bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SOME EFFECTS OF PERCHLORATE ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF 131-IODIDE
Authors: Schönbaum E. , Sellers E. A. , Gill M.J.
Published: December 2008

The distribution of an intraperitoneal dose of 131-iodide was studied in rats receiving perchlorate. The accumulation of radioactivity in the stomach, which occurred soon after injection in controls, was inhibited by perchlorate. Concurrent with this, radioactivity in blood was higher in perchlorate treated rats than in controls. After perchlorate, more radioactivity in kidney tissue and an elevated urinary excretion of the tracer was noted. After 24 hours, plasma radioactivity was lower in perchlorate treated rats than in controls. Increased renal excretion of 131I after perchlorate is, at least in part, due to higher blood radioactivity levels, probably because of decreased iodide space due to the action of perchlorate.
A STUDY OF THE IMMUNOLOGICAL DETERMINATION OF PITUITARY GONADOTROPHIN IN URINE
Authors: Hipkin L. J.
Published: December 2008

An antiserum to chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) has been studied in agar diffusion, haemagglutination and haemagglutination inhibition experiments.

The anti-HCG serum contained antibodies to inert urinary proteins and serum proteins as well as a »hormone-specific« antibody. Absorption of the anti-HCG serum with small amounts of inert urinary protein removed precipitins to non-hormonal protein, without altering the haemagglutinating titre of the antiserum. There was no difference between absorbed and unabsorbed anti-HCG serum in haemagglutination inhibition reactions with inert and gonadotrophic urinary extracts. When larger amounts of inert protein were used for absorption there was a fall in the haemagglutinating titre of the anti-serum but it was shown that this was due to removal of »hormone specific« antibodies.

Urinary extracts were obtained from patients with various endocrine disorders, from patients with normal pituitary and gonadal function and from menopausal subjects. The results of bioassay and immunoassay of these extracts were compared. It was found that many of the extracts, although potent in the immunoassay, were biologically inactive. It is concluded that a specific or non-specific reaction can occur between nonhormonal urinary proteins and the antihormone. The anti-HCG serum used in the present investigation, although successfully used for pregnancy diagnosis and HCG assay, was unsuitable for urinary gonadotrophin estimation in non-pregnant individuals.
BIOASSAY OF PREGNANT MARE SERUM GONADOTROPHIN BY THE CHICK-32P METHOD
Authors: Connell Gerald M.
Published: December 2008

Data are presented illustrating the reliability of the chick-32P method for the assay of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMS). Experiments with treatments of 1.25 IU PMS to 20.00 IU PMS demonstrated the advantages of this assay method. The testis-32P uptake provided a more sensitive end-point as a measure of gonadotrophin activity than did gonad weight change.
OESTRIOL-3-GLUCOSIDURONATE, A MAJOR URINARY METABOLITE OF OESTRIOL AND OESTRIOL-16(17?)-GLUCOSIDURONATE
Authors: Goebelsmann U. , Sjöberg K. , Wiqvist N. , Diczfalusy E.
Published: December 2008

Oestriol-16-14C (OE3-16-14C) was administered to a non-pregnant woman and oestriol-16-14C-16(17?)-glucosiduronate (OE3-16-14C-16(17?)Gl) to a pregnant woman and the urinary oestriol conjugates were isolated and identified.

More than 85 per cent of the radioactive material administered to the two subjects was excreted in the urine within 96 hours.

In both cases more than 16 per cent of the administered radioactive material was isolated and identified as oestriol-16-14C-3-glucosiduronate (OE3-16-14C-3Gl) and more than-70 per cent as OE3-16-14C-16(17?)Gl.

It is concluded that oestriol-3-glucosiduronate is a major urinary metabolite of both oestriol and oestriol-16(17?)-glucosiduronate.
EFFECTS OF CLOMIPHENE ON OESTRADIOL ALTERATIONS IN THYROXINE AND CORTISOL TRANSPORT IN MAN
Authors: Cushman Paul , Alter Sheldon , Hilton J. G.
Published: December 2008

Clomiphene, the ovulation stimulating agent, may act via 1) direct oestrogen-like action, 2) oestrogen antagonism, and/or 3) other mechanisms. The indirect effects of clomiphene alone and together with oestradiol were studied in an oestrogen sensitive system, i. e. the binding affinities of transcorten and thyroxine binding globulin for cortisol and thyroxine. In 7 normal males after treatment with 0.2 mg oestradiol alone for 7 days their mean triiodothyronine (T3) resin uptake ratios fell from 1.05 to 0.90 while their mean plasma cortisol rose to 25.9 from 14.2 mg/100 ml.

Two weeks later, the administration of 100 mg of clomiphene alone daily to 10 subjects had no effect on either T3 resin uptakes or cortisol. The addition of 0.2 mg of oestradiol to the continuing clomiphene regimen in 7 subjects resulted in 0.94 mean T3 resin uptake and a mean cortisol concentration of 22.3 mg/100 ml.

Changes were not significant compared to oestrogen alone (P < 0.20), but were different from control (P < 0.03), and clomiphene alone (P < 0.02). Since the T3 resin uptake and cortisol concentrations reflect plasma binding, these data suggest that clomiphene may not exert a major influence in this oestrogen sensitive system in man, and do not support the hypothesis that clomiphene acts solely to compete for tissue oestrogen receptor sites in man.
ROLE OF CALCIUM IN THE RELEASE OF VASOPRESSIN AND OXYTOCIN FROM POSTERIOR PITUITARY PROTEIN
Authors: Thorn N. A.
Published: December 2008

Using film dialysis experiments of crude posterior pituitary protein in 0.1 m acetic acid/sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.6) it was demonstrated that addition of calcium in concentrations of 0.2 or 0.5 mm increased the rate of dialysis of vasopressin activity from the film of protein solution. Sodium chloride, magnesium chloride or acetylcholine had no such effect. Calcium in a concentration of 0.2 mm also increased the rate of dialysis of oxytocin activity from the protein solution.

The results seem to support the hypothesis that calcium ions function in the excitation-secretion coupling for vasopressin and oxytocin by releasing hormone peptide from its binding to neurophysin within the neurosecretory nerve endings. Thus the hormone becomes free to diffuse into the blood stream.
NORMALAUSSCHEIDUNG VON 17-KETOGENEN STEROIDEN
Authors: Rindt Walther
Published: December 2008

Based on 1811 single analyses values for the 24-hour excretion of 17-ketogenic steroids in normal subjects were determined. Of these analyses 843 were performed in normal males and 968 in normal females. All results were statistically evaluated and their diagram compared to a different excretion curve for normal persons.

A statistically higher excretion of 17-ketogenic steroids could be demonstrated in normal male subjects as compared to values for normal female subjects. Advantages and disadvantages of the method for estimation of 17-ketogenic steroids in urine as reported by Norymberski et al. are discussed.
STUDIES ON A FEMINIZING HUMAN ADRENAL TUMOUR
Authors: Sharma D. C. , Raheja M. C. , Dorfman Ralph I. , Gabrilove J. Lester
Published: December 2008

Testosterone-4-14C and androst-4-ene-3,17-dione-4-14C were incubated with homogenate of a feminizing human adrenal tumour. The steroids from the incubation mixture were extracted with organic solvents, purified by chromatography on partition columns, paper and thin-layer silica gel, and identified by isotopic dilution analyses. Oestrone and 17β-oestradiol were among the incubation products indicating an active aromatizing enzyme in the tumour. In addition to »11β-hydroxylase« the tissue contained »17β-ol dehydrogenase« activity, also. It appears that androst-4-ene-3,17-dione was the main precursor of the excessive quantities of oestrone secreted by the tumour.
EFFECT OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY AND A LOW SODIUM DIET ON THE VOLUMES OF THE GLOMERULAR ZONE, FASCICULAR AND RETICULAR ZONES AND MEDULLA OF RATS
Authors: Miller Richard A.
Published: December 2008

Direct measurements of volume of the glomerular zone, fascicular and reticular zones and medulla were made in normal and hypophysectomized rats. All zones of the cortex and the medulla atrophied after hypophysectomy. However, while medullary and glomerular atrophy was proportional to the decrease in body weight, fascicular atrophy exceeded the loss in body weight.

Hypertrophy of the glomerular zone occurred in rats fed a sodium deficient diet for 5 to 28 days beginning 14 days after hypophysectomy. Hence the volume of the glomerular zone is probably independent of the pars distalis, since the glomerular zone does not atrophy after hypophysectomy and can be stimulated to hypertrophy after it and the infundibular process are removed.

Calculation of mass from areas in a mid-section by the Bahn formula and from direct measurements of volume yielded similar values for the mass of the fascicular zone. However, mean values for glomerular mass and for medullary mass were each significantly different. None the less, there was a high correlation between values, and the percent changes in mass of the glomerular zone resulting from the sodium deficiency were similar. Hence, the Bahn formula seems to be a useful shortcut procedure for detecting changes in the mass of the several regions of the cortex.
OVULATION IN RABBITS FOLLOWING INTRAVENOUS AND INTRACEREBRAL ADMINISTRATION OF COPPER SULPHATE
Authors: Suzuki Masakuni , Hiroi Masahiko , Sugita Shigehito
Published: December 2008

The present authors (1965) previously reported that the site of action of copper sulphate in the induction of ovulation might be in the vicinity of the posterior median eminence (PME) in the hypothalamus. The authors have now injected a solution of copper sulphate intravenously into adult female Japanese mongrel rabbits and also infused the solution directly into the PME of the hypothalamus. The 50% effective dose for inducing ovulation in some of the rabbits of the tested group was 0.76 μg/kg of copper sulphate in the PME infusion or 3.0 mg/kg in the intravenous injection. This means that the 50% effective dose of copper sulphate required for infusion into the PME is 1/4000 of the 50% effective dose required by intravenous injection.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF NIDATION. XVII. HISTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF DECIDUALIZATION IN THE RAT
Authors: Lobel Bertha L. , Tic Liliane , Shelesnyak M. C.
Published: December 2008

Histochemical observations were made on the activities of adenosinetriphosphatase, alkaline and acid phosphatase, and on RNA, glycogen and lipids as well as connective tissue elements in uteri of pseudopregnant rats during the period of formation of deciduomata, i. e. between 36 to 96 hours after the administration of the inducing stimulus. Enzymic activity accompanied the formation of deciduomata, stopped at the limits of the decidual cell reaction and did not involve the rest of the endometrium. A distinct line of demarcation between the two tissues (deciduoma and basal endometrium) was demonstrated both histologically and histochemically. This demarcation is independent of the manner of stimulation or the extent of the decidual cell reaction.
URINARY EXCRETION OF DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE AND OESTROGENS BY THE BOAR
Authors: Raeside James I.
Published: December 2008

The urinary excretion of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA), oestrone (OE1) and 17β-oestradiol (OE2) has been estimated during the administration of a number of hormones to an intact mature male pig. Daily intramuscular injections of corticotrophin (300 IU) or cortisone acetate (500 mg) resulted in a decrease in the levels of OE1, OE2 and DHA. Following the daily injection of human chorionic gonadotrophin (2500 IU) the excretion of all three steroids increased greatly. The daily oral administration of 30 mg Norlutin acetate (17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone acetate) appeared to be more effective than 30 mg Norlutin (17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone) in suppressing steroid production by the boar.

Considerable daily variation occurred in the amounts of OE1, OE2 and DHA excreted in the urine during »control« periods, and some evidence of a seasonal variation in levels of urinary steroids was observed.

Throughout the investigation a high degree of correlation existed between the urinary excretion of DHA and both oestrogens. It was concluded that the data provide strong support for the view that the large quantities of DHA in the urine of the normal boar arise from steroid biosynthesis in the testes.
RADIOACTIVE IODINE THERAPY FOR PROGRESSIVE MALIGNANT EXOPHTHALMOS
Authors: Bauer Franz K. , Catz Boris
Published: December 2008

Eighteen euthyroid patients with progressive malignant exophthalmos, of whom 16 had been treated by other forms of therapy, were treated with large therapeutic doses of radioactive iodine in an effort to ablate their thyroid glands. In four of the patients no functioning thyroid tissue could be demonstrated; in the others thyroid tissue can still be demonstrated with 5 mc doses of 131I preceded by thyrotrophin. In all patients, marked improvement of the infiltrative changes of ophthalmopathy resulted. Proptosis improved but in none of them did it regress completely to normal.

The doses of radioactive iodine required to destroy thyroid remnants were much larger than the doses employed in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.

It is suggested that the thyroid gland plays an important part in the complex problem of progressive exophthalmos and the presence of LATS, although its precise role remains to be determined.
A STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF METHANDROSTENOLONE ON GROWTH AND ON ACCUMULATION OF 32P-PHOSPHATES IN EMBRYONIC CHICK BONE CULTIVATED IN VITRO
Authors: Prévôt H. , Schneider C.
Published: December 2008

Mineralisation and growth of embryonic bones in cell-free media were studied by cultivation in rapidly rotating roller-tubes. It was found that methandrostenolone (MA)*, when added to the medium, led to significant increases in bone-mineralisation, as measured by the uptake of 32P-phosphates, and to increased growth-rates in tibiae of chick-embryos. Tibiae explants of 9 to 13 days old chick-embryos were used. A distinct increase in growth over a period of 48 hours was observed in all age groups, whereas an increased uptake of 32P-phosphates occurred only in 10 or 11 days old tibiae. Maximal increase in growth-rate was obtained with a MA-concentration of 0.078 μmol and maximal increase in uptake of phosphates with a MA-concentration of 0.052 μmol per ml of medium. Higher concentrations of MA showed a smaller effect on growth and mineralisation. It is assumed that MA influences growth and mineralisation by different mechanisms. The method of cultivation used showed remarkably small standard deviations in all measurements, so that even small differences in MA-effect could be observed. It therefore seems that this method is also well suited for studies of other problems of bone development.
PITUITARY-ADRENAL RECOVERY FOLLOWING LONG-TERM CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY
Authors: Roe P. F. , Mitchell D. M. , Pennington G. W.
Published: December 2008

Adrenocortical function was assessed in 20 patients receiving long-term corticosteroid drugs for a variety of non-endocrine disorders.

In all cases plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS) levels were within or above normal limits 48 hours after abruptly stopping their drugs and a further marked rise occurred in 7 patients given metyrapone for 24 h. Urinary 17-OHCS excretion did not show a parallel rise. Taking the group as a whole, a small rise in the mean output occurred 48 hours after stopping therapy, and a further slightly greater rise followed metyrapone.

3 patients had a relapse of their underlying condition during the test in spite of normal plasma and urinary 17-OHCS levels.
THE ABILITY OF SOME ANABOLIC STEROIDS TO PROTECT RATS AGAINST ETHIONINE-INDUCED ELEVATION OF POSTPRANDIAL BLOOD AMMONIA
Authors: Kowalewski K.
Published: December 2008

Compared with control rats, postprandial blood ammonia was significantly higher in ethionine treated rats. This was considered due to abnormal nitrogen metabolism by the injured liver. Pretreatment of rats with anabolic steroids, 17-ethyl-19-nortestosterone and methandrostenolone protected animals against the ethionine effect on blood ammonia. It appears that the primary defect induced by ethionine is one in protein metabolism. The action of steroids, used in this study, on ammonia metabolism is considered due to their anabolic properties.
ÜBER LIPOPHILE STEROID-KONJUGATE
Authors: Weinand K. , Rindt W. , Oertel G. W.
Published: December 2008

The half-life of 7α-3H-dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), sodium 7α-3H-DHEA sulfate, and biosynthetic 7α-3H-DHEA sulfatide has been determined in guinea-pigs. Following the isolation of the individual compounds from plasma at various time intervals the half-life was found to be 2:30 and 3:00 minutes for DHEA sulfate, 7:15 and 8:15 minutes for free DHEA and 23 and 28 minutes for DHEA sulfatide. This data seems to support the hypothesis that steroid sulfatides may represent a labile transport form of steroid sulfates.
CIRCADIAN PHASE DIAGRAMS OF ORAL TEMPERATURE AND URINARY FUNCTIONS IN A HEALTHY MAN STUDIED »LONGITUDINALLY«
Authors: Haus Erhard , Halberg Franz
Published: December 2008

Circadian phase estimates and their 95% confidence intervals can be obtained by curve-fitting with the electronic computer. Such diagrams assess objectively the external and internal timing of circadian rhythms in oral temperature, in urine volume and in the urinary excretion of sodium, potassium, 17-hydroxycorticosteroids and 17-ketosteroids. A reference to a precise time of circadian crest constitutes a risky undertaking whenever it rests on short stretches of data covering a day or two of study on a single subject rather than a group. Inferences drawn in this study are based upon the behaviour of »ensembles« of phases, rather than upon values for a single given crest, and they must be viewed with the realization that they were obtained with serially dependent sampling in the case here presented. With such qualifications, the ensembles serve to make several points.

Under the specified conditions, including a diurnal-activity-nocturnalrest schedule, most circadian crests of 17-hydroxycorticosteroid excretion occurred around noon. The circadian crests of 17-ketosteroid excretion occurred, on the average, about one hour or so before noon. These two urinary functions and three others show a consistent lead in phase in relation to the oral temperature rhythm. The typical crest values, if they are provided with their confidence arc, represent objective quantitative endpoints for endocrine studies, among others.
THE CORPUS LUTEUM-HYPOPHYSIS RELATIONSHIP: THE EFFECT OF PROGESTERONE TREATMENT ON THE RELEASE OF GONADOTROPHINS IN THE RAT
Authors: Kaufman Andrew B. , Rothchild I.
Published: December 2008

The effect of progesterone on pituitary gonadotrophin release has been studied in the rat. Castrated female rats bearing ovarian autotransplants, or unilaterally ovariectomized rats, were given 1 to 5 mg of progesterone daily for intervals from 7 to 28 days, and then killed. The ovaries, uteri, and vaginas were examined grossly and microscopically, and the pituitary glands were assayed for total gonadotrophin content by the mouse uterine weight method.

Although treatment with 5 mg of progesterone for 28 days inhibited ovulation, it did not prevent Graafian follicle development (determined histologically) or secretory function (evaluated by the presence of vaginal mucification) in either of the animal preparations. Progesterone treatment was associated with a significant elevation of pituitary gonadotrophic potency in the castrated rats bearing ovarian autotransplants, but not in the unilaterally ovariectomized rats.

These findings suggest that the tonic rate of gonadotrophin secretion is unaffected by treatment with 5 mg of progesterone daily. The acute discharge of the ovulation inducing hormone complex (probably primarily LH) is, however, inhibited by such a dose of progesterone, and probably accounts for the inhibition of ovulation. The findings also suggest that the amount of progesterone secreted by the functioning corpora lutea during pseudopregnancy in the rat is equivalent in effect to between 2 and 5 mg of progesterone injected once daily.
THE CORPUS LUTEUM OF THE SHEEP: RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MORPHOLOGY AND FUNCTION DURING THE OESTROUS CYCLE
Authors: Deane Helen Wendler , Hay Mary F. , Moor R. M. , Rowson L. E. A. , Short R. V.
Published: December 2008

Certain structural and functional aspects of the regression of the corpus luteum in the sheep were studied using biochemical, histological, electron microscopic and histochemical techniques.

Alterations in the size and density of mitochondria in the lutein cells on Day 12 or 13 of the oestrous cycle were the first sign of luteal regression seen. This was followed by the appearance of cytoplasmic lipid droplets on Day 13 or 14, in the large, definitive lutein cells. The rapid decline in the secretory activity of the corpus luteum on Day 15 was associated with a reduction in Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and diaphorase activities, as well as with shrinkage of the lutein cells and pyknosis of their nuclei.

Despite a general correlation between all the above regressive changes, however, there was in a few instances a lack of complete concordance between the parameters studied. It is therefore not possible to state that any one criterion gives a consistently reliable indication of the functional state of the corpus luteum.

A good correlation was found between the progesterone concentration in the ovarian venous blood and that in the luteal tissue during the regression of the corpus luteum.

The occurrence of some regressive changes on Day 12 may be related to the fact that this is the time when the ovine corpus luteum must be stimulated by an embryo in the uterus to survive.
MONOAMINES AND THE PITUITARY GLAND
Authors: Dahlström Annica , Fuxe Kjell
Published: December 2008

The histochemical fluorescence method of Hillarp and coworkers for the demonstration of catecholamines (CA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) has been used together with histochemical criteria and with a pharmacological approach to the problem. It has been possible to show that primary CA are probably stored in the PAS-positive cells of the adenohypophysis of some mammals. In the cat, the great majority of the PAS-positive cells have this property. The amines are not depleted by treatment with reserpine, metatyrosine or α-methyl-meta-tyrosine. The storage mechanism for CA in the PAS-positive cells is discussed.

The PAS-positive cells of the anterior lobe of the mouse also have the property of forming CA from L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) but not from D-DOPA. Some of these cells are also able to decarboxylate 5-hydroxytryptophane (5-HTP) to 5-HT.
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN ENDOCRINE EXOPHTHALMOS AND EXOPHTHALMOS PRODUCING SUBSTANCE (EPS)
Authors: Schwarz F. , der Kinderen P. J. , Houtstra-Lanz Maria
Published: December 2008

The correlation between Endocrine Exophthalmos and serum levels of EPS was investigated in 64 exophthalmic patients; only 2 patients had no demonstrable EPS in their serum. 31 of these patients were suffering from thyrotoxicosis, 11 from Cushing's syndrome and 2 from acromegaly. 20 were euthyroid. The serum of 44 non-exophthalmic subjects was tested: 11 with thyrotoxicosis, 6 with Cushing's syndrome, 4 acromegalics and 23 normal subjects. Only in two of the non-exophthalmic thyrotoxics EPS was found in the serum. Both developed severe ophthalmopathy later in the course of the disease. In all groups of patients a fair correlation was found between the severity of the exophthalmos and EPS levels in the serum. In 8 patients, EPS levels were determined serially during the course of the disease, in some before as well as after pituitary surgery or irradiation. Changes in the EPS levels, corresponded well with the course of the ophthalmopathy.

The correlation was better than that reported by some other investigators. In the authors opinion, these divergencies can be explained by differences in the method of EPS determination used. It is concluded that it is very probable that endocrine exophthalmos in Graves' disease as well as in Cushing's syndrome and in acromegaly, is caused by an anterior pituitary factor (EPS).
PROLACTIN CONTENT OF THE RAT HYPOPHYSIS FOLLOWING TREATMENT WITH NORETHYNODREL
Authors: Kahn Raymond H. , Baker Burton L.
Published: December 2008

Subcutaneous injection of norethynodrel to ovariectomized rats at certain dose levels caused an increase in the prolactin content of the hypophysis.
SIMULTANBESTIMMUNG VON FREIEM CORTISOL, ESTERIFIZIERTEN DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERON UND ANDROSTERON IM PERIPHEREN BLUT
Authors: Fehér T. , Koref O. , Kazik M. H.
Published: December 2008

A method for the simultaneous determination of free cortisol and of dehydroepiandrosterone and androsterone conjugates in human plasma is described. Chloroform extraction, subsequent paper chromatography and alkaline tetrazolium-blue reaction were used for measuring free cortisol values. For splitting of 17-oxosteroid conjugates, simultaneous acid hydrolysis and benzene extraction are employed. An extensive purification of the extract is achieved by thin-layer chromatography. Paper chromatography is used for separation, and in situ Zimmermann-reaction applied for quantitation of individual 17-oxosteroids. The control of the method, the normal values and the plasma steroid level in different endocrine disorders are presented.
CLINICAL, HISTOLOGICAL AND CYTOGENIC OBSERVATIONS IN PURE GONADAL DYSGENESIS
Authors: Boczkowski Krzysztof , Teter Jerzy
Published: December 2008

Clinical observations, gonadal histology and cytogenic studies are described in eight cases of pure gonadal dysgenesis.

The general appearance of the patients was feminine. They had never menstruated spontaneously. Most cases showed eunuchoidal body proportions and absence of breast development. The external genitalia were infantile.

All patients had the streak gonads which consisted of undifferentiated embryonic stroma without any germinal elements. The gonadotrophin level was normal or high. In four cases, apparently normal male karyotype and in three cases apparently normal female karyotype was found. In one case chromosomal mosaic XO/XX was encountered. No clinical or histological differences between patients with male and female karyotype were found, except for phallic enlargement which was present in three out of four cases with male chromosome complement.
STEROID EXCRETION AND PLASMA CORTISOL IN 41 CASES OF CUSHING'S SYNDROME
Authors: Ernest Ingrid
Published: December 2008

Urinary excretion of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS) and of Porter-Silber chromogens as well as plasma cortisol at different times of the day were measured repeatedly in 41 cases of Cushing's syndrome and the results were compared with similar data from 55 non Cushing patients suffering from obesity, hypertension and other symptoms often associated with Cushing's syndrome. The Cushing patients showed a marked variation in steroid output and in many cases the excretion was within the control range during one or several days. In only four of all patients, however, did the mean excretion of 17-OHCS overlap with that found in the control material.

There was a marked overlapping between the Cushing and the non Cushing patients with respect to plasma cortisol. At midnight, however, most Cushing patients (34/36) at repeated determinations showed one or several figures higher than those of the control material.

In the present material there was a marked overlapping between the Cushing (15 cases) and the non Cushing patients (14 cases) with respect to the increase in steroid excretion after intravenously administered corticotrophin (ACTH). In 14 cases of Cushing's syndrome due to hyperplasia the administration of metapyron caused an increase in steroid excretion. One such case failed to react to metapyron as did 3 cases of cortisol producing tumours.
EFFECTS OF CLOMIPHENE ON OVARIAN ASCORBIC ACID AND THE RESPONSE TO LUTEINIZING HORMONE
Authors: Mayfield James Donald , Ward Darrell N.
Published: December 2008

Clomiphene will depress ovarian ascorbic acid concentration in rats pretreated to produce a »pseudopregnancy« as per the Parlow ovarian ascorbic acid depletion assay procedure. This lowering of ascorbic acid was found to be clomiphene dose-dependent. Additional ovarian ascorbic acid depletion was noted following LH administration in the groups treated with low dose levels of clomiphene (0.02, 0.2, 0.6 mg/kg/day), but not at high dose levels (6.0 and 20.0 mg/kg/day). At the 0.2 mg/kg/day dose range, the per cent depletion following LH was significantly greater than in control animals indicating an increased sensitivity of the ovarian ascorbic acid depletion response to LH in these animals.
MECHANISM OF THE STIMULATORY EFFECT OF CLOMID® ON AROMATIZATION OF STEROIDS BY HUMAN PLACENTA IN VITRO
Authors: Hagerman Dwain D. , Smith Olive W. , Day Caroline F.
Published: December 2008

The in vitro rate of conversion of testosterone to oestrone and oestradiol by a preparation of human placental microsomes was increased by the addition of Clomid®*. The effect was a function of the amount of Clomid added, the maximum observed being 1.6 times that in control vessels containing no Clomid.

Of the cis-trans isomers of Clomid, the form designated as isomer A was three times as effective as isomer B in accelerating aromatization. The minimal effective concentration of the mixed isomers in the incubation mixture was 0.2 mm.

The mechanism of this effect was shown to be a noncompetitive inhibition of the NADPH:Cytochrome c oxidoreductase system, thereby interfering with a major route of NADPH disposition in the microsomes and increasing the availability of NADPH for the aromatization reaction.

The findings suggest a possible mechanism for a direct stimulatory influence of Clomid upon the ovarian biosynthesis of oestrogens in vivo, although the concentration of the drug required for significant acceleration of placental aromatization in vitro was considerably greater than its probable concentration in ovarian tissue following Clomid administration to women.
EINE NEUE METHODE ZUR PRÜFUNG ANTIANDROGEN WIRKSAMER SUBSTANZEN AN WEIBLICHEN RATTEN
Authors: Neumann F. , Elger W.
Published: December 2008

It is demonstrated that the effects of testosterone propionate in female rats can be inhibited by a potent anti-androgenic compound, viz. 1,2α-methylene-6-chloro-pregna-4,6-diene-17α-ol-3,20-dione (= Cyproterone). Uterine and preputial growth, as stimulated by testosterone propionate, is inhibited by simultaneously administered Cyproterone in immature female rats, intact as well as spayed.

This method is suitable as a test for anti-androgenic compounds. It is easy to perform, and its sensitivity, accuracy and specificity are satisfactory.
INSULIN, INSULIN ANTIBODY AND GLUCOSE IN PLASMA OF NEWBORN INFANTS OF DIABETIC WOMEN
Authors: Jorgensen Kai R. , Deckert Torsten , Pedersen L. Mølsted , Pedersen Jørgen
Published: December 2008

The venous plasma insulin and glucose concentration was investigated in 15 diabetic and 13 non-diabetic women at birth; in the umbilical cord blood of their infants at birth; 1.5 to 6 hours after birth in the fasting state; and 5 and 30 minutes after a glucose load injected through a catheter inserted in the umbilical vein. Insulin antibodies were estimated at birth.

Antibodies were found in the maternal and the umbilical cord blood in 13 diabetic mothers who had had insulin treatment for 2–20 years, but not in 2 diabetics with, respectively, no insulin treatment, and treatment for a few days only.

In infants of non-diabetic mothers, the insulin concentration at birth was lower than that of their mothers. In infants of diabetic women the insulin concentration was much higher than that of the control infants. After glucose injection a rapid increase of the insulin concentration in the umbilical vein was demonstrated in infants of diabetic women, whereas the rise was slow in infants of non-diabetics, thus indicating a greater reactivity of insulin secretion or release in infants of diabetic women.

After glucose injection, the plasma glucose concentration in the umbilical vein rose and fell rapidly without any difference being found between the two groups, in contrast to the great differences in their insulin concentration.
INSULIN ANTIBODIES IN PREGNANT GUINEA PIGS AND IN THEIR OFFSPRING
Authors: Thorell Jan I.
Published: December 2008

Insulin antibodies were studied in the maternal and foetal plasma of pregnant guinea pig immunized against insulin. By paper-electrophoresis an insulin binding globulin was found in mother and offspring. Radioimmunoelectrophoretic analysis showed insulin binding antibodies of three types in maternal plasma, i. e. in γ1–γ2- and γM-globulins. Foetal plasma only showed antibody activities in γ1- and γ2-globulins. The insulin binding capacity was practically identical in maternal and foetal plasma. Foetuses of passively immunized mothers also showed antibody activity in plasma. The antibody titres of amniotic fluid averaged 1/100 of the plasma titres. The disappearance of the insulin antibodies after birth was followed in six offspring. The mean of their half-lifes was 8 days.
THE TURNOVER OF INSULIN-131I IN THE GUINEA PIG FOETUS WITH AND WITHOUT ANTIBODIES AGAINST INSULIN
Authors: Thorell Jan I.
Published: December 2008

The turnover of insulin in the guinea pig foetus was estimated by the injection of insulin-131I into the umbilical vein of foetuses still connected to the placenta. The disappearance of the insulin-131I from foetal plasma was measured at intervals of 5 to 20 minutes after injection. The mean half-life of insulin-131I was 37 minutes in foetuses whose mothers had been immunized against insulin as compared to 11 minutes in foetuses of untreated controls. These rates of disappearance did not differ from the corresponding maternal rates.
ON THE CELLULAR SITE OF CORTICOTROPHIN PRODUCTION
Authors: Knutson Folke
Published: December 2008

Adenine-14C was administered intravenously to rats at various times after adrenalectomy. The hypophyses were studied by means of autoradiography and differential staining and labelled cells were exactly localized and defined as to type.

It was shown that shortly after adrenalectomy the majority of labelled cells were small chromophobes. With increasing time after adrenalectomy a gradual shift appeared, first to large chromophobes and finally to amphophils (a particular type of large chromophobe). One and eight days after adrenalectomy, differential cell counts were performed on the hypophyses and the label index was determined for the cell types defined. The label index for small chromophobes was considerably reduced after eight days, whereas the label index for amphophils remained very high in spite of a marked increase in the number of these cells in the counts. No definite change in labelling could be found for acidophil and basophil cells with increasing time after adrenalectomy.

The findings indicate that cells in an active state of synthesis are in a cyclic development, i. e. small chromophobe – large chromophobe – amphophil, with increasing time after adrenalectomy. The interpretation is that chromophobe cells are involved in the new synthesis of corticotrophin (ACTH), and that during greatly increased synthesis they increase in size, finally appearing as amphophils.
BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL IN MICE.
Authors: Rerup Claus , Lundquist Ingmar
Published: December 2008

Multiple serial blood glucose level determinations in individual mice were performed on small blood samples (10–25 μl) using the orbital bleeding technique. Glucose was determined specifically by a known enzymatic reaction.

Blood glucose determined in this way was found a parameter of high reproducibility and precision, the latter being shown by the finding that differences between individual animals were highly significant in practically all the experiments. The standard deviation of the single measurement in normal mice was ± 8.2 mg/100 ml as determined from 600 samples, which indicated that the technique allows of the detection of blood sugar level changes of about 15 mg/100 ml or more with very high significance, in a group of 5 mice.

In the sampling procedure as such, intravenous or subcutaneous saline injections did not necessarily have any effect on the blood glucose level, but interpretation of slight blood sugar changes under experimental conditions should always be based on a comparison with control groups, since the latter may sometimes show a slight but significant change.

In normal non-fasting mice (NMRI strain) significant differences in homoeostatic blood glucose level adjustments were demonstrated. In acutely adrenalectomized mice blood glucose levels were lower and more variable than in normals.

Alloxan injection (70 mg/kg) was followed in individual mice by a triphasic blood sugar response, as is known from other species.
THE POLYCYSTIC OVARY. VI.
Authors: Corral-Gallardo Jesus , Acevedo Hernan A. , Perez de Salazar Jose L. , Loria Manuel , Goldzieher Joseph W.
Published: December 2008

Detailed clinical and biochemical studies were performed in a 22 year old woman with primary amenorrhea, virilization, bilateral sclerocystic ovarian disease and a hilar cell tumour of one ovary. By clinical, radiological and dynamic functional endocrine tests, the ovarian source of the excessive androgen production was established prior to surgery. In vivo and in vitro production of testosterone by the tumour was established as well as its ability to metabolize progesterone and 4-androstenedione to a variety of compounds. The biochemical characteristics of this tumour strongly resemble testicular tumours, even to the existence of an 11β-hydroxylase. Epitestosterone was found in the urine, and the existence of a 17α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was demonstrated in the sclerocystic ovarian tissue. No oestrogen was synthesized by the tumour or the ovarian tissue under the in vitro conditions.
A METHOD OF EVALUATING CORTICOTROPHIN-INHIBITING STEROIDS
Authors: Martini L. , Giuliani G. , Motta M.
Published: December 2008

A new method of testing steroid-induced corticotrophin (ACTH) suppression is described. This is based on the observation that in the rat one single injection of corticotrophin-inhibiting steroids is capable of reducing plasma corticosterone levels 4 hours after treatment.

Details are given for obtaining both a rough estimation of the »absolute« ACTH-suppressive potency of a steroid and the more accurate »relative« estimation of potency; for comparative estimations it is proposed to use dexamethasone (9α-fluoro-16α-methyl-prednisolone) as reference standard.
VASCULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF OESTROGENS
Authors: Lorenzen I.
Published: December 2008

The aortic content of mucopolysaccharides and collagen was compared in female and male rabbits and in castrated and sham-operated female rabbits. Using biochemical as well as histological methods it was not possible to demonstrate any differences between the aortae under study.
UTEROTROPHIC ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS PHENOLIC STEROIDS
Authors: Dorfman Ralph I. , Kind Fred A.
Published: December 2008

The uterotrophic activity of certain steroids including 3- and/or 17-deoxy derivatives of oestrone and 17β-oestradiol and selected alkyl derivatives was determined in a three-day immature mouse test. The enhancement of oral activity but not subcutaneous activity by the introduction of a 17α-ethynyl group in place of a 17α-hydrogen was confirmed and extended. Other alkyl substituents reduced uterotrophic activity.

Significant uterotrophic activity was associated with certain 3- and/or 17-deoxy steroids. Oestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3-ol was 11% as active as oestrone by the subcutaneous route whereas 17α-oestradiol was only 3.2% as active.
THE EXCRETION OF OESTRONE-OESTRADIOL AND OESTRIOL IN NORMAL HUMAN PREGNANCY
Authors: Frandsen V. Aasted , Lundwall F.
Published: December 2008

The excretion of oestrone plus oestradiol in normal human pregnancy has been determined on the basis of 242 twenty-four hour urine samples from 16 women. Oestriol was estimated in the same urine samples and the ratio oestriol/oestrone + oestradiol was calculated. The 95% confidence limits were calculated from the 10th week of pregnancy until birth. The excretion of oestrone-oestradiol increased from about 100 μg/24 h in the 10th week to about 2000 μg/24 h around term, while oestriol increased from about 0.5 mg/24 h to about 25 mg/24 h.
THE EFFECT OF TESTOSTERONE PHENYLPROPIONATE ON THE INCORPORATION OF FORMATE-14C-NA INTO VARIOUS ORGANS OF CASTRATED RATS
Authors: Jakubovič Alexander , Čekan Zdeněk
Published: December 2008

The changes in the weight and metabolism of certain organs of castrated infantile rats were investigated at different time intervals following one single administration of 1 and 8 mg of testosterone phenylpropionate respectively. Metabolic changes were studied on the basis of the rate of incorporation of formate-14C-Na, both into the soluble, protein and also into the nucleic acids and lipid fractions. After the administration of the androgen the increase in 14C incorporation into the soluble fraction, into nucleic acids and into the proteins of musculus levator ani, seminal vesicles and prostate starts before a weight increase can be observed. Changes in the weight and metabolism of the liver, kidney and musculus soleus induced by testosterone phenylpropionate are negligible as compared to its effect on the target organs.
A STUDY OF HUMAN TESTICULAR FUNCTION BY THE USE OF HUMAN MENOPAUSAL GONADOTROPHIN AND OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN IN MALE HYPOGONADOTROPHIC EUNUCHOIDISM AND INFANTILISM
Authors: Johnsen Svend G.
Published: December 2008

Two adult men with severe hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (persisting infantilism) were observed during long-term treatment with chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) (23 and 6 months respectively) followed by treatment with human menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG) (for 7 and 12 months) and finally by combined treatment with HMG plus HCG (for 12 and 9 months). A study of hormone excretion, testicular biopsies and the clinical course showed that HMG given alone had little effect. Development of the testicular tubules was dependent upon the addition of HCG to the HMG, and the combined treatment induced a complete gonadal maturation. This LH action is presumably a direct effect on the tubules rather than indirect through Leydig cell stimulation. HMG acts synergistically with HCG in Leydig cell stimulation, and the results thus indicate a close interaction between FSH and LH on all testicular elements. No lasting effect of the long-term treatment was found. HMG has no antigenic properties in the human.
THE GOITROGENIC EFFECT OF NATURALLY OCCURRING L-5-VINYL- AND L-5-PHENYL-2-THIO-OXAZOLIDONE IN RATS
Authors: Krusius F-E. , Peltola Pentti
Published: December 2008

L-5-vinyl-2-thio-oxazolidone (VTO), found in the seeds of cruciferous weeds and in milk specimens from the endemic goitre districts of Finland, was fed to rats. A dose of 0.1 μg/day had an almost significant and of 0.5 μg/day a significant weight-increasing effect on the thyroid in 1—15 weeks. The quantities of VTO found in milk specimens from endemic goitre districts of Finland are greater than the concentration of VTO in drinking fluid necessary for producing enlargement of the thyroid in rats. The minute daily oral doses of VTO that led to enlargement of the thyroid did not inhibit the radioiodine uptake of the gland. The smallest single oral dose of VTO which inhibited the 4-h radioiodine uptake in the rat thyroid was 0.1 mg (almost significant) and 0.5 mg (significant), i. e. about 1000 times greater than the smallest daily amount which produced thyroid enlargement in long-term administration. The inhibition seemed to last for less than 8 hours. The goitrogenic activity of milk to which VTO had been added was still present after storage for one day, though VTO was no longer demonstrable by the chemical method of assay generally employed.

L-5-phenyl-2-thio-oxazolidone (PTO), a compound also occurring naturally in weeds of the Cruciferae family, when administered to rats in doses as low as 2 μg/day in long-term experiments, caused a distinct increase in relative thyroid weight, which appeared from 1 to 9 weeks after the start of the experiments. In the radioiodine tests, there were no clear-cut differences as compared with the control series.

The results with both compounds show that the inhibition in the radioiodine uptake test after a single dose is too insensitive a method for the detection of minute amounts of goitrogens with a thiouracil-type of activity in foodstuffs.
ELEKTROGRAPHISCHE SCHNELLMETHODE ZUM BIOLOGISCHEN NACHWEIS VON CORTICOTROPHIN
Authors: Krüskemper H. L. , Reichertz P. , Morgner K. D.
Published: December 2008

The

electrogram of the adrenal gland in normal adult male Wistarrats, recorded with a direct current amplifier, showed definite potential differences when corticotrophin was injected intravenously in a dose of ≥ 0.1 U/kg.

In rats, whose endogenous ACTH-secretion had been blocked by pretreatment with dexamethasone, the sensitivity of the electrographic technique in assaying ACTH could be lowered to 1.0 mU/kg, i. e. ~ 0.2 mU/animal.
EFFECT OF CHRONIC TOLBUTAMIDE ADMINISTRATION ON GROWTH AND CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN WEANLING RATS
Authors: Scherz Deborah , Lawrence A. M.
Published: December 2008

In the present study the chronic administration of tolbutamide to weanling rats was associated with evidence of accelerated skeletal growth as shown by increased tibial epiphyseal cartilage width and tail length.

It is proposed that tolbutamide-induced hyperinsulinism may have augmented daily growth hormone output in the treated rats secondary to recurring hypoglycaemia and that increased growth hormone output may also have contributed to transient glucose intolerance observed in these animals.
BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISMS OF HORMONE ACTION
Authors: Karlson P. , Sekeris C. E.
Published: December 2008

Some recent hypotheses on the mode of action of hormones are reviewed. One concept, arising from experiments with artificially cleaved ribonuclease, namely that hormones may »complete« some proteins to form an active enzyme, is regarded as unlikely. Moreover, the idea that hormones act as »allosteric effectors« of enzymes is not well substantiated. A third hypothesis, i. e. that hormones may act as gene activators, is discussed at some length. Gene activation would lead to production of messenger-RNA and induced enzyme synthesis. For ecdysone, the moulting hormone of insects, every step of this reaction sequence has been demonstrated experimentally.
THE PARATHYROIDS IN CORTICOSTEROID-TREATED PREGNANT RATS AND THEIR OFFSPRING
Authors: Hansson C. Göran , Angervall Lennart
Published: December 2008

Geometrically increasing doses of cortisone (0.5, 1.5 and 4.5 mg twice daily) were injected into pregnant rats, and the volume, nuclear diameters and mitotic rate of the maternal parathyroids as well as the parathyroid volume and mitotic rate in the foetuses were determined. The nuclear diameters were if anything smaller and the mitotic rate tended to decrease in the cortisone treated groups. There were no significant differences between the parathyroid volumes of the foetuses in the control and cortisone-treated groups. Thus, it seems that the development of the rat foetal parathyroids and the morphology of the maternal parathyroids are little affected if at all, by cortisone.
SPECIFIC UPTAKE OF OESTROGENS BY THE MOUSE UTERUS IN VITRO
Authors: Terenius Lars
Published: December 2008

The uterus as well as slices from the diaphragm of immature mice were incubated in vitro with tritium-labelled oestrogens. The active oestrogens, 17β-oestradiol and meso-hexoestrol, were preferentially accumulated by the uterus. The racemic isomer of hexoestrol which is less oestrogenic than the meso-isomer was not preferentially accumulated by the uterus. The addition of non-radioactive 17α- or 17β-oestradiol, meso- or racemic hexoestrol inhibited the uptake of 17β-oestradiol-3H by the uterus but not by the diaphragm. The most oestrogenic isomer found was the one most effective in inhibiting uptake. Prior injection of 17β-oestradiol in vivo inhibited the uptake in vitro of 17β-oestradiol-3H. It is concluded that the uptake of oestrogens by the mouse uterus in vitro is stereospecific in the same way as the uptake in vivo.