bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Discovering the natural world on your doorstep
Authors: Mynard Steve
Published: March 2015

Take your key stage 1 children out and about and expand their horizons by helping them to understand the difference between human and physical geography.
Why primaries and secondaries must link for a languages strategy
Authors: Francis-Pester Dawn
Published: March 2015

Dawn Francis-Pester investigates why greater joined-up thinking between primary and secondary schools is needed to ensure foreign language acquisition is a success.
Be a positive role model
Authors: Cartwright Eva
Published: March 2015

Establishing a class ethos, where children have opportunities to try new things and not be afraid to fail, is key to building their resilience and self-confidence.
Can you support them, when they really need it?
Authors: Cook Amy
Published: March 2015

Effective interventions to protect vulnerable children are being held back by red tape, according to a survey carried out by The Key. Follow its quick reference guide.
Description of a new Moroccan Pachydema Laporte, 1832 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae: Tanyproctini)
Authors: Chavanon Guy , François Alexandre
Published: March 2015

The authors describe Pachydema hingrati sp. nov. from eastern Morocco. This new species is closely related to other Moroccan species: Pachydema curvipedes Escalera, 1914, described from Oujda, and Pachydema renaudi Chavanon & François, 2014 described from Missour. An update of the key by Baraud (1985) to the males of the Moroccan Pachydema group I (Pachydema s. str. sensu Baraud 1985) is included.
Comparison of Nutritional Composition of Parboiled Rice Using High-yielding Tong-il Types
Authors: Yoo Jae-Soo , Kim Hyun-Soon , Lee Jeom-Ho , Ha Ki-Yong
Published: March 2015

The nutritional composition of polished (unparboiled rice) and parboiled rice was compared using three high-yielding Tong-il types. Crude protein, crude lipid, and crude ash of proximate composition after parboiling were higher than those in polished rice. In terms of mineral composition, K scored the highest followed by P, Mg. Ca, and Na. All the compositions increased after parboiling except in Ca. The total content of mineral composition of polished and parboiled rice were 257.5-276.5 mg/100 g, and 533.2-588.6 mg/100 g, respectively, which resulted in 2.1 times increase after parboiling. Vitamin B1 content was the highest among the polished rice of the Dasan cultivar with 0.1530 mg/100 g and increase in parboiled rice by 2.0 times. The total amino acid content was highest in the polished rice of the Dasan cultivar. An increase in amino acid content in Saegyejinmi cultivars was observed after parboiling while the others showed a decrease. In terms of essential amino acid content, the highest was leucine while the lowest was methionine. Glutamic acid scored the highest and cystine the lowest in terms of non-essential amino acid content.
Development of Microencapsulated Cinnamon Oil-coated Polypropylene Film Using a Pilot-plant Scale Film Coating System
Authors: Oh Yoon Ah , Song Ah Young , Min Sea C.
Published: March 2015

A microencapsulated cinnamon oil (CO)-coated film was developed using a pilot-plant scale film coating system. CO microencapsulated with polyvinyl alcohol was incorporated with a printing ink and the ink mixture was applied to the surface of a polypropylene (PP) film as an ink coating using a gravure printing press at a speed of 20-200 m/min. The tensile strength, percentage elongation at break, elastic modulus, and water vapor permeability of the PP films with and without coating with the microcapsules were not significantly different (p > 0.05), which indicates that the coating did not alter those properties of the films. Microencapsulation effectively prevented the volatilization of CO in the films. The microencapsulated system may be extended to other food-packaging films for which the same ink-printing platform is used. The results from this study imply that the oil-microencapsulated films could be potentially produced by a modern film manufacturing system.
Effects of Blending Schemes on the Rheological Properties and Dispersion Stability of Saengshik Beverages
Authors: Lee Ju-Yeon , Mok Chulkyoon
Published: March 2015

The blending schemes of Saengshik powder with water were established to retain the dispersion stability of the Saengshik beverage in order to develop a ready-to-drink type product. The effect of the blending on the rheological properties and the dispersion stability of Saengshik beverage were determined. The Saengshik beverages, blended with low shear force for a short time, showed dilatant fluid characteristics, while those with high shear force for a long time had pseudoplastic fluid ones. The consistency of Saengshik beverage increased with the blending speed and time. Saengshik beverage blended at low shear showed rheopexy while becoming time independent by a highshear blending action. A logarithmic model fitted well to the changes in backscattering light flux with the rest time of Saengshik beverage. Based on sedimentation kinetics, the migration speed of clear front, and the thickness of sedimented layer, Saengshik beverage with maximum dispersion stability was obtained by a high shear blending at 15,120 rpm for 25 s.
Effect of Enzymatic and Ultrasonic Treatment on Reducing Sugar Production from Korean 6-row Barley During Mashing
Authors: Kim Hye Jin , Kim Ji Hyun , Lee Seung Ju , Kim Wang June , Kwon Young An , Hong Kwang Won
Published: March 2015

The effects of ultrasound and enzyme treatments on reducing sugar production from Korean 6-row barley Dahyang during the mashing process of brewing were studied. The concentration of reducing sugar produced by the traditional method was 41.5 mg/mL. The treatment of both the ultrasound at 400 W and amyloglucosidase (0.1 U/mL) increased the reducing sugar concentration produced in the mashing process by 15% compared to the traditional method. In addition, both treatments reduced the total mashing time from 115 min to 70 min. The combination of ultrasound and amyloglucosidase treatment increased the reducing sugar production yield by 17% during mashing, in comparison with the traditional method.
Continuous Temperature-Dependent Raman Spectroscopy of Melamine and Structural Analog Detection in Milk Powder
Authors: Schmidt Walter F. , Broadhurst C. Leigh , Qin Jianwei , Lee Hoyoung , Nguyen Julie K. , Chao Kuanglin , Hapeman Cathleen J. , Shelton Daniel R. , Kim Moon S.
Published: March 2015

Hyperspectral Raman imaging has the potential for rapid screening of solid-phase samples for potential adulterants. We can improve mixture analysis algorithms by defining a temperature range in which the contaminant spectrum changes dramatically and uniquely compared with unadulterated material. Raman spectra were acquired for urea, biuret, cyanuric acid, and melamine (pure and at 1% in dried milk powder) from 50 to 310 °C with a gradient of 1 °C min−1. Adulterants were clearly indentified in the milk powder. Specific frequencies that were mainly associated with ring breathing, stretching, and in-plane deformation shifted with respect to temperature up to 12 cm−1 in all four molecules. Specific frequencies significantly increased/decreased in intensity within narrow temperature ranges independent of whether the amine was mixed in milk. Correlation of Raman and differential scanning calorimetry data identified structural components and vibrational modes, which concur with or trigger phase transitions.
Optical Detection of Tracer Species in Strongly Scattering Media
Authors: Brauser Eric M. , Rose Peter E. , McLennan John D. , Bartl Michael H.
Published: March 2015

A combination of optical absorption and scattering is used to detect tracer species in a strongly scattering medium. An optical setup was developed, consisting of a dual-beam scattering detection scheme in which sample scattering beam overlaps with the characteristic absorption feature of quantum dot tracer species, while the reference scattering beam is outside any absorption features of the tracer. This scheme was successfully tested in engineered breakthrough tests typical of wastewater and subsurface fluid analysis, as well as in batch analysis of oil and gas reservoir fluids and biological samples. Tracers were detected even under highly scattering conditions, conditions in which conventional absorption or fluorescence methods failed.
Illumination through illustration: Research methods and authorial practice
Authors: Black Stephanie
Published: March 2015

This article proposes that the emerging field of illustration research embraces practice-led research, and will argue that it benefits practice outside of formal academic research. The author’s practice-led Ph.D. research provides the tools that will be used to investigate illustration methodologies within a research practice. These can be adopted to complement industry-oriented, brief-led ways of working to provide long-term transferable skills, enabling illustrators to be entrepreneurial, and give them a robust set of methods to identify and interrogate their subject matter.
Review
Authors: Reed Roger T.
Published: March 2015

American fun-house mirror

American Mirror: The Life and Art of Norman Rockwell, Deborah Solomon (2013) 1st ed., New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 494 pp., ISBN: 9780374113094, h/bk, $28.00 USD
Movimentos verticais excessivos de um navio em manobra. Avaliação da probabilidade de ocorrência
Authors: Santos João Alfredo , Fortes Conceição Juana , Reis Maria Teresa , Oliveira Ricardo Pardillo
Published: March 2015

Descrevem-se os procedimentos para a avaliação da distribuição dos movimentos verticais de um navio em manobra numa bacia portuária e que incluem a definição da função resposta do navio a ondas monocromáticas nele incidentes, bem como a determinação das características da agitação marítima ao longo do trajeto do navio. Ilustra-se a influência da velocidade de avanço do navio naquela distribuição avaliando-se a probabilidade de ocorrência de movimentos verticais superiores a um limiar pré-definido na manobra de um navio no porto da Praia da Vitória, Açores.
Fichas de registo de dano pós-sismo
Authors: Santos Ruben , Vicente Romeu Da Silva
Published: March 2015

As catástrofes naturais são fenómenos de grande impacto, impossíveis de evitar. Cabe a nós seres humanos e habitantes desta “pequena” esfera fazer tudo o que está ao nosso alcance para minimizar as suas consequências, tanto no que concerne a vítimas humanas, como às perdas económicas e materiais. Com o avanço da tecnologia, é possível nos dias de hoje, prever a ocorrência de um fenómeno deste tipo em escassos segundos, evitando uma catástrofe de maior envergadura. O desenvolvimento de ferramentas de alerta tornou-se uma ajuda importante na previsão da ocorrência de sismos.
Percepção do perigo de cheias rápidas da população de Mindelo, S. Vicente (Cabo Verde)
Authors: Costa Clara , Martins Bruno , Sampaio Luciano
Published: March 2015

Neste artigo, procurou-se averiguar especificamente alguns dos factores que influenciam o comportamento adoptado pelas populações quando confrontados com riscos naturais. Concretamente, pretendeu-se analisar as percepções, conhecimentos e comportamentos da população de S. Vicente (Cabo Verde) face ao perigo de cheias rápidas. Para efeito foram inquiridos cerca de 199 sujeitos, residentes em S. Vicente, com base no Questionário sobre Percepção de Perigo de Cheias Rápidas em S. Vicente (Cabo Verde).
Risco de incêndios na interface urbano-florestal: reflexão conceptual
Authors: Fidalgo Emanuel Sardo
Published: March 2015

As alterações recentes do espaço rural e da floresta tem conduzido a sociedade contemporânea a ficar mais vulnerável a manifestações de perigo de incêndio florestal e aos incêndios na interface urbano-florestal, em particular. Deste modo, importa compreender e clarificar os conceitos e conhecer as dinâmicas territoriais características da interface urbano-florestal.
Obras de correção torrencial no controlo de situações de erosão hídrica em portugal. Exemplos da bacia hidrográfica do rio Pranto (baixo Mondego)
Authors: Bernardino Sofia , Lourenço Luciano
Published: March 2015

Os trabalhos de defesa e conservação do solo, em Portugal, tiveram um notável incremento a partir de 1941. Conscientes de que a subsistência do homem dependia da terra e de que os processos erosivos associados à ação da água proveniente da pluviosidade degradavam, paulatinamente, os recursos edáficos, várias foram as obras de correção torrencial levadas a cabo em todo o País. Este trabalho surge assim com o objetivo de divulgação das obras realizadas e, principalmente, das técnicas mais utilizadas na correção da erosão hídrica, através de exemplos concretos na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Pranto (Baixo Mondego).
On the number of paths of length 6 in a graph
Authors: Movarraei Nazanin , Boxwala Samina
Published: March 2015

In this paper, we obtain an explicit formula for the total number of paths of length 6 in a simple graph G, in terms of the adjacency matrix and with the help of combinatorics.
A Bounded Rationality Model of Information Search and Choice in Preference Measurement
Authors: Yang Liu (Cathy) , Toubia Olivier , De Jong Martijn G.
Published: March 2015

It is becoming increasingly easier for researchers and practitioners to collect eye-tracking data during online preference measurement tasks. The authors develop a dynamic discrete choice model of information search and choice under bounded rationality, which they calibrate using a combination of eye-tracking and choice data. Their model extends Gabaix et al.'s (2006) directed cognition model by capturing fatigue, proximity effects, and imperfect memory encoding and by estimating individual-level parameters and partworths within a likelihood-based hierarchical Bayesian framework. The authors show that modeling eye movements as the outcome of forward-looking utility maximization improves out-of-sample predictions, enables researchers and practitioners to use shorter questionnaires, and allows better discrimination between attributes.
Riccati-Trajektorienoptimierung für den aktiven Fußgängerschutz
Authors: Werling Moritz , Gutjahr Benjamin , Galler Stefan , Gröll Lutz
Published: March 2015

In vielen kritischen Verkehrssituationen kann eine Kollision nicht durch alleiniges Bremsen vermieden werden. Insbesondere bei plötzlich den Fahrkorridor betretenden Fußgängern reicht der Bremsweg häufig nicht aus, um rechtzeitig zum Stehen zu kommen. Aus diesem Grund wird ein Trajektorienoptimierungsalgorithmus als wichtiger Teil einer automatischen Ausweichassistenz vorgeschlagen, welcher auf der Optimalsteuerungstheorie basiert. Mittels einer geeignet gewählten Zustands- und Zeittransformation wird die Suche nach einer passenden Ausweichtrajektorie als ein linear-quadratisches Optimierungsproblem formuliert. Dessen Lösung kann entsprechend der Vorgehensweise der Riccati-Zustandsregelung für endliche Optimierungshorizonte äußerst effizient berechnet werden, was eine Implementierung auf Automobil-Seriensteuergeräten mit Zykluszeiten im Millisekundenbereich ermöglicht. Der Funktionsnachweis erfolgt anhand eines im Realversuch nachgestellten Fußgängerszenarios.
Automated driving, technical approach with motion control architecture
Authors: Raste Thomas , Lüke Stefan , Eckert Alfred
Published: March 2015

Automated Driving is the key technology for greater safety, comfort and efficiency in personal transportation. Motion Control ensures
that the high-level behavior planning is carried out properly even in case of failures and disturbances. Based on the flatness property
a feedforward trajectory control is obtained to ensure lateral motion along prescribed trajectories. An optimal state feedback control
reduces the effects of disturbances like side wind or road bank to a minimum.
Minimally invasive procedure for type II canal defect caesarean scar pregnancy with cardiac activity and high hCG titres at 8+2 weeks of gestation
Authors: Yapar Eyi Elif Gul
Published: March 2015

Type II caesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) not only poses important maternal hazards, such as severe bleeding, uterine rupture, disseminated intravascular coagulation and maternal death due to its abnormal location and invasive characteristics, but its surgical management may lead to operative complications and even loss of fertility. The sonographic and Doppler findings of a “canal defect CSP” that has previously been hypothesised, but not illustrated, are presented here. A minimally invasive approach was performed in the presence of a 38.3 mm gestational sac (GS) with a crown rump length of 11.3 mm embryo (8+2 weeks of gestation) and cardiac activity with high (118,839.2 mIU/mL) human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels. A transabdominal intragestational sac injection of potassium chloride to stop cardiac activity, and consecutively, methotrexate (MTX) was given before systemic MTX therapy. Embryonic cardiac activity stopped. Systemic methotrexate was repeated 8 days after the procedure. While vaginal bleeding ceased in 3 weeks with gradual shrinkage of the GS, hCG fell to non-pregnant levels within 112 days (16 weeks); complete resolution of the ectopic mass required 8 months. This is the first report presenting the success of a minimally invasive procedure at a hCG level of 118,839.2 mIU/mL with embryonic cardiac activity in type II CSP.
Export Shares and Relative Export Affinities of Goods and Services of European OECD Countries, 2007
Authors: Halevi Nadav
Published: March 2015

Using recent Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) data on bilateral exports of services and International Monetary Fund (IMF) data on bilateral exports of goods, this paper compares goods and services as regards export proportions and relative export affinity for 20 OECD countries in 2007. It finds great diversity in bilateral exports of both goods and services and between countries. Whereas the 20 countries as a region have significant relative affinity in both types of exports, most countries have strong relations with only particular partners in the region, and even export aversion with others. If minimal diffusion is used as an indicator of regional integration, there is little such internal integration in the European OECD countries in exports of goods and less of services.
Involucral Bracts Anatomy in the Capitulum of Primitive Strains and Modern Genotypes of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
Authors: Rosetti M. V. , Hernández L. F.
Published: March 2015

The anatomy of involucral bracts (IB) of the capitulum was studied in two sunflower domesticated primitive genotypes (Helianthus annuusL.), Havasupai and Hopi, HA89B line and DKOP3845 hybrid. Stomata and trichomes were counted on the adaxial and abaxial epidermis. In all cases the IB showed an one-layered adaxial and abaxial epidermis, secretory ducts and parenchymatic cells with abundant chloroplast. The vascular system was similar to that of the foliage leaves; however, their bundles were smaller, with an abaxial surface with higher abundance of glandular and non-glandular trichomes and with the presence of stomatas. IB of Havasupai and Hopi showed higher number of adaxial hypodermic strata than those of HA89B and DKOP3845 (4 vs. 1) and one mesophyllum with inverted polarity with respect to a foliage leaf: the presence of a spongy parenchyma on the adaxial side was observed with a rudimentary palisade parenchyma on the abaxial side. Stomatal density of the IB was significantly higher in Hopi and Havasupai than in HA89B and DKOP3845, with values ranging from 132 to 156 vs. 73 to 110 stomata/mm2respectively. It is concluded that from the functional point of view, sunflower breeding produced undesired changes in the IB anatomy.
Ordnung und Abweichung. Jurij M. Lotmans Grenzüberschreitungstheorie aus modallogischer Perspektive
Authors: Klimczak Peter , Petersen Christer
Published: March 2015

In the 1970s and 1980s, literary theorists, particularly in the German-speaking world, showed increasing interest in appropriating the distinctive methodologies of both the positivist social sciences and the natural sciences. Alongside empirical (e. g. Groeben 1982) and analytical approaches to literature (e. g. Fink/Schmidt 1984), the structuralist school shaped by Lotman’s narrative theory attempted a scientific turn in literary theory (cf. Köppe/Winko 2010), aiming for an exact science, or at least one more exact than the traditional ›art of interpretation‹ admitted by Staiger (1955). We trace the structuralist approach, or more precisely, the central aspect of structuralist narratology, the theory of boundary-crossing, first in Lotman (1979), and then criticise Renner’s remodelling based on formal logic (1983), and finally remodel boundary-crossing theory by means of modal logic. By doing this, we hope to demonstrate the potential of a methodologically self-aware, terminologically precise text analysis that is therefore capable of intersubjectivity.

At the beginning of the 1970s, the Estonian literary scholar and cultural semiotician Jurij M. Lotman took as his starting point the strong human affinity for the replication of abstract systems (

The most influential formulation of Lotman’s boundary-crossing theory – at least in the German speaking world – was that of Karl N. Renner in the early 1980s. Renner understood events to be disruptions of order, and disruptions of order in turn as logical contradictions. In addition to the formal logic representation of disruptions of order, Lotman and Renner differ in that Renner presupposes that the ›eventful situation‹ arises

The consequences of the principle of non-contradiction do not occur to Renner. While Renner is, in fact, dissatisfied with his model, for him the problem lies in a different circumstance: his ordering statements lack the characteristics of postulates. It can be deduced from his writings that he wishes his ordering statements to be understood as normative statements. However, non-modal sentences, and these are precisely what Renner uses, do not describe, even in the case of subjunctions/implications, what should be, but merely what

This problem, addressed but not explored by Renner, can be solved with the help of normative reasoning/deontic modal logic. Instead of an operator of necessity, here an operator of obligation is used. Using this operator, we can produce contradiction-free statements about how something should be, which can be placed in relation to selective statements about how things are. Our aim, however, is not exclusively or primarily to criticise Renner, but rather to develop the particular benefits which these consideration of formal logic bring to cross-boundary theory – namely the connection between the quality of the ordering statements, and the durative and non-durative aspect of events.

We demonstrate this using Pierre Boulles’ 1963 novel
Influences of extraframework cations on features of natrolite group zeolites: the crystal structure of partly dehydrated K-containing paranatrolite
Authors: Seryotkin Yurii , Bakakin Vladimir
Published: March 2015

The partly dehydrated paranatrolite from the Khibiny massif, Russia, Na1.88K0.22Ca0.06[Al2.24Si2.76O10]·2.5H2O, has a space group F1d1 and the unit cell parameters a = 18.6586(5), b = 18.6536(5), c = 6.64119(13) Å, β = 90.199(2)°, and Z = 8. The dominant Na+ cations are located nearby the sodium positions in the natrolite structure. The potassium cations occupy two individual positions. Their different occupancies define the retention of the monoclinic distortion of the structure. H2O molecules statistically occupy eight positions, six being generated with a triple splitting of two positions. Three kinds of main local cation-water assemblages were distinguished, two being similar to the assemblages in the initial high-water paranatrolite. The comparison with the gonnardite and paranatrolite structures determined previously was carried out. Common structural characteristics of natrolite group minerals are suggested from the local water-cation assemblages.
Isotopenüberführung in geschmolzenem Rubidiummetall bei verschiedenen Temperaturen
Authors: Lodding A.
Published: March 2015

Der Isotopieeffekt beim Fließen von Gleichstrom in geschmolzenem Rubidium wurde bei vier Temperaturen untersucht. Der Masseneffekt μ zeigte eine deutliche Temperaturabhängigkeit, indem er zwischen 50°C und 100°C anstieg, oberhalb 150°C aber wieder abfiel.
Ergebnisse der Tieftemperaturforschung
Authors: Clusius Klaus , Piesbergen Ulrich
Published: March 2015

Mit einem Ruthenzylinder von 100 g Gewicht wird die Atomwärme konstanten Drucks Cp zwischen 10°K und 0°C gemessen. Die Normalentropie ergibt sich graphisch bei 25°C zu 6,82 ± 0,05 Clausius. Unterhalb von 22°K läßt sich die Atomwärme als Summe der Gitterwärme Cg, die dem T3-Gesetz folgt, und einer mit T linear ansteigenden Elektronenwärme Ce wiedergeben:

Ruthen: Cχ=464,5(T/505)3+6,2·10-4 T.

WOLCOTT fand in diesem Bereich die charakteristische Temperatur zu 503° und den Koeffizienten der Elektronenwärme zu 8,0 · 10-4. Die Elektronenwärme macht sich auch oberhalb von 100°K durch einen Abfall der θ-Werte bemerkbar, ganz ähnlich wie es bei Iridium und Rhodium der Fall ist. Diese Temperaturabhängigkeit verschwindet, wenn die Elektronenwärme zu 6,7 · 10-4 T cal/Grad, also nur unbedeutend größer als bei Wasserstofftemperaturen angesetzt wird. Die Gitterwärme kann dann durch eine konstante charakteristische DEBYE-Temperatur von 382° dargestellt werden.
Berechnung eines doppelfokussierenden stigmatisch abbildenden Massenspektrographen
Authors: Ewald H. , Liebl H. , Sauermann G.
Published: March 2015

In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Berechnungsunterlagen für einen praktisch ausgeführten1, mit Toroidkondensator ausgerüsteten und stigmatisch abbildenden doppelfokussierenden Massenspektrographen zusammengestellt. Bei diesem Apparat wird der durch den relativ großen axialen Öffnungswinkel az bewirkte radiale Bildfehler f33 durch eine entsprechend berechnete Zylinderkrümmung der Austrittsstirnfläche des Toroidkondensators korrigiert.
Elektron-Gitter Gleichgewichtszustände in gestörten Kristallen
Authors: Fues E. , Stumpf H.
Published: March 2015

Die vollständige Beschreibung einer Gitterstörung im Kristall erfordert die Wellenfunktionen für Elektronen und Atomkerne. Das Problem läßt sich dabei in 2 Teilprobleme aufteilen: die statische Lösung, die der Kristalltemperatur T=0 entspricht, und Lösungen mit Gitterschwingungen, die sich der statischen Konfiguration überlagern. Hier wird nur das statische Problem behandelt. Die Gesamtenergie der Elektronen und Kerne muß bei ihm minimal werden. Mit Hilfe von Ersatzpotentialen für die Kerne läßt sich diese Energie dann durch einen klassischen Gitterenergieausdruck und einen quantenmechanischen Anteil, der mit der Störung eng verknüpft ist, darstellen. Bei einem Ansatz mit Vergleichsfunktionen für die Elektronen ergeben sich durch Variation Bedingungsgleichungen für die Parameter der Vergleichsfunktionen und den mit diesen gekoppelten Kernfreiheitsgraden. Die Bedingungsgleichungen werden so formuliert, daß sie mit den Mitteln der klassischen Gitterstatik, die in einer früheren Arbeit angegeben wurden, gelöst werden können. Für den Fall von Ionenkristallen wird der Einfluß der Elektronenpolarisation diskutiert und quantitativ berücksichtigt. Am Beispiel eines F-Zentrums in NaCl wird die Methode in einfachster Weise demonstriert. Die Methode läßt sich auf alle nulldimensionalen Gitterstörungen anwenden, und die Übertragung auf eindimensionale Kristallfehler ist möglich.
Zur elastischen Streuung langsamer Elektronen im Feld eines Atoms angewandt auf die p-Streuung eines Elektrons im Feld des atomaren Wasserstoffs
Authors: Malik F. B.
Published: March 2015

A method has been developed to calculate the scattering of slow electrons. This method along with the wellknown methods of HULTHÈN and KOHN are applied to calculate p-wave scattering in the normal hydrogen field. The new method avoids the ambiguity of HULTHEN'S quadratic equation and gives almost the same result. The interrelation of the three methods is studied and a proposal is being made how one can simultaneously satisfy the conditions L=∫ψ(H-E) ψ dτ=0, ∂, a k=—〈Rl⎜U⎟jl+〉 appearing in the three methods. The whole theoretical discussion can without difficulties be extended to the modified COULOMB potential, only the regular and singular spherical BESSEL functions are to be substituted by the regular and singular confluent hypergeometric functions of the COULOMB type respectively. The phase shifts and the wave functions calculated without exchange agree well with the numerically solved results of CHANDRASEKHAR and BREEN. The results including exchange terms agree reasonably well with the results of the numerical integration of the HARTREE-FOCK equation, which has been carried out here by E. TREFFTZ.
Zum Einbau von einigen Lanthaniden in Gd2Cl3 / Incorporation of Some Lanthanides into Gd2Cl3
Authors: Simon A. , Mattausch Hj. , Mikheev N. B. , Keller C.
Published: March 2015

Co-crystallization experiments with radioactive isotopes of lanthanides (Ce, Nd, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Tm, Yb) show that only Tb is incorporated by Gd2Cl3 in a significant amount. The results are discussed in terms of the electronic configuration of Ln2+ ions as well as redox potentials E°(Ln3+/Ln2+).
X-Ray Structures of Several Bis(N-alkylsalicylaldiminato)zinc(II) Complexes
Authors: Dreher Michael , Elias Horst , Paulus Helmut
Published: March 2015

X-ray structures of five bis(N - R-salicylaldiminato)zinc(II) complexes with R = ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl and 4-thia-n-hexyl were determined. The N2O2 coordination geometry is in all cases quasi-tetrahedral with the dihedral angle between the planes of the two chelate rings ranging from 84 to 89°. Bond lengths and angles in the coordination sphere are not affected by the nature of R or by a methoxy substituent in 4-position of the salicylaldimine. The potentially tridentate ONS ligand N(4-thia-n-hexyl)salicylaldimine is also coordinated only in a bidentate NO fashion.
Über die Reaktion von Chromocen mit einem Co/Kieselgel-Träger / On the Reaction of Chromocene with a Co/Silica Gel Support
Authors: Rebenstorf Bernd
Published: March 2015

The IR spectra of the modified chromocene/Co/silica gel catalyst show a band at 3118 cm" 1 of the cyclopentadienyl ligand, which is shifted by -1-20 cm' 1 compared to the unmodified chromocene/silica gel catalyst. The comparably slow CO adsorption yields two bands at low Cr concentration (-0.1% Cr) at 2065 and 2022 cm" 1 and two more at higher Cr concentration (-1% Cr) at 2028 and 1961 cm -1 . Both band pairs are significantly different from that observed with the "normal" chromocene/silica gel catalyst at 2046 and 1974 cm -1 . No CO IR bands at low wavenumbers were observed with the modified catalyst.

Polymerisation measurements showed a slightly lower concentration of catalytically active sites (35% of Cr) for the modified catalyst compared to the unmodified one (50%), while the poly-merisation activity decreased by a factor of four (Cr concentration: 0.083%).

It was concluded that the surrounding of the dimeric surface site is changed by Co on the silica gel surface of the chromocen catalyst and that this change is important for the CO adsorption and the polymerisation activity.
Magnetic and Spectroscopic Properties of Metal(II) Thiocyanate Compounds with 3,4-Dialkyl Substituted 1,2,4-TriazoIes
Authors: Vreugdenhil Wim , Schoondergang Marcel F. J.
Published: March 2015

Syntheses, spectroscopic and magnetic properties are described of a series of metal(II) thio-cyanate compounds with the asymmetric ligands 3-methyl-4-ethyl-l,2,4-triazole and 3-methyl-4-;-butyl-l,2,4-triazole. A dinuclear structure is proposed for the manganese, cobalt and nickel compounds based on the magnetic behaviour as well as on spectroscopic and analytical data. These compounds show antiferromagnetic interaction in the temperature range 4—80 K. The zinc compounds appear to be mononuclear, whereas a chain-like structure is proposed for the cad-mium compounds.
Polysulfid-Radikalionen in Aceton / Polysulfide Radical Ions in Acetone
Authors: Seel F. , Wagner M.
Published: March 2015

The formation of sulfur radical ions S 3 ~ and S 4 " in the blue and violet solutions of potassium sulfide and sulfur in acetone on adding 18C6 crown ether has been demonstrated by spectrophotometric titra-tion under anaerobic conditions. Neither the colour nor the spectra of the solutions point at S 2 ~.
Intraglomerular Lateral Inhibition Promotes Spike Timing Variability in Principal Neurons of the Olfactory Bulb
Authors: Najac Marion , Sanz Diez Alvaro , Kumar Arvind , Benito Nuria , Charpak Serge , De Saint Jan Didier
Published: March 2015

The activity of mitral and tufted cells, the principal neurons of the olfactory bulb, is modulated by several classes of interneurons. Among them, diverse periglomerular (PG) cell types interact with the apical dendrites of mitral and tufted cells inside glomeruli at the first stage of olfactory processing. We used paired recording in olfactory bulb slices and two-photon targeted patch-clamp recordingin vivoto characterize the properties and connections of a genetically identified population of PG cells expressing enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) under the control of the Kv3.1 potassium channel promoter. Kv3.1–EYFP+PG cells are axonless and monoglomerular neurons that constitute ∼30% of all PG cells and include calbindin-expressing neurons. They respond to an olfactory nerve stimulation with a short barrage of excitatory inputs mediated by mitral, tufted, and external tufted cells, and, in turn, they indiscriminately release GABA onto principal neurons. They are activated by even the weakest olfactory nerve input or by the discharge of a single principal neuron in slices and at each respiration cycle in anesthetized mice. They participate in a fast-onset intraglomerular lateral inhibition between principal neurons from the same glomerulus, a circuit that reduces the firing rate and promotes spike timing variability in mitral cells. Recordings in other PG cell subtypes suggest that this pathway predominates in generating glomerular inhibition. Intraglomerular lateral inhibition may play a key role in olfactory processing by reducing the similarity of principal cells discharge in response to the same incoming input.
Bidirectional Regulation of eEF2 Phosphorylation Controls Synaptic Plasticity by Decoding Neuronal Activity Patterns
Authors: McCamphill Patrick K. , Farah Carole A. , Anadolu Mina N. , Hoque Sanjida , Sossin Wayne S.
Published: March 2015

At the sensory-motor neuron synapse ofAplysia, either spaced or continuous (massed) exposure to serotonin (5-HT) induces a form of intermediate-term facilitation (ITF) that requires new protein synthesis but not gene transcription. However, spaced and massed ITF use distinct molecular mechanisms to maintain increased synaptic strength. Synapses activated by spaced applications of 5-HT generate an ITF that depends on persistent protein kinase A (PKA) activity, whereas an ITF produced by massed 5-HT depends on persistent protein kinase C (PKC) activity. In this study, we demonstrate that eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2), which catalyzes the GTP-dependent translocation of the ribosome during protein synthesis, acts as a biochemical sensor that is tuned to the pattern of neuronal stimulation. Specifically, we find that massed training leads to a PKC-dependent increase in phosphorylation of eEF2, whereas spaced training results in a PKA-dependent decrease in phosphorylation of eEF2. Importantly, by using either pharmacological or dominant-negative strategies to inhibit eEF2 kinase (eEF2K), we were able to block massed 5-HT-dependent increases in eEF2 phosphorylation and subsequent PKC-dependent ITF. In contrast, pharmacological inhibition of eEF2K during the longer period of time required for spaced training was sufficient to reduce eEF2 phosphorylation and induce ITF. Finally, we find that the massed 5-HT-dependent increase in synaptic strength requires translation elongation, but not translation initiation, whereas the spaced 5-HT-dependent increase in synaptic strength is partially dependent on translation initiation. Thus, bidirectional regulation of eEF2 is critical for decoding distinct activity patterns at synapses by activating distinct modes of translation regulation.
Representation of Accumulating Evidence for a Decision in Two Parietal Areas
Authors: de Lafuente Victor , Jazayeri Mehrdad , Shadlen Michael N.
Published: March 2015

Decisions are often made by accumulating evidence for and against the alternatives. The momentary evidence represented by sensory neurons is accumulated by downstream structures to form a decision variable, linking the evolving decision to the formation of a motor plan. When decisions are communicated by eye movements, neurons in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) represent the accumulation of evidence bearing on the potential targets for saccades. We now show that reach-related neurons from the medial intraparietal area (MIP) exhibit a gradual modulation of their firing rates consistent with the representation of an evolving decision variable. When decisions were communicated by saccades instead of reaches, decision-related activity was attenuated in MIP, whereas LIP neurons were active while monkeys communicated decisions by saccades or reaches. Thus, for decisions communicated by a hand movement, a parallel flow of sensory information is directed to parietal areas MIP and LIP during decision formation.
Impact Prediction by Looming Visual Stimuli Enhances Tactile Detection
Authors: Cléry Justine , Guipponi Olivier , Odouard Soline , Wardak Claire , Ben Hamed Suliann
Published: March 2015

From an ecological point of view, approaching objects are potentially more harmful than receding objects. A predator, a dominant conspecific, or a mere branch coming up at high speed can all be dangerous if one does not detect them and produce the appropriate escape behavior fast enough. And indeed, looming stimuli trigger stereotyped defensive responses in both monkeys and human infants. However, while the heteromodal somatosensory consequences of visual looming stimuli can be fully predicted by their spatiotemporal dynamics, few studies if any have explored whether visual stimuli looming toward the face predictively enhance heteromodal tactile sensitivity around the expected time of impact and at its expected location on the body. In the present study, we report that, in addition to triggering a defensive motor repertoire, looming stimuli toward the face provide the nervous system with predictive cues that enhance tactile sensitivity on the face. Specifically, we describe an enhancement of tactile processes at the expected time and location of impact of the stimulus on the face. We additionally show that a looming stimulus that brushes past the face also enhances tactile sensitivity on the nearby cheek, suggesting that the space close to the face is incorporated into the subjects' body schema. We propose that this cross-modal predictive facilitation involves multisensory convergence areas subserving the representation of a peripersonal space and a safety boundary of self.
Developmental Changes in Hippocampal Associative Coding
Authors: Goldsberry Mary E. , Kim Jangjin , Freeman John H.
Published: March 2015

Behavioral analyses of the ontogeny of memory have shown that hippocampus-dependent learning emerges relatively late in postnatal development compared with simple associative learning. Maturation of hippocampal mnemonic mechanisms has been hypothesized to underlie the development of the later emerging learning processes. However, the role of hippocampal maturation in learning has not been examined directly. The goal of the present study was to examine developmental changes in hippocampal neuronal coding during acquisition of a hippocampus-dependent learning task. We recorded activity from CA1 pyramidal cells in rat pups while they were trained on trace eyeblink conditioning. Trace eyeblink conditioning is a Pavlovian conditioning task that involves the association of a conditioned stimulus (CS) with an unconditioned stimulus over a stimulus-free trace interval. The inclusion of the trace interval is what makes the task hippocampus dependent. In the present study, rats were trained at 21–23, 24–26, and 31–33 d of age. Previous research from our laboratory and others shows that trace conditioning begins to emerge during the third postnatal week. The results indicate that hippocampal neurons show a substantial increase in responsiveness to task-relevant events during development. Moreover, there is an age-related increase in the proportion of neurons that respond to a combination of trial events (e.g., CS and trace). Our findings indicate that the developmental emergence of hippocampally mediated learning is related to increases in the strength and complexity of CA1 associative coding.
Distribution of Monocarboxylate Transporters in the Peripheral Nervous System Suggests Putative Roles in Lactate Shuttling and Myelination
Authors: Domènech-Estévez Enric , Baloui Hasna , Repond Cendrine , Rosafio Katia , Médard Jean-Jacques , Tricaud Nicolas , Pellerin Luc , Chrast Roman
Published: March 2015

Lactate, a product of glycolysis, has been shown to play a key role in the metabolic support of neurons/axons in the CNS by both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes through monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs). Despite such importance in the CNS, little is known about MCT expression and lactate function in the PNS. Here we show that mouse MCT1, MCT2, and MCT4 are expressed in the PNS. While DRG neurons express MCT1, myelinating Schwann cells (SCs) coexpress MCT1 and MCT4 in a domain-specific fashion, mainly in regions of noncompact myelin. Interestingly, SC-specific downregulation of MCT1 expression in rat neuron/SC cocultures led to increased myelination, while its downregulation in neurons resulted in a decreased amount of neurofilament. Finally, pure rat SCs grown in the presence of lactate exhibited an increase in the level of expression of the main myelin regulator gene Krox20/Egr2 and the myelin gene P0. These data indicate that lactate homeostasis participates in the regulation of the SC myelination program and reveal that similar to CNS, PNS axon–glial metabolic interactions are most likely mediated by MCTs.
Dissociable Cortical Pathways for Qualitative and Quantitative Mechanisms in the Face Inversion Effect
Authors: Matsuyoshi Daisuke , Morita Tomoyo , Kochiyama Takanori , Tanabe Hiroki C. , Sadato Norihiro , Kakigi Ryusuke
Published: March 2015

Humans' ability to recognize objects is remarkably robust across a variety of views unless faces are presented upside-down. Whether this face inversion effect (FIE) results from qualitative (distinct mechanisms) or quantitative processing differences (a matter of degree within common mechanisms) between upright and inverted faces has been intensely debated. Studies have focused on preferential responses to faces in face-specific brain areas, although face recognition also involves nonpreferential responses in non–face-specific brain areas. By using dynamic causal modeling with Bayesian model selection, here we show that dissociable cortical pathways are responsible for qualitative and quantitative mechanisms in the FIE in the distributed network for face recognition. When faces were upright, the early visual cortex (VC) and occipital and fusiform face areas (OFA, FFA) suppressed couplings to the lateral occipital cortex (LO), a primary locus of object processing. In contrast, they did not inhibit the LO when faces were inverted but increased couplings to the intraparietal sulcus, which has been associated with visual working memory. Furthermore, we found that upright and inverted face processing together involved the face network consisting of the VC, OFA, FFA, and inferior frontal gyrus. Specifically, modulatory connectivity within the common pathways (VC-OFA), implicated in the parts-based processing of faces, strongly correlated with behavioral FIE performance. The orientation-dependent dynamic reorganization of effective connectivity indicates that the FIE is mediated by both qualitative and quantitative differences in upright and inverted face processing, helping to resolve a central debate over the mechanisms of the FIE.
Transmembrane AMPAR Regulatory Protein γ-2 Is Required for the Modulation of GABA Release by Presynaptic AMPARs
Authors: Rigby Mark , Cull-Candy Stuart G. , Farrant Mark
Published: March 2015

Presynaptic ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) play important roles in the control of synaptogenesis and neurotransmitter release, yet their regulation is poorly understood. In particular, the contribution of transmembrane auxiliary proteins, which profoundly shape the trafficking and gating of somatodendritic iGluRs, is unknown. Here we examined the influence of transmembrane AMPAR regulatory proteins (TARPs) on presynaptic AMPARs in cerebellar molecular layer interneurons (MLIs). 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), a partial agonist at TARP-associated AMPARs, enhanced spontaneous GABA release in wild-type mice but not instargazermice that lack the prototypical TARP stargazin (γ-2). These findings were replicated in mechanically dissociated Purkinje cells with functional adherent synaptic boutons, demonstrating the presynaptic locus of modulation. In dissociated Purkinje cells fromstargazermice, AMPA was able to enhance mIPSC frequency, but only in the presence of the positive allosteric modulator cyclothiazide. Thus, ordinarily, presynaptic AMPARs are unable to enhance spontaneous release without γ-2, which is required predominantly for its effects on channel gating. Presynaptic AMPARs are known to reduce action potential-driven GABA release from MLIs. Although a G-protein-dependent non-ionotropic mechanism has been suggested to underlie this inhibition, paradoxically we found that γ-2, and thus AMPAR gating, was required. Following glutamate spillover from climbing fibers or application of CNQX, evoked GABA release was reduced; instargazermice such effects were markedly attenuated in acute slices and abolished in the dissociated Purkinje cell-nerve bouton preparation. We suggest that γ-2 association, by increasing charge transfer, allows presynaptic AMPARs to depolarize the bouton membrane sufficiently to modulate both phasic and spontaneous release.
Local Population Synchrony and the Encoding of Eye Position in the Primate Neural Integrator
Authors: Dale Alexis , Cullen Kathleen E.
Published: March 2015

Encoding horizontal eye position in the oculomotor system occurs through temporal integration of eye velocity inputs to produce tonic outputs. The nucleus prepositus is commonly believed to be the “neural integrator” that accomplishes this function through the activity of its ensemble of predominantly burst-tonic neurons. Single-unit characterizations and labeling studies of these neurons have suggested that their collective output is achieved through local feedback loops produced by direct connections between them. If this is the case, then the ensemble of burst-tonic neurons should exhibit correlated activity. To obtain electrophysiological evidence of local interactions between neurons, we simultaneously recorded pairs (n= 29) of burst-tonic neurons in the nucleus prepositus of rhesus macaque monkeys using eight-channel linear microelectrode arrays. We computed the magnitude of synchrony between their spike trains as a function of eye position during ocular fixations and as a function of distance between neurons. Importantly, we found that neurons exhibit unexpected levels of positive synchrony, which is maximal during contralateral fixations and weakest when neurons are located far apart from one another (>300 μm). Together, our results support a role for shared inputs to ipsilateral pairs of burst-tonic neurons in the encoding of eye position in the primate nucleus prepositus.