bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring the Capability for One Process with Spherical Tolerance
Authors: Sheu Liang Chyau , Yeh Chi Huang , Yen Ching Ho , Chang Chia Hao
Published: March 2013

Process capability indices, Cp, Cpk, and Cpm, are well-known indices used widely in the manufacturing industry for measuring process reproduction capability according to manufacturing specifications, but limited to cases with single engineering specification. Therefore, for processes where the quality characteristic is the location relative to a specific location, they can not provide an effective measure. In this paper, we propose a process loss index LG to evaluate the process capability for this issue. Based on the index, we provide the corresponding transformation for production yield. In addition, we tabulate some critical values for process loss index LG to judge if the process capability is capable. The proposed method is useful for the practitioners to measure the process loss and determine whether a process meets the present process yield requirement.
Robust Design Analysis on Fatigue Life of Lead-Free Sn0.5Ag Solder in a Multichip Module Package
Authors: Kung Chieh
Published: March 2013

System-in-package (SiP) has become a mainstream technology in IC package industry as it provides the solutions to the growing needs of high speed functions, mobility/portability, energy efficiency, and miniaturization of electronic products. One special form of SiP is the multi-chip module (MCM) in which multiple integrated circuits (ICs), semiconductor dies or other discrete components are packaged onto a unifying substrate. Thus, the reliability of package integrity becomes one of the major reliability concerns. In the present paper, a robust design analysis on the thermo-mechanical reliability of an MCM package with flip-chip technology is demonstrated. Our results show that for the specific package, the CTE of the substrate is the most influential factor to the fatigue reliability of the package. The optimal combination of the parameters is recommended. The robust design analysis optimizes the fatigue life from 165 cycles to 1080 cycles which is a 554.5% gain on the fatigue life.
Research on the Extraction Process of Water-Soluble Asparagus Powder and Removal of Free Radical
Authors: Peng You Shun , Song Shi Tao , Wang Shu Yuan , Zheng Xue Fang , Lian Qi
Published: March 2013

The optimum extraction condition of water-soluble asparagus powder through water boiling method is to extract it twice, in the first extraction, 8% is set as the solid-liquid ratio, 15 minutes is set as the soak time and 40 minutes is set as the boiling time; in the second extraction, 10% is set as the solid-liquid ratio, 40 minutes is set as the boiling time. Under this condition, the dry yield rate is 33.98%, and the total active substance yield rate is 10.34% (including flavones yield rate of 1.0%, saponin yield rate of 5.99%, and polysaccharide yield rate of 3.35%). Water-soluble asparagus powder has good removal effects on hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anion free radicals, and DPPH free radicals. The water-soluble asparagus powders made from the raw material in different pick-time have different removal effects on DPPH free radicals, and the asparagus powder made from asparagus picked in August, September, and October is better.The best is to read these instructions and follow the outline of this text.
Optimal Buffer pH Value on the Detection of HSA by Using a Protein Chip Prepared by DNA-Directed Immobilization
Authors: Hu Wen Pin , Huang Li Ya , Chen Wen Yih
Published: March 2013

A stable and versatile biosensor surface is a desirable feature for any sensor, and the DNA-directed immobilization (DDI) of protein-DNA conjugates on the mixed ssDNA/ Oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) offer an alternative choice for preparing various types of protein chips. The patterned DNA chip is suitable for long-term storage and easily converted into a protein chip in one simple step. In our previous study, the experimental results indicated that a 50:1 ratio of OEG: COOH-terminated OEG and DNA sequences with 20 mer are the best conditions or making a protein chip via a DNA-directed immobilization (DDI) method. In this study, we investigate the effect of buffer pH values on the measurement of human serum albumin (HSA) by using the protein chip prepared by DDI method. The results showed that the largest SPR response is found in the detection of HSA with the use of 10 mM MES buffer (150 mM sodium chloride, adjusted to pH 4.0). We suggest that this was a consequence from the contribution of attractive electrostatic force between HSA and the negatively charged sensor surface. The lowest detection limitation of HSA with the use of MES buffer is 0.02 mg/ml. In addition, there is a linear relationship between the SPR signals and HSA concentrations (from 0.02 mg/ml to 0.5 mg/ml). Chip regeneration experiments were also performed in our study with the results showing that the average response for HSA detection on regenerated surface was nearly 92.3% of the response produced by using fresh surface.
Neural - Wiener Model for Multivariable Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) Reactive Distillation
Authors: Sudibyo Sudibyo , Murat Muhamad Nazri , Aziz Norashid
Published: March 2013

MTBE is a chemical that can be used as anti-knock additive to replace lead additive (tetra ethyl lead) which can be efficiently produced using reactive distillation process. It has been established in the literature that MTBE reactive distillation poses a highly nonlinear behavior due to the combination of reaction and separation processes. A reliable model for predicting the behavior is required especially for the control purposes. In this work, a Neural Wiener model which is one of the available types of oriented block model was utilised to develop the MTBE reactive distillation model. The required data for the Neural Wiener model were generated using a validated Aspen dynamics model for the MTBE reactive distillation process. It is found that the Neural Wiener model is capable to predict the MTBE purity and isobutene conversion with accuracy of 98.55% and 96.95%, respectively. Those values are quantitatively better in comparison to the state space model which gives lower values for prediction accuracy of 87.86% and 82.90%, respectively.
Calcined Powder of the Sol-Gel Synthesis Hydroxyapatite
Authors: Chen Chich Kuan
Published: March 2013

The bioactive properties of hydroxyapatite [HA, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] have been demonstrated to be akin to osseous tissue, and provide quick fixation in prosthesis and orthopedics. In this study, sol-gel preparation of hydroxyapatite were arranged for Ca/P=1.67 molar ratio in calcium nitrate [Ca(NO)3.4H2O ] and triethylphosphate [TEP, C6H15PO4] and then dilute in the solvent of ethylene glycol mono-methyl ether [HOCH2CH2OCH3]. Consequently, sintering process was carried out at different temperature for various sintering time to materialize this inorganic polycrystalline phosphate. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are applied to investigate the as dried amorphous and calcined hydroxyapatite. Results reveal calcinations at 1000oC prolonged for 30 minutes in air can exhibit crystalline hydroxyapatite.
An Electromagnetic Sensing Method (ESM) to Detect the Short-Circuit in PCB
Authors: Chen Chien Hung , Chang Jyi Jinn , Liao Tai Shan , Huang Kuo Cheng
Published: March 2013

The short-circuit phenomenon is one common error in the operation of electronic circuit. Short-circuit will cause the electrical components damage and the incorrect function in PCB. In general, the detection of short-circuit is performed by using the electrode probe to contact each pad in single PCB or the probe card in mass production of PCD. Due to the fast development of circuit layout, the size of IC with pads is getting smaller; therefore, it is much difficult to detect short-circuit in PCB by the pads-contact inspection. This paper presents a method to detect short-circuit area in PCB without the use of electrode probe, which employs the electromagnetic signals to sense and identify the change of electromagnetic induced by short-circuit. We design an electromagnetic sensing probe which comprises of an equivalent circuit to detect the change of electromagnetism in PCB, and employ an X-Y table for automatic positioning. Instead of tiny electrode probe manufacturing, the electromagnetic sensing method (ESM) is able to detect the short-circuit area inside the multi-layer PCB. In addition, the inspective module with ESM can be designed to be a portable instrument without the space limitation. The article shows the verification of proposed system with the scanning pitch is from 5 to 20 mil line width, the working distance of sensing probe is from 1 to 20 mm, and 4 layers PCB measurement. We also experiment the real case detection by using the ESM in PCB and display ESM can successful indicate the probable area of short-circuit.
Design and Simulation of Laser Module Packaging of TO-Based Butterfly-Type Structures
Authors: Sheen Maw Tyan
Published: March 2013

A novel design of butterfly-type laser module packaging using transistor outline (TO) structures is proposed. The cost down and fabrication time savings for fabrication of the module packagings are obtained, and the yield rate and the coupling efficiency of butterfly-type laser module are enhanced. The post-weld-shift (PWS) correction uses laser hammer technique in coaxial-type laser modules is studied experimentally and numerically. Experimental results show that the PWS of a coaxial laser module welded by a three-beam laser system can be corrected by applying laser hammer on the opposed tilt direction of welded components to realign the fiber back closer to its optimum position. In addition, the coupling efficiency increased up to 20 % was obtained by laser hammer.Further, the numerical calculations of the finite-element method analysis was in good agreement with the experimental results of the tilt angles of PWS ranged from 0.4 x 10-2 to 3.4 x 10-2 degree. The results of this study showed that the PWS state of being properly adjusted in coaxial laser module packages and led to fabricating reliable optoelectronic packaging with high yield.
Cell Cycle Analysis of Rat Schwann Cells on Chitosan Scaffolds by Flow Cytometry
Authors: Lin Chuang Yu , Li Li Tzu , Su Wen Ta
Published: March 2013

The fine combination of biomaterial and essential cells determines a successful artificial graft. With high biocompatibility, chitosan is a choice of materials for regeneration medicine. In the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells are critical for nerve regeneration. Schwann cells not only help to conduct the nerve pulse but also guide the nerve extension, especially the injured nerve for recovery. Studies showed that chitosan can be a bridge material for damaged nerve regeneration. The interactions between chitosan and Schwann cells may provide important information for designing the chitosan grafts applied in medical applications. For this purpose, the chitoson was made into conduits by lyophilization. The conduit has porous 3D scaffolds and seeded with rat Schwann cells. The harvested cells were labeled with PI fluorescent dye and analyzed with flow cytometry. The results showed that the rates of DNA replication (S-phase) and cell division (G2 phase) of the cells grew on chitosan scaffolds were higher than the ones grew on the plane substrate. This indicates that the cells grew on chitosan scaffolds were more active than those on the plane substrate in cell proliferation, and the biocompatibility of chitosan can be sustained in this quantitative analysis. Therefore, chitosan scaffolds are efficient for cell expansion of rat Schwann cells and may be beneficial for the purpose of tissue engineering. This study proves that cell cycle analysis is a new point of view in disclosing the cell-material interactions.
Dynamic Analysis of a Geared Rotor-Bearing System with Time-Varying Gear Mesh Stiffness and Pressure Angle
Authors: Chen Ying Chung , Kang Chung Hao , Choi Siu Tong
Published: March 2013

The dynamic analysis of a geared rotor-bearing system with time-varying gear mesh stiffness and pressure angle is presented in this paper. Although there are analyses for both of the gear and rotor-bearing system dynamics, the coupling effect of the time-varying mesh and geared rotor-bearing system is deficient. Therefore, the pressure angle and contact ratio of the geared rotor-bearing system are treated as time-varying variables in the proposed model while they were considered as constant in previous models. The gear mesh stiffness is varied with different contact ratios of the gear pair in the meshing process. The nonlinear equations of motion for the geared rotor-bearing system are obtained by applying Lagrange’s equation and the dynamic responses are computed by using the Runge-Kutta numerical method. Numerical results of this study indicated that the proposed model provides realistic dynamic response of a geared rotor-bearing system.
Measuring Path without Tool Center Point Function for B-Type Five-Axis Machine Tool
Authors: She Chen Hua , Jywe Wen Yuh , Huang Jheng Jie
Published: March 2013

Five-axis machine tools with three linear axes and two rotary axes can produce complex products with free-form surfaces requiring a high degree of precision. However, motion errors of each axis and its assembly error are accumulated in the positioning error of the cutting tool relative to a workpiece. There are many devices reported in the literature on the identification of kinematic errors based on the measurement of the motion error. According to the measurement paths in the ISO draft, ISO/CD 10791-6, the kinematic tests can be applicable to different configurations of five-axis machine tools. However, the advanced controller with tool center point (TCP) function is required while performing kinematic tests. This paper proposed the methodology of generating measurement path without TCP function for B-type five-axis machine tool. The developed module can transform the measuring path into an NC program used for lower hand controller. Verification using VERICUT solid cutting simulation software demonstrated the veracity of the generated five-axis NC code. The proposed methodology is applicable in a wide range of five-axis machine tool configurations; however, further testing with actual measuring applications will be required for further verification.
Modulations of Amplitude in Mobile Acoustical Heritage
Authors: Lim Chen Kim , Talib Abdullah Zawawi , Tan Kian Lam
Published: March 2013

Nowadays, cultural heritage has been preserved digitally more than physically. However, most of the research works have been focusing more on preservation of video elements even though preservation of audio is equally important. In this paper, the possibilities of generating different sounds in an acoustical heritage through the modulations of sound characteristics are explored on mobile devices. The modulations of the amplitude are based on tiles. In the proposed method, the user uses the one-tap gesture to initiate the start of sound changes on the physical interface of an immersive panoramic view on mobile platform by altering the amplitude of recorded audio piece and consequently producing different audible results. User interactions happen along the x and y-axes following the standard iOS system coordinate. This paper also demonstrates the programming method based on tiles and direct modulations of acoustical heritage in panoramic view with the interaction of the users in order to provide enhanced sensorial audio experience and acoustical engagement in action space on mobile platform. The result of the evaluation has shown that the volume playback has different amplitudes from the different coordinates that the users have tapped on.
Non-Iterative Mode Shape Expansion for Beam Structures Based on Coordinate Decomposition
Authors: Liu Fu Shun , Chen Wen Wen , Peng Chun Fu , Li Wei
Published: March 2013

The direct mode shape expansion method is an iterative technique, then one can conclude that the convergence performance maybe challenged when applied to three-dimensional structures. In addition, mode shape values at different DOFs (degrees-of-freedom) sometimes are not in a same order of magnitude, which will produce much error for the estimation of small values of unmeasured mode components. Thus, this paper proposed a non-iterative mode shape expansion method based on coordinate decomposition and neglecting modelling errors between the finite element model and the experimental structure. The advantage of coordinate decomposition is that the unmeasured components of mode shape values could be estimated with different weighting coefficients, even in a physical meaningful interval. Numerical studies in this paper are conducted for a 30-DOF (degree-of-freedom) cantilever beam with multiple damaged elements, as the measured modes are synthesized from finite element models. The results show that the approach can estimate unmeasured mode shape values at translational and rotational DOFs in x, y and z directions with different weighting coefficients, respectively; and better mode shape expansion results can be obtained when proper constraints are employed.
On Studying Fluidic Motions in an Oscillating Heat Pipe
Authors: Chen Han Ming , Chiang Ching Ming , Chien Kuo Hsiang , Wang Chi Chuan
Published: March 2013

This study develops an analytical model applicable for predicting the fluidic motion of an oscillating heat pipe (OHP) with asymmetric arrayed channel configuration. The analytic model considers the temperature difference between the average evaporating region and the average condensing region as the thermally driven force for the fluidic motion. The calculated results show that the closed-loop OHP with asymmetric arrayed channel under lower number of turns, lower filled liquid ratio, higher operating temperature and higher temperature difference between the average evaporating region and the average condensing region for the frequency ratio of unity could attain a better performance of the fluidic motions.
Optimization of Aerodynamic Performance of Wind Turbine Blades
Authors: Chi Hua Wei , Wu Pey Shey , Chen Kami Ru , Jhuo Yue Hua , Wu Hung Yun
Published: March 2013

A wind-power generation system uses wind turbine blades to convert the kinetic energy of wind to drive a generator which in turn yields electricity, the aerodynamic performance of the wind turbine blades has decisive effect on the cost benefit of the whole system. The aerodynamic analysis and the optimization of design parameters for the wind turbine blades are key techniques in the early stage of the development of a wind-power generation system. It influences the size selection of connecting mechanisms and the specification of parts in the design steps that follows. A computational procedure and method for aerodynamics optimization was established in this study for three-dimensional blades and the rotor design of a wind turbine. The procedure was applied to improving a previously studied 25kW wind turbine rotor design. Results show that the aerodynamic performance of the new three-dimensional blades has remarkable improvement after optimization.
Rapid Discrimination of Bacteria and Bacteriophages by Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Lin Chi Chang , Hung Chih Hsun , Chang Chia Wen , Huang Li Rong
Published: March 2013

An accurate, high sensitivity and rapid identification assay of bacterial and virus is extremely important in areas such as medical diagnosis, biological research, and environmental monitoring. Raman spectra generates from the molecular species often referred to as ‘whole-organism fingerprinting’ being able to give comprehensive quantitative information about the overall biochemical composition of a microbial sample. Rapid discrimination of bacteria and bacteriaphage can be great important for food, environment and clinical diagnosis. Raman spectra of bacteria stains (Salmonella, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae) and their related bacteriaphages were analyzed. Raman pattern indicated the characteristic peaks and intensity difference between either bacteria nor phages. Barcode analysis, the intensity of 21 majority peaks summarized from the spectral interval 400–1200 nm showed the distinguishable data code for those cells. The present results suggest that both bacteria (micron) and phages (sub micron) can be directly discriminated by their Raman fingerprint and the barcode analysis method may help us transfer the complex spectra into easily and readability data
Seawater Flow Characteristics and Drag Force Variation with Inflow Angle in Tidal Current Turbine System
Authors: Kim Jong Won , Lee Sang Ho
Published: March 2013

Numerical analysis has been performed to investigate the seawater flow characteristics and drag force variation on tidal current turbine system with the direction of tidal current. Seawater velocity distribution is largely affected by the current direction flowing into the turbine system including shroud. Wake flow near the unshrouded turbine is generated and the wake region becomes wider in the tidal current direction. Drag force on the system also increases with the inflow angle. The vortex generated from the turbine system continuously moves outward from the shroud inside while the force increases before reaching a peak and then decrease. These results of the seawater flow characteristics with drag force variation according to tidal current direction can be applied to optimal design of tidal current power generation systems.
The Fluorescence Image of Portable System Enhanced by Asynchronous Trigger UV-LED Excitation
Authors: Wu Wen Hong , Huang Kuo Cheng , Chen Yi Ju , Chang Han Chao , Chang Chung Hsing
Published: March 2013

Fluorescence is widely used to detect the biochemical effect and some substance containing certain dye. In general, the formation of fluorescent reaction is that an organism or dye, excited by UV light, emits a specific frequency of light; the light is usually a visible or near infrared light. Practically, the fluorescence of object can be excited by continued UV light, but the contrast and sharpness of fluorescence image decrease readily with stray light from the surrounding. In this study, we connect a trigger LED light module to a portable camera system and to perform the fluorescence inspection. When the fluorescent object is excited by asynchronous trigger UV-LED light, the extra intensity of fluorescence can be obtained. In the experiment of security organic dye (BL-ORT), the relative intensity of fluorescence acquired by 30 fps CCD can be increased by more than 11 %. In addition, when the fluorescent dye (chlorine e6) is injected into the tail vein of nude mouse, if its tail excited by the 375nm asynchronous trigger and continuous UV-LED are processed, the average relative intensity is 56.5 % and 49 %, respectively. Therefore, an added relative fluorescence of 15.3 % can be obtained from asynchronous triggering method. Furthermore, the ratio of extra intensity increases with the increase of frame rate of camera.
Characterization of Conductive Thin Films Deposited by Ink Jet Printing
Authors: Li Tsai Cheng , Chang Rwei Ching , Li Y.C.
Published: March 2013

With the advantage of simplicity and low cost, ink jet printing has the potential to replace the traditional chemical and physical deposition technology in thin film fabrication. In this work, silver conductive thin films are deposited on glass and polyimide substrates by ink jet printing, where some major characteristics of the printed thin films are investigated and compared to those deposited by sputtering. The micro texture and residual stresses of the thin films are measured with X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Using thin film scratch tester, the adhesion of thin films deposited by both ink jet printing and sputtering is studied. Further observations on electric and optical performance by using visible wavelength photospectrometry, four-point probe, and surface profiler are also discussed. The result shows that the micro texture of the printed thin film behaves as good as the sputtered thin film. Furthermore, the micro scratch result illustrates that the adhesion of the printed thin film is even better than the sputtered thin film. It emphasizes that, after certain baking process, the ink jet printing has the possibility to replace sputtering in thin film deposition, especially for the polymer substrates.
Ultrasonic Tomography System: Optimizing the Frequency in a Metal Pipe Conveyor
Authors: Abbaszadeh Javad , Rahim Herlina Abdul , Rahim Ruzairi Abdul , Sarafi Sahar
Published: March 2013

Ultrasonic Tomography has a dominant role in industry to generate cross sectional images of any object. In this paper, method of designing an Ultrasonic Tomography System due to the propagation manner of ultrasonic wave inside the various materials is investigated. The correct method of mounting of Ultrasonic sensors and behavior of the ultrasonic wave propagation in different layers has been simulated by the use of finite element software (COMSOL Multiphysics 3.5). To increase in practical nondestructive evaluation and inspection, we should increase our understanding of the basic physics and wave mechanics associated with guided wave inspection. A suitable ultrasonic sensor base on its efficiency and satisfying the simulation criteria is found and practically implemented on the surface of metal pipe. it is done by estimating the resonance frequency of sensor due to manner of ultrasonic wave propagation in different frequencies shown in simulation results. The proposed optimum frequency for the applied sensors is 40 kHz in which is tested practically and experimental results prove the high efficiency of this system.
A Finite Element Approach to Dynamic Stresses of Helical Gear Pairs Considering Tip Relief and Crowning Modifications
Authors: Huang Kuo Jao , Su Ching Ya
Published: March 2013

A dynamic finite element (FE) approach to contact and fillet bending stresses of helical gear pairs (HGPs) is presented. Using derived tooth profiles, high quality elements of HGPs can be efficiently constructed. The resulted maximum stresses of elements on teeth are 3D illustrated. Design of relief and profile modifications is also condisered. The effect of tooth modifications on HGP dynamic responses including misalignment errors is discussed. It shows adequate modification of tip relief and crowning can reduce dynamic stress peaks of HGPs.
A Sensing Device on Liquid Density
Authors: Chung Ya Chien , Yang Tzyy Yih , Chi Chen Tung , Lin Jin Yih , Cheng Wei Chun , Jhang Jhih Yang
Published: March 2013

This study presents a device, which can be used to detect density of various liquid. The device is composed of at least three buoys and a mechanism that is balanced by rotary moment. The design of the device presented in this study is based on the moment balanced position of the buoy on liquid. Designing parameters such as mass and volume of the buoys, relative angles of installation, and distance between the mass center and rotation center are adjustable. The device can be designed not only as a detector of liquid density but also a logic sensor of liquid density. The device will turn over and rotate 180o when density of the liquid reached some value, which can be preset in designing by adjusting relative parameters. The device has been practically tested that when the density of liquid changes from 1 g/cm3 to 0.933 g/cm3, the position of balanced angle changes about 90o. Turn over rotation occurs at the density of 0.933 g/cm3, which is about 2.8% of error from the designed value, 0.96 g/cm3. This device is proved to be feasible.
Advances in Safety Assessment Method for Thin-Walled Shell’s Structure Containing Defects
Authors: Dan Yong , Han Yi
Published: March 2013

In this paper, the methods of the safety evaluation for thin-walled shells containing defects based on “Fitness for Service” principle were reviewed. The latest authoritative standards and codes for assessment in both domestic and international fields are introduced. The paper also proposes the existing problems in this field and discusses the main solutions of them. The innovation of the method and technical route mentioned in the resolvent are introduced at the same time. As a result, the trend of safety assessment method for thin-walled shell’s structure containing defects is prospected.
Light Weight Design for a Concept Sports Car Using Composite Material
Authors: Hwang Hsiu Ying , Yang Chung Che
Published: March 2013

Light weight design is critical to a sports car. In the study, a prototype of the newly developed modern classical concept sports car was presented. The design process followed the common vehicle design procedure starting from blue print, clay model and then vehicle build. The structure was designed and analyzed using Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) tools. A space frame design concept was proposed based on the topology optimization results. Carbon composite material was used for light weight structure design. Three-step design optimization process was proposed to use for the detailed composite vehicle structure design with the consideration of manufacturing constraints. The thickness, fiber orientation and stack sequence were obtained through the optimization process. Manufacturing constraints could be imposed to the optimization process in order to obtain a practical design that could be manufactured. A design with total structure weight of 296.7 kg was obtained. It was a much lighter design compared to the earlier metal structure design.
Benefits on Implementation of Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM) in Uzbekistan
Authors: Tukhtaev Dilshod , Kim Do Hyun
Published: March 2013

Much work has already been done with this end in mind; however, given the high degree of complexity associated with a large system such as this, there is opportunity for improvements in modeling capability. The FAA system for assessing Aviation’s Global Emissions (SAGE) is a well-established model for the creation of global inventories of aviation fuel use and emissions. The first is the way in which the specific fuel consumption (SFC) is calculated. Previous to this study, SFC was calculated through the methods put forward in EUROCONTROL’s Base of Aircraft Data (BADA). The results of this analysis provide insight into not only the benefits of RVSM, but also the effects of these model improvements and the efficacy of the different efficiency metrics used.
Complex Freeform Surface Measurement Based on Stereo Vision and Digital Phase-Shifting Techniques
Authors: Lin Jun Yi , Jiang Kai Yong , Chang Ming , Wang Yen Yu
Published: March 2013

In this paper, a method combining stereo vision and digital phase-shifting techniques is presented, which can measure the profile of complex freeform surfaces expeditiously and accurately. A chessboard is used to determine the camera parameters for the camera calibration of the system and the epipolar line rectification is executed based on the stereo calibration result. The stereo matching is processed with the combination of four-step phase-shifting and Gray code techniques, and the maximum probability method is proposed to remove the fringe order confusion problem between Gray code and phase shifting measurement. Bilinear interpolation method is also adopted to improve the speed and accuracy of stereo matching. Experiments were carried out with measuring a step gauge block and a shoe last model. Experimental results show that the measurement can be completed within 3 s for a measuring region of 640 mm × 480 mm, and the average measurement error is less than 0.054 mm.
Constructal View of Design and Evolution of Flow Configuration in Nature and Engineering
Authors: Li Zhi Jie , Dong Su Jun
Published: March 2013

This article reviews how the constructal law governs the design and evolution of flow configuration in nature and engineering. The flow systems evolve by acquiring flow configuration in a definite direction in time if it is free to morph: existing configurations are replaced by easier flowing configurations. One example accounts for this evolution given in this article comes from natural inanimate flow systems: tree-shaped flows. The applications of constructal design method in the fields of heat transfer and fluid flow in engineered systems are also reviewed. The application of multiobjective configurations in the venturi cooling device is studied. In sum, this paper presents an overview of recent developments of constructal design of configuration in engineering. Some discussions and future prospects on this novel research field are provided in this paper to show the emerging development of constructal theory in engineering and other branch fields.
Design and Analysis of Tubular Linear Machines with Dual Halbach Arrays
Authors: Yan Liang , Zhang Lei , Yao Nan , Jiao Zong Xia , Chen I Ming , Chen Chin Yin
Published: March 2013

Linear machines are widely employed in robotics, transportation and manufacturing industries because complex rotation-to-translation conversion mechanism is no longer required. This paper proposed a novel tubular linear machine with dual permanent magnet (PM) Halbach arrays to achieve high force output performance. Based on Lorentz force law, the magnetic force output and force ripple for three-phase winding linear machine is formulated in analytical way. By taking advantage of the analytical models, the force output is simulated with respect to the motion of the mover. Numerical result is then obtained to validate the analytical force models. In addition, based on the technology of non-dimensionalization, the mathematical force models are employed to analyze the influence among the structure parameters on the force output and force ripple for design purpose of the tubular linear machines. The study in this paper could contribute to the design analysis and optimization of electromagnetic linear machines with similar poles patterns.
Determination of the Value of E in Metallic Materials
Authors: di Francesco Giulio , Marini Stefano
Published: March 2013

In the structural analysis of mechanical elements, both in the design and testing phase, the Young’s modulus value influences the precision of the results and must be taken into consideration during the calculation. The E value is usually shown in tables that do not report precise values, but ranges of values that are characterized by a certain amplitude. In the structural calculation analytically or numerically developed, an approximate reference E value that is hypothesized constant in the material is usually used. Moreover, this value does not take into consideration possible thermal-chemical-mechanical treatments used on the material. A mechanical designer needs to know the precise E value of the material in the final operation state in order to develop a structural analysis. According to what has been specified above, it is necessary to know the value of the elastic characteristics for every point of material in order to associate a value in the development of a correct and deepened numerical analysis for every zone in examination. We have developed a finely tuned experimental system having the following main steps: - measurement of the penetration of a metallic microsphere, as a function of the applied load, in a single point of the analyzed material; - determination of Young's modulus. This procedure allows for E to be measured, if necessary, at points very close to each other in such a way as to be able to take into consideration, when performing structural analysis requiring a high degree of accuracy, the influence of the gradient of the longitudinal elastic modulus. The precision of the punctual values obtained for E is comparable with that of traditional experimental methodologies (e.g. tensile test), since the proposed procedure expects the use of the experimental calibration curve, which is precisely constructed based upon the data obtained through the above methodologies.
Design and Performance Analysis of Dual Vibrating Motors Self Synchronous Shaker with Balanced Elliptical Motion
Authors: Zhu Wei Bing , Wang He Shun , Dong Lin
Published: March 2013

By virtual prototype technology, the kinematic and dynamic characteristic analysis of the sieving box was carried out. The motion path, natural frequencies and mode shapes of the sieving box were calculated, the stress and deformation distribution in every part of the sieving box under rate load were obtained, and the dynamic strength analysis of the sieving box was carried out. The results show that, the structure design of the shaker is reasonable, and its dynamic strength is satisfied.
Design of the Hybrid-Propeller Shaft Using Composite Materials
Authors: Kim Hyun Sik , Hong Dong Pyo , Kang Hee Yong
Published: March 2013

The propeller shaft of rear-wheel drive vehicle transfers power from the engine to rear wheels through the differential gear box. Generally the propeller shaft has a two-piece steel structure of more than 10kg of weight. In this paper, we designed the one-piece hybrid propeller shaft using the aluminum, carbon fiber composite material and glass fiber composite material. Research on the adhesive strength of the hybrid propeller shaft with respect to roughness of aluminum surface was conducted. The one piece hybrid propeller shaft satisfying the performance standards of propeller shaft such as statistic torsion torque strength and first bending natural frequency was manufactured. The manufactured hybrid shaft was assembled with the suitable connecting parts and analyzed for performance verification. This hybrid propeller shaft satisfies all performance standards of propeller shaft for automobile application. The hybrid shaft has vibration characteristics of 237Hz significantly higher than the standard characteristic of 150Hz of the existing two-piece steel structure propeller shaft.
Determination of the Optimal Geometrical Features of a Microdrill
Authors: Shiou Fang Jung , Hung Kung Hung
Published: March 2013

The objective of this study is to determine the optimal geometrical features of a microdrill with the diameter of 0.11 mm. The optimal geometrical dominant features of a micro-drill have been determined by carrying out the optimization stress/displacement analysis of the Pro/Mechanica software so that the maximum stress von Mises of the micro-drill was minimal. Based on the verification of the drilling test, the mean total hits to breakage of the micro-drills, fabricated with the determined optimal geometrical features, was 16% more than that of the micro-drills fabricated with the original geometric parameters.
Development of a Nanoscale Micro-Machining Machine
Authors: Fan Yi Hua , Chen Ching En , Fan Wen Wei , Liao Hung Wen
Published: March 2013

This paper proposes a novel nano-scale micro-machining machine based on the pantograph mechanism. It is designed to satisfy the need for achieving high accuracy and process efficiency in the manufacture of increasingly small industrial products. The target platform is mounted on a pantograph and small x-y sliders, and is driven by a traditional X-Y platform with common precision. The theoretical and simulation results indicate that the proposed method is feasible for development of a micro-machining machine capable of achieving nano-level precision. In addition, test results indicate that the micro-machining machine can position the target platform with a resolution of 500nm
Dynamic Adsorption and Desorption of Toluene on Carbon Nanotubes Grafted Activated Carbon Fibers
Authors: Chiang Yu Chun , Lin Wei Hsiang
Published: March 2013

Activated carbon fibers (ACFs) are widely used adsorbents due to their small fiber diameter, uniform pore size distribution and rapid adsorption/desorption rate. In addition, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have received much attention recently because of their excellent mechanical and electrical properties and being candidates for adsorption. Thus, it should be highly interested as grafting CNTs onto ACFs to form a hybrid adsorbent. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to investigate the physicochemical properties of ACFs grafted with nitrogen-doped CNTs (CNs) and determine the adsorption and desorption performance of toluene vapor on this hybrid adsorbent. The chemical vapor deposition method was used for growth of CNs directly onto ACFs. The resulting materials were characterized by several techniques. Next, the adsorption breakthrough behaviors of toluene on the samples were measured in a continuous flow-type fixed-bed system. And then the temperature programmed desorption system was utilized to observe the desorption characteristics of toluene from the samples. Results show that the CNs have been grafted homogeneously onto the ACFs. The attachment of CNs on ACFs was believed to block part of the active surface area, causing the decrease in specific surface area and pore volume, but lead to the increase in microporosity. The adsorption of toluene on ACFs or the hybrid adsorbent was physical adsorption. At higher adsorption temperatures, the hybrid adsorbent could maintain high enough capacities of toluene and even exceed the performance of ACFs. Moreover, toluene could be desorbed completely from ACFs and the hybrid adsorbent up to 400 oC with the highest desorption efficiency at about 180 oC.
Dynamic Characteristics of New Tooth Profiles Gear Generated by a Novel Rack-Cutter
Authors: Tsai Yi Hung , Hwang Shen Jenn , Hwang Yunn Lin
Published: March 2013

This paper proposes a method of the geometric design for a new conjugate tooth profiles based on the envelope theory and coordinate transformation method, the mathematical and geometric models for the conforming gears design are proposed. A comparison study on the dynamic contact stress with the involute gear drive is carried out in this work.
Effects of Thermo-Physically Initial Properties on Inverse Heat Conduction Problem
Authors: Hong Sung Deok , Cho Mi Gyung , Kim Chan Soo , Bai Cheol Ho , Hong Sung Yull , Shim Jae Sool
Published: March 2013

The Levenberg-Marguardt algorithm is used to study effects on convergence for inverse heat conduction in the unsteady state. In this model, the finite volume method is usedto obtain anestimated temperature, which is necessary for minimizing inverse error. To validate the model, constant thermal conductivity (k) and heat capacity (ρCpC) are identified from a semi-infinite slab subjected to constant heat flux. These properties are inserted into the theoretical equation for a semi-infinite slab, and an analytical solution is obtained by solving the theoretical equation including the two identified properties. The analytical solution and the identified resultare in very good agreement. Three simulations were performed to investigate the sensitivity of computation time and conversion to initial thermo-physical values by changing three different damping ratios of the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. Our results show that agood initial guessallowsgood convergence, but convergence time decreases as the value of damping ratio decreases.A poor initial guess results in more convergence time, and causes divergence when a small damping ratio is used. Once the simulation converges, our model shows that results areobtained within an error of 0.01%.
Experimental Testing and Finite Element Modeling of Bump Wafer Probing
Authors: Chang Hao Yuan , Chang Kao Hua , Lai Yi Shao
Published: March 2013

The purpose of this paper is mainly to develop a method to simulate the bump height variation and probe mark profile for Eutectic (Sn63/ Pb37) bump wafer probing with continuing-touchdown probing. Certainly, the bump height variation and probe mark area on the solder bump influence the quality of the wafer probing and further impacts reliability of the packaging process after wafer probing to cause issues of cold-joint and needle damage. A three-dimensional computational model of was developed to analyze the contact phenomena between the vertical needle and the solder bump. Finite element simulation software, ANSYS, is used to analyze the loading force distributed on the vertical needle with various overdrives. In addition, the results of the bump height variation and probe mark area, which predicted by the finite element method (FEM), were verified against the on-line experimental results. Finally, the results predicted by the finite element model is consistent with experimental results and the numerical method presented in the paper can be used as a useful evaluating method to support the choice of suitable probe geometry and wafer probe testing parameters.
Impact and Ricocheting of a Cannonball Colliding onto Sea by Nose-Cone Shape
Authors: Choi Woo Chun , Chung Soung Min , Bang Han Seok , Lee Hae Suk , Cho Yeon Sik
Published: March 2013

When a cannonball collides with sea water, the resulting impact force influences the cannonball trajectory, depending on launching angle, initial firing speed, incident angle, and cannonball nose-cone shape. In this study, the effect of nose-cone shape of a cannonball on impact and ricocheting behavior was investigated. During collision, the flow was assumed to be non viscous and incompressible, and a source panel method was used to determine velocity potential and pressure coefficient. The nose-cone shape was expressed by Haack-series. It was found that as the radius of curvature of a cannonball nose-cone decreases, a high impact force is resulted, and that depending on impact force and impulse, the ricocheting distance varies. The results obtained in this study can be used in researching and developing new cannonballs.
Investigation of the Non-Equilibrium Flow Phenomena in the Boundary Layer of the Scramjet Engine
Authors: Fan Fa Qing , Wang Pei Yong
Published: March 2013

High-speed and high-temperature are the characteristics of the flow field in scramjet engine; the regular non-slip wall boundary condition requires zero speed at wall; in the same time, the material temperature limit does not allow high wall temperature; therefore the velocity gradient and temperature gradient in the engine boundary layer are huge. If these gradients are too large, the traditional assumption of the local thermal equilibrium in the fluid will fail, the Navier-Stokes equations are no longer valid in the boundary layer. For the first time, the non-equilibrium flow phenomena in Scramjet engine is studied here. Appropriate turbulence model and fine grid are used to analyze the turbulent boundary layer of the Hyshot scramjet engine with three different operating conditions. The result of the CFD simulation shows that the local Knudsen number in the engine boundary layer is greater than the critical value with the operating conditions 40Km/Ma8 and 30Km/Ma8; they are non-equilibrium flow and the Navier-Stokes equations fails. Special treatment of the boundary conditions are needed for these kinds of flow. With the operating condition of 20Km/Ma6, the local thermal equilibrium condition is observed and conventional CFD method is valid.