bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Double and Triple Binds: How Status, Gender, and Race Influence the Work of State Prekindergarten Leaders
Authors: Northey Kaitlin
Published: December 2021

This article examines how state prekindergarten (PreK) leaders in the United States believe their gender, race, and the status of the field influenced their work experiences. Qualitative methods were used to collect data from 10 state PreK leaders through two semistructured interviews. Leaders worked in different states and the majority identified as female (80%) and White/non-Hispanic (60%). Analysis of the data revealed the status of PreK and the ECE field as “less than” in comparison with the kindergarten through twelfth grade (K–12) education system affected the work of all participating PreK leaders. White female leaders experienced a double bind due to their gender and the status of the field, leading them to conform to gender and social role stereotypes to avoid backlash. BIPOC PreK leaders experienced various instances of gendered racism and for one female BIPOC leader this resulted in a triple bind, as the intersections of the field’s status and her race and gender presented additional challenges. While leaders tried to navigate these different binds successfully, there were unintentional consequences: Male leaders enjoyed privilege that further marginalized female PreK leaders; White female leaders’ decisions to conform with stereotypes reinforced the status of ECE; and a BIPOC female leader replicated challenges for BIPOC individuals in an effort to protect herself. For the ECE field to advance its equity goals and increase its professional standing, state ECE leaders need specific training to address their implicit biases, strengthen their own professional ECE identities, and advocate for a unified ECE profession across auspices.
« Le moment tocquevillien »
Authors: Keslassy Eric
Published: December 2021

Revue à thème, dirigée par Marc Sadoun et publiée aux Presses de Scicnces-po, Raisons politiques s'efforce d'ouvrir certains débats sur des questions politiques, économiques et sociales. Sans cloisonnement intellectuel, elle sc veut intcrdisciplinaire pour mieux montrer que « la pensée politique est une construction permanente ». Dans cette perspective, cette revue trimestrielle a choisi d'évoquer le « moment toequevillien » que la France a connu à la suite des travaux de Raymond Aron et de François Furet. Effectivement, depuis le milieu des années 60, on assiste à un retour de l'analyse liée à l'œuvre de Tocqueville.
A letter to subscribers
Authors: Zunz Olivier
Published: December 2021

With this issue, The Tocqueville Review is launching a new phase of its activities, under the leadership of three new editors: Michel Forsé, Bernard Manin, and Françoise Mélonio. Bernard Manin, the newest member of our team, specializes in political philosophy. Michel Forsé, a sociologist of networks and social change, and Françoise Mélonio, a nineteenth-century intellectual historian and Tocqueville scholar, have been associate editors for years.
Guizot et Tocqueville face à l’histoire anglaise
Authors: Pozzi Regina
Published: December 2021

Il n'y a sans doute jamais eu d'époque où la culture ait été, je ne dirai pas plus sollicitée par le présent, ce qui se produit toujours, mais plus explicitement vouée à le diriger que dans la France du XIXe siècle. Il n'y a pas eu non plus, dans la grande famille des historiens ayant conçu l'étude du passé comme une activité complémentaire de la politique, quelqu'un chez qui la curiosité historique ait été aussi consciemment subordonnée à la compréhension du présent que chez Tocqueville1. On n'en est que plus frappé par ce qu'il affirme en avril 1852.2
Les notions de race et d’empire dans la pensée libérale : l’héritage de Tocqueville
Authors: Fredrickson George
Published: December 2021

La réévaluation, à la hausse, des contributions théoriques d'Alexis de Tocqueville en matière de société et de politique a soulevé moins d'intérêt aux États-Unis que d'autres modes intellectuelles parisiennes des trente dernières années. Le fait pour les intellectuels français d'avoir répudié Marx après avoir découvert tardivement la réalité du goulag soviétique a été à l'origine de leur respect croissant pour le type particulier de libéralisme incarné par l'auteur de De la Démocratie en Amérique et de L'Ancien Régime et la Révolution1.
Mai 68 : génération en crise ou crise des rapports entre générations ?
Authors: Burguière André
Published: December 2021

Les premières tentatives d'interprétation de la crise de Mai 68 en France, faites à chaud, au cœur même de l'événement, étaient presque toutes d'inspiration psychanalytique1. Elles ramenaient l'ensemble de la crise sociale à la révolte étudiante et la révolte étudiante elle-même à une crise de l'adolescence, c'est-à-dire à une révolte œdipienne contre le père et ses substituts symboliques : la police, le gouvernement, les professeurs.
Français et Américains en vis-à-vis : dialogues et découvertes
Authors: Furstenberg Gilberte , Levet Sabine
Published: December 2021

Cet article fait part d’une expérience menée au MIT depuis l’automne 1997 qui met en vis-à-vis des étudiants français1 et américains, par le biais de l’Internet, dans le but de leur permettre de construire ensemble une compréhension en profondeur de la culture de l’autre.
Internet Governance and Institutional Change
Authors: Levinson Nanette S.
Published: December 2021

The Internet, especially by virtue of its technologies, is an international medium. Access to the Internet has grown dramatically, although substantial disparities remain. These disparities occur within individual countries (between urban and rural populations and between elites and others in society); between regions; and between the least developed nations and developed nations.
L'histoire culturelle française vue d'Amérique
Authors: Berenson Edward
Published: December 2021

Dans deux ans, l’association regroupant les historiens spécialistes de la France, la Society for French Hisiorical Studies, célébrera son cinquantième anniversaire. Au cours de ce demi-siècle, les historiens nord-américains (il convient en effet de noter que des Canadiens anglophones appartiennent également à cette association) ont produit des travaux nombreux et importants dans le domaine de l’histoire de France.
Le nouveau retour de Tocqueville
Authors: Keslassy Eric
Published: December 2021

Evoquer un « nouveau » retour, c’est évidemment laisser entendre que l’oeuvre de Tocqueville a connu des fortunes très diverses depuis son avènement. En effet, de son vivant, l’auteur de De la Démocratie en Amérique (1835 et 1840) rencontre très vite une grande notoriété. Mais après sa mort, qui intervient en 1859, les écrits de T ocqueville perdent rapidement de leur audience pour finalement tomber dans l’oubli dès le début des années 1870. La publication des Œuvres Complètes (Gallimard), qui commence en 1951, donne le coup d’envoi d’un premier retour des idées de Tocqueville dans le débat public. Les trois oeuvres majeures (La Démocratie, L’Ancien Régime et la Révolution, et les Souvenirs) s ont a lors p ubliées à p lusieurs r eprises, n otamment d ans d es éditions de poche qui connaissent un grand succès. De plus, Raymond Aron ne ménage pas ses efforts pour favoriser cette redécouverte.
Présentation
Authors: Merchant Jennifer
Published: December 2021

La bioéthique s'institutionnalise sous diverses formes dans presque toutes les démocraties occidentales depuis plus de trente ans. Mais que signifie le mot « bioéthique » ? Le terme a été prononcé publiquement pour la première fois en 1970 par Van Rensselaer Potter (oncologue à l'Université de Wisconsin) qui définissait la bioéthique de manière très générale comme « la science de la survie » . Cependant, dans la courte histoire de la bioéthique, la légende veut que c'est André Hellegers (obstétricien et physiologue foetale/démographe hollandais) qui employa le terme « bioéthique » dans son application contemporaine. Pour Hellegers, il s'agissait de créer une éthique de la médecine et des sciences biologiques afin, tout d'abord, de construire une véritable discipline, puis un cadre d'action servant de guide aux praticiens. Le premier article baptisant cette nouvelle discipline fut publié en 1973 par le fondateur du premier institut de bioéthique aux États-Unis, le Hastings Center, crée en 1969.
L’exigence de Tocqueville : la « science Politique nouvelle »
Authors: Boudon Raymond
Published: December 2021

Je n'ai qu'une seule excuse pour évoquer Alexis de Tocqueville devant d'éminents spécialistes de cette grande figure de la pensée. Et cette excuse est bien fragile, car subjective: à savoir que Tocqueville est l'un des trois auteurs généralement répertoriés dans les histoires des sciences sociales qui m'ont donné un choc intellectuel, que j'ai lus et relus avec une admiration croissante, avec le sentiment de m'instruire un peu plus à chaque lecture, les deux autres étant Max Weber et Émile Durkheim.
Tocqueville ou le dialogue imaginaire avec la pensée contre-révolutionnaire
Authors: Gengembre Gérard
Published: December 2021

La cause semble entendue: dés les demièrcs années de la Restauration et avant même sa conversion à la démocratie, Tocqueville, cet enfant du siècle issu d’une aristocratie pour le moins très conservatrice, et qui perçoit avec lucidité la difficulté où se trouve la France à la fin de la décennie 1820 à clore une Révolution d’où procède un bouleversement des positions contre-révolutionnaires et de ceux qui deviendront les légitimistes après Juillet.
Tocqueville's Comparisons:Choices and Lessons
Authors: Drescher Seymour
Published: December 2021

"lt was necessary to glance briefly beyond France in order to make sense of what follmvs; for I dare say that whoever has studicd and seen only France, will never understand anything about the French Revolution." These words, appearing in Tocqueville's last published work, in 1856, were indicative of his perspective about every subject to which he turned his attention. In his working manuscript for the Democrary Tocqueville wrote, "lt is only by comparisons that one can judge things." Still earlier, his attendance at François Guzot's influential course of lectures on the history of civilization in the late 1820's was preceded by a long meditation on the lessons of English history. These rcflections were formulated in Tocqueville's very first surviving letter to Gustave de Beaumont, who \vas to be Tocquevillc's lifelong friencl and traveling companion in America and England.
Falsehoods Not Intended to Deceive: Popular Sovereignty and Higher Law
Authors: Goldhammer Arthur
Published: December 2021

“Any discussion of the political laws of the United States has to begin with the dogma of popular sovereignty,” Tocqueville wrote in Democracy in America.1 But what meaning does the phrase “popular soverignty” hace in practice as opposed to dogma? perhaps it has no pragmatic meaning at all and is merely, as Richard Henry Dana suggested, part of “the metaphysics of popular government.”2 For enlightenment on these questions, one may turn to a series of lectures on “The Living Constitution” delivered by the eminent legal scholar Bruce Ackerman at Harvard Law School in 2006.3
Les couleurs, les races et l’homme universel. Notes sur le comptage ethnique au Brésil
Authors: De Oliveira Tâmara Maria
Published: December 2021

1-LES MULTIPLES COULEURS AMBIGUËS DES « RACES » BRÉSILIENNES : UN COMPTAGE NON-ETHNIQUE COMME CONSTRUCTION SOCIALE a) Le sens non-ethnique d’un comptage à critéres habituellement ethniques
La mesure de l’ethnicité au Canada
Authors: Beaud Jean-Pierre , Prévost Jean-Guy
Published: December 2021

Fluidité, malléabilité, auto-identification, multiplicité des réponses, émergence de nouvelles identités, autant d’expressions qui, a priori, ne font pas bon ménage avec la statistique ! Ce sont pourtant les termes qui revenaient régulièrement dans les propos des conférenciers lors de la conférence de Montréal de décembre 2007 sur « statistiques sociales et diversité ethnique »1.
Tocqueville, Cournot et l’histoire
Authors: Leroux Robert
Published: December 2021

Le lien entre Alexis de Tocqueville et Antoine-Augustin Cournot paraît ténu au premier abord, difficile à établir. Alors que le premier, qui s’exprime dans un style d’une rare élégance, est considéré comme l’un des meilleurs écrivains de son temps, le second écrit dans un style compliqué, lourd, et se consacre d’abord à la pratique des mathématiques, de l’économie puis de la philosophie.
Orientalisme populaire et modernisme. Une nouvelle rectitude politique au Canada
Authors: Helly Denise
Published: December 2021

On observe trois formes de dévalorisation de l’immigration dans les sociétés occidentales depuis les années 1990, la xénophobie, le rejet des demandeurs d’asile et des illégaux, et l’islamophobie (Cole, 2009). Ce terme, créé en 1997 par Runnymede Trust, décrit une hostilité haineuse envers les musulmans. Nous traitons ici de formes discursives de cette hostilité par des Canadiens et non de formes comme la discrimination, la victimisation (crimes haineux) et la criminalisation (profilage, effets de dispositions anti-terrorisme).
De la démocratie en américain: conditions et conflits chez Tocqueville
Authors: Goldhammer Athur
Published: December 2021

Je commence par deux locutions tocquevilliennes qui ne sont que trop faciles à traduire mais qui se heurtent à des obstacles culturels de compréhension. La première d’entre elles est « l’égalité des conditions », et la seconde est « le plus grand nombre », qui pour Tocqueville signifie parfois « la majorité », mais parfois aussi « le peuple » en opposition au plus petit nombre de l’élite. Ici, on le voit, on prend Tocqueville en flagrant délit : il se sert librement — je le cite — de « ces mots abstraits qui remplissent les langues démocratiques, et dont on fait usage à tout propos sans les rattacher à aucun fait particulier. [...] Ils agrandissent et voilent la pensée ; ils rendent l’expression plus rapide et l’idée moins nette1 ».
In Memoriam
Authors: Turner Frank M.
Published: December 2021

The Tocqueville Review/La Revue Tocqueville has just lost a close friend with the passing of Frank M. Turner, a distinguished intellectual historian and university librarian at Yale University. Frank was 66 years old.
Un individualisme raisonnable de part et d’autre de l’Atlantique
Authors: Forsé Michel
Published: December 2021

Faire société suppose de s’accorder sur des valeurs, mais il y a au moins deux grandes façons d’envisager un tel accord. Il peut tout d’abord exister un consensus autour d’une conception du bien au sein d’une société donnée. C’est ce que l’on peut appeler la cohésion sociale à la manière des Anciens. La justice (sociale) n’est certes pas ignorée (quelle société pourrait d’ailleurs s’en passer ?), mais elle apparaît comme un dérivé du bien. Il y a en somme priorité du bien sur le juste.
Introduction
Authors: Laurent Eloi
Published: December 2021

Ce dossier a pour ambition d’éclairer les enjeux du sommet de Durban sur le climat (28 novembre-9 décembre 2011), en les considérant du point de vue de deux acteurs qui appartiennent à la même catégorie géoéconomique, celle des pays développés, mais qui ont opté pour des stratégies climatiques sensiblement différentes : l’Union européenne et le Canada.
Renouvellement associatif et démocratie : regards croisés sur la France et les Etats-Unis
Authors: Barthelemy Martine
Published: December 2021

Deux formes distinctes d’accomplissement démocratique par la vitalité et la pluralité des corps associatifs se sont développées dans les sociétés française et américaine. On le sait, la floraison de la vie civile fait l’admiration de Tocqueville lors de son séjour aux Etats-Unis en 1831. Parmi les facteurs qui ont contribué, entre autres singularités, à la place primordiale des groupements volontaires dans la société américaine, on citera la culture de la « frontière » et la faible centralisation politique
Guigot et l'Europe des nations : une âme aux différents caractères
Authors: Pozzi Regina
Published: December 2021

Il peut paraître étonnant que, dans le cadre d'un débat consacré au problème des caractères nationaux au XIXe siècle, je choisisse comme objet de mon étude François Guizot, un auteur dont l'apport au thème ne passe pas pour être d'un grand poids et qui, par contre, a travaillé plus que tout autre à définir l'espace d'une civilisation européenne commune. Il se trouve cependant que, dans son cours de 1828-1830 sur l'histoire de la civilisation, il a pour une fois dédié un assez long passage qui ne manque pas d'intérêt - on verra pourquoi - aux caractères nationaux des différents pays dont l'Europe se compose.
Word War I and the humanitarian impulse
Authors: Hitchcock William I.
Published: December 2021

The Great War is quite rightly associated with the tragedies of the battlefield, with combat deaths of nearly ten million soldiers, with the construction of the vast network of cemeteries all across northern Europe that Kipling called “cities of the dead,” and with the emotional and psychic scarring of a generation of European peoples. Knowing the political and military history' of post-1918 Europe, we think of the Great War as but the first act in a century of horrors. Yet when we consider the legacies of the Great War, it is worth recalling that one less melancholy outcome was the creation of a new conception of humanitarian action on behalf of wounded soldiers and distressed civilians.
Philippe Raynaud, Prix Alexis de Tocqueville 2014
Authors: Casanova Jean-Claude
Published: December 2021

Le président Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, qui malheureusement ne peut pas être des nôtres lors de cette cérémonie, m'a demandé de vous exprimer ses regrets pour son absence et de vous présenter ses excuses.
Le secrétariat d’Etat au développement de la Région capitale (2008-2010)
Authors: Chauvel Jeanne
Published: December 2021

Le 26 juin 2007, le Président de la République, Nicolas Sarkozy, nouvellement élu prononce à Roissy un discours fondateur d’un processus de projet urbain pour la métropole parisienne. Ce discours inaugure une série de déclarations et de décisions visant à redonner à Paris les moyens d’une ville globale dans un contexte de concurrence accrue entre métropoles mondiales. Le développement économique de Paris est en effet essentiel pour l’Etat français, car l’économie francilienne joue le rôle de locomotive de l’économie nationale.
L’Etat-providence face aux inégalités et la « Démocratie de propriétaires » : une comparaison entre Meade, Rawls, Ackerman et Piketty
Authors: Audard Catherine
Published: December 2021

Les travaux récents d’économistes comme Thomas Piketty ou Anthony Atkinson1 ont mis fin à une conviction, bien établie, que les politiques de redistribution de l’après-guerre menées par l’État- providence auraient définitivement réussi à réduire les inégalités. Or, bien loin d’avoir diminué, les inégalités non seulement de revenus, mais aussi de richesse et de patrimoine, n’ont cessé de croître depuis les années 1980 pour retrouver des niveaux comparables à ceux du XIXe siècle.
Manejo endoscópico de fugas biliares postquirúrgicas
Authors: Sandoval Montero Jorge , Díaz Mena  Francela
Published: December 2021

Las fugas biliares postquirúrgicas son lesiones iatrogénicas de la vía biliar que han aumentado en incidencia en los últimos años, principalmente asociado con la llegada de la cirugía laparoscópica como opción para manejo de patología vesicular y de vía biliar. Actualmente el tratamiento de elección en la mayoría de las fugas biliares es endoscópico, lo cual ha disminuido significativamente la morbimortalidad; sin embargo, la evidencia comparando efectividad entre las diferentes técnicas endoscópicas (esfinterotomía, esfinterotomía vs stent,  combinación de técnicas, uso de stent plástico o metálico, entre otros) es escasa, por lo cual el objetivo de éste artículo es brindar una revisión detallada de la evidencia actual y una guía para el endoscopista al momento de enfrentar una fuga postquirúrgica.
Modeling Humanizing Education Through Newly Reviewed Materials Engineering Curriculum
Authors: Sarifuddin Norshahida , Ahmad Zuraida , Azhar Ahmad Zahirani Ahmad , Zaki Hafizah Hanim Mohd , Azman Amelia Wong , Nordin Norhuda Hidayah
Published: December 2021

In line with the current global focus on sustainability and the well-being of the planet, becoming a professional engineer nowadays requires more than simple mastery of technical skills. Considering that engineers are required to have a deep sense of responsibility not only for humankind but also for the environment, engineering education and practices must be reformed substantially to prepare engineers that will contribute to sustainable development. This necessitates updating conventional engineering programs (CEE) to incorporate Humanizing Engineering Education (HEE). Although HEE is an old practice of individual engineers and other organizations outside the academic field, it is relatively new in academic engineering. While the definition of what truly merits being considered HEE remains debatable, many engineers believe that their work involves a humanitarian aspect. To streamline the development of HEE, there is a need for developing guidelines and frameworks for a comprehensive model. Ideally, that framework should integrate humanizing pedagogy in the new curriculum design. The objective of the paper is to share the experience of the authors in designing a new curriculum for a Materials Engineering Programme (MEP) that is embedded with Humanitarian Engineering (HE), which is among the main elements of HEE. Data collection was through interviews, qualitative surveys, reports from the stakeholders, accreditation bodies and benchmarking with other Higher Learning Institutions (HLI). An extensive scholarly literature review was executed to identify shortcomings in CEE and how it could be reformed by integrating it with HEE. The Sejahtera Academic Framework (SAF); a strategic framework for academic programmes developed by the university, was used as a reference to customize MEP to better meet students’ needs. Since the proposed model applies a new emerging concept, it inevitably raises challenges related to different levels of understanding among course implementers and perceptions of external stakeholders. Moreover, the developers had to consider the limitations imposed by the university's policies and structures while acknowledging the availability of finite resources (i.e. time, money, equipment, and expertise).
On the issue of legal environment of the application of green bonds for the development of organic production in Ukraine
Authors:   National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Tamara Novak , Viktoriia Melnyk ,   Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University
Published: December 2021

The article presents a scientific and theoretical analysis of the legislation that introduces green bonds as a tool for financing organic production, as well as identifies ways for its improvement. It is determined that a new type of securities – green bonds, can become one of the tools to support the development of organic agricultural production. It is proved that the allocation of environmental projects as a direction, which involve the use of funds raised from the issuance of green bonds, organic farming, is debatable, given the lack of normative definition of this concept, which may complicate the implementation of legislation and compliance with green bond issuance standards (Green Bond Principles). Based on the analysis of legal doctrine in terms of defining the concepts of «organic farming», «organic crop», «organic production», as well as features of organic production, it is concluded that organic crop, livestock, aquaculture fully meet the categories of environmental projects GBR principles (such as: ecologically sustainable agriculture, animal husbandry and aquaculture; agricultural technologies that do not harm the climate, etc.) It is proposed to set out the first paragraph of Part 2 of Art. 18 of the Law of Ukraine «On Capital Markets and Organized Commodity Markets» as follows: «environmental project is a project in the field of alternative energy, energy efficiency, minimization of waste generation, utilization and processing, introduction of environmentally friendly transport, organic production, conservation of flora and fauna, water and land resources, adaptation to climate change, and another project, aimed at protecting the environment, implementing environmental standards, reducing emissions into the environment». Keywords: government support, green bonds, legal support, environmental project, organic production, organic farming, organic products
General characteristics of internal and external agrarian financial legal relations
Authors:   National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Anatolii Pakholiuk
Published: December 2021

The article is devoted to the separation of specific features of the internal and the external agrarian financial relations. It is proved that the peculiarities of the first group of legal relations are conditioned by the organizational and legal form of legal entities in which they arise, change and interrupt. These features are established in the legislation governing the legal status of these entities. In particular, it determines the procedure for the formation of property funds of agricultural enterprises, the distribution of financial results (profits) among the founders and participants (members) (for example, payment of dividends (in companies), dividends and patronage dividends (in agricultural cooperatives), also contributions to this fund. At the same time, enterprises accept internal documents on the basis of which such distribution is carried out. In addition, the procedure for exercising control over their financial and economic activities is regulated. The procedure of payments with members (participants) in case of termination of the business entity or withdrawal from its members (participants) is also specific. The opinion is substantiated that the peculiarities of external agrarian financial legal relations are caused, as a rule, by the nature of the business entity activity. Therefore, these relations are regulated by agrarian legislation in field of the state financial support of agriculture and rural social sphere; implementation of certain types of agricultural activities; insurance and lending of the agricultural producers. Such legal relations, according to the author, include: payment legal relations; credit relations (including financial leasing relations); insurance legal relations; relations with the state and local budgets (regarding the payment of taxes and other obligatory payments and fees; receipt of state financial support); investment relations. Keywords: agrarian legislation, agrarian financial legal relations, agricultural enterprise, agricultural producer, internal financial relations, external financial relations
Korespondencja pomiędzy Antygonem II Gonatasem a Zenononem z Kition – przyczynek do rozważań nad tworzeniem kręgu intelektualnego na dworze Antygonidów
Authors: Wolny Miron
Published: December 2021

Przedmiotem rozważań podjętych przez autora przedłożonego tekstu jest zapamiętana przez Diogenesa Laertiosa korespondencja, która została wymieniona pomiędzy władcą Antygonidów Antygonem II Gonatasem (283–239 p.n.e.) a filozofem Zenonem z Kition (333/2–262 p.n.e.). Sprowadza się ona jedynie do dwóch listów, podanych w retorycznej konwencji i będących ekspozycją poglądówstoickich. Antygon w swoim liście do Zenona prosi filozofa o intelektualne wsparcie dworu. Ten jednak dyplomatycznie odmawia przyjęcia propozycji gościny, usprawiedliwiając swoją decyzję zaawansowanym wiekiem. Analiza wymiany myśli pomiędzy królem a filozofem wskazuje, że chociaż prezentacja poczynań Antygona może być obarczona echem negatywnego przekazu na temat Macedonii, to jednak działania władcy wskazują na chęć budowania intelektualnej rangi oświeconego dworu Antygonidów. Poza uczestnictwem w rywalizacji dworów, będącej elementem hellenistycznej konwencji, zwrócenie się w kierunku prominentnego filozofa miało również dla władcy ważny wymiar indywidulany. Antygon, który chciał postrzegać siebie jako zwycięzca Pyrrusa (272 p.n.e.), dążąc jednocześnie do zademonstrowania nad Epirotą swojej wyższości, także w sferze intelektualnej.
Armia polska w przededniu wyprawy na gwardię w maju 1831 roku. Charakterystyka głównych rodzajów wojsk
Authors: Strzeżek Tomasz
Published: December 2021

W artykule przedstawiono krótką charakterystykę piechoty, kawalerii i artylerii armii polskiej w przededniu wyprawy na gwardię w maju 1831 r. Opisano organizację, wyszkolenie, taktykę walki, liczebność poszczególnych rodzajów wojsk, a także proces wprowadzania nowej struktury organizacyjnej armii powstańczej.
Scandal of the Church, Prison of the Soul
Authors: Perron Anthony
Published: December 2021

This article explores “bad custom” (prava consuetudo) in Latin-Christian church law of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Drawing chiefly on papal decretal letters and the statutes of local and regional synods, it discusses the theoretical debates over bad custom, how customs came to be regarded as evil, and what prava consuetudo meant in practice. While many usages were labeled “bad,” especially troubling were those that threatened clerical status by implying lay claims to authority in the church, blurring the distinction between laity and clergy, or humiliating the professed religious. The article also asks whether legal concerns over such collective behavior that brought scandal upon the church may have been provoked by a moral discourse over prava consuetudo as sinful conduct endangering the individual soul.
Bad Customs, Civic Ordinances, and “Customary Time” in Medieval and Early Modern English Urban Law
Authors: Cuenca Esther Liberman
Published: December 2021

This article examines 45 preambles in collections of urban customary law (called custumals) from 32 premodern towns in England between the twelfth and sixteenth centuries. Urban custom was the local law of English towns, and constituted traditions and privileges that gained legal force over time. How lawmakers conceived of “bad” custom—that is, the desuetude or corruption of custom—was crucial to the intellectual framework of urban law. Evidence from preambles shows that lawmakers rooted the legitimacy of their laws in “customary time,” which was the period from the supposed origins of their customs to their formalization in text. Lawmakers’ efforts to reinforce, ratify, and revise urban customs by making new custumals and passing ordinances were attempts to broaden their autonomy and respond to the possibility of “bad” custom.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CRITICAL SUCCESS CRITERIA ON SUSTAINABLE HOUSING; A CASE OF - LOW INCOME HOUSING, SRI LANKA
Authors:   Department of Town and Country Planning, University of Moratuwa, Ramanayake R.M.D.T. , Abeynayake Chethika ,   Department of Town and Country Planning, University of Moratuwa
Published: December 2021

Sustainable housing is a popular topic with regard to the SDG, sustainable communities and Sustainable cities. Although different researches have come up with regard to different CSC of specific contexts there are very limited studies on CSC on Sustainable low-income housing. This research aims to compare the CSC on Sustainable low-income Housing in designing stage in Sri Lankan Context. 18 CSC were derived from comprehensive literature review and re-examined through the 27 professionals and ranked from community on three locations. Relative Importance Index- RII, Min Max Normalization and Gap analyses were employed in the ranking process of Critical Success Criteria. The highest importance has been ranked with Efficiency use of water and energy, Users Satisfaction and Quality of Housing while least importance is ranked with Maintainability, Public Consultation and community participation and cater for Disables and by Literature, Experts and Community respectively. Anyway, Public Consultation and Community Participation, newly derived CSC which is highly ranked among community is to be concentrated among the professionals for the attention and applications in practices. The findings of the research would support to the designers, architectures, planners specialized in this field to ensure the successful delivery of sustainable housing.
IMPACTS OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE ON OUTDOOR INSECURITY IN URBAN HOUSING COMPLEXES
Authors:   Faculty of Architecture, University of Moratuwa, Lakchan A.H. , Udalamaththa S. ,   Faculty of Architecture, University of Moratuwa
Published: December 2021

Housing is one of the most essential components of life, offering shelter, protection, and comfort, as well as a place to rest. When considering the Sri Lankan housing complexes Millennium city housing complex was highlighted mainly because of the crime incidents that happened inside the housing complex. This research is done to demonstrate and to investigate the application of landscape architecture for security on urban housing complexes based on Millennium city housing complex, using landscape character to reduce outdoor insecurity. Seven places in the millennium city housing complex premises were selected to apply the crime prevention through environmental design theory and to observe its effectiveness through structured interviews and by considering the police reports that were taken through Sri Lanka police Athurugiriya. Natural surveillance, Territorial reinforcement, Maintenance, Prospect, Refuge, and Escape factors are separately discussed in the analysis regarding the selected places. A sectional survey is done for further analysis. The outcome shows that the house settings and the landscape character affect the outdoor landscape safety of the residents. The study will be a source to better understand how landscape architecture can be applied for outdoor security in urban housing complexes.
EXPLORING GREEN FEATURES THAT MAKE BUILDING MATERIALS GREEN
Authors:   University of Moratuwa, Rathnayake P , Soorige D. ,   University of Moratuwa, Amarasinghe S.D.I.A. ,   University of Moratuwa, Dissanayake P. ,   University of Moratuwa
Published: December 2021

The construction industry plays a significant role in the economic growth of a country. Nevertheless, the construction industry has created severe adverse environmental impacts. Therefore, green building technologies are implemented to alleviate the adverse effects of the construction industry. Using green materials instead of conventional building materials with high environmental impacts has been identified as one such implementation. However, there seems to be much confusion in defining green building materials. Hence, it is vital to explore the features of green building materials. Therefore, this article investigates green features that qualify the building materials as green building materials. A qualitative research approach was selected as the research methodology, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven green building experts. The data was analysed using content analysis. Findings revealed that recycled content, local availability of materials, embodied energy of materials, use of rapidly renewable material, usage of waste material for the production process, material wastage content in the production process and pollution prevention in the production process are the green features. The study results guide the identification of green building materials that can replace the materials with poor environmental sustainability.
CARBON FOOTPRINT ANALYSIS OF CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES IN SRI LANKA: AN INPUT-OUTPUT TABLE
Authors:   Department of Building Economics, University of Moratuwa, Gunathilake S. , Ramachandra T. ,   Department of Building Economics, University of Moratuwa, Madushika U.G.D. ,   Department of Building Economics, University of Moratuwa
Published: December 2021

The construction industry is one of the major contributors that emits carbon into the environment. When considering the carbon emission in the local context, even though there are Input-Output Tables (IOTs) that applies to all types of industries in Sri Lanka, there seems to be limited focuses on IOTs specifically relating to the construction activities which is vital for the need due to its outstanding contribution to the carbon footprint of Sri Lanka. Hence, this study aims to calculate the carbon footprint construction activities in Sri Lanka using IOT with a bottom-up approach. The required data were extracted from published documents of Survey of Construction Industry by Census and Statistics, and The Inventory of Carbon and Energy (ICE) database of UK. Carbon footprint of construction activities were calculated using IOT with a bottom-up approach. The analysis revealed that the road and railway sector have the highest contribution of 48% to the monetary value of the construction industry meanwhile it accounts for 44% of the highest carbon emission to the atmosphere in the year 2020. Subsequently, activities related to non-residential residential, and utilities contribute to 20%, 15%, and 12% of total carbon emission respectively. In terms of construction materials, cement-based activities (59%) were the highest contributor while rubble and metal-based (23%), and iron and steel-based activities (17%) were next level contributors to the carbon emission due to construction. The analysis concluded that the as the initiatives, public sector projects including road and railway sector and utilities should integrate more sustainable construction practices as they are responsible for more than 50% of carbon emission.
USE OF CYBER–PHYSICAL SYSTEMS FOR THE KEY ROLES OF QUANTITY SURVEYORS
Authors:   Department of Building Economics, University of Moratuwa, Weerasooriya A.D. , Perera B.A.K.S. ,   Department of Building Economics, University of Moratuwa, Gallage S.D. ,   Department of Building Economics, University of Moratuwa, Disaratna P.A.P.V.D.S. ,   Department of Building Economics, University of Moratuwa
Published: December 2021

Cyber–physical systems (CPS) enable the synergistic integration of virtual models with the physical environment. CPS are being increasingly recognized because of their ability to improve information management in construction projects, make project delivery efficient, and enhance facilities management. The use of virtual models in the construction industry is growing. A quantity surveyor (QS) is responsible for estimating and monitoring construction costs from project inception to completion. The use of CPS could integrate the physical environment with the digital information available to QSs. Hence CPS has the potential to streamline the workflow related to key roles of QSs. Thus, the aim of the study was to evaluate the ability of CPS to facilitate the key roles expected of a QS. The study used a qualitative approach, consisting of 18 semi-structured interviews. The interview findings were analysed using manual content analysis. The literature review revealed the need for CPS in the construction industry and identified the key roles of QSs. The interviewees identified the existing CPS and their supportive applications, technologies and proposed new systems. The study findings provide insights on the reforms required in the key roles of QSs when using CPS.
Spinal versus general anesthesia for minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: implications on operating room time, pain, and ambulation
Authors: De Biase Gaetano , Gruenbaum Shaun E. , West James L. , Chen Selby , Bojaxhi Elird , Kryzanski James , Quiñones-Hinojosa Alfredo , Abode-Iyamah Kingsley
Published: December 2021

OBJECTIVE

There has been increasing interest in the use of spinal anesthesia (SA) for spine surgery, especially within Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocols. Despite the wide adoption of SA by the orthopedic practices, it has not gained wide acceptance in lumbar spine surgery. Studies investigating SA versus general anesthesia (GA) in lumbar laminectomy and discectomy have found that SA reduces perioperative costs and leads to a reduction in analgesic use, as well as to shorter anesthesia and surgery time. The aim of this retrospective, case-control study was to compare the perioperative outcomes of patients who underwent minimally invasive surgery (MIS)–transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) after administration of SA with those who underwent MIS-TLIF under GA.

METHODS

Overall, 40 consecutive patients who underwent MIS-TLIF by a single surgeon were analyzed; 20 patients received SA and 20 patients received GA. Procedure time, intraoperative adverse events, postoperative adverse events, postoperative length of stay, 3-hour postanesthesia care unit (PACU) numeric rating scale (NRS) pain score, opioid medication, and time to first ambulation were collected for each patient.

RESULTS

The two groups were homogeneous for clinical characteristics. A decrease in total operating room (OR) time was found for patients who underwent MIS-TLIF after administration of SA, with a mean OR time of 156.5 ± 18.9 minutes versus 213.6 ± 47.4 minutes for patients who underwent MIS-TLIF under GA (p < 0.0001), a reduction of 27%. A decrease in total procedure time was also observed for SA versus GA (122 ± 16.7 minutes vs 175.2 ± 10 minutes; p < 0.0001). No significant differences were found in intraoperative and postoperative adverse events. There was a difference in the mean maximum NRS pain score during the first 3 hours in the PACU as patients who received SA reported a lower pain score compared with those who received GA (4.8 ± 3.5 vs 7.3 ± 2.7; p = 0.018). No significant difference was observed in morphine equivalents received by the two groups. A difference was also observed in the mean overall NRS pain score, with 2.4 ± 2.1 for the SA group versus 4.9 ± 2.3 for the GA group (p = 0.001). Patients who received SA had a shorter time to first ambulation compared with those who received GA (385.8 ± 353.8 minutes vs 855.9 ± 337.4 minutes; p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study have pointed to some important observations in this patient population. SA offers unique advantages in comparison with GA for performing MIS-TLIF, including reduced OR time and postoperative pain, and faster postoperative mobilization.
Surgical decompression via the unilateral intervertebral foraminal approach with local anesthesia for treating elderly patients with lumbar central canal stenosis
Authors: Pan Weibo , Ruan Boqing
Published: December 2021

OBJECTIVE

Surgical decompression via a posterior interlaminar approach is widely used for treating lumbar central canal stenosis (LCCS). However, this surgical approach poses a challenge for elderly patients with comorbidities. Thus, the authors tried a new surgical decompression via the unilateral intervertebral foraminal approach with local anesthesia to treat such patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of surgical decompression via the unilateral intervertebral foraminal approach with local anesthesia for patients with LCCS.

METHODS

Patients with LCCS who underwent surgical decompression, performed by a single surgeon, between January 2016 and March 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients received decompression via the unilateral intervertebral foraminal approach with local anesthesia. Visual analog scale (VAS) scores, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores, modified Macnab criteria, walking distance, and Schizas classification were used as outcome predictors. Additionally, a decompression evaluation method was designed for use after spinal endoscopic surgery.

RESULTS

Overall, 23 patients with a mean age of 69 years were included in this study, with a mean follow-up of 28 months. Low-back and leg pain were significantly improved after decompression surgery. Postoperative ODI scores and walking distances were statistically significantly better than before surgery. Postoperatively, the Schizas classification for all patients was improved by at least 1 grade compared with the preoperative grade. No complications occurred during the follow-up period. According to the novel decompression evaluation method, all patients had at least achieved decompression in part 123+B.

CONCLUSIONS

Surgical decompression via the unilateral intervertebral foraminal approach with local anesthesia showed promising outcomes in the treatment of elderly patients with LCCS. Additionally, a proposed postoperative decompression evaluation method can help guide surgical decompression.
Single-level awake transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: a Mayo Clinic institutional experience and national analysis
Authors: Abode-Iyamah Kingsley , Ghaith Abdul Karim , Bhandarkar Archis R. , De Biase Gaetano , Rajjoub Rami , Chen Selby G. , Quiñones-Hinojosa Alfredo , Bydon Mohamad
Published: December 2021

OBJECTIVE

Awake transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) is a novel technique for performing spinal fusions in patients under conscious sedation. Whether awake TLIF can reduce operative times and decrease the hospital length of stay (LOS) remains to be shown. In this study, the authors sought to assess the differences in clinical outcomes between patients who underwent awake TLIF and those who underwent TLIF under general anesthesia by using institutional experience at the Mayo Clinic and the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database.

METHODS

Chart review was performed for a consecutive series of patients who underwent single-level minimally invasive surgery (MIS)–TLIF performed by a single surgeon (K.A.I.) at a single institution. Additionally, the NSQIP database was queried from 2016 to 2019 for patients who underwent awake TLIF as well as propensity score–matched patients who underwent TLIF under general anesthesia.

RESULTS

A total of 20 patients at Mayo Clinic underwent awake single-level MIS-TLIF. The mean operative time was 122 ± 16.68 minutes, and the mean estimated blood loss was 39 ± 30.24 ml. No intraoperative complications were reported. A total of 96 patients who underwent TLIF (24 awake and 72 under general anesthesia) were analyzed from the NSQIP database. The mean LOS was less in the awake cohort (1.4 ± 1.381 days) than the general anesthesia cohort (3 ± 2.274 days) (p = 0.002).

CONCLUSIONS

Evidence from the authors’ institutional experience and national analysis has demonstrated that awake MIS-TLIF is efficient and can reduce hospital LOS.
KEGIATAN PENGOLAHAN BAHAN PUSTAKA DI DINAS KEARSIPAN DAN PERPUSTAKAAN KOTA MATARAM
Authors: Agustina Titin , Ayu Hapsari Nurul Fikriati , Susilawati Hirma
Published: December 2021

Perpustakaan memiliki begitu banyak peran untuk memenuhi kebutuhan terutama kebutuhan pengetahuan. Namun di era modern ini sumber bacaan banyak terpampang di internet yang membuat masyarakat lebih memilih mengakses bahan bacaan yang ada di internet dari pada harus mencari di tiap-tiap rak buku perpustakaan. Perpustakaan seakaan dijadikan pilihan kedua apa bila informasi yang ingin dicari tidak dapat ditemukan di internet. Inilah yang membuat kesadaran masyarakat tentang pentingnya peran perpustakaan sangat berkurang Sehgga didperlukannya perbaikan dalam pengelolaan bahan pustaka di Dinas Kearsipan dan Perpustakaan Kota Mataram. Adapun metode yang digunakan untuk adalah dengan cara memperbaiki kegiatan pengelolaan bahan pustaka di Perpustakaan kota Mataram. Semua tahapan kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat di Dinas Kearsipan dan Perpustakaan Kota Mataram tela dilaksanakan dan menghasilkan luaran diantaranya yaitu pelaksanaan pengolahan bahan pustaka mulai dari Inventaris, pemberian stampel, klasifikasi, katalogisasi, labeling dan shelving.