bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reduction of soil and phosphorus losses by using micro‐dams in furrow irrigation
Authors: Keshavarz Mohammad Sadegh , Ebrahimian Hamed , Abbasi Fariborz , Playán Enrique
Published: May 2022

The suspension of eroded soil in surface runoff ultimately leads to the transfer of nutrients to land and water resources. Placing soil or straw (as a barrier) inside irrigated furrows in order to reduce water flow velocity, as a traditional local practice, has not been investigated from the environmental point of view. In this research, the effect of micro‐dams (barriers built inside the irrigated furrows, also known as tied ridges or furrow dikes) on the reduction of soil and phosphorus losses was investigated. Field experiments were performed in four consequent irrigation events. Two erosive inflow discharges (0.6 and 0.9 L/s) and two micro‐dam distances (10 and 20 m) were implemented as test treatments. A control treatment, without micro‐dams, was used for comparison purposes. For the discharge of 0.6 L/s, micro‐dams reduced furrow soil loss by 25% and 33% for distances of 20 and 10 m, respectively. For 0.9 L/s, soil loss was reduced by 25% and 59% for distances of 20 and 10 m, respectively. Micro‐dams also reduced dissolved phosphorus losses in runoff water by 13% to 37%, depending on discharge and distance, as compared to the control treatment. Micro‐dams can effectively reduce water, soil and phosphorus losses.
On the role of skeletal muscle acidosis and inorganic phosphates as determinants of central and peripheral fatigue: A 31P‐MRS study
Authors: Hureau Thomas J. , Broxterman Ryan M. , Weavil Joshua C. , Lewis Matthew T. , Layec Gwenael , Amann Markus
Published: May 2022

Intramuscular hydrogen ion (H+) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) concentrations were dissociated during exercise to challenge their relationships with peripheral and central fatigue in vivo. Ten recreationally active, healthy men (27 ± 5 years; 180 ± 4 cm; 76 ± 10 kg) performed two consecutive intermittent isometric single‐leg knee‐extensor trials (60 maximal voluntary contractions; 3 s contraction, 2 s relaxation) interspersed with 5 min of rest. Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P‐MRS) was used to continuously quantify intramuscular [H+] and [Pi] during both trials. Using electrical femoral nerve stimulation, quadriceps twitch force (Qtw) and voluntary activation (VA) were quantified at rest and throughout both trials. Decreases in Qtw and VA from baseline were used to determine peripheral and central fatigue, respectively. Qtw was strongly related to both [H+] (β coefficient: −0.9, P < 0.0001) and [Pi] (−1.1, P < 0.0001) across trials. There was an effect of trial on the relationship between Qtw and [H+] (−0.5, P < 0.0001), but not Qtw and [Pi] (0.0, P = 0.976). This suggests that, unlike the unaltered association with [Pi], a given level of peripheral fatigue was associated with a different [H+] in Trial 1 vs. Trial 2. VA was related to [H+] (−0.3, P < 0.0001), but not [Pi] (−0.2, P = 0.243), across trials and there was no effect of trial (−0.1, P = 0.483). Taken together, these results support intramuscular Pi as a primary cause of peripheral fatigue, and muscle acidosis, probably acting on group III/IV muscle afferents in the interstitial space, as a contributor to central fatigue during exercise.

image

Key points

We investigated the relationship between intramuscular metabolites and neuromuscular function in humans performing two maximal, intermittent, knee‐extension trials interspersed with 5 min of rest.

Concomitant measurements of intramuscular hydrogen (H+) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) concentrations, as well as quadriceps twitch‐force (Qtw) and voluntary activation (VA), were made throughout each trial using phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P‐MRS) and electrical femoral nerve stimulations.

Although [Pi] fully recovered prior to the onset of the second trial, [H+] did not.

Qtw was strongly related to both [H+] and [Pi] across both trials. However, the relationship between Qtw and [H+] shifted leftward from the first to the second trial, whereas the relationship between Qtw and [Pi] remained unaltered. VA was related to [H+], but not [Pi], across both trials.

These in vivo findings support the hypotheses of intramuscular Pi as a primary cause of peripheral fatigue, and muscle acidosis, probably acting on group III/IV muscle afferents, as a contributor to central fatigue.
Back Matter
Authors: Kiefner J. F. , Clark E.B.
Published: May 2022

This back matter contains the Glossary of Terms and Definitions.
Historical Overview
Authors: Kiefner J. F. , Clark E.B.
Published: May 2022

Prior to 1812 pipe and tubing for various uses was hand-made from wrought-iron plate by heating, bending, lapping and hammering the edges together. In 1812 an Englishman named Osborne invented machines to do much the same thing in a process known as “hammer lap-welding”. Later, in 1824 and 1825 came the process known as butt welding or furnace butt welding. Still later followed the development of continuous lap welding in the 1840's. The first extruded wrought-iron seamless tubing appeared in the 1836 with improvements arising in 1840 and 1845. It remained a costly process, however, and seamless tubing was little-used until the invention of rotary piercing in 1886. The invention of the Bessemer process for making steel in 1856 made possible the first butt-welded and lap-welded steel pipe in 1887. By 1900 most pipe was made from steel by either butt welding (1/8 to 4-inch diameter) or lap welding (2 to 12-inch diameter).
Low-overhead fault-tolerant quantum computing using long-range connectivity
Authors: Cohen Lawrence Z. , Kim Isaac H. , Bartlett Stephen D. , Brown Benjamin J.
Published: May 2022

Vast numbers of qubits will be needed for large-scale quantum computing because of the overheads associated with error correction. We present a scheme for low-overhead fault-tolerant quantum computation based on quantum low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes, where long-range interactions enable many logical qubits to be encoded with a modest number of physical qubits. In our approach, logic gates operate via logical Pauli measurements that preserve both the protection of the LDPC codes and the low overheads in terms of the required number of additional qubits. Compared with surface codes with the same code distance, we estimate order-of-magnitude improvements in the overheads for processing around 100 logical qubits using this approach. Given the high thresholds demonstrated by LDPC codes, our estimates suggest that fault-tolerant quantum computation at this scale may be achievable with a few thousand physical qubits at comparable error rates to what is needed for current approaches.
Protein lifetimes in aged brains reveal a proteostatic adaptation linking physiological aging to neurodegeneration
Authors: Kluever Verena , Russo Belisa , Mandad Sunit , Kumar Nisha Hemandhar , Alevra Mihai , Ori Alessandro , Rizzoli Silvio O. , Urlaub Henning , Schneider Anja , Fornasiero Eugenio F.
Published: May 2022

Aging is a prominent risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs); however, the molecular mechanisms rendering the aged brain particularly susceptible to neurodegeneration remain unclear. Here, we aim to determine the link between physiological aging and NDDs by exploring protein turnover using metabolic labeling and quantitative pulse-SILAC proteomics. By comparing protein lifetimes between physiologically aged and young adult mice, we found that in aged brains protein lifetimes are increased by ~20% and that aging affects distinct pathways linked to NDDs. Specifically, a set of neuroprotective proteins are longer-lived in aged brains, while some mitochondrial proteins linked to neurodegeneration are shorter-lived. Strikingly, we observed a previously unknown alteration in proteostasis that correlates to parsimonious turnover of proteins with high biosynthetic costs, revealing an overall metabolic adaptation that preludes neurodegeneration. Our findings suggest that future therapeutic paradigms, aimed at addressing these metabolic adaptations, might be able to delay NDD onset.
Hierarchical twinning governed by defective twin boundary in metallic materials
Authors: Zhu Qi , Huang Qishan , Tian Yanzhong , Zhao Shuchun , Chen Yingbin , Cao Guang , Song Kexing , Zhou Yanjun , Yang Wei , Zhang Ze , An Xianghai , Zhou Haofei , Wang Jiangwei
Published: May 2022

Dense networks of deformation twins endow metals and alloys with unprecedented mechanical properties. However, the formation mechanism of these hierarchical twin structures remains under debate, especially their relations with the imperfect nature of twin boundaries (TBs). Here, we investigate the intrinsic deformability of defective TBs in face-centered cubic metallic materials, where the inherent kinks on a set of primary TBs are demonstrated to facilitate the formation of secondary and hierarchical nanotwins. This defect-driven hierarchical twinning propensity is critically dependent on the kink height, which proves to be generally applicable in a variety of metals and alloys with low stacking fault energies. As a geometric extreme, a fivefold twin can be constructed via this self-activated hierarchical twinning mechanism. These findings differ from the conventional twinning mechanisms, enriching our understanding of twinning-mediated plasticity in metallic materials.
On-skin paintable biogel for long-term high-fidelity electroencephalogram recording
Authors: Wang Chunya , Wang Haoyang , Wang Binghao , Miyata Hiroo , Wang Yan , Nayeem Md Osman Goni , Kim Jae Joon , Lee Sunghoon , Yokota Tomoyuki , Onodera Hiroshi , Someya Takao
Published: May 2022

Long-term high-fidelity electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings are critical for clinical and brain science applications. Conductive liquid-like or solid-like wet interface materials have been conventionally used as reliable interfaces for EEG recording. However, because of their simplex liquid or solid phase, electrodes with them as interfaces confront inadequate dynamic adaptability to hairy scalp, which makes it challenging to maintain stable and efficient contact of electrodes with scalp for long-term EEG recording. Here, we develop an on-skin paintable conductive biogel that shows temperature-controlled reversible fluid-gel transition to address the abovementioned limitation. This phase transition endows the biogel with unique on-skin paintability and in situ gelatinization, establishing conformal contact and dynamic compliance of electrodes with hairy scalp. The biogel is demonstrated as an efficient interface for long-term high-quality EEG recording over several days and for the high-performance capture and classification of evoked potentials. The paintable biogel offers a biocompatible and long-term reliable interface for EEG-based systems.
Clostridium septicum
α-toxin activates the NLRP3 inflammasome by engaging GPI-anchored proteins
Authors: Jing Weidong , Pilato Jordan Lo , Kay Callum , Feng Shouya , Tuipulotu Daniel Enosi , Mathur Anukriti , Shen Cheng , Ngo Chinh , Zhao Anyang , Miosge Lisa A. , Ali Sidra A. , Gardiner Elizabeth E. , Awad Milena M. , Lyras Dena , Robertson Avril A. B. , Kaakoush Nadeem O. , Man Si Ming
Published: May 2022

Clostridium
species are a group of Gram-positive bacteria that cause diseases in humans, such as food poisoning, botulism, and tetanus. Here, we analyzed 10 different
Clostridium
species and identified that
Clostridium septicum
, a pathogen that causes sepsis and gas gangrene, activates the mammalian cytosolic inflammasome complex in mice and humans. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that α-toxin secreted by
C. septicum
binds to glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)–anchored proteins on the host plasma membrane, oligomerizing and forming a membrane pore that is permissive to efflux of magnesium and potassium ions. Efflux of these cytosolic ions triggers the activation of the innate immune sensor NLRP3, inducing activation of caspase-1 and gasdermin D, secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and interleukin-18, pyroptosis, and plasma membrane rupture via ninjurin-1. Furthermore, α-toxin of
C. septicum
induces rapid inflammasome-mediated lethality in mice and pharmacological inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome using MCC950 prevents
C. septicum
–induced lethality. Overall, our results reveal that cytosolic innate sensing of α-toxin is central to the recognition of
C. septicum
infection and that therapeutic blockade of the inflammasome pathway may prevent sepsis and death caused by toxin-producing pathogens.
Feasibility of two-dimensional die-level plasma process monitoring using spatially resolvable optical emission spectrometers
Authors: Lee Jin Young , Kim Dae-Woong , Hur Min , Song Young-Hoon , Yi Hun-Jung , Lee Chang-Sug , Kim Nu-Ri , Kang Woo Seok
Published: May 2022

We demonstrated the feasibility of die-level process monitoring using spatially resolvable optical emission spectrometers (SROESs) in a low-pressure plasma reactor. The spatially resolved Ar emission line intensities and their intensity ratios were obtained from uniformly generated and intentionally perturbed plasma by inserting conductors of known sizes at known locations. The sheath and perturbed plasma distributions were identified from the Ar emission line intensity and their intensity ratio in the lateral direction to the SROES installment orientation. However, the resolution in the axial direction was insufficient to identify the sheath and perturbed the plasma distribution. We propose the superimposition of measured plasma emission intensities from two perpendicularly aligned SROESs for die-level process monitoring. The insufficient axial resolution can be compensated for by the lateral resolution of another SROES, and die-level process monitoring using SROES can thus be realized.
First principles calculations of the magnetic properties of PbTi1−xMnxO3
Authors: Ismayilova N.A. , Jabarov S.H.
Published: May 2022

Electronic, optical, and magnetic properties of the Mn-doped PbTiO3 compound were investigated by using density functional theory (DFT). We revealed that this compound has an indirect band gap of 3.01 eV. The calculated complex dielectric functions were in good agreement with the available experimental results. Our calculation demonstrated that Mn substitution changes the nonspin-polarized state of pure PbTiO3 to the spin-polarized state. O and Pb vacancies do not exhibit magnetism. However, Ti vacancies cause magnetism in the crystal, and the calculated magnetic moment was 1.68 µB.
Study of the KNO scaling in $$ pp$$ collisions at $$\sqrt{s}$$ from 0.9 to 13 TeV using results of the ATLAS at the LHC
Authors: Kulchitsky Yuri , Tsiareshka Pavel
Published: May 2022

The comparisons of the charged-particle multiplicity and the average transverse momentum distributions on the scaled multiplicity, KNO scale, using the results of the ATLAS collaboration at the LHC are presented. These distributions were measured in proton–proton collisions at centre-of-mass energies from 0.9 to 13 TeV for the absolute pseudorapidity region less than 2.5 and two samples of events with each charged-particle transverse momentum greater than 100 and 500 MeV, respectively. The shape evolution of the multiplicity distributions with a collision energy is studied in terms of KNO scaling variables. The charged-particle multiplicity distributions on the KNO scale have the similar shape and decrease with increasing collision energy. The KNO distributions tend to be independent of energy for the highest energies. The average transverse momentum distributions on the KNO scale have a similar shape and increase with increasing collision energy.
Electron-impact excitation of the 5$$\varvec{^2\textbf{S}_{1/2} \rightarrow 5^2\textbf{P}_{1/2}}$$ and 5$$\varvec{^2\textbf{P}_{3/2}}$$ transitions in rubidium by 40 eV electrons: theory and experiment
Authors: Hamilton K. R. , Zatsarinny O. , Bartschat K. , Predojević B. , Šević D. , Marinković B. P. , Brunger M. J.
Published: May 2022

We report on a series of detailed Breit-Pauli and Dirac B-spline R-matrix (DBSR) differential cross section (DCS) calculations for excitation of the $$5\,^2\textrm{S}_{1/2} \rightarrow 5\,^2\textrm{P}_{1/2}$$

5

2

S

1
/
2

→
5

2

P

1
/
2

and $$5\,^2\textrm{S}_{1/2}\rightarrow 5\,^2\textrm{P}_{3/2}$$

5

2

S

1
/
2

→
5

2

P

3
/
2

states in rubidium by 40 eV incident electrons. The early BP computations shown here were carried out with both 5 states and 12 states, while the DBSR models coupled 150 and 325 states, respectively. We also report corresponding results from a limited set of DCS measurements on the unresolved $$5\,^2\textrm{P}_{1/2,3/2}$$

5

2

P

1
/
2
,
3
/
2

states, with the experimental data being restricted to the scattered electron angular range 2–$$10^\circ $$

10
∘

. Typically, good agreement is found between our calculated and measured DCS for excitation of the unresolved $$5\,^2\textrm{P}_{1/2,3/2}$$

5

2

P

1
/
2
,
3
/
2

states, with best accord being found between the DBSR predictions and the measured data. The present theoretical and experimental results are also compared with predictions from earlier 40 eV calculations using the nonrelativistic Distorted-Wave Born Approximation and a Relativistic Distorted-Wave model.

Graphic abstract
Rashba effect in a quantum dot subject to a parabolic confining potential and external fields
Authors: Mikhail I. F. I. , Ismail I. M. M. , El Shafee M. M.
Published: May 2022

The Rashba effect has been investigated in a spherical quantum dot confined by a radial parabolic potential. Also, external parallel magnetic and electric fields have been applied. The solution of the Schrödinger equation in the presence of the Rashba interactions has been derived by applying an approach that differs from the one used in an earlier treatment. The wave function in the presence of these interactions has been expanded in terms of the eigenfunctions of the Hamiltonian in their absence. In our opinion, the form introduced for the wave function presents the exact solution in a more accurate manner. The coefficients of expansion have been chosen either to depend on the three quantum numbers involved or on the principal quantum number only. The results have shown that the Rashba interactions have a considerable effect on the electron energy levels and on their splitting. The variation of this effect with the applied fields and the Rashba coupling strength has been investigated.

Graphical abstract
Approximation of the Lévy–Feller advection–diffusion process by lattice Boltzmann method
Authors: Dai Houping , Wei Xuedan , Li Mengjun , Zheng Zhoushun
Published: May 2022

In this paper, in order to expand the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) to deal with more space-fractional systems, a fresh lattice Boltzmann scheme is proposed to approximate a Lévy–Feller advection–diffusion process, which is governed by the Lévy–Feller fractional advection–diffusion equation (LFADE). First, the fractional integral operator is discretized and the LFADE is transformed into a standard equation. Second, combining with Taylor expansion and Chapman–Enskog analysis, a family of the LFADE is recovered correctly from the continuous Boltzmann equation through selecting the equilibrium distribution functions. Finally, some test examples are presented and it is found that the numerical results agree well with the analytical solutions. In addition, the result in terms of stability is also tested by comparing with previous studies.
Alexander and Markov theorems for generalized knots, I
Authors: Bartholomew Andrew , Fenn Roger
Published: May 2022

In this paper, we look at which Alexander and Markov theorems can be defined for generalized knot theories.
Microscopic description of even–even medium-mass tellurium isotopes within the projected shell model
Authors: Sharma Shivali , Devi Rani , Khosa S. K.
Published: May 2022

The low-lying energy levels, B(E2) transition probabilities and g-factors of even–even medium-mass tellurium isotopes have been studied by employing the projected shell model (PSM) approach. The oblate ground state deformations are taken in this study that were predicted in previous relativistic Hartree Bogoliubov mean field study. The low-lying yrast and yrare states are reproduced well in these calculations. The energy and configuration of yre states are also predicted. The experimental B(E2) values and their systematics with neutron number are reproduced well in the medium-mass Te isotopes. The experimental data are available for [Formula: see text]-factors of 2[Formula: see text] states of [Formula: see text]Te isotopes which is in line with these calculations. The enhancement of g-factors at spin I = 6[Formula: see text] in all the Te isotopes considered may be attributable to the alignment of protons in [Formula: see text] subshell. Furthermore, the reduction of g-factors at spin [Formula: see text] in [Formula: see text]Te and [Formula: see text] in [Formula: see text]Te may be attributable to the alignment of neutrons in the [Formula: see text] subshell. The 8[Formula: see text] states of [Formula: see text]Te are envisaged to be of [Formula: see text] nature and in [Formula: see text]Te these states are found to be of [Formula: see text] nature.
CLINICAL RESULTS OF EVOLUTIONAL CHANGE OF PRACTICE FROM OPEN TO ENDOSCOPIC SURGERY FOR CERVICAL DISC HERNIATION AND FORAMINAL STENOSIS
Authors: Kim Hyeun Sung , Wu Pang Hung , Kim Ji Yeon , Lee Yeon Jin , Lee Jun Hyung , Jeon Jun Bok , Jang Il-Tae
Published: May 2022

Objective: Limited literature on the effect on clinical and radiological outcomes in cervical endoscopic spine surgery replacing a large percentage of open and microscopic minimally invasive surgery on outcomes in patients for cervical disc herniations and foraminal pathologies.

Methods: Retrospective comparative cohort study of two periods of 2015 to 2017 (first generation) is compared to 2018–2020 (second generation) on surgical treatment of degenerative cervical spinal conditions for 132 spinal cases. Basic demographics, preoperative, post-operative 1 week, 3 months and final follow-up of patients’ clinical outcomes in terms of Visual Analog Scale Pain Score, Neck Disability Index, Japanese Orthopaedic Association Score and MacNab’s Criteria were evaluated.

Results: In the first generation, 50 cases of cervical disc herniation and foraminal stenosis with 70% open anterior cervical discectomy fusion or disc replacement 30% of the cases underwent posterior cervical endoscopic procedures with complication rate of 2%. In the second generation, 82 cases of cervical disc herniation and foraminal stenosis with 7% open anterior cervical discectomy fusion or disc replacement 93% of the cases underwent posterior cervical endoscopic procedures with complication rate of 6%. Compared to preoperative score, motor, JOA, VAS and NDI scores all statistically significant improved within the individual cohort. Compared to the first generation, the second generation has statistically significant improved VAS of 0.326+/−0.146 at 3 months and 0.648+/−0.163 at final follow-up and statistically significant improved NDI of 2.81+/−1.15 at final follow-up, p < 0.05.

Conclusions: Generation change of increasing percentage of endoscopic surgeries and expansion of endoscopic spinal indications over open surgeries in degenerative spinal conditions and disc herniations are possible as a surgeon gets more experience with endoscopic spine surgery producing good clinical outcomes.
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE AND CLINICAL BENEFITS IN FULL-ENDOSCOPIC TRANS-KAMBIN TRIANGLE LUMBAR INTERBODY FUSION (KLIF): A REVIEW
Authors: Sairyo Koichi , Morimoto Masatoshi , Yamashita Kazuta , Tezuka Fumitake , Sugiura Kosuke , Takeuchi Makoto , Tamaki Shunsuke , Abe Takuma , Ota Kohei , Nakagawa Shinya , Inokuchi Takashi , Fujitani Junzo
Published: May 2022

Full-endoscopic surgery started as discectomy via the transforaminal route toward the end of the 20th century. The interlaminar route was subsequently used for herniated nucleus pulposus at the L5/S1 level in patients with an anatomically high iliac crest. Thus, two full-endoscopic approaches are described in the literature. Furthermore, the surgical indications have expanded from discectomy to decompression and, most recently, to interbody fusion. The term used to describe interbody fusion surgery performed via the transforaminal route using a facet-preserving technique is trans-Kambin fusion (KLIF) and that used to describe such surgery when performed after facetectomy using the interlaminar technique is transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF). Therefore, we have agreed the nomenclature of full-endoscopic facet-preserving KLIF and full-endoscopic facet-sacrificing TLIF. We have been performing full-endoscopic KLIF surgery since 2018. This review describes the surgical technique used for full-endoscopic KLIF, its clinical outcomes, and how it differs from full-endoscopic TLIF.
A New Crack Detection Method Based on the Correlation Analysis of Frequency Response Function Curvature Differentiation (FRFCD)
Authors: Zhou Li , Zhang Tianqi , Luo Yanyun , Liu Yan
Published: May 2022

Structural inherent dynamic characteristics would change when damage occurs, and this fact is the theoretical basis of damage detection method based on vibration features. As one of structural inherent properties, frequency response function (FRF) contains rich information and has more potential in damage detection. On the basis of crack detection researches, a new method based on the change of FRF is proposed in this paper. First, the single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system is used to illustrated the change of dynamic features caused by cracks represented by changing stiffness, and it is found that the change of stiffness leads to the obvious nonlinear variation of frequency response function curvature (FRFC) and frequency response function curvature differentiation (FRFCD) near the natural frequency. To describe this phenomenon, the Pearson correlation coefficient is employed to analyze correlation relationship of FRF, FRFC and FRFCD between the undamaged and the damaged system. The results demonstrate that absolute values of these coefficients approach from 1 to 0 with the increase of stiffness change. The rail with cracks is taken as the research object, and relationships between the crack size and the correlation coefficients of FRF, FRFC and FRFCD are investigated through the combination of finite element simulation and frequency response experiment. The correlation coefficients of FRF, FRFC and FRFCD are close to 1 when the structure is intact. When cracks occur, the absolute value of the correlation coefficient will gradually trend from 1 to 0, and the sensitivity of FRFCD correlation coefficient to crack is much higher than that of FRF and FRFC. The selection of calculated frequency bands containing different modes and the damping of the structure would affect the absolute value of FRFCD correlation coefficient, but will not change the characteristics of high sensitivity of FRFCD and the relationship between the coefficient and crack size. Besides, noise signals would enhance the nonlinear relationship between responses of intact structure and the structure with cracks, and the FRFCD correlation coefficient value is influenced accordingly.
Trace mappings on quasi-Banach modulation spaces and applications to pseudo-differential operators of amplitude type
Authors: Toft Joachim , Bhimani Divyang G. , Manna Ramesh
Published: May 2022

We deduce trace properties for modulation spaces (including certain Wiener-amalgam spaces) of Gelfand–Shilov distributions.We use these results to show that [Formula: see text]dos with amplitudes in suitable modulation spaces, agree with normal type [Formula: see text]dos whose symbols belong to (other) modulation spaces. In particular we extend earlier trace results for modulation spaces, to include quasi-Banach modulation spaces. We also apply our results to extend earlier results on Schatten-von Neumann and nuclear properties for [Formula: see text]dos with amplitudes in modulation spaces.
Estimation of the Welding Current in Gas Tungsten Arc Welded (GTAW) Process with a Specified Width Penetration for AISI 304 Stainless Steel
Authors: Quan Nguyen , Long Nguyen Nhut Phi , Son Nguyen Hoai
Published: May 2022

Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), also known as tungsten inert gas welding, is now widely used in the manufacturing industry. In GTAW, the weld size, especially the weld depth, is one of the important parameters of the weld. Many studies demonstrated that the weld depth significantly affects the quality of the weld joint and is greatly influenced by the welding current. Thus, estimating the welding current value for the desired weld depth is necessary. This paper presents a method to estimate the welding current in the GTAW process with a specified width penetration for AISI 304 stainless steel with 0.8[Formula: see text]mm thickness. The welding current determination of the GTAW process is performed by using the inverse method. In this work, the inverse method utilized is the Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) method. The advantage of the method is that the algorithm is simple, easy to apply, and has a high convergence rate. Two examples are considered to demonstrate the proposed method. The relative error between the desired width penetration of the weld value and the estimated width penetration of the weld by the LM method is very small (0.2% for case 1 and 0.08% for case 2). The results show that the proposed method efficiently estimates the welding current for a specified width penetration in the GTAW process.
A Prestressed Intracellular Biomechanical Model for the Platelet to Capture the Disc-to-Sphere Morphological Change from Resting to Activated State
Authors: Han Dong , Zhang Jiafeng , He Ge , Griffith Bartley P. , Wu Zhongjun J.
Published: May 2022

This paper proposes a biomechanical platelet model with an intracellular prestressed assumption. The platelet structure is composed of a membrane cortex and a marginal band (MB). The membrane cortex is assumed in a spherical shape in its initial state and modeled using spring-network elements widely used for the similar membrane structure of red blood cells. The MB is modeled as one solid torus, which employs the hyperelastic material model, and is confined inside the cortex through a contact model. In the initial equilibrium state, the platelet has a stable, flat, and discoid shape. Upon activation, the possible mechanism of the unbinding rate of crosslink between the microtubules (MTs) is assumed to break the homogeneous stiffness of the MB, which causes the platelet to have a disc-to-sphere morphological transition. The numerical results and the experimental images of the MBs show good agreement. The proposed model provides a novelty in relating the mechanical property changes of the MB to the platelet morphological changes upon activation, thus, can provide a possible engineering tool to reveal the intriguing behavior of platelet upon activation.
Some Properties of Grey S-Acts Over Monoids
Authors: Hezarjaribi Masoomeh , Habibi Zohreh
Published: May 2022

In this paper, we introduce the concept of grey S-acts and morphisms between grey S-acts on monoids, which construct a category, namely, [Formula: see text]. Next, we define indecomposable, cyclic, free and projective grey S-acts. We show that any grey S-act is a free grey S-act if and only if it is a free object in this category. Also, we show that any grey S-act is epimorphism image of any free grey S-act. We prove that any free grey S-act is a projective grey S-act and any cyclic grey S-act is an indecomposable grey S-act.
Effect of suction process on the growth of a convective gas bubble in diver’s tissues
Authors: Mohamed Khaled G. , Mohammadein Selim A. , Abu-Nab Ahmed K.
Published: May 2022

The motivation of this research is to study the effect of suction process on a growing gas bubble and concentration distribution around this bubble in tissues of divers who surface too quickly. The effect of bubble motion is also considered. The method of combined variables is used to solve the problem by combining the radial and time variables into one variable by using a suitable similarity transformation that enables to divide the diffusion equation into two ODEs, the first concerns to concentration distribution and the other concerns to the bubble radius evolution. The resultant formulae are valid for both growth stages whenever the ambient pressure is variable at ascending of the diver, or constant as the diving stops or at sea-level. The effects of physical parameters are discussed when applying suction process and show that the dominant parameter is the initial void fraction. The research findings reveal the role of suction process to activate the systemic blood circulation and delay the growth of gas bubbles in the tissues and reduce the incidence of decompression illness (DCI). This research also provides evidence and agrees with the previous experimental studies to support the use of suction therapy to reduce the DCI harmful effects.
Novel intense pulsed light-photodynamic therapy strategy in the treatment of facial actinic keratoses concomitant with rosacea
Authors: Shen Shuzhan , Cao Yajing , Li Jiandan , Liu Xiaojing , Zhou Zhongxia , Wang Xiuli , Wang Peiru
Published: May 2022

Rosacea presents as transient or persistent erythema, papules, pustules, flushing, and telangiectasia on the middle of the face, which has some clinical similarity with actinic keratosis (AK). These two conditions can coexist in the same patient. Dermoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) could be useful methods for diagnosis and monitoring treatment efficacy. Novel intense pulsed light-photodynamic therapy (IPL-PDT) may have better tolerance and curative effect than traditional red-light 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT). Herein, we present a case of facial AKs concomitant with rosacea where combination therapy of novel IPL-PDT and oral minocycline was effective in that AK lesions were eliminated and the patient’s facial erythema and telangiectasia were significantly improved.
Ag/Co/B tri-doped TiO2/SiO2 film for enhancing photocatalytic degradation
Authors: Cheng Jianan , Peng Xuelei , Li Fang , Li Guobao , Yao Mingming
Published: May 2022

Ag/Co/B tri-doped TiO2/SiO2 film was prepared by the sol–gel method, and the structure and properties of this film were characterized by the X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) test method, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), differential thermal analysis-thermogravimetry (DTA-TG), photoluminescence (PL), and UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectrum (UV-vis DRS). XRD results indicated that the film structure of this film conforms to the anatase single crystal form. The presence of SiO2 can inhibit the formation of brookite and prevent the conversion of anatase into rutile. BET and FE-SEM results revealed that the film had a higher specific surface area and smaller grain size compared with pure TiO2 film. DTA-TG results exposed that the film had excellent thermal stability at 450[Formula: see text]C. Due to the spectacular adsorption capacity of SiO2 and the Schottky barrier formed between Ag and TiO2, this film improved the h[Formula: see text]/e[Formula: see text] separation efficiency and optical absorption performance showed by PL results. UV-vis DRS results displayed that the band gap energy (2.47 eV) of the film was clearly lower than that of pure TiO2 film, due to the intermediate energy levels generated by Co and B ions doping. The photocatalytic activity of the film was verified by ultraviolet and visible light degradation experiments of two different organic pollutants. The experimental results exhibited that the film had excellent photocatalytic degradation ability and stability. Ultimately, a possible synergistic mechanism of photocatalysis was proposed in this paper.
Residual stress investigation of ceramic-shot-peened flange pin with finite element analysis
Authors: Cheng Yinda , Liu Rong , Zhang Zhong , Zhang Xiaozhou
Published: May 2022

The flange pin of landing gears, which is made of high strength low alloy, is peened with ZirShot-ZC600 ceramic shots. The residual stresses generated in the peened flange pin, which will affect the fatigue performance of the pin, are investigated with finite element analysis (FEA). Three-dimensional FEA model is created to simulate the target surface and shot peening flow which is generated randomly using the MATLAB program. It is revealed that the residual stresses of the peened surface layer in longitudinal, circumferential and radial direction all vary in depth from the target surface and they are all compressive with the maximum compressive stresses occurring at subsurface. The effects of target surface curvature and shot peening angle on the residual stress profiles in the peened surface are also studied. The FEA simulation results show that the maximum residual stresses in flat surface are greater than that in the surface with curvature and with increasing peening angle, the location of the maximum residual stresses moves down in depth from the peened surface.
Privacy protection model considering privacy-utility trade-off for data publishing of weighted social networks based on MST-clustering and sub-graph generalization
Authors: Yang Zong-Chang , Kuang Hong , Liu Jian-Xun
Published: May 2022

Along with the rapid development of the Internet technology, social network sites (SNSs) are increasingly emerging. As various types of datasets are easily exposed to the network, privacy security in SNS becomes the focus of the study. Anonymization techniques, such as generalization and bucketization, and data perturbation techniques are usually employed in data publishing for privacy protection. However, in the meanwhile, the privacy protection methods reduce the utility of the data. Thus, the issue of privacy-utility trade-off becomes one very real problem. By considering the privacy-utility trade-off and combining the minimum spanning tree (MST) clustering technique and the sub-graph generalization technique, a privacy protection model is proposed for data publishing in weighted social networks. The MST-based clustering method is one representative and concise graph-based clustering algorithm. Meanwhile, as one MST of an edge-weighted graph is the minimum weight spanning tree, some important properties of the graph like the shortest path are preserved in the MST. Finally, on the basis of sub-graphs (clusters) divided by the MST-clustering, three sub-graph generalization approaches are designed in one reasonable way for data publishing to guarantee the privacy-utility trade-off of the proposed method. Experiments and result analysis indicate workability of the proposed method that the proposed model offers privacy protection for the data publishing by means of the sub-graph generalization approach while it can also improve the data utility especially for occasions like data mining, machine learning, and pattern recognition.
Modeling for Improved Performance of Ultra-Fast Nonvolatile Toggle Spin Torque MRAM Bit-Cell
Authors: Jain Divyansh , Dahiya Sunil , Verma Gaurav
Published: May 2022

In the recent past, exploiting nonvolatile memory devices to facilitate in-memory computation benchmarks has demonstrated a considerable capability to address the von-Neumann drawbacks. This process resulted in a tremendous effort towards spintronics memory development. Due to the voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) effect, the toggle magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM) exhibits faster switching and lower power consumption than spin-transfer torque (STT) MRAM. We assessed read/write access time, magnetized time and anisotropic field for crystalline perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions (CPMTJ) with detailed material study and device parameters in this work. These junctions are affected by the VCMA effect. Various VCMA parameters, including the VCMA coefficient, the time constant and antiparallel (AP) resistance on the saturated magnetization, are measured via the memory cell’s SPICE modeling. The Rashba spin–orbit interaction (SOI) and spin-valve model are developed by MATLAB scripting for evaluating a Rashba and Hamiltonian vector field. The toggle spin torque (TST) in the TST-MRAM cell is generated due to the interconnection between STT and spin–orbit torque (SOT) mechanisms. The TST-MRAM cell’s benefits are energy efficiency, large TMR ratio and superfast read and write operation. This work’s novel part is that the Hamiltonian field can control the net magnetization factor by the Rashba SOI effect. We end this paper with the performance enhancement techniques of MRAM cells due to VCMA and Rashba SOI effect.
A deeper understanding of deep learning
Authors: Monroe Don
Published: May 2022

Kernel methods clarify why neural networks generalize so well.
Always improving performance
Authors: Savage Neil
Published: May 2022

Jack J. Dongarra is the recipient of the 2021 ACM A.M. Turing Award for his pioneering contributions to numerical algorithms and libraries that enabled high-performance computational software to keep pace with exponential hardware improvements for over four decades.
SoundWatch
Authors: Jain Dhruv , Ngo Hung , Patel Pratyush , Goodman Steven , Nguyen Khoa , Grossman-Kahn Rachel , Findlater Leah , Froehlich Jon
Published: May 2022

Smartwatches have the potential to provide glanceable, always-available sound feedback to people who are deaf or hard of hearing (DHH). We present SoundWatch, a smartwatch-based deep learning application to sense, classify, and provide feedback about sounds occurring in the environment. To design SoundWatch, we first examined four low-resource sound classification models across four device architectures: watch-only, watch+phone, watch+phone+cloud, and watch+cloud. We found that the best model, VGG-lite, performed similar to the state of the art for nonportable devices although requiring substantially less memory (∼1/3
rd
) and that the watch+phone architecture provided the best balance among CPU, memory, network usage, and latency. Based on these results, we built and conducted a lab evaluation of our smartwatch app with eight DHH participants. We found support for our sound classification app but also uncovered concerns with misclassifications, latency, and privacy.
Toward total-system trustworthiness
Authors: Neumann Peter G.
Published: May 2022

Considering how to achieve the long-term goal to systemically reduce risks.
LANBIQUE: LANguage-based Blind Image QUality Evaluation
Authors: Galteri Leonardo , Seidenari Lorenzo , Bongini Pietro , Bertini Marco , Bimbo Alberto Del
Published: May 2022

Image quality assessment is often performed with deep networks that are fine-tuned to regress a human provided quality score of a given image. Usually, this approach may lack generalization capabilities and, while being highly precise on similar image distribution, it may yield lower correlation on unseen distortions. In particular, they show poor performances, whereas images corrupted by noise, blur, or compression have been restored by generative models. As a matter of fact, evaluation of these generative models is often performed providing anecdotal results to the reader. In the case of image enhancement and restoration, reference images are usually available. Nevertheless, using signal based metrics often leads to counterintuitive results: Highly natural crisp images may obtain worse scores than blurry ones. However, blind reference image assessment may rank images reconstructed with GANs higher than the original undistorted images. To avoid time-consuming human-based image assessment, semantic computer vision tasks may be exploited instead.

In this article, we advocate the use of language generation tasks to evaluate the quality of restored images. We refer to our assessment approach as LANguage-based Blind Image QUality Evaluation (LANBIQUE). We show experimentally that image captioning, used as a downstream task, may serve as a method to score image quality, independently of the distortion process that affects the data. Captioning scores are better aligned with human rankings with respect to classic signal based or No-reference image quality metrics. We show insights on how the corruption, by artefacts, of local image structure may steer image captions in the wrong direction.
(Invited) Combinatorial Synthesis and Interface Analysis for Development of High Dielectric Constant Thin Films
Authors: Nagata Takahiro , Kumaragurubaran Somu , Takahashi Kenichiro , Ri Sung-Gi , Chikyow Toyohiro
Published: May 2022

The development of high-dielectric constant film materials is essential for future active and passive nanoelectronics devices. By integrating combinatorial synthesis, high throughput material development, and interface analysis, we have developed a high-dielectric constant Bi-based relaxor ferroelectric film material, x[BaTiO3]–(1−x)[Bi(Mg2/3Nb1/3)O3] (BT–BMN), for film capacitors. To increase the dielectric constant, and its thermal stability, of the above relaxor ferroelectric films, a periodic Ta doping structure was introduced by combinatorial method. The periodic insertion of BT–BMN layers with a high Ta concentration eliminated the dielectric constant decrease and also the Bi segregation encountered in BT–BMN films under high-temperature conditions. Upon optimizing the BT/BMN ratio in the stack structure, the BT–BMN films exhibited a high dielectric constant (>500) and an excellent thermal stability, less than 8% in the temperature range from room temperature to 400 °C
Airborne Molecular Contamination: Mechanism and Consequences on Devices
Authors: Garnier Philippe , Borde Yannick , Sevilla Gines
Published: May 2022

During dies manufacturing, silicon surfaces cleaning continues to be challenged to reduce materials consumption. There’s a trade-off between such reduction and keeping a good enough cleaning efficiency to avoid defects creation. This paper gives a few examples of chemical traces deposited on various surfaces, degrading the dies quality such as corrosion concerns and device electrical properties shifts.
(Digital Presentation) Characterization and Compression Technology of Real 3D Corner Residue Between Dummy Gate and Formed Fin During an Advanced Inductive Coupled Plasma (ICP) Gate Etch Process in Advanced FinFET
Authors: Xiao Xingyu , Wang Yanliang , Su Bo , Ke Xing , Ji Shiliang , Zhang Hai-Yang
Published: May 2022

3-Dimesional corner residue between Fin and gate bottom plays a key role in gate profile definition and device performance, while the characterization and compression remain challenging due to shortage of analysis technology and decreasing gate/Fin pitch. In this work, cross-section and planar TEM/STEM are adopted together to measure the real corner size. Gate profile loading along Fin is discussed based on the characterizations and further optimized by tuning processes. Several methods including sidewall passivation and ion bombardment modification has been introduced. An excellent FinFET performance is presented, together with a detailed mechanism.