bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gut Health and Immunity in Improving Poultry Production
Authors: Raja Kumari Kallam Naga , Sejian Veerasamy
Published: February 2021

A healthy gastro intestinal system is important for poultry to achieve its maximumproduction potential. This paper aims gut health and immunity to improve production in the poultry sector. Genetics, Nutrition and Bio security ate the factors influences the production. Gut consisting of various pH and micro biota throughout is an advantageous feature to prevent infections. Various components like Goblet cells, paneth cells, endocrine cells and absorptive enterocytes, tight junctions, GALT and Mucus play a major role in gut health. Balanced diet with optimum carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, minerals, vitamins, enzymes, organic acids and good management practices are important for improving production. Alteration in supplementation essential amino acids, Zn, Vit E, Se … viz. are needed according to changes in environment and production state of the bird to develop good immunity. Stress free environment with fine hormonal balance are imperative for maximum output. Exploration of genes involved in resistant to food borne pathogens and research towards bio markers for gut health is the need of the hour. In can be concluded that good gut health and immunity play a key role in production. These can be achieved y maintaining birds with optimum nutrients and stress free environment.
Human Rights and Land in Africa: Highlighting the Need for Democratic Land Governance
Authors: Hull Simon , Whittal Jennifer
Published: February 2021

Human rights principles form the foundation for the move towards responsible land administration. They are embedded in such international treatises as the Sustainable Development Goals, New Urban Agenda, and Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure, among others. These treatises provide the backdrop to the development of land policies and administration systems that seek to secure land tenure and land rights for all through adherence to human rights principles such as non-discrimination, equity and justice, gender responsiveness, transparency and accountability. Yet the human rights tradition is built on Western values and biases, and there is some contention as to the universal acceptance of this. In discussing land rights in Africa, assumptions about the universality of human rights should be weighed against such contentions if land reform programmes are to sustainably succeed. In this chapter, the arguments around human rights are presented in the context of African land reform, and a model of democratic land governance is proposed.
Challenges in Rietveld Refinement and Structure Visualization in Ceramics
Authors: Ahmad Para Touseef , Kanti Sarkar Shaibal
Published: February 2021

The most common and basic characterization in the field of material science is the almighty X-ray diffraction (XRD). In every institute, every research report and every manuscript, concerning material properties, the X-ray diffraction pattern is essentially found. Although the basis of these works relies on the fact that X-ray diffraction pattern was found to be matching with some structure in a database, the in depth significance of the various characteristic diffraction manifestations of various physical characters are rarely discussed. Most of the researchers (especially beginners) are either not aware of the prowess of X-ray based characterizations, or have not been introduced to it properly or may be sometimes they are not interested in its results at all. The decreased interest (later) in the results from such studies might be for not being productive enough for time spending or non-effectiveness in justifying the motivation of the work. The former two are more related to the availability and accessibility of study material for the development of core concepts. Most of the institutes always do not have access to the span-wide scientific literature and the researchers joining these institutions are partly affected. In this context the effective open-access and free availability of intech-open, it is prudent to at least attempt to accumulate, assimilated and aggregate the concepts related to X-ray diffraction in a single package. The chapter is an attempt in the path of this route.
Post-Translational Regulation of the Activity of ERK/MAPK and PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathways in Neuroblastoma Cancer
Authors: Yildiz Aysegul , Kaya Yesim
Published: February 2021

Pathogenesis of cancer is a multi-step process containing a number of cellular alterations such as post-translational dysregulation of intracellular signaling proteins. These alterations control several functions in carcinogenesis such as angiogenesis, metastasis, evading growth suppressors, and sustaining proliferative signaling. Data of various studies has demonstrated that Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K/AKT) and Mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) pathways are both abnormally activated in many cancer types, including neuroblastoma. ERK/MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways that are regulated by sequential phosphorylation upon extracellular stimulation have many important functions in cell cycle, migration, proliferation and apoptosis. Besides their aberrant phosphorylation/activation, there is a crosstalk between these two pathways resulting in an anti-apoptotic effect. In this chapter, carcinogenetic abnormalities in post-translational regulation of the activity of ERK/MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways in neuroblastoma and other cancers will be summarized. In addition, several crosstalk nodes between two pathways will be briefly explained. All these concepts are not only crucial for thoroughly understanding the molecular basis of carcinogenesis but also choosing the appropriate molecular targets for effective diagnosis and treatment.
Soil quality indicators in areas with different vegetation cover in the Atlantic Forest biome, Southeastern Brazil
Authors: Coutinho Fernado Silva , Pinto Luiz Alberto da Silva Rodrigues , Pereira Marcos Gervasio , Assunção Shirlei Almeida , Zandoná Silver Rodrigues , Barros Fabiana da Costa , Souza Renato Sinquini de , Fagundes Hugo Souza , Souza Eduardo Henrique Silva e
Published: February 2021

The southeast region of Brazil, in the Atlantic Forest biome, has been impacted for a long time, observing today small agricultural areas inserted in a matrix of pastures and forest fragments, the soils being highly modified due to the different forms of use they were submitted. The objective of this study was to evaluate the organic carbon content in the humic fractions on soil organic matter (SOM), the distribution of aggregates in size classes and the porosity and aggregates density variables by means of computed tomography in secondary forest, pasture and agriculture areas in Pinheiral (RJ). Three areas composed of secondary forests with different succession stages and three managed areas were evaluated: Secondary Forest (SF) Initial Stage (SFIS), Medium Stage (SFMS), Advanced Stage (SFAS), mixed managed pasture (MMP), and perennial and annual agriculture (PA and AA, respectively). Three types of samples were collected in different layers: i) deformed samples to quantify carbon in the SOM humic fractions; ii) clods for quantifying the mass of aggregates and later assessing the distribution by diameter classes; and iii) undisturbed samples collected with the aid of an acrylic cylinder to perform computed tomography (CT). Humic substances and aggregate classes below 2.0 mm were the attributes most influenced by the forms of use and/or vegetation cover. The CT technique proved to be efficient in the measurement of the edaphic attributeâ€™s porosity and density of the aggregates, helping in the characterization and separation of the different environments.
Frações físicas da matéria orgânica e carbono mineralizável do solo em fragmentos florestais do bioma Cerrado
Authors: Ozório Jefferson Matheus Barros , Rosset Jean Sérgio , Schiavo Jolimar Antonio , Souza Camila Beatriz da Silva , Farias Paulo Guilherme da Silva , Menezes Roniedison da Silva , Oliveira Naelmo de Souza , Panachuki Elói
Published: February 2021

O objetivo do estudo foi quantificar as frações físicas-granulométricas da matéria orgânica e o carbono mineralizável do solo de fragmentos florestais do bioma Cerrado nos municípios de Aquidauana e Anastácio, MS. Foram coletadas amostras de solo em dois fragmentos florestais e áreas de pastagem permanente (PP) ao entorno. Para os fragmentos, as amostras foram coletadas em 3 pontos internos: borda do fragmento (BO), metade do raio (MR) e centro do fragmento (CF), além de um ponto no entorno dos fragmentos, em áreas de pastagem permanente (PP). Foram determinados os teores de carbono orgânico total (COT), carbono da matéria orgânica particulada (C-MOP) e mineral (C-MOM), com posteriores cálculos de seus respectivos estoques, além do índice de estoque de carbono (IEC), labilidade (L), índice de labilidade (IL) e índice de manejo de carbono (IMC), e análise de carbono mineralizável (C-CO2). Os maiores teores de COT foram apresentados no ponto MR 23,77 g kg-1 no fragmento 1, e nos pontos BO 16,41 g kg-1 e CF 16,18 g kg-1 do fragmento 2. Os maiores teores de C-MOP foram observados na camada superficial, com aumento de C-MOM em função do aumento da profundidade, chegando a 86% de representatividade. A emissão total de C-CO2 indicou as maiores emissões nos pontos BO no fragmento 1 e BO e MR no fragmento 2. A conversão de áreas nativas em PP não influenciou no COT. Houve maior representatividade de C-MOM em relação a C-MOP, porém a conversão de áreas nativas em PP comprometeu a atividade microbiana do solo.
Desempenho de substratos alternativos na produção de mudas de hortaliças
Authors: Brandão Aldeane Sousa , Gonçalves Rafael Gomes da Mota , Castro Tadeu Augusto van Tol de , Silva Dione Galvão da , Berbara Ricardo Luís Louro , Leal Marco Antônio de Almeida
Published: February 2021

A adição de calcário durante o processo de compostagem é um procedimento relatado em algumas publicações técnicas e por alguns produtores, contudo, são escassos os resultados de pesquisa que descrevem seus efeitos sobre o processo de compostagem e produção de substratos. A utilização de substratos formulados com compostos orgânicos, em substituição aos substratos comerciais, diminui a dependência dos produtores por insumos externos. Além disso, a escolha por substratos alternativos reduz os custos de produção. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da adição de diferentes doses de calcário sobre o processo de compostagem da mistura de capim elefante (Penissetum purpureum Schum) e torta de mamona (Ricinus communis L.) para a produção de substratos, avaliando suas características físicas e químicas e o desenvolvimento de mudas de hortaliças cultivadas com o substrato produzido. Foram produzidos e utilizados cinco substratos diferentes para a produção das mudas: T1 (Composto ‘Fazendinha’), T2 (Composto sem calcário), T3 (Composto + calcário equivalente a 0,05% da massa seca do composto), T4 (Composto + calcário equivalente a 0,5% da massa seca do composto) e T5 (Composto + calcário equivalente a 5,0% da massa seca do composto), sendo avaliados o pH, condutividade elétrica, teores de macronutrientes (N, P, K, Ca e Mg), densidade e porosidade de cada substrato. As espécies utilizadas como plantas indicadoras foram a alface (Lactuca sativa L.) crespa ‘Vera’, beterraba (Beta vulgaris) cultivar ‘Top Early Wonder’ e tomate (Solanum lycopersicum) ‘Perinh’ As plantas foram coletadas 28 dias após a semeadura, os parâmetros avaliados foram produção de massa fresca da parte aérea (mg), altura da parte aérea (cm), número de folhas e volume de raiz (mm3). Também foi avaliada a estabilidade dos torrões presentes nos substratos ao final do ciclo de produção das mudas, além da variação do pH e da condutividade elétrica dos substratos ao longo do desenvolvimento das mudas por meio de amostragens realizadas aos 0, 7, 14 e 21 dias após a semeadura. O pH dos compostos foi afetado pela adição de calcário, onde na maior dosagem, observou-se maiores valores de pH. Os substratos formulados com composto orgânico, independente da adição ou não de calcário, apresentaram, de maneira geral, desempenho inferior ao substrato ‘Fazendinha’ quando utilizados para produção de mudas de alface, beterraba e tomate. Os valores de pH dos tratamentos à base de composto se mantiveram dentro da faixa adequada para o crescimento vegetal, e os valores de condutividade elétrica caíram em todos os tratamentos ao longo do período de desenvolvimento das mudas.
Organic substrates and their effects on the emergence and initial growth of Tamarindus indica seedlings
Authors: Amaral Genilda Canuto , Abreu Yara Karolynne Lopes , Fonseca Mariana Duarte Silva , Paschoa Luciana de Souza Lorenzoni , Gibson Elbya Leão , Pezzopane José Eduardo Macedo
Published: February 2021

The reuse of organic waste and destination as alternative substrates becomes an important strategy for the production of economically viable and ecologically sustainable forest seedlings. Thus, the objective of the study was to evaluate the influence of different substrates and compositions (proportions) on the emergence and initial growth of Tamarindus indica seedlings. For this, nine different substrates were formulated: bovine manure (EB), buriti paú (PB) and carnauba residue (RC) in the proportions of 75%, 50% and 25% complemented with washed sand and an additional treatment only with washed sand, considered as control. T. indica seeds were sown and conducted for 50 days. The following were evaluated: emergency speed index; mean emergence time, height of the shoot, diameter of the stem, number of leaves, length of the root system, dry mass of the shoot, dry mass of the root system, total dry mass and Dickson's quality index. For the variables of emergence of tamarind seeds, treatments with bovine manure and 25% buriti paú more efficient. In the growth of the seedlings, the best results of diameter, number of leaves, production of dry mass of the root system, aerial part or total part of the seedlings, in addition to Dickson's quality index were found in the proportion of 50% of bovine manure, followed by buriti paú. These results indicate that the substrates bovine manure and paú de buriti in the proportion 50% are the most suitable for the preparation of substrate for the production of T. indica seedlings.
Network of institutions, source journals, and keywords on COVID-19 by Korean authors based on the Web of Science Core Collection in January 2021
Authors: Kim Kyung Won , Jeong Geume Hee
Published: February 2021

Purpose: The aim of this study was to characterize the network of institutions, journals, and topics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) literature by Korean authors in the Web of Science Core Collection. The specific goals were to identify the collaborative relationships between Korean authors and international authors and to explore clusters of institutions, journals, and topics.Methods: Literature was searched in the Web of Science Core Collection on January 30, 2021. The search terms were “SARS-CoV-2” or “COVID” or “novel coronavirus” in the subject field. The search results were limited again to “South Korea” as the country and the publication type of “article.” The measurement tool was Biblioshiny, an app version tool for Bibliometrix.Results: Korean authors published 3.2 times more COVID-19–related articles in journals outside of Korea than in Korean journals. The journals showed three clusters by bibliographic coupling. In contrast, the co-citation network showed four clusters. Only a few journals were included in the clusters in both analyses. The conceptual structure of Keywords Plus by factorial analysis showed two clusters: “pathology and clinical treatment” and “knowledge and attitudes.” Institutions’ collaborative network consisted of four clusters. Korean researchers actively collaborated with international researchers, especially those in the United States.Conclusion: Because only a few Korean journals were included in the journal clusters by both coupling and co-citation network, more active citation of Korean journals is recommended. The identification of human behavior as a distinct theme in COVID-19 research suggests a different focus in this area besides clinical studies.
A bibliometric and co-occurrence analysis of COVID-19–related literature published between December 2019 and June 2020
Authors: Al-Zaman Md. Sayeed
Published: February 2021

Purpose: The main purposes of this study were to analyze the document types and languages of published papers on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), along with the top authors, publications, countries, institutions, and disciplines, and to analyze the co-occurrence of keywords and bibliographic coupling of countries and sources of the most-cited COVID-19 literature.Methods: This study analyzed 16,384 COVID-19 studies published between December 2019 and June 2020. The data were extracted from the Web of Science database using four keywords: “COVID-19,” “coronavirus,” “2019-nCoV,” and “SARS-CoV-2.” The top 500 mostcited documents were analyzed for bibliographic and citation network visualization.Results: The studies were published in 19 different languages, and English (95.313%) was the most common. Of 157 research-producing countries, the United States (25.433%) was in the leading position. Wang Y (n=94) was the top author, and the BMJ (n=488) was the top source. The University of London (n=488) was the leading organization, and medicine-related papers (n=2,259) accounted for the highest proportion. The co-occurrence of keywords analysis identified “coronavirus,” “COVID-19,” “SARS-CoV-2,” “2019-nCoV,” and “pneumonia” as the most frequent words. The bibliographic coupling analysis of countries and sources showed the strongest collaborative links between China and the United States and between the New England Journal of Medicine and the JAMA.Conclusion: Collaboration between the United States and China was key in COVID-19 research during this period. Although BMJ was the leading title for COVID-19 articles, the co-author link between New England Journal of Medicine and JAMA was the strongest.
COVID-19 research trends in the fields of economics and business in the Scopus database in November 2020
Authors: Handoko Luqman Hakim
Published: February 2021

Purpose: This study explored the state of the literature on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in two subject areas: (1) economics, econometrics, and finance, and (2) business, management, and accounting. The study focused on the most productive and influential journals, countries, institutions, documents, and clusters of keywords.Methods: Data were retrieved from Scopus on November 21, 2020. The search term was the keyword “COVID-19” in the title, abstract, and author’s keywords, and the articles were limited to two subject areas. The data were analyzed using VOSviewer and Excel.Results: In the analysis of 1,719 articles on COVID-19, the most productive journal that published these articles was Gender, Work, and Organization (n=49). The most productive country and institutions were the United States (n=526) and Universiteit van Pretoria (n=16) and the University of Oxford (n=16), respectively. Based on citations, the most influential authors, countries, and journals were Dmitry Ivanov (n=233), the United States (n=1,027), and Finance Research Letters (n=326), respectively. The most cited article was authored by Stefan Gossling (n=157) on the impact of COVID-19 on society, the economy, and tourism. The articles were from 111 countries, of which 85.6% had collaborations. The keywords of research on COVID-19 formed 14 clusters (e.g., small and medium enterprises, aviation, tourism, banking and finance, supply chain, economic growth, and the digital economy).Conclusion: The number of COVID-19 articles related to economics and business is fairly large and is continuing to grow significantly. The keyword analysis showed that COVID-19 has had a tremendous impact on all economic sectors.
Five clusters of flood management articles in Scopus from 2000 to 2019 using social network analysis
Authors: Kusuma Rosy Riani , Widianingsih Ida , Ningrum Sinta , Myrna Rita
Published: February 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the bibliographic characteristics and content of articles on flood management published in journals indexed by Scopus written by researchers from throughout the world from 2000 to 2019.Methods: We obtained data from the Scopus database on October 2, 2020. “Flood management” was used to search across several categories, including article title, abstract, and keywords, filtered by subject area (social science; environmental science; and business, management, and accounting). We only retrieved articles written in English. We conducted content analysis using the VOSviewer software and visualized the co-occurrence of keywords and bibliographic coupling of sources and countries.Results: Following the study protocol, we found 984 articles on flood management over the past 20 years. Among the three subject areas, environmental science was the most productive field for publishing flood management articles. Flood control, flood management, and risk assessment were the top three most popular topics. Flood management publications were published in 266 journals. In total, 86 countries collaborated to produce research related to flood management. Natural Hazard Journal and Journal of Flood Risk Management were the most prominent journals. Institutions from Europe ominated the top 10 institutions with the most publications by affiliated researchers.Conclusion: From a global perspective, flood management research in the past two decades has increased significantly. There were five major topic clusters, and European-published journals ominated publications. Thus, Asian institutions need to conduct more active research on this topic.
Manuscript Exchange Common Approach and Journal Article Tag Suite (JATS) compatibility: a case study utilizing the JATS Compatibility Meta Model
Authors: Randall Laura , Ubnoske Sally
Published: February 2021

The National Information Standards Organization (NISO) Manuscript Exchange Common Approach (MECA) project is a cross-organization industry initiative to develop a common approach to manuscript transfer that can be adopted across the scholarly publishing industry. MECA establishes a vocabulary set that includes transfer, review, and manifest models. These models are designed to work with different article XML schemas, including the latest NISO Journal Article Tag Suite (JATS) standard (v1.2). In order to avoid conflicts between these project vocabularies and the JATS, we reviewed the MECA vocabularies against the NISO JATS Compatibility Meta Model (v0.7). This paper describes the review and analysis of the MECA schemas against the JATS Meta Model, how we documented the analysis, and the recommendations we made to resolve issues revealed by the analysis. It includes the documentation we produced to communicate the results of the analysis and what actions we took to move forward with the project, including both changes to the schemas and requests for changes in the JATS. We hope sharing our experiences with this process will help others who are trying to do the same.
Online informationssøgning i en overgangstid
Authors: Kragsig Jensen Mogens , Ellegaard Ole , Albert Wallin Johan
Published: February 2021

Over the centuries, searching for information took place through searches in printed works. computers enabled the onset of electronic data processing. In the wake of this, an information industry emerged that partly digitized information in large databases and made the contents of the databases searchable and accessible. This article describes the brief but hectic development where online information search was established as a service in documentation centres. This is exemplified by illustrating the conditions at the then Odense University Library. In the period up to the turn of the millennium, end users of online information gradually took over the search process itself, which led to a reduction in the search activity at the documentation centres, while the total number of searches increased. Gradually, the information search service was adapted to the users’ new needs. The users' use of paid databases remains an area of ​​concern for the library sector, as users often prefer the free bases of the Internet, but they do not necessarily find the best references. Thus, there is still a task in promoting the scientific databases and educating the users. Concepts such as “information literacy” and “digital education” are therefore central to the work of research libraries.
Analysis of the tendency towards entrepreneurship in Spain. A perspective based on the economic and institutional environment
Authors: Crecente Romero Fernando Javier , del Olmo García Francisco
Published: February 2021

The decision between whether to become self-employed or to work as an employee is a dilemma faced by an increasing number of Spanish professionals. This research investigates the sociodemographic profile of Spanish self-employed workers, and examines the factors in the economic and institutional environment that influence their decision to become self-employed. The sociodemographic characteristics that make up the profile of entrepreneurs who decide to become self-employed are presented using microdata the Spanish Labour Force Survey, and based on a logistic regression model. The influence of the economic and institutional environment on this tendency towards entrepreneurship is also studied. The results enable us to conclude that favourable factors for entrepreneurship are previous experience as an entrepreneur, the sector in which the individual wishes to be an entrepreneur, the professional’s age and sex, their marital status, and the maximum age at they completed their education. As for the environmental perspective, the relative size of the economy and the level of bank credit in the autonomous community of Spain the entrepreneur wishes to do business has a positive influence on the tendency towards entrepreneurship.
Intrapreneurship in Small Organizations: Case Studies in Small Businesses
Authors: Cerón Ríos Gineth Magaly , Rivera Martínez Wilfred Fabián , Sánchez Tróchez Diana Ximena
Published: February 2021

Objective: This article studies the initiatives of small organizations to advance intrapreneurship practices and considers the perception of employees in their contribution to business growth. It proposes a roadmap towards a shared vision of senior management and workers.

Methodology: Under the principles of the case study, quantitative and qualitative data are analyzed, being a dynamic process that identifies emerging categories its own classification matrix. It also allows linking theory, action and reflection to improve the practice of microentrepreneurs when assuming intrapreneurship as part of their company.

Results: the results determine that intrapreneurship is associated with the empowerment of employees, being a characteristic that is consolidated in parallel to the experience of the employer, the fulfillment of business objectives and the life project of the workers. the perspective of the companies studied, the need to consider intrapreneurship in the organization and make strategic planning based on the roadmap proposed in this article is evident.

Practical implications: The study is useful in areas of strategic direction and human resource management, allowing the visualization of intrapreneurship as a way to stimulate leadership.
Aplicación de las TIC en el desarrollo de las ciudades inteligentes sostenibles
Authors: Tejero Palomo Sergio
Published: February 2021

Objective: The main objective of the study is to deepen the concepts of Smart City and Sustainability to propose a Sustainable Smart City model for the areas of Economy, Government, Environment, Mobility, Smart Society and Quality of Life. Methodology: To achieve the main objective, a review of the existing scientific literature on smart Cities, sustainability and it is areas of influence and indicators; has been carried out. Subsequently, an analysis of three Smart Cities was made and, finally, a proposal for a Sustainable Smart City model was made. Results: Several indicators have been presented for the six areas: Economy, Government, Environment, Mobility, Smart Society and Quality of Life. These areas allow improving and facilitating the quality of life of its citizens while maintaining a balance between the economic, social and environmental fields. In addition, a model is proposed for each area that includes sustainability. Limitations: The formulation of the Sustainable Smart City model has not considered the cost of applying the indicators presented for the area. Practical implications: Among the contributions, the formulation of the concept of Sustainable Smart City stands out, as well as its indicators. Finally, a Sustainable Smart City model is projected according to the above presented.
Chemical Composition, Anti-Nutritional Factors and Pasting Properties of Cassava-African Yam Bean Flour Blends for Noodle Preparation
Authors: Ajibola Ghaniyah Odunola , Olapade Abiodun Adekunle
Published: February 2021

Noodle consumption has been increasing in Nigeria as a result of rapid urbanization, increase in population growth, and desire for convenience food. Noodles are produced from wheat our which is not grown in Nigeria. In order to reduce wheat imports and improve utilization of local crops, various options have been developed to replace wheat flour partially or wholly in noodle production. This study was aimed at optimizing the level of major ingredients to obtain the best flour blend for noodle preparation with optimum nutritional quality. Pro-vitamin A cassava roots (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and African yam bean seeds (AYB) (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) were processed into ours. The ranges of these flours, based on preliminary findings, were computed into a central composite design of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to obtain 13 flour blends with five central points. The chemical compositions, anti-nutritional factors, and pasting properties of these flour blends were analyzed and measured. By maximizing total β-carotene, protein content, and minimizing fat content, the predicted model indicated the optimum blend of 70.52% cassava flour to 29.48% AYB flour. The best our blend sample of 69.23% cassava our to 30.77% AYB flour gave the actual value of total β-carotene 6.76 μg/g, with proximate analysis composition of protein 6.17%, fat 0.82%, moisture 8.95%, ash 1.77%, crude fiber 5.09%, and carbohydrate 82.30%. The anti-nutritional factors of the best blend were 8.21 mg HCNeqv/kg, 1.69 mg phytate/g and 0.37 mg tannin/g.
A literatura movente de Chimamanda Adichie: póscolonialidade, descolonização cultural e diáspora
Authors: Braga Cláudio R. V.
Published: February 2021

“A literatura movente de Chimamanda Adichie é um livro que, ao trazer uma análise da prosa da escritora que dá nome ao título, explica por que ela tem sido lida e aclamada mundialmente: as temáticas, personagens e enredos de Adichie criam identificação profunda com leitoras e leitores de diversas culturas. Cláudio R. V. Braga perpassa as narrativas de Adichie, principalmente o romance Americanah, discutindo o papel da mulher na atualidade, baseando-se sobretudo na personagem Ifemelu. Quais são as expectativas, angústias e vivências dessa jovem mulher africana, negra e imigrante, oriunda de um país pós-colonial? Existe livre-arbítrio ou as circunstâncias determinam a vida? Qual a relação entre o presente e o passado pós-colonial de pessoas cujos países passaram pelo trauma da colonização europeia? O autor também se dedica à questão da mobilidade humana contemporânea, concebida literariamente por Adichie. Para isso faz uso da teoria da diáspora para abordar a prosa adichieana e questionar: como se dá a tensão entre experiências positivas e negativas vividas pelas pessoas que imigram? Como a mobilidade e sua representação literária influenciam no processo de descolonização cultural do indivíduo pós-colonial? Esses são alguns questionamentos encontrados neste livro, sobre os quais o autor discorre a partir de teorias selecionadas, mas sobretudo à luz da literatura de Adichie. A literatura e os estudos literários constituem formas de se pensar e compreender o que se passa ao nosso redor. Este livro é uma contribuição nesse sentido: o autor Cláudio R. V. Braga investiga a prosa de Chimamanda Adichie, escritora contemporânea globalmente conhecida, propondo uma perspectiva de mundo caracterizada pela pós-colonialidade, que é uma condição dos dias de hoje, perpassada por processos complexos de descolonização cultural e de mobilidade humana em escala global. No decorrer da investigação, percebe-se que a literatura de Adichie é “”movente””, segundo o autor, porque, além de representar um mundo de movimentos incessantes, ela também é agente dessa mobilidade, configurando-se em uma intervenção concreta com o poder de mobilizar e, portanto, mudar pensamentos e atitudes na direção da chamada descolonização cultural.”
Myosin with hypertrophic cardiac mutation R712L has a decreased working stroke which is rescued by omecamtiv mecarbil
Authors: Snoberger Aaron , Barua Bipasha , Atherton Jennifer L , Shuman Henry , Forgacs Eva , Goldman Yale E , Winkelmann Donald A , Ostap E Michael
Published: February 2021

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathies (HCMs) are the leading cause of acute cardiac failure in young individuals. Over 300 mutations throughout β-cardiac myosin, including in the motor domain, are associated with HCM. A β-cardiac myosin motor mutation (R712L) leads to a severe form of HCM. Actin-gliding motility of R712L-myosin is inhibited, despite near-normal ATPase kinetics. By optical trapping, the working stroke of R712L-myosin was decreased 4-fold, but actin-attachment durations were normal. A prevalent hypothesis that HCM mutants are hypercontractile is thus not universal. R712 is adjacent to the binding site of the heart failure drug omecamtiv mecarbil (OM). OM suppresses the working stroke of normal β-cardiac myosin, but remarkably, OM rescues the R712L-myosin working stroke. Using a flow chamber to interrogate a single molecule during buffer exchange, we found OM rescue to be reversible. Thus, the R712L mutation uncouples lever arm rotation from ATPase activity and this inhibition is rescued by OM.
Eradication Rates of Clarithromycin Triple Therapy in Korea: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Kang Seung Joo , Jung Hye-Kyung , Lee Yong Chan , Yang Hyo-Joon , Park Seon-Young , Shin Cheol Min , Kim Sung Eun , Lim Hyun Chul , Kim Jie-Hyun , Nam Su Youn , Shin Woon Geon , Park Jae Myung , Choi Il Ju , Kim Jae Gyu , Choi Miyoung ,   Korean College of Helicobacter and Upper Gastrointesinal Research
Published: February 2021

Background/Aims: Standard triple therapy, including a proton pump inhibitor, clarithromycin, and amoxicillin, has been recommended as the first-line for Helicobacter pylori infection. However, the eradication rate of standard triple therapy has declined over the past years because of the increasing resistance to clarithromycin in Korea. We analyzed the eradication rates and the 10-year change in the eradication rates in Korea.Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and KoreaMed were searched for studies published between January 2007 and June 2018. The pooled eradication rates and their 95% CIs were estimated using a random-effect logistic regression model.Results: Twenty-six randomized controlled studies on standard triple therapy conducted in Korea were selected. The intention-to-treat (ITT) and per protocol analyses showed pooled eradication rates of standard triple therapy of 71.6% (95% CI, 69.9~73.3%) and 79.6% (95% CI, 76.6~82.2%), respectively. The eradication rate decreased with time. The ITT analysis showed that the 14-day therapy (78.1% [95% CI, 75.2~80.7%]) had significantly higher eradication rates than the 7-day therapy (70.0% [95% CI, 68.5~71.4%]) (P<0.01).Conclusions: These results suggest that the eradication rate of standard triple therapy, as the first-line therapy, has shown an unacceptable decrease. The eradication rate increased when the duration of therapy was increased to 14 days, but it was not satisfactory. Therefore, other treatment regimens or therapies based on susceptibility tests should be considered for the first-line therapy.
Epstein-Barr Virus-associated Gastric Carcinoma
Authors: Lee Bong Eun
Published: February 2021

Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) comprises approximately 10% of all gastric cancers and is now defined as one of the four subtypes of gastric cancer according to the molecular classification proposed by the Cancer Genome Atlas project. EBVaGC has characteristic genetic profiles that harbor a DNA methylation phenotype, frequent mutations in PIK3CA and ARID1A, and amplification of JAK2 and programmed death-ligand (PD-L)1/PD-L2. Therefore, EBVaGC shows several distinct clinicopathological features, including a male predominance, proximal stomach location, gastric carcinoma with lymphoid stroma histology, low risk of lymph node metastasis, and favorable prognosis. In clinical practice, patients with early EBVaGC might be good candidates for endoscopic resection or minimally invasive surgery since the rate of lymph node metastasis is very low, even with deep submucosal invasion. Furthermore, in the case of advanced EBVaGC, the applicability of immunotherapy has been investigated based on its increased expression of PD-L1 and high immunogenicity. In conclusion, EBV can serve as a biomarker in gastric cancer, and further identification of other molecular characteristics of EBVaGC is essential for new potential therapeutic targets.
Retinoic Acid Induced Protein 14 (Rai14) is dispensable for mouse spermatogenesis
Authors: Wu Yangyang , Wang Ting , Zhao Zigao , Liu Siyu , Shen Cong , Li Hong , Liu Mingxi , Zheng Bo , Yu Jun , Huang Xiaoyan
Published: February 2021

Background

Retinoic Acid Induced Protein 14 (Rai14) is an evolutionarily conserved gene that is highly expressed in the testis. Previous experiments have reported that small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated gene knockdown (KD) of Rai14 in rat testis disrupted spermatid polarity and transport. Of note, a gene knockout (KO) model is considered the “gold standard” for in vivo assessment of crucial gene functions. Herein, we used CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing to investigate the in vivo role of Rai14 in mouse testis.

Methods

Sperm concentration and motility were assayed using a computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) system. Histological and immunofluorescence (IF) staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to visualize the effects of Rai14 KO in the testes and epididymides. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) was used to determine apoptotic cells. Gene transcript levels were calculated by real-time quantitative PCR.

Results

Rai14 KO in mice depicted normal fertility and complete spermatogenesis, which is in sharp contrast with the results reported previously in a Rai14 KD rat model. Sperm parameters and cellular apoptosis did not appear to differ between wild-type (WT) and KO group. Mechanistically, in contrast to the well-known role of Rai14 in modulating the dynamics of F-actin at the ectoplasmic specialization (ES) junction in the testis, morphological changes of ES junction exhibited no differences between Rai14 KO and WT testes. Moreover, the F-actin surrounded at the ES junction was also comparable between the two groups.

Conclusion

In summary, our study demonstrates that Rai14 is dispensable for mouse spermatogenesis and fertility. Although the results of this study were negative, the phenotypic information obtained herein provide an enhanced understanding of the role of Rai14 in the testis, and researchers may refer to these results to avoid conducting redundant experiments.
Effect of Germination on Nutritional Composition of Common Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)
Authors: Shreeja K. , Devi S. Suchiritha , Suneetha W. Jessie , Prabhakar B. Neeraja
Published: February 2021

There is a growth trend in buckwheat consumption, as it has high nutritional value. Buckwheat is the main form consumed, although the consumption of buckwheat sprouts is increasingly popular in the world. Buckwheat grains were germinated at 30°C for 48 hours with 12 hours of soaking in BOD incubator followed by drying at 60°C. Germination process has increased moisture, protein and crude fiber (11.03% - 12.77%, 10.22% - 12.14% and 0.92% - 1.44%). Minerals such as sodium and potassium were also increased. Total and reducing sugars were increased and starch content has decreased with the germination process. Germinated buckwheat flour can be used in the formulations of nutraceutical foods.
Electromagnetic Wave Tunneling from Metamaterial Antiparallel Dipole Resonance
Authors: Han Zhengli , Ohno Seigo , Minamide Hiroaki
Published: February 2021

Metamaterial resonances have demonstrated outstanding abilities to control electromagnetic waves, which brings promises to directly use them to create unique channels for electromagnetic wave tunneling through barriers. Herein, an electromagnetic wave tunneling effect is realized by an antiparallel dipole resonance in a multilayer metamaterial composed of a pair of metallic unsplit ring resonators (USRRs) with a split ring resonator (SRR) sandwiched between them. The sandwiched SRR is known to serve as a barrier to the incident electromagnetic wave at its fundamental resonant frequency. However, with assistance of a “bypass bridge” formed by the magnetic response from the antiparallel dipole resonance excited on the pair of USRRs, the electromagnetic wave tunnels through the barrier. Through field distributions and harmonic model analysis, the universal conditions for the tunneling are found to happen in such a multilayer configuration. As long as the antiparallel dipole resonance is excited on the pair of USRRs, and thus the bypass bridge is formed, no matter what other barrier is sandwiched, the tunneling effect still occurs. Herein, the applications are for electrical wire connections in integrated circuits regarding electromagnetic compatibility, optical cloaking devices, as well as designs for both optical amplitude and phase modulators.
Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Azoxyarenes via Copper‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Dehydrogenative Coupling of Anilines with Nitrosoarenes
Authors: Shi Chongyang , Xu Boxia , Fang Xiaolan , Yu Xiaochun , Jin Huile , Wang Shun
Published: February 2021

A copper‐catalyzed oxidative dehydrogenative coupling of nitrosobenzenes with anilines for the synthesis of unsymmetrical azoxybenzenes was developed. This approach uses O2 as the oxidant. The reaction products are diverse unsymmetrical azoxybenzenes rather than azobenzenes, which are obtained in the Mills reaction. The use of an inexpensive copper catalyst, a broad substrate scope, and mild reaction conditions make this protocol an atom‐economic and step‐economic procedure for preparing unsymmetrical azoxy compounds.

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Gait variability across neurodegenerative and cognitive disorders: Results from the Canadian Consortium of Neurodegeneration in Aging (CCNA) and the Gait and Brain Study
Authors: Pieruccini‐Faria Frederico , Black Sandra E. , Masellis Mario , Smith Eric E. , Almeida Quincy J. , Li Karen Z. H. , Bherer Louis , Camicioli Richard , Montero‐Odasso Manuel
Published: February 2021

Introduction

Gait impairment is common in neurodegenerative disorders. Specifically, gait variability—the stride‐to‐stride fluctuations in distance and time—has been associated with neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. However, quantitative comparisons of gait impairments across the cognitive spectrum of dementias have not been systematically investigated.

Methods

Older adults (N = 500) with subjective cognitive impairment, Parkinson disease (PD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), PD‐MCI, Alzheimer's disease (AD), PD‐dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia, as well cognitive normal controls, who were assessed for their gait and cognitive performance.

Results

Factor analyses grouped 11 quantitative gait parameters and identified four independent gait domains: rhythm, pace, variability, and postural control, for group comparisons and classification analysis. Among these domains, only high gait variability was associated with lower cognitive performance and accurately discriminated AD from other neurodegenerative and cognitive conditions.

Discussion

Our findings indicate that high gait variability is a marker of cognitive‐cortical dysfunction, which can help to identify Alzheimer's disease dementia.
ReI Tricarbonyl Complexes as Coordinate Covalent Inhibitors for the SARS‐CoV‐2 Main Cysteine Protease
Authors: Karges Johannes , Kalaj Mark , Gembicky Milan , Cohen Seth M.
Published: February 2021

Since its outbreak, the severe acute respiratory syndrome—coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has impacted the quality of life and cost hundreds‐of‐thousands of lives worldwide. Based on its global spread and mortality, there is an urgent need for novel treatments which can combat this disease. To date, the 3‐chymotrypsin‐like protease (3CLpro), which is also known as the main protease, is considered among the most important pharmacological targets. The vast majority of investigated 3CLpro inhibitors are organic, non‐covalent binders. Herein, the use of inorganic, coordinate covalent binders is proposed that can attenuate the activity of the protease. ReI tricarbonyl complexes were identified that demonstrate coordinate covalent enzymatic inhibition of 3CLpro. Preliminary studies indicate the selective inhibition of 3CLpro over several human proteases. This study presents the first example of metal complexes as inhibitors for the 3CLpro cysteine protease.
Electrocatalytic Refinery for Sustainable Production of Fuels and Chemicals
Authors: Tang Cheng , Zheng Yao , Jaroniec Mietek , Qiao Shi‐Zhang
Published: February 2021

Compared to modern fossil‐fuel‐based refineries, the emerging electrocatalytic refinery (e‐refinery) is a more sustainable and environmentally benign strategy to convert renewable feedstocks and energy sources into transportable fuels and value‐added chemicals. A crucial step in conducting e‐refinery processes is the development of appropriate reactions and optimal electrocatalysts for efficient cleavage and formation of chemical bonds. However, compared to well‐studied primary reactions (e.g., O2reduction, water splitting), the mechanistic aspects and materials design for emerging complex reactions are yet to be settled. To address this challenge, herein, we first present fundamentals of heterogeneous electrocatalysis and some primary reactions, and then implement these to establish the framework of e‐refinery by coupling in situ generated intermediates (integrated reactions) or products (tandem reactions). We also present a set of materials design principles and strategies to efficiently manipulate the reaction intermediates and pathways.
Scalable Negishi Coupling between Organozinc Compounds and (Hetero)Aryl Bromides under Aerobic Conditions when using Bulk Water or Deep Eutectic Solvents with no Additional Ligands
Authors: Dilauro Giuseppe , Azzollini Claudia S. , Vitale Paola , Salomone Antonio , Perna Filippo M. , Capriati Vito
Published: February 2021

Pd‐catalyzed Negishi cross‐coupling reactions between organozinc compounds and (hetero)aryl bromides have been reported when using bulk water as the reaction medium in the presence of NaCl or the biodegradable choline chloride/urea eutectic mixture. Both C(sp3)‐C(sp2) and C(sp2)‐C(sp2) couplings have been found to proceed smoothly, with high chemoselectivity, under mild conditions (room temperature or 60 °C) in air, and in competition with protonolysis. Additional benefits include very short reaction times (20 s), good to excellent yields (up to 98 %), wide substrate scope, and the tolerance of a variety of functional groups. The proposed novel protocol is scalable, and the practicability of the method is further highlighted by an easy recycling of both the catalyst and the eutectic mixture or water.