bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trend Prediction and Decomposed Driving Factors of Carbon Emissions in Jiangsu Province during 2015–2020
Authors: Tang Decai , Ma Tingyu , Li Zhijiang , Tang Jiexin , Bethel Brandon
Published: October 2016

According to the economic and energy consumption statistics in Jiangsu Province, we combined the GM (1, 1) grey model and polynomial regression to forecast carbon emissions. Historical and projected emissions were decomposed using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) approach to assess the relative contribution of different factors to emission variability. The results showed that carbon emissions will continue to increase in Jiangsu province during 2015–2020 period and cumulative carbon emissions will increase by 39.5487 million tons within the forecast period. The growth of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita plays the greatest positive role in driving carbon emission growth. Furthermore, the improvement of energy usage efficiency is the primary factor responsible for reducing carbon emissions. Factors of population, industry structure adjustment and the optimization of fuel mix also help to reduce carbon emissions. Based on the LMDI analysis, we provide some advice for policy-makers in Jiangsu and other provinces in China.
Towards Sustainable Smart Homes by a Hierarchical Hybrid Architecture of an Intelligent Agent
Authors: Yang K. , Cho Sung-Bae
Published: October 2016

A smart home can be realized by the provision of services, such as building control, automation and security implemented in accordance with a user’s request. One of the important issues is how to respond quickly and appropriately to a user’s request in a “dynamic environment”. An intelligent agent infers the user’s intention and provides the intact service. This paper proposes a smart home agent system based on a hierarchical hybrid architecture of a user intention model, which models the user intention as a hierarchical structure and implements it in a dynamic environment. The conventional rule-based approach needs to obtain all information before it is executed, which requires a large number of rules and is hardly scalable as the control objects are increasing. On the other hand, the proposed system consists of several modules that construct a hierarchical user intention model. The smart home system needs to take account of the information, such as time, state of device and state of the home, in addition to users’ intention. We evaluate the performance of the proposed system in a dynamic environment and conduct a blind test with seven subjects to measure the satisfaction of service, resulting in the average score of 81.46.
Scaling up and out as a Pathway for Food System Transitions
Authors: Pitt Hannah , Jones Mat
Published: October 2016

This paper contributes to the understanding of sustainability transitions by analysing processes of scaling up and out as change pathway. It defines scaling up and out as a distinct form of policy transfer focused on programme implementation, with continuity of actors across jurisdictions. We detail how scaling up and out occurs, introducing a new mechanism to policy transfer frameworks. This is explicated through the case study of Food for Life (FFL), a civil society innovation programme promoting sustainable healthy food in public settings. We highlight why FFL was scaled up and out, how this was achieved, by whom, and the results and success factors. The case study demonstrates the importance of interrogating motivations for transferring policies, and how these influence whether successful outcomes are achieved. This requires a revised framework for analysing policy transfer, with greater attention to the links between motives and outcomes, and a less binary understanding of agents’ roles. Where scaling is the mode of policy transfer, we suggest that continuous involvement of at least one transfer agent across the process is significant to success. We conclude by highlighting implications for future research into policy transfer and food system transitions.
Quantitative Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Based on PULCON Methodology: Application to Quantification of Invaluable Marine Toxin, Okadaic Acid
Authors: Watanabe Ryuichi , Sugai Chika , Yamazaki Taichi , Matsushima Ryoji , Uchida Hajime , Matsumiya Masahiro , Takatsu Akiko , Suzuki Toshiyuki
Published: October 2016

ERETIC2 (Electronic Reference To access In vivo Concentrations 2) based on PULCON (Pulse Length–based Concentration determination) methodology is a quantitative NMR (qNMR) using an external standard. The performance of the PULCON method was assessed using maleic acid (MA). Quantification of the diarrhetic shellfish toxin and okadaic acid by PULCON was successfully consistent with that obtained by a conventional internal standard method, demonstrating that the PULCON method is useful for the quantification of invaluable marine toxins without any contaminations by an internal standard.
Inﬂuenza and Memory T Cells: How to Awake the Force
Authors: Spitaels Jan , Roose Kenny , Saelens Xavier
Published: October 2016

Annual inﬂuenza vaccination is an effective way to prevent human inﬂuenza. Current vaccines are mainly focused on eliciting a strain-matched humoral immune response, requiring yearly updates, and do not provide protection for all vaccinated individuals. The past few years, the importance of cellular immunity, and especially memory T cells, in long-lived protection against inﬂuenza virus has become clear. To overcome the shortcomings of current inﬂuenza vaccines, eliciting both humoral and cellular immunity is imperative. Today, several new vaccines such as infection-permissive and recombinant T cell inducing vaccines, are being developed and show promising results. These vaccines will allow us to stay several steps ahead of the constantly evolving inﬂuenza virus.
Evaluating the Water Footprint of the Mediterranean and American Diets
Authors: Blas Alejandro , Garrido Alberto , Willaarts Bárbara
Published: October 2016

Global food demand is increasing rapidly as a result of multiple drivers including population growth, dietary shifts and economic development. Meeting the rising global food demand will require expanding agricultural production and promoting healthier and more sustainable diets. The goal of this paper is to assess and compare the water footprint (WF) of two recommended diets (Mediterranean and American), and evaluate the water savings of possible dietary shifts in two countries: Spain and the United States (US). Our results show that the American diet has a 29% higher WF in comparison with the Mediterranean, regardless of products’ origin. In the US, a shift to a Mediterranean diet would decrease the WF by 1629 L/person/day. Meanwhile, a shift towards an American diet in Spain will increase the WF by 1504 L/person/day. The largest share of the WF of both diets is always linked to green water (62%–75%). Grey water in the US is 67% higher in comparison with Spain. Only five products account for 36%–46% of the total WF of the two dietary options in both countries, being meat, oil and dairy products the food items with the largest WFs. Our study demonstrates that adopting diets based on a greater consumption of vegetables, fruits and fish, like the Mediterranean one, leads to major water savings.
Overexpression of Interferon Regulatory Factor 7 (IRF7) Reduces Bone Metastasis of Prostate Cancer Cells in Mice
Authors: Zhao Yang , Chen Wenxia , Zhu Weiliang , Meng Hui , Chen Jie , Zhang Jian
Published: October 2016

The purpose of this study was to identify the role of interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) in the bone metastasis of prostate cancer. Herein we demonstrated the lower expression of IRF7 in bone metastases of prostate cancer. Overexpression of IRF7 in prostate cancer cells had a marked
effect on inhibiting bone metastases but not on tumor growth in xenograft nude mice. While in vitro, upregulation of IRF7 had little effect on the malignant phenotype of prostate cancer cells including proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion. However, prostate cancer cells overexpressing
IRF7 significantly enhanced the activity of NK cells, which resulted in the cytolysis of prostate cancer target cells. The underlying mechanism may be relevant to the increasing expression of IFN-β induced by IRF7, as the downregulation of which could inversely inhibit the activity of
NK cells. In conclusion, our findings indicate that IRF7 plays a role in reducing bone metastasis of prostate cancer by IFN-β-mediated NK activity.
CONTRIBUTION OF NEUTRON STAR MERGERS TO THE r-PROCESS CHEMICAL EVOLUTION IN THE HIERARCHICAL GALAXY FORMATION
Authors: Komiya Yutaka , Shigeyama Toshikazu
Published: October 2016

The main astronomical source of r-process elements has not yet been identified. One plausible site is neutron star mergers (NSMs), but from the perspective of the Galactic chemical evolution, it has been pointed out that NSMs cannot reproduce the observed r-process abundance distribution of metal-poor stars at

. Recently, Tsujimoto & Shigeyama pointed out that NSM ejecta can spread into a much larger volume than ejecta from a supernova. We re-examine the enrichment of r-process elements by NSMs considering this difference in propagation using the chemical evolution model under the hierarchical galaxy formation. The observed r-process enhanced stars around

are reproduced if the star formation efficiency is lower for low-mass galaxies under a realistic delay-time distribution for NSMs. We show that a significant fraction of NSM ejecta escape from its host proto-galaxy to pollute intergalactic matter and other proto-galaxies. The propagation of r-process elements over proto-galaxies changes the abundance distribution at

and obtains distribution compatible with observations of the Milky Way halo stars. In particular, the pre-enrichment of intergalactic medium explains the observed scarcity of extremely metal-poor stars without Ba and abundance distribution of r-process elements at

.
INFLUENCE OF STELLAR FLARES ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF EXOPLANETS AND SPECTRA
Authors: Venot Olivia , Rocchetto Marco , Carl Shaun , Hashim Aysha Roshni , Decin Leen
Published: October 2016

More than three thousand exoplanets have been detected so far, and more and more spectroscopic observations of exoplanets are performed. Future instruments (James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), E-ELT, PLATO, Ariel, etc.,) are eagerly awaited, as they will be able to provide spectroscopic data with greater accuracy and sensitivity than what is currently available. This will allow more accurate conclusions to be drawn regarding the chemistry and dynamics of exoplanetary atmospheres, provided that the observational data are carefully processed. One important aspect to consider is temporal stellar atmospheric disturbances that can influence the planetary composition, and hence spectra, and potentially can lead to incorrect assumptions about the steady-state atmospheric composition of the planet. In this paper, we focus on perturbations coming from the host star in the form of flare events that significantly increase photon flux impingement on the exoplanets atmosphere. In some cases, particularly for M stars, this sudden increase may last for several hours. We aim to discover to what extent a stellar flare is able to modify the chemical composition of the planetary atmosphere and, therefore, influence the resulting spectra. We use a one-dimensional thermo-photochemical model to study the neutral atmospheric composition of two hypothetical planets located around the star AD Leo. We place the two planets at different distances from the star, which results in effective atmospheric temperatures of 412 and 1303 K. AD Leo is an active star that has already been observed during a flare. Therefore, we use the spectroscopic data from this flare event to simulate the evolution of the chemical composition of the atmospheres of the two hypothetical planets. We compute synthetic spectra to evaluate the implications for observations. The increase in the incoming photon flux affects the chemical abundances of some important species (such as H and NH3), down to altitudes associated with an atmospheric pressure of 1 bar, which can lead to variations in planetary spectra (up to 150 ppm) if performed during transit. We find that each exoplanet has a post-flare steady-state composition that is significantly different from the pre-flare steady-state. We predict that these variations could be detectable with both current and future spectroscopic instruments, if sufficiently high signal-to-noise spectra are obtained.
THE EVOLUTION OF GALAXY NUMBER DENSITY AT z < 8 AND ITS IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Conselice Christopher J. , Wilkinson Aaron , Duncan Kenneth , Mortlock Alice
Published: October 2016

The evolution of the number density of galaxies in the universe, and thus also the total number of galaxies, is a fundamental question with implications for a host of astrophysical problems including galaxy evolution and cosmology. However, there has never been a detailed study of this important measurement, nor a clear path to answer it. To address this we use observed galaxy stellar mass functions up to z ∼ 8 to determine how the number densities of galaxies change as a function of time and mass limit. We show that the increase in the total number density of galaxies (ϕ
T), more massive than M
* = 106
M
⊙, decreases as ϕ
T ∼ t
−1, where t is the age of the universe. We further show that this evolution turns over and rather increases with time at higher mass lower limits of M
* > 107
M
⊙. By using the M
* = 106
M
⊙ lower limit we further show that the total number of galaxies in the universe up to z = 8 is

(2 trillion), almost a factor of 10 higher than would be seen in an all sky survey at Hubble Ultra-Deep Field depth. We discuss the implications for these results for galaxy evolution, as well as compare our results with the latest models of galaxy formation. These results also reveal that the cosmic background light in the optical and near-infrared likely arise from these unobserved faint galaxies. We also show how these results solve the question of why the sky at night is dark, otherwise known as Olbers’ paradox.
ON THE METALLICITY DISTRIBUTION OF THE PECULIAR GLOBULAR CLUSTER M22
Authors: Lee Jae-Woo
Published: October 2016

In our previous study, we showed that the peculiar globular cluster (GC) M22 contains two distinct stellar populations, namely the Ca-w and Ca-s groups, which have different physical properties, chemical compositions, spatial distributions, and kinematics. We proposed that M22 was most likely formed via a merger of two GCs with heterogeneous metallicities in a dwarf galaxy environment and then later accreted to our Galaxy. In their recent study, Mucciarelli et al. claimed that M22 is a normal monometallic globular cluster without any perceptible metallicity spread among the two groups of stars, which challenges our results and those of others. We devise new strategies for the local thermodynamic equilibrium abundance analysis of red giant branch stars in GCs and show that there exists a spread in the iron abundance distribution in M22.
DISCOVERY OF γ-RAY EMISSION FROM THE RADIO-INTERMEDIATE QUASAR III ZW 2: VIOLENT JET ACTIVITY WITH INTRADAY γ-RAY VARIABILITY
Authors: Liao Neng-Hui , Xin Yu-Liang , Fan Xu-Liang , Weng Shan-Shan , Li Shao-Kun , Chen Liang , Fan Yi-Zhong
Published: October 2016

III Zw 2 is the prototype of radio-intermediate quasars. Although there is the evidence of possessing strong jet, significant γ-ray emission has not been reported before. In this work, we carry out a detailed analysis of the latest Fermi-LAT Pass 8 data. No significant γ-ray signal has been detected in the time-averaged 7-year Fermi-LAT data of III Zw 2; however, we have identified two distinct γ-ray flares with isotropic luminosities of ∼1045 erg s−1. Multiwavelength data analysis (also including the optical photometric observations from Yunnan Observatories) are presented and the main finding is simultaneous optical and γ-ray flares of III Zw 2 appearing in 2009 November. Violent γ-ray variability with a doubling timescale of 2.5 hr was detected in another γ-ray flare in May 2010, for which the 3-hr γ-ray peak flux is ∼250 times of the average flux in 7 years. Rather similar behaviors are observed in blazars and the blazar model can reasonably reproduce the spectral energy distribution of III Zw 2 in a wide energy range, strongly suggesting that its central engine resembles that of blazars. In view of its core, which shares radio similarities with young radio sources, together with weak extended radio lobe emission, we suggest that III Zw 2 harbors a recurrent activity core and thus serves as a valuable target for investigating the fueling and triggering of the activity in radio-loud active galactic nuclei.
THE DISCOVERY OF SOLAR-LIKE ACTIVITY CYCLES BEYOND THE END OF THE MAIN SEQUENCE?
Authors: Route Matthew
Published: October 2016

The long-term magnetic behavior of objects near the cooler end of the stellar main sequence is poorly understood. Most theoretical work on the generation of magnetism in these ultracool dwarfs (spectral type ≥M7 stars and brown dwarfs) suggests that their magnetic fields should not change in strength and direction. Using polarized radio emission measurements of their magnetic field orientations, I demonstrate that these cool, low-mass, fully convective objects appear to undergo magnetic polarity reversals analogous to those that occur on the Sun. This powerful new technique potentially indicates that the patterns of magnetic activity displayed by the Sun continue to exist, despite the fully convective interiors of these objects, in contravention of several leading theories of the generation of magnetic fields by internal dynamos.
Pensée, dénomination extrinsèque et changement chez Averroès
Authors: Brenet Jean-Baptiste
Published: October 2016

L’article examine la lecture qu’Averroès propose de la fin de Physique VII, 3 d’Aristote, où ce dernier établit qu’il n’y a pas d’altération dans la partie intellectuelle de l’âme, du fait que « ce qui possède la science appartient éminemment aux relatifs ». Dans ce cadre, on montre : premièrement, que la pensée de l’homme se comprend chez Averroès comme un acte composé, constitué d’un mouvement réel (dans le corps et l’âme sensitive) et de sa fin instantanée (dans l’intellect) ; deuxièmement, que l’averroïsme, à proprement parler, n’est pas cette philosophie dans laquelle « pensant » se prédiquerait de l’homme par dénomination extrinsèque et en vertu, seulement, d’un Cambridge change.
Two « Platonic » Scholastics on the Soul’s Presence in the Body: John Quidort and Giles of Viterbo
Authors: Guldentops Guy
Published: October 2016

Prenant la distinction 8 du premier livre des Sentences de Pierre Lombard comme point de départ, plusieurs auteurs du Moyen Âge tardif et de la Renaissance discutent la question de savoir si l’âme est entièrement présente dans le corps entier et dans chacune de ses parties. L’article résume la préhistoire de la thèse du Lombard, selon laquelle l’âme est tout entière partout dans le corps, et analyse les positions de deux théologiens « platonisants » : d’une part celle du dominicain Jean Quidort (fin du xiii e siècle), d’autre part celle de l’augustinien Gilles de Viterbe (début du xvi e siècle).
Anonymous of Worcester’s Quaestiones super Librum Ethicorum
Authors: Suto Taki
Published: October 2016

Le codex Q. 13 de la bibliothèque cathédrale de Worcester contient un commentaire anonyme inédit sur le premier livre de l’ Éthique à Nicomaque . L’édition est précédée d’une introduction historique et doctrinale. Ce commentaire peut être rapproché des commentaires dits « averroïstes », c’est-à-dire les commentaires parisiens sur l’ Éthique de la deuxième moitié du xiii e siècle et, surtout, de celui de Jean de Tytynsale, maître à la Faculté des Arts d’Oxford dans la deuxième moitié du xiii e siècle. L’analyse doctrinale et stylistique ainsi que l’étude du manuscrit permettent d’affirmer que le commentaire a été rédigé entre 1272 et 1295, vraisemblablement par un maître de la Faculté des Arts d’Oxford.
Estimation de la fréquence et des coûts associés aux neutropénies fébrile en France : analyse de la base de données des hôpitaux (PMSI) 2010/2011
Authors: Vainchtock Alexandre , Boudevin Florence , Chaize Gwendoline , Jouaneton Baptiste , Durand-Zaleski Isabelle
Published: October 2016

OBJECTIFS : Estimer le nombre et les coûts du point de vue de l’Assurance Maladie des séjours des patients hospitalisés pour une neutropénie fébrile (NF) chimio-induite en France. METHODES : Le programme de médicalisation des systèmes d’information (PMSI) est une base de données exhaustive qui comprend des informations médico-administratives relatives à l’ensemble des hospitalisations survenues annuellement. Un algorithme ad hoc a permis de sélectionner les patients atteints d’un cancer hématologique ou une tumeur solide et hospitalisés pour une NF chimio-induite en 2010-2011. Une valorisation économique de ces séjours a été faite sur la base de la tarification à l’activité (T2A 2010). RESULTATS : En 2010-2011, 13 559 séjours pour NF ont été identifiés dans la base PMSI, chez 10 229 patients nouvellement diagnostiqués et traités par chimiothérapie. Le pourcentage de survenue d’une NF est estimé à 7,4 %. 80 % concernent des patients atteints de tumeur solide. La prise en charge de la NF a été réalisée par des hopitaux publics dans 86 % des cas et elle a été médicale dans 93 % des cas. La durée de séjour moyenne était de 6,3 (±8,7) jours. Le coût annuel moyen pour la prise en charge des NF s’élève à 5 198 € (±6 273 €) par patient. CONCLUSION : La base PMSI permet d’estimer les coûts hospitaliers de prise en charge induits par la neutropénie fébrile en France. En 2010/2011, les neutropénies fébriles liées à une chimiothérapie ont induits 13 559 séjours hospitaliers et un coût total de 53,2 millions € pour l’Assurance Maladie.
Traits syntaxiques « populaires » dans le français « régional » de La Réunion : très populaires dans la francophonie, jusqu’en Nouvelle Calédonie
Authors: Ledegen Gudrun
Published: October 2016

Les jugements d’acceptabilité différents entre le français régional des DROMs (actuels et anciens : La Réunion, les Antilles, la Nouvelle-Calédonie, etc.) et le français de métropole (neutre vs  populaire respectivement) sont une caractéristique très connue sur les plans du lexique, de la prononciation mais aussi de la syntaxe. Après un exposé historique permettant de cerner l’origine (« populaire » ?) commune de traits syntaxiques, le corpus d’analyse est présenté et les différents sens du terme « populaire » définis. Deux traits syntaxiques « populaires » sont ensuite examinés, i.e.  l’omission du subjonctif et l’interrogation indirecte in situ , pour ce qui est de l’histoire de la tournure et de leur fonctionnement (en ce qui concerne notamment sa prosodie pour l’interrogative) et l’attestation actuelle en français régional de La Réunion ainsi que dans d’autres zones francophones, dont la Nouvelle-Calédonie.
Le français des Isles : des Antilles à la Nouvelle-Calédonie
Authors: Wissner Inka
Published: October 2016

Cet article étudie les liens qui relient le français en Nouvelle-Calédonie et le français aux Antilles à travers une analyse historico-variétale comparative des diatopismes linguistiques qu’ils partagent. Il émet l’hypothèse selon laquelle l’essentiel de ces partages relève du « vocabulaire des Isles » et est, à ce titre, issu du français colonial. Cela est confirmé par l’analyse pour les cas identifiés (amarrer, langage, linge, nous/vous/eux autres) , un seul partage lexical étant de création récente (zoreille) . L’article montre que le français en Nouvelle-Calédonie s’intègre bien dans une dynamique partagée avec les français d’outre-mer formés à date ancienne, constituant la dernière d’une série de « vagues » de diffusion qui ont balayé l’espace francophone.
Distinct Roles for Human Cytomegalovirus Immediate Early Proteins IE1 and IE2 in the Transcriptional Regulation of MICA and PVR/CD155 Expression
Authors: Pignoloni Benedetta , Fionda Cinzia , Dell’Oste Valentina , Luganini Anna , Cippitelli Marco , Zingoni Alessandra , Landolfo Santo , Gribaudo Giorgio , Santoni Angela , Cerboni Cristina
Published: October 2016

Elimination of virus-infected cells by cytotoxic lymphocytes is triggered by activating receptors, among which NKG2D and DNAM-1/CD226 play an important role. Their ligands, that is, MHC class I–related chain (MIC) A/B and UL16-binding proteins (ULBP)1–6 (NKG2D ligand), Nectin-2/CD112, and poliovirus receptor (PVR)/CD155 (DNAM-1 ligand), are often induced on virus-infected cells, although some viruses, including human CMV (HCMV), can block their expression. In this study, we report that infection of different cell types with laboratory or low-passage HCMV strains upregulated MICA, ULBP3, and PVR, with NKG2D and DNAM-1 playing a role in NK cell–mediated lysis of infected cells. Inhibition of viral DNA replication with phosphonoformic acid did not prevent ligand upregulation, thus indicating that early phases of HCMV infection are involved in ligand increase. Indeed, the major immediate early (IE) proteins IE1 and IE2 stimulated the expression of MICA and PVR, but not ULBP3. IE2 directly activated MICA promoter via its binding to an IE2-responsive element that we identified within the promoter and that is conserved among different alleles of MICA. Both IE proteins were instead required for PVR upregulation via a mechanism independent of IE DNA binding activity. Finally, inhibiting IE protein expression during HCMV infection confirmed their involvement in ligand increase. We also investigated the contribution of the DNA damage response, a pathway activated by HCMV and implicated in ligand regulation. However, silencing of ataxia telangiectasia mutated, ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3–related protein, and DNA-dependent protein kinase did not influence ligand expression. Overall, these data reveal that MICA and PVR are directly regulated by HCMV IE proteins, and this may be crucial for the onset of an early host antiviral response.
Blomia tropicalis–Specific TCR Transgenic Th2 Cells Induce Inducible BALT and Severe Asthma in Mice by an IL-4/IL-13–Dependent Mechanism
Authors: Chua Yen Leong , Liong Ka Hang , Huang Chiung-Hui , Wong Hok Sum , Zhou Qian , Ler Say Siong , Tang Yafang , Low Chin Pei , Koh Hui Yu , Kuo I.-Chun , Zhang Yongliang , Wong W. S. Fred , Peh Hong Yong , Lim Hwee Ying , Ge Moyar Qing , Haczku Angela , Angeli Veronique , MacAry Paul A. , Chua Kaw Yan , Kemeny David M.
Published: October 2016

Previous studies have highlighted the importance of lung-draining lymph nodes in the respiratory allergic immune response, whereas the lung parenchymal immune system has been largely neglected. We describe a new in vivo model of respiratory sensitization to Blomia tropicalis, the principal asthma allergen in the tropics, in which the immune response is focused on the lung parenchyma by transfer of Th2 cells from a novel TCR transgenic mouse, specific for the major B. tropicalis allergen Blo t 5, that targets the lung rather than the draining lymph nodes. Transfer of highly polarized transgenic CD4 effector Th2 cells, termed BT-II, followed by repeated inhalation of Blo t 5 expands these cells in the lung >100-fold, and subsequent Blo t 5 challenge induced decreased body temperature, reduction in movement, and a fall in specific lung compliance unseen in conventional mouse asthma models following a physiological allergen challenge. These mice exhibit lung eosinophilia; smooth muscle cell, collagen, and goblet cell hyperplasia; hyper IgE syndrome; mucus plugging; and extensive inducible BALT. In addition, there is a fall in total lung volume and forced expiratory volume at 100 ms. These pathophysiological changes were substantially reduced and, in some cases, completely abolished by administration of neutralizing mAbs specific for IL-4 and IL-13 on weeks 1, 2, and 3. This IL-4/IL-13–dependent inducible BALT model will be useful for investigating the pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie asthma and the development of more effective drugs for treating severe asthma.
DNA Prime-Boost Vaccine Regimen To Increase Breadth, Magnitude, and Cytotoxicity of the Cellular Immune Responses to Subdominant Gag Epitopes of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus and HIV
Authors: Hu Xintao , Valentin Antonio , Dayton Frances , Kulkarni Viraj , Alicea Candido , Rosati Margherita , Chowdhury Bhabadeb , Gautam Rajeev , Broderick Kate E. , Sardesai Niranjan Y. , Martin Malcolm A. , Mullins James I. , Pavlakis George N. , Felber Barbara K.
Published: October 2016

HIV sequence diversity and the propensity of eliciting immunodominant responses targeting variable regions of the HIV proteome are hurdles in the development of an effective AIDS vaccine. An HIV-derived conserved element (CE) p24gag plasmid DNA (pDNA) vaccine is able to redirect immunodominant responses to otherwise subdominant and often more vulnerable viral targets. By homology to the HIV immunogen, seven CE were identified in SIV p27Gag. Analysis of 31 rhesus macaques vaccinated with full-length SIV gag pDNA showed inefficient induction (58% response rate) of cellular responses targeting these CE. In contrast, all 14 macaques immunized with SIV p27CE pDNA developed robust T cell responses recognizing CE. Vaccination with p27CE pDNA was also critical for the efficient induction and increased the frequency of Ag-specific T cells with cytotoxic potential (granzyme B+ CD107a+) targeting subdominant CE epitopes, compared with the responses elicited by the p57gag pDNA vaccine. Following p27CE pDNA priming, two booster regimens, gag pDNA or codelivery of p27CE+gag pDNA, significantly increased the levels of CE-specific T cells. However, the CE+gag pDNA booster vaccination elicited significantly broader CE epitope recognition, and thus, a more profound alteration of the immunodominance hierarchy. Vaccination with HIV molecules showed that CE+gag pDNA booster regimen further expanded the breadth of HIV CE responses. Hence, SIV/HIV vaccine regimens comprising CE pDNA prime and CE+gag pDNA booster vaccination significantly increased cytotoxic T cell responses to subdominant highly conserved Gag epitopes and maximized response breadth.
Cell-Extrinsic TNF Collaborates with TRIF Signaling To Promote Yersinia-Induced Apoptosis
Authors: Peterson Lance W. , Philip Naomi H. , Dillon Christopher P. , Bertin John , Gough Peter J. , Green Douglas R. , Brodsky Igor E.
Published: October 2016

Innate immune responses that are crucial for control of infection are often targeted by microbial pathogens. Blockade of NF-κB and MAPK signaling by the Yersinia virulence factor YopJ inhibits cytokine production by innate immune cells but also triggers cell death. This cell death requires RIPK1 kinase activity and caspase-8, which are engaged by TLR4 and the adaptor protein TRIF. Nevertheless, TLR4- and TRIF-deficient cells undergo significant apoptosis, implicating TLR4/TRIF-independent pathways in the death of Yersinia-infected cells. In this article, we report a key role for TNF/TNFR1 in Yersinia-induced cell death of murine macrophages, which occurs despite the blockade of NF-κB and MAPK signaling imposed by Yersinia on infected cells. Intriguingly, direct analysis of YopJ injection revealed a heterogeneous population of injection-high and injection-low cells, and demonstrated that TNF expression came from the injection-low population. Moreover, TNF production by this subpopulation was necessary for maximal apoptosis in the population of highly injected cells, and TNFR-deficient mice displayed enhanced susceptibility to Yersinia infection. These data demonstrate an important role for collaboration between TNF and pattern recognition receptor signals in promoting maximal apoptosis during bacterial infection, and demonstrate that heterogeneity in virulence factor injection and cellular responses play an important role in promoting anti-Yersinia immune defense.
Temporal and spectral cloud screening of polar winter aerosol optical depth
(AOD): impact of homogeneous and inhomogeneous clouds and crystal layers on
climatological-scale AODs
Authors: O'Neill Norman T. , Baibakov Konstantin , Hesaraki Sareh , Ivanescu Liviu , Martin Randall V. , Perro Chris , Chaubey Jai P. , Herber Andreas , Duck Thomas J.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. We compared star-photometry-derived, polar winter aerosol optical depths (AODs), acquired at Eureka, Nunavut, Canada, and Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, with GEOS-Chem (GC) simulations as well as ground-based lidar and CALIOP (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization) retrievals over a sampling period of two polar winters. The results indicate significant cloud and/or low-altitude ice crystal (LIC) contamination which is only partially corrected using temporal cloud screening. Spatially homogeneous clouds and LICs that remain after temporal cloud screening represent an inevitable systematic error in the estimation of AOD: this error was estimated to vary from 78 to 210 % at Eureka and from 2 to 157 % at Ny-Ålesund. Lidar analysis indicated that LICs appeared to have a disproportionately large influence on the homogeneous coarse-mode optical depths that escape temporal cloud screening. In principle, spectral cloud screening (to yield fine-mode or submicron AODs) reduces pre-cloud-screened AODs to the aerosol contribution if one assumes that coarse-mode (super-micron) aerosols are a minor part of the AOD. Large, low-frequency differences between these retrieved values and their GC analogue appeared to be often linked to strong, spatially extensive planetary boundary layer events whose presence at either site was inferred from CALIOP profiles. These events were either not captured or significantly underestimated by the GC simulations. High-frequency AOD variations of GC fine-mode aerosols at Ny-Ålesund were attributed to sea salt, while low-frequency GC variations at Eureka and Ny-Ålesund were attributable to sulfates. CALIOP profiles and AODs were invaluable as spatial and temporal redundancy support (or, alternatively, as insightful points of contention) for star photometry retrievals and GC estimates of AOD.
A diagnostic interface for the ICOsahedral Non-hydrostatic (ICON) modelling framework based on the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy v2.50)
Authors: Kern Bastian , Jöckel Patrick
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Numerical climate and weather models have advanced to finer scales, accompanied by large amounts of output data. The model systems hit the input and output (I/O) bottleneck of modern high-performance computing (HPC) systems. We aim to apply diagnostic methods online during the model simulation instead of applying them as a post-processing step to written output data, to reduce the amount of I/O. To include diagnostic tools into the model system, we implemented a standardised, easy-to-use interface based on the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy) into the ICOsahedral Non-hydrostatic (ICON) modelling framework. The integration of the diagnostic interface into the model system is briefly described. Furthermore, we present a prototype implementation of an advanced online diagnostic tool for the aggregation of model data onto a user-defined regular coarse grid. This diagnostic tool will be used to reduce the amount of model output in future simulations. Performance tests of the interface and of two different diagnostic tools show, that the interface itself introduces no overhead in form of additional runtime to the model system. The diagnostic tools, however, have significant impact on the model system's runtime. This overhead strongly depends on the characteristics and implementation of the diagnostic tool. A diagnostic tool with high inter-process communication introduces large overhead, whereas the additional runtime of a diagnostic tool without inter-process communication is low. We briefly describe our efforts to reduce the additional runtime from the diagnostic tools, and present a brief analysis of memory consumption. Future work will focus on optimisation of the memory footprint and the I/O operations of the diagnostic interface.
Rapid Detection and Location of Debris Flow Initiation at Illgraben, Switzerland
Authors: Walter Fabian , Burtin Arnaud , McArdell Brian , Hovius Niels , Weder Bianca , Turowski Jens M.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Heavy precipitation can suddenly mobilize tens to hundreds of thousands of cubic meters of sediments in steep Alpine torrents. The resulting debris flows (mixtures of water, sediments and boulders) move downstream with velocities of several meters per second and have a high destructive potential. Warning schemes for affected communities rely on raising awareness to the debris flow threat, precipitation monitoring and rapid detection methods. The latter, in particular, remain an ongoing challenge, because debris-flow-prone torrents have their catchments in steep and inaccessible terrain, where installing and maintaining instrumentation is difficult. Here, we propose a simple processing scheme for seismic network data. We use debris flow and noise seismograms from Illgraben, Switzerland, a torrent, which produces several debris flow events per year. Automatic in-situ detection is currently based on geophones mounted on concrete check dams and radar stage sensors hung above the channel. The proposed approach has the advantage that it uses seismometers, which can be installed at more accessible locations, and where a stable connection to portable phone networks is available for data communication. Our data processing uses time-averaged ground vibration amplitudes to estimate the location of the debris flow front. Applied to continuous data streams, inversion of the seismic amplitude decay eliminates the need for single-station-based detection and knowledge of the local seismic velocity model. This makes the approach suitable for automation, as seismic phase identification is unnecessary and the amplitude averaging significantly reduces data volume. We apply our approach to a small debris flow event on 19 July 2011, which was captured with a temporary monitoring network. The processing rapidly detects the debris flow event half an hour before its front arrives at the torrent mouth and 8 minutes before detection by the current alarm system. An analysis of continuous seismic records furthermore indicates that detectability of Illgraben debris flows of this size are unaffected by changing environmental and cultural seismic noise. We therefore propose that our method reliably detects initiation of the Illgraben debris flows and can thus form an important ingredient in the next generation of early warning schemes.
How much can we save? Impact of different emission scenarios on
future snow cover in the Alps
Authors: Marty Christoph , Schlögl Sebastian , Bavay Mathias , Michael Lehning
Published: October 2016

Abstract. This study focuses on an assessment of the future snow depth for two larger Alpine catchments. Automatic weather station data from two diverse regions in the Swiss Alps have been used as input for the Alpine3D surface process model to compute the snow cover at 200 m horizontal resolution for the reference period (1999–2012). Future temperature and precipitation change have been computed from 20 downscaled GCM-RCM chains for three different emission scenarios, including one intervention scenario (2° C target) and for three future time periods (2020–2049, 2045–2074, 2070–2099). By applying simple daily change values to measured time series of temperature and precipitation series small-scale climate scenarios have been calculated for the ensemble mean and extreme changes. The projections reveal a decrease in snow depth for all elevations, time periods and emission scenarios. The non-interventions scenarios demonstrate a decrease of about 50 % even for the elevations above 3000 m. The most affected elevation zone for climate change is located below 1200 m, where the simulations show almost no snow towards the end of the century. Depending on the emission scenario and elevation zone the winter season starts half a month to one month later and ends one to three month earlier in this last scenario period. The resultant snow cover changes may roughly be equivalent to an elevation shift of 500–800 m or 700–1000 m for the two non-intervention emissions scenario. At the end of the century the number of snow days may be more than halved at an elevation of around 1500 m and is predicted to only 0–2 snow days in the lowlands. The results for the intervention scenario reveal no differences for the first scenario period, but clearly demonstrate much lower snow cover reductions towards the end of the century (ca. 30 % instead of 70 %).
Scientific basis of use of fruits Coriandrum sativum L. In food technologies
Authors: Frolova Natalia , Korablova Olga
Published: October 2016

Today in the world recognized the need for environmentally friendly products for a healthy food and quality life. Products with natural ingredients, including flavoring become very popular. Coriander is one of herbs that functions as both, spice as well as herbal medicine. Coriandrum sativum L. is a major aromatic crop in Ukraine. The plants of Coriandrum sativum contain the essential oils and other compounds in the seeds and leaves and have an important role as flavorings. The main objective was to investigate possibility effective utilization of coriander essential oil in national economy of Ukraine. It was necessary to study the chemical compounds of coriander fruits by instrumental analysis and odor by sensory analysis with following creating new aroma compositions. Search had been carried out throughout 2009 - 2014 years. The aerial parts of aromatic plants were harvested at the plots of National Botanical Garden of National Academy of the Sciences of Ukraine. Essential oil was obtained by hydro distillation procedure in National University of food technology. Main and specific components of essential oils from seeds coriander were characterized. Qualitative structure of essential oils was determined by the gas-liquid chromatography method on the chromatograph Agilent Technologies 6890 with mass-spectrometric detector 5973. The run of components was done using Device of Fractional Distillation. Linalool, limonene, geranyl acetate, d-camphor, myrcene and geraniol were found as the major components. In the composition of essential oils each component has its own flavor, the combination of which determines the flavor of the oil. We investigated the possibility of target separation of essential oils of coriander fruits into fractions of different flavor. The article presents the results of research sequential processing fruits Coriandrum sativum to obtain a series of natural flavors. Principles and laws of the vacuum distillation were used for directional control of the process distillation of complex mixtures of hydrocarbons on the distillation column. Mode of selection process the fractionation of essential oils allowed changing the component composition of the fractions and to provide more variety of flavors. Monitoring of the fractioning process allows concentrating the key aromatic components and receiving highly concentrated flavors of original pure notes. Combinations of the individual fractions with a specific weight have been created. We obtained some fractions which can be used as flavorings in food industries. Highly concentrated flavor "Coriander fragrance" was developed with fraction № 3 of essential oil coriander. "Coriander fragrance" can be used instead of the aromatic spirits of coriander seeds in liquors and spirits production for producing bitters, liquors and other drinks, e.g. vodkas "Gorilka", "Chernihivska", "Starokyivska". The flavors "Coriander fragrance" was used in processing for "Lollipop" candies, vodka special "Captain", dessert drink "Married couple".
A quality enhancement green strategy for broiler meat by application of turmeric (Curcuma longa) powder as litter amendment to affect microbes, ammonia emission, pH and moisture
Authors: Katukurunda K.G.S.C. , Buddhika H. A. A. Y. , Gamage M. K. W. , Dissanayake Prabhashini , Senaratna Dulcy
Published: October 2016

In multi-cultural Sri Lankan conditions, poultry meat is paramount importance in ensuring food security and improving nutrition. Issues as contact dermatitis and ammonia emission in broiler industry which caused by diminished litter parameters cause reduction of meat quality, profits and environmental conditions. Therefore use of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) (TM) powder as an antiseptic litter amendment at several application levels to enhance litter parameters with microbial demolition was attempted. Three months old broiler litter (2 kg) sample was taken and initial pH and moisture was determined. Turmeric was used to mix at levels of 0%, 1%, 3%, 5% and 8% (w/w). After mixing, 150 g of mixed litter was placed in container for each level of the 4 replicates, incubated for 5h and analyzed for Total Plate Count (TPC), Yeast and Mold Count (YMC), total Nematode Count (NC), ammonia emission, pH and moisture. Significant reduction (p <0.05) of total bacteria was seen (20%, 46%, 95% and 96%) when 1%, 3%, 5% and 8% applications of TM. The YMC reduction was also significant (p <0.05) (34%, 41%, 55% and 65%). Total nematode reduction (p <0.05) was 22%, 45%, 62.5% and 70%. A significant (p <0.05) pH reduction with increment of TM also seen (0.1, 2, 3 and 3%). Moisture (%) was increased (p <0.05) (6, 0.78, 19 and 1%). Ammonia emission was significantly decreased (p <0.05) by increased TM (64, 68, 73 and 84%) against control. It was concluded that the bacterial, fungal, nematode counts, pH and Ammonia emission of broiler litter can be significantly reduced with the application of 8% (w/w) of turmeric powder.
Effect of rana galamensis-based diet on the activities of some enzymes and histopathology of selected tissues of albino rats
Authors: Ajiboye Basiru Olaitan , Muhammad Nasir Olarewaju , Ojo Oluwafemi Adeleke
Published: October 2016

The effect of Rana galamensis-based diet on the activities of some enzymes and histopathology of selected tissues of albino rats was investigated for eight weeks. A total of sixteen albino rats weighing between 29.15 and 26.01g (21 days old) were divided into two groups. The first group contains animals fed on casein-based diet (control); the second group was fed on Rana galamensis-based diet. The animals were fed with their appropriate diet on daily basis and on the eight weeks of the experiment the animals were sacrificed using diethyl ether as anesthesia, blood was collected by cardiac puncture and organs of interest were harvested. Thereafter, organ to body weight ratio, some biochemical parameters and histopathology examination were carried out. There was no significant difference (p >0.05) in the organ to body weight ratio of the animals fed on control and Rana galamensis-based diets. Also, there was no significant different (p >0.05) in the activities of all the enzymes (ALP [alkaline phosphatase], AST [asparate transaminase], ALT [alanine transaminase], and γGT [gamma glutamyl transferase]) investigated in the selected tissues and serum of rats fed on Rana galamensis- based diet when compared with the control. In addition, histological examinations of hepatocyte's rats fed on Rana galamensis- based diet show normal architecture structure when compared with the control. The insignificant different in the activities of all the enzymes studies (ALP, AST, ALT and γGT) indicated no organ damage, supported by the normal histology studies. The obtained results may imply that Rana galamensis is safe for consumption.