bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polymorphisms of the promoter and exon 3 of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in Euro‐ and Afro‐Brazilians
Authors: Torres M. C. , Beltrame M. H. , Santos I. C. R. , Picheth G. , Petzl‐Erler M. L. , Pedrosa F. O. , Steffens M. B. R. , de Souza E. M.
Published: December 2011

The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE or AGER), a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, is involved in pathologies such as atherosclerosis and diabetes. Over 50 SNPs were reported for RAGE, among which were the promoter region polymorphisms −429T>C (rs1800625), −374T>A (rs1800624) and a 63‐bp deletion (−407 to −345 bp), all related to increased RAGE expression. Additionally, in the exon 3, a putative site of binding ligands, the missense variation G82S (rs2070600) was associated with skin disorders in patients with diabetes. We have determined allele, genotype and haplotype frequencies of RAGE polymorphisms −429T>C, −374T>A, 63‐bp deletion and G82S in Euro‐Brazilians (n = 108) and Afro‐Brazilians (n = 91), characterized according to the predominant ancestry of the individuals. The allele frequencies for Euro‐ and Afro‐Brazilians were as follows: −429C, 12.5% vs. 12.1% (P = 0.90); −374A, 31.5% vs. 26.2% (P = 0.25); 63del, 0.0% vs. 3.8% (P = 0.004); and 82S, 1.9% vs. 0.6% (P = 0.24). Absolute linkage disequilibrium was found between the promoter polymorphisms −429T>C and −374T>A plus the 63‐bp deletion (D′=1.000; P < 0.0001). The haplotype frequencies differed (P = 0.003) between Euro‐ and Afro‐Brazilians. Our results showed that the frequencies of the 63‐bp deletion were higher in Afro‐Brazilians, while the other analysed polymorphisms were similarly distributed in the studied populations. The −374T>A plus 63‐bp deletion polymorphism captures more than 80% of the haplotypic variation in the studied population.
Taloside Inhibitors of Galectin‐1 and Galectin‐3
Authors: Collins Patrick M. , Öberg Christopher T. , Leffler Hakon , Nilsson Ulf J. , Blanchard Helen
Published: December 2011

Galectin‐1 and galectin‐3 have roles in cancer and inflammation. Galectin‐1 has recently emerged as a significant protein produced by tumour cells to promote tumour development, angiogenesis and metastasis and consequently represents an important target to inhibit. The design of inhibitors targeting the carbohydrate recognition domain that is known to recognize galactose is an important approach in the fight against cancer. Based on the analysis of crystal structures, we pursued the concept that if the galactose was replaced with talose (the C2 epimer of galactose) as a scaffold, then O2 substituents would be directed closer to the protein surface and provide opportunity to design inhibitors that are more specific towards particular galectins. Our elucidation of X‐ray crystal structures of two of our synthesized talosides in complex with galectin‐1 and galectin‐3 provides the first atomic information on the interactions of galectins, and indeed any protein, with talosides. These results have enabled a structure‐based rationale for the specificity differences shown by galectin‐1 and galectin‐3 towards these talosides and demonstrate new opportunities for further exploitation as specific inhibitors of galectins.
QSAR Study of 4‐Aryl‐4H‐Chromenes as a New Series of Apoptosis Inducers Using Different Chemometric Tools
Authors: Khoshneviszadeh Mehdi , Edraki Najmeh , Miri Ramin , Foroumadi Alireza , Hemmateenejad Bahram
Published: December 2011

The apoptosis‐inducing activity data of a series of 4‐aryl‐4H‐chromenes based on three cell lines (human breast cancer cell line T47D, human non‐smal cell lung cancer cell line H1299, and human colorectal cancer cell line DLD‐1) have been subjected to quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) analysis. A collection of chemometrics methods including multiple linear regression (MLR), factor analysis–based multiple linear regression (FA‐MLR), principal component regression (PCR), and partial least squared combined with genetic algorithm for variable selection (GA‐PLS) were employed to make connections between structural parameters and induction of apoptosis in three different cell lines. Models of high statistical qualities were obtained for each cell line using GA‐PLS method. The results revealed that 2D autocorrelation descriptors and dipole moments as a quantum chemical parameter are important structural parameters that significantly influence the activity in all three types of cell lines. However, the determinant descriptors for activity of compounds in H1299 cell line were partly different from the two other cell lines, which might be deduce that the studied compounds induce apoptosis through a different mechanism of action.
Thromboelastographic profile for a dog with hypocoagulable and hyperfibrinolytic phase of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy
Authors: Vilar‐Saavedra P. , Hosoya K.
Published: December 2011

The objective of this study is to report the use of thromboelastography as a diagnostic tool for the hyperfibrinolytic phase of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy in a dog with metastatic haemangiosarcoma. We established a cytological (i.e. fine needle aspirate) and histopathological (i.e. excisional surgical biopsy) diagnosis of haemangiosarcoma in a 10‐year‐old male castrated Bichon Frise with multiple dark purple dermoepidermal nodules on the ventral abdomen and medial stifle areas, multiple small pulmonary nodules and a solitary liver mass. The dog was treated with chemotherapy (AC protocol). Forty‐nine days after completion of four treatment cycles, the dog was presented for recheck. Complete blood count revealed anaemia and mild thrombocytopenia. Chemistry profile showed no significant abnormalities. Analysis of haemostasis consisted of prolonged clotting times (prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time), mild hypofibrinogenaemia and increased D‐dimers. A presumptive diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy was made. A re‐calcified thromboelastography was simultaneously done to confirm the coagulopathy. Thromboelastographic tracings correlated with the plasma‐based test results showing hypocoagulability (prolonged clotting times and prolonged thromboelastography clot kinetics; weaker clot with decreased fibrinogen levels, platelet count and lower thromboelastography tracing amplitude) and hyperfibrinolysis (increased D‐dimers and increased D‐dimers and increased thromboelastography lysis parameters). Based on these results, the dog was considered to be in the hyperfibrinolytic phase of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. Results of the conventional haemostasis tests supported those obtained on thromboelastography. Humane euthanasia was performed because of poor prognosis and progressive disease, making further follow‐up unavailable. As demonstrated in this case report, thromboelastography was found to be a helpful diagnostic tool for the diagnosis and monitoring of the hyperfibrinolytic phases of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy.
The importance of side difference in nasal obstruction and rhinomanometry: a retrospective correlation of symptoms and rhinomanometry in 1000 patients
Authors: Thulesius H.L. , Cervin A. , Jessen M.
Published: December 2011

Clin. Otolaryngol. 2012, 37, 17–22

Objectives:  The correlation between subjective and objective outcomes of nasal obstruction is still a matter of controversy. The aim of this study was to determine the minimal level of side difference in nasal airway resistance (NAR measured by Broms’v2) between the two nasal cavities, which could be discerned subjectively by the patient on a visual analogue scale (VAS). Nasal airway resistance was calculated from rhinomanometric measurements of nasal airflow and transnasal pressure after decongestion of the nasal mucosa.

Design:  A retrospective study.

Setting:  ENT department, Vaxjo Central Hospital, Sweden.

Participants:  We studied 1000 active anterior rhinomanometries from patients with nasal obstructions.

Main outcome measures:  We compared the side difference of nasal airway resistance with the side difference of VAS estimated immediately prior to the rhinomanometry. Each measurement was performed after nasal decongestion.

Results:  When the difference in nasal airway resistance between the two nasal cavities was larger than 20° (Broms’v2) or R2 > 0.36 Pa/cm3/s, we found a significant correlation between side differences of the objective measurement and the subjective assessment (VAS). With a nasal airway resistance side difference over 20°, an additional 20° difference corresponded to a 0.9 centimetre average VAS change. The more obstructed side of the nose could be determined by VAS in 823 (82.3%) of 1000 patients. Yet, 177 (17.7%) patients had a paradoxical sensation of nasal obstruction with the low resistance side of the nose experienced as the most congested side.

Conclusion:  A significant correlation between the side differences of nasal airway resistance and VAS can serve as a supplement to rhinoscopy in decisions about nasal surgery. This study also showed that in 17.7% of patients, there was a negative correlation between subjective and objective evaluations of nasal airway resistance. But in this group, the nasal airway resistance side difference was mostly under 20°.
Cultivation of Pen Shells: An Example with Atrina maura in Northwestern Mexico
Authors: Leal‐Soto S. , Barraza‐Guardado R. , Castro‐Longoria R. , Chávez‐Villalba J. , Hoyos‐Cháirez F.
Published: December 2011

Pen shells are economically important and most are threatened by overexploitation and habitat degradation. Cultivation represents an alternative for preserving the resource and increasing the production. Atrina maura was cultivated in a suspension system which was followed by a bottom phase. Samples of pen shells and tissues were collected monthly to measure absolute growth, shell height increase, and an adductor muscle index. After the trials, adults shell height was 195 ± 10 mm, total weight was 223 ± 28 g, and mean shell height increase was 0.81 cm/mo. Protective devices were vital to avoid predation by crabs and fish; survival was 90% in the suspension phase and 70% in the bottom phase. Variations in the muscle index were apparently related to reproduction, suggesting activity (partial spawning) from August 2008 to April 2009 in juveniles and a major spawning in adults during August 2009. Adductor muscles reached a mean of 21 g after 20 mo of cultivation, but muscle weights decreased significantly after reproduction (August to November 2009). Results indicated that A. maura is suitable for aquaculture and the cultivation system adopted here should be tested in pilot‐scale ventures. This system may work with other species of pen shells.
Thiamin Requirement of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus
Authors: Lim Chhorn , Yildirim‐Aksoy Mediha , Barros Margarida M. , Klesius Phillip
Published: December 2011

Juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, were fed to apparent satiation twice daily with purified diets containing 0, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, and 16.0 mg/kg and 0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, 16.0, and 32.0 mg/kg of thiamin in separate 14‐ and 8‐wk trials (Experiments 1 and 2, respectively). Fish fed the diet devoid of thiamin developed neurological disorders, anorexia, reduced growth, and feed efficiency and increased mortality (Experiment 2 only) within 4–6 and 8–10 wk for Experiments 2 and 1, respectively. Low red blood cell count (RBC) and hematocrit (Ht) were observed in fish fed the thiamin‐deficient diet. Serum pyruvate was elevated in fish fed the thiamin unsupplemented diet. Serum lactate was not affected by dietary thiamin levels. Whole body protein was unaffected by dietary levels of thiamin. Body moisture and ash increased whereas body lipid decreased in fish fed the thiamin unsupplemented diets. None of these abnormalities were observed in fish fed the thiamin‐supplemented diets. Using the response curves determined by PROC NLMIXED to estimate dietary thiamin levels required for various response variables, a dietary thiamin level of 3.5 mg/kg diet was adequate for optimum growth, feed intake and efficiency, survival, prevention of neurological symptoms, and maintaining normal levels of RBC, Ht, serum pyruvate, and proximate body composition.
Partial Replacement of Fish Meal with Plant Protein Sources Singly and in Combination in Diets for Summer Flounder, Paralichthys dentatus
Authors: Enterria Almudena , Slocum Michael , Bengtson David A. , Karayannakidis Panayotis D. , Lee Chong M.
Published: December 2011

Soybean meal (SBM), corn gluten meal (CGM), and canola protein concentrate (CPC) as alternative protein sources to fish meal (FM) were individually evaluated for growth performance at 0, 20, 30, 40, and 50% replacement with amino acid (AA) supplementation using juvenile summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus, in an 8‐wk feeding. Two‐way ANOVA indicated no significant main effect for plant protein source, but a significant main effect for replacement level. Comparison of the individual treatments revealed significant differences in weight gain (WG) between the FM treatment and 50% replacement level for all protein sources, as well as between the FM treatment and 30% replacement with CPC. Replacement of FM with SBM at 40% resulted in the least cost/kg WG. In a follow‐up study, a combination of SBM–CGM–CPC at 40% replacement was evaluated with and without AA, phytase (0.2%), or taurine (1%), versus FM and SBM (40% replacement of FM) with AA. The SBM–CGM–CPC diet with either AA or taurine provided a significantly better food conversion ratio and less cost/kg WG than the SBM diet, and the SBM–CGM–CPC diet with taurine provided a significantly better protein efficiency ratio than the SBM diet. On the basis of these results, more study of taurine in plant protein diets for summer flounder appears warranted.
The Effect of Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone Analog Regime and Stage of Oocyte Maturity for Induced Ovulation of Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus
Authors: Chatakondi Nagaraj G. , Yant D. Roger , Kristanto Anang , Umali‐Maceina Gloria M. , Dunham Rex A.
Published: December 2011

This study addresses rapid methods to identify mature channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, females for induced spawning with luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analog (LHRHa) and common carp pituitary extract (CPE) and the effects of stage of maturity, hormone dose, season, and cannulation before hormone injection. Hormonal intervention is the most effective method for inducing maturation and spawning in channel catfish × blue catfish, Ictalurus furcatus, hybrids. A total of 80 mature channel catfish were staged for maturity based on secondary sexual characteristics and 20–30 oocytes cannulated to ascertain their maturation stage based on the position of gonadal vesicle. Twenty females were randomly assigned to one of the four hormone regimes (priming + resolving dose): CPE 2 + 8 mg/kg (CPEC); LHRHa 20 + 40 µg/kg (LHRHaL); LHRHa 20 + 60 µg/kg (LHRHaM); and LHRHa 20 + 80 µg/kg (LHRHaH) and a fifth treatment consisted of 20 females selected based on apparent maturity as evidenced by external appearance were injected with CPE, 2 + 8 mg/kg without cannulation (CPEO). Two trials were conducted in early part of the spawning season and two trials in peak season. External methods to identify maturity correlated (r = 0.63) with that of “germinal vesicle position” method to identify the stage of maturity in females. Mean percent of females that ovulated, hatched, and fry produced per kg body weight did not differ (P > 0.05) among the five hormone treatments. The mean percent females that ovulated was higher (P < 0.05) for CPE‐induced females that were identified as “excellent” females based on external examination. The performance of cannulated females did not differ (P > 0.05) with that of non‐cannulated catfish. The mean egg quality of hormone‐induced females and percent of females ovulated in response to hormone treatment established a weak but significant linear relationship (Y = 3.85 + 0.008 × ovulation, r2 = 0.39, P < 0.05).
Thinking Sex and American Religions
Authors: Goodwin Megan
Published: December 2011

Critical theories of sexuality provide key insights into American religious beliefs and practices. This article proposes six axioms by which scholars might approach thinking sex and American religions: that thinking sex is of broad academic significance; that critical sex theory differs in key ways from gender theory; that sexuality is historically constructed; that certain kinds of sex provide access to religious approbation and social privilege; that consideration of sex includes religious conservatives; and that America religious studies scholars must also confront the oversignification of sex. Each axiom is paired with examples of American religious scholarship that instantiate the proposed premise. Americans often assume that religion should dictate how to think (and do) sex – and that only certain kinds of sex are (or should be) permissible in “good old American” religions. Thus, scholars of American religions should be thinking sex.
Inhibitory Effects of Nisin Against Clostridium perfringens Food Poisoning and Nonfood‐Borne Isolates
Authors: Udompijitkul Pathima , Paredes‐Sabja Daniel , Sarker Mahfuzur R.
Published: December 2011

Abstract:  The enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens type A is the causative agent of C. perfringens type A food poisoning (FP) and nonfood‐borne (NFB) human gastrointestinal diseases. Due to its ability to form highly resistant endospores, it has become a great concern to the meat industry to produce meat free of C. perfringens. In this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial effect of nisin against C. perfringens FP and NFB isolates. No inhibitory effect of nisin was observed against germination of spores of both FP and NFB isolates in laboratory medium. However, nisin effectively arrested outgrowth of germinated spores of C. perfringens in rich medium. Interestingly, germinated spores of NFB isolates possessed higher resistance to nisin than that of FP isolates. Furthermore, nisin exhibited inhibitory effect against vegetative growth of both FP and NFB isolates in laboratory medium, with vegetative cells of NFB isolates showing higher resistance than that of FP isolates. However, the antimicrobial activity of nisin against C. perfringens was significantly decreased in a meat model system. In conclusion, although nisin showed inhibitory effect against spore outgrowth and vegetative cells of C. perfringens FP and NFB isolates in laboratory conditions, no such effect was observed against C. perfringens spores inoculated into a meat model system.
Reutilization of Mango Byproducts: Study of the Effect of Extraction Solvent and Temperature on Their Antioxidant Properties
Authors: Dorta Eva , Lobo M. Gloria , Gonzalez Monica
Published: December 2011

Abstract:  Mango biowastes, obtained after processing, contain large amounts of compounds with antioxidant activity that can be reused to reduce their environmental impact. The present study evaluates the effect of solvent (methanol, ethanol, acetone, water, methanol:water [1:1], ethanol:water [1:1], and acetone:water [1:1]), and temperature (25, 50, and 75 °C) on the efficiency of the extraction of antioxidants from mango peel and seed. Among the factors optimized, extraction solvent was the most important. The solvents that best obtained extracts with high antioxidant capacity were methanol, methanol:water, ethanol:water, and acetone:water (β‐carotene test, antioxidant activity coefficient 173 to 926; thiobarbituric acid reactive substances test, inhibition ratio 15% to 89%; 2,2′‐azino‐bis‐(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline)‐6‐sulfonic acid ; and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl scavenging, 7 to 22 and 8 to 28 g trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity [TE] per 100 g mango biowaste on a dry matter basis [DW]). Similarly, the flavonoid (0.21 to 1.4 g (+)‐catechin equivalents per 100 g DW), tannin (3.8 to 14 g tannic acid equivalents per 100 g DW), and proanthocyanidin (0.23 to 7.8 g leucoanthocyanidin equivalents per 100 g DW) content was highest in the peel extracts obtained with methanol, ethanol:water, or acetone:water and in the seed extracts obtained with methanol or acetone:water. From the perspective of food security, it is advisable to choose ethanol (which also has a notable antioxidant content), ethanol:water, or acetone:water, as they are all solvents that can be used in compliance with good manufacturing practice. In general, increasing temperature improves the capacity of the extracts obtained from mango peel and seed to inhibit lipid peroxidation; however, its effect on the extraction of phytochemical compounds or on the capacity of the extracts to scavenge free radicals was negligible in comparison to that of the solvent.

Practical Application:  There are many antioxidant compounds in mango peel and seed, and they could be used as a natural and very inexpensive alternative to synthetic food additives. However, the conditions in which the antioxidants are extracted must be optimized. This work proves that conditions such as extraction solvent or temperature have a crucial impact on obtaining extracts rich in antioxidants from mango biowastes.
Escherichia coli O157:H7 Facilitates the Penetration of Staphylococcus aureus into Table Eggs
Authors: Al‐Natour Mohammad Q. , Alaboudi Akram R. , Al‐Hatamelh Nashat A. , Osaili Tareq M.
Published: December 2011

Abstract:  Fresh eggshells collected from a local farm were subjected to different levels of surface contamination with feces containing different levels (3 to 5 log10) of Escherichia coli O157:H7 or Staphylococcus aureus and incubated at 3 different temperatures (10, 25, and 32 °C). The penetration rates of contaminating bacteria were followed throughout the incubation period by tracing bacterial presence in shell, shell membranes, albumen, and yolk. The study revealed the ability of both E. coli O157:H7 and enterotoxigenic S. aureus to grow on shell in feces, penetrate the shell, and move and multiply within egg contents at different rates and periods depending on bacterial type and incubation conditions. High temperatures (25 and 32 °C) increased penetration rate, whereas storage at 10 °C decreased significantly the rate of penetration. High levels of contamination with E. coli O157:H7 also shortened the time needed for the penetration process. Results showed that when eggshells were contaminated with both organisms simultaneously, the penetration of E. coli O157:H7 preceded that of S. aureus and facilitated the invasion of the latter bacteria.
Effect of Packaging and Storage Time on Survival of Listeria monocytogenes on Kippered Beef Steak and Turkey Tenders
Authors: Uppal Kamaldeep K. , Getty Kelly J.K. , Boyle Elizabeth A.E. , Harper Nigel M. , Lobaton‐Sulabo April Shayne S. , Barry Bruce
Published: December 2011

Abstract:  The objective of our study was to determine effect of packaging method and storage time on reducing Listeria monocytogenes in shelf‐stable meat snacks. Commercially available kippered beef steak strips and turkey tenders were dipped into a 5‐strain L. monocytogenes cocktail, and dried at 23 °C until a water activity of 0.80 was achieved. Inoculated samples were packaged with 4 treatments: (1) vacuum, (2) nitrogen flushed with oxygen scavenger, (3) heat sealed with oxygen scavenger, and (4) heat sealed without oxygen scavenger. Samples were stored at 23 °C and evaluated for L. monocytogenes levels at 0, 24, 48, and 72 h. Initial levels (time 0) of L. monocytogenes were approximately 5.7 log CFU/cm2 for steak and tenders. After 24 h of storage time, a 1 log CFU/cm2 reduction of L. monocytogenes was observed for turkey tenders for all packaging treatments. After 48 h, turkey tenders showed >1 log CFU/cm2 reduction of L. monocytogenes for all packaging treatments except for vacuum, where only 0.9 log CFU/cm2 reduction was observed. After 72 h, reductions for all packaging treatments for turkey tenders ranged from 1.5 to 2.4 log CFU/cm2. For kippered beef steak, there was no interaction between the packaging treatments and all storage times (P > 0.05) whereas, time was different (P <0.05). For kippered beef steak, there was 1 log reduction of L. monocytogenes at 24 and 48 h of storage times at 23 °C for all packaging treatments and a 2.1 log CFU/ cm2 L. monocytogenes reduction at 72 h of storage time.

Practical Applications:  Processors of kippered beef steak and turkey tenders could use a combination of vacuum or nitrogen‐flushing or heat sealed with an oxygen scavenger packaging methods and a holding time of 24 h prior to shipping to reduce potential L. monocytogenes numbers by ≥1 log. However, processors should be encouraged to hold packaged product a minimum of 72 h to enhance the margin of safety for L. monocytogenes control.
Quality Parameters and Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties of Some Mexican Honeys
Authors: Rodríguez Beatriz A. , Mendoza Sandra , Iturriga Montserrat H. , Castaño‐Tostado Eduardo
Published: December 2011

Abstract:  A total of 14 Mexican honeys were screened for quality parameters including color, moisture, proline, and acidity. Antioxidant properties of complete honey and its methanolic extracts were evaluated by the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of complete honeys against Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876, Listeria monocytogenes Scott A, Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028, and Sthapylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 was determined. Most of honeys analyzed showed values within quality parameters established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission in 2001. Eucalyptus flower honey and orange blossom honey showed the highest phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity. Bell flower, orange blossom, and eucalyptus flower honeys inhibited the growth of the 4 evaluated microorganisms. The remaining honeys affected at least 1 of the estimated growth parameters (increased lag phase, decreased growth rate, and/or maximum population density). Microorganism sensitivity to the antimicrobial activity of honeys followed the order B. cereus > L. monocytogenes > Salmonella Typhimurium > S. aureus. The monofloral honey samples from orange blossoms, and eucalyptus flowers demonstrated to be good sources of antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds. All the Mexican honey samples examined proved to be good sources of antioxidants and antimicrobial agents that might serve to maintain health and protect against several diseases.

Practical Application:  The results of the study showed that Mexican honeys display good quality parameters and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Mexican honey can be used as an additive in the food industry to increase the nutraceutical value of products.
How to diagnose and manage patients with Barrett's esophagus in China
Authors: HUANG Qin , FANG Dian Chun , FANG Jing Yuan , CHEN Min Hu , ZHANG Jun , LIN Lin , DAI Ning , YU Cheng Gong , ZHANG Hong Jie
Published: December 2011

In order to prevent the development of Barrett's esophagus (BE)‐related esophageal cancer in China and facilitate the communication of research results among different centers, we propose using standardized diagnostic criteria and taking a conservative approach to diagnose and manage BE patients. BE patients without dysplasia need to be treated medically. For low‐grade dysplasia, an annual endoscopy with biopsies is recommended, along with medical therapy. For high‐grade dysplasia and intramucosal carcinoma, an endoscopic or surgical intervention is suggested. All BE patients should be followed up closely.
The True Self and Psychological Health: Emerging Evidence and Future Directions
Authors: Schlegel Rebecca J. , Hicks Joshua A.
Published: December 2011

A variety of philosophical and psychological perspectives converge to suggest that a happy and meaningful life is the product of living in accord with one’s true self. This idea similarly appears throughout literature, film, and folk wisdom. The current paper examines both theoretical and lay conceptions of the true self and reviews the empirical evidence that supports its role in psychological health, with a particular emphasis on current research that demonstrates that both the accessibility and ease of thinking about one’s true self‐concept is associated with the experiences of meaning and satisfaction. The merits of different approaches to defining the true self, measurement issues, and directions for future research are discussed.
Breast‐Feeding Advocacy, Risk Society and Health Moralism: A Decade’s Scholarship
Authors: Lee Ellie
Published: December 2011

This article reviews research published this century that engages critically with the mantra ‘Breast is Best’ and the associated expansion of official breast‐feeding promotion programmes. In recent years there has been a marked increase in the number of such studies published. They mostly explore experience in English speaking, industrialised countries (the US, Canada, New Zealand, Australia and Great Britain) which are in some social and cultural respects dissimilar, yet where very similar developments and problems are detected in regards to breast‐feeding promotion. We highlight how this exploration of breast‐feeding promotion internationally has developed understanding of wider sociological themes. This scholarship, we suggest, has provided a powerful illustration of the relation between risk society (more particularly a heightened consciousness of risk) and the evolution of a code of conduct that regulates behaviour, that has been termed ‘health moralizm’. The article covers three themes: ‘Science, risk society, authority and choice’; ‘Public health policy and infant feeding’; and ‘Moralization and women’s identity work’. We conclude that the research discussed shows how the sociological imagination continues to shed light on the relation between private troubles and public issues. We also suggest one conclusion that can be drawn from this research is that official discourse and everyday maternal experience appear increasingly distant from each other.
Error Autocorrelation and Linear Regression for Temperature‐Based Evapotranspiration Estimates Improvement1
Authors: Medeiros Patrick Valverde , Marcuzzo Francisco Fernando Noronha , Youlton Cristián , Wendland Edson
Published: December 2011

Medeiros, Patrick Valverde, Francisco Fernando Noronha Marcuzzo, Cristián Youlton, and Edson Wendland, 2012. Error Autocorrelation and Linear Regression for Temperature‐Based Evapotranspiration Estimates Improvement. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(2): 297‐305. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00614.x

Abstract:  Estimates of evapotranspiration on a local scale is important information for agricultural and hydrological practices. However, equations to estimate potential evapotranspiration based only on temperature data, which are simple to use, are usually less trustworthy than the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)‐Penman‐Monteith standard method. The present work describes two correction procedures for potential evapotranspiration estimates by temperature, making the results more reliable. Initially, the standard FAO‐Penman‐Monteith method was evaluated with a complete climatologic data set for the period between 2002 and 2006. Then temperature‐based estimates by Camargo and Jensen‐Haise methods have been adjusted by error autocorrelation evaluated in biweekly and monthly periods. In a second adjustment, simple linear regression was applied. The adjusted equations have been validated with climatic data available for the Year 2001. Both proposed methodologies showed good agreement with the standard method indicating that the methodology can be used for local potential evapotranspiration estimates.
Stakeholder Analysis of a Collaborative Watershed Management Process: A Florida Case Study1
Authors: Borisova Tatiana , Racevskis Laila , Kipp Jennison
Published: December 2011

Borisova, Tatiana, Laila Racevskis, and Jennison Kipp, 2012. Stakeholder Analysis of a Collaborative Watershed Management Process: A Florida Case Study.Journal of the American Water Resources Association(JAWRA) 48(2): 277‐296. DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00615.x

Abstract: This study focuses on a Florida watershed where development of a total maximum daily load (TMDL) and its implementation plan resulted in conflicts among stakeholders. The overall goal is to build a better understanding of stakeholder perceptions of water quality problems, water policy processes and decisions, and water management plan development in a region where these issues have become contentious. Findings are based on a stakeholder analysis using qualitative data collected through focus groups with agricultural producers, local governments, and environmental groups, and supplemented with additional qualitative data on the watershed management process. Stakeholder conflicts in this case study are associated with perceived flaws in the structural and procedural characteristics of the stakeholder involvement process: (1) suboptimal watershed stakeholder representation on the TMDL executive committee, (2) an inappropriate voting procedure for making TMDL decisions, (3) limitations in information sharing between regulatory agencies and watershed stakeholders, and (4) stakeholders’ doubts about whether tradeoffs associated with achieving the water quality targets were assessed adequately throughout the TMDL planning and implementation process. This study contributes to the literature on collaborative watershed management by analyzing stakeholder involvement given Florida’s unique institutional settings, where implementation of TMDL pollution abatement is mandatory.
Adaptive potential of ash (Fraxinus excelsior) populations against the novel emerging pathogenHymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus
Authors: Kjær Erik Dahl , McKinney Lea Vig , Nielsen Lene Rostgaard , Hansen Lars Nørgaard , Hansen Jon Kehlet
Published: December 2011

An emerging infectious pathogenHymenoscyphus pseudoalbidushas spread across much of Europe within recent years causing devastating damage on European common ash trees (Fraxinus excelsior) and associated plant communities. The present study demonstrates the presence of additive genetic variation in susceptibility of naturalF. excelsiorpopulations to the new invasive disease. We observe high levels of additive variation in the degree of susceptibility with relatively low influence of environmental factors (narrow‐sense heritability = 0.37–0.52). Most native trees are found to be highly susceptible, and we estimate that only around 1% has the potential of producing offspring with expected crown damage of <10% under the present disease pressure. The results suggest that the presence of additive genetic diversity in naturalF. excelsiorpopulations can confer the species with important ability to recover, but that low resistance within natural European populations is to be expected because of a low frequency of the hypo‐sensitive trees. Large effective population sizes will be required to avoid genetic bottlenecks. The role of artificial selection and breeding for protection of the species is discussed based on the findings.
History of Acta Ophthalmologica – the first 50 years
Authors: Ehlers Niels , Norn Mogens
Published: December 2011

Acta Ophthalmologica appeared as the scientific journal of the Nordic ophthalmological Societies in 1923. The intention was to expose the clinical and experimental developments among the ophthalmological communities of the four Nordic countries: Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. The collaboration within the field of ophthalmology had been attempted with the publication of ‘Nordisk ophthalmologisk Tidsskrift’ in the years 1889–1892. Now, once again, the wish for a tighter Nordic cooperation was explored by enthusiastic ophthalmologists in all four countries. One person stands out as the driving force, K.K.K. Lundsgaard, who in spite of his early death in 1931 was remembered by name on the front page of Acta since 1936 by the Latin phrase ‘A K.K.K. Lundsgaard edi coepta’. The present review recalls details from the early years when the journal found its place in the ophthalmology and creates the background for some reflections on purpose and goals by publishing a scientific journal.
Reconstruction of corneal stroma with decellularized porcine xenografts in a rabbit model
Authors: Yoeruek Efdal , Bayyoud Tarek , Maurus Christine , Hofmann Johanna , Spitzer Martin Stephan , Bartz‐Schmidt Karl‐Ulrich , Szurman Peter
Published: December 2011

Purpose:  To evaluate the potential use of decellularized porcine stromal matrix (PSM) for reconstruction of corneal stroma in a rabbit model.

Methods:  Ten chinchilla bastard rabbit corneas were exposed to a circular half‐thickness keratotomy with a 3.0 mm diameter at the central cornea. Porcine corneas were decellularized using hypotonic tris buffer, ethylene diamine tetra‐acetic acid (EDTA, 0.1%), aprotinin (10 K IU/ml) and 0.3% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). The 3.0 mm in diameter decellularized corneal stromal xenograft was inserted into the pocket, and the incision was closed with four 10.0 nylon sutures. Clinical photographs were taken at day 1, day 7, day 30 and on a monthly basis for up to 6 months after transplantation. Six months after surgery, the rabbits were killed and eyes were enucleated. Haematoxylin–eosin (HE) and 4,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI) staining were performed to confirm the complete removal of the corneal cells after decellularization of porcine corneas and repopulation with rabbit cells. Alcian blue staining was performed for analysing the structure of the extracellular matrix (ECM).

Results:  Efficient elimination of porcine cells was achieved by our decellularization protocol and confirmed via HE and DAPI stainings. Moreover, the major histoarchitectural ECM structure had been maintained as visualized by the alcian blue stain. Finally, the PSM was biocompatible with the host’s epithelium evidenced as a regrowth covering the exposed xenograft.

Conclusions:  This novel technique of tissue engineering may provide one of many solutions to addressing anterior corneal pathological conditions in the face of a shortage of human corneal material.
B cell lymphoma and secondary leukaemia in a mule
Authors: Norman T. E. , Rodrigues A. , Russell K. E. , Burke K. , Ajithdoss D. K. , Coleman M. , Martin M.
Published: December 2011

A 20‐year‐old mule was evaluated for anorexia and fever. Haematological evaluation revealed a population of large, immature lymphoid cells and significant anaemia. Bone marrow aspiration was unsuccessful, and abdominal ultrasonographic evaluation was unremarkable. The mule was subjected to euthanasia due to poor prognosis, and necropsy and histological evaluation revealed multicentric B cell lymphoma. The leukaemic phase of lymphoma is rarely documented in equids, and is regarded as an indication of advanced or aggressive disease. To the authors' knowledge, lymphoma in a mule has been reported only once previously.
Use of ethanol in the treatment of distal tarsal joint osteoarthritis: 24 cases
Authors: LAMAS L. P. , EDMONDS J. , HODGE W. , ZAMORA‐VERA L. , BURFORD J. , COOMER R. , MUNROE G.
Published: December 2011

Reasons for performing this study:Intra‐articular ethanol has been described to promote distal tarsal joint ankylosis. Its use and results in clinical cases affected by osteoarthritis (OA) have not been reported.

Objectives:To describe and evaluate the results of treatment of distal tarsal joint OA by facilitated ankylosis stimulated by intra‐articular ethanol injection.

Methods:Twenty‐four horses met the inclusion criteria of tarsometatarsal and centrodistal joint OA diagnosed by a positive response to intra‐articular analgesia, radiographic evaluation and recurrence of lameness ≤4 months after intra‐articular medication with a corticosteroid. Horses were sedated and, following a radiographic contrast study of the tarsometatarsal joint, medication with 2–4 ml of either 100% pure ethanol (G100) or a 70% ethanol (G70) solution was applied. Horses were classified as improved based on a 50% reduction from initial lameness grade combined with an increase in exercise level.

Results:Of the 24 horses included in this study, 20 had the treatment performed bilaterally and 4 unilaterally. All horses were available for initial follow‐up examination and 21 for a second one 6–9 months after treatment. This represented a total of 44 treated limbs and 35 available for long‐term follow‐up. Of these, 21/35 (60%) were considered improved, which corresponds to 11/21 horses (52%). Of 21 horses, 4 (19%) deteriorated and 2 of these developed significant complications related to treatment.

Conclusions:Distal tarsal joint ankylosis with ethanol should be considered a safe and economic treatment in cases of distal tarsal joint OA that fail to show long‐term improvement with intra‐articular corticosteroid treatment.

Potential relevance:Ethanol should be considered in the treatment of certain cases of distal tarsal joint OA. The importance of performing an adequate radiographic contrast study of the tarsometatarsal joint prior to treatment is highlighted.
Presence of Bartonella Species in Wild Carnivores of Northern Spain
Authors: Gerrikagoitia Xeider , Gil Horacio , García-Esteban Coral , Anda Pedro , Juste R. A. , Barral Marta
Published: December 2011

The genus
Bartonella
was detected by PCR in 5.7% (12/212) of wild carnivores from Northern Spain. Based on hybridization and sequence analyses,
Bartonella henselae
was identified in a wildcat (
Felis silvestris
),
Bartonella rochalimae
in a red fox (
Vulpes vulpes
) and in a wolf (
Canis lupus
), and
Bartonella
sp. in badgers (
Meles meles
).
Cultivated Single-Stranded DNA Phages That Infect Marine Bacteroidetes Prove Difficult To Detect with DNA-Binding Stains
Authors: Holmfeldt Karin , Odić Duško , Sullivan Matthew B. , Middelboe Mathias , Riemann Lasse
Published: December 2011

This is the first description of cultivated icosahedral single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) phages isolated on heterotrophic marine bacterioplankton and with
Bacteroidetes
hosts. None of the 8 phages stained well with DNA-binding stains, suggesting that
in situ
abundances of ssDNA phages are drastically underestimated using conventional methods for enumeration.
Inactivation of Template-Directed Misfolding of Infectious Prion Protein by Ozone
Authors: Ding Ning , Neumann Norman F. , Price Luke M. , Braithwaite Shannon L. , Balachandran Aru , Belosevic Miodrag , Gamal El-Din Mohamed
Published: December 2011

Misfolded prions (PrP
Sc
) are well known for their resistance to conventional decontamination processes. The potential risk of contamination of the water environment, as a result of disposal of specified risk materials (SRM), has raised public concerns. Ozone is commonly utilized in the water industry for inactivation of microbial contaminants and was tested in this study for its ability to inactivate prions (263K hamster scrapie = PrP
Sc
). Treatment variables included initial ozone dose (7.6 to 25.7 mg/liter), contact time (5 s and 5 min), temperature (4°C and 20°C), and pH (pH 4.4, 6.0, and 8.0). Exposure of dilute suspensions of the infected 263K hamster brain homogenates (IBH) (0.01%) to ozone resulted in the
in vitro
destruction of the templating properties of PrP
Sc
, as measured by the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) assay. The highest levels of prion inactivation (≥4 log
10
) were observed with ozone doses of 13.0 mg/liter, at pH 4.4 and 20°C, resulting in a
CT
(the product of residual ozone concentration and contact time) value as low as 0.59 mg · liter
−1
min. A comparison of ozone
CT
requirements among various pathogens suggests that prions are more susceptible to ozone degradation than some model bacteria and protozoa and that ozone treatment may be an effective solution for inactivating prions in water and wastewater.
Identification of Plasmalogens in the Cytoplasmic Membrane of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis
Authors: Oberg Taylor S. , Ward Robert E. , Steele James L. , Broadbent Jeff R.
Published: December 2011

Plasmalogens are ether-linked lipids that may influence oxidative stress resistance of eukaryotic cell membranes. Since bacterial membrane composition can influence environmental stress resistance, we explored the prevalence of plasmalogens in the cytoplasmic membrane of
Bifidobacterium animalis
subsp.
lactis
. Results showed plasmalogens are a major component of the
B. animalis
subsp.
lactis
membrane.
Characterization of DC1, a Broad-Host-Range Bcep22-Like Podovirus
Authors: Lynch Karlene H. , Stothard Paul , Dennis Jonathan J.
Published: December 2011

Bcep22-like phages are a recently described group of podoviruses that infect strains of
Burkholderia cenocepacia
. We have isolated and characterized a novel member of this group named DC1. This podovirus shows many genomic similarities to BcepIL02 and Bcep22, but it infects strains belonging to multiple
Burkholderia cepacia
complex (BCC) species.
Genome-Scale Metabolic Reconstruction and Hypothesis Testing in the Methanogenic Archaeon Methanosarcina acetivorans C2A
Authors: Benedict Matthew N. , Gonnerman Matthew C. , Metcalf William W. , Price Nathan D.
Published: December 2011

Methanosarcina acetivorans
strain C2A is a marine methanogenic archaeon notable for its substrate utilization, genetic tractability, and novel energy conservation mechanisms. To help probe the phenotypic implications of this organism's unique metabolism, we have constructed and manually curated a genome-scale metabolic model of
M. acetivorans
, iMB745, which accounts for 745 of the 4,540 predicted protein-coding genes (16%) in the
M. acetivorans
genome. The reconstruction effort has identified key knowledge gaps and differences in peripheral and central metabolism between methanogenic species. Using flux balance analysis, the model quantitatively predicts wild-type phenotypes and is 96% accurate in knockout lethality predictions compared to currently available experimental data. The model was used to probe the mechanisms and energetics of by-product formation and growth on carbon monoxide, as well as the nature of the reaction catalyzed by the soluble heterodisulfide reductase HdrABC in
M. acetivorans
. The genome-scale model provides quantitative and qualitative hypotheses that can be used to help iteratively guide additional experiments to further the state of knowledge about methanogenesis.
Role of the Umo Proteins and the Rcs Phosphorelay in the Swarming Motility of the Wild Type and an O-Antigen (
waaL
) Mutant of Proteus mirabilis
Authors: Morgenstein Randy M. , Rather Philip N.
Published: December 2011

Proteus mirabilis
is a Gram-negative bacterium that exists as a short rod when grown in liquid medium, but during growth on surfaces it undergoes a distinct physical and biochemical change that culminates in the formation of a swarmer cell. How
P. mirabilis
senses a surface is not fully understood; however, the inhibition of flagellar rotation and accumulation of putrescine have been proposed to be sensory mechanisms. Our lab recently isolated a transposon insertion in
waaL
, encoding O-antigen ligase, that resulted in a loss of swarming but not swimming motility. The
waaL
mutant failed to activate
flhDC
, the class 1 activator of the flagellar gene cascade, when grown on solid surfaces. Swarming in the
waaL
mutant was restored by overexpression of
flhDC
in
trans
or by a mutation in the response regulator
rcsB
. To further investigate the role of the Rcs signal transduction pathway and its possible relationship with O-antigen surface sensing, mutations were made in the
rcsC
,
rcsB
,
rcsF
,
umoB
(
igaA
), and
umoD
genes in wild-type and
waaL
backgrounds. Comparison of the swarming phenotypes of the single and double mutants and of strains overexpressing combinations of the UmoB, UmoD, and RcsF proteins demonstrated the following: (i) there is a differential effect of RcsF and UmoB on swarming in wild-type and
waaL
backgrounds, (ii) RcsF inhibits UmoB activity but not UmoD activity in a wild-type background, and (iii) UmoD is able to modulate activity of the Rcs system.