bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aggresomes predict poor outcomes and implicate proteostasis in the pathogenesis of pediatric choroid plexus tumors
Authors: Amer Nada , Taha Hala , Hesham Dina , Al-Shehaby Nouran , Mosaab Amal , Soudy Mohamed , Osama Aya , Mahmoud Noura , Elayadi Moatasem , Youssef Ayda , Elbeltagy Mohamed , Zaghloul Mohamed Saad , Magdeldin Sameh , Sayed Ahmed A. , El-Naggar Shahenda
Published: January 2021

Purpose

Protein misfolding and aggregation result in proteotoxic stress and underlie the pathogenesis of many diseases. To overcome proteotoxicity, cells compartmentalize misfolded and aggregated proteins in different inclusion bodies. The aggresome is a paranuclear inclusion body that functions as a storage compartment for misfolded proteins. Choroid plexus tumors (CPTs) are rare neoplasms comprised of three pathological subgroups. The underlying mechanisms of their pathogenesis remain unclear. This study aims to elucidate the prognostic role and the biological effects of aggresomes in pediatric CPTs.

Methods

We examined the presence of aggresomes in 42 patient-derived tumor tissues by immunohistochemistry and we identified their impact on patients’ outcomes. We then investigated the proteogenomics signature associated with aggresomes using whole-genome DNA methylation and proteomic analysis to define their role in the pathogenesis of pediatric CPTs.

Results

Aggresomes were detected in 64.2% of samples and were distributed among different pathological and molecular subgroups. The presence of aggresomes with different percentages was correlated with patients’ outcomes. The ≥ 25% cutoff had the most significant impact on overall and event-free survival (p-value < 0.001) compared to the pathological and the molecular stratifications.

Conclusions

These results support the role of aggresome as a novel prognostic molecular marker for pediatric CPTs that was comparable to the molecular classification in segregating samples into two distinct subgroups, and to the pathological stratification in the prediction of patients’ outcomes. Moreover, the proteogenomic signature of CPTs displayed altered protein homeostasis, manifested by enrichment in processes related to protein quality control.
Feasibility of estimating travel demand using geolocations of social media data
Authors: Liao Yuan , Yeh Sonia , Gil Jorge
Published: January 2021

Travel demand estimation, as represented by an origin–destination (OD) matrix, is essential for urban planning and management. Compared to data typically used in travel demand estimation, the key strengths of social media data are that they are low-cost, abundant, available in real-time, and free of geographical partition. However, the data also have significant limitations: population and behavioural biases, and lack of important information such as trip purpose and social demographics. This study systematically explores the feasibility of using geolocations of Twitter data for travel demand estimation by examining the effects of data sparsity, spatial scale, sampling methods, and sample size. We show that Twitter data are suitable for modelling the overall travel demand for an average weekday but not for commuting travel demand, due to the low reliability of identifying home and workplace. Collecting more detailed, long-term individual data from user timelines for a small number of individuals produces more accurate results than short-term data for a much larger population within a region. We developed a novel approach using geotagged tweets as attraction generators as opposed to the commonly adopted trip generators. This significantly increases usable data, resulting in better representation of travel demand. This study demonstrates that Twitter can be a viable option for estimating travel demand, though careful consideration must be given to sampling method, estimation model, and sample size.
Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Pelagic and Benthic Fishes of Ogbese River, Ondo State, South-Western Nigeria
Authors: Olayinka-Olagunju Josephine Omowumi , Dosumu Adekunle A. , Olatunji-Ojo Adetola Mary
Published: January 2021

The bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of heavy metal (Fe, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, and As) concentrations in benthic and pelagic fish organs (muscles, gills, liver, and hearts), and concentrations of heavy metals in water and sediments of Ogbese River, Ondo State, Nigeria were investigated. From the results, the concentrations of heavy metals in the water were within the permissible limits stipulated by the World Health Organization (WHO). However, in the sediments, Cd, Cr, Fe, and Mn concentrations were higher than the limits, while Zn, As, Pb, and Cu were within limits. Heavy metals concentrations in the fish organs showed that all fish species were within the permissible limits implying no contamination. More so, the BAFs in all fish organs revealed no probability of accumulation while the geoaccumulation index and contamination factor showed no contamination to moderate contamination. The potential ecological risk index also showed moderate risk factor indicating that the water and sediments were not extremely polluted for higher organisms but may be toxic for lower ones. The study concludes that constant monitoring and study should be conducted by researchers and the Ministry of Water Resource and that the community should be aware of the danger human pollution can cause to the river.
Harmonized assessment of nutrient pollution from urban systems including losses from sewer exfiltration: a case study in Germany
Authors: Nguyen Hong Hanh , Venohr Markus
Published: January 2021

A growing literature indicates that untreated wastewater from leaky sewers stands among major sources of pollution to water resources of urban systems. Despite that, the quantification and allocation of sewer exfiltration are often restricted to major pipe areas where inspection data are available. In large-scale urban models, the emission from sewer exfiltration is either neglected (particularly from private sewers) or represented by simplified fixed values, and as such its contribution to the overall urban emission remains questionable. This study proposes an extended model framework which incorporates sewer exfiltration pathway in the catchment model for a better justified pollution control and management of urban systems at a nationwide scale. Nutrient emission from urban areas is quantified by means of the Modelling of Nutrient Emissions in River Systems (MONERIS) model. Exfiltration is estimated for public and private sewers of different age groups in Germany using the verified methods at local to city scales, upscaling techniques, and expert knowledge. Results of this study suggest that the average exfiltration rate is likely to be less than 0.01 L/s per km, corresponding to approximately 1 mm/m/year of wastewater discharge to groundwater. Considering the source and age factors, the highest rate of exfiltration is defined in regions with significant proportions of public sewers older than 40 years. In regions where public sewers are mostly built after 1981, the leakage from private sewers can be up two times higher than such from public sewers. Overall, sewer exfiltration accounts for 9.8% and 17.2% of nitrate and phosphate loads from urban systems emitted to the environment, which increases to 11.2% and 19.5% in the case of no remediation scenario of projected defective sewer increases due to ageing effects. Our results provide a first harmonized quantification of potential leakage losses in urban wastewater systems at the nationwide scale and reveal the importance of rehabilitation planning of ageing sewer pipes in public and private sewer systems. The proposed model framework, which incorporates important factors for urban sewer managers, will allow further targeting the important data need for validating the approach at the regional and local scales in order to support better strategies for the long-term nutrient pollution control of large urban wastewater systems.
Towards new concepts for a biological neuroscience of consciousness
Authors: Signorelli Camilo Miguel , Meling Daniel
Published: January 2021

In the search for a sound model of consciousness, we aim at introducing new concepts: closure, compositionality, biobranes and autobranes. This is important to overcome reductionism and to bring life back into the neuroscience of consciousness. Using these definitions, we conjecture that consciousness co-arises with the non-trivial composition of biological closure in the form of biobranes and autobranes: conscious processes generate closed activity at various levels and are, in turn, themselves, supported by biobranes and autobranes. This approach leads to a non-reductionist biological and simultaneously phenomenological theory of conscious experience, giving new perspectives for a science of consciousness. Future works will implement experimental definitions and computational simulations to characterize these dynamical biobranes interacting.
Embodiment und Wirkfaktoren in Therapie, Beratung und Coaching
Authors: Tschacher Wolfgang , Bannwart Bettina
Published: January 2021

Die Kognitionswissenschaften betonen die Zusammenhänge und Wechselwirkungen zwischen geistigen und körperlichen Prozessen und deren Einbettung in die soziale und physikalische Umwelt („Embodiment“). Dieser Ansatz erbringt Implikationen für das Verständnis von sozialer Interaktion, die durch körperliche Synchronie und allgemeine Wirkfaktoren gekennzeichnet ist. Auf Basis der Forschung zeigt sich, dass Psychotherapie, Beratung, Coaching und Lehr-Lern-Prozesse als Tätigkeiten im Bereich des sozialen Lernens in analoger Weise mit der Verkörperung des Geistes und den therapeutischen Wirkfaktoren in Beziehung stehen. Die Therapeutenfaktoren von resilienter Abstinenz und Achtsamkeit kennzeichnen auch das lösungsorientierte Coaching.
Analysis of the performance of closely spaced low-cost multi-GNSS receivers
Authors: Xue Chenyu , Psimoulis Panos , Zhang Qiuzhao , Meng Xiaolin
Published: January 2021

The recent advances of low-cost GNSS receivers have broadened their application field not only in positioning and navigation, but also in deformation monitoring of civil engineering structures and geohazards. Even though some consumer-grade low-cost GNSS receivers can achieve cm-level accuracy, their lower performance compared to the dual-frequency high-end GNSS receivers restricts its systematic application of GNSS technology in monitoring projects. In this study, the noise level and performance of the low-cost GNSS receivers are assessed against geodetic receivers in terms of precision and availability when subjected to different measurements conditions, such as antenna grade, satellite constellation, and base station (antenna-receiver), based on zero- and short-baseline measurements. Furthermore, a new method is developed where a dual low-cost GNSS rover-system is formed by deploying two closely spaced low-cost GNSS receivers (30 cm apart), aiming to model their common error (multipath, satellite constellation, etc.) and reduce their noise level. The analysis of the zero- and short-baseline measurements reveals the potential improvement of the precision of the low-cost receiver by using multi-GNSS measurements and the importance of using a GNSS base station with geodetic antenna. However, development of a methodology which is based on adopting the sidereal filtering and the common mode error technique for the two closely spaced low-cost GNSS receivers may lead to precision of mm-level. The proposed methodology may broaden the application of low-cost GNSS receivers in monitoring networks and mainly for slowly developed deformations.
Sustainability of Batik wastewater quality management strategies: analytical hierarchy process
Authors: Sulthonuddin Ihya , Herdiansyah Herdis
Published: January 2021

Batik industries have some positive impact on economic growth and socio-cultural development. However, they also produce wastewater in large quantities with high pH, containing biochemical oxygen demand, containing chemical oxygen demand and also have a substance of total suspended solid that do not meet quality standards and also could have negative impacts on the environment. Paoman village, Indramayu regency, is one of the batik small industries supporting economic and socio-cultural development in local communities, although there is an installations system of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The study aimed to identify priorities in wastewater management on batik industrial center based on environmental studies, economic studies and social factors in the local community and institutional aspects using analytical hierarchy process. The priorities were identified as follows: (1) application of WWTP systems and technologies for environmental aspect, (2) understanding the perceptions of batik small and medium enterprises (SMEs) for the social aspect, and (3) the cost of installation, operation and maintenance of WWTP for economic aspect.
Feasibility of rainwater harvesting from residential rooftops in Jordan
Authors: Al-Qawasmi Ola
Published: January 2021

Rainwater harvesting is adopted to face water scarcity in arid regions. Many studies were developed in Jordan to estimate the potential of water harvesting for several uses. However, the precise estimation of water saving and cost benefits for the potential of rainwater harvesting from the roofs of residential urban areas is insufficient. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of rainwater harvesting from residential rooftops in all the eighty-nine Jordanian districts. The forecast number of buildings was calculated from 2016 to 2025 using building growth rate, where the number of houses and villas was adopted only. The long-term rainfall average from 1937 to 2017 was used. Two scenarios were used to assess the potential of rainwater harvesting; numerical (as scenario 1) and tabulated by plumbing code (as scenario 2) for the years from 2019 to 2025. Also, the growth rate of one cubic meter of water cost was calculated to find the money saving potential for the water companies in Jordan. The results indicated that the water harvesting potential was different between two scenarios in the districts which have annual rainfall more than 100 mm was efficient in scenario 1 compared to scenario 2 with the projected financial return which was increased from $5.4 million at 2019 to reach $33.4 million at 2025, while in the districts which have annual rainfall less than 100 mm was more efficient in scenario 2 compared to scenario 1 with the projected financial return which was increased from $2.4 million at 2019 to reach $14.6 million at 2025.
Development and modelling of realistic retrofitted Nature-based Solution scenarios to reduce flood occurrence at the catchment scale
Authors: Chen Valerie , Bonilla Brenes Jose Ricardo , Chapa Fernando , Hack Jochen
Published: January 2021

Decentralized Nature-based Solutions such as Urban Green Infrastructures (UGI) are increasingly promoted to reduce flooding in urban areas. Many studies have shown the effectiveness of flood control of UGI at a plot or neighbourhood level. Modelling approaches that extrapolate their flood reducing impact to larger catchment scales are often based on a simplistic assumption of different percentages of UGI implementation. Additionally, such approaches typically do not consider the suitable space for UGI and potential implementation constraints. This study proposes a scenario development and modelling approach for a more realistic upscaling of UGI based on empirical insights from a representative neighbourhood. The results from this study, conducted in the metropolitan area of Costa Rica, show that upscaling the full potential for UGI could significantly reduce surface runoff, peak flows, and flood volumes. In particular, the permeable pavement has the highest potential for flood reducing in public space while cisterns perform best at the property level. These results can guide the formation of policies that promote UGI.
Zinc Phthalocyanine Thin Film-Based Optical Waveguide H2S Gas Sensor
Authors: Wumaier Kediliya , Mamtmin Gulgina , Ma Qingrong , Maimaiti Asiya , Nizamidin Patima , Yimit Abliz
Published: January 2021

The detection of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is essential because of its toxicity and abundance in the environment. Hence, there is an urgent requisite to develop a highly sensitive and economical H2S detection system. Herein, a zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) thin film-based K+-exchanged optical waveguide (OWG) gas sensor was developed for H2S detection by using spin coating. The sensor showed excellent H2S sensing performance at room temperature with a wide linear range (0.1 ppm–500 ppm), reproducibility, stability, and a low detection limit of 0.1 ppm. The developed sensor showed a significant prospect in the development of cost-effective and highly sensitive H2S gas sensors.
A critical review on biogas production from edible and non-edible oil cakes
Authors: Mohanty Anee , Rout Prangya Ranjan , Dubey Bipro , Meena Sumer Singh , Pal Parimal , Goel Mukesh
Published: January 2021

The circular economy is at the core of sustainable development. The generation of biogas from the massive quantity of agricultural waste biomass is one of the critical drivers of the circular economy. Biogas has enormous renewable energy potential and has multitudes of applications in today’s energy-intensive society. Oil cakes, a known Agri-waste, are the by-product of oil processing, and are rich in nutrients. The edible oil cakes mostly have been used as a cattle feed; however, non-edible oil cakes do not find many applications. Their production is continuously escalating as non-edible oils are increasingly used in biodiesel production. Recently, there is a lot of emphasis on biogas production from these oil cakes. This paper reviews in detail biogas production from both edible and non-edible oil cakes. Chemical composition and various other applications of the cakes are also reviewed in brief. The survey illustrates that multiple parameters such as inoculum sources, co-digestion and reactor design affect the biogas production. All those factors, along with biogas upgrading and the economy of the process, are reviewed. Finally, future research opportunities are suggested to improve the viability of the biogas production from oil cakes.
Finding Fields: Locating Archaeological Agricultural Landscapes Using Historical Aerial Photographs
Authors: McLeester Madeleine , Casana Jesse
Published: January 2021

During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, over 450 precolumbian and historic Indigenous agricultural fields were documented across the state of Wisconsin. Today, the vast majority of these features are generally assumed to have been destroyed. Focusing on the Wisconsin River basin, which has the highest concentration of known archaeological field systems in the Midwest, this study explores the potential of using historical aerial photographs to identify and interpret archaeological agricultural features. Relying on state site records, an archive of high-resolution 1930s aerial images, and modern lidar data, we carefully examine the region surrounding 59 sites where fields had previously been documented. At a quarter of the sites we investigated, we successfully identified both known and unrecorded archaeological features—including agricultural fields, effigy mounds, earthworks, and house basins—most of which have been destroyed by recent land use practices. Our analysis sheds light on the complexity and richness of the archaeological landscape, with vast agricultural spaces situated beyond traditional site boundaries, and suggests that precolumbian and historic Indigenous agricultural fields may have been much larger and more widespread than conventionally understood.
ReGARDD (Regulatory Guidance for Academic Research of Drugs and Devices): The evolution of a collaborative regional CTSA-funded forum and website for regulatory support
Authors: Brownley Kimberly A. , Rape Marie , Wood Amanda , Dave Gaurav , Henderson Chad , Severynse-Stevens Diana , Zmuda Mike , Earp Diane , Moody Carmella , Kelly-Pumarol Issis , Andrews Joseph , Foss Kristen M. , Fraser Stephanie , Segear Erika , Parrish Amanda B.
Published: January 2021

Availability of trained professionals to assist researchers navigating regulatory pathways for new drug and device development is limited within academic institutions. We created ReGARDD (Regulatory Guidance for Academic Research of Drugs and Devices), a regional forum initially involving regulatory professionals from four Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA)-funded institutions, to build and capitalize on local expertise and to develop a regulatory guidance website geared toward academic researchers. Since 2015, members organized 15 forums covering topics such as FDA premarket submissions, gene therapy, and intellectual property for devices and therapeutics. Through user feedback, targeted surveys, and ongoing iterative processes, we refined and maintained a shared regulatory website, which reached 6000+ users in 2019. Website updates improved navigation to drug versus device topic areas, provided new educational content and videos to address commonly asked questions, and created a portal for posting upcoming training opportunities. Survey respondents rated the website favorably and endorsed expanding ReGARDD as a centralized resource. ReGARDD strengthened the regional regulatory workforce, increased regulatory efficiency, and promulgated best organizational and operational practices. Broad-scale deployment of the ReGARDD model across the CTSA consortium may facilitate the creation of a network of regional forums and reduce gaps in access to regulatory support.
Bone mineral density at age 7 years does not associate with adherence to vitamin D supplementation guidelines in infancy or vitamin D status in pregnancy and childhood: an Odense Child Cohort study
Authors: Nørgaard Signe Monrad , Dalgård Christine , Heidemann Malene Søborg , Schou Anders Jørgen , Christesen Henrik Thybo
Published: January 2021

Vitamin D supplementation in infancy is recommended to prevent rickets. At the population level, its effects on bone mineralisation are largely unknown. We aimed to explore whether adherence to national vitamin D supplementation guidelines (10 µg/d up to the age of 2 years), supplementation at the ages of 5 and 7 years, and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (s-25(OH)D) at various time points associated with bone mineral density (BMD) at the age of 7 years in the Odense Child Cohort, Denmark (n 1194). High adherence was defined as supplementation with 10 µg of vitamin D 6–7 times per week during ≥80 % of the observation time. s-25(OH)D was analysed using LC-MS/MS. Total-body-less-head (TBLH) BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. At the median age of 18·1 months, 53·9 % (n 475/881) reported high adherence. The median s-25(OH)D was 64·7, 78·8, 46·0 and 71·8 nmol/l in early pregnancy, late pregnancy, cord blood and at 5 years, respectively. The mean TBLH BMD at the median age of 7·1 years was 0·613 (SD 0·049) g/cm2 (z-score +0·363 (SD 0·824)). In adjusted analyses, vitamin D supplementation up to 18 months, and at 5 and 7 years, was not associated with TBLH BMD. Similarly, no robust associations were found between TBLH BMD and s-25(OH)D at any time point. No associations were found for TBLH bone mineral concentration or bone area. In this population with relatively high s-25(OH)D concentrations, no consistent associations were found between adherence to vitamin D supplementation recommendations or vitamin D status in pregnancy or childhood, and bone mineralisation at the age of 7 years.
THE COLONIAL SYSTEM OF POWER IN TURKISTAN
Authors: Abdurakhimova Nadira A.
Published: January 2021

The history of Turkistan in the second half of the 19th and the early 20th century has repeatedly attracted the attention of social scientists. It is widely recognized that the tendency of most Soviet authors was to consider this history under the rubric of “the progressive consequences of annexation to Russia,” at a time when the main historiographical trend was to investigate the history of revolutions, movements of the working class and peasants, riots among the people, and national-liberation movements. Under the same rubric, during a rather long period until the end of the 1980s, many problems of local Turkistan society were written about. As a result of this approach, some questions remained unasked—questions that challenged the officially mandated proposition that “despite tsarist colonialism, the annexation of non-Russian peoples to Russia was a progressive reality.” In particular, one of these questions has to do with the history of the state that governed the territory of Turkistan in the colonial and post-colonial periods.
ARE MIGRANT STUDENTS CLOSING THE GAP?
Authors: Marx Nicole , Gill Christian , Brosowski Tim
Published: January 2021

Since 2015, increased numbers of newly immigrated schoolchildren in Europe have resulted in divergent, often ad hoc measures to provide for their education. Because the basis of classroom learning is information found in written texts, the development of grade-level reading skills is of central importance. However, little is known about immigrant students’ reading skills at and following transition, and no data is available for Germany, where the study was conducted. We report the results of a longitudinal study in which migrant students’ (N= 136) reading subskills after transition into mainstream were investigated at three points over the course of 2 years and compared to cohort performance (N= 517) in grades 7 through 9. Results showed that immigrant students performed significantly below mainstream students on all measures for all data points, with little evidence that they are beginning to close the gap even after several years in mainstream.
Epigenetic profiling of social communication trajectories and co-occurring mental health problems: a prospective, methylome-wide association study
Authors: Rijlaarsdam Jolien , Cecil Charlotte A. M. , Relton Caroline L. , Barker Edward D.
Published: January 2021

While previous studies suggest that both genetic and environmental factors play an important role in the development of autism-related traits, little is known about potential biological mechanisms underlying these associations. Using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), we examined prospective associations between DNA methylation (DNAm: nbirth = 804, nage 7 = 877) and trajectories of social communication deficits at age 8–17 years. Methylomic variation at three loci across the genome (false discovery rate = 0.048) differentiated children following high (n = 80) versus low (n = 724) trajectories of social communication deficits. This differential DNAm was specific to the neonatal period and not observed at 7 years of age. Associations between DNAm and trajectory membership remained robust after controlling for co-occurring mental health problems (i.e., hyperactivity/inattention, conduct problems). The three loci identified at birth were not replicated in the Generation R Study. However, to the best of our knowledge, ALSPAC is the only study to date that is prospective enough to examine DNAm in relation to longitudinal trajectories of social communication deficits from childhood to adolescence. Although the present findings might point to potentially novel sites that differentiate between a high versus low trajectory of social communication deficits, the results should be considered tentative until further replicated.
Childhood maltreatment, personality vulnerability profiles, and borderline personality disorder symptoms in adolescents
Authors: Marchetti Daniela , Musso Pasquale , Verrocchio Maria Cristina , Manna Giovanna , Kopala-Sibley Daniel C. , De Berardis Domenico , De Santis Sandro , Falgares Giorgio
Published: January 2021

Adverse childhood experiences are significant risk factors in the development of adolescent borderline personality disorder symptoms (BPDs). Theorists have posited that two personality vulnerabilities factors, self-criticism and dependency, may inform our understanding of this relationship. However, no research has examined the associations between early negative experiences, personality vulnerabilities, and adolescent BPDs. The current study aimed to identify profiles of dependency and self-criticism to examine the associations of these profiles with cumulative forms of childhood maltreatment (CM) and BPDs as well as to explore the mediating and moderating role of vulnerable personality profiles in the relationship between cumulative CM and BPDs. Two hundred and forty-one nonclinical and clinical adolescents participated in the study (Mage= 16.37,SD= 1.84). The findings indicated three different profiles: average dependent profile, dependent and self-critical profile, and self-critical profile. Individuals in the average dependent profile presented lower levels of CM and BPDs. Mediation analyses showed that relative to the average dependent profile, a higher cumulative CM history predicted a higher probability of belonging in the dependent and self-critical profile or the self-critical profile and, in turn, this was associated with higher levels of BPDs. No moderating effects of profiles of dependency and self-criticism were found.
The Evolution of “Sinicisation”
Authors: CHENG FANGYI
Published: January 2021

This paper traces the history and usage of the theory of Sinicisation in western and Chinese scholarship, and discusses the intellectual trends underlying the different discourses in which the theory has been adopted. Since early 20th Century, the theory of “Sinicisation” has evolved and was adopted into three distinct historiographical discourses to construct different arguments. The first discourse is about the historical acculturation of border peoples and assimilation of domestic peoples to Chinese language, culture and economic life; the second one argues an inherent superiority in Chinese culture specifically produced cultural change across eastern Eurasia to promote nationalism; the third discourse emphasizes the diversity and mixture of the people living inside historical and contemporary China to construct and stabilise the polity. Every discourse rooted in its own intellectual trend, and also faces different criticism. Followed with examining criticisms of Sinicisation since the 1950s, this paper concludes by discussing the relationships of the three discourses of Sinicisation.
“LookingForwardAlways toAfrica”:William George Emanuel and the Politics of Repatriation in Cuba, 1894–1906
Authors: Janzen Philip
Published: January 2021

This article examines a back-to-Africa movement from early twentieth-century Cuba. The leader, William George Emanuel, arrived in Cuba from Antigua in 1894, and over the next several years, he worked to unite thecabildos de naciónandsociedades de coloron the island. After independence in 1898, Emanuel and his followers rejected Cuban citizenship and began petitioning Britain, the United States, Belgium, and the Gold Coast for land grants in West and Central Africa. Each petition, however, told a different story. Emanuel skillfully tailored his appeals according to his audience, variously claiming that he and his followers were “British,” “African,” “Congolese,” or “Mina,” among other identities. Anticipating the rise of Marcus Garvey by over a decade, Emanuel's campaign reveals an overlooked pan-Africanist strand in the typical narrative for this period of Cuban history. Drawing mainly on the petitions themselves, the article analyzes how Emanuel blended the languages of empire, nation, race, and ethnicity to create a dynamic pan-African identity. More generally, the article demonstrates how marginalized groups have long negotiated the boundaries of identity in the pursuit of belonging.
Effect of cover-crop biomass, strip-tillage residue disturbance width, and PRE herbicide placement on cotton weed control, yield, and economics
Authors: Price Andrew J. , Nichols Robert L. , Morton Trent A. , Balkcom Kipling S. , Grey Timothy L. , Li Steve
Published: January 2021

Conservation tillage adoption continues to be threatened by glyphosate and acetolactate synthase–resistant Palmer amaranth and other troublesome weeds. Field experiments were conducted from autumn 2010 through crop harvest in 2013 at two locations in Alabama to evaluate the effect of integrated management practices on weed control and seed cotton yield in glyphosate-resistant cotton. The effects of a cereal rye cover crop using high- or low-biomass residue, followed by wide or narrow within-row strip tillage and three PRE herbicide regimens were evaluated. The three PRE regimens were (1) pendimethalin at 0.84 kg ae ha−1 plus fomesafen at 0.28 kg ai ha−1 applied broadcast, (2) pendimethalin plus fomesafen applied banded on the row, or (3) no PRE. Each PRE treatment was followed by (fb) glyphosate (1.12 kg ae ha−1) applied POST fb layby applications of diuron (1.12 kg ai ha−1) plus monosodium methanearsonate (2.24 kg ai ha−1). Low-residue plots ranged in biomass from 85 to 464 kg ha−1, and high-biomass residue plots ranged from 3,119 to 6,929 kg ha−1. In most comparisons, surface disturbance width, residue amount, and soil-applied herbicide placement did not influence within-row weed control; however, broadcast PRE resulted in increased carpetweed, large crabgrass, Palmer amaranth, tall morning-glory, and yellow nutsedge weed control in row middles compared with plots receiving banded PRE. In addition, high-residue plots had increased carpetweed, common purslane, large crabgrass, Palmer amaranth, sicklepod, and tall morning-glory weed control between rows. Use of banded PRE herbicides resulted in equivalent yield and revenue in four of six comparisons compared with those with broadcast PRE herbicide application; however, this would likely result in many between-row weed escapes. Thus, conservation tillage cotton would benefit from broadcast soil-applied herbicide applications regardless of residue amount and tillage width when infested with Palmer amaranth and other troublesome weed species.
The adaptive value of flowering time in wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum)
Authors: Sun Ci , Ashworth Michael B. , Flower Ken , Vila-Aiub Martin M. , Rocha Roberto Lujan , Beckie Hugh J.
Published: January 2021

Harvest weed seed control (HWSC) is a weed management technique that intercepts and destroys weed seeds before they replenish the soil weed seedbank and can be used to control herbicide-resistant weeds in global cropping systems. Wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.) is a problematic, globally distributed weed species that is considered highly susceptible to HWSC, as it retains much of its seed on the plant during grain harvest. However, previous studies have demonstrated that R. raphanistrum is capable of adapting its life cycle, in particular its flowering time, to allow individuals more time to mature and potentially shed seeds before harvest, thereby evading HWSC interception. This study compared the vegetative growth plus physiological and ecological fitness of an early-flowering R. raphanistrum biotype with an unselected genetically related biotype to determine whether physiological costs of early flowering exist when in competition with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Early flowering time adaptation in R. raphanistrum did not change the relative growth rate or competitive ability of R. raphanistrum. However, the height of first flower was reduced in the early flowering time–selected population, indicating that this population would retain more pods below the typical harvest cutting height (15 cm) used in HWSC. The presence of wheat competition (160 to 200 plants m−2) increased flowering height in the early flowering time–selected population, which would likely increase the susceptibility of early-flowering R. raphanistrum plants to HWSC. Overall, early-flowering adaption in R. raphanistrum is a possible strategy to escape being captured by the HWSC; however, increasing crop competition is likely to be an effective strategy to maintain the effectiveness of HWSC.
Analysis of Projection Effects in OSIRIS‐REx Spectral Mapping Methods: Recommended Protocols for Facet‐Based Mapping
Authors: Ferrone Salvatore M. , Clark Beth E. , Hawley C. Luke , Joseph Jonathan , Nolan Michael C. , Bennett Carina , Zou Xiao‐Duan , Selznick Sanford , Loveridge Micheal , Deshapriya Prasanna , Lauretta Dante S.
Published: January 2021

We searched for an optimized protocol for mapping observations from a point spectrometer onto a shape model composed of triangular facets, in the context of NASA's asteroid sample return mission, OSIRIS‐REx (Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security‐Regolith Explorer). Our study was conducted before the spacecraft arrived at the mission target asteroid (101955) Bennu, and we used observational sequence plans of the OSIRIS‐REx Visible and InfraRed Spectrometer (OVIRS). We explored six methods of mapping data to shape model facets, using three spatial resolutions. We attempted to boost map fidelity by increasing the observational coverage of the surface. We find that increasing shape model resolution improves mapping quality. However, once the shape model's mean facet edge length is smaller than two‐fifths of the diameter of the instrument's field of view (FOV), the increase in quality tapers off. The six mapping methods can be broken into two categories: facets that (1) select or (2) combine (average) data from observations. The quality differences between similar averaging methods (clipped average, weighted average, etc.) are insignificant. Selecting the nearest observation to a facet best preserves an enclosed outcrop's shape and signal, but averaging spots are more conservative against errors in photometric modeling. A completely enclosed outcrop border expands into the surrounding region by 0.8–1.5 radii of the instrument's FOV. Regions smaller than the instrument's FOV are present in resulting maps; however, their signal strength is reduced as a function of their size relative to the instrument FOV.
Importance of Supermicron Ice Nucleating Particles in Nascent Sea Spray
Authors: Mitts Brock A. , Wang Xiaofei , Lucero Dolan D. , Beall Charlotte M. , Deane Grant B. , DeMott Paul J. , Prather Kimberly A.
Published: January 2021

With oceans covering 71% of the Earth's surface, sea spray aerosol (SSA) particles play an important role in the global radiative budget by acting as cloud condensation nuclei and ice nucleating particles (INPs). By acting as INPs, SSA particles affect the structure and properties of mixed‐phase clouds by inducing freezing at warmer temperatures than the homogeneous freezing temperature. Climate models that incorporate marine INPs use the emission of submicron SSA in INP parameterizations because these particles contain a higher fraction of organic mass. Here we show supermicron SSA particles, produced using a natural breaking wave analogue, are the major source of INPs throughout the lifecycle of a phytoplankton bloom. Additionally, supermicron SSA particles are shown to be more efficient INPs than submicron SSA particles, because they carry a greater number of ice active components. Thus, supermicron SSA needs to be incorporated in INP parameterizations for future climate models.
First Observations of Antarctic Mesospheric Tidal Wind Responses to Recurrent Geomagnetic Activity
Authors: Yi Wen , Reid Iain M. , Xue Xianghui , Murphy Damian J. , Vincent Robert A. , Zou Zicheng , Chen Tingdi , Wang Geng , Dou Xiankang
Published: January 2021

We report an analysis of the response of tides in neutral atmospheric mesospheric winds to recurrent geomagnetic activity in 2005 over Antarctica. The mesospheric winds were observed by the Davis meteor and medium frequency radars (68.5°S, 77.9°E; magnetic latitude, 74.6°S). The zonal component of the daily prevailing winds showed a westward increase as the geomagnetic activity increased, while the meridional prevailing winds did not show a clear response. The semidiurnal tides responded greatly to geomagnetic activity, with significant increases in amplitude. The zonal and meridional semidiurnal tides both showed a clear upward propagating phase but responded differently to geomagnetic activity. The amplitude of the meridional component of the diurnal tides increased significantly, while the zonal diurnal tidal amplitude showed no apparent change. These results indicate that geomagnetic activity can significantly influence mesospheric dynamics.
In Situ Continuous Monitoring of Borehole Displacements Induced by Stimulated Hydrofracture Growth
Authors: Guglielmi Y. , Cook P. , Soom F. , Schoenball M. , Dobson P. , Kneafsey T.
Published: January 2021

We provide direct observations of the three‐dimensional displacements of a fluid‐driven fracture during water injections in a borehole at ∼1.5 km depth in the crystalline rock at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (USA). Micro‐shearing of the borehole initiates on a foliation plane at 61% of the minimum principal stress σ3. As the fluid pressure increases further up to 112% of σ3, borehole axial and radial displacements increase with injection time highlighting the opening and sliding of a new hydrofracture growing ∼10 m away from the borehole, in accordance with the ambient normal stress regime and in alignment with the microseismicity. Our study reveals how important it is to consider monitoring zonal deformation in conjunction with pressure and flow to better manage the complex hydromechanical evolution of the growing fracture.
Compensation Between Cloud Feedback and Aerosol‐Cloud Interaction in CMIP6 Models
Authors: Wang Chenggong , Soden Brian J. , Yang Wenchang , Vecchi Gabriel A.
Published: January 2021

The most recent generation of climate models (the 6th Phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project) yields estimates of effective climate sensitivity (ECS) that are much higher than past generations due to a stronger amplification from cloud feedback. If plausible, these models require substantially larger greenhouse gas reductions to meet global warming targets. We show that models with a more positive cloud feedback also have a stronger cooling effect from aerosol‐cloud interactions. These two effects offset each other during the historical period when both aerosols and greenhouse gases increase, allowing either more positive or neutral cloud feedback models to reproduce the observed global‐mean temperature change. Since anthropogenic aerosols primarily concentrate in the Northern Hemisphere, strong aerosol‐cloud interaction models produce an interhemispheric asymmetric warming. We show that the observed warming asymmetry during the mid to late 20th century is more consistent with low ECS (weak aerosol indirect effect) models.
Tropical Water Fluxes Dominated by Deep Convection Up to Near Tropopause Levels
Authors: Bolot Maximilien , Fueglistaler Stephan
Published: January 2021

In the tropics, the tropopause is exceptionally cold and air entering the stratosphere is dehydrated down to a few parts per million leading to the extreme dryness of Earth’s stratosphere. Deep convection typically detrains a few kilometers below the tropopause, but the few storms that may reach up to the tropopause could have an outsize effect on water vapor, other chemically important trace species, and clouds. However, little progress has been made to quantify the role of these storms due to challenging conditions for observations, and computational limitations. Here we provide the first global observational estimate of the convective ice flux at near tropical tropopause levels by using spaceborne lidar measurements and pioneering a method to convert from lidar measurement to ice flux information. Our estimate indicates that the upward ice flux in deep convection dominates moisture transport almost all the way up to the cold point tropopause.
Is the Stationary Wave Bias in CMIP5 Simulations Driven by Latent Heating Biases?
Authors: Park Mingyu , Lee Sukyoung
Published: January 2021

Atmospheric stationary waves play an important role in regional climate. In phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), a prior study found that there are systematic biases in Arctic moisture intrusions caused by stationary eddy meridional wind biases. In this study, using initial‐value model calculations, it is shown that CMIP5 latent heating biases in the tropics and midlatitudes play a substantial role in generating the systematic meridional wind bias poleward of 50°N. It is further shown that the midlatitude heating biases are in part driven by the circulation caused by the tropical and subtropical heating biases. These results indicate that the systematic stationary meridional wind biases poleward of 50°N can be traced to systematic model biases in tropical and extratropical latent heating. Therefore, reliable regional climate projections likely hinge on accurate representations of moist processes upstream of the region of interest and in the tropics.
Mechanical Response of Shallow Crust to Groundwater Storage Variations: Inferences From Deformation and Seismic Observations in the Eastern Southern Alps, Italy
Authors: Pintori Francesco , Serpelloni Enrico , Longuevergne Laurent , Garcia Alexander , Faenza Licia , D'Alberto Lucio , Gualandi Adriano , Belardinelli Maria Elina
Published: January 2021

Changes in continental water storage generate vertical surface deformation, induce crustal stress perturbations, and modulate seismicity rates. However, the degree to which regional changes in terrestrial water content influence crustal stresses and the occurrence of earthquakes remains an open problem. We show how changes in groundwater storage, computed for a ∼1,000 km2 basin, focus deformation in a narrow zone, causing large horizontal, nonseasonal displacements. We present results from a karstic mountain range located at the edge of the Adria‐Eurasia plate boundary system in Northern Italy, where shortening is accommodated across an active fold‐and‐thrust belt. The presence of geological structures with high permeabilities and of deeply rooted hydrologically active fractures focus groundwater fluxes and pressure changes, generating transient surface horizontal displacements up to 5 mm and perturbations of crustal stress up to 25 kPa at seismogenic depths. The background seismicity rates appear correlated, without evident temporal delay, with groundwater storage changes in the hydrological basin. With no evidence of pore pressure propagation from the hydrologically active fractures, seismicity modulation is likely affected by direct stress changes on faults planes.