bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSIX-30 mTORC1 Sensing Glutamate Signal to Promote Porcine Intestinal Development by Accelerating Intestinal Stem Cell Expansion
Authors: Zhu Min , Qin Ying-chao , Zhou Jia-yi , Gao Chun-qi , Yan Hui-chao , Wang Xiu-qi
Published: November 2020

Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) coordinates cell growth and metabolism with environmental cues, such as amino acids, growth factors, and energy. Glutamate (Glu) is a primary metabolic fuel for the intestinal epithelium and extensively involves numerous physiological processes. Crypt intestinal stem cells (ISCs) driven intestinal epithelial renewal that needs a continuous energy supplement. However, the effects of Glu on the expansion of porcine ISCs and intestinal epithelial development remain unclear. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the underlying mechanism that Glu promotes intestinal development. Firstly, a total of 14 weaned piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Large White) with similar body weight (BW) were randomly allocated into the control group, and the 1.0% Glu group with 7 replicates per group and 1 piglet per replicate. The experiment lasts for 21 days. The results showed that dietary Glu increased small intestinal weights, jejunal villus height, and the ratio of the villus height to the crypt depth. Moreover, dietary Glu promoted the proliferation and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells. Subsequently, iTRAQ proteomics screening indicated that intestinal mTORC1 signaling may participate in Glu-stimulated intestinal epithelial development, which was confirmed by Western blotting. Meanwhile, the IR/IRS/PI3K/Akt pathway and EGFR/ERK pathway are the upstream of Glu-induced mTORC1 signaling activation, which verified in IPEC-J2 cell line and intestinal organoids. Furthermore, the in vivo and ex vivo crypt ISCs experiments showed that Glu accelerated ISC expansion as increased intestinal organoid forming efficiency and budding efficiency. Glu also promoted ISC self-renew and differentiated into various functional cells (enterocytes, goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, Paneth cells). In summary, mTORC1 integrated Glu signal stimulated ISC expansion and ultimately promoted epithelial development.
PSX-31 Late-Breaking Abstract: Improving the DNA database of genotypes using SNP markers for locally bred cattle in Kazakhstan
Authors: Bissembayev Anuarbek , Tleulenov Zhumadiya , Koblanova Saule , Akhmetaliyeva Aliya , Ayupova Almagul , Kulbaev Rukhan
Published: November 2020

ICAR is recommending to use at least 14 STR loci or at least 100 SNP markers for cattle parentage verification recommended by ISAG. The existing database of genotyped DNA samples of meat and dairy breeds allows us to take into account not only microsatellite STR DNA loci, but since 2016 allows us to register data according to the results of studies of SNP markers. These works were supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of Kazakhstan under the grant project 1891 / GF4. The aim of the work was to study SNP in DNA for parentage verification of cattle. The following tasks have been implemented: 1) collect biological material, extract at least 1,000 DNA and conduct genotyping of DNA samples; 2) to test parentage verification and develop a database of SNPs for local cattle. 1,858 DNA samples were extracted using Stock Marks kits from Applied Biosystems. DNA testing was carried out at the Laboratory of Animal Genetics at the University of Queensland (Australia) and at the Neogen Laboratory (USA). Calculation of the reliability of parentage verification for 1067 animals was carried out automatically in the IAS system (www.plem.kz; table 1). The subbase “Database of SNPs for DNAs of local cattle” was developed, which includes up to 245 SNP markers and is filled with DNA indicators from 1,858 breeding animals. The studies conducted allowed the use of contemporary biotechnological methods with domestic breeds of beef cattle and for the first time to use the new method in breeding work with meat breeds. Already today, the created and updated database of genotyped DNA samples of beef and dairy breeds with an integrated program for calculating the reliability of livestock origin allows farmers to conduct breeding at a new higher level and meet international requirements for breeding animals (Zh.Tleulenov et al, 2017).
PSIII-36 The endocytic pathway plays a major role in the regulation of tight junction remodeling during nutrient starvation in jejunal IPEC-J2 cells
Authors: Li Enkai , Ajuwon Kola
Published: November 2020

Postweaning pigs are subjected to nutrient deprivation during which intestinal epithelial cells undergo increased turnover. To preserve intestinal function, intestinal epithelial cells must activate adaptive mechanisms that allow them to cope with starvation-induced stress; most importantly, the preservation of intestinal barrier function. The objective of this study was to investigate the underlying mechanisms involved in starvation-induced alteration of tight junction protein abundance and function in IPEC-J2 cells. Cells were subjected to total nutrient starvation in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate (KRB) buffer for 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h. Abundance of tight junction proteins was determined by RT-PCR, western blotting and immunofluorescence. Compared with control group (0 h), the protein expression of claudin 1, claudin 3 and claudin 4 protein was downregulated up to 6 h of starvation and then increased thereafter (P < 0.01). However, there was no change in the protein level of occludin and ZO-1. To determine the contribution of the lysosome and the ubiquitin proteasome pathways to regulation of tight junction protein abundance, the lysosome (Bafilomycin A1) and the proteasome (MG132) inhibitors were used in nutrient starved cells. Results showed the degradation of claudin 1, 3 and 4 up to 6 h of starvation was through the lysosomal pathway. Surprisingly, re-synthesis of claudins 4 and claudin 3 after prolonged starvation (12 and 24 h) was prevented when cells were treated with bafilomycin A1 and MG132, respectively. The autophagy-lysosome pathway inhibitors (Wortmannin and MHY1485) and endosome-lysosome pathway inhibitors (Dynasore and Pitstop 2) were further used to determine the specific roles of these pathways. In summary, the degradation of claudin 3 and claudin 4 during short-term starvation (up to 6 h) was through the dynamin-dependent endocytic pathway. However, re-synthesis of these proteins after prolonged starvation relies on both the lysosome and proteasome pathways.
PSII-35 The age-related characteristics of spermatogenesis in gander
Authors: Vetokh Anastasia N , Volkova Ludmila A , Iolchiev Baylar S , Volkova Natalia
Published: November 2020

Cryopreservation of testicular stem cells - spermatogonia is of interest along with the creation of semen cryobanks. During transplantation into recipients’ testes, spermatogenic cells can create a significant population of germ cells in the process of differentiation. The knowledge about spermatogenesis course in males is necessary for the effective selection spermatogenic cells. The research aim was to study the age-related characteristics of spermatogenesis in geese. The histostructure of gander testes (n = 35) at the age of 1 to 7 months was studied. The diameter of seminiferous tubules, and the types and number of spermatogenic cells in them were evaluated. From each gander at least 30 seminiferous tubules were examined. At the age of 1 month, the diameter of the seminiferous tubules was 51±1 μm. In subsequent age periods, this indicator increased and amounted to 63±2, 65±3, 66±2, 79±3, 98±6 and 170±5 μm at the age of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 months, respectively. Diameter increase with the age was associated with an increase of spermatogenic cells number inside tubules. At the 1 months age, the number of spermatogenic cells in one seminiferous tubule did not exceed 22±1. At the age of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 months, this indicator increased by 2.1, 2.7, 3.1, 6.4, 8.5 and 21.2 times. At the age from 1 to 3 months, the main cells types were Sertoli and spermatogonia cells. Primary and secondary spermatocytes from 4 months of age and spermatids from 5 months of age were visualized in the seminiferous tubules. Sperm were detected in the seminiferous tubules at 6 months old, the number of which increased towards the age of 7 months. The study was supported by RSF within Project №16–16–04104.
PSXI-7 Comparison of Range-Based and Irrigated Cow-Calf Systems – Grazing Season Performance
Authors: Hall John B , Sprinkle James E , Ellison Melinda , Goddard Sandra , Taylor Bret , Glaze James B
Published: November 2020

The objectives were to compare 1) cow performance, 2) cow fertility, and 3) calf performance in a range-based (RAN) or irrigated (IRR) system over 4 yr. Crossbred beef cows were assigned by age, BW, BCS (1 - emaciated to 9 - obese) and productivity to IRR or RAN. Cows in IRR (n = 170/yr) grazed irrigated cool season perennial pastures (May–October) then grazed crop residues (October-December). Cows in RAN (n = 160/yr) grazed sagebrush steppe range (May–December). Cows were provided hay and supplement (January-mid-March) to achieve BCS 5 by calving. Cows were artificially inseminated (AI). AI sires were distributed across IRR and RAN. Natural service bulls were introduced 8 to 14 d after AI. Cow BW and BCS were recorded at branding (April), pregnancy diagnosis, and end of grazing (December). Pregnancy was diagnosed at 60, 100, and 120 d after AI. Calves were weighed at birth, July, August and weaning (September). Data were analyzed using mixed models with main effect of system. Year (n = 4) was the experimental unit. Cows from the IRR (n = 674) and RAN (n = 638) had similar (P = 0.13) BW at branding but RAN BCS was 0.4 BCS less (P < 0.05). At end of grazing, IRR cows were 96 kg heavier (P < 0.001) and 1.8 BCS greater (P < 0.001) than RAN cows. System did not affect calf birth weight (P = 0.30); however, IRR calves were 20.7 kg heavier (P < 0.003) than RAN calves at weaning. Pregnancy rate was similar (P = 0.64) for IRR and RAN cows (94.7% and 93.6%, respectively). RAN resulted in reduced calf weights and returns per cow (- $60.50) compared to the IRR. In conclusion, producers using sagebrush steppe range will need to operate at a lower cost per cow than irrigated ranches.
PSXI-17 Increasing the number of water troughs do not increase water intake or improve calf performance
Authors: Marti Sonia , Verdu Marçal , Medinya Carles , Riera Joan , Devant Maria
Published: November 2020

Provision of adequate quantity of water is essential for cattle as it can affect their health and growth. In addition, during summer months, the amount of water that calves can drink may double, limiting water access. One hundred and eight Holstein male calves (241 ± 3.1 Kg and 184 ± 0.9 d of age) were used in a randomized design to evaluate the effect of increasing from one to two water troughs per pen on water intake, performance and calf behavior over time. Calves were allocated in 6 pens (3 pens per treatment; 18 calves per pen) with one computerized concentrate feeder and one straw feeder with 5 feeding spaces. Pens were assigned to one of the two treatments according to the number of water troughs, a singles water trough (SWT) or a double water trough (DWT). Concentrate and water intake was recorded daily, and body weight (BW) and behavior fortnightly. Data were analyzed using a mixed-effects model with repeated measures including treatment, period and their interaction as main effect and pen per treatment as random effect. Final BW, average daily gain, water and concentrate intake were not affected by the number of water trough in the pen, as well as carcass weight and dressing percentage. However, water intake increased (P < 0.001) by period with an average water intake per calf of 21 L/day in calves with 241 d of age in February, to 51 L/day in calves with 409 d of age in August. Sexual and agonistic behaviors such as grooming, oral non-nutritive behaviors, fighting and mounting did not differ between treatments. The provision of an extra water trough per pen did not improve calf performance nor increase water intake even in summer month.
PSXI-6 Calculating energy efficiency use for Nellore bulls divergent in residual feed intake
Authors: Batalha Camila D A , De Araújo Fabiana L , Branco Renata H , Tedeschi Luis O , Bonilha Sarah F
Published: November 2020

Retained energy (RE) and energetic efficiency index were measured in Nellore bulls from divergent classes of residual feed intake (RFI). Thirty-four Nellore bulls (15 low RFI-LRFI and 19 high RFI-HRFI) were feedlot finished and slaughtered with 385 ± 40 kg of body weight (BW) and 520 ± 26.2 days of age. At the beginning of the experiment, five LRFI and three HRFI were slaughtered and used as base line. Individual dry matter intake was recorded daily; initial and final BW were recorded after 16 h of fasting. Eight bulls, four LRFI and four HRFI, were fed at maintenance, receiving 65 g of DM/kg0.75 BW, and 18 bulls (10 LRFI and eight HRFI) were fed ad libitum. Diet had 19:81 roughage:concentrate, 88% of DM and 15% of crude protein. Ultrasound measurements on the Longissimus muscle were performed at intervals of 28 days. When two ad libitum bulls reached 4 mm of subcutaneous fat thickness, one maintenance bull was randomly chosen and slaughtered on the same day. After slaughter, the centesimal composition of the empty body and carcass was measured. Data were analyzed using a random coefficients model, and RFI class was included as a fixed effect. Least-square means were used to compare the means, and significance was declared for P ≤ 0.05. The LRFI had greater protein retention than HRFI (248 vs. 142 g/d; P = 0.009), and same fat and energy retention (313 g/d and 4.12 Mcal/d, respectively). The energy efficiency indexes, heat production per metabolic energy intake (Mcal/Mcal) and gain-to-feed (kg/kg) ratio, did not differ between RFI classes. Though LRFI had the same energy efficiency index, they were leaner. These results indicated an association of RFI and maturity patterns. Further research is needed to estimate the net energy requirements of Nellore bulls classified according to RFI. Acknowledgments: FAPESP Processes 2017/06709-2, 2018/20080–2 and 2019/17714-2.
PSII-1 Beef steers divergent in average daily gain have differential expressions of immunity-related genes in whole blood
Authors: Ogunade Ibukun M
Published: November 2020

We evaluated the whole-blood immune-related gene expression profiles in beef steers divergent in average daily gain (ADG). Forty-eight healthy Angus crossbred beef steers (21 d post-weaning; 210 ± 12 kg of BW) from a single source were housed in individual slatted floor pens and were fed similar corn silage-based total mixed ration ad libitum. After 42 days of feeding, the steers were assigned into two groups with lowest ADG (LF: n = 8) and highest (HF: n = 8) ADG. The average daily DM intake of the steers in LF and HF were 6.08 kg ± 0.57 and 6.04 kg ± 0.42, respectively, and was similar between the two groups (P = 0.72). Whole blood samples were taken from both LF and HF steers and were immediately processed for RNA extraction. Messenger RNA expressions of 84 genes related to innate and adaptive immune responses were analyzed using the RT2 Profiler cow innate and adaptive immune responses PCR Array (PABT-052ZA; Qiagen). Immune genes with FC ≥ 1.2 or ≤ 0.83 having P-value ≤ 0.05 were considered to be differentially expressed. A total number of 11 immune genes were differentially expressed between HF and LF steers. The mRNA expressions of 10 immune genes (IRF3, TLR3, CCR4, MAPK3, TYK2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT6, CCR8, and GATA3) were upregulated in HF steers; these genes were involved in viral pathogen recognition and eradication, defense against intracellular and extracellular pathogens and parasites, and immune response homeostasis. A pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-2, was upregulated in LF steers. These findings demonstrate that beef steers with divergent ADG had differential expressions of immune-related genes in the blood and future studies are needed to evaluate the mechanisms that cause differences in the expression of these immune genes and how these mechanisms can be employed to drive improved animal performance.
PSIX-13 Influence of an integrated fodder additive on productivity and metabolic homeostasis of dairy cattle in transition period
Authors: Nikanova Daria A , Kolodina Evgenia , Artemyeva Olga , Fomichev Yuri
Published: November 2020

The transition period is the most stressful for dairy cows in terms of metabolic rate and characterized by dynamic changes in the hormonal profile, loss of appetite, negative energy balance, nutrient and vitamin deficiencies, compromised immunity and oxidative stress. The aim of the research was to balance the increase in cows’ productivity and the consumption of nutrients from the feed during the transition period through the use of energy feed additives (EFS), high protein feed concentrate (PFC) in combination with biologically active (BA) substances. Thirty-six dairy cows of black-motley breed were divided into 3 groups: (1) The main diet (G0, n = 12), not supplemented with additives, (2) additive 1 (G1; supplemented with 0.5 kg EFS / cow per day, n = 12), (3) additive 2 (G2; supplemented with 0.5 kg EFS; 0.5 kg PFC and 0.06 kg BA / cow per day, n = 12). The experimental part of the feeding lasted for 20 days before calving and the first 100 days after calving (DPP). Blood samples were collected during the first and the third months after calving. The biochemical analyzer was used to measure blood serum components. The milk yield was recorded monthly throughout lactation. BCS losses from 7 days prior to calving to 28 DPP were -0.29 for Gr2, -0.42 for Gr1 and -0.60 for Gr0. Feeding with additive 2 (Gr2) increased milk yield (p≤0.05) in the first 100 DPPs and (p≤0.001) 305 DPPs compared to G0. The number of samples with SCC ≥ 500 000 / ml. per 100 DPP was 51% in the Gr0 group, 27% in Gr1, 25% in Gr2. Also, microbiological control showed an excess of Bacterial cells in the milk of cows from group G0, which correlates with SCC indicators. Cows from Gr2had a lower content of ketone bodies (P≥0.001) and higher (P≥0.001) antioxidant activity of blood serum compared to Gr0. Cows from Gr2 had an increase in ALT activity by1.4 times (P <0.05) from the first to the third months after calving.
PSVI-12 Effects of polyphenols (mixed tannins) and saponin (Yucca schidigera), with or without a direct fed microbial (DFM) on in vitro rumen fermentation
Authors: Goodall S Richard , Reyes Arquimides , Guimaraes Octavio , Belk Keith , Engle Terry E
Published: November 2020

Rumen fluid from fistulated steers receiving a high concentrate diet was utilized to examine the impact of polyphenols and saponin with or without a direct fed microbial (DFM) on in vitro fermentation characteristics. Treatments consisted of: Control (no polyphenols, saponin or DFM); 2) Polyphenols (Mixed Tannins = 15 g/hd/d); 3) Saponin (Y. schidigera = 2 g/hd/d); 4) Polyphenols + DFM (DFM = 1E+7 Lactobacillus animalis + 1E+8 Propionibacteria acidilactici cfu/hd/d); and 5) Saponin + DFM. Rumen fluid was collected and combined in equal amounts from 3 rumen fistulated steers and mixed at a 1:1 ratio of artificial saliva to rumen fluid. Fermentation substrate consisted of 0.5 g of the high concentrate diet. Fermentation bottles were capped with an air-tight rubber stopper and incubated in a water bath for 12 and 18h (7 replicates/treatment/time point). After incubation, the total volume of gas produced was measured and a subsample analyzed for N, CH4 and CO2 concentrations. After gas sampling, pH, VFA concentrations, and DMD were determined. In vitro fermentation parameters were analyzed using a mixed effects model repeated measures analysis for a completely randomized block design. Acetic acid was decreased while valeric acid was increased (P < 0.05) by the Saponin + DFM treatment vs. Control. At 12h DMD was greater in Saponin, Saponin + DFM and Polyphenols + DFM (P < 0.001) treatments compared to Control or Polyphenols alone. Polyphenols produced greater amounts of CH4 /DMD than all other treatments (P < 0.01). Microbial protein production and efficiency were greater (P < 0.001), Saponin + DFM compared to other treatments. Other fermentation parameters measured were not impacted by treatments. Under the conditions of this experiment these data suggest combining DFM with Saponin or Polyphenols produces different ruminal effects from when they are fed alone.
PSVI-16 Essential fatty acids and bio-surfactants can improve de bovine production in tropical pasture
Authors: D’Aurea André , Ferreira Luis , Bertelli Lauriston
Published: November 2020

Improving the efficiency of production of beef cattle on tropical pasture is a challenge. So, new technologies need be tested. Essential fatty acids (EFA) are essential for cell structure, regulation and can improve the immune response. Bio-surfactants (BS) can increase the interaction between microorganisms and substrates in the rumen (Liu et al., 2013). The aim of this work was to test a blend of EFA and BS in the performance of beef cattle in tropical pasture. This study was conducted in the Premix’s Research Center, Patrocínio Paulista, São Paulo State, Brazil. The area used had 6 hectares of pasture of Urochloa brizantha (syn. Brachiaria brizantha). Twenty-four Nellore steers were evaluated for 313 days. The initial weight was 253 ±10.9 kg. The diet was pasture and protein-energy supplements (0.4% of live weight) with (test) or not (control) additives. The additive was the blend of EFA (14.02g/kg-linolenic) and BS (57.5g/kg-phosphatidylcholine) including 0.3% in the supplement. The parameters used were daily average gain, carcass yield and carcass daily gain. The rumen degradability of dry matter of the forage was analyzed with cannulated animals (72, 48, 36, 24, 12, 6, 0 hours; Orskov & McDonald,1979). The analysis of variance was used with 5% significance. The daily average gain was 680 g/day for the control and 735 g/day for the test (P = 0.02). The carcass yield is not different (mean=55.48). The carcass daily gain was 429 g/day for the control and 456 g/day for the test (P = 0.06). The degradation potential of dry matter was 54.25% for the control and 56.71% for the test (P = 0.03). This is 4.5% more degradation of dry matter for the test. It can explain the 8% more of daily average gain and 8.45 kg of carcass in the period. The blend of EFA and BS can take additive effect improving the bovine production on tropical pasture and can be an environmentally friendly alternative.
PSVI-7 Effects of feeding chromium- and zinc- amino acid complexes on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing bulls fed zilpaterol hydrochloride for the last 30 days in the feedlot
Authors: Barajas Ruben , Cervantes Billy J J , Branine Mark E , Larson Connie K , Ramos-Suarez Alejandro
Published: November 2020

A 2 x 2 factorial study was conducted to evaluate main and interaction effects of feeding amino acid complexed sources of Zn (Zn-AAC; 40 mg /kg DM from Availa® Zn; Zinpro Corp., Eden Prairie, MN) and Cr (chromium methionine; Cr-Met; 0.20 mg / kg DM from Availa® Cr; Zinpro Corp., Eden Prairie, MN) fed in combination or separately, compared to an iso-Zn level Control (CON) group that provided Zn from ZnSO4 (80 mg Zn∙kg-1DM) with no supplemental source of Cr. Treatments were replicated into 4 pens with 5 finishing Bos taurus x Bos indicus bullocks/pen (80 bullocks; BW= 421 kg). Treatment diets were initiated 28 d prior to starting zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZIL; 15 mg/kg BW) with ZIL fed daily for 33 d followed by a 4 d withdrawal before harvest. During the ZIL-feeding Zn-ACC x Cr-Met interactions were present for ADG and Gain:Feed (G:F) where Zn-ACC improved ADG (P≤ 0.05) and Cr-Met improved G:F vs. CON. Effects may have been mediated by differences in DM intake (DMI), where DMI was numerically increased by Zn-ACC and decreased (P ≤ 0.01) by Cr-Met. Overall, feeding Cr-Met moderated DMI and improved G:F (P ≤ 0.05). Measures of carcass composition were not affected by Zn-ACC or Cr-Met. Hot carcass weight was increased (P ≤ 0.05) by feeding Zn-ACC and tended to increase with Cr-Met. Daily carcass gain increased from feeding either Zn-ACC or Cr-Met during the ZIL phase and overall study. Feeding Zn-ACC was a primary driver during the ZIL period and overall trial for increasing growth rate, with little or no influence on DM intake while feeding Cr-Met moderated DM intake to improve dietary and energetic efficiency. Balancing the feeding levels of Zn-ACC and Cr-Met will be key to optimizing the overall biological response and net return.
PSVI-17 Evaluating the impact of a high-starch and high-forage diet on the ruminal solid, liquid, and epimural microbiota of dairy cows
Authors: Sbardellati Dino L , Fischer Amelie , Cox Madison S , Li Wenli , Kalscheur Kenneth , Suen Garret
Published: November 2020

Ruminants harbor a rumen microbial community that convert their host-indigestible diet into nutrients. This rumen microbiome is known to contain three distinct communities: luminal solids, luminal liquids, and the epithelial, or epimural, communities. Currently, there is little research examining the diet-dependent responses of all three microbial communities within the same animals. To address this, we used next-generation 16S rRNA sequencing to characterize the bacterial communities associated with the ruminal solids, liquids, and epimural tissue of 13 lactating and cannulated Holstein dairy cows fed high-starch (diet A) and high-forage (diet B) diets in a crossover experimental design. This crossover design consisted of two groups, two diets, and two sampling periods, with animals receiving a single diet for 8 weeks. Ruminal solids and liquids were collected by separating whole rumen contents through cheesecloth, while rumen epithelial tissue was collected from the ventral-sac via biopsy. Samples were collected at the end of each diet-treatment period. Independent of diet, all sample-types were dominated by bacteria in the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Proteobacteria and Epsilonbacteraeota were also highly abundant, but only in epimural samples. Overall, the epimural microbiota was more diverse, relative to both luminal communities, and diet was found to impact community diversity in solids only. We also found that sample-type, diet-treatment, and their interactions, significantly impacted community structure (Bray-Curtis; PERMANOVA P < 0.05) and composition (Jaccard; PERMANOVA P < 0.05). Of the genera which differed in abundance according to diet and sample-type, Succiniclasticum was highly abundant in epimural samples only, and increased in abundance under a high-forage diet (P < 0.05). In contrast, Saccharofermentans was highly abundant in luminal samples only, but also increased in abundance under a high-forage diet (P < 0.05). These sample-type and diet-dependent differences in specific bacteria likely reflect the overall dietary and environmental factors shaping the heterogeneity of all three ruminal communities.
PSXII-11 The effects of feeding finishing cattle benzoic acid and/or live active yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on feeding behaviour, growth performance, and carcass characteristics
Authors: Williams Melissa S , Mandell Ira B , Bohrer Ben M , Wood Katharine M
Published: November 2020

In a randomized complete block design, 59 Angus-cross finishing steers were used to evaluate the effects of benzoic acid, active dry Saccharomyces cerevisiae or a combination of both when supplemented in a high-grain finishing diet on feeding behavior, animal performance, and carcass characteristics. Steers were fed for 106 d (77% high-moisture corn, 16% alfalfa haylage, 6% soybean meal, 1% mineral and vitamin supplement with salt and limestone) containing: no supplementation (CON; n = 15), 0.5% benzoic acid (ACD; n = 14), 3 g/hd/d active dry S. cerevisiae (YST; n = 15), or both 0.5% benzoic acid and 3 g/hd/d S. cerevisiae (AY; n = 11). Every 14 d steers were weighed, and ultrasound images for rib and rump fat thickness were collected at the beginning, middle, and end of the experiment. Insentec feeding stations were used to collect individual animal feeding behaviour data and DMI throughout the study. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS with initial BW as a covariate. Benzoic acid supplementation increased (P = 0.002) overall DMI compared to YST and AY steers, which was due to faster eating rates for ACD steers (P ≤ 0.008). Individual animal DMI variation was greater (P = 0.001) for ACD and AY steers. Rumen pH was greater (P = 0.006) for ACD steers vs. CON and AY steers (6.16, 5.84, and 5.66, respectively). Growth performance measures were similar (P ≥ 0.11) between treatment groups. Aspartate aminotransferase concentrations in blood were greatest (P ≤ 0.01) for YST steers, which was reflected in greater proportions of abscessed livers at slaughter. Carcass characteristics did not differ (P ≥ 0.68) between treatment groups. The results from this experiment suggest that steers fed a high grain finishing diet supplemented with benzoic acid, Saccharomyces cerevisiae or both had similar growth performance and carcass characteristics as a control group. The addition of benzoic acid increased eating rate and elevated rumen pH, which was ultimately reflected in increased DMI.
PSX-11 Effects of nutritional plane before breeding on body condition score, mass indexes, and chemical composition of hair sheep
Authors: Lourencon Raquel V , Dawson Lionel J , Puchala Ryszard , Ribeiro Luana P , Gipson Terry A , Loetz Erick , Rojas Miguel , Calle Mauricio , Scronce Adaven , Goetsch Arthur L
Published: November 2020

Twenty-five Dorper (D), 27 Katahdin (K), and 33 St. Croix (S) ewes were used to characterize changes in BW, body condition score (BCS), body mass index (BMI), and body composition with different nutritional planes before breeding. Supplement treatments were soybean meal fed at 0.16% BW and 25% soybean meal and 75% ground corn at 0.8% BW (DM; L and H, respectively). There were two animal groups and pens per breed and supplement treatment. Shrunk BW (20 h without feed and water), BCS (1–5), linear measures including wither height and length from the point of the shoulder to pin bone, and body composition via urea space were determined after 0, 4, and 8 wk. Initial values were 62.10, 59.99, 61.57, 62.25, 50.23, and 52.98 kg shrunk BW (SEM=3.601); 35.82, 34.81, 35.57, 36.41, 33.77, and 34.09% fat (SEM=1.043); 17.06, 16.72, 16.98, 17.27, 16.38, and 16.49 MJ/kg energy (SEM=0.357); 3.29, 3.41, 3.29, 3.29, 2.99, and 3.18 BCS (SEM=0.139); and 13.72, 14.22, 12.69, 12.81, 11.53, and 11.50 g/cm2 BMI (BW/(height×length); SEM=0.463) for D-L, D-H, K-L, K-H, S-L, and S-H, respectively. Change from wk 0 to 8 was -0.80, 2.90, -2.74, 3.33, -2.02, and 3.36 kg shrunk BW (SEM=0.842); -0.14, 2.03, -1.45, 1.70, -0.85, and 2.10 kg fat (SEM=0.862); -8.4, 83.7, -62.5, 73.8, -38.4, and 88.1 MJ energy (SEM=33.30); -0.02, 0.20, 0.04, 0.29, -0.08, and 0.17 BCS (SEM=0.070); and -0.265, 0.297, -0.185, 0.491, -0.571, and 0.587 g/cm2 BMI (SEM=0.488) for D-L, D-H, K-L, K-H, S-L, and S-H, respectively. Correlation coefficients between change in BCS and mass of water, fat, and energy were 0.35 and 0.44 (P ≤ 0.004), and those for BMI were 0.54 and 0.56, respectively (P < 0.001). In conclusion, a BMI can be more highly related to and predictive of change in body composition of hair sheep resulting from different nutritional planes compared with BCS.
PSX-13 Effects of supplementing sugar-based byproducts on ingestive behavior and ruminal fermentation parameters in small ruminants
Authors: Almeida Marina de Paula , Ferreira Marcelo de Andrade , dos Santos João Paulo Ismério Monnerat , Clemente João Vitor Fernandes , da Conceição Maria Gabriela , de Andrade Rodrigo Barbosa , Cavalcante Edwilka Oliveira , Cordeiro Eduardo Henrique Araújo , da Silva Dijaina Ferreira , da Silva Luiz Wilker Lopes , Bernardo de Siqueira Michelle Christina , Nunes Corrêa Agni Martins , Chaves Véras Antonia Sherlânea
Published: November 2020

A duplicated 4 × 4 Latin square design evaluated the effects of replacing ground corn grain (GCG) by sugar-based byproducts plus corn gluten feed (SBB-CGF) on ingestive behavior and ruminal fermentation parameters in small ruminants. Four ruminally cannulated wether sheep and four wether goats (72 and 65 ± 2.3 kg BW, respectively) were individually allocated to 8 pens, over 4 periods of 19-d each (12 d adaptation plus 7 d of sample collection) to receive a diet containing 50% roughage (bermudagrass hay; Cynodon sp.) and 50% concentrate (80% GCG, 16% soybean meal, and 4% premix) with 4 levels of inclusion of SBB-CGF in replacement of GCG (0, 33, 66, and 100%, DM basis). Corn gluten feed was used with SBB to maintain the diets isonitrogenous. Ruminal fluid was collected at 0, 2, 4, and 6 h after the morning feeding, whereas ingestive behavior was assessed on the d 12 of each period for 24 h. Resting time linearly increased with greater inclusion levels of SBB-GCF (P = 0.04; 15.6, 15.7, 16.0, 16.8 h/d). Rumination time was greater (P = 0.001), whereas resting time was lower (P = 0.002) for wether sheep vs. goats (6.5 vs. 4.3 h/d and 15 vs. 17 h/d, respectively). Ruminal concentrations of ammonia-N (P = 0.05; 13.3, 13.2, 10.4, and 10.4 mg dL-1), acetate (P = 0.001; 58.9, 49.6, 48.5, and 43.1 mM), and acetate:propionate ratio (P < 0.001; 3.6, 2.4, 2.0, and 1.9 mM) linearly decreased, whereas propionate concentrations (P = 0.01; 17.9, 23.0, 30.6, and 28.8 mM) linearly increased with greater levels of SBB-GCF in the diet. In conclusion, sugar-based byproducts plus corn gluten feed can replace ground corn grain up to 100% in the diets of goats and sheep consuming a 50:50 roughage:concentrate diet without compromising the ingestive behavior and ruminal fermentation parameters.
PSX-28 Using estrus detection patches or a ram wearing a marking harness to monitor estrus in synchronized hair sheep ewes
Authors: Godfrey Robert W , Lakos Sue A
Published: November 2020

Determining when a ewe is in estrus is important when using estrous synchronization and artificial insemination in sheep. This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of estrus detection patches (Estrotect™) and rams wearing marking harnesses for monitoring estrus in synchronized hair sheep ewes. St. Croix White (STX) ewes (3.5 ± 0.3 y of age, 89.7 ± 2.2 d post-partum) were synchronized using progesterone releasing inserts (Eazi-Breed™ CIDR) for 12 d. On the day of CIDR removal (d 1) ewes were administered prostaglandin (Lutalyse®; 15 mg i.m.) and placed with fertile STX rams in 0.55 ha pastures. One group of ewes (n =10; MH) was placed with a ram wearing a marking harness and a second group (n = 16; EP) had estrus detection patches placed on their rumps before being placed with a ram without a harness. Estrus detection was conducted using visual observations twice a day through d 7. A ewe was considered to be in estrus when crayon marks were observed on the rump or the patch was activated, based on product guidelines. Cumulative percentage of ewes in estrus was analyzed using the CATMOD procedure with treatment, day and the interaction in the model. All patches stayed in place on the EP ewes through d 7. By d 4 90% of MH ewes and 75% of EP ewes had been observed in estrus (P < 0.05). By d 7 90% of MH ewes and 81.25% of EP ewes had been observed in estrus (P < 0.05). With costs of $1.33 per patch or $29.33 for one harness and crayon the patches may be more economical when dealing with up to 21 ewes per ram. Estrus detection patches can be used on hair sheep ewes to detect estrus just as effectively as a ram with a marking harness.
How Brands Craft National Identity
Authors: Beverland Michael B , Eckhardt Giana M , Sands Sean , Shankar Avi
Published: November 2020

Drawing on cultural branding research, we examine how brands can craft national identity. We do so with reference to how brands enabled New Zealand’s displaced Pākehā (white) majority to carve out a sense of we-ness against the backdrop of globalization and resurgent indigenous identity claims. Using multiple sources of ethnographic data, we develop a process model of how brands create national identity through we-ness. We find that marketplace actors deployed brands to create and renew perceptions of we-ness through four-stages: reification, lumping, splitting, and horizon expansion. From this, we make three primary contributions to the consumer research literature: we develop a four-part process model of how brands become national identity resources, explore the characteristics of the brands that enable the emergence of and evolution of we-ness, and explore how our processes can address a sense of dispossession among displaced-majorities in similarly defined contexts.
Laparoscopic colopexy for neo-left colonic volvulus 10 years after anterior resection
Authors: Huynh Roy , Reece Mifanwy , Mansouri David , Nguyen Thuy-My , Keshava Anil
Published: November 2020

Recurrent neo-left colonic volvulus is a rare complication following anterior resection. The conventional approach to treating recurrent volvulus is a large bowel resection with anastomosis or colostomy formation after successful endoscopic decompression. However, in elderly and comorbid patients, this can result in significant morbidity or mortality. Laparoscopic colopexy is a less invasive alternative that has not been previously reported for the treatment of neo-left colonic volvulus. We describe a case of an 86-year-old male who presented with recurrent neo-left colonic volvulus 10 years post-laparoscopic anterior resection for cancer. A laparoscopic colopexy was performed to resolve the volvulus and prevent future recurrence. Interrupted prolene sutures were used to fix the neo-left colon to the posterior stomach and the left lateral abdominal wall. The patient had an uncomplicated postoperative recovery and was discharged 6 days after surgery. He was well at 6 months follow-up.
Pulmonary Artery Catheterization in Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Jacobs Daniel L. , Flynn Brigid C.
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines pulmonary artery catheters (PACs). PACs provide various pressure measurements and associated waveforms, including central venous pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. They also offer the opportunity to calculate an intermittent cardiac output measurement via the thermodilution technique. However, PAC placement should be checked to ensure that the catheter is not misplaced into the right ventricle, which would lead to endocardial irritation and result in ventricular ectopy. The chapter then looks at risk factors and potential therapies for ventricular ectopy in the intensive care unit. It also considers the debate on the benefit or harm of utilizing PACs in the treatment of critically ill patients. Ultimately, understanding the risks associated with PAC use and obtaining the skill set necessary to safely interpret the data provided by these devices are the crux of optimal PAC utilization.
Post-Thoracotomy Care
Authors: De Ruyter Martin , McKenzie Laura
Published: November 2020

This chapter looks at the provision of optimal care for patients undergoing thoracotomy. Important goals for postoperative pain relief in patients undergoing thoracotomy include the prevention of respiratory complications and post-thoracotomy pain syndrome. Both of these goals depend upon effective analgesia. The most effective approach to analgesia is a multimodal one, in which neuraxial/regional techniques are combined with intravenous (IV) and oral medications. This multimodal pain management is designed to target the many different afferent pain pathways involved in thoracotomy pain. Epidural analgesia, paravertebral nerve blocks, and serratus anterior blocks are most effective as the primary method of analgesia. Opioids provide effective pain control but are associated with several adverse side effects. As such, IV opioid patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is designed to decrease the inherent risk of respiratory depression associated with this drug class. However, non-opioid adjuncts should be employed when possible. These adjuvants include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, acetaminophen, gabapentinoids, ketamine, and several other agents.
Respiratory Acidosis in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Staab Jared
Published: November 2020

This chapter explains that the interpretation of acid–base abnormalities is an essential skill required when caring for critically ill patients. The differential causes of respiratory acidosis include central nervous system depression, upper and lower airway obstruction, and hypermetabolic states with increased production of CO2, such as malignant hyperthermia and thyroid storm. The treatment for hypoxic and hypercarbic respiratory failure involves reversing the offending agents if applicable, treatment of the underlying cause, and mechanical ventilation. The 2 commonly used strategies for mechanical ventilation are non-invasive ventilation with a mask and endotracheal intubation. The selection of ventilation strategy is dependent on numerous patient factors. Clinicians must set respiratory rate, tidal volume, positive end-expiratory pressure, inspiratory flow, fraction of inspired oxygen, mode (volume versus pressure control), and the amount of assistance per breath. All need to be tailored toward each patient’s specific goals. In patients with severe acidosis, there may be a temptation to hyperventilate in order to treat the hypercarbia and hypoxia as quickly as possible. This can be deleterious as high tidal volumes may lead to ventilator-induced lung injury due to volutrauma, cytotrauma, and barotrauma.
Metabolic Acidosis in the Cardiothoracic Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Weyker Paul D. , Webb Christopher
Published: November 2020

This chapter explores metabolic acidosis in cardiothoracic intensive care unit (ICU) patients, the most common type of which is lactic acidosis. There are generally thought to be 3 different mechanisms that lead to the development of metabolic acidosis: increased hydrogen ion production, loss of bicarbonate production, and decreased hydrogen ion excretion. Metabolic acidosis following cardiac surgery can have several detrimental effects in critically ill patients. Acidosis results in myocardial depression, which will limit cardiac output and oxygen delivery. Acidosis also leads to arterial vasodilation and resultant hypotension. Importantly, decreased pH and increases in partial pressure of carbon dioxide are independent potent pulmonary vasoconstrictors. Ultimately, determining the underlying cause of metabolic acidosis in the ICU is imperative in order to guide appropriate therapies. Understanding Winter's formula and the serum anion gap calculation are necessary when assessing the etiology of metabolic acidosis. The chapter then looks at the treatment of metabolic acidosis.
QTc Prolongation and Torsades de Pointes
Authors: Srivastava Ankur , Littlejohn James E.
Published: November 2020

This chapter looks at QTc prolongation and torsades de pointes (Tdp). In cases of recurrent polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, Tdp should be an immediate consideration. Tdp appears like a “twisting of points” of the cardiac axis, which is most often due to acquired QTc prolongation. The QT interval is inversely related to heart rate; therefore, it is corrected (QTc) using formulas such as Bazett's, Fridericia, and Framingham. There are several congenital and acquired causes of QTc prolongation. The congenital long QT syndrome, Romano-Ward syndrome, and Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome are commonly associated with QTc prolongation and Tdp. Drug classes such as anti-arrhythmics, antidepressants, antipsychotics, antibiotics, and antihistamines are the other common cause of acquired QTc prolongation. Primary management of QTc prolongation and Tdp consists of minimizing risk factors like alternative medications and correcting electrolyte abnormalities. In a hemodynamically stable patient with QTc prolongation, treatment should focus on discontinuing the possible offending medications and correcting electrolyte levels. Meanwhile, patients with Tdp and hemodynamic instability require emergent electrical cardioversion in conjunction with preventative measures.
Critical Case of Aortic Stenosis
Authors: Lee Rebecca , Ivascu Natalia S.
Published: November 2020

This chapter addresses the management of aortic stenosis (AS), which affects 2%–9% of the population older than 60 years, with degenerative calcification as the most common etiology. Surgical intervention is typically unnecessary in asymptomatic patients, but severe AS warrants evaluation for treatment. Traditionally, surgical aortic valve repair was the definitive intervention. Prior to the introduction of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), balloon aortic valvuloplasty was the minimally invasive therapeutic choice for patients who could not tolerate open replacement. TAVR now provides a minimally invasive alternative which diminishes many of the risks associated with cardiopulmonary bypass while still providing a durable solution that balloon valvuloplasty does not. The chapter then looks at TAVR complications. These include cardiac arrhythmias, in some cases of which a permanent pacemaker placement is required; perivalvular leak; neurological injuries such as stroke; and vascular complications such as bleeding.
Robotic Mitral Valve Surgery and Unilateral Pulmonary Edema
Authors: Cheung Cindy , Tam Christopher W.
Published: November 2020

This chapter describes robotic or minimally invasive mitral valve surgery, which was pioneered in 1998 to be the less invasive approach to sternotomy-based mitral valve operations. Patients undergoing robotic valve surgery carry a similar risk of complications that may occur with traditional median sternotomy surgery, but minimally invasive valve surgery has its own inherent complications associated with cardiac access, perfusion, and ventilation methods used in robotic surgeries. Unilateral pulmonary edema (UPE) is an uncommon but potentially life-threatening complication of robotic mitral valve surgery. The incidence of unilateral lung injury, which commonly manifests as UPE, has been reported to be quite variable. The variation in incidence could be related to the difference in patient populations, diagnostic criteria, as well as management. Moreover, the pathophysiology of UPE associated with robotic mitral valve repair remains unclear. The current literature suggests that UPE can be prevented by shorter cardiopulmonary bypass times, avoiding barotrauma, limiting blood product transfusion, and minimizing lung isolation times. Lung preventive ventilation, such as low-level positive pressure and frequent alveolar recruitment, while on cardiopulmonary bypass may be beneficial. Meanwhile, treatment for UPE is dependent on the severity of symptoms.
Right Ventricular Assist Device Therapies
Authors: Alexis-Ruiz Adrian , Cevasco Marisa
Published: November 2020

This chapter discusses right ventricular assist device (RVAD) therapies. Current RVAD options include the Impella Right Peripheral, the Tandem Heart, the Protek Duo system, and a surgically placed CentriMag RVAD. Important considerations when choosing a device include operator familiarity, the need for an oxygenator, the availability of a surgeon, and specific contraindications such as severe tricuspid regurgitation, an occluded internal jugular vein, or the presence of an inferior vena cava filter. It is important to consider the hemodynamic effects on the left ventricle (LV) after placement of an RVAD. Identifying biventricular failure early is critical when RVAD implantation is considered. RVADs reduce right atrial pressure, increase flow through the pulmonary arteries, and increase LV preload and wedge pressure. This change in preload may worsen LV function and cause pulmonary edema in patients with LV failure. LV assist device revolutions per minute may need to increase after placement of an RVAD to manage increased flow to the LV. Ultimately, assessing changes in oxygen saturation, blood pressure, and echocardiographic indices can guide hemodynamic management of RVAD therapy.