bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“What I Cannot Build I Cannot Understand”: Transgressive Discourses in Life Sciences and Synthetic Biology
Authors: von Stuckrad Kocku
Published: January 2013

Abstract

The article scrutinizes the genealogy of transgressive discourses in the fields of the natural sciences, metaphysics, and religion. Throughout Western cultural history, and still today, we find influential examples that transgress the borders between empirical method and metaphysical knowledge claims. These borders are shifting constantly and thus it seems more fruitful to address their negotiation as an ongoing discourse in Western culture, rather than trying to fix the distinction between knowledge of nature and knowledge of the divine, linking these fixed borders to the systems of religion and philosophy on the one hand, and to the natural sciences on the other. The article analyzes the discursive entanglements of scientific and religious systems of knowledge about nature and the divine. Within a theoretical framework of historical discourse analysis, the “scientification” of religion since the eighteenth century is discussed, followed by a case study that addresses contemporary life sciences and synthetic biology.
Adolescents Care but Don’t Feel Responsible for Farm Animal Welfare
Authors: Jamieson Jen , Reiss Michael J. , Allen David , Asher Lucy , Parker Matthew O. , Wathes Christopher M. , Abeyesinghe Siobhan M.
Published: January 2013

Adolescents are the next generation of consumers with the potential to raise standards of farm animal welfare—to their satisfaction—if their preferences and concerns are translated into accurate market drivers and signals. There are no published data about adolescent views of farm animal welfare to allow meaningful design, implementation, and evaluation of educational strategies to improve consideration of—and behavior toward—farm animals. Knowledge of farm animal welfare, as well as beliefs and attitudes about farm animal welfare and behavioral intention relevant to it were determined in a sample of uk adolescents, using a survey incorporating an extended version of the theory of planned behavior and novel assessment tools. Our results indicate that adolescents have only a limited knowledge of welfare problems for farm animals and welfare-relevant product labels. Intentions to identify welfare standards for the animals from whom their food was derived were weak. Although they cared about farm animal welfare and agreed with fundamental principles—for example, the provision of space and the absence of pain and suffering—like adults they held limited belief in the power and responsibility that they possess through their choices as consumers; responsibility was often shifted to others, such as the government and farmers.
Within and Without: Chinese Writers Overseas
Authors: Wang Gungwu
Published: January 2013

Thousands of Chinese outside China have been writing in Chinese and other languages since the past century. Some wrote merely to record their personal experiences. Others wrote to express their thoughts and feelings. We are beginning to have some idea of the aspirations and limitations of these writers and their struggles to define their place in their respective communities and countries, and in the larger world of literature. Each writer is a Self with regard to his or her immediate migrant community. As a member of the community, the writer is likely to have a different Self in relation to other ethnic groups in the adopted country, especially toward the dominant majority that has the political power to define national identity for all minorities. An additional Other would be the images of China. Also, some submit themselves to the test of globalization. Their condition can be better understood through the old Chinese dichotomy of nei and wai, with many dimensions of what is within and what is without. This dichotomy of within-without allows us to recognize the dilemmas of overseas Chinese writers as subjective and dynamic phenomena.
Media and the Chinese Diaspora: Community, Consumption, and Transnational Imagination
Authors: Sun Wanning
Published: January 2013

This article is concerned with the formation of a global diasporic Chinese mediasphere. In the first part, I will delineate the imbricative relationships between community, commerce, and cultural consumption of the Chinese media — what I perceive to be the three conceptual nodes constituting the analytical framework within which meanings of “Chineseness” are constructed and contested. In the second part, I will further argue that a global diasporic Chinese imagination is inherently transnational, and central to the formation of such transnational imaginary is what I refer to as the “transnational mediasphere” which, as I will demonstrate, is a global phenomenon nevertheless inflected with local concerns. I will end with some thoughts on how best to approach this extremely complex and ever-changing phenomenon, tentatively suggesting some points of entry into a place- and context-specific understanding of the production and consumption of the Chinese-language media and the crucial role it plays in the formation of a Chinese transnational imagination.
From “Voluntary” to “Truly Voluntary” Associations: The Structure of the Chinese Community in French Polynesia, 1865–2005
Authors: Trémon Anne-Christine
Published: January 2013

This article presents a historical overview of the Chinese community in French Polynesia, from its initial structuring into associations at the end of the 19th century until the restructuring that occurred at the end of the 20th century. The use of a combination of models brings into relief the correlation between class differentiation and the relative importance of sharing the same surname and ties of affinity. The analysis highlights the link between the community's internal structure and the mode of organization of Chinese associations in the guise of real estate holdings. Until recently, leadership was entrusted to a limited number of wealthy merchants and their families who were shareholders in these holdings. The termination of this system in the 1990s was linked to the change in the mode of membership to the associations and to the wider Chinese community. The shift from compulsory membership to voluntary membership is evident with the emergence of new types of associations aimed at preserving Chinese cultural identity in French Polynesia, but it is also true in the case of clan associations. The way in which modes of affiliation to the associations changed over time reveals a correlative change in the way Chinese identity is expressed today.
The Identity Formation of American-Born Chinese in the 1930s: A Review of Lei Jieqiong's (Kit King Louis) Master's Thesis
Authors: Liu Haiming
Published: January 2013

Through a careful analysis of Lei Jieqiong's master's these of 1931, this article looks at how American-born Chinese learned to understand racial inequality in American society, transcended their American mindset, and developed a new identity. For many American-born Chinese, self-loathing was an early stage of their identity formation as they felt ashamed of being Chinese. They acquired the cultural values of white Americans, replicated their social manners and behavior pattern, and believed that only assimilation could make them accepted by American society. But being culturally American did not make them an equal American in a racially stratified society. An even more painful reality for them was the routine rejection they faced in the American job market. A college education did not help them get a professional job. Thus returning to China became a realistic choice to make. More than finding better opportunities, returning to China was an experience in which American-born Chinese invigorated their connection to ethnic roots and built a new identity. Their experience may serve as a mirror to the contemporary Chinese American youth and help the latter understand that being culturally American is different from being ethnically American.
Conceptualizing Chinese Migration and Chinese Overseas: The Contribution of Wang Gungwu
Authors: Huang Jianli
Published: January 2013

The movement of people leaving and returning to China from the second half of the19th century to the present is of such a phenomenal magnitude and complexity that Wang Gungwu has devoted a lifetime of his scholarship to tracking and explaining the various cycles of Chinese migration and settlement. Through this effort, he has not only contributed to China studies in general but has also pioneered and become the doyen of a new sub-field in the study of Chinese communities located outside of China and scattered all over the world. This has been a long and rewarding engagement for him, but not one without its moments of difficulties, especially at the conceptual level. Centering on Wang’s pool of scholarly writings and reminiscences, this article discusses his vigorous examination of the accuracy and appropriateness of various terms of analysis, such as “Nanyang Chinese,” “Overseas Chinese,” “Huaqiao,” “Greater China,” “Chinese Diaspora,” and “Chinese Overseas.” This discussion on terminology will also be used to reflect on Wang’s position on larger issues such as the danger of emotive responses to inappropriate labelling, the role of scholars in facilitating a better understanding of the contemporary world, as well as the relationship between scholarship and politics.
Networks and Emplacement: Jinmen Migrants in Singapore, 1850s-1942
Authors: Chi Chang-hui
Published: January 2013

This article focuses on the Chinese emigrating from Jinmen, Fujian Province, between the 1850s and 1942. It examines how Chinese migrants in colonial Singapore responded to their displacement in the various spatial and temporal stands with special reference to migrants from the Jinmen Islands in close proximity to Xiamen, Fujian. Jinmen men jumped on the bandwagon to migrate to colonial Singapore and found themselves uprooted in a situation of neither here nor there. This piece of research illustrates the role of social organizations in which workers and traders were involved and the significance of these organizations and their activities in influencing the way Jinmen migrants sought to create a sense of belonging in placing themselves across borders. In the process it was the class differentiation within the Jinmen diaspora that led to the various agenda and ways of living in their negotiation of a sense of belonging.
Chinese Overseas: The Particular and the General
Authors: Coppel Charles A.
Published: January 2013

Abstract

The study of Chinese overseas is part of the study of humanity. To make it manageable, we have to reduce its scope. To make it meaningful, we have to use generalizations or abstract terms which encapsulate generalizations. Like human beings as a whole, the Chinese overseas are very heterogeneous, but we believe that somehow they are a meaningful subject of scholarly study. The paper explores some of the dilemmas of the general and the particular in the history of theperanakanChinese of Java, themselves a far from homogeneous group.
The Change of Social Spaces within Chinese Settlements in Singapore under National Policies
Authors: Yeh Yun-Tsui
Published: January 2013

Abstract

This study looks at the process of change in social spaces in Chinese settlements in Singapore and seeks to understand the circumstances in which Singaporean national policies were carried out. The spatial construction of society is used as the basis for this research into the spatial politics of public housing in Singapore. The findings show that the government exercised the politics of spatial scale in resettlement schemes and housing programs to forge a new Singaporean community. The government saw a “mixed” social space of different social-economic groups and races as the local cradle of national consciousness. Unlike earlier research this study finds that the government intentionally broke up the enclaves as local units, along with the living mode of extended families and big families.
“We Are Not a Docile People”: Chinese Resistance and Exclusion in the Re-Imagining of Whiteness in South Africa, 1903–1910
Authors: Huynh Tu T.
Published: January 2013

Abstract

This article offers a corrective to the way in which the history of reconstruction and the construction of whiteness in the early decade of the 1900s in South Africa has been understood. In the aftermath of the Anglo-Boer War in 1902, South Africa on the whole and, in particular, the Transvaal Colony not only experienced economic instability, but also a crisis in the black-white racial hierarchy. This article shows that even though the presence of indentured laborers from North China was a threat to the livelihood of English workingmen and Afrikaner farmers, their presence helped to strengthen a racial division of labor and regime that privileged white men. The restrictions attached to the recruitment of indentured Chinese labor to work in the gold mining industry in the Transvaal clearly defined who would be regarded as the cheap and unskilled laborers. Additionally, the means of control resorted to by the industry and colonial government in response to their disturbances and riots, desertions, breaking into white peoples’ homes, and murdering of Afrikaner farmers treated non-white peoples as pariah, subject to control and exclusion. The sense of control and authority resorted to by the Dutch- and English-speaking peoples against this backdrop engendered a kind of racial coalescence among Afrikaners and English as whites.
Luo Di Sheng Gen (落地生根): Early Taiwanese-Chinese Immigrants in Canada and Guam
Authors: Chiang Lan-Hung Nora
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Recent literature on new Taiwanese-Chinese immigrants to Western countries has focussed on those who have arrived since the late 1980s — but may not be staying permanently in their host countries — and have adopted a transnational residence pattern which requires them to engage in two or more social fields. Using autobiographical interviews, the author reconstructs the lives of early Taiwanese-Chinese immigrants in three different cities in Canada, and in Guam, an Unincorporated Territory of the US located in the insular western Pacific region. The three major research themes in this study pertain to reasons for and processes of migration, lived experiences, and self-identity. For this study, 46 Taiwanese-Chinese immigrants (24 in Canada and 22 in Guam) were selected from the available samples in the two respective regions where the author conducted extensive fieldwork in 2008-2011. Arriving mainly in the 1960s and 1970s, the early Taiwanese-Chinese immigrants to Canada and Guam survived various hardships, worked or established businesses from which they earned a steady income. Diligence, ingenuity and perseverance, as well as skills in entrepreneurship and social capital brought from Taiwan, served them well in their achievements in their new home countries in Canada and Guam. As young, well-educated university graduates or professionals at the time of immigration, sometimes re-migrating from another country, they developed significant language competency, social skills, and local knowledge in Canada and Guam. Having a strong sense of belonging, and identifying with the countries they have moved to, most of the Taiwanese-Chinese of Canada and Guam who took part in this study have become “permanent settlers” and some have even retired and remained in their host regions enjoying the multi-cultural environment. The current inquiry provides a timely case study of the meaningful diversity that is present among Taiwanese-Chinese permanent settlers, who are different from the transnational or circular migrants commonly found in the last three decades.
Taxonomy and natural history of 18 Ropalidia species (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) of Madagascar
Authors: Blommers Leo H.M.
Published: January 2013

Eighteen species of Ropalidia Guérin-Méneville, 1831 of Madagascar are treated, viz. those of which females and males were found together on one or more nests in the 1970s. The main purpose is to define the species by male and female characters since the latter alone are insufficient to distinguish closely related species. Ten new species are described: R. cocoscola, R. cauponae, R. merina, R. mysterica, R. favulorum, R. kojimai, R. rosae, R. cincinnata, R. perplexa and R. linearecta. R. flavoviridis Kojima, 1998 is a valid species, not a synonym of R. dubia (de Saussure, 1853). Seven species are redescribed with emphasis on male characters: R. shestakowi (von Schulthess, 1931), R. grandidieri (de Saussure, 1890), R. variabilis (de Saussure, 1890), R. phalansterica (de Saussure, 1853), R. carinata (de Saussure, 1890), R. dubia (de Saussure, 1853) and R. fraterna (de Saussure, 1900). Field notes on shape and location of nests are summarized and numbers of foundresses and subdominant females, as far as determined by dissection, reported. Various eulophid and tachinid parasitoids emerged from the nests; an attack by the ichneumonid Hemipimpla pulchripennis (de Saussure, 1890) is described.
Matrona annina sp. n. from southern China (Odonata, Calopterygidae)
Authors: Zhang Haomiao , Hämäläinen Matti
Published: January 2013

Matrona annina sp. n. from Guangdong and Guangxi (China) is described and illustrated for both sexes. The new species differs from its sympatric congener M. basilaris Selys, 1853 by its brown wings, reduced bluish-white reticulation at wing base and in details of the structure of the superior anal appendages. An NJ-tree derived from the ITS region (ITS1, 5.8S gene, and ITS2) of M. annina and M. basilaris specimens, collected from the same stream, is presented. A mean of 3.4% difference in the ITS sequences was found between the two species.
Thailand and Precarious Work
Authors: Hewison Kevin , Tularak Woradul
Published: January 2013

Precarious work, characterized by the uncertainty and unpredictability of employment, is well established in Thailand. This article examines the expansion of new forms of precarious work in Thailand with particular attention to the post–Asian economic crisis period. This is done through an examination of the currently available data. The post-1997 period has seen economic liberalization deepen, and this has delivered policies and practices that have weakened unions, kept wages low, and expanded the use of contract and agency-supplied labor. At the same time, there have been gains for in terms of state-based social protection. In two case studies, the article demonstrates that for workers in the manufacturing sector, there has been an increase in labor subcontracting or outsourcing and other forms of less secure work as employers seek to reduce costs and limit collective organization by workers.
Improved Timing of Availability and Administration of Influenza Vaccine Through the US Vaccines for Children Program From 2007 to 2011
Authors: Ambrose Christopher S. , Toback Seth L.
Published: January 2013

The Vaccines for Children (VFC) program distributes one half of all vaccines administered to US children. Compared with commercial vaccine distribution, VFC distribution is more complex. This prospective observational study compares the delivery and administration of VFC versus non-VFC influenza vaccine in US pediatricians’ offices across 3 influenza seasons and its apparent impact on 2-dose compliance rates. Because of earlier shipping (mean = 29-42 days) of non-VFC vaccines, administration of VFC vaccines was delayed relative to non-VFC vaccines by approximately 1 month in 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 and 2 weeks in 2010-2011. Two-dose compliance rates for the VFC and non-VFC populations were 38.5% and 47.5% ( P < .001) in 2007-2008, 45.9% and 55.1% ( P < .001) in 2008-2009, and 50.0% and 52.9% ( P < .001) in 2010-2011, respectively. Despite delays, earlier VFC shipment in 2010-2011 enabled greater equity in 2-dose compliance.
Influence of nitric acid treatment time on the mechanical and surface properties of high-strength carbon fibers
Authors: Langston Tye A , Granata Richard D
Published: January 2013

High-strength carbon fibers were treated with nitric acid and periodically analyzed by several different methods to develop an understanding of overall property changes and how they relate to composite design. Fiber diameter, tensile strength, surface morphology, surface chemistry and surface energy were all evaluated as a function of treatment time and two distinct stages of change were identified; the first characterized by surface modification and the second by carbon material loss. Initially, the tensile strength, degree of surface oxidation and surface energy all increased. The surface oxidation consisted primarily of carbonyl and carboxylic acid types. Then in the second stage, both the tensile strength and surface oxidation reached stable levels and the fiber diameter began to rapidly decrease. The surface morphology and energy were the only properties that showed no obvious changes from one stage to the next. The surfaces were found to be smooth through all treatment times and the energy increased steadily throughout. It is believed that the variation of all of these properties is related to the fiber microstructure and how it varies through the cross-section of high-strength fibers. Specifically, high-strength carbon fibers are known to have better microstructural organization and alignment in the near-surface layer than within the interior.
Effects of vacuum infusion processing parameters on the impact behavior of carbon fiber reinforced cyclic butylene terephthalate composites
Authors: Agirregomezkorta A , Sánchez-Soto M , Aretxaga G , Sarrionandia M , Aurrekoetxea J
Published: January 2013

Carbon fiber reinforced cyclic butylene terephthalate composites have been processed by vacuum infusion under two different non-isothermal processing routes starting from a one-component cyclic butylene terephthalate resin system. One of them was processed under a short cycle with fast cooling, and another one was processed under a long cycle with slow cooling. Both the micro-structure and low-energy impact properties of the composites have been investigated. On one hand, the fast cooling generates randomly dispersed voids and porosities in the resin-rich regions during the crystallization-induced shrinkage. On the other hand, the slow cooling generates a highly crystalline and brittle matrix without porosity. However, many micro-cracks appear in the resin-rich regions due to the combination of the brittleness and longitudinal shrinkage of the matrix. The critical delamination energy of the slow cooled composite is slightly higher than that of the fast cooled one, whereas this latter absorbs over 25% more energy before being penetrated, as well as performing in a less brittle way. The lower interlaminar shear strength of the fast cooled composite is suggested to be the origin of its higher energy absorbing capability and less brittle behavior.
Bifunctionalization of cotton textiles by ZnO nanostructures: antimicrobial activity and ultraviolet protection
Authors: Shateri-Khalilabad Mohammad , Yazdanshenas Mohammad E
Published: January 2013

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures were in situ synthesized on the surface of cotton fabric via a simple wet chemical route for providing antimicrobial activity and ultraviolet (UV) protection. Surface morphology and surface chemistry were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against Gram-negative Klebsiella pneumonia and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. UV-blocking ability was investigated by measuring the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) value in the range of 280–400 nm according to AATCC Test Method 183-2004. SEM images revealed that significant amounts of hierarchical ZnO nanostructures were homogenously formed on the fibers’ surface; most of them are bundle/flower-like particles having different sizes. Antibacterial tests showed that the ZnO-coated fabric possesses good bacteriostatic activity against two representative bacteria, demonstrated by the zone of inhibition. However, there was no reduction in the number of bacteria, proving the lack of bactericidal activity. The UPF value of the ZnO-coated fabric was increased to 105.61, which demonstrate its excellent ability to block the UV radiation. The washing durability was also confirmed by performing repeated home laundering.
The use of a polytrimethylene terephthalate/polyester bi-component filament for the development of seamless garments
Authors: Zhao Li , Hu Hong , Shen Jianming , Rong Hairu
Published: January 2013

Seamless garments are popular knitted products nowadays. They are widely used as power stretchable underwear, outerwear and sportswear for which the use of high elastic yarns is indispensable . For seamless garments knitted with circular seamless machines, polyurethane (PU)/polyamide (PA) core-spun yarn is commonly used as the base yarn in a plating fabric to enhance the elasticity of the garment. However, the use of PU/PA core-spun yarn has encountered some problems, such as the difficulty in size control and the ageing of PU elastic yarn. In this study, the polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT)/polyester (PET) bi-component filament was used to replace the PU/PA core-spun yarn for the development of seamless garments due to its excellent extensibility and elastic recovery property. The manufacturing processes, including knitting, pre-treatment, dyeing and finishing, were developed, and the end-use performance of the fabrics, which were respectively produced with the PTT/PET bi-component filament and PU/PA core-spun yarn as the base yarn and PA fiber as the face yarn for seamless garments, was compared based on the five different mechanical and physical properties. The results show that the fabric made of the PTT/PET bi-component filament has much better dimensional stability, much better elastic recovery property and much better wrinkle resistance than those of the fabric made of PU/PA core-spun yarn. It is expected that this study could help us to further exploit the use of the PTT/PET bi-component filament in the development of seamless garments in the future.
Business Improvement Associations and Public Area Video Surveillance in Canadian Cities
Authors: Walby Kevin , Hier Sean
Published: January 2013

This article examines how business improvement associations (BIAs) become involved in implementing public video surveillance systems in Canadian cities. The approach of BIAs to urban security is more complex than the literature on neo-liberalisation of public space suggests and it is shown how BIAs adopt lead, junior or reluctant partnership roles in implementing and writing policy for public video surveillance. Interview data from four Canadian cities are used to demonstrate how BIAs take on different positions in video surveillance policy-making and implementation. The article explores how local and regional policy contexts shape a BIA’s ability to pursue revitalisation projects and illustrates the way that provincial privacy guidelines function as a key policy instrument in the Canadian context. The article concludes by assessing what these findings add to literature on the neo-liberalisation of public space and urban studies.
Comparison of chemical similarity measures using different numbers of query structures
Authors: Arif Shereena M. , Holliday John D. , Willett Peter
Published: January 2013

Many different similarity measures have been described for searching chemical databases. Drawing on previous work in textual information retrieval, this paper investigates the numbers of queries that are required to make robust statements as to the relative retrieval effectiveness of different similarity measures. Experiments with the MDL Drug Data Report database suggest that much larger numbers of queries are ideally required for this purpose than has been the case in previous comparative studies in chemoinformatics.
Physical Activity of Young Overweight and Obese Children
Authors: Small Leigh , Bonds-McClain Darya , Gannon Alex M.
Published: January 2013

The purpose of this study was to compare objectively measured physical activity (PA) and parent-reported assessments of the children’s PA in an overweight/obese child sample. A total of 67 child–parent dyads were recruited for study participation. Child anthropometric measures and parent-reported questionnaires were completed, and then PA was measured by accelerometers for 48 consecutive hours. These children demonstrated moderate-to-vigorous PA for 17.32 min per day on average. The children spent 86.7% of their time in sedentary activities. Parents’ reports of hyperactivity were significantly related to the objectively measured PA; however, the parents significantly overestimated the average amount of time children spent in each activity level. These findings suggest that although parents may be able to generally characterize their child’s PA, they may not be able to accurately report specific information and thus may struggle to identify clear activity goals for their child and/or be unable to assess intervention effects.
Use of Specific Neuromodulators in the Treatment of Chronic, Idiopathic Cough
Authors: Cohen Seth M. , Misono Stephanie
Published: January 2013

Objective

The goal of this systematic review was to examine the evidence for the use of the neuromodulating agents, amitriptyline, gabapentin, pregabalin, and baclofen, in the management of chronic, idiopathic cough patients.

Data Sources

Online databases, including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Review, and Web of Science, and publications cited in bibliographies were used.

Review Methods

Literature was searched by the 2 authors with a priori criteria for study selection.

Results

Eight relevant articles were identified, including 2 randomized controlled trials, 2 prospective cohort or case‐series designs with consecutive patients, 1 retrospective case series of consecutive patients, 1 retrospective case series whose consecutive status was not known, and 2 case reports of 6 and 2 patients, respectively. Improvements in cough‐specific quality of life were noted in the randomized controlled trials. Cough severity was reduced in studies that measured this outcome measure. In the remaining studies, cough symptoms were less after neuromodulator treatment.

Conclusion

Benefit from neuromodulator treatment with amitriptyline, gabapentin, pregabalin, and baclofen in chronic, idiopathic cough patients was demonstrated. Further investigations using objective and subjective outcome measures are needed as well as studies exploring optimal dose, length of treatment, and relapse rates posttreatment.
Human Papilloma Virus Prevalence in a Multiethnic Screening Population
Authors: Chen Kang Mei , Stephen Josena K. , Ghanem Tamer , Stachler Robert , Gardner Glendon , Jones Lamont , Schweitzer Vanessa P. , Hall Francis , Divine George , Worsham Maria J.
Published: January 2013

Objective

The goal was to determine the prevalence of high‐risk HPV16 using saliva in a screening population in Detroit, Michigan.

Materials and Methods

Real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was applied to detect HPV16 in saliva DNA from 349 screening subjects without head and neck cancer (HNC), 156 with HNC, and 19 controls. Cut points for human papilloma virus (HPV) positivity were >0 and >0.001 copy/cell. Proportions were compared between groups using exact χ2 or Fisher exact tests (P <. 05).

Results

At a cut point >0, each group had an overall HPV prevalence of more than 5%, with a higher prevalence of 30.8% in the HNC patient group. At a cut point >0.001, the prevalence was lower: 0% in the control, 1.2% in the screening, and 16.7% in the HNC group. In the latter, for both cut points, HPV prevalence was different across sites (<0.001) and significantly higher in the oropharynx than larynx or site as other after Hochberg’s adjustment. At >0, women in the screening group had a higher prevalence of HPV than did men (P =. 010), and at >0.001, the prevalence was higher for men in the HNC group than for women (P =. 035). In the screening group, at >0, only African Americans had a higher prevalence than Caucasian Americans (P =. 025).

Conclusions

In the screening group, a 6.9% and 1.2% screening rate was noted at cut points >0 and >0.001, respectively. The results provide data to inform public health considerations of the feasibility of saliva as a screening tool in at‐risk populations with the long‐term goal of prophylactic vaccination against oral HPV.
The role of Facebook in romantic relationship development
Authors: Fox Jesse , Warber Katie M. , Makstaller Dana C.
Published: January 2013

This study examines the implications of social networking web sites (SNSs) within romantic relationships. Specifically, Knapp’s (1978) stage model of relationships is examined through a new lens wherein the role of SNSs, specifically Facebook, is explored in the escalation stages of romantic relationships (i.e., initiating, experimenting, intensifying, integrating, and bonding). Furthermore, this study sought to discern the interpersonal and social implications of publicly declaring oneself as “In a Relationship” with another person on Facebook (i.e., going “Facebook official” or “FBO”). Ten mixed-sex focus groups were conducted. Analysis revealed that Facebook is one of the primary means of uncertainty reduction in the initial stages of relationship formation. College students consider FBO to be indicative of an increased level of commitment in relationships. Typically, relationship exclusivity precedes a discussion on becoming FBO, which occurs when the relationship is considered stable. Going FBO has implications for the public proclamation of one’s relationship status as described in Knapp’s model, and these results differ for men and women. Theoretical implications for the role of SNSs in romantic relationships are discussed.
The Invention of a Hero: Lajos Kossuth in England (1851)
Authors: Lada Zsuzsanna
Published: January 2013

The creation, propagation and mythologization of heroes, or rather, the images of heroes, have recently attracted a good deal of attention from historians. This article aims to contribute to this discussion through a study of the cult of the Hungarian independence leader Lajos Kossuth and his reception in Britain in 1851. Why was a Hungarian national hero so widely celebrated in far away England and how was Kossuth’s heroic image created? While historical research has not completely overlooked the subject, little attention has been paid to Kossuth’s own part and perhaps even more importantly, that of his representative in England prior to his arrival, Ferenc Pulszky, in these events. As this article will argue, Kossuth’s image was in fact purposefully manufactured by these two men and others. The role of Pulszky, Kossuth’s back‐stage manager cannot be overstressed; without him Kossuth might have remained an obscure Central European revolutionary leader. During the two years prior to the Magyar leader’s arrival, the ground was being carefully prepared for him, so that when Kossuth arrived, all he was required to do was employ his uniquely powerful oratory and continue to equate the Hungarian movement with certain universal values, a process that had already been set in motion by Pulszky. But specific Englishmen were also instrumental in the creation of Kossuth’s hero cult. A small group of liberal intellectuals and middle‐class radicals, including Lord Dudley Stuart and Richard Cobden amongst others, eagerly engaged in first helping Pulszky popularize the Hungarian question and then coaching Kossuth by giving advice on maintaining his heroic appeal. Thus it was a multi‐sided affair – the joint Hungarian duo of Pulszky and Kossuth and their English ‘sympathizers’ were all creators of Kossuth’s hero cult in England. But we must not forget that the adulation of Kossuth in 1851 was also down to more abstract notions: the receptiveness of contemporary English minds to the celebration of heroes and the importance attached to English national identity, with which the Kossuth cult was deeply intertwined in the eyes of all those Englishmen that celebrated him.
Estimating the Relative Utility of Screening Mammography
Authors: Abbey Craig K. , Eckstein Miguel P. , Boone John M.
Published: January 2013

Background. The concept of diagnostic utility is a fundamental component of signal detection theory, going back to some of its earliest works. Attaching utility values to the various possible outcomes of a diagnostic test should, in principle, lead to meaningful approaches to evaluating and comparing such systems. However, in many areas of medical imaging, utility is not used because it is presumed to be unknown. Methods. In this work, we estimate relative utility (the utility benefit of a detection relative to that of a correct rejection) for screening mammography using its known relation to the slope of a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve at the optimal operating point. The approach assumes that the clinical operating point is optimal for the goal of maximizing expected utility and therefore the slope at this point implies a value of relative utility for the diagnostic task, for known disease prevalence. We examine utility estimation in the context of screening mammography using the Digital Mammographic Imaging Screening Trials (DMIST) data. Results. We show how various conditions can influence the estimated relative utility, including characteristics of the rating scale, verification time, probability model, and scope of the ROC curve fit. Relative utility estimates range from 66 to 227. Conclusions. We argue for one particular set of conditions that results in a relative utility estimate of 162 (±14%). This is broadly consistent with values in screening mammography determined previously by other means. At the disease prevalence found in the DMIST study (0.59% at 365-day verification), optimal ROC slopes are near unity, suggesting that utility-based assessments of screening mammography will be similar to those found using Youden’s index.
The Effect of Sliding Knots on the Suture-Tendon Interface Strength
Authors: Savage Albert J. , Spruiell Murray D. , Schwertz Joseph M. , McGwin Gerald , Eberhardt Alan , Ponce Brent A.
Published: January 2013

Background:

The tissue-suture interface remains the most common site of failure in rotator cuff repairs. It is currently unknown if arthroscopic sliding knots injure the tissue and weaken the suture-tendon interface.

Purpose:

To evaluate the effect sliding knots have on the strength of the suture-tendon interface.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

A total of 32 sheep infraspinatus tendons were randomized among 4 groups of stitches (n = 8): simple-static, simple-sliding, mattress-static, and mattress-sliding. All high-strength, No. 2 suture stitch-knot combinations were created in an arthroscopic simulated environment, and sliding knots were tied with shortening of the suture and sliding of the knot down to the tissue interface to simulate surgical technique. Each graft was cyclically loaded on a mechanical testing system from 5 to 20 N for 20 cycles and then loaded to failure. A least squares analysis of variance model was used to test significance of sliding stitches upon cyclic elongation, peak-to-peak displacement, and ultimate load. Estimated means and standard deviations are reported from the regression model.

Results:

A mattress-static stitch (116 N) was significantly stronger than a mattress-sliding stitch (70 N; P < .001). The ultimate loads for the simple-static (46 N) and sliding (50 N) stitches were not statistically different. For cyclic elongation, the only difference was the mattress-sliding stitch (0.95 mm) having a greater elongation than the simple-static (0.61 mm; P = .01) and simple-sliding (0.68 mm; P = .04) stitches. Both mattress stitches had significantly less peak-to-peak displacement (0.39 and 0.41 mm) than the simple stitches (0.47 and 0.46 mm; P < .001).

Conclusion:

Sliding suture through tissue weakens the suture-tendon interface in mattress stitch constructs but not in simple stitch constructs. Mattress stitches have superior holding strength compared with simple stitches.

Clinical Relevance:

Clinical relevance is uncertain. In situations with poor tissue quality or concern regarding tension across the repair, consideration should be given to using static knots as opposed to sliding knots when placing mattress stitches.
Social Reactions to Disclosure of Sexual Victimization and Adjustment Among Survivors of Sexual Assault
Authors: Orchowski Lindsay M. , Untied Amy S. , Gidycz Christine A.
Published: January 2013

How a support provider responds to disclosure of sexual victimization has important implications for the process of recovery. The present study examines the associations between various positive and negative social reactions to sexual assault disclosure and psychological distress, coping behavior, social support, and self-esteem in a sample of college women ( N = 374). Social reactions to assault disclosure that attempted to control the survivor’s decisions were associated with increased symptoms of posttraumatic stress, depression, and anxiety and lower perceptions of reassurance of worth from others. Blaming social reactions were associated with less self-esteem and engagement in coping via problem solving. Social reactions that provided emotional support to the survivor were associated with increased coping by seeking emotional support. Contrary to expectations, social reactions that treated the survivor differently were associated with higher self-esteem. Implications are discussed.
Entrepreneurial Universities
Authors: Urbano David , Guerrero Maribel
Published: January 2013

In the knowledge economy, academic entrepreneurship occurs at the boundaries of different scientific and professional backgrounds, creating a need for support mechanisms to transcend those limits. The entrepreneurial university is seen as an important catalyst for regional economic and social development, particularly because it generates and exploits knowledge as entrepreneurial opportunities. However, evidence about this phenomenon is fragmented and disorganized. By adopting institutional economics, resource-based view, and endogenous growth approaches, this study provides a better understanding of the socioeconomic impacts of the entrepreneurial university. Using the case study methodology, the study presents the experience of entrepreneurial universities in a European Region (Catalonia, Spain). It describes some practical implications that could stimulate the entrepreneurial activity of universities and thus foster their contribution to the development of the modern knowledge economy.
Material model uncertainty quantification using evidence theory
Authors: Salehghaffari S , Rais-Rohani M
Published: January 2013

Uncertainties in material models and their influence on structural behavior and reliability are important considerations in analysis and design of structures. In this article, a methodology based on the evidence theory is presented for uncertainty quantification of constitutive models. The proposed methodology is applied to Johnson–Cook plasticity model while considering various sources of uncertainty emanating from experimental stress–strain data as well as method of fitting the model constants and representation of the nondimensional temperature. All uncertain parameters are represented in interval form. Rules for agreement, conflict, and ignorance relationships in the data are discussed and subsequently used to construct a belief structure for each uncertain material parameter. The material model uncertainties are propagated through nonlinear crush simulation of an aluminium alloy 6061-T6 circular tube under axial impact load. Surrogate modeling and global optimization techniques are used for efficient calculation of the propagated belief structure of the tube response, whereas Yager’s aggregation rule of evidence is used for multi-model consideration. Evidence-based uncertainty in the structural response is measured and presented in terms of belief, plausibility, and plausibility-decision values.
Implicit Race Bias Decreases the Similarity of Neural Representations of Black and White Faces
Authors: Brosch Tobias , Bar-David Eyal , Phelps Elizabeth A.
Published: January 2013

Implicit race bias has been shown to affect decisions and behaviors. It may also change perceptual experience by increasing perceived differences between social groups. We investigated how this phenomenon may be expressed at the neural level by testing whether the distributed blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) patterns representing Black and White faces are more dissimilar in participants with higher implicit race bias. We used multivoxel pattern analysis to predict the race of faces participants were viewing. We successfully predicted the race of the faces on the basis of BOLD activation patterns in early occipital visual cortex, occipital face area, and fusiform face area (FFA). Whereas BOLD activation patterns in early visual regions, likely reflecting different perceptual features, allowed successful prediction for all participants, successful prediction on the basis of BOLD activation patterns in FFA, a high-level face-processing region, was restricted to participants with high pro-White bias. These findings suggest that stronger implicit pro-White bias decreases the similarity of neural representations of Black and White faces.
Exploring the requirement for anthropogenic disturbance to assist the stand-scale expansion of Fagus sylvatica L. outside southern Scandinavia
Authors: Bradley Lee R , Giesecke Thomas , Halsall Karen , Bradshaw Richard HW
Published: January 2013

This paper presents a pollen and charcoal record from a forest hollow located in northern Germany. The initial stand-scale colonization and subsequent expansion of the species Fagus sylvatica (European Beech) is examined and compared with examples from southern Scandinavia. In the early Holocene, a diverse forest stand is present. The recording of Fagus sylvatica in nine contiguous samples over the time period 8600–7950 cal. yr BP, constrained by three AMS dates, suggests its presence close to the hollow. This early occurrence is critiqued against the current paradigm of mid- to late-Holocene Fagus sylvatica spread in northern Central Europe. Between 6200 and 2900 cal. yr BP, Fagus sylvatica was a minor constituent of the forest community but did not expand despite periods of favorable conditions including relatively open forest landscape, wetter-cooler climatic conditions and a suitable fire regime. The eventual expansion of Fagus sylvatica, around 2900 cal. yr BP, is initiated by significant anthropogenic disturbance around the hollow. After the initial phase of expansion, its growing importance in the forest was potentially aided by a period of wetter-cooler conditions and a switch in the fire regime from one of regular episodes, to one of sporadic occurrence. Two fire events and an increase in anthropogenic activity occur at the same time as the decline in the relative abundance of Fagus sylvatica at 1200 cal. yr BP. This site highlights the strong anthropogenic influence on the species dynamics throughout the late Holocene.