bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The ethics of computer vision: an overview in terms of power
Authors: Waelen Rosalie A.
Published: March 2023

Computer vision is a subfield of artificial intelligence, aimed at making computers see. Computer vision tools enable a system or device to automatically analyze, interpret, and respond to images and videos. Computer vision tasks range from object detection and tracking, to the recognition of people’s faces and emotional states. While the ethics of AI in general has received significant attention, and the ethics of facial recognition (a computer vision application) too, little of the AI ethics literature focuses specifically on the ethics of computer vision. In this chapter, I create an overview of ethical, social, and political issues related to computer vision, using a critical approach. This means that I identify issues in terms of power and evaluate them in function of their impact on the value of autonomy and the normative goal of emancipatory progress. The aim of this chapter is first and foremost to offer an overview of potential normative implications of computer vision. Additionally, the chapter functions as an example for the use of a critical approach to AI ethics.
The Place of Coercion in Law
Authors: Gkouvas Triantafyllos
Published: March 2023

The question of whether coercion is a necessary or contingent feature of governance by law is a historically complex aspect of a venerable 'modalist' trend in jurisprudential thinking. The nature of the relation between law and coercion has been elaborated by means of a variety of modally qualified accounts, all converging in a more or less committing response to whether the language, concept or essence of law as a system of governance necessarily entails the coercive character of this system. This Element remodels in non-modal terms the way in which legal philosophers can meaningfully disagree about the coercive character of governance by law. On this alternative model, there can be no meaningful disagreement about whether law is coercive without prior agreement on the contours of a theory of how law is made.
Discovery and Excavation of Artifacts from the Bidong Shipwreck, Malaysia
Authors: Mustapa Baharim , Razali Rafidah , Muhamed Kamarul Redzuan , Ghani Badri Shah Abdul , Mohamed Muhazam , Arbi Ruzairy , Ideris Farizah , Ghani Khairil Amri Abd , Ali Azizi , Minhat Fatin Izzati , Jeofry Muhammad Hafeez , Bee Baszley Bee Basrah , Shaari Hasrizal
Published: March 2023

Underwater archaeological research has been developed less aggressively in Malaysia than in other ASEAN partner countries, such as Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, and the Philippines. In past decades, financial constraints have limited the development of underwater archaeology, and the field has been dominated by commercial salvage experts. Malaysia has not addressed many issues or fundamental problems related to future development. The discovery of the Bidong Shipwreck in 2013 has raised hopes that underwater archaeological research in Malaysia will develop more dynamically. The successful excavation of this shipwreck site proves that local experts can conduct scientific excavations. This article presents and discusses the discovery and process of excavating artifacts from the Bidong Shipwreck. The project outcomes provide a guide for stakeholders and agencies involved in future underwater excavations in Malaysian waters.
Impact of direct disk-diffusion testing on time to optimal antibiotic therapy
Authors: Jhaveri Tulip A. , Taqi Ahmad , Pearson Jeffrey C. , Kanjilal Sanjat
Published: March 2023

We evaluated the impact of preliminary blood-culture antibiotic susceptibility testing on time to optimal antibiotic therapy in a cohort of 503 patients with monomicrobial bloodstream infections. The median time from blood-culture collection to optimal antibiotics was 17 hours earlier in the preliminary antibiotic susceptibility testing group.
Responding to the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic with innovative data use: The role of data challenges
Authors: Danemayer Jamie , Young Andrew , Green Siobhan , Ezenwa Lydia , Klein Michael
Published: March 2023

Innovative, responsible data use is a critical need in the global response to the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Yet potentially impactful data are often unavailable to those who could utilize it, particularly in data-poor settings, posing a serious barrier to effective pandemic mitigation. Data challenges, a public call-to-action for innovative data use projects, can identify and address these specific barriers. To understand gaps and progress relevant to effective data use in this context, this study thematically analyses three sets of qualitative data focused on/based in low/middle-income countries: (a) a survey of innovators responding to a data challenge, (b) a survey of organizers of data challenges, and (c) a focus group discussion with professionals using COVID-19 data for evidence-based decision-making. Data quality and accessibility and human resources/institutional capacity were frequently reported limitations to effective data use among innovators. New fit-for-purpose tools and the expansion of partnerships were the most frequently noted areas of progress. Discussion participants identified building capacity for external/national actors to understand the needs of local communities can address a lack of partnerships while de-siloing information. A synthesis of themes demonstrated that gaps, progress, and needs commonly identified by these groups are relevant beyond COVID-19, highlighting the importance of a healthy data ecosystem to address emerging threats. This is supported by data holders prioritizing the availability and accessibility of their data without causing harm; funders and policymakers committed to integrating innovations with existing physical, data, and policy infrastructure; and innovators designing sustainable, multi-use solutions based on principles of good data governance.
Hermeneutic Labor: The Gendered Burden of Interpretation in Intimate Relationships between Women and Men
Authors: Anderson Ellie
Published: March 2023

In recent years, feminist scholarship on emotional labor has proliferated. I identify a related but distinct form of care labor, hermeneutic labor. Hermeneutic labor is the burdensome activity of: understanding and coherently expressing one's own feelings, desires, intentions, and motivations; discerning those of others; and inventing solutions for relational issues arising from interpersonal tensions. I argue that hermeneutic labor disproportionately falls on women's shoulders in heteropatriarchal societies, especially in intimate relationships between women and men. I also suggest that some of the gendered burdens of emotional labor that feminist scholars point out would better be described as hermeneutic labor. Drawing on feminist philosophy as well as findings from social psychology and sociology, I argue that the exploitation of women's hermeneutic labor is a pervasive element of what Sandra Bartky calls the “micropolitics” of intimate relationships. The widespread expectation that women are relationship-maintenance experts, as well as the prevalence of a gendered demand-withdraw pattern of communication, leads an exploitative situation to appear natural or even desirable, even as it leads to women's dissatisfaction. This situation may be considered misogynistic in Kate Manne's sense, where misogyny is a property of social environments rather than a worldview.
Authoritarian Legacies and Partisan Bias in Corruption Voting
Authors: Kim-Leffingwell Sanghoon
Published: March 2023

What explains the lack of electoral consequences for corrupt politicians? Building on studies of motivated reasoning and asymmetric partisan bias, this article highlights the importance of partisan differences in how voters interpret corruption convictions and make voting decisions. I contend that in post-authoritarian democracies, supporters of authoritarian legacy parties (ALPs) are less likely to punish corrupt copartisan incumbents compared to supporters of other parties faced with equally corrupt copartisan incumbents. While voters of all kinds appear likely to ignore corruption among copartisan incumbents, supporters of authoritarian legacy parties are particularly likely to do so. Using original datasets from South Korea, this study shows empirical evidence of the lack of corruption voting for ALP partisans across three legislative elections. This article further finds partisan discrepancies and a striking lack of corruption voting among authoritarian legacy partisans.
The exponential ordering for nonautonomous delay systems with applications to compartmental Nicholson systems
Authors: Novo Sylvia , Obaya Rafael , Sanz Ana M. , Villarragut Víctor M.
Published: March 2023

The exponential ordering is exploited in the context of nonautonomous delay systems, inducing monotone skew-product semiflows under less restrictive conditions than usual. Some dynamical concepts linked to the order, such as semiequilibria, are considered for the exponential ordering, with implications for the determination of the presence of uniform persistence or the existence of global attractors. Also, some important conclusions on the long-term dynamics and attraction are obtained for monotone and sublinear delay systems for this ordering. The results are then applied to almost periodic Nicholson systems and new conditions are given for the existence of a unique almost periodic positive solution which asymptotically attracts every other positive solution.
Vanishing limit for the three-dimensional incompressible Phan-Thien–Tanner system
Authors: Chen Yuhui , Li Minling , Yao Qinghe , Yao Zheng-an
Published: March 2023

This paper focuses on the vanishing limit problem for the three-dimensional incompressible Phan-Thien–Tanner (PTT) system, which is commonly used to describe the dynamic properties of polymeric fluids. Our purpose is to show the relation of the PTT system to the well-known Oldroyd-B system (with or without damping mechanism). The suitable a priori estimates and global existence of strong solutions are established for the PTT system with small initial data. Taking advantage of uniform energy and decay estimates for the PTT system with respect to time $t$ and coefficients $a$ and $b$, then allows us to justify in particular the vanishing limit for all time. More precisely, we prove that the solution $(u,\,\tau )$ of PTT system with $0\leq b\leq Ca$ converges globally in time to some limit $(\widetilde {u},\,\widetilde {\tau })$ in a suitable Sobolev space when $a$ and $b$ go to zero simultaneously (or, only $b$ goes to zero). We may check that $(\widetilde {u},\,\widetilde {\tau })$ is indeed a global solution of the corresponding Oldroyd-B system. In addition, a rate of convergence involving explicit norm will be obtained. As a byproduct, similar results are also true for the local a priori estimates in large norm.
Trusting Traumatic Memory: Considerations from Memory Science
Authors: Springle Alison , Dreier Rebecca , Goldwasser Seth
Published: March 2023

Court cases involving sexual assault and police violence rely heavily on victim testimony. We consider what we call the Traumatic Untrustworthiness Argument (TUA) according to which we should be skeptical about victim testimony because people are particularly liable to misremember traumatic events. The TUA is not obviously based in mere distrust of women, people of color, disabled people, poor people, and so forth. Rather, it seeks to justify skepticism on epistemic and empirical grounds. We consider how the TUA might appeal to the psychology and neuroscience of memory for empirical support. However, we argue that neither support the TUA.
Institutional Values Influence the Design and Evaluation of Transition Knowledge in Funding Proposals at NOAA
Authors: Elliott Steve , Eosco Gina , Newcomb Laura , Conran Joseph
Published: March 2023

This article shows how institutional values influence the design and evaluation of arguments in funding proposals for research. We characterize a general argument made within proposals and several kinds of subarguments that contribute to it. We indicate that funders’ values inform the kinds of proposal documents funders require and their relative weighting of them. We illustrate these points by showing how a program office in the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) uses its public service mission to require and heavily weigh arguments to transition new knowledge to NOAA service providers, and we suggest conceptual questions raised by the use of transition knowledge.
Characterizing and Measuring Racial Discrimination in Public Health Research
Authors: Thompson Morgan
Published: March 2023

Experiences of racial discrimination can seem to be caused by one’s race, a combination of social identities, or non-social features. In other words, racial discrimination can be intersectional or attributionally ambiguous. This poses challenges for current understandings and measurement tools of racial discrimination in public health research, such as the explanation of racial health disparities. Different kinds of discriminatory experiences plausibly produce different psychological effects that mediate their negative health impacts. Thus, multiple characterizations and measurements of racial discrimination are needed. As a result, I argue that racial discrimination should be a polysemous concept (with multiple meanings).
Alternative fuels for aviation
Authors: Goodger E. M.
Published: March 2023

Aviation is an advanced technology, constantly pursuing higher performance, and backed by painstaking research into new materials and techniques. The target of “performance” has changed with the period, but the extent to which energy can be provided for propulsion has always been rated of major importance. Since propulsive energy is stored on board in a fuel medium, the more obvious criteria for the fuel are the energy density (based on mass and/or volume) and the proportion of this energy usable within the propulsion system. At the same time, the fuel must respond safely to reasonable handling procedures. The more subtle requirements to emerge over recent years include those of a minimum potential for pollutant formation and, in the case of very high speed flight, a maximum capacity for heat absorption.
Helicopter development at Boeing Vertol Company
Authors: Grina K. I.
Published: March 2023

The major helicopter development activities at Boeing today centre on three programmes: the CH-47 Medium Lift helicopter (MLH), the YUH-61A Utility Tactical Transport Aircraft System (UTTAS), and the XCH-62 Heavy Lift (HLH) helicopter.

The CH-47 Chinook helicopter was introduced into the US Army inventory in 1962 and has had a history of dynamic engineering development. The initial CH-47 A helicopter had a maximum gross weight of 33 000 lb; the CH-47B, introduced in 1967, had a maximum weight of 40 000 lb; the CH-47C (1968) had a maximum weight of 46 000 lb; and the Canadian Forces CH-147 (1974), a maximum weight of 50 000 lb. Our current development efforts are aimed at modernisation of early aircraft to equip the US Army fleet for operation through the 1980s.
Inversion of the Prandtl-Meyer relation
Authors: Hall I. M.
Published: March 2023

A simple rational fraction is derived which gives the Mach number with an error of less than 0·05 per cent for a given value of the Prandtl-Meyer function.
The Bölkow BO.105D
Authors: Locke L. G.
Published: March 2023

Before starting this discussion I must apologise to the many people here who have considerably more experience of civil instrument flying in helicopters than I. However, the major part of this talk is merely a history of the certification of the Bölkow BO. 105 for instrument flying. We all realise that flying under IFR is not the all weather flying quoted in the title of today's symposium however for the light helicopter it is a very significant step forward. My personal experience of this programme is very limited, and indeed the Civil Aviation Authority knows more of both the design philosophy behind the IF installation and the actual tests conducted than I. I intend to give a short historical description of the problems encountered and envisaged in getting the certification, followed by the equipment required in the aircraft and the use that an operator could make of a machine of this size when IF equipped.
Making and flying replicas of Sir George Cayley's gliders
Authors: Sproule J.
Published: March 2023

In 1929 when I was a young schoolboy in York, I was fortunate to become one of a small band of nomadic gliding enthusiasts centred around a most enterprising chap called Percy Watson, who had built himself a German Zoegling training glider above his chemist's shop in Micklegate. Each weekend we flew this machine — on which one sat in the open with an awe-inspiring view of the ground—from a wide variety of hills and precipices in the country to the east of York in the direction of Scarborough and Whitby.

In 1936, as a result of this exciting and sometimes quite terrifying activity, I joined Slingsby Sailplanes at Kirbymoorside, where I became happily involved in the design and development of Kirby Cadets and Tutors and the like. It was a most satisfactory occupation for a young chap dedicated to gliding and in consequence I developed a love of the wolds and moors of East Yorkshire from Sutton Bank to the sea, which continues to this day.
The relationship between the base pressure on a bluff body and the velocity at separation
Authors: Simmons J. E. L.
Published: March 2023

In the modified free-streamline theory for the separated flow past bluff bodies due to Roshko, the velocity on the separated free streamlines is expressed as

Uv=kU0,

where U0 is the velocity of the undisturbed stream and k is a constant. If it is assumed that the pressure on the base of the body is uniform and equal to the pressure on the free streamline, then application of Bernoulli's equation leads to;

k =(1-Cpb)½,… (1)

where Cpb is the base pressure coefficient.
An experimental investigation of the efficiency of a range of channel section struts
Authors: Rothwell A.
Published: March 2023

The effect of imperfections on the behaviour of a thin-walled strut designed for simultaneous local and overall buckling, the theoretical optimum design, has been illustrated by van der Neut. Local deviations from flatness remove the discontinuity between the pre- and post-buckled states, and loss of stiffness prior to local buckling may initiate premature failure in an overall mode. Imperfection sensitivity of this kind is most severe when the two modes are coincident. Thompson and Lewis have examined the optimum design of a strut with imperfections and show, in a simple example, that maximum efficiency is achieved by ensuring that overall buckling occurs before local buckling and that the actual failing load may be significantly reduced. For larger imperfections the optimum may be virtually eliminated.
A note on the entropy change across a normal shock wave
Authors: Russell J. B.
Published: March 2023

It is well established that the change of entropy across a normal shock is of third order when expressed in terms of the static pressure rise. The purpose of this note is to draw attention to weaknesses in one method of establishing this result, and to put forward an alternative analysis.
The economic utilisation of resources through aviation
Authors: Chichester-Miles I.
Published: March 2023

This paper attempts a view of the development of civil aviation in a rather broad and fundamental way, deliberately avoiding any detailed discussion of the many technical aspects of this large and complex industry.

Anyone who is associated in any way with the design and production of aircraft and with the administration and operation of airlines and airports will be only too well aware of the immensity of the technological and organisational effort involved. And looking back over the past 50 years, the development of civil aviation into a major world industry can be viewed, rightly, as a major technological achievement. However, any technological development and the successful evolution of any transport system or industry must be initiated and sustained by some form of social demand. Frequently the demand is difficult or impossible to identify, indeed the idea of a demand may be less useful than the idea of a welcoming response to supply: technical advance frequentiy seems to generate a new market rather than to satisfy an existing one. Nevertheless aviation has during its development passed through a number of phases and been subject to shifts of objective, sometimes gradual, sometimes very rapid, reflecting changes in the response of individuals, companies, nations, and now perhaps even of the world community at large. These changes in demand may be expressed as changes in priorities and we have tried, in Fig. 1, to give some indication of how the balance of demand appears to have shifted as aviation (in this case, both civil and military aviation) jhas progressed from its early status as a sporting pastime to its present position as a world-wide transport system.
Anticlastic curvature in anisotropic beams
Authors: Banks P. J.
Published: March 2023

When a rectangular beam is bent by two end moments about a transverse axis, it is well known that an “anti-clastic” curvature about a longitudinal axis also tends to occur. The theory for this phenomenon in isotropic beams has been previously discussed. For some recent work on the elastic properties of oriented silicon-iron transformer sheet, which is not only anisotropic but also has a non-linear stress-strain curve due to magnetic domain effects, a theory for anticlastic bending was necessary. The experimental results are reported elsewhere, but the theory used for anticlastic bending may find wider application. An expression is derived for the effective Young's modulus for a wide sheet; and its significance is demonstrated for transformer sheets of different width, ignoring the magnetic effects.
Changes in the approaches to international air agreements
Authors: Goedhuis D.
Published: March 2023

In the year 414 before Christ a play was produced in Athens in which Aristophanes described how the birds who wished to build a free city in the air beat off the legislators who came to offer their services. Commenting on this event in an article published 17 years ago, I suggested that, if Aristophanes could look at the situation in the air at that momentand see in what way the legislators had prevented the birds of that dayfrom unfolding their wings, he would have prided himself on his foresight.
Brennan—his helicopter and other inventions
Authors: Graham R.
Published: March 2023

Louis Brennan, CB, was born in Castlebar, County Mayo, in 1852, and whilst he was at a very early age his parents emigrated to Australia where in due course he attended the College for Artisans in Melbourne. I know little of his youth but I understand that he became interested in watch and clock making and that his first adult achievement was the designing and making of a civic clock of Big Ben status.

What next I know of Brennan's activities is from the notebook of Professor William Kernot of Melbourne University who, incidentally, was Australia's first engineering graduate. This shows calculations on the performance of the torpedo and is dated 1876, so Brennan must have been quite young when he conceived this idea.

With some assistance from Professor Kernot and others, he designed and built a prototype which carried out such successful trials in 1879 that the British Admiralty were informed and they invited Brennan to England and financed the further development of the torpedo.
Turbulent boundary layer shape after a corner expansion
Authors: Small R. D. , Page R. H.
Published: March 2023

The expansion of a boundary layer about a corner is of primary importance to a near wake flow field. Experimental evidence shows that turbulent boundary layers separate precisely at the corner and methods are available for predicting such an expansion. Inviscid calculations using rotational characteristics have been successfully used. However, one of the simplest techniques of treating the expansion of a boundary layer is the method of isentropic streamtubes. Calculations with such a method may be easily programmed for digital computers or quickly done on an electronic calculator. In this note, results obtained from the simpler streamtube method are compared with results from the more complex rotational characteristic calculations.

The streamtube method assumes that the flow field is isoenergetic, the stagnation pressure is constant along a streamline, and the flow is uni-directional before and after expansion. Obviously, the boundary layer is assumed to expand without interacting with the adjacent supersonic flow. The coordinate system used is shown in Fig. 1. Y is the coordinate normal to the attached flow direction, and W is the coordinate normal to the inviscid jet boundary streamline. The individual streamlines are located in the expanded profile by applying conservation of mass to the streamtubes.
Effect of rivet spacing on crippling loads of joined aluminium angles
Authors: Appl F. J. , Whelton M. B.
Published: March 2023

The possibility of failure by buckling of structural members subjected to compressive loadings concerns every structural engineer and designer. In the design of aircraft, these compression members may be stringers, spars, or other stiffeners. Various geometrical sizes and shapes of stiffeners are used in aircraft construction. They are either extruded in the desired shape, machined, or formed out of sheet metal on a hand brake. They may be I-beams, Z-beams, channels, or angles. They may be used singly or may be joined to form a built-up or composite member. The actual choice of the size and shape of the stiffener depends upon the forces and moments to which it will be subjected.
Safety—the role of the Authority
Authors: Tye Walter
Published: March 2023

In this contribution my chief purposes are to describe the aviation safety organisation of the Authority, and to outline some of the objectives.

I will talk mostly about today and tomorrow, rather than yesterday. But an appreciation of the Authority's safety organisation requires an understanding of its origins, so a brief recapitulation of the past is a proper starting point.
Some aspects of inlet/engine flow compatibility
Authors: Williams D. D. , Yost J. O.
Published: March 2023

The aim of this paper is to contribute to the growing subject of inlet/engine compatibility a discussion of some of the more interesting results of research and development testing of rig compressors and engines carried out at the Bristol Engine Division of Rolls-Royce (1971) Ltd, and to discuss these against a now extensive background literature.

The effects of an inlet system on an axial flow gas turbine are principally on performance, stability and mechanical integrity. In this paper attention is focused on the effects of total pressure distortion on the compressor system's performance and stability.
Automatic flight controls in fixed wing aircraft–The first 100 years
Authors: Howard R. W.
Published: March 2023

In 1973, automatic flight controls is one of the most exacting fields of technology, requiring a balanced combination of art, science and human understanding, and the efforts of large project management teams backed by adequate resources to bring any new concept to fruition.

Today's systems derive almost entirely from the technology of the past 25 years, and hence it is little known that there was some activity in automatic flight control for fixed wing aircraft as long ago as 1873, some 30 years before the world-changing events at Kittyhawk and when mechanical flight was still confined to balloons and a few rudimentary gliders.
A status summary of the MRCA project
Authors: Madelung G.
Published: March 2023

A lecture on the background of the MRCA project was presented to the Society three years ago, at which time most of the basic definition of this trinational project had been completed. The development of the programme in terms of performance, cost and schedule has in the meantime been essentially in accordance with the plans established during 1969.

The overall scope of these plans are mainly contained in the decade of the seventies (Fig. 2). Development started in mid-1970 and series production deliveries will have reached the full target rate in the last quarter of the decade. Also the eighties will see substantial employment of our industries on this project if the aircraft proves as good in performance and price as is intended.
On the Iterative Solution of Semidefinite Eigenvalue Problems
Authors: Craig R. , Bampton M. C. C.
Published: March 2023

The free vibration of an elastic system represented by a finite number of degrees of freedom leads to the problem of determining the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the equation

where K and M are symmetric matrices of order n, and x is an n-dimensional vector of generalised co-ordinates. Under certain circumstances as, for example, when the matrices are of large order and only a few eigenvalues and eigenvectors are required, it is preferable to use an iterative procedure for solving eqn. (1) or an equation equivalent to it. However, when the system has one or more rigid-body degrees of freedom the stiffness matrix K is singular. This precludes an iterative solution.
The Major Development Trends in Air Transport and European Co-operation
Authors: Ziegler H.
Published: March 2023

An important growth of air traffic is recorded, as compared with other forms of traffic. Fig. 1 is an example of the domestic-intercity passenger travel market in the USA and is characteristic; showing (millions of passenger miles)

stagnation for waterways;stagnation for autocars—buses;decreasing for railroads;expansion for airlines: annual growth rate of 10% over the past fifteen years, and acceleration since 1962: mean annual growth rate 18%.It is also important to mention the expansion in freight, which is about 20% a year, i.e. doubled every four years.
Three-Dimensional Vibrations of a Ring on an Elastic Foundation
Authors: Rao S. S.
Published: March 2023

The problem of vibrations of a circular ring on an elastic foundation finds application in the study of vibrations of gears mounted on elastic shafts and launching vehicles having a ring-stiffened shell structure.

The inplane flexural vibrations of a circular ring were investigated by many authors in connection with the study of vibrations of gears and frames of electrical machines. The transverse vibrations of a thin ring of circular cross-section were first investigated in 1890 by Michell. There appears to be less amount of work in the literature which deals with the effects of rotatory inertia and shearing deformation on the transverse vibrations of rings. In the present investigation, flexural vibrations of a circular ring on an elastic foundation involving both displacements at right angles to the plane of the ring and twist are studied. The foundation is considered to provide restraints against the transverse and torsional motions of the cross-section of the ring linearly.
International Airports Allocation of Operating Revenues and Costs
Authors: Jaworski Adam
Published: March 2023

In 1969, the writer, as a member of the panel on studies of the economics of route facilities of the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), submitted a paper about costs allocation of 13 international Canadian airports including six alternates to the North Atlantic Service. The data in the paper might be used as a numerical illustration for costs allocation at international airports to the domestic operation and of the alternate airports as well.
The Random Heave-pitch Response of Aircraft to Runway Roughness
Authors: Kirk C. L.
Published: March 2023

The need to establish reliable methods of predicting the response of aircraft during taxying on rough runways and the associated dynamic loads and fatigue damage has led to numerous theoretical and experimental investigations of this problem. The present paper is a development of the study reported in ref. (1) which considered the random response of a flexible aircraft to forces transmitted through thei main undercarriage. The purpose of this paper is to apply power spectral techniques to the computation of the response of a rigid aircraft in heave and pitch to runway roughness, taking account of non-linearities in damping in the main and nose undercarriage.
Aircraft Noise in the Airport Environment
Authors: Green O. I.
Published: March 2023

The problem of aircraft noise has been touched on by a number of today's speakers, but I wonder how much it is appreciated that probably the biggest single interface problem before the aviation industry today is that of environmental pollution.

The dilemma which every Minister responsible for civil aviation has to face is how to strike a right balance between, on the one hand, economic and operational considerations and, on the other, the protection of the public from excessive noise. Successive Ministers have indicated very clearly to the Department that they favoured paying a substantial price, if required, for the preservation of amenity.
Parametric Oscillations in Aircraft Structures
Authors: Barr A. D. S. , Done G. T. S.
Published: March 2023

The purpose of this note is to outline the basic physical features of parametric oscillation or instability and to show how situations might arise in practice in aircraft structures in which these effects would be significant. In most situations, the appearance of parametric oscillations will be the exception rather than the rule because of the relatively stringent conditions for its existence as a substantial component of the response. Nevertheless it is felt that the dynamicist should be aware of the phenomenon and should have some knowledge of its nature both as an aid to its recognition when it does appear and as a guide to the sort of situations in which it might be expected.
Techniques of Measuring Cost-Effectiveness of Weapon Systems
Authors: Kerr T. H.
Published: March 2023

Scientific and technological development over the past 20 years has been tremendous. It presents the military planner with a dazzling array of possible developments to meet a wide range of operational requirements. Unfortunately, in every country resources are limited and a choice between the various alternatives has to be made. An objective and, if possible, quantitative method of examining alternative proposals is required. This is what cost-effectiveness analysis attempts to do. It can be and is applied at any level. For example, the government may require a study examining the implications of the different allocations of national resources to defence, foreign aid, civil industrial research, social security benefits, etc.; the Ministry of Defence may require a study examining the balance between the forces on land, at sea or in the air (force structure) and the contribution each make in a number of scenarios; a single service may require a study of the resources that should be allocated to defensive or offensive action; within a single role a study may be required of the alternative weapons that could be deployed to meet a particular requirement. In this paper, only questions arising in the study of defence systems will be considered.
Joint Venture and International Collaboration
Authors: Evans L. G.
Published: March 2023

The three preceding papers in this Symposium deal with the means of achieving and controlling cost effectiveness in GW projects. Given the availability of the means, there is still more which can be done to improve cost effectiveness; the contractual environment should encourage the use of these means.

It is, I think, generally accepted that cost plus contracts applied to development work can be non-conducive to cost effectiveness.

In an effort to provide a more satisfactory contractual environment, the Ministry of Aviation Supply flirted briefly with fixed price contracts, but these have now given way fairly generally to incentive contracts and latterly to contracts which move steadily from cost plus to incentive as the work proceeds. A parallel development has seen the study, and in some cases the actual negotiation of arrangements to spread the costs by sharing them between two or more “partners”. This has the two-fold objective of reducing the capital outlay for the Government and of creating pressure on those taking part to exercise sound cost control. I shall deal with three such arrangements and comment on some of their problems.
The Effect of Carbon Fibre Composites on Design
Authors: Sanders R. C.
Published: March 2023

In trying to assess the effect of a new material on design there is little past experience on which to draw: the only time when a really new material was introduced was when light alloy began to replace wood as a major structural material. Nevertheless, a few general conclusions can be drawn from this period. Although in the long term considerable changes in structural form may be anticipated, there is unlikely to be any sudden dramatic change in design thinking, rather, such changes will be introduced as a result of continuing development soundly based on previous experience. Improvements in design and analytical techniques will play their part, but the dominant influence will be an increasing awareness and appreciation of the material characteristics; the best ways to use the properties of the material and the manufacturing techniques to which it lends itself.
Association between time-restricted eating and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a nationwide cross-sectional study
Authors: Zeng Xueke , Xie Shaoyu , Jiang Fei , Li Xiude , Li Meiling , Zhang Tengfei , Zhang Yaozong , Rao Songxian , Mo Yufeng , Zhang Honghua , Ye Shu , Liu Mengfei , Li Haowei , Zhu Yu , Huang Yong , Wang Danni , Yang Wanshui
Published: March 2023

The association between time-restricted eating (TRE) and the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is less studied. Moreover, whether the association is independent of physical exercise or diet quality or quantity is uncertain. In this nationwide cross-sectional study of 3813 participants, the timing of food intakes was recorded by 24-h recalls; NAFLD was defined through vibration-controlled transient elastography in the absence of other causes of chronic liver disease. OR and 95 % CI were estimated using logistic regression. Participants with daily eating window of ≤ 8 h had lower odds of NAFLD (OR = 0·70, 95 % CI: 0·52, 0·93), compared with those with ≥ 10 h window. Early (05.00–15.00) and late TRE (11.00–21.00) showed inverse associations with NAFLD prevalence without statistical heterogeneity (Pheterogeneity= 0·649) with OR of 0·73 (95 % CI: 0·36, 1·47) and 0·61 (95 % CI: 0·44, 0·84), respectively. Such inverse association seemed stronger in participants with lower energy intake (OR = 0·58, 95 % CI: 0·38, 0·89,Pinteraction= 0·020). There are no statistical differences in the TRE-NAFLD associations according to physical activity (Pinteraction= 0·390) or diet quality (Pinteraction= 0·110). TRE might be associated with lower likelihood of NAFLD. Such inverse association is independent of physical activity and diet quality and appears stronger in individuals consuming lower energy. Given the potential misclassification of TRE based on one- or two-day recall in the analysis, epidemiological studies with validated methods for measuring the habitual timing of dietary intake are warranted.
OVID'S FASTI IN EXILE
Authors: Franklinos T.E.
Published: March 2023

This article takes as its starting point the frequency with which Ovid refers to his earlier works in his Tristia and Epistulae ex Ponto. Alongside his treatment of the Metamorphoses in the exile poetry, it is suggested that Ovid refers, on a number of occasions, to his Fasti and the progress he is making on it. He does so by using the incipit of his calendar poem, Tempora; this term is sometimes combined with signa (‘stars’), which are also mentioned in the opening couplet of the Fasti. It is proposed that Ovid's attitude toward his Fasti changes over the course of his exile, during which time he is, at various junctures, editing his calendar, and that some of these changes are discernible in the exile poetry; they result in part from his entertaining the possibility of using his Fasti as leverage in securing a mitigation of his punishment. Poems discussed in detail are Tristia 1.1, 1.7, 2.547–52, 5.3; Epistulae ex Ponto 2.1, 4.8.
Comparison of aerosol generation between electrocautery and cold dissection tonsillectomy
Authors: Sanmark E , Rantanen N , Oksanen L-M , Tuhkuri Matvejeff A , Möller R , Geneid A
Published: March 2023

Objective

Coronavirus disease 2019 can spread through aerosols produced by surgical procedures, but knowledge of the extent of aerosol production and the risk posed by many common procedures does not exist. This study analysed aerosol generation during tonsillectomy and how it differs between distinct surgical techniques and instruments. The results can be used in risk assessment during current and future pandemics and epidemics.

Method

An optical particle sizer was used to measure particle concentrations generated during tonsillectomy from the perspectives of the surgeon and other staff. Coughing is commonly used as a reference for high-risk aerosol generation; therefore, coughing and the operating theatre's background concentration were chosen as reference values. Different instruments were also compared to find the safest way to perform the tonsillectomy from the perspective of airborne transmission.

Results

Eighteen tonsillectomies were evaluated; all techniques mostly generated less than 1 μm particles. For the surgeon, bipolar electrocautery significantly exceeded the particle generation of coughing in both total and less than 1 μm particles and was found to produce significantly higher total and less than 1 μm aerosol concentrations than cold dissection and BiZact. No technique exposed other staff to a greater aerosol concentration than is generated by a cough.

Conclusion

Bipolar electrocautery generated high aerosol concentrations during tonsillectomy; cold dissection generated significantly less. The results support cold dissection as the primary tonsillectomy technique, particularly during the epidemics of airborne diseases.
On the mechanism of anomalous phenomena in current-carrying magnetized plasma
Authors: Oreshko A.G.
Published: March 2023

The explanation of the mechanisms of anomalous resistance and diffusion of plasma, as well as the generation of fast particles, is given from a unified position on the basis of experimental results obtained in plasma in a magnetically isolated diode of an electron accelerator with a microsecond pulse duration. It is shown that oscillations of the potential and current in plasma with current occur by charge separation and the formation of electric domains with a strong field. Electric domains are generated by means of runaway electrons resulting from the redistribution of the current density and its channelling in the current-carrying plasma. An increase in plasma resistance occurs due to a decrease in the number of electrons in the current-conducting state, since some of the plasma electrons pass into layers of excess negative charge of electric domains. The speed of movement of electrons in the composition of the electric domain is much lower than the velocity of electrons in the conducting state. The nucleation of domains is accompanied by microwave emission. Quasi-neutrals in whole electrical domains are injected into the region of the anode wall. The destruction of domains leads to the appearance of plasma channels between the anode and cathode plasma. The transverse electromagnetic waves generated during the nucleation of domains capture charged particles and inject them in a direction that is perpendicular to the insulating longitudinal magnetic field. Plasma turbulence occurs due to charge separation and the generation of electrical domains that create channels between the plasma and the chamber wall, as well as generating fluxes of fast particles.
Would integration with religious studies improve analytic theology?
Authors: Dole Andrew C.
Published: March 2023

William Wood argues that analytic theology can be included as a part of the academic study of religion. He describes two types of benefits to this inclusion: benefits accruing to the study of religion on the one hand, and benefits accruing to analytic theology on the other. I find the first type of benefit that he describes to be real, but think that within the overall compass of the interests of the academic study of religion in Christian traditions it is quite small in scope, even in a context in which doctrines are a topic of particular interest. The second type of benefit, that accruing to analytic theology, is more of a puzzle. On the one hand, I find that one species of benefit that Wood describes with some clarity is unpromising, as it seems to amount to an opportunity for yet more defensive apologetics. But on the other hand, some of what Wood says is compatible with the idea that analytic theology stands to be improved in ways that are not yet clear by engagement with the academic study of religion. I conclude with a critical glance at Wood's attempt to defend analytic theology as a method of inquiry from the charge of historical shallowness.
Donald Macleod: Free Church liberation theologian?
Authors: Nicholson Hunter
Published: March 2023

Donald Macleod (1940–) has been called one of the two most important Scottish Reformed theologians of the twentieth century. This article shows that by the 1990s Macleod in his public theology consistently used language and concepts which were also trademarks of Latin American liberation theology. By comparing his work to the three mediations of liberation theology, I show it is possible to speak of Macleod as exhibiting a distinctive Scottish Reformed theology of liberation. I propose this connection should be understood through Macleod's constructive engagement with his own Scottish (and specifically Highland) Reformed tradition, whose interest in liberation carries surprising parallels with Latin American liberation theology.
Landscape heterogeneity: concepts, quantification, challenges and future perspectives
Authors: Tonetti Vinicius , Pena João Carlos , Scarpelli Marina DA , Sugai Larissa SM , Barros Fábio M , Anunciação Paula R , Santos Paloma M , Tavares André LB , Ribeiro Milton C
Published: March 2023

The intrinsic complexity, variety of concepts and numerous ways to quantify landscape heterogeneity (LH) may hamper a better understanding of how its components relate to ecological phenomena. Our study is the first to synthesize understanding of this concept and to provide the state of the art on the subject based on a comprehensive systematic literature review of 661 articles published between 1982 and 2019. Definitions, terminologies and measurements of LH were diverse and conflicting. Most articles (534 out of 661) did not provide any definition for LH, and we found great variation among the studies that did. According to our review, only 10 studies measured the effects of different land-cover types on biotic or abiotic processes (functional LH). The remaining 651 studies measured physical attributes of the landscape without mentioning that different land-cover types may impact biotic and abiotic processes differently (structural LH). The metrics most frequently used to represent LH were the Shannon diversity index and proportion of land-cover type. Most metrics used as proxies of LH also coincided with those used to represent non-heterogeneity metrics, such as fragmentation and connectivity. We identify knowledge gaps, indicate future perspectives and propose guidelines that should be addressed when researching LH.