bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cerebral Microbleeds and Cortical Superficial Siderosis in Patients Presenting With Minor Cerebrovascular Events
Authors: Zerna Charlotte , Modi Jayesh , Bilston Lisa , Shoamanesh Ashkan , Coutts Shelagh B. , Smith Eric E.
Published: August 2016

Background and Purpose—

Transient focal neurological episodes occur in cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and can mimic transient ischemic attack (TIA). Risk factors and outcomes of minor ischemic stroke or TIA might differ in patients with and without cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), including CAA-consistent lobar CMB.

Methods—

Baseline magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was analyzed for CMBs and cortical superficial siderosis in 416 patients in the prospective computed tomography and MRI in the CATCH study (Triage of TIA and Minor Cerebrovascular Events to Identify High Risk Patients). Clinical symptoms, baseline characteristics, recurrence, and 90-day modified Rankin Scale were prospectively collected. MRI white-matter hyperintensity was measured using the Fazekas scale.

Results—

CMBs were detected in 65 (15.6%) and cortical superficial siderosis in 11 patients (2.6%). Lobar CMBs were present in 49 (11.8%). In multivariable logistic regression adjusted for risk factors and age, subcortical Fazekas score was associated with lobar CMB (odds ratio, 2.07; 95% confidence interval, 1.23–3.48;
P
=0.006). Forty-two patients (10.1%) had lobar-only CMBs with or without cortical superficial siderosis consistent with modified Boston criteria for possible/probable CAA. The possible/probable CAA pattern was not predictive of recurrent TIA (odds ratio, 0.42; 95% confidence interval, 0.05–3.31;
P
=0.41), stroke (odds ratio, 1.24; 95% confidence interval, 0.26–5.99;
P
=0.79), or 90-day modified Rankin Scale score ≥2 (odds ratio, 1.38; 95% confidence interval, 0.62–3.07;
P
=0.42).

Conclusions—

CMBs in TIA and minor stroke are moderately common but do not predict recurrence or 90-day outcome. CAA-related transient focal neurological episodes and TIA have overlapping clinical symptoms, suggesting that MRI may be needed for differentiation.
Risk Stratification for Recurrence and Mortality in Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source
Authors: Ntaios George , Vemmos Konstantinos , Lip Gregory Y.H. , Koroboki Eleni , Manios Efstathios , Vemmou Anastasia , Rodríguez-Campello Ana , Cuadrado-Godia Elisa , Giralt-Steinhauer Eva , Arnao Valentina , Caso Valeria , Paciaroni Maurizio , Diez-Tejedor Exuperio , Fuentes Blanca , Pérez Lucas Josefa , Arauz Antonio , Ameriso Sebastian F. , Hawkes Maximiliano A. , Pertierra Lucía , Gómez-Schneider Maia , Bandini Fabio , Chavarria Cano Beatriz , Iglesias Mohedano Ana Maria , García Pastor Andrés , Gil-Núñez Antonio , Putaala Jukka , Tatlisumak Turgut , Barboza Miguel A. , Athanasakis George , Makaritsis Konstantinos , Papavasileiou Vasileios
Published: August 2016

Background and Purpose—

The risk of stroke recurrence in patients with Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source (ESUS) is high, and the optimal antithrombotic strategy for secondary prevention is unclear. We investigated whether congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 years, diabetes mellitus, and stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA; CHADS
2
) and CHA
2
DS
2
-VASc scores can stratify the long-term risk of ischemic stroke/TIA recurrence and death in ESUS.

Methods—

We pooled data sets of 11 stroke registries from Europe and America. ESUS was defined according to the Cryptogenic Stroke/ESUS International Working Group. Cox regression analyses were performed to investigate if prestroke CHADS
2
and congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 years, diabetes mellitus, stroke or TIA, vascular disease, age 65–74 years, sex category (CHA
2
DS
2
-VASc) scores were independently associated with the risk of ischemic stroke/TIA recurrence or death. The Kaplan–Meier product limit method was used to estimate the cumulative probability of ischemic stroke/TIA recurrence and death in different strata of the CHADS
2
and CHA
2
DS
2
-VASc scores.

Results—

One hundred fifty-nine (5.6% per year) ischemic stroke/TIA recurrences and 148 (5.2% per year) deaths occurred in 1095 patients (median age, 68 years) followed-up for a median of 31 months. Compared with CHADS
2
score 0, patients with CHADS
2
score 1 and CHADS
2
score >1 had higher risk of ischemic stroke/TIA recurrence (hazard ratio [HR], 2.38; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.41–4.00 and HR, 2.72; 95% CI, 1.68–4.40, respectively) and death (HR, 3.58; 95% CI, 1.80–7.12, and HR, 5.45; 95% CI, 2.86–10.40, respectively). Compared with low-risk CHA
2
DS
2
-VASc score, patients with high-risk CHA
2
DS
2
-VASc score had higher risk of ischemic stroke/TIA recurrence (HR, 3.35; 95% CI, 1.94–5.80) and death (HR, 13.0; 95% CI, 4.7–35.4).

Conclusions—

The risk of recurrent ischemic stroke/TIA and death in ESUS is reliably stratified by CHADS
2
and CHA
2
DS
2
-VASc scores. Compared with the low-risk group, patients in the high-risk CHA
2
DS
2
-VASc group have much higher risk of ischemic stroke recurrence/TIA and death, approximately 3-fold and 13-fold, respectively.
Impact of Initial Diffusion-Weighted Imaging Lesion Growth Rate on the Success of Endovascular Reperfusion Therapy
Authors: Olivot Jean-Marc , Sissani Leila , Meseguer Elena , Inoue Manabu , Labreuche Julien , Mlynash Michael , Amarenco Pierre , Mazighi Mikael
Published: August 2016

Background and Purpose—

Initial diffusion-weighted imaging lesion growth rate (IGR) assessed by diffusion-weighted imaging lesion volume divided by the delay from onset to magnetic resonance imaging offers an estimate of early brain infarction progression. We investigated the impact of IGR on the rate of favorable outcome according to the occurrence of a successful endovascular revascularization within 6 hours after onset in patients experiencing an acute brain infarction complicating internal carotid artery terminus/middle cerebral artery M1 occlusion.

Methods—

The primary study end point was a favorable outcome defined by a modified Rankin Scale score of ≤2, 90 days after onset. A Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction score 2b/3 defined a successful recanalization.

Results—

A total of 166 patients were included. Median IGR was 7 mL/h (interquartile range, 2–26). Sixty-eight patients (41%) experienced a favorable outcome. After adjustment on age, systolic blood pressure, vessel site occlusion, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, and antithrombotic medication, increase in IGR was associated with a decreased occurrence of favorable outcome with an odds ratio per SD increase of 0.60 (95% confidence interval, 0.38–0.94;
P
=0.03). A successful recanalization was achieved among 56% of the patients after a median delay of 251 minutes (interquartile range, 211–291 minutes). Increasing IGR was associated with a decreased favorable outcome only when a successful recanalization was not achieved (adjusted odds ratio, 0.32; 95% confidence interval, 0.12–0.85;
P
=0.02).

Conclusions—

Proximal internal carotid artery/M1 occlusion did result into a wide range of IGR within 6 hours after onset. Increasing IGR was associated with a lower rate of favorable outcome after endovascular treatment overall and when a successful recanalization was not achieved.
Does School Quality Matter? A Travel Cost Approach
Authors: Eyer Jonathan
Published: August 2016

Although the majority of school districts in the United States assign students to schools on the basis of geographic location, there is increasing interest from parents and policy makers in school choice programs. These programs allow parents (and children) to choose their school. In many cases, when students opt to attend a nonlocal school, the parent is responsible for transportation. This creates a trade-off between school quality and travel expenditure. This paper estimates the value of school quality in a random utility model framework, using data on rank-ordered preferences submitted in a school choice program in Garland, Texas. I find that a standard deviation of high school quality is valued between $495 and $783, substantially lower than hedonic estimates that include noneducational benefits associated with good schools. In addition to estimating the average value of school quality, this approach can also be used to estimate the value of school quality for demographic groups or for individual students.
Chunking and Recoding in the Al GRANO Project
Authors: Badani Pat
Published: August 2016

Al GRANO: Framing Worlds is a composite gallery installation with individually installable artifacts that can be shown in various combinations. Three cognitive “chunks” explore different electronic technologies to address historical, cultural, scientific and geopolitical positions related to maize, a contested grain considered both food and cultural symbol in Mexico and a source of macro profits for multinational agribusiness.
Interactive Sonification of Weather Data for The Locust Wrath, a Multimedia Dance Performance
Authors: Lindborg PerMagnus
Published: August 2016

To work flexibly with the sound design for The Locust Wrath, a multimedia dance performance on the topic of climate change, the author developed software for interactive sonification of climate data. An open-ended approach to parameter mapping allowed tweaking and improvisation during rehearsals, resulting in a large range of musical expression. The sonifications represented weather systems pushing through Southeast Asia in complex patterns. The climate was rendered as a piece of electroacoustic music, whose compositional form—gesture, timbre, intensity, harmony, spatiality—was determined by the data. The article discusses aspects of aesthetic sonification, reports the process of developing the present work and contextualizes the design decisions within theories of cross-modal perception and listening modes.
Expectations versus Reality of Artificial Intelligence: Using Art to
Examine Ontological Issues
Authors: Torre Giuseppe
Published: August 2016

The author presents three of his artworks that engage with issues surrounding artificial intelligence (AI) research. The artworks provide a means for discussing issues that are predominantly ontological rather than technical; while the author used a variety of computational methods in the development of the artworks, he did not make use of any AI techniques and tools. The discussion is carried on in a speculative manner that draws from concept art, academic research and sci-fi culture.
Introduction
Authors: Dynel Marta , Meibauer Jörg
Published: August 2016

This introductory chapter gives an overview of empirical approaches to deception and lying that are considered to be of relevance to the pragmatics of the two focal concepts. Attention is thus paid to: the use of natural language data in theoretical debates, the studies of verbal and nonverbal cues for deception, the explorations of people’s understandings of the definitional and moral aspects of lying, as well as the research of deception in children. It is shown that empirical approaches to lying and deception increase our understanding of other theoretical concepts developed by linguists, psychologists and philosophers, and are indeed necessary for further development of pragmatic theory of lying and deception.
Classifying Prosocial Lies
Authors: Hornung Melanie
Published: August 2016

The term prosocial lies refers to lies speakers produce with benevolent intentions. Such lies can be further divided into categories depending upon the context of utterance and the person who benefits from the lie (Levine and Schweitzer, 2014). This paper defines prosocial lies as a distinct pragmatic category of a lie. In order to examine this category, university students were provided with 10 vignettes containing prosocial lies and were asked (using a Likert Scale) whether they considered each target utterance to be a lie, a polite utterance, and an act benefiting the speaker and/or the hearer. The results show that prosocial lies are judged as lies proper. Furthermore, the study gives support for several categories of prosocial lies.
Potamotrygon rex, a new species of Neotropical freshwater stingray (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) from the middle and upper rio Tocantins, Brazil, closely allied to Potamotrygon henlei (Castelnau, 1855)
Authors: CARVALHO MARCELO R. DE
Published: August 2016

A systematic revision of the rio Tocantins stingrays has confirmed the occurrence of a new species of Potamotrygon first discovered more than two decades ago but which lacked material for a thorough description. Field surveys since undertaken in the middle and upper rio Tocantins have assembled significant material that forms the basis of an ongoing revision of the diverse Tocantins potamotrygonid assemblage. Potamotrygon rex, sp. nov., is a very large, "black stingray" species from the mid and upper rio Tocantins that is closely related to P. henlei (Castelnau), which occurs in the lower Tocantins basin and in rio Araguaia; both species do not co-occur. Potamotrygon rex, sp. nov., has a unique blackish to dark brown dorsal color with numerous small, yellow to orange irregular spots usually forming distinct clusters on dorsal disc, with ocelli in center of clusters on posterior and outer disc, dorsal tail also with clusters but lateral tail with ocelli, and a dark brownish to gray color covering most of ventral surface except nasoral region, gill slits and anterior snout in some specimens, with small whitish spots on ventral disc, pelvic fins and tail. Potamotrygon rex, sp. nov., can be further distinguished by its broad pelvic-fin apices, lack of labial grooves, irregular double row of dorsal tail thorns, and in having two angular cartilages associated with each hyomandibula. Potamotrygon rex, sp. nov., P. henlei, P. leopoldi Castex & Castello, and another new Potamotrygon species from the rio Tapajós (in description) form a species-group (the "black stingrays") occurring in rivers draining the central Brazilian shield, characterized by their black to dark brown but highly ornate dorsal color, wide pelvic fins with broadly convex apices, among other features. Potamotrygon rex, sp. nov., is the 25th species of Potamotrygon, and highlights that very large new species of fishes still await discovery and description in the Neotropical region.
New South African species of the genus Idiasta Foerster, 1863 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Alysiinae), with a key to the Afrotropical and Malagasy taxa
Authors: PERIS-FELIPO FRANCISCO JAVIER , BELOKOBYLSKIJ SERGEY A.
Published: August 2016

A new species from South Africa, Idiasta iaiaorum sp. nov., is described and illustrated. A key for determination of the Afrotropical and Malagasy Idiasta species is provided.
Review of the Asian species of the subgenus Neocheilosia Barkalov (Diptera, Syrphidae), with description of new species
Authors: BARKALOV ANATOLIJ V. , ICHIGE KATSUYOSHI
Published: August 2016

The Asian species of the subgenus Neocheilosia are reviewed. A new species Cheilosia (Neocheilosia) shiranesana Barkalov & Ichige sp. n. is described, and Cheilosia mutini Barkalov is synonymized with Cheilosia komabaensis Shiraki syn. n. A listing of the five Asian species of the subgenus,information on their distribution and an illustrated identification key is provided.
Paraorosius, a new genus of leafhopper (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae:
Deltocephalinae: Opsiini), with description of a new species from the Middle East
Authors: EL-SONBATI S. A. , WILSON M. R. , DHAFER H. M. AL
Published: August 2016

A new genus, of the leafhopper tribe Opsiini, Paraorosius is proposed to accommodate Orosius minuicus Dlabola, 1979 and, P. hanii sp. n. from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A key to the genera of Opsiini of the Arabian Peninsula is provided.
Most Americans Want to Learn More about Climate Change
Authors: Perkins David , Maibach Ed , Gardiner Ned , Witte Joe , Ward Bud , Placky Bernadette Woods , Seitter Keith , Cullen Heidi
Published: August 2016

As American Meteorological Society (AMS) members who study Americans’ understanding of climate change and who are engaged in programs to educate Americans about climate change, we want our AMS colleagues to realize their key role in public education. In this article we make the case that 1) AMS members are well positioned to play important leadership roles in educational outreach on climate change, 2) the public wants to learn more about climate change, 3) there is a need for more effective public engagement efforts, and 4) we have successful outreach and educational models that we can start using today.
On the Role of Tropical Ocean Forcing of the Persistent North American West Coast Ridge of Winter 2013/14a
Authors: Seager Richard , Henderson Naomi
Published: August 2016

The causes of the high pressure ridge at the North American west coast during winter 2013/14, the driest winter of the recent California drought, are examined. The ridge was part of an atmosphere–ocean state that included anomalies, defined relative to a 1979–2014 mean, of circulation across the Northern Hemisphere, warm sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the tropical western and northeastern Pacific and the south Indian Ocean, and cool SSTs in the central tropical Pacific. The SST anomalies differ sufficiently between datasets that, when used to force atmosphere models, the simulated circulation anomalies vary notably in realism. Recognizing uncertainty in the SST field, the authors use idealized tropical SST anomaly experiments to identify an optimal combination of SST anomalies that forces a circulation response that best matches observations. The optimal SST pattern resembles that observed but the associated circulation pattern is much weaker than observed, suggesting an important but limited role for ocean forcing. Analysis of the equilibrium and transient upper-troposphere vorticity balance indicates that the SST-forced component of the ridge arose as a summed effect of Rossby waves forced by SST anomalies across the tropical Indo-Pacific oceans and drives upper-troposphere convergence and subsidence at the west coast. The ridge, in observations and model, is associated with northward and southward diversion of storms. The results suggest that tropical Indo-Pacific ocean SSTs helped force the west coast ridge and drought of winter 2013/14.
Regional Impacts of Irrigation in Mexico and the Southwestern United States on Hydrometeorological Fields in the North American Monsoon Region
Authors: Mahalov Alex , Li Jialun , Hyde Peter
Published: August 2016

In this study, the impacts of Mexican and southwestern U.S. agricultural and urban irrigation on North American monsoon (NAM) rainfall and other hydrometeorological fields are investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model by implementing an irrigation scheme into the WRF–land surface model. Taking the 2000–12 monsoon seasons as examples, multiple WRF simulations with irrigation are conducted by designing different crops’ maximum allowable water depletions (SWm). In comparison with gridded rainfall observations in urban and rural area, the WRF simulations with/without irrigation generally capture the observations very well, but with underestimation along the western slope of the Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO) and overestimation over southern Mexico. The simulations of WRF with irrigation are slightly improved over those without irrigation, compared with rainfall and sounding observations. Sensitivity studies reveal that the impact of irrigation on rainfall varies with location and NAM rainfall variability. Irrigation increases rainfall in eastern Arizona–western New Mexico and in northwestern Mexico because of the irrigation-induced increases of convective available potential energy (CAPE) and precipitable water. Overall, irrigation decreases rainfall in western Arizona, along the western slope of the SMO, and in central Mexico because of irrigation-induced increases of convective inhibition (CIN), decreases of CAPE, and/or large-scale water vapor divergence.
Assimilation of Flash Extent Data in the Variational Framework at Convection-Allowing Scales: Proof-of-Concept and Evaluation for the Short-Term Forecast of the 24 May 2011 Tornado Outbreak
Authors: Fierro Alexandre O. , Gao Jidong , Ziegler Conrad L. , Calhoun Kristin M. , Mansell Edward R. , MacGorman Donald R.
Published: August 2016

This work evaluates the performance of the assimilation of total lightning data within a three-dimensional variational (3DVAR) framework for the analysis and short-term forecast of the 24 May 2011 tornado outbreak using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model at convection-allowing scales. Between the lifted condensation level and a fixed upper height, pseudo-observations for water vapor mass first are created based on either the flash extent densities derived from Oklahoma Lightning Mapping Array data or the lightning source densities derived from the Earth Networks pulse data, and then assimilated by the 3DVAR system. Assimilation of radar data with 3DVAR and a cloud analysis algorithm (RAD) also are performed as a baseline for comparison and in tandem with lightning to evaluate the added value of this lightning data assimilation (LDA) method.

Given a scenario wherein the control experiment without radar or lightning data assimilation fails to accurately initiate and forecast the observed storms, the LDA and RAD yield comparable short-term forecast improvements. The RAD alone produces storms of similar strength to the observations during the first 30 min of forecast more rapidly than the LDA alone; however, the LDA is able to better depict individual supercellular features at 1-h forecast. When both the lightning and radar data are assimilated, the 30-min forecast showed noteworthy improvements over RAD in terms of the model’s ability to better resolve individual supercell structures and still maintained a 1-h forecast similar to that from the LDA. The results chiefly illustrate the potential value of assimilating total lightning data along with radar data.
Wave Probabilities Consistent with Official Tropical Cyclone Forecasts
Authors: Sampson Charles R. , Hansen James A. , Wittmann Paul A. , Knaff John A. , Schumacher Andrea
Published: August 2016

Development of a 12-ft-seas significant wave height ensemble consistent with the official tropical cyclone intensity, track, and wind structure forecasts and their errors from the operational U.S. tropical cyclone forecast centers is described. To generate the significant wave height ensemble, a Monte Carlo wind speed probability algorithm that produces forecast ensemble members is used. These forecast ensemble members, each created from the official forecast and randomly sampled errors from historical official forecast errors, are then created immediately after the official forecast is completed. Of 1000 forecast ensemble members produced by the wind speed algorithm, 128 of them are selected and processed to produce wind input for an ocean surface wave model. The wave model is then run once per realization to produce 128 possible forecasts of significant wave height. Probabilities of significant wave height at critical thresholds can then be computed from the ocean surface wave model–generated significant wave heights. Evaluations of the ensemble are provided in terms of maximum significant wave height and radius of 12-ft significant wave height—two parameters of interest to both U.S. Navy meteorologists and U.S. Navy operators. Ensemble mean errors and biases of maximum significant wave height and radius of 12-ft significant wave height are found to be similar to those of a deterministic version of the same algorithm. Ensemble spreads capture most verifying maximum and radii of 12-ft significant wave heights.
Evaluation of PBL Parameterizations for Modeling Surface Wind Speed during Storms in the Northeast United States
Authors: Frediani Maria E. B. , Hacker Joshua P. , Anagnostou Emmanouil N. , Hopson Thomas
Published: August 2016

This study identifies conditions that determine errors in numerical simulations of 10-m wind speed over moderately complex terrain, emphasizing winds that lead to overhead power-line damage over a subregion of the northeast United States. Simulations with the Mellor–Yamada–Janjić (MYJ) scheme, the Yonsei University (YSU) scheme, and a subgrid-scale topographic drag correction (Topo) applied to YSU are used to investigate error components. The wind speed distribution is dominated by low speeds, which are well depicted by Topo, but are underestimated by the MYJ and YSU schemes. Conversely, moderate and high speeds are underestimated by Topo, and MYJ and YSU perform better across specific ranges. Verification samples are conditioned by season, diurnal cycle, topography, and spatial patterns obtained with a clustering analysis. The systematic error is characterized by a positive bias in low speeds, and as speed increases the biases become more negative. Quantile comparisons, along with systematic and random errors, indicate that beyond the dependence on wind speed itself, errors also depend on seasonal characteristics, indirectly defined by scheme stability profiles. The positive relationship between absolute bias and speed originates in the friction velocity parameterization, and the correction for drag in the Topo scheme exacerbates the effect. The Topo scheme adjusts the total bias and sharpens the bias spread but penalizes moderate and high winds. Clusters reveal that in Topo the bias is primarily driven by wind direction. Excessive correction occurs on terrain-interacting flows, and oceanic flow modulates the adjustment, enhancing the scheme’s performance.
Supervision of Ethylene Propylene Diene M-Class (EPDM) Rubber Vulcanization and Recovery Processes Using Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR FT-IR) Spectroscopy and Multivariate Analysis
Authors: Riba Ruiz Jordi-Roger , Canals Trini , Cantero Rosa
Published: August 2016

Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber is widely used in a diverse type of applications, such as the automotive, industrial and construction sectors among others. Due to its appealing features, the consumption of vulcanized EPDM rubber is growing significantly. However, environmental issues are forcing the application of devulcanization processes to facilitate recovery, which has led rubber manufacturers to implement strict quality controls. Consequently, it is important to develop methods for supervising the vulcanizing and recovery processes of such products. This paper deals with the supervision process of EPDM compounds by means of Fourier transform mid-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and suitable multivariate statistical methods. An expedited and nondestructive classification approach was applied to a sufficient number of EPDM samples with different applied processes, that is, with and without application of vulcanizing agents, vulcanized samples, and microwave treated samples. First the FT-IR spectra of the samples is acquired and next it is processed by applying suitable feature extraction methods, i.e., principal component analysis and canonical variate analysis to obtain the latent variables to be used for classifying test EPDM samples. Finally, the k nearest neighbor algorithm was used in the classification stage. Experimental results prove the accuracy of the proposed method and the potential of FT-IR spectroscopy in this area, since the classification accuracy can be as high as 100%.
“Vocal but not particularly strong”? Air Canada’s ill-fated vacation package to Rhodesia and South Africa and the anti-apartheid movement in Canada
Authors: Bangarth Stephanie
Published: August 2016

In mid-1971, an advertisement from Air Canada (then a Canadian Crown corporation) and South African Airways appeared in the pages of the Globe and Mail, Canada’s national newspaper. It offered prospective vacationers the chance of a lifetime: the opportunity to tour the game parks of South Africa and Rhodesia, including the famous Kruger National Park, with stays afterward in various African cities.

News of Air Canada’s “opportunity” was met with a great deal of controversy. Linda Freeman has described anti-apartheid forces in the 1970s as “vocal, but not particularly strong” and other scholars argue that Canadian policy toward South Africa did not change substantially between 1961 and 1984. Still, this case study demonstrates that despite the fact that no major Canadian economic, strategic, or political interest was involved in South Africa and that while Canadian trade with South Africa during the period in question was relatively marginal, the Canadian government gave the concerns of those appalled at Air Canada’s intransigence some attention. More importantly, so did Air Canada. Where government failed to act, public pressure forced a major Canadian corporation to rethink its business practices to adhere to international human rights norms.
Dollars and sense? The Harper government, economic diplomacy, and Canadian foreign policy
Authors: McKercher Asa , Sarson Leah
Published: August 2016

Over its near-decade of governance, Canada’s Conservative government developed an international agenda that narrowly construed international engagement as economic diplomacy. Rooted in the Conservatives’ desire to establish themselves with voters as shrewd stewards of the Canadian economy, economic and commercial calculations took precedence, trumping even military spending and the Arctic, both defining portfolios for Prime Minister Stephen Harper. We demonstrate the economic essence of the Conservative government’s international agenda and examine outcomes related to trade, the extractive resource sector, and the Canada–US relationship. We argue that the dramatic overhaul of Canada’s public diplomacy, strategic and security agendas, and global cooperation initiatives was a result of a limited conception of foreign policy that prioritized economic and commercial objectives. The legacy of economic diplomacy is a renewed focus on the question of international engagement as a means to a Canadian end as a new Liberal government contends with the consequences of economic diplomacy.
Pierre Trudeau and the “suffocation” of the nuclear arms race
Authors: Meyer Paul
Published: August 2016

Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau is known for his challenge to Canada’s NATO policy at the beginning of his tenure in power and his peace initiative at its end. Less well known is his support for innovative arms control policies designed to eliminate the technological impetus behind the nuclear arms race between the US and the USSR during the Cold War. At the first UN Special Session on Disarmament in May 1978, Trudeau delivered a speech outlining a “strategy of suffocation” that provided a novel package of four arms control measures that, taken as a whole, would represent an effective means of halting and eventually reversing the nuclear arms race. Although the superpowers were largely indifferent to them, these ideas helped spur the Department of External Affairs to invest in developing the institutional capacity to enable Canada to play a leadership role in future disarmament diplomacy.
The Association between the History of HIV Diagnosis and Oral Health
Authors: Burger-Calderon R. , Smith J.S. , Ramsey K.J. ,   SPNS Innovations in Oral Health Care Initiative Team, Webster-Cyriaque J.
Published: August 2016

Unmet oral care needs are high among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS (PLWH). Oral health care is of increasing importance as life expectancy is being prolonged extensively among PLWH. The benefit of oral health care in relation to time since HIV diagnosis has not previously been assessed. A retrospective multivariable analysis of the Special Project of National Significance Oral Health Initiative observational cohort study ( N = 2,178) was performed to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) of oral health outcomes comparing historically diagnosed subjects (>1 y since HIV diagnosis) to newly diagnosed subjects (≤1 y since HIV diagnosis). ORs were adjusted for age, study site, language, income, last dental care visit, and dental insurance. Historically diagnosed subjects were more likely to report oral problems than newly HIV-diagnosed subjects (OR, 2.10). Historically diagnosed subjects were more likely to require oral surgery (OR, 1.52), restorative treatment (OR, 1.35), endodontic treatment (OR, 1.63), and more than 10 oral clinic visits over the 24-mo study period (OR, 2.02). The crude cumulative 2-y risk of requiring prosthetic (risk difference [RD], 0.21) and endodontic (RD, 0.11) treatment was higher among historically than newly diagnosed subjects, despite no significance postadjustment. Furthermore, poor oral health outcomes were exacerbated among non–highly active antiretroviral therapy users. Summarizing, the authors found that historically diagnosed subjects were more likely to report oral problems and require dental procedures compared with newly diagnosed subjects, suggesting that oral health among PLWH declines over time since HIV diagnosis. Hence, newly diagnosed PLWH may benefit from the implementation of early oral interventions.
Watching reality from a distance: class, genre and reality television
Authors: Stiernstedt Fredrik , Jakobsson Peter
Published: August 2016

The cultural significance of reality television is based on its claim to represent social reality. On the level of genre, we might argue that reality television constructs a modern day panorama of the social world and its inhabitants and that it thus makes populations appear. This article presents a class analysis of the population of reality television in which 1 year of television programming and over 1000 participants have been analysed. The purpose of this analysis is to deepen our understanding of the cultural and ideological dimensions of reality television as a genre, and to give a more detailed picture of the imaginaries of class in this form of television. The results bring new knowledge about the reality television genre and modify or revise assumptions from previous studies. Most importantly, we show that upper-class people and people belonging to the social elite are strongly over-represented in the genre and appear much more commonly in reality television than in other genres. This result opens up a re-evaluation of the cultural and ideological dimensions of the reality television genre.
Time Trends in Incidence and Severity of Injury Among Collegiate Soccer Players in the United States
Authors: Chandran Avinash , Barron Mary J. , Westerman Beverly J. , DiPietro Loretta
Published: August 2016

Background:

A number of sociocultural and environmental changes have occurred over the past several decades that may affect the risk of injury among young athletes playing soccer.

Purpose:

To identify trends in injury incidence and severity between 2 time periods (1990-1996 and 2004-2009) in both male and female National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) soccer players in the United States.

Design:

Descriptive epidemiology study.

Methods:

Data were analyzed from the NCAA Injury Surveillance System. The rate ratio (RR), along with the 95% Wald CI, compared incidence density in 2004-2009 relative to that in 1990-1996.

Results:

Overall sex-pooled injury rates were significantly lower in the 2004-2009 cohort compared with the 1990-1996 cohort (RR = 0.88; 95% CI = 0.86-0.91), and this was true for almost every category of injury studied. We observed only 1 significant sex difference between the time periods with regard to noncontact injuries, as men experienced a significant increase in rate of noncontact injuries between 1990-1996 and 2004-2009 (RR = 1.09; 95% CI = 1.02-1.17), whereas women experienced a significant decrease (RR = 0.70; 95% CI = 0.67-0.75).

Conclusion:

These surveillance data show decreasing trends in collegiate soccer injuries. Whether these decreases are attributable to greater resources being allocated toward athlete health, injury management, or the safety of the playing environment cannot be determined. Given the prominence of soccer play in the United States, public health efforts should promote the use of this surveillance system to better inform and evaluate injury prevention practices and policies directed toward player safety.
Comparison of the Modified Broström Procedure for Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability With and Without Subfibular Ossicle
Authors: Ahn Hyeon-wook , Lee Keun-Bae
Published: August 2016

Background:

Subfibular ossicles are frequently found in patients with chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI). However, there is a lack of consensus about the optimal surgical treatment for CLAI with subfibular ossicle.

Purpose:

To evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes of the modified Broström procedure with subfibular ossicle excision compared with the same procedure for CLAI without subfibular ossicle.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Ninety-six patients (96 ankles) treated with the modified Broström procedure using bone tunnel and suture anchor techniques for CLAI constituted the study cohort. The 96 ankles were divided into 2 groups with and without subfibular ossicles. The ossicle group (42 ankles) and nonossicle group (54 ankles) consisted of patients with a mean age of 26.6 and 30.3 years, respectively, at the time of surgery with a mean follow-up duration of 63.7 and 62.1 months, respectively. Subfibular ossicles were excised in the ossicle group.

Results:

Mean Karlsson scores improved from 55.2 to 95.3 in the ossicle group and from 56.4 to 94.8 in the nonossicle group at final follow-up. Mean American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot scores also improved from 63.3 to 95.9 in the ossicle group and from 62.8 to 95.1 in the nonossicle group at final follow-up. Mean talar tilt angles were 14.0° in the ossicle group and 12.2° in the nonossicle group preoperatively and 7.6° and 6.8° at the final follow-up, respectively. Mean anterior talar translations in the ossicle group and nonossicle groups improved from 9.3 and 9.4 mm preoperatively to 5.8 and 5.7 mm at final follow-up, respectively. No significant differences were found between the 2 groups in terms of Karlsson score, AOFAS score, talar tilt angle, and anterior talar translation at final follow-up ( P > .05).

Conclusion:

The modified Broström procedure with subfibular ossicle excision provided similarly good clinical and radiographic outcomes compared with the same procedure without subfibular ossicle excision. Accordingly, the study results suggest that these procedures appear to be effective and reliable method for the treatment of CLAI with subfibular ossicle.
No Effects of Early Viscosupplementation After Arthroscopic Partial Meniscectomy
Authors: Filardo Giuseppe , Di Matteo Berardo , Tentoni Francesco , Cavicchioli Alessia , Di Martino Alessandro , Lo Presti Mirco , Iacono Francesco , Kon Elizaveta , Marcacci Maurilio
Published: August 2016

Background:

The management of the postoperative period after knee arthroscopic surgery may be challenging because surgical trauma deeply alters the joint microenvironment, causing the release of several catabolic molecules and proinflammatory factors that might slow down functional recovery. The possibility of using hyaluronic acid (HA) to promote postoperative pain relief and expedite functional improvement seems attractive, considering its biological properties.

Purpose:

The aim of the present double-blind randomized controlled trial was to evaluate the effects, in terms of pain control and functional recovery, provided by a single HA injection performed at the end of arthroscopic meniscectomy.

Study Design:

Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1.

Methods:

A total of 90 patients, 18 to 55 years old, were included according to the following criteria: (1) chronic, symptomatic meniscal tears requiring partial resection; (2) a healthy contralateral knee; (3) no previous surgery on the index knee; and (4) no other concurrent articular lesions requiring surgical treatment (eg, cartilage or ligament injuries). Patients were randomized into 2 treatment groups: one underwent meniscectomy alone, whereas the other also received an injection of 3 mL HA at the end of the procedure. All patients were evaluated at baseline and then at 15, 30, 60, and 180 days using the following tools: International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective, Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, VAS for general health status, and Tegner scores. The transpatellar circumference and active and passive ranges of motion were also recorded during the follow-up evaluations.

Results:

No major adverse events were reported using HA postoperatively. A statistically significant increase in all the clinical scores was reported in both treatment groups, but no significant intergroup difference was documented at any follow-up evaluation. No difference was observed also in the objective measurements. The mean time to return to full sports activity was not different between groups, and a comparable satisfaction rate was recorded in both treatment groups.

Conclusion:

Early postoperative viscosupplementation did not provide significant clinical benefits after arthroscopic meniscectomy. Despite the lack of major adverse events, the administration of a single HA injection at the end of the surgical procedure is not a successful strategy to provide either faster functional recovery or symptomatic improvement after meniscectomy.

Trial Registration:

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02629380.
Critical Findings on Magnetic Resonance Arthrograms in Posterior Shoulder Instability Compared With an Age-Matched Controlled Cohort
Authors: Galvin Joseph W. , Parada Stephen A. , Li Xinning , Eichinger Josef K.
Published: August 2016

Background:

Posterior shoulder instability is less common and potentially more difficult to diagnose clinically and radiographically compared with anterior shoulder instability. Radiographic findings including posterior labral tears, increased retroversion, presence of glenoid dysplasia, and increased capsular area are associated with symptomatic recurrent posterior shoulder instability.

Purpose:

This study aimed to determine the prevalence and severity of associated radiographic parameters found on magnetic resonance arthrograms (MRAs) in patients with arthroscopically confirmed isolated posterior labral tears and symptomatic recurrent posterior shoulder instability, compared with an age-matched cohort of patients without posterior instability or labral injury confirmed with shoulder arthroscopy.

Study Design:

Cross-sectional study, Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Patients who received a preoperative standard shoulder MRA at an academic institution over a 5-year period and had symptomatic posterior instability and received a repair of an arthroscopically confirmed posterior labral tear (n = 63) were identified. These patients were compared with an age-matched control group of patients without posterior instability (n = 49) who underwent an isolated arthroscopic distal clavicle resection that included an arthroscopic glenohumeral joint evaluation. Glenoid version, posterior humeral head subluxation, glenoid dysplasia, and linear and capsular area measurements were evaluated between the 2 groups. Interobserver reliability for continuous and categorical variables was assessed for all measurements.

Results:

Multivariate logistic regression revealed that the presence of increased glenoid retroversion ( P = .0018), glenoid dysplasia ( P = .03), and increased axial posterior capsular cross-sectional area ( P = .05) were significantly associated with posterior labral tears and symptomatic posterior shoulder instability compared with the age-matched control group. Posterior humeral head subluxation was found to be a statistically significant variable with univariate analysis ( P = .001) for posterior shoulder instability but not with multivariate logistic regression ( P = .53). Interobserver reliability was good to very good for all measurements (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.74-0.85; κ = 0.64) but was moderate for total capsular area and sagittal capsular area measurements (ICC = 0.43-0.56).

Conclusion:

The presence of increased glenoid retroversion, glenoid dysplasia, and increased posterior capsular area on MRA are significantly associated with posterior labral tears and symptomatic posterior shoulder instability. Identification of these critical radiographic variables on magnetic resonance arthrography assists in the accurate diagnosis and management of clinically significant posterior shoulder instability.
Repeating error lowers perception of correction’s importance
Authors: Hettinga Kirstie E. , Appelman Alyssa
Published: August 2016

Corrections of errors in a news story are perceived as most important when they do not repeat the error or attribute blame. Additionally, blaming the error on the source leads to lower liking of that source.
A Product Review of Alternative Oil‐Based Intravenous Fat Emulsions
Authors: Biesboer Ann N. , Stoehr Nancy A.
Published: August 2016

Soybean oil–based intravenous fat emulsions have long been used as the primary product for delivery of lipid‐based calories in parenteral nutrition formulations in the United States. Proinflammatory properties of these products may be related with poor clinical outcomes and have led investigators to develop newer generations of intravenous fat emulsions. These alternative formulations are derivatives of medium‐chain triglycerides, olive oil, and fish oil in hopes to reduce the inflammatory response and potentially produce a clinically beneficial anti‐inflammatory response. Although surrogate markers support this reduction in inflammatory response, clinical data and outcomes are still limited but potentially promising in the literature. This product review provides a general overview of the alternative‐generation intravenous fat emulsion products and the literature supporting the potential transition to such products.
‘I’ll do it step by step’: care, cover and quiet campaigning
Authors: McGuire Darren , Lozada Maria
Published: August 2016

This article explores a frontline account of care work and trade union organizing from the perspective of Maria Lozada, a care support worker and Filipino trade union organizer. Her testimony offers insight into life as a worker and organizer in the UK and highlights how migrants from outside the EU reflect upon immigration restriction and what it means for the quality of their employment relations and abilities to organize. The political and economic policy context within which the narrative is set is a move away from a demand-led UK immigration regime to further restriction for low-skilled work and immigration. Maria speaks about her role from a position of shelter, cover and anonymity, but is candid in her assessment of employers, policy changes and policymakers.
Beliefs About the Causal Structure of the Self-Concept Determine Which Changes Disrupt Personal Identity
Authors: Chen Stephanie Y. , Urminsky Oleg , Bartels Daniel M.
Published: August 2016

Personal identity is an important determinant of behavior, yet how people mentally represent their self-concepts and their concepts of other people is not well understood. In the current studies, we examined the age-old question of what makes people who they are. We propose a novel approach to identity that suggests that the answer lies in people’s beliefs about how the features of identity (e.g., memories, moral qualities, personality traits) are causally related to each other. We examined the impact of the causal centrality of a feature, a key determinant of the extent to which a feature defines a concept, on judgments of identity continuity. We found support for this approach in three experiments using both measured and manipulated causal centrality. For judgments both of one’s self and of others, we found that some features are perceived to be more causally central than others and that changes in such causally central features are believed to be more disruptive to identity.