bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fallacies and fantasies: the theoretical underpinnings of the Coexistence Approach for palaeoclimate reconstruction
Authors: Grimm Guido W. , Potts Alastair J.
Published: March 2016

Abstract. The Coexistence Approach has been used to infer palaeoclimates for many Eurasian fossil plant assemblages. However, the theory that underpins the method has never been examined in detail. Here we discuss acknowledged and implicit assumptions and assess the statistical nature and pseudo-logic of the method. We also compare the Coexistence Approach theory with the active field of species distribution modelling. We argue that the assumptions will inevitably be violated to some degree and that the method lacks any substantive means to identify or quantify these violations. The absence of a statistical framework makes the method highly vulnerable to the vagaries of statistical outliers and exotic elements. In addition, we find numerous logical inconsistencies, such as how climate shifts are quantified (the use of a "centre value" of a coexistence interval) and the ability to reconstruct "extinct" climates from modern plant distributions. Given the problems that have surfaced in species distribution modelling, accurate and precise quantitative reconstructions of palaeoclimates (or even climate shifts) using the nearest-living-relative principle and rectilinear niches (the basis of the method) will not be possible. The Coexistence Approach can be summarised as an exercise that shoehorns a plant fossil assemblage into coexistence and then assumes that this must be the climate. Given the theoretical issues and methodological issues highlighted elsewhere, we suggest that the method be discontinued and that all past reconstructions be disregarded and revisited using less fallacious methods. We outline six steps for (further) validation of available and future taxon-based methods and advocate developing (semi-quantitative) methods that prioritise robustness over precision.
Delaying future sea-level rise by storing water in Antarctica
Authors: Frieler K. , Mengel M. , Levermann A.
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Even if greenhouse gas emissions were stopped today, sea level would continue to rise for centuries, with the long-term sea-level commitment of a 2 °C warmer world significantly exceeding 2 m. In view of the potential implications for coastal populations and ecosystems worldwide, we investigate, from an ice-dynamic perspective, the possibility of delaying sea-level rise by pumping ocean water onto the surface of the Antarctic ice sheet. We find that due to wave propagation ice is discharged much faster back into the ocean than would be expected from a pure advection with surface velocities. The delay time depends strongly on the distance from the coastline at which the additional mass is placed and less strongly on the rate of sea-level rise that is mitigated. A millennium-scale storage of at least 80 % of the additional ice requires placing it at a distance of at least 700 km from the coastline. The pumping energy required to elevate the potential energy of ocean water to mitigate the currently observed 3 mm yr−1 will exceed 7 % of the current global primary energy supply. At the same time, the approach offers a comprehensive protection for entire coastlines particularly including regions that cannot be protected by dikes.
pynoddy 1.0: an experimental platform for automated 3-D kinematic and potential field modelling
Authors: Wellmann J. Florian , Thiele Sam T. , Lindsay Mark D. , Jessell Mark W.
Published: March 2016

Abstract. We present a novel methodology for performing experiments with subsurface structural models using a set of flexible and extensible Python modules. We utilize the ability of kinematic modelling techniques to describe major deformational, tectonic, and magmatic events at low computational cost to develop experiments testing the interactions between multiple kinematic events, effect of uncertainty regarding event timing, and kinematic properties. These tests are simple to implement and perform, as they are automated within the Python scripting language, allowing the encapsulation of entire kinematic experiments within high-level class definitions and fully reproducible results. In addition, we provide a link to geophysical potential-field simulations to evaluate the effect of parameter uncertainties on maps of gravity and magnetics. We provide relevant fundamental information on kinematic modelling and our implementation, and showcase the application of our novel methods to investigate the interaction of multiple tectonic events on a pre-defined stratigraphy, the effect of changing kinematic parameters on simulated geophysical potential fields, and the distribution of uncertain areas in a full 3-D kinematic model, based on estimated uncertainties in kinematic input parameters. Additional possibilities for linking kinematic modelling to subsequent process simulations are discussed, as well as additional aspects of future research. Our modules are freely available on github, including documentation and tutorial examples, and we encourage the contribution to this project.
Investigation of the relationship between electrical conductivity (EC) of water and soil, and landform classes using fuzzy model and GIS
Authors: Mokarram Marzieh , Sathyamoorthy Dinesh
Published: March 2016

Abstract. In this research, the relationship between classes of landform, and electrical conductivity (EC) of soil and water in the Shiraz Plain, Fars province Iran was investigated using a combination of geographical information system (GIS) and fuzzy model. The results of the fuzzy method for water EC showed that 36.6 % of the land to be moderately land suitable for agriculture; high, 31.69 %; and very high, 31.65 %. In comparison, the results of the fuzzy method for soil EC showed that 24.31 % of the land to be as not suitable for agriculture (low class); moderate, 11.78 %; high, 25.74 %; and very high, 38.16 %. In the total, the land suitable for agriculture with low EC is located in the north and northeast of the study area. The relationship between landform and EC shows that EC of water is high for the valley classes, while EC of soil is high in the upland drainage class. In addition, the lowest EC for soil and water are in the plain small class.
Simulating stress-dependent fluid flow in a fractured core sample using real-time X-ray CT data
Authors: Kling Tobias , Huo Da , Schwarz Jens-Oliver , Enzmann Frieder , Benson Sally , Blum Philipp
Published: March 2016

Abstract. The objective of the current study is to investigate and validate stress-dependent single fluid flow in a fractured core sample using in situ X-ray computed tomography (CT) scans and a finite-volume method solving the Navier-Stokes-Brinkman equations. The permeability of the fractured sandstone sample was measured stepwise during a loading-unloading cycle (0.7 MPa to 22.1 MPa and back) to validate the numerical results. Simultaneously, the pressurized core sample was imaged with a medical X-ray CT scanner with a voxel dimension of 0.5 × 0.5 × 1.0 mm3. Fracture geometries were obtained by CT images based on the Missing Attenuation (MA) approach. Simulation results revealed both, qualitative plausibility and a quantitative approximation of the experimentally derived permeabilities. The qualitative results indicate flow channeling along several preferential flow paths with less pronounced tortuosity. Significant changes in permeability can be assigned to temporal and permanent changes within the fracture due to applied stresses. The applied fluid flow simulations also incorporate potential fracture-matrix interaction and permeability anisotropy within the matrix caused by high-porosity layers. The deviations of the quantitative results appear to be mainly caused by the low resolution affecting the accurate capturing of sub-grid scale features and the reproduction of the actual connectivity. Furthermore, the threshold value CTmat (1862.6 HU) depicting the matrix material represents the most sensitive input parameter of the simulations. Small variations of CTmat (±17.7 HU in this study) can cause enormous changes in simulated permeability by up to a factor of 2.6 ± 0.1 and, thus, has to be defined with caution. Finally, our results are also compared with other studies showing similar results. Based on these observations various recommendations to improve CT image quality, model quality, aperture calibration and validation of qualitative fluid flow are provided.
O que tenho a ver com isso? Aula-vivência sobre violência contra crianças e adolescentes
Authors: Santos Paula Fernanda Brandão Batista dos , Monteiro Akemi Iwata , Bezerra Kelianny Pinheiro
Published: March 2016

A violência constitui hoje a principal causa de morte em crianças de 5 a 19 anos, o que tem imposto aos profissionais de saúde um olhar mais atento a estas questões, bem como uma formação que busque compreender este fenômeno sobre os vários prismas que a circunscreve. O objetivo deste artigo é relatar a experiência vivenciada com alunos do curso de Graduação em Enfermagem da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte numa aula-vivência sobre esta temática. A aula foi baseada numa prática pedagógica de ação reflexiva. Desenvolveu-se a partir da integração dos conteúdos teóricos e práticos, articulando-os com temas sociais, políticos e econômicos. A aula foi dividida em três momentos: um momento de sensibilização; um segundo momento onde foi apresentado e discutido o arcabouço teórico, científico e legal que envolve o tema; e um terceiro, que visou estimular uma reflexão sobre a realidade vivenciada nos serviços de saúde por profissionais que atuam diante de situações de violência. Nos três momentos da aula pudemos proporcionar ao aluno a inquietação e a reflexão necessárias para pensarmos sobre a violência em toda a sua complexidade, pluricausalidade e com toda a carga de preconceito em que esta se encontra envolvida.
Mulheres expostas ao HIV/AIDS: promovendo qualidade de vida na atenção básica
Authors: Henriques Maria Emília Romero de Miranda , Lima Édija Anália Rodrigues de
Published: March 2016

Um dos objetivos específicos do Programa de Assistência Integral a Saúde da Mulher é a ampliação e qualificação clínico-ginecológica, inclusive para cuidar das portadoras de infecção pelo HIV e outras DST’s, por meio de estratégias que favoreçam o fortalecimento da atenção básica. Este estudo teve o objetivo de analisar a opinião de mulheres, assistidas pelo PSF e CTA do município de Bayeux-PB, quanto às orientações fornecidas por profissionais de saúde em relação ao HIV/AIDS. Estudo exploratório de abordagem qualitativa, realizado em 2006, que contou com a participação de 22 mulheres. Os dados foram analisados por meio da técnica do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo e apresentados em quadros. Identificou-se que as mulheres tinham faixa etária variando entre 19 e 60 anos, e 82% referiram ter o primeiro grau incompleto. De acordo com os discursos pode-se evidenciar que não está havendo continuidades nos trabalhos de orientação sobre DSTs/AIDS na atenção básica; Houve satisfação quanto as orientações obtidas no CTA; Identificou-se impedimentos para o uso do preservativo. Acredita-se que elas necessitam de assistência em espaços educativos. Todavia para que haja mudança nas práticas assistenciais dos profissionais, é primordial o envolvimento da equipe gestora.
Auditoria de enfermagem e a qualidade da assistência à saúde: uma revisão da literatura
Authors: Camelo Silvia Helena Henriques , Pinheiro Aline , Campos Domitila , Oliveira Tatiana Lentz de
Published: March 2016

A fim de garantir a qualidade dos serviços prestados, instituições de saúde têm-se preocupado em utilizar a auditoria. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar na produção nacional artigos sobre auditoria de enfermagem, publicados no período de 2001 a 2008 analisando a contribuição destes na melhoria da qualidade da assistência e no desempenho do papel do enfermeiro nessa área. Trata-se de uma revisão de literatura constituída de artigos científicos nacionais da temática auditoria de enfermagem. Os dados encontrados foram agrupados em categorias: “Auditoria de enfermagem e a qualidade da assistência”, “o papel das anotações de enfermagem para a auditoria” e “atribuições do enfermeiro auditor”. A análise dos artigos mostrou que a efetivação da auditoria de enfermagem facilitaria a avaliação da qualidade da assistência prestada ao cliente oferecendo condições para a sua melhoria. Observou-se que as anotações de enfermagem representam um dos objetos de investigação na auditoria e que o enfermeiro é o profissional de enfermagem habilitado para a função de auditor. Sabendo que a enfermagem passa por uma reforma curricular, entendemos que é momento para reflexão sobre a responsabilidade que as instituições de ensino têm em preparar profissionais para desempenhar a função de auditor nos serviços de enfermagem e de saúde.
Cuidados com os pés: conhecimento entre pessoas com diabetes mellitus
Authors: Amaral Alice Santos , Tavares Darlene Mara dos Santos
Published: March 2016

O conhecimento sobre o cuidado com os pés entre as pessoas com diabetes mellitus (DM) contribui para postergar as complicações. Estudo descritivo, prospectivo e transversal realizado em um hospital universitário com o objetivo de descrever as características sócio-demográficas, clínicas e os cuidados com os pés realizados por pessoas com DM. Participaram 58 pessoas, entrevistadas com instrumento semi-estruturado, no período de junho e agosto de 2008. Os dados foram digitados e analisados no EpiInfo3.2 TM. As variáveis categóricas foram submetidas à distribuição de frequência e ao teste qui-quadrado (p<0,05). A maioria é do sexo masculino; está na faixa etária de 60 anos ou mais; possuem 1° grau incompleto, são casados e aposentados. Metade das pessoas apresenta tempo de diagnóstico inferior a 10 anos, a maioria possui duas co-morbidades; presença de complicações; usam hipoglicemiante oral; não realizam consulta mensal; são cadastrados no Hiperdia; não participam de grupos educativos e seguem o tratamento instituído. Cuidam adequadamente dos pés, exceto a forma como cortam as unhas, o tipo de calçados usados e o ressecamento da pele. Apesar das complicações nos pés em pessoas com diabetes ser prevenível por meio de ações de baixa complexidade, ainda é um desafio para os serviços de saúde.
In vivo Heat Inactivation of Serum can Distinguish False Positive Cross Matches in Renal Transplants
Authors: Riley Alyssa A. , Klingman Lynne , Brier Michael E. , Chand Deepa H.
Published: March 2016

Introduction

Renal transplants have traditionally been performed despite positive cross match if results are presumptively due to IgM antibodies. False positives have been distinguishable from true positives by dithiothreitol or dithioerythritol treatment to inactivate IgM antibodies. Heat inactivation, which renders the antibodies inactive, is an alternative to chemical amelioration.

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated clinical outcomes of patients who had positive cross matches presumed to be falsely positive as determined by treatment with heat inactivation compared to controls with negative cross matches over a six-year period. A total of 414 transplanted patients had available cross match data: 355 with a negative cross match and 59 with a positive cross match rendered negative after heat inactivation. Serum creatinine was reviewed at 6,12 and 24 months posttransplant.

Results

Graft function was considered stable at 12 and 24 months post-transplant if the change in creatinine compared to the 6-month value was >0.5 mg/dL. Repeated and nonrepeated measures analysis showed equivalence in the change in sCr from 6 to 12 (p = 0.525) and from 6 to 24 months (p = 0.752). Kaplan-Meier curves to evaluate graft survival demonstrated no significant difference in function over 24 months. Curves were censored for patient death, treated as death with functioning (p = 0.48) and nonfunctioning (p = 0.64) grafts.

Discussions

We have demonstrated comparable long-term function and survival for living donor renal transplants using heat inactivation to detect false positive cross matches. This simple and cost-effective method can be used to safely evaluate histocompatibility for living donor renal transplant recipients.
To Explore the Characteristics of Fatality in Children Poisoned by Paraquat – with Analysis of 146 Cases
Authors: Duan YingYing , Wang Zheng
Published: March 2016

Purpose

The incidence of paraquat (PQ) poisoning in China is increasing, so it is important to identify the characteristics of fatalities in children with acute PQ poisoning in order to prevent and treat future cases.

Methods

A prospective study that enrolled 146 children with PQ poisoning was performed. A novel evaluation system called the score of lethal factors for PQ poisoning (SLFPP) was established, including 1 contributing factor and 4 weakening factors. Comparisons with the Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction (PELOD) score, the Poisoning Severity Score (PSS) in admission and the SLFPP were made to determine their values for prognosis.

Results

Younger patients (71/146, <10 years) had accidental exposure to PQ (64/71, 90.14%), whereas older patients (75/146, ≥10 years) had ingested PQ intentionally (46/75, 61.33%) (p<0.01); 21/146 (14.38%) died of PQ poisoning. Of these 21 children, 20 committed suicide with ages ≥10 years. Significant differences (p<0.01) were found between nonsurvivors and survivors with regard to the Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction (PELOD) scores (19.76 ± 18.44 vs. 4.17 ± 5.98), PSS in admission (2.48 ± 0.60 vs. 1.43 ± 0.59), the SLFPP (10.40 ± 1.07 vs. 3.60 ± 1.89). In PELOD score and PSS in admission, there were relative large overlaps in scores between nonsurvivors and survivors. But for SLFPP, there were smaller overlaps.

Conclusions

Deliberate ingestion of PQ to commit suicide occurred mainly in older children (≥10 years), while accidental exposure to PQ occurred mainly in younger children (<10 years). Owing to small overlaps, the SLFPP may exceed PELOD and PSS in predicting the prognosis of PQ poisoning, but the SLFPP scores still require further clinical validation.
Toxicity Assessment and Selective Leaching Characteristics of Cu-Al-Ni Shape Memory Alloys in Biomaterials Applications
Authors: Chang Shih-Hang , Chen Bor-Yann , Lin Jin-Xiang
Published: March 2016

Background

Cu-Al-Ni shape memory alloys (SMAs) possess two-way shape memory effects, superelasticity, and damping capacity. Nonetheless, Cu-Al-Ni SMAs remain promising candidates for use in biomedical applications, as they are more economical and machinable than other SMAs. Ensuring the biocompatibility of Cu-Al-Ni SMAs is crucial to their development for biomedical applications. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the toxicity of Cu-Al-Ni SMAs using a Probit dose–response model and augmented simplex design.

Methods

In this study, the effects of Cu2+, Al3+ and Ni2+ metal ions on bacteria ( Escherichia coli DH5α) using Probit dose–response analysis and augmented simplex design to assess the actual toxicity of the Cu-Al-Ni SMAs.

Results

Extraction and repetition of Escherichia coli DH5α solutions with high Cu2+ ion concentrations and 30-hour incubation demonstrated that Escherichia coli DH5α was able to alter its growth mechanisms in response to toxins. Metal ions leached from Cu-Al-Ni SMAs appeared in a multitude of compositions with varying degrees of toxicity, and those appearing close to a saddle region identified in the contour plot of the augmented simplex model were identified as candidates for elevated toxicity levels. When the Cu-13.5Al-4Ni SMA plate was immersed in Ringer's solution, the selective leaching rate of Ni2+ ions far exceeded that of Cu2+ and Al3+. The number of Cu2+, Al3+ and Ni2+ ions leached from Cu-Al-Ni SMAs increased with immersion time; however, at higher ratios, toxicity interactions among the metal ions had the effect of gradually reducing overall toxicity levels with regard to Escherichia coli DH5α.

Conclusions

The quantities of Cu2+, Al3+ and Ni2+ ions leached from the Cu-13.5Al-4Ni SMA plate increased with immersion time, the toxicity interactions associated with these compositions reduced the actual toxicity to Escherichia coli DH5α.
Um Antropólogo na Educação
Authors: Oliveira Amurabi
Published: March 2016

A biografia não deve ser entendida como uma sucessão de fatos completamente singulares e aleatórios, uma vez que, por meio dela podemos ter acesso a questões mais amplas que tangenciam as experiências sociais narradas, mais que isso, a análise biográfica nos permite reconhecer a indissociabilidade entre indivíduo e sociedade, entendidos aqui não como polos opostos. Através da narrativa de meu próprio percurso enquanto antropólogo na educação, proponho-me a desenvolver uma reflexão em torno do campo da Antropologia da Educação no Brasil, o qual compreendo está ainda em formação, ocupando um lugar periférico na agenda de pesquisas da Antropologia brasileira, indicando algumas tensões existentes e a necessidade de engajamento de antropólogos nessa discussão, e de pesquisadores com formação em educação, mas que reconhecem a relevância das discussões antropológicas para a educação. Além de destacar os percalços encontrados no processo de inserção no campo educacional, almejo elucidar questões que entendo serem pertinentes para se compreender a relação entre a Antropologia e a Educação, apontando elementos que nos possibilitem pensar em que a ciência antropológica pode contribuir para a pesquisa em educação, bem como para a formação de professores, partindo do pressuposto que a Antropologia constitui um dos “fundamentos teóricos da educação”.
Community Participation in Decentralized Management of Natural Resources in the Southern Region of Mali
Authors: Umutoni Clarisse , Ayantunde Augustine , Turner Matthew , Sawadogo Germain J.
Published: March 2016

Decentralized governance of natural resources is considered one of the key strategies for promoting sustainable management of natural resources at local level. Effective decentralized natural resource management requires strong local natural resource institutions. Therefore, strengthening local institutions governing the management of natural resources is one of the core principles of decentralization reforms in Francophone West Africa countries. This study assessed the existing local institutions (rules, norms and or local conventions) governing the management of natural resources and forms of community participation in the development of these natural resource institutions. Our findings showed significant variation within the study sites regarding the level of knowledge of existing local rules and norms governing the management of natural resources by the respondents. Results showed that the level of knowledge of local conventions was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the district of Bougouni than in the district of Koutiala (a score of 3.16 compared to 1.70 on a scale of 0 to 4).This study shows also that participation was dominated by a small group of individuals, often community leaders and elites. The results suggest that women are marginalized. Presently, the big challenge that faces the institutions governing natural resource use in the study area is the system of representativeness in the community in the development of local rules and norms as community leaders and household heads often dominate, which does not encourage active participation of community members. Therefore, for effective implementation of local natural resource institutions, the interest of key natural resource users should be taken into account. It is also important to promote rules and norms that attempt to protect or strengthen women’s access to natural resources in the community.
Relationship between Quality of Life of Women-Headed Households and Some Related Factors in Iran
Authors: Solhi Mahnaz , Hamedan Marziyeh Shabani , Salehi Masood
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND & AIM: Women heading their households are the ones who lead their life alone. Burden of life probably decreases the quality of life of women-headed households. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between quality of life of women-headed households and some related factors in Iran.

METHODS: The study was a cross-sectional study and 180 women-head households were selected from Welfare Organization, Tehran Province, using stratified random sampling method in 2015(January up to April). Social World Health Organization's quality of life questionnaire was used to gather information. The data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software (15) and suitable descriptive and analytical methods were applied.

RESULTS: Quality of life was moderate in the studied women. The highest mean score (50.35) was related to the physical aspect and the lowest mean (37.82) was about the environmental aspect.

CONCLUSION: Quality of life of the studied women is not desirable; so, it is necessary to design appropriate interventions to improve their quality of life.
A Priori and A Posteriori Error Estimates for a Crank Nicolson Type Scheme of an Elliptic Problem with Dynamical Boundary Conditions
Authors: Ali Ahmad Rola , El Arwadi Toufic , Chrayteh Houssam , Sac-Epee Jean-Marc
Published: March 2016

In this article we claim that we are going to give a priori and a posteriori error estimates for a Crank Nicolson type scheme. The problem is discretized by the finite elements in space. The main result of this paper consists in establishing two types of error indicators, the first one linked to the time discretization and the second one to the space discretization.
An Extension of the Euler Phi-function to Sets of Integers Relatively Prime to 30
Authors: Mothebe Mbakiso Fix , T. Modise Ben
Published: March 2016

Let $n \geq 1$ be an integer and let $S= \{1,7,11,13,17,19,23,29\},$ the set of integers which are both less than and relatively prime to $30.$ Define $\phi_3(n)$ to be the number of integers $x, \; 0 \leq x \leq n-1,$ for which $\gcd(30n, 30x+i) = 1$ for all $i \in S.$ In this note we show that  $\phi_3$ is multiplicative, that is, if $\gcd(m, n)=1,$ then $\phi_3(mn)=\phi_3(m)\phi_3(n).$ We make a conjecture about primes generated by S.
The Effectiveness of Dawson-Guare Program on the Executive Functions of Pre-School Students with Neurological Learning Disability
Authors: Akbar Ebrahimi Ali , Abedi Ahmad , Yarmohammadian Ahmad , Faramarzi Salar
Published: March 2016

The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of the Dawson-Guare Program on executive functions in children with Neuropsychological/Developmental Learning Disability (NDLD). The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale Intelligence (WPPSI) and Behavior Rating Inventory for Executive Function-Preschool (BREIEF-P) were chosen for the purposes of this study and 40 children of the total number of 700, exhibited executive functions difficulties indicating a probable NDLD. The 40 students diagnosed with NDLD were equally separated into two groups. The intervention group attend a 15-week Dawson-Guare program while students of the control group followed the regular preschool schedule. All participants were tested prior to the start and after the end of the 15-week period. The results indicated that after a 15-week Dawson-Guare program, the intervention group improved all of dimensions of executive functions that examined. In conclusion, Dawson-Guare program training can be an effective intervention for improving executive functions for children with NDLD.
Postural and Load Distribution Asymmetries in Preschoolers
Authors: Almeida Paulysnara De Oliveira , Prudente Geisyani Francisca Gomes , De Sá Fabiane Elpídio , Lima Lidiane Andréa Oliveira , Jesus-Moraleida Fabianna Resende , Viana-Cardoso Kátia Virginia
Published: March 2016

The aim of the study was to investigate the postural and load distribution symmetries in preschool children. The sample consisted of 67 preschool children with a median age of 54.00 ± 5.06 months. Postural parameters such as the horizontal alignment of the head, the acromion and Antero Superior Iliac Spines (ASIS), the angles between the acromial and ASIS, frontal, Q, knee and ankle and horizontal asymmetry of the scapula in relation to T3 were evaluated by photogrammetry. The baropodometry was used to identify the distribution of plantar pressure, while the medial arch of the foot was analyzed by photographic image. The median, standard deviation and the symmetry ratio were calculated for each parameter considered symmetry values greater than 90%. The Pearson’s or Spearman’s correlation were used between the parameters analyzed. There was asymmetric for postural and load distribution parameters for both genders and a null correlation between the symmetry of the surface and foot morphology and negative weak correlation significant between of the load foot and the front angle of the lower limb symmetries. The presence of asymmetries, postural and/or of load distribution, observed in early childhood suggest the importance of monitoring the postural and foot load parameters in the long term, preventing future postural and biomechanical alterations.
Ansiedade, Avaliação Cognitiva e Esgotamento na Formação Desportiva: Estudo com Jovens Atletas
Authors: Vilela Carla , Gomes A. Rui
Published: March 2016

Este estudo analisa a importância dos processos de avaliação cognitiva na experiência de ansiedade e de burnout bem como a importância da avaliação cognitiva e da ansiedade na predição do burnout. Participaram nesta investigação 711 atletas (89 do sexo feminino e 622 do sexo masculino), com idades compreendidas entre os 12 e os 19 anos (M = 14.77; DP = 1.86). Os participantes responderam a um protocolo de avaliação composto por três instrumentos, além de um questionário demográfico: Escala de Ansiedade no Desporto-2; Escala de Avaliação Cognitiva e Questionário de Burnout para Atletas. Os resultados demonstraram que a avaliação cognitiva primária desempenha um papel fundamental na experiência de ansiedade e de burnout, dado que a perceção de ameaça correspondeu a maiores níveis de ansiedade e burnout e a perceção de desafio correspondeu a menores níveis nestas variáveis. Além disso, verificou-se que as dimensões da avaliação cognitiva primária, em conjunto com as dimensões da ansiedade, foram variáveis preditoras do burnout. Em suma, os resultados evidenciaram a importância da avaliação cognitiva no estudo dos estados emocionais dos atletas, sugerindo a continuação de investigações futuras neste domínio.
Citoyenneté, nationalité et immigration
Authors: Wihtol de Wenden Catherine
Published: March 2016

À la veille du bicentenaire de la Révolution française et de l’avènement d’une citoyenneté européenne, les symboles constitutifs et les mythes fondateurs de l’État-nation se trouvent plus que jamais posés au centre du débat politique. Avec une immigration de moins en moins étrangère, de moins en moins immigrée, de plus en plus résidante, ici et maintenant, et de moins en moins tournée vers les pays d’origine, la France est désormais, encore plus qu’hier, une société pluriethnique et pluriculturelle, interrogée dans son histoire, dans son identité et dans son devenir. L’immigration, devenue défi politique, impose de nouvelles règles du jeu, de nouveaux enjeux et de nouveaux acteurs qui contribuent à redéfinir le contenu de la citoyenneté et les liens qu’elle entretient avec la nationalité.
Quartiers multiethniques et pratiques familiales : la garde des jeunes enfants d’âge scolaire
Authors: Blanc Bernadette , Chicoine Nathalie , Germain Annick
Published: March 2016

Cet article propose un portrait de trois secteurs multiethniques de Montréal et des familles qui y vivent. Après avoir brièvement examiné la constitution et la composition du paysage socio-ethnique de Saint-Louis et Mile End, Côte-des-Neiges et Montréal-Nord, les auteures examinent les pratiques des familles en matière de garde des enfants d’âge scolaire. Elles comparent plus particulièrement les modes de garde utilisés par les mères salariées nées au Canada et par les mères nées à l’étranger. Les conditions de vie précaires des populations néo-québécoises sont enfin mises en relation avec les problèmes d’accessibilité aux services de garde.
L’impact des programmes sociaux d’insertion sur les modes d’intégration des immigrés
Authors: Perrin-Espinasse Marie Thérèse
Published: March 2016

Depuis une quinzaine d’années, des programmes sociaux associant action sociale et réhabilitation de l’habitat sont mis en oeuvre pour faciliter l’insertion des immigrés dans l’espace local. L’impact de ces programmes sur l’insertion effective des immigrés n’est pas évident. À partir de l’analyse d’un exemple local où ils furent expérimentés durant une période de chômage et de développement de mouvements xénophobes, c’est la pertinence des politiques sociales volontaristes en matière d’insertion des immigrés qui se trouve mise en question.
Le social comme champ virtuel
Authors: Le Gall Didier , Soulet Marc-Henry
Published: March 2016

La problématique de l’éclatement du social, en posant l’unité comme paradigme, participe d’un effet d’institution qui appelle à la (re)construction du social. Reste à saisir à quoi ce mouvement peut aboutir. Les auteurs, après s’être efforcés de montrer les apories d’une appréhension du social comme objet clos et circonscrit, proposent un déplacement de la perspective. À leurs yeux, le social doit être saisi comme un champ, c’est-à-dire comme un espace d’articulation de logiques plurielles. La forme dans laquelle se condense cette articulation à un moment donné n’est que conjoncturelle et provisoire; elle traduit la nature profonde du social : un réceptacle d’attentions momentanées et d’interrogations diverses émanant de logiques irréductibles et résultant de dynamiques historiques sédimentées, qui néanmoins s’assemblent par des pontages toujours incertains et improbables pour donner matérialité et sens à une préoccupation collective et donc à un enjeu social.
Reconsidérer les miettes du social
Authors: Lavoué Jean
Published: March 2016

L’éclatement du social se donnerait d’abord à lire dans la quasi-résolution de l’idéal moderne : l’autonomie du sujet. Ce n’est que secondairement qu’on le référerait encore aux fractures des groupes sociaux, voire aux aléas des processus de rationalisation recouvrant bientôt tout l’espace social. En fait, ce qui serait d’abord atteint, c’est la capacité pour l’individu, autonome mais seul, de se représenter comme sujet d’un groupe ou d’un corps social qui fasse sens pour lui-même et pour autrui. D’où l’urgence d’un travail symbolique de réinscription dans une réalité sociale signifiante auquel pourrait, entre autres, prétendre le travail social.
La gestion institutionnelle des rapports sociaux
Authors: de Gaulejac Vincent
Published: March 2016

La caractéristique principale des sociétés modernes est l’extraordinaire développement des organisations qui investissent, contrôlent, gèrent l’ensemble des registres de la vie sociale : les rapports sociaux sont essentiellement des rapports organisés, c’est-à-dire des rapports structurés par les organisations. L’auteur propose ici d’analyser les conséquences de cette recomposition. Si la société de classes liée au capitalisme industriel était une société rigide, hiérarchisée et répressive, la société duale qui se profile actuellement est éclatée, fragile et oppressive. D’un côté, elle tend à faire de l’individu son propre réfèrent en le renvoyant constamment à lui-même, à la nécessité de « s’auto-réaliser », de l’autre, elle met en place un maillage organisationnel de l’espace social pour maîtriser les conséquences de son développement.
Social, société et sociologie
Authors: Ion Jacques
Published: March 2016

L’article entend indiquer, d’abord, combien l’objectivation d’une représentation de la société est indissociable des « problèmes sociaux » au sens restreint que se pose cette société; et, simultanément, comment la constitution d’une discipline savante, la sociologie, est tout autant inséparable, malgré ses dénégations, des travaux empiriques effectués dans la tradition des « enquêtes sociales ». À partir de ces prémisses est proposée une rapide analyse de la sociologie spécialisée du social, qui aboutit à réfuter l’idée de crise à propos de cette sous-discipline.
Des grandes solutions pour des petits problèmes... À propos de la décentralisation
Authors: Godbout Jacques T.
Published: March 2016

À première vue, le rapport de la commission Rochon représente une rupture importante par rapport à l’approche centralisatrice qui prévaut dans le réseau public des affaires sociales. Mais ce constat ne résiste pas à l’analyse et l’on peut se demander si la Commission n’a pas opté pour le maintien du statut actuel, plutôt que pour une décentralisation politique polymorphe prenant appui sur un dynamisme réel mais variable selon les régions et se rapprochant davantage de la démocratie représentative. Cette dernière approche ne suppose pourtant aucune modification structurelle uniforme et radicale du système actuel, mais elle correspond néanmoins à ce que chaque milieu, chaque région, souhaite et se sent capable d’assumer.
Quelques défis pour le mouvement des femmes au Québec
Authors: Fournier Danièle , Guberman Nancy
Published: March 2016

Après être passé de la lutte idéologique à l’organisation de services, le mouvement des femmes fait aujourd’hui face aux limites de ces services, malgré toute leur pertinence et leur richesse. Confronté à différentes attaques à l’heure où les problèmes des femmes ne manquent pas, le mouvement doit régénérer ses perspectives analytiques afin d’assurer un nouveau tremplin aux luttes à mener.
La précarité des années quatre-vingt ou un phénomène social en gestation dans la société
Authors: Offredi Claudine
Published: March 2016

Les transformations sociales des années 1980 ont engendré une série de changements sur le plan des conduites individuelles dont les formes traditionnelles de pauvreté ne rendent pas compte. Menace ou risque perpétuel, la précarité correspond à des mouvements profonds de déstabilisation qui travaillent la société. Abordant le phénomène d’un triple point de vue (soit celui des idéologies et des représentations, celui des espaces et pratiques et celui de la culture), l’auteure en examine les principales composantes. Elle met en lumière le fait que la précarité est de plus en plus constitutive de la société actuelle. Bien que nous soyons en présence d’une réalité difficile à cerner, il n’en reste pas moins qu’elle traduit « les ambiguïtés d’une société en panne de sens, en même temps qu’à la recherche d’un sens nouveau ».
D’une forme instituée à une autre : considérations sur l’analyse de la désinstitutionnalisation
Authors: Laberge D.
Published: March 2016

La désinstitutionnalisation ne peut se réduire à la simple disparition d’une modalité quelconque d’intervention. C’est plutôt la disparition d’une forme instituée comme forme dominante ou quasi exclusive de gestion qui se produit. Ainsi, dans le mouvement de désinstitutionnalisation, de nouvelles formes instituées se créent. La désinstitutionnalisation repose sur certains développements théoriques critiques, tout autant qu’elle est justifiée par des motifs contradictoires, tels que l’amélioration des soins des malades et la réduction des coûts de l’institutionnalisation.
La crise du syndicalisme en France
Authors: Labbé Dominique
Published: March 2016

Le recul du syndicalisme en France a pris des proportions alarmantes. Les explications renvoient habituellement à des facteurs externes comme la crise économique et à des facteurs internes comme la nature même de l’action syndicale. Un examen critique de ces causes montre que, sans être négligeables, elles sont loin de rendre compte de l’ampleur du phénomène. En fait, la crise durable du syndicalisme révèle les changements de fond qui travaillent la société française. Ainsi, après avoir considéré l’impact de la crise économique, l’auteur examine des facteurs plus spécifiques au mouvement syndical français, notamment les processus de division et de politisation à l’intérieur du mouvement syndical, la forme que prend la montée de l’individualisme et, surtout, la crise de la socialisation politique de gauche.
Gestion professionnelle et gestion technocratique des services sociaux
Authors: Racine Pierre
Published: March 2016

À partir de la dynamique de résistance des intervenants à la gestion technocratique des services sociaux, l’auteur analyse comment les professionnels identifient les contradictions et les enjeux de leur pratique. Il montre les limites de certaines caractéristiques de la conception professionnelle de l’intervention comme idéologie de gestion et fait émerger une dimension manquante de ce modèle d’intervention : la prise en compte des rapports sociaux. Dans une hypothèse de construction, il montre comment une épistémologie de l’intervention plus axée sur les théories de l’action pourrait être une réponse plus adéquate aux problèmes posés.
Les répercussions des nouveaux comportements démographiques sur la vie familiale : la situation canadienne
Authors: Peron Yves , Lapierre-Adamcyk Évelyne , Morissette Denis
Published: March 2016

À l’instar des autres familles occidentales, les familles canadiennes se sont beaucoup transformées depuis 20 ans. L’union libre est devenue un prélude de plus en plus fréquent au mariage et au remariage. Le divorce est devenu une importante cause de démembrement des couples et des familles. Enfin, la famille de deux enfants est en train de devenir la famille « normale ».
Les nouveaux héritiers
Authors: Gotman Anne
Published: March 2016

Le dynamisme d’une institution comme l’héritage est un bon indicateur de la vivacité de l’institution familiale. Les modèles d’héritiers légués par le XIXe siècle fonctionne encore en France comme image de référence. Par ailleurs, derrière le constat économique de l’accroissement des transferts intra-familiaux, il y a bel et bien un fait sociologique et un modèle culturel de transmission des biens de famille.
Les femmes et la pauvreté : histoires de familles, histoires d’emplois ?
Authors: Beaudoin Chantal , Hamel Pierre J. , Le Bourdais Céline
Published: March 2016

La situation socio-économique des femmes s’explique, d’une part, par leur présence plus ou moins soutenue sur le marché de l’emploi et, d’autre part, par leur histoire de famille, c’est-à-dire par les types de ménages auxquels elles appartiennent au cours de leur vie. Union libre, présence d’enfants, mariage, autant d’éléments qui déterminent largement le niveau de vie des femmes et, partant, leurs risques de vivre sous le seuil de pauvreté. Par ailleurs, les interruptions de carrière des femmes semblent pénalisantes, quoique de façon variable selon les différentes histoires de familles.
Les initiatives d’autoconstruction dans les villes du Tiers monde : revue de la littérature
Authors: Valladares Licia , Huston Lorne
Published: March 2016

Les initiatives d’autoconstruction dans les villes du Tiers monde sont moins originales qu’on l’imagine généralement; elles remontent au XIXe siècle dans plusieurs pays occidentaux. En ce qui concerne les expériences récentes dans les pays du Tiers monde, les organismes internationaux ont commandé plusieurs études d’impacts afin d’évaluer les conséquences sociales et physiques de ces programmes alternatifs de logement. Cet article fait l’historique de ces initiatives d’autoconstruction, passe en revue les études d’impacts auxquelles elles ont donné lieu, et enfin nous livre l’essentiel des réflexions critiques du milieu universitaire sur différentes expériences concrètes.
Impasse et solutions alternatives : entrevue avec René Dumont par
Authors: Martel Réginald
Published: March 2016

Au cours de l’entrevue, René Dumont commente des thèmes présents dans son livre le
plus récent, Pour l’Afrique j’accuse (paru en 1986 chez Plon, à Paris), ainsi que
dans son oeuvre en général. Ayant constaté l’échec des projets agricoles et industriels en
Afrique, René Dumont porte plusieurs accusations : 1) contre le système économique dominant,
qui fait que seuls les produits agricoles des pays du Tiers monde sont véritablement soumis
à la loi du marché; 2) contre le système économique dominant, qui a exporté le modèle de
développement des pays occidentaux en Afrique et financé sa mise en place; 3) contre les
responsables politiques locaux, qui permettent l’exploitation des campagnes par les villes
et ont longtemps nié la nécessité du contrôle des naissances. Pour remédier aux graves
problèmes que connaît l’Afrique et éviter de nouvelles catastrophes, René Dumont propose des
solutions qui supposent la participation active et la connaissance pratique des
intervenants, paysans comme coopérants. Il privilégie la décentralisation des décisions et
des équipements : que chaque village ait sa digue, son puits et son programme de
reboisement; que l’on prenne des mesures appropriées pour empêcher le bétail de circuler
librement. La solution à long terme pour l’Afrique réside dans la reprise en main de
l’agriculture par les paysans; la première révolution agricole, encore à faire, sera basée
sur le fourrage, l’élevage intensif et la traction animale.
Mémoire sur le paupérisme
Authors: de Tocqueville Alexis
Published: March 2016

Il s’agit d’un mémoire présenté en 1835 devant la société académique royale de
Cherbourg, dans lequel Tocqueville, de retour d’un voyage en Angleterre, déplore
l’intervention des pouvoirs publics en matière de charité. L’idée d’un droit légal à
l’assistance publique ne peut que nuire à l’économie et à la moralité d’un peuple et des
individus qui le constituent.
L’égalité en crise
Authors: Lamoureux Jocelyne
Published: March 2016

Le débat sur la thématique de l’égalité et/ou de la justice sociale constitue l’une des clés permettant d’appréhender certaines des remises en cause et des enjeux centraux des reformulations du consensus autour de l’État-providence.

L’article analyse l’argumentation du ciblage anti-égalitaire des critiques néolibérales, les conditions de production et les enjeux de l’évolution des concepts et des pratiques égalitaires tributaires tout autant de la capacité d’action de l’État, que de l’intervention insistante des mouvements sociaux, ou encore du lent et sourd travail de la société sur elle-même.
Des exclus en quête de légitimité sociale : l’exemple de l’« habitat du pauvre » dans la France contemporaine
Authors: Gruel Louis
Published: March 2016

La plupart des pays développés possèdent à leur marge des ensembles d’habitat urbain accueillant exclusivement des populations aux ressources très précaires. Depuis la fin des années cinquante, en France, les politiques sociales du logement ont cherché à créer des formes résidentielles combinant l’accueil des populations les plus pauvres et le respect des normes jugées élémentaires en matière d’hygiène et de confort, en vue d’assurer la « promotion » sociale de leurs habitants.

L’article explore quelques exemples de nouvelles formes d’« habitat du pauvre » aménagées par les politiques sociales urbaines. Il en analyse un des effets les plus fréquents : la désagrégation du lien communautaire, le déploiement de rapports de compétition agressive, de disqualification réciproque et de violence mutuelle.
Crise et conversion dans le champ du savoir
Authors: Le Gall Didier , Martin Claude
Published: March 2016

C’est de « l’intérieur » que les auteurs se proposent d’exposer, dans cet article, ce qui leur semble être en jeu dans cette crise que connaissent aujourd’hui les sciences sociales : à la fois comme chercheurs et comme témoins. La crise du savoir n’échappe pas au constat de l’épuisement d’un ordre de rationalité : épuisement des grandes théories à expliquer la réalité dans sa complexité; fin de l’hégémonie des approches quantitatives. Mais aussi, redécouverte des approches qualitatives et apparition de nouvelles forces de « connaître » incluant des registres tels que l’affect, l’imaginaire, la socialité, l’émergence de la pluralité des objets et de l’interdisciplinarité. Remise en question du statut du chercheur, en même temps que dévalorisation des diplômes en sciences sociales, accompagnent cette entrée dans l’incertitude, dans ce processus de « crise du savoir ». Mais aussi, création possible d’un espace de conversion d’où émergent une critique des champs de la science et de la pratique, de nouveaux « terrains d’aventure » et d’expérimentation, et une production de nouveaux regards sur le social.