bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation of jointed composites with interconnected SiC nanowires network for nuclear SiC fiber reinforced SiC composites
Authors: Ren Meihan , You Xiao , Xiao Mengli , Luo Han , Xue Yudong , Liao Chunjing , Zhou Haijun , Yang Jinshan , Zhang Xiangyu , Dong Shaoming
Published: June 2024

The reliable jointing of SiCf/SiC is considered to be a key factor limiting the application in the field of nuclear cladding. In this work, a jointing layer with interconnected SiC nanowires (SiCNWs) toughening network is prepared by a typical two‐step routine. The high‐viscosity slurry containing the precursor is pyrolyzed to form a porous SiC‐based jointing layer, which is then densified by chemical vapor infiltration. Besides, SiC powders are introduced into the slurry to further increase the density of the jointing layer. The homogeneous SiC jointing material enables the strength and effectively avoids the mismatch between the thermal expansion coefficient of the jointing layer and SiCf/SiC composites, and the apparent shear strength of the jointing specimen reaches 7.211 MPa. It is found that the joint with SiCNWs shows better shear strength than the joint without SiCNWs, and the improved mechanical properties could be attributed to the pull‐out and bridging of SiCNWs.
Corrosion behavior of (Cr2/3Ti1/3)3AlC2 and Ti3AlC2 in static liquid lead–bismuth eutectic
Authors: Zhang Xinyue , Ren Yan , Xu Jingjun , Gai Xin , Li Yang , Ma Ke , Zhao Ke , Li Xingchao , Li Tongqi
Published: June 2024

Corrosion behavior of (Cr2/3Ti1/3)3AlC2 and Ti3AlC2 in static oxygen‐saturated liquid lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE) at 550°C and (Cr2/3Ti1/3)3AlC2 in static oxygen‐depleted LBE at 500°C were investigated. In oxygen‐saturated corrosion, the loose and porous corrosion layer consisting of (PbTiO3 + TiO2) was generated on the surface of Ti3AlC2. In contrast, (Cr2/3Ti1/3)3AlC2 formed the protective Cr2O3 layer with better corrosion resistance. Moreover, dissolution corrosion of (Cr2/3Ti1/3)3AlC2 in oxygen‐depleted corrosion was intensified without a protective oxide film. And impurity phase TiC on the surface also caused the decomposition of matrix, thus impairing corrosion resistance.
Exploring textural, solubility and rheological characteristics of high‐moisture extruded meat analogues: effects of wheat gluten and rice protein incorporation in pea protein isolate and feed moisture levels
Authors: Dubey Aishwary , Mateen Abdul , Singh Narpinder
Published: June 2024

This research explores the development of high‐moisture meat analogues (HMMA) by blending wheat gluten (WG) and rice protein (RP) with pea protein isolate (PPI) in a twin‐screw extruder under high‐moisture extrusion conditions. The study investigates the effects of incorporating RP and WG with PPI on textural, rheological and colour properties, as well as the underlying protein–protein interactions through protein solubility. From the compositional analysis of these secondary ingredients, there was no significant difference between them. However, results from the extrusion indicated that WG‐PPI showed good fibration and higher instrumental anisotropy than RP‐PPI blend extrudates. RP‐PPI blends exhibit inferior textural and rheological properties, attributed to RP's limited crosslinking ability within the protein matrix. This has resulted in a poor structure and lower textural values at higher incorporation of RP (50%) in the pea protein matrix. This was due to the insoluble protein fraction of the RP resulting in a non‐melting in the extrusion barrel. These findings underscore the importance of understanding protein interactions in developing optimised HMMA formulations, paving the way for further exploration into developing modified RP with improved physiochemical properties which can be integrated into meat analogues.
Colour stability improving of yellowfin tuna slices by compound antioxidant against oxidation of myoglobin
Authors: Wang Bin , Wang Shengbo , Xu Yanshun , Jiang Qixing , Xia Wenshui
Published: June 2024

Brown stain is a major problem for tuna during storage. This study aimed to investigate the impact of antioxidants on myoglobin oxidation and the promotion of metmyoglobin (MetMb) reduction in tuna slices. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimise the formula of the compound antioxidant in yellowfin tuna (YFT) slices, with the percentage of MetMb as the response value. The ratios of ε‐polylysine, sodium lactate and D‐sodium ascorbate were 0.43%, 2.21% and 2.71%, respectively. The interactions between sodium lactate and D‐sodium ascorbate had a greater impact on the percentage of MetMb. Then, verification experiments were conducted, and the results revealed that the samples treated with compound antioxidants had higher a* values, total sulfhydryl content, Ca2+‐ATPase activity, total reducing activity (TRA) and MetMb‐reducing activity (MRA) and lower percentages of MetMb and carbonyl contents than did the control samples. It also helps to maintain the stability of the NADH/NAD+ ratio, which contributes to facilitating MetMb reduction. The results showed that the compound antioxidant significantly inhibited myoglobin oxidation, promoted the reduction of MetMb in tuna slices and significantly enhanced the myoglobin stability of refrigerated YFT slices.
Deciphering the role of fruit maturity, calcium and freezing on the nutritional and textural attributes of crisps from red guava
Authors: Yadav Brijesh Kumar , Rudra Shalini Gaur , Joshi Alka , Bhowmik Arpan , Goswami Amit Kumar , Bhardwaj Rakesh , Pal Priya
Published: June 2024

Guava (Psidiumguajava L.), being highly nutritious possesses commercial importance in the tropical and subtropical region of the world. The climacteric guava, however, records highest postharvest loss and needs to be processed for higher shelf life and utility. This study entails evaluation of fruit maturity stage and prior freezing for development of calcium enriched guava crisps through atmospheric frying. The sliced fruits (of three maturity stages) were subjected to vacuum impregnation to infuse maltodextrin, salt, ascorbic acid and calcium lactate. Fracturability and crispness was significantly affected by fruit maturity, freezing pre‐treatment and calcium impregnation. Freezing pre‐treatment enhanced the texture, decreased toughness and gave superior crisps with crunchy mouthfeel. While browning increased due to freezing pre‐treatment, calcium impregnation led to decreased browning. More than 15‐fold increase in the calcium content of crisps was realised upon 1% calcium lactate impregnation. The average ascorbic acid and lycopene retention in the crisps was 36.18 and 37.58%, respectively. Mature guava showed highest lycopene retention (43.07%) in crisps. Based on MANOVA analysis, all the main effects, two factor interaction and three factor interaction were statistically significant at 1% level. The first three PCs could explain 73.64% variation in data. The highest ascorbic acid retention, crispiness and sensory scores were recorded for crisps from ripe stage of guava fruits given freezing and calcium infusion pre‐treatments. Thus, ripe guava fruits could be converted to shelf stable and attractive crisps, which would provide essential nutrients and potential health benefits, ensuring off‐season availability of perishable guava in the form of crisps.
Correlative characterization of plasma etching resistance of various aluminum garnets
Authors: Stern Christian , Schwab Christian , Kindelmann Moritz , Stamminger Mark , Weirich Thomas E. , Park Inhee , Hausen Florian , Finsterbusch Martin , Bram Martin , Guillon Olivier
Published: June 2024

Plasma etching is a crucial step in semiconductor manufacturing. High cleanliness and wafer‐to‐wafer reproducibility in the etching chamber are essential in order to successfully achieve nanometer‐sized integrated functions on the wafer. The trend toward the application of more aggressive plasma compositions leads to higher demands on the plasma resistance of the materials used in the etching chamber. Due to its excellent etch resistance, yttrium aluminum garnet Y3Al5O12 (YAG) is starting to replace established materials like SiO2 or Al2O3 in this kind of application. In this study, reactive spark plasma sintering (SPS) was used to manufacture highly dense YAG ceramics from the respective oxides. In addition, yttrium was replaced with heavier lanthanoids (Er, Lu), intending to investigate the role of the A‐site cation in the garnet type structure on the plasma erosion behavior. The produced materials were exposed to fluorine‐based etching plasmas mimicking the conditions in the semiconductor manufacturing apparatus and the erosion behavior was characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and profilometry. The induced chemical gradient in the samples is limited to a few nanometers below the surface, which makes its characterization challenging. For advanced analysis, we developed a correlative characterization method combining SIMS and scanning TEM (STEM)–energy‐dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) enabling us to examine the structural and chemical changes in the reaction layer locally resolved. In the case of lanthanoid aluminates, an altered reaction layer and reduced fluorine penetration compared to YAG were found. However, a correlation between the characteristics of the induced chemical gradient and the determined physical erosion rates was not evident.
Multiple large shareholders and audit fees: Demand‐side evidence from China
Authors: Yang Xiaotong , Jiang Fuxiu , Nofsinger John R. , Zhang Bo
Published: June 2024

This paper provides evidence on the role of multiple large shareholders (MLSs) in the determination of audit pricing from a new demand‐side perspective, rather than the typical supply‐side perspective. We find that for Chinese A‐share listed firms, the presence of MLS is associated with significantly higher audit fees. The results are robust after we address endogeneity concerns and use auditor choice as an alternative proxy to capture demand for auditing. Further tests show that audit fees increase with the number and relative power of noncontrolling large shareholders. The positive impact of MLS on audit fees is more pronounced for state‐owned enterprises (SOE) than in family‐owned enterprises. Moreover, this positive impact of MLS is more pronounced for SOEs with foreign blockholders and non‐SOEs with independent institutional blockholders. This positive impact is also more pronounced for firms with higher information asymmetry, severe agency problems and higher litigation risk. Overall, our results provide consistent evidence that firms with MLS are likely to demand high‐quality auditing, leading to higher audit fees.
KardiaMobile 6L versus 12‐lead ECG: Effects on clinic utilization time
Authors: Gaddam Meghna , Liu Albert , Lohrmann Graham , Breed Alexis , Passman Rod
Published: June 2024

Introduction

We aimed to study whether KardiaMobile 6L 30‐second capture technology could shorten ECG collection time compared to standard 12L ECG without compromising data usability.

Methods

A single‐center, non‐randomized trial was performed on patients presenting for follow‐up visits to the electrophysiology (EP) clinic. Providers in the KardiaMobile 6L group were allowed to request a standard 12L if the 6L was deemed insufficient for clinical care. Room utilization times, defined as the time from medical assistant room entry to exit, were compared for each group.

Results

There were 100 patients in the study, with 50 in each arm. Average room utilization time for the 12L group and 6L groups were 10.33 ± 2.2 and 7.27 ± 1.93 min, respectively (p < .001). In 8 (16%) visits for the 6L group, an additional 12L was requested.

Conclusion

For EP follow‐up visits, clinic utilization time was significantly reduced with the KardiaMobile 6L compared to the 12L ECG with infrequent need for an additional 12L.
Evaluation of future nurses' knowledge, attitudes and anxiety levels about artificial intelligence applications
Authors: Yigit Deniz , Acikgoz Ayfer
Published: June 2024

Rationale

Evaluating future nurses' perspectives on artificial intelligence, determining their missing or incorrect information on the subject and determining their anxiety levels are of great importance in terms of providing science and technology‐based health services in the future.

Aims

This research was conducted to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and anxiety levels of future nurses about artificial intelligence applications.

Method

The research was a descriptive type, conducted with 552 nursing students. In collecting data, ‘Data collection form’ and ‘Artificial Intelligence Anxiety Scale’ (AIAS) were used. Analysis of data was performed with descriptive statistics, Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Shapiro–Wilk, Spearman, Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tests. In the study, p < 0.05 value was considered statistically significant.

Results

It was determined that the students' average AIAS score was 51.68 ± 12.32. It was determined that 95.3% of the students did not receive training on artificial intelligence, and 94.0% did not have artificial intelligence‐related subjects in their school courses. It was determined that 79.2% of the students wanted artificial intelligence‐related subjects to be included in school courses.

Conclusion

In the study, it was determined that the artificial intelligence anxiety levels of nursing students were high. It has been determined that students with negative feelings about artificial intelligence have higher artificial intelligence anxiety levels. Our suggestion; adding courses or subjects related to artificial intelligence to the university curriculum and starting to include nurses in the working processes during their student years.
Immunological effects of DNA vaccination and interleukin utilization as an adjuvant in Astyanax lacustris immunized against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
Authors: Meira Caroline Munhoz , Carriero Mateus Maldonado , Pereira Nycolas Levy , Rihs Pedro Gustavo Macedo , Lázaro Talita Maria , Rocha Nathalia Raissa Alcântara , Maia Antonio Augusto Mendes
Published: June 2024

The increasing significance of the aquaculture sector and commercially valuable species underscores the need to develop alternatives for controlling diseases such as Ichthyophthirius multifiliis‐induced ichthyophthiriasis. This ciliated protozoan parasite threatens nearly all freshwater fish species, causing substantial losses in the fishery industry. Despite this, effective large‐scale treatments are lacking, emphasizing the necessity of adopting preventive strategies. While the pathogenesis of ichthyophthiriasis and its immune stimulation allows for vaccination strategies, precise adjustments are crucial to ensure the production of an effective vaccine compound. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of immunizing Astyanax lacustris with a genetic vaccine containing IAG52A from I. multifiliis and the molecular adjuvant IL‐8 from A. lacustris. Transcript analysis in immunized A. lacustris indicated mRNA production in fish muscles, demonstrating an expression of this mRNA. Fish were divided into five groups, receiving different vaccine formulations, and all groups received a booster dose 14 days after the initial immunization. Samples from vaccinated fish showed increased IL‐1β mRNA expression in the spleen within 6 h post the second dose and after 14 days. In the head kidney, IL‐1β mRNA expression showed no significant difference at 6 and 24 h but an increase was noted in fish injected with IAG and IAG + IL‐8 after 14 days. IL‐8 mRNA expression in the spleen and kidney did not significantly differ from the control group. Histological analysis revealed no variation in leukocyte concentration at 6 and 24 h post‐vaccination; however, after 14 days, the groups injected with IAG and IAG + IL‐8 exhibited a higher leukocyte density at the application sites than the control. The obtained data suggest that the used vaccine is transcribed, indicating its potential to stimulate innate immune response parameters through mRNA cytokine expression and leukocyte migration.
Ecoexpansive kinship: A model for expanding conceptualizations of family to include companion animals
Authors: Schmitz Rachel M. , Love Heather A. , Tabler Jennifer
Published: June 2024

Non‐human animals have long been embedded in society and are well‐documented as integrated into people's lives and families. However, researchers and practitioners inconsistently incorporate companion animals into theoretical conceptualizations of family, despite growing empirical evidence of the substantive impact of companion animals in people's lives. To more accurately capture people's lived realities of companion animals as family members, we advance a model of ecoexpansive kinship, which validates expansive family forms and functions across multiple levels of social ecological influence. To illustrate our model's applicability, we explore key definitions and outline major theoretical foundations and applications of companion animal research. We then demonstrate both the theoretical significance and empirical reality of where companion animal kinship fits into family dynamics. An ecoexpansive kinship approach can promote more conceptual, cohesive theorization of how to holistically model kinship to be inclusive of companion animals that can be applied across research and practice.
Relationship education and couples experiencing violence: Is something better than nothing?
Authors: Turner Kaley G. , Parker M. L.
Published: June 2024

This article aims to apply a family systems framework to the practice of couple relationship education (CRE) as an appropriate resource for couples experiencing violence. Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a multi‐faceted phenomenon that adversely affects the health and well‐being of individuals, families, and broader social systems. Inconsistent practices may involve excluding couples who report active violence in the relationship, as CRE is primarily prevention‐focused and considered an insufficient response. However, CRE is a rapidly growing, accessible community resource that can be considered an initial gateway toward second‐order change for couples experiencing violence. We offer specific recommendations for the practice of CRE, including systematic IPV assessment, practitioner training, resource utilization, and curriculum adaptations. Family systems tenets and existing research related to violence among couples support our conclusion that something is indeed better than nothing.
Reduction of postweaning stress by fasting regimen and probiotics supplementation and study its effects on cecal microbiota and physiological parameters of growing rabbits
Authors: Khalifa Walaa H. , Abo Sedera S. A. , Abou‐Hashim Fatma
Published: June 2024

The aim of this work was to reduce the postweaning stress of growing rabbits by using fasting regimen and probiotic supplementation. Twenty‐four weaned males new Zealand rabbits (5 weeks of age) were randomly divided into four equal groups including (1) rabbits fed ad labium diet served as control, (2) rabbits fasted for 12 h (two days/week) for 8 weeks, (3) rabbits fed ad labium diet with 2.0 cm3 probiotic/litter for 8 weeks, (4) rabbits fasted for 12 h (2 days/week) and take 2.0 cm3 probiotic/litter for 8 weeks. The probiotic inclusion corresponded to Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis were supplemented to water in the probiotic groups. Results showed that food consumption was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in growing rabbits of ad libitum group (control group) compared to other in restricted rabbits, but body weight (BW) of growing rabbit in probiotic group at 6 and 12 week of age increased by12 and 19%, respectively, than other in control group and also improved daily weight gain (DWG) during all experimental periods. Compared with control, significant reductions (p < .01) in Plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, ALT, AST and urea were found in oral probiotic groups with or without fasting programme. Oral administration of probiotic without fasting regimen significantly improved all carcass characteristics compared to other groups. Total bacteria, fungi, coliforms and cellulolytic bacteria counts were significantly improved in the fasting group with or without adding probiotics compared to control group. Conclusively, using probiotics with or without fasting regimen for 8 weeks postweaning improved growth performance during fattening and enhancement cecum activity of growing rabbits.
Effects of dietary supplementation with benthic diatom Amphora coffeaeformis on blood biochemistry, steroid hormone levels and seed production efficiency of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus broodstock
Authors: Mabrouk Mohamed , Ashour Mohamed , Abdelghany Mohamed F. , Elokaby Mohamed A. , Abdel‐Warith Abdel‐Wahab A. , Younis Elsayed M. , Davies Simon , El‐Haroun Ehab , Gewida Ahmed G. A.
Published: June 2024

Aquafeed additive quality and quantity remain pivotal factors that constrain the sustainability and progress of aquaculture feed development. This study investigates the impact of incorporating the benthic diatom Amphora coffeaeformis into the diet of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) broodstock, on the blood biochemistry, steroid hormone (SH) levels and seed production efficiency. Broodstock females displaying mature ovary indications were initially combined with males at a ratio of three females to one male. A total of 384 adult Nile tilapia (288 females and 96 males) were used, with 32 fish (24 females and eight males) assigned to each of 12 concrete tanks (8 m³; 2 m × 4 m × 1 m), with three replicate tanks for each dietary treatment, throughout a 14‐day spawning cycle until egg harvest. Fish were fed one of four different dietary treatments: AM0% (control diet), and AM2%, AM4% and AM6% enriched with the diatom A. coffeaeformis at levels of 20, 40 and 60 g/kg of diet respectively. At the trial's conclusion, total protein, albumin, triglyceride and creatinine), SHs (follicle‐stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, free testosterone, total testosterone, progesterone and prolactin) and seeds production efficiency of Nile tilapia improved significantly (p < 0.05) in alignment with the increment of A. coffeaeformis supplementation. The findings propose that including A. coffeaeformis at levels ranging from 4% to 6% could be effectively employed as a feed additive during the Nile tilapia broodstock's spawning season.
Benefit and potential risk: Effects of in ovo copper oxide nanoparticles supplementation on hatchability traits, organ weights and histological features of newly hatched chicks
Authors: Issa Hussien Jamil , Hassan Mohamed I. , Mekkawy Aya M. , El Sabry Mohamed I. , Abousekken Mahmoud Saad M.
Published: June 2024

This investigation was directed to examine the influence of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO‐NPs) on the hatchability traits, and chick quality of newly hatched broiler chicks. A total of 480 eggs were randomly divided into four treatment groups, each consisting of three duplicates. As a negative control (NC), the first group was not injected; the second group was injected with saline and served as a positive control (PC), the third and fourth groups were injected with 30 and 60 ppm of (CuO‐NPs)/egg. Eggs were injected into the amniotic fluid on the eighteenth day of the incubation period. Results showed that the hatchability, chick yield %, yolk free‐body mass (YFBM), chick length, shank length (SL), and relative weight of the heart, gizzard and intestine of day‐old broiler chicks were all unaffected by the in ovo injection of CuO‐NPs. The Pasgar Score was slightly improved compared to the NC and PC groups. Also, the in ovo administration of CuO‐NPs (60 ppm/egg) significantly increased the intestine length. Both levels of CuO‐NPs significantly increased the concentration of Cu ions in the hepatic tissue. Additionally, different levels of tissue damage were seen in the liver of the birds that were given low or high dosages of CuO‐NPs. Conclusively, the in ovo injection of CuO‐NPs has a good result on the appearance of the chicks (Pasgar score). However, negative effect of CuO‐NPs on liver tissue may raise concerns about the potential risks of applying CuO‐NPs in ovo administration.
Perceptual Discrepancies of Body Sizes in Japanese Female College Students: Using a 3‐D Silhouette Scale
Authors: Yamamiya Yuko , Suzuki Tomohiro , Mukai Takayo
Published: June 2024

Body image comprises a perceptual evaluation of one's body. We examined perceptual discrepancies of own and others' body sizes in young Japanese women. Moreover, we investigated if thin‐ideal internalization and appearance‐comparison tendency were associated with the discrepancies. A sample of 173 young Japanese women (Mage = 20.11 years, SD = 1.50 years) completed a figural/silhouette scale questionnaire created based on the national anthropometric data and measures of thin‐ideal internalization and appearance‐comparison tendency. Results indicated that the participants selected a larger figure for themselves than their body mass index (BMI) represented, while they selected a slimmer figure for their ideal body than their ideal BMI represented. In addition, the extent of the perceptual discrepancies was correlated with thin‐ideal internalization and appearance‐comparison tendency. Moreover, participants expressed body dissatisfaction to a greater extent when using a silhouette scale than when using BMI. Findings are discussed in relation to abundant visual images of attractive bodies in society, which may lead to body‐size perceptual discrepancies and misjudgments, body dissatisfaction, and eventual weight‐loss behaviors. Implications for intervention are also discussed.
Factors associated with the readiness for oral intake in post‐extubated critically ill adult patients: A prospective observational study
Authors: Elsayed Shimmaa Mohamed , Eltaybani Sameh , Elbiaa Maysa Abdalla
Published: June 2024

Background

Post‐extubation dysphagia (PED) is a common post‐extubation complication that may lead to serious problems, such as malnutrition and longer hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) stays.

Aim

To explore factors associated with the readiness for oral intake in post‐extubated critically ill adult patients.

Study Design

This prospective observational study involved 125 extubated patients. Readiness for oral intake was assessed using the Gugging Swallowing Screen (GUSS), and regression analysis was used to determine its predictors.

Results

The median age of the participants was 40.0 years, and 51.2% were female. The median GUSS score was 12.0 (possible range, 0–20), and 35.2% of the studied patients had severe dysphagia (scored 0–9). Bivariate regression analysis showed that older age, male, higher APACHE II score, body mass index (BMI) ≥30, smoking history, longer ICU stay, muscle relaxants use, large‐bore endotracheal and orogastric tubes and frequent intubation attempts were associated with lower GUSS score (p‐value <.05). Multivariate regression analysis showed that age, BMI and smoking history predicted 37.2% of the variability in the GUSS score (F = 23.865, p‐value <.001). Adding the ICU length of stay, muscle relaxants use, size of the endotracheal tube, size of the orogastric tube and frequency of intubation attempts to the regression model raised the predictability to 86.0% (F = 88.809, p‐value <.001).

Conclusions

More than one‐third of extubated patients have severe PED with a high risk of aspiration. Several modifiable factors, such as muscle relaxant use and endotracheal and orogastric tube size, predict post‐extubation readiness for oral intake.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

Using endotracheal and orogastric tubes of appropriate sizes, careful assessment of patients with a high risk for difficult intubation, and minimal use of muscle relaxants may help increase patients' readiness for post‐extubation oral intake.
The role of sugar transporters in the battle for carbon between plants and pathogens
Authors: Chen Yi , Miller Anthony J. , Qiu Bowen , Huang Yao , Zhang Kai , Fan Gaili , Liu Xiaokun
Published: June 2024

In photosynthetic cells, plants convert carbon dioxide to sugars that can be moved between cellular compartments by transporters before being subsequently metabolized to support plant growth and development. Most pathogens cannot synthesize sugars directly but have evolved mechanisms to obtain plant‐derived sugars as C resource for successful infection and colonization. The availability of sugars to pathogens can determine resistance or susceptibility. Here, we summarize current progress on the roles of sugar transporters in plant–pathogen interactions. We highlight how transporters are manipulated antagonistically by both host and pathogens in competing for sugars. We examine the potential application of this target in resistance breeding and discuss opportunities and challenges for the future.
Estimation of the conditional tail moment for Weibull‐type distributions
Authors: Goegebeur Yuri , Guillou Armelle , Qin Jing
Published: June 2024

We consider the estimation of the conditional tail moment at extreme levels for the class of Weibull‐type distributions. A two‐step procedure is introduced where in the first stage one estimates the conditional tail moment at an intermediate level, followed by an extrapolation in the second stage. The asymptotic properties of the estimators introduced in the two stages are derived under suitable assumptions. The finite sample properties of the proposed estimator are examined with a simulation experiment. We conclude with two applications on real life data: wind speed measurements collected at an offshore wind farm and air pollution data.
Adventitious embryonic causal gene FhRWP regulates multiple developmental phenotypes in citrus reproduction
Authors: Song Xietian , Wang Nan , Zhou Yin , Tian Xiaoyu , Xie Zongzhou , Chai Lijun , Wu Xiaomeng , Xu Qiang , Zhang Fei , Ye Junli , Deng Xiuxin
Published: June 2024

Citrus is a model plant for studying adventitious embryos, a form of asexual reproduction controlled by a single dominant gene, RWP. This gene has been identified as the causal gene for nucellar embryogenesis, but its function has not yet been fully understood. In this study, we used the fast‐growing Fortunella hindsii as a system to explore chromatin accessibility during the nucellar embryony initiation, emphasizing elevated chromatin accessibility in polyembryonic (PO) genotypes compared to monoembryonic ones (MO). Notably, a higher level of accessible chromatin was observed in one allele of the promoter region of FhRWP, consistent with increased expression of the allele carrying the causal structural variant. By independently performing RNAi and gene editing experiments on PO genotypes, we found the downregulation of FhRWP expression could reduce the number of nucellar embryos, while its knockout resulted in abnormal axillary bud development. In overexpression experiments, FhRWP was identified as having the unique capability of inducing the embryogenic callus formation in MO stem segments, possibly through the regulation of the WUS‐CLV signaling network and the ABA and cytokinin pathway, marking the inaugural demonstration of FhRWP's potential to reignite somatic cells' embryogenic fate. This study reveals the pleiotropic function of RWP in citrus and constructs a regulatory network during adventitious embryo formation, providing a new tool for bioengineering applications in plant regeneration.
BICC1 drives pancreatic cancer stemness and chemoresistance by facilitating tryptophan metabolism
Authors: Sun Huizhi , Li Hui , Guan Yuqi , Yuan Yudong , Xu Chao , Fu Danqi , Xie Peng , Li Jianming , Zhao Tiansuo , Wang Xiuchao , Feng Yukuan , Wang Hongwei , Gao Song , Yang Shengyu , Shi Yi , Liu Jing , Chang Antao , Huang Chongbiao , Hao Jihui
Published: June 2024

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is the fourth leading cause of malignancy-related deaths, with rapid development of drug resistance driven by pancreatic cancer stem cells. However, the mechanisms sustaining stemness and chemotherapy resistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that Bicaudal C homolog 1 (BICC1), an RNA binding protein regulating numerous cytoplasmic mRNAs, facilitates chemoresistance and stemness in PDAC. Mechanistically, BICC1 activated tryptophan catabolism in PDAC by up-regulating indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) expression, a tryptophan-catabolizing enzyme. Increased levels of tryptophan metabolites contribute to NAD
+
synthesis and oxidative phosphorylation, leading to a stem cell-like phenotype. Blocking BICC1/IDO1/tryptophan metabolism signaling greatly improves the gemcitabine (GEM) efficacy in several PDAC models with high BICC1 level. These findings indicate that BICC1 is a critical tryptophan metabolism regulator that drives the stemness and chemoresistance of PDAC and thus a potential target for combinatorial therapeutic strategy against chemoresistance.
Optimality principles in spacecraft neural guidance and control
Authors: Izzo Dario , Blazquez Emmanuel , Ferede Robin , Origer Sebastien , De Wagter Christophe , de Croon Guido C. H. E.
Published: June 2024

This Review discusses the main results obtained in training end-to-end neural architectures for guidance and control of interplanetary transfers, planetary landings, and close-proximity operations, highlighting the successful learning of optimality principles by the underlying neural models. Spacecraft and drones aimed at exploring our solar system are designed to operate in conditions where the smart use of onboard resources is vital to the success or failure of the mission. Sensorimotor actions are thus often derived from high-level, quantifiable, optimality principles assigned to each task, using consolidated tools in optimal control theory. The planned actions are derived on the ground and transferred on board, where controllers have the task of tracking the uploaded guidance profile. Here, we review recent trends based on the use of end-to-end networks, called guidance and control networks (G&CNets), which allow spacecraft to depart from such an architecture and to embrace the onboard computation of optimal actions. In this way, the sensor information is transformed in real time into optimal plans, thus increasing mission autonomy and robustness. We then analyze drone racing as an ideal gym environment to test these architectures on real robotic platforms and thus increase confidence in their use in future space exploration missions. Drone racing not only shares with spacecraft missions both limited onboard computational capabilities and similar control structures induced from the optimality principle sought but also entails different levels of uncertainties and unmodeled effects and a very different dynamical timescale.
Journey from Geologist to Basket Maker
Authors: Secord Theresa
Published: June 2024

With the exception of summer trips to visit my grandparents, I spent most of my growing-up years 150 miles away from my tribe, the Penobscot Indian Nation on Indian Island, Maine. I obtained a bachelor’s degree in earth science at the University of Southern Maine and spent three years in graduate school at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. I landed a summer job on a gold project crew with Mobil Minerals Division as I was finishing up my M.S. in economic geology. In 1980, the Penobscot Nation, together with the Passamaquoddy Tribe, regained 300,000 acres in what, at the time, was the largest land claim settlement in U.S. history, the 1980 Maine Indian Claims Settlement Act. In 1984, I went to work for my tribe on the minerals assessment program. The fieldwork encompassed extensive soil surveys, geophysical surveys, and bedrock drilling. About a decade into my work for the tribe, my career began to change as the funding from the Bureau of Indian Affairs ended and the minerals assessment on the trust lands was wrapping up.

In 1993, I co-founded and headed the Indigenous arts, non-profit Maine Indian Basketmakers Alliance (MIBA). This work would become my most rewarding and meaningful as it had a deep relationship to my own values system. In addition, I had become a serious basket maker and relied upon a network of other Indigenous practitioners. My evolution from a practicing geologist to an award-winning artist and Native American arts leader and advocate speaks to having a strong sense of identity and belief in myself. Throughout my career, I learned to observe my environment and listen to advice, but ultimately charted my own course.
UK neonatal stoma practice: a population study
Authors: Singhal Graciaa , Ramakrishnan Rema , Goldacre Raph , Battersby Cheryl , Hall Nigel J , Gale Chris , Knight Marian , Lansdale Nick
Published: June 2024

Objective

The optimal time for neonatal stoma closure is unclear and there have been calls for a trial to compare early and late surgery. The feasibility of such a trial will depend on the population of eligible infants and acceptability to families and health professionals. In this study, we aimed to determine current UK practice and characteristics of those undergoing stoma surgery.

Design

A retrospective cohort study of neonates who had undergone stoma surgery (excluding anorectal malformations and Hirschsprung’s disease) using three national databases: the National Neonatal Research Database (NNRD, 2012–2019), British Association of Paediatric Surgeons Congenital Anomalies Surveillance System (BAPS-CASS, 2013–2014) and Hospital Episode Statistics–Admitted Patient Care (HES-APC, 2011–2018).

Results

1830 eligible neonates were identified from NNRD, 163 from BAPS-CASS, 2477 from HES-APC. Median (IQR) duration of stoma in days was 57 (36–80) in NNRD, 63 (41–130) in BAPS-CASS and 78 (55–122) for neonates identified from HES-APC. At the time of closure, there were low rates of invasive ventilation (13%), inotrope use (5%) and recent steroids use (4%). Infants who underwent earlier closure (<9 weeks) were less preterm (median 28 weeks vs 25 weeks), have higher birth weight (median 986 g vs 764 g) and more likely to have stoma complications (29% vs 5%).

Conclusion

There are sufficient UK neonates undergoing stoma formation for a trial. Stoma closure is performed at around 2 months, with clinical stability, gestation, weight and stoma complications appearing to influence timing. The variation in practice we document indicates there is opportunity to optimise practice through a trial.
A national research survey of childhood autism assessment services in the UK: empirical evidence of diagnostic practice, challenges and improvement opportunities
Authors: Parr Jeremy , Wigham Sarah , Farr William , Male Ian , Isard Lucy , Lees Rhianna , Reddy Venkat , Saunders Gráinne , Grahame Victoria
Published: June 2024

Background

The UK National Health Service (NHS) Long Term Plan aims to reduce waiting times for childhood autism diagnostic assessment and improve parent and child satisfaction. This empirical research investigated current childhood diagnostic practice provision, and changes made by teams to address challenges faced.

Methods

Data were collected using an online semi-structured research questionnaire. UK childhood autism diagnostic assessment services (for children aged 1–18 years) were invited to participate through multidisciplinary clinical networks, special interest groups and professionals mailing lists. The study was on the National Institute for Health Research Clinical Research Network portfolio.

Results

128 clinicians from diverse NHS services responded including: 10 (8%) integrated services, 46 (36%) Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) and 72 (56%) paediatric services. A minority of services (23, 17.9%) reported always meeting the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidance for assessment. Referrals rose 115% between 2015 and 2019. Clinicians described increased child and family complexity compared with previously; children had more co-occurring physical, mental health and neurodevelopmental conditions and there were more frequent family health problems and safeguarding concerns. Most services (97, 75.8%) reported recent funding stayed constant/decreased. Incomplete multidisciplinary teams (MDTs) were frequently reported; a minority of services reported increased availability of professionals, and some experienced reductions in key professionals. Many teams were unable to undertake assessments or make recommendations for associated neurodevelopmental and co-existing conditions. Teams described improvement strategies implemented (eg, adapting professionals’ roles, supporting parents).

Conclusions

Most UK autism paediatric and CAMHS diagnostic teams experience significant challenges affecting the assessment of children with possible autism, and recommendations regarding treatment/intervention. Where CAMHS or paediatric services work in isolation, there are often competency gaps in MDTs and ability to deliver full neurodevelopmental and mental health assessments. Teams identified service improvement strategies; however, investment in MDT expertise is required to enable services to implement changes to meet the needs of children and families.
Automated oxygen titration with non-invasive ventilation in hypoxaemic adults with cardiorespiratory disease: a randomised cross-over trial
Authors: Kirton Louis , Kung Stacey , Bird Georgina , Black Melissa , Semprini Ruth , Eathorne Allie , Weatherall Mark , Semprini Alex , Beasley Richard
Published: June 2024

Background

Closed-loop oxygen control systems automatically adjust the fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) to maintain oxygen saturation (SpO2) within a predetermined target range. Their performance with low and high-flow oxygen therapies, but not with non-invasive ventilation, has been established. We compared the effect of automated oxygen on achieving and maintaining a target SpO2range with nasal high flow (NHF), bilevel positive airway pressure (bilevel) and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), in stable hypoxaemic patients with chronic cardiorespiratory disease.

Methods

In this open-label, three-way cross-over trial, participants with resting hypoxaemia (n=12) received each of NHF, bilevel and CPAP treatments, in random order, with automated oxygen titrated for 10 min, followed by 36 min of standardised manual oxygen adjustments. The primary outcome was the time taken to reach target SpO2range (92%–96%). Secondary outcomes included time spent within target range and physiological responses to automated and manual oxygen adjustments.

Results

Two participants were randomised to each of six possible treatment orders. During automated oxygen control (n=12), the mean (±SD) time to reach target range was 114.8 (±87.9), 56.6 (±47.7) and 67.3 (±61) seconds for NHF, bilevel and CPAP, respectively, mean difference 58.3 (95% CI 25.0 to 91.5; p=0.002) and 47.5 (95% CI 14.3 to 80.7; p=0.007) seconds for bilevel and CPAP versus NHF, respectively. Proportions of time spent within target range were 68.5% (±16.3), 65.6% (±28.7) and 74.7% (±22.6) for NHF, bilevel and CPAP, respectively.

Manually increasing, then decreasing, the FiO2resulted in similar increases and then decreases in SpO2and transcutaneous carbon dioxide (PtCO2) with NHF, bilevel and CPAP.

Conclusion

The target SpO2range was achieved more quickly when automated oxygen control was initiated with bilevel and CPAP compared with NHF while time spent within the range across the three therapies was similar. Manually changing the FiO2had similar effects on SpO2and PtCO2across each of the three therapies.

Trial registration number

ACTRN12622000433707.
Frailty in stroke
Authors: Naeem Fariha , Quinn Terry
Published: June 2024

Stroke is predominantly a condition of older age. So, it seems sensible that specialists working in stroke services should understand the primary clinical syndrome of ageing—frailty. Recent studies have highlighted the prevalence of frailty in stroke and its associated poor outcomes, yet frailty does not feature prominently in stroke research, practice or policy. Frailty-informed stroke care may differ from the interventional management that dominates contemporary practice. However, this is not therapeutic nihilism. A person-centred approach ensures that every care decision is appropriate and based on a shared understanding of the person’s goals and likely prognosis. We present a primer on frailty in stroke, describing definition(s), epidemiology and prognostic implications. We discuss the challenges surrounding assessment and management of frailty in stroke units and offer practical guidance suitable for the stroke clinician.
The Role of Traditional Chinese Medicines in the Treatment of Osteoporosis
Authors: Wang Liang , Huang Xinyi , Qin Jinran , Qi Baoyu , Sun Chuanrui , Guo Xiangyun , Liu Qingqing , Liu Yichen , Ma Yong , Wei Xu , Zhang Yili
Published: June 2024

Osteoporosis (OP) represents a substantial public health issue and is associated with increasing rates of morbidity and mortality. It is characterized by reduced bone mineral density, deterioration of bone tissue quality, disruption of the microarchitecture of bones, and compromised bone strength. These changes may be attributed to the following factors: intercellular communication between osteoblasts and osteoclasts; imbalanced bone remodeling; imbalances between osteogenesis and adipogenesis; imbalances in hormonal regulation; angiogenesis; chronic inflammation; oxidative stress; and intestinal microbiota imbalances. Treating a single aspect of the disease is insufficient to address its multifaceted nature. In recent decades, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has shown great potential in the treatment of OP, and the therapeutic effects of Chinese patent drugs and Chinese medicinal herbs have been scientifically proven. TCMs, which contain multiple components, can target the diverse pathogeneses of OP through a multitargeted approach. Herbs such as XLGB, JTG, GSB, Yinyanghuo, Gusuibu, Buguzhi, and Nvzhenzi are among the TCMs that can be used to treat OP and have demonstrated promising effects in this context. They exert their therapeutic effects by targeting various pathways involved in bone metabolism. These TCMs balance the activity of osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) and osteoclasts (bone-resorbing cells), and they exhibit anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-oxidative, and estrogen-like functions. These multifaceted mechanisms underlie the efficacy of these herbs in the management and treatment of OP. Herein, we examine the efficacy of various Chinese herbs and Chinese patent drugs in treating OP by reviewing previous clinical trials and basic experiments, and we examine the potential mechanism of these therapies to provide evidence regarding the use of TCM for treating OP.