bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pesticide Evaluation, 1988
Authors: Keulaarts Jozef L. W. , Williams Roger N.
Published: March 2022

Test pesticides were applied to 6-yr-old ‘Riesling’ grapevines at the Grape Research Branch at Kingsville, Ohio. A randomized complete block design of 3-vine plots replicated 5 times/treatment was used. Vine spacing was 9 ft between rows and 7 ft within rows. Applications were made on 8 Jun and 16 Jul with a hand-operated CO2 sprayer at 45 psi equipped with a 95005-E-TeeJet nozzle. All applications were made at the rate of 120 gal/acre. The spreader-sticker Triton-B was used at a rate of 6 oz/100 gal in all treatments. Four apical leaves were sampled from 10 shoots from the center vine of each plot. The number of mite-induced blisters (erinea) was counted on 30 Jun, 7 and 15 Jul, and 11 Aug. Only fully expanded leaves that were at least 1 inch wide were included in a sample.
Control Test, 1986
Authors: Reimer Neil J. , Beardsley J. W.
Published: March 2022

The efficacy of 4 emulsifiable concentrate and 4 bait formulated insecticides was tested against bigheaded ants in 0.2-ha plots of second ratoon pineapple on Lanai Island, Hawaii. The emulsifiable concentrates were applied diluted in 300 gal water/acre by boom sprayer. The bait formulations were applied at 1.5 lb bait/acre with a hand-held whirlybird fertilizer applicator. Pretreatment ant density counts were made 6 Oct using 6 stakes baited with peanut butter and soybean oil (50:50 mixture) placed near the center of each. Treatments were applied 14 Oct. Ant counts (ants/stake) were indexed for each stake, and 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 were equal to 0, 1-25, 26-100, 101-300, 301-500, and >500 ants/stake, respectively.
Insecticide Control of Mango Bud Mite on Guam, 1987
Authors: Muniappan R. , Rajendran R.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted in Agana, Guam, on mango seedlings of varying ages. Experimental sprays were applied to run-off to single-tree plots in a completely randomized design with 5 replications. The trees were mixed varieties of about 2 yr old and 4-6 ft high. Materials were applied by backpack sprayer 26 Mar; 2, 9, and 21 Apr; and 8 and 14 May. At 30 and 60 DAT new shoots were counted.
Acaricide Efficacy Against Citrus Mites, 1988
Authors: Childers C. C. , Keen P. M. , Smith D. A.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were replicated 5 times on 3 x 3 (9-tree) plots in a randomized complete block design. Only the center tree was sampled. Unsprayed buffer trees separated treatments within and between rows. Treatments were applied on 26-27 May with an FMC 4000 CP airblast sprayer at 160 psi delivering 125 gal/acre of finished spray at 1.5 mph. Water pH was 7.8. Ten (precount only on 23 May) or 20 leaves from the hardened spring flush were picked at random from the perimeter of each sample tree at various intervals before and after spraying. Each 10- or 20-leaf sample was placed in a separate labeled paper bag and returned to the laboratory. A stereomicroscope was used to examine the entire upper and lower leaf surfaces for living motile mites. A 1-cm2 area was examined on the upper and lower leaf surfaces for CRM on 23 May. The spider mite or CRM count on each leaf was recorded as one observation. Twenty fruit were examined from the canopy of each sample tree at various times after spraying. A 1-cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides per fruit using a 10 X hand lens. The 2 counts/fruit were combined and recorded as one observation. Cumulative mite-day totals were calculated.
Control in Fall Snap Beans, 1988
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M.
Published: March 2022

‘Spurt’ snap beans were seeded into a Sassafras sandy loam field on 1 Aug. Plots consisted of a single row 25 ft long and 30 inches wide replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design; a guard row buffered each treated row. Treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with a drop nozzle on either side of the row and one centered over the row calibrated to deliver 63 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. Treatments were applied 23 and 30 Sep. All plots were harvested and yields (plot weights) were recorded on 10 Oct, and 100 bean pods/plot were randomly selected and examined for ECB holes and CEW damage.
Management of Lepidofterous Pests, 1988:
Authors: Jansson R. K. , Lecrone S. H. , Buker D.
Published: March 2022

‘Rio Verde’ cabbage seeds were incorporated into a germination mix (Pro-Mix) and direct seeded into a Rockdale soil at the University of Florida’s Tropical Research and Education Center on 17 Dec 1987. The soil was fumigated with Terr-O-Gas (75% methyl bromide, 25% chloropicrin; 220 lb/acre) and covered with blue plastic mulch on 25 Nov 1987; the mulch was perforated on 15 Dec. Plants were spaced 1 ft apart within rows and 30 inches apart between rows on 72-ineh-center beds. Plants were sprinkler irrigated twice/wk (0.75-1.00 inches/acre). Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatment plots were 4 rows (2 beds) by 40 ft long. A 10-ft-long section of untreated plants separated replicates; treatments within a replicate were separated by one untreated bed and a 6-ft alleyway. Applications were made on ten dates: 14, 21, and 27 Jan; 3, 10, 17, and 24 Feb; and 2, 9, and 16 Mar, using a tractor-mounted single-bed boom sprayer that operated at 250 psi and delivered 100 gal/acre through 5 D-4, #24 disk-type cone nozzles at 3 mph. Plyac (38 ml/gal) was added to each treatment to improve spray coverage and persistence. An ultraviolet light protectant adjuvant was added to 1 treatment (EG2038). The center 30 plants of the two middle rows of each treatment plot were seeded with BAW first instars (10/plant) on 11 Jan. The number of small, medium, and large DBM larvae and pupae, and the number of small, medium, and large BAW larvae were recorded on 8 plants per replicate, 32 plants per treatment, on 11 dates. Foliage injury was rated on 8 plants per replicate, 32 plants per treatment on 3 dates, 4, 10, and 18 Mar, and on 24 plants per replicate, 96 plants per treatment at harvest (22 Mar), using a 1-6 scale (1, no apparent insect feeding to 6, severe damage to head and wrapper leaves). Percentages of marketable heads were determined based on ratings ≤3.
Red Imported Fire Ant Control on Non-Cropland in South Mississippi, 1989
Authors: Harris Joseph P.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted in 3 locations (parks) in Jasper, Covington and Lauderdale Counties in south Mississippi. Each location consisted of 3 replications. Each replication was 1,000 ft2. Treatments were made on 8, 9, and 10 Aug in Jasper, Covington and Lauderdale Counties, respectively. Treatments were applied with a spray volume of 2 gal/1,000 ft2. Imported fire ant kill density was determined by visual observation. Pretreatment counts were made on 8 Aug and post-treatment counts were made on 15, 22 and 28 Aug.
Mole Cricket Control on Golf Courses in South Mississippi, 1988
Authors: Harris Joseph P.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted on 2 golf course fairways with sandy loam soils in Jackson and Hancock Counties on the Gulf Coast of Mississippi. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 6 replications 1000 ft2 each. Treatments were made on 27 Jun in Jackson County and on 28 Jun in Hancock County. Granular formulations were applied with a ferti-lome hand-pushed spreader. Liquids were applied with a Hudson knapsack sprayer using a hollow-cone nozzle at 30 psi, and a spray volume of 3 gal/ 1000 ft2. Immediately after application, treatments were watered in with 0.3 inch of water. Mole cricket density was determined by applying 2 gal of soapy water (2 fl oz liquid soap/gal water) to 4 ft2 of turf/plot. Pretreatment counts were made on 27 Jun and post-treatment counts were made on 13 Jul.
Annual White Grub Control in a Kentucky Bluegrass Golf Course Rough, 1989
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Paustian J. W. , Kalisch J. A.
Published: March 2022

On 17 Aug, 9 insecticides were applied to 4 × 6 ft Kentucky bluegrass plots located in a golf course rough at Lincoln, Nebraska. Topography in the treated area ranged from level to a gentle slope, and the predominant grass species was Kentucky bluegrass (95%). Thatch accumulation (finger compressed) ranged from 0.25 to 0.5 inches. Field conditions at the time of application were as follows: air temperature, 74°F; soil temperature (4-inch depth), 74°F; soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.7; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture was well below field capacity. Granular formulations were applied with a precalibrated Gandy 24H12 spreader. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 sprayer using a LF-4 nozzle at 24 psi and a 3 gal/1000 ft2 spray rate. The experiment was replicated 4 times using a randomized complete block design. Immediately following insecticide applications, the test area was irrigated with approximately 0.50 inch of water. An additional 0.4 inch of irrigated water was applied, and 13.3 inches of rain fell during the post-treatment period. Product efficacy was evaluated 28 DAT (14 Sep) by removing two 1 ft2 sections of sod, ca. 2 inches deep, from each plot and counting the number of surviving grubs.
Control of Southern Masked Chafer Grubs, 1989
Authors: Redmond C. T. , Patterson C. G. , Potter D. A.
Published: March 2022

This study was conducted in a Kentucky bluegrass plot in Fayette County, Ky. The established turf was on a Maury silt loam soil (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Paleudalf) with pH 6.2. Thatch accumulation was <0.25 inches. On 2 Sep, turf/soil cores (6 by 6 inches) were removed from the plot and set inside 6-inch-diam by 7-inch-long sections of plastic pipe; the bottoms of the soil cores were even with the bottom of the pipe. A piece of fiberglass window screen was placed over ends of pipe and the pipes and cores were replaced in the plot. The plot was then irrigated. Third-instar SMC grubs were collected from an untreated golf course rough on 5 Sep. Ten SMC were placed in each cylinder; those that did not burrow into the soil within 10 min were replaced. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 5 replicates. Insecticide treatments were applied on 7 Sep. Granular insecticides were mixed with dry sand and handshaken into the cylinders. The liquid formulations were sprayed with 10 ml of water into the cylinders. The plot was then irrigated with 0.75 inches water. On 21 Sep, the cylinders were removed from the plot, the soil cores were broken apart, and surviving SMC grubs were counted.
Residual Control of Southern Masked Chafer Grubs, 1989
Authors: Redmond C. T. , Patterson C. G. , Potter D. A.
Published: March 2022

This study was conducted on a Kentucky bluegrass plot in Fayette County, Ky. The established turf was on a Maury silt loam soil (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Paleudalf) with pH 6.2. Thatch accumulation was < 0.25 inches. Replicated plots (6 × 6 ft) were treated with isazaphos (Triumph 4 E), trichlorfon (Dylox 80 WP), or isofenphos (Oftanol 2 F) on 23 Jun, 6 Jul, 20 Jul, 3 Aug, or 17 Aug, corresponding to 10, 8, 6, 4, or 2 wk before grubs were implanted into the turf. Rates (Al/acre) were a) Triumph: 2 lb; b) Dylox: 8 lb; and c) Oftanol: 2 lb. Treatments were applied as liquids using a CO2 powered sprayer that delivered 1.3 gal/1000 ft2. All plots were then irrigated with 0.75 inches water. There were 4 replicates/treatment/date, the plots for each date arranged in a randomized complete block design. On 29 Aug, turf/soil cores (6 by 6 inches) were removed from each plot and set inside 6-inch-diam by 7-inch-long sections of plastic pipe; the bottoms of the soil cores were even with the bottom of the pipe. A piece of fiberglass window screen was placed over the end of each pipe, and the pipes with cores were replaced in the plot. Plots were then irrigated. Third-instar SMC grubs were collected from an untreated golf course rough on 30 Aug. Ten SMC were placed into each cylinder; those that did not burrow into the soil within 10 min were replaced. A “remedial” treatment was applied to one set of plots on 31 Aug after grubs had been implanted to provide comparative data on effectiveness of insecticides applied when grubs were present. On 15 Sep, the cylinders were removed from the plot, the soil cores were broken apart, and the living and dead or obviously moribund SMC were counted.
Control of the Melon Aphid on Chrysanthemum Under Glasshouse Conditions, 1988
Authors: Vehrs Stacy , Garcia Jacinto , Bethke James A. , Parrella Michael P.
Published: March 2022

Rooted chrysanthemum cuttings were potted (1/pot, 6 inch dia) 3 wk prior to use. Plants were exposed to an infestation of aphids (Aphis gossypii) in the greenhouse. Four wk post-exposure, pre-treatment counts of aphids were made. Plants were separated into 5 treatments and a control and isolated on a separate raised bench within the greenhouse. Treatments were applied to 10 plants/treatment by a hand sprayer at approximately 45-60 psi. Counts of live aphids were made 4, 10, and 15 days posttreatment on both leaves and terminal (undifferentiated leaves) portions of the mums.
Control of the Sweet Potato Whitefly on Poinsettia Under Glasshouse Conditions, Fall 1988
Authors: Bethke James A. , Paine Timothy D.
Published: March 2022

Poinsettias (Annette Hegg cv. 'Brilliant Diamond) were obtained as rooted cuttings and potted in 6 inch pots in a greenhouse and allowed 4 wk growth before use. At such time, 10 whiteflies were confined to one expanded leaf on each of 60 plants for a 48 h period by clip cages. Ten days later the number of immature (first and second instar) sweetpotato whitefly were counted. Ten plants were assigned to treatments in a randomized block design and treated on 10 Oct with 5 treatments and a water control using a 2 gal hand sprayer at 45 psi. Treated plants were kept in a greenhouse at 80°F, 14:10 LD photoperiod, and ambient relative humidity for the remainder of the trial. A second pre-treatment count was made on day 7 (17 Oct) prior to treating 5 of the 10 plants a second time. Posttreatment counts of emerged whiteflies were taken 14 d later when adults were sure to have emerged. No apparent phytotoxicity appeared on any treatment nor were there significant differences between treatments and control after 7 days. Therefore, percent emergence was calculated using number emerged per replicate divided by the number of live immatures from this 7 day count. Results indicate that Enstar performed best.
Summer Control of Hairy Chinch bug at Site Two on Established Fescue Turfgrass in Somerset, PA, 1989
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

The turfgrass area consisted of fine leafed fescue. Treatment plots were 5 × 6 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid and W formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 4 gal/ 1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 80°F; soil temperature at 1 in depth, 70°F; RH, 50%; amount of thatch, 0.75-1.5 inches; soil type, loam, soil particle size analysis: 45.6% sand, 34.8% silt, 19.6% clay; soil moisture, 10.8%; organic matter, 1.9%; water pH, 6.0; soil pH, 5.5; no rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. Posttreatment counts were made 9 Aug, 7 d after the initial treatment (2 Aug). Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6 inch-diam stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling it with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface during a 10 min period. Three floatation samples were taken randomly from each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and coverted to a ft2 count.
Phytotoxicity and Efficacy of Several Insecticide Comrinations on Greenhouse Whitefly, Massachusetts Greenhouse, 1989
Authors: Mimms R. A. S. , Vittum P. J.
Published: March 2022

Plants were grown in Metromix 200 and sterilized field soil (1:1) and were pinched to between 7 and 9 leaves on 2 Oct. The bracts began to color in the third week of Nov. Several insecticides were tested singly and in combination with horticultural oil (Sunspray 6 E) or Insecticidal Soap. Each material was sprayed to run-off on the upper and lower heat surfaces, using a 21 capacity hand pump sprayer. Each treatment consisted of 4 plants, which were then arranged randomly on benches. Insecticides were applied on 21 Sep and then weekly from 12 Oct through 21 Nov. Observations for phytotoxic response and whitefly efficacy (number/leaf) were made weekly, normally 2 days after application.
Soil Drenches to Control Rhododendron Gall Midge, 1989
Authors: Hanula James L.
Published: March 2022

Soil drenches were evaluated as a method of controlling overwintering pupae of the rhododendron gall midge. Heavily damaged rhododendron plants were transferred from an unheated to a heated greenhouse on 27 Jan. The plants were grown in 4-liter black plastic containers filled with potting soil consisting of humus, peat and perlite (1:1:1). The plants were held for 5 d and watered once 2 d before treatment. Treatments consisted of high and low rates of 5 insecticides applied by pouring 500 ml of insecticide solutions over the soil surface of each container. The plant stem was then severed at the soil line and an adult emergence trap was placed over the top of each container. Emergence traps consisted of a truncated cone (16.5 cm diam bottom and 8 cm diam top) constructed from white cardboard (6 ply). A 10 cm diameter polypropylene funnel was inverted and pushed up inside the cone until the funnel lip formed a tight seal with the cardboard. The funnel was held in place with gray duct tape. A 1.5 cm diam hole was cut into the lid of a 30 ml plastic portion cup, and then the lid and cup were slipped over the spout of the funnel. Each treatment was replicated 10 times and adult emergence was monitored until 4 Apr.
Efficacy of Insecticides Against Black Vine Weevil Adults, Wooster, OH, 1988
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Rhododendron and taxus (0.3 m tall) growing in containers were used to evaluate efficacy of selected insecticides against black vine weevil adults by feeding treated foliage to weevils at specified intervals after application. A CO2 compression sprayer with a Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle operating at 40 psi was used to apply sprays to run-off. Treatments were applied 25 Jul under sunny skies, 24°C, and a 0-8 kph breeze. Treated plants received ca. 0.8 cm rainfall 6 hAfter sprays were applied. In addition to 2.8 cm of natural rainfall during the test, plants received 1.27 cm of overhead irrigation every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday after the first foliage samples were removed. Two 10—15 cm twigs were removed from each taxus plant, and along with 3 ovipositing weevils, were placed in a 1-liter Fonda cup with a mesh top. Two rhododendron leaves were taken from each plant and caged with weevils in the aforementioned manner. Treatments were replicated 3 times. Weevils had been collected from large rhododendrons at a nursery in Lake County and maintained on taxus foliage in the laboratory at 21-23°C, >80% RH, with a 16 h (L:D) photoperiod until used in the test. Efficacy was evaluated 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 DAT by allowing weevils to feed on sprayed foliage for 72 h. After 72 h, moribund weevils were placed with unsprayed foliage, and final percent mortality was assessed 72 h later.
Bronze Birch Borer Larval Control Using Systemic Insecticides in Ohio, 1989
Authors: Shetlar David J. , Duncan Charles A.
Published: March 2022

A mixed stand of 3.5-5.0 m tall birches planted in 1983 were evaluated in Aug 88 for BBB. Nine paper birches with old BBB exit holes, nine paper birches with gouting but no exit holes, 18 European birches with exit holes and 12 European birches with gouting only were selected for treatments. Each tree category was divided into blocks of 3 trees (=16 total replicates). On the date of application, 26 Aug 88, the soil moisture was low due to a drought. Normal rainfall returned for Sep and Oct. Mauget Inject-A-Cide B 1.0 ml injector units with inch mini-microfeeder tubes (normal feeder tubes are inch) were used at rates of one tube/tree with breast diameter height (BDH) less than 8.0 cm and 2 tubes/tree with BDH ≥ 8.0 cm. The feeder tubes were attached at the root flare zone and the units remained on the trees until empty. Cygon 4 E was applied by mixing 150 ml in 1.0 gal of water and pouring around the tree base within a 0.3 m radius. Untreated checks received 1.0 gal of water. During the wk of 29 May 89 a 1.0 m long section of each tree was marked with a waterproof pen about 1.5 to 2.0 m above ground level. All existing BBB exit holes were marked. All trees were examined on 9 Aug 89 and the number of new exit holes/1.0 m segment were recorded.
Pear Thrips Control with Sevin Sl, 1989
Authors: Swier Stanley R.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted in a sugar maple plantation in Ackworth, NH. Eighteen understory trees less than 6 ft tall were randomly selected. Nine trees were randomly assigned to the chemical treatment, and the remainder were check trees. Sevin SL was applied using a backpack sprayer and a wand on 25 May. The chemical treatment was applied to the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves up to the point of run off. After 2 h drying time, 0.5 inch rain fell. Periodically, light showers fell the next 3 days. Treatments were rated by counting the number of live adult and juvenile thrips on a single 2 ft long branch/tree.
Scotch Pine, Pine Needle Scale Control, Wayne Co., Oh, 1988
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Scotch pine (1.5-2 m tall) growing in a Christmas tree plantation were chosen for evaluating efficacy of insecticides against pine needle scale crawlers. Heavily infested trees were sprayed 18 May, when crawler hatch was 93%, using a KWH backpack mistblower operating at half throttle on aperture setting 3 for 30 s delivering ca. 600 ml of finished spray to each of 4, single-tree replicates/treatment. Skies were overcast, 13°c, with a 16-25 kph breeze. Light rain (less than 0.25 cm) occurred 2 h after sprays had dried. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 1 Jun by collecting 5 needle fascicles from each replicate. Needles were placed in coin envelopes and transported in a cooler to the laboratory where viability of the first 100 crawlers for each sample was determined with the aid of a dissecting scope. Counts were made from all 5 needle fascicles (first 20 nymphs from tip of each fascicle).
Evaluation of Residual Spray Formulations for German Cockroach Control, 1988
Authors: Appel A. G. , Sponsler R. C. , Strother G. R.
Published: March 2022

Field tests were conducted to compare the efficacy of residual sprays for German cockroach control. The Opelika Housing Authority, Opelika, Ala. was the test site. The study was initiated during 14 Jun and ended 28 Sep. Approximately 1 liter of finished spray was applied to all accessible harborage areas using the broad fan setting of a 3.8 liter compressed-air sprayer equipped with Multee-Jet nozzles. Each treatment was replicated in 8 to 10 apartments. Cockroach populations were estimated by sticky trap counts. Two sticky traps (Mr. Sticky) were placed in the kitchen of each apartment before treatment and at various intervals after treatment. One trap was placed in the cabinet under the sink and the other beside or behind the stove or refrigerator. The traps were left in place for 1 wk. Insecticide efficacy was determined at each trapping interval by analyzing the log10 reduction ratio of the weekly from pretreatment counts.
Efficacy of Yt-609 Ear Tags on Pyrethroid-Resistant Horn Flies, Gudmundsen Sandhills Laboratory, Whitman, Nebraska, 1988
Authors: Campbell John B. , Boxler David J.
Published: March 2022

YT-609 ear tags were compared with Tomahawk and Terminator ear tags and 1% Co-Ral free-choice dust bags. One-hundred yearling steers were each tagged with one YT-609 tag 19 May. Tomahawk and Terminator ear tags were applied to 59 and 44 cow/calf pairs (one tag/cow), respectively on 2 Jun. A group of 200 cow/calf pairs were provided 1% Co-Ral free-choice dust bags and 45 cow/calf pairs remained untreated. The 2 groups were sent to pasture on 2 Jun. Fly numbers were recorded weekly by counting both sides of a cow, with a minimum of 15 cows/group counted/observation.
Efficacy of Insecticides Against Strawberry Root Weevil Adults, 1989
Authors: Mulgrew Susan M.
Published: March 2022

A laboratory study was conducted to determine the efficacy of foliar applications of several pyrethroid insecticides and Orthene for control of SRW infesting eastern hemlock fields. To ensure complete foliar coverage by the insecticides, hemlock twigs were submersed in insecticide solutions. The proximal end of the twigs were then placed in small vials filled with tap water to inhibit desiccation of the plant tissue. Twigs were placed in cages containing five adult SRW that had been collected from hemlock blocks in Mass. nurseries. In addition to the hemlock, each cage also contained a cotton ball that was kept moist with tap water to supply adequate water to the weevils. The cages were kept in an illuminated incubator maintained at 20-21°C and 16 h daylengths. The effect of the insecticides were evaluated at 2 d intervals from 2-20 DAT. Weevils were considered injured if they behaved atypically as compared to untreated SRW; i.e., if they had diminished coordination when walking or were moribund. The % dead insects and % total injury (injured + dead insects) were used to evaluate insecticide efficacy. A completely randomized design with 3 replicates of each treatment was used. The experiment was conducted twice and the data from the 2 trials were combined.
Evaluation of Conventional and Experimental Formulations to Control Green June Beetle Grubs in Chester Co., Pennsylvania, 1991
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: March 2022

The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (50%) and creeping bentgrass (50%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 3 times. Liquid and W formulations were applied in 2.0 gal water with a hand held 2.5 gal sprinkling can. Granular formulations were applied with a hand held shaker and mixed with a dry Terra-Green top dressing to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (3 Sep), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 74°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 84°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 78°F; RH, 45%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inch, soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 28.5% sand, 59.0% silt, 12.5% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 20.4%; organic matter, 3.4%; water pH, 6.0; and soil pH, 5.8; and the amount of rainfall recorded until posttreatment counts were made was 0.25 inch. Immediately after treatment, each replicate was irrigated with 0.075 inch of water, and 4 h after treatment the entire experimental area was irrigated with 0.3 inch of water. Posttreatment counts were made 9 DAT (12 Sep). The total number of new freshly constructed green Jun beetle burrows were recorded from each plot (54 ft2).
Evaluation of Conventional and Experimental Formulations to Control Green June Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Fairway in Wayne, Pennsylvania, 1991
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: March 2022

The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (50%) and creeping bentgrass (50%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied in 2.0 gal water with a hand held 2.5 gal sprinkling can. Granular formulations were applied with a hand held shaker and mixed with dry Terra-Green top-dressing to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (3 Sep), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 74°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 84°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 78°F; RH, 45%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inch; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 28.5% sand, 59.0% silt, 12.5% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 20.4%; organic matter, 3.4%; water pH, 6.0; and soil pH, 5.8; and the amount of rainfall recorded until posttreatment counts were made was 0.25 inch. Immediately after treatment, each replicate was irrigated with 0.075 inch of water, and 4 h after treatment the entire experimental area was irrigated with 0.3 inch of water. Posttreatment counts were made 9 DAT (12 Sep). The total number of new freshly constructed green Jun beetle burrows were recorded from each plot (54 ft2).
Control of Annual White Grubs Using Subsurface Placed Soil Insecticides and Entomopathogenic Nematodes, 1991
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Von Bargen K. , Grisso R. D. , Vittum P. J.
Published: March 2022

This study was conducted on a Kentucky bluegrass lawn in Lincoln, NE. Plots were 40 inches × 15 ft and the experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. The turf was maintained at a mowing height of 1.5 inches and thatch accumulation (finger compressed) in the plot area was 0.5 to 0.75 inch. Field conditions at the study site were: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.7; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture, 15%. Insecticide treatments were applied on 8 Aug using a newly developed Cushman prototype Subsurface Applicator to place insecticides or entomophagous nematodes at the soil/thatch interface (average depth 0.63 inch). Immediately following application, plots were irrigated with 0.25 inch of water. An additional 3 inches of irrigated water was applied and 0.1 inch of rain fell during the posttreatment period. Treatments were evaluated 21 DAT (3 Sep) by removing from each plot six, 8-inch diam turf-soil cores (2.1 ft2 total area) to a depth of 4 inches and counting the number of surviving grubs.
Sub-Surface Vs. Conventional Application of Turcam for Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs on Golf Course Rough, 1991
Authors: Vittum P. J. , Baxendale F. P.
Published: March 2022

An experiment using two methods of sub-surface application of pesticides was conducted on a golf course rough in Bolton, MA. The rough consisted primarily of Kentucky bluegrass (50%), perennial ryegrass (30%), and annual bluegrass (20%), and was maintained at a mowing height of 5.0 cm until 3 d before application. At that time the turf was mowed to 1.9 cm and clippings removed. Thatch remaining averaged 1.9 cm with a moderate density. Insecticides were applied on 5 Sep to 1.7 × 4 m plots arranged in a complete randomized block design. Each plot was separated from the next by 0.3 m, and there was a 3 m border between replications. Conditions at the time of application were as follows: air temperature 25°C; general overcast with high humidity; soil type, silty loam; soil moisture moderate; soil pH, 6.5; water pH, 6.4. Liquid treatments were applied using a High Pressure Liquid Injection (HPLI) research unit (built by Cross Equipment Co., Albany, GA), delivering 1,650 PSI through nozzles at 7.5 cm spacing, 1000 liters/ha, 5.6 kmph or with a watering can, using 3 liters water per plot. Granules were applied using a Cushman overseeder prototype, delivering granules through slices cut 1.9 cm (soil/thatch interface) with 5 cm spacing between slices or with hand-held shakers with perforated lids. All plots were watered in with 0.6 cm irrigation immediately after application and an additional 0.6 cm 12 h after application. Product efficacy was evaluated 28 DAT (4 Oct) by cutting two 0.1 m2 samples out of each plot, dislodging soil with a hand trowel, and counting all grubs to a depth of 10 cm.
Control of Cicada Killer with Individual Burrow Sprays, 1990
Authors: Weaver Joseph E.
Published: March 2022

Five insecticides were evaluated as water based sprays applied directly into and at the burrow entrance only for control of cicada killer wasps on a golf course fairway. Ten active burrows were selected for treatment with each insecticide and marked with stake wire flags. Sprays were applied with a 1.5 gal compression sprayer. Five burrows were treated by inserting the spray nozzle about 1 inch into the burrow, releasing the spray solution and then applying a small amount of spray to excavated soil just outside the entrance as the nozzle was removed from the burrow. The second set of 5 burrows was treated by applying the spray only to the small area of excavated soil at the burrow entrance. The avg amt of spray used for treating all burrows ranged from 25 to 35 ml/burrow. Control evaluation was based on the absence of digging activity by wasps at treated burrows 3 DAT; untreated nearby burrows were checked for digging activity at the same time.
Control of Japanese Beetle on a Golf Course Fairway, 1990
Authors: Weaver Joseph E.
Published: March 2022

Six insecticide treatments were applied on 16 Aug for control of white grubs. The only species present was Japanese beetle, and at treatment time the population consisted of 9.4% 2nd instars and 90.6% 3rd instars. Pretreatment counts of grubs on 2 Aug averaged 14.4/ft2. Experimental plots were arranged in a completely random design, replicated 4 times. Plot size was 10 × 10 ft. Liquid formulations were applied in 2 liters of water with a hand-held sprinkling can; granules were applied with a hand shaker. Treatments were irrigated with 2 liters of water per plot about 1/2 to 1 h after application. Environmental and soil conditions at treatment time were as follows: air temperatv.re, 26°C; RH, 71%; partly cloudy; soil type, silt loam (28.5% sand, 52.5% silt, 19.0% clay); soil moist; soil temperature, 24°C (2 inches); soil pH, 5.9; organic matter, 6.1%; thatch layer 1/4 to 3/8 inches (not compressed). Precipitation over the posttreatment period was 3.35 inches. Four locations on each plot were sampled 28 DAT using a cup changer (4.25 inches diam).
Cotoneaster, Topical and Foliar Sprays Evaluated Against Japanese Beetle Adults, Wooster, Ohio, 1990
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Cotoneaster growing in 2.5 gal (9.8 liter) containers was used to evaluate selected insecticides against Japanese beetle adults. A CO2 compression sprayer at 20 psi with a single Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle was used to apply sprays to run-off. Topical and foliar sprays were applied 19 Jul under sunny skies, 27°C, with 0-8 km/h winds. Plants were watered by hand every Mon, Wed, and Fri and received 5 cm of rainfall during the test period. Treatment procedures were as follows: TOPICAL: three, 10-15 cm twigs were placed upright in culture tubes with the cut end in water. Three, field-collected adults were placed on each twig, and sprays were applied. Adults and twigs were immediately transferred to 1 liter fonda containers fitted with mesh tops. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 72 h later by assessing beetle mortality. FOLIAR: two, 10-15 cm twigs were removed from each of the 3, single-plant replicates per treatment, at specified intervals after spraying, and, along with three field-collected adults, were placed in 1 liter fonda containers with mesh tops. Residual efficacy of insecticides was evaluated 1, 4, and 8 DAT by allowing adults to feed on treated foliage for 72 h. After 72 h, moribund adults were placed on untreated foliage; final percent mortality was assessed 48 h later.
Summer Control of Hairy Chinch Bug at Site One on Established Fescue Turfgrass in Somerset, Pennsylvania, 1991
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: March 2022

The turfgrass area consisted primarily of fineleaf fescue. Treatment plots were 5 × 6 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 3 times. Liquid form were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 30 psi, and delivering 4 gal/ 1000 ft2. Granular formulations (G) were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade of top dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (7 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 86°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 84°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 76°F; RH, 30%; amount of thatch, 0.75-1.5 inches; soil type, loam; soil particle size analysis: 47.3% sand, 35.1% silt, 17.6% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 11.3%; organic matter, 3.1%; water pH, 6.0; soil pH, 6.4; and 0.3 inch of rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water. Posttreatment counts were made 13 Aug, 6 d after the initial treatment. Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6 inch-diam stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling it with water, and counting the no. of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface during a 15 min period. Three flotation samples were taken randomly from each replicate, and the total no. of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a ft2 count.
Spring Control of Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgid with Biorational and Conventional Insecticides on Douglasfir in Lehighton, Pennsylvania, 1991
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: March 2022

Eleven treatments were applied to evaluate Cooley spruce gall adelgid on heavily infested 6-8 ft Douglasfir Christmas trees. Treatments were applied on 12 Apr and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each treatment was replicated four times. Foliar treatments were completed by using a Solo Master 412 back pack mist blower operating at full throttle on setting two. Treatments were applied at the rate of 150 gal/acre (454 ml/tree). At treatment time the following conditions existed: air temperature, 50°F; RH, 19%; and skies were clear. Posttreatment counts were completed on 24 Jul. Each treatment was evaluated by selecting four cardinal locations on each tree within the lower 1/3, middle 1/3, and upper 1/3 of the tree canopy, and counting 25 needles at each location and recording the number of Cooley spruce gall damaged needles. A total of 100 needles were examined from within each canopy sampling area.
Elm Leaf Beetle Control on Siberian Elm, 1991
Authors: Doss M. , Pinkston K.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted on elm trees 15-20 ft tall and 8-10 ft wide growing in an ornamental planting located at a local residence. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block with 3 replications. Applications were made on 4 Jun using a Marco R-20 sprayer which delivered 1.2 gal/min at 150 psi. Temperature and wind velocity at time of treatment were 72°F and 5-8 mph respectively. Live larvae on 18 inches of branch terminal were counted on 5 subsamples per treatment and recorded at 3, 7, 10, and 14 DAT to determine efficacy.
Efficacy of Condor of and Dipel 8 L Against the Gypsy Moth, 1988
Authors: Kolodny-Hirsch Douglas M.
Published: March 2022

Spray trials were conducted in Kent and New Castle Counties, DE, and Salem and Cumberland Counties, NJ. Treatments consisted of oil-based isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis formulated as Condor OF and Dipel 8 L diluted with water, Condor OF applied undiluted and an untreated control. Treatments were replicated five times in a randomized complete block. Woodlots were 10-84 acreas in size and consisted of isolated stands. Fifteen 0.025-acre fixed radius plots were established within each woodlot where treatment effects were measured. A Grumman Ag-Cat 600 aircraft equipped with eight AU-5000 Micronair rotary atomizers on a standard spray boom was used to apply the treatments. All B. thuringiensis formulations were applied at 20 billion international units (BIU)/acre (40 oz formulation/acre). For the diluted applications, Condor and Dipel were applied at a volumetric rate of 128 oz/acre including 2% (v/v) Bond (Loveland Industries, Inc.) as a sticker. The aircraft was operated at an airspeed of 90 mph on a 75 ft swath width, about 50 ft above the forest canopy. The pump pressure was 40 psi and the variable restrictor unit on the nozzles was set at 9 and 5 for the diluted and undiluted applications, respectively. The blade angle on the nozzles nearest the fuselage was set at 65 and 35°, and 70 and 35° for the other six nozzles on the boom, for the diluted and undiluted applications, respectively. Woodlots were treated on 22 and 27 May in Delaware and New Jersey, respectively, when GM was predominately 3rd instar. Pre- (Spring) and postspray (Fall) egg mass counts were made within each of the 15 subplots. GM larvae were counted under burlap bands placed on one dominant preferred tree 25 ft outside each 0.025- acre plot. Estimates of feeding damage were based on examination of each burlapped tree and were rated in one of seven classes: 1, 0%; 2, 1-5%; 3, 6-10%; 4, 11-25%; 5, 26-50%; 6, 51-75%; and 7, >75.
Field Trials of Cockroach Baits, 1989
Authors: Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W.
Published: March 2022

Field tests determined the relative efficacy and residual life of three consumer cockroach bait stations (Blackflag-0.05% abamectin; Combat-1.65% hydramethylnon; Raid Max-1.0% sulfluramid) and a commercial bait-paste formulation containing 1.37% sulfluramid. The Delaney West Apartments, a multi-family housing complex located in Gary, Indiana, served as the test site; individual apartments served as the replicated experimental unit. Bait stations (12) were positioned as recommended by the manufacturers. Seven stations throughout the kitchen; cabinets under the kitchen sink (3 stations), cabinets above the sink (2), and on the floor near the stove (1) and refrigerator (1). Three stations were positioned “optional sites” near active infestation sites: e.g., garbage collection, closets, kitchen furniture, etc. Two stations were placed in the bathroom, behind the toilet and beneath the sink. Stations were oriented horizontally (where possible) and attached to surfaces with sticky fasteners. Bait-paste applications mimicked bait station placements; ca. 40, 0.5-g placements were located throughout the kitchen and bathroom area. Population levels were estimated by visual counts throughout kitchen and bathroom areas, and a minimum pretreatment count of 20 cockroaches was required for any apartment to be considered as a test. Each treatment was replicated in 12-15 apartments, but sample size after treatment varied due to apartment vacancy or lack of cooperation. To determine efficacy, counts after treatment were reduced to percent reductions from the pretreatment counts. The data were transformed by signed-ranks prior to analysis with ANOVA models, followed by LSD (P = 0.05) to determine significance among the treatments at each posttreatment census.
Flushing Effect and Knockdown Activity of Pyrethroids, 1988
Authors: Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W.
Published: March 2022

Relative flushing and knockdown times of synergized pyrethrins and a number of pyrethroid insecticides were evaluated; also, contrasts of EC and WP were made for some Type II pyrethroids. All testing was at a 0 . 1% (w/w) dilution in water. Harborages, constructed of tempered masonite (2.5” × 4”) and pine strips (3/16”) creating a small crack, were mounted vertically on 4” × 4” plywood bases. The harborage was placed in a plastic box with the inside, upper edge greased to prevent escape. Ten adults (≤ 2 wks old, 5 male + 5 non-gravid female) were introduced to this arena 24 h before testing, which always occured 4 - 6 h into the photophase of a 12:12 L:D photocycle. Test sprays were applied at the rate of 1 gal/1000 ft2 using a spray tower fitted with a flat fan nozzle (Spraying System Tee-Jet 8001E) at a constant pressure of 25 psi. The harborage, containing test insects, was positioned beneath the spray arm of the spray tower so that the harborage opening was parallel to the fan spray pattern. As the nozzle passed over the harborage, the sprayer delivered the treatment to the insects within. Immediately after being sprayed, the harborage was returned to the box for 1 h of observation. Each treatment was replicated twelve times (3 blocks of 4 replicates). Time (min) necessary to flush or knockdown 50% of the insects was compared among treatments. If 50% of the cockroaches were not flushed within the 1 h observation period, flush or knockdown time was defined as 100 min to incorporate individual replicates whose response was >60 min with others in the same treatment that were >60 min. Data analysis was with one-way ANOVA and means separation with LSD (a = 0.05)
Efficacy of Cutter Gold— Ear Tags Against Spinose Ear Ticks in Southeastern Oklahoma, Mcalester, Oklahoma, 1991
Authors: Bolte John R.
Published: March 2022

Cutter Gold (10% Cyfluthrin) ear tags were applied at two per head to 5 calves and 10 cows. Pretreatment counts were made on 10 cows and 10 calves at tagging on Apr 13. Five cows and five calves were untreated controls. Ears were mechanically cleaned with a round-tipped wooden instrument at tag application and at each posttreatment check.
Candidate Concentrate Formulations for Control of Flies on Horses, 1991
Authors: Webb J. D. , Cilek J. E. , Knapp F. W.
Published: March 2022

Twelve thoroughbred mares (18 to 22-yrold) were randomly assigned to 3 treatment groups (3 mares per group) and a control (untreated) group. Experimental preparations were applied to one side of the horses in a 0.5 m2 area using a manual mist sprayer until wet to the skin. Fifty stable flies (2 to 4-d-old) and 25 house flies (2 to 4-d-old) were placed in separate tea strainers (12.7 cm diam) and fed 10% sugar water on a cotton pad 24 h prior to exposure. One strainer containing stable flies and another containing house flies were positioned on the treated areas of each animal and held in place with elastic straps for 15 min at —Id, 0, 1, 3, and 6 h, and daily through 14 d. After exposure, flies were anesthetized with COa and 25 individuals of each species were transferred to clean paper cages (473 ml) with screen tops for mortality studies. House flies were provided with 10% sugar water and stable flies with citrated porcine blood. Mortality was determined at 24-h postexposure. The remaining 25 stable flies were tested for blood meal acquisition by squashing them on a paper towel. Temperature and relative humidity ranged from 1-28°C and 83-100%, respectively. The only precipitation was 5.1 cm on d 9 of the test. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means separated using Fisher's protected least significant difference test. Difference among means were considered significant at P < 0.05.
Laboratory Spray Table Screening of Dipel and Ovicidal Rates of Insecticides, 1989
Authors: Elzen Gary W.
Published: March 2022

Ten treatments were evaluated for toxicity to TB in the laboratory. Treatments were applied to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. 'STV 213') terminals in water pics with a laboratory spray table using one TX6 nozzle calibrated to deliver 6 gal/acre at 2 mph and 30 psi. Treatments to 15 terminals were replicated 3 times/treatment. TB tested were collected from a control failure in a cotton field near Glen Allan, Miss., and were reared in the laboratory for 15 generations. One third instar was placed on each terminal 2 h after spray treatment and held under ventilated paper cups at 85°F and 55-60% RH. The percentage of mortality was assessed 72 and 96 h after treatment.