bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effects of visual skills training on cognitive and executive functions in stroke patients: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Authors: Niering Marc , Seifert Johanna
Published: March 2024

The visual system and associated skills are of particular importance in stroke rehabilitation. The process of neuroplasticity involved in restoring cognitive function during this period is mainly based on anatomical and physiological mechanisms. However, there is little evidence-based knowledge about the effects of visual skills training that could be used to improve therapeutic outcomes in cognitive rehabilitation. A computerized systematic literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Medline, and Web of Science databases from 1 January 1960 to 11 Febuary 2024. 1,787 articles were identified, of which 24 articles were used for the calculation of weighted standardized mean differences (SMD) after screening and eligibility verification. The findings revealed moderate effects for global cognitive function (SMD = 0.62) and activities of daily living (SMD = 0.55) as well as small effects for executive function (SMD = 0.20) – all in favor of the intervention group. The analyses indicate that the results may not be entirely robust, and should therefore be treated with caution when applied in practice. Visual skills training shows positive effects in improving cognitive and executive functions, especially in combination with high cognitive load and in an early phase of rehabilitation. An improvement in activities of daily living can also be observed with this type of intervention. The high heterogeneity of the studies and different treatment conditions require the identification of a relationship between certain visual skills and executive functions in future research.
Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in odontogenic infection: a systematic review
Authors: Ghasemi Saeideh , Mortezagholi Bardia , Movahed Emad , Sanjarian Sahar , Ghaedi Arshin , Mallahi Amirhossein , Bazrgar Aida , Khanzadeh Monireh , Lucke-Wold Brandon , Khanzadeh Shokoufeh
Published: March 2024

Background

We conducted this systematic review to compile the evidence for the role of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in odontogenic infection (OI) and to determine whether NLR is elevated in patients with OI. This was done to aid physicians in better understanding this condition for clinical management.

Methods

The search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science libraries on March 30, 2023. Two reviewers independently screened the studies using Endnote software. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to evaluate the quality of the studies.

Results

A total of nine studies were included in the review. Among patients with OI, positive and statistically significant correlations of NLR were seen with more severe disease, a prolonged hospital stay, postoperative requirement of antibiotics, and total antibiotic dose needed. In the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis, the optimum cut–off level of NLR was 5.19 (specificity: 81, sensitivity: 51). In addition, NLR was correlated with preoperative fever (p = 0.001). Among patients with Ludwig’s Angina, NLR could predict disease severity and length of stay in the hospital (p = 0.032 and p = 0.033, respectively). In addition, the relationship between the NLR and mortality was statistically significant (p = 0.026, specificity of 55.5%, and sensitivity of 70.8%). Among patients with severe oral and maxillofacial space infection, a positive correlation was found between IL-6 and CRP with NLR (rs = 0.773, P = 0.005 and rs = 0.556, P = 0.020, respectively). Also, a higher NLR was considered an essential predictor of organ involvement (P = 0.027) and the number of complications (P = 0.001). However, among diabetes mellitus (DM) patients afflicted with submandibular abscesses, NLR had no association with therapeutic response.

Conclusions

Many people around the world suffer from OI, and a cheap and fast biomarker is needed for it. Interestingly, inflammation plays a role in this infection, and elevated NLR levels can be a good biomarker of inflammation and, as a result, for OI progression.
Sonographic characteristics of diffuse sclerosing variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma with histopathological correlation: a preliminary study
Authors: Li Wanying , Wang Ying , Gao Luying , Feng Ruie , Lv Ke , Wu Xining , Yang Xiao , Cai Sheng , Wang Hongyan , Li Jianchu
Published: March 2024

Background

Diffuse sclerosing variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (DSVPTC) is a rare but high invasive subtype of papillary thyroid carcinoma, which mandates an aggressive clinical strategy. Few studies have focused on the sonographic characteristics of DSVPTC and the role of ultrasound in diagnosis and treatment of this variant remains unknown. This study aimed to identify and understand DSVPTC more accurately under ultrasound in correlation with pathology.

Methods

The ultrasound characteristics and histopathologic sections of 10 lesions in 10 DSVPTC patients who underwent thyroid surgery at our center between 2014 and 2020 were reviewed and compared with 184 lesions in 168 classic variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (cPTC) patients.

Results

6 DSVPTC cases (60%) showed the “snowstorm” pattern on sonogram and 4 cases (40%) presented hypoechoic solid nodules only. Vague borders (100.0% vs. 18.5%, P = 0.019) and abundant microcalcifications (66.7% vs. 10.9%, P = 0.037) were more common in DSVPTC nodules than in cPTC nodules, corresponding to the infiltrating boundaries and numerous psammoma bodies under the microscope respectively. Most of the DSVPTC cases had a heterogeneous background (80%) and suspicious metastatic cervical lymph nodes (80%) on sonograms. All DSVPTC cases had histopathological metastatic cervical lymph nodes.

Conclusion

The sonographic “snowstorm” pattern indicated DSVPTC with whole-lobe occupation. Hypoechoic solid nodules with vague borders and abundant microcalcifications on sonogram suggested DSVPTC lesion with an ongoing invasion. Regardless of which of the two sonograms was shown, the corresponding DSVPTC lesions were aggressive and required the same attention from the surgeons.
Current usage of explainer animations in trials: a survey of the UKCRC registered clinical trial units in the UK
Authors: Barber Vicki S. , Calvert Clare , Appelbe Duncan , Sprange Kirsty , Nollett Claire , Tanner Samantha , Richards Duncan B.
Published: March 2024

Background

Explainer animations are a means to communicate aspects of clinical trials to participants in a more engaging and accessible way. Delivered well these have the potential to enhance recruitment and retention. The range of media technology used to deliver this material is expanding rapidly but is highly fragmented. Usage of explainer animations across the UK is unknown, the aim of this research was to determine current usage across the 52 registered UK Clinical Research Collaboration (UKCRC) Clinical Trials Units (CTUs) to understand the current landscape and any barriers that could be preventing wider uptake of this functionality.

Methods

A survey link was emailed to all UKCRC CTU Directors and Trial Management Leads to ascertain current usage of explainer animations within their CTU. The survey ran between 01 February 2023 and 07 March 2023.

Results

Responses were received from 35 CTUs—representing a response rate of 67%. 24 CTUs (69%) reported that they had created/used at least one explainer animation within their unit, although the usage, cost, length and production activities varied among the units.

Conclusions

The survey showed that a high proportion of the UKCRC CTUs have used explainer animations to provide information to participants about clinical studies. For those not using the technology yet, the most common reasons cited were a lack of expertise, lack of resources and costs to produce them. One of the desired outcomes of this project is the creation of a free-to-use library of animations to encourage wider uptake and avoid duplication.
Study protocol for a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial to investigate the influence of peripheral nerve stimulation on patients with chronic sacroiliac joint syndrome (SILENCING)
Authors: Sargut Tarik Alp , Tkatschenko Dimitri , Früh Anton , Tüttenberg Jochen , Heckert Alexander , Fleck Steffen , Kuckuck Anja , Bayerl Simon Heinrich
Published: March 2024

Background

The prevalence of sacroiliac joint pain (SIJP) is estimated to be 10–30% in patients with chronic low back pain. Numerous conservative and surgical treatment modalities for SIJP have been described with limited evidence regarding long-term pain relief.

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is a well-established technique to treat patients with chronic low back pain. However, the effect on patients with SIJP is not consistent. Therefore, peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) for chronic SIJP was implemented in experimental trials. Clinical data on PNS for SIJP is still lacking. The authors present a case series and a protocol for a prospective, multicenter study to determine the effect of PNS in patients with chronic intractable SIJP.

Method

A multicenter, prospective randomized controlled trial was designed. Patients with chronic intractable SIJP will be recruited and randomized in a 4:3 ratio to either the peripheral nerve stimulation group or to the best medical treatment group. A total of 90 patients are planned to be enrolled (52 in the PNS group and 38 in the BMT group). Patients in the intervention group receive a percutaneous implantation of a unilateral or bilateral lead which is externalized for a trial phase for 3–14 days. After trial phase only patients with at least 50% reduction of pain receive an impulse generator for permanent stimulation. Regular visits for participants are planned on day 0, after 3 months (± 30 days), 6 months (± 30 days), and 12 months (± 60 days). The primary outcome measurements is the difference in Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NRS) between baseline and after 6 months. Secondary outcomes is improvement of pain associated disability (ODI) and improvement of health-related quality of life after 6 and 12 months.

Discussion

We have described the protocol for a prospective, multicenter, randomized trial evaluating the influence of PNS on patients with chronic sacroiliac joint syndrome. We believe that PNS on patients with chronic sacroiliac joint syndrome will show promising results regarding pain relief and quality of life in comparison to BMT after 12 months. The design of this trial promises high evidence in comparison to the data to date.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05357300. Registered on April 26, 2022.
Resting heart rate associations with violence exposure and posttraumatic stress symptoms: sex differences in children
Authors: Wiltshire Charis N. , Kouri Nicole , Wanna Cassandra P. , Minton Sean T. , France John M. , Reda Mariam H. , Davie William , Basarkod Sattvik , Winters Sterling , Hinrichs Rebecca , Stenson Anais F. , Jovanovic Tanja
Published: March 2024

Background

Traumatic events experienced in childhood can lead to increased risk of cardiovascular disorders in adulthood. Black Americans are disproportionately affected, as they are at increased risk for experiencing childhood trauma and cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. One of the hypothesized mechanisms of this association is through long-lasting dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system, a hallmark physiological biomarker of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is twice as prevalent in women compared to men.

Methods

Ninety-one, majority Black American children, aged 9 were recruited to be a part of our longitudinal study of child development at research centers in Atlanta, GA and Detroit, MI. Resting HR was measured through a electrocardiogram (ECG) recording using the Biopac MP150. Self-report measures of violence exposure and PTSD symptoms were administered by research staff.

Results

Children with more violence exposure reported increased PTSS as well as lower resting HR. Regression analysis showed evidence of sex modifying this relationship, (B = -0.64, p < 0.05), such that the association between resting HR and PTSS was stronger in girls than in boys. In our exploratory analysis with standard clinical cutoffs of resting HR, the normative HR group was found to significantly moderate the relationship between violence exposure and PTSS in boys, (B = -2.14, p < 0.01), but not girls (B = -0.94, p = 0.27).

Conclusion

In our sample of primarily Black urban children, we found that violence exposure was associated with slower, more adult-like HR, that girls showed greater PTSS associated with slower HR while boys did not, and that girls with lower than normative HR showed significantly higher PTSS compared to girls with normative HR. Our sample’s demonstration of psychological consequences in addition to the physiological implications could provide new information about a psychobiological sequelae of violence exposure.
The spontaneously produced lysogenic prophage phi456 promotes bacterial resistance to adverse environments and enhances the colonization ability of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli strain DE456
Authors: Li Dezhi , Liang Wei , Huang Zhiqiang , Ma Wenwen , Liu Qing
Published: March 2024

In the last decade, prophages that possess the ability of lysogenic transformation have become increasingly significant. Their transfer and subsequent activity in the host have a significant impact on the evolution of bacteria. Here, we investigate the role of prophage phi456 with high spontaneous induction in the bacterial genome of Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) DE456. The phage particles, phi456, that were released from DE456 were isolated, purified, and sequenced. Additionally, phage particles were no longer observed either during normal growth or induced by nalidixic acid in DE456Δphi456. This indicated that the released phage particles from DE456 were only phi456. We demonstrated that phi456 contributed to biofilm formation through spontaneous induction of the accompanying increase in the eDNA content. The survival ability of DE456Δphi456 was decreased in avian macrophage HD11 under oxidative stress and acidic conditions. This is likely due to a decrease in the transcription levels of three crucial genes—rpoS, katE, and oxyR—which are needed to help the bacteria adapt to and survive in adverse environments. It has been observed through animal experiments that the presence of phi456 in the DE456 genome enhances colonization ability in vivo. Additionally, the number of type I fimbriae in DE456Δphi456 was observed to be reduced under transmission electron microscopy when compared to the wild-type strain. The qRT-PCR results indicated that the expression levels of the subunit of I fimbriae (fimA) and its apical adhesin (fimH) were significantly lower in DE456Δphi456. Therefore, it can be concluded that phi456 plays a crucial role in helping bacterial hosts survive in unfavorable conditions and enhancing the colonization ability in DE456.
Interleukin-2 enhancer binding factor 2 negatively regulates the replication of duck hepatitis A virus type 1 by disrupting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity of 3D polymerase
Authors: An Hao , Yu Xiaoli , Li Jing , Shi Fuyan , Liu Yumei , Shu Ming , Li Zihan , Li Xiaohong , Li Wanwei , Chen Junhao
Published: March 2024

The interaction between viral components and cellular proteins plays a crucial role in viral replication. In a previous study, we showed that the 3′—untranslated region (3′—UTR) is an essential element for the replication of duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV-1). However, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. To gain a deeper understanding of this mechanism, we used an RNA pull-down and a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry assay to identify new host factors that interact with the 3′—UTR. We selected interleukin-2 enhancer binding factor 2 (ILF2) for further analysis. We showed that ILF2 interacts specifically with both the 3′—UTR and the 3D polymerase (3Dpol) of DHAV-1 through in vitro RNA pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation assays, respectively. We showed that ILF2 negatively regulates viral replication in duck embryo fibroblasts (DEFs), and that its overexpression in DEFs markedly suppresses DHAV-1 replication. Conversely, ILF2 silencing resulted in a significant increase in viral replication. In addition, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) activity of 3Dpol facilitated viral replication by enhancing viral RNA translation efficiency, whereas ILF2 disrupted the role of RdRP in viral RNA translation efficiency to suppress DHAV-1 replication. At last, DHAV-1 replication markedly suppressed the expression of ILF2 in DEFs, duck embryo hepatocytes, and different tissues of 1 day-old ducklings. A negative correlation was observed between ILF2 expression and the viral load in primary cells and different organs of young ducklings, suggesting that ILF2 may affect the viral load both in vitro and in vivo.
Design and analysis antennas of transverse polarization on the dielectric waveguide
Authors: Shaaban Mohamed N. , Nasybullin Aydar R. , Sedelnikov Yuri E.
Published: March 2024

This paper addresses the issue of constructing millimeter band antennas using dielectric waveguide structures. A new type of linear antenna, incorporating metal pins on the side walls of the grooved dielectric waveguide, is proposed for generating polarization perpendicular to the waveguide axis. However, these antennas suffer from the drawback of cross-polarized radiation in directions close to the waveguide axis. To overcome this limitation, a modified antenna design with transverse polarization is introduced, featuring a closed groove waveguide with a longitudinal slot at the top of the wall. The paper provides a comparison between two types of dielectric waveguide antennas: first, waveguide antenna with grooves in the dielectric which results in longitudinal polarization, and second, waveguide antenna with quarter-wavelength pins which results in transverse polarization. Electrodynamic modeling data are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed antennas for satellite, 5G antenna, and radar applications. Finally, an antenna of quarter-wavelength pins is proposed with a frequency of 39 GHz, a gain of 19.8 dBi, and a width of the radiation pattern of 3.2$$^{\circ }$$∘, and a sidelobe level (SLL) of -13.3 dB has been achieved.
On a new version of Hermite–Hadamard-type inequality based on proportional Caputo-hybrid operator
Authors: Tunç Tuba , Demir İzzettin
Published: March 2024

In mathematics and the applied sciences, as a very useful tool, fractional calculus is a basic concept. Furthermore, in many areas of mathematics, it is better to use a new hybrid fractional operator, which combines the proportional and Caputo operators. So we concentrate on the proportional Caputo-hybrid operator because of its numerous applications. In this research, we introduce a novel extension of the Hermite–Hadamard-type inequalities for proportional Caputo-hybrid operator and establish an identity. Then, taking into account this novel generalized identity, we develop some integral inequalities associated with the left-side of Hermite–Hadamard-type inequalities for proportional Caputo-hybrid operator. Moreover, to illustrate the newly established inequalities, we give some examples with the help of graphs.
The gut metabolite indole-3-propionic acid activates ERK1 to restore social function and hippocampal inhibitory synaptic transmission in a 16p11.2 microdeletion mouse model
Authors: Jiang Jian , Wang Dilong , Jiang Youheng , Yang Xiuyan , Sun Runfeng , Chang Jinlong , Zhu Wenhui , Yao Peijia , Song Kun , Chang Shuwen , Wang Hong , Zhou Lei , Zhang Xue-Song , Li Huiliang , Li Ningning
Published: March 2024

Background

Microdeletion of the human chromosomal region 16p11.2 (16p11.2$${}^{+/-}$$

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) is a prevalent genetic factor associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other neurodevelopmental disorders. However its pathogenic mechanism remains unclear, and effective treatments for 16p11.2$${}^{+/-}$$

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 syndrome are lacking. Emerging evidence suggests that the gut microbiota and its metabolites are inextricably linked to host behavior through the gut-brain axis and are therefore implicated in ASD development. Despite this, the functional roles of microbial metabolites in the context of 16p11.2$${}^{+/-}$$

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 are yet to be elucidated. This study aims to investigate the therapeutic potential of indole-3-propionic acid (IPA), a gut microbiota metabolite, in addressing behavioral and neural deficits associated with 16p11.2$${}^{+/-}$$

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, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms.

Results

Mice with the 16p11.2$${}^{+/-}$$

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 showed dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and a significant decrease in IPA levels in feces and blood circulation. Further, these mice exhibited significant social and cognitive memory impairments, along with hyperactivation of hippocampal dentate gyrus neurons and reduced inhibitory synaptic transmission in this region. However, oral administration of IPA effectively mitigated the histological and electrophysiological alterations, thereby ameliorating the social and cognitive deficits of the mice. Remarkably, IPA treatment significantly increased the phosphorylation level of ERK1, a protein encoded by the Mapk3 gene in the 16p11.2 region, without affecting the transcription and translation of the Mapk3 gene.

Conclusions

Our study reveals that 16p11.2$${}^{+/-}$$

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 leads to a decline in gut metabolite IPA levels; however, IPA supplementation notably reverses the behavioral and neural phenotypes of 16p11.2$${}^{+/-}$$

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 mice. These findings provide new insights into the critical role of gut microbial metabolites in ASD pathogenesis and present a promising treatment strategy for social and cognitive memory deficit disorders, such as 16p11.2 microdeletion syndrome.
Medical student wellbeing during COVID-19: a qualitative study of challenges, coping strategies, and sources of support
Authors: West Helen M , Flain Luke , Davies Rowan M , Shelley Benjamin , Edginton Oscar T
Published: March 2024

Background

Medical students face challenges to their mental wellbeing and have a high prevalence of mental health problems. During training, they are expected to develop strategies for dealing with stress. This study investigated factors medical students perceived as draining and replenishing during COVID-19, using the ‘coping reservoir’ model of wellbeing.

Methods

In synchronous interactive pre-recorded webinars, 78 fourth-year medical students in the UK responded to reflective prompts. Participants wrote open-text comments on a Padlet site. Responses were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis.

Results

Analysis identified five themes. COVID-19 exacerbated academic pressures, while reducing the strategies available to cope with stress. Relational connections with family and friends were affected by the pandemic, leading to isolation and reliance on housemates for informal support. Relationships with patients were adversely affected by masks and telephone consultations, however attending placement was protective for some students’ wellbeing. Experiences of formal support were generally positive, but some students experienced attitudinal and practical barriers.

Conclusions

This study used a novel methodology to elicit medical students’ reflections on their mental wellbeing during COVID-19. Our findings reinforce and extend the ‘coping reservoir’ model, increasing our understanding of factors that contribute to resilience or burnout. Many stressors that medical students typically face were exacerbated during COVID-19, and their access to coping strategies and support were restricted. The changes to relationships with family, friends, patients, and staff resulted in reduced support and isolation. Recognising the importance of relational connections upon medical students’ mental wellbeing can inform future support.
Development of indicators and moral intelligence scales for junior high school students: mixed-method research
Authors: Prasertsin Ujsara , Srihaset Kamontip , Roopsuwankun Pattama
Published: March 2024

The purposes of this research were (1) to study the indicators of moral intelligence for junior high school students, (2) to develop moral intelligence scales for junior high school students, and (3) to assess the needs of moral intelligence for junior high school students. By the mixed-method research, the sample group used in the research was 11 key informants for in-depth interviews, 100 students in mixed classes of 20 schools, 1,997 students in total. The results show the following:

1. The moral intelligence indicators for junior high school students consisted of 6 indicators: Equality, Empathy, Morality, Tolerance, Self-control, and Kindness.

2. To create moral intelligence scales for junior high school students, the Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for each section were.939,0.920 and.841, respectively. With corroborative component analysis classified by the overall composition, it was found that the mean was at a high level (M = 3.955), with a low distribution with a standard deviation (SD) of 0.576 and a distribution coefficient (C.V.) of 14.566.

3. For needs assessment of moral intelligence for junior high school students, it was found that the third component of morality had the most needs (PNImodified=0.095), followed by the 5th component of self-control (PNImodified=0.081), the second component of empathy (PNImodified=0.075), the 4th component of tolerance (PNImodified=0.073), the 6th component of kindness (PNImodified=0.055) and the first component of equality (PNImodified=0.053).
The Impact of Servant Leadership on Proactive Service Behavior: a Moderated Mediation Model
Authors: Zhang Yinan , Yin Yue , Su Weilin
Published: March 2024

As the implementers of government policies, junior civil servants bear the responsibility of providing services to the public. Whether they can put themselves in the people’s shoes and show more active service consciousness directly reflects the government’s management ability and the realization of service-oriented government goals. Although proactive service behavior has been studied, it has not been brought into the field of government administration. Hence, from the perspective of servant leadership, this study attempts to introduce proactive service behavior (PSB) into the field of government administration, and discusses the promotion strategies of junior civil servants’ PSB in China. Through the statistical analysis of 416 junior civil servants collected in the two stages, this study verifies that servant leadership has a significant positive impact on public service motivation and PSB of junior civil servants. Public service motivation (PSM) can partially mediate the promotion effect of servant leadership on junior civil servants’ PSB. Role identity can positively moderate the relationship between servant leadership and junior civil servants’ PSM, and then affect their PSB. Therefore, this study suggests that leading cadres should integrate servant leadership into daily life, take the lead in providing quality services to their subordinates, and then inspire more proactive service to the masses.
Feasibility of UV–Vis spectroscopy combined with pattern recognition techniques to authenticate the medicinal plant material from different geographical areas
Authors: Casoni Dorina , Cobzac Simona Codruța Aurora , Simion Ileana Maria
Published: March 2024

The correct identification and authentication of medicinal plants material is a crucial task that ensures quality and prevent adulteration. The use of UV–Vis spectroscopy with principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis (DA) was proposed for identification/authentication of plant material form different genus and different geographical areas provenience. Hydroalcoholic extracts of samples from twelve genus collected from seven countries (Romania, North Macedonia, Germany, Italy, Serbia, Russia and Kazakhstan) were used. The UV–Vis spectra of the extracts were acquired in the 200–800 nm spectral range, and signal smoothing was used for pre-processing the spectral data. Hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) with 1-Pearson r distance measurement was used to classify the samples based on the original spectra and different-order derivative spectra, respectively. Data from original spectra and from different-order derivative spectra were evaluated by PCA method. Using the PCA with varimax rotation approach, the spectral ranges with significant contribution for samples classification were revealed for the first time. When the PCA method coupled with DA was applied to the data obtained from the original spectra and the fourth-order derivative spectra, the samples were correctly classified to the respective groups with a 98.04% accuracy. The proposed method can be a useful tool for rapid authentication of plant material derived from different countries.
Beyond performance, competence, and recognition: forging a science researcher identity in the context of research training
Authors: Pfeifer Mariel A. , Zajic C. J. , Isaacs Jared M. , Erickson Olivia A. , Dolan Erin L.
Published: March 2024

Background

Studying science identity has been useful for understanding students’ continuation in science-related education and career paths. Yet knowledge and theory related to science identity among students on the path to becoming a professional science researcher, such as students engaged in research at the undergraduate, postbaccalaureate, and graduate level, is still developing. It is not yet clear from existing science identity theory how particular science contexts, such as research training experiences, influence students’ science identities. Here we leverage existing science identity and professional identity theories to investigate how research training shapes science identity. We conducted a qualitative investigation of 30 early career researchers—undergraduates, postbaccalaureates, and doctoral students in a variety of natural science fields—to characterize how they recognized themselves as science researchers.

Results

Early career researchers (ECRs) recognized themselves as either science students or science researchers, which they distinguished from being a career researcher. ECRs made judgments, which we refer to as “science identity assessments”, in the context of interconnected work-learning and identity-learning cycles. Work-learning cycles referred to ECRs’ conceptions of the work they did in their research training experience. ECRs weighed the extent to which they perceived the work they did in their research training to show authenticity, offer room for autonomy, and afford opportunities for epistemic involvement. Identity-learning cycles encompassed ECRs’ conceptions of science researchers. ECRs considered the roles they fill in their research training experiences and if these roles aligned with their perceptions of the tasks and traits of perceived researchers. ECRs’ identity-learning cycles were further shaped by recognition from others. ECRs spoke of how recognition from others embedded within their research training experiences and from others removed from their research training experiences influenced how they see themselves as science researchers.

Conclusions

We synthesized our findings to form a revised conceptual model of science researcher identity, which offers enhanced theoretical precision to study science identity in the future. We hypothesize relationships among constructs related to science identity and professional identity development that can be tested in further research. Our results also offer practical implications to foster the science researcher identity of ECRs.
Association between dietary carbohydrate to fiber ratio and metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease in adults: evidence from the NHANES 2017–2020
Authors: Liu Zhenmin , Fang Taiyong
Published: March 2024

This study aimed to explore the association of carbohydrate to fiber ratio (CFR) with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) in adults. In this study, data from the 2 cycles (2017–2018 and 2019–2020) of the NHANES were used. Univariate and multivariate weighted logistic regression analyses were applied to evaluate the association between CFR and MAFLD. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence levels (CIs) were estimated. Subgroup analysis was further performed in terms of gender, age and comorbidity (diabetes, hypertension). A total of 3180 individuals were included, with 1408 (44.28%) in the non-MAFLD group and 1772 (55.72%) in the MAFLD group. After adjusting different variables, a dietary fiber intake of 11.15–18.40 g was associated with significantly lower odds of MAFLD compared with a fiber intake < 11.15 g (OR = 0.71, 95% CI 0.54–0.93). In contrast to a dietary CFR < 12.58, a CFR > 19.91 was associated with significantly higher odds of MAFLD (OR = 1.57, 95% CI 1.09–2.27). Compared with females with a dietary CFR < 12.58, those with a CFR > 19.91 had significantly increased odds of MAFLD (OR = 1.87, 95% CI 1.29–2.73). Among individuals aged < 65 years, a dietary CFR > 19.91 was associated with higher odds of MAFLD than a dietary CFR < 12.58 (OR = 1.52, 95% CI 1.02–2.25). For participants without diabetes (OR = 1.79, 95% CI 1.26–2.54) or hypertension (OR = 1.93, 95% CI 1.02–3.65), a dietary CFR > 19.91 was associated with elevated odds of MAFLD than a CFR < 12.58. In summary, a higher CFR was associated with significantly greater odds of MAFLD, indicating the negative association between carbohydrate quality and MAFLD. The research would be conducive to metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease treatment.
Tenascin-C modulates alveolarization in bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Authors: Liu Wei , Mao Yu , Lv Qianru , Lu Keyu , Yin Chunyu , Cheng Rui , Zhang Mingshun
Published: March 2024

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease characterized by retarded alveolarization. Tenascin-C (TN-C), an extracellular matrix glycoprotein and soluble molecule, is involved in tissue morphogenesis. In the present study, we demonstrated that the level of TN-C in lung tissues was greater in a mouse model of BPD induced by 85% oxygen. TN-C deficiency, however, impaired alveolarization in the hyperoxia-induced BPD model. In contrast, a functional TN-C blocking antibody ameliorated alveolar dysplasia in BPD-like mice. Mechanistically, hyperoxia increased the soluble TN-C (sTN-C) released from respiratory epithelial cells. On one hand, low-dose sTN-C promoted lung epithelial cell proliferation and migration, which was mediated by ICAM-1. On the other hand, high-dose sTN-C hindered the proliferation and migration of epithelial cells. Overall, this study revealed that TN-C plays a dual role in lung alveolarization and that TN-C may be a target in BPD therapy.
Update on the utility of trabecular bone score (TBS) in clinical practice for the management of osteoporosis: a systematic review by the Egyptian Academy of Bone and Muscle Health
Authors: El Miedany Yasser , Elwakil Walaa , Abu-Zaid Mohammed Hassan , Mahran Safaa
Published: March 2024

Trabecular bone score (TBS) is a grayscale textural assessment resulting from a computed evaluation of pixel gray-level variations in previously obtained lumbar spine DXA images. It is an index of bone microarchitecture correlated with parameters of bone strength. Higher values of TBS indicate a better microarchitecture, whereas lower values indicate a degraded microarchitecture. TBS can be used alongside Fracture Risk Assessment tool “FRAX” and bone mineral density (BMD) to enhance the assessment of fracture risk and to inform treatment initiation and monitoring. A systematic review was carried out aiming to update the evidence on the clinical use of the TBS in the management of both primary and secondary osteoporosis. Results revealed that in both primary and secondary osteoporosis, TBS enhances the prediction of fracture risk, and when adjust with BMD and clinical risk factors, it is able to inform the decision-making process regarding initiating osteoporosis therapy and the choice of anti-osteoporosis medication. Evidence also implies that TBS provides valuable adjunctive information in monitoring osteoporosis therapy. In conclusion, this work provides an up-to-date evidence-based review and recommendations which informs the utility of trabecular bone score in standard clinical practice.
Randomized, Double-Blind Phase III Study of Pazopanib Versus Placebo in Patients With Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Who Have No Evidence of Disease After Metastasectomy: ECOG-ACRIN E2810
Authors: Appleman Leonard J. , Kim Se Eun , Harris Wayne B. , Pal Sumanta K. , Pins Michael R. , Kolesar Jill , Agarwal Neeraj , Parikh Rahul A. , Vaena Daniel A. , Ryan Christopher W. , Hashmi Mehmood , Costello Brian A. , Cella David , Dutcher Janice P. , DiPaola Robert S. , Haas Naomi B. , Wagner Lynne I. , Carducci Michael A.
Published: March 2024

PURPOSE

Patients with no evidence of disease (NED) after metastasectomy for renal cell carcinoma are at high risk of recurrence. Pazopanib is an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and other kinases that improves progression-free survival in patients with metastatic RCC (mRCC). We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study to test whether pazopanib would improve disease-free survival (DFS) in patients with mRCC rendered NED after metastasectomy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Patients with NED after metastasectomy were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive pazopanib 800 mg once daily versus placebo for 52 weeks. The study was designed to observe an improvement in DFS from 25% to 45% with pazopanib at 3 years, corresponding to 42% reduction in the DFS event rate.

RESULTS

From August 2012 to July 2017, 129 patients were enrolled. The study was unblinded after 83 DFS events (92% information). The study did not meet its primary end point. An updated analysis at 60.5-month median follow-up from random assignment (95% CI, 59.3 to 71.0) showed that the 3-year DFS was 27.4% (95% CI, 17.9 to 41.7) for pazopanib and 21.9% (95% CI, 13.3 to 36.2) for placebo. Hazard ratio (HR) for DFS was 0.90 ([95% CI, 0.60 to 1.34]; Pone-sided = .29) in favor of pazopanib. Three-year overall survival (OS) was 81.9% (95% CI, 72.7 to 92.2) for pazopanib and 91.4% (95% CI, 84.4 to 98.9) for placebo. The HR for OS was 2.55 (95% CI, 1.23 to 5.27) in favor of placebo ( Ptwo-sided = .012). Health-related quality-of-life measures deteriorated in the pazopanib group during the treatment period.

CONCLUSION

Pazopanib did not improve DFS as the primary end point compared with blinded placebo in patients with mRCC with NED after metastasectomy. In addition, there was a concerning trend favoring placebo in OS.
Toward Informed Selection and Interpretation of Clinical Genomic Tests in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Vandekerkhove Gillian , Giri Veda N. , Halabi Susan , McNair Christopher , Hamade Khaldoun , Bitting Rhonda L. , Wyatt Alexander W.
Published: March 2024

Clinical genomic testing of patient germline, tumor tissue, or plasma cell-free DNA can enable a personalized approach to cancer management and treatment. In prostate cancer (PCa), broad genotyping tests are now widely used to identify germline and/or somatic alterations in BRCA2 and other DNA damage repair genes. Alterations in these genes can confer cancer sensitivity to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors, are linked with poor prognosis, and can have potential hereditary cancer implications for family members. However, there is huge variability in genomic tests and reporting standards, meaning that for successful implementation of testing in clinical practice, end users must carefully select the most appropriate test for a given patient and critically interpret the results. In this white paper, we outline key pre- and post-test considerations for choosing a genomic test and evaluating reported variants, specifically for patients with advanced PCa. Test choice must be based on clinical context and disease state, availability and suitability of tumor tissue, and the genes and regions that are covered by the test. We describe strategies to recognize false positives or negatives in test results, including frameworks to assess low tumor fraction, subclonal alterations, clonal hematopoiesis, and pathogenic versus nonpathogenic variants. We assume that improved understanding among health care professionals and researchers of the nuances associated with genomic testing will ultimately lead to optimal patient care and clinical decision making.
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation with Sensorimotor Training for the Treatment of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 2 of the Upper Limb Case Report
Authors: Foglia Stevie D. , Drapeau Chloe C. , Rehsi Ravjot S. , Ramdeo Karishma R. , Shanthanna Harsha , Nelson Aimee J.
Published: March 2024

This case report describes the use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) combined with sensorimotor training (SMT) to treat an individual with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) type 2 with allodynia of the right hand/wrist. After the 9-week intervention, there was a clinically meaningful reduction in pain intensity which continued to 3 months after intervention. Further, clinically meaningful improvements in wrist and hand function and allodynia were observed. Although the use of rTMS for CRPS has been reported, this unique report provides valuable insight into the clinical utility of rTMS plus SMT for the treatment of CRPS and related symptoms.
Impact of Molecular Subgroups on Prognosis and Survival Outcomes in Posterior Fossa Ependymomas: A Retrospective Study of 412 Cases
Authors: Wang Bo , Yan Minjun , Han Bo , Liu Xing , Liu Pinan
Published: March 2024

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

Posterior fossa ependymomas (PFEs) are rare brain tumors classified as PF-EPN-A (PFA) and PF-EPN-B (PFB) subgroups. The study aimed to evaluate the prognosis and survival outcomes in PFEs, with a focus on the impact of molecular subgroups.

METHODS:

A retrospective study was conducted on 412 patients with PFEs. Kaplan–Meier survival analyses were conducted to evaluate the overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival. Cox regression analyses were conducted to assess the prognostic factors. A nomogram was developed to predict the OS rates of PFEs.

RESULTS:

The study revealed significant differences between PFA and PFB in patient and tumor characteristics. PFAs were associated with poorer OS (hazard ratios [HR] 3.252, 95% CI 1.777-5.950, P < .001) and progression-free survival (HR 4.144, 95% CI 2.869-5.985, P < .001). World Health Organization grade 3 was associated with poorer OS (HR 2.389, 95% CI 1.236-4.617, P = .010). As for treatment patterns, gross total resection followed by radiotherapy or the combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy yielded the most favorable OS for PFA (P = .025 for both), whereas gross total resection followed by radiotherapy rather than observation showed improved OS for PFB (P = .046). The nomogram demonstrated a high degree of accuracy and discrimination capacity for the prediction of OS rates for up to 10 years. In addition, 6 cases of PFA (3.51%) with H3K27M mutations were identified.

CONCLUSION:

PFAs demonstrate worse prognosis and survival outcomes compared with PFBs. Both PFAs and PFBs necessitate maximal resection followed by intensive adjuvant therapies in long-term effects.
Nurturing Childhood Curiosity to Enhance Learning: Evidence from a Randomized Pedagogical Intervention
Authors: Alan Sule , Mumcu Ipek
Published: March 2024

We evaluate a pedagogical intervention aimed at improving learning in elementary school children by fostering their curiosity. We test the effectiveness of the pedagogy using achievement scores and a novel measure of curiosity. The latter involves creating a sense of information deprivation and quantifying the urge to acquire information and retention ability. The intervention increases curiosity, knowledge retention, and science test scores, with the effects persisting into middle school years. It also leads to more information sharing and peer learning in the classroom. The evidence can help design better pedagogical tools to increase pupil engagement and the quality of learning. (JEL D83, I21, I26, J13, O15)
Structural and functional effects of inosine modification in mRNA
Authors: Mendoza Herra G. , Beal Peter A.
Published: March 2024

Inosine (I), resulting from the deamination of adenosine (A), is a prominent modification in the human transcriptome. The enzymes responsible for the conversion of adenosine to inosine in human mRNAs are the ADARs (adenosine deaminases acting on RNA). Inosine modification introduces a layer of complexity to mRNA processing and function, as it can impact various aspects of RNA biology, including mRNA stability, splicing, translation, and protein binding. The relevance of this process is emphasized in the growing number of human disorders associated with dysregulated A-to-I editing pathways. Here, we describe the impact of the A-to-I conversion on the structure and stability of duplex RNA and on the consequences of this modification at different locations in mRNAs. Furthermore, we highlight specific open questions regarding the interplay between inosine formation in duplex RNA and the innate immune response.
Adsorption of Pb (II) ions on variable charge oxidic calcined substrates with chemically modified surface
Authors: Prato José G. , Millán Fernando , Rangel Marialy , Márquez Andrés , González Luisa Carolina , Ríos Iván , García César , Rondón Carlos , Wang Enju
Published: March 2024

Background The paper describes lead ion adsorption on variable charge oxidic calcined substrates with chemically modified surfaces. Amphoteric oxides of iron, aluminum, titanium, and manganese, change their surface electric charge after acid or alkaline treatment, letting cationic or anionic adsorption reactions from aqueous solutions. This property allows using them as adsorbing substrate for heavy metals retention in water treatment systems. Methods Substrate was prepared by extruding cylindrical strips from a saturate paste of the oxidic lithological material-OLM; dries it up and thermally treated by calcination. The study was performed by triplicated trial, on batch mode, using 2 grams samples of treated with NaOH 0.1N and non-treated substrate. Lead analysis was performed by AAS-GF. Freundlich and Langmuir models were used to fit results. Comparing differential behavior between treated and non-treated substrates showed the variable charge nature of the OLM. Results Results show L-type isotherms for the adsorption of Pb(II) ions on the activated substrate, suggesting good affinity between Pb(II) ions and OLM’s surface. Average value of adsorption capacity (K) for activated substrate (1791.73±13.06), is around four times greater than the non-activated substrate (491.54±31.97), during the adsorption reaction, 0.35 and 0.26 mmolH+ of proton are produced on the activated and non-activated substrate respectively using a 1 mM Pb(II) solution and 72.2 and 15.6 mmolH+ using a 10 mM Pb(II) solution. This acidification agrees with the theoretic model of transitional metals chemisorption on amphoteric oxides, present in lithological material used for the preparation of adsorbent substrates, confirming the information given by the L-type isotherms. Conclusions Results suggest that these variable charge oxidic adsorbent substrate show great potential as an alternative technique for water treatment at small and medium scale using granular filtration system. The easiness and low price make them suitable to apply in rural media where no treating water systems is available.