bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Management of Patients With Diabetes by General Dentists in New Zealand
Authors: Forbes Keshia , Thomson W. Murray , Kunzel Carol , Lalla Evanthia , Lamster Ira B.
Published: August 2008

Background: The prevalence of diabetes in New Zealand is reaching epidemic proportions, with serious implications for oral health. We investigated the attitudes, beliefs, and practices of New Zealand (NZ) general dental practitioners (GDPs) with respect to the management of patients with diabetes and contrasted the NZ findings with those from a similar survey of GDPs in the Northeast United States (NE US) conducted in 2002.

Methods: A nationwide postal survey was conducted of NZ dentists. A random sample was selected from the 2005 New Zealand Dental Register. Responses were received from 437 dentists (response rate: 64.5%).

Results: The sample was representative. Most GDPs participated in the assessment and discussion phases of managing patients with diabetes, but the prevalence of more hands‐on activities (such as testing) was considerably lower. Three‐quarters of dentists asked new patients about their type of diabetes. Just over two in five respondents believed that their evaluation and/or management of the patient with diabetes were hindered by the lack of continuing education opportunities. Almost one‐third of dentists were unwilling to screen for diabetes using a finger‐stick test, and only 2.6% overall had ever done so. There were only minor differences between NZ and NE US dentists.

Conclusion: Given the increasing numbers of patients with diabetes (known and unknown), there is a need for NZ and US dentists to be more involved in their active management.
Reliability of Implant Placement With Stereolithographic Surgical Guides Generated From Computed Tomography: Clinical Data From 94 Implants
Authors: Ersoy Ahmet Ersan , Turkyilmaz Ilser , Ozan Oguz , McGlumphy Edwin A.
Published: August 2008

Background: Dental implant placement requires precise planning with regard to anatomic limitations and restorative goals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the match between the positions and axes of the planned and placed implants using stereolithographic (SLA) surgical guides.

Methods: Ninety‐four implants were placed using SLA surgical guides generated from computed tomography (CT) between 2005 and 2006. Radiographic templates were used for all subjects during CT imaging. After obtaining three‐dimensional CT images, each implant was virtually placed on the CT images. SLA surgical guides, fabricated using an SLA machine with a laser beam to polymerize the liquid photo‐polymerized resin, were used during implant placement. A new CT scan was taken for each subject following implant placement. Special software was used to fuse the images of the planned and placed implants, and the locations and axes were compared.

Results: Compared to the planned implants, the placed implants showed angular deviation of 4.9° ± 2.36°, whereas the mean linear deviation was 1.22 ± 0.85 mm at the implant neck and 1.51 ± 1 mm at the implant apex. Compared to the implant planning, the angular deviation and linear deviation at the neck and apex of the placed maxillary implants were 5.31° ± 0.36°, 1.04 ± 0.56 mm, and 1.57 ± 0.97 mm, respectively, whereas corresponding figures for placed mandibular implants were 4.44° ± 0.31°, 1.42 ± 1.05 mm, and 1.44 ± 1.03 mm, respectively.

Conclusion: SLA surgical guides using CT data may be reliable in implant placement and make flapless implant placement possible.
Understanding and Managing Periodontal Diseases: A Notable Past, a Promising Future
Authors: Williams Ray C.
Published: August 2008

Throughout the 20th century, an understanding of the role of causative bacteria and the susceptible host in the initiation and progression of periodontal disease(s) has emerged from the research efforts of scientists and clinicians worldwide. Over time, specific bacterial types, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, were discovered and shown to be important in the cause of periodontal disease. At the same time, inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandins and interleukins, and enzymes, such as matrix metalloproteinases, were discovered and found to be important participants in the destruction of periodontal tissues. Acquired and inherited environmental risk factors began to emerge that could explain, in part, the susceptibility of individuals to periodontal disease. The discovery of antibiotics, beginning with sulfanilamide, penicillin, and streptomycin, led to additional strategies for managing periodontal disease. With the discovery of the mechanism of action of aspirin, scientists began to develop new strategies for treating diseases that focused on controlling inflammation. Thus, host‐modulating therapies emerged for the management of periodontal disease through the control of inflammation. At the end of the 20th century, an old concept in medicine and dentistry reappeared: that the infection and inflammation of periodontal disease in the mouth could reach distant sites via the bloodstream. Apparently oral disease could, in fact, contribute to systemic diseases, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and adverse outcomes in pregnancy. This concept of the oral health–general health connection is now supported by sound and rational evidence‐based observations. Clearly, the 21st century has arrived with a new understanding of the nature of periodontal diseases based on a notable era of discovery. There is a promising future for preventing and treating this common and troubling condition that affects not just the mouth but also the whole body.
Rethinking Periodontal Inflammation
Authors: Offenbacher Steven , Barros Silvana P. , Beck James D.
Published: August 2008

Clinical signs and symptoms, as well as medical and dental history, are all considered in the clinical determination of gingival inflammation and periodontal disease severity. However, the “biologic systems model” highlights that the clinical presentation of periodontal disease is closely tied to the underlying biologic phenotype. We propose that the determination and integration of subject‐level factors, microbial composition, systemic immune response, and gingival tissue inflammatory mediator responses will better reflect the biology of the biofilm–gingival interface in a specific patient and may provide insights on clinical management. Disease classifications and multivariable models further refine the biologic basis for the increasing severity of periodontal disease expression. As such, new classifications may better identify disease‐susceptible and treatment–non‐responsive individuals than current classifications that are heavily influenced by probing and attachment level measurements alone. New data also suggest that the clinical characteristics of some complex diseases, such as periodontal disease, are influenced by the genetic and epigenetic contributions to clinical phenotype. Although the genetic basis for periodontal disease is considered imperative for setting an inflammatory capacity for an individual and, thus, a threshold for severity, there is evidence to suggest an epigenetic component is involved as well. Many factors long associated with periodontitis, including bacterial accumulations, smoking, and diabetes, are known to produce strong epigenetic changes in tissue behavior. We propose that we are now able to rethink periodontal disease in terms of a biologic systems model that may help to establish more homogeneous diagnostic categories and can provide insight into the expected response to treatment.
Inflammation and Factors That May Regulate Inflammatory Response
Authors: Van Dyke Thomas E. , Kornman Kenneth S.
Published: August 2008

The concept of inflammation has a long history. Although an inflammatory response to injury or another trigger is necessary, chronic diseases, such as coronary heart disease and diabetes, may develop because of unchecked inflammatory responses that have maladapted over decades. For example, the earliest changes in atherosclerosis occur in the endothelium, leading to a cascade of inflammatory responses, such as accumulation of monocytes and T cells, migration of leukocytes into the intima, monocyte differentiation and proliferation, and lesion and fibrous cap development. Inflammatory markers, such as C‐reactive protein, may allow clinical insight into these decades‐long processes, adding value to predictive measures of disease outcomes. Anti‐inflammatory factors, such as adiponectin, may provide further understanding of the inflammatory pathways involved. Greater understanding of the complex pathways involved in inflammation may provide alternative therapeutic strategies to combat inflammation and chronic diseases potentially arising from it.
Pulp Vitality in Teeth Suffering Trauma during Orthodontic Therapy
Authors: Bauss Oskar , Röhling Johannes , Meyer Karen , Kiliaridis Stavros
Published: August 2008

Objective: To examine pulpal vitality in teeth suffering dental trauma during orthodontic therapy with fixed appliances.

Materials and Methods: Pulpal condition was evaluated in 59 teeth that had suffered dental trauma during orthodontic treatment (TO-group), in 800 orthodontically treated teeth without previous dental trauma (O-group), and in 193 orthodontically untreated teeth with previous dental trauma (T-group). Pulpal vitality was examined clinically and with radiographs. Degree of pulp obliteration was rated as absent, partial, or total. All teeth in the TO-group showed a positive sensibility test prior to resumption of orthodontic therapy.

Results: Teeth in the TO-group revealed a significantly higher frequency of pulp necrosis than teeth in the O-group or teeth in the T-group (P < .001, respectively). In the TO-group, teeth with extrusive or lateral luxation (P = .031) and teeth with intrusive luxation (P = .015) injuries showed a significantly higher rate of pulp necrosis than teeth with fracture of enamel. In addition, teeth with total pulp obliteration showed a significantly higher frequency of pulp necrosis than teeth without pulp obliteration (P = .013).

Conclusion: Teeth with severe periodontal injury during orthodontic therapy and subsequent total pulp obliteration have an increased risk of pulp necrosis during additional orthodontic treatment stages.
Success Rate of Second-Generation Palatal Implants
Authors: Jung Britta A. , Kunkel Martin , Göllner Peter , Liechti Thomas , Wehrbein Heinrich
Published: August 2008

Objective: To analyze the clinical outcome of a prospective two-center study of second-generation palatal implants 6 months after functional loading.

Material and Methods: From 2005 to 2006, 30 patients aged 12 to 41 years were included in the study. In all patients, orthodontic treatment required stationary anchorage. The palatal implants (Straumann, Basel, Switzerland) were placed in the median region of the anterior palate.

Results: All implants were initially stable at the time of placement. However, two (6.7%) were lost during the unloaded healing period. The remaining 28 (93.3%) were subjected to functional loading after a mean healing period of 12 weeks. Typical signs of slight superficial inflammation were observed in the peri-implant mucosa (n = 28). During the orthodontic loading phase, the implants were equipped with either a modified pendulum appliance for distalization or a transpalatal arch for stationary anchorage to the posterior teeth. No implant loosening or loss was registered during the active treatment period.

Conclusions: The failure rate of palatal implants of the second generation was low (6.7%). Slight inflammatory reactions of peri-implant tissue caused neither implant loss nor pain.
Water and Saliva Contamination Effect on Shear Bond Strength of Brackets Bonded with a Moisture-Tolerant Light Cure System
Authors: Vicente Ascensión , Mena Ana , Ortiz Antonio José , Bravo Luis Alberto
Published: August 2008

Objective: To evaluate the effects of water and saliva contamination on shear bond strength of brackets bonded with a moisture-tolerant light cure system.

Materials and Methods: Brackets were bonded to 240 bovine lower incisors divided into 12 groups. Four bonding procedures were evaluated, including (1) TSEP/Transbond XT, (2) TMIP/ Transbond XT, (3) TSEP/Transbond PLUS, and (4) TMIP/Transbond PLUS, each under three different bonding conditions: without contamination, with water contamination, and with saliva contamination. Shear bond strength was measured with a universal testing machine. The adhesive remnant on the teeth was quantified with the use of image analyzing equipment.

Results: Without contamination, bond strengths for the four procedures were similar (P > .05). TSEP/Tranbond PLUS and TMIP/Transbond PLUS left significantly less adhesive on the teeth after debonding than TSEP/Transbond XT and TMIP/Transbond XT (P < .008). Bond strength and adhesive remaining for TMIP/Transbond XT contaminated with water or saliva showed significantly worse performance than the other procedures evaluated (P < .008). Contamination (with water or saliva) did not affect either bond strength or adhesive remaining on the teeth for TSEP/ Transbond XT, TSEP/Transbond PLUS, or TMIP/Transbond PLUS (P > .017), although for TMIP/ Transbond XT, both variables showed significant reductions after contamination (P < .017).

Conclusion: TSEP/Transbond PLUS, TMIP/Transbond PLUS, and TSEP/Transbond XT showed greater tolerance to wet conditions than was shown by TMIP/Transbond XT.
Distal Movement of Maxillary Molars Using Miniscrew Anchorage in the Buccal Interradicular Region
Authors: Yamada Kazuyo , Kuroda Shingo , Deguchi Toru , Takano-Yamamoto Teruko , Yamashiro Takashi
Published: August 2008

Objective: To quantify the treatment effects of interradicular miniscrew anchorage and to confirm the validity of the clinical usage of interradicular miniscrews in the distal movement of maxillary molars in nonextraction treatment.

Materials and Methods: Twenty-four maxillary molars were moved to the distal using miniscrews placed in the interradicular space between the second premolar and the first molar at an oblique angle of 20 to 30 degrees to the long axis of the proximal tooth. The teeth were evaluated as to how the molars were moved to the distal with the use of lateral cephalograms and dental casts.

Results: Maxillary molars were moved to the distal by 2.8 mm with distal tipping of 4.8 degrees and intruded by 0.6 mm. Maxillary incisors were moved to the distal by 2.7 mm with palatal tipping of 4.3 degrees. Molar extrusion and/or consequent mandibular rotation was not observed in any patient.

Conclusion: Miniscrews placed in the maxillary interradicular space provide successful molar distal movement of 2.8 mm without patient compliance and with no undesirable side effects such as incisor proclination, clockwise mandibular rotation, or root resorption.
Structure, Composition, and Mechanical Properties of Australian Orthodontic Wires
Authors: Pelsue Brian M. , Zinelis Spiros , Bradley T. Gerard , Berzins David W. , Eliades Theodore , Eliades George
Published: August 2008

Objective: To investigate the surface morphology, structure, elemental composition, and key mechanical properties of various sizes and tempers of Australian wires.

Materials and Methods: Three types of Australian wire were used: 0.016″ regular, 0.018″ regular+, and 0.018″ special+ (A.J. Wilcock, Whittlesea, Victoria, Australia). Each type of wire was subjected to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) investigation, Vickers hardness testing, and tensile testing. The modulus of elasticity and ultimate tensile strength were determined. Hardness, modulus, and strength data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey testing at the .05 level of significance.

Results: All three types of Australian wire were found to possess considerably rough surfaces with striations, irregularities, and excessive porosity. All three wire types had high levels of carbon and a similar hardness, which ranged within 600 VHN (Vickers hardness number), and a similar modulus of elasticity (173 to 177 GPa). The 0.018″ special+ had a significantly lower tensile strength (1632 MPa) than the 0.016″ regular and the 0.018″ regular+ wire (2100 MPa).

Conclusions: Australian wires did not show variation implied by the size or temper of the wires.
Bond Strength of Metallic Brackets After Dental Bleaching
Authors: Patusco Virna Cavalcante , Montenegro Gil , Lenza Marcos Augusto , Alves de Carvalho Adilson
Published: August 2008

Objective: To test the hypothesis that there is no difference between the action of at-home and in-office vital bleaching on the shear bond strength of metallic brackets bonded with composite resin 24 hours after bleaching.

Materials and Methods: Forty-five human upper premolars were randomly divided into three groups: (1) control, (2) 10% carbamide peroxide at-home bleached, and (3) 35% hydrogen peroxide in-office bleached. Twenty-four hours after bleaching the teeth were pumiced, bonded with metallic brackets, and stored in distilled water. One day after bonding the shear bond strength of the brackets was determined.

Results: The mean shear bond strength of Group 1 (control) and Group 2 (carbamide peroxide bleached) were not statistically different. Group 3 (hydrogen peroxide bleached) had a significantly lower mean shear bond strength than Group 1 and Group 2.

Conclusions: The hypothesis is rejected. Use of 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching does not significantly alter shear bond strength values. On the other hand, use of 35% hydrogen peroxide bleaching significantly reduces these values and diminishes the amount of resin remnant on the tooth surface after bracket debonding.
Adhesives for Fixed Orthodontic Bands
Authors: Millett Declan , Mandall Nicola , Hickman Joy , Mattick Rye , Glenny Anne-Marie
Published: August 2008

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of adhesives used to attach bands to teeth during fixed appliance treatment.

Material and Methods: Electronic databases, conference proceedings and the Internet were searched. There was no restriction with regard to publication status or language of publication. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) (including split-mouth studies) of adhesives used to attach orthodontic bands to molar teeth were selected. Patients with full arch fixed orthodontic appliance(s) who had bands attached to molars were included. All review authors were involved in study selection, validity assessment, and data extraction. Disagreements were resolved by discussion. Comparisons were made between the main types of adhesive.

Results: Five RCTs and three CCTs were identified, all of split-mouth design. Four trials compared chemically cured zinc phosphate and chemically cured glass ionomer; three trials compared chemically cured glass ionomer cement with light-cured compomer; and one trial compared chemically cured glass ionomer with a chemically cured glass polyphosphonate. Data analysis was often inappropriate within the studies. Meta-analysis was not feasible.

Conclusions: There is insufficient high-quality evidence with regard to the most effective adhesive for attaching orthodontic bands to molar teeth. Further RCTs are required.
Relationships between Dental Roots and Surrounding Tissues for Orthodontic Miniscrew Installation
Authors: Hu Kyung-Seok , Kang Min-Kyu , Kim Tae-Won , Kim Kyung-Ho , Kim Hee-Jin
Published: August 2008

Objective: To elucidate relationships between the dental roots and surrounding tissues in order to prevent complications after placement of a miniscrew.

Materials and Methods: Twenty human mandibles and maxillas were used for this study. In the 200 sections of each mandible and maxilla, nine items were measured to investigate the relationships between the dental roots.

Results: The interroot distance increased from anterior to posterior teeth and from the cervical line to the root apex in both the maxilla and the mandible. In the maxilla, the greatest interroot distance was between the second premolar and the first molar. In the mandible, the greatest interroot distance was between the first and second molars. The maxillary buccolingual bone width exceeded 10 mm from 7 mm (between canine and first premolar), 5 mm (between second premolar and first molar), and 4 mm (between first and second molars) above the cervical line. The mandibular buccolingual bone width exceeded 10 mm from 7 mm (between second premolar and first molar) and 4 mm (between first and second molars) below the cervical line.

Conclusions: The safest zone for placement of a miniscrew in the maxilla was between the second premolar and the first molar, from 6 to 8 mm from the cervical line. The safest zone for placement of a miniscrew in the mandible was between the first and second molars, less than 5 mm from the cervical line.
Dental Arch Widths of Southern Chinese
Authors: Ling John Y. K. , Wong Ricky W. K.
Published: August 2008

Objective: To investigate the dental arch width of the Southern Chinese across buccal cusps, central fossae, or lingual cusps and compare these values with study findings in different populations and using different definitions.

Materials and Methods: The dental arch dimensions of study casts of an unselected sample from a 12-year-old Hong Kong Oral Health Survey of 12-year-old children (n = 358; 210 boys and 148 girls) were measured.

Results: When compared with Caucasians, the Southern Chinese were characterized by a wider dental arch width. However, variations were great. All maxillary and mandibular male arch widths were significantly larger than female arch widths, except at the incisor regions.

Conclusion: This study yielded a database about dental arch widths by which different studies on these widths can be compared.
Friction between Archwires of Different Sizes, Cross-Section and Alloy and Brackets Ligated with Low-Friction or Conventional Ligatures
Authors: Tecco Simona , Tetè Stefano , Festa Felice
Published: August 2008

Objective: To test the null hypothesis that no statistically significant difference in frictional resistance is noted when round or rectangular archwires are used in conjunction with low-friction ligatures (small, medium, or large) or conventional ligatures.

Materials and Methods: A total of 10 stainless steel brackets, a 0.022-in slot, and various orthodontic archwires, ligated with low-friction ligatures or conventional ligatures, were tested to compare frictional resistance. The archwires employed were 0.014-in and 0.016-in nickel titanium (NiTi), 0.018-in stainless steel (SS), 0.016 × 0.022-in NiTi, 0.016 × 0.022-in SS, 0.017 × 0.025-in titanium molybdenum alloy (TMA), 0.017 × 0.025-in NiTi, 0.017 × 0.025-in SS, 0.019 × 0.025-in SS, and 0.019 × 0.025-in NiTi. Each bracket/archwire combination was tested 10 times in the dry state at an ambient temperature of 34°C.

Results: Low-friction ligatures with round archwires showed statistically significantly lower frictional resistance than did conventional ligatures. When coupled with 0.016 × 0.022-in NiTi and SS, no statistically significant difference was observed among the four groups. When coupled with 0.017 × 0.025-in archwires, low-friction ligatures showed statistically significantly greater frictional resistance than was seen with conventional ligatures. When coupled with 0.019 × 0.025-in NiTi, low-friction ligatures showed statistically significantly greater frictional resistance than did conventional ligatures, but no difference among the four groups was observed with the 0.019 × 0.025-in SS. No significant difference was assessed among low-friction ligatures of different sizes.

Conclusion: Low-friction ligatures show lower friction when compared with conventional ligatures when coupled with round archwires, but not when coupled with rectangular ones.
Orthodontic Treatment in a Patient with Cleidocranial Dysostosis
Authors: Farronato Giampietro , Maspero Cinzia , Farronato Davide , Gioventù Silvia
Published: August 2008

Cleidocranial dysostosis is a rare congenital skeletal disorder, associated with clavicular hypoplasia or aplasia, delayed closure of cranial fontanels, brachycephalic skull, delayed exfoliation of primary dentition, eruption of permanent teeth, and multiple supernumerary and morphologic abnormalities of the maxilla and mandible. The disorder is caused by mutation in the CBFA1 gene, on the short arm of chromosome 6p21. The prevalence of cleidocranial dysostosis is estimated one per million, without sex or ethnic group predilection. The purpose of this paper is to describe the orthodontic treatment in a patient with cleidocranial dysostosis. Therapy may include removal of supernumerary teeth, surgical exposure of impacted teeth, and orthodontic treatment.
Analysis of Orthodontically Induced Root Resorption Using Micro-Computed Tomography (Micro-CT)
Authors: Wierzbicki Tom , El-Bialy Tarek , Aldaghreer Saleh , Li Guang , Doschak Michael
Published: August 2008

Objective: To establish a protocol for assessing orthodontically induced tooth root resorption (OITRR) in human premolars using micro-computed tomography.

Materials and Methods: Ten extracted maxillary first premolars were obtained from eight healthy adolescent patients; five of these premolars were extracted before any orthodontic movement was applied to them, and the other five premolars were involved in nonextraction orthodontic treatment for 1 year before treatment plan modification lead to extraction treatment. Using reconstructed scanned images, we measured several key resorption lacunae parameters, including the number, volume, and depth on each surface, as well as its extension coronoapically.

Results: Orthodontic treatment resulted in a significantly greater tooth root resorption lacunae volume, number, maximum depth, and coronoapical extension as well as in areas of dentin demineralization subjacent to the resorption lacunae than in normal premolars.

Conclusions: We have established a protocol to evaluate OITRR quantitatively and have provided a method to predict further resorption based on dentine demineralization.
Pain Experience during Initial Alignment with a Self-Ligating and a Conventional Fixed Orthodontic Appliance System
Authors: Fleming P. S. , DiBiase A. T. , Sarri G. , Lee R. T.
Published: August 2008

Objectives: To test the hypotheses that (1) there is no difference in the pain experience during the week following initial placement of two orthodontic appliances (SmartClip™ and Victory™; 3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif); and (2) there is no difference in the pain experience during removal and insertion of orthodontic archwires with these brackets.

Materials and Methods: Sixty-six consecutive patients were treated with a self-ligating bracket system (SmartClip™) or a conventional appliance (Victory™) on the basis of computer-generated random allocation. After appliance placement and engagement of a 0.016″ nickel-titanium archwire, pain experience was recorded after 4, 24, and 72 hours and after 7 days with the use of a visual analog system (VAS) questionnaire. At a subsequent visit, participants documented pain experiences during removal and insertion of 0.019 × 0.025″ archwires on an additional 100 mm VAS questionnaire. Independent t-tests and analyses of covariance were used to analyze normally distributed data; the Mann-Whitney U-test was used for skewed distributions.

Results: Forty-eight (72.2%) and fifty-one (77.3%) subjects completed the first and second parts of the study, respectively. Bracket type had no influence on pain experience at 4 hours (P = .958), 24 hours (P = .289), 72 hours (P = .569), and 7 days (P = .756) following appliance placement. However, bracket type significantly influenced pain experience during archwire removal (P = .001) and insertion (P = .013).

Conclusions: Hypothesis 1 cannot be rejected. The bracket type had no effect on subjective pain experience during the first week after initial placement of two preadjusted orthodontic appliances. Hypothesis 2 was rejected. Significantly greater discomfort was experienced during archwire insertion and removal with the SmartClip™ appliance.
Effect of dexamethasone supplementation on chondrogenesis of equine mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Stewart Allison A. , Byron Christopher R. , Pondenis Holly C. , Stewart Matthew C.
Published: August 2008

Objective—To determine whether expansion of equine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) by use of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) prior to supplementation with dexamethasone during the chondrogenic pellet culture phase would increase chondrocytic matrix markers without stimulating a hypertrophic chondrocytic phenotype.

Sample Population—MSCs obtained from 5 young horses.

Procedures—First-passage equine monolayer MSCs were supplemented with medium containing FGF-2 (0 or 100 ng/mL). Confluent MSCs were transferred to pellet cultures and maintained in chondrogenic medium containing 0 or 10−7M dexamethasone. Pellets were collected after 1, 7, and 14 days and analyzed for collagen type II protein content; total glycosaminoglycan content; total DNA content; alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity; and mRNA of aggrecan, collagen type II, ALP, and elongation factor-1α.

Results—Treatment with FGF-2, dexamethasone, or both increased pellet collagen type II content, total glycosaminoglycan content, and mRNA expression of aggrecan. The DNA content of the MSC control pellets decreased over time. Treatment with FGF-2, dexamethasone, or both prevented the loss in pellet DNA content over time. Pellet ALP activity and mRNA were increased in MSCs treated with dexamethasone and FGF-2–dexamethasone. After pellet protein data were standardized on the basis of DNA content, only ALP activity of MSCs treated with FGF-2–dexamethasone remained significantly increased.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Dexamethasone and FGF-2 enhanced chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs, primarily through an increase in MSC numbers. Treatment with dexamethasone stimulated ALP activity and ALP mRNA, consistent with the progression of cartilage toward bone. This may be important for MSC-based repair of articular cartilage.
Development of a technique for quantification of reticulocytes and assessment of erythrocyte regenerative capacity in birds
Authors: Johns Jennifer L. , Shooshtari Mahrokh P. , Christopher Mary M.
Published: August 2008

Objective—To develop a reticulocyte classification scheme, optimize an avian reticulocyte staining protocol, and compare the percentages of reticulocyte types with polychromatophil percentage in blood samples from birds.

Sample Population—Blood samples from a red-tailed hawk and 31 ill birds.

Procedures—A single blood sample obtained from a red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) was used to optimize the staining protocol. For optimization of the staining protocol, 4 dilutions of whole blood with new methylene blue stain and 4 incubation times were evaluated. From samples submitted for avian CBCs, EDTA-anticoagulated whole blood samples from 31 ill birds were randomly selected and examined to compare polychromatophil and reticulocyte percentages. Reticulocyte staining was performed in all samples by use of a 1:3 (whole blood to new methylene blue) dilution with incubation for 10 minutes at room temperature (approx 22°C); reticulocytes were assessed as a percentage of 1,000 RBCs by 2 independent observers. In Wright-Giemsa–stained blood smears, a polychromatophil percentage was similarly determined.

Results—4 avian reticulocyte types were defined: ring-form reticulocytes, aggregate reticulocytes, and 2 subcategories of punctate reticulocytes. A reticulocyte-staining protocol was optimized. Interobserver and intraobserver variations in assessment of reticulocyte and polychromatophil percentages were not significant. A strong positive correlation (Spearman coefficient of rank correlation [ρ] = 0.978) was identified between the percentage of polychromatophils and the percentage of ring-form reticulocytes.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that quantification of ring-form reticulocytes provides an accurate assessment of erythrocyte regenerative capacity in birds.
Comparison of distributions of survivin among tissues from urinary bladders of dogs with cystitis, transitional cell carcinoma, or histologically normal urinary bladders
Authors: Rankin Wendi Velando , Henry Carolyn J. , Turnquist Susan E. , Turk James R. , Beissenherz Marilyn E. , Tyler Jeffrey W. , Green Jonathan A.
Published: August 2008

Objective—To compare distributions of survivin among tissues from urinary bladders of dogs with cystitis, transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), or histologically normal urinary bladders.

Sample Population—24 archived and 7 fresh-frozen specimens of urinary bladders from dogs with cystitis.

Procedures—Immunohistochemical analysis of archived tissue specimens was performed to identify survivin protein in the nucleus and cytoplasm of cells by use of polyclonal rabbit anti-survivin antibody. Tissues that contained ≥ 5% immunoreactive cells were considered positive for survivin protein. Reverse-transcription PCR analysis was performed on fresh-frozen tissues to identify survivin mRNA. Data on tissues from dogs with TCC or histologically normal urinary bladders that were obtained during another study were used for statistical comparisons.

Results—Twelve of 24 (50%) cystitic tissues were positive for nuclear survivin, compared with 28 of 41 (68%) TCC tissues and 0 of 46 (0%) normal tissues. Two of 24 (8%) cystitic tissues were positive for cytoplasmic survivin, compared with 7 of 41 (17%) TCC tissues and 17 of 46 (37%) normal tissues. Proportions of specimens that contained nuclear or cytoplasmic survivin were significantly different between cystitic and normal tissues but not between cystitic and TCC tissues. Four of 7 cystitic tissues were positive for survivin mRNA, which was comparable with results for TCC and normal tissues.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Nuclear survivin was detected in TCC and cystitic tissues but not in normal urinary bladder tissues. Additional studies are needed to determine whether nuclear survivin contributes to the development or progression of TCC.
Effects of epidurally administered morphine or buprenorphine on the thermal threshold in cats
Authors: Pypendop Bruno H. , Siao Kristine T. , Pascoe Peter J. , Ilkiw Jan E.
Published: August 2008

Objective—To determine the antinociceptive effects of epidural administration of morphine or buprenorphine in cats by use of a thermal threshold model.

Animals—6 healthy adult cats.

Procedures—Baseline thermal threshold was determined in duplicate. Cats were anesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen. Morphine (100 μg/kg diluted with saline [0.9% NaCl] solution to a total volume of 0.3 mL/kg), buprenorphine (12.5 μg/kg diluted with saline solution to a total volume of 0.3 mL/kg), or saline solution (0.3 mL/kg) was administered into the epidural space according to a Latin square design. Thermal threshold was determined at various times up to 24 hours after epidural injection.

Results—Epidural administration of saline solution did not affect thermal threshold. Thermal threshold was significantly higher after epidural administration of morphine and buprenorphine, compared with the effect of saline solution, from 1 to 16 hours and 1 to 10 hours, respectively. Maximum (cutout) temperature was reached without the cat reacting in 0, 74, and 11 occasions in the saline solution, morphine, and buprenorphine groups, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Epidural administration of morphine and buprenorphine induced thermal antinociception in cats. At the doses used in this study, the effect of morphine lasted longer and was more intense than that of buprenorphine.
Teratological forms of diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) as indicators of water pollution in the western part of Puck Bay (southern Baltic Sea)
Authors: Dziengo-Czaja Monika , Koss Justyna , Matuszak Agnieszka
Published: August 2008

Studies of benthic diatom communities in the surface sediments of the Swarzewo area of Puck Bay were carried out during 1998 and 1999 in order to assess water quality, and in particular the organic load. Among the 192 taxa identified, teratological forms of diatoms were recorded in 17 diatom species, primarily in the species Opephora mutabilis, Planothidium delicatulum and Fragilaria fasciculata. The number of teratological forms was significantly higher in sediments rich in organic matter, which had concurrent high concentrations of phosphorus and nitrite nitrogen compounds. The highest teratological diatom abundances were recorded in α- mesosaprobic conditions, especially during spring and summer. It is postulated that teratological diatom valves are indicative of poor water quality.
The role of air masses on iron concentrations in wet atmospheric deposition over the urbanized coastal zone of the Gulf of Gdańsk
Authors: Falkowska Lucyna , Lewandowska Anita , Sikorowicz Gabriela , Bełdowska Magdalena , Madeja Jolanta
Published: August 2008

This paper describes the role of air masses in transporting iron to the coastal zone of the Gulf of Gdansk. Fe(II) concentrations in rainfall were measured between 19th January and 30th November 2005 in Gdynia, during which time they varied from 0.74 μmol dm-3 to 97.45 μmol dm-3. The relationship between iron concentrations and precipitation amount, including during preceding rainless periods, was calculated. The effectiveness of washing iron out of the atmosphere is described by the exponential function of precipitation duration.

Air masses arriving from west of the area transport terrigenous iron to the coastal zone of the Gulf of Gdańsk, while anthropogenic sources in Western Europe and Pomerania hardly affected the iron concentrations.
Relationships between the occurrence of Chaetogammarus ischnus (Stebbing, 1898) and Pontogammarus robustoides (G. O. Sars, 1894) (Crustacea, Amphipoda) in a lowland Polish dam reservoir
Authors: Żytkowicz Jarosław , Kobak Jarosław
Published: August 2008

Populations of Chaetogammarus ischnus and Pontogammarus robustoides living in the middle part of the Włocławek Dam Reservoir (on the lower Vistula River, central Poland) were studied. The two species coexisted at offshore sites of the reservoir, with P. robustoides being much more abundant than C. ischnus. In samples collected from the bare bottom of the reservoir (sandy or covered by zebra mussel shells) and macrophytes a negative relationship between the two species was observed: C. ischnus occurred in high numbers in those samples in which abundance of P. robustoides was low. This phenomenon is postulated as resulting from the larger size and more predatory nature of P. robustoides, limiting the occurrence of C. ischnus.
The Role of Glutathione S-Transferases in Urinary Tract Tumors
Authors: Simić Tatjana , Savić-Radojević Ana , Plješa-Ercegovac Marija , Matić Marija , Sašić Tatjana , Dragičević Dejan , Mimić-Oka Jasmina
Published: August 2008

The Role of Glutathione S-Transferases in Urinary Tract Tumors

Exposure to potential carcinogens is among the etiological factors for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder. RCC is very resistant, while TCC exhibits a high recurrence rate and multifocality. Cytosolic glutathione S-transferases (GST) are a superfamily of enzymes which protect normal cells by catalyzing conjugation reactions between electrophylic compounds, including carcinogens, and glutathione. Some GST enzymes posses hydroperoxidase activity. The most well characterized classes have been named Alpha (GSTA), Mu (GSTM), Pi (GSTP) and Theta (GSTT) and each of these classes contains several different isoenzymes. Several types of allelic variation have been identified within classes, among which GSTM1-null and GSTT1-null confer impaired catalytic activity. Individuals with the GSTM1-null genotype carry a substantially higher risk for bladder carcinogenesis. The effects of glutathione S-transferase T1 polymorphism on the increased susceptibility to RCC and TCC of urinary bladder depend on the presence of specific chemical exposures to compounds metabolized via the GSTT1-1 pathway. In the process of kidney cancerisation expression of GST alpha isoenzymes tends to decrease, consequently favoring a prooxidant environment necessary for the growth of RCC. GST pi enzyme activities are generally retained in RCC and might contribute to the chemotherapy resistance of RCC. In the malignant phenotype of TCC of the urinary bladder up regulation of various GST classes occurs. Up regulation of GSTT1-1 and GSTP1-1 might have important consequences on the tumor growth, by providing a reduced environment and inhibition of apoptotic pathways.
Functional Foods and Their Role in the Improvement of Health Status
Authors: Miletić Ivanka , Šobajić Slađana , Đorđević Brižita
Published: August 2008

Funkcionalna Hrana - Uloga U Unapređenju Zdravlja

Funkcionalna hrana je hrana koja ima povoljan uticaj na ljudsko zdravlje mimo uobičajenih nutritivnih funkcija. Biološki aktivna jedinjenja su nosioci povoljnog dejstva funkcionalne hrane. Brojni naučni dokazi govore u prilog tome da je ishrana bogata pojedinim namirnicama (kao što su to na primer voće i povrće) direktno u vezi sa smanjenim rizikom od hroničnih, nezaraznih bolesti, tako da se na tim saznanjima razvio koncept funkcionalne hrane. Otkrivaju se funkcionalne osobine tradicionalnih namirnica, ali se dizajniraju i nove funkcionalne namirnice. Uobičajene izjave koje prate tu vrstu namirnica mogu se svrstati u dve kategorije: (1) izjave o odnosu strukture i funkcije (engl. Structure and function claims) moraju da budu istinite i da ne dovode u zabludu potrošača. Te izjave ne moraju da budu odobrene od strane FDA; (2) zdravstvene izjave (engl. Health claims ili disease-specific claims) moraju da budu autorizovane od strane FDA i da poseduju značajnu naučnu potvrdu (Hillovi kriterijumi). Neophodno je rangiranje dokaza različitih tipova studija koje podržavaju zdravstvenu izjavu. Veliki broj biološki aktivnih jedinjenja su nestabilna tokom tretmana i čuvanja. Ona podležu mnogobrojnim hemijskim reakcijama, kao što su to oksidacija, hidroliza, termička degradacija i Maillardova reakcija, što rezultira smanjenjem bioiskoristljivosti. Povoljan efekat biološki aktivnih jedinjenja direktno zavisi od primenjenog tretmana.
Search for optimum geometry of selected steel sandwich panel joints
Authors: Niklas Karol
Published: August 2008

Search for optimum geometry of selected steel sandwich panel joints

Application of steel sandwich panels to ship structures requires many problems to be solved. Joints between the panels as well as those between the panels and other structures is one of the more difficult problems associated with the structures in question. This paper presents the searching for process of optimum geometry of a panel-to-panel joint of longitudinal arrangement, performed by means of the ANSYS software. A configuration was searched for of parameters which can ensure as-low-as possible values of geometrical stress concentration coefficients at acceptable mass and deformations of the structure. Analysis of the obtained results made it possible to propose the optimum geometry of the considered joint.
A discrete model of the plate heat exchanger
Authors: Mielewczyk Andrzej
Published: August 2008

A discrete model of the plate heat exchanger

Developing numerical control methods requires precise models of technical machines. The article presents a discrete model of a plate heat exchanger. The model was worked out based on differential equations to secure high accuracy. Correctness of the model was verified using the data for the M10 - MFM cooler produced by Alfa-Laval.
Production of organic fertilizer from poultry feather wastes excluding the composting process
Authors: Tronina Przemysław , Bubel Fabiola
Published: August 2008

Production of organic fertilizer from poultry feather wastes excluding the composting process

Chicken feathers generated in large quantities by the poultry industry are hazardous for the natural environment because of their poor digestibility and their potential as a source of microbiological pathogens. Currently, the main method of feather waste management is the production of feather meal by steam pressure cooking. This technology requires a high energy input. The high costs of hydrothermal degradation of these wastes are conducive to finding other alternative possibilities of poultry wastes management. This paper describes the feather-utilization method with calcium oxide treatment in a rotational reactor, which leads to the production of organic-mineral fertilizers. The effectiveness of this method has been tested in chemical and microbiological analyses. The results of the study confirm the possibility of the environmental usage of utilization-products.
Anthocyanins of Fruits and Vegetables - Their Occurrence, Analysis and Role in Human Nutrition
Authors: Horbowicz Marcin , Kosson Ryszard , Grzesiuk Anna , Dębski Henryk
Published: August 2008

Anthocyanins of Fruits and Vegetables - Their Occurrence, Analysis and Role in Human Nutrition

Anthocyanins are one of the largest and most important group of water-soluble pigments in most species in the plant kingdom. They are accumulated in cell vacuoles and are largely responsible for diverse pigmentation from orange to red, purple and blue in flowers, fruits, such as: blackberry, red and black raspberries, blueberries, bilberries, cherries, currants, blood orange, elderberries, grapes, and vegetables such as: red onion, radish, red cabbage, red lettuce, egg-plant, red-skinned potato and purple sweet potato. Anthocyanins in fruits and vegetables are present in glycosylated forms. The qualitative and quantitative determination of anthocyanins in plant can be performed by classical (spectro-photometric) or contemporary methods - HPLC coupled with a various types of mass spectrometers or NMR apparatus. Anthocyanins are widely ingested by humans, mainly due to consumption of fruits, vegetables and red wines. Depending on the nutritional habits, the daily intake of anthocyanins for individuals has been estimated from several milligrams to hundreds of milligrams per person. Anthocyanins as well as other flavonoids occuring in fruits, and vegetables are protective against a variety of diseases, particularly cardiovascular disease and some types of cancer. Also the visual acuity can be markedly improved through administration of anthocyanin pigments to animals and humans.
The Effect of Selected Plant Materials and Extracts on the Development of Bacterial Diseases on Onion
Authors: Kowalska Beata , Smolińska Urszula
Published: August 2008

The Effect of Selected Plant Materials and Extracts on the Development of Bacterial Diseases on Onion

The effects of Brassicaceae and Solanaceae plant residues and water extracts from these residues on the growth of onion (Allium cepa L.) pathogenic bacteria Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, Burkholderia cepacia and Burkholderia gladioli pv. alliicola were examined. The influence of these materials on the development of bacterial diseases on onion bulbs was also investigated. The toxic effect depended on the kind and amount of the agent used and also on the species of examined bacteria. The water extract from Brassica napus cv. Kana and water extract from Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Remiz decreased a density of three examined bacteria in nutrient broth medium. Also milled seeds of Brassica juncea cv. Małopolska expressed an inhibitory effect towards B. cepacia and B. gladioli pv. alliicola. However, milled seeds of B. napus cv. Kana used as an addition to liquid medium did not decrease the density of these bacteria. In the experiment on onion bulbs the most promising results were obtained for milled seeds of B. juncea cv. Małopolska. This material used both as a source of volatile compounds and also in direct contact with the inoculated place on the onion bulb, inhibited diseases development caused by all three examined bacteria. B. juncea contains very high concentration of 2-propenyl ITC and probably this compound caused decrease in density of bacteria and the reduction of disease development. Purified, commercially obtained 2-propenyl ITC proved a very strong antibacterial activity and also inhibited disease development on onion. The commercial products Funguran Easy 50 WP and Biosept 33SL were also used but they showed very weak activity in protection of onion against the tested bacteria.