bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self Medication Practices among Patients seen in A Suburban Tertiary Eye Care Centre in Nigeria
Authors: Ajayi Iyiade A , Omotoye Olusola J , Ajite Kayode O , Fadamiro Christianah O , Ajayi Ebenezer A
Published: December 2013

Objective: To identify practice and pattern of self-medication use among new patients in ophthalmology clinic in a suburban community. Background: Self medication is a common practice all over the world. When consumers self-medicate without first consulting the eye care giver, issues of safety and inappropriateness of use arise. Methods: A cross sectional, analytic and questionnaire based study of 470 consecutive patients seen between April and June 2011 in a tertiary eye care centre in Nigeria was conducted. Data were analyzed using SPSS and p value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: The mean age was 43 ±24 years with a M: F ratio of 1:1.3. There was utilization of an initial medication in 73.6% (346) of the respondents before presentation. Of the group that utilized medication, 108(31.3%) could neither mention name nor show sample of medication used. Only 14.9% of patients consuming nonprescription drugs sought assistance from any health professional regarding proper selection or use. Majority (73.6%) of the patients got their medication following assistance sought from retail outlets of non-prescription medicine, friends, relations or self prescription. The utilized medications were inappropriate in 90% of the respondents who utilized them. The most common symptoms necessitating the utilization of initial medication were blurring of vision and itching. Conclusion: There was a high rate of self medication with blurring of vision and itching as the commonest complaints among the patients. There is still a very low incidence of preventive eye care in terms of ophthalmic check-up among our people. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i2.8452 Asian Journal of Medical Science, Volume-5(2) 2014: 85-90
A Case of Nodular Chest Shadows
Authors: Mandal Pijush Kanti , Dey Arpan Kumar , Pramanik Subhraprakash , Dasgupta Somenath , Momin Tanmoy W
Published: December 2013

Pulmonary Tuberculosis is still very common in India as well as in other developing countries. The lesions are usually woolly, ill-defined opacities and may be associated with cavities. Multiple nodular discrete bilateral opacities affecting the lungs from base to apex, more in the lower zones is unusual in Pulmonary Tuberculosis. We report a case of a 55 year old male with bilateral multiple nodular opacities of varying sizes as evident on chest radiography presented with dry cough and one episode of haemoptysis, which initially raised a possibility of lung metastasis. CT guided FNAB from left lung lesion showed chronic granulomatous lesion likely to be of Tubercular aetiology. Sputum for Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) was negative but the culture for AFB was positive and the patient responded to treatment with Antituberculardrugs (ATDs). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i2.8297   Asian Journal of Medical Science, Volume-5(2) 2014: 130-133
A Study of Some Predictors of Anaemia in Children of Under-Five Years in India
Authors: Goswami Sankar , Das Kishore K
Published: December 2013

Background: The major nutritional problem among young children in India is anaemia that affects the ability to study and work and is significantly associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Objectives: To analyze the prevalence of anaemia among Indian children of underfive years and to identify the significant risk factors associated with it. Methods: Data of 35851 children from NFHS-III, India were analyzed and binary logistic regression model was fitted by using SPSS 15.0 software. Anaemia was defined as haemoglobin concentration level below 11 g/dl. HemoCue Hb 201+ analyzer was used to measure haemoglobin concentration. Results: Overall, 69.5 percent were anaemic with the highest proportion in Bihar and the least in Goa. The age and birth order of child; religion, caste and wealth index of household; anaemia level, education, age at first birth, intake of iron supplements during pregnancy and vegetarian habit of mother showed significant influence on child anaemia. Conclusion: Child anaemia prevails significantly in India and the findings suggest for urgent prevention and treatment measures giving importance to the different socioeconomic characteristics. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i2.8508 Asian Journal of Medical Science, Volume-5(2) 2014: 26-32
Computerized Tomography Findings in Patients Presenting with Head Injury in Calabar, Nigeria
Authors: Ikpeme AA , Inah G , Oku AO , Nnadi MON
Published: December 2013

Objective: The objective of this study was to define the injury types found intracranially when head trauma occurs and possibly predict the type of injury seen with the different mechanisms of injury. Methods: We prospectively studied ninety-one patients presenting at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital (UCTH) over twenty-four months (February 2011 to February 2013) with head injury. Their socio-demographics and clinical data as well as the CT findings were collected. Statistical analysis was done using stata 10, stat corp, Texas USA, 2007. Frequency tables, bar chats, histograms and chi-square were used to analyse the data. Results: Ninety-one patients with head injury were seen. The age group of 20-29 and 40-49years were the commonest, median being twenty-nine years, interquartile range, 22-42years. Sixty four (70.3%) males, twenty seven (29.7%) females. The commonest mechanism of injury was RTA. Diffuse cerebral oedema, cerebral haemorrhage were the commonest brain events. No normal scan was seen. Skull fractures, especially comminuted ones were the commonest. CT findings in each case could not be predicted from the mechanism of injury. Conclusion: This study reveals that a typical head injured patient in our locality is a male aged 20 – 29 years, involved in an RTA. Since it is impossible to predict the CT scan findings using the mechanism of injury, CT scans should be made available in all hospitals so as to appropriately manage these types of patients. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i2.8754 Asian Journal of Medical Science, Volume-5(2) 2014: 73-79
Impact of Adipocytokines-Leptin and Adiponectin on Thyroid Stimulating Hormone among Hypothyroid Patients
Authors: Eshita P , Priya B Dharani , Sudhakar G , Paddaiah G
Published: December 2013

Background: Adipocytokines, secreted from the adipose tissues have profound effect on complex metabolic and endocrine functions. Among them, leptin and adiponectin are the most recognized molecules which influence body homeostasis and metabolism. Moreover, patients with thyroid disease usually exhibit disturbances of these metabolic activities. Thus adipocytokines and thyroid hormones may influence similar aspects of metabolic functions. Objective: The main objective of current study was to evaluate the association and impact of leptin and adiponectin on thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) among hypothyroid patients. Materials and Methods: For the present study a total 350 individuals were enlisted, out of which 200 were hypothyroid patients and 150 age and sex matched healthy controls aged ≥ 12 years. The serum TSH, leptin and adiponectin concentration were measured by CLIA method and results were computed by statistical methods such as mean, standard deviation, standard error and correlation using MS-Excel 2007. Result: Our data showed that hypothyroidism was more prevalent in the age group 30-50(62%) and an elevated TSH level was observed with advancing age among the patients as compared to controls. The inverse relation of leptin and adiponectin has been seen among the patients. When patients were compared with controls, they were with normal values which were in the range of standardized lab values leptin (3.7-13ng/dl) and adiponectin (5-10μg/ml). Conclusion: In conclusion, our data interpreted variations in the level of leptin and adiponectin among the hypothyroid individuals with high TSH level. As abnormal levels of these adipocytokines indicates the risk for other metabolic diseases like cardiovascular disease, obesity etc. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i2.8789 Asian Journal of Medical Science, Volume-5(2) 2014: 67-72
Assessment of the Spine in a Healthy Working Population : A Radiographic Study of the Lumbrosacral Angle in Relation to Occupation in Southern Nigeria
Authors: Oyakhire Michael Omon , Agi Chukwu
Published: December 2013

Objective: This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of occupation on the Lumbosacral angle of the spine in a cohort of working adult Nigerians Method: Lateral radiographs from two hundred and twenty healthy working adults within the age range 18 to 55 years comprising 136 males (61.82%) and 83 females (38.18%), with a mean age=29.14(7.45) years were studied. Participants at the time of investigation were engaged in different physically demanding occupations with a minimum of one year job experience. The sample included a control group made up of undergraduate students from the University of Port Harcourt. Prior to data collection, all participants read and signed informed consent forms. Each lateral radiograph was evaluated using Fergusons sacral base-horizontal 2-line method. Statistical analysis was done using the computer based SPSS Version 17, Chicago IL, and a confidence level of 0.05 was accepted as indicative of statistical significance. Results: A statistically significant difference was found between the four groups in terms of age, gender and occupation. The lumbosacral angle of the groups engaged in physically demanding occupations were significantly higher than the control (undergraduate students). Conclusion: The lumbar curves are designed to increase the resilience of the vertebral column. Over a time period, physically demanding jobs are likely to cause various degrees of significant alterations in the lumbosacral configuration DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i2.8888 Asian Journal of Medical Science, Volume-5(2) 2014: 99-105
Investigating Brunei’s Seafood Markets for Vibrio parahaemolyticus using the Most Probable Number-Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Murang Zaidah Rizidah , Muharram Siti Hanna , Abiola Oduola Olakunte
Published: December 2013

Background: Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) is the commonest source of seafood poisoning and has a very high incidence in the countries of Asian. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to investigate the presence of V. parahaemolyticus in seafood from Brunei seafood market using the Most Probable Number- Polymerase Chain Reaction (MPN-PCR). Results: None of the twnety-three seafood samples that were purchased at random from unselectively chosen wet markets and hypermarkets in Brunei Darussalam yielded V. parahaemolyticus. Conclusion: This could be due to any or a combination of: the absence or low level of V. parahaemolytius from where the samples were harvested, inactivation of V. parahaemolyticus during the processing and preservation of the samples, possible sampling factors as well as good hygienic practices in Brunei’s seafood market DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i2.8948 Asian Journal of Medical Science, Volume-5(2) 2014: 33-39
Spectrophotometric Determination of Phosphate in Sugarcane Juice, Fertilizer, Detergent and Water Samples by Molybdenum Blue Method
Authors: Pradhan Samjhana , Pokhrel Megh Raj
Published: December 2013

A simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of phosphate in mg per liter (parts per million) concentration range in sugarcane juice, water, fertilizer and detergent samples. The amount of phosphate is determined by molybdenum blue phosphorus method in conjugation with UV-visible spectrophotometer. This method is based on the formation of phosphomolybdate complex with the added molybdate followed by the reduction of the complex with hydrazine hydrate in aqueous sulphuric acid medium. The system obeys Lambert-Beer’s law at 840 nm in the concentration range 0.1-11 ppm. The colour intensity of the reduced phosphomolybdate solution is found to be proportional to the amount of phosphate present in sugarcane juice, water, fertilizer and detergent samples. The reaction conditions as well as the various experimental parameters affecting the development and stability of the coloured complex were carefully investigated and optimized for the quantitative determination of phosphate present in various samples. The optimized concentrations of various reagents used are 0.20N sulphuric acid, 0.02M hydrazine hydrate and 0.20% ammonium molybdate. The effect of time on the formation of phosphomolybdenum blue complex and addition of the order of the reagents was also studied. Scientific World, Vol. 11, No. 11, July 2013, page 58-62DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/sw.v11i11.9139
“Brotherhood Extended to All Practical Affairs”: The Social Gospel as the Religion of the Agrarian Revolt in Ontario?
Authors: Sholdice Mark
Published: December 2013

Abstract:

Formed in 1914, the United Farmers of Ontario (UFO) was significantly influenced by the Social Gospel, an international theological tendency within Protestantism that emphasized Christianity’s duty to eliminate social injustice. This influence can be seen by examining the UFO’s leadership; its official newspaper, the Farmer’s Sun; and the opinions of its rank and file. Yet it should also be noted that the diverse currents within the Social Gospel could divide the UFO. Christianity was both a potent source of political mobilization and the grounds for conflict in the Ontario farmers’ movement.
The Strange Case of Dr. von Braun and Mr. Disney: Frontierland, Tomorrowland, and America’s Final Frontier
Authors: Newell Catherine L.
Published: December 2013

Abstract:

When Disneyland opened in 1955, it featured America’s past in Frontierland and looked at America’s future in Tomorrowland. Together they represent what scholar of religion Mircea Eliade called a “religious nostalgia” for a mythic past; in this case, a nostalgia for the western frontier. The conjoining of space exploration with the historical frontier solidified space as America’s new frontier in the popular imagination and a sense of being called by God to explore the new frontier of outer space. Disney’s Tomorrowland, in tension with Frontierland, paralleled how nostalgia for the western frontier was revived as faith in the future.
Simulation des Einsatzhärtens gradiert poröser Bauteile: Materialmodellierung*
Authors: Nusskern P. , Hoffmeister J. , Schulze V.
Published: December 2013

Kurzfassung

Um eine porositätsbedingte Durchkohlung von pulvermetallurgisch erzeugten Bauteilen beim Einsatzhärten zu vermeiden, kann der Wärmebehandlung eine mechanische Oberflächenbehandlung vorangestellt werden. Dabei wird die durchgängig offene Porosität in eine verdichtete, gradiert poröse Randschicht überführt. Als Folge der Prozessverkettung werden sowohl das Kohlenstoffprofil als auch die Umwandlungskinetik durch die in der Randschicht vorliegende Porosität bestimmt. Eine Modellierung der Diffusionskinetik ist mittels effektiver Diffusionskoeffizienten möglich. Die Umwandlungskinetik kann auf Basis eines dichte-, kohlenstoff- und temperaturabhängigen Geschwindigkeitskoeffizienten, der das Ergebnis einer mechanismengetriebenen Modellierung ist, beschrieben werden. Zusammen ermöglichen beide Kinetikmodelle eine Simulation der Gefügeentwicklung beim Einsatzhärten randschichtverdichteter, gradiert poröser Bauteile.
Kalorimetrische und dilatometrische Analyse des Anlassverhaltens in der Wärmeeinflusszone von Schweißnähten des Stahls T24
Authors: Reich M. , Milkereit B. , Bader M. , Oehmigen H.-G. , Keßler O.
Published: December 2013

Kurzfassung

Der Werkstoff 7CrMoVTiB10-10 (T24) wurde als warmfester Stahl für den Einsatz in der Membranwand neuer Kohlekraftwerke der 600/620°C-Klasse entwickelt. Trotz seiner umfangreichen Qualifizierung kam es zu Schäden bei der Inbetriebnahme durch Spannungsrisskorrosion. Zur Reduzierung der Spannungsrisskorrosionsempfindlichkeit wurden verschiedene Anlassbehandlungen durchgeführt. Grundlegende Untersuchungen sollen nun die Prozesse beleuchten, die bei diesen Glühbehandlungen ablaufen. Für die geplanten Untersuchungen wurde Probenmaterial aus zwei nahtlosen Rohren (aus unterschiedlichen Schmelzen) des Stahls T24 entnommen. In den Proben wurde anhand von Wärmebehandlungen in einem Dilatometer ein Schweißgefüge eingestellt, wie es in der Wärmeeinflusszone (WEZ) der Schweißverbindungen auftritt. An diesem Probenmaterial erfolgten anschließend unterschiedliche Anlassbehandlungen. Die sich einstellenden Gefügeveränderungen wurden in Abhängigkeit von der Erwärmrate bzw. Anlasstemperatur und -dauer durch kalorimetrische und dilatometrische Analysen charakterisiert. Hierzu wurden Proben kontinuierlich in verschiedenen DSC-Geräten und in einem Dilatometer mit Heizraten zwischen 0,02 K/s und 100 K/s erwärmt. Zusätzlich erfolgten isotherme Glühbehandlungen dieser Proben mit Temperaturen zwischen 450 °C und 700 °C im Dilatometer. Die Ergebnisse der Dilatometrie und Kalorimetrie lassen auf mehrere Anlassreaktionen schließen. Die Ergebnisse erlauben eine Zuordnung der beobachteten Reaktionen zu den in der Literatur beschriebenen Anlassstufen und somit eine gezielte Gestaltung der Anlassbehandlung der geschweißten T24-Verbindungen zur Reduzierung ihrer Rissanfälligkeit im laufenden Betrieb.
Operation Optimization Based on the Power Supply and Storage Capacity of an Active Distribution Network
Authors: Yu Wenpeng , Liu Dong , Huang Yuhui
Published: December 2013

Due to the interconnection and active management of Distributed Generation (DG) and Energy Storage Systems (ESSs), the traditional electrical distribution network has become an Active Distribution Network (ADN), posing challenges to the operation optimization of the network. The power supply and storage capacity indexes of a Local Autonomy Control Region (LACR), which consists of DGs, ESSs and the network, are proposed in this paper to quantify the power regulating range of a LACR. DG/ESS and the network are considered as a whole in the model of the indexes, considering both network constraints and power constraints of the DG/ESS. The index quantifies the maximum LACR power supplied to or received from ADN lines. Similarly, power supply and storage capacity indexes of the ADN line are also proposed to quantify the maximum power exchanged between ADN lines. Then a practical algorithm to calculate the indexes is presented, and an operation optimization model is proposed based on the indexes to maximum the economic benefit of DG/ESS. In the optimization model, the power supply reliability of the ADN line is also considered. Finally, the indexes of power supply and storage capacity and the optimization are demonstrated in a case study.
Contrasting Hydraulic Strategies during Dry Soil Conditions in Quercus rubra and Acer rubrum in a Sandy Site in Michigan
Authors: Thomsen Julia , Bohrer Gil , Matheny Ashley , Ivanov Valeriy , He Lingli , Renninger Heidi , Schäfer Karina
Published: December 2013

Correlation analyses were carried out for the dynamics of leaf water potential in two broad-leaf deciduous tree species in a sandy site under a range of air vapor pressure deficits and a relatively dry range of soil conditions. During nights when the soil is dry, the diffuse-porous, isohydric and shallow-rooted Acer rubrum does not recharge its xylem and leaf water storage to the same capacity that is observed during nights when the soil is moist. The ring-porous, deep-rooted Quercus rubra displays a more anisohydric behavior and appears to be capable of recharging to capacity at night-time even when soil moisture at the top 1 m is near wilting point, probably by accessing deeper soil layers than A. rubrum. Compared to A. rubrum, Q. rubra displays only a minimal level of down-regulation of stomatal conductance, which leads to a reduction of leaf water potential during times when vapor pressure deficit is high and soil moisture is limiting. We determine that the two species, despite typically being categorized by ecosystem models under the same plant functional type—mid-successional, temperate broadleaf—display different hydraulic strategies. These differences may lead to large differences between the species in water relations, transpiration and productivity under different precipitation and humidity regimes.
White Spruce Plantations on Abandoned Agricultural Land: Are They More Effective as C Sinks than Natural Succession?
Authors: Tremblay Sylvie , Ouimet Rock
Published: December 2013

The objective of this study was to compare organic carbon (C) accumulation in plantations (PL) and natural succession (NS) established on fallow lands along a 50-year chronosequence in the eastern mixed forest subzone of Quebec (Canada). Above- and below-ground woody biomass were estimated from vegetation measurement surveys, and litter and soil (0–50 cm depth) C from samplings. At the year of abandonment, total C content of both PL and NS sites averaged 100 ± 13 Mg C ha−1. Over 50 years, total C content doubled on NS sites and tripled on PL sites (217.9 ± 28.7 vs. 285.7 ± 31.0 Mg ha−1) with respect to fallow land. On NS sites, the new C stocks accumulated entirely in the vegetation. On PL sites, C accumulated mostly in the vegetation and to a lesser extent in the litter, whereas it decreased by a third in the soil. As a result, the net C accumulation rate was 1.7 ± 0.7 Mg ha−1 yr−1 greater on PL sites than on NS sites over 50 years. By the 23rd year, PL sites became greater net C sinks than NS sites in the fallow lands of the study area, even with the loss of soil C.
Risks, Information and Short-Run Timber Supply
Authors: Rinaldi Francesca , Jonsson Ragnar
Published: December 2013

Efforts to increase wood mobilization have highlighted the need to appraise drivers of short-run timber supply. The current study aims to shed further light on harvesting decisions of private forest owners, by investigating optimal harvesting under uncertainty, when timber revenues are invested on financial markets and uncertainty is mitigated by news releases. By distinguishing between aggregate economic risk and sector specific risks, the model studies in great detail optimal harvesting-investment decisions, with particular emphasis on the non-trivial transmission of risk on optimal harvesting, and on the way private forest owners react to news and information. The analysis of the role played by information in harvesting decisions is a novelty in forest economic theory. The presented model is highly relevant from a policy—information is a commonly used forest policy instrument—as well as a practical perspective, since the mechanism of risk transmission is at the basis of timber pricing.
Maternal Exposure to Bisphenol-A and Fetal Growth Restriction: A Case-Referent Study
Authors: Burstyn Igor , Martin Jonathan , Beesoon Sanjay , Bamforth Fiona , Li Qiaozhi , Yasui Yutaka , Cherry Nicola
Published: December 2013

We conducted a case-referent study of the effect of exposure to bisphenol-A on fetal growth in utero in full-term, live-born singletons in Alberta, Canada. Newborns <10 percentile of expected weight for gestational age and sex were individually matched on sex, maternal smoking and maternal age to referents with weight appropriate to gestational age. Exposure of the fetus to bisphenol-A was estimated from maternal serum collected at 15–16 weeks of gestation. We pooled sera across subjects for exposure assessment, stratified on case-referent status and sex. Individual 1:1 matching was maintained in assembling 69 case and 69 referent pools created from 550 case-referent pairs. Matched pools had an equal number of aliquots from individual women. We used an analytical strategy conditioning on matched set and total pool-level values of covariates to estimate individual-level effects. Pools of cases and referents had identical geometric mean bisphenol-A concentrations (0.5 ng/mL) and similar geometric standard deviations (2.3–2.5). Mean difference in concentration between matched pools was 0 ng/mL, standard deviation: 1 ng/mL. Stratification by sex and control for confounding did not suggest bisphenol-A increased fetal growth restriction. Our analysis does not provide evidence to support the hypothesis that bisphenol-A contributes to fetal growth restriction in full-term singletons.
Radiation-Sensitising Effects of Antennapedia Proteins (ANTP)-SmacN7 on Tumour Cells
Authors: Du Li , Wang Yan , Xu Chang , Cao Jia , Wang Qin , Zhao Hui , Fan Fei , Wang Bing , Katsube Takanori , Fan Sai , Liu Qiang
Published: December 2013

The objective of this study was to investigate the underlying mechanisms behind the radiation-sensitising effects of the antennapedia proteins (ANTP)-smacN7 fusion protein on tumour cells. ANTP-SmacN7 fusion proteins were synthesised, and the ability of this fusion protein to penetrate cells was observed. Effects of radiation on the expression of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) were detected by western blotting. The radiation-sensitising effects of ANTP-SmacN7 fusion proteins were observed by a clonogenic assay. The effects of drugs and radiation on tumour cell apoptosis were determined using Annexin V/FITC double staining. Changes in caspase-8, caspase-9 and caspase-3 were detected by western blot before and after ANTP-SmacN7 inhibition of XIAP. The ANTP-SmacN7 fusion protein could enter and accumulate in cells; in vitro XIAP expression of radiation-induced tumour cells was negatively correlated with tumour radiosensitivity. The ANTP-SmacN7 fusion protein promoted tumour cell apoptosis through the activation of caspase3. ANTP-SmacN7 fusion protein may reduce tumour cell radioresistance by inducing caspase3 activation.
Sensor Enclosures: Example Application and Implications for Data Coherence
Authors: Maniatis Georgios , Hoey Trevor , Sventek Joseph
Published: December 2013

Sensors deployed in natural environments, such as rivers, beaches and glaciers, experience large forces and damaging environmental conditions. Sensors need to be robust, securely operate for extended time periods and be readily relocated and serviced. The sensors must be housed in materials that mimic natural conditions of size, density, shape and roughness. We have developed an encasement system for sensors required to measure large forces experienced by mobile river sediment grains. Sensors are housed within two discrete cases that are rigidly conjoined. The inner case exactly fits the sensor, radio components and power source. This case can be mounted within outer cases of any larger size and can be precisely moulded to match the shapes of natural sediment. Total grain mass can be controlled by packing the outer case with dense material. Case design uses Solid-WorksTM software, and shape-matching involved 3D laser scanning of natural pebbles. The cases were printed using a HP DesignjetTM 3D printer that generates high precision parts that lock rigidly in place. The casings are watertight and robust. Laboratory testing produces accurate results over a wider range of accelerations than previously reported.
Diamond Squid (Thysanoteuthis rhombus)-Derived Chondroitin Sulfate Stimulates Bone Healing within a Rat Calvarial Defect
Authors: Hosaka Yoshinao , Iwai Yuji , Tamura Jun-ichi , Uehara Masato
Published: December 2013

Chondroitin sulfate (CS) has been suggested to be involved in bone formation and mineralization processes. A previous study showed that squid-derived CS (sqCS) has osteoblastogenesis ability in cooperation with bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4 in vitro. However, in vivo, osteogenic potential has not been verified. In this study, we created a critical-sized bone defect in the rat calvaria and implanted sqCS-loaded gelatin hydrogel sponges (Gel) into the defect with or without BMP-4 (CS/BMP/Gel and CS/Gel, respectively). At 15 weeks, bone repair rate of CS/Gel-treated defects and CS/BMP/Gel-treated defects were 47.2% and 51.1%, respectively, whereas empty defects and defects with untreated sponges showed significantly less bone ingrowth. The intensity of von Kossa staining of the regenerated bone was less than that of the original one. Mineral apposition rates at 9 to 10 weeks were not significantly different between all treatment groups. Although bone repair was not completed, sqCS stimulated bone regeneration without BMP-4 and without external mesenchymal cells or preosteoblasts. Therefore, sqCS is a promising substance for promotion of osteogenesis.
In Vitro and In Vivo Antiangiogenic Activity of Caged Polyprenylated Xanthones Isolated from Garcinia hanburyi Hook. f.
Authors: Yang Jianhong , He Shichao , Li Shucai , Zhang Ronghong , Peng Aihua , Chen Lijuan
Published: December 2013

Eleven known caged polyprenylated xanthones 1–11 were isolated from the resin of Garcinia hanburyi Hook. f., and their structures were identified by their MS, NMR and UV spectra. These xanthones showed significant cytotoxicities against four human cancer cell lines (HeLa, A549, HCT-116, and HepG-2) and strong inhibition against the proliferation of the HUVEC cell line in vitro by the MTT method. Furthermore, in an in vivo zebrafish model, xanthones 3 (morellic acid), 7 (gambogenin) and 9 (isogambogenic acid) showed comparable antiangiogenic activities with less toxicities than xanthone 1 (gambogic acid), as evaluated by death and heart rates of treated zebrafish. Xanthone 7 exhibited antiangiogenic activity with no toxicity at concentrations ranging from 8 µM to 16 µM. Meanwhile, xanthones 1, 3, 7 and 9 strongly inhibited the migration of HUVEC at a low concentration of 0.5 µM in HUVEC cell migration assay in vitro. Taken together, these findings strongly suggest that xanthone 7 might be a novel angiogenesis inhibitor.
A Novel Cardiac Bio-Marker: ST2: A Review
Authors: Ciccone Marco , Cortese Francesca , Gesualdo Michele , Riccardi Roberta , Di Nunzio Dalia , Moncelli Michele , Iacoviello Massimo , Scicchitano Pietro
Published: December 2013

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the major cause of death worldwide. The identification of markers able to detect the early stages of such diseases and/or their progression is fundamental in order to adopt the best actions in order to reduce the worsening of clinical condition. Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and NT-proBNP are the best known markers of heart failure (HF), while troponins ameliorated the diagnosis of acute and chronic coronary artery diseases. Nevertheless, many limitations reduce their accuracy. Physicians have tried to develop further detectable molecules in order to improve the detection of the early moments of CVD and prevent their development. Soluble ST2 (suppression of tumorigenicity 2) is a blood protein confirmed to act as a decoy receptor for interleukin-33. It seems to be markedly induced in mechanically overloaded cardiac myocytes. Thus, HF onset or worsening of a previous chronic HF status, myocardial infarct able to induce scars that make the myocardium unable to stretch well, etc, are all conditions that could be detected by measuring blood levels of soluble ST2. The aim of this review is to explore the possible role of ST2 derived-protein as an early marker of cardiovascular diseases, above all in heart failure and ischemic heart diseases.
Identification and Physicochemical Characteristics of Temozolomide Process-Related Impurities
Authors: Łaszcz Marta , Kubiszewski Marek , Jedynak Łukasz , Kaczmarska Monika , Kaczmarek Łukasz , Łuniewski Wojciech , Gabarski Krzysztof , Witkowska Anna , Kuziak Krzysztof , Malińska Maura
Published: December 2013

In this article the crystal structures of the starting material TZ-5 and the key intermediate TZ-6 of temozolomide (TZ-7), an anticancer therapeutic agent, are presented, together with their spectroscopic and thermal characteristics. Both compounds crystallize in the triclinic P-1 space group. X-ray crystallography studies proved that the compound TZ-6 exists as a monohydrate. A complete structural assignment was obtained for the signals in the 1H-, 13C- and 15N-nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and the structures were confirmed by Fourier-Transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy. The article describes the importance of the high purity of TZ-6 during the small-scale plant production of TZ-7 in a desired polymorphic form III with the purity higher than 99.50%, according to an HPLC method.
Bortezomib Congeners Induce Apoptosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma via CIP2A Inhibition
Authors: Hou Duen-Ren , Huang Ann-Chi , Shiau Chung-Wai , Wang Chun-Yi , Yu Hui-Chuan , Chen Kuen-Feng
Published: December 2013

CIP2A is an oncoprotein that upregulates p-Akt and promotes cancer cell proliferation and survival. The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib has been shown to reduce CIP2A and lead to cell apoptosis. Here; we modified the functional group of bortezomib to generate a series of novel compounds and conducted a structure–activity relationship (SAR) study. The results showed that compound 1 was able to repress CIP2A expression and cell apoptosis in the same manner as bortezomib, but with less potency in inhibition of proteasome activity. This finding provides a new direction for the design of CIP2A inhibitors.
“To Sing with the Spirit:” Psalms, Hymns and the Spirituality of Late Eighteen Century American Presbyterians
Authors: Taylor William
Published: December 2013

This paper contends that the contemporary discussion among theologians regarding the relationship between theology and spirituality can offer new insight into the eighteenth century religious world. This theological discussion has wrestled with, among other things, the questions of whether theology and spirituality are mutually exclusive and what exactly their relationship looks like. Resoundingly, theologians such as Alister McGrath, J. I. Packer, and Sandra Schneiders have concluded that any separation of the two represents a false dichotomy within Christianity. Accordingly, Christians are called to “the quest for a fulfilled and authentic Christian existence, involving the bringing together of the fundamental ideas of Christianity and the whole experience of living on the basis of, and within, the scope of the Christian faith.” Sound theology, then, necessitates living by the Spirit and vice versa. The benefit of this theological position for religious history lies in its reevaluation of the common categorization of Christians as either theologically or spiritually focused. By heeding the call of contemporary theologians and blurring these lines of distinction, historians can afford eighteen century American Christians the chance to better define themselves. Considered in this light, the actions of the Presbyterians, for instance, are freed from the manipulative “social control” framework as one of the “establishmentarian” churches. Instead, the Presbyterians reveal characteristics generally reserved for the democratically charged “sectarians,” such as a robust spiritual life compelled by music.
Block-to-Point Fine Registration in Terrestrial Laser Scanning
Authors: Wang Jin
Published: December 2013

Fine registration of point clouds plays an important role in data analysis in Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS). This work proposes a block-to-point fine registration approach to correct the errors of point clouds from TLS and of geodetic networks observed using total stations. Based on a reference coordinate system, the block-to-point estimation is performed to obtain representative points. Then, fine registration with a six-parameter transformation is performed with the help of an Iterative Closest Point (ICP) method. For comparisons, fine registration with a seven-parameter transformation is introduced by applying a Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) algorithm. The proposed method not only corrects the registration errors between a geodetic network and the scans, but also considers the errors among the scans. The proposed method was tested on real TLS data of a dam surface, and the results showed that distance discrepancies of estimated representative points between scans were reduced by approximately 60%.
Green Infrastructure Design for Stormwater Runoff and Water Quality: Empirical Evidence from Large Watershed-Scale Community Developments
Authors: Yang Bo , Li Shujuan
Published: December 2013

Green infrastructure (GI) design is advocated as a new paradigm for stormwater management, whereas current knowledge of GI design is mostly based on isolated design strategies used at small-scale sites. This study presents empirical findings from two watershed-scale community projects (89.4 km2 and 55.7 km2) in suburban Houston, Texas. The GI development integrates a suite of on-site, infiltration-based stormwater management designs, and an adjacent community development follows conventional drainage design. Parcel data were used to estimate the site impervious cover area. Observed streamflow and water quality data (i.e., NO3-N, NH3-N, and TP) were correlated with the site imperviousness. Results show that, as of 2009, the impervious cover percentage in the GI site (32.3%) is more than twice that of the conventional site (13.7%). However, the GI site’s precipitation-streamflow ratio maintains a steady, low range, whereas this ratio fluctuates substantially in the conventional site, suggesting a “flashy” stream condition. Furthermore, in the conventional site, annual nutrient loadings are significantly correlated with its impervious cover percentage (p < 0.01), whereas in the GI site there is little correlation. The study concludes that integrated GI design can be effective in stormwater runoff reduction and water quality enhancement at watershed-scale community development.
The Structural Basis of Functional Improvement in Response to Human Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cell Transplantation in Hearts with Postinfarct LV Remodeling
Authors: Chen Yong , Ye Lei , Zhong Jia , Li Xin , Yan Chen , Chandler Margaret P. , Calvin Steve , Xiao Feng , Negia Mesfin , Low Walter C. , Zhang Jianyi , Yu Xin
Published: December 2013

Cellular therapy for myocardial repair has been one of the most intensely investigated interventional strategies for acute myocardial infarction. Although the therapeutic potential of stem cells has been demonstrated in various studies, the underlying mechanisms for such improvements are poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the long-term effects of stem cell therapy on both myocardial fiber organization and regional contractile function using a rat model of postinfarct remodeling. Human nonhematopoietic umbilical cord blood stem cells (nh-UCBSCs) were administered via tail vein to rats 2 days after infarct surgery. Animals were maintained without immunosuppressive therapy. In vivo and ex vivo MR imaging was performed on infarct hearts 10 months after cell transplantation. Compared to the age-matched rats exposed to the identical surgery, both global and regional cardiac functions of the nh-UCBSC-treated hearts, such as ejection fraction, ventricular strain, and torsion, were significantly improved. More importantly, the treated hearts exhibited preserved fiber orientation and water diffusivities that were similar to those in sham-operated control hearts. These data provide the first evidence that nh-UCBSC treatment may prevent/delay untoward structural remodeling in postinfarct hearts, which supports the improved LV function observed in vivo in the absence of immunosuppression, suggesting a beneficial paracrine effect occurred with the cellular therapy.
Estrogen Replacement Therapy for Stroke
Authors: Pabon Mibel , Tamboli Cyrus , Tamboli Sarosh , Acosta Sandra , De La Pena Ike , Sanberg Paul R. , Tajiri Naoki , Kaneko Yuji , Borlongan Cesar V.
Published: December 2013

Stroke is the third most common cause of death and severe disability among Western populations. Overall, the incidence of stroke is uniformly higher in men than in women. Stroke is rare in women during the reproductive years and rapidly increases after menopause, strongly suggesting that estrogen (E2) plays an important role in the prevention of stroke. Ongoing studies are currently evaluating both the benefits and the risks associated with E2 replacement therapy and hormone replacement therapy in stroke. Equally important is the role of E2 receptor (ER), as studies indicate that ER populations in several tissue sites may significantly change during stress and aging. Such changes may affect the patient's susceptibility to neurological disorders including stroke and greatly affect the response to selective E2 receptor modulators (SERMs). Replacement therapies may be inefficient with low ER levels. The goal of this review paper is to discuss an animal model that will allow investigations of the potential therapeutic effects of E2 and its derivatives in stroke. We hypothesize that E2 neuroprotection is, in part, receptor mediated. This hypothesis is a proof-of-principle approach to demonstrate a role for specific ER subtypes in E2 neuroprotection. To accomplish this, we use a retroviral-mediated gene transfer strategy that expresses subtypes of the ER gene in regions of the rat brain most susceptible to neuronal damage, namely, the striatum and the cortex. The animal model is exposed to experimental stroke conditions involving middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) method, and eventually the extent of neuronal damage will be evaluated. A reduction in neuronal damage is expected when E2 is administered with specific ER subtypes. From this animal model, an optimal E2 dose and treatment regimen can be determined. The animal model can help identify potential E2-like therapeutics in stroke and screen for beneficial or toxic additives present in commercial E2 preparations that are currently available. Such studies will be informative in designing drug therapies for stroke.
Disease and Stem Cell-Based Analysis of the 2013 ASNTR Meeting
Authors: Eve David J.
Published: December 2013

A wide diversity of subjects are presented at the annual American Society of Neural Therapy and Repair meeting every year, and 2013 was no exception. An insight into the current research trends in regenerative medicine was provided, including studies to elucidate disease mechanisms and the means to treat them. Different methods featured in 2013 included stem cell and tissue transplantation, gene therapy, dietary supplementation, and hydrogels as scaffold systems for the growth of stem cells. Diseases ranged from Parkinson's disease, spinal cord injury, and stroke to traumatic brain injury, pain, and epilepsy. Traumatic brain injury was an increasingly popular topic, highlighting the concerns of soldiers returning from duty overseas. A number of studies looked at ways to treat or elucidate mechanisms for more than one disorder. The studies including stem cells predominantly involved human-derived cells being transplanted, and the most common recipient of stem cells were rodents. Only one autologous transplant study, which featured mouse bone marrow cells being transplanted into mice for the treatment of stroke, was presented this year. The most popular stem cell studied was the neural stem cell, which in some instances was predifferentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells or embryonic stem cells. Other stem cells included the mesenchymal stem cell and adipose, amniotic fluid, and umbilical cord blood-derived cells. Many studies also looked at more than one stem cell type. Combinational studies, such as gene therapy and transplantation, were also commonly explored as well as studies using fetal ventral mesencephalon or spinal cord tissue rather than stem cells. Numerous studies also featured the use of “drugs”—some naturally derived or naturally occurring as well as drug cocktails. A number of possible treatments, including physical therapy and socialization, were explored for a number of different diseases, as well as reports on the current status of four gene therapy clinical trials for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Other studies assessed possible causes of specific disorders. In this way, the ASNTR provides an important snapshot of developments in the field of regenerative medicine.
Fabricación de piezas de fundición con grafito esferoidal en molde metálico
Authors: Urrestarazu A. , Sertucha J. , Suárez R. , Álvarez-Ilzarbe I.
Published: December 2013

En este trabajo se estudia el empleo de moldes metálicos o permanentes para la fabricación de piezas de fundición esferoidal con elevados requerimientos funcionales y se analizan sus propiedades, comparándolas con piezas obtenidas utilizando moldes de arena de sílice, de acuerdo con las metodologías más habituales para este tipo de procesos. La elevada velocidad de solidificación y el posterior enfriamiento rápido de la austenita formada en estado sólido se erigen como los principales factores diferenciadores que originan las modificaciones estructurales detectadas en las piezas. Las propiedades físicas, mecánicas y microestructurales obtenidas directamente sobre pieza son destacables debido, entre otros aspectos, al gran número de esferoides grafíticos obtenidos en las piezas. Se discuten también las ventajas e inconvenientes encontrados en esta metodología de producción que emplea moldes fabricados con una aleación metálica específica.
Estudio de la solidificación de recubrimientos de acero rápido M2 obtenidos por Laser Cladding
Authors: Candel J. J. , Franconetti P. , Amigó V.
Published: December 2013

Los recubrimientos de acero rápido por Laser Cladding (LC) son complejos porque aparecen fisuras y la dureza es menor a la esperada. En este trabajo se han fabricado recubrimientos de acero AISI M2 sobre acero al carbono AISI 1045 y tras el procesado por láser, se han revenido para reducir la cantidad de austenita retenida y precipitar carburos secundarios. El estudio de las transformaciones metalúrgicas con Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido (MEB) y Difracción de Electrones Retrodispersados (EBSD) muestra que la microestructura es extremadamente fina y compleja, presenta transformaciones eutécticas y precipitación de carburos MC, M2C y M6C. Por tanto, tras el recubrimiento por láser es necesario recurrir a tratamientos térmicos post-soldeo.
Delayed complications of intravaginal slingplasty multifilament tape: two case reports
Authors: Balakrishnan Sivakumar S.
Published: December 2013

We would like to present two cases of delayed complications of intravaginal slingplasty (IVS) suburethral sling in Penang, Malaysia. There were two patients who were referred to us for problems subsequent to suburethral sling surgery using the IVS sling. These patients were reviewed and subsequently treated. The first patient presented with a bleeding granuloma. She underwent surgery and intra operatively the granuloma was excised. On exploration there was remnant of the tape bilaterally. The tape was easily excised with traction. A diagnostic cystoscopy did not show any abnormality. The second patient presented with a severe sling exposure. This patient also had surgery to excise the sling. It was easily dislodged with traction and removed completely. There were pus collections on one side. On subsequent review both patients were well with no more vaginal bleeding or discharge. Both patients however remained continent. This report is to show IVS sling complications may present in different manner and the need for attending physician to be aware of these presentations. They should be aware of the delayed presentation of these complications.