bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Methodological aspects of revealing the metacognitive potential of a teacher in the context of the development of his health-preserving competence
Authors: Fedorets Vasyl M. , Klochko Oksana V. , Klochko Vitalii I. , Berezhna Tamila I. , Ivanytsia Halyna A.
Published: July 2022

The article presents the results of a study aimed at improving the methodology and techniques for developing metacognitive strategies in postgraduate education as important aspects of health competence of physical education teachers. The concept of “Logos of health-preserving competence of a physical education teacher” has been developed. The logo of health-preserving competence of a physical education teacher is presented as a developed and professionally oriented metacognitive sphere of a teacher for the effective implementation of student health. An important component of the logo is the development of reflexive, self-reflexive, prognostic, goal-setting intellectual skills and stereotypes. The Logos of Physical Education Teacher’s Competence Logos includes the Logos-Narrative constitutive competence. The “Logos Narrative” reveals the main ideas, values, algorithms, interpretations, visions, the purpose of the strategy of professional health care. To study “Methods of integrative use of metacognitive and archetypal phenomena to improve the health competence of physical education teachers”, two questionnaires were used to study the meta-cognitive strategies of physical education teachers. All issues had an axiological dimension and are doctrinal and institutional. The issues highlight the role of humanism and charity as determinants of the relevant modern Ukrainian Eurocentric trends in education reform. Wilcoxon’s T-test was used to process the test results. The positive dynamics of learning outcomes aimed at updating the goals of cognitive strategies is determined.
Exploring the Immunotherapeutic Potential of Oleocanthal against Murine Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Authors: Karampetsou Kalliopi , Koutsoni Olga S. , Badounas Fotis , Angelis Apostolis , Gogou Georgia , Skaltsounis Leandros-Alexios , Halabalaki Maria , Dotsika Eleni
Published: July 2022

Leishmaniasis is a major tropical disease with increasing global incidence. Due to limited therapeutic options with severe drawbacks, the discovery of alternative treatments based on
natural bioactive compounds is important. In our previous studies we have pointed out the antileishmanial activities of olive tree-derived molecules. In this study, we aimed to investigate
the in vitro and in vivo antileishmanial as well as the in vivo immunomodulatory effects of oleocanthal, a molecule that has recently gained increasing scientific
attention. Pure oleocanthal was isolated from extra virgin olive oil through extraction and chromatography techniques. The in vitro antileishmanial effects of oleocanthal were
examined with a resazurin-based assay, while its in vivo efficacy was evaluated in Leishmania
major-infected BALB/c mice by determining footpad induration, parasite load in popliteal lymph nodes, histopathological outcome, antibody production, cytokine profile of stimulated
splenocytes and immune gene expression, at three weeks after the termination of treatment. Oleocanthal demonstrated in vitro antileishmanial effect against both L. major
promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes. This effect was further documented in vivo as demonstrated by the suppressed footpad thickness, the decreased parasite load and the
inflammatory cell influx at the infection site. Oleocanthal treatment led to the dominance of a Th1-type immunity linked with resistance against the disease. This study establishes strong
scientific evidence for olive tree-derived natural products as possible antileishmanial agents and provides an adding value to the scientific research of oleocanthal.
Synthetic and Mechanistic Investigation of an Unexpected ­Intramolecular 1-5 Nitrogen to Carbon Tosyl Migration
Authors: Veale Clinton G. L. , Mathenjwa Gciniwe S. , Akerman Matthew P. , Bode Moira L.
Published: July 2022

Controlled sulfonyl migration is considered an important transformation for total synthesis and scaffold elaboration. Accordingly, efforts to understand the underlying properties of these often serendipitously identified reactions have important implications. Following the attempted synthesis of a tetrahydroindazolone analogue, we report here an unexpected 1,5-nitrogen to carbon tosyl migration, resulting in the isolation of an unusual sulfonated dimedone. Synthetic and mechanistic investigations provide early insight into the scope of this reaction, with two potential mechanisms proposed.
Gold-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling and 1,2-Difunctionalization ­Reactions: A Personal Account
Authors: Patil Nitin T. , Ambegave Shivhar B.
Published: July 2022

In recent years, gold catalysis involving Au(I)/Au(III) redox cycle has gained significant attention. This account summarizes our contributions to the development of Au(I)/Au(III) catalysis, focusing on cross-coupling reactions and 1,2-difunctionalization reactions of C–C multiple bonds. A special emphasis has been given to understanding the mechanism of the reactions.

1 Introduction

2 Gold-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions

3 Gold-Catalyzed 1,2-Difunctionalization of C–C Multiple Bonds

4 Conclusion and Outlook
Long-term outcomes of peroral endoscopic myotomy for achalasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Vespa Edoardo , Pellegatta Gaia , Chandrasekar Viveksandeep T. , Spadaccini Marco , Patel Harsh , Maselli Roberta , Galtieri Piera A. , Carlani Elisa , Sharma Prateek , Hassan Cesare , Repici Alessandro
Published: July 2022

Background The long-term outcomes of esophageal peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) are still unknown.

Methods We searched electronic databases (MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus) for studies assessing outcomes after POEM for esophageal achalasia with a minimum median follow-up duration of 36 months. Pooled rates of clinical success and postoperative reflux were calculated and compared with the same values at 12/24/36 months when available. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore the interstudy heterogeneity.

Results From 1528 initial records, 11 studies (2017–2021) were included. A total of 2342 patients (age 48.1 [SD 6.8] years; 50.1 % males) with a median follow-up of 48 months (interquartile range 45–60) were analyzed. The pooled clinical success rate was 87.3 % (95 %CI 83.6 %–91.0 %; I2  = 73.1 %). The symptomatic reflux pooled rate was 22.0 % (95 %CI 14.4 %–29.5 %; I2  = 92.7 %). Three cases of peptic strictures and one Barrett’s esophagus were reported. The pooled rate of severe adverse events was 1.5 % (95 %CI 0.5 %–2.5 %; I2  = 52.8 %).

Conclusions Long-term clinical efficacy of POEM persisted in 87 % of patients with achalasia. Post-POEM symptomatic reflux remained stable over time. The risk for Barrett’s esophagus and peptic strictures appeared minimal.
Replacing Anodic Oxygen Evolution Reaction with Organic ­Oxidation: The Importance of Metal (Oxy)Hydroxide Formation as the Active Oxidation Catalyst
Authors: Indra Arindam , Singh Ajit Kumar , Kumar Deepak , Singh Baghendra
Published: July 2022

Hybrid water electrolysis has been explored for the electrochemical oxidation of biomass, glucose, alcohols, amines, urea, etc. to produce value-added products. The integration of cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with anodic organic reaction (AOR) improves the energy efficiency of the electrolyzer by reducing the cell voltage of the overall process. Tremendous progress has been achieved in AOR by using transition-metal-based catalysts. These transition-metal-based catalysts undergo anodic activation in the alkali medium to form metal (oxy)hydroxide [M(O)x(OH)y] as the active catalyst. The atomic and electronic structure of M(O)x(OH)y essentially controls the conversion efficiency and product selectivity for AOR. In this Account, we have described the design of the AOR precatalyst, its anodic activation, and the basic principles of the integration of cathodic HER with AOR. The structural features of the precatalyst and the active catalyst have been described with representative examples. The recent progress and advancement in this field have been explained, and the future scope and challenges associated with AOR have been addressed.

1 Introduction

2 Anodic Organic Oxidation Reactions

3 Activity and Selectivity of Anodic Organic Reaction

4 Anodic Activation of Transition-Metal-Based Catalysts

5 Mechanism of Anodic Organic Oxidation

6 Perspective and Outlook
Synthesis of Heterocyclic Scaffolds via Prins, Oxonium-Ene and Related Cyclization Reactions
Authors: Saikia Anil K.
Published: July 2022

A variety of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur heterocyclic compounds are synthesized via one-pot multicomponent Prins, aza-Prins, thia-Prins, oxonium-ene, iminium-ene and thionium-ene cyclization reactions. The reactions proceeds with high diastereo- and regioselectivity. Importantly, C–C, C–N, C–O and C–S bonds are formed in a singsle step. These procedures are extended for the synthesis of biologically active molecules and natural products.

1 Introduction

2 Prins Cyclization Reactions

3 Oxonium-Ene Cyclization Reactions

4 Conclusion
Organic Base-Mediated Carboxylation of (Hetero)aromatic Compounds Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (scCO2)
Authors: Govender Thavendran , Chetty Lloyd C. , Kruger Hendrik G. , Arvidsson Per I. , Naicker Tricia
Published: July 2022

A straightforward site-selective method for the direct carboxylation of resorcinols (3-hydroxyphenol derivatives), phenols, and indoles is reported. The products were obtained in moderate to high yields using supercritical carbon dioxide as an electrophile and solvent under basic conditions. This method offers solvent and metal free conditions without the cumbersome exclusion of air or water with convenient purification.
The Association of Sentence Imitation with Other Language Domains in Bilingual Children
Authors: Grech Helen
Published: July 2022

The association of sentence imitation with other language domains has been of interest to researchers and clinicians for decades. Sentence imitation taps both working memory and linguistic competence. Working memory refers to the ability to recall and manipulate linguistic information making sentence imitation a clinical marker for language ability. Meanwhile, research on the application of sentence imitation with bilingual language pairs is still emerging. This article reports a study on a large sample of Maltese children brought up in an early bilingual language acquisition context. It analyses correlations between a sentence imitation task, verbal comprehension, narrative (story retelling), phonological awareness, and two measures of a phonology test: percentage consonants correct and the inconsistency score. Data were collected from a total of 241 children, aged 24 to 72 months, who were selected randomly from the public birth register. The subtests administered were part of a test battery, namely, the Maltese–English Speech Assessment (MESA) and the Language Assessment for Maltese Children (LAMC). Correlations were calculated for the sentence imitation scores with specific language subtest scores; significant correlations were identified as well as with chronological age. Regression analysis indicated that the sentence imitation subtest of LAMC is a predictor for verbal comprehension and even stronger predictor for phonological awareness. It was concluded that performance on a sentence imitation task is a valid and reliable indication of Maltese bilingual children's language ability.
A Review of Autoimmune Acquired von Willebrand Factor Deficiency in Japan
Authors: Ichinose Akitada , Osaki Tsukasa , Souri Masayoshi , Favaloro Emmanuel J.
Published: July 2022

von Willebrand factor (VWF) forms high-molecular-weight multimers and plays an essential role in hemostasis, and thus its deficiency leads to bleeding symptoms. Acquired von Willebrand syndrome (AVWS) is rare, but potentially underdiagnosed, and develops in various underlying disorders. AVWS caused by anti-VWF autoantibodies is a rare subcategory of AVWS that can also be referred to as autoimmune VWF deficiency (AiVWFD). We performed a search of patients with autoimmune coagulation factor deficiencies in our nationwide survey in Japan. Among these, suspected cases of AiVWFD were extremely few, with only 11 case consultations in the last 10 years. Of these, three and five were respectively positive for anti-VWF autoantibodies (anti-VWF-Ab) and VWF inhibitor (VWF-inh). We also performed an extensive literature search of other cases from Japan, and in total, 40 cases were finally identified to have AiVWFD, with mean age of 55.0 years. Most underlying disorders were lympho- or myeloproliferative diseases, followed by autoimmune diseases. The major bleeding sites were subcutaneous and mucosal, the bleeding severity was moderate, and there were no hemorrhagic deaths. Bleeding time was prolonged; factor VIII activity, VWF antigen, and VWF activity were decreased, and high-molecular-weight VWF multimers were absent or decreased. These are similar to the common abnormal laboratory findings observed among general AVWS cases. Hemostatic therapy often involved VWF concentrates and vasopressin, and antibody eradication therapy often included corticosteroids and achieved remission. Notably, of all cases, 68% had anti-VWF-Abs, and 83% of anti-VWF-Ab-positive patients were also VWF-inh positive. To accumulate precise clinical information on AiVWFD, it is necessary to verify and improve the measurement methods for both anti-VWF-Ab and anti-VWF-inh. These findings from Japan should be confirmed in other geographic localities.
Evaluation and Management of Indeterminate Pulmonary Nodules on Chest Computed Tomography in Asymptomatic Subjects: The Principles of Nodule Guidelines
Authors: Nam Ju G. , Goo Jin Mo
Published: July 2022

With the rapidly increasing number of chest computed tomography (CT) examinations, the question of how to manage lung nodules found in asymptomatic patients has become increasingly important. Several nodule management guidelines have been developed that can be applied to incidentally found lung nodules (the Fleischner Society guideline), nodules found during lung cancer screening (International Early Lung Cancer Action Program protocol [I-ELCAP] and Lung CT Screening Reporting and Data System [Lung-RADS]), or both (American College of Chest Physicians guideline [ACCP], British Thoracic Society guideline [BTS], and National Comprehensive Cancer Network guideline [NCCN]). As the radiologic nodule type (solid, part-solid, and pure ground glass) and size are significant predictors of a nodule's nature, most guidelines categorize nodules in terms of these characteristics. Various methods exist for measuring the size of nodules, and the method recommended in each guideline should be followed. The diameter can be manually measured as a single maximal diameter or as an average of two-dimensional diameters, and software can be used to obtain volumetric measurements. It is important to properly evaluate and measure nodules and familiarize ourselves with the relevant guidelines to appropriately utilize medical resources and minimize unnecessary radiation exposure to patients.
Evaluating Performance of Contemporary and Historical von Willebrand Factor (VWF) Assays in the Laboratory Identification of von Willebrand Disease (VWD): The Australasian Experience
Authors: Favaloro Emmanuel J. , Dean Elysse , Arunachalam Sandya
Published: July 2022

von Willebrand disease (VWD) is a common bleeding disorder that arises from deficiency and/or defects of von Willebrand factor (VWF). Appropriate diagnosis of VWD, including differential identification of qualitative (types 2A, 2B, 2M, 2N VWD) versus quantitative (types 1 and 3 VWD) defects remains problematic but has important management implications, given differential therapy. Complete assessment for VWD in a patient with a bleeding history requires comprehensive test panels, including VWF activity and antigen. We describe the Australasian experience, using data from the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia (RCPA) Quality Assurance Program (QAP) related to VWF testing in their VWD test module. The RCPAQAP has been providing samples for VWF testing since 1998, representing 25 years of proficiency testing related to VWD diagnosis. A total of 109 samples have been dispatched to participants over these years, with current assessment involving dispatches of two samples (=4 samples) per year. Samples have represented all types of VWD, as well as normal or other samples, including acquired von Willebrand syndrome and plasma VWF concentrates as used in VWD therapy. Different VWF assays and activity/antigen ratios show different utility in VWD and type identification. In the past 9 years of data capture, a total of 166 errors were identified from a total of 1,839 interpretations, representing a base error rate of 9.0%. Identification errors were highest for type 2 VWD samples (15.3%), intermediate for type 1 VWD samples (7.5%), and lowest for normal samples (2.4%). Errors can be linked to assay limitations, including assay variability and low-level VWF detection limits, as well as laboratory issues (including test result misinterpretation, which accounts for approximately 40% of all errors for type 2 VWD). For test-associated errors, VWF:RCo and VWF:GPIbM were associated with the highest variability and error rate, which was up to 10x higher than that using VWF:CB. As a test group, chemiluminescence-based procedures were associated with lowest inter-laboratory variability, best low-level VWF detection (down to <1 U/dL), and least errors overall. These findings inform on reasons behind high rates of errors associated with VWD diagnosis, with some assays and methodologies performing substantially better than others.
Research–Practice–Collaborations in International Sustainable Development and Knowledge Production: Reflections from a Political-Economic Perspective
Authors: Bender Katja
Published: July 2022

The cooperation between researchers and practitioners during the different stages of the research process is promoted as it can be of benefit to both society and research supporting processes of ‘transformation’. While acknowledging the important potential of research–practice–collaborations (RPCs), this paper reflects on RPCs from a political-economic perspective to also address potential unintended adverse effects on knowledge generation due to divergent interests, incomplete information or the unequal distribution of resources. Asymmetries between actors may induce distorted and biased knowledge and even help produce or exacerbate existing inequalities. Potential merits and limitations of RPCs, therefore, need to be gauged. Taking RPCs seriously requires paying attention to these possible tensions—both in general and with respect to international development research, in particular: On the one hand, there are attempts to contribute to societal change and ethical concerns of equity at the heart of international development research, and on the other hand, there is the relative risk of encountering asymmetries more likely.
Asymmetric dual Bloch point domain walls in cylindrical magnetic nanowires
Authors: Askey J. , Hunt M. , Langbein W. , Ladak S.
Published: July 2022

Cylindrical magnetic nanowires have been studied extensively over the past ten years due to the presence of domain walls with novel topology and outstanding dynamic properties. In soft magnetic systems, where shape anisotropy forces the magnetization along the wire axis, and for radii above 50 nm, two topologically distinct walls have been previously identified. The Bloch point wall (BPW) has a circulating magnetization texture around the circumference and contains a single Bloch point within the center of the wire cross section. In contrast, asymmetric transverse walls (ATWs) have a circulating magnetization structure on the surface and contain two topological defects, a vortex and an anti-vortex on opposing sides. These surface defects are connected via a vortex tube that penetrates the volume. In this study, we have numerically investigated the domain wall magnetization textures for nickel nanowires of radii 50–120 nm. Beyond reproducing the known BPW and ATW topology, we discover a new domain wall type that contains aspects of both. This new domain wall type, which we call asymmetric dual Bloch point wall (ADBPW), has surface vortices similar to an ATW and two Bloch-point textures adjacent to the internal vortex tube. Time-resolved simulations investigating the stability of ADBPW show its field-driven transformation into a BPW via the ejection of a single Bloch point at the surface and subsequent annihilation of surface vortices.
The limit behavior of Riemann solutions to the Euler equations of compressible fluid flow for the modified Chaplygin gas
Authors: Lei Zhoutong , Shao Zhiqiang
Published: July 2022

In this paper, we study the formation of delta shock waves and vacuum states in a pressureless limit of solutions to the Euler equations of compressible fluid flow for modified Chaplygin gas as two parameters tend to zero. At first, the Riemann problem of Euler equations of compressible fluid flow for modified Chaplygin gas is solved. Then, as the pressure drops to zero, we strictly confirm that the two-shock Riemann solution converges to a delta shock wave solution and the two-rarefaction wave Riemann solution converges to a two-contact discontinuity solution with the intermediate state approaching a vacuum state. At last, some numerical simulations are given to verify the above analysis.
Schottky-like barrier characterization of field-effect transistors with multiple quasi-ballistic channels
Authors: Pacheco-Sanchez Anibal , Torrent Quim , Jiménez David
Published: July 2022

The potential barrier height at the interface formed by a metal contact and multiple one-dimensional (1D) quasi-ballistic channels in field-effect transistors is evaluated across different carbon nanotube and nanowire device technologies by means of a Landauer–Büttiker-based extraction methodology (LBM) adapted for multiple 1D-channels. The extraction methodology yields values for an effective Schottky barrier height and a gate coupling coefficient, an indicator of the device working at the quantum capacitance limit. The novel LBM-based approach embracing the mechanisms in 1D electronics is compared to the conventional activation energy method not considering such effects. The latter approach underestimates the potential barrier height at metal–channel interfaces in comparison to the novel methodology. A test structure based on a displaced gate device is proposed based on numerical device simulation results toward an improved accuracy of the method.
Detecting intrinsic global geometry of an obstacle via layered scattering
Authors: Bunimovich Leonid , Katz Gabriel
Published: July 2022

Given a closed k-dimensional submanifold K, encapsulated in a compact domain M⊂En, k≤n−2, we consider the problem of determining the intrinsic geometry of the obstacle K (such as volume, integral curvature) from the scattering data, produced by the reflections of geodesic trajectories from the boundary of a tubular ϵ-neighborhood T(K,ϵ) of K in M. The geodesics that participate in this scattering emanate from the boundary ∂M and terminate there after a few reflections from the boundary ∂T(K,ϵ). However, the major problem in this setting is that a ray (a billiard trajectory) may get stuck in the vicinity of K by entering some trap there so that this ray will have infinitely many reflections from ∂T(K,ϵ). To rule out such a possibility, we modify the geometry of a tube T(K,ϵ) by building it from spherical bubbles. We need to use ⌈dim⁡(K)/2⌉ many bubbling tubes {T(K,ϵj)}j for detecting certain global invariants of K, invariants that reflect its intrinsic geometry. Thus, the words “layered scattering” are in the title. These invariants were studied by Hermann Weyl in his classical theory of tubes T(K,ϵ) and their volumes.
A novel experimental chamber for the characterization of free-falling particles in volcanic plumes
Authors: Capponi Antonio , Lane Steve J. , Gilbert Jennie S. , Macfarlane David G. , Robertson Duncan A. , James Mike R.
Published: July 2022

Volcanic plumes pose a hazard to health and society and a particular risk for aviation. Hazard mitigation relies on forecasting plume dispersion within the atmosphere over time. The accuracy of forecasts depends on our understanding of particle dispersion and sedimentation processes, as well as on the accuracy of model input parameters, such as the initial particle size distribution and concentrations of volcanic particles (i.e., volcanic ash) in the atmosphere. However, our understating of these processes and the accurate quantification of input parameters remain the main sources of uncertainty in plume dispersion modeling. It is usually impractical to sample volcanic plumes directly, but particle sedimentation can be constrained in the laboratory. Here, we describe the design of a new experimental apparatus for investigating the dynamics of free-falling volcanic particles. The apparatus can produce a sustained column of falling particles with variable particle concentrations appropriate to a volcanic plume. Controllable experimental parameters include particle size distributions, types, and release rates. A laser-illuminated macrophotography system allows imaging of in-flight particles and their interactions. The mass of landing particles is logged to inform deposition rates. Quantitative measurements include particle morphology characterization, settling velocities, flow rates, and estimation of concentrations. Simultaneous observations of particle interaction processes and settling dynamics through direct control over a wide range of parameters will improve our parameterization of volcanic plume dynamics. Although the apparatus has been specifically designed for volcanological investigations, it can also be used to explore the characteristics of free-falling particle columns occurring in both environmental and industrial settings.
Epitaxial NiCo2O4 film as an emergent spintronic material: Magnetism and transport properties
Authors: Xu Xiaoshan , Mellinger Corbyn , Cheng Zhi Gang , Chen Xuegang , Hong Xia
Published: July 2022

The ferrimagnetic inverse spinel NiCo2O4 has attracted extensive research interest for its versatile electrochemical properties, robust magnetic order, high conductivity, and fast spin dynamics, as well as its highly tunable nature due to the closely coupled charge, spin, orbital, lattice, and defect effects. Single-crystalline epitaxial thin films of NiCo2O4 present a model system for elucidating the intrinsic physical properties and strong tunability, which are not viable in bulk single crystals. In this Perspective, we discuss the recent advances in epitaxial NiCo2O4 thin films, focusing on understanding its unusual magnetic and transport properties in light of crystal structure and electronic structure. The perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in compressively strained NiCo2O4 films is explained by considering the strong spin–lattice coupling, particularly on Co ions. The prominent effect of growth conditions reveals the complex interplay between the crystal structure, cation stoichiometry, valence state, and site occupancy. NiCo2O4 thin films also exhibit various magnetotransport anomalies, including linear magnetoresistance and sign change in anomalous Hall effect, which illustrate the competing effects of band-intrinsic Berry phase and impurity scattering. The fundamental understanding of these phenomena will facilitate the functional design of NiCo2O4 thin films for nanoscale spintronic applications.
Regulating the electronic structure of cobalt phosphide via dual-metal doping engineering to trigger efficient hydrogen evolution
Authors: Luo Fengting , Shu Xinzhu , Jiang Xi , Liu Ya , Zhang Jianqiao , Wang Xiaodeng , Chen Shijian
Published: July 2022

Exploration of earth-abundant, low cost, and versatile catalysts with Pt-like performance for electrochemical water splitting holds practical significance for clean energy shortage and environmental pollution. However, manipulating the electronic structure and relevant physical properties of the catalysts is crucial in promoting their hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance but still a formidable challenge. In this work, we report a self-supported dual-metal doped on CoP3 nanowire arrays (NAs) and grown on carbon fiber cloth (Ni,Mn-CoP3 NAs) for alkaline HER. The optimized catalyst exhibits superior electrocatalytic activity, giving a low overpotential of 24 mV at 10 mA cm−2 with a small Tafel slope of 41 mV dec−1 and can sustain for 24 h, which is superior to the commercial Pt/C catalysts at a large current density. On the basis of systematic experiments and density functional theory calculations, the synergistic regulation of dual-metal doping can re-form the electronic structure so as to enhance the electrical conductivity, improve the intrinsic HER activity, and increase the electrochemical surface area of CoP3. This work points out avenues in the reasonable design and development of dual-metal doped transition-metal phosphides as highly active, durable, and economically viable catalysts for various catalytic reactions.
Mechanism of the rotor−stator interaction in a centrifugal pump with guided vanes based on dynamic mode decomposition
Authors: Yu Tao , Shuai Zhijun , Wang Xi , Jian Jie , He Jiaxuan , Meng Changlin , Dong Lieyi , Liu Shuai , Li Wanyou , Jiang Chenxing
Published: July 2022

In this paper, the mechanism of the rotor–stator interaction in a centrifugal pump with guide vanes is studied numerically and theoretically. The dynamic mode decomposition method is employed to decouple and reconstruct the unsteady flow. A diametrical mode theory suitable for centrifugal pumps with guided vanes is proposed to determine the source of harmonics with higher amplitudes quickly. The results show that the dominant frequencies of the pressure pulsation in the volute and guide vanes are the blade passing frequency and its harmonic frequencies, and the corresponding flow structure is stable and has higher modal energy. The rotor–stator interaction effect around the impeller outlet is most pronounced. The potential flow effect works on the impeller and guide vanes but decays rapidly. The pressure pulsation caused by the wake effect propagates downstream and persists for long distances, which is the main reason for forming the modal pressure field in the volute. The modal reconstruction can reproduce the dynamic evolution process of the pressure field at the characteristic frequencies. The propagation characteristics of the modal pressure field in the volute can be accurately predicted by theoretical analysis. This research can provide an essential reference for fault diagnosis and vibration control of the centrifugal pump.
Evaluation of inhalation and touching risks in a moving elevator car based on the airborne transmission of droplet nuclei
Authors: Wang Chenxia , Mei Dan , Li Yao , Zhang Xinwen , Deng Qinqin
Published: July 2022

It is necessary to explore the effects of airflow in moving elevator cars on the diffusion of droplet nuclei and evaluate inhalation and touching risks due to the elevator car being a place where dangerous respiratory diseases can spread. A realizable k–ε turbulence model and discrete phase model were applied with gas–solid multiphase modeling principles to simulate the diffusion of droplet nuclei generated by coughs in a moving elevator. Four cases are discussed with differences in the elevator motion direction and air supply system. The results show that the elevator movement causes the airflow direction in respiratory regions to change by more than 30°, which is more evident in the absence of air supply. Under the combined effects of the airflow supply and the thermal plume, the high-temperature zone became a gathering point for droplet nuclei. The upward elevator movement increases the inhalation risk of a passenger who stands farther from an index patient and has the highest inhalation risk about 4.4 × 10−19. The downward movement increases the duration to about 40 s, for which that passenger remains at the highest risk. The area in front of the patient is the highest touching risk area, especially for downward motion. In addition, the button area is a high-risk area for touching because about 4% of cough droplet nuclei are deposited there. This may spread viable viruses if passengers touch the buttons, even if the coughing person is no longer in the elevator. Thus, elevator cars need to be regularly disinfected, especially the button area.
EBF1 promotes triple-negative breast cancer progression by surveillance of the HIF1α pathway
Authors: Qiu Zhaoping , Guo Weijie , Dong Bo , Wang Yu , Deng Pan , Wang Chi , Liu Jinpeng , Zhang Qing , Grosschedl Rudolf , Yu Zhiyong , Deng Jiong , Wu Yadi
Published: July 2022

Early B cell factor 1 (EBF1) is a transcriptional factor with a variety of roles in cell differentiation and metabolism. However, the functional roles of EBF1 in tumorigenesis remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that EBF1 is highly expressed in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Furthermore, EBF1 has a pivotal role in the tumorigenicity and progression of TNBC. Moreover, we found that depletion of EBF1 induces extensive cell mitophagy and inhibits tumor growth. Genome-wide mapping of the EBF1 transcriptional regulatory network revealed that EBF1 drives TNBC tumorigenicity by assembling a transcriptional complex with HIF1α that fine-tunes the expression of HIF1α targets via suppression of p300 activity. EBF1 therefore holds HIF1α activity in check to avert extensive mitophagy-induced cell death. Our findings reveal a key function for EBF1 as a master regulator of mitochondria homeostasis in TNBC and indicate that targeting this pathway may offer alternative treatment strategies for this aggressive subtype of breast cancer.
Hypersensitivity to ferroptosis in chromophobe RCC is mediated by a glutathione metabolic dependency and cystine import via solute carrier family 7 member 11
Authors: Zhang Long , Hobeika Charbel S. , Khabibullin Damir , Yu Deyang , Filippakis Harilaos , Alchoueiry Michel , Tang Yan , Lam Hilaire C. , Tsvetkov Peter , Georgiou George , Lamb Candice , Stone Everett , Puigserver Pere , Priolo Carmen , Henske Elizabeth P.
Published: July 2022

Chromophobe (Ch) renal cell carcinoma (RCC) arises from the intercalated cell in the distal nephron. There are no proven treatments for metastatic ChRCC. A distinguishing characteristic of ChRCC is strikingly high levels of reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione. Here, we demonstrate that ChRCC-derived cells exhibit higher sensitivity to ferroptotic inducers compared with clear-cell RCC. ChRCC-derived cells are critically dependent on cystine via the cystine/glutamate antiporter xCT to maintain high levels of glutathione, making them sensitive to inhibitors of cystine uptake and cyst(e)inase. Gamma-glutamyl transferase 1 (GGT1), a key enzyme in glutathione homeostasis, is markedly suppressed in ChRCC relative to normal kidney. Importantly, GGT1 overexpression inhibits the proliferation of ChRCC cells in vitro and in vivo, suppresses cystine uptake, and decreases levels of GSH and GSSG. Collectively, these data identify ferroptosis as a metabolic vulnerability in ChRCC, providing a potential avenue for targeted therapy for these distinctive tumors.
Influence of late Pleistocene sea-level variations on midocean ridge spacing in faulting simulations and a global analysis of bathymetry
Authors: Huybers Peter , Liautaud Parker , Proistosescu Cristian , Boulahanis Bridgit , Carbotte Suzanne M. , Katz Richard F. , Langmuir Charles
Published: July 2022

It is established that changes in sea level influence melt production at midocean ridges, but whether changes in melt production influence the pattern of bathymetry flanking midocean ridges has been debated on both theoretical and empirical grounds. To explore the dynamics that may give rise to a sea-level influence on bathymetry, we simulate abyssal hills using a faulting model with periodic variations in melt supply. For 100-ky melt-supply cycles, model results show that faults initiate during periods of amagmatic spreading at half-rates >2.3 cm/y and for 41-ky melt-supply cycles at half-rates >3.8 cm/y. Analysis of bathymetry across 17 midocean ridge regions shows characteristic wavelengths that closely align with the predictions from the faulting model. At intermediate-spreading ridges (half-rates >2.3 cm/y and

≤

3.8 cm/y) abyssal hill spacing increases with spreading rate at 0.99 km/(cm/y) or 99 ky (
n

=

12; 95% CI, 87 to 110 ky), and at fast-spreading ridges (half-rates >3.8 cm/y) spacing increases at 38 ky (
n

=

5; 95% CI, 29 to 47 ky). Including previously published analyses of abyssal-hill spacing gives a more precise alignment with the primary periods of Pleistocene sea-level variability. Furthermore, analysis of bathymetry from fast-spreading ridges shows a highly statistically significant spectral peak (
P
< 0.01) at the 1/(41-ky) period of Earth’s variations in axial tilt. Faulting models and observations both support a linkage between glacially induced sea-level change and the fabric of the sea floor over the late Pleistocene.
Laser welding of FeCoCrNiMnAlx (x = 0, 0.75) high-entropy alloys fabricated by additive manufacturing
Authors: Shan Mengdie , Wang Songyu , Cai Yangchuan , Gao Feifeng , Manladan Sunusi Marwana , Zhu Lisong , Sun Da , Han Jian
Published: July 2022

In the present study, the laser melting deposition (LMD) technology was adopted to fabricate FeCoCrNiMn and FeCoCrNiMnAl0.75 high entropy alloys (HEAs). Then, laser welding method was used to join the HEAs in forms of similar (FeCoCrNiMnAl/FeCoCrNiMnAl and FeCoCrNiMnAl0.75/FeCoCrNiMnAl0.75) and dissimilar (FeCoCrNiMnAl0/FeCoCrNiMnAl0.75) combinations, respectively. Ultra-depth field microscope and electron backscatter diffraction detection were used to observe the macro-morphology and microstructure, respectively. It was found that the width of the weld bead and heat-affected zone with higher aluminium content was larger. In both base metals and welded joints, aluminium promoted the face-centered cubic (FCC) phase transfer into body-centered cubic (BCC), significantly refined the grain and the dislocation density of HEA is also increased, which increased strength and hardness, and decreased ductility.

Highlights The FeCoCrNiMn/FeCoCrNiMn, FeCoCrNiMn/FeCoCrNiMnAl0.75, FeCoCrNiMnAl0.75/FeCoCrNiMnAl0.75 joints were produced by laser welding. The widths of the weld bead and heat-affected zone increased with higher Al content. The weld bead with higher content of Al exhibited higher strength and hardness, but lower ductility.
PHOTOSYNTHETIC EFFICIENCY OF MARINE PLANTS
Authors: Yocum C. S. , Blinks L. R.
Published: July 2022

Multicellular marine plants were collected from their natural habitats and the quantum efficiency of their photosynthesis was determined in the laboratory in five narrow wave length bands in the visible spectrum. The results along with estimates of the relative absorption by the various plastid pigments show a fairly uniform efficiency of 0.08 molecules O2 per absorbed quantum for (a) chlorophyll of one flowering plant, green algae, and brown algae, (b) fucoxanthol and other carotenoids of brown algae, and (c) the phycobilin pigments phycocyanin and phycoerythrin of red algae. The carotenoids of green algae are sometimes less efficient while those of red algae are largely or entirely inactive. Chlorophyll a of red algae is about one-half as efficient (ϕo2 = 0.04) as either the phycobilins, or the chlorophyll of most other plants. These results as well as those of high intensity and of fluorescence experiments are consistent with a mechanism in which about half the chlorophyll is inactive while the other half is fully active and is an intermediate in phycoerythrin- and phycocyanin-sensitized photosynthesis.
Development of a microkinetic model for non-oxidative coupling of methane over a Cu catalyst in a non-thermal plasma reactor
Authors: Pourali Nima , Vasilev Maksim , Abiev Rufat , Rebrov Evgeny V
Published: July 2022

A surface microkinetic plasma model for non-oxidative coupling of methane into H2 and higher hydrocarbons was developed over a Cu catalytic film. Twenty key plasma species including electron, ions, radicals, and neutrals were considered in respective chemical reactions leading to the formation of C2 hydrocarbons onto the catalyst surface. The kinetic model was coupled with a global plasma model to describe the performance of a non-thermal plasma reactor. In the reactor model, the reactant gas flows between the two coaxial cylindrical metal electrodes with a length of 50 mm and a diameter of 2 mm (inner) and 6 mm (outer electrode) coated with a Cu film. The effect of discharge power, initial CH4 concentration, and inlet flow rate on methane conversion was investigated. The surface model shows that the CH4 conversion of 47% is obtained at a discharge power of 70 W with a selectivity of C2H2 (49%). Increase in power increased the conversion of methane while increase in pressure and/or inlet gas flow rate decreased it. Also, the results of the plasma-catalyst model were compared with those of plasma alone (without catalyst). It showed that presence of the catalyst inside the plasma increases the selectivity and yield of acetylene, while it deceases the selectivity and yield of hydrogen. Also, the density of radical CH3 in the plasma phase increased in the presence of catalyst, while CH2 and CH densities decreased with that.
Coal-based ultrathin N-doped carbon nanosheets synthesized by molten-salt method for high-performance lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Gao Shasha , Liu Lang , Mao Feifei , Zhang Zhang , Pan Kecheng , Zhou Zhen
Published: July 2022

Coal is a typical fossil fuel and it is also a natural carbon material, therefore, converting it to functional carbon materials is an effective way to enhance the economic advantages of coal. Here, ultrathin N-doped carbon nanosheets were prepared from low-cost coal via a handy and green molten-salt method, which shown excellent performance for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The formation mechanism of ultrathin nanosheets was studied in detail. The eutectic molten salts possess low melting points and become a strong polar solvent at the calcined temperature, making the acidified coal miscible with them in very homogeneously state. Therefore, they can play a gigantic role in in situ pore-forming during the carbonization and induce the formation of ultrathin nanosheets due to the salt ions. Simultaneously, the ultrathin N-doped carbon nanosheets with rich defects and controllable surface area was smoothly prepared without any more complex process while revealing brilliant electrochemical performance due to rich ion diffusion pathways. It delivers reversible capacity of 727.0 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 after 150 cycles. Thus, the molten-salt method broadens the avenue to construct porous carbon materials with tailor-made morphologies. Equally important, this approach provides a step toward the sustainable materials design and chemical science in the future.
Mitigating the uncertainty in small field dosimetry by leveraging machine learning strategies
Authors: Zhao Wei , Yang Yong , Xing Lei , Chuang Cynthia F , Schüler Emil
Published: July 2022

Small field dosimetry is significantly different from the dosimetry of broad beams due to loss of electron side scatter equilibrium, source occlusion, and effects related to the choice of detector. However, use of small fields is increasing with the increase in indications for intensity-modulated radiation therapy and stereotactic body radiation therapy, and thus the need for accurate dosimetry is ever more important. Here we propose to leverage machine learning (ML) strategies to reduce the uncertainties and increase the accuracy in determining small field output factors (OFs). Linac OFs from a Varian TrueBeam STx were calculated either by the treatment planning system (TPS) or measured with a W1 scintillator detector at various multi-leaf collimator (MLC) positions, jaw positions, and with and without contribution from leaf-end transmission. The fields were defined by the MLCs with the jaws at various positions. Field sizes between 5 and 100 mm were evaluated. Separate ML regression models were generated based on the TPS calculated or the measured datasets. Accurate predictions of small field OFs at different field sizes (FSs) were achieved independent of jaw and MLC position. A mean and maximum % relative error of 0.38 ± 0.39% and 3.62%, respectively, for the best-performing models based on the measured datasets were found. The prediction accuracy was independent of contribution from leaf-end transmission. Several ML models for predicting small field OFs were generated, validated, and tested. Incorporating these models into the dose calculation workflow could greatly increase the accuracy and robustness of dose calculations for any radiotherapy delivery technique that relies heavily on small fields.
Active-PET: a multifunctional PET scanner with dynamic gantry size featuring high-resolution and high-sensitivity imaging: a Monte Carlo simulation study
Authors: Sanaat Amirhossein , Jamalizadeh Mahdi , Khanmohammadi Hadi , Arabi Hossein , Zaidi Habib
Published: July 2022

Organ-specific PET scanners have been developed to provide both high spatial resolution and sensitivity, although the deployment of several dedicated PET scanners at the same center is costly and space-consuming. Active-PET is a multifunctional PET scanner design exploiting the advantages of two different types of detector modules and mechanical arms mechanisms enabling repositioning of the detectors to allow the implementation of different geometries/configurations. Active-PET can be used for different applications, including brain, axilla, breast, prostate, whole-body, preclinical and pediatrics imaging, cell tracking, and image guidance for therapy. Monte Carlo techniques were used to simulate a PET scanner with two sets of high resolution and high sensitivity pixelated Lutetium Oxyorthoscilicate (LSO(Ce)) detector blocks (24 for each group, overall 48 detector modules for each ring), one with large pixel size (4 × 4 mm2) and crystal thickness (20 mm), and another one with small pixel size (2 × 2 mm2) and thickness (10 mm). Each row of detector modules is connected to a linear motor that can displace the detectors forward and backward along the radial axis to achieve variable gantry diameter in order to image the target subject at the optimal/desired resolution and/or sensitivity. At the center of the field-of-view, the highest sensitivity (15.98 kcps MBq−1) was achieved by the scanner with a small gantry and high-sensitivity detectors while the best spatial resolution was obtained by the scanner with a small gantry and high-resolution detectors (2.2 mm, 2.3 mm, 2.5 mm FWHM for tangential, radial, and axial, respectively). The configuration with large-bore (combination of high-resolution and high-sensitivity detectors) achieved better performance and provided higher image quality compared to the Biograph mCT as reflected by the 3D Hoffman brain phantom simulation study. We introduced the concept of a non-static PET scanner capable of switching between large and small field-of-view as well as high-resolution and high-sensitivity imaging.