bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Atlas of Salivary Gland Tumor Cytopathology, Oral & Surgical Pathology - CD-ROM Disk 2: by Kini S. & Dardick I. Pathology Images Inc, 2006
Authors: Basir Zainab
Published: November 2006

This CD-ROM version of Atlas of Salivary Gland Tumor Cytopathology, Oral & Surgical Pathology is an excellent and concise tool for easy reference during sign out of cytology and surgical cases. It is also invaluable as a teaching tool for residents and fellows.

Atlas of Salivary Gland Tumor Cytopathology, Oral & Surgical Pathology CD-ROM (ISBN 0-9736518-0-7), Published by Pathology images Inc Ottawa, Ontario K2B 7L4, Canada
Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT)-induced interstitial fibrosis in the lungs of rats is associated with increased levels of PDGF mRNA and the formation of unique intercellular carbon structures that bridge alveolar macrophages In Situ
Authors: Mangum James B , Turpin Elizabeth A , Antao-Menezes Aurita , Cesta Mark F , Bermudez Edilberto , Bonner James C
Published: November 2006

Background

Nanotechnology is a rapidly advancing industry with many new products already available to the public. Therefore, it is essential to gain an understanding of the possible health risks associated with exposure to nanomaterials and to identify biomarkers of exposure. In this study, we investigated the fibrogenic potential of SWCNT synthesized by chemical vapor deposition using cobalt (Co) and molybdenum (Mo) as catalysts. Following a single oropharyngeal aspiration of SWCNT in rats, we evaluated lung histopathology, cell proliferation, and growth factor mRNAs at 1 and 21 days post-exposure. Comparisons were made to vehicle alone (saline containing a biocompatible nonionic surfactant), inert carbon black (CB) nanoparticles, or vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) as a known inducer of fibrosis.

Results

SWCNT or CB caused no overt inflammatory response at 1 or 21 days post-exposure as determined by histopathology and evaluation of cells (>95% macrophages) in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. However, SWCNT induced the formation of small, focal interstitial fibrotic lesions within the alveolar region of the lung at 21 days. A small fraction of alveolar macrophages harvested by BAL from the lungs of SWCNT-exposed rats at 21 days were bridged by unique intercellular carbon structures that extended into the cytoplasm of each macrophage. These "carbon bridge" structures between macrophages were also observed in situ in the lungs of SWCNT-exposed rats. No carbon bridges were observed in CB-exposed rats. SWCNT caused cell proliferation only at sites of fibrotic lesion formation as measured by bromodeoxyuridine uptake into alveolar cells. SWCNT increased platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-A, PDGF-B, and PDGF-C mRNA levels significantly at 1 day as measured by Taqman quantitative real-time RT-PCR. At 21 days, SWCNT did not increase any mRNAs evaluated, while V2O5 significantly increased mRNAs encoding PDGF-A, -B, and -C chains, PDGF-Rα, osteopontin (OPN), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that SWCNT do not cause lung inflammation and yet induce the formation of small, focal interstital fibrotic lesioins in the alveolar region of the lungs of rats. Of greatest interest was the discovery of unique intercellular carbon structures composed of SWCNT that bridged lung macrophages. These "carbon bridges" offer a novel and easily identifiable biomarker of exposure.
Association study of the vesicular monoamine transporter 1 (VMAT1) gene with schizophrenia in a Japanese population
Authors: Richards Misty , Iijima Yoshimi , Kondo Hitomi , Shizuno Tomoko , Hori Hiroaki , Arima Kunimasa , Saitoh Osamu , Kunugi Hiroshi
Published: November 2006

Background

Vesicular monoamine transporters (VMATs) mediate accumulation of monoamines such as serotonin, dopamine, adrenaline, and noradrenaline from the cytoplasm into storage organelles. The VMAT1 (alternatively solute carrier family 18: SLC18A1) regulates such biogenic amines in neuroendocrine systems. The VMAT1 gene maps to chromosome 8p21.3, a locus with strong evidence of linkage with schizophrenia. A recent study reported that a non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the gene (Pro4Thr) was associated with schizophrenia.

Methods

We attempted to replicate this finding in a Japanese sample of 354 schizophrenics and 365 controls. In addition, we examined 3 other non-synonymous SNPs (Thr98Ser, Thr136Ile, and Val392Leu). Genotyping was performed by the TaqMan allelic discrimination assay.

Results

There was no significant difference in genotype or allele distribution of the three SNPs of Pro4Thr, Thr136Ile, or Val392Leu between patients and controls. There was, however, a significant difference in genotype and allele distributions for the Thr98Ser polymorphism between the two groups (P = 0.01 for genotype and allele). When sexes were examined separately, significant differences were observed in females (P = 0.006 for genotype, P = 0.003 for allele), but not in males. The Thr98 allele was more common in female patients than in female controls (odds ratio 1.69, 95% CI 1.19–2.40, P = 0.003). Haplotype-based analyses also provided evidence for a significant association in females.

Conclusion

We failed to replicate the previously reported association of Pro4Thr of the VMAT1 gene with schizophrenia. However, we obtained evidence for a possible role of the Thr98Ser in giving susceptibility to schizophrenia in women.
Characterization of ovine hepatic gene expression profiles in response to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide using a bovine cDNA microarray
Authors: Cao Honghe , Kabaroff Leah C , You Qiumei , Rodriguez Alexander , Boermans Herman J , Karrow Niel A
Published: November 2006

Background

During systemic gram-negative bacterial infections, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ligation to the hepatic Toll-like receptor-4 complex induces the production of hepatic acute phase proteins that are involved in the host response to infection and limit the associated inflammatory process. Identifying the genes that regulate this hepatic response to LPS in ruminants may provide insight into the pathogenesis of bacterial diseases and eventually facilitate breeding of more disease resistant animals. The objective of this research was to profile the expression of ovine hepatic genes in response toEscherichia coliLPS challenge (0, 200, 400 ng/kg) using a bovine cDNA microarray and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR).

Results

Twelve yearling ewes were challengedivwithE. coliLPS (0, 200, 400 ng/kg) and liver biopsies were collected 4–5 hours post-challenge to assess hepatic gene expression profiles by bovine cDNA microarray and qRT-PCR analyses. The expression ofCD14,C3,IL12R, NRAMP1,SODandIGFBP3genes was down regulated, whereas the expression ofACTHR,IFNαR,CD1,MCP-1andGHwas increased during LPS challenge. With the exception of C3, qRT-PCR analysis of 7 of these genes confirmed the microarray results and demonstrated that GAPDH is not a suitable housekeeping gene in LPS challenged sheep.

Conclusion

We have identified several potentially important genes by bovine cDNA microarray and qRT-PCR analyses that are differentially expressed during the ovine hepatic response to systemic LPS challenge. Their potential role in regulating the inflammatory response to LPS warrants further investigation.
Viral and Bacterial Pathogens in Bovine Respiratory Disease in Finland
Authors: Härtel H , Nikunen S , Neuvonen E , Tanskanen R , Kivelä S-L , Aho P , Soveri T , Saloniemi H
Published: November 2006

Pathogens causing bovine respiratory tract disease in Finland were investigated. Eighteen cattle herds with bovine respiratory disease were included. Five diseased calves from each farm were chosen for closer examination and tracheobronchial lavage. Blood samples were taken from the calves at the time of the investigation and from 86 calves 3–4 weeks later. In addition, 6–10 blood samples from animals of different ages were collected from each herd, resulting in 169 samples. Serum samples were tested for antibodies to bovine parainfluenza virus-3 (PIV-3), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine coronavirus (BCV), bovine adenovirus-3 (BAV-3) and bovine adenovirus-7 (BAV-7). About one third of the samples were also tested for antibodies to bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) with negative results. Bacteria were cultured from lavage fluid and in vitro susceptibility to selected antimicrobials was tested. According to serological findings, PIV-3, BAV-7, BAV-3, BCV and BRSV are common pathogens in Finnish cattle with respiratory problems. A titre rise especially for BAV-7 and BAV-3, the dual growth ofMycoplasma disparandPasteurella multocida, were typical findings in diseased calves.Pasteurellasp. strains showed no resistance to tested antimicrobials.Mycoplasma bovisandMannheimia haemolyticawere not found.
Effect of infliximab on mRNA expression profiles in synovial tissue of rheumatoid arthritis patients
Authors: Lindberg Johan , af Klint Erik , Catrina Anca Irinel , Nilsson Peter , Klareskog Lars , Ulfgren Ann-Kristin , Lundeberg Joakim
Published: November 2006

We examined the gene expression profiles in arthroscopic biopsies retrieved from 10 rheumatoid arthritis patients before and after anti-TNF treatment with infliximab to investigate whether such profiles can be used to predict responses to the therapy, and to study effects of the therapy on the profiles. Responses to treatment were assessed using European League Against Rheumatism response criteria. Three patients were found to be good responders, five patients to be moderate responders and two patients to be nonresponders. The TNF-α status of the biopsies from each of the patients before treatment was also investigated immunohistochemically, and it was detected in biopsies from four of the patients, including all three of the good responders. The gene expression data demonstrate that all patients had unique gene expression signatures, with low intrapatient variability between biopsies. The data also revealed significant differences between the good responding and nonresponding patients (279 differentially expressed genes were detected, with a false discovery rate < 0.025). Among the identified genes we found that MMP-3 was significantly upregulated in good responders (log2 fold change, 2.95) compared with nonresponders, providing further support for the potential of MMP-3 as a marker for good responses to therapy. An even more extensive list of 685 significantly differentially expressed genes was found between patients in whom TNF-α was found and nonresponders, indicating that TNF-α could be an important biomarker for successful infliximab treatment. Significant differences were also observed between biopsies taken before and after anti-TNF treatment, including 115 differentially expressed genes in the good responding group. Interestingly, the effect was even stronger in the group in which TNF-α was immunohistochemically detected before therapy. Here, 1,058 genes were differentially expressed, including many that were novel in this context (for example, CXCL3 and CXCL14). Subsequent Gene Ontology analysis revealed that several 'themes' were significantly over-represented that are known to be affected by anti-TNF treatment in inflammatory tissue; for example, immune response (GO:0006955), cell communication (GO:0007154), signal transduction (GO:0007165) and chemotaxis (GO:0006935). No genes reached statistical significance in the moderately responding or nonresponding groups. In conclusion, this pilot study suggests that further investigation is warranted on the usefulness of gene expression profiling of synovial tissue to predict and monitor the outcome of rheumatoid arthritis therapies.
Genome-wide identification of functionally distinct subsets of cellular mRNAs associated with two nucleocytoplasmic-shuttling mammalian splicing factors
Authors: Gama-Carvalho Margarida , Barbosa-Morais Nuno L , Brodsky Alexander S , Silver Pamela A , Carmo-Fonseca Maria
Published: November 2006

Background

Pre-mRNA splicing is an essential step in gene expression that occurs co-transcriptionally in the cell nucleus, involving a large number of RNA binding protein splicing factors, in addition to core spliceosome components. Several of these proteins are required for the recognition of intronic sequence elements, transiently associating with the primary transcript during splicing. Some protein splicing factors, such as the U2 small nuclear RNP auxiliary factor (U2AF), are known to be exported to the cytoplasm, despite being implicated solely in nuclear functions. This observation raises the question of whether U2AF associates with mature mRNA-ribonucleoprotein particles in transit to the cytoplasm, participating in additional cellular functions.

Results

Here we report the identification of RNAs immunoprecipitated by a monoclonal antibody specific for the U2AF 65 kDa subunit (U2AF65) and demonstrate its association with spliced mRNAs. For comparison, we analyzed mRNAs associated with the polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB), a splicing factor that also binds to intronic pyrimidine-rich sequences but additionally participates in mRNA localization, stability, and translation. Our results show that 10% of cellular mRNAs expressed in HeLa cells associate differentially with U2AF65 and PTB. Among U2AF65-associated mRNAs there is a predominance of transcription factors and cell cycle regulators, whereas PTB-associated transcripts are enriched in mRNA species that encode proteins implicated in intracellular transport, vesicle trafficking, and apoptosis.

Conclusion

Our results show that U2AF65 associates with specific subsets of spliced mRNAs, strongly suggesting that it is involved in novel cellular functions in addition to splicing.
MCP-1 deficiency causes altered inflammation with impaired skeletal muscle regeneration
Authors: Shireman Paula K , Contreras-Shannon Verónica , Ochoa Oscar , Karia Bijal P , Michalek Joel E , McManus Linda M
Published: November 2006

We examined the role of MCP-1, a potent chemotactic and activating factor for macrophages, in perfusion, inflammation, and skeletal muscle regeneration post-ischemic injury. MCP-1−/− or C57Bl/6J control mice [wild-type (WT)] underwent femoral artery excision (FAE). Muscles were collected for histology, assessment of tissue chemokines, and activity measurements of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and myeloperoxidase. In MCP-1−/− mice, restoration of perfusion was delayed, and LDH and fiber size, indicators of muscle regeneration, were decreased. Altered inflammation was observed with increased neutrophil accumulation in MCP-1−/− versus WT mice at Days 1 and 3 (P≤0.003), whereas fewer macrophages were present in MCP-1−/− mice at Day 3. As necrotic tissue was removed in WT mice, macrophages decreased (Day 7). In contrast, macrophage accumulation in MCP-1−/− was increased in association with residual necrotic tissue and impaired muscle regeneration. Consistent with altered inflammation, neutrophil chemotactic factors (keratinocyte-derived chemokine and macrophage inflammatory protein-2) were increased at Day 1 post-FAE. The macrophage chemotactic factor MCP-5 was increased significantly in WT mice at Day 3 compared with MCP-1−/− mice. However, at post-FAE Day 7, MCP-5 was significantly elevated in MCP-1−/− mice versus WT mice. Addition of exogenous MCP-1 did not induce proliferation in murine myoblasts (C2C12 cells) in vitro. MCP-1 is essential for reperfusion and the successful completion of normal skeletal muscle regeneration after ischemic tissue injury. Impaired muscle regeneration in MCP-1−/− mice suggests an important role for macrophages and MCP-1 in tissue reparative processes.
Prostaglandin I2 analogs inhibit Th1 and Th2 effector cytokine production by CD4 T cells
Authors: Zhou Weisong , Blackwell Timothy S , Goleniewska Kasia , O’Neal Jamye F , FitzGerald Garret A , Lucitt Margaret , Breyer Richard M , Peebles R Stokes
Published: November 2006

An anti-inflammatory effect of PGI2 has been suggested by increased inflammation in mice that are deficient in the PGI2 receptor (IP) or in respiratory syncytial viral- or OVA-induced CD4 T cell-associated responses. To determine the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effect, we hypothesized that PGI2 analogs inhibit CD4 T cell effector cytokine production. To test this hypothesis, we activated purified CD4 T cells with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies under Th1 and Th2 polarizing conditions for 4 days and restimulated the T cells with anti-CD3 in the presence of PGI2 analogs for 2 days. We found that PGI2 analogs (cicaprost and iloprost) inhibited the production of Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ) and Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13) in a dose-dependent pattern. The inhibitory effect was partially dependent on the IP receptor signaling and was correlated with elevated intracellular cAMP and down-regulated NF-κB activity. Pretreatment of the CD4 T cells with 8-bromoadenosine-3′,5′-cyclic monophosphorothioate, Rp-isomer, to inhibit a key signaling molecule in the cAMP pathway, protein kinase A (PKA), attenuated the suppressive effect of PGI2 analogs significantly, suggesting that PKA, in part, mediates the inhibition of the cytokine production. These data indicate that PGI2 analogs have an immune-suppressive effect on previously activated and differentiated CD4 T cells in vitro and suggest that PGI2 may have a similar function in vivo.
Hydrogen peroxide stimulates macrophages and monocytes to actively release HMGB1
Authors: Tang Daolin , Shi Yongzhong , Kang Rui , Li Tong , Xiao Weimin , Wang Haichao , Xiao Xianzhong
Published: November 2006

High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) can be actively secreted by macrophages/monocytes in response to exogenous and endogenous inflammatory stimuli (such as bacterial endotoxin, TNF-α, IL-1, and IFN-γ) or passively released by necrotic cells and mediates innate and adaptive inflammatory responses to infection and injury. Here, we demonstrated that a reactive oxygen species, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), induces active and passive HMGB1 release from macrophage and monocyte cultures in a time- and dose-dependent manner. At nontoxic doses (e.g., 0.0125–0.125 mM), H2O2 induced HMGB1 cytoplasmic translocation and active release within 3–24 h. At higher concentrations (e.g., 0.25 mM), however, H2O2 exhibited cytotoxicity to macrophage and monocyte cell cultures and consequently, triggered active and passive HMGB1 release. In addition, H2O2 stimulated potential interaction of HMGB1 with a nuclear export factor, chromosome region maintenance (CRM1), in macrophage/monocyte cultures. Inhibitors specific for the JNK (SP600125) and MEK (PD98059), but not p38 MAPK (SB203580), abrogated H2O2-induced, active HMGB1 release. Together, these data establish an important role for oxidative stress in inducing active HMGB1 release, potentially through a MAPK- and CRM1-dependent mechanism.
Treatment options in moderate and severe depression: decision
analysis supporting a clinical guideline
Authors: Simon Judit , Pilling Stephen , Burbeck Rachel , Goldberg David
Published: November 2006

Background

Treatment options for depression include antidepressants, psychological
therapy and a combination of the two.

Aims

To develop cost-effective clinical guidelines.

Method

Systematic literature reviews were used to identify clinical, utility and
cost data. A decision analysis was then conducted to compare the benefits
and costs of antidepressants with combination therapy for moderate and
severe depression in secondary care in the UK.

Results

Over the 15-month analysis period, combination therapy resulted in higher
costs and an expected 0.16 increase per person in the probability of
remission and no relapse compared with antidepressants. The cost per
additional successfully treated patient was £4056 (95% CI 1400–18 300);
the cost per quality-adjusted life year gained was £5777 (95% CI 1900–33
800) for severe depression and £14 540 (95% CI 4800–79 400) for moderate
depression.

Conclusions

Combination therapy is likely to be a cost-effective first-line secondary
care treatment for severe depression. Its cost-effectiveness for moderate
depression is more uncertain from current evidence. Targeted combination
therapy could improve resource utilisation.
Adherence therapy for people with schizophrenia
Authors: Gray Richard , Leese Morven , Bindman Jonathan , Becker Thomas , Burti Lorenzo , David Anthony , Gournay Kevin , Kikkert Martijn , Koeter Maarten , Puschner Bernd , Schene Aart , Thornicroft Graham , Tansella Michele
Published: November 2006

Background

There is equivocal evidence of the effectiveness of adherence therapy in
improving treatment adherence and clinical outcomes for people with
schizophrenia.

Aims

To evaluate the effectiveness of adherence therapy in improving quality
of life for people with schizophrenia.

Method

A 52-week, single-blind, multicentre randomised controlled trial of the
effectiveness of adherence therapy. Participants were individually
randomised to receive eight sessions of adherence therapy or health
education. Assessments were undertaken at baseline and at 52-week
follow-up.

Results

Adherence therapy was no more effective than health education in
improving quality of life.

Conclusions

This effectiveness trial provides evidence for the lack of effect of
adherence therapy in people with schizophrenia with recent clinical
instability, treated in ordinary clinical settings.
Predicting community violence from patients discharged from mental health services
Authors: Doyle Michael , Dolan Mairead
Published: November 2006

Background

The MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study (MacVRAS) in the USA provided strong evidence to support an actuarial approach in community violence risk assessment.

Aims

To examine the predictive accuracy of the MacVRAS measures, in addition to structured professional judgement, in a UK sample of patients discharged from in-patient care in the north-west of England.

Method

A prospective study of 112 participants assessed pre-discharge and followed up at 24 weeks post-discharge. Pre-discharge measures were compared with prevalence of violent behaviour to determine predictive validity of risk factors.

Results

Historical measures of risk and measures of psychopathy, impulsiveness and anger were highly predictive of community violence. The more dynamic clinical and risk management factors derived from structured professional judgement (rated at discharge) added significant incremental validity to the historical factors in predicting community violence.

Conclusions

Although static measures of risk relating to past history and personality make an important contribution to assessment of violence risk, consideration of current dynamic factors relating to illness and risk management significantly improves predictive accuracy.
Urbanisation and the incidence of eating
disorders
Authors: Van Son Gabriëlle E. , Van Hoeken Daphne , Bartelds Aad I. M. , Van Furth Eric F. , Hoek Hans W.
Published: November 2006

The link between degree of urbanisation and a number of mental disorders is
well established. Schizophrenia, psychosis and depression are known to occur
more frequently in urban areas. In our primary care-based study of eating
disorders, the incidence of bulimia nervosa showed a dose–response relation
with degree of urbanisation and was five times higher in cities than in
rural areas. Remarkably, anorexia nervosa showed no association with
urbanisation. We conclude that urban life is a potential environmental risk
factor for bulimia nervosa but not for anorexia nervosa. These findings
provide a promising avenue for further research into the aetiology of eating
disorders.
Group cognitive-behavioural therapy for
schizophrenia
Authors: Barrowclough Christine , Haddock Gillian , Lobban Fiona , Jones Steve , Siddle Ron , Roberts Chris , Gregg Lynsey
Published: November 2006

Background

The efficacy of cognitive–behavioural therapy for schizophrenia is
established, but there is less evidence for a group format.

Aims

To evaluate the effectiveness of group cognitive – behavioural therapy
for schizophrenia.

Method

In all, 113 people with persistent positive symptoms of schizophrenia
were assigned to receive group cognitive – behavioural therapy or
treatment as usual. The primary outcome was positive symptom improvement
on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scales. Secondary outcome measures
included symptoms, functioning, relapses, hopelessness and
self-esteem.

Results

There were no significant differences between the cognitive-behavioural
therapy and treatment as usual on measures of symptoms or functioning or
relapse, but group cognitive – behavioural therapy treatment resulted in
reductions in feelings of hopelessness and in low self-esteem.

Conclusions

Although group cognitive – behavioural therapy may not be the optimum
treatment method for reducing hallucinations and delusions, it may have
important benefits, including feeling less negative about oneself and
less hopeless for the future.
Structure of internalising symptoms in early
adulthood
Authors: Fergusson David M. , Horwood L. John , Boden Joseph M.
Published: November 2006

Background

Debate surrounds the underlying structure of internalising disorders
including major depression, generalised anxiety disorder, phobias and
panic disorders.

Aims

To model the within-time and across-time relationships of internalising
symptoms, incorporating effects from generalised internalising and
disorder-specific components of continuity.

Method

Data were gathered from a 25-year longitudinal study of a birth cohort of
953 New Zealand children. Outcome measures included DSM–IV symptom scores
for major depression, generalised anxiety disorder, phobia and panic
disorder at the ages of 18, 21 and 25 years.

Results

Structural equation modelling showed that, within-times, a common
underlying measure of generalised internalising explained symptom score
comorbidities. Across-time correlation of symptom scores was primarily
accounted for by continuity over time in generalised internalising.
However, for major depression and phobia there was also evidence of
across-time continuity in the disorder-specific components of
symptoms.

Conclusions

Internalising symptoms can be partitioned into components reflecting both
a generalised tendency to internalising and disorder-specific
components.
Distress and fear disorders: an alternative empirically based
taxonomy of the ‘mood’ and ‘anxiety’ disorders
Authors: Clark Lee Anna , Watson David
Published: November 2006

The nosological organisation of DSM – IV and ICD–10 does not capture the
empirical structure of the mood and anxiety disorders. Instead, they form a
broad group of ‘internalising’ disorders with two subclasses: distress
disorders and fear disorders. This empirical structure should form the basis
for revised taxonomies in DSM–V and ICD–11.
Transferring people with mental illness from emergency department to acute mental health wards: survey of contemporary practice
Authors: Antwi Charles , Flynn Adrian , Chrichard Paul , Haddock Amanda , Johnson Claire , Hammond Jo , Aitken Peter
Published: November 2006

Aims and Method

A substantial minority of patients attending emergency departments do so with a primary mental health problem. A number will require admission to an acute psychiatric unit. There is little guidance about the best practice in terms of risk assessment and escorting of these patients. We conducted a telephone questionnaire survey of acute trusts, to identify current policies for the transfer of patients with mental illness to acute psychiatric units.

Results

Eighty-two trusts were contacted. We could not verify the presence of any current policies. There was considerable variation in the assessment and management of risk in these clinical circumstances.

Clinical Implications

Current local service structure and transfer distance may influence the way in which risk is assessed. However, there is a need for trusts to ensure that basic standards of risk assessment are maintained for the transfer of these high-risk patients. We recommend that all emergency departments should have such policies and that liaison psychiatry is well placed to aid their development.
Psychiatry in post-communist Ukraine: dismantling the past, paving the way for the future
Authors: Ougrin Dennis , Gluzman Semyon , Dratcu Luiz
Published: November 2006

Ukraine, a nation of 48 million, became independent in 1991 following the collapse of the USSR. Ukraine still lags far behind many European countries in absolute income per capita and indices of transparency and corruption in public life, but its economy, grounded on robust industrial and agricultural resources, has grown 10% annually in the past 4 years. The extraordinary developments associated with the 2004 presidential elections and the Orange Revolution mean that democracy is now at the core of the state-building process and that Ukrainians are ready for radical changes. These changes are bound to include the principles and methods that have long prevailed in Ukrainian psychiatry.
Biodiversity and Emerging Diseases
Authors: MAILLARD JEAN‐CHARLES , GONZALEZ JEAN‐PAUL
Published: November 2006

Abstract: First we remind general considerations concerning biodiversity on earth and particularly the loss of genetic biodiversity that seems irreversible whether its origin is directly or indirectly linked to human activities. Urgent and considerable efforts must be made from now on to cataloge, understand, preserve, and enhance the value of biodiversity while ensuring food safety and human and animal health. Ambitious integrated and multifield research programs must be implemented in order to understand the causes and anticipate the consequences of loss of biodiversity. Such losses are a serious threat to sustainable development and to the quality of life of future generations. They have an influence on the natural balance of global biodiversity in particularly in reducing the capability of species to adapt rapidly by genetic mutations to survive in modified ecosystems. Usually, the natural immune systems of mammals (both human and animal), are highly polymorphic and able to adapt rapidly to new situations. We more specifically discuss the fact that if the genetic diversity of the affected populations is low the invading microorganisms, will suddenly expand and create epidemic outbreaks with risks of pandemic. So biodiversity appears to function as an important barrier (buffer), especially against disease‐causing organisms, which can function in different ways. Finally, we discuss the importance of preserving biodiversity mainly in the wildlife ecosystems as an integrated and sustainable approach among others in order to prevent and control the emergence or reemergence of diseases in animals and humans (zoonosis). Although plants are also part of this paradigm, they fall outside our field of study.
Perspectives on Applied Spatial Analysis to Animal Health
Authors: HERBRETEAU VINCENT , DEMORAES FLORENT , HUGOT JEAN‐PIERRE , KITTAYAPONG PATTAMAPORN , SALEM GÉRARD , SOURIS MARC , GONZALEZ JEAN‐PAUL
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  Geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing have been increasingly used in ecology and epidemiology, providing a spatial approach for animal health issues. Recent development of earth environmental satellites—i.e., their growing number, improving sensor resolutions and capabilities—has offered new opportunities to delineate possible habitats and understand animals and associated parasites in their environment, by identifying the nature and structure of land use, hydrological network, soil hydromorphy, and human settlements. Integrated into GIS, remotely sensed and other geo‐referenced data allow both spatial and temporal analyses of animal ecology and health. However, a review of their applications has showed the poor quality of data sources and processing used, revealing limitations between theory and practical implementations. As an example, the assessment of the expected distribution of Bandicoot rats, main agricultural pest and vector of zoonoses in Phrae province (North Thailand), illustrates a rational use of spatial analysis, with the choice of relevant data, scales, and processing. Vegetation indices are computed on a TERRA ASTER image and further classified using elevation data. The biotopes of Bandicota indica and Bandicota savilei are delimited, providing a major source of knowledge for rodent and human health analyses.
Epidemics of Emerging Animal Diseases and Food‐Borne Infection Problems Over the Last 5 Years in Japan
Authors: YAMANE ITSURO
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  There have been several emerging animal diseases and food‐borne infection problems occurring in Japan over the last 5 years. We describe brief pictures of these epidemics and our control activities. As acute contagious and/or emerging animal diseases, the foot and mouth disease (FMD) outbreak caused by the Pan‐Asian topotype of the type O virus occurred in March 2000 after 92 years of FMD‐free status. In 2004, four cases of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), which was the first outbreak after 79 years, and caused by the H5N1 subtype, were identified. As part of the responses against these outbreaks, all the animals in the affected farms were destroyed, and movement control areas were established around the infected premises, and a nation‐wide intensive survey for FMD and HPAI was performed. As for food‐borne or feed‐borne infections, the first bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was identified in September 2001 and 19 more cases have been reported until June 2005. A large outbreak of food‐borne infection caused by low‐fat milk contaminated with enterotoxin A produced by Staphylococcus aureus, involving more than 13,000 patients, occurred in 2000. In 2003, people who consumed uncooked liver and meat from wild boar and deer developed clinical signs of hepatitis caused by the hepatitis E virus. Pork is also suspected as natural source of virus transmission. Early detection of the first cases and rapid action in preventing and controlling the spread of infections are very important combined with proper risk communication about correct information of the diseases.
Implication of Phylogenetic Systematics of Rodent‐Borne Hantaviruses Allows Understanding of Their Distribution
Authors: HERBRETEAU VINCENT , GONZALEZ JEAN‐PAUL , HUGOT JEAN‐PIERRE
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  Hantaviruses' distribution is reassessed after performing a cladistic analysis on 93 strains isolated from rodents, and one used as outgroup: Thottapalayam isolated from a shrew. While most hantaviruses found in wild animals were collected in northern Asia, Europe, North America, and South America, only Thottapalayam and Thailand were found in South and Southeastern Asia. Thottapalayam is highly divergent from the other known hantaviruses and may represent the emerging tip of a different lineage. Serological surveys carried out to detect evidence of Hantavirus in human populations revealed positive samples not only in West and Central Africa but also in Thailand, with a first case recently confirmed. This suggests that Hantaan‐related viruses may infect humans out of their well‐documented range. Thus, if rodents are probably the primary reservoir, other mammals may be involved in the cycle of hantaviruses. Additional work is needed out of the traditional areas where hantaviruses have been recorded. New viruses, different hosts, and different human syndromes may be discovered in the future mainly in Southeastern Asia and in Africa where Muridae rodents are present and highly diversified.
Risk Analysis and Bovine Tuberculosis, a Re‐emerging Zoonosis
Authors: ETTER ERIC , DONADO PILAR , JORI FERRAN , CARON ALEXANDRE , GOUTARD FLAVIE , ROGER FRANÇOIS
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  The widespread of immunodeficiency with AIDS, the consequence of poverty on sanitary protection and information at both individual and state levels lead control of tuberculosis (TB) to be one of the priorities of World Health Organization programs. The impact of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) on humans is poorly documented. However, BTB remains a major problem for livestock in developing countries particularly in Africa and wildlife is responsible for the failure of TB eradication programs. In Africa, the consumption of raw milk and raw meat, and the development of bushmeat consumption as a cheap source of proteins, represent one of the principal routes for human contaminations with BTB. The exploration of these different pathways using tools as participatory epidemiology allows the risk analysis of the impact of BTB on human health in Africa. This analysis represents a management support and decision tool in the study and the control of zoonotic BTB.
Status of Mastitis as an Emerging Disease in Improved and Periurban Dairy Farms in India
Authors: JOSHI SACHIN , GOKHALE SURESH
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  While reviewing present status of mastitis in India, results of investigations from periurban dairy farms on epidemiological, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, bacterial isolation, in vitro drug sensitivity, and treatment of subclinical mastitis have been presented. Mastitis, on account of its causing serious wastage and undesirable milk quality, is emerging as a major challenge among the others (like breeding improvement, nutrition management, control of infectious, tick‐borne, blood, and internal parasitic diseases) in dairy development of tropics. Subclinical mastitis was found more important in India (varying from 10–50% in cows and 5–20% in buffaloes) than clinical mastitis (1–10%). The incidence was highest in Purebred Holsteins and Jerseys and lowest in local cattle and buffaloes. An investigation on 250 animals from periurban farms indicated that the monsoon season was more prone to subclinical mastitis than summer or winter, prevalence increased with higher lactation number and animals in 4th–5th month of lactation were found more susceptible (59.49%), hind quarters were found more affected (56.52%) than fore quarters (43.47%). The factors like herd size, agro climatic conditions of the region, variations in sociocultural practices, milk marketing, literacy level of the animal owner, system of feeding, and management were found important affecting the incidence of subclinical mastitis. Comparison of efficacy of different diagnostic techniques for subclinical mastitis, such as modified California mastitis test (MCMT), bromo thymol blue (BTB), modified whiteside test, trypsin inhibition test, milk pH, and electric conductivity indicated MCMT to be most sensitive (95.16%) and specific (98.02%) test.
The antimicrobial susceptibility test revealed that most of the bacterial strains (gram positive, gram negative, and mixed) isolated from subclinical mastitis milk samples, were highly sensitive to enrofloxacin 53.91%, least sensitive to oxytetracycline 17.39% and ampicillin 7.83%, and resistant to streptomycin. The therapy with enrofloxacin and nimesulide was found more efficacious (92.30%) in treating subclinical mastitis cows. It was concluded that consideration of socioecological factors for mastitis control in periurban area would help to reduce the cost of mastitis control in clean milk production.
Role of Import and Export Regulatory Animal Health Officials in International Control and Surveillance for Animal Diseases
Authors: BOKMA BOB H.
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  The challenges to those who regulate the import and export of animals and animal products are escalating, due to the evolving nature of animal and human disease agents. The diseases and agents of interest may include low pathogenic avian influenza, bluetongue, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, and foot‐and‐mouth disease. Fear of an incursion of an unknown or incompletely understood threat can significantly limit risk tolerance. The fear may be that an incursion will affect export trade or tourism. An incomplete knowledge of the animal health situation in the exporting country, due to insufficient surveillance for the disease agent of concern, may limit the application of science in import decisions. In addition, the disease agent may be inappropriately considered exotic if it has not been described. As a result, excessive safeguards for disease agents that do not present any new threat may be employed. To confront these challenges, we are striving toward transparency in international reporting. Moreover, regulatory import decisions exceeding the recommendations of the Terrestrial Animal Health Code and the Aquatic Animal Health Code of the World Organization for Animal Health must be fair and science‐based.
Development of a Monoclonal Antibody‐Based Immunohistochemistry Method for BSE Surveillance in China
Authors: WU XIAODONG , WANG ZHILIANG , LIU YUTIAN , ZHANG YONGQIANG , CHEN YIPIN , ZOU YANLI
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  Five hybridoma cell lines secreting anti‐PrP antibodies were established from the fusion between mouse myeloma Sp2/0 and spleen cells from mice immunized with recombinant Chinese Luxi yellow cattle (Bos taurus, Luxi) PrP (24–234) or recombinant Chinese small‐tailed Han sheep PrP (94–227). According to their Western blot reactivity, five monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) could be divided into two groups. Group A, mAbs 1H2, 4C6, and 4C11 recognized re‐PrP, PrPC, and PrPSc from both bovine and sheep. Group B, mAbs 2H3 and 4H10 only recognized re‐PrP and PrPSc of sheep, and especially, these two mAbs could not recognize PrPC from both bovine and sheep. In immunohistochemistry (IHC) test, mAb 4C11 immunostained the PrPSc accumulation in tissue sections from BSE cattle and Scrapie sheep, and compared with mAb 6H4, it had the same immunohistochemical pattern. An IHC method based on mAb 4C11 for the detection of BSE was established and had been applied for the long‐term surveillance of BSE in China. From 2001 to 2004, 12,692 samples from the whole country had been tested and all had negative results.
A Serological Survey of Pigs, Horses, and Ducks in Nepal for Evidence of Infection with Japanese Encephalitis Virus
Authors: PANT GANESH R.
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an emerging disease of animals and humans in Nepal. A serological study for antibody to JE virus was conducted in Nepal from September 2003 to August 2004 by collecting 280 sera from pigs, ducks, and horses covering 10 districts of the country. These sera were tested by performing competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies against JE virus. The total number of tested sera was 280, of which 43.92% were found positive for the presence of antibodies against JE virus infection in Nepal. Sero‐prevalence of JE in pigs, ducks, and horses was 48.11%, 26.79%, and 50.0%, respectively.
Porcine Innate and Adaptative Immune Responses to Influenza and Coronavirus Infections
Authors: CHARLEY BERNARD , RIFFAULT SABINE , VAN REETH KRISTIEN
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  Both innate and adaptative immune responses contribute to the control of infectious diseases, including by limiting the spreading of zoonotic diseases from animal reservoirs to humans. Pigs represent an important animal reservoir for influenza virus infection of human populations and are also naturally infected by coronaviruses, an important group of viruses, which includes the recently emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus. Studies on both innate and adaptative immune responses of pigs to influenza virus and coronaviruses contribute, therefore, to a better control of these infections in their natural hosts and will be briefly reviewed in this article. Pro‐inflammatory cytokines, including type I interferon (IFN), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), were found in lung secretions of influenza virus infected pigs, and correlated with the intensity of clinical signs, whereas prior vaccination against influenza strongly reduced the production of infectious virus and cytokines in the lungs upon challenge, which was associated with clinical protection. An early type I IFN production was also found in coronavirus infected pigs, including at mucosal sites. IFN induction by coronavirus is shown to involve interaction between a viral glycoprotein and a leukocyte subset, likely equivalent to plasmacytoid dendritic cells, present in the mucosae and associated lymphoid tissues. Given the IFN mediated antiviral and immunomodulatory effects, the use of IFN or IFN inducers may prove an efficient strategy for a better control of influenza virus and coronavirus infections in pigs. Because influenza and coronaviruses target mucosal surfaces, adaptative immune responses have to be characterized at mucosal sites. Thus, nasal and pulmonary antibody responses were analyzed in influenza virus infected or vaccinated pigs showing short‐lived, but potentially protective local IgA and IgG antibody (Ab) responses. Interestingly, primary influenza virus infection induced long‐lived increase of lung CD8+ T cells and local lymphoproliferative responses. Pigs infected by a respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) showed virus‐specific IgG Ab‐secreting cells in the bronchial lymph nodes, whereas the transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) induced more IgA Ab‐secreting cells in gut tissues, which illustrates the importance of the route of antigen administration for inducing local immune effector mechanisms. Porcine viral infections provide, therefore, valuable models for evaluating the immune parameters that are important for controlling transmission of important viral zoonotic infections.
Ecopathological Approach in Tropical Countries
Authors: FAYE BERNARD , LANCELOT RENAUD
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  From the 1960s, in developed countries, epidemiological approach widened in veterinary sciences in order to understand and analyze the emergence of “production diseases” in “modern farms” where animal management was compared to industrial process. This approach was linked to “productivism” in livestock farming system. In France, this approach included formerly the understanding of farmers' practices and considered the health disorders as an output of farming system. This theory was known as “ecopathological approach.” Since 2000, the main purpose for veterinary sciences seems to be now emerging diseases. In tropical countries, a high intensification of livestock production is expected, especially in periurban areas. This intensification linked to a general better control of main infectious diseases (i.e., Rinderpest, CBPP, anthrax) in such farming system leads to many changes in the farming practices and is associated to the emergence of production diseases as mastitis or infertility in dairy farms, respiratory diseases in pig farms and so on. In those conditions, it is suggested to initiate ecopathological approach in these intensified systems in order to identify the main risk factors due to farmers' practices, environmental conditions, and herd characteristics. The general methodology and some examples in tropical countries (Chad, Brazil, and Senegal) are proposed in the present article.