bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Morphological Analysis of Cells in the Peritoneal Washing Fluids of Patients with Gastric Cancer
Authors: Jiang Ren-Peng , Xiong Xue-Jiao , Qiu Xue-Shan , Wang En-Hua , Wu Guang-Ping
Published: August 2019

The cytology of peritoneal washing fluids for gastric cancer is the most basic method for judging peritoneal micrometastasis. However, the clinical value of this method is not clear at present. A retrospective analysis was performed on 277 patients with pathologically proven and surgically treated gastric cancer. The peritoneal washing fluids were collected after opening the abdomen and before the operation, and were sent to the cytology laboratory for screening of occult cancer cells in the collected washing fluids. The number of cases diagnosed as cancer cells, reactive mesothelial cells, serosal balls, and traumatic mesothelial cells were 42, 18, 27, and 190, respectively. Typical adenocarcinoma cell nests were found in eight of 10 T4b samples, whereas 34 cases of cancer cells in T3 and T4a showed that these cell nests usually contained mesothelial cells, and the three-dimensional stereoscopic sense of the nests was not obvious. In the specific subcellular morphological changes of both reactive mesothelial cells and serosal balls, the changes of both the contour of nuclear membrane and the polarity of cell alignment were present only in stage T3 and T4a. The presence or absence of mesothelial cells in the nests of cancer cells and the changes of the contour of nuclear membrane and of the polarity of cell alignment in reactive mesothelial cells or serosal balls may help us to predict the depth of invasion of cancer cells.
Use of near infrared spectroscopy and spectral databases to assess the quality of pharmaceutical products and aid characterization of unknown components
Authors: Said Mazlina Mohd , Gibbons Simon , Moffat Anthony , Zloh Mire
Published: August 2019

This research was initiated as part of the fight against public health problems of rising counterfeit, substandard and poor quality medicines and herbal products. An effective screening strategy using a two-step combination approach of an incremental near infrared spectral database (step 1) followed by principal component analysis (step 2) was developed to overcome the limitations of current procedures for the identification of medicines by near infrared spectroscopy which rely on the direct comparison of the unknown spectra to spectra of reference samples or products. The near infrared spectral database consisted of almost 4000 spectra from different types of medicines acquired and stored in the database throughout the study. The spectra of the test samples (pharmaceutical and herbal formulations) were initially compared to the reference spectra of common medicines from the database using a correlation algorithm. Complementary similarity assessment of the spectra was conducted based on the observation of the principal component analysis score plot. The validation of the approach was achieved by the analysis of known counterfeit Viagra samples, as the spectra did not fully match with the spectra of samples from reliable sources and did not cluster together in the principal component analysis score plot. Pre-screening analysis of an herbal formulation (Pronoton) showed similarity with a product containing sildenafil citrate in the database. This finding supported by principal component analysis has indicated that the product was adulterated. The identification of a sildenafil analogue, hydroxythiohomosildenafil, was achieved by mass spectrometry and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analyses. This approach proved to be a suitable technique for quick, simple and cost-effective pre-screening of products for guiding the analysis of pharmaceutical and herbal formulations in the quest for the identification of potential adulterants.
Entrepreneurs’ Competencies and Competitive Advantages: A Study on Malaysian Microenterprises
Authors: Fazal Syed Ali , Mamun Abdullah Al , Ahmad Ghazali Bin , Masud Muhammad Mehedi
Published: August 2019

Considering the significance of relevant competencies towards business success and the dependency of socio-economical vulnerable micro-entrepreneurs on their enterprise income, this study examined the effect of entrepreneurs’ competencies (i.e., opportunity recognizing competency, strategic competency, organizing competency, relationship competency, conceptual competency and commitment competency) on the competitive advantage of microenterprises in Malaysia. This study adopted a cross-sectional research design and collected quantitative data from 300 randomly selected respondents from Peninsular Malaysia. The findings revealed significant positive effects of organizing and commitment competency on the competitive advantage with a significantly negative effect of relationship competency on the competitive advantage. Apart from enriching the current literature, this study offers significant policy implications for the government and socio-developmental organizations in Malaysia for improving the micro-entrepreneurship and uplifting large low-income groups from poverty.
“I Do Belong Here”: Identity Perceptions of Postgraduate Music Education Majors
Authors: Sieger Crystal
Published: August 2019

Students choosing to enter the music teaching profession after having already obtained undergraduate degrees in other music fields may experience unique forms of socialization and teacher identity development. Participants were four students enrolled in a 3-year master’s program with a music teacher licensure component. Through individual and focus group interviews, participants shared their perspectives on program experiences, course elements, and interactions with peers and professors as important influences on their developing music teacher identity. I examined the data for emerging patterns and applied open and axial coding to the most prominent responses, resulting in themes centered on participants’ socialization experiences, desire for independence, need for self-justification, and “outsider” status among peers. To combat lack of peer recognition or support, participants developed strong, collaborative relations with each other. Implications for music teacher educators are considered.
Sleep in Parental Caregivers and Children With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Feeley Christine A. , Sereika Susan M. , Chasens Eileen R. , Siminerio Linda , Charron-Prochownik Denise , Muzumdar Radhika H. , Viswanathan Pushpa
Published: August 2019

The purpose of this cross-sectional, descriptive, pilot study was to examine the correlations in sleep between caregivers (≥18 years) and young (6–12 years) children with type 1 diabetes. Sleep was measured in both parent and child over 7 days using actigraphy and a sleep diary. Parents completed questionnaires on sleep, stress, depressive symptoms, and demographics. Children completed pediatric anxiety and fatigue questionnaires, and A1C (Hemoglobin A1c) was documented at clinic. Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlations were used to analyze data. Parents ( N = 18, mean age: 39.3 ± 5.4 years, 100% Caucasian, 83% mothers) and children ( N = 18, mean age: 9.6 ± 2.4 years, diagnosed for mean 3.0 ± 2.4 years, 66% female, mean A1C: 7.5 ± 0.8%) were recruited. Strong to moderate correlations were found for several measures including sleep measures based on actigraphy: mean sleep duration (hours; 7.6 ± 0.7 for parents and 8.8 ± 0.8 for children; r = .638, p = .004), mean sleep efficiency ( r = .823, p < .001), and mean daily wake after sleep onset (minutes; r = .530, p = .024).
Construction and Validation of the Quality of Maternity Leave Scales (QMLS)
Authors: Sterling Haley M. , Allan Blake A.
Published: August 2019

Maternity leave is not federally guaranteed or paid in the United States. Although there has been an increase of women in the workforce, federal maternity leave policy has not changed since the adoption of the Family and Medical Leave Act in 1993. The subjective quality of this maternity leave is likely an important component of what mothers perceive to be decent work. However, no scholars have developed measurements examining mothers’ subjective experiences of the quality of their maternity leave. Therefore, the goal of the current research was to develop scales measuring six domains of quality of maternity leave: time off, flexibility, coworker support, discrimination, microaggressions, and benefits (e.g., pay, health care, disability insurance). In two studies with diverse samples of working, adult mothers, we provide evidence for the factor structure, validity, and internal consistency of the Quality of Maternity Leave Scales.
One- versus two-stage transposed brachiobasilic arteriovenous fistulae: A review of the current state of the art
Authors: Sheta Mohamed , Hakmei Jalal , London Mark , Wooster Mathew , Aruny John , Ross John , Illig Karl A
Published: August 2019

In the absence of suitable cephalic vein, the brachiobasilic vein complex represents the best option for arteriovenous access. However, the basilic vein is too deep to cannulate and requires transposition to be accessible. Transposition can be performed during fistula creation (single-stage BBTx) or at a second operation after initial fistula creation (two-stage brachiobasilic transposition (BBTx)). The best approach is unknown. A PubMed search using “Basilic vein transposition” as the primary search term was performed to identify articles addressing this controversy. Meta-analysis was then performed using those papers that provided the inspected data points with student’s t-test used to compare maturation and patency rates between the groups. A total of 37 manuscripts were judged of adequate quality for analysis. Based on the available data, overall maturation rates, 1-year primary patency rates, and overall complication rates seem to be equivalent between single- and two-stage BBTx, while 1-year secondary patency is greater in the two-stage group (79% vs 85%). A large prospective randomized clinical trial with clear definitions of maturity, patency, and complications is needed to definitively answer the question of whether one strategy is better than the other.
Expertise and Non-binary Bodies: Sex, Gender and the Case of Dutee Chand
Authors: Pape Madeleine
Published: August 2019

How do institutions respond to expert contests over epistemologies of sex and gender? In this article, I consider how epistemological ascendancy in debates over the regulation of women athletes with high testosterone is established within a legal setting. Approaching regulation as an institutional act that defines forms of embodied difference, the legitimacy of which may be called into question, I show how sexed bodies are enacted through and as part of determinations of expertise. I focus on proceedings from 2015 when the Court of Arbitration for Sport was asked to decide whether an Indian sprinter, Dutee Chand, could compete as a female athlete. Despite acknowledging that sexed bodies are unruly, the court ultimately endorsed the use of testosterone as seemingly essential to women’s athletic performance, thereby reasserting a two-category model of biological difference. The legitimacy of these regulatory efforts was established through the concurrent narrowing of expertise and the body, a process that is also revealed to be gendered.
Face and the City
Authors: Mubi Brighenti Andrea
Published: August 2019

This piece sets out an exploration of the relations between the city, the body and the face, seeking to understand in particular how the city and the face could be articulated with reference to an image of the body. It is suggested that the face and the city entertain a kind of privileged affinity. Just as the face unsettles the head and the bodily system to which it belongs, projecting the latter into an intersubjective social system of interaction and signification, so the city unsettles the land where it is located, projecting it into long-distance connections with similar entities scattered across the continent, and beyond. The piece evolves into the twin exploration of, on the one hand, ‘the city of the face’ and, on the other, ‘the face of the city’.
Blockchain-based secure and fair crowdsourcing scheme
Authors: Zhang Junwei , Cui Wenxuan , Ma Jianfeng , Yang Chao
Published: August 2019

The crowdsourcing schemes which utilize the social network to solve complex tasks are an important part of open cooperation over the Internet. Although blockchain-based crowdsourcing schemes have considerable advantages in decentralization and data sharing, there is still a challenge to gurantee the security of crowdsourced-sensitive information and the fairness of crowdsourcing on the blockchain. To this end, this article investigates a crowdsourcing scheme based on blockchain. First, we define the basic requirements of blockchain-based crowdsourcing schemes including fairness, confidentiality, and integrity. And then, using secure hash, commitment, and homomorphic encryption, we propose a blockchain-based secure and fair crowdsourcing scheme, that is, BFC. The analysis results show that our scheme can satisfy the above requirements. Finally, the experimental results show that the computational overhead of the BFC scheme is acceptable to both the requester and the workers. In a word, our proposed crowdsourcing scheme has good expansibility in reality.
Social-aware routing for cognitive radio–based vehicular ad hoc networks
Authors: Wang Jing , Zhang Huyin , Tang Xing , Hao Sheng
Published: August 2019

Cognitive radio–based vehicular ad hoc networks can solve the problem of limited spectrum resource and growing vehicular communication service demands in intelligent transportation systems, and thus, it receives much concern recently. In cognitive radio–based vehicular ad hoc networks, the high mobility of vehicles and the dynamic spectrum activity of cognitive radio make routing in such networks a great challenge. Some routing researches have been proposed in cognitive radio–based vehicular ad hoc networks with single-objective optimization and neglecting the nodes’ social behaviors which can improve the network performance. From this perspective, we propose a social-aware routing scheme for cognitive radio–based vehicular ad hoc networks, with the purpose of increasing the packet delivery ratio and decreasing the overhead ratio. First, we analyze the social centrality of primary users to offer an accuracy spectrum hole measurement. Moreover, we develop a social community partition algorithm to divide secondary users into intra-community and inter-community groups. Furthermore, considering the tradeoff between the packet delivery ratio and the overhead ratio, we adopt different replication policies and forwarding ranks in different community communication processes. In the intra-community communication process, we employ the single-copy policy and the contact duration rank. In the inter-community communication process, we utilize the optimized-binary-tree replication policy and the bridge coefficient rank. Simulation results show that our social-aware routing scheme achieves the higher package delivery ratio and the lower overhead ratio when compared with the existing cognitive radio–based vehicular ad hoc networks routing schemes and other standard routing schemes.
Research on linear magnetic reciprocating yarn-guiding system
Authors: Binbin Lu , Zhiming Zhang , Yaoshuai Duan , Qiao Xu , Biao Zhang
Published: August 2019

Reciprocating yarn-guiding system is a device for evenly and efficiently winding processed yarns into corresponding packages according to process requirements. Based on the traditional reciprocating yarn-guiding system and the linear magnetic driving mode, the linear magnetic reciprocating yarn-guiding system is proposed in this article. First, the technological requirements of conical package are analyzed, and the polynomial motion law based on reciprocating yarn-guiding mechanism is discussed emphatically. Second, the motion characteristics and operation mechanism of driving parts of reciprocating yarn-guiding mechanism are studied. The maximum acceleration models are established on two kinds of magnetic field analysis theories. Then, the appropriate models have been chosen by comparing the simulation results. And then, the movement functions of reciprocating yarn-guiding mechanism are ensured through the maximum acceleration model and the motion laws. Finally, the yarn distributions winding different types of yarns are simulated. The simulation results showed that the linear magnetic reciprocating yarn-guiding system based on polynomial motion law not only satisfied the fundamental requirements of package but also cut down one-stroke time and improved the efficiency of winding.
Local Positionality in the Production of Knowledge in Northern Uganda
Authors: Mwambari David
Published: August 2019

This article examines the positionality of local stakeholders in the production of knowledge through fieldwork in qualitative research in Northern Uganda. While scholarly literature has evolved on the positionality and experiences of researchers from the Global North in (post)conflict environments, little is known about the positionality and experiences of local stakeholders in the production of knowledge. This article is based on interviews and focus groups with research assistants and respondents in Northern Uganda. Using a phenomenological approach, this article analyzes the positionality and experiences of these research associates and respondents during fieldwork. Three themes emerged from these interviews and are explored in this article: power, fatigue, and safety. This article emphasizes that researchers need to be reflexive in their practices and highlights the need to reexamine how researchers are trained in qualitative methods before going into the field. This article is further critical of the behavior of researchers and how research agendas impact local stakeholders during and after fieldwork.
Ethical complexities of responding to bystander risk in HIV prevention trials
Authors: Eyal Nir , Wikler Daniel
Published: August 2019

Till Bärnighausen points out the medical risks that two categories of contemporary HIV prevention trials, for “treatment-as-prevention” and for “pre-exposure prophylaxis,” pose to people who are not study participants. Bärnighausen’s compelling case forces reconsideration of the absence of bystanders in the law governing ethical review of health research. It raises the intriguing question: to what legal protection are bystanders morally entitled? The remedy might seem to be to accord bystanders the rights and protections currently accorded to human study participants. We counsel against that remedy on three grounds, inviting colleagues to suggest alternatives.
Organ donor intervention trials and the ethical challenge of bystander organ recipients
Authors: Kimmelman Jonathan
Published: August 2019

Donor intervention trials test treatments aimed at preserving organs in transplantation. Many such trials apply treatments to deceased organ donors before transplantation. Drawing on a recent National Academy of Medicine report, this review describes how such studies implicate the welfare of at least four different types of individuals who would not be considered human subjects under current regulations. I close by describing why protections of some sort ought to be extended to each of these four types of research bystanders.
Regulating impact on bystanders in clinical trials: An unsettled frontier
Authors: Eyal Nir , Kimmelman Jonathan , Holtzman Lisa G , Lipsitch Marc
Published: August 2019

This article informally reviews key research ethics guidelines and regulations, academic scholarship, and research studies and finds wide variety in how they consider risk to bystanders in medical research (namely, non-participants whom studies nevertheless place at risk). Some of these key sources give no or very little consideration to bystanders, while others offer them the utmost protection (greater than they offer study participants). This unsettled frontier would benefit from a deeper investigation of the ethics of protecting research bystanders.
The ethical relevance of two types of adverse health effects on research bystanders as applied to HIV, mosquito bednet and organ transplant trials
Authors: Vong Gerard
Published: August 2019

Using cases from this symposium, I illustrate a distinction between clinical trials that harm research non-participants’ health and clinical trials that reduce a distinct health benefit to research non-participants. This distinction is ethically relevant for the design and justification of clinical trials. The relative stringency of the ethical duty to avoid harm makes it more important, all other things being equal, to avoid harms rather than avoid reduction of benefits. This is especially ethically important as it is often difficult to identify research non-participants who will suffer health harms due to research, let alone obtain their informed consent. In these difficult cases, all other things being equal, we have ethical reason to prefer clinical trials that only reduce non-participants’ health benefits to those that only involve harms to non-participants’ health. When such trials are not feasible and we are unable to get consent for the significant harms to research non-participants, these (and other) countervailing considerations must be outweighed by substantial social benefits in order for the trial to be ethically justified. Ethical research design must not just be concerned with the magnitude of adverse health effects on research non-participants but also the types of those effects.
District micropolitics during principal professional learning
Authors: LeChasseur Kimberly , Donaldson Morgaen L , Landa Jeremy
Published: August 2019

Principal professional learning is shifting in many districts in the United States of America away from didactic, central office-managed workshops to include more peer-led learning opportunities. Yet researchers have largely failed to examine issues of positionality and authority in principal professional learning, despite international scholarship that demonstrates the influence of micropolitics on the enactment of change. Using event analysis of a critical case study in an urban district in the northeast USA, we examine three chains of events. Principals and central office administrators used a variety of tactics – cooperation, compromise, and co-optation – to navigate overt and covert conflict during implementation of peer-led principal professional learning. Principals and central office administrators encountered micropolitics as they determined authority over the learning agenda, negotiated a redefinition of a new principal role, and co-constructed official spaces for peer-led learning. Findings provide lessons for educational leaders and those responsible for professional learning in districts with middle manager roles in any context, as well as suggesting that future research on the micropolitics of principal professional learning is warranted.
KI-catalyzed synthesis of S-Thiocarbamates by cross-coupling of cyclohexyl isocyanide with sulfonyl chlorides
Authors: Lin Liangwei , Fang Zhengjun , Li Yajun , Wu Feng , Au Chaktong , Luo Sai
Published: August 2019

A simple and efficient process for direct generation of various S-thiocarbamates is developed by cross-coupling of readily available sulfonyl chlorides with cyclohexyl isocyanide. The yields are excellent and the structures of the generated S-thiocarbamates are characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and high-resolution mass spectrometry together with X-ray crystallographic analysis. The protocol has the advantages of using easily available reagents, employs inexpensive KI as the reagent, demonstrates good functional group tolerance, and utilizes mild reaction conditions.
Cement pressurizing reduces radiolucent lines at glenoid: A randomized, multicentric study
Authors: Kasten Philip , Raiss Patric , Zeifang Felix , Stangl Richard , Greiner Stefan , Zumstein Matthias , Nowotny Jörg , Schmitt Katrin , Schnetzke Marc , Reuther Falk , Frauenschuh Dirk
Published: August 2019

Background

The hypothesis of this study is that cement pressurization into the glenoid reduces the rate of radiolucent lines in total shoulder arthroplasty in the mean 25.5 months after the operation.

Methods

To examine this effect, a multicentric prospective randomized study (level of evidence 1) was initiated: one group (group P, n = 24) received intraoperative pressurization of cement into the cancellous bone of the glenoid, the other cement without pressure (group NoP, n = 27). Inclusion criteria were an osteoarthritis with glenoid erosion <15° and an intact rotator cuff.

Results

There were no significant differences preoperatively between the groups regarding age (mean age 66 ± 10 years (range 44–81)), gender, range of motion, scores and pathomorphology. Both groups had a significant improvement of the scores, strength, motion and satisfaction 25.5 months after the intervention. The scores were similar between the groups (ns). However, cement pressurization at the glenoid side significantly reduced the incidence of radiolucent lines (p < 0.027).

Conclusion

This supports the use of this simple technique to improve long-term survival of total shoulder arthroplasty. Level of evidence: 1
Opportunities for cannabis in supportive care in cancer
Authors: Kleckner Amber S. , Kleckner Ian R. , Kamen Charles S. , Tejani Mohamedtaki A. , Janelsins Michelle C. , Morrow Gary R. , Peppone Luke J.
Published: August 2019

Cannabis has the potential to modulate some of the most common and debilitating symptoms of cancer and its treatments, including nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, and pain. However, the dearth of scientific evidence for the effectiveness of cannabis in treating these symptoms in patients with cancer poses a challenge to clinicians in discussing this option with their patients. A review was performed using keywords related to cannabis and important symptoms of cancer and its treatments. Literature was qualitatively reviewed from preclinical models to clinical trials in the fields of cancer, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and others, to prudently inform the use of cannabis in supportive and palliative care in cancer. There is a reasonable amount of evidence to consider cannabis for nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, and pain as a supplement to first-line treatments. There is promising evidence to treat chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, gastrointestinal distress, and sleep disorders, but the literature is thus far too limited to recommend cannabis for these symptoms. Scant, yet more controversial, evidence exists in regard to cannabis for cancer- and treatment-related cognitive impairment, anxiety, depression, and fatigue. Adverse effects of cannabis are documented but tend to be mild. Cannabis has multifaceted potential bioactive benefits that appear to outweigh its risks in many situations. Further research is required to elucidate its mechanisms of action and efficacy and to optimize cannabis preparations and doses for specific populations affected by cancer.
Update on the management of hypophosphatasia
Authors: Choida V. , Bubbear J. S.
Published: August 2019

Hypophosphatasia is a rare inherited disease caused by a loss of function mutations in the gene that codes for the tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase enzyme. It is autosomally inherited and at least 388 different genetic defects have been identified. The clinical presentation is variable from a severe perinatal form, that is fatal if untreated, to adult-onset disease. This review covers the pathophysiology, diagnosis and current management option including the recently licensed enzyme replacement therapy asfotase alfa.
Indonesia Grapples with the Indo-Pacific: Outreach, Strategic Discourse, and Diplomacy
Authors: Scott David
Published: August 2019

This article analyses and evaluates Indonesia’s grappling with the Indo-Pacific. Analysis is threefold – Indonesia’s actorness in the Indo-Pacific, its strategic discourse on the Indo-Pacific, and its Indo-Pacific diplomacy. Actorness is pursued with regard to Indonesia’s more active involvement in regional and subregional structures in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean. Strategic discourse is threefold – Natalegawa’s “Indo-Pacific Treaty” concept (2013–2014), Widodo’s “maritime nexus” drive (2014 onwards), and the current “Indo-Pacific Cooperation Concept” (IPCC; 2018 onwards). Diplomacy is pursued with regard to Indonesia’s relationship with Australia, Japan, China, India, and the United States. The article concludes that while Indonesia certainly is on the rise as an Indo-Pacific actor, its continuing naval weakness undermines Indonesia’s “maritime nexus” stance, while its reluctance to challenge China leaves Indonesia’s Indo-Pacific Treaty and its IPCC vague and to some degree ignoring uncomfortable security issues posed by China. A closer synergy for Indonesia with the US and Japanese Free and Open Indo-Pacific initiative is suggested.
Open reduction and internal fixation of Gustilo type-I and type-II open pilon fractures using a lateral approach
Authors: Hu Chuanzhen , Zhu Weiyi , Chahal Kapil , Zhu Nan , Fang Wang , Jing Juehua , Zhan Junfeng
Published: August 2019

Background:

Traditional anteromedial incision for pilon fractures would further increase the damage to the subcutaneous tissues anterior and medial to tibia. In this study, we retrospectively evaluated the method and the outcomes of lateral approach for surgical treatment of Gustilo type-I and type-II open pilon fractures with medial soft tissue injuries.

Methods:

From May 2014 to September 2017, 35 patients with Gustilo type-I and type-II open pilon fractures were treated with standard protocol using a lateral approach. The initial wound debridement and application of a spanning external fixator or traction of calcaneal tubercle were performed within 24 h and a definitive fixation was performed when the wound was healed. The mean time from primary surgery to definite surgery was 11.8 (range: 8–16) days. Postoperative radiographs, complications, bone union, and American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle/hind foot score were recorded.

Results:

The mean follow-up period was 17 months (range: 13–23). The average time to bone union was 22 weeks (range: 18–25). In 35 patients, 2 patients had a superficial wound infection and another 1 patient showed limitation of ankle joint motion. No cases of deep infection, skin necrosis, and symptomatic implant reported. The mean AOFAS score was 89.8 (range: 84–95). On final outcome, 25 patients come under excellent and 10 patients had good result.

Conclusion:

From the results of this study, we can conclude that the lateral approach to treat Gustilo type-I and type-II open pilon fractures was a safe option with a low complication rate. On the other hand, it provides sufficient exposure to restore anatomic articulation, which is worthy of clinical recommendation.
Listening for the Interior in Hip-Hop and R&B Music
Authors: Allen Tennille Nicole , Randolph Antonia
Published: August 2019

This article analyzes how four Black musical artists make “quiet,” or the inner life of African Americans, legible. Specifically, we consider ways that the quiet found within the lyrics of recent acclaimed albums from two hip-hop artists and two neo-soul artists—Kendrick Lamar’s DAMN (2017) and Rapsody’s Laila’s Wisdom (2017), Solange’s A Seat at the Table (2016) and Maxwell’s blackSUMMERS’night (2016), respectively—offer subtle, quotidian challenges to oppression, dehumanization, and objectification. We find that quiet occurs as artists describe the use of metaphysical space, or how place is used to make and take space for the self and to find peace, the protection of the interior self, and the gifts of quiet to the struggle for resistance.

These lyrics speak to the interior safe space that Blacks seek as refuge from oppression by the dominant culture and demands from within their community. We contend that Blacks exercise power through their dominion over their interior selves, which in turn expresses their humanity. It is their control of the content of inner life, whatever those contents may be, that is an expression of sovereignty.
Which Electoral System Ensures Real Representation?
Authors: Vundru Raja Sekhar
Published: August 2019

The article focuses on the electoral thoughts and ideas of Ambedkar, Gandhi and Patel. Dr Ambedkar’s efforts for the implementation of representative electoral system have been discussed, along with the evolution of electoral methods that determines every election in India. The article highlights the shortcomings of electoral methods adopted in India as socially marginalized groups and classes have always been underrepresented or represented inappropriately. The article also discusses the functioning of different electoral methods such as two round system and proportional representation system. The present electoral system adopted in India needs to be reformed as per Ambedkar’s electoral ideas to ensure representative, inclusive and equitable democracy.
Circulating adhesion molecules and subclinical interstitial lung disease: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
Authors: McGroder Claire F. , Aaron Carrie P. , Bielinski Suzette J. , Kawut Steven M. , Tracy Russell P. , Raghu Ganesh , Barr R. Graham , Lederer David J. , Podolanczuk Anna J.
Published: August 2019

Adhesion molecules may contribute to the development of interstitial lung disease (ILD) and have been proposed as prognostic biomarkers in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Our objective was to determine whether the circulating adhesion molecules soluble intracellular adhesion molecule (sICAM)-1, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (sVCAM)-1 and P-selectin are associated with subclinical ILD in community-dwelling adults.

The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis enrolled males and females aged 45–84 years from six communities in the United States in 2000–2002. High attenuation areas were defined as the percentage of imaged lung volume with attenuation −600–−250 HU on cardiac computed tomography (CT). Interstitial lung abnormalities were visually assessed on full-lung CT. Spirometry was performed on a subset of individuals. ILD hospitalisations and deaths were adjudicated.

In fully adjusted analyses, higher levels of sICAM-1, sVCAM-1 and P-selectin were associated with greater high attenuation areas (2.94%, 95% CI 1.80–4.07%; 1.24%, 95% CI 0.14–2.35%; and 1.58%, 95% CI 0.92–2.23%, respectively), and greater rate of ILD hospitalisations (HR 1.36, 95% CI 1.03–1.80; 1.40, 95% CI 1.07–1.85; and 2.03, 95% CI 1.16–3.5, respectively). sICAM-1 was associated with greater prevalence of interstitial lung abnormalities (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.13–1.71). sICAM-1 and P-selectin were associated with lower forced vital capacity (44 mL, 95% CI 12–76 mL and 29 mL, 95% CI 8–49 mL, respectively). sVCAM-1 and P-selectin were associated with increased risk of ILD death (HR 2.15, 95% CI 1.26–3.64 and 3.61, 95% CI 1.54–8.46, respectively).

Higher levels of circulating sICAM-1, sVCAM-1 and P-selectin are independently associated with CT and spirometric measures of subclinical ILD, and increased rate of adjudicated ILD events among community-dwelling adults.
Comparation of the quantification of the proliferative index KI67 between eyeball and semi-automated digital analysis in gastro-intestinal neuroendrocrine tumors
Authors: Basile Maíra Leite , Kuga Fábio Seiji , Del Carlo Bernardi Fabíola
Published: August 2019

Background

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) constitute tumors widely distributed and with heterogeneous biological behavior. For gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (GI-NETs) the following prognostic factors have been identified: location, production of hormones, size and proliferative grade. The latter must be calculated using proliferation index by the number of mitosis or the proportion of tumor cells positive for Ki67 immunostaining. The objective of this study was to use a quantitative tool to calculate the Ki67 index in GI-NETs.

Material and methods

We reviewed 40 cases of GI-NETs diagnosed at the Department of Pathological Sciences, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo Hospital between 2004 and 2014 and compared the Ki67 index by manual count using scanned photomicrographs with semi-automated digital analysis (MC) and eyeball estimation (EE) of the histological slide.

After Ki67 immunostaining, the slides were scanned with 3DHistech Pannoramic Scanners. Hot spots were selected and exported in a high-resolution image format and the Ki67 index was calculated with semi-automated image analysis software (AxioVision 3.0). Ki67 immunoreactivity was expressed as the percentage of tumor cells with nuclear staining (number of positive tumor cells/a minimum of 500 total tumor cells).

Results

We compared the classification of the neuroendocrine tumor by using the two methods in the semi-automated method 26 maintained the same grade, while 14 were re-classified, 4 being upgraded and 10 downgraded.

Conclusion

In the EE method there was a larger estimate of the percentage of positivity for KI67. As the Ki67 values are the criteria for the classification of neuroendocrine tumors, the semi-automated method can have less error.
PIN-FORMED and PIN-LIKES auxin transport facilitators
Authors: Sauer Michael , Kleine-Vehn Jürgen
Published: August 2019

The phytohormone auxin influences virtually all aspects of plant growth and development. Auxin transport across membranes is facilitated by, among other proteins, members of the PIN-FORMED (PIN) and the structurally similar PIN-LIKES (PILS) families, which together govern directional cell-to-cell transport and intracellular accumulation of auxin. Canonical PIN proteins, which exhibit a polar localization in the plasma membrane, determine many patterning and directional growth responses. Conversely, the less-studied non-canonical PINs and PILS proteins, which mostly localize to the endoplasmic reticulum, attenuate cellular auxin responses. Here, and in the accompanying poster, we provide a brief summary of current knowledge of the structure, evolution, function and regulation of these auxin transport facilitators.
Hox gene Abdominal-B uses DoublesexF as a cofactor to promote neuroblast apoptosis inDrosophilacentral nervous system
Authors: Ghosh Neha , Bakshi Asif , Khandelwal Risha , Rajan Sriivatsan Govinda , Joshi Rohit
Published: August 2019

Highly conserved DM domain containing transcription factors (Doublesex/MAB-3/DMRT1) are responsible for generating sexually dimorphic features. In Drosophila CNS a set of Doublesex (Dsx) expressing neuroblasts undergo apoptosis in females while their male counterparts proliferate and give rise to serotonergic neurons crucial for adult mating behaviour. Our study demonstrates that female specific isoform of Doublesex collaborates with Hox gene Abdominal-B (AbdB) to bring about this apoptosis. Biochemical results suggest AbdB and Dsx interact through their highly conserved Homeodomain and DM domains respectively. This interaction is translated into a cooperative binding of the two proteins (AbdB and Dsx) on the apoptotic enhancer in case of females but not in case of males, resulting in female specific activation of apoptotic genes. The capacity of AbdB to utilize sex specific isoform of Dsx as a cofactor underlines the possibility that two classes of proteins are capable of cooperating in selection and regulation of target genes in tissue and sex specific manner. We propose that this interaction could be a common theme in generating sexual dimorphism in different tissues across different species.
Mesenchymal proteases and tissue fluidity remodel the extracellular matrix during airway epithelial branching in the embryonic avian lung
Authors: Spurlin James W. , Siedlik Michael J. , Nerger Bryan A. , Pang Mei-Fong , Jayaraman Sahana , Zhang Rawlison , Nelson Celeste M.
Published: August 2019

Reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal signaling is essential for morphogenesis, including branching of the lung. In the mouse, mesenchymal cells differentiate into airway smooth muscle that wraps around epithelial branches, but this contractile tissue is absent from the early avian lung. Here, we found that branching morphogenesis in the embryonic chicken lung requires extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling driven by reciprocal interactions between the epithelium and mesenchyme. Before branching, the basement membrane wraps the airway epithelium as a spatially uniform sheath. After branch initiation, however, the basement membrane thins at branch tips; this remodeling requires mesenchymal expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2, which is necessary for branch extension but not branch initiation. As branches extend, tenascin-C (TNC) accumulates in the mesenchyme several cell diameters away from the epithelium. Despite its pattern of accumulation, TNC is expressed exclusively by epithelial cells. Branch extension coincides with deformation of adjacent mesenchymal cells, which correlates with an increase in mesenchymal fluidity at branch tips that may transport TNC away from the epithelium. These data reveal novel epithelial-mesenchymal interactions that direct ECM remodeling during airway branching morphogenesis.
The distinct phenotypic signatures of dispersal and stress in an arthropod model: from physiology to life history
Authors: Dahirel Maxime , Masier Stefano , Renault David , Bonte Dries
Published: August 2019

Dispersing individuals are expected to encounter costs during transfer and in the novel environment, and may also have experienced stress in their natal patch. Given this, a non-random subset of the population should engage in dispersal and show divergent stress-related responses. This includes physiological shifts as expressed in the metabolome, which form a major part of responses to stress. We analyzed how metabolic profiles and life-history traits varied between dispersers and residents of the model two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae, and whether and how these syndromes varied with exposure to a stressful new host plant (tomato). Regardless of the effect of host plant, we found a physiological dispersal syndrome where, relative to residents, dispersers were characterized by lower leaf consumption and a lower concentration of several amino acids, indicating a potential dispersal-foraging trade-off. As a possible consequence of this lower food intake, dispersers also laid smaller eggs. Responses to tomato were consistent with this plant being a stressor for Tetranychus urticae, including reduced fecundity and reduced feeding. Tomato-exposed mites laid larger eggs, which we interpret as a plastic response to food stress, increasing survival to maturity. Contrary to what was expected from the costs of dispersal and from previous meta-population level studies, there was no interaction between dispersal status and host plant for any of the examined traits, meaning stress impacts were equally incurred by residents and dispersers. We thus provide novel insights in the processes shaping dispersal and the feedbacks on ecological dynamics in spatially structured populations.
Effects of natural wing damage on flight performance in Morpho butterflies: what can it tell us about wing shape evolution?
Authors: Le Roy Camille , Cornette Raphaël , Llaurens Violaine , Debat Vincent
Published: August 2019

Flying insects frequently experience wing damage during their life. Such irreversible alterations of wing shape affect flight performance and ultimately fitness. Insects have been shown to compensate for wing damage through various behavioural adjustments, but the importance of damage location over the wings has been scarcely studied. Using natural variation in wing damage, here we tested how the loss of different wing parts affect flight performance. We quantified flight performance in two species of large butterflies, Morpho helenor and M. achilles, caught in the wild, and displaying large variation in the extent and location of wing damage. We artificially generated more severe wing damage in our sample to contrast natural vs. higher magnitude of wing loss. Wing shape alteration across our sample was quantified using geometric morphometrics to test the effect of different damage distributions on flight performance. Our results show that impaired flight performance clearly depends on damage location over the wings, pointing out a relative importance of different wing parts for flight. Deteriorated forewings leading edge most crucially affected flight performance, specifically decreasing flight speed and proportion of gliding flight. In contrast, most frequent natural damage such as scattered wing margin had no detectable effect on flight behaviour. Damages located on the hindwings – although having a limited effect on flight – were associated with reduced flight height, suggesting that fore- and hindwings play different roles in butterfly flight. By contrasting harmless and deleterious consequences of various types of wing damage, our study points at different selective regimes acting on morphological variations of butterfly wings.
Four Stereoisomers of 2-Aminomethyl-1-cyclopropanecarboxylic Acid: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation
Authors: Oikawa Masato , Sugeno Yuka , Tukada Hideyuki , Takasaki Yuichi , Takamizawa Satoshi , Irie Raku
Published: August 2019

Here, we report a practical method for asymmetric synthesis of cyclopropane-fused GABA analogs. Starting from 2-furaldehyde, the cis-isomer (CAMP) was synthesized over 10 steps; (−)- and (+)-CAMP·HCl were synthesized by employing d- and l-menthol as the chiral auxiliary for total 2.5% and 1.3% yields, respectively. On the other hand, the trans-isomer (TAMP) was elaborated via double asymmetric induction, i.e. organocatalytic asymmetric cyclopropanation on chiral substrate. Thus, starting from l- and d-menthyl acrylate, in combination with quinidine-derived and quinine-derived organocatalysts, (−)- and (+)-TAMP·HCl were synthesized in total 6.6% and 3.7% yields, respectively, over 8 steps each. Configurational analysis of the synthetic intermediates based on 13C NMR is also reported. Preliminary oncological assays showed the weak but specific activities of CAMP and TAMP as the molecular basis of GABA analogs, which are still left unexplored.
A Toolkit of Policies to Promote Innovation
Authors: Bloom Nicholas , Van Reenen John , Williams Heidi
Published: August 2019

Economic theory suggests that market economies are likely to underprovide innovation because of the public good nature of knowledge. Empirical evidence from the United States and other advanced economies supports this idea. We summarize the pros and cons of different policy instruments for promoting innovation and provide a basic “toolkit” describing which policies are most effective according to our reading of the evidence. In the short run, R&D tax credits and direct public funding seem the most productive, but in the longer run, increasing the supply of human capital (for example, relaxing immigration rules or expanding university STEM admissions) is likely more effective.