bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organic Psychosyndromes due to Boxing
Authors: Johnson John
Published: August 2008

The “punch-drunk” syndrome of boxers was recognized by lay people many years before it received attention from the medical profession. The syndrome included slurred speech, ataxic gait and impaired mental function and so simulated alcoholic intoxication. Martland (1928) gave the first clinical description of its neurological and psychiatric features. These consisted of cerebellar, striatal and pyramidal signs in varying combination together with dementia and sometimes episodic psychotic behaviour. Martland stressed the psychiatric features of the syndrome, and noted that of 23 punch drunk boxers known to him, four were permanently in mental hospitals.
Behavioural Models of Psychosis
Authors: Smythies J. R. , Johnston V. S. , Bradley R. J.
Published: August 2008

Studies on the biological basis of psychosis are currently being conducted in a variety of disciplines and using a wide range of techniques (Smythies, 1968). These include studies of the basic mechanism of action of drugs which mimic, exacerbate or ameliorate psychosis. A major sub-section of the field is composed of structure-activity relationship (S.A.R.) studies in which we determine what effect the systematic manipulation of the molecular structure has on the activity of a drug. In this way valuable data can be obtained as to its possible mode of action. This in turn may suggest hypotheses as to the biochemical lesions in the naturally occurring psychoses. Secondly, specific behavioural responses can be made the dependent variable we measure in experiments where the levels of brain amines, activity of brain enzymes, etc., can be manipulated by any of the many techniques now available.
Brain Electrolytes in Depressive and Alcoholic Suicides
Authors: Shaw David Murray , Frizel Doris , Camps Francis E. , White Stuart
Published: August 2008

One of the hypotheses advanced to explain the processes underlying severe depression postulates a change in brain function due to an alteration in the distribution of cations across the neuronal membranes (Shaw and Coppen, 1966; Shaw, 1966). Electrophysiological evidence of abnormal function of pathways in the nervous system in depression has been obtained by the study of evoked cortical potentials (Shagass and Schwartz, 1966), but evidence of derangement in the distribution of cations between the cells and extracellular space has come only from “whole body” studies (Coppen and Shaw, 1963; Coppen, Shaw, Malleson and Costain, 1966; Shaw and Coppen, 1966).
Investigation of Cholesterol and Fatty Acids in Periodic Catatonia
Authors: Maeda M. , Borud O. , Gjessing L. R.
Published: August 2008

In 1951, J. Cammermeyer and R. Gjessing (I) reported one case of fatal myocardial fat embolism in periodic catatonia with fatty liver. This patient had suffered from periodic catatonia for many years and had been investigated by R. Gjessing (28) for a considerable number of years. One day in the beginning of a psychotic phase he suddenly died. His death was explained by the histological demonstration of fat emboli in the myocardium. A careful clinical survey of the patient and study of his case record failed to reveal any of the usual sources of fat embolism, but a centrolobular fatty degeneration of severe degree was found in the liver which was assumed to be the source of fat emboli.
Acid Metabolites from Monoamines in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Chronic Schizophrenics
Authors: Persson Torgny , Roos Björn-Erik
Published: August 2008

Psychotropic drugs used in mental depressions or acute psychoses have been shown to interfere with monoaminergic transmission in the brain. Since it is impossible to study the metabolism of these monoamines directly in the human brain, many studies have been made on the urinary excretion of these amines and their metabolites in various mental conditions. However, few conclusive results have been obtained, because only a very small part of the urinary monoamines and their metabolites derive from the central nervous system.
Drinking and Driving in 753 General Practice and Psychiatric Patients on Psychotropic Drugs
Authors: Milner Gerald
Published: August 2008

Psychotropic agents are widely prescribed. The effects of a drug represent a complex interaction between the chemical agent, the individual patient and the environment in which the administration of the drug takes place. Many patients use alcohol (a C.N.S. depressant) and control complex machinery. It is necessary to know how a drug interacts with alcohol and especially how it affects driving skills. Murray (1960), in a 90 day study of 68 drivers on chlordiazepoxide, found that traffic accidents were ten times more frequent than the predicted control rate. Zirkleet al. (1959) established that chlorpromazine had “a supplementary and possible potentiating effect” on the impairment of co-ordination and judgement produced by alcohol in 24 human subjects.
The Nature of Emotional Support
Authors: Burnand G.
Published: August 2008

If a person is faced with some potentially frightening task such as making a speech, then the company of a friend, who contributes nothing directly, may improve the delivery of the speech by his emotional support, more traditionally called moral support. It seems the same article as that which ought to be supplied to a child by its parents, to a patient by his therapist, or to a worker by his supervisor so that efficiency can develop and be maintained. However, a therapist or a supervisor may not know when emotional support is being given; sometimes the presence of another person can be embarrassing, and so a normally efficient pattern of behaviour may be disturbed. For this reason an examination of the nature of support seems warranted.
A Double Blind Comparative Trial of Pericyazine and Thioridazine in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Barker J. G. , Miller Mabel
Published: August 2008

Pericyazine (“Neulactil”), introduced in 1961, is a phenothiazine with tranquillizing and stimulating properties.
Cognitive Disorder Among the Schizophrenias—III. Retardation
Authors: Foulds G. A. , Hope K. , McPherson F. M. , Mayo P. R.
Published: August 2008

As part of a larger study of cognitive disorder among the schizophrenias (Foulds et al., 1967a, 1967b), aspects of retardation were investigated. The relation of retardation to other forms of thought disorder in schizophrenia has been extensively investigated by Payne (Payne, 1960, 1962; Payne, Ancevich and Laverty, 1963; Payne, Caird and Laverty, 1964; Payne and Caird, 1967) who has used the three Babcock tests (Babcock and Levy, 1940), and the Wechsler Digit Symbol test as his measuring instruments.
Personality Correlates of a Career Interest in Psychiatry
Authors: Walton H. J.
Published: August 2008

Future psychiatrists are likely to be recruited from the segment of the medical student body expressing an interest in psychiatry as a future career. This investigation deals with the personality differences found in students according to their positive or negative attitude to psychiatry.
Knowledge about Sexual Matters in Delinquent Girls
Authors: Carter Mary
Published: August 2008

This paper describes a study of the sources and content of ideas concerning sex and reproduction held by adolescent girls in an approved school. The inquiry arose as the result of a question asked in a discussion group of psychiatrists as to how boys and girls normally acquired information about sex.
Bi-frontal Stereotactic Tractotomy: An Atraumatic Operation of Value in the Treatment of Intractable Psychoneurosis
Authors: Knight Geoffrey C.
Published: August 2008

Stereotactic surgery has provided a means of producing accurate lesions at selected points in the nervous system where concentrations of nerve cells or fibre pathways possessing specific functions permit some small area of anatomical destruction to produce widespread physiological effects. The value of this method in relation to motor and sensory activity is illustrated by the results of thalamotomy in the treatment of Parkinsonian tremor and by stereotactic division of the spinothalamic tract in the cervical cord for the relief of incurable pain. The accuracy of approach and minimal disturbance of tissue ensures that the beneficial effects of these operations are produced in isolation without associated disfunction in the nervous system. That a similar principle can be applied in relation to the control of emotion has been shown in cases of intractable psychoneurosis treated by the operation of bifrontal stereotactic tractotomy in the substantia innominata (Knight, 1964). Owing to the influence of emotion in psychoneurotic states it is possible to influence many syndromes satisfactorily by operation at a site where connections of the limbic system concerned with instinctive and emotional activity rather than cognitive processes converge to a point beneath the head of the caudate nucleus, thereby producing a reduction in the intensity of emotional reaction without undesirable personality change or post-operative epilepsy. It is felt that it would be useful to summarize the anatomical features in order that the differences between this operation and the old leucotomy procedure can be generally appreciated. It is particularly among cases of chronic and recurrent depression that this form of surgery can be most usefully employed.
Clinical Heterogeneity in Senile Dementia
Authors: McDonald Carrick
Published: August 2008

Roth and Morrisey (1952), in isolating senile dementia (senile psychosis) as a distinct nosological entity, used as their definition “an illness of insidious onset pursuing a uniformly progressive course with steadily augmenting mental decay”. In 1955 Roth defined senile psychosis as “a condition with a history of gradual and continuously progressive failure in the common activities of everyday life and a clinical picture dominated by failure of memory and intellect and disorganization of a personality, where these were not attributable to specific causes such as infection, neoplasm, chronic intoxication or cerebral vascular disease known to have produced cerebral infarction”. Kay (1962) defines dementia as a “gross deterioration of intellectual capacity and of memory, together with severe and persistent disorientation for time and place”. He diagnosed senile dementia “when there was no evidence of focal brain disease”. Roth et al. (1966) describe senile dementia as “the extreme form of intellectual decay of old age”.
A Group Comparison of Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Marriages using the Interpersonal Perception Technique
Authors: Drewery J. , Rae J. B.
Published: August 2008

The relationship between a patient's illness and psychiatric disturbance in the spouse is a matter of importance and increasing interest (Penrose, 1944; Slater and Woodside, 1951; Gregory, 1959; Ryle and Hamilton, 1962). Explanations based on environmental conditions (Pond, Ryle and Hamilton, 1963), genetic factors (Coppen, Cowie and Slater, 1965) and assortative mating mechanisms (Kreitman, 1962; Nielsen, 1964) have been found to be inadequate and research has come to focus on the nature of the marital interaction itself (Kreitman, 1964).
The Association of Childhood Bereavement with Suicidal Attempt in Depressive Illness
Authors: Hill Oscar W.
Published: August 2008

Among all the childhood influences that may affect individual development and contribute to breakdown in adult life, the quality of parental care has always appeared of paramount importance. The supposed sequelae of parents’ absence have been the subject of many studies, relating particularly to depression (Dennehy, 1966, and Hill and Price, 1967) and to attempted suicide (Greer et al., 1966). In the latter study a significant association was established between absence of either parent and a later suicidal attempt, especially if the absence started in the first five years of life.
Parental Loss in Homosexuals
Authors: Moran P. A. P. , Abe K.
Published: August 2008

In a previous paper (Abe and Moran, 1969) we analysed observed increases in paternal and maternal ages in 291 male homosexuals admitted to the out-patient or in-patient departments of the Bethlem Royal and Maudsley Hospitals during 1949–1960. It was shown that the mean mothers’ age of these patients was 2.31 years greater than would be expected in the general population after taking account of the years of birth of the patients. The similar shift in mean paternal age, using an indirect method of calculating the expectation, was between 3.15 and 3.55 years. On carrying out an approximate regression analysis of each of these shifts on the other it was shown that the shift in maternal age could be completely explained as an effect due to a shift in paternal age, but not vice versa.
Comparison of Hospitalization Measures in Schizophrenic Patients with and without a Family History of Schizophrenia
Authors: Erlenmeyer-Kimling L. , Nicol Susan
Published: August 2008

It is well known that an individual with a family history of schizophrenia carries an increased risk of manifesting the disorder in comparison with members of the population at large. Also, within the population of schizophrenic patients, individuals may or may not have other members of the family affected. Obviously also, schizophrenic patients may be distinguished by gradations of severity of the illness. Whether familial incidence of schizophrenia and severity co-vary, however, remains an open question.
Gilles De La Tourette's Syndrome
Authors: Eriksson Bengt , Persson Torgny
Published: August 2008

The classic and pure form of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome is characterized by: (1) Multiple motor tics, generally developing during childhood or adolescence, starting in the face, neck or hands, and tending to spread to involve most of the skeletal muscles. Sometimes they are paroxysmal, but the victims never lose consciousness. (2) “Vocal tics”, occurring when the contractions spread to the laryngeal muscles. The victims utter sounds, often resembling the cries of an animal, such as barking, bellowing or whinnying (3). Generally the last to appear, though the order probably varies, is a compulsion to shout obscene or blasphemous words, insults or oaths. Echopraxia and echolalia are disorders bordering on this syndrome, and sometimes accompanying it.
Endogenous and Neurotic Syndromes of Depression: A Factor Analytic Study of 104 Cases. Clinical Features
Authors: Kay D. W. K. , Garside R. F. , Beamish P. , Roy J. R.
Published: August 2008

In recent years several factor analytic studies of the depressive states have referred to the problem of the so-called endogenous and neurotic varieties of depression. Some authors (Hamilton and White, 1959; Kiloh and Garside, 1963; Carney et ai, 1965) have found a bipolar factor corresponding to the supposed endogenous—neurotic dichotomy or to an anxious retarded dichotomy (Hamilton, 1967) while others have not (McConaghy et al., 1966). Rosenthal and Gudeman (1967a, b) found two orthogonal factors which they felt described an endogenous (or autonomous) depressive syndrome and a self-pitying syndrome. Differences in selection of patients or in interpretation of results, and unconscious bias in recording clinical data (Oswald, 1966) have been held to be responsible for these discrepancies.
An Anthropometric Comparison of Psychiatric Patients and their Siblings
Authors: Price John
Published: August 2008

For a long time it has been thought that deviations from the average in certain body measurements might be associated with an increased expectation of mental illness. The features to attract most interest have been size, linearity, and masculinity.
A Controlled Study of the Psychopathology and Physical Measurements of Klinefelter's Syndrome
Authors: Hunter H.
Published: August 2008

Klinefelter, Reifenstein and Albright (13) in 1942 collected and described nine cases of a new clinical syndrome, later given the eponym Klinefelter's Syndrome, which appeared at puberty in males and was characterized by gynaecomastia, hypogonadism, aspermatogenesis, increased follicle-stimulating hormone (F.S.H.) and normal or low 17-ketosteroid urinary excretion.
Psychiatric Illness in the Clergy
Authors: A'Brook M. F. , Hailstone J. D. , McLauchlan I. E. J.
Published: August 2008

The pressures and difficulties of the clergyman's life are in many ways similar to those to which the doctor is subject (a'Brook, Hailstone and McLauchlan, 1967). Like the doctor, the clergyman occupies a special role in the community and is “surrounded by a sacred aura which sets him apart from his fellow man” (McAllister and Vanderveldt, 1965). Society, too, exacts much the same price from the minister of religion as it does from the doctor; it gives them both privileged positions, but demands from them exemplary behaviour and often superhuman qualities.
Mental Disorder and Season of Birth: Comparison of Psychoses with Neurosis
Authors: Hare E. H. , Price J. S.
Published: August 2008

Barry and Barry (1961, 1964) have reviewed the evidence for an association between season of birth and the major psychoses. Their figures show that, with a single exception, every study has found an excess (though not always a significant excess) of schizophrenic and manic-depressive patients born between January and April, and a deficit born between May and August, compared with the control populations. The single exception was their own study (1964) on schizophrenic patients in private mental hospitals, a finding which led them to conclude either that the private class of patient is protected from some adverse seasonal influence or that schizophrenic patients come chiefly from a subgroup of the population which has a comparatively high birth rate during the first four months of the year. Norris and Chowning (1962) drew attention to the fact that the seasonal distribution of births in a general population may vary appreciably from year to year in a particular country and from place to place within that country in any one year, and suggested that such variations make difficult any comparison between births of patients and of a large general population taken over a number of years, the procedure which had hitherto been adopted.
W.A.I.S. Scores in a Group of Parkinson Patients
Authors: Asso Doreen
Published: August 2008

Parkinsonism is generally considered to be essentially a disturbance of motor function, yet it is frequently accompanied, according to some writers (Hughes, 1961; Macdonald Critchley, 1955; Niehbuhr, 1961), by some degree of intellectual deterioration, especially in the later stages of the illness.
Blood Uridine Diphosphate Glucose in Mental Disease
Authors: Hansen Otto
Published: August 2008

Neither older (Raiman, 1902; Ehrenberg, 1909; Wigert, 1918; Reiter, 1925) nor more recent papers (Diethelm, 1936; McFarland and Goldstein, 1939; Holmgren and Wohlfarhrt, 1944) provide general agreement about impairment of glucose tolerance in mental disease. Plum (1958) considers a high incidence of decrease among epileptics established, but while Freeman and Zaborenke (1949) reported a decrease in schizophrenics Shattock (1950) found an increased tolerance in such patients. Waelsch and Weil-Malherbe (1964) comment that a reduction in the rate of glucose utilization in cases of severe depression stands out as perhaps the most significant and constant finding, but Coppen (1967) claims that quite recent work by him and his co-workers (Herzberg, Coppen and Marks, 1968) provided evidence that there was no impairment in glucose tolerance when depressed patients were given diets high in carbohydrate for three or four days before testing. It would be expected that much conflicting evidence could be due to difficulties inherent in psychiatric nosology. But a review of the surprisingly large number of reports which have left the problem unsolved could not but impress one with the rather casual attitudes of some workers to the chemistry of different methods for “blood sugar” determination.
The Investigation of Homovanillic Acid in the Human Brain and its Correlation to Senile Dementia
Authors: Gottfries C. G. , Gottfries I. , Roos B. E.
Published: August 2008

In a previous investigation, the concentration of homovanillic acid (HVA) seemed to be related to the degree of dementia (Gottfries et al., 1965). The object of the present work is the further study of the occurrence of HVA in the human brain, especially with regard to senile dementia. The hypothesis is that senile dementia is a disease with a disturbance in the monoamine metabolism, which is reflected in a reduction of HVA in the neostriatum.
Urinary 17-Ketosteroid Fractionation in Depression: a Preliminary Report
Authors: Mendels J.
Published: August 2008

Most of the studies of steroid metabolism in depression conducted thus far have been of glucocorticoid activity. Rubin and Mandell (31) reviewed adrenal cortisol production in pathological emotional states and concluded that there was ample evidence of heightened cortical release of 17-hydroxycorticoids (17 OHGS) in depression.
Relapsed Schizophrenics: More Rapid Improvement on a Milk- and Cereal-free Diet
Authors: Dohan F. C. , Grasberger J. C. , Lowell F. M. , Johnston H. T. , Arbegast Ann W.
Published: August 2008

A number of reports suggest that schizophrenia and coeliac disease (gluten enteropathy) occur in the same individual more often than expected by chance. The latter is an hereditary disease, with marked psychic and somatic symptoms which usually improve when wheat gluten and its analogues in other cereals are not eaten. This possible relationship, and the high correlation of the per cent. changes in wheat plus rye consumption with first admissions for schizophrenia during World War II (unrelated to availability of work, hospital beds and physicians or wartime status of the country), suggest that cereals may also be involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia (Dohan, 1, 2).
Birth Order and Family Size: Bias Caused by Changes in Birth Rate
Authors: Hare E. H. , Price J. S.
Published: August 2008

In a previous paper (Price and Hare, 1969) we drew attention to some types of bias which may complicate the search for a useful association between disease and birth order. In particular, we considered biases occurring in a sample of adult patients where the patients' mothers have all passed their reproductive period and where, therefore, the sibships of the patients are complete. In such a sample, the recognized methods of searching for an association between disease and birth order are based on the assumption, that, for a null hypothesis, the sample will be randomly distributed among the birth ranks for each sibship size. But in fact the distribution may be non-random, and there are two main causes for this. These are (i) changes in the birth rate of the population, and (ii) changes in the birth rank distribution of the patients between birth and the age-range from which the sample is selected (e.g. differential rates of mortality or migration). The principal aim in the present paper is to illustrate the bias arising from the first of these causes.
A Comparison of Two Drug Treatments in Depressive Illness
Authors: Browne M. W.
Published: August 2008

This paper describes a comparison of two therapeutic regimes for depressive illness: (a) imipramine, and (b) a preparation containing amitriptyline hydrochloride and perphenazine in the ratio 25:2 (Triptafen-DA).
An Innovation in the “Behavioural” Treatment of a Case of Non-consummation due to Vaginismus
Authors: Cooper Alan J.
Published: August 2008

The majority of “behaviourally oriented” treatments for non-consummation due to vaginismus combine (a) teaching the patient how to relax the perineal muscles, (b) simultaneous vaginal exploration and dilatation, preferably performed by the patient herself, and (c) some form of psychotherapy (Lazarus, 1963; Malleson, 1942; Friedman, 1962; Brady, 1966). Surprisingly perhaps, active participation by the male spouse is considered unnecessary by some experts (Malleson, 1942; Friedman, 1962). Friedman has shown there was no statistical relationship between actively involving the male in therapy and the outcome of treatment.
Cognitive Functioning in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Jambor K. L.
Published: August 2008

In previous studies the estimation of the incidence of intellectual changes in multiple sclerosis has varied from as low as 2 per cent. (Cottrell and Wilson, 1926) to as high as 72 per cent. (Ombredane, 1929). In order to establish the incidence accurately, the most satisfactory method would clearly be a long-term follow-up (covering lifetime) of a sample of multiple sclerosis patients. Any cross-sectional study would include patients in varying degrees of advancement of the disease, and patients found to be free of intellectual deficits at the time of investigation would not necessarily remain so. Also, the indirect psychometric assessment of intellectual loss is notoriously difficult, and the direct method of follow-up would give much more accurate results. The only direct study up to date has been that of Canter (1951), who found a highly significant (i.e. 13·48 points) loss on re-testing multiple sclerosis patients on the Army General Classification Test after a four-year period. Even after such a short period as six months he found slight losses on most Wechsler-Bellevue subtests, in contrast to an average gain of six full IQ points of the control group.
“Under-Inclusion”—A Characteristic of Obsessional Personality Disorder: II
Authors: Reed G. F.
Published: August 2008

The hypothesis has been proposed (Reed, 1968) that the formal characteristics of anankastic cognition are directly related to functional impairment in the spontaneous organization and integration of experience. It is postulated that this impairment is expressed in the over-structuring of input and in the maladaptive over-defining of categories and boundaries. In a previous communication, Reed (1969) has reported results from a verbal conceptual test which support one prediction derived from the hypothesis—namely, that given a classificatory or conceptual task the anankast will be over-specific in his interpretation of the given class and therefore too strict in his acceptance of appropriate class members.
Personality and the Nature of Suicidal Attempts
Authors: Murthy Vinoda Narayana
Published: August 2008

In a comparative study (Vinoda, 1966) of personality characteristics of 50 female attempted suicides and an individually matched group of 50 psychiatric controls and 50 normals, it was observed that the attempted suicides differed from the psychiatric and normal controls on measures of hostility, guilt, rigidity and neuroticism. Attempted suicides (AS) were significantly more hostile and rigid than both psychiatric controls (PC) and normal controls (NC), and they were significantly more personally ill (neurotic) than normal controls but not more than psychiatric controls. On the basis of previous researches it was hypothesized that the group of attempted suicides would be more hysteroid in their personality and intropunitive in the direction of their punitiveness than the control groups. The first study (Vinoda, 1966) did not reveal such differences. The scrutiny of results showed that there were more or less equal numbers of hysteroid and obsessoid personalities among attempted suicides and similarly a more or less equal number of persons who were intropunitive or extrapunitive in the direction of their aggression. This led the author to hypothesize that these variables might be more related to the nature of suicidal attempts in terms of seriousness of the attempts made.
Psychiatric Illness in Gynaecological Outpatients: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Munro Alistair
Published: August 2008

Psychiatric patients frequently make somatic complaints which are not related to physical pathology, but this is often not fully appreciated by medical practitioners other than psychiatrists. Dowling and Knox (1964) have shown that depressive patients are often diagnosed as physically ill, especially if they have had a notable physical illness in the previous five years. Stoeckle and Davidson (1962) note that depressive patients are frequently referred to medical and surgical clinics and sometimes receive inappropriate treatment as a result. Sainsbury (1960) showed that gynaecological patients are, on average, more neurotic than normal. The present author (Munro, 1964) found that depressive women were excessively liable to have undergone a gynaecological operation in the year preceding their admission to psychiatric hospital.
Motor Behaviour of Chronic Schizophrenics
Authors: Jones Ivor H.
Published: August 2008

Wing and Freudenberg (1961) assessed the response of schizophrenic subjects to regimes of active and passive encouragement. Their findings suggest that a subgroup of very inactive patients exists and that this group responds dramatically to incentives. The purpose of this study is to re-examine the behaviour and attempt to define this subgroup. Such an examination may provide information which could be applied to treatment programmes. It may also contribute to a better understanding of the nature of the schizophrenic's volitional defect.
Drugs and Motor Activity in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Jones Ivor H.
Published: August 2008

The therapeutic optimism which accompanied widespread introduction of milieu therapy has now been tempered, but there is still little doubt that it makes a substantial contribution to the treatment of the chronic schizophrenic. Much the same has been said about drug treatment. However, Hordern and Hamilton (1963) suggested that the results obtained with phenothiazines were no better than the findings of those pioneers who introduced moral therapy over a century ago. They further claimed that reports of a beneficial drug effect came from those places where resources were most meagre. If their view is correct it may mean that drugs and certain environmental factors have a therapeutic action in common on chronic mental hospital patients. These chronic patients, who are in large part schizophrenics, usually show the symptom of volitional defect more prominently than any other single symptom. It is possible therefore that both moral therapy and drugs may be acting primarily on this symptom. The present experiments aimed at examining this proposition.
Determinants of Psychiatric Illness in Young People
Authors: Rosenberg C. M.
Published: August 2008

A number of studies have suggested that psychiatric syndromes differ in the socio-cultural factors with which they are associated, such as age, race, social class and religion, as well as in the patients' family and personal backgrounds.
A Genetic Study of Affective Disorder
Authors: Hopkinson Geoffrey , Ley Philip
Published: August 2008

It is well known that when affective illness has its onset in later life a family history of this illness is significantly less common than in cases where the onset is early. Thus, Kay (1959) compared cases in this respect before and after 60 years of age; the morbidity risk was 10–12·7 per cent for relatives of the early onset group and only 3·5–5·7 per cent in relatives of those falling ill for the first time after 60. Similarly, Hopkinson (1964), taking the age of 50 to divide his probands, found a significantly lower risk for affective illness in relatives of the older-onset probands.
Circadian Rhythms of Water and Electrolyte Excretion in Manic-Depressive Psychosis
Authors: Moody J. P. , Allsopp M. N. E.
Published: August 2008

In recent years there has been growing interest in the subject of circadian rhythms of various metabolic processes in manic-depressive psychosis. This has been prompted in part by the cyclic self-limiting course of the condition itself as well as by such characteristic changes in its clinical manifestation over the twenty-four-hour period as mood variation, disturbed sleep pattern with early morning wakening, and impaired appetite, which Pollitt (1965) has attributed to a primary change in hypothalamic function. Alterations in the circadian rhythms of plasma corticosteroids, urinary corticosteroid excretion (Bridges and Jones, 1966; Curtis et al., 1966; Knapp et al., 1967; McClure, 1966), salivary flow and salivary electrolyte excretion (Jenner et al., 1967; Palmai and Blackwell, 1965) have been reported.
Laing's Models of Madness
Authors: Siegler Miriam , Osmond Humphry , Mann Harriet
Published: August 2008

Bright young schizophrenics, like bright young people generally, are interested in reading about their condition. From the vast and varied selection of literature available to them, they appear to show a marked preference for R. D. Laing's The Politics of Experience (1967). The present authors, like other members of the 'square’ older generation, are of the opinion that they know what is best, and that this book is not good for these patients. It is an appealing book, and emotionally there is not a false note in it. This alone makes it important. But it contains treacherous confusions, and while we do not presume to make choices for our young friends we do feel that it is our duty to clarify the alternatives as presented in this book.
The Function of Thought Disorder: A Postulate
Authors: Priest R. G.
Published: August 2008

Many neurotic patterns of behaviour are considered to be adaptations to the environment, although often thought of as “maladaptive” in the sense of not being the optimum adaptation, and as reflecting pathological needs and expectations.
Fenfluramine (Ponderax) in the Treatment of Obese Psychiatric Out-patients
Authors: Gaind R.
Published: August 2008

Among a group of patients referred to the psychiatric out-patient departments of the Maudsley and King's College Hospitals primarily for emotional disorders, 40 patients who were at least 15 per cent above their ideal weight (Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., 1959, Statistical Bulletin, 40, 1) were selected for weight reduction. There were thirty-one women and nine men in the sample, and they were aged 25 to 54. The psychiatric diagnoses given were: anxiety (20), depression (17), and personality disorder (3).
Alcoholism in the Republic of Ireland
Authors: Walsh Dermot
Published: August 2008

The impression that alcoholism is common among the Irish is a very old one. It has been given some scientific basis by comparative studies of alcoholism in various ethnic groups in the United States. Thus, Hyde and Chisholm (1944) found that the rejection rate for enlistees in the United States army because of chronic alcoholism was higher in the Irish than in any other national group. Confirmatory evidence came from Malzberg (1940) in a study of first hospitalization rates for various diagnostic categories in New York State, and Roberts and Myers (1954) in a prevalence study in New Haven found that the Irish had a far higher proportion under treatment for alcoholism and drug addiction than other national groups.
E.E.G., Memory and Confusion in Dominant, Non-Dominant and Bi-Temporal E.C.T.
Authors: Sutherland Edmond M. , Oliver John E. , Knight Diana R.
Published: August 2008

Bi-temporal electrical convulsive therapy has been used extensively in psychiatric practice since its introduction by Cerletti and Bini in 1938. There are undesirable side effects, principally memory disturbance and confusion. The organic changes in the brain following E.C.T. are not yet understood, although some E.E.G. work has been carried out on this aspect (Martin et al., 1965).
Electro-Convulsive Therapy in the Treatment of Bizarre Psychogenic Movements
Authors: Edwards J. Guy
Published: August 2008

There is considerable disagreement in the literature and in clinical practice on the value of electro-convulsive therapy (E.C.T.) in hysteria. The case to be described adds support to those who believe that E.C.T. has a part to play in carefully selected cases of hysteria that have proven resistant to more orthodox lines of treatment.
A Danish Twin Study of Schizophrenia
Authors: Fischer Margit , Harvald B. , Hauge M.
Published: August 2008

Previous studies on schizophrenia in twins have quite recently been reviewed in detail by Gottesman and Shields (1966a) and Shields (1968). The indications of concordance in different series are highly diverging, in monozygotic pairs ranging from near unity to zero. The high concordance rates found by Luxenburger (1928), Kallmann (1946) and Slater (1953) stress the importance of genetic factors in the aetiology of schizophrenia, whereas the low concordance rate in two recent Scandinavian twin series (Tienari, 1963; Kringlen, 1966) has given rise to the question whether special genetic or environmental factors prevail in some populations. It has, therefore, been found of interest to study schizophrenia in a Danish twin population.
Psychometrically Assessed Thought Disorder in Schizophrenic and Control Patients and in their Parents and Siblings
Authors: Romney David
Published: August 2008

Thought disorder has always been regarded as an important symptom of schizophrenia. Attempts have been made to measure it by means of psychological tests: patients who manifest thought disorder clinically have been found to perform idiosyncratically on tests of concept-formation (1). The purpose of the first part of this investigation was to confirm the already established finding that schizophrenics, as a whole, are more thought disordered than controls. Not only were patients tested, but also their first-degree relatives; this aspect of the investigation, however, will be dealt with in the second part of the paper.
Homicide in Western Nigeria
Authors: Asuni T.
Published: August 2008

Homicide is a universal phenomenon which occurs both among developed and developing communities, but to a varying extent. Homicide in this context does not include the lawful killing of criminals convicted of capital offence, or killing in war or in conditions of political strife. Considerable work has been done on various aspects of criminal homicide in many countries—Verkko (1951) in Finland, Jacqueline H. and Murray A. Strauss (1953) in Ceylon, Wolfgang (1958) in the United States. The book African Homicide and Suicide edited by Paul Bohanan (1960) contains only a chapter on homicide among the Tivs of Central Nigeria, and this is based on a retrospective study of case files. Lambo (1962) reported twenty-nine cases which he had interviewed for the courts; these came from the whole of Nigeria, and therefore represent different peoples and cultures.
An Electroencephalographic and Psychiatric Study of Thirty-two Insane Murderers
Authors: Sayed Z. A. , Lewis S. A. , Brittain R. P.
Published: August 2008

There are only four studies which deal exclusively with the electroencephalographic investigation of murderers (Stafford-Clark and Taylor, 1949; Hill and Pond, 1952; Mundy-Castle, 1955; Winkler and Kove, 1962). In several other reports, murderers are included as a sub-group of a population described as psychopaths and criminal offenders (e.g. Silverman, 1943, 1944). The general finding of these studies was that the murderer population had an incidence of EEG abnormality far above that found in non-criminal, non-psychiatrically ill subjects. However, the range of incidence of abnormality was large, being from around 20 per cent to 80 per cent. Despite the complex psychopathology commonly leading to an act of murder, it has been not uncommon to conclude, from the finding that the populations studied had a high incidence of epilepsy, that there was some association between epilepsy and murder. Alström (1950), however, in a study of 897 epileptics, found that no patient had committed a crime during psychomotor seizure. The Jack Ruby Trial in America highlighted the assumed association and Livingston (1964) summarized the true situation: ‘… an epileptic might kill, not because he has epilepsy, but because he is a human being …’.
Remanded in Custody for Psychiatric Examination
Authors: Binns J. K. , Carlisle J. M. , Nimmo D. H. , Park R. H. , Todd N. A.
Published: August 2008

The following review deals with all persons remanded for trial or sentence in 1965 and 1966 on whom psychiatric reports were furnished by senior psychiatric staff of Leverndale Hospital, excluding those remanded directly to hospital under Section 54 of the Mental Health (Scotland) Act, 1960, this latter group having been the subject of a previous article by ourselves.
The Effect of Lithium Carbonate on the Electroencephalogram of Patients with Affective Disorders
Authors: Platman S. R. , Fieve R. R.
Published: August 2008

This paper examines the degree of electroencephalogram abnormality among the three phases of manic-depressive disease and the changes brought about by lithium carbonate. The earlier investigators (Berger, 1931; Lemere, 1936) reported no abnormalities in the EEGs of manic-depressive patients. Later workers (Davis, 1941; Hurst et al., 1954; Hes, 1960) found prominent changes between the two phases. However, Harding et al. (1966) noted no common pattern in their three cases when analysed for mean abundance, harmonic mean and variability of alpha rhythm.
The Stability of Scores on the Eysenck Personality Inventory in a University Population
Authors: Lunghi M. , Ryle A.
Published: August 2008

The predecessor to the Eysenck Personality Inventory (E.P.I.) (Eysenck and Eysenck, 1964) was the Maudsley Personality Inventory (Eysenck, 1959) which has won wide popularity, and evidence has been presented for its high retest reliability for a number of different populations and over periods of time ranging from 1–2½ years (Marley and Bartholomew, 1959; Knowles, 1960; Ojha, Kelvin and Lucas, 1966).
The Tattooed Psychiatric Patient
Authors: Gittleson N. L. , Wallen G. D. P. , Dawson-Butterworth K.
Published: August 2008

Systematic psychiatric studies of tattooed men are rare. Lander and Kohn (1943) noted that they had a higher rate of rejection for military service on psychiatric grounds than non-tattooed men. Yamamoto et al. (1963) studied the male population of a Veterans Hospital. They compared the 65 (15 per cent) men who were tattooed with the 368 who were not. They found that the percentage of tattooed men on the psychiatric wards was not significantly higher than that on the general medical or surgical wards; the tattooed men, however, exhibited significantly more evidence of personality deviation than the non-tattooed men.
Mood State and the Ritualistic Behaviour of Obsessional Patients
Authors: Walker Valerie J. , Beech H. R.
Published: August 2008

The aim of the present study was to examine more closely than has previously been done some widely accepted generalizations about the ritualistic behaviour of patients suffering from obsessional neurosis. Observation of such patients had suggested that their behaviour is less consistent and is governed by a much greater complexity of factors than is normally assumed. In addition it seemed that such over-simplification has led to the construction of inadequate theoretical models to explain ritualistic behaviour. Moreover it appeared that this over-simplification was linked to the fact that there have been very few systematic studies of the obsessional ritual itself: most descriptions of obsessionals' behaviour seem to be based on the retrospective and rather general accounts, given by the patients themselves in the relative calm and detachment of the consulting-room situation. Observation of patients actually performing rituals suggested that such accounts might well be misleading. Therefore, it seemed likely that it would be profitable to study the rituals of individual obsessional patients systematically and in some detail. In the investigation reported here, three such studies were carried out. The first two, which are reported briefly, were relatively uncontrolled and had as their aim the derivation of more specific hypotheses to be tested in a later investigation. The third study, which is reported more fully, was concerned with testing out these hypotheses by the more rigorous investigation and manipulation of the rituals of a further obsessional patient.
Mental Symptoms and Personality Structure in Autoerythrocyte Sensitization Syndrome
Authors: Hallström Tore , Hersle Kjell , Mobacken Håkan
Published: August 2008

The syndrome of autoerythrocyte sensitization is characterized by painful ecchymotic lesions of the skin that develop in a very stereotypic manner. Onset occurs in a palm-sized skin region, usually on the limbs, with a stinging and burning sensation. After varying lengths of time, in general 2–6 hours, the skin becomes red, hot, oedematous and tender. This inflammatory phase may last anything up to twenty-four hours. Over the next few days the rubescent heated infiltration turns into an ecchymosis which spreads annularly at the same time as the tenderness and swelling diminish. Originally described by Gardner and Diamond (1955), thirty-one cases of the syndrome have now been reported. Up to the present all reported cases have come from North America and Australia and been confined to women with an age at onset of between 15 and 66 years.
Survival in Atherosclerotic and Senile Dementia
Authors: Shah K. V. , Banks G. D. , Merskey H.
Published: August 2008

The prognosis for patients with senile dementia after admission to hospital has generally been regarded as poor, it being thought that by the time the illness reached a stage necessitating admission life expectation was very low. Figures obtained by Roth (1955) support this view; only 18 per cent of his patients with senile dementia survived for more than two years. The prognosis for atherosclerotic dementia was rather better, with approximately 27 per cent still alive at the end of two years.
Theory and Technique of the Repertory Grid
Authors: Slater Patrick
Published: August 2008

George A. Kelly graduated in engineering with psychology as a subsidiary subject at the time when the boom of the ‘twenties in the United States was collapsing into the depression of the early ‘thirties. He found it impossible to obtain employment as an engineer and went to practise psychology in an impoverished, inaccessible area on the border of the dust-bowl. There he had to do the best he could to diagnose and treat the peculiar psychological problems of his patients by himself without the advice or assistance of any medically qualified psychiatrist or other psychologist within reach for consultation. He found little help in the popular psychologies of the period, behaviourism and psychoanalysis. Through trying many experimental approaches he gradually developed a homespun psychology which he expounded in a two-volume book, The Psychology of Personal Constructs (1955) and elaborated in a very large number of other publications after he entered the academic world.
A Study of the Reliability and Validity of the Repertory Grid Technique as a Measure of the Hysteroid/Obsessoid Component of Personality
Authors: Caine T. M. , Smail D. J.
Published: August 2008

One of the most attractive features of the Repertory Grid Technique from the clinician's point of view is that it provides a quantifiable test of hypotheses concerning data which are not readily measurable by more traditional standardized instruments (such as questionnaires). An example of such a situation as this would be where the psychologist wishes to measure change in a person's construing of his world before and after psychotherapy. This immediately involves, however, questions concerning the “reliability” and “validity” of the particular grid or grids used. How do we know whether reasonably stable psychological processes within the individual are reflected in equally stable mathematical relationships between constructs, and how do we know that we have chosen, or elicited, those constructs which really are most psychologically meaningful to the subject, or indeed psychologically meaningful at all ?
Psychiatric Morbidity amongst a Uganda Student Population
Authors: German G. Allen , Arya O. P.
Published: August 2008

Makerere University College is the oldest institution of higher education in East Africa. Situated in Kampala, Uganda, it lies not far from the northern shore of Lake Victoria, and draws its student population from those countries around the lake shores—Kenya and Tanzania, as well as Uganda itself. Eighty-five per cent of the enrolled students are of African origin, the remainder being Asians.