bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SiMa Cells for a Serotype Specific and Sensitive Cell-Based Neutralization Test for Botulinum Toxin A and E
Authors: Bak Nicola , Rajagopal Shalini , Stickings Paul , Sesardic Dorothea
Published: July 2017

Botulinum toxins (BoNTs), of which there are seven serotypes, are among the most potent neurotoxins, with serotypes A, B and E causing human botulism. Antitoxins form the first line of treatment for botulism, and functional, highly sensitive in vitro methods for toxin neutralization are needed to replace the current in vivo methods used for determination of antitoxin potency. In this preliminary proof of concept study, we report the development of a neutralization test using the neuroblastoma SiMa cell line. The assay is serotype specific for either BoNT/A or BoNT/E, which both cleave unique sequences on SNAP-25 within SiMa cells. The end point is simple immunodetection of cleaved SNAP-25 from cell lysates with antibodies detecting only the newly exposed sequence on SNAP-25. Neutralizing antibodies prevent the toxin-induced cleavage of SNAP-25. The toxin neutralization assay, with an EC50 of ~2 mIU/mL determined with a standardized reference antiserum, is more sensitive than the mouse bioassays. Relevance was demonstrated with commercial and experimental antitoxins targeting different functional domains, and of known in vivo neutralizing activities. This is the first report describing a simple, specific, in vitro cell-based assay for the detection of neutralizing antibodies against BoNT/A and BoNT/E with a sensitivity exceeding that of the mouse bioassay.
Characterisation of Hydrological Response to Rainfall at Multi Spatio-Temporal Scales in Savannas of Semi-Arid Australia
Authors: Jarihani Ben , Sidle Roy , Bartley Rebecca , Roth Christian , Wilkinson Scott
Published: July 2017

Rainfall is the main driver of hydrological processes in dryland environments and characterising the rainfall variability and processes of runoff generation are critical for understanding ecosystem function of catchments. Using remote sensing and in situ data sets, we assess the spatial and temporal variability of the rainfall, rainfall–runoff response, and effects on runoff coefficients of antecedent soil moisture and ground cover at different spatial scales. This analysis was undertaken in the Upper Burdekin catchment, northeast Australia, which is a major contributor of sediment and nutrients to the Great Barrier Reef. The high temporal and spatial variability of rainfall are found to exert significant controls on runoff generation processes. Rainfall amount and intensity are the primary runoff controls, and runoff coefficients for wet antecedent conditions were higher than for dry conditions. The majority of runoff occurred via surface runoff generation mechanisms, with subsurface runoff likely contributing little runoff due to the intense nature of rainfall events. MODIS monthly ground cover data showed better results in distinguishing effects of ground cover on runoff that Landsat-derived seasonal ground cover data. We conclude that in the range of moderate to large catchments (193–36,260 km2) runoff generation processes are sensitive to both antecedent soil moisture and ground cover. A higher runoff–ground cover correlation in drier months with sparse ground cover highlighted the critical role of cover at the onset of the wet season (driest period) and how runoff generation is more sensitive to cover in drier months than in wetter months. The monthly water balance analysis indicates that runoff generation in wetter months (January and February) is partially influenced by saturation overland flow, most likely confined to saturated soils in riparian corridors, swales, and areas of shallow soil. By March and continuing through October, the soil “bucket” progressively empties by evapotranspiration, and Hortonian overland flow becomes the dominant, if not exclusive, flow generation process. The results of this study can be used to better understand the rainfall–runoff relationships in dryland environments and subsequent exposure of coral reef ecosystems in Australia and elsewhere to terrestrial runoff.
Potential Drivers of the Level and Distribution of Nitrogen in the Hyporheic Zone of Lake Taihu, China
Authors: Li Yong , Wang Shuang , Zhang Weiwei , Yuan Jiahui , Xu Chun
Published: July 2017

The hyporheic zone is the connection between surface water and groundwater that often plays an important function in nutrient transport and transformation, and acts as an active source of or sink for nutrients to the surface water, depending on its potential water flow patterns. Bottom surface water and sediments in the shallow hyporheic zone (approximately 100 cm depth) were sampled at 12 sites near the shoreline and two sites at the center of Lake Taihu (China) during spring and winter of 2016. Concentrations of total nitrogen, ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite in the bottom surface water and porewater (obtained from sediments using a frozen centrifugation method) were analyzed in a laboratory to establish the nitrogen distribution and potential drivers. The results show that, in general, the quality of bottom water and porewater near the shoreline was poor compared to that at the center, and it gradually improved from the northwestern to the southeastern zones of Lake Taihu. No significant relationship in nitrogen concentration was found between the bottom water and porewater in surface sediments. Nitrogen concentrations in porewater differed between sampling sites and sediment depths in Lake Taihu. Vertical profiles of nitrogen in porewater and differences in nitrogen between the winter and spring seasons indicated that potential upwelling water flow occurred in the hyporheic zone in the south, west, north, and center zones of Lake Taihu, but potentially weak water flow in variable directions likely occurred in the east zone. A strong reducing environment dominated the deep parts of the hyporheic zone (i.e., below 40 cm depth), while a weak oxidizing environment dominated the shallow parts. Furthermore, the decreasing total nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen from the deep to shallow depths in the hyporheic zones in the south, west, north, and center zones indicated that potential anammox and/or denitrification processes occurred. In the east zone, potential weak nitrification processes occurred in the hyporheic zone, and plant fixation and sedimentation of nitrogen also contributed to the surface sediments. In conclusion, the hyporheic zone near the shoreline in the south, west, and north sites of Lake Taihu acts as an active source of nitrogen for the lake water due to potential upwelling water flows, whereas the east site acts as an active source or sink due to seasonally variable directions in water flow. Water flow and biogeochemistry in the hyporheic zone jointly influence nutrient distribution in the hyporheic zone and even switch or alternate the source/sink function of sediment in surface water.
GASP. I. Gas Stripping Phenomena in Galaxies with MUSE
Authors: Poggianti Bianca M. , Moretti Alessia , Gullieuszik Marco , Fritz Jacopo , Jaffé Yara , Bettoni Daniela , Fasano Giovanni , Bellhouse Callum , Hau George , Vulcani Benedetta , Biviano Andrea , Omizzolo Alessandro , Paccagnella Angela , D’Onofrio Mauro , Cava Antonio , Sheen Y.-K. , Couch Warrick , Owers Matt
Published: July 2017

GAs Stripping Phenomena in galaxies with MUSE (GASP) is a new integral-field spectroscopic survey with MUSE at the VLT aimed at studying gas removal processes in galaxies. We present an overview of the survey and show a first example of a galaxy undergoing strong gas stripping. GASP is obtaining deep MUSE data for 114 galaxies at z = 0.04–0.07 with stellar masses in the range

in different environments (galaxy clusters and groups over more than four orders of magnitude in halo mass). GASP targets galaxies with optical signatures of unilateral debris or tails reminiscent of gas-stripping processes (“jellyfish galaxies”), as well as a control sample of disk galaxies with no morphological anomalies. GASP is the only existing integral field unit (IFU) survey covering both the main galaxy body and the outskirts and surroundings, where the IFU data can reveal the presence and origin of the outer gas. To demonstrate GASP’s ability to probe the physics of gas and stars, we show the complete analysis of a textbook case of a jellyfish galaxy, JO206. This is a massive galaxy (

) in a low-mass cluster (

) at a small projected clustercentric radius and a high relative velocity, with ≥90 kpc long tentacles of ionized gas stripped away by ram pressure. We present the spatially resolved kinematics and physical properties of the gas and stars and depict the evolutionary history of this galaxy.
Calibration of the Large Area X-Ray Proportional Counter (LAXPC) Instrument on board AstroSat
Authors: Antia H. M. , Yadav J. S. , Agrawal P. C. , Chauhan Jai Verdhan , Manchanda R. K. , Chitnis Varsha , Paul Biswajit , Dedhia Dhiraj , Shah Parag , Gujar V. M. , Katoch Tilak , Kurhade V. N. , Madhwani Pankaj , Manojkumar T. K. , Nikam V. A. , Pandya A. S. , Parmar J. V. , Pawar D. M. , Pahari Mayukh , Misra Ranjeev , Navalgund K. H. , Pandiyan R. , Sharma K. S. , Subbarao K.
Published: July 2017

We present the calibration and background model for the Large Area X-ray Proportional Counter (LAXPC) detectors on board AstroSat. The LAXPC instrument has three nominally identical detectors to achieve a large collecting area. These detectors are independent of each other, and in the event analysis mode they record the arrival time and energy of each photon that is detected. The detectors have a time resolution of 10 μs and a dead-time of about 42 μs. This makes LAXPC ideal for timing studies. The energy resolution and peak channel-to-energy mapping were obtained from calibration on the ground using radioactive sources coupled with GEANT4 simulations of the detectors. The response matrix was further refined from observations of the Crab after launch. At around 20 keV the energy resolution of the detectors is 10%–15%, while the combined effective area of the three detectors is about 6000 cm2.
Star Formation Conditions in a Planck Galactic Cold Clump, G108.84–00.81
Authors: Kim Jungha , Lee Jeong-Eun , Liu Tie , Kim Kee-Tae , Wu Yuefang , Tatematsu Ken′ichi , Liu Sheng-Yuan ,   JCMT Large Program “SCOPE” Collaboration, and TRAO Key Science Program “TOP” Collaboration
Published: July 2017

We present the results from a series of ground-based radio observations toward a Planck Galactic Cold Clump (PGCC), PGCC G108.84–00.81, which is located in one curved filamentary cloud in the vicinity of an extended H ii region Sh2-152 and SNR G109.1-1.0. PGCC G108.84–00.81 is mainly composed of two clumps, “G108–N” and “G108–S”. In the 850 μm dust continuum emission map, G108–N is shown as one component while G108–S is fragmented into four components. There is no infrared source associated with G108–N, while there are two infrared sources (IRS 1 and IRS 2) associated with G108–S. The total mass of G108–N is larger than the Jeans mass, suggesting that G108–N is gravitationally unstable and a potential place for a future star formation. The clump properties of G108–N and G108–S such as the gas temperature and the column density, are not distinctly different. However, G108–S is slightly more evolved than G108–N, if considering the CO depletion factor, molecular abundances, and association with infrared sources. G108–S seems to be affected by the compression from Sh2-152, while G108–N is relatively protected from the external effect.
The effect of probiotic Lactobacillus casei Shirota on knee osteoarthritis: a randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
Authors: Lei M. , Guo C. , Wang D. , Zhang C. , Hua L.
Published: July 2017

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) treatment is challenging due to inefficacy and adverse effects of current medications. Probiotic treatment has been shown to promote bone metabolism, reduce pain and inflammatory responses of age-related musculoskeletal disorders, including OA. We aimed to investigate the effect of probioticLactobacillus caseiShirota (LcS) on patients with knee OA. 537 patients with knee OA were enrolled in this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, who were randomised to receive skimmed milk containing either LcS or placebo daily for 6 months. Primary outcome was defined as changes in WOMAC (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index) and VAS (visual analog scale) scores. Secondary outcome was defined as changes in serum levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). After 6 months of treatment, both WOMAC and VAS scores were significantly improved in the LcS groups of patients compared to the placebo group. Serum levels of hs-CRP were also significantly lower in patients receiving LcS than placebo. Strong linear correlations were observed between serum hs-CRP levels and WOMAC and VAS scores. LcS consumption could serve as a novel therapeutic option in the clinical management of knee OA, improving treatment outcome likely through reducing serum hs-CRP levels.
Endophthalmitis and Concurrent or Delayed-Onset Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Managed With Pars Plana Vitrectomy, Intravitreal Antibiotics, and Silicone Oil
Authors: Dave Vivek Pravin , Pathengay Avinash , Relhan Nidhi , Sharma Pranjali , Jalali Subhadra , Pappuru Rajeev Reddy , Tyagi Mudit , Narayanan Raja , Chhablani Jay , Das Taraprasad , Flynn Harry W.
Published: July 2017

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

The current study describes the treatment outcomes in patients with endophthalmitis and concurrent or delayed-onset retinal detachment managed with pars plana vitrectomy, intravitreal antibiotics, and silicone oil.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

In this noncomparative, retrospective case series, the medical records of patients diagnosed with endophthalmitis and retinal detachment from January 1991 through December 2014 at a tertiary eye care center in South India were reviewed. All patients received silicone oil for the management of retinal detachment either concurrently or during follow-up treatment.

RESULTS:

A total of 93 patients were included in the current study. Retinal detachment was diagnosed at presentation in 20 of 93 patients (21.5%) (concurrent group: Group 1) and during follow-up in the remaining 73 of 93 patients (78.5%) (delayed-onset group: Group 2). In Group 1, the initial treatment consisted of vitrectomy, intravitreal antibiotics, and silicone oil injection in 19 of 20 patients. In Group 2, patients did not receive silicone oil during initial treatment but underwent silicone oil injection during subsequent surgery for repair of retinal detachment. Rates of complete retinal reattachment and visual acuity of 20/400 or better were 73.7% and 30.0%, respectively, in Group 1 and 98.5% and 39.7%, respectively, in Group 2. The median visual acuity at last follow-up in 44 eyes undergoing silicone oil removal was 20/100 (logMAR 0.7), whereas in the remaining 49 eyes that did not undergo silicone oil removal, median visual acuity was 20/2000 (logMAR 2.0).

CONCLUSION:

In these patients with endophthalmitis with concurrent or delayed-onset retinal detachment, the use of silicone oil can be a useful adjunct.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2017;48:546–551.]
New Features Extracted From Renal Stone NCCT Images to Predict Retreatment After Shock Wave Lithotripsy (SWL)
Authors: Khatibi Toktam , Sepehri Mohammad Mehdi , Soleimani Mohammad Javad , Shadpour Pejman
Published: July 2017

Shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) is a noninvasive and safe treatment for small renal stones. In unsuccessful cases, retreatment procedures are needed after SWL. According to the previous studies, patient and stone descriptors are good predictors of SWL success. Some stone and kidney descriptors are measured from renal Non-Contrast Computed Tomography (NCCT) images. It is a tedious, time-consuming and error-prone process with large inter-user variability when performed manually. In this study, novel features are proposed automatically extracted from NCCT images to describe morphology and location of renal stones and kidneys to predict retreatments after SWL. The proposed features can distinguish between different kidney and stone morphologies and locations while being less sensitive to image segmentation errors. These features are added to other stone and patient features to predict retreatment within 3 months after SWL. The experimental results show that using the proposed stone features extracted from NCCT images can improve the accuracy of predicting retreatment.
Overview of Big Data in Healthcare
Authors: Zarandi Mohammad Hossein Fazel , Gamasaee Reyhaneh
Published: July 2017

Big data is a new ubiquitous term for massive data sets having large, more varied and complex structure with the complexities and difficulties of storing, analyzing and visualizing for further processes or results. The use of Big Data in health is a new and exciting field. A wide range of use cases for Big Data and analytics in healthcare will benefit best practice development, outcomes analysis, prediction, and surveillance. Consequently, the aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of Big Data in Healthcare systems including two applications of Big Data analysis in healthcare. The first one is understanding disease outcomes through analyzing Big Data, and the second one is the application of Big Data in genetics, biological, and molecular fields. Moreover, characteristics and challenges of healthcare Big Data analysis as well as technologies and software used for Big Data analysis are reviewed.
Brain-Machine Interface
Authors: Mukul Manoj Kumar , Bhattaharyya Sumanta
Published: July 2017

The brain-machine interface (BMI) is a very recent development in the area of the human machine interaction (HCI) and emerged as the sister technology of BCI. A physiological signal related to these electrical potentials in response of the mental thoughts is known as Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. The BMI is most commonly known as the BCI because there is a direct communication between the brain and the external machine via a computer, which analyses and interprets the incoming physiological signals, which contain the shadow of the mental activity and the different types of artefacts. A multi-channel recording of the electromagnetic waves emerging from the neural currents in the brain generate a large amounts of the EEG data. The neural activity of the human brain recorded non-invasively is sufficient to control the external machine, if advanced methods of signal analysis and feature extraction are used in combination with the machine learning techniques either supervised or unsupervised.
How valid are old species lists? How archived samples can be used to update Ephemeroptera biodiversity information for northern Canada
Authors: Giberson Donna J. , Burian Steven K.
Published: July 2017

Broad-scale aquatic insect ecological studies are an important potential source of biodiversity information, though taxa lists may contain outdated names or be incompletely or incorrectly identified. We re-examined over 12 000 archived Ephemeroptera (mayfly) specimens from a large environmental assessment project (Mackenzie Valley pipeline study) in Yukon and the Northwest Territories, Canada (1971–1973) and compared the results to data from five recent (post-2000) collecting expeditions. Our goals were to update the species list for Ephemeroptera for Yukon and the Northwest Territories, and to evaluate the benefits of retaining and re-examining ecological samples to improve regional biodiversity information, particularly in isolated or inaccessible areas. The original pipeline study specimen labels reported 17 species in 25 genera for the combined Yukon and Northwest Territories samples, of which six species and 15 genera are still valid. Re-examination of specimens resulted in 45 species in 29 genera, with 14 and seven newly recorded species for Northwest Territories and Yukon, respectively. The recent collecting resulted in 50 species, 29 of which were different from the pipeline study, and five of which were new territorial records (Northwest Territories: four species; Yukon: one species). Re-examination of archived ecological specimens provides a cost-effective way to update regional biodiversity information.
Supply chain bottlenecks in the South African construction industry: Qualitative insights
Authors: Pillay Poobalan , Mafini Chengedzai
Published: July 2017

Background: The construction industry in South Africa has a lot of potential but its performance is still restricted by numerous internal and external challenges. Unless these challenges are identified and understood better, further growth of this industry is likely to be hindered, which has negative economic implications for the South African economy.Objectives: This study investigated supply chain bottlenecks faced by the construction industry in South Africa. It also discussed solutions for addressing the identified bottlenecks in order to facilitate the continued development of supply chain management in the construction industry.Method: The study used a qualitative approach in which in-depth interviews were held with purposively selected senior managers drawn from the construction industry in South Africa. Content analysis using ATLAS.ti software was employed to identify the themes from the collected data.Findings: The findings of the study showed that supply chain management in the construction industry in South Africa is constrained by five major bottlenecks: skills and qualifications, procurement practices and systems, supply chain integration, supply chain relationships and the structure of the construction industry. Recommendations for addressing each of these five challenges were put forward.Conclusion: The study concludes that both awareness and application of supply chain management in the construction industry in South Africa remains inhibited, which creates opportunities for further improvements in this area to realise the full potential of the industry.
National Integration in Humanities and Development: The Way Forward
Authors: Bakari Salihu
Published: July 2017

This paper examines the following concepts nation and its attributes; national integration, development and social studies education. The paper also discusses the concept of national integration, theories of nation al integration and the problems of national integration in Nigeria. It further discusses the factors of disunity and under development, other nations have used social studies education in integrating their citizens for national development and prowess. The paper demonstrates how social studies education can be used in integrating the Nigerian citizens for national development. The paper concludes with recommendations.
A educação física e as finalidades educacionais do ensino médio: um estudo de caso
Authors: Araujo Geander Franco de , Grunennvaldt José Tarcísio
Published: July 2017

A pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar e compreender em que medida a Educação Física no Ensino Médio atende as finalidades do artigo 35 da LDBEN 9.394/96. O universo da pesquisa envolve a Escola Estadual Jaime Veríssimo de Campos e as turmas do ensino médio regular. Para tanto, nos propomos através das respostas dos alunos, professor, dos pressupostos teóricos e dos documentos legais analisados, compreender se a Educação Física responde às orientações legais do artigo 35 da LDBEN 9.394/96. Consideramos que por mais que a Educação Física como componente curricular tente ser uma prática transformadora que não está de toda dada, mas, inacabada em seu projeto inicial, ela ainda atende as reproduções da sociedade conforme citadas no gráfico, de modo que, as representações dos alunos partem dessas concepções. Compreendemos que a Educação Física dessa Escola instrumentaliza os alunos para uma vida fisicamente ativa em resposta aos anseios da Sociedade.
Análise das Convenções sobre Restituição de Crianças Indevidamente Transportadas ou Retidas à Luz da Teoria dos Regimes Internacionais
Authors: Costa José Augusto Fontoura , Lopes Rachel De Oliveira
Published: July 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2177-7055.2016v37n72p125Neste artigo se examina a formação de regimes que tratam da subtração internacional de crianças, a partir da teoria das relações internacionais, demonstrando ser adequada a cooperação mesmo em hipóteses alheias a questões econômicas ou de segurança. Adota-se o método qualitativo, partindo do exame da formação dos regimes tratados, em seguida faz-se a análise dos modelos teóricos das relações internacionais e, finalmente, realiza-se o estudo da constituição e manutenção dos regimes, sob a perspectiva de cada um dos modelos teóricos, revelando-se ao final que a teoria das relações internacionais fornece instrumentos de fomento à cooperação mesmo em temas marginais ao lucro ou ao poder.
O Estatuto Jurídico das Baleias: capacidades, direitos e cultura
Authors: Wichert Rachel Nussbaum , Nussbaum Martha
Published: July 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2177-7055.2016v37n72p19Baleias, apesar de estarem entre os seres mais majestosos, misteriosos, poderosos e inteligentes do nosso planeta, são profundamente ameaçadas. O direito internacional já há algum tempo tenta protegê-las da extinção. Este trabalho aborda o estatuto jurídico das baleias e argumenta que elas devem ser consideradas criaturas com direitos e não simplesmente commodities. Atualmente, o direito internacional não reconhece as baleias como criaturas com direitos. Organizações internacionais, particularmente a Comissão Baleeira Internacional (CIB) e seu documento de fundação, a Convenção Internacional para a Regulação da Atividade Baleeira (CIRB), estão centradas na questão da caça excessiva e permitiram exceções a padrões habituais, baseados tanto nas supostas necessidades de pesquisa científica (no caso do Japão) como na reivindicação de práticas culturais (no caso dos grupos indígenas do Ártico).
Democratização da Justiça e Governança: algumas notas sobre o Brasil
Authors: Tavares Neto José Querino , Barbosa Claudia Maria
Published: July 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2177-7055.2016v37n72p41Direitos sociais têm uma dimensão coletiva que emerge especialmente quando tornam-se objeto de políticas públicas e então sua eficácia depende do alargamento dos espaços deliberativos no interior da sociedade civil. Embora a legitimidade do processo e a tomada de decisão dependam de a ordem jurídica prover espaços para garantir que interesses divergentes serão representados, isso ainda é difícil de ocorrer no judiciário. Audiências públicas e amicus curiae podem juntos trazer novos atores ao campo jurídico, que podem tornar a justiça mais capaz de resistir ao processo de dominação denunciado por Bourdieu, em direção à democratização do Judiciário.
Interpretação Constitucional: entre dinâmica e integridade
Authors: Clève Clèmerson Merlin , Lorenzetto Bruno Meneses
Published: July 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2177-7055.2016v37n72p67O presente artigo trata da interpretação constitucional a partir de duas teorias normativas da jurisdição: de um lado, a proposta do direito como integridade, de Ronald Dworkin; do outro, a perspectiva dinâmica da interpretação, de William Eskridge. As teorias são apresentadas como indicativos para o debate sobre quem possui melhores condições para tomar decisões a respeito de casos difíceis. Por isso, o artigo indica algumas mudanças que ocorreram na jurisdição constitucional nos últimos tempos, apresenta aspectos essenciais das duas teorias em foco e traça pontos em comum e distanciamentos entre a vertente dinâmica e teoria do direito como integridade.
Democracia, Constituição e Relações Exteriores: o papel do Direito e da Cidadania no Contexto do Novo Constitucionalismo Latino-Americano
Authors: Cademartori Sérgio Urquhart , De Miranda José Alberto Antunes
Published: July 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2177-7055.2016v37n72p93Estudos de Direito Constitucional apresentam o Constitucionalismo como um processo de evolução linear. Ora, nem sempre essa mesma evolução é encontrada nos países do terceiro mundo, como é o caso dos países da América Latina. A relação entre o Novo Constitucionalismo Latino-Americano e democracia surge no centro dos debates acadêmicos suscitando a questão central desaber até que ponto a soberania popular pode esgotar todo o seu exercício de legitimação do poderem um texto constitucional. Caso emblemático é odas normas explicitamente voltadas para orientar as relações externas do país que estabelecem princípios balizadores da ação do Estado, disciplinando os procedimentos e competências institucionais dos diferentes agentes, organismos e poderes públicos envolvidos na questão. Os Ministérios das Relações Exteriores permanecem refratários a essas influências, mas os movimentos sociais buscam alianças com setores do Estado que também querem mais espaço na agenda diplomática.
Reassessing dual Responsibility for International Crimes
Authors: Bonafè Beatrice I.
Published: July 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2177-7055.2016v37n73p19A recente decisão da Corte Internacional de Justiça no caso entre Croácia e Sérvia nos oferece a oportunidade de reavaliar a relação entre responsabilidade individual e estatal por crimes internacionais. Embora limitada ao cometimento de atos de genocídio, a sentença demonstra que o quadro conceitual explicando tal relação é ora bem definido. Contudo, a Corteparece chegar a conclusões que por vezes não são completamente consistentes com as premissas de tal quadro conceitual. O objetivo da análise é testar a abordagem teórica geral em relação a alguns problemas lidados pela Corte em sua recente decisão.
Animal-Assisted Therapies and Dementia: A Systematic Mapping Review Using the Lived Environment Life Quality (LELQ) Model
Authors: Wood Wendy , Fields Beth , Rose Michelle , McLure Merinda
Published: July 2017

OBJECTIVE. The authors mapped the literature on animal-assisted therapies (AATs) and institutionalized adults with dementia onto the Lived Environment Life Quality (LELQ) Model as a guide for future services and research.

METHOD. Refereed literature addressing AATs and institutionalized people with dementia was comprehensively gathered, described, categorized, and synthesized in this systematic mapping review.

RESULTS. From 1,342 screened records, the authors included 10 research articles that incorporated dogs in therapy for institutionalized adults with dementia. These canine-assisted therapies offered occupational opportunities and environmental supports conducive to experiences of relative well-being, occupational engagement, and optimal functioning.

CONCLUSION. The findings offer proof of the concept that canine-assisted therapies are feasible and can elicit positive quality-of-life experiences in institutionalized people with dementia. Researchers and practitioners need to elucidate the theoretical foundations of AATs. The LELQ Model may serve as a guide for client-centered, occupation-focused, and ecologically valid approaches to animal-assisted occupational therapy.
Reconceptualising transnational governance: making global institutions fit for purpose
Authors: Cleary Seán
Published: July 2017

Tensions between national democratic accountability and transnational challenges undermine trust and collective action. Asymmetry between an integrated global economy, fragmented global community, and defective global polity, causes social turbulence. Facing technological disruption, we need a new order to address inequality; transform education; and build social capital. Diplomatic exchanges will not suffice, but the Paris Agreement and Agenda 2030 were enabled by bottom-up deliberations. The author proposes a UN conference of states to decide how to balance environmental sustainability, economic development and human security, after consultations on national proposals between policymakers, business and civil society, on principles, underlying values and legal norms.
Can 28-day prescription prevent unintentional medication surplus with 30-day prescription?
Authors: Gupta, MD Deepak , Chakrabortty, MD, PhD Shushovan
Published: July 2017

no abstract
Effects of gender and diet on back fat and loin area ultrasound measurements during the growth and final stage of fattening in Iberian pigs
Authors: González Ana , Ayuso Dolores , Peña Francisco , Martínez Andrés L. , Izquierdo Mercedes
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Reared in extensive parcels, 50 castrated or spayed Iberian pigs were fattened with conventional or high-oleic-concentrate diets to evaluate the effect of diet and sex on the measurements of the loin area depth, back fat thickness and its layers during the last 6 months before slaughter at eight time points in two anatomical locations by serial scans. The scan was the factor that had the greatest influence, followed by sex and diet. Back fat thickness at 10th rib level was higher than at 14th rib level. The thickness of the outer, middle and inner layers progressively increased over the study period. Throughout the experimental period, the differences between two successive scans of the M. longissimus area did not differ significantly, obtaining the lowest value at the third scan and the highest at the fifth scan. The ultrasound back fat depth was affected by sex, being greater in females and in animals with a high-oleic diet. Positive significant correlations were observed for measurements assessed. The R2 values for the regression equations to estimate M. longissimus area were lower than the values found for the prediction of fat measurements, and they differed between sex and diet. The relative back fat growth was higher than M. longissimus area, not permitting the establishment of a similar growth pattern for fat and muscle. The sex and diet was taken into account in the predictive models. The subcutaneous adipose layers in Iberian pigs grow at different rates during the last 6 months before slaughter; with the ultrasound serial scan, it is possible to show these changes. The change in diet and the sex affect the adipose tissue development, being more noticeable in the middle layer of back fat at 10th rib level and the inner layer at 14th rib level. However, the sex and the use of an enriched oleic acid diet do not affect to loin development. As the middle layer of back fat shows more growth, this layer could be the best to be included in predictive models. The middle layer of back fat could also be good to be included in predictive models. Back fat thickness at the eighth scan can be predicted with moderate accuracy from corresponding measurements taken 30 days earlier and with less accuracy as the interval between measurements increases.
Atmospheric chemistry, sources and sinks of carbon suboxide, C3O2
Authors: Keßel Stephan , Cabrera-Perez David , Horowitz Abraham , Veres Patrick R. , Sander Rolf , Taraborrelli Domenico , Tucceri Maria , Crowley John N. , Pozzer Andrea , Stönner Christof , Vereecken Luc , Lelieveld Jos , Williams Jonathan
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Carbon suboxide, O  =  C  =  C  =  C  =  O, has been detected in ambient air samples and has the potential to be a noxious pollutant and oxidant precursor; however, its lifetime and fate in the atmosphere are largely unknown. In this work, we collect an extensive set of studies on the atmospheric chemistry of C3O2. Rate coefficients for the reactions of C3O2 with OH radicals and ozone were determined as kOH =  (2.6 ± 0.5)  ×  10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 at 295 K (independent of pressure between  ∼  25 and 1000 mbar) and kO3  <  1.5  ×  10−21 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 at 295 K. A theoretical study on the mechanisms of these reactions indicates that the sole products are CO and CO2, as observed experimentally. The UV absorption spectrum and the interaction of C3O2 with water (Henry's law solubility and hydrolysis rate constant) were also investigated, enabling its photodissociation lifetime and hydrolysis rates, respectively, to be assessed. The role of C3O2 in the atmosphere was examined using in situ measurements, an analysis of the atmospheric sources and sinks and simulation with the EMAC atmospheric chemistry–general circulation model. The results indicate sub-pptv levels at the Earth's surface, up to about 10 pptv in regions with relatively strong sources, e.g. influenced by biomass burning, and a mean lifetime of  ∼  3.2 days. These predictions carry considerable uncertainty, as more measurement data are needed to determine ambient concentrations and constrain the source strengths.
Observations of particles at their formation sizes in Beijing, China
Authors: Jayaratne Rohan , Pushpawela Buddhi , He Congrong , Li Hui , Gao Jian , Chai Fahe , Morawska Lidia
Published: July 2017

Abstract. New particle formation (NPF) has been observed in many highly polluted environments of South East Asia, including Beijing, where the extent of its contribution to intense haze events is still an open question. Estimated characteristics of NPF events, such as their starting times and formation and growth rates of particles, are more accurate when the detection range of particles extends to smaller sizes. In order to understand the very first steps of particle formation, we used a neutral cluster and air ion spectrometer (NAIS) to investigate particle characteristics at sizes exactly at which atmospheric nucleation and cluster activity occurs. Observations over a continuous 3-month period in Beijing showed 26 NPF events. These events generally coincided with periods with relatively clean air when the wind direction was from the less industrialised north. No NPF events were observed when the daily mean PM2. 5 concentration exceeded 43 µg m−3, which was the upper threshold for particle formation in Beijing. The fraction of particles that are charged in the size range 2–42 nm was normally about 15 %. However, this fraction increased to 20–30 % during haze events and decreased to below 10 % during NPF events. With the NAIS, we very precisely determined the starting times of NPF to a greater accuracy than has been possible in Beijing before and provided a temporal distribution of NPF events with a maximum at about 08:30 LT. Particle formation rates varied between 12 and 38 cm−3 s−1. Particle growth rates were estimated to be in the range of 0.5–9.0 nm h−1. These results are more reliable than previous studies in Beijing as the measurements were conducted for the first time at the exact sizes at which clusters form into particles and provide useful insight into the formation of haze events.
The Ozone Monitoring Instrument: Overview of twelve years in space
Authors: Levelt Pieternel , Joiner Joanna , Tamminen Johanna , Veefkind Pepijn , Bhartia Pawan K. , Stein Zweers Deborah , Duncan Bryan N. , Streets David G. , Eskes Henk , van der A Ronald , McLinden Chris , Fioletov Vitali , Carn Simon , de Laat Jos , DeLand Matthew , Marchenko Sergey , McPeters Richard , Ziemke Jerald , Fu Dejian , Liu Xiong , Pickering Kenneth , Apituley Arnoud , Gonzáles Abad Gonzalo , Arola Antti , Boersma Folkert , Chan Miller Christoph , Chance Kelly , de Graaf Martin , Hakkarainen Janne , Hassinen Seppo , Ialongo Iolanda , Kleipool Quintus , Krotkov Nickolay , Li Can , Lamsal Lok , Newman Paul , Nowlan Caroline , Suileiman Raid , Tilstra Lieuwe Gijsbert , Torres Omar , Wang Huiqun , Wargan Krzysztof
Published: July 2017

Abstract. This overview paper highlights the successes of the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) spanning more than 12 years of the OMI data record. Data from OMI has been used in a wide range of applications. Due to its unprecedented spatial resolution, in combination with daily global coverage, OMI plays a unique role in measuring trace gases important for the ozone layer, air quality and climate change, including new research findings using these satellite data. Due to the operational Very Fast Delivery (VFD) (direct readout) and Near Real Time (NRT) availability of the data, OMI also plays an important role in the development of operational services in the atmospheric chemistry domain.
A variational technique to estimate snowfall rate from coincident radar, snowflake, and fall-speed observations
Authors: Cooper Steven J. , Wood Norman B. , L'Ecuyer Tristan S.
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Estimates of snowfall rate as derived from radar reflectivities alone are non-unique. Different combinations of snowflake microphysical properties and particle fall speeds can conspire to produce nearly identical snowfall rates for given radar reflectivity signatures. Such ambiguities can result in retrieval uncertainties on the order of 100–200 % for individual events. Here, we use observations of particle size distribution (PSD), fall speed, and snowflake habit from the Multi-Angle Snowflake Camera (MASC) to constrain estimates of snowfall derived from Ka-band ARM zenith radar (KAZR) measurements at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) North Slope Alaska (NSA) Climate Research Facility site at Barrow. MASC measurements of microphysical properties with uncertainties are introduced into a modified form of the optimal-estimation CloudSat snowfall algorithm (2C-SNOW-PROFILE) via the a priori guess and variance terms. Use of the MASC fall speed, MASC PSD, and CloudSat snow particle model as base assumptions resulted in retrieved total accumulations with a −18 % difference relative to nearby National Weather Service (NWS) observations over five snow events. The average error was 36 % for the individual events. Use of different but reasonable combinations of retrieval assumptions resulted in estimated snowfall accumulations with differences ranging from −64 to +122 % for the same storm events. Retrieved snowfall rates were particularly sensitive to assumed fall speed and habit, suggesting that in situ measurements can help to constrain key snowfall retrieval uncertainties. More accurate knowledge of these properties dependent upon location and meteorological conditions should help refine and improve ground- and space-based radar estimates of snowfall.
The Open-source Data Inventory for Anthropogenic Carbon dioxide (CO2), version 2016 (ODIAC2016): A global, monthly fossil-fuel CO2 gridded emission data product for tracer transport simulations and surface flux inversions
Authors: Oda Tomohiro , Maksyutov Shamil , Andres Robert J.
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Open-source Data Inventory for Anthropogenic CO2 (ODIAC) is a global high-spatial resolution gridded emission data product that distributes carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuel combustion. The emission spatial distributions are estimated at a 1×1 km spatial resolution over land using power plant profiles (emission intensity and geographical location) and satellite-observed nighttime lights. This paper describes the latest version of the ODIAC emission data product (ODIAC2016) and presents analyses that help guiding data users, especially for atmospheric CO2 tracer transport simulations and flux inversion analysis. Since the original publication in 2011, we have made modifications to our emission modeling framework in order to deliver a comprehensive global gridded emission data product. Major changes from the 2011 publication are 1) the use of emissions estimates made by the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) by fuel type (solid, liquid, gas, cement manufacturing, gas flaring and international aviation and marine bunkers), 2) the use of multiple spatial emission proxies by fuel type such as nightlight data specific to gas flaring and ship/aircraft fleet tracks and 3) the inclusion of emission temporal variations. Using global fuel consumption data, we extrapolated the CDIAC emissions for the recent years and produced the ODIAC2016 emission data product that covers 2000-2015. Our emission data can be viewed as an extended version of CDIAC gridded emission data product, which should allow data users to impose global fossil fuel emissions in more comprehensive manner than original CDIAC product. Our new emission modeling framework allows us to produce future versions of ODIAC emission data product with a timely update. Such capability has become more significant given the CDIAC's shutdown. ODIAC data product could play an important role to support carbon cycle science, especially modeling studies with space-based CO2 data collected near real time by ongoing carbon observing missions such as Japanese Greenhouse Observing SATellite (GOSAT), NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) and upcoming future missions. The ODIAC emission data product is distributed from http://db.cger.nies.go.jp/dataset/ODIAC/ with a DOI.
Participatory flood vulnerability assessment: a multi-criteria approach
Authors: Madruga de Brito Mariana , Evers Mariele , Almoradie Adrian
Published: July 2017

Abstract. This paper presents a participatory multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach for flood vulnerability assessment while considering the relationships between vulnerability drivers. The applicability of the proposed framework is demonstrated in the municipalities of Lajeado and Estrela, Brazil. The model was co-constructed by 101 experts from governmental organizations, universities, research institutes, NGOs, and private companies. Participatory methods such as the Delphi survey, focus groups and workshops were applied. A participatory problem structuration, in which the modellers work closely with end-users, was used to establish the structure of the vulnerability index. The preferences of each participant regarding the criteria importance were spatially modelled through the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Analytical Network Process (ANP) multi-criteria methods. Experts were also involved at the end of the modelling exercise for validation. The final product is a set of individual and group flood vulnerability maps. Both AHP and ANP proved to be effective for flood vulnerability assessment; however, ANP is preferred as it considers the relationships between vulnerability drivers. The participatory approach enabled experts to learn from each other and acknowledge different perspectives towards social learning. The findings highlight that to enhance the credibility and deployment of model results, multiple viewpoints should be integrated without forcing consensus.
Real-time updating of the flood frequency distribution through data assimilation
Authors: Aguilar Cristina , Montanari Alberto , Polo María-José
Published: July 2017

Abstract. We explore the memory properties of catchments for predicting the likelihood of floods based on observations of average flows in pre-flood seasons. Our approach assumes that flood formation is driven by the superimposition of short- and long-term perturbations. The former is given by the short-term meteorological forcing leading to infiltration and/or saturation excess, while the latter is originated by higher-than-usual storage in the catchment. To exploit the above sensitivity to long-term perturbations, a meta-Gaussian model and a data assimilation approach are implemented for updating the flood frequency distribution a season in advance. Accordingly, the peak flow in the flood season is predicted in probabilistic terms by exploiting its dependence on the average flow in the antecedent seasons. We focus on the Po River at Pontelagoscuro and the Danube River at Bratislava. We found that the shape of the flood frequency distribution is noticeably impacted by higher-than-usual flows occurring up to several months earlier. The proposed technique may allow one to reduce the uncertainty associated with the estimation of flood frequency.