bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigating the impact of extreme precipitation induced urban flooding on road network disruption
Authors: Dave Raviraj , Bhatia Udit
Published: February 2023

Flooding is among the most prevalent natural hazards worldwide, with increasing frequency and devastating impact. Urban floods are severe in Indian cities due to the culmination of changing climate, rapid urbanization, and intensive population growth. Transport infrastructure such as roads underpins economic activity enabling goods and human mobility. Evaluating the response against urban flooding is critical as disruption of the road system can result in cascading effects. The recent advancements in assessing the direct impact of urban flooding on road infrastructure are well explored. However, we lack a systematic approach to model and evaluate the direct, intangible, and indirect effects of extreme precipitation-induced urban flooding on road infrastructure systems in urban areas with unplanned drainage systems. Here in this study, we model the interaction between urban flooding and road transportation systems by integrating a hydrodynamic model with a network science approach for the coastal city of Kozhikode, India. We evaluated the response of the combined sewer drainage system against extreme precipitation events through the 1D-2D coupled flood model. While also identifying the resulting flood inundation characteristics- extent, propagation, and depth. Flood modeling results indicate the inundated roads and functionality loss of the road system for extreme precipitation events. Our initial assessment highlights that highly localized road network submergence due to flood inundation has a widespread and prolonged disruption in the system. The integrated framework and network functionality measures could help in future resilience assessment and in devising effective planning strategies for hazard mitigation in urban areas.
Trade-driven relocation of Greenhouse gas emission in India
Authors: Goyal Shekhar , Bhatia Udit
Published: February 2023

The green revolution enhances crop yield, significantly contributing to many low-income countries' socio-economic development. However, increasing crop yields might raise crop residue burning, leading to adverse human health and environmental consequences. Recent studies show that international trade affects the global distribution of Agricultural Greenhouse Gas (AGHG) emissions, air pollution, and public health. Domestic Interstate Trade (DIT) has similar effects on AGHG within the country but has yet to be comprehensively investigated. Large-scale open burning of crop residue further contributes to severe haze pollution in Indian cities, affecting national climate goals. Given the critical importance of food security, further reducing AGHG remains challenging. While there has been an increasing focus on AGHG, limited attention has been paid to its consumption-based drivers. We found that DIT exacerbates the health burdens of air pollution in Indian states based on regional wind patterns. Here, by tracing the consumption-based accounting of emissions, we evaluated the consequences of agricultural DIT on the emission potential of India. Our preliminary results show that though residual crop burning pollutes nearby regions, it is driven by consumption-based demands. These results suggest that DIT structure readjustment according to emission losses is needed for India while targeting trade intensification strategies. Our findings are relevant to national efforts to reduce emission losses in India.  
Landslide forecasting in the Eastern Himalayas by Fracture Induced Electromagnetic Radiation (FEMR) Technique
Authors: Das Dip , Mallik Jyotirmoy
Published: February 2023

The Himalayas being an actively deforming terrain with steep hillslopes and significant rainfall is highly susceptible to landslide hazards. The fractured nature of the rocks, steep river bank and moderate to steep road cut-slope provide added risk to the slope failure vulnerability.  Landslides are generally triggered after substantial downpours during monsoon resulting in significant economic loss and casualties. Thus, an Early Warning System (EWS) is an absolute necessity. Our study explores the potential of geogenic Fracture Induced Electromagnetic Radiation (FEMR) technique for landslide forecasting. The FEMR technique is getting increasingly popular amongst geoscientists due to its ability to determine the zones of enhanced stress accumulation enabling it to be an effective precursor to a mass failure episode. This method is cost-effective and quick compared to other conventional rock mechanical studies. In the Eastern Himalayas, slopes get reactivated causing recurrent landslide episodes. The slope failure is generally guided by tensile rapture followed by shear sliding (TRSS) mechanism.  We acquired high-resolution FEMR linear profiles along the landslide planes with a portable instrument called ANGEL-M. Additionally, soil strength tests and numerical modelling were carried out to complement FEMR results. We concluded that the most severe deep landslides could be correlated to very high FEMR amplitudes whereas very low FEMR amplitude often corresponds to a lack of failure. Moderate FEMR amplitudes, however, are related to shallow-intermediate landslide occurrences. We further recommend that the FEMR technique can be utilized by moderately skilled surveyors from local municipalities as a pre-monsoon landslide forecasting methodology and mitigation strategies can be planned in advance.
Kelvin Waves and Tropical Cyclogenesis: Connections to Convection and Moisture
Authors: Lawton Quinton , Majumdar Sharanya
Published: February 2023

In recent years, research has illuminated a distinct relationship between Convectively Coupled Kelvin Waves (CCKWs) and tropical cyclone (TC) formation. In basins that support TCs, there is a pronounced increase in the number of TC genesis events 1-3 days following the passage of a CCKW’s convectively-active phase. It has been hypothesized that this lagged relationship could be the result of the modification of environmental and kinematic factors by the CCKW. However, little work has been done to try to connect these environmental changes to the processes involved in TC genesis. Observational and modeling studies alike have indicated that the development of TCs may be intimately tied to convective-radiative feedbacks and pre-moistening of the atmosphere. How might CCKWs be impacting these processes?To investigate this, we leverage a 39-year database of African Easterly Waves (AEWs) and associated TC genesis events in the Atlantic Ocean basin from 1981 to 2019. Environmental composites of ERA5 reanalysis and satellite data show an increase in column specific humidity and convective coverage beginning two days prior to TC genesis. This supports previous hypotheses of AEW trough preconditioning. A moist static energy (MSE) variance budget surrounding AEWs is also calculated. This analysis indicates that the dominant source of MSE variance during TC genesis – a proxy for convective aggregation – are longwave-radiative feedbacks, further solidifying the role of convection-related feedbacks in TC development.Environmental fields around developing AEWs are then composited relative to passing CCKWs. Convectively-active CCKWs temporarily promote an increase in convection, specific humidity, and relative vorticity around AEWs. AEW-CCKW passages are shown to be quite common, with 76% of all developing AEWs passing at least one CCKW in their lifetime. We also compare AEW-CCKW passages that result in TC genesis versus those that do not. The primary discriminator between these two outcomes appears to be convective coverage and diabatic heating at the time of CCKW passage. There is also a pronounced increase in the longwave-radiative feedback term following the CCKW passage for cases that result in TC genesis.While it is hard to separate the simultaneous effects of a multi-day TC genesis process from that of passing CCKWs, this analysis provides at least circumstantial evidence that CCKW-related modifications to convection and humidity could play an indirect role in preconditioning the AEW and a direct role in strengthening radiative-convective feedbacks. These results also motivate investigation of AEW-CCKW interactions in numerical simulations, which may be more suited to investigate cross-scale interactions and better determine causality.
Synergizing Machine Learning with Conceptual Model for Daily Reservoir Storage Predictions in the Data-scarce catchments
Authors: Bhasme Pravin , Bhatia Udit
Published: February 2023

Reservoirs play a crucial role in water resources management. However, quantifying reservoir storage prediction is challenging, especially when reservoir inflow data is unavailable. In recent years, Machine Learning (ML) models have shown their successful application in hydrological predictions, although these models are criticized for their inability to follow physical constraints. On the other hand, conceptual models are applied widely in various hydrological studies due to their simplistic structure yet inclusive of various hydrological processes. However, these conceptual models show limited predictive skills. Thus, synergizing domain knowledge from a conceptual model with the predictive ability of the ML model can help for better physical consistent outputs. We developed the Physics Informed Machine Learning (PIML) model for reservoir storage predictions. This model combines the predictability of Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) with domain understanding of the conceptual (SIMHYD) model. The applicability of the PIML model is demonstrated on two United States reservoirs where reservoir inflow data is unavailable. Our results show that the PIML model outperforms the SIMHYD model in the reservoir storage predictions while being mindful that reservoir storage will not be more than the maximum storage capacity. This study may be helpful in better-informed reservoir operation in the data-scarce catchments.
Response of the atmospheric boundary layer to cold pools of thunderstorms at rural location, Gadanki
Authors: Gogoi Donali , Rao T.Narayana
Published: February 2023

The thunderstorms produce cold pools that spread horizontally few kms from the location of cumulonimbus clouds. They are often seen during the noon-evening period. The atmosphere and several surface meteorological parameters show a sudden change during the passage of these cold pools. An earlier study has noted that 85% of gust events observed at Gadanki, India are associated with these cold pools (and thunderstorms). Cold Pools are mainly found to occur in the months of April, May and June during 11 years’ time from 2010 -2021 over Gadanki. A total of 84 cases of cold pools were seen during this period with highest number of cold pools occurring in the noon-evening time 3 pm- 4 pm, followed by the time intervals of 2 pm- 3 pm and 4 pm- 5 pm. The atmospheric variables (temperature, wind speed, pressure and humidity) are used to determine the onset of a cold pool using meteorological tower data. It is interesting to note that we have observed cold pools with heavy rainfall and cold pool events with drastic changes in all these parameters but no rainfall. Wind profiler data shall provide a better understanding of these cold pools.
What to watch out for when assimilating ice-cores as regional SMB proxies?
Authors: Cavitte Marie G. P. , Goosse Hugues , Matsuoka Kenichi , Wauthy Sarah , Dey Rahul , Goel Vikram , Tison Jean-Louis , Van Liefferinge Brice , Meloth Thamban
Published: February 2023

Ice cores remain the highest resolution proxy for measuring past surface mass balance (SMB) that can be used for model-data comparison. However, there is a clear difference in the spatial resolution of the ice cores, with a surface sample on the order of cm2, and the spatial resolution of models, with at best a surface footprint on the order of a few km2. Comparing ice core SMB records and model SMB outputs directly is therefore not a one-to-one comparison. In addition, it is well known that ice cores, as point measurements, sample very local SMB conditions which can be affected by local wind redistribution of the SMB at the surface.We set out to answer the question: how representative are ice-cores of regional SMB? For this, we use several ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveys in East Antarctica, which have co-located ice core drill sites. Most of our sites share a relatively similar climatology, as they are all coastal ice promontories/rises along the Dronning Maud Land coast, with the exception of the Dome Fuji survey on the high plateau in the interior of the continent.We will show that the comparison of the SMB signals of the GPR and the ice core records allows us to estimate the spatial footprint of the ice cores, and that this spatial footprint varies widely from site to site. We will provide a summary of the spatial and temporal characteristics for each location.
Preliminary results of paleomagnetism of Late Cretaceous volcanic and sedimentary rocks in the Eastern Pontides
Authors: Algur Bahadırhan Sefa , Kayın Sercan , Dokuz Abdurrahman , İşseven Turgay , Hisarlı Z. Mümtaz
Published: February 2023

Geological evolution of Turkey includes several orogenic periods such as Alpine, Pan-African/ Cadomian, Variscan and Cimmerian and the region was formed as a result of the combination of many tectonostratigraphic units with tectonically different geological origins. Turkey is divided into four units as Pontides, Anatolides, Taurides and Flank Folds Belts. Among these tectonic units, the Pontides, which are in the north, are divided into three different regions as "Western Pontides", "Central Pontides" and "Eastern Pontides".To determine tectonic evolution (rotational and latitudinal movements) of Eastern Pontides during the Late Cretaceous period, oriented paleomagnetic core samples were collected 16 sites from volcanics and 19 sites from sedimentary rocks. A total of 449 oriented paleomagnetic core samples were collected a total of 35 paleomagnetic sites in 5 provinces and districts, including Trabzon, Gümüşhane, Erzincan, Giresun and Bayburt. The preliminary results obtained from this study show that there were latitudinal and rotational movements in the Late Cretaceous, and accordingly, this period may have been tectonically active for the study area.
Impact-based seasonal rainfall forecasting to trigger early action for droughts
Authors: Busker Tim , de Moel Hans , van den Hurk Bart , C.J.H. Aerts Jeroen
Published: February 2023

The Horn of Africa faces an ongoing multi-year drought due to five consecutive failed rainy seasons, a novel climatic event with unpreceded impacts. Over 50 million individuals in the region are expected to be highly food insecure by the end of 2022 and early 2023. The severity of these drought impacts call for the urgent upscaling and optimisation of early warning systems that trigger early actions. However, drought research focuses mainly on meteorological and hydrological forecasting, while early action is seldom addressed specifically. This leads to a gap between early warning and early action, which heavily reduces the effectiveness of these systems.To address this gap, this study investigates the effectiveness of early action for droughts by using seasonal ensemble forecasts from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) SEAS5 system, predicting rainfall for the March-April-May (MAM) and October-November-December (OND) rainy seasons. We show that these seasonal rainfall forecasts reflect major on-the-ground impacts, which we identify from 9 years of monthly drought surveillance data from 21 counties in Kenya. Subsequently, we show that the SEAS5 drought forecasts with short lead times have substantial potential economic value (PEV) when used to trigger action before the OND season across the region (PEV max = 0.43). Increasing lead time to one or two months ahead of the season decreases PEV, but the benefits of early action still persist (PEV max = 0.2). Highest value for early action is found for the OND season in Kenya and Somalia, with excellent PEV max  of around 0.8 in Somalia. This indicates exceptional potential for early action to reduce impacts in this drought-prone country. The potential for early action is relatively low for the MAM season across the region, due to the season’s lower predictability. To illustrate the practical value of this research, we showcase how our methodology can be used by a pastoralist in the Kenyan drylands to effectively trigger livestock destocking ahead of a drought using SEAS5 forecasts.These results are making headway to the development of concrete early action triggers for drought-prone regions, which are urgently needed to translate early warning to early action for droughts. It also emphasizes the need to expand historical datasets of drought impacts and early actions to support future research and policy development. Therefore, this work supports early decision-making and the development of early action protocols across the different countries in the Horn of Africa.
Earthquake geology for fault displacement hazard analysis of normal faults, a case study from the Upper Tiber Valley (Northern Apennines, Italy).
Authors: testa alessio , Boncio Paolo , Baize Stephane , Mirabella Francesco , Pucci Stefano , Pauselli Cristina , Ercoli Maurizio , Pace Bruno , Benedetti Lucilla
Published: February 2023

Fault displacement can be a source of hazard for critical infrastructures located in the nearby of a capable fault.  This issue is usually addressed with zonation and avoidance strategies, but sometime the facilities have not this option. An alternative approach to assess likelihood of exceeding a certain level of displacement for pre-existing infrastructures is the Probabilistic Fault Displacement Hazard Analysis. Different empirical approaches have been proposed since the early 2000s to assess the probability of occurrence and the probability of exceedance of certain values of displacement, for both Primary and Distributed faulting, starting from the fault parameters.             We propose the methodological approach used to gain the needed parameters and the results of the PFDHA applied to the Anghiari Fault, a poorly constrained NE-dipping segmented normal fault located in the Upper Tiber Valley (Italy) and belonging to the well-known Altotiberina low-angle normal fault system.In order to constrain the fault geometry and to select sites suitable for paleoseismologic trenching we performed geological survey, morphotectonic analysis and geophysical investigations. To assess the capability of the fault and its rate of activity we carried out a paleoseimic campaign, investigating several segments of the Anghiari fault. To obtain a multiscale evaluation of the fault slip rate, we collected samples to date paleosurfaces displaced by the fault with the cosmogenic nuclides methodology.            At the end we performed the PFDHA obtaining curves and maps of hazard for both primary and distributed faulting, managing the uncertainties through various rupture scenario involving different fault segment.
Effects of deep lithospheric processes and lateral crustal heterogeneity on the 3D evolution of foreland basins
Authors: Maiti Giridas , Balázs Attila , Eskens Lucas , Gerya Taras , Koptev Alexander , Andrić-Tomašević Nevena
Published: February 2023

Foreland basins develop in front of growing mountain belts due to the flexure of the downgoing plate in response to forces from slab pull and a topographic load. Many foreland basins worldwide show along-strike variable basin subsidence and architecture. Various factors such as lateral variations in slab pull, rheology and stress transfer, topographic loading of the adjacent mountain belt, presence of lateral crustal heterogeneity, slab breakoff, and its lateral tearing propagation have been suggested as drivers. However, the quantification of these factors is still lacking.In this contribution, we study the effects of slab break-off and tearing on the along-strike variations in foreland basin subsidence and deposition in a collisional setting. We also consider the heterogeneities of the lower plate continental margin by taking into account the presence of a microcontinent (i.e. Brianconnais high), being formed during a preceding extensional phase. To do so, we use 3D thermo-mechanical numerical models coupled with surface processes, such as sedimentation and erosion to investigate the effects of the following parameters on the foreland basin evolution: (1) convergence velocity, (2) age of the subducting oceanic lithosphere, (3) length of the subducting slab, (4) continental margin obliquity relative to the trench, and (5) presence of pre-existing rigid blocks in the downgoing plate.Our preliminary results show that younger age of the subducting oceanic slab (≤ 50 Ma) facilitate slab breakoff and basin uplift during continent-continent collision. On the other hand, the higher margin obliquity (≥ 15° ) causes a delay in the propagation of slab breakoff along the strike, i.e. lateral tearing. This process leads to diachronous basin subsidence and uplift along the strike. Finally, we discuss the implications of our results on the 3D evolution of the Northern Alpine Foreland Basin where slab breakoff and subsequent lateral tearing have been proposed as a probable controlling factor leading to the along-strike variations of the sedimentary basin architecture.  
Using neural networks and high-resolution simulations to improve mesoscale eddy representation in ocean models
Authors: Juhrbandt Rajka , Juricke Stephan , Jung Thomas , Zaspel Peter
Published: February 2023

Climate models are one of the most useful tools for predicting future climate states, which has become more important than ever in the ongoing climate crisis. However, due to their spatial and temporal resolutions, which are constrained by computing power and resources, climate models are not able to represent all processes in the ocean and atmosphere. Therefore, modelers need to estimate the effects unresolved processes have on the resolved processes.One such structure is turbulent mesoscale eddies in the ocean. It is known from observations that eddies carry a large amount of kinetic energy and play a significant role in transport of tracers such as temperature and salinity as well as in heat uptake from the atmosphere. Therefore, it is crucial that eddies and their effects on the processes mentioned above are represented accurately in climate models.To better estimate these effects in low-resolution simulations, high-resolution simulations can be used to constrain the parameters necessary for the estimates. However, tuning these parameters can be subjective and time-consuming. In this project, Machine Learning (ML) methods will be used to facilitate and speed up this process.In my PhD project, high-resolution data from the FESOM2 ocean model will be used. At low resolution, which is insufficient to represent eddies, FESOM2 estimates the effects of the missing eddies using the Gent-McWilliams (GM) parameterization containing a GM coefficient. With the help of Bayesian Neural Networks, a framework will be developed to calculate a predictor for this parameterization as well as its variability. Using this framework, maps of the GM coefficient for multiple setups with increasing complexity and data volume will be created. The presentation includes a project outline as well as preliminary results.
Dynamics of mercury in a tropical estuarine system during dry season
Authors: Jayachandran Saranya , Chakraborty Parthasarathi
Published: February 2023

Understanding mercury (Hg) dynamics in an estuarine system is vital because of its potential toxicity to the ecosystem. India is the second largest producer of atmospheric Hg, and the dynamics of Hg are poorly understood in tropical estuarine systems. This study describes the distribution, speciation and mobility of Hg in a monsoon-fed tropical estuarine system in India (Mandovi estuary, East coast of India) during dry period (November-March) when the pollutants stay for a long time within the estuary due to negligible river discharge.This study presents the impact of changing physicochemical parameters of water column (such as pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity) and sediment [such as texture, sedimentary organic matter (SOM), molar carbon to nitrogen ratio and chemical characterisation of SOM] on distribution and speciation of Hg in the surface sediments,  porewater and water column along the length of the estuary (from upstream to downstream). There was a significant increase in concentration of sedimentary methylmercury (MeHg)(a neurotoxin) with an increase in total sedimentary Hg concentration in the estuary. However, concentration of sedimentary MeHg was found to decrease with increasing concentration of SOM depend on the nature of SOM. Results from an equilibrium-based model (Visual MinteQ) showed that a significant concentration of Hg was associated with type-II fulvic acid, and reduction of Hg(II) was more in presence of type-II humic acid.This study showes that the reduction and methylation process of Hg control Hg distribution in the study area, and estuarine sediment is one of the primary sources of dissolved Hg in the water column.
Global Analysis of lithosphere-asthenosphere dynamics using a revised plate cooling model
Authors: Holdt Megan , White Nicky , Richards Fred
Published: February 2023

A global understanding of the evolution of oceanic lithosphere yields key insights about lithosphere-asthenosphere interaction. An important starting point is that age-depth and heatflow measurements provide the fundamental constraints for progressive cooling of oceanic lithosphere. When jointly inverting these measurements to identify an optimal plate model, the robustness of the result is predicated upon their quality, number and global distribution. Here, we exploit a revised and extensively augmented database of accurate age-depth measurements (n = 10,874) and a published database of heatflow measurements (n = 3,753). These databases are jointly modelled using both analytical and numerical methodologies to obtain a plate model, which has an average asthenospheric temperature of 1325±50oC and a lithospheric thickness of 105±10 km. These recovered values agree with independent geochemical and seismic constraints of mantle potential temperature and lithospheric thickness. This revised plate cooling model is used to improve our understanding of lithosphere-asthenosphere interaction.  First, we use plate cooling to measure residual depth anomalies, which are a reliable proxy for mantle dynamic topography. Our results demonstrate that dynamic topography varies on wavelengths as short as 1000 km with amplitudes of ±1 km. Secondly, we combine plate cooling with the depth distribution of oceanic intraplate earthquakes to identify the isothermal surface above which brittle elastic behaviour occurs. Finally, we demonstrate that age-depth and heatflow measurements exhibit a sustained flattening from ~60 Ma, suggesting that resupply of heat from the asthenosphere is an essential component of the lithosphere-asthenosphere system. Our database of accurate residual depth measurements is used to explore links between mantle dynamics, asthenospheric temperature anomalies extracted from earthquake tomographic models, and basaltic melting. 
Variability and predictability of surface chlorophyll in the Atlantic upwelling systems
Authors: Calvo Miguélez Elena , Rodríguez-Fonseca Belén , Gómara Iñigo
Published: February 2023

Chlorophyll-a surface concentration is partially determined by environmental conditions and its variability, as the highest concentrations are generally found in wind-driven oceanic upwelling regions. These wind regimes that affect upwelling strength can be determined by local and remote drivers, such as sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly patterns (e.g., Pacific and Atlantic Niños/Niñas) that trigger tropical basin interactions.By performing a Maximum Covariance Analysis (MCA) between chlorophyll-a concentration from Copernicus Satellite data and SST anomalies from OISST (January 1998-December 2019), we here identify the individual SST patterns and the associated atmospheric responses that lead to an increase in chlorophyll concentration in two regions of the tropical Atlantic: the Senegalese coast and the equator during their seasonal maxima (February to May and June to September, respectively). The present study shows how an Atlantic El Niño is capable of promoting a Pacific La Niña, whose atmospheric response affects either the tropical north Atlantic and the equatorial Atlantic, producing an SST cooling in early spring in the former and in summer in the latter, both related to an increase of chlorophyll concentration.A cross-validated hindcast based on Maximum Covariance Analysis (MCA) is used to assess chlorophyll predictability through these individual SST variability modes.Key words: chlorophyll-a concentration, SSTs, atmospheric responses, statistical prediction.
Geostatistical study of Italian submarine landslides
Authors: Bianchini Marco , Markezic Nora , Casalbore Daniele , Spatola Daniele , Ceramicola Silvia , Chiocci Francesco Latino
Published: February 2023

Submarine landslides are very large events occurring across both active and passive continental margin. They are sediment transport processes caused by submarine slope’s instability and the result of both internal structure changes and external dynamic conditions. The genesis and evolution of slope failure is controlled by different geological factors which may be considered as predisposing factors (e.g., seafloor morphology, lithology, type of sediment, presence of fluid or weak layers) and triggering factors (e.g., earthquakes).The Italian continental margins provide an excellent playfield to study submarine landslides because they have been identified and mapped in different morpho-tectonic and sedimentary contexts (e.g., accretionary prism, volcanic edifices, foredeep continental slope, upper slope in front of large deltas…). Between the 2007 and 2013, in the framework of MaGIC project funded by the Italian Civil Protection (DPC) a detailed mapping program of seafloor morphologies and features including landslides was carried out. The morphological features identified during the Magic Project will be used as a base to create a geodatabase of the Italian submarine landslides. This will include a careful reclassification of the different features, extraction of morphometric parameters and identification of triggering and preconditioning factors for the different case studies.  This work has been funded by  PNRR GEOSCIENCES IR project, and aim at use statistical methods to better classify the landslides that are relate than to different geological settings, and constrain the relation between different parameters and the triggers. When a relation will be established, we may build a step towards a better geohazard assessment, and may be define the likelihood of submarine landslide occurrences across the Italian Continental Margins, even in the areas when the landslides did not occurred yet. In fact, landslide hazard assessment requires the estimation of where, when (or how frequently) and how large a given landslide event may be. In marine realm this is very difficult because the cost of direct analysis is higher than in the subaerial counterpart. Therefore, a geostatistical approach on very large number of features could probably be the most realistic approach to the problem.
Multitemporal analysis of hydropeaking and surface water-groundwater interaction at regional scale
Authors: Basilio Hazas Mónica , Chiogna Gabriele
Published: February 2023

The management of hydropower plants affects the discharge of the rivers at multiple temporal scales, including daily, weekly and yearly signals, which in turn propagate into the aquifer. In this work, we apply wavelet analysis techniques to study how the weekly signal affects the groundwater table in an Alpine valley in the north of Italy. The valley is traversed by four reaches differently affected by hydropeaking. In our study, we prepared a transient model of the aquifer during two different hydrological years: 2009/10 and 2016/17, the second characterized by lower precipitation. We analyze both the river and the groundwater heads using continuous wavelet analysis and wavelet coherence analysis. Results show that hydropeaking displays a stronger weekly signal during drought conditions, not only in the river fluctuations but also in the groundwater heads and the exchanged water between the rivers and the aquifer. In addition, maps based on the weekly signal reveal that despite the stronger impact during the drought conditions, the area of the aquifer affected by hydropeaking is similar in the two compared years.
National Scale Soil Erosion and Sediment Yield Assessment over India
Authors: Raj Ravi , Saharia Manabendra , Chakma Sumedha
Published: February 2023

Soil erosion has always been a threat to the environment and agricultural practices throughout the world. For a country like India, where agriculture contributes primarily to its economy, it becomes a major problem. Identifying these vulnerable regions and planning for mitigation is crucial for sustainable soil resource management. For this, mapping or modeling soil erosion at a national scale is required to understand the variability of soil losses throughout the country. Performing field-based experiments to estimate soil losses over a large country is always expensive and tedious. Revised Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), an empirical model, has been more prominent worldwide due to its simplicity and less forcing data requirements. In this study, average annual Potential Soil Erosion (PSE) was estimated over India using IRED (Indian Rainfall Erosivity Dataset), ISED (Indian Soil Erodibility Dataset), SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission), DEM (Digital Elevation Model), and LULC (Land-use/Land-cover) obtained from NRSC (National Remote Sensing Institute) India. PSE was further analyzed using LULC categories and soil types to visualize the impact of soil erosion in each class. As erosion significantly affected agricultural activities, financial losses over the nation were also estimated, considering the severity of soil erosion. Further, Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR) and Specific Sediment Yield (SSY) were also mapped over the national boundary to visualize the actual soil displacement at a grid scale of 250 m. Using the SSY map, the incoming sediment load to reservoirs/dams/lakes was also estimated considering its watershed areas. This study will be helpful for the experts in the field of sustainable soil resources management for planning mitigation measurements against soil losses in India.Keywords: Soil Erosion, Sediment Yield, Sediment Delivery Ratio, India, RUSLE, LULC
Coastal Hazards and the Challenges for Planning Fishing Communities in the Philippines
Authors: Castro Annlouise Genevieve , Magnaye Dina
Published: February 2023

The Philippines has one of the longest coastlines in the world, spanning 36,289 kilometers in its over 7,100 islands. Of that length, around 60 kilometers is inhabited by fishing communities whose socio-economic activities depend primarily on the coastal areas. Over two million registered fishing communities engage in the fishery and other aquaculture-related activities. The country's fishing industry continues to contribute positively to the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). With its rich biodiversity, the Philippines produced around 1.21 MT of fisheries products from commercial and municipal fishing and aquaculture activities, amounting to PhP92.59 billion in the second quarter of 2022. Despite the significant contribution of the fishing industry to the country’s economic growth, the fishing communities that form the very backbone of industry are considered part of the vulnerable population. With the country plagued by an average of 20 typhoons annually and roughly 8 or 9 making landfall, fishing communities are perpetually displaced, and their livelihood disrupted. This, alongside unsustainable coastal development practices in the fishing sector, has aggravated the growing problem. Through a comprehensive review of literature, the study will assess the vulnerability of fishing communities to coastal hazards and recommend development planning interventions to increase their resilience. Key words: coastal hazards, fishing community, planning, livelihood, sustainability  
Experimental and Numerical Study at Parallel Open Channels Confluence
Authors: Ansari Mohd Faisal , Ahmad Zulfequar
Published: February 2023

Flow near the confluence of two channels is complex and need investigation. The ratio of momentum of flow in the channels and confluent angle are important parameters affecting the flow structures and development of the mixing layers downstream of the confluence. Numerical modelling constitutes an essential tool for studying these complex flow phenomena. The main objective of this study is to investigate flow structure for different momentum in the channels. To achieve this, a Computational Fluid Dynamics model of the parallel open channel confluence was simulated with the help of ANSYS FLUENT and validated with an experimental study. 3D velocities were measured in the confluence region using Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry (ADV). These velocities were compared with the velocities obtained numerically and found to be in good agreement. Transverse development of the turbulent mixing layers in the post confluence region was affected by transverse distribution of the streamwise velocity.
Determining Soil Microbial Activity Based on Soil Moisture and Average Functions
Authors: Perez Rojas Yulissa , Ghezzehei Teamrat
Published: February 2023

Soil moisture plays a crucial role in terrestrial carbon cycles. In fact, soil microorganisms contribute to 99% of the soil’s aerobic respiration. Thus, the spatial and temporal variability of soil moisture is essential to microbial activity and carbon fluxes. However, the fundamental relationships between soil moisture and microbial activity are poorly understood due to complex non-linear interactions. This study aims to elucidate the role of infrequent wetting events on soil carbon fluxes. We synthesized soil moisture data from long-term monitoring stations and calculated the soil moisture probability functions. Moreover, we determined the sensitivity of soil microbial respiration to local soil moisture conditions using soil profile records. Preliminary results suggest that microbial activity is disproportionately influenced by rare occurrences of wetting events to create optimal soil moisture conditions. Furthermore, our results suggest that the mean soil moisture is not always a good predictor of the mean respiration rate. This research provides a novel avenue for synthesizing how microbial respiration varies across landscapes and climates. In addition, this research utilizes available long-term data to highlight interannual dynamics, the transient dynamics between seasons, and climate variables that influence soil microbial activity. 
A new magnetosphere-ionosphere current system on Mars
Authors: Gao Jiawei , Rong Zhaojin , Wei Yong , Lu Haoyu
Published: February 2023

Using magnetic field data collected by Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN), we investigated the external magnetic field distribution over low crustal field regions in the Martian ionosphere. Both draping and looping magnetic field are observed in the Martian dayside and nightside ionosphere at attitude range 150-600 altitude. Draping magnetic field is formed by the draped interplanetary magnetic field around the ionosphere obstacle, which is formed by the well-known induced magnetosphere current system. Looping magnetic field, observed in both ionosphere and magnetosphere, indicates a new current system coupling the ionosphere and magnetosphere. This new current system, different with the induced magnetosphere current system, has sunward component in the magnetosphere, and tailward component in the low altitude ionosphere. This current system is validated by both MAVEN observation and a global multi-fluid magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation, which is most likely a universal phenomenon for a non-magnetized planetary with ionospheres interacted with high-speed solar wind.
Recruitment of early career scientists for hydrological modelling positions: implications for model progress
Authors: Melsen Lieke
Published: February 2023

Hydrological models play a key role in contemporary hydrological scientific research. For this study, 400+ scientific hydrological vacancies were analyzed, to evaluate whether the job description already prescribed which model must be used, and whether experience with a specific model was an asset. Of the analysed job positions, 76%  involved at least some modelling. Of the PhD positions that involved any modelling, the model is already prescribed in the vacancy text in 17%  of the cases, for postdoc positions this was 30%. A small questionnaire revealed that also beyond the vacancies where the model is already prescribed, in many Early-Career Scientist (ECS) projects the model to be used is pre-determined and, actually, also often used without further discussion. There are valid reasons to pre-determine the model in these projects, but at the same time, this can have long-term consequences for the ECS: experience with the model will influence the research identity the ECS is developing, and might influence future opportunities of the ECS - it might be strategic to gain experience with popular, broadly used models, or to become part of an efficient modelling team. This serves an instrumental vision on modelling. Seeing models as hypotheses calls for a more critical evaluation. We can educate ECS the current rules of the game, while at the same time actively stimulate critically questioning these rules.
The role of desert dust in the development of the Tropical Storm Rose
Authors: Feger Guillaume , Dauhut Thibaut , Chaboureau Jean-Pierre
Published: February 2023

Tropical storms, especially when they develop into hurricanes, are among the most destructive natural disasters. They are the subject of numerous studies, in particular to better understand their dynamics on meteorological scales in order to better predict them and reduce their impacts. We have been able to understand the role of African easterly waves in the formation of tropical storms in the Cape Verde region. However, the role of desert dust originating from the Sahara remains poorly understood due to their multiple and antagonistic effects in stabilizing the atmosphere by heating and reinvigorating convection through cloud icing as well as the lack of observation and limited simulation capabilities. The CADDIWA (Clouds-Atmospheric Dynamics-Dust Interactions in West Africa) project aims to better understand the effects of desert dust on the atmospheric circulation off Senegal. The CADDIWA airborne campaign, took place from September 5 to 23, 2021 operating the SAFIRE Falcon 20 in the tropical environment of the Cape Verde Islands. During the campaign, the tropical storm Rose was observed on September 18 and 19, 2021. The goal of this PhD project is to exploit current very high resolution modeling capabilities combined with new observations to understand the dynamical and microphysical processes responsible for the development of Tropical Storm Rose. The first results of a large-eddy simulation of Tropical Storm Rose will be presented as well as its evaluation by comparison with available airborne and satellite observations.
The Impacts of Atmospheric Ice Reduction in the Lower Troposphere on the Snow and Ice Processes over the Arctic
Authors: Dou Tingfeng , Xiao Cunde
Published: February 2023

   Our research revealed a significant reduction of ice content in the lower troposphere with rapid Arctic warming, ranging 60°N-80°N and from ground to ~800hPa. As a result, the ice fraction has decreased in the low clouds; The rainfall events have increased since 1990s; Spring rainfall occurs earlier. These processes are important drivers for the arriving of “New Arctic". Under the high emission scenario, Arctic rainfall events will be more frequent due mainly to the local warming. Rainfall intensity will also increase, leading to a high probability of extreme rainfall events, and the rainfall extends to the center of Arctic Ocean and inland area of Greenland. The impacts of the above changes on the cryosphere are mainly reflected in the following aspects:Increased rainfall events will trigger and accelerate snow and ice melting by reducing albedo and releasing latent heat. Rainfall can reduce the snow albedo by 10% in a few hours. Compared with the gradual warming effect of rising temperature and downward longwave radiation, the impact of rainfall is much faster and more efficient;
Earlier onset of rainfall events prolongs the melting period by nearly a month in the past 40 years, promoting the melting and shrinking of the cryosphere through positive feedback. The timing of rainfall onset is found to be an important predictor of the sea ice extent except for the well-known melting pond;
Rainfall will likely invade inland area of Greenland more frequently with highly amplified jet streams driven by the decreased temperature contrast between the Arctic and the mid-latitude regions. Such events may serve as a harbinger of a more likely wet surface condition across the highest elevations of the ice sheet;
With the warming of the climate, the decrease of ice fraction in the low clouds strengthens the shortwave radiation forcing, which slows down the Arctic warming rate in spring season to a certain extent.
Variability of surface density at Dotson Ice Shelf, West Antarctica
Authors: Eayrs Clare , Beem Lucas , Lee Choon-Ki , Lee Won Sang , Chung Jiwoong , Pierce Christopher , Stutz Jamey , Holland David
Published: February 2023

The ice mass balance of Antarctica has been steadily and strongly decreasing over recent decades, with major ramifications for global sea levels. Satellite remote sensing offers global, daily coverage of ice mass changes, which is essential for understanding land ice changes and their effects on global climate. However, we need to correct for processes including firn densification, glacial isostatic adjustment, elastic compensation of the Earth’s surface, ocean tides, and inverse barometer effect. Of these corrections, understanding the changes to the firn layer constitutes one of the largest uncertainties in making estimates of the surface mass balance from space. Furthermore, the development of firn models that aid our understanding of firn densification processes is hampered by a lack of observations.Radar sounder reflections contain information about the roughness and permittivity of the reflecting interface, allowing us to map the spatial variability of the ice surface characteristics. In 2022, a helicopter-mounted ice-penetrating radar system developed by the University of Texas Institute for Geophysics collected high-quality radar observations over the Dotson Ice Shelf, West Antarctica. These surveys obtained clearly defined surface and bed reflections. We derived near-surface density along these survey flight lines using the radar statistical reconnaissance method developed by Grima, 2014. We calibrated our estimates with contemporary observations, including ground penetrating radar, a shallow ice core, an Autonomous phase-sensitive Radio Echo-sounder (ApRES), and radar soundings of well-defined surfaces from a calibration flight.