bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unraveling the complexity of extended producer responsibility policy mix design, implementation, and transfer dynamics in the European Union
Authors: Pruess Jakob T.
Published: August 2023

Extended producer responsibility (EPR) for packaging was introduced to achieve closed‐loop end‐of‐life management and design for recyclability and is an integral part of the European Union's (EU) environmental policy mix. Despite common objectives, EPR systems differ across EU member states in design and implementation. Existing cross‐country comparisons often fall short of systematizing EPR and reflecting its complexity. Understanding the components and interdependencies of EPR is crucial for adjusting policy design. This article links previously isolated components of EPR and studies the design, implementation, and transfer of EPR systems in 25 European countries through a developmental approach. It extends EPR theory by systematizing EPR design features at three hierarchical levels: system scope, responsibility allocation, and instrument type. It then tests the approach by systematically examining similarities and differences, including a uniform coding process and cluster analysis. My results indicate that EPR for plastic packaging is becoming increasingly fine‐grained and diverse. I show that ‘‘path‐dependencies’’ emerge between certain features at the responsibility allocation level. I also find common implementation patterns across countries revolving around, for example, EPR market structure or producer responsibility type. System scope converges across countries, while instrument types are becoming increasingly multi‐faceted. I find that policy transfer mechanisms, such as first‐mover dynamics and geographic proximity, have likely influenced existing landscapes of EPR design across the EU. These insights provide an intriguing first step toward deeper analysis of EPR design and, if further extended, can be operationalized for future ex ante or ex post policy analysis of EPR system setups.
Can Internet Banking Affect Households' Participation in Financial Markets and Financial Awareness?
Authors: MICHELANGELI VALENTINA , VIVIANO ELIANA
Published: August 2023

We are in a digital era and more and more banks have begun to offer Internet banking. The availability of this new channel can reduce households' cost of acquiring information and the time spent on financial transactions; therefore, it could also impact on households' decisions to start investing in financial markets. Using an instrumental variable approach, we find that the adoption of Internet banking induces households to participate in financial markets and, in particular, to hold short‐term assets with a low risk/return profile. Over time, the adoption of Internet banking also drives a better understanding of basic financial concepts.
Clinical evaluation of the safety and efficacy of a 1060 nm diode laser for non‐invasive fat reduction of the flanks
Authors: Kang Alison , Kislevitz Mikaela , Wamsley Christine , Barillas Jennifer , Hoopman John , Kenkel Jeffrey , Kilmer Suzanne
Published: August 2023

Background

Laser hyperthermia‐induced lipolysis is a non‐invasive method of localized fat treatment. Non‐invasive approaches could be an option for a growing number of patients who are risk‐averse and are seeking out non‐invasive alternatives to surgical procedures such as liposuction. This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of a 1060 nm diode laser for the non‐invasive fat reduction of the flanks.

Methods

A total of 30 subjects were enrolled in this prospective, single center study. Subjects received one 25‐min treatment with a 1060 nm diode laser to both flanks. Follow‐up visits were conducted at 6 and 12 weeks after the last treatment. Ultrasound adipose thickness, body weight, and circumference measurements were taken at baseline and at the 6‐ and 12‐week follow‐up visits. Subject satisfaction was assessed using a self‐assessment of fat reduction, pain, and tolerability scales, and a subject satisfaction questionnaire. Safety was assessed via the presence or absence of any adverse events.

Results

The average age of subjects was 47.3 years. A total of 27 subjects completed the treatment and returned for both follow‐up visits. An adipose reduction of 7.57 ± 1.15% at 6 weeks post‐treatment (p < 0.0001) was measured using ultrasound. High subject satisfaction was seen, with 74% of subjects reporting being either “satisfied” or “very satisfied” with their results on a 5‐point Likert Scale. Eighty‐two percent of subjects stated they would recommend the treatment to their friends. All subjects had either mild or moderate pain, with 52% of subjects rating their pain as “mild” (1–3), while 48% rated their pain as moderate (4–7) on the Wong‐Baker Scale.

Conclusions

A single treatment with a 1060 nm diode laser was both safe and effective in reducing unwanted fat in the flanks without any unanticipated adverse events. Subjects described their treatment pain as mild or moderate and were highly satisfied with their treatment outcomes.
An account of loneliness while living with an eating disorder
Authors: Grech Paulann , Azzopardi Andrew , Borg Sarah
Published: August 2023

Accessible Summary

What is known on the subject?

Severe and prolonged loneliness is known to be detrimental to mental well‐being. Eating disorders and loneliness are linked to each other with loneliness often acting as a barrier during the recovery journey.

What this paper adds to existing knowledge?

This paper explores the experience of loneliness while recovering from an eating disorder, as framed within the context of childrearing and challenging family dynamics. While loneliness has negative connotations, it may act as a ‘companion’ to the person experiencing it.

What are the implications for practice?

The first visible need is that for public figures to raise awareness of loneliness and mental well‐being. Another emerging issue is the need to re‐think automatic negative assumptions associated with loneliness. Importantly, professionals and caregivers have to consider the co‐morbidity of loneliness and mental illness. Links between loneliness and unhealthy family dynamics also need to be assessed when providing support.
Behavioural responses to temporal variations of human presence: Insights from an urban adapter
Authors: Brogi R. , Apollonio M. , Grignolio S. , Cossu A. , Luccarini S. , Brivio F.
Published: August 2023

Human‐dominated environments are growing worldwide, forcing animals to adapt to new conditions characterized by increased risks and/or anthropogenic resources availability. While numerous studies have compared behavioural patterns of rural and urban populations, little is known about plastic behavioural responses to temporal variations in human presence. We modelled the behaviour‐specific resource selection of 15 wild boars (Sus scrofa) GPS‐tracked between 2017 and 2019 in a tourist area in Italy characterized by high seasonal variability of human presence. By means of activity sensor data, we differentiated between two behavioural states with different ecological needs: resting (safe shelter) and activity (food intake). We investigated the variability of selection/avoidance of infrastructures and beaches, across seasons and behavioural states. We expected human‐built landscape features to be avoided for resting and selected for activity, with a strength proportional to the seasonal level of human presence. Instead, wild boars selected locations near infrastructures and away from beaches, both for resting and while being active. We showed that the similarity of behavioural patterns exhibited during the resting and active phases was accountable to the wild boar activities being spatially constrained by the proximity with their previous resting location. As expected, the selection for infrastructure proximity and avoidance of beaches peaked in summer (maximum human presence) and was negligible in winter (least human presence), showing that a variable human presence elicits intra‐individual plastic responses in animal populations. Our results suggest the behavioural flexibility of wild boars as a key factor enabling them to rapidly colonize human‐dominated environments.
Genomic approaches to mitigating genetic diversity loss in declining populations
Authors: Bossu Christen M. , Rodriguez Marina , Rayne Christine , Chromczak Debra A. , Higgins Philip G. , Trulio Lynne A. , Ruegg Kristen C.
Published: August 2023

The accelerating pace of global biodiversity loss is exacerbated by habitat fragmentation and subsequent inbreeding in small populations. To address this problem, conservation practitioners often turn to assisted breeding programmes with the aim of enhancing genetic diversity in declining populations. Although genomic information is infrequently included in these efforts, it has the potential to significantly enhance the success of such programmes. In this study, we showcase the value of genomic approaches for increasing genetic diversity in assisted breeding efforts, specifically focusing on a highly inbred population of Western burrowing owls. To maximize genetic diversity in the resulting offspring, we begin by creating an optimal pairing decision tree based on sex, kinship and patterns of homozygosity across the genome. To evaluate the effectiveness of our strategy, we compare genetic diversity, brood size and nestling success rates between optimized and non‐optimized pairs. Additionally, we leverage recently discovered correlations between telomere length and fitness across species to investigate whether genomic optimization could have long‐term fitness benefits. Our results indicate that pairing individuals with contrasting patterns of homozygosity across the genome is an effective way to increase genetic diversity in offspring. Although short‐term field‐based metrics of success did not differ significantly between optimized and non‐optimized pairs, offspring from optimized pairs had significantly longer telomeres, suggesting that genetic optimization can help reduce the risk of inbreeding depression. These findings underscore the importance of genomic tools for informing efforts to preserve the adaptive potential of small, inbred populations at risk of further decline.
Progress in molecular mechanisms of coronary microvascular dysfunction
Authors: Li Hao , Gao Yuping , Lin Yuanyuan
Published: August 2023

Coronary microvascular dysfunction is a high‐risk factor for many cardiovascular events. However, because of multiple risk factors and limited understanding about its underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, it was easily misdiagnosed. Therefore, its clinical diagnosis and treatment were greatly restricted. Coronary microcirculation refers to microvessels that play an important role in the physiological regulation of myocardial perfusion and regulating blood flow distribution, fulfilling myocardial metabolic needs and moderating peripheral vascular resistance. In coronary microvascular dysfunction, vascular endothelial celldamage is a critical link. The main feature of early coronary microvascular dysfunction is the impairment of endothelial cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, apoptosis, and secretion. Moreover, coronary microvascular dysfunction risk factors include hyperglycemia, lipid metabolism disorders, ischemia‐reperfusion injury, aging, and hypertension, similar to coronary atherosclerosis. There are various mechanisms by which these risk factors harm endothelial function and cause microcirculatory disturbances. Therefore, we reviewed coronary microvascular dysfunction's risk factors and pathogenesis in this article.
Early leaf responses of cell physiological and sensor‐based signatures reflect susceptibility of wheat seedlings to infection by leaf rust
Authors: Spanic Valentina , Vukovic Ana , Cseplo Monika , Vukovic Rosemary , Buchvaldt Amby Daniel , Cairo Westergaard Jesper , Puskas Katalin , Roitsch Thomas
Published: August 2023

Leaf rust caused byPuccinia triticinaErikss. can have devastating effects on wheat (Triticum aestivumL.), causing severe economic losses. This comprehensive study serves to facilitate our understanding of the impact of carbohydrate and antioxidant metabolism in association with sensor‐based phenotyping and leaf rust stress responses in wheat seedlings. After 24 h of inoculation (hai) very susceptible variety to leaf rust (Ficko) increased cell‐wall invertase (cwInv; EC 3.2.1.26), compared to other varieties that significantly increased cwInv later. This could mean that the Ficko variety cannot defend itself from leaf rust infections once symptoms have started to develop. Also, Ficko had significantly decreased amounts of cytoplasmic invertase (cytInv; EC 3.2.1.26) at 8 hai. The downregulation of cytInv in susceptible plants may facilitate the maintenance of elevated apoplastic sucrose availability favoring the pathogen. The significant role of vacuolar invertase (vacInv; EC 3.2.1.26) in moderately resistant varieties was recorded. Also, a significant decrease of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH; EC 1.1.1.49) and UDP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPase; EC 2.7.7.9) in moderately resistant varieties might restrict normal development of leaf rust due to reduced sugar. During plant–pathogen interaction, when the invader spreads systemically throughout the plant, the main role of ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC 1.11.1.11) activity in one moderately resistant variety (Olimpija) and catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6) activity in another moderately resistant variety (Alka) is to protect the plant against oxidative damage in the early stages of infection. Non‐invasive phenotyping with a sensor‐based technique could be used as a rapid method for pre‐symptomatic determination of wheat leaf rust resistance or susceptibility.
Intratendinous pressure of the Achilles tendon during exercise is related to the degree of tendon torsion
Authors: Pringels Lauren , Stouthandel Michael , Van Hoof Tom , Martens Manuel , Chevalier Amelie , Burssens Arne , Wezenbeek Evi , Vanden Bossche Luc
Published: August 2023

Torsion of the Achilles tendon (AT) enhances tensile strength, but a high degree of torsion might also be a risk factor for Achilles tendinopathy, due to greater internal compression exerted during tensile loading. However, evidence supporting the grounds for this assumption is lacking. Hence, we aimed to investigate the impact of AT torsion type on intratendinous pressure. Eighteen human fresh frozen cadaveric legs were mounted in a testing rig and a miniature pressure catheter was placed through ultrasound‐guided insertion in the midportion region of the AT. Intratendinous pressure was measured during a simulated straight‐knee calf stretch and eccentric heel drop. The AT was then carefully dissected and classified into Type I (least), Type II (moderate), and Type III (extreme) torsion. Of the ATs examined, nine were found to have Type I torsion (50%), nine Type II (50%), and none Type III. It was found that the intratendinous pressure of the AT increased exponentially with ankle dorsiflexion during both exercises (p < 0.001) and that this increase was greater in ATs with Type II torsion than Type I torsion (p < 0.05). This study provides the first biomechanical data to support the hypothesis that in athletes with a high degree of torsion in the AT, the midportion area will experience more internal compression during exercise, for example, calf stretching and eccentric heel drops. Whether this phenomenon is also associated with an elevated risk for Achilles tendinopathy needs further prospective investigation.
Aerobic high‐intensity intervals improve V̇O2max more than supramaximal sprint intervals in females, similar to males
Authors: Helgerud Jan , Hov Håkon , Mehus Håkon , Balto Bård , Boye Anders , Finsås Lars , Hoff Jan , Wang Eivind
Published: August 2023

Introduction

Maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) is a pivotal factor for aerobic endurance performance. Recently, aerobic high‐intensity interval training (HIIT) was documented to be superior to sprint interval training (SIT) in improving V̇O2max in well‐trained males. However, as mounting evidence suggests that physiological responses to training are sex‐dependent, examining the effects of HIIT versus SIT on V̇O2max, anaerobic capacity, and endurance performance in females is warranted.

Methods

We randomized 81 aerobically well‐trained females (22 ± 2 years, 51.8 ± 3.6 mL∙kg−1∙min−1 V̇O2max), training three times weekly for 8 weeks, to well‐established protocols: (1) HIIT 4 × 4 min at ~95% of maximal aerobic speed (MAS), with 3 min active recovery (2) SIT 8 × 20 s at ~150% of MAS, with 10 s passive recovery (3) SIT 10 × 30 s at ~175% of MAS, with 3.5 min active recovery.

Results

Only HIIT 4 × 4 min increased V̇O2max (7.3 ± 3.1%), different from both SIT groups (all p < 0.001). Anaerobic capacity (maximal accumulated oxygen deficit) increased following SIT 8 × 20 s (6.5 ± 10.5%, p < 0.05), SIT 10 × 30 s (14.4 ± 13.7%, p < 0.05; different from HIIT 4 × 4 min, p < 0.05). SIT 10 × 30 s resulted in eight training‐induced injuries, different from no injuries following HIIT 4 × 4 min and SIT 8 × 20 s (p < 0.001). All groups improved long‐distance (3000‐meter) and sprint (300‐meter) running performance (all p < 0.001). SIT protocols improved sprint performance more than HIIT 4 × 4 min (p < 0.05). Compared to previous male results, no increase in V̇O2max following SIT 8 × 20 s (p < 0.01), and a higher injury rate for SIT 10 × 30 s (p < 0.001), were evident.

Conclusions

In aerobically well‐trained women, HIIT is superior to SIT in increasing V̇O2max while all‐out treadmill running SIT is potentially more harmful.
Queering reproductive justice: Framing reproduction of gay men from a transnational perspective—Taiwan as a case
Authors: Chen Jung
Published: August 2023

This article uses Taiwan as an example to argue that reproductive justice for gay men should be conceptualised within social, legal, and political contexts. Taiwan is the first Asian country to legalise same‐sex marriage, yet the law favours heterosexual couples and denies LGBTQ+ reproductive rights. Thus, Taiwanese gay men seek third‐party reproduction overseas to become parents. This article exemplifies gay men's unequal conditions from a non‐Western perspective. I re‐examine scholarly literature on the interlocking concepts of reproductive justice, stratified reproduction, and queer reproduction to answer what reproductive justice gay men need and how their injustice position situates within and beyond the nation‐state borders. Drawing on the reproductive justice framework and studies of queer reproduction, this article proposes a transnational perspective to understand queer reproductive justice through the case that elucidates the specific context of Taiwanese gay men. This article aims to make two contributions. Firstly, it reconsiders the reproductive framework from a transnational perspective to argue that gay men's reproductive justice should be conceptualised at the intersection with other dimensions of injustice. Secondly, this article suggests that the transnational approach could be applied as a critical lens for future research in queer reproduction and reproductive justice.
Management of perioperative iron deficiency anemia as part of patient blood management in France: A budget impact model‐based analysis based on real world data
Authors: Lasocki Sigismond , Delahaye D. , Fuks D. , Savoie P. H. , Dussart C. , Hofmann A. , Paubel P.
Published: August 2023

Objectives

Patient Blood Management (PBM) is defined as a patient‐centered, systematic, evidence‐based approach to improve patient outcomes by managing and preserving a patient's own blood, while promoting patient safety and empowerment. As a corollary, it also reduces the utilization of allogeneic blood components. However, demonstrating cost‐effectiveness depends on the health insurance system considered. This analysis aims to estimate the one‐year budget impact of PBM in four elective surgical areas, from French National Health Insurance and hospital perspectives.

Methods

A budget impact model was developed to estimate the difference in the cost of care between scenarios with and without PBM. The impact of hematopoiesis optimization (first pillar of PBM) was studied throughout the management of preoperative anemia and iron deficiency in four types of surgeries: orthopedic, cardiac & cardiovascular, vascular & thoracic, and urologic & visceral surgery. Estimation of model's parameters was based on data collected in 10 French hospitals, literature, and on data from the French national medico‐administrative database.

Results

A total of 980,125 patients were modeled for all four therapeutic areas. Results shows that implementation of a PBM program could generate annual savings up to €1079 M from the French National Health Insurance perspective (€1018 M from the hospital perspective), and the sparing of 181,451 red blood cells units per year. The deterministic sensitivity analysis showed that PBM generates savings for both perspectives in most parameters tested.

Conclusion

Implementing PBM programs could result in important savings for the health care system in France.
Simplicial approach to path homology of quivers, marked categories, groups and algebras
Authors: Ivanov Sergei O. , Pavutnitskiy Fedor
Published: August 2023

We develop a generalisation of the path homology theory introduced by Grigor'yan, Lin, Muranov and Yau (GLMY theory) in a general simplicial setting. The new theory includes as particular cases the GLMY theory for path complexes and new homology theories: path homology of categories with a chosen set of morphisms (marked categories) groups with a chosen subset (marked groups) and path Hochschild homology of algebras with chosen vector subspaces (marked algebras). Using our general machinery, we also introduce a new homology theory for quivers that we call square‐commutative homology of quivers and compare it with the theory developed by Grigor'yan, Muranov, Vershinin and Yau.
Single and Double Cantilever Beam Large Displacement Mixed Mode Fracture Toughness Test Methods and J-Integral Analyses
Authors: Paris Anthony J.
Published: August 2023

The J-integral is applied to the single cantilever beam (SCB) and double cantilever beam (DCB) test specimens subjected to both mixed-mode I and II loading and large displacements. The methods proposed and resulting closed-form theoretical equations allow for the instantaneous evaluation of J during laboratory tests, requiring only the applied load and angular rotation of the specimen loading link, loading points, and remaining ligament. These measurands can be acquired using a common load cell and markers, a digital video camera, and image analysis software. In general, the equations do require knowledge of the specimen elastic moduli and shear moduli, as well as the specimen linear dimensions. Since the test data can be analyzed and J determined throughout the test instantaneously, and since, due to geometric nonlinearities, the ratio of mode I and mode II loading will likely vary significantly throughout the test, each specimen can be used to generate multiple data points. If crack length is determined throughout the test, presumably by directly measuring the crack length optically, or if the load drops abruptly due to crack growth, then when the crack advances, critical values of J for mixed-mode loading can be determined using the methods and results presented. It is noted that moderate to large translational and rotational displacements may improve the accuracy of the results using these methods. The results are applicable to standard pure mode I or pure mode II SCB and DCB tests as well and reduce to known equations in those special cases.
HG-CAD: Hierarchical Graph Learning for Material Prediction and Recommendation in Computer-Aided Design
Authors: Bian Shijie , Grandi Daniele , Liu Tianyang , Jayaraman Pradeep Kumar , Willis Karl , Sadler Elliot , Borijin Bodia , Lu Thomas , Otis Richard , Ho Nhut , Li Bingbing
Published: August 2023

To support intelligent computer-aided design (CAD), we introduce a machine learning architecture, namely HG-CAD, that recommends assembly body material through joint learning of body- and assembly-level features using a hierarchical graph representation. Specifically, we formulate the material prediction and recommendation process as a node-level classification task over a novel hierarchical graph representation of CAD models, with a low-level graph capturing the body geometry, a high-level graph representing the assembly topology, and a batch-level mask randomization enabling contextual awareness. This enables our network to aggregate geometric and topological features from both the body and assembly levels, leading to competitive performance. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the proposed architecture on the Fusion 360 Gallery Assembly Dataset demonstrates the feasibility of our approach, outperforming selected computer vision and human baselines while showing promise in application scenarios. The proposed HG-CAD architecture that unifies the processing, encoding, and joint learning of multi-modal CAD features indicates the potential to serve as a recommendation system for design automation and a baseline for future work.
Exploring the Effects of Perceived Complexity Criteria on Performance Measures of Human–Robot Collaborative Assembly
Authors: Verna Elisa , Puttero Stefano , Genta Gianfranco , Galetto Maurizio
Published: August 2023

The use of Human–Robot Collaboration (HRC) in assembly tasks has gained increasing attention in recent years as it allows for the combination of the flexibility and dexterity of human operators with the repeatability of robots, thus meeting the demands of the current market. However, the performance of these collaborative systems is known to be influenced by various factors, including the complexity perceived by operators. This study aimed to investigate the effects of perceived complexity on the performance measures of HRC assembly. An experimental campaign was conducted in which a sample of skilled operators was instructed to perform six different variants of electronic boards and express a complexity assessment based on a set of assembly complexity criteria. Performance measures such as assembly time, in-process defects, quality control times, offline defects, total defects, and human stress response were monitored. The results of the study showed that the perceived complexity had a significant effect on assembly time, in-process and total defects, and human stress response, while no significant effect was found for offline defects and quality control times. Specifically, product variants perceived as more complex resulted in lower performance measures compared to products perceived as less complex. These findings hold important implications for the design and implementation of HRC assembly systems and suggest that perceived complexity should be taken into consideration to increase HRC performance.
Li-Ion Battery Electrode Manufacturing Control System in Winding Process: Tension Control in Industrial Complex Roll-to-Roll Winding Machine Via SMC-FLC Hybrid Control Method
Authors: Chen Haozhen , Ni Jun
Published: August 2023

This paper introduces a new control method for web tension control on a complex roll-to-roll winding machine used in battery production. A traditional web tension control method cannot perform well enough under high winding speed: the parameter tuning process is time-consuming, the disturbance rejection performance is not satisfying, and the control performance is not stable. A hybrid control method is proposed, and it is easy to be implemented on common programming platform for commercial winding machines with an easy tuning process, while providing superior control performance to the traditional control method. The system modeling used in the control method is much simpler than the modeling in most of the tension control researches, providing better feasibility for industrial application.
Mechanical and optical properties of amorphous silicon nitride-based films prepared by electron cyclotron resonance plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Ahammou Brahim , Bhattacharyya Paramita , Levallois Christophe , Azmi Fahmida , Landesman Jean-Pierre , Mascher Peter
Published: August 2023

Silicon nitride (SiNx) based films have been recognized as essential dielectric films in the microelectronics and optoelectronics industry due to their desirable properties, such as high electrical insulation, excellent thermal stability, and compatibility with integrated circuit fabrication processes. They are also a potential candidate for fabricating wavelength-selective reflective coatings and surface passivation layers in building-integrated photovoltaics technologies. SiNx-based films are one of the popular choices for antireflective coatings in photovoltaics as well. Recently, SiNx and oxynitride (SiOyNx) based thin film optical filters have been explored to provide distinct color rendering to solar-charged electrical vehicles. Since solar cells have a lifespan of many years and the coating surfaces are substantial, it is essential to produce films with controlled optical and mechanical properties and maintain mechanical integrity against corrosion and wear. This study aims to design a deposition process and optimize minimal parameters for stable plasma conditions during multilayer deposition of SiNx and SiOyNx films using an electron cyclotron resonance plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition reactor with SiH4/N2/O2/Ar precursor mixtures at 120 °C. The primary goal was to investigate the influence of gas flow adjustments on the optical and mechanical properties, specifically targeting the refractive index and mechanical properties of the films. We measured the refractive index and the absorption of the films using variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry. Then, we evaluated the mechanical residual stress ex situ using the wafer curvature measurement method. We have determined the elastic modulus and the hardness of the films using nanoindentation. The experimental results have shown a significant dependence of the optical and mechanical properties on the deposition parameters. To investigate the factors contributing to the intrinsic mechanical stress and to better understand SiNx film degradation mechanisms, we have studied the effect of postdeposition thermal cycling on the properties of the films. Several thermal-cycling experiments from room temperature to 400 °C were performed on different SiNx films, and the results showed an irreversible variation of the mechanical stress toward the tensile stresses caused by delamination of the films, while the refractive index remained unchanged.
Footprinting in a course on energy
Authors: Major Seth A.
Published: August 2023

Footprints provide a way to estimate the relative impact of processes and products on the global climate. Including footprint analysis in a course on energy simultaneously provides students with an understanding of this tool and a quantitative guide to approaches that address climate change. College-level classroom activities for (primarily) process-based life cycle carbon footprinting are discussed.
Historically Black College and University Faculty’s Perception of Commission on Sport Management Accreditation and Perceived Barriers
Authors: Stowe Rennae Williams , Crowley Charles
Published: August 2023

Program-level accreditation ensures that students will be equipped with the knowledge and skills needed to be successful in a career that is based on industry standards. Numerous researchers have reported the cost and benefits of pursuing specialized accreditation in different disciplines. There is a dearth of research related to specialized accreditation at historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) in general and none specifically for sport management accreditation. Therefore, this study aims to fill the void of research on the perception of the Commission on Sport Management Accreditation (COSMA) by faculty and administrators at HBCUs. The researchers were given permission to utilize an existing survey. Results of this study found that the top benefits of accreditation were accountability for program improvements and recognition as a superior (elite) program/institution. Cost and redundancy were reported as major barriers to COSMA. Although HBCUs must deal with fewer resources and a lower budget than most predominantly White institutions (PWI), they are evaluated using the same accreditation standards as PWIs. Therefore, if HBCU sport management programs are going to seek accreditation with COSMA, they must be understood within the context in which they are operating—and how that may be different from PWIs.
A MYCN-independent mechanism mediating secretome reprogramming and metastasis in
MYCN
-amplified neuroblastoma
Authors: Zhang Hai-Feng , Delaidelli Alberto , Javed Sumreen , Turgu Busra , Morrison Taylor , Hughes Christopher S. , Yang Xiaqiu , Pachva Manideep , Lizardo Michael M. , Singh Gurdeep , Hoffmann Jennifer , Huang Yue Zhou , Patel Khushbu , Shraim Rawan , Kung Sonia H. Y. , Morin Gregg B. , Aparicio Samuel , Martinez Daniel , Maris John M. , Bosse Kristopher R. , Williams Karla C. , Sorensen Poul H.
Published: August 2023

MYCN
amplification (
MNA
) is a defining feature of high-risk neuroblastoma (NB) and predicts poor prognosis. However, whether genes within or in close proximity to the
MYCN
amplicon also contribute to

MNA
+

NB remains poorly understood. Here, we identify that
GREB1
, a transcription factor encoding gene neighboring the
MYCN
locus, is frequently coexpressed with
MYCN
and promotes cell survival in

MNA
+

NB. GREB1 controls gene expression independently of MYCN, among which we uncover myosin 1B (
MYO1B
) as being highly expressed in

MNA
+

NB and, using a chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model, as a crucial regulator of invasion and metastasis. Global secretome and proteome profiling further delineates MYO1B in regulating secretome reprogramming in

MNA
+

NB cells, and the cytokine MIF as an important pro-invasive and pro-metastatic mediator of MYO1B activity. Together, we have identified a putative GREB1-MYO1B-MIF axis as an unconventional mechanism promoting aggressive behavior in

MNA
+

NB and independently of MYCN.
mTORC1 regulates phagosome digestion of symbiotic bacteria for intracellular nutritional symbiosis in a deep-sea mussel
Authors: Tame Akihiro , Maruyama Tadashi , Ikuta Tetsuro , Chikaraishi Yoshihito , Ogawa Nanako O. , Tsuchiya Masashi , Takishita Kiyotaka , Tsuda Miwako , Hirai Miho , Takaki Yoshihiro , Ohkouchi Naohiko , Fujikura Katsunori , Yoshida Takao
Published: August 2023

Phagocytosis is one of the methods used to acquire symbiotic bacteria to establish intracellular symbiosis. A deep-sea mussel,
Bathymodiolus japonicus
, acquires its symbiont from the environment by phagocytosis of gill epithelial cells and receives nutrients from them. However, the manner by which mussels retain the symbiont without phagosome digestion remains unknown. Here, we show that controlling the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) in mussels leads to retaining symbionts in gill cells. The symbiont is essential for the host mussel nutrition; however, depleting the symbiont’s energy source triggers the phagosome digestion of symbionts. Meanwhile, the inhibition of mTORC1 by rapamycin prevented the digestion of the resident symbionts and of the engulfed exogenous dead symbionts in gill cells. This indicates that mTORC1 promotes phagosome digestion of symbionts under reduced nutrient supply from the symbiont. The regulation mechanism of phagosome digestion by mTORC1 through nutrient signaling with symbionts is key for maintaining animal-microbe intracellular nutritional symbiosis.
An engineered Sox17 induces somatic to neural stem cell fate transitions independently from pluripotency reprogramming
Authors: Weng Mingxi , Hu Haoqing , Graus Matthew S. , Tan Daisylyn Senna , Gao Ya , Ren Shimiao , Ho Derek Hoi Hang , Langer Jakob , Holzner Markus , Huang Yuhua , Ling Guang Sheng , Lai Cora Sau Wan , Francois Mathias , Jauch Ralf
Published: August 2023

Advanced strategies to interconvert cell types provide promising avenues to model cellular pathologies and to develop therapies for neurological disorders. Yet, methods to directly transdifferentiate somatic cells into multipotent induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) are slow and inefficient, and it is unclear whether cells pass through a pluripotent state with full epigenetic reset. We report iNSC reprogramming from embryonic and aged mouse fibroblasts as well as from human blood using an engineered Sox17 (eSox17
FNV
). eSox17
FNV
efficiently drives iNSC reprogramming while Sox2 or Sox17 fail. eSox17
FNV
acquires the capacity to bind different protein partners on regulatory DNA to scan the genome more efficiently and has a more potent transactivation domain than Sox2. Lineage tracing and time-resolved transcriptomics show that emerging iNSCs do not transit through a pluripotent state. Our work distinguishes lineage from pluripotency reprogramming with the potential to generate more authentic cell models for aging-associated neurodegenerative diseases.
Pre–Younger Dryas megafaunal extirpation at Rancho La Brea linked to fire-driven state shift
Authors: O’Keefe F. Robin , Dunn Regan E. , Weitzel Elic M. , Waters Michael R. , Martinez Lisa N. , Binder Wendy J. , Southon John R. , Cohen Joshua E. , Meachen Julie A. , DeSantis Larisa R. G. , Kirby Matthew E. , Ghezzo Elena , Coltrain Joan B. , Fuller Benjamin T. , Farrell Aisling B. , Takeuchi Gary T. , MacDonald Glen , Davis Edward B. , Lindsey Emily L.
Published: August 2023

The cause, or causes, of the Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions have been difficult to establish, in part because poor spatiotemporal resolution in the fossil record hinders alignment of species disappearances with archeological and environmental data. We obtained 172 new radiocarbon dates on megafauna from Rancho La Brea in California spanning 15.6 to 10.0 thousand calendar years before present (ka). Seven species of extinct megafauna disappeared by 12.9 ka, before the onset of the Younger Dryas. Comparison with high-resolution regional datasets revealed that these disappearances coincided with an ecological state shift that followed aridification and vegetation changes during the Bølling-Allerød (14.69 to 12.89 ka). Time-series modeling implicates large-scale fires as the primary cause of the extirpations, and the catalyst of this state shift may have been mounting human impacts in a drying, warming, and increasingly fire-prone ecosystem.
The RSVPreF3-AS01 vaccine elicits broad neutralization of contemporary and antigenically distant respiratory syncytial virus strains
Authors: Sacconnay Lionel , De Smedt Jonathan , Rocha-Perugini Vera , Ong Edison , Mascolo Romuald , Atas Anne , Vanden Abeele Carline , de Heusch Magali , De Schrevel Nathalie , David Marie-Pierre , Bouzya Badiaa , Stobbelaar Kim , Vanloubbeeck Yannick , Delputte Peter L. , Mallett Corey P. , Dezutter Nancy , Warter Lucile
Published: August 2023

The RSVPreF3-AS01 vaccine, containing the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) prefusion F protein and the AS01 adjuvant, was previously shown to boost neutralization responses against historical RSV strains and to be efficacious in preventing RSV-associated lower respiratory tract diseases in older adults. Although RSV F is highly conserved, variation does exist between strains. Here, we characterized variations in the major viral antigenic sites among contemporary RSV sequences when compared with RSVPreF3 and showed that, in older adults, RSVPreF3-AS01 broadly boosts neutralization responses against currently dominant and antigenically distant RSV strains. RSV-neutralizing responses are thought to play a central role in preventing RSV infection. Therefore, the breadth of RSVPreF3-AS01–elicited neutralization responses may contribute to vaccine efficacy against contemporary RSV strains and those that may emerge in the future.
A complement atlas identifies interleukin-6–dependent alternative pathway dysregulation as a key druggable feature of COVID-19
Authors: Van Damme Karel F. A. , Hoste Levi , Declercq Jozefien , De Leeuw Elisabeth , Maes Bastiaan , Martens Liesbet , Colman Roos , Browaeys Robin , Bosteels Cédric , Verwaerde Stijn , Vermeulen Nicky , Lameire Sahine , Debeuf Nincy , Deckers Julie , Stordeur Patrick , Depuydt Pieter , Van Braeckel Eva , Vandekerckhove Linos , Guilliams Martin , Schetters Sjoerd T. T. , Haerynck Filomeen , Tavernier Simon J. , Lambrecht Bart N.
Published: August 2023

Improvements in COVID-19 treatments, especially for the critically ill, require deeper understanding of the mechanisms driving disease pathology. The complement system is not only a crucial component of innate host defense but can also contribute to tissue injury. Although all complement pathways have been implicated in COVID-19 pathogenesis, the upstream drivers and downstream effects on tissue injury remain poorly defined. We demonstrate that complement activation is primarily mediated by the alternative pathway, and we provide a comprehensive atlas of the complement alterations around the time of respiratory deterioration. Proteomic and single-cell sequencing mapping across cell types and tissues reveals a division of labor between lung epithelial, stromal, and myeloid cells in complement production, in addition to liver-derived factors. We identify IL-6 and STAT1/3 signaling as an upstream driver of complement responses, linking complement dysregulation to approved COVID-19 therapies. Furthermore, an exploratory proteomic study indicates that inhibition of complement C5 decreases epithelial damage and markers of disease severity. Collectively, these results support complement dysregulation as a key druggable feature of COVID-19.
In vitro
efficacy of humanized regimen of flomoxef against extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing
Escherichia coli
and
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Yamashiro Hidenori , Kasamatsu Yu , Anan Naomi , Takemura Miki , Yamano Yoshinori
Published: August 2023

This study compared the efficacy of flomoxef with other β-lactam antibiotics against extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL)-producing bacteria of clinical relevance. First, the prevalence and β-lactamase genotypes of ESBL-producing strains among
Escherichia coli
and
Klebsiella pneumoniae
isolates collected in Japan from 2004 to 2018 were investigated. High MIC
90
values (>64 µg/mL) of ceftriaxone, cefepime, and ceftazidime and low MIC
90
values (≤0.06–2 µg/mL) of flomoxef, cefmetazole, and meropenem against both species were observed. Second, a chemostat model was used to analyze the efficacy of humanized regimens of three oxacephem/cephamycin antibiotics (flomoxef, cefmetazole, cefoxitin) and two other antibiotics (meropenem and piperacillin/tazobactam) in suppressing the growth of five ESBL-producing
E. coli
and two
K. pneumoniae
strains. Flomoxef, piperacillin/tazobactam, and meropenem showed good bactericidal effects with >4 log
10
CFU/mL reduction without bacterial regrowth at 24 h even when the MIC of test isolates was >MIC
90
. Cefmetazole and cefoxitin resulted in regrowth of test isolates with MIC ≥MIC
90
at 24 h. Cefmetazole, cefoxitin, flomoxef, and meropenem showed increased MICs for regrown samples. A clear relationship between the proportion of time that the free drug concentration exceeded the MIC (%
f
T
>MIC
) and antibiotic efficacy was found for flomoxef, cefoxitin, and cefmetazole, and flomoxef had the highest %
f
T
>MIC
, whereas discrepancies between Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute breakpoint and bactericidal activity were observed for cefmetazole. Flomoxef was effective in preventing the growth of all ESBL-producing strains, even those with an MIC eight times the MIC
90
. Thus, flomoxef may be a good alternative to meropenem in context of carbapenems sparing stewardship.
Epidemiology and risk factors for recurrence in biliary source bloodstream infection episodes in oncological patients
Authors: Grafia Ignacio , Chumbita Mariana , Seguí Elia , Cardozo Celia , Laguna Juan Carlos , García de Herreros Marta , Garcia-Pouton Nicole , Villaescusa Ana , Pitart Cristina , Rico-Caballero Verónica , Marco-Hernández Javier , Zamora Carles , Viladot Margarita , Padrosa Joan , Tuca Albert , Mayor-Vázquez Eric , Marco Francesc , Martínez Jose A. , Mensa Josep , Garcia-Vidal Carolina , Soriano Alex , Puerta-Alcalde Pedro
Published: August 2023

We aimed to describe the characteristics and outcomes of biliary source bloodstream infections (BSIs) in oncological patients. Secondarily, we analyzed risk factors for recurrent BSI episodes. All episodes of biliary source BSIs in oncological patients were prospectively collected (2008–2019) and retrospectively analyzed. Logistic regression analyses were performed. A rule to stratify patients into risk groups for recurrent biliary source BSI was conducted. Four hundred biliary source BSIs were documented in 291 oncological patients. The most frequent causative agents were
Escherichia coli
(42%) and
Klebsiella
spp. (27%), and 86 (21.5%) episodes were caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli (MDR-GNB). The rates of MDR-GNB increased over time. Overall, 73 patients developed 118 recurrent BSI episodes. Independent risk factors for recurrent BSI episodes were prior antibiotic therapy (OR 3.781, 95% CI 1.906–7.503), biliary prosthesis (OR 2.232, 95% CI 1.157–4.305), prior admission due to suspected biliary source infection (OR 4.409, 95% CI 2.338–8.311), and BSI episode caused by an MDR-GNB (OR 2.857, 95% CI 1.389–5.874). With these variables, a score was generated that predicted recurrent biliary source BSI with an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.819. Inappropriate empirical antibiotic treatment (IEAT) was administered in 23.8% of patients, and 30-d mortality was 19.5%. As a conclusion, biliary source BSI in oncological patients is mainly caused by GNB, with high and increasing MDR rates, frequent IEAT, and high mortality. Recurrent BSI episodes are frequent. A simple score to identify recurrent episodes was developed to potentially establish prophylactic strategies.

IMPORTANCE

This study shows that biliary source bloodstream infections (BSIs) in oncological patients are mainly caused by Gram-negative bacilli (GNB), with high and increasing rates of multidrug resistance. Importantly, recurrent biliary source BSI episodes were very frequent and associated with delays in chemotherapy, high rates of inappropriate empirical antibiotic therapy, and high 30-d mortality (19.5%). Using the variable independently associated with recurrent BSI episodes, a score was generated that predicted recurrent biliary source BSI with high accuracy. This score could be used to establish prophylactic strategies and lower the risk of relapsing episodes and the associated morbidity and mortality.