bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Principle of the Rule of Law in the Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Tsuvina Tetiana
Published: March 2020

The article is devoted to the interpretation of the principle of rule of law in the practice of the European Court of Human Rights. The concept of the rule of law, along with democracy and human rights makes up the three pillars of the Council of Europe and is endorsed in the Preamble to the ECHR. The Preamble to the ECHR states that the governments of European countries are like-minded and have a common heritage of political traditions, ideals, freedom and the rule of law. The rights most obviously connected to the rule of law include: the right of access to justice, the right to a fair trial, the legal principle that measures which impose a burden should not have retroactive effects the right to an effective remedy, anyone accused of a crime is presumed innocent until proved guilty etc.

The author concludes that there is an expediency of grouping separate requirements of the rule of law in the practice of the ECtHR around concepts, which are concluded to be elements of the rule of law in a democratic society. Such elements of the rule of law in the practice of the ECHR are recognized as legality, legal certainty, fairness of a trial and the priority of human rights.

Legality supposes that authorities need a legal basis for measures which interfere with a right of an individual, as well as quality requirement for the law such as accessibility, foreseeability and no arbitrariness. Legal certainty encompasses foreseeability in application of the law; non-retroactivity of legislation; the principle of res judicata; mandatory execution of court decisions and consistency of judicial practice. Fair trial requirements devoted into two groups: general requirements (access to court, independent and impartial tribunal, execution of court decisions etc.) and requirements for criminal proceedings (presumption of innocence, principle nullum crimen sine lege etc.)

It is noted that the legality, legal certainty, fairness of a trial are formal requirements of the rule of law, thus the priority of human rights is a substantive (material) requirement of the rule of law. The aforementioned testifies to the natural-legal approach that the ECHR is guided by in interpreting the rule of law in its practice, understanding it primarily as the rule of human rights.
Legal nature of employment of persons holding senior state positions
Authors: Stelina Jakub
Published: March 2020

Despite the many differences that exist between different countries when it comes to employment in the public sphere, the executive (administrative) sphere, which is the area of ​​functioning of the office apparatus, is separated, as a rule, from the sphere of political employment of persons holding senior management positions in the state or being members of representative bodies. Such persons have a special legal status. If we assume that they remain in a relationship of employment, then this is a different legal relationship than labor or service. In Poland, the name "constitutional-legal employment relationship" is accepted for them.
External functions of the President of Ukraine in the context of ensuring the security of the state
Authors: Barilovska Taisiia
Published: March 2020

The purpose of the article is to clarify the external functions of the President of Ukraine in the context of ensuring the security of the state.

The mechanism of performing the external functions of Ukraine is characterized by the complex structure of interrelated and interacting relations. Of particular importance in this mechanism is the President of Ukraine, who, in accordance with the powers enshrined in the Constitution of Ukraine and Ukrainian legislation, heads this mechanism and coordinates the operation of its parts.

The foreign policy activities of the President of Ukraine are based on the general principles of separation of powers, of the rule of law, of constitutional responsibility, and on the specific principles of the unity and of the support of foreign policy. In order to improve the operation of the mechanism of implementing foreign policy, headed by the President of Ukraine, the measures aimed at intensifying foreign policy activities and enhancing the independence of the Government of Ukraine and developing the scientific component of this mechanism are required.

The process of performing external functions of the state implies the existence of an appropriate mechanism. The mechanism of performing Ukraine’s external functions includes elements that are heterogeneous in their task, legal status, organization and other characteristics, which in their turn are interrelated and interacting. The President of Ukraine has a special place in this mechanism. In accordance with the Constitution of Ukraine, he directs the foreign policy of the country and as a head of state represents Ukraine in international relations.

The logic of the current stage of the development of interstate relations strongly confirms that in order to effectively strengthen the common peace and international security, a unified strategy of interacting and regulating the external functions and powers of the presidents at the international level in ensuring this security must be developed.

Perhaps, one of the most important functions of the President of Ukraine at the international level is the external function of ensuring the security of the state. Until the state has the security of its own territory and borders, other functions do not matter, because security is the guarantee of the stability, and therefore, the possibility of ensuring other functions.
The pivotal role of the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in protecting citizens’ rights
Authors: Smirnova Sofia
Published: March 2020

The article examines the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and aims to exemplify the ways in which it clearly illustrates the principle of indirect effect. The article would argue that indirect effect has played a pivotal role in protecting citizens' rights, particularly in the absence of the horizontal direct effect of directives. The main cases explored in the article examine the ways in which the law of the European Union has been developing as it is constantly subject to interpretation. It is important to examine the case law of the European Union on a case-by-case basis, as with contextual change, changes the interpretation of the principles. The development of EU Law is incremental requiring a careful case-by-case analysis, as demonstrated in the article above by the cases of indirect effect.
About Trigonometric-Polynomial Bounds of Sinc Function
Authors: DHAİGUDE Ramkrishna , CHESNEAU Christophe , BAGUL Yogesh
Published: March 2020

In this article, we establish sharp trigonometric-polynomial bounds for unnormalized sinc function.
Some Remarks on MCI Crossed Modules
Authors: EMİR Kadir
Published: March 2020

In an earlier work, it is proven that the category of crossed modules in a modified category of interest(MCI crossed modules) is finitely complete with a certain condition, in which all codomains are fixed. Inthis paper, we prove that this is also true without any restriction.
Sound Wave Diffraction by a Cavity with Partial Lining
Authors: TİRYAKİOĞLU Burhan
Published: March 2020

Diffraction of sound wave through a cavity with partial lining is analyzed rigorously. By using the Fourier transform technique in conjunction with the Mode Matching method, the related boundary value problem is formulated as a Wiener-Hopf equation. In the solution, three infinite sets of unknown coefficients are involved that satisfy three infinite systems of linear algebraic equations. Numerical solution of this system is obtained for various values of the parameters of the problem. The influence of the different parameters such as the lining length, cavity depth, etc. on the diffraction are illustrated graphically. A perfect agreement is observed when the results of diffracted field are compared numerically with a similar work existing in the literature.
Some Remarks on a Direct Calculation of Probabilities in Urn Schemes
Authors: IMOMOV Azam , KHODJAEV Yorqin T.
Published: March 2020

The paper considers urn schemes in which several urns can be involved. Simplified formulas are proposedthat allow direct calculation of probabilities without the use of elements combinatorics.
Efeitos de fatores bioclimáticos no desempenho de fêmeas Brangus e Angus submetidas à Inseminação Artificial em Tempo Fixo (IATF)
Authors: Kroef Tarouco Adriana , Fátima Tazzo Ivonete , Urdapilleta Tarouco Jaime , Feijó Fernanda , Da Silveira Carolina , Bremm Carolina , Glaucia Azevedo do Amaral Glaucia , Ultramari Matos Eduardo
Published: March 2020

A produção de carne depende da eficiência reprodutiva do rebanho de cria, ou seja, de altas taxas de concepção e desmame das fêmeas, e qualidade genética dos produtos gerados. Nos últimos anos, houve um incremento da utilização da técnica de Inseminação Artificial a Tempo Fixo (IATF), como biotecnologia da reprodução visando aumento de eficiência, entretanto, as taxas de concepção obtidas em média não ultrapassam 50%. Vários fatores podem influenciar esses resultados: condição corporal das fêmeas, categoria animal, protocolo de IATF, tipo racial, pelagem e condições ambientais. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o efeito de variáveis climáticas e zootécnicas sobre as taxas de concepção de fêmeas submetidas à IATF no Centro de Pesquisa Iwar Beckmam/Hulha Negra, RS e na Estação Experimental Agronômica da UFRGS em Eldorado do Sul, RS, de 2015 a 2017. Foram avaliadas 531 fêmeas, oito protocolos de IATF e consideradas as variáveis: escore de condição corporal; peso vivo; pelagem; categoria animal e tipo racial. Os dados meteorológicos foram coletados das estações meteorológicas instaladas nos locais de experimento. Visando a determinação das faixas de conforto térmico dos animais foram utilizados os índices: índice de temperatura e umidade-ITH e índice de conforto térmico-ITU. Os dados obtidos foram analisados no programa estatístico JMP (v.13). Entre as variáveis consideradas neste estudo foi encontrado efeito do protocolo aplicado e da condição corporal das fêmeas sobre as taxas de concepção.
Valorisation du stérile d’exploitation des phosphates au Maroc dans la fabrication de carreaux céramiques
Authors: BOUTALEB F. , BOUTALEB N. , BAHLAOUAN B. , EL ANTRI S.
Published: March 2020

L’objectif de ce travail est d’étudier une voie de valorisation du stérile d’exploitation des phosphates comme matière première alternative dans l’industrie céramique. Cinq formulations sont étudiées pour produire par pressage à sec des carreaux céramiques. Ces formulations sont réalisées en mélangeant le stérile avec des argiles locales abondantes selon des pourcentages qui varient de 0 à 100 %. Les carreaux céramiques produits sont caractérisés par leurs propriétés physiques (absorption d’eau, retrait de cuisson), mécaniques (résistance à la flexion) et de surface (observation en microscopie électronique à balayage). Les résultats de cette étude montrent que l’intégration du stérile des mines de phosphates permet d’améliorer les propriétés mécaniques des carreaux céramiques. Une utilisation industrielle de ce déchet minier entre 20 et 50 % dans des formules à base d’argile pourrait donc être envisageable pour concevoir des produits de faïence, conformes aux exigences mécaniques et techniques applicables. Cette voie de valorisation permet de gérer les grandes quantités des rejets miniers et donc leur impact environnemental ainsi que de préserver les ressources naturelles non renouvelables.
Un ouvrage biofiltre végétal pour transfigurer l’écotone des espaces aquatiques urbains abiotiques
Authors: COZILIS C.
Published: March 2020

Depuis l’Antiquité, les êtres humains ont façonné et contraint l’écotone des cours d’eau dans les cités, aboutissant le plus souvent à une forte artificialisation des berges et des rives dont les fonctionnalités écologiques ont été fortement altérées. De nos jours, la requalification de ces espaces souvent en friche, mais aussi la prise de conscience de la dimension écologique et patrimoniale de cet espace de transition entre la rivière et la ville, la place cruciale de l’eau dans l’espace urbain, à travers les nouvelles fonctions sociorécréatives plébiscitées par les habitants et usagers des milieux aquatiques, ont permis de voir se multiplier des projets de plus en plus ambitieux de valorisation de l’espace rivière et des milieux aquatiques et humides intra-muros. Mais que faire lorsque le choix d’une renaturation supprimant les ouvrages artificiels existants n’est pas possible ? Nous proposons de créer un filtre biologique végétal aquatique, qui va à son tour phagocyter partiellement ou totalement le minéral et le béton, protéger et mettre en valeur les ouvrages en génie civil qui peuvent cloisonner latéralement nos cours d’eau dans la traversée des agglomérations.
White Blood Cell Indices and Health Parameters of
Workers in Industrial and Urban Areas
Authors: Al-hasan Amer , Abd. Al-nabi Zainab
Published: March 2020

Background. Working far from urban domains exposes workers to harsh
environmental hazards like air pollutants and harmful byproduct emissions. Site
workers often are exposed to harmful agents and may suffer from dangerous health
disorders. The aim of this study is to estimate the hazard level posed by these
conditions through clinical examination of assays taken at the State Company of
Fertilizers, Southern Region, in the Basra governorate of the city of Iraq.
Methods. A study was conducted on 35 workers from both the State Company of
Fertilizers (Southern Region) and Basrah University. The study involved an inquiry
into the occupational history, chronic illnesses, and smoking habits of participants,
along with a physical examination of arterial blood pressure, heart rate, body
temperature, and oxygen saturation (SpO2). A complete blood picture (CBP) test
was given to all study participants to obtain WBCs, while serum was assessed for
liver (ALT) and (AST).
Results. The study showed a higher incidence of hypertension and diabetes among
urban workers than among industrial workers, while 14% more industrial workers
underwent surgical operations and 29% had fillings of dental caries and showed a
non-significant rise in body temperature when compared with urban workers.
Industrial employees had a highly significant increase (P≤0.001) in systolic blood
pressure. Both groups of workers had uniformly decreased monocyte levels, while
total WBCs and granulocytes were non-uniformly distributed, except for
lymphocytes. Data showed a highly significant decrease (p≤0.005) in the monocytes
of industrial workers, while a general decrease was present in all other WBC
parameters, though with no statistical significance (P≥0.05). Liver function tests
showed abnormalities in 42% of the industrial workers (ALT 36 U/L), while 92.8%
were suggestive of chronic hepatitis or steatosis due to a ratio of less than 1 in AST :
ALT levels.
Conclusion. Decreased WBCs (leukopenia) and health problems, along with
markers of liver dysfunction, are potential health hazards faced by workers in the
fertilizer industry. Maintenance and site equipment engineers had recurrent longterm exposure to ammonia gases and toxic environmental agents. The findings of
this clinical surveillance are significant; however, studying the etiological factors
and subsequent pathogenicity remains necessary.
Keywords: White blood cell indices, industrial, urban
Repair of Fingertip Defect Using an Anterograde Pedicle Flap Based on the Dorsal Perforator
Authors: Ahmed Afrah , Naji Sabah
Published: March 2020

Background. The hand is the most frequently injured body part. Injuries to the fingertips are among the most common hand injuries. In this article an anterograde pedicle flap based on the dorsal branches of proper digital artery from the dorsum of the middle phalanx was used to reconstruct the fingertip defect as described by Peng Wei MD in a single stage to provide a durable, sensate coverage with the least possible complications.
Aim of study. To introduce and assess the result and long term follow up of using an anterograde pedicle flap based on the dorsal branches of proper digital artery from the dorsum of middle phalanx.
Patients and method. A total of twelve male patients were presented to us between November 2016 and January 2018. All of them had history of fingertip injuries and had undergone reconstruction using anterograde pedicle flap based on the dorsal branches of proper digital artery from the dorsum of the middle phalanx” the period of follow up ranged from one month to six months with an average of three months.
Result. In this study 12 patients presented with fingertip defect were surgically treated by using an anterograde pedicle flap based on the dorsal perforator. All the patient had satisfactory result with good pliable contour coverage of their injured fingertip with no restriction of finger movements.
Conclusion. The use of anterograde island flap based on the dorsal branches of proper digital artery from the dorsum of middle phalanx is suitable for reconstruction of fingertip defects of various amputation planes, it provided good contour texture with preservation of digital artery and nerve, it also provides patient with acceptable fingertip appearance.One of the major drawbacks of this procedure is that it requires tedious and meticulous dissection and that donor site requires full-thickness skin graft, which leads to donor site morbidity and scarring.
Keywords.
THE PREVALENCE RATE OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS IN BASRAH CITY AND THE COMMON CAUSATIVE RISK FACTORS
Authors: al-mussa Zainab , Thamair Hawazin
Published: March 2020

Background: This prospective descriptive study was carried out in the Basra Public Health Department fromAugust 2017 to August 2018 on all patients registered at the Communicable Disease Control unit.
Aim of the study. is to detect the prevalence rate of hepatitis c virus among risky group and to determined the most common risk factors.
Patients and method.A total of 162137 (97283 male and 64854 female) people were screened and 355 (205 male and 150 female) people were found to be infected. The laboratory investigation included a blood sample to detect anti-hepatitis C virus antibodies by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test, which is a confirmatory test for those with positive results found using the HCV RNA genotype.
Result. In this study, we found that the prevalence rate of the hepatitis C virus in Basra city among the screening group was 2% in comparison with the global population affected by this diseasebeing a little more than 3%. The most common risk factor for infection with the hepatitis C virus is dentinal interference (83 patients) with 23% affected cases, while the lowest risk factor is in prisoners. Among patients with cancer, the most common age group at the risk of infection with hepatitis C is 15 to less than 45 years and 0.5%. The number of infected people in rural areas is greater than in the center with a prevalence rate of 0.22% in Al-Qurna. The most common risky group exposed to infection are hemodialysis patient( prevalence rate 84.5%).
Conclusion. It’s important to apply a screening program of hepatitis C to all population to have a more quorate prevalence rate; population health education about the risk factor of infection with hepatitis C and how to prevent it; a strict follow-up of all dentinal clinics by the health directorate and insure the use of sterilized instrument for every patient; use of disposable instrument in dentinal clinic if possible; early screening for renal disease is necessary to prevent the development of renal failure and its complication.

Keywords. HBV, HCV, prevalence of hepatitis virus
Small eye movements cannot be reliably measured by video-based P-CR eye-trackers
Authors: Holmqvist Kenneth , Blignaut Pieter
Published: March 2020

For evaluating whether an eye-tracker is suitable for measuring microsaccades, Poletti & Rucci (2016) propose that a measure called ‘resolution’ could be better than the more established root-mean-square of the sample-to-sample distances (RMS-S2S). Many open questions exist around the resolution measure, however. Resolution needs to be calculated using data from an artificial eye that can be turned in very small steps. Furthermore, resolution has an unclear and uninvestigated relationship to the RMS-S2S and STD (standard deviation) measures of precision (Holmqvist & Andersson, 2017, p. 159-190), and there is another metric by the same name (Clarke, Ditterich, Drüen, Schönfeld, and Steineke 2002), which instead quantifies the errors of amplitude measurements. In this paper, we present a mechanism, the Stepperbox, for rotating artificial eyes in arbitrary angles from 1′ (arcmin) and upward. We then use the Stepperbox to find the minimum reliably detectable rotations in 11 video-based eye-trackers (VOGs) and the Dual Purkinje Imaging (DPI) tracker. We find that resolution correlates significantly with RMS-S2S and, to a lesser extent, with STD. In addition, we find that although most eye-trackers can detect some small rotations of an artificial eye, the rotations of amplitudes up to 2∘ are frequently erroneously measured by video-based eye-trackers. We show evidence that the corneal reflection (CR) feature of these eye-trackers is a major cause of erroneous measurements of small rotations of artificial eyes. Our data strengthen the existing body of evidence that video-based eye-trackers produce errors that may require that we reconsider some results from research on reading, microsaccades, and vergence, where the amplitude of small eye movements have been measured with past or current video-based eye-trackers. In contrast, the DPI reports correct rotation amplitudes down to 1′.
The syntax of the addressee in imperatives: What Levantine Arabic attitude datives bring to the table
Authors: Haddad Youssef A.
Published: March 2020

The imperative subject constitutes a special category compared to the subjects of other types of clauses in that it is required to be the addressee. Zanuttini (2008) argues that this requirement follows from a special syntactic status: imperative subjects enter the computation with gender and number but no person features. They acquire a second-person specification later by entering an agreement relation with the head of a jussive phrase, a functional projection that is unique for imperative clauses and that occupies the left periphery. This paper provides independent evidence from attitude dative constructions in Levantine Arabic in support of this approach. Attitude datives are optional pronominal elements that make pragmatic contributions to utterances without altering their meaning. The paper shows that attitude datives whose referent coincides with the referent of the subject are less restricted in terms of the interpretation they may receive in imperative versus other types of clauses. Imperative clauses are more permissive, a characteristic that follows from the special status of their subject.
Verbs describing routines facilitate object omission in English
Authors: Glass Lelia
Published: March 2020

Which normally-transitive English verbs can omit their objects (I ate), and why? This paper explores three factors that have been suggested to facilitate object omission: (i) how strongly a verb selects its object (Resnik 1993); (ii) a verb’s frequency (Goldberg 2005); (iii) the extent to which the verb is associated with a routine – a recognized, conventional series of actions within a community (Levin & Rapaport Hovav 2014; Martí 2015). To operationalize (iii), this paper leverages the assumption that a given verb may be more strongly associated with a routine in one community than another. Comparing writings across communities, this paper offers corpus and experimental evidence that verbs omit their objects more readily in the communities where they are more strongly associated with a routine. Object-omitting uses of verbs are analyzed, following other work, as intransitive aspectual activities describing an agent’s routine actions; so the hearer’s task is not to recover a missing object, but to recognize the routine described by the verb. More broadly, the paper explores how the meaning and syntactic potential of verbs are shaped by the practices of the people who use them.
Where do negative stereotypes come from? The case of Indian English in the USA
Authors: Kutlu Ethan , Wiltshire Caroline
Published: March 2020

Language attitudes inform social stereotyping, which in turn affects linguistic judgments (Fiske, Cuddy, & Glick 2007). Nonstandard varieties are particularly subject to negative stereotypes, being evaluated as “less friendly” and “hard to understand” (Giles & Watson 2013). In this study, we investigate attitudes towards Indian English, a variety of English spoken by one of the largest immigrant populations in the USA (approximately 2.4 million), to understand the roots of linguistic stereotyping towards this variety of English. We compared attitudes of American English speakers towards Indian English and British English. Our results show that while American English speakers do not explicitly indicate any communication problem with Indian English, they disfavor Indian English compared to British English. This disfavoring of Indian English aligns with Raciolinguistic theories, suggesting that post-colonialism, especially Whiteness, is a factor in language prestige and how different varieties are perceived.
Locative orientation and locative arguments: A case study from Kinyarwanda
Authors: Jerro Kyle
Published: March 2020

Previous work has investigated various syntactic and semantic properties of locative PPs, but a lesser-studied set of facts is so-called ‘locative orientation’—the variable locating of participants in the location described by the locative. In Kinyarwanda (Bantu; Rwanda), the presence/absence of the applicative morpheme –ir corresponds to an alternation in orientation: with the non-applied variant, the locative only necessarily describes the object’s location; with the applied variant, all participants must be at the location described by the locative. I argue that Kinyarwanda locatives are neither prepositions (but rather noun class prefixes) nor adjuncts, and therefore cannot be analyzed as intersectional (adjunct) modifiers. On the view that locatives are (internal) arguments, I instead propose that locative applicatives in Kinyarwanda mark a paradigmatic relationship between applied and non-applied variants in which there is an increase in the number of entailments associated with an internal argument.
Acquisition of phonology in child Icelandic Sign Language: Unique findings
Authors: Koulidobrova Elena , Ivanova Nedelina
Published: March 2020

Research shows that acquisition of sign language phonology is a developmental process and involves multiple articulatory cues. Among these cues, handshape has been shown to be crucial and orientation has been argued to be potentially disregardable as being internal to sign production rather than encoding a minimal contrast. We administered a non-word repetition task and a picture naming task to 17 (age 3-15) deaf and hard-of-hearing signers of Icelandic Sign Language (ÍTM)—an endangered indigenous language of the Deaf community in Iceland—targeting the same articulatory features. The tasks were modeled after similar assessment tools for other languages. All of the participants use ÍTM for daily activities at school and at home; the vast majority were early learners (before 36ms). Results show an upward trajectory in the non-word repetition task scores but without a ceiling effect. Contrary to predictions, no effect of handshape was observed.  Instead, on both pseudo- and real-word tasks, the majority of errors were in orientation/mirroring. The results suggest that orientation plays a non-trivial role in acquisition of sign language phonology
The origin and architecture of existential indeterminates in Okinawan
Authors: Hiraiwa Ken
Published: March 2020

In a number of languages, an indeterminate is combined with various particles to yield different indefinite pronouns. This has been called an indeterminate system (Kuroda 1965, Cheng 1991, Haspelmath 1997, Jayaseelan 2001). As Haspelmath (1997) and Jayaseelan (2001) observe, existential indeterminates are often built with disjunction markers. On the other hand, a disjunction particle and a question particle are often morphologically identical cross-linguistically (see Hagstrom 1998, Jayaseelan 2001). Thus, a question that I ask here is whether the alleged homophony between a disjunction marker and a marker that forms an existential quantifier is principled (Jayaseelan 2001, Szabolcsi et al. 2014) or coincidental (Haspelmath 1997, Cable 2010). In this paper, I argue that the observation about homophony is misguided and hence support Haspelmath’s hypothesis, based on the data obtained from my fieldwork on Okinawan, an endangered Ryukyuan language. I propose an analysis where existential indeterminates in Okinawan have a clausal structure of an embedded question and are derived by deletion.
Mandarin has subjectivity-based adjective ordering preferences in the presence of de
Authors: Shi Yuxin , Scontras Gregory
Published: March 2020

We investigate adjective ordering preferences in Mandarin, a language that has been claimed to have English-like preferences, but only in the absence of the linking particle de (Sproat & Shih 1991). Extending the experimental methodology of Scontras et al. (2017), we find evidence of robust adjective ordering preferences in Mandarin when de is present. Moreover, the Mandarin preferences are predicted by adjective subjectivity, as in English and other unrelated languages.
Nauruan classification
Authors: Hughes Kevin
Published: March 2020

Nauruan is a Micronesian language that has been classified outside of the Nuclear Micronesian group. This classification suggests that Nauruan, unlike all other Micronesian languages, did not descend from Proto-Micronesian. Though this view has been adopted in the literature, it should be considered tenuous. It is based on little Nauruan data and is informed by work that is presented as highly tentative. This paper presents a reassessment of Nauruan classification, drawing on data from original fieldwork. Research shows not only that Nauruan is a Micronesian language, but that there is no compelling evidence for classifying Nauruan apart from the Nuclear group. Of particular importance is the claim that Nauruan fails to reflect the merger of Proto-Oceanic *d and *dr as Proto-Micronesian *c (Jackson 1986). Comparative evidence suggests that Nauruan does reflect this merger: POc *d, *dr > PMc *c > ř. It follows that Jackson's classification for Nauruan is unmotivated, as is the Nuclear/non-Nuclear distinction within the family. Having established that Nauruan need not be classified apart from the Nuclear group, Nauruan's precise classification within the Micronesian family is considered. A question of primary importance is whether Nauruan reflects the merger of Proto-Micronesian *s and *S. The possibility that Nauruan did not participate in this merger is considered, in which case Nauruan should be classified outside of the Central Micronesian group, like Kosraean. The possibility that Nauruan did participate in this merger is also considered, in which case Nauruan should be classified somewhere within Central Micronesian. Further, some innovations are described which are potentially shared between Nauruan and certain Central Micronesian languages. The possibility that these are shared innovations is considered, as are the implications this would have for Nauruan classification.
How we got here: Short-scale change in identity labels for trans, cis, and non-binary people in the 2000s
Authors: Zimman Lal , Hayworth Will
Published: March 2020

Though understudied in research on language variation and change, the lexicon is a crucial domain for sociopolitical transformations of language. This paper presents a corpus-based sociolinguistic analysis of changes in terms for transgender, cisgender, and non-binary individuals in four online communities on the social media blogging site, LiveJournal.com – one for trans women, one for trans men, one for non-binary people, and another for transgender people in general – that were popular in the 2000s. Using innovative corpus methods that utilize general purpose cloud computing tools, we focus on changes in the popularity of labels for trans, cis, and non-binary people, the factors that impact the variable use of these terms, and what kinds of differences can be observed across the four LiveJournal communities of practice studied. It thereby contributes both to the study of language and identity in trans and queer communities and to the development of methods for studying large datasets of technologically-mediated communication.
Differential object marking: Nominal and verbal parameters
Authors: Tse Keith
Published: March 2020

Rich comparative-typological work has established differential object marking (DOM) as a linguistic universal based on various dimensions of nominal and verbal markedness where more marked categories are more likely to be morphologically marked than unmarked ones (Aissen 2003). However, despite the seemingly uniform and homogeneous properties in the world’s examples, the great variety and diversity of lexical sources raise the possibility of there being microvariations between different types of DOM. Romance preposition ad and Chinese co-verb ba are two mainstream examples of DOM and a comparison shows that different lexical sources can give rise to nominally-driven and verbally-driven mechanisms of DOM, since while Romance ad is reanalysed as a nominal Case-marker and is extended to all relevant types of object nouns (animate/referential), Chinese ba is embedded in the verbal domain where it selects transitive/affective types of verb phrases. This comparison opens up new perspectives on the mechanisms of DOM, namely the clustering of nominal and verbal markedness which can be shown to correlate with the lexical sources of the DOM-markers.
Effects of discourse factors on the interpretation of Korean null pronouns in subject and object position
Authors: Song Jina , Kaiser Elsi
Published: March 2020

The present study investigates whether interpretation of null pronouns in Korean is best captured by a heuristics-based approach, focusing on subjecthood and syntactic parallelism, or a discourse-based coherence-relation approach, which regards pronoun resolution as a side-effect of general inferencing processes during discourse comprehension. We report two experiments where we investigated whether and how the interpretation of null pronouns in subject and object position in Korean is influenced by (i) the nature of the connective between the preceding clause and the pronoun-containing clause (kuliko “and” or waynyahamyen “because”), (ii) the presence/absence of the additive marker -to “also” in the pronoun-containing clause, and (iii) the presence/absence of the topic marker -(n)un on the subject of the preceding clause. As a whole, our results support the coherence-relation approach. We find that when a cue indicating a resemblance relation (either the connective and or the additive marker also) is present, null pronouns in both subject and object position tend to be interpreted as referring to an antecedent in a parallel syntactic position (subject and object respectively). This parallelism bias strengthens when a resemblance relation is signaled by both and and also. In contrast, when the two clauses are linked with because (indicating an explanation relation), null pronouns show no significant preference for either the subject or object antecedent. Topic-marking has no effect, possibly due to lack of context. Our study provides new evidence that both subject- and object-position null pronouns are sensitive to both syntactic and discourse-level factors.
Pengelolaan Hubungan Masyarakat dan Korelasinya dengan Mutu Pelayanan Pendidikan Madrasah Aliyah Swasta (MAS) Di Kota Binjai 2018
Authors: Wahyudi M Dian
Published: March 2020

ABSTRAK  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: (1) pengelolaan hubungan Masyarakat dan korelasinya dengan mutu pelayanan Pendidikan  Madrasah Aliyah Swasta di Kota Binjai, (2) terdapat hubungan yang positif antara hubungan masyarakat dengan mutu pelayanan Pendidikan Madrasah Aliyah Swasta di Kota Binjai, (3) secara bersama-sama terdapat hubungan yang positif dan signifikan antara pengelolaan hubungan masyarakat dengan  Mutu Pelayanan Pendidikan Madrasah Aliyah Swasta di Kota Binjai. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif jenis korelasional. Populasi Penelitian ini adalah seluruh Guru-guru Madrasah Aliyah Swasta di kota Binjai yang berjumlah 53 Guru, mean 32,04, median 32,6, modus 33,9, SD 4,27,  Secara umum dapat disimpulkan bahwa 32 guru atau 60,37 % skor variabel X  Pengelolaan  Hubungan Masyarakat di atas nilai rata-rata dan 21 guru atau 39,63% berada dibawah nilai rata-rata. disamping itu diketahui bahwa frekuensi tertinggi pada kelas interval 32-34 dan terendah pada imterval 20-22 dan 23-25, sedangkan variabel Y Mutu Pelayanan Masyarakat Secara umum dapat disimpulkan bahwa 33 guru atau 62,26 % skor variabel Mutu Pelayanan Pendidikan Madrasah Aliyah Swasta diatas nilai rata-rata dan 20 guru atau 37,74% berada dibawah nilai rata-rata.disamping itu diketahui bahwa frekuensi tertinggi pada kelas interval 32-34 dan terendah pada interval 20-22, didapatkan  (tergolong tinggi), sedangkan rtabel = 0,274  pada taraf signifikan 5%,  instrumen yang digunakan dalam Penelitian ini adalah Angket, adapun Prosedur Penelitian ini menggunakan tiga tahap yaitu, tahap pertama  perencanaan, kedua pelaksanaan penelitian dan ketiga tahap Evaluasi.
The Effect of Using English Slang Words on Students’ Speaking Skill Of The Year 2018/2019 Tenth Grade Students Of Sma Negeri 1 Hinai Kabupaten Langkat
Authors: Yultisa Nudia , Mardiah Ainun
Published: March 2020

This study aimed to find out whether using English Slang Words affects students’ speaking skill of the 2018/2019 tenth grade students of SMA Negeri 1 Hinai Kabupaten Langkat. In this study, using English slang words as the independent variable (X) and students’ speaking skill as the dependent variable (Y), with the hypothesis: using English slang words significantly affects students’ speaking skill of the 2018/2019 tenth grade students of SMA Negeri 1 Hinai Kabupaten Langkat . The population of this study was the 2018/2019 tenth grade students of SMA Negeri 1 Hinai Kabupaten Langkat. Which consisted of 154 students. The sample was taken buy using cluster random sampling, that consist of 81 students. Then, the sample was divided into two groups, the group taught by using English slang words was as the experimental group and the group taught without Englih slang words was as the control group. The writer used interview test as the instrument of collecting data. The data was analyzed by using t-test formula. Based on the data analysis, it was found that the value of t-observed (t0) was higher than the value of t-table, (tobserved = 7,47 > ttable = 2,00). Therefore, the hypothesis proposed by the writer was accepted. In the other words, using English Slang Words significantly affects the students’ speaking skill of the 2018/2019 tenth grade students of SMA Negeri 1 Hinai Kabupaten Langkat.Keywords: English slang words, speaking skill
PENERAPAN PEMBELAJARAN IPA TERPADU MODEL INTEGRATED DAN NETWORKED UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN PEMECAHAN MASALAH SISWA SMP PADA TEMA PENCEMARAN AIR
Authors: - Sanimah -
Published: March 2020

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui perbedaan peningkatan kemampuan pemecahan masalah siswa antara siswa diberi pembelajaran IPA terpadu model integrated dengan model networked. Subjek penelitian adalah siswa kelas VII SMP Negeri di Kota Stabat Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode quasi eksperimen dengan desain non randomaized static group pretest-postest design. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan tes pemecahan masalah siswa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan kemampuan pemecahan masalah siswa berbeda secara signifikan antara kelas yang memperoleh pembelajaran IPA terpadu model integrated dengan pembelajaran IPA terpadu model networked. Pembelajaran IPA terpadu model integrated dapat meningkatkan kemampuan pemecahan masalah siswa dengan nilai gain 0,53 (kategori sedang). Sedangkan pembelajaran IPA terpadu model networked dapat meningkatkan kemampuan pemecahan masalah dengan nilai gain 0,41 (kategori sedang). Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa pembelajaran IPA terpadu model integrated dan networked dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan pemecahan masalah siswa SMP dan memberikan hasil peningkatan yang berbeda.
KONTRIBUSI DUKUNGAN SOSIAL TERHADAP MOTIVASI BERPRESTASI SISWA DI SMP NEGERI BATANG KAPAS
Authors: M.Pd Mori Dianto
Published: March 2020

This research was done because of phenomenon of the students’ low motivation to get the achievement at school. Social support have a correlation for creating the students’ potential giftedness to get an achievement in learning. The role of the teachers, especially the teachers of guidance and counseling are needed in improving the students’ achievement at school in order to improve their learning achievement. This research has purpose to find the social support and achievement motivation of SMPN Kecamatan Batang Kapas Pesisir Selatan. This research used correlational approach which has purpose to know how is the contribution among the research variables. The population of the research is the students of SMPN Kecamatan Batang Kapas Pesisir Selatan. The amount of the population was 601 students. The sample of this research was 240 students. It had been taken by using simple random sampling technique. The instruments used in the form of scale. The data was analyzed by using descriptive technique and the hypothesis testing was done by using korelasional. The result shows that: (1) social support is in the enough category, (2) students’ achievement motivation is in the enough category, (4) the contribution of social support through the students’ achievement motivation is about 20.2%.  The above findings imply that social support have contributed to students achievement motivation. Needs to be done similar studies were suggested to conduct at different contexts to compare the findings.
Sayat Nova (S. Paradjanov, 1969). La mirada de la infancia como estructura.
Authors: Tenor Gómez María
Published: March 2020

Realizada en 1969 por Serguei Paradjanov, la película ‘Sayat Nova’ (‘El color de la granada’) es una sucesión de tableaux vivants que huyen de la dramaturgia clásica sobre un fondo de tradición y cultura armenias. Este trabajo pretende indagar en la obra cumbre del cineasta y configurar un análisis desde la figura del niño, personaje que estructura al completo la película, para conocer y analizar el trabajo de uno de los directores de cine más sublimes y poco estudiados de la historia.
Studi Eksperimental Pengaruh Bilangan Reynold dan Fraksi Massa Terhadap Koefisien Perpindahan Panas Konveksi pada Pipa Coil
Authors: Iskandarsyah Firman , Tasri Adek , Pratama Rahmadian
Published: March 2020

Aliran dua fase merupakan bagian dari aliran multi-fase dan  masih dapat dibedakan menjadi beberapa bagian yang memepengaruhi koefisien perpindahan panas. Pada dunia industri, koefisien perpindahanpanas memiliki arti penting. Dalam aplikasinya seperti pada proses pemanasan dan pendinginan, koefisien perpindahan panas sangat berpengaruh pada proses ini karena sangat menentukan hasil prosesyang di inginkan.. Perubahan fasa ini menciptakan kondisi aliran dua fasa dimana sebelumnya aliran tersebut hanya satu fasa. Kondisi aliran dua fasa ini tentu memiliki koefisien perpindahan panas yangberbeda daripada aliran satu fasa. Sehingga kita perlu mengetahui besarnya pengaruh koefisien perpindahan panas pada aliran dua fasa. Penelitian ini  bertujuan untuk menentukan pengaruh fraksi massa terhadap koefisien perpindahan panas pada dinding coil.
Studi Eksperimen Karakteristik Mekanik Material Screw Press Kapasitas 10-14 Ton/Jam di Lingkungan Pabrik Kelapa Sawit
Authors: Rinaldi Rinaldi , Pranoto Siswo , Afriza Rafasiro
Published: March 2020

Sawit merupakan salah satu tanaman penghasil minyak sawit (Cruide Palm Oil) dan inti sawit (Palm Kernel) dan menjadi primadona tanaman perkebunan yang menjadi sumber devisa non migas bagi Indonesia. Salah satu proses terpenting untuk mendapatkan minyak kelapa sawit ada pada mesin screw press. Mesin ini berfungsi  memeras buah sawit untuk mendapat minyak sawit. Mesin screw press ini sering terjadi kerusakan yaitu ausnya pisau press pada saat memeras buah sawit, hal ini disebabkan oleh  faktor lama pemakaian, perawatan, dan material screw press. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui karakteristik material screw press dengan melakukan beberapa pengujian, menganalisa gaya dan tegangan pada screw press. Pengujian yang dilakukan adalah: uji tarik, uji kekerasan, struktur mikro, dan komposisi kimia. dimana dari hasil pengujian yang dilakukan didapatkan hasil yaitu: tegangan tarik sebesar 78 kg/mm2 , keuletan screw 4,64%, sementara berdasarkan standar dari material screw press  tegangan tarik screw press  adalah 100 kg/mm2. Pengujian kekerasan dari tiga titik pengujian pada salah satu titik kekerasannya berbeda. Sedangkan gaya tekan yang terjadi pada screw adalah sebesar 264 kN/m2, dimana besarnya torsi 85,50 kN.m2, dan tegangan aksial screw sebesar 336,13 kN/m2. Dari hasil uji yang telah dilakukan dapat disimpulkan besarnya selisih tegangan tarik spesimen uji dengan standar pabrik sangat jauh, serta kekerasan permukaan screw  yang tidak sama sangat mempengarui tingkat aus pada material screw press.
Kajian Potensi dan Efisiensi Energi Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya (PLTS) di Wilayah Pekanbaru
Authors: Meriani Meriani
Published: March 2020

Indonesia is in the tropics has the potential of solar energy is very large about an average of 4.8 kWh / m2 / day or equivalent to 112,000 GWp, but which has been utilized only about 71.02 MWp of terintrkoneksi and off-grid therefore Solar energy to be an alternative The most widely developed and reliable. Solar power plants that have unlimited reserves and are environmentally friendly energy needs to be developed in accordance with the carrying capacity of Pekanbaru city which is included in the most potential irradiation zone that is five hours per day. This research studies the potential and efficiency of PLTS for the new weekend region in order to support the utilization of solar energy as an alternative power plant with the aim of obtaining the potential of electrical energy generated from the conversion of solar energy, obtaining the efficiency of solar energy conversion Pekanbaru region and Solar energy mapping in Pekanbaru region optimization Utilization of renewable energy potential in Pekanbaru City.Measurements are made on June 17, 2017 to 23 June 2017 and 06 July 2017 s / d 12 July 2017 at two locations namely Village Umban Sari district Rumbai and Simpang Baru Village District Tampan Kota. By using Monocrystalline type solar cell with Maximum Power 50 watt rate obtained efficiency result of 19.5% and energy peotensi equal to 85,462 Wh per day at first measurement point and 84,562 Wh per day at second point of measurement. For one house with 1200 VA power required approximately 15 Monocrystalline type solar cells with solar energy potential that can be generated by 1.275 Wh. Assuming 50% of the head of Pekanbaru city's population of approximately 250,000 households use solar energy, the potential of solar energy that can be utilized is 318 MWh. Suraya Energy can help approximately 25% of existing energy sources, namely PLTD, PLTA, and PLTU in the city of Pekanbaru.