bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Practical Clinical Consensus Guidelines for the Management of Cancer Associated Anemia in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Parikh Purvish Mahendra , Aggarwal Shyam , Biswas Ghanashyam , Gulia Seema , Agarwala Vivek , Basade Maheboob , Mohapatra P.N. , Vamshi Krishna Muddu , Warrier Arun , Prasad Krishna , Roy Partha , Chandrakant M.V. , Malhotra Hemant , Hingmire Sachin , Paul Davinder , Maniar Vashista , Gupta Alok , Panda Soumya S. , Samar Aseem , Rohatgi Nitesh , Dattatreya Satya , Krishnamurthy Manjunath , Thirumalairaj Raja
Published: September 2023

Cancer-associated anemia (CAA) remains a major unmet need that compromises overall survival (OS) and quality of life (QoL). Currently, available guidelines do not take into consideration the unique challenges in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Our CAA patients have to battle preexisting impaired nutritional status, depleted body iron stores, financial limitations, and difficulty in having easily accessible affordable healthcare. Hence, we fulfilled the need of guidelines for LMIC. A group of subject experts were put together, given background literature, met in a face-to-face discussion, voted using Delphi process, and finally agreed on the contents of this guideline document. As many as 50% of cancer patients will have significant anemia (hemoglobin < 10 g/dL) at initial diagnosis. It is most commonly seen with gastrointestinal malignancies, head and neck cancers, and acute leukemias. The hemoglobin falls further after initiation of cancer directed therapy, due to chemotherapy itself or heightened nutritional deficiency. Its evaluation should include tests for complete blood count, red blood cell morphology, reticulocyte count, Coombs test, and levels of vitamin B12 and folic acid. Iron status should be monitored using test to measure serum iron, total iron binding capacity, transferring saturation, and serum ferritin levels. A minimum of 50% of cancer patients with anemia require iron supplements. The preferred mode of therapy is with intravenous (IV) iron using ferric carboxymaltose (FCM). Most patients respond satisfactorily to single dose of 1000 mg. It is also safe and does not require use of a test dose. Significant anemia is found in at least half of all cancer patients in India, South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation region, and other LMIC countries. Its awareness among healthcare professionals will prevent it from remaining undiagnosed (in up to 70% of all cancer patients) and adversely affecting OS and QoL. The benefits of treating them with IV iron therapy are quick replenishment of iron stores, hemoglobin returning to normal, better QoL, and avoiding risk of infections/reactions with blood transfusions. Many publications have proven the value of single-dose FCM in such clinical situations. CAA has been proven to be an independent prognostic factor that adversely affects both QoL and OS in cancer patients. Use of FCM as single IV dose of 1000 mg is safe and effective in the majority of patients with CAA.
3 Female Cases Of Subsymphyseal Epispadias And Their Correction
Authors: Tomar Dr. Vinay , Mathur Dr. Rajeev , Sadasukhi Dr. T.C. , Mathur Dr. S.C.
Published: September 2023

Successful correction of incontinence by Leadbetter's modification of young dees technique in 3 cases of subsymphyseal female episadias is reported. Simplicity and efficacy of this trechnique has prompted the team to undertake this procedure in all the cases.
A New Tissue Retractor
Authors: Chandra Dr. Ramesh
Published: September 2023

Kilner's tissue retractor is familiar to Plastic Surgeon's the world over for several decades. Certain modifications and improvisations were thought desirable and prototyped and tested and changes made, have proved to be beneficial. A set of three sizes is considered necessary.
Extensive Abdominal Electric Burn Injury
Authors: Minhas Dr. S.S. , Mahajan Dr. J.K. , Merwaha Dr. D.C.
Published: September 2023

A rare case of electric burns of the abdominal wall resulting into damage of liver, stomach, transverse colon is presented.
Conchal Cartilage Grafts in Rhinoplasty
Authors: Alexander G , Daver B M
Published: September 2023

Conchal cartilage grafts were used in 38 patients during rhinoplasty. They were used for dorsum augmentation, contour correction and correction of tip deformities. Due to ease in harvesting, lack of donor deformities and the absence of warping and absorption we found the conchal cartilage an ideal donor material. It was used for the correction of cleft lip nose deformity, correction of depressed bridge, and tip problems. Technique of harvesting is simple and there was no donor site problem.
Open Rhinoplasty and Use of Modelling Wax Splint on Indian Patients
Authors: Prasanna Mita
Published: September 2023

Learning and teaching of rhinoplasty by the ‘open’ method is becoming popular because of better exposure of the nasal skeleton than with the closed (endonasal) technique.

25 patients of rhinoplasty or septorhinoplasty done by this approach in the Plastic Surgery Department of Kasturba Medical College, Manipal have been retrospectively analysed to find out it's advantages and disadvantages, particularly in Indian patients. Primary or secondary open rhinoplasties were done for augmentation, reduction, correction of deviation or gross deformities and tip-plasty. Splints applied for all these cases post-operatively were made of dental modelling wax.

The open approach can be recommended on Indian patients also, for all rhinoplasties demanding excellent exposure, and the resulting scar is insignificant. The main advantage is precision in restructuring and the disadvantage is prolonged tip-oedema. Splint made of modelling wax is useful because it is cheap, light in weight and easy to mould.
Vascularised Epiphysis and Hemi-Joint Transfer for Reconstruction of Temporomandibular Joint and Ramus-Condyle Unit in Cases of Hemifacial Microsomia
Authors: Gupta A K , Chitre A P , Abhyankar S
Published: September 2023

Epiphysis and hemi-joint transfer for reconstruction of the temporomandibular joint and ramus-condyle unit, using the proximal epiphyseal plate and proximal one third of the diaphyseal shaft of the fibula has been successfully performed in cases of hemifacial macrosomia. A total of 6 cases belonging to the type II and III of skeletal type of hemifacial microsomia1 in the age group of 3 to 8 years have undergone this procedure. All patients have a good range of painless movement at the temporomandibular joint with a proportionate growth of 0.4 cms and 0.5 cms per year respectively at the neo ramus condyle unit and they have been illustrated.
Interposing Prolene Mesh Repair For Upper Abdominal Wall Defects
Authors: Bhathena Dr. Hosi M. , Kavarana Dr. Naozer M.
Published: September 2023

Dermatofibrosarcoma, Supra umbilical excisional defect with a deficit of 4 cms. of left rectus abdominis was repaired. Results are presented.
Bilateral Oblique Facial Cleft
Authors: Chatterjee Dr. Meera , Majumdar Dr. Bijoy , Saha Dr. Ila
Published: September 2023

While Cleft Lip and Palate Deformity is relatively frequent obligue medical and lateral facial clefts are extremely rare. A Short Review Of Literature and Method of Repair is described.
Financial distress, auditors’ going concern modification (GCM) and investors’ reaction in a concentrated ownership environment: new evidence from the Italian stock market
Authors: Brunelli Sandro , Venuti Francesco , Niederkofler Thomas , Falivena Camilla
Published: September 2023

This paper feeds the literature about investors’ reaction to the release of going concern modified audit reports, which is abundant and controversial among scholars. Moving a step beyond the solely detection of abnormal stock returns at and around the event date, as done in the only two previous studies on the Italian setting, we perform an OLS multiple regression to test the informativeness of CARs and the influence of variables as selected firms’ accounts, auditor characteristics, the market capitalization and specific measures of financial distress to gather evidence whether investors react adversely to elements different from going concern modifications (GCMs). Based on our findings, investors react negatively to GCMs attached to qualified opinions and, surprisingly, positively to GCMs attached to clean opinions, reversing the prevailing evidence found out in the literature, especially in the USA. We attribute these results to the rough knowledge of Italian naïve investors of the going concern (GC) issue. The study detects how disclosure features conceived for large equity markets can lead to different investors’ behaviours in small ones on the one hand; on the other hand, it cannot lead to unequivocable generalization, even within similar countries, in light of sub-specific country features. The piece of evidence achieved suggests, for further research, to make an investors categorization to analyse market reactions, which takes more into account three main features stressed by the prevailing literature of small equity markets: high ownership concentration, the higher presence of institutional investors and the poorer reputation of BIG4 auditors.
Can socially sustainable development be achieved through homestead withdrawal? A hybrid multiple-attributes decision analysis
Authors: Wang Zehua , Liang Fachao , Lin Sheng-Hau
Published: September 2023

Achieving sustainable rural development is essential for countries worldwide to balance development between urban and rural areas; especially, sustainable social development is crucial. In the face of rapid urbanization in China, the withdrawal of rural homesteads (WRH) has become the core policy for attaining sustainable rural development. Compared with the literature that focuses on the economic or environmental impacts of the policy, few studies have evaluated how social sustainability is accomplished through such land-reform policies. Given the consensus that exploring sustainability emphasizes complex causal relationships between multiple dimensions, assessment models must further consider interdependencies. Based on Chinese expertise and perspective, this study proposes a hybrid multi-attribute decision analysis model to evaluate the contribution of WRH policies toward social sustainability. First, the Delphi method was used to build evaluation criteria covering four dimensions—the socio-ecological environment, social welfare, social equity, and social inclusion—and 20 criteria were based on the existing literature. Second, influential network relations maps (INRMs) were constructed based on the fuzzy decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL), considering complex causal relationships between dimensions and criteria to further identify the key evaluation criteria for the social sustainability of the homestead exit policy. The results show that the five subdimensions are key to achieving sustainable social development through WRH. Based on our results, we propose certain policy recommendations.
Extending the lifetime of perovskite solar cells
Authors: Lange Katherine De
Published: September 2023

Outdoor testing on perovskite solar cells provides ultimate proof of operational stability
Electrical control of 180° domain walls in an antiferromagnet
Authors: Amin O. J. , Reimers S. , Maccherozzi F. , Dhesi S. S. , Novák V. , Campion R. P. , Edmonds K. W. , Wadley P.
Published: September 2023

We demonstrate the reversible current-induced motion of 180° antiferromagnetic domain walls in a CuMnAs device. By controlling the magnitude and direction of the current pulse, the position of a domain wall can be switched between three distinct pinning sites. The domain wall motion is attributed to a field-like spin–orbit torque that induces the same sense of rotation on each magnetic sublattice, owing to the crystal symmetry of CuMnAs. Domain wall motion is observed for current densities down to ≈2.5×1010 A/m2 at room temperature.
Effect of Li2O on devitrification and conductivity of MgO–V2O5 for energy storage
Authors: Dua Vimi , Singh K.
Published: September 2023

The composition of 75V2O5–(25-x) MgO–xLi2O (x = 0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0) is synthesized by the melt quenching method. The effects of Li2O on devitrification, physical, thermal, structural, and conducting properties of the as-quenched samples are analyzed utilizing various experimental techniques. X-ray diffraction and differential thermal analysis confirmed the formation of phase-separated glasses up to 3.0 mol. % of Li2O. Above this concentration of Li2O, the samples are glass ceramic. With an increase in the concentration of Li2O, the density increases in all the samples. The Raman spectra demonstrate that as the concentration of Li2O increases, there is a transition of VO5 units into different structural units of vanadium oxide. The highest conductivity is observed for the composition with x = 4.5, i.e., 10−4 S/cm at 250 °C. The activation energy indicated that the present samples could be mixed conductors in nature. These samples can be used as cathode materials in energy storage devices due to their mixed conduction with an appropriate conductivity at 250 °C.
Argumentation tradition of traders in late antiquity
Authors: Schumann Andrew
Published: September 2023

The institute of legality for traders, including business contracts, business correspondence, and legal
proceedings concerning economic cases, appeared in Mesopotamia first since the early dynastic period (ca. 2900–2350 B.C.). This
institute became well organized for the period of the third dynasty of Ur (from the 22nd to the 21st century B.C.). This tradition
was continued in the Babylonian as well as other Mesopotamian dynasties. As a consequence, Akkadian speaking traders preferred
logical tools in their business correspondences, too. Therefore, the business contracts and business correspondence satisfied the
main argumentative stages of legal proceedings. In late antiquity since the 2nd century A.D. Greek, Bactrian, and Sogdian were one
of the most important languages for traders of Silk Road with very high standards of argumentation as main tools of dispute
resolutions taken from the Babylonians. In this paper, I analyze some general features of these standards.
On the exact solutions of optical perturbed fractional Schrödinger equation
Authors: Ozkan Erdogan Mehmet , Yildirim Ozgur , Ozkan Ayten
Published: September 2023

In the present study, the improved sub-equation method is applied to the optical perturbed fractional Schrödinger equation with Beta-derivative and the exact optical solutions are obtained. The generalized hyperbolic and trigonometric function solutions are found by the method. Several novel physical surface structures of the solutions are presented with various appropriate assigned values. The method aids in solving complicated physical phenomena of these dynamical models. Numerical implementations and graphical illustrations verify the theoretical results.
Coexisting firing patterns and circuit design of locally active memristive autapse morris-lecar neuron
Authors: Li Xinying , Yang Zongkai , Sun Shaoze , Gong Yufang
Published: September 2023

A novel bistable locally active memristor is proposed in this paper. A locally active memristive autapse Morris-Lecar neuron model is constructed by using memristor to simulate the autapse of neuron. The equilibrium point and stability of the system are analyzed, and the firing mode and bifurcation characteristics of the neuronal system are revealed by using dynamic analysis methods such as slow-fast dynamics, interspike interval bifurcation diagrams, Lyapunov exponents, phase diagrams and time series diagram. By changing the memristive autapse gain and the initial state of the system, the existence of coexisting firing patterns in the constructed neuron model is confirmed. Finally, to further verify the effectiveness of the numerical simulation, the analog equivalent circuit of the locally active memristive neuron system is designed, which proves that the system is physically realizable.
Different look at S-p bonding orbital in CdS, with Zn and Se series gap investigations
Authors: Soliman S , Dawood Mahmoud S
Published: September 2023

The electronic characteristics of Cadmium sulfide (CdS) series Zn
x
Cd16−x
S8Se8 and Cd16Se16−x
S
x
are investigated. According to the calculations, barely 12% Zn (X = 2) in the form Zn2Cd14Se16 is required to maximize the gap. To properly evaluate the excited states, the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and modified Becke-Johnson (mBJ) potentials are utilized in the computations. The parent compound CdS exhibits three distinct forms of crystal structures, with the hexagonal structure being remarkably stable under the GGA and mBJ functionals. The partial density of states around the Fermi level demonstrates that the system’s electronic characteristics are determined by the interaction of S-p and Cd-s,p states. A substantial splitting of the valence band, shown by band structure analysis, suggests a greater polarization crystal field in the hexagonal CdS structure. The stereochemical activity of the S atom stimulated the CdS compound for extremely tiny displacements of 0.0014 Å and 0.043 Å for the Cd and S atoms in the [001] direction, respectively, as well as tilting of the Cd-S-Cd link. This compound exhibits lone pair properties, with three valance electrons of the p-orbital participating in covalent bonding and S-s electrons fully occupied. Furthermore, Van Hove singularities are discovered in the electron density of states due to the Cd-d atoms that support in the analysis of optical absorption spectra. Finally, the results suggest that CdS has potential for solar cells applications due to its direct wide band gap semiconductor features,
Study of self- assembly structures of carbon quantum dots
Authors: Carvalho Julliany Louise Silva Hurbano , Galli Gustavo Fernandes , Chavero Lucas Natálio , dos Santos Lara Fernandes
Published: September 2023

Self-assembly (SA) structures are formed by self-organizing processes in which discrete elements interact spontaneously with one another to produce larger and more complex structures. Compared to disorganized systems, self-assembled nanoparticles with specific functionalities can exhibit enhanced or even novel properties. Among the various nanoparticles capable of forming SAs, we can highlight carbon quantum dots (Cdots). Cdots are photoluminescent core/shell semiconductor nanoparticles with excellent optical properties, such as photo-stability, size-dependent emission energy, and intensity sensitivity to particle aggregation. Thus, the organization of individual Cdots in ordered structures on solid substrates has the potential for possible nanodevices in the area of sensors, catalysis, optoelectronics, and data storage. This study aimed to produce Cdots-based SAs and subsequently study their morphological and optical properties. Cdots were obtained by electrochemical exfoliation of the graphite electrode, and SA structures were obtained by the induced evaporation method under controlled temperature. The effects of the temperature and volume of the deposited Cdots solution in the substrate on the formation of SA were investigated. Optical and fluorescence microscopy images showed the formation of photoluminescent SA structures up to 1 mm in size with different aggregation patterns, such as aggregation by limited diffusion, river-type fractal, fern-leaf-type fractal, films, and bifurcated patterns. The variation of the parameters caused significant changes in some characteristics of the SAs structures, such as an increase in the intensity of the photoluminescence (PL) or its annihilation and change in the self-organization pattern. The results obtained in this work provide a preliminary overview of the different patterns of SA structures that can be obtained using photoluminescent Cdots as building blocks.
Low cost ternary metal oxide based nanocomposites as a room temperature formaldehyde sensor
Authors: Krishna Kurugundla Gopi , Parne Saidi Reddy , Pothukanuri Nagaraju
Published: September 2023

To protect human health from hazardous gases, it is necessary to rapid detection of toxic gases utilizing gas sensors. Though there are various gas sensors, despite that, they endure inaccuracy in selectivity and sensitivity in the real-time monitoring of the low concentration of gases. In this context, the practical design for developing a cost-effective formaldehyde (HCHO) sensor using a hetero-type ternary nanocomposite ZnO/CdO/CuO (ZCCO) metal oxide (MOX) materials with porous structure is an ideal choice. In this study, ZCCO heterostructures demonstrated rapid selectivity towards HCHO compared with other volatile organic compounds and exhibited excellent long-term stability for up to 80 d. The sensor capability has been further improved with the heterostructures’ porous morphology, greater specific surface area, huge reaction sites, and electron sensitization effects of highly dispersed nanocomposite material. This work reports the Lowest Detection Limit (LDL) towards HCHO at room temperature as 250 ppb. These heterostructures enable the charge transport mechanism between the interparticle ZnO/CdO (n–n junctions) and the ZnO/CuO (n–p junctions) that can simultaneously enhance the sensitivity of the gas molecule’s reactions.
Generation of structured light beams by dual phase modulation with a single spatial light modulator
Authors: Baliyan Mansi , Shikder Allarakha , Nishchal Naveen K
Published: September 2023

Precise control of amplitude and wavefront of optical fields are prerequisites for many applications, especially in singular optics. This has led to the increasing efforts for developing efficient techniques to control the shape of the light in different dimensions. A spatial light modulator (SLM) can be efficiently used for phase-only or amplitude-only modulation; but offers limitation in complex light field modulation. Hence, shaping the complex amplitude of optical beams is challenging mainly because there are no complex modulators. While there is ongoing research to develop complex amplitude modulating SLMs, a solution is still non-existent. In this study, to achieve complex light modulations, a simple experimental set-up employing single phase-only SLM has been proposed. The SLM has been used as operating in a split-screen-mode. The non-iterative approach of dual-pass modulation has been applied where two cascaded phase value distributions (PVD) are encoded side-by-side onto the SLM. The first PVD is designed to enable amplitude modulation in the second PVD plane which finally helps achieve wavefront shaping. Hence, both amplitude and phase modulation of light beam are possible in this configuration. Commonly known singular beams such as Laguerre–Gaussian and Bessel-Gaussian modes have been generated theoretically as well as experimentally to verify the feasibility of the proposed technique. The method used helps to achieve arbitrary shaped beams as well.
Higher-order generalizations of the
A6(1)
- and
A4(1)
-surface type q-Painlevé equations
Authors: Nakazono Nobutaka
Published: September 2023

In this paper, we construct higher-order generalizations of the

A

6

(
1
)

- and

A

4

(
1
)

-surface type q-Painlevé equations from the system of partial difference equations with the consistency around a cube property by periodic reduction. Moreover, we also show their extended affine Weyl group symmetries and Lax pairs.
Novel two-dimensional square-structured diatomic group-IV materials: the first-principles prediction
Authors: Sholihun Sholihun , Purnawati Diki , Bermundo Juan Paolo , Prayogi Harmon , Fatomi Zohan Syah , Hidayati Sri
Published: September 2023

This work presents a study of novel two-dimensional (2D) square-structured diatomic group-IV materials through density functional theory calculations. Our optimized structures have a planar structure. Moreover, we evaluate the structural stabilities and electronic properties of six square-structured 2D-diatomic XY (X, Y = C, Si, Ge, Sn) materials. In comparison, we also evaluate the honeycomb structure of those materials. The Birch-Murnaghan equation of states (BM-EOS) curves and cohesive energy evaluations indicate that the square-structured SnGe and SnSi materials are highly stable. Interestingly, most of the square-structured materials are dynamically stable based on phonon dispersion evaluation, except SnC material. More importantly, most of the square-structured materials have a narrower bandgap energy which implies better electronic properties. In particular, square-structured SnGe shows an ultra-wide bandgap of 4.02 eV which is prospective for future electronics. Furthermore, we believe that the stable square structures will be observed in the experiment and will be beneficial for future device applications.
Indirect nanoscale characterization of polymer photoresist wetting using ultra-high frequency acoustic waves
Authors: Salhab A , Carlier J , Toubal M , Troadec D , Garnier P , Mercadier T , Campistron P , Thomy V
Published: September 2023

The wetting of surfaces with patterns in the order of a hundred nanometers is often a complex phenomenon to analyze and control. In the semiconductor industry, whether it is during the surface cleaning steps or the deposition of the protective mask (photosensitive liquid resin that is then cross-linked), the conformity of the deposit of the liquid layer on the patterned surface must be perfect or else the functionality of the targeted electronic component will be compromised. Thus, understanding the surface wetting of these liquids allows the implementation of optimized processes. In this paper, we present a method of indirect wetting characterization of a photoresist based on ultra-high frequency (# GHz) acoustic waves. This resin is a commercial product called GKR 4602 (belonging to the KrF series of positive photoresists), which is coated in two different ways: either directly onto the surface of a patterned silicon wafer, or after application of a solvent, Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ether (PGEE), which then acts as a pre-wetting layer. The patterned wafer, playing the role of electrical insulation (Deep Trench Isolation, DTI) are 200 nm wide, deep trenches with a high aspect ratio (> 50). The originality of this paper lies in the validation of the acoustic characterization by direct observation of the wetting of the cross-linked resin. To do so, we used a FIB (Focused Ion Beam) microscope which allowed us to make cuts and capture localized images of the wetting state of the photoresist. Moreover, all the results obtained (resins and patterned silicon surfaces) are directly from the microelectronics industry (STMicroelectronics), showing that our method is fully compatible with an industrial approach.
Exact solutions of a time-fractional modified KdV equation via bifurcation analysis
Authors: Liu 刘 Min-Yuan 敏远 , Xu 许 Hui 慧 , Wang 王 Zeng-Gui 增桂
Published: September 2023

The time-fractional modified Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation is committed to establish exact solutions by employing the bifurcation method. Firstly, the phase portraits and related qualitative analysis are comprehensively provided. Then, we give parametric expressions of different types of solutions matching with the corresponding orbits. Finally, solution profiles, 3D and density plots of some solutions are presented with proper parametric choices.
GPS PPP-AR frequency transfer and its application for comparing atomic fountain primary frequency standards between NRC and PTB
Authors: Jian Bin , Beattie Scott , Weyers Stefan , Rahm Johannes , Donahue Brian , Gertsvolf Marina
Published: September 2023

We report on the first characterization of the frequency transfer performance of the GPS precise point positioning with carrier-phase integer ambiguity resolution (PPP-AR) implemented by the Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) online service CSRS-PPP. We show that continuous PPP-AR links of multiple days can be formed by carefully fixing the day boundary phase discontinuity. The stability of the links can reach

7
×

10

−
16

and

1
×

10

−
16

(Allan deviation) at 1 d and 7 d averaging times, respectively, and mid to low 10−17 at 20 d–30 d. We compared the atomic fountain primary frequency standards (PFS) between NRC in Ottawa, Canada and PTB in Braunschweig, Germany for 135 d via GPS PPP-AR and precise point positioning links. The NRC and PTB PFS agree within a few parts in 1016, which is well below the combined systematic uncertainty. It is expected that with uncertainty at 10−17, the PPP-AR links will become a powerful tool for remote comparisons of atomic optical clocks, essential for the future redefinition of the SI second.
The CYGNO experiment: a directional Dark Matter detector with optical readout
Authors: Amaro F.D. , Antonietti R. , Baracchini E. , Benussi L. , Bianco S. , Borra F. , Capoccia C. , Caponero M. , Cardoso D.S. , Cavoto G. , Costa I.A. , D'Imperio G. , Dané E. , Dho G. , Di Giambattista F. , Di Marco E. , Iacoangeli F. , Kemp E. , Lima Junior H.P. , Lopes G.S.P. , Maccarrone G. , Mano R.D.P. , Marcelo Gregorio R.R. , Marques D.J.G. , Mazzitelli G. , McLean A.G. , Meloni P. , Messina A. , Monteiro C.M.B. , Nobrega R.A. , Pains I.F. , Paoletti E. , Passamonti L. , Pelosi S. , Petrucci F. , Piacentini S. , Piccolo D. , Pierluigi D. , Pinci D. , Prajapati A. , Renga F. , Roque R.J.d.C. , Rosatelli F. , Russo A. , Saviano G. , Spooner N.J.C. , Tesauro R. , Tomassini S. , Torelli S. , Tozzi D. , dos Santos J.M.F. , da Silva Lopes Júnior A. ,   The CYGNO collaboration
Published: September 2023

We are going to discuss the R&D and the prospects for the CYGNO project, towards the
development of an innovative, high precision 3D tracking Time Projection Chamber with optical
readout using He:CF4 gas at 1 bar. CYGNO uses a stack of triple thin GEMs for charge
multiplication, this induces scintillation in CF4 gas, which is readout by PMTs and sCMOS
cameras. High granularity and low readout noise of sCMOS along with high sampling of PMT allows
CYGNO to have 3D tracking with head tail capability and particle identification down to O(keV)
energy for directional Dark Matter searches and solar neutrino spectroscopy. We will present the
most recent R&D results from the CYGNO project, and in particular the overground commissioning of
the largest prototype developed so far, LIME with a 33×33 cm2 readout plane and 50 cm of
drift length, for a total of 50 litres active volume. We will illustrate the LIME response
characterisation between 3.7 keV and 44 keV by means of multiple X-ray sources, and the data
Monte-Carlo comparison of simulated sCMOS images in this energy range. Furthermore, we will
present current LIME installation, operation and data taking at underground Laboratori Nazionali
del Gran Sasso (LNGS), serving as demonstrator for the development of a 0.4 m3 CYGNO
detector. We will conclude by mentioning the technical choices and the prospects of the
0.4 m3 detector, as laid out in the Technical Design Report (TDR) recently produced by our
collaboration.
Record-breaking and unprecedented compound hot and dry summers in Europe under different emission scenarios
Authors: Dosio Alessandro , Spinoni Jonathan , Migliavacca Mirco
Published: September 2023

After analysing observed summer compound hot and dry (CHD) events over Europe from 1950 to 2022, we employ a large ensemble of high-resolution regional climate model simulations to investigate CHD events under different emission scenarios. By the end of the century, even under a low-emission scenario, model results show a likely increase in the frequency and extension of CHD events over most (60%) of Europe. In particular, the fraction of land projected to be hit once every two years nearly doubles (at least 15%, likely range 6–21) compared to the historical period (8%, 6.5–10), and at least 5,3% (1–7) of land will be hit every year. Under a high-emission scenario, 50% of the Iberian Peninsula is projected to be hit at least twice every three years (20.3 times in 30 years, likely range 17.2–24.2), compared to 1 in ten years in the historical period, whereas 50% of the British Islands, France, and the Mediterranean will be hit more than once every two years. Moreover, 10% of European land will be hit nearly once every 7 years (4.2 times, 3.2–5.6) by CHD events whose intensity equalled or even surpassed the maximum recorded during 1950–2022, and 20% of the Iberian Peninsula once every 5 years. The increase in record-breaking or unprecedented CHD events is mostly related to the increase in record-breaking heatwaves, which is likely over most regions even for the low-emission scenario. In contrast, the increase in record-breaking drought events is limited to southern Europe under the medium- and high-emission scenarios.
On the weak Lefschetz property for height four equigenerated complete intersections
Authors: Boij Mats , Migliore Juan , Miró-Roig Rosa , Nagel Uwe
Published: September 2023

We consider the conjecture that all artinian height 4 complete intersections of forms of the same degree

d
d

have the Weak Lefschetz Property (WLP). We translate this problem to one of studying the general hyperplane section of a certain smooth curve in

P

3

\mathbb P^3

, and our main tools are the Socle Lemma of Huneke and Ulrich together with a careful liaison argument. Our main results are (i) a proof that the property holds for

d
=
3
,
4

d=3,4

and 5; (ii) a partial result showing maximal rank in a non-trivial but incomplete range, cutting in half the previous unknown range; and (iii) a proof that maximal rank holds in a different range, even without assuming that all the generators have the same degree. We furthermore conjecture that if there were to exist any height 4 complete intersection generated by forms of the same degree and failing WLP then there must exist one (not necessarily the same one) failing by exactly one (in a sense that we make precise). Based on this conjecture we outline an approach to proving WLP for all equigenerated complete intersections in four variables. Finally, we apply our results to the Jacobian ideal of a smooth surface in 

P

3

\mathbb P^3

.
Bald sea urchin disease shifts the surface microbiome on purple sea urchins in an aquarium
Authors: Shaw Chloe G , Pavloudi Christina , Barela Hudgell Megan A , Crow Ryley S , Saw Jimmy H , Pyron R Alexander , Smith L Courtney
Published: September 2023

Bald sea urchin disease (BSUD) is most likely a bacterial infection that occurs in a wide range of sea urchin species and causes the loss of surface appendages. The disease has a variety of additional symptoms, which may be the result of the many bacteria that are associated with BSUD. Previous studies have investigated causative agents of BSUD, however, there are few reports on the surface microbiome associated with the infection. Here, we report changes to the surface microbiome on purple sea urchins in a closed marine aquarium that contracted and then recovered from BSUD in addition to the microbiome of healthy sea urchins in a separate aquarium. 16S rRNA gene sequencing shows that microhabitats of different aquaria are characterized by different microbial compositions, and that diseased, recovered, and healthy sea urchins have distinct microbial compositions, which indicates that there is a correlation between microbial shifts and recovery from disease.
The statement of financial position
Authors: Scott Peter
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines the elements that make up the statement of financial position. It looks at what constitutes an asset and a liability and how equity is calculated. It also reviews the criteria for recognizing assets and liabilities and how those assets and liabilities are classified as current or non-current. The chapter illustrates the construction of simple statements of financial position from given data and provides an idea on the kind of information it presents and what it does not. At the end of the chapter, the text takes a quick look at how new transactions affect the statement of financial position.
The statement of profit or loss
Authors: Scott Peter
Published: September 2023

This chapter looks into the statement of profit and loss: the main source of information of an entity’s financial performance for the accounting year. The difference between income and expenditure represents the profit or loss that the entity has made during that financial year. Various accounting conventions that are applied in the determination of income and costs for a period are also discussed. The application of these conventions forms a large part of this chapter. Mainly, the chapter illustrates the preparation of the statement of profit or loss for an accounting period together with the statement of financial position.
Pairwise Sequence Alignment
Authors: Momand Jamil , Mccurdy Alison , Heubach Silvia , Warter-Perez Nancy
Published: September 2023

This chapter focuses on amino acid substitution matrices and pairwise sequence comparison programs. It begins by discussing the nuts and bolts of algorithms that use data from evolution and protein domain conservation to infer whether two genes are homologs. The chapter then explores the details of how pairwise sequence alignment is performed by computer programs originally written in the 1970s and 1980s and gradually improved. To approach the pairwise sequence alignment programs, the chapter first discusses the sliding window. The sliding window accumulates information or data about the properties of a segment of amino acid residues in a window of specific length within a long polypeptide. It then investigates how the sliding window program is used to create dot plots. Next, the chapter delves into the Needleman-Wunsch global alignment program and the Smith-Waterman local alignment program. It also considers the two updated versions of the Needleman-Wunsch global alignment programs.
Water: The Matrix of Life
Authors: McKee Trudy , McKee James R.
Published: September 2023

This chapter argues that Earth is unique among the planets in the solar system, primarily because of its vast oceans of water. Despite decades of research, the source of much of the Earth’s water is still controversial. Many scientists today believe that life arose in a primordial pudding of clay and water. The chapter explains how shallow clay pools can promote the synthesis of macromolecules and how, at the start of life on Earth, they accumulated the building blocks of life. It explains how life arose in close proximity to hydrothermal vents, which were openings in the seafloor. Heated mineral-rich water flowed out of these vents and created the right environment for life to begin. The chapter points out that it is not an accident that life arose in association with water, whatever its origin, because this substance has several unusual properties that suit it to be the matrix of life. Among these are its thermal properties and unusual solvent characteristics. Water’s properties are directly related to its molecular structure.
Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
Authors: McKee Trudy , McKee James R.
Published: September 2023

This chapter discusses proteins as molecular tools. These perform an astonishing variety of functions. In addition to serving as structural materials in all living organisms, proteins are involved in diverse functions as catalysis, metabolic regulation, transport, and defence. Proteins are composed of one or more polypeptides, unbranched polymers of 20 different amino acids. The chapter looks at the genomes of organisms which specify the amino acid sequences of thousands or tens of thousands of proteins. It describes proteins as a diverse group of macromolecules that are directly related to the combinatorial possibilities of the 20 amino acid monomers. Amino acids can be theoretically linked to form protein molecules in any imaginable size or sequence.
Aerobic Metabolism II: Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation
Authors: McKee Trudy , McKee James R.
Published: September 2023

This chapter analyses how the aerobic lifestyle depends on the large quantities of energy made possible by oxygen, which is also required directly or indirectly for 1000 biochemical reactions that cannot occur under anaerobic conditions. It cites research efforts which have revealed that aerobic organisms have evolved an array of mechanisms that provide protection from the toxic by-products of oxygen metabolism. Many enzymes and antioxidant molecules prevent most oxidative cell damage. The chapter describes oxygen metabolites that are now known to contribute to an array of human disorders that include cancer and heart and neurological diseases. Oxygen has several properties that, when combined, have made possible a highly favourable mechanism for extracting energy from organic molecules.
Cleaning and preparing data for analysis
Authors: Baker Daniel H.
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines the concept of cleaning and preparing data for analysis. It starts with the messiness of collecting real data since any study of factors can affect the results. The common methods for checking data visually are histograms and scatterplots. Plotting data will often reveal obvious outlying values generated by a different process from the rest of the data set. Outliers will then be either deleted, replaced with estimated values, or left within the data set. The chapter notes several useful methods of checking distributions and rescaling data. It explains the practical issue of how to format data appropriately for use in R.
Plotting graphs and data visualization
Authors: Baker Daniel H.
Published: September 2023

This chapter highlights the importance of displaying data in a clear and interpretable way for the purpose of scientific communication. It tackles some principles of data visualization that involve different conditions, axes, variability, and data. The ggplot2 package is recognized as the most popular plotting package in R, which is part of the tidyverse suite of packages created by the makers of RStudio. The ggplot2 functions use a plotting grammar, whereby a plot is constructed by adding layers of components. The chapter then discusses how to export graphs, and also how to combine several graphs into a multipart figure within R and without the need for additional software. It explains the considerations of atypical colour vision and uniformity when choosing a colour palette for plotting.
Ecological and Evolutionary Principles of Marine Biology
Authors: Levinton Jeffrey S.
Published: September 2023

This chapter focuses on the ecological and evolutionary principles of marine biology. It starts with the definition of ecology, which is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment and the effects of these interactions on the distribution and abundance of organisms. The ecological hierarchy consists of the individual, population or species, community, ecosystem, and biosphere. Meanwhile, community ecology helps determine the distributions of how species alter their habitat to allow others to live there. The chapter considers direct interactions among species in an ecosystem, such as competition and predation. It mentions how natural selection can result in changes in traits that vary in function of genetic polymorphism and plasticity.
Benthic Microorganisms, Seaweeds, and Sea Grasses
Authors: Levinton Jeffrey S.
Published: September 2023

This chapter discusses the diversity of microorganisms, algae, and plants that live on the seabed. It primarily focuses on benthic microorganisms, seaweeds, and sea grasses. All living organisms can be divided among basic domains based on DNA sequence relationships. Thus, according to Carl Worse and his colleague's data from DNA sequencing of ribosomal DNA genes: the three major divisions of life were Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. The chapter also considers the function and characteristics of bacteria, which are known to be crucial in the process of decomposition. It discusses the features of cyanobacteria, diatoms, fungi, seaweeds, chlorophyta, and sea grasses.
The Tidelands
Authors: Levinton Jeffrey S.
Published: September 2023

This chapter tackles the habitats formed in tidelands, which primarily involve rocky shores, soft-substratum shores, marshes, mangroves, estuaries, and oyster reefs. Most ecological processes operate within a strong physiological gradient, from a marine to a terrestrial environment in each tidal cycle. Meanwhile, high nutrient inputs and the removal of predators have created ecological instability. Since oysters occur in reefs, which are structures that increase local biodiversity, their feeding and biodisposition may strongly affect the overlying water column and nitrogen cycling in some estuaries. The chapter shows how pollution, disease, and overexploitation of oysters have resulted in widespread degradation of oyster reefs throughout the world.
Animals and Environments
Authors: Hill Richard W. , Cavanaugh Daniel J. , Anderson Margaret
Published: September 2023

This chapter introduces animal physiology as the study of animal function. It cites how the study of physiology is about the surface impressions of the inner workings of animals, which includes the principal discipline in the understanding of health and disease. Structural dynamism is a fundamental and crucially important way in which animals differ from inanimate objects. The chapter also highlights the importance of an environment, referencing how it is composed of chemical, physical, and biotic components of an organism's surroundings. It considers the evolutionary process and origins of physiological traits, which are highly influenced by the traits matching the environments the animals occupy.
Molecules and Cells in Animal Physiology
Authors: Hill Richard W. , Cavanaugh Daniel J. , Anderson Margaret
Published: September 2023

This chapter discusses the importance of molecules and cells in animals. It cites that molecules and cells are the building blocks of tissues and other higher levels of organisation. The fundamental structural and functional properties of molecules and cells revolve around cell membranes, epithelia, enzyme function, and mechanisms by which cells receive and act on signals. The chapter elaborates on the role cellular enzymes play as agents of regulation of cell function. It looks into the evolution of enzymes wherein protein evolution can be either elucidated by studies of genes or studies of proteins. Meanwhile, cells send signals to each other that serve to coordinate cell functions throughout the body.
Introduction to Deuterostomia, and the Phylum Hemichordata
Authors: Brusca Richard C. , Giribet Gonzalo , Moore Wendy
Published: September 2023

This chapter focuses on the clade Deuterostomia, which consists of the phylum of Chordata, Hemichordata, and Echinodermata. Deuterostomia is an ancient lineage, and dated phylogenetic trees suggest the ancestral line existed well into the Precambrian. The clade is defined primarily by molecular phylogenetic evidence, although enterocoelic development leading to a trimeric condition of the coelomic cavities is unique to the deuterostomes and might be a synapomorphy. The chapter discusses the two classes of the hemichordate body plan, which concern members of the two classes, Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia. Molecular phylogenic analyses feature the consistency and favourability of the sister-group relationship between hemichordates and echinoderms.
Jawless Vertebrates and the Origin of Gnathostomes
Authors: Harvey Pough F. , Bemis William E. , Mcguire Betty , Janis Christine M.
Published: September 2023

This chapter discusses early vertebrates. These were more complex and more active animals than the nonvertebrate chordates. Novel vertebrate anatomical features included a tripartite brain enclosed by a cranium, and a muscular pharynx for using the gills for respiration rather than for filter feeding. The chapter mentions gnathostomes, jawed vertebrates which represent an increase in complexity in the vertebrate body plan and reflects the vertebrate mode of life as an active predator. Soft-bodied vertebrates were known to derive from the early Cambrian and the earliest known vertebrates with bone or ostracoderms from the Late Ordovician. The chapter looks at the earliest evidence of bone in vertebrates. This is covered in the odontodes of the dermal head shield of ostracoderms and their bony tissues included bone, dentine, and enamaloid.