bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BULKFILL TECHNIQUES WITH INTERMEDIATE LAYER TO MARGINAL ADAPTATION RESTORATION OF CLASS II COMPOSITE RESIN
Authors: Tabona Mochammad Raidjffan Zulkarnaen , Soetojo Adioro , Widjiastuti Ira
Published: July 2021

Background: Dental caries is a hard tissue disease caused by bacterial metabolic activity that causes demineralization, teeth that have caries should be filled in order to function again. One of the restorative materials closer to natural teeth is composite resin because it is the same colour as natural teeth and is easy to shape. As for the placement technique, bulkfill is also used because it is more time-efficient, and irradiation is accompanied by applying the restoration material in one batch. However, the bulkfill technique often causes micro-leakage of dental caries deposition. The intermediate layer is an intermediate layer used to prevent micro-leakage at the edges of the restoration as a base layer for restoration to create a good adaptation before applying packable composite resin. Therefore, bulkfill coating technique with the intermediate layer can reduce the risk of microleakage. Purpose: To describe the bulkfill technique with an intermediate layer against marginal adaptation with class II composite resin restorations. Review: The literature sources used in the preparation of the articles through several databases with descriptions. More journals say that micro-leakage in class II cavity deposition with the intermediate layer technique is better than the bulkfill technique because the intermediate layer technique has better bond strength than the bulkfill technique. If the Bulkfill technique is modified with the Intermediate layer technique, it can show good correlation and internal adaptation. Conclusion: Bulkfill technique with an intermediate layer against marginal adaptation with class II composite resin restorations can reduce the microleakage rate by reducing the polymerization's shrinkage strain.
Comparison Adhesive strength of Resin Composite between Total-etch and Self-etch Techniques on Enamel After Fluoride Application
Authors: Saraswati Widya , Soetojo Adioro , Brilyanti Yasmin Tasya
Published: July 2021

Background : White Spot Lesion (WSL) is caused by Streptococcus Mutan which causes demineralization of teeth. One of the treatments of WSL is topical application of fluoride which aims to remineralize the teeth. However, if topical fluoride treatment does not give satisfactory results, alternative treatments can be made using restorative treatments, one of which is veneers. The procedure for applying veneers requires the application of an adhesive system. The adhesive system used to apply veneers is self-etch and total-etch. Several references state that the application of fluoride which aims to remineralize teeth can influence the adhesiv strength of the restorative material using self etch and total-etch techniques. Purpose : To determine the effect of composite resin adhesion strength between total-etch and self etch techniques on enamel after fluoride application. Review : Literature sources used in the preparation of the article through several databases with descriptions of the effects of fluoride application before total-etch and/or self etch administration. From the existing references, it was found that the application of fluoride before the total-etch system had a less significant effect on the adhesiv strength. Whereas in the self etch system, fluoride application has a significant effect on the adhesiv strength. Conclusion : More references say that the application of fluoride before the total-etch system has a better adhesive strength than the application of fluoride before the self etch system
MODERNITY VS. POSTMODERNITY: ASSESSING THE DESIGN QUALITY OF URBAN PARKS BY AHP
Authors: KUTAY KARAÇOR Elif , UZUN YÜKSEL Kıymet , ŞENİK Berfin
Published: July 2021

The perceptual design quality of physical spaces has been increasingly studied in the literature in recent years. However, the studies in the field of landscape architecture are insufficient about how the design quality of urban parks built in different periods is perceived today. This study aims to compare urban parks that reflect modern and postmodern designs in terms of design quality criteria. In this context, 4 subjective design quality criteria (imageability, legibility, vitality, diversity) were evaluated for Prospect Park and Parc des Buttes-Chaumont modern period parks, and Millennium Park and Parc de la Villette postmodern period parks. Expert opinion was consulted in design criteria and selection of city parks. Analytic Hierarchy Process was used to compare modern and postmodern period parks and Expert Choice software was used. In this study, 4 urban parks were defined as alternatives and 4 design qualities were defined as criteria. The results revealed that the designs of the city parks reflect the postmodern design line that perceived with higher quality. Besides, the most prominent criterion among the design criteria was found as Imageability. This study makes a perceptual contribution to the comparison of the design quality of urban parks of different periods.
Populasi Monyet Ekor Panjang (Macaca fascicularis) di Kawasan Batuan Kapur Jawa Barat
Authors: Dharma Agus Pambudi , Amirullah Gufron
Published: July 2021

Abstrak. Monyet ekor panjang (Macaca fascicularis) merupakan satwa primata termasuk ke dalam Genus Macaca. Monyet ekor panjang mempunyai daya adaptasi yang tinggi terhadap lingkungan sehingga populasi yang ada di alam semakin bertambah setiap tahunnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jumlah individu dan kepadatan populasi monyet ekor panjang (M. fascicularis) di Gunung Kapur Cicadas Desa Ciampea. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan April sampai Juli 2015. Pengumpulan data menggunakan metode jalur (line transect sampling). Hasil penelitian ini diperoleh total individu monyet ekor panjang sebanyak 245 individu dengan jumlah masing-masing individu jantan dan betina dewasa diperoleh 38 individu (15,51%), remaja 56 individu (22,86%), anak 91 individu (37,14%), dan bayi 22 individu (8,98%), dan kepadatan populasinya sebesar 2,0 individu/Ha.Kata Kunci: Populasi, Monyet Ekor Panjang, Gunung Cicadas, Ciampea, Bogor Abstract. Long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) is a species of primates into the Genus Macaca. Long-tailed monkeys have high adaptability to the environment so that the population that exists in nature is growing every year. This study aims to determine the number of individuals and the population density of long-tailed macaques (M. fascicularis) in Gunung Kapur Cicadas Ciampea village. This study was conducted from April to July 2015. The datawas collected using a path (line transect sampling). The results of this study obtained individual total long-tailed macaques were 245 individuals with the number of individual males and females adult obtained 38 individuals (15,51%), juvenile 56 individuals (22,86%), children 91 individuals (37,14%), and infants 22 individuals (8,98%), and a population density of 2,0 individual / Ha.Keyword: Population, Long-tailed monkeys, Mount Cicadas, Ciampea, Bogor
Fundamental influences related to language-based difficulties in financial mathematics
Authors: Bayaga A. , Khalo X. , Moyo G.
Published: July 2021

Motivated in part by a sustained amount of research in South Africa and principally guided by techniques of problem-solving suggested by Polya as well as error analysis by Newman, the current research examines fundamental influencers (underlying factors) relating errors due to language difficulties in financial mathematics concerning the language of instruction. The current research was accomplished using a case study design. The sample size was 105 out of a population of 186, with assumption of confidence and precision levels at 95 per cent and 0.5 respectively. The aim of the study was addressed by using both sets of structured-interview and document analysis for collecting data. Analysis of data was conducted by both content analysis as well as correlation analysis, wherein, the analysis revealed that errors committed by learners in financial mathematics were due to language difficulties. In contrast, misinterpretation of the mathematical semantics was not as a result of not indicating answers as expected, not following instructions, and not understanding instructions.
Entrepreneurial careers: Factors influencing entrepreneurial intentions using a sample of undergraduate exit students
Authors: Ndovela M. , Chinyamurindi W. T.
Published: July 2021

Entrepreneurship is being encouraged as a possible career path especially within a context of high unemployment that mostly affects the youth. The study sought to empirically investigate the factors influencing entrepreneurial intentions using a sample of undergraduate exit students within a South African higher education (HE) context using a sample of final year students at a university campus in Durban. Researching the factors that influence entrepreneurial intentions can be a useful precursor to interventions that assist students. A sample of 320 respondents were surveyed from a Durban university campus. To determine relationships of the variables, correlation and regression tests were used. The results attest to the importance of the theory of planned behaviour in studies of this nature. Further, relationships existed between personality and participation in entrepreneurial education with entrepreneurial intentions. The study findings have implications for practitioners who may work in a space that encourages entrepreneurship development and education initiatives targeted at students in institutions of higher learning. The findings may serve as a catalyst for developing learning materials and creating opportunities that encourage entrepreneurship development and education.
Academic and quantitative literacy in higher education: Relationship with cognate school-leaving subjects
Authors: Prince R. N. , Frith V. , Steyn S. , Cliff A. F.
Published: July 2021

Academic and quantitative literacies (AQL) are essential to success in higher education. These literacies are largely not explicitly taught, but acquired indirectly, mostly through practices in various school subjects. The National Benchmark Tests (NBT) Project assesses students’ AQL competencies to assist in identifying students who need support, with placement into appropriate programmes and with curriculum development. We analyse the performance on the NBT AQL test of students who took the school-leaving examinations in Mathematics, Mathematical Literacy, English Home Language and English First Additional Language. We use the subject choice as a representation of the level of a candidate’s quantitative competence and language proficiency respectively, and investigate the relative contributions made by these subject choices to a student’s AQL. Students who paired Mathematics with English as Home Language subject had the statistically significant highest mean AQL score and those who took both English First Additional Language and Mathematical Literacy had the lowest. Language competence has a stronger effect than mathematical competence on AQL. Students who took the subject combination Mathematics and English Home Language at school are better prepared for the academic demands of higher education than their counterparts who took the alternate subjects. Treating these subjects as equivalent to English Home Language and Mathematics for admissions purposes ignores the differences in preparedness of these students.
An investigation of the perceptions of South African students with regards to accelerated learning courses
Authors: Van Rooyen L. M. , Ontong J. M. , Mitchell Z. L.
Published: July 2021

The cost of repeating a module has both financial and social implications. The social implications include increased workloads when repeating a module and students often not being able to graduate within the prescribed minimum course period. A possible solution for this is the use of accelerated learning courses, in the form of summer or winter schools. These schools provide students with another opportunity to pass a module, during the summer or winter recess, using an accelerated learning mode, and consequently complete modules with prerequisites of failed modules in the following year. Using an accelerated learning approach, a summer or winter school covers a large portion of the content in semester or year modules in a shortened timeframe outside the normal academic period. Using a questionnaire approach, the various perceptions of first year students at the end of the academic year regarding the use of these schools were obtained and analysed. The timing of the end of the academic year allows students to familiarise themselves with the various accelerated learning courses offered to them throughout the academic year. The findings suggest that students have a positive perception of these schools despite most of them not having had previous experience of completing an accelerated learning course. Although previous literature has indicated that students are hesitant to complete finance-related modules in an accelerated learning format versus traditional semester and year modules, the perceptions indicate that students are willing to engage in financial modules, with the students identifying that the benefits of these accelerated learning courses exceed the cost. The findings suggest that students who are presented with various non-academic obstacles throughout the traditional module are able to use summer or winter schools as a way to reduce exposure to these obstacles and complete an accelerated learning course. The use of these schools therefore presents an area for module developers to consider when implementing these schools as a way to improve throughput rates, thereby contributing in a positive way to students’ financial and social health.
Learning environments in higher education: Their adaptability to the 4th industrial revolution and the 'social transformation' discourse
Authors: Krishnannair A. , Krishnannair S.
Published: July 2021

The South African higher-education sector is currently undergoing a significant phase in its transition. The phase is marked by a sense of uncertainty felt across institutions and entities that make up the sector. This uncertainty, to a large extent, is brought about by the socio-political realities the transition entails. Compounding this situation is the advent of the 4th Industrial Revolution (Hadden), a phenomenon to which the higher-education sector needs a heightened degree of adaptability. The learning environments provided by the higher-education sector are therefore crucial in terms of advancing the cause of positive social change as a realisable educational objective. Against this backdrop, this conceptual article examines the issue of social change as a moral imperative. The purpose is therefore to contribute to the 4IR discourse currently evolving in the context of South African higher education and its social change agenda, with cognitive capitalism as a theoretical lens. Significant scholarly work has been done on the issue of technological advancement and its implications for the social practice of education. However, a concerted effort has not been undertaken to examine the 4IR as an inevitable educational experience with potential to be both materialistically transformative and morally enslaving. The article concludes that, as 4IR unfolds into a magnificent event and starts to control every aspect of human life in general, and education in particular, the moral and ethical affirmations that support the experience of education may run into troubled waters
Ta'arruf as a philosophy of Muslim education: Extending Abu Bakr Effendi’s pragmatism, by Yusef Waghid
Authors: Terblanche J.
Published: July 2021

O humankind! We created you from a single (pair) of a male and a female, and made you into nations and tribes, that you may know each other (not that you may despise each other). Verily the most honoured of you in the sight of Allāh is (he who is) the most righteous of you. And Allāh has full knowledge and is well acquainted (with all things).
DETEKSI VIRUS DENGUE SEROTIPE-3 DAN PERAN SPERMATEKA DALAM PENULARAN SECARA TRANSVENEREAL PADA NYAMUK Aedes aegypti BETINA
Authors: Putri Devita Febriani , Triwahyuni Tusy
Published: July 2021

Penularan transvenereal berpotensi menyebarkan virus dengue melalui perilaku kawin. Pengendalian vektor Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) dengan strategi perilaku kawin nyamuk secara alami telah diterapkan untuk menurunkan perluasan daerah endemis DBD. Dengan dasar tersebut, pemahaman perilaku kawin nyamuk Ae. aegypti penting untuk diketahui. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeteksi virus dengue serotipe 3 (DENV-3) pada organ spermateka nyamuk Ae. aegypti betina yang telah terinfeksi DENV-3 secara transvenereal di laboratorium. Pembedahan organ spermateka pada nyamuk betina dilakukan setelah nyamuk Ae. aegypti betina kawin dengan nyamuk Ae. aegypti jantan yang positif DENV-3. Keberadaan DENV-3 pada organ spermateka nyamuk betina dilakukan dengan melakukan pengujian pooling sampel menggunakan metode One-Step RT-PCR untuk screening virus dengue (profil pita DNA spesifik 511 bp). Sampel yang hasil pengujiannya positif virus dengue, dilanjutkan dengan metode Semi-Nested PCR untuk serotyping DENV-3 (profil pita DNA spesifik 290 bp). Hasil penelitian dari 7 sampel pooling organ spermateka dari nyamuk betina positif DENV-3 hasil penularan transvenereal nyamuk jantan positif DENV-3 secara intratorakal menunjukkan tidak ada satupun sampel yang terdeteksi adanya DENV-3. Tidak ditemukan virus DENV-3 pada organ spermateka nyamuk Ae. aegypti betina yang telah terinfeksi DENV-3 secara transvenereal pada 7 sampel yang digunakan. Perlu pengujian lebih lanjut pada organ ovarium nyamuk betina untuk memastikan mekanisme terjadinya penularan transvenereal virus dengue pada Ae. aegypti dalam upaya mencari strategi baru dalam pengendalian vektor DBD
KEPUASAN MASYARAKAT TERHADAP PELAYANAN PUBLIK DI KABUPATEN PURBALINGGA
Authors: Atika Zaula Rizqi , Wijaya Shadu Satwika , Maab Muhammad Husnul , Sutikno Chamid , Utama Diar Budi
Published: July 2021

Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Purbalingga pada tahun 2016 memiliki 32 unit kerja beragam. Upaya untuk melihat kualitas penyelenggaraan pelayanan publik salah satunya melalui Survei Kepuasan Masyarakat (SKM). Adapun metode penelitian yang dipilih adalah survei dengan menggunakan kuesioner sebagai instrumen utama. Lokasi penelitian berada pada tujuh instansi yakni DPMPTSP, Dinas Arsip dan Perpustakaan, Dinas Tenaga Kerja, Kecamatan Mrebet, RSUD dr. Goeteng Taroenadibrata, UPTD Puskesmas Mrebet, dan UPTD Puskeswan. Populasi penelitian adalah mereka yang pernah mendapatkan pelayanan pada lokasi penelitian. Penentuan untuk jumlah sampel dilakukan menggunakan Tabel Morgan dan Krejcie dan diperoleh total sampel sebesar 2.279 responden. Penelitian dilakukan dalam kurun waktu dua minggu. Mengacu Kepmen PAN No. 14 Tahun 2017 tentang Pedoman Penyusunan Survei Kepuasan Masyarakat Unit Penyelenggara Pelayanan Publik, nilai IKM dihitung dengan menggunakan nilai rata-rata tertimbang unsur pelayanan yang disurvei. Dalam penelitian ini ada 9 unsur pelayanan yang dinilai meliputi beberapa unsur diantaranya persyaratan, sistem, mekanisme dan prosedur, waktu penyelesaian, biaya/tarif, produk spesifikasi jenis pelayanan, kompetensi pelaksana, perilaku pelaksana, penangan pengaduan, saran dan masukan, serta sarana dan prasarana. Ketujuh OPD yang disurvei ada enam OPD yang mendapatkan nilai SKM pada kategori baik dan ada satu OPD yang mendapatkan nilai SKM pada kategori kurang baik. Nilai SKM yang tinggi menunjukkan bahwa pelayanan yang diberikan oleh OPD sudah melebihi harapan dari pengguna layanan. Nilai SKM tertinggi sebesar 80.62 dengan kategori kinerja layanan Baik (B) diperoleh Dinas Arsip dan Perpustakaan. Sedangkan nilai SKM terendah sebesar 75.64 dengan kategori layanan Kurang Baik (C) diperoleh Dinas Penanaman Modal dan Pelayanan Terpadu Satu Pintu (DPMPTSP). Secara umum, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa SKM pada OPD di Kabupaten Purbalingga masuk kategori Baik (B) yakni pada rentang 76.61 – 88.30. Hal ini berarti secara umum instansi tersebut telah mampu memberikan pelayanan dengan baik sesuai dengan harapan masyarakat. Perilaku pelaksana berpengaruh terhadap semua unsur.
PEREMPUAN DAN ALAM DALAM WACANA PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN (STUDI EKOFEMINISME PROYEK MIFEE)
Authors: Rifandini Rahmalia , Triguswinri Krisnaldo
Published: July 2021

Cita-cita pembangunan berkelanjutan yang tertuang dalam Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan (SDGs) menimbulkan persoalan dilematis. Keberpihakan terhadap perlindungan ekosistem hutan dipertanyakan kembali ketika dihadapkan pada kepentingan manusia massal. Sebab, pada kenyataannya, pembangunan berkelanjutan tidak benar-benar mengupayakan keseimbangan alam. Praktik pembangunan berkelanjutan yang diwujudkan oleh MIFEE mengakibatkan marjinalisasi komunitas adat Orang Marind di Papua. Perlakuan alam yang diskriminatif turut mempengaruhi relasi perempuan dan alam. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menguraikan ‘proyek kekhawatiran bersama’ menimbulkan kerentanan produksi di tingkat lokal. Argumen tulisan ini bertujuan menempatkan kepentingan gender dalam analisis untuk menjelaskan keberceraian manusia dan alam dengan bertolak dari relasi perempuan terhadap alam. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode pengumpulan data berupa studi literatur.
Formulasi Kebijakan Pembangunan Di Desa Dermaji Kecamatan Lumbir Kabupaten Banyumas
Authors: Sutikno Chamid , Wijaya Shadu Satwika , Zaelani Andi
Published: July 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui formulasi kebijakan pembangunan di Desa Dermaji Kecamatan Lumbir, Kabupaten Banyumas. Dengan adanya kebijakan otonomi desa memberikan peluang bagi pemerintah desa dalam merencanakan pembangunan sesuai dengan kebutuhan masyarakat yang didasarkan pada pendekatan pertisipatif dan berkelanjutan. Tujuan Penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui (1) Proses penyusunan kebijakan pembangunan di Desa Dermaji. (2) Mengidentifikasi faktor yang menetukan penyusunan kebijakan pembangunan di Desa Dermaji sehingga dapat memperoleh berbagai bentuk penghargaan prestasi pembangunan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif, dengan pendekatan studi kasus. Teknik pemilihan informan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Teknik analisis data menggunakan model analisis interaktif. Sedangkan validitas data menggunakan pedekatan triangulasi untuk memperoleh data secara valid. Hasil penelitian menunjukan prose formulasi kebijakan yang meliputi aspek konseptualisasi masalah dan peranan kepemimpinan. Pengembangan opsi alternatif dalam proses pembangunan di Desa Dermaji dengan pendekatan partisipatif serta memadukan model elit dalam pengambilan keputusan sebagai pilihan alternatif kebijakan dan model partisipasi masyarakat pada keseluruhan tahapan pelaksanaan kebijakan melalui social collaborative action.
Frequency of I148M Polymorphism of the PNPLA3 Gene Associated with a Risk of Steatosis and Liver Fibrosis in Residents of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
Authors: Sleptsova Snezhana Spiridonovna , Efimov Aleksander E. , Gogolev Nikolay Michaylovich , Petrova Palmira Georgievna , Semenov Sergey Innokentevich , Golikova Polina I. , Danilova Anastasya Lukichna , Vasilev Filip Filippovich , Yakovleva Alexsandra E. , Sukhomyasova Aitalina Lukichna , Burtseva Tatiana Egorovna , Odland Jon Oyvin
Published: July 2021

Abstract Background Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) are the most common type of genetic polymorphism. SNP can significantly affect the expression activity of genes and the level of protein production. Researching the role of SNP in the occurrence of diseases is an important and urgent task, as it allows to predict the risk of pathology, its severity and outcome. Purpose of the study: study of the frequency of I148M polymorphism of the PNPLA3 gene in residents of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), associated with a high risk of steatosis and liver fibrosis. Methods A total of 3132 peripheral venous blood samples were used for population studies, studies patients with chronic hepatitis B and C, studies patients with NAFLD. Genotyping of DNA samples was carried out by real time-PCR. Reagent kits were used for genotyping I148M polymorphism of the PNPLA3 gene. Results In the present study, it was found that in the Yakut population the carriage of the GG genotype (49%) of the PNPLA3 gene I148M polymorphism predominates. When conducting a comparative frequency analysis, there were no statistically significant differences between the control group and the group with NAFLD patients(p=0,82). A comparative frequency analysis of the distribution of genotypes and alleles of I148M polymorphism of the PNPLA3 gene in the control group and the group of patients with chronic hepatitis B and C showed that we did not reveal significantly significant differences (p = 0.45). Conclusions The frequency of homozygotes for the mutant G allele of the I148M polymorphism of the PNPLA3 gene in the Yakut population significantly exceeds the frequency indicator of the G allele in other world populations.
Сравнение гибридных схем DDAD/ST и DDAD-TVDR при решении двумерного уравнения переноса теплового излучения
Authors: Шестаков Александр Александрович , Shestakov Aleksandr Aleksandrovich
Published: July 2021

Проблеме построения монотонных схем второго порядка аппроксимации для решения уравнения переноса теплового излучения посвящено большое число работ. Отдельным классом среди них выделяются гибридные схемы, которые в областях немонотонности решения используют монотонные схемы первого порядка, а на гладких участках -- схемы более высокого порядка. Если построение гибридных схем в одномерном случае не вызывает особых трудностей, то в многомерном случае эти схемы могут порождать немонотонность по времени и несходимость итераций изза переключений с одной схемы на другую. Поэтому разработка монотонных схем второго порядка аппроксимации при решении задач переноса теплового излучения до сих пор является актуальной проблемой. Для решения двумерного уравнения переноса теплового излучения в данной работе рассмотрено построение стандартной гибридной схемы, в которой при возникновении немонотонности переходят со схемы второго порядка на схему первого порядка аппроксимации. Хотя такая схема дает монотонное распределение по пространству, показано, что она может приводить к немонотонной зависимости от времени. Приведен другой способ построения гибридной схемы, в которой при переходе со схемы второго порядка на схему первого порядка не происходит возникновения немонотонности по времени.
Isolasi Jamur Tanah dari Muara Sungai di Desa Kilensari Kecamatan Panarukan Serta Skrining Aktivitas Antibakteri Terhadap Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Fajriyanti Amrina Rosyada , Triatmoko Bawon , Nugraha Ari Satia
Published: July 2021

Kasus infeksi oleh bakteri menjadi sepuluh besar kasus yang mengakibatkan kematian di Indonesia dengan persentase 9,5 %. Penggunaan antibiotik yang tidak tepat untuk mengatasi masalah infeksi dapat menyebabkan resistensi antibakteri. Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut, banyak dilakukan pengembangan terhadap agen-agen antibakteri. Banyak penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas antibakteri dapat ditemukan pada mikroorganisme dalam tanah. Penelitian ini dilakukan penelusuran dan isolasi fungi tanah muara di Desa Kilensari Kecamatan Panarukan serta skrining aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Pseudomonas aeruginosayang bertujuan untuk memperoleh kandidat antibakteri yang potensial.Metode yang digunakan dalam penentuan aktivitas antibakteri pada penelitian ini yaitu metode mikrodilusi berdasarkan protokol Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute tahun 2015. Hasil yang diperoleh dari tahap isolasi yaitu 6 isolat fungi tanah yang diberi kode IS-PN-A1, IS-PN-A2, IS-PN-T1, IS-PN-T2, IS-PN-B1 dan IS-PN-B2. Isolat yang didapatkan dilakukan skrining awal uji aktivitas antibakteri dengan metode ujikontak langsung dengan bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Zona bening yang terbentuk menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri dari isolat. Isolat fungi tanah muara kemudian dilakukan proses fermentasi untuk memproduksi metabolit sekunder. Hasil fermentasi di lakukan proses ekstraksi menggunakan etil asetat yang nantinya ekstrak akan digunakan dalam uji aktivitas antibakteri menggunakan metode mikrodilusi. Hasil uji aktivitas antibakteri menunjukkan bahwa fungi tanah muara sungai Desa Kilensari Kecamatan Panarukan memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Persen penghambatan fungi tanah muara dengan nama isolat IS-PN-A1 menghasilkan persen penghambatan sebesar 74,8±2,4%; IS-PN-A2 33,2±7,0%; IS-PN-T1 70,2±4,8%; IS-PN-T2 53,1±3,6%; IS-PN-B1 29,7±4,0%; IS-PN-B2 45,8±2,1 %. 
Aktivitas Imunomodulator Ekstrak Metanol dan Fraksi buah Talok (Muntingia calabura L.) pada Sel RAW 264.7
Authors: Sujono Tanti Azizah , Kusumowati Ika Trisharyanti Dian , Munawaroh Rima
Published: July 2021

Buah talok (Muntingia calabura L) secara empiris telah diketahui mempunyai banyak manfaat bagi kesehatan, diantaranya adalah sebagai imunomodulator. Namun mekanisme aksinya sebagai imunomodulator belum diketahui secara pasti. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi efek imunomodulator ekstrak metanolik dan fraksi buah talok pada sel makrofag RAW 264.7. Sel RAW 264.7 diberi perlakuan dengan ekstrak metanolik buah talok (EMBT), fraksi heksan buah talok (FHBT), fraksi diklorometana buah talok (FDBT), fraksi etil asetat buah talok (FEABT) serta kelompok kontrol sel (KS), kontrol lipopolisakarida (LPS) dan deksametason. Viabilitas sel diukur dengan metode MTT assay dilanjutkan isolasi RNA, pembuatan cDNA dan PCR. Level ekspresi mRNA dari gen-gen seperti toll like receptor 4 (TLR4), interferon (IFN)-ɣ, interleukin (IL)-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α pada sel RAW 264.7 yang diinduksi lipopolisakarida (LPS) dianalisis dengan metode reverse transcription-PCR. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa deksametason menghambat ekspresi iNOS, IL-6, TNF-α, TLR4, IFN- ɣ dan NF-kB dibandingkan dengan kontrol sel dan LPS. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa deksametason mempunyai aktivitas antiinflamasi. Ekstrak metanolik (EMBT) dan fraksi buah talok (FHBT, FDBT dan FEABT) menurunkan ekspresi gen iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, IFN- ɣ dan NF-kB jika dibandingkan dengan kontrol sel dan LPS, hal ini menunjukkan adanya aktivitas antiinflamasi. Ekstrak metanolik dan fraksi buah talok mempunyai  aktivitas imunomodulator melalui penghambatan inflamasi dengan menurunkan ekspresi gen iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, IFN- ɣ dan NF-kB pada sel RAW 264.7 yang diinduksi LPS. 
Changes in Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Residents of the Siberian Region (According to Epidemiological Studies)
Authors: Artamonova G. V. , Maksimov S. A. , Tsygankova D. P. , Bazdyrev E. D. , Indukaeva E. V. , Mulerova T. A. , Shapovalova E. B. , Agienko A. S. , Nakhratova O. V. , Barbarash O. L.
Published: July 2021

Aim. To analyze prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in the Kemerovo region based on the results of epidemiological studies (2013 and 2016).

Material and methods. The study was based on two large epidemiological studies of the Kemerovo region: on 2013, «The epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors in the Russian Federation» and on 2016, «The prospective study of urban and rural epidemiology: study of the influence of social factors on chronic non-infectious diseases in low, middle and high income countries». In the study we analyzed cardiovascular risk factors using identical questionnaires, functional, anthropometric, biochemical means and measured on identical scales. As a result, we analyzed the prevalence of smoking, diabetes mellitus, overweight and obesity, abdominal obesity, hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL).

Results. Univariate analysis indicates that in the sample of 2016, compared to the sample of 2013, the prevalence of smoking is statistically significantly lower, as well as the proportion of participants with high cholesterol levels, but not taking lipid-lowering drugs. In contrast, the prevalence of diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia is higher. In women, the frequency of abdominal obesity on 2016 is lower than on 2013: at 35-44 age group odds ratio (OR) =0.67 with 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.44-1.03, at 45-54 age group OR =0.47 with 95% CI 0.31-0.72, 55-65 age group OR =0.49 with 95% CI 0.30-0.79. A high incidence of diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia is characteristic mainly of older women (55-65 age group): accordingly, OR =1.96 with 95% CI 1.19-3.22, OR =1.42 with 95% CI 1,02-1.97, OR =1.51 at 95% CI 1.08-2.12. In the 45-54 age group of men, they smoked statistically significantly less often on 2016 compared to 2013, OR =0.59 with 95% CI 0.36-0.96. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in both samples is the same: for women, the OR for overweight in different age groups is within 0.74-0.87, for men - within 0.95-1.78; for obesity OR in women is from 0.70 to 0.79, in men - from 1.03 to 1.34.

Conclusion. A significant advantage of the study is the analysis of changes in prevalence in age and gender groups, which showed significant differences in the dynamics of men and women in different age categories for a number of risk factors. Analysis of the dynamics of the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors makes it possible to assess the effectiveness of state and regional policies in the field of health protection and, first of all, "risk groups” that require closer attention, development and implementation of targeted health-saving technologies.
New Possibilities in Quantitative Assessment of Albuminuria in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Sokolova A. A. , Skripka A. I. , Ivanov I. I. , Kogay V. V. , Listratov A. I. , Gindis A. A. , Napalkov D. A.
Published: July 2021

Aim. To evaluate the relationship between albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) in a single and 24-hours urine spots and chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression pace in patients with atrial fibrillation, CKD and diabetes mellitus.

Material and methods. 60 patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and CKD were enrolled, study duration was 15 months. The patients were divided into two groups depending on the presence of DM. Total number of ACR tests was 170, dynamics of CKD progression was estimated with CKD-EPI formula for first visit and 15th month’s follow-up.

Results. The median score of CHA2DS2VASс scale was 4 [3;5]. The risk of hemorrhagic complications in both groups was low (median score 1 [1;1]. There is a strong statistically significant correlation between ACR in a single and 24-hours urine spots (p<0.001). No significant changes in kidney function within 15 months were found (GFR 53 [46;59] ml/min/1.73 m2 vs 50.5 [45.63] ml/min/1.73 m2 for patients with diabetes mellitus [DM] [p=0.94] and GFR 52.5 [46.58] ml/min/1.73 m2 vs 50 [44.58] ml/min/1.73 m2 for patients without DM [p=0.711]). When comparing the renal function of patients with and without DM after 15 months statistically significant differences were also not found (p = 0.510).

Conclusion. In respect that assessment of single sample ACR is much more practical and reliable, this method might replace traditional 24-hours urine assessment in future. However, due to the small sample size and the presence of wide discrepancies in individual cases, which can be associated with preanalytical errors in urine collection, large randomized clinical trials are needed to confirm the obtained data.
Integrasi Tafsir dan Hermeneutika Dalam Memahami Teks al-Qur’an
Authors: Safrodin Safrodin
Published: July 2021

This study seeks to explain the integration of interpretations (tafsīr) and hermeneutics in understanding the Qur'an, even though the possibility of the integration is still being debated among Muslims. Some Islamic scholars reject it absolutely, some of them accept it absolutely and others accept it with certain limits (muqayyad). The author sees that the hermeneutic perspective should not be avoided in the study of interpretation of the Qur'an, so that the study of interpretation becomes more philosophical, even though both have slightly different characteristics. The science of interpretation (‘ilm tafsīr) grows and develops in the treasures of Islamic thought which is very closely related to tradition, while the hermeneutics develops in a philosophical tradition that highly values freedom of thought more broadly. However, hermeneutics is very likely to be used as one of the approaches or tools in the science of interpretation, especially in understanding the verses of the Qur'an which are in the domain of ta'aqqulī or ghair ta'abbudī and ghair ta'aqqudī like the mu'amalah region whose reach is very wide.
Prisons and COVID-19 Spread in the United States
Authors: Sims Kaitlyn M. , Foltz Jeremy , Skidmore Marin Elisabeth
Published: July 2021

Objectives. To empirically evaluate the relationship between presence of a state or federal prison and COVID-19 case and death counts.

Methods. We merged data on locations of federal and state prisons and of local and county jails with daily case and death counts in the United States. We used a selection-on-observables design to estimate the correlation between prisons and COVID-19 spread, controlling for known correlates of COVID-19.

Results. We found empirical evidence that the presence and capacities of prisons are strong correlates of county-level COVID-19 case counts. The presence of a state or federal prison in a county corresponded with a 9% increase in the COVID-19 case count during the first wave of the pandemic, ending July 1, 2020.

Conclusions. Our results suggest that the public health implications of these facilities extend beyond the health of employees and incarcerated individuals, and policymakers should explicitly consider the public health concerns posed by these facilities when developing pandemic-response policy.
Temporal Trends in Revision Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty from 2008 to 2018
Authors: Siddiqi Ahmed , Warren Jared A. , Manrique-Succar Jorge , Molloy Robert M. , Barsoum Wael K. , Piuzzi Nicolas S.
Published: July 2021

Background:

An overall assessment of how patient demographic characteristics and comorbidities are improving or worsening can allow better understanding of the value of revision total joint arthroplasty (TJA). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify patient demographic characteristics and comorbidities trends and episode-of-care outcome trends from 2008 to 2018 in patients undergoing revision TJA.

Methods:

The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was queried to identify patient demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and episode-of-care outcomes in patients undergoing revision TJA from 2008 to 2018 (n = 45,706). Pairwise t tests and pairwise chi-square tests were performed on consecutive years with Bonferroni correction. Trends were assessed using the 2-tailed Mann-Kendall test of the temporal trend.

Results:

Among patients undergoing revision TJA, there was no clinically important difference, from 2008 to 2018, in age, body mass index (BMI), percentages with >40 kg/m2 BMI, diabetes (18.8% to 19%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (4.1% to 5.4%), congestive heart failure within 30 days (0% to 1%), or acute renal failure (0% to 0.2%). However, modifiable comorbidities including smoking status (14.7% to 12.0%; p = 0.01), hypertension (66% to 26.0%; p = 0.02), anemia (34.5% to 26.3%; p < 0.001), malnutrition (10.4% to 9.3%; p = 0.004), and overall morbidity or mortality probability have improved, with a decrease in the hospital length of stay and 30-day readmission and a significant increase in home discharge (p < 0.001 for all).

Conclusions:

Time-difference analysis demonstrated that the overall health status of patients undergoing revision TJA improved from 2008 to 2018. However, formal time-trend analysis demonstrated improvements to a lesser degree. The multidisciplinary effort to improve value-based metrics including patient comorbidity optimization and episode-of-care outcomes for primary TJA has been shown to potentially have an impact on revision TJA.

Level of Evidence:

Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Sternoclavicular Septic Arthritis Caused by Cutibacterium acnes in a Previously Healthy 13-Year-Old Male
Authors: Reid Risa , McKnight R. Randall , Secrist Eric , Clark Christian
Published: July 2021

Case:

A 13-year-old boy presented with 3 weeks of atraumatic left-sided sternoclavicular (SC) joint pain, swelling, and decreased range of motion. After imaging and laboratory workup, he underwent operative irrigation, debridement, and antibiotic therapy with complete resolution of his symptoms. Surgical cultures were consistent with SC septic arthritis.

Conclusion:

The management of septic arthritis in pediatric patients remains varied. Here, we present the only report of SC septic arthritis due to Cutibacterium acnes in a healthy pediatric patient. Given the similar clinical findings of pain and swelling to affected bones and joints, differentiating SC septic arthritis from other conditions within the clinical spectrum of chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis remains challenging. Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion when patients present with pain and swelling over the SC joint.
Articular Surface Failure of a Hybrid Anatomic Glenoid Component
Authors: Yoon Joo Hee , Marigi Erick M. , Crowe Matthew M. , Ortiguera Cedric J. , Schoch Bradley S.
Published: July 2021

Case:

We present a case of a 71-year-old woman with history of left-sided shoulder arthritis who underwent standard total shoulder arthroplasty using a novel hybrid glenoid component. After 3 years, she sustained traumatic dissociation of the interface between the polyethylene face and central titanium post, a unique failure mechanism of the hybrid glenoid component. This was successfully corrected through conversation to reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA). Follow-up after 2 years demonstrated marked improvement in pain and function.

Conclusion:

Hybrid glenoid components present a unique failure mechanism as compared to traditional glenoid loosening and can be effectively corrected with RSA.
Nonoperative Treatment of a Fractured Uncemented Extensively Coated Femoral Stem
Authors: Schneider Andrew M. , Brown Nicholas M. , Hopkinson William J.
Published: July 2021

Case:

A 62-year-old man who underwent total hip arthroplasty (THA) 17 years earlier presented with a fractured uncemented extensively coated diaphyseal engaging femoral stem. Treatment options, including revision surgery, were discussed, and the patient elected for nonoperative treatment. At 2 years of follow-up, the patient is asymptomatic, radiographs are stable, and he lives an active lifestyle without restrictions.

Conclusion:

Fractures of well-fixed femoral prostheses are rare complications of THA and almost universally require revision surgery. Nonoperative treatment without activity restrictions may be a viable treatment option in select patients to preserve function and maintain quality of life.
Incidental Finding of a Thorn in the Left Knee Joint of an Amateur Football Player and Arthroscopic Removal
Authors: Rai Saroj , Humagain Vaskar , Khakurel Sharad , Marasini Rudra Prasad , Sherchan Binod
Published: July 2021

Case:

A 19-year-old male amateur footballer was referred to our center with complaints of relapsing and remitting pain, swelling, and reduced range of motion of the left knee. History, radiological, and laboratory findings were unrevealing, except for chronic synovitis. On arthroscopy, a 3.3 × 0.3-cm thorn was found embedded in the anteromedial aspect of the anterior cruciate ligament and was carefully removed. The postoperative course was uneventful.

Conclusion:

The foreign body must be considered as differential diagnoses in players presenting with unilateral chronic synovitis of the knee. Knee arthroscopy is the gold standard for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes when the history is unclear, and radiological investigations are inconclusive.
Current Orthopaedic Residency Letters of Recommendation Are Not Biased by Gender of Applicant
Authors: Lipa Shaina A. , Greene Nattaly E. , Le Hai V. , White Augustus A. , Gebhardt Mark C. , Dyer George S.M.
Published: July 2021

Background:

Letters of recommendation (LORs) are highly influential in the residency selection process. Differences in language and length of LORs by gender have been demonstrated for applicants applying to surgical residencies and fellowships. This had yet to be studied in orthopaedic surgery. Given the gender disparity in the field, we sought to investigate the impact of gender on orthopaedic residency applicant LORs. We hypothesized that differences in length and language would be present for women applicants as compared to men.

Methods:

LORs for 2019 to 2020 applicants who applied to a single academic institution were selected for review. Female and male applicants were matched by medical school attended and United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 score. LORs were analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative analyses. Letters were evaluated for their word count, presence of language terms, and frequency of language terms. A similar subgroup language analysis was performed for standardized LORs (SLORs).

Results:

Six hundred fifty-six applicants met the initial screening criteria—126 women and 530 men. After matching, 71 female applicants were paired with 111 male applicants. Word count was, on average, longer for female applicants. LORs for female applicants were more likely to contain language terms that characterized their ability, achievement, participation in athletics, awards received, fit, leadership, and personality traits. Of these terms, ability and participation in athletics were also found more frequently in LORs written for women. In addition, language characterizing technical skills was found more frequently in LORs of female applicants. Similar codes were found to be statistically significant in the SLOR subgroup analysis.

Conclusion:

This study highlights that current orthopaedic surgery residency LORs do not appear to be biased by applicant gender. LORs were longer for female applicants and described them more positively. Future female orthopaedic residency applicants should be assured that current female candidates are applying with at least similar if not greater subjective qualifications to their male counterparts based on the findings of this study.