bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ATP/pH Dual Responsive Nanoparticle with d‐[des‐Arg10]Kallidin Mediated Efficient In Vivo Targeting Drug Delivery
Authors: Zhang Yu , Lu Yifei , Wang Feng , An Sai , Zhang Yujie , Sun Tao , Zhu Jianhua , Jiang Chen
Published: October 2016

Inflammation has been reported as one significant hallmark of breast cancer in relation to tumor development, metastasis, and invasion. The bradykinin receptor 1 (B1R) is highly expressed on inflammatory breast tumor cells thus providing a promising targeting site for tumor recognition and sufficient receptor mediated endocytosis. In this study, the authors evaluate the targeting efficiency of l‐form and d‐form [des‐Arg10]kallidin both in vitro and in vivo. To further improve the drug delivery efficiency, the authors establish a dandelion like nanoparticle by combining the polymeric drug conjugates and aptamer complex together. The doxorubicin conjugated polymer is complexed with adenosine‐5′‐triphosphate (ATP) sensitive hybridized aptamer in self‐assembly process by intercalating into the double strand scaffolds. The acid labile conjugating bond and ATP sensitive aptamer endow the nanoparticle with dual responsiveness to intracellular milieu, thus triggering a quick drug release in tumor cells. Remarkable therapeutic effects and tuned in vivo pharmacokinetics profiles are shown by the aptamer complexed drug conjugates nanoparticle with B1R active targeting modification. Therefore the strategies of B1R targeting and ATP/pH dual‐responsiveness nanoparticle help achieve enhanced drug accumulation within tumor cells and efficient chemotherapy for breast cancer.
A New Approach to the Study of Jobless Recoveries
Authors: Méndez Fabio , Reber Jared D. , Schwartz Jeremy
Published: October 2016

This article is concerned with the measurement of jobless recoveries and the elements that may explain their emergence. We first introduce a measure that maps the various elements that define a jobless recovery into a single number that we label the jobless recovery depth. We then construct a database of 389 state‐level observations and study the cross‐sectional variations that emerge. We find that jobless recoveries in the United States are not a nation‐wide phenomena, but a local event confined within a cluster of states that expands slowly between 1975 and 2015. We find the state‐level evidence to be consistent with theories that link jobless recoveries to unusually long expansionary periods, less dynamic labor markets, and the advent of the great moderation. The evidence is not consistent with theories that link them to decreases in union power, increases in income inequality, or increases in health care costs.
pH Dependent Synthesis of NdIII Coordination Compounds Based on Bifunctional 5‐(4‐Pyridyl)tetrazole‐2‐acetic Acid
Authors: Cao Meng Jie , Li Yue Kang , Sun Peng Peng , Zhang Chen Yi , Wang Jue , Li Qiao Yun , Yang Gao Wen
Published: October 2016

The NdIII coordination compounds [Nd(4‐pytza)3(H2O)2]·2H2O (1) and [Nd(4‐pytza)2(H2O)4]Cl·2H2O (2) [H4‐pytza = 5‐(4‐pyridyl)tetrazole‐2‐acetic acid] were synthesized by reactions of K4‐pytza and NdCl3·6H2O at different pH values. Single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis reveals that 4‐pytza ligands in 1 in a μ1,3‐COO syn‐syn or μ1,1,3‐COO bridging mode coordinate to two central NdIII atoms to display a dinuclear unit, which is connected by one of these 4‐pytza ligands acting in end‐to‐end bridging mode to form a 1D ladder‐like chain. Different from 1, each 4‐pytza in 2 with a μ1,3‐COO syn‐anti bridging mode coordinates to two NdIII atoms to display a 1D zigzag chain. Furthermore, the luminescence properties of 1 and 2 were investigated at room temperature in the solid state.
Synthesis and Structure of (N,)C,N‐chelated Organoantimony(III) and Bismuth(III) Cations and Isolation of Their Adducts with Ag[CB11H12]
Authors: Vránová Iva , Erben Milan , Jambor Roman , Růžička Aleš , Jirásko Robert , Dostál Libor
Published: October 2016

The treatment of N,C,N‐chelated antimony(III) and bismuth(III) chlorides [C6H3‐2,6‐(CH=NR)2]MCl2 [R = tBu and M = Sb (1) or Bi (2); R = Dmp and M = Sb (3) or Bi (4)] (Dmp = 2,6‐Me2C6H3) with one molar equivalent of Ag[CB11H12] led to a smooth formation of corresponding ionic pairs {[C6H3‐2,6‐(CH=NR)2]MCl}+[CB11H12]– [R = tBu and M = Sb (7) or Bi (8), R = Dmp and M = Sb (9) or Bi (10)]. Similarly, the reaction of C,N‐chelated analogues [C6H2‐2‐(CH=NDip)‐4,6‐(tBu)2]MCl2 [M = Sb (5) or Bi (6), Dip = 2′,6′‐iPr2C6H3] gave compounds {[C6H2‐2‐(CH=NDip)‐4,6‐(tBu)2]MCl}+[CB11H12]– [M = Sb (11) or Bi (12)]. All compounds 7–12 were characterized with 1H, 11B and 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy, ESI‐mass spectrometry, IR spectroscopy, and molecular structures of 7–9 and 12 were determined by the help of single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. In contrast, all attempts to cleave also the second M–Cl bond in 7–12 using another molar equivalent Ag[CB11H12] remained unsuccessful. Nevertheless, the reaction between 7 (or 8) and Ag[CB11H12] produced unprecedented adducts of both reagents namely {[C6H3‐2,6‐(CH=NtBu)2]SbCl}22+[Ag2(CB11H12)4]2– (13) and {[C6H3‐2,6‐(CH=NtBu)2]BiCl}+[Ag(CB11H12)2]– (14) in a reproducible manner. The molecular structures of these sparingly soluble compounds were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis.
Heavier Alkali‐metal Gallates as Platforms for Accessing Functionalized Abnormal NHC Carbene‐Gallium Complexes
Authors: Uzelac Marina , Kennedy Alan R. , Hernán‐Gómez Alberto , Fuentes M. Ángeles , Hevia Eva
Published: October 2016

By sequentially treating the unsaturated carbene IPr [IPr = 1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene] with heavier alkali‐metal alkyls NaR or KR (R = CH2SiMe3) and GaR3, novel heteroleptic gallates 1 and 2 were prepared. Incorporating anionic NHC ligands, these bimetallic complexes react selectively with electrophilles to afford neutral abnormal NHC Ga complexes under mild conditions.
Creating Iron– and Rhenium–Bismuth Bonds by Reactions with Organometallic Hydrides
Authors: Schiwon Rafael , Braun Beatrice , Metzinger Ramona , Limberg Christian
Published: October 2016

While addition of [Cp2ReH] to [Bi(OtBu)3] leads to an equilibrium containing [Cp2Re‐Bi(OtBu)2], [{Cp2Re}2Bi(OtBu)], tBuOH and [CpRe(μ‐η5,η1‐C5H4)Bi–ReCp2], in the presence of water [{(Cp2Re)2Bi}2O] (1) is formed selectively. Also [FpH] [Fp = (η5‐C5H5)(CO)2Fe] can be employed as a precursor to form heterometallic bismuth compounds. Synthesis of [FpBi{OCH(CF3)2}2]2 (5) can be achieved by reaction of [FpH] with [Bi{OCH(CF3)2}3(thf)]2 and carboxylates [FpBi(O2CR)2]2 are generated upon treatment of [FpH] with [Bi(O2CR)3] (R = CH3, tBu). While the compounds [Fp‐Bi(O2CR)2]2 can also be obtained from reactions with Fp‐Fp, they are formed far more readily using [FpH] as the precursor. They typically crystallize as dimers, like the alkoxide 5. A monomeric compound of the type [Fp‐BiX2] (6) could be isolated for X = thd (tetramethylheptanedionate), that is, after the reaction of [FpH] with [Bi(thd)3]. Altogether, the results demonstrate the potential of [FpH] as a precursor for [Fp‐BiX2] compounds, which are formed in reactions with bismuth alkoxides, carboxylates and diketonates.
A new marker based on the avian spindlin gene that is able to sex most birds, including species problematic to sex with CHD markers
Authors: Dawson Deborah A. , dos Remedios Natalie , Horsburgh Gavin J.
Published: October 2016

We have developed a new marker (Z43B) that can be successfully used to identify the sex of most birds (69%), including species difficult or impossible to sex with other markers. We utilized the zebra finch Taeniopygia guttata EST microsatellite sequence (CK309496) which displays sequence homology to the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of the avian spindlin gene. This gene is known to be present on the Z and W chromosomes. To maximize cross‐species utility, the primer set was designed from a consensus sequence created from homologs of CK309496 that were isolated from multiple distantly related species. Both the forward and reverse primer sequences were 100% identical to 14 avian species, including the Z chromosome of eight species and the chicken Gallus gallus W chromosome, as well as the saltwater crocodile Crocodylus porosus. The Z43B primer set was assessed by genotyping individuals of known sex belonging to 61 non‐ratite species and a single ratite. The Z and W amplicons differed in size making it possible to distinguish between males (ZZ) and females (ZW) for the majority (69%) of non‐ratite species tested, comprising 10 orders of birds. We predict that this marker will be useful for obtaining sex‐typing data for ca 6,869 species of birds (69% of non‐ratites but not galliforms). A wide range of species could be sex‐typed including passerines, shorebirds, eagles, falcons, bee‐eaters, cranes, shags, parrots, penguins, ducks, and a ratite species, the brown kiwi, Apteryx australis. Those species sexed include species impossible or problematic to sex‐type with other markers (magpie, albatross, petrel, eagle, falcon, crane, and penguin species). Zoo Biol. 35:533–545, 2016. © 2016 The Authors. Zoo Biology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modulation of whistle production related to training sessions in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) under human care
Authors: Lopez Marulanda Juliana , Adam Olivier , Delfour Fabienne
Published: October 2016

Bottlenose dolphins are highly social cetaceans with an extensive sound production including clicks, burst‐pulsed sounds, and whistles. Some whistles, known as signature whistles, are individually specific. These acoustic signatures are commonly described as being emitted in contexts of stress during forced isolation and as group cohesion calls. Interactions between humans and captive dolphins is largely based on positive reinforcement conditioning within several training/feeding sessions per day. Vocal behavior of dolphins during these interactions might vary. To investigate this, we recorded 10 bottlenose dolphins of Parc Asterix dolphinarium (France) before, during and after 10 training sessions for a total duration of 7 hr and 32 min. We detected 3,272 whistles with 2,884 presenting a quality good enough to be categorized. We created a catalog of whistle types by visual categorization verified by five naive judges (Fleiss’ Kappa Test). We then applied the SIGID method to identify the signatures whistles present in our recordings. We found 279 whistles belonging to one of the four identified signature whistle types. The remaining 2,605 were classified as non‐signature whistles. The non‐signature whistles emission rate was higher during and after the training sessions than before. Emission rate of three signature whistles types significantly increased afterwards as compared to before the training sessions. We suggest that dolphins use their signature whistles when they return to their intraspecific social interactions succeeding scheduled and human‐organized training sessions. More observations are needed to make conclusions about the function of signature whistles in relation to training sessions. Zoo Biol. 35:495–504, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Plate Fixation Versus Intramedullary Nailing for Both‐Bone Forearm Fractures: A Meta‐analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials and Cohort Studies
Authors: Zhao Liang , Wang Baojun , Bai Xiaodong , Liu Zhenyu , Gao Hua , Li Yadong
Published: October 2016

Objective

The aim of this study was to compare the radiographic and functional outcomes of operative intervention in patients with both‐bone forearm fractures treated by open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with plates or intramedullary (IM) nailing.

Methods

Studies published in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, SinoMed (Chinese BioMedical Literature Service System, China), and CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure, China) were systematically searched. The main outcomes included time to union, union rate, operation time, magnitude and location of radial bow, loss of forearm rotation, and complication rates. Results were expressed with weighted mean difference or risk ratio with 95 % confidence intervals. Pooled estimates were calculated using a fixed‐effects or random‐effects model according to the heterogeneity among studies.

Results

A total of 13 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this meta‐analysis. Compared with ORIF, IM nailing significantly reduced the operation time and complication rate. However, no significant differences were observed between the two surgical techniques in several outcomes, including time to union, union rate, radial bow magnitude, and loss of forearm rotation. Except in complications, these findings were consistent across the subgroup analysis of children and adult patients.

Conclusion

IM nailing is associated with shorter operation time and lower complication rate compared with ORIF. It is an effective and safe treatment option for children and adults with both forearm fractures. However, considering the limitations in this study, large‐scale, high‐quality randomized controlled trials are needed to indentify these findings.
Nitrogen deprivation of microalgae: effect on cell size, cell wall thickness, cell strength, and resistance to mechanical disruption
Authors: Yap Benjamin H J , Crawford Simon A , Dagastine Raymond R , Scales Peter J , Martin Gregory J O
Published: October 2016

Nitrogen deprivation (N-deprivation) is a proven strategy for inducing triacylglyceride accumulation in microalgae. However, its effect on the physical properties of cells and subsequently on product recovery processes is relatively unknown. In this study, the effect of N-deprivation on the cell size, cell wall thickness, and mechanical strength of three microalgae was investigated. As determined by analysis of micrographs from transmission electron microscopy, the average cell size and cell wall thickness for N-deprived Nannochloropsis sp. and Chlorococcum sp. were ca. 25% greater than the N-replete cells, and 20 and 70% greater, respectively, for N-deprived Chlorella sp. The average Young’s modulus of N-deprived Chlorococcum sp. cells was estimated using atomic force microscopy to be 775 kPa; 30% greater than the N-replete population. Although statistically significant, these microstructural changes did not appear to affect the overall susceptibility of cells to mechanical rupture by high pressure homogenisation. This is important as it suggests that subjecting these microalgae to nitrogen starvation to accumulate lipids does not adversely affect the recovery of intracellular lipids.
To evaluate the anti-kindling effect of allopregnanolone alone and its interaction with sodium valporate in pentylenetetrazole induced kindling model
Authors: Kumari Puja , Saha Lekha , Vijayanti Sheekha , Bhatia Alka , Banerjee Dibyajyoti , Chakrabarti Amitava
Published: October 2016

Background and purpose Studies in the animal models of epilepsy have suggested the anti-seizure effects of neuroactive steroids and its derivatives in kainic acid and pilocarpine induced limbic seizures and status epilepticus in mice, but no such studies have been reported in the published literature on the role of allopregnanolone in chemical kindling model and its interaction with sodium valproate. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the interaction between sodium valproate and allopregnanolone in pentylenetetrazole induced kindling model in rats.

Methods In a PTZ kindled Wistar rat model, sodium valproate and allopregnanolone were administered 30 min before the PTZ injection. The PTZ injection was given on alternate day till the animal became fully kindled or till 10 weeks. The parameters measured were latency to develop kindling and incidence of kindling, histopathological study of hippocampus, hippocampal anti-oxidant parameters and hippocampal DNA fragmentation studies.

Results In this study, the combination of low dose of allopregnanolone with low dose of sodium valproate showed a similar beneficial effect to that of a higher dose of sodium valproate in significantly reducing the number of kindled animals (0/8) as compare to PTZ control group (5/8) as well as the seizure scores and the histopathological scores. The combination significantly reduces oxidative stress by significantly decreasing the MDA levels, and increasing the SOD levels and GSH levels in the hippocampus of rats as compared to PTZ control group. So all these data suggest the antiepileptic effect of the combination and confers the synergistic interaction between the allopregnanolone and sodium valproate.

Conclusions It can be concluded that by choosing this combination the dose of sodium valproate can be reduced and thereby reduces the incidence of adverse effects caused by sodium valproate and hence proves to be a useful combination clinically. This study has lead the basis to further investigate the various combinations of neurosteroids and valproate in the process of epileptogenesis with better side effect profile.
Multidisciplinary Management of Pediatric Sports-Related Concussion
Authors: Ellis Michael J. , Ritchie Lesley J. , McDonald Patrick J. , Cordingley Dean , Reimer Karen , Nijjar Satnam , Koltek Mark , Hosain Shahid , Johnston Janine , Mansouri Behzad , Sawyer Scott , Silver Norm , Girardin Richard , Larkins Shannon , Vis Sara , Selci Erin , Davidson Michael , Gregoire Scott , Sam Angela , Black Brian , Bunge Martin , Essig Marco , MacDonald Peter , Leiter Jeff , Russell Kelly
Published: October 2016

Objectives: To summarize the clinical characteristics and outcomes of pediatric sports-related concussion (SRC) patients who were evaluated and managed at a multidisciplinary pediatric concussion program and examine the healthcare resources and personnel required to meet the needs of this patient population. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of all pediatric SRC patients referred to the Pan Am Concussion Program from September 1st, 2013 to May 25th, 2015. Initial assessments and diagnoses were carried out by a single neurosurgeon. Return-to-Play decision-making was carried out by the multidisciplinary team. Results: 604 patients, including 423 pediatric SRC patients were evaluated at the Pan Am Concussion Program during the study period. The mean age of study patients was 14.30 years (SD: 2.32, range 7-19 years); 252 (59.57%) were males. Hockey (182; 43.03%) and soccer (60; 14.18%) were the most commonly played sports at the time of injury. Overall, 294 (69.50%) of SRC patients met the clinical criteria for concussion recovery, while 75 (17.73%) were lost to follow-up, and 53 (12.53%) remained in active treatment at the end of the study period. The median duration of symptoms among the 261 acute SRC patients with complete follow-up was 23 days (IQR: 15, 36). Overall, 25.30% of pediatric SRC patients underwent at least one diagnostic imaging test and 32.62% received referral to another member of our multidisciplinary clinical team. Conclusion: Comprehensive care of pediatric SRC patients requires access to appropriate diagnostic resources and the multidisciplinary collaboration of experts with national and provincially-recognized training in TBI.
Effects of Variable Fluid Properties on MHD Flow and Heat Transfer over a Stretching Sheet with Variable Thickness
Authors: Prasad K. V. , Vaidya H. , Vajravelu K. , Rashidi M. M.
Published: October 2016

The influence of temperature-dependent fluid properties on flow and heat transfer of an electrically conducting fluid over a stretching sheet with variable thickness in the presence of a transverse magnetic field is analyzed. Using similarity transformations, the governing coupled non-linear partial differential equations (momentum and energy equations) are transformed into a system of coupled non-linear ordinary differential equations and are solved numerically by Keller-box method. For increasing values of the wall thickness parameter, the analysis reveals quite interesting flow and heat transfer patterns. The effects of the temperature dependent viscosity, the wall velocity power index, the thermal conductivity, the wall temperature parameter and the Prandtl number on the flow and temperature fields are presented. The obtained numerical results are compared with the available results in the literature for some special cases and are found to be in excellent agreement. The skin friction and the wall temperature gradient are presented for different values of the physical parameters and the salient features are analyzed.
Laplace transform asymptotics and large deviation principles for longest success runs in Bernoulli trials
Authors: Konstantopoulos Takis , Liu Zhenxia , Yang Xiangfeng
Published: October 2016

The longest stretch L(n) of consecutive heads in n independent and identically distributed coin tosses is seen from the prism of large deviations. We first establish precise asymptotics for the moment generating function of L(n) and then show that there are precisely two large deviation principles, one concerning the behavior of the distribution of L(n) near its nominal value log1∕pn and one away from it. We discuss applications to inference and to logarithmic asymptotics of functionals of L(n).
Anisotropic scaling of the random grain model with application to network traffic
Authors: Pilipauskaitė Vytautė , Surgailis Donatas
Published: October 2016

We obtain a complete description of anisotropic scaling limits of the random grain model on the plane with heavy-tailed grain area distribution. The scaling limits have either independent or completely dependent increments along one or both coordinate axes and include stable, Gaussian, and ‘intermediate’ infinitely divisible random fields. The asymptotic form of the covariance function of the random grain model is obtained. Application to superimposed network traffic is included.
The dominating colour of an infinite Pólya urn model
Authors: Thörnblad Erik
Published: October 2016

We study a Pólya-type urn model defined as follows. Start at time 0 with a single ball of some colour. Then, at each time n≥1, choose a ball from the urn uniformly at random. With probability ½<p<1, return the ball to the urn along with another ball of the same colour. With probability 1−p, recolour the ball to a new colour and then return it to the urn. This is equivalent to the supercritical case of a random graph model studied by Backhausz and Móri (2015), (2016) and Thörnblad (2015). We prove that, with probability 1, there is a dominating colour, in the sense that, after some random but finite time, there is a colour that always has the most number of balls. A crucial part of the proof is the analysis of an urn model with two colours, in which the observed ball is returned to the urn along with another ball of the same colour with probability p, and removed with probability 1−p. Our results here generalise a classical result about the Pólya urn model (which corresponds to p=1).
Optimality Results for Coupon Collection
Authors: Brown Mark , Ross Sheldon M.
Published: October 2016

We consider the coupon collection problem, where each coupon is one of the types 1,…,s with probabilities given by a vector 𝒑. For specified numbers r1,…,rs, we are interested in finding 𝒑 that minimizes the expected time to obtain at least ri type-i coupons for all i=1,…,s. For example, for s=2, r1=1, and r2=r, we show that p1=(logr−log(logr))∕r is close to optimal.
Uniqueness of the null solution to a nonlinear partial differential equation satisfied by the explosion probability of a branching diffusion
Authors: Erickson K. Bruce
Published: October 2016

The explosion probability before time t of a branching diffusion satisfies a nonlinear parabolic partial differential equation. This equation, along with the natural boundary and initial conditions, has only the trivial solution, i.e. explosion in finite time does not occur, provided the creation rate does not grow faster than the square power at ∞.
Computable bounds of an 𝓁²-spectral gap for discrete Markov chains with band transition matrices
Authors: Hervé Loï , Ledoux James
Published: October 2016

We analyse the 𝓁²(𝜋)-convergence rate of irreducible and aperiodic Markov chains with N-band transition probability matrix P and with invariant distribution 𝜋. This analysis is heavily based on two steps. First, the study of the essential spectral radius ress(P|𝓁²(𝜋)) of P|𝓁²(𝜋) derived from Hennion’s quasi-compactness criteria. Second, the connection between the spectral gap property (SG2) of P on 𝓁²(𝜋) and the V-geometric ergodicity of P. Specifically, the (SG2) is shown to hold under the condition α0≔∑m=−NNlim supi→+∞(P(i,i+m)P*(i+m,i)1∕2<1. Moreover, ress(P|𝓁²(𝜋)≤α0. Effective bounds on the convergence rate can be provided from a truncation procedure.
TOWARDS A JOINT FRAMEWORK FOR THE STUDY OF CHRISTIANS AND MUSLIMS IN AFRICA: RESPONSE TO J. D. Y. PEEL
Authors: Meyer Birgit
Published: October 2016

The main point of John Peel's intriguing critical intervention is to warn against what he sees as an overemphasis on similarities between Christianity and Islam. Making these religions look all too similar, he argues, may come at the expense of paying due attention to the distinctiveness of each of these religious traditions and hence to their intrinsic differences. He suggests an analogy between the stance taken by ‘somewhat left-wing and anti-establishment discourse’ to equalize Islam and Christianity under the label of fundamentalism on the one hand, and a strand of Africanist work on West Africa that pleads for the close similarities between these two religions to be acknowledged on the other. For the latter, he takes the article ‘Pentecostalism, Islam and culture: new religious movements in West Africa’ by Brian Larkin and myself (2006) as paradigmatic. For my part, it is difficult to see how the use of the notion of fundamentalism in current debates and the position ventured by us converge. I would certainly refrain from using the notion of fundamentalism (even if invoked to balance Huntington's equally problematic notion of the clash of civilizations) as a category that serves to draw out similarities between certain radical movements in Christianity and Islam both past and present – a use I view as highly problematic. The fact that Peel converges the levels of general public debate about political Islam and research regarding Christianity and Islam in African studies makes it quite difficult for me to grasp what his main concern is. Is it a worry about a – in his view – problematic, broader trend of denying actual intrinsic differences between Christianity and Islam, a trend that spills over from critical opinion into current Africanist scholarship, or vice versa? Is it the problem that foregrounding certain formal – and to him ultimately superficial – similarities favours an ahistorical stance with regard to these traditions? Or is it a concern – albeit not explicitly articulated – that the insistence on similarities with regard to Christianity might draw a too positive picture of Islam, pre-empting it from the critique that he considers necessary?
Collective Threat Framing and Mobilization in Civil War
Authors: SHESTERININA ANASTASIA
Published: October 2016

Research on civil war mobilization emphasizes armed group recruitment tactics and individual motivations to fight, but does not explore how individuals come to perceive the threat involved in civil war. Drawing on eight months of fieldwork with participants and nonparticipants in the Georgian-Abkhaz war of 1992–93, this article argues that social structures, within which individuals are embedded, provide access to information critical for mobilization decisions by collectively framing threat. Threat framing filters from national through local leadership, to be consolidated and acted on within quotidian networks. Depending on how the threat is perceived—whether toward the self or the collectivity at its different levels—individuals adopt self- to other-regarding roles, from fleeing to fighting on behalf of the collectivity, even if it is a weaker actor in the war. This analysis sheds light on how the social framing of threat shapes mobilization trajectories and how normative and instrumental motivations interact in civil war.
Substitution of meat and fish with vegetables or potatoes and risk of myocardial infarction
Authors: Würtz Anne M. L. , Hansen Mette D. , Tjønneland Anne , Rimm Eric B. , Schmidt Erik B. , Overvad Kim , Jakobsen Marianne U.
Published: October 2016

Red meat has been suggested to be adversely associated with risk of myocardial infarction (MI), whereas vegetable consumption has been found to be protective. The aim of this study was to investigate substitutions of red meat, poultry and fish with vegetables or potatoes for MI prevention. We followed up 29 142 women and 26 029 men in the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health study aged 50–64 years with no known history of MI at baseline. Diet was assessed by a validated 192-item FFQ at baseline. Adjusted Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % CI for MI associated with specified food substitutions of 150 g/week. During a median follow-up of 13·6 years, we identified 656 female and 1694 male cases. Among women, the HR for MI when replacing red meat with vegetables was 0·94 (95 % CI 0·90, 0·98). Replacing fatty fish with vegetables was associated with a higher risk of MI (HR 1·23; 95 % CI 1·05, 1·45), whereas an inverse, statistically non-significant association was found for lean fish (HR 0·93; 95 % CI 0·83, 1·05). Substituting poultry with vegetables was not associated with risk of MI (HR 1·00; 95 % CI 0·90, 1·11). Findings for substitution with potatoes were similar to findings for vegetables. Among men, a similar pattern was observed, but the associations were weak and mostly statistically non-significant. This study suggests that replacing red meat with vegetables or potatoes is associated with a lower risk of MI, whereas replacing fatty fish with vegetables or potatoes is associated with a higher risk of MI.
Association between sucrose intake and acute coronary event risk and effect modification by lifestyle factors: Malmö Diet and Cancer Cohort Study
Authors: Warfa K. , Drake I. , Wallström P. , Engström G. , Sonestedt E.
Published: October 2016

Previous studies have suggested that a high intake of sugar-sweetened beverages is positively associated with the risk of a coronary event. However, a few studies have examined the association between sucrose (the most common extrinsic sugar in Sweden) and incident coronary events. The objective of the present study was to examine the associations between sucrose intake and coronary event risk and to determine whether these associations are specific to certain subgroups of the population (i.e. according to physical activity, obesity status, educational level, alcohol consumption, smoking habits, intake of fat and intake of fruits and vegetables). We performed a prospective analysis on 26 190 individuals (62 % women) free from diabetes and without a history of CVD from the Swedish population-based Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort. Over an average of 17 years of follow-up (457 131 person-years), 2493 incident cases of coronary events were identified. Sucrose intake was obtained from an interview-based diet history method, including 7-d records of prepared meals and cold beverages and a 168-item diet questionnaire covering other foods. Participants who consumed >15 % of their energy intake (E%) from sucrose showed a 37 (95 % CI 13, 66) % increased risk of a coronary event compared with the lowest sucrose consumers (<5 E%) after adjusting for potential confounders. The association was not modified by the selected lifestyle factors. The results indicated that sucrose consumption higher than 15 E% (5 % of this population) is associated with an increased risk of a coronary event.
Summation of blood glucose and TAG to characterise the ‘metabolic load index’
Authors: Emerson Sam R. , Haub Mark D. , Teeman Colby S. , Kurti Stephanie P. , Rosenkranz Sara K.
Published: October 2016

Research points to postprandial glucose and TAG measures as preferable assessments of cardiovascular risk as compared with fasting values. Although elevated postprandial glycaemic and lipaemic responses are thought to substantially increase chronic disease risk, postprandial glycaemia and lipaemia have historically only been considered separately. However, carbohydrates and fats can generally ‘compete’ for clearance from the stomach, small intestine, bloodstream and within the peripheral cell. Further, there are previous data demonstrating that the addition of carbohydrate to a high-fat meal blunts the postprandial lipaemic response, and the addition of fat to a high-carbohydrate meal blunts the postprandial glycaemic response. Thus, postprandial glycaemia and lipaemia are interrelated. The purpose of this brief review is 2-fold: first, to review the current evidence implicating postprandial glycaemia and lipaemia in chronic disease risk, and, second, to examine the possible utility of a single postprandial glycaemic and lipaemic summative value, which will be referred to as the metabolic load index. The potential benefits of the metabolic load index extend to the clinician, patient and researcher.
Improving paranasal sinus computed tomography reporting prior to functional endoscopic sinus surgery – an ENT-UK panel perspective
Authors: Mistry S G , Strachan D R , Loney E L
Published: October 2016

Background:

Functional endoscopic sinus surgery is recognised to have a significant complication profile (e.g. blindness, cerebrospinal fluid leak and intracranial sepsis). Pre-operative computed tomography imaging is considered mandatory for surgical planning to reduce intra-operative risk. A radiological report is the ‘gold standard’ in image interpretation; however, because of a lack of otolaryngological or radiological guidance, its contents may be variable. By surveying practising otolaryngologists, this study aimed to provide some guidance which may be used by radiologists to produce more surgically relevant radiological reports.

Method:

A prospective questionnaire was distributed to the ENT-UK panel.

Results:

A total of 117 consultant members of the panel completed the survey. Twenty-nine per cent indicated that they were uncomfortable interpreting all areas of the computed tomography scan. Greatest importance was given to areas including the ethmoid roof (dehiscence, asymmetry and angle), lamina papyracea (dehiscence) and sphenoid sinus (carotid canal dehiscence and optic nerve relationships).

Conclusion:

Functional endoscopic sinus surgery is commonly performed by non-subspecialist rhinologists. The information obtained from this study can be used by radiologists to improve report relevance, particularly for the generalist ENT surgeon. This contributes to improving patient safety and helps avoid medicolegal litigation when complications arise.
Dramaturgies of the Left-Behind: Mobility and Stickiness inThe Disappearances Project
Authors: LITTLE SUZANNE
Published: October 2016

In the verbatim theatre performanceThe Disappearances Project(2011–13), Australian company Version 1.0 explored the state of unresolved loss felt by those left behind by missing persons. Rather than relying on verbatim testimony to simply ‘tell’ the stories of the left-behind, directors Yana Taylor and David Williams sought to immerse the audience in an indeterminate world, characterized by pathologies of endless searching and waiting, and a sense of paralysing loss. In this article, I argue that the performance hinged on dramaturgical practices of stillness, slowed movement and friction to produce the disturbing sense of ‘sticky’ indeterminacy characteristic of the experience of the left-behind. To develop this interpretation, I turn to the post-disciplinary field of mobility studies, which highlights the movement (or otherwise) of people, objects, information and capital, as well as embodied experience and sensory and kinesthetic environments. This provides ways to identify and analyse mobility-as-dramaturgy as well as the co-production of affective atmospheres within Disappearances and the wider field of performance.
Characteristics of home range areas used by Saker Falcons (Falco cherrug) wintering on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau
Authors: DIXON ANDREW , LI XINHAI , RAHMAN MD. LUTFOR , BATBAYAR NYAMBAYAR , ZHAN XIANGJIANG
Published: October 2016

Between 1998 and 2011 we monitored the winter ranging behaviour of eight female Saker Falcons Falco cherrug fitted with satellite-received transmitters. Our tracking revealed that the winter home range area occupied by individual Saker Falcons varied greatly (median = 166 km2, range = 5-18,469 km2). A random forest model showed that Saker Falcons wintering on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau preferentially occupied areas with rich grassland (cover > 50%) on high altitude plateaus (4,000–5,000 m asl) with low levels of anthropogenic influence. Plant biomass in rich grasslands can support high winter densities of plateau pikas Ochotona curzoniae, which likely explains the preference exhibited by Saker Falcons for grassland cover > 50%. Factors influencing the abundance and distribution of this ‘keystone’ prey species are likely to have an effect on Saker Falcons and other predatory species. A key element of rangeland management on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau has been the establishment of extensive protected areas as part of a strategy to balance economic and social development with the requirement of sustainably managing water resources, maintaining rangelands for pastoralists and conserving biological diversity. Wide ranging predatory species, such as the Saker Falcon, can be useful indicators of biodiversity in protected areas and act as ‘sentinels’ for anthropogenic changes that may impact many different taxa.
How to remedy Eurocentrism in IR? A complement and a challenge forThe Global Transformation
Authors: Bilgin Pinar
Published: October 2016

While IR’s Eurocentric limits are usually acknowledged, what those limits mean for theorizing about the international is seldom clarified. InThe Global Transformation, Buzan and Lawson offer a ‘composite approach’ that goes some way towards addressing IR’s Eurocentrism, challenging existing myths about the emergence and evolution of the international system and society. This paper seeks to push the contribution made by Buzan and Lawson in two further directions: first, by underscoring the need to adopt a deeper understanding of Eurocentrism; and second, by highlighting how this understanding helps us recognize what is missing from IR theorizing – conceptions of the international by ‘others’ who also constitute the international. I illustrate this point by focussing on a landmark text on Ottoman history, Ortaylı’sThe Longest Century of the Empire.
Theory, history, and the global transformation
Authors: Buzan Barry , Lawson George
Published: October 2016

This response concentrates on two sets of issues raised by the contributors to the symposium: the first centers around theory, the second around history. On the former, our argument is that, contrary to some of the comments made by our interlocutors, the book contributes to theoretical debates ranging from issues of causation to those concerning history as a theoretical enterprise. We use these arguments to engage with, and extend, historical questions raised about the book, paying particular attention to the issue of comparisons across time. Our overarching reaction to the symposium is positive – the book has generated an exciting range of responses. This makes us hopeful thatThe Global Transformationwill stimulate both intra- and inter-disciplinary conversations, even if these conversations sometimes emerge from frustration with paths not taken and issues not addressed.
Band-pass filtering Gysel power divider with inherent DC-block function and high all-frequency isolation
Authors: Wu Yongle , Jiao Lingxiao , Wang Jiayu , Wang Weimin , Liu Yuanan
Published: October 2016

A novel small-size filtering power divider (PD) featured four-function integration is proposed. These four integrated functions are high-selectivity filtering, inherent DC block, high all-frequency isolation, and high-power applications. Using single-layer planar circuit technology, this proposed PD can be implemented easily. The measured results of a prototype show that it can operate at 2 GHz with a −10 dB matching bandwidth of 6% and all-frequency −15 dB isolation.
An ACS-fed F-shaped monopole antenna for GPS/WLAN/WiMAX applications
Authors: Ren Wang , Hu Shu-Wei , Jiang Chen
Published: October 2016

In this paper, an asymmetric coplanar strip (ACS)-fed quad-band monopole antenna for the global positioning system (GPS), wireless local area network (WLAN), and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) applications is proposed. It is composed of an F-shaped monopole and a partial ground plane, which are both printed on one side of a low-cost FR4 substrate with a compact volume of 40 × 20 × 1.6 mm3. By cutting an open-ended Γ-shaped slot into the F-shaped monopole, four distinct resonant modes are successfully generated. The design process, especially the geometrical configuration of the critical Γ-shaped slot is studied in detail. The proposed antenna has been fabricated and experimental results show that the −10 dB impedance bandwidth can fully cover the 1.575-GHz GPS (1.57–1.59 GHz), 2.4/5.2/5.8-GHz WLAN (2.4–2.485, 5.15–5.35, and 5.725–5.825 GHz), and 2.5/3.5/5.5-GHz WiMAX (2.50–2.69, 3.30–3.70, and 5.25–5.85 GHz) applications with nearly omni-directional radiation patterns and satisfactory gains.
The Responsibilities of Carbon Major Companies: Are They (and Is the Law) Doing Enough?
Authors: Benjamin Lisa
Published: October 2016

Transnational carbon major companies are responsible for over 30% of global industrial greenhouse gas emissions and exert tremendous influence over future global climate trajectories. Yet, they are not governed through top-down, stringent emissions limits, but are instead regulated largely by disclosure-only domestic requirements and market-based or voluntary corporate social responsibility mechanisms. Through an examination of the requirements of domestic laws such as the United Kingdom (UK) Climate Change Act 2008 and the UK Energy Act 2013, as well as the environmental and sustainability reports produced under the UK Companies Act 2006 (Strategic Report and Directors’ Report) Regulations 2013, this article analyzes the regulatory requirements placed on carbon majors, and the climate change pledges and emissions of five UK-based carbon majors: BP, Royal Dutch Shell, BG Group, National Grid, and Centrica. The article concludes that the efforts to curb emissions in these carbon major entities are being subverted by company law, company theory and commercial norms such as shareholder wealth maximization.
Common But Differentiated Responsibilities Beyond the Nation State: How Is Differential Treatment Addressed in Transnational Climate Governance Initiatives?
Authors: Castro Paula
Published: October 2016

Many multilateral environmental agreements have adopted differentiated rules for different countries, based on the recognition of the ‘common but differentiated responsibilities’ (CBDRs) of states. By establishing two rigid groups of countries with and without emissions reduction obligations, the intergovernmental climate regime represents the most extreme case of such differentiation. The regime has struggled to overcome this rigidity and the resulting political deadlock between developing and developed countries. Transnational climate governance (TCG) initiatives have emerged as an alternative to provide mitigation, adaptation or finance outside the multilateral process. By drawing on synergies between public and private actors, it is hoped that they overcome the paralysis of the intergovernmental process. Yet, they take place in the same world of unequal peers, with different levels of capacity and responsibility for climate change. This article investigates the extent to which such TCG initiatives reflect the CBDR principle. Do different types of initiative – involving different types of actor or with different climate-related goals – address differentiation in distinct ways? Does taking account of CBDRs affect the membership of transnational initiatives? This article explores these questions empirically by analyzing a sample of TCG initiatives in terms of how they include differential treatment of states and non-state members. It concludes that TCG initiatives address differentiation in a pragmatic way. Most frequently, they either offer participants flexibility in how to implement their commitments, or provide support to members from developing countries. Such support is, so far, still insufficient to address the limited involvement of developing country actors.
Differential Treatment in Environmental Law: Addressing Critiques and Conceptualizing the Next Steps
Authors: Cullet Philippe
Published: October 2016

Differential treatment in international environmental law is the broader manifestation of the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDRs). It reflects equity concerns that have underlain most environmental debates on a North-South basis for several decades. Over the past two decades, various forms of differentiation have been introduced in environmental law instruments to the point where it has become an essential element of any international environmental agreement. At the same time, differential treatment has been the object of sustained criticism, arguing that it should be temporary, that it fails to target beneficiaries appropriately, and undermines environmental outcomes. This article takes the opposite view and argues that differentiation remains crucial in a world where widespread inequalities remain. Beneficiaries need to be identified on the basis of environmental and social indicators and differentiation should constitute the basis on which environmental measures are adopted. Worsening environmental conditions and an evolving global context call for adding new elements to the existing framework for differentiation. This requires thinking beyond the current structure centred around nation states and conceptualizing differentiation around common heritage equity. It also requires expanding differentiation beyond the field of environmental law, to include all areas of sustainable development law. Further, differential treatment needs to be implemented in a way that benefits the most disadvantaged in every country. These measures are necessary to foster a vibrant international environmental law which addresses the equity needs of all states in years to come.
Epidermal radio frequency electronics for wireless power transfer
Authors: Huang Xian , Liu Yuhao , Kong Gil Woo , Seo Jung Hun , Ma Yinji , Jang Kyung-In , Fan Jonathan A. , Mao Shimin , Chen Qiwen , Li Daizhen , Liu Hank , Wang Chuxuan , Patnaik Dwipayan , Tian Limei , Salvatore Giovanni A. , Feng Xue , Ma Zhenqiang , Huang Yonggang , Rogers John A.
Published: October 2016

Epidermal electronic systems feature physical properties that approximate those of the skin, to enable intimate, long-lived skin interfaces for physiological measurements, human–machine interfaces and other applications that cannot be addressed by wearable hardware that is commercially available today. A primary challenge is power supply; the physical bulk, large mass and high mechanical modulus associated with conventional battery technologies can hinder efforts to achieve epidermal characteristics, and near-field power transfer schemes offer only a limited operating distance. Here we introduce an epidermal, far-field radio frequency (RF) power harvester built using a modularized collection of ultrathin antennas, rectifiers and voltage doublers. These components, separately fabricated and tested, can be integrated together via methods involving soft contact lamination. Systematic studies of the individual components and the overall performance in various dielectric environments highlight the key operational features of these systems and strategies for their optimization. The results suggest robust capabilities for battery-free RF power, with relevance to many emerging epidermal technologies.