bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Debugger for Standard ML
Authors: Tolmach Andrew , Appel Andrew W.
Published: November 2008

We have built a portable, instrumentation-based, replay debugger for the Standard ML of New Jersey compiler. Traditional ‘source-level’ debuggers for compiled languages actually operate at machine level, which makes them complex, difficult to port, and intolerant of compiler optimization. For secure languages like ML, however, debugging support can be provided without reference to the underlying machine, by adding instrumentation to program source code before compilation. Because instrumented code is (almost) ordinary source, it can be processed by the ordinary compiler. Our debugger is thus independent from the underlying hardware and runtime system, and from the optimization strategies used by the compiler. The debugger also provides reverse execution, both as a user feature and an internal mechanism. Reverse execution is implemented using a checkpoint and replay system; checkpoints are represented primarily by first-class continuations.
Prototyping a parallel vision system in Standard ML
Authors: Michaelson Greg , Scaife Norman
Published: November 2008

The construction of a parallel vision system from Standard ML prototypes is presented. The system recognises 3D objects from 2D scenes through edge detection, grouping of edges into straight lines and line junction based model matching. Functional prototyping for parallelism is illustrated through the development of the straight line detection component. The assemblage of the whole system from prototyped components is then considered and its performance discussed.
Note on Algol and conservatively extending functional programming
Authors: O'Hearn Peter W.
Published: November 2008

A simple Idealized Algol is considered, based on Reynolds's ‘essence of Algol’. It is shown that observational equivalence in this language conservatively extends observational equivalence in its assignment-free functional sublanguage.
A confluent reduction for the λ-calculus with surjective pairing and terminal object
Authors: Curien Pierre-Louis , Cosmo Roberto Di
Published: November 2008

We exhibit confluent and effectively weakly normalizing (thus decidable) rewriting systems for the full equational theory underlying cartesian closed categories, and for polymorphic extensions of it. The λ-calculus extended with surjective pairing has been well-studied in the last two decades. It is not confluent in the untyped case, and confluent in the typed case. But to the best of our knowledge the present work is the first treatment of the lambda calculus extended with surjective pairing and terminal object via a confluent rewriting system, and is the first solution to the decidability problem of the full equational theory of Cartesian Closed Categories extended with polymorphic types. Our approach yields conservativity results as well. In separate papers we apply our results to the study of provable type isomorphisms, and to the decidability of equality in a typed λ-calculus with subtyping.
Representing demand by partial projections
Authors: Launchbury John , Baraki Gebreselassie
Published: November 2008

The projection-based strictness analysis of Wadler and Hughes is elegant and theoretically satisfying except in one respect: the need for lifting. The domains and functions over which the analysis is performed need to be transformed, leading to a less direct correspondence between analysis and program than might be hoped for. In this paper we shall see that the projection analysis may be reformulated in terms of partial projections, so removing this infelicity. There are additional benefits of the formulation: the two forms of information captured by the projection are distinguished, and the operational significance of the range of the projection fits exactly with the theory of unboxed types.
A Taste of Padé Approximation
Authors: Brezinski C. , Ieea Ufr , Van Iseghem J.
Published: November 2008

The aim of this paper is to provide an introduction to Padé approximation and related topics. The emphasis is put on questions relevant to numerical analysis and applications.
Exact and approximate controllability for distributed parameter systems
Authors: Glowinski R. , Lions J.L.
Published: November 2008

This is the second part of an article which was started in the previous volume of Acta Numerica. References in the text to Section 1 refer to the preceding article.
Hierarchical bases and the finite element method
Authors: Bank Randolph E.
Published: November 2008

In this work we present a brief introduction to hierarchical bases, and the important part they play in contemporary finite element calculations. In particular, we examine their role ina posteriorierror estimation, and in the formulation of iterative methods for solving the large sparse sets of linear equations arising from finite element discretization.
Computational methods for semiclassical and quantum transport in semiconductor devices
Authors: Ringhofer Christian
Published: November 2008

The progressive miniaturization of semiconductor devices, and the use of bulk materials other than silicon, necessitates the use of a wide variety of models in semiconductor device simulation. These include classical and semiclassical models, such as the Boltzmann equation and the hydrodynamic system, as well as quantum transport models such as the quantum Boltzmann equation and the quantum hydrodynamic system. This paper gives an overview of recently developed numerical methods for these systems. The focus is on Galerkin methods for the semiclassical and quantum kinetic systems and on difference methods for the classical and quantum hydrodynamic systems. The stability and convergence properties of these methods and their relation to the analytical properties of the continuous systems are discussed.
Stability for time-dependent differential equations
Authors: Kreiss Heinz-Otto , Lorenz Jens
Published: November 2008

In this paper we review results on asymptotic stability of stationary states of PDEs. After scaling, our normal form is ut = Pu + ε f(u, ux,…) + F(x, t), where the (vector-valued) function u(x, t) depends on the space variable x and time t. The differential operator P is linear, F(x, t) is a smooth forcing, which decays to zero for t → ∞, and εf(u, …) is a nonlinear perturbation. We will discuss conditions that ensure u → 0 for t → ∞ when |ε| is sufficiently small. If this holds, we call the problem asymptotically stable.

While there are many approaches to show asymptotic stability, we mainly concentrate on the resolvent technique. However, comparisons with the Lyapunov technique will also be given. The emphasis on the resolvent technique is motivated by the recent interest in pseudospectra.
CAN'T BUY ME WHITENESS
Authors: Pearson Jay A.
Published: November 2008

A basic tenet of public health is that there is a robust relationship between socioeconomic status and health. Researchers widely accept that persons at average or median levels of socioeconomic status have better health compared to those at lower levels—with a detectable, if diminishing, gradient at even higher levels of socioeconomic status. The research on which this tenet is based, however, focuses largely on Whites, especially on White men. Yet according to the full range of extant findings, the magnitude and in some cases the direction of this relationship vary considerably for other demographic groups.

I argue that the failure to clearly qualify study conclusions when they are restricted to the study of Whites impedes our understanding of the varying relationship between socioeconomic status and health for different demographic groups. Such an impediment is particularly harmful when considering health inequalities among populations defined by race and ethnicity. Frameworks and models based on traditional socioeconomic measures may mask heterogeneity, overestimate the benefits of material resources, underestimate psychosocial and physical health costs of resource acquisition for some groups, and overlook the value of alternative sociocultural orientations. These missed opportunities have grave consequences: large racial/ethnic health disparities persist while the health disadvantages of Black Americans continue to grow in key aspects. A new knowledge base is needed if racial/ethnic health disparities are to be eliminated, including new guiding theoretical frameworks, reinterpretations of existing research, and new empirical research. This article aims to initiate discussion on all three dimensions.
THE INFLUENCE OF AFRICAN AMERICANS ON CONGRESS
Authors: Tien Charles , Levy Dena
Published: November 2008

In this paper we approach, from a different angle than previous research, the question of whether gains in descriptive representation for African Americans result in losses in substantive representation. By looking at how the presence of African Americans has changed Congress over time, we assess the long-term impact of electing more African Americans to Congress on substantive representation. Specifically, we content analyze House floor debates on civil rights legislation, from 1957 to 1991, and find that Black members have influenced how White members talk about civil rights.
A note on mixing due to surface wave breaking
Authors: Weber Jan Erik H.
Published: November 2008

Breaking of surface gravity waves generates turbulence and causes the entrainment of air at the sea surface, which again may lead to a temperature increase in the breaking region. These processes influence the near‐surface buoyancy and generate a thin layer close to the surface which is statically stable. Dynamically, the wave breaking itself (the loss of mean wave momentum) induces an Eulerian mean current near the sea surface through the action of the virtual wave stress. This current is instrumental in mixing the turbulence induced by breaking downward. The mixing is affected by the fact that slightly denser particles are entrained into the stable top layer from below during this process. Utilizing the experimental result that the overall Richardson number is constant in similar mixing problems, we investigate theoretically the growth of the mixed layer due to breaking waves. The results show that the mixing due to a single breaking event penetrates down to a depth which is comparable to the wave height. At this depth the entrainment velocity practically vanishes. This occurs on a timescale that is of the order of the breaking duration time. For multiple breaking events in a steady homogeneous sea state, the breaking frequency is so small that the turbulence due to breaking will not diffuse further into the fluid. Associating the thickness of the breaking mixed layer with a typical roughness length, we find that the roughness length can be expressed in terms of the breaking wave characteristics.
Duplexsonographie mit Echokontrastmitteln
Authors: Strauss A. L. , Beller K. D.
Published: November 2008

Die neuen intravenos applizierten, lungengängigen Echokontrastmittel führen aufgrund der Dopplersignalverstärkung um 20-25dB zu einer verbesserten Detektion der Strümung in den Arterien und Venen insbesondere bei erschwert untersuchbaren Gefäßsegmenten wie bei Adipositas, bei tiefliegenden Gefäßen, bei ausgedehnten postoperativen Vernarbungen oder bei niedrigen Flüssen. Die zugelassenen bzw. in wissenschaftlichen Studien geprüften lungengängigen Echokontrastmittel haben ähnliche physikalisch-chemische Eigenschaften: einen mittleren Durchmesser der Mikrobläschen von 2-4um, eine dem Blut ähnliche Viskosität und einen physiologischen pH-Wert. Die Gabe von Echokontrastmitteln erlaubt die Erstellung von Echointensitätskurven in den Gefäßen und im Gewebe über die Zeit, d. h. von sogenannten Auswaschkurven, zur Untersuchung der Organperfusion. Die Echokontrastmittel verursachen aber einige Nebeneffekte, die Fehldiagnosen hervorrufen künnen: Spectral bubble noise, Farbrauschen (colour blooming), Schallauslüschung, änderungen des Dopplerfrequenzspektrums. Ihre Entstehung und mügliche Vermeidung werden besprochen. Insgesamt erüffnen die lungengängigen Echokontrastmittel weitere wichtige Einsatzmüglich-keiten in der Gefäßdiagnostik.
Continuous Local Intra-Arterial Infusion of Anticoagulants for Digit Replantation and Treatment of Damaged Arteries
Authors: Fukui Akihiro , Maeda Masami , Sempuku Takeo , Tamai Susumu , Mizumoto Shigeru , Inada Yūji
Published: November 2008

From May 1958 to May 1987, 428 upper extremities were replanted, with an overall survival rate of 87.4 percent. With the aim of increasing the survival rate a new method was tried. Unlike conventional continuous intravenous infusion, a Teflon catheter (28 gauge) was inserted into the proximal main artery of the anastomosed artery, and a daily dose of 80 ml comprising 240,000 U of urokinase, 40 μg of prostaglandin E,, 10,000 U (maximum) of heparin, and low molecular weight dextran was administered by means of continuous infusion for the 10 consecutive days, during which arterial thrombosis is likely to occur.

Thirteen cases (replantations and damaged digital arteries) survived without any re-operation for arterial thrombus. There were statistically significant differences (p < 0.025) in platelet count, fibrinogen, and AT III preoperatively and three days postoperatively. There were also statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and clotting time between pre-operative measurements and those taken four and 15 hr postoperative, but those data remained within normal range. No abnormalities were present in the arteries through which the catheter was inserted, as validated by postoperative digital subtraction angiography.
Gelastische Epilepsie und Pubertas praecox bei Hamartom des Hypothalamus
Authors: Dammann O. , Commentz J. C. , Valdueza J. M. , Christante L. , Bentele K. H. P.
Published: November 2008

Wir berichten von vier Kindern (2 m, 2 f) die sich zwischen 1983 und 1990 wegen gelastischer Anfälle und/oder einer Pubertas praecox in unserer stationären Behandlung befanden. In allen vier Fällen wurde neuroradiologisch eine hirnisodense Tumormasse in der Cisterna interpeduncularis nachgewiesen, die nach Kontrastmittelgabe kein Enhancement aufwies. Da sich bei zwei Kindern medikamentös keine zufriedenstellende Therapie der cerebralen Anfälle erreichen ließ, wurde der Tumor in toto entfernt, so daß sich hier die Verdachtsdiagnose eines hypothalamischen Hamartomes histologisch bestätigen ließ. Postoperativ besserte sich der Zustand der Kinder deutlich. Bei den beiden anderen Kindern sprechen Verlauf der Erkrankung und die Gesamtheit der Befunde ebenfalls für die Diagnose eines Hamartomes; hier liegen bisher keine histologischen Befunde vor. Vor dem Hintergrund der aktuellen Literatur wird unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Indikation neurochirurgischer Methoden die Therapie einer durch ein hypothalamisches Hamartom bedingten gelastischen Epilepsie bzw. Pubertas praecox diskutiert. Nach unseren Erfahrungen sollte die Operationsindikation sehr eng gestellt werden, es sind unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen jedoch gute Erfolge nach Totalresektion des Hamartomes zu erwarten.
Infrarot-Thermovisions-Befunde bei einer Patientin mit infiltrativer Orbitopathie
Authors: Kohlmann H. , Storch H. , Lommatzsch P.K.
Published: November 2008

Es wird die Anwendung der Infrarot-Thermovision bei einer Patientin mit der Diagnose einer infiltrativen Orbitopathie mit ausgeprägtem kombinierten Immundefekt geschildert. Neben einer thermischen Quantifizierung infiltrierter Bereiche im Augen- und Gesichtsbereich gelang unter dynamischer Messung eine räumliche Abgrenzung lokaler pathologischer Temperaturerhöhungen. Weitere Einsatzmöglichkeiten der Infrarot-Thermovision in der Ophthalmologie werden diskutiert.
The Spectrum of Intracranial Aneurysms in Pediatrics
Authors: Kanaan I. , Lasjaunias P. , Coates R.
Published: November 2008

Intracranial aneurysms are rare in children, accounting for merely 0.5 - 4.6% of all aneurysms. Several characteristics distinguish them from aneurysms in adults: male predominance; higher incidence of unusual location, such as peripheral or posterior circulation; and a greater number of large and giant aneurysms. These unique features can be attributed to the higher incidence of traumatic, infectious, developmental, and congenital lesions. Subarachnoid hemorrhage is not the exclusive mode of presentation; neuro-compressive signs and symptoms are also frequently seen. The treatment of intracranial aneurysms in pediatrics is dictated by their unusual pathology and liability to rehemorrhage. Although direct clipping has been the standard surgical technique, certain obsolete or innovative procedures should also be considered, such as entrapment, proximal occlusion, and endovascular embolisation, or even, in some cases, the noninvasive treatment of “watch and wait” for a spontaneous thrombosis. Six representative cases from King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre are reviewed. They reflect the diversity of the problem and the multi-disciplinary approach to the treatment.
Quantum digital ac waveform synthesizer based on pulse-width modulation method
Authors: Karpov O. V. , Buchstaber V. M. , Sherstobitov S. V. , Tertychniy S. I. , Tertychnaya M. A. , Niemeyer J.
Published: November 2008

The paper describes the theory and the experimental results for the synthesis of precision waveforms by using the pulse-width modulation of the power of the microwave, which drives the superconductor–insulator–normal metal–insulator–superconductor Josephson array. The synthesized sine waveform has a high precision. Its harmonic content was determined to be less than 0.003%. This degree of harmonic content is in agreement with the theory.
The BGY3dM model for the approximation of solvent densities
Authors: Griebel Michael , Jager Lukas
Published: November 2008

We present a new approach for the approximation of solvent densities around solutes of arbitrary shape. Our model represents a three-dimensional (3d) Born–Green–Yvon (BGY) equation for an arbitrary solute immersed into a molecular (M) solvent, the BGY3dM model. It comprises the famous Kirkwood approximation as closure relation. The molecules of the solvent are modeled as rigid bodies by taking the limit of an infinite restoring force for the intramolecular interactions. Furthermore, short-range potentials as well as the long-range Coulomb interaction are taken into account. The resulting integro-differential equations are efficiently solved by a Picard iteration and a solution of the linearized equations using Fourier transformations. We compare the results obtained from the presented BGY3dM method with results obtained by extensive molecular dynamics simulations for a HCl-like model solvent. Furthermore, we apply the method to carbon disulfide as solvent. The overall performance of the method is promising.
Symmetry-based recoupling in double-rotation NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Brinkmann Andreas , Kentgens Arno P. M. , Anupõld Tiit , Samoson Ago
Published: November 2008

In this contribution, we extend the theory of symmetry-based pulse sequences of types CNnν and RNnν in magic-angle-spinning nuclear resonance spectroscopy [M. H. Levitt, in Encyclopedia of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, edited by D. M. Grant and R. K. Harris (Wiley, Chichester, 2002), Vol. 9]. to the case of rotating the sample simultaneously around two different angles with respect to the external magnetic field (double-rotation). We consider the case of spin-1/2 nuclei in general and the case of half-integer quadrupolar nuclei that are subjected to weak radio frequency pulses operating selectively on the central-transition polarizations. The transformation properties of the homonuclear dipolar interactions and J-couplings under central-transition-selective spin rotations are presented. We show that the pulse sequence R221R22−1 originally developed for homonuclear dipolar recoupling of half-integer quadrupolar nuclei under magic-angle-spinning conditions [M. Edén, D. Zhou, and J. Yu, Chem. Phys. Lett. 431, 397 (2006)] may be used for the same purpose in the case of double rotation, if the radio frequency pulses are synchronized with the outer rotation of the sample. We apply this sequence, sandwiched by central-transition selective 90° pulses, to excite double-quantum coherences in homonuclear spin systems consisting of N23a and A27l nuclei.
Accurate electrical testing of individual gold nanowires by in situ scanning electron microscope nanomanipulators
Authors: Peng Yong , Cullis Tony , Inkson Beverley
Published: November 2008

This work presents an accurate measurement of electrical properties of individual gold nanowires, directly measured by nanomanipulators in situ in a scanning electron microscope. The electrical testing of 55nm width gold nanowires, with a bamboo-type polycrystalline micorstructure, shows that individual gold nanowires have an ideal resistivity of about 2.26μΩcm and remarkably high failure current density of 4.94×108Acm−2. The measurement of resistance (R) versus nanowire length of individual nanowires shows that the intrinsic conductivity of the gold nanowire is 4.45×107Ω−1m−1. There is no evidence that the polycrystalline grain structure, 55nm width and 500–2800nm length, generates any size-induced electrical effects. The accurate electrical testing of gold nanowires should be significant for nanodevices and nanoelectronics using them as building blocks or interconnects.
Microscopic fields in liquid dielectrics
Authors: Martin Daniel R. , Matyushov Dmitry V.
Published: November 2008

We present the results of an analytical theory and numerical simulations of microscopic fields in dipolar liquids. Fields within empty spherical cavities (cavity field) and within cavities with a probe dipole (directing field) and the field induced by a probe dipole in the surrounding liquid (reaction field) are considered. Instead of demanding the field produced by a liquid dielectric in a large-scale cavity to coincide with the field of Maxwell’s dielectric, we continuously increase the cavity size to reach the limit of a mesoscopic dimension and establish the continuum limit from the bottom up. Both simulations and analytical theory suggest that the commonly applied Onsager formula for the reaction field is approached from below, with increasing cavity size, by the microscopic solution. On the contrary, the cavity and directing fields do not converge to the limit of Maxwell’s dielectric. The origin of the disagreement between the standard electrostatics and the results obtained from microscopic models is traced back to the failure of the former to account properly for the transverse correlations between dipoles in molecular liquids. A new continuum equation is derived for the cavity field and supported by numerical simulations. Experimental tests of the theoretical results are suggested.
Unidimensional diffusion of long n-alkanes in nanoporous channels
Authors: Jobic Hervé , Farago Bela
Published: November 2008

The diffusion of long n-alkanes confined in silicalite zeolite has been studied with the neutron spin-echo technique. Since only isotropic diffusion has been measured so far with this technique, we derive the intermediate scattering functions for one-dimensional (1D) and single-file diffusion. The 1D diffusion model explains the results obtained for long n-alkanes in the intersecting channel system of silicalite. A redistribution of the molecules is observed at high temperatures, supporting the presence of internal barriers within the zeolite crystals.
Ecotoxicological diagnosis of Aratu Bay, Bahia, Brazil: a new approach to validate a reactive short-term toxicity end-point by comparison with intertidal benthic activity
Authors: Nascimento I.A. , Smith D.H. , Gomes M.G.S. , Santos G.V. , Pereira S.A.
Published: November 2008

The Aratu Bay ecosystem (12°48′S; 38°28′W), located in an industrialized area, was compared with a similar but undisturbed ecosystem, Iguape Bay, in order to determine the impact of industry on water quality during the last forty years. Comparison was based on simple and low cost methodologies using bioassays on oyster embryos, validated by a survey of a benthic activity index.

A bioassay method based on oyster embryo development was used to compare water quality from the study areas. A high percentage (93.2 and 97.3) of abnormal oyster embryo development was observed in water samples from one area (south and southeast) of the bay where, besides receiving heavy discharges of industrial effluents, water circulation is restricted. At the north end of the bay where the area is shallow, and some industrial discharges are present, water quality data indicated that the area was stressed. Little effect of industrial impact has been noted around the Cotegipe channel, a deep area where the water circulation pattern is heavy and the water well mixed.

Validation of this survey has been achieved by the simple method of investigating benthic activity in the area. Quadrat counts of active benthic galleries were used as an index of community activity for comparative analysis between sampling stations and for discriminating between polluted and unpolluted sites. This research has shown that the quadrat counts of active benthic galleries, at least in areas of comparable homogeneous substrate, can be used as a viable index of environmental impact, when interpreted together with other source of data, such as early-life-stage tests. This new approach proved to be effective and led to the recommendation of remedial policies in the area.
Biomonitoring of heavy metals and organo-chlorinated compounds in a pulp mill effluent using introduced mussels
Authors: Furley T.H. , de Oliveira Filho A.C.
Published: November 2008

A bleached kraft pulp mill discharges a vast array of substances and special attention should be given to heavy metals and organo-chlorinated compounds. They can persist in nature for a long period of time, are toxic to the wildlife community in certain concentrations, and can be incorporated into the food chain. The aim of this work is to monitor the quality of a bleached kraft pulp mill effluent using filter-feeding molluscs. Transplanted mussels were collected seasonally and analyzed for copper, zinc, cadmium, lead, manganese, iron, dioxins, furans and pentachlorophenol. All of the concentrations in mussels were low even when the mill operated different process types and production, and also during maintenance shut-downs.
The disappearing fish: an understanding of sustainability among estuarine fishermen communities of Bragança, Pa
Authors: de Barros H.M. , Eskinazi-Leça E. , Paranaguá M.N.
Published: November 2008

A better understanding of the actual demands of local people with respect to the use of natural resources is one of the best practices to improve management and conservation action. As part of a broader long-term study, this paper is aimed at understanding the rationale underlying the relationship between estuarine communities and their adjacent environment. The conceptual framework addresses key aspects of the Amazonian and the estuarine reality which are: (i) the degree of inter-dependence between local activities and natural resources; (ii) the way local people understand the territorial and biological limitations of the natural environment; and (iii) their ability to deal with conservation issues.
Effects of copper addition to laboratory maintained microcosms of Presidente Calles Reservoir organisms (Aguascalientes, Mexico)
Authors: Rico-Martínez Roberto , Pérez-Legaspi Ignacio A. , Quintero-Díaz Gustavo E. , Rodríguez-Martínez Miriam G. , Hernández-Rodríguez Miguel A. , Zaragoza-Almaraz Juan E.
Published: November 2008

We studied the effects of five different concentrations of copper (0.05, 0.20, 0.45, and of 0.05 added continuously up to 0.45 mg l-1) in 30 l aquaria containing water and organisms from Presidente Calles reservoir, the biggest reservoir in the State of Aguascalientes, Mexico. Large reductions in zooplankton density, species diversity and total chlorophyll were found when we compared the different treatments against controls. Initial addition of a greater amount of copper has a more adverse effect than constant additions of small amounts of copper as suggested by smaller reductions in zooplankton density and chlorophyll. This result agrees with the previous reports on the effects of other metals in different aquatic microcosms. The most dramatic effect of copper addition on zooplankton density was found three days after copper addition. Lethal effects on cladocerans, copepods, and rotifers were found at a concentration of 0.45 mg l-1. These results are important for regulatory agencies in Mexico as there are only a few studies about effects of toxicants on Mexican aquatic ecosystems.
Habitat interdependence in coral reef ecosystems: a case study in a Mexican Caribbean reef
Authors: Díaz-Ruiz S. , Aguirre-León A. , Arias-González J.E.
Published: November 2008

The structural patterns and trophodynamics of the different fish species in the reef complex of Palancar-Chunchakaab, located in the South of Cozumel Island, Mexican Caribbean, were studied. A total of 166 species were identified for the whole reef complex. The analysis of 19,636 recorded and 2291 fish collected allowed the populations to be characterized in terms of diversity, distribution, abundance, dominant species and habitat-fish interactions. Using these parameters, three well defined reef-fish communities were described in relation to three zones: (1) Thalassia zone (THZ), (2) Lagoon (LA) and (3) Shelf-Edge Reef (SER). These communities included 64 species (39% of the total number) that were restricted to a single zone,. The remaining 61% consisted of migratory species that interacted between the defined zones (interdependence of habitat): (1) THZ–LA, (2) THZ–LA–SER, and (3) LA–SER. Diversity was highest in the rainy season in SER (H′ n = 3.3). Analysis of distribution and frequency of 42 of the recorded species revealed that for 25%, life cycle and THZ–SER were closely related. The remaining 75% were more associated with SER or THZ and they used these habitats for feeding, breeding and/or protection. In THZ, > 70% of the total number of species were juveniles; in LA, 40% were preadults–adults; and in SER 80% were adults. The obvious interdependence between habitats suggested a distinct use of the resources by means of migration patterns. By decreasing the order of importance, the major diet types can be ranked as follows: (1) type I carnivores, mainly active by day, preying on small organisms such as crustaceans, polychaetes, mollusks, echinoderms; (2) type II carnivores, nocturnal species consuming larger crustaceans and fish; (3) strict piscivores species; (4) herbivores species; (5) planktivores species; (6) omnivores species; and (7) sessile invertebrate browsers. With the exception of SER, 14%–44% of the type II invertebrate feeders were restricted to the three defined habitats. Of the migratory species, the large invertebrate feeders were the dominant group (21%–41%). The present study suggests that the variation of species diversity patterns and trophic structure are associated with sequential habitat use according to the life cycle. This type of study allowed us to compare the diversity and trophic community of reef fish of the same system and to recognize the energetic interdependence that exists between the habitats.
Fish farming in lakes and acceptable total phosphorus loads: Calibrations, simulations and predictions using the LEEDS model in Lake Southern Bullaren, Sweden
Authors: Håkanson L. , Carlsson L.
Published: November 2008

This work presents a dynamic model, Lake Eutrophication, Effect-Dose-Sensitivity (LEEDS), designed to predict how large a fish farm a lake could sustain without incurring eutrophication problems. Since the model included various time-dependent phosphorus cycling processes, the second goal was to estimate the relative importance of those processes. We studied the dimictic and mesotrophic Lake Southern Bullaren, Sweden for several reasons. The lake had a fish farm which produced between 70 and 500 tons of rainbow trout per year from 1980 to 1992 (the permit was for a maximum of 70 tons y−1). Rather severe blooms of Cyanophyceae occurred twice during the last six years of production.

Based on comprehensive water chemistry and biology data sets, the LEEDS model was calibrated at 14 specific points in order to yield reliable predictions for this lake. The dominating phosphorus loads were the fluxes from tributaries and the fish farm (assuming a production of 500 tons y−1), which accounted for about 70% and 25% of the total phosphorus load, respectively. The simulations suggested that about 50% of the annual deposition of phosphorus was resuspended, of which about 60% reached the productive surface waters. Further, the lake should have been able to sustain a fish farm producing about 500 tons of rainbow trout per year without sustaining marked ecosystem effects such as increased algal volume.

LEEDS includes all major fluxes for evaluations of fish farm emissions in temperate lakes. The relative importance of the various processes vary from lake to lake. Among internal fluxes, the largest uncertainty lies in the rate of total phosphorus sedimentation. All other internal fluxes (resuspension, diffusion, etc.) depend on this rate. By identifying the major fluxes in a given lake, one could also identify the major uncertainties of model predictions of target variables, e.g., lake total phosphorus concentration and maximum algal volume. A future improvement of this model would be the development of a general, validated sub-model for the rate of total phosphorus sedimentation as well as the development of a generic sub-model for the distribution coefficient (Kd), which regulates the amount of phosphorus in dissolved and suspended phases and hence the rate of phosphorus sedimentation.
Application of an index of biotic integrity for dunal, palustrine wetlands: emphasis on assessment of nonpoint source landfill effects on the Grand Calumet Lagoons
Authors: Simon T.P. , Stewart P.M.
Published: November 2008

Using a newly modified index of biotic integrity for assessing biological integrity of fish communities in dunal, palustrine wetlands, we assessed the non-point source influence of an industrial landfill on the Grand Calumet Lagoons. The landfill is primarily an iron and steel manufacturer’s slag waste. No sensitive species, hybrids, headwater species, and either few or no simple lithophilic spawning species were collected from any of the sites in the Grand Calumet Lagoons. Species catch-per-unit of effort varied significantly between reaches in the Middle Lagoon and the West Lagoon. The most disturbed areas were adjacent to the industrial landfill and along the southern shore near the outflow from the West Lagoon. Near- and far-field stations possessed similar numbers of species and relative abundance. The near-field stations showed an increase in tolerant species, a higher proportion of omnivores and carnivores, and a lower environmental quality rating of ‘poor–very poor’. The far-field sites were classified as having ‘fair’ biological integrity and showed an increase in relative abundance, proportion of sensitive species, and an increase in simple lithophils. The loss of biological integrity in the West Pond was not accurately predicted using the modified index of biotic integrity, even though it was rated as extremely degraded by the biological diversity indices. Fish communities were negatively impacted by proximity to the landfill.
Taller Chapala: an integrated academic approach to sustainable development
Authors: Ortega-Villaseñor Diana
Published: November 2008

We live in a time of simultaneous crises on different fronts and of upheaval and vertiginous changes without precedent in history. The paradigms that supported our vision of the world and our activities until a few years ago no longer work. Within this convulsive framework our academic experience is placed. Everything is in the process of transformation—including ourselves—thus, we have chosen to follow it with profound reflection.

It is not surprising to us why dehumanization and destruction of the natural environment are the key issues everywhere. The main cause of the crisis has to do with our fragmented approach to perceiving reality, that conceives ourselves as separated from the flow of life, which pervades what we do and how we deal with problems and the proposals to solve them.

In producing human settlements, we have ignored social, cultural and natural dimensions. Similarly, we have considered ourselves aside from the rationality that rules natural processes without admitting that human life is inextricably related to them.

Taller Chapala is an interdisciplinary project that seeks to propose, in the long run, strategies for designing and implementing a regional model of social sustainable development for Lake Chapala's local basin. It joins together the academic efforts of faculty and students of two universities: the Instituto Tecnologico y de Estudios Superiores de Occidente and the University of Guadalajara. Since the studies we have undertaken respond either to real problems or demands formulated to the academic team by social groups or government agencies, Taller Chapala integrates in a unique process, teaching, research and interaction with social players and institutions.
Phytotoxicity assessment of Lake Orta sediments
Authors: Beltrami M. , Rossi D. , Baudo R.
Published: November 2008

Seed germination and root elongation tests, as a common germination index, were used to evaluate contamination of liquid and solid phases of sediments of Lake Orta (Italy). Protocols for these tests were developed after a literature survey and an investigation of the proper conditions for the germination of commercially available seeds of Cucumis sativus (cucumber), Lactuca sativa (lettuce) and Lepidium sativum (watercress). The three plant species responded differently to three types of samples, overlying water, pore water and whole sediment. The most toxic responses occurred in tests on solid samples, where the germination indices were statistically significantly decreased.

Results from tests on sediment, pore water and overlying water indicated that liming treatment has reduced pollutant loading and has improved conditions at the water-sediment interface. However, even though superficial layers of sediments were usually less toxic than those deposited in pre-liming periods, the germination indices of both Cucumis sativus and Lepidium sativum were inhibited by the sediment material of the North Basin. Since only a few centimetres of less polluted sediments cover a large stock of toxicants, resuspension, backdiffusion and/or bioturbation by oligochaetes (burrowing into sediments to a depth of 10 cm) may return some toxicants to the water column. The results obtained with this technique proved to be easy and inexpensive.
Use of power analysis to develop detectable significance criteria for sea urchin toxicity tests
Authors: Carr R.S. , Biedenbach J.M.
Published: November 2008

When sufficient data are available, the statistical power of a test can be determined using power analysis procedures. The term “detectable significance” has been coined to refer to this criterion based on power analysis and past performance of a test. This power analysis procedure has been performed with sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata) fertilization and embryological development data from sediment porewater toxicity tests. Data from 3100 and 2295 tests for the fertilization and embryological development tests, respectively, were used to calculate the criteria and regression equations describing the power curves. Using Dunnett's test, a minimum significant difference (MSD) (β = 0.05) of 15.5% and 19% for the fertilization test, and 16.4% and 20.6% for the embryological development test, for α ≤ 0.05 and α ≤ 0.01, respectively, were determined. The use of this second criterion reduces type I (false positive) errors and helps to establish a critical level of difference based on the past performance of the test.
An integrated approach to sediment quality assessment: the Venetian lagoon as a case study
Authors: Volpi Ghirardini A. , Birkemeyer T. , Novelli A. Arizzi , Delaney E. , Pavoni B. , Ghetti P.F.
Published: November 2008

Recent research trends in sediment quality assessment have demonstrated the need for an integrated approach which combines chemical characterisation with biological effects evaluation, both in the laboratory (toxicity bioassays) and in situ (macrobenthic community structure investigations). The Sediment Quality Triad organises these three aspects of sediment quality assessment in a single approach, where each component is complementary to the others. Considering the lack of previous studies, this preliminary work aimed to verify the potential of an integrated approach in a complex ecosystem, the Venetian lagoon. Five sampling stations along a presumed quality gradient were chosen. The chemical analyses of heavy metals and organic pollutants have been compared with the results of the toxicity bioassays (Microtox® solid phase, saline extracts and pore water, and sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus sperm cell bioassay performed with saline extracts) and with the characterisation of the infaunal community structure. The results of this first application pointed out the complementarity of the three approaches and the ability of the integrated approach in discriminating different levels of environmental stress. Nevertheless, deeper investigations both on the response of the macrobenthic community to natural variability and on the environmental toxicity of several sulphur compounds (i.e. elemental sulphur) will be necessary.
Daytime micro-naps in a nocturnal migrant: an EEG analysis
Authors: Fuchs T , Maury D , Moore F.R , Bingman V.P
Published: November 2008

Many species of typically diurnal songbirds experience sleep loss during the migratory seasons owing to their nocturnal migrations. However, despite substantial loss of sleep, nocturnally migrating songbirds continue to function normally with no observable effect on their behaviour. It is unclear if and how avian migrants compensate for sleep loss. Recent behavioural evidence suggests that some species may compensate for lost night-time sleep with short, uni- and bilateral ‘micro-naps’ during the day. We provide electrophysiological evidence that short episodes of sleep-like daytime behaviour (approx. 12 s) are accompanied by sleep-like changes in brain activity in an avian migrant. Furthermore, we present evidence that part of this physiological brain response manifests itself as unihemispheric sleep, a state during which one brain hemisphere is asleep while the other hemisphere remains essentially awake. Episodes of daytime sleep may represent a potent adaptation to the challenges of avian migration and offer a plausible explanation for the resilience to sleep loss in nocturnal migrants.
Inhibition of type 1 diabetes in filaria‐infected non‐obese diabetic mice is associated with a T helper type 2 shift and induction of FoxP3+ regulatory T cells
Authors: Hübner Marc P. , Thomas Stocker J. , Mitre Edward
Published: November 2008

We sought to determine whether Litomosoides sigmodontis, a filarial infection of rodents, protects against type 1 diabetes in non‐obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Six‐week‐old NOD mice were sham‐infected or infected with either L3 larvae, adult male worms, or adult female worms. Whereas 82% of uninfected NOD mice developed diabetes by 25 weeks of age, no L. sigmodontis‐infected mice developed disease. Although all mice had evidence of ongoing islet cell inflammation by histology, L. sigmodontis‐infected mice had greater numbers of total islets and non‐infiltrated islets than control mice. Protection against diabetes was associated with a T helper type 2 (Th2) shift, as interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) and IL‐5 release from α‐CD3/α‐CD28‐stimulated splenocytes was greater in L. sigmodontis‐infected mice than in uninfected mice. Increased circulating levels of insulin‐specific immunoglobulin G1, showed that this Th2 shift occurs in response to one of the main autoantigens in diabetes. Multicolour flow cytometry studies demonstrated that protection against diabetes in L. sigmodontis‐infected NOD mice was associated with significantly increased numbers of splenic CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. Interestingly, injection of crude worm antigen into NOD mice also resulted in protection against type 1 diabetes, though to a lesser degree than infection with live L. sigmodontis worms. In conclusion, these studies demonstrate that filarial worms can protect against the onset of type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. This protection is associated with a Th2 shift, as demonstrated by cytokine and antibody production, and with an increase in CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells.
BASKISCH‐LAKKISCHE SYNTAKTISCHE ÜBEREINSTIMMUNGEN
Authors: Bouda Karl
Published: November 2008

Comptes rendus
HISTORICAL EVIDENCE ON SPEAKERS‘ MORPHEMIC ANALYSIS OF NOUN DECLENSIONS
Authors: Wheeler Cathy J.
Published: November 2008

There is a type of analogical change called ending transfer, the analogical extension of an ending from one noun declension to another within a language. There are two types of ending transfer: one is the transfer of a case ending only, the other is the transfer of an apparent stem formative along with the case ending. Evidence of various kinds suggests that both types are actually transfers of case endings only. Thus, ending transfer evidence reveals whether or not speakers have posited a stem formative morpheme in certain declensions. Inferences can be drawn from this information about what kinds of language data determine speakers' morphological analyses. The findings are that speakers are influenced by declension‐internal data only, namely, the degree to which phonetic material following the root recurs in the case/number forms of the declension, and the number of alternants a hypothetical stem formative has within the declension. Declension external data such as case endings from other declensions and facts about word formation play no role. These findings provide additional support for a hypothesis drawn from other research that one factor influencing morpheme abstraction is recurrence of phonetic material in similar words, whether or not such material has a clearly assignable meaning.

In this paper, some evidence will be presented from language change data on how speakers abstract and segment stem formatives and case endings in noun declensions, and on what aspects of language data such analyses are based. This study is intended both to contribute to our knowledge about psychologically real morphological analyses of inflected nouns, and to furnish evidence that is useful in developing a theory of psychologically real morphology.

The first section consists of a presentation of the possibilities which speakers theoretically have for segmenting noun declensions into morphemes. The following section is a set of arguments that a certain type of analogical change which I call ending transfer provides evidence on how speakers have segmented inflected forms of nouns. The final two sections of this paper present conclusions about what aspects of language data contribute to speakers' morphological analyses of noun declensions, and relate these conclusions to other research on morphology, to the theory of generative phonology, and to a new theory of morphology.
PRINCIPLES FOR CLASSIFICATION OF VOICE FORMS IN KARTVELIAN LANGUAGES
Authors: Jorbenadze Besarion A.
Published: November 2008

Voice is the main classificatory morphological category in the Kartvelian languages. Morphological patterns of verbs, types of conjugation, as well as syntactical constructions, are differentiated according to voice. In this respect, all the Kartvelian languages follow an essentially identical principle. Any deviation from this general principle constitutes a dialectal innovation, arising mainly on the basis of unification. The relative abundance of dialectal variants should be explained by the fact that in various dialects different forms undergo unification.