bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Rare Combination of Omental Cyst, Ovarian Cyst and Leiomyoma of Uterus
Authors: Maheshwari Veena , LNU Shaheen , Hakim Seema , Bhargava Smriti
Published: October 2010

Omental cysts are rarer abdominal tumors, with only about 150 cases documented till now. We are reporting an interesting and rarer case of combination of omental cyst with ovarian cyst and leiomyoma of uterus. Cystectomy is indicated even the patient has no symptoms because of possibility of torsion, rupture, bleeding and infection.
A Case of Illegal Septic Abortion Leading to Maternal Mortality
Authors: Inamdar SA , Malhotra Neharika , Sirsam S
Published: October 2010

A 26 years old female G3P2L2 with a previous LSCS done 10 months back, with 15 weeks twin gestation and history of criminal abortion by quack with a wooden stick brought to us in a moribund state with complaints of high grade fever with severe pain in abdomen associated with nausea and vomiting that morning. Clinical examination revealed incomplete abortion with features of sepsis. After evaluation a diagnosis of septic abortion was established based on the clinical presentation and biochemical parameters. This case is being reported for the increased incidence of illegal unsafe abortions in rural India despite legalizations of abortion.
Intravenous Leiomyomatosis: A Silent Killer
Authors: Suresh TN , Hemalatha A , Udaya Kumar M , Narayan Swamy M
Published: October 2010

We present a case of 30 years female presenting with irregular menstrual bleeding, diagnosed as extensive leiomyomatosis on ultrasonography, confirmed on histopathology and immunohistochemical markers Desmin and CD34. Intravenous leiomyomas are benign tumors of smooth muscle origin. Long-term follow of patients is necessary of patients diagnosed to have these tumors.
Localized Gingival Hyperplasia Associated with Pregnancy
Authors: Metgud Mrityunjay , Patil Renuka , Kumbhojkar Vinayak , Prabhakar Niranjan
Published: October 2010

Localized gingival hyperplasia associated with pregnancy is a polypoid form of capillary hemangioma seen as a small, deep red or purplish lesion with a pedunculated base and a lobulated surface, which grows up to several centimeters in size. Its significant incidence of occurrence (1.5-8%) during pregnancy warrants the need for a meticulous oral hygiene care so as to reduce and eliminate the exuberant tissue response to local irritation or trauma seen in such cases. The manuscript highlights one such case report seen in our department.
Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Program on Knowledge and Reducing Anxiety about Labor among Primigravidae in Selected Hospitals of Belgaum, Karnataka
Authors: Metgud MC , Gayathri KV
Published: October 2010

Objectives

To assess the knowledge and anxiety level of primigravidae about labor in both experimental and control group, evaluate the effectiveness of the planned teaching program on knowledge and reducing anxiety about labor among primigravidae in the experimental group as compared to the control group.

Methods

The research approach used for the study was the evaluative approach. The study was conducted using pre-test post-test, control group, a quasi experimental design. The study was conducted on 60 primigravidae (30 experimental and 30 control group) attending antenatal OPD's at KLE's Dr Prabhakar Kore Hospital and MRC, Belgaum using purposive sampling technique. Data was collected by using a structured knowledge questionnaire and standardized Zung self-rating scale. The data was tabulated and analyzed in terms of objectives of the study, using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Results

The results showed that knowledge score mean difference (MD) in experimental group was 16.8 and in control group it was 0.6. Therefore planned teaching program was effective method to gain knowledge about labor among primigravidae. The anxiety score MD was 37.6 in experimental group and in control group it was 0.16. Hence planned teaching program helped in reducing anxiety about labor and study findings showed that there was positive correlation between knowledge and reducing anxiety in experimental group (rxy = 0.1). Therefore planned teaching program helped to gain knowledge and reduce anxiety about labor in primigravidae.

Conclusion

Anxiety is common in life. It is more among primigravida mothers during labor and delivery. Mothers experience anxiety during their labor and delivery in hospitalization. Identification of anxiety and stress, helps nurses to plan provide holistic care which helps mothers to have smooth hospitalization and minimizes anxiety. Providing psychological support is one of the most important needs during their labor and delivery on the labor table. The study suggests the need for education, guidance and counseling which are essential for the primigravida mothers when they are under stress and anxiety during pregnancy and labor. It was also found that there is need to improve the awareness and encourage the mothers to participate in anxiety and stress management program to prevent further problems.
First Trimester Ultrasound Screening: An Update
Authors: Sonek JD , Glover M , Zhou M , Nicolaides KH
Published: October 2010

For many years, the main use of ultrasound in the first trimester of pregnancy was to confirm viability and to establish gestational age. Indeed, the crown-rump length measurement in the first trimester remains the most accurate method to estimate the gestational age even today. However, improvements in ultrasound equipment and improvement in our understanding of normal and abnormal fetal development allows us now to perform a much more complete first trimester fetal evaluation. This pertains not only to the diagnosis of fetal anomalies but also to screening for fetal defects. The combination of the nuchal translucency measurement and maternal serum biochemistries (free β-hCG and PAPP-A) has been shown to be an extremely efficient way to screen for fetal aneuploidy. The addition of other first trimester markers such as the nasal bone evaluation, frontomaxillary facial angle measurement, and Doppler evaluation of blood flow across the tricuspid valve and through the ductus venosus improves the screening performance even further by increasing the detection rates and decreasing the false positive rates. Several of the first trimester markers also are useful in screening for cardiac defects. Furthermore, significant nuchal translucency thickening has been associated with a variety of genetic and nongenetic syndromes. A recently described first trimester marker called the intracerebral translucency appears to hold great promise in screening for open spine defects. Finally, it appears that a first trimester evaluation (uterine artery Doppler and the measurement of certain biochemical markers in the maternal serum) significantly improves the assessment of the risk of preeclampsia.
2D and 3D Ultrasound Prediction of Homozygous α0-Thalassemia
Authors: Leung KY , Cheong KB , Tang MHY
Published: October 2010

Conventionally, prenatal diagnosis is achieved by an invasive procedure followed by DNA analysis or hematological study. With experienced hand and a good ultrasound machine, a noninvasive approach consisting of serial two-dimensional ultrasound examinations of cardiothoracic ratio and placenta thickness can effectively reduce the need for invasive testing in the majority of unaffected pregnancies. Although middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity (MCAPSV) is a well-established sonographic marker for predicting fetal anemia due to Rhesus isoimmunization, it is not clear whether MCAPSV is useful in the prediction of affected pregnancies. Preliminary studies have been performed to investigate the use of 3D ultrasound in the prediction of pregnancies affected by homozygous α0-thalassemia. It seems that 3D is not superior to 2D ultrasound prediction of affected pregnancies.
Magnetic Resonance-guided Focused Ultrasound (MRgFUS) Treatment of Uterine Fibroid
Authors: Chan John KF
Published: October 2010

Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) is a new treatment modality in treating uterine fibroid. It is noninvasive and can be done as out-patient procedure. It is the least invasive treatment option other than medical treatment. Early reports have demonstrated feasibility and safety. It is efficacious in symptom improve and fibroid volume reduction. This article reviews the principle, patient selection and treatment. Results from early trial and our center are summarized.
Ultrasound for Women's Pelvic Floor Dysfunction
Authors: Wah Pang Selina Man
Published: October 2010

The advent of ultrasound and more recently three-dimensional ultrasound enables evaluation of functional anatomy of women's pelvic floor disorders. The observations in women's pelvic floor ultrasound showed that it is a promising modality not only in research but also clinical applications for the management of women's pelvic floor disorders in the future.
Role of Laparoscopic Ultrasound for Gynecological Malignancy
Authors: Yim So-fan , Cheung Tak-hong
Published: October 2010

Laparoscopic ultrasound is initially developed to facilitate surgery for hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers. With the advancement of laparoscopic surgery, laparoscopic ultrasound has been incorporated into laparoscopic surgery in order to combat against the limitation of laparoscopic surgery. In the management of gynecological malignancy, its role is mainly on the assessment of lymph nodes.
Prenatal Diagnosis of Morbidly Adherent Placenta with 2D Ultrasonography, 3D Color Power Doppler and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Obaidly Sawsan Al
Published: October 2010

The incidence of placenta accreta/percreta should rise steadily over the next century as the frequency of cesarean sections and advanced maternal age, both independent risk factors, increases. Patients who are at risk should be identified. The diagnosis of placenta previa accreta/percreta is possible by using gray-scale sonography, conventional color Doppler imaging and MRI through studying the relation of placenta to the uterine wall and nearby pelvic structures.

The potentially new modality of 3D and 3D color power Doppler ultrasound has it's value as a tool to achieve significantly increased diagnostic accuracy in the prediction of massive hemorrhage by assessing the extent, location and quantification of abnormal uteroplacental neovascularization. Hence, 3D ultrasound has the potential for providing additional information over conventional 2D ultrasound studies in the diagnosis of placenta previa percreta.

The diagnosis and anticipation of the problem achieve the best results for the obstetrician and the patient.
Development of 3D Ultrasound
Authors: Baba Kazunori
Published: October 2010

Significant advances have been made in recent years in clinical application of 3D sonography in both obstetrics and gynecology. Since the author pioneered the use of 3D sonography many new clinical useful techniques have been used for better visualization of early human development and for the diagnostics of many gynecological problems as well as the use of 3D in management of female infertility. In this review we are describing further development in 3D ultrasound, which should be of general interest of readers of this journal.
Ultrasound and Doppler Management of Intrauterine Growth Restriction
Authors: Figueras Francesc , Meler Eva , Carrera José M
Published: October 2010

Review of present knowledge about fetal growth, and clinical and ultrasonography diagnosis of Intrauterine growth restriction by means of 2D and 3D. The review included the diagnosis of type of IUGR and the study of fetal deterioration (Chronic Tests and Acute Markers). Also the obstetrics management.
Aircraft observations of enhancement and depletion of black carbon mass in the springtime Arctic
Authors: Spackman J. R. , Gao R. S. , Neff W. D. , Schwarz J. P. , Watts L. A. , Fahey D. W. , Holloway J. S. , Ryerson T. B. , Peischl J. , Brock C. A.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. Understanding the processes controlling black carbon (BC) in the Arctic is crucial for evaluating the impact of anthropogenic and natural sources of BC on Arctic climate. Vertical profiles of BC mass loadings were observed from the surface to near 7-km altitude in April 2008 using a Single-Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) during flights on the NOAA WP-3D research aircraft from Fairbanks, Alaska. These measurements were conducted during the NOAA-sponsored Aerosol, Radiation, and Cloud Processes affecting Arctic Climate (ARCPAC) project. In the free troposphere, the Arctic air mass was influenced by long-range transport from biomass-burning and anthropogenic source regions at lower latitudes especially during the latter part of the campaign. Average BC mass mixing ratios peaked at about 150 ng BC (kg dry air )−1 near 5.5 km altitude in the aged Arctic air mass and 250 ng kg−1 at 4.5 km in biomass-burning influenced air. BC mass loadings were enhanced by up to a factor of 5 in biomass-burning influenced air compared to the aged Arctic air mass. At the bottom of some of the profiles, positive vertical gradients in BC were observed over the sea-ice. The vertical profiles generally occurred in the vicinity of open leads in the sea-ice. In the aged Arctic air mass, BC mass loadings more than doubled with increasing altitude within the ABL and across the boundary layer transition while carbon monoxide (CO) remained constant. This is evidence for depletion of BC mass in the ABL. BC mass loadings were positively correlated with O3 in ozone depletion events (ODEs) for all the observations in the ABL. Since bromine catalytically destroys ozone in the ABL after being released as molecular bromine in regions of new sea-ice formation at the surface, the BC–O3 correlation suggests that BC particles were removed by a surface process such as dry deposition. We develop a box model to estimate the dry deposition flux of BC mass to the snow constrained by the vertical profiles of BC mass in the ABL. Open leads in the sea-ice may increase vertical mixing and entrainment of pollution from the free troposphere possibly enhancing the deposition of BC aerosol to the snow.
Correlating tropospheric column ozone with tropopause folds: the Aura-OMI satellite data
Authors: Tang Q. , Prather M. J.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. The geographic and temporal variations in tropospheric and stratospheric ozone columns from individual swath measurements of the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), on the NASA Aura spacecraft, are reasonably well simulated by the University of California, Irvine (UCI) chemistry transport model (CTM) using 1°×1°×40-layer meteorological fields for the year 2005. From the CTM we find that high-frequency spatial variations in tropospheric column ozone (TCO), including around the jet streams, are not generally correlated with variations in stratospheric ozone column, but instead are collocated with folding events involving stratospheric-origin, high-ozone layers below the tropopause. The CTM fold events are verified in many cases with available ozone sondes. Using the OMI Level 2 profiles, and defining tropopause height from our CTM using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) fields, we find that most of the variations in TCO near CTM folding events are also not correlated with those in stratospheric ozone column. A large fraction of the OMI TCO variance is accurately simulated by the CTM where the variance is significant, especially along the subtropical jets. The absolute tropospheric columns from OMI and CTM agree swath-by-swath, pixel-by-pixel within ±5 Dobson Units (DU) for most cases. Notable exceptions are in the tropics where neither the high ozone from biomass burning nor the low ozone in the convergence zones over the Pacific is found in the OMI observations, because of OMI's insensitivity to the lower troposphere. Another difference is identified with the OMI profiles near the southern subtropical jet. The CTM has a high bias in stratospheric column outside the tropics, due to problems previously identified with the stratospheric circulation in the 40-layer meteorological fields. Overall, we identify ozone folds with short-lived features in TCO that have scales of a few hundred kilometres as observed by OMI.
The influence of the stratosphere on the tropospheric zonal wind response to CO2 doubling
Authors: Hinssen Y. B. L. , Bell C. J. , Siegmund P. C.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. The influence of a CO2 doubling on the stratospheric potential vorticity (PV) is examined in two climate models. Subsequently, the influence of changes in the stratosphere on the tropospheric zonal wind response is investigated, by inverting the stratospheric PV. Radiative effects dominate the stratospheric response to CO2 doubling in the Southern Hemisphere. These lead to a stratospheric PV increase at the edge of the polar vortex, resulting in an increased westerly influence of the stratosphere on the tropospheric midlatitude winds in late winter. In the Northern Hemisphere, dynamical effects are also important. Both models show a reduced polar PV and an enhanced midlatitude PV in the Northern Hemisphere winter stratosphere. These PV changes are related to an enhanced wave forcing of the winter stratosphere, as measured by an increase in the 100 hPa eddy heat flux, and result in a reduced westerly influence of the stratosphere on the high latitude tropospheric winds. In one model, the high latitude PV decreases are, however, restricted to higher altitudes, and the tropospheric response due to the stratospheric changes is dominated by an increased westerly influence in the midlatitudes, related to the increase in midlatitude PV in the lower stratosphere. The tropospheric response in zonal wind due to the stratospheric PV changes is of the order of 0.5 to 1 m s−1. The total tropospheric response has a somewhat different spatial structure, but is of similar magnitude. This indicates that the stratospheric influence is of importance in modifying the tropospheric zonal wind response to CO2 doubling.
Fast time-resolved aerosol collector: proof of concept
Authors: Yu X.-Y. , Cowin J. P. , Iedema M. J. , Ali H.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. Atmospheric particles can be collected in the field on substrates for subsequent laboratory analysis via chemically sensitive single particle methods such as scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray analysis. With moving substrates time resolution of seconds to minutes can be achieved. In this paper, we demonstrate how to increase the time resolution when collecting particles on a substrate to a few milliseconds to provide real-time information. Our fast time-resolved aerosol collector ("Fast-TRAC") microscopically observes the particle collection on a substrate and records an on-line video. Particle arrivals are resolved to within a single frame (4–17 ms in this setup), and the spatial locations are matched to the subsequent single particle analysis. This approach also provides in-situ information on particle size and number concentration. Applications are expected in airborne studies of cloud microstructure, pollution plumes, and surface long-term monitoring.
Prediction of rainfall intensity measurement errors using commercial microwave communication links
Authors: Zinevich A. , Messer H. , Alpert P.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. Commercial microwave radio links forming cellular communication networks are known to be a valuable instrument for measuring near-surface rainfall. However, operational communication links are more uncertain relatively to the dedicated installations since their geometry and frequencies are optimized for high communication performance rather than observing rainfall. Quantification of the uncertainties for measurements that are non-optimal in the first place is essential to assure usability of the data. In this work we address modeling of instrumental impairments, i.e. signal variability due to antenna wetting, baseline attenuation uncertainty and digital quantization, as well as environmental ones, i.e. variability of drop size distribution along a link affecting accuracy of path-averaged rainfall measurement and spatial variability of rainfall in the link's neighborhood affecting the accuracy of rainfall estimation out of the link path. Expressions for root mean squared error (RMSE) for estimates of path-averaged and point rainfall have been derived. To verify the RMSE expressions quantitatively, path-averaged measurements from 21 operational communication links in 12 different locations have been compared to records of five nearby rain gauges over three rainstorm events. The experiments show that the prediction accuracy is above 90% for temporal accumulation less than 30 min and lowers for longer accumulation intervals. Spatial variability in the vicinity of the link, baseline attenuation uncertainty and, possibly, suboptimality of wet antenna attenuation model are the major sources of link-gauge discrepancies. In addition, the dependence of the optimal coefficients of a conventional wet antenna attenuation model on spatial rainfall variability and, accordingly, link length has been shown. The expressions for RMSE of the path-averaged rainfall estimates can be useful for integration of measurements from multiple heterogeneous links into data assimilation algorithms.
Speeding up the aerosol optical thickness retrieval using analytical solutions of radiative transfer theory
Authors: Katsev I. L. , Prikhach A. S. , Zege E. P. , Grudo J. O. , Kokhanovsky A. A.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. We present here the aerosol retrieval technique FAR that uses radiative transfer computations in the process of retrieval rather than look-up tables (LUT). This approach provides operational satellite data processing due to the use of the accurate and extremely fast radiative transfer code RAY previously developed by authors along with approximate analytical solutions of the radiative transfer theory. The model of the stratified atmosphere is taken as two coupled layers. Both layers include aerosol scattering and absorption, molecular scattering and gas absorption. The atmosphere parameters are assumed to change from pixel to pixel in the lower atmosphere layer, but the upper stratified layer of the atmosphere over 2–3 km is supposed to be horizontally homogenous for the frame under retrieval. The model of the land spectral albedo is taken as a weighted sum of two a priory chosen basic spectra. The aerosol optical thickness (AOT), Angström exponent and the weight in the land spectral albedo are optimized in the iteration process using the least-squares technique with fast computations of the derivatives of radiative characteristics with respect to retrieved values. The aerosol model and, hence, the aerosol phase function and single scattering albedo, is predefined and does not change in the iteration process. The presented version of FAR is adjusted to process the MERIS data. But it is important that the developed technique can be adapted for processing data of various satellite instruments (including any spectral multi-angle polarization-sensitive sensors). The use of approximate analytical radiative transfer solutions considerably speeds up data processing but may lead to about 15–20% increase of AOT retrieval errors. This approach is advantageous when just the satellite data processing time rather than high accuracy of the AOT retrieval is crucial. A good example is monitoring the trans-boundary transfer of aerosol impurities, particularly in the case of emergencies such as volcano eruptions, or various industrial disasters. Beside, two important problems that determine the accuracy of the AOT retrieval are considered. The first one is the effect of the preliminary choice of the aerosol model, particularly for the retrieval from satellite instruments providing only spectral data (MERIS, MODIS). The second problem is the influence of clouds in adjacent pixels. As for our knowledge, this problem has not been given the required attention up to now and it should be properly accounted for in the AOT retrieval algorithms.
A new aerosol collector for quasi on-line analysis of particulate organic matter: the Aerosol Collection Module (ACM) and first applications with a GC/MS-FID
Authors: Hohaus T. , Trimborn D. , Kiendler-Scharr A. , Gensch I. , Laumer W. , Kammer B. , Andres S. , Boudries H. , Smith K. A. , Worsnop D. R. , Jayne J. T.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. In many environments organic matter significantly contributes to the composition of atmospheric aerosol particles influencing its properties. Detailed chemical characterization of ambient aerosols is critical in order to understand the formation process, composition, and properties of aerosols and facilitates source identification and relative contributions from different types of sources to ambient aerosols in the atmosphere. However, current analytical methods are far from full speciation of organic aerosols and often require sampling times of up to one week. Offline methods are also subjected to artifacts during aerosol collection and storage. In the present work a new technique for quasi on-line compound specific measurements of organic aerosol particles was developed. The Aerosol Collection Module (ACM) focuses particles into a beam which is directed to a cooled sampling surface. The sampling takes place in a high vacuum environment where the gas phase from the sample volume is removed. After collection is completed volatile and semi-volatile compounds are evaporated from the collection surface through heating and transferred to a detector. For laboratory characterization the ACM was interfaced with a Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer, Flame Ionization Detector system (GC/MS-FID), abbreviated as ACM GC-MS. The particle collection efficiency, gas phase transfer efficiency, and linearity of the ACM GC-MS were determined using laboratory generated octadecane aerosols. The ACM GC-MS is linear over the investigated mass range of 10 to 100 ng and a recovery rate of 100% was found for octadecane particles. The ACM GC-MS was applied to investigate secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed from β-pinene oxidation. Nopinone, myrtanal, myrtenol, 1-hydroxynopinone, 3-oxonopinone, 3,7-dihydroxynopinone, and bicyclo[3,1,1]hept-3-ene-2-one were found as products in the SOA. The ACM GC-MS results are compared to quartz filter samples taken in parallel to the ACM GC-MS measurements. First measurements of ambient atmospheric aerosols are presented.
Tropospheric ozone (TOR) trend over three major inland Indian cities: Delhi, Hyderabad and Bangalore
Authors: Kulkarni Pavan S. , Ghude Sachin D. , Bortoli D.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. An analysis of tropospheric column ozone using the NASA Langley TOR data during 1979–2005 has been done to investigate the trend over major Indian cities Delhi, Hyderabad and Bangalore. India was under social democratic-based policies before 1990s. Economic Liberalization began in nineties which lead to a significant growth in industrial, energy and transport sectors in major cities. Our analysis shows that there is a systematic increase in the number of months with higher tropospheric ozone values after 1990. A comparison of TOR climatology before and after 1990 over these cities shows evidence of increase in the tropospheric ozone after 1990. Trend obtained from the model shows significant change during monsoon over Delhi and during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon over Hyderabad and Bangalore. The present analysis using TOR technique demonstrates the TOR potential to detect changes in tropospheric ozone over large cities which are impacted by large anthropogenic pollution.
Defining the Little Ice Age
Authors: Paasche Ø. , Bakke J.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. The "Little Ice Age" (LIA) is possibly the best-documented climatic anomaly of the past. A wide range of datasets portrays a harsh climate that worsened living conditions, primarily in terms of cooler temperatures, for people across Europe sometime during the last millennium. Regardless of the vast amount of data covering the LIA, there is presently no consensus concerning its spatial manifestation (was it regional or global?), its temporal constraints (when did it start and end?), or the broad-scale dynamics associated with it (what mechanisms did it involve?), although there is no shortage of suggestions. Based on a new compilation of data reflecting atmospheric circulation at both high and low latitudes, we show that the LIA lasted for roughly 400 years (∼1400–1800 AD). During this period at least four major atmospheric circulation systems on Earth co-varied on decadal to centennial timescales: Northern Annular Mode (NAM), Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and West African Monsoon (WAM). This pattern of convergence suggests that a strong coupling between these circulation systems was an important pre-condition for the realisation of the LIA.
On the attribution of contributions of atmospheric trace gases to emissions in atmospheric model applications
Authors: Grewe V. , Tsati E. , Hoor P.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. We present an improved tagging method, which describes the combined effect of emissions of various species from individual emission categories, e.g. the impact of both, nitrogen oxides and non-methane hydrocarbon emissions on ozone. This method is applied to two simplified chemistry schemes, which represent the main characteristics of atmospheric ozone chemistry. Analytical solutions are presented for this tagging approach. In the past, besides tagging approaches, sensitivity methods were used, which estimate the contributions from individual sources based on differences in two simulations, a base case and a simulation with a perturbation in the respective emission category. We apply both methods to our simplified chemical systems and demonstrate that potentially large errors (factor of 2) occur with the sensitivity method, which depend on the degree of linearity of the chemical system. This error depends on two factors, the ability to linearise the chemical system around a base case, and second the completeness of the contributions, which means that all contributions should principally add up to 100%. For some chemical regimes the first error can be minimised by employing only small perturbations of the respective emission, e.g. 5%. The second factor depends on the chemical regime and cannot be minimized by a specific experimental set-up. It is inherent to the sensitivity method. Since a complete tagging algorithm for global chemistry models is difficult to achieve, we present two error metrics, which can be applied for sensitivity methods in order to estimate the potential error of this approach for a specific application.
Groundwater use for irrigation – a global inventory
Authors: Siebert S. , Burke J. , Faures J. M. , Frenken K. , Hoogeveen J. , Döll P. , Portmann F. T.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. Irrigation is the most important water use sector accounting for about 70% of the global freshwater withdrawals and 90% of consumptive water uses. While the extent of irrigation and related water uses are reported in statistical databases or estimated by model simulations, information on the source of irrigation water is scarce and very scattered. Here we present a new global inventory on the extent of areas irrigated with groundwater, surface water or non-conventional sources, and we determine the related consumptive water uses. The inventory provides data for 15 038 national and sub-national administrative units. Irrigated area was provided by census-based statistics from international and national organizations. A global model was then applied to simulate consumptive water uses for irrigation by water source. Globally, area equipped for irrigation is currently about 301 million ha of which 38% are equipped for irrigation with groundwater. Total consumptive groundwater use for irrigation is estimated as 545 km3 yr−1, or 43% of the total consumptive irrigation water use of 1277 km3 yr−1. The countries with the largest extent of areas equipped for irrigation with groundwater, in absolute terms, are India (39 million ha), China (19 million ha) and the USA (17 million ha). Groundwater use in irrigation is increasing both in absolute terms and in percentage of total irrigation, leading in places to concentrations of users exploiting groundwater storage at rates above groundwater recharge. Despite the uncertainties associated with statistical data available to track patterns and growth of groundwater use for irrigation, the inventory presented here is a major step towards a more informed assessment of agricultural water use and its consequences for the global water cycle.
Improving runoff prediction through the assimilation of the ASCAT soil moisture product
Authors: Brocca L. , Melone F. , Moramarco T. , Wagner W. , Naeimi V. , Bartalis Z. , Hasenauer S.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. The role and the importance of soil moisture for meteorological, agricultural and hydrological applications is widely known. Remote sensing offers the unique capability to monitor soil moisture over large areas (catchment scale) with, nowadays, a temporal resolution suitable for hydrological purposes. However, the accuracy of the remotely sensed soil moisture estimates has to be carefully checked. The validation of these estimates with in-situ measurements is not straightforward due the well-known problems related to the spatial mismatch and the measurement accuracy. The analysis of the effects deriving from assimilating remotely sensed soil moisture data into hydrological or meteorological models could represent a more valuable method to test their reliability. In particular, the assimilation of satellite-derived soil moisture estimates into rainfall-runoff models at different scales and over different regions represents an important scientific and operational issue. In this study, the soil wetness index (SWI) product derived from the Advanced SCATterometer (ASCAT) sensor onboard of the Metop satellite was tested. The SWI was firstly compared with the soil moisture temporal pattern derived from a continuous rainfall-runoff model (MISDc) to assess its relationship with modeled data. Then, by using a simple data assimilation technique, the linearly rescaled SWI that matches the range of variability of modelled data (denoted as SWI*) was assimilated into MISDc and the model performance on flood estimation was analyzed. Moreover, three synthetic experiments considering errors on rainfall, model parameters and initial soil wetness conditions were carried out. These experiments allowed to further investigate the SWI potential when uncertain conditions take place. The most significant flood events, which occurred in the period 2000–2009 on five subcatchments of the Upper Tiber River in central Italy, ranging in extension between 100 and 650 km2, were used as case studies. Results reveal that the SWI derived from the ASCAT sensor can be conveniently adopted to improve runoff prediction in the study area, mainly if the initial soil wetness conditions are unknown.
Exploiting the information content of hydrological ''outliers'' for goodness-of-fit testing
Authors: Laio F. , Allamano P. , Claps P.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. Validation of probabilistic models based on goodness-of-fit tests is an essential step for the frequency analysis of extreme events. The outcome of standard testing techniques, however, is mainly determined by the behavior of the hypothetical model, FX(x), in the central part of the distribution, while the behavior in the tails of the distribution, which is indeed very relevant in hydrological applications, is relatively unimportant for the results of the tests. The maximum-value test, originally proposed as a technique for outlier detection, is a suitable, but seldom applied, technique that addresses this problem. The test is specifically targeted to verify if the maximum (or minimum) values in the sample are consistent with the hypothesis that the distribution FX(x) is the real parent distribution. The application of this test is hindered by the fact that the critical values for the test should be numerically obtained when the parameters of FX(x) are estimated on the same sample used for verification, which is the standard situation in hydrological applications. We propose here a simple, analytically explicit, technique to suitably account for this effect, based on the application of censored L-moments estimators of the parameters. We demonstrate, with an application that uses artificially generated samples, the superiority of this modified maximum-value test with respect to the standard version of the test. We also show that the test has comparable or larger power with respect to other goodness-of-fit tests (e.g., chi-squared test, Anderson-Darling test, Fung and Paul test), in particular when dealing with small samples (sample size lower than 20–25) and when the parent distribution is similar to the distribution being tested.
Point observations of liquid water content in natural snow – investigating methodical, spatial and temporal aspects
Authors: Techel F. , Pielmeier C.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. Information on the amount and distribution of liquid water in the snowpack is important for forecasting wet snow avalanches and predicting melt-water run-off. Considerable spatial and temporal variations of snowpack wetness exist. Currently, available information relies mostly on point observations. Often, the snow wetness is estimated manually using a hand test. However, quantitative measures are also applied. We compare the hand test to quantitative measurements and investigate temporal and small-scale spatial aspects of the snowpack wetness. For this, the liquid water content was measured using dielectric methods, with the Snow Fork and Denoth wetness instrument in the Swiss Alps, mostly above tree-line. More than 12 000 water content measurements were observed on 30 days in 85 locations. The qualitative hand test provides an indication of snowpack wetness, although snowpack wetness is often over-estimated and quantitative water content measurements are more reliable. If the measured water content is very low, it is unclear if the snow is dry or contains small quantities of liquid water. In particular during the initial melt-phase, when the snowpack is only partially wet, it is important to consider spatial aspects when interpreting point observations. One measurement taken at a certain measurement depth may significantly deviate in 10–20% of the cases from snowpack wetness in the surrounding snow. Not surprisingly, diurnal changes in snowpack wetness are significant in layers close to the snow surface. At depth, changes were noted within the course of a day. From a single vertical profile, it was often unclear if these changes were due to the heterogeneous nature of water infiltration. Based on our observations, we propose to repeat three measurements at horizontal distances greater than 50 cm. This approach provides representative snow wetness information for horizontal distances up to 5 m. Further, we suggest a simplified classification scheme of snowpack wetness by introducing five wetness types of the snowpack incorporating both vertical and horizontal liquid water content distribution.
A Novel Polyaniline‐Silver Nitrate‐p‐Toluenesulfonic Acid Salt as Recyclable Catalyst in the Stereoselective Synthesis of β‐Amino Ketones: “One‐Pot” Synthesis in Water Medium
Authors: Palaniappan Srinivasan , Rajender Boddula
Published: October 2010

A novel, efficient and easily synthesizable catalyst, an emeraldine form of a polyaniline salt containing the dual dopants, silver nitrate and p‐toluenesulfonic acid (PANI‐AgNO3‐PTSA), was successfully demonstrated as a reusable, polymer‐based, solid acid catalyst for the stereoselective synthesis of 100% anti‐β‐amino ketones in excellent yield (96%) with short reaction times (70 min) in aqueous medium at room temperature via the three‐component Mannich reaction of aniline, benzaldehyde and cyclohexanone. This methodology addresses the shortage of synthetic methods for 100% anti‐β‐amino ketones using a recyclable catalyst. The reaction scope was also extended with aromatic aldehydes and aromatic amines. The developed process conforms to the principles of ‘green’ chemistry by the usage of water as medium, and the easily handlable and recyclable nature of the catalyst.
One‐Pot Desilylation/Dimerization of Terminal Alkynes by Ruthenium and Acid‐Promoted (RAP) Catalysis
Authors: Pasquini Chiara , Bassetti Mauro
Published: October 2010

The dimerization of terminal arylalkynes promoted by the (p‐cymene)ruthenium dichloride dimer/acetic acid system {[RuCl2(p‐cymene)]2/AcOH} can be performed starting from the trimethylsilylethynyl derivatives (12 substrates), deprotected in situ, to afford 1,4‐disubstituted 1‐en‐3‐ynes with high regio‐ and (E)‐stereoselectivity, at room temperature. The extension of this unprecedented two‐reaction sequence to a diyne substrate affords a fluorene‐based conjugated oligomer. The reaction mixture resulting from the desylilation‐dimerization process dimerizes additional aliquots of phenylacetylene. The one‐pot protocol results in shorter reaction times due to the presence of acetate salts which increase the concentration of active catalytic species, in which the acetate ligand acts as base toward the bound alkyne. The ruthenium source is transformed into a new trihapto‐hexa‐1,3‐dien‐5‐yn‐3‐yl complex, formed by metal‐assisted coupling of the enyne product and the terminal alkyne, and still maintaining catalytic activity. Selectivity, endurance, medium and functional group compatibility are the key features of the catalytic system obtained from the p‐cymene ruthenium dimer under the one‐pot conditions.
Ruthenium‐Catalysed Hydrogenation of Aromatic Ketones using Monodentate Phosphoramidite Ligands
Authors: Stegink Bart , van Boxtel Lonneke , Lefort Laurent , Minnaard Adriaan J. , Feringa Ben L. , de Vries Johannes G.
Published: October 2010

A ruthenium pre‐catalyst containing two equivalents of the bulky monodentate phosphoramidite 3,3′‐dimethyl‐PipPhos and one equivalent of a chiral diamine such as 1,2‐diphenylethylenediamine or 1,2‐diaminocyclohexane was used for the asymmetric hydrogenation of aromatic ketones. A range of substituted and unsubstituted aryl alkyl ketones was hydrogenated using only 0.1 mol% of this catalyst with full conversions and enantioselectivities up to 97%. The phosphoramidite and diamine ligands matched when both had the same configuration, i.e., S‐phosphoramidite with S,S‐diamine. In that case the product was obtained with high enantioselectivity and the R‐configuration. The mismatched case produced the product in lower ee. The product configuration was determined by the configuration of the diamine ligand. A mechanistic proposal was made.
Regioselective Preparation of Functionalized exo‐Methylene‐ cyclopentanes and exo‐Methylenepyrrolidines via Silaborative Carbocyclization of 1,6‐Enynes
Authors: Gerdin Martin , Nadakudity Sailendra Kumar , Worch Christin , Moberg Christina
Published: October 2010

Silaborative carbocyclization of 1,6‐enynes catalyzed by Pd‐PEPPSI‐IPr {PEPPSI=pyridine‐enhanced precatalyst preparation stabilization and initiation; IPr=N,N‐bis[2,6‐(diisopropyl)phenyl]imidazolium} employing either (dimethylphenylsilyl)pinacolborane or (chlorodimethylsilyl)pinacolborane provides access to densely functionalized five‐membered rings as single diastereomers in excellent yields. The vinylboronate functions were employed in palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki cross‐coupling reactions with a range of aryl bromides, containing electron‐withdrawing as well as electron‐donating substituents, furnishing arylated exo‐methylenecyclopentanes or exo‐methylenepyrrolidines in good yields. Subsequent oxidation of the isopropoxydimethylsilyl function generated via addition of (chlorodimethylsilyl)pinacolborane provided access to hydroxymethyl derivatives of the arylated compounds. Use of a chiral ester, bismenthyl (2‐propenyl)(2‐propynyl)malonate, afforded two diastereomeric products which could be separated, thereby giving access to the cyclized compounds as single isomers, with opposite absolute configurations at the newly formed stereocenter.
Aerobic Oxidation of Primary Alcohols Catalyzed by Copper Salts and Catalytically Active μ‐Hydroxyl‐Bridged Trinuclear Copper Intermediate
Authors: Liang Lei , Rao Guodong , Sun Hao‐Ling , Zhang Jun‐Long
Published: October 2010

We have developed a new protocol involving the “copper(II) chloride‐cesium carbonate” system for the aerobic oxidation of primary alcohols. Cesium carbonates and the solvents such as toluene and 1,2‐dichloroethane play important roles to form a catalytically active intermediate containing a μ‐hydroxyl‐bridged trinuclear copper moiety (complex 1). From the X‐ray crystal structure of complex 1, an electrostatic interaction between chloride anions and cesium cations was observed, which stimulated us to understand the roles of cesium carbonate in this reaction as a base, stabilizing and “solvating” intermediates in toluene and 1,2‐dichloroethane.
Iridium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Quinoline Derivatives with C3*‐TunePhos
Authors: Gou Fa‐Rong , Li Wei , Zhang Xumu , Liang Yong‐Min
Published: October 2010

A series of C3*‐TunePhos chiral diphosphine ligands has been successfully applied in the iridium‐catalyzed enantioselective hydrogenation of quinolines, and this methodology provided an efficient access to a variety of optically active tetrahydroquinolines with up to 93% ee. Furthermore, attempts on the asymmetric hydrogenation of quinoline N‐oxide are also discussed.
Catalytic Asymmetric Bromine‐Lithium Exchange: A New Tool to Build Axial Chirality
Authors: Perron Quentin , Alexakis Alexandre
Published: October 2010

We present here the first catalytic desymmetrization of the 2,2′,6,6′‐tetrabromobiphenyl 1 and analogues, by a bromine‐lithium exchange catalyzed by either diamines or diether derivatives (0.5 equiv.), yielding axially chiral compounds in high yield (up to 89%) and high enantioselectivity (up to 82%).
Festkörper‐NMR‐Spektroskopie an komplexen Biomolekülen
Authors: Renault Marie , Cukkemane Abhishek , Baldus Marc
Published: October 2010

Biomolekulare Anwendungen der NMR‐Spektroskopie werden oft mit löslichen Molekülen oder Magnetresonanztomographie in Verbindung gebracht. Seit Ende der 70er Jahre liefert darüber hinaus die Festkörper‐NMR‐Spektroskopie (FK‐NMR) auf atomarer Ebene Einblicke in komplexe biomolekulare Systeme von Lipid‐Doppelschichten bis hin zu Biomaterialien. Im letzten Jahrzehnt haben Fortschritte im Bereich der NMR‐Spektroskopie, der Biophysik und der Molekularbiologie das Repertoire der FK‐NMR‐Spektroskopie für biomolekulare Studien erheblich erweitert. Dieser Aufsatz behandelt neueste Ansätze und deren methodische Herausforderungen und diskutiert Fortschritte bei der Anwendung der FK‐NMR‐Spektroskopie im Grenzgebiet von Struktur‐ und Zellbiologie.
Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopy on Complex Biomolecules
Authors: Renault Marie , Cukkemane Abhishek , Baldus Marc
Published: October 2010

Biomolecular applications of NMR spectroscopy are often merely associated with soluble molecules or magnetic resonance imaging. However, since the late 1970s, solid‐state NMR (ssNMR) spectroscopy has demonstrated its ability to provide atomic‐level insight into complex biomolecular systems ranging from lipid bilayers to complex biomaterials. In the last decade, progress in the areas of NMR spectroscopy, biophysics, and molecular biology have significantly expanded the repertoire of ssNMR spectroscopy for biomolecular studies. This Review discusses current approaches and methodological challenges, and highlights recent progress in using ssNMR spectroscopy at the interface of structural and cellular biology.