bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards a legal toolkit for disaster resilience and transformation
Authors: Matyas David
Published: January 2020

Law is acknowledged as playing an important role in the growing field of disaster resilience. Still, a detailed inquiry into the possible relationships between law and disaster resilience remains largely absent from the discourse. This paper explores how legal thinking, approaches, and instruments can act as ‘tools’ in altering the nature and conditions of disaster risks. It looks at how state institutions can wield them and non‐state actors employ them to participate in processes of change. Moving beyond a resilience literature that has tended to focus on law in terms of statutes, regulations, and human rights, this paper examines the ways in which legal reasoning, procedure, and substantive law can be instrumentalised to resist shocks, provoke incremental adjustments, or even foment transformational shifts in underlying risk conditions. It concludes by suggesting that law can offer both a breadth of insights for reconceptualising how power influences resilience and a number of instruments for challenging these power structures.
Psychosocial aspects of diabetes technology
Authors: Kubiak T. , Priesterroth L. , Barnard‐Kelly K. D.
Published: January 2020

Aim

To identify key psychosocial research in the domain of diabetes technology.

Results

Four trajectories of psychosocial diabetes technology research are identified that characterize research over the past 25 years. Key evidence is reviewed on psychosocial outcomes of technology use as well as psychosocial barriers and facilitating conditions of diabetes technology uptake. Psychosocial interventions that address modifiable barriers and psychosocial factors have proven to be effective in improving glycaemic and self‐reported outcomes in diabetes technology users.

Conclusions

Psychosocial diabetes technology research is essential for designing interventions and education programmes targeting the person with diabetes to facilitate optimized outcomes associated with technology uptake. Psychosocial aspects of diabetes technology use and related research will be even more important in the future given the advent of systems for automated insulin delivery and the increasingly widespread digitalization of diabetes care.
The Role of Land in Temperate and Tropical Agriculture
Authors: Ryan Johnson T. , Vollrath Dietrich
Published: January 2020

We document differences in the elasticity of agricultural output with respect to land in temperate and tropical regions. We estimate this elasticity from the relationship of rural labour/land ratios and agroclimatic constraints using global district‐level data. We find that the elasticity in temperate areas (0.285) is higher than in the tropics (0.126), and that this is not an artefact of the level of development. The land elasticity influences the degree of decreasing returns to labour and capital in agriculture, and thus how sensitive living standards are to shocks in productivity and population. Evidence from the postwar mortality transition supports this prediction.
Importance of spatio–temporal connectivity to maintain species experiencing range shifts
Authors: Huang Jun‐Long , Andrello Marco , Martensen Alexandre Camargo , Saura Santiago , Liu Dian‐Feng , He Jian‐Hua , Fortin Marie‐Josée
Published: January 2020

Climate change can affect the habitat resources available to species by changing habitat quantity, suitability and spatial configuration, which largely determine population persistence in the landscape. In this context, dispersal is a central process for species to track their niche. Assessments of the amount of reachable habitat (ARH) using static snap‐shots do not account, however, for the temporal overlap of habitat patches that may enhance stepping‐stone effects. Here, we quantified the impacts of climate change on the ARH using a spatio–temporal connectivity model. We first explored the importance of spatio–temporal connectivity relative to purely spatial connectivity in a changing climate by generating virtual species distributions and analyzed the relative effects of changes in habitat quantity, suitability and configuration. Then, we studied the importance of spatio–temporal connectivity in three vertebrate species with divergent responses to climate change in North America (grey wolf, Canadian lynx and white‐tailed deer). We found that the spatio–temporal connectivity could enhance the stepping‐stone effect for species predicted to experience range contractions, and the relative importance of the spatio–temporal connectivity increased with the reduction in habitat quantity and suitability. Conversely, for species that are likely to expand their ranges, spatio–temporal connectivity had no additional contribution to improve the ARH. We also found that changes in habitat amount (quantity and suitability) were more influential than changes in habitat configuration in determining the relative importance of spatio–temporal connectivity. We conclude that spatio–temporal connectivity may provide less biased and more realistic estimates of habitat connectivity than purely spatial connectivity.
The highly selective mGlu2 receptor positive allosteric modulator LY‐487,379 alleviates l‐DOPA‐induced dyskinesia in the 6‐OHDA‐lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Hamadjida Adjia , Sid‐Otmane Lamia , Kwan Cynthia , Frouni Imane , Nafade Vaidehi , Bédard Dominique , Gagnon Dave , Wallman Marie‐Josée , Rouillard Claude , Parent André , Parent Martin , Huot Philippe
Published: January 2020

l‐3,4‐Dihydroxyphenylalanine (l‐DOPA) is the most effective treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD), but its use over a long period is marred by motors complications such as dyskinesia. We previously demonstrated that selective metabotropic glutamate 2/3 (mGlu2/3) receptor activation with LY‐354,740 alleviates dyskinesia in the 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)‐lesioned marmoset and the 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA)‐lesioned rat. Here, we sought to determine the role played by selective mGlu2 activation in the anti‐dyskinetic effect of mGlu2/3 stimulation and have investigated the effect of the highly selective mGlu2 positive allosteric modulator LY‐487,379 at alleviating established, and preventing the development of, l‐DOPA‐induced dyskinesia in the 6‐OHDA‐lesioned rat. First, dyskinetic 6‐OHDA‐lesioned rats were administered l‐DOPA in combination with LY‐487,379 (0.1, 1 and 10 mg/kg) or vehicle, and the severity of dyskinesia was determined. Second, 6‐OHDA‐lesioned rats were administered LY‐487,379 (0.1 or 1 mg/kg), started concurrently with l‐DOPA, once daily for 22 days, and dyskinesia severity was evaluated weekly for four consecutive weeks. We also assessed the effect of LY‐487,379 on l‐DOPA anti‐parkinsonian effect. We found that acute challenges of LY‐487,379 0.1 mg/kg in combination with l‐DOPA, significantly diminished dyskinesia severity, by ≈54% (p < .01), when compared to vehicle. Moreover, animals treated with l‐DOPA/LY‐487,379 0.1 and 1 mg/kg during the dyskinesia induction phase exhibited milder dyskinesia, by ≈74% and ≈61%, respectively (both p < .01), when compared to l‐DOPA/vehicle. LY‐487,379 did not impair l‐DOPA anti‐parkinsonian activity. These results suggest that mGlu2 activation may be an effective and promising therapeutic strategy to alleviate the severity and prevent the development of dyskinesia.
Brain expansion in early hominins predicts carnivore extinctions in East Africa
Authors: Faurby Søren , Silvestro Daniele , Werdelin Lars , Antonelli Alexandre
Published: January 2020

While the anthropogenic impact on ecosystems today is evident, it remains unclear if the detrimental effect of hominins on co‐occurring biodiversity is a recent phenomenon or has also been the pattern for earlier hominin species. We test this using the East African carnivore fossil record. We analyse the diversity of carnivores over the last four million years and investigate whether any decline is related to an increase in hominin cognitive capacity, vegetation changes or climatic changes. We find that extinction rates in large carnivores correlate with increased hominin brain size and with vegetation changes, but not with precipitation or temperature changes. While temporal analyses cannot distinguish between the effects of vegetation changes and hominins, we show through spatial analyses of contemporary carnivores in Africa that only hominin causation is plausible. Our results suggest that substantial anthropogenic influence on biodiversity started millions of years earlier than currently assumed.
Best be(e) on low fat: linking nutrient perception, regulation and fitness
Authors: Ruedenauer Fabian A. , Raubenheimer David , Kessner‐Beierlein Daniela , Grund‐Mueller Nils , Noack Lisa , Spaethe Johannes , Leonhardt Sara D.
Published: January 2020

Preventing malnutrition through consuming nutritionally appropriate resources represents a challenge for foraging animals. This is due to often high variation in the nutritional quality of available resources. Foragers consequently need to evaluate different food sources. However, even the same food source can provide a plethora of nutritional and non‐nutritional cues, which could serve for quality assessment. We show that bumblebees, Bombus terrestris, overcome this challenge by relying on lipids as nutritional cue when selecting pollen. The bees ‘prioritised’ lipid perception in learning experiments and avoided lipid consumption in feeding experiments, which supported survival and reproduction. In contrast, survival and reproduction were severely reduced by increased lipid contents. Our study highlights the importance of fat regulation for pollen foraging bumblebees. It also reveals that nutrient perception, nutrient regulation and reproductive fitness can be linked, which represents an effective strategy enabling quick foraging decisions that prevent malnutrition and maximise fitness.
Tokenism Revisited: When Organizational Culture Challenges Masculine Norms, the Experience of Token Is Transformed
Authors: Holgersson Charlotte , Romani Laurence
Published: January 2020

Extant research on tokenism has documented the adverse consequences for employees in minority positions and how women's possibility of action is constrained in male‐dominated contexts. We present an in‐depth qualitative case study of a male‐dominated organization in a masculine industry in which, despite all expectations, the experience of tokenism for minority women is ambiguous. Furthermore, these women also display a strong agentic role in an organization in which culture favours gender equality. This case reveals an aspect previously overlooked in studies of tokenism: the importance of organizational culture. By exposing and challenging the implicit masculine norm through its organizational culture, this organization actively engages in the change of gendering processes and contributes to establishing an alternative norm. Theoretical contributions show the impact of normative control on the experience of tokens, and how it provides a frame for action toward gender equality.
Microglial polarization in posttraumatic epilepsy: Potential mechanism and treatment opportunity
Authors: Therajaran Peravina , Hamilton John A. , O'Brien Terence J. , Jones Nigel C. , Ali Idrish
Published: January 2020

Owing to the complexity of the pathophysiological mechanisms driving epileptogenesis following traumatic brain injury (TBI), effective preventive treatment approaches are not yet available for posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE). Neuroinflammation appears to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of the acquired epilepsies, including PTE, but despite a large preclinical literature demonstrating the ability of anti‐inflammatory treatments to suppress epileptogenesis and chronic seizures, no anti‐inflammatory treatment approaches have been clinically proven to date. TBI triggers robust inflammatory cascades, suggesting that they may be relevant for the pathogenesis of PTE. A major cell type involved in such cascades is the microglial cells—brain‐resident immune cells that become activated after brain injury. When activated, these cells can oscillate between different phenotypes, and such polarization states are associated with the release of various pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory mediators that may influence brain repair processes, and also differentially contribute to the development of PTE. As the molecular mechanisms and key signaling molecules associated with microglial polarization in brain are discovered, strategies are now emerging that can modulate this polarization, promoting this as a potential therapeutic strategy for PTE. In this review, we discuss the relevant literature regarding the polarization of brain‐resident immune cells following TBI and attempt to put into perspective a role in epilepsy pathogenesis. Finally, we explore potential strategies that could polarize microglia/macrophages toward a neuroprotective phenotype to mitigate PTE development.
Investigating connectivity between two sardine stocks off South Africa using a high‐resolution IBM: Retention and transport success of sardine eggs
Authors: McGrath Alice M. , Hermes Juliet C. , Moloney Coleen L. , Roy Claude , Cambon Gildas , Herbette Steven , van der Lingen Carl D.
Published: January 2020

This study applied a previously used Lagrangian individual‐based model (IBM) for sardine in the Southern Benguela to an improved and more robust hydrodynamic model to investigate whether a more representative spatial coverage, greater horizontal and vertical resolution, more realistic winds and improved representation of mesoscale features such as eddies and filaments would give different results for transport and retention of early life stages. Despite major differences between the old and new hydrodynamic models, overall the IBM results were quite similar to the previous southern Benguela sardine IBM study. This surprising result indicates that it is the macroscale circulation features resolved by the two hydrodynamic models that are controlling transport and retention of sardine early life stages. The contribution of transient mesoscale features such as eddies and filaments appears to be less important when transport patterns are averaged over the 21‐year‐long experiment. Another aim of this study was to better estimate the contribution of south coast spawning to west coast sardine recruitment. This was possible because of an eastward extension of the geographical domain of the new hydrodynamic model which provided a more realistic representation of the south coast spawning ground. Three main spawning and nursery area systems, similar to those identified in the previous sardine IBM, were identified: west coast and west coast (WC‐WC), south coast and west coast (SC‐WC), and south coast and south coast (SC‐SC). Spawning area proved to be an important determinant of modelled retention and transport success, with spawning depth also playing an important role on the west coast. The main difference observed from the previous study was an increase in the average percentage of particles released on the south coast and transported to the west coast (P0, 17.4%). This indicates more connectivity between the southern and western sardine stocks than previously thought and is therefore important for fishery management. Standardized anomalies from the modelled retention/transport were compared with recruitment estimates from stock assessment models but there was no correlation between the two sets of anomalies. However, a significant correlation was observed between the modelled retention/transport anomalies for the west coast and total cumulative upwelling anomalies for the Southern Benguela (r = −0.67, p < .001).
Extending the range of applicability of the semi‐empirical ecosystem flux model PRELES for varying forest types and climate
Authors: Tian Xianglin , Minunno Francesco , Cao Tianjian , Peltoniemi Mikko , Kalliokoski Tuomo , Mäkelä Annikki
Published: January 2020

Applications of ecosystem flux models on large geographical scales are often limited by model complexity and data availability. Here we calibrated and evaluated a semi‐empirical ecosystem flux model, PREdict Light‐use efficiency, Evapotranspiration and Soil water (PRELES), for various forest types and climate conditions, based on eddy covariance data from 55 sites. A Bayesian approach was adopted for model calibration and uncertainty quantification. We applied the site‐specific calibrations and multisite calibrations to nine plant functional types (PFTs) to obtain the site‐specific and PFT‐specific parameter vectors for PRELES. A systematically designed cross‐validation was implemented to evaluate calibration strategies and the risks in extrapolation. The combination of plant physiological traits and climate patterns generated significant variation in vegetation responses and model parameters across but not within PFTs, implying that applying the model without PFT‐specific parameters is risky. But within PFT, the multisite calibrations performed as accurately as the site‐specific calibrations in predicting gross primary production (GPP) and evapotranspiration (ET). Moreover, the variations among sites within one PFT could be effectively simulated by simply adjusting the parameter of potential light‐use efficiency (LUE), implying significant convergence of simulated vegetation processes within PFT. The hierarchical modelling of PRELES provides a compromise between satellite‐driven LUE and physiologically oriented approaches for extrapolating the geographical variation of ecosystem productivity. Although measurement errors of eddy covariance and remotely sensed data propagated a substantial proportion of uncertainty or potential biases, the results illustrated that PRELES could reliably capture daily variations of GPP and ET for contrasting forest types on large geographical scales if PFT‐specific parameterizations were applied.
‘WAS GLÄNZT, DAS SIEHT’: MECHANISMS OF SURVEILLANCE AND OPPRESSION IN HERTA MÜLLER'S DER FUCHS WAR DAMALS SCHON DER JÄGER
Authors: Mallet Michel
Published: January 2020

This article focuses on the recurring themes of surveillance and oppression in Müller's novel Der Fuchs war damals schon der Jäger. Using Foucault's concept of the panoptic gaze, as well as art historian W. J. T. Mitchell's idea of the ‘hypericon’ as theoretical frames, it examines how Müller relies on the disruptive force of shiny details to expose and denounce mechanisms of surveillance and oppression in her novel. As implied in the novel's leitmotiv ‘Was glänzt, das sieht’, all things that shine and glitter help reveal the haunting effect of being monitored and threatened by the intrusive tactics of the Securitate, Romania's notorious secret police under Ceauşescu's dictatorial regime. By drawing attention to Müller's verbal imagery, and more specifically to the symbolic meaning which she grants to shiny, fragmented details in her novel, this article's aim is also to demonstrate how this procedure is yet another literary and aesthetic strategy used by Müller to further shatter and condemn totalitarian ideologies in her narratives.
Updates on spread through air spaces (STAS) in lung cancer
Authors: Shih Angela R , Mino‐Kenudson Mari
Published: January 2020

Air space invasion of tumours, particularly spread through air spaces (STAS), is a relatively recent concept that has been identified as a novel mechanism of invasion. It has predominantly been described in lung adenocarcinoma, although it may be seen in other primary lung malignancies as well. STAS in lung cancer has been reported to have numerous associations with poor survival. The objective of this article was to review the concept of air space invasion, update findings regarding its clinical impact, and discuss controversies in the field. With this aim, we performed a PubMed search of the English‐language literature. STAS has been introduced as a novel mechanism of invasion that is important for pathologists to recognise. There is a compelling body of evidence associating the presence of STAS with lower survival and suggesting that STAS is an independent prognostic factor, regardless of the stage of tumour. The standard of care for lung adenocarcinomas with STAS irrespective of size of tumour and nodal metastasis may be lobectomy rather than sublobar resection, owing to the risk of locoregional recurrence. Emerging data suggest that more work should be performed to improve consensus on and identification of STAS, including at frozen section.
Prognostic significance of suboptimal secondary prevention pharmacotherapy after acute coronary syndromes
Authors: Yudi Matias B. , Farouque Omar , Andrianopoulos Nick , Ajani Andrew E. , Brennan Angela , Murphy Alexandra C. , Lefkovits Jeffrey , Reid Christopher M. , Oqueli Ernesto , Sebastian Martin , Duffy Stephen J. , Clark David J. ,   Melbourne Interventional Group
Published: January 2020

Background

Optimal secondary prevention pharmacotherapy is the cornerstone of post‐acute coronary syndrome (ACS) management. The prognostic impact of not receiving five guideline‐recommended therapies is poorly described.

Aim

To ascertain the prognostic significance of suboptimal pharmacotherapy in ACS survivors.

Methods

Consecutive patients with ACS from the Melbourne Interventional Group registry who were alive at 30 days following their index percutaneous coronary intervention were included. Patients were divided into three categories based on the number of secondary prevention medications prescribed. The optimal medical therapy (OMT), near‐optimal medical therapy (NMT), suboptimal medical therapy (SMT) groups were prescribed 5, 4 and ≤ 3 medications, respectively. Primary endpoint was long‐term mortality. Cox‐proportional hazard modelling was undertaken to assess independent predictors of survival.

Results

Of the 9375 patients included, 5678 (60.6%) received OMT, 2903 (31.0%) received NMT and 794 (8.5%) received SMT. Patients receiving SMT were older, more likely to be female and had higher burden of comorbidities (renal impairment, congestive heart failure, diabetes, peripheral vascular disease; P < 0.01 for all). SMT was associated with higher long‐term mortality at 3.9 ± 2.2 years when compared to NMT and OMT (16.8% vs 10.5% vs 8.2%, P < 0.001). Compared to OMT, SMT was an independent predictor of long‐term mortality (hazard ratio, HR 1.62, 95% confidence interval, CI 1.30–2.02, P < 0.01) while NMT was associated with a clinically significant 14% mortality hazard (HR 1.14, 95% CI 0.97–1.34, P = 0.11).

Conclusions

There is a graded long‐term hazard associated with not receiving OMT after an ACS. Improvements in secondary prevention pharmacotherapy models of care are warranted to further decrease the long‐term mortality.
Tunable color emission in LaScO3:Bi3+,Tb3+,Eu3+ phosphor
Authors: Huang Dayu , Wei Yi , Dang Peipei , Xiao Xiao , Lian Hongzhou , Lin Jun
Published: January 2020

LaScO3:xBi3+,yTb3+,zEu3+ (x = 0 − 0.04, y = 0 − 0.05, z = 0 − 0.05) phosphors were prepared via high‐temperature solid‐state reaction. Phase identification and crystal structures of the LaScO3:xBi3+,yTb3+,zEu3+ phosphors were investigated by X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Crystal structure of phosphors was analyzed by Rietveld refinement and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The luminescent performance of these trichromatic phosphors is investigated by diffuse reflection spectra and photoluminescence. The phenomenon of energy transfer from Bi3+ and Tb3+ to Eu3+ in LaScO3:xBi3+,yTb3+,zEu3+ phosphors was investigated. By changing the ratio of x, y, and z, trichromatic can be obtained in the LaScO3 host, including red, green, and blue emission with peak centered at 613, 544, and 428 nm, respectively. Therefore, two kinds of white light‐emitting phosphors were obtained, LaScO3:0.02Bi3+,0.05Tb3+,zEu3+ and LaScO3:0.02Bi3+,0.03Eu3+,yTb3+. The energy transfer was characterized by decay times of the LaScO3:xBi3+, yTb3+, zEu3+ phosphors. Moreover absolute internal QY and CIE chromatic coordinates are shown. The potential optical thermometry application of LaScO3:Bi3+,Eu3+ was based on the temperature sensitivity of the fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR). The maximum Sa and Sr are 0.118 K−1 (at 473.15 K) and 0.795% K−1 (at 448.15 K), respectively. Hence, the LaScO3:Bi3+,Eu3+ phosphor is a good material for optical temperature sensing.
Self‐reduction of Eu3+ to Eu2+ in europium‐doped Li2B4O7 glass prepared in air
Authors: Sun Xin‐Yuan , Le Xian‐Chao , Xiao Zhuohao , Shi Xuhai , Wang Wen‐Feng , Hu Zuofu , Yang Qing‐Mei , Wei Rongfei , Guo Hai
Published: January 2020

Motivated by the detection of neutrons, europium‐doped Li2B4O7 glasses enriched with both lithium and boron elements with high cross‐section capture were developed. A highly effective method of realizing the self‐reduction of Eu3+ to Eu2+ ions in europium‐doped Li2B4O7 glasses prepared by high temperature melt‐quenching technology in air was revealed. The self‐reduction of Eu3+ to Eu2+ ions can be easily achieved by the partial replacement of B2O3 with BN within 2 mol% concentration. And the effect of partially replacing B2O3 with BN on the optical properties of europium‐doped Li2B4O7 glass are systematically studied by transmittance, photoluminescence, and radioluminescence spectra, together with the luminescence decay curves.
Quantification of grain boundary defect chemistry in a mixed proton‐electron conducting oxide composite
Authors: Burton George L. , Ricote Sandrine , Foran Brendan J. , Diercks David R. , Gorman Brian P.
Published: January 2020

Dual phase oxide membranes have shown promising hydrogen permeation fluxes in syngas applications due to their high mixed proton electron conduction (MPEC). However, the conductivity of grain boundaries can be many orders of magnitude lower than that of the bulk and so limits the total conductivity and hydrogen permeation. In this study, the three‐dimensional nanoscale oxygen and cation distributions around grain and phase boundaries in a BaCe0.8Y0.2O3‐δ‐Ce0.8Y0.2O2‐δ (BCY‐YDC) membrane were quantified by atom probe tomography (APT) and related to average grain boundary conductivity measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Segregation varied among the general high‐angle grain boundaries analyzed, but no trend from orientation analysis was determined. Correlative APT and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) of one YDC grain boundary revealed composition and cerium valence information, respectively, allowing for the determination of vacancies at the grain boundary. While a specific MPEC membrane is characterized, the results are relevant to proton and electron conduction in a number of technologically important ceramics.
Assessing the validity of a learning analytics expectation instrument: A multinational study
Authors: Whitelock‐Wainwright Alexander , Gašević Dragan , Tsai Yi‐Shan , Drachsler Hendrik , Scheffel Maren , Muñoz‐Merino Pedro J. , Tammets Kairit , Delgado Kloos Carlos
Published: January 2020

To assist higher education institutions in meeting the challenge of limited student engagement in the implementation of Learning Analytics services, the Questionnaire for Student Expectations of Learning Analytics (SELAQ) was developed. This instrument contains 12 items, which are explained by a purported two‐factor structure of “Ethical and Privacy Expectations” and “Service Feature Expectations.” As it stands, however, the SELAQ has only been validated with students from UK university, which is problematic on account of the interest in Learning Analytics extending beyond this context. Thus, the aim of the current work was to assess whether the translated SELAQ can be validated in three contexts (an Estonian, a Spanish, and a Dutch University). The findings show that the model provided acceptable fits in both the Spanish and Dutch samples, but was not supported in the Estonian student sample. In addition, an assessment of local fit is undertaken for each sample, which provides important points that need to be considered in future work. Finally, a general comparison of expectations across contexts is undertaken, which are discussed in relation to the General Data Protection Regulation (2018).
New brief temperament guidance program for parents of infants: A pilot evaluation
Authors: Iverson Sydney L. , Desmarais Eric E. , Neumann Alyssa A. , Gartstein Maria A.
Published: January 2020

Problem

Intensive temperament guidance programs have been successfully utilized to improve caregiver understanding of temperament and teach strategies for appropriately responding to temperament traits. However, the effects of providing brief psychoeducational temperament information to parents have not been previously examined.

Methods

Mothers of 3–12‐month infants (n = 35) participated in an intervention examining the impact of a comprehensive temperament brochure on temperament knowledge, program attitudes, and parent–child interactions.

Findings

Mothers demonstrated increased temperament knowledge and were generally accepting of the program. Behavioral changes in mother–child interactions were observed. Sensitivity increased, and interactions shifted from more parent‐directed to more balanced following the intervention. Infant gender functioned as a moderator of intervention effects for two mother–infant interaction dynamics. A significant increase in reciprocity was observed between mothers and boys, largely as a function of significantly lower levels of reciprocity preintervention. Child gender also interacted with directedness, in that interactions became more balanced for girls, but remained more mother‐directed with boys. Finally, maternal education functioned as a moderator of tempo, as mothers in the higher education group shifted from slower to moderate tempo following the intervention.

Conclusions

Promising results suggest the need for continued implementation and evaluation of brief temperament interventions.
E2F4 functions as a tumour suppressor in acute myeloid leukaemia via inhibition of the MAPK signalling pathway by binding to EZH2
Authors: Feng Yubin , Li Lanlan , Du Yan , Peng Xiaoqing , Chen Feihu
Published: January 2020

Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is an aggressive and mostly incurable haematological malignancy with frequent relapse after an initial response to standard chemotherapy. Therefore, novel therapies are urgently required to improve AML clinical outcome. Here, we aim to study the dysregulation of a particular transcription factor, E2F4, and its role in the progression of AML. In this study, human clinical data from the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) revealed that increased E2F4 expression was associated with poor prognosis in AML patients. Moreover, the experimental results showed that E2F4 was aberrantly overexpressed in human AML patients and cell lines. Depletion of E2F4 inhibited the proliferation, induced the differentiation and suppressed the growth of AML cells in a nude mouse model. By contrast, overexpression of E2F4 promoted the proliferation and inhibited the differentiation of AML cells in vitro. Additionally, E2F4 expression not only is positively correlated with EZH2 but also can bind to EZH2. RNA microarray results also showed that E2F4 can regulate MAPK signalling pathway. EZH2 can reverse the inhibitory effect of E2F4 silencing on MAPK signaling pathway. In summary, our data suggest that E2F4 may be a potential therapeutic target for AML therapy.
Developing a non‐sticky trap design for monitoring jewel beetles
Authors: Imrei Zoltán , Lohonyai Zsófia , Muskovits József , Matula Eszter , Vuts József , Fail József , Gould Philip J. L. , Birkett Michael A. , Tóth Miklós , Domingue Michael J.
Published: January 2020

There is an urgent need in Europe to prepare resources for the arrival of the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis (Buprestidae, Coleoptera) from European Russia, and possibly other invasive jewel beetles. A lightweight, easy to handle, non‐sticky trap could facilitate monitoring and detection to derive information about emerald ash borer and other jewel beetle populations. In two experiments carried out over two consecutive years in an oak forest, a new non‐sticky multi‐funnel trap design with a light‐green (sometimes described as fluorescent yellow) visual cue was developed. Altogether, there were 238 (2018) and 194 (2019) specimens captured often (2018) and eight (2019) Agrilus species, eight of which are oak‐related and one (A. convexicollis) was linked to ash. The new light‐green multi‐funnel trap performed similarly to the sticky design with a similar coloured surface. Our results suggest that the new trap design may be suitable for catching a wide range of buprestid species. It may also have the potential to be further optimized with respect to visual and olfactory cues, which would provide an even more useful tool for monitoring both invasive and indigenous buprestids.
Hepatic Coccidiosis in Triportheus angulatus Spix & Agassiz, 1829 (Characiformes: Triportheidae), a Tropical Fish from the Eastern Brazilian Amazon, with the Description of a New Species of Calyptospora (Apicomplexa: Calyptosporidae)
Authors: Silva Marcelo F. , Orlanda José Fábio F. , Araújo‐Costa Maria Josinete , Hamoy Igor , Matos Edilson
Published: January 2020

Hepatic infection involving a parasite of the family Calyptosporidae was recorded in characiform fish from the Tocantins river in the Brazilian Amazon region. In the present study, an integrated comparative analysis of morphological characteristics, histological and structural traits, and the sequence of a partial fragment of the SSUrRNA gene provides support for the identification of a new calyptosporid species, found parasitising the hepatic tissue of the fish Triportheus angulatus, collected from the Tocantins River. This new species was named Calyptospora gonzaguensis n. sp. and had ovoid oocysts with a diameter of 19.6 ± 1.4 μm and four peripheral sporocysts, 9.2 ± 0.6 μm long and 3.9 ± 0.2 μm wide, enveloped individually in fine adhesive membrane, composed of an ellipsoid body and posterior extension, with a mean length of 2.2 ± 0.4 μm.
In vivo antitumour activity of Britanin against gastric cancer through nuclear factor-κB-mediated immune response
Authors: Shi Keru , Liu Xinyue , Du Getao , Cai Xiaoxia , Zhan Yonghua
Published: January 2020

Objectives

Britanin was explored for the antitumour effect on gastric cancer, which is a sesquiterpene lactone (SL) extracted from Inula japonica.

Methods

In the present study, cell viability assays were performed to evaluate the antiproliferation effect of Britanin on gastric cancer cells. Tumour development in BGC-823 cell-bearing nude mice was monitored in real-time after Britanin treatment via a bioluminescent imaging method. Western blotting analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays detected proteins associated with the nuclear factor (NF)-κB signalling pathway.

Key findings

Britanin can suppress the proliferation of gastric cancer cells in vitro and the growth of tumours in vivo. In the treatment group, decreased levels of p65 and phosphorylated (p)-p65 were observed. This indicated that NF-κB plays an important role in the antitumour effect of Britanin. Furthermore, considering the additional role of NF-κB in the immune system, the levels of the downstream molecules interleukin (IL)-2 and the cytokine IL-10 were subsequently determined in vivo. An increase in the IL-2 level and a decrease in the IL-10 level indicated that Britanin elicited an enhanced immune response.

Conclusions

Britanin may be a promising candidate for gastric cancer chemotherapy, and its anticancer effect likely depends on an NF-κB-mediated immune response.
A Meta‐Analytic Review of Supply Chain Risk Management: Assessing Buffering and Bridging Strategies and Firm Performance
Authors: Manhart Pam , Summers James K. , Blackhurst Jennifer
Published: January 2020

Supply chain risk management has received considerable attention as firms experience more frequent and severe impact disruptions. We meta‐analytically test the Bode et al. (2011) framework of buffering and bridging supply chain risk management strategies to determine their effect on supply chain risk management. We analyze the supply chain risk management literature to find that both buffering and bridging strategies contribute to supply chain risk management. We also address the benefit of supply chain risk management. Results indicate that supply chain risk management provides a strong contribution to overall firm performance. Additionally, we identify cultural differences of these relationships. Although supply chain risk management strategies may be applied universally, their efficacy varies by culture. In conclusion, we identify and provide guidance for future work.
Development of prednisone resistance in naïve canine lymphoma: Longitudinal evaluation of NR3C1α, ABCB1, and 11β‐HSD mRNA expression
Authors: Hanot Camille C. , Mealey Katrina L. , Fidel Janean L. , Burke Neal S. , White Laura A. , Sellon Rance K.
Published: January 2020

Prednisone resistance develops rapidly and essentially universally when dogs with lymphoma are treated with corticosteroids. We investigated naturally occurring mechanisms of prednisone resistance in seven dogs with naïve multicentric lymphoma, treated with oral prednisone; four dogs were administered concurrent cytotoxic chemotherapy. Expression of NR3C1α, ABCB1 (formerly MDR1), 11β‐HSD1, and 11β‐HSD2 mRNA was evaluated in neoplastic lymph nodes by real‐time RT‐PCR. Changes of expression levels at diagnosis and at time of clinical resistance to prednisone were compared longitudinally using a Wilcoxon signed‐rank test. Clinical resistance to prednisone was observed after a median of 68 days (range: 7–348 days) after initiation of treatment. Relative to pretreatment samples, prednisone resistance was associated with decreased NR3C1α expression in biopsies of all dogs with high‐grade lymphoma (six dogs, p=.031); one dog with indolent T‐zone lymphoma had increased expression of NR3C1α. Resistance was not consistently associated with changes in ABCB1, 11β‐HSD1, or 11β‐HSD2 expression. Decreased expression of the glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1α) may play a role in conferring resistance to prednisone in dogs with lymphoma. Results do not indicate a broad role for changes in expression of ABCB1, 11β‐HSD1, and 11β‐HSD2 in the emergence of prednisone resistance in lymphoma‐bearing dogs.
Disease severity and proton pump inhibitor use impact strongest on faecal microbiome composition in liver cirrhosis
Authors: Stadlbauer Vanessa , Komarova Irina , Klymiuk Ingeborg , Durdevic Marija , Reisinger Alexander , Blesl Andreas , Rainer Florian , Horvath Angela
Published: January 2020

Background & Aims

Compositional changes of the faecal microbiome in cirrhosis are well described and have been associated with complications and prognosis. However, it is less well known, which disease or treatment‐related factors affect microbiome composition most distinctively.

Methods

16S rDNA sequencing data of 88 cirrhotic outpatients were investigated. Factors influencing microbiome composition were analysed by univariate and multivariate redundancy analysis. The association of the identified factors with changes in diversity and taxonomic composition was studied in depth using analysis of composition of microbiome, LDA‐effect size and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regularized regression.

Results

Disease severity and aetiology, proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use, nutritional status, age and C‐reactive protein are significant explanatory variables for faecal microbiome composition in liver cirrhosis. Despite some taxonomic overlaps especially between disease severity and PPI use, we could show that the effects of disease severity, aetiology, PPI use and age are independent factors influencing microbiome composition also in subgroup analyses.

Conclusion

Our cross sectional system biology study identifies disease severity, aetiology, PPI use and age as independent factors that influence microbiome composition in liver cirrhosis. In chronic diseases with high morbidity, such as liver cirrhosis, precise patient metadata documentation is of utmost importance in microbiome analysis. Further studies with a higher sample size are necessary to validate this finding.

Trial Registration Number: NCT01607528
Sky islands as foci for divergence of fig trees and their pollinators in southwest China
Authors: Deng Jun‐Yin , Fu Rong‐Hua , Compton Stephen G. , Liu Mei , Wang Qin , Yuan Chuan , Zhang Lu‐Shui , Chen Yan
Published: January 2020

The dynamics of populations and their divergence over time have shaped current levels of biodiversity and in the case of the “sky islands” of mountainous southwest (SW) China have resulted in an area of exceptional botanical diversity. Ficus tikoua is a prostrate fig tree subendemic to the area that displays unique intraspecific diversity, producing figs typical of different pollination modes in different parts of its range. By combining climate models, genetic variation in populations of the tree's obligate fig wasp pollinators and distributions of the different plant phenotypes, we examined how this unusual situation may have developed. We identified three genetically distinct groups of a single Ceratosolen pollinator species that have largely parapatric distributions. The complex topography of the region contributed to genetic divergence among the pollinators by facilitating geographical isolation and providing refugia. Migration along elevations in response to climate oscillations further enhanced genetic differentiation of the three pollinator groups. Their distributions loosely correspond to the distributions of the functionally significant morphological differences in the male figs of their host plants, but postglacial expansion of one group has not been matched by spread of its associated plant phenotype, possibly due to a major river barrier. The results highlight how interplay between the complex topography of the “sky island” complex and climate change has shaped intraspecies differentiation and relationships between the plant and its pollinator. Similar processes may explain the exceptional botanical diversity of SW China.
The Art of Negotiation Exercise Design: Five Basic Principles to Produce Powerful Learning Experiences
Authors: Bell Arvid , Valley Taylor
Published: January 2020

Negotiation exercise design is a skill that, such as negotiation itself, is rooted in certain core principles and can be refined with practice. How writers approach the design process is the key to producing effective exercises and powerful learning experiences. This article addresses five core principles that can be used to curate both simple and moderately complex negotiation exercises, including games, role plays, and simulations. These core principles are (1) define the purpose, (2) determine the format, (3) maintain focus, (4) test the function, and (5) plan for a debrief. These principles can be used as a general framework to help writers overcome the challenges inherent in exercise design and empower them to create and deliver their own tailored negotiation exercises. The principles are a tried‐and‐true method developed from the authors' own experience designing the material for university curricula, executive education, and workshops for government, military, and private clients.
Vertical distribution of epiphytic lichens onQuercus laurinaHumb. & Bonpl. in a remnant of cloud forest in the state of Veracruz, México
Authors: Castillo‐Campos Gonzalo , Pérez‐Pérez Rosa Emilia , Córdova‐Chávez Octavio , García‐Franco José Guadalupe , da Silva Cáceres Marcela Eugenia
Published: January 2020

In the tropics, corticolous lichen richness and cover tend to increase from the trunk base to the top of the crown of trees. In this study we calculated the total beta diversity of the lichen community along a vertical gradient onQuercus laurinain Mexican cloud forest. By comparing the richness and cover of the lichens by zone, we show that foliose and fruticose lichens are a minor component of the total lichen species richness, but have a higher cover than the crustose lichens. Five zones were identified along each phorophyte (n = 15) with a diameter at breast height >40 cm. A total of 92 species were identified. Of these, 38% were found only in a single zone, 51% were shared between the different zones and 11% occurred across all zones. Species richness and cover increased from the lowest to the highest zones of the phorophytes. Dissimilarity in species composition between the zones could be explained by species replacement. An indicator species analysis revealed that only a few species, e.g.Hypotrachyna vexans,H. cf.sublaevigataandRamalinacf.sinaloensisprefer a particular zone. The results show that the lichen community associated withQuercus laurinaphorophytes is highly diverse and suggest that species richness and cover are related to the zone and the various growth forms.
Ontogenetic changes in the targets of natural selection in three plant defenses
Authors: Ochoa‐López Sofía , Damián Xóchitl , Rebollo Roberto , Fornoni Juan , Domínguez César A. , Boege Karina
Published: January 2020

The evolution of plant defenses has traditionally been studied at single plant ontogenetic stages, overlooking the fact that natural selection acts continuously on organisms along their development, and that the adaptive value of phenotypes can change along ontogeny.

We exposed 20 replicated genotypes of Turnera velutina to field conditions to evaluate whether the targets of natural selection on different defenses and their adaptative value change across plant development.

We found that low chemical defense was favored in seedlings, which seems to be explained by the assimilation efficiency and the ability of the specialist herbivore to sequester cyanogenic glycosides. Whereas trichome density was unfavored in juvenile plants, it increased relative plant fitness in reproductive plants. At this stage we also found a positive correlative gradient between cyanogenic potential and sugar content in extrafloral nectar.

We visualize this complex multi‐trait combination as an ontogenetic defensive strategy. The inclusion of whole‐plant ontogeny as a key source of variation in plant defense revealed that the targets and intensity of selection change along the development of plants, indicating that the influence of natural selection cannot be inferred without the assessment of ontogenetic strategies in the expression of multiple defenses.
Guidelines for the management of pregnant women with obesity: A systematic review
Authors: Simon Alexandre , Pratt Misty , Hutton Brian , Skidmore Becky , Fakhraei Romina , Rybak Natalie , Corsi Daniel J. , Walker Mark , Velez Maria P. , Smith Graeme N. , Gaudet Laura M.
Published: January 2020

Multiple clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) have been established for pregnant women with obesity. The quality and consistency of recommendations remain unknown. The objective of this study is to conduct a systematic review to synthesize and appraise evidence from CPGs, available worldwide, for pregnant women affected by obesity. An experienced information specialist performed a rigorous search of the literature, searching MEDLINE, Embase, grey literature, and guideline registries to locate CPGs that reported on pregnancy care relating to obesity. CPGs related to antenatal care of pregnant women with obesity (pre‐pregnancy body mass index [BMI] ≥ 30 kg/m2) in low‐risk (eg, care provider = family physician or midwife) or high‐risk settings (eg, obstetrician or maternal fetal medicine) were included. CPGs were appraised for quality with independent data collection by two raters. Information was categorized into five domains: preconception care. care during pregnancy, diet and exercise during pregnancy, care immediately before, during, and after delivery, and postpartum care. The literature search yielded 2614 unique citations. Following screening of abstracts and full texts, 32 CPGs were included, with quality ranging between 0 and 100 on the AGREE II tool. The strongest evidence related to nutritional advice, exercise, and pregnancy risk counselling. Guidance was limited for timing of screening tests, antenatal visits and delivery, ideal postpartum care, and management of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Most guidelines in this population are not evidence based. Research is needed to bridge knowledge gaps pertaining to fetal antenatal surveillance, management of adverse outcomes and postpartum care, and enhance consistency across CPGs.