bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical, radiographical and pathological aspects of ununited medial coronoid process of the elbow joint in dogs
Authors: TIRGARI M.
Published: April 2008

An ununited medial coronoid process was found in the region of the medial ulnar articular rim of seven elbow joints in four Persian stray dogs in a survey of joint disease in dogs.

The clinical, radiographical and pathological aspects of this condition are described and discussed.
Hereditary cataract in the Welsh Springer Spaniel
Authors: BARNETT K. C.
Published: April 2008

Hereditary cataract, due to a simple autosomal recessive gene, is described in the Welsh Springer Spaniel. A modified extracapsular cataract operation proved successful in restoring vision.
Some aspects of the radiographical examination of the canine elbow joint
Authors: ROBINS G. M.
Published: April 2008

A radiological method of examining the elbow joint of the dog is described with particular reference to conditions which result in osteoarthrosis. The importance of taking oblique projections for the diagnosis of osteochondritis dissecans of the distal humerus and ununited medial coronoid process of the ulna is discussed.
Ischaemic encephalopathy and focal granulomatous meningoencephalitis in the cat
Authors: ZAKI F. A. , NAFE L. A.
Published: April 2008

Three cats were presented with neurological deficits compatible with cerebral disease. Two of the cats had temporal lobe infarction diagnosed as ischaemic encephalopathy; one cat had granulomatous inflammation, diagnosed as focal granulomatous meningoencephalitis. In all three cases the lesions were characterized by necrotic, cavitated areas. Vascular insult was the cause of the ischaemic encephalopathy and the focal granulomatous meningoencephalitis may have been caused by feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) virus. An infectious aetiology, possibly FIP virus, is proposed for the ischaemic encephalopathy. A relationship between these two neurological diseases may exist.
Invertebrates and invertebrate disease; an introduction for the veterinary surgeon
Authors: COOPER J. E.
Published: April 2008

The veterinary surgeon has a role to play in the care of invertebrates, many of which are kept as pets and for educational and scientific purposes.

Some of those species commonly maintained in captivity are listed and their accommodation, feeding, handling and restraint are outlined. Invertebrate diseases may be due to (or associated with) infectious agents, parasites, environmental changes, trauma, faulty nutrition or poisons and each of these is discussed briefly. Particular attention is drawn to the need for good management and preventive measures, especially hygiene.
The use of carbon fibre implants for the repair of Achilles tendon rupture in dogs
Authors: VAUGHAN L. C.
Published: April 2008

Implants of plaited carbon fibre have been used in the repair of ruptured Achilles tendons in ten dogs. Additionally the hock was held in extension by inserting a screw through the fibular tarsal bone and the tibia. When the screw was removed in the sixth week the repaired tendon was thick and taut, and leg use was thereafter virtually normal.
Arteriovenous fistula in the metatarsal pad of a dog: a case report
Authors: JONES D. G. CLAYTON , ALLEN W. EDWARD , WEBBON P. M.
Published: April 2008

An arteriovenous fistula in the metatarsal pad of a young dog is described. The lesion was apparently acquired traumatically when the dog was nine months of age, and was characterized by periodic episodes of bleeding from the pad during the next 21 months. The nature of the lesion was diagnosed by physical, radiographical and histological examination, and it was treated successfully by surgical excision.
Radiology in tortoises, terrapins and turtles as an aid to diagnosis
Authors: JACKSON OLIPHANT F. , FASAL MARY DUFF
Published: April 2008

The exposure factors, choice of film and screens, positioning of the patient and alterations in beam direction are described as are two types of contrast media for the gastro‐intestinal tract. Methods for the use of dental films and macro‐radiography are also given.

Four diseases of chelonians, nutritional osteodystrophy, pneumonia, oedema and a ruptured bladder are described together with the associated radiographs and radiological interpretation.
The use of a transfixation splint to stabilize a bilateral mandibular fracture in a dog
Authors: ROBINS G. M. , READ R. A.
Published: April 2008

The treatment of bilateral non‐union fractures of the horizontal rami of the mandible is described in a Poodle. A transfixation splint was used to stabilize the fractures. The technique is described and other methods of mandibular fracture repair reviewed.
A limited trial of Saffan in the dog
Authors: BOMZON LIONEL
Published: April 2008

An anaesthetic technique using Saffan* in the dog after antihistamine premedication has recently been described. This report describes its use in dogs undergoing caesarian section and in dogs considered to be anaesthetic risks. This report substantiates the earlier claim that Saffan is safe for use in dogs when preceded by an antihistamine.
Effects of pentobarbitone anaesthesia and atropine on the intravenous glucose tolerance test in normal dogs
Authors: MATTHEEUWS D. , ROTTIERS R. , KANEKO J. J. , VERMEULEN A.
Published: April 2008

The effect of atropine (0·1 mg/kg b.w. s.c.) and of pentobarbitone anaesthesia (25 mg/kg b.w.) on the plasma glucose clearance and insulin response to an intravenous load of 600 mg and 1,250 mg/kg b.w. glucose was studied in twenty‐four normal young Dalmatian dogs (ten male, fourteen female). Neither the rate of disappearance of glucose from the circulation, nor the insulin release following both glucose loads was altered by atropine. However, the disposal of intravenous glucose was significantly (P < 0·01) delayed and the insulin release significantly decreased under pentobarbitone anaesthesia. It is suggested that a decreased blood flow through the pancreas during pentobarbitone anaesthesia is most likely the cause of the decreased insulin release which in turn causes a delayed rate of disappearance of glucose from the circulation. It is therefore concluded that an intravenous glucose tolerance test, as diagnostic procedure, should never be done in anaesthetized dogs.
Attitudes of the public towards dogs and cats as companion animals
Authors: SELBY LLOYD A. , RHOADES JOHN D.
Published: April 2008

A questionnaire was used to collect information on attitudes toward dogs and cats as companion animals. Thirty‐nine attitudinal questions on dogs were grouped using principal component analysis (PCA) into six independent major factors; whereas, 38 items on cats were grouped using principal component analysis (PCA) into four independent major factors. In addition, 18 items which did not fit the PCA model but that were related to the respondents' attitudes towards dogs and cats as companion animals were analysed separately. The hypotheses tested, using analysis of variance (ANOVA) were that there was no significant relationship between the factors and five variables, i.e., pet ownership, age or sex of the respondents and their like or dislike of either dogs or cats. The respondents' like or dislike of dogs or cats influenced their attitudes towards ownership of companion animals. Furthermore, nonowners stated they derive minimal value from a dog or cat as a pet and viewed the negative characteristics of the animal itself per se as a more important factor in determining ownership. Female respondents were more emotionally involved and younger owners derived more of a feeling of importance‐vanity from dog or cat ownership.
Severe canine demodicosis in the Sudan. First reported cases
Authors: ABU‐SAMRA MUKHTAR T. , HAGO B. E. D. , MUSA B. E.
Published: April 2008

The clinical picture and the histopathological changes of severe canine demodicosis of squamopapular and generalized pustular forms are described.
Veterinary intensive care
Authors: BURROWS COLIN F.
Published: April 2008

The term ‘intensive care’ is becoming increasingly popular in veterinary medicine to describe those techniques employed in caring for the critically ill animal. Application of the techniques required for intensive care is not difficult and can be employed in any veterinary practice. The purpose of intensive care is the uncomplicated conversion of a dramatic disease process into an uneventful one, not the performance of life‐saving heroics.

Critically ill patients share several common features, particularly the need for diligent monitoring and nursing. Regardless of the primary disease, the function of many organs is frequently impaired in these patients and they require total body care. Critically ill animals may have fluid, acid‐base and electrolyte imbalances, increased caloric requirements and an increased susceptibility to infection. This paper describes the equipping and staffing of an intensive care unit and the various techniques for monitoring critically ill animals. It also reviews aspects of fluid and electrolyte disturbances and therapy, and the unusual respiratory problems and nutritional requirements of these patients.
Surgical management of multi‐system trauma in a cat
Authors: EATON‐WELLS RICHARD D.
Published: April 2008

A cat was presented in coma following severe trauma. The cat was alert and walking within 24 hours, after treatment with intravenous dexamethasone and mannitol. However, he subsequently began to show evidence of severe abdominal pain. An exploratory laparotomy revealed traumatic avulsion of the left limb of the pancreas. A sub‐total pancreatectomy was performed and the cat recovered well. Two weeks post‐operatively, the cat was re‐presented with ataxia, proprioceptive deficits, and upper motor neuron weakness in all four limbs. Radiographs revealed a fracture/luxation of C1–C2 which could not be adequately stabilized solely via a dorsal approach. A combined ventral and dorsal approach produced stabilization of the cervical spine which was clinically successful. Two months post‐operatively there was stability but malalignment of C1–C2, and the cat appeared normal.
Isolation of Clostridium novyi (Cl. oedematiens) from liver lesions in a dog with pancreatic acinar carcinoma
Authors: LOVE DARIA N. , MADDISON JILL E. , FINNIMORE PAMELA M. , ROTHWELL T. L. W.
Published: April 2008

This paper records the isolation of Clostridium novyi from liver lesions in a dog with pancreatic acinar carcinoma and multiple hepatic metastases.
A technique for fixation of intercondylar humeral fractures in immature small dogs
Authors: PAYNE‐JOHNSON M. , LEWIS D. G.
Published: April 2008

A simple wiring technique is described for the fixation of intercondylar fractures of the distal humerus of puppies of small breeds. The technique was used on seven cases admitted to the University of Liverpool Veterinary Hospital between 1975 and 1978. Emphasis is laid on the relative merits of the technique for animals with very small bones and in particular in those cases where the bones have a comparatively soft texture.
The blood glucose response to three prolonged duration insulins in canine diabetes mellitus
Authors: CHURCH D. B.
Published: April 2008

The duration of action and peak activity time of three delayed‐absorption insulin preparations (protamine zinc insulin, isophane insulin and an insulin zinc suspension) were compared in eight naturally occurring, hypoinsulinaemic, non‐ketotic diabetic dogs. Although the average responses were similar to previously suggested values, marked individual variation was demonstrated, particularly with the protamine zinc and isophane preparations.
Metrizamide myelography in sixty‐eight dogs
Authors: WRIGHT JAYNE A. , JONES D. G. CLAYTON
Published: April 2008

The results of 68 metrizamide myelograms in the dog are recorded, involving both cisternal and lumbar punctures. The technical considerations are described together with interpretation of the normal myelogram and the diagnostic signs. Failure to obtain a good contrast column occurred in 14 dogs, and post myelographic signs were observed in eight.
Biliary tract surgery in the dog: a review
Authors: THOMPSON S. M. R.
Published: April 2008

The indications for surgery on the biliary system in the dog are discussed with reference to the anatomy, specific disease syndromes and associated clinical signs. Surgical procedures are described for the treatment of biliary tract obstruction or rupture, and applicable cases reported in the literature are reviewed. The pathogenesis of bile peritonitis is also briefly discussed.
Hereditary myotonia in the Chow Chow
Authors: FARROW B. R. H. , MALIK R.
Published: April 2008

Four related Chow Chow puppies which were presented because of stiffness in their movements were shown to have myotonia similar to myotonia congenita of man. Electromyography revealed characteristic myotonic discharges. Repetitive nerve stimulation studies showed a marked fade in the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) which was most apparent at stimulation rates of 10 per sec or higher. If stimulation was continued at a rate of 10 per sec the CMAP returned to normal or sometimes greater than normal following several seconds of the reduced response. The decremental response could be exaggerated by cooling the muscle prior to repetitive nerve stimulation.

A therapeutic trial to assess the efficacy of the commonly used membrane stabilizing agents, quinidine, procainamide and phenytoin, indicated that all three drugs were beneficial in the treatment of myotonia but procainamide produced the best response.

Hypocholesterolaemia was documented in one case. The possibility of a multisystem membrane defect in hereditary myotonia associated with low serum cholesterol was considered.
Cataract in the West Highland White Terrier
Authors: NARFSTRÖM K.
Published: April 2008

Cataracts were found in 49 of 97 interrelated West Highland White Terriers. Thirty‐four dogs exhibited a ‘y’ suture cataract, mainly affecting the tips of the posterior ‘y’ suture line, while 12 dogs had complete cataracts. An autosomal recessive inheritance is surmised.
Nasopharyngeal polyps arising in the middle ear of the cat
Authors: LANE J. G. , ORR C. M. , LUCKE V. M. , GRUFFYDD‐JONES T. J.
Published: April 2008

The clinical presentation, diagnosis and surgical treatment of four cats with nasopharyngeal polyps are described. In three cats the microscopic appearance of the polyps together with the finding of radiographic densities in the tympanic bullae point to the middle ear as the origin of these polyps. These are inflammatory lesions and it is suggested that they occur as the result of ascending infection from the nasopharynx. Experience has shown that, in spite of recurrence in some cases, simple traction rather than bulla osteotomy is the preferred method of treatment.
A generalized chondropathy of joint cartilage leading to deformity of the elbow joints in a litter of Newfoundland dogs
Authors: GRØNDALEN JORUNN
Published: April 2008

A description of a litter of Newfoundland dogs of which six out of seven puppies suffered from, more or less, deformation of the elbow joints, is presented. The two male dogs were, because of the condition, destroyed at 20 weeks of age. The patho‐anatomical examination revealed abnormalities of the joint cartilage of all the major joints of the extremities. The condition is described as a generalized fibroid, proliferative degeneration of the joint cartilage.
Pyloric stenosis caused by hypertrophic gastritis in three dogs
Authors: HAPPÉ R. P. , GAAG I. VAN DER , WOLVEKAMP W. Th. C.
Published: April 2008

Hypertrophic gastritis of the pyloric antrum is described in an 11‐year‐old female poodle, a 14‐year‐old male Maltese terrier and a 13‐year‐old male mongrel. The dogs suffered from chronic vomiting. Gastroscopic examination revealed mucosal proliferations in dogs 1 and 3. Radiographic examination showed signs of pyloric obstruction in all three dogs. Contrast studies demonstrated thickenings in the region of the pylorus in dogs 1 and 2. Laparotomy was done in all three dogs: in dog 1 a gastro‐duodenostomy was performed and in dogs 2 and 3 the circularly thickened mucosa was resected. The mucosa of all three dogs showed hypertrophic gastritis, chiefly due to foveolar hyperplasia, and round cell infiltration, especially in the superficial layers. Herniation of mucosal glands through the muscularis mucosae was found in dog 1. Dogs 1 and 2 recovered well and vomiting ceased. Dog 3 continued to vomit because of a pyloric stenosis, mainly due to muscular hypertrophy.
Parotid gland enlargement and hypersialosis in a dog
Authors: HARVEY COLIN E.
Published: April 2008

A 9‐month‐old Chow was presented because of persistent drooling. Sialograms shown enlarged parotid salivary glands. The drooling was controlled by bilateral parotid duct ligation.
Plasma cell myeloma with IgG paraproteinaemia in a bitch
Authors: ORR C. M. , HIGGINSON J. , BAKER J. R. , JONES D. R. E.
Published: April 2008

Plasma cell myeloma with an associated aplastic anaemia and Bence‐Jones proteinuria is described in a nine year‐old bitch. The paraproteins in the serum were found to be of an IgG type.
Lead poisoning in a cat
Authors: WATSON A. D. J.
Published: April 2008

Lead poisoning was suspected in a 3‐year old Persian cat with depression, anorexia and sporadic vomiting. Laboratory tests disclosed an increased urinary delta aminolevulinic acid (δ‐ALA) concentration but normoblastaemia or basophilic stippling of erythrocytes. Treatment for lead poisoning with calcium ethylenediamine tetraacetate for 5 days brought clinical improvement and reduction of urinary δ‐ALA concentration but signs of toxicosis recurred in the next week. Repeated chelation therapy brought prompt improvement. A dog and another cat in the household had increased urinary δ‐ALA concentrations, indicating metabolic effects of lead exposure, but were clinically well and were not treated. The source of lead was believed to be old paint.
Mycobacterium avium infection in a dog
Authors: BEAUMONT PETER R. , JEZYK PETER F. , HASKINS MARK E.
Published: April 2008

A 5‐year old, spayed, mongrel was presented with intractable diarrhoea. Histopathologic examination of biopsy specimens taken during exploratory laparotomy revealed acid‐fast organisms in the spleen, caecum, and colon. The dog was subsequently destroyed. At post‐mortem, lesions were also observed in the liver and lymph nodes. Mycobacterium avium was cultured from splenic tissue. Infection of dogs with this organism is rare and the clinical picture described unusual.
Influence of progesterone and pregnancy on canine fibrinogen values
Authors: GENTRY P. A. , LIPTRAP R. M.
Published: April 2008

Progesterone alone or in combination with oestrogen was given to male dogs and nonoestrous bitches by intramuscular injection. Progesterone produced a marked increase in plasma fibrinogen values. The fibrinogen response appeared to be independent of oestrogen administration. No alteration in haematocrit values, platelet count, APTT and OSPT results or the activities of coagulation factors VII, VIII and IX was observed following hormone administration. It is suggested that increased plasma progesterone concentrations may be partly responsible for the two‐ to three‐fold increase in fibrinogen which occurs during gestation in the bitch.
Characterization of strains of Staphylococci from infections in dogs and cats
Authors: LOVE DARIA N. , LOMAS G. , BAILEY MARILYN , JONES R. F. , WESTON I.
Published: April 2008

Forty strains of Staphylococci from infections of dogs and cats were characterized with respect to their coagulase and thermonuclease activities, and 19 strains for their fermentation of mannitol anaerobically. Thermonuclease correlated well with tube coagulase activity but there was a poor correlation between these two characters, the ability to ferment mannitol anaerobically, and the presence of bound coagulase.

Fifty percent of the organisms were resistant to penicillin due to the presence of β‐lactamase (penicillinase). There was a strict correlation between detection of β‐lactamase by the disc diffusion and the slide penicillinase tests. Antibiotics to which organisms were resistant also were bacitracin (52·5%), lincomycin (20%), streptomycin (17·5%), tetracyclines (12·5%) and chloramphenicol (7·5%).
Milk substitutes and the hand rearing of orphan puppies and kittens
Authors: BAINES FRANCES M.
Published: April 2008

Growth in puppies and kittens during the suckling period is briefly reviewed. The nutrients required for this are discussed, as is their provision in bitch and queen milk. The use of milk substitutes in the rearing of orphan puppies and kittens is considered. The composition of a variety of milk substitute diets is determined, and the nutritive value of each product assessed.
Cryptococcal infection of the central nervous system of a dog in the United Kingdom
Authors: PALMER A. C. , HERRTAGE M. E. , KAPLAN W.
Published: April 2008

Cryptococcal infection of the C.N.S. is described in a two‐year‐old Borzoi dog. The animal showed limb weakness progressing over a period of five months to spastic paraplegia with head tremor, stiffness of the neck and nystagmus. On post‐mortem examination there was severe hydrocephalus and granulomatous ependymitis. Cryptococci were found in the lesions and were identified on the basis of morphology and reaction to specific fluorescent antibody. This is believed to be the first case of canine cryptococcosis reported in the United Kingdom.
The effect of some exogenous hormones on seminal characteristics, libido and peripheral plasma testosterone concentrations in the male Beagle
Authors: TAHA M. B. , NOAKES D. E. , ALLEN W. EDWARD
Published: April 2008

The effect of short term treatment with exogenous hormones viz. HCG, testosterone, betamethasone and delmadinone, on semen characteristics, libido and peripheral plasma testosterone concentrations was studied in five mature Beagle dogs. HCG caused a slight increase in the total ejaculatory volume whilst betamethasone depressed the total ejaculatory volume, reduced sperm output and increased the number of abnormal spermatozoa. Delmadinone reduced libido, ejaculatory volume and total sperm output.
Multiple cartilaginous exostoses in a dog
Authors: FINNIE J. W. , SINCLAIR I. R.
Published: April 2008

A case of multiple cartilaginous exostoses (osteochondromatosis) in a 9‐month‐old Kelpie cross dog is described. This uncommon dyschondroplasia, which resembled multiple cartilaginous exostoses in man, involved the radius, the femur, a metacarpal and metatarsal bone, the phalanges of three extremities, the pelvis, the ribs and cervical, thoracic and coccygeal vertebrae.
Detection of pregnancy in the bitch: a study of abdominal palpation, A‐mode ultrasound and Doppler ultrasound techniques
Authors: ALLEN W. EDWARD , MEREDITH M. J.
Published: April 2008

A total of 474 pregnancy tests (of all three types) were carried out on 82 bitches of a variety of breeds. The practical problems and possible sources of error for each test were studied and their accuracy in predicting whether or not the bitches would whelp was ascertained. Palpation of the abdomen, in the period from 26 to 35 days after mating, was found to be 87% accurate in detecting bitches that would whelp and 73% accurate in detecting bitches that would not whelp. The optimum period for using A‐mode ultrasound was found to be from 32 to 62 days after mating. In this period the accuracy of detecting bitiches that would whelp was 90%, and for non‐whelping bitches was 83%. Two Doppler ultrasound instruments were used. For the superior instrument, the accuracy of detecting whelping bitches was 85% and 100%, in the periods from 36 to 42 days and 43 days to term, respectively. For detection of non‐whelping bitches, the accuracy was 100%.
Haematology estimation by means of the ‘Compur’ system compared with methods in standard use
Authors: DOLLIN B. E.
Published: April 2008

Portable instruments for determining red blood cell counts, haemoglobin and packed cell volume are described and compared with laboratory‐based apparatus and methods. Results showed close agreement between haemoglobin and packed cell volume estimations but that a calibration curve was necessary when counting canine red blood cells.
Two cases of multiple myeloma in the dog
Authors: FINNIE J. W. , WILKS C. R.
Published: April 2008

Multiple myeloma (plasma cell myeloma) is an uncommon neoplasm in the dog. Clinical features of an IgG and an IgA‐secreting myeloma are discussed, together with immunological investigations which confirmed the diagnosis of monoclonal gammopathy. Histopathological findings in these 2 cases are described.
Congenital porto‐systemic shunts in sixteen dogs and three cats
Authors: ROTHUIZEN J. , VAN DEN INGH TH. S. G. A. M. , VOORHOUTM G. , VAN DER LUER R. J. T. , WOUDA W.
Published: April 2008

Congenital porto‐systemic shunts in sixteen dogs and three cats are described. A major symptom was hepato‐encephalopathy. In most cases diagnosis was based on elevated venous ammonia levels, abnormal ammonia tolerance and results of operative mesenteric portography. Clinical signs, laboratory findings, results of portography, and pathologic findings in the liver and the central nervous system are described. A diagnostic schedule is proposed to aid in recognition of this syndrome.
Melaena associated with dexamethasone therapy in the dog
Authors: CRAWFORD LESTER M. , WILSON ROBERT C.
Published: April 2008

A retrospective study of seventeen cases of canine melaena incriminated a mean daily dosage of 3.6 mg/kg (range 1.3–13.8 mg/kg) of dexamethasone. All dogs were afflicted with some central nervous system disorder with intervertebral disc disease present in twelve of the cases. Ten of the the seventeen subjects had concurrently received ampicillin therapy. Causation was linked by the previous finding that ACTH and cortisone impede both gastric epithelial renewal and surface mucus formation.
A cardiomyopathy in the English Cocker Spaniel: a clinico‐pathological investigation
Authors: GOODING J. P. , ROBINSON W. F. , WYBURN R. S. , CULLEN L. K.
Published: April 2008

This report describes some of the characteristics of a cardiomyopathy in English Cocker Spaniels. Forty‐nine dogs from a kennel with a history of a cardiomyopathy were assessed clinically, electrocardiographically and radiographically. Angiography, haemodynamic and post‐mortem examinations were carried out on selected dogs. On electrocardiographic (ECG) and radiographic criteria the dogs were classified into five groups. Twenty‐six dogs (Group 1) were normal. Seven dogs (Group 2) showed ECG changes compatible with left or biventricular hypertrophy in the absence of radiographic abnormality. This was interpreted as concentric hypertrophy. Seven dogs (Group 3) showed ECG and radiographic evidence of cardiac hypertrophy with five of the seven exhibiting enlargement of both chambers. The changes were considered to be compatible with eccentric hypertrophy. Post‐mortem findings in dogs with ECG characteristics of Groups 2 and 3 have shown concentric hypertrophy in three cases and eccentric hypertrophy in one case. Six dogs (Group 4) had right axis deviations. Three dogs (Group 5) showed left axis deviations. It is suggested that a cardiomyopathy exists in English Cocker Spaniels initially developing as a concentric hypertrophy and progressing to eccentric hypertrophy. At present the aetiology is unknown.
Oestrus control in bitches with chlormadinone acetate
Authors: SEKELES E. , de LANGE A. , SAMUEL L. , AHARON D. C.
Published: April 2008

A clinical study of oestrus control in bitches with chlormadinone acetate (CMA) is reported. The commercial 1‐0 per cent crystalline suspension of CMA was injected subcutaneously at a dose of 3 mg/kg, or somewhat lower for the largest animals. Treatment was initiated always in anoestrus and was repeated twice annually for as long as requested. The longest, 9‐year, period of anoestrus was achieved by twenty repeated treatments. A total of 2,471 treatments were given to 568 bitches (an average of 4‐4 treatments per bitch) during a period of over 10 years, with an efficacy of 98 per cent. The incidence of false pregnancy, uterine inflammatory disorders and mammary nodules in the treated group were compared to those of an age‐related control group of 487 bitches that did not receive hormonal treatment. A lower incidence of false pregnancy and the two clinical entities was observed in the group of treated animals. It is concluded that CMA can be used safely and reliably for oestrus control in bitches and is therefore, an appropriate alternative for ovariohysterectomy.
Current concepts of fever*
Authors: MICHELL A. R.
Published: April 2008

Fever is a regulated re‐setting of body temperature, rather than a failure of control. Opinion has fluctuated for centuries between regarding it as a favourable response to disease or as an adverse effect. Some of the mechanisms of fever have been defined and thus the mode of action of antipyretic drugs can be explained. It has also become clear that fever has a longer evolutionary history than ‘warm bloodedness’, thus it is hard to imagine the perpetuation of such an ancient and widespread response unless its effects were beneficial. Only recently, however, has the nature of these benefits begun to be established.
Canine ectopic ureter—a review of twenty‐nine cases
Authors: HOLT P. E. , GIBBS C. , PEARSON H.
Published: April 2008

The presenting signs, methods of diagnosis and treatment of 29 dogs with ureteric ectopia are described. The information presented is combined with that from previous reports to provide an analysis of the breed and sex incidences of affected animals and the distributions of side and termination of ectopic ureters.
A.O. hook plate fixation for metaphyseal fractures and corrective wedge osteotomies
Authors: LEGER L. , SUMNER‐SMITH G. , GOFTON N. , PRIEUR W. D.
Published: April 2008

The Prieur technique was employed to hook plates to fractures and corrective osteotomies. The technique permits rigid internal fixation when one component of the bone is particularly small.
Dislocation of the stifle joint in the cat
Authors: PHILLIPS I. R.
Published: April 2008

The clinical and radiographic features of nine cases of stifle dislocation in the cat are described. Four cases were treated with a skin prosthesis and five with a nylon prosthesis. There was an early return to soundness and in only one case was there a recurrence of joint instability.
Recovery of a dog from louping‐ill
Authors: MACKENZIE C. P.
Published: April 2008

The survival of a working gundog, severely affected with louping‐ill, is reported and the clinical and laboratory findings described. Eighteen months after recovery from the acute illness, the dog still had a degree of right radial paralysis and an altered temperament but was able to work.
A preliminary study of pregnancy termination in the bitch with slow‐release formulations of prostaglandin analogues
Authors: JACKSON P. S. , FURR B. J. A. , HUTCHINSON F. G.
Published: April 2008

Forty‐two beagle bitches at gestational ages from 4 to 35 days were treated with various formulations of the prostaglandin analogues fluprostenol and cloprostenol at doses from 10–40 μg/kg in an attempt to terminate pregnancy. Pregnancy was confirmed and the effect of treatment assessed by euthanasia and post‐mortem examination to detect viable foetuses or resorbing implants twenty‐one days after prostaglandin administration.

Five of the bitches treated with an aqueous solution of cloprostenol by subcutaneous injection showed unacceptable side effects but both compounds in a slow release injectable formulation or impregnated into intravaginal devices had a luteolytic effect with only mild side effects in occasional bitches. Successful response to treatment in terms of sustained depression of plasma progesterone concentrations and pregnancy termination was 80 per cent at gestation stages of 25 days or over but only 27 per cent when given earlier in pregnancy. Mature follicles developed in two bitches which aborted following treatment at 14 days and returned to oestrus 10–14 days later.

These preliminary findings show that slow‐release formulations of fluprostenol and cloprostenol can cause complete luteolysis in the bitch.
Hyperviscosity syndrome with IgM monoclonal gammopathy and hepatic plasmacytoid lymphosarcoma in a cat
Authors: WILLIAMS DAVID A. , GOLDSCHMIDT MICHAEL H.
Published: April 2008

A 19‐month‐old cat investigated because of depression, anorexia, polyuria, and polydipsia was found to have hepatomegaly, retinal haemorrhages, and distended tortuous retinal veins. Prolonged bleeding occurred after venipuncture, and serum was hyperviscous due to an immunoglobulin M monoclonal gammopathy. Prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin times were prolonged, thrombin clotting time was only slightly prolonged and the activities of coagulation factors VII, VIII and IX were normal. The cat died suddenly before the origin of the immunoglobulin could be determined. Hepatic plasmacytoid lymphosarcoma was found at post‐mortem examination. The pathophysiology of hyperviscosity syndrome is discussed and the observations in this cat are compared with those reported in the dog.
Periodic hair shedding by a normal bitch
Authors: HALE PATRICIA A.
Published: April 2008

Over several years, the mass of hair shed weekly by a normal Alsatian bitch varied cyclically. Base‐line values were less than 5 grams, while the maximum loss recorded was over 70 grams. Moults (and, by implication, the growth of new hairs which must have preceded them) were related to the bitch's oestrous cycle, always occurring shortly before or coincidentally with the onset of pro‐oestrus, even when megestrol acetate was administered to prevent ovulation or to re‐time the oestrous cycle. Fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones over‐rode any influence upon hair cycles of seasonal changes in photoperiod or temperature.
Gas gangrene in a cat with aortic embolism
Authors: SCHIFFER STEPHEN P. , MILLER LISA M.
Published: April 2008

Gas gangrene developed in the hind‐limbs of a cat with aortic embolism. The condition occurred even with therapy to increase circulation to the rear legs. Within 48 hours of presentation, gas gangrene rapidly affected both limbs. Post‐mortem examination confirmed clostridial myonecrosis, a thromboembolus at the aortic bifurcation and cardiomyopathy.
The radiological features of congenital elbow luxation/subluxation in the dog
Authors: KENE R. O. C. , LEE R. , BENNETT D.
Published: April 2008

A radiological study of congenital elbow luxation/subluxation in dogs revealed three types. The lesion occurred in several breeds of young dog affecting both males and females and could be unilateral or bilateral.
The distribution of filariae, superficial lung lesions and pulmonary arterial lesions following chemotherapy in canine dirofilariasis
Authors: ATWELL R. B. , CARLISLE CAROL H.
Published: April 2008

The distribution of peripheral fibrosis due to chronic dirofilariasis and the distribution of recent peripheral pulmonary lesions associated with dead filariae following adulticidal therapy was assessed to determine if individual lobes were more affected. Lobar preference for the right caudal lobe was apparent for the recent but not the chronic lesions. The distribution of dead filariae within the pulmonary arterial tree significantly favoured the right caudal lobe. Disease due to dirofilariasis was more evident in the arteries supplying the right lobes than the arteries of the left lobes.
Clinical pathology of the ‘Caval Syndrome’ in canine dirofilariasis in Northern Australia
Authors: ATWELL R. B. , FARMER T. S.
Published: April 2008

The findings from 21 cases of ‘Caval Syndrome’ are discussed in relation to clinical findings, laboratory data and the results of jugular venotomy and extraction of filariae from the right atrium and posterior vena cava. The current literature is reviewed in the light of these preliminary findings and the possible pathophysiology of caval syndrome is discussed.
Autoimmune orchitis in two related dogs
Authors: ALLEN W. EDWARD , PATEL J. R.
Published: April 2008

The testes of three dogs which suffered spermatogenic arrest were examined by indirect immunofluorescence tests. Two of these dogs (a father and son) had previously been shown to have focal inflammatory lesions in the testes. Autoantibodies directed against sperm tails were present in the sera of these dogs, but not in the third dog which had a non‐inflammatory testicular degeneration. The findings are compared with those in other animals and man.
Chronic bronchitis, cardiomegaly and medial hypertrophy of small pulmonary arteries in a dog
Authors: TURK J. R. , RANTANEN N. W.
Published: April 2008

A 10‐year‐old male Labrador Retriever had a history of chronic cough which was refractory to antibiotic and steroid therapy. Cytologic and bacteriologic examinations of transtracheal washings were unremarkable. Thickening of the bronchial mucosa was observed by bronchoscopy. Routine thoracic radiographs were interpreted as indicative of thickening of the bronchial walls and mild cardiomegaly. The dog was killed 2 years later at the owner's request. Chronic bronchitis and medial hypertrophy of the small muscular pulmonary arteries were observed on histopathologic examination.
Incidence of post‐anaesthetic arrhythmias in the dog
Authors: BUSS DARYL D. , HESS ROBERT E. , WEBB ALISTAIR I. , SPENCER KAREN R.
Published: April 2008

A total of 50 dogs, judged to be free of cardiovascular disease on the basis of physical and electrocardiographic (ECG) examination, underwent ECG monitoring during recovery from general anaesthesia. Fifteen of these dogs (30 per cent) developed some form of cardiac arrhythmia during the recovery period. The arrhythmias most frequently observed were premature ventricular contractions and atrioventricular conduction defects of varying degrees of severity. The observed arrhythmias had ceased by the end of the observation period and did not require specific therapy. There was no apparent correlation between the duration of anaesthesia, the type of medical or surgical procedure and the development of arrhythmias. However, the dogs developing arrhythmias were older than those that did not. The relatively high frequency of occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias must be considered in the evaluation of ECG data from dogs being monitored during recovery from anaesthesia.
The effect on the contralateral stifle joint of sectioning of the cranial cruciate ligament in the dog
Authors: CAMPBELL J. R. , DUFF S. R. I. , GILBERTSON ELIZABETH M. M.
Published: April 2008

In three adult dogs the cranial cruciate ligament of the right stifle was sectioned. The animals were examined at regular intervals over the following twenty‐nine months and the clinical findings noted. Fluorochrome bone markers were injected at intervals of approximately six months. Following injection of barium sulphate and Berlin blue after euthanasia, the joint tissues of both stifles were examined for evidence of degenerative changes. The right stifles showed typical changes of osteoarthritis, while the left stifles revealed no abnormality.
Do cats really need more protein?
Authors: ROGERS QUINTON R. , MORRIS JAMES G.
Published: April 2008

Reviews of the most recent literature on amino‐acid and nitrogen requirements have shown that the minimal protein requirement (using a protein with a high NPU) of the growing kitten is about 20 per cent of the diet whether the requirement is based on the nitrogen content of the protein or upon its essential amino‐acid content. Although this is higher than that required by the growing dog, rat or man, the difference is not as great (65 per cent higher) as the differential found for adult animals of these same species. That is, the adult cat requires 12–15 per cent dietary protein for maintenance compared with about 4–5 per cent for the adult rat, man and dog.
The taurine requirement of the adult cat
Authors: BURGER I. H. , BARNETT K. C.
Published: April 2008

The taurine requirement of adult cats was investigated using a purified amino‐acid diet containing various levels of added taurine. From the results of two earlier investigations it appeared that the minimum daily taurine requirement was between 35 and 56 mg for an adult cat. The results of the present study show that a taurine intake of about 10 mg/kg bodyweight/day is sufficient to maintain adult cats in adequate taurine status. This value is in agreement with the previous estimate and approximates to a taurine concentration of 500 mg/kg of dry matter in a commercial cat food.
Factors affecting digestibility and in‐vivo energy content of cat foods
Authors: KENDALL PETER T. , SMITH PHILIP M. , HOLME DAVID W.
Published: April 2008

Apparent digestibility and digestible energy (DE) content of 43 canned and 28 packeted samples of commercial cat foods were determined using panels of six adult domestic cats. Metabolizable energy (ME) content was also measured with 22 of the canned and 14 of the packeted foods. Mean apparent crude protein (CP), acid ether extract (AEE) and nitrogen‐free extract (NFE) digestibility percentages of all foods (N = 71) were 78, 77 and 69. Apparent AEE and CP digestibility percentages increased in a curvilinear manner with intake; logarithmic regression curves explained 50 and 24 per cent of the variation in AEE and CP digestibility by intake.

The use of modified Atwater factors over‐estimated ME content of canned and packeted foods by 21 and 27 per cent respectively, compared with in vitro values. Twenty‐one single or mulitple regression equations were generated predicting in‐vivo DE or ME content of foods from laboratory analyses. The use of such equations in the practical definition of energy content of cat foods is discussed.
The diagnosis and treatment of cauda equina lesions in the dog
Authors: DENNY H. R. , GIBBS C. , HOLT P. E.
Published: April 2008

The case details of 46 dogs with cauda equina syndrome are reviewed. The causes were variable and included lumbosacral spondylosis, disc protrusion, discospondylitis, fractures, dislocations and neoplasia. Dogs with discospondylitis generally responded well to prolonged antibiotic therapy but the response to conservative treatment of lumbosacral spondylosis or disc protrusion was transient or incomplete. Ten dogs with cauda equina syndrome were treated surgically; the techniques are described and results presented.
Osteomedullography in estimating the consolidation of long bone fractures in the dog
Authors: ALITALO I. , KONTIO K. , KÄRKKÄINEN M. , PUNTO L.
Published: April 2008

Six canine long bone fractures with delayed or non‐union were investigated using osteomedullography. The contrast medium crossed the fracture (positive osteomedullography) in four cases. All contrast medium remained in the distal fragment (negative osteomedullography) in two cases. The fractures with the negative finding were operated upon using bone grafts. Conservative fracture treatment using transfixation or plaster cast was continued in the positive cases. All the fractures united from 9 to 15 weeks after the examination and treatment. Osteomedullography proved to be a reliable method for identifying which non‐union fractures require further operative treatment for healing.
Essential thrombocythaemia in the dog and cat: a report of four cases
Authors: EVANS R. J. , JONES D. R. E. , JONES T. J. GRUFFYDD
Published: April 2008

The occurrence of essential thrombocythaemia in the dog and cat is recorded. In four cases of anaemia profound elevation of platelet numbers was noted. Bone marrow biopsy revealed megakaryocyte proliferation, with excessive platelet production and abnormal megakaryocyte morphology. This condition should be considered in the differential diagnosis of anaemia.
An outbreak of canine tracheobronchitis (kennel cough) in Zaria
Authors: TEKDEK L. B. , EZEOKOLI C. D.
Published: April 2008

The clinical and epidemiological features of the first recorded outbreak of canine tracheobronchititis (kennel cough) in Zaria are described. During the outbreak which occurred between October and December 1980, 21 per cent of dogs presented to the Small Animal Clinic were diagnosed clinically as suffering from kennel cough, compared with 0.2 per cent in the preceding year. Bordetella bronchiseptica was among the several microorganisms isolated from affected dogs.
Panosteitis in dogs
Authors: STEAD A. C. , STEAD MARGARET C. P. , GALLOWAY FIONA H.
Published: April 2008

The clinical and radiographic signs of panosteitis in seven dogs are described and also the histological and fluorochrome‐labelled appearance of the lesions in one of them. The condition was seen in three immature German Shepherd dogs, three immature mongrels, of which two were littermates, and an adult Doberman Pinscher which presented with lesions of its metacarpus.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the middle ear in a cat
Authors: STONE ELIZABETH A. , GOLDSCHMIDT MICHAEL H. , LITTMAN MERYL P.
Published: April 2008

Squamous cell carcinoma of the middle ear and tympanic bulla was diagnosed in a 13‐year‐old cat. This is the first report of squamous cell carcinoma in this location in a cat.
Toxicity of flufenamic acid in the cat
Authors: CARLISLE CAROL H.
Published: April 2008

Twelve cats were treated with dosages of flufenamic acid varying from 80 to 5 mg/kg daily. Cats on high doses showed clinical signs compatible with phenol toxicity, while those on lower dosages were slightly depressed and inappetant. It was concluded that flufenamic acid should not be used in this species.
Adverse drug reactions in the treatment of filarial parasites: clinical reactions to diethylcarbamazine therapy in dogs infected with Dirofilaria immitis in Australia
Authors: ATWELL R. B. , BOREHAM P. F. L.
Published: April 2008

The clinical signs associated with reactions to diethylcarbamazine therapy in dogs infected with Dirofilaria immitis include depression, vomiting and diarrhoea followed by bradycardia, softened heart sounds, weakened apex beat, low amplitude arterial pulse, pale mucosa, poor mucosal capillary refill and polypnoea. Subsequently the dogs become laterally recumbent and exhibit tachycardia and dyspnoea, with associated hepatomegaly and abdominal wall contractures. These signs are described in a group of eight reactive dogs and the possible pathophysiology, which is consistent with cardiac depression and hypovolaemic shock, is discussed.
Recording and manipulating clinical data
Authors: THRUSFIELD M. V.
Published: April 2008

Clinical records are required to manage individual patients and are of collective value to epidemiological investigations. Data recording systems vary in design and complexity and these features affect the power of the system to manipulate record components. A system must be tailored to individual requirements; this necessitates a knowledge of data collection principles and currently available techniques.
The use of antibiotics in reptiles: a review
Authors: LAWRENCE K.
Published: April 2008

The rationale of antibiotic therapy in reptiles, the significance of reptilian bacterial isolates and their antibiotic sensitivity are discussed. Individual antibiotic studies in snakes and terrapins are reviewed and the extrapolation of dose rates from endotherms (mammals) to ectotherms (reptiles) is shown to be unreliable.