bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Turn-Taking As A Discourse Process
Authors: Roy Cynthia B
Published: November 2023

Turn-taking is a basic, specific discourse property that can be observed, described, analyzed, and explicated. Examining turns during an interpreted conversation offers a still new, relatively unexplored, empirical insight into interpreting as a discourse process. Turn-taking in interpreting has unique and complex features that actively involve the interpreter in organizing, managing, constraining, and directing the flow of talk. Interpreters make decisions to manage and orchestrate turns due to and because of the surface linguistic meanings and the social meanings inherent in the situation and its expectations. Moreover, all the participants are taking turns based on both signals within the language and based on their own sense of rights and obligations when talking.
Epilogue
Authors: Roy Cynthia B
Published: November 2023

As is evident from the analysis presented, the nature and structure of this discourse event is complex due to the interrelationships among the participants and their aims, their expectations and assumptions, the ways in which meaning emerges, and the way participants represent those meanings in their languages. Studying discourse and its phenomena among and between the participants and the interpreter explicates how the interpreting process works and how the interpreter works within it. This type of study begins to tell us how interpreters know what things mean and what strategies they use to convey meaning.
Linguistic Pride and Racial Prejudice
Authors: Baugh John
Published: November 2023

Labels pertaining to American slave descendants have undergone considerable change over the decades since our forebears were freed. W. E. B. Du Bois observed that racial classifications can be misleading, particularly if those classifications are detested. In 1928 DuBois spoke of these matters in response to Roland Barth, and Barth’s advocacy of the change from “Negro” to “colored.”
A Juridical Frankenstein, Or Death In The Hands Of The State
Authors: Taylor Julie M
Published: November 2023

Imaginaries of Violence Sightmares fill us with dreads so deep that, when they stay in our minds, the fear they provoke seems primordial. Yet imaginaries of violence differ from culture to culture.1 The different shapes terrors take have not been investigated, possibly because their study takes us back to the nightmares that feel to each of us universal. Neither violence, nor terror, nor even fear can be an identical experience for everyone in the face of highly specific contexts that are culturally and historically defined. Violence comes in different forms; different peoples expect violences to be wielded by different agents in different ways. These pages explore cultural and historical detail in Argentina that feeds and frames dread of violence in the hands of the state.
Lexical Universals
Authors: Brown Cecil H
Published: November 2023

Contemporary linguistics has focused on language universals with the idea that they reflect the fundamental nature of the human language faculty (Witkowski and Brown 1978; Brown and Witkowski 1980). Since the midcentury development of generative grammar and related linguistic theories, it has been convincingly argued that design principles of human language are innate. The investigation of cross-language regularities is one approach to fleshing out cognitive structures innately shared by humankind on which individual languages are constructed.
Lexical Borrow Ability
Authors: Brown Cecil H
Published: November 2023

Lexical borrowability refers to the ease with which a word or a category of words can be borrowed (van Hout and Muysken 1994:39). Over a century ago William Dwight Whitney (1881) proposed a hierarchy of categories based on borrowability, in which nouns are observed to be most readily borrowed, followed by other parts of speech and then by suffixes, inflections, and sounds. While this hierarchy has been extended and variously revised over the years by scholars such as Haugen (1950), Moravcsik (1978), Muysken (1981), and Singh (1981), the privileged status of nouns has not been seriously challenged (see especially Poplack, Sankoff, and Miller 1988:62-64). Van Hout and Muysken (p. 42) explain this as follows: “one of the primary motivations for lexical borrowing ... is ... to extend the referential potential of a language. Since reference is established primarily through nouns, these are the elements borrowed most easily.”
Native Term Diffusion
Authors: Brown Cecil H
Published: November 2023

In addition to adopting European loans, Amerindian languages have borrowed native terms for items of acculturation from other Amerindian languages. In fact, native labels for imported things have commonly been diffused through languages of the New World. Analysis of native terms for the 77 acculturated items reveals strong diffusional patterns.
European Loan Diffusion
Authors: Brown Cecil H
Published: November 2023

Of the 4,345 native terms for items of acculturation shared by genetically unrelated languages (table 8.1), 1,329 (30.6%) are European loanwords that have been referentially extended (formally considered to be native terms in this study). While some Amerindian languages have occasionally independently extended the same European loan to the same acculturated item (e.g., a European word for a specific currency denomination extended to MONEY in general; see chapter 4), widespread sharing of semantically altered European loans is typically due to their diffusion across Native American languages.
Loan Shift: A Brief Case Study
Authors: Brown Cecil H
Published: November 2023

In addition to diffused native terms (chapter 8) and diffused European loans (chapter 9), names for imported items have spread across Native American languages independent of phonological representation. This is typically manifested by phonologically different native labels that show the same, or virtually the same, semantic content in two or more languages. When such similarities are due to diffusion, as opposed to either universal naming tendencies (chapter 4) or to chance, they constitute loan shifts. As noted in chapter 3, loan shifts come in two varieties: (1) loan translations (or calques) in which compound labels in one language are translated, morpheme by morpheme, into words of another language, and (2) semantic loans, which are like loan translations except that they involve single words rather than compounds.
The New Quality Model: Continuity or Discontinuity?
Authors: Cole Robert E
Published: November 2023

To begin, I explore these points: the definition of quality, the prevalence of quality improvement practices, and the nature of the differences between established approaches to quality and the new quality model. These are the tasks for this chapter. As I have already said, there was a great deal of confusion about the nature of this new competitive reality, for quality meant different things at different times in different industries. There was not a single American quality movement but many. These different approaches reflected the competitive circumstances of firms and industries, as well as their uncertainty about how to effectively respond to Japanese competitive pressures. We can describe various mini fads in the evolution of the American quality movement.
An HPSG Account of Antecedent-Contained Ellipsis
Authors: Lappin Shalom
Published: November 2023

The sentences in (1a) and (1 b) illustrate the phenomenon of antecedent-contained ellipsis (ACE), where an elided VP appears within a containing VP that serves as its antecedent. An earlier version of this paper was first given at the SOAS Ellipsis Workshop in September, 1996. A later version was presented to the Tel Aviv University Linguistics Colloquium in November, 1996. I am grateful to the participants of both events for their comments and criticisms. I would also like to thank Howard Gregory, Dick Hudson, David Johnson, Chris Kennedy, Howard Lasnik, Jason Merchant, Carl Pollard, Ivan Sag, and Stuart Shieber for useful discussion of some of the ideas proposed here.
V-Movement and VP Ellipsis
Authors: Doron Edit
Published: November 2023

In determining parallelism between clauses for the purpose of interpreting VP ellipsis, verbs are usually not mentioned as parallel elements, since typically, in a clause where VP is missing, the verb is missing as well. But in languages where verbs raise out of the VP overtly, it is to be expected that VP ellipsis would “strand” the verb. Such examples are hard to distinguish from null-object examples, since in both cases the object is missing but not the verb. Nonetheless, it is possible to separate the two constructions based on their different syntactic characteristics, as is shown in Doron (1990) for Hebrew.
Learning and Losing Japanese as a Second Language: A Multiple Case Study of American University Students
Authors: Nagasawa Sumiko
Published: November 2023

Previous chapters have presented the phenomena of language attrition and retention in various environments where foreign or second languages are gradually lost due to disuse. This chapter examines a phenomenon that occurred in a slightly different context: the attrition and retention of second language (L2) Japanese in a first language (L1) environment where language instruction continued after returning from Japan. It had been observed in a U.S. graduate institute that advanced speakers of Japanese who had intensive language training and exposure to the language while in Japan during the summer experienced some attrition during the following academic year even though a certain level of language instruction continued. Similar phenomena are observable elsewhere among those who come back to the Ll environment from L2 study abroad programs. The attrition of oral skills among the students seemed to be caused mainly by the change of the language environment from an L2 (Japan) to Ll (U.S. English), where the exposure to the language and the opportunity to use it were severely limited. However, the environmental factor did not seem to affect the students equally, as some were able to maintain their L2 oral skills to a greater extent than others. Therefore the present study examined other variables that might have an effect on language attrition and retention in this population: initial proficiency level, attitudes and motivation, language use outside the classroom, and language learning background. It was hoped that a qualitative study of seven students at the above mentioned institute would shed some light on the complex nature of language attrition phenomena.
System Emergence at Toyota History
Authors: Fujimoto Takahiro
Published: November 2023

Chapters 2 and 3 analyze the historical aspects of the Japanese automobile manufacturing system as an evolutionary process (see figure 2.1). The main purpose of this analysis is to demonstrate that Toyota’s manufacturing capability building process can be described as multipath system emergence, and thereby to highlight the top layer of Toyota’s distinctive competence-its evolutionary learning capability. The present chapter describes a brief history of the Toyota-style manufacturing system, and the next chapter reinterprets it from the system emergence point of view.
System Emergence at Toyota Reinterpretation
Authors: Fujimoto Takahiro
Published: November 2023

Introduction: An Operational Definition of Multi-Path System Emergence Having outlined a history of the Toyota-style manufacturing system in chapter 2, let’s now interpret it from the system emergence point of view. The present chapter includes the last two steps of the historical analysis. In step 3, I rearrange the given history to demonstrate how a variety of evolutionary paths created the main components of the Toyotastyle system. In step 4, I summarize my historical findings to see if Toyota, in fact, possessed an evolutionary learning capability, by which it created that competitive manufacturing system out of the multi-path system emergence.
Evolution of Product Development Routines
Authors: Fujimoto Takahiro
Published: November 2023

As with the black box parts practice of Japanese suppliers, a second major component of the total manufacturing system-product development-offers specific examples of system evolution in the automobile industry. This chapter enriches and extends my evolutionary arguments by presenting both statistical and clinical-historical data on product development. Regardless of what official company histories indicate, the Japanese firms like Toyota that ended up with effective product development routines in the 1980s did so through system emergence-that is, through a combination of intended and unintended consequences.
lntertextuality, Reported Speech, and Affect
Authors: Matoesian Gregory M
Published: November 2023

Reported speech—speech from historical settings—constitutes the evidential infrastructure of the adversarial system of justice. Written documents, electronic recordings, and verbal statements from prior depositions, affidavits, police interviews, and testimony form the evidential basis of both criminal and civil cases. Moreover, reported speech often includes words, utterances, and conversations from a historical speech situation relevant to the current case and fact at issue, even though witnesses may have never stated these formally in police interviews (or elsewhere), and such historical speech has thus not entered into official court documentation before that moment in the trial. In date and acquaintance rape cases, the use of reported speech is especially crucial for both sides because many of the legally relevant issues turn less on what the law refers to as “real” evidence—such as X-rays of physical injury, a weapon, or the state of the victim’s clothing—than on oral evidence (or testimony) about what was said between two or more people in a historical context (Rembar 1980). Using reported speech as an epistemological device to undermine the witness’s credibility is the most dramatic trial technique in the attorney’s verbal arsenal; the process of impeachment depends on reported speech to discredit a witness’s testimony by demonstrating prior inconsistent statements. In fact, in his classic text on trial technique, Mauet (1996: 247) recommends that when attorneys impeach using prior inconsistent statements, they should “use the actual words of the impeaching statement.”
Weaving the Past
Authors: Kellogg Susan
Published: November 2023

Weaving the Past offers a comprehensive and interdisciplinary history of Latin America’s indigenous women. While the book concentrates on native women in Mesoamerica and the Andes, it covers indigenous people in other parts of South and Central America, including lowland peoples in and beyond Brazil, and Afro-indigenous peoples, such as the Garifuna, of Central America. Drawing on primary and secondary sources, it argues that change, not continuity, has been the norm for indigenous peoples whose resilience in the face of complex and long-term patterns of cultural change is due in no small part to the roles, actions, and agency of women. The book provides broad coverage of gender roles in native Latin America over many centuries, drawing upon a range of evidence from archaeology, anthropology, religion, and politics. Primary and secondary sources include chronicles, codices, newspaper articles, and monographic work on specific regions. Arguing that Latin America’s indigenous women were the critical force behind the more important events and processes of Latin America’s history, Kellogg interweaves the region’s history of family, sexual, and labor history with the origins of women’s power in prehispanic, colonial, and modern South and Central America. Shying away from interpretations that treat women as house bound and passive, the book instead emphasizes women’s long history of performing labor, being politically active, and contributing to, even supporting, family and community well-being.
Of Warriors and Working Women Gender in Later Prehispanic Mesoamerica and the Andes
Authors: Kellogg Susan
Published: November 2023

The visual imagery of female deities (such as the decapitated Mexica goddess Coyolxauhqui; see fig. 2.1) is captivating and has drawn much attention from those interested in the later prehistory of indigenous women before the arrival of Europeans. Such complex, often contradictory, images offer scholars rich but often puzzling materials for interpreting and understanding women’s lives, their statuses, and gender ideologies in the complex cultures and civilizations of Mesoamerica and the Andes. In many cultures, such as those of the preInka Andes, visual materials constitute some of the few pieces of information available about women in the prehistoric past, and finding voices, reconstructing individual identities, or reading agency from representations and remains presents interpretive challenges. Nevertheless, such images, often dramatic in nature, offer a window onto the gendered worlds of the Latin American prehispanic past, especially those of the Classic and Post-classic periods for Mesoamerica and the Middle Horizon through late Horizon periods for the Andes, when urban, class-based societies developed.
Re-Creating the Corporation
Authors: Ackoff Russell L
Published: November 2023

Over the last three decades the average life expectancy of a corporation in North America has dipped well below 20 years. In fact, by 1983 a full third of the 1970 Fortune 500 companies had been acquired, merged, or broken apart. In this landmark book, one of the business world's foremost pioneers, Russell L. Ackoff, delivers this indispensable guide for those hoping to beat these odds--and to better navigate the corporate challenges of the next millennium. While most business and management schools continue to teach the functions of a corporation separately--production, marketing, finance, personnel--the reality is that for a corporation to endure each division must work with the others to create an effective system. Re-Creating the Corporation is Ackoff's masterful blueprint for understanding and creating these model corporate systems. In four comprehensive sections--Background, Process, Designs, and Change--Ackoff lays out in clear concise prose the five organizational goals of successful corporate systems: plan effectively, learn and adapt rapidly, democratize, introduce internal market economies, and employ a flexible structure that will minimize the need for future restructuring. And through a deft mix of practical and theoretical examples drawn from a wide range of applications in a wide range of firms, this book ultimately guides executives to the system best suited to meet their organizational goals. Re-Creating the Corporation, which is the culmination of a lifetime of innovative and insightful business thought from one of the business world's premier thinkers, is essential reading for those attempting to navigate the rapidly changing economic environment of the next millennium.
The Nature of Systems
Authors: Ackoff Russell L
Published: November 2023

Over time, every way of thinking generates important problems that it cannot solve. Nevertheless, Albert Einstein’s simple but profound thought is not widely appreciated or acted on. As a result, our society, its institutions, and the organizations operating within it continue to try to solve their critical problems in old ways, but succeed only in exacerbating them. For example: the United States has the highest percentage of its population in prison of any country in the world, yet has the highest crime rate. It spends more per capita on health than any other country in the world, yet ranks seventh in the results obtained and is the only developed country without universal coverage. It pours money into education, yet has the highest rate of illiteracy in the developed world, and that rate is increasing. It adds highways and expressways while increasing congestion and air pollution. It has a larger percentage of eligible voters not voting than any developed country.
Sociolinguistics
Authors: Fishman Joshua A
Published: November 2023

Many of the chapters in this book start by defining the terms ethnicity, identity, and even language. In this chapter I assume that those terms are roughly under stood by now; as necessary, I will define them only implicitly, in the context of examples and more general discussion. Nevertheless, the term sociolinguistic may benefit from definition at the very outset, because it refers to a rather new area of specialization and because it is used here as an adjective rather than as a noun. I use this adjective to embrace both the sociology of language and sociolinguistic. These two specializations constitute, respectively, the more sociological and the more linguistic aspects of a growing awareness that language use and language behaviors (including both language structure and a variety of behaviors toward languages) vary in accord with the social contexts in which they transpire. The total awareness, in all of its richness, is what I refer to when I speak of “socio linguistic perspective.” Because neither traditional sociology nor traditional linguistics has paid much attention to the potential boundary area between them, sociolinguistic perspective has developed to fill this gap. Ultimately, like social psychology, it may find a real home in one or both of its parent disciplines.
Latin America
Authors: Garcia Ofelia
Published: November 2023

The well-known merengue just quoted eloquently expresses the sentiments of today’s Latin Americans toward their cultural and linguistic identity. Although he is speaking of Dominicans, the popular poet Juan Luis Guerra and his famous music group transcend national identity, as Latin Americans everywhere vote with their dancing feet their approval of Guerra’s critical vision of Latin American identity. The popular poetry of this merengue confirms concepts that were clearly de fined by Latin American thinkers and essayists of the early twentieth century. Instructive in this regard is Guerra’s allusion to the 1492 encounter between Europeans and Native Americans and his definition of today’s Latin Americans as “a gleaming race/black, white and tafna but, who discovered whom?” Guerra’s verse is reminiscent of Mexican essayist Jose Vasconcelos’s 1925 essay entitled “La Raza C6smica.” The recognition of mestizaje, of the mixture of races, is essential in defining Latin America in the twentieth century, as is the transculturaci6n that has molded its identity and is exemplified in the question, “but, who discovered whom?” The concept of transculturation was first defined by Cuban ethnologist Fernando Ortiz in his 1940 book, El contrapunteo cubano del tabaco y el azucar. By opposing his transculturation to the Anglo-American concept of acculturation, Ortiz identifies a symbiotic Latin American identity, the product and recreation of the many cultures of those who have been in and come to Latin America.
The Celtic World
Authors: Williams Colin H
Published: November 2023

The so-called ethnic revival of Western Europe involves the reassertion of the rights and obligations of long-submerged identities in an increasingly uniform world order. From a Celtic perspective, it is perverse that both language and ethnic identity are subject to intense debate. All Celtic languages are spoken by a minority in their respective territories. Many inhabitants of the six nations involved namely, Brittany, Cornwall, Ireland, the Isle of Man, Scotland, and Wales-would object to having an “ethnic identity” ascribed to them and would deny that they inhabited a Celtic world. There is a contested reality here which needs careful interpretation.
The Arab World (Maghreb and Near East)
Authors: Ennaji Moha
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with the relationship between language and ethnic identity set against the historical and linguistic background of the Arab world. It looks at the changes that have occurred there in the domain of language and ethnicity since the 1960s and presents the reasons for this change. The extent to which the languages and varieties used in the Arab context are affected by the worldwide ethnic revival are examined. The chapter attempts to shed light on the Arab world, focusing particularly on the area of northern Africa called the Maghreb (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, and Mauritania), which is both Arab and Muslim.
The Far East
Authors: Coulmas Florian
Published: November 2023

The Far East has been defined as the domain of chopsticks and Chinese characters. The latter part of this rather loose definition is relevant to present purposes, for writing plays a major role in the linguistic culture all over East Asia. Popular notions of language strongly depend on writing to the extent that writing is often confused with language. Writing is at the core of Far Eastern cultures and dominates popular conceptions of language that regard the spoken word as an imperfect rendition of an ideal written norm. Such an attitude reflects the great emphasis put on education and the systematic study of written language. Although a variety of writing systems now exist in the countries of East Asia, the Chinese script, together with the classical Chinese written language, has spread through out the region and thus become an essential part of the cultural heritage that unites the peoples who live between Singapore in the west and Japan in the east. Writing is critical in the development of bureaucratic states, and as a means of ex pressing government authority it ranks high in terms of binding loyalties. The long and deep-rooted tradition of classical Chinese literacy has furthermore softened the impact of European colonialism, limiting the hegemonic effects of cultural contact. In one way or another, Chinese writing has affected the complex structures of linguistic identities in East Asia. Although its functional importance has been reduced significantly in various areas in the course of this century, sentimental attachment to this tradition is still strong.
Stem Cell Populations: Purification and Behavior
Authors: Pohlmann Suzanne J , Slayton, William B , Spangrude Gerald J
Published: November 2023

The limited lifespan of most mature blood cells requires the daily production of billions of new cells. The continuum of cells generated through hematopoiesis ensures blood production throughout the lifetime of an individual. Intensive investigation since the I 960s has led to the identification of the cell population responsible for sustaining this process the hematopoietic stem cell.
The Lineage Commitment and Self-Renewal of Blood Stem Cells
Authors: May Gillian , Enver Tariq
Published: November 2023

Any cell that has the capacity to self-replicate and give rise to more differentiated progeny can loosely be described as a stem cell. More specific definitions of different categories of stem cells depend on operational criteria based on the varying stringencies of the functional assays employed to test the extent of self-replication or differentiation capacity (Morrison et al., 1997).
Blast Cell Colony Assays
Authors: Ogawa Makio , Livingston Anne G
Published: November 2023

Blast cell colonies (BCC) were initially identified on day 16 of culture of bone marrow cells of normal mice (Nakahata and Ogawa, 1982a). The growth of colonies was supported by the medium conditioned by pokeweed mitogen-stimulated spleen cells (PWM-SCM). The BCC were identified as a small diffuse collection of round refractile cells without a central core. Upon staining, the cells in the BCC revealed no signs of cytoplasmic differentiation and the nuclei of the cells were immature, showing open chromatin and often one or more nucleoli. When BCC were harvested individually and plated in secondary cultures, the cells in the BCC revealed very high replating efficiencies, sometimes nearing 100%. In the secondary culture, a large number of multilineage colonies were seen.
Normal and Leukemic Human Stem Cells Assayed in Immune-Deficient Mice
Authors: Wang Jean C Y , Dorrell Craig , Ito Caryn Y , Inamitsu Takeshi , Guenechea Guillermo , Gan, Olga I , Dick John E
Published: November 2023

The mammalian hematopoietic system is a hierarchy derived from stem cells that possess extensive self-renewal, proliferative, and differentiative capacity. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) maintain the hematopoietic system throughout life, and stem cell regulation is a critical element in the control of normal hematopoiesis. The stem cell developmental program is tightly regulated by a combination of intrinsic factors, as well as external stimuli such as soluble cytokines and contact with stroma. Dysregulation of this tightly controlled developmental program as a consequence of aberrant expression of oncogenes results in leukemic proliferation.
Non-Yolk Sac Hematopoietic Stem Cells: The Avian Paradigm
Authors: Dieterlen-Lie’vre Françoise , Pardanaud Luc , Caprioli Arianna , Jaffredo Thierry
Published: November 2023

Genetic technologies in mice have revealed several mutations that affect the production of blood cells at distinct steps of ontogeny: for instance, in the yolk sac (Robb et al., 1995; Shivdasani et al., 1995), in the fetal liver (Mucenski et al., 1991), or in the bone marrow (Tsai et al., 1994; L. C. Wang et al., 1998). The cellular mechanisms underlying the temporal occurrence of these defects are not well understood, although research in this area is currently very active. The tiny mouse embryo, embedded in the uterus, is not, however, the most appropriate system for the analysis of early cell commitment, cell migration, and cell interaction.
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Development in Mammals
Authors: Dzierak Elaine , Oostendorp Robert
Published: November 2023

The adult hematopoietic system of mammals comprises of a hierarchy of cells with the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) at the base. Historically, the bone marrow that harbors most of these cells has been used as a source of transplantable HSCs that can repopulate the entire adult multilineage hematopoietic system for a lifetime. The recent clinical use of peripheral and cord blood cells and fetal liver cells as sources of HSCs has prompted an increasing interest in the embryonic development of HSCs, particularly in the suggestion that ontogenically early HSCs have enhanced potential for adult hematopoietic repopulation. From a developmental perspective, the origins of the adult HSCs pose extremely interesting biological questions concerning cell-fate decisions and molecular programs that direct the birth and expansion of HSCs. Thus, with an interest in the developmental biology of adult transplantable HSCs and potential clinical applications for HSC transplantation, the investigations described here probe the mouse embryo (as a prototypic mammalian model) for where, when, and how the first adult HSCs are generated.
Jak-STAT Signal Transduction
Authors: Rhodes Jennifer , Druker Brian J
Published: November 2023

Essential to an understanding of cytokine biology are studies of the molecular mechanism of cytokine action. Although cytokine receptors lack kinase domains, the induction of protein tyrosine phosphorylation is critical to their function. The identification and characterization of Janus kinases (Jaks) has determined that these proteins are responsible for numerous tyrosine phosphorylation events mediated by cytokine receptors. Also critical to the function of cytokine receptors is the recruitment and activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) proteins. The Jak/STAT pathway is activated by virtually all cytokines and allows for direct signaling from receptors to the nucleus. More recent data from animals lacking specific Jak or STAT proteins has confirmed the necessity of these proteins in cytokine signaling. This chapter will review the identification, structural features, activation by and association with cytokine receptors, and the phenotype of mice deficient in these proteins.
Very Late Activation/β1 lntegrins in Hematopoiesis
Authors: Papayannopoulou Thalia
Published: November 2023

One of the most fascinating aspects of hematopoiesis, apart from its wide lineage diversity and its dynamic behavior in response to needs, is the fact that primitive stem cells responsible for hemopoietic maintenance and multilineage differentiation display a migratory behavior. During ontogeny, migrating stem cells recruit different anatomic sites to support their subsequent development, and throughout life they continue to circulate in peripheral blood in small numbers.
Homeobox Gene Networks and the Regulation of Hematopoiesis
Authors: Lawrence H Jeffrey , Sauvageau Guy , Largman, Corey , Humphries R Keith
Published: November 2023

This chapter will review the growing evidence for a role of the homeobox gene family in hematopoietic development. A number of these genes are expressed in stage- and lineagerestricted patterns in blood cells, and modulating the expression of homeobox genes results in a variety of hematological abnormalities, including leukemic transformation. While this review will focus on the HOX subfamily of homeobox gene, brief reference will be made to other families of homeobox genes, including the Hix, LIM and pbx/Meis families, members of which are expressed in blood cells.
Myeloid Transcription Factors and Development
Authors: Tenen Daniel G
Published: November 2023

Transcription factors play a major role in hematopoietic development, in general, and particularly with respect to differentiation (Shivdasani and Orkin, 1996; Tenen et al., 1997). This is especially important in the myeloid lineage, in that the most common form of acute leukemia in adult humans results from a block in normal myeloid differentiation, and many of the abnormalities critical to development of myeloid leukemias involve transcription factors.
The Role of lkaros Proteins in Lymphocyte Development and Function
Authors: Kelley Clair , Koipally Joseph , Cortes, Marta , Georgopoulos Katia
Published: November 2023

Hematopoiesis involves the generation of pluripotent stem cells (HSCs) that have the ability to self-renew or differentiate into any of at least eight distinct lineages (Orkin, 1995). The HSCs undergo successive differentiation to multipotential progenitors, lineage-committed precursors, and, finally, terminally differentiated cells. Differentiation of HSCs along a particular lineage is determined, in part, by the availability of specific cytokines and their receptors and the utilization of signal transducing pathways that allow for select changes in gene expression to occur by modifying pre-existing nuclear factors.
Hemoglobin Switching and Developmental Changes in Erythropoietic Sites and Red Blood Cell Populations of Nonmammalian Vertebrates
Authors: Broyles Robert H
Published: November 2023

Developmental hemoglobin (Hb) switching, discovered in amphibians and other vertebrates in the 1930s (Haurowitz, 1930; McCarthy, 1933; Hall, 1934; Svedberg and Hedenius, 1934; McCutcheon, 1936), has sparked the imagination and interest of generations of scientists, an interest that continues in current research toward the goal of gene therapy to cure sickle cell disease and thalassemias in human beings (Stamatoyannopoulos, 1995).
Dominant White-Spotting and Steel Mutants in Hematopoiesis
Authors: Williams David A
Published: November 2023

Two genetic macrocytic anemias, now defined as allelic with the Dominant-White-Spotting (W) and Steel (S[) loci, have contributed enormously to our understanding of hematopoiesis over the last three decades of the twentieth century. Originally noted because of the coincidence with easily observed coat-color mutations, study of Wand SI mice led to unique observations concerning the cellular nature of the hematopoietic compartment as contrasted to the hematopoietic microenvironment. In the 1990s, the study of these mutants has led to our increased understanding of the role of receptor tyrosine kinases and associated signaling pathways in the regulation of cell proliferation, not only in hematopoietic cells, but also in mouse embryonic development more generally.
Applications of Large-Insert Genomic Cloning to the Study of Hematopoiesis
Authors: Amemiya Christ. , Ikuta Tohru
Published: November 2023

Molecular cloning systems that can accommodate very large exogenous DNA fragments (» 100 kilobases (kb)) have had a major impact on molecular biology. These systems include the yeast artificial chromosome (Y AC), bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), and Pl artificial chromosome (PAC) systems. The former is yeast-based, whereas the latter two are bacterial-based. A list of vectors commonly used for large-insert cloning is given in Table 56.1.
Aberrant Control of Cell Fate in the Leukemias and Lymphomas
Authors: Look A Thomas
Published: November 2023

In the human acute leukemias and lymphomas, the normal sequence of biochemical events contributing to lymphoid or myeloid cell development is interrupted by genetic lesions that can lead to arrested differentiation, dysregulated proliferation, or aberrant survival, followed by clonal expansion of the affected cells. Cytogenetic analysis has revealed that blast cells from patients with leukemia or lymphoma almost invariably harbor clonal chromosomal abnormalities.
Coherent Identities amid Heterosexist Ideologies Deaf and Hearing Lesbian Coming-Out Stories
Authors: Wood Kathleeen M
Published: November 2023

The last decade has seen a rise in antihomophobia legislation and a comercial production of positive images of queer lifestyles in the media, on prime-time television, and in Hollywood. Tempering this apparent acceptance is the reality that many queers still commonly experience both family rejection and public acts of hatred. In this social context, how and where do queers resist heterosexist boundaries and realize coherent identities as lesbians and gay men? One site is the life stories they tell, where identities are discursively created amid prevailing ideologies. Like other life stories about counterhegemonic living, the life stories of queers are oftentimes stories of a movement away from a social mainstream to life on the perimeter-stories of self-transformation about recognizing and revealing gender and attraction differences. These corning-out stories have been variously examined in the literature of anthropology and sociolinguistics (cf. Deby 1996; Gaudio 1996; Liang 1997; Wood 1997), providing us with a theoretical backdrop for the study of their structures. Julia Penelope and Susan Wolfe, in a widely read collection of lesbians’ stories, explain that “corning out involves revealing one’s identity to oneself, family members, colleagues, and communities. Corning out stories characterize the journey’s two levels: the external events of becoming a lesbian, and the internal pro cesses that accompany these events” (1989:10). In this chapter, I will examine the structures of corning-out stories of Deaf and hearing lesbians in order to show how coherent lesbian identities are realized, a narrative task that requires such women to contend with hegemonic notions of gender, attraction, and sexuality.
Constructing the Irrational Woman: Narrative Interaction and Agoraphobic Identity
Authors: Capps Lisa
Published: November 2023

This chapter illuminates the construction of irrationality through analysis of family interaction involving a woman (“Meg”) who identifies herself and is identified by clinicians and those around her as agoraphobic. In Meg’s words: I was diagnosed [with agoraphobia] two years ago ... and now I identify myself first and foremost as agoraphobic. Fear is constantly in my mind I feel “less than” other people, kind of crazy somehow. And I know my kids and my husband, who’s the world’s nicest, most normal guy, must think of me as irrational. I’m somebody who’s afraid to do most EVERYthing that normal people do without thinking twice. Just thinking about normal, everyday things can send me into a panic.
All Media Are Created Equal: Do-It-Yourself Identity in Alternative Publishing
Authors: Sutton Laurel A
Published: November 2023

In a world where weekly magazines provide the answers to life’s questions, where movies provide role models and television is often a babysitter, the message of media is no longer optional. Identity-especially women’s identity, which in Western culture is so often framed as “other” (cf. Morgan, chapter 1, and Sawin, chapter 12, this volume)-is a mosaic made up of bits and pieces of the self stolen from media that pervade every waking hour of our lives.
Purchasing Power: The Gender and Class Imaginary on the Shopping Channel
Authors: Bucholtz Mary
Published: November 2023

The vexed question of women’s position in popular culture has been answered, broadly speaking, by two opposing schools of thought within feminism. In the predominant, text-based approach, cultural forms-newspapers, magazines, advertisements, films, televisions shows, music-are mined for patriarchal ideologies in structure and content (e.g., Modleski 1991; Mumford 1995; Winship 1980). The utility of textual analyses is confirmed by the continuing resonance of this critical work in women’s lives. Nevertheless, such interpretations are brought up short when they expand their scope to include women not only as the objects of popular representation but also as the consumers of them. Given the sexism inherent in popular culture and uncovered in earlier scholarship, women’s enthusiastic participation in what is widely understood as “their own oppression” is frequently viewed as deeply problematic. Explanatory theories predicated on women’s “self-hate” are not uncommon (Douglas 1994), and analyses often hinge overtly or covertly on the class position of the women who are thought to engage most completely in popular culture. Such theories assume that popular culture is the transmitter of monolithic gender ideologies (see discussion in Strinati 1995) and place the feminist analyst at the opposite pole from the deluded, less-than-middle-class female consumer. In response, scholars who are critical of this outcome have issued counteroffensives from a psychoanalytic perspective that emphasizes personal, even autobiographical, plea sure (e.g., Nochimson 1992). Others have moved away from text-centered interpretation altogether, espousing instead a more ethnographic approach that takes “real” women’s cultural analyses as primary (e.g., Christian-Smith 1990; Hobson 1980; Radway 1991).
Hot Groups: Why Now?
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean , Leavitt Harold.
Published: November 2023

Hot groups are not new. They are probably as old as the human race. Why do organizations or society in general need more hot groups? And why begin fussing about them now? Is this year really so different that we suddenly need what some will surely dismiss as another gimmick called a “hot group”? We should remember that not too long ago “hot” individuals were also unwelcome in many large organizations. They, too, were frequently treated as misfits and poor team players. Such “zealots,” “weirdos,” and, yes, “entrepreneurs” were often hidden away in isolated organizational woodsheds. Thanks in part to Gifford Pinchot, who relabeled these mavericks “intrapreneurs” and highlighted their important contributions, hot individuals are now much more in demand.
Leaders of Hot Groups I: Three Kinds of Leadership
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean , Leavitt Harold.
Published: November 2023

In this first in a triad of chapters about the leadership of hot groups, the spotlight falls on three kinds of unusual individuals. Each can properly be called a hot group leader, but each acts out a different aspect of leadership. What kinds of people play each role? What motivates them? How do they operate? What types of situations bring them to the forefront? Although these chapters examine the leaders of hot groups, the fact is that many hot groups don’t have any. Lots of spontaneous hot groups live their entire lives without ever having had any acknowledged leader. Members simply work on their task, not even thinking about the issue of leadership. They are too busy seeking their grail. In such groups, different members are likely to do various kinds of specialized work to help keep the group going. Someone may take on administrative duties, setting meeting schedules and circulating agendas. Others may approach an internal or external “angel” for seed money.
Leaders of Hot Groups III: Leaders Who Seed Many Crops of Hot Groups
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean , Leavitt Harold.
Published: November 2023

You have, for purposes of this chapter, just been promoted to the prestigious and responsible job of vice president in charge of a large, semi-autonomous division of your company. In your broad domain, you’re the almost-but-not-quite-absolute ruler. You would like your new shop to move swiftly, developing new products and services and generally moving out ahead of the competition. To this end, you need to breed multiple crops of small, spirited hot groups. You want colonies of such groups to be an ongoing characteristic of your organization’s culture.
Hot Groups and the Organization: A Marriage of Inconvenience?
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean , Leavitt Harold.
Published: November 2023

No man―or woman―is an island, nor, in our interdependent global metropolis, is any group. Hot groups may prefer to live in splendid isolation, walled off from the rest of the disturbing world, but that’s seldom in the cards. The rest of the world is too much with them. Like every other unit of the modern organization, hot groups must continuously communicate, negotiate, compete, and collaborate. They must work with other parts of their own institution and with all sorts of outside groups. They may complain about the demands that those others make on them, yet they must, perforce, do at least as much demanding as the other guy.
Why Some Hot Groups Fizzle While Others Sizzle: Four Cautionary Tales
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean , Leavitt Harold.
Published: November 2023

Not all hot groups manage to maintain their sizzle all the way to the completion of their tasks. In fact, without the right nutrients, even a very hot group can fizzle out, leaving its distraught members helpless and frustrated. So, although we are enthusiastic about hot groups, we must also acknowledge their fragility. This chapter looks at some sources of that vulnerability, factors that can spell disaster for a hot group. We begin with a sad case from the publishing industry, one that illustrates many, if not all, of the elements that can prematurely douse a hot group’s sizzle.
The Organizational Surround II:Hot Groups Also Grow in Unexpected Places
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean , Leavitt Harold.
Published: November 2023

Hot groups sometimes turn up in very unlikely, even counterintuitive situations, not just in open and urgent organizations. This chapter examines four of those kinds of situations. In Chapter 6, we suggested that organizations that focus much more on people than tasks are likely to spawn hot groups that focus much more on tasks than people. The explanation for that seeming paradox is straightforward. Organizations that initially devote major efforts to selecting their people, but then give them lots of elbow room, are likely to generate innovative groups that will build challenging tasks for themselves. Examples: some film, theater, and musical groups, some TV production companies―like Carsey Werner―some universities, some research labs, a variety of large companies-such as Hewlett Packard and 3M―and many younger and smaller organizations.