bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Letter: limitations of defecography among patients with refractory constipation. Authors' reply
Authors: Grossi Ugo , Di Tanna Gian Luca , Heinrich Henriette , Taylor Stuart A. , Knowles Charles H. , Scott S. Mark
Published: June 2019

Linked Content

This article is linked to Grossi et al and Basilisco and Corsetti papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15039 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15289.
Letter: mechanistic target of rapamycin inhibitors—do they impact on recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation? Authors' reply
Authors: Grigg Sam E. , Sarri Gino L. , Gow Paul J. , Yeomans Neville D.
Published: June 2019

Linked Content

This article is linked to Grigg et al and Cholongitas papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15253 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15310.
Scary and nasty beasts: Self‐reported fear and disgust of common phobic animals
Authors: Polák Jakub , Rádlová Silvie , Janovcová Markéta , Flegr Jaroslav , Landová Eva , Frynta Daniel
Published: June 2019

Animal phobias are one of the most prevalent mental disorders. We analysed how fear and disgust, two emotions involved in their onset and maintenance, are elicited by common phobic animals. In an online survey, the subjects rated 25 animal images according to elicited fear and disgust. Additionally, they completed four psychometrics, the Fear Survey Schedule II (FSS), Disgust Scale – Revised (DS‐R), Snake Questionnaire (SNAQ), and Spider Questionnaire (SPQ). Based on a redundancy analysis, fear and disgust image ratings could be described by two axes, one reflecting a general negative perception of animals associated with higher FSS and DS‐R scores and the second one describing a specific aversion to snakes and spiders associated with higher SNAQ and SPQ scores. The animals can be separated into five distinct clusters: (1) non‐slimy invertebrates; (2) snakes; (3) mice, rats, and bats; (4) human endo‐ and exoparasites (intestinal helminths and louse); and (5) farm/pet animals. However, only snakes, spiders, and parasites evoke intense fear and disgust in the non‐clinical population. In conclusion, rating animal images according to fear and disgust can be an alternative and reliable method to standard scales. Moreover, tendencies to overgeneralize irrational fears onto other harmless species from the same category can be used for quick animal phobia detection.
Fostering digital platform innovation: From two to multi‐sided platforms
Authors: Trabucchi Daniel , Buganza Tommaso
Published: June 2019

Two‐sided markets and digital platforms are becoming increasingly relevant in the modern scenario. Companies like Airbnb and Uber are inspiring many other firms in different fields that share their basic structure: they match two (or more) groups of customers. This research aims at exploring the innovation strategies companies such as these rely on to expand their basic structure towards more complex models. Being inspired by previous models in the field and considering the role that big data seems to play in these businesses, a first conceptual model is presented. Therefore, 100 companies—using mobile apps as the empirical setting—are explored in this research to understand the common behaviors concerning evolution. In the end, three strategies are presented: Supply (Side) Expansion, Transactional Advertising, and Data Trading. These strategies are further discussed to highlight two main directions of innovation—ecosystem innovation and data push innovation—which may be merged giving birth to multi‐sided epiphanies. The paper contributes to the literature showing various strategies and their implication to foster innovation on two‐sided platforms. Moreover, it shows possible ways to exploit the value embedded in the complex ecosystems of the relationships they create.
Peripherally delivered hepatopreferential insulin analog insulin‐406 mimics the hypoglycaemia‐sparing effect of portal vein human insulin infusion in dogs
Authors: Gregory Justin M. , Kraft Guillaume , Scott Melanie F. , Neal Doss W. , Farmer Ben , Smith Marta S. , Hastings Jon R. , Madsen Peter , Kjeldsen Thomas B. , Hostrup Susanne , Brand Christian L. , Fledelius Christian , Nishimura Erica , Cherrington Alan D.
Published: June 2019

Aims

We previously quantified the hypoglycaemia‐sparing effect of portal vs peripheral human insulin delivery. The current investigation aimed to determine whether a bioequivalent peripheral vein infusion of a hepatopreferential insulin analog, insulin‐406, could similarly protect against hypoglycaemia.

Materials and methods

Dogs received human insulin infusions into either the hepatic portal vein (PoHI, n = 7) or a peripheral vein (PeHI, n = 7) for 180 minutes at four‐fold the basal secretion rate (6.6 pmol/kg/min) in a previous study. Insulin‐406 (Pe406, n = 7) was peripherally infused at 6.0 pmol/kg/min, a rate determined to decrease plasma glucose by the same amount as with PoHI infusion during the first 60 minutes. Glucagon was fixed at basal concentrations, mimicking the diminished α‐cell response seen in type 1 diabetes.

Results

Glucose dropped quickly with PeHI infusion, reaching 41 ± 3 mg/dL at 60 minutes, but more slowly with PoHI and Pe406 infusion (67 ± 2 and 72 ± 4 mg/dL, respectively; P < 0.01 vs PeHI for both). The hypoglycaemic nadir (c. 40 mg/dL) occurred at 60 minutes with PeHI infusion vs 120 minutes with PoHI and Pe406 infusion. ΔAUCepinephrine during the 180‐minute insulin infusion period was two‐fold higher with PeHI infusion compared with PoHI and Pe406 infusion. Glucose production (mg/kg/min) was least suppressed with PeHI infusion (Δ = 0.79 ± 0.33) and equally suppressed with PoHI and Pe406 infusion (Δ = 1.16 ± 0.21 and 1.18 ± 0.17, respectively; P = NS). Peak glucose utilization (mg/kg/min) was highest with PeHI infusion (4.94 ± 0.17) and less with PoHI and Pe406 infusion (3.58 ± 0.58 and 3.26 ± 0.08, respectively; P < 0.05 vs Pe for both).

Conclusions

Peripheral infusion of hepatopreferential insulin can achieve a metabolic profile that closely mimics portal insulin delivery, which reduces the risk of hypoglycaemia compared with peripheral insulin infusion.
Sodium‐glucose co‐transporter inhibitors, their role in type 1 diabetes treatment and a risk mitigation strategy for preventing diabetic ketoacidosis: The STOP DKA Protocol
Authors: Goldenberg Ronald M. , Gilbert Jeremy D. , Hramiak Irene M. , Woo Vincent C. , Zinman Bernard
Published: June 2019

Recent phase 3 clinical trials have evaluated the impact of adding sodium‐glucose co‐transporter (SGLT) inhibitors to the type 1 diabetes armamentarium. These trials studied SGLT2 inhibitors (dapagliflozin and empagliflozin) and a dual SGLT1 and SGLT2 inhibitor (sotagliflozin), and demonstrated that these oral non‐insulin antihyperglycaemic medications are able not only to improve glycaemic control, but also to reduce body weight and extend time in range without increasing rates of hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a feature of type 1 diabetes and the risk is increased when SGLT inhibitors are used in type 1 diabetes. To minimize the risk of DKA and still gain the multiple benefits, we developed the “STOP DKA Protocol “, an easily accessible and practical tool, that provides a risk mitigation strategy for reducing DKA in patients with type 1 diabetes being treated with SGLT inhibitors.
Fruit‐breeding drosophilids (Diptera) in the Neotropics: playing the field and specialising in generalism?
Authors: Valadão Henrique , Proença Carolyn E.B. , Kuhlmann Marcelo P. , Harris Stephen A. , Tidon Rosana
Published: June 2019

1. Species of Drosophilidae are frequently used as model organisms, but their relationships with the environment, particularly in immature stages, remain poorly known.

2. This is the most comprehensive survey to date of fruit‐breeding drosophilids and their hosts in the Neotropics. Drosophilid host‐utilisation patterns were analysed as to geographic origin (native versus exotic) and level of specialisation.

3. The 180 species of plants recorded as drosophilid hosts are distributed across the main Angiosperm lineages and fleshy‐fruited orders; plant families that hosted the greatest number of drosophilid species were Arecaceae, Moraceae, and Myrtaceae. The 100 nominal drosophilid species recorded breeding in fruits belong to just over one‐third of Neotropical genera; most species (91) belong toDrosophila. Drosophilid species with the greatest resource breadth wereDrosophila simulans,Drosophila nebulosa, andZaprionus indianus.

4. Exotic drosophilids breed in more plant species than Neotropical drosophilids and use exotic hosts more frequently, possibly because they are generalists that have survived the trial of introduction and establishment in the Neotropics. Native drosophilids are more variable in resource breadth and sometimes adopt exotic hosts.

5. Amongst the 49 drosophilids with enough records for analysis (> 4), 48 were categorised as generalists. One possible explanation for such overwhelming generalism is the high diversity of Neotropical habitat or hosts. A second, non‐exclusive explanation, suggested by recent studies and empirically supported by the absence of host specialisation found in this study, is that drosophilids could be selective of the dominant yeasts and bacteria in host tissue, and not of the hosts themselves.
Virtual reality assessment of functional capacity in the early course of schizophrenia: Associations with cognitive performance and daily functioning
Authors: Ventura Joseph , Welikson Tamara , Ered Arielle , Subotnik Kenneth L. , Keefe Richard S. E. , Hellemann Gerhard S. , Nuechterlein Keith H.
Published: June 2019

Aim

Computer‐based virtual reality assessments of functional capacity have shown promise as a reliable and valid way to assess individuals with multi‐episode schizophrenia. However, there has been little research utilizing this innovative approach with young patients who are in the early phase of schizophrenia.

Methods

Outpatients in the early course of schizophrenia (n = 42) were compared to controls (n = 13) at cross‐sectional study points. Patients were within 2 years of their first psychotic episode, were an average of 22.2 years old and had an average of 12.3 years of education. We used the Virtual Reality Functional Capacity Assessment Tool (VRFCAT) and the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) Performance‐Based Skills Assessment‐2 (UPSA‐2) to assess functional capacity. The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) and the Cognitive Assessment Interview (CAI) were the measures of cognitive functioning. The Global Functioning Scale: Role (GFS‐R) and Social (GFS‐S), and the Role Functioning Scale (RFS) were the measures of daily functioning.

Results

Early course patients vs controls were slower (patient M = 830.41 seconds vs control M = 716.84 seconds; t = 3.0, P < .01) and committed more errors (patient M = 3.2 vs control M = 1.7 seconds, t = 2.9, P < .01) on the VRFCAT. Total time was significantly correlated with the UPSA (r = −0.66, P < .01), MCCB (r = −0.70, P < .01), CAI (r = −0.51, P < .01), and GFS role (r = −0.52, P <. 01) and social functioning (r = −0.43, P = .03).

Conclusions

We extend previous findings to patients with first‐episode schizophrenia. Virtual‐reality–based performance was correlated with a standard test of functional capacity, indicating VRFCAT validity. Furthermore, correlations with cognitive functioning and occupational/school and social functioning indicate promise as a co‐primary measure to track changes in response to treatment.
Perceptions of Migration and Diversity by Local Public Administrators
Authors: Malatinec Tomáš , Urbančíková Nataša , Hudec Oto
Published: June 2019

This article contributes to the recent debate on the perception of migration and diversity; it empirically examines whether public decision‐makers and public administrators perceive migration and diversity as related or if they distinguish between them. It also seeks to identify the most important characteristics of respondents with positive attitudes to migration and diversity. The sample of the respondents covers Turkey, Greece, Hungary and Slovakia; those located on the “Balkan migration route” into Europe. Due to different experiences, respondents from countries with large‐scale migration perceive migration and diversity differently from those in countries directly threatened by migration or countries without any direct impact of migration. Gender appears to be a statistically significant predictor in the need for high managerial skills to manage migration and diversity. Some size categories of municipalities where a respondent works appear to be statistically significant when ranking the local impacts and local economic benefits of migration.
You Have to Start from Scratch and You Need Someone by Your Side”: Perspectives of Parents and Teachers on Immigrant Students’ Adaptation to School
Authors: Binhas Adi , Yaknich Liat
Published: June 2019

This article analyses the issue of immigrant students’ adaptation in Israeli schools, as perceived by their parents and teachers. The study integrates data from two qualitative, phenomenological studies: one explored immigrant parents’ perceptions of Israeli education and their children’s adaptation in school, while the other studied teachers’ perceptions of immigrant students’ education and their practices in the field. The data was gathered from in‐depth interviews with 17 parents and 20 teachers. The analysis yielded a list of themes related to parents’ and teachers’ views of the children’s adjustment, and their own roles in this process: their personal experiences in the field, the challenges and difficulties in interpersonal interactions between parents and teachers, and policy issues related to the educational integration of immigrant students. Findings emphasize the vital importance of parent‐teacher collaboration, clarification and better implementation of existing policy, and teachers’ qualifications for the successful educational integration of immigrant students.
Singaporean nursing students' perceptions of a career in community nursing
Authors: Ng P.Y. , Lau S.T. , Ong S.F. , S.Y Liaw
Published: June 2019

Background

The ageing population and the changing disease profile have been driving the demand for community nurses. However, few nursing students in Singapore aspire to have a career in community nursing following graduation.

Objectives

To explore undergraduate nursing students' perceptions of a career in community nursing and to identify strategies to promote community nursing among nursing students.

Methods

An exploratory qualitative design was used. Four focus group discussions were conducted with a purposive sample of 24 undergraduate nursing students from a university. Interview transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis.

Findings

Four key themes emerged as follows: ‘mid‐life career’, ‘limited career progression’, ‘a difficult transition’ and ‘international nurses‐dominated workforce’.

Discussion

While most participants rejected a career in community nursing immediately after graduation, they planned to join it at the later stages of their lives to accommodate changing life priorities. Limited career progression and increased difficulty in career transition from community nursing to acute care nursing were identified as deterrent factors in the participants' choices of community nursing as a career. Feelings of marginalization and a lack of role models in community nursing were perceived to be the result of the international nurses‐dominated community workforce.

Conclusion

Community nursing remains an underrated career. There is a need to foster an optimistic career outlook and mobility in community nursing to entice nursing students into this career track.

Implications for nursing policy

Strategies to enhance community nursing recruitment should focus on providing more quality and diverse community placement opportunities in various community care settings, implementing a clearly defined career developmental plan to elucidate the role of community nurses, and improving community care and cultural competencies to develop a skilled and diverse community nursing workforce.
W.F. Sheppard's Smoothing Method: A Precursor to Local Polynomial Regression
Authors: Murray Lori , Bellhouse David
Published: June 2019

W.F. Sheppard has been much overlooked in the history of statistics although his work produced significant contributions. He developed a polynomial smoothing method and corrections of moment estimates for grouped data as well as extensive normal probability tables that have been widely used since the 20th century. Sheppard presented his smoothing method for actuaries in a series of publications during the early 20th century. Population data consist of irregularities, and some adjustment or smoothing of the data is often necessary. Simple techniques, such as Spencer's summation formulae involving arithmetic operations and moving averages, were commonly practised by actuaries to smooth out equally spaced data. Sheppard's method, however, is a polynomial smoothing method based on central differences. We will show how Sheppard's smoothing method was a significant milestone in the development of smoothing techniques and a precursor to local polynomial regression.
Sublytic C5b‐9 induces proliferation of glomerular mesangial cells via ERK5/MZF1/RGC‐32 axis activated by FBXO28‐TRAF6 complex
Authors: Yu Tianyi , Wang Lulu , Zhao Chenhui , Qian Baomei , Yao Chunlei , He Fengxia , Zhu Yufeng , Cai Mengyuan , Li Mei , Zhao Dan , Zhang Jing , Wang Yingwei , Qiu Wen
Published: June 2019

Mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis (MsPGN) is characterized by the proliferation of glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs) and accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM), followed by glomerulosclerosis and renal failure of patients. Although our previous studies have demonstrated that sublytic C5b‐9 complex formed on the GMC membrane could trigger GMC proliferation and ECM expansion of rat Thy‐1 nephritis (Thy‐1N) as an animal model of MsPGN, their mechanisms are still not fully elucidated. In the present studies, we found that the levels of response gene to complement 32 (RGC‐32), myeloid zinc finger 1 (MZF1), phosphorylated extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 5 (phosphorylated ERK5, p‐ERK5), F‐box only protein 28 (FBXO28) and TNF receptor‐associated factor 6 (TRAF6) were all markedly up‐regulated both in the renal tissues of rats with Thy‐1N (in vivo) and in the GMCs upon sublytic C5b‐9 stimulation (in vitro). Further in vitro experiments revealed that up‐regulated FBXO28 and TRAF6 could form protein complex binding to ERK5 and enhance ERK5 K63‐ubiquitination and subsequent phosphorylation. Subsequently, ERK5 activation contributed to MZF1 expression and MZF1‐dependent RGC‐32 up‐regulation, finally resulting in GMC proliferative response. Furthermore, the MZF1‐binding element within RGC‐32 promoter and the functions of FBXO28 domains were identified. Additionally, knockdown of renal FBXO28, TRAF6, ERK5, MZF1 and RGC‐32 genes respectively markedly reduced GMC proliferation and ECM production in Thy‐1N rats. Together, these findings indicate that sublytic C5b‐9 induces GMC proliferative changes in rat Thy‐1N through ERK5/MZF1/RGC‐32 axis activated by the FBXO28‐TRAF6 complex, which might provide a new insight into MsPGN pathogenesis.
Functional gastrointestinal disorders in infants: Practice, knowledge and needs of Australian pharmacists
Authors: Hinds Rupert , Loveridge Nik , Lemberg Daniel A , Ludwig Thomas , Catto‐Smith Anthony
Published: June 2019

Aim

To determine the nature and extent of interactions between retail pharmacists and families of infants concerned about functional gastrointestinal disorders.

Methods

A 15‐question online survey was developed that could be completed by retail pharmacists in approximately 5 min. This survey aimed to obtain information relating to the frequency of interactions with parents of infants seeking advice and/or information about colic, gastro‐oesophageal reflux (GOR) or constipation in pharmacies; what recommendations and/or advice was given by the pharmacists; from where the pharmacists obtained their information and what guidelines/recommendations they would value; and demographic information.

Results

A total of 362 pharmacists from every state and territory within Australia completed the survey. Conversations with parents/carers about constipation at least once a week were reported by 85% of pharmacists, with the equivalent percentages for GOR and colic both being 76%. In the case of constipation, medication was recommended in 70% of cases, and a nutritional approach was recommended in 67% of cases. Medication was recommended in 81% of cases of suspected colic, significantly greater than nutritional advice at 50%. For possible GOR, recommendations were similar, with medication being suggested in 66% and nutritional advice in 68%. GOR guidelines were the most sought after, with 42% of pharmacists placing such guidelines as their number one need.

Conclusions

This survey indicates the need for greater emphasis to be given to reassurance by health‐care professionals involved in the management of functional gastrointestinal disorders in infancy, as well as consideration of the construction of easily accessible, evidence‐based national guidelines.
CONSTRAINING THE TIMING AND DEPOSITIONAL CONDITIONS OF THE MAIKOP FORMATION WITHIN THE KURA BASIN, EASTERN AZERBAIJAN, THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF RE‐OS GEOCHRONOLOGY AND CHEMOSTRATIGRAPHY
Authors: Washburn A. M. , Hudson S. M. , Selby D. , Abdullayev N. , Shiyanova N.
Published: June 2019

The Oligocene – Miocene Maikop Formation is the key source rock in the South Caspian and Kura Basins. The Maikop is composed of a thick (up to 3 km) succession of clay‐rich mudstones containing up to 15% total organic carbon (TOC). Despite decades of study, the mudstones often lack precise age control – Maikop strata rarely contain diagnostic microfaunal assemblages which can be used for dating, stratigraphic correlation, or constraining the depositional setting. Using rhenium‐osmium geochronology, this study adds important numerical age data for the Maikop Formation. Of five sample suites analysed from the Kura Basin, eastern Azerbaijan, one Re‐Os data‐set produced a significant range in 187Re/188Os versus 187Os/188Os space to yield an isochron of 17.2 ± 3.2 Ma (Early Miocene). Other sample suites yielded imprecise Re‐Os age constraints as a result of variable initial 187Os/188Os values and a limited range in 187Re/188Os versus 187Os/188Os space. The initial 187Os/188Os values of these data‐sets were compared with the known 187Os/188Os values of seawater for the past 70 Ma to provide more qualitative age constraints. Pre‐Maikopian strata from the Perikeshkul locality were found to coincide in 187Os/188Os values with an isotope excursion at the Eocene – Oligocene Transition (EOT), therefore indicating that deposition of Maikopian strata began around the EOT. While values such as this match well with global values, there are several 187Os/188Os values that are not easily explained by global ratios. Intervals with initial 187Os/188Os values that deviate significantly from global 187Os/188Os values suggest periodic basin restriction and the development of anoxia at discrete times as the basin transitioned towards a closed system. High Os abundances outside of expected global values are often coupled with enrichment in detrital elements (Al, Ti, Ga, Sc and La) and changes in basin circulation, suggesting changing basinal conditions and sediment routing dynamics related to the initial uplift of the Greater Caucasus Mountains, changes in sediment provenance, or changing proximity to the sediment source. Through generation of isochron age dates and imprecise Re‐Os age constraints from the Maikop Formation, we gain a better understanding of the timing and nature of the evolution of the South Caspian Basin during this critical time period. Better age constrains will also help to better constrain the wealth of geochemical information already gathered within this petroleum‐rich basin.
PORE SYSTEM QUANTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION IN VOLCANIC ROCKS: A CASE STUDY FROM THE LOWER CRETACEOUS SERRA GERAL GROUP, PARANÁ BASIN, SOUTHERN BRAZIL
Authors: Becker M. , Lima E. F. , Waichel B. L. , Mantovani I. F.
Published: June 2019

Studies of pore systems in volcanic rocks are of increasing importance due to these rocks' potential as reservoirs for hydrocarbons. For this paper, samples of basaltic pahoehoe, rubbly pahoehoe and acidic lava from the Lower Cretaceous Serra Geral Group (Paraná Basin, southern Brazil) were analysed in order to quantify and characterize the constituent pore systems. The Serra Geral Group volcanics were erupted as part of the Paraná‐Etendeka Igneous Province in the Early Cretaceous (Valanginian – Hauterivian). Analyses included experimental measurements by permo‐porosimeter integrated with X‐ray microtomography (μ‐CT) image analysis of vertical and horizontal sample plugs. In addition petrographic analyses were carried out to characterize pore types in thin section. The experimental porosity values ranged from 0.11 to 13.08% and most permeability values were generally lower than 0.0004 mD. Values varied as much within flow zones as they did between them.

Porosity and permeability values were not sufficient for the Serra Geral Group volcanics to be considered as a potential reservoir analogue. However the wide range in values was attributed to the processes which controlled the origin and development of the pore system. Primary pores observed included intracrystalline sieve, vesicular and interflow laminar types; secondary porosity, such as spongy, interclast and intra‐matrix pore types, was related to dissolution and the precipitation of secondary minerals. The porosity values obtained by μ‐CT (between <0.01 and 3.37%) were lower than those experimentally measured by permo‐porosimeter. This was attributed to the presence of multi‐scale pores in the volcanic rocks sampled, and also to limitations with image resolution. Even so, the use of μ‐CT allowed the visualization of porosity variations and was useful in characterizing the pore system.

The results presented in this paper demonstrate that the volcanic rocks in the Serra Geral Group have a heterogeneous pore system, similar to that in carbonate rocks.
Extruded urea could reduce true protein source in beef cattle diets
Authors: de Moraes Gabriella J. , Ítavo Luís Carlos V. , Ítavo Camila Celeste B. F. , Dias Alexandre M. , Niwa Marcus Vinicius G. , Leal Eduardo S. , Kozerski Noemila Debora , da Costa Marlova Cristina Mioto , da Mata Debora Gabriela , Inada Aline C.
Published: June 2019

Rumen micro‐organisms are capable of producing microbial protein from ammonia and carbon skeleton, and non‐protein nitrogen (NPN) may be one of the sources of ammonia. Alternative source of NPN is the slow release of ammonia sources in which the product is the extrusion of starch with urea. This work aimed to determine the effects on nutrient intake, ingestive behaviour, digestibility, nitrogen balance, ruminal pH, rumen ammonia nitrogen, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and blood parameters with increased levels of extruded urea (50, 60, 70 and 80 g/100 kg of body weight [BW]) in beef cattle diet. Four rumen cannulated crossbred steers with initial mean weight of 336 ± 47 kg in a 4 × 4 Latin square design were distributed. Diets were formulated with 400:600 g/kg roughage:concentrate ratio on dry matter based and provided once per day, being used whole corn silage as roughage. There were no effects on nutrient intake (kg/day), ingestive behaviour, apparent digestibility, nitrogen balance, volatile fatty acid (VFA) and blood parameters in extruded urea treatment groups. Similar results were observed on time spent on feeding, rumination and idleness. There were positive linear effects (p = 0.022) on rumen pH in the time of 8 hr after feeding and also on plasma concentration of the extruded urea levels (p = 0.039); whereas a linear negative effect (p = 0.030) was observed on ammonia nitrogen for the collection time of 2 hr after feeding. Increased levels of extruded urea could maintain nutrient intake, digestibility, ingestive behaviour, rumen pH and blood parameters in normal conditions. In conclusion, we recommend the extruded urea use with values up to 80 g/100 kg BW in confined beef cattle that receive balanced diets with 140 g/kg of crude protein.
Investigation of pharmacokinetic interaction between ivermectin and praziquantel after oral administration in healthy dogs
Authors: Ozdemir Zeynep , Faki Hatice Eser , Uney Kamil , Tras Bunyamin
Published: June 2019

The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic interaction between ivermectin (0.4 mg/kg) and praziquantel (10 mg/kg) administered either alone or co‐administered to dogs after oral treatment. Twelve healthy cross‐bred dogs (weighing 18–21 kg, aged 1–3 years) were allocated randomly into two groups of six dogs (four females, two males) each. In first group, the tablet forms of praziquantel and ivermectin were administered using a crossover design with a 15‐day washout period, respectively. Second group received tablet form of ivermectin plus praziquantel. The plasma concentrations of ivermectin and praziquantel were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography using a fluorescence and ultraviolet detector, respectively. The pharmacokinetic parameters of ivermectin following oral alone‐administration were as follows: elimination half‐life (t1/2λz) 110 ± 11.06 hr, area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC0–∞) 7,805 ± 1,768 hr.ng/ml, maximum concentration (Cmax) 137 ± 48.09 ng/ml, and time to reachCmax(Tmax) 14.0 ± 4.90 hr. The pharmacokinetic parameters of praziquantel following oral alone‐administration were as follows:t1/2λz7.39 ± 3.86 hr,AUC0–∞4,301 ± 1,253 hr.ng/ml,Cmax897 ± 245 ng/ml, andTmax5.33 ± 0.82 hr. The pharmacokinetics of ivermectin and praziquantel were not changed, exceptTmaxof praziquantel in the combined group. In conclusion, the combined formulation of ivermectin and praziquantel can be preferred in the treatment and prevention of diseases caused by susceptible parasites in dogs because no pharmacokinetic interaction was determined between them.
Growth performance and hemobiochemical parameters in South African dusky kob (Argyrosomus japonicus, Sciaenidae) offered brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as a feed additive
Authors: Madibana Molatelo J. , Mlambo Victor
Published: June 2019

There is some evidence that single‐cell proteins such as yeast have the potential to improve feed utilization in aquaculture fish, but this has not been investigated in the economically important dusky kob, Argyrosomus japonicus. This study was, therefore, designed to determine the effect of graded levels of dietary inactivated brewer's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, on the growth performance and hemobiochemical parameters of dusky kob in a 6‐week feeding period. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets—consisting of three brewer's yeast‐containing diets at rates of 50,150, and 300 g/kg dry matter (BY5P0, BY15P0, and BY30P0, respectively); a commercial dusky kob diet containing 10% probiotic mix but no brewer's yeast (BY0P1, positive control); and a commercial dusky kob diet with neither the probiotic mix nor the yeast (BY0P0, negative control)—were formulated. A total of 65 fish, weighing an average of 7.02 ± 0.10 g, were randomly distributed to each of 20 replicate tanks. Each dietary treatment was randomly allocated to four tanks and offered to fish at a rate of 2.8% fish body weight per day. A total of 10 fish from each tank were randomly sampled once a week for length and weight measurements. Blood was drawn from five fish per tank (20 fish per treatment) for hematology and serum biochemical analyses at the end of the 6 weeks. Fish on the BY0P0 diet achieved the highest weight gain of 18.53 ± 0.69 g after 6 weeks. Growth rate was significantly reduced in the groups fed BY15P0 and BY30P0 diets compared to the BY0P0, BY0P1, and BY5P0 groups. Fish fed the BY0P0 diet recorded the highest average feed conversion efficiency (FCE) of 0.22, while the BY30P0‐fed group recorded the lowest FCE of 0.15. Hematocrit and alanine transaminase levels declined with increasing levels of yeast. It can be concluded that the maximum inclusion level of brewer's yeast that does not impair growth performance and health of dusky kob is 50 g/kg.
Inadequacy of nutrients and contaminants found in porridge‐type complementary foods in Rwanda
Authors: Grosshagauer Silke , Milani Peiman , Kraemer Klaus , Mukabutera Assumpta , Burkon Alexander , Pignitter Marc , Bayer Sebastian , Somoza Veronika
Published: June 2019

Child malnutrition remains persistently high in Rwanda. Complementary foods play a key role in young child nutrition. This study explores the quality and safety of complementary food products available in the Rwandan market. Ten of the most consumed porridge‐type complementary food products in Rwanda have been analysed. Mean values of macronutrient and micronutrient contents were compared against three international standards and evaluated against label claims. Mean mycotoxin, microbiological, and pesticide contamination were compared with maximum tolerable limits. Mean energy density (385 kcal/100 g) and total fat content (7.9 g/100 g) were lower than all three international benchmarks. The mean fibre content of 8.5 g/100 g was above the maximum recommended amount of Codex Alimentarius and more than double the amount claimed on labels. Mean levels of vitamin A (retinyl palmitate, 0.54 mg/100 g) and vitamin E (α‐tocopherol, 3.7 mg/100 g) fell significantly short of all three standards, whereas calcium and zinc requirements were only partially met. Average iron content was 12.1 mg/100 g. The analysis revealed a mean aflatoxin contamination of 61 μg/kg, and high mold and yeast infestation. Escherichia coli and pesticide residues were found, whereas no heavy metals could be quantitated. Overall, complementary food products in Rwanda show inadequate nutrient contents and high aflatoxin and microbial contamination levels. Improved regulation and monitoring of both local and imported products are needed to improve the quality and safety of complementary foods in Rwanda.
Immunoreactivity of myelin‐associated oligodendrocytic basic protein in Lewy bodies
Authors: Kon Tomoya , Tanji Kunikazu , Mori Fumiaki , Kimura Akari , Kakita Akiyoshi , Wakabayashi Koichi
Published: June 2019

Myelin‐associated oligodendrocytic basic protein (MOBP) plays a role in structural maintenance of the myelin sheath in the central nervous system. Recent genome analyses have revealed that mutation in MOBP is a risk factor for various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), tauopathies and transactivation response DNA‐binding protein 43 kDa proteinopathies. Proteomics analysis has shown that MOBP is a component of cortical Lewy bodies (LBs). However, the immunohistochemical localization of MOBP in the human brain is not known. Using immunohistochemistry, we examined the brain, spinal cord and peripheral ganglia from patients with various neurodegenerative diseases and control subjects. In normal controls, MOBP immunoreactivity was evident in the myelin in the central and peripheral nervous systems (PNS), and neuronal cytoplasm in both the central and PNS. In Parkinson's disease and dementia with LBs, MOBP immunoreactivity was found in the core of LBs in the brainstem, cingulate cortex and sympathetic ganglia. No MOBP immunoreactivity was found in a variety of other neuronal or glial inclusions in other disorders, including multiple system atrophy, AD, Pick's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, argyrophilic grain disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Considering that up‐regulation of MOBP has been reported in neurotoxic conditions, accumulation of MOBP in LBs may imply a cytoprotective mechanism in LB disease.
Sympathetic innervation of the interscapular brown adipose tissue in mouse
Authors: François Marie , Torres Hayden , Huesing Clara , Zhang Rui , Saurage Carson , Lee Nathan , Qualls‐Creekmore Emily , Yu Sangho , Morrison Christopher D. , Burk David , Berthoud Hans Rudolf , Münzberg Heike
Published: June 2019

The recent discovery of significant brown fat depots in adult humans has revived discussion of exploiting brown fat thermogenesis in the control of energy balance and body weight. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) has a key role in the activation of brown fat and functional mapping of its components will be crucial for the development of specific neuromodulation techniques. The mouse is an important species used for molecular genetic modulations, but its small size is not ideal for anatomical dissections, thus brown fat innervation studies are mostly available in larger rodents such as rats and hamsters. Here, we use pseudorabies virus retrograde tracing, whole tissue clearing, and confocal/light sheet microscopy to show the location of pre‐ and postganglionic neurons selectively innervating the interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) in the mouse. Using iDISCO whole tissue clearing, we identified iBAT projecting postganglionic neurons in the caudal parts of the ipsilateral fused stellate/T1, as well as the T2−T5 sympathetic chain ganglia and preganglionic neurons between levels T2 and T6 of the ipsilateral spinal cord. The methodology enabled high‐resolution imaging and 3D rendering of the specific SNS innervation of iBAT and will be helpful to discern peripheral nervous system innervation of other organs and tissues.
Validity of self‐reported recall of anthropometric measures in early life: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: De Rubeis Vanessa , Bayat Sawila , Griffith Lauren E. , Smith Brendan T. , Anderson Laura N.
Published: June 2019

Overweight and obesity in early life are risk factors for many adult‐onset chronic diseases. The objective of this study was to assess the validity of self‐reported recall of early life anthropometric measures. A systematic review was conducted by searching four electronic databases (PubMed, ProQuest, EMBASE, and MEDLINE). Studies were eligible if they evaluated the validity or reliability of self‐reported recall by adults of their own body mass index, height, and/or weight during earlier life periods. Meta‐analyses were conducted to pool correlation coefficients and mean differences. There were 15 studies included with a total of 17 477 participants. The mean pooled difference between self‐reported recall of BMI compared with prospective measures was 0.06 kg/m2 (95% CI, −0.62 to 0.73), and the pooled correlation coefficient was 0.72 (95% CI, 0.65‐0.79). Self‐reported weight was also strongly correlated with reference standard measures (pooled r = 0.83; 95% CI, 0.72‐0.90) with a small mean difference (0.87 kg; 95% CI, 0.19‐1.56; I2 = 91%). Despite significant heterogeneity, the findings from this review suggest self‐reported recall of early life body mass index, height, and weight may be valid measures. This evidence may inform life‐course epidemiology studies considering the use of retrospective assessment of self‐reported anthropometry.
The giants of the phylum Brachiopoda: a matter of diet?
Authors: Angiolini Lucia , Crippa Gaia , Azmy Karem , Capitani Giancarlo , Confalonieri Giorgia , Della Porta Giovanna , Griesshaber Erika , Harper David A. T. , Leng Melanie J. , Nolan Leah , Orlandi Marco , Posenato Renato , Schmahl Wolfgang W. , Banks Vanessa J. , Stephenson Michael H.
Published: June 2019

The species of the brachiopod Gigantoproductus are giants within the Palaeozoic sedentary benthos. This presents a dilemma as living brachiopods have low‐energy lifestyles. Although brachiopod metabolic rates were probably higher during the Palaeozoic than today, the massive size reached by species of Gigantoproductus is nevertheless unusual. By examining the diet of Gigantoproductus species from the Visean (Mississippian, Carboniferous) of Derbyshire (UK), we seek to understand the mechanisms that enabled those low‐metabolism brachiopod species to become giants. Were they suspension feeders, similar to all other brachiopods, or did endosymbiosis provide a lifestyle that allowed them to have higher metabolic rates and become giants? We suggest that the answer to this conundrum may be solved by the identification of the biogeochemical signatures of symbionts, through combined analyses of the carbon and nitrogen‐isotopic compositions of the occluded organic matrix within their calcite shells. The shells are formed of substructured columnar units that are remarkably long and a few hundreds of microns wide, deemed to be mostly pristine based on multiple analyses (petrography, cathodoluminescence (CL), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM)); they contain occluded organic fractions detected by TEM, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) analyses. We conclude that the gigantic size reached by the species of Gigantoproductus is probably the result of a mixotroph lifestyle, by which they could rely on the energy and nutrients derived both from photosymbiotic microbes and from filtered particulate food.
Trace of pace, place, and space in personal relationships: The chronogeometrics of studying relationships at scale
Authors: Spitzberg Brian H.
Published: June 2019

The study of personal relationships has traditionally relied on self‐reports or observations of face‐to‐face interaction. Digital media increasingly provide the ability to trace communication and relationships at scale. Such methods portend significant theoretical and methodological challenges, as well as potential. As a way of illustrating such potential, big data approaches to the select traditional relational concepts of routine relating, propinquity, homophily, small world, and reciprocity are reviewed. The fields of communication and personal relationships will need to inform such research by developing their own interdisciplinary relationships with geographic information sciences, computational linguistics, and computer sciences or cede a significant frontier of their field to these other disciplines.
Regulatory chill and the effect of investor state dispute settlements
Authors: Janeba Eckhard
Published: June 2019

Legal conflicts between multinational firms and host governments are often decided by international arbitration panels—as opposed to courts in the host country—because of provisions in international investment agreements known as investor state dispute settlements (ISDS). Critics fear that investor protection such as ISDS make governments reluctant to adopt appropriate policies (regulatory chill). In this paper I develop a theoretical model in which the outcome of cases brought to court is uncertain owing to the vagueness of the law protecting investors and a court's inability to correctly identify a state of nature with certainty. I show that from a world welfare perspective there is no underregulation, only an overregulation problem. However, from a national welfare perspective “frivolous” lawsuits may lead to regulatory chill. I also identify conditions under which ISDS can lead to a Pareto improvement that involves simultaneous changes in compensation payments and protection rights relative to a national court.
Measuring the Labor Income Share of Developing Countries: Lessons From Social Accounting Matrices
Authors: van Treeck Katharina
Published: June 2019

This paper addresses the challenges of measuring the labor income share of developing countries. The poor availability and reliability of national account data as well as the fact that self‐employed—whose labor income is hard to capture—account for a major share of the workforce and often work in the informal sector render its computation difficult. Consequently, measuring the labor share requires assumptions. I consult social accounting matrices in addition to national account data to gain information on the production structure and self‐employed incomes in developing countries. The final data set covers about 90 developing countries from 1990 to 2011. The data suggest that the finding of declining labor shares of previous studies also applies to the sample of low and middle‐income countries. Furthermore, I find the labor share in developing countries to be about one‐half in size and hence less than the standard “two‐thirds” in economic literature.
High Dimensional Linear Discriminant Analysis: Optimality, Adaptive Algorithm and Missing Data
Authors: Tony Cai T. , Zhang Linjun
Published: June 2019

The paper develops optimality theory for linear discriminant analysis in the high dimensional setting. A data-driven and tuning-free classification rule, which is based on an adaptive constrained l1-minimization approach, is proposed and analysed. Minimax lower bounds are obtained and this classification rule is shown to be simultaneously rate optimal over a collection of parameter spaces. In addition, we consider classification with incomplete data under the missingness completely at random model. An adaptive classifier with theoretical guarantees is introduced and the optimal rate of convergence for high dimensional linear discriminant analysis under the missingness completely at random model is established. The technical analysis for the case of missing data is much more challenging than that for complete data. We establish a large deviation result for the generalized sample covariance matrix, which serves as a key technical tool and can be of independent interest. An application to lung cancer and leukaemia studies is also discussed.
Frequency and characterization ofRHDvariants in serologically D– Surinamese pregnant women and D– newborns
Authors: Zonneveld Rens , Kanhai Humphrey H.H. , Javadi Ahmad , Veldhuisen Barbera , Brand Anneke , Zijlmans Wilco C.W.R. , van der Schoot C. Ellen , Schonewille Henk ,   on behalf of the Rhesus in Surinamese Neonates (RheSuN) Study Group
Published: June 2019

BACKGROUND

NumerousRHDvariant genes affect the expression of D on the red blood cell surface. In Suriname, 4.3% of pregnant women were D–, ranging from virtually zero to 7% among ethnic groups. Characterization ofRHDvariants, which are associated with a variable potential to induce anti‐D, is of practical clinical importance especially in case of limited access to preventive measures. Here we report on the occurrence ofRHDvariant genes in Surinamese serologically D– pregnant women and their D– newborns from different ethnic groups.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

The RheSuN study is a cross‐sectional cohort study in D– pregnant women and their newborns, who visited hospitals in Paramaribo, Suriname, during routine pregnancy care. The presence ofRHDvariants was investigated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction targetingRHDExons 5 and 7 andRH‐multiplex ligation–dependent probe amplification.

RESULTS

SevenRHDvariant genes were detected in 35 of 84 women and fourRHDvariant genes in 15 of 36 newborns. TheRHD*03 N.01andRHD*08 N.01variants represented 87% of a total of 62 variant genes. Variants were comparably frequent among ethnicities. In four cases genotyping would have changed anti‐D prophylaxis policy: one woman with aRHD*01EL.01variant, not associated with anti‐D formation and three D– newborns withRHD*09.01andRHD*09.03.01variants, potentially capable of inducing anti‐D.

CONCLUSION

RHDvariants at risk for anti‐D are common among serologic D– individuals from African descent in Suriname. While genotyping D– women has limited added value, it may be considered in newborns from D– women.