bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Text message reminders do not improve hepatitis B vaccination rates in an Australian sexual health setting
Authors: McIver Ruthy , Dyda Amalie , McNulty Anna M , Knight Vickie , Wand Handan C , Guy Rebecca J
Published: October 2015

Objective To evaluate the impact of text message reminders (short messaging service (SMS)) on hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination completion among high risk sexual health center attendees.

Materials and Methods In September 2008, Sydney Sexual Health Centre implemented an SMS reminder system. The authors assessed the impact of the reminder system on HBV vaccination rates among patients who initiated a course. The authors used a chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression to determine if SMS reminders were associated with second and third dose vaccine completion, compared with patients prior to the intervention.

Results Of patients sent SMS reminders in 2009 (SMS group), 54% (130/241) received 2 doses and 24% (58/241) received 3 doses, compared to 56% (258/463) ( P  = 0.65) and 30% (141/463) ( P  = 0.07) in the pre-SMS group (2007), respectively. Findings did not change after adjusting for baseline characteristics significantly different between study groups. There were no significant differences in completion rates among people who injected drugs, HIV-negative gay and bisexual men (GBM), and HIV-positive GBM. Among sex workers, travelers, and people who reported sex overseas, second and third dose completion rates were significantly lower in the SMS group compared to the pre-SMS group. In the SMS group, 18% of those who only had one dose attended the clinic within 1–18 months and 30% of those who had 2 doses attended in 6–18 months, but vaccination was missed.

Discussion SMS reminders did not increase second or third vaccine dose completion in this population.

Conclusion Clinician prompts to reduce missed opportunities and multiple recall interventions may be needed to increase HBV vaccination completion in this high risk population.
Penetrating and Intrastromal Corneal Arcuate Incisions in Rabbit and Human Cadaver Eyes: Manual Diamond Blade and Femtosecond Laser-Created Incisions
Authors: Gray Brad , Binder Perry S. , Huang Ling C. , Hill Jim , Salvador-Silva Mercedes , Gwon Arlene
Published: October 2015

Objectives:

To compare morphologic differences between freehand diamond or femtosecond laser-assisted penetrating and intrastromal arcuate incisions.

Methods:

Freehand diamond blade, corneal arcuate incisions (180° apart, 60° arc lengths) and 150 kHz femtosecond laser (80% scheimpflug pachymetry depth corneal thickness) arcuate incisions were performed in rabbits. Intrastromal arcuate incisions (100 μm above Descemet's membrane, 100 μm below epithelium) were performed in rabbit corneas (energy 1.2 μJ, spot line separation 3 × 3 μm, 90° side cut angle). Eyes were examined by slit lamp and light microscopy up to 47 days post-procedure. Freehand diamond blade penetrating incisions, and femtosecond laser penetrating and intrastromal arcuate incisions (energy 1.8 μJ, spot line separation 2 × 2 μm) were performed in cadaver eyes. Optical coherence tomography was performed immediately after surgery and the corneas were fixed for light scanning and transmission electron microscopy.

Results:

The rabbit model showed anterior stromal inflammation with epithelial hyperplasia in penetrating blade and laser penetrating wounds. The laser intrastromal and penetrating incisions showed localized constriction of the stromal layers of the cornea near the wound. In cadaver eyes, penetrating wound morphology was similar between blade and laser whereas intrastromal wounds did not affect the cornea above or below incisions.

Conclusion:

Penetrating femtosecond laser arcuate incisions have more predictable and controlled outcomes shown by less post-operative scarring than incisions performed with a diamond blade. Intrastromal incisions do not affect uncut corneal layers as demonstrated by histopathology. The femtosecond laser has significant advantages in its ability to make intrastromal incisions which are not achievable by traditional freehand or mechanical diamond blades.
Effects of Patient-Controlled Epidural Analgesia and Patient-Controlled Intravenous Analgesia on Analgesia in Patients Undergoing Spinal Fusion Surgery
Authors: Li Yong , Lu Shan , Ma Si-Chao , Fan Hong-Wu , Zhao Guo-Qing
Published: October 2015

We compared the outcomes of patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) and patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) in analgesia after spinal fusion surgery. A total of 120 patients who underwent spinal fusion surgeries between April 2013 and April 2015 at Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital were selected for this study based on defined inclusion criteria. All patients were randomly divided into 2 groups before surgery: PCEA group (n = 65) and PCIA group (n = 55). Visual analog scales (VAS) were used to evaluate the degree of pain. Besides, the active and passive activities of patients during 1- to 3-day recovery period after surgery were recorded. Verbal rating scales were used to measure pain levels after surgery and after surgery. Adverse effects of PCEA and PCIA were monitored, which included nausea, vomiting, pruritus, drowsiness, respiratory depression, and headache. Our results showed no statistically significant differences between PCEA and PCIA in sex ratio, age, height, weight, American Society of Anesthesiologists level, surgery time, number of fusion section, surgery methods, and duration of anesthesia (all P > 0.05). The PCEA group was associated with significantly lower VAS scores, compared with the PCIA group, at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48-hour postsurgery (all P < 0.05) when surgery-associated pain is expected to be intense. Also, compared with the PCIA group, the PCEA group showed higher frequency of recovery activities on first and second day postsurgery (all P < 0.05). The overall patient satisfaction level of analgesia in the PCEA group was significantly higher than in the PCIA group (P < 0.05). Moreover, the incidence of hypopiesia and skin itching in the PCIA group was higher than in the PCEA group (all P < 0.05). Finally, drowsiness and headache were markedly lower in the PCIA group after surgery, compared with the PCEA group, and this difference was statistically significant (all P < 0.05). Our results provide strong evidence that PCEA exhibits significantly greater efficacy than PCIA for pain management after spinal fusion surgery, with lower VAS scores, higher frequency of recovery activities, and overall higher satisfaction level.
Is Aquaporin-3 a Determinant Factor of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aging? An Immunohistochemical and Morphometric Study
Authors: Seleit Iman , Bakry Ola A. , El Rebey Hala S. , El-Akabawy Gehan , Hamza Gehan
Published: October 2015

Aquaporin-3 (AQP3) is an aquaglyceroporin that plays a role in skin hydration, cell proliferation, and migration. The aim of this work was to investigate the expression of AQP3 in sun-exposed and sun-protected human skin from different age groups to understand the relationship between AQP3 and skin aging. Using standard immunohistochemical techniques, sun-exposed and sun-protected skin biopsies were taken from 60 normal individuals. AQP3 was expressed in the basal and the suprabasal layers, sparing the stratum corneum, in all specimens. Dermal expression was detected in fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and adnexa. Sun-protected skin showed a significantly higher epidermal H-score and percentage of expression (P=0.002 and <0.001, respectively) compared with sun-exposed skin. The AQP3 expression intensity showed a gradual decrease from the 20 to 35-year-old group to the 35 to 50-year-old group, with the least immunoreactivity in the above 50-year-old group. A significant difference was detected in the H-score in favor of the 20 to 35-year-old group in sun-exposed and sun-protected skin (P<0.001 for both). A significant negative correlation was noted between the AQP3 expression percentage and the age in sun-exposed (r=−0.64, P<0.001) and sun-protected skin (r=−0.53, P<0.001). In conclusion, the skin dryness observed in intrinsic and extrinsic aged skin may be explained, at least in part, by AQP3 downregulation. This may open new avenues sufficient to control skin texture and beauty. Its interaction in skin protein organization and gene polymorphism can also be tackled in future research. In addition, clinical trials using AQP3 topical applications should be carried out to evaluate its effectiveness in the reversal of age-related skin changes.
Persistent natural acidification drives major distribution shifts in marine benthic ecosystems
Authors: Linares C. , Vidal M. , Canals M. , Kersting D. K. , Amblas D. , Aspillaga E. , Cebrián E. , Delgado-Huertas A. , Díaz D. , Garrabou J. , Hereu B. , Navarro L. , Teixidó N. , Ballesteros E.
Published: October 2015

Ocean acidification is receiving increasing attention because of its potential to affect marine ecosystems. Rare CO
2
vents offer a unique opportunity to investigate the response of benthic ecosystems to acidification. However, the benthic habitats investigated so far are mainly found at very shallow water (less than or equal to 5 m depth) and therefore are not representative of the broad range of continental shelf habitats. Here, we show that a decrease from pH 8.1 to 7.9 observed in a CO
2
vent system at 40 m depth leads to a dramatic shift in highly diverse and structurally complex habitats. Forests of the kelp
Laminaria rodriguezii
usually found at larger depths (greater than 65 m) replace the otherwise dominant habitats (i.e. coralligenous outcrops and rhodolith beds), which are mainly characterized by calcifying organisms. Only the aragonite-calcifying algae are able to survive in acidified waters, while high-magnesium-calcite organisms are almost completely absent. Although a long-term survey of the venting area would be necessary to fully understand the effects of the variability of pH and other carbonate parameters over the structure and functioning of the investigated mesophotic habitats, our results suggest that in addition of significant changes at species level, moderate ocean acidification may entail major shifts in the distribution and dominance of key benthic ecosystems at regional scale, which could have broad ecological and socio-economic implications.
The corpus callosum in primates: processing speed of axons and the evolution of hemispheric asymmetry
Authors: Phillips Kimberley A. , Stimpson Cheryl D. , Smaers Jeroen B. , Raghanti Mary Ann , Jacobs Bob , Popratiloff Anastas , Hof Patrick R. , Sherwood Chet C.
Published: October 2015

Interhemispheric communication may be constrained as brain size increases because of transmission delays in action potentials over the length of axons. Although one might expect larger brains to have progressively thicker axons to compensate, spatial packing is a limiting factor. Axon size distributions within the primate corpus callosum (CC) may provide insights into how these demands affect conduction velocity. We used electron microscopy to explore phylogenetic variation in myelinated axon density and diameter of the CC from 14 different anthropoid primate species, including humans. The majority of axons were less than 1 µm in diameter across all species, indicating that conduction velocity for most interhemispheric communication is relatively constant regardless of brain size. The largest axons within the upper 95th percentile scaled with a progressively higher exponent than the median axons towards the posterior region of the CC. While brain mass among the primates in our analysis varied by 97-fold, estimates of the fastest cross-brain conduction times, as conveyed by axons at the 95th percentile, varied within a relatively narrow range between 3 and 9 ms across species, whereas cross-brain conduction times for the median axon diameters differed more substantially between 11 and 38 ms. Nonetheless, for both size classes of axons, an increase in diameter does not entirely compensate for the delay in interhemispheric transmission time that accompanies larger brain size. Such biophysical constraints on the processing speed of axons conveyed by the CC may play an important role in the evolution of hemispheric asymmetry.
Functional significance of dinitrogen fixation in sustaining coral productivity under oligotrophic conditions
Authors: Cardini Ulisse , Bednarz Vanessa N. , Naumann Malik S. , van Hoytema Nanne , Rix Laura , Foster Rachel A. , Al-Rshaidat Mamoon M. D. , Wild Christian
Published: October 2015

Functional traits define species by their ecological role in the ecosystem. Animals themselves are host–microbe ecosystems (holobionts), and the application of ecophysiological approaches can help to understand their functioning. In hard coral holobionts, communities of dinitrogen (N
2
)-fixing prokaryotes (diazotrophs) may contribute a functional trait by providing bioavailable nitrogen (N) that could sustain coral productivity under oligotrophic conditions. This study quantified N
2
fixation by diazotrophs associated with four genera of hermatypic corals on a northern Red Sea fringing reef exposed to high seasonality. We found N
2
fixation activity to be 5- to 10-fold higher in summer, when inorganic nutrient concentrations were lowest and water temperature and light availability highest. Concurrently, coral gross primary productivity remained stable despite lower
Symbiodinium
densities and tissue chlorophyll
a
contents. In contrast, chlorophyll
a
content per
Symbiodinium
cell increased from spring to summer, suggesting that algal cells overcame limitation of N, an essential element for chlorophyll synthesis. In fact, N
2
fixation was positively correlated with coral productivity in summer, when its contribution was estimated to meet 11% of the
Symbiodinium
N requirements. These results provide evidence of an important functional role of diazotrophs in sustaining coral productivity when alternative external N sources are scarce.
Skills, division of labour and economies of scale among Amazonian hunters and South Indian honey collectors
Authors: Hooper Paul L. , Demps Kathryn , Gurven Michael , Gerkey Drew , Kaplan Hillard S.
Published: October 2015

In foraging and other productive activities, individuals make choices regarding whether and with whom to cooperate, and in what capacities. The size and composition of cooperative groups can be understood as a self-organized outcome of these choices, which are made under local ecological and social constraints. This article describes a theoretical framework for explaining the size and composition of foraging groups based on three principles: (i) the sexual division of labour; (ii) the intergenerational division of labour; and (iii) economies of scale in production. We test predictions from the theory with data from two field contexts: Tsimane' game hunters of lowland Bolivia, and Jenu Kuruba honey collectors of South India. In each case, we estimate the impacts of group size and individual group members' effort on group success. We characterize differences in the skill requirements of different foraging activities and show that individuals participate more frequently in activities in which they are more efficient. We evaluate returns to scale across different resource types and observe higher returns at larger group sizes in foraging activities (such as hunting large game) that benefit from coordinated and complementary roles. These results inform us that the foraging group size and composition are guided by the motivated choice of individuals on the basis of relative efficiency, benefits of cooperation, opportunity costs and other social considerations.
When cooperation begets cooperation: the role of key individuals in galvanizing support
Authors: McAuliffe Katherine , Wrangham Richard , Glowacki Luke , Russell Andrew F.
Published: October 2015

Life abounds with examples of conspecifics actively cooperating to a common end, despite conflicts of interest being expected concerning how much each individual should contribute. Mathematical models typically find that such conflict can be resolved by partial-response strategies, leading investors to contribute relatively equitably. Using a case study approach, we show that such model expectations can be contradicted in at least four disparate contexts: (i) bi-parental care; (ii) cooperative breeding; (iii) cooperative hunting; and (iv) human cooperation. We highlight that: (a) marked variation in contributions is commonplace; and (b) individuals can often respond positively rather than negatively to the contributions of others. Existing models have surprisingly limited power in explaining these phenomena. Here, we propose that, although among-individual variation in cooperative contributions will be influenced by differential costs and benefits, there is likely to be a strong genetic or epigenetic component. We then suggest that selection can maintain high investors (key individuals) when their contributions promote support by increasing the benefits and/or reducing the costs for others. Our intentions are to raise awareness in—and provide testable hypotheses of—two of the most poorly understood, yet integral, questions regarding cooperative ventures: why do individuals vary in their contributions and when does cooperation beget cooperation?
The influence of planning, support and self-concordance on goal progress and job satisfaction
Authors: van Dierendonck Dirk
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to test the combined influence of working towards self-concordant goals with goal planning and supervisory support on goal progress and job satisfaction.

Design/methodology/approach

– The data were collected among prison guards. The analysis takes into account a multilevel perspective on goals by differentiating between within- and between-person variance.

Findings

– The results showed that there was no direct effect of self-concordance on goal progress. Goal progress depended on combining self-concordant goals with conscious planning and receiving supervisory support. Furthermore, it was found that job satisfaction and goal progress influenced each other over time.

Research limitations/implications

– The findings confirm that to understand the influence of self-concordant goals within organizations, planning and supervisory support are essential elements for achieving goal progress. This research is the first to confirm the interrelatedness of goal progress and job-satisfaction over time.

Originality/value

– The multilevel intra and interpersonal approach provides a more thorough insight into the processes involved with goal striving. It emphasizes the importance of differentiation between the different levels of motivation in Deci and Ryan’s self-determination theory, especially when applied within the work context.
The sensitivity of payouts to corporate financing decisions
Authors: Hoang Edward C. , Hoxha Indrit
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this article is to empirically explore the sensitivity of payouts to cash flows and the other financing decisions, such as debt and investment, of firms.

Design/methodology/approach

– Using panel regressions based on COMPUSTAT data for 7,544 public firms during the period 1973–2013, we estimate the sensitivity of total payouts. Specifically, following the theory presented in Lambrecht and Myers (2012), we test the interdependent financing decisions of the firm. First, we compute total payout as the sum of cash dividends and net stock repurchases; second, we examine the sensitivity of total payouts to changes in the firm’s net income, debt and investment. Furthermore, we present several tests to demonstrate the robustness of our results.

Findings

– We suggest evidence in support of the theory in Lambrecht and Myers (2012) showing that there is a negative relationship between total payouts and investment. Furthermore, we find that total payouts are positively associated with net income and debt of the firm.

Originality/value

– Previous research has shown how cash flows affect different financing decisions, but it is not clear how total payouts are sensitive to other financing decisions. The focus of this paper is the response of total payouts to investment policy, debt financing policy and changes in cash flows.
Paths of the mind
Authors: Fox Robert
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– This column aims to take a brief look at wayfinding in the digital age, and explores several opportunities that are on the horizon for libraries that could enhance the user experience for their patrons.

Design/methodology/approach

– This column provides a survey of the current views of wayfinding in the digital age.

Findings

– There is new technology being developed that increasingly blurs the lines between the digital and the physical.

Originality/value

– Devices such as the HoloLens and iBeacon, while nascent, will quickly become a standard for new approaches that people can use to interact with their environments integrating digital information. This affords libraries a unique opportunity over the course of the next 5-10 years to take advantage of this technology to assist patrons with their information needs.
Internal customer service assessment of cataloging, acquisitions, and library systems
Authors: Mugridge Rebecca , Poehlmann Nancy M.
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that an internal customer service survey approach to assessment delivers many benefits to technical services and library systems units. Findings from such a survey provide the evidence needed to implement process improvements, conduct strategic planning and more. The survey used in this case study can be adapted by other libraries or library units to conduct assessment, gauge customer satisfaction and identify areas for process improvements.

Design/methodology/approach

– The Technical Services and Library Systems Division of the University at Albany Libraries conducted an internal customer service survey to gauge customer satisfaction with its services.

Findings

– Survey results demonstrated that customer surveys are a valuable assessment tool and can be used as an evidence-based approach to library management. Technical services and library systems units should use this tool to identify whether customers are satisfied with the services provided, whether the services are still needed, whether additional services are needed and more.

Practical implications

– This paper provides an approach to conducting a customer service survey, an analysis of potential benefits and a survey instrument that others could adapt to use in their own libraries. The survey instrument can be used not only for assessment of technical services and library systems, but by other functional units in all types of libraries.

Originality/value

– This paper and approach is original research; there are no other papers on this topic in the library and information science literature.
Updating controlled vocabularies by analysing query logs
Authors: Vállez Mari , Pedraza-Jiménez Rafael , Codina Lluís , Blanco Saúl , Rovira Cristòfol
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– Controlled vocabularies play an important role in information retrieval. Numerous studies have shown that conceptual searches based on vocabularies are more effective than keyword searches, at least in certain contexts. Consequently, new ways must be found to improve controlled vocabularies. The purpose of this paper is to present a semi-automatic model for updating controlled vocabularies through the use of a text corpus and the analysis of query logs.

Design/methodology/approach

– An experimental development is presented in which, first, the suitability of a controlled vocabulary to a text corpus is examined. The keywords entered by users to access the text corpus are then compared with the descriptors used to index it. Finally, both the query logs and text corpus are processed to obtain a set of candidate terms to update the controlled vocabulary.

Findings

– This paper describes a model applicable both in the context of the text corpus of an online academic journal and to repositories and intranets. The model is able to: first, identify the queries that led users from a search engine to a relevant document; and second, process these queries to identify candidate terms for inclusion in a controlled vocabulary.

Research limitations/implications

– Ideally, the model should be used in controlled web environments, such as repositories, intranets or academic journals.

Social implications

– The proposed model directly improves the indexing process by facilitating the maintenance and updating of controlled vocabularies. It so doing, it helps to optimise access to information.

Originality/value

– The proposed model takes into account the perspective of users by mining queries in order to propose candidate terms for inclusion in a controlled vocabulary.
Synthesis of novel tetrasubstituted thiophenes based dye using sodium a-cyanoketene dithiolates as starting materials
Authors: Elgemeie G.H. , Ahmed K.A. , Ahmed E.A. , Helal M.H. , Masoud D.M.
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The study aims to synthesise new thiophene-based dyes by an efficient method using sodium a-cyanoketene dithiolates as starting components for synthesis of tetra-substituted thiophenes, which act as a coupler for the synthesised dye. The synthesised dyes are applied for printing polyamide and polyester fabrics using the screen printing technique.

Design/methodology/approach

– Treatment of 1 with carbon disulfide in alkaline medium forming disodium salt 2, which act as starting point for heterocyclisation to prepare these dye stuff 7. Sodium a-cyanoketene dithiolates 2 react with two moles of phenacyl bromide derivatives, forming alkylsulfanylthiophenes which react with the diazonium salt, forming the target dyestuff. These prepared dyes are used to print polyamide and polyester fabrics by using a synthetic thickener in the printing paste using screen-printing techniques.

Findings

– The structure of synthesised dyes were established and confirmed for the reaction products on the basis of their elemental analysis and spectral data (IR and 1H-NMR). The suitability of the prepared dyestuffs for screen printing on polyamide and polyester fabrics has been investigated. The prints obtained from dyes possess high colour strength as well as excellent overall fastness properties.

Research limitations/implications

– The diazo coupling reaction of the starting tetra-substituted thiophene 5 with diazotised aromatic amines resulted in the formation of the corresponding dye. The synthesised dyes were utilised in preparing a paste for polyester and polyamide fabric printing. In addition, both of the variations of the substituents on the synthesised dyes and the fastness properties were also studied.

Practical implications

– The synthesised dyes are superior in terms of yield, purity, colour strength and fastness properties, which lead to valuable achievements for commercial production.

Social implications

– The synthesised dyes are superior for application in fabrics.

Originality/value

– The synthesis for novel thiophene-based dye stuff for application in printing properties on polyester and polyamide fabrics and study their fastness properties.
Who owns educational research? Disciplinary conundrums and considerations
Authors: Marshall Bethan , Pahl Kate
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to consider the dynamics of submitting arts-based research in a climate that is dominated, in the UK, by the social sciences.

Design/methodology/approach

– It begins by taking a view on arts-based research, considering mainly Eisner and Dewey but exploring the possibilities of other forms such as baroque research. It goes on to look at some examples of arts-based research that has been carried out, funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council. The authors conclude by saying that interdisciplinary research, while being encouraged by research councils, is also made more difficult by these same research councils’ funding structures.

Findings

– The authors consider that this has an effect on defining what educational research is and could be. The authors argue that this is important not only in relation to the range of disciplinary perspectives that can be drawn upon within educational settings, for example, the need to engage with disciplines such as English, History, Philosophy, Music and Fine Art, but also in relation to methodological understandings of how research should be conducted within educational settings.

Originality/value

– The research studies are arts based but with an original educational orientation.
In the thick of things: drama as a qualitative methodology
Authors: Vicars Mark , McKenna Tarquam
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to consider how the drama space is a way of inquiry in its own right and as a complex “way of knowing” has a capacity to be a profitable location from which to artfully thread and critically interrogate the performances of lives-as-lived.

Design/methodology/approach

– The autoethnographic discussion has an overlay of histography as it brings the “real-life” word to the drama space and builds on naturalistic and experimental research moving the reader through transformational inquiry to what they name as drama as a post-foundational research method.

Findings

– In using drama as artful practices, intra-reflexivity – interior focused – felt as artistic “process” leads “psyche” to an empathic space for acceptance of the fugitive selves and demonstrates “queerness” through the narratives as monologues.

Research limitations/implications

– The vignettes presented as monologue attest to the authors’ life histories and their “fugitive” ways of being as gay men.

Practical implications

– The authors consider how drama as methodological practice can re work the notion of text-to-life or life-to-text, as an expression of a will to knowledge, of the authors working dramatically with their participants and students to find a way to articulate experience and place at the centre of research an agentic voice in relation to psychological, socio-cultural and historical interpretations.

Originality/value

– Drama, as a methodological approach, has, the authors suggest, the potential to move beyond disembodied and abstract mental processes and to draw out of the closets the interpersonal relationships that have historically been seen as dangerous or disturbing.
Nutrition knowledge of dietetic undergraduate students: An exploratory study
Authors: Lawrence Kristin , Pelly Fiona , Rocks Tetyana
Published: October 2015

Aim

To describe the level of nutrition knowledge in students undertaking an accredited nutrition and dietetics (ND) undergraduate program in reference to students enrolled in non‐accredited nutrition (NUT) or occupational therapy (OT) programs. The secondary aim was to investigate the variation in nutrition knowledge of ND students.

Methods

Students enrolled in ND, NUT or OT undergraduate programs at an Australian university were invited to participate in an online survey in August 2013. Nutrition knowledge levels were measured using the validated Re‐examined General Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire (R‐GNKQ). Socio‐demographic characteristics and sources of nutrition information were also collected.

Results

Students in the first year of ND or NUT programs had significantly higher overall scores than the OT students (P = 0.046 and P = 0.005, respectively). Substantially greater overall scores were observed for the students in the second year of the ND program than those in the first year (P = 0.01). The highest level of nutrition knowledge was observed in third year ND students. Overall score for ND students was influenced by year level and previous education, but there were no differences detected for gender, age, living situation or ethnicity.

Conclusions

ND students entered the program with high nutrition knowledge levels. The dietetic program appeared to develop the general nutrition knowledge of students to a level comparable to practising dietitians. Research investigating underlying knowledge development is necessary to direct dietetic curriculum design and delivery.
Effects of Fermentation Temperature on Key Aroma Compounds and Sensory Properties of Apple Wine
Authors: Peng Bangzhu , Li Fuling , Cui Lu , Guo Yaodong
Published: October 2015

Fermentation temperature strongly affects yeast metabolism during apple wine making and thus aromatic and quality profiles. In this study, the temperature effect during apple wine making on both the key aroma compounds and sensory properties of apple wine were investigated. The concentration of nine key aroma compounds (ethyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, isopentylacetate, ethyl caprylate, ethyl 4‐hydroxybutanoate, isobutylalcohol, isopentylalcohol, 3‐methylthio‐1‐propanol, and benzeneethanol) in apple wine significantly increased with the increase of fermentation temperature from 17 to 20 °C, and then eight out of the nine key aroma compounds with an exception of ethyl 4‐hydroxybutanoate, decreased when the temperature goes up 20 to 26 °C. Sensory analysis showed that the apple wine fermented at 20 °C had the highest acceptance for consumers. Fermentation at the temperature of 20 °C was therefore considered to be the most suitable condition using the selected yeast strain (Saccharomyces cerevisiae AP05) for apple wine making. Changes in the fermentation temperature can considerably affect the production of key aroma compounds and sensory profiles of apple wine. These results could help apple wine producers make better quality production for consumers at the optimal fermentation temperature.
A New Species of Rhodoleia (Hamamelidaceae) from the Upper Pliocene of West Yunnan, China and Comments on Phytogeography and Insect Herbivory
Authors: Jingyu WU , Zhenrui ZHAO , Qijia LI , Yusheng (Christopher) LIU , Sanping XIE , Suting DING , Bainian SUN
Published: October 2015

In Europe, fossil fruits and seeds of Rhodoleia (Hamamelidaceae) have been described from the Upper Cretaceous to the Miocene, whereas no fossil record of Rhodoleia has been reported in Asia, where the modern species occur. Herein, 21 fossil leaves identified as Rhodoleia tengchongensis sp. nov. are described from the Upper Pliocene of Tengchong County, Yunnan Province, Southwest China. The fossils exhibit elliptic lamina with entire margins, simple brochidodromous major secondary veins, mixed percurrent intercostal tertiary veins, and looped exterior tertiaries. The leaf cuticle is characterized by pentagonal or hexagonal cells, stellate multicellular trichomes, and paracytic stomata. The combination of leaf architecture and cuticular characteristics suggests that the fossil leaves should be classified into the genus Rhodoleia. The fossil distributions indicate that the genus Rhodoleia might originate from Central Europe, and that migrated to Asia prior to the Late Pliocene. Additionally, insect damage is investigated, and different types of damage, such as hole feeding, margin feeding, surface feeding, and galling, are observed on the thirteen fossil leaves. Based on the damage frequencies for the fossil and extant leaves, the specific feeding behavior of insects on Rhodoleia trees appears to have been established as early as the Late Pliocene. The high occurrence of Rhodoleia insect herbivory may attract the insect‐foraging birds, thereby increasing the probability of pollination.
New Small Shelly Fossils (AcanthocassisandXinlispinaGen. Nov.) from the Fortunian Stage (Early Cambrian) in Southern China
Authors: Tiequan SHAO , Yunhuan LIU , Qi WANG , Huaqiao ZHANG , Hanhua TANG , Xi CAO , Huahua HE , Yanan ZHANG , Yuan LI , Panlin ZHENG , Chengyu ZHU , Jiaxi HU
Published: October 2015

We describe new material of three‐dimensionally phosphatized small shelly fossilsAcanthocassisandXinlispinagen. nov. from the Fortunian Stage (early Cambrian) of southern Shaanxi and northern Sichuan Provinces. The new materials allow description of the delicate morphology of these skeletons, and also their skeletogenesis.AcanthocassisandXinlispinahave comparable morphological features: a main branch and radially arranged sub‐branches. They differ from each other in many details, e.g., the presence of a single central branch only inXinlispina, and the presence of small nodes only inAcanthocassis. Acanthocassiscannot be a naked anthopolyp or hydropolyp because of the more‐or‐less stiffened cuticle and the absence of a mouth.AcanthocassisandXinlispinadiffer from coeval sponge spicules and chancelloriid sclerites and rosettes of crossed pedicellariae of echinoderms, and might be cuticular ornaments of animals of unclear affinities. They occur in the first small shelly fossil assemblage zone, and could be adopted as auxiliary fossils for biostratigraphic correlation in southern China.
Late Cretaceous Transpressional Fault System: A Case Study of the Yishu Fault Belt, Shandong Province, Eastern China
Authors: Chunlin LI , Zongxiu WANG , Qingzi WU , Yongqing LIU , Wanli GAO , Yuanlong TAN , Hongwei KUANG , Huijun LI
Published: October 2015

On the basis of field observations of the structures of three profiles from the Linshu region, deformation characteristics and the tectonic background of the Yishu fault belt in the Late Cretaceous–Early Cenozoic have been discussed in detail. Three structural profiles, whose deformations consist mainly of earlier transpressional faults and later normal faults, were developed for the Mengtuan Formation of the Lower Cretaceous Dasheng Group. Typical positive flower structures, duplex structures, and break‐through faults were found in these profiles. On the basis of analyses of the structural deformation and previous geochronological studies, it was concluded that the earlier transpressional faults of the profiles were triggered by the sinistral transpression of the Yishu fault belt in the Late Cretaceous–Early Paleogene, and that the later normal faults, formed during the Late Paleogene–Neogene extension, truncated the earlier transpressional faults. With consideration of the tectonic evolution of the Tan‐Lu fault belt and the different drift directions of the Pacific plate since the Cretaceous, we suggest that the major tectonic events of the Late Cretaceous–Neogene in eastern China were mainly controlled by the subduction of the Pacific plate.
Diagenesis and Diagenetic Evolution of Deltaic and Neritic Gas‐Bearing Sandstones in the Lower Mingyuefeng Formation of Paleogene, Lishui Sag, East China Sea Shelf Basin: Implications for Depositional Environments and Sequence Stratigraphy Controls
Authors: Fa XU , Penghui ZHANG , Jinliang ZHANG , Jinshui LIU , Guowei HOU , Ming ZHANG , Jingzhe LI , Shasha LIU , Jiaqi GUO , Ningning MENG
Published: October 2015

Gas‐bearing deposits in the Lower Mingyuefeng Formation of Paleogene, Lishui Sag, East China Sea Shelf Basin consist of shoreface sandstones of the highstand systems tract (HST) and transgressive systems tract (TST), and deltaic sandstones of the lowstand systems tract (LST) and falling stage systems tract (FSST). Detailed petrographic observations suggest that the diagenetic features and related evolution of these deposits cannot be simply characterized and demonstrated in the depth domain. However, the occurrence of diagenetic minerals systematically depends on the studied interval within the HST, TST, LST, and FSST; therefore, diagenesis in this region can be better constrained when studied in the context of the depositional environments and sequence stratigraphic framework. The eogenetic processes in such settings include: (1) microcrystalline siderite precipitated as concretions in almost all environments and systems tracts, which inhibited further mechanical compaction; (2) grain dissolution and kaolinitization occurred in shoreface HST sandstones and deltaic LST and FSST sandstones; (3) glaucony was locally observed, which did not clearly reflect the controls of facies or sequence stratigraphy; and (4) cementation by pyrite aggregates occurred in the shoreface HST sandstones and deltaic LST sandstones. The mesogenetic diagenesis includes: (1) partial conversion of kaolinite into dickite in deltaic LST sandstones, and minor chlorite cementation in deltaic FSST sandstones; (2) transformation of kaolinite into illite and quartz cementation in deltaic LST and FSST sandstones; (3) frequent precipitation of ankerite and ferroan calcite in shoreface TST sandstones and early HST sandstones, forming baffles and barriers for fluid flow, with common calcite in shoreface HST sandstones as a late diagenetic cement; and (4) formation of dawsonite in the deltaic LST and FSST sandstones, which is interpreted to be a product of the invasion of a CO2‐rich fluid, and acts as a good indicator of CO2‐bearing reservoirs. This study has thus constructed a reliable conceptual model to describe the spatial and temporal distribution of diagenetic alterations. The results may provide an entirely new conceptual framework and methodology for successful gas exploration in the continental margins of offshore China, thus allowing us to predict and unravel the distribution and quality evolution of clastic reservoirs at a more detailed and reliable scale.
Crustal Motion Characteristics in the Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau and Adjacent Regions after the Wenchuan Earthquake
Authors: Wenqing TANG , Qingzhi ZHANG , Zhongxi PAN , Jun LI , Cheng YANG
Published: October 2015

The Wenchuan earthquake has altered the crustal motion characteristics in the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent regions. Using discontinuous GPS survey data for 2008–2012, the velocity field for the Eurasia reference framework has been obtained, and the general trend of contemporary crustal motion after the occurrence of the Wenchuan earthquake has been studied. In addition, using the velocity field, the block movement velocity has been estimated by least‐squares fitting. Furthermore, the properties and displacement rates of main faults have been obtained from the differences in velocity vectors of the blocks on both sides of the faults. The results reveal that there are no obvious changes in the general characteristics of crustal motion in this area after the Wenchuan earthquake. The earthquake mainly changed the rate of the movement of the Chuan‐Qing block and caused variation in the movement direction of the South China block. The effect of the earthquake on faults is mainly reflected in variations in fault displacement velocity; there is no fundamental change in the properties of fault activity. The displacement rates of the Xianshuihe fault decreased by 3–4 mm/a, the Longmenshan fault increased by 9–10 mm/a, and the northern segment of the Anninghe fault increased by approximately 9 mm/a. Furthermore, the displacement rates of the Minjiang, Xueshan, Huya, Longquanshan, and Xinjin faults increased by 2–3 mm/a. This implies that the effects of the Wenchuan earthquake on crustal movement can mainly be observed in the Chuan‐Qing, South China, and N‐Chuan‐Dian blocks and their internal faults, as well as the Xianshuihe and Longmenshan faults and the northern section of the Anninghe fault. The reason for this is that the Wenchuan earthquake disturbed the kinematic and dynamic balance in the region.
The measurement of selection when detection is imperfect: How good are naïve methods?
Authors: Waller John , Svensson Erik I.
Published: October 2015

The life spans of animals can be measured in natural populations by uniquely marking individuals and then releasing them into the field. Selection on survival (a component of fitness) can subsequently be quantified by regressing the life spans of these marked individuals on their trait values. However, marked individuals are not always seen on every subsequent catching occasion, and for this reason, imperfect detection is considered a problem when estimating survival selection in natural populations.

Capture–mark–recapture methods have been advocated as a powerful means to correct for imperfect detection. Here, we use simulated and field data sets to evaluate the effect of assuming perfect detection (‘naïve methods’), when detection is really imperfect. We compared the performance of the naïve methods with methods correcting for imperfect detection (mark–recapture methods, or MR).

Although the effects of trait‐dependent recapture probability are mitigated when recapture probability is high, mark–recapture methods still provide the safest choice when recapture probability might be trait‐dependent. In our simulations, mark–recapture methods had a power advantage over naïve methods, but all methods lost statistical power at low recapture probabilities.

The main advantage of mark–recapture methods over naïve methods is the ability to control for hidden trait‐dependent recapture probability, as it is often hard to tell a priori if trait dependence is an issue in a particular study. However, when trait‐dependent recapture probability is weak, naïve methods and mark–recapture methods perform similarly as long as recapture rates do not become too low, and the main problem of survival selection studies is still low statistical power. We provide a R package (EasyMARK) alongside with this paper to facilitate future integration between MR methods and classical selection studies. EasyMARK provides the opportunity to convert the regression coefficients from MR‐approaches in to classical standardized selection gradients.
Problem drug use prevalence estimation revisited: heterogeneity in capture–recapture and the role of external evidence
Authors: Jones Hayley E. , Welton Nicky J. , Ades A. E. , Pierce Matthias , Davies Wyn , Coleman Barbara , Millar Tim , Hickman Matthew
Published: October 2015

Background and Aims

Capture–recapture (CRC) analysis is recommended for estimating the prevalence of problem drug use or people who inject drugs (PWID). We aim to demonstrate how naive application of CRC can lead to highly misleading results, and to suggest how the problems might be overcome.

Methods

We present a case study of estimating the prevalence of PWID in Bristol, UK, applying CRC to lists in contact with three services. We assess: (i) sensitivity of results to different versions of the dominant (treatment) list: specifically, to inclusion of non‐incident cases and of those who were referred directly from one of the other services; (ii) the impact of accounting for a novel covariate, housing instability; and (iii) consistency of CRC estimates with drug‐related mortality data. We then incorporate formally the drug‐related mortality data and lower bounds for prevalence alongside the CRC into a single coherent model.

Results

Five of 11 models fitted the full data equally well but generated widely varying prevalence estimates, from 2740 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 2670, 2840] to 6890 (95% CI = 3740, 17680). Results were highly sensitive to inclusion of non‐incident cases, demonstrating the presence of considerable heterogeneity, and were sensitive to a lesser extent to inclusion of direct referrals. A reduced data set including only incident cases and excluding referrals could be fitted by simpler models, and led to much greater consistency in estimates. Accounting for housing stability improved model fit considerably more than did the standard covariates of age and gender. External data provided validation of results and aided model selection, generating a final estimate of the number of PWID in Bristol in 2011 of 2770 [95% credible interval (Cr‐I) = 2570, 3110] or 0.9% (95% Cr‐I = 0.9, 1.0%) of the population aged 15–64 years.

Conclusions

Steps can be taken to reduce bias in capture–recapture analysis, including: careful consideration of data sources, reduction of lists to less heterogeneous subsamples, use of covariates and formal incorporation of external data.