetic learning that is traditionally neglected in instructional settings. Students enter imaginary worlds that they cooperatively construct, experience, furnish, arrange, and change. Thus, drama situations can liberate and at the same time deeply stimulate and challenge learners' take on communicative situations, grammar, and literary texts. Basic drama pedagogy techniques will be exemplified with practical examples from a drama pedagogy workshop at Indiana University.
Podcasting as a Learning Tool: German Language and Culture Every Day
Authors: Schmidt Johannes
Published: August 2010

Podcasts provide a straightforward opportunity to stay connected with language, culture, and recent events of German‐speaking countries. Podcasts offer clearly articulated, authentic material that can be automatically and regularly delivered to your computer and classrooms; continuously exposing students and teachers to German. This article provides step‐by‐step instructions detailing podcasts using iTunes, their possible uses for German classes, how to create podcasts, and a list of German podcasts.
Racial and Ethnic Diversity in Secondary and Postsecondary German Textbooks
Authors: Ilett Darren
Published: August 2010

This article combines quantitative and qualitative analysis of the depiction of ethnic and racial diversity in recent editions of secondary and postsecondary German textbooks published in the US. The purpose is threefold: (1) to determine the frequency and types of representations of diversity; (2) to examine more closely several representative depictions that illustrate the two predominant trends of emphasizing difference and depicting diversity as a given; and (3) to offer some thoughts about the evaluation and selection of textbooks with the promotion of inclusion and intercultural competence in mind.
An Essay on the Role of Language in Collegiate Foreign Language Programmatic Reform1
Authors: Maxim Hiram
Published: August 2010

This position paper argues that collegiate foreign language (FL) education has lost sight of the central role that language plays in the profession. Regardless of one's sub‐field within foreign language education (i.e., linguistic, literary, or cultural studies), the profession shares the common focus of exploring how to make and interpret meaning in and through language. The paper therefore recommends that an acknowledgement of and re‐commitment to this foundational principle provides common ground to effect the types of change within departments that have long been called: the integration of upper‐ and lower‐level instruction; the reform of graduate student teacher education to foster curricular thinking; the explicit and systematic attention to the development of advanced language abilities; and the establishment of a collaborative departmental culture centered around publicly shared beliefs and concerns.
A Quarter-Century of Progress in the Development of Correlation and Extrapolation Methods for Creep Rupture Data
Authors: Manson S. S. , Ensign C. R.
Published: August 2010

A brief review is presented of developments in analysis of creep-rupture data, including Time-Temperature Parameters, the Minimum Commitment Method, and Successive Regression. The role of Dr. Robert Goldhoff in this progress is emphasized.
Statistical Methods for Creep, Fatigue and Fracture Data Analysis
Authors: Hahn G. J.
Published: August 2010

Statistical methods can play an important role in the proper collection and analysis of creep, fatigue and fracture data. This article deals with what statistics has to offer in this area. The following subjects are considered: The role of statistics in problem definition; the use of stress versus time as the dependent variable in the data fitting; treatment of variability between heats; analysis of data with run-outs; exclusion of extreme high stress-low failure time data from the analysis; experimental design concepts for obtaining the most useful data. The article is based upon a paper prepared at Bob Goldhoff’s suggestion and with his substantial assistance. This paper was originally presented to a 1977 NASA/EPRI/MPC Workshop.
The Development of High Temperature Design Methods Based on Reference Stresses and Bounding Theorems
Authors: Goodall I. W. , Leckie F. A. , Ponter A. R. S. , Townley C. H. A.
Published: August 2010

The paper summarizes some recent developments in the analysis of structures by use of bounding theorems and reference stress techniques. In many instances these techniques may be used by design engineers in simplifying the analysis of structures operating in the creep range. This is particularly true of components operating below a modified shakedown limit as the design methods need be no more complex than those currently used below the creep range. Above the modified shakedown limit bounding theorems may be used to determine deformations but require a cyclic elastic-plastic solution as a minimum requirement. The bounds however do allow a simplified treatment of the creep deformation to be made.
An Investigation of Multi-Axial Creep Characteristics of Metals
Authors: Henderson J.
Published: August 2010

Conventionally, uniaxial creep test data provide the designer of engineering components at elevated temperature with an assessment of the creep behavior of the metal with which he is concerned. However for more rigorous design, methods are required whereby uniaxial creep data may be used to provide predictions of the behavior of those components for multi-axial stress conditions. This paper describes research, mainly at the author’s laboratory, into multi-axial creep relationships revealed by studies on a spectrum of engineering metals and the use of these relationships in the derivation of creep design methods for engineering components from tensile creep data. Finally the paper reports an application of recently developed reference stress methods to the prediction of the time-dependent behavior of a representative engineering component under a complex stressing history. Indications of the likely success of the reference stress technique as a tool for initial design assessment and its limitations are shown.
Creep Failure Criteria for High Temperature Alloys
Authors: Chambers W. L. , Ostergren W. J. , Wood J. H.
Published: August 2010

The evolution of creep failure criteria is discussed from the early considerations of strain limits to avoid excessive deformation to the current concepts where rupture is used as the basic parameter for most cumulative damage laws. In addition to these modes of failure, the strain to crack initiation itself is considered as a possible overriding criterion for modern cast high temperature resistant alloys where interacting phenomena of creep and fatigue occur.
Combining Phenomenology and Physics in Describing the High Temperature Mechanical Behavior of Crystalline Solids
Authors: Sherby O. D. , Miller A. K.
Published: August 2010

It is now possible to predict quantitatively the high temperature mechanical behavior of pure metals, solid solution alloys and dispersion hardened alloys, based on an understanding of a number of physical factors influencing power law creep, including: (a) atom mobility by lattice diffusion and by dislocation pipe diffusion, (b) elastic constants of the matrix material, (c) subgrain size, (d) stacking fault energy, and (e) crystallographic texture. This quantitative picture can be extended and generalized to transient situations using the work hardening-recovery approach, and strengthening due to back stresses, solutes, and irradiation can be incorporated within the same framework. The resulting set of constitutive equations for creep rests on a firm physical foundation and yet can predict the high-temperature behavior of materials under the complex histories typical of technological applications.
Rate Equations for Elevated Temperature Creep
Authors: Pizzo P. P.
Published: August 2010

Creep deformation is characterized in terms of temperature, the applied load and the resultant steady-state creep rate. A correlation is often sought to describe accelerated test data and to provide a means of predicting performance in service. Since prediction often involves extrapolation outside the data range, there is concern for possible transitions in creep behavior. Rate dependent transitions in creep behavior are common for many commercial alloys, and research over the years has provided an understanding of some of the basic mechanisms involved. This understanding has led to definition of conditions under which different mechanisms are active and, thus, bounds at which transitions will occur. In this paper, the major transition mechanisms are briefly discussed and their significance to long-term extrapolation of creep properties is demonstrated.
Combining Dynamic Modeling With Geometric Constraint Management to Support Low Clearance Virtual Manual Assembly
Authors: Seth Abhishek , Vance Judy M. , Oliver James H.
Published: August 2010

This research presents a novel approach to virtual assembly that combines dynamic modeling with geometric constraint-based modeling to support low clearance manual assembly of CAD models. This is made possible by utilizing the boundary representation solid model data available in most contemporary CAD representations, which enables (a) accurate collision/physics calculations on exact model definitions, and (b) access to geometric features. Application of geometric constraints during run-time, aid the designer during assembly of the virtual models. The feasibility of the approach is demonstrated using a pin and hole assembly example. Results that demonstrate the method give the user the ability to assemble parts without requiring extensive CAD preprocessing and without over constraining the user to arrive at predetermined final part orientations. Assembly is successful with diametral clearance as low as 0.0001 mm, as measured between a 26 mm diameter hole and pin.
Design Improvement by Sensitivity Analysis Under Interval Uncertainty Using Multi-Objective Optimization
Authors: Hamel J. , Li M. , Azarm S.
Published: August 2010

Uncertainty in the input parameters to an engineering system may not only degrade the system’s performance but may also cause failure or infeasibility. This paper presents a new sensitivity analysis based approach called design improvement by sensitivity analysis (DISA). DISA analyzes the interval uncertainty of input parameters and using multi-objective optimization, determines an optimal combination of design improvements that will ensure a minimal variation in the objective functions of the system, while also ensuring the feasibility. The approach provides a designer with options for both uncertainty reduction and, more importantly, slight design adjustments. A two-stage sequential framework is used that can employ either the original analysis functions or their metamodels to greatly increase the computational efficiency of the approach. This new approach has been applied to two engineering examples of varying difficulty to demonstrate its applicability and effectiveness. The results produced by these examples show the ability of the approach to ensure the feasibility of a preexisting design under interval uncertainty by effectively adjusting available degrees of freedom in the system without the need to completely redesign the system.
Design of Adaptive Cores of Sandwich Structures Using a Compliant Unit Cell Approach and Topology Optimization
Authors: Lin Jiangzi , Luo Zhen , Tong Liyong
Published: August 2010

This paper presents a new method in designing the core layer of adaptive sandwich structures. The proposed design formulation treats the core layer as a compliant unit cell network while the unit cell network is synthesized by repeatedly linked identical compliant unit cells. Each unit cell is designed to possess shape adaptive functions independently and through the accumulation of the number of cells within the network, the global adaptive functions are accumulated also. Therefore, the network is capable of achieving large scale shape adaptations of complex profile with high fidelity. Topology optimization is used to design the compliant unit cell. Depending on the problem formulation, topology optimization can perform the simultaneous design of both the host material and the actuation material in the defined environment. This research includes a numerical case study to illustrate the technical aspects of this design philosophy. This is followed by the rapid prototyping of two scaled models and experimental validation.