bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Embodying a Preparedness to Die: Why Bishnois of Western Rajasthan Rise in Defence of the Blackbuck and the Chinkara?
Authors: Sinha Bobby Luthra , Singh Anand
Published: February 2020

Often referred to as the custodians of nature, the Bishnois have been taking initiatives to curb the illegal hunting/poaching of animals such as the blackbuck and the chinkara that are fully covered under the provisions of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act (WLPA, 1972). From within the realms of their philosophical engagement with nature, the Bishnois imagine the law offenders from hunting communities, such as Ban Bawri and Bhil, and those who come to be defined exclusively as poachers as the ‘violent’ other. While the hunting tribes heavily contest such a viewpoint, the contours of a grass-roots debate as well as Bishnoi activism against destruction of natural resources continue to fortify in western Rajasthan. The growth of an organised protest movement of the Bishnois, spearheaded by the Bishnoi Tiger Force (BTF), since the past two decades has also coincided with an embodiment of the community’s general preparedness to die in defence of the wildlife. What fuels the spirit and the sentiment behind this rising defence of the endangered wildlife, amidst other creatures of the desert? How do Bishnoi repertoires of protest influence the discourses of other involved communities and manage to keep the democracy of India on constant alertness in the great Indian Thar?
The data-technology nexus in South African secondary cities: The challenges to smart governance
Authors: Ranchod Rushil
Published: February 2020

This article focuses on two critical and intersecting issues on the global urban agenda: the growing importance of secondary cities in urban development policies, and the proliferation of digital technologies and data to support smart urban governance. This article contends that smart governance is a critical factor in urban technological transformation processes. Smart governance aims at improving urban management through enhanced data-informed decision-making and the commensurate inclusion and participation of civic actors in this process. Drawing on interviews with administrators in three South African secondary cities, the analysis highlights the complex challenges that limit the effective inculcation of smart governance practices in these cities. It focuses specifically on the strategic, organisational and political challenges of municipal administrations, and the obstacles to effective interaction between key actors in developing an effective municipal data-technology ecosystem. In doing so, this article contributes new insights into enhanced governance practices in smartening secondary cities; it initiates a critical inquiry on the uneven ways these small, less resourced and socio-economically contentious cities negotiate complex social, administrative and political dynamics in incipient processes of urban smartening.
The “Trilemma” of Public Bodies: Bureaucratic Structures Versus Agencies Under Policy Conditionality
Authors: Lampropoulou Manto , Oikonomou Giorgio
Published: February 2020

The aim of this article is to explore the implications of the delegation of powers from central bureaucracies to semi-autonomous agencies for public administration under policy conditionality. Focusing on Greece, we argue that agencification reforms that were introduced during the economic adjustment programs (2010–2018) have changed the role of the administrative apparatus in policy-making and implementation. Based on two exemplary case studies, tax administration and state assets management, the empirical findings illustrate the political dynamics that induced organizational transformation and show how policy conditionality has changed the domestic agencification pattern and has rebalanced the institutional, functional, and democratic dimensions of agencies.
Are All Network Ties Created Equal? Distinguishing Between Strength and Use of Ties in Bureaucrat–Lobbyist Alliances
Authors: Haselswerdt Jake , Bradley Katharine W. V.
Published: February 2020

Scholars of policy networks consistently find that agreement on policy explains network ties, but inconsistent results on the importance of strategic considerations, such as the influence of potential partners. We use original data on communications between bureaucrats and lobbyists on pending Medicaid legislation to distinguish network ties (contacts) from bureaucrats’ use of those ties to attempt to advance their policy goals (requests for lobbying help). We find that policy agreement explains both the strength of network ties and bureaucrats’ requests for advocacy from their partners, but that interest group influence and unified partisan control of government explain only the latter.
Transnational financial education for Filipino migrant workers
Authors: Jang Juyoung , Choi Seori , Lee Chang Won , Go Stella
Published: February 2020

This exploratory study sought to identify relevant topics for financial education programs for Filipino Employment Permit System (EPS) workers in Korea. EPS workers are temporary migrant workers who return to their home countries after their contract of employment ends. The study reviewed existing financial education programs for migrants in Korea and the Philippines and collected primary data through surveys and focus group interviews to develop a suitable financial education program for Filipino EPS workers. The results revealed that Filipino EPS workers were passive users of Korean financial services and often lacked financial literacy. Also, they did not have much communication with their families in the Philippines about financial management. A forum about transnational financial education was organized to discuss the implications of the study findings and a pilot financial education program was developed.
Calculating the absolute adsorption of high-pressure methane on shale by a new method
Authors: Zuo Luo , Jiang Tingxue , Wang Haitao
Published: February 2020

Currently, many adsorption experiments of methane on shale have been done to understand adsorption characteristics of methane on shale, but those experiments’ pressure and temperature are far less than reservoir pressure and temperature; therefore, we carried out the experiments of methane adsorption on shale at 75.6°C and 95.6°C with 0–50 MPa pressure range to study the adsorption characteristics of shale under reservoir condition. We also build a new method to calculate the real (absolute) adsorption of methane on shale. Results present that the characteristics of excess adsorption isotherm under high pressure is different from the characteristics of excess isotherm under low pressure; adsorption obtained by adsorption experiment increases with pressure going up until reaching a peak and then declines with further increase in pressure. We build a new method to calculate the absolute adsorption by assuming that the adsorption phase volume approximately equals to the total volume occupied by adsorbed molecule, and the results calculated by our method show this method is reasonable and effective.
Regret and unfinished business in parents bereaved by cancer: A mixed methods study
Authors: Lichtenthal Wendy G , Roberts Kailey E , Catarozoli Corinne , Schofield Elizabeth , Holland Jason M , Fogarty Justin J , Coats Taylor C , Barakat Lamia P , Baker Justin N , Brinkman Tara M , Neimeyer Robert A , Prigerson Holly G , Zaider Talia , Breitbart William , Wiener Lori
Published: February 2020

Background:

Prior research has demonstrated that the presence of regret and unfinished business is associated with poorer adjustment in bereavement. Though there is a growing literature on these constructs among caregivers of adult patients, the literature on regret and unfinished business in bereaved parents has been limited.

Aim:

The aim of this study was to examine regret and unfinished business in parents bereaved by cancer, as well as their associations with caregiving experiences and prolonged grief.

Design:

This was a cross-sectional mixed methods study that utilized self-report questionnaires with open-ended items.

Setting/Participants:

The multisite study took place at a tertiary cancer hospital and pediatric cancer clinical research institution. Participants were 118 parents (mothers = 82, fathers = 36) who lost a child aged 6 months to 25 years to cancer between 6 months and 6 years prior.

Results:

Results showed that 73% of the parents endorsed regret and 33% endorsed unfinished business, both of which were more common among mothers than fathers ( p ⩽ 0.05). Parents were on average moderately distressed by their regrets and unfinished business, and both regret-related and unfinished business–related distress were associated with distress while caregiving and prolonged grief symptoms.

Conclusion:

Findings have implications for how providers work with families, including increasing treatment decision-making support, supporting parents in speaking to their child about illness, and, in bereavement, validating choices made. Grief interventions that use cognitive-behavioral and meaning-centered approaches may be particularly beneficial.
CDK1 serves as a potential prognostic biomarker and target for lung cancer
Authors: Li Mingyao , He Fenyi , Zhang Zhanchun , Xiang Zhenfei , Hu Danfei
Published: February 2020

Objective

Evidence from cell and mouse models and human tissues suggests that cyclin dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) is involved in lung cancer (LC) tumorigenesis. However, the different types of expression patterns and prognostic results of CDK1 need further analysis.

Methods

In the current study, we assessed CDK1 expression and LC patient outcomes using data from the Oncomine, GEPIA, and Kaplan–Meier Plotter databases. Additionally, mutations in the CDK1 gene were analyzed by using the cBioPortal database. The expression of CDK1 was verified by real-time quantitative PCR using the Human Protein Atlas database and human tissues.

Results

Expression of CDK1 was higher in lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell lung carcinoma tissues than in normal lung samples. Moreover, CDK1 expression was linked to disease progression. Survival analysis indicated that upregulation of CDK1 was related to poor overall survival, low first progression, and post-progression survival in patients with LC.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that CDK1 is a potential clinical target and prognostic biomarker for patients with LC.
Banking on refugees: Racialized expropriation in the fintech era
Authors: Bhagat Ali , Roderick Leanne
Published: February 2020

Fintech and digital financial services involve the delivery of financial products and services through technology. Fintech companies are part of a financial lending infrastructure claiming to offer an alternative to ‘big banks’, and are often touted as digitally disruptive technology that is rapidly reshaping financial inclusion agendas and improving the lives of the poor. For many refugees living in camps and informal settlements in Kenya, fintech is often the only viable option for credit or microfinance aid. While refugees are often excluded from credit, the spread of fintech as a solution for direct peer-to-peer aid transfers from the Global North to refugees has resulted in the uneven distribution of credit access and livelihood support. Through fintech, private citizens and groups in the Global North are able to disrupt and subvert refugee assistance, deeming some worthy of aid while others face ongoing exclusion. While fintech remains a hopeful source of greater efficiency and empowerment, the direct transfer of aid money masks profit and corporate power by only extending assistance to those refugees who are appropriately entrepreneurial, that is to say those who will start small businesses and pay back their loans. This paper argues that processes of financial inclusion carried out by and through fintech are still distinguished largely by exclusion. In so doing, this paper highlights a theoretical position that refugee governance is embedded in racial forms of capital accumulation and expropriation.
Headaches in the medieval Medical School of Salerno
Authors: Bifulco Maurizio , Marasco Giuseppe , Colucci-D’Amato Luca , Pisanti Simona
Published: February 2020

Premise

Headaches are a serious public health concern of our days, affecting about 50% of the world’s adult population. However, such a plague is not limited to the modern era, since ancient archaeological, written, religious and cultural evidences testify to countless attempts to face such disorders from medical, neurosurgical, psychological and sociological perspectives.

Background

Substantially, the Hippocratic and Galenic theories about headache physiopathology remained predominant up to the 17th century, when the vascular theory of migraine was introduced by Thomas Willis and then evolved into the actual neurovascular hypothesis. The medieval Medical School of Salerno, in southern Italy, where the Greco-Roman medical doctrine was deeply affected by the medio-oriental influence, gave particular attention to both prevention and treatment of headaches.

Conclusion

The texts of the School, a milestone in the literature of medicine, translated into different languages and widespread throughout Europe for centuries, provide numerous useful recipes and ingredients with an actually proven pharmacological efficacy.
Tendon Healing Progression Evaluated With Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signal Intensity and Its Correlation With Clinical Outcomes Within 1 Year After Rotator Cuff Repair With the Suture-Bridge Technique
Authors: Liu Shaohua , Xie Yuxue , Chen Qingyan , Sun Yaying , Ding Zheci , Zhang Yuhan , Chen Shiyi , Chen Jiwu
Published: February 2020

Background:

After a rotator cuff (RC) is repaired, its signal intensity (SI) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) gradually changes to normal and could reflect the degree of RC healing. Nevertheless, it remains unclear how long it takes for SI to recover to normal and whether the SI progression correlates with clinical outcomes after RC repair (RCR).

Purpose:

To serially evaluate the SIs of the repaired RC tendon on MRI and the postoperative clinical outcomes and then analyze the correlation between them.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

This study prospectively included 25 patients who underwent arthroscopic RCR with the suture-bridge technique between June 2016 and July 2017. Twenty-three patients accepted full follow-ups at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Before surgery and at each follow-up, visual analog scale (VAS) for pain and 4 functional scores were evaluated: Constant-Murley score, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons shoulder evaluation form, modified University of California at Los Angeles score, and Fudan University shoulder score. The patients underwent MRI examinations at every follow-up. The values of the signal/noise quotient at the distal (SNQd) and proximal (SNQp) areas were calculated to evaluate the SI of the repaired tendon. The correlations of clinical outcomes with SNQd and SNQp values were analyzed, and subgroup analyses were performed.

Results:

Overall, the mean postoperative VAS score significantly decreased at postoperative 1 month ( P < .001), and the functional scores were all significantly higher than the preoperative values at 6 months (all P < .001). SNQd and SNQp values were both significantly higher than normal at 1 and 3 months (all P < .001) and reduced to normal after 9 and 6 months, respectively. Correlation analyses showed that the SNQp value significantly correlated with VAS score (positive) and all functional scores (negative) at 1 and 3 months postoperatively. Further comparison indicated that the patients with VAS score >3 had higher SNQp values than patients with VAS score ≤3 at 1 and 3 months postoperatively (both P = .01).

Conclusion:

After RCR with the suture-bridge technique, it took longer for SI to become relatively normal than it did to have a significant clinical improvement. Early after surgery (1-3 months), worse clinical outcome correlated with higher SI on proximal cuff tendon.
Adolescent Posterior-Superior Glenoid Labral Pathology: Does Involvement of the Biceps Anchor Make a Difference?
Authors: Hansen Cody H. , Asturias Alicia M. , Pennock Andrew T. , Edmonds Eric W.
Published: February 2020

Background:

Adolescent athletes are at risk of sustaining an injury to the posterior and superior labrum of the glenoid. Limited information is available regarding the outcomes of surgical intervention in this specific age cohort.

Purpose:

To compare those patients with pure posterior pathology and those with posterior labral tears that involve the biceps anchor (superior labrum anterior-posterior [SLAP] tears) to determine risks for failure in the surgical management.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

A retrospective review was performed on all patients under the age of 19 years over an 8-year period to identify those treated for superior and posterior labral pathology, followed by chart review, radiographic review, and arthroscopic findings. Patient characteristics and other variables were recorded, including cause (traumatic vs atraumatic), activity/sports (overhead vs nonoverhead), involvement of the biceps anchor—crossing the 12-o’clock position (posterior vs SLAP), associated pathologies, outcome scores (Single Assessment Numerical Evaluation [SANE] and Pediatric/Adolescent Shoulder Survey [PASS] scores), and complications.

Results:

Forty-eight patients (30 boys, 18 girls) with a mean age at surgery of 16.5 years (range, 13.5-19 years) were identified who met criteria, with a mean follow-up of 4.1 years (range, 1.3-6.9 years). Nineteen patients had SLAP tears and 29 patients had posterior tears. All but 2 regularly participated in sports at the time of their injury; of the athletes, 26 (56.5%) played an overhead sport and 20 (43.5%) played a nonoverhead sport. The cause of the injury was traumatic in 25 cases (52.1%) and atraumatic in 23 cases (47.9%). Outcome scores were not significantly different between cause or type of sports played; SANE scores were not significantly different by tear type (mean SLAP score, 88.4 compared with mean posterior score, 80.9; P = .124); but the mean PASS score in the SLAP group was 88.7, compared with 76.2 in the posterior group ( P = .005) at final assessment. Only 1 SLAP patient had failed management (5.3%) compared with 5 patients in the posterior-only cohort (17.2%).

Conclusion:

Posterior SLAP tears have better outcomes and lower failure rates than posterior-only tears in the adolescent population. Posterior-superior labral tears can occur in all sports types with multiple causes, but the only factor that appears to play a role in ultimate outcome is whether the tear crosses under the biceps anchor to the anterior side.
Human rights in the postgenomic era: Challenges and opportunities arising with epigenetics
Authors: Dupras Charles , Joly Yann , Rial-Sebbag Emmanuelle
Published: February 2020

Over the past twenty-five years, international organizations have adopted human rights declarations in an attempt to address emerging ethical, legal and social concerns associated with genetic research and technologies. While these declarations point to important challenges and potential issues in genetics, the focus on genetics has been criticized for promoting the idea that there is something unique about our genes, and that therefore, they deserve special protections in our laws. It is also argued that this ‘genetic exceptionalism’ perspective has contributed to a reinvigoration of genetic essentialism and determinism. In this article, we add to this criticism by pointing out gaps and flaws in current gene-focused human rights declarations in light of recent developments in the field of epigenetics. First, we show that these documents do not provide guidance for a responsible governance of epigenetic data (e.g., privacy protection) and an ethical use of individual epigenetic information (e.g., nondiscrimination). This is particularly concerning given the interest recently demonstrated by insurance companies, forensic scientists and immigration agencies in using epigenetic clock technologies. Second, we argue that findings in epigenetics could contribute to the promotion of second- and third- generation human rights, i.e., respectively, economic, social and cultural rights, and solidarity rights. We conclude by calling for international bioethics and human rights organizations to pay greater attention to epigenetics and other postgenomic sciences in the coming years.
Load transfer across a mandible during a mastication cycle: The effects of odontogenic tumour
Authors: Dutta Abir , Mukherjee Kaushik , Seesala Venkata Sundeep , Dutta Kaushik , Paul Ranjan Rashmi , Dhara Santanu , Gupta Sanjay
Published: February 2020

The extent to which load transfer in a diseased mandible with odontogenic tumour might influence the potential risk of pathological fracture has scarcely been investigated. The study sought to investigate the quantitative deviations in load transfer across healthy and cancer-affected (diseased) mandibles having odontogenic tumours. The effect of size of the tumours (small: 9 mm diameter, large: 19 mm diameter), and variation in bone mechanical (elastic) properties of the mandible on load transfer in cancer-affected mandibles during a mastication cycle have been investigated. Based on patient-specific computed tomography–scan datasets, detailed three-dimensional finite element models of healthy and diseased mandibles were developed. High stresses of 25–30 MPa and strains ∼700 µε were observed in the healthy mandible during the right molar bite. However, marginal deviations were observed in principal stress distributions in the diseased mandibles with small- and large-sized tumours, as compared to the healthy mandible. Maximum principal strains of ∼1474 µε were found in the body region adjacent to the symphysis region for small-sized tumour. Whereas for large-sized tumour, maximum strains of ∼2700 µε were observed in the right buccal regions. Reduction in Young’s modulus due to different stages of odontogenic tumours had a localised effect on the principal stress distributions, but triggered an abrupt increase in the principal tensile strains. It appears that there is a potential risk of pathological fracture for large-sized odontogenic tumour, owing to high tensile stresses and strains.
Reliability of the Artemisia/Chenopodiaceae pollen ratio in differentiating vegetation and reflecting moisture in arid and semi-arid China
Authors: Wang Yuan , Wang Wei , Liu Lina , Jiang Yajuan , Niu Zhimei , Ma Yuzhen , He Jiang , Mensing Scott A
Published: February 2020

The reliability of the ratio between Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae pollen percentage (i.e. A/ C) in differentiating vegetation and reflecting moisture conditions in arid and semi-arid regions has been disputed and this hindered its potential application in palaeoclimate reconstructions. In this paper, we investigated the A/ C ratios of lake-centre surface sediment from 45 lakes in the Inner Mongolia Plateau and the Qaidam Basin in arid and semi-arid China, and numerically studied the relationships of A/ C ratios with vegetation and moisture. We found that the A/ C ratio of lake-centre surface sediments can be used as an effective index to differentiate desert and steppe and also can be used as a valid indicator to infer mean annual precipitation (MAP) in the Inner Mongolia Plateau and the Qaidam Basin in arid and semi-arid China. Moreover, the A/ C ratio from lake-centre surface sediments is more reliable and robust than that of soil-surface samples in differentiating vegetation and reflecting moisture conditions, and this might be attributed to its larger pollen source area and regional representation. In addition, the ( A − C)/( A + C) index helps to overcome the inherent weakness of non-linearity of the A/ C ratio and may be useful in paleo-vegetation reconstruction. These findings provide useful references for pollen-based vegetation and climate reconstructions of lake cores in arid and semi-arid China.
Credibility evaluation of scientific information on websites: Designing and evaluating an exploratory model
Authors: Keshavarz Hamid , Esmaeili Givi Mohammadreza , Norouzi Yaghoub
Published: February 2020

The present study aimed to develop a literature-based and expert-modified model for credibility evaluation of scientific web information in order to be used for academic purposes by utilizing a mixed heuristic method. First, meta-synthesis was applied to design a conceptual model. In terms of its usability, the model was evaluated by a sample of student users in five top universities of Iran. The data were analyzed by SPSS 20.0 and LISREL 8.7 for Structural Equation Modelling. Based on the seven-stage meta-synthesis, a conceptual model, including 68 indicators, 14 components, and two main dimensions was identified. The model was confirmed by the sample experts by considering the high degree of Kendall’s coefficient of concordance and the agreement percentage of most dimensions of the model which were 0.67 and higher than 90%, respectively. Next, the results of confirmatory factor analysis were analyzed according to the structural model and indices related to the goodness of fit in order to ensure a high quality respecting measuring the identified variables. Based on data analysis, the variables were of high quality in the studied context although there were some differences among the dimensions. The results further revealed that credibility evaluation is a concept with different and multiple dimensions and components suitable for users, designers, and policymakers which should be considered in designing and evaluating web resources.
Social justice in library science programs: A content analysis approach
Authors: Jones Rhiannon
Published: February 2020

In an increasingly globalized world, social justice issues dominate the news. Libraries are often viewed as places where social justice ideals are upheld and promoted. This paper uses a content analysis methodology of 10 North American library and information science program websites to discover how social justice education is marketed to potential students through an examination of open access course descriptions, mission statements, and core learning objectives where available. Findings indicate that social justice is embedded in library and information science programs, but there are limited opportunities for prospective students to seek out these courses due to a lack of open access course descriptions and mission statements and shortage of integration in required courses. If library and information science educators want to attract future librarians with strong social justice agendas, then the promotional materials will need to be more explicit in regards to how these programs can aid students in building a social justice mindset.
Does Firm Size Influence Leverage? Evidence from India
Authors: Bhat Dilawar Ahmad , Chanda Udayan , Bhat Anil K.
Published: February 2020

This study aims to investigate the size–leverage relationship in the context of India—one of the important emerging economies. Most of the studies that have tested the relationship between firm size and leverage have been conducted in the developed economies. For testing the much-discussed size–leverage relationship, we employ a large sample of firms for the study over a time span of 17 years from 2002 to 2018. Our findings support the negative size–leverage relationship, confirming the propositions of the pecking order theory. The study has implications for policymakers regarding the development of corporate debt market in India.
An evaluation of the practice of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in a Victorian health service before and after the Mental Health Act 2014
Authors: Lee Jia L , George Kuruvilla , Price Leah , Couper Jeremy
Published: February 2020

Objective:

The aim of the project was to identify changes in the practice of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in a metropolitan mental health service before and after the Mental Health Act 2014 (2014 Act) in Victoria.

Method:

Retrospective clinical file audit of ECT administration across all three sites at Eastern Health (EH) two years before and two years after introduction of the 2014 Act.

Results:

There was a statistically significant decrease in the number of compulsory ECT treatments and in the number of patients who had compulsory ECT across the three hospitals at EH in the two years following the 2014 Act compared to the two years prior to the 2014 Act. There was no significant difference in the number of voluntary ECT treatments and in the number of patients who had voluntary ECT.

Conclusion:

The review showed that there has been a significant decrease in the number of compulsory ECT treatments and in the number of patients who had compulsory ECT after the introduction of the 2014 Act. Potential reasons for the changes are discussed.
Non-consensual recommendations for managing bipolar II disorder
Authors: Parker Gordon
Published: February 2020

Objective:

The objective of this study is to report on the degree of consensus in experts’ recommendations for managing bipolar II disorder.

Methods:

Eighteen international clinician researchers with expertise in managing bipolar disorders were provided with 14 questions addressing nuances in managing those with a bipolar II disorder.

Results:

To all questions, the independently derived recommended strategies demonstrated distinct divergence.

Conclusion:

The lack of consensus in management recommendations is likely to reflect the disorder being relatively recently formalised, the lack of condition-specific randomised controlled trial data and the nature of psychiatric practice.
The frequency of references to decision-making capacity in reports to the NSW Mental Health Review Tribunal did not change after legislative reforms that promoted them
Authors: Foley Tim , Ryan Christopher J
Published: February 2020

Objective:

To assess the impact of a 2015 reform to the Mental Health Act 2007 (NSW) ( MHA) that was interpreted as requiring a reference to decision-making capacity (DMC) in reports to the NSW Mental Health Review Tribunal (MHRT).

Method:

A sample of reports to the MHRT were audited for references to the MHA’s treatment criteria and DMC in periods before and after the reforms, and the frequency of references between the two periods was compared.

Results:

The frequency of references to DMC did not change significantly after the reforms. (However, references to the ‘least restriction’ criterion increased markedly between the two periods).

Conclusion:

Despite legislative reforms and a supporting education campaign promoting the importance of consideration of DMC, references to DMC did not increase after the reforms.
A Distributed Leadership Perspective on Implementing Instructional Reform: A Case Study of an Urban Middle School
Authors: Patterson Jean A. , AlSabatin Hala , Anderson Amber , Klepacka Martyna , Lawrence John , Miner Bradford
Published: February 2020

This qualitative case study examined the distribution of leadership and the implementation of an instructional reform in a low-performing urban middle school. Leadership for the instructional reform was widely distributed and stretched across formal and informal teacher leaders. School personnel were highly invested in the instructional model and implementation was high. The broad distribution of leadership across formal and informal leaders contributed to the school beginning to turnaround from lackluster academic performance and mediocre instruction to a culture where implementation of the instructional reform was expected, and where teacher collaboration and accountability were becoming the norm.
Narrowband Influencers and Global Icons: Universality and Media Compatibility in the Communication Patterns of Political Leaders Worldwide
Authors: Peres Renana , Talwar Sunali , Alter Liav , Elhanan Michal , Friedmann Yuval
Published: February 2020

This article analyzes how political leaders communicate with their target audiences and examines whether they adopt a country-specific communication persona, or react to the global media-intensive environment by offering more universal communication. Politicians communicate through presentational (e.g., social media) and representational (e.g., press) outlets, and the compatibility between these outlets represents the leader’s effectiveness in transmitting the desired messages to the audience. The authors of this study suggest a theoretical framework that classifies public figures’ communication along two dimensions: universality (particular–universal) and media compatibility (low–high). The authors used language processing tools to study the sentiment, topic mixture, and use of pronouns by 61 global world leaders in more than 300,000 messages from the leaders’ Twitter accounts and press articles. The results show a high level of universality across political leaders in sentiment, topic mixture, and pronoun usage. The media compatibility is high, with Twitter being slightly more positive. Most leaders fall within the categories of Cosmopolitan Antagonist (high universality, low media compatibility) and Global Icon (high universality, high media compatibility). Overall, the sentiment of their communications is positive. Popular topics include diplomacy, economy, corruption, and the Arab world. No significant relationship was found between the sentiment or communication topics and country characteristics.
Treatment of Zone 1 Fractures of the Proximal Fifth Metatarsal With CAM-Walker Boot vs Hard-Soled Shoes
Authors: Nishikawa Danilo Ryuko Cândido , Aires Duarte Fernando , Saito Guilherme Honda , Bang Katrina E. , Monteiro Augusto César , Prado Marcelo Pires , de Cesar Netto Cesar
Published: February 2020

Background:

Zone 1 fractures of the proximal fifth metatarsal are usually treated nonsurgically using some type of immobilization. The aim of this study was to compare clinical and functional outcomes, time to return to prior activity levels, and rate of bone healing when using a hard-soled shoe (HSS) vs a controlled ankle motion (CAM)–walker boot (CWB).

Methods:

Seventy-two consecutive patients with zone 1 fractures of the fifth metatarsal base were treated conservatively with either an HSS or CWB by 2 different providers. We included 57 women and 15 men, average age of 41.3 (range, 16-88) years. Radiographic findings, visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, and American Orthopaedic Ankle & Foot Society (AOFAS) midfoot score were assessed. Patients were followed at 4, 8, 10, 12, and 24 weeks or until asymptomatic and able to return to prior level of activities. Statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney U, Fisher exact, and chi-square tests. P values <.05 were considered significant.

Results:

Age and gender distributions were similar in both groups ( P = .23 and P = .57). Patients had similar VAS and AOFAS scores after 8 ( P = .34 and P = .83) and 12 ( P = .87 and P = .79) weeks. Average time for bone healing was significantly faster using the CWB (7.2 weeks) when compared to the HSS (8.6 weeks) ( P < .001). The average time to return to prior level of activities was similar in both groups (8.3 weeks for CWB and 9.7 weeks for HSS) ( P = .11). Fracture displacement was equal in both groups, with a mean of 1.9 mm of displacement in patients using the HSS, and a mean of 1.6 mm in those using the CWB ( P = .26).

Conclusion:

Zone 1 fractures of the proximal fifth metatarsal can be treated conservatively with either a hard-soled shoe or a CAM-walker boot. Even though patients treated in the CAM-walker boot demonstrated earlier signs of complete healing, similar clinical and functional results were achieved with both treatments.

Level of Evidence:

Level III, retrospective comparative series.
Clinical findings and outcomes of uveitis associated with multiple sclerosis
Authors: AlBloushi Abdulrahman F , Dheyab Abdulsalam M , Al-Swaina Nayef F , Al-Obailan Majed , Daif Abdul-kader , Abu El-Asrar Ahmed M
Published: February 2020

Purpose:

To describe the clinical findings and outcomes in patients who presented with uveitis associated with multiple sclerosis.

Methods:

Retrospective review of 20 patients (38 eyes).

Results:

The most frequent ocular finding was multifocal elongated retinal perivenous “sheathing” with focal vascular leakage on fundus fluorescein angiography in 29 eyes followed by vitreous snowballs and debris in 26 eyes, anterior chamber inflammation in 15 eyes, mutton-fat keratic precipitates in 14 eyes, posterior synechiae in 13 eyes, cystoid macular edema in 9 eyes, iris nodules in 4 eyes, and optic neuritis in 3 eyes. Patients with cystoid macular edema were treated successfully with systemic corticosteroids combined with mycophenolate mofetil. Ocular complications were cataract in 6 eyes, glaucoma in 2 eyes and vitreous hemorrhage in 1 eye.

Conclusions:

Multifocal elongated retinal perivenous “sheathing” with focal vascular leakage on fundus fluorescein angiography is the most frequent finding in uveitis associated with multiple sclerosis.
The clinical outcome of the Metha short hip stem: a systematic scoping review
Authors: Malahias Michael-Alexander , Tejaswi Purnachandra , Chytas Dimitrios , Kadu Vikram , Karanikas Dimitrios , Thorey Fritz
Published: February 2020

Introduction:

Short femoral stems were designed to bridge the gap between conventional straight design stems and hip resurfacing prostheses in total hip arthroplasty (THA). A number of clinical trials have been recently conducted to assess the clinical and safety profile of the cementless, colarless, tapered Metha short hip stem in young or active middle-aged individuals.

Methods:

A systematic scoping review was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. 4 reviewers independently conducted the search using the MEDLINE/PubMed database and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. These databases were queried with the terms “short” AND “hip” AND “stem”.

Results:

From the initial 773 studies we finally chose 12 studies after applying our inclusion-exclusion criteria. The number of operated hips that were included in these studies was 5048 (mean BMI range: 22.7–35.2, mean age range: 44.4–60.4 years, mean follow-up range: 2–9 years). The mean modified Coleman methodology score was 52.3/100, while it ranged from 31/100 to 63/100. All mean clinical outcome scores that were used in the studies illustrated significant postoperative improvement when compared with the respective initial values. The revision rate of the Metha stem for component-related reasons was 2.5%, while the rate of major complications not requiring revision of the Metha stem was 2.8%.

Conclusions:

The Metha stem performs well in young or active middle-aged THA patients. Further studies are required for the assessment of the long-term results.
Major Revisions in Arthropod Phylogeny Through Improved Supermatrix, With Support for Two Possible Waves of Land Invasion by Chelicerates
Authors: Noah Katherine E , Hao Jiasheng , Li Luyan , Sun Xiaoyan , Foley Brian , Yang Qun , Xia Xuhua
Published: February 2020

Deep phylogeny involving arthropod lineages is difficult to recover because the erosion of phylogenetic signals over time leads to unreliable multiple sequence alignment (MSA) and subsequent phylogenetic reconstruction. One way to alleviate the problem is to assemble a large number of gene sequences to compensate for the weakness in each individual gene. Such an approach has led to many robustly supported but contradictory phylogenies. A close examination shows that the supermatrix approach often suffers from two shortcomings. The first is that MSA is rarely checked for reliability and, as will be illustrated, can be poor. The second is that, to alleviate the problem of homoplasy at the third codon position of protein-coding genes due to convergent evolution of nucleotide frequencies, phylogeneticists may remove or degenerate the third codon position but may do it improperly and introduce new biases. We performed extensive reanalysis of one of such “big data” sets to highlight these two problems, and demonstrated the power and benefits of correcting or alleviating these problems. Our results support a new group with Xiphosura and Arachnopulmonata (Tetrapulmonata + Scorpiones) as sister taxa. This favors a new hypothesis in which the ancestor of Xiphosura and the extinct Eurypterida (sea scorpions, of which many later forms lived in brackish or freshwater) returned to the sea after the initial chelicerate invasion of land. Our phylogeny is supported even with the original data but processed with a new “principled” codon degeneration. We also show that removing the 1673 codon sites with both AGN and UCN codons (encoding serine) in our alignment can partially reconcile discrepancies between nucleotide-based and AA-based tree, partly because two sequences, one with AGN and the other with UCN, would be identical at the amino acid level but quite different at the nucleotide level.
Applying an Indigenous methodology to a North–South, cross-cultural collaboration: successes and remaining challenges
Authors: Sylvester Olivia , García Segura Alí , Ashencaen Crabtree Sara , Man Zanisah , Parker Jonathan
Published: February 2020

This article represents our collective reflexivity in the process of applying an Indigenous methodology in a North–South, cross-cultural collaboration, funded through the British Government’s Global Challenges Research Fund. The projects’ aim was to bring together Bribri and Jakun leaders (from Costa Rica and Malaysia) for constructive dialogues about sustainable development. Specifically, we applied ulàpeitök (traditional form of Bribri collaboration and translates to lend [peitök] a hand), a concept of collaboration that honours family and community; we also used S-kṍpàkö, the Bribri word for conversation, a concept that translates to feeling the space around each other together. We analyse successes and challenges and elaborate on lessons learned including (a) how and why Indigenous collaboration and reciprocity should be understood before a project is planned or financed, (b) why western academic concepts of reciprocity (such as one-to-one exchanges) need to be decolonized to include Indigenous ways of relating to others, and (c) paying special attention to language in the co-writing of publications to avoid cultural misrepresentation. Our research can inform other North/South, Indigenous/non-Indigenous collaborations that aim to contribute to decolonizing research.
Smokeless Tobacco Use, Cigarette Smoking, and Upper Aerodigestive Tract Cancers: A Case-Control Study in the Batna Region, Algeria, 2008-2011
Authors: Oudjehih Messaouda , Deltour Isabelle , Bouhidel Mohamed Larbi , Bouhidel Atika , Marref Abdelwahab , Luzon Véronique , Schüz Joachim , Bouneceur Hocine , Leon Maria E
Published: February 2020

Background:

A significant proportion of the Algerian population uses tobacco products and is at risk of developing tobacco-associated cancers.

Aims:

This case-control study reports on the association between tobacco use and the occurrence of upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) cancers in Batna, Algeria.

Methods:

Incident primary UADT cancer cases in residents of Batna in 2008-2011 were identified using the regional tumor registry. One hospital and 1 population control were matched to each case by sex, year of birth, and residence. Information on tobacco use was collected, and odds ratios (ORs) were obtained using conditional logistic regression also after sex stratification.

Results:

The study included 192 cases (80%) of the 241 primary UADT cancer cases identified and 384 controls. Males represented 76.6% of cancer cases. Cancers of the nasopharynx (48%) and the larynx (26%) were the most common types. Ever use of smokeless tobacco (ST) (OR = 1.0; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.6-1.5) or current ST use (OR = 1.1; 95% CI: 0.6-1.7) was not associated with overall risk of UADT cancers. Associations with cancers of the nasopharynx (OR = 1.5; 95% CI: 0.5-4.6) and oral cavity/oropharynx (OR = 3.0; 95% CI: 0.8-11.8) were found when comparing use of ST only to no consumption of any tobacco. Cigarette smoking was associated with an increase in the overall risk of UADT cancers, with a 3-fold increase in the risk of laryngeal cancer when comparing smoking only to no consumption of any tobacco (OR = 3.3; 95% CI: 1.0-11.5). Associations for smokers who also consumed ST differed by cancer site.

Conclusion:

In this study from Algeria dominated by male cases and by cancer in the nasopharynx, cigarette smoking but not ST was associated with UADT cancer. Analyses by anatomical site and using as reference never use of any type of tobacco suggested few associations with ST but of lower precision.
Airway Pressure Release Ventilation: A Review of the Evidence, Theoretical Benefits, and Alternative Titration Strategies
Authors: Fredericks Andrew S , Bunker Matthew P , Gliga Louise A , Ebeling Callie G , Ringqvist Jenny RB , Heravi Hooman , Manley James , Valladares Jason , Romito Bryan T
Published: February 2020

Objective:

To review the theoretical benefits of airway pressure release ventilation (APRV), summarize the evidence for its use in clinical practice, and discuss different titration strategies.

Data Source:

Published randomized controlled trials in humans, observational human studies, animal studies, review articles, ventilator textbooks, and editorials.

Data Summary:

Airway pressure release ventilation optimizes alveolar recruitment, reduces airway pressures, allows for spontaneous breathing, and offers many hemodynamic benefits. Despite these physiologic advantages, there are inconsistent data to support the use of APRV over other modes of ventilation. There is considerable heterogeneity in the application of APRV among providers and a shortage of information describing initiation and titration strategies. To date, no direct comparison studies of APRV strategies have been performed. This review describes 2 common management approaches that bedside providers can use to optimally tailor APRV to their patients.

Conclusion:

Airway pressure release ventilation remains a form of mechanical ventilation primarily used for refractory hypoxemia. It offers unique physiological advantages over other ventilatory modes, and providers must be familiar with different titration methods. Given its inconsistent outcome data and heterogeneous use in practice, future trials should directly compare APRV strategies to determine the optimal management approach.
Taking responsibility for the tooth: A semiotic and thematic analysis of oral health and disease in the TV show ‘Embarrassing Bodies’
Authors: Holden Alexander CL , Neville Patricia , Gibson Barry , Spallek Heiko
Published: February 2020

Oral health and dentistry are seldom the subject of medical reality TV. This study investigates whether the dental segments within the British medical reality show, ‘Embarrassing Bodies’, may contribute to the anthropological understanding of oral health and social status, through semiotic and thematic analysis. This methodology involves close examination of both the visual and narrative themes within the programme. The show presents mouths afflicted by oral disease as traumascapes, the framing of which provides voyeuristic appeal. The portrayal of dental disease as negatively affecting human flourishing through shame and the inhibition of intimacy was common across the analysed cases. The key themes of intimacy and social distance; discipline, blame and personal responsibility; carnography; disciplining gaze and authority; and redemption and rebirth were identified through analysis. The cases also present a strong correlation between a lack of personal responsibility and the development of dental disease within the wider context of social class, with the dentist as a disciplining authority, enforcing professional and societal norms.