bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of Thrips Infesting Gladiolus Flowers with Foliar-Applied Insecticides, 1996
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Sclar Casey , Bishop Jason
Published: December 2017

Plots were established at the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture Field Research Center of Colorado State University, located northeast of Ft. Collins, CO. The site used was three furrow-irrigated rows of plants, each separated into 10 ft plots (8 plants at 1 ft o.c, 2 ft gap separating each plot). The experimental design used was a CRD with four replications. Treatments were applied on 2 Sep with a compressed-air sprayer to the point of run-off. Plots were sampled at one day and four days (3 and 6 Sep) after foliar applications. Sampling was done by removing 3 blossoms from each plot and returning them to the laboratory where they were refrigerated until further processing. Refrigeration prevented subsequent predation by Orius sp. (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) present in the plots. For the 1 DAT sample, the three blossoms were rinsed with 75% EtOH directly into a counting dish for examination. For the 4 DAT sample, the three blossoms were rinsed with 75% EtOH through a #14 and #250 mesh sieves. Contents collected on the #250 mesh sieve were rinsed into a dish for examination and counting under a dissecting microscope at 15 X normal magnification.
Slug Control In Soybean, 1995
Authors: Hammond Ronald B.
Published: December 2017

Three molluscicides were tested at various rates for control of slugs in soybean near Wooster, OH. There were 4 replications of 7 treatments with plots measuring 50 X 50 ft. Molluscicides treatments were applied to plots using an Ortho Whirlybird hand spreader on the evening of 7 Jun. Soybeans were in the VE growth stage at the time of application. Molluscicide efficacy was measured using 2 methods. The first technique was counting the number of slugs per 2 ft2 area at 9 DAT; counts were taken at dusk as the slugs emerged from underneath crop residue. Three such areas per plot were examined and all slugs were counted, whether on the plants or the crop residue. The second evaluation sampled slugs using attractant beer traps at 1 and 2 wk after treatment. Plastic 16 oz cups were placed in holes, partially filled with beer, and covered with a 1 ft2 aluminum-covered roofing shingle. The numbers of slugs per trap were recorded the following day. All sampling was done in the center 20 X 20 ft area of the plots. Data were analyzed using ANOVA; LSD was used to separate treatment means where appropriate.
Control of Lepidopterous Pests, 1992
Authors: Chalfant Richard B.
Published: December 2017

Transplants were set out on 27 Mar at the UG Coastal Plain Experiment Station Ponder Farm near Tifton. Plant spacing was 12 inches in the row and 36 inches between rows. Plots were two rows wide and 50 ft long. Treatments were replicated four times in a RCB design. Insecticides were applied with a two-row boom equipped with three Spraying Systems TX18 hollow cone nozzles per row delivering 50 gpa at a pressure of 100 psi. A surfactant, Valent X-77, was included with all treatments at a concentration of 0.25%. Application dates were 16, 23,30 Apr; 11 and 18 May. Larval counts were made on five plants per plot on 17Apr;5, 15 and 24 May. Market quality was assessed on 26 May by scoring 10 heads per plot, using a 0-5 scale as given in the table. Data were subjected to ANOVA and means were separated by LSD (P = 0.05).
Control of Tomato/Potato Psyllid on Greenhouse Tomatoes, 1997
Authors: Al-Jaber Ahmed M. , Cranshaw Whitney
Published: December 2017

Trials were conducted on greenhouse tomatoes, approximately 12 inches in height, grown in 4.5-in pots. Plots consisted of individual plants and experimental design was a completely randomized with 8 replications. Prior to applications, individual leaves infested with psyllids were marked and subsequently monitored. Treatments were applied 25 Jun to the point of leaf wetting with a hand-pump sprayer. Evaluations were made 1, 2, and 5 days after treatment (DAT) by examining the previously marked leaves and assessing mortality.
Insect Management on Fresh Market Tomatoes, Spring 1997A
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: December 2017

Transplants were set 12 Mar, 18 inches apart on 8-inch-high beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Each plot consisted of a single 15 ft-row with rows on 5-ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design and were applied with a 2.5 gal, hand-held CO2-powered sprayer on 9, 18, 24, 30 Apr, 7, 14, and 21 May. The sprayer was operated at 60 psi and delivered 60 gpa for the first three applications, 90 gpa the next three applications, and 120 gpa for the last application using a single nozzle fitted with a D-5 disk and #25 core. On 13 Jun, the numbers of Liriomyza spp. leafmines were counted by two trained observers in a 2-min whole-plot search. Leafmine counts of both persons were totaled. Fruit were harvested on 20 May and 3 Jun. The number and weight of undamaged fruit and the number of fruit damaged by armyworm larvae, flower thrips (fruit with five or more oviposition dimples on the blossom end), and stink bugs were determined.
Efficacy of Foliar Insecticides Against Potato Leafhopper, 1997
Authors: Youngman R. R. , Kuhar T. P. , Laub C. A.
Published: December 2017

Ten insecticide treatments and an untreated check were evaluated against PLH nymphs and adults in a 4th-year stand of ‘Arrow’ alfalfa located in Montgomery Co., VA. Plots of 20 X 30 ft were arranged in a RCBD in each of four replications. PLH densities and stem ht were determined on 18 Jul in each plot prior to spray treatment. Post-treatment PLH densities and stem ht were sampled every 4 to 5 d in all plots through 11 Aug. PLH density was estimated using combined counts of nymphs and adults from 5 pendulum sweeps of a 15-inch-diam sweep net taken arbitrarily across the plot. Stem ht was determined by measuring the length of 2 stems per plot. All insecticide treatments were applied as foliar sprays on 18 Jul using a CO2 backpack sprayer. The backpack sprayer was equipped with 4, 8002VS stainless steel spray tips and calibrated to deliver 20 gpa at 40 psi. Weather conditions during application ranged from 85-90°F air temperature, clear skies, and minimal wind movement. A two-way ANOVA and LSD were used to analyze differences among treatments in PLH sweep-net counts, after (x + 0.5)1/2 transformation, and stem ht.
Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1997
Authors: Hower Arthur A. , Rebarchak Paul
Published: December 2017

Two insecticide efficacy studies for controlling mixed populations of NCR (4% Experiment 1 and 17% Experiment 2) and WCR (96% Experiment 1 and 83% Experiment 2) were conducted at the Russell E. Larson Agricultural Research Center at Rock Springs, Centre County, PA. The experiments were conducted on separate fields approximately 1 mile apart. Com was planted no-till on 21 May for both experiments using a John Deere Max-Emerge 2-row planter with 30-inch spacing. Three treatments (Fortress 5G 0.16 lb (AI)/acre applied in furrow and T-band, Aztec 4.67 G 0.02 lb (AI)/acre applied T-band) in both experiments were planted using a SmartBox™ Closed Pesticide Delivery System on 21 May. Two treatments (Furadan 4°F 1.0 lb (AI)/acre, not cultivated in and cultivated in) were applied post emergence on 17 Jun based on GDD (growing degree days). The field used in Experiment 1 was planted with com and pumpkin as a trap crop for rootworm adults in 1996. Insecticides were applied to 10 X 40 ft plots (for 30-inch rows) arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications per treatment and an untreated check. Plant populations were counted 25 Jun at both locations to quantify seedling emergence and identify any phytotoxicity that may have resulted from the treatments. Root damage was rated on 31 Jul (Experiment 1) and 1 Aug (Experiment 2) using the Iowa 1 to 6 scale. All treatments were harvested in Experiment 1 for silage and grain yield. Only grain yield was measured in Experiment 2. Silage yield was determined on 26 Sep in Experiment 1 by harvesting 1/1000 acre (17 ft of one row) in each plot by hand because the silage harvester wasn’t working properly. Percent moisture for silage in Experiment 1 was determined for each replication by drying 14 random plant samples collected across the various treatments. Silage yield was adjusted to 65% moisture. Grain yield in both experiments was determined on 31 Oct by mechanically harvesting 2 rows from each plot for shelled corn with a Massey-Ferguson combine. The harvested rows were in the same relative position in each plot in both experiments. Percent moisture of the shelled corn was determined for each plot with a moisture meter and the grain yield was adjusted to 15.5% moisture for both experiments.
Efficacy of Soil Insecticides in Controlling Wireworms in Field Corn, 1997
Authors: Shaw J. T. , Gray M. E. , Steffey K. L. , Finger J. W.
Published: December 2017

Each treatment was applied to a single 30-ft-long row. A RCB design with four replications was used. Two untreated checks were included in each replication. Data collected from the untreated plots were averaged for the ANOVA. Granular insecticides applied at planting were metered through computer-controlled SmartBox (SBX) granular applicators or Noble units mounted on each of the four planter units (ALMACO 4-row Precision planter). The planting-time granules were applied in-furrow or in a 7-inch band ahead of the firming wheels on the planter. Spring tines mounted behind each planter unit were used to incorporate the insecticide. All rates are specified as lb (AI)/acre based on 30-inch row spacing. On 12 Jun, plant damage ratings were obtained by removing a trench of soil 1 meter (length) X 10 cen-timeters (width) X 10 centimeters (depth). The number of wireworm larvae was recorded for each sample. In addition, seeds/seedlings in each 1 meter of row were examined for wireworm damage and rated according to the following scale: 1 = Seed/seedling undamaged; 2 = Seed/seedling damaged but plant established; 3 = Seed/seedling damaged with plant showing signs of stress; 4 = Seed/seedling damaged with no plant establishment.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Fipronil, 1997
Authors: Bernhardt J.L.
Published: December 2017

The experimental design was a RCB with 9 treatments and 4 replications. Plot size was 9 rows (7-inch spacing) by 25 ft. Adjacent plots were separated by a 2-ft alley. Rice was drill seeded in Crowley silt loam at 90 lb/acre on 18 May and emerged on 27 May. Propanil (Stam 4 E) and thiobencarb (Bolero 8 E) at 3 and 2 lb (AI)/acre, respectively, were applied for weed control on 12 Jun. Nitrogen was applied in a 2-way split of 90 lb N/acre as urea on 2 Jul and 60 lb N/acre on 26 Jul. Preplant treatments were made with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer at 18 gpa and incorporated to a 2-inch depth with a tractor-mounted rotary tiller. Seed treated with fipronil was supplied by Rhone Poulenc Ag. Chemical Company. Plots were flush irrigated (temporary flood for 24 h, then drained) on 23 May and 14 Jun. Permanent flood was established on 2 Jul. Furadan 3 G was applied 14 d after permanent flood with a hand-shaker. On 25 and 31 Jul three 4X4 inch (diam by depth) soil cores with an average of 4 plants/core were removed from plots. Soil was washed from the plant roots into a 40-mesh screen. The screen was immersed in salt water and RWW immatures were removed. Plots were harvested with a Yanmar combine on 7 Oct. Reported yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Data were analyzed with an ANOVA and means separated with LSD.
Control of Sunflower Insects in West Central Nebraska, 1997
Authors: Seymour R. C. , Campbell J. B. , Wright R. J.
Published: December 2017

Sunflowers were planted on 16 May near North Platte, NE, with a ridge till planter. Insecticides were applied with a backpack sprayer on 24 Jul, when the plants were in the 5% bloom stage. The insecticide treatments were applied with water, in a total volume of 7 gpa, at 30 psi. The treatments were replicated four times in 10 X 35 ft plots arranged in a RCB design. Sunflower moth larval damage, head clipper weevil damage, and plant lodging were evaluated 2 Oct on 20 plants from the center of each plot. Moth larval damage on the heads was rated on a 1-5 scale; 1 = no damage, 2 = 25% of the head damaged, 3 = 50% of the head damaged, 4 = 75% of the head damaged, 5 = 100% of the head damaged. Plants with missing heads were scored as damaged by head clipper weevils. Treatment means for each variable were analyzed with ANOVA. The means were separated with Fisher’s protected test of least significant difference.
Aphid and Flea Beetle Control on Tobacco with Insecticides Applied in the Transplant Water, 1997
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Wilkinson William B.
Published: December 2017

Various insecticides applied as transplant water treatments and transplant drench (TPD) were compared with foliar and soil treatments for TA and TFB control and for the impact of treatment on yield of flue-cured tobacco. Tests were conducted on a Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil at the Southern Piedmont Agric. Res. and Ext. Cntr., Blackstone, VA. Eleven treatments and an untreated check were established in a RCB design with 4 replications Plots, 4 X 40 ft (1 row X 24 plants), were separated by single untreated guard rows. The Temik treatment was applied in a 14-inch band using a tractor-mounted-Gandy granular applicator and immediately covered with 6 inches of soil at bed formation on 15 May (Ambient temperature 75-78 °F, soil temperature, 70 °F, soil pH, 5.6; weather, sunny; soil moisture, good). The Admire drench treatment was applied to tobacco seedlings in 288-cell float trays 24 hrs before transplanting. The treatment was applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered the desired rates of Admire 240 FS in 0.46 gal of water/1,000 plants through 8003LP tips at 20 psi. Treatments were watered in with about 1 gal of water immediately after application. ‘Coker 371 Gold’ flue-cured tobacco was transplanted and the transplant water (TPW) treatments were applied in 204 gpa with a dipper at 4 fl oz/plant on 20 May. The weather was sunny, and soil and ambient temperatures were 70 °F and 78-81 °F, respectively. Foliar applications of Orthene were applied on 11 and 31 Jul with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 30 gpa at 50 psi through 3 TX-12 nozzles/row. Except for insect control, tobacco production followed recommendations of the Virginia Cooperative Extension Service. Dipel 4 L (Bacillus thuringienis) was applied for tobacco hornworm control on 3 Jul. TA were counted on the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants/plot about once a week from 6 to 10 wks after transplanting. On 22 Aug, TA damage was rated for each plot on a scale of 0 to 10: 0 = no signs of TA feeding; 10 = all leaves showing severe damage resulting from TA infestations including hon-eydew, sooty mold, necrotic leaf tissue and exuviae. TFB feeding holes were counted on 10 plants/plot at 2 to 4 wk after transplanting. Tobacco was harvested as it ripened, weighed, graded by a USDA/AMS inspector, and yields and prices were calculated. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated by Waller-Duncan K-ratio t-test (K = 100). TA count data were transformed to log10 (x + 1) before analysis.
Secondary Insecticide Testing on Apple, 1997
Authors: Reissig H. , Dunham M. , Smith C.
Published: December 2017

Dilute sprays were applied with a hand sprayer (450 psi) at tight cluster (2 May), pink (12 May), petal fall (3 Jun), and as cover sprays on 11 Jun, 25 Jun, 7 Jul, 22 Jul, 6 Aug, and 20 Aug. Oil was applied at tight cluster in the DuPont program, followed by Asana at pink; Guthion + Vydate at PF; Vendex, Lannate, and Guthion at IC; Lannate + Guthion at 2C, 5C, and 6C; and a mixture of Asana + Guthion at 3C and 4C. In the Knack treatment, Knack 0.86 EC (0.37 oz (AI)/100 gal) was applied at pink, Guthion 50 W (4.0 oz (AI)/100 gal) was applied at petal fall, IC, 2C, 4C-6C, and Knack 0.86 EC (0.27 oz (AI)/100 gal) + Guthion 50 W (4.0 oz (AI)/100 gal) was applied at 3C. All other treatments were applied at petal fall and in the first through sixth cover sprays. Treatments were replicated 3 times (two 6-tree plots and one 8-tree plot) and arranged in a RCB design. At harvest (8-14 Oct), 200 apples were picked from the ‘McIntosh’ and ‘Cortland’ trees in each replication and examined for insect damage. Also, 100 ‘Golden Delicious’ apples were picked from each replication in the Diazinon treatment, the standard Guthion treatment, and the check plot and examined for fruit russeting. Apples were divided into three categories according to the estimated amount of russeted surface: low (0-3%), medium (5%-50%) and high (>50%). ERM and predaceous mites were sampled on 25 randomly selected ‘McIntosh’ leaves/replication on 24 Jun, 14 Jul, 24 Jul, and 8 Aug. On 17 Jun the first generation of WALH were counted on 50 spur leaves (‘Rhode Island Greening’, Rep I and II, and ‘Cort-land’ trees, Rep III) and the second generation was sampled on 28 Aug. STLM tissue mines from the first generation were counted on leaves from 25 ran-domly selected fruit clusters on 11 Jul. Second-generation STLM tissue mines were counted on 8-10 distal leaves on 20 randomly selected “hardened off” ‘Rhode Island Greening’ terminals/replication in Rep I and II and on ‘Cortland’ terminals in Rep III on 27 Aug.
Efficacy of Spinosad and Standards for Control of Large Black Cutworm Larvae, 1997
Authors: Shetlar D. J. , Niemczck H. D. , Pinkston W.
Published: December 2017

The study was located on bentgrass range 1 north at the Ohio State Turfgrass Research and Education Center, Columbus, OH. Treatments were applied on 4 Sep to plots 4 X 6 ft arranged in a RCB, replicated 4 times. Liquid treatments were applied using a CO2 sprayer calibrated to deliver 2.0 gal/1000ft2. No immediate post-treatment irrigation was applied. The 100% creeping bentgrass range was mowed at 0.5 inch, had no thatch and was irrigated daily with 0.25 inch of water. On 5 Sep two 8-inch stainless steel cylinders were driven into the turf, about 2 hr after the last spraying to allow for complete drying of all treatments. Each cylinder was infested with six 5th- and 6th-instar BCW (1.0 to 1.25 inch) and covered with nylon screen. On 9 Sep (5 DAT), the covers were removed and each cylinder was flooded with a soapy water mix (15 ml Joy dishwashing detergent in 1.0 ga water) to flush out any live BCW. It was discovered that many of the larvae had pupated, so the turf cover was removed and the live pupae were added to the counts.
Fall Mole Cricket Control on Golf Courses, 1996B
Authors: Harris Joseph P.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted on fairways 12 and 13 at the Jackson County Golf Course in Jackson County on the Gulf Coast of Mississippi. Soil type was a sandy clay loam. Mole crickets were midinstar nymphs. Exper imental design was RCB with 4 replications. Each replication was 2,00 ft2. Treatments were made on 26 Aug. Granular formulations were applied with ;: Scotts ProTurf, hand-pushed spreader. Rainfall from 25 to 24 Sep was a total of 8.0 inches during this study. All plots received 0.33 inch water within hour after applications. Mole cricket damage ratings were made using a 1-m2 frame divided into nine equal, square-shaped sections. The frame was placet1 on the ground in 10 locations/rep. The presence of mounds and tunnels was determined visually and by touch. Damage ranged from zero (no damage ii any of the nine sections) to nine (nine sections contained mounds and/or tunnels). Pretreatment counts were made on 26 Aug and post-treatment count were made on 3, 10, 17 and 24 Sep.
European Red Mite and Twospotted Spider Mite Control on Apple, 1997
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Gerhardt B. , Mullins C. A. , Straw R. A.
Published: December 2017

Six insecticide treatments were evaluated at the Plateau Experiment Station, Crossville, TN. The experimental design was randomized complete block with four replicates. Plots consisted of single trees separated by one buffer tree. Blocks were separated by a row of trees. All insecticide treatments were applied using a ‘Solo’ gasoline-powered back-pack sprayer providing 81.75 gal/A of finished spray on 25 July. Orthene, both formulations of Kelthane, and Omite were applied again on 5 Aug. Latron B-1956 was added to both Kelthane treatments at the rate of 4 oz/100 gallons spray. Forty leaves from each tree were sampled at random and put into a self-sealing plastic bag on 29 Jul, 4, 13 and 19 Aug. Ten leaves from each bag were sampled at random, and the number of mites/10 leaves was determined using a dissecting microscope. There were similar numbers of ERM and TSM on all treatments and collection dates. All data were subjected to ANOVA.
Suppression of Ant Mound Activity on a Golf Course Fairway, 1997
Authors: Power K. T. , Shetlar D. J. , Niemczyk H. D.
Published: December 2017

The study was located on a non-irrigated fairway at Crockett’s Green Hills Golf Course, Clyde, Ohio. Insecticides were applied 5 May to plots 15 X 14 ft arranged in a RCB design replicated three times. The liquid treatments were applied with a CO2 sprayer and Teejet™ XR8010VS nozzles at 30 psi pressure that delivered a volume of 2 gal/1000 ft2. There was no immediate post-treatment irrigation. Environmental conditions at time of the treatments were as follows: ants-mound building activity beginning in the fairway; turf-level, dry, 1½inch ht, 40% Kentucky bluegrass, 40% perennial ryegrass, and 20% annual bluegrass, no thatch; soil-moist, 51°F at 1 inch and 48°F at 3 inch; weather-sunny, 54°F, 0-10 mph. Efficacy of treatments was evaluated on 21 May, 5 Jun, 16 Jun, and 1 Jul (16, 31, 42, 63 DAT, respectively) by counting the number of active mounds in two square yard areas from the center 100 ft2 in each plot. ANOVA was done on plot totals and means separated by LSD test (P = 0.5).
Comparisons of Talstar Formulations and Dursban Toward Ants on Turf; 1997
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Rollins Alan , Lamarche Rachel , Hodgson Meggan
Published: December 2017

This trial was conducted at Whit Mountain Country Club, Ashland, NH. Four replications of 7 treatments were applied to 2 bluegrass fairways in a RCB design on 23 Jun. Each plot wa 2500 ft2 in area. All liquid formulations were applied using a 2-wheel bicycle-type boom sprayer equipped with 4 spray heads; each head was equippe with an 8005 flat fan-type nozzle and a 50-mesh strainer. The volume of water and insecticide mix per plot was 1 gal/1000 ft2; CO2 was the source of pres sure at 40 psi. Granular formulations were applied with a Lesco broadcast lawn spreader. Weather conditions on the 23rd (10 am) were as follows: air temp, 77°F, sky, scattered clouds; wind, 15 mph. Soil conditions on the 5th fairway were as follows: texture, silt loam; sand, 34%; silt, 50%; clay, 16% soil moisture, 24%; 76%; organic matter, 7.4%; pH, 5.6. Soil conditions on the 13th fairway were as follows: texture, loamy sand; sand, 83%; silt, 10% clay, 7%; moisture, 11%; organic matter, 3.7%; pH, 5.2. Active anthills were counted pretreatment, and 7 and 14 DAT. Treatment in each plot were rate by counting the number of anthills in 28 1-yd2 subplots prior to spraying, and then 7 and 14 DAT.
Control of Glassywinged Sharpshooters on Oleander Under Greenhouse Conditions, Winter 1997
Authors: Redak R. A. , Bethke J. A. , Blua M. J.
Published: December 2017

Oleander cuttings were rooted in 10-cm pots and allowed 8 wk growth (20-30 cm tall) before use. The plants were fertilized once a week with Miracle Grow (150 mg N/liter) and irrigated every other d for 3 min by drip system. Treatments were placed directly in the soil as a granular or drench on 4 Apr (day 0). Granular treatments were weighted on a balance in the greenhouse, placed directly on the soil in the pot, and irrigated into the soil with 250 ml of water. Drench treatments were added to 250 ml of water prior to drenching the soil. Following treatment, plants were caged (40 cm diam X 70 cm high acetate cylinder with screened top). Each cage contained 2 plants from a single treatment and represented a single replicate. Eight wild (field collected) glassy-winged sharpshooters were placed into the cages 4 DAT and mortality was observed at 4, 24, and 48 h. All insects were removed after 48 h, and new insects were placed into the cages 7, 18, and 29 DAT. A RBC design was used with 3 replicates per treatment. Data were transformed arcsine x prior to ANOVA, and Duncan’s multiple range test was used to separate means.
Efficacy of Halofenozide (A Growth Regulator) and Merit Against European Chafer Larvae Relative to Dates of Application on a Home Lawn, 1996
Authors: Vittum P. J.
Published: December 2017

Halofenozide (RH-0345) and Merit were applied on one of three application dates and tested for efficacy against European chafer larvae on a home lawn at the Suburban Experiment Station, Waltham, MA. The lawn consisted of 30% crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), 30% perennial ryegrass, 20% Kentucky bluegrass, 20% dandelion (Taraxacum officinale L.), and was mowed at ca. 1.5 inches. Treatment plots were 8 ft by 8 ft, replicated 5 times, arranged in a CRB. Applications were made on 28 Jun, 23 Jul, or 20 Aug. All applications were liquid formulations and were applied by hand with a watering can using 3-4 liters of water per plot. Soil conditions at the study site at time of application were as follows: soil type, silty loam; soil pH 6.2. Plots were watered in with 3-4, 5, or 10-11 gal of irrigation through overhead irrigation immediately after application on 28 Jun, 23 Jul, and 20 Aug, respectively. Product efficacy was evaluated for all treatments on 26 Sep (90, 64, and 36 DAT respectively) by removing 5 cup-cutter plugs (4.25 inch diam) from near the center of each plot, dislodging soil and counting all grubs to a depth of 3 inches.
Laboratory and Field Evaluation of Granular Ant Baits and The Attractiveness of Liquid Ant Bait, 1996
Authors: Summerlin Bill , Gold Roger , Howell Harry , Cook Jerry
Published: December 2017

Efficacy tests were conducted on two sets of three colonies each of S. invicta and M. pharaonis. An additional colony of each species was held as an untreated control. Each test was replicated three times. Two g of either Ascend PT-370 (modified granular ant bait [.011% Abamectin]) or Maxforce granular ant bait (Hydramethylnon 1 %) were given to each of three colonies in each set, respectively, at the start of the test. Prior to starting the test, all colonies were deprived of food for 48h, to ensure the ants would be hungry. Control colonies were fed the regular laboratory diet . . . live yellow meal-worms for S. invicta and frozen field crickets for M. pharaonois. At the end of 48h bait exposure, bait dishes were removed and reweighed. The amount of bait removed determined the relative attractiveness of the baits. Mortality counts were made beginning 1 wk posttreatment, then weekly for 8 wk. Field tests to determine the attractancy of the experimental ant bait TC-93 to colonies of P. longicornis were conducted on three busy foraging trails. Three active S. invicta mounds were used to test the attractancy of TC-93 to red imported fire ants. These tests were conducted by placing lg of TC-93 liquid ant bait in the center of 4 X 5 inch note cards, and placing a baited card on each of 3 busy P. longicornis forging trails. At TC-93 baited card was also placed at the bases of 3 active S. invicta mounds. Counts of ants visiting these stations were made over a 2-min period at 10, 30, and 60 min. following bait placement. The number of ants responding determined the relative attractiveness to the ants. Tests were conducted at Moody Gardens, Galveston, TX to determine the relative attractiveness of the TC-93 ant bait to Ghost ants, and to compare the measured response to that stimulated by the granular ant baits Maxforce and Ascend PT-370 modified bait. These tests utilized 24 bait stations: 8 stations contained 1 g each TC-93; 8 contained 1 g each Maxforce; 8 contained 1 g each Ascend PT-370 (modified) ant bait. These stations were clear, covered plastic petri dishes (35mm X 10mm) with lids removed to accommodate ant entry. These stations were alternately placed about lm apart in areas where ants were seen. Ghost ants (and other species) were counted at the bait stations 30 min after placement. A final count was made 2h post-treatment. Bait stations were then picked up and returned to the lab and reweighed to determine the amount of bait removed to assess and compare the relative attractiveness of each bait.
Laboratory Evaluations of Methyl Bromide and Carbon Dioxide Mixture Against Twospotted Spider Mite, 1996
Authors: Zettler J. Larry , Gill Richard F.
Published: December 2017

The potential of carbon dioxide to reduce the dose of methyl bromide required to kill mites during 3-h fumigations was evaluated. Fumigations were performed in modified 2.5-liter desiccator jars with methyl bromide alone or with 5% carbon dioxide at concentrations of 0, 8, and 24 mg/liter at 27° C and 60% RH. Three to five leaf discs (14 mm diam) infested with eggs, nymphs, and adults were placed in the fumitoria and allowed to acclimate for 4 h after which the appropriate treatment dose was added. Doses were confirmed by gas chromatography. Treatment doses were calculated by averaging the dose at the beginning of the exposure period with that at the end of the exposure period. Two to six replicates were run, each on a different day, during Feb and Mar. Following fumigation, leaf discs were removed from the fumitoria, held in petri dishes for 24 h, and mite mortality was assessed.
Efficacy of Yieldgard Transgenic Corn Against Southern Insect Pests, 1997
Authors: Benedict J. H. , Correa J. C. , Davis P.
Published: December 2017

A transgenic Pioneer Brand corn, ‘3 IB 13’, expressing an insecticidal protein CrylA(b) (produced by the cryLA(b) gene from Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki, i.e., YieldGard®, Monsanto Company), and the nontransgenic near-isoline, Pioneer Brand 3223 (Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.), were planted 26 Mar at Texas A&M University Research and Extension Center, Corpus Christi, TX. Field plots were 4 row (38 inch centers) X 30 ft. The four treatments were the two corn hybrids, with and without an artificial infestation of CEW on ears at silking. The treatments were arranged in a RCB design and each plot was replicated 4 times. All plots also had natural infestations of CEW and FAW. The entire test was treated at planting with a band (6 inch) application of Counter 15G (1.04 lb (AI)/acre) over the seed drill for control of corn rootworms. Rainfall was 5.63 inches during the crop season. Supplemental drip irrigation was provided in Jun, 1.9 inches, and in Jul, 1.4 inches. Artificial infestations of silk with CEW eggs were made at the green silk stage on 5 Jun. Eggs were suspended in a 0.2% agar solution and applied with an Eppendorf® Repeater Pipette (Brinkmann Instruments, Westbury, NY) at the rate of 30^10 eggs/ear. The treatments were evaluated for whorl injury on 27 May by sampling 20 plant whorls/plot for CEW and FAW leaf feeding using the 0-9 rating scale method (least feeding to most feeding, respectively) developed by F. Davis (1992). CEW and FAW larvae were collected from the 2 outside rows in each plot to determine the proportion of CEW and FAW feeding in whorls (collected 30 May) and ears (collected 19 Jun). On 28 Jul 10 plants/plot were sampled from the center 2 rows to determine stalk tunneling, measured as inches per plant and ear shank tunneling, measured as 0 = absent or 1 = present. Ear kernel injury was determined at harvest, 25 Jul, by sampling 20 ears from the middle two rows. Kernel injury was rated with the Neil Widstrom (1967) method. Corn was hand harvested from the middle two rows on 25 Jul, thrashed, weighed, and adjusted to 15.5% moisture.
Evaluation of Spin Out 300 Treated Pots Against Two-Striped Slug, 1996
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H. , Jacobsen C. M. , Lanikaula W.
Published: December 2017

Spin Out (Griffin Corp., Valdosta, GA) is a coating of copper hydroxide applied to the interior surface of pots, grow bags, etc. to control root development by chemical root pruning. Efficacy trials against the two-stripped slug were conducted from 22 Nov through 29 Nov 96 at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, Waiakea Agricultural Research Station in Hilo, Hawaii. Field collected slugs were held in glass aquariums with screen covers and fed ‘Iceberg’ lettuce daily until tests began. Tests were conducted n a 2.3 X 0.8 X 0.6m-inch galvanized steel box containing a 2.5-cm thick layer of moistened peat moss. Ten Spin Out treated pots and 10 untreated pots were randomly placed into the galvanized box. A 5 X 5 cm piece (approximately 13 g) of “Iceberg” lettuce was placed in each plot. Pots were then covered with cardboard to prevent daylight from entering. Five hundred slugs at various life stages were evenly distributed throughout the galvanized box which was then sealed with 18 X 16 mesh fiberglass screen. The number of slugs in the pots and percentage feeding were recorded 1, 4, and 8 days after adding the slugs. A fresh piece of lettuce was added at each observation. Percentages were transformed to arcsine (sqrt) before analysis.
Efficacy of Selected Conventional and Experimental Insecticides for Control of European Corn Borer on Snap Beans, 1997
Authors: Shaw J. T. , Weinzierl R. , Finger J. W.
Published: December 2017

Trials were arranged in a RCB design with four replications. Each replicate had a plot consisting of four 30-inch-wide, 20-ft-long rows. Twenty-five-foot-wide alleys were established between each of the four replications. Insecticides were applied to the middle two rows of each plot, leaving two untreated rows between each plot. Eight insecticide treatments were compared with two untreated checks after multiple manual infestations of ECB egg masses. The two untreated check plots were averaged for the ANOVA. Treatments were to be applied at 28, 21, 14, and 7 days before harvest (DBH); however, because of slow plant development, applications were made at 33, 27, 20, and 12 DBH, every six to eight days beginning on 31 Jul. All insecticide treatments were applied with a modified John Deere 6000 high-clearance vehicle (HCV) with a rear-mounted boom. Six Conejet (TX VS-6) hollow cone nozzles (three per row) were calibrated to deliver 25.2 gpa at 40 psi and a speed of 2.5 mph, utilizing a compressed air system. Four nozzles (2 per row) were attached to drops and directed toward the under surface of the snap bean canopy, area, a third nozzle (one per row) was mounted directly over the row. In one of the center two rows of the 4-row plot, a seven-foot section of row was marked and manually infested (by pinning) with black-headed stage ECB egg masses on wax paper disc, to the foliage of the snap bean plants. Four eggs masses per foot of row were attached i on the following dates: 25 Jul, 1, 8, 15, and 22 Aug.
Evaluation of Insecticides to Control Lepidopterous Pests on Cabbage, 1997
Authors: Nault Brian A. , Speese John
Published: December 2017

Cabbage was transplanted on 20 Aug at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a single 25-ft-long row, which was flanked by untreated guard rows, all spaced 3 ft apart. There were 14 treatments plus an untreated control arranged in a RCBD replicated 4 times. Two of the treatments were applied on a 4-5-d schedule (17, 22, and 26 Sep; 1, 6, 10, 15, 20, and 24 Oct), whereas the remainder were applied on a 7-d schedule (17 and 24 Sep; 1,8, 15, and 22 Oct). Materials were applied using a propane-powered backpack sprayer equipped with 3 hollow-cone nozzles/row calibrated to deliver 60 gal of spray/acre at 40 psi. Latron CS-7 was included in all applications at a rate of 0.12% vol./vol. On 17 Sep and 1 Oct. imidacloprid (Provado 1.6F) was used at a rate of 3.75 oz/acre to control harlequin bugs and cabbage aphids in plots designated to be treated with Bacillus thuringiensis. The number of Lepidopterous larvae on each of 5 randomly selected plants per plot was recorded on 23 and 6 Oct. On 28 Oct, 10 plants/plot were scored for damage following the damage rating scale (numbers 1-6) published by Greene et al. 1969 (J. Econ. Entomol. 62[4]: 798-800). According to this scale, a head is marketable if rated ≤ 3.
Control of Lepidopterous Pests on Cabbage, 1997
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Gerhardt B. R. , Mullins C. A. , Straw R. A.
Published: December 2017

Transplants were set on 7 May at the Plateau Experiment Station, Crossville. Plants were set 12 inches apart in 10-ft rows, and rows were on 3 ft centers. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with four replications. Blocks were separated by 5-ft alleys. Soil type was classified as Lily silt loam with pH 6.2. Insecticides were applied using a 2.5-gal compressed CO2 hand sprayer calibrated to spray 80 gpa at 40 psi on 19 and 27 Jun, 3, 10, 15, and 24 Jul. CS-7 was added to both Confirm treatments and RH-2485. There were similar numbers of CL and ICW larvae on all treatments and evaluation dates. Damaged heads were counted on 10 plants on 1, 8, 15, 22, and 31 Jul. Leaf damage ratings (0 = no evident damage; 10 = 100% of leaves damaged) were made on 31 Jul. Number of marketable heads was determined on 4 Aug. All data were subjected to ANOVA.
Treatment of the Acute and Chronic Infected Total Ankle Arthroplasty
Authors: O’Neil Joseph T. , Parvizi Javad , Winters Brian S.
Published: December 2017

Total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) has been used with increasing frequency for the treatment of end-stage ankle arthritis. The rate of periprosthetic joint infection for TAA varies in the literature. When it occurs, it can have devastating consequences. Despite the large amount of literature published on the workup, treatment, and outcomes of periprosthetic joint infection in other areas of the body, there is a paucity of studies when it comes to the ankle. The results of surgical treatment of infected TAA are mixed and complication rates are high. The experience gained by the hip and knee surgeons, shoulder and elbow surgeons, and orthopedic trauma surgeons with regards to infection should be considered when managing patients with infected total ankle replacements. At the same time, it is critical that the issues unique to TAA infections be identified and discussed in the hope of defining a “standard of care” for these patients.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
SCI-SCREEN: A More Targeted Nutrition Screening Model to Detect Spinal Cord-Injured Patients at Risk of Malnutrition
Authors: Steensgaard Randi , Bonne Stine , Wojke Peter , Kasch Helge
Published: December 2017

Purpose

To explore if SCI-SCREEN was applicable as nutritional screening model in a neurorehabilitation unit, able to detect spinal cord injury (SCI) persons at nutritional risk.

Design and Methods

SCI-SCREEN underwent reliability test by 3 specialist nurses, using 10 consecutive SCI in-patients. Audit of 41 SCI-patients was conducted comparing SCI SCREEN with the Danish-Nutritional-Screening-Model-for-hospitalized-persons (DNSM).

Findings

Inter- and intra-tester reliability (Cohen’s Kappa: 0.89-0.93) was high. SCI-SCREEN estimated average energy needs 23% lower (mean difference± SD: 2516.2±1349.1kJ) and protein needs 10% lower (9.5±19.7g/day). Risk assessment differed in 61% (CI95: 42.1; 73.7%) of cases and risk-agreement was obtained in 22% (CI95: 10.6; 37.6%). SCI-SCREEN detected 66% (CI95: 44.5; 75.8%) and DNSM 39% at risk of malnutrition.

Conclusions

The SCI-SCREEN model estimates SCI-energy and protein needs more accurately than DNSM by adjusting to SCI-consequences. However, more studies are needed.

Clinical Relevance

SCI-SCREEN is a reasonable starting-point in the screening procedure and may be a valuable instrument to identify SCI-patients at risk of malnutrition.
Reinventing Radiology: Big Data and the Future of Medical Imaging
Authors: Morris Michael A. , Saboury Babak , Burkett Brian , Gao Jackson , Siegel Eliot L.
Published: December 2017

Purpose:

Today, data surrounding most of our lives are collected and stored. Data scientists are beginning to explore applications that could harness this information and make sense of it.

Materials and Methods:

In this review, the topic of Big Data is explored, and applications in modern health care are considered.

Results:

Big Data is a concept that has evolved from the modern trend of “scientism.” One of the primary goals of data scientists is to develop ways to discover new knowledge from the vast quantities of increasingly available information.

Conclusions:

Current and future opportunities and challenges with respect to radiology are provided with emphasis on cardiothoracic imaging.
Low beta power reflects perceived temporal probabilities for uncertain future events
Authors: Tavano Alessandro , Schröger Erich , Kotz Sonja A.
Published: December 2017

Humans tend to use elapsed time to increase the perceived probability that an impending event – e.g., the Go sign at a traffic light - will occur soon. This prompts faster reactions for longer waiting times (hazard rate effect). Which neural processes reflect instead the perceived probability of uncertain future events? We recorded behavioral and electroencephalographic (EEG) data while participants detected a target tone, rarely appearing at one of three successive positions of a repeating five-tone sequence with equal probability. Pre-stimulus oscillatory power in the low betaband range (Beta 1: 15-19 Hz) predicted the hazard rate of response times to the uncertain target, suggesting it encodes abstract estimates of a potential event onset. Informing participants about the target’s equiprobable distribution endogenously suppressed the hazard rate of response times. Beta 1 power still predicted behavior, validating its role in contextually estimating temporal probabilities for uncertain future events.

Highlights

Elapsed time to an uncertain future target increases response speed (Hazard rate).

Pre-stimulus low beta-band (Beta 1: 15-19 Hz) power predicts the hazard rate to uncertain targets.

Beta 1 power predicts response times even when elapsed time is factored out.

eTOC Blurb

Tavano et al. show that pre-stimulus low beta band (15-19 Hz) power predicts response times to an uncertain future target, even before its occurrence and under different prior knowledge conditions, suggesting it reflects contextual, subjective estimates of potential future events.
Partial ablation of the orexin field induces a sub narcoleptic phenotype in a conditional mouse model of orexin neurodegeneration
Authors: Black Sarah Wurts , Sun Jessica D. , Santiago Pamela , Laihsu Alex , Kimura Nikki , Yamanaka Akihiro , Bersot Ross , Humphries Paul S.
Published: December 2017

Narcolepsy type 1 (Na-1) and 2 (Na-2) are characterized by an inability to sustain wakefulness and are likely caused by degeneration of orexin neurons. Near complete orexin neurodegeneration depletes orexin-A from the cerebrospinal fluid and produces Na-1. The pathophysiology of Na-2 is less understood, but has been hypothesized to be due to less extensive loss of orexin neurotransmission. The orexin-tTA; TetO diphtheria toxin A mouse allows conditional control over the extent and timing of orexin neurodegeneration. To evaluate partial ablation of the orexin field as a model of Na-2, orexin-A positive cell counts and sleep/wake phenotypes (determined by piezoelectric monitoring) were correlated within individual mice after different protocols of diet-controlled neurodegeneration. Partial ablations that began during the first 8 days of study were 14% larger than partial ablations induced during the last 8 days of study, six weeks later and prior to sacrifice of all mice, suggesting orexin-A positive cell death continued despite the resumption of conditions intended to keep orexin neurons intact. Sleep/wake of mice with 71.0% orexin-A positive cell loss, initiated at the beginning of study, resembled that of orexin-intact controls more than mice with near complete neurodegeneration. Conversely, mice with 56.6% orexin-A positive cell loss, created at the end of study, had sleep/wake phenotypes that were similar to those of mice with near complete orexin-A positive cell loss. Collectively, these results suggest that compensatory wake-promotion develops in mice that have some critical portion of their orexinergic system remaining after partial ablation.

Statement of significance

The pathophysiology of narcolepsy type 2 is poorly understood but has been hypothesized to be due, at least in part, to degeneration of a smaller proportion of the orexin neuronal field than occurs in narcolepsy type 1. To evaluate a transgenic mouse model of narcolepsy type 2, we correlated the sleep/wake phenotypes of individual, male and female adult mice that received diet-induced conditional ablations of orexin neurons with their orexin cell counts. Using a translatable measure of narcolepsy sleepiness severity, we demonstrated that compensatory wake-promoting responses developed in mice concurrent with progressive orexin neurodegeneration. These results provide important details necessary for preclinical drug discovery for therapeutic areas characterized by orexin insufficiency, such as narcolepsy, Parkinson’s disease, and other neurodegenerative disorders.
Melanin pathway genes regulate color and morphology of butterfly wing scales
Authors: Matsuoka Yuji , Monteiro Antónia
Published: December 2017

The cuticular skeleton of a butterfly wing scale cell serves both as a substrate for the deposition of pigments and as an exquisitely finely-sculpted material responsible for the production of structural colors. While cuticle rigidity and pigmentation depend to a large extent on the end products of a branched biochemical pathway – the melanin pathway – little is known whether genes in this pathway also play a role in the development of specific scale morphologies that might aid in the development of structural colors. Here we first show that male and femaleBicyclus anynanabutterflies display differences in scale size and scale morphology but no differences in scale color. Then we use CRISPR/Cas9 to show that knockout mutations in five genes that function in the melanin pathway,TH, DDC, yellow, ebony,andaaNAT,affect both the fine structure and the coloration of the wing scales. Most dramatically, mutations inyellowled to extra horizontal cuticular laminae on the surface of scales, whereas mutations inDDCled to taller and sheet-like vertical cuticular laminae throughout each scale. We identify some of the first genes affecting the development of scale morphology, and whose regulation and pleiotropic effects may be important in creating, as well as limiting, the diversity of structural as well as pigmentary colors observed in butterflies.
Sequence variation aware genome references and read mapping with the variation graph toolkit
Authors: Garrison Erik , Sirén Jouni , Novak Adam M. , Hickey Glenn , Eizenga Jordan M. , Dawson Eric T. , Jones William , Lin Michael F. , Paten Benedict , Durbin Richard
Published: December 2017

Reference genomes guide our interpretation of DNA sequence data. However, conventional linear references are fundamentally limited in that they represent only one version of each locus, whereas the population may contain multiple variants. When the reference represents an individual’s genome poorly, it can impact read mapping and introduce bias. Variation graphs are bidirected DNA sequence graphs that compactly represent genetic variation, including large scale structural variation such as inversions and duplications.1 Equivalent structures are produced by de novo genome assemblers.2,3 Here we present vg, a toolkit of computational methods for creating, manipulating, and utilizing these structures as references at the scale of the human genome. vg provides an efficient approach to mapping reads onto arbitrary variation graphs using generalized compressed suffix arrays,4 with improved accuracy over alignment to a linear reference, creating data structures to support downstream variant calling and genotyping. These capabilities make using variation graphs as reference structures for DNA sequencing practical at the scale of vertebrate genomes, or at the topological complexity of new species assemblies.