bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Replication of plasmids derived from Shiga toxin-converting bacteriophages in starved Escherichia coli
Authors: Nejman Bożena , Nadratowska-Wesołowska Beata , Szalewska-Pałasz Agnieszka , Węgrzyn Alicja , Węgrzyn Grzegorz
Published: September 2010

The pathogenicity of Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC) depends on the expression ofstxgenes that are located on lambdoid prophages. Effective toxin production occurs only after prophage induction, and one may presume that replication of the phage genome is important for an increase in the dosage ofstxgenes, positively influencing their expression. We investigated the replication of plasmids derived from Shiga toxin (Stx)-converting bacteriophages in starvedE. colicells, as starvation conditions may be common in the intestine of infected humans. We found that, unlike plasmids derived from bacteriophageλ, the Shiga toxin phage-derived replicons did not replicate in amino acid-starvedrelA+andrelA−cells (showing the stringent and relaxed responses to starvation, respectively). The presence of the stable fraction of the replication initiator O protein was detected in all tested replicons. However, while ppGpp, the stringent response effector, inhibited the activities of theλPRpromoter and its homologues from Shiga toxin-converting bacteriophages, these promoters, except forλPR, were only weakly stimulated by the DksA protein. We suggest that this less efficient (relative toλ) positive regulation of transcription responsible for transcriptional activation of theorigincontributes to the inhibition of DNA replication initiation of Shiga toxin-converting bacteriophages in starved host cells, even in the absence of ppGpp (as in starvedrelA−hosts). Possible clinical implications of these results are discussed.
6S RNA regulation of relA alters ppGpp levels in early stationary phase
Authors: Cavanagh Amy T. , Chandrangsu Pete , Wassarman Karen M.
Published: September 2010

6S RNA is a small, non-coding RNA that interacts directly withσ70-RNA polymerase and regulates transcription at manyσ70-dependent promoters. Here, we demonstrate that 6S RNA regulates transcription ofrelA, which encodes a ppGpp synthase. The 6S RNA-dependent regulation ofrelAexpression results in increased ppGpp levels during early stationary phase in cells lacking 6S RNA. These changes in ppGpp levels, although modest, are sufficient to result in altered regulation of transcription fromσ70-dependent promoters sensitive to ppGpp, including those promoting expression of genes involved in amino acid biosynthesis and rRNA. These data place 6S RNA as another player in maintaining appropriate gene expression as cells transition into stationary phase. Independent of this ppGpp-mediated 6S RNA-dependent regulation, we also demonstrate that in later stationary phase, 6S RNA continues to downregulate transcription in general, and specifically at a subset of the amino acid promoters, but through a mechanism that is independent of ppGpp and which we hypothesize is through direct regulation. In addition, 6S RNA-dependent regulation ofσSactivity is not mediated through observed changes in ppGpp levels. We suggest a role for 6S RNA in modulating transcription of several global regulators directly, includingrelA, to downregulate expression of key pathways in response to changing environmental conditions.
Peroxynitrite stress is exacerbated by flavohaemoglobin-derived oxidative stress in Salmonella Typhimurium and is relieved by nitric oxide
Authors: McLean Samantha , Bowman Lesley A. H. , Poole Robert K.
Published: September 2010

Oxidative and nitrosative stresses including nitric oxide (NO), superoxide () and peroxynitrite play key roles in determining the outcome of bacterial infections. In order to survive within the host and allow proliferation within immune cells such as macrophages,Salmonellaisolates have a number of inducible proteins that are able to detoxify these highly reactive species, notably the anoxically functioning NO reductase NorVW, and the aerobically functioning flavohaemoglobin, Hmp, which catalyses the reaction between oxygen and NO to produce relatively inert nitrate. However, in the absence of NO but in the presence of reducing substrates and oxygen,is generated from Hmp-mediated electron transfer to bound oxygen and may form a variety of further oxidative species. Hence, Hmp expression is under tight negative regulation by the transcription factor NsrR, abolition of which causes an increase in the production of Hmp. In a previous study, this increase in Hmp levels conferred resistance to the nitrosating agentS-nitrosoglutathione but, perhaps surprisingly, the organism became more sensitive to killing by macrophages. Here, we report that annsrRmutant that constitutively overexpresses Hmp is also hypersensitive to peroxynitritein vitro. This sensitivity is alleviated by deletion of thehmpgene or pre-incubation of growing bacteria with NO-releasing agents. We hypothesize that Hmp-expressing cells, in the absence of NO, generate reactive oxygen species, the toxicity of which is exacerbated by peroxynitritein vitroand in macrophages. RT-PCR confirmed that peroxynitrite causes oxidative stress and upregulation ofkatGandahpC, whilsthmpandnorVexpression are affected very little. ThekatGgene upregulated by peroxynitrite encodes a catalase peroxidase enzyme with well-established roles in detoxifying peroxides. Here, we report that KatG is also able to enhance the breakdown of peroxynitrite, suggesting that the protective role of this enzyme may be wider than previously thought. These data suggest that spatial and temporal fluctuations in the levels of NO and reactive oxygen species will have important consequences for bacterial survival in the macrophage.
Genome scanning of Amazonian Plasmodium falciparum shows subtelomeric instability and clindamycin-resistant parasites
Authors: Dharia Neekesh V. , Plouffe David , Bopp Selina E.R. , González-Páez Gonzalo E. , Lucas Carmen , Salas Carola , Soberon Valeria , Bursulaya Badry , Kochel Tadeusz J. , Bacon David J. , Winzeler Elizabeth A.
Published: September 2010

Here, we fully characterize the genomes of 14 Plasmodium falciparum patient isolates taken recently from the Iquitos region using genome scanning, a microarray-based technique that delineates the majority of single-base changes, indels, and copy number variants distinguishing the coding regions of two clones. We show that the parasite population in the Peruvian Amazon bears a limited number of genotypes and low recombination frequencies. Despite the essentially clonal nature of some isolates, we see high frequencies of mutations in subtelomeric highly variable genes and internal var genes, indicating mutations arising during self-mating or mitotic replication. The data also reveal that one or two meioses separate different isolates, showing that P. falciparum clones isolated from different individuals in defined geographical regions could be useful in linkage analyses or quantitative trait locus studies. Through pairwise comparisons of different isolates we discovered point mutations in the apicoplast genome that are close to known mutations that confer clindamycin resistance in other species, but which were hitherto unknown in malaria parasites. Subsequent drug sensitivity testing revealed over 100-fold increase of clindamycin EC50 in strains harboring one of these mutations. This evidence of clindamycin-resistant parasites in the Amazon suggests that a shift should be made in health policy away from quinine + clindamycin therapy for malaria in pregnant women and infants, and that the development of new lincosamide antibiotics for malaria should be reconsidered.
Bond catastrophes in rhodium complexes: experimental charge-density studies of [Rh(C7H8)(PtBu3)Cl] and [Rh(C7H8)(PCy3)Cl]
Authors: Sparkes Hazel A. , Chaplin Adrian B. , Weller Andrew S. , Howard Judith A. K.
Published: September 2010

Rhodium complexes have potential uses in both catalysis and promoting the cleavage of C—C bonds. In order to further our understanding of these species and their potential applications, it is vital to obtain insight into the bonding within the species, particularly the Rh—C interactions, and to this end experimental charge-density studies have been undertaken on the title complexes. High-resolution single-crystal datasets to sin θ/λ = 1.06 Å−1were obtained at 100 K and analysed using Bader's `Atoms in Molecules' (AIM) approach. The results of the studies have provided unique insights into the bonding involving rhodium and highlight the importance of undertaking such investigations for transition metal compounds.
Calorie restriction‐induced maternal longevity is transmitted to their daughters in a rotifer
Authors: Kaneko Gen , Yoshinaga Tatsuki , Yanagawa Yoshiko , Ozaki Yori , Tsukamoto Katsumi , Watabe Shugo
Published: September 2010

1 Extension of life span by food shortage, often mimicked by calorie restriction (CR) in the laboratory, is one of the most common life‐history alterations in eukaryotes. Although the life‐history of offspring often changes in response to the parental environment, it has remained ambiguous whether or not CR‐induced longevity is transmitted to the next generation.

2 Here, we investigated the effects of CR on life span, oxidative stress resistance and the expression levels of two antioxidant enzymes, catalase and manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn SOD), in the parthenogenetic rotiferBrachionus plicatilisduring two consecutive generations.

3 Rotifers under CR lived 50% longer than those fedad libitum(AL) in association with enhancement of oxidative stress resistance and increased mRNA levels of catalase and Mn SOD.

4 The daughters from the CR‐treated mothers lived 20% longer than those from the mothers fed AL regardless of food‐rich and CR conditions for the daughter. Furthermore, the daughters from the CR‐treated mothers were endowed at birth with a higher ability to resist oxidative stress and the increased mRNA levels for catalase, but not for Mn SOD. In agreement with the mRNA expression patterns, CR increased the protein levels of catalase and Mn SOD in eggs and the whole body of mothers, respectively.

5 Our results for these asexually reproducing rotifers provide the first evidence that the longevity and oxidative stress resistance resulting from CR can be passed on to subsequent generations.
Development and psychometric testing of the Health Beliefs Related to Cardiovascular Disease Scale: preliminary findings
Authors: Tovar Elizabeth Gressle , Rayens Mary Kay , Clark Michele , Nguyen Hoang
Published: September 2010

tovar e.g., rayens m.k., clark m. & nguyen h. (2010) Development and psychometric testing of the Health Beliefs Related to Cardiovascular Disease Scale: preliminary findings. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(12), 2772–2784.

Aim.  This paper is a report of an evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Health Beliefs Related to Cardiovascular Disease Scale designed to measure beliefs related to cardiovascular disease risk and diet and exercise in adults with diabetes.

Background.  Heart attack and stroke are 2–4 times more common among adults with diabetes than those without diabetes. To reduce this risk for patients with diabetes, understanding beliefs about cardiovascular disease risk and risk‐reduction strategies is important.

Methods.  Item development for the 25‐item self‐report Likert scale was guided by literature review, expert panel review and focus‐group feedback. It consists of four subscales, measuring four constructs of the Health Belief Model: perceived susceptibility and severity of cardiovascular disease and benefits and barriers to diet and exercise. A convenience sample of 178 adults with self‐reported type 2 diabetes completed the survey between August 2006 and March 2007; 42 participants completed it again 2–3 weeks later to evaluate test–retest reliability.

Results.  The instrument has more than one dimension, with the best fit identified using a two‐factor model specifying the Benefits and Susceptibility subscale items, rather than the four‐factor solution as predicted. The Susceptibility and Benefits subscales demonstrated stable factor structure and acceptable reliability (α = 0·93 and α = 0·82 respectively). The Barriers and Severity items demonstrated unstable factor structure and poor internal consistency (α = 0·70 and α = 0·61 respectively).

Conclusion.  Only the Susceptibility and Benefits subscale items can be used in their current form. The Barriers and Severity items need further refinement including revised wording with clearer focus and evaluation with a larger, more diverse sample.
Effectiveness of music intervention on the quality of life of older people
Authors: Lee Yin Yi , Chan Moon Fai , Mok Esther
Published: September 2010

lee y.y., chan m.f. & mok e. (2010) Effectiveness of music intervention on the quality of life of older people. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(12), 2677–2687.

Aim.  This paper is a report of a study of the effect of music on the quality of life of community‐dwelling older Chinese people in Hong Kong.

Background.  Older people’s quality of life can be improved by preparing for the transition into old age. Listening to music, as a vehicle for feeling, can facilitate the non‐verbal expression of emotion, reaching people’s inner feelings without being threatening, and it can be a tool for emotional catharsis.

Method.  A randomized controlled trial design was conducted from in 2007 in a community centre in Hong Kong. A total of 66 older people (31 in music group and 35 in control group), aged from 65 to 90 years were randomly assigned to undergo either a 30‐minute music intervention or a rest period for 4 weeks; quality of life outcomes were then measured.

Results.  Quality of life improved weekly in the music group, indicating a cumulative dose effect, and a statistically significantly better quality of life was found over time in each sub‐score for those in the music group compared with the controls. However, in the music group, there were no statistically significant improvements of quality of life in each sub‐score over the 4 weeks.

Conclusion.  Being engaged in music activities can help a person to connect with their life experiences and with other people, and to be more stimulated. Music is a non‐invasive, simple and inexpensive therapeutic method of improving quality of life in community‐dwelling elders.
Comparative pharmacokinetics of intravenous cephalexin in pregnant, lactating, and nonpregnant, nonlactating goats
Authors: AMBROS L. , KREIL V. , TARRAGONA L. , MONFRINOTTI A. , HALLU R. , REBUELTO M.
Published: September 2010

Ambros, L., Kreil, V., Tarragona, L., Monfrinotti, A., Hallu, R., Rebuelto, M. Comparative pharmacokinetics of intravenous cephalexin in pregnant, lactating, and nonpregnant, nonlactating goats. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.34, 397–402.

The aims of this study were to describe and compare the pharmacokinetics of a single dose of cephalexin (10 mg/kg) after its intravenous (i.v.) administration to five goats in three different physiological status: nonpregnant nonlactating (NPNL), pregnant (P) and nonpregnant lactating (L). Blood samples were collected at predetermined times, and plasma concentrations of cephalexin were measured by microbiological assay. Relevant pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using noncompartmental analysis. Statistical comparison was performed applying the nonparametric anova. No significant differences were found for cephalexin pharmacokinetic parameters between the L and the NPNL group. Median Vdss was significantly lower in pregnant goats (0.09 [0.07–0.10] L/kg) compared with NPNL goats (0.16 [0.14–0.49] L/kg). Median total Cl and Vdz were significantly lower in pregnant goats (0.25 [0.19–0.29] L/h·kg and 0.11 [0.10–0.13] L/kg, respectively) than in lactating goats (0.40 [0.32–0.57] L/h·kg and 0.20 [0.14–0.23] L/kg, respectively). Median AUC0–∞ was significantly higher in pregnant goats (37.79 [34.75–52.10] μg·h/mL) than in lactating goats (25.11 [17.44–31.14] μg·h/mL). Our study showed that even though some pharmacokinetic parameters of cephalexin are altered in pregnant and lactating goats, these differences are unlikely to be of clinical importance; therefore, no dose adjustment would be necessary during pregnancy and lactation.
Sedimentary cycles and facies architecture of aeolian–fluvial strata of the Upper Jurassic Guará Formation, southern Brazil
Authors: SCHERER CLAITON M. S. , LAVINA ERNESTO L. C.
Published: September 2010

The Upper Jurassic Guará Formation comprises an 80–200 m thick continental succession exposed in the western portion of the Rio Grande do Sul State (Brazil). It comprises four distinct facies associations: (i) simple to locally composite crescentic aeolian dune sets, (ii) aeolian sand sheets, (iii) distal floodflows, and (iv) fluvial channels. The vertical stacking of the facies associations defines several 5–14 m thick wetting‐upward cycles. Each cycle starts with aeolian dune sets followed by aeolian sand sheets deposits and culminating in either fluvial channels or distal flood strata. Within some cycles, aeolian sand sheets are absent and fluvial deposits rest directly above aeolian dune facies. The transitions from one facies association to another are abrupt and marked by erosive surfaces that delineate distinct episodes of sediment accumulation. The origin of both the wetting‐upward cycles and the erosive surfaces was controlled by the ground‐water table level, dry sand availability and aeolian and fluvial sediment transport capacity variations, related to climatic fluctuations between relatively arid and humid conditions. Preservation of the fluvial–aeolian deposits reflects an overall relative water table rise driven by subsidence.
Bipolar disorder not otherwise specified in relation to the bipolar spectrum
Authors: Bader Cynthia D , Dunner David L
Published: September 2010

Background:  The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical characteristics of patients who are diagnosed with bipolar disorder not otherwise specified (BPD NOS) and who are considered to represent part of the bipolar spectrum. The lifetime prevalence of BPD in the general population may be as high as 6% when the full spectrum of bipolar disorders is accounted for. Correct identification of true bipolar patients in clinical settings may result in more appropriate treatment. Our hypothesis was that patients with BPD NOS would be more similar to other bipolar patients than major depressive disorder (MDD) patients in terms of age of onset, history of suicidal behavior and family history of BPD.

Methods:  We conducted a retrospective chart review to extract and analyze data on the family history, disease course and clinical characteristics of 305 bipolar disorder I (BPD I), bipolar disorder II (BPD II), bipolar disorder not otherwise specified (BPD NOS) or major depressive disorder (MDD) patients who were then grouped by diagnosis for analysis. Nominal variables were compared between groups using chi‐square tests and ANOVA was used to compare means between groups for continuous variables. Significant F values were followed by independent‐samples t‐tests.

Results:  Patients with BPD I, BPD II and BPD NOS were all found to have a significantly earlier mean age of onset of depression than MDD patients. A significantly higher incidence of bipolar illness in a first‐degree relative was found in all BPD groups (27–32%) compared with MDD patients (11%). Only the BPD I group had a significantly higher rate of suicide attempts (42%), compared with the BPD NOS (17%) and MDD recurrent (16%) groups.

Conclusions:  Our data support the conclusions of others that an early age of onset and a positive family history of bipolar illness are associated not only with BPD I and II but also with ‘softer’ forms of bipolar illness, which DSM‐IV classifies as BPD NOS and the current literature refers to as a category of ‘bipolar spectrum disorder’, albeit with varying proposed definitions and diagnostic criteria. Suicide attempt history may be more useful in identifying the severity of illness than distinguishing the bipolar spectrum from depressive disorders. Further research is needed to clearly define the boundaries of the bipolar spectrum.
Male and female secondary sexual traits show different patterns of quantitative genetic and environmental variation in the horned beetle Onthophagus sagittarius
Authors: WATSON N. L. , SIMMONS L. W.
Published: September 2010

The expression of secondary sexual traits in females has often been attributed to a correlated response to selection on male traits. In rare cases, females have secondary sexual traits that are not homologous structures to secondary sexual traits in males and are thus less likely to have evolved in females because of correlated selection. In this study, we used the dung beetle Onthophagus sagittarius, a species with sex‐specific horns, to examine the environmental and quantitative genetic control of horn expression in males and females. Offspring subjected to different brood mass manipulations (dung addition/removal) were found to differ significantly in body size. Brood mass manipulation also had a significant effect on the length of male horns; however, female horn length was found to be relatively impervious to the treatment, showing stronger patterns of additive genetic variance than males. We found no correlations between horn expression in males and females. We therefore conclude that the horns of O. sagittarius females are unlikely to result from genetic correlations between males and females. Rather, our data suggest that they may be under independent genetic control.
Dermatophyte infections in Melbourne: Trends from 1961/64 to 2008/09
Authors: Coloe Susan , Baird Robert
Published: September 2010

Background/Objective:  To characterise the trends in dermatophyte isolation from specimens sourced from metropolitan Melbourne over a 48‐year time period.

Method:  Analysis of submitted specimens from three time periods.

Results:  Trends identified include: an increasing mean age of the patients; increased numbers of onychomycosis isolates; a significant age difference among patients with Trichophyton interdigitale isolates compared with patients who had other dermatophyte species; and an increasing number of previously rarely isolated imported dermatophytes.

Conclusions:  Significant shifts are occurring in dermatophyte epidemiology.
Hybrid cysts: A clinicopathological study of seven cases
Authors: Kim Mi Sun , Lee June Hyunkyung , Son Sook Ja
Published: September 2010

Hybrid cysts develop from more than two components of the pilosebaceous unit. The pathogenesis of this unusual disease has not yet been elucidated. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical and histopathological features of hybrid cysts. Histological sections of seven cases indexed as hybrid cysts were reviewed from 1996–2009 at the Department of Dermatology, Eulji Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. Hospital charts and slides were retrospectively evaluated. All cases had a combination of an epidermal cyst and a pilomatricoma with sharp transitional zones. The epidermal cyst lining was composed of thickened stratified squamous epithelium with a granular layer. Basophilic cells, shadow cells and the contents of the pilomatricoma were present in all lesions. There were no differences in the clinical features between patients with hybrid cysts and others with single cystic lesions. There were five women and two men, ranging in age from 11 to 50 years (mean 27 years). The most common sites were the upper extremities. None of the patients had any sign of Gardner's syndrome. Hybrid cysts are an interesting pathological phenomenon. Further study is needed to analyze hybrid cysts to improve our understanding of their pathogenesis and development from tumours of the pilosebaceous unit.
“LIFE. BE IN IT. TILL DEATH OR HOSPITAL?”
Authors: Gibbs (Shann Gibbs) Shirley Ann
Published: September 2010

This article examines the position of long‐stay terminal patients in a large geriatric teaching hospital. It describes a possible programme for living while awaiting eventual death. The proposals required minimal financial consideration — in fact most did not involve any financial outlay. The real cost lay in affecting changes in official policy. This cost was ultimately considered too great for present circumstances.
THE HYPERKINETIC CHILD AND SOCIETY
Authors: Mitchell Reg. A.
Published: September 2010

HYPERKINESIS

This article examines the behavioural “hyperkinetic child” syndrome. Historically there is confusion as to a precise definition of the syndrome and little epidemiological work has been carried out with a view to removing this confusion.

The behavioural symptoms, as they have been identified, are examined for the ages infancy through to adulthood. It is apparent that in these areas alone there is a great need for research to be carried out before a comprehensive list of symptoms can be achieved.

There appears to be four categories of etiological influence, each of these is examined in turn. The author, given that not one of these influences predominates, suggests that the etiology may be either multifactor or interactive or both.

One major area in which the literature is lacking is in respect of the hyperkinetic adult. What is the behaviour of these people? Do they adjust to the disability? Questions such as these and many others still remain unanswered.
FACILITATING MEANINGFUL USE OF TIME BY HOSTEL RESIDENTS AFTER LONG TERM PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITALIZATION
Authors: Manderson Susan
Published: September 2010

When discharged to hostels after long term psychiatric hospitalization, hostel residents are often incapable of structuring their use of time. This report describes a student practicum with six hostel residents who had had 8 to 40 years hospitalization and pursued little activity. It aimed over eight weeks to involve them in activities in the hostel and community, by structuring and supporting their participation, so that through experiencing success they might develop competence. Five out of six clients attained the specified amount of activity in the hostel and community to meet the programme's objectives. Positive results were observed in other residents and the physical environment of the hostel as well. Problems encountered and the hostel as a setting for a student practicum are discussed, and recommendations for further work in the area presented.
De‐institutionalisation and the Intellectually Handicapped Part I: The Concept of Transition
Authors: Bartnik Edward
Published: September 2010

The non‐handicapped person displays particular behaviours when moving from one situation to another. These behaviours are compared to the behaviours of intellectually handicapped adults who are in transition from home to an institution or from the institution to the community. Family crisis theory is discussed relative to the family's loss or gain of an intellectually handicapped member. Possible implications of behaviours during ‘transition shock’ are presented for the intellectually handicapped person and staff in an institution, with recommendations for a more specific assessment of needs to facilitate the transition process.
Childhood Asthma. Part II: Recent Developments in Psychological Treatment (Behavioural Therapy)
Authors: King Neville J. , Murphy Gregory C.
Published: September 2010

The behavioural management of childhood asthma has been critically reviewed with the focus on relaxation training, systematic desensitisation, assertive training, biofeedback and the use of deconditioning with exercise induced asthma. The authors conclude that there is a questionable level of relief from these behavioural intervention strategies and suggest that behavioural techniques may be better used in the management of asthma‐related problems, such as the use of drugs and equipment, academic and social problems. The first part of this paper appears in the Australian Occupational Therapy Journal 1981, 28(2), 49–54.
The Need for Occupational Therapy Graduates in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory
Authors: Alexander Penelope A.
Published: September 2010

The balance between the new graduates from a school of occupational therapy and the occupational therapy positions available for those graduates is a critical factor in the decision regarding student intake each year. Surveys of the occupational therapy workforce in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory, and patterns of employment for new graduates are reported to support a recommendation to maintain the current student intake for the School of Occupational Therapy at the Cumberland College of Health Sciences in New South Wales.
The Occupational Therapist in the School System
Authors: Poulsen Anne A. , Ziviani Jenny
Published: September 2010

The consequences of the passing of American Public Law 94–142 on the provision of occupational therapy services in the schools is contrasted with the present situation within the Australian educational system. The need for increased provision and documentation of occupational therapy services in Australian schools is discussed. Occupational therapy consultancy programmes are evaluated in terms of extending the availability of occupational therapy services in schools.
Control of Hand Oedema by use of Lycra Pressure Garments
Authors: Morrin Judith , Taylor Karen , Conolly W. Bruce
Published: September 2010

Lycra pressure garments used in the management of oedema of the hand can be made by occupational therapists using material available in Australia. This is suggested as an alternative to commercially available pressure garments and instructions for the selection, manufacture and application of lycra pressure garments are given. Ninety‐five patients using the lycra pressure garments are reviewed to assess the degree of oedema reduction in the hand over a given period. Reduction in oedema was recorded for all patients. The measurements provided serve only as a guideline of results which could be anticipated if a formal comparative study was to be completed.
Designing Clinical Record Forms for Research Data Collection
Authors: Wood Patricia
Published: September 2010

This paper reviews the basic procedure for designing a data collection form that requires little additional time but provides data useful for clinical records as well as research purposes. Treatment goals are evaluated by quantifying patient behaviour during activities related to the goals. Measurement should require little or no extra equipment. Coding should be fast and easy and able to be described on the form. The format should permit rapid recording and analysis of data. The process for developing such a form is described step by step. Problem areas are reviewed and solutions proposed.
Changing Health Science Education for the 1980s
Authors: Binns C.W.
Published: September 2010

Factors likely to effect the development of allied health professions during the 1980s are discussed. There is particular reference to occupational therapy and the way that it may be influenced by the supply of manpower, health costs, changing concepts in the provision of health related services and the profession's expectations of graduate therapists. A model for organisation of health science courses is proposed. The model is designed to meet the need for greater flexibility between courses and to promote the realistic development of health teams.
Effect of a Sensory Integrative/Neurodevelopmental Programme on Motor and Academic Performance of Children with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Ziviani Jenny , Poulsen Anne , O'Brien Andrea
Published: September 2010

Eight boys in classes for children with learning disabilities participated in a 13‐week programme of occupational therapy, based on principles of neurodevelopment and sensory integration. Treatment occurred weekly and was of 1.5 hours duration each week. At the same time a control group closely matched on age, I.Q., motor and academic performance was engaged by the remedial teacher in classroom activities. Discriminant analysis of academic and motor performances at the conclusion of the treatment revealed a discriminant function which differentiated between the two groups on the basis of motor skills. Fine motor scores in particular revealed significant improvement in the experimental group. There was no discrimination on the basis of scores in reading and spelling. The results are discussed in relation to the duration of the programme and indications for further research are highlighted.
1982 Sylvia Docker Lecture Occupational Therapists must be Facilitators not Inhibitors of Action
Authors: Bearup Cecilie
Published: September 2010

After briefly reviewing the lecturer's 30 years as an occupational therapist, the proposition is discussed that occupational therapists are lucky people because of the role they have played and must continue to play as active people in professional associations and in the community. The need to extend therapists influence more widely in the community both as members of their own profession and of multidisciplinary teams is discussed. Reference is made to new and different areas of concern in South Australia in which occupational therapists have been and are actively involved.
Occupational Therapists and Physical Therapists: Vital Members in the Rehabilitation and Educational Process of Disabled Students
Authors: Litton Freddie W. , Veron Lisa , Griffin Harold C.
Published: September 2010

The services of physical and occupational therapists are being used more in public school settings as a result of the mandate of United States Public Law 94–142. These professionals help educators in developing the students' gross and fine motor skills, vocational skills, and self‐help skills. In addition, physical therapists and occupational therapists serve with educators on transdisciplinary teams in developing goals and objectives to more appropriately meet the educational needs of disabled students.
Hand Orthosis for Upper Motor Neuron Paralysis
Authors: Shah S.K.
Published: September 2010

The hand function of patients who have an upper motor neuron lesion may be severely affected. The resulting paralysis may lead to diminished motor control, diminished sensibility, oedema, limited motion, pain and discomfort. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate that during comprehensive rehabilitation, it is essential to select an appropriate hand orthosis to maximize hand function and, for the orthosis to be effective, it is essential to consider mechanical, architectural, neurophysiological and functional principles. These efforts may then lead to increased adaptability and increased function of the hand during rest and activity.
‘Disposal’ of Post Acute Cerebral Vascular Accident Patients: Discussion of a Statistical Comparative Study
Authors: Wilcock Ann A. , Hall Robert E.
Published: September 2010

The methods of decision making of the disposal of the post acute cerebral vascular accident patients are investigated as well as the ultimate destination or placement of these patients. Four large general hospitals were selected for inclusion in the survey and all medical records on cerebral vascular accident patients admitted during 1977 were studied. The data were analysed and questions posed to highlight areas of concern to personnel currently employed in treatment programmes directed at this patient group.
Ayres' Clinical Observations: Performance of Four and Five Year Old Children
Authors: Poulson A.A. , Peachey K.E.
Published: September 2010

Data was gathered on 41 children aged four and five years, using the Ayres' clinical observations form. Significant differences were found between the two age groups on items measuring co‐ordination, co‐contraction, maintenance of anti‐gravity postures, reflex integration and standing balance. Four year old children in particular, had difficulty assuming the prone extension, supine flexion, asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR) inhibiting posture, and standing balance positions and the use of these items with four year old children was questioned. The results also suggested that the present qualitative scoring may not be suitable for both these age groups and could be modified according to the quantitative scores reported in this article. Further work is needed to extend these age norms using a wider population, and to provide further reliability and validity data.
Personality Characteristics of Australian Occupational Therapy Students
Authors: Clark Michele J. , White K.D.
Published: September 2010

The Edwards Personal Preference Schedule was administered to 98 occupational therapy students in four different years of training, and to seven staff members who filled in the Schedule “as if they were the ideal occupational therapist”. Derived scores were then compared with previously published work and also with those that defined the ideal occupational therapist. Significant differences between groups were found on 11 of the 15 personality traits. Findings revealed that not only do occupational therapy students differ from other tertiary groups, but on some traits, notably achievement, order, dominance and abasement, such differences relate to the year of training. These latter data suggest that as training proceeds some personality traits change in the direction of those which characterise the ideal occupational therapist.
Student Recruitment and Selection for Occupational Therapy
Authors: Coombes Penelope , Bennett Michael J.
Published: September 2010

The School of Occupational Therapy at the Cumberland College of Health Sciences has attempted to integrate the student recruitment and selection process with the curriculum objectives of a training programme for occupational therapists. This approach is based on the view that student selection is one component of a total interacting system of manpower development. The primary role of the occupational therapist and the skills required to fit that role were defined and used to rationalise a selection process aimed at producing an effective practitioner. There is a focus on increasing self selection by applicants. It is suggested that compulsory attendance at information sessions, personal/social factors assessed at interview and past academic record are effective measures for identifying students who would succeed in the occupational therapy curriculum. There is a need for further research in this area and the development of this selection process generates questions which may determine the direction of that research.
Behavioural Toxicology: A New Opportunity for Occupational Therapists
Authors: Russell Jon W. , Russell Roger W.
Published: September 2010

The present paper describes the newly developing field of behavioural toxicology which, it is proposed, provides opportunities for occupational therapists to fill roles that have not been available to them in the past. The paper suggests the potential nature of such roles and discusses contributions they, in turn, may make to additional advances in occupational therapy as a systematic body of knowledge and skills.
Occupational Therapy: Is it the Creative Problem Solving Process which the Profession claims?
Authors: Graham Jenny
Published: September 2010

The process of creative problem solving, the acclaimed basis of occupational therapy practice, is examined. It is suggested that the fostering of creative problem solving or creative analysis skill requires a particular approach to progressional education — that is, adherence to a systematic problem solving framework together with encouragement of, and provision of opportunity for, individual and group experimentation with creativity enhancing techniques. The extent to which occupational therapy education programmes embrace such an approach is questioned. So too, therefore, is the claim that occupational therapists, by virtue of their professional preparation, are creative problem solvers.
Juvenile Chronic Arthritis: A Review of the Occupational and Physiotherapeutic Assessment and Management
Authors: Burdon‐Jones Jane , Fuller Carmel T.
Published: September 2010

This paper reviews literature pertaining to the assessment and management of children with juvenile chronic arthritis. It presents those procedures of assessment and management that are documented, comparing and contrasting them, and suggesting areas needing further research and documentation.
Diabetes: What Role for Occupational Therapy?
Authors: Welch Barbara J.
Published: September 2010

Due to the significant Australian diabetic population size and the important role of exercise in the management of diabetes mellitus, this article presents one approach to an application of exercise in diabetes. Described are the roles of the occupational therapist associated with the Repatriation General Hospital, Greenslopes diabetic clinic in exercise counselling with outpatients, inpatients and group education programmes. For the obese patients, compliance with recommendations for increased activity to aid weight reduction was studied. Compliance typical of other exercise prescriptions for the obese was noted in inpatients (57.1%) and outpatients (39.4%). Within the outpatient group, significantly better compliance was noted in those receiving follow up contact (p <.05). Attitude of patient and family contributed most strongly to determining compliance or otherwise. Suggestions for improvements to the programme were made and it is felt that individual success stories make persistence with this approach justifiable.
Occupational Therapy Journals—The State of the Art
Authors: ZIVIANI JENNY , BEHAN SUE , RODGER SYLVIA
Published: September 2010

One thousand seven hundred and forty six articles were analysed from the American Journal of Occupational Therapy (AJOT), the British Occupational Therapy Journal (BOTJ) and the Australian Occupational Therapy Journal (AOTJ). Article content, format and author status were documented. Results indicated that the primary topics addressed in these journals were related to physical, professional, paediatric and psychiatric issues, with growing interest occurring in professional, teaching, sensory integration and community practices. The chief authors were occupational therapy clinicians, however, the trends revealed this was declining with an increase in contributions from occupational therapy academics and students along with non occupational therapists. Finally, the format adopted by these authors was chiefly descriptive with a developing tendency towards more research‐based formats in BOTJ and AOTJ. These nevertheless still fell short of the percentage of research articles found in AJOT which remained consistently at about 32 percent.
Memory Retraining: A Study of Four Cases
Authors: MOLLOY MAUREEN , RAND ELIZABETH , BROWN WENDY
Published: September 2010

Four male patients with brain injury resulting from motor vehicle accidents in two cases, a gunshot wound to the head in one and a drug overdose in the last case, undertook a mnemonic training programme during rehabilitation. The efficacy of the training was judged by occupational therapy and neuropsychological assessments carried out before and after the training period. The training tasks involved learning of word lists, retention of geometrical shapes and of a visual maze pathway. Repetitive experience was given on all tasks coupled with training and practice in the use of visual imagery and mnemonic elaboration. Improvement was found in all but one patient following the institution of the training. The results of the study demonstrated that different retraining procedures are appropriate to different memory syndromes.
Learned Helplessness as a Framework for Practice in Long‐Term Care Environments
Authors: LORIMER E. ANNE
Published: September 2010

This paper presents an overview of learned helplessness theory and uses the iatrogenic diseases of institutional life as a framework for describing long‐term care environments. On the basis of the theory and the nature of the environments that offer residents little opportunity for choice and control over events in their daily lives, the author proposes some possible remedies to increase the quality of life among older people in long‐term care.
The Computer Age—Implications for Occupational Therapists
Authors: BULL JOHANNE
Published: September 2010

Health‐care workers are becoming increasingly involved in the advance of computer technology. This paper explores the therapeutic use of computer technology and the present and future implications of this trend for occupational therapists. The general usefulness of computers is listed and the specific uses are explored. A discussion focusing on software selection outlines how some therapists are solving the problem of their insufficient computing and programming skills. The paper concludes with a challenge, the challenge not only to meet our computerised future with confidence and vigour but also with a sound scientific basis.
Reliability of the Original Brunnstrom Recovery Scale Following Hemiplegia
Authors: SHAH S.K.
Published: September 2010

Objective evaluation of physical functioning enables occupational therapists to quantify evaluation and re‐evaluation. To this end quantitative aspects oft he original Brunnstrom motor recovery stages were extracted, the procedure standardized, and provided with a numerical score. To establish inter‐rater reliability six assessors were used to assess eighteen adult cerebrovascular patients referred for comprehensive rehabilitation. The six sets of scores yielded correlation coefficient with a range of 0.74 to 0.98 and a highly significant Kendall's coefficients of concordance.
Case Report: Magnetically‐Retained Overdenture for a Patient with Cerebral Palsy
Authors: HING RICHARD , DALY CHRISTOPHER
Published: September 2010

The retention of lower dentures in patients with cerebral palsy is often poor due to their constant dislodgement by involuntary movements of the tongue and lips. This report describes the fabrication of a magnetically retained overdenture for a cerebral palsied patient and evaluates the success of this prosthesis during a four year period. The magnetic retention system appears to offer greatly improved retention and stability as compared with traditional dentures. However, the success of this system depends to a large extent on the maintenance of optimal oral hygiene to prevent caries and periodontal disease. For patients with cerebral palsy who require the provision of lower dentures, the magnetic retention system may provide improved communication, mastication and use of oral prostheses such as mouth‐held typing sticks.
An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Independent Living Centre in Victoria
Authors: Alexander Jenni
Published: September 2010

The Independent Living Centre (ILC) provides a free aids display and information service for disabled persons, their families and health professionals in Victoria. Over 50 disabled adult clients were interviewed prior to their appointments and in follow‐ups to assess client satisfaction with the ILC and the effectiveness of aids obtained in improving client independence and lifestyle.

A total of 55 aids were obtained by 36 clients. All clients felt their visit to the ILC was worthwhile. At follow‐up, 87% of aids were in use, improving at least one aspect of client lifestyle or independence. Difficulties in obtaining aids were experienced by 58% of clients whilst 56% reported problems with the aids at follow‐up.

Recommendations are made to all occupational therapists for improved assessment, prescription, follow‐up and use of aids for disabled persons.