bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spectroscopic properties of Yb3+‐doped Ca4Gd0.5Y0.5O(BO3)3 single crystals
Authors: Zhang Yan , Wei Bo , Wang Guofu
Published: February 2010

Yb3+‐doped Ca4Gd0.5Y0.5O(BO3)3 single crystals with good optical quality have been grown by the Czochralski method. The grown crystal was characterized using X‐ray powder diffraction. The polarized absorption and emission spectra and fluorescence lifetime of anisotropic monoclinic crystal Yb3+: Ca4Gd0.5Y0.5O(BO3)3 (Yb: GdYCOB) have been measured. Based on the absorption and emission spectra, the Stark energy‐level distribution was located. The spectrum and laser parameters of Yb3+: Ca4Gd0.5Y0.5O(BO3)3 (Yb: GdYCOB) crystal have been calculated.
The compatibility approach in the classical theory of thermoelectricity seen from the perspective of variational calculus
Authors: Seifert Wolfgang , Zabrocki Knud , Snyder G. Jeffrey , Müller Eckhard
Published: February 2010

The compatibility approach introduced by Snyder and Ursell opens a new pathway for the improvement of thermoelectric (TE) device performance. It has been shown that sufficient compatibility is – besides an increase of the averaged figure of meritZ– essential for efficient operation of a TE device, and that compatibility will facilitate rational materials selection, device design, and the engineering of functionally graded materials (FGMs). In this paper, the authors give an overview of the fundamental results and present a new approach from the perspective of variational calculus. A particular focus is on the role of ideal self‐compatibility, i.e., adjusting compatibility locally at any position along a TE leg.
Development of Tb‐doped ZnO nanorods: Effect of nitrogen ion irradiation on luminescence and structural evolution
Authors: Bayan S. , Das U. , Mohanta D.
Published: February 2010

In this work, we present surfactant‐(cetyl‐trimethyl ammonium bromide, CTAB) assisted solid‐state fabrication and characterization of hydroxyl‐free ZnO and Tb‐doped ZnO nanorods. 80‐MeV nitrogen ion irradiation (fluence: upto 8 × 1012 ions/cm2) was performed to explore irradiation‐induced modification in the structural and optical properties of the nanorods. In the asymmetrically broadened photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the irradiated samples, the band‐edge emission (∼370 nm) is found to be suppressed due to the dominance of the defect related emissions. Apart from ZnO‐defect‐related emissions (within 405–535 nm) due to zinc/oxygen vacancies, interstitial etc., we have adequately identified the Tb‐related 5D4–7F6 and 5D4–7F5 transitions at ∼490 and 548 nm, respectively. At the highest fluence (8 × 1012 ions/cm2), the nanorod structural ordering is lost, which is characterized by a luminescence quenching. The nitrogen irradiation at the chosen energy/fluence, and selective Tb‐related transitions are promising for precise control over tunability in the specific luminescence patterns of interest.
Non‐destructive evaluation of plasticity and prediction of fatigue failure in industrial aluminium alloys with positrons
Authors: Wirtz M. , Eich P. , Haaks M. , Loewenhoff Th. , Maier K.
Published: February 2010

The concentration of lattice defects in plastically deformed metals can be measured by positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) with an outstanding sensitivity. The positron acts as a highly mobile atomic probe sensitive to all defects forming an open volume in the lattice. Using a positron microbeam, like the Bonn positron microprobe (BPM), the lateral distribution of these defects in the sub‐surface layer can be mapped with a resolution down to one micrometer. In this work the changes in the defect concentration were determined during tension tests on the aluminium alloys AA2024, AA6013 and AA6082. The results show that these changes depend on the configuration and the heat treatment of the alloys. Moreover, alternating load fatigue tests were performed on AA6082. The defect distribution was measured laterally resolved employing the BPM in several early stages of fatigue. Using those results the number of cycles to fatigue failure was extrapolated. The trueness of the prediction was tested by further fatiguing the sample until failure occurs.
Phase stability and magnetic properties of the Heusler alloy Mn2CuAl ribbons
Authors: Feng Z. Q. , Luo H. Z. , Wang Y. X. , Li Y. X. , Zhu W. , Wu G. H. , Meng F. B.
Published: February 2010

A new Mn‐based Heusler alloy Mn2CuAl has been synthesized by the melt‐spinning method. It has an ordered bcc structure and is a ferrimagnet with a saturation moment of 1.44 µB/f.u. at 5 K. The magnetization mainly comes from the contributions of the antiparallel aligned Mn spin moments. A compensation point is observed at 630 K, indicating the antiferromagnetism between the two Mn sublattices. The Curie temperature of the ribbons is 690 K. When heated to 740 K, the Mn2CuAl ribbons completely decompose to a mixture of a tetragonal phase and a Cu9Al4 phase.
Room temperature magnetoresistance of La0.7Ca0.2Ba0.1MnO3/Ag thin films
Authors: Kuru Y. , Habermeier H.‐U. , Tripathi R. , Awana V. P. S. , Kishan H.
Published: February 2010

Epitaxial manganite thin films with very high room temperature magnetoresistance (MR) values are designed by tuning several parameters as composition, microstructure, substrate material, and film thickness, simultaneously. The resulting La0.7Ca0.2Ba0.1MnO3/Ag composite thin films deposited on (111) SrTiO3 have room temperature MR values exceeding 75% under 7 T applied magnetic field. The opportunity to develop materials out of the manganite family for specific conditions and applications by simultaneous adjustment of several degrees of freedom is successfully demonstrated.
Computer‐simulation design of new phase‐change memory materials
Authors: Hegedus J. , Elliott S. R.
Published: February 2010

Phase‐change (PC) materials are being developed for a new non‐volatile electronic‐memory technology to replace flash memory. Fast, reversible transformations between amorphous and crystalline states (with different electrical resistivities, thereby encoding bits of information) are produced by appropriate voltage pulses. Existing PC materials, such as Ge‐Sb‐Te compounds, have so far been developed empirically. We present the first design, in silico, of a simulated new PC material, whose (cubic) crystal structure, and electrical‐resistivity level, has been predetermined. Heterogeneous crystallization of PC memory cells has been reproduced by ab initio molecular‐dynamics simulation for the first time. We show how an optimal choice of cell boundaries can drastically speed up crystallization and enhance resistivity contrast. This optimization method opens up a yet‐unexplored dimension of the study of PC materials. The present computational approach offers a route for the efficient discovery of ultrafast PC materials that could even replace DRAM.
Optical properties of InN grown on Si(111) substrate
Authors: Sakalauskas E. , Schley P. , Räthel J. , Klar T. A. , Müller R. , Pezoldt J. , Tonisch K. , Grandal J. , Sánchez‐García M. A. , Calleja E. , Vilalta‐Clemente A. , Ruterana P. , Goldhahn R.
Published: February 2010

A comprehensive characterization of the optical properties of wurtzite InN films grown by molecular beam epitaxy on Si(111) substrates is presented. Two types of films are investigated in this work: InN on AlN/Si(111) and InN on GaN/AlN/Si(111). Their properties are compared to a layer deposited on GaN/sapphire substrate. The dielectric function (DF) is obtained from spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). The infrared studies yield the plasma frequency and thus the electron density, while the interband absorption is probed between 0.56 and 9.8 eV. For InN grown on Si(111) substrate, the absorption onset is slightly shifted to higher energies with respect to the InN film grown on GaN/sapphire which can be attributed to higher electron concentrations. Despite this, strongly pronounced optical transitions due to critical points of the band structure are found in the high‐energy part of the DF. It emphasizes the already promising quality of the InN films on silicon. Band‐gap renormalization (BGR), band filling, and strain are taken into account in order to estimate the intrinsic band gap of wurtzite InN. For the InN layers on silicon, we get a band gap between 0.66 and 0.685 eV.
The structure of InAlN/GaN heterostructures for high electron mobility transistors
Authors: Vilalta‐Clemente A. , Poisson M. A. , Behmenburg H. , Giesen C. , Heuken M. , Ruterana P.
Published: February 2010

In the investigated InAlN/GaN layers, it is shown that the surface morphology and the crystallinity of the alloy critically depend on the In composition. Atomic force microscopy analysis points out that step flow growth is not easily attained in this system. When the InAlN or AlN interlayer thickness is increased, the growth mode becomes three‐dimensional. However, the formed islands are hundred of nanometers apart, and were not observed in the transmission electron microscope.
Stability of diatomic hydrogen in oxygen‐deficient ZnO
Authors: Karazhanov S. Zh.
Published: February 2010

Here, we report a comparative analysis of the stability of different configurations of diatomic H and an oxygen vacancy, VO, in O‐deficient ZnO. It is found that in O deficient environment two spatially separated H, one occupying the interstitial site Hi and the other one substituting the O atom HO, which form shallow donor levels, can be energetically more favorable than the ${\rm H}_2^* $ complex and other possible locations of H and VO.
Field‐induced magnetic reorientation in ultrathin ferromagnetic films: Phase diagrams
Authors: Ilkovič V.
Published: February 2010

The magnetic reorientation transition can be induced by applying an external transverse magnetic field. The magnetic field at which the magnetization reaches the field direction is called the reorientation magnetic field. The reorientation magnetic field in ultrathin ferromagnetic films is studied within the framework of the many‐body Green function theory. The model Hamiltonian includes a Heisenberg term with different surface exchange couplings with respect to the bulk one, a second‐order single‐ion anisotropy, and a transverse external magnetic field in the x‐direction. The single‐ion anisotropy term is treated by the generalized Anderson–Callen decoupling scheme. We investigate the reorientation magnetic field $h_{0R}^x$ as a function of the surface single‐ion anisotropic parameter $K_{2,S} (T \to 0)$ for different: film thicknesses L, surface exchange coupling enhancements ΔS, temperatures, T and as a function of the temperature for different film thicknesses L.
EPR study of chromium centres formed in hexagonal RbMgF3 and RbZnF3 single crystals
Authors: Ebisu Hiroshi , Takeuchi Hideo , Arakawa Masanori
Published: February 2010

EPR measurements have been made on single crystals of RbMgF3 doped only with chromium or codoped with chromium and lithium. Three kinds of trigonally symmetric Cr3+ spectra were observed. Strong spectrum observed from codoped RbMgF3 is ascribed to Cr3+–Li+ pair centre. Other two centres are identified by considering the signs of the fine structure parameters $b_2^0$. Weak spectrum observed from RbMgF3 doped only with chromium is ascribed to a simply‐substituting Cr3+ ion at the MgII site in the face‐sharing Mg2F9 unit. The spectrum observed after X‐ray irradiation for the above crystal is ascribed to a simply‐substituting Cr3+ ion at the MgI site in the single octahedron unit. Similar Cr3+ centres are identified for hexagonal‐RbZnF3 codoped with chromium and lithium. An empirical rule for the sign and magnitude of the $b_2^0$ parameter among the Cr3+ centres in the hexagonal‐BaTiO3 type fluorides is presented. Site preference substitution by trivalent chromium ion in RbMgF3 was found.
Multiphoton excitation of disc shaped quantum dot in presence of laser (THz) and magnetic field for bioimaging
Authors: Lahon Siddhartha , Gambhir Monica , Jha P. Kumar , Mohan Man
Published: February 2010

Recently, multiphoton processes in nanostructures have attracted much attention for their promising applications, especially in growing field of bioimaging. Here we investigate the optical response of quantum disc (QD) in the presence of laser and a static magnetic field. Floquet theory is employed to solve the equation of motion for laser driven intraband transitions between the states of the conduction band. Several interesting features namely dynamic stark shift, power broadening, and hole burning on excited levels degeneracy breaking are observed with variation of electric and magnetic field strengths. Enhancement and power broadening observed for excited states probabilities with increase of external fields are directly linked to the emission spectra of QD and will be useful for making future bioimaging devices.
Study of the release of gallic acid from (–)‐epigallocatechin gallate in old oolong tea by mass spectrometry
Authors: Lee Ren‐Jye , Lee Viola S. Y. , Tzen Jason T. C. , Lee Maw‐Rong
Published: March 2010

Liquid chromatography combined with multiple‐stage mass spectrometry (LC/MSn) was used to study the pathway of the release of gallic acid (GA) from epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in infusion of old oolong tea. The possibility of releasing GA from EGCG in old tea preparations was supported by an in vitro observation of GA degraded from EGCG under heating conditions mimicking the drying process. Negative electrospray ionization with the data‐dependent mode of MSn was used to study the formation pathway of GA in old oolong tea. The MSn data show that GA was released from the dimer of EGCG, not directly degraded from EGCG. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An injection method for measuring the carbon isotope content of soil carbon dioxide and soil respiration with a tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer
Authors: Moyes Andrew B. , Schauer Andrew J. , Siegwolf Rolf T. W. , Bowling David R.
Published: March 2010

We present a novel technique in which the carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) of soil CO2 is measured from small gas samples (<5 mL) injected into a stream of CO2‐free air flowing into a tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer (TDL). This new method extends the dynamic range of the TDL to measure CO2 mole fractions ranging from ambient to pure CO2, reduces the volume of sample required to a few mL, and does not require field deployment of the instrument. The measurement precision of samples stored for up to 60 days was 0.23‰. The new TDL method was applied with a simple gas well sampling technique to obtain and measure gas samples from shallow soil depth increments for CO2 mole fraction and δ13C analysis, and subsequent determination of the δ13C of soil‐respired CO2. The method was tested using an artificial soil system containing a controlled CO2 source and compared with an independent method using the TDL and an open soil chamber. The profile and chamber estimates of δ13C of an artificially produced CO2 flux were consistent and converged to the δ13C of the CO2 source at steady state, indicating the accuracy of both methods under controlled conditions. The new TDL method, in which a small pulse of sample is measured on a carrier gas stream, is analogous for the TDL technique to the development of continuous‐flow configurations for isotope ratio mass spectrometry. While the applications presented here are focused on soil CO2, this new TDL method could be applied in a number of situations requiring measurement of δ13C of CO2 in small gas samples with ambient to high CO2 mole fractions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Satellite‐based vessel Automatic Identification System: A feasibility and performance analysis
Authors: Cervera Miguel A. , Ginesi Alberto , Eckstein Knut
Published: March 2010

The Automatic Identification System (AIS) is a VHF communication system that provides identification/location information to vessels and shore stations by exchanging data such as position, identification, course, speed, etc. Recently, the interest in detecting and tracking ships at distances from coastlines larger than what can be accomplished by normal terrestrial VHF communications has grown, driven by requirements of long‐range applications such as better handling of hazardous cargo, improved security and countering illegal operations. This paper presents an extension of AIS to a long‐range positioning reporting through a constellation of LEO satellites. It outlines technical challenges like the high rate of message collisions from ships in the field of view of a satellite. Technical solutions are proposed at system and sub‐system level to address these challenges. A computer‐based system simulator is used to assess the system performance and carry out a high‐level system sizing. Results show that a relatively small constellation of LEO satellites can guarantee good ship position detection probability as well as a reporting time interval of a few hours. System performance aspects to be addressed in future work are the possible impact of terrestrial mobile communications interference as well as variations of the estimated traffic data. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nuclear Transfer-Derived Epiblast Stem Cells Are Transcriptionally and Epigenetically Distinguishable from Their Fertilized-Derived Counterparts
Authors: Maruotti Julien , Dai Xiang Peng , Brochard Vincent , Jouneau Luc , Liu Jun , Bonnet-Garnier Amélie , Jammes Hélène , Vallier Ludovic , Brons I. Gabrielle M. , Pedersen Roger , Renard Jean-Paul , Zhou Qi , Jouneau Alice
Published: March 2010

Mouse embryonic pluripotent stem cells can be obtained from the inner cell mass at the blastocyst stage (embryonic stem cells, ESCs) or from the late epiblast of postimplantation embryos (epiblast stem cells, EpiSCs). During normal development, the transition between these two stages is marked by major epigenetic and transcriptional changes including DNA de novo methylation. These modifications represent an epigenetic mark conserved in ESCs and EpiSCs. Pluripotent ESCs derived from blastocysts generated by nuclear transfer (NT) have been shown to be correctly reprogrammed. However, NT embryos frequently undergo abnormal development. In the present study, we have examined whether pluripotent cells could be derived from the epiblast of postimplantation NT embryos and whether the reprogramming process would affect the epigenetic changes occurring at this stage, which could explain abnormal development of NT embryos. We showed that EpiSCs could be derived with the same efficiency from NT embryos and from their fertilized counterparts. However, gene expression profile analyses showed divergence between fertilized- and nuclear transfer-EpiSCs with a surprising bias in the distribution of the differentially expressed genes, 30% of them being localized on chromosome 11. A majority of these genes were downregulated in NT-EpiSCs and imprinted genes represented a significant fraction of them. Notably, analysis of the epigenetic status of a downregulated imprinted gene in NT-EpiSCs revealed complete methylation of the two alleles. Therefore, EpiSCs derived from NT embryos appear to be incorrectly reprogrammed, indicating that abnormal epigenetic marks are imposed on cells in NT embryos during the transition from early to late epiblast.
Epidermal Growth Factor and Perlecan Fragments Produced by Apoptotic Endothelial Cells Co-Ordinately Activate ERK1/2-Dependent Antiapoptotic Pathways in Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Soulez Mathilde , Sirois Isabelle , Brassard Nathalie , Raymond Marc-André , Nicodème Frédéric , Noiseux Nicolas , Durocher Yves , Pshezhetsky Alexei V. , Hébert Marie-Josée
Published: March 2010

Mounting evidence indicates that mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are pivotal to vascular repair and neointima formation in various forms of vascular disease. Yet, the mechanisms that allow MSC to resist apoptosis at sites where other cell types, such as endothelial cells (EC), are dying are not well defined. In the present work, we demonstrate that apoptotic EC actively release paracrine mediators which, in turn, inhibit apoptosis of MSC. Serum-free medium conditioned by apoptotic EC increases extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) activation and inhibits apoptosis (evaluated by Bcl-xL protein levels and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage) of human MSC. A C-terminal fragment of perlecan (LG3) released by apoptotic EC is one of the mediators activating this antiapoptotic response in MSC. LG3 interacts with β1-integrins, which triggers downstream ERK1/2 activation in MSC, albeit to a lesser degree than medium conditioned by apoptotic EC. Hence, other mediators released by apoptotic EC are probably required for induction of the full antiapoptotic phenotype in MSC. Adopting a comparative proteomic strategy, we identified epidermal growth factor (EGF) as a novel mediator of the paracrine component of the endothelial apoptotic program. LG3 and EGF cooperate in triggering β1-integrin and EGF receptor-dependent antiapoptotic signals in MSC centering on ERK1/2 activation. The present work, providing novel insights into the mechanisms facilitating the survival of MSC in a hostile environment, identifies EGF and LG3 released by apoptotic EC as central antiapoptotic mediators involved in this paracrine response.
Ablative Technologies in the Management of Patients with Primary and Secondary Liver Cancer: An Overview
Authors: Khan Nasir A. , Baerlocher Mark O. , Owen Richard J.T. , Ho Stephen , Kachura John R. , Kee Stephen T. , Liu Dave M.
Published: February 2010

Interventional ablative technologies have played an increasingly important role in the management of patients with primary or secondary liver malignancies. Ethanol and acetic acid ablation were the primary modalities available 2 decades ago. Today, several new technologies are available, including radiofrequency ablation, cryoablation, and microwave ablation. Radiofrequency ablation is the most widely practiced, however, cryoablation and microwave ablation are reasonable choices in certain situations. Irreversible electroporation is a newer technique, which has yet to enter clinical practice, but shows promising preliminary results. Herein, we provide a brief overview of the above-mentioned technologies with a focus on principles of ablation and technique. We also describe the use of these techniques in the context of cytoreduction, a noncurative approach aimed at reducing the overall tumour burden and providing concomitant survival benefit.
The Role of Cross-sectional Imaging in Male Infertility: A Pictorial Review
Authors: Jhaveri Kartik S. , Mazrani Waseem , Chawla Tanya P. , Filobbos Rafiq , Toi Ants , Jarvi Keith
Published: February 2010

Infertility is a common problem. The role of imaging in assisting clinical evaluation is discussed. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging are first-line, noninvasive imaging techniques that provide accurate definition of anatomical causes of infertility. This affords an opportunity to deliver timely and appropriate treatment. This pictorial review illustrates normal imaging anatomy and various causes of male infertility, and focuses on congenital and acquired testicular abnormalities and post-testicular obstruction, such as congenital absence of the vasa deferentia, seminal vesicle cysts, prostatic utricle cysts, Mullerian cysts, ejaculatory duct cysts (Wolffian cysts), and epididymal obstruction.
Pain‐related fear predicts disability, but not pain severity: A path analytic approach of the fear‐avoidance model
Authors: Gheldof Els L.M. , Crombez Geert , van den Bussche Eva , Vinck Jan , Van Nieuwenhuyse An , Moens Guido , Mairiaux Philippe , Vlaeyen Johan W.S.
Published: February 2010

Two studies are reported that tested the fear‐avoidance (FA) model using path analytic techniques. In study 1, 429 employees with back pain at baseline and back pain at 18 months follow‐up completed questionnaires assessing sociodemographic information, pain severity, negative affect, pain‐related fear, and disability. Results indicated that pain severity at baseline predicted pain‐related fear and disability at follow‐up, and that pain‐related fear is rather a consequence than an antecedent of pain severity. Results further revealed that the disposition to experience negative affect has a low impact upon pain severity and disability, and is best viewed as a precursor of pain‐related fear. Study 2 included 238 employees without back pain at baseline, but who developed back pain at 1 year follow‐up. A similar model as in study 1 was tested. Overall, results are in line with those of study 1. Results are discussed in terms of theoretical relevance and clinical implications.
Is chronic pain associated with subsequent cancer? A cohort record linkage study
Authors: Elliott Alison M. , Torrance Nicola , Smith Blair H. , Lee Amanda J.
Published: February 2010

A previous study has reported that chronic pain is associated with a higher incidence of overall and site‐specific cancer in subsequent years. The aim of this study was to confirm or refute these findings. In 1996, a cohort of 6940 individuals was recruited, and information on chronic pain, general health and socio‐demographic details collected. Ten years later, a record linkage study was conducted between these data and the routinely collected national dataset for cancer registration. Hazard ratios for the incidence of all cancers and eight cancer‐specific sites by chronic pain status were calculated. Eighty‐four percent of individuals from the original cohort were linked. After excluding those with a known previous cancer diagnosis, all non‐melanoma skin cancers and cancers which were not first occurrences, a total of 646 cancers had occurred in 607 people since the baseline study. The overall cancer incidence in the cohort was 10.4% over the 10 years. There were no significant associations between chronic pain and all cancer, or any of the eight cancer‐specific sites, after adjustment for age and sex. There was a significant increased risk of developing lymphoma/leukaemia amongst those with all chronic pain and various causes of chronic pain on univariate analysis. After adjustment, these trends remained, although most of the associations were no longer significant. There were no significant differences between those with severe chronic pain compared to those with mild chronic pain. The findings suggest that those with chronic pain are not at a significantly increased risk of developing cancer.
Deliberative assessment of surrogate consent in dementia research
Authors: Kim Scott Y.H. , Uhlmann Rebecca A. , Appelbaum Paul S. , Knopman David S. , Kim H. Myra , Damschroder Laura , Beattie Elizabeth , Struble Laura , De Vries Raymond
Published: February 2010

Background

Research involving incapacitated persons with dementia entails complex scientific, legal, and ethical issues, making traditional surveys of layperson views on the ethics of such research challenging. We therefore assessed the impact of democratic deliberation (DD), involving balanced, detailed education and peer deliberation, on the views of those responsible for persons with dementia.

Methods

One hundred and seventy‐eight community‐recruited caregivers or primary decision‐makers for persons with dementia were randomly assigned to either an all‐day DD session group or a control group. Educational materials used for the DD session were vetted for balance and accuracy by an interdisciplinary advisory panel. We assessed the acceptability of family‐surrogate consent for dementia research (“surrogate‐based research”) from a societal policy perspective as well as from the more personal perspectives of deciding for a loved one or for oneself (surrogate and self‐perspectives), assessed at baseline, immediately post‐DD session, and 1 month after DD date, for four research scenarios of varying risk‐benefit profiles.

Results

At baseline, a majority in both the DD and control groups supported a policy of family consent for dementia research in all research scenarios. The support for a policy of family consent for surrogate‐based research increased in the DD group, but not in the control group. The change in the DD group was maintained 1 month later. In the DD group, there were transient changes in attitudes from surrogate or self‐perspectives. In the control group, there were no changes from baseline in attitude toward surrogate consent from any perspective.

Conclusions

Intensive, balanced, and accurate education, along with peer deliberation provided by democratic deliberation, led to a sustained increase in support for a societal policy of family consent in dementia research among those responsible for dementia patients.
A Literary History of Women's Writing in Britain, 1660–1789
Authors: Staves Susan
Published: March 2010

Drawing on three decades of feminist scholarship bent on rediscovering lost and abandoned women writers, Susan Staves provides a comprehensive history of women's writing in Britain from the Restoration to the French Revolution. This major work of criticism also offers fresh insights about women's writing in all literary forms, not only fiction, but also poetry, drama, memoir, autobiography, biography, history, essay, translation and the familiar letter. Authors celebrated in their own time and who have been neglected, and those who have been revalued and studied, are given equal attention. The book's organisation by chronology and its attention to history challenge the way we periodise literary history. Each chapter includes a list of key works written in the period covered, as well as a narrative and critical assessment of the works. This magisterial work includes a comprehensive bibliography and list of prevalent editions of the authors discussed.
Democracy and the Rule of Law in Classical Athens
Authors: Harris Edward M.
Published: March 2010

This volume brings together essays on Athenian law by Edward M. Harris, who challenges much of the recent scholarship on this topic. Presenting a balanced analysis of the legal system in ancient Athens, Harris stresses the importance of substantive issues and their contribution to our understanding of different types of legal procedures. He combines careful philological analysis with close attention to the political and social contexts of individual statutes. Collectively, the essays in this volume demonstrate the relationship between law and politics, the nature of the economy, the position of women, and the role of the legal system in Athenian society. They also show that the Athenians were more sophisticated in their approach to legal issues than has been assumed in the modern scholarship on this topic.
A Lawyer's Handbook for Enforcing Foreign Judgments in the United States and Abroad
Authors: Lutz Robert E.
Published: March 2010

This 2007 book assists the practitioner seeking to enforce a foreign judgment in the United States or a US-rendered judgment abroad in navigating the lack of procedural uniformity that exists and in planning strategies likely to ensure effective enforcement. As a handbook, it provides the practitioner with a framework and resources with which to approach and further research the laws of the relevant state or country. In Part One, the guide takes the practitioner chronologically through the process of obtaining a US court's recognition and enforcement of judgments rendered abroad. Part Two takes the practitioner through the process of obtaining an overseas jurisdiction's recognition and enforcement of judgments rendered in the United States. Part Three assesses the current trends in the US and in the international trade environment regarding enforcement of judgments which may be made by foreign courts.
Literature, Education, and Romanticism
Authors: Richardson Alan
Published: March 2010

In this wide-ranging and detailed book Alan Richardson addresses many issues in literary and educational history never before examined together. The result is an unprecedented study of how transformations in schooling and literacy in Britain between 1780 and 1832 helped shape the provision of literature as we now know it. In chapters focused on such topics as definitions of childhood, educational methods and institutions, children's literature, female education, and publishing ventures aimed at working-class adults, Richardson demonstrates how literary genres, from fairy tales to epic poems, were enlisted in an ambitious programme for transforming social relations through reading and education. Romantic texts - including Wordsworth, Shelley, Blake, and Yearsley - are reinterpreted in the light of the complex historical and social issues which inform them and which they in turn critically address.
The Language Organ
Authors: Anderson Stephen R. , Lightfoot David W.
Published: March 2010

The Language Organ, first published in 2002, treats human language as the manifestation of a faculty of the mind, a mental organ whose nature is determined by human biology and whose functional properties should be explored just as physiology explores the functional properties of physical organs. It surveys the nature of the language faculty in its various aspects: the systems of sounds, words, and syntax, the development of language in the child and historically, and what is known about its relation to the brain. It discusses the kinds of work that can be carried out in these areas that will contribute to an understanding of the human language organ. This book will appeal to students and researchers in linguistics, and is written to be accessible to colleagues in other disciplines dealing with language as well as to readers with an interest in general science and the nature of the human mind.
Neural Plasticity and Disorders of the Nervous System
Authors: Møller Aage R.
Published: March 2010

Neural Plasticity and Disorders of the Nervous System provides comprehensive coverage of the pathophysiology of neurological disorders emphasising those disorders where expression of plasticity is evident. Including the basis for the expression of neural plasticity; how reorganisation of the nervous system can cause hyperactivity in sensory systems producing central neuropathic pain, tinnitus and paresthesia; the role of little-known non-classical pathways in pain and sensory disorders and their subcortical connections; hyper- and hypoactivity of motor systems after injury, and the role of spinal reflexes and internal processing in the spinal cord. Phantom symptoms and disorders of nerves and associated disorders are discussed, along with disorders that can be cured by microvascular decompression operations. A detailed and comprehensive description of the organisation of pain circuits and sensory and motor nervous systems is also included. This 2006 text is aimed at students and graduates of neuroscience and medicine.
An Introduction to Parallel and Vector Scientific Computation
Authors: Shonkwiler Ronald W. , Lefton Lew
Published: March 2010

In this text, students of applied mathematics, science and engineering are introduced to fundamental ways of thinking about the broad context of parallelism. The authors begin by giving the reader a deeper understanding of the issues through a general examination of timing, data dependencies, and communication. These ideas are implemented with respect to shared memory, parallel and vector processing, and distributed memory cluster computing. Threads, OpenMP, and MPI are covered, along with code examples in Fortran, C, and Java. The principles of parallel computation are applied throughout as the authors cover traditional topics in a first course in scientific computing. Building on the fundamentals of floating point representation and numerical error, a thorough treatment of numerical linear algebra and eigenvector/eigenvalue problems is provided. By studying how these algorithms parallelize, the reader is able to explore parallelism inherent in other computations, such as Monte Carlo methods.
Science, Politics, and Evolution
Authors: Lloyd Elisabeth A.
Published: March 2010

This book brings together important essays by one of the leading philosophers of science at work today. Elisabeth A. Lloyd examines several of the central topics in philosophy of biology, including the structure of evolutionary theory, units of selection, and evolutionary psychology, as well as the Science Wars, feminism and science, and sexuality and objectivity. Lloyd challenges the current evolutionary accounts of the female orgasm and analyses them for bias. She also offers an innovative analysis of the concept of objectivity. Lloyd analyses the structure of evolutionary theory and unlocks the puzzle of the units of selection debates into four distinct aspects, illuminating several mysteries in the biology literature. Central to all essays in this book is the author's abiding concern for evidence and empirical data.
Introduction to Geochemical Modeling
Authors: Albarède Francis
Published: March 2010

Modern geochemistry aims to provide an accurate description of geological processes, and a set of models and quantitative rules that help predict the evolution of geological systems. This work is an introduction to the mathematical methods of geochemical modeling, largely based on examples presented with full solutions. It shows how geochemical problems, dealing with mass balance, equilibrium, fractionation, dynamics, and transport in the igneous, sedimentary and oceanic environments, can be reformulated in terms of equations. Its practical approach then leads to simple but efficient methods of solution. This book should help the motivated reader to overcome the formal difficulties of geochemical modeling, and bring state-of-the-art methods within reach of advanced students in geochemistry and geophysics, as well as in physics and chemistry.
The Fading Miracle
Authors: Giersch Herbert , Paqué Karl-Heinz , Schmieding Holger
Published: March 2010

The Fading Miracle provides a lucid account of economic policy in West Germany from the late 1940s up to the present. First published in hardback in 1992, this paperback edition has been updated to include events since then. The authors describe and evaluate the major policy controversies and decisions, and place particular emphasis on the characteristically German institutions of policy counselling and their role in policy formation. The book will be of interest to students and teachers of economics, and to all those with an interest in the development of the greatest economic power in Europe.
Form and Meaning in Word Formation
Authors: Botha Rudolf P.
Published: March 2010

This study of reduplication in Afrikaans provides a unified and principled analysis of an unusual and highly complex word formation process, shedding new light on the scope and content of various fundamental lexicalist principles of word formation. Surprisingly, Rudolf Botha concludes that the principles involved in Afrikaans reduplication are not unique to Afrikaans, as has often been thought, and are used by many other languages. Moreover, the interpretation of Afrikaans reduplications depends on principles of conceptual structure that are restricted neither to Afrikaans nor to the interpretation of reduplications, thus supporting recent work on cognition and meaning undertaken by Ray Jackendoff and other scholars. In analysing the data, Professor Botha has also provided a concrete illustration of how the Galilean style of linguistic inquiry can fruitfully be applied in the study of word formation and meaning. The study thus represents an important theoretical and methodological advance which will be of as much interest for its method of inquiry and argumentation as for the fresh insights it provides for scholars and researchers in the fields of morphology, word formation and semantics.
Waystage 1990
Authors: Ek J. A. van , Trim J. L. M.
Published: March 2010

This series of learning objectives offers all practitioners a description of the language needed to assure a learner's ability to deal with the challenges presented by everyday communication.
Language Learning in Distance Education
Authors: White Cynthia
Published: March 2010

Distance learning presents language teachers and learners with a new set of challenges, opportunities and practical realities. This book presents a comprehensive overview of important issues within the field and explores the ways in which all participants are adapting their practices in response to the new learning environment.
Oral sensitivity to fatty acids, food consumption and BMI in human subjects
Authors: Stewart Jessica E. , Feinle-Bisset Christine , Golding Matthew , Delahunty Conor , Clifton Peter M. , Keast Russell S. J.
Published: March 2010

Fatty acids are the chemical moieties that are thought to stimulate oral nutrient sensors, which detect the fat content of foods. In animals, oral hypersensitivity to fatty acids is associated with decreased fat intake and body weight. The aims of the present study were to investigate oral fatty acid sensitivity, food selection and BMI in human subjects. The study included two parts; study 1 established in thirty-one subjects (29 (sem 1·4) years, 22·8 (sem 0·5) kg/m2) taste thresholds using 3-AFC (3-Alternate Forced Choice Methodology) for oleic, linoleic and lauric acids, and quantified oral lipase activity. During study 2, fifty-four subjects (20 (sem 0·3) years, 21·5 (sem 0·4) kg/m2) were screened for oral fatty acid sensitivity using oleic acid (1·4 mm), and they were defined as hypo- or hypersensitive via triplicate triangle tests. Habitual energy and macronutrient intakes were quantified from 2 d diet records, and BMI was calculated from height and weight. Subjects also completed a fat ranking task using custard containing varying amounts (0, 2, 6 and 10 %) of fat. Study 1 reported median lipase activity as 2 μmol fatty acids/min per l, and detection thresholds for oleic, linoleic and lauric acids were 2·2 (sem 0·1), 1·5 (sem 0·1) and 2·6 (sem 0·3) mm. Study 2 identified twelve hypersensitive subjects, and hypersensitivity was associated with lower energy and fat intakes, lower BMI (P < 0·05) and an increased ability to rank custards based on fat content (P < 0·05). Sensitivity to oleic acid was correlated to performance in the fat ranking task (r 0·4, P < 0·05). These data suggest that oral fatty acid hypersensitivity is associated with lower energy and fat intakes and BMI, and it may serve as a factor that influences fat consumption in human subjects.
Why Paul Nathan Attacked Albert Ballin: The Transatlantic Mass Migration and the Privatization of Prussia's Eastern Border Inspection, 1886–1914
Authors: Brinkmann Tobias
Published: March 2010

Albert Ballin was one of Imperial Germany's most successful business leaders. He early recognized the impact and possibilities of the expansion and integration of global markets. Within little more than a decade after he had joined the management of theHamburg-Amerikanische-Paketfahrt-Aktien-Gesellschaft(HAPAG) in 1886, he turned an already significant enterprise into the world's largest steamship line. As a leading manager and later as HAPAG director general, Ballin was a major force behind Hamburg's rise to Imperial Germany's second largest city. Due in no small part to HAPAG's spectacular growth, Hamburg emerged as a key global port for passengers and freight by the turn of the century. But Ballin was not just a gifted business leader in a highly innovative economic sector; he also had access to some of the highest figures in Berlin. Ballin repeatedly met with theKaiserand government members, and he used his long-standing contacts in England on several diplomatic missions to ease rising tensions between the two powers, albeit without lasting success.
Genetic architecture of rainbow trout survival from egg to adult
Authors: VEHVILÄINEN HARRI , KAUSE ANTTI , KOSKINEN HEIKKI , PAANANEN TUIJA
Published: March 2010

Survival from birth to a reproductive adult is a challenge that only robust individuals resistant to a variety of mortality factors will overcome. To assess whether survival traits share genetic architecture throughout the life cycle, we estimated genetic correlations for survival within fingerling stage, and across egg, fingerling and grow-out stages in farmed rainbow trout. Genetic parameters of survival at three life cycle stages were estimated for 249 166 individuals originating from ten year classes of a pedigreed population. Despite being an important fitness component, survival traits harboured significant but modest amount of genetic variation (h2=0·07–0·27). Weak associations between survival during egg-fry and fingerling periods, between early and late fingerling periods (rG=0·30) and generally low genetic correlations between fingerling and grow-out survival (meanrG=0·06) suggested that life-stage specific survival traits are best regarded as separate traits. However, in the sub-set of data with detailed time of death records, positive genetic correlations between early and late fingerling survival (rG=0·89) showed that during certain years the best genotypes in the early period were also among the best in the late period. That survival across fingerling period can be genetically the same, trait was indicated also by only slightly higher heritability (h2=0·15) estimated with the survival analysis of time to death during fingerling period compared to the analysis treating fingerling survival as a binary character (h2=0·11). The results imply that (1) inherited resistance against unknown mortality factors exists, but (2) ranking of genotypes changes across life stages.
The Gates of Sleep
Authors: Haarhoff T. J.
Published: March 2010

The Sixth Aeneid rises like a dome above the rest of the poem, uniting past, present, and future. It goes beyond the visible world and gives an interpretation not only of Rome's destiny but of the meaning of life. The vision of Aeneas touches the deepest things in Virgil in his conception of the Roman Fate. Is it conceivable, then, that the poet could have made a mockery of it all by representing that revelation, which was to inspire Aeneas for his great task, as false and misleading in the concluding lines of the book?
Improving the fatty acid profile of dairy cow milk by combining grazing with feeding of total mixed ration
Authors: Morales-Almaráz Ernesto , Soldado Ana , González Amelia , Martínez-Fernández Adela , Domínguez-Vara Ignacio , de la Roza-Delgado Begoña , Vicente Fernando
Published: March 2010

Grazing cows could produce milk with a higher proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which is beneficial to human health, compared with non-grazing cows, though grazing alone could compromise milk production. Under oceanic climate conditions, a study involving 15 dairy cows, fed total mixed ration (TMR)ad libitumin combination with different grazing times of 12 h (TMR12), 6 h (TMR06) and zero grazing time (TMR00) with the aim to evaluate different strategies on the fatty acids profile of milk and milk production. No differences were seen between the treatments with respect to milk yield (34·4±6·3 kg/d) or milk protein content (30·4±1·8 g/kg). The milk produced by the TMR12 cows had less total fat (36·2 vs. 38·2 g/kg) and saturated fatty acid (FA, 69·39 vs. 71·44 g/100 g FA) than that produced by the TMR00 cows. The concentration of vaccenic acid in the TMR06 and TMR12 milk was twice that of the TMR00 milk (4·22, 4·09 and 2·26 g/100 g FA respectively). Linear increases in conjugated linoleic (CLA) and linolenic acids were observed with increasing grazing time. Pasture was an important source of FA especially C18:3 for TMR06 and TMR12 cows. Under oceanic climatic conditions, the grazing of dairy cows as a complement to feeding with TMR can improve the FA profile of milk and increase its CLA content.