bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pressure and temperature dependence of the gas‐transport properties of dense poly[2,6‐toluene‐2,2‐bis(3,4‐dicarboxylphenyl)hexafluoropropane diimide] membranes
Authors: Chung Tai‐Shung , Cao Chun , Wang Rong
Published: December 2003

The gas‐transport properties of poly[2,6‐toluene‐2,2‐bis(3,4‐dicarboxylphenyl)hexafluoropropane diimide] (6FDA‐2,6‐DAT) have been investigated. The sorption behavior of dense 6FDA‐2,6‐DAT membranes is well described by the dual‐mode sorption model and has certain relationships with the critical temperatures of the penetrants. The solubility coefficient decreases with an increase in either the pressure or temperature. The temperature dependence of the diffusivity coefficient increases with an increase in the penetrant size, as the order of the activation energy for the diffusion jump is CH4 > N2 > O2 > CO2. Also, the average diffusion coefficient increases with increasing pressure for all the gases tested. As a combined contribution from sorption and diffusion, permeability decreases with increases in the pressure and the kinetic diameter of the penetrant molecules. Even up to 32.7 atm, no plasticization phenomenon can be observed on flat dense 6FDA‐2,6‐DAT membranes from their permeability–pressure curves. However, just as for other gases, the absolute value of the heat of sorption of CO2 decreases with increasing pressure at a low‐pressure range, but the trend changes when the feed pressure is greater than 10 atm. This implies that CO2‐induced plasticization may occur and reduce the positive enthalpy required to create a site into which a penetrant can be sorbed. Therefore, a better diagnosis of the inherent threshold pressure for the plasticization of a glassy polymer membrane may involve examining the absolute value of the heat of sorption as a function of pressure and identifying the turning point at which the gradient of the absolute value of the heat of sorption against pressure turns from a negative value to a positive one. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 354–364, 2004
Preparation of the polymer–clay nanocomposites in exfoliated state by interface stabilization
Authors: Lee Sang‐Soo , Kim Junkyung
Published: December 2003

To suppress the repulsive interfacial energy between hydrophilic clay and a hydrophobic polymer matrix for polymer–clay nanocomposites, a third component of amphiphilic nature such as poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) (PCL) was introduced into the styrene–acrylonitrile copolymers (SAN)/Na‐montmorillonite system. Once ϵ‐caprolactone was polymerized in the presence of Na‐montmorillonite, the successful ring‐opening polymerization of ϵ‐caprolactone and the well‐developed exfoliated structure of PCL/Na‐montmorillonite mixture were confirmed. Thereafter, SAN was melt‐mixed with PCL/Na‐montmorillonite nanocomposite, and the SAN matrix and PCL fraction were completely miscible to form a homogeneous mixture with retention of the exfoliated state of Na‐montmorillonite, exhibiting that PCL effectively stabilizes the repulsive polymer–clay interface and contributes to the improvement of the mechanical properties of nanocomposites. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 246–252, 2004
Structure and properties of the mesophase of syndiotactic polystyrene—III. Selective sorption of the mesophase of syndiotactic polystyrene
Authors: Mohri S. , Rani D. Amutha , Yamamoto Y. , Tsujita Y. , Yoshimizu H.
Published: December 2003

Syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) has various crystalline forms such as α, β, γ, and δ forms, and a mesophase depending on the preparation method. In this study, we focused on the mesophase with the molecular cavity of sPS, which is obtained by step‐wise extraction of the guest molecules from the sPS δ form. To prepare the mesophase containing different shapes and sizes of the cavity, two kinds of the sPS δ form membrane cast from either toluene or chloroform solution were first prepared and then the guest molecules were removed by a step‐wise extraction method using acetone and methanol. We could succeed in the preparation of two kinds of mesophase with different shapes and sizes of the molecular cavity. Either toluene or chloroform vapor sorption to the sPS mesophase membranes was examined at 25 °C. Sorption analysis indicates that the mesophase with large molecular cavities can mainly sorb large molecules; on the other hand, the mesophase with small cavities can sorb only the small molecules, and is unable to sorb a large amount of large molecule because the cavity was too small to sorb the large molecules. Therefore, the sPS mesophase membrane has sorption selectivity based on the size of the molecular cavity. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 238–245, 2004
Comparison of active cycle of breathing and high‐frequency oscillation jacket in children with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Phillips Gillian E. , Pike Sarah E. , Jaffé Adam , Bush Andrew
Published: December 2003

High‐frequency chest compressions (HFCC) have been suggested as an alternative to conventional chest physiotherapy to aid sputum clearance in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). We aimed to compare the active cycle of breathing techniques (ACBT) with the Hayek Oscillator Cuirass, performing HFCC on secretion clearance in children with CF during an exacerbation. Ten children (7 males; median age, 14 years; range, 9–16) received either two supervised sessions using HFCC or two self‐treatment ACBT sessions in random order on successive days. Baseline pulmonary function was similar prior to treatments. Sputum weight increased significantly with ACBT compared with HFCC during treatment (5.2 g vs. 1.1 g, P < 0.005, morning; 4.1 g vs. 0.7 g, P < 0.01, afternoon). Pulmonary function improved significantly after morning ACBT (forced vital capacity (FVC): 2.67 l to 2.76 l, P < 0.03; forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1): 1.59 l to 1.62 l, P < 0.03). Following afternoon ACBT, there was a significant increase in FVC (2.64 to 2.79, P < 0.02), but no significant change in FEV1. Pulmonary function did not change at any time following HFCC. Compared with ACBT, HFCC by Hayek Cuirass is not an effective airway clearance treatment modality for children with CF during an infective exacerbation. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004; 37:71–75. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lower airway obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and primary pulmonary hypertension in children
Authors: Rastogi Deepa , Ngai Pakkay , Barst Robyn J. , Koumbourlis Anastassios C.
Published: December 2003

We investigated the prevalence and reversibility of lower airway obstruction (LAO) and its correlation with pulmonary artery pressure in children with primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH). The analysis was performed retrospectively in a cohort of children with PPH between 5–18 years of age. PPH was defined as mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAPm) >25 mmHg at rest, or >30 mmHg during exercise, with normal pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in the absence of other causes. Lower airway function was assessed by spirometry and maximal expiratory flow‐volume curves. Lung volumes were measured by body plethysmography. Patients were assigned according to their pattern of lung function into “normal,” “obstructive,” and “restrictive” groups. The reversibility of LAO was defined as an increase of ≥15% from baseline in forced expiratory volume at 1 sec (FEV1) and/or ≥20% in forced expiratory flow at 25–75% of forced vital capacity (FEF25–75%) in response to nebulized albuterol. An “obstructive” pattern was found in 23 children (59%), a “restrictive” pattern in 2 children (5%), and a “normal” pattern in 14 children (36%). Response to bronchodilator was documented in 78% of children with an “obstructive” pattern and in 22% of those with a “normal” pattern. The PAPm showed a significant positive correlation with the TLC, RV, and RV/TLC, but a negative one with the ratio FEV1/FVC. Our findings suggest that reversible LAO is the most common lung function abnormality among pediatric patients with PPH. Whether airway reactivity is a cause of or the result of PPH remains to be determined. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004; 37:50–55. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Airway resistance by the interrupter technique: Which algorithm for measuring pressure?
Authors: Pao C.S. , Healy M.J.R. , McKenzie S.A.
Published: December 2003

Airway resistance using the interrupter technique (Rint) can be measured using commercial devices which employ different algorithms for estimating pressure change. We aim to describe differences in Rint due to algorithm. We compared Rint and change in Rint after bronchodilator, using four algorithms to estimate pressure change following interruption: 1) two‐point back‐extrapolation to interruption from points 70 msec and 30 msec from interruption, and similarly 2) to 15 msec from interruption, 3) at two‐thirds from interruption, and 4) near end‐interruption. Flow was measured immediately before interruption. Our subjects were 39 asymptomatic children 2–5 years old with previous intermittent wheeze. Rint differed significantly with algorithm. Geometric mean Rint (95% confidence interval (CI)) for algorithms 1–4 were 1.21 kPa · l−1 · sec (1.18–1.24 kPa · l−1 · sec), 1.31 kPa · l−1 · sec (1.28–1.34 kPa · l−1 · sec), 1.57 kPa · l−1 · sec (1.54–1.61 kPa · l−1 · sec) and 1.71 kPa · l−1 · sec (1.67–1.75 kPa · l−1 · sec), respectively. Measurement of change in Rint following bronchodilator (BDR) did not differ on average with algorithm. Geometric means (95% CI) for BDR measurements for algorithms 1–4 were 29.9% (26.0–34.0%), 30.4% (26.4–34.5%), 32.9% (28.8–37.1%), and 31.7% (27.6–35.8%), respectively. However, measurement of change in individuals could differ by up to 40%, depending on algorithm. In conclusion, there are significant differences in Rint, depending on algorithm used to estimate pressure change. Measurement of change in Rint is unaffected on average, although in individuals there could be significant differences. Each laboratory should state its method and use the same algorithm for longitudinal and group data. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004; 37:31–36. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measuring exhaled nitric oxide in infants during tidal breathing: Methodological issues
Authors: Franklin Peter J. , Turner Stephen W. , Mutch Raewyn C. , Stick Stephen M.
Published: December 2003

Exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) may provide a tool for identifying infants at risk of developing allergic disease in childhood. In infants there is no standardized collection technique; however, the easiest method is to measure FENO during tidal breathing. In this study we investigated various methodological issues for tidal breathing (TB) FENO in infants. These included the effect of ambient NO, oral or nasal breathing, sedation, and tidal expiratory flow. Furthermore, we compared TB FENO in 88 infants with and without wheeze. Ambient NO greater than 5 ppb significantly affected FENO. There was no significant difference between NO levels measured during either oral or nasal breathing; however, there was a significant difference between levels collected from infants before and after sedation (P < 0.001). Tidal breathing FENO decreased with increasing tidal flows (P < 0.001) and increased with age (P = 0.002). There was no significant difference in mixed expired NO between healthy and wheezy children, but children with doctor‐diagnosed eczema had significantly raised levels (P = 0.014). There seem to be important methodological limitations for measuring FENO in infants during TB. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004; 37:24–30. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transition programs in cystic fibrosis centers: Perceptions of team members
Authors: Flume Patrick A. , Taylor Lloyd A. , Anderson Deborah L. , Gray Sue , Turner David
Published: December 2003

We previously surveyed cystic fibrosis (CF) center directors and adult patients with CF to assess their perceptions regarding transition from a pediatric to an adult setting. An important finding in those studies was a lack of standard programs for transfer of young adults with CF from pediatric to adult care settings. Patients with CF typically receive care from clinics utilizing a multidisciplinary approach, suggesting that every member of the CF team can impact the transition process. Our purpose in this study was to gain an appreciation for various team members' perspectives on transition. An Internet survey was offered to all CF centers across the country to be completed by team members, excluding physicians. We received 291 completed surveys, nearly half completed by nurses, but our respondents included social workers, nutritionists, respiratory therapists, and a few team members with other training. Nearly half of the respondents work for both pediatric and adult teams. The majority of respondents (71.8%) reported that their adult patients receive care from an internist in a separate adult program, but nearly 20% reported that a pediatrician follows their adult patients. A minority thought that age (37.4% of respondents), marriage (16.2%), and pregnancy (27.1%) were criteria for transfer, though most (86.2%) suggested that patients should be transferred by age 21 years. Criteria precluding transfer included patient/family resistance (45%), disease severity (34%), and developmental delay (31.3%). It was uncommon (11.4%) for an introduction to the concept of transition at the time of diagnosis. Over one‐half of patients did not meet the adult team until time of transfer. Team members' perceptions of patients' concerns were similar to what we had previously measured in physicians, again far greater than what we have measured in patients themselves. In many ways, what we have measured here in team members reflects what we have reported by physicians, demonstrating slow development of standard transition programs and an overestimate of patients' concerns regarding transition. These differences may impede the successful transition of patients into an adult program. It is clear from this study that team members have an interest in and opinions on transition, and are likely play a vital role in the transition process. Standard programs of transition should be developed, and team members should be engaged in that process. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004; 37:4–7. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hering‐Breuer reflex and sleep state in the preterm infant
Authors: Hand Ivan L. , Noble Lawrence , Wilks Michelle , Towler Edith , Kim MaeHee , Yoon Jing J.
Published: December 2003

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of sleep state on the Hering‐Breuer inflation reflex in the preterm infant. Seventeen nonintubated, premature infants, ranging in birth weight from 980–2,440 g with postconceptual ages of 30–36 weeks, were studied. In each infant, pulmonary function testing, including the Hering‐Breuer inflation reflex, was obtained using the SensorMedics 2600 during active and quiet sleep states in supine position. The strength of the Hering‐Breuer inflation reflex was quantified by the measurement of the percent prolongation of expiration after an occluded breath. Sleep states were categorized by the criteria of Prechtl. There was a significant difference in Hering‐Breuer activity in active (REM) vs. quiet (non‐REM) sleep, with a consistently stronger reflex in the active sleep state. The mean percent prolongation of expiration was 419% in active sleep vs. 87% in quiet sleep. Analysis of the data, using a paired t‐test, revealed a mean difference of 331 ± 185% between active and quiet sleep (P = 0.000). In conclusion, significant differences in the strength of the Hering‐Breuer inflation reflex occur in relation to sleep state, and may explain the variability of the reflex described in previous studies. Measurement of the Hering‐Breuer inflation reflex may be affected by pulmonary stretch receptors as well as chest wall afferents in the preterm infant. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004; 37:61–64. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increasing adherence to cystic fibrosis treatment: A systematic review of behavioral techniques
Authors: Bernard Rebecca S. , Cohen Lindsey L.
Published: December 2003

Cystic fibrosis is a fatal chronic illness that primarily affects the respiratory and pancreatic systems. Treatment includes daily medications, enzyme and vitamin supplements, a high‐calorie diet, and airway clearance sessions (e.g., chest physiotherapy, exercise). Although this regimen is essential to longevity, families have difficulty adhering to the multiple treatment components. Adherence is especially problematic with diet, chest physiotherapy, and exercise. Studies utilizing behavioral techniques to increase adherence to cystic fibrosis treatment components have been conducted with varying results. In this paper, a critical review of these treatment studies and suggestions for future work are presented. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004; 37:8–16. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lung function in children with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Cazzato Salvatore , Bernardi Filippo , Salardi Silvana , Tassinari Davide , Corsini Ilaria , Ragni Luca , Cicognani Alessandro , Cacciari Emanuele
Published: December 2003

A cross‐sectional study design was undertaken to assess pulmonary function in children with insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), and to establish if there is any relationship with diabetic factors and complications. Thirty‐eight children (10 ± 1.8 years) with IDDM and without clinical or radiological evidence of lung involvement, and 41 healthy age‐matched reference subjects, underwent a pulmonary function study. Thirteen (34%) of 38 subjects with IDDM were studied at the onset of their disease. Adjusted values expressed as SD score of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1), and the transfer factor for carbon monoxide (TLCO) were found to be significantly lower than in controls (−0.54 ± 0.87 vs. 0.40 ± 1.10, P = 0.0008; −0.11 ± 0.96 vs. 0.52 ± 1.07, P = 0.01; −1.60 ± 1.07 vs. −0.57 ± 1.28, P = 0.001, respectively). These differences also existed in the group investigated at onset of diabetes. Residual volume (RV) and RV/total lung capacity ratio (RV/TLC) were significantly higher in the whole group of patients with IDDM than in controls (−0.20 ± 0.83 vs. −0.80 ± 0.88, P = 0.003; and 26 ± 6.2 vs. 21 ± 5.0, P = 0.0002, respectively). Seventeen patients (45%) had abnormal pulmonary function (SD score, less than −1.64): 16 subjects had reduced TLCO, 4 had reduced FVC, and in 3 of the 17, both functional indices were abnormal. There was no significant relationship between pulmonary function indices and diabetic factors or complications. The only significant association was between abnormal TLCO and females (P = 0.03), suggesting that sex may be a predisposing factor for the development of pulmonary complications. This study supports the view that the lung is functionally involved in children with IDDM early on in the course of the disease. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004; 37:17–23. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Respiratory symptoms and lung function in relation to atopy in children born preterm
Authors: Siltanen Mirjami , Savilahti Erkki , Pohjavuori Maija , Kajosaari Merja
Published: December 2003

Respiratory morbidity is a major health problem among children. The aim of this study was to compare the background of respiratory problems of children born preterm with that of children born full‐term, with special reference to atopy. The study comprised two cohorts of 10‐year‐old children: a group of 72 children born preterm with birth weights of less than 1,501 g, and a group of 65 children born full‐term with birth weights of over 2,500 g. Histories of respiratory and atopic symptoms, and of risk factors for atopy, were collected with a questionnaire. Predisposition to atopy was verified by skin‐prick testing and by measuring serum total and antigen‐specific IgEs. Lung function was evaluated by spirometry testing. Children born preterm had significantly more wheezing. In them, the lifetime prevalence of wheezing was 43%, vs. 17% in children born full‐term (P = 0.001; odds ratio, 3.71; 95% confidence interval, 1.67–8.25). In the full‐term group, wheezing was associated with atopy: 64% of wheezers were atopic; in the preterm group, 23% of wheezers were atopic (difference between groups, P = 0.024). Children born preterm expired significantly lower spirometry values of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1), FEV1/FVC ratio, forced expiratory flow after 50% of vital capacity has been exhaled (FEF50), and forced expiratory flow during middle half of FVC (FEF25–75). In the preterm group, wheezing, asthma, and low gestational age, but not atopy, were significantly associated with lower lung function values. Wheezers of the preterm group who still wheezed at age 10 were significantly more often atopic than those who no longer wheezed (62% vs. 9%, P = 0.006). In conclusion, we demonstrated a significant difference between groups in the association of atopy with respiratory problems. However, although atopy was not associated with a lifetime prevalence of respiratory symptoms in prematurely born children, an atopic predisposition in them was found to associate with persistence of wheezing. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004; 37:43–49. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sleep desaturation: Comparison of two oximeters
Authors: Trang Ha , Boureghda Souham , Leske Vivian
Published: December 2003

Oxygen saturation is measured by pulse oximetry during sleep studies. Body movements and peripheral vasoconstriction related to respiratory events may interfere with measurements by conventional oximeters. Our objective was to compare the detection rate of sleep desaturations by two oximeters, one of which used new motion‐resistant technology. We studied 34 children (median age, 13 years; range, 3–18) with suspected sleep‐disordered breathing. During polysomnography, oxygen saturation was measured by two oximeters set on fast mode: the motion‐resistant Radical oximeter (2‐sec averaging), and the conventional Nellcor N‐200 oximeter (2–3‐sec averaging). Respiratory events were identified based on airflow signal. The numbers of respiratory event‐related desaturations ≥3% or ≥5% detected by each oximeter were determined. Valid desaturations were defined using the Nellcor plethysmographic waveform and the Radical signal‐quality data. Hypoxemic respiratory events were those with associated valid desaturation. In total, 1,278 respiratory events were identified and pooled. Basal oxygen saturation measured just before event onset was not different between oximeters (Radical: 98%; range, 84–100; Nellcor: 97%; range, 86–100; P = ns). However, the Radical detected a greater number of valid desaturations than did the Nellcor for any level of desaturation (respectively, N = 651 and 476 desaturations ≥3%, P < 0.001; and N = 232 and 146 desaturations ≥5%, P = 0.01). Consequently, for each patient, the number of hypoxemic respiratory events per hour of sleep was greater using the Radical than using the Nellcor (P = 0.002, and P = 0.021, for desaturation ≥3% and ≥5%, respectively). In conclusion, standardized oximeter settings are required to achieve more accurate assessments of hypoxemia in children with sleep‐disordered breathing. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004; 37:76–80. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biotransformation of atrazine in transgenic tobacco cell culture expressing human P450
Authors: Bode Maren , Stöbe Petra , Thiede Brigitte , Schuphan Ingolf , Schmidt Burkhard
Published: December 2003

Plant cell cultures in which the appropriate P450 cDNA is introduced are expected to metabolise certain pesticides in large quantities. Two species of human P450 (CYP1A1 and CYP1A2) were introduced into tobacco cells (Nicotiana tabacum L) by Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation. The transgenic plant cell cultures were selected by combination of kanamycin‐resistance, 7‐ethoxycoumarin O‐de‐ethylase activity, PCR and Western blot analysis. For metabolism studies, 14C‐labelled atrazine was used as a model substance. The metabolites de‐ethylatrazine and de‐isopropylatrazine were found in the control culture as well as in the transgenic culture, whereas the non‐phytotoxic metabolite de‐ethyl‐de‐isopropylatrazine was found only in the transgenic cell cultures. The results showed that both foreign enzymes CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 catalyse N‐dealkylation of atrazine. However, CYP1A2 exhibited a higher conversion rate than CYP1A1. In a time‐course study the enzyme CYP1A2 catalysed predominantly N‐de‐ethylation followed by de‐isopropylation. The extent of metabolism was considerably higher than in non‐transformed cell cultures. The transgenic cell cultures can therefore be suitable tools for the production of large quantities of primary oxidised pesticide metabolites. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Multiple origins for black‐grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds) target‐site‐based resistance to herbicides inhibiting acetyl‐CoA carboxylase
Authors: Délye Christophe , Straub Cécile , Matéjicek Annick , Michel Séverine
Published: December 2003

We have investigated the process of evolution of target‐site‐based resistance to herbicides inhibiting acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACCase) in nine French populations of black‐grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds). To date, two different ACCase resistant alleles are known. One contains an isoleucine‐to‐leucine substitution at position 1781, the second contains an isoleucine‐to‐asparagine substitution at position 2041. Using phylogenetic analysis of ACCase sequences, we showed that 1781Leu ACCase alleles evolved from four independent origins in the nine black‐grass populations studied, while 2041Asn ACCase alleles evolved from six independent origins. No geographical structure of black‐grass populations was revealed. This implies that these populations, although geographically distant, are, or have until recently been, connected by gene flows. Comparison of biological data obtained from herbicide sensitivity bioassay and molecular data showed that distinct resistance mechanisms often exist in a single black‐grass population. Accumulation of different resistance mechanisms in a single plant was also demonstrated. We conclude that large‐scale evolution of resistance to herbicides in black‐grass is a complex phenomenon, resulting from the independent selection of various resistance mechanisms in local black‐grass populations undergoing contrasted herbicide and agronomical selection pressures, and connected by gene flows whose parameters remain to be determined. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Fate of the insecticide lambda‐cyhalothrin in ditch enclosures differing in vegetation density
Authors: Leistra Minze , Zweers Anton J , Warinton Jacqui S , Crum Steven JH , Hand Laurence H , Beltman Wim HJ , Maund Stephen J
Published: December 2003

Use of the insecticide lambda‐cyhalothrin in agriculture may result in the contamination of water bodies, for example by spray drift. Therefore, the possible exposure of aquatic organisms to this insecticide needs to be evaluated. The exposure of the organisms may be reduced by the strong sorption of the insecticide to organic materials and its susceptibility to hydrolysis at the high pH values in the natural range. In experiments done in May and August, formulated lambda‐cyhalothrin was mixed with the water body of enclosures in experimental ditches containing a bottom layer and macrophytes (at different densities) or phytoplankton. Concentrations of lambda‐cyhalothrin in the water body and in the sediment layer, and contents in the plant compartment, were measured by gas‐liquid chromatography at various times up to 1 week after application. Various water quality parameters were also measured. Concentrations of lambda‐cyhalothrin decreased rapidly in the water column: 1 day after application, 24–40% of the dose remained in the water, and by 3 days it had declined to 1.8–6.5%. At the highest plant density, lambda‐cyhalothrin residue in the plant compartment reached a maximum of 50% of the dose after 1 day; at intermediate and low plant densities, this maximum was only 3–11% of the dose (after 1–2 days). The percentage of the insecticide in the ditch sediment was 12% or less of the dose and tended to be lower at higher plant densities. Alkaline hydrolysis in the water near the surface of macrophytes and phytoplankton is considered to be the main dissipation process for lambda‐cyhalothrin. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Persistence and residual activity of an organophosphate, pirimiphos‐methyl, and three IGRs, hexaflumuron, teflubenzuron and pyriproxyfen, against the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)
Authors: Abo‐Elghar Gamal E , El‐Sheikh Anwar E , El‐Sayed Ferial M , El‐Maghraby Hamdi M , El‐Zun Hesham M
Published: December 2003

Three insect growth regulators (IGR), the chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSI) teflubenzuron and hexaflumuron and the juvenile hormone mimic (JHM) pyriproxyfen, as well as the organophosphate (OP) pirimiphos‐methyl, were evaluated for their activity against the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (F), in cowpea seeds stored for up to 8 months post‐treatment. The initial activity data showed that, based on LC50 level, teflubenzuron had strong ovicidal activity (LC50 = 0.056 mg kg−1) followed by pirimiphos‐methyl (1.82 mg kg−1) and pyriproxyfen (91.9 mg kg−1). The residual activity data showed that none of the IGRs tested had strong activity when applied at 200 mg kg−1 in reducing the oviposition rates of C maculatus at various storage intervals up to 8 months post‐treatment. However, teflubenzuron reduced adult emergence (F1 progeny), achieving control ranging from 96.2% at 1 month to 94.3% at 8 months. Hexaflumuron showed a similar trend in its residual activity, ranging between 93.8% control at 1 month to 88.2% control at 8 months post‐treatment. However, pyriproxyfen was more active than the CSIs tested and caused complete suppression (100% control) of adult emergence at all storage intervals. Unlike the IGRs tested, pirimiphos‐methyl applied at 25 mg kg−1 was more effective in reducing oviposition rates of C maculatus up to 8 months post‐treatment. A strong reduction of adult emergence was also observed at various bimonthly intervals (98.6% control at 1 month to 91.6% control at 8 months post‐treatment). The persistence of hexaflumuron and pirimiphos‐methyl in cowpea seeds was also studied over a period of 8 months. The loss of hexaflumuron residue in treated cowpeas (200 mg kg−1) was very slow during the first month post‐treatment (4.43%). At the end of 8 months, the residue level had declined significantly to 46.4% of the initial applied rate. The loss of pirimiphos‐methyl residue in treated cowpeas (25 mg kg−1) was relatively high during the first month post‐treatment (36.7%) and increased to 81.6% after 8 months. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Characterization of the bound residues of the fungicide cyprodinil formed in plant cell suspension cultures of wheat
Authors: Sapp Melanie , Ertunç Tanya , Bringmann Inken , Schäffer Andreas , Schmidt Burkhard
Published: December 2003

The non‐extractable residues of the fungicide cyprodinil formed in heterotrophic cell suspension cultures of wheat were studied by application of [2‐pyrimidyl‐14C] or [2‐pyrimidyl‐13C]cyprodinil. The main objective was to examine whether solid‐state and liquid 13CNMR spectroscopy can be used to examine plant bound residues of pesticides. For 14C experiments, wheat suspensions grown on glucose as carbon source were treated with 10 mg litre−1 of 14C‐cyprodinil. After incubation for 12 days, 20% of applied 14C was detected as non‐extractable residues. The cell debris were treated with 0.1 M HCl (reflux), 1.0 M HCl (reflux), buffer, or 2 M NaOH (50 °C); Björkman lignin and acidolysis lignin fractions were also prepared from the debris. Radioactivity liberated and solubilized by these procedures was examined by thin‐layer chromatography and high‐performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that cyprodinil and primary metabolites contributed to the fungicide's bound residues. Most of the residues (12% of applied 14C) remained associated with polar or polymeric/oligomeric endogenous cell materials in a stable manner. For the study with 13C‐cyprodinil, wheat suspensions were cultivated on 13C‐depleted glucose for four growth cycles, resulting in maximum 13C depletion of the natural cell components to about 0.10%. During the fourth cycle, 13C‐labelled cyprodinil was applied, and cells were incubated (12 days). Cell debris was prepared and examined by solid‐state 13CNMR spectroscopy. Debris was then treated as described above in the 14C experiment. Solubilized fractions were analyzed by liquid 13CNMR spectroscopy. However, none of the 13CNMR spectra recorded gave utilizable or unambiguous results, and all exhibited large inconsistencies, especially concerning the data from the conventional 14C experiment. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Alternative oxidase reduces the sensitivity of Mycosphaerella graminicola to QOI fungicides
Authors: Miguez Monica , Reeve Charlotte , Wood Paul M , Hollomon Derek W
Published: December 2003

Forty‐six (1.5%) of nearly 3000 isolates of Mycosphaerella graminicola assayed in vitro were resistant to the QOI fungicide azoxystrobin, but on sub‐culturing only ten remained resistant. Cross‐resistance extended to other QOIs, but varied between different isolates. In planta the resistant isolates were not well controlled, especially at lower azoxystrobin dose rates. Propyl gallate, an inhibitor of alternative oxidase, potentiated the activity of azoxystrobin in vitro so that resistance was no longer observed. The growth of resistant strains in the presence of azoxystrobin led to alternative oxidase activation. This increased flexibility in respiration allows resistant strains to survive in the presence of a QOI fungicide. Under these conditions, selection for target‐site mutations can occur. Using QOIs preventatively reduces the risk of resistance since the alternative oxidase cannot by itself generate all the energy needed for germination and early infection. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Representing variability in a family of MRI scanners
Authors: Jaring M. , Krikhaar R. L. , Bosch J.
Published: December 2003

Promoting software reuse is probably the most promising approach to the cost‐effective development and evolution of quality software. An example of reuse is the successful adoption of software product families in industry. In a product family context, software architects anticipate product variation and design architectures that support product derivation in both space (multiple contexts) and time (changing contexts). Product derivation is based on the concept of variability: a single architecture and a set of components support a family of products. Modern software product families need to support increasing amounts of variability, leading to a situation where variability engineering becomes of primary concern. Variability is often introduced as an ‘add‐on’ to the system without taking the consequences for more than one lifecycle phase such as design or architecture into account. This paper (1) suggests a Variability Categorization and Classification Model (VCCM) for representing variability in the software lifecycle and (2) discusses a case study of a large‐scale software product family of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanners developed by Philips Medical Systems. The study illustrates how variability can be made an integral part of system development at different levels of abstraction. VCCM has been applied to the scanner family as an analysis tool. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of the water channel aquaporin‐1: isolation and reconstitution of the regulatory complex
Authors: Abu‐Hamdah Rania , Cho Won‐Jin , Cho Sang‐Joon , Jeremic Aleksandar , Kelly Marie , Ilie Alina Elena , Jena Bhanu P.
Published: December 2003

Aquaporins (AQP) are involved in rapid and active gating of water across biological membranes. The molecular regulation of AQP is unknown. Here we report the isolation, identification and reconstitution of the regulatory complex of AQP‐1. AQP‐1 and Gαi3have been implicated in GTP‐induced gating of water in zymogen granules (ZG), the secretory vesicles in exocrine pancreas. In the present study, detergent‐solubilized ZGs immunoprecipitated with monoclonal AQP‐1 antibody, co‐isolates AQP‐1, PLA2, Gαi3, potassium channel IRK‐8, and the chloride channel ClC‐2. Exposure of ZGs to either the potassium channel blocker glyburide, or the PLA2 inhibitor ONO‐RS‐082, blocked GTP‐induced ZG swelling. RBC known to possess AQP‐1 at the plasma membrane, swell on exposure to the Gαi—agonist mastoparan, and respond similarly to ONO‐RS‐082 and glyburide, as ZGs. Liposomes reconstituted with the AQP‐1 immunoisolated complex from solubilized ZG, also swell in response to GTP. Glyburide or ONO‐RS‐082 abolished the GTP effect. Immunoisolate‐reconstituted planar lipid bilayers demonstrate conductance, which is sensitive to glyburide and an AQP‐1 specific antibody. Our results demonstrate a Gαi3‐PLA2 mediated pathway and potassium channel involvement in AQP‐1 regulation.
Sexual dysfunction among patients treated with antidepressants—a Hungarian retrospective study
Authors: Osváth P. , Fekete S. , Vörös V. , Vitrai J.
Published: December 2003

The authors have investigated the incidence and several aspects of sexual problems in Hungarian outpatients (N = 637) treated by antidepressive medication. In this multicentre epidemiological survey the sexual dysfunctions (SD) was assessed by psychiatrists using structured interviews. Seventy-eight of the sample has sexual problems, more than half of them mentioned SD after starting antidepressive medication. Comparing various groups of antidepressants, patients taking a RIMA compound reported the occurrence of SD not so often as in TCA or SSRI groups, where the rate of SD was very high. Authors pointed out that physicians have to pay special attention to this problem in everyday clinical practice, since the recognition and treatment of sexual dysfunction is critical for the patient’s satisfaction, medication compliance and the quality of life.
A 15-year follow-up study of patients with panic disorder
Authors: Andersch Sven , Hetta Jerker
Published: December 2003

Background

Panic disorder (PD) is generally regarded as a chronic condition with considerable variation in severity of symptoms.

Aims

To describe the long-term outcome of naturalistically treated PD.

Methods

Fifty-five outpatients with PD, who participated in a placebo-controlled drug trial of the efficacy of alprazolam and imipramine 15 years ago were reassessed with the same instruments used in the original study.

Results

Complete recovery (no panic attacks and no longer on medication during the last 10 years) was seen in 18% of patients, and an additional 13% recovered but were still on medication. Fifty-one percent experienced recurrent anxiety attacks whereas 18% still met diagnostic criteria for PD. The incidence of agoraphobia decreased from 69% to 20%. Patients with agoraphobia at admission tended to have a poorer long-term outcome according to daily functioning compared with patients without agoraphobia at admission, although both groups reported improved daily functioning at follow-up. Maintenance medication was common. No benzodiazepine abuse was reported.

Conclusion

PD has a favourable outcome in a substantial proportion of patients. However, the illness is chronic and needs treatment. The short-term treatment given in the drug trial had no influence on the long-term outcome.
Depressive psychopathology and adverse childhood experiences in eating disorders
Authors: Speranza Mario , Atger Frederic , Corcos Maurice , Loas Gwenolé , Guilbaud Olivier , Stéphan Philippe , Perez-Diaz Fernando , Halfon Olivier , Luc Venisse Jean , Bizouard Paul , Lang François , Flament Martine , Jeammet Philippe
Published: December 2003

Purpose

The aim of this paper was to investigate the diagnostic specificity of the self-critical and dependent depressive experiences in a clinical sample of eating disorder patients and to explore the impact of adverse childhood experiences on these dimensions of personality.

Method

A sample of 94 anorexic and 61 bulimic patients meeting DSM-IV criteria and 236 matched controls were assessed with the Depressive Experience Questionnaire (DEQ), the abridged version of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the AMDP Life Events Inventory. Subjects presenting a major depression or a comorbid addictive disorder were excluded from the sample using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI).

Results

Anorexic and bulimic patients showed higher scores than controls on both self-criticism and dependency sub-scales of the DEQ. Bulimic patients scored significantly higher than anorexic patients on self-criticism and reported more adverse childhood experiences. Finally, negative life events correlated only with self-criticism in the whole sample.

Discussion

Differences in the DEQ Self-Criticism between anorexics and bulimics could not be accounted for by depression since bulimic patients did not show higher BDI levels compared to anorexic patients and depressive symptoms measured with the BDI were not found to be significant predictors of diagnostic grouping in a logistic multiple regression.

Conclusion

This study supports the diagnostic specificity of the dependent and self-critical depressive dimensions in eating disorders and strengthens previous research on the role of early experiences in the development of these disorders.
The Spielberger trait anxiety inventory measures more than anxiety
Authors: Caci Hervé , Baylé Franck J. , Dossios Christelle , Robert Philippe , Boyer Patrice
Published: December 2003

Objective

Researchers tried to explain the overlap between anxiety and depression by suggesting that some items of self-administered questionnaires were badly selected and that both constructs should rather be considered as multidimensional. Thus, we hypothesise that the Spielberger trait anxiety inventory (TAI) includes items related to depression.

Method

A non-clinical sample of 193 subjects filled out the TAI and the Hospitalised Anxiety–Depression Scale. Factors were postulated on the basis of item content and submitted to confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).

Results

We found five factors: a 10-item anxiety factor containing three factors, a four-item unsuccessfulness factor correlated with the HADS anhedonia factor, and a six-item happiness factor.

Conclusion

The TAI scale encompasses measures of anxiety, depression and well-being. Consequently, the overlap with other measures of depression may result from item selection. This work awaits replication in independent normal and pathological samples.
Psychological stress and cortisol secretion in anhedonic alcoholic men
Authors: Marra D. , Warot D. , Berlin I. , Hispard E. , Dally S.
Published: December 2003

We investigated plasma cortisol in a psychological stress paradigm in seven weaned anhedonic alcoholics in comparison with seven age-matched healthy controls. Alcoholics had significantly higher mean plasma cortisol at baseline and no increase following a psychological stress paradigm. Anhedonic alcoholics judged the experimental situation less agreeable than controls. Anhedonic alcoholics may have blunted cortisol response to psychological stress.
Differential diagnosis using the MMPI-2: Goldberg’s index revisited
Authors: Egger Jos I.M. , Delsing Peter A.M. , De Mey Hubert R.A.
Published: December 2003

Background

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) often supports clinical decision-making in complex diagnostic problems like differentiating neurosis from psychosis and psychosis from bipolar disorder. The MMPI Goldberg index, an arithmetical combination of five clinical scales, has been considered to provide a good estimate for discriminating between neurotic and psychotic profiles. Similarly, the MMPI-2 Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5) scales have been found to be useful in differentiating diagnostic categories.

Method

This study evaluates these findings in a sample of psychiatric patients diagnosed with depressive, psychotic, or bipolar disorder using ANOVA and discriminant analysis.

Results

Results corroborate the validity of Goldberg’s index and find MMPI-2 PSY-5 scale Disconstraint to significantly differentiate between psychotic and bipolar-I disorder.

Conclusion

The MMPI-2 Goldberg index and PSY-5 scales can offer a useful contribution to the differential diagnosis of depressive, psychotic and bipolar disorder.
Depressive episodes–evidence for a causal role of primary anxiety disorders?
Authors: Wittchen Hans-Ulrich , Beesdo Katja , Bittner Antje , Goodwin Renee D.
Published: December 2003

Anxiety and depressive disorders are common mental disorders in general population, imposing tremendous burden on both affected persons and society. Moreover, comorbidity between anxiety and depressive conditions is high, leading to substantial disability and functional impairment. Findings consistently suggest that anxiety disorders are primary to depression in the majority of comorbid cases. Yet, the question of whether anxiety disorders are risk factors for depression, and potentially even causal risk factors for the first onset of depression, remains unresolved. Recent results have shown that anxiety disorders increase the risk for subsequent depression, and also affect the course of depression, resulting in a poorer prognosis. Further, some results suggest a dose–response-relationship in revealing that a higher number of anxiety disorders and more severe impairment associated with anxiety disorders additionally increase the risk for subsequent depression. The goal of this paper is to review recent literature, summarize implications of previous findings, and suggest directions for future research regarding preventive and intervention strategies.
Bone tissue engineering in a critical size defect compared to ectopic implantations in the goat
Authors: Kruyt Moyo C. , Dhert Wouter J. A. , Yuan Huipin , Wilson Clayton E. , van Blitterswijk Clemens A. , Verbout Abraham J. , de Bruijn Joost D.
Published: December 2003

Since the application of the autologous bone graft, the need for an alternative has been recognized. Tissue engineering (TE) of bone by combining bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) with a porous scaffold, is considered a promising technique. In this study we investigated the potential of tissue engineered bone to heal a critical sized defect in the goat. Orthotopic bone formation was compared to ectopic bone formation in comparable constructs.

TE constructs were prepared from goat BMSCs and porous biphasic calcium phosphate ceramic scaffolds. These constructs and scaffolds without cells were implanted paired in critical sized iliac wing defects. Comparable samples were implanted intramuscularly. After 9 (n = 7) and 12 (n = 8) weeks implantation, the samples were analyzed histomorphometrically.

After 9‐weeks implantation in the iliac wing defect, significantly more bone apposition was found in the TE condition. After 12 weeks, the defects were almost completely filled with bone, but no significant advantage of TE was determined anymore. This contrasted with the intramuscular samples where TE implants showed significantly more bone at both time points.

In conclusion, bone TE is feasible in critical sized defects. However, when appropriate osteoconductive/inductive materials are applied the effect of cell seeding may be temporary. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.