bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metals, Polymers, Ceramics, Composites Biomaterials Used in Additive Manufacturing for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Waidi Yusuf Olatunji , Barua Ranjit , Datta Sudipto
Published: August 2023

Additive manufacturing, often called 3D printing, is widely employed in all engineering sectors. Many researchers also refer to 3D printing in the biomedical field as bioprinting. Therefore, the 3D bioprinting methods are used to create patient-specific implants or devices for several tissue engineering needs. In addition, this method is also famous for drug design and targeted drug delivery systems. Nowadays, several researchers have involved smart materials with 3D printing to obtain 4D printing for biomedical applications. In this book chapter, the authors provide a quick overview of the many kinds of 3D printing. They also highlight the popular materials utilized in the technology for biomedical applications. Nanoparticles and smart materials, which are employed in biomedical applications, are also briefly explored. This technology's difficulties and future scope are also discussed. This chapter will give the readers a basic understanding of the materials used for 3D printing biomedical devices.
Review of Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Microwave Welding of Lightweight Alloys
Authors: Goswami Eshan , Srivastava Ashish Kumar , Kumar Ajay , Salman Mohd , Choudhary Mohd Zeeshan , Pandey Samarthya Shankar
Published: August 2023

Manufacturing hard metals and their welding-related operations is still a challenging task for the manufacturer. In this context, many types of welding methods are developed. Among these methods, microwave welding is one of the prominent methods to weld or clad metal plates. The present work is a review chapter, and it highlights the study of microstructural and mechanical properties of the developed components through microwave welding. The present work also highlights the challenges and issues related to microwave welding technology. Finally, the future scope and its commercialization are discussed.
Analyzing the Properties of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Thin Film Grown on Silicon (Si) Substrate, ZnO/Si Using RF Magnetron Sputtering Approach
Authors: Choudhary Sumitra , Sharma Vikas , Sharma Abhishek , Kumar Ajay , Kumar Parveen
Published: August 2023

In this work, ZnO single layer thin film of 100 nm is deposited on a Si substrate using RF magnetron sputtering. Base pressure of 1.0×10−5 mbar, RF power of 100W at Ar flow 15 sccm and room temperature were process parameters. The average crystallite size of ZnO layer, deposited on Si substrate, using Scherrer's formula was 108.16 nm. XRD verifies the crystalline nature of ZnO with various peaks at (002), (101) and (103) planes. Using AFM technique, ZnO had an Average Surface Roughness (Ra) of 2.75 nm and RMS roughness (Rq) of 3.70 nm. From Hall measurements at room temperature, the authors determined that ZnO is a n-type semiconductor having a resistivity of 1 to 100 Ωcm. The layer's sheet resistance was 7.05×103 Ω/sq, and its resistivity was 7.05×10−2 Ωcm. The Raman spectra analysis confirmed the presence of Raman active modes in the sample, confirming the existence of certain vibrational modes. In PL spectra, an emission peak was observed at 380.30 nm, which closely resembled pure ZnO. These results collectively shows that the ZnO/Si thin films grown on Si demonstrated excellent quality.
The Evolving Sanitation Entrepreneurial Ecosystem
Authors: Shivani  , Chariar Vijayaraghavan M. , Kumar Rishi Kant , Shukla Sameer , Kumar Kumod
Published: August 2023

The field of sanitation has been extensively discussed in the literature from varied viewpoints. However, a comprehensive approach summarising the entrepreneurial facets of the sanitation industry is still fragmented. This study examines 375 papers published over 25 years. It attempts to identify significant studies and concepts that researchers have developed across time. A review of the literature on sanitation and its entrepreneurial ecosystem has been undertaken in the study. It incorporates bibliometric as well as content analysis. The bibliometric approach focuses on the quantitative aspects of the study, while content analysis looks at the literature qualitatively. Data analysis has been performed using the Scopus database. Further, VOSviewer software has been used to create various network maps. The highest number of papers were published in 2021, signifying growing research interest in the domain. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment is the journal of highest influence, and the most cited paper is about “Marketing to the Base of the Pyramid (BoP) Market.”
Examining the Impacts of Technology and Trust on I-Voting Acceptance in the COVID-19 Aftermath
Authors: Decman Mitja , Kozel Edvard
Published: August 2023

This article presents an empirical study of influence of the domain-specific factors of trust in the electoral system and administration, trust in technology, citizens' attitudes toward voting, and COVID-19 conditions on the intention to use i-voting. The study examines and assesses the relationships and effects of the various factors that influence the intention to use i-voting. Survey data from 633 adult Slovenian citizens were collected in 2022, when voters were still burdened by the pandemic and needed to visit the polling place at least five times to participate in all scheduled voting. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data and develop the model. The study provides important findings, such as (1) trust in the voting system has a significant impact on voters' intention to use i-voting, (2) fear of COVID-19 does not persuade people to use i-voting, and (3) previous attitudes toward voting do not have a significant impact on voter intention to use i-voting.
Waffle, Ribbed and Composite Joists Slabs: A Review Study
Authors: Al-Issawi Abdullah Sikar , Alshareef Najlaa Hameed , Al-Ameeri Abbas Salim
Published: August 2023

Due to the importance of the joists slab system as an excellent solution for increasing span demands in different building types, investigating its properties becomes essential for different researchers. The effects of numerous parameters on the structural behaviour of the joists slab system, whether it was a waffle, ripped, or composite sections were reviewed in this paper from past studies. This study aims to determine the most effective parameters for the joist's system loading capacity. The main conclusions were that the slab thickness and joist height were the critical parameters for increasing the load capacity and stiffness of the slab. Furthermore, a small opening in the slab was more efficient in reducing the punching shear effect than larger openings. While providing stiffening rips around the opening was more effective in rose load bearing and reducing deflection than strengthening by carbon fibre sheets.
Tensile Strength of Abaca Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite Fabricated by Press Method: Effect of Fiber Content and Fiber Orientation
Authors: Iqbal Mohd , Firsa Teuku , Nazaruddin  , Nasution Indera Sakti , Zulfadhli  , Aminanda Yulfian , Erawan Dadang Furqon , Pradana Arief
Published: August 2023

The paper reported the study on the tensile strength of polymer composite reinforced with abaca fiber and polyester matrix. The effect of fiber weight content and fiber orientation on the tensile strength of the abaca composite were investigated in the study. The abaca composite panel was fabricated using press method with 3 levels of the fiber weight content (20%, 30% and 40%) and 3 levels of fiber orientation (00, 450 and 900). The tensile specimen was prepared according to ASTM D3039 standard. The tensile test was conducted using MTS Landmark servo hydraulic testing machine with a tensile speed of 2 mm/min. The result of the experiment showed that both of fiber weight content and fiber orientation gave significant effect on the tensile strength of the abaca composite. The highest tensile strength was 61.9 MPa, produced by the abaca composite panel with fiber weight content 30% and fiber orientation 00. According to the standard, the tensile strength has fulfilled the requirements as a non-structural material.
Degradation and Microstructure of Palmdate Fibers-High Performance Cementitious Boards Exposed to Aging Conditions
Authors: Hussain Tholfekar Habeeb , Alwan Ayad Saddam , Al-Shammari Ameer J. , Hashim Tameem Mohammed , Naje Ahmed Samir
Published: August 2023

It is essential to create more ecologically friendly and sustainable types of concrete due to severe emissions and the exhaustion of raw sources in cement manufacturing. The main objective was to determine if palmdate fibers were appropriate for use in wood-cement composite boards. A second objective is to improve the suitability of palmdate fibers for use in high-performance cementitious boards by pre-treatment procedures and carbon dioxide curing. The flexural strength and microstructural characteristics of the cement fiber boards were examined. In addition, durability tests including cycles of freezing and thawing, wetting and drying, and warm water immersion were also conducted. According to results, the use of treated palmdate fibers in high-performance cementitious boards was significant, because it increased flexural strength by 96%. Moreover, all CO2 cured boards showed higher flexural strength than control and pure carbonation curing 100% do not resulted in higher strength development. Also, X-ray diffraction patterns revealed, compared to control boards, CO2 cured boards showed more CaCO3 and lower Ca(OH)2 and according to SEM, aging exposures lead to make fibers rupture rather than pull out.
Inspection of Thermo-Mechanical Behavior on Sintered Fly Ash Aggregate in Pavement Quality Concrete
Authors: Somani Prakash , Gaur Arun
Published: August 2023

Conventional concrete pavement is more efficient towards mechanical load but combing with environmental loads compromises serviceability. This paper mainly focuses on utilizing sintered fly ash (SFA) aggregate to partially replace coarse aggregate in pavement quality concrete. Incorporating SFA aggregate in concrete pavement enhances the thermal behavior of rigid pavement due to higher voids and lower thermal conductivity. Coarse aggregate was partially replaced with SFA aggregate at an interval of 10 % till 40% by volumetric replacement. Pavement quality concrete (PQC) was designed as per Indian standards with a fixed water-cement ratio of 0.36 to achieve a minimum of 40 N/mm2 compressive strength. Compressive, split tensile and flexural strengths were inspected as mechanical behavior and thermal conductivity was examine as thermal behavior of different SFA mixed PQC. It has been observed that there is a slight decrement in mechanical strength by incorporating SFA in PQC but the thermal property of PQC was improved. Overall, it can be concluded that incorporating SFA at a certain level enhances the combined thermo-mechanical properties of PQC.
Numerical Study of Predicting Forming Process Based on Different Hardening Models in Advanced High Strength Steel Sheets
Authors: Sanrutsadakorn Apichat , Lawong Winai , Julsri Weerapong
Published: August 2023

Sheet metal shaping for advanced high strength (AHS) steel sheets is commonly utilized in the manufacturing of automobile components. This helps to decrease the weight of new structures and increase the crashworthiness performance of these structures. The phenomenon known as springback deviation plays a significant role in creating such components via deformation and fracture. This study investigated the production of an S-rail from components made of steel grade 780 with a thickness of 1 millimeter by employing appropriate simulations using finite elements (FE) and generation. The materials were initially tested in order to collect the necessary parameter sets for the models being employed. The Barlat89 yield function, the Y-U kinematic hardening model, and a model combining the Y-U kinematic hardening model with the Barlat89 yield function were all used in the simulations. In addition, the forming limit curves (FLCs were utilized to assess the computed formabilities and served as the failure criteria. The deformation, springback effect, deviations, and twist springback of the components developed after the S-rail forming were subsequently studied, measured, and the findings compared. It was discovered that the proposed yield criteria and kinematic hardening models could accurately predict the formability of the material without causing any damage. The strain distributions acquired from the Y-U kinematic hardening indicated that the sidewall curl area was slightly larger than what was predicted by previous models. The model combining the Y-U kinematic hardening model with the Barlat89 yield function produced the most accurate predictions for overall springback effect, deviations, and twist springback of the AHS steel sheets.
Developing a Single-Specimen Technique for Low-Temperature R-Curve Determination of Asphalt Concrete Using a Modified Unloading Compliance Method
Authors: Ghafari Sepehr , Nejad Fereidoon Moghadas , Kazemi Hadi
Published: August 2023

Fracture resistance curves (R-curves) have served as a robust tool in characterizing the entire fracture process of engineering materials. However, obtaining such curves for asphalt concrete (AC) mixtures is cumbersome due to the non-linear inelastic behavior of the mixtures. In this research, a single-specimen technique is developed based on the unloading compliance method which is used for metals. AC mixtures with limestone aggregate and PG58-22 binder were prepared. Beam specimens were fabricated and single-edge notched beam (SE(B)) fracture testing was conducted at low temperatures. A loading-partial unloading regime was used in the experiments and crack growth increments were captured by digital images throughout the tests. Using a multi-variable regression analysis, modified compliance equations were obtained for AC and R-curves of the mixtures could be constructed. It was revealed that the R-curve developed by ASTM E1820 compliance method could potentially overestimate the resistance of the mixtures against low-temperature fracture. The constructed R-curve exhibits a lower semi-vertical region addressing lower resistance of the mixture in the crack blunting phase. Also, the post-peak phase of the fracture shows a significantly lower slope in the constructed R-curve which denotes lower resistance of the mixture against unstable crack propagation.
The Dual Role of ACOD1 in Inflammation
Authors: Wu Runliu , Liu Jiao , Tang Daolin , Kang Rui
Published: August 2023

Immunometabolism is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on the relationship between metabolic pathways and immune responses. Dysregulated immunometabolism contributes to many pathological settings, such as cytokine storm or immune tolerance. Aconitate decarboxylase 1 (ACOD1, also known as immunoresponsive gene 1), the mitochondrial enzyme responsible for catalyzing itaconate production, was originally identified as a bacterial LPS-inducible gene involved in innate immunity in mouse macrophages. We now know that the upregulation of ACOD1 expression in immune or nonimmune cells plays a context-dependent role in metabolic reprogramming, signal transduction, inflammasome regulation, and protein modification. The emerging function of ACOD1 in inflammation and infection is a double-edged sword. In this review, we discuss how ACOD1 regulates anti-inflammatory or proinflammatory responses in an itaconate-dependent or -independent manner. Further understanding of ACOD1 expression and function may pave the way for the development of precision therapies for inflammatory diseases.
Outcomes of bedaquiline containing regimen in the treatment of adults with drug resistant tuberculosis in a tertiary care centre of Rajasthan
Authors: Mary Prince Roshni , Khangarot Suman , Haque Qazi Faizanul , Mittal Anish , Somani Ramdhan , Grover Mansha
Published: August 2023

The emergence of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has become a significant public health problem and has led to a setback in efforts to end tuberculosis (TB) worldwide. The longer duration, heavier pill load, and higher toxicity profile of DR-TB regimens compared to those for drug-susceptible TB (DS-TB) lead to reduced adherence and worse treatment results, including mortality. This study was conducted to estimate treatment outcomes and adverse effects in patients with drug-resistant TB patients on bedaquiline-containing regimen. Patients after the pre-treatment evaluation were enrolled for bedaquiline-containing regimen. These patients were followed up for 18 months and the final outcome was assessed along with the adverse effects. It was found that 49 (84.4%) patients achieved culture conversion by three months and 54 (93.1%) achieved culture conversion by six months, 52 (83.81%) patients had favourable outcomes (cured, treatment completed) and 10 patients had unfavourable outcomes (died, lost to follow-up, failed). Coupled with gradually increasing trends of success rates from 2012, lesser failure rates and lesser concerns regarding grave adverse effects are a silver lining along the cloud of increasing burden and widening resistance patterns. More funding has to be directed towards ensuring adherence and finding high-risk individuals in order to expedite the achievement of sustainable development (SDG) goals.
Diabetes Mellitus in the Elderly Adults in Korea: Based on Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2019 to 2020
Authors: Ko Seung-Hyun , Han Kyung Do , Park Yong-Moon , Yun Jae-Seung , Kim Kyuho , Bae Jae-Hyun , Kwon Hyuk-Sang , Kim Nan-Hee
Published: August 2023

Background: We evaluated the prevalence and management of diabetes mellitus (DM) in elderly Korean patients based on data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES).Methods: A total of 3,068 adults aged 65 years and older (19.8% of total population) were analyzed using KNHANES from 2019 to 2020. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control rates, and comorbidities were analyzed. Lifestyle behaviors and energy intake were also measured.Results: The prevalence of DM and prediabetes was 29.6% and 50.5%, respectively. The awareness, treatment and control rates were 76.4%, 73.3%, and 28.3%, respectively. The control rate was 77.0% if A1C <7.5% criteria was used. The mean A1C value of individuals with known DM was 7.1%, and 14.5% of the known DM patients had A1C ≥8.0%. Abdominal obesity, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia were combined with DM in 63.9%, 71.7%, and 70.7%, respectively, and the rate of integrated management was 36.0% (A1C <7.5% criteria). A total of 40.1% of those with DM walked regularly. The percentage of energy intake from carbohydrates was higher in those with DM than in those without DM (P=0.044), while those of fat (P=0.003) and protein (P=0.025) were lower in those with DM than in those without DM in women.Conclusion: In 2019 to 2020, three of 10 adults aged 65 years and older in Korea had DM, and approximately 70% of them had comorbidities. A strategy for more individualized comprehensive care for the elderly patients with DM is urgently needed.
Occupation-related musculoskeletal pain in school teachers: A cross-sectional survey
Authors: Mohammad Noor , Chauhan Sneha , Khan Nahid
Published: August 2023

Background:

Teaching profession demands the high level of physical and psychological involvement. Musculoskeletal pain is common among different professionals. The study is aimed to find out the occurrence of musculoskeletal pain among teachers and its correlation with occupation.

Methods:

One hundred and nine government school teachers participated in the study. The presence of musculoskeletal pain was assessed by using nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire and job-related stress was assessed by new brief job stress questionnaire. Pearson's correlation was used to correlate the musculoskeletal disorder and job-related stress.

Results:

The study reports that participants experienced musculoskeletal pain at various joints in last 12 months; 62.39% reported neck pain, 41.28% reported shoulder pain, 40.37% reported upper back pain, 9.7% reported elbow pain, 23.85% reported wrist pain, 31.20% reported lower back pain, 10.09% reported hip pain, 34.86% reported knee pain, and 29.36% reported ankle pain. A strong positive correlation was found between job-related stress and neck pain (r = 0.19, P = 0.04) and job-related stress and lower back pain (r = 0.37, P = 0.00).

Conclusion:

From the study, it can be concluded that school teachers increased job-related stress has direct impact on the occurrence of the musculoskeletal pain.
Experiences of Menstruation with Factors Influencing Menstrual Hygiene Practices Among Adolescent Girls Attending Outpatient Department of Secondary Care Hospital Setting
Authors: Pal Mansi , Devi Shyama , Taywade Manish
Published: August 2023

Background:

Menstruation is a physiological process as it brings changes in a young woman’s life. In this process, menarche is the most important phase in menstruation. It is the onset of first menstruation in girls. In today’s time also, menstruation is confused by different perceptions, myths, and misconceptions, which later affect their menstrual hygiene practices.

Materials and Methods:

The mixed method approach is adopted for the study. A qualitative approach using an in-depth interview was adopted for exploring the experiences of adolescent girls, and a quantitative approach was used for assessing factors influencing menstrual hygiene practices.

Results:

Adolescent girls had various experiences regarding their menarche. Seventy-four percent of girls had average menstrual hygiene practices. Several influencing factors were found and after applying binary logistic analysis four risk factors were found, which are caste, problems faced by girls during menses, frequency of changing pads, and method of disposal.

Conclusion:

The present study shows that girls had various experiences at the time of their menarche. They are having average menstrual hygiene practices, and there are various factors found which influence menstrual hygiene practices. Though there are several modules to maintain menstrual hygiene, still many adolescent girls lack resources such as a supply of clean water, availability of toilets, and use of sanitary pads.
A change in Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Among Healthcare Professionals (HCPs) of Tertiary Care Hospital of Northern State of India
Authors: Kumar Dinesh , Raina Sunil , Jaryal Subhash C. , Sharma Sushant
Published: August 2023

Background:

SARS-CoV-2 is being managed rigorously by healthcare professionals (HCPs) making them vulnerable to infection and pose risk for human resource management.

Objective:

The current study was done to assess the change in seroprevalence, suggesting recent SARS-CoV-2 among HCPs of a tertiary care health facility as per government guidelines.

Materials and Methods:

Two hospital-based surveys (phase 1: September 2020 to January 2021; phase 2: May to June 2021) were carried out to quantify change in seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among HCPs. A total of 1279 and 765 HCPs were assessed in first and second phase accordingly. Out of 765, a total of 412 professionals were assessed for serum IgG antibody.

Results:

Seroprevalence increases from 12.7% to 31.1% from first to second phase of the study. The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) was found to be significantly high for residents [aOR: 3.57; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.17–10.89], nurses (aOR: 3.54; 95% CI: 1.20–10.42), administrative (aOR: 8.18; 95% CI: 1.43–46.53), and laboratory staff (aOR: 6.03, 95% CI: 2.97–16.05). Adjusted odds were observed to be significantly more among participants positive for reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction test (aOR: 6.90; 95% CI: 2.97–16.05) and positive for IgG in P1 (aOR: 2.59; 95% CI: 1.32–5.09).

Discussion:

HCPs mainly residents, nurses, hospital support, and laboratory staff are observed with increased SARS-CoV-2 infection from first to second phase of the study.
Pseudoaneurysm of an Internal Mammary Artery Due to Tuberculosis
Authors: Pandiaraja Jayabal , Shalini Arumugam
Published: August 2023

Tuberculosis is the most common pulmonary infection in developing countries. Vascular complications are known to occur as a part of disease progression. Aneurysm associated with internal mammary artery can be true aneurysm or pseudoaneurysm. Pseudoaneurysm of the internal mammary artery can be due to invasive procedures or as a part of infective etiology. Tuberculosis destroys the wall of blood vessels leading to the formation of pseudoaneurysm. Early identification and intervention of pseudoaneurysm will avoid complications of hemorrhage, hemothorax, and hemorrhagic shock. We present a case of tuberculous empyema that causes pseudoaneurysm of an internal mammary artery managed with coil embolization along with antituberculous treatment.
Omicron Variant of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2
Authors: Shrivastava Saurabh RamBihariLal , Shrivastava Prateek Saurabh
Published: August 2023

The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to be one of the global public health emergencies and interrupts the routine lives of humans. Omicron has been identified as the most recent variant of concern by the World Health Organization, and it has been detected first from the samples reported in South Africa. This variant has been found to have genetic changes that can influence the virus attributes (such as transmissibility, the severity of resulting illness, or limitations in terms of diagnosis–the absence of S gene, making it difficult to establish a diagnosis or reduced potency of existing therapeutic drugs) and has the potential to account for significant community transmission. In conclusion, the detection of the omicron variant of COVID-19 definitely calls for attention from international agencies, program managers, public health authorities, and the community. As we continue to get an in-depth understanding of the new variant in the coming days, the need of the hour is to strictly adhere to the public health and social measures at our end.
Assessment of Self-directed Learning Sessions
Authors: Shrivastava Saurabh RamBihariLal , Shrivastava Prateek Saurabh
Published: August 2023

Considering the changing dynamics in the field of medicine and the expectations of the community from the healthcare professionals, it is an indispensable need that all medical professionals strive to become better. As a matter of fact, being adult learners, medical students have to devise their own strategy to attain the expected competencies, and this essentially requires the inclusion of self-directed learning (SDL). SDL plays an important role in the making of a lifelong learner and thus lays down the seed for a successful medical practitioner. The need of the hour is to plan assessments for topics allocated to SDL, which will ensure that medical students start taking these topics seriously. These planned assessments can be carried out either as self-assessment or peer assessment or by the involvement of teachers. In conclusion, SDL is an important aspect of undergraduate training, and its importance or benefits derived from it can be significantly enhanced by supplementing the same with assessments. Even though the assessment of SDL is a challenging task, but with proper planning and teamwork, we can benefit the students and thereby aid them in the process to attain the desired competencies.
Dupilumab for patients with photoaggravated dermatoses with skin nodules as main manifestations: A case series
Authors: Ye Ruixian , Tian Xin , Liang Jingyao , Xue Rujun , Huang Qiongxiao , Liang Yimin , Liu Yumei
Published: August 2023

Photoaggravated dermatoses (PD) are diseases that occur without ultraviolet (UV) radiation but are sometimes or frequently exacerbated by UV radiation. The clinical manifestations of PD are varied, some patients may present with pruritic nodular lesions at the site of light exposure, which possibly through a light-induced type 2 inflammatory response. Some cases may be difficult to treat, safe and effective treatment methods are constantly being explored. Here, we reported five patients with moderate to severe PD with skin nodules as main manifestations successfully treated with dupilumab, who were previously resistant to conventional treatment. After the 16-week treatment period, dupilumab showed good efficacy and safety in PD mainly characterized by nodules.
Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice among Health Professionals in an Oncological Hospital on Voluntary Blood Donation - Investigating their Participation in Programs to Promote Blood Donation
Authors: Kouka Eugenia
Published: August 2023

Background and Objectives:

Greece, despite its relative blood sufficiency and high international ranking in terms of the number of blood donors compared to its population, faces significant challenges due to the low rate of voluntary blood donors, as well as the demographic aging of the population in the medium to longer term. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of health professionals at the Oncological Hospital “Metaxa” in Greece, regarding voluntary blood donation (VBD). The objective of this research is to investigate the effect of sociodemographic characteristics of health professionals as regards KAP on VBD and to find factors related to their participation in VBD promotion policies.

Methods:

The study was based on the review of the relevant literature, followed by empirical research employing the KAP model. The study was conducted on 254 health professionals of the Oncological Hospital “Metaxa.” in the period December 20, 2019 to March 3, 2020, using a questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 21 with P value set at 0.05 for statistical significance.

Results:

The research findings indicate a high score in the knowledge and attitudes of health professionals regarding blood donation (BD), but low performance in the practice. BD correlates to knowledge and attitudes as well as gender. The majority of the health professionals responded positively in terms of their participation in BD programs. Gender, age, professional position, and years of service were associated with participation in BD programs.

Conclusions:

The results of the research justify the possibility of activating health professionals in policies to promote VBD, to the extent that due to their knowledge and positive attitude regarding BD, they can promote VBD in different population groups and ultimately contribute to an increase in the size of blood supply.
Evaluation of Prevalence of Weak D Antigen among Rhesus-Negative Patients in Tertiary Care Hospitals in Bangladesh
Authors: Afroz Tamanna , Rahman Manjuma , Naznin Bepasha , Islam Md Ashadul , Saleh Abu Jafar Mohammed
Published: August 2023

Background and Objectives:

In 1939, D antigen was discovered which is believed to be the most immunogenic antigen in Rhesus (Rh) blood group system. There are some D variants such as weak D, partial D, and DEL due to gene polymorphism. These variants can cause RhD-positive person to behave like RhD negative which could result in alloimmunization. Clinically weak D antigen is very important due to its strong immunogenicity in spite of its low frequency. Hence, we need to know the prevalence of weak D variants in the community. The purpose of this study is to find out weak D prevalence among the Bangladeshi population.

Methods:

It is a retrospective study done over the last 5 years, from January 2015 to December 2019, at the department of transfusion medicine of three tertiary care hospitals in Bangladesh. A total of 177,702 patients were enrolled in the study. Blood samples that were negative for RhD were tested for weak D by indirect antiglobulin test according to institutional protocol.

Results:

Out of 177,702 patients, 7359 (4.1%) were found to be RhD negative and among those, 14 (0.19%) were weak D antigen positive.

Conclusion:

Weak D antigen is prevalent in Bangladesh and every RhD-negative individual should be checked for the presence of weak D to prevent RhD alloimmunization.
Response to Convalescent Plasma is not Influenced by Patient Blood Type
Authors: Hartman William R. , Hess Aaron S. , Connor Joseph P.
Published: August 2023

Background:

SARS-CoV2 virus is associated with 580,000 deaths and 32.5 million cases of COVID-19 infection in the United States. Data exist suggesting a correlation between blood type and disease acquisition and severity. No such data exist between blood type and disease response to convalescent plasma therapy.

Methods:

Forty-four hospitalized COVID-19 patients who were transfused with type-specific convalescent plasma were followed to determine therapeutic response and disease survivability. Statistical significance was determined as to whether a correlation between blood type and convalescent plasma treatment exists.

Results:

No statistically significant correlation exists between blood type and hospital length of stay or disease survivability in hospitalized COVID-19 patients who received convalescent plasma.

Conclusion:

Blood type does not influence outcome response to convalescent plasma in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
Matched Unrelated Donor Attrition in a Stem Cell Registry
Authors: Mishra Vikash Chandra , Bhardwaj Amit K , Dey Nikki , Chandra Dinesh , Anthwal Archana , Raina Vimarsh
Published: August 2023

Background and Objective:

Increment in voluntary stem cell donor registrations has led to an increase in the chances of a patient finding a perfect match for matched unrelated donor (MUD) hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplant. However, it has been seen multiple times that the donor's passion to donate HSCs is short lived. They register with a strong commitment, however, when they are approached to donate, they back out. This write-up is an attempt to quantify and analyze the rate and reasons of MUD deferral in a stem cell registry from North India.

Methods:

Registered volunteer stem cell donors who backed out after getting matched were interviewed to understand the reasons behind their deferral. Key steps taken for sustaining the passion of registered donors included amendments in the donor recruitment process and maintaining constant communication with the recruited donors.

Results:

The attrition rate of the registry for final donation during the studied period was 22.91%. A total of 22 cases of donor deferral were observed. Among these, 15 donors (68.19%) who backed out were female and 7 (31.81%) were male. There were three main reasons observed behind this attrition, namely personal reasons, medical reasons from the donor side, and medical reasons from the patient side.

Conclusion:

To minimize donor deferral, various new strategies could be implemented such as requesting the participation of experienced donors in counseling sessions, requesting guardian's involvement in case the donor is a teen or is in their early twenties (between 18 and 25 years), and requesting the name of the person they consulted before signing up for donation.
An Analysis of Association of Human Leukocyte Antigen and Liver Disease Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital, India
Authors: Mehra Simmi , Tiwari Aseem Kumar , Rajvanshi Chhavi , Chauhan Rajni , Sud Randhir , Soin Arvinder Singh
Published: August 2023

Background and Objectives:

In addition, the role of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) in transplantation, importance of HLA in disease susceptibility, and protection has been widely studied. The aim of the present study was to find out the HLA allelic frequency (HLA-A,-B,-DRB1) and its association with liver diseases.

Methods:

The present study was done for the duration of 4 years from 2013 to 2017 in a tertiary care center which primarily caters to north Indian patient population. A total of 429 patients were studied. The HLA genotyping was performed by molecular method using commercial available low resolution ABDR sequence-specific oligonucleotide probe-based method (Luminex platform).

Results:

There was an increased association of HLA-A*01 (n = 9, 18.6%), HLA-B*15, B*35, B*40, B*44 (n = 5, 11.6%), and HLA-DRB1*15 (n = 9, 20.9%) in 43 patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related disease. There was an increased association of HLA-A*24 (n = 9, 20.7%), HLA-B*35, B*40 (n = 14, 15.2%), and HLA-DRB1*15 (n = 17, 18.5%) in 92 patients with alcohol-related disease. An increased association of HLA-A*11 (n = 30, 19.6%), HLA-B*35 (n = 24, 16.8%) and HLA-DRB1*15 (n = 28, 19.6%) in 143 patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) related disease.

Conclusion:

This is possibly the first study in the north Indian patients having liver diseases related to HBV, HCV, and alcohol related with respect to A, B, and DR loci previous studies from India were conducted to see disease association of HLA class I and class II with respect to HCV only.
Daratumumab Interference with Immunohematology Testing in a Nonmultiple Myeloma Neutropenic Patient, in Need of Granulocyte Transfusion
Authors: Gupta Abhaykumar Malind , Ojha Shashank , Tirlotkar Amol , Sathyan Vimal
Published: August 2023

Daratumumab (DARA) may interfere with immunohematology tests by binding to endogenous CD38 present on the surface of the red blood cells. DARA was Food and Drug Administration approved for refractory multiple myeloma patients, but now its application is being explored in other oncology patients also. The disease condition of the patient does not change the process of resolution of incompatible cross-matches, and blood transfusion services (BTS) must be vigilant about the drug but not the diagnosis. Effective communication between BTS and oncology departments is crucial in the timely resolution of DARA interferences. All BTS must have standard operating procedures in place for such discrepancies.
Compliance of Documentation by Health-Care Professionals
Authors: Fatima Naveena , Anwar Nida , Ul Mujtaba Haya , Shamsi Tahir
Published: August 2023

Background and Objectives:

In transfusion practices, noncompliance with standard guidelines may lead to cause adverse events. Bedside assessment during and posttransfusion is equally important as overall transfusion-related precautions. The current study was conducted to observe the practices of health-care professionals related to transfusion documentation through a structured questionnaire.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study was conducted from 2018 to 2019 after ethical approval. A questionnaire structured for the documentation of transfusion process at bedside was filled having information of the name of the product receiver, date, time, name of patient with a medical identification number, ABO group match with the product, name of two health-care staff who started transfusion, and start and stop timings of transfusion. Initials of staff and patient vital record at onset, 15 min, and the end of transfusion were also recorded. Analysis was performed by using SPSS 23.0.

Results:

A total of 500 transfusion episodes were analyzed, out of which 115 (23%) forms were available in the patient files and 88 (76%) forms were filled. The overall compliance rate was 18%. The highest compliance was observed in the documentation of the name of nursing staff at the start of transfusion 79 (90%) and noncompliance was observed in the documentation of duty doctor initials at the completion 85 (96%).

Conclusions:

We observed scarce practice regarding transfusion-related documentation by health-care staff at the bedside. Stringent steps should be taken to avoid morbidities and mortalities. Training and education in this context is the need of time.
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Transfusion Practice
Authors: Riahi Salma , Ifa Lamia , Boukadida Sihem , Heni Meriem , Haddad Nihel , Smida Mahdi , Bouatay Amina
Published: August 2023

Background and Objectives:

The COVID-19 pandemic created a global health crisis with a multisector disruption, particularly in blood transfusion services where restrictive measures unsettled the blood supply. In this context, we have reported our experience during this crisis by evaluating the transfusion activity before and during the pandemic as well as the measures undertaken.

Methods:

This was a retrospective descriptive study conducted at the blood bank of a tertiary healthcare hospital from Sousse, Tunisia, during the years 2019 and 2020. The analysis focused on the monthly comparison of data of the blood bank including the number of donations recorded and the number of labile blood products produced and distributed during the 2 years of the study.

Results:

The total number of annual donations in 2020 decreased by 14% compared to 2019. The number of monthly donations decreased significantly, especially during the two epidemic peaks in Tunisia (in April and October 2020). The production of packed red blood cells has decreased by 17% (up to 53% reduction during the first wave). The production as well as the distribution of fresh frozen plasma and platelet concentrates decreased significantly with an annual reduction of 12.3% and 25%, respectively, with a stable rate for the apheresis platelet concentrates.

Conclusion:

The COVID-19 pandemic constitutes a universal threat on all levels and, in particular, on the safety of transfusion practice. The development of an appropriate management plan would be necessary to surpass this crisis.
Adverse reactions to the Donation of Platelet by Apheresis and Related Factors in a Tertiary Level Care Blood Center
Authors: Arunachalam Vadivel , Kulkarni Rajendra , Basavarajegowda Abhishekh
Published: August 2023

Background and Objectives:

Although blood donation by apheresis is very safe, it is essential to identify the adverse reactions that happen and address the factors related to it so as to improve the donation experience both to the donors and the center accepting donations. This study was designed to assess the frequency of adverse reaction in donors undergoing apheresis for platelet donation and delineate the factors associated with the occurrence of such adverse donor reactions, if any.

Methodology:

This was an analytical retrospective study on the available data of all the donors who donated single-donor apheretic platelets in our blood center from January 2014 to October 2018.

Results:

The overall donor reaction rate was 8.3%, with the majority (4.7%) being a local reaction in the form of a hematoma. The other 3.6% were systemic reactions, among which 2.1% were citrate reactions and 1.5% vasovagal reactions (VVRs). The variables associated with a VVR were body weight <75 kg and diastolic blood pressure of <70 mmHg, whereas for citrate-related toxicities, it was the duration of the procedure and the amount of anticoagulant used. 4.7% of them were localized reactions in the form of the hematoma, which were more common in first-time donors.

Conclusion:

Adverse donor reactions to plateletpheresis are notable (8.3%) but generally mild. Auditing them to look for factors associated helps us review the policies and improve competencies among the staff to improve the safety of donors.
Impact of COVID-19 on Blood Transfusion Services and Strategies Used in Kerala
Authors: Rafi Aboobacker Mohammed , Bhaskaran Ramesh
Published: August 2023

Background and Objectives:

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is creating major disruptions globally at all levels of health care. The novel challenges affecting the efficiency of blood transfusion services range from uncertain patterns of demand for blood components to reductions in the numbers of donations and staffing because of lockdown and quarantine.1 The authors attempt to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on blood transfusion services and the strategies used in the state of Kerala.

Methods:

A Google Form questionnaire was framed and was sent across all the blood centres in the state of Kerala through e-mail and other social media platforms; taking into account the various strategies taken to ensure a safe blood supply.

Results:

Only 28% rvesponded. 85% had reduction in blood. 99% had a specific COVID screening questionnaire. 80% had thermal screening and frequent cleaning. 35% used disposable bed sheets and implemented a token/prior appointment system. Only 10% conducted donation camps. 76% had shortage of staff due to lockdown. 90% had a shift system in the form of work arrangement. 35% were not provided PPE as they had shortage. 57% had a reduction in their salary. Only 7% blood centres faced shortage in consumables. 23% had an increased wastage in blood components and a few reagents. Only 7.5% of the centres were involved in CCP collection. 99% of the blood centres were willing to be part of CCP collection if the need arises.

Conclusion:

The BTS is responsible to provide an uninterrupted blood supply and it requires coordination at every level. Staff safety in the form of PPE and security in the form of salary should not be deprived of as health-care workers are the main pillars in the fight against COVID-19. The BTS in Kerala responded to the pandemic by strictly following the NBTC guidelines. When the need arises, the infrastructure at various blood centres has to be utilized so that the treatment outcomes of COVID-19 are also improved.
The First Data of Hemovigilance
Authors: Miah Sonia Shormin , Doha Mostofa Ahmed , Islam Md Ashadul , Sharmin Nadia
Published: August 2023

Background and Objectives:

Hemovigilance is a prime requirement for safe transfusion practice rather it may be the reflection of laboratory performance in a blood bank. This study is the first report of transfusion errors and adverse reactions recorded in Bangladesh. It is a new approach to collect and analyze the data pertaining to issues associated with blood transfusion in the day care. This study is aimed to perceive the frequency of adverse reactions and the errors associated with its barrier.

Methods:

This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the daycare unit of the Department of Transfusion Medicine of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University from July 2018 to June 2019. Any error regarding pretransfusion and transfusion procedure and adverse event following transfusion was noted according to departmental standard operating procedure and collected data were analyzed with Microsoft Excel 2016.

Results:

Of the 10,762 units of blood component selected for the issue to 6995 patients, 66 units were discarded. For various reasons. Out of 10696 units of blood component transfused, a total of 459 (4.29%) transfusion reactions were observed among which 390 (3.6%) were acute and 69 (0.6%) were delayed. Mild allergic (40.5%) and Febrile nonhemolytic (36.4%) were the most common acute reaction whereas alloimmunization (9.4%) and delayed hemolysis (4.1%) were the most observed delayed transfusion reaction. Among the recipient, transfusion reactions were observed slightly more in males (7.5%) than in females (5%) and the most affected age group was 20–29 years.

Conclusion:

However, it is not always possible to analyze the relevance of all the transfusions and the outcome of the patient. Now, a developing country like Bangladesh has to face and notify the errors and to solve them in parallel.
Status of Blood Transfusion Service in Bhutan
Authors: Yangdon Tshering , Getshen Mahrukh , Yangzom Pema
Published: August 2023

Blood transfusion services in Bhutan are operated as a unit of the hospital laboratory services. There are currently 26 hospital-based blood banks that provide blood donation and transfusion services and one National Blood Bank at National Referral Hospital at Thimphu, the capital city of Bhutan. The National Blood Bank serves the additional activities of providing technical support to blood safety program (BSP) under the Ministry of Health and conducting quality assessment scheme for peripheral blood banks in blood group serology. BSP oversees the overall functioning of the blood transfusion services in the country. The program compiles and evaluates the report obtained annually from all the blood banks. This serves as a part of monitoring and assessment for the further improvement of blood transfusion services as per the National Standards for Blood Transfusion Service 2013.