bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANALISIS PERFORMANSI GATEWAY LOAD BALANCING PROTOCOL (GLBP) PADA JARINGAN LAN UNTUK LAYANAN VIDEO STREAMING
Authors: Arifwidodo Bongga
Published: July 2019

Abstrak- Pertukaran informasi tidak hanya sebatasteks dan gambar saja, tetapi kebutuhan terhadap informasi yangbersifat real time juga sangatlah dibutuhkan salah satunyaaplikasi video streaming. Hal tersebut tidak terlepas dari kualitasjaringan, maka dari itu dibutuhkan suatu jaringan handal yangmampu meminimalisir terjadinya penumpukan data dan packetloss tinggi yang disebabkan karena adanya kegagalan link padasuatu jaringan. Untuk membuat jaringan yang handal padapenelitian ini mengimplementasikan protokol Gateway LoadBalancing Protocol (GLBP). Protokol GLBP memiliki fitur loadbalancing yang merupakan prinsip penyeimbang beban paketyang akan dikirimkan dengan melalui router-router yang aktif.Sehingga apabila ada jalur yang terputus, diharapkan konektifitasdata masih tetap terjaga dengan adanya jalur alternatif. Padapenelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan layanan videostreaming untuk mengetahui kinerja dari jaringan protokolGLBP. Parameter delay dari skenario 1, 2, dan 3 pada variasi720p berturut-turut 2.60 ms, 2.60 ms, dan 2.75 ms. Pada variasi1080p berturut-turut 1.68 ms, 1.68 ms, dan 1.76 ms. Hasiltersebut termasuk ke dalam kategori bagus menurut standarTIPHON ETSI TR 101 329. Parameter throughput dari skenario1, 2, dan 3 pada variasi 720p berturut-turut 2.11 Mbps, 2.11Mbps, dan 1.99 Mbps. Pada variasi 1080p berturut-turut 3.27Mbps, 3.27 ms, dan 3.10 Mbps. Parameter packet loss dariskenario 1, 2, dan 3 pada variasi 720p berturut-turut 0%, 0%, dan10.57%. Pada variasi 1080p berturut-turut 0%, 0%, dan 10.19%.Hasil dari skenario 1, 2 pada kedua variasi resolusi termasukkategori sangat bagus, sedangkan dari skenario 3 pada keduavariasi resolusi termasuk kategori sedang menurut standarTIPHON ETSI TR 101 329.
Discrete Event Simulation of Driver's Routing Behavior Rule at a Road Intersection
Authors: Benzaman Ben , Pakdamanian Erfan
Published: July 2019

Several factors influence traffic congestion and overall traffic dynamics. Simulation modeling has been utilized to understand the traffic performance parameters during traffic congestions. This paper focuses on driver behavior of route selection by differentiating three distinguishable decisions, which are shortest distance routing, shortest time routing and less crowded road routing. This research generated 864 different scenarios to capture various traffic dynamics under collective driving behavior of route selection. Factors such as vehicle arrival rate, behaviors at system boundary and traffic light phasing were considered. The simulation results revealed that shortest time routing scenario offered the best solution considering all forms of interactions among the factors. Overall, this routing behavior reduces traffic wait time and total time (by 69.5% and 65.72%) compared to shortest distance routing.
About odide: A Friendly and Necessary Ion
Authors: Alves Maria Lúcia D'Arbo , Navarro Anderson Marliere
Published: July 2019

Iodide is an essential micronutrient present in very small quantities in the human body, with a fundamental action for the adequate synthesis of thyroid hormones, which are critical for cell differentiation, growth and metabolism. In the form of iodide, iodine is widely distributed in the environment, although in an irregular manner, occurring in abundant amounts in the oceans and in coastal areas and scarcely found on islands and mountains. The diet is the main source of iodine, whose intake varies according to the amount present in soil and water and according to eating habits. Governmental policies have been adopted to satisfy and guarantee the necessary daily supply of iodine, such as fortification of industrialized salt for domestic iodine consumption or addition to the bread commonly consumed in a given region, or the offer of iodized oil to the population, or even iodine supplementation through medications. Iodide deficiency is the main avoidable cause of brain damage to fetuses and children, as well as retardation of psychomotor development. Thyroid hormones are almost universally involved in the development and proliferation of fetal neural tissue. Permanent lesions of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum may occur, with loss of, or damage to the brainstem or spinal cord, affecting cortical areas that integrate highly specialized stimuli, which become poorly defined on an anatomical basis, including silent areas of the associative cortex. One of the more significant metabolic problems due to dietary iodine deficiency is the presence of goiter (increased volume of the thyroid gland). Thyroid carcinoma is the most frequent endocrine neoplasia affecting the human species and plasma iodine concentration is related to the development of specific subtypes of this neoplasia. An increased prevalence of follicular carcinoma, a more aggressive tumor, has been observed in areas of iodine deficiency, while the correction of this deficiency is associated with a higher prevalence of papilliferous carcinoma, a less aggressive form. CONCLUSION: An ideal plasma iodide concentration is necessary to insure the proper mental development of fetuses and young children and to minimize the aggressiveness of thyroid cancer from follicular cells in humans.
VAPOR: A Visualization Package Tailored to Analyze Simulation Data in Earth System Science
Authors: Li Shaomeng , Jaroszynski Stanislaw , Pearse Scott , Orf Leigh , Clyne John
Published: July 2019

Visualization is an essential tool for analysis of data and communication of findings in the sciences, and the Earth System Science (ESS) are no exception. However, within ESS specialized visualization requirements and data models --- particularly for those data arising from numerical models --- often make general-purpose visualization packages difficult, if not impossible, to effectively use. This paper presents VAPOR: a domain-specific visualization package that targets the specialized needs of ESS modelers, particularly those working in research settings where highly interactive exploratory visualization is beneficial. We specifically describe VAPOR’s ability to handle ESS simulation data from a wide variety of numerical models, as well as a multi-resolution representation that enables interactive visualization on very large data while using only commodity computing resources. We also describe VAPOR’s visualization capabilities, paying particular attention to features for geo-referenced data and advanced rendering algorithms suitable for time-varying, 3D data. Finally, we illustrate VAPOR's utility in the study of a numerically simulated tornado. Our results demonstrate both ease-of-use and the rich capabilities of VAPOR in such a use case.
PENGEMBANGAN MODEL LATIHAN KEKUATAN OTOT LENGAN PADA CABANG OLAHRAGA SOFTBALL
Authors: Rihatno Taufik , Tobing Siti Rosana Agustin L
Published: July 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan model latihan kekuatan otot lengan pada cabang olahraga softball. Pendekatan penelitian pengembangan model latihan ini menggunakan model Research and Development dari Sugiyono. Uji kelompok kecil melibatkan 15 atlet dan 30 atlet untuk uji coba kelompok besar. Data uji coba diambil menggunakan angket berisi pertanyaan mengenai kemenarikan dan kemudahan model. Uji validitas model menggunakan uji justifikasi ahli. Model latihan yang dibuat dan diujicobakan kemudian dikonsultasikan dan dinilai 3 ahli softball. Hasil uji coba kelompok kecil dengan variabel kemenarikan model sebesar 80,21% dan uji kelompok besarnya 76,67% atau dengan kategori â€œbaikâ€. Untuk uji kelompok kecil dengan variabel kemudahan sebesar 73,26% dan uji kelomok besar 74,72% dengan kategori â€œbaikâ€. Hasil perbandingan antara pre test dan post test yang diberikan kepada subjek diperoleh t hitung sebesar 7,79 dan t tabel = 1,695 Sehingga dapat disimpulkan terdapat perbedaan hasil antara sebelum dan sesudah diterapkan model pengembangan latihan kekuatan otot lengan pada olahraga sofball. Disimpulkan, pengembangan model latihan kekuatan otot lengan mudah dan menarik untuk dilakukan serta efektif untuk menigkatkan kemapuan lemaparan atlet pada cabang olahraga softball.
EnjoyYourLAB: una aplicación móvil (App) de apoyo a la docencia en los laboratorios de ingeniería hidráulica (Fase II)
Authors: García Morillo Jorge , González Perea Rafael , Rodríguez Díaz Juan Antonio
Published: July 2019

EnjoyYourLAB es una aplicación móvil (APP) de apoyo a la docencia de las prácticas de laboratorio de Ingeniería Hidráulica. En esta segunda fase se ha depurado la aplicación y se ha completado con la incorporación de la recreación virtual del laboratorio de la Escuela Politécnica Superior de Belmez y con la edición de los vídeos de las prácticas de laboratorio. Se han editado vídeos docentes de las prácticas de laboratorio referentes a medida de presiones y aforo de caudales, pérdidas de carga en tuberías y singularidades, determinación de la curva característica de una bomba y punto de funcionamiento, régimen uniforme y gradualmente variado en canales abiertos y determinación de las fuerza de empuje sobre superficies planas sumergidas. A través de la App los alumnos tendrán acceso a la plataforma Moodle, a las memorias de prácticas, material audiovisual e información técnica de los distintos dispositivos empleados. A través de esta herramienta los estudiantes tendrán disponible un mayor nivel de información, que podrán consultar y visualizar tantas veces cómo deseen lo que contribuirá a la solidez del conocimiento adquirido.
HİZMET İŞLETMELERİNDE PAZAR YÖNLÜLÜK: BATI AKDENİZ BÖLGESİ HASTANELERİNDE BİR UYGULAMA
Authors: SONGUR Ahmet , BAŞARAN Burak
Published: July 2019

Bu çalışma, Türkiye'de faaliyet gösteren kamu hastanelerinde ve özel hastanelerde pazar yönlülüğün kurum performansına etkisini ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla Matsuno vd. (2000)’nin MARKOR ölçeği kullanılarak, Batı Akdeniz Bölgesi’nde hizmet sunan kamu hastanelerinde ve özel hastanelerde yönetici statüsünde görev yapan kişilerle görüşülmüştür. Kamu hastanelerinde görev yapan 45 yönetici ve özel hastanelerde görev yapan 30 yönetici olmak üzere toplam 75 yönetici ile görüşülmüştür. Veriler yüz yüze anket yöntemi ile elde edilmiştir. Verilerin analizi için SPSS 22.0 programından yararlanılmıştır. Analizlerde bağımsız t testi, tek yönlü varyans analizi ve korelasyon analizi yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre, pazarlama departmanı bulunan hastaneler, pazarlama departmanı bulunmayan hastanelere göre daha fazla pazar yönlüdür. Buna ek olarak hastanelerin hizmet yılları ile pazar yönlülüğü arasında anlamlı farklılık tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca hastanelerin yatak kapasitesi ile pazar yönlülüğü arasında da anlamlı farklılık olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Korelasyon analizi sonuçlarına göre ise araştırma yapılan hastanelerin pazar yönlülüğü ve performansı arasında ilişki bulunamamıştır.
Going Dark: What Are the Consequences of Losing Off-Campus Access to Library Resources?
Authors: Hurst Chris , Schira H. Rainer
Published: July 2019

In October 2013, one of Brandon University’s servers was hacked, and the campus’s servers were isolated from the internet. This led to the loss of off-campus library services to students and faculty. To investigate the effects of this loss, the authors surveyed Brandon University students and conducted semi-structured interviews with Brandon University faculty. The authors found that 68% of the students surveyed reported that the loss of access to off-campus library services affected them in some measure. The survey provided insight on why some students were not affected by the loss of access. The survey also provided data on how the loss of access affected students. The semi-structured interviews provided perspectives on the difficulties of the situation. Although the authors do not want to ever face this problem again, the study provided important lessons in provision of library service in these situations.
Grain-Size Controls On the Morphology and Internal Geometry of River-Dominated Deltas
Authors: Burpee Alexander P. , Slingerland Rudy L. , Edmonds Douglas A. , Parsons Daniel , Best Jim , Cederberg James , McGuffin Andrew , Caldwell Rebecca , Nijhuis Austin , Royce Jordan
Published: July 2019

Predictions of a delta's morphology, facies, and stratigraphy are typically derived from its relative wave, tide, and river energies, with sediment type playing a lesser role. Here we test the hypothesis that, all other factors being equal, the topset of a relatively noncohesive, sandy delta will have more active distributaries, a less rugose shoreline morphology, less topographic variation in its topset, and less variability in foreset dip directions than a highly cohesive, muddy delta. As a consequence its stratigraphy will have greater clinoform dip magnitudes and clinoform concavity, a greater percentage of channel facies, and less rugose sand bodies than a highly cohesive, muddy delta. Nine self-formed deltas having different sediment grain sizes and critical shear stresses required for re-entrainment of mud are simulated using Deflt3D, a 2D flow and sediment-transport model. Model results indicate that sand-dominated deltas are more fan-shaped while mud-dominated deltas are more birdsfoot in planform, because the sand-dominated deltas have more active distributaries and a smaller variance of topset elevations, and thereby experience a more equitable distribution of sediment to their perimeters. This results in a larger proportion of channel facies in sand-dominated deltas, and more uniformly distributed clinoform dip directions, steeper dips, and greater clinoform concavity. These conclusions are consistent with data collected from the Goose River Delta, a coarse-grained fan delta prograding into Goose Bay, Labrador, Canada. A reinterpretation of the Kf-1 parasequence set of the Cretaceous Last Chance Delta, a unit of the Ferron Sandstone near Emery, Utah, USA uses Ferron grain-size data, clinoform-dip data, clinoform concavity, and variance of dip directions to hindcast the delta's planform. The Kf-1 Last Chance Delta is predicted to have been more like a fan delta in planform than a birdsfoot delta.
Origin of Turbidites In Deep Lake Geneva (France–Switzerland) In the Last 1500 Years
Authors: Kremer Katrina , Corella Juan Pablo , Adatte Thierry , Garnier Emmanuel , Zenhäusern gregor , Girardclos Stéphanie
Published: July 2019

Turbidites in lacustrine sediments are commonly used to assess the frequencies of flood events and/or earthquakes. Understanding the origin of those deposits is key to adequately assess the sources and triggers of such events in large lacustrine systems. Ca/Ti X-ray fluorescence core scanner and magnetic susceptibility values on sediment cores of the deep basin of Lake Geneva are used as a provenance indicator of the turbidites either from the Dranse or Rhone deltas or from the slopes not influenced by deltaic input. This tool is validated by mineralogical analyses (X-ray diffraction), major-, and trace-element geochemistry (X-ray fluorescence). Based on this discrimination method, the turbidites deposited in the central part of the deep basin can be classified regarding their origin. From all identified turbidites, four turbidites are chosen based on their large depositional area and volumes and are studied in more detail in order to better understand the processes leading to turbidite deposition in the deep basin. The age intervals of these turbidites were compared to the historical records of extreme events in the region of Lake Geneva. These turbidites can be related to extreme floods, earthquakes, and “spontaneous” delta collapses. The cause of two turbidites could not be identified precisely due to large dating intervals that did not allow attributing a specific historical event to the turbidite layer. Overall, this study provides a tool in classifying the turbidites in deep Lake Geneva and exemplifies that defining the cause of turbidites is complex although it remains a prerequisite for paleohydrology and paleoseismology studies.
ENCOUNTER FREQUENCY DOES NOT PREDICT PREDATION FREQUENCY IN TROPICAL DEAD-SHELL ASSEMBLAGES
Authors: MARTINELLI JULIETA C. , KOSNIK MATTHEW A. , MADIN JOSHUA S.
Published: July 2019

Predation is frequently suggested to be a key biotic process that can shape ecological communities and drive coevolution. The premise behind these hypotheses is that predators select prey to ensure maximum gain per unit effort; for example, by selecting species that are more abundant or accessible. In this study, we tested for predator selectivity in a tropical molluscan assemblage by quantifying the influence of relative abundance (encounter frequency) on predation frequencies. We collected macromollusks (> 4 mm) from 15 sites in three soft-sediment reef lagoons at One Tree Reef (southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia). Dead mollusks were counted and identified to species level (61 species, n  =  8131), and species predation frequencies were calculated as the proportion of shells with drill holes. We found that in this infauna-dominated community, levels of drilling predation were low (7.14% on average), and there was no evidence that predators selected prey based on encounter frequency. This result was consistent across prey species and lagoons. Thus, drilling predators did not specialize on more accessible prey species and were not a major cause of mortality in this modern macromollusk assemblage. Since drilling gastropods are size selective, lack of selectivity in our samples only applies to the prey size range considered. Detailed studies of prey morphological traits, as well as accounting for predator non-consumptive effects could shed light on the preferences and relevance of drilling gastropods in this soft-sediment carbonate reef assemblage.
PALEOECOLOGIC SIGNIFICANCE OF MALACOFAUNA, OLDUVAI GORGE, TANZANIA
Authors: JOHNSON CLAUDIA C. , NJAU JACKSON K. , VAN DAMME DIRK , SCHICK KATHY , TOTH NICHOLAS
Published: July 2019

The rich record of vertebrate, hominin and archaeological remains recovered from Olduvai Gorge in northern Tanzania stands in stark contrast to the largely unexplored macroinvertebrate record from the region. Here we examine fossil malacofauna from Olduvai Gorge, inclusive of new discoveries and previous reports, and survey their potential as paleoecologic indicators. Recorded for the first time from Olduvai, an assemblage of fossil bivalve shells is attributed by character comparison to modern Chambardia wahlbergi, a freshwater unionid species widespread across Africa. The fossilized shells were localized in Bed III conglomerate channel deposits, with channel geometry exhibiting scour bases and superimposed fill structures with fining upward sequences. The ecology of recent C. wahlbergi combined with sedimentological data indicate the aquatic environment in this region during Olduvai Bed III times can be reconstructed as a periodically desiccated floodplain bordering a river channel or channels with permanent running water and marked seasonal fluctuations. This paleo-environmental setting presents drastic change compared with that of the lower Bed I and Bed II deposits, when an alkaline/saline lake extended over the site and fresh water was restricted to standing groundwater-fed pools with snail species known today to be intermediate hosts for the trematode genera Schistosoma (schistosomiasis) and Fasciola (fascioliasis). This research enhances details of landscape evolution at Olduvai basin and furthers paleoenvironmental interpretations during the time of Bed III deposition.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PEATLAND AGGRADATION IN MODERN AND ANCIENT ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: KORASIDIS VERA A. , WALLACE MALCOLM W. , JANSEN BEN
Published: July 2019

Peats are commonly used in paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic studies but detailed sedimentological and facies models for peatlands are poorly developed relative to other sedimentary settings. A comparison of the palynology and charcoal abundances in modern and ancient Cenozoic peats (i.e., brown coals) demonstrates that, in a single cycle, their respective flora commonly evolves from inundated wetland assemblages to more elevated and well-drained forest. The repetitive nature of this pattern suggests that the changing floral compositions result from changes in substrate wetness during peatland aggradation in high rainfall settings. In this scenario, floristic changes within the peat are suggested to represent peatland facies that were controlled by the local peat-forming environment. We suggest that peatland aggradation is an important process that may ubiquitously control the floral and environmental changes documented in modern and Holocene ombrogenous peats, brown coal lithotype cycles, and perhaps black coal dulling-upwards cycles.
Selection of Suitable Dam Axis Location Considering Permeability and Grout Curtain Optimization
Authors: Canoğlu Mustafa Can
Published: July 2019

This study investigated the effects of active tectonism on the construction of hydraulic structures. Apart from the effect of dynamic loads, active tectonism can cause permeability problems. The focus of this study was on overcoming the permeability problems considering the economic yield in terms of grout curtain design and optimum dam axis location. The ground permeability of dam locations is one of the decisive factors affecting the feasibility and economic yield of dam construction. Techniques (such as grouting) for ensuring ground permeability reduction are generally expensive and time-consuming; the experience at the first location of the Turgutlu Dam is a case in point. Construction of the first location of Turgutlu Dam was planned on a fault terrace that is part of the North Anatolian Fault Zone, which is the most important active tectonic feature in Turkey. A grout curtain was planned to provide permeability reduction and ground treatment for the terrace material. However, the base elevation of the adjacent valley is deeper, and thus potential leakage to this valley was expected. In spite of its big reservoir area, the Turgutlu Dam Project became infeasible in terms of economic yield due to the ground remediation (construction of grout curtain) costs for this location. To solve this problem, the dam was relocated downstream to avoid the fault terrace, choosing an optimum grout curtain to minimize cost and improve water retention of the reservoir, and increase economic yield of the dam.
Ensuring Successful Landslide Investigation During an Emergency Response
Authors: de Graff Jerome V.
Published: July 2019

When a destructive landslide happens, geologists may be recruited to be part of the team carrying out the emergency response. An emergency response situation requires geologists to quickly acquire needed geologic information during an intense and stressful assignment. There are five significant operational approaches that are essential to ensure success in this situation. First, the geologists should fully understand and remain focused on the objectives of the response mission. Second, the landslide area must be accessed safely when collecting needed data. From a team standpoint, an injury negatively affects available data and time. Third, the landslide information that is developed must be reliable within the context of the mission and be obtainable within a limited time. Fourth, given the constraints on data collection imposed by an emergency response situation, the degree of uncertainty associated with the findings will need to be explained to ensure subsequent decision-making is done on a sound basis. Fifth, the information needs to be communicated to different audiences, who will range from individual team members to groups of people affected by the landslide. Whether providing documentation or making a presentation, the geologist will need to engage them by explaining the landslide information so it speaks to their needs. Experience gained serving on teams for a huge landslide damming a river in Dominica, West Indies, in 1997 and a large rock slide that buried a major highway in California in 2006 illustrate these important aspects for ensuring success when investigating landslides during an emergency response.
Pedro Miguel Fault Investigations: Borinquen Dam 1e Construction and the Panama Canal Expansion
Authors: Schug David L. , Salter Paul , Goetz Christopher , Irving Derek
Published: July 2019

Borinquen Dam 1E is part of the new Pacific Access Channel (PAC) of the Panama Canal Expansion. The 2.3-km-long zoned rockfill dam forms the navigational channel providing navigation access from the Gaillard Cut to the new Post-Panamax Pacific Locks. A key geologic objective during construction was to confirm locations and activity of faults mapped at the dam during design, namely the Pedro Miguel Fault (PMF) and its suspected newly mapped “main trace.” The design allowed for core and filter widening at the anticipated location of the PMF at the south abutment and at a west branch of the PMF (believed to be the main active trace of the fault) mapped along the dam axis about one-third of the way north from the south abutment. As-built geologic mapping revealed complex faulting associated with the PMF crossing the southeast half of the foundation, the PAC, and the nearby Dam 1W foundation along a north-south trend. Trenching and age dating of alluvium overlying the faults crossing the Dam 1E foundation and overlying the PMF at Dam 1W indicated the unfaulted alluvium was latest Pleistocene to early Holocene age. At Dam 1E, the core and filters were widened to accommodate potential fault rupture on the PMF and a previously unrecognized fault revealed across the width of the dam foundation. The west branch of the PMF (trenched and mapped during design investigations) was determined to not exist at Dam 1E based on mapping the dam foundation and other extensive excavations created for the PAC.
The Geology and Mineralization of the High Lake Volcanic-hosted Massive Sulfide Deposit, Nunavut
Authors: PETCH C.A.
Published: July 2019

The High Lake polymetallic deposit is located in the northern Slave province, 40 km south of Coronation Gulf, Nunavut. The main zone, the AB zone, hosts an estimated resource of 3.56 Mt grading 5.0% copper, 1.1% zinc, 0.06% lead, 1.7 g/t gold, and 18.2 g/t silver. Archean felsic metavolcanic and metavolcaniclastic rocks are the dominant rock type and are associated with lesser mafic metavolcanic and carbonate-rich metasedimentary rocks. The sequence strikes north-northeast, dips steeply to the west, and is truncated to the west by a large granodioritic intrusion. The mineralization at the AB zone is comprised of massive and stringer chalcopyrite-sphalerite-pyrrhotite-pyrite±galena. At the core of the mineralized zone, intensely chlorite-altered rocks are locally metamorphosed to form distinctive zones of anthophyllite-magnetite-cordierite-altered rock. Peripheral to the mineralized core, alteration consists of sericitization, silicification, and weaker chloritization. Primary morphology and facing direction of the zone are difficult to interpret in part due to poor primary metal zonation of the deposit. However, the irregular shape of the mineralized zone and the erratic zones of zinc enrichment at the fringes are consistent with the interpretation that the zone was formed by the replacement of a porous volcaniclastic pile.
Tumor secreted ANGPTL2 facilitates recruitment of neutrophils to the lung to promote lung pre-metastatic niche formation and targeting ANGPTL2 receptor signaling prevents metastatic disease.
Authors: Charan Manish , Dravid Piyush , Cam Maren , Setty Bhuvana , Roberts Ryan D , Houghton Peter J , Cam Hakan
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Background: The pre-metastatic niche (PMN) represents an abnormal microenvironment devoid of cancer cells, but favoring tumor growth. Little is known about the mechanisms that generate the PMN or their effects on host cells within metastasis-prone organs. Osteosarcoma is a malignant tumor of bone made devastating through aggressive metastatic spread primarily to the lung. Mechanisms driving this tropism for lung tissue remain elusive though likely invoke specific interactions between tumor cells and the lung microenvironment.
Methods: By using spontaneous metastatic models, we investigated whether lung epithelial cells are essential for primary tumor induced neutrophil recruitment in lung and subsequently initiating PMN formation in osteosarcoma. Effects of a non–RGD-based integrin binding peptide (ATN-161) on osteosarcoma metastasis was examined in tail-vein mouse injection model.
Results: Serum levels of ANGPTL2 in osteosarcoma patients are significantly higher compared to those in healthy controls. Tumor-derived ANGPTL2 stimulates lung epithelial cells, which is essential for primary tumor-induced neutrophil recruitment in lung and subsequent pre-metastatic niche formation. In addition, tumor cell-derived ANGPTL2 disrupts vascular endothelial cell-cell junctions, increases the permeability of lung capillaries, and facilitates the trans-endothelial passage of tumor cells. Furthermore, we showed that pharmaceutical inhibition of ANGPTL2 signaling by ATN-161 diminished metastatic load in lungs likely due to reduction of the lung pre-metastatic niche formation.
Conclusions: Our data provide plausible evidence that activation of lung epithelial α5β1 receptor by ANGPTL2 induces chemokine production and neutrophil recruitment causing tumor growth-favoring lung microenvironment for incoming metastatic cancer cells. Pharmaceutical inhibition of ANGPTL2 signaling by ATN-161 diminished metastatic load suggesting possible therapeutic utility of ATN-161 in early stage osteosarcoma in children.
Shear Wave Elasticity by Tracing Total Nodule Showed High Reproducibility and Concordance with Fibrosis Leading to Discrepant Cut-off Values in Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Yoo Myung Hi , Kim Hye Jeong , Choi In Ho , Park Suyeon , Kim Sang Jin , Park Hyeong Kyu , Byun Dong Won , Suh Kyoil
Published: July 2019

Background Although shear wave elastography (SWE) is reported to be useful in detecting malignant thyroid nodules, it showed a wide range of cut-off values of elasticity index (EI) in detecting malignant nodules. The cause of discrepancy has not been clarified yet. Fibrosis of the tumors is known to increase the EI in SWE, and matching of SWE and surgical histopathology has not been fully illustrated in thyroid cancer. We aimed to evaluate the reproducibility of the new total nodular region of interest (ROI) method excluding the subjective features of focal circular ROI placement and to determine the lesion that causes the elevation of EI on SWE and on histopathology.
Methods A total of 29 thyroid cancers from 28 patients were included. We evaluated the reproducibility of EI in the new total nodular ROI using Q-Box Trace program and compared the EI in focal nodular ROI using a 3-mm circular area. We analyzed the correlation between fibrosis and EI.
Result The coefficient of variation (CV) of the intrarater assay was significantly lower in total nodular ROI than in focal nodular ROI within the image in rater 1 (1.7% vs. 13.4%, p<0.001) and in rater 2 (1.4% vs. 16.9%, p<0.001) and in different images in rater 1 (7.6% vs. 12.3%, p=0.040) and in rater 2 (7.5% vs. 19.8%, p=0.004). Moreover, CV of the interrater assay showed similar results (14.9% vs. 19%, p=0.030). Interrater intraclass correlation coefficient showed better agreement in total nodular ROI than in focal nodular ROI (0.863 vs. 0.783). The degree of fibrosis on histopathology showed significant correlations with EI (EMean, p<0.001; EMax, p=0.027), and the location of fibrosis was concordant with the high EI area on SWE.
Conclusion Our study revealed that the new total nodular ROI method showed higher reproducibility and better agreement in intra- and interrater assay than the focal nodular ROI method, suggesting a new, valuable, and standardized method in clinical practice. Moreover, our results showed that causes the elevation of EI leading to wide discrepant cut-off values of thyroid cancer was the formation of fibrosis.
Comparative Distribution of Small Mammals Diversity in Protected and Non-Protected Area of Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Julius William-Dee  , Faisal Ali Anwarali Khan  , Qhairil Rosli  , Muhd Amsyari Morni  , Isham Azhar  , Lee Sim Lim  , Roberta Chaya Tawie Tingga  , Mohd Ridwan Abdul Rahman
Published: July 2019

Rapid urbanisation in Malaysia has led to an increase in anthropogenic activities, inducing degradation of the natural environment. This advocates the necessity of wildlife and resource inventories be conducted at available forested areas, promoting steady improvement in the existing conservation and management plans, especially for threatened taxa such as the small mammals. Small mammals surveys was conducted at Tasik Bera, Ulu Gombak Forest Reserve, Sungkai Wildlife Conservation Centre, Penang Island, and Wang Kelian State Park. Harp traps, mist-nets, cage traps and pitfall traps were set during the surveys. Rhinolophus affinis was the most abundant (N = 61) volant small mammal, followed by Rhinolophus lepidus (N = 27). Meanwhile, the most abundant non-volant small mammal are Leopoldamys sabanus (N = 33), followed by Maxomys rajah (N = 25), and Tupaia glis (N = 22). Two species of shrews, Suncus etruscus and Crocidura monticola were caught as singletons. The results indicated that Ulu Gombak Forest Reserve has the highest species diversity (H’ = 2.754), whereas Penang Island recorded the lowest (H’ = 2.245). The species lists of small mammals generated from the survey will be significant for various stakeholders’ conservation and monitoring plans.

 

Pembangunan yang semakin pesat di Malaysia telah meningkatkan bilangan aktiviti antropogenik, sekaligus menyebabkan kemerosotan alam sekitar. Ini menunjukkan bahawa perlunya inventori hidupan liar dan sumber alam sekitar dijalankan di dalam kawasan hutan yang sedia ada, untuk mempromosikan peningkatan yang seimbang dalam pelan pemuliharaan dan pengurusan yang sedia ada, terutamanya untuk haiwan yang terancam seperti spesies mamalia kecil. Kajian mamalia kecil telah dijalankan di Tasik Bera, Hutan Simpan Ulu Gombak, Pusat Konservasi Hidupan Liar Sungkai, Pulau Pinang, dan Taman Negeri Wang Kelian. Harp trap, mist net, cage trap dan pitfall trap telah dipasang untuk kajian. Spesies Rhinolophus affinis (N = 61) merupakan spesies yang paling banyak ditangkap, diikuti dengan R. Lepidus (N = 27). Manakala untuk mamalia kecil tidak terbang, species Leopoldamys sabanus merupakan spesies paling banyak (N = 33) diikuti dengan Maxomys rajah (N = 25) dan Tupaia glis (N = 22). Dua spesies cencurut, Suncus etruscus dan Crocidura monticola masing-masing telah ditangkap dengan jumlah satu individu bagi setiap satu spesies. Hutan Simpan Ulu Gombak merekodkan kepelbagaian spesies yang paling tinggi (H’ = 2.754), manakala Pulau Pinang merekodkan nilai yang paling rendah (H’ = 2.245). Senarai mamalia kecil yang telah direkodkan melalui kajian ini merupakan maklumat yang signifikan bagi tujuan pemantauan dan konservasi biodiversiti.
Molecular Sexing of Southeast Asian Barn Owl, Tyto alba javanica, using Blood and Feather
Authors: Shakinah Ravindran  , Wai Kan Woo  , Safwan Saufi  , Wan Nur Amni  , Noor Hisham Hamid  , Cik Mohd Rizuan Zainal Abidin  , Intan Ishak  , Ghows Azzam  , Hasber Salim
Published: July 2019

Sexing of birds is important for ecology and evolutionary biology studies, as well as breeding and conservation programs especially for sexually monomorphic birds. As for barn owls, Tyto alba, confirmation of sex is important for conservation as well as introduction programs to control rodent pest populations. Molecular sexing of Southeast Asian subspecies, Tyto alba javanica was carried out using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification followed by 3% agarose gel electrophoresis. Primers P2/P8 and 2550F/2718R for the amplification of CHD gene (Chromo Helicase DNA-binding gene) were tested and both gave successful results. 2550F/2718R primer set gave better results as the gap between double bands was larger. DNA extracted from blood, whole diluted blood, and DNA extracted from feathers was used to molecularly sex owls. DNA extracted from feather gave the least effective results owing to contamination and low DNA concentration, while sexing owls using direct whole diluted blood provided a cost and time effective method. Sequencing of CHD gene from Tyto alba javanica showed 98% to 99% similarity in identity when compared to CHD gene of Tyto alba alba.
 

Penentuan jantina burung adalah penting untuk tujuan kajian ekologi dan biologi evolusi, serta program pembiakan dan konservasi terutamanya bagi burung yang mempunyai ciri monomorfik. Bagi burung pungguk jelapang Tyto alba, pengesahan jantina adalah penting untuk konservasi serta program pengenalan bagi kawalan tikus perosak. Penentuan jantina secara molekular untuk subspesies Asia Tenggara, Tyto alba javanica, telah dijalankan menggunakan Reaksi Rantai Polimerase (PCR) diikuti 3% gel agaros elektroforesis. Primer P2/P8 and 2550F/2718R untuk amplifikasi gen CHD (Chromo Helicase DNA-binding gene) diuji dan kedua-dua set primer memberi keputusan yang berjaya. Set primer 2550F/2718R memberi hasil yang lebih baik kerana jurang di antara jalur berganda lebih terang. DNA yang diekstrak dari darah, darah yang dicairkan, serta DNA yang diekstrak dari bulu burung digunakan untuk menentukan jantina burung. DNA yang diekstrak dari bulu memberi keputusan yang kurang memuaskan akibat pencemaran serta kuantiti DNA yang rendah. Penentuan jantina menggunakan darah yang dicairkan merupakan kaedah yang menjimatkan kos serta masa. Penjujukan gen CHD dari Tyto alba javanica menunjukkan 98% hingga 99% kesamaan identiti bila dibandingkan gen CHD Tyto alba alba.
Phosphorus and Soil Health Management Practices
Authors: Duncan Emily W. , Osmond Deanna L. , Shober Amy L. , Starr Laura , Tomlinson Peter , Kovar John L. , Moorman Thomas B. , Peterson Heidi M. , Fiorellino Nicole M. , Reid Keith
Published: July 2019

Core Ideas

Trade‐offs exist in nutrient losses for soil health management.

Combining soil health practices and other BMPs can exacerbate or mitigate P losses.

There are limitations of soil health practices and reducing P losses.

Educators should discuss BMP trade‐offs associated with P loss.

Soil health has gained widespread attention in agronomic and conservation communities due to its many purported benefits, including claims that implementation of core soil health practices (e.g., conservation tillage, cover crops) will improve water quality by curtailing runoff losses of nutrients such as phosphorus (P). However, a review of the existing literature points to well‐established findings regarding trade‐offs in water quality outcomes following the implementation of core soil health practices. In fact, both conservation tillage and cover crops can exacerbate dissolved P losses, undermining other benefits such as reductions in particulate P (sediment‐bound P) losses. Soil health management must be pursued in a manner that considers the complex interaction of nutrient cycling processes and produces realistic expectations. Achieving water quality goals through soil health practices will require adaptive management and continued, applied research to support evidence‐based farm management decisions.
Calcium: Improved plant health and nutrition through 4R management
Authors: Flis Sally
Published: July 2019

Calcium is an important nutrient for all crops. Soil calcium concentration and availability to crops is influenced by pH, CEC, soil type, and the concentration of other minerals in the soil. The solubility of the calcium source is important to consider when making a calcium application. The source, rate, timing, placement, and environmental conditions must be considered to implement the 4Rs for improved plant performance, yield, and crop quality. Earn 0.5 CEUs in Nutrient Management by reading this article and taking the quiz at www.certifiedcropadviser.org/education/classroom/classes/696.
Oat, rye, and ryegrass response to nitrogen fertilizer
Authors: Balkcom Kipling S. , Price Andrew J. , Kornecki Ted S. , Duzy Leah M.
Published: July 2019

A cereal cover crop combined with conservation tillage can enhance soil productivity of degraded Southeastern soils. This experiment, conducted in Headland, AL, was designed to compare cover crop biomass performance across nitrogen rates during the 2009 to 2012 growing seasons. Earn 1 CEU in Nutrient Management by reading this article and taking the quiz at www.certifiedcropadviser.org/education/classroom/classes/694.
Runoff and Leachate Phosphorus and Nitrogen Losses from Grass‐Vegetated Soil Boxes Amended with Biosolids and Fertilizer
Authors: Silveira Maria L. , O'Connor George A. , Lu Yanyan , Erickson John E. , Brandani Carolina , Kohmann Marta M.
Published: July 2019

Recent evidence suggests an upward trend in surface water phosphorus (P) concentrations in many segments of Florida, including the upper basin of the St. Johns River, a region that currently receives about two‐thirds of the state Class B biosolids land application. Concerns about water quality in this area are encouraging reexamination of the regulations governing biosolids programs. The objectives of this study were (i) to identify and thoroughly characterize the main biosolids sources routinely applied in the region, and (ii) to evaluate runoff and leachate N and P losses from a typical Florida Spodosol amended with biosolids or commercial inorganic fertilizer. Biosolids and inorganic fertilizer were surface applied uniformly at a rate equivalent to ∼114 kg P ha−1, which corresponded to a typical P load associated with nitrogen (N)‐based biosolids application. Soluble reactive P (SRP) was the predominant form of P lost in runoff and leachate. Inorganic P fertilizer increased flow‐weighted runoff total P concentrations nearly 60‐fold relative to control treatment (0.4 vs. 22 mg P L−1 for control and fertilizer treatments, respectively). With exception of biological P removal (BPR) biosolids, all other tested biosolids yielded flow‐weighted runoff P concentrations similar to untreated soils. Cumulative P and N losses (as a percentage of P and N applied) were greater from commercial inorganic fertilizer (∼38% of P and 46% of N) than any biosolids source (3% of P and 6% of N). Results demonstrate the value of water‐extractable P (WEP) as an indicator of biosolids P loss potential.

Core Ideas

Biosolids presented a lower risk of P and N losses than inorganic fertilizer.

Nitrogen and P lability varies significantly depending on the biosolids treatment process.

Data supported the usefulness of water‐extractable P as an indicator of biosolids P loss potential.

More field research is warranted to understand nutrient dynamics in biosolids‐amended soils.
GWAS for Fusarium Head Blight Traits in a Soft Red Winter Wheat Mapping Panel
Authors: Tessmann Elisane W. , Dong Yanhong , Van Sanford David A.
Published: July 2019

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is an important disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) that has caused billions of dollars in losses in recent decades. Although a massive breeding effort has been undertaken on multiple continents, there are no wheat cultivars with immunity to the disease. Resistance is conditioned by multiple loci and is further complicated by the role of the environment in expression of the disease phenotype. The objectives of our study were (i) to evaluate the phenotypic response to FHB in a large, diverse soft red winter wheat mapping panel; and (ii) to identify promising quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with FHB resistance based on a genome‐wide association study (GWAS). We evaluated the mapping panel in 2014–2015 and 2015–2016 in an irrigated, inoculated scab nursery near Lexington, KY. Traits evaluated were heading date, plant height, FHB rating, severity, incidence, index, Fusarium‐damaged kernels (FDK), and deoxynivalenol (DON). There were significant (p < 0.05) differences among genotypes for all traits measured. The GWAS (based on 2‐yr entry means) identified 16 significant (p < 0.001) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with disease traits on multiple chromosomes. Single nucleotide polymorphism association ranged from −2.14 to 4.01% of the mean of a given trait. We detected SNPs associated with FDK and DON on chromosomes 4A, 5B and 6B, and these SNPs decreased DON levels by 1.5, 2.1 and 3.2 mg kg−1, respectively. Our study demonstrated that even small‐effect QTL can potentially decrease disease levels and thus be useful in breeding programs.
Boron: From Cosmic Scarcity to 300 Minerals
Authors: Grew Edward S.
Published: July 2019

Boron is rare in the cosmos because its nucleus is “fragile.” So, how does one get from the interstellar medium, where boron was first produced, to Earth's upper continental crust where boron is concentrated in deposits containing remarkably diverse suites of boron minerals? Processes that led to the formation of continental crust also concentrated boron, which is preferentially incorporated into melts and aqueous fluids. Deposits with high boron-mineral diversity include granitic pegmatites, peralkaline intrusions, boron-enriched skarns, and evaporite deposits. Despite the loss of boron minerals from the geologic record due to their ready solubility in water and breakdown at low temperatures, the increase in boron-mineral diversity with time is real, and is accelerated during supercontinent assembly.
Boron Behavior During the Evolution of the Early Solar System: The First 180 Million Years
Authors: Shearer Charles K. , Simon Steven B.
Published: July 2019

The behavior of boron during the early evolution of the Solar System provides the foundation for how boron reservoirs become established in terrestrial planets. The abundance of boron in the Sun is depleted relative to adjacent light elements, a result of thermal nuclear reactions that destroy boron atoms. Extant boron was primarily generated by spallation reactions. In the initial materials condensing from the solar nebula, boron was predominantly incorporated into plagioclase. Boron abundances in the terrestrial planets exhibit variability, as illustrated by B/Be. During planetary formation and differentiation, boron is redistributed by fluids at low temperature and during crystallization of magma oceans at high temperature.
Boron Isotopes: A “Paleo-pH Meter” for Tracking Ancient Atmospheric CO2
Authors: Rasbury E. Troy , Hemming N. Gary
Published: July 2019

The boron isotope composition of calcium carbonate shells of marine organisms has the unique potential to record surface ocean pH, allowing the calculation of atmospheric pCO2 due to the established relationship between pH and the partial pressure of (atmospheric) CO2 (pCO2). This “paleo-pH meter” allows scientists to produce a record of the natural fluctuations of atmospheric pCO2 over geologic time, which will help us better understand the impacts of the recent anthropogenic addition of CO2 to Earth's atmosphere. Towards this end, a tremendous effort to understand the systematics of boron uptake in marine carbonates is underway. Here, we review the potential of boron isotopes to constrain ocean pH and, thus, atmospheric pCO2.
Implementasi Metode Dempster Shafer Pada Sistem Pakar Diagnosa Gangguan Kepribadian
Authors: Yuwono Doddy Teguh , Fadlil Abdul , Sunardi Sunardi
Published: July 2019

Metode Dempster Shafer adalah metode ketidakpastian untuk menghasilkan diagnosis yang akurat. Karena penambahan atau pengurangan fakta baru dalam bentuk informasi tentang gejala dan gangguan. Metode ini memberi para ahli kepercayaan diri dalam pengetahuan mereka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menerapkan metode Dempster-Shafer untuk mendiagnosis gangguan kepribadian. Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah 20 data. Hasil penelitian ini adalah sistem pakar, yang mampu mendeteksi gangguan kepribadian pada seseorang berdasarkan gejala yang mereka rasakan, tanpa harus bertanya langsung kepada para ahli. Pengujian sistem ini meliputi validitas nilai akurasi sistem yang dilakukan dengan membandingkan hasil diagnosa ahli dengan hasil yang dihasilkan oleh sistem, akurasi yang dihasilkan adalah 85%.