bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psilocin – The “real deal” or an extraction byproduct
Authors: Gutman Ori , Tenne Dana , Bretler Uriel
Published: November 2022

Most illicit drug casework samples at the Israel Police National Drug Laboratory are found to be mixtures of substances. Some are a mixture of an illicit drug with fillers, and others may contain more than one illicit drug. This study was triggered by a routine gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) analysis of an unusual casework sample. The sample chromatogram showed a mixture of two illicit drugs, 4‐acetoxy‐DMT and psilocin. Considering the two substances’ similar skeletal structure, the authors wondered whether the sample was indeed a mixture of the two substances, or whether perhaps 4‐acetoxy‐DMT was hydrolyzed to psilocin during the analysis. This study hypothesized that indeed the base used in the pre‐injection sample preparation hydrolyzed the ester group on the 4‐acetoxy‐DMT yielding a hydroxide group. This was tested using several concentrations of ammonium hydroxide and two additional bases – pyridine (a weak base) and sodium hydroxide (a strong base). Results showed that media with a higher pH (induced by the stronger base) yielded a higher psilocin to 4‐acetoxy‐DMT ratio which is compatible with degradation of 4‐acetoxy‐DMT. This study also explored the possibility that psilocin was a byproduct of thermal decomposition of 4‐acetoxy‐DMT and found it thermally stable in the temperature of the GC injection port (200°C). The 4‐acetoxy‐DMT case demonstrates how pre‐injection laboratory procedures can inadvertently modify casework samples. Caution is clearly advisable in selecting reagents and processes in general, and specifically in the case of GC‐MS pre‐injection procedures conducted to analyze substances like the ones in the present study.
Indole analogues decreasing the virulence of Vibrio campbellii towards brine shrimp larvae
Authors: Zhang Shanshan , Yang Qian , Defoirdt Tom
Published: November 2022

Indole signalling has been proposed as a potential target for the development of novel virulence inhibitors to control bacterial infections. However, the major structural features of indole analogues that govern antivirulence activity remain unexplored. Therefore, we investigated the impact of 26 indole analogues on indole‐regulated virulence phenotypes in Vibrio campbellii and on the virulence of the bacterium in a gnotobiotic brine shrimp model. The results demonstrated that 10 indole analogues significantly increased the fluorescence of indole reporter strain Vibrio cholerae S9149, 21 of them decreased the swimming motility of V. campbellii, and 13 of them significantly decreased the biofilm formation of V. campbellii. Further, we found that 1‐methylindole, indene, 2,3‐benzofuran, thianaphthene, indole‐3‐acetonitrile, methyl indole‐3‐carboxylate, 3‐methylindole, and indole‐2‐carboxaldehyde exhibited a significant protective effect on brine shrimp larvae against V. campbellii infection, resulting in survival rates of challenged brine shrimp above 80%. The highest survival of shrimp larvae (98%) was obtained with indole‐3‐acetonitrile, even at a relatively low concentration of 20 μM. Importantly, the indole analogues did not affect bacterial growth, both in vitro and in vivo. These results indicate the potential of indole analogues in applications aiming at the protection of shrimp from vibriosis.
Thoracoscopic “cut‐through” segmentectomy for small‐sized lung cancer in a deep central location
Authors: Takamori Satoshi , Oizumi Hiroyuki , Suzuki Jun , Sato Kaito , Shiono Satoshi
Published: November 2022

The use of segmentectomy and subsegmentectomy for the management of lung lesions is well established. However, the use of subsegmentectomy for deep seated lesions in the upper lobe is difficult because of sufficient surgical margins. Here, we present a patient whose lung lesion was in a deep central area and at the borders of three segments in the upper lobe of the right lung. We used combined subsegmentectomy (S1b + S3a) video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery for this small‐sized lung cancer in a deep central location.
PleistoDist: A toolbox for visualising and quantifying the effects of Pleistocene sea‐level change on island archipelagos
Authors: Tan David J. X. , Gyllenhaal Ethan F. , Andersen Michael J.
Published: November 2022

Pleistocene sea‐level change played a significant role in the evolution and assembly of island biotas. The formation of land bridges between islands during Quaternary glacial maxima, when sea levels were more than 120 metres below present‐day sea levels, often facilitated historical dispersal and gene flow between islands that are today geographically disconnected.

Despite the importance of Pleistocene sea‐level change, few software packages exist that model the effects of this phenomenon in a standardised and generalised manner.

Here, we present PleistoDist, an R package that allows users to visualise and quantify the effects of Pleistocene sea‐level change on islands over time, and test multiple temporally explicit hypotheses of inter‐island dispersal and community assembly.

Re‐analysing published datasets, we demonstrate how using PleistoDist to account for historical sea‐level change can provide greater explanatory power when analysing extant island communities, and show how population genetic simulations can be used to generate spatiotemporally explicit neutral expectations of population genetic structure across island archipelagos.
Neurodevelopment in school‐aged children after intrauterine exposure to antipsychotics
Authors: Schrijver Lisanne , Robakis Thalia K. , Kamperman Astrid M. , Bijma Hilmar , Honig Adriaan , van Kamp Inge L. , Hoogendijk Witte J. G. , Bergink Veerle , Poels Eline M. P.
Published: November 2022

Objective

Antipsychotics are increasingly prescribed in pregnancy, yet little is known about potential long‐term developmental effects on children. In this study, we investigated the effect of prenatal antipsychotic exposure on neurodevelopmental functioning in school‐aged children.

Methods

We performed a cross‐sectional neurodevelopmental assessment of 91 children aged 6–14 years whose mothers had severe mental illness and were either exposed or unexposed to antipsychotic medication during pregnancy. Neurodevelopmental outcomes were assessed using validated neurodevelopmental assessment instruments to examine the child's IQ and global cognitive functioning, and the presence of any psychiatric disorders and/or learning problems in the child was assessed by parental report.

Results

No statistically significant associations were found between antipsychotic exposure during pregnancy and either adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes (IQ, neuropsychological function), likelihood of psychiatric diagnosis, or learning problems based on parental report. Analyses were likely limited in power to detect subtler differences in neurodevelopmental functioning because of small sample size and heterogeneity of the sample.

Conclusions

In this exploratory cohort study, intrauterine exposure to antipsychotics was not associated with any adverse effect on IQ or neurodevelopmental functioning in a cohort of school‐aged children (6–14 years).
Silencing P38 MAPK reduces cellular senescence in human fetal chorion trophoblast cells
Authors: Goldman Brett , Radnaa Enkhtuya , Kechichian Talar , Menon Ramkumar
Published: November 2022

Problem

Amniochorion senescence generates mechanistic signals to initiate parturition. Activation of p38 mitogen‐activated kinase (MAPK) in fetal amnion cells is a key mediator of senescence as well as epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) of amnion cells. However, the impact of p38 MAPK in chorion trophoblast cells (CTCs) is unclear. We tested if eliminating p38 will reduce oxidative stress (OS) induced cell fates like cellular senescence, EMT, and inflammation induced by these processes in CTCs.

Methods

p38MAPK in CTCs was silenced using CRISPR/Cas9. OS was evoked by cigarette smoke extract (CSE) exposure. EMT was evoked by transforming growth factor (TGF)‐ß treatment. Cell cycle, senescence, EMT, and inflammation were analyzed.

Results

CSE‐induced changes in the cell cycle were not seen in p38KO CTCs compared to WT cells. OS induced by CSE evoked senescence and senescence‐associated secretory phenotype (SASP as indicated by IL‐6 and IL‐8 increase) in WT but not in p38MAPK KO CTCs. No changes were noted in HLA‐G expression regardless of the status of p38MAPK. Neither CSE nor TGF‐ß evoked EMT in either WT or p38 KO CTCs.

Conclusion

Senescence and senescence‐associated inflammation in human fetal CTCs are mediated by p38MAPK. Compared to amnion epithelial cells, CTCs are resistant to EMT. This refractoriness may help them to maintain the barrier functions at the choriodecidual interface.
Comprehensive analysis of human IL‐4 receptor subunits shows compartmentalization in steady state and dupilumab treatment
Authors: Heeb Lukas E. M. , Boyman Onur
Published: November 2022

Background

Insight into the pathomechanism of atopic diseases demonstrated a pivotal role of the cytokines interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) and IL‐13, which has spurred the development of tailored therapeutics targeting their common IL‐4 receptor (IL‐4R). However, several aspects of the IL‐4R system remain ill‐defined in humans.

Methods

We used multicolor spectral flow cytometry to characterize IL‐4R subunit expression in 28 human immune cell subsets on protein and mRNA levels and assessed their subcellular distribution by applying a specifically adapted protocol that avoided influence of fixation and permeabilization on fluorochrome and antibody performance. In patients, we investigated possible changes in IL‐4Rα distribution before and during treatment with dupilumab, a monoclonal antibody‐targeting IL‐4Rα.

Results

Whereas all immune cell subsets investigated expressed IL‐4Rα and common γ chain protein and mRNA, expression of IL‐13Rα1 was restricted to myeloid and B cells. Interestingly, some cells contained considerably more intracellular IL‐4R protein than on their surface. Naive B cells were found to carry the highest levels of IL‐4Rα distributed evenly between surface and intracellular space, whereas IL‐4Rα was found predominantly in intracellular pools in neutrophils. In patients with atopic diseases treated with dupilumab, we observed that engagement of IL‐4Rα by dupilumab resulted in internalization of the antibody and decreased total IL‐4Rα expression. Notably, even after months of treatment not all intracellular IL‐4Rα molecules were occupied by dupilumab, indicating the presence of a “dormant” intracellular IL‐4Rα pool that could be mobilized upon certain extrinsic or intrinsic cues.

Conclusion

Collectively, our findings suggest that distinct human immune cell subsets contain surface and intracellular IL‐4R pools, which are differently affected by targeted biologic treatment.
Epigenetic priming as a mechanism of predetermination of spermatogonial stem cell fate
Authors: McCarrey John R.
Published: November 2022

In the developing mammalian testis, only a small proportion of fetal and neonatal prospermatogonia give rise to the foundational pool of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). Multiple lines of evidence have suggested the determination of which prospermatogonia give rise to foundational SSCs is not random, but is rather predetermined, such that foundational SSCs are ensured to develop advantageous characteristics such as enhanced genetic integrity. Here I suggest that differential epigenetic programing contributes to the molecular mechanisms by which an early subset of developing prospermatogonia becomes predetermined to form the foundational pool of SSCs. This would include epigenetic programing that promotes active expression of genes needed to develop advantageous characteristics, as well as differential epigenetic priming, which bookmarks genes that comprise the SSC‐specific transcriptome to become activated when foundational SSCs appear in the postnatal testis. I suggest that, together, differential epigenetic programing and epigenetic priming contribute to the molecular mechanisms by which an early subset of developing prospermatogonia becomes predetermined to form the foundational pool of SSCs.
Gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with continuous‐flow left ventricular assist devices: A comprehensive review
Authors: Del Rio‐Pertuz Gaspar , Nair Nandini
Published: November 2022

Background

Gastrointestinal bleeding is a major cause of morbidity that plagues the quality of life of patients supported on contemporary continuous‐flow left ventricular assist devices (CF‐LVADs). Despite benefits in survival and the nearly 50% reduction in complications provided by CF‐LVADs, bleeding remains one of the most frequent adverse events with CF‐LVAD implants. The CF‐LVADs cause an increased risk of bleeding mainly due to the activation of the coagulation cascade.

Methods

A literature search was done using PubMed and Google Scholar from Inception to February 2022. Qualitative analyses of the articles retrieved were used to construct this review. This review attempts to provide a comprehensive summary of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk stratification, and management of gastrointestinal bleeding as a complication of CF‐LVAD as well as propose an algorithm for diagnosis and treatment.

Results

Bleeding can occur at different sites in the gastrointestinal tract, the most common underlying pathology being arteriovenous malformations located in the upper gastrointestinal tract The increased prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding in CF‐LVAD patients has been attributed to the physiology of the LVAD itself, the use of anticoagulants, as well as patient comorbidities. Management involves pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic strategies.

Conclusions

CF‐LVAD‐supported patients have a significant risk of GI bleeding that is mainly caused by arteriovenous malformations located in the upper GI tract. The increased prevalence of GI bleeding in CF‐LVAD patients is attributed to several etiologies that include factors attributed to the device itself and extrinsic factors such as the use of anticoagulation.
Primary diphtheria immunisation of adolescents and adults with low‐dose vaccine, a survey of historic evidence from the literature
Authors: Kahn Fredrik , Lepp Tiia , Storsaeter Jann
Published: November 2022

The Public Health Agency of Sweden carried out a literature review on diphtheria vaccinations for seronegative people above 6 years of age with an uncertain vaccine history. The aim was to harmonise national Swedish recommendations with the current World Health Organization recommendations. There was no firm conclusion about dosage. Some low‐dose vaccines used in the past had suboptimal potency, while others evoked adequate levels of antitoxin after three primary doses. We concluded that low‐dose diphtheria vaccines that have been approved by a national medical products agency can be used for primary vaccination against diphtheria for individuals above 6 years of age.
Immediate skin‐to‐skin contact after birth ensures stable thermoregulation in very preterm infants in high‐resource settings
Authors: Lode‐Kolz Karoline , Hermansson Charlotte , Linnér Agnes , Klemming Stina , Hetland Hanne Brit , Bergman Nils , Lilliesköld Siri , Pike Hanne Markhus , Westrup Björn , Jonas Wibke , Rettedal Siren
Published: November 2022

Aim

To investigate the impact of immediate skin‐to‐skin contact with a parent after birth on thermal regulation in very preterm infants.

Methods

This clinical trial was conducted in three neonatal intensive care units in Scandinavia from 2018 to 2021. Infants born between 28 + 0 and 32 + 6 weeks and days of gestation were randomised to immediate skin‐to‐skin contact or conventional care in an incubator during the first 6 postnatal hours. We report on a secondary outcome: serial measurements of axillary temperature.

Results

Ninety‐one infants were randomised to skin‐to‐skin contact or conventional care. Mean (range) gestational ages were 31 + 2 (28 + 6, 32 + 5) and 31 + 0 (28 + 4, 32 + 6) weeks and days, mean birth weights were 1572 (702, 2352) and 1495 (555, 2440) grams, respectively. Mean (95%CI, p‐value) temperatures were within the normal range in both groups, 0.2°C (−0.29, −0.14, p < 0.001) lower in the skin‐to‐skin contact group. The skin‐to‐skin contact group had a lower relative risk (95%CI, p‐value) of developing events of hyperthermia, RR = 0.70 (0.50, 0.99, p = 0.04).

Conclusions

Very preterm infants, irrespective of clinical stability, do not develop hypothermia during immediate skin‐to‐skin contact after birth. Immediate skin‐to‐skin contact did protect against events of hyperthermia. Concerns about thermal regulation should not limit implementation of immediate skin‐to‐skin contact in high‐resource settings.
The temporal effect of emotional distress on psychological and physical functioning in endometriosis: A 12‐month prospective study
Authors: Dowding Charlotte , Mikocka‐Walus Antonina , Skvarc David , Van Niekerk Leesa , O'Shea Melissa , Olive Lisa , Druitt Marilla , Evans Subhadra
Published: November 2022

Psychological factors of emotional distress and cognition have an important role in the understanding and management of endometriosis; however, their temporal relationship with key pain variables is not fully understood. This exploratory study sought to establish the temporal relationship between psychological and pain‐related factors in a 12‐month prospective study of 208 Australian women with endometriosis. Participants, aged 18–50 years and living in Australia, were recruited via social media and completed baseline (May 2019) and 12‐month follow‐up (June 2020) surveys. Participants who reported a diagnosis of endometriosis and menses in the past 12 months were included in the study. Structural equation modelling was used to determine the temporal effects of psychological and pain‐related factors in endometriosis. In a covariate‐adjusted model, baseline emotional distress was the only variable to predict pain catastrophizing (β = .24, p < .01), functional pain disability (β = .16, p < .05) and concomitant emotional distress (β = .55, p < .001) 12 months later, adjusting for age and chronic illness. Women who exhibit symptoms of distress may be at risk of poorer psychological and physical function at 12 months. Further research is required to understand the impact of psychological management early in the disease course.
Dyadic reciprocal associations between self‐efficacy and planning predict sedentary behaviour
Authors: Szczuka Zofia , Kulis Ewa , Boberska Monika , Banik Anna , Siwa Maria , Zaleskiewicz Hanna , Knoll Nina , Revenson Tracey A. , Luszczynska Aleksandra
Published: November 2022

Objectives

There are two alternative hypotheses regarding bidirectional associations between self‐efficacy and planning in predicting health behaviour change: self‐efficacy may establish planning (cultivation hypothesis) or planning may enable the formation of self‐efficacy (enabling hypothesis). This study investigates the order in which these two social cognitions are linked in adult–adult dyads in the context of sedentary behaviours (SB).

Design

A longitudinal study with 4 measurement points, spanning 8 months.

Methods

A total of 320 dyads (age: 18–90 years) were enrolled. Dyads included a focus person (who received the recommendation to reduce SB and intended to change their SB), and their partners, who were willing to support the focus persons and intended to reduce their own SB as well. Data were collected at Time 1 (T1), Time 2 (1 week later, T2), Time 3 (T3, 2 months after T1) and Time 4 (T4, 8 months after T1). SB was measured with accelerometers at (T1 and T4). Mediation models with individual and dyadic reciprocal effects were tested with path analyses.

Results

Only one indirect effect was found: A higher level of partners' SB reduction‐specific self‐efficacy at T2 was related to the focus person's more frequent planning to reduce SB at T3, which, in turn, predicted lower SB time among partners at T4.

Conclusions

The findings provide partial support for the cultivation model (self‐efficacy prompting planning) and for dyadic reciprocal associations in the context of SB time reduction among adult dyads.
Commentary: Comment and reflection about Mental health outcomes of the Daily Mile in elementary school children: a single‐arm pilot study. The implementation of the Daily Mile in the school context
Authors: Brustio Paolo Riccardo
Published: November 2022

In ‘Mental health outcomes of the Daily Mile in elementary school children: a single‐arm pilot study’, Arkesteyn et al. (Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2022) discussed and investigated the effect of a classroom activity break, named The Daily Mile, on pupils' self‐esteem, self‐perception competence, and mental health. Starting from the interesting and novel results of Arkesteyn et al. (Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2022), this comment focuses on the concurrent evidence about the effect of The Daily Mile on pupils' physical and mental health. Overall, this comment would reflect and critically review considerations for future research on the topic and to adopt it in the school context.
ST2 and CSF‐1 as potential druggable targets of inflammatory bowel diseases: Results from two‐sample Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Mi Jiarui , Wu Xia , Bai Xiaoyin , Yang Yang , Yang Hong
Published: November 2022

Novel druggable targets are warranted for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatment. We aimed to identify novel circulating proteins with causal associations with the risk of IBDs and provide potential therapeutic targets for IBD treatment. We performed a two‐sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study to explore the associations of 55 circulating biomarkers on the risk of IBD, Crohn's disease (CD), and ulcerative colitis (UC) by leveraging the summary statistics from large genomewide association studies and protein quantitative trait loci studies. The individual estimate was pooled together by meta‐analyses to estimate the causal effects of each outcome. In univariable MR, we identified several circulating proteins showed potential correlation with IBD, UC, and CD. Of note, we observed that a genetically proxied increased level of suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) was associated with an elevated risk of IBD (odds ratios [ORs] 1.133, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.091–1.176, p < 0.0001), CD (ORs 1.188, 95% CI 1.103–1.281, p < 0.0001), and UC cohorts (ORs 1.087, 95% CI 1.050–1.125, p < 0.0001). Additionally, we observed a consistent positive correlation between the level of CSF‐1 and the increased risk of IBD in individual MR, with statistically significant causal associations in the meta‐analyses with ORs equal to 1.217 (IBD, 95% CI 1.115–1.328, p < 0.0001), 1.223 (CD, 95% CI 1.082–1.382, p = 0.0013), and 1.179 (UC, 95% CI 1.055–1.317, p = 0.0037). This study provided evidence for potential casual associations between circulating ST2 and CSF‐1 levels, and increased risks of IBD, UC, and CD, implicating potential treatment targets for IBD and subtypes.
Bt‐maize in neotropical arthropod food webs: community‐stress or lack thereof?
Authors: Zuim Vitor , Godoi Carolina T. D. , Marques Vinícius M. , Haro Marcelo M. , Gontijo Lessando M. , Guedes Raul Narciso C.
Published: November 2022

Although the agricultural use of genetically engineered (GE) plants has been employed extensively, its adoption is still controversial and its impact on arthropods has rarely been scrutinized at the community level. If this technology is aimed at a drastic reduction of a key community component, significant community‐level impact is expected and needs to be assessed. Thus, food web analysis was used to assess the short‐term impact of genetically modified maize plants, Zea mays L. (Poaceae), expressing insecticidal proteins of the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (i.e., Bt maize), on the associated arthropod assemblage in a neotropical scenario. Arthropods associated with winter and summer cultivations with Bt and non‐Bt (isoline) maize were thus sampled using sweep nets and whole‐plant collections throughout the plant phenological cycle. The collected information was used to build a plant‐consumer‐predator trivariate network based on data of individual arthropod body mass, numerical abundance, and biomass abundance using food web analysis. Eighty‐five arthropod species were sampled, and whereas cultivation season significantly affected arthropod species richness and abundance, only marginal differences existed between maize hybrids (Bt vs. non‐Bt). The recognized food webs also indicated significant differences between seasons. In contrast, Bt‐maize‐hosted food webs were similar to those of the non‐Bt isoline indicating no significant impact on arthropod food webs. Nonetheless, Bt maize did not provide significant control of the target pest species, the fall armyworm, nor did it lead to higher crop yield, raising questions about its current usefulness in the region.
Small intracranial aneurysms of the anterior circulation: A negligible risk?
Authors: Dinger Thiemo Florin , Peschke Jonas , Chihi Mehdi , Gümüs Meltem , Said Maryam , Santos Alejandro Nicolas , Rodemerk Jan , Michel Anna , Darkwah Oppong Marvin , Li Yan , Deuschl Cornelius , Wrede Karsten Henning , Dammann Philipp René , Frank Benedikt , Kleinschnitz Christoph , Forsting Michael , Sure Ulrich , Jabbarli Ramazan
Published: November 2022

Background and purpose

According to the International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms, small (<7 mm) unruptured intracranial aneurysms (IAs) of the anterior circulation (aC) carry a neglectable 5‐year rupture risk. In contrast, some studies report frequencies of >20% of all ruptured IAs being small IAs of the aC. This contradiction was addressed in this study by analyzing the rates and risk factors for rupture of small IAs within the aC.

Methods

Of the institutional observational cohort, 1676 small IAs of the aC were included. Different demographic, clinical, laboratory, and radiographic characteristics were collected. A rupture risk score was established using all independent prognostic factors. The score performance was checked using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.

Results

Of all registered small IAs of the aC, 20.1% were ruptured. The developed small IAs of the aC (SIAAC) score (range = −4 to +13 points) contained five major risk factors: IA location and size, arterial hypertension, alcohol abuse, and chronic renal failure. In addition, three putative protective factors were also included in the score: hypothyroidism, dyslipidemia, and peripheral arterial disease. Increasing rates of ruptured IA with increasing SIAAC scores were observed, from 0% (≤−1 points) through >50% (≥8 points) and up to 100% in patients scoring ≥12 points. The SIAAC score achieved excellent discrimination (area under the curveSIAAC = 0.803) and performed better than the PHASES (Population,Hypertension, Age, Size of the aneurysm, Earlier SAH from another aneurysm, Site of aneurysm) score.

Conclusions

Small IAs of the aC carry a considerable rupture risk. After external validation, the proposed rupture risk score might provide a basis for better decision‐making regarding the treatment of small unruptured IAs of the aC.
Eye‐Tact: An ensemble based multi‐model and multidimensional approach for fall prediction and evaluation in Parkinson's Disease patients
Authors: Radhakrishnan Divya , James Dinesh Peter
Published: November 2022

Artificial Intelligence (AI), as a mainstream science today, has the potential to significantly improve human wellbeing and wellness. An automated caretaking system is being developed in this study to enable constant monitoring of people without requiring much human intervention. To do so, we must take into account a wide range of people's movements and varied perspectives in real‐time contexts. The proposed system, coined “Eye‐Tact”, integrates a vision‐based multimodel architecture with wearable sensors to identify poses and detect falls. For people with Parkinson's disease (PD), this patient‐specific, vision‐based keypoint analysis model has been successfully deployed for person identification and aberrant activity recognition. The proposed Multi Model Ensemble Technique (MMET) employs a variety of sensors to acquire data on physiological and other parameters that are necessary for fall prediction and evaluation. The measures used in the proposed system are precision, recall, F1 score and support. The above mentioned parameters are used to evaluate the performance of different models, including XGBoostClassifier, CatBoostClassifier, and RandomForestClassifier. The results reveal that the RantomForestClassifier outperforms other types of classifiers with 97% of accuracy. The proposed work demonstrates its capacity to develop a system that carefully understands and analyses heterogeneous data cautiously using state‐of‐the‐art technologies.
Positive relationship adaptation of couples transitioning to parenthood: An interpretative phenomenological analysis
Authors: Bécotte Katherine , Brassard Audrey , Brault‐Labbé Anne , Gagné Anne‐Laurence , Péloquin Katherine
Published: November 2022

Objective

This study aimed to explore the lived experience of well‐satisfied couples (as established by the short form of the Dyadic Adjustment Scale) through the transition to parenthood (TTP) to understand what they perceived has facilitated their relationship adaptation.

Background

Most couples experience a decline in relationship satisfaction through the TTP. However, there is important variability in the couples' experience, and few researchers have examined positive adaptation.

Method

Semistructured individual interviews were conducted with both partners of seven first‐time parental couples (N = 14) and then were transcribed and analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis.

Result

The results showed two interrelated superordinate themes, each including four subordinate themes. Interviewed couples remained satisfied due to the strong foundations of their relationship, namely security, commitment, compassionate love, and intimacy, and due to their effective management of changes together by teaming up, balancing the different spheres of their lives, enjoying and valuing family life together, and communicating.

Conclusion

Our findings support the relevance of studying positive couple processes for prevention efforts to ease the transition to parenthood.

Implications

Professionals working with expectant and new parents could target relational processes related to strong foundations as well as the partners' joint management of change to strengthen couple relationships and promote the positive adaptation to parenthood of partners.
Suitability of compensatory saltmarsh habitat for feeding and diet of multiple estuarine fish species
Authors: Stamp Thomas , West Elizabeth , Colclough Steve , Plenty Shaun , Ciotti Benjamin , Robbins Tim , Sheehan Emma
Published: November 2022

Saltmarsh provides essential fish feeding and nursery habitat but has globally declined by 50%. We used a statistical block design to compare fish feeding activity within human‐engineered or “re‐aligned” saltmarsh to established saltmarsh. Linear and multivariate modelling highlighted that Thinlip Mullet (Chelon ramada) and European Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) feeding rates were 16% and 31% lower within re‐aligned than established saltmarshes, whereas Gobies (Pomatoschistus spp.) fed at the same rate as in both habitats. Analysis of European bass and Goby gut contents highlighted that important detritivorous prey species were up to 85.6% lower in re‐aligned sites. Lower vegetation density may have negatively affected the feeding ecologies of fishes within re‐aligned sites. However, due to the ecological value and potential for further improvement or habitat development, continued assessment of the beneficial effects of re‐aligned sites for fisheries and net gain perspectives is needed.
Modified future diurnal variability of the global surface ocean CO2 system
Authors: Kwiatkowski Lester , Torres Olivier , Aumont Olivier , Orr James C.
Published: November 2022

Our understanding of how increasing atmospheric CO2 and climate change influences the marine CO2 system and in turn ecosystems has increasingly focused on perturbations to carbonate chemistry variability. This variability can affect ocean‐climate feedbacks and has been shown to influence marine ecosystems. The seasonal variability of the ocean CO2 system has already changed, with enhanced seasonal variations in the surface ocean pCO2 over recent decades and further amplification projected by models over the 21st century. Mesocosm studies and CO2 vent sites indicate that diurnal variability of the CO2 system, the amplitude of which in extreme events can exceed that of mean seasonal variability, is also likely to be altered by climate change. Here, we modified a global ocean biogeochemical model to resolve physically and biologically driven diurnal variability of the ocean CO2 system. Forcing the model with 3‐h atmospheric outputs derived from an Earth system model, we explore how surface ocean diurnal variability responds to historical changes and project how it changes under two contrasting 21st‐century emission scenarios. Compared to preindustrial values, the global mean diurnal amplitude of pCO2 increases by 4.8 μatm (+226%) in the high‐emission scenario but only 1.2 μatm (+55%) in the high‐mitigation scenario. The probability of extreme diurnal amplitudes of pCO2 and [H+] is also affected, with 30‐ to 60‐fold increases relative to the preindustrial under high 21st‐century emissions. The main driver of heightened pCO2 diurnal variability is the enhanced sensitivity of pCO2 to changes in temperature as the ocean absorbs atmospheric CO2. Our projections suggest that organisms in the future ocean will be exposed to enhanced diurnal variability in pCO2 and [H+], with likely increases in the associated metabolic cost that such variability imposes.
Towards a genetic theory of island biogeography: Inferring processes from multidimensional community‐scale data
Authors: Overcast Isaac , Achaz Guillaume , Aguilée Robin , Andújar Carmelo , Arribas Paula , Creedy Thomas J. , Economo Evan P. , Etienne Rampal S. , Gillespie Rosemary , Jacquet Claire , Jay Flora , Kennedy Susan , Krehenwinkel Henrik , Lambert Amaury , Meramveliotakis Emmanouil , Noguerales Víctor , Perez‐Lamarque Benoit , Roderick George , Rogers Haldre , Ruffley Megan , Sanmartin Isabel , Vogler Alfried P. , Papadopoulou Anna , Emerson Brent C. , Morlon Hélène
Published: November 2022

Background

MacArthur and Wilson's theory of island biogeography has been a foundation for obtaining testable predictions from models of community assembly and for developing models that integrate across scales and disciplines. Historically, however, these developments have focused on integration across ecological and macroevolutionary scales and on predicting patterns of species richness, abundance distributions, trait data and/or phylogenies. The distribution of genetic variation across species within a community is an emerging pattern that contains signatures of past population histories, which might provide an historical lens for the study of contemporary communities. As intraspecific genetic diversity data become increasingly available at the scale of entire communities, there is an opportunity to integrate microevolutionary processes into our models, moving towards development of a genetic theory of island biogeography.

Motivation/goal

We aim to promote the development of process‐based biodiversity models that predict community genetic diversity patterns together with other community‐scale patterns. To this end, we review models of ecological, microevolutionary and macroevolutionary processes that are best suited to the creation of unified models, and the patterns that these predict. We then discuss ongoing and potential future efforts to unify models operating at different organizational levels, with the goal of predicting multidimensional community‐scale data including a genetic component.

Main conclusions

Our review of the literature shows that despite recent efforts, further methodological developments are needed, not only to incorporate the genetic component into existing island biogeography models, but also to unify processes across scales of biological organization. To catalyse these developments, we outline two potential ways forward, adopting either a top‐down or a bottom‐up approach. Finally, we highlight key ecological and evolutionary questions that might be addressed by unified models including a genetic component and establish hypotheses about how processes across scales might impact patterns of community genetic diversity.
Youth citizenship: Expanding conceptions of the young citizen
Authors: Wood Bronwyn Elisabeth
Published: November 2022

While the field of youth citizenship has grown rapidly in the past 2 decades, it still remains a contested idea—not least because of the ‘liminal’ or in‐between status that young people occupy between childhood and adulthood. In this paper I propose a conceptual framing that sees youth citizenship at the intersection of youth becoming, being and doing. This framing recognises many of the tensions, complexities and ambiguities of being a young citizen, as well as the potential this holds for understanding the fullness and diversity of youth experiences of citizenship. The paper examines two emerging research streams where youth citizenship researchers illustrate the richness of this conceptual framing in the research fields of youth everyday lived citizenship and digital citizenship.
Factors that influence the outcome of pulpotomy in permanent teeth
Authors: Duncan Henry F. , El‐Karim Ikhlas , Dummer Paul M. H. , Whitworth John , Nagendrababu Venkateshbabu
Published: November 2022

The promotion of minimally invasive treatments focussed on the maintenance of pulp vitality has become a priority area in Endodontics. These vital pulp treatments (VPT) include partial and full pulpotomy, during which diseased coronal pulp tissue is removed prior to placement of a capping biomaterial and restoration. Traditionally, pulpotomies were confined to the treatment of carious primary and traumatized permanent teeth. However, these treatments have now been proposed as definitive solutions for cariously exposed permanent teeth with mild symptoms or even symptoms indicative of irreversible disease. Until recently, it was recommended that carious exposure of mature permanent teeth be managed by root canal treatment. The promotion of pulpotomy as an alternative treatment has opened up a wave of laboratory and clinical research aimed at improving therapies or evaluating clinical outcomes. In modern evidence‐based endodontics, it is imperative that the outcomes of both partial and full pulpotomy are considered and important prognostic factors identified, so that improvements can be made to aid clinical decision‐making and to direct new research. In this narrative review, the outcomes of partial and full pulpotomy are discussed, before analysis of patient, intraoperative and postoperative factors that influence the outcome of the pulpotomy procedure. The review highlights that although partial and full pulpotomy for the treatment of even pulpal disease are highly successful procedures, this is based on low‐quality evidence with a lack of prospective, comparative trials investigating potential prognostic factors. Based on current evidence, it appears that age, gender, tooth type, root development and intraoperative pulpal haemorrhage do not impact significantly on pulpotomy outcome, whilst others such as caries depth, inflammatory status of the pulp, capping material, level of inflammatory pulpal‐biomarkers and the final restoration integrity do. Other factors, including the influence of exposure type, periodontal condition, pulpal lavage, magnification, operator experience, isolation of the operating field and type of pulpotomy, require further experimental investigation before definitive conclusions can be made relating to the success of the pulpotomy procedure. Finally, there is not only a need for future well‐designed prospective research addressing these issues but also a widening of our understanding of outcome to include patient‐reported as well as clinician‐reported outcomes.
Investigation of mutations in Fanconi anemia genes and malignancy predisposition in Brazilian patients
Authors: Pillonetto Daniela Vandresen , Piovezan Bruno Zagonel , Nichele Samantha , Lima Alberto Cardoso Martins , Pasquini Ricardo , Pereira Noemi Farah , Bonfim Carmem
Published: November 2022

Introduction

This study proposed to identify Fanconi anemia (FA) mutations in Brazilian patients and to investigate their impact on clinical manifestations and malignancies onset.

Methods

A total of 116 patients were screened for nine mutations in FANCA, FANCC, FANCG. Those with no mutations were investigated by multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and Sanger sequencing for FANCA, FANCC, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, FANCD1/BRCA2.

Results

Genetic subtype was identified in 107/116 (78 FA‐A, 8 FA‐C, 13 FA‐G, 8 FA‐E), with only one mutation in 1/116, and no mutations in 9/116 patients. Before hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), malignancies were detected in 16/116 patients (14/78 FA‐A, 01/08 FA‐C, 01/08 FA‐E), and 12 of them were hematological. Observed to expected ratio (O/E) of hematologic malignancy was 303.7 (95% CI = 148.6–458.7).

Conclusion

This study allowed the identification of biallelic mutations in 91.4% of patients. FANCG and FANCC mutations had significantly earlier bone marrow failure onset, and FANCG severe cytopenia at diagnosis. Despite the inherent limitations of the small number of malignancy events in each genetic subtype, the hematologic malignancies O/E ratio was very high. Cumulative incidence of malignancy before HCT was higher in the third and fourth decades of life, considering HCT and death as competing risks. The cumulative incidence of HCT increased during the first decade, competing with malignancy development.
Healthcare utilisation and costing for decompensated chronic liver disease hospitalisations at a Victorian network
Authors: Lovett Grace C. , Ha Phil , Roberts Andrew T. , Bell Sally , Liew Danny , Pianko Stephen , Sievert William , Le Suong T. T.
Published: November 2022

Background

The economic burden of decompensated chronic liver disease (CLD) on Australian healthcare services is poorly characterised.

Aims

To evaluate the in‐patient healthcare utilisation costs associated with decompensated CLD at Monash Health, an Australian tertiary healthcare service.

Methods

The current retrospective cost analysis examined patients with decompensated CLD admitted between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2018. Hospitalisations were identified using CLD‐specific International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, codes. Cost measures were estimated using the Victorian Weighted Inlier Equivalent Separation funding data based on the Australian Refined Diagnosis Related Groups cost weights.

Results

There were 707 hospitalisations in 435 adult patients. The mean age was 56.7 ± 11.7 years and the mean length of stay was 10.28 ± 11.2 days. Median survival was 31 months (interquartile range, 2–94 months) and 177 (40.8%) patients died within 1 year of admission. The cost of admission varied according to decompensation: hepatorenal syndrome ($20 162 AUD), variceal bleed ($16 630 AUD), spontaneous bacterial peritonitis ($12 664 AUD), hepatic encephalopathy ($9973 AUD) and ascites ($9001 AUD). There was no significant difference in the admissions or 30‐day readmission rate from 2012 to 2018 financial year (FY). The total adjusted cost of cirrhotic admissions per year increased by 78% from FY2012 to FY2018.

Conclusion

Hospital admission and readmission for decompensated CLD is common and associated with 40.8% 1‐year mortality and high costs. Clearer delineation of goals of care and alternative ambulatory care models for decompensated CLD are urgently required to reduce the high costs and burden on health services.
Livedoid vasculopathy and peripheral neuropathy: A retrospective cohort study of 55 Chinese patients and literature review
Authors: Gao Yimeng , Jin Hongzhong
Published: November 2022

Livedoid vasculopathy (LV) is a thrombo‐occlusive vascular disease with an uncertain aetiology. In addition to cutaneous manifestations, LV patients may develop peripheral neuropathy. This study aimed to examine features of peripheral neuropathy in Chinese LV patients. We retrospectively reviewed and analysed the clinical data of 55 LV patients treated at Peking Union Medical College Hospital and conducted a literature review of peripheral neuropathy in LV patients. The incidence of peripheral neuropathy in our cohort was 12.73%. Among the seven patients with neuropathy, five were women and two were men. Median age at enrollment and disease onset in these patients was 27.29 and 22.57 years, respectively. Mean time from the appearance of cutaneous manifestations to the development of neurological symptoms was 38.67 months. Peripheral neuropathy was generally refractory to treatment, asymmetric in the distal extremities, and slowly progressive. The main symptom was numbness; hypoesthesia and neuromuscular manifestations occurred occasionally. The proportion of patients reporting seasonal worsening of symptoms was significantly higher in LV patients with peripheral neuropathy than in LV patients without neuropathy (P < .05). Peripheral neuropathy is a potential complication of LV. LV patients with peripheral neuropathy require long‐term follow‐up.
Inhibition of interaction between ROCK1 and Rubicon restores autophagy in endothelial cells and attenuates brain injury after prolonged ischemia
Authors: Lin Yinyao , Zhan Zexin , Hu Mengyan , Li Haiyan , Zhang Bingjun , Wu Ruizhen , Tan Sha , Shan Yilong , Lu Zhengqi , Qin Bing
Published: November 2022

Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) induces cerebral endothelial cell death resulting in the breakdown of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Endothelial cell autophagy acts as a protective mechanism against cell death. Autophagy is activated in the very early stages of ischemic stroke and declines after prolonged ischemia. Previous studies have shown that Rubicon can inhibit autophagy. The current study aimed to investigate whether continuous long‐term ischemia can inhibit autophagy in endothelial cells after ischemic stroke by regulating the function of Rubicon and its underlying mechanism. Wild‐type male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). ROCK1, ROCK2, and NOX2 inhibitors were injected into male mice 1 h before the onset of tMCAO. Disease severity and BBB permeability were evaluated. bEnd.3 cells were cultured in vitro and subjected to oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD). bEnd.3 cells were pretreated with or without ROCK1, ROCK2, or NOX2 inhibitors overnight and then subjected to OGD. Cell viability and permeability were also evaluated. The expression of Rubicon, ROCK1, and autophagy‐related proteins were analyzed. Increased BBB permeability was correlated with Rubicon expression in tMCAO mice and Rubicon was upregulated in endothelial cells subjected to OGD. Autophagy was inhibited in endothelial cells after long‐term OGD treatment and knockdown of Rubicon expression restored autophagy and viability in endothelial cells subjected to 6‐h OGD. ROCK1 inhibition decreased the interaction between Beclin1 and Rubicon and restored cell viability and autophagy suppressed by 6‐h OGD treatment in endothelial cells. Additionally, ROCK1 inhibition suppressed Rubicon, attenuated BBB disruption, and brain injury induced by prolonged ischemia in 6‐h tMCAO mice. Prolonged ischemia induced the death of brain endothelial cells and the breakdown of the BBB, thus aggravating brain injury by increasing the interaction of ROCK1 and Rubicon with Beclin1 while inhibiting canonical autophagy. Inhibition of ROCK1 signaling in endothelial cells could be a promising therapeutic strategy to prolong the therapeutic time window in AIS.

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