bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of the Flank Magnetopause: THEMIS Observations
Authors: Haaland S. , Runov A. , Artemyev A. , Angelopoulos V.
Published: May 2019

The terrestrial magnetopause is the boundary that shields the Earth's magnetosphere on one side from the shocked solar wind and its embedded interplanetary magnetic field on the other side. In this paper, we show observations from two of the Time History of Events and Macroscales Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) satellites, comparing dayside magnetopause crossings with flank crossings near the terminator. Macroscopic properties such as current sheet thickness, motion, and current density are examined for a large number of magnetopause crossings. The results show that the flank magnetopause is typically thicker than the dayside magnetopause and has a lower current density. Consistent with earlier results from Cluster observations, we also find a persistent dawn‐dusk asymmetry with a thicker and more dynamic magnetopause at dawn than at dusk.
High‐Speed Drag Measurements of Aluminum Particles in Free Molecular Flow
Authors: DeLuca Michael , Sternovsky Zoltan
Published: May 2019

High‐speed drag in a free molecular flow is still poorly understood despite playing an important role in a variety of physical situations, including meteor ablation in the upper atmosphere, the orbits of satellites, and the dynamics of cosmic dust grains. To measure drag at high speeds, small aluminum spheres 0.1–2.1μm in radius were shot at 1–10 km/s into air, N2, Ar, and CO2using an electrostatic dust accelerator. The measured drag coefficient in air isΓ = 1.29 ± 0.13, with similar values for the other gases. The measurement constrains the heating coefficient toΛ = 0.58 ± 0.37in air assuming the gas molecules reflect diffusely from the particles' surfaces. The drag appears to be independent of the molecular structures of the four gases tested but has a slight dependence on molecular mass. The drag is also higher than frequently assumed, which has implications for the modeling of high‐speed objects in free molecular flows.
Kinetic Properties of Solar Wind Discontinuities at 1 AU Observed by ARTEMIS
Authors: Artemyev A. V. , Angelopoulos V. , Vasko I. Y.
Published: May 2019

Because solar wind plasma flow transports the entire spectrum of magnetic field fluctuations (from low‐frequency inertial range to electron kinetic range), it is a natural laboratory for plasma turbulence investigation. Among the various wave modes and coherent plasma structures that contribute to this spectrum, one of the most important solar wind elements is ion‐scale solar wind discontinuities. These structures, which carry very intense current, have been considered as a free energy source for plasma instabilities that contribute to solar wind heating. Investigations of such discontinuities have been mostly focused on their magnetic field signatures; much less is known about plasma kinetics around them. Using statistics of such discontinuities observed around the Earth (∼1 AU) by two spacecraft from the Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics of Moon's Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) mission, we demonstrate that they are accompanied by density and temperature variations with a spatial scale of tens of ion inertial lengths. Inversely correlated density and temperature variations suggest the discontinuity configuration is nearly force free. The discontinuities are typified by two spatial scales, an intense current layer (>1 nA/m2), and a much broader current layer structure enveloping them. The magnetic field rotation occurs at the large scale, whereas at the small (inner) scale the plasma pressure gradients provide the pressure balance. We find that the electron kinetic behavior around the discontinuities strongly depends on electron energy: Whereas the pitch‐angle distribution of near‐thermal electrons (10–30 eV) changes significantly across discontinuities, hot (100–1,000 eV) electrons retain their properties on the two sides, suggesting they are able to cross the discontinuities freely. Exploring these and other kinetic characteristics of discontinuities, we discuss possible mechanisms of formation/evolution of these structures.
Empirical Orthogonal Function Analysis and Modeling of the Topside Ionospheric and Plasmaspheric TECs
Authors: Zhong Jiahao , Lei Jiuhou , Yue Xinan , Wang Wenbin , Burns Alan G. , Luan Xiaoli , Dou Xiankang
Published: May 2019

The topside total electron contents (TECs) observed by the MetOp‐A (above 832 km) and TerraSAR‐X (above 520 km) satellites for multiple local times during 2008–2018 have been used to develop global topside ionospheric and plasmaspheric TEC models, based on empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. Gridded TEC maps are first obtained from the original quiet time TECs, and then, they are decomposed into EOF basis modes and associated amplitude coefficients. The EOF analysis well captures the latitudinal, longitudinal, and seasonal variations of the topside ionosphere and plasmasphere, and the associated dependence on solar EUV forcing. The first five EOFs, which can account for more than 98.8% of the total variance, are applied in model construction. The comparison with two empirical models indicates that the EOF TEC models can reproduce the observations well, including TEC magnitudes and longitudinal variations. Moreover, the annual anomaly is obviously seen in the topside TECs. The global averaged TECs are greatest in December and smallest in June. With increasing solar EUV forcing, the global averaged TECs always increase, but the winter hemisphere TECs do not change much and even decrease, especially at night and in the Southern Hemisphere. The overall increasing rate with solar EUV forcing is larger under higher solar activity conditions. The direct plasma diffusion through ionosphere‐plasmasphere coupling may not be able to explain some of the features seen in the topside TECs.
Revisiting the Modulations of Ionospheric Solar and Lunar Migrating Tides During the 2009 Stratospheric Sudden Warming by Using Global Ionosphere Specification
Authors: Lin J. T. , Lin C. H. , Lin C. Y. , Pedatella N. M. , Rajesh P. K. , Matsuo T. , Liu J. Y.
Published: May 2019

In this study, Global Ionosphere Specification (GIS) based on Gauss‐Markov Kalman filter assimilation of slant total electron content observed from ground‐based global positioning system receivers and space‐based radio occultation instrumentations is applied to investigate the ionospheric day‐to‐day tidal variability during the 2009 stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) period. Including the improved daily three‐dimensional global electron density distribution from GIS enables us to retrieve the daily solar tidal solution by using least squares tidal analysis. We find prominent reductions followed by enhancements in the amplitude of the solar semidiurnal migrating tide (SW2) after the peak warming, with recurrent phase variations occurring at low magnetic latitudes over a period of about 15 days. This is close to the beating period (15.13 day) between SW2 and lunar semidiurnal (M2), thus suggesting the existence of strong M2, and our results demonstrate that the intensification of M2 exists only during the SSW period. Additionally, M2 acts as the key contributor to make the semidiurnal ionospheric perturbations shift toward later local times. Our tidal analyses of daily GIS thus provide evidence for the combined impact of amplitudes and phases of the SW2 and M2 in producing semidiurnal variations in ionosphere during the 2009 SSW.
Quantification of Vegetation Arrangement and Its Effects on Longitudinal Dispersion in a Channel
Authors: Park Hyoungchul , Hwang Jin Hwan
Published: May 2019

In nature, aquatic vegetation is one of the important factors—along with hydraulic characteristics and geometric configuration—determining the dispersion of scalars. Previous research has studied the effects of vegetation on longitudinal dispersion, varying plant population with uniform arrangement. However, since vegetation grows more often in clumped and heterogeneous rather than uniform patterns, the present work investigates the effects of the vegetation arrangement on the flows characteristics such as longitudinal dispersion, mean velocities, and drag coefficients. Several types of vegetation arrangement are described with the isometric and allometric concept and quantified with the standardized Morisita index. Laboratory experiments were performed to investigate variations of hydraulic parameters and longitudinal dispersion coefficients according to vegetation arrangements, which were quantified with the standardized Morisita index. The hydraulic parameters of mean velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, and drag depend on the vegetation arrangements, and in particular, the longitudinal dispersion coefficient varies with these arrangements by a factor of 4 or more.
Multilayered skyscraper microchips fabricated by hybrid “all-in-one” femtosecond laser processing
Authors: Wang Chaowei , Yang Liang , Zhang Chenchu , Rao Shenglong , Wang Yulong , Wu Sizhu , Li Jiawen , Hu Yanlei , Wu Dong , Chu Jiaru , Sugioka Koji
Published: May 2019

Multilayered microfluidic channels integrated with functional microcomponents are the general trend of future biochips, which is similar to the history of Si-integrated circuits from the planer to the three-dimensional (3D) configuration, since they offer miniaturization while increasing the integration degree and diversifying the applications in the reaction, catalysis, and cell cultures. In this paper, an optimized hybrid processing technology is proposed to create true multilayered microchips, by which “all-in-one” 3D microchips can be fabricated with a successive procedure of 3D glass micromachining by femtosecond-laser-assisted wet etching (FLAE) and the integration of microcomponents into the fabricated microchannels by two-photon polymerization (TPP). To create the multilayered microchannels at different depths in glass substrates (the top layer was embedded at 200 μm below the surface, and the underlying layers were constructed with a 200-μm spacing) with high uniformity and quality, the laser power density (13~16.9 TW/cm2) was optimized to fabricate different layers. To simultaneously complete the etching of each layer, which is also important to ensure the high uniformity, the control layers (nonlaser exposed regions) were prepared at the upper ends of the longitudinal channels. Solvents with different dyes were used to verify that each layer was isolated from the others. The high-quality integration was ensured by quantitatively investigating the experimental conditions in TPP, including the prebaking time (18~40 h), laser power density (2.52~3.36 TW/cm2) and developing time (0.8~4 h), all of which were optimized for each channel formed at different depths. Finally, the eight-layered microfluidic channels integrated with polymer microstructures were successfully fabricated to demonstrate the unique capability of this hybrid technique.
Fixation of CO2 as a carboxylic acid precursor by microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) supported Ag NPs: a more efficient, sustainable, biodegradable and eco-friendly catalyst
Authors: Shah Dharmesh J. , Sharma Anuj S. , Shah Akshara P. , Sharma Vinay S. , Athar Mohd , Soni Jigar Y.
Published: May 2019

Silver nanoparticles supported on microcrystalline cellulose (Ag NPs@MCC), an active catalyst, has been discovered for the direct carbonylation of terminal alkynes with CO2 into carboxylic acid under mild and sustainable reaction conditions.
Atomistic manipulation of reversible oxidation and reduction in Ag with an electron beam
Authors: Sheng Huaping , Zheng He , Jia Shuangfeng , Chan Maria K. Y. , Rajh Tijana , Wang Jianbo , Wen Jianguo
Published: May 2019

Employing electrons for direct control of a nanoscale reaction is highly desirable since it enables fabrication of nanostructures with different properties at atomic resolution and with flexibility of dimensions and location.
Dynamical solid–liquid transition through oscillatory shear
Authors: Brillaux Éric , Turci Francesco
Published: May 2019

A novel nonequilibrium solid-to-liquid phase transition driven by oscillatory shear is triggered by a spinodal mechanism.
A smartphone biosensor based on analysing structural colour of porous silicon
Authors: Cao Tengfei , Zhao Yiliang , Nattoo Crystal A. , Layouni Rabeb , Weiss Sharon M.
Published: May 2019

A smartphone biosensor with minimal external components is demonstrated for highly sensitive detection of biomolecules by monitoring the structural colour of a porous silicon film.
Insulin: a review of analytical methods
Authors: Shen Yixiao , Prinyawiwatkul Witoon , Xu Zhimin
Published: May 2019

Insulin is an important polypeptide hormone that regulates carbohydrate metabolism.
R-phycoerythrin proteins@ZIF-8 composite thin films for mercury ion detection
Authors: Wang Xiaobin , Fang Zhishan , Li Zhuoyi , Ying Wen , Chen Danke , He Haiping , Peng Xinsheng
Published: May 2019

Fluorescent R-phycoerythrin proteins were encapsulated into ZIF-8 thin films for colorimetric detection of mercury ions with high sensitivity and selectivity.
Stimuli responsive PEGylated bismuth selenide hollow nanocapsules for fluorescence/CT imaging and light-driven multimodal tumor therapy
Authors: Sun Lihong , Li Qian , Zhang Lei , Chai Huihui , Yu Ling , Xu Zhigang , Kang Yuejun , Xue Peng
Published: May 2019

PEGylated bismuth selenide hollow nanocapsules encapsulating doxorubicin and chlorin e6 for fluorescence/CT imaging and light-driven multimodal tumor therapy.
Total structural determination of [Au1Ag24(Dppm)3(SR)17]2+ comprising an open icosahedral Au1Ag12 core with six free valence electrons
Authors: Li Yangfeng , Zhou Manman , Jin Shan , Xiong Lin , Yuan Qianqin , Du Wenjun , Pei Yong , Wang Shuxin , Zhu Manzhou
Published: May 2019

Herein, we report the first silver-rich nanocluster containing an open icosahedral Au1Ag12 core.
Mandelic acid and phenyllactic acid “Reaction Sets” for exploring the kinetics and mechanism of oxidations by hydrous manganese oxide (HMO)
Authors: Xia Xiaomeng , Stone Alan T.
Published: May 2019

Two hydroxy acids reaction sets are used to explore the kinetics, the role of physicochemical properties, and medium effects of the heterogeneous reactions on hydrous manganese oxide (HMO) surface.
Transition-metal-free carbonylation of aryl halides with arylboronic acids by utilizing stoichiometric CHCl3 as the carbon monoxide-precursor
Authors: Xu Fangning , Li Dan , Han Wei
Published: May 2019

A transition-metal-free, carbon monoxide-free, and general methodology for carbonylative Suzuki coupling has been developed.
Porphyrin–palladium hydride MOF nanoparticles for tumor-targeting photoacoustic imaging-guided hydrogenothermal cancer therapy
Authors: Zhou Gaoxin , Wang Ying Shuai , Jin Zhaokui , Zhao Penghe , Zhang Han , Wen Yanyuan , He Qianjun
Published: May 2019

A nanoscale porphyrin–palladium metal–organic framework (Pd-MOF) with highly dispersive Pd atoms as hydrogen carrier was developed to efficiently load highly reductive hydrogen for the tumor-targeted photoacoustic imaging (PAI)-guided hydrogenothermal therapy of cancer.
Total synthesis of pseudouridineviaHeck-typeC-glycosylation
Authors: Yu Cheng-Ping , Chang Hsin-Yun , Chien Tun-Cheng
Published: May 2019

Pseudouridine (1) was synthesized by functional group interconversions of the Heck adduct11from 2,4-dimethoxy-5-iodopyrimidine (8) and ribofuranoid glycal4.
Mechanistic insight into the silver-catalyzed cycloaddition synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles: the key role of silver
Authors: Jia Feiyun , Zhang Bo
Published: May 2019

By using DFT calculations, we disclose the reason why silver(i) catalytically promotes the activity and regioselectivity of the cycloaddition of 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles.
Analytical analysis of spectral sensitivity of plasmon resonances in a nanocavity
Authors: Yang Da-Jie , Zhang Shunping , Im Song-Jin , Wang Qu-Quan , Xu Hongxing , Gao Shiwu
Published: May 2019

We present an analytical analysis of the ultrahigh sensitivity of the cavity plasmon mode supported by narrow metallic nanocavities which are promising for sensing applications.
Optical tuning of plasmon-enhanced photoluminescence
Authors: Wang Yunxia , Ding Tao
Published: May 2019

We present an optical tuning concept of photoluminescence (PL), which is based on the tuning of surface plasmons and their selective enhancement at the corresponding PL frequency.
Manganese(iii) acetate-mediated direct C(sp2)–H-sulfonylation of enamides with sodium and lithium sulfinates
Authors: Kramer Philipp , Krieg Sara-Cathrin , Kelm Harald , Manolikakes Georg
Published: May 2019

A Mn(OAc)3 mediated oxidative C(sp2)–H sulfonylation of enamides and encarbamates with sodium and lithium sulfinates is reported.
Design of photoinitiator-functionalized hydrophilic nanogels with uniform size and excellent biocompatibility
Authors: Wei Meng , Gao Yanjing , Jiang Shengling , Nie Jun , Sun Fang
Published: May 2019

Three well-controlled biocompatible hydrophilic nanogels were synthesized, and they can effectively initiate photopolymerization and improve the mechanical properties of polymers.
Cooperative supramolecular polymerization of phosphorescent alkynyl-gold(i)–isocyanide complexes
Authors: Wang Cong , Chen Ze , Liu Mingyang , Zhong Hua , Wang Feng
Published: May 2019

In this work, coil–rod–coil organogold(i) complexes have been successfully assembled into supramolecular polymers with green phosphorescent emission signal.
Cyano-borrowing reaction: nickel-catalyzed direct conversion of cyanohydrins and aldehydes/ketones to β-cyano ketone
Authors: Li Zhao-Feng , Li Qian , Ren Li-Qing , Li Qing-Hua , Peng Yun-Gui , Liu Tang-Lin
Published: May 2019

A direct nickel-catalyzed, high atom- and step-economical reaction of cyanohydrins with aldehydes or ketones via an unprecedented “cyano-borrowing reaction” has been developed.
A robust solid oxide electrolyzer for highly efficient electrochemical reforming of methane and steam
Authors: Liu Tong , Liu Hao , Zhang Xiaoyu , Lei Libin , Zhang Yanxiang , Yuan Zhihao , Chen Fanglin , Wang Yao
Published: May 2019

Herein, we present a novel conceptual POM assisted steam electrolysis to simultaneously produce hydrogen and syngas.
Alkaline-earth and aminonicotinate based coordination polymers with combined fluorescence/long-lasting phosphorescence and metal ion sensing response
Authors: Pajuelo-Corral Oier , Rodríguez-Diéguez Antonio , Beobide Garikoitz , Pérez-Yáñez Sonia , García Jose A. , San Sebastian Eider , Seco Jose M. , Cepeda Javier
Published: May 2019

Alkaline-earth and aminonicotinate based CPs exhibit green long lasting phosphorescence and bright blue fluorescence responsive to metal ions.
Signal Interpretation Considerations When Estimating Subglottal Pressure From Oral Air Pressure
Authors: Perrine Brittany L. , Scherer Ronald C. , Whitfield Jason A.
Published: May 2019

Purpose

Oral air pressure measurements during lip occlusion for /pVpV/ syllable strings are used to estimate subglottal pressure during the vowel. Accuracy of this method relies on smoothly produced syllable repetitions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the oral air pressure waveform during the /p/ lip occlusions and propose physiological explanations for nonflat shapes.

Method

Ten adult participants were trained to produce the “standard condition” and were instructed to produce nonstandard tasks. Results from 8 participants are included. The standard condition required participants to produce /pːiːpːiː.../ syllables smoothly at approximately 1.5 syllables/s. The nonstandard tasks included an air leak between the lips, faster syllable repetition rates, an initial voiced consonant, and 2-syllable word productions.

Results

Eleven oral air pressure waveform shapes were identified during the lip occlusions, and plausible physiological explanations for each shape are provided based on the tasks in which they occurred. Training the use of the standard condition, the initial voice consonant condition, and the 2-syllable word production increased the likelihood of rectangular oral air pressure waveform shapes. Increasing the rate beyond 1.5 syllables/s improved the probability of producing rectangular oral air pressure signal shapes in some participants.

Conclusions

Visual and verbal feedback improved the likelihood of producing rectangular oral air pressure signal shapes. The physiological explanations of variations in the oral air pressure waveform shape may provide direction to the clinician or researcher when providing feedback to increase the accuracy of estimating subglottal pressure from oral air pressure.
Narrative as a Critical Context for Advanced Language Development in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Hewitt Lynne E.
Published: May 2019

Purpose

This review details characteristics of narrative language that make it a critical context for advanced language development in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). The nature of narrative as a form of communication is outlined, for both fiction and narratives of personal experience. The literature on narrative ability, assessment, and intervention in children and adolescents with ASD is reviewed, and guidance for clinical work with adolescents with ASD is provided.

Method

This report details the results of a narrative review; the work contextualizes findings related to ASD within the broader context of the nature of narrative and how narrative can pose unique challenges for those with ASD owing to social-cognitive concerns in ASD. The article presents an overview of the literature investigating narrative ability in adolescents and children with ASD, including clinical literature detailing assessment and intervention in this area. Information was organized relative to types of narrative to derive guidelines for best practice.

Conclusions

Advanced narrative language is a critical context for later language development, because of its curricular importance and because it provides a significant context for abstract, advanced linguistic structures, social learning, and perspective taking. Narratives of personal experience are central to interactions in a variety of social contexts. The literature shows weaker literacy abilities, especially in more complex contexts, in children and adolescents with ASD and difficulty relative to controls in telling narratives of personal experience. The clinical literature is sparse regarding narrative intervention for adolescents with ASD, but some guidance from small-scale studies is available.
Stability of numerical methods under the regime-switching jump-diffusion model with variable coefficients
Authors: Lee Sunju , Lee Younhee
Published: May 2019

In this paper we introduce three numerical methods to evaluate the prices of European, American, and barrier options under a regime-switching jump-diffusion model (RSJD model) where the volatility and other parameters are considered as variable coefficients. The prices of the European option, which is one of the financial derivatives, are given by a partial integro-differential equation (PIDE) problem and those of the American option are evaluated by solving a linear complementarity problem (LCP). The proposed methods are constructed to avoid the use of any fixed point iteration techniques at each state of the economy and time step. We analyze the stability of the proposed methods with respect to the discrete l2-norm in the time and spatial variables. A variety of numerical experiments are carried out to show the second-order convergence of the three numerical methods under the regime-switching jump-diffusion model with variable coefficients.
Endoscopic full-thickness resection of polyps involving the appendiceal orifice: a prospective observational case study
Authors: Bronzwaer Maxime E.S. , Bastiaansen Barbara A.J. , Koens Lianne , Dekker Evelien , Fockens Paul
Published: May 2019

Background and study aims Colorectal polyps involving the appendiceal orifice (AO) are difficult to resect with conventional polypectomy techniques and therefore often require surgical intervention. These appendiceal polyps could potentially be removed with endoscopic full-thickness resection (eFTR) performed with a full-thickness resection device (FTRD). The aim of this prospective observational case study was to evaluate feasibility, technical success and safety of eFTR procedures involving the AO.

Patients and methods This study was performed between November 2016 and December 2017 in a tertiary referral center by two experienced endoscopists. All patients referred for eFTR with a polyp involving the AO that could not be resected by EMR due to more than 50 % circumferential involvement of the AO or deep extension into the AO were included. The only exclusion criterion was lesion diameter > 20 mm.

Results Seven patients underwent eFTR for a polyp involving the AO. All target lesions could be reached with the FTRD and retracted into the device. Technical success with an endoscopic radical en-bloc and full-thickness resection was achieved in all cases. Histopathological R0 resection was achieved in 85.7 % of patients (6/7). One patient who previously underwent an appendectomy developed a small abscess adjacent to the resection site, which was treated conservatively. Another patient developed secondary appendicitis followed by a laparoscopic appendectomy.

Conclusion This small exploratory study suggests that eFTR of appendiceal polyps is feasible and can offer a minimally invasive approach for radical resection of these lesions. However, more safety and long-term follow-up data are needed to evaluate this evolving technique.
Identification of intestinal abnormalities in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis using small bowel capsule endoscopy
Authors: Saitou Miwako , Nemoto Daiki , Utano Kenichi , Suzuki Tomoko , Lefor Alan Kawarai , Togashi Kazutomo , Niitsuma Katsunao
Published: May 2019

Background and study aims Mycobacterium tuberculosis is often detected in the feces of patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. However, no study has examined the small intestine using small bowel capsule endoscopy (SBCE). This study aimed to investigate intestinal abnormalities in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis.

Patients and methods SBCE was performed in sputum/feces smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients. From December 2013 to November 2016, 15 patients were enrolled from a dedicated tuberculous ward. The primary outcome was intestinal abnormalities identified by SBCE.

Results Fourteen patients (median age 81 years, range 29 – 91; 3 female) underwent SBCE to the terminal ileum. The video was not recorded for one patient who was excluded from the analysis. Intestinal lesions, including 5 annular ulcers in 4 patients, were observed in 64 % (9/14). In subgroup analysis, prevalence tended to be higher in patients undergoing SBCE within 1 month of anti-tuberculous therapy (P = 0.051). Distribution of small intestinal lesions tended to be distal. Four of five annular ulcers were located close to the ileocecal valve.

Conclusion Prevalence of intestinal lesions in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis is higher than expected before (UMIN 000017292)
Haptic feedback is useful in remote manipulation of flexible endoscopes
Authors: Kume Keiichiro , Sakai Nobuo , Goto Takaaki
Published: May 2019

Background and study aims We developed the Endoscopic Operation Robot (EOR) version 3, offering built-in haptic feedback and manipulation of the entire scope with one hand. Manipulation of the flexible endoscope is done entirely remotely. However, inclusion of haptic feedback places a huge burden on the system. Our purpose in this study was to determine whether haptic feedback is needed in remote manipulation of a flexible endoscope.

Methods Five endoscopists performed total colonoscopy using a colonoscopy training model. A trial was conducted in which the endoscope was inserted up to the cecum five times with haptic feedback and five times without haptic feedback. Insertion time, maximum and mean haptic force, and incidence of sigmoid colon overstretching were compared between groups.

Results Insertion time was significantly shorter with haptic feedback than without, and overstretching of the sigmoid colon was less frequent. Insertion could thus be performed without using excessive force.

Conclusion Haptic feedback is useful for remote control manipulation of flexible endoscopes.
Psychotherapie im Mausmodell
Authors: Spitzer Manfred
Published: May 2019

In einem Mausmodell der Angstkonditionierung und des Verlernens der Angst durch alternierende bilaterale Stimulation (ABS) wurde dem Wirkungsmechanismus der mittlerweile gut etablierten Therapieform EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) zur Behandlung der posttraumatischen Belastungsreaktion (PTBS) nachgegangen. Hierdurch wurde nicht nur gezeigt, dass alternierende bilaterale Stimulation eine notwendige Bedingung für eine schnellere und länger anhaltende Wirksamkeit des Verlernens von Angst im Vergleich zum reinen Extinktionslernen (ohne ABS) darstellt, sondern auch, dass es sich um eine hinreichende Bedingung handelt (u. a. durch Simulation der ABS mittels optogenetischer Stimulation des Colliculus superior). Das damit vorliegende kausale Modell erscheint vor allem für die weitere Erforschung der Mechanismen von Psychotherapie im Tiermodell und für die Hypothesengenerierung bei Forschung am Menschen bedeutsam.
Editorial
Authors: Reimer Jens
Published: May 2019

Sehr geehrte Leserinnen und Leser,

benötigen abhängige Menschen Fürsorge oder dürfen wir Abstinenz als Leistung von Ihnen erwarten? Die Autoren Fleckenstein, Heer, Leiberg, Gex-Fabry und Lüddeckens aus Gontenschwil bzw. Lenzburg (Schweiz) haben die Frage für sich mit der leistungssensiblen Suchttherapie beantwortet. Nicht im Sinne einer Dichotomie, sondern im Sinne der Anerkennung von Abstinenz als Leistung und Integration dieser Haltung in therapeutische Konzepte.
Mikro-CT-Untersuchung zum Einfluss der mechanischen Belastung auf den Mikrospalt in der Implantat-Abutment-Verbindung
Authors: Freifrau von Maltzahn Nadine , Stietsch Meike , Eisenburger Michael
Published: May 2019

Einführung Ziel dieser Studie war es, bei 5 verschiedenen Implantatsystemen mit Innen- oder Außenverbindung die Mikrospaltgröße zwischen Implantat und Abutment vor und nach mechanischer Belastung im Mikro-CT zu untersuchen.

Material und Methode Die Probekörper wurden in einer zylindrischen Form in Polyurethan eingebettet. Die entsprechenden Abutments wurden im Anschluss mit Drehmoment laut Herstellerangaben fixiert. Die Probekörper wurden mit 1 × 106 Zyklen im Kausimulator mit einer Kraft von 200 N mechanisch belastet. Von jedem Implantat wurden vor und nach der Belastung Aufnahmen im Mikro-CT bei einer Auflösung von 2 µm angefertigt und hinsichtlich einer Veränderung der Mikrospaltgröße an der Fügefläche untersucht.

Ergebnisse Unter den Belastungsbedingungen von 200 N konnte bei einem der Implantatsysteme mit Außenverbindung eine Veränderung der Fügestelle zwischen Implantat und Abutment beobachtet werden, keine Veränderung wurde bei den Implantatsystemen mit Innenverbindung sowie mit der zweiten untersuchten Außenverbindung festgestellt.

Schlussfolgerung Mechanische Belastungen können die Mikrospaltgröße zwischen Implantat und Abutment beeinflussen. Der Verbindungstyp der Komponenten scheint dabei einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Größe des Fügespalts zu haben.
Sterically Hindered Amination of Aryl Chlorides Catalyzed by a New Carbazolyl-Derived P,N-Ligand-Composed Palladium Complex
Authors: Lai Wing In , Leung Man Pan , Choy Pui Ying , Kwong Fuk Yee
Published: May 2019

A family of 2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl-based phosphine ligands were synthesized and their efficacy in promoting the steric hindered Buchwald–Hartwig amination was evaluated. In the presence of Pd(OAc)2 (0.03–1.0 mol%) associated with the newly developed a carbazolyl-derived phosphine ligand, the synthesis of tetra-ortho-substituted diarylamines proceeded smoothly with excellent product yields (up to 99%). A remarkable result was obtained even for the coupling of highly sterically congested 2,6-diisopropylaniline and hindered 2-chloro-1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene (96% isolated yield). A possible decomposition pathway for the anthracenyl C–N coupling product is also reported.
Extended Postoperative Prophylactic Antibiotics with First-Generation Cephalosporin Do Not Reduce the Risk of Periprosthetic Joint Infection following Aseptic Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Kuo Feng-Chih , Lin Po-Chun , Bell Kerri L. , Ko Jih-Yang , Wang Ching-Jen , Wang Jun-Wen
Published: May 2019

Postoperative prophylactic antibiotics administered within 24 hours of primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) have been documented to prevent periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). However, the effectiveness of this regimen is still unclear in aseptic revision TKA. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether extended postoperative prophylactic antibiotics would reduce the PJI rate compared with the current 24-hour standard postoperative prophylactic antibiotics after aseptic revision TKA. A retrospective review of 236 patients (46 men, 190 women, 252 knees) who underwent aseptic revision TKA between 2005 and 2013 was conducted. Patients who underwent septic revision, had a positive intraoperative culture, or who had less than 2 years of follow-up were excluded. Patients were divided according to the duration of postoperative prophylactic antibiotics to standard group (76 knees, ≤ 24 hours) or extended group (176 knees, > 24 hours). PJI was determined by the Musculoskeletal Infection Society criteria. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed. The mean follow-up was 5.2 ± 2.5 years. Patients with extended postoperative prophylactic antibiotics had a lower PJI rate (1.1%) compared with standard group (3.9%), but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.14). Body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2 was the only independent risk factor of PJI (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 9.59; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07–86.04, p = 0.043). The use of extended postoperative prophylactic antibiotics was not a risk factor for PJI (adjusted HR: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.06–2.04, p = 0.238). After 10 years, the two groups had similar infection-free implant survival rate (95.9 vs. 98.9%, p = 0.15). Our findings demonstrate that extended postoperative prophylactic antibiotics did not reduce PJI rate compared with the standard group in aseptic revision TKA. A further prospective, randomized study with a standardized postoperative antibiotic protocol is necessary to address this topic. Level of evidence is prognostic Level III.
Pathogenesis of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Huppert Laura , Matthay Michael , Ware Lorraine
Published: May 2019

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a syndrome of acute respiratory failure caused by noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. Despite five decades of basic and clinical research, there is still no effective pharmacotherapy for this condition and the treatment remains primarily supportive. It is critical to study the molecular and physiologic mechanisms that cause ARDS to improve our understanding of this syndrome and reduce mortality. The goal of this review is to describe our current understanding of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of ARDS. First, we will describe how pulmonary edema fluid accumulates in ARDS due to lung inflammation and increased alveolar endothelial and epithelial permeabilities. Next, we will review how pulmonary edema fluid is normally cleared in the uninjured lung, and describe how these pathways are disrupted in ARDS. Finally, we will explain how clinical trials and preclinical studies of novel therapeutic agents have further refined our understanding of this condition, highlighting, in particular, the study of mesenchymal stromal cells in the treatment of ARDS.
Prone Positioning in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Gattinoni Luciano , Busana Mattia , Giosa Lorenzo , Macrì Matteo , Quintel Michael
Published: May 2019

Prone positioning is nowadays considered as one of the most effective strategies for patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The evolution of the pathophysiological understanding surrounding the prone position closely follows the history of ARDS. At the beginning, the focus of the prone position was the improvement in oxygenation attributed to a perfusion redistribution. However, the mechanisms behind the prone position are more complex. Indeed, the positive effects on oxygenation and CO2 clearance of the prone position are to be ascribed to a more homogeneous inflation–ventilation, to the lung/thoracic shape mismatch, and to the change of chest wall elastance. In the past 20 years, five major trials have tried, starting from different theories, hypotheses, and designs, to demonstrate the effectiveness of the prone position, which finally found its definitive place among the different ARDS supportive therapies.
Extracorporeal Strategies in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Cavayas Yiorgos , Thakore Aneesh , Fan Eddy
Published: May 2019

Despite the breadth of life-sustaining interventions available, mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remains high. A greater appreciation of the potential iatrogenic injury associated with the use of mechanical ventilation has led clinicians and researchers to seek alternatives. Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) may be used to rescue patients with severely impaired gas exchange and provide time for injured lungs to recover while treating the underlying disease. In patients with ARDS, venovenous (VV) ECLS is commonly used, where venous blood is drained into a circuit that passes through a membrane lung, which provides gas exchange, and then returned to the venous system. VV-ECLS can be configured as a system that uses higher blood flows with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) or as one that uses lower blood flows for extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (VV-ECCO2R). Recent studies support the use of VV-ECMO in patients with severe ARDS who present with refractory gas exchange despite the use of lung-protective mechanical ventilation, positive end-expiratory pressure optimization, neuromuscular blockade, and prone positioning. The optimal management of patients during ECLS (i.e., anticoagulation, transfusions, mechanical ventilation) and the role of ECCO2R in the management of ARDS remain to be determined.
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Cost (Early and Long-Term)
Authors: Bice Thomas , Carson Shannon
Published: May 2019

Costs of care in the intensive care unit are a frequent area of concern in our current health care system. Utilization of critical care services in the United States, particularly near the end of life, has been steadily increasing and will continue to do so. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common and important complication of critical illness. Patients with ARDS frequently experience prolonged hospitalizations and consume significant health care resources. Many patients are discharged with functional limitations and require significant postdischarge services. These patients have a high susceptibility to new complications which require significant additional health care resources. There is a slowly growing literature on the cost-effectiveness of the treatment of ARDS; despite its high costs, treatment remains a cost-effective intervention by most societal standards. However, when ARDS leads to prolonged mechanical ventilation, treatment may become less cost-effective. In addition, the provision of extracorporeal life support adds another layer of complexity to these cases. Small reductions in intensive care unit length of stay may benefit patients, but they do not lead to significant reductions in overall hospital costs. Early discharge to postacute care facilities can reduce hospital costs but is unlikely to significantly decrease costs for an entire episode of illness. Improved effectiveness of communication between clinicians and patients or their surrogates could help avoid costly interventions with poor expected outcomes. However, the most significant cost-saving interventions are early recognition and treatment of conditions to potentially prevent the development of this serious complication.
Evaluating the Effects of Fibrinogen αC Mutations on the Ability of Factor XIII to Crosslink the Reactive αC Glutamines (Q237, Q328, Q366)
Authors: Mouapi Kelly Njine , Wagner Lucille J. , Stephens Chad A. , Hindi Mohammed M. , Wilkey Daniel W. , Merchant Michael L. , Maurer Muriel C.
Published: May 2019

Fibrinogen (Fbg) levels and extent of fibrin polymerization have been associated with various pathological conditions such as cardiovascular disease, arteriosclerosis, and coagulation disorders. Activated factor XIII (FXIIIa) introduces γ-glutamyl-ε-lysinyl isopeptide bonds between reactive glutamines and lysines in the fibrin network to form a blood clot resistant to fibrinolysis. FXIIIa crosslinks the γ-chains and at multiple sites in the αC region of Fbg. Fbg αC contains a FXIII binding site involving αC (389–402) that is located near three glutamines whose reactivities rank Q237 >> Q366 ≈ Q328. Mass spectrometry and two-dimensional heteronuclear single-quantum correlation nuclear magnetic resonance assays were used to probe the anchoring role that αC E396 may play in controlling FXIII function and characterize the effects of Q237 on the reactivities of Q328 and Q366. Studies with αC (233–425) revealed that the E396A mutation does not prevent the transglutaminase function of FXIII A2 or A2B2. Other residues must play a compensatory role in targeting FXIII to αC. Unlike full Fbg, Fbg αC (233–425) did not promote thrombin cleavage of FXIII, an event contributing to activation. With the αC (233–425) E396A mutant, Q237 exhibited slower reactivities compared with αC wild-type (WT) consistent with difficulties in directing this N-terminal segment toward an anchored FXIII interacting at a weaker binding region. Q328 and Q366 became less reactive when Q237 was replaced with inactive N237. Q237 crosslinking is proposed to promote targeting of Q328 and Q366 to the FXIII active site. FXIII thus uses Fbg αC anchoring sites and distinct Q environments to regulate substrate specificity.
Bronchial Fistula and Pneumomediastinum after EBUS-TBNA Following Mediastinoscopy
Authors: Bougioukas Ioannis , Seipelt Ralf , Huwer Hanno
Published: May 2019

Background Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is a very useful diagnostic tool for the assessment of enlarged mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes. It is a safe procedure with a low risk of complications.

Case Description We report a case of bronchial fistula and pneumomediastinum after EBUS-TBNA, which was performed shortly after a mediastinoscopy. Due to the extent of the bronchial lesion, a surgical closure of the bronchial fistula was necessary. The patient recovered completely.

Conclusion The performance of EBUS-TBNA shortly after a mediastinoscopy should not be recommended to avoid possible procedure-related complications.
Psychosomatische Aspekte von
Gleichgewichtsstörungen
Authors: Jäger Burkard , Lesinski-Schiedat Anke , Henniger Stefan Martin
Published: May 2019

Bei den meisten Patienten mit Schwindelsymptomatik findet sich primär keine
eindeutige organische Ursache. Häufiger liegen dem Schwindel psychische
Störungen zugrunde oder der somatische Schwindel ist durch zusätzliche
psychische Symptome überlagert. Eine frühe Beteiligung der psychosomatischen
Medizin ist daher in vielen Fällen sinnvoll.
Expression of worm resistance in sheep selected for low worm-egg counts fed at maintenance or above-maintenance level
Authors: Greeff J. C. , Liu S. M. , Palmer D. G. , Karlsson L. J. E.
Published: May 2019

The present study reports on changes in faecal worm-egg counts (WEC), larval composition, and the number of worms at different developmental stages in young sheep sourced from a flock selected for reduced faecal worm-egg counts over 15 years. The sheep were individually penned and fed a maintenance (1.0 M) or a 1.5 times maintenance (1.5 M) diet over two periods, namely, worm-free and infection phases. They were dosed weekly with 10000 Trichostrongylus colubriformis and 10000 Teladorsagia circumcincta L3 infective larvae for 11 weeks. Sheep on the 1.5 M diet had lower WEC and higher bodyweights than did sheep on the 1.0 M diet. A significant decline in the percentage T. colubriformis occurred during the experiment, but no concomitant change in T. circumcincta was noticed. Resistant sheep had significantly (P < 0.001) fewer worms at necropsy, and also shed significantly (P < 0.001) fewer worm eggs during the experiment. Restricted feeding reduced bodyweight significantly (P < 0.001) and had a small but significant (P < 0.04) effect on the faecal worm-egg output and on the number of T. colubriformis worms (P < 0.01) in both the control and resistant sheep. The study showed that sheep selected for low WEC resulted in significantly (P < 0.001) lower WEC than in an unselected control line fed at a maintenance (1.0 M) and at an above-maintenance (1.5 M) level. Restricted feeding reduced bodyweight and had a small negative, and inconsistent, effect on the faecal worm-egg output in both the control and resistant lines.
Trans-4-[4-(dimethylamino)styryl]-1-methylpyridinium Iodide@Hemimethylcucurbit[6]uril Fluorescent Probe for Anion Recognition
Authors: Huang Sai , Yang Mei , Deng Xin-Yu , Zhu Qian Jiang , Huang Ying , Tao Zhu , Chen Kai
Published: May 2019

In the present work, a host–guest system of a hemimethyl-substituted cucurbit[6]uril derived from 3α-methyl-glycoluril (HMeQ[6]) and a hemicyanine dye, trans-4-[4-(dimethylamino)styryl]-1-methylpyridinium iodide (t-DSMI) showing strong fluorescence emission has been evaluated as a fluorescent probe. The results of a preliminary systematic study on the detection of a series of inorganic anions have revealed that this Q[n]-based host–guest fluorescent probe shows clear responses to BF4− and H2PO4− anions through distinct fluorescence quenching. Application of this Q[n]-based host–guest interaction system in anion recognition or detection opens a new avenue in Q[n] chemistry.