bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diffusion Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Measurements on Cationic Gold (I) Complexes in Catalytic Conditions: Counterion and Solvent Effects
Authors: Campagnolo Filippo , Aneggi Eleonora , Baratta Walter , Munir Talha , Zuccaccia Daniele
Published: June 2024

The amount of free ions, ion pairs, and higher aggregate of the possible species present in a solution during the gold(I)-catalyzed alkoxylation of unsaturated hydrocarbon, i.e., ISIP (inner sphere ion pair) [(NHC)AuX] and OSIP (outer sphere ion pairs) [(NHC)Au(TME)X] [NHC 1,3-bis(2,6-di-isopropylphenyl)-imidazol-2-ylidene; TME = tetramethylethylene (2,3-bis methyl-butene); X− = Cl−, BF4−, OTf−; and OTs− BArF4− (ArF = 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3)], has been determined. The 1H and 19F DOSY NMR measurements conducted in catalytic conditions indicate that the dissociation degree (α) of the equilibrium ion pair/free ions {[(NHC)Au(TME)X] [(NHC)Au(TME)]+ + X−} depends on the nature of the counterion (X−) when chloroform is the catalytic solvent: while the compounds containing OTs− and OTf− as the counterion gave a low α (which means a high number of ion pairs) of 0.13 and 0.24, respectively, the compounds containing BF4− and BArF4− showed higher α values of 0.36 and 0.32, respectively. These results experimentally confirm previous deductions based on catalytic and theoretical data: the lower the α value, the greater the catalytic activity because the anion that can activate methanol during a nucleophilic attack, although the lower propensity to activate methanol of BF4− and BArF4−, as suggested by the DFT calculations, cannot be completely overlooked. As for the effect of the solvent, α increases as the dielectric constant increases, as expected, and in particular, green solvents with high dielectric constants show a very high α (0.90, 0.84, 0.80, and 0.70 for propylene carbonate, γ-valerolactone, acetone, and methanol, respectively), thus confirming that the moderately high activity of NHC-Au-OTf in these solvents is due to the specific effect of polar functionalities (O-H, C=O, O-R) in activating methanol. Finally, the DOSY measurements conducted in p-Cymene show the formation of quadrupole species: under these conditions, the anion can better exercise its ‘template’ and ‘activating’ roles, giving the highest TOF.
Aqueous Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Binderless Material Production: Influence of Twin-Screw Extrusion Configuration and Liquid-to-Solid Ratio
Authors: Cavailles Julie , Vaca-Medina Guadalupe , Wu-Tiu-Yen Jenny , Labonne Laurent , Evon Philippe , Peydecastaing Jérôme , Pontalier Pierre-Yves
Published: June 2024

This study was carried out to investigate the continuous aqueous pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) through twin-screw extrusion for a new integrated full valorization, where the solid residue (extrudate) was used for the production of bio-based materials by thermocompression and the filtrate for the production of high-value-added molecules. Two configurations, with and without a filtration module, were tested and the influence of the SCB composition and structure on the properties of the materials were determined. The impact of the liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratio was studied (0.65–6.00) in relation to the material properties and the biomolecule extraction yield in the filtrate (with the filtration configuration). An L/S ratio of at least 1.25 was required to obtain a liquid filtrate, and increasing the L/S ratio to 2 increased the extraction yield to 11.5 g/kg of the inlet SCB. The extrudate obtained without filtration yielded materials with properties equivalent to those obtained with filtration for L/S ratios of at least 1.25. Since the molecule extraction process was limited, a configuration without filtration would make it possible to reduce water consumption in the process while obtaining high material properties. Under the filtration configuration, an L/S ratio of 2 was the best tradeoff between water consumption, extraction yield, and the material properties, which included 1485 kg/m3 density, 6.2 GPa flexural modulus, 51.2 MPa flexural strength, and a water absorption (WA) and thickness swelling (TS) of 37% and 44%, respectively, after 24 h of water immersion. The aqueous pretreatment by twin-screw extrusion allowed for the overall valorization of SCB, resulting in materials with significantly improved properties compared to those obtained with raw SCB due to fiber deconstruction.
Inhibition of ACE2–S Protein Interaction by a Short Functional Peptide with a Boomerang Structure
Authors: Wei Yuping , Liu Ziyang , Zhang Man , Zhu Xingyan , Niu Qiuhong
Published: June 2024

Considering the high evolutionary rate and great harmfulness of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), it is imperative to develop new pharmacological antagonists. Human angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) functions as a primary receptor for the spike protein (S protein) of SARS-CoV-2. Thus, a novel functional peptide, KYPAY (K5), with a boomerang structure, was developed to inhibit the interaction between ACE2 and the S protein by attaching to the ACE2 ligand-binding domain (LBD). The inhibition property of K5 was evaluated via molecular simulations, cell experiments, and adsorption kinetics analysis. The molecular simulations showed that K5 had a high affinity for ACE2 but a low affinity for the cell membrane. The umbrella sampling (US) simulations revealed a significant enhancement in the binding potential of this functional peptide to ACE2. The fluorescence microscopy and cytotoxicity experiments showed that K5 effectively prevented the interaction between ACE2 and the S protein without causing any noticeable harm to cells. Further flow cytometry research indicated that K5 successfully hindered the interaction between ACE2 and the S protein, resulting in 78% inhibition at a concentration of 100 μM. This work offers an innovative perspective on the development of functional peptides for the prevention and therapy of SARS-CoV-2.
Reflectivity and Angular Anisotropy of Liquid Crystal Microcapsules with Different Particle Sizes by Complex Coalescence
Authors: Yang Yonggang , Cui Yuchen , Chen Yinjie , Guo Yanan , Liu Xiaoqi , Chen Xia , Liu Jianghao , Liu Yu , Liu Zhengfeng
Published: June 2024

Cholesteric liquid crystal microcapsules (CLCMs) are used to improve the stability of liquid crystals while ensuring their stimulus response performance and versatility, with representative applications such as sensing, anticounterfeiting, and smart fabrics. However, the reflectivity and angular anisotropy decrease because of the anchoring effect of the polymer shell matrix, and the influence of particle size on this has not been thoroughly studied. In this study, the effect of synthesis technology on microcapsule particle size was investigated using a complex coalescence method, and the effect of particle size on the reflectivity and angular anisotropy of CLCMs was investigated in detail. A particle size of approximately 66 µm with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA, 1:1) exhibited a relative reflectivity of 16.6% and a bandwidth of 20 nm, as well as a narrow particle size distribution of 22 µm. The thermosetting of microcapsules coated with PVA was adjusted and systematically investigated by controlling the mass ratio. The optimized mass ratio of microcapsules (66 µm) to PVA was 2:1, increasing the relative reflectivity from 16.6% (1:1) to 32.0% (2:1) because of both the higher CLCM content and the matching between the birefringence of the gelatin–arabic shell system and PVA. Furthermore, color based on Bragg reflections was observed in the CLCM-coated ortho-axis and blue-shifted off-axis, and this change was correlated with the CLCM particle size. Such materials are promising for anticounterfeiting and color-based applications with bright colors and angular anisotropy in reflection.
The Role of Hydrogen Bonding in the Raman Spectral Signals of Caffeine in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Gómez Sara , Cappelli Chiara
Published: June 2024

The identification and quantification of caffeine is a common need in the food and pharmaceutical industries and lately also in the field of environmental science. For that purpose, Raman spectroscopy has been used as an analytical technique, but the interpretation of the spectra requires reliable and accurate computational protocols, especially as regards the Resonance Raman (RR) variant. Herein, caffeine solutions are sampled using Molecular Dynamics simulations. Upon quantification of the strength of the non-covalent intermolecular interactions such as hydrogen bonding between caffeine and water, UV-Vis, Raman, and RR spectra are computed. The results provide general insights into the hydrogen bonding role in mediating the Raman spectral signals of caffeine in aqueous solution. Also, by analyzing the dependence of RR enhancement on the absorption spectrum of caffeine, it is proposed that the sensitivity of the RR technique could be exploited at excitation wavelengths moderately far from 266 nm, yet achieving very low detection limits in the quantification caffeine content.
A Synthetic Derivative SH 66 of Homoisoflavonoid from Liliaceae Exhibits Anti-Neuroinflammatory Activity against LPS-Induced Microglial Cells
Authors: Samsuzzaman Md , Subedi Lalita , Hong Seong-Min , Lee Sanha , Gaire Bhakta Prasad , Ko Eun-Ji , Choi Ji-Woong , Seo Seung-Yong , Kim Sun-Yeou
Published: June 2024

Naturally occurring homoisoflavonoids isolated from some Liliaceae plants have been reported to have diverse biological activities (e.g., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-angiogenic effects). The exact mechanism by which homoisoflavonones exert anti-neuroinflammatory effects against activated microglia-induced inflammatory cascades has not been well studied. Here, we aimed to explore the mechanism of homoisoflavonoid SH66 having a potential anti-inflammatory effect in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-primed BV2 murine microglial cells. Microglia cells were pre-treated with SH66 followed by LPS (100 ng/mL) activation. SH66 treatment attenuated the production of inflammatory mediators, including nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokines, by down-regulating mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in LPS-activated microglia. The SH66-mediated inhibition of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome complex and the respective inflammatory biomarker-like active interleukin (IL)-1β were noted to be one of the key pathways of the anti-inflammatory effect. In addition, SH66 increased the neurite length in the N2a neuronal cell and the level of nerve growth factor in the C6 astrocyte cell. Our results demonstrated the anti-neuroinflammatory effect of SH66 against LPS-activated microglia-mediated inflammatory events by down-regulating the NLRP3 inflammasome complex, with respect to its neuroprotective effect. SH66 could be an interesting candidate for further research and development regarding prophylactics and therapeutics for inflammation-mediated neurological complications.
Electrochemical Synthesis of the In Human S-oxide Metabolites of Phenothiazine-Containing Antipsychotic Medications
Authors: Asra Ridho , Malmakova Aigul Erbosynovna , Jones Alan M.
Published: June 2024

The tractable preparation of Phase I drug metabolites is a critical step to understand the first-pass behaviour of novel chemical entities (NCEs) in drug discovery. In this study, we have developed a structure–electroactivity relationship (SeAR)-informed electrochemical reaction of the parent 2-chlorophenothiazine and the antipsychotic medication, chlorpromazine. With the ability to dial-in under current controlled conditions, the formation of S-oxide and novel S,S-dioxide metabolites has been achieved for the first time on a multi-milligram scale using a direct batch electrode platform. A potential rationale for the electrochemical formation of these metabolites in situ is proposed using molecular docking to a cytochrome P450 enzyme.
The Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and DFT Calculation of a New Binuclear Gd(III) Complex with 4-Aacetylphenoxyacetic Acid and 1,10-Phenanthroline Ligands and Its Roles in Catalytic Activity
Authors: Liu Ying , Tang Xiao , Yan Xi-Hai , Wang Li-Hua , Tai Xi-Shi , Azam Mohammad , Zhao Dong-Qiu
Published: June 2024

A new binuclear Gd(III) complex, [Gd2(L)6(Phen)2]·4H2O, was synthesized via the reaction of gadolinium(III) nitrate hexahydrate, 4-acetylphenoxyacetic acid (HL), NaOH, and 1,10-phenanthroline (Phen) in a solution of water–ethanol (v:v = 1:1). The Gd(III) complex was characterized using IR, UV–vis, TG-DSC, fluorescence, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. The results showed that the Gd(III) complex crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P-1, and each Gd(III) ion was coordinated with two nitrogen atoms (N1, N2, or N1a, and N2a) from two Phen ligands and seven oxygen atoms (O1, O2, O7a, O9, O8, O8a, O10a, or O1a, O2a, O7, O8, O8a, O9a, and O10) from six L ligands, respectively, forming a nine-coordinated coordination mode. The Gd(III) complex molecules formed a one-dimensional chained and three-dimensional network structure via benzenering π-π stacking. The Hirschfeld surface analysis and the calculations of the electron density distributions of the frontier molecular orbitals of the Gd(III) complex were performed. The catalytic activities of the photocatalytic CO2 reduction and benzyl alcohol oxidation using the Gd(III) complex as a catalyst were performed. The results of the photocatalytic CO2 reduction showed that the yield and the selectivity of CO reached 41.5 μmol/g and more than 99% after four hours, respectively. The results of the benzyl alcohol oxidation showed that the yield of benzaldehyde was 45.7% at 120 °C with THF as the solvent under 0.5 MPa O2 within 2 h.
Spectroscopic and Thermographic Qualities of Praseodymium-Doped Oxyfluorotellurite Glasses
Authors: Klimesz Barbara , Ryba-Romanowski Witold , Lisiecki Radosław
Published: June 2024

The thermal stability of oxyfluorotellurite glass systems, (65-x)TeO2-20ZnF2-12PbO-3Nb2O5-xPr2O3, doped with praseodymium was examined. The different concentrations of praseodymium oxide (x = 0.5 and 2 mol%) were applied to verify the thermal, optical and luminescence properties of the materials under study. The relatively high values of the Dietzel (ΔT) and Saad–Poulain (S or H′) thermal stability factors determined using a differential thermal analysis (DTA) indicate the good thermal stability of the glass matrix, which gradually improves with the content of the active dopant. The temperature dependence of optical spectra in the temperature range 300–675 K for the VIS–NIR region was investigated. The involved Pr3+ optical transition intensities and relaxation dynamic of the praseodymium luminescent level were determined. The ultrashort femtosecond pulses were utilized to examine a dynamic relaxation of the praseodymium luminescent levels. Although the measured emission of the Pr3+ active ions in the studied glass encompasses the quite broad spectral region, the observed luminescence may only be attributed to 3PJ excited states. As a result, the observed decrease in the experimental lifetime for the 3P0 level along with the increasing activator content was identified as an intensification of the Pr–Pr interplay and the associated self-quenching process. The maximum relative sensitivities (Sr) estimated over a relatively wide temperature range are ~0.46% K−1 (at 300 K) for FIR (I530/I497) and 0.20% K−1 (at 600 K) for FIR (I630/I497), which seems to confirm the possibility of using investigated glasses in optical temperature sensors.
Morpholine, Piperazine, and Piperidine Derivatives as Antidiabetic Agents
Authors: Zolotareva Darya , Zazybin Alexey , Dauletbakov Anuar , Belyankova Yelizaveta , Giner Parache Beatriz , Tursynbek Saniya , Seilkhanov Tulegen , Kairullinova Anel
Published: June 2024

Diabetes mellitus is a severe endocrine disease that affects more and more people every year. Modern medical chemistry sets itself the task of finding effective and safe drugs against diabetes. This review provides an overview of potential antidiabetic drugs based on three heterocyclic compounds, namely morpholine, piperazine, and piperidine. Studies have shown that compounds containing their moieties can be quite effective in vitro and in vivo for the treatment of diabetes and its consequences.
Natural Bioactive Compounds in the Management of Periodontal Diseases: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Hashim Nada Tawfig , Babiker Rasha , Rahman Muhammed Mustahsen , Mohamed Riham , Priya Sivan Padma , Chaitanya Nallan CSK , Islam Md Sofiqul , Gobara Bakri
Published: June 2024

Periodontal diseases, chronic inflammatory conditions affecting oral health, are primarily driven by microbial plaque biofilm and the body’s inflammatory response, leading to tissue damage and potential tooth loss. These diseases have significant physical, psychological, social, and economic impacts, necessitating effective management strategies that include early diagnosis, comprehensive treatment, and innovative therapeutic approaches. Recent advancements in biomanufacturing have facilitated the development of natural bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, and peptides, which exhibit antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and tissue regenerative properties. This review explores the biomanufacturing processes—microbial fermentation, plant cell cultures, and enzymatic synthesis—and their roles in producing these bioactive compounds for managing periodontal diseases. The integration of these natural compounds into periodontal therapy offers promising alternatives to traditional treatments, potentially overcoming issues like antibiotic resistance and the disruption of the natural microbiota, thereby improving patient outcomes.
In Vitro Methods for Assessing the Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Properties of Essential Oils as Potential Root Canal Irrigants—A Simplified Description of the Technical Steps
Authors: Diouchi Jihad , Marinković Jelena , Nemoda Milica , El Rhaffari Lhoussaine , Toure Babacar , Ghoul Sonia
Published: June 2024

Background: Essential oils have gained in significance due to their various biological activities, and there is a growing demand for them in many industries. The present article focuses on the technical steps for an in vitro evaluation of the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of essential oils for potential use as root canal irrigant in dentistry. Methods: The bioactivities of the essential oil were investigated through in vitro assays. The gram-positive bacterium Enterococcus faecalis was used as a micro-organism model. The antibacterial activity of the essential oil was assessed using the microdilution method, and resazurin staining to determine the minimal inhibition concentrations (MICs) and the minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs). The antibiofilm effect was evaluated spectrophotometrically at 570 nm using the microplate cultivation technique and crystal violet staining. Conclusions: This article features a detailed in vitro protocol to facilitate the preparation of the essential oil samples, the bacterial suspension, and the methods used for assessment of the antibiofilm and antibacterial activities of the essential oil. The advantages of these approaches are presented in relation to the limits linked to the choice of the bacteria and the essential oil.
Emotion-Aware In-Car Feedback: A Comparative Study
Authors: Mwaita Kevin Fred , Bhaumik Rahul , Ahmed Aftab , Sharma Adwait , De Angeli Antonella , Haller Michael
Published: June 2024

We investigate personalised feedback mechanisms to help drivers regulate their emotions, aiming to improve road safety. We systematically evaluate driver-preferred feedback modalities and their impact on emotional states. Using unobtrusive vision-based emotion detection and self-labeling, we captured the emotional states and feedback preferences of 21 participants in a simulated driving environment. Results show that in-car feedback systems effectively influence drivers’ emotional states, with participants reporting positive experiences and varying preferences based on their emotions. We also developed a machine learning classification system using facial marker data to demonstrate the feasibility of our approach for classifying emotional states. Our contributions include design guidelines for tailored feedback systems, a systematic analysis of user reactions across three feedback channels with variations, an emotion classification system, and a dataset with labeled face landmark annotations for future research.
Efficacy of Pea Protein Supplementation in Combination with a Resistance Training Program on Muscle Performance in a Sedentary Adult Population: A Randomized, Comparator-Controlled, Parallel Clinical Trial
Authors: Singh Ruma G. , Guérin-Deremaux Laetitia , Lefranc-Millot Catherine , Perreau Caroline , Crowley David C. , Lewis Erin D. , Evans Malkanthi , Moulin Marc
Published: June 2024

Animal-sourced whey protein (WPr) is the most popular protein supplement among consumers and has been shown to improve muscle mass and strength. However, due to allergies, dietary restrictions/personal choices, and growing demand, alternative protein sources are warranted. Sedentary adults were randomized to pea protein (PPr) or WPr in combination with a weekly resistance training program for 84 days. Changes in whole-body muscle strength (WBMS) including handgrip, lower body, and upper body strength, body composition, and product perception were assessed. The safety outcomes included adverse events, vital signs, clinical chemistry, and hematology. There were no significant differences in the change in WBMS, muscle mass, or product perception and likability scores between the PPr and WPr groups. The participants supplemented with PPr had a 16.1% improvement in WBMS following 84 days of supplementation (p = 0.01), while those taking WPr had an improvement of 11.1% (p = 0.06). Both study products were safe and well-tolerated in the enrolled population. Eighty-four days of PPr supplementation resulted in improvements in strength and muscle mass comparable to WPr when combined with a resistance training program in a population of healthy sedentary adults. PPr may be considered as a viable alternative to animal-sourced WPr without sacrificing muscular gains and product enjoyment.
Antithrombotic Effect of Oil from the Pulp of Bocaiúva—Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart. (Arecaceae)
Authors: Espinoça Isabelly Teixeira , Basilio Denise Caroline Luiz Soares , de Araujo Anna Júlia Papa , Ota Rafael Seiji Nakano , de Souza Kamylla Fernanda Souza , Cassemiro Nadla Soares , Lagatta Davi Campos , Paredes-Gamero Edgar Julian , Macedo Maria Lígia Rodrigues , Silva Denise Brentan , Sardi Janaina de Cássia Orlandi , Wilhelm-Filho Danilo , Jacobowski Ana Cristina , Parisotto Eduardo Benedetti
Published: June 2024

The study aimed to evaluate the antithrombotic action of Acrocomia aculeata pulp oil (AAPO) in natura, in an in vitro experimental model. AAPO was obtained by solvent extraction, and its chemical characterization was performed by gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). In vitro toxicity was evaluated with the Trypan Blue exclusion test and in vivo by the Galleria mellonella model. ADP/epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation after treatment with AAPO (50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 μg/mL) was evaluated by turbidimetry, and coagulation was determined by prothrombin activity time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). Platelet activation was measured by expression of P-selectin on the platelet surface by flow cytometry and intraplatelet content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by fluorimetry. The results showed that AAPO has as major components such as oleic acid, palmitic acid, lauric acid, caprylic acid, and squalene. AAPO showed no toxicity in vitro or in vivo. Platelet aggregation decreased against agonists using treatment with different concentrations of AAPO. Oil did not interfere in PT and aPTT. Moreover, it expressively decreased ROS-induced platelet activation and P-selectin expression. Therefore, AAPO showed antiplatelet action since it decreased platelet activation verified by the decrease in P-selectin expression as well as in ROS production.
Effects of a Ketogenic Diet on Body Composition in Healthy, Young, Normal-Weight Women: A Randomized Controlled Feeding Trial
Authors: Burén Jonas , Svensson Michael , Liv Per , Sjödin Anna
Published: June 2024

This study investigates the effects of a ketogenic low-carbohydrate high-fat (LCHF) diet on body composition in healthy, young, normal-weight women. With the increasing interest in ketogenic diets for their various health benefits, this research aims to understand their impact on body composition, focusing on women who are often underrepresented in such studies. Conducting a randomized controlled feeding trial with a crossover design, this study compares a ketogenic LCHF diet to a Swedish National Food Agency (NFA)-recommended control diet over four weeks. Seventeen healthy, young, normal-weight women adhered strictly to the provided diets, with ketosis confirmed through blood β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was utilized for precise body composition measurements. To avoid bias, all statistical analyses were performed blind. The findings reveal that the ketogenic LCHF diet led to a significant reduction in both lean mass (−1.45 kg 95% CI: [−1.90;−1.00]; p < 0.001) and fat mass (−0.66 kg 95% CI: [−1.00;−0.32]; p < 0.001) compared to the control diet, despite similar energy intake and physical activity levels. This study concludes that while the ketogenic LCHF diet is effective for weight loss, it disproportionately reduces lean mass over fat mass, suggesting the need for concurrent strength training to mitigate muscle loss in women following this diet.
Evaluation of Type I Interferon Treatment in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Tat Vivian Y. , Huang Pinghan , Khanipov Kamil , Tat Nathan Y. , Tseng Chien-Te Kent , Golovko George
Published: June 2024

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to cause morbidity and mortality worldwide; therefore, effective treatments remain crucial to controlling it. As interferon-alpha (IFN-α) and -beta (β) have been proposed as COVID-19 treatments, we sought to assess their effectiveness on respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, and psychiatric signs and symptoms, as well as PASC and death, in hospitalized COVID-19 patients without multiple sclerosis (MS). Using a federated data research network (TriNetX), we performed a retrospective cohort study of hospitalized COVID-19 patients without MS who received IFN-α or -β treatment, comparing them to a similar cohort who did not receive treatment. Following propensity-score matched analyses, we demonstrate that hospitalized COVID-19 patients who were treated with IFN-α or -β had significantly higher odds of death. In contrast, there was no significant difference in any other outcomes between 1–30 days or 1 day to anytime afterward. Overall, hospitalized COVID-19 patients without MS who were treated with IFN-α or -β had similar short- and long-term sequelae (except for mortality) as those who did not receive treatment. The potential benefits of utilizing IFN-α or -β treatment as therapeutics remain to be realized, and our research highlights the need to explore repurposing drugs for COVID-19 using real-world evidence.
High-Precision Low-Cost Mid-Infrared Photoacoustic Gas Sensor Using Aspherical Beam Shaping for Rapidly Measuring Greenhouse Gases
Authors: Hu Qingping , Ai Yan , Sima Chaotan , Sun Yu , Feng Zhiyu , Li Tailin , Tong Chen , Cao Xiaohong , Wang Wenzhe , Fan Runze , Pan Yufeng , Lu Ping
Published: June 2024

A high-precision low-cost mid-infrared photoacoustic sensor for greenhouse composite gases based on aspherical beam shaping is proposed and demonstrated. The assembled optical source module and luminous characteristics of infrared source are innovatively investigated and analyzed with aspherical beam shaping. The proposed aspherical-beam-shaping-technique could effectively reduce optical loss and enhance system sensitivity, achieving an effective power utilization ratio of a radiation source of 91% and sidewall noise ratio of 8.9%. Experiments verify the 1.7 times improvement in responsivity and 50% enhancement in minimum detection limit (MDL) on average. In terms of comprehensive greenhouse gas composites and with short integration time of 1 s, MDLs of CO2, CH4, N2O, NF3, SF6, PFC-14, and HFC-134a are 73 ppb, 267 ppb, 72 ppb, 81 ppb, 14 ppb, 9 ppb and 115 ppb, respectively. Furthermore, a 48 h continuous monitoring of H2O, CO2 and CH4 in the atmosphere is conducted and verifies the performance of the gas sensor. The developed sensor allows for the rapid route of low-cost and high-precision detection of multiple greenhouse gases.
Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Pulses in Multimode Fibers
Authors: Tamir Yuval , Meir Sara , Duadi Hamootal , Fridman Moti
Published: June 2024

Time lenses can measure ultrafast signals but are based on single-mode fibers (SMFs). To develop multimode time lenses that are based on a four-wave mixing process, we must have full control of the nonlinear interaction between the modes. Specifically, we need to generate an idler from each mode without any cross-talk between the modes. Here, as a first step toward a multimode time lens, we study how stable a short pulse is traveling in a multimode fiber, and how pulses at different modes interact with each other. We utilize a single-mode-based time lens to measure the dynamics of these pulses in the time and spectral domains. We found that there is cross-talk between the modes and that the pulses are not stable and excite other modes, rather than staying in the same modal order. These findings indicate that developing a multimode time-lens may be more challenging than expected.
Deep Learning-Assisted High-Pass-Filter-Based Fixed-Threshold Decision for Free-Space Optical Communications
Authors: Gao Yan , Jing Qian-Wen , Liu Min-Fang , Zong Wen-Hao , Hong Yan-Qing
Published: June 2024

This paper proposes a deep learning (DL)-assisted high-pass-filter (HPF)-based fixed-threshold decision (FTD) for free-space optical (FSO) communication. HPF is applied to reduce the scintillation effect by filtering out the low-frequency components of the received signal. However, the performance is limited owing to the signal distortion from HPF and remnant scintillation effect due to insufficient filtering. Therefore, the DL model is adopted to improve the performance of HPF-based scintillation effect compensation. The multilayer perceptron (MLP) model is used to adaptively select the peak frequency component of the received signal as the optimized cutoff frequency of HPF. Furthermore, recurrent neural network (RNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) models are cascaded after HPF to compensate for the remnant scintillation effect and recover the signal distortion without the optimization of HPF cutoff frequency. The simulation was conducted under different turbulence channels and data rates. Simulation results showed that MLP-assisted adaptive optimized cutoff frequency and cascaded LSTM and HPF methods were close to the adaptive-threshold decision with precise channel state information under various turbulence channel degrees.
Continuous-Wave Self-Raman Vanadate Lasers Generating Versatile Visible Wavelengths
Authors: Li Di , Huang Chien-Yen , Chang Xiu-Wei , Liang Hsing-Chih , Chen Yung-Fu
Published: June 2024

In this review, the developments of efficient high-power CW orange-lime-green lasers by using intracavity stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) in Nd-doped vanadate lasers are systematically discussed. The overall properties of the spontaneous Raman spectra in Nd:YVO4 and Nd:GdVO4 crystals are overviewed. The critical phase matchings of using the lithium triborate (LBO) crystals for sum frequency generation (SFG) and second harmonic generation (SHG) are thoroughly reviewed. We make a detailed review for achieving the individual green-lime-orange emissions from the self-Raman Nd:YVO4 and Nd:GdVO4 lasers with LBO crystals. The following is to review the dual-wavelength operations of the lime-green and orange-green lasers. Finally, the procedure for generating the triple-wavelength operation of orange-lime-green simultaneous emissions is completely described. The present review is expected to be useful for developing compact, efficient, high-power CW visible lasers for applications including medical treatment, biology, spectroscopy, and remote sensing.
Design and Analysis of Orthogonal Polarization Point Diffraction Pinhole Plate
Authors: Han Ziyu , Feng Wenlu , Zhang Zhilin , Lu Qianbo
Published: June 2024

The pinhole plate is a key component of the point diffraction interferometer (PDI). The reasonable improvement and simulation of this device would enhance the application of point diffraction interferometry technology during the measurement of wavefronts. The traditional point diffraction interferometry measurement method is easily disturbed by environmental noise, making it difficult to obtain high-precision dynamic measurements. This paper introduces a four-step phase-shift PDI that can be employed in a common optical path. By using the principle of the finite-difference time-domain method (FDTD), a simulation model of the orthogonal polarization point diffraction pinhole plate (OP-PDPP) structure is established. The results show that when Cr is used as the film material in the pinhole plate, the parameters include a film thickness of 150 nm, a pinhole diameter of 2 μm, a wire grid period of 150 nm, and a wire grid width of 100 nm; in addition, the comprehensive extinction ratio of the pinhole plate is the greatest and the diffraction wavefront error is the smallest. Finally, the constructed experimental system is used to test the wavefront of a flat sample with a 25.4 mm aperture, and the test results are compared with those of the ZYGO interferometer. The difference in the peak-to-valley (PV) value between the OP-PDI and the ZYGO interferometer measurement is 0.0028λ, with an RMS value difference of 0.0011λ; this verifies the feasibility of the scheme proposed in this paper. The experimental results show that the proposed OP-PDPP is an effective tool for high-precision dynamic measurement.
A Critical Analysis of the Thermo-Optic Time Constant in Si Photonic Devices
Authors: Coenen David , Kim Minkyu , Oprins Herman , Van Campenhout Joris , De Wolf Ingrid
Published: June 2024

The use of integrated heaters is widespread in silicon photonics for waveguide temperature control. The dynamical behavior of the heaters is important for determining their usefulness for certain applications. There exists ambiguity in the literature when it comes to reporting the thermo-optic time constants of Si photonic devices. Many studies report devices with different heating and cooling times without providing an explanation to this phenomenon. In this paper, a comprehensive theoretical framework is developed for interpreting experimental results. This framework is developed for interferometric devices (Mach–Zehnder-based) and resonant devices (rings). With this framework, the impact of measurement conditions on the obtained thermo-optic time constant can be simulated, and we provide an explanation to the observed difference between heating and cooling time constants. We also provide guidelines on how to disentangle optical non-linearities from the pure thermal response, which should be useful in for future reporting of thermo-optic time constants.
Growth Characteristics of Ramet System in Phyllostachys praecox Forest under Mulch Management
Authors: Gao Guibin , Wen Xing , Wu Zhizhuang , Zhong Hao , Pan Yanhong , Zhang Xiaoping
Published: June 2024

The ramet system is a typical structural type in the life history of clonal plants. This massive structure is formed by many similar ramets connected by underground rhizomes, which are independent and mutually influential. Therefore, the ramet system is unique to bamboo forests, and its role in the construction, maintenance, and productivity of bamboo populations is irreplaceable. Mulch management is a high-level cultivation model for bamboo forests that is used to cultivate bamboo shoots. However, the basic conditions of bamboo ramet systems in this managed model are poorly understood. This study analyzed the underground rhizome morphology, bud bank, and branching of bamboo ramets in a Phyllostachys praecox C.D. Chu et C.S. Chao ‘Prevernalis’ forest to explore the growth patterns of bamboo ramets in high-level management fields. In mulched bamboo forests, the bamboo rhizomes, distributed in intermediate positions of the bamboo ramet system, were long with many lateral buds and branches, and those at the initial and distal ends were short with few lateral buds and branches. The initial end of the ramet system reduced the ramet system, the intermediate part expanded the ramet system, and the distal end promoted ramet system regeneration. Owing to the continuous reduction, expansion, and renewal of ramet systems, the bamboo rhizome system demonstrates mobility and adaptability. This study found that a higher level of bamboo forest management increased the possibility of artificial fragmentation of the ramet system and that improving the efficiency of the ramet system was beneficial for maintaining its high vitality. Thus, this study provides a crucial reference for guiding the precise regulation of bamboo ramet systems in artificial bamboo forests.
Responses of Intraspecific and Interspecific Trait Variations to Nitrogen Addition in a Tibetan Alpine Meadow
Authors: Yu Jialuo , Shi Peili , Zong Ning , Song Minghua , Miao Yujue , Huang Xiaofang , Chen Xueying , Hei Huixin
Published: June 2024

A community functional structure may respond to environmental changes such as nitrogen (N) enrichment by altering intraspecific and interspecific trait variations. However, the relative contributions of both components in determining the community response to N enrichment are unclear. In this study, we measured the plant height (H), leaf area (LA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), and specific leaf area (SLA) based on a nine-year N addition gradient experiment in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau. We examined the intraspecific and interspecific variations within and among the communities, the responses of traits in terms of community weighted mean (CWM) and non-weighted mean (CM) to N addition, and the effects of these trait variations on aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP). Our results show that N addition increased the interspecific variation in H while decreasing that of LA within the community, whereas it had no significant effects on the intraspecific variations in the four traits within the community. In contrast, N addition significantly increased the intraspecific variation in H and decreased that of LA among the communities. Moreover, the contribution of intraspecific variation was greater than that of the interspecific variation in terms of CWM for all traits, while the opposite contribution was observed in terms of CM, suggesting that the dominant species would have greater resilience while subdominant species would become less resistant to N addition. Further, intraspecific variations of LA and LDMC within the community played an important role in explaining community productivity. Our results highlight the importance of both intraspecific and interspecific variations in mediating functional trait responses to N enrichment, and intraspecific variation within the communities has important implications for community functioning that should be considered to better understand and predict the responses of the alpine grasslands to N enrichment.
Predicting Field Effectiveness of Endophytic Bacillus subtilis Inoculants for Common Bean Using Morphometric and Biochemical Markers
Authors: Markova Oksana , Garipova Svetlana , Chistoedova Aelita , Matyunina Viktoriia , Lubyanova Alsu , Lastochkina Oksana , Garipov Arsenii , Shpirnaya Irina , Pusenkova Lyudmila
Published: June 2024

According to four field experiments, after the inoculation of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivar Ufimskaya with the commercial strain Bacillus subtilis 26D and the promising strain B. subtilis 10–4, it was found that inoculation with B. subtilis 10–4 improved seed productivity (SP) by 31–41% per plant, but only in dry years. In contrast, all 4 years of inoculation with B. subtilis 26D were ineffective or neutral. It was intended to determine the growing and biochemical characteristics of inoculated 7-day-old plants, which correlate with the field SP of bacterial preparations. The SP of inoculated plants (average of 4 years) correlated with root length (0.83), MDA content (−0.98), and catalase (CAT) activity in roots (−0.96) of week-old seedlings. High correlation coefficients between the H2O2 content in the roots and SP (0.89 and 0.77), as well as between the H2O2 content in shoots and SP (0.98 and 0.56), were observed only in two dry years, when the influence of bacteria was detected. These physiological indicators were identified as potential markers for predicting the effectiveness of the endophytic symbiosis between bean plants and B. subtilis strains. The findings may be used to develop effective microbial-based, eco-friendly technologies for bean production.
A Novel Bio-Adhesive Based on Chitosan-Polydopamine-Xanthan Gum for Glass, Cardboard and Textile Commodities
Authors: Costa Jessica , Baratto Maria Camilla , Spinelli Daniele , Leone Gemma , Magnani Agnese , Pogni Rebecca
Published: June 2024

The escalating environmental concerns associated with petroleum-based adhesives have spurred an urgent need for sustainable alternatives. Chitosan, a natural polysaccharide, is a promising candidate; however, its limited water resistance hinders broader application. The aim of this study is to develop a new chitosan-based adhesive with improved properties. The polydopamine association with chitosan presents a significant increase in adhesiveness compared to pure chitosan. Polydopamine is synthesized by the enzymatic action of laccase from Trametes versicolor at pH = 4.5, in the absence or presence of chitosan. This pH facilitates chitosan’s solubility and the occurrence of catechol in its reduced form (pH < 5.5), thereby increasing the final adhesive properties. To further enhance the adhesive properties, various crosslinking agents were tested. A multi-technique approach was used for the characterization of formulations. The formulation based on 3% chitosan, 50% polydopamine, and 3% xanthan gum showed a spectacular increase in adhesive properties when tested on glass, cardboard and textile. This formulation increased water resistance, maintaining the adhesion of a sample soaked in water for up to 10 h. For cardboard and textile, material rapture occurred, in mechanical tests, prior to adhesive bond failure. Furthermore, all the samples showed antiflame properties, expanding the benefits of their use. Comparison with commercial glues confirms the remarkable adhesive properties of the new formulation.
Electrospun Silicon Dioxide/poly(vinylidene fluoride) Nanofibrous Membrane Comprising a Skin Multicore–Shell Nanostructure as a New High-Heat-Resistant Separator for Lithium-Ion Polymer Batteries
Authors: Kim Young-Gon , Jeong Bo Gyeong , Park Bum Jin , Kim Heejin , Lee Min Wook , Jo Seong Mu
Published: June 2024

Porous silicon dioxide (SiO2)/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF), SiO2/PVdF, and fibrous composite membranes were prepared by electrospinning a blend solution of a SiO2 sol–gel/PVdF. The nanofibers of the SiO2/PVdF (3/7 wt. ratio) blend comprised skin and nanofibrillar structures which were obtained from the SiO2 component. The thickness of the SiO2 skin layer comprising a thin skin layer could be readily tuned depending on the weight proportions of SiO2 and PVdF. The composite membrane exhibited a low thermal shrinkage of ~3% for 2 h at 200 °C. In the prototype cell comprising the composite membrane, the alternating current impedance increased rapidly at ~225 °C, and the open-circuit voltage steeply decreased at ~170 °C, almost becoming 0 V at ~180 °C. After being exposed at temperatures of >270 °C, its three-dimensional network structure was maintained without the closure of the pore structure by a melt-down of the membrane.
Modeling, the Optimization of the Composition of Emulgels with Ciclopirox Olamine, and Quality Assessment
Authors: Mazurkeviciute Agne , Matulyte Inga , Ivaskiene Marija , Zilius Modestas
Published: June 2024

The design and development of pharmaceutical products require specific knowledge, time, and investment. Response surface methodology (RSM) is a widely used technique in the design of experiments (DoE) to optimize various processes and products. The aim of this study was to model and produce experimental emulgels containing 1% ciclopirox olamine and to evaluate their physical, rheological, and mechanical properties and their ability to release ciclopirox olamine. The objective was to optimize the composition of the experimental emulgel containing 1% ciclopirox olamine by applying a central composite design based on selected criteria. The surfactant (polysorbate 80) had the greatest influence on the physical, rheological, and mechanical properties of the emulgels, as well as on the release of ciclopirox olamine from these systems. During the optimization process, an emulgel of optimal composition was generated containing 38.27% mineral oil, 6.56% polysorbate 80, and 55.17% hydrogel containing 1% ciclopirox olamine, meeting specified criteria (dependent variables) including the maximum flux of ciclopirox olamine, the minimum sol–gel transition temperature (Tsol/gel), and the minimum particle size of the oil phase. The oil phase particle size (D50) of this emulgel was determined to be 0.337 µm, the system Tsol/gel was 9.1 °C, and the flux of ciclopirox olamine from this gel matrix was calculated to be 1.44 mg/cm2. This emulgel of optimal composition could be used to treat fungal skin diseases.
Investigation of Cavitation Flow and Entropy Production Characteristics in a Dual-Rotor Turbine Flowmeter
Authors: Liu Jiabao , Zhang Zhibin , Wang Bing , Han Yuxiang , Huang Fuji , Chen Mantang , Zan Hao
Published: June 2024

Flow meters are extensively utilized in fields such as chemical engineering, petroleum, and aerospace, and are an indispensable component of modern industry. This paper examines the metrological properties of a dual-rotor turbine flow meter within its measurable flow range through experimental approaches and investigates the cavitation flow dynamics within the flow meter using numerical methods. First, the flow characteristics curve of the dual-rotor turbine flow meter was established experimentally, and the accuracy of numerical simulation results was validated. Secondly, the transient characteristics of the cavitation cavity were revealed using the Z-G-B cavitation model and dynamic mesh technology. Finally, entropy production theory was applied to investigate the energy losses caused by cavitation, analyzing the contributions of different types of energy losses during the cavitation process. Flow calibration experiments and numerical simulations reveal an increase in the meter coefficient of the dual-rotor turbine flow meter in high-flow cavitation zones, indicating that the displayed flow rate is slightly higher during cavitation compared to non-cavitating flows. Transient cavitation flow undergoes three stages: attachment, development, and collapse. At 323 K, the volume fractions of upstream and downstream cavities increase by 38.9% and 48.3%, respectively, with the cavitation cycle duration being 1.21 times that at 298 K. At 343 K, these increases are 75.3% and 239.2%, with the cycle duration being 2.63 times that at 298 K. Among the various sources of loss, the contribution from losses due to pulsating velocity gradients is the most significant, with maximum proportions of 81.95%, 85.1%, and 87.11% at 298 K, 323 K, and 343 K, respectively.