bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Capacity Spectrum Analysis for the Seismic Performance of RC Bridge Piers in terms of Ductility Parameters
Authors: Chung Young Soo , Lee Dae Hyoung , Yang Dong Wook , Lee Yeon Hun
Published: July 2015

The recent developments in performance-based guidelines were triggered by the necessity to develop assessment criteria for existing structures. Thus, safety assessment of such structures necessitated the commitment to various hazards level and performance objectives. Near fault ground motion (NFGM) is a single long period velocity pulse of large magnitude. These earthquakes have caused severe and impulsive damage on various infrastructures when the epicenter is close to the urban area. These characteristics are unique compared to the far-fault ground motion (FFGM), upon which nearly seismic design criteria are based. The objective of this study is to explore the shaking responses of reinforced concrete bridge piers and to assess their seismic safety using the capacity spectrum analysis. The seismic performance of two RC bridge piers under NFGM’s and FFGM’s was investigated on the shake table. In addition, comparative tests were made for RC bridge piers subjected to Pseudo-dynamic loadings and Quasi-Static loadings. Test results showed that NFGM generally induced worse seismic performance than FFGM.
Civil Infrastructure Systems as a Complex Interdependent System
Authors: Mujumdar Vilas
Published: July 2015

Physical Civil Infrastructure Systems in urban areas are under stress due to various demands created by population growth and environmental hazards. Critical infrastructure systems such as, utility systems, transportation systems, and communication networks are considered. These systems are designed and operated independently by different authorities. In reality they are interdependent and function interactively and under a serious stress such as a natural hazard, the consequences go beyond failure of only one system. This paper emphasizes that the entire physical civil infrastructure system is a complex coupled- engineering system that supports the sustainability of an urban/suburban community or region. It is important to understand and model interdependencies. A joint effort by engineering and science disciplines along with public decision makers is necessary.
Comparison Study on Model Selection of Small Radius Curved Bridge
Authors: Liu Wenshuo , Dai Gonglian
Published: July 2015

Based on the new Wuhan railway station western No. 10# viaduct, a (5 × 25)m prestressed concrete continuous curved beam bridge (R=55m), this paper give a brief introduction of three models which are commonly used in bridge analysis: single beam model, shell element model and the spine-like beam model.

By thorough comparison of the accuracy, validity, dynamic performance and time-history analysis of above three models, it is demonstrated that the spine-like beam model is the most reasonable model to simulate the small radius curved bridges, with the outstanding accuracy, convenience as well as applicability.
When The Going Gets Tough The Tough Gets Going: Skyhook Structural Control of Suspended Bridge under Strong Wind Excitation
Authors: Domaneschi Marco , Martinelli Luca , Romano Michele
Published: July 2015

Herein, a model of an existing suspended bridge is developed at the numerical level in ANSYS finite element code starting from original data, and it is used to simulate the structural response under strong wind excitation. The proved Skyhook control is implemented for the bridge protection and compared with other different control strategies, with due attention to their feasibility and reliability. Their efficacy is shown and the factors contributing to their positive performance are highlighted.

The control solutions here proposed are robust in the sense that they require less resources for their functioning, so that the failure of a device does not influence the efficacy of the remaining ones.

Wind loading, corresponding to the extreme event, descend from generated 3D turbulent wind fields, non-homogeneous in space to consider the atmospheric boundary layer.
Unbalanced Application of Wind Stabilizing Cables for the Free Cantilevered Construction of a Cable-Stayed Bridge
Authors: Kim Ho-Kyung , Kim Gwon-Teak , Lee SangHoon , Park Jin
Published: July 2015

Since the buffeting induced force effects exceed the design strength of the cross-section of pylon for a 500m cable-stayed bridge, several mitigation plans have been investigated with the use of stabilizing cables. The design wind speed of the stabilizing cable was determined from the long- term wind speed data of the nearby Automatic Weather System and the conversion of the wind speed to the bridge site was performed by the Measure-Correlate-Predict Method with the help of ultra-sonic anemometers installed in the construction site. A frequency-domain buffeting analysis, based on the aeroelastic formulation with flutter derivatives, is applied for the design of stabilizing cables. Two acceptable measures are proposed with the application of unbalanced stabilizing cables to enable vessel traffic in the center span. The proposed stabilizing measures by a series of buffeting

analysis are verified through three-dimensional experiments in a wind tunnel with the scale of 1:150.
Current limits of PTFE in sliding bearings
Authors: Quaglini Virginio , Tavecchio Charlotte , Dubini Paolo , Cuminetti Daniele , Ferroni Daniela
Published: July 2015

The European standard EN 1337 on bridge bearings is supported by experimental studies dating to the ‘70s and the ‘80s, which are not suitable to account for recent issues relevant to operations of steel–PTFE bridge bearings under extreme conditions, like high environment temperatures or high velocities of sliding. The investigations reported in the paper show that the strength of PTFE at high temperatures is underestimated by the standard, leading to unnecessary need for over sizing the bearings. On the other hand, increase in wear rate and reduced service life shall be carefully considered for PTFE bearings operating at high velocities. Under severe conditions in terms of high speeds and increase in temperature at the sliding interface the actual wear life of PTFE can be dramatically reduced with respect to the figure given in the standard.
Autoroute A-25 Project – Main Bridge Innovations
Authors: Spoth Thomas , Viola Joseph
Published: July 2015

Under Quebec’s first Public Private Partnership for a major transportation facility the Quebec Ministry of Transport (MTQ) selected Concession A25 S.E.C. to finance, design, build, maintain and operate the long-planned 7,2 kilometer final link of Autoroute A-25. The project’s principal feature is the Main Bridge crossing Rivière-des-Prairies and linking Montreal with Laval. This paper will present Main Bridge design and construction innovations leading to the success of the

$500 million project.
Form and Structural Invention in the Work of Riccardo Morandi
Authors: Sampò Luca
Published: July 2015

The work of Riccardo Morandi (1902-1989) combines an intrinsic belief in progress with a singular sensibility to history and landscape. His projects are often related to site and culture, but also to something Morandi thought ‘must’ be said and that expresses progress as a natural “course of history”, as a part of the human being. Structural conception, nature of materials, mathematical models and project design, becomes parts of a whole – the design process – and must be investigated together to create a shape that springs from the aspirations of our society and reflects our needs. His wide knowledge of mathematical models and static theories allows him to imagine audacious forms and conceive new ways to approach their construction.

The work of Morandi traces a strong relationship between design and static conception, and shows a special awareness of the role of architecture in qualifying the environment.
Riudellots High Speed Line Bridge
Authors: Romo José
Published: July 2015

Riudellots´s Bridge is a railway structure located in Catalonia (Spain). The structure combines stiffness conditions with a sense of lightness, by a truss system with a variable depth. The bridge has an important skew and has a special lateral span to avoid any interference with the comfort of the railway traffic.
New Fredrikstad Bascule Bridge, Norway
Authors: Jakobsen Svein Erik , Ytreberg Dag Ivar , Reusink Jaco
Published: July 2015

The New Fredrikstad Bascule Bridge is a vital part of a large infrastructure project in the city of Fredikstad in southern Norway, connecting the newly developed urban part Værste to the centre of the city. Due to heavy boat traffic in Vesterelva, a bascule solution was chosen. The solution was developed through a process of in-situ architectual design involving both owners, bridge engineers and architects. The result is a bascule bridge with four lanes of traffic and two lines of walkways, operated through a central lifting beam and counterweight above the bridge deck, so called “Dutch Style”. The special design has lead to challenging technical solutions to cope with dynamics, hydraulics and difficult soil conditions.

The construction work started in spring 2009 and is ongoing. The bridge is due to be opened in 2011.
Case Study of Bus Rapid Transit Bridges in Xiamen, China
Authors: He Xuhui , Qin Hongxi
Published: July 2015

Because of its superior efficiency, environment-friendly and aesthetic value, Bus rapid transit (BRT) system has grown to be an emerging urban public transport system in recent years. Based on the study of Xiamen BRT, the first viaduct bus rapid transit system in China, the numerous technical features of this system have been studied, such as load model, bridge type selection as well as span arrangement. Meanwhile, the design of ancillary facilities and some new construction methods have been discussed. As a significant part of urban landscape, the coherence between bridges and environment has been fully taken into account during the bridge design process. Moreover, on the basis of the static and dynamic field testing, the actual operation state and dynamic performance of this series of bridges have been analyzed. The paper also discussed the feasibility on the new concept for shifting the BRT bridges from rapid transit to light rail in long-term.
New Urbanism - An Approach Towards Developing Indian Contemporary Cities
Authors: Sharma Sandeep , Sharma Puneet
Published: July 2015

This paper is an attempt to analyse and place the concept of new urbanism in context of India. There is great need of concept new urbanism for revival of our lost art of ‘place-making’ and also for re-ordering of the built environment in the present context of fast urban growth. In the first half, thrust is on understanding of the principles and ideas of new urbanism. Second half studies how these ideas have been implemented by briefly illustrated few case studies in the paper. In the later half research focuses where & how this new approach can be fitted in cites of Indian subcontinent. As per the existing social, economical & religious factors few questions comes in the mind which actually sets the foundation for the further studies.
Structural and Architectural Design of Complex-Shaped Structures in Seismic Regions: Early Stages from a Practical Perspective
Authors: Lago Alberto , Veltkamp Martijn
Published: July 2015

This paper attempts to fill the knowledge gap that is encountered in the structural and architectural design of complex-shaped buildings in seismic prone regions. In a combined effort between academia and practice the challenges involved in the seismic design of complex geometry structures have been analyzed through a number of complex-shaped case study structures. Several parametric studies on the seismic performance of typical complex geometry components have been performed for the design situation where the complex geometry does contribute to the lateral stability. In the case it doesn’t, the principles of a previously proposed innovative design solution are shown that involves the isolation of external irregular parts of the structure from the regular interior one. The findings have been formulated as generic design recommendations, aiming to aid the early stages of comparable designs.
Assessment, Upgrading and Refurbishing – A consolidated approach
Authors: Vogel Thomas
Published: July 2015

Switzerland can be seen as an example of an industrialized and densely populated European country. Its national highway network gets old, and therefore assessment, upgrading and refurbishing of highway structures like bridges become an important issue. At first, these three terms are questioned, replaced by more meaningful ones and a superior single term is proposed. Then the main steps to keep an infrastructure in good shape are explained. Special emphasis is placed on the different formats to verify the structural safety of an existing structure and preceding procedures like the updating of data. Anticipation of future needs and considerations on the network level will become more important and have consequences for decisions on the optimal intervention. Three recent examples illustrate the general statements.
Reliability aspects of assessment and upgrading
Authors: Vrouwenvelder Ton
Published: July 2015

In decision making related to assessment and upgrading of building structures many and large uncertainties have to be taken care of. The basic questions are: how safe is the structure, how safe should it be and, where relevant, which measure should be taken? In all these cases the answers may differ from those in the design situation. Another typical aspect of existing structures is that uncertainties can be reduced by incorporating results of inspection and monitoring. This, however, raises new questions about when, where, what and how to inspect. Authorities and politicians may be interested in long term costs related to inspection, maintenance and replacement. To deal with these matters, a risk based decision approach offers a perfect theoretical framework. Application in practice, however, is another thing and turns out to be far from trivial. There is a need for guidance and where possible simplification. This should lead to codes of practice in a similar way as for the design of new structures where historical pragmatic design rules are merged with a risk and reliability background.
Interaction of Historical Structures with Undermined Territory
Authors: Cajka Radim
Published: July 2015

Floods and undermining have analogous destructive effects on building structures and decline their lifetime. Load may also result from impeded strain of historical concrete and masonry structures. The paper reports the design of the FEM model for solving interaction between foundation and subsoil. Influence of groundwater level changes on settlement and tensile stresses of structures are taken in account. Settlement of structure with changes of mechanically - physical properties of subsoil, and cracks in masonry and foundation structures are various damages. Cracks and tensile stresses may be eliminated by prestress and grouting. Comparison of Czech and European standard specifications for solving interaction problem, examples of strengthening and static provision of cracked historical buildings and extension their service life are presented.
Refurbishment and modernization of Gdansk University of Technology campus main building, case study
Authors: Bakowski Jaroslaw
Published: July 2015

Ten years' refurbishment and modernization of the main building of Gdansk University of Technology is just closing with an installation of the reconstructed clock tower. The present-day university educates – and enjoys – ten times more students than when it started, but its campus and buildings not always were ready to accommodate such a massive rush. During 100 years of history of the University there have been both glorious and dramatic moments, and the World War II heavy damage was the most traumatic. It was not only a collapse of parts of the building; several vital elements of the building infrastructure were ruined, including the ventilation system. Although the restoration was a very quick and thorough process, it lacked specialized focus set on the building infrastructure. Now, the implementation of these crucial elements is coming finally to the end.

Besides of technical equipment there were other issues playing an important role: fire-safety problems, organizational relations between various units, last but not least – limitations arising from protection of architectural and technical heritage.

The article describes methods and means used during the renovation process, both in design and construction domains. A tissue of a historic building required special approach to these tasks, with special emphases on good recognition of problems, careful planning and consistent implementing of proper solutions. Modernization of the main assembly hall, adaptation of attics and glazing of inner courtyards has been chosen as examples to discuss the topics.
The potential of historical railway infrastructure, possibilities of its adaptation on the examples of railway water towers
Authors: Podwojewska Magdalena
Published: July 2015

This paper applies to issues associated with material heritage of the railway infrastructure. When transformation of railway system became a fact, many changes appeared in the way they work. In connection with technological advances, which support the needs of modern rail the facilities have changed. Many objects of historical architectural value are no longer used, they no longer serve their original function and they go to rack and ruin. The special historical and architectural qualities of these objects, their locations, visibility and the fact that they constitute specific points in space, are indicating their great potential. The possibility of renewal and adaption is justified, and water towers should become the matter of interest, and should be adopted for various functions. The article presents examples of adaption of railway water towers.
Using Instrumented Quarter-Cars for ‘Drive By’ Bridge Inspection
Authors: Obrien Eugene , Keenahan Jennifer
Published: July 2015

This paper investigates the concept of ‘drive by’ bridge inspection, a low cost alternative to Structural Health Monitoring (SHM), involving no sensors on the bridge. The concept may be of particular value after an extreme event, such as an earthquake or a flood, where a rapid indication of bridge condition is needed. Vehicle/bridge dynamic interaction is modelled to test the effectiveness of the approach. Damage is simulated here as a change in the bridge damping ratio. Two quarter- cars are simulated crossing the bridge with accelerometers on board. A frequency domain analysis then illustrates changes in the Power Spectral Density of the accelerations as the bridge becomes damaged. The time-lagged difference in the accelerations is found to be effective in detecting damage. Results are compared to those with sensors on the bridge and found to be similar.
Development of a new non-destructive inspection technique of suspender ropes of suspension bridges
Authors: Takeuchi Masahiko , Sakai Kazuyoshi , Moriyama Akira , Kishi Yuki
Published: July 2015

Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Expressway Company Limited manages ten suspension bridges including the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge. Suspender ropes of suspension bridges are replaceable members; however the expense of replacement becomes high. In order to reduce the life cycle cost, we have developed a non-destructive technique that uses an electromagnetic method (main flux method) to identify internal corrosion of Centre Fit Rope Core (CFRC) type suspender ropes. We also have made the maintenance management plan of the suspender ropes so that we can select adequate repair method according to a corrosion level.

The measurement by the main flux method can be used at not only general part but also anchor part of suspender ropes and the measurement accuracy is high.
Design of tall railway bridges in North-East India
Authors: Sengupta Sumantra
Published: July 2015

The paper deliberates on the design of tall bridges of pier height varying from 50m to 140m in hilly river gorges in North-East of India which falls under highest seismic zone area of India. Due to the varying height and considerably high piers in seismic prone area, multi modal analysis is performed using peak ground acceleration (PGA) and acceleration response spectrum obtained from site specific seismic vulnerability study with the available data. Due to the pier locations on the steep slope of the hill, rigorous slope stability analysis has been performed.

Wind analysis has been performed followed by wind tunnel analysis. Fatigue analysis has been performed for the steel superstructure as per the latest research findings.
Advantages and faults of monitoring of long span bridges in Poland
Authors: Zobel Henryk , Karwowski Wojciech
Published: July 2015

The paper presents basic information about Structural Health Monitoring systems implemented and planned for Polish bridges in the context of their advantages and faults. In the first part there is presented classification of all mesurement technologies applied in such systems, which are dedicated for static tests, dynamic testes and also for systematic control. In tabulated form there is presented classification of kind of monitoring systems with possible controlled values, frequency of measurements, measured process types and applied data transmission solutions. In tables there are also presented expected results in static and dynamic monitoring in dependence of different actions and, finally, applications of these results in bridge engineering analysis. There is also given list of possible application of SHM systems in dependence of different stages of construction and exploitation of bridges. The second part of paper presents some examples of Polish long span bridges with implemented and planned SHM systems with some observation, which can be useful for SHM designers and decision-makers.
Design and Construction of Multi-Span Extradosed Bridges
Authors: Schueller Matthias
Published: July 2015

This paper will discuss various extradosed bridge concepts that have been specifically developed for long bridges (e.g. Ganga River crossings in India). Design criteria such as dead and transitory loads, seismic requirements, temperature effects, and foundations will be discussed. In addition, the paper will focus on construction aspects and the importance of reliable, fast, and cost efficient erection methods.
Challenges in Bridge Construction over a canal of crocodiles at an extremely remote location thirty years ago
Authors: Kundu Ashit , Bhattacharya Saprava
Published: July 2015

Many bridge structures are built all over the world with numerous challenges. The construction of a cable suspended bridge in the mid seventies at a extremely remote village of Andaman & Nicobar Island was a real challenge since there was hardly any proper equipment available, as well as a lack of skilled man power. These challenges may be dealt with proactive initiatives and executable planning by experienced professionals. Matters could become beyond control if further challenges from wild animals are encountered. This paper is the challenges faced during the construction of a bridge built more than thirty years ago in the extremely remote village of Andaman and Nicobar Islands over a canal of crocodiles.
Flutter stability studies of long span bridge with central slotted box girderby CFD numerical simulation
Authors: Zhan Hao , Fang Tao
Published: July 2015

By secondary development of commercial computational fluid dynamics software FLUENT, this paper establishes two-dimensional bending and torsional fluid-structure interaction numerical model to calculate flutter critical wind speed of long span bridge with central slotted box girder. There are three main girder schemes: Scheme 1: Close box girder;Scheme2:Central slotted box girder with 40% slotted rate. Scheme 3:Central slotted box girder with 100% slotted rate. According to time histories of vertical displacements and torsional displacements. We can judge whether the bridge is in the state of divergent vibration at a certain wind speed and decide critical flutter wind speed .Numerical calculation results indicate: For streamlined box girder, the central slotted girder with appropriate width can improve the flutter critical wind speed. When the slotted width reaches a certain value, the critical flutter wind speed will reach the maximum value. When the slotted width continue to increase, the flutter stability of bridge decrease. Numerical simulation results is consistent with the wind tunnel test.
Study on Seismic Responses of Frame High Pier
Authors: Zhu Dongsheng , Xiang Zhongfu , Chang Shan
Published: July 2015

Concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) frame high pier is put forward. Some factors such as the column space, beam stiffness and the brace are taken into account to calculate the horizontal stiffness of the CFST frame high pier. Adopting the response spectrum method calculates the internal forces, and analyzes the response characteristics of the CFST frame high pier, then studies the trend of the column internal forces with the column space and beam stiffness changing.

Adopting dynamic time history method calculates the nonlinear seismic responses of the CFST frame high pier and traditional hollow thin-walled pier, and compares the differences between them. The results show that the CFST frame high pier has the reasonable stress distribution under the earthquake, and it is applicable for bridges in the high intensity earthquake areas.
Kuala Lumpur Monorail Line Fleet Extension
Authors: Seitz Peter , Ariffin Azhan Effendy
Published: July 2015

The monorail system in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, is a very effective and highly efficient public transportation system. Especially in densely populated areas such transportation systems are a cost- effective mass transport medium possibility to relieve congested inner-city traffic.

The guideway for a monorail system generally is composed of prestressed concrete girders with spans of up to 50.0 meters which are monolithically connected to form frames of several continuous spans. Due to the given train weight and the structural requirements on the “track”, 50 meter spans are actually quite large spans and the possibilities to go beyond are limited. Greater span lengths can only be achieved by supporting the guideway with other types of bridge structures. The guideway structures themselves must be inspected and maintained just like any other bridge and strengthened if traffic increases require it.

The Kuala Lumpur Monorail was built from 1996 to 2003 and put into service on 31 August 2003. In 2010, the monorail’s owner decided to increase transport capacity of the KL Monorail through the use of larger cars. In preparation of this fleet extension, a structural inspection of the existing guideway structures including substructures was carried out in conjunction with our Malaysian associate company, Kohler & Seitz Engineering Services Sdn Bhd. The results of this inspection as well as those of a recalculation of the existing structures for the increased live loads were included in a structural assessment of the monorail’s load-bearing capacity.

This paper is based on the final report for this project. It sums up inspection and design verification results and points out special details which should be taken into account in the design of such structures especially with regard to maintenance and durability throughout the service life.
Elegant Structures
Authors: Schlaich Mike
Published: July 2015

Good structures are an important part of our quality of life, they contribute to what in German is called "Baukultur", the culture of building. It is the responsibility of structural and civil engineers to dope buildings and our built technical infrastructure - bridges, towers, roofs - with good, i.e. quality structures to make a positive contribution to the culture of building and to satisfy ourselves. The theme of this conference is "elegant structures", but is elegance an ingredient for a quality structure?
Elegance in Structure: From idea to inception, how does the process influence this Elegance?
Authors: Tortorella Joseph F. , Buntrock Rebecca
Published: July 2015

This paper studies the evolution of the design process and technological advances that impact it.
Challenges of Long-span Bridge Construction and Maintenance in China
Authors: Sun Limin
Published: July 2015

Since the end of 1980, along with economic growth, China has ushered a climax of long-span bridge construction. Up to now, more than 100 long span cable-supported bridges and arch bridges with a span over 400 m have been completed. Other more than 20 long-span bridges, including main bridges in some bay-crossing highway projects and high-speed railway projects, are under construction. The modern bridge construction in China has experienced about three decades, and now the country is facing new challenges and it is need to pay more attention to solve the problems, such as, quality, durability, elegance, and technical innovation for bridge design and construction. On the other hand, the importance of operation condition, namely the safety, durability and serviceability of existing long-span bridges has drawn the attention of bridge management authorities and engineers. The management and maintenance of infrastructures gradually turn into the main societal demands following the construction rush. More than 200 large bridges, including aged ones and newly-constructed ones, have installed SHMS since 1999. The bridge maintenance management, however, is also facing many challenges. This paper reports the recent development and challenges of long-span bridge construction and maintenance in China. Following a review on the construction experience of long-span bridge projects in recent three decades, the paper enumerates the technical challenging issues faced for long bridge construction and maintenance in this country, and the R&D in progress and the prospection in the near future are introduced.
Advances in Steel Materials and Steel Structures in Japan
Authors: Kanno Ryoichi , Tsujii Masato
Published: July 2015

Over the course of 150 years since the construction of Japan's first cast iron bridge in 1868, Japan has become one of the most advanced countries in terms of steel structures. This advance is attributed largely to the contributions made by high performance steels. In Japan, steel material innovations have enabled progress in steel structures to leap forward, and in turn, challenging new structures has given birth to further advancements in steel materials. In this paper, the developments in steel structures and materials are reviewed and discussed. One conclusion drawn from this review and discussion is that steel still has the potential as a new emerging material to make further contributions to the advancement of steel structures.
"La Canopée" in Paris
Authors: Grange Vincent , Lebret Adrien , Auzel Laurent , Péron Marie-Véronique
Published: July 2015

At the heart of Paris, « Les Halles » is both the busiest underground station in Europe, and one of the busiest underground commercial malls in France. Above this very complex structure - and constrained environment - LA CANOPEE consists of an innovative glass roof with a surface of nearly 1ha without any supporting column. Erecting La Canopee gathers 3 specific complexities :

The necessity to cope with the existing underground supporting structure without transferring horizontal loads;

The complex geometry of this roof which is bent in the vertical and horizontal directions;

The location of the works, in the very centre of Paris and above a mall and a metro station, imposing very specific construction methods and safety measures.
On Sophistication of Structural Expression in Japanese Architecture
Authors: Kawaguchi Mamoru
Published: July 2015

The present paper deals with some features of structural expression in traditional Japanese buildings from the viewpoint of elegance in structural design. The concept of structural expression in those traditional buildings is not easy to grasp because of their highly sophisticated designs. Very many people have failed to understand the real structural functions of important components of those buildings because of it. There are always sound reasons for those sophisticated designs which are based on more holistic judgments than mere structural criteria, although careful observation and deep insight are required to find them. This nature of Japanese traditional architecture is illustrated in this paper, using the examples of famous buildings such as Ise Shrines, pagoda of Yakushiji Temple and others. The author considers that this type of study is useful for us to develop our capability of understanding elegance in structures, traditional or contemporary.
Historical structures - inspiration from concepts through details to forms
Authors: Drdácký Miloš
Published: July 2015

The paper presents examples taken from the authors' practice and approaches historical structures from various points of view. Consideration of restoration aspects of historical (medieval) timber structures taking into account historical carpentry with its intrinsic capacity to pass over centuries technology information together with the structural quality, sustainability and appearance creates the first part. The second part is focused on one elegant spa colonnade structure composed of steel, timber and masonry which features several innovative solutions. This object from the end of the nineteenth century exhibits very elegant appearance combining exposition of complex structural elements and decorative cladding made of cast iron and moulded zinc sheets. The structure has at the same time extraordinary low cost parameters. lts specific restoration demands and materialization is presented including structural design approach and restoration technology.
Conceptual Design and Aesthetic of Bridges
Authors: Romo José
Published: July 2015

"The walls between art and engineering exist only in our minds." (Theo Jansen). Structural Engineering is a combination of Science and Art. Science is based in universal laws and is valid for everyone and for all times.

Art and Aesthetic are more personal and changeable with culture and time. Elegance from the point of view of engineering could be formulated as the right combination of several factors such as: scale, blending with the context, functionality, efficiency, detailing, influence in the public realm, and a sense of timeless.

The proper addressing to the aforementioned factors is vital in the aesthetical result of the structure. In the paper, a discussion of the conceptual design and the influence of those variables in the outcome is be presented.
Educating Engineers to Create Elegant Bridges
Authors: Gauvreau Paul
Published: July 2015

This paper defines principles intended to serve as a basis for teaching engineering students how to endow the bridges they design with good visual qualities. These principles were developed as a means of addressing the current situation in bridge design, in which engineers generally receive no formal education in the visual aspects of bridge design and the vast majority of bridges create visual impacts that are at best mediocre. Educating future engineers to design bridges of high visual quality can be best accomplished by shifting the focus away from signature bridges intended to make grandiose visual statements and concentrating on more practical works, abandoning the

notion of bridges as works of art in favour of a more realistic emphasis on the craft of bridge design, and by insisting that real improvements in technology are incorporated in every bridge, enabling each bridge to perform its function better than its predecessors.
Geotechnical design of the Izmit Bay Suspension Bridge
Authors: Foged Brian , Steenfelt Jørgen S. , Augustesen Anders H.
Published: July 2015

The Izmit Bay Suspension Bridge, app. 50 km east of Istanbul, crosses the Sea of Samara with a main span of 1550 m. The foundation of the bridge poses interesting challenges in that the bridge site is in a highly seismic region. Moreover the ground profile ranges from Dolomitic Limestone to a thick sandwich of silty sand and clay layers overlying the bedrock.
Effects of Hanger Extensibility on Responses of Suspension Bridges
Authors: Choi Dong-Ho , Gwon Sun-Gil
Published: July 2015

This paper presents an improved deflection theory considering extensible hangers for the static analysis of a suspension bridge. The coupled differential equations for the deflections of the main cable and girder are presented and numerically solved by ATLAB. For verification, the two- dimensional finite-element method, the conventional deflection theory, and the improved deflection theory are used to obtain the static responses of an example model of a three-span suspension bridge. The results show that the improved theory can demonstrate accurate static behaviors of suspension bridges.
Design Review of Trans-Tokyo Bay Highway
Authors: Shioi Yukitake
Published: July 2015

The Trans-Tokyo Bay Highway was completed in 1997 based on the concepts of "harmony", "symbol" and "quality". Tt is a marine road traversing Tokyo Bay, comprising a series of continuous bridges of 4.4 km in length, two tunnels of 10 km in length and two man-made islands. Each structure has been aesthetically designed in contrast to the sea.

The bridges consist of five continuous ivory white girders and oyster grey piers combining to form smooth lines. The Y-type steel piers at the local channels are protected with multiple coats of paint for parts in air, cathodic protection for parts under water and titanium clad plates for splash zone.

Of the three ventilation towers the middle one has two plump towers is designed in a golden section, painted with alternative marine blue colour. The island with the end tower ties two tunnels and a bridge and is designed to look like a luxury liner. Another tower is covered with a pyramid of pipes.
Realization of a space for prayer with 3D free-form surface roof in harmony with the surrounding environment
Authors: Yamamoto Akihisa
Published: July 2015

A religious building containing a space for prayer has been constructed in Öta City, Gunma Prefecture, which is noted for its heat in summer due to the foehn phenomenon and its cold in winter due to downdraft winds from the mountains. The site is in a quiet residential area on a gentle slope from the mountain towards the urban area, so the building has a gently sloping large roof to minimize the impact on the surroundings. The large roof has a special form with a 3-dimensional free-form surface. The large roof is supported by a reinforced concrete wall structure.
New Zagreb Airport terminal - form giving structure
Authors: Radić Jure , Vlasic Andjelko
Published: July 2015

New Zagreb airport terminal is currently being built following the winning design from an international competition called upon by Zagreb City in 2008. After some pause, the project was rebooted in 2012, when Croatian government signed a concessionary agreement with French company Bouygues for the erection of the terminal according to the winning design, granted some minor changes. The awarded design by two architects Branko Kincl and Velimir Neidhardt, and one structural civil engineer Jure Radic, comprises an integral multidimensional approach between the structure, form, urbanism, ecology, functionality and aesthetics. The identity of the building is achieved with an elegant double curvature fluid form of its roof structure which comprises a steel space truss with spans of 43 m. The inner structure of the terminal is all concrete and monolithic, comprising mainly prestressed floor slabs (spanning 7.2 m and 14.4 m) and shear walls.
Structural Design of Suita Stadium
Authors: Ohno Masahito
Published: July 2015

The Suita Stadium is a football-dedicated stadium with a seating capacity of 40,000 currently under construction in Suita, Osaka, Japan. Its large-span roof is characterized by the 3D (three-directional) mega truss structures and the seismic isolators supporting it from the top of the stand structure. In this paper, the structural design processes for the Suita Stadium are introduced featuring seismic response analysis, wind tunnel test and response analysis, and structural optimization.
Stress redistribution in bridges built using the balanced lift method
Authors: Suza Dominik , Kollegger Johann
Published: July 2015

The balanced lift method for bridge construction was developed at Vienna University of Technology. This method proposes to build the bridge girders in a vertical position and to rotate them into the final horizontal position with the aid of compression struts.

During the construction process, when the bridge girders are rotated from the initial vertical position into the final horizontal position, it is of utmost importance for an economic application of the balanced lift method that the structural members are as light as possible. It was therefore suggested to produce the bridge girders and the compression struts using thin prefabricated plate elements. The bridge girders have to be presstressed in order to resist the stresses occurring during transport, handling and mounting. Additional prestressing has to be applied before these thin-walled hollow elements are filled with in-situ concrete. High compressive stresses of up to 30N/mm2 exist in the precast bridge girders prior to the filling with concrete.

In the course of research project a 30m long test beam was built to experimentally prove the applicability of such a construction procedure. It could be shown in the experiment and also in concurrent numerical analyses that stress redistribution between the highly stressed prefabricated girder and the filler concrete occurs. Considerable economic advantages can be achieved by taking these stress redistribution into account in the final design of bridges designed according to the balanced lift method.
Experimental investigation of the edge distance of adhesive point-fixings in glass
Authors: Dispersyn Jonas , Bells Jan , Martens Kenny , De Jaegher Jolien
Published: July 2015

Nowadays bolted point-fixings in glass are widely used, which implies that the glass has to be drilled and tempered. Consequently, the glass is significantly weakened exactly at the position where peak stresses occur when forces are applied. In contrast, this disadvantage does not occur when adhesive technologies are used in which the glass is directly bonded at discrete points.

In case of bolted point-fixings, it is well-known that the distance between the connection and the glass edge is a major parameter that influences the strength and behaviour of the connection. However, for adhesive point-fixings this influence has not been extensively investigated yet. Consequently, in this paper the results of a thorough experimental study of this influence on a full- scale glass panel supported by adhesive point-fixings is presented and analysed.

The experimental results demonstrate that the edge distance has a significant influence on the stress distribution and deflection of the glass panel: stresses and deformations are reduced with increasing edge distance.
Numerical investigation of reinforced laminated glass beams
Authors: Martens Kenny , Belis Jan , Caspeele Robby , Dispersyn Jonas
Published: July 2015

Glass is increasingly being used to create transparent structural elements such as columns, beams, floors, etc. Especially in case of glass beams, a significant amount of investigations has been performed to improve the unsafe (brittle) failure behaviour of glass. Similar to reinforced concrete, reinforced glass beams have been developed in which stainless steel is added to the glass laminate to obtain a safe failure behaviour. The concept has been proven to be feasible when assuming statically determinate systems. However, the additional system safety of statically indeterminate systems has not been investigated yet. This paper presents numerical research outcomes on reinforced glass beams with statically determinate as well as statically indeterminate support conditions. From the results, it is concluded that it is feasible to apply such beams in statically indeterminate systems as significant system safety and a safe failure behaviour was observed.
All glass balustrades made of glass
Authors: Siebert Barbara
Published: July 2015

Glass becomes more and more popular for applications in building structures. Examples are facades, large overhead glazing's and constructions completely made of glass. On the one hand side the architect wants to design an elegant and transparent structure; on the other hand side the engineer wants to design a robust and safe structure. Also for "small" applications like balustrades and railings it is important to design a safe structure. If person are falling against the balustrade it is not allowed that the railing collapses. With the use of new materials (e.g. new interlayer materials between the glass panes) it is possible to realize very transparent solutions with a minimum amount of metal. Often tests (pendulum impact tests) are necessary.
Feasibility Study on Aerodynamically Stable Suspension Bridge with Simplified Girder Structures
Authors: Katsuchi Hiroshi , Yamada Hitoshi , Nishio Mayuko , Okazaki Yoko
Published: July 2015

Feasibility of an aerodynamically stable suspension bridge with a simplified girder was studied. Objective of the study is the development of an economically superior suspension bridge with 500- 1,000m span length. The study was carried out by a 1/40-scaled section model wind-tunnel test and structural analyses. The wind-tunnel test showed that an edge-girder type deck exhibited large amplitude torsional vortex-induced vibration as well as torsional flutter at a low wind speed.

Accordingly, open grating deck, triangular faring, center stay and diagonal bracing as well as additional mass were tested to improve the aerodynamic stability. Finally, possible solution for an aerodynamically stable simplified girder structure was proposed.
Izmit Bay Suspension Bridge - Overview of the Project
Authors: Yanagihara Masahiro , Kawakami Takeshi , Ozturk A. Nebil , Zeybek Fatih
Published: July 2015

The scale of the bridge and the tight schedule in the EPC contract requires the state of the art, suitable design, well proven construction method adopted challenging technics, and financial success for the project. The paper deals with the project overview including construction update, and schedule.
The design technique of Chikugo River Bridge which will linger on The JSCE Civil Engineering Heritage site
Authors: Omori Takayuki , Onami Shuji , Ishikura Noboru , Ryuen Atsumi , Konno Takuro , Hoshino Yuji
Published: July 2015

The Chikugo River Bridge will cross the largest river in Kyushu, surrounding by a large number of important designated historical heritages of the country. They created regional landscapes with these natural scenes and historical inheritances. Thus, this bridge design was aimed at protecting these landscapes and raising their value. In this paper, we demonstrate the design technique, including aesthetic and technical aspects of the continuous arches as a new form in Japan, in order to solve the above mentioned concerns.
Infra-void-structure integrates design, function and environment at ABENO HARUKAS, the tallest building in Japan
Authors: Kushima Soichiro
Published: July 2015

ABEND HARUKAS uses a lnfra-void-structure that connects vertical frames in which multi- dimensional pathways and environmental voids in a department store, offices, and a hotel are constructed as structural systems, through the outrigger floors that are horizontal frames mainly used as infrastructure floors. This lnfra-void-structure not only forms the main architecture of a supertall compact city but also achieves the top-grade seismic and wind performance. Thus, ABEND HARUKAS is an energizer for the city where it is situated, as a supertall compact city, going beyond a simple building, providing an elegant integration of structure, architectural design and environment.