bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Ethnographic Evaluation of a Computer-Supported Product Development System
Authors: D'Souza Melroy E. , Greenstein Joel S.
Published: July 2017

This paper addresses the evaluation of a computer-supported collaborative work (CSCW) system, designed using a context-based participatory approach, to support product development. The evaluation focused on the effectiveness and acceptance of the CSCW system in its intended use environment. Users were asked to use the system for a period of 60 business days to perform actual product development tasks. The frequency of use of the system and several subjective measures were recorded at fixed intervals during the evaluation. The highest usage was during the fourth (final) period of the evaluation and the lowest usage was during the second. Users tended to agree that the development capability and the potential benefits to the organization of the CSCW system exceeded those of the existing system. The results support the use of a context-based participatory approach to developing features of a CSCW system that meet not only functional needs, but also socio-technical ones. Through the evaluation, it was possible to determine tasks that were appropriate and others that were inappropriate for future integration into the CSCW system. The evaluation methodology also identified issues that hindered the adoption of the CSCW system. Strategies for adoption that deal with these issues are proposed.
Generic Work System Characteristics of “Outlaw” Rapid Prototyping Groups: A Summary of Four Case Studies
Authors: Hendrick Hal W.
Published: July 2017

The common characteristics of four different kinds of rapid prototyping groups are summarized. In spite of their differences, in all four cases the pattern of formation, successful development, and subsequent “growing pains” were found to be remarkably similar. The author's interventions and the restructuring of the groups' work systems for the long haul are described.
Assessing Virtual Reality's Potential for Teaching Abstract Science
Authors: Salzman Marilyn C. , Dede Chris , Loftin R. Bowen , Sprague Debra
Published: July 2017

Understanding how to leverage the features of immersive, three-dimensional (3-D) multisensory virtual reality to meet user needs presents a challenge for human factors researchers. This paper describes our approach to evaluating this medium's potential as a tool for teaching abstract science. It describes some of our early research outcomes and discusses an evaluation comparing a 3-D VR microworld to an alternative 2-D computer-based microworld. Both are simulations in which students learn about electrostatics. The outcomes of the comparison study suggest: 1) the immersive 3-D VR microworld facilitated conceptual and three-dimensional learning that the 2-D computer microworld did not, and 2) VR's multisensory information aided students who found the electrostatics concepts challenging. As a whole, our research suggests that VR's immersive representational abilities have promise for teaching and for visualization. It also demonstrates that characteristics of the learning experience such as usability, motivation, and simulator sickness are important part of assessing this medium's potential.
A Usability Assessment of Virtual Reality Simulation for Aerial Gunner Training
Authors: Silverman Denise R. , Spiker V. Alan
Published: July 2017

The 58th Training Support Squadron (58 TRSS) has begun use of a one-of-a-kind virtual reality (VR) simulator for training aerial gunner/scanner (AG/S) tasks. This paper briefly describes the development considerations of the device and an initial usability assessment of the helmet mounted display (HMD) and the helmet. Eleven experienced rotary-wing instructors with varying levels of experience in the Aerial Gunner Scanner Simulator (AGSS) were surveyed. Their ratings and comments regarding 17 helmet components are summarized. The results suggested that overall the helmet is acceptable. However, critical components require improvements. There is a need to improve the cathode ray tubes (CRTs) and to increase the update rates for the head trackers. The results also indicated that helmet comfort factors and fitting procedures (e.g., alignment) are problematic. Several recommendations are made based on these central findings applicable to both AGSS-users in particular and VR-users in general.
Scientific Visualization Performance in Virtual Environments
Authors: McCormick Edward P. , Wickens Christopher D. , Banks Rachel , Yeh Michelle
Published: July 2017

Three frames of reference (full exocentric, full egocentric and tethered) were contrasted in three experiments to measure performance of four different scientific visualization subtasks: search, travel, local judgment support and global judgment support. Participants were instructed to locate and follow a designated path through simple virtual environments and to answer simple questions about that environment. Each subject completed 5 trials in every frame of reference condition (exocentric, egocentric and tethered) with the subject's first trial serving as a practice trial. The results revealed that frames of reference that utilize egocentric or tethered viewpoints support better travel performance, especially when nearing the target. However the exocentric frame of reference supported better performance in the search subtasks and the local and global judgment subtasks.
Using a Systems Approach in Developing a Survey to Assess the Contributing Factors to Needlestick Injuries
Authors: McIntosh Krista R. , Rever-Moriyama Sandra D.
Published: July 2017

Needlestick injuries (NSIs) are the result of multiple factors which interact in a complex manner. In an attempt to understand the causes of NSIs, a systems approach was adopted. An extensive literature review identified behaviors, equipment, safety and interpersonal environments, and administrative policies and procedures as potential contributors to NSIs. Two phases in the development of an instrument that measures the contributions of the individual, organization, and environment are reported. In phase one, a questionnaire was developed using the critical incident technique and tested on nursing and paramedic students and nursing professors. In phase two, a revised survey was administered to 205 nurses. The following factors representing different levels of a health care system emerged: safety environment, stressors, conflicting or conflicting procedures, critical behaviors, and knowledge. The discussion addresses how the questionnaire can be used to test the relative influences of these factors on the occurrence of NSIs and generate recommendations for system-wide interventions.
Using a Computer Simulated World to Study Behavioral Compliance with Warnings: Effects of Salience and Gender
Authors: Glover Barbara L. , Wogalter Michael S.
Published: July 2017

Warning signs are intended to alert persons to potential dangers in the environment. Despite its importance, empirical studies measuring behavioral compliance with warnings are limited due to methodological difficulties and ethical considerations in conducting the research. The present study used a computer simulated world as a new method for studying behavioral compliance. Such simulations can be constructed to appear realistic, thus maintaining ecological validity, while allowing control over experimental conditions. Three factors (time stress, salience, and sign type) were manipulated to determine their effects on a simulated egress task from an underground mine. Gender was also introduced as an additional independent variable. Results indicated signs with salient features increased compliance compared to signs without those features. Time stress and sign type failed to show significant effects. In general, women complied more frequently than men. Use of computer simulated worlds in warning compliance research is discussed.
Search Differences for the Presence and Absence of Features in Sustained Attention
Authors: Schoenfeld Victoria S. , Scerbo Mark W.
Published: July 2017

The present study examined the ability of individuals to look for the presence or absence of stimulus features in a vigilance paradigm. Forty participants monitored a computer display comprised of either 2 or 5 circles for 40 min. Half of the participants were instructed to respond when a line was present in one of the circles, and the other half responded when the line was absent from one of the circles. Although performance declined throughout the vigil in all conditions, the overall level of performance was dependent upon both display size and type of signal. Specifically, performance was worse when searching for the absence as opposed to the presence of the feature, and this effect was exacerbated with the five-stimulus display. On the other hand, display size had no effect when searching for the presence of the feature. These results are discussed with respect to the feature integration theory and the nature of the critical signal in vigilance.
Effects of SAR Image Compression on Image Interpretability and Detection Performance
Authors: See Judi E. , Kuperman Gilbert G.
Published: July 2017

The present study was designed to compare the relative impact of three image compression techniques on the interpretability of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery: multiresolution encoding (MRES), Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG), and vector quantization (VQ). These three techniques were examined at three compression ratios (8:1, 16:1, and 32:1) and two image resolutions (fine and coarse) to determine which is most suitable for SAR imagery. Six experienced image analysts provided subjective ratings of image interpretability for original and compressed SAR images via the Radar National Imagery Interpretability Rating Scale (RNIIRS). The subjective ratings were further supplemented with objective indicators of target detection performance (i.e., hits and false alarms). For each dependent variable, difference scores representing the difference in value for comparable uncompressed and compressed images were computed and analyzed. In terms of both subjective and objective measures of effectiveness, MRES was most similar to the uncompressed imagery.
Depth and Image Quality of Three-Dimensional, Lenticular-Sheet Images
Authors: Morrison H. Boyd
Published: July 2017

This study investigated the inherent tradeoff between depth and image quality in lenticular-sheet (LS) imaging. Four different scenes were generated as experimental stimuli to represent a range of typical LS images. The overall amount of depth in each image, as well as the degree of foreground and background disparity, were varied, and the images were rated by subjects using the free-modulus magnitude estimation procedure. Generally, subjects preferred images which had smaller amounts of overall depth and tended to dislike excessive amounts of foreground or background disparity. The most preferred image was also determined for each scene by selecting the image with the highest mean rating. In a second experiment, these most preferred LS images for each scene were shown to subjects along with the analogous two-dimensional (2D) photographic versions. Results indicate that observers from the general population looked at the LS images longer than they did at the 2D versions and rated them higher on the attributes of quality of depth and attention-getting ability, although the LS images were rated lower on sharpness. No difference was found in overall quality or likeability.
Integral and Separable Dimensions in Graph Reading
Authors: Hollands J. G. , Spence Ian
Published: July 2017

Subjects sorted decks of cards depicting pie charts and divided bar graphs on two criteria: the proportion shown in the graph, and the graph's overall size, or scaling. Sorting times and errors were measured. For divided bars, performance was impaired when subjects were required to sort the proportion and the overall scaling varied. No such impairment occurred for pie charts. The results suggest that proportion and scaling are integral dimensions for divided bar graphs, but separable dimensions for pie charts. Subjects can judge angles or slopes with pie charts having different scaling, but must estimate a ratio prior to classification with different-scale divided bars. In sum, showing proportions with divided bar graphs can be problematic if the scaling of the graph varies, but pie charts are not similarly affected.
Measuring the Likelihood of Falling Asleep While Driving Using Psychophysics
Authors: Paley Michael J.
Published: July 2017

The current research aimed at developing a behaviorally based, subjective measure to assess the likelihood of falling asleep behind-the-wheel, using psychophysical scaling. Participants performed a simulated driving task and rated ease of falling asleep or ease of staying awake using magnitude estimation. The goal of this study was to test the applicability of magnitude estimation to the scaling of subjective state variables. Three male graduate students participated, performing six experimental sessions, half in the stay awake condition and half in the fall asleep condition. The results provide evidence that magnitude estimation was successfully implemented as a means to scale the ease of falling asleep and staying awake. During all sessions the logarithmic transformation of the magnitude estimation data was described by a significant linear function. The behaviorally-based subjective measure developed for this study was also shown to be predictive of performance in the driving simulator.
Enhancing System Safety with 3-D Audio Displays
Authors: Haas Ellen C. , Gainer Charles , Wightman Dennis , Couch Michael , Shilling Russell
Published: July 2017

The enhancement of multiple radio communications can be an important system safety consideration. This study was conducted to determine how accurately helicopter pilots could process radio communications information in a simulated cockpit environment when the messages were presented under different modes (diotic, dichotic and 3-D audio). The dependent variable was the total number of points scored in the radio communications identification task. Subjects were 11 certified U.S. Army AH-64 pilots between the ages of 18 and 35 who possessed hearing and visual acuity within thresholds acceptable to the U.S. Army (U.S. Army, 1989). Multivariate statistical analysis indicated that presentation mode was significant. Pilots scored the greatest number of points in the identification task while using 3-D audio, fewer with dichotic presentation, and the least with diotic presentation. There was a statistically significant difference between the 3-D and the diotic presentation. The data imply that 3-D audio provides an effective mode of message presentation in systems with multiple radio communications.
Design Guidelines for Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS): The User Requirements Analysis
Authors: Campbell John L. , Carney Cher , Kantowitz Barry H.
Published: July 2017

Past research has established that human factors guidelines following traditional formats for presenting information are not useful and are often ignored by designers. Within the human factors community, there is considerable uncertainty and concern regarding the nature and utility of human factors handbooks and guidelines materials. Indeed, many existing human factors reference materials have been criticized by designers for being “too wordy”, “too general,” and “too hard to understand.” The development of clear, relevant, and useful human factors guidelines requires a judicious mix of science and art to overcome such criticisms. This paper describes an on going effort to develop clear, relevant, and easy-to-use guidelines for the design of Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) and Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO). It focuses on the methods and results of a user requirements analysis conducted to identify the appropriate content, organization, and format of the ATIS/CVO guidelines.
Survey of the Human-Computer Interface and the Operational Tasks at Selected Vessel Traffic Services
Authors: Hoffman Ronald B. , Dion Frederic A. , Riley Bruce R.
Published: July 2017

This report focuses on the Human-Computer Interface and the operational tasks at five waterways: Los Angeles/Long Beach, Prince William Sound, Puget Sound, San Francisco, and New York. It is the first part of the Survey of the Human-System Interfaces of Vessel Traffic Services conducted at selected ports to provide guidelines and recommendations for the design and development of automated systems for maritime traffic management.
An Investigation of Temporary Threshold Shift and Noise Dose in Contemporary Commercial Trucks
Authors: Lee Suzanne E. , Robinson Gary S. , Casali John G.
Published: July 2017

The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) currently requires that individuals seeking a commercial driver's license for interstate commerce possess a certain minimal level of hearing. Past studies have shown that truck noise (in certain older vehicles, at least) is loud enough to cause permanent hearing damage if experienced for sufficient durations. There have also been reports that truck drivers have indeed suffered hearing loss, possibly due to their noise exposure. As part of an overall evaluation of the FHWA hearing requirement, pre-and post-workday audiograms were performed on 10 truck drivers to determine whether they suffer a temporary threshold shift (TTS) at the end of the work shift. Dosimeters were used to measure the noise dose for the same 10 drivers. Ten different trucks were used; although the trucks were from three homogenous manufacturer groups, the truck mileage, cargo, and weight variables demonstrated considerable randomness. The results showed that there was no evidence of a TTS among these 10 drivers and that the noise doses experienced by these drivers were all within a range considered safe by OSHA. However, an analysis of pre-work audiograms for 30 truck drivers showed some evidence of a noise-induced permanent threshold shift, when these drivers' audiograms were compared to those of a similar age/gender non-noise exposed population.
Modeling and Simulation Issues in Design, Test, and Evaluation
Authors: Diehl Alan , Gawron Valerie , Canham Lyn
Published: July 2017

This panel brings together experts in modeling and simulation to discuss contemporary issues associated with design, test, and evaluation. The use of such tools and techniques has increased in recent years, partly because of the large expense and dangers of designing and testing complex systems. Modeling and simulation techniques have long been an integral part of product and systems design, while the application of these concepts to the test and evaluation arena has been far more limited. There is now a growing recognition that use of such concepts in the test environment is a logical extension to their widespread applications in design. The topics presented by this panel illustrate this point well. Such applications should produce an important new venue for human systems integration concepts.
Meaningful Assessments of Simulator Performance and Sickness: Can't Have One without the Other?
Authors: Bittner Alvah C. , Gore Brian F. , Hooey Becky L.
Published: July 2017

The requirement to evaluate the differential impacts of simulator sickness on performance assessments was explored. Simulator sickness and performance data were analyzed in two phases that indicated: 1) an experimental display condition by age interaction with regard to development of simulator sickness; and 2) associated detrimental effects of simulator sickness on performance. Arguably, these results may be quite disturbing to users, and past users, of simulators for system and other Development, Test and Evaluation efforts (DT&Es). The utility of simulator sickness measures as covariates, in the analysis of performance effects, is demonstrated as a means for their assessment and statistical control. It is strongly recommended that researchers explore and control the potential confounding effects of simulator sickness in order to assure meaningful performance assessments.
Requirements for Objective- and Performance-Based Creation and Modification of Complex Training Materials
Authors: Stretton Milton L. , Cannon-Bowers Janis A.
Published: July 2017

Implementation of simulation and scenario based training for teams and individuals requires generation and delivery of highly complex instructional material. In this paper, preliminary results of a multi-year effort are presented with a focus on scenario development tools in support of advanced individual and team training. As a first step in this effort, a review of the state-of-the-art in simulation- and scenario-based training systems was conducted examining over 20 simulation-and scenario-based training systems. Consistently recurring limitations were evident across all systems in all aspects from preparation to debrief. These limitations, together with other research in automated data collection and diagnosis, have focused attention on the development of a “learner centered”, software-based training management system. The effort described herein supports the building of a system that allows relative novices to use historical performance data to create and modify scenarios based on specific objectives. This system will also create appropriate support materials for training personnel. Success in this endeavor will provide a model for those who have struggled to harness the considerable potential afforded by simulation- and scenario-based training.
Spatial Mental Representations in Virtual Environments
Authors: Hancock P. A. , Hendrix Claudia , Arthur Eric
Published: July 2017

Spatial mental representations learned by the study of maps are thought to be orientation specific. Studies have shown that people have difficulty in making judgments from an orientation which is different from the orientation of the map itself. It has been hypothesized that such alignment effects can be attributed to differences in the number of viewpoints encountered during learning. The current study used virtual environments to test this hypothesis. Participants were presented several objects located on a plain within an immersive virtual environment. They learned the environment to a criterion level. The critical task for all experiments was to judge the accuracy with which subjects could identify correct triads of object layouts as well as the response latency to make the judgment. The results of the first experiment showed a linear increase in judgment time as the amount of normalization required of the stimulus increased thus supporting the multiple views theory. The results of the second experiment suggested that four viewpoints were needed for simple spacial configurations before orientation specificity could be eliminated.
A Design Aid for Improved Documentation in Aircraft Maintenance: A Precursor to Training
Authors: Drur Colin G. , Sarac Abdulkadir
Published: July 2017

With the increasing demand for error reduction in civil aviation maintenance has come a need to ensure that complex work instructions are presented so as to minimize error opportunities. Guidelines have been developed for improving human factors aspects of work control cards and proven effective in the design of both paper-based and computer-based. The current study examined ways of providing such guidelines in a form which document writers will use. Guideline content came from a literature search, plus currently-available design guides. Guideline structure was developed in conjunction with a user team at a partner airline. Both paper-based and computer-based versions of a Documentation Design Aid (DDA) were developed, with iterative input from the user team. These versions were tested on engineering technical writers to measure performance and usability, with generally positive results. The user team approach produced a list of issues in documentation which went beyond document design into the whole document production/ testing/ using process. Thus, an effort parallel to the design aid development resulted in a review of the macro-ergonomic aspects of the work documentation system.
Human Factors Training for Aviation Maintenance Personnel
Authors: Johnson William B.
Published: July 2017

There is a growing awareness within the aviation industry that new levels of safety and efficiency can be achieved through attention to the human factors in maintenance. The result is that many airlines are creating human factors training courses for maintenance personnel. At the same time there is an increasing number of consultants offering human factors courses. This paper discusses the growing demand and rationale for training related to human factors in maintenance. The paper describes various course offerings — content, instructor qualifications, course length — and experiences of the author as a provider of maintenance human factors training.
Reader Comprehension of News Stories: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Griffin Philip F.
Published: July 2017

Not half the readers of news stories have an accurate comprehension of their content, according to a four-year study. Moreover, certain traditional newscraft devices seem to contribute to this lack of understanding. Mr. Griffin is assistant professor of journalism at the University of California.
The Effects of Mass Communications: A Review
Authors: Schramm Wilbur
Published: July 2017

On the basis of two significant new books, the Director of the Institute of Communications Research at the University of Illinois formulates a set of hypotheses that reflect the present state of research in this field. Dr. Schramm is also chairman of the AASDJ Council on Research.
Foreign Policy on the Newspaper Editorial Page
Authors: Lewis Herbert L.
Published: July 2017

Continuing contact between the State Department and the nation's editorial writers is urged in this paper presented at the 1949 AATJ-AASDJ-ASJSA convention by the editor of the St. Paul Pioneer-Press and Dispatch. Mr. Lewis holds A.B. and M.A. degrees from the University of Minnesota.
Research in Brief
Authors: Lund John V.
Published: July 2017

This department is devoted to shorter articles and notes on research in the communications field, either completed or in progress. Readers are invited to submit reports on investigative studies which might prove useful to other students because of content, method, or implications for further research.
The Problem of Predicting Success in Journalism
Authors: Stone C. Harold
Published: July 2017

The author, a research associate in the University of Minnesota's Industrial Relations Center, discusses various methods of determining “what makes a good newspaperman,” other than mere rule-of-thumb estimates. Included in his article is a review of previous research on the subject, including aptitude tests.
The Myth of the “Environmental Problem”: Cleanup Costs and Brownfield Redevelopment
Authors: Chilton Kenneth M.
Published: July 2017

Environmental contamination is often blamed for thwarting brownfield redevelopment. This article analyzes 15 case studies and concludes that, in fact, market and political factors are more important than environmental factors. Prior to redevelopment, fears of contamination are high; case study data demonstrate that these environmental fears are usually unsubstantiated.
Impact On Hospitality Managers And Industry: Employee Relations Law Developments In 1987
Authors: Ward Lynn M.
Published: July 2017

Employee relations in the hospitality industry require an awareness and sensitivity to the protections afforded particular classes of people. This article briefly examines the laws enacted and then identifies significant case decisions in 1987 which interpret and apply these laws to hotel and restaurant situations.
A Model of Excellence for Training Managers And Non-Supervisory Employees In The Food Service Industry
Authors: Foucar-Szockl Reg
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceived effectiveness of instructional techniques used when training management and non-supervisory employees in the food service industry. Surveys were sent to 716 training directors of the largest food service organizations in the United States as listed by Dun and Bradstreet. A 72.5 percent response rate was achieved with the use of two follow-up mailings. The results of the factor analysis produced an eight factor structure of effective approaches for training employees in the food service industry.
Older Workers: Understanding, Reaching And Using This Important Labor Resource Effectively In The Hospitality Industry
Authors: McCool Audrey C.
Published: July 2017

Demographic changes are significantly impacting labor availability within the hospitality industry. Older persons are being considered as a labor resource in spite of myths associated with older workers. Although older persons can enhance the work force, their participation is not without a price. Considerable modification of the work environment, employment practices and policies, and retirement policies will be required. The implementation of innovative part-time schedules, creation of a work environment free from age bias, and development of comprehensive benefit packages for part-time employees are key factors for effective employment of older persons.
The Three M's of Service Industry Productivity: Misunderstood, Miscalculated and Mismanaged
Authors: Macaulay James , Cullen Thomas P.
Published: July 2017

Productivity in the hospitality industry is a major management concern. Productivity in hotels has not grown at all since 1979. In the restaurant industry, output has declined at an annual rate of 0.7 percent over the same period. While some productivity improvement techniques developed in manufacturing industries have ramifications for the hospitality industry, unique characteristics of the hotel and restaurant business mean that productivity improvement techniques borrowed from manufacturing have to be carefully selected and modified to be used in service industries. Since the work pace is largely determined by customer demand, and the service interaction is a crucial part of the total “product,” management must change its thinking about productivity before improvements are possible.
Management Misperceptions: An Obstacle To Motivation
Authors: Goll Gerald E.
Published: July 2017

As more attention is given to retention of quality employees within the hospitality industry, it is an imperative that employers become more responsive to the needs and wants of these employees. The problem is one of employers' misperceptions of what workers want from their work. Ongoing surveys of managers and hourly employees in both general industry and the hospitality industry reveal a significant inconsistency between what employers perceive workers want and what the workers themselves say they want from their jobs. Over 800 hourly workers and 300 supervisory managers within the hospitality industry were asked to rank ten items in order of importance. The results were compared to similar surveys of workers and managers in general industry. While the similarities between the respective rankings is interesting, the consistency in the misperceptions that managers hold on what is important to the workers is considered to be significant. Supervisory managers consistently rank good wages and job security as first and second of what workers want while the workers themselves rank interesting work, appreciation of work done, and being in on things ahead of wages and security. It should be axiomatic that people are motivated by what they want (need) not by what others perceive that they want. Until employers and supervisory managers view what workers want through the eyes of the worker, and not based solely upon self-reference, incentive programs will continue to be based on the wrong premise and employee motivation, productivity, and retention will remain an illusive commodity.
Marketing The Key West Hospitality Program
Authors: Schuh Lynda L. S.
Published: July 2017

Designing a hospitality program to meet academic standards and community needs is a great challenge. This paper explores marketing of the program at Florida Keys Community College; a school situated on an island only five miles square. Key West's raging popularity, due to its promotion of tourism, has resulted in a severe labor shortage, a critical housing need and often local resentment. Many times the program finds itself in direct competition with the very industry it serves.

Taking the approach of a competing business, the program has explored the market place and positioned itself to be sensitive, stimulating and flexible to the present and potential student.

The four-year marketing plan expresses the viewpoint that program development is not complete until it is well established as a positive part of the community and all potential markets have been fully explored, resulting, in a continuous source of new and returning students.
Stressing The Practical Side of Training Hospitality Students Through Internships
Authors: Wisch Richard
Published: July 2017

During my years of working within the confines of the private country club world, one educational issue is clear in my mind and needs to be addressed. It has been my observation, that, many hospitality students in the United States discover too late that they were not suited to a career in the hospitality field because they were improperly guided by instructors as to the realities they will encounter in this profession. In considering a career in hospitality management one must first remember it is seldom glamorous. It is not at all like the popular television show “Hotel.” One must combine theoretical textbook knowledge and an equal amount of time working within the everyday structure of a properly-run establishment, be it a private country club, hotel or a fine restaurant. Then and only then can one truly assess if he or she is heading in the right direction. It is time for us in the United States to follow the practices that are so successful all over Europe. There greater emphasis is placed on job training for all students taking courses in the hospitality field, regardless of how high their goals are. The approach fosters the idea of dividing each semester equally between the classroom and a working establishment. By using this method, we give students the opportunity to see the good and bad aspects of the profession and also give them the chance to decide early, perhaps within the first year, if this is the type of career they really want to pursue. The practice has been observed at some of the U.S. post-secondary hospitality programs to provide students with a theoretical orientation and then send them out into the work force with the illusion that they are totally capable of earning and demanding high salaries. Hospitality employers today are seeking students with a combination of theoretical and “quality” practical training which provides a basis of knowledge on which the employing company can build.

Only the internship experience can teach a student how to cultivate the wonderful gifts of communication, tolerance and interpersonal skills.

While textbook knowledge is of the utmost importance, it must be coupled with on-the-job training to provide the student with a suitable entre to a career in hospitality, one which will hopefully be both stimulating and rewarding. The key to fulfilling this goal is through the use of a supervised, professional internship experience for students in post-secondary hospitality programs. Only this type vehicle affords them the best opportunity of applying the theory learned in the classroom to the practical working environment.
Where Do We Go From Here?
Authors: Lloyd-Fore Nita
Published: July 2017

The challenge for preparing students to enter the demanding world of the hospitality industry becomes more complex and more exciting each day. Opportunities abound for the dedicated and prepared individual to make a significant contribution to the future of the industry. The prepared individual needs to have an awareness of the state of the industry as it exists today, some of the fundamental changes which are taking place that effect the industry, indications for future directions for the industry, and a commitment to facing the challenges and the opportunities for the improvement of the industry, and its service to its guests.

Educators who prepare the students for entry into the hospitality industry must make themselves aware of these same factors, and must be innovative in presenting programs which will prepare the students for the future. A significant challenge arises in establishing and maintaining rapport with the industry's leaders, in discerning directions and trends which must be addressed in curriculum development. An awareness of the state of the industry is mandatory, and some soul-searching may be indicated by some of our educational institutions toward making their programs more realistic. of particular concern is the low level of time and study spent in developing the “people skills” for the students, in preparing them for working with humans who are less than textbook perfect.

Realistic expectations of entry levels and future promotional opportunities must be addressed. One does not start at the top, nor even in the middle of an organization. Solid experiences from “the trenches” coupled with an updated and realistic formal education can pay rich dividends.

CHRIE faces an unprecedented opportunity for making significant strides in preparing students and the industry for the future. With an informed and dedicated program, this objective can well be met.
Postoperative Pericardial Adhesion Prevention Using Collagen Membrane in Pigs: A Pilot Study
Authors: Taksaudom Noppon , Ketwong Metus , Lertprasertsuke Nirush , Kongkaew Aphisek
Published: July 2017

Objective:

The operating procedure of a resternotomy in open-heart surgery is a complicated procedure with potentially problematic outcomes partly due to potential adhesions in the pericardial cavity and retrosternal space. Use of a collagen membrane has shown encouraging results in adhesion prevention in several regions of the body. This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of this collagen membrane in the prevention of pericardial adhesions.

Materials and methods:

A total of 12 pigs were divided randomly into 2 groups: an experimental group in which collagen membranes were used and a control group. After sternotomy and an anterior pericardiectomy, the epicardial surface was exposed to room air and irrigated with saline, and an epicardial abrasion was performed using a sponge. The pericardial defect was repaired using a collagen membrane in the experimental group or left uncovered in the control group. After 8 to 12 weeks, the pigs were killed, and a resternotomy was performed by a single-blinded surgeon enabling the evaluation of adhesions. The heart was then removed and sent for microscopic assessment conducted by a single-blinded pathologist.

Results:

The resternotomy operations performed using a collagen membrane demonstrated a nonstatistically significant trend of fewer macroscopic and microscopic adhesions in all regions ( P > .05), particularly in the retrosternal and defect regions.

Conclusions:

This study showed nonstatistically significant differences between the outcomes in the collagen membrane group and the control group in both macroscopic and microscopic adhesion prevention. Due to the many limitations in animal study design, further studies in human models will be needed before the true value of this procedure can be evaluated.
Natural Field Infestation of Mangifera casturi and Mangifera lalijiwa by Oriental Fruit Fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: McQuate Grant T , Sylva Charmaine D , Liquido Nicanor J
Published: July 2017

Mango, Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae), is a crop cultivated pantropically. There are, however, many other Mangifera spp (“mango relatives”) which have much more restricted distributions and are poorly known but have potential to produce mango-like fruits in areas where mangoes do not grow well or could be tapped in mango breeding programs. Because of the restricted distribution of many of the Mangifera spp, there has also been limited data collected on susceptibility of their fruits to infestation by tephritid fruit flies which is important to know for concerns both for quality of production and for quarantine security of fruit exports. Here, we report on natural field infestation by the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae), of two mango relatives native to Indonesia: Mangifera casturi and Mangifera lalijiwa. Rates of infestation of fruits of these two Mangifera spp by tephritid fruit flies have not previously been reported.
Language matters: The vocabulary of racism in health care
Authors: Aspinall Peter
Published: July 2017

Race equality as a matter of governance has gained momentum in most Western countries and is reflected in race/ ethnicity data collection in administrative systems and the attention accorded to terminology by census agencies. However, the vocabulary of health care - both in its literature and the language of officialdom - has proved resistant to the use of this lexicon of acceptable terms, as exemplified by the portrayal of peoples as ‘Oriental’ and ‘Negro’. What makes such language racist is the historical legacy it carries - that is, its symbolic importance. Survey evidence shows that the majority of those so described find the terms offensive. Countries have dealt with these linguistic issues in a variety of ways, including the use of the legislature and action by library associations and professional bodies in the USA. In Britain it has fallen upon the judiciary and universities to prohibit such terms. Given the momentum currently being achieved by public authorities in their response to race equality legislation, it is now time for health care to purge its language of these epithets.
Maximizing Liver Transplantation from Non—Heart-Beating Donors
Authors: Leishman Ruth Ann , Varga Chantelle
Published: July 2017

In order to increase the supply of transplantable organs, an increasing number of organ procurement organizations are adopting policies regarding donations from Non—Heart-beating donors. Few centers, however, actually recover and transplant these organs. This article reviews a case in which kidneys and livers imported from out of state were successfully recovered from a Non—Heart-beating donor and transplanted. In addition, the article demonstrates how cooperation and flexibility in transplant personnel can increase the number of organs transplanted from a Non—Heart-beating donor.
Japanese Organ Transplant Law: A Historical Perspective
Authors: Kita Yoshiaki , Aranami Yoshio , Aranami Yoshi , Nomura Yushi , Johnson Karin , Wakabayashi Tadashi , Fukunishi Isao
Published: July 2017

Although organ transplantation following brain death has progressed in the West, it has lagged far behind in Japan, following the first such case in 1968. As effective immunosuppressants made transplantation a better option, Japanese patients increasingly sought treatment overseas. Japanese physician groups studied issues related to transplantation but did not succeed in making brain-dead donor transplants available to patients, and the matter was referred to the government. However, transplant medicine was still marked by controversy, and as political pressure was applied the controversy deepened, splintering public opinion. At the same time, transplant groups continued working to establish structures to allow transplantation to proceed. Public awareness and knowledge of brain death grew, and acceptance widened. Eventually, legislation was passed in June 1997 that allowed organ donations from some brain-dead donors. The law is restrictive, and such organ transplants in Japan are still limited.
Factors Associated with Adherence to Treatment Regimens after Lung Transplantation
Authors: Teichman BJ , Burker Eileen J. , Weiner Meredith , Egan Thomas M.
Published: July 2017

Context

The number of patients currently awaiting lung transplantation far exceeds the supply of available organs. Adherence to postoperative treatment regimens is essential for optimal posttransplant success.

Objective

The present study was designed to examine the demographic and psychological factors associated with compliance in patients who have had lung transplants.

Design

Eighteen women and 13 men participated in this study an average of 24 months after transplantation, completing a demographic form, a self-report compliance measure, a social support questionnaire, and the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale. A significant other or family member and the posttransplant nurse coordinator also rated each subject's compliance with the posttransplant regimen.

Results

Although patients rated themselves as being compliant with aspects of their self-care, on more subtle measures of compliance, their self-reported compliance was not as impressive. Patients who had had their transplants more recently appeared to be more compliant. Patients with cystic fibrosis used their spirometer more often than patients with other lung diseases. Family support was significantly correlated with self-reported compliance.

Conclusions

This study suggests that how patients are asked about adherence to treatment regimens influences how compliant they appear. The data also indicate that the longer after transplant, the less compliant the patient, and suggests the need for patient reeducation at some point after transplant. Longitudinal studies are needed to assess the degree to which compliance affects the number of rejection and febrile episodes as well as patient mortality after lung transplant.
Use of Arginine Vasopressin in the Absence of Diabetes Insipidus: A Case Study
Authors: Zimmerman David
Published: July 2017

This case study details the use of arginine vasopressin in a pediatric organ donor. Although arginine vasopressin is primarily administered for its antidiuretic effects in the treatment of diabetes insipidus, the study demonstrates the often overlooked vasoactive effect of arginine vasopressin and its use in a patient without diabetes insipidus.
Regulation of Coagulation Abnormalities and Temperature in Organ Donors
Authors: Powner David J. , Reich Harvey S.
Published: July 2017

The 3 most common reasons for abnormal coagulation of blood in organ donors result from prior medications, consumption or dilution of coagulation factors and platelets during massive transfusion, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Evaluation and treatment of these conditions are reviewed, and recommendations are provided for ordering appropriate laboratory tests and blood bank products.
Overcoming Families' Fears and Concerns in the Donation Discussion
Authors: Verble Margaret , Worth Judy
Published: July 2017

Research into the fears and concerns families have about donation and other issues at the time of the donation discussion substantiates that many fears and concerns act as impediments to consent. Twenty fears and concerns voiced by families at the time of the donation discussion have been identified. Specific strategies have been developed to deal with 19 of those concerns. Using gentle probing questions and targeted strategies, trained requestors may successfully address many fears and concerns, thus increasing the likelihood of the family consenting to donation.
Personality Disorders: A Challenge for Transplantation
Authors: Dobbels Fabienne , Put Claudia , Vanhaecke Johan
Published: July 2017

Evidence concerning personality disorders is limited in the transplant literature, but the existence of a personality disorder in a transplant candidate does appear to be a risk factor for poor outcome after transplantation. This article addresses the issue of personality disorders in transplantation, including a definition and diagnostic criteria of personality disorders and the value of possible interventions to treat patients with personality disorders. Directions for treating personality disorders as part of the broader clinical management of transplant recipients are also provided.