bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design of Full‐Order Observers for Systems with Unknown Inputs by Using the Eigenstructure Assignment
Authors: Lungu Mihai , Lungu Romulus
Published: May 2014

In this paper a full‐order observer is suggested in order to achieve finite‐time reconstruction of the state vector for a class of linear systems with unknown inputs. The proposed design procedure is a combination of the approaches proposed by Lin & Wang [1] and Trinh & Ha [2]. The resulted observer has been improved, from the robustness point of view, by this paper's authors by using a novel and efficient method; it consists of adding three robustness terms which cancel the negative effect of the uncertainties which can appear in the system. The effectiveness of the suggested design algorithm is illustrated by a numerical example (aircraft lateral motion).
Bayesian estimation of nonlinear equilibrium models with random coefficients
Authors: Brian Viard V. , Gron Anne , Polson Nicholas G.
Published: May 2014

In this paper, we develop a conditional likelihood based approach for estimating the equilibrium price and shares in markets with differentiated products and oligopoly supply. We model market demand using a discrete choice model with random coefficients and random utility. For most applications, the likelihood function of equilibrium prices and shares is intractable and cannot be directly analyzed. To overcome this, we develop a Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation strategy to estimate parameters and distributions. To illustrate our methodology, we generate a dataset of prices and quantities simulated from a differentiated goods oligopoly across a number of markets. We apply our methodology to this dataset to demonstrate its attractive features as well as its accuracy and validity. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ertüchtigung des Sylvensteinspeichers – Planung und Bau von Dichtwand und Sickerwassersammelsystem
Authors: Langhagen Knut , Weiß Johannes , Lang Tobias
Published: May 2014

Die Isar wird am Sylvenstein durch einen 44 m hohen Erddamm, der auf alluvialem Untergrund errichtet wurde, gestaut. Nach über 50‐jähriger Beanspruchung durch Dauerstau und diverse Hochwässer wurden Dammkern und Untergrund durch eine 70 m tiefe Dichtwand verstärkt und ein neues Sickerwasserkontrollsystem eingebaut. Erstmals wurde ein Erddamm unter Staubedingungen für einen nachträglich aufzufahrenden Sickerwassersammelstollen untertunnelt. Eine offene Galerie aus 54 Beobachtungsbrunnen dient der Überwachung der Funktionstüchtigkeit der Dichtwand.

Strengthening of Sylvenstein Reservoir – Design and construction of diaphragm wall and leakage control system

The river Isar is retained at Sylvenstein by an earth fill dam which is 44 m high and founded on deep alluvial ground. After 50 years of exposure to regular impounding and floods the dam and underground are strengthened by a 70 m deep diaphragm wall and a new leakage control system. For the first time an earth fill dam has been tunneled under conditions of pounding for building a gallery. The serviceability of the diaphragm wall is controlled by a row of 54 drainage piles used as monitoring wells.
Zum Durchstanznachweis von Einzelfundamenten nach EC2
Authors: Goris Alfons
Published: May 2014

Der Nachweis auf Durchstanzen von Einzelfundamenten ohne Durchstanzbewehrung hat sich nach Eurocode 2 (DIN EN 1992‐1‐1:2011 mit DIN EN 1992‐1‐1/NA:2013) gegenüber der bisherigen Nachweisführung grundlegend geändert. Das betrifft insbesondere den Nachweisschnitt, der im Bereich acrit ≤ 2d ungünstig bestimmt werden muss, und zwar so, dass das Verhältnis von Widerstand zur Einwirkung minimal wird. Im Regelfall erfordert die Auffindung dieses maßgebenden Rundschnitts daher eine Iteration. In diesem Beitrag wird ein einfach handhabbares Hilfsmittel vorgestellt, das die Auffindung des kritischen Nachweisschnitts in Abhängigkeit von der Grundrissgeometrie ermöglicht. Zudem kann mit den dargestellten Bemessungshilfen der Nachweis ausreichender Tragfähigkeit für rechteckige Fundamente ohne Durchstanzbewehrung, die durch mittig angeordnete Stützen mit Rechteck‐ oder Kreisquerschnitt beansprucht sind, in nur wenigen Bemessungsschritten erfolgen.

Punching shear design of footings – design aids for isolated footings without shear reinforcement

The design for punching shear of isolated footings without shear reinforcement has fundamentally changed in Eurocode 2 (DIN EN 1922‐1‐1:2011 combined with DIN EN 1992‐1‐1/NA:2013) compared to the previous design procedure. This applies in particular to the detection section that must be adversely determined in the region of acrit ≤ 2d in such a manner that the ratio of resistance to the action is minimized. As a rule, therefore, the discovery of this decisive control section requires an iteration. In this paper, an easily manageable tool is presented which allows the discovery of the critical control section depending on the floor plan geometry. In addition, with the illustrated design aids proof of sufficient load capacity for rectangular foundations without shear reinforcement, which are claimed by centrally arranged columns with rectangular or circular cross‐section, could be done in just a few steps.
Production of recombinant protein in Escherichia coli cultured in extract from waste product alga, Ulva lactuca
Authors: Rechtin Tammy M. , Hurst Matthew , Potts Tom , Hestekin Jamie , Beitle Robert , McLaughlin John , May Peter
Published: May 2014

This study examined the potential for waste product alga, Ulva lactuca, to serve as a media component for recombinant protein production in Escherichia coli. To facilitate this investigation, U. lactuca harvested from Jamaica Bay was dried, and nutrients acid extracted for use as a growth media. The E. coli cell line BL21(DE3) was used to assess the effects on growth and production of recombinant green fluorescent protein (GFP). This study showed that media composed of acid extracts without further nutrient addition maintained E. coli growth and recombinant protein production. Extracts made from dried algae lots less than six‐months‐old were able to produce two‐fold more GFP protein than traditional Lysogeny Broth media. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 30:784–789, 2014
Subcellular distribution patterns and elevated expression of GNA11 and GNA14 proteins in the lungs of humans with pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Lei Wei , Chen Puwen , Yue Yuxia , He Yuan , Shui Xiaorong , Li Guoming , Zhang Liangqing , Huang Shian , Chen Can
Published: May 2014

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), a progressive and devastating disease, is characterized by abnormal proliferation of pulmonary artery endothelial and smooth muscle cells. GTP‐binding protein subunits, GNA11 and GNA14, transmembrane and intracellular signaling molecules, participate in the regulating endothelial function and vascular development. We followed the expression of GNA11 and GNA14 in human lungs in control and PAH patients using immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses. Both GNA11 and GNA14 were expressed in lung tissue, primarily in artery endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Expression was more pronounced in PAH lung tissues compared with controls. Using immunocytochemistry and laser scanning confocal microscopy, the subcellular distribution of GNA11 and GNA14 in human pulmonary arterial endothelial (HPAECs) and smooth muscle (HPASMCs) cells in culture was investigated. GNA11 was predominantly localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus of HPASMCs, but it was only found in the cytoplasm of HPAECs. On the other hand, GNA14 immunolocalized to the nucleus and cytoplasm of both HPAECs and HPASMCs. Based on bioinformatic analyses, nuclear localization signal and transmembrane topology confirm the different subcellular distributions of GNA11 and GNA14. The data suggest that GNA11 and GNA14 are related to PAH pathogenesis, and help further functional studies of these proteins in this severe disease.
IL‐8 enhances the angiogenic potential of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by increasing vascular endothelial growth factor
Authors: Hou Yun , Ryu Chung Heon , Jun Jin Ae , Kim Seong Muk , Jeong Chang Hyun , Jeun Sin‐Soo
Published: May 2014

The beneficial effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are mediated partly by the paracrine production of cytoprotective and trophic factors. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is released from MSCs as a paracrine trophic factor and contributes to the therapeutic effects of the stem cell by regulating angiogenesis and promoting revascularization in injured tissues. Interleukin‐8 (IL‐8), an inflammatory chemokine with potent proangiogenic properties, is upregulated in the ischemic brain and has been shown to promote homing of bone marrow‐derived cells to injured sites. However, the effect of IL‐8 on MSCs paracrine function remains unknown. We found that IL‐8 induced VEGF production and phosphorylation of Akt and ERK. Both effects could be blocked by inhibitors (LY294002, PD098059) or siRNA‐mediated silencing of Akt and ERK in human bone marrow MSCs (hBM‐MSCs). IL‐8‐induced VEGF production in hBM‐MSCs significantly increased tube formation on Matrigel compared with basal secreted VEGF. In a rat stroke model, administration of IL‐8‐treated hBM‐MSCs decreased the infarction volume and increased angiogenesis in the ischemic boundary zone compared with hBM‐MSC treatment alone. In conclusion, IL‐8 stimulates VEGF production in hBM‐MSCs in part via the PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK signal transduction pathways and that administration of IL‐8‐treated hBM‐MSCs increases angiogenesis after stroke. This approach may be used to optimize MSC‐based therapies for numerous diseases including stroke, myocardial ischemia, and spinal cord injury.
Effect of ectopic OCT4 expression on canine adipose tissue‐derived mesenchymal stem cell proliferation
Authors: Han Sang‐Hun , Jang Goo , Bae Bo‐Kyoung , Han Sei‐Myoung , Koh Ye‐Rin , Ahn Jin‐Ok , Jung Woo‐Sung , Kang Sung‐Keun , Ra Jeong‐Chan , Lee Hee‐Woo , Youn Hwa‐Young
Published: May 2014

Enhancing the proliferative capacity of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is critical for increasing their therapeutic potential in a variety of diseases. We hypothesized that lentivirus‐mediated overexpression of canine octamer‐binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4) might influence the proliferation of canine adipose tissue‐derived MSCs (cATMSCs). cOCT4‐cATMSCs were generated by transducing cATMSCs with a cOCT4‐lentiviral vector. Increased expression of cOCT4 was confirmed using RT‐PCR and immunoblotting. Immunophenotypic characterization using flow cytometry indicated that the CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, and CD105 surface markers were highly expressed by both cOCT4‐ and mock‐transduced cATMSCs (mock‐cATMSCs), whereas the CD31 and CD45 markers were absent. We performed the osteogenic differentiation assay to evaluate the effects of cOCT4 overexpression on the osteogenic differentiation potential of cATMSCs. The results showed that cOCT4‐cATMSCs had a much higher potential for osteogenic differentiation than mock‐cATMSCs. Next, the proliferative capacities of cOCT4‐ and mock‐cATMSCs were evaluated using a WST‐1 cell proliferation assay and trypan blue exclusion. cOCT4‐cATMSCs showed a higher proliferative capacity than mock‐cATMSCs. Cell cycle analysis indicated that overexpression of cOCT4 in cATMSCs induced an increase in the proportion of cells in S and G2/M phases. Consistent with this, immunoblot analysis showed that cyclin D1 expression was increased in cOCT4‐cATMSCs. In conclusion, our results indicate that lentivirus‐mediated overexpression of cOCT4 increased the proliferative capacity of cATMSCs. OCT4‐mediated enhancement of cell proliferation may be a useful method for expanding MSC population rapidly without loss of stemness.
Dual‐Frequency Calcium‐Responsive MRI Agents
Authors: Kadjane Pascal , Platas‐Iglesias Carlos , Boehm‐Sturm Philipp , Truffault Vincent , Hagberg Gisela E. , Hoehn Mathias , Logothetis Nikos K. , Angelovski Goran
Published: May 2014

Responsive or smart magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents are molecular sensors that alter the MRI signal upon changes in a particular parameter in their microenvironment. Consequently, they could be exploited for visualization of various biochemical events that take place at molecular and cellular levels. In this study, a set of dual‐frequency calcium‐responsive MRI agents are reported. These are paramagnetic, fluorine‐containing complexes that produce remarkably high MRI signal changes at the1H and19F frequencies at varying Ca2+concentrations. The nature of the processes triggered by Ca2+was revealed, allowing a better understanding of these complex systems and their further improvement. The findings indicate that these double‐frequency tracers hold great promise for development of novel functional MRI methods.
Synthesis of New Lipid‐Inspired Ionic Liquids by Thiol‐ene Chemistry: Profound Solvent Effect on Reaction Pathway
Authors: Mirjafari Arsalan , O'Brien Richard A. , West Kevin N. , Davis James H.
Published: May 2014

The synthesis of a series of new lipid‐inspired ionic liquids through thiol‐ene “click” reaction with a single‐step process. This synthesis offers considerable promise as an efficient and orthogonal method to construct structurally diverse imidazolium‐type ionic liquids with linear and branched cationic tails, as well as versatility in the placement of the sulfur heteroatom. Profound solvent effect in this ene reaction regioselectivity has been observed.
Aqueous Batteries Based on Mixed Monovalence Metal Ions: A New Battery Family
Authors: Chen Liang , Zhang Leyuan , Zhou Xufeng , Liu Zhaoping
Published: May 2014

As existing battery technologies struggle to meet the requirements for widespread use in the field of large‐scale energy storage, new concepts are urgently needed to build batteries with high energy density, low cost, and good safety. Here, we demonstrate two new aqueous batteries based on two monovalence metal ions (Li+/K+ and Na+/K+) as charge‐transfer ions, Ni1Zn1HCF/TiP2O7 and Ni1Zn1HCF/NaTi2(PO4)3. These new batteries are unlike the conventional “rocking‐chair” aqueous metal‐ion batteries based on the migration of one type of shuttle ion between cathode and anode. They can deliver specific energy of 46 Wh kg−1 and 53 Wh kg−1 based on the total mass of active materials; this is superior to current aqueous battery systems based on sodium‐ion and/or potassium‐ion technologies. These two new batteries together with the previously developed Li+/Na+ mixed‐ion battery not only constitute a new battery family for energy storage, but also greatly broaden our horizons for battery research.
The MOBID‐2 pain scale: Reliability and responsiveness to pain in patients with dementia
Authors: Husebo B.S. , Ostelo R. , Strand L.I.
Published: May 2014

Background

Mobilization‐Observation‐Behavior‐Intensity‐Dementia‐2 (MOBID‐2) pain scale is a staff‐administered pain tool for patients with dementia. This study explores MOBID‐2's test–retest reliability, measurement error and responsiveness to change.

Methods

Analyses are based upon data from a cluster randomized trial including 352 patients with advanced dementia from 18 Norwegian nursing homes. Test–retest reliability between baseline and week 2 (n = 163), and weeks 2 and 4 (n = 159) was examined in patients not expected to change (controls), using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2.1), standard error of measurement (SEM) and smallest detectable change (SDC). Responsiveness was examined by testing six priori‐formulated hypotheses about the association between change scores on MOBID‐2 and other outcome measures.

Results

ICCs of the total MOBID‐2 scores were 0.81 (0–2 weeks) and 0.85 (2–4 weeks). SEM and SDC were 1.9 and 3.1 (0–2 weeks) and 1.4 and 2.3 (2–4 weeks), respectively. Five out of six hypotheses were confirmed: MOBID‐2 discriminated (p < 0.001) between change in patients with and without a stepwise protocol for treatment of pain (SPTP). Moderate association (r = 0.35) was demonstrated with Cohen‐Mansfield Agitation Inventory, and no association with Mini‐Mental State Examination, Functional Assessment Staging and Activity of Daily Living. Expected associations between change scores of MOBID‐2 and Neuropsychiatric Inventory – Nursing Home version were not confirmed.

Conclusion

The SEM and SDC in connection with the MOBID‐2 pain scale indicate that the instrument is responsive to a decrease in pain after a SPTP. Satisfactory test–retest reliability across test periods was demonstrated. Change scores ≥ 3 on total and subscales are clinically relevant and are beyond measurement error.
Antimicrobial activities of commercial essential oils and their components against food‐borne pathogens and food spoilage bacteria
Authors: Mith Hasika , Duré Rémi , Delcenserie Véronique , Zhiri Abdesselam , Daube Georges , Clinquart Antoine
Published: May 2014

This study was undertaken to determine the in vitro antimicrobial activities of 15 commercial essential oils and their main components in order to pre‐select candidates for potential application in highly perishable food preservation. The antibacterial effects against food‐borne pathogenic bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7) and food spoilage bacteria (Brochothrix thermosphacta and Pseudomonas fluorescens) were tested using paper disk diffusion method, followed by determination of minimum inhibitory (MIC) and bactericidal (MBC) concentrations. Most of the tested essential oils exhibited antimicrobial activity against all tested bacteria, except galangal oil. The essential oils of cinnamon, oregano, and thyme showed strong antimicrobial activities with MIC ≥ 0.125 μL/mL and MBC ≥ 0.25 μL/mL. Among tested bacteria, P. fluorescens was the most resistant to selected essential oils with MICs and MBCs of 1 μL/mL. The results suggest that the activity of the essential oils of cinnamon, oregano, thyme, and clove can be attributed to the existence mostly of cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol, thymol, and eugenol, which appear to possess similar activities against all the tested bacteria. These materials could be served as an important natural alternative to prevent bacterial growth in food products.
Evaluating the distribution of water resources in western Canada using synoptic climatology and selected teleconnections. Part 1: winter season
Authors: Newton Brandi W. , Prowse Terry D. , Bonsal Barrie R.
Published: May 2014

The Climatic Redistribution of western Canadian Water Resources project was designed to identify regions of increased/decreased water availability by evaluating a suite of atmospheric, hydroclimatic and streamflow variables. This research component focuses on the atmospheric drivers of air temperature and precipitation in the watersheds originating on the leeward slopes of the Rocky Mountains. Dominant winter (November–April) synoptic‐scale mid‐tropospheric circulation patterns from 1950 to 2011 are classified using self‐organizing maps, and frequency distributions for positive/negative phases of the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and Arctic Oscillation are statistically compared. Corresponding high‐resolution gridded temperature and precipitation anomalies are calculated for each synoptic type, and spatial patterns of above/below‐average temperature and precipitation and north/south gradients are identified. Gridded 6‐month values of the Standardized Precipitation–Evapotranspiration Index are also used to categorize winters into regions of high/low snowpack. Results indicate high‐pressure ridges over the Pacific Ocean (western North America), and low‐pressure troughs over western North America (Pacific Ocean) are associated with anomalously cool (warm) and wet (dry) conditions in the study region. Several statistically different synoptic type frequencies were found for positive/negative phases of the SOI, PDO and Arctic Oscillation. Most notably, positive (negative) phases of the SOI and negative (positive) phases of the PDO are associated with a higher (lower) frequency of ridging over the Pacific Ocean (western North America). Through improved knowledge of the relationships between teleconnections, mid‐tropospheric circulation and surface climate, the spatial and temporal distribution of water resources in western Canada is better understood. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Threshold prediction for segmenting tumour from brain MRI scans
Authors: Beno M. Marsaline , I. R Valarmathi , S. M Swamy , Rajakumar B. R.
Published: May 2014

In recent decades, region growing methods in image segmentation plays a vital role in medical image processing. Nonetheless, the method needs more advancement to cope up with the images of current acquisition devices. This paper attempts to solve the problem of maintaining diversity among wide image specifications by optimizing the threshold. In order to accomplish this, we introduce a hybrid framework of Artificial Bee Colony and Genetic Algorithm in a region growing variant, in which gradient and intensity levels are used for segmentation. Eventually, the proposed work is subjected to classify the tumor and non‐tumor images, followed by the segmentation of tumor region in MRI images. Classification methodologies such as feed forward back propagation neural network, radial basis neural network, support vector machine with quadratic programming and adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system are considered for experimental investigation in which support vector machine with quadratic programming is found to be dominant than other methodologies. Proposed region growing method outperforms well on the classified image, when compared with the region growing variant and standard region growing method. The results are demonstrated with the aid of wide set of performance measures. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 24, 129–137, 2014
Sonographic appearance of uterine lymphoma: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Hadi Efrat , Bruchim Ilan , Helman Ilana , Shehtman Itshak , Stackievicz Rodica , Tepper Ronnie , Hershkovitz Reli
Published: May 2014

Uterine lymphoma is rare and tends to be misdiagnosed due to lack of specific radiologic features. Few reports have been published on the sonographic characteristics of uterine lymphoma. We present a case report of uterine lymphoma manifested by a fast growing uterus and describe the sonographic findings. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 43:59–63, 2015
Unit‐based interprofessional leadership models in six US hospitals
Authors: Kim Christopher S. , King Emmanuel , Stein Jason , Robinson Edmondo , Salameh Mohammad , O'Leary Kevin J.
Published: May 2014

The landscape of hospital‐based care has shifted to place greater emphasis on improving quality and delivering value. In response, hospitals and healthcare organizations must reassess their strategies to improve care delivery in their facilities and beyond. Although these institutional goals may be defined at the executive level, implementation takes place at local sites of care. To lead these efforts, hospitals need to appoint effective leaders at the frontlines. Hospitalists are well poised to take on the role of the local clinical care improvement leader based on their experiences as direct frontline caregivers and their integral roles in hospital‐wide quality and safety initiatives. A unit‐based leadership model consisting of a medical director paired with a nurse manager has been implemented in several hospitals to function as an effector arm in response to the changing landscape of inpatient care. We provide an overview of this new model of leadership and describe the experiences of 6 hospitals that have implemented it. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:545–550. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine
The Placentation of Eulipotyphla—Reconstructing a Morphotype of the Mammalian Placenta
Authors: Ferner Kirsten , Siniza Swetlana , Zeller Ulrich
Published: May 2014

Placentation determines the developmental status of the neonate, which can be considered as the most vulnerable stage in the mammalian life cycle. In this respect, the different evolutionary and ecological adaptations of marsupial and placental mammals have most likely been associated with the different reproductive strategies of the two therian clades. The morphotypes of marsupial and placental neonates, as well as the placental stem species pattern of Marsupialia, have already been reconstructed. To contribute to a better understanding of the evolution of Placentalia, a histological and ultrastructural investigation of the placenta in three representatives of Eulipotyphla, that is, core insectivores, has been carried out in this study. We studied the Musk shrew (Suncus murinus), the four‐toed hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris), and the Iberian mole (Talpa occidentalis). As a result, a eulipotyphlan placental morphotype consisting of a compact and invasive placenta was reconstructed. This supports the widely accepted hypothesis that the stem lineage of Placentalia is characterized by an invasive, either endothelio‐ or hemochorial placenta. Evolutionary transformations toward a diffuse, noninvasive placenta occurred in the stem lineages of lower primates and cetartiodactyles and were associated with prolonged gestation and the production of few and highly precocial neonates. Compared to the choriovitelline placenta of Marsupialia, the chorioallantoic placenta of Placentalia allows for a more intimate contact and is associated with more advanced neonates. J. Morphol. 275:1122–1144, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular epidemiological study of hepatitis B virus genotypes in Southwest, China
Authors: Shen Liping , Yin Wenjiao , Zheng Hui , Cui Fuqiang , Zhang Shuang , Wang Fuzhen , Wang Feng , Zhang Yong , Liang Xiaofeng , Bi Shengli
Published: May 2014

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is highly endemic in Southwest China; an area with many ethnic minorities. Information about the genetic distribution of HBV is still limited. In 2010, a multistage cluster sampling method was carried out in the Southwest China. Five hundred forty serum samples of participants were collected. Polymerase chain reaction followed by nucleotide sequencing of parts of the HBV S and C genes was performed. HBV genotype and subgenotype were determined. Recombination analysis was carried out. HBV infectious markers, HBV DNA and mutations in the basic core promoter (BCP) A1762T/G1764A and G1896A were analyzed. The results show us that HBV genotypes C/D recombinant (38.6%), B (31.6%), and C (23.3%), were predominant in Southwest China. C/D4 (96.8%) was endemic in the Tibetan and B2 (43.5%) in Han, and C1 (66.7%) was predominant in the Yi minority. 67.5% (56/83) of genotype C/D was Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive/Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positive/HBV DNA≥20,000 IU/ml, BCP A1762T/G1764A double mutation was frequent in genotype C and C/D, and G1896A was frequent in B and B/C. Thus, HBV genotypes distribution differed significantly in area and minority in Southwest China. C/D recombinant is endemic in the Tibetan, while B, C genotypes are predominant in Han minority. C/D recombinant exhibits higher frequency with HBeAg positive, high level of HBV DNA and BCP A1762T/G1764A double mutation. J. Med. Virol. 86:1307–1313, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evolution of simeprevir‐resistant variants over time by ultra‐deep sequencing in HCV genotype 1b
Authors: Akuta Norio , Suzuki Fumitaka , Sezaki Hitomi , Suzuki Yoshiyuki , Hosaka Tetsuya , Kobayashi Masahiro , Kobayashi Mariko , Saitoh Satoshi , Ikeda Kenji , Kumada Hiromitsu
Published: May 2014

Using ultra‐deep sequencing technology, the present study was designed to investigate the evolution of simeprevir‐resistant variants (amino acid substitutions of aa80, aa155, aa156, and aa168 positions in HCV NS3 region) over time. In Toranomon Hospital, 18 Japanese patients infected with HCV genotype 1b, received triple therapy of simeprevir/PEG‐IFN/ribavirin (DRAGON or CONCERT study). Sustained virological response rate was 67%, and that was significantly higher in patients with IL28B rs8099917 TT than in those with non‐TT. Six patients, who did not achieve sustained virological response, were tested for resistant variants by ultra‐deep sequencing, at the baseline, at the time of re‐elevation of viral loads, and at 96 weeks after the completion of treatment. Twelve of 18 resistant variants, detected at re‐elevation of viral load, were de novo resistant variants. Ten of 12 de novo resistant variants become undetectable over time, and that five of seven resistant variants, detected at baseline, persisted over time. In one patient, variants of Q80R at baseline (0.3%) increased at 96‐week after the cessation of treatment (10.2%), and de novo resistant variants of D168E (0.3%) also increased at 96‐week after the cessation of treatment (9.7%). In conclusion, the present study indicates that the emergence of simeprevir‐resistant variants after the start of treatment could not be predicted at baseline, and the majority of de novo resistant variants become undetectable over time. Further large‐scale prospective studies should be performed to investigate the clinical utility in detecting simeprevir‐resistant variants. J. Med. Virol. 86:1314–1322, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gene expression profiles reveal that chondrogenic progenitor cells and synovial cells are closely related
Authors: Zhou Cheng , Zheng Hongjun , Seol Dongrim , Yu Yin , Martin James A.
Published: May 2014

We showed previously that chondrogenic progenitor cells (CPCs) from the superficial zone of articular cartilage respond vigorously to cartilage wounding by responding chemotactically to cell debris, but the physiologic functions of CPCs remain unclear. To help bridge this knowledge gap we undertook a comparative analysis of gene expression in bovine CPCs, chondrocytes, synovial fibroblasts (synoviocytes), and cells isolated from synovial fluid (SFCs). Analysis of microarrays parsed the four cell types into two distinct groups, one composed only of chondrocytes and the other of CPCs, synoviocytes, and SFCs. The groups differed with respect to metalloendopeptidase, collagen, and cytokine gene expression. Quantitative PCR showed that, relative to chondrocytes, all other cells under‐expressed cartilage matrix genes. CPCs significantly over‐expressed genes encoding the chemokines interleukin 8 (IL8), and C–C motif ligand 2, while synoviocytes over‐expressed the chemokine C–X–C motif Ligand 12. Sulfated glycosaminoglycan deposition in pellet cultures by CPCs was intermediate between chondrocytes and synoviocytes/SFCs. These results indicate that the CPC phenotype more closely resembles synoviocytes and SFCs than chondrocytes. CPCs show a tendency to over‐express chemokines that promote immune cell chemotaxis, suggesting they mediate inflammation in response to cartilage wounding. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:981–988, 2014.
Ultrasonic modification of the viscosity of vegetable, mineral and synthetic oils — effects of nucleating agents and free‐radical scavengers
Authors: Mercantili Laura , Davis Frank , Collyer Stuart D. , Higson Séamus P. J.
Published: May 2014

We describe the ultrasonic initiated modification of four types of oil; sunflower oil, transformer oil, cable oil and silicone oil. Ultrasound is effective in initiating and driving reactions of the three hydrocarbon oils but ineffective in the case of silicone oil. The hydrocarbon oils showed noticeable reductions in viscosity after sonication; this reduction can be enhanced by incorporating nucleating agents such as particulate carbon. The viscosity loss is not permanent without using stabilisers and with time the viscosity approaches its initial value. The ultrasonic reaction is thought to be free radical in nature, since incorporation of a radical scavenger before sonication prevents any viscosity loss, whereas incorporation after sonication stabilises the drop in viscosity. Oxygen is proposed to be involved since purging with nitrogen diminishes any viscosity drop observed, and selected ion flow tube MS analysis of volatiles from the oils after sonication indicates an increase in the number and quantity of oxidised products. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stability of a constant flow valve compensated multi‐recess conical hybrid journal bearing operating with micropolar lubricant
Authors: Rajput Arvind K. , Sharma Satish C.
Published: May 2014

The present paper investigates the influence of micropolar lubrication on the stability of a constant flow valve compensated multi‐recess conical hybrid journal bearing system. Eringen's micropolar fluid theory has been used to model the micropolar lubrication in a fluid‐film bearing system. The modified Reynolds equation of the micropolar lubricated bearing system has been solved using finite element method. Performance characteristics parameters of four pocket hybrid journal bearing system have been computed for the values of semi‐cone angle 10°, 20° and for the judiciously selected micropolar parameters. Numerically simulated results indicate that the value of stability threshold speed margin gets increased substantially with the use of micropolar lubricant vis‐à‐vis Newtonian lubricant. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Grape seed proanthocyanidins inhibit cigarette smoke condensate‐induced lung cancer cell migration through inhibition of NADPH oxidase and reduction in the binding of p22phox and p47phox proteins
Authors: Vaid Mudit , Katiyar Santosh K.
Published: May 2014

Cigarette smoking is the major cause of lung cancer. It is therefore important to develop effective strategies that target molecular abnormalities induced by cigarette smoke condensate (CSC). Cigarette smoking increases oxidative stress particularly via activation of NADPH oxidase (NOX), a key source of superoxide anion production. Here, we report that grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPs) exert an inhibitory effect on the CSC‐induced migration of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells (A549, H460, and H1299). Using an in vitro invasion assay, we found that treatment of NSCLC cells with CSC increased NSCLC cell migration by enhancing NOX mediated‐oxidative stress. Treatment of NSCLC cells with GSPs inhibited the CSC‐induced cell migration through reduction in oxidative stress levels and a reduction in the epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition. To identify the molecular targets of GSPs, we examined the effects of GSPs on CSC‐induced alterations in the levels of key NOX components, namely p22phox and p47phox proteins, using A549 cells. We also determined the effect of GSPs on CSC‐induced interaction/binding between these proteins, which is a key event in NOX activation. We found that treatment of A549 cells with GSPs not only inhibited the CSC‐induced increase in the expression levels of p22phox and p47phox, but also reduced the binding of p22phox to p47phox proteins. This new insight into the anti‐lung cancer cell migration activity of GSPs could serve as a basis for development of improved chemopreventive or therapeutic strategies for lung cancer. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cerebellar stimulation fails to modulate motor cortex plasticity in writing dystonia
Authors: Sadnicka Anna , Hamada Masashi , Bhatia Kailash P. , Rothwell John C. , Edwards Mark J.
Published: May 2014

Background

Primary dystonia is characterized neurophysiologically by reduced inhibitory mechanisms and abnormal regulation of plasticity responses. The potential of anodal cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation as a therapeutic tool in writing dystonia was examined, after the observation that cerebellar stimulation reduces responses to an associative plasticity protocol in healthy subjects.

Methods

Ten patients with writing dystonia completed a two‐part study (sham and anodal) in which cerebellar stimulation was given simultaneously with paired associative stimulation. Electrophysiological and clinical parameters were measured before and after stimulation.

Results

Clinical symptoms were unchanged by cerebellar stimulation. Patients exhibited much variability in the size and direction of their plasticity responses. Excessive or topographically abnormal plasticity responses were not observed. In the subgroup of patients with facilitatory responses to paired associative stimulation in the sham condition, anodal cerebellar stimulation retained its ability to reduce the magnitude of plasticity response.

Conclusions

Our limited understanding of intersubject variability of plasticity responses in writing dystonia currently undermines cerebellar stimulation as a novel treatment in this subset of dystonia. Cerebellar stimulation may be beneficial in other neurological disorders with consistently exaggerated plasticity. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Rezeptoren im Verbund
Authors: von Delius Max
Published: May 2014

Molekulare Sensorik erfasst mit vom menschlichen Geruchssinn inspirierten Konzepten und statistischen Auswertungsmethoden komplexe Mischungen erstaunlich präzise — von Rotwein bis zu Erkältungstinkturen.
Gesucht: Kupfernachfolger für Bootslacke
Authors: Osterath Brigitte
Published: May 2014

Alles vergiften, was vorbei schwimmt — so arbeiten derzeit die Unterwasseranstriche von Schiffen, ob Sportbootyacht oder Containerschiff. Lange wird es vermutlich nicht mehr dauern, bis solche biozidhaltigen Anstriche verboten sind. An Ideen für Alternativen fehlt es nicht — aber sie haben es schwer.
A case of congenital central hypoventilation syndrome in a three‐generation family with non‐polyalanine repeat PHOX2B mutation
Authors: Low K.J. , Turnbull A.R. , Smith K.R. , Hilliard T.N. , Hole L.J. , Meecham Jones D.J. , Williams M.M. , Donaldson A.
Published: May 2014

We describe a three generation family in whom multiple individuals are variably affected due to a PHOX2B non‐polyalanine repeat mutation. This family demonstrates extreme phenotypic variability and autosomal dominant transmission over three generations not previously reported in the wider literature. Novel findings also inclue a history of recurrent second trimester miscarriage. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:E140–E143. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The imaginary Starobinsky model
Authors: Ferrara S. , Kehagias A. , Riotto A.
Published: May 2014

The recent detection by the BICEP2 collaboration of a high level of tensor modes seems to exclude the Starobinsky model of inflation. In this paper we show that this conclusion can be avoided: one can embed the Starobinsky model in supergravity and identify the inflaton field with the imaginary (instead of the real) part of the chiral scalaron multiplet in its formulation. Once coupled to matter, the Starobinsky model may then become the chaotic quadratic model with shift symmetry during inflation and is in good agreement with the current data.
Polarons and oxygen vacancies at the surface of anatase TiO2
Authors: Deák Peter , Kullgren Jolla , Frauenheim Thomas
Published: May 2014

magnified image

It is known that the two polymorphs of TiO2, rutile and anatase, show different n‐type doping behaviour: while heavy Nb‐doping makes anatase a transparent conductor, rutile remains insulating. The reason for that is electron self‐trapping by Ti(4+/3+) transitions in rutile, which is absent in bulk anatase. Using HSE06 calculations on a (101) anatase slab we show that electron self‐trapping is possible on the anatase surface. Therefore, near the surface both Nb dopants and oxygen vacancies give rise to localized polaronic states with band gap levels deeper than in the bulk. These low lying levels stabilize the near surface vacancies, and make the bridging surface vacancy significantly more favourable energetically than its bulk counterpart. We do not find subsurface vacancies with formation energy lower than at the surface bridging site. The calculated ionization energy of the surface bridging vacancy is in excellent agreement with recent observations.

magnified image

Nb prefers a sixfold‐coordinated site on the anatase (101) surface and, unlike in the bulk, gives rise to a deep, well localized electron–polaron state. Nb is the black sphere, Ti atoms are blue and O atoms red. The yellow lobe shows the wave function square of the occupied gap state, with dominating contribution from a nearby Ti(3+) site. Electrons of an oxygen vacancy at or near the surface can be trapped in such states, too.

(© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Real‐time explosive particle detection using a cyclone particle concentrator
Authors: Hashimoto Yuichiro , Nagano Hisashi , Takada Yasuaki , Kashima Hideo , Sugaya Masakazu , Terada Koichi , Sakairi Minoru
Published: May 2014

RATIONALE

There is a need for more rapid methods for the detection of explosive particles. We have developed a novel real‐time analysis technique for explosive particles that uses a cyclone particle concentrator. This technique can analyze sample surfaces for the presence of particles from explosives such as TNT and RDX within 3 s, which is much faster than is possible by conventional methods.

METHODS

Particles are detached from the sample surface with air jet pulses, and then introduced into a cyclone particle concentrator with a high pumping speed of about 80 L/min. A vaporizer placed at the bottom of the cyclone particle concentrator immediately converts the particles into a vapor. The vapor is then ionized in the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source of a linear ion trap mass spectrometer.

RESULTS

An online connection between the vaporizer and a mass spectrometer enables high‐speed detection within a few seconds, compared with the conventional off‐line heating method that takes more than 10 s to raise the temperature of a sample filter unit. Since the configuration enriched the number density of explosive particles by about 80 times compared with that without the concentrator, a sub‐ng amount of TNT particles on a surface was detectable.

CONCLUSIONS

The detection limit of our technique is comparable with that of an explosives trace detector using ion mobility spectrometry. The technique will be beneficial for trace detection in security applications, because it detects explosive particles on the surface more speedily than conventional methods. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alley coppice—a new system with ancient roots
Authors: Morhart Christopher D. , Douglas Gerry C. , Dupraz Christian , Graves Anil R. , Nahm Michael , Paris Pierluigi , Sauter Udo H. , Sheppard Jonathan , Spiecker Heinrich
Published: May 2014

Context

Current production from natural forests will not satisfy future world demand for timber and fuel wood, and new land management options are required.

Aims

We explore an innovative production system that combines the production of short rotation coppice in wide alleys with the production of high-value trees on narrow strips of land; it is an alternative form of alley cropping which we propose to call ‘alley coppice’. The aim is to describe this alley coppice system and to illustrate its potential for producing two diverse products, namely high-value timber and energy wood on the same land unit.

Methods

Based on a comprehensive literature review, we compare the advantages and disadvantages of the alley coppice system and contrast the features with well-known existing or past systems of biomass and wood production.

Results

We describe and discuss the basic aspects of alley coppice, its design and dynamics, the processes of competition and facilitation, issues of ecology, and areas that are open for future research.

Conclusion

Based on existing knowledge, a solid foundation for the implementation of alley coppice on suitable land is presented, and the high potential of this system could be shown.
Minimization of a fractional perimeter-Dirichlet integral functional
Authors: Caffarelli Luis , Savin Ovidiu , Valdinoci Enrico
Published: May 2014

We consider a minimization problem that combines the Dirichlet energy with the nonlocal perimeter of a level set, namely

\int \limits_{\Omega }\left|\mathrm{∇}u(x)\right|^{2}\:dx + \mathrm{Per}_{\sigma }\:\left(\{u > 0\},\Omega \right),

with

\sigma \in (0,1)

. We obtain regularity results for the minimizers and for their free boundaries

\partial \{u > 0\}

using blow-up analysis. We will also give related results about density estimates, monotonicity formulas, Euler–Lagrange equations and extension problems.
Multifamily Group Problem-Solving Intervention for Adherence Challenges in Pediatric Insulin-Dependent Diabetes
Authors: Carpenter Johanna L. , Price Julia E. W. , Cohen Megan J. , Shoe Kimberly M. , Pendley Jennifer Shroff
Published: May 2014

We developed a 4-session, multifamily group therapy program for older children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and their caregivers, based on the problem-solving and communication skill components of Behavioral Family Systems Therapy for Diabetes (BFST-D; Wysocki et al., 2006 ). The central goal of this study was to use a retrospective chart review design to assess changes in youths’ glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) associated with group participation as part of routine clinical care. Participants were 67 children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes or insulin-dependent Type 2 diabetes ( M = 14.22 years, 58% female) who were experiencing poor glycemic control and/or adherence challenges. After controlling for child age and diabetes duration, the interaction of pretreatment HbA1c and binary session attendance (1 or 2 sessions vs. 3 or 4 sessions) significantly predicted posttreatment HbA1c and likelihood of improvement in HbA1c by at least 0.5%. Post hoc probing indicated that—among youth with higher pretreatment HbA1c—attending at least 3 sessions was associated with significantly lower HbA1c at posttreatment. To assess treatment acceptability to families, patient satisfaction data also were examined for a subset of patients and indicated that both parents and youths were satisfied with the intervention. Findings suggest that this multifamily group problem-solving program is an acceptable and promising intervention for youth with IDDM experiencing diabetes management challenges.
A chemical “hub” for absolute quantification of a targeted protein: orthogonal integration of elemental and molecular mass spectrometry
Authors: Yan Xiaowen , Li Zhaoxin , Liang Yong , Yang Limin , Zhang Bo , Wang Qiuquan
Published: May 2014

A chemical “hub” for orthogonally quantifying a protein and identifying what protein is being quantified using elemental and molecular MS.
Ascorbate as an electron relay between an irreversible electron donor and Ru(ii) or Re(i) photosensitizers
Authors: Bachmann Cyril , Probst Benjamin , Guttentag Miguel , Alberto Roger
Published: May 2014

Ascorbate acts as a reversible electron shuttle between tris(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine (TCEP) and ReI or RuII photosensitizers.
Catalytic asymmetric aminolactonization of 1,2-disubstituted alkenoic acid esters: Efficient construction of aminolactones with an all-carbon quaternary stereo-centre
Authors: Hajra Saumen , Akhtar Sk Md Samim , Aziz Sk Mohammad
Published: May 2014

Catalytic and enantioselective aminolactonization of alkenoic acid esters via in situ aziridination led to trans-γ- and δ-lactones with up to 98% ee in good to excellent yields.
Regulative peroxidase activity of DNA-linked hemin by graphene oxide for fluorescence DNA sensing
Authors: Wang Quanbo , Xu Nan , Lei Jianping , Ju Huangxian
Published: May 2014

The inhibition effect of graphene oxide toward the peroxidase activity of DNA-linked hemin was identified for fluorescence DNA sensing.
A new approach to prepare nanoscopic rare earth metal fluorides: the fluorolytic sol–gel synthesis of ytterbium fluoride
Authors: Schmidt L. , Dimitrov A. , Kemnitz E.
Published: May 2014

The sol–gel synthesis of nanoscopic ytterbium fluoride is reported. The transparent and stable sols have been characterized by DLS, TEM and XRD. A new YbIIIcomplex has been structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray analysis.