bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conditional Autoregressive (CAR) Model
Authors: Schmidt Alexandra M. , Nobre Widemberg S.
Published: January 2018

Conditional autoregressive (CAR) models are useful to obtain a multivariatejoint distributionsof a random vector based on univariate conditional specifications. These conditional specifications are based on Markovian properties such that the conditional distribution of a component of the random vector depends only on a set of neighbors. Conditional autoregressive models are particular cases of Markov random fields. CAR models have been applied in different areas of science; some examples are image analysis, epidemiology, and agriculture. Typically, Gaussian CAR specifications are used as latent structures inhierarchical modelsfor areal level data. In this case, the region of interest is divided into a set of disjoint areas and a CAR random effect is used to account for possible correlation among observations made across the different areas.
Brick Tunnel Randomization
Authors: Kuznetsova Olga M.
Published: January 2018

Brick tunnel randomization (BTR) introduced by Kuznetsova and Tymofyeyev is designed for unequal allocation studies with an inconvenient allocation ratio that leads to a large block size. In this case, permuted block randomization provides poor approximation to the targeted allocation ratio throughout the enrollment. BTR approximates the target allocation ratio well by requiring the allocation path to be confined to the set of
k
‐dimensional unitary cubes that are pierced by the allocation ray (the “brick tunnel”). Importantly, BTR is an allocation ratio preserving (ARP) procedure: it preserves the unconditional allocation ratio at every allocation. The two‐ and three‐arm BTR are the ARP procedures with the tightest allocation space among all allocation procedures with the same allocation ratio. The two‐arm BTR has the lowest momentum of all two‐arm ARP procedures with the same allocation ratio. Resident and transition probabilities of two‐ and three‐arm BTR can be analytically derived; for more than three arms, they can be calculated using numerical methods.
Statistical Methods in Network Traffic
Authors: Hazelton Martin L.
Published: January 2018

The analysis of network traffic data is of considerable interest for those working with computer networks and road transport systems. This article provides a brief overview of the modeling frameworks commonly used for describing network traffic. It covers stochastic models to describe variation in patterns of traffic flow in time, including a comparison of methods commonly used for electronic and road networks. Statistical inference for traffic models can be challenging, because the most readily available data are traffic counts observed at various network locations, but these typically provide only indirect information about the quantities of interest (e.g., traffic rates on routes through the network). We discuss methods of network tomography that address this kind of problem. Finally, we look at stochastic traffic assignment models (primarily for road traffic systems), which seek to describe the route flow dynamics of systems in which travelers attempt to minimize their own travel time.
MOVER‐Rfor Confidence Intervals of Ratios
Authors: Zou Guangyong , Donner Allan , Qiu Shifang
Published: January 2018

Many parameters of interest in statistical analysis are ratios of two quantities. Confidence limits for a ratio may be obtained by an application of Fieller's theorem, if both the numerator and denominator are means of normal variables. However, ratios of nonnormal quantities are common. Examples include the coefficient of variation (CV), for assessing the reproducibility or reliability of a measurement, and the incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER), defined in the context of a comparative study as the ratio of the difference in cost to the difference in the treatment effect. This article illustrates how to obtain the confidence limits for a ratio without requiring the numerator and denominator to be means of normal distributions. As the basic idea is to recover the variance estimates from confidence limits for the numerator and denominator, this procedure is referred to as themethod of variance recovery for ratios(MOVER‐R). The method encompasses Fieller's theorem as a special case.
Box,GeorgeEdwardPelham: His Life and Contributions to Statistics and Science
Authors: Johannes Ledolter , Bovas Abraham
Published: January 2018

We review the life and work of GEP Box who has influenced generations of researchers and practitioners of statistics. We describe his contributions to time series analysis and forecasting, Bayesian statistics and robustness, and design of experiments and process improvement.
Highly Efficient Red–Orange Delayed Fluorescence Emitters Based on Strong π‐Accepting Dibenzophenazine and Dibenzoquinoxaline Cores: toward a Rational Pure‐Red OLED Design
Authors: Furue Ryuhei , Matsuo Kyohei , Ashikari Yasuhiko , Ooka Hirohito , Amanokura Natsuki , Yasuda Takuma
Published: January 2018

Organic luminescent materials that exhibit thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) can harvest both singlet and triplet excitons for light emission, leading to high electroluminescence (EL) quantum efficiencies in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, efficient red TADF materials are still very rare because of their restricted molecular design based on the energy gap law. To address this issue, elaborate π‐conjugated donor–acceptor (D–A) systems that can simultaneously achieve a large fluorescence radiative rate and small singlet–triplet energy splitting should be strategically designed. In this study, to produce high‐efficiency pure‐red TADF materials, a remarkably strong π‐accepting dicyanodibenzo[a,c]phenazine (CNBPz) unit has been introduced in a D–π–A molecular framework, and combined with a phenylene‐linked p‐ditolylamine or 9,9‐dimethylacridan moiety. The steady‐state and time‐resolved photophysical measurements revealed intense genuine red TADF emissions of these CNBPz‐based molecules in both solution and doped thin films. The OLEDs incorporating the CNBPz‐based TADF emitters achieve the desired high‐efficiency pure‐red EL, centered at 670 nm with color coordinates of (0.66, 0.34), accompanied by a high maximum external EL quantum efficiency of 15.0%. Therefore, it is concluded that CNBPz, with its expanded π‐conjugation and strong electron‐accepting characteristics, is a particularly useful building unit to design long‐wavelength TADF materials that can overcome the intrinsic energy gap law obstacle.
Thoracic aortic aneurysm in patients with loss of function Filamin A mutations: Clinical characterization, genetics, and recommendations
Authors: Chen Ming Hui , Choudhury Sangita , Hirata Mami , Khalsa Siri , Chang Bernard , Walsh Christopher A.
Published: January 2018

The frequency and gender distribution of thoracic aortic aneurysm as a cardiovascular manifestation of loss‐of‐function (LOF) X‐linked FilaminA (FLNA) mutations are not known. Furthermore, there is very limited cardiovascular morbidity or mortality data in children and adults. We analyzed cardiac data on the largest series of 114 patients with LOF FLNA mutations, both children and adults, with periventricular nodular heterotopia (PVNH), including 48 study patients and 66 literature patients, median age of 22.0 years (88 F, 26 M, range: 0–71 years), with 75 FLNA mutations observed in 80 families. Most (64.9%) subjects had a cardiac anomaly or vascular abnormality (80.8% of males and 60.2% of females). Thoracic aortic aneurysms or dilatation (TAA) were found in 18.4% (n = 21), and were associated with other structural cardiac malformations in 57.1% of patients, most commonly patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and valvular abnormalities. TAA most frequently involved the aortic root and ascending aorta, and sinus of Valsalva aneurysms were present in one third of TAA patients. Six TAA patients (28.5%) required surgery (median age 37 yrs, range 13–41 yrs). TAA with its associated complications was also the only recorded cause of premature, non‐accidental mortality in adults (2 M, 2 F). Two adult patients (1 F, 1 M, median 38.5 yrs), died of spontaneous aortic rupture at aortic dimensions smaller than current recommendations for surgery for other aortopathies. Data from this largest series of LOF FLNA mutation patients underscore the importance of serial follow‐up to identify and manage these potentially devastating cardiovascular complications.
Distinct gene expression profiles and regulation networks of nasal polyps in eosinophilic and non‐eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Okada Naoko , Nakayama Tsuguhisa , Asaka Daiya , Inoue Natsuki , Tsurumoto Tadao , Takaishi Shinya , Otori Nobuyoshi , Kojima Hiromi , Matsuda Akio , Oboki Keisuke , Saito Hirohisa , Matsumoto Kenji , Yoshikawa Mamoru
Published: January 2018

Background

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is known to have 2 phenotypes in East Asia. Eosinophilic CRSwNP (ECRSwNP), defined as tissue eosinophilia and easily recurrent, is distinguished from other non‐eosinophilic CRSwNP (NECRSwNP) types. However, the pathogenesis of each remains unclear.

Methods

Nasal polyp tissues from ECRS (ECRSwNP) and NECRS (NECRSwNP) patients were obtained, and their comprehensive gene expression profiles were investigated by microarray analysis. Bioinformatics approaches (eg, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis [IPA]) were used to interrogate the data sets.

Results

Hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis (PCA) collectively showed that ECRSwNP and NECRSwNP had distinct gene expression patterns. Of note, these genes could be divided into 8 distinctive clusters having different expression patterns and functions. Upstream Regulator Analysis revealed that not only T‐helper 2 (Th2) and the eosinophilia–related molecules (interleukin 4 [IL4], IL5, and colony stimulating factor 2 [CSF2]) reported so far, but also cell cycle regulators (cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A [CDKNA1] and cyclin D1 [CCND1]) and a tissue fibrosis–related molecule (transforming growth factor β [TGFβ]) were identified in ECRSwNP. On the other hand, mainly interferons (IFNs) and acute inflammatory cytokines (IL1 and IL6) were predicted as upstream regulators in NECRSwNP.

Conclusion

These results are useful for understanding the molecular basis of the mechanisms of CRSwNP and point to new targets for developing specific biomarkers and personalized therapeutic strategies for CRSwNP.
Near‐Infrared Triggered Decomposition of Nanocapsules with High Tumor Accumulation and Stimuli Responsive Fast Elimination
Authors: Zhao Tiancong , Wang Peiyuan , Li Qin , Al‐Khalaf Areej Abdulkareem , Hozzein Wael N. , Zhang Fan , Li Xiaomin , Zhao Dongyuan
Published: January 2018

A near‐infrared (NIR) induced decomposable polymer nanocapsule is demonstrated. The nanocapsules are fabricated based on layer‐by‐layer co‐assembly of azobenzene functionalized polymers and up/downconversion nanoparticles (U/DCNPs). When the nanocapsules are exposed to 980 nm light, ultraviolet/visible photons emitted by the U/DCNPs can trigger the photoisomerization of azobenzene groups in the framework. The nanocapsules could decompose from large‐sized nanocapsule to small U/DCNPs. Owing to their optimized original size (ca. 180 nm), the nanocapsules can effectively avoid biological barriers, provide a long blood circulation (ca. 5 h, half‐life time) and achieve four‐fold tumor accumulation. It can fast eliminate from tumor within one hour and release the loaded drugs for chemotherapy after NIR‐induced dissociation from initial 180 nm capsules to small 20 nm U/DCNPs.
Functional Morphology of Mimetic Musculature in Primates: How Social Variables and Body Size Stack up to Phylogeny
Authors: Burrows Anne M
Published: January 2018

Mammalian skeletal muscle is influenced by the functional demands placed upon it. Functional morphology of facial expression musculature, or mimetic musculature, is largely unknown. Recently, primate mimetic musculature has been shown to respond to demands associated with social factors. Body size has also been demonstrated to affect many aspects of primate functional morphology and evolutionary morphology. The present study was designed to further examine the role of social variables and body size in influencing the morphology of primate mimetic musculature using a broad phylogenetic range of primates, primates with varying body sizes, and those that exploit differing time of day activity cycles and social group sizes. Gross data on mimetic musculature morphology were gathered from tarsiers (Tarsius bancanus), slender lorises (Loris tardigradus), ring‐tailed lemurs (Lemur catta), crowned lemurs (Eulemur coronatus), black lemurs (E. macaco), owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus), and howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) and compared to previous results from chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), gibbons and siamangs (hylobatids), rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), Sulawesi macaques (M. nigra), common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), and greater bushbabies (Otolemur spp.). Mimetic muscle presence/absence was observed and recorded. Results revealed that phylogenetic position determines the overall mimetic muscle groundplan, with anthropoids having a high number of muscles in the superciliary and midface regions, strepsirrhines having a high number of muscles in the external ear region, and tarsiers displaying an intermediate condition. Within these broad taxonomic categories body size had an effect on mimetic musculature, while time of day activity and social group size had smaller effects. Anat Rec, 301:202–215, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Skull Size and Biomechanics are Good Estimators of In Vivo Bite Force in Murid Rodents
Authors: Ginot Samuel , Herrel Anthony , Claude Julien , Hautier Lionel
Published: January 2018

Rodentia is a species‐rich group with diversified modes of life and diets. Although rodent skull morphology has been the focus of a voluminous literature, the functional significance of its variations has yet to be explored in live animals. Myomorphous rodents, including murids, have been suggested to represent “high‐performance generalists.” We measured in vivo bite force in 14 species of wild and lab‐reared murid rodents of various sizes and diets to investigate potential morphofunctional differences between them. We dissected their skulls and computed a biomechanical model to estimate bite force. We first tested if our model allowed good estimation of in vivo data. Then, using morphological, in vivo and estimated bite force data in a phylogenetic context, we aimed to find the drivers of bite force differences among species. Estimated and in vivo bite forces were strongly correlated, which indicates that (a) biomechanical models allow a good estimation of real performance, and that (b) size and muscular changes (increased mass, fiber length, and PCSA) are the main drivers of bite performance differences. Myomorphous rodents, therefore, may have evolved high bite force through a combination of changes in size and musculature, which gave them a great versatility in their ability to process food. We found mixed results at the intraspecific level, with only some species displaying a good fit between estimated and in vivo measurements. We suggest that limited variation in size and muscular organization, and increased behavioral variation might decrease the precision of bite force estimates within species. Anat Rec, 301:256–266, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Do Muscles Constrain Skull Shape Evolution in Strepsirrhines?
Authors: Fabre Anne‐Claire , Perry Jonathan M. G. , Hartstone‐Rose Adam , Lowie AuróLien , Boens Andy , Dumont MaÏtena
Published: January 2018

Despite great interest and decades of research, the musculoskeletal relationships of the masticatory system in primates are still not fully understood. However, without a clear understanding of the interplay between muscles and bones it remains difficult to understand the functional significance of morphological traits of the skeleton. Here, we aim to study the impacts of the masticatory muscles on the shape of the cranium and the mandible as well as their co‐variation in strepsirrhine primates. To do so, we use 3D geometric morphometric approaches to assess the shape of each bone of the skull of 20 species for which muscle data are available in the literature. Impacts of the masticatory muscles on the skull shape were assessed using non‐phylogenetic regressions and phylogenetic regressions whereas co‐variations were assessed using two‐blocks partial least square (2B‐PLS) and phylogenetic 2B‐PLS. Our results show that there is a phylogenetic signal for skull shape and masticatory muscles. They also show that there is a significant impact of the masticatory muscles on cranial shape but not as much as on the mandible. The co‐variations are also stronger between the masticatory muscles and cranial shape even when taking into account phylogeny. Interestingly, the results of co‐variation between the masticatory muscles and mandibular shape show a more complex pattern in two different directions to get strong muscles associated with mandibular shape: a folivore way (with the bamboo lemurs and sifakas) and a hard‐object eater one (with the aye‐aye). Anat Rec, 301:291–310, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Non‐Destructive Determination of Muscle Architectural Variables Through the Use of DiceCT
Authors: Dickinson Edwin , Stark Heiko , Kupczik Kornelius
Published: January 2018

The fascicular architecture of skeletal muscle dictates functional parameters such as force production and contractile velocity. Muscle microarchitecture is typically determined by means of manual dissection, a technique that is inherently destructive to specimens. Furthermore, fascicle lengths and pennation angles are commonly assessed at only a limited number of sampling sites per muscle. We present the results of a digital technique to non‐destructively assess muscle architectural variables for three jaw‐adductor muscles within a specimen of the cercopithecine primate Macaca fascicularis (crab‐eating macaque). The specimen is first subjected to a contrast‐enhanced staining protocol to increase the density of internal soft tissues. High‐resolution µCT scans are then collected and segmented to isolate individual muscles. A textural orientation algorithm is then applied to each muscle volume to reconstruct constituent muscle fascicles in three dimensions. Using this technique, we report muscle volume, fascicle length, angle of pennation, and physiological cross‐sectional area (PCSA) for each muscle. These data are compared to results collected using traditional dissection of the contralateral muscles. Reconstructions of muscle volume and pennation angle closely correspond to the dissection results. The degree of similarity between measurements of fascicle length and PCSA varies between muscles, with temporalis demonstrating the greatest disparity between techniques; likely reflecting the complex geometry and fascicular arrangement of this muscle. The described technique samples a much larger number of fascicles than had previously been possible and non‐destructively investigates the internal architecture of preserved specimens. We conclude that this approach demonstrates great potential for quantifying muscle internal architecture. Anat Rec, 301:363–377, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Craniomandibular Variation in Phalangeriform Marsupials: Functional Comparisons with Primates
Authors: ST Clair Elizabeth M. , Reback Nicholas , Perry Jonathan M. G.
Published: January 2018

Phalangeriform marsupials have often been compared with primates because of similarity in the range of external morphology, ecological niches, and body size between the two radiations. We explore morphological convergence in the masticatory anatomy of strepsirrhine primates and phalangeriforms, through osteological measurements of the mandible and facial skeleton, and through dissection of the masticatory musculature, presenting new data on the arrangement and proportions of jaw adductors in phalangeriforms. Phalangeriforms and primates have a large number of shape differences in mandibular morphology. Despite these differences in shape on phylogenetic lines, dietary groups used to pool species of phalangeriforms and strepsirrhines also differed from each other in a range of shape variables. Notably, the striped possum (Dactylopsila), previously described as convergent with the aye‐aye (Daubentonia), shares a number of features of mandibular shape with Daubentonia, and the exudate‐feeding sugar‐glider, Petaurus, shares shape features with gummivorous strepsirrhines. Petaurus also has long‐fibered jaw adductors for its body mass, as would be expected for a species with a requirement for large gape. Phalangeriform species on the frugivore‐folivore continuum were less clearly comparable to strepsirrhine species with similar diets. There are a number of significant dietary contrasts in osteological measurements, but in the masticatory muscles phalangeriforms did not meet all expectations based on available dietary data, highlighting the possible complexity of dietary adaptation in phalangeriform folivores. Anat Rec, 301:227–255, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Jaw‐Muscle Fiber Architecture and Leverage in the Hard‐Object Feeding Sooty Mangabey are not Structured to Facilitate Relatively Large Bite Forces Compared to Other Papionins
Authors: Taylor Andrea B. , Terhune Claire E. , Toler Maxx , Holmes Megan , Ross Callum F. , Vinyard Christopher J.
Published: January 2018

Numerous studies have sought to link craniofacial morphology with behavioral ecology in primates. Extant hard‐object feeders have been of particular interest because of their potential to inform our understanding about the diets of early fossil hominins. Sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys) are hard‐object feeders that frequently generate what have been described as audibly powerful bites at wide jaw gapes to process materially stiff and hard seeds. We address the hypothesis that sooty mangabeys have features of the masticatory apparatus that facilitate this feeding behavior by comparing fiber architecture and leverage of the masseter and temporalis muscles between sooty mangabeys and three papionin primates that do not specialize on hard objects. Contrary to predictions, sooty mangabeys do not have relatively larger muscle physiologic cross‐sectional areas or weights compared to other papionins, nor do they consistently display improved leverage. In this regard, sooty mangabeys differ in their morphology from other hard‐object feeders such as tufted capuchins. However, males of all four papionin species converge on a shared pattern of relatively longer anterior superficial masseter fibers compared with female conspecifics, suggesting that males are likely prioritizing muscle stretch to improve gape performance as part of a behavioral repertoire that includes agonistic social interactions and intense male–male competition. These findings strengthen support for the hypothesis that gape display behaviors can exert a strong selective influence throughout the musculoskeletal masticatory apparatus. Results also raise questions about the morphological suitability of extant cercopithecines as models for interpreting feeding behavior and diet in fossil hominins with limited jaw gape capacity. Anat Rec, 301:325–342, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inferring the Diets of Extinct Giant Lemurs from Osteological Correlates of Muscle Dimensions
Authors: Perry Jonathan M. G.
Published: January 2018

The jaw adductor muscles of extinct mammals are often reconstructed to elucidate paleoecological relationships and to make broad comparisons among taxa. Muscle lever arms, bite load arms, muscle dimensions, and gape are often also reconstructed to better understand feeding. Several different approaches to these and related goals are discussed here. A protocol for reconstructing muscle dimensions and bite force using biomechanically informative skull measurements and osteological proxies of muscle dimensions is described and applied to a case study of subfossil Malagasy lemurs. The results of this case study show that most subfossil lemurs emphasized the masseter and medial pterygoid muscles over the temporalis. This supports the inference that these extinct lemurs depended heavily on tough food like leaves. Exceptions include signals of hard‐object feeding in Archaeolemur that vary between A. majori and A. edwardsi. Reconstructions of soft‐tissue and function are important for understanding past ecological relationships. Even those based on well‐supported osteological proxies from extant analogues have limitations for making precise inferences. Anat Rec, 301:343–362, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Jaw‐Dropping: Functional Variation in the Digastric Muscle in Bats
Authors: Curtis Abigail A. , Santana Sharlene E.
Published: January 2018

Diet and feeding behavior in mammals is strongly linked to the morphology of their feeding apparatus. Cranio‐muscular morphology determines how wide, forcefully, and quickly the jaw can be opened or closed, which limits the size and material properties of the foods that a mammal can eat. Most studies of feeding performance in mammals have focused on skull form and jaw muscles involved in generating bite force, but few explore how jaw abduction is related to feeding performance. In this study, we explored how the morphology of the digastric muscle, the primary jaw abducting muscle in mammals, and its jaw lever mechanics are related to diet in morphologically diverse noctilionoid bats. Results showed that insectivorous bats have strong digastric muscles associated with proportionally long jaws, which suggests these species can open their jaws quickly and powerfully during prey capture and chewing. Short snouted frugivorous bats exhibit traits that would enable them to open their jaws proportionally wider to accommodate the large fruits that they commonly feed on. Our results support the hypothesis that digastric muscle and jaw morphology are correlated with diet in bats, and that our results may also apply to other groups of mammals. Anat Rec, 301:279–290, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Behavioral Correlates of Cranial Muscle Functional Morphology
Authors: Hartstone‐Rose Adam , Santana Sharlene E.
Published: January 2018

This issue of the Anatomical Record is the first of a two‐volume set that focuses on new investigations into behavioral correlates of muscle functional morphology. Much of the research on functional morphology and adaptation to specific functional niches focuses on the shapes of hard‐tissues—bones and teeth. Investigations into soft‐tissue anatomy tend to be predominantly descriptive with only brief allusion to ontogenetic or evolutionary origins of structures. When muscles are included in analyses of functional systems, their function tends to be oversimplified—usually considered a simple force vector connecting two osteological points, with the force treated as a constant derived from some simple calculation of muscle size. The goal of these special issues is to present a series of studies that take a more elaborate look at how muscles can be viewed from a functional perspective in studies searching for morphological correlates of behavior. This first volume focuses on the behavioral correlates of cranial muscles—starting with a paper about the mimetic musculature of primates and ending with a series of papers on the masticatory muscles of many lineages of vertebrates. The next issue of the Anatomical Record (March 2018) includes our papers on the behavioral correlates of postcranial muscles. Taken together, we hope you agree that this series presents valuable insights into these form/function relationships using both traditional approaches+ and cutting‐edge techniques. Anat Rec, 301:197–201, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Integrating TEMPO and Its Analogues with Visible‐Light Photocatalysis
Authors: Lang Xianjun , Zhao Jincai
Published: January 2018

Visible light has risen to become a very important facilitator for selective radical reactions enabled by well‐cognized photocatalysts. The renaissance of visible‐light photocatalysis on this matter partly relies on integrating it with other fields of catalysis. In parallel, 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidin N‐oxide (TEMPO), a quintessential persistent radical, has a wide range of uses owing to its exceptional redox behavior, which gives rise to its latest prominence in catalysis. Therefore, integrating the catalysis of TEMPO with photocatalysis to perform visible‐light‐induced selective reactions becomes a very convenient marriage of merits. In this context, the integration of different types of photocatalysts, including metal complexes, metal‐free organic dyes, and semiconductors, with TEMPO for outstanding organic transformations will be summarized. To expand further the catalytic repertoire, the integration of TEMPOH analogues such as NHPI (N‐hydroxyphthalimide) and NHS (N‐hydroxysuccinimide) with photocatalysis will also be discussed. Hopefully, these advances will pave the way for more breakthroughs by integrating TEMPO and its analogues with photocatalysis to lead to a valuable blueprint for visible‐light‐induced selective organic transformations.
Behavioural responses of the yellow emitting annelid Tomopteris helgolandica to photic stimuli
Authors: Gouveneaux Anaïd , Gielen Marie‐Charlotte , Mallefet Jérôme
Published: January 2018

In contrast to most mesopelagic bioluminescent organisms specialised in the emission and reception of blue light, the planktonic annelid Tomopteris helgolandica produces yellow light. This unusual feature has long been suggested to serve for intraspecific communication. Yet, this virtually admitted hypothesis has never been tested. In this behavioural study of spectral colour sensitivity, we first present an illustrated repertoire of the postures and action patterns described by captive specimens. Then video tracking and motion analysis are used to quantify the behavioural responses of singled out worms to photic stimuli imitating intraspecific (yellow) or interspecific (blue) bioluminescent signals. We show the ability of T. helgolandica to react and to contrast its responses to bioluminescent‐like blue and yellow light signals. In particular, the attractive effect of yellow light and the variation of angular velocity observed according to the pattern of yellow stimuli (flashes versus glows) support the intraspecific communication hypothesis. However, given the behavioural patterns of T. helgolandica, including mechanically induced light emission, the possibility that bioluminescence may be part of escape/defence responses to predation, should remain an open question.
Inhibition of apoptosis using exosomes in Chinese hamster ovary cell culture
Authors: Han Seora , Rhee Won Jong
Published: January 2018

Animal cell culture technology for therapeutic protein production has shown significant improvement over the last few decades. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells have been widely adapted for the production of biopharmaceutical drugs. In the biopharmaceutical industry, it is crucial to develop cell culture media and culturing conditions to achieve the highest productivity and quality. However, CHO cells are significantly affected by apoptosis in the bioreactors, resulting in a substantial decrease in product quantity and quality. Thus, to overcome the obstacle of apoptosis in CHO cell culture, it is critical to develop a novel method that does not have minimal concern of safety or cost. Herein, we showed for the first time that exosomes, which are nano‐sized extracellular vesicles, derived from CHO cells inhibited apoptosis in CHO cell culture when supplemented to the culture medium. Flow cytometric and microscopic analyses revealed that substantial amounts of exosomes were delivered to CHO cells. Higher cell viability after staurosporine treatment was observed by exosome supplementation (67.3%) as compared to control (41.1%). Furthermore, exosomes prevented the mitochondrial membrane potential loss and caspase‐3 activation, meaning that the exosomes enhanced cellular activities under pro‐apoptotic condition. As the exosomes supplements are derived from CHO cells themselves, it is not only beneficial for the biopharmaceutical productivity of CHO cell culture to inhibit apoptosis, but also from a regulatory standpoint to diminish any safety concerns. Thus, we conclude that the method developed in this research may contribute to the biopharmaceutical industry where minimizing apoptosis in CHO cell culture is beneficial.
When life gets in the way: Systematic review of life events, socioeconomic deprivation, and their impact on counselling and psychotherapy with children and adolescents
Authors: Blackshaw Emily , Evans Chris , Cooper Mick
Published: January 2018

Background

Life events are recognised to link low socio‐economic status (SES) with impaired mental health. Despite attention to patients’ historical environmental circumstances in psychotherapeutic practice, events that occur over the course of counselling and psychotherapy (‘intercurrent’ events) seem to have received little attention in research.

Method

Life events were defined to include those that are chronic and severe, as well as minor, everyday occurrences. Outcomes were restricted to internalising problems related to depression and anxiety in child, or adolescent participants. Bibliographic databases and citations and review reference lists were searched, and relevant scholars were contacted. The conceptual and methodological nature of the literature is reported.

Results

This review included 42 studies. Intercurrent events varied in severity and duration. Events were most frequently measured using questionnaires. The same questionnaire was rarely used in more than one study, and questionnaires were often adapted for use for the study's purpose/population. Events included in analyses tended to be analysed as a mediator of change in psychiatric symptomatology, or an outcome of therapy.

Conclusions

Attention to intercurrent life events appears rare in psychotherapy research. This contributes to a systematic neglect of socio‐economic issues in psychotherapy research and arguably psychotherapy more generally. This neglect is exacerbated by a lack of agreed measures of life events, both intensive and routine in nature. Recommendations are made to improve attention to such events.
ILEI is an important intermediate participating in the formation of TGF‐β1–induced renal tubular EMT
Authors: Zhao Xing , Luo Gang , Fan Yan , Ma Xiaoxue , Zhou Jieqing , Jiang Hong
Published: January 2018

Renal interstitial fibrosis is the most common process by which chronic kidney diseases progress to end‐stage renal failure. Epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) play a crucial role in the progression of renal interstitial fibrosis. A newly identified cytokine, interleukin‐like EMT inducer (ILEI), has been linked to EMT in some diseases. However, the effects of ILEI on renal tubular EMT have not yet been well established. Here, we characterize the expression of ILEI in tubular EMT and describe the role and mechanism of ILEI in transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF‐β1)–induced renal tubular EMT. The results indicate that ILEI is involved in renal tubular EMT induced by TGF‐β1, as overexpression of ILEI not only induces EMT of HK‐2 cells independently but also profoundly enhances EMT in response to TGF‐β1. Supporting this finding, ILEI small interfering RNA was found to block the EMT of HK‐2 cells induced by TGF‐β1. This work additionally suggests ILEI mediates TGF‐β1–dependent EMT via the extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERKs) and protein kinase B (Akt) signalling pathways. In conclusion, ILEI appears to play a crucial role in mediating TGF‐β1–induced EMT through the Akt and ERK pathways, which may provide a therapeutic target for the treatment of fibrotic kidney diseases.

Significance of the study

There is no study reporting the effect of ILEI in renal EMTs. In this research, we examined the role and mechanism of ILEI in EMT using tubular epithelial cell; we found that ILEI participated in renal tubular EMT, and overexpression of ILEI can not only induce EMT of HK‐2 cells independently but also enhance EMT in response to TGF‐β1. Meanwhile, we found ILEI small interfering RNA blocked the EMT induced by TGF‐β1, and ILEI participates in the EMT caused by TGF‐β1 via ERK and Akt signalling pathways. We hoped to provide new ideas in further study on the prevention and treatment of fibrotic kidney diseases.
An examination of the interaction between morality and self‐control in offending: A study of differences between girls and boys
Authors: Ivert Anna‐Karin , Andersson Frida , Svensson Robert , Pauwels Lieven J.R. , Torstensson Levander Marie
Published: January 2018

Background

There is a well‐documented gender difference in offending, with evidence that boys, on average, are more involved in crime than girls. Opinions differ, however, on whether the causes of crime apply to girls and boys similarly.

Aims

Our aim is to explore crime propensity in boys and girls. Our research questions were (1) are there differences between boys and girls in moral values and self‐control; (2) are these attributes similarly correlated with offending among girls and boys; and (3) is any interaction effect between morality and self‐control identical for girls and boys.

Methods

Data were drawn from the Malmö Individual and Neighbourhood Development Study, which includes 481 girls and boys aged 16–17. An 8‐item self‐control scale was derived from Grasmick's self‐control instrument; we created a 16‐item morality scale. Analysis of variance was used to test for differences in scale scores.

Results

There were significant gender differences in moral values but not self‐control. Moral values and self‐control were significantly correlated with offending among both girls and boys. In the multiple regression analysis, the three‐way interaction term used to test the interaction between gender, self‐control and moral values was non‐significant, indicating that the magnitude of the self‐control–moral value interaction is not affected by gender.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that effects of morality and self‐control are general and apply to girls and boys similarly, so more research is needed to explain gender differences in crime prevalence. © 2018 The Authors Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Age onset of offending and serious mental illness among forensic psychiatric patients: A latent profile analysis
Authors: Penney Stephanie R. , Prosser Aaron , Simpson Alexander I.F.
Published: January 2018

Background

Developmental typologies regarding age of onset of violence and offending have not routinely taken account of the role of serious mental illness (SMI), and whether age of onset of offending in relation to onset of illness impacts on the manifestation of offending over the life course.

Aims

To test whether forensic psychiatric patients can be classified according to age of onset of SMI and offending, and, if so, whether subtypes differ by sex.

Methods

Details of all 511 patients enrolled into a large forensic mental health service in Ontario, Canada, in 2011 or 2012 were collected from records.

Results

A latent profile analysis supported a 2‐class solution in both men and women. External validation of the classes demonstrated that those with a younger age onset of serious mental illness and offending were characterised by higher levels of static risk factors and criminogenic need than those whose involvement in both mental health and criminal justice systems was delayed to later life.

Conclusions

Our findings present a new perspective on life course trajectories of offenders with SMI. While analyses identified just two distinct age‐of‐onset groups, in both the illness preceded the offending. The fact that our sample was entirely drawn from those hospitalised may have introduced a selection bias for those whose illness precedes offending, but findings underscore the complexity and level of need among those with a younger age of onset. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Learning to blast a way into crime, or just good clean fun? Examining aggressive play with toy weapons and its relation with crime
Authors: Smith Sven , Ferguson Christopher J. , Beaver Kevin M.
Published: January 2018

Background

Researchers, such as Bandura, have proposed that children's mere exposure to the use of play weapons encourages deviant displays of aggression, but there is very little research to support this hypothesis of 20 years.

Aim

To examine the relationship between amount of weapon play and concurrent aggression as well as later violent juvenile crime, while controlling for other variables possibly influencing criminal pathways.

Method

Using longitudinal survey data collected from mothers and children (n = 2019) from age 5, with follow‐up at age 15, correlations between children's play with toy weapons and juvenile criminality were examined. Multivariate regression analyses were employed to determine to what extent early childhood aggression, symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and symptoms of depression were antecedents of juvenile crime.

Results

For bivariate analysis between toy weapon play and juvenile criminality, the effect size was small and not significant. The relationship remained not significant once control variables were introduced into the model.

Conclusions and implications

The act of pretending to be aggressive in childhood thus plays little role in predicting later criminality after other factors, such as gender, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or depression, have been taken into account. Involvement in imaginative play with toy gun use in early childhood is unlikely to be useful as a risk marker for later criminal behaviour. Play fighting and war toy games may even be considered necessary components within the frame of normal development. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Widespread finger skin metastases of melanoma
Authors: Tas Faruk , Erturk Kayhan
Published: January 2018

Key Clinical Message

Metastatic melanoma is a fatal disease with a rapid systemic dissemination. Almost every organ might be affected, but lungs, liver, bone, brain, and skin are the most frequently involved sites. Intravascular microtumoral embolism is believed to account for the distant cutaneous metastases that might be the first manifestation of disease progression in most of the cases.
Co‐immobilization of Laccase and TEMPO in the Compartments of Mesoporous Silica for a Green and One‐Pot Cascade Synthesis of Coumarins by Knoevenagel Condensation
Authors: Mogharabi‐Manzari Mehdi , Amini Mohsen , Abdollahi Mohammad , Khoobi Mehdi , Bagherzadeh Ghodsieh , Faramarzi Mohammad Ali
Published: January 2018

Co‐immobilization of bio‐ and chemocatalysts produces sustainable, recyclable hybrid systems that open new horizons for green cascade approaches in organic synthesis. Here, the co‐immobilization of laccase and 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidin‐1‐oxyl (TEMPO) in mesoporous silica was used for the one‐pot aqueous synthesis of 30 coumarin‐3‐carboxylate derivatives under mild conditions through the condensation of in situ oxidized 2‐hydroxybenzyl alcohols and malonate derivatives. A maximum yield was obtained after incubating at pH 6.0 and 45 °C for 24 h. An efficient organic synthesis was catalyzed by the hybrid catalyst in 10 % organic solvent. More than 95 % of the initial activity of the enzyme was preserved after 10 cycles, and no significant catalyst deactivation occurred after 10 runs. This new system efficiently catalyzed the in situ aerobic oxidation of salicyl alcohols, followed by Knoevenagel condensation, which confirmed the possibility of producing efficient hybrid catalysts by co‐immobilization of catalytic species in mesoporous materials.
The Role of Copper in the Upgrading of Bioalcohols
Authors: Zaccheria Federica , Scotti Nicola , Ravasio Nicoletta
Published: January 2018

Some recent results on Guerbet reactions are reported and a short review on dehydrogenative coupling of alcohols (DHC) is presented. The focus of this Minireview is on the role of acidic and basic sites and, in particular, on the role of Cu if it is present in the catalyst, taking into account that the two processes share the first step, namely alcohol dehydrogenation, whereas the second one is determining in driving selectivity towards self‐coupling or symmetrical ester formation. The main type of catalysts for the Guerbet reaction are based on hydrotalcites, hydroxyapatite and supported metal systems, whereas the catalysts for DHC are copper catalysts on different supports. The role of acidic and basic sites in determining activity and selectivity to Guerbet alcohols has been investigated and quite stringent requirements for the selectivity of the reaction have been highlighted. For DHC, we have focused on the role of the interaction of copper with the support, which in turn influences the distribution of acidic and basic sites. The morphology of the metallic phase has been suggested as a distinctive factor in promoting C−C coupling or C−O coupling in the second step for Cu‐containing catalysts.
New Stretching Method for Aligning Gels: Its Application to the Measurement Residual Chemical Shift Anisotropies (RCSAs) without the Need for Isotropic Shift Correction
Authors: Hellemann Erich , Gil Roberto R.
Published: January 2018

An existing gel stretching device is modified, permitting the use of organic solvents for the study of small molecules. Different from the original device, gels are stretched into 4 mm open‐ended NMR tubes and then inserted into regular 5 mm NMR tubes. No open‐ended tubes are inserted in the NMR probe avoiding the risk of sample leaking. It is also shown that residual chemical shift anisotropies (RCSAs) measured with the device are free of isotropic shift interferences and corrections for them are not needed during the post‐acquisition data analysis. Three internal references for chemical shift were evaluated (CCl4, CBr4 and TMS), being CCl4 the most convenient one to measure RCSAs in CDCl3. RCSAs measured with the modified stretching device using CCl4 as the internal chemical shift reference were enough to determine the relative configuration of three small molecules with an excellent degree of configuration discrimination.
Specific Noncovalent Interactions Determine Optimal Structure of a Buried Ligand Moiety: QM/MM and Pure QM Modeling of Complexes of the Small‐Molecule CD4 Mimetics and HIV‐1 gp120
Authors: Moraca Francesca , Rinaldo David , Smith Amos B. , Abrams Cameron F.
Published: January 2018

The small‐molecule CD4 mimetics (smCD4mcs) are a class of highly potent HIV‐1 entry inhibitors characterized by a unique structure–activity relationship (SAR). They share a halogenated phenyl ring (region 1) that deeply inserts into an otherwise water‐filled cavity at the CD4 binding site on the gp120 surface, the so‐called F43 cavity. Conservative modifications to region 1 away from this halogenated phenyl motif have all led to loss of activity, despite the fact that they are predicted by standard empirical computational approaches to bind equally well, making it difficult to further optimize this region of the compounds to increase binding to gp120. In this study we used quantum mechanical methods to understand the roots of the interactions between region 1 and the F43 cavity. We clearly demonstrate the presence of halogen bond/σ‐hole and dispersion interactions between region 1 and the F43 cavity residues F376–N377, which are not captured by standard molecular mechanics approaches and the role played by the smCD4mc in the F43 cavity desolvation. These findings rationalize why the halogenated region 1 has proven so difficult to move beyond in smCD4mc optimization, in agreement with experimental evidence.