bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Techno Relief? Connectivity, Inequality and Mobile Urban Livelihoods
Authors: Bakonyi Jutta , Chonka Peter
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines patterns of physical mobility and virtual circuits that connect people in urban camps to resources and interlocutors throughout the wider city. Focusing on the labour relations and forms of petty entrepreneurship that emerge within and from these marginalized settlements, it emphasizes their gendered character and the ways in which they constitute and sustain economic precarity. Mobile phone infrastructure enables many of these labour practices, and the chapter considers the significance of the burgeoning Somali telecommunications sector within the wider displacement urbanization nexus. The chapter highlights various uses and risks of virtual connectivity for urban in-migrants, and the impacts of ICT-enabled information and resource flows on mobility and settlement patterns. Examining the linkages between labour, livelihood strategies and digital connectivity, it discusses the role of mobile money in the working lives of urban in-migrants. Interrogating linked discourses of digital inclusion and entrepreneurial innovation in refugee policymaking, the chapter emphasizes the ambiguous impacts of connectivity on the social and economic lives of people in marginalized urban settlements. Technologies do not work outside of existing layers of gendered, raced and classed inequalities, and, as a consequence, can exacerbate unequal social and spatial distributions of hardship and immiseration in the city.
Liminal Durability: Belonging in the City and Enduring Solutions
Authors: Bakonyi Jutta , Chonka Peter
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores how people displaced to cities understand their longer- and shorter-term prospects and the impacts of internationally backed ‘durable solutions’ interventions. The chapter discusses how in-migrants think about their (new) urban lives and the potential for ‘return’ mobility. It then focuses on how local resettlement schemes in Bosaso and Hargeisa have created new clusters of peripheral settlements with varying connections to the main cities. This section analyses resettled residents’ different experiences of land tenure and material opportunities or constraints in these new liminal urban spaces, which themselves have significant effects on wider dynamics of city growth. The chapter argues that categorizations of displacement are spatialized in these initiatives and structure relations between people who have newly settled in the city and those who consider themselves indigenous residents. Tensions exist between co-produced narratives of pan-Somali solidarity and experiences of belonging and discrimination aligned with place, race, clan, caste and ethnicity. The chapter shows that the discursive and spatial reordering of urban populations, in the context of the durable solutions framework, relies on and reproduces reductive labels of displacement, which fold themselves into local contestations over citizenship and belonging.
The Wider Historical and Social Context of ‘Black Criminality’ and Youth Violence
Authors: Alexander James
Published: September 2023

Initially, the text gives an overview of the wider socioeconomic context of local social deprivation, heroin use and squatting the area experienced in the 1980s, through to the 1990s and the investment programmes (Sure Start, Children’s Centres, Single Regenerational Budget, and community development projects of the late 1990s and early 2000s. The chapter will then consider the impact of moves to Arm’s Length Management Organizations for council housing stock and the reduction on funding for social projects, through to the 2011 austerity budgets of the coalition and Conservative governments. This is discussed against the backdrop of historical and contemporary criminalization of young Black men, showing how despite successive reports and influential sociological texts calling for change, not enough progress has been made. The chapter then outlines some of the more recent academic research on street culture, youth violence, and child criminal exploitation. The chapter will end by outlining the more recent policy developments to address serious youth violence, including programmes attached to enforcement such as Operation Shield, the Youth Justice Board’s Child First strategy, the government’s serious youth violence strategy, the development of VRUs and third sector and statutory partnership approaches to address youth safety.
Exploring the Neighbourhood
Authors: Alexander James
Published: September 2023

This chapter introduces the geographical area where the research takes place before identifying to the key protagonists who will drive the narrative forward. This will include accounts of the social issues of the area, the racial tensions that have persisted on the estate and the demographic changes that have meant that the estate character of the estate is always transforming. Within this discussion will be accounts of past resident-led community action and the resident networks, which made addressing the local need in an informal way possible. The chapter moves on and uses demographic data to show how many inner city neighbourhoods are in a constant state of flux, with high churn rates often resulting in changes in the ethnic makeup of the estate. The chapter will then consider how these changes led to racial tensions between the older generations, which, for example, led to two resident-led holiday play schemes running on the estate in the 1990s. This will be contrasted with a discussion of the multicultural and hybrid cultures of the young people today where ethnic differences only really joked about, with very little peer antagonisms based around ethnicity.
Localized Disempowerment and the Development of Criminal Cultures
Authors: Alexander James
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores the debates around coproduction and resident empowerment and considers whether the local authority’ cooperative approach, as a response to the austerity budget and the Localism Act, actually led to greater local participation. This will be done through exploring how the council used participatory decision-making processes to replace resident led to youth support with commissioned professional interventions to rising rates of local youth crime. The chapter goes on to include a discussion on the differences in the resident and the local authority’s responses to the murders of two young people, set against the wider policy and social context of youth violence emerging as a major policy concern and the establishment of a specialist department within the council who were responsible for developing a strategy for addressing the rise in youth violence. A key focus of the chapter is the struggles between the residents who have stayed active and the council-funded professionals on the estate. It documents how those with council backing assumed a superior position on the estate and how, within a short period of time, this status meant that their habitus was recognized by others on the estate as most appropriate.
All Alone: Youth Isolation and the Embedding of a Violent Street Culture
Authors: Alexander James
Published: September 2023

This chapter reflects on how the young people’s culture evolved after the commissioning of professional interventions. The text draws on ethnographic data from 2011 to 2016 and interview data with young people reflecting on their experiences during this period. The chapter charts the development and entrenchment of a violent and criminogenic street culture, where class A drug dealing and knife carrying became commonplace. The chapter considers the interplay between where the young people hang out and the broader developments that saw them move from primarily selling cannabis to crack and heroin dealing. This increased the risk of violence, leading to a culture where almost everyone felt they needed to carry a knife for their protection. The chapter shows how the loss of informal supervision left young people devoid of adult input and contributed to the development of an increasingly criminal and violent street culture where weapons use and predatory sexual activity is taken for granted. The chapter concludes by reflecting on how the failure to find a hybrid support system where professionals and residents worked alongside each other to support the young people ultimately left those whom both groups wanted to help more vulnerable and at increased risk of exposure to serious youth violence.
The Ethical Challenges of Researching Sexting with Children and Adolescents
Authors: Ricon Tsameret , Dolev-Cohen Michal
Published: September 2023

Aspects of sexuality accompany the individual from infancy through adolescence to adulthood. In terms of the hegemonic discourse, sexual maturity marks the dividing line between childhood and adolescence, so there is little discussion of sexuality during the period of childhood. The public consensus is that the sexualisation of culture as a construct of childhood is negative and many parents and teachers are reluctant to provide sex education to children. Along with this, children use the internet as a source of information about various topics, including sex and sexuality. This chapter discusses the sexting phenoSmenon (sending and receiving sexual messages) among children and young people and suggests ways of addressing this behaviour. After reviewing the relevant research literature, we examine ethical issues, our dilemmas and reflections as both researchers and mothers when conducting such research, and our understanding of the fears many parents harbour about their children’s encounters with sexuality.
Capturing Narratives: Adopting a Reflexive Approach to Research with Disabled Young People
Authors: Stella Marianna , Boggis Allison
Published: September 2023

This chapter outlines the complexities and methodological issues in adopting a reflexive approach as part of a research project entitled ‘More Than …’. This chapter will illustrate the ways in which we as researchers used reflexivity across our research project, from ethical concerns to decisions around the dissemination of data. The chapter explores, through the lens of reflexivity, the decisions made concerning research design, methods, and ethical processes, where the positionality of the researchers emerged as salient when researching with disabled young people.
Youth Social Action: Shaping Communities, Driving Change
Authors: Tyrrell Katie
Published: September 2023

This chapter reflects upon the movement towards young people as drivers of social change in relation to research, policy, and practice. Young people are critical in influencing the reformation of youth provision and are recognised as experts in their own lived realities. Recent efforts have been made to ensure that young people have an active participatory voice in shaping service development. While the move towards such co-production and participation is commendable, it is equally important to be critical and reflexive of this process. This chapter challenges the current discourse around the notion of participation, focusing on the embedding of consultation and co-production with young people. Based on focus group interviews and creative methods, with over 90 young people this chapter highlights the relational processes and the unpredictable nature of research with young people.
Mediated Emotions of Migration
Authors: Khorana Sukhmani
Published: September 2023

This book unpacks how emotions and affect are key conceptual lenses for understanding contemporary processes and discourses around migration. For this, it draws on empirical research, grassroots projects with migrants and refugees, and mediated stories of migration and asylum seeking from the Global North. The case studies shed light on the affects of empathy, aspiration and belonging to reveal how they can be harnessed as public emotions of positive collective change. In the face of increasing precariousness, it calls for uncovering the potential of these affects. This potential is essential in order to build new forms of care and solidarities across differences, and in the wake of intersecting global crises.
Aspiration for Collective Progress: Diversity and Digital Intimacy as Practised by Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (US), Sadiq Khan (UK) and Jagmeet Singh (Canada)
Authors: Khorana Sukhmani
Published: September 2023

This chapter undertakes a thematic analysis of a random sample of mediated material obtained from the social media accounts and mainstream media coverage of Jagmeet Singh (Canada), Sadiq Khan (UK) and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (US). These politicians have been chosen as they carefully build a distinct identity (akin to a brand) and a following through social media platforms that set them up as not only culturally diverse but also more relatable than mainstream political representatives. Their practices of ‘digital intimacy’ constitute a kind of populism for diverse, usually young, political leaders that facilitates the channelling of collective aspirations for their followers and constituents.
Belonging as Affect: Towards Paradigms for Reciprocal Care in Community-Based Research
Authors: Khorana Sukhmani
Published: September 2023

This final chapter aims to advance our understanding of belonging and its affective dimensions. It begins by reflecting on belonging as a ‘feeling of our times’, albeit a political one that attempts to move past a superficial, libertarian focus on harmony in new migrant communities. Instead, through the case study of a recent migrant community project with a creative outcome based in South West Sydney, it examines what belonging looks and feels like when the focus is on co-creating cultural safety through approaches that favour reciprocity and creative agency. Through the case studies, it spotlights the following aspects of belonging: (1) it is more effective than ‘identity’ as a point of solidarity in the 21st century; (2) it needs to be seen as a ‘reciprocal affect’ and not just as an individual feeling to make solidarity possible; (c) its manifestation in the local and/or the creative is a way to ground and enable reciprocal affect.
Experiential Epistemologies: Embedding the Lived Experience of Women Survivors
Authors: Canning Victoria
Published: September 2023

As this book has charted so far, there are various ways in which violence can be interpreted and recognized. For the most part, academic and legalistic frameworks often depend heavily on fairly narrow legislative definitions, specifically the Convention Against Torture and its protocols, which I defined as orthodox legalism in Chapter 1. Those working at grassroot or practitioner level more often combine lived experience with legal understandings, defined as legalist hybridity, or indeed a more free-flowing focus on experience as the most significant factor in approaching survivors of torturous violence, defined as experiential epistemologies. This chapter moves to focus almost exclusively the latter of these three categories. It is here that I draw in the oral histories of women who have survived violence at various stages of their lives, all of whom, at the time of undertaking oral histories and ethnographic research (2016–2018) were seeking asylum or had recently obtained refugee status.
Unsilencing
Authors: Canning Victoria
Published: September 2023

Green and Ward argue that, although often undertaken as a way to press for information, torture serves to silence through humiliation and degradation (2004; see also Scarry, 19885; Rejali, 2007; Kelly, 2012). Interestingly, although this is recognized in torture literatures, as we can see thus far little emphasis is placed on sexualized torture and silence. This is despite the prolific evidence presented by feminists that demonstrates sexualized violence to be a tool to silence, and that is in and of itself socially silenced (Kelly, 1988; Ahrens, 2006; Canning, 2011a; Jordan, 2012). Even in my own experience, throughout the duration of this fieldwork I was regularly informed by participants and other members working in the centres I visited that this area was under-researched, and that sexualized violence was not always (or for some, often) specifically addressed, even though survivors of sexualized torture had been supported by staff. As mentioned in Chapter 4, I have even been informed that I had created an ‘air of suspicion’ for asking questions related to sexualized violence generally, and sexual torture specifically – a further indication of its sociopolitical sensitivity, even among those who challenge some of the most silenced forms of violence. As one interviewee put it, sexualized violence may be “one of many traumas”. This perspective is perhaps understandable given multifarious forms of torture that some practitioners support people to work through. Yet the context of such violence, which is shrouded in stigma and silence (Ahrens, 2006; Canning, 2011a and 2011b; Canning, 2014; Jordan, 2012), can lead to outright exclusion for some survivors. That is not to say that other forms of torture do not induce humiliation, but that this is not often as taboo or stigmatized as sexual violence generally or sexual torture specifically, including for male survivors of sexualized torture.
Beyond the Symbolic: Humour in Action
Authors: Hammett Daniel , Martin Laura S. , Nwankwọ Izuu
Published: September 2023

This chapter expands upon some of the theoretical points highlighted in Chapter 2. By framing humour as a mode of agency, this chapters uses extensive empirical material and examples from across the continent to illustrate more precisely how humour interweaves with politics across a range of different countries, political spheres and settings. It illustrates how humour does political work in a variety of ways using examples from Zimbabwe, Tanzania, South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, among many others.
Between Jokes: Silence and Ambiguities within Humour
Authors: Hammett Daniel , Martin Laura S. , Nwankwọ Izuu
Published: September 2023

This chapter turns to look at the role of silence within humour and humorous exchanges. While silence may seem like the antithesis of humour, it plays a powerful role both in the delivery of a joke as well as in the political work that humour can do. Silence, in other words, is its own form of agency that also enacts multiple roles and takes on a range of meanings. Again, we use empirical examples from the continent (particularly Nigeria and South Africa) to illustrate more precisely the role of humour in humour and political work.
The Feminist Movement in Turkey and the Women of the Gezi Park Protests
Authors: Arat Yeşim
Published: September 2023

The Gezi Park protest camp in Istanbul in 2013 was an unprecedented democratic event. Women were active participants in the Gezi protests and engaged in all the camp’s activities. While much has been written on the protests, the relationship between them and the feminist movement in Turkey remains unexplored. In this chapter, I address this relationship and explore whether the feminist movement which has played a democratising role in Turkish politics since the 1980s, also helped shape the Gezi protests. The chapter argues that women – and feminist women in particular – left their imprint on Gezi. It traces the links between the norms, values, modes of organising and resistance of women in the Gezi Park protests and those of the feminist movement in Turkey. Through Gezi, the feminist movement engaged with a cause beyond its specific interest in women’s concerns, built coalitions with new groups and put feminist values into practice.
US Occupy Encampments and Their Feminist Tensions: Archiving for Contemporary ‘Big-Tent’ Social Movements
Authors: Hurwitz Heather McKee , Kumer Anne
Published: September 2023

US women and feminists’ contributions to the Occupy Movement protest camps in New York and San Francisco that began in 2011 were both significant and marginalised. To reveal the feminist tensions within the protest camps, an interdisciplinary and intergenerational team used feminist archiving methods to create the digital Occupy Archive, a repository of more than 400 items that circulated within and beyond Occupy encampments. As a community-based archive, the Occupy Archive became a space to recognise the complexities of contemporary feminism for a broad audience of scholars, students, activists and the general public. The digital Occupy Archive extends feminist archiving by prioritising reuse potential and open access. It also reveals minimal feminist discourse as well as substantial feminist critiques of the Occupy movement, mirroring the experiences of women and feminist activists in Occupy protest camps.
Greenham Women Everywhere: A Feminist Experiment in Recreating Experience and Shaping Collective Memory
Authors: Kerrow Kate , Mordan Rebecca , Pini Vanessa , Raymond Jill (Ray) , Bartlett Alison , Eschle Catherine
Published: September 2023

In 2018, Cornish feminist production hub Scary Little Girls, in partnership with online women’s history publication, The Heroine Collective, launched an ambitious project to record testimonies of women who formed the Greenham Common Women’s Peace Camp between 1981 and 2000. The aim was to retrieve a history of radical feminist peace activism in danger of being lost from public memory and from British protest culture, and to bring this heritage to new audiences. The work thus involved not only recording interview testimonies, but also creative outreach – an online archive, maintained by a non-profit organisation; theatrical events and concerts; a multimedia exhibition and interactive virtual reality website; and a book. This chapter takes the form of a conversation between Rebecca Mordan from Scary Little Girls, Kate Kerrow from The Heroine Collective, Vanessa Pini from Greenham Women Everywhere, and Greenham woman Jill (Ray) Raymond, facilitated by Alison Bartlett and Catherine Eschle. The conversation explores the processes and ethics of interviewing and digs into the multimedia and collaging techniques through which the lived experiences of campers were recreated years after the event. Finally, we discuss the politics of forgetting and remembering Greenham Common Women’s Peace Camp, and its legacies.
Introduction
Authors: Scott John , Staines Zoe
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores what a criminology of islands might look like and offer. It describes the historical example of the mutiny and horrific execution-style murders of approximately 125 babies, children, women, and men on the Houtman Abrolhos chain of islands (Indian Ocean) in 1629, following the wreck of the Dutch East Company ship, Batavia. The example provides a means to introduce key concepts that reappear throughout the book, including by exploring how the isolation and remoteness of the Houtman Abrolhos islands may have played a role in the dramatic and brutal subversion of existing social order that resulted in the violent murders that ensued. The chapter closes by setting out how islands are defined in the context of the book, and by introducing the concepts of place, space, ‘islandness’, and what we refer to as the politics of place and belonging; a conceptual lens that we return to and extend upon in later chapters.
Invasion
Authors: Scott John , Staines Zoe
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores islands as locations that have been shaped, but also created, through processes of human invasion. It considers the role of (neo-)colonial forces in moulding the spaces and places of islands, broadening previous theorizing of island spaces to incorporate islands situated on terra firma and bounded by desert. In respect of the latter, the chapter focuses primarily on the example of remote Indigenous communities scattered across Australia’s sparsely populated ‘outback’ as islands in the desert. These islands have been created and shaped under violent settler colonialism as carceral reserves, thereby producing distinct crime histories and patterns. This enables an exploration of how island spaces can be created and mobilized as part of a broader array of governing techniques for dealing with deviance, which are interlinked with racialized Othering, including bordering of spaces, places, and bodies. ‘Islanding’ is in this case co-opted as a socio-political technique to maintain and perpetuate the white settler state’s legitimacy and claims over stolen Indigenous lands: a sort of ‘islanding as erasure’. The chapter draws comparisons to settler colonies elsewhere and demonstrates the importance of weaving together socio-political and spatial histories to enable a fuller understanding of how islands can inform criminological theorizing.
Insularity
Authors: Scott John , Staines Zoe
Published: September 2023

Although it is hardly a new insight that social integration as much produces crime as it prevents it, this chapter draws on the case of Pitcairn Island – Britain’s smallest colony and the last British territory in the Pacific – to more deeply explore how intensive social ‘bonding’ capital can be both crime protective as well as criminogenic. The ‘social glue’ of Pitcairn has been a source of both idyllization and horror; it demonstrates a strong sense of island communitarianism, illustrated for instance in the interdependency of the island’s families and the role of local gossip and surveillance in encouraging compliance with local norms. It is, however, these same features that have been attributed to Pitcairn’s secret sex culture that defined Island life and resulted in the Pitcairn Island sexual assault trials (2004), where a third of the Island’s male population were charged with a range of sexual offences, including against minors. This case holds important lessons for criminological theorizing regarding different forms of social capital, emphasizing how extreme insularity, buoyed by island isolation and remoteness, can subvert social norms.
Industry
Authors: Scott John , Staines Zoe
Published: September 2023

Drawing on green criminology and its broadening of ‘crime’ to include harm to both people and environment, this chapter examines the extraction of natural and human resources as part of the economic ‘development’ of small islands, spurred by colonial and commercial interests. It focuses specifically upon the cases of Nauru and Bougainville islands in the Pacific, which illustrate the role of ‘extractivism’ in increasing the vulnerability of islands, damaging health and environment, causing instability and conflict, contributing to global climate change, and leaving many islands uninhabitable and economically dependent. The chapter interprets the impacts of extractivism in these two cases through a critical lens, returning to earlier arguments about how colonialism socially constructs crime in the image of undesirable Others (for example, by criminalizing political resistance), while the crimes of the powerful (for example, corporations, governments) are ignored. To conclude, the chapter briefly considers alternatives to extractivism that are health promoting, community building, and, arguably, crime preventative. Drawing on Indigenous philosophies, the chapter examines the notion of stewardship, which stands in contrast to extractivism, involving an emphasis on regeneration and ensuring future life continues as we continue to the move through the Anthropocene.
The Inclusionary Potential and Spatial Boundaries of (Semi-)Public Space: Refugee Youth’s Everyday Experiences in the Urban Fabric of Amsterdam
Authors: Liempt Ilse van , Kox Mieke
Published: September 2023

The city – rather than the state – plays an important role in refugee youth’s everyday experiences. In this chapter, we draw upon participatory research among young refugees and asylum seekers in Amsterdam to illustrate the lived experiences of these youngsters in public spaces in the urban fabric of Amsterdam. We illustrate their favourite places, the use and meaning of these spaces, and how these spaces impact their sense of belonging in both the Netherlands and Amsterdam. The findings show that it is not self-evident for refugee youth who are new to the city to immediately exploit the potential of public space. Semi-public spaces can fill an important role in providing a safe and meaningful space for refugees’ integration and participation in society. At the same time it is not self-evident to transmit these encounters beyond these semi-public places, which illustrates that conviviality is spatially bound to specific places.
Navigating ‘Purdah’ Culture in Urban Space: The Restricted Lives of Young Married Rohingya Refugees in Malaysia
Authors: Adib Samuri Mohd Al , Hopkins Peter
Published: September 2023

Rohingya refugees often migrate through Malaysia before resettling in other countries. One of the most significant Rohingya cultures relates to purdah, in which women are instructed to not be seen by men and are not permitted go to most public places. Women, including girls in their early teens, are expected to stay at home, which hinders their education and access to public spaces. The purpose of this chapter is to shed light on the lives of young Rohingya refugees who live in Malaysia’s urban areas under a purdah culture. This study gathered narratives about child marriage from 20 young and married Rohingya refugees with key themes including access to public and private space in relation to culture and everyday life. The chapter discusses the restricted life of this vulnerable group and sheds light on how they navigate public and private spaces within purdah culture. Due to purdah culture, they are restricted from public places such as schools, playgrounds, markets and wider public spaces. Medical care is only accessible to Rohingya women through their husbands, making this the only way they can access public facilities.
Inclusive Urban Planning and Public Space for Refugee Youth in Pursuit of a Just City in Amman, Jordan
Authors: Aytug Rana
Published: September 2023

A vision for social justice in the built environment suggests that urban planning is a political process that can and should enable the conditions for all city inhabitants to influence the spatial and material character of the urban public space. This chapter examines theoretical dimensions of the inclusive city, urban planning and the public space and connects these debates to findings from interviews conducted with refugee youth living in the city of Amman. These interviews reveal insight surrounding the everyday experiences of refugee youth and shed light on the challenges and transformative potential of inclusive planning. Building on this analysis, this chapter emphasises the criticality and necessity for inclusive urban planning processes as a means to encourage alternative and innovative ways to rethink urban politics, engage the urban political will of refugee youth and re-envision public space for a more socially just city.
Negotiating Identity in Urban Space: Everyday Geographies of Syrian Students in Istanbul
Authors: Karamese Seyma
Published: September 2023

The cities of Turkey are now host to the world’s largest community of Syrian refugees. The metropolitan city of Istanbul provides the ideal context to study the relationship between space and identity to understand this transition in an urban context. Students are one of the most dynamic groups experiencing these changes because they use different places, create new sense of spaces with new lifestyles, transform their own identities, are integrated into a shared education system and socialised by interacting with different groups. This chapter examines the everyday geographies of Syrian students to shed light on the co-construction of Syrian student identities and sense of space in Istanbul. I draw on analysis of 30 in-depth interviews and participant observations were conducted with young migrants over 18 years old between August 2019 and March 2020 in Istanbul. Key points considered include segregated, judicial and private spaces as spaces of exclusion, and comfort zones, cooperation spaces and open spaces as the spaces of inclusion.
Homemaking through Music in Urban Africa: Creating Opportunities as a Refugee and a Migrant in Kinshasa and Dar es Salaam
Authors: Wilson Catherina
Published: September 2023

Esatis is an engaged slam poet from the Central African Republic. Nathan-2K is a Congolese gospel music guitarist. Both young men left their respective home towns and made their way to a foreign African megapolis in search of greener pastures. Based on two biographical trajectories, this chapter (1) problematises South–North migration and concentrates on trajectories within Africa; (2) questions the artificial migrant–refugee divide and; (3) challenges images of the vulnerable refugee/migrant and underlines self-affirmation, personal success and dignity instead. The biographic approach helps to contextualise important moments of decision in these young men’s biographical trajectories. Exploring these details leads to a deeper understanding of how lives of youth in urban Africa can unfold in a constant interplay between structure and agency (through music).
Refugee Youth: Politics, Publicness and Visibility
Authors: Backer Mattias De , Hopkins Peter , Liempt Ilse van
Published: September 2023

In the concluding chapter, we reflect on the everyday experiences of young refugees and asylum-seekers in public spaces and how they are shaped by dominant political discourses in the host society, while also being expressions of (micro-)political claims to belonging and the right to the city. The complexity of political issues and the hostile political contexts in which refugee youth often find themselves is a key issue for ongoing research in this field. So too are the creative and engaging ways in which young refugees engage in, resist, challenge and rework political issues in different spaces and times. Such analyses also include reflections on what constitutes the publicness of public spaces and the role played therein of visibility.
Beyond Privacy: South Korea’s Digital Technology-led Policy on COVID-19 and Its Impact on Human Rights
Authors: Baek Buhm-Suk
Published: September 2023

South Korea’s response to COVID-19 relied extensively on digital technology. The government adopted digital surveillance and tracing measures instead of implementing physical lockdowns. The Korea case shows how digital technology can be utilized to enhance public safety but also potentially risks privacy, data security and social equity. These dilemmas over the extensive digital measures are concerned with the fundamental question of the governance of digital technologies. New technologies utilized for COVID-19 policies have great potential to support individuals’ rights, especially right to health. However, technologies are initially not designed to serve human rights purposes but for containment of virus, we need to be conscious of the way in which these new technologies pose significant challenges to human rights. The problem is that most international human rights instruments were initially drafted for the offline world and may not reflect the realities of the digital age. Therefore, it is critical to understand the human rights implications for each stage of the key health and quarantine measures. It is essential even at the early stages of a development of technology, to consider human rights impacts, including economic, social, and cultural rights and the rights of minority groups.
Beyond the Rhetoric of Essentiality: Canada’s Neoliberal Migrant Worker Policy during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Chen Y. Y. Brandon
Published: September 2023

As a part of its responses to COVID-19, Canada’s federal and provincial governments, including Ontario’s, have introduced measures aiming specifically to safeguard the health of migrant workers, supposedly out of the recognition that they are ‘essential’. Among other things, publicly funded healthcare is temporarily expanded to cover some of the previously uninsured workers, and public dollars are allocated for improving occupational health in the agri-food industry, where many migrants are employed. Several immigration programs have also been launched to offer certain migrant workers a pathway to permanent residence in Canada. This chapter critiques these government interventions, as well as the narrative of ‘essentiality’ that underlies them. It argues that these pandemic measures perpetuate the logic of neoliberal labour flexibilization, which has long permeated Canada’s migrant worker program. They do so by paying inadequate attention to so-called ‘essential’ migrant workers’ existing vulnerabilities, thus allowing employers to skirt public health rules. At the same time, they paint ‘non-essential’ migrants as undeserving of government consideration, which reinforces these migrants’ marginalization. A supply of exploitable workers is therefore maintained during the pandemic. Ultimately, it is the interest of market capitalism that proves to be what is truly essential.
Varieties of Policy Approaches to Employer Engagement in Activation Policies
Authors: Bredgaard Thomas , Ingold Jo , van Berkel Rik
Published: September 2023

In this chapter, a framework is introduced that identifies three main types of employer engagement in activation policies: regulating demand, facilitating demand and negotiating demand. These ‘varieties of employer engagement’ have fundamentally different problem definitions, target groups, governance modes and policy instruments and, by implication, different consequences for the relationship between employers, employment services and jobseekers. By comparing employer engagement in activation policies in three exemplars of activation in Northern Europe (the UK, Denmark and The Netherlands), the typology is deployed as a novel heuristic device for examining variations in the role and implications of involving employers in the implementation of activation policies. The contribution to academic and policy debates about activation is twofold. Firstly, the different approaches that lie behind attempts in activation policies to strengthen the role of employers are unpacked and systematized. Secondly, by using the typology to analyse recent developments in employer engagement in activation policies in three countries cases, the potential usefulness of the typology in developing a more nuanced and differentiated framework for understanding forms of employer engagement in activation is argued.
Conditions, Processes and Pressures Promoting Inclusive Organizations
Authors: Hanson William , Moore Jeffrey
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines the environmental conditions, pressures, and processes that promote an inclusive, adaptive organization. It argues that an adaptive organization is necessary for recruiting and retaining marginalized groups in the labour market. The chapter demonstrates how strategic initiatives by complexity leaders who embrace operational pressures with long-term employee development bring adaptivity, innovation, employee engagement, and competitivity to the organization. Such inclusive organizations, it is argued, loosen formal structures, promote adaptive processes, and stimulate ideas and initiative. The chapter concludes by positing that embracing the challenge of hiring marginalized groups and leading through complexity leadership increases productivity, employee engagement, innovation, and trust, while decreasing absenteeism and safety incidents.
Practice Case Study: Sephora’s Journey to an Inclusive Workplace and the ‘Let Us Belong’ Philosophy
Authors: Moore Jeffrey , Hanson William , Gustafson Tom
Published: September 2023

This chapter relates how Sephora created inclusive workplaces to help increase retention of employees while improving the workplace culture for all employees. The chapter sets out the four-step process it created to successfully identify, recruit, and onboard disabled employees. This case study reveals the best practices Sephora used when developing an inclusive initiative aimed at hiring individuals with physical or cognitive disabilities. It provides an inclusive roadmap for companies seeking to operationalize similar inclusion initiatives, which will transform their culture and improve their productivity.
Service Delivery: Providing for Local Needs
Authors: Leonardsson Hanna
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores service delivery in the municipalities of Tyre, Bourj Hammoud and Saida and how service provision relates to local peacebuilding through responsiveness, inclusiveness, municipal capacity as well as the idea of economic development. Empirically it scrutinizes the municipality’s role in waste management, infrastructural developments and providing for everyday needs of the population. The chapter demonstrates how service provision promotes an image of the municipality as responsive and capable, and therefore locally legitimate. On the other hand, the lack of services, or inadequate services and management, spurs discontent. As evident from this chapter, service delivery does not stand isolated from the surrounding context of each municipality. Service delivery in Tyre, Bourj Hammoud and Saida demonstrate how the three cases engage in local peacebuilding in diverse ways, creating different types of local peace. The local space and its interactions matter, displaying service delivery as a space where power, politics and feelings of belonging interact with local governments’ capacity to respond to local needs and thus become a legitimate actor promoting local peace.
Why We Should Care about Finance
Authors: Roscoe Philip
Published: September 2023

Chapter 1 introduces the concept of agency theory as a means of exploring the pressures that modern corporations are placed under by the financial sector, leading them to shrink productive capacity and outsource costs. It describes these practices as rent-seeking, and suggests that they are responsible for many of the challenges we face today: environmental, social, inequality. It introduces notions of critique concerning the move from productive to financial activity in the economy, before arguing that these approaches end up reifying the power of finance. It proposes instead a critique based on humour.
From Future Pigs to Present Prices, a Chicago Story
Authors: Roscoe Philip
Published: September 2023

Chapter 2 argues that financial markets are embedded in material structures with distinctive historical trajectories. It tells the story of the development of futures markets in Chicago as an example, before exploring how buildings and technologies (especially the ticker tape) constituted the market. It brings the trading pits up to date, noting some of the problems with their operation. The chapter mingles historical narrative (Sinclair’s The Jungle and Norris’ The Pit) with contemporary social science to show how these pre-digital markets produced prices: human powered computers combining cutting-edge technology with old fashioned pushing and shoving, dense social networks and long established interpersonal routines.
Mind Your Eye!
Authors: Roscoe Philip
Published: September 2023

Chapter 4 returns to London’s jobbers in the final years of the London Stock Exchange’s face-to-face trading (circa 1960 until October 1986). The stockjobbers practised an ambulatory form of trading, circulating around pitches on the floor of the Old House, and using a system of spoken deals based on ‘my word is my bond’. Conservative social structures made the institution durable but prevented change. This chapter introduces the hierarchical structures of the exchange, the apprenticeships served by new clerks, and the subsequent career progression of its members. These are presented through oral testimonies and archival sources. The chapter characterizes the Exchange as a struggling institution, little able to adapt to difficult economic times. Yet its long-standing traditions and practices were soon to be swept away by the changes of the 1980s.
Where Real Men Make Real Money
Authors: Roscoe Philip
Published: September 2023

Chapter 7 begins by examining another novel mode of financial operation: the leveraged buyout. Fact and fiction overlap in the discussion of this financial practice, and the chapter moves to consider fictional representations of finance and to explore the narrative construction of finance. It deals with the written underpinnings of finance, from Daniel Defoe onwards, and then examines contemporary financial print culture, epitomized by Tom Wolfe’s Bonfire of the Vanities, in more detail. It moves to a focus on gender, both in fiction and practice, and considers the changing performances and representations of gender in finance, exploring how elitism and exclusion can be reproduced in finance.
Wires! Shocks! Sausages!
Authors: Roscoe Philip
Published: September 2023

Chapter 8 brings to a close the book’s account of the 1980s and the accompanying transformations in finance. It tells the story of Harvard Securities, a broker dealing over-the-counter (OTC) to private investors, and its founder Tom Wilmot. Wilmot’s firm sold stocks directly to investors. It also made the market in them, to the disadvantage of investors, many of whom lost money. Alongside this narrative, it explores the automation of the London Stock Exchange and the changes of the ‘Big Bang’ and then the crash of 1987, following the evolving fortunes of a small group of market traders.
Fear and Loathing on Wall Street
Authors: Roscoe Philip
Published: September 2023

The narrative segues to the investors themselves, and a discussion of decision-making as embedded in socio-technical networks. Chapter 10 suggests it is more interesting to focus on the mechanisms through which decision-making is made possible than on deviations from textbook rationality. Explanations here are sociological rather than behavioural. The chapter explores the concept of ‘distributed cognition’ by way of a hedge fund, and then moves to an account of the heterogeneous strategies of non-professional investors, identifying the strategies of ‘charting’ and fundamental analysis. A discussion of the GameStop affair concludes the chapter.
The Temples of Capitalism
Authors: Roscoe Philip
Published: September 2023

Answering the question of what we might do differently, Chapter 14 explores two different attempts to set up exchanges – or at least trading facilities for shares. The first is the London Stock Exchange’s AIM, established in 1995 with a distinctive form of market governance. The account emphasizes the social and conversational efforts necessary in establishing a new stock exchange. The second is a business angel network – stimulating investment in start-up companies – set up by an eccentric named Sixtus. The chapter wonders whether these examples might be pointers for a more constructive form of finance. It answers in the negative. Finance, for the author, is beyond saving.
Destination Singapore: The Dream of a Cosmopolis
Authors: Hof Helena
Published: September 2023

Chapter 2 depicts the contexts of labour migration to contemporary Singapore. As a consequence of the developmental state’s social engineering, epitomised by the principles of multiracialism and multiculturalism, as well as extensive foreign labour import, contemporary Singapore is characterised by postcolonial diversities and a bifurcated migration regime. Singapore’s immigration policies and migrants’ opportunities in the city-state have changed since the late 2000s, and these changing conditions constitute the background against which the young Europeans hope to develop a career and potentially grow footholds in the country. The chapter ends by introducing the legal and institutional framework the EU Generation use for accessing work visa and the labour market.