bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of markers of thermal processing (“roasting”) in aqueous extracts of Coffea arabica L. seeds through NMR fingerprinting and chemometrics
Authors: Febvay Laura , Hamon Erwann , Recht Raphaël , Andres Nicolas , Vincent Mathilde , Aoudé‐Werner Dalal , This Hervé
Published: January 2019

Roasting of Coffea arabica L. seeds gives rise to chemical reactions that produce more than 800 compounds, some being responsible for the desired organoleptic properties for which the beverage called “coffee” is known. In the industry, the “roasting profile,” that is, the times and temperatures applied, is key to influence the composition of roasted coffee beans and the flavour of the beverage made from them. The impact of roasting on the chemical composition of coffee has been the subject of numerous studies, including by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. However, the roasting equipment and profiles applied in these studies are often far from real industrial conditions.

In this work, the effects of two critical technological parameters of the roasting process, namely, the “development time” (the period of time after the “first crack,” a characteristic noise due to seed disruption) and the final roasting temperature on coffee extracts, were investigated. Seeds were roasted at pilot scale according to 13 industrial roasting profiles and extracted in D2O. The extracts were analysed by 1H NMR experiments. The NMR spectra were compared using (a) quantitative analysis of main signals by successive orders of magnitude and (b) chemometric tools (principal component analysis, partial least squares and sparse‐orthogonal partial least squares analysis). This allowed to identify compounds, which may serve as markers of roasting and showed that changes in chemical composition can be detected even for slight change in final temperature (~1°C) or in total roasting time (~25 s).
Three‐dimensional isothermal simulation of PP melt flow in laminating‐multiplying elements based on the finite element method
Authors: Yu Huaning , Li Jiang , Guo Shaoyun
Published: January 2019

The laminating‐multiplying element (LME) with a high aspect ratio used in coextrusion process is highly desired since it has useful applications for the preparation of multilayer sheets or membranes. In this article, the flow behaviors of a polymeric melt through a high aspect ratio LME channel was simulated by the finite element method and verified by a coextrusion process. The results showed that the velocity Y distortion in LME lead to the interface deformation and the interface deformation can be improved by reducing the velocity Y gradient via decreasing the inlet flow rate or increasing the wall slip. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:973–981, 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effectiveness of Melatonin for the Prevention of Intensive Care Unit Delirium
Authors: Baumgartner Laura , Lam Kalvin , Lai Jonathan , Barnett Mitch , Thompson Ashley , Gross Kendall , Morris Amanda
Published: January 2019

Study Objective

Intensive care unit (ICU) delirium is an acute brain dysfunction that has been associated with increased mortality, prolonged ICU and hospital lengths of stay, and development of post‐ICU cognitive impairment. Melatonin may help to restore sleep and reduce the occurrence of ICU delirium. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of melatonin for the prevention of ICU delirium in critically ill adults.

Design

Retrospective, observational cohort study.

Setting

Large academic medical center.

Patients

A total of 232 adults were included who were admitted to the medical‐surgical or cardiac ICUs between 2013 and 2017 who had a negative Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU (CAM‐ICU). Of those, patients who received melatonin for at least 48 hours were included in the melatonin group (n=117). Patients were included in the control group if they were admitted to the ICU for at least 4 days (average time of melatonin initiation) and did not receive melatonin or antipsychotics within the first 4 days of their ICU stay (n=115).

Measurements and Main Results

The primary outcome was development of delirium, which was assessed by using the CAM‐ICU twice daily by nursing staff. The development of delirium was significantly lower in the melatonin group: 9 (7.7%) versus 28 (24.3%) patients (p = 0.001). This finding remained significant in multivariate logistic models controlling for age, sex, history of hypertension, need for emergent surgery, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, mechanical ventilation, ICU length of stay, dexmedetomidine use, and benzodiazepine use. For those patients who developed delirium, patients in the control group had, on average, 20.9 delirium‐free days without coma in 28 days compared with 19.9 days in the melatonin group (p = 0.72). In the melatonin group, melatonin was used for a mean ± SD of 6.3 ± 7.9 days, with a median dose of 3.5 mg/night (range: 1–10 mg).

Conclusion

The development of ICU delirium was significantly lower in the melatonin group compared with that in the control group. To our knowledge, this is one of the only studies that has examined the use of melatonin for the prevention of ICU delirium. Melatonin may be a promising agent for the prevention of ICU delirium; however, a randomized study is needed to further validate its efficacy.
Tuning solar absorption spectra via carbon quantum dots/VAE composite layer and efficiency enhancement for crystalline Si solar module
Authors: Dai Dongyang , Tu Xianjun , Li Xiaoshan , Lv Tiezheng , Han Fei
Published: January 2019

In this work, fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs) composite transparent film with blue emission was prepared via hydrothermal fabrication, mixing with vinyl acetate‐ethylene (VAE) emulsion, coated and cross‐linked on the glass in sequence. This CQD/VAE film has good sticking ability and compatibility of sealing ethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA) material and works well as luminescent downshifting (LDS) materials. Based on these features, we did a set of optical characteristics analysis for CQD/VAE film and inserted a CQD/VAE film between glass and EVA encapsulation in a mini metal wrap through (MWT) solar module. This LDS could convert UV part of solar spectra, which are normally blocked by EVA, into the blue range and improve the light absorption by solar cell. Enhancement in the performance of solar modules was proved, especially the improvement of current of short circuit (Isc), external quantum efficiency (EQE) of the UV wavelength and solar module efficiency. This material provides the chance for prompt application, since it simply solves the dispersion problem of LDS material inside encapsulation and keeps the transparency of sealing polymer materials.
The perceived impact of infertility on romantic relationships and singlehood among adult survivors of childhood cancer
Authors: Lehmann Vicky , Ferrante Amanda C. , Winning Adrien M. , Gerhardt Cynthia A.
Published: January 2019

Objective

To examine whether adult survivors of childhood cancer perceive a direct impact of potential/confirmed infertility on their romantic relationships/singlehood.

Methods

Open‐ended qualitative phone interviews were conducted with 57 adult survivors of childhood cancer and analyzed through thematic content analysis until saturation was reached (N = 30).

Results

Interviews revealed three major themes: (1) impact on survivors, (2) impact on partners/romantic relationships, and (3) alternative routes to parenthood. An overarching theme related to (4) timing also emerged. In describing the impact on themselves, survivors shared subthemes of (1.1) becoming aware of infertility as potential late effect of childhood cancer treatment and (1.2) their emotional reactions (ie, worries/concerns, distress, guilt, no emotional reaction). The impact on partners/romantic relationships also included subthemes: (2.1) partner communication, (2.2) partner reactions, and (2.3) the journey of active family planning.

Conclusions

The perceived impact of potential/confirmed infertility on romantic relationships of adult survivors of childhood cancer varied across individuals and time. Its presence or absence depends on life circumstances (eg, marital status, life goals), and if present, negative effects were typically resolved over time by having a pregnancy. Other survivors found joy and comfort in step‐children, considering adoption, or embracing a life without children. While more research is needed, findings indicate that discussions about infertility and fertility testing should be tailored to individual survivors and their needs, which may change over time. Timely referrals to reproductive specialists or adoption agencies are recommended for those who want children and have difficulties conceiving.
Association between demographic features and perceived social support in the mental adjustment to breast cancer
Authors: Mishra Veena Shukla , Saranath Dhananjaya
Published: January 2019

Objective

The mental adjustment to a breast cancer diagnosis is traumatic and stressful, with wide‐ranging differences in the responses observed in Indian women. We investigated the association between demographic features and perceived social support during the adjustment of patients to breast cancer.

Methods

A total of 393 patients with breast cancer were included in the study. The patients were evaluated for mental adjustment to cancer and perceived social support on the Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale and Multidimensional Scale of perceived social support. Regression analysis and bivariate correlation were performed to discern significant demographic features and social support in association with the adjustment to having breast cancer.

Results

Multiple regression analysis revealed that mental adjustment factors accounted for 43% of the variance in fighting spirit and 41% of the variance in helplessness/hopelessness. The results of the multiple regression analysis suggested that age (t = −10.27, P < 0.000) and marital status (t = 3.03, P < 0.000) were predictive of patients' fighting spirit. Age was inversely (t = 9.81, P < 0.01) associated with fighting spirit, whereas family income (t = −3.82, P < 0.000) was inversely predictive of helplessness/hopelessness. Social support from significant others was predictive of a patient's fighting spirit and fatalism mental adjustment, while support from friends was predictive of helplessness/hopelessness.

Conclusion

Demographic factors such as young age and high education are associated with good mental adjustment to breast cancer. Perceived support from significant others may fulfill the need for the socioemotional aspects of patient support that lead to the adjustment to a breast cancer diagnosis in patients.
Trends in epidemiology and outcomes of respiratory distress syndrome in the United States
Authors: Donda Keyur , Vijayakanthi Nandini , Dapaah‐Siakwan Fredrick , Bhatt Parth , Rastogi Deepa , Rastogi Shantanu
Published: January 2019

Background

The management practices of Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) in the newborn have changed over time. We examine the trends in the epidemiology, resource utilization, and outcomes (mortality and bronchopulmonary dysplasia [BPD]) of RDS in preterm neonates ≤34 weeks gestational age (GA) in the United States.

Methods

In this retrospective serial cross‐sectional study, we used ICD‐9 codes to classify preterm infants GA ≤34 weeks between 2003 and 2014 from the National Inpatient Sample as having RDS or not. Trends in the prevalence of infants defined as RDS by ICD‐9 code (ICD9‐RDS), length of stay, BPD, and mortality were analyzed using Cochran‐Armitage and Jonckheere‐Terpstra tests and multivariable logistic regression.

Results

Of 1 526 186 preterm live births with GA ≤34 weeks, 554 409 had ICD9‐RDS (260 cases per 1000 live births) with the prevalence increasing from 170 to 361 (Ptrend < 0.001) and associated decrease in all‐cause mortality (7.6% to 6.1%; Ptrend < 0.001) from 2003 to 2014. Increased utilization of non‐invasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) (69.5% to 74.3%; Ptrend < 0.001) was associated with decreased invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) use >96 h (60.4 to 56.6%; Ptrend < 0.001). Exclusive NIMV use increased from 16.8% to 29.1% (Ptrend < 0.0001). BPD incidence decreased from 14% to 12.5% (Ptrend < 0.001). LOS increased from 32 days to 38 days (Ptrend < 0.001) and cost increased from $49,521 to $55,394 (Ptrend < 0.001).

Conclusion

From 2003 to 2014, the assigned ICD9‐RDS diagnosis, and utilization of NIMV increased and mortality among infants assigned the ICD9‐RDS diagnosis decreased. With higher survival, hospital cost increased incrementally, indicating the importance of ongoing analysis of appropriate reimbursement for the care provided at tertiary centers for preterm infants.
CF derived scoring systems do not fully describe the range of structural changes seen on CT scans in PCD
Authors: Tadd Katelyn , Morgan Lucy , Rosenow Tim , Schultz André , Susanto Clarissa , Murray Conor , Robinson Philip
Published: January 2019

Background

Structural lung changes seen on computed tomography (CT) scans in Cystic Fibrosis (CF) and Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD) are currently described using scoring systems derived from CF populations. This practise assumes lung damage in the two conditions is identical, potentially resulting in a failure to identify PCD‐specific changes. Our study addresses this assumption.

Methods

A total of 58 CT scans from 41 PCD patients (age 2‐48 years) were examined and the presence and extent of abnormalities common in CF; bronchiectasis, bronchial wall thickening, atelectasis, mucous plugging, and air trapping noted. Further assessment of the PCD scans by an experienced chest radiologist identified several unique PCD specific changes.

Results

Bronchial wall thickening was the commonest abnormality seen in PCD. All abnormalities were present more often in middle and lower lobes than in upper lobes (P < 0.001). Bronchiectasis, mucus plugging, atelectasis, and air trapping were present more often in PCD than in the historic CF cohorts which formed the basis of two CF scoring systems (P < 0.05). Extensive tree‐in‐bud pattern of mucus plugging, thickening of interlobar, and interlobular septa, and whole lobe atelectasis were seen significantly more frequently in PCD than CF.

Conclusions

Structural changes identified on CT scans in PCD are not identical to those previously described in CF patients and suggest assessment of PCD structural changes on CT should not use CF derived scoring systems.
Alternol eliminates excessive ATP production by disturbing Krebs cycle in prostate cancer
Authors: Li Changlin , He Chenchen , Xu Ying , Xu Haixia , Tang Yuzhe , Chavan Hemantkumar , Duan Shaofeng , Artigues Antonio , Forrest Marcus Laird , Krishnamurthy Partha , Han Suxia , Holzbeierlein Jeffrey M. , Li Benyi
Published: January 2019

Background

Alternol is a natural compound isolated from fermentation products of a mutant fungus. Our previous studies demonstrated that Alternol specifically kills cancer cells but spares benign cells.

Methods

To investigate the mechanism underlying alternol‐induced cancer cell‐specific killing effect, we took a comprehensive strategy to identify Alternol's protein targets in prostate cancer cells, including PC‐3, C4‐2, and 22RV1, plus benign BPH1 cell lines. Major experimental techniques included biotin‐streptavidin pulldown assay coupled with mass‐spectrometry, in vitro enzyme activity assay for Krebs cycle enzymes and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) for metabolomic analysis.

Results

Among 14 verified protein targets, four were Krebs cycle enzymes, fumarate hydratase (FH), malate dehydrogenase‐2 (MDH2), dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (DLAT) in pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) and dihydrolipoamide S‐succinyltransferase (DLST) in a‐ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC). Functional assays revealed that PDHC and KGDHC activities at the basal level were significantly higher in prostate cancer cells compared to benign prostate BPH1 cells, while alternol treatment reduced their activities in cancer cells close to the levels in BPH1 cells. Although FH and MDH2 activities were comparable among prostate cancer and benign cell lines at the basal level, Alternol treatment largely increased their activities in cancer cells. Metabolomic analysis revealed that Alternol treatment remarkably reduced the levels of malic acid, fumaric acid, and isocitric acid and mitochondrial respiration in prostate cancer cells. Alternol also drastically reduced mitochondrial respiration and ATP production in PC‐3 cells in vitro or in xenograft tissues but not in BPH1 cells or host liver tissues.

Conclusions

Alternol interacts with multiple Krebs cycle enzymes, resulting in reduced mitochondrial respiration and ATP production in prostate cancer cells and xenograft tissues, providing a novel therapeutic strategy for prostate cancer treatment.
Vasa nervorum angiogenesis in prostate cancer with perineural invasion
Authors: Ghinea Nicolae , Robin Blaise , Pichon Christophe , Leclere Renaud , Nicolas André , Chnecker Caroline , Côté Jean‐François , Guillonneau Bertrand , Radu Aurelian
Published: January 2019

Background

Perineural invasion (PNI) is generally accepted as a major route of cancer dissemination in malignancies associated with highly enervated organs. However, the effect of cancer cells on vasa nervorum remains unknown. We studied this effect in locally advanced prostate cancer, a high‐risk feature associated with approximately 20% of prostate cancer specific mortality.

Methods

We used immunohistochemistry for CD34, fibroblast growth factor‐2 (FGF‐2), FSHR, podoplanin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and VEGFR‐2 as well as histochemical methods to examine the vasa nervorum of nerves invaded by cancer cells in tissue samples from 85 patients.

Results

The percentage of the nerve area occupied by CD34‐positive vasa nervorum endothelial cells in nerves with PNI was much higher than in nerves without PNI (7.3 ± 1.2 vs 1.9 ± 0.4; P < 0.001 and 5.8 ± 0.6 vs 1.23 ± 0.8; P < 0.001 in pT3a and pT3b prostate cancer specimens, respectively). In 19/85 of the patients the CD34‐positive vasa nervorum microvessels have a thick basement membrane, similar to the vessels in diabetic microangiopathy. This subendothelial layer contains collagen fibers. Vasa nervorum endothelia and Schwann cells express FGF‐2 (nuclear localization) and FSHR (plasma membrane and cytoplasmic staining). Prostate cancer cells invading nerves express VEGF, a critical cytokine in tumor angiogenesis. The vasa nervorum of prostatic nerves with PNI did not express detectable levels of VEGFR‐2. No podoplanin‐positive lymphatic vessels were seen in nerves.

Conclusion

In locally advanced prostate cancer, PNI of cancer cells is associated with formation of new endoneurial capillaries and changes of vasa nervorum morphology.
Vertical and temporal distribution of spotted‐wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) and pollinators within cultivated raspberries
Authors: Jaffe Benjamin D , Guédot Christelle
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND

Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is the most prominent arthropod pest of caneberries. Current management practices rely on chemical control, which has raised concerns over the sustainability of this approach. We currently understand little about D. suzukii activity, and whether activity patterns can be exploited to improve management. In this study, we investigated the vertical and temporal distribution of D. suzukii, as well as pollinators, in cultivated raspberries.

RESULTS

D. suzukii were generally crepuscular, and most active in the morning within the bottom half of the crop, and in the evening within the top half of the crop. Pollinators were most active during the day and within the top half of the canopy. Humidity and temperature were correlated with insect activity.

CONCLUSION

Pesticides applied during twilight that ensure coverage in the bottom half of the crop, or if applied in the late afternoon cover the entire crop, should improve the pesticide efficacy. However, previous studies suggest that specific D. suzukii (e.g. sex, mating status, age) may exploit different areas in the crop at different times, and more work needs to be done to understand how these aspects before a specific management program can be recommended. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
The importance of timing of heat events for predicting the dynamics of aphid pest populations
Authors: Zhao Fei , Xing Kun , Hoffmann Ary A , Ma Chun‐sen
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND

Heatwaves are increasing in frequency and there is growing interest in their impact on pest organisms. Previous work indicates that effects depend on the timing of the stress event, whose impact needs to be characterized across the full set of developmental stages and exposure periods of an organism. Here, we undertake such a detailed assessment using heat stress (20–35 °C diurnal cycle) across the nymph and adult stages of the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius).

RESULTS

Stress‐related mortality increased with stress duration at all stages; effects were less severe at the late nymphal stage. Effects on longevity adults after stress showed a complex pattern with nymphal heat stress, increasing with stress duration at the late nymphal stage, but decreasing with duration at the early nymphal stage. Longevity was also reduced by adult stress although to a lesser extent, and patterns were not connected to duration. Post‐stress productivity decreased following adult and nymphal stress and the decrease tended to be correlated with stress duration. The rate of offspring production was more affected by adult stress than nymphal stress. Productivity and longevity effects, when combined, showed that the largest effect of heat stress occurred at the early nymphal stage.

CONCLUSION

These findings highlight the complex ways in which heat stress at a particular life stage influences later fitness and they also emphasize the importance of considering multiple fitness components when assessing stress effects. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Oscillation of Electron Mobility in V‐Shaped Double Quantum Well Structure Under Applied Electric Field
Authors: Palo Sangeeta K. , Sahoo Narayan , Panda Ajit K. , Sahu Trinath
Published: January 2019

Herein, it is shown that the oscillation of low temperature electron mobility μ can be obtained as a function of external electric field F in AlxGa1−xAs based V‐shaped double quantum well (VQW) structure. The oscillation of μ can be enhanced by increasing the well width and barrier width as well as decreasing the doping concentration and height of the V‐shaped potential. The mobility due to the ionized impurity (II‐) scattering μII is responsible for the oscillation of μ through intersubband effects within double subband occupancy. On the other hand, the mobility due to the alloy disorder (AD‐) scattering, μAD, which shows almost a flat‐like character, governs the overall magnitude of μ. It is further gratifying to show that the drop in μ at the transition from single to double subband occupancy minimizes and even alters to a rise in μ by varying the AD‐scattering potential through the structure parameters of the VQW. These results can be utilized to analyze the non‐square quantum well based field effect transistors.
Supplementation with extract of pumpkin seeds exerts estrogenic effects upon the uterine, serum lipids, mammary glands, and bone density in ovariectomized rats
Authors: Lestari Beni , Walidah Ziana , Utomo Rohmad Yudi , Murwanti Retno , Meiyanto Edy
Published: January 2019

Pumpkin seeds contain lignan phytoestrogens, which have the potential to retrieve menopausal syndromes caused by estrogen deficiency. This study aims to determine the estrogenic effects of the extract of pumpkin seeds (EPS). In vitro experiment was performed by 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay on CHO‐K1 cells. In vivo experiments were conducted using 24 of 7‐weeks‐old female Sprague Dawley rats, divided into four treatment groups (ovariectomized [OVX], ovariectomized for treatment with 2‐μM 17β‐estradiol, ovariectomized for treatment with 500 mg/kg BW EPS, and ovariectomized for treatment with 1000 mg/kg body weight (BW) EPS) and two baseline groups (OVX and sham). Uterine weight, mammary glands, serum lipid, and bone density were observed after 30 days. In silico experiment was conducted through molecular docking of secoisolariciresinol and lariciresinol to the estrogen receptors (ERs). EPS exhibited a biphasic effect, inducing cell growth at 10–100 μg/mL and decreasing cell viability at 250–1000 μg/mL. EPS 1000 mg/kg BW improved uterine weight and retrieved mammary glands comparable with 17β‐estradiol. Meanwhile, EPS 500 and 1000 mg/kg BW increased high‐density lipoprotein (HDL), decreased low‐density lipoprotein (LDL), and recovered bone density in correlation with the decreasing osteoclasts and increasing osteoblasts. The docking score of secoisolariciresinol with ERα and ERβ were −91.13 and −95.87, respectively, and lariciresinol were −80.91 and −90.29, respectively. These results demonstrated that EPS performs estrogenic properties in rats model and potential to overcome symptoms caused by estrogen deficiency.
Global robust practical output regulation for nonlinear systems in output feedback form by output‐based event‐triggered control
Authors: Liu Wei , Huang Jie
Published: January 2019

In this paper, we study the event‐triggered global robust practical output regulation problem for a class of nonlinear systems in output feedback form with any relative degree. Our approach consists of the following three steps. First, we design an internal model and an observer to form the so‐called extended augmented system. Second, we convert the original problem into the event‐triggered global robust practical stabilization problem of the extended augmented system. Third, we design an output‐based event‐triggered control law and a Zeno‐free output‐based event‐triggered mechanism to solve the stabilization problem, which, in turn, leads to the solvability of the original problem. Finally, we apply our result to the controlled hyperchaotic Lorenz systems.
Framing resilience for river geomorphology: Reinventing the wheel?
Authors: Fuller Ian C. , Gilvear Dave J. , Thoms Martin C. , Death Russell G.
Published: January 2019

Resilience is a well‐used term in many disciplines, but inconsistently or little applied in river geomorphology and river science. Recent developments in ecosystem ecology conceptualize resilience as comprising system resistance to, and recovery from disturbance. The objectives of this paper are to consider how the concept of resilience in this bivariate form applies to river geomorphology and provide a framework for bridging the disciplines of ecology and geomorphology within the setting of river management, using principles of resilience. River geomorphology sets the physical template upon which lotic processes act, thus, understanding the resilience of this template is critical. The importance of consistency in defining the principles of resilience thinking within the context of river science and management is important especially when promoting ecosystem resilience as a river management goal. The application of resilience thinking with respect to river habitat is provided through a series of examples from Australian and New Zealand river systems.

Aim

How is the concept of resilience applied to river geomorphology, and what does a geomorphologically resilient river look like?
Naturalised Atlantic salmon smolts are more likely to reach the sea than wild smolts in a lowland fjord
Authors: Flávio Hugo , Aarestrup Kim , Jepsen Niels , Koed Anders
Published: January 2019

The survival rates of three groups of seaward‐migrating Salmo salar smolts were investigated in 2005, 2016, and 2017 in the River Skjern and River Omme, as well as in the Ringkøbing Fjord using acoustic telemetry. Ringkøbing Fjord extends for approximately 300 km2, and has a narrow, regulated outlet to the sea. Smolts of three different origins: (a) wild smolts, (b) hatchery‐reared smolts previously released at half‐year‐old, and (c) hatchery‐reared smolts previously released at 1‐year‐old were captured in rotary screw traps and surgically implanted with acoustic transmitters. The progress during seaward migration was monitored with a network of automatic listening stations deployed in the river estuary, fjord mouth and sea opening.

The smolts' probability of survival in the river was related to their length, with larger smolts being more likely to reach the fjord. Once in the fjord, the probability of reaching the sea was related with the smolt's group, with smolts previously released at half‐year‐old being more likely to succeed than wild smolts. However, none of the biometric or behavioural variables explained the difference between the studied smolt groups, masking the potential reasons behind this difference in survival probability.

Overall, approximately 47% of the tagged smolts were registered at the last array of automatic listening stations (i.e., entered the sea), demonstrating the early migration as a critical bottleneck for the local Atlantic salmon population. Ultimately, this limits the number of Atlantic salmon that survive to adulthood and return to River Skjern and River Omme for spawning.
Simulation model framework design for complex communication network of satellite navigation system based on SMP2.0
Authors: Liu Pan , Zhou Wei
Published: January 2019

The complex communication network of satellite navigation system (SNS‐CCN) possesses the characteristics such as large scale, complicated architecture, and integrated satellite earth. Composite modeling and simulation take significant roles in solving large‐scale system simulation issues, as far as one concerned, the solution has not been proposed in the field of SNS‐CCN yet. According to the simulation of information flow for SNS‐CCN, this paper proposes a composite framework of simulation model based on SMP2.0 while applied with combination modeling methods, and then proposes a development and integration method for component structure and simulation service structure, which can support the composite modeling and make appropriate simulation service extensions according to the request. Then, we develop an information flow verification simulation system for SNS‐CCN with the proposed development and integration method of simulation model.
Science expectancy, value, and cost profiles and their proximal and distal relations to undergraduate science, technology, engineering, and math persistence
Authors: Perez Tony , Wormington Stephanie V. , Barger Michael M. , Schwartz‐Bloom Rochelle D. , Lee You‐kyung , Linnenbrink‐Garcia Lisa
Published: January 2019

Despite efforts to attract and maintain diverse students in the science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) pipeline, issues with attrition from undergraduate STEM majors persist. The aim of this study was to examine how undergraduate science students’ competence beliefs, task values, and perceived costs in science combine into motivational profiles and to consider how such profiles relate to short‐term and long‐term persistence outcomes in STEM. We also examined the relations between underrepresented group membership and profile membership. Using latent profile analysis, we identified three profiles that characterized 600 participants’ motivation during their first semester in college: Moderate All, Very High Competence/Values‐Low Effort Cost, and High Competence/Values‐Moderate Low Costs. The Moderate All profile was associated with the completion of fewer STEM courses and lower STEM grade point averages relative to the other profiles after 1 and 4 years of college. Furthermore, underrepresented minority students were overrepresented in the Moderate All profile. Findings contribute to our understanding of how science competence beliefs, task values, and perceived costs may coexist and what combinations of these variables may be adaptive or deleterious for STEM persistence and achievement.
The rights to ground: integrating human and non‐human perspectives in an inclusive approach to sustainability
Authors: Hensel Michael U.
Published: January 2019

This article discusses endemic difficulties in addressing complex sustainability problems that arise from a lack of adequate, effective and inclusive provisions for defining and securing human and non‐human rights to ground in an integrative manner. This concerns the rapid decrease in available ground for ecological and human social collective purposes due to construction and other transformations of ground in combination with the perception that different land uses are incompatible and mutually exclusive. For this reason, the question arises whether an alternative approach can be formulated that could overcome the perceived dichotomy between different needs by way of addressing multiple complex sustainability problems in an integrative manner. This involves correlating political, cultural, social and environmental perspectives concerning individual and collective needs, examining relevant cultural practices, and considering human and non‐human perspectives. The overarching aim of this endeavour is to highlight the need for and to outline the early stages of a more complex and integrative approach to sustainable design and development. This approach entails prevailing general concerns and insights that need to be adapted to locally specific conditions and circumstances with a focus on potential implications for architectural, urban and landscape design. The discussion is informed by mapping culturally specific patterns of ground access and use, as well as the means of regulating this through customary, constitutional and other rights, statutes and provisions. Furthermore, this involves examining exemplary historical and current architectures and settlement patterns that can support specific patterns of ground access and use, which have the potential to be further developed in terms of designs that can address political, cultural, social and environmental sustainability from an integrative human and non‐human perspective.
Sustainable development, Education for Sustainable Development, and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: Emergence, efficacy, eminence, and future
Authors: Agbedahin Adesuwa Vanessa
Published: January 2019

This paper aims to present a narrative of the outcome of an extensive historical literature review of global policy development and processes concerning the emergence, efficacy, and eminence of sustainable development, Education for Sustainable Development (ESD), and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (Sustainable Development Goals [SDGs]) inception to date. It starts by presenting the emergence, efficacy, and eminence of the concept and term “sustainable development” (which is integral to ESD) in terms of its historical definition, dimensions, understanding, interpretations, and challenges. It also highlights the take‐up of sustainable development in terms of green growth, human development, and human agency. It then presents an overview of ESD, accompanied by a discussion of its key characteristics, approaches, and significances. The paper then highlights a semantic analysis of the development of ESD, with a special focus on some converging processes, events, concepts, discourses, and declarations that have supported the rise of ESD and shaped its status to date. Considerable emphasis is placed on the significance and nexus between environmental education and ESD. The paper analyses the crucial interconnection between education, sustainable development, ESD, the SDGs, and human development. Furthermore, the paper discusses the centrality of ESD to the global education discourse and the nexus, role, and relevance of education and particularly ESD in relation to the achievement of all the SDGs. The paper concludes by critically reflecting on the above, vis‐à‐vis the author's previous empirical research on higher ESD, making recommendations on the future of ESD research and practice.
Statistical methods for building better biomarkers of chronic kidney disease
Authors: Pencina Michael J. , Parikh Chirag R. , Kimmel Paul L. , Cook Nancy R. , Coresh Josef , Feldman Harold I. , Foulkes Andrea , Gimotty Phyllis A. , Hsu Chi‐yuan , Lemley Kevin , Song Peter , Wilkins Kenneth , Gossett Daniel R. , Xie Yining , Star Robert A.
Published: January 2019

The last two decades have witnessed an explosion in research focused on the development and assessment of novel biomarkers for improved prognosis of diseases. As a result, best practice standards guiding biomarker research have undergone extensive development. Currently, there is great interest in the promise of biomarkers to enhance research efforts and clinical practice in the setting of chronic kidney disease, acute kidney injury, and glomerular disease. However, some have questioned whether biomarkers currently add value to the clinical practice of nephrology. The current state of the art pertaining to statistical analyses regarding the use of such measures is critical.

In December 2014, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases convened a meeting, “Toward Building Better Biomarker Statistical Methodology,” with the goals of summarizing the current best practice recommendations and articulating new directions for methodological research. This report summarizes its conclusions and describes areas that need attention. Suggestions are made regarding metrics that should be commonly reported. We outline the methodological issues related to traditional metrics and considerations in prognostic modeling, including discrimination and case mix, calibration, validation, and cost‐benefit analysis. We highlight the approach to improved risk communication and the value of graphical displays. Finally, we address some “new frontiers” in prognostic biomarker research, including the competing risk framework, the use of longitudinal biomarkers, and analyses in distributed research networks.
Interaction of Fluoroquinolones in Their Different Prototropic States with DNA: Diversity in the Nature of Binding and the Role of External Chemical Stimulus on Drug Displacement
Authors: Das Ishita , Halder Mintu
Published: January 2019

Here we have explored several aspects on the interaction of fluoroquinolone (fq) drugs with one of their potential biological targets, DNA, using spectroscopic techniques. After many scrutinies on whether the fqs can target DNA itself, we found that some earlier studies first detected norfloxacin to bind DNA, and the binding occurs primarily via conversion of the zwitterionic (nfx±) to cationic form (nfx+). Here we have selectively chosen some fq drugs together, namely, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and moxifloxacin with diversity in molecular structures to perceive a comprehensive scenario on the fq‐DNA interaction. The following aspects are focused on: characteristics of fq±‐DNA interaction, prevalence of fq± to fq+ conversion during binding, association of the fq+s with DNA, and the mode of binding of the fqs. Considering the issue of fq± to fq+ conversion and hence the active participation of fq+s in DNA binding, here we have specifically assessed the interaction feature of fq+s with DNA, where potential binding has been detected. The present study has identified that fq‐DNA association has some characteristics that are in general similar for all the fqs, and some are specific to the particular fq drug. Therefore, although the fqs play similar role as antibiotic involving bacterial gyrase, their individual association with DNA is somewhat diverse. Additionally, we have demonstrated dislodging of the bound drug (nfx± and nfx+) from DNA by using an anionic surfactant.
Oxidative Dehydrogenation of n‐Butene with V–Mg Complex Oxide with Added Trivalent Metal Oxide
Authors: Kiyokawa Takayasu , Hagihara Takashi , Ikenaga Naoki
Published: January 2019

Oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of n‐butene with V−Mg complex oxide catalysts was carried out with a fixed‐bed flow reactor at 480 °C. In order to improve the catalytic performance of V−Mg complex oxide, we examined the effect of added metal oxide on the ODH of n‐butene. When Fe was added to the V−Mg complex oxide, the reactivity of lattice oxygen in the V−Mg complex oxide increased. V−Mg‐Fe(20:30:10) prepared at a molar ratio of V:Mg:Fe=20:30:10 showed high conversion (53.9%) and buta‐1,3‐diene (BD) yield (20.3%) in the ODH with the lattice oxygen. To continuously produce BD, ODH under O2 flow was also investigated. The V−Mg‐Fe(20:30:10) catalyst exhibited higher BD yield than the V−Mg catalyst, and it was indicated that the high reactivity of the lattice oxygen affected the ODH under O2 flow. Moreover, the V−Mg‐Fe(20:30:10)‐800 catalyst calcined at 800 °C showed highly stable ODH activity, and the BD yield (11%) was maintained for 420 min. XRD analysis results of the catalyst showed that the maintenance of the ODH activity could be attributed to the maintenance of the crystalline structure of V−Mg‐Fe(20:30:10)‐800 during the reaction.
Synergistic Activity of Silver Nanoparticles and Polyaminocyclodextrins in Nanosponge Architectures
Authors: Russo Marco , Spinella Alberto , Di Vincenzo Antonella , Lazzara Giuseppe , Correro M. Rita , Shahgaldian Patrick , Lo Meo Paolo , Caponetti Eugenio
Published: January 2019

Four new composite materials, formed by silver nanoparticles embedded in polyamino‐cyclodextrin nanosponge architectures, were designed exploiting the affinity of polyamino‐cyclodextrins towards Ag+ ions. These materials were characterized by means of different techniques (thermogravimetry, FT‐IR, solid state NMR, SEM, HR‐TEM), and tested as catalysts for the reduction of nitroarenes and the oxidative coupling of anilines. The results obtained showed synergistic activity between the supramolecular binding abilities of the nanosponge matrix and the catalytic properties of the metal nanoparticle, and open the way towards the design of new composite smart nanomaterials with improved catalytic performances.
An 2D Polymer Used As Ingredient of Fe/N/C Composite Towards Oxygen Reduction Catalyst In Acidic Medium.
Authors: Wang Yefei , Fu Dengke , Fu Yuanyuan , Yu Yue , Zhou Junhao , Guo Changding , Ma Jun , Li Kai , Zheng Lirong , Zuo Xia
Published: January 2019

Carbon‐based transition metal/nitrogen material is one of the most promising non‐precious metal catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. And N‐containing polymers are considered as a kind of excellent N precursor because they are more likely to form ordered and stable carbon‐based active layer during heat treatment. However, further research is still needed due to the inferior oxygen reduction catalytic activity compared with Pt in acidic condition. Herein, we design the Fe/N/C catalyst through synthesize a special nitrogen‐rich polymer poly‐hexaazatrinaphthylene as N source and subsequently calcine with the mixture of ferric chloride and Vulcan XC‐72. The physical results indicate that the oxygen reduction catalytic activity is mainly related to the amorphous carbon, pyridinic‐N, and Fe‐N4 coordination geometry. Electrochemical tests indicated that the sample pyrolyzed at 800°C presents relative high oxygen reduction activity in 0.5 mol L−1 H2SO4 via an efficient four‐electron‐dominant pathway.
Hollow PtNi Nanochains as Highly Efficient and Stable Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalysts
Authors: Li Wenping , Li Chuang , Qi Ji , Chen Xiaozhen , Wang Pan , Luo Jingjie , Huang Zhaohui , Liang Changhai
Published: January 2019

Design of electrocatalysts with both enhanced electrochemical activity and high durability is the key challenge in the development of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Herein, hollow platinum nickel nanochains (H‐PtNi NCs) were synthesized by the galvanic displacement of Ni nanowires (Ni NWs) and subsequent acid etching, and used for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). H‐PtNi NCs have outer diameter of 50–100 nm, length of 0.5‐10 μm, and the average thickness of Pt layer around 4.5‐7.5 nm. In a typical process, H‐PtNi NCs/C were prepared on carbon support, and these unique structural features endow the H‐PtNi NCs/C with a mass activity of 4.6 A mg−1 and a specific activity of 11.45 mA cm−2 at 0.9 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode, respectively, 18 times and 29 times higher than the commercial Pt/C. Moreover, the H‐PtNi NCs/C is also very stable with negligible activity decay over the course of 50000 cycles. This high apparent activity can be attributed to the high intrinsic activity originated from abundant active sites of the open ends and the inner/outer surfaces as well as the structural disorder of hollow nanochains with surface roughness.
U.S. R&D, 1975–1998: A new dataset
Authors: Png Ivan P. L.
Published: January 2019

Research Summary

Here, I document the governing copyright law and process of digitizing print records with specific application to the Jaques Cattell directories of U.S. R&D. This novel dataset covers 2,805 companies with 8,525 facilities, including location, reporting line within the organization, numbers of professional staff and technicians, and R&D fields over the years 1975–1998. The dataset includes a match to the Compustat identifier, gvkey. As an illustration, I use the new dataset to investigate the effect of organization structure on innovation. By contrast with previous research based on smaller samples, I find no significant relation between organization structure and innovation.

Managerial Summary

Here, I document the governing copyright law and process of digitizing print records with specific application to the Jaques Cattell directories of U.S. R&D. This novel dataset covers 2,805 companies with 8,525 facilities, including location, reporting line within the organization, numbers of professional staff and technicians, and R&D fields over the years 1975–1998. The dataset is matched to Compustat. It can be used to study novel issues including (a) the effect of complementary manufacturing and marketing assets on how a company exploits its technological capabilities; (b) the relation between the centralization of the R&D organization and productivity of innovation; (c) how clusters influence the location of R&D facilities; and (iv) how state law affects the geography of R&D.

Resources

This article has earned an Open Data badge for making publicly available the digitally‐shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. The data is available at http://five.dartmouth.edu/datasets and https://doi.org/10.25540/3wd8-dffw. Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science: https://osf.io/tvyxz/wiki.
Plasma Treatment for Nitrogen‐Doped 3D Graphene Framework by a Conductive Matrix with Sulfur for High‐Performance Li–S Batteries
Authors: Duan Lianfeng , Zhao Lijuan , Cong Hui , Zhang Xueyu , Lü Wei , Xue Chunlai
Published: January 2019

Carbon materials have received considerable attention as host cathode materials for sulfur in lithium–sulfur batteries; N‐doped carbon materials show particularly high electrocatalytic activity. Efforts are made to synthesize N‐doped carbon materials by introducing nitrogen‐rich sources followed by sintering or hydrothermal processes. In the present work, an in situ hollow cathode discharge plasma treatment method is used to prepare 3D porous frameworks based on N‐doped graphene as a potential conductive matrix material. The resulting N‐doped graphene is used to prepare a 3D porous framework with a S content of 90 wt% as a cathode in lithium–sulfur cells, which delivers a specific discharge capacity of 1186 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, a coulombic efficiency of 96% after 200 cycles, and a capacity retention of 578 mAh g−1 at 1.0 C after 1000 cycles. The performance is attributed to the flexible 3D structure and clustering of pyridinic N‐dopants in graphene. The N‐doped graphene shows high electrochemical performance and the flexible 3D porous stable structure accommodates the considerable volume change of the active material during lithium insertion and extraction processes, improving the long‐term electrochemical performance.