bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Apparatus for Measuring Neuromuscular Control during Rotary Tracking
Authors: Eason R. G. , Hoke J. , White C. T.
Published: September 2011

A system is described for determining immediately at the end of a trial the average degree of sensory-motor (or neuro-muscular) control manifested by S during rotary tracking. The scoring method uses the center of the target, rather than the target boundary, as the point of reference for measuring tracking skill.
Viewing Distance and the Aftereffects of Fixation
Authors: Pollack Robert H.
Published: September 2011

In a previous experiment, a fixated three-dimensional object was shown to recede from the position it held prior to fixation. Since this phenomenon may be accounted for in terms of a visual compensation for the strain of convergence during prolonged fixation, it was expected that fixation of a near figure would result in a greater aftereffect than fixation of a far figure. The results of this study indicated that, while there was a greater frequency of expected aftereffects with the near figures, there was also a greater frequency of reversed aftereffects with the far figures. The latter finding raised problems of an interpretation of the theory under consideration, the implications of which were discussed.
Vigilance as a Function of Signal Frequency and Flash Rate
Authors: Bowen Hugh M.
Published: September 2011

Signal frequency (1, 10, and 20 signals per hour) and signal flash rate (one signal every 2 and 1¼ sec.) were varied in two vigilance experiments using a “noisy” simulated radar display as the sensory input. The results indicated small changes in vigilance over the course of 1 hr. The data suggest that vigilance will decrease, stay level, or improve as a function of signal frequency and the inherent detectability of the critical signal. It is suggested that vigilance behavior is related to the extent to which S can comprehend (and hence predict) the temporal pattern of critical signals. It is concluded that not enough is known about the conditions which determine the occurrences of decrement in vigilance.
Perception of Temporal Order of Stimuli Differing in Sense Mode and Simple Reaction Time
Authors: Rutschmann Jacques , Link Ruth
Published: September 2011

Judgments of temporal order (method of constant stimuli) were obtained as a function of the delay between the onset of a visual and an auditory stimulus. Simple reaction times were also obtained to both the visual and the auditory stimulus. Differences in reaction time could not be used to predict the stimulus asynchrony for temporal order judgments, because the onset of the auditory stimulus had to precede the onset of the visual stimulus for 50% judgment of “click first,” whereas the auditory reaction time was significantly shorter than the visual reaction time. A speculative explanation is offered to account for the differences between the present findings and those of Hirsh and Sherrick (1961).
Relation of Certain Personality Variables to Decision Making in Perception
Authors: Strickland Bonnie R. , Rodwan Albert S.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that certain personality variables would be related to decision making in a guessing experiment. A stimulus set of 100 3- × 5-in. unlined filing cards, 75 of which contained circles and 25 of which were blank, was presented twice to each of 56 undergraduate Ss. The cards were in a random order and Ss were asked to guess whether a circle or a blank would be the forthcoming event. Their predictions on the second session's presentations were quantified in terms of the likelihood of false positive errors and hit rate over false alarm rate. Independently of the behavioral task, all Ss completed two personality inventories designed to assess need for approval and a dimension of internal vs external control of reinforcement. Scholastic Aptitude Test scores and Ss' estimates of the number of circles present in the stimulus set were incorporated as control variables. Results clearly show the effect of personality differences on guessing behavior. Subsequent related studies for psychophysics and judgmental responses were suggested.
Productivity of American and Soviet Psychologists: A Comparison
Authors: Zusne Leonard , Michels Kenneth M.
Published: September 2011

A comparison of the number of psychological publications and psychologists in the USA and the USSR is presented. It is concluded that, for some time to come, methodological difficulties will prevent any quantitative test of the effects of a political regime on science.
Effective Difference in Influence of Relative Size on Perceived Relative Distance
Authors: Epstein William
Published: September 2011

Variations in relative perceived distance as a function of relative visual angle were studied. Variations in angular ratios which left the absolute size difference constant produced variations in relative distance. Variations in absolute difference without accompanying variations of angular ratios were ineffective.
Eye Movements during Vigilance
Authors: Mackworth N. H. , Kaplan I. T. , Metlay W.
Published: September 2011

This study concerns eye movements recorded during a vigilance situation. Evidence was obtained on where people looked when they were watching for signals, which were 0.5-sec. pauses in the motion of a slowly revolving pointer. The following results were obtained: (1) Detection probability for two dials was approximately half the detection rate for one dial. (2) Analysis of eye-movement records showed that in the one-dial situation every missed signal was fixated without being recognized. (3) In the two-dial condition, signals were not only either fixated or unfixated, but some were fixated for part of their duration. Approximately one-third of the signals fell into each fixation category. (4) In contrast to the one-dial condition, the largest proportion of unreported signals for two dials were not fixated at all. Nearly as many unreported signals were partially fixated. About one-quarter of the unreported signals were fixated for their full duration. (5) Individual Ss differed with respect to the time they paused on one dial before shifting to the other. Those who shifted more frequently detected more signals.
Interspecies Differences in Closed-Field Test Performance
Authors: Pollard J. S.
Published: September 2011

Use of the Hebb-Williams closed-field test as a comparative technique is examined. Restriction of analysis to total error zone scores on a standard problem battery is criticized, and examples are given of other performance measures which may be more sensitive to interspecies differences.
Four Methods Having Medical and Behavioral Diagnostic Potential: A Proposal
Authors: Kahn Theodore C.
Published: September 2011

It is proposed that light reflected through various body parts, chemical analyses of gases emanating from the skin, magnified neuromuscular motion of extended limbs, and physiologically weighted subtest scores on a basic human skills test may have possible diagnostic value.
Interactions of Temporal and Releasing Factors in Familial Recognition of Own and Ancestral Species
Authors: Gray Philip Howard
Published: September 2011

128 isolated White Leghorn chicks were tested in a mixed-model factorial design (2 species × 2 sexes × 4 days, with 8 Ss per cell, and with 6 repeated measurements on each S) for social behavior expressible before standard imprinting operations. The sex but not the species of the adult targets was a significant main source of variation, as was the day on which testing occurred; interactions at the first, second, and even third orders were significant, suggesting that comparability between imprinting experiments might be hard to achieve unless the manipulation of an array of interrelated factors can be systematized.
Visual and Verbal Approach Motives as a Function of Discrepancy from Expectancy Level
Authors: Conners C. Keith
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that Ss would visually fixate and find more esthetically pleasing nonsense shapes that were slightly discrepant in similarity from a schema that had been developed by repeated stimulation, than would be the case for shapes that were greatly discrepant from the schema stimulus. Both for measures of eye-movement fixation and verbal report, preference was greatest for the slightly discrepant, and least for the most discrepant figure. The results were interpreted in terms of McClelland's discrepancy hypothesis of affect and the concept of schemata as used by Oldfield and others.
Comparison of Impulse, EGO, and Superego Functions in Better Adjusted and More Poorly Adjusted Delinquent Adolescent Girls
Authors: Signori Edro I. , Smordin Marcelyn M. , Rempel Henry , Sampson Donald L. G.
Published: September 2011

Dombrose and Slobin's IES Test was given to a group of ‘high’ adjusted and a group of ‘low’ adjusted delinquent girls. It was predicted that the ‘high’ adjusted group would make more ego and superego responses and fewer impulse responses than the ‘low’ adjusted group. No significant differences were found between the two groups.
Factor Analysis of Objective Ink Blot Test Scores
Authors: Bridges Cecil C.
Published: September 2011

A multiple-choice ink blot test was devised, consisting of 150 blots with 5 choices per blot. The test was given to 202 undergraduates. Responses were scored on 21 keys representing most common Rorschach response categories. Scores for all scales were correlated and the resulting matrix factor analyzed and rotated to approximate simple structure. Five rotated factors had appreciable loadings: I, “Failure,” II, “ M;” IV, “Evasion” (defined by the choice of “something else” as a response versus surface shading); V, “Anxiety” (defined by inanimate movement and diffusion); and VII, “Body Concern” (defined by anatomy, FM, and FC).
The Deaf-Blind: A Clarification
Authors: Jordan Sidney
Published: September 2011

Attention is drawn to the differences in behavior of the deaf person who later becomes blind and the blind person who later becomes deaf.
Scotopic Acuity and Knowledge of Results
Authors: Foley P. J. , Lavery J. J. , Abbey D. S.
Published: September 2011

Contrary to Shvarts' suggestion, improvement in scotopic acuity with practice is shown to be a result of learning, and specific to the stimulus used. No improvement takes place until specific knowledge of results is introduced and the improvement does not transfer to another stimulus.
The Dynamometer as a Human Response Manipulandum
Authors: Mostofsky David , Shurtleff Donald
Published: September 2011

An adaptation of the calibrated hand dynamometer for a human manipulandum is described. When appropriately instrumented, a microswitch will be mechanically actuated following a response (pull) of pre-determined strain. Several desirable features of utilizing the dynamometer for this purpose have been cited; the most salient being (1) relatively low cost for high accuracy and (2) ease of utilization.
Excitability of Stretch Receptors and Alpha Efferents during Simple Tone Discrimination
Authors: Bartoshuk Alexander K.
Published: September 2011

For muscles unrelated to cue properties of task, stretch receptors (i.e., “arousal”) showed greater increased excitability than alpha efferents (i.e., “cue factor”) during tone discriminations.
Size of Retinal Image as a Perceptual Cue
Authors: Baird J. C.
Published: September 2011

An experiment was conducted to determine the nature of size perception under reduced cues for distance. A modified method of constant stimuli was used, and Os were required to compare the size of a comparison stimulus presented with distance cues with the size of a standard stimulus presented devoid of distance cues. Under these conditions Os were able to correctly judge the relative image sizes of the two objects.
Organizing Factors and Immediate Memory Span
Authors: Krulee Gilbert K. , Gapp Anton , Landi Dale M. , Manelski Denis M.
Published: September 2011

In a series of four experiments, the processes used in decoding visual inputs were studied, with particular attention given to the influence of organizing factors in immediate memory span. In one experiment, the effect of variations in the number of alternatives per item of input was studied. In a second, the effect of different grouping procedures was evaluated. In a third, variations in internal organization of the input strings were introduced in order to show that recoding is more likely when naturally pronounceable units are available. The final experiment focused on the effect of prior knowledge of the length of the stimulus strings. The results confirmed the difficulty of applying informational measures to immediate memory span and the importance of other variables that influence the ability of Ss to recode complex inputs into more manageable units.
Visual, Perceptual and Visuomotor Impairment in Physically Handicapped Children
Authors: Abercrombie M. L. J. , Gardiner P. A. , Hansen E. , Jonckheere J. , Lindon R. L. , Solomon G. , Tyson M. C.
Published: September 2011

Children were examined for vision, motor handicap, neurological condition, and with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception, a shape matching test, and the Benton Right-left Discrimination Battery. Cerebral palsied children were compared with non-brain-damaged, motor-handicapped children (controls). Impairment of visuomotor performance was associated with spasticity and not with athetosis, and the incidence in spastics was very high. The impairments in perceptual and visuomotor tests shown by some cerebral palsied children were not shown by the controls. It was concluded that they are not due to limitation of spatial experience. Among diplegic and hemiplegic spastics, impairment in the WISC Performance subtests, Frostig, shape matching, and Benton tests, was not related to impairment in the somatic-sensory and perceptual tests. Achievement on the WISC Verbal Scale and the Benton test was not related to motor handicap or to the presence of strabismus. Scores in Block Design, Coding, Eye-motor Coordination, Form Constancy and Spatial Relations subtests tended to be correlated with both motor handicap and strabismus; Object Assembly with motor handicap; and Mazes and Figure-ground with strabismus.
Variables of Surface Texture and Accuracy of Space Perceptions
Authors: Flock Howard R. , Moscatelli Anthony
Published: September 2011

Six surface textures possessed differing degrees of irregularity as measured by the standard deviation describing the irregularity, and numbers of redundancies. Each surface was presented at 9 different slants to a different group of 12 Ss who monocularly viewed the stationary surface through a 38° aperture. Regression coefficients measured effects of texture on slant judgments. A replication with 6 Ss to a group and different Es was performed 4 mo. later. Judgmental errors varied with the magnitude of an irregularity, redundancies having lesser effects. Individual data and effects of a blank surface are also evaluated.
Effects of Prolonged Reading Disability: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Robeck Mildred C.
Published: September 2011

A comparison of rest data for 16 primary and 16 adolescent or preadolescent cases attending a reading clinic seemed to warrant the following conclusions. (1) Both primary and teenage groups revealed frustration and negative attitudes toward reading more frequently than did children in the middle grades. (2) There was no significant difference among three age groups on four WISC subtests: Similarities, Digit Span, Picture Arrangement, and Block Design. Adolescents with severe reading problems were significantly lower than young children in Information, Arithmetic, and Vocabulary. Older cases showed greater strength in verbal comprehension and less weakness in coding. (3) If remedial readers developed problems in personal and social adjustment, these were not revealed by extreme ranks on the group test. (4) Some factors such as distractability, which were identified in young clinical cases as probable causes for reading disability were observed rarely, or not at all, in teenage cases. Other factors, such as low self-esteem, were not observed in young children and may have developed as a result of the disability.
Perception Bibliography: XVI. Psychological Index, No. 12, 1905
Authors: Ammons R. B. , Ammons C. H.
Published: September 2011

This continuation of reference listings concerned with perception contains 117 items that do not overlap those appearing in Baldwin's Dictionary.
Means and Proportions from Pooled Samples: A Comment
Authors: Dalrymple-Alford E. C.
Published: September 2011

The choice of weighted and unweighted means or proportions from pooled samples is commented on.
Developmental and Chronological Ages vs Time of Day as Factors in Released Imprinting Responses
Authors: Gray Philip H. , Sallee Stella J. , Yates Allen T.
Published: September 2011

Two groups of eggs were set 12 hr. apart. Median hatching ages were separated by the same temporal duration and it was assumed that developmental age would be isomorphic with the time-of-day-at-test. Groups of chicks 3, 9, 15, and 24 hr. of age were given a choice between age-mate and hen; the results indicate that age-since-hatching and time-of-day-at-test are both variables in released social responses. Further analysis of the data shows that the trial effect is a product of changing preferences, not a difference in “arousal,” or sleep-wakefulness.
Effects of Shock-Arousal on a Card-Sorting Test of Color-Word Interference
Authors: Tecce Joseph J. , Happ Susan J.
Published: September 2011

A modified (card-sorting) form of the Stroop Color-Word Interference Test was used to evaluate the hypothesis that heightened arousal tends to narrow attention. Results support the hypothesis and suggest that the cardsorting Stroop task provides different levels of stimulus competition.
A Binocular Viewing Apparatus for Sensory Threshold Studies in Children
Authors: Pollack Robert H. , Magerl George E.
Published: September 2011

An apparatus is described for obtaining binocular hue detection threshold data from children and adults. Incorporated in the design are standard lighting conditions (illuminant C) and the control of exposure time duration of a variable stimulus. The device was designed to be portable to permit data collection in schools and elsewhere, and provision was made for the easy removal and replacement of stimulus producers.
Perception of Ambiguous Figure-Ground Patterns as a Function of past Experience
Authors: Vetter Robert J.
Published: September 2011

The role of past experience in influencing the perception of an ambiguous figure-ground (FG) was studied. The task was to state whether the left or right halves of FGs were seen as figures. For 15 Ss there was prior training comprising the esthetic judgment of the left half of each of these FGs, while 15 additional Ss judged the right half. A control group received no training ( N = 20). The majority of shapes perceived as the figure in the FGs were the shapes judged during the training ( p < .05). Based on the findings of this and previous work it was proposed that a change in FG organization cannot occur unless the shape seen as the ground acquires a greater degree of distinctiveness compared to the opposite shape.
Effects of Suggested Time Perspective and Order of Presentation on Responses to Questions about Dreaming
Authors: Howard Kenneth I. , Orlinsky David E.
Published: September 2011

In response to the wide-spread use of the questionnaire method to obtain estimates of subjective dream experiences, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of formal question characteristics on responses to these questions. 316 undergraduate students were administered a questionnaire containing questions on frequency of dream recall, quality of dream affect, and frequency of sleep disturbance. Each variable was measured by questions asked from three suggested time perspectives. These were presented in six orders and the influence of order of presentation, time perspective, and question wording on responses was evaluated. Order was found to influence the response distributions of two questions (2–2 and 2–3). It was also found that question wording had considerable impact. Estimates of frequency of dream recall were consistent across time perspectives. Estimates of sleep disturbance, however, appeared quite vulnerable to the influence of question wording, order, and time perspective.
Skill and Motivation as Separable Components of Performance
Authors: Greenwald Anthony G.
Published: September 2011

A music learning experiment was performed, illustrating the possibility of isolating certain components of performance (labeled Skill and Motivation) by using separate measurement situations for each. Straightforward application of Hullian theory—which considers that component factors of performance interact prior to overt behavior and are not thus separable in measurement situations—to the experiment's data led to a self-contradiction. It was shown, further, that Hull's theory could be considered consistent with the present data only when certain assumptions of dubious plausibility were made.
Serial Position as a Factor in Isolation
Authors: Kintz B. L. , Kirk W. E. , Miller H. R. , Regester D. C. , Zupnick S. M.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to investigate the effect of serial position of a low meaningfulness ( m) isolate on the resultant isolation in a high m list. Four Es used 112 Ss assigned to a control (C) and three experimental (P) conditions in a design which permitted four replications; one for each E. All groups learned similar 13-item lists of high m items, except that the three P lists contained a low m isolate at either serial position 4, 7, or 10. The results yielded isolation at position 4 only, with no other effects significant.
Size-Weight Illusion and Anchoring of Weight Judgments
Authors: Freeman Ivan , Adam June
Published: September 2011

An experiment was designed to investigate the effect of the size-weight illusion upon absolute judgments of weights, the illusion being introduced by decreasing the size of an anchor much heavier than the judged stimuli. It was found that the introduction of the size-weight illusion did not affect the magnitude of the judgment shifts induced. There is at least a limitation on the operation of the size-weight illusion through a remote anchor.
Perceptual and Interpersonal Measures of Field Dependence
Authors: Alexander Joe B. , Gudeman Howard E.
Published: September 2011

This study was concerned with the relationship between perceptual and interpersonal measures of dependence for a sample of 60 male Ss. Four groups of alcoholics, one group of hospitalized psychiatric patients, and a group of normals were compared on the Rod and Frame Test and three laboratory interpersonal tasks to evaluate the hypothesis that perceptual and interpersonal dependence measures are significantly related. The results only partially confirmed the hypothesis. The over-all correlation was significant, as was the over-all correlation for four groups of alcoholics. Only two of the six subgroup correlations, however, were significant. These results suggest the need for further study, using larger sample sizes, to determine the specific relationship of the two variables.
Patterns of Perceptual-Motor Dysfunction in Children: A Factor Analytic Study
Authors: Ayres A. Jean
Published: September 2011

Analysis of test scores made by 100 children with and 50 without suspected perceptual deficits lead to hypothesizing five syndromes characteristic of dysfunction: (a) developmental apraxia, distinguished by deficits in motor planning, tactile perception and finger identification; (b) tactile, kinesthetic and visual perceptual dysfunction in form and position in space; (c) tactile defensiveness, demonstrated by hyperactive-distractible behavior, faulty tactile perception and defensive responses to tactile stimuli; (d) deficit of integration of the two sides of the body, identified by difficulty in right-left discrimination, avoidance in crossing the mid-line, and incoordinate bilateral hand movements; (e) deficit of visual figure-ground discrimination.
Effect of Stimulus Variables on Verbal Perseveration of Dysphasic Subjects
Authors: Halpern Harvey
Published: September 2011

Oral responses were received from 33 dysphasics to word stimuli counterbalanced according to abstraction level, part of speech, length, and frequency of occurrence, and presented through the visual, auditory, and visual-auditory modalities. The results indicated that: through the visual modality, words of high and medium abstraction level produced significantly more perseveration than low, while through the auditory and visual-auditory modalities no significant differences were found; regardless of modality no significant differences existed among nouns, verbs and adjectives; regardless of modality long words produced significantly more perseveration than short; regardless of modality no significant differences existed between words of frequent and infrequent occurrence in the language; regardless of abstraction level, part of speech, word length and frequency of occurrence, the visual modality produced significantly more perseveration than the auditory and visual-auditory modalities, except in the case of words of high abstraction level where the auditory mode produced significantly more perseverations than the visual-auditory modality.
Tests of the Functions of Proprioception and Interaction of Senses
Authors: Gibbs C. B. , Logan O.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that the speed and direction of movement are monitored by proprioceptive feedback and that extent is determined by integrating the rate signals in time (Gibbs, 1954). Consideration of analogous servo mechanisms leads to the following predictions that were tested and confirmed ( p < 0.01) in tests using 6 female and 4 male Ss. Input data from vision or proprioception alone or from both senses will produce rapid, primary adjustments of equal accuracy. Terminal accuracy was measured to show that the end-points of most residual errors lie in a limited zone of clear central vision, as required by hypotheses. Various previous estimates alleging gross inaccuracy of proprioceptors (Ludvigh, 1952; Crawford, 1960) are shown to be erroneous and irrelevant.
Fisher's “Power Orientation and Concept of Self Height in Men”: A Comment
Authors: Shaffer Juliet Popper
Published: September 2011

Fisher reported obtaining a positive relationship in males between overestimation of self height and both power aspirations and commitment to the idea of male superiority. Possible explanations for this result are considered. A methodological problem involved in this type of research is discussed, and some issues are mentioned on which further research is needed.
Stimulus Correlates of Visual Pattern Discrimination by Monkeys: Sidedness
Authors: Polidora V. J.
Published: September 2011

Fourteen rhesus monkeys solved 2-choice simultaneous visual pattern discrimination problems which were designed to provide estimates of the extent to which 2 physical dimensions of metric patterns determine discriminability. The results replicated a previous report that the disparity between the contours (Contour Disparity, CD) of the 2 patterns of a problem is directly related to discriminative performance. In addition, a second dimension of sidedness, Sides Level, was found to be inversely related to performance and independent of CD.
Category Width and Quantitative Aptitude
Authors: Messick Samuel , Kogan Nathan
Published: September 2011

In an effort to clarify the reported correlation between breadth of categorization and quantitative aptitude, the Pettigrew category-width task was administered along with three specially-constructed quantitative aptitude tests—one having a multiple-choice format with widely-spaced alternatives, one a multiple-choice format with narrowly-spaced alternatives, and one a free-response format. Preference for broad category widths was only marginally related to the free-response quantitative test but was substantially related to the form with widely-spaced alternatives. The negligible correlation between category-width preferences and the narrowly-spaced quantitative form suggests that the narrow spacing penalizes the broad categorizer by disrupting the “approximation” strategy he may tend to employ on a multiple-choice quantitative test.
Effect of Variable Stimulus Intensity on Estimates of Duration
Authors: Danziger K.
Published: September 2011

Judgments of the duration of tones increasing or decreasing in intensity over a range of 22 db were compared with judgments of the duration of tones of constant intensity for stimulus durations of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 sec. The duration of tones of varying intensity was significantly underestimated relative to the constant tone at the shorter stimulus lengths. The effect was only observed for tones of increasing intensity at stimulus durations of 8 sec. and not at all at stimulus durations of 12 sec. A general inverse relationship between rate of stimulus change and estimated duration is suggested for stimulus changes above a critical rate.
A Re-Examination of Kinesthetic Figural Aftereffects in the Brain-Injured
Authors: Wertheimer Michael , Lipton James M. , Herring Fred H. , Greenhouse Arnold H. , Means John R.
Published: September 2011

Kinesthetic figural aftereffects (KFAE) were measured on 46 brain-damaged and 24 control Ss, following the method of Klein and Krech (K&K). Although occasional trends in the data were consistent with K&K's finding that brain-injured Ss are more susceptible to KFAE, most of the data did not clearly corroborate their earlier finding to a statistically convincing degree, even though a larger number of Ss was used in this study than in K&K's.
Recognition of Children's Faces: II
Authors: Goldstein Alvin G. , Chance June E.
Published: September 2011

Analysis of correct recognition of photographs by kindergarten, third-grade, and sixth- to eighth-grade children suggests, contrary to earlier conclusions, that third-grade Ss recognize photographs of young children significantly more often than those of older persons.
Specific Motor Response during Sleep to Sleep-Administered Meaningful Suggestion: An Exploratory Investigation
Authors: Cobb Jeremy C. , Evans Frederick J. , Gustafson Lawrence A. , O'Connell Donald N. , Orne Martin T. , Shor Ronald E.
Published: September 2011

Complex meaningful suggestions were given during various stages of physiological sleep as defined by EEG monitoring to 4 Ss high and 4 Ss low in hypnotizability. All the high hypnotizability Ss gave accurate behavioral responses while remaining asleep, but none of the low hypnotizability Ss did so. Specific response to sleep-administered suggestion was obtained only during Stage 1 periods.
Perception by Monkeys: I. Psychophysical Judgments of Brightness by Human and Subhuman Ss
Authors: Davis Roger T. , Masters Henry G. , Tjomsland Jana
Published: September 2011

Five experiments on the perception of lightness by human and subhuman (monkey) Os involved judgments of lightness intervals and discrimination of simultaneous contrast. (1) Both species responded comparably on discriminations that involved lightness contrast. (2) Differences in response to gradations of lightness by human and subhuman Ss were related to the artifact of human language, and when human Ss were provided with a response that did not conform to linguistic categories, they made a graded response to graded grays.
Reaction Speed as a Function of Stimulus Intensity in Normals and Retardates
Authors: Baumeister Alfred A. , Hawkins William F. , Kellas George
Published: September 2011

The reaction times of retardates and normals were compared as a function of intensity of the reaction signal. Three intensity levels of a 1000-cycle tone were used: 5, 15, and 25 db above threshold. Each S was presented all tones in a completely counterbalanced order. The results revealed that both intelligence groups reacted faster with each increase in intensity of the signal. Since no significant interactions emerged, it cannot be concluded that the groups benefited differentially from increases in intensity of reaction signal. It is suggested that retardates may have a sensory set whereas normals have a motor set in the reaction time task.
Olfactory Discrimination and Weber's Law
Authors: Stone Herbert , Bosley John J.
Published: September 2011

Experiments with two odorants, acetic acid and propionic acid, have provided additional evidence that jnds are a constant fraction of the stimulus strength. A linear plot of the difference limens and stimulus intensities has yielded a K of 0.28 for olfactory discrimination in man. The treatment of data derived from tests above the 50% limen and the over-all concept of jnd discrimination are discussed.
Effects of Characteristic Definition on Changes in Self-Perception
Authors: Papageorgis Demetrios , McCann Brian M.
Published: September 2011

Male and female undergraduate students received discrepantly high scores on hostility on a contrived group “personality” test that they scored themselves. Three definitions of hostility were used that differed in specificity and strength of overt aggression. Subsequent hostility self-ratings, using an after-only design, showed acceptance of the discrepant communication, thus confirming earlier findings, and a sex × definition interaction, for male Ss showed greatest acceptance under the specific and strong hostility definition and least acceptance with the vague definition; the reverse acceptance order obtained for females. The findings lend support to Asch's hypothesis that change in the opinion object is a significant factor in opinion change.
Prompted vs Trial-and-Error Concept Discrimination Learning in Monkeys
Authors: Fletcher Harold J. , Takemura Ken-Ichi
Published: September 2011

8 test-sophisticated rhesus monkeys were tested on concept discrimination problems under conventional trial-and-error (TE) procedures and two forms of prompting, i.e., conditions in which an established cue was temporarily available for solution of the problem. Positive Prompting (PP) included a cue attached to the correct stimulus of the discrimination pair; Negative Prompting (NP), a cue attached to the incorrect stimulus. The data revealed significantly better intraproblem learning following NP than following equivalent amounts of either PP or TE.
Comment on Experiments by Weinstein, et al. on Self-Induced Movement as a Determinant of Spatial Adaptation
Authors: Day R. H. , Singer G.
Published: September 2011

Two recent papers by Weinstein, et al. have presented evidence against self-induced movement as a primary determinant of adaptation to prismatic displacement of the visual field. It is shown here that the design of one experiment renders these data invalid as evidence against the role of self-induced movement. It is also suggested that there is need for clarification of the terms “positive” and “negative” adaptation since the direction of these is a function of whether or not S is permitted vision during the pre- and post-exposure tests.
Listening Comprehension in the Retarded Blind
Authors: Hartlage Lawrence C.
Published: September 2011

No differences between 12 retarded blind and 12 sighted Ss in listening comprehension. Results confirm those for normal persons.
Comparison of Electromyographic and Microswitch Measures of Auditory Reaction Time
Authors: Costa Louis D. , Vaughan Herbert G. , Gilden Lloyd
Published: September 2011

The RTs of 3 Ss to clicks at 10, 30 and 90 db above their individually measured thresholds were obtained. It was concluded that use of a microswitch for signalling motor response introduces a significant delay in comparison with an electromyographic measure. Large reliable individual differences in amount of switch lag were found. Switch lag decreased slightly as intensity was increased.
Manifest Anxiety: Unifactorial or Multifactorial Composition?
Authors: Fenz Walter D. , Epstein Seymour
Published: September 2011

The study investigates three subscales of manifest anxiety, consisting of symptoms of striated muscle tension, symptoms of autonomic arousal, and feelings of fear and insecurity. There was both a general factor of anxiety and a specific factor associated with striated muscle tension. Further evidence for the specific nature of striated muscle tension was indicated by its positive relationship to feelings of hostility, its failure to relate to a personality variable of inhibition, and the relatively high score obtained by males. It was hypothesized that striated muscle tension is more closely associated with overt activity than autonomic symptoms, which represent a deeper level of inhibition. Discrepant results of studies using the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale may be due to a failure to take into account the differential contribution of items relating to different kinds of anxiety.
Effects of Control-Display Compatibility and Monitoring Cues on Multiple-Task Performance
Authors: Smith Seward , Farrell Richard J. , Gonzalez Barbara K.
Published: September 2011

90 Ss participated in an experiment involving simultaneous performance on warning light, meter-centering, and tracking tasks. Switch/meter control-display compatibility (natural, unnatural, and inconsistent) and monitoring tone cues (directional, nondirectional, and no cues) were varied. Each S performed 40 20-sec. trials under one experimental condition (one of the nine possible combinations of the two independent variables). Directional cues and consistent control-display relationships resulted in the best performance; absence of tone cues and the inconsistent relationship resulted in the poorest. Meter-task data revealed no control-display relationship differences but tracking and combined-task data did. Monitoring tone cues significantly improved performance. Multiple-task performance is not necessarily predicted from knowledge of single-task performance.
Content Responses of Outpatients to Ancillary Projective Pictures
Authors: Nickols John
Published: September 2011

Content responses to Ancillary Projective Pictures by 35 disturbed adult outpatients showed significant mean differences on three types of scores studied. Age, method of administration, sex, and WAIS IQs could not be associated with these content differences. Further study of the qualitative features of an individual's responses was suggested.
Note on Phonetic Symbolism
Authors: Taylor Insup K.
Published: September 2011

Asher (1964) stated that his finding of a significant correlation between S's guesses and the later learning of Spanish vocabulary items suggested some support for Taylor's phonetic symbolism hypothesis, while a zero correlation of the same measure for Japanese and Russian tended to cancel confidence in the hypothesis. This note examines the above statement and concludes that Asher's findings have only an indirect relevance either to phonetic symbolism or to Taylor's hypothesis.
Field Independence-Dependence and Susceptibility to Distraction
Authors: Bloomberg Morton
Published: September 2011

A reversible perspective task was administered to field-independent and field-dependent Ss. This task was selected because it permitted testing the theory of susceptibility to distraction. The hypotheses were that field-independent Ss are less susceptible to distraction than field-dependent Ss and that field-dependent Ss are more influenced by the introduction of additional distracting stimuli. The effect of additional distracting stimuli was measured by requiring the recitation of digit series backward during one part of the reversible perspective task. The theory was partially confirmed in that before the recitation of digits backward, field-independent Ss reported more reversals than field-dependent Ss. However, additional distracting stimuli affected field-independent Ss to a greater extent. During the recitation of digits backward they showed a greater decrement in reversals than field-dependent Ss. It was suggested that the theory of susceptibility to distraction needed qualification and that task ambiguity might be a critical dimension to consider in future research on field independence-dependence.
Effect of Radiation on Audition and Conditioned Responses in the Spanish Goat
Authors: Casey Albert , Krise George M.
Published: September 2011

Weekly radiations failed to produce significant changes in the auditory thresholds of Spanish goats. Likewise, no effects on the latency and probability of conditioned responses were observed. The discrepancy between the present findings and similar Russian work is pointed out.
Life Style and Creativity: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Mackler Bernard , Shontz Franklin C.
Published: September 2011

Five groups of 12 undergraduate college females each (art majors, visually disabled, dance majors, physically but not visually disabled, and a control group) were repeatedly administered a battery of tests of creativity under systematically varied conditions of visual and kinesthetic stimulation. In addition, an unselected group of 40 Ss were repeatedly administered the same tests under neutral conditions. The first four groups were selected to represent extremes of a visual creativity and a kinesthetic creativity dimension, and it was predicted that score increases would be a function of the intensity of experimental manipulation, its sensory congruence with S's creative style, and Ss' initial levels of creativity. All forms and levels of stimulation were found to increase creativity significantly. Initially most creative Ss remained most creative under all conditions. The physically disabled group was consistently least creative. Creativity appears to be an individually stable characteristic that is systematically sensitive to environmental circumstances.
A Translation of “The Measurement of Visual Illusions in Children” by Alfred Binet
Authors: Pollack Robert H. , Zetland Frances K.
Published: September 2011

Binet's paper was translated because of its relevance to current work, its clarity, ingenuity and its relative precision. Binet's findings in his own words and style are as follows: “(1) The illusion is stronger for the figures of small standard than for the figures of large standard. (2) The size of the illusion depends on the order in which the lines are compared. (3) The total illusion is the product of two illusions of opposite direction, which are of unequal force. (4) The children have, in general, a vague awareness of the illusion. (5) The illusion is stronger in the young children of 9 years (5th class) than in those of 12 years (1st and 2nd class).”
Variance Components in the Developmental Test of Visual Perception
Authors: Silverstein A. B.
Published: September 2011

A portion of the standardization data for the Developmental Test of Visual Perception was analyzed to determine the variance components of its five subtests. Data from two previous studies were reanalyzed with the same objective. On the average, the proportion of the total variance accounted for by the specificity of the subtests was approximately equal to that accounted for by their communality. This finding lends some support to the premise that a number of relatively distinct areas of perception can be delineated.
Comparison of Two Tests of Brain Damage
Authors: Anglin Raymond , Pullen Maxwell , Games Paul
Published: September 2011

The Bender-Gestalt (B-G) and the Memory-for-Designs (MFD) test by Graham & Kendall were administered to 60 “first admissions” to a state mental hospital and then scored by four raters for indications of brain damage. Results of the MFD and B-G ratings were compared with the brain-damage criterion, hospital staff diagnosis of either “organic” or “non-organic.” The validity coefficients of the B-G (.55) and the MFD (.67) were not significantly different, but scorer agreement on the MFD was significantly higher than on the B-G. The easier-to-score MFD thus may provide a more effective rough measure of brain damage than the B-G, especially when used by relatively inexperienced clinicians.
Manipulatory Behavior in Monkeys Reared under Different Levels of Early Stimulus Variation
Authors: Sackett Gene P.
Published: September 2011

Preference for proprioceptive stimulation was tested in monkeys reared in (a) the jungle, (b) a wire cage, and (c) an enclosed metal cage. The first group had the greatest level of stimulus input early in life, the last group had the lowest level. The frequency and duration of contact during 12-hr. trials, with a chain, a movable T-bar, and a nonmovable bar were measured. Ss were at least 3 yr. old when tested. Animals raised in the jungle had the highest frequency and duration of contact with all three stimuli. However, as the proprioceptive complexity inherent in the stimulus decreased, manipulation decreased for jungle-reared animals but increased for laboratory-reared monkeys. It was concluded that early deprivation of tactual-proprioceptive stimulation produces an animal who prefers manipulatory stimuli of low proprioceptive complexity later in life. This interpretation was based on a stimulus complexity preference hypothesis that was used to explain the failure of many laboratory-born monkeys to learn simple manipulatory responses in instrumental learning situations.
Extraversion and Duration of the Archimedes Spiral Aftereffect
Authors: Knowles John B. , Krasner Leonard
Published: September 2011

Two studies are reported testing the relationship between reported duration of the Archimedes Spiral Aftereffect (SAE) and the interaction between the personality variables of neuroticism and extraversion as measured by Eysenck's MPI. In both studies SAE was related to an interaction between neuroticism and extraversion, but in opposite directions in each. Because of the different attitudes toward Ss' task in the two studies, it was concluded that the personality variables interacted with each other and with a third variable, that of “task-motivation.”
Aggression as a Function of Similarity between Aggressor and Victim
Authors: Kaufmann Harry , Marcus Alan M.
Published: September 2011

In studying aggression and punitivity, aggressor's perceived similarity between himself and the stimulus person was hypothesized to interact with aggressor's hostility. According to predictions, aggression generally was higher toward the dissimilar than the similar stimulus, and this difference was greater for high than for low-hostile Ss. Also, female Ss saw themselves as less similar on attributes they considered important than on “unimportant” attributes, but contrary to prediction, high-hostile Ss not more so than low-hostile Ss. While over-all perceived similarity was not related to punitivity, the tendency to perceive lower similarity on important than less important attributes correlated directly with punitivity.
Effects of Time-Sharing and Body Positional Demands on Cutaneous Information Processing
Authors: Brown R. L. , Galloway W. D. , Giuliano R. A. San
Published: September 2011

12 Ss were asked to interpret a series of coded electrocutaneous pulses while engaged in a visual discrimination task of varying complexity. All Ss performed both tasks in each of 4 body positions (standing, sitting, kneeling, and prone). Ss were asked to indicate on each trial which 1 of 4 electrode locations was stimulated and whether duration of stimulation was .6 or 1.6 sec. A constant intensity of 1.5 v at 60 cps was employed. Three levels of complexity (no visual stimuli, 4 × 4 metric figures, and 8 × 8 metric figures) were employed in the visual task. In the cutaneous task, analysis of information transmitted ( It), location errors, duration errors, and total errors indicate that timesharing demand significantly impaired performance, whereas variation in body position had negligible effect.
Directional Characteristics of Behavioral Change
Authors: Liu In-Mao , Chang Su-Yu , Liu Pei-Yue , Tang Ming-Ying
Published: September 2011

Defining the response classes A (17 to 20 sec.) and B (27 to 30 sec.) in terms of within-chain delay, 80 4th-grade boys practiced mirror drawing. It was found that the behavioral change involved in learning B after learning A is different from that involved in learning A after learning B. The directional characteristics of this behavioral change are explained as partly due to the extra-experimental condition of the-faster-the-better reward contingency.