bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Catch-Points as Strangulation Hazards in Cribs
Authors: Ridenour Marcella V.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to describe the manipulation of various lengths of neck cords by 80 2-yr.-old children. Analysis indicated that the children manipulated the neck cords, but the frequencies of these manipulations were not significantly different for the four different lengths of neck cords. The largest openings within the neck cord occurred when the children were using one or both hands to manipulate the neck cord.
Testing Specificity and Guidance Hypotheses by Manipulating Relative Frequency of KR Scheduling in Motor Skill Acquisition
Authors: Goodwin Jeff E. , Eckerson Joan M. , Voll Craig A.
Published: August 2011

This investigation tested predictions of specificity and guidance hypotheses by manipulating relative frequency of knowledge of results scheduling using a shuffleboard task. Participants were assigned to either a 100%-KR, three 50%-KR conditions (Constant, Fade, Reverse), or 00%-KR condition. Based on predictions of the specificity hypothesis, it was expected the 00%-KR condition would perform the best on a no-KR retention test. It was also expected the 100%-KR condition would perform poorly on a no-KR retention test based on predictions of the guidance hypothesis. Analysis for 55 men's and 55 women's retention did not support predictions of the specificity hypothesis and provided partial support for the guidance hypothesis.
Tactile Awareness in Children and Adults during the Production of Isolated Syllables of English
Authors: Lohman Patricia , Fucci Donald , Marinellie Sally A.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether tactile feedback is developmental in nature. 90 subjects were placed into three groups of 30 individuals each (M ages: 6.8, 10.7, and 18.8 yr.). All subjects passed a speech, language, and hearing screening. The procedure involved asking subjects to imitate the production of a syllable, then describe where the tongue was located during thar production. Following this request, subjects answered multiple-choice questions regarding (a) tongue height (high to low), (b) tongue position (front to back), (c) contact with teeth, and (d) contact with other structures within the oral cavity. Seven English phonemes (t, k, sh, r, l, and voiceless ∼lh) were presented in a consonant vowel (CV) syllable with the neutral schwa vowel. Subjects were aided by a line drawing of the oral cavity. A significant correlation was found between age and total test score. Significant differences were also found among groups on all phonemes with the exception of r and s. All subjects could describe tongue Location during the production of isolated syllables. Adults performed the task best, and young children had the most difficulty, indicating that tactile awareness may be maturational. These findings parallel those of McDonald and Aungst who in 1967 found thar idenufication of oral forms improved with age through midadolescence.
Item Difficulty of the Tactual Performance Test Location Score
Authors: Charter Richard A. , Dutra Robin L.
Published: August 2011

The item difficulty and discrimination index values for the Tactual Performance Test Location scores are presented. The difference between this and the previous item analysis of the Location score is that in this analysis the subjects' Location scores were used only if the subject correctly remembered the block.
Smiling, Frowning, and Autonomic Activity in Mildly Depressed and Nondepressed Men in Response to Emotional Imagery of Social Contexts
Authors: Gehricke Jean-Guido , Fridlund Alan J.
Published: August 2011

The study examined self-reported emotion and facial muscle and autonomic activity of depressed and nondepressed men in response to the social context of emotional situations. 20 university men, assessed on the Beck Depression Inventory, were asked to imagine happy and sad situations with and without visualizing other people. No differences were found between men classified as depressed and nondepressed on self-reported emotion and facial muscle activity. Smiling did not show differences between social contexts although self-reported happiness was increased during happy-social compared to happy-solitary imagery. Adjusting smiling for social context differences in happiness showed less smiling during happy-social than during happy-solitary imagery. In contrast, self-reported sadness and frowning were greater during sad-social compared to sad-solitary imagery. No differences between social contexts were found when frowning was adjusted for social context differences in sadness. Depressed-scoring men showed higher mean heart rate during sad-social than sad-solitary imagery whereas nondepressed-scoring men showed higher mean heart rate during happy-social compared to happy-solitary imagery. The results indicate that men may frown more when sad but generally do not smile more during happy-social imagery, independent of depression. Depressed mood may affect heart rate during sad imagery but may not alter facial muscle activity and self-reported emotion in men.
Tonguedness in Cats
Authors: Reiß Michael , Reiß Gilfe
Published: August 2011

The present study describes a preferential tongue movement in cats, suggesting a so-called “tonguedness” also in animals. 8 cats (66.7%) showed right-tonguedness and 3 left-tonguedness.
Comparison of Sport Achievement Orientation between Wheelchair and Able-Bodied Basketball Athletes
Authors: Skordilis E. K. , Koutsouki D. , Asonitou K. , Evans E. , Jensen B.
Published: August 2011

Differences in sport achievement orientations between 31 recreational wheelchair and 76 able-bodied basketball athletes were tested. Athletes from the New England region completed the three subscales of the Sport Orientation Questionnaire (competitiveness, win orientation, and goal orientation). Wheelchair athletes responded higher on the Competitiveness and Goal Orientation subscales. In discriminative function analysis competitiveness scores were the only significant discriminator between the two groups.
Recognition of Items Added to or Deleted from Scenes: Method of Alterations, Type of Alterations, and Salience
Authors: Ando Michiyo
Published: August 2011

The present study investigated which variable correlated with recognition the most of three variables (method of alteration: Introduction or Restoration, type of alteration: Addition or Deletion, and Salience). Stimuli were pictures of scenes. An item was deleted from an original photograph (deletion change) or the deleted item was restored (addition change). Participants in the Introduction condition viewed original pictures in the learning phase and recognized changed pictures (additions or deletions) in the test phase, and participants in the Restoration condition viewed changed pictures in the learning phase and recognized original pictures in the test phase. Other participants rated salience of the changed items. Analysis showed that an effect of method of alteration was observed only for Deletion and an effect of type of alteration was observed only for Introduction. That we found method of alteration held for pictures of cats, geometric figures, and scenes (present study) shows the robustness of the effects of the method of alteration. The reason of this robustness requires further investigation.
Acquisition of Expertise on a Difficult Perceptual-Motor Task by an Amnesic Patient
Authors: Winter W. E.
Published: August 2011

While numerous studies have reported learning of perceptual-motor skills by amnesic patients, few if any have documented the eventual acquisition of expertise on a given task. This paper recounts the learning of the computer game Tetris by a hippocampal amnesic, whose acquisition of the task in a formal evaluation was somewhat slower than that of a comparison group, but who after many hours of self-paced practice achieved expert-level play
Effects of Manual versus Voice-Activated Dialing during Simulated Driving
Authors: Jenness James W. , Lattanzio Raymond J. , O'Toole Maura , Taylor Nancy , Pax Christina
Published: August 2011

We measured driving performance (lane-keeping errors, driving times, and glances away from the road scene) in a video driving simulator for 24 volunteers who each drove alone on a 10.6-km multicurved course while simultaneously placing calls on a mobile phone subscribed to a voice-activated dialing system. Driving performance also was measured for the same distance while participants manually dialed phone numbers and while they drove without dialing. There were 22% fewer lane-keeping errors ( p<.01) and 56% fewer glances away from [he road scene ( p<.01) when they used voice-activated dialing as compared to manual dialing. Significantly longer driving times in both of the dialing conditions as compared to the No Dialing condition are discussed in terms of the hypothesis that drivers decrease driving speed to compensate for the demands of the secondary phone tasks.
Task Shifting in Dual-Task Settings
Authors: Hsieh Shulan
Published: August 2011

When a participant is asked to perform two tasks in alternation, their mean reaction times were slower than when they performed the same tasks repeatedly. This “shift cost” has been hypothesized to reflect the time course of a single central executive that exerts control over thought and actions in task shifting. This study attempted to test this hypothesis using dual-task methodology. Participants were asked to carry out both a subtracting task and a rule-shifting task simultaneously. The main interest is to examine the effect of dual task on the magnitude of shift cost. The results showed that performing a concurrent subtracting task significantly interfered with the shifting operation resulting in over-additive time cost for shifting of task set. We further suggest that such interference may arise from the competition between activations of various rules.
Association of Field Dependence and Color-Coding to Male Students' Achievement
Authors: Dwyer Francis M. , Moore David M.
Published: August 2011

This study concerned the relationship of field dependence and differentially color-coded materials (black-and-white and colored) with 56 male students' achievement. Significant differences were found in favor of the 21 field-independent men on the Total Criterion Test. Nonsignificant differences were found on the color-coding variable. A surprising and unexpected result was that the field-dependent men who viewed the black and white materials scored significantly higher than the 4 who viewed the color-coded materials.
Promoting Balance and Jumping Skills in Children with down Syndrome
Authors: Wang Wai-Yi , Ju Yun-Huei
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in balance and qualitative and quantitative jumping performances by 20 children with Down syndrome (3 to 6 years) on jumping lessons. 30 typical children ages 3 to 6 years were recruited as a comparison group. Before the jumping lesson, a pretest was given subjects for balance and jumping skill measures based on the Motor Proficiency and Motor Skill Inventory, respectively. Subjects with Down syndrome received 3 sessions on jumping per week for 6 weeks but not the typical children. Then, a posttest was administered to all subjects. Analysis of covariance showed the pre- and posttest differences on scores for floor walk, beam walk, and horizontal and vertical jumping by subjects with Down syndrome were significantly greater than those for the typical children.
Goal-Setting Protocol in Adherence to Exercise by Italian Adults
Authors: Annesi James J.
Published: August 2011

A goal-setting protocol, based on research in goal setting and performance and personal construct theory, was tested for its effect on adherence to a new exercise program. The Goal-setting group ( n = 50) had significantly less dropout (30%) than the control group ( n = 50) (74%). The Goal-setting group also had significantly better attendance ( p<.0001). Suggestions for increasing confidence in findings through further research and practical implications of using the protocol to improve exercise maintenance across settings were discussed.
Self-Motivation Moderates Effect of Exercise-Induced Feelings on Adherence
Authors: Annesi James J.
Published: August 2011

The effect of cardiovascular exercise-induced feeling state changes on exercise program attendance was assessed with mixed-sex, adult new exercisers ( N = 72) using the Exercise-induced Feeling Inventory. Positive/Nonpositive patterns of after-exercise affective change were not significantly associated with attendance. When participants' scores on the Self-motivation Inventory of 1980 were analyzed, a significant portion of the variance in attendance ( R2 = .10, F = 3.94, p<.03) was explained. A similar, but not significant R2 of .07 was noted when the single Exercise-induced Feeling Inventory subscale of Physical Exhaustion was assessed using the same multiple regression method. Implications for adherence of new exercisers and its dependence on self-motivation and exercise-induced changes in feeling states were discussed. The need to replicate findings across various types of participant, exercise, and setting was emphasized.
Perceptions of Unconditional and Conditional Worth among College Students
Authors: Lockhart Barbara Day , Merrill Ray M. , Bird Justin S.
Published: August 2011

Self-esteem scales tend to represent conditional perceptions of self-esteem. The Worth Index has been previously validated as an effective measure for identifying both conditional and unconditional perceptions of worth. We administered the Worth Index to 1,161 college-aged students at Brigham Young University to assess their current perceptions of unconditional and conditional worth. Both men and women agreed more strongly with items involving unconditional worth than conditional worth. A negative correlation was found between ratings of unconditional and conditional worth. Women had lower unconditional worth scores than men, which was related to being more likely to wish they were someone else, desire to have a better body, and to being concerned about weight. Agreement with two overview measures of self-esteem involving a “good” sense of self and stability of self-esteem was positively associated with agreement on statements about unconditional worth. This research shows the importance of incorporating unconditional worth into self-esteem measures.
Perceptual Distortion of Intrapersonal and Near-Personal Space Sensed by Proprioception
Authors: Naito Eiichi
Published: August 2011

It is known that the illusory displacement of a vibrated limb con be tiansferred to a nonvibrated contacted limb. The purpose of this study was to quantify and compare the transferred illusory displacements occurring in the intrapersonal and near-personal space. In two tasks, 8 male and 8 female blindfolded subjects estimated (1) the height of the left elbow and (2) the height of an external object located at the same height as the left elbow, by the proprioception of the right arm which was subject to illusory displacement. If the internal representation of the left elbow in one's body schema could provide precise information of its static position independently of the proprioception of the right arm, the perceived displacement of the right arm might be smaller when influenced by proprioceptive information from the static left arm, than when in contrast instead with an object which is not a body part. There was no difference in the estimation of illusory displacement between male and female subjects and between right and left arms. No significant difference was observed between transferred displacements of the left elbow and the object. This means that the perception of limb position sensed by the proprioception of another limb can be distorted as easily as the perception of location of an external object. This suggests that the internal representation of static limb position is not enough to provide the correct information of current limb position in the absence of vision.
The Bizarreness Effect and Individual Differences in Imaging Ability
Authors: Toyota Hiroshi
Published: August 2011

The bizarreness effect refers to the superior performance in recall of bizarre sentences as compared to common sentences. The subjects studied each target word and in Exp. 1 rated its congruity with its sentence frame. In Exp. 2 they rated the vividness of the image for each sentence frame in which it was included. Four types of sentence frames were provided: bizarre image sentences, bizarre nonimage sentences, common image sentences, and common nonimage sentences. Good imagers and poor imagers were assessed on the Questionnaire Upon Mental Imagery. Both experiments showed that good imagers recalled target words in bizarre image sentences better than target words in common image sentences A difference between the two sentence types was not observed for poor imagers. The differences between bizarre nonimage sentences and common nonimage sentences were not found for both type of imagers. The results were interpreted as showing that a difference in imaging ability was critical for the occurrence of a bizarreness effect.
Memory of Elapsed Time and Feeling of Time Discrepancy
Authors: Shimojima Yumi
Published: August 2011

In dating past events, one sometimes recalls inaccurate dates and tends to estimate recent events too remotely and remote events too recently (telescoping). On the other hand, even when one knows the exact dates of events, subjective time could be elastic and often different from objective time. This Feeling of Time Discrepancy between objective and subjective elapsed times was examined with two autobiographical events. Results showed that (1) subjects reported a discrepancy even if the exact dates of events were known and (2) the discrepancy for entrance into university was higher than that for graduation from high school, even when they happened at almost same time. The results are discussed in terms of “location” and “distance” theories, Kemp's 1999 associative model of dating, and Conway's 2000 self-memory system. Autobiographical memory may be organized in terms of present self-concept with our past fitted to the present self-concept. However, if autobiographical memory changes greatly, we cannot share autobiographical memory with other people. We may be adapted to the present life by making only a sense of the subjective elapsed time of each event change with the accurate time information of the autobiographical facts held.
Relationship between Team Identification and Trait Aggression: A Replication
Authors: Wann Daniel L. , Shelton Sarah , Smith Tony , Walker Rhonda
Published: August 2011

Research yielded no significant relationship between sport fandom and trait aggression. The current study replicated previous efforts using the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, an updated version of the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory In contrast to past work, the current study did yield a significant relationship between fandom and aggression for men.
Horizontal-Vertical Illusion: Continuous Decrement or the Deviant First Guess?
Authors: Raudsepp Jaanus
Published: August 2011

Numerous studies have reported that repetitive or extensive inspection leads to short-term decrement of the horizontal–vertical illusion. The present experiment explored whether this decrement reflects a gradual decline, as previously assumed, or is better described as a singular drop-off beyond the initial evaluation. 111 student participants adjusted vertical or horizontal lines such that they appeared equally long with a perpendicular standard. There were 8 successive adjustment trials for each subject. The results suggest that a substantial component of the illusion depends on the first impression assessment. The earlier anatomical and cognitive theories of the horizontal–vertical illusion cannot incorporate this datum. However, recent findings suggest that a motor theory of illusion might accommodate the observed one-step decrement in the illusion.
Karate and Aggressiveness among Eight-Year-Old Boys
Authors: Reynes Eric , Lorant Jean
Published: August 2011

This report is an addendum to Reynes and Lorant's study (2002). From a small karate group of 9 boys assessed for aggressiveness analysis yielded no significant variations of aggressiveness after one year of karate training but showed differences between karate and judo training which requires further investigation.
Young Korean Athletes' Goal Orientation and Sources of Enjoyment
Authors: Yoo Jin , Kim Byoung-Jun
Published: August 2011

Feeling of enjoyment plays a critical role in sport participation and adherence. The purposes of this study were to (a) identify specific sources of enjoyment in the context of Korean youth sport and (b) examine the conceptual link between goal orientation and the sources of enjoyment in youth sport. A total of 334 middle school athletes (244 boys, 90 girls; ages 12 to 18 years), representing 17 schools in Seoul, participated. They responded to the Korean version of the Task and Ego Orientation Questionnaire in Sport and an open-ended item designed to identify sources of enjoyment. Content analysis of the responses resulted in nine enjoyment categories, including winning and competition, social recognition and rewards, health and fitness, and perceived competence. Chi squared analyses provided initial evidence for the conceptual link between goal orientation and sources of enjoyment. The athletes scoring high on task orientation more frequently reported self-referenced sources of enjoyment, e.g., health and fitness, psychological benefit, while the athletes high on ego orientation more frequently identified social recognition and rewards as their enjoyment sources. These results were discussed within the frame of goal orientation theory and cross-cultural perspectives.
Active Inhibition of Stuttering Results in Pseudofluency: A Reply to Craig
Authors: Dayalu Vikram N. , Kalinowski Joseph , Saltuklaroglu Tim
Published: August 2011

Craig discussed fluency outcomes following stuttering therapy that involved retraining the speech system, on the assumption that the speech end product is truly fluent. As previously outlined by Dayalu and Kalinowski, we strongly disagree with the notion that behavioral paradigms can ever result in automatic, long lasting natural sounding fluent speech. Fluent speech is within the grasp of one who stutters as seen in the effects of choral speech and derivatives such as delayed auditory feedback.
Psychophysiological Comparison of Self-Efficacy and Resting Heart Rate
Authors: Wiggins Matthew S.
Published: August 2011

This study was used to assess the premise that lower resting heart rates should be associated with higher scores on self-efficacy for exercisers. A total of 64 participants, 29 men and 35 women ranging in age from 18 to 38 years old ( M = 23.22, SD = 4.19), currently participating in an exercise program at a fitness center, were assessed using the Exercise Specific Self-efficacy Scale to measure general individual self-efficacy, along with obtaining resting heart rates. Participants were separated into three different groups based on individual resting heart-rate values. Results for a 2 (sex) by 3 (heart rate) two-way analysis of variance indicated a significant difference in self-efficacy scores ( F2.58 = 3.24, p<.05) among the three groups. No interaction or main effect for sex was found.
Effects of Differing Durations and Intensities of Cardiovascular Exercise on Aversion and Feeling States in New Women Exercisers
Authors: Annesi James J.
Published: August 2011

20 previously sedentary women completed three assigned cardiovascular exercise protocols, each of varying lengths (15 to 25 min.) and intensities. No statistically significant difference was found on measures of pre to postexercise changes in feeling states, or aversion, between protocols. Findings suggest that, contrary to previous research, longer exercise sessions may not always be less acceptable to participants than shorter ones, especially when a “cool down” period is added at the end Assigned exercise durations and intensities may, however, be less likely to be associated with positive postexercise changes in feelings than self-selected amounts.
Fluency Outcomes following Treatment for Those Who Stutter
Authors: Craig Ashley R.
Published: August 2011

The efficacy of treatment therapies for stuttering has been questioned recently by Dayalu and Kalinowski. Aspects put forward that raise doubts about stuttering treatment efficacy included posttreatment unnatural speech and high relapse rates. However, this paper examines these claims and puts forward counterclaims suggesting that at least some stuttering therapies have been shown by the best available research to be efficacious.
Note on Learners' Control of the Frequency of Model Presentation during Skill Acquisition
Authors: Wrisberg Craig A. , Pein Richard L.
Published: August 2011

Learners (30 men, 15 women in three groups), given an opportunity to control the frequency with which they viewed a model during initial practice of the badminton long serve, acquired and retained a level of movement form that was equivalent to learners who viewed the model 100% of the time and significantly superior to learners who never viewed the model.
Relation of Burnout with Lack of Time for Being with Significant others, Role Conflict, Cohesion, and Self-Confidence among Norwegian Olympic Athletes
Authors: Kjøormo Odd , Halvari Hallgeir
Published: August 2011

We studied the relationship of burnout with environmental and personal characteristics such as lack of time for being with significant others outside sport, cohesion in training groups, role conflict, and self-confidence among 136 elite athletes. Analysis indicated that the mean Burnout scores were in the low range. Cohesion in training groups and Self-confidence were negatively associated with Burnout, whereas Lack of time to be with significant others and Role conflict were positively associated with Burnout scores. Results are in accordance with Coakley's 1992 conception of burnout explained as a social problem, Kahn's 1978 hypothesis that role conflict is positively correlated with stress and burnout, and Smith's 1986 hypothesis that personality factors such as self-confidence should be associated with cognitive appraisal of situational demands related to burnout.
Performance Satisfaction and Postcompetition Mood among Runners: Moderating Effects of Depression
Authors: Lane Andrew M. , Lane Helen , Firth Susan
Published: August 2011

This study examined the influence of postcompetition depressed mood on the intensity of other mood dimensions assessed by the Profile of Mood States and relationships between mood and satisfaction with performance. 195 distance runners completed the Brunel Mood Scale which is a 24-item measure assessing anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, tension, and vigor, and a Performance Satisfaction questionnaire immediately after running a 10-mi. race. To examine the proposed moderating effect of depression, participants were separated into a No-depression group of 133 and a Depressed Mood group of 62. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated that the Depressed Mood group reported significantly higher scores on Anger, Confusion, Fatigue, and Tension and lower Vigor scores than the No-depression group. t ratios indicated that poorer performance was associated with higher Depression scores. Standard multiple regression to predict Performance Satisfaction scores from postcompetition scores on Anger, Confusion, Fatigue, Tension, and Vigor in the No-depression group indicated that only 1% ( Adj. R2 = .01, p>.05) of the variance was explained. By contrast, in the Depressed Mood group, the same mood dimensions predicted 27.5% of the variance in Performance Satisfaction scores ( Adj. R2 = .275, p<.01) with Anger ( Beta = .63, p<.00), and Confusion ( Beta = .44, p<.05) being significant predictors. Present findings support the notion that depressed mood is related to the intensity of other mood dimensions assessed by the Profile of Mood States and moderates relationships between those scores and performance satisfaction.
Determinants for Stair Climbing by Elderly from Muscle Morphology
Authors: Masuda Kazumi , Kim Jundong , Kinugasa Ryuta , Tanabe Kai , Kuno Shin-Ya
Published: August 2011

The relationship between muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) of the hip joint and lower extremities and speed of stair ascent/descent was investigated in a sample of 127 elderly women (ages: 60–70 years old). The participants performed ascent and descent of stairs with 12 steps for which the speeds for ascent and descent separately from video film were calculated. The ascent speed significantly correlated with CSAs of knee extensor ( r = .21, p<.05) and psoas major muscle ( r = .25, p<.01), which were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. The descent speed also correlated with CSAs of the same muscle groups (with knee extensor: r = .20, p<.05, with m. psoas major: r = .18, p<.05). The rest of the muscle groups were not related to the ascent/descent speeds of the step. These results suggested that the muscle mass of the knee extensor muscle group and also the psoas major muscle could be a factor in potential capacity in stair ascent/descent by humans.
Reactivity and Event-Related Potentials in Attentional Tests: Effect of Training
Authors: Fontani Giuliano , Lodi Leda
Published: August 2011

To study the effects of training on reactivity and event-related potentials a complex attentional shifting test involving reaction time was administered (Test 1) to 24 healthy, young students. After five days, 12 subjects were tested with the same procedure (Test 2) without training (Untrained Subjects) while 12 repeated the test at the fifth day after four days of training (Trained Subjects). During Tests 1 and 2, event-related potentials were recorded by electroencephalogram. The task consisted of each subject responding to a stimulus of a letter appearing in the centre of a geometric figure on the screen of a computer monitor. In the prestimulus period black points were drawn and crowded randomly into a zone of the screen. The geometric figure and the letter were shown in the centre of the crowding. There were two letters and four geometric figures randomly combined in different ways. The subject had to press different keys of the computer keyboard when specific combinations appeared. The averaged event-related potentials were characterized by a negative wave with a close relationship to selective attention before the onset of the stimulus of a geometric figure followed by letters. After the stimulus onset, a P3 complex was recorded. Trained subjects were no different from untrained subjects in Test 1, while in Test 2 they had a shorter reaction time, an earlier peak of the selective attention related wave and P3, and a higher amplitude for the P3 complex. These measures and the correlations between them can be considered an index of the training effect. Thus, these tests could be used for evaluation of the attentional style and its modification with training.
Phantom Smelling
Authors: Grouios George
Published: August 2011

A case of phantom smelling (phantosmia) is described in a 28-yr.-old man who developed permanent bilateral anosmia after a serious injury to olfaction-related brain structures at the age of 25 years. The findings indicate that, even years after loss of input from olfactory receptors, the neural representation of olfactory perception can still recreate olfactory sensations without any conscious recall of them. This indicates that the neural representation of olfactory sensations remains functional and implies that neuronal activity in the olfactory organ or in other brain structures gives rise to olfactory experiences perceived as originating from the perception of original odor substances. The report suggests the intriguing possibility that the olfactory perception is not a passive process that merely reflects its normal input from the olfactory system but is continuously generated by a neural representation in the olfactory organ or in other olfaction-related brain structures, based on both genetic and sensory determinants. To the author's knowledge this is the first reported case of its kind.
Measurement of Ventilatory Threshold by Respiratory Frequency
Authors: Nabetani Teru , Ueda Takeshi , Teramoto Keisuke
Published: August 2011

This study was conducted to assess whether respiratory frequency can be used as a valid parameter for estimating ventilatory threshold and for examining differences in exercise modes such as a cycle ergometer and a treadmill. 24 men and 12 women performed an incremental exercise test to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer and on a treadmill. Oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide output, pulmonary ventilation, ventilatory frequency, and heart rate were measured continuously every 30 sec. during the test. Three different and independent reviewers detected the ventilatory threshold point and break point of respiratory rate, which were then compared. Analysis indicated that (1) ventilatory threshold was well correlated with break point of respiratory rate for both cycle ( r = .88, p<.001) and treadmill exercise ( r = .96, p<.001). However, on the average, ventilatory threshold was only 71% (cycle) or 88% (treadmill) of break point of respiratory rare. (2) The regression equation for treadmill exercise was more accurate than that for cycling, but the detected data samples were smaller. The break point of respiratory rate was more easily detected for the cycle ergometer test (33 of 36 subjects) than for the treadmill test (only 15 of 36). The cycle ergometer test identified the break point of respiratory rate more easily than did the treadmill test. (3) There was an association between physical fitness and whether the break point of respiratory rate was detectable, and the more fit the subject (above average), the more likely the break point was to be undetected. Our study demonstrates that the break point of respiratory rate is closely associated with ventilatory threshold and that the cycle ergometer test is more conducive than the treadmill test to the detectability of break point of respiratory rate.
Urine Alarms and Prompts for Fostering Daytime Urinary Continence in a Student with Multiple Disabilities: A Replication Study
Authors: Lancioni G. E. , Van Bergen I. , Furniss F.
Published: August 2011

The study evaluated a treatment approach based on urine-alarm signals and staff prompts to foster daytime urinary continence of a student with multiple disabilities. Reinforcement was used for urination in the toilet. The study alternated two baseline with two treatment phases. A 3-mo. follow-up also occurred. The student became almost totally free from large urinary accidents, replacing them with self-initiated toileting and small accidents (wetting only a disposable tissue), and retained his improvement over time. Implications of the findings were discussed.
Velocity, Occlusion, and Sex of Subjects in Coincidence of Anticipation
Authors: Harrold Darin , Kozar Bill
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to assess effects of velocity, occlusion distance, and sex on coincidence of anticipation. The Bassin anticipation timer was used to test 25 men and 25 women when velocity was .69 m/sec. and 1.38 m/sec. or “slow” and “fast”, and occlusion distances of zero, 1.06 m and 2.12 m were “zero,” “small,” and “large” on a 4.25-m length of track. There were six test conditions. Analysis showed that increased occlusion distances produced increased absolute, constant, and variable error scores. A significant interaction of velocity and occlusion appeared for all error measures. With an increase in occlusion distance at the slow velocity constant error increased in the positive direction or early response while at the fast velocity a similar increase in constant errors was seen but in the negative direction or late response. Under zero occlusion the expectation that performance at the fast velocity would be more accurate and show less variability than at the slow velocity was not supported. Also, sex did not significantly affect anticipation time in any condition or on any error measures.
Remote Viewing with the Artist Ingo Swann: Neuropsychological Profile, Electroencephalographic Correlates, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and Possible Mechanisms
Authors: Persinger M. A. , Roll W. G. , Tiller S. G. , Koren S. A. , Cook C. M.
Published: August 2011

In the present study, the artist Ingo Swann, who helped develop the process of remote viewing (awareness of distant objects or places without employing normal senses), was exposed during a single setting of 30 min. to specific patterns of circumcerebral magnetic fields that significantly altered his subjective experiences. Several times during subsequent days, he was asked to sit in a quiet chamber and to sketch and to describe verbally distant stimuli (pictures or places) beyond his normal senses. The proportions of unusual 7-Hz spike and slow wave activity over the occipital lobes per trial were moderately correlated ( rho= .50) with the ratings of accuracy between these distal, hidden stimuli and his responses. A neuropsychological assessment and Magnetic Resonance Imaging indicated a different structural and functional organization within the parieto-occipital region of the subject's right hemisphere from organizations typically noted. The results suggest that this type of paranormal phenomenon, often dismissed as methodological artifact or accepted as proofs of spiritual existence, is correlated with neurophysiological processes and physical events. Remote viewing may be enhanced by complex experimentally generated magnetic fields designed to interact with the neuromagnetic “binding facror” of consciousness.
Two Ways Related to Performance in Elite Sport: The Path of Self-Confidence and Competitive Anxiety and the Path of Group Cohesion and Group Goal-Clarity
Authors: Kjørmo Odd , Halvari Hallgeir
Published: August 2011

A model tested among 136 Norwegian Olympic-level athletes yielded two paths related to performance. The first path indicated that self-confidence, modeled as an antecedent of competitive anxiety, is negatively correlated with anxiety. Competitive anxiety in turn is negatively correlated with performance. The second path indicated that group cohesion is positively correlated with group goal-clarity, which in turn is positively correlated with performance. Competitive anxiety mediates the relation between self-confidence and performance, whereas group goal-clarity mediates the relation between group cohesion and performance. Results from multiple regression analyses supported the model in the total sample and among individual sport athletes organized in training groups ( n = 100). Among team sport athletes ( n 36), personality and group measures are more strongly intercorrelated than among individual sport athletes, and the relation with performance is more complex for the former group. The interaction of self-confidence and competitive anxiety is related to performance among team sport athletes.
Perceptual Judgment of Voice Pitch during Pitch-Matching Tasks
Authors: Schueller Marianne , Fucci Donald , Bond Z. S.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the perceptual judgment of voice pitch. 24 individuals were assigned to two groups to assess whether there is a difference in perceptual judgment of voice during pitch-matching tasks. Group I, Naïve listeners, had no previous experience in anatomy, physiology, or voice pitch-evaluation methods. Group II, Experienced listeners, were master's level speech-language pathologists having completed academic training in evaluation of voice. Both groups listened to identical stimuli, which required matching audiotaped voice-pitch samples of a male and female voice to a note on an electronic keyboard. The experiment included two tasks. The first task assessed pitch range, which required marching of the lowest and highest voice pitch of both a male and female speaker singing /a/ to a note on a keyboard. The second task assessed habitual pitch, which required matching of the voice pitch of a word spoken by a male and female speaker to a note on a keyboard. A one-way analysis of variance indicated a significant difference between groups occurred for only one of four conditions measured, perceptual judgment of the female pitch range. No differences between groups were found in the perceptual judgments of the male pitch range or during perceptual judgment of the female or male habitual pitch, suggesting that the skill possessed by speech-language pathology students is no different from that of inexperienced listeners.
Comparison of Constant and Variable Practice Conditions on Free-Throw Shooting
Authors: Shoenfelt Elizabeth L. , Snyder Leslie A. , Maue Allison E. , McDowell C. Patrick , Woolard Christopher D.
Published: August 2011

The proposition that variable practice may be superior to constant practice even for consistent transfer situations was tested on a prototypical consistently performed skill, the basketball free throw. 94 participants were matched on free-throw shooting, then randomly assigned to one of four practice conditions, a Constant condition, i.e., at the free-throw line, and three Variable conditions. Under supervision participants practiced shooting free throws four days a week for three weeks. Three substantially different variable practice conditions produced significant improvement similar to that of constant practice on tests during each week of practice and on a delayed retention test. Consistent with the proposition, the most variable practice group performed as well as the other groups on the retention test despite lower practice performance.
Application of Hidden Markov Models on Residuals: An Example Using Canadian Traffic Accident Data
Authors: Laverty W. H. , Miket M. J. , Kelly I. W.
Published: August 2011

Laverty, Kelly, Rotton, and Flynn conducted a regression analysis in 1992 on 9 years of automobile accidents in Saskatchewan (a total of 200,545 accidents) to find a small linear trend, season effects, holiday, and day of the week effects. The application of a hidden Markov model to the residuals of this analysis uncovered two states which are likely to be related to the weather. These states can be described as ‘low volatility’ and ‘high volatility’. The ‘low volatility’ state involves low variability compared to the ‘high volatility’ state (occurring during the colder months) during which the largest numbers of accidents occur. It is suggested that hidden Markov models are a useful method for uncovering hidden, underlying states in social science and health-related data.
Effects of Fixed Ratio Schedules of Reinforcement on Exercise by College Students
Authors: Cohen Steven L. , Chelland Sara , Ball Kevin T. , LeMura Linda M.
Published: August 2011

Response-contingent reinforcement was expected to increase the time spent riding a stationary exercise cycle by college women. A single-subject experimental design was used. Three college-age women rode a stationary cycle until they were either too tired to continue or until 45 minutes elapsed. Video clips were used to reinforce cycling in the first part of the experiment. Under some conditions, no video clips were presented (baseline). In other conditions, the video was on for the entire session or 25 sec. of video was presented after the completion of FR 40 (40 rotations of the cycle's pedals) or 80 (80 rotations of the cycle's pedals) schedules. In the second part of the experiment, money was presenred following every 20 (FR 20) or 40 (FR 40) rotations of the cycle's pedals. The time spent riding the cycle increased over the baseline when video clips were presented. No consistent differences were observed when the video clips were on for the entire session and when they were presented under FR 40 and FR 80 schedules. For one out of two participants, monetary reward increased the time spent riding the cycle. The data suggest that reinforcement schedules are a means of initiating and maintaining adherence to an exercise program.
Disturbance Effect of Music on Processing of Verbal and Spatial Memories
Authors: Iwanaga Makoto , Ito Takako
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the present study was to examine the disturbance effect of music on performances of memory tasks. Subjects performed a verbal memory task and a spatial memory task in 4 sound conditions, including the presence of vocal music, instrumental music, a natural sound (murmurings of a stream), and no music. 47 undergraduate volunteers were randomly assigned to perform tasks under each condition. Perceived disturbance was highest under the vocal music condition regardless of the type of task. A disturbance in performance by music was observed only with the verbal memory task under the vocal and the instrumental music conditions. These findings were discussed from the perspectives of the working memory hypothesis and the changing state model.
Scale Construction for Measuring Adolescent Boys' and Girls' Attitudes, Beliefs, Perception of Control, and Intention to Engage in Leisure-Time Physical Activity
Authors: Kerner Mathew S. , Kalinski Michael I.
Published: August 2011

Using the Theory of Planned Behavior as a framework, the Attitude to Leisure-time Physical Activity, Expectations of Others, Perceived Control, and Intention to Engage in Leisure-time Physical Activity scales were developed for use among high school students. The study population included 20 boys and 68 girls 13 to 17 years of age (for boys, M=15.1 yr., SD=1.0; for girls, M= 15.0 yr., SD= 1.1). Generation of items and the establishment of content validity were performed by professionals in exercise physiology, physical education, and clinical psychology. Each scale item was phrased in a Likert type format. Both unipolar and bipolar scales with seven response choices were developed. Following the pilot testing and subsequent revisions, 32 items were retained in the Attitude to Leisure-time Physical Activity scale. 10 items were retained in the Expectations of Others scale, 3 items were retained in the Perceived Control Scale, and 24 items were retained in the Intention to Engage in Leisure-time Physical Activity scale. Coefficients indicated adequate stability and internal consistency with α ranging from .81 to .96. Studies of validities are underway, after which scales would be made available to those interested in intervention techniques for promoting positive attitudes toward physical fitness, perception of control over engaging in leisure-lime physical activities, and good intentions to engage in leisure-time physical activities. The present results arc encouraging.
Deformation of the Useful Visual Field with State of Vigilance, Task Priority, and Central Task Complexity
Authors: Rogé Joceline , Kielbasa Laetitia , Muzet Alain
Published: August 2011

In a dual-task situation, peripheral perception can deteriorate due to different variables related to the experimental situation, such as central task complexity and the relative priority given to the two tasks. Recent studies have also shown that individual characteristics (such as the state of vigilance) can alter the useful visual field. The ability to perceive signals presented at different places in the visual field decreases in situations that lead to episodes of low vigilance. In Exp. 1, 27 subjects (18–29 years) had to perform a monotonous and prolonged dual-monitoring task involving central and peripheral vision. The test was carried out with two different sets of instructions regarding priority, the more important task was either the central task or the peripheral one. In Exp, 2, 18 subjects (18–30 years) performed the same test, but this time with two levels of complexity of the central task, either a simple monitoring activity or the same monitoring task coupled with a counting activity. Elliptical interpolation of the data enabled assessment of the deformation of the useful visual field in both experiments. The analysis of the parameters of the elliptical model indicated that the useful visual field mainly shrinks on the vertical axis, as the individual becomes drowsy. The useful visual field also shrinks on the horizontal axis when the peripheral task has priority and the monitoring activity is prolonged, or when the central task is complex.