bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Free Vibrations of Unsymmetrically Laminated Anisotropic Plates with Clamped Edges
Authors: Bert Charles W. , Mayberry Byron L.
Published: March 2007

A linear analysis is presented for determining the natural frequen cies of vibration of laminated anisotropic rectangular plates. The plate may consist of an arbitrary number of thin orthotropic layers, the major material-symmetry axis of each layer oriented arbitrarily with respect to the longer plate edge. An approximate solution is obtained by the Rayleigh-Ritz energy method. Numerical results are presented for fully clamped boundary conditions and compared with experimental results for symmetrically and unsymmetrically laminated plates.
Fracture of Fiberglass Reinforced Composites
Authors: Guofang Sun
Published: March 2007

This paper describes and discusses experiments on the fracture strengths of some aligned fiber-reinforced materials and also on plexiglass. A strain gauge technique was used to determine the strains at crack initiation. The recorded strain curves for different fiber orientations and the various types of crack propagation are compared with those observed with plexiglass. The concepts of fracture mechanics are applied to evaluate fracture toughness based on the observed data with the compact specimens.
Time-Temperature Effect in Adhesively Bonded Joints
Authors: Delale F. , Erdogan F.
Published: March 2007

In this paper the viscoelastic analysis of an adhesively bonded lap joint is reconsidered. The adherends are approximated by essentially Reissner plates and the adhesive is assumed to be linearly viscoelastic. The hereditary in tegrals are used to model the adhesive. The problem is reduced to a system of linear integral-differential equations for the shear and the tensile stress in the adhesive. For a constant operating temperature, the equations are shown to have constant coefficients and are solved by using Laplace transforms. It is also shown that if the temperature variation in time can be approximated by a piecewise constant function, then the method of Laplace transforms could still be used to solve the problem. A numerical example is given for a single lap joint under various loading conditions and operating at temperatures 70, 100, 140 and 180°F.
The British Government and the Media, 1937-1938
Authors: Adomthwaite Anthony
Published: March 2007

This article is a revised version of a paper presented to the Colloque 'La perception de la puissance en Europe occidentale à la veille de la seconde guerre mondiale', organized by Professor René Girault of the Université de Paris X Nanterre, at Sèvres in April 1982. I am grateful to Mr Nicholas Pronay, Dr Philip M. Taylor, and Mr Wesley K. Wark for their generous advice. I am indebted to the BBC and to the Royal Insitute of International Affairs for permission to reproduce material from their archives. Since the role of The Times has been extensively analyzed, I have focused on the BBC and the press in general. For The Times see The History of The Times, vol. 4, Part II (London 1952); Franklin Reid Gannon, The British Press and Germany (London 1971); Keith Middlemas, Diplomacy of Illusion (London 1972); I. McDonald, A Man of the Times (London 1976); D. McLachlan, In the Chair: Barrington-Ward of 'The Times' (London 1971).
Woman's Work Is Never Done— by Men: A Socio-Economic Model of Sex-Typing in Occupations
Authors: Power Margaret
Published: March 2007

The division of the Australian labour market into two parts—a male labour market and a female labour market—is documented. This type of dualism in the labour market is inherent in the institutions of the economy and the society. A socio-economic model which generates either male occupations or female occupations, and in which a true mixed sex occupation is the exceptional case, is developed. Integration of the labour market requires a comprehensive and integrated set of policy measures and it is essential to know when an occu pation is about to "switch" from a male occupation to a female occupation if policy measures are to be effective.
The Trend of Strikes in New Zealand 1971-75
Authors: Turkington Don J.
Published: March 2007

This paper outlines and offers some explanation of recent strike patterns in New Zealand. It begins by noting that the years 1971-75 were ones of high strike activity. Possible factors shaping this situation are evaluated, of which inftation, relatively low profits, tight labour markets and high worker expecta tions are found to be important. Strike activity is concentrated in four industries, one of which came to prominence as a "strike centre" during this period. Despite this concentration, an increasing number of industries are experiencing strikes.
Decision-Making in the Amalgamated Metal Workers and Shipwrights' Union
Authors: Davis Edward
Published: March 2007

This paper seeks to generate an understanding of the decision-making process of Australia's largest union, the AMWSU. It is divided into five sections. Section I contains a description of the union, with particular attention to historical influences on its current behaviour. Section II details the author's research program and methodology. The author's findings are presented in Section III in a framework illustrating "what" decisions are made, "how" they are made, and "who" is involved. Section IV draws some tentative conclusions about decision-making in the union. Finally, Section V identifies some recent developments which affect the degree of democracy in the AMWSU.
The Meaning and Dimensions of Democracy in Work-related Organizations
Authors: Nvarner Malcolm , Edelstein J. David
Published: March 2007

It is our objective here to discuss the meaning of democracy in large work- related organizations, in such a way as to facilitate judgments as to how much democracy prevails, what kinds exist, and how democracy might be advanced. Democracy is multidimensional, and the same organization may be more democratic in some respects than others. Many features of organization are definitionally neutral, while some are problematic. A theory of industrial democracy would be largely concerned with the relationship between definition ally neutral features of organization, on the one hand, and quantitative dimensions of democracy on the other. But the integration of such an expanded role into the formal decision-making process on key issues in both the work place and the community at large, as well as in trade unions, is likely to involve most, if not all, the dimensions analysed.
A Profile of Decision-Makers in the AMWSU's Victorian Branch
Authors: Davis Edward
Published: March 2007

This article concentrates attention on the characteristics, attitudes and behaviour of the nineteen full-time officials of the Victorian Branch of the AMSWU. Impressions are then drawn as to the state of democracy within the union. The author's main contention is that the officials are primarily engaged in the pursuit of improved wages and conditions and can therefore be seen to respond to the priorities of their members.
Participation in Six Australian Trade Unions
Authors: Davis Edward
Published: March 2007

The paper examines members' involvement in six trade union organisations. Two of these are relatively large, two are medium-sized, and two are relatively small, In addition, three of the unions can be characterised as 'white-collar' and three as 'blue- collar'. Impressions. are then drawn as to the influence of size, and the broad character of members' work, on the extent and nature of mernbers' participation in this small number of unions. The paper is divided into four sections. The first con siders the importance of members' participation. The second introduces the six trade unions and comments on a variety of factors which appear likely to influence the pattern of members' involvement. The third section investigates the particular experience of members' participation with regard to the reading of union literature, voting in union elections and referenda, and attendance at annual general meetings, mass meetings, and branch and work-place meetings. The fourth section draws some conclusions.
Domestic Flight Attendants in Australia: A Quasi Occupational Community?
Authors: Williams Claire
Published: March 2007

There is a growing willingness among flight attendants to take industrial action, including strikes, particularly during holiday periods. Increasing militancy is a world wide phenomenon, which suggests that processes related to the work organization of the occupation itself are relevant in explaining flight attendants' industrial behaviour. Many factors are implicated, but two major ones are scrutinized here. First, airline management takes on an increasingly bureaucratized, impersonal and calculative form. This and the mobile nature of the flight crew workplace has created intrinsic communication problems. Second, collectivist responses among flight attendants have generated more readily because the occupation has the main characteristics of occupational community that fosters the growth of solidarity and unionism. The sexist history of the occupation, with resignation on marriage or premature retirement at age 35, provided the context for leaders to emerge in an all-women union (from 1956 to 1983) to dismantle the sexist features using industrial action.
Part-time Job Creation: An Option for Australia?
Authors: Casey B.H. , Creigh S.W.
Published: March 2007

Australia's two major public sector job creation schemes in the 1980s—the Wage Pause Program and the Community Employment Program—have been primarily intended to provide full-time employment. This emphasis parallels that found in most other OECD countries. However, recently Great Britain, Sweden and France have pioneered large-scale part-time job creation schemes. In this paper several possible benefits from an increased emphasis on part-time job creation in Australia are reviewed, especially with reference to the information obtained during the evaluation of the Wage Pause Program. These benefits include increasing the number of job slots provided for a given net cost, improving training provisions, and assisting community sponsors with limited administrative resources. The implications of part-time arrangements, such as those developed overseas, for job creation in Australia are explored.
Shop Stewards' Image of Industrial Society and their Modes of Performance
Authors: Reshef Yonatan
Published: March 2007

Shop stewardship is considered here as a process whereby shop stewards translate into behaviour some of their basic, implicit beliefs about the nature of industrial society. A theoretical model is developed, including four images of industrial society (independent concepts) and five types of steward role behaviours (dependent concepts). These dimensionalities, together with the relations between them, are estimated empirically. The empirical results are discussed with special attention given to their implications for steward selection processes and training programmes.
Change from Within: Reforming Trade Union Coverage and Structure
Authors: Kollmorgen Stuart , Naughton Richard
Published: March 2007

The federal government has demonstrated that it supports moves to rationalize trade union structure by enacting legislation which allocates the parties in the industrial relations process different roles in transforming union coverage of workers and workplaces. The power to rewrite union eligibility rules under section 118A of the Industrial Relations Act 1988 provides the Australian Industrial Relations Commission with a direct role in the restructuring process, while the more permissive path towards trade union amalgamations now endorsed by the legislation allows the union movement itself an opportunity to hasten the reform process. The authors contend that the government has chosen to adopt a compromise model of reform by seeking to achieve change from within the existing centralized system. The paper analyzes the different legislative mechanisms, both to identify the capacity for change that currently exists within the Industrial Relations Act, and to assess whether they provide a suitable response to the challenges presently confronting the Australian industrial relations system.
Waterfront Reform in Britain and Australia—In Practice and in Principle
Authors: Turnbull Peter J.
Published: March 2007

In 1989 industry-wide employment arrangements in Britain's docks and on the Australian wharves were abandoned in favour of company- or enterprise-level arrangements. In both countries waterfront reform was a response to industrial relations problems and economic inefficiency, but there the similarity ends. In Britain the abolition of the National Dock Labour Scheme has unleashed a cost-cutting exercise of unparalleled proportions, with massive job losses and new working practices implemented almost literally overnight. This has produced a short-term fillip to productivity, but has failed to address many of the industry's underlying problems. In contrast, the three-year In-Principle Agreement negotiated in Australia has produced less spectacular changes but has laid the foundations for long-term structural reform.
Beatrice Webb and the National Standard for Manual Handling
Authors: Nyland Chris , Kelly Diana
Published: March 2007

In 1896 Beatrice Webb reported that those individuals opposed to special labour laws designed to protect women employees had formed a powerful alliance. The alignment of forces making up this alliance was composed of employers, free market economists and the middle-class wing of the movement for women's emancipation. In this paper it is argued that a similar alliance is active presently in Australia. Like its 1890s counterpart, this modern Australian alliance is campaigning for the abolition of certain special laws that exist to defend women employees from excessive demands on the part of employers. The paper discusses the nature of this alliance and examines one of its more recent successes. It is concluded that industrial relations analysts have paid insufficient attention to the protective character of these laws and that this is an omission that must be remedied.
Collective Bargaining and New Zealand's Employment Contracts Act: One Year On
Authors: Harbridge Raymond , Moulder James
Published: March 2007

Thefirst year of bargaining under New Zealand's Employment Contracts Act brought some very significant changes to the nature and structure of bargaining outcomes. This paper reports a major study of collective bargaining outcomes. Collective bargaining is the preferred option for 80 per cent of employers with fifty or more staff; however, the number of workers covered by collective bargains in New Zealand dropped from 721 000 in 1989-90 to an estimated 440 000 by 1991-92. The collapse of collective bargaining did not occur evenly across industries. Significant collapses happened in agriculture, food and beverage manufacturing, the textile and clothing industry, the paper and printing industry, building and construction, retailing, restaurants and hotels and the transport industry. Collective bargaining retains a strong foothold in the electricity and gas production sector, the public sector, the finance sector, the communication industry and the basic and advanced metal manufacturing sectors. A content analysis of 471 collective employment contracts (covering nearly 130 000 workers) settled in the first year of the new legislation is reported here. The data show a wide dispersion of wage settlements as the comparative wage justice system collapses; about half of the workers in the sample, however, received either a wage decrease or no increase over the preceding settlement. Important changes to working time arrangements have been negotiated and these are reported along with other content changes to working time and leave arrangements.
Immigration and Production Line Margins in the 1950s Vehicle Building Industry
Authors: Tierney Robert
Published: March 2007

In the 1950s, the Australian automotive industry exerted pressure on the Common wealth government to import southern European labour on a mass scale. The employers' aim was to overcome severe labour shortages on the production lines, particularly in the areas where Australian-born and non-Mediterranean immi grant men were generally reluctant to work. Prior to and during the early part of this decade, the Vehicle Builders Employees Federation (since January 1993 the Automotive section of the Automotive, Metal and Engineering Union) were exploit ing the labour shortages in the industry to strengthen their claim for the introduc tion of a uniform, semi-skilled, second-class tradesmen's margin for production line workers. Two major car makers were already paying this semi-skilled wage to line workers. The mass recruitment of southern European labour by the vehicle building industry was one of the factors undermining the production line workers' claim for this semi-skilled margin. The other important factors were Commissioner Galvin's rigid views about the marginal rates and comparative wage justice and the Vehicle Builders Employees Federation's organizational weakness and remote ness from its members.
Workers Compensation in Victoria: From WorkCare to WorkCover
Authors: Robinson Marc
Published: March 2007

When the Victorian Labor government created the WorkCare system in 1985, it believed that the government takeover of the workers compensation system from private insurers would permit the creation of a system that could provide more generous and compassionate benefits for injured workers. while first containing and then reducing costs to employers. The WorkCare system never succeeded in reconciling these goals. Instead, it became enmeshed in financial difficulties and failed to acquire either stability or political legitimacy throughout its seven years of existence. This failure made it possible for the incoming Coalition government to bring down the curtain on the WorkCare system at the end of 1992, and to replace it with a scheme based on harsh and ungenerous treatment of injured workers. Coalition policy is that this new 'WorkCover' scheme will be privatized once its financial position is stabilized. However. there is considerable uncertainty about whether privatization ultimately will occur.
Self-Employed Contractors in Australia: How Many and Who Are They?
Authors: Vandenheuvel Audrey , Wooden Mark
Published: March 2007

Despite claims that the use of contractors has become increasingly common in Australia, little evidence exists as to the extent of their use. Based on survey data collected in 1994 from a nationally representative sample of more than 2000 Australian households, this article provides estimates of the incidence of self- employed contractors in the non-agricultural workforce. Moreover, an attempt is made at distinguishing between those contractors who are truly independent of the service recipient organization and those who appear to be dependent on a single hiring organization and hence may have much more in common with wage and salary earners than with independent contractors. Finally, distinctive characteris tics of self-employed contractors are identified.
Performance Pay Choices: Evidence From Certified Agreements
Authors: Brown Michelle
Published: March 2007

A number of factors have converged to create a revival of interest in performance pay schemes. This paper takes a sample of certified agreements filed with the Australian Industrial Relations Commission to examine, firstly, the extent to which the parties have used the formal industrial relations machinery to make agreements about performance pay and, secondly, to examine the choices that the parties have made in relation to performance pay scheme design. The areas of scheme design covered in the study are the objectives of the performance pay scheme, eligibility to participate, the unit of performance measurement, the relationship between the performance payments and base salary, tbe evaluation-payment cycle, the size and form of payments, consultative mechanisms used in establishing and/or monitoring the performance pay scheme, appeals and reviews.
An Indigenous Worker's Guide To the Workplace Relations Act
Authors: Hunter B.
Published: March 2007

The Workplace Relations Act 1996 attempts to expedite refom of the industrial relations system and increase the flexibility of workplaces seeking to compete in the international marketplace. This article provides a detailed guide to the legislation witb a particular focus on its likely impact on indigenous workers. Potential equity concerns arising from the operationalisation of the Act should be weighed against potential employment gains from improved macroeconomic perfomance or increased workplace flexibility. Unfortunately, tbe lack, of data on the articulation of the interests of indigenous workers within tbe industrial relations system limits the deptb of the analysis. Notwithstanding such shortcomings, the entrenched disadvantage experienced by indigenous workers means that they are unlikely to be in a position to avail themselves of any employment gains in the wider community.
Globalisation and Industrial Relations in the Hunter Region
Authors: Macdonald Duncan , Burgess John
Published: March 2007

Writers in the post-Fordist tradition have suggested that the challenges of globalisation have led to the widespread adoption of flexible specialisation in industrial regions such as the Hunter Valley of New South Wales. The paper examines this contention and asks a number of related questions about the repercussions of globalisation for regional labour markets and industrial relations. Globalisation as a concept is given some consideration and the Hunter region is defined as a distinct region for industrial relations purposes according to specified criteria. However, drawing on a range of data on restructuring in the region during the last decade, we reach the conclusion that most of the labour market and industrial relations transformation bas followed a neo-Fordist rather than a post-Fordist pattern.
The ILO and the Australian Contribution to the International Labour Standards Debate
Authors: Nyland Chris , Castle Rob
Published: March 2007

This paper examines tbe views of the various protagonists in the Australian debate that surrounds the demand that the World Trade Organisation adopt a social clause linking workers' rights with tbe rigbt to engage in cross-border trade. We argue that the rights-trade question is not solely a Northern/Southern Hemisphere issue but is also a manifestation of the conflict that exists between the rights of capital and the rights of labour. We begin by outlining the background to the international labour rights debate, then proceed to identify the views of the various Australian protagonists by examining the report of the Tripartite Working Party on labour standards (the Duffy Report) released in March 1996. We conclude that while the federal government has made some compromises in this debate, it needs to build on these initiatives if it is to convince the international community that it is truly supportive of the basic rights of labour.
Individual Agreement-Awaking in Australian Workplaces: Incidence, Trends and Features
Authors: Wooden Mark
Published: March 2007

There is a growing body of evidence suggestive of the rising importance of individual employment arrangements. Prior to this study, however, relatively little data were available that enabled the quantification of trends in the use of individual contracts and agreements, let alone provided details about the types of firms that introduce individual agreements, the reasons why those firms introduce them, and the major features of such agreements. It is these questions that this article seeks to address. The main vehicle for achieving this is a data set collected as part of a survey of workplace managers conducted in September 1998.
Information and Propaganda
Authors: Ohlström BO
Published: March 2007

This study is an attempt to measure information versus propaganda in Swedish news paper editorials dealing with the question of Swedish nuclear armament. In order to categorize the content a schema was developed identifying the following content ele ments: 1) the possible defense alternatives; 2) the situation categorized into sixteen exclusive situation variables which may be affected by the choice of defense alternatives; 3) evaluations of alternatives or situations, dichotomized into good or bad; 4) general value concepts, called 'ideologies.' The sample consisted of four papers, three of which endorsed Swedish nuclear armament. The fourth did not take an explicit position. Propaganda was defined as selectivity in the presentation of factual decision premises, i.e. the descriptive statements about the situation variables. (The more propagandistic argumentation is thus uneven, with high frequencies of statements for some variables, and low for others.) We expected to find the argumentation of the uncommitted paper less propagandistic than the other three papers, but data gave no support for this hypo thesis.

A closer study of the evaluations made of consequences of different alternatives dis closed two facts: 1) the uncommitted paper could be considered as an opponent of Swedish nuclear armament, as it tended to evaluate consequences of a Swedish nuclear armament negatively and consequences of other alternatives positively. 2) By dividing the material into three time periods, it was found that all the papers became totally one-sided in their evaluations during the last time period. That is, they exclusively made positive evaluations of their endorsed alternative and negative evaluations of other alternatives.

Considering the fact that the 'uncommitted' paper could be classified as an opponent of Swedish nuclear armament, we investigated to see if we could find a tendency toward polarization. Did those who endorsed Swedish nuclear armament tend to stress some situation variables, while the paper that was against this alternative tended to stress other variables? A very slight tendency in this direction could be found. Because the sample was very small, no generalizations can be made regarding the Swedish press in general.
Communal Conflict and Economic Considerations: the Case of Cyprus
Authors: Panagides Stahis S.
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to demonstrate the contribution which better economic inte gration can make to the peaceful coexistence of the Greek and Turkish communities on Cyprus.

It is asserted that interdependence in the economic sphere brings interaction and eventual dependence of one community on the other for their continued existence. The analysis demonstrates that economic interdependence with free flow of resources between the communities contributes to minimizing income inequality, which in turn is seen as a condition conducive to social stability.

Estimates made of income distribution' between the Greek and Turkish communities demonstrate that the Greek Cypriots with 77.1 % of the population have 80.2% of the income, while the Turkish Cypriots with 18.2% of the population have a low 12.6 % of the income. In turn data from the manufacturing sector are used to demonstrate that allocation of capital and labor within this sector on the basis of economic considerations (not ethnic) will favorably serve the economic welfare of both communities, with particularly beneficial effects for the minority.
A Statistical Study of Political Determinants for Economic Growth
Authors: Seierstad Stale
Published: March 2007

The article presents a few numerical models designed for use in statistical investigations of the impact of political factors upon economic growth in the developing countries. The main assumptions of the models are that economic growth is influenced by (1) the economic level of the country, (2) foreign capital inflow, and (3) political factors. The influence of the economic level of a country is taken into account by using a simple savings function relating per capita savings linearly to GDP per capita. The impact of the political factors is intro duced in the models by letting the savings depend also upon those factors. The value of the contribution of foreign capital inflow to GDP growth is assumed to be a third of the value of the inflow itself.

While mainly concerned with methodological proposals, the article also presents an empirical investigation of the importance of the political mobilization of various social groups for economic development, and how political integration influences economic growth. The results of this study suggest that the political mobilization of the lower classes in the devel oping countries may have a positive impact upon the development efforts of these countries.
Views On War and Peace Among Students in West Berlin Public Schools
Authors: Haavelsrud Magnus
Published: March 2007

The present study undertakes to (1) clarify relationships between certain international orienta tions and independent variables as age, sex, and socio-economic background and (2) compare data with previous findings from England, Japan, Norway, and Sweden.

The questionnaire was administered to 565 public school students of ages 10, 12, 15, and 17 in West Berlin. (A purposive sample was selected with overrepresentation on extreme values as to age and sex. Subjects also distribute nicely on the socio-economic dimension insofar four schools in a middle class part of the city and four schools in a lower class part were selected for data collection).

76 % of the sample chose the Allies as being more right in World War II and 7 % chose the Axis as being more right. 81.6 % of the former and only 2.4 % of the latter managed to be consistent in giving a rationale for their decision. Consistency also seems to be related to higher socio-economic levels, higher degree of interest in politics, and belonging to the high IQ-group.

The 'meaningfulness' of the terms war, peace, prevention of war, and causes of war is measured by the frequency of associations given to each term. Expansion of connotative meaning seems to be associated with increased age, higher socio-economic level, interest in politics, and being a girl.

The image of 'war' viewed developmentally shows the younger subjects to be less concerned with negative effects of war on people. Further, the younger subjects view war more as an activity and process. The concept 'peace' is decreasingly defined as the negation of war with age whereas 'peace' defined as coexistence is more common with older subjects. No clear sex differences exist.

An overall reaction to provocation when a subject imagines a threatening situation regarding family, city, native country, and ally of own country is that a war should not be started. Previous findings that older subjects tend to justify war to a greater extent is not supported. 90 % of the sample display the belief that there is something inside people that causes war. However, in giving reasons for their predictions of the probability of future war few references are made to man's bad qualities. No clear trend emerges between the independent variables and the probability ratings. The general trend for the total sample is that quite low probability exists for having a war in 5 years whereas the ratings for 100 years indicate a much greater probability.
Approaches to Social Psychology Relevant to Peace Research as Developed in the FRG
Authors: Horn Klaus
Published: March 2007

Three important aspects of social-psychological peace research in the Federal Republic of Ger many are emphasized in this review. In the realm of political socialization and participation, the tradition of German educational theory as ad vanced by the educated bourgeoisie is noticeable as an obstacle to development in the social sci ences. On the other hand, forms of political soli darization have arisen, particularly in the wake of the student movement, which are establishing themselves as new mediating structures between individuals and mass organizations as well as the state. They are supposed not only to check the rise of autonomous power élites and the further devel opment of structural violence, but also to politicize topical conflicts and to represent interests in an unhypostasized fashion.

The discussion of the problem of aggression is mostly theoretical in nature; one tries to overcome the monistic theories and to arrive at multidimen sional models which, of course, deal with the 'natural' element of man - but always within the framework of life-histories as members of a species which consciously seeks to make its history.

We then present the difficulties of nomothetic psychology in grasping this historic dimension also with theoretical and metatheoretical developments of a psychoanalytic social psychology, a psychol ogy whose conceptual framework is better suited to answer the questions posed by critical peace re search.
Arms Trade with the Third World as an Aspect of Imperialism
Authors: Øberg Jan
Published: March 2007

The article analyses the growing peripheral mili tarization as it develops through transfers of major weapons. Trends are examined from 1950 to 1973. The first phase of the empirical analysis outlines the pattern of AT. It shows how the four main suppliers, the US, the USSR, France and the UK feed a very large number of periph eral countries and how such trade relations have changed over time. The pattern is characterized as feudal, the supplier power is highly centralized, it furthers dependence and shows sign of stability, i.e. through central powers holding arms supply monopolies in the periphery during all 23 years. The second phase is a structural analysis of how this AT pattern is related to the overall domi nance structure. i.e. what role AT plays in inter national society. Here AT is related to other as pects of the international structure, namely inter national trade, foreign investment and the ex traction of raw materials and energy. In all cases it is illustrated that rather close relationships exist between AT and such dominance aspects. The overall conclusion is that AT grows out of the global dominance structure; it is not only re lated to political or purely military matters but also to economic structures. In the future AT will expand through military-industrial subimperia lists, i.e. a number of peripheral countries will import the sophisticated materials together with resources for their own production of more con ventional equipment which they will export part of to their peripheries. In other words, a quite new division of labour in terms of world military production is emerging, and surely it will serve central as well as subimperialist interests but not true socioeconomic development for the periph ery of the periphery. The problems of control, thus, are far more complicated than anticipated in previous studies. Isolated proposals like 'talks', agreements, UN control, etc. will not be efficient unless the fundamental structure of international society undergoes changes towards greater justice and equality.
Twelve Friendly Quarrels with Johan Galtung
Authors: Boulding Kenneth E.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the first two volumes of the collected papers of Johan Galtung. The papers reveal Galtung as a major world thinker in the field of peace research and conflict studies. The review takes issue with him, however, on a number of points relating to such matters as his concept of entropy, the misleading metaphors of negative peace and structural violence, and his inability to resolve the conflict between liberty and equality. His distinction between associative and dissociative solutions to conflict is recognized as a major contribution, but his neglect of the virtues of dissociative solutions is criticized. Galtung's overall contribution, however, is very highly regarded.
Simulating Economic Sanctions and Incentives: Hypothetical Alternatives of United States Policy on South Africa
Authors: Hübner-Dick Gisela , Seidelmann Reimund
Published: March 2007

This paper reports on a part of a pure computer simulation model concerning the inter dependencies and mutual influence of the dyad US — South Africa within the international system. The feedback model is based on several theoretical assumptions and constructed along the principles of Forrester's system dynamics; its initial values and parameters are based on empirical data, the latter calculated by means of statistical procedures. The model attempts to find out how computer simulation can contribute to better knowledge and to the analysis of process behaviour in the international system.

The main question is to what extent a change in US policy on South Africa can influence the socio-economic and the political development of South Africa towards liberalizing the government's racial policy. Five experiments were run to answer this question. One models the actual relationship between the US and South Africa, whereas the others deal with strategies of economic sanctions and incentives on the part of the US.

The results of the different experiments show hardly any impact on the socio-economic situation, especially on the apartheid policy of South Africa. Economic crises simulated in the model are shifted to the black population. The consequences are reflected more strongly in the relational aspect itself. A US economic boycott strategy spills over into the political field of the dyadic relation, whereas an incentive strategy strengthens cooperation with South Africa and thereby benefits the white power elite.
The Political Economy of US Military Spending
Authors: Nincic Miroslav , Cusack Thomas R.
Published: March 2007

The causes of the dramatic rise in military spending in the post-war era have been the subject of much political and academic controversy. No extant formulation seems to provide a compelling explanation of the dynamics involved in the levels of, and rates of change in, such spending.

In light of this, the authors develop a new model, based mainly on a political-business cycle argument, to account for these dynamics. The basic proposition in this model is that variations in national defense spending arise from political considerations which are related to real and desired conditions within the national economy. Applying this model to the experience of the United States 1948-1976, the authors show that it has a large measure of empirical validity. If one removes the effects of war-time mobilization, it is clear that for the United States the principal driving forces in military spending dynamics were (1) the perceived utility of such spending in stabilizing aggregate demand, (2) the political or electoral value of the perceived economic effects arising out of such spending, and (3) the pressures of institutional-constituency demands.
Military Forces within Foreign Territory under Peace Arrangements — Ramifications of 20th Century Historic Experience upon Possible Arrangements between Israel and Arab Countries
Authors: Bialer Uri
Published: March 2007

The problem of the possible existence of Israeli military bases within Arab territories occupied in June 1967 following prospective peace arrangements between Israel and Arab states is examined from a 20th century historical perspective. The research specifies seven historic arrangements made subsequent to wars or conflicts under which one party was permitted military presence within the other's territory. It then suggests a typology and general characteristics of this group of peace treaties which has so far been ignored as a group in various studies dealing with resolution of conflicts, end of wars, and international law. It is claimed first that this researched element is an exception in our century's peace agreements; second, that there are some basic common conditions leading to such treaties; third, that the substantial difference among them as far as the degree of voluntarism connected with the consent to foreign presence is concerned, enables a useful division to be made into 'enforced agreements' on the one hand and 'common interest agreements' on the other; and fourth, that the extent of voluntarism crucially determined the success of the arrangements with regard to the parties' interests and the time within which they were effective.

Although neither a Syrian—Israeli peace treaty under which some Israeli military presence is maintained on the Golan Heights nor a treaty with Jordan under which such presence is maintained on the West Bank directly fit the typology suggested, this typology may nevertheless be employed to illuminate various aspects of these possible agreements. It is suggested that the only peace treaty which would accurately be in accordance with the typology is a treaty between Israel and a Palestinian state. It would form part of the 'enforced agreements' category.

Drawing on the analysis, the article proposes some policy implications for Israel in this issue.
The Illusion of State Power: Transnational Corporations and the Neutralization of Host-Country Legislation
Authors: Biersteker Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

Ten years ago there was widespread agreement that transnational corporations constrained the exercise of state power in the Third World. During the 1970s, however, there have been increasing challenges to this idea. Neo-conservatives, neo-mercantilists, bargaining writers, and statists have all been struck by the growth of economic nationalism and the resurgence of the state. Thus, a new orthodoxy has emerged which suggests that the transnational corporation rather than national sovereignty is increasingly 'at bay'.

The research described in this article examined the responses of transnational corporations to Nigeria's increasingly stringent indigenization policies during the 1970s. Transnational corporations have developed a range of defensive strategies which effectively neutralize the Nigerian policy. Thus it is clear first that an increase in the frequency of state actions is by no means equivalent to an increase in the effectiveness of state actions. Second, the sharing of equity is a long way from the sharing of control in joint ventures with transnational corporations. Third, any assessment of the balance of bargaining power between states and transnational corporations must take account of the dynamics of change within each of the major protagonists.

Changes have taken place in the relationship between states and transnational corporations during the 1970s. However, most observers have ignored the defensive responses and capabilities of transnational corporations. The balance of bargaining power between host- countries and transnational corporations has not shifted either as far or as quickly as most of the advocates of the 'resurgence of the state' literature maintain.
The Consequences of Expensive Oil on Arms Transfers
Authors: Chan Steve
Published: March 2007

This article examines the short-term effects of expensive oil on the supply and demand patterns for conventional weapons. It pools the cross-section and time-series data on petroleum and arms trade, and uses a crossed-error regression model to estimate these effects for three groups of countries. The results offer some tentative support for several widely shared impressions. They indicate a linkage between oil and arms trade, thus providing the necessary although not sufficient condition for proving that weapons have been used by the Western industrialized nations to recycle petrodollars from the OPEC countries. They also show that dependency on foreign fuel, increasing trade deficits, and low per capita GNP do not restrain the demand for weapons by those countries that are both oil and arms net importers. Most of these countries are developing nations, and their demand seems to be relatively inelastic in the short term.
Self-Activation of the World Nuclear Weapons System
Authors: Bereanu Bernard
Published: March 2007

It is shown that two antagonistic global nuclear weapons systems engaged in the arms race evolve in time in to a single uncontrollable randomly self-activating stockpile. This is due to the essential dynamics of the de velopments in nuclear weapons and is a special feature of the race in this type of weaponry not revealed by traditional mathematical models of the arms race. A mathematical model, which takes into consideration the qualitative changes involved in the race in this type of weapons as well as the inherent random behaviour of complex computer software of Early Warning Systems (EWSs), provides a framework for computing the probability of self-activation of the world nuclear weapons system. Faster delivery to targets of nuclear wea pons through technological development and/or deployment of new nuclear weapons vehicles nearer to tar get can drastically increase this probability. Conditions under which the arms race leads to such self-activa tion with probability 1, are given. The dangers involved by the increased dependence of the nuclear weapons systems on computers, arising from the impossibility to avoid errors in the corresponding software, are discussed in some detail. Assuming certain conditions for reduction in the nuclear arsenals of the two op posing systems considered, an approach to minimizing the probability of self-activation is presented.

The paper offers a technical proof that the adage 'we shall have to live with nuclear weapons' is contradic tory.

The model used is validated by published information on the random behaviour of a real EWS and the present trends in the development of new nuclear weapon systems, details of which are given in the notes at the end of the paper.
The Militarization of Space and International Law
Authors: Rosas Allan
Published: March 2007

During recent years it has become apparent that space is an important theater for the military activities and aspirations of the great powers. The scenarios of war in space have moved from the field of pure science fiction-oriented speculations to become part of arms race and arms control discussions.

It has been estimated that some 75% of all satellites orbiting earth are performing mainly military tasks such as surveillance, early-warning, communications and navigation. The military importance of satellites has in turn inspired military planners to develop anti-satellite systems. And the feasibility of various space- based weapon systems to be used against targets on the ground or against attacking strategic missiles has from time to time been studied in defence departments. These developments have implications not only for the use of space as such but also for the strategic balance between the leading great powers.
The Effects of Foreign Investment on Overall and Sectoral Growth in Third World States
Authors: Rothgeb John M.
Published: March 2007

This research examines the impact of flows and stocks of foreign investment on growth in Third World countries. Overall growth in GDP per capita and in agriculture, manufacturing, transportation and com munications, and domestic trade are investigated. In addition to foreign investment, variables relating to domestic investment, population, and wealth are included in the analysis. The results indicate that stocks of foreign investment have a negative long-term effect on overall growth, while flows have a short-run positive effect. The variable with the single greatest impact on overall growth, however, is growth in domestic investment. The sectoral results indicate that foreign investment is positively related to growth in all sectors. The pattern of the findings, however, suggests that foreign investment has an initial disruptive effect on the economies of non-American underdeveloped states.