bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicted Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk and Masked Hypertension Among Blacks in the Jackson Heart Study
Authors: Anstey D. Edmund , Booth John N. , Abdalla Marwah , Spruill Tanya M. , Min Yuan-I , Muntner Paul , Shimbo Daichi
Published: July 2017

Background—

Among individuals without hypertension based on clinic blood pressure (BP), it is unclear who should be screened for masked hypertension, defined as having hypertension based on out-of-clinic BP. We hypothesized that individuals with a higher 10-year predicted atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk, calculated using the pooled cohort risk equations, have a higher prevalence of masked hypertension.

Methods and Results—

We analyzed data from the Jackson Heart Study—a population-based cohort of blacks—to determine the association of predicted ASCVD risk with masked hypertension. The sample included 644 participants, 40 to 79 years of age, with clinic systolic/diastolic BP <140/90 mm Hg, who completed ambulatory BP monitoring, were free of cardiovascular disease, and had data on factors needed to calculate ASCVD risk. Ten-year predicted ASCVD risk was calculated using the pooled cohort risk equations. Any masked hypertension was defined as masked daytime hypertension (mean daytime systolic/diastolic BP ≥135/85 mm Hg), masked nighttime hypertension (mean nighttime systolic/diastolic BP ≥120/70 mm Hg), or masked 24-hour hypertension (mean 24-hour systolic/diastolic BP ≥130/80 mm Hg). The prevalence of any masked hypertension was 54.0%. Compared with participants in the lowest (<5%) predicted ASCVD risk category, multivariable-adjusted prevalence ratios (95% confidence interval) for any masked hypertension were 1.36 (1.03–1.79), 1.62 (1.22–2.16), and 1.91 (1.47–2.48) for those with ASCVD risk of 5% to <7.5%, 7.5% to <10%, and ≥10%, respectively. The C statistic for discriminating between participants with versus without any masked hypertension was 0.681 (95% confidence interval, 0.640–0.723) for ASCVD risk and 0.703 (95% confidence interval, 0.663–0.744) for clinic systolic BP and diastolic BP.

Conclusions—

Higher ASCVD risk was associated with an increased prevalence of masked hypertension. Although the discrimination of ASCVD risk for masked hypertension was not superior to clinic BP, risk prediction equations may be useful for identifying the subgroup of individuals with both masked hypertension and high predicted ASCVD risk.
Violence in Schools
Authors: Staples J. Scott
Published: July 2017

Violence in schools is a grave issue that is often analyzed in terms of individuals' tendencies toward destructive behavior. While this path of analysis is important, in this article, the author contextualizes violence within a cultural milieu that alienates students from their fundamental yearning for significance. It is argued that violence is a failed epiphany, that is, a heightened moment of awareness emerging out of the everyday flow of experience that seeks to overcome alienation. Violence fails because it cannot create a world of sustainable meaning. The nature of productive epiphanies and the worlds of sustainable meaning that they evoke are discussed in terms of their implication for education and overcoming violence in schools.
Educating for Peace
Authors: Pepinsky Hal
Published: July 2017

This is a criminologist's essay about how to make students in our schools safer, safer to be with each other and safer from one another, and safer from adult predation. Educating for peace is proposed as an alternative to making war on our schoolchildren. Educating for peace involves engaging students in peaceful relations, rather than simply teaching them techniques. It involves trust, responsibility, support, care, and love. It involves a mutual sharing of thoughts, ideas, and experiences, rather than a hierarchical power relationship between teacher and learner. Educating for peace is ultimately about doing peace, not learning about peace in mere abstraction.
Black Males in the Civil Rights Movement
Authors: Gordon Jacob U.
Published: July 2017

The civil rights movement has had a tremendous impact on American life and history. Its public policy impact includes the landmark Supreme Court decision of 1954, the comprehensive Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, to name a few. Although much has been written about the civil rights movement, there is a paucity of comparative in-depth analyses of the leadership role of African American men. This article seeks to fill this gap in the literature. It focuses on five nationally and internationally recognized African American male civil rights leaders of the twentieth century: W.E.B. Du Bois, A. Philip Randolph, Martin Luther King, Jr., Malcolm X, and Kwame Toure (formerly Stokely Carmichael). Notwithstanding the vast differences in their backgrounds, leadership styles, tactics, philosophies, and strategies, they had a common goal and shared vision for America, the land of the free. Their legacies are immortal.
A Reform for Troubled Times: Takeovers of Urban Schools
Authors: Green Robert L. , Carl Bradley R.
Published: July 2017

Increasing pressure to improve low-performing schools—particularly those in central cities serving disadvantaged and minority students—has led to a host of reform efforts. This article focuses on a strategy that involves takeovers of troubled schools or entire systems by mayors, state legislatures, or control boards. Following the takeover of the Jersey City, New Jersey, schools in 1989, at least partial control of schools has been taken from elected boards in Chicago, Baltimore, Cleveland, Washington, D.C., and Detroit. Discussed in this article are some of the major issues involved with takeovers, including arguments for and against the practice, the policy questions it raises, and the all-important role race has played in the debate. The authors close with thoughts for evaluating the effectiveness of this increasingly popular, yet unproven, attempt at reforming low-achieving schools.
The Black Male and the U.S. Economy
Authors: McElroy Susan Williams , Andrews Leon T.
Published: July 2017

This article examines the current status of black males in the U.S. economy. It emphasizes several positive aspects of the changing status of black males over time. The authors acknowledge that the social and economic conditions of black males in the United States are troubling in many respects. However, the objective of the article is to highlight the progress and achievements of black males. Most research on black males focuses solely on the problems and rarely documents the successes and accomplishments. Black males have made significant contributions to the U.S. economy. However, little attention has been paid in the literature to their achievements in education, their professional successes, and their positive community and family involvement.
Globalization in Southeast Asia
Authors: Coclanis Peter A. , Doshi Tilak
Published: July 2017

The authors attempt to accomplish four interrelated tasks in this article: (1) to develop a plausible and defensible approach to studying globalization; (2) to define Southeast Asia; (3) to delimit and historicize the globalization process in Southeast Asia; and (4) to describe and analyze the economic performance of Southeast Asia over the past 30 years or so, paying particular attention to the region before, during, and after the events of 1997.
Labor Versus Globalization
Authors: Ross George
Published: July 2017

The transnationalization of markets places labor movements everywhere in newly troubling situations. In vastly different ways in different regions of the globe, union movements and supporters have long sought to control and humanize capitalism within the frameworks of nations. For a brief moment after World War II, they seemed finally to have succeeded. Recent transnationalizing tendencies have made economic borders substantially more permeable and have undercut the capacities of nations to regulate within them, however. This leaves labor in postindustrial societies with declining resources, weakened organization, and few new ideas. Labor movements in other parts of the world stand in different relationships to current market changes from those in the West, indeed sometimes in contradiction to them. This makes desperately needed transnational labor cooperation extremely difficult. Successful responses are few and far between for the moment, and capital has seized the initiative.
The Bark Is Worse Than the Bite: New WTO Law and Late Industrialization
Authors: Amsden Alice H. , Hikino Takashi
Published: July 2017

In spite of (or because of?) the successful industrialization of leading latecomers under a set of institutions that had deviated from free-market norms, by the 1990s the global economic order had formed around rather orthodox neoliberal principles. At close examination, however, the new rules of the World Trade Organization, a symbol of neoliberalism, are flexible and allow countries to continue to promote their industries under the banner of promoting science and technology. The success formula of late industrialization—allocating subsidies in exchange for monitorable, result-oriented performance standards—is still condoned. The problems bedeviling latecomers today are not formal legal constraints but informal political pressures exerted by North Atlantic economies in favor of radical market opening. Latecomers lack a vision to guide them in responding to this pressure.
Knowledge in the 2000 Primary Elections
Authors: Dutwin David
Published: July 2017

The research reported in this article set out to explore the variation in political knowledge over time during the 2000 presidential primaries. Knowledge is broken down into three distinct types: candidate awareness, biography, and policy. Results show that citizens did learn substantive amounts of information during the campaign and that learning and overall levels of knowledge were most pronounced in respondents who lived in a state where a primary was held and was competitive.
The Federal Role in Curbing Sprawl
Authors: Katz Bruce
Published: July 2017

This article contends that the federal government has a significant role to play in curbing metropolitan sprawl and promoting reinvestment in cities and older suburbs. It outlines the dominant growth trends under way in U.S. metropolitan areas (that is, the rapid decentralization of employment centers and residential areas) and discusses the implications of these trends for the economy, the environment, social welfare, and general quality of life. It also shows how a new metropolitan agenda is emerging in the states to address such issues as metropolitan governance, land use, infrastructure spending, and job access. Finally, the article calls on the presidential candidates to discuss ways in which federal action can help metropolitan areas grow differently—by providing directives and incentives for metropolitan governance, enacting policies that facilitate smart growth, and helping regions understand their challenges.
Big Issues Missing from the Presidential Campaign
Authors: Miller Matthew
Published: July 2017

When it comes to the nation's pressing social problems, there is a depressing gap between both parties' aspirations and the federal resources now available. The nation has moved from an era of $200 billion deficits to equally outsized surpluses, but bipartisan ambitions have paradoxically shrunk. The author reviews problems where money would indisputably make a difference—such as the 44 million Americans with no health insurance, growing inequality in wages and wealth, and the myriad challenges facing urban education—and suggests promising directions for reform that are not being discussed in the presidential campaign. He also analyzes other issues not being debated, such as the size of the defense budget and the burden of payroll taxes, and urges the press to play a role in raising these issues when candidates will not.
Female Political Participation and Health in India
Authors: Gleason Suzanne
Published: July 2017

This article uses a unique data set to investigate the determinants of political participation in India. In particular, the data from the 1981 census of India are coupled with electoral returns from 1979-80 to examine the factors influencing participation of both genders. Differential impact is explored empirically. Many of the same influences found to be important in developed countries are relevant in India, including income, education, and constituency culture. In addition, labor force participation and familial obligations have an effect, though in the opposite direction from that predicted in the United States. A lack of government-provided resources devoted to health and education also influences participation. A second investigation uses the same census data with 1977-78 election returns to estimate government response to female political participation in India. Regarding the causes of child mortality, no effect of female participation on health outcomes was found. This may result from the aggregation necessary to match census districts and voting constituencies.
One Region, One Money?
Authors: Von Furstenberg George M.
Published: July 2017

The article explores causes and consequences of the declining usefulness of the separate currency denominations maintained by the large number of small open economies whose currencies play little or no role in international finance. Pressures for currency consolidation arise from several sources related to political liberalization, economic globalization, and the information and communications technology revolution. Freer cross-border provision of financial services and a changed official attitude to foreign establishment and takeovers have encouraged foreign entry. Many regional and global electronic spot markets and electronic trading platforms price in U.S. dollars or, prospectively, in euro. Cross-border e-banking, e-investing, and e-ordering of all kinds may compete not only with domestic financial and business establishments but also with local currencies that provide inferior consumption insurance at currency-crisis cycle frequencies and inadequate intertemporal predictability of purchasing power and other "real" terms of contract at longer frequencies.
The Euro, the European Central Bank, and the International Monetary System
Authors: Salvatore Dominick
Published: July 2017

The creation of the euro at the beginning of 1999 represents one of the most significant events in international finance since the end of World War II. Never in the past had a group of sovereign nations voluntarily given up their national currency for a common currency. The article begins by reviewing the benefits and costs of the euro on the participating countries; it then examines the role of the European Central Bank (ECB) in the conduct of monetary policy in the European Monetary Union, as well as its effect on the euro/dollar and euro/yen exchange rates; finally, the article analyzes the effect that the ECB has and is likely to have on the functioning of the international monetary system.
Publishers as Gatekeepers of Ideas
Authors: Coser Lewis A.
Published: July 2017

Publishers stand at a crucial crossroads in the process of production and distribution of knowledge in any society. They are in a position to decide what is “in” and what is “out” of the marketplace of ideas. In the United States, the nature of the publishing industry has much to do with what kinds of materials are published. Decentralization of firms, a very unpredictable market and the peculiar internal organization of the industry itself all affect the situation. The personnel of publishing firms—editors, sales people and others—also have a role in the distribution of knowledge. The orientation of editors and their professional expertise are crucial. Publishing is no doubt one of the most complicated of enterprises, and its key role in shaping and distributing knowledge and culture makes it a key element for analysis.
Role of the Publisher in the Dissemination of Knowledge
Authors: Neavill Gordon B.
Published: July 2017

In literate societies, publication is a major mode of the dissemination of knowledge. Far from being a neutral middleman in this process, the publisher influences both the production and consumption of intellectual works. The publisher forms an important part of the institutional setting in which authorship takes place. By commissioning authors to write some works, and through his influence at the editorial stage, the publisher influences the content of what is written. The publisher acts as a gatekeeper, determining which works will be made available to the public. He oversees the reproduction of works in multiple copies, determining the kind of book which is made from a work. Although normally not responsible for the distribution of books to consumers, the publisher plays a role in distribution both across geographical space and to different groups of readers. Through his role at the stages of production, assessment, reproduction and distribution, the publisher influences the consumption of knowledge. However, consumers also influence the publisher, and the publisher's decisions are made in light of his conception of the audience.
The Impact of Family on Job Displacement and Recovery
Authors: Attewell Paul
Published: July 2017

Rates of involuntary job loss (from plant closures, downsizing, and so on) have been increasing in the United States during the past 15 years. Using several cross-sectional surveys from the Current Population Survey, and longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, this article demonstrates that the likelihood of job displacement differs according to marital status, the presence or absence of young children, and single-parenthood, even after controlling for employees' age, sex, race, education, industry, occupation, and other pertinent factors. Divorce is associated with the subsequent loss of their jobs. Conversely, job displacement also raises the risk of subsequent marital breakdown. Thus the waves of job displacement have not been neutral with regard to family structure. These findings are discussed in terms of theories of work-family conflicts.
Child Care, Maternal Employment, and Public Policy
Authors: Hofferth Sandra L.
Published: July 2017

Increased work requirements in new welfare reform legislation may further increase the demand for child care in the United States. Consequently, this article focuses on (1) the relationship between child care and self-sufficiency, particularly among low-income mothers; (2) factors affecting the demand for and availability, cost, and quality of child care that parents use; and (3) the part played by public subsidies in the availability, cost, and quality of child care. Low-income mothers' ability to achieve self-sufficiency depends on the availability of reliable child care, for they want the same types of care that middle-class mothers want. The federal government has played an important part in making child care available and affordable and also contributes to its quality. Much of the funding, however, has gone to middle-income or poor nonemployed parents. Child care for working poor and working-class parents is the important missing piece.
Making Child Care "Affordable" in the United States
Authors: Bergmann Barbara R.
Published: July 2017

Two alternative federally financed plans are presented as models for a program that would make child care of acceptable quality "affordable" for millions of American families. Taking a cue from currently operating state programs, care is defined as "affordable" if it costs parents no more than 30 percent of the amount by which their income exceeds the poverty line. The first plan would cost the government $25 billion per year and would concentrate help on families with incomes up to twice the poverty line. The second would cost $39 billion per year, would provide higher-quality care, and would allow all U.S. families to have access to care that was "affordable" by the definition. Costs of these magnitudes preclude financing of any significant part by employers or philanthropies.
The Kaiser, The Tsar, and The Computer: Information Processing in a Crisis
Authors: de Sola Pool Ithiel , Kessler Allan
Published: July 2017

Crisiscom is a computer simulation of national decision makers processing information during a crisis. The project has several purposes:

1. It is designed to increase our understanding of the process of deterrence by exploring how far the behavior of political decision makers in crisis can be explained by psychological mechanisms. This is done by comparing the output of the highly simplified computer model based on principles of individual psychology with records of actual political behavior.

2. It is designed to put together a good deal of what we know about the psychology of deterrence into a rigorous and formal system and thus to serve as an integrating device for that body of knowledge.

3. It is designed to be used in human games of the type represented by Bloomfield's DETEX games to provide inputs for teams that cannot be staffed with humans and to represent aspects of the environment that are not played out by the human players.

4. It is designed perhaps ultimately to provide a way of simulating a variety of possible crises. It will be some time before we have enough confidence in the model to use it in such a semi-predictive fashion, but that cannot be ruled out.
Life on the “Outs”—Examination of the Facility-to-Community Transition of Incarcerated Youth
Authors: Bullis Michael , Yovanoff Paul , Mueller Gina , Havel Emily
Published: July 2017

This article summarizes the results of the Transition Research on Adjudicated Youth in Community Settings (TRACS) project, a 5-year longitudinal study that examined the facility-to-community transition of 531 incarcerated youth (58% had a disability) from Oregon's juvenile justice system. About 40% of the sample returned to the juvenile correctional system within 12 months after release. Only 47% were engaged in work or school at 6 months after release, and 31% were engaged at 12 months after release. Participants who were engaged in work or school at 6 months after release tended to stay involved in those positive activities at 12 months after release and not return to the juvenile correctional system. These results point to the importance of providing interventions focused toward work and school placements immediately upon youths' release from the juvenile correctional system and their return to the community.
Sociocultural Context Effects on Teacher's Readiness to Refer for Learning Disabilities
Authors: Drame Elizabeth R.
Published: July 2017

The social context of the special education referral process is influenced by a number of variables. Demographic and perception data were collected from 63 first-through fifth-grade general education teachers from three Midwestern public school districts to determine the impact of sociocultural variables on teachers' perceptions of classroom behavior, management, and referral tendencies. Teacher, classroom, and school variables including teachers' perception of a learning disability, educational level, grade level, instructional practices, and prereferral intervention models significantly influenced teachers' behavioral perceptions and referral tendencies. These results can inform teacher-training programs to ensure that general educators increase their ability to accurately detect learning difficulties and their awareness of the importance of their perceptions, instructional practices, and school factors on special education referral.
Special Education Eligibility: Developmental Precursors over the First Three Years of Life
Authors: La Paro Karen M. , Olsen Kristin , Pianta Robert C.
Published: July 2017

From the National Institute of Child Health and Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care sample, two groups of children at age 36 months were examined—children identified by medical professionals as needing special services and children eligible for special services based on developmental assessments. Demographic information, children's behavioral functioning, mothers' psychological functioning, mother-child interactions, and quality of the home environment were examined. Early home environment and later behavior problems and children's health problems significantly contributed to the prediction model for membership in the group identified by medical professionals. Early home environment and socioeconomic status (SES) significantly contributed to the prediction model for the group identified based on developmental assessments. Results have implications for efforts to screen and detect young children likely to benefit from special education services.
Preschool Teachers' Use of Assessments and Curricula: A Statewide Examination
Authors: Pretti-Frontczak Kristie , Kowalski Kurt , Brown Rhonda Douglas
Published: July 2017

Preschool teachers in Ohio, representing Head Start, Preschool Special Education, and Public School Preschool programs, completed a survey designed to examine their use of assessments and curricula. The 586 preschool teachers provided a range of responses, including reported use of 21 commercial assessments and self-developed and program-developed checklists. A majority of teachers listed curriculum-based measures acceptable in linking assessment and intervention. Teachers also provided a range of curricular responses, including six that met our definition of an actual curriculum. Differences were found between the three types of teachers with respect to their level of education and the total number of assessments and curricula responses, and the number of assessments (including self-developed checklists) and actual curricula used, but not years of experience.
Teacher Turnover: Examining Exit Attrition, Teaching Area Transfer, and School Migration
Authors: Boe Erling E. , Cook Lynne H. , Sunderland Robert J.
Published: July 2017

The purposes of this research were to quantify trends in three components of teacher turnover and to investigate claims of excessive teacher turnover as the predominant source of teacher shortages. Attrition and teaching area transfer rates were comparable in special and general education and increased substantially from 1991–1992 to 2000–2001. School migration was stable over years, but higher in special than general education. Although annual turnover was high and increased to 1 in 4 teachers (25.6%) by 2000–2001, teacher attrition was lower than in other occupations. Evidence suggests that retention is unlikely to increase without dramatic improvements in the organization, management, and funding of public schools. Until then, an increased supply of qualified teachers is needed to reduce teacher shortages.
High- and Average-Achieving Students' Perceptions of Disabilities and of Students with Disabilities in Inclusive Classrooms
Authors: Litvack Marla S. , Ritchie Krista C. , Shore Bruce M.
Published: July 2017

This study investigates attitudes toward disability held by children with disabilities and average- and high-achieving children, and the latter two groups' experiences in inclusive elementary classrooms. Attitudes Toward Disabled Persons Form-Scale (ATDP; Yuker, Block, & Young, 1966) responses did not differ. Females were more accepting. Children expressed more positive attitudes toward classmates with intellectual impairments than learning, behavioral, or severe developmental disorders. Average- and high-achieving children frequently commented that classmates with disabilities enjoyed similar activities but often exhibited inappropriate behavior. Interviewees stated that making new friends was beneficial for children with disabilities and that dealing with their disability was difficult. Learning about disabilities was viewed positively for children without disabilities, but feeling comfortable with classmates with disabilities was challenging. High-achievers more often reported that they learned less.
The Sustainability of Schoolwide Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports
Authors: Coffey Jennifer H. , Horner Robert H.
Published: July 2017

A summary of the available literature on sustainability is provided and recommended sustainability features are applied to implementation of schoolwide positive behavior interventions and supports (SWPBIS). One hundred and seventeen schools from 6 states completed the sustainability survey, which determined the presence of 8 sustainability features as they related to sustaining schoolwide positive behavior supports. Results from a logistic regression analysis demonstrate that together the sustainability features of administrative support combined with communication and data-based decision making create the best-fitting model of sustainability for SWPBIS. The results suggest that an educational innovation is more likely to be implemented and sustained with fidelity if it (a) has support from an administrator who encourages communication about the core features of the innovation and (b) uses data to plan and make changes. Implications for large-scale, sustained implementation of evidence-based practices are provided.
Reading Comprehension Profiles of High-Functioning Students on the Autism Spectrum: A Grounded Theory
Authors: Williamson Pamela , Carnahan Christina R. , Jacobs Jennifer A.
Published: July 2017

Using a constructivist grounded theory approach, this study sought to understand what influences reading comprehension and how meaning is made from text among high-functioning individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Using a think-aloud procedure, 13 individuals ages 7–13 with ASD read 16 passages at their instructional reading level. Passages varied by genre, length, and picture support. Sessions were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and then analyzed using open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. The grounded theory resulted in 3 comprehension profiles including imaginative, strategic, and text bound. Future research and implications for classroom interventions are discussed.
Recent Changes in State Policies and Legislation regarding Restraint or Seclusion
Authors: Freeman Jennifer , Sugai George
Published: July 2017

In this article, we describe and evaluate the extent to which recent changes to state-level policy are related to seclusion and restraint in schools and detail what components of comprehensive restraint and seclusion policy are indicated. We examined state policy documents and coded them for the presence of specific characteristics related to prevention of problem behavior, intervention, and reporting. Results indicate a clear consensus that restraint and seclusion procedures should be used only as a last resort in the case of emergency and not as a punitive measure. Additional policy trends include recommendations for the use of positive behavior supports and the use of deescalation strategies. Some debate exists about the use of time limits and limitations on specific techniques, such as prone restraints.
Some Cultural and Social Considerations for Private Health Organizations
Authors: Richardson Stephen A.
Published: July 2017

Present-day emphasis on total or community-wide programs for exceptional children, as well as on the goal of the “team” approach, suggests that educators cannot afford to ignore the unique role and function of other community services. The following article is presented with the hope that it will increase our understanding of the development, practices, goals, and characteristics of one important community resource — the private health organization.
Follow – Up an Interest
Authors: Drennen Genevieve
Published: July 2017

The world is full of exciting things, and children, no matter their disability, have so much wide-eyed wonderment toward these exciting things that the alert, resourceful teacher will capitalize on the various interest evidenced by the children in the group. Airplanes, cowboys and Indians, snails, a bird's nest, a colorful leaf, a tramp in the woods can all lead, with the guidance and follow-up of the teacher, to worthwhile activities, concepts, and learnings. Here are four units which proved successful in working with various types of handicapped children—they could be used with any group of children with variations and adaptations.
The Neurologist Looks at the Non-Verbal Child
Authors: Rapin Isabelle
Published: July 2017

This is the third of a series of articles on the nonverbal child. The first two articles appeared in the April and May issues of EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN and dealt with the opinions of a psychiatrist and a speech pathologist respectively. All of the papers were originally presented at the 1958 meeting of the Eastern States Speech Association.
The effects of An Elementary School Fast-Learner Program on children's social relationships
Authors: Goldworth Mary
Published: July 2017

This report is based upon a 1957 doctoral dissertation, “The Effects of a Fast-Learner Program on the Social Relationships of Elementary School Children,” School of Education, Stanford University, taken under the direction of Arthur P. Coladarci. A companion study investigating school achievement and interest in science, was conducted there concurrently by Richard H. Hinze: “Achievement Factors Among Fast-Learners in a Partially Segregated Elementary School Program, with Special Reference to Science Instruction.”
Computers in Special Education—An Introduction
Authors: Tondow Murray
Published: July 2017

The article discusses the ever increasing impact of technology upon society. Particular emphasis is paid to the computer sciences, including a simplified overview of the operation of computers. The final section presents several potential applications of computer usage in special education.
An Investigation of the Family Backgrounds of Educable Mentally Retarded Children in Special Classes
Authors: Wakefield Robert A.
Published: July 2017

This investigation was undertaken to assess four critical family background factors of educable mentally retarded public school children. Parents of these children were found to be significantly lower than the general population in intelligence, level of schooling, family income, and cost of family housing.
Personality Patterns of Pupils in Special Classes for the Emotionally Disturbed
Authors: Quay Herbert C. , Morse William C. , Cutler Riebard L.
Published: July 2017

Four hundred forty-one children in public school classes for the emotionally disturbed were rated by their teachers on a checklist of problem behaviors. Factor analysis of the intercorrelations of the behaviors indicated that three factors could account for 16 percent of the variance. These were labeled conduct problem or unsocialized aggression, inadequacy-immaturity, and personality problem or neuroticism. Results were consonant with similar studies of other groups of problem children. The results also suggest the likelihood that differential programs for emotionally disturbed children will be necessary, depending upon their primary behavioral characteristics.
Improving Social Acceptance of Low Sociometric Status, Low Achieving Students
Authors: Lilly M. Stephen
Published: July 2017

This study investigated factors involved in improving social acceptance of unpopular, low achieving students. A 5 week treatment was used in which low acceptance students worked with popular peers making a movie to present to the class. Variations in this treatment were designed to isolate variables involved in improvement of social acceptance. Treatments produced significant immediate gains in social acceptance; however, the gains did not endure over a 6 week followup period. No differentiation was possible among factors involved in improving social acceptance.
The Effects of Reward and Level of Aspiration on Students with Deviant Behavior
Authors: Noffsinger Thomas
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of rewards and level of aspiration with children classified by a behavior problem checklist. Forty-five junior high age, potential dropout students were classified according to deviant classroom behaviors. They were then tested in several different levels of aspiration and reward treatment combinations. Results showed no differences between classifications of students and no hypothesized differences in the differential effectiveness of level of aspiration and reward for the types of students. The results also showed that setting a high level of aspiration had a significant positive effect.
A Behavior Preference Inventory for Special Education Administrators
Authors: Burrello Leonard C. , Sage Daniel D.
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this study was the development and validation of an instrument, the Behavior Preference Inventory (BPI), to measure the need values of special education administrators, utilizing Rotter's social learning theory. The five need categories of recognition-status, protection dependency, dominance, independence, and love and affection, were examined in an experimental test sample with which a validating instrument was used involving the administrator's subordinates. A normative sample involving membership of CASE contributed additional descriptive data. It is advocated that the BPI is useful as a screening device in related research on the relationship of need value to expectancy and situational determinants in decision making. It is also proposed that the instrument serve as a vehicle for the sensitization of administrators to their personality investment in decision making.
The Problem of Motivation in the Education of the Mentally Retarded
Authors: Macmillan Donald L.
Published: July 2017

One possible reason for the failure to demonstrate the efficacy of self contained classes for the EMR lies in the failure of such classes to balance the emphasis on motivational and cognitive variables. Several motivational variables have been isolated experimentally and the research findings have been interpreted to suggest that children who have experienced excessive amounts of failure dramatically differ from children with little history of failure on these variables. Three specific motivational variables are discussed and the related research evidence presented. The variables are (a) expectancy for failure, (b) outer-directedness, and (c) positive and negative reaction tendencies. Implications are drawn and suggestions made regarding ways of dealing with these behaviors.
Long Term Effects of Special Class Intervention for Emotionally Disturbed Children
Authors: Vacc Nicholas A.
Published: July 2017

This study was designed to investigate long term changes in achievement, overt behavior, and social position of children identified as emotionally disturbed. Changes were measured for two groups of emotionally disturbed children: those who had experienced special class placement and had returned to regular classes for at least 2 years and those who did not experience the special class procedure. The results of the analyzed data question the long range efficacy of special class intervention.
Implementing Programs for Young Hearing Impaired Children
Authors: Northcott Winifred H.
Published: July 2017

This article delineates the special education laws and timetable of events in Minnesota which led to public school acceptance of responsibility for the education of hearing impaired infants in 1968. It describes an individually prescriptive regional public school program for 51 hearing impaired children from birth to 3 years of age and their parents located in Minneapolis, the host district. The components of service include tuition free placement in regular nursery schools and a parent teaching program. The author also identifies some critical variables in parent and child behavior and solicits future research based upon a sample of the hearing impaired population being educated in integrated nursery schools, kindergartens, and elementary classes for validation of a program of early oral and aural intervention which emphasizes parent teaching and home training.
Education Across Cultures
Authors: Diggs Ruth W.
Published: July 2017

Professionals today are being seriously challenged to do a better job of meeting the educational needs of culturally different children. The primary concerns of this challenge are (a) motivation of culturally different children, (b) cultural background and its role in the educational process, (c) programs and instructional materials which are effective in meeting the needs of culturally different children, (d) teacher preparation programs to sensitize inservice teachers and to prepare preservice teachers to do a more effective job in designing educational programs to meet the special needs and abilities of culturally different children, and (e) parent and community involvement to enhance development of children from all ethnic groups.
Special Education and the Linguistically Different Child
Authors: Bryen Diane N.
Published: July 2017

The educational practice of grouping children on the basis of ability has recently been charged as discriminatory because the tests used for educational placement may be linguistically and culturally biased and may serve to place disproportionate numbers of minority group children (especially speakers of nonstandard English) into special classes. Because of this indictment, the linguistic deficit and the linguistic difference models are explored as possible explanation of the verbal behavior of linguistically different children. In addition, educational implications of each model are discussed.
Student Views of Special Placement and Their Own Special Classes: A Clarification
Authors: Jones Reginald L.
Published: July 2017

The School Morale Inventory was given to 341 junior high school retarded students and 717 nonretarded students in the same schools. The results revealed as many positive responses given by special class students to various questions as were given by the nonretarded. Since other investigations indicate overwhelmingly that retarded students reject special class placement, it is suggested that retarded students reject the stigma of special placement but hold many positive attitudes toward their classroom and school experiences. Also in this study, a separate analysis of responses from suburban retarded students ( N=114), contrasted with those given by the inner city retarded ( N=227), revealed more positive attitudes held by the surburban retarded. This finding reinforces the view that retarded students cannot be considered a homogeneous group and that the educational problems of the inner city retarded are particularly acute.
Teaching Skills in Early Childhood Programs
Authors: Anastasiow Nicholas J. , Mansergh Gilbert P.
Published: July 2017

The recent growth of preschool programs for handicapped children has caused a search for models by which to construct total classroom programs. This article explores three models: behavior modification, normal developmental, and cognitive developmental. Similarities among the programs are drawn. Particularly, distinctions are made as to the necessary steps to meet the requirements of each approach.
A Truce in the “War for the Child”
Authors: Garner Howard G.
Published: July 2017

The war for the child has been waged by the proponents of behavior modification and feeling oriented therapy. Neither ideological camp has emerged victorious with the answer for all children with emotional and behavior problems. The complex needs of these children require professionals to call a truce in this war and to seek ways of combining behavior modification and psychodynamic interventions. Examples of this blending of approaches indicate that the children served by only one treatment modality are being denied the comprehensive treatment they need. Moving beyond the truce will require increased sharing and cooperation between programs, continued research, eclectic training for professionals, and the inclusion of other interventions into a comprehensive treatment program.
The Effectiveness of Psycholinguistic Training, a Reevaluation
Authors: Lund Kathryn A. , Foster Georgiana E. , McCall-Perez Fred C.
Published: July 2017

A 1974 review of research on psycholinguistic training by Hammill and Larsen questioned the efficacy of training functions after an analysis of 38 selected studies that used the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities as a criterion for improvement. A reanalysis of these same efficacy studies of psycholinguistic training was undertaken in order to determine the validity of the conclusion that the effectiveness of psycholinguistic training is nonvalidated. Twenty-four of the 38 studies are herein reevaluated. The reexamination leads to conclusions at marked variance with the statement that psycholinguistic training is nonvalidated. This reanalysis indicates that some studies show significant positive results as measured by the ITPA, some studies show positive results in the areas remediated, and some do not show results from which any conclusion can be drawn.
Situational Influences on Assessment Performance
Authors: Stoneman Zolinda , Gibson Sara
Published: July 2017

Data are presented that provide an initial demonstration of the impact of two situational factors, setting (classroom or small testing room) and familiarity of the examiner (mother or unknown female), on the assessment performance of developmentally disabled preschool age children. A discussion is offered of the possible practical implications of these environmental variations in evaluation outcomes.
Recognition of Team Goals: An Essential Step toward Rational Decision Making
Authors: Fenton Kathleen S. , Yoshida Roland K. , Maxwell James P. , Kaufman Martin J.
Published: July 2017

The assumption that pupil programing team members drawn from the spectrum of the school staffing hierarchy will agree on the goals of the team or will be fully knowledgeable about the team's legally assigned responsibilities is examined. Over 60% of the teams surveyed had less than a three-fourths majority of their members who recognized the team's responsibility to make specific decisions. Furthermore, the MANOVA for role differences was significant for overall recognition of these responsibilities ( p < .0001). More administrators and support personnel recognize team responsibilities than do instructional personnel. The authors consider administrative remedies.
Listening Comprehension by Nonblind Handicapped Students at Three Rates of Speed
Authors: DeWEeaver Mary J.
Published: July 2017

Forty-eight physically handicapped students in grades one to six were compared on the basis of their comprehension of Talking Book materials played at three rates using the Varispeech II Speech Time Compressor/Expander. Students were grouped by age and reading levels. An analysis of covariance with repeated measures, using the Detroit Test of Verbal Opposites to control for listening ability, found a significant difference (.028) in favor of expanded speed over compressed speed; but neither resulted in comprehension significantly different from that at normal speed. Age and reading level had no significant effect. The study showed that this technology, though it improved comprehension for some individuals, did not benefit the entire group.
Adolescent Suicide
Authors: Konopka Gisela
Published: July 2017

This article discusses the phenomenon of youthful suicide. It is noted that suicide among adolescents has been known and recorded throughout history. The physical and emotional changes experienced by adolescents are evidenced as among the causes producing pain which may lead to suicide in some cases. Societal factors which may contribute to adolescent suicide are described. Suggestions for prevention are put forward.