Removal of Phosphorus from Water onto Marsh Clam Shell to Predict Contour for Removal Efficiency and Mass of Adsorbent
Authors:   Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Hab Pendidikan Tinggi Pagoh, Km 1, Jalan Panchor, 84600 Muar, Johor, Malaysia, Muslim Nur Husna , Mohd Faizal Akmal Danial ,   Neo Environmental Technology, Centre for Diploma Studies, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Pagoh Education Hub, 84600 Pagoh, Johor, Malaysia, Sophian Muhamad Amir Syahmi ,   Neo Environmental Technology, Centre for Diploma Studies, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Pagoh Education Hub, 84600 Pagoh, Johor, Malaysia, Abd Rashid Muhammad Amir Firdaus ,   Neo Environmental Technology, Centre for Diploma Studies, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Pagoh Education Hub, 84600 Pagoh, Johor, Malaysia, Abdullah Noorul Hudai ,   Neo Environmental Technology, Centre for Diploma Studies, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Pagoh Education Hub, 84600 Pagoh, Johor, Malaysia, Abu Hassan Norzainariah ,   Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Hab Pendidikan Tinggi Pagoh, Km 1, Jalan Panchor, 84600 Muar, Johor, Malaysia,   Department of Civil Engineering, Politeknik Melaka, No. 2, Jalan PPM10, Plaza Pandan Malim 75250 Melaka, Malaysia, Abdul Salim Nur Atikah ,   School of Occupational, Safety & Health, Netherlands Maritime University College, Johor Bahru, Johor, 80000 Malaysia
Published: January 2025

Anthropogenic activities have resulted in considerable water quality degradation in water sources due to a common problem of the excessive nutrient content (phosphorus) in receiving water, resulting in eutrophication. Even though various wastewater treatment methods have been applied, focusing on phosphorus removal through biological, physical, and chemical treatment, there is still a need to identify the eco-friendly method using the adsorption process and verify the theoretical and experimental data via kinetic and isotherm models. Hence, this study investigates phosphorus removal efficiency from water onto raw marsh clam shells and verifies the experimental and theoretical data with kinetic and isotherm studies. The variable of this study used different masses (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 g) of adsorbents with particle sizes from 1.18 mm to 2.36 mm to remove phosphorus from an aqueous solution (5 mg/L). The physicalchemical properties of adsorbents were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to support the experimental data and identify the possibility of phosphorus adsorption. The batch experiment data obtained were verified using the kinetic (pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order) and isotherm (Langmuir and Freundlich) models. The experiments showed that the best contact time for all masses was 1440 min and the best adsorbent dose was 10 g with 78.0%removal. By comparing the two adsorption isotherm models, the study finds that the adsorption isotherm fits the Langmuir isotherm model with a correlation coefficient, R<sup>2</sup> of 0.9006. The novel use of adsorbent marsh clam shell as a potential adsorbent in the application of future water treatment technologies.