bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rethinking the Davidsonian synthesis
Authors: Bratman Michael E.
Published: May 2022

Davidson’s theory of mind and action involved a synthesis of ideas from Anscombe, Quine, and expected utility theory. Reflection on institutional agents and, in that light, on individual agents supports three adjustments to this synthesis: a more complex relation between intentional agency and densely holistic subjecthood; a more complex relation between rationally guided intentional action and action for a reason; and a basic role of guidance by prior, partial plans in part by way of providing a rationally sensitive background framework for weighing of reasons. The Anscombe-Davidson tradition saw the explanatory role of reasons and (in the case of Anscombe) the role of forms of self-knowledge, as the most fundamental features of our human agency. What needs to be added to this, as a further fundamental feature, are interrelated forms of mind-shaped practical organization—cross-temporal, small-scale social, and institutional. And human planning capacities support these forms of organization.
The American Experiment in Historical Context
Authors: Witte John , Nichols Joel A. , Garnett Richard W.
Published: May 2022

This chapter analyzes the development of church-state relations during the Roman Empire, the Papal Revolutionary and medieval period, the Protestant Reformation, and the Enlightenment. It traces the gradual and contested emergence of fundamental principles of liberty of conscience, free exercise of religion, religious pluralism, and separation of church and state. It also portrays the dominant pattern of state establishments of religion – the idea, introduced in the fourth century, that only a single form of Christianity should be allowed in each political community, supported and enforced by the state, with all other faiths either banned as heretical or, at best, tolerated. These ideas of religious freedom and religious establishment were transmitted from Europe to colonial New England and American colonies in the south. But the 17th and 18th centuries also saw the first constitutional experiments, in colonial Rhode Island and Pennsylvania, of disestablishing religion and granting religious freedom to all peaceable religions.
The Free Exercise of Religion
Authors: Witte John , Nichols Joel A. , Garnett Richard W.
Published: May 2022

This chapter presents the basic structure of religious exercise cases in American law. It reviews the procedural features of, and the jurisdictional requirements for, such cases and it provides a clear classification of their types, organized both by factual clusters and time periods. In addition, this chapter introduces the different and evolving standards of review and doctrinal tests that the Supreme Court has used when evaluating religious liberty claims and deciding free exercise cases. The distinctions between low-level, rational basis scrutiny; intermediate or heightened scrutiny; and high-level or strict scrutiny standards are set out and illustrated. This chapter provides essential background for the two subsequent chapters (Chapters 6 and 7), which describe and carefully evaluate the entire body of the Court’s free exercise jurisprudence up to the present.
First Amendment Religious Exercise, Expression, and Exemption
Authors: Witte John , Nichols Joel A. , Garnett Richard W.
Published: May 2022

This chapter considers the Supreme Court’s decisions interpreting the free exercise clause of the First Amendment, beginning with the late nineteenth century cases relating to the persecution of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. It reviews the development of the Court’s doctrines relating to government actions that discriminate on the basis of religion and claims by religious believers to exemptions from generally applicable laws that burden religious exercise. These cases include those dealing with conscientious objections to conscription, regulations of religious expression, compelled professions of political allegiance, and the application of the First Amendment’s principles to state and local governments. This chapter includes the Court’s embrace of a strict scrutiny standard for neutral laws that burden religious exercise and the high-water mark for religious exemptions in the cases of Sherbert v. Verner (1963), which protected a Saturday Sabbatarian claim, and Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972), which protected the rights of Amish parents to educate their children in accord with their communities’ religious commitments.
“A sad and listless affair”
Authors: Block Geoffrey
Published: May 2022

This chapter counters received critical opinion and Sondheim’s own negative views by coming to the defense of the 1978 film adaptation of A Little Night Music, a musical that was itself based on a film. Drawing on extensive archival investigations, the chapter details the deletions, revisions, and new material created by Sondheim that achieved this transformation of genre. It also considers the broader context of cinematic adaptations of stage musicals during this period and beyond, noting a number of contemporary film musicals. The chapter alerts us to an inherent bias against later adaptations and leads us to consider how received critical consensus tends to predetermine future criticism and our own experience of a work. It also considers the film’s cast, focusing on Elizabeth Taylor’s performance.
The American Party System and Populist Upheaval
Authors: Jacobs Nicholas , Milkis Sidney M.
Published: May 2022

This chapter begins with a conceptual framework for understanding political parties as mediating institutions. It centers the discussion on party structure and the ways in which the organization of party politics operates interdependently with the country’s governing institutions. The chapter then takes a massive sweep of American political history to demonstrate how the different arrangements of party organization and governing authority have worked in conjunction to mediate populist protests and produce meaningful political change in the pre-New Deal period. Drawing on extensive historical evidence, the chapter focuses on the Anti-Masonic movement of the 1820s, the Agrarian Populist movement of the post–Civil War period, and the threat posed by economic nationalists, such as Charles Coughlin, during the early New Deal. The chapter reinterprets these critical moments of populist anger, and the ways in which the political system reacted to “outside” movements.
Conservatism Transformed
Authors: Jacobs Nicholas , Milkis Sidney M.
Published: May 2022

This chapter describes the ways that executive-centered partisanship has transformed the Republican Party since the 1960s. While Democrats may have been the first to throw the country “off-center,” Republicans and the conservative movements that have captured the party have had a particularly divisive effect on the political system. Beginning in 1968, with the election of Richard Nixon, the Republican Party came to embrace national administrative power and put it to work on behalf of impassioned causes that mobilized against the anti-war movement and federal civil rights enforcement. Conservatives are often portrayed as resisting federal power, but this chapter shows that the Republican Party and Republican presidents have deployed national administrative powers at least as ardently as liberals. This has further raised the stakes of party politics and weakened the party system’s ability to temper populist unrest.
Eradicating Social Isolation
Authors: Brown Suzanne , Sabbath Erika L. , Cosby Robert L. , Bessaha Melissa L. , Munson Michelle R. , Kong Jooyoung , Crewe Sandra Edmonds , Tracy Elizabeth M. , Lubben James E.
Published: May 2022

Social isolation and its consequences are a critical challenge facing the social work profession. This chapter reviews the literature on the biopsychosocial consequences of social isolation and the risk factors for experiencing social isolation and loneliness across the life span. Associations between stigma, marginalization, systemic oppression, and social isolation are also examined. The risks for and consequences of social isolation among children/youth and families, during midlife, and among older adults are also explored. This chapter includes discussions of the protective aspects of social support and the ways in which social support may buffer stress across the life span. The history of research on social isolation, with updated information on the current state of research in this area, are presented. Last, research on interventions to increase social support and decrease isolation, and examples of specific interventions are considered.
Ending Homelessness
Authors: Henwood Benjamin F. , Tiderington Emmy , Aykanian Amanda , Padgett Deborah K.
Published: May 2022

Starting in 2015, we made the case for ending homelessness as one of the major and compelling grand challenges that constituted a bold agenda for the social work profession. Since then, schools of social work have taken up the Grand Challenge to End Homelessness through educational innovations, research collaborations, and university–community partnerships. In this chapter, we review a number of major initiatives or advances in workforce development and research that have been implemented by schools of social work across the United States. We also review ongoing and persistent institutional and structural factors, including systemic racism and income/wealth inequality, that perpetuate or exacerbate the problem of homelessness. Much of the work that has been accomplished during the first 5 years of the Grand Challenge to End Homelessness lays the groundwork for progress over the next 5 years, but only if there are major structural changes in how homelessness is addressed.
Harnessing Technology for Social Good
Authors: Singer Jonathan Bentley , Sage Melanie , Berzin Stephanie Cosner , Coulton Claudia J.
Published: May 2022

The Grand Challenge to Harness Technology for Social Good is unique among the grand challenges in that it sets out not to address a specific issue or problem, but to transform the field of social work fundamentally with respect to its relationship to technology. This chapter updates the chapter from the first edition by listing achievements of the harness technology for social good initiative; reviewing advances in scholarship on technology at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels, with special attention paid to big data and integrated data systems; addressing racism and gender bias in technology; and recommendations for practice and policy that should be addressed by the end of the initiative’s 10-year time frame.
Yusuf Al-Qaradawi
Authors: Al-Azami Usaama
Published: May 2022

This chapter considers the Qatar-based Egyptian Yusuf al-Qaradawi's early interventions in the incipient Arab revolutions through a study of his religious arguments in favor of the Tunisian revolution shortly after the successful ouster of Ben Ali. Studying Qaradawi's statements on his then regular Al Jazeera show, al-Sharīʿa wa-l-Ḥayāh, the chapter explores Qaradawi's qualified defense of the self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi which caused the protests that led to the revolution. Qaradawi justifies peaceful revolutionary protest against tyranny in Tunisia on the grounds of the Islamic principle of commanding right and forbidding wrong (al-amr bi-l-maʿrūf wa-l-nahy ʿan al-munkar). This principle is explored in some detail in the present chapter alongside his citation of the Qur'an and hadith (reports from the Prophet Muhammad) which he uses to justify opposing autocratic rule. Qatar's support for the revolutions is also briefly considered.
The Pearls and the Coral
Authors: Bivins Jason C.
Published: May 2022

The controversies surrounding David Barton’s Wallbuilders, which produces and markets Christian history textbooks, show how Embattlement promises a history where disaffected citizens can emerge as winners. Barton has for decades been instrumental in constructing Christocentric narratives of American history, and has long been a consultant to national and state-level political campaigns. While his view of providential history has become central to Martyr identity, and to Whistleblowers who gleefully fact-check the texts, Barton’s narratives are not revealing because they focus on conservative religion, but because they demonstrate why longing and nostalgia do not serve any meaningful, actual connection with the protean public culture of early America. This chapter argues that history in America is only meaningful, not depending on its religious quotient, but if it serves an egalitarian future that strives for reason and consensus on facts.
Socrates Takes Leave of the Many
Authors: Avgousti Andreas
Published: May 2022

Using Callicles as a touchstone for Socrates, chapter 2 argues that the Gorgias shows Socrates’ ambivalent attitude toward the demotic power of reputation. Callicles’ insistence that Socrates cares about the opinions of the many reveals the reputational character of the elenchus. Socrates is a demotic performer who appeals to the many and uses rumors, hearsay, and stories that circulate among them, even as Callicles’ portrayal of Socrates’ soul politics puts him at odds with the Athenian way of life. The recalcitrance of Callicles makes his interlocutor divulge an eschatological myth that jettisons the elenchus and its reputational repercussions altogether; Socrates abrogates the judgment of the many in favor of a good reputation among the true judges in the afterlife. What Callicles exposes, in sum, is Socrates’ ambivalent attitude toward reputation: he acknowledges the demotic character of reputation only to reject it. The chapter concludes with a brief excursus to Plato’s Crito, to meet a possible objection to the author’s claims about Socrates’ attitude to reputation, namely, that they are an artifact of his encounter with the many in the Apology and Callicles in the Gorgias.
Rocky (1976)
Authors: Wiedenfeld Grant
Published: May 2022

Chapter 2 situates Rocky (1976) in the contexts of Democrat Jimmy Carter’s surprising ascent to the presidency, the burgeoning men’s liberation movement, and affirmative action. Often read as a tale of a bootstrapping male individual and latent white racism, these contexts reveal another side to Sylvester Stallone’s script and character. The tenderhearted hero emerges from the hard shell of classical discipline by revealing his emotions and forming bonds with his Philadelphia neighbors. The joyful ending (after he loses the final bout!) suggests revitalization through an internal reform of national community. Meanwhile, close analysis demonstrates how the film self-consciously provokes the specter of a race rivalry, only to diffuse it by antiracist dialogue and satire of patriotic cant. It is argued that Rocky introduces multiculturalism from its most problematic angle, the white minority hero, who dampens the progressive spirit with a certain ambivalence.
The Lost Republic
Authors: Zetzel James E. G.
Published: May 2022

This book is a literary and cultural interpretation of Cicero’s two earliest dialogues, both modeled on Plato. It offers new readings of both De oratore and De re publica, including a reconstruction of the argument of the fragmentary De re publica. It explores Cicero’s highly ambivalent attitude to Plato and to the development of technical rhetoric and philosophy in the Hellenistic period, and at the same time uses the historical settings of the dialogues to re-create the development of Roman attitudes toward Greek thought in the second century BCE. It also examines Cicero’s views about the status and values of rhetorical education and of political experience and his deliberately ambiguous presentation of the settings and speakers of his own dialogues. One of Cicero’s goals, as is also true of other contemporary writers such as Catullus and Lucretius, is to explore Rome’s moral and cultural history in relationship to Greece and in relationship to Rome’s own heritage. The Lost Republic treats Cicero’s first dialogues as masterpieces of literary imagination that present a compelling vision of the intellectual, moral, and historical underpinnings of civil society.
Shut Out, Locked Up, and Foreclosed
Authors: Hagan John , McCarthy Bill , Herda Daniel
Published: May 2022

RJ and then RM Daley used public and private funds to build structures that separated Chicago’s downtown business districts from the city’s South and West Side neighborhoods. This shut out and contained Black and Brown residents within hyper-segregated neighborhoods, excluding them from the city’s growing resources. RM Daley’s “iron fisted” law enforcement and a home foreclosure crisis intensified this inequality. As a result, minority citizens were cynical about police promises to serve and protect them. They saw police as ineffective or incapable of preventing crime and providing protection from criminal harm; in some neighborhoods, the police, such as Jon Burge and his officers, were actually a source of criminal victimization. Police work often involved monitoring and maintaining neighborhood boundaries—between the privileged neighborhoods that the police served and protected—and those they more cynically excluded and contained. Black residents in hyper-segregated neighborhoods, lacking alternatives, often resorted to urgent calls for police assistance, even while doubting they would actually receive it.
History is Not the Past
Authors: Hagan John , McCarthy Bill , Herda Daniel
Published: May 2022

Princeton historian Eddie Glaude observes that James Baldwin was revolutionary when he insisted that to understand White Americans required turning their thoughts upside down. Thus White people want to believe that police “serve and protect” everyone equally; yet we show that complaints about police misconduct are concentrated in racially segregated Black neighborhoods. We then show that mid-1990s Black legal cynicism about policing, net of many other factors, predicts complaints about police abuses nearly two decades later, in 2012–2014. In the 1990s, media attention to the police torture of Blacks intensified. We interpret the predictive influence of legal cynicism from this period as reflecting unyielding neighborhood resistance, undertaken in protest and protection of others who experienced police abuse. “History is not the past,” Baldwin explained; “It is the present. We carry our history with us. We are our history. If we pretend otherwise, to put it very brutally, we literally are criminals.”
Prolonging the Thirty-Year Cover-Up
Authors: Hagan John , McCarthy Bill , Herda Daniel
Published: May 2022

Twenty years after Andrew Wilson’s 1982 torture, Jon Burge remained a free man. From 2002–2006 a “special state’s attorney” with Daley machine connections led a multimillion-dollar investigation that scapegoated Police Superintendent Richard Brzeczek for “dereliction of duty” in neglecting a letter he sent Daley about Burge’s suspected torture. The backstory was that Brzeczek had challenged RM Daley for election as state’s attorney and lost, while Daley’s office had prosecuted Brzeczek for financial crimes and also lost. A deposition revealed how Daley used city resources to elude accountability. When asked about the unanswered 1982 letter alleging torture, RM’s city lawyer intervened: Q. Do you actually remember receiving this in the mail? . . . A. I would have to receive it, so I would have to say . . . MS. GEORGES [corporate counsel]: Just if you remember. A. I don’t remember today (21). For Daley, the investigation was a multimillion-dollar reprieve.
Call It by Its Name
Authors: Hagan John , McCarthy Bill , Herda Daniel
Published: May 2022

In 2010, Jon Burge was finally convicted of perjury and obstruction of justice. Yet the case also involved a 30-year cover-up, supervised torture, and the code of silence. An important sidebar ruling by the judge prevented presentation of evidence that Burge had enforced this code of silence to hide his torture crimes. Burge served three years in jail, while many of his victims remained on death row. Yet some of these victims later filed and won civil suits, and one suit finally succeeded in naming RM Daley as a co-defendant. Daley soon announced he would not seek re-election in 2011. Rahm Emanuel, Daley’s first big campaign fundraiser, was in turn elected mayor. Once in office, he authorized a settlement of the case in which Daley was a named co-defendant. When the plaintiff accepted a five million dollar settlement, Daley was spared the ignominy of going to trial with co-defendants.
Merchant Ships
Authors: Kraska James , Pedrozo Raul
Published: May 2022

Flag states are responsible for ensuring that their merchant ships and warships comply with the law of naval warfare. The operation of civil shipping complicates the battle space and confounds enemy planning by expanding the area of operational maneuver. Distributing sensors and weapons on board merchant ships can expand the layers of the “kill chain” in defense and multiply strike options for offensive strikes. While advanced warships are costly, merchant ships can be an inexpensive force multiplier. Yet, belligerent merchant ships may be subject to capture (and if they resist, attack), with some exceptions, such as coastal fishing craft or those engaged in coastal search and rescue. States have employed merchant vessels as naval auxiliaries during armed conflicts, including the world wars, the Vietnam War, the Falklands War, which may make them subject to attack. China employs a vast maritime militia in the service of the People’s Liberation Armed Forces. Neutral merchant ships are exempt from capture and attack unless they play a “direct part in hostilities.”
Unmanned Maritime Systems
Authors: Kraska James , Pedrozo Raul
Published: May 2022

Unmanned systems (UxS) are entering into service to provide persistent and survivable naval capabilities in high threat environments with decreased risk to human life and at a lower cost than manned platforms. The vulnerability of traditional warships means that sensors and weapons are becoming distributed among a network that includes unmanned surface vessels (USVs), various submersible unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs), and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). These systems are becoming more numerous and more capable alternatives to traditional warships and military aircraft, raising new legal issues. UAVs are considered “aircraft” in international instruments and state practice, while flag states are just beginning to designate USVs and UUVs as “ships” and submarines as “vessels” subject to the rules that govern such craft, such as navigational rights, including innocent passage, transit passage, and high seas freedoms. States are also moving toward designation of unmanned naval craft as “warships” entitled to sovereign immunity. Unmanned warships are also entitled to belligerent rights in the law of naval warfare.
Introduction
Authors: Segev Mor
Published: May 2022

This introductory chapter clarifies the terms “optimism” and “pessimism” as they are used in the book, associating each with a pair of basic propositions concerning the value of the world and of human existence, and dissociating both from certain ideas and views commonly linked to them. It is then argued that it is appropriate to identify and compare optimistic and pessimistic views, thus understood, in authors from antiquity to modernity. Though philosophical optimism has been taken to be naïve, it is argued that this theory admits of a variety of forms, at least one of which potentially provides a viable response to criticisms and alternative positions. Intermediate views are also considered. The chapter ends with a review of the plan and chapters of the book.
Aristotle’s Critique of Ancient Pessimism
Authors: Segev Mor
Published: May 2022

This chapter compares the ancient pessimistic approaches that Aristotle engages with to their modern counterparts, and especially to Schopenhauer’s view. In a part of his lost dialogue titled the Eudemus, Aristotle tells a story about Silenus who, upon being captured by King Midas, utters a statement encapsulating a pessimistic view resembling earlier Greek poetry and drama as well as Plato’s stance on human life in the Phaedo. That view also closely resembles Schopenhauer’s pessimism. This chapter argues that Aristotle presents Silenus’s words in order to reject them, along with Plato’s view in the Phaedo of death as a blessing and a release. This criticism is applicable to Schopenhauer’s view, and it sets the ground for establishing Aristotle’s own alternative to pessimism.
An End to Poverty Everywhere
Authors: Kenworthy Lane
Published: May 2022

Would democratic socialism be better than capitalism at reducing or ending poverty in poor nations? The case that it would is weak. First, extreme poverty has decreased sharply in the era of global capitalism that began in the 1970s. Second, we don’t know enough about how to achieve sustained economic growth in poor countries to be confident that socialism would help. Third, increased migration—ideally via fully open borders—clearly would help, and it might be more difficult to enact under socialism due to working-class opposition to immigration.
Less Economic Inequality
Authors: Kenworthy Lane
Published: May 2022

Would democratic socialism be better than capitalism at reducing economic inequality? Very likely yes. While many progressives believe income inequality has harmful effects on health, economic growth, democracy, happiness, and other outcomes we value, there is little empirical basis for this conclusion. Still, the normative case for modest levels of economic inequality is strong, so it would be better if there were less inequality than there is in the contemporary United States. However, reducing economic inequality probably shouldn’t be high on our list of priorities. In a society where many of life’s core needs—housing, childcare, schooling, healthcare, a job, retirement income, eldercare, and much more—are assured by government programs, inequality of income and wealth isn’t likely to cause much consternation. We can see this in today’s Nordic countries, which have comparatively high levels of wealth inequality but also enviable quality of life and high levels of subjective well-being.
Yo-yo Rationality Attributions
Authors: Sorensen Roy
Published: May 2022

The author seeks a cure to an inconsistency about rationality. On the one hand, one’s rationality is a prerequisite for another to understand one’s action in terms of one’s beliefs and desires. Why bother to attribute beliefs and desires if they do not output one’s action as a logical conclusion? On the other hand, rationality is a scarce resource. One’s ability to optimize outcomes depends on attention, self-control, memory, and computational power. Since one has a limited stock of each, another should attribute only as much as needed to explain one’s action. But it is impossible to minimize rationality (as a cost) while also maximizing rationality (as the framework within which all costs are calculated). One is inconsistent about rationality—as evident from the ups and downs of attempts to explain another’s actions. The author surveys the symptoms along with six diagnoses.
Bias in a Biased System
Authors: Munton Jessie
Published: May 2022

The visual system responds to both an excess of available information and an underdetermination problem by learning from past experiences. This can lead to visual biases concerning demographic features, such as race or gender. This focuses attention on the following problem: How can one identify prejudicial bias within a system that relies on a kind of structural bias to accomplish its goals? Taking two bodies of recent empirical work as case studies, the author explores and rejects three possible criteria for demarcating problematic instances of bias. The author identifies a principled reason why standard epistemic criteria cannot accomplish the task. The author instead proposes an adoption of a skill-based model of visual perception that allows for multidimensional evaluation relative to a set of potentially competing goals.
The South African Case
Authors: Harris Adam S.
Published: May 2022

Chapter 4 presents the South African case generally and the Coloured case specifically, which constitute the core case of the book. The South African Coloured community is an ideal case in which to test the book’s argument because of its high variation in both ethnic attributes and electoral preferences within the group. This variation provides key leverage for the first investigation into ethnic distance and bloc voting. Importantly, the Coloured case is of interest in its own right, as understanding this group’s political preferences has long vexed political scientists. To understand the case and how to apply the sociological attachment theory and empirically test it, the chapter presents group membership rules and the ethnic landscape of South Africa. This chapter also recounts the historical construction of the Coloured group and identity as well as a review of Coloured voter behavior in the previous national elections.
Theory and the Empirical Record
Authors: Fischerkeller Michael P. , Goldman Emily O. , Harknett Richard J.
Published: May 2022

A multi-method approach comprising quantitative analysis, case studies, unsealed criminal indictments, open source government reporting, and cyber security industry surveys, experiments, and trend reports supports hypotheses derived from cyber persistence theory. States have built cyber infrastructure and employed it to act persistently in and through cyberspace. Exploitation through cyber faits accomplis is the dominant behavior, with illustrative case studies of China’s cyber-enabled intellectual property theft and North Korea’s sanctions circumvention demonstrating the independent strategic significance of this behavior. Direct cyber engagement outside of armed conflict is rare, but not absent. Cyber incidents between States, including rival dyads, display no escalation dynamics. Concerns that open source materials may not be representative of proprietary and classified data are allayed with two counterfactuals that demonstrate the value of cyber persistence theory prescriptions no matter the representativeness of publicly available data.
The Cyber Aligned Nexus of Theory and Policy
Authors: Fischerkeller Michael P. , Goldman Emily O. , Harknett Richard J.
Published: May 2022

Cyber persistence theory has important policy implications. Since exploitative campaigns below armed conflict are the dominant State cyber behavior, policymakers should adopt a “campaign mindset” when they prepare, plan, and posture, and should treat cumulative effects rather than armed attack equivalence as the primary metric of consequential behavior. Emphasis on deterrence, escalation, and altering the adversary’s decision calculus to act should yield to precluding adversary options for exploitation. Domestic policy and legal frameworks should enable cyber operational persistence, agility, and initiative rather than reinforcing inaction and restraint. Operators should strive for a continuous operational tempo, exploiting targets of opportunity now rather than holding targets at risk for future contingencies. Explicit efforts to mature this competitive space through establishing norms should be complemented by tacit approaches to building mutual understandings of acceptable and unacceptable behavior that construct new customary international law.
Industrial Control
Authors: Hedges Matthew
Published: May 2022

To ensure the sustained ability to maintain power, there must be sufficient capabilities to produce resources. Long-term infrastructural advancement is part of the UAE's regime security strategy as it provides avenues for social mobility, finance generation and capability development. The Abu Dhabi ruling family has used its ownership and management of natural resources to construct strategic sectors and prepare for future economic turbulence.
Introduction
Authors: Fay Jacqueline
Published: May 2022

This chapter introduces the central questions of the volume: how might a largescale, group identity like Englishness have been lived out by the inhabitants of early medieval England, and how can this experience be accessed now, from a distance of around one thousand years, given that almost no early medieval texts directly address the everyday experience of being English? A series of examples follow to illustrate the characteristics that the book identifies as fundamental to Englishness during the early medieval period: an essential tie to the land, a shared history, a perceived embodied bond between members, and the fusion of these components in such a way that they seem to occur naturally and in a realm below, beyond, or additional to that of texts and ideas. The introduction also locates the argument of the book in relation to theories about group identities and about matter, and describes the content of each chapter.
Conclusion
Authors: Fay Jacqueline
Published: May 2022

This chapter reviews the overall argument of the volume that Englishness during the early medieval period is forged in interactions between matter and discourse rather than only, or primarily, in the realm of texts and ideas. Furthermore, the chapter considers the role that analysis of the medieval period plays in issues of urgent contemporary concern, leading to a discussion of the role of the past in relation to the present. The chapter concludes by advocating for a type of engaged historicism that assumes and explores the resonance between past and present so as to provoke recognition and enhanced understanding of contemporary problems as well as an orientation toward taking action to solve them.
‘Educating Criminals’
Authors: Crone Rosalind
Published: May 2022

Chapter 1 locates the emergence of the idea of educating criminals at the turn of the nineteenth century and charts the spread of schemes to teach prisoners to read and write across the convict prison and local prison sectors. Although the reformation of prisoners was a central plank in the campaigns of penal reformers from John Howard to Elizabeth Fry and the Society for the Improvement of Prison Discipline, their efforts focused on religious rather than scholarly instruction. Schemes to teach reading, sometimes writing and occasionally arithmetic in prisons derived from the desire for educational reform. The insertion of a clause within the 1823 Gaols Act, which instructed those in charge of prisons to make provision for instruction in reading and writing, was a consequence of the frustrations of educational policymakers who were failing to establish a national system of elementary education. The 1823 Gaols Act also encouraged the spread of prison education, especially through the powerful figure of the prison chaplain. Education was provided to facilitate spiritual reform, to occupy idle prisoners and as a tool for discipline. By c.1850, the majority of prisons had schools, and instruction was increasingly given to both males and females and to both adults and children.
The Evolution of the ‘Prison School’
Authors: Crone Rosalind
Published: May 2022

This chapter describes the wide variety of forms through which the idea of educating criminals was realised in individual prisons, from the informal (self- or peer instruction, through the provision to books and tools) to the formal (instruction delivered by appointed teachers at set times in space put aside for the purpose). Forms of delivery which were cheap and convenient (peer instruction and charitable initiatives) soon clashed with the realities of the penal environment, and especially with new forms of prison discipline, namely the silent and separate systems. The direction of travel was towards the establishment of formal schools, but the peculiarities of the penal environment meant that these schools, with their silent, partitioned classrooms, looked very different from the mainstream elementary schools attended by children (and some adults) in civil society.
The Du Cane Regime Appearance and Reality
Authors: Crone Rosalind
Published: May 2022

Chapter 8 interrogates the achievement of uniformity in convict and local prisons under Sir Edmund Du Cane during the 1870s and 1880s. Du Cane’s relentless pursuit of uniformity across the convict and local prison sectors was accompanied by a tightening control over the dissemination of information about what went on inside of prisons, and a ruthless suppression of anything that did not fit. Using evidence from a range of official and semi-official sources, this chapter shows how officials—governors, chaplains and teachers—exploited loopholes in order to give more or less education, to more or fewer prisoners in need or desirous of learning. At the same time, Du Cane was forced to deal with the grievances of schoolmasters in both convict prisons and local prisons who protested about their pay and conditions. Criminal justice statistics which showed a reduction in the prison population in this period and which were used to highlight the success of Du Cane’s system belied the growth of short prison sentences. Prisoner literacy statistics suggested that the advent of compulsory education had done little to address illiteracy among offenders, and provided fodder for positivist criminologists searching for the natural roots of crime. However, the reasons for prisoner illiteracy were multifarious and the educational attainments of prisoners exposed the limitations of mainstream elementary schooling.
Conclusion
Authors: Crone Rosalind
Published: May 2022

The Conclusion provides a summary of the main arguments of the book and relates its findings to the provision of education in prisons at beginning of the twenty-first century. The nineteenth century witnessed the rise and fall of the prison school. The provision of education in prisons was a product of educational reform as well as a part of the desire to facilitate spiritual reformation among prisoners. While curriculum reflected that of mainstream elementary schools, the delivery of education was shaped by the penal environment, and looked quite unlike anything found in the civil sphere. As education expanded across the penal sector, philosophies of imprisonment which prioritised punishment and deterrence undermined provision and limited the rehabilitative potential of education. The closing decades of the nineteenth century were characterised by a series of missed opportunities which further restricted the role of education in the penal regime. The penal regime constructed in the nineteenth century continues to shape experiences of imprisonment and the provision of education in prisons in 2021.
Meaning of Key Legal Terms and Concepts, Restructuring Plans, and Irish Schemes
Authors: O'Dea Geoff
Published: May 2022

This chapter considers in detail some of the key legal terms and concepts under schemes, restructuring plans, and Irish schemes of arrangement.
Practice and Procedure
Authors: O'Dea Geoff
Published: May 2022

This chapter sets out an indicative timeline and key documents list for a UK creditor scheme of arrangement and restructuring plan, including a description of the documents required together with the relevant parties and which party has the drafting responsibility. The chapter also considers in some detail a specimen scheme/restructuring plan in respect of a credit agreement with two tranches (a super senior revolving credit facility and a term loan facility which ranks behind the revolving credit facility under an intercreditor agreement, on (i) insolvency, and (ii) entitlement to proceeds of security) where the revolving creditor facility lender(s) receives some shares and has full debt reinstatement on amended terms with effect from the relevant amendment date and the term loan facility is discharged in full in return for the majority of the equity. Specimen definitions and drafting tips are included in the example scheme/restructuring plan.
Administration
Authors: O'Dea Geoff
Published: May 2022

This Chapter considers the practical approach to using the administration regime under schedule B1 to the Insolvency Act 1986 to implement pre-agreed restructurings. It undertakes an analysis of the practical aspects of a pre-pack sale in administration. The analysis includes an examination of methods of appointment of administrators together with exit options. Administrators’ duties and an examination of Statement of Insolvency Practice 13 and 16 are also considered together with possible methods to challenge administrators’ conduct. The chapter also looks at the recent measures introduced by the Corporate Governance and Insolvency Act 2020, including the restrictions on ‘ipso facto’ clauses, the new moratorium and restrictions on sales in administration to connected parties. Jurisdiction and cross-border recognition of proceedings following Brexit are also considered.
Armed Robbers
Authors: Taylor Emmeline
Published: May 2022

Notoriously difficult to access, armed robbers have mostly eluded the attempts of authors to access their lives. Aside from biographies of the most infamous, the stories of armed robbers, as varied, bizarre, and captivating as they are, have rarely been told. This has resulted in robbers being considered as largely homogenous beings, their unique pathways to crime ignored or lumped into ill-defined stereotypes. Yet their routes into one of the most serious violent crimes could not be more varied. Written by a leading female criminologist, Armed Robbers relays the powerful, sometimes amusing, often harrowing stories of 42 convicted criminals. Their accounts are interwoven with historical events and folk tales—colonial settlement, convict ancestry, gold rushes, and a sometimes ferocious hyper-masculinity born of frustration and constructed in forgotten towns. This book offers a frank account of the views and experiences of convicted armed robbers. In doing so the concept of ‘affective transgression’ is developed and resounds throughout the pages—the stomach-churning fear of a robber losing control, the rage directed at ‘wannabe heroes’, the anticipatory anxiety and adrenaline heightened by drugs and music, the guilt and shame that follows the ferocity of aggression taken too far, and the eruption of laughter at the most seemingly inappropriate time. It is clear that crime has an affective quality that exists beyond any rational calculus pertaining to financial reward. The analysis provided in Armed Robbers responds to the need to connect the visceral with the cultural, the somata with the social.
Prison Research
Authors: Taylor Emmeline
Published: May 2022

This chapter outlines the methodology and the process of identifying research participants and gaining access to Australian prisons to conduct the interviews. Six prisons were visited over the course of the study and the unique characteristics of each institution are detailed alongside ethnographic insights gained while undertaking the research. The sample of prisons was particularly interesting, being a mix of private and state-run, old and new, and open jails through to super-maximum-security facilities. The prison cultures experienced in each of these institutions are also explicated in this chapter, including gender dynamics, power plays, and the various functionalities of humour employed by prison officers and inmates.
The Magic Carpet Ride
Authors: Taylor Emmeline
Published: May 2022

‘The Magic Carpet Ride’ moves the analysis into the realm of the visceral and sensory experience of committing commercial armed robbery. Far from rational, some motivations existed on the edge of reason. Here the participants extol the excitement, adrenaline rush, and thrill experienced through this particular crime type. Their days were long, predictable, and monotonous, particularly for the men who were underemployed. Excessive alcohol use was a culturally acceptable way to pass the hours, but only lowered already depressed states. The absence of mental stimulation propagated a thirst for hedonic pleasures satiated only by the extremes of violent criminal activity. The chapter charts the affect and emotions from pleasure to shame, ecstasy to guilt. Yet beyond the offenders who were self-medicating their depression was a cohort who sought out the affective capacities of extreme behaviour for its own sake.
Getting Caught and Doing Time
Authors: Taylor Emmeline
Published: May 2022

Chapter 9, Getting Caught and Doing Time’, identifies how and why the men were caught and convicted of their crimes. A variety of reasons are offered from a desire to be sent to prison to undergo medical treatment and be reunited with their friends, to being ‘snitched’ on by acquaintances and even wives and girlfriends. The second part of this chapter explores the prison system in Australia. In particular, the private prison estate is examined before the chapter proceeds to unpack the ‘prison-industrial complex’ (PIC). Australia currently has the highest proportion of prisoners in privately operated prisons in the world; this chapter examines how this impacts on experiences of prison, both for the individuals who participated in the study and also more broadly.
Introduction
Authors: Brodie Marc
Published: May 2022

This introduction shows how the key historical assumption challenged in this book—that the working class resented and resisted any interference by the state in their lives and communities—has continued to be presented without question even in the most recent historical works. This has particularly been the case concerning what are seen as ‘traditional’ working-class poorer neighbourhoods. Such neighbourhoods form a major focus of this book. Historical disagreements about their key characteristics, including whether they had inherently trusting relationships and precisely when they existed, are discussed here, as is their influential identification in the later twentieth century as a key sociological and historical focus for study. What has not previously been discussed is the way in which the historical evidence often used about political attitudes in these communities is skewed, and contrary viewpoints have often been neglected or ignored.
Education
Authors: Brodie Marc
Published: May 2022

It has been widely accepted that the working class were hostile to the introduction of compulsory education in the late nineteenth century. This chapter challenges that idea. Rather than poor parents wanting their children to be available for work instead of going to school, as has been believed, there is more reason to think that factors such as the impact of certain diseases were more important over time in changing patterns of absenteeism in this period. Deliberate persistent truancy by a small proportion of children, particularly boys, without any prompting from parents, was also a key to low average attendance rates. Importantly, it was improvements within schools—generally better educational provision by the state—which was vital in changing minds among the working class, providing what was wanted by children and so encouraging parents’ support.
Road Map to the Emergent AU Law
Authors: Amao Femi
Published: May 2022

The introduction provides a road map to the contributions in this volume. It introduces the concept of AU law as an emergent continental legal order emanating from the activities of the African Union. It shows its place within the existing legal systems in Africa and also its importance. Furthermore, it provides an overview of the various contributions underscoring their importance and relevance. It summarizes how the contributions pull together clear and tangible evidence of the emergent AU law. It notes that the scope of the contributions is wide because the legal order created by the African Union is manifested in the many different areas that the AU and its Member States are active.