bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Different Types of Ventilation Systems of Munitions
Authors: WIŚNIEWSKI Adam
Published: December 2017

In the article it is presented the guideline and requirements for construction and technology designing of munition, that allows mitigation and decreasing after effects of stimuli impacting the Insensitive Munition (IM), used in military equipment, i.e. in case of pressure and temperature increase during fire, fast and slow heating, sympathetic detonation, perforation of the munition by a projectile, a fragment or a shaped charge jet. The construction of the IM munition is specified with the use of barriers, ventilation/deaeration of the munition case and double-purpose technology. The features of the active and passive/inert ventilation systems of the IM munition are presented, examples of absorbing energy materials and structure of covers/barriers of a „sandwich” type. Depending on the IM classes of threats and different representative standards and one metric of munition response and technology maturity, there are different consequences of detonation, explosion, deflagration/propulsion, burn, not sustained reaction, etc. observed. Some examples are presented with the use of the shaped-memory alloys or polymers in the Insensitive Munition.
State of the Art Technologies Used as a Rescue Response During Recovery from Structural Collapse
Authors: TUŚNIO Norbert , OGRODNIK Paweł , TUŚNIO Janusz
Published: December 2017

This paper is a description of the state of the art technical equipment procured during the execution of the project ‟Innovative solutions for stabilizing building and engineering structures as a rescue response during structural collapse recoveryˮ. The project is financed by the National Centre for Research with an execution frame of 2015 to 2017, and carried out by the consortium of the Main School of Fire Service in Warsaw, The Fire Service College of the State Fire Service in Kraków, the Scientific and Research Centre for Fire Protection – National Research Institute and CMGI Sp. z o.o. The technical specifications are presented for an unmanned air vehicle (UAV) built on commission for the Main School of Fire Service; the UAV can be used to monitor rescue mission operations at the sites of collapsed building.
Eksploatacja systemu monitorowania procesu strzelań z przeciwlotniczych zestawów rakietowych
Authors: SAWICKI Grzegorz , SIENICKI Konrad , WACŁAWIK Kamil
Published: December 2017

W artykule opisano system monitorowania strzelań z przeciwlotniczych zestawów rakietowych. Scharakteryzowano zasady jego eksploatacji. Zaprezentowano wybrane problemy eksploatacyjne.
Následky porušení povinností ze smlouvy o výkonu funkce a jejich vymáhání: limity odpovědnosti člena orgánu a limity smlouvy o vypořádání
Authors: Příkazská Monika
Published: December 2017

Příspěvek se zabývá omezením odpovědnosti člena orgánu, a to jak odpovědnosti za řádný výkon funkce, tak i odpovědnosti za újmu, která vznikla v důsledku porušení péče řádného hospodáře. Z pohledu vypořádací smlouvy, která se vztahuje k následnému vypořádání již vzniklé újmy, je klíčové především posouzení, zda na obsah vypořádací smlouvy dopadá § 2898 OZ (a zda je tedy možné i vypořádání ve formě úplného prominutí dluhu). A pokud § 2898 OZ způsob vypořádání neomezuje, existují patrně jiné limity vzájemného vypořádání. Významné bude především posouzení možnosti ochrany třetích osob či osob v postavení slabší strany, kterých se vypořádací smlouva uzavřená mezi členem orgánu a obchodní korporací může dotknout.
Osoba v právu z hlediska Vídeňské a Brněnské právní školy
Authors: Beran Karel
Published: December 2017

Cílem článku je popsat přístup čisté právní vědy k osobě jako personifikovanému souboru právních norem. Z toho důvodu je třeba též vysvětlit přístup právního normativismu k subjektivnímu právu jako k právní normě. Právní normativismus bývá často ztotožňován s Vídeňskou školou a zejména se jménem Hanse Kelsena. Proto je dalším cílem tohoto článku ukázat, že i Brněnská škola, jmenovitě pak František Weyr ale zejména i prakticky neznámý český normativista Josef Slezák přinesla k otázce osoby v právu mnoho originálních a důležitých poznatků.
Vypořádání majetkových poměrů manželů z pohledu evropského mezinárodního práva soukromého
Authors: Zavadilová Lucie
Published: December 2017

Pokračující proces europeizace mezinárodního rodinného a dědického práva vyústil v přijetí dvou významných právních předpisů – nařízení Evropského parlamentu a Rady (EU) č. 650/2012 o příslušnosti, rozhodném právu, uznávání a výkonu rozhodnutí a přijímání a výkonu veřejných listin v dědických věcech a o vytvoření evropského dědického osvědčení, a dále nařízení Rady (EU) 2016/1103 provádějícího posílenou spolupráci v oblasti příslušnosti, rozhodného práva a uznávání a výkonu rozhodnutí ve věcech majetkových poměrů v manželství. Byť je unijní úprava rozdělena do dvou samostatných právních nástrojů, představuje vypořádání majetkových poměrů manželů často nutný předpoklad pro vypořádání dědictví po zemřelém manželovi. Cílem předkládaného článku je analyzovat, do jaké míry se podařilo obě nařízení zkoordinovat, a to zejména pokud jde o otázku jejich působnosti a problematiku určování práva rozhodného.
El lèxic tècnic a la traducció catalana de l’Opus agriculturae de Pal·ladi: una aproximació als llibres de 'grammàtica' i 'medicina'
Authors: Sebastian Torres Raimon
Published: December 2017

In 1385 Ferrer Saiol, protonotary of Queen Eleanor of Sicily, translated into Catalan Palladius’s Opus Agriculturae (‘The Work on Farming’). This Latin work was widely known throughout the whole of the Middle Ages, and therefore a translation of Opus Agriculturae was wanted in the fourteenth-century's Kingdom of Aragon. A difficult aspect of Opus Agriculturae is its technical vocabulary. Being aware of it, Ferrer Saiol referred in his translation to his use of numerous reference books to undertake the best possible version. These medieval glossaries and vocabularies belong in his translation, explicitly as well as implicitly. We identify here books that Ferrer Saiol used for this version, like Papias’s Vocabularium, Johannes Balbus’s Catholicon, Simon of Genoa’s Clavis Sanationis and Ibn Wafid’s De Simplicibus Medicinis. These books are analysed here in order to understand its translating process. In addition, we aim to understand through medieval glossaries those passages whose scientific terms Saiol doesn’t correctly translate.
Dismantling the rhetoric of alternative medicine: Smokescreens, errors, conspiracies, and follies
Authors: Ernst Edzard , Fasce Angelo
Published: December 2017

Alternative medicine has a high social prevalence, being promoted by well organized groups that have developed an intricate rhetoric in order to self-justify in the absence of evidence. This article will analyse some of these arguments, some of their fallacies – ad populum, ad ignorantiam –, other styles of reasoning – conspiracy theories – and other misconceptions of scientific concepts – placebo effect, scientific authority. The objective will be to highlight the poverty of the rhetoric of proponents of alternative medicine, with special emphasis on the dangers for the consumer.
How connected are the major forms of irrationality? An analysis of pseudoscience, science denial, fact resistance and alternative facts
Authors: Hansson Sven Ove
Published: December 2017

Science is a fact-finding practice, but there are many other fact-finding practices that apply largely the same patterns of reasoning in order to achieve as reliable information as possible in empirical issues. The fact-finding practices form in their turn a subcategory of rational discourse, a wider category that also encompasses argumentation on non-empirical issues. Based on these categories, it is easy to see the relationship between on the one hand pseudoscience, and on the other hand fact resistance, disinformation, and fallacies of reasoning. The flaws in argumentation are similar, and the main difference is whether or not the subject matter falls within or without the realm of science.
Isolated Cuboid-Lateral Cuneiform Coalition
Authors: Babu Satish , Shenoy Ravikiran , Mahapatra Piyush , Amin Amit
Published: December 2017

Tarsal coalitions represent a cohort of conditions characterized by bony, cartilaginous, or fibrous union of two or more tarsal bones. These disorders are often poorly understood by medical professionals, often leading to delays in diagnosis and treatment. They may be asymptomatic or cause hindfoot pain, stiffness, decreased range of motion, and foot deformities. Coalitions can be investigated by an ascending sequence of imaging including radiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. They may be managed conservatively with orthoses, activity modification, physiotherapy, anti-inflammatory medications, or definitive surgical intervention. To our knowledge, cuboid-lateral cuneiform coalition has not been reported in the orthopedic literature. We describe a 40-year-old woman with this condition who reported a 1-year history of left foot pain and stiffness. She was definitively diagnosed with magnetic resonance imaging and was managed conservatively with an aircast boot and hydrocortisone injection.
Reversible Secondary Osteolysis in Diabetic Foot Infection
Authors: Chakraborty Partha P. , Roy Ajitesh , Bhattacharjee Rana , Mukhopadhyay Satinath , Chowdhury Subhankar
Published: December 2017

Osteolysis, caused by active resorption of bone matrix by osteoclasts, can be primary or can develop secondary to a variety of disease processes. An elevated level of inflammatory cytokines in the local milieu and increased blood flow secondary to infection or autonomic neuropathy stimulate the osteoclasts and cause bone loss in the diabetic foot. Charcot's neuroarthropathy and osteomyelitis are well-known foot complications of diabetes, and secondary osteolysis has largely been underappreciated and, hence, underreported. Plain radiographs, an initial component in the evaluation of the diabetic foot, may not successfully differentiate secondary osteolysis from osteomyelitis. We describe a patient with phalangeal osteolysis secondary to soft-tissue infection in whom a correct and timely diagnosis helped avoid unnecessary surgical interventions.
Mechanical Stress Redistribution in the First Metatarsal Bone After Autologous Bone Harvesting
Authors: López Javier Bayod , de Bengoa Vallejo Ricardo Becerro , Iglesias Marta E. Losa , Doblaré Manuel
Published: December 2017

Background:

The first metatarsal bone is a viable source for autologous bone grafting in foot and ankle surgery and may serve as another convenient graft site to correct a flail toe deformity. We aimed to determine how progressive bone removal from the first metatarsal affects the mechanical redistribution of the foot and whether this bone removal increases the risk of fracture.

Methods:

A three-dimensional finite element model developed from computed tomographic images obtained from a healthy man were used to evaluate traction stresses on the first metatarsal bone as a function of applied loads on the talus and Achilles tendon at two phases of the gait cycle (and according to the depth of bone removal).

Results:

Simulations indicated that when maximum load was applied to the Achilles tendon, tensile stress increased from 2.049 MPa in the intact foot to 5.941 MPa in the area of maximum bone harvest during the stance phase. Furthermore, as the volume of bone extracted from the first metatarsal increased, there was a redistribution of stress that differed significantly from that of the intact foot.

Conclusions:

Although the maximum stress on the first metatarsal was not significantly affected by increasing the volume of bone harvested, the ankle should be splinted in plantarflexion during the postoperative period to eliminate the stance phase of gait and reduce the risk of metatarsal fracture.
Arthroscopic Debridement of a Talar Cyst and Bone Grafting with the Osteochondral Autograft Transfer System
Authors: Chinzei Nobuaki , Kanzaki Noriyuki , Fujishiro Takaaki , Hayashi Shinya , Hashimoto Shingo , Kuroda Ryosuke , Kurosaka Masahiro
Published: December 2017

Simple bone cysts compose approximately 3% of all primary bone tumors and most commonly occur in the metaphyseal regions of the proximal humerus and femur. The percentage of the talus with suspected bone tumors is reported to be 0.003%. Therefore, talar cysts are rare but sometimes present as aggressive lesions, and they can affect any of the tarsal bones. Recently, an arthroscopic approach to these lesions has been developed that is less invasive than conventional open surgery. In the present case study, we profile a 65-year-old female patient who received arthroscopic debridement of a bone cyst from the medial aspect of the talus with the osteochondral autograft transfer system (OATS). By using the OATS core harvester, we penetrated into the tumor. After the cylindrical bone plug was pulled out, the tumor was removed and artificial bone granules were firmly packed into the cavity with intralesional arthroscopy. Then, the cylindrical bone plug previously harvested by OATS was implanted at the site with careful precision. This intervention resulted in a relative restoration of talar dome anatomy and ultimately restored the patient to activity with minimal discomfort. Therefore, arthroscopic debridement with OATS has the potential to be a useful option in dealing with debilitating osteochondral cystic lesions.
Natural variation in stochastic photoreceptor specification and color preference in Drosophila
Authors: Anderson Caitlin , Reiss India , Zhou Cyrus , Cho Annie , Siddiqi Haziq , Mormann Benjamin , Avelis Cameron M , Deford Peter , Bergland Alan , Roberts Elijah , Taylor James , Vasiliauskas Daniel , Johnston Robert J
Published: December 2017

Each individual perceives the world in a unique way, but little is known about the genetic basis of variation in sensory perception. In the fly eye, the random mosaic of color-detecting R7 photoreceptor subtypes is determined by stochastic on/off expression of the transcription factor Spineless (Ss). In a genome-wide association study, we identified a naturally occurring insertion in a regulatory DNA element in ss that lowers the ratio of SsON to SsOFF cells. This change in photoreceptor fates shifts the innate color preference of flies from green to blue. The genetic variant increases the binding affinity for Klumpfuss (Klu), a zinc finger transcriptional repressor that regulates ss expression. Klu is expressed at intermediate levels to determine the normal ratio of SsON to SsOFF cells. Thus, binding site affinity and transcription factor levels are finely tuned to regulate stochastic expression, setting the ratio of alternative fates and ultimately determining color preference.
Sculpting ion channel functional expression with engineered ubiquitin ligases
Authors: Kanner Scott A , Morgenstern Travis , Colecraft Henry M
Published: December 2017

The functional repertoire of surface ion channels is sustained by dynamic processes of trafficking, sorting, and degradation. Dysregulation of these processes underlies diverse ion channelopathies including cardiac arrhythmias and cystic fibrosis. Ubiquitination powerfully regulates multiple steps in the channel lifecycle, yet basic mechanistic understanding is confounded by promiscuity among E3 ligase/substrate interactions and ubiquitin code complexity. Here we targeted the catalytic domain of E3 ligase, CHIP, to YFP-tagged KCNQ1 ± KCNE1 subunits with a GFP-nanobody to selectively manipulate this channel complex in heterologous cells and adult rat cardiomyocytes. Engineered CHIP enhanced KCNQ1 ubiquitination, eliminated KCNQ1 surface-density, and abolished reconstituted K+ currents without affecting protein expression. A chemo-genetic variation enabling chemical control of ubiquitination revealed KCNQ1 surface-density declined with a ~ 3.5 hr t1/2 by impaired forward trafficking. The results illustrate utility of engineered E3 ligases to elucidate mechanisms underlying ubiquitin regulation of membrane proteins, and to achieve effective post-translational functional knockdown of ion channels.
LRP1 regulates peroxisome biogenesis and cholesterol homeostasis in oligodendrocytes and is required for proper CNS myelin development and repair
Authors: Lin Jing-Ping , Mironova Yevgeniya A , Shrager Peter , Giger Roman J
Published: December 2017

Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) is a large endocytic and signaling molecule broadly expressed by neurons and glia. In adult mice, global inducible (Lrp1flox/flox;CAG-CreER) or oligodendrocyte (OL)-lineage specific ablation (Lrp1flox/flox;Pdgfra-CreER) of Lrp1 attenuates repair of damaged white matter. In oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), Lrp1 is required for cholesterol homeostasis and differentiation into mature OLs. Lrp1-deficient OPC/OLs show a strong increase in the sterol-regulatory element-binding protein-2 yet are unable to maintain normal cholesterol levels, suggesting more global metabolic deficits. Mechanistic studies revealed a decrease in peroxisomal biogenesis factor-2 and fewer peroxisomes in OL processes. Treatment of Lrp1−/− OPCs with cholesterol or activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ with pioglitazone alone is not sufficient to promote differentiation; however, when combined, cholesterol and pioglitazone enhance OPC differentiation into mature OLs. Collectively, our studies reveal a novel role for Lrp1 in peroxisome biogenesis, lipid homeostasis, and OPC differentiation during white matter development and repair.
Uncovering Cinematic Adaptations of James Joyce’s The Dead
Authors: Marandi Pegah , Anushiravani Alireza
Published: December 2017

The relationship between literature and film is the subject of plentiful analyses and reflections within the general framework of Comparative Literature. A comparison between a literary work and its adaptations shows how filmmakers adhere to the principles of intertextuality. Exploring various adaptations of James Joyce’s The Dead (1914) and comparing them against each other are the main objectives of this research. This study examines how John Huston (1987), Travis Mills and William Ivey Long (2013) adapted James Joyce’s The Dead (1914) culturally, geopolitically, and sociologically. This study demonstrated that Huston’s adaptation was faithful to Joyce’s text in terms of character, costume, culture, and language, whereas Mills and Long’s adaptation was not fully loyal to Joyce especially in terms of character and culture. However, Mills and Long have attempted to create a language similar to Joyce’s. Further, consciousness and interior thoughts as subtle issues precisely shown in the novel were not illustrated wholly in both adaptations. Huston’s creativity was maintained in the last scene, picturing Gabriel’s monologue, whereas Mills and Long’s creativity was shown in creating new postmodern characters and culture.
Identifying Meaning Components in the Translation of Medical Terms from English into Indonesian: A Semantic Approach
Authors: Jayantini I Gusti Agung Sri Rwa , Yadnya Ida Bagus Putra , Suparwa I Nyoman , Puspani Ida Ayu Made
Published: December 2017

This paper focuses on identifying meaning components in the translation of English medical terms into Indonesian. The data used in this study are the English medical term disorder and its Indonesian equivalent penyakit (disease). The two terms are purposively chosen as the data of the present study, which is a comparative research on the lexical meaning investigation in two different languages. The investigation involving a particular term in one language and its equivalent in the other language is worth doing since the lexicons in every language have their own specific concepts that may be synonymous, yet they are not always interchangeable in all contexts. The analysis into meaning components is called decomposition by means of several semantic theories to analyse the meaning of a lexical item (Löbner 2013). Here, the meaning components of the two compared terms are demonstrated through a semantic approach, particularly Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) supported by the investigation on their synonyms and how the terms are used in different contexts. The results show that the meaning components of a particular term in one language like the English term disorder are not always found in the Indonesian term penyakit, or, conversely, some of the meaning components of the Indonesian term do not always exist in the English term.
Evaluation of Cultural and Ideological Manipulations in Four Persian Translations of Jhumpa Lahiri’s Hell-Heaven
Authors: Kaveyaninia Zeinab , Sanei Dianoosh , Hajimohammadi Reza
Published: December 2017

The present paper examined cultural and ideological implications in translation studies. For  this purpose, four Persian translations of Hell-Heaven were chosen. Hell-Heaven is a story adopted from “Unaccustomed Earth” (2008), written by the Indian-American writer, Jhumpa Lahiri.  Therefore, the translations were explored to detect translators’ ideological shifts; in the way that all components of translations were pondered to detect translational adaptations chosen by four translators. The result showed that translators had adopted translational strategies such as addition, deletion and substitution to deal with American and Indian’s cultural and ideological differences.
Dismantling Solidarity
Authors: McCarthy Michael A.
Published: December 2017

Why has old-age security become less solidaristic and increasingly tied to risky capitalist markets? Drawing on rich archival data that covers more than fifty years of American history, this book argues that the critical driver was policymakers' reactions to capitalist crises and their political imperative to promote capitalist growth. Pension development has followed three paths of marketization in America since the New Deal, each distinct but converging: occupational pension plans were adopted as an alternative to real increases in Social Security benefits after World War II; private pension assets were then financialized and invested into the stock market; and, since the 1970s, traditional pension plans have come to be replaced with riskier retirement plans. Comparing each episode of change, the book mounts a forceful challenge to common understandings of America's private pension system and offers an alternative political economy of the welfare state. The book weaves together a theoretical framework that helps to explain pension marketization with structural mechanisms that push policymakers to intervene to promote capitalist growth and avoid capitalist crises and contingent historical factors that both drive them to intervene in the particular ways they do and shape how their interventions bear on welfare change. By emphasizing the capitalist context in which policymaking occurs, the book turns our attention to the structural factors that drive policy change. The book urges the reader to reconsider how capitalism itself constrains policymaking.
Introduction
Authors: Campbell Ian W.
Published: December 2017

This book examines the Russian Empire's attempts to obtain reliable information about a strategically important but difficult-to-govern region: the Kazak steppes. It chronicles the empire's conquest and rule on the Kazak steppe and how this is linked to the production of knowledge about it by both Russians and Kazaks. The book places this process of knowledge production in its social and administrative context in order to understand a seeming contradiction: Russian imperialism in Central Asia and the Kazak steppe was a success, yet imperial policies triggered a major revolt on the eve of the revolutions of 1917. The Russian Empire's encounter with the steppe, although characterized by unequal power relations, was thus an exchange of knowledge.
Information Revolution and Administrative Reform, Ca. 1845–1868
Authors: Campbell Ian W.
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines the state of tsarist knowledge by the mid-1860s and compares it with administrative reform as actually practiced on the Kazak steppe. To this end, the chapter analyzes the intellectual world in which the Steppe Commission operated. The Steppe Commission was formed to collect as much information about the Kazak steppe as possible, to be used in the formulation of a new governing statute. The chapter also considers the role played by the Imperial Russian Geographical Society (IRGO) in the Russian Empire's apparatus of knowledge production; the question of whether the Kazak steppe should permanently remain a borderland apart or could ultimately progress to grazhdanstvennost', or “civil order”; the knowledge potential reformers had with respect to Islam in the region; and the Provisional Statute of 1868.
The Key to the World’S Treasures
Authors: Campbell Ian W.
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines the Kazaks' engagement with the Russian Empire's civilizing mission and its application of scientific knowledge to modernize the Siberian steppe. Drawing on the work of Abai Kunanbaev and on the pages of Kirgizskaia stepnaia gazeta (KSG), it considers how local knowledge, some of it collected and developed by Russian scholars, appeared both as a means of seeking the adaptations that would permit a move to agriculture and as a defense of pastoralism on the steppe. It shows that, even as some Kazak intermediaries accepted the empire's civilizing claims, local experiences and experimentation were vital to their articulation in practice. The chapter also discusses the legal and institutional issues arising from peasants' colonization and resettlement to the steppe.
A Double Failure
Authors: Campbell Ian W.
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines the ideas behind Kazaks' economic and political estrangement from the Russian Empire as well as their attempts to claim a role for themselves—and defend their interests—within the space of discussion and debate in which they had previously operated. It discusses the failure of the Russian Empire's peasant resettlement program from the perspective of Kazaks and other Central Asians whose lands were subject to estrangement and reallocation to Slavic settlers. The chapter also explains why violence erupted in Central Asia at the end of 1916, and why local intellectuals sided against the rebels, by analyzing a series of political decisions taken by the tsarist state over the previous decade. Finally, it considers the response of Kazak intellectuals to the shocks of resettlement and disenfranchisement, along with the impact of World War I and the February Revolution on the Kazak steppe and on the Russian Empire more generally.
The One Percent Solution
Authors: Lafer Gordon
Published: December 2017

In the aftermath of the 2010 Citizens United decision, it's become commonplace to note the growing political dominance of a small segment of the economic elite. But what exactly are those members of the elite doing with their newfound influence? This book presents an account of legislation promoted by the US's biggest corporate lobbies across all fifty state legislatures and encompassing a wide range of labor and economic policies. In an era of growing economic insecurity, it turns out that one of the main reasons life is becoming harder for American workers is a relentless—and concerted—offensive by the country's best-funded and most powerful political forces: corporate lobbies empowered by the Supreme Court to influence legislative outcomes with an endless supply of cash. These actors have successfully championed hundreds of new laws that lower wages, eliminate paid sick leave, undo the right to sue over job discrimination, and cut essential public services. The book shows how corporate strategies have been shaped by twenty-first-century conditions—including globalization, economic decline, and the populism reflected in both the Trump and Sanders campaigns of 2016. Perhaps most important, the book shows that the corporate legislative agenda has come to endanger the scope of democracy itself.
A Corporate Political Agenda for the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Lafer Gordon
Published: December 2017

This book examines how the most powerful corporate lobbies are working to remake the American economy, society, and politics. It considers the legislative agenda of big business lobbies in all fifty states, including the Chamber of Commerce, the National Association of Manufacturers, the National Federation of Independent Business, and industry-specific groups such as the National Grocers Association and National Restaurant Association. The book explores how an intentional policy agenda pursued by these lobbies contributes to growing inequality and increased hardship for American workers. It analyzes bills that were enacted with the support of one or more of these organizations across a wide range of labor, employment, and economic policy issues.
The Destruction of Public Schooling
Authors: Lafer Gordon
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines how a combination of interests—partisan politics, antiunionism, the drive to eliminate social entitlements, and unprecedented financial interests in privatization—come together around the issue of education reform. In particular, it considers corporate lobbies' proposals to replace public schools with privately run charters. It discusses legislation, backed by corporate lobbies, addressing issues such as cuts in school funding, class size, voucher programs, high-stakes testing, and charter schools. It also explores education reform as public policy, education technology and the replacement of in-person with digital instruction, and teacher training and certification requirements. Finally, it evaluates both the pedagogical evidence underlying corporate-backed legislative agenda and the political and economic interests driving it.
The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs in the Shadow of the Ten Lost Tribes
Authors: Nisse Ruth
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines Robert Grosseteste's 1242 translation of Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs from Greek to Latin. Grosseteste's translation appears at exactly the same time as another eschatological crisis was playing out: the invasion of eastern Europe by a Mongol army led by Chingiz (Genghis) Khan's descendants. According to the historian Matthew Paris, the Mongols were in fact the ten “lost tribes” of Jews, who had been locked away in Asia by Alexander the Great but were now free and being aided in their conquests by the Hebrew-speaking European Jews. The chapter considers how the medieval Christian reception and transmission of the Testaments is associatedwith shifting attitudes toward Jews not only as textual scholars but also literally as the twelve scattered tribes. It also discusses how the Testaments, for Grosseteste and Paris, offered a unique opportunity to reconstruct the role of early “Judaism” in Christian history.
Unofficial Officials
Authors: Barnes Dayna L.
Published: December 2017

This chapter looks at the think tanks of policymaking. In the early wartime period, official long-range planning was stunted by a lack of government resources and interest in the subject. The bureaucrats in charge of American foreign policy came to rely on information and expertise from outside the government as they formed their views. Specialist research organizations, later known as “think tanks,” leaped to fill gaps in official expertise. Eventually, think tank staffs became unofficial officials, taking full part in the development of policy. They provided reports, recommendations, and accessible information, informed by their specific institutional viewpoints. They also maintained personal networks between members and policymakers and created space for officials and private experts from the business and scholarly communities to discuss ideas.
Ready or Not
Authors: Barnes Dayna L.
Published: December 2017

This chapter looks at Harry Truman's administration during the postwar period. The major development of this period was the widespread acceptance within the administration of the policy planners' ideas and aims. This was true even though the plans were altered in response to events and new voices in summer and fall of 1945. The course of events in the early Truman administration opened the door for the recommendations of a small group of Japan specialists in the State Department to become American policy. In the transition from war to victory, these recommendations were approved as SWNCC 150/4, the document that was sent to occupation administrators to guide American actions in defeated Japan.
The Best-Laid Plans of Mice and Men
Authors: Barnes Dayna L.
Published: December 2017

This concluding chapter argues that American wartime planning aimed to identify and serve U.S. interests in East Asia. The early postwar period would be marked by harsh military occupation and forced disarmament, but in the longer run Japanese cooperation was tied to hope and prosperity through the promise of international trade. This offered a solution to end Japanese aggression and imperialism, to the benefit of Japan's neighbors. However, that solution was influenced by Anglo-American imperial rhetoric and effectively replaced Japanese hegemony in East Asia with American. Given that plans were made during a brutal war that Japan had started, the attempt to find shared American and Japanese interests was practical but also generous.
Modernity and Ethnic Violence
Authors: Lange Matthew
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines the link between modernity and ethnic violence. It begins with an overview of the origins and forms of modernity as well as the factors that caused the processes constituting modernity to develop in different ways. It then considers opposing arguments about the impact of modernity on ethnic violence, focusing on the classic modernist view, which contends that modernity promotes peace, and the revised modernist view, which counters that modernity increases violence. Joseph Conrad's novella Heart of Darkness offers a clear example of the classic position that equates modernity with peace. In particular, Conrad linked ruthless violence to primitivism and peaceful social order to modernity. The revised modernist position is exemplified by the works of Hannah Arendt, Michael Mann, James Scott, and Andreas Wimmer. The chapter concludes with a discussion of quantitative and qualitative evidence that lends support to the revised modernist view.
Emotional Prejudice and Ethnic Obligations
Authors: Lange Matthew
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines two underlying motives of ethnic violence: emotional prejudice and ethnic obligations. It first considers how instrumental interests motivate ethnic violence before discussing arguments against this notion. It then turns to emotional prejudice, a motive that seems the polar opposite of instrumental-rational action. In particular, it looks at communally oriented emotions and explains how modernity promotes emotional prejudice. It also presents evidence showing that emotions and obligations are very influential motives for ethnic violence. More specifically, emotions and obligations are most likely to motivate ethnic violence when people possess an ethnic consciousness, a typical outcome of modernity. The chapter concludes with two examples that illustrate the impact of emotions and obligations on ethnic violence: genocide in Germany and Rwanda.
Understanding the IMF and Its Borrowers
Authors: Nelson Stephen C.
Published: December 2017

This book examines the International Monetary Fund's (IMF) conditional lending, and particularly why each of the three core elements of its lending arrangements—the amount of credit granted to borrowing governments, the number of conditions attached to the loans, and the rigor with which the conditions are enforced—vary significantly. Drawing on both theory and evidence, it shows that shared economic beliefs strongly influence the character of the IMF's relations with its borrowers. The book argues that economic policymakers at both the international and domestic levels rely on shared economic beliefs for guidance in the presence of uncertainty, and that the IMF decision makers' neoliberal ideas are deeply embedded in the organizational culture. It also discusses three testable mechanisms linking shared beliefs to variations in loan size, conditionality, and enforcement. Finally, it explains how the IMF, through its conditional lending programs, influences who governs the economy.
From One Crisis to the Next
Authors: Nelson Stephen C.
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines Argentina's relationship with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) during the period 1985–2002. It first considers the new policy team formed by Argentine President Raúl Alfonsín and its plan to solve the country's spiraling inflation problem before discussing the successive failed stabilization programs, including Plan Austral and Plan BB, that culminated in Alfonsín's resignation and the transformation of the Argentine economy under a group of neoliberals in the Peronist government of Carlos Menem. It also analyzes the politics surrounding the series of IMF programs that preceded the economic collapse of 2001–2002, along with the United States's influence on the decision making of the Fund. Finally, it assesses the aftermath of the Argentine crisis.
Walking the Truth in Islam with the Tablighi Jamaat
Authors: Pelkmans Mathijs
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines Tablighi techniques that are intended to make and keep ideas relevant, believable, and embodied. Tablighi Jamaat is a conservative Islamic piety movement that has made significant inroads into Kyrgyzstan since the 1990s. Movements such as the Tablighi Jamaat recognize the pulsating quality of faith and have devised their own strategies to combat the dissipation of conviction. Their central energizing practice is called dawat, or proselytizing tour. This chapter first provides a background on dawatchis (participants in dawat, or “travelers”) in Kyrgyzstan before discussing the “route there,” which sets in motion a process of detachment and separation from everyday life that allows for the formation of communitas. It also considers the importance of storytelling to the success of dawat.
Planning Politics
Authors: Hanson Royce
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines how planning politics produced a distinctive pattern of development in Montgomery County over a century of land use decisions. It introduces a conceptual framework to help make sense of how and why that particular development pattern emerged. It also considers the respective and complementary roles played by planners and politicians by focusing on the distinctive ways they think; the ideas and values that guide the principal interests that influence land use policy; and innovation, inertia, and transition in land use policy and the interests or values those policies reflected. The chapter shows that land use decisions reflected the “balance” struck between the reasoning of planners and politicians and the interests and values of the two virtual republics represented in the four governing regimes of different eras of county development. These two republics are rooted in Hamiltonian and Jeffersonian ideals and contest different notions of property rights, democracy, community welfare, efficiency, fairness, governance, and the public interest.
On Wedges and Corridors
Authors: Hanson Royce
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines the decade-long political struggle for regime change that resulted in the adoption of Montgomery County's General Plan, On Wedges and Corridors: A General Plan for the Maryland-Washington Regional District, in 1964. As important as it is in planning literature, what makes the Wedges and Corridors General Plan a model is less its particular provisions or basic form than how it evolved from a static document into an organic “constitution” for land use policy with enough flexibility to adapt to new conditions in suburban life, the development industry, and the planning profession. The chapter first considers the Year 2000 Plan, first released on May 8, 1961, before discussing the planning politics underlying the Wedges and Corridors General Plan. It also provides an overview of broader lessons that can be learned from Montgomery's experience in approving Wedges and Corridors.
Retrofitting Suburbia
Authors: Hanson Royce
Published: December 2017

This chapter focuses on the trials, tribulations, and results of planning and managing redevelopment of two activity centers in Montgomery County: Friendship Heights and the Hills and Bethesda. It first considers the decision of the Committee on the Planning, Zoning and Development of Central Business Districts and Transit Station Areas to rethink its development strategy for the twelve Metro station areas under county jurisdiction. It then describes the committee's proposal for three Central Business District zones, called CBD-1, CBD-2, and CBD-3, which secured the approval of the Montgomery County Council. It also discusses the planning politics of Friendship Heights and Bethesda and shows how the two projects provided tests of the legal theories underlying new hybrid zones and for balancing land use with the capacity of public facilities, especially transportation.
The End of Suburbia?
Authors: Hanson Royce
Published: December 2017

This chapter focuses on White Flint, a 400-acre obsolete commercial strip on Montgomery County's most congested roadway, and some of the important lessons it offers with respect to successful planning politics. The most recent of Montgomery's efforts in planning for mixed-use, transit-oriented activity centers, White Flint was envisioned as the best place to create a model for a new generation of land use policy. The chapter discusses the plan for White Flint, the key issues that needed to be resolved before it could move forward, and the project planners' new approach to zoning. White Flint illustrates the value of careful economic analysis; engagement of major property owners and community groups in making plans; and willingness to abandon old ideas in favor of new ones that fit the circumstances at hand. The case of White Flint also highlights the problems of bureaucratic and political resistance to new ways of financing infrastructure.
Trials in Corridor City Planning
Authors: Hanson Royce
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines the problems that arose during the planning and development of three corridor cities in Montgomery County: Rockville, Gaithersburg, and Germantown. The idea of corridor cities melded the interests of Montgomery's miniature and commercial republics—a rare consensus in land use policy. According to the General Plan, Rockville, Gaithersburg, and Germantown would each be developed as a complete, compact “new town.” The chapter considers the opposition of the municipalities of Rockville and Gaithersburg to the idea of becoming corridor cities and how the problem of many governments obstructed development in accord with the General Plan (although Rockville eventually evolved in a way close to the vision). Germantown presented a different problem, that of many builders without a coordinating master developer. Rockville, Gaithersburg, and Germantown offer lessons on the effectiveness and limitations of using infrastructure extension and regulations to manage the pace and character of development.
The Agricultural Reserve
Authors: Hanson Royce
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines the strategy and tactics of planning politics in the creation of Montgomery County's Agricultural Reserve and in protecting it from fragmentation by exurban subdivisions and other incompatible uses. It begins with an overview of the General Plan's recommendation to organize development in corridors separated by wedges of rural landscape, open spaces, and low-density suburbs. This is followed by a discussion of the proposed Dickerson wastewater treatment plant and force main that were rejected by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1977. The chapter also considers the Functional Master Plan for the preservation of farmland, along with the successes and problems of the Agricultural Reserve. Finally, it highlights lessons that can be drawn from the Agricultural Reserve project.
Growth Pains and Policy
Authors: Hanson Royce
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines the evolution and efficacy of Montgomery County's growth policy as a technique for staging growth in concert with the expansion of public facilities and in light of concerns for environmental, social, and economic sustainability. It first provides a background on the Adequate Public Facilities Ordinance (APFO), adopted with the aim of preventing “premature” development anywhere, before discussing the Montgomery County Planning Board's three reports that developed a conceptual model for growth management and perfected an approach to using growth forecasts to assess risks of alternative levels of public investment aimed at sustaining acceptable levels of service. It also discusses the Board's next two reports, which laid the foundation of the growth management system that endured for the next thirty years. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the the link between Montgomery's planning politics and growth policy.
The Public Interest
Authors: Hanson Royce
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines whether Montgomery County's planning politics served the public interest. It first considers the various schools of thought regarding the public interest, including utilitarianism, Public Choice Theory, pluralism, John Rawls' theory of justice, and Regime Theory. It then reduces these theories to a number of questions about how well Montgomery's planning politics satisfies different substantive and procedural notions of public interest; for example, whether the General Plan and the pattern of development fostered by it have embodied widely accepted public values; whether the overall pattern of development has been more beneficial than costly to the county as a whole; whether decisions have been made in ways that honor core principles of fairness and democratic governance; or whether the politics of planning has fostered the development of civic capital and problem solving.
“By Not Stopping”
Authors: Orbach Danny
Published: December 2017

This chapter focuses on the Taiwan Expedition of 1874 and its ramifications for the development of military insubordination in Japan. On December 17, 1871, two ships from the Kingdom of Ryūkyū were washed up on the coast of southern Taiwan. The crew of these ships were butchered, sparking a debate about whether Japan should invade Taiwan. The chapter first describes the events that culminated in the Taiwan Expedition. In particular, it considers Japanese Foreign Lord Soejima Taneomi's diplomatic mission of inquiry to China in 1873 and the Taiwan problem under the administration of Ōkubo Toshimichi. It then examines the decision of Lieutenant General Saigō Tsugumichi, the commander of the Taiwan Expeditionary Force, to invade Taiwan against explicit government orders. Finally, the chapter discusses the end of the Taiwan Expedition.
Shame
Authors: Krug Rebecca
Published: December 2017

This chapter untangles the relationship between conflicting explanations of the value of shame, as found in devotional writing, and Kempe's methods for resisting its destructive power. Shame was the condition that defined her and the emotional experience that united her with potential readers. Hence, the Book models two approaches to shame. The first is to represent this experience as a cause for celebration. The second method treats shame as an opportunity to re-understand self-identity—Kempe's own and her reader's—in relation to ideas of future spiritual perfection. The latter half of the chapter offers a catalogue of her verbal “remedies” against the destructive force of shame and returns to the second book's concluding re-exploration of the subject in terms of social interaction and personal history.