Cardiac and regional haemodynamics, inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity, and the effects of NOS inhibitors in conscious, endotoxaemic rats
Authors: Gardiner S.M. , Kemp P.A. , March J.E. , Bennett T. 
Published: July 2012

A reproducible model of the hyperdynamic circulatory sequelae of endotoxaemia in conscious, chronically‐instrumented Long Evans rats, was achieved with a continuous infusion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 150 μg kg−1 h−1) for 32 h. Over the first 2 h of LPS infusion, there was a transient hypotension and tachycardia, accompanied by a marked increase in renal flow and vascular conductance, although there were reductions in cardiac and stroke index. Between 4–8 h after the start of LPS infusion, there was slight hypotension and tachycardia, and a transient rise in mesenteric flow and conductance, but reductions in the hindquarters vascular bed; the hyperaemic vasodilatation in the renal vascular bed was maintained. At this stage, all cardiac haemodynamic variables and total peripheral conductance, were increased, but central venous pressure was reduced. By 24 h after the onset of LPS infusion, there was clear hypotension and tachycardia, accompanied by increases in renal and hindquarters flow and conductance, although mesenteric haemodynamic variables were not different from baseline. At this stage, cardiac and stroke index were substantially elevated, in association with marked increases in peak aortic flow, dF/dtmax and total peripheral conductance; these changes were well‐maintained over the following 8 h of LPS infusion.

By 2 h after the start of LPS infusion, only lung inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity was increased, but at 6 h there were significant increases in iNOS activity in lung, liver, spleen, heart and aorta (43.3 ± 7.8, 28.8 ± 3.3, 50.8 ± 7.2, 3.04 ± 0.29, 3.76 ± 0.94 pmol min−1 mg−1 protein, respectively). However, by 24 h after the start of LPS infusion, iNOS activity was not elevated significantly in any tissue examined, and kidney iNOS activity did not change significantly during LPS infusion. Plasma nitrite/nitrate levels were increased after 2 h infusion of LPS (from 6.07 ± 1.23 to 29.44 ± 7.08 μmol l−1), and further by 6 h (228.10 ± 29.20 μmol l−1), but were less 24 h after onset of LPS infusion (74.96 ± 11.34 μmol l−1). Hence, the progressive hypotension, increasing cardiac function and developing hyperaemic vasodilatation in renal and hindquarters vascular beds between 8–24 h after the onset of LPS infusion, occurred when tissue iNOS activity and plasma nitrite/nitrate levels were falling.

Pretreatment with NG‐monomethyl‐L‐arginine (l‐NMMA, 30 mg kg−1 bolus, 30 mg kg−1 h−1 infusion) 1 h before LPS infusion did not prevent the early hypotension, but abolished the initial renal vasodilatation and the later (6–8 h) fall in mean arterial pressure (MAP), and the additional renal vasodilatation. However, under these conditions, mesenteric and hindquarters flows and conductances were substantially decreased. Similar, but less marked, effects were seen with L‐NMMA pretreatment at 10 mg kg−1 bolus, 10 mg kg−1 h−1 infusion, whereas at a lower dose of 3 mg kg−1 bolus, 3 mg kg−1 h−1 infusion, L‐NMMA pretreatment had little effect on responses to LPS.

Delaying treatment with L‐NMMA (10 mg kg−1 bolus, 10 mg kg−1 h−1 infusion) until 4 h after the start of LPS infusion prevented the late hindquarters vasodilatation and attenuated the late renal vasodilatation, but still reduced mesenteric flow. When treatment with L‐NMMA was delayed until 24 h after the start of LPS infusion, renal and hindquarters vasodilatations were only slightly affected, but mesenteric flow was still compromised. Delayed treatment with L‐NAME (3 mg kg−1 h−1 starting 24 h after onset of LPS infusion) caused substantial inhibition of the renal vasodilatation, but also caused marked reduction in mesenteric and hindquarters flows and indices of cardiac performance.

These findings indicate that iNOS activity is not directly responsible for the widespread vasodilatation seen after 24 h infusion of LPS in conscious rats. If our observations can be extrapolated to the clinical situation, they indicate that non‐selective NOS inhibition could have detrimental effects in endotoxaemic patients with signs of a hyperdynamic circulation.