bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coherent Expression Chromosome Cluster Analysis Reveals DifferentialRegulatory Functions of Amino‐Terminal and Distal ParathyroidHormone‐Related Protein Domains in Prostate Carcinoma
Authors: Tsigelny I. , Burton D. W. , Sharikov Y. , Hastings R. H. , Deftos L. J.
Published: December 2005

Parathyroid hormone‐related protein (PTHrP) has a number of
cancer‐related actions. While best known for causing hypercalcemia
of malignancy, it also has effects on cancer cell growth,
apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Studying the actions of PTHrP in
human cancer is complicated because there are three isoforms and
many derived peptides. Several peptides are biologically active at
known or presumed cell surface receptors; in addition, the
PTHrP‐derived molecules can exert effects at the cell nucleus. To
address this complexity, we studied gene expression in a DU 145
prostate cancer cell line that was stably transfected with control
vector, PTHrP 1‐173 and PTHrP 33‐173. With this model, regulatory
effects of the amino‐terminal portion of PTHrP would result only
from transduction with the full‐length molecule, while effects
pertaining to distal sequences would be evident with either
construct. Analysis of the expression profiles by microarrays
demonstrated nonoverlapping groups of differentially expressed
genes. Amino‐terminal PTHrP affected groups of genes involved in
apoptosis, prostaglandin and sex steroid metabolism, cell‐matrix
interactions, and cell differentiation, while PTHrP 33‐173 caused
substantial increases in MHC class I antigen expression. This work
demonstrates the distinct biological actions of the amino‐terminus
compared to distal mid‐molecule or carboxy‐terminal sequences of
PTHrP in prostate carcinoma cells and provides targets for further
study of the malignant process.
Recombinant Expression of Pleurocidin cDNA Usingthe Pichia pastoris Expression System
Authors: Burrowes Olive-Jean , Diamond Gill , Lee Tung-Ching
Published: December 2005

This research utilized the Pichia pastoris expression
system for recombinant expression of cDNA of pleurocidin, a small
(2.7 kd) antimicrobial peptide isolated from winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus).
The Pichia vector contains the alcohol oxidase gene promoter (AOX 1),
which under the induction of methanol allows for expression of heterologous
protein gene inserted downstream in the vector. Two strains of
P pastoris were used as host cells, the wild type
(P pastoris X‐33) and the mutant (P pasatoris KM71H). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing showed that pleurocidin
cDNA was successfully integrated into the P pastoris genome.
Reverse transcription (RT)‐PCR showed that pleurocidin was transcribed by both
Pichia host strains. Affinity chromatography, SDS‐PAGE, and
immunological techniques were used for purification and detection of recombinant
peptide. Although there was strong evidence of transcription of pleurocidin cDNA,
the Pichia system requires further optimization to obtain
detectable levels of this small peptide.
Microarray Profiling of Lymphocytes in Internal DiseasesWith an Altered Immune Response: Potential andMethodology
Authors: Gladkevich Anatoliy , Nelemans S. Adriaan , Kauffman Henk F. , Korf Jakob
Published: December 2005

Recently it has become possible to investigate
expression of all human genes with microarray technique. The
authors provide arguments to consider peripheral white blood cells
and in particular lymphocytes as a model for the investigation of
pathophysiology of asthma, RA, and SLE diseases in which
inflammation is a major component. Lymphocytes are an alternative
to tissue biopsies that are most often difficult to collect
systematically. Lymphocytes express more than 75% of the human
genome, and, being an important part of the immune system, they
play a central role in the pathogenesis of asthma, RA, and SLE.
Here we review alterations of gene expression in lymphocytes and
methodological aspects of the microarray technique in these
diseases. Lymphocytic genes may become activated because of a
general nonspecific versus disease‐specific mechanism.
The authors suppose that in these diseases microarray profiles of
gene expression in lymphocytes can be disease specific, rather
than inflammation specific. Some potentials and pitfalls of the
array technologies are discussed. Optimal clinical designs aimed
to identify disease‐specific genes are proposed. Lymphocytes can
be explored for research, diagnostic, and possible treatment
purposes in these diseases, but their precise
value should be clarified in future investigation.
RANTES and Chemotactic Activity in Synovial Fluids From Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis andOsteoarthritis
Authors: Stanczyk Joanna , Kowalski Marek L. , Grzegorczyk Janina , Szkudlinska Barbara , Jarzebska Marzanna , Marciniak Marek , Synder Marek
Published: December 2005

A massive accumulation of inflammatory cells
in synovial tissues is a major pathological feature of rheumatoid
arthritis (RA). Neutrophiles dominate synovial fluid while
rheumatoid synovium is infiltrated with mononuclear cells.
Mechanisms regulating influx of particular subpopulations of
leukocytes into articular cavity and synovium compartment are not
completely defined. An increasing amount of data supports a
crucial role of a C‐C chemokine RANTES in the RA pathogenesis.
Our objective is to evaluate chemotactic activity for
neutrophils (NCA), lymphocytes (LCA), and monocytes (MoCA) in SFs
obtained from patients with RA and osteoarthritis (OA). We also
aimed to characterise the relation between chemotactic activity,
RANTES, and percentage distribution of leukocytes in SF. SFs from
11 patients with RA and 6 with OA were included in the study.
Modified microchamber Boyden method was employed to assess
chemotactic activity. Cytological and biochemical analysis of SF
was performed. RANTES was measured with ELISA. Rheumatoid SFs were
rich in cells with predominance of neutrophiles while
osteoarthritic fluids were lymphocytic. RA SFs were also
characterised by increased lactoferrin level. Both NCA and LCA
were higher in SF from patients with RA (62 ± 12 and 24 ± 6

cells/HPF, resp) as compared to patients with OA (23 ± 6;
P < .05
and 6 ± 2
cells/HPF; P < 0.05). The chemoattractive
effect of RA SF was more pronounced on neutrophiles than on
lymphocytes. RA SF expressed high RANTES levels (145 ± 36pg/mL), while OA SF was characterised by only trace amount
of this chemokine (2 ± 1 pg/mL). We found positive
correlation of RANTES with chemotactic activity for mononuclear
cells (LCA + MoCA; R = 0.61; P < .05). Surprisingly,
RANTES correlated also positively with neutrophiles number
(R = 0.77; P < 0.001). Rheumatoid SF possesses strong chemotactic
potency for leukocytes. RANTES is overexpressed in RA SF and is a
potential mediator influencing intensity and composition of
cellular infiltration in joints affected with inflammatory
arthritis.
Inhibition of Calotropis procera Latex‐Induced Inflammatory Hyperalgesia by Oxytocin and Melatonin
Authors: Padhy Biswa M. , Kumar Vijay L.
Published: December 2005

The latex of the wild growing plant Calotropis procera
produces inflammation of the skin and mucous membranes upon
accidental exposure. On local administration it elicits an intense
inflammatory response due to the release of histamine and
prostaglandins that is associated with hyperalgesia. In the
present study we have evaluated the anti‐inflammatory and
antinociceptive activity of oxytocin and melatonin against rat
paw edema induced by dried latex (DL) of C procera and
compared it with that against carrageenan‐induced paw edema.
Aqueous extract of DL of C procera or carrageenan (1%)
was injected into the subplantar surface of the rat paw and the
paw volume was measured at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 10, and 24 hours. The
associated hyperalgesic response and functional impairment were
also evaluated concomitantly by dorsal flexion pain test, motility
test, and stair climbing ability test. The inhibitory effect of
oxytocin and melatonin on edema formation and hyperalgesic
response was compared with dexamethasone. DL‐induced edema
formation was maximum at 2 hours and was associated with decreased
pain threshold and functional impairment. Treatment with melatonin
significantly attenuated the edematous response while both
oxytocin and melatonin increased the pain threshold and improved
functional parameters. Both oxytocin and melatonin significantly
inhibited the hyperalgesia associated with DL‐induced paw edema.
Oxytocin was found to be as effective as melatonin in ameliorating
the hyperalgesic response. However, it was found to be less
effective than melatonin in attenuating edema formation.
Intermediate Stage Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1 Is Unrelated to Proinflammatory Cytokines
Authors: Munnikes Renate J. M. , Muis Christel , Boersma Martine , Heijmans-Antonissen Claudia , Zijlstra Freek J. , Huygen Frank J. P. M.
Published: December 2005

The aim of this paper is to determine the involvement of tumour necrosis
factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin (IL)‐6 in
intermediate CRPS 1 as locally formed mediators of inflammation.
In this study, 25 patients with proven CRPS 1
(Bruehl criteria) were included. All patients participated in one
of our earlier studies during the acute stage of their disease.
After the disease developed into an intermediate stage, both the
disease activity and the profile of inflammatory mediators were
reevaluated. Disease activity and impairment were determined by
means of a visual analogue scale, the McGill Pain Questionnaire,
the difference in volume and temperature between the involved and
uninvolved extremities, and the reduction in active range of
motion of the involved extremity. Suction blisters were made on
the involved and uninvolved extremities for measurement of IL‐6
and TNF‐α. A significant improvement in
signs and symptoms of impairment was found. However, the levels of
IL‐6 and TNF‐α in blister fluid in the involved extremity
versus uninvolved extremity were still significantly raised.
Although signs and symptoms are
significantly improved, proinflammatory cytokines are still
increased in CRPS 1 affected extremities during the intermediate
stage of the disease. This indicates that the initiation and
sustained development of the disease are only partially affected by
proinflammatory cytokines. Follow‐up in the chronic stage is
necessary to draw more definite conclusions about the existence of
a supposed relation between clinical signs and symptoms and the
level of proinflammatory cytokines.
Systemic Inflammation and Reperfusion Injury in Patients With AcuteMyocardial Infarction
Authors: Blancke Fien , Claeys Marc J. , Jorens Philippe , Vermeiren Guy , Bosmans Johan , Wuyts Floris L. , Vrints Chris J.
Published: December 2005

Despite early recanalization of an occluded infarct artery,
tissue reperfusion remains impaired in more than one‐third of the
acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients owing to a process of
reperfusion injury. The role of systemic inflammation in
triggering this phenomenon is unknown. Proinflammatory factors
(hs‐CRP, TNF‐α) and anti‐inflammatory mediators
(IL‐1 receptor antagonist, IL‐10) were measured in 65 patients
during the acute phase of a myocardial infarction as well as in
11 healthy control subjects. Myocardial reperfusion injury was
defined as the presence of persistent ST‐segment elevation
despite successful coronary intervention (≥50% of the
initial value) and was observed in 28 patients. Systemic
proinflammatory mediators (particularly hs‐CRP and leukocytes)
were higher in AMI patients compared to control
subjects. Within the group of AMI patients, only serum
TNF‐α differed significantly between patients with versus
without reperfusion injury: a median value of 25 versus
13 pg/mL was observed, respectively. Logistic regression
analysis identified a high level of TNF‐α as the most
important independent determinant of reperfusion injury
(P = .001), beyond total ischemic time (P = .01) and extent of
jeopardized myocardium (P = .08). There was no correlation
between the TNF‐α level and the total ischemic time
(P = .8) or the extent of jeopardized myocardium (P = .6).
Systemic inflammation, in particular high
levels of TNF‐α, is strongly associated with the
occurrence of reperfusion injury after successful recanalization.
Our findings suggest that TNF‐α is involved in the
triggering and/or amplification of local inflammatory responses
related to ischemia‐reperfusion injury.
The Education of Speech-Language Pathologists in the United States of America
Authors: Battle Dolores E.
Published: December 2005

The education of speech-language pathologists and audiologists is provided by over 250 colleges and universities at the master’s and doctoral level. The educational programs for speech-language pathologists and audiologists consist of academic coursework, clinical education, and supervised experience. Coursework and clinical education include study in liberal arts and science and human communication in addition to study in all aspects of communication sciences and disorders, including cultural and linguistic diversity. The programs may take 2 to 3 years beyond the bachelor’s degree. Audiologists will require a doctoral degree beginning in 2012. Educational programs are accredited by the Council on Academic Accreditation of the American Speech-Language Hearing Association. Individuals who wish so earn the Certificate of Clinical Competence from the American Speech-Language Hearing Association.
Education of Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists in Brazil
Authors: Behlau Mara , Gasparini Gisele
Published: December 2005

The field of speech-language pathology (SLP) in Brazil, named ‘fonoaudiologia’, comprises both a therapeutic approach to communication disorders and audiology and was officially recognized on December 9, 1981 (law No. 6965). University programs exist since the 1960s. The undergraduate level is a 4-year honors Bachelor of Science program and requires at least a 3,700 h of coursework. Since 1996 four areas of specialization were established: language, audiology, voice and oral myology, requiring a minimum of 500 h of course. Graduate programs in the narrower sense,master’s degree and doctorate, exist since the 1970s. Brazil is a 180-million inhabitant country with approximately 25,000 speech-language pathologists, of which 2,700 are specialists, 800 masters and 210 doctors. There are almost 100 undergraduate programs and 70 specialization courses; however, for master’s degree and doctorate purposes there are only 8.
Issues of Japanese Speech Therapy Education Considering the 1995 Guidelines of International Association of Logopedics and Phoniatrics (IALP)
Authors: Iitaka Kyoko
Published: December 2005

The historical background of the educational system for Japanese speech and language therapists (pathologists) and the challenge facing us today are reviewed. It took nearly 30 years for speech therapists and physicians to come to a consensus in defining the status of speech therapists (pathologists) and their educational curriculum before the 1997 national law for Japanese speech therapists was passed. Despite the formulation of the International Association of Logopedics and Phoniatrics (IALP) Education Guidelines of 1995, little attention was paid to incorporate it into the 1997 national law. This paper discusses some challenges in the area of speech therapists’ status and education system that exist today.
Preparation of Speech-Language Pathologists in the United States: The Master’s Degree
Authors: Logemann Jeri A.
Published: December 2005

In order to become credentialed as a speech-language pathologist in the United States, a masters’s degree is required. This degree integrates course work with clinical practica. Course work covers normal anatomy and physiology involved in human communication and swallowing, disorders affecting these functions and methods of evaluation and treatment across the life span. Generally this master’s degree education requires 1½ to 2 years for students with some background course work on the undergraduate level.
Reflections on Relevance: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics in 2005
Authors: Balon Richard
Published: December 2005

This article focuses on the mission and relevance of articles published in Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics in 2005. Four areas of articles relevant to the mission of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics are reviewed: (1) new (psycho-)therapies; (2) cognitive-behavioral therapy; (3) new or newly defined psychopathology, and (4) the impact of or impairment due to various illnesses or treatments. In addition, other clinically important and relevant issues, such as the need for new treatments, suicide during psychotherapy, technological innovations used in psychotherapies and methodology of psychotherapy trials are discussed.
A Systematic Review of Treatments for Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity
Authors: Rubin G. James , Das Munshi Jayati , Wessely Simon
Published: December 2005

Background: Electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) is a poorly understood condition in which patients report symptoms following perceived exposure to weak electromagnetic fields (EMFs) such as those produced by mobile phones or visual display units. Little is known about the aetiology of the condition although experimental data suggest that EMFs are an unlikely causal agent. In this systematic review we assessed the efficacy of any treatment for people reporting EHS. Methods: Twelve literature databases were examined to identify relevant studies. We also hand-searched conference proceedings and examined the reference sections of reviews and other papers. Only clinical trials that compared the efficacy of a potential treatment for EHS against a control condition were included in the review. Results: Nine controlled clinical trials were identified, examining the effects of cognitive behavioural therapy (4 studies), visual display unit screen filters (2 studies), ‘shielding’ EMF emitters (1 study), supplementary antioxidant therapy (1 study) and acupuncture (1 study). The quality of these studies was limited. Nevertheless, their results suggest that cognitive behavioural therapy is more effective than providing no treatment. None of the other therapies have had their efficacy adequately demonstrated. Conclusions: The evidence base concerning treatment options for EHS is limited and more research is needed before any definitive clinical recommendations can be made. However, the best evidence currently available suggests that cognitive behavioural therapy is effective for patients who report being hypersensitive to weak EMFs.
Tracking Scientific Interest in the Dissociative Disorders: A Study of Scientific Publication Output 1984–2003
Authors: Pope Jr. Harrison G. , Barry Steven , Bodkin Alexander , Hudson James I.
Published: December 2005

Objective: We attempted to track scientific interest in dissociative amnesia and dissociative identity disorder by estimating the annual output of publications regarding these entities over the last 20 years. Methods: Using a standard medical index, PsycINFO, we counted the number of indexed publications involving dissociative amnesia and dissociative identity disorder listed for each year. We then compared these rates with those of well-established diagnoses such as anorexia nervosa, alcohol abuse, and schizophrenia. We also systematically reviewed all publications involving dissociative amnesia that appeared in 2003. Results: Annual publications involving dissociative amnesia and dissociative identity disorder rose from low levels in the 1980’s to a sharp peak in the mid 1990’s, followed by an equally sharp decline to only about one quarter of their peak levels by 2002 and 2003. In contrast, all of the 25 comparison diagnoses in our survey showed constant or steadily rising publication rates; none showed the ‘bubble’ pattern of the dissociative disorders. Of the 34 papers involving dissociative amnesia identified by PsycINFO for 2003, 10 (32%) appeared skeptical of the validity of dissociative amnesia and/or recovered-memory therapy. Despite a detailed search using multiple medical indices and search terms, we could find only 13 explicit cases of individuals with dissociative amnesia worldwide in the 2003 literature. Conclusions: Dissociative amnesia and dissociative identity disorderhave not generated consistent scientific interest over the years, but instead apparently enjoyed a brief period of fashion that now has waned. Overall, our observations suggest that these diagnostic entities presently do not command widespread scientific acceptance.
Influence of Anxiety on the Course of Heart Disease after Acute Myocardial Infarction – Risk Factor or Protective Function?
Authors: Benninghoven D. , Kaduk A. , Wiegand U. , Specht T. , Kunzendorf S. , Jantschek G.
Published: December 2005

Background: There is a lack of clarity concerning the effect of anxiety on the course of cardiac events following myocardial infarction. Some studies have identified anxiety as a risk factor for further cardiac events. However, it is also considered to be a protective factor, as a higher level of anxiety may improve patient compliance and regular medical checkups. Methods: A group of 76 patients with myocardial infarction underwent physical examination and had their anxiety levels assessed within the first week, and 31 months after myocardial infarction. Cardiac events were documented during the follow-up period. We investigated the predictive value for the occurrence of cardiac events of sociodemographic, psychological and physical parameters when evaluated within the first week after myocardial infarction. Compliancy and regularity of medical checkups were registered. Results: Cardiac events occurred in 24 patients during a mean follow-up period of 31 months. The group of anxious patients not only suffered more often from cardiac events, these events also occurred earlier than in nonanxious patients. Age, gender, partner status, level of anxiety and comorbid diabetes at the time of first assessment proved to be discriminatory variables between patients suffering further cardiac incidents and those free of further events. Anxious patients were more likely to continue smoking, whereas less anxious patients were more likely to give up smoking.
Laughter Regulates Gene Expression in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Hayashi Takashi , Urayama Osamu , Kawai Koichi , Hayashi Keiko , Iwanaga Shizuko , Ohta Masayuki , Saito Toshiro , Murakami Kazuo
Published: December 2005

Background: Positive emotions influence endocrinological and immunological response. This study examined the effect of laughter,as an expression of positive emotion, in terms of gene expression changes. Methods: Using a microarray technique, we analyzed the changes in expression of 18,716 genes from peripheral blood leukocytes in patients with type 2 diabetes, which were induced by laughter. Results: Of the 18,716 genes, 23 genes showed significantly different expression changes after listening to the comic story compared to the lecture. Eight were relatively upregulated and 15 were downregulated 1.5 h after the laughing episode. However, these genes did not include genes that are directly involved in blood glucose metabolism. Among the 23 genes discriminated, all 4 genes encoding proteins involved in the immune response and all 4 signal transduction genes were downregulated. Moreover, it is noteworthy that 5 of the 8 relatively upregulated genes were related to the cell cycle, apoptosis, and cell adhesion. Conclusions: We demonstrated that laughter, which is an expression of positive emotion, is linked to gene expression. However, the finding of this study does not allow reasonable interpretation for the regulation of gene expression by laughter. A more focused study is needed that may identify the candidate genes for the association between physical condition and positive emotion.
Expression of CD97 and Adhesion Molecules on Circulating Leukocytes in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery
Authors: Gasz B. , Lenard L. , Benko L. , Borsiczky B. , Szanto Z. , Lantos J. , Szabados S. , Alotti N. , Papp L. , Roth E.
Published: December 2005

Objective: Leukocyte activation is thought to be responsible for the adverse effects and postoperative complications following cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). A novel cell surface molecule, CD97, is a sensitive marker of leukocyte and primary lymphocyte activation. The present study aimed to determine the activation of different leukocyte subsets by comparing the expression of CD97 and adhesion molecules (CD11, CD18) in patients receiving coronary surgery with or without CPB. Methods: 30 patients were enrolled and scheduled for coronary bypass surgery under CPB (20 patients, group A) and with off-pump (OP) operation (10 patients, group B). Blood samples were taken before and during surgery, and over the following first week. Results: Here, we report an early decrease in CD97 expression of granulocytes (PMN) and monocytes (MC) followed by an intensive increase reaching the maximum on postoperative days 2 and 3 in patients operated with CPB. The rate of active CD97-positive lymphocytes showed a marked, gradual increase until postoperative day 3 and remained elevated up to day 7 after CPB. OP surgery resulted in moderate alteration in the presence of CD97 on PMN, MC and lymphocytes. The expression of adhesion molecules was similar to CD97 in all leukocyte subsets. Conclusion: The findings about CD97 expression suggest considerable leukocyte activation following coronary bypass with CPB compared to OP surgery. The collected data show that the lymphocytes are highly activated and involved in leukocyte sequestration after CPB. Moreover, the importance of CD97 in CPB-related inflammatory response can be stated.
Radiofrequency Ablation Using Perfused Needle Electrodes – Study of Intermittent and Continuous Triple Needle Application ex vivo
Authors: Frieser M. , Schaber S. , Peters A. , Bernatik T. , Haendl T. , Hahn E.G. , Strobel D. , Hänsler J.
Published: December 2005

To increase necrotic zones, bovine livers were treated by means of three parallel-oriented radiofrequency ablation (RFA) needles spaced at 3 cm using a puncture guide. The triple application was varied as a continuous and intermittent energy application compared to a single needle applicator. In all three study arms the applied energy (60 W) and the perfusion rate (240 ml/h) were kept constant. After treatment the smallest necrosis diameter was determined. In addition, temperature and the device’s power output were monitored. Our study shows that synchronous use of three RFA application needles achieves significantly larger necrosis zones ex vivo than does single needle application. Intermittent energy application heats up the necrosis faster and more evenly with highest average temperature than continuous energy application.
Serum Paraoxonase 1 Activity and Lipid Peroxidation Levels in Patients with Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Authors: Baskol Gulden , Karakucuk Sarper , Ozturk Oner Ayse , Baskol Mevlut , Kocer Derya , Mirza Ertugrul , Saraymen Recep , Üstdal Muzaffer
Published: December 2005

Our objective was to investigate antioxidant paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity together with malondialdehyde (MDA) levels to evaluate oxidative stress in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), an important cause of blindness in the elderly population. Serum PON1 activity and MDA levels were analyzed in 37 patients with AMD and compared with 29 healthy controls using a spectrophotometric method. Serum MDA levels were significantly higher in the patient group (2.76 ± 1.28 nmol/ml) than controls (1.00 ± 0.36 nmol/ml; p < 0.001), whereas PON1 activity was lower in the patient group (132.27 ± 63.39 U/l) than controls (312.13 ± 136.23 U/l; p < 0.001). There was a negative correlation between MDA and PON1 levels (r = –0.470, p < 0.001). We conclude that the observed increase in MDA levels may be related to decreased PON1 activity; the present data also demonstrated that an obvious negative correlation between PON1 activity and MDA levels exists in patients with AMD. PON1 is also an antioxidant agent, therefore effective antioxidant therapy to inhibit lipid peroxidation is necessary and agents to increase PON1 activity may be a therapeutic option in AMD.
Inhibition of Experimental Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Protein Kinase C Inhibitor (Chelerythrine Chloride) and Melatonin
Authors: Er Hamdi , Turkoz Yusuf , Mızrak Bülent , Parlakpınar Hakan
Published: December 2005

Purpose: To investigate whether a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor and melatonin prevent proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). Methods: Twentypigmented rabbits were used in this study. All rabbits except controls received an intravitreal injection of 0.15 ml (75,000 units) of platelet-rich plasma into their left eye. The animals were divided into four groups: group I was treated with intravitreal injection of 0.1 ml (100 µmol/ml) of PKC inhibitor (chelerythrine chloride), group II received 1 ml (4 mg/kg) of intraperitoneal melatonin for 3 days, group III received nothing (blank group), and group IV (control group) received only 0.5 ml of 1% ethanol intraperitoneally for 3 days. Proliferative changes were graded in a masked fashion by indirect ophthalmoscopy for a 15-day follow-up period. The malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and total nitrite levels were measured in the vitreous humor. Results: The grades of PVR were A and B in group I and II, treated with PKC inhibitor and melatonin, respectively. The PVR grade in the blank group was C-D. The mean MDA level in group I (4.2 ± 0.9 µmol/l) was significantly lower than in the blank group (6.0 ± 1.0 µmol/l; p < 0.05). The mean GSH level in group I (66.3 ± 8.8 µmol/l) was not significantly different from that in the blank group (p > 0.05). The MDA and GSH levels in group II were 3.2 ± 0.7 and 70.1 ± 13.3 µmol/l, respectively. Both these levels were significantly different from those of the blank group (p < 0.05). The NO levels in both treatment groups were significantly lower than in the blank group (p < 0.001). Conclusion: These findings suggest an inhibitory effect of PKC inhibitor and melatonin on PVR. The inhibition of PVR development was associated with lower MDA and NO levels with higher GSH levels in the treatment groups.
Comparison of Forward Shift of Posterior Corneal Surface after Operation between LASIK and LASEK
Authors: Kim Hyojin , Kim Hyun Jin , Joo Choun-Ki
Published: December 2005

Purpose: To compare the forward shift of the posterior corneal surface as a function of time after surgery between successful laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy (LASEK). Methods: Twenty-two eyes from 14 patients who underwent LASIK and 19 eyes from 10 patients who underwent LASEK were reviewed retrospectively. The uncorrected visual acuity, spherical equivalent and pachymetry were obtained before and 1 or 2 weeks and 2, 6, 12, and 24 months after surgery. The change in the elevation of the posterior corneal surface was assessed using the difference map of an Orbscan II (Bausch and Lomb, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA), which was generated from the preoperative and subsequent postoperative elevation map. Results: One or 2 weeks after LASIK and LASEK, the posterior corneal surface had shifted forward by 18.00 and 25.90 µm, respectively (p = 0.008). However, the mean posterior corneal surface reduced by 3.05 µm from 1 or 2 weeks to 2 years in the LASIK group (p = 0.359). In contrast, the mean posterior corneal surface had reduced by 12.40 µm in the LASEK group (p = 0.004). This forward shift did not return to the corneal normal elevation observed prior to surgery in the two groups. Conclusions: Refractive surgery induced a forward shift of the posterior corneal surface early postoperatively in the LASIK and LASEK groups, and this change after LASEK was significantly larger than that observed after LASIK. The posterior corneal surface gradually shifted backwards depending on the time course in both groups, but they did not return to the preoperative levels.
Delayed Trigeminocardiac Reflex Induced by an Intraorbital Foreign Body
Authors: Yilmaz Turgut , Erol Fatih Serhat , Yakar Huseyin , Köhle Ülkü , Akbulut Mehmet , Faik Ozveren Mehmet
Published: December 2005

Objective: To emphasize the importance of the mechanism and surgical approach to trigeminocardiac reflex (TCR) developing 48 h after orbital trauma due to a foreign body. Case Report: After gunshot injury of a 17-year-old male patient, computerized tomography evaluation revealed a right globe perforation and an intraorbital metallic foreign body in the right orbita adjacent to the lateral wall. The ocular perforation was repaired, but the foreign body was not removed. Constant bradycardia (45/min) developed 48 h after the operation. Since there were no cardiological findings, a temporary cardiac pacemaker was inserted and on the 6th postoperative day, the foreign body was removed through orbitolateral approach. After the removal of the foreign body, bradycardia completely recovered. Conclusion: In the presence of an intraorbital foreign body accompanied by globe perforation, TCR may develop 48 h after the trauma and insertion of a temporary pacemaker may be required to control the cardiac rhythm. In this paper, the delayed TCR complication presented an indication for the removal of the intraorbital foreign body.
Contribution of Endolymphatic Fluid Shift to Caloric Response in Plugged Semicircular Canals
Authors: Takenouchi Tsuyoshi , Suzuki Mamoru , Furuya Masayoshi , Otsuka Koji , Ogawa Yasuo
Published: December 2005

The purpose of this study was to clarify the role of endolymphatic fluid shift in caloric response, using frog posterior semicircular canals (PSCs). PSCs were sutured using 10-0 nylon thread and were used as a model of canal plugging. Compound action potentials (CAPs) of the PSC nerve evoked by a cooling stimulus were recorded. The CAPs after suturing the PSCs were found to be greater than those before suturing. This indicates that the fluid shift effect increases after canal suturing. Additionally, we present a clinical case in which caloric nystagmus was observed after lateral canal plugging. In this case MRI revealed the fluid space from the plugged portion toward the ampulla to be intact. There was another case with lateral canal plugging that showed the same findings on MRI. The above findings support the hypothesis that fluid shift is responsible for the caloric response without the convective flow of endolymph in the plugged canal.
Isosorbide Delays Gentamicin-Induced Vestibular Sensory Cell Death
Authors: Takumida Masaya , Anniko Matti
Published: December 2005

The efficacy of isosorbide for protection from vestibular sensory cell damage was investigated. The effects of isosorbide on gentamicin-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were studied by means of the fluorescence indicators 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate and dihydrotetramethylrosamine. The effect on gentamicin-induced vestibular sensory cell damage was examined by using an in vitro LIVE/DEAD system. Isosorbide inhibited the production of both NO and ROS. Isosorbide limited the vestibular sensory cell damage caused by gentamicin. It is, therefore, suggested that isosorbide may help to treat inner ear disorders.
Effects of Lithium on Endolymph Homeostasis and Experimentally Induced Endolymphatic Hydrops
Authors: Fukushima K. , Takeda T. , Kakigi A. , Takeda S. , Sawada S. , Nishioka R. , Azuma H. , Taguchi T.
Published: December 2005

There is evidence to suggest that water homeostasis in the inner ear is regulated via the vasopressin (VP)-aquaporin 2 (AQP2) system in the same fashion as in the kidney. The VP-AQP2 system in the kidney is well known to be inhibited by lithium, resulting in polyuria due to a decrease in reabsorption of water in the collecting duct of the kidney. Therefore, lithium is also likely to inhibit the VP-AQP2 system in the inner ear, and consequently exert some influence on inner ear fluid homeostasis. In this study, we investigated the effects of lithium on AQP2 expression in the rat inner ear, and on the cochlear fluid volume in hydropic ears of guinea pigs. A quantitative PCR study revealed that lithium reduced AQP2 mRNA expression in the cochlea and endolymphatic sac. Lithium application also decreased the immunoreactivity of AQP2 in the cochlea and endolymphatic sac. In a morphological study, lithium intake significantly reduced endolymphatic hydrops dose-dependently. These results indicate that lithium acts on the VP-AQP2 system in the inner ear, consequently producing a dehydratic effect on the endolymphatic compartment.
Personal Factors Involved in Onset or Progression of Ménière’s Disease and Low-Tone Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Authors: Takahashi Masahiro , Odagiri Kyoko , Sato Ririko , Wada Ryoko , Onuki Junichi
Published: December 2005

Purpose: To identify personal causative factors for Ménière’s disease. Procedures: Patterns of hearing loss progression were studied in patients with Ménière’s disease and low-tone sensorineural hearing loss, and the involvement of stress and the relation of stressors to the onset or progression of the disease were analyzed. Results: Low-tone loss recurred in 40% of patients even after hearing was restored, and low-tone loss progressed to high-tone loss after frequent repetitions of recovery and recurrence. High-tone loss tended to proceed to all-tone loss. Eighty percent of patients reported that stress was involved or deeply involved in the onset or progression of the disease. Common causative stressors were business-related pressure, insufficient sleep, and troubles at the workplace or at home. Conclusions: The present findings indicate that recovery and recurrence may be influenced by the strength and duration of stress that is produced when patients do not feel rewarded for engrossment in their work or for self-inhibiting behaviors.
Paraffin-Embedded Cell Line Microarray (PECLIMA): Development and Validation of a High-Throughput Method for Antigen Profiling of Cell Lines
Authors: Ferrer Berta , Bermudo Raquel , Thomson Timothy , Nayach Iracema , Soler Marta , Sánchez Montserrat , Castillo Mireia , Calvo Julia , Campo Elias , Fernández Pedro L.
Published: December 2005

The introduction of high-throughput techniques is increasingly providing abundant information on molecular alterations requiring validation at the posttranscriptional level. Protein expression is now efficiently evaluated in large series of tumors included in tissue microarrays. We propose, describe and validate a technique to elaborate paraffin-embedded cell line microarrays (PECLIMA) from fixed cell cultures, which can be processed like standard surgical pathology biopsies prior to immunophenotyping. Our results show a reliable protein immunoexpression profiling in six widely used cell lines under different fixation conditions. This technique permits the simultaneous analysis of multiple antigens in multiple cell lines under different experimental conditions. Additional features of these arrays are long-term storage, their suitability for a variety of techniques including immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization and their low cost.
Overexpression of Cyclooxygenase-2 Is Associated with a Favorable Prognostic Phenotype in Breast Carcinoma
Authors: Nakopoulou L. , Mylona E. , Papadaki I. , Kapranou A. , Giannopoulou I. , Markaki S. , Keramopoulos A.
Published: December 2005

Objectives: Cyclooxygenase (COX) is the rate-limiting enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the involvement of COX-2 protein in breast cancer biological behavior through its correlation with the well-known clinicopathological parameters and the expression of p53, c-erbB-2, topoisomerase IIα (topoIIα) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARγ) proteins, as well as its effect on patients’ survival. Methods: We performed immunohistochemistry to detect COX-2, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), p53, c-erbB-2, topoIIα and PPARγ proteins in 175 cases of invasive breast carcinomas. The results were elaborated by statistic analysis. Results: Cytoplasmic expression of COX-2 was detected in 66.9% of breast carcinoma samples and was inversely correlated with both nuclear and histological grade (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.039, respectively), whereas its association with PR was found to be positive (p = 0.016). COX-2 expression was inversely correlated with topoIIα and p53 (p = 0.033 and p = 0.002, respectively), whereas its association with PPARγ was parallel (p < 0.0001). In addition, c-erbB-2 of tumor cells was inversely correlated with COX-2 in stromal cells of the tumor (p = 0.011). Neither univariate nor multivariate analysis demonstrated any association between COX-2 expression and patient overall or disease-free survival. Conclusions: The current data suggest that increased expression of COX-2 may be related to breast carcinomas with less aggressive phenotype. This suggestion is further supported by the positive correlation between COX-2 and PPARγ, since the latter is considered to be indicative of a less malignant phenotype of tumor cells.
Basement Membrane Matrix Modifies Cytokine Interactions between Lung Cancer Cells and Fibroblasts
Authors: Akashi Takumi , Minami Junko , Ishige Yuki , Eishi Yoshinobu , Takizawa Touichiro , Koike Morio , Yanagishita Masaki
Published: December 2005

Objective: Proliferation of fibroblasts (desmoplastic reaction) in the lung adenocarcinomas is an important phenomenon that correlates with metastases and poor prognosis. Because basement membranes are often involved in the desmoplastic areas and many cytokines have binding capacity to basement membrane molecules, we hypothesized that basement membrane modify the paracrine effects between cancer cells and fibroblasts via the fibrogenic cytokines and this hypothesis was experimentally investigated. Methods: The effects of conditioned media derived from ten lung carcinoma cell lines and normal airway epithelial cells on DNA synthesis of fetal lung fibroblasts were determined. We focused on fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) as the candidate paracrine cytokines and examined their diffusion through an experimental basement membrane matrix model, Matrigel™. Results: All the conditioned media promoted DNA synthesis of fetal lung fibroblasts. Detection by ELISA methods and the neutralizing antibodies suggested that FGF-2 was one of the responsible factors for the growth promotion. Diffusion of FGF-2 across the polycarbonate membrane was suppressed by coating with Matrigel. When FGF-2-secreting A549 cells were covered with Matrigel, FGF-2 was stored in Matrigel and its diffusion into the culture media was significantly reduced. Binding of FGF-2 to Matrigel was completely blocked by a basic protein, protamine sulfate. In the presence of protamine sulfate in Matrigel overlaid on A549 cells, diffusion of FGF-2 increased 7-fold as much as that without overlaid Matrigel. Conclusion: These results suggest that the basement membrane acts as a barrier to the diffusion and a reservoir of cytokines secreted by cancer cells, and that the subsequent degradation of the basement membrane by cancer cells could release the stored cytokines and promote growth of fibroblasts.
Dialyzer and Machine Technologies: Application of Recent Advances to Clinical Practice
Authors: Ward Richard A. , Ronco Claudio
Published: December 2005

Although hemodialysis is a mature therapy, a growing population of patients with more complex medical problems and limitations on resources will require technological innovations to improve the safety, reliability and efficiency of the therapy. The past several years have seen design changes to dialyzers that have provided incremental improvements in small solute clearance and more substantial improvements in the clearance of large solutes. New functions have been added to dialysis machines that help ensure reliable delivery of the dialysis prescription and enable full advantage to be taken of improvements in dialyzer clearance of large molecules. In addition, feedback control systems have been developed that may help reduce the untoward side effects which many patients experience during hemodialysis. Whether or not a particular innovation enters routine clinical use will depend on demonstrating that it improves clinical outcomes, its cost, and, in some cases, on a more enlightened approach by regulatory authorities.
The Importance of Water Quality and Haemodialysis Fluid Composition
Authors: Hoenich Nicholas A. , Ronco Claudio , Levin Robert
Published: December 2005

Treatment of renal failure by haemodialysis uses dialysis fluid to facilitate the normalization of electrolyte and acid base abnormalities and the removal of low molecular weight uraemic compounds present in the plasma such as urea. The dialysis fluid is a continuously produced blend of treated tap water and a concentrated solution containing electrolytes, buffer, and glucose. The water used originates as drinking water but undergoes additional treatment. Recent surveys have indicated that the chemical and microbiological content of such water frequently fails to meet the requirements of established standards, and its bacterial content arising from the presence of a biofilm in the water distribution network or the hydraulic circuit of the dialysis machine is a contributory factor to the chronic inflammatory state in patients undergoing regular dialysis. The composition of the dialysis fluid plays an important role in the modulation of complications associated with end-stage renal disease, as well as those associated with the treatment itself. The avoidance of complications arising from water contaminants requires a constant and vigorous attention to water quality, whilst with the composition of electrolytes and buffer there is a trend towards greater individualization to provide a high degree of treatment tolerance.
Patient Safety in the Dialysis Facility
Authors: Kliger Alan S.
Published: December 2005

Medical mistakes that harm patients have occurred in dialysis facilities, just as they have been reported to cause death in hospitals. A plan to recognize and prevent mistakes includes several elements. (1) Establish a culture of safety, where safe practices are a priority and reporting of adverse events and ‘near misses’ is encouraged in a non-punitive environment. (2) Redesign processes of care to minimize patient falls, medication errors, bleeding from vascular accesses, dialyzer reuse errors and other problems. (3) Perform root cause analyses of adverse events and ‘near misses’. (4) Involve patients in safety efforts, including maintaining an accurate, up-to-date medication list. (5) Dialysis facilities should function as high-reliability organizations, focusing on the possibility of failures, expecting to make errors, training to recognize and recover from them and making system reforms following root cause analyses.
Establishing a Successful Home Dialysis Program
Authors: Diaz-Buxo Jose A. , Crawford-Bonadio Terri L. , St. Pierre Donna , Ingram Katherine M.
Published: December 2005

The renewed interest in home dialysis therapies makes it pertinent to address the essentials of establishing and running a successful home dialysis program. The success of a home program depends on a clear understanding of the structure of the home program team, the physical plant, educational tool requirements, reimbursement sources and a business plan. A good command of the technical and economic aspects is important, but the primary drivers for the creation and growth of a home dialysis program are the confidence and commitment of the nephrological team.