bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The 21st Conference of the Parties Climate Summit in Paris: A Slippery Slope
Authors: Mahapatra Sushanta Kumar , Ratha Keshab Chandra
Published: April 2016

The curious amalgam of the lack of a legal binding mechanism, existence of non‐substantive pledges, absence of generous attitude, deep divisions between developed and developing countries, undermining human rights, and less emphasis on farmers' issues brings the Paris Summit to a very risky position on climate change policy. The Paris accord may turn out to be a diplomatic triumph but a scientific failure. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐medication and non‐adherence with antibiotics: the current situation in Pakistan
Authors: Ali Iftikhar , Ahmad Jawad , Khan Aziz U. , Khan Tahir M. , Khan Jehanzeb , Ul‐Haq Zia
Published: April 2016

Healthcare reforms in Pakistan have increased the direct accessibility of medicines to the public through sales in pharmacy outlets. Many medicines are being dispensed without any prescription. This style of medicine distribution practice has been linked with irrational use of medicines and non‐compliance with medicines regulations. This discussion highlights the issues of self‐medication and non‐adherence to regulations with antibiotics that arise as a result of unregulated supply of these important medicines, and provides recommendations for ways in which these problems might be approached.
Evaluation of stability of melatonin in extemporaneously compounded oral suspensions
Authors: Friciu, Mihaela , Savji, Taslim , Zaraa, Sarra , Leclair Grégoire
Published: April 2016

Background

Melatonin is commonly used to treat insomnia, sleep disturbance or hyperactivity disorders. It can be administered in paediatric patients as oral formulations prepared using either bulk powder or commercial products. Few studies have evaluated the stability of these oral formulations, but some storage conditions information may be lacking and a need has been identified for additional stability studies.

Aim

The aim of this research was to study the stability of extemporaneously prepared oral suspensions of melatonin (2 mg/mL), prepared from pure drug powder or commercial tablets using a proprietary dye‐free oral vehicle: Oral Mix SF (Medisca Pharmaceutique Inc.).

Method

Two melatonin oral liquid preparations were formulated: (a) tablets in Oral Mix SF and (b) pure drug powder in Oral Mix SF. Preparations were stored at room temperature (23–27°C) as well as under refrigeration (3–5°C) in amber plastic syringes (PreciseDose Dispenser™, Medisca Pharmaceutique Inc.) and amber polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles with appropriate closures for a period of 90 days. Preparations were assessed using a validated stability‐indicating high‐performance liquid chromatography method. Beyond use dates were evaluated by statistical analysis of the overall degradation trend.

Results

All preparations were physically and chemically stable for at least 90 days in all storage conditions at room temperature and under refrigeration.

Conclusion

Results showed that compared to other vehicles, these suspensions had equivalent stability, indicating that Oral Mix SF is a viable dye‐free and sugar‐free alternative for extemporaneous compounding of melatonin.
Polymeric Nanogels with Tailorable Degradation Behavior
Authors: Chen Yinan , van Steenbergen Mies J. , Li Dandan , van de Dikkenberg Joep B. , Lammers Twan , van Nostrum Cornelus F. , Metselaar Josbert M. , Hennink Wim E.
Published: April 2016

The aim of this study is to design a polymeric nanogel system with tailorable degradation behavior. To this end, hydroxyethyl methacrylate‐oligoglycolates‐derivatized poly(hydroxypropyl methacrylamide) (pHPMAm‐Gly‐HEMA) and hydroxyethyl methacrylamide‐oligoglycolates‐derivatized poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylamide) (pHEMAm‐Gly‐HEMAm) are synthesized and characterized. pHEMAm‐Gly‐HEMAm shows faster hydrolysis rates of both carbonate and glycolate esters than the same ester groups of pHPMAm‐Gly‐HEMA. pHEMAm‐Gly‐HEMAm nanogels have tailorable degradation kinetics from 24 h to more than 4 d by varying their crosslink densities. It is shown that the release of a loaded macromolecular model drug is controlled by degradation of nanogels. The nanogels show similar cytocompatibility as PLGA nanoparticles and are therefore considered to be attractive systems for drug delivery.

image
Numerical modeling of hydraulic fracture propagation, closure and reopening using XFEM with application to in‐situ stress estimation
Authors: Mohammadnejad T. , Andrade J.E.
Published: April 2016

In this paper, a fully coupled model is developed for numerical modeling of hydraulic fracturing in partially saturated weak porous formations using the extended finite element method, which provides an effective means to simulate the coupled hydro‐mechanical processes occurring during hydraulic fracturing. The developed model is for short fractures where plane strain assumptions are valid. The propagation of the hydraulic fracture is governed by the cohesive crack model, which accounts for crack closure and reopening. The developed model allows for fluid flow within the open part of the crack and crack face contact resulting from fracture closure. To prevent the unphysical crack face interpenetration during the closing mode, the crack face contact or self‐contact condition is enforced using the penalty method. Along the open part of the crack, the leakage flux through the crack faces is obtained directly as a part of the solution without introducing any simplifying assumption. If the crack undergoes the closing mode, zero leakage flux condition is imposed along the contact zone. An application of the developed model is shown in numerical modeling of pump‐in/shut‐in test. It is illustrated that the developed model is able to capture the salient features bottomhole pressure/time records exhibit and can extract the confining stress perpendicular to the direction of the hydraulic fracture propagation from the fracture closure pressure. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards an optimal condition number of certain augmented Lagrangian‐type saddle‐point matrices
Authors: Estrin R. , Greif C.
Published: April 2016

We present an analysis for minimizing the condition number of nonsingular parameter‐dependent 2 × 2 block‐structured saddle‐point matrices with a maximally rank‐deficient (1,1) block. The matrices arise from an augmented Lagrangian approach. Using quasidirect sums, we show that a decomposition akin to simultaneous diagonalization leads to an optimization based on the extremal nonzero eigenvalues and singular values of the associated block matrices. Bounds on the condition number of the parameter‐dependent matrix are obtained, and we demonstrate their tightness on some numerical examples. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence and associated positive psychological variables of anxiety and depression among patients with central nervous system tumors in China: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Bao Yijun , Li Lizhuo , Guan Yanlei , Wang Wei , Liu Yan , Wang Pengfei , Huang Xiaolong , Tao Shanwei , Wang Yunjie
Published: April 2016

Background

Anxiety and depression have been identified as common psychological distresses faced by the majority of patients with cancer. However, no studies have investigated the relationship between positive psychological variables (hope, optimism and general self‐efficacy) and anxiety and depression among patients with central nervous system (CNS) tumors in China. Our hypothesis is that the patients with higher levels of hope, optimism or general self‐efficacy have lower levels of anxiety and depression when encountered by stressful life events such as CNS tumors.

Methods

Questionnaires, including the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Herth Hope Index, the Life Orientation Scale‐Revised and the General Self‐Efficacy Scale, and demographic and clinical records were used to collect information about patients with CNS tumors in Liaoning Province, China. The study included 222 patients (effective response rate: 66.1%). Hierarchical linear regression analyses were performed to explore the associations among hope, optimism, general self‐efficacy and anxiety/depression.

Results

Prevalence of anxiety and depression were 42.8 and 32.4%, respectively, among patients with CNS tumors. Hope and optimism both were negatively associated with anxiety and together accounted for 21.4% of variance in anxiety. Similarly, hope and optimism both were negatively associated with depression and accounted for 32.4% of variance in depression.

Conclusions

The high prevalence of anxiety and depression among patients with CNS tumors should receive more attention in Chinese medical settings. To help reduce anxiety and depression, health care professionals should develop interventions to promote hope and optimism based on patients' specific needs.
Co‐worker perceptions of return‐to‐work opportunities for Japanese cancer survivors
Authors: Eguchi Hisashi , Wada Koji , Higuchi Yoshiyuki , Smith Derek R.
Published: April 2016

Purpose

This study examined workplace factors and perceptions of Return‐to‐Work (RTW) opportunities for colleagues with cancer‐related symptoms and/or treatment side effects in Japan.

Methods

We conducted an online, cross‐sectional survey of 3710 employed Japanese individuals of working age. Colleagues' perceptions of RTW opportunities for cancer survivors were examined (using a Japanese questionnaire), along with workplace factors such as job demand, job control and workplace social support (using the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire). Associations between workplace factors and RTW opportunities were evaluated using multiple logistic regression analysis, with participants stratified in tertiles (low, middle and high) according to their levels of workplace social support and job control.

Results

Colleagues' perceptions of inadequate RTW opportunities were associated with low workplace social support (middle tertile: Odds Ratio [OR] 1.22, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.08–1.36; low tertile: OR 1.43, 95%CI: 1.30–1.57; p for trend <0.01); low levels of job control (middle tertile: OR 1.27, 95%CI: 1.06–1.50; low tertile: OR 1.91, 95%CI: 1.64–2.21; p for trend <0.01); and no prior experience working with a cancer survivor (OR 2.08, 95%CI: 1.83–2.31).

Conclusions

This study suggests that workplace factors and prior experience of working with a cancer survivor may affect a colleagues' perception of RTW opportunities in Japanese workplaces. Consideration of workplace social factors (workplace support and job control), as well as increased openness and awareness of the particular needs of cancer survivors, is therefore essential to facilitate successful RTW in Japan, as elsewhere.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In Situ Monitoring of Cu(In1−x,Gax)Se2 Composition and Target Poisoning by Real Time Optical Emission Spectroscopy During Deposition From a Hybrid Sputtering/Evaporation Process
Authors: Posada Jorge , Bousquet Angélique , Jubault Marie , Lincot Daniel , Tomasella Eric
Published: April 2016

Cu(In1−x,Gax)Se2 (CIGS) thin films can be deposited with a high versatility of composition by a hybrid one‐step co‐sputtering/evaporation process. In this paper, plasma analysis is performed with an optical emission spectroscopy non‐contact tool, following light emissions from different plasma species: sputtered copper, gallium, indium but also evaporated selenium. The variations of plasma characteristics are correlated with target self‐bias voltage. Hence, the selenium flow threshold avoiding target poisoning and the main parameter controlling the CIGS composition are determined. This study allows us to set up a process calibration method by means of correlation between the selenium evaporation temperature and the elemental composition of the deposited thin film.
X‐ray radiation‐induced addition of oxygen atoms to protein residues
Authors: Wang Jimin
Published: April 2016

The additions of oxygen and peroxide to residues that result when proteins are exposed to the free radicals produced using the Fenton reaction or X‐rays have been studied for over a century. Nevertheless little is known about the impact these modifications have on protein crystal structures. Here evidence is presented that both kinds of modifications occur in protein crystals on a significant scale during the collection of X‐ray diffraction data. For example, at least 538 of the 5,351 residues of protein molecules in the crystal used to obtain the structure for photosystem II described by the PDB accession number 3ARC became oxygenated during data collection.
Modelling of measured optical properties of Pd–Au alloy ultrathin film for room temperature hydrogen sensing
Authors: Mitra Sanchali , Chattopadhyay Rik , Ghosh Jiten , Bysakh Sandip , Bhadra Shyamal K.
Published: April 2016

A theoretical framework is presented to describe optical properties of palladium gold alloy ultra‐thin film of thickness about 5 nm. Density functional theory is employed to calculate complex dielectric function of hydrogen loaded Pd3Au alloy. Using Bruggeman's effective medium theory, the effective dielectric function of hydrogenated alloy is calculated in case of non‐uniform diffusion of hydrogen starting from very low concentration. Reflectance of deposited film on silica substrate is calculated using transfer matrix method and results are compared with the measured reflectance of sputter deposited thin film of alloy on identical substrate. The change of reflectance with hydrogen concentration is also calculated and verified experimentally. In both the cases, hydrogen loaded films show low reflectance due to reduction of the available electronic states near Fermi level compared to unloaded films. From TEM images and Grazing Incidence X‐ray diffraction analyses, crystal structure of the deposited alloy film is predicted. Using this alloy a four‐layered plasmonic waveguide is designed for room temperature hydrogen sensing. Analytical calculations show that absorption loss of fundamental TM mode of the waveguide at 633 nm changes almost linearly with hydrogen concentration variation. The loss will decrease about 5 dB/100% atomic concentration of hydrogen for 10 µm device length.
Correlation of sapphire off‐cut and reduction of defect density in MOVPE grown AlN
Authors: Knauer Arne , Mogilatenko Anna , Hagedorn Silvia , Enslin Johannes , Wernicke Tim , Kneissl Michael , Weyers Markus
Published: April 2016

X‐ray diffraction and TEM investigations of MOVPE grown AlN on sapphire with small off‐cuts to a‐ and m‐plane reveal the influence of the off‐cut direction and angle on the reduction of threading dislocation density by annihilation during growth. Higher off‐cut angles as well as off‐cut to a‐plane seem to facilitate the annihilation, with the main reduction taking place within the first 300 nm layer thickness. On planar substrate the thickness is limited by cracking to below 2 μm which also limits the ability to further reduce the defect density. By epitaxial lateral overgrowth on stripe patterned substrates the crack‐free thickness is increased and further reduction of the defect density is possible. This process is effective up to 3–5 μm layer thickness. Using templates with off‐cuts ≥0.2° to m‐plane, step bunching perpendicular to the stripe direction occurs and bends the vertically directed threading dislocations into inclined grain boundaries starting from the point of coalescence. These partially block/incline threading dislocations over the ridge areas and thus further reduce the dislocation density. The dislocations are concentrated in stripes over the ridges and the coalescence areas. For smaller off‐cut to m or especially for off‐cut to a‐plane, the dislocation distribution is more homogeneous but nevertheless stripe‐like with alternating densities of low 108 cm−2 in the laterally overgrown areas and low 109 cm−2 in the areas over the ridges and the coalescence lines.
Impact of surface recombination on efficiency of III‐nitride light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Bulashevich Kirill A. , Karpov Sergey Yu.
Published: April 2016

The paper considers surface recombination at the free active region surface as the mechanism of carrier losses which has not yet been discussed with regard to III‐nitride LEDs despite of its evident importance for AlGaInP‐based light emitters. Using advanced thin‐film and triangular volumetric chip designs reported in literature as prototypes, we have demonstrated by simulation a noticeable impact of surface recombination on the wall‐plug efficiency of InGaN‐based LEDs. Various types of LEDs whose efficiency may be especially affected by surface recombination are discussed. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Situationally Sample‐Size‐Adjusted Sampling Scheme Based on Process Yield Verification
Authors: Wu Chien‐Wei , Shu Ming‐Hung , Liu Shih‐Wen
Published: April 2016

This paper is motivated by Food Safety Modernization Act, signed into law by President Obama on Jan. 4, 2011, after several outbreaks of tainted foods have cost human health and contracted food‐industry prosperity over the past decade. It develops a situationally sample‐size‐adjusted procedure, called a tightened–normal–tightened (TNT) sampling strategy, on the basis of yield‐index (Spk) verification of the production process, whose measurements, garnered from a key quality characteristic with bilateral specification limits, follow a normal distribution. In this paper, we firstly describe the sampling procedure of the Spk ‐ TNT(nT, nN, k) inspection scheme whose sets of parameters include sample sizes for the tightened inspection (nT) and normal inspection (nN), and the critical value (k). Those parameters are determined from the joint solution of two nonlinear inequalities complying with the tolerable vendor's risk, buyer's risk, the desired acceptable quality level (AQL) and limiting quality level (LQL). Then, the proposed Spk ‐ TNT(nT, nN, k) schemes for several inspection standards, widely utilized in practice, are delineated, and their functioning behaviors and propensities are further investigated. Moreover, we compare the Spk ‐ TNT(nT, nN, k) strategy with two unadjusted inspection schemes, Spk‐tightened, Spk ‐ T(nT, k), and Spk‐normal, Spk ‐ N(nN, k), to illustrate its inspection flexibility and efficiency in real applications. Finally, implementing with a vendor–buyer contract agreement using the Spk ‐ TNT(nT, nN, k) sampling plan, a company inspecting the submitted universal‐serial‐bus (USB) connectors demonstrates the applicability of our proposed methodologies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface spectroscopy and structural analysis of nanostructured multifunctional (Zn, Al) layered double hydroxides
Authors: Richetta M. , Digiamberardino L. , Mattoccia A. , Medaglia P. G. , Montanari R. , Pizzoferrato R. , Scarpellini D. , Varone A. , Kaciulis S. , Mezzi A. , Soltani P. , Orsini A.
Published: April 2016

Two types of (Zn, Al) layered double hydroxide were prepared by a hydrothermal process at room temperature using Zn salt precursors on Al foils. The examined LDHs differ for the hosted anions in the interlamellar space, namely Cl− and NO3−. Scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy have been used to characterize four types of the samples, representative of the two hosted anions (Cl− and NO3−) and two times of growth (6 and 24 h). X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy results permitted to describe the interactions between inorganic anions hosted in the interlamellar space and the metallic cations on the brucite layer. They also allowed giving a tentative explanation of the different morphologies observed by scanning electron microscopy. Copyright © 2016 The Authors Surface and Interface Analysis Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
An End‐to‐End Steel Strip Surface Defects Recognition System Based on Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: Yi Li , Li Guangyao , Jiang Mingming
Published: April 2016

Steel strip surface defects recognition is very important to steel strip production and quality control, which needs further improvement. In this paper, an end‐to‐end surface defects recognition system is proposed for steel strip surface inspection. This system is based on the symmetric surround saliency map for surface defects detection and deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) which directly use the defect image as input and defect category as output for seven classes of steel strip defects classification. The CNNs are trained purely on raw defect images and learned defect features from the training of network, which avoiding the separation between feature extraction and image classification, so that forms an end‐to‐end defects recognition pipeline. To further illustrate the superiority of the defect recognition methods with CNNs, an authoritative and standard steel strip surface defect dataset − NEU is also used to evaluate the defect recognition effect using CNNs. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed methods perform well in steel strip surface defect detection of different types and achieve a high recognition rate for defect images. In addition, a series of data augmentation methods are discussed to analyze its effect on avoiding over‐fitting for defects recognition.
Trends in the Structural and Vibrational Properties of the Disulfanes S2X2 (X = H, Halogen, CH3, CF3)
Authors: Coronel Angelina C. , Fernández Lis E. , Varetti Eduardo L.
Published: April 2016

The geometrical parameters and associated force constants for the molecules XSSX (X = H, halogen, CH3, CF3) were studied using DFT quantum chemistry calculations. The study showed rather monotonic trends in these properties related to the SS bonds, although an anomalous behavior is noted when the substituent is CF3. The calculated vibrational frequencies allowed a confirmation of published band assignments, but corrections were necessary for S2F2 and S2H2.
Retrospective analysis of the elective tests of rigid proctosigmoidoscopy performed in the service of medical residency in Coloproctology of Hospital Santa Marcelina
Authors: Neto Isaac José Felippe Corrêa , Wercka Janaína , Cecchinni Angelo Rossi Silva , Lopes Eduardo Augusto , Watté Hugo Henriques , Souza Rogério Freitas Lino , Rolim Alexander Sá , Robles Laercio
Published: April 2016

Introduction Proctologic examination is a deeply intimate procedure which deals with a body area in which prejudices, taboos and constraints prevail, and may also relate to previous trauma; yet this procedure is of paramount importance for the investigation of patients with symptoms that foretell pathologies associated with distal colon, rectum and anus.

Objectives This study aimed to analyze all cases scheduled of rigid proctosigmoidoscopy performed by the Coloproctology Service, Hospital Santa Marcelina, in 8 of its 10 years of residency in the specialty.

Materials and methods We analyzed mean age, gender distribution, device's height of reach in relation to the anal verge, the percentage of abnormal tests stratified to perform, or not perform, anoscopy and proctosigmoidoscopy, and major diseases detected.

Results 844 rigid proctosigmoidoscopy procedures scheduled and performed by the Coloproctology Service, Hospital Santa Marcelina, between September 2006 and August 2014, were analyzed. The distribution was similar between genders and the mean age was 51.2 years. With respect to the device's height of reach from the anal verge, these values were stratified as follows: distance reached >15 cm, 10–15 cm, and <10 cm from the anal verge. Distances >15 cm from the anal verge were attained in 692 (82% of RR) tests, between 10 and 15 cm in 94 (11.1%) tests, and <10 cm in 58 (6.9%) tests.

Conclusion In this study, it was found that proctology examination and rigid proctosigmoidoscopy are mandatory procedures in cases of symptoms depending on these practices.
Philosophy as Total Axiomatics: Serious Metaphysics, Scrutability Bases, and Aesthetic Evaluation
Authors: KRIEGEL URIAH
Published: April 2016

What is the aim of philosophy? There may be too many philosophical branches, traditions, practices, and programs to admit of a single overarching aim. Here, I focus on a fairly traditional philosophical project that has recently received increasingly sophisticated articulation, especially by Frank Jackson (1998) and David Chalmers (2012). In Section 1, I present the project and suggest that it is usefully thought of as ‘total axiomatics’: the project of attempting to axiomatize the total theory of the world. In Section 2, I raise a problem for the project that I call the ‘problem of multiple axiomatizations’. I consider some initially alluring but ultimately unpromising approaches to this problem in Section 3. In Section 4, I defend a surprising approach to the problem, according to which competing axiomatizations of the total theory of the world are effectively evaluated for their aesthetic virtues.
Mechanical Thrombectomy in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review
Authors: Lambrinos Anna , Schaink Alexis K. , Dhalla Irfan , Krings Timo , Casaubon Leanne K. , Sikich Nancy , Lum Cheemun , Bharatha Aditya , Pereira Vitor Mendes , Stotts Grant , Saposnik Gustavo , Kelloway Linda , Xie Xuanqian , Hill Michael D.
Published: April 2016

Although intravenous thrombolysis increases the probability of a good functional outcome in carefully selected patients with acute ischemic stroke, a substantial proportion of patients who receive thrombolysis do not have a good outcome. Several recent trials of mechanical thrombectomy appear to indicate that this treatment may be superior to thrombolysis. We therefore conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and safety of new-generation mechanical thrombectomy devices with intravenous thrombolysis (if eligible) compared with intravenous thrombolysis (if eligible) in patients with acute ischemic stroke caused by a proximal intracranial occlusion. We systematically searched seven databases for randomized controlled trials published between January 2005 and March 2015 comparing stent retrievers or thromboaspiration devices with best medical therapy (with or without intravenous thrombolysis) in adults with acute ischemic stroke. We assessed risk of bias and overall quality of the included trials. We combined the data using a fixed or random effects meta-analysis, where appropriate. We identified 1579 studies; of these, we evaluated 122 full-text papers and included five randomized control trials (n=1287). Compared with patients treated medically, patients who received mechanical thrombectomy were more likely to be functionally independent as measured by a modified Rankin score of 0-2 (odds ratio, 2.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.88-3.04; I2=0%). This finding was robust to subgroup analysis. Mortality and symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage were not significantly different between the two groups. Mechanical thrombectomy significantly improves functional independence in appropriately selected patients with acute ischemic stroke.
Injury Deaths Related to Hurricane Sandy, New York City, 2012
Authors: Seil Kacie , Spira-Cohen Ariel , Marcum Jennifer
Published: April 2016

Objective

This project aimed to describe demographic patterns and circumstances surrounding injury deaths in New York City (NYC) related to Hurricane Sandy.

Methods

Injury deaths related to Hurricane Sandy were classified by using data from multiple sources: NYC’s Office of Vital Statistics death records, Office of Chief Medical Examiner case investigation files, and American Red Cross disaster mortality data. Injury deaths were classified as being related to Hurricane Sandy if they were caused directly by the storm’s environmental forces or if they were indirectly caused by an interruption of services, displacement, or other lifestyle disruption.

Results

We identified 52 injury deaths in NYC related to Hurricane Sandy. Most decedents were male (75%); nearly half were aged 65 years and older (48%). Most (77%) deaths were caused by injuries directly related to Hurricane Sandy. Ninety percent of direct deaths were caused by drowning; most (73%) occurred within 3 days of landfall. Half (50%) of the 12 indirect deaths that occurred up to 30 days after the storm were caused by a fall. Nearly two-thirds (63%) were injured at home. Three-quarters (75%) of fatal injuries occurred in evacuation Zone A.

Conclusions

Risk communication should focus on older adults, males, and those living in evacuation zones; more evacuation assistance is necessary. NYC’s fatal injury profile can inform future coastal storm planning efforts. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:378–385)
Defining coherent vortices objectively from the vorticity
Authors: Haller G. , Hadjighasem A. , Farazmand M. , Huhn F.
Published: April 2016

Rotationally coherent Lagrangian vortices are formed by tubes of deforming fluid elements that complete equal bulk material rotation relative to the mean rotation of the deforming fluid volume. We show that the initial positions of such tubes coincide with tubular level surfaces of the Lagrangian-averaged vorticity deviation (LAVD), the trajectory integral of the normed difference of the vorticity from its spatial mean. The LAVD-based vortices are objective, i.e. remain unchanged under time-dependent rotations and translations of the coordinate frame. In the limit of vanishing Rossby numbers in geostrophic flows, cyclonic LAVD vortex centres are precisely the observed attractors for light particles. A similar result holds for heavy particles in anticyclonic LAVD vortices. We also establish a relationship between rotationally coherent Lagrangian vortices and their instantaneous Eulerian counterparts. The latter are formed by tubular surfaces of equal material rotation rate, objectively measured by the instantaneous vorticity deviation (IVD). We illustrate the use of the LAVD and the IVD to detect rotationally coherent Lagrangian and Eulerian vortices objectively in several two- and three-dimensional flows.
Remembering spherical trigonometry
Authors: Conway John , Ryba Alex
Published: April 2016

Although high school textbooks from early in the 20th century show that spherical trigonometry was still widely taught then, today very few mathematicians have any familiarity with the subject. The first thing to understand is that all six parts of a spherical triangle are really angles — see Figure 1.

This shows a spherical triangle ABC on a sphere centred at O. The typical side is a = BC is a great circle arc from to that lies in the plane OBC; its length is the angle subtended at O. Similarly, the typical angle between the two sides AB and AC is the angle between the planes OAB and OAC.
Picking genuine zeros of cubics in the Tschirnhaus method
Authors: Kulkarni Raghavendra G.
Published: April 2016

In 1683, the German mathematician Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus introduced a polynomial transformation which, he claimed, would eliminate all intermediate terms in a polynomial equation of any degree, thereby reducing it to a binomial form from which roots can easily be extracted [1]. As mathematicians at that time were struggling to solve quintic equations in radicals with no sign of any success, the Tschirnhaus transformation gave them some hope, and in 1786, Bring was able to reduce the general quintic to the form x5 + ax + b = 0, even though he didn't succeed in his primary mission of solving it. It seems Bring's work got lost in the archives of University of Lund. Unaware of Bring's work, Jerrard (1859) also arrived at the same form of the quintic using a quartic Tschirnhaus transformation [2]. From the works of Abel (1826) and Galois (1832) it is now clear that the general polynomial equation of degree higher than four cannot be solved in radicals.
Granulite-facies metamorphism of the Palaeoproterozoic – early Palaeozoic gneiss domains of NE Mozambique, East African Orogen
Authors: ENGVIK A. K. , BINGEN B.
Published: April 2016

Granulite-facies metamorphism recorded in NE Mozambique is attributed to three main tectonothermal events, covering more than 1400 Ma from Palaeoproterozoic – early Palaeozoic time. (1) Usagaran–Ubendian high-grade metamorphism of Palaeoproterozoic age is documented in the Ponta Messuli Complex by Grt-Sil-Crd-bearing metapelites, estimated to pressure (P) 0.75 ± 0.08 GPa and temperature (T) 765 ± 96°C. The post-peak P-T path is characterized by decompression followed by near-isobaric cooling. (2) Irumidian medium- to high-pressure granulite-facies metamorphism is evident in the Unango and Marrupa complexes of late Mesoproterozoic – early Neoproterozoic age. High-pressure granulite-facies is documented by Grt-Cpx-Pl-Rt-bearing mafic granulites in the northwestern part of the Unango Complex, with peak conditions up to P = 1.5 GPa and T = 850°C. Medium-pressure granulite-facies conditions recording P of c. 1.15 GPa and T of 875°C are documented by Grt-Opx-Cpx-Pl assemblage in mafic granulites and charnockitic gneisses of the central part of the Unango Complex. (3) Tectonothermal activity during the Ediacaran–Cambrian Kuunga Orogeny is recorded in the Mesoproterozoic gneiss complexes as amphibolite facies to medium-pressure granulite-facies metamorphism. Granulite facies are documented by Grt-Opx-Cpx-Pl-bearing mafic granulites and charnockitic gneisses, reporting P = 0.99 ± 13 GPa at T = 738 ± 84°C in the Unango Complex and P = 0.92 ± 18 GPa at T = 841 ± 135°C in the Marrupa Complex. This metamorphism is attributed to crustal thickening related to overriding of the Cabo Delgado Nappe Complex, and shorthening along the Lurio Belt during the early Palaeozoic Kuunga Orogeny.
Shades of grey: the legal trade in CITES-listed birds in Singapore, notably the globally threatened African grey parrot Psittacus erithacus
Authors: Poole Colin M. , Shepherd Chris R.
Published: April 2016

There are few published studies quantifying the volume of wildlife being traded through Singapore. We report on Singapore's involvement in the trade of avifauna listed on CITES based on government-reported data to CITES, with particular emphasis on Singapore's role in the trade of the globally threatened African grey parrot Psittacus erithacus. During 2005–2014 Singapore reported commercial import permits for 225,561 birds, from 35 countries, listed on CITES Appendices I and II, and the export of 136,912 similarly listed birds to 37 countries, highlighting the country's role as a major international transshipment hub for the global aviculture industry. Major exporters to Singapore included the Solomon Islands, the Netherlands, Taiwan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and South Africa. Major importers from Singapore included Taiwan, the United Arab Emirates and Japan. Singapore imported significant quantities of CITES-listed birds from African countries, including the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea and South Africa, a number of which have a history of abuse of CITES export permits, discrepancies in reported trade data, or an acknowledged lack of wildlife law enforcement capacity. Significant discrepancies were detected between import and export figures of CITES-listed avifauna reported by Singapore and its trading partners. Based on these findings we present three recommendations to improve the regulation and monitoring of the trade in CITES-listed bird species in Singapore.
Rule-Consequentialism and the Significance of Species
Authors: GALVÃO PEDRO
Published: April 2016

According to rule-consequentialism, we ought to follow the principles that would result in the best consequences if they were generally accepted. These principles constitute the ideal code. My aim is to make clear what the ideal code says about what we owe to animals. I argue that it accords moral status to them: the rule-consequentialist should acknowledge both general duties and special obligations to animals. However, in the ideal code there is no place for animal rights, conceived as deontological constraints. Within the animal rights debate, I conclude, rule-consequentialism is superior to some of the most prominent ethical theories in its agreement with widely shared moral intuitions. But some of its practical implications regarding the proper treatment of animals remain unclear. This point is illustrated by a discussion of what Jeff McMahan called ‘benign carnivorism’.
Cloning and characterization ofγ-glutamylcysteine synthetase in the salt- and oxidative stress-tolerant wild tomato speciesSolanum pennelliiunder abiotic stresses
Authors: Barriah Waseim , Najami Naim , Zaid Hilal
Published: April 2016

The wild species of tomatoSolanum pennellii(Lpa) is more tolerant to salt-induced oxidative stress than the cultivated speciesSolanum lycopersicum(Lem), due to the increase of several antioxidative metabolites and enzymes in this species under stress. The increase of reduced glutathione (GSH), one of these metabolites, in NaCl-treated Lpa, is due at least partly to the elevation ofγ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-ECS). Introgression line IL 8–3, which was found to include the Lpa orthologue of theγ-ECSgene (Lpaγ-ECS) in Lem's genetic background, was used to assign this gene to chromosome 8 and to assess its relative contribution to the effective antioxidative response of Lpa to stress. The growth of IL 8–3 and Lem plants responded similarly to NaCl and cadmium (Cd) stresses. In both genotypes, GSH and H2O2levels responded also similarly to NaCl stress. NaCl and Cd stresses affected similarly the transcription of theγ-ECSgene in leaves of both IL 8–3 and Lpa plants. The effect of buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), a competitive inhibitor of theγ-ECS enzyme, onγ-ECStranscription was also similar in these two genotypes. Taken together, these results suggest thatγ-ECSorthologues differ mainly in the regulation of their transcription and not at the post-transcriptional or translational levels. The mutation(s) led to these differences in the response of the two orthologues to the salinity and heavy metal stresses are expected to occur in acis-regulatory element(s) located relatively close toγ-ECS.
Identification of resistance sources in wild species of rice against two recently evolved pathotypes ofXanthomonas oryzaepvoryzae
Authors: Neelam Kumari , Lore Jagjeet Singh , Kaur Karminderbir , Pathania Shivali , Kumar Kishor , Sahi Gurpreet , Mangat Gurjit S , Singh Kuldeep
Published: April 2016

Bacterial blight (BB) of rice caused byXanthomonas oryzaepv.oryzae(Xoo) is a major biotic constraint of rice production in all the major irrigated/lowland rice growing regions of Asia, including Punjab and its adjoining states in India. None of the individual BB resistantXa/xagenes is effective against Punjab pathotypes. In the present study, we have screened 1176 accessions, comprising 1007 accessions of A genome speciesOryza glaberrima, O. barthii, O. nivara, O. rufipogon, O. longistaminata, O. meridionalis, O. glumaepatulaand 169 accessions from ten other wild species having CC, FF, EE, BBCC and CCDD genomes against two most recently evolvedXoopathotypes viz. PbXo-10 and PbXo-8 in Punjab state of India, for two constitutive years 2014 and 2015. Based on 2 years of data, four accessions ofO. glaberrima(IRGC102206, IRGC1022445, IRGC102512 and IRGC102520) and two of theO. longistaminataaccessions (IRGC92624 and IRGC101754) were identified with immune reaction against PbXo-8. For PbXo-10,O. longistaminatashowed large number of accessions with complete to partial resistance followed byO. rufipogon(8),O. nivara(2),O. punctata(2) andO. officinalis(1). Two of theO. longistaminataaccessions IRGC92624 and IRGC92644 from Mali were found to have resistance against both theXoopathotypes indicating presence of BB resistance gene other thanXa21. These can be transferred to elite cultivars ofO. sativafor better management of BB.
C46 ‘ASTRONOMY EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT’: A PECULIAR COMMISSION
Authors: de Greve Jean-Pierre , García Beatriz , Gerbaldi Michèle , Ferlet Roger , Guinan Edward , Hearnshaw John , Jones Barrie , Marschall Laurence , Miley George , Pasachoff Jay , Ros Rosa , Stavinschi Magda , Torres-Peimbert Silvia
Published: April 2016

C46 was a Commission of the Executive Committee of the IAU under Division XII (Union-Wide Activities), then after 2012 under Division C (Education, Outreach, and Heritage). It was the only commission dealing exclusively with astronomy education; a previous Commission 38 (Exchange of Astronomers), which allocated travel grants to astronomers who needed them, and a Working Group on the Worldwide Development of Astronomy, have been absorbed by Commission 46.
DIVISION D COMMISSION 44: SPACE AND HIGH-ENERGY ASTROPHYSICS
Authors: Jones Christine , Brosch Noah , Hasinger Günther , Baring Matthew G. , Barstow Martin Adrian , Braga Joao , Churazov Evgenij M. , Eilik Jean , Kunieda Hideyo , Murthy Jayant , Pagano Isabella , Quintana Hernan , Salvati Marco , Singh Kulinder Pal , Worrall Diana Mary
Published: April 2016

Division XI, the predecessor to Division D until 2012, was formed in 1994 at the IAU General Assembly in The Hague by merging Commission 44 Astronomy from Space and Commission 48 High Energy Astrophysics. Historically, space astrophysics started with the high energy wavelengths (far UV, X-ray, and gamma-ray astronomy) which are only accessible from space. However, in modern astronomy, to study high energy astrophysical processes, almost all wavelengths are used (including gamma-ray, X-ray, UV, optical, infrared, submillimeter and radio). In addition other ground-based facilities, including gravitational wave antennas, neutrino detectors and high-energy cosmic ray arrays are joining in this era of multi-messenger astrophysics, as well as space missions with the primary goals to discover and study exoplanets, are under the umbrella of Division XI.
DIVISION E COMMISSION 10: SOLAR ACTIVITY
Authors: Schrijver Carolus J. , Fletcher Lyndsay , van Driel-Gesztelyi Lidia , Asai Ayumi , Cally Paul S. , Charbonneau Paul , Gibson Sarah E. , Gomez Daniel , Hasan Siraj S. , Veronig Astrid M. , Yan Yihua
Published: April 2016

After more than half a century of community support related to the science of “solar activity”, IAU's Commission 10 was formally discontinued in 2015, to be succeeded by C.E2 with the same area of responsibility. On this occasion, we look back at the growth of the scientific disciplines involved around the world over almost a full century. Solar activity and fields of research looking into the related physics of the heliosphere continue to be vibrant and growing, with currently over 2,000 refereed publications appearing per year from over 4,000 unique authors, publishing in dozens of distinct journals and meeting in dozens of workshops and conferences each year. The size of the rapidly growing community and of the observational and computational data volumes, along with the multitude of connections into other branches of astrophysics, pose significant challenges; aspects of these challenges are beginning to be addressed through, among others, the development of new systems of literature reviews, machine-searchable archives for data and publications, and virtual observatories. As customary in these reports, we highlight some of the research topics that have seen particular interest over the most recent triennium, specifically active-region magnetic fields, coronal thermal structure, coronal seismology, flares and eruptions, and the variability of solar activity on long time scales. We close with a collection of developments, discoveries, and surprises that illustrate the range and dynamics of the discipline.
COMMISSION 12: SOLAR RADIATION AND STRUCTURE
Authors: Cauzzi Gianna , Shchukina Nataliya , Kosovichev Alexander , Bianda Michele , Brandenburg Axel , Chou Dean-Yi , Dasso Sergio , Ding Ming-De , Jefferies Stuart , Krivova Natalie , Kuznetsov Vladimir D. , Moreno-Insertis Fernando
Published: April 2016

Commission 12 of the International Astronomical Union encompasses investigations of the internal structure and dynamics of the Sun, the quiet solar atmosphere, solar radiation and its variability, and the nature of relatively stable magnetic structures like sunspots, faculae and the magnetic network. The Commission sees participation of over 300 scientists worldwide.
DIVISION F COMMISSION 22: METEORS, METEORITES, AND INTERPLANETARY DUST
Authors: Jenniskens Peter , Borovička Jiří , Watanabe Jun-ichi , Jopek Tadeusz , Abe Shinsuke , Consolmagno Guy J. , Ishiguro Masateru , Janches Diego , Ryabova Galina O. , Vaubaillon Jérémie , Zhu Jin
Published: April 2016

Commission 22 (Meteors, Meteorites and Interplanetary Dust) was established at the first IAU General Assembly held in Rome in 1922, with William Frederick Denning as its first President. Denning was an accountant by profession, but as an amateur astronomer he contributed extensively to meteor science. Commission 22 thus established a pattern that has continued to this day that non-professional astronomers were welcomed and valued and could play a significant role in its affairs. The field of meteors, meteorites and interplanetary dust has played a disproportional role in the astronomical perception of the general public through the majestic displays of our annual meteor showers. Those in the field deployed many techniques uncommon in other fields of astronomy, studying the “vermin of space”, the small solid bodies that pervade interplanetary space and impact Earth's atmosphere, the surface of the Moon, and that of our satellites in orbit. Over time, the field has tackled a wide array of problems, from predicting the encounter with meteoroid streams, to the origin of our meteorites and the nature of the zodiacal cloud. Commission 22 has played an important role in organizing the field through dedicated meetings, a data centre, and working groups that developed professional-amateur relationships and that organized the nomenclature of meteor showers. The contribution of Commission 22 to the field is perhaps most readily seen in the work of the presidents that followed in the footsteps of Denning.
Highlights of IAU Commission 29: Recent Advances and Perspectives on Stellar Spectroscopy
Authors: Cunha Katia , Soderblom David R. , Piskunov Nikolai , Aoki Wako , Asplund Martin , Carpenter Kenneth G. , Crowther Paul , Melendez Jorge , Venn Kimberly , Hill Vanessa , Yong David
Published: April 2016

IAU Commission 29 - Stellar Spectra has been one of the IAU commissions from the onset, until its dissolution at the most recent IAU General Assembly in Honolulu in 2015. This commission belonged to IAU Division G (“Stars and Stellar Physics”), the latter committed with fostering research in stellar astrophysics. Within the general field of stellar astrophysics, stellar spectroscopy plays a key role, as stellar spectra are a powerful tool providing a view into the detailed physical properties of stars and the physical processes occuring within them.