bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF VOLTAGE STRESS ON RELIABILITY OF THE 3-LEVEL ANPC MULTILEVEL INVERTER FOR WIND TURBINES
Authors: Fayaz Farhana , Lal Pahuja Gobind
Published: October 2023

Wind power with low or no greenhouse gas emissions has been highly prevalent over the last decade. Modern renewable energy systems rely heavily on power electronic devices such as multilevel converters (MLC) to integrate renewables into the grid or provide electricity to islanding loads.  These converters’ power electronic switches have a high failure rate (approximately 34 percent). As a result, the reliability evaluation of these converters is vital. Most research has focused on developing a fault-tolerant, efficient and cost-effective topology that reduces components. Still, the reliability of these topologies has received relatively little attention. This paper studies the effect of voltage stress on three-level Active Neutral Point Clamped (ANPC) multilevel inverter reliability. The series redundancy is introduced in ANPC using redundant outer switches, making ANPC a fault-tolerant topology. The reliability of this fault-tolerant topology is compared with the fault-intolerant ANPC. The voltage stress factor is calculated for fault intolerant and proposed fault-tolerant ANPC topologies. Because of the reduced stress on the switches and redundant configuration of the outer switches, the proposed fault-tolerant ANPC is more reliable. The fault-tolerant topology proposed in this paper has the lowest voltage stress factor, resulting in better reliability.
Paradigmas de liderazgo y autoridad en la generación Y
Authors: Olivar Martín
Published: October 2023

Ante el problema que representa el bajo nivel de legitimidad de las figuras de autoridad en universidades y empresas por parte de la generación Y (millennials), se desarrolla un estudio cuali-cuantitativo de alcance descriptivo con el objetivo general de conocer cómo es la relación de liderazgo y autoridad laboral y académica de la generación Y con sus superiores de generaciones anteriores en Argentina.

Los resultados indican que los problemas con la autoridad se vinculan con seis herramientas legitimadoras: la ética, la flexibilidad y la experiencia, en el ámbito laboral; y el conocimiento, la empatía y la creatividad, en el ámbito universitario. Finalmente, se concluye que la relación entre líderes y liderados en la universidad y en la empresa es compleja y, si bien cada generación tiene sus propias creencias y valores, la falta de legitimación de las figuras de autoridad se asocia a un cambio global de paradigma, del que son parte todas las generaciones, y no solo los millennials.
Sustainable Eco-Tourism Development in National Parks: an Approach from Local Community’s Support
Authors: Hien Le Thi Dieu , Phung Phan Van , Hoang Thi Hong Loc
Published: October 2023

Objective: This study aims to demonstrate the factors influencing the support for ecotourism development by local communities in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam.
 
Method: To validate the research hypotheses, a mixed-method research approach combining qualitative and quantitative methods was used. An official survey was conducted from July 2022 to September 2022. The survey targeted residents living in national parks in the Mekong Delta region, including Tram Chim National Park, Mui Ca Mau National Park, U Minh Ha National Park, and U Minh Thuong National Park. The total number of survey responses obtained was 270, and after removing invalid responses (lack of reliability), a total of 265 valid survey responses were used to test the research hypotheses.
 
Results: Using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), the study results reveal that the support for ecotourism development by local communities in national parks is positively influenced by the following factors: community participation, personal benefits, positive perceptions, and community attachment. Conversely, negative perceptions adversely impact the support for ecotourism development by local communities in national parks. Among the influencing factors, personal benefits are identified as the strongest factor affecting the support for sustainable ecotourism development by local communities in national parks.
 
Conclusions: Personal benefits were identified as the strongest influencing factor in the support for eco-tourism development by the people in the national parks. The research findings provide a scientific basis for suggesting policy implications to promote people’s support for eco-tourism development in the national parks in the Mekong Delta region.
The Charismatic Aspects of Transformational Leadership and their Prediction of the University teacher’s Work Engagement: the Mediating Effect of Trust in Leaders
Authors: Lin Chunhui , Azar Ali Sorayyaei , Ahmad Albattat
Published: October 2023

Purpose: This study investigates the effect that idealized influence and inspirational motivation of transformational leadership on work engagement of university teacher and the mediating role of trust in leaders between the relationships.  

 

Theoretical framework: Job-Demand Resources Model (JD-R) and Social Exchange Theory (SET) were adopted in this study.

 

Design/methodology/approach: The study population is the university teachers in seven public universities in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China. The unit of analysis of this study is the individual university teacher from these seven public universities. With a stratified sampling and a cross-sectional design, 381 respondents are employed in the study for data collection by self-report questionnaires and the data is analyzed by Amos with structural equation modeling.

 

Findings: The findings indicate that idealised influence has a positive effect on teachers' work engagement, inspirational motivation has a positive effect on teachers' work engagement, and teachers' trust in leaders mediates the relationship between idealised influence and teacher's work engagement, inspirational motivation, and teacher's work engagement.

 

Research, Practical & Social implications: This study will be beneficial for future researchers and university administrative to aware the importance of trust in leaders in the workplace to improve the work engagement. Meanwhile, more psychological factors like psychological safety or psychological fulfillment on work engagement should be explored and tested. This finding also provides solutions to the improvement of teachers’ work engagement from a charismatic perspective of leadership to those universities located in less developed cities of China and the world. Leaders’ Charm matters and should be improved and make best use of it.

 

Originality/value: The study provides valuable insight on the effect of charismatic aspects of transformational leadership on work engagement by introducing a phycological factor, trust in leaders, as a mediator between the relationship and providing a new perspective of illustration and reason by considering idealized influence and inspirational motivation as job resources.
KIRSAL BÖLGEDE EĞİTİM GÖREN ORTAOKUL ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN BEDEN EĞİTİMİ VE SPOR DERSİNE İLİŞKİN TUTUMLARININ İNCELENMESİ
Authors: ÖZEL Yasin İlker , DALKILIÇ Mehmet
Published: October 2023

Bu araştırma, kırsal bölgede eğitim gören ortaokul kademesinde bulunan öğrencilerin beden eğitimi ve spor dersine ilişkin tutumlarının incelenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmamızda, nicel araştırma modellerinden “Tarama (survey)” modelinden faydalanılmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklem grubunu; 2021-2022 eğitim-öğretim yılında, Konya ilinin Karapınar ilçesinde yer alan kırsalda bulunan köy ortaokullarında eğitim gören 5., 6., 7., ve 8. Sınıf olmak üzere toplam 332 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak araştırmacı tarafından oluşturulan kişisel bilgi formu ile Demirhan ve Altay (2001) tarafından geliştirilen “ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Tutum Ölçeği ” kullanılmıştır. Ölçek, 12 adet olumlu, 12 adet olumsuz olmak üzere toplam 24 maddeden oluşmaktadır. Ölçeğin Cronbach Alpha iç tutarlık katsayısı 0.90 olarak bulunmuştur. Araştırma verilerinin analizinde katılımcıların demografik bilgilerinin yüzdelik dağılımlarının belirlenmesinde frekans analizi kullanılmıştır. Kullanılan tutum ölçeğinden elde edilen puanların normal dağılıma sahip olup olmadığı One-Sample Kolmogorov Smirnov testi ile kontrol edilmiş ve verilerin normal dağılım gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Bu yüzden temel istatistiklerden parametrik testler kullanılmıştır. Sınıf, cinsiyet, düzenli spor yapma durumları beden eğitimi ve spor dersine ilişkin tutuma etkisini belirlemek amacıyla one way anova testi uygulanmıştır. Araştırma neticesinde, kırsalda eğitim gören ortaokul öğrencilerinin cinsiyet, sınıf ve düzenli spor yapma durumları değerlendirildiği zaman beden eğitimi ve spor dersine olumlu tutum besledikleri gözlenmiştir. Cinsiyet değişkenine göre istatiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark tespit edilmiştir (p0.05).
DYNAMICS OF ORE-FORMING PROCESSES IN CASE OF KAZAKHSTAN�s GOLD ORE DEPOSITS
Authors: Umarbekova Z.�. , Antonenko A.A. , ��shrapova M.A. , �iniskul Sh.D. , Shamsutdin D.
Published: October 2023

The paper considers processes of ore formation. This concerns complex dynamic natural objects, depending on polygenic geological phenomena, mutually interacting and forming a single mineral formation environment. Development of ore-forming systems is connected not only with the natural evolution of thermodynamic parameters, but also with physical-chemical properties and composition of ore-bearing deposits, state and character of manifestation of tectonic structures, such as field strength, degree of tectonic transformation of rocks, dynamometamorphism and others. Influence of postmagmatic fluids and other factors on the process of mineral formation is also considered.
Mineral formation at gold deposits is the result of the interaction of various polygenic geological processes that ultimately determine the character of mineralisation at the deposits. Experimental studies cannot fully reconstruct the conditions of ore formation. Therefore, it is necessary to apply the method of recalculation of thermodynamic constants.
NEW DATA ON MINERALS WITH ECONOMIC POTENTIAL PRESENT IN LITHIUM PEGMATITES FROM CON?U � NEGOVANU, CIBIN (CINDREL) MOUNTAINS, CENTRAL GROUP, SOUTHERN CARPATHIANS, ROMANIA
Authors: Calin N. , Constantina C. , Perta D.
Published: October 2023

In this paper will discuss the minerals present in pegmatites, seen as a way of storing chemical elements, important from an economic point of view. The study area is called Con?u - Negovanu, and is located between the two mountain massifs known as Cindrel (Cibin) and Lotru Mountains. Muscovite (seen as a possible indicator for lithium in Con?u � Negovanu pegmatites), one of the important minerals alongside quartz, spodumene, and albite cleavelandite variety, is probably the mineral that includes in its structure chemical elements: Fe3+, Fe2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Ti, Li, Nb, Ta, Sn, Ce, K, Na, Ca2+ which tend to materialize in minerals such as triphylite - lithiophilite, ferrisicklerite, heterosite - purpurite, amblygonite � montebrasite, "ferrogatehouseite", fluorapatite, hydroxylapatite, vivianite, wolfeite, maricite, monazite, cassiterite, titanite, spodumene, cookeite. In addition to these, we indicate beryl, scarce schorl, uraninite, garnets, kyanite, staurolite and columbite - group minerals. Phyllosilicates viewed through the mineralogical prism of pegmatites provide information on crystallization, mainly temperature (the presence of the 2M1 polytype indicates a high temperature) and the evolution pressure of pegmatitic melts. Plagioclase (oligoclase and albite) is partially or replaced by muscovite and quartz - a stable association in the later stages of pegmatites, following the crystallization of microcline by reducing the formation of muscovite, and if there is an increase in water content, the proportion changes, the microcline is partially or replaced of muscovite. Chemical analysis: EPMA indicates in muscovite the presence of FeO with an average value of 1.44 %, and Na2O with an average value of 0.44 %, fluorine occurs in proportions with values from 0.04 to 0.30 %.
PROSPECTS OF COMPUTER SIMULATION GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES FOR FORECASTING MINERAL RESOURCES
Authors: Mamanov Yerkhozha , Kembayev Maxat , Assubayeva Saltanat
Published: October 2023

For prospecting works on the Karsakpai-Ulytau area, we used computer modeling of geological structures and a forecast of possible associated minerals. The Karsakpai- Ulytau ore district is located in the ring geosuture zone of Kazakhstan, represented by deep faults and crushing zones, which served as channels for the penetration of mantle melts into the Earth's crust. The area has a complex geological history. The combination of igneous, metamorphogenic and sedimentogenic geological formations of the Proterozoic and Paleozoic led to the formation of various minerals in its bowels. In the Paleozoic, peculiar geotectonics and geological structures promising for minerals were formed under the influence of plume-tectonic geodynamics. Here the main ones are ophiolite complexes, volcanic rocks and sedimentary deposits. Ophiolite complexes in the geosuture zone are represented by peridotites, gabbro, and volcanic formations. They were formed as a result of tectonic activation of the geosuture zone. Depending on the oscillatory tectonic movements along the deep fault zones, intense subsidence occurred with the establishment of marine conditions and the formation of characteristic magmatogenic-sedimentogenic formations. Deposits of iron, copper, gold and nonferrous metallic minerals are associated with these formations.
PYROXENE MINERAL CHEMISTRY OF A MICROGABBRO DYKE FROM VILA NOVA DE FOZ COA (NORTHERN PORTUGAL)
Authors: Oliveira Antonio , Martins Helena , Sant Ovaia Helena
Published: October 2023

This work is a mineral chemistry study of the pyroxene crystals composing a microgabbro dyke found in the Vila Nova de Foz Coa (VNFC) region of northern Portugal. Several pyroxene geothermometers and geobarometers have also been employed to infer the likeliest thermodynamic conditions of crystallization. Following the IMA 1988 report for the nomenclature of pyroxene minerals, the VNFC microgabbro is rich in Ca-Mg-Fe species. The studied clinopyroxenes are aluminian, chromian, and/or ferroan diopside and augite, whereas the existing orthopyroxenes are ferroan enstatite. The pyroxene compositional data suggest that the analyzed clinopyroxenes were generated from an OIB-like alkaline melt, at low to intermediate pressures, and high fO2 conditions, associated with a non-orogenic and presumably riftrelated setting. Furthermore, the clinopyroxene grains of the VNFC microgabbro probably crystallized under pressure conditions ranging from 5 to 13 kbar and temperatures between 1130 to 1187�C. The variations concerning the pressure estimates may be related to the isothermal decompression phenomenon, typically associated with dyke-type intrusions. Based on these estimates and assuming crustal densities of 2700 to 2890 kg/m3, the likeliest depths at which clinopyroxene formed vary between 49 to 16 km, with most grains crystallized at depths ranging from 49 to 40 km.
RARE-EARTH MINERALIZATION IN GRANITES OF THE NORTH-EAST OF THE VERKHOYANSK-KOLYMA OROGEN
Authors: Trunilina Vera
Published: October 2023

The results of the study of granites of the north-east of the Verkhoyansk-Kolyma orogen bearing rare-earth mineralization are summarized in the article. Ore-bearing granites are classified as A-type of postorogenic and rift-related geodynamic conditions. Three groups are identified in them, differing in the origin and scale of the associated rareearth mineralization. The most ore-bearing granites are spatially and genetically related to alkaline�ultrabasic � alkaline-basic formations and formed within a long-lived hotspot from granite melt, generated from a fenitized crustal substrate under the influence of a flow of transmagmatic fluids. Granite massifs are limited ore-bearing, crystallized from melts generated in the Paleoproterozoic substrates of the lower crust under the influence of heat and fluids, related to the mantle magmas and bearing clear signs of mixing of basic and acidic melts during crystallization. These massifs are localized within the Indigirka crustal extension belt, where the presence of buried centers of the basic melts is assumed, which activation caused the re-melting of crustal substrates. Granites that do not bear signs of mantle-crustal interaction usually have only dispersed accessory rare-earth mineralization.
GEOTECHNICAL TECHNIQUES FOR MARITIME RESEARCH
Authors: Jurian Mariana , Muslim Enis
Published: October 2023

In this paper, the main maritime exploration techniques have been analyzed, the seismic refraction, and the seismic reflection. Pursuant to the performed research, we considered the seismic reflection to be of interest, for which we shall suggest improvement in how the data is collected by proposing a hydrophone design. At present, the continuation of exploitation of the traditional basins of natural resources (gas, oil), as well as the emergence of new reserves, such as those in the Black Sea, make it compulsory to engage an important effort in approaching the newest and most modern methods and techniques of investigation and exploitation of the subsoil reserves.
The two fundamental techniques in seismic exploration used at sea are the seismic refraction method, and the seismic reflection method. The main difference between the two techniques consists in the fact that, in the case of refraction, the energy reaches the recipient after it has passed through the rock layers, while in the case of reflection, the energy is received after it has been reflected by the subterranean layers.
THE LOCALIZED METHOD OF FUNDAMENTAL SOLUTIONS FOR PLANAR GROUNDWATER FLOW PROBLEMS
Authors: Muzik Juraj
Published: October 2023

The method of fundamental solutions is a meshless method that belongs to the Trefftz class of numerical methods. The method needs only the boundary to be defined using the set of boundary collocation nodes; it is mathematically effortless to program. One of the imperfections in the context of MFS is the fictitious boundary without any rigorous definition. The other fact that MFS suffers from is the nature of the characteristic matrix that is non-symmetric and fully populated. This issue is overcome by adopting the localization strategy, which adds internal nodes into the model but results in a sparse linear system that can be solved efficiently. Moreover, the advantages possed by MFS are preserved. This article presents the application of the localized method of fundamental solutions for the simulation of planar 2D steady-state groundwater flow problems. Numerical results are compared with those obtained by the boundary element method and analytical solutions. The localized method of fundamental solutions showed its high potential in dealing with ongoing planar groundwater flow problems.
RESEARCH IN THE FIELD OF HYBRID DETECTION OF INDUSTRIAL EXPLOSIVES FOR THE SECURITY OF LOCATIONS
Authors: Rus Daniela , Vasilescu Dragos Gabriel , Miron Iuliana Claudia , Jitea Ilie Ciprian , Popa Nicolae Narcis
Published: October 2023

In order to carry out the detection and examination of explosive substances both before and after their detonation, this multifunctional integrated system uses the work facilities provided by the use of: ISCAN type specialized equipment intended for the determination of threat traces based on the principle of ion mobility spectrometry; GSCAN type specialized equipment intended for the detection of explosives in bulk form and in closed containers using the principle of Raman spectrometry; the LDS800HDK specialized tablet following the creation of network connections with the two previously mentioned equipment in order to realize the hybrid detection of the investigated explosive substances. In this paper, a technical-scientific way of assessing the degree of vulnerability specific to industrial and urban sites is highlighted, based on the identification and examination of substances of an explosive nature that can generate, following controlled or accidental detonation, unwanted events resulting in explosion-type phenomena. The experimental tests carried out in the specialized laboratory focused on the use of various explosive materials based on nitroderivatives (TNT, SEMTEX, RDX, HMX), as well as means of initiating them (electric detonators and busters) in order to examine them (detecting the presence and type of explosive component) before and after their initiation.
THE DYNAMICS OF METHANE EVACUATION FROM CLOSED ENCLOSURES
Authors: Cioclea Doru , Tomescu Cristian , Matei Adrian , Dragoescu Razvan , Camarasescu Alexandru
Published: October 2023

The increase of the population also involve the increase of the consumption of raw materials. This requires the diversification and development of industrial processes in closed semi-enclosed or open spaces. The carrying out of human activities of an industrial nature involves the accidental use, handling or presence of explosive substances such as methane. The presence of this gas in closed or semi-closed spaces can generate explosion phenomena. The dynamics of methane discharge in closed enclosures, industrial or domestic, is less studied. Knowing how methane is discharged is very important for establishing preventive measures. The paper presents the experiment on the dynamics of methane evacuation in a closed enclosure.
MIFIRE- A PLANETARY GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS RESEARCH PROJECT USING A SUBORBITAL MICROGRAVITY SPACEFLIGHT
Authors: Moura Rui , Pires Ana Cristina , Martins Vitor , Marques Maria Cristina , Caldeira Ana , Sa Ivan , Machado Diogo
Published: October 2023

The MiFiRE (Microgravity Fine Regolith Experiment) experiment, which will be launched this year on a suborbital space flight, currently scheduled for August 2023, was designed with the aim of better understanding the initial stages of planetary formation. The fundamental and embryonic question is to contribute to the study of how the mineral and rock particles, which do not have enough mass for the gravitational force to be influential, can then aggregate through electrostatic forces. In order to recreate the environment of deep space, it is assumed that the composition of meteorites that collide with the Earth, are mainly of silicate mineralogical composition or rich in metallic alloys (eg Fe-Ni). Therefore, in the experiment some fine material, identical to the lunar regolith (JSC-1), is used, in other words, amphiboles, pyroxenes, olivines and volcanic glass, along with two larger elements, a basalt cube and a metalic (siderite) meteorite cube (Octahedrite from Campo del Cielo, Argentina). It is intended that the particles be subjected to the microgravity environment and thus contribute to a better understanding of the general behaviour and the processes of preference of aggregation between the various components. This, in turn, contributes the characterization of the progressive development of planetesimals. This experiment was selected amongst 5 competing proposals in a contest launched by Massachusetts Institute of Technology�s national representation, MIT Portugal, in 2020.
REGION-TIME-MAGNITUDE ANALYSES OF EARTHQAUKE ACTIVITY IN THE ELBASANI GEOTERMAL ZONE, ALBANIA
Authors: Ormeni Rrapo , Ozturk Serkan , Hasimi Albana , Silo Erald , Como Elvin
Published: October 2023

A detailed analysis of the b-value within the Elbasani fault zone, Albania, were studied. From instrumental seismicity in this area have been located 1830 seismic events, with magnitude Ml>0.5 Richter. In the zone of Elbasani, hot mineral water (thermal waters) spot out from natural springs which have been known since the 19th century. The statistical properties of seismicity are analysed by using b-value known as Gutenberg- Richter law. The magnitude of completeness (Mc) value is determined as 2.6, and the bvalue is calculated as 1.03 � 0.06, and it is determined that the region has a normal stress level. It is seen that the Mc-value varies from 1.6 to 2.9, the b-value changes between 0.9 and 1.3. The regions with the large b-values (> 1.0) are estimated in the eastern parts of the of Elbasani zone. However, the regions with the low b-values (less than 1.0) are observed in the north, west and southwest of Elbasani zone. The regions with the small b-values correspond to great-magnitude events, whereas the other large values are related to smallmagnitude earthquakes. These results reveal that b-values for all regions are well represented by a b-value typically close to 1.0. There are clear decreasing trends in temporal changes of b-values before the occurrences of some strong main shocks. The lower b-value indicate that there is still moderate stress accumulation in the southwest area of the Llinxha-Kozan thermal water belt. The b-values smaller than 1.0 indicate potential future earthquake area. Following the strong events, there are remarkable decreases in b-value as a function of time. Changes in b-value with time varies in a large band between 0.6 and 1.4. Probabilities of earthquake activity in different magnitude sizes show comparatively great values changing from 50-100 % for earthquakes of 0.5 ? Ml ? 4.5 and the values relatively lower than 90 % for the earthquakes of 5.0 ? Ml. The Elbasani zone has a complex geological structure with a significant number of geothermal water resources and some features of seismicity.
STRESS FIELD IN TARGU JIU SEISMOTECTONIC AREA (ROMANIA): INSIGHTS FROM THE INVERSION OF EARTHQUAKE FOCAL MECHANISMS
Authors: Craiu Andreea , Diaconescu Mihail , Craiu Marius , Mihai Marius , Marmureanu Alexandru
Published: October 2023

An intense seismic activity started in February 2023, close to Targu Jiu city, in the Oltenia region (Romania). The strongest events occurred on 13th and 14th February, the first shock with ML=5.2, and respectively the second shock with ML=5.7. These main shocks were followed by specific seismicity bursts (about 2000 foreshocks were registered). The focal depth of the events ranges from 1 to 20 km, most of them being situated in the 10-20 km depth interval.
The area of interest is tectonically complex with various types of faults and it takes place at the contact between the Getic Depression, to the south, and the Southern Carpathians, to the north. The seismic sequence of Tg. Jiu occurred in the northern part of the Valea Motrului-Valea Oltetului area (part of Getic Depression) and is characterized by extensional faults, which show a general direction of ENE - WSW.
For the seismic source delineated in Tg. Jiu area, the stress field has an extensional stress regime (?1 almost vertical), with maximum horizontal stress (SHmax) oriented in the NNE-SSW direction. The resulting SHmax orientation and normal fault regime with a radial component (R'=0.5) are consistent with the observed geological setting.
The results of this study are useful for assessing past and current tectonic activities and future research of the epicentral area.
BLACK SEA GAS HYDRATES: RESOURCE ESTIMATION UPDATE
Authors: Vasilev Atanas , Botusharov Nikola , Pehlivanova Rositsa , Petsinski Petar , Marinovska Eva
Published: October 2023

The Black Sea exhibits significant potential for the development of substantial gas hydrate reserves, primarily due to its low salinity, extensive sedimentary complexity, and the presence of vast deep-sea buried paleodeltas. Recent geophysical and geochemical studies carried out as part of European and national projects have yielded valuable data and outcomes, serving as the basis for a reassessment of gas hydrates in the Black Sea. This research aims to provide an updated estimation of the Black Sea gas hydrate resources and assess the potential for methane, hydrogen, and sequestered carbon dioxide as hydrate within each exclusive economic zone. Our methodology involves incorporating updated input data from recent publications and analyzing the results of detailed investigations to establish more precise parameters. The key findings reveal how detailed explorations have changed the area of gas hydrate deposits (BSR areas), the portion of sediments containing gas hydrates within the gas hydrate stability zone, and the gas hydrate saturation of the pore volume. The updated resource estimation is presented through maps and tables. These new findings contribute to a better understanding of the Black Sea basin's potential for carbon capture and robust storage in gas hydrate deposits, as well as the prospects for gas hydrate development in each country surrounding the Black Sea.
FEATURES OF THE ARABIAN MONARCHIES OIL POLICY WITHIN OPEC+ IN THE CONTEXT OF SHIFTS IN THE WORLD OIL MARKET IN 2022-2023
Authors: Gukasyan Gurgen , Khayder Ali Nasser
Published: October 2023

The purpose of the analysis is to interpret and conceptualize key features and changes of the Arabian monarchies oil policy, including Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, Bahrain. These countries, with the leading role of Saudi Arabia, largely determine the oil policy of the countries of the OPEC+ alliance.
Today, the problem of protecting the economic interests of developing oil-exporting countries in the conditions of instability of the world economy and downward pressure on oil prices, taking into account the environmental restrictions, put forward by the OECD states, is particularly acute.
For OPEC+ states, oil revenues remain the most important source of financing for economic modernization. It is important to assess to what extent the economic interests of developing oil exporting countries, primarily members of OPEC+, determine the configuration of their policies on the global oil market and their cohesion around key oil exporters in the alliance.
Equally important is the position of the largest countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, including oil-importing states, such as China, on the issues of global energy supply in the context of the concepts of sustainable development and the "green economy". There are signs of the formation of new directions of energy and economic cooperation between developing countries in general and between oil exporting countries, which changes many paradigms.
IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF PDC BITS IN OIL AND GAS DRILLING
Authors: Borash A.R. , Nurshakhanova L.K. , Arshidinova M.T. , Kenzhegaliyeva ZH.M. , Zhanggirkhanova A.A.
Published: October 2023

The work is devoted to increasing the service life of PDC bits when drilling rocks alternating in hardness by equipping tools with additional superhard elements. Experimental data have shown (ISM NAS (Ukraine)) that superhard elements have the following composition: diamond, tungsten carbide, cobalt, chromium diboride and zirconium dioxide, and the latter two components are included in the composite in a ratio of 2:4. Inserts made of a new composite have minimal cracking, increased wear resistance and cutting ability.
In the manufacture of new PDC bits, the bottom-hole part of the blades should be equipped with working elements consisting of a PDC cutter and an insert made of superhard composite. It is shown that when the working edges of the PDC cutter and the end of the undercut insert are placed in the same plane, the efficiency of downhole deepening is ensured.
To preserve the diameter of the well, the side surface of the blades is also equipped with calibration inserts made of a new composite. The theoretical dependence of the tool feed rate is obtained depending on the number of calibration inserts in the tier, the rotation frequency of the column and the diameter of the inserts.
USE DATABASE IN ICT TO DISCUB THE FUEL BASE
Authors: Kardasz Piotr
Published: October 2023

Databases and ICT capabilities allow for the analysis of trends and possibilities of change. The use of ICT enables a broader problem analysis and an indication of how and where to process it For a given biodiversity, specific situation and existence, refer to the global situation and the global step on energy fuel becomes bigger with each step. Therefore, a more and more needed, soon to be added supplement, accompanying, supplementing the source. The closest available alternatives to humans are so-called biofuels, which take advantage of the toxicity produced by gasoline. Global, with currency sales, was present below the sale. Also described are the guide steps, guided steps, and discharge points. Petroleum has been extracted and used for centuries for lighting purposes. Along with the popularisation of internal combustion engines and the use of diesel oil, its use has increased. In the 20th century, the consumption of liquid fuels increased with technological and economic development, and petroleum was slowly displacing coal also in the energy sector.
GEO-STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DISTRIBUTION OF As, Fe, Mn, Cu, AND Zn IN ARTANA MINE TAILING FROM FLOATING PROCESS
Authors: Sinani Berat , Boev Blazo , Reka Arianit , Boev Ivan , Pacarizi Musaj , Qeriqi Epir
Published: October 2023

Tailings in Kosovo as in any other country in the world look like an asset and mineral resources, but despite this, these Tailings have a very large impact on the process of environmental pollution. In addition to the chemical and mineralogical research of the Artana Art-1 Tailings, we have conducted research on the geostatistical distribution of most pollutants and chemical elements of this tailing.
The flotation process of the Artana mine builds tailing Art-1 and the waste released from this process is dumped in this tailing (Trepca. JSC 2020). The Artana area includes the part of the territory of the Republic of Kosovo, between the coordinates 4716114, 4725406 of the northern latitude and 7530293, 7540539 of the eastern longitude. This part is mainly a mountainous area, with the Gollak Mountains in the north and the Strazha and Zhegoc Mountains in the south. Administratively the study area is part of the municipality of Prishtina.
Thanks to technological processes not very advanced in these tailing, we have a high concentration of various chemical elements, this has made many researchers take this work more seriously, but in addition to the high concentration of these elements, we also have high concentration elements of As, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn which create very large pollution in the environment.
GNSS MONITORING OF THE GEODYNAMIC PROCESSES IN THE AREA OF SOFIA AN IMPORTANT TOOL FOR STUDYING OF RECENT GEODYNAMICS AND NATURAL RISK PREVENTION IN A HIGHLY POPULATED AREA
Authors: Dimitrov Nikolay , Nakov Radoslav , Ivanov Anton , Danchev Petar
Published: October 2023

In recent years GNSS studies play an increasing role in studding of natural risk hazards and active tectonics. The area of Sofia is part of the broad South-Balkan Extensional Tectonic System. This highly populated area of economic significance, even showing to be not so active as other parts of the System is also affected by natural hazards, as active seismicity, landslides, rock falls, debris, etc. GNSS studies are extremely important for understanding of natural hazards and recent geodynamics of the area, especially establishing and investigating of active faults, which is crucial for the prognostic and evaluation of the seismic risk.
In aim to perform GNSS Monitoring in the area of Sofia and all over the territory of Bulgaria the Department of Geodesy at National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy and Geography maintains the National Permanent GNSS. To study the modern movements of the Earth's crust during the period 1996-1997, a geodynamic network was built in the area around Sofia, covering South Western Bulgaria. The network is designed for highprecision GNSS measurements, determination of coordinates and velocities of points, calculation of active strain in the area and long-term monitoring crustal movements. The processing and analysis of the measurements allow monitoring of recent movements of the earth's crust in Bulgaria and the Balkan Peninsula and, together with seismic and geological information, an assessment of seismic and geological hazards.
The results obtained from the analysis of GNSS data of Sofia area and SW Bulgaria allow to identify new area of probably active faults, provide new data on known tectonic structures and have a significant implication in the study of recent crustal movements and evaluation of the natural hazard in the region.
INDUSTRY MODEL FOR GEODETIC ACTIVITIES IN RELATION TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CULTURAL HERITAGE ACT IN THE REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA
Authors: Kunchev Ivan
Published: October 2023

The Cultural Heritage Act regulates the preservation and protection of the cultural heritage of the Republic of Bulgaria, and the State ensures the protection of cultural heritage regardless of its location. The procedure for identifying, declaring and granting the status of sites as immovable cultural property, as well as the procedure for establishing temporary protection regimes for declared immovable cultural heritage sites and for the protection regimes for immovable cultural property, are also laid down in subordinate legislation.
The geodetic production, i.e. land surveying, photogrammetric and remote sensing methods, technologies and solutions, plays a key role in the implementation of the Cultural Heritage Act and the related subordinate legislation with regard to the regimes for the protection of immovable cultural heritage sites and immovable cultural property.
The paper presents an innovative approach for systematic solution of specific topical problems related to the conservation of immovable cultural property and immovable cultural heritage sites on the territory of Bulgaria in accordance with the current regulations in the field of Geodesy, Cartography, Cadastre and Spatial planning. Basically, this approach solves the main use cases related to cultural heritage from the point of view of the geodetic production and the persons legally qualified to carry out cadastral and engineering investment design activities, i.e. the graduated surveyors, aka Geodesy engineers.
The approach is implemented through Autodesk's concept of direct access and management of spatial data and information, i.e. the application of a file-based industry model in the documentation and modelling of Bulgaria's immovable cultural heritage for its preservation and protection. The implemented file-based industry model applies the Autodesk client-server architecture for: access spatial data using Feature Data Objects technology, edit spatial data, manage Geo-information systems with Industry Models.
METHODOLOGY FOR ACCOUNTING DISPLACEMENTS OF THE OUTPUT COORDINATES FROM THE STATIC STATE GPS NETWORK IN GEODETIC PRACTICE
Authors: Tsanovski Yuri
Published: October 2023

In geodetic practice, the definition of spatial objects in relation to a uniform and reliable coordinate system is of paramount importance. In the Republic of Bulgaria by the Decree of the Council of Ministers No 153 of 29 July 2010 and Regulation No 2 of 30 July 2010 on the Definition and Maintenance of the Bulgarian Geodetic System 2005 (BGS2005).
The points of the State GPS network (SGPSN), defined in the ETRS89 coordinate system, realization ETRF2000, epoch 2005.0 represent a realization of BGS2005 and their invariance over time is compromised due to the country's location, namely in the periphery of the Eurasian tectonic plate, and part of it falls within the seismically active Aegean extensional region [1]. An additional obstruction is the non-uniform intraplate displacements from about 1 millimetre per year in Northern Bulgaria to about 5 millimetres per year in Southern Bulgaria - mostly in the geodynamically very active South-West region [2].
The aim in this study is to perform a comparative analysis and to propose a reliable methodology to account for emerging shifts in the coordinates of points in the SGPSN, for example [3]. A lengthy and time-consuming procedure is currently underway for the remeasurement of cycle IV of the State Level Network (SLN), in which the geodetic heights of the benchmarks are determined relative to points on the SGPS network. The possibility of determining geodetic heights of benchmarks with an accuracy of up to 20 mm is achievable only under the assumption of reliably determined starting points, relative to the epoch of implementation of the coordinate system. In turn, the considerable amount of data obtained would be sufficient to derive a local geoid/quasigeoid for the country's territory by the GNSS/levelling method [4].
THE IMPACT OF RIVER SEDIMENTATION ON THE VARIABILITY OF THE SEA FLOOR TOPOGRAPHY IS ONE OF THE FACTORS WITH A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON THE DYNAMICS OF THE COASTLINE
Authors: Bejko Ethem , Hasimi Albana , Gjata Gezim , Ormeni Rrapo , Ndreko Dhurata
Published: October 2023

In this study, we aim to demonstrate the change in the topography of the sea floor as a result of the sedimentation of rivers. The study area is the Divjaka Bay, bounded to the north by the delta of the Shkumbin River and to the south by the delta of the Seman River, on the Adriatic coast of Albania. The method used is the Integrated Satellite Bathymetric Surveying method. The monitoring period extends from 2017 to 2020, based on 4 monitoring campaigns. The longitudinal bathymetric profile extends northsouth, in proximity to the delta of the Shkumbin River in the north and the delta of the Seman River in the south, with a length of about 30km and a distance of about 70m from the coastline. The area is covered with 7 perpendicular bathymetric profiles (P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, and P7), with an average distance of about 3000m between each other. The lengths of the profiles vary from 500m for the shortest profile to 3300m for the longest one. The information acquisition frequency is 1 point per 20m. The analysis of the obtained data is done by dividing the area into 3 sub-areas (northern, central, and southern). It is found that the speed of sea floor change is -104mm/year (erosion process) for the southern sub-area, +41.2mm/year (accumulation process) for the central sub-area, and -62mm/year (erosion process) for the northern sub-area. The overall vector of sea floor topography change in the study area results in a value of - 419mm/year. This conclusion confirms what can be visually observed in the area, where the two side zones are in the erosion process, while the central zone is in the accumulation process, which affects the dynamics of the coastline.
APLICATION OF ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS IN MATHEMATICAL CARTOGRAPHY CALCULATIONS
Authors: Pedzich Pawel , Wodzynski Lukasz
Published: October 2023

The paper describes examples of applying elliptic integrals in mathematical cartography calculations, i.e. related with cartographic projections and reference surfaces. Selected equations and algorithms used in calculating the meridian arc length on an oblate spheroid, meridian arc length on a tri-axial ellipsoid, the equation and length of the geodesic, and coordinate transformation on an oblate spheroid, have been applied. Examples of elliptic integral application for the construction of cartographic projections of a sphere, oblate spheroid and tri-axial ellipsoid are also presented. Important elements of these equations are elliptic integrals of the first, second and third kind. Methods and tools for solving these integrals are presented, as well as calculations testing the described algorithms and methods. The results have allowed to test the precision of the performed calculations and the efficiency of the applied algorithms. The calculations were made using Octave and Matlab software. Conducted study reveals that obtained results are the same regardless of the method used but some methods are more efficient or convenient to use.
ANALYSIS OF THE TRENDS, HYDROLOGICAL REGIME OF THE COMPLEX DAMS INFLOW AND THE WATER SUPPLY VULNERABILITY ALONG THE BLACK SEA
Authors: Yordanova Anna , Ilcheva Irena , Ljubenova Krasimira , Rainova Vesela , Drumeva Gergana
Published: October 2023

Climate factors are already exerting negative pressure on water resources, society and ecosystems. The analysis of trends and identification of vulnerable water supply areas is related to the River Basin Management Plans. For this end, a methodology for assessment of water resources vulnerability, developed in international projects of the National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology (NIMH), is adapted. The methodology is further developed by drought risk assessment. The main stages are: 1) Assessment of the climate factors and trends; 2) Evaluation of the trends in water resource alterations, under different scenarios or drought; 3) Developing a calculation scheme of the Water Management System; 4) Assessment of the water consumption and ecological flow; 5) Assessment of vulnerability of water resources and prolonged drought risk assessment. Identification of �critical areas� and the so-called �hot spots�; 6) Analysis of measures and adaptive management. The methodology is applied for Black sea region. In this report the main trends, the evaluated risks and the analyzed influence of climate change and extreme phenomena on water are represented. Emphasis is given to the assessment of the water resources and inflows to the complex and significant dams in the area. Investigations concerning the significance of trends in runoff change using the Mann- Kendall test are carried out. A trend analysis of the groundwater levels reduction according to NIMH operational monitoring data is performed. A new approach for prolonged drought assessment by integrated analysis of the indices from NIMH drought identification system (SPI, SRI and SMI), the indicators used by the Ministry of Environment and Water (reservoirs inflow and levels) and groundwater, is applied. The vulnerable areas are identified � water supply from reservoirs in cases of prolonged drought, some Natura 2000 areas, etc.
APPLICATION OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES IN SNOW HYDROLOGY RESEARCH TO SUPPORT WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND AGRICULTURE
Authors: Nitcheva Olga , Dobreva Polya , Vatralova Albena , Shopova Donka , Koutev Vesselin
Published: October 2023

Scientific research using advanced observation technologies and mathematical models aimed at estimating seasonal snow cover and its water equivalent (SWE) helps to reduce the costs of snow cover monitoring and improve the management of the soil-water-crop system. Following the above goals, this paper analyzes two approaches - the Community Land Model (CLM) producing own calculated data, and the ESA GlobSnow v.3.0 product based on the European Space Agency (ESA) GlobSnow project satellite data. The studies were carried out in the period 2016-2020 for the Sought Central Region of Bulgaria. The results indicate a significant reduction of snow. The SWE results of the CLM model (covering the whole study area) are compatible with the SWE data produced by the GlobSnow product, which is easy for use, but applicable only for non-mountainous areas.