bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immunochemical Methods for Ochratoxin A Detection: A Review
Authors: Meulenberg Eline P.
Published: April 2012

The safety of food and feed depends to a great deal on quality control. Numerous compounds and organisms may contaminate food and feed commodities and thus pose a health risk for consumers. The compound of interest in this review is ochratoxin A (OTA), a secondary metabolite of the fungi Aspergillus and Penicillium. Due to its adverse health effects, detection and quantification are of utmost importance. Quality control of food and feed requires extraction and analysis, including TLC, HPLC, MS, and immunochemical methods. Each of these methods has its advantages and disadvantages. However, with regard to costs and rapidity, immunochemical methods have gained much interest in the last decade. In this review an introduction to immunochemistry and assay design will be given to elucidate the principles. Further, the application of the various formats to the detection and quantification of ochratoxin will be described, including the use of commercially available kits.
Nature et spontanéité: l'exemple d'Ando Shoeki
Authors: Joly Jacques
Published: April 2012

Andô Shôeki $lii^ (1703-1762) est un maître confucéen établi à Hachinohe, puis dans la région d'Odate, qui fut ces dernières années l'objet de tout un mouvement de récupération de la part de penseurs socialistes, marxistes ou écologistes quand on ne le fit devenir le chantre de la libération de la femme au Japon... Après avoir essayé de faire le point sur la bibliographie de notre auteur, nous voudrions retracer l'histoire d'un tel mouvement de récupération afin de montrer ensuite que ce dernier fut en fait attisé par les définitions que donne et l'emploi que fait Shôeki de la notion de shizen É #* - ziran, mot qui, depuis la fin de Meiji, traduit la notion occidentale de nature mais qui, à l'époque d'Edo, conservait son sens de libre agir, de spontanéité, tel que nous le rencontrons dans les classiques chinois. De fait, l'utilisation exacerbée d'une telle notion, équivalent de celles d'absolu et de liberté dans notre tradition, clôturant tout discours, et à laquelle, donc, Shôeki fit ici jouer un rôle idéologique semblable à celui que remplit souvent notre mot nature, lui permit certes de préserver un système purement naturaliste déjà mis à mal à son époque, mais débouchant sur un projet de société totalisant reposant sur la vision d'un monde parfaitement clos et autarcique.
Portait d'un paysan "réformateur" dans la société féodale au Japon, le cas de Ninomiya Sontoku
Authors: Kanamori Osamu
Published: April 2012

Summary - Portrait of a "Reformer" Countryman in Feudal Society, the case of Ninomiya Sontoku

Ninomiya Sontoku was a countryman who worked in the first half of the XlXth century, especially in the Tochigi and the Ibarabi areas. To contemporary Japanese, he is best known as a laborious and patient person, despite any unfavourable childhood situation.

Before Japan's defeat in the Second World War, most primary school classrooms had a statue of Sontoku as a child, carrying logs on his back.

He was litterally the ethical ideal of obedience, docility and assiduity but also a loyal Japanese citizen. However, after the War, the image of Sontoku was marked by one of the sharpest diclines of all those in traditionnal culture. Today, the Hôntoku movement inspired by his work still exists, but its importance is minor, in comparison to what it had at the beginning of the century. None the less, we must question whether the image of Sontoku as a docile and diligent child truly reflects his activities. Curiously, the use of his image intentionally ignores his activities as an adult, the image of the innovator of the countryside.

In our article, we first relate his biographical data in order to present an overview of all his activities ; then we analyse his theorical of writings. In the process, we emphasize the fundamentally practical nature of his thought, his omnipresent judgement of On (kind of obligation) and his important dichotomy concerning the Way of the Sky and the Way of Human kind. While analysing the apparent monotony in one of his shihô, we notice that his monotonous style deliberatly conceals his intent to instruct the less cultivated farmers.

Next, by referring to school text books, we take a look at the way of his posthumous image - one which is ideologically marked by nationalism - was used. In conclusion, we evaluate his scope and limits as an innovator of the countryside in the context of decaying feudal society.
Les interactions fiscales verticales à la lumière de la théorie des multiprincipaux
Authors: Lachet-Touya Florence
Published: April 2012

Résumé Ce papier examine l’externalité verticale provenant de l’imposition d’une même base par des gouvernements aux territoires gigognes, phénomène récurrent observé dans la plupart des organiations étatiques et ayant fait l’objet d’un éclairage moins soutenu que celui de concurrence fiscale horizontale. Le modèle étudie un système comportant plusieurs niveaux de décideurs et utilise la théorie des multiprincipaux pour analyser l’optimalité du degré de taxe lorsque plusieurs autorités exercent leur pouvoir fiscal sur une même assiette imposable. Cette théorie permet en effet d’appréhender et de décrire les mécanismes de concurrence entre différents décideurs poursuivant des objectifs propres. Il ressort que le comportement non coopératif de collectivités appartenant à différents niveaux administratifs et partageant une même base fiscale conduit à une hausse du taux de taxation auquel cette base est soumise. Chacun néglige en effet la perte de recettes fiscales qu’il inflige aux autres niveaux de gouvernement etdéfinit donc une taxe supérieure à celle qui correspondrait au coût marginal social. Le taux final d’imposition excède celui qui résulterait de l’exercice par un seul décideur public de la politique fiscale à mettre en œuvre. Il apparaît en outre que la prise en compte d’une asymétrie d’information exerce un effet dépressif sur le niveau global d’imposition en conduisant chaque échelon à accorder une rente aux firmes, et donc à modérer sa pression fiscale, afin qu’elles révèlent leur information privéeet que puissent être mises en œuvre les politiques les plus proches d’un optimum social. Classification JEL : D72, D82, H23, H30, H32, H71, H77
Politique des dividendes et stabilité macroéconomique
Authors: Charles Sébastien
Published: April 2012

Résumé Cet article évalue les effets d’une politique des dividendes endogène dans le cadre d’un modèle cambridgien de croissance et répartition. Dans cette optique, nous prenons en compte les interactions entre le taux de rétention et le niveau d’endettement et mettons en évidence les conditions de la stabilité macroéconomique. Ainsi, nous montrons que l’instabilité financière provient de comportements moins prudents de la part des gestionnaires, concernant le versement des dividendes. Enfin, quelques simulations numériques servent à illustrer les résultats précédents. Classification JEL : E12, E44, G35
La Légende du football : Georges Haldas, passeur d'émotions
Authors: Bauer Thomas , Fredriksen Alexis
Published: April 2012

Résumé L’écrivain et poète suisse francophone Georges Haldas puise dans l’éphémère la matière de ses récits. Parler de football à travers la description d’un match, au même titre que les cafés ou les bons repas, consiste selon lui à s’immerger dans une des formes typiques de la vie sociale pour traduire, minutieusement, l’ensemble des émotions que l’on peut éprouver. À vrai dire, l’émotion, couramment définie comme un état de conscience complexe, brusque et momentané, s’accompagnant généralement de troubles physiologiques, trouve dans le sport ses lettres de noblesse. Toutefois, en revenant à l’étymologie du mot, Haldas lui en donne une dimension beaucoup plus métaphysique. Analyser ce texte atypique, qui n’a d’ailleurs jamais fait l’objet d’une étude savante, est l’occasion de mieux comprendre la signification culturelle des émotions sportives ainsi que la façon dont un écrivain travaille la langue pour les retranscrire. En s’appuyant principalement sur la génétique du texte (méthode d’analyse consistant à étudier les différentes phases de création d’une œuvre littéraire) et les sources historiques de la création littéraire, cet article tente de décrypter, entre l’émetteur et le récepteur, les étapes de construction d’un texte au service d’un temps retrouvé, celui d’un enfant allant, main dans la main du père, découvrir les bonheurs du stade.
Pratiques de régulation didactique en Éducation Physique et Sportive et place des savoirs techniques : illustration à travers une étude de cas
Authors: Boudard Jean-Marie , Robin Jean-François
Published: April 2012

Résumé Cet article rend compte d’une recherche en didactique de l’Éducation Physique et Sportive (EPS). Il fait suite à un article (Boudard, 2011) présentant des résultats généraux à propos des pratiques de régulation didactique (RD) de cinq enseignants. Le but de chaque étude de cas est de décrire finement des pratiques de RD. Il s’agit notamment de décrire dans quelle mesure et comment sont mis en scène les savoirs à caractère technique. Dans cet article, nous présentons une étude de cas de façon plus approfondie : celle de « Franck », enseignant en lycée. La méthode croise des données issues d’observations et d’un entretien. Les résultats montrent que Franck s’engage de façon différenciée dans la RD, en fonction des contextes, tant en termes de fréquence que de contenu. Un résultat marquant est constitué par la faible représentation des savoirs techniques dans certains contextes. Ces résultats sont interprétés et discutés au regard de ces contextes et de la singularité professionnelle de Franck.
Stratégies de croissance de l'offre et différences statutaires : le cas des bases nautiques de la Côte d'Opale
Authors: Nicolas Lorgnier
Published: April 2012

Résumé Si l’impact sociologique, économique et environnemental des loisirs sportifs de nature est l’objet d’un nombre de travaux grandissant, peu d’études s’attachent à expliquer les stratégies des entreprises qui constituent l’offre. Les rares contributions dans ce domaine analysent principalement les stratégies entrepreneuriales (Bouahouala, 2008 ; Bouhaouala & Chantelat, 2002 ; Paget, 2007 ; Paget, Mounet, & Guilhon, 2007) ou le management de la qualité (Chelladurai & Chang, 2000 ; Richet & Soulé, 2007 ; Shonk & Chelladurai, 2008 ; Thwaites, & Chadwick, 2005 ; Won et al. , 2008). Notre contribution étudie les stratégies des bases nautiques sous un angle plus traditionnel et jusqu’à présent inutilisé dans le sous-champ du tourisme sportif, celui du positionnement stratégique (Henderson, 1979 ; Porter, 1986). L’analyse qualitative de douze bases nautiques de la Côte d’Opale (Nord de France) nous permet alors de dégager cinq stratégies de croissance : 1) intégration verticale dans les métiers du nautisme ; 2) intégration horizontale dans un sport nautique ; 3) externalisation pour gérer les activités nautiques et touristiques ; 4) gestion d’un portefeuille d’activités ; 5) internationalisation et différenciation.
Bodies unbuilt in the dance-theater of Pina Bausch
Authors: de Souza Vieira Marcilio
Published: April 2012

Résumé Les corps mûris dans la danse ont rendu possible la déconstruction de nombreux discours, une rupture de l’instrumentalisation et ont ouvert de nouveaux horizons pour la compréhension de la réalité plastique et complexe du corps. Ils ont été en outre l’objet d’innombrables réflexions épistémologiques, ontologiques, et esthétiques. Ils ont contribué à des débats au sein de l’Éducation physique et de l’Art en prenant en compte des questions complexes qui ont permis la mise en œuvre de recherches sur le sujet. L’une des plus importantes a été : comment agit un corps ? Ainsi, pour questionner la danse-théâtre de Pina Bausch mettant en scène des corps non conventionnels et ne correspondant pas aux standards habituels de beauté dans la danse, contribuant à la déconstruction des stéréotypes corporels et mettant en lien des dimensions inconciliables, l’un des objectifs du travail de recherche concernant la danse-théâtre a été d’étudier les éléments qui relient langage, danse, théâtre et corps esthétique. La méthodologie est fondée sur une analyse esthétique des corps au travers d’une liste d’images de la danse-théâtre de Pina Bausch.
Ectopic Enamel Pearl
Authors: Rathva Vandana
Published: April 2012

Enamel pearls are one of a number of different enamel structures that can be found on the roots of deciduous and permanent teeth. They have a distinct predilection for the furcation areas of molar, particularly the maxillary third and second molars. However, they have been found less commonly on the apical portions of the root. This report describes an unusual case of enamel pearl on apical third of mandibular molar teeth. Enamel pearl was confirmed as predisposing factor for the cause of localized periodontitis; it is very important to recognize their radiographic aspect to ensure proper treatment of involved teeth.
Traumatised between culture and religion: Women’s stories
Authors: Landman Christina
Published: April 2012

The majority of churches in South Africa offer some form of healing, be it diaconal, ritual or faith healing. Western and township views on healing differ significantly in terms of the natural and supernatural causes of and cures for illnesses. This article tells the stories of township women who were trapped between the binaries presented by Western, cultural and township healings, and their choicelessness in terms of abortion, adoption, abuse, death and sex. Through narrative counseling, based on social construction theories, the women experienced healing by exploring the healing spaces between the binaries of cultural contexts and Western medicine, through the liberty afforded them by the perspective of a preferred way of being.
Endoscopic management of gastroesophageal reflux disease in 2012: What works and what doesn′t
Authors: Triadafilopoulos George
Published: April 2012

Gastroesophageal reflux disease results primarily from the loss of an effective antireflux barrier, which forms a mechanical barrier against the retrograde movement of gastric contents. Multiple devices have been developed for the endoscopic treatment of GERD, using approaches such as sewing, transmural fasteners, endoscopic staplers, and thermal treatment. Devices that are currently commercially available for the endoscopic treatment of GERD in the US include: EndoCinch; EsophyX; Stretta. This article will highlight the endoscopic therapy of gastroesophageal reflux disease with focus on Stretta and EsophyX.
Chronic pancreatitis: The case for surgery
Authors: Ramesh H.
Published: April 2012

Treatment of pain in chronic pancreatitis includes medical, endoscopic and surgical therapy. Medical treatment may involve the use of analgesics, pancreatic enzymes, antioxidants and removal of risk factors. However, a substantial number of patients do not experience pain relief with medical treatment, and those with local complications cannot be treated medically indefinitely. These require endoscopic or surgical therapy. Endoscopic therapy has involved the use of a) pancreatic sphincterotomy, b) stent placement, c) nasopancreatic drainage, d) pseudocyst drainage, e) extra corporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), and f) dilatation of strictures. The current options for surgical therapy include: a) partial pancreatic resections, b) extended pancreatic drainage procedures (which involve additional subtotal resection of the head or a deep coring out of the head, or c) pure pancreatic drainage procedures. In effect surgical procedures provide a more thorough drainage of the ductal system than pancreatic stent placement. This is especially true in the complex ductal arrangement of the head of the pancreas, where simple drainage of the duct or stent placement by endoscopy is unlikely to provide thorough drainage and relief of symptoms.
Endoscopic ampullectomy
Authors: Bourke Michael
Published: April 2012

Endoscopic ampullectomy offers a minimally invasive method of effectively treating non-invasive neoplasms of the ampulla of Vater and surrounding peri-ampullary region with high success and relative safety. These lesions would otherwise require surgical intervention, including pancreatico-duodenectomy. However, major complications may occur and a careful assessment of the patients comorbidities and their ability to tolerate adverse events needs to be factored into the treatment decision. Careful staging, often multi-modality is required, particularly for extensive lesions. Complete en-bloc excision of the entire neoplasm should be the goal with conventional papillary adenomas. Large lesions with extra-papillary extension currently require extended piecemeal excision, however with meticulous technique, recurrence is uncommon in longterm follow up.
Robotics in gastrointestinal endoscopy
Authors: Ho Khek-Yu
Published: April 2012

The application of robotics in gastrointestinal endoscopy is a much anticipated technological advancement that is attracting an enormous amount of interest from innovators and end-users alike. Emerging robotics-enhanced endoscopy platforms for performance of various endoscopic interventional procedures are already in development and some are expected to be in the pipeline for commercialization in another few years’ time. In particular, the Master And Slave Transluminal Endoscopic Robot (MASTER) developed by a collaboration between the National University of Singapore and the Nanyang Technological University, Singapore is already in human trials for an endoluminal procedure, endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). The results on trials performed on five patients with early gastric neoplasia have demonstrated the feasibility and safety of using the system for such procedure, while also shortening the procedure time. This article will highlight the advantages of robotics innovations in gastrointestinal endoscopy, with the MASTER as an example, and explore some of the many possibilities for future applications of robotics-enhanced endoscopy.
Nanotechnology in gastrointestinal endoscopy: A primer
Authors: Jha Ashish Kumar , Goenka Mahesh Kumar , Nijhawan Sandeep , Rai Ramesh Roop , Goenka Usha , Suchismita Arya
Published: April 2012

Nanotechnology is the understanding, control of matter and development of engineered devices in nanometer range (1-100 nm). Nanoparticles have different physicochemical properties (small size, large surface area to volume ratio, and high reactivity) in comparison to bulk materials of the same composition. The nanotechnology has proved its usefulness in early diagnosis, proteonomics, imaging diagnostics and multifunctional therapeutics. Recent studies have shown its role in early diagnosis and targeted therapy of various gastrointestinal disorders such as hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus related liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease, gastric ulcer, and malignancy. Application of this technology appears promising in diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy such as the endoscopic hemostasis of peptic ulcer bleeding, prevention of clogging of plastic stent and advance capsule endoscopy. This article will highlight the basic concepts of nanotechnology and its potential application in gastrointestinal endoscopy.
RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS OF A LATE MIOCENE SAND-RICH FAN SYSTEM: TABERNAS SUBMARINE FAN COMPLEX, SE SPAIN
Authors: KLEVERLAAN KICK , GOOD TIM , PELLING RICHARD , ARNOT MALCOLM , BISHOP CLIVE , LEWIS JON
Published: April 2012

The late Miocene submarine fan complex of the Tabemas basin, SE Spain, consists of three distinct fan systems including a mixed sand/mud system, an isolated channel complex and a sand-rich system. The latter has been extensively studied and provides excellent insight into the reservoir characteristics of a high net:gross sand-rich system.
RESERVOIR ARCHITECTURE OF TURBIDITE SHEET SANDSTONES IN LATERALLY EXTENSIVE OUTCROPS, ROSS FORMATION, WESTERN IRELAND
Authors: Chapin M.A. , Davies P. , Gibson J.L. , Pettingill H.S.
Published: April 2012

Outcrops of the Carboniferous Ross Formation, western Ireland, provide laterally extensive exposures of turbidite sheet sandstones. The Ross Formation is 65% sandstone and 35% silty mudstone; it overlies deepwater shale and underlies slumped, silty slope shales and cycles of shallow-water, deltaic sandstones and mudstones. Sediments were sourced from the southwest.

The Ross Formation comprises mostly sheet sandstones composed of mainly very fine-grained, classical turbidites with Bouma Sequences, averaging 1 foot (30 cm) in thickness. Bed-by-bed lateral correlations from long photo-mosaics and measured sections show that individual sheet sandstone beds in sand-rich zones are broadly lenticular, but amalgamate through erosion to form continuous sandy bedsets 3-20 feet (1-6 m) in thickness and thousands of feet (meters) in lateral extent. Sheet sandstone beds in muddier intervals are not amalgamated, but have longer bed lengths, and are less lenticular. Small, sand-filled channels less than 2000 feet wide (600 m) and less than 40 feet deep (12 m) are interspersed with the sheets, and sometimes contain sandstone beds that can be traced laterally out of the channels into overbank areas dominated by sheets.

Abundant lenticular bedding, trough cross-stratification and flute-shaped scours are present in sheet sandstones near to small, poorly-confined channels, implying channel-mouth deposition. Vertical sections are dominated by random bed thickness patterns and by similarity of facies associations throughout the thickness of the formation. The environment of deposition is interpreted as an aggradational, sand-rich fan within a rapidly subsiding basin, with small, coalescing mid-outer fan lobes with multiple shallow channels.

For reservoir classification, two types of sheet sandstones are differentiated: layered sheets and amalgamated sheets. Layered sheets usually display long bed lengths resulting in great lateral and poor vertical reservoir continuity. Amalgamated sheets display shorter bed lengths but long amalgamated bedset lengths, resulting in good lateral and poor to fair vertical reservoir connectivity. A high degree of log correlation between wells is more diagnostic of sheet architecture than is vertical log profile.
TURBIDITE SYSTEMS AND THEIR TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION, DEEP GULF OF MEXICO BASIN
Authors: FENG JIANHUA , BUFFLER RICHARD T.
Published: April 2012

A detailed seismic stratigraphic analysis of the deep Gulf of Mexico basin allows the subdivision of post mid-Cretaceous deep water clastic sediments into eighteen seismic sequences. Each sequence consists mainly of lowstand systems tracts bounded by regional correlative conformities, which are characterized by regionally extensive, continuous, high-amplitude reflections. A chronostratigraphic framework for the eighteen seismic sequences has been established by using seismic and well data.

Seismic facies analysis allows the identification of fifteen seismic facies and reveals diverse turbidite systems, suggesting equally diverse depositional processes operating in the deep Gulf of Mexico basin. Each sequence consists of several submarine fans, which were deposited along the margins of the deep basin and characterized by various turbidite systems, including sand-rich turbidite/lobe complexes, sand-rich mounded turbidite/lobe complexes, unchannelized turbidite systems, partially channelized turbidite systems, and channel/levee/overbank turbidite systems. Basinal low energy mud-rich turbidites and hemipelagic/pelagic sediments dominate the rest of the deep basin. The vertical occurrence of seismic facies reflects the progradational infill of the deep basin by submarine fans through time, as indicated by the successive appearance of unchannelized, partially channelized, and channel/levee/overbank turbidites systems.

The spatial distribution of submarine fan systems is closely related to the shifting in position of time equivalent shelf margin depocenters, suggesting the existence of sediment fairways across the continental slope.
SEQUENCE ARCHITECTURE OF EXPOSED LATE MIOCENE BASIN FLOOR FAN AND CHANNEL-LEVEE COMPLEXES (MOUNT MESSENGER FORMATION), TARANAKI BASIN, NEW ZEALAND
Authors: KING PETER R. , BROWNE GREG H. , SLATT ROGER M.
Published: April 2012

A unique section through late Miocene basin floor fan, channel-levee complex, and prograding complex units of several lowstand systems tracts, occurs in the coastal region of north Taranaki, New Zealand. Strata dip gently and are superbly exposed in coastal cliffs as much as 200 m high. The overall succession exposed along the coast is progradational. The major controls on sedimentation were relative changes in sea-level (base-level changes), influenced by high rates of sediment supply. Broad intervals dominated by one or other lowstand systems tract component are identified in outcrop, and can be correlated into the subsurface using seismic reflection profiles and SP logs.

Exposed basin floor fan and channel-levee successions within the Mount Messenger Formation form the basis of the present study. Five distinct sequences are recognized. Relatively thick, fine-grained intervals constitute the upper portions of individual sequences. Paleobathymetric deepening trends and high gamma-ray counts have been recorded in some of these intervals. Sequence boundaries occur as erosional contacts.

The basin floor fan (lowstand fan) units comprise meterthick massive and convolute-bedded sandstone with minor mudstone, and thin-bedded massive sandstone, horizontal and ripple-laminated sandstone, and mudstone. More proximal early lowstand (basin floor fan equivalent) lithofacies include conglomerate and thick-bedded sandstone, within nested channels that erode as much as 30 m into underlying strata. Channels almost invariably occur above slumped intervals, and we suggest that retrogressive slumping created sea-floor topographic depressions within which the channels preferentially formed.

Channel-levee complexes are characterized by interleaving packages of thin-bedded siltstone and sandstone. Levee overbank siltstone is prevalent in lower, more distal parts of channel-levee complexes. In upper, more proximal parts, coalescing channelized units are common, and within these, welldeveloped Bouma sequences and climbing ripple-laminated sandstones are particularly distinctive.

Thick-bedded sandstones (basin floor fan) have lowest outcrop gamma ray values, of about 125 counts per second (cps). Sandstone gamma ray values generally range up to 180–190 cps, both in the basin floor fan and channel-levee lithofacies. Mudstone gamma ray counts are generally higher (up to 250 cps), though there is considerable overlap with sandstone values, particularly in thin-bedded lithofacies.

Sandstone permeabilities measured in outcrop are mainly in the range 100mD–800mD. Thick-bedded sandstones have the highest permeabilities, demonstrating a primary facies control on reservoir quality.
ARCHITECTURE OF A SAND-RICH FAN FROM THE TABERNAS SUBMARINE FAN COMPLEX, SOUTHEAST SPAIN
Authors: KLEVERLAAN KICK
Published: April 2012

The Tabemas submarine fan complex is part of a late Miocene basin fill succession in SE Spain and includes three distinct turbidite systems. These systems are referred to as sand-rich system, mixed sand/mud system, and isolated channel system.

Isolated in mudstone, the overall geometry of the sand-rich system is rather well defined. The dominant stacking pattern is aggradational rather than progradational or retrogradational, and sediment accumulation occurred in a relatively small area. This points to a very localised and recurrent increase of accommodation space. The setting of the fan within a strike/slip dominated basin, and the point source tapping from a lithic arenitic provenance area may greatly favour a compact, aggradational architecture.

Mapping on a bed by bed basis suggests a considerable relief of the seabed, as can be concluded from the following observations. The bulk of the deposits are originating from high density turbidity currents and have intrinsic geometries with high thickness/width ratios: relatively narrow, well-defined accumulations.Abundant scour features at various scales, generally with high thickness/width ratios (narrow and deep).Syn-sedimentary deformations, such as slides, slumps and pressure ridges (“push-ups”), clastic intrusions, and progressive loading of the entire fan body in the underlying mud.

Interaction of above mentioned features and high density turbidites may constitute an additional factor favouring compact fan growth.
INTERNAL STACKING PATTERNS OF ANCIENT TURBIDITE SYSTEMS FROM COLLISIONAL BASINS
Authors: Mutti Emiliano , Davoli Giancarlo , Mora Stefano , Papani Lorenzo
Published: April 2012

The preliminary conclusions derived from the detailed study of some 25 ancient turbidite systems of collisional basins indicate that, at different hierarchical orders, basinward and landward shifts of sandy depositional zones and their related sediment transfer zones control the observed stacking patterns. Within each system, these zonal shifts produce a hierarchy of units which, from the smallest to the largest, include elementary facies tracts (EFTs), facies, facies associations and stages. EFTs, composed of a limited number of beds (generally less than 10), slack to form facies; facies stack to form facies associations; facies associations stack to form stages; and stages stack to form systems. In the latest stages of growth of some systems, the zones of sand deposition shift landward in adjacent delta or fan-delta complexes; in these cases, slope and basinal turbidite sedimentation may become essentially restricted to fine-grained sediments (channel-levee complexes or overbank wedges) which are more or less directly sourced by fluvial systems.

High-frequency, cyclic forestepping-backstepping episodes of basinal sand deposition are recorded within each system and its component stages by successions of beds (EFTs) and facies (facies associations) which commonly are expressed by m- to dam-thick units showing overall thinning-and fining-upward trends. These trends are thought to be related primarily to the frequency of gravity flows and to cyclic variations in their individual volume. The origin of these high-frequency cyclic variations is still poorly understood.

High-frequency cyclic stacking patterns can be recognized only on a case-by-case basis, through careful facies analysis and very detailed stratal correlation patterns. Locally, the stacking patterns of individual sandstone beds within EFTs or within sandstone facies composed of EFTs can be considerably modified by local depositional or structural relief, as well as by differential compaction.

Retrogressive slumps produced by failure of poorly consolidated sediment stored in oversupplied or tectonically unstable basin margins are likely to be one of the main causes for the high-frequency cyclicity observed in the early stages of development of many turbidite systems formed during periods of relative sea-level lowstand. The same type of cyclicity may be controlled by changes in shelfal accommodation and climate when slump scars are progressively reached by the deep-water extensions of prograding delta complexes during subsequent periods of relative sea-level rise.

Growing evidence suggests that in high-relief physiographic settings, high-frequency climatic changes can trigger catastrophic, subaerially derived gravity flows (Missoula type) which may directly enter adjacent deep-water basins, thus forming cyclically stacked turbidite systems. These systems and their bearing upon current sequence-stratigraphic models of deep-water siliciclastic sedimentation remain unexplored.
Potential Pressure Compartments Sub-Salt in the Gulf of Mexico and Beneath Massive Debris Flows in the Gulf of Cadiz
Authors: Lowrie Allen , Hamiter Rhett , Moffett Susan , Somoza Luis , Maestro Adolfo , Lerche Ian
Published: April 2012

Pressure compartments may be defined as those volumes within the earth’s subsurface that are characterized by specific temperature/pressure ranges for the contained fluid. These compartments are the result of lithology, ability to contain/expel fluids, and the stresses from local tectonics. Until now, pressure compartments have been described for those zones well explored by seismic and well data. Potential compartments are suggested for zones that are under initial geophysical reconnaissance. These zones are volumes beneath the sub-salt play of the deep-water Gulf of Mexico and in the lower slope/continental rise of the Gulf of Cadiz.

Three known pressure compartments include normal-and geo-pressured units above the Louann Salt and a “gumbo zone” beneath the salt in the Gulf of Mexico. Additionally, a shear couple may be established as the migrating salt wedge overrides stationary basement. Stresses may be compressive above the proposed shear

zone and extensional below it, resulting in a right-lateral motion. Tectonic stresses coupled with a slight upward coarsening of sediments from basement may result in the development at least two separate pressure compartments, above and below the potential shear zone.

Mass wasting, from blocks to turbidites, has occurred along the Atlantic-facing Iberian and Moroccan continental margins over a downdip distance up to 300 km. Salt and clays within the migrating blocks and stacked thrusts have served as lubricants. The juxtaposition of varying lithologies could provide boundaries for complex compartments. The potential compartments discussed are located 5 to 12 km sub-surface. Local tectonics becomes an integral component in compartment development.
Prediction of the Nature of Reservoir Heterogeneity of an Incised-Valley Fill and the Minimum Data Density Required to Characterize it: An Example from the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Lucas Jennifer L. , Bartek Louis R.
Published: April 2012

This study involves characterization of the minimum amount of data required to accurately determine the threedimensional (3-D) variability of the distribution of heterogeneity within reservoir facies of an incised valley fill. The focus of this investigation is on strata deposited in a continental-margin environment with low sediment supply, low velocity tidal currents, and major storm influence (frequency: once every 6 years). Minimum data density (MINDDA) analysis was conducted on this system, which is one end member of a spectrum of systems that are currently being studied to determine the minimum amount of data required to accurately recognize depositional systems and make predictions of lithofacies distributions in a whole spectrum of depositional conditions. A 1.2-km interval between data points was initially used to map the area, which was then undersampled at data-point intervals of 2.3 km, 4.7 km, and 9.3 km. Comparisons were made to observe and note contrasts between maps with decreasing data density. In order to ascertain the optimum data density for this type of depositional system, increasing percentage of difference between maps was plotted on the y-axis versus an increasing sample interval on the x-axis to determine the point of diminishing returns (PDR). PDR is the point where the difference between maps, sampled at different intervals, is very small. Data falling beyond this point fail to proportionally increase the overall understanding of the nature of heterogeneity in facies distribution and are therefore insignificant. Accurate determination of the PDR saves time and money for exploration and production by diminishing the risk of an incorrect prediction of homogeneity, which could result from working with a sample density that is insufficient to establish the existence of sedimentary facies with limited distributions. It also assists the interpreter of 3-D seismic data with determining the maximum interval between profiles that can be used characterize the system without encountering problems with spatial aliasing of the distribution of reservoir attributes.

The most prominent geological systems in this study area are two incised valleys (eastern and western), the incised valley fills, and interfluves associated with the incised valleys. Results from initial analyses reveal that the incised valley fill associated with the depositional-boundary conditions of the system investigated in this study require a sample interval of 2.3 km between data points, whereas the interfluves require a sample interval of 4.7 km to accurately map variations in facies distribution. MINDDA has already been applied to a high-energy, high-sediment-supply end member, and upon completion of this study, a comparison between the two end members will also be conducted.
Stratigraphic Trap Potential on the Margins of Confined Turbidite Systems: Optimized Well Placement and Process Controls on Trap vs. Leak
Authors: McCaffrey William D. , Kneller Benjamin C.
Published: April 2012

Many turbidite-hosted fields rely on stratigraphic trapping on pinchout margins. In such fields, a key appraisal issue is characterization of the pinchout. In laterally or obliquely confined systems, for example, outcrop analog studies show that there are two end-member configurations. In end member (1), sand turbidites thin onto the confining surface, although the sandstone pinchout is commonly abrupt and individual events tend not to erode into earlier deposits. As a consequence of the poor connectivity between adjacent sandstones, targeted production wells must be drilled parallel or subparallel to the confining surface in order to sweep the reservoir effectively. In end member (2), turbidite sandstones commonly thicken toward the onlap slope, and individual events may incise into earlier deposits.

Although slope angle, flow incidence angle, and flow steadiness all play a role in determining onlap character, we maintain that the principal control is flow magnitude, with smaller magnitude flows producing end member (1) and large-magnitude flows producing end member (2). As paleoflow magnitude may be assessed from core, it becomes possible to make reasonable estimates of onlap character, even using core from wells placed away from the field margins. Where the position of the slope is poorly constrained, it can be difficult to optimize well placement. However, systematic facies and paleoflow variations are seen in individual turbidite sandstones as they approach the onlap, and they can potentially be exploited to provide information on both slope presence and proximity.
Climatic Control on Facies Architecture of Continental Stratigraphic Sequences in the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation of the Colorado Plateau
Authors: Sanabria Diego I. , Wagoner John C. Van , Vail Peter R.
Published: April 2012

The Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation along the Echo Cliffs of northern Arizona represents an excellent analog for arid to semi-arid continental strata. Wet/dry climatic cycles exerted a major control on the regional distribution of facies tracts during deposition of the Kayenta Formation.

Two scales of wet/dry climatic cyclicity can be recognized in the record of the Kayenta Formation. Long-term climatic cycles are represented by three sequence sets that span the Kayenta and its transition to the Navajo Sandstone. Superimposed on this long-term signal is a series of high-frequency sequences expressed by an alternation of widespread fluvial and eolian deposition.

Dry portions of the cycles are characterized by low lake levels, fluvial incision, depressed water tables, and the development of extensive deflationary surfaces. Consequently, sequence boundaries at the base of incised valleys correlate with broad deflationary surfaces in a landward direction. Incised valleys, along the lower reaches of the system, are filled with fluvial strata deposited by ephemeral streams during lowstands of the lake level.

Eolian facies of regional to sub-regional extent are preserved during rises of the water table and serve as prominent stratigraphic markers. The top of these deposits is interpreted as the transgressive surface because it represents the peak of the first significant base-level rise.

Wet portions of the cycle consist of widespread fluvial deposits that correlate with lacustrine parasequences arranged in aggradational to progradational stacking patterns. Fluvial deposits in this part of the cycle are typically represented by amalgamated sandy facies punctuated by fine-grained overbank deposition.
Integrated Characterization of Clastic Reservoirs in the Veracruz Basin: A Case Study from Novillero Field, Veracruz, Mexico
Authors: Rosete Karyna Rodriguez , Gutiérrez Alvaro Chaveste , Engelhardt-Moore Nancy L. , Hill Bruce E. , Chen Jeff , Berendson Eduardo , Shenawi Shamsuddin , Dimas Marcos Quesada , Islas Felipe Jaime León , Vela Pedro
Published: April 2012

Tertiary clastic sequences within the Veracruz Basin of Mexico have been prolific hydrocarbon producers for many decades. However, during the last few years, production in older fields has declined. Several fields have recently been restudied to evaluate behind-pipe, deepening potential, and new exploration opportunities in the area. This paper focuses on a multidisciplinary integrated reservoir characterization study of Novillero field situated in the Veracruz Basin.

Novillero field is located about 100 km southeast of Veracruz, Mexico, between the towns of Loma Bonita and Cosamaloapan (Fig. 1). Discovered in 1966, this 15-well field has produced about 59 BCF of gas from calcareous turbidites and mudstone-rich debris flows.

Reprocessing of 2D seismic in 1996-97, along with the generation and calibration of synthetic seismograms, permitted seismic sequence stratigraphic analysis. Integration of the seismic and sequence stratigraphy, AVO analysis, biostratigraphy, well and core data, petrophysical analysis, and production data resulted in a complete reservoir model based on all available data. This field study led to the identification of numerous exploration and exploitation opportunities (both short- and long-term) in the field area.

A multidisciplinary team working on a common integrated Landmark™ platform incorporated geological, geophysical, petrophysical, and engineering data and expertise. This integration significantly reduced turnaround time and risk and obtained results that surpassed those of previous studies. Single-well recompletion of behind-pipe potential in previously untested horizons doubled total field production and led to renewed interest and development of older fields in the Veracruz Basin.
Engineered biofiltration: Enhanced biofilter performance through nutrient and peroxide addition
Authors: Lauderdale Chance , Chadik Paul , Kirisits Mary Jo , Brown Jess
Published: April 2012

Removal of dissolved organic and inorganic contaminants is an anticipated benefit of the biofiltration of drinking water; however, common biofiltration design and operational practices do not seek to enhance the biological activities associated with those removals. A pilot‐scale study identified two enhancement strategies—nutrient and peroxide dosing—that improved both water quality and hydraulic performance of a biofilter. These strategies control the formation of extracellular polymeric substances (a potential foulant of biological filters) while maintaining or increasing microbial activity. Biofilter nutrient enhancement was found to decrease terminal head loss by ~ 15% relative to a control filter with no nutrient enhancement. Nutrient enhancement also sustainably decreased breakthrough of 2‐methylisoborneol (MIB), manganese (Mn), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Peroxide enhancement was performed to increase oxidative action of biofilter microorganisms and promote the oxidation of inactive biomass. Peroxide enhancement decreased terminal head loss up to ~ 60% relative to the control filter, while maintaining MIB, Mn, and DOC treatment performance. This case study is an important step in moving the practice of biofiltration from a passive process to a purposefully operated biological system, i.e., engineered biofiltration.
Genetic modifiers of sickle cell disease
Authors: Steinberg Martin H. , Sebastiani Paola
Published: April 2012

Sickle cell anemia is associated with unusual clinical heterogeneity for a Mendelian disorder. Fetal hemoglobin concentration and coincident α thalassemia, both which directly affect the sickle erythrocyte, are the major modulators of the phenotype of disease. Understanding the genetics underlying the heritable subphenotypes of sickle cell anemia would be prognostically useful, could inform personalized therapeutics, and might help the discovery of new “druggable” pathophysiologic targets. Genotype‐phenotype association studies have been used to identify novel genetic modifiers. In the future, whole genome sequencing with its promise of discovering hitherto unsuspected variants could add to our understanding of the genetic modifiers of this disease. Am. J. Hematol. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gender differences in acute pesticide‐related illnesses and injuries among farmworkers in the United States, 1998–2007
Authors: Kasner Edward J. , Keralis Jessica M. , Mehler Louise , Beckman John , Bonnar‐Prado Joanne , Lee Soo‐Jeong , Diebolt‐Brown Brienne , Mulay Prakash , Lackovic Michelle , Waltz Justin , Schwartz Abby , Mitchell Yvette , Moraga‐McHaley Stephanie , Roisman Rachel , Gergely Rita , Calvert Geoffrey M.
Published: April 2012

Background

Farmworkers have a high risk for acute pesticide‐related illness and injury, and the rate among female farmworkers is approximately twice as high as that among males. Surveillance data were used to identify reasons for this gender difference.

Methods

We identified acute pesticide‐related illness and injury cases among farmworkers from the Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks (SENSOR)‐Pesticides Program and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation. Gender‐specific associations with acute pesticide‐related illness and injury were assessed using chi‐square tests. National Agricultural Workers Survey data were also examined.

Results

The over‐representation of females among farmworker illness and injury cases was confined to females who did not handle pesticides (non‐handlers). Female non‐handler farmworkers who were affected were more likely to be working on fruit and nut crops, to be exposed to off‐target pesticide drift, and to be exposed to fungicides and fumigants compared to males.

Conclusions

Although there is an increased risk for acute pesticide‐related illness and injury among female farmworkers, the absolute number of farmworkers with acute pesticide‐related illness and injury is far higher among males than females. Furthermore, farmworkers have little or no control over many of the identified contributing factors that led to illness and injury. Stringent enforcement of existing regulations and enhanced regulatory efforts to protect against off‐target drift exposures may have the highest impact in reducing acute pesticide‐related illness and injury among farmworkers. Am. J. Ind. Med. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Am. J. Ind. Med. 55:571–583, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.