bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dependency and Compliance in Academic Research Infrastructures
Authors: Shenhav Yehouda A.
Published: September 2012

The article explores the process by which academic research settings become influenced by external funders upon whom they depend for vital resources. The emerging resource relations between university research and external funders give rise to an academic infrastructure that deviates from the traditional model of autonomy and freedom of science, and increasingly comes to resemble the context of nonacademic research settings. Based on data collected in Israel, it was found that externally funded academic research shows a low degree of autonomy, a high degree of structural formalization, and low influence of the scientific literature on problem-choice processes. External control affects the nature of the research product as well. Whereas the rate of published papers (articles) declines, the rate of unpublished papers (technical reports) increases with external funds. These observations suggest that the distinction between academic and nonacademic research settings is inappropriate for explaining the variance among different research infrastructures. Rather, the nature of the dependency situation accounts for their specific characteristics. The results have implications for the study of stratification in science and the growth of scientific and technological knowledge.
Minorities and Women in the Pacific Sociological Association Region
Authors: Kulis Stephen , Miller Karen A. , Axelrod Morris , Gordon Leonard
Published: September 2012

Based on a five-year follow-up survey of sociology departments in the Pacific Sociological Association region, we report trends in the representation of women and minorities among faculty members and graduate students. Although men continue to predominate at all but the lecturer/instructor level, women are increasingly represented on faculties overall, in tenured positions, and among the higher academic ranks. Proportionally fewer men and women are now in entry level positions than in 1979. Except for Asians, minority faculty continue to be poorly represented. Women now make up the majority of graduate students at both the masters and doctoral levels, but both the proportion and number of minority students have declined in five years. Still, despite sharply contracting enrollment, both women and minority graduate students receive a larger share of financial assistance awards than they did five years ago.
Minorities and Women in Sociology in the Pacific Region
Authors: Stockard Jean
Published: September 2012

In commenting on the results of the five-year follow-up study of minorities and women in sociology in the Pacific region, policy considerations and research needs are cited. The need for regular systematic surveys, exploring equity in employment of sociologists outside academia, and other methods of studying the issue are discussed.
Social Movements and the State
Authors: Gale Richard P.
Published: September 2012

This article modifies resource mobilization theory to emphasize interaction among social movements, countermovements, and government agencies. The framework developed for tracing social movement-state relationships gives special attention to movement and countermovement agency alignments. There are six stages of movement-state relationships illustrated with an analysis of the contemporary environmental movement.
A Reorientation of Niche Theory in Human Ecology
Authors: Broussard Cynthia A. , Young Gerald L.
Published: September 2012

Symptomatic of social forces is the character of the relationship between the individual and society; study of that relationship is central to sociology, a part-whole problem shared with other social sciences. A number of sociological concepts have been developed at least in part to examine this relationship. In the past couple of decades, sociologists and other social scientists have borrowed from niche theory in biological ecology, applying niche in a number of ways. In this article, the Hutchinsonian revolution in niche theory is stressed to establish that adaptations of niche into sociological human ecology are based on misleading analogies and are derived from a failure to recognize the implications of changes in niche theory. The difficulties issue in part from “the species problem” and from unclear differentiation between niche and more established sociological concepts, particularly role and status. These differences are specified and clarified prior to a radical reorientation of niche in human ecology. The reorientation resolves the species problem, updates and reinforces ties with biological ecology, and enlarges the potential for study of the linkages between individual and society and between micro and macro in complex systems.
A Critique of Expectation States Theory
Authors: Knottnerus J. David
Published: September 2012

Expectation states theory and one of its major branches, status characteristics theory, have been some of the most active research programs within sociological social psychology in recent years. Unfortunately, little attention has been given to the theoretical assumptions underlying these programs and the way social cognition and status generalization are depicted. It is argued that structural functionalist theory and the information processing perspective, especially attribution theory, have exerted major influences on expectation states/status characteristics theory. This has resulted in unique conceptualizations of cognition, generalization, and status stereotypes colored by mechanistic and, in certain cases, rationalistic assumptions concerning the ways actors process information. Consideration of alternative ways of conceptualizing these issues reveals certain limitations in the theory's formulations. The need for further research and theory development is discussed.
Epistemology and Sociology of Knowledge: An Hegelian Undertaking
Authors: Israel Joachim
Published: September 2012

The relationship between epistemology and the sociology of knowledge is discussed. It is asserted that epistemology is logically basic to the sociology of knowledge. Epistemology in turn has to be founded in the analysis of the nonformalized logic inherent in everyday language. The relationship between epistemology and the sociology of knowledge is discussed and exemplified, first, by an analysis of the concept of false consciousness. If discussed in an epistemological context, it is argued, the analysis of false consciousness leads to unsolvable difficulties, whereas its treatment as a sociological problem of knowledge is adequate. A second illustration contrasts the two approaches and involves an analysis of the Neo-Kantian foundations of Durkheimian and Weberian sociology. Finally, attention is directed towards Habermas's theory of communicative action. Whereas Habermas tries to abandon epistemological problems and give his theory a sociological anchoring, it is argued that a theory of language and communication must make its point of departure from an epistemological analysis in order to avoid an abstractive fallacy.
Competing Rationalities and the Politics of Interorganizational Regulation
Authors: Baxter Vern , Lambert Charles
Published: September 2012

This article reports results of an analysis of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) regulatory activity from 1952 to 1986. Support is found for a synthesis of resource dependence and institutional theories of interorganizational regulation. Regulation maintains stable competitive relationships by tying competing orientations to resource exchange and the institutional norms that bind member organizations and legitimate their activities. A balance of tangible and symbolic resources, material interest, and belief, binds member organizations in a regulatory network. In the case of the NCAA, successful athletic schools are more likely to pursue instrumentally-rational athletic activity oriented toward winning and maximum profit, while academically selective schools pursue more value-rational athletic activity oriented toward the educational benefits of amateur athletic competition.
Embedding Polanyi's Market Society
Authors: Lie John
Published: September 2012

Karl Polanyi remains one of the most trenchant critics of neoclassical economics. His “embeddedness” thesis, which holds that all economic activities and institutions are enmeshed in social relations and institutions, offers a sound theoretical basis for economic sociology. Nonetheless, he fails to embed the market concept. This theoretical lacuna manifests itself in his classic account of the rise of market society in England, The Great Transformation ([1944] 1957), where he neglects to consider institutional diversity and discontinuities in English commercial development. Polanyi's embeddedness thesis can be taken to its logical conclusion; that is, even the market can be embedded. “Markets” can be treated as social networks or organizations constituted by traders. I offer as an empirical illustration a brief case study of the rise of “market society” in England.
Change in the Racial Composition of Occupations, 1960–1970
Authors: Hayward Mark D. , Coverman Shelley
Published: September 2012

This study estimates change in the racial inequality of employment during the 1960s, a decade characterized by substantial economic growth and significant government antidiscriminatory activity. The focus is on the influence of (1) structural change, as measured by industrial and occupational growth, and (2) indicators of industrial structure (e.g., profitability, concentration) on change in the racial composition of occupations within industries. The analysis indicates that black workers in both white-collar and blue-collar occupations made relative employment gains primarily in expanding sectors of the economy. The structural growth that occurred in the 1960s, therefore, had substantial benefits for black employment opportunities. Extrapolating from our findings on black employment gains in the 1960s, we conclude that there is little reason to expect dramatic progress in positional inequality for blacks today given current political and economic conditions.
Remarriage after Divorce
Authors: Glick Paul C. , Lin Sung-Ling
Published: September 2012

Among adults who had ended their first marriage in divorce, about three-fourths of the elderly men and two-thirds of the elderly women in both 1970 and 1980 were found to be remarried. However, the general decline in remarriage at the younger ages during the 1970s was accentuated among those under 35 years old. Although the proportion remarried among women with graduate school training was the smallest, that proportion declined less during the 1970s than for women in any other educational level. In both 1970 and 1980, the proportion remarried was positively correlated with personal income for men but negatively for women. An estimated two-thirds of those who end their first marriage in divorce will eventually remarry while they have young children living with them. During the lifetime of women in their second marriage after their first marriage ended in divorce, only one-third of their children are born after remarriage, whereas two-thirds are born before their second marriages. During the 1970s, the proportion of currently divorced adults living alone or sharing the homes of relatives diminished, while the proportion living as cohabitants outside marriage rose substantially. It appears as if both the divorce rate and the remarriage rate are approaching a period of relative stability.
Status Inconsistency, Racial Separatism, and Job Satisfaction
Authors: Holmes Malcolm D. , Butler John Sibley
Published: September 2012

This study examined the effects of status inconsistencies between time in service and rank on attitudes concerning racial separatism and job satisfaction for white males serving in the enlisted ranks of the U.S. military. Although analyses of national survey data often report no attitudinal effects of status inconsistency, such influences were predicted because of the unique status structure of the enlisted ranks. That system is characterized by highly crystallized status configurations and by well-defined congruence rules, both of which are structural properties thought to strengthen individual attitudinal responses to status inconsistency. Consistent with specific hypotheses developed from previous research, white enlisted personnel with relatively long time in service and low rank were found to express greater racial separatism and lower job satisfaction than predicted only by time in service and rank. Also as expected, those with relatively high rank and short time in service reported greater job satisfaction than otherwise predicted.
American Children in Multiracial Households
Authors: Chew Kenneth S.Y. , Eggebeen David J. , Uhlenberg Peter R.
Published: September 2012

This study provides a demographic portrait of multiracial households, using children as the units of analysis. The authors conceptualize three dimensions for understanding multiracialness: (1) the racial composition of a household overall, (2) where in the household a racial difference exists relative to the household head, and (3) where in the household a racial difference exists relative to each child. Using microdata from the 1980 U.S. census, the authors explore the first two of these dimensions and test two propositions about the links between racial diversity and other nonracial attributes of children's household environments. The finding is made, among other things, that the largest proportion of children live in Asian-white households, and that about 60% live in households headed by mixed-race couples. Support for the notion that attributes of multiracial households fall between those of their same-race counterparts was mixed. Nonetheless, there appears to be a link between location of diversity and some nonracial characteristics of the household.
Modernization and the Family: A Theoretical Analysis
Authors: Margavio A.V. , Mann S.A.
Published: September 2012

Modernization theory argues that familism entails a traditional or parochial orientation that inhibits economic progress. Informed by critiques of this approach by dependency and world-system theorists and drawing on a case study of Italian immigrants to Louisiana at the turn of the twentieth century, this study argues that familism can be a progressive force which facilitates economic accumulation and upward mobility under certain social conditions. This theoretical analysis also calls into question characterizations of the family as primarily a unit of consumption in modern society. Here the role of the family as a production unit is examined and three types of familial cooperation are identified. In addition, some conditions under which familism can promote economic accumulation are discussed. It is argued that traditional sociological theories of the family failed to take into account this progressive role of familism because these theories tended to ignore the experiences of minority groups in their conceptual schemes.
Unanticipated Effects of No Opinion Filters on Attitudes and Attitude Strength
Authors: McClendon McKee J.
Published: September 2012

Previous research has found that the use of no opinion filters not only increases the proportion of “don't know” responses but they may also affect substantive response distributions. The latter effect was assumed to occur because the filter removed persons (floaters) from the substantive response distributions who had attitudes different from nonfloaters. This study serendipitously finds that DK filters may affect the substantive responses of nonfloaters, causing them to express different opinions on the filtered question form than they would on the standard form. It also appears that the filter lowers the attitude strength of the nonfloaters. An explanation is offered for these unanticipated findings and an agenda for future research is suggested.
Older Men's Perceptions of Personal Control
Authors: Pitcher Brian L. , Hong Sung Young
Published: September 2012

Data from the Older Male Cohort of the National Longitudinal Surveys are analyzed in this study to investigate antecedents of perceptions of personal control. Particular attention is given to the effects of individual health factors. The findings support the life stress model that assumes that social conditions and environmental changes affect individual perceptions of control via opportunities and resources for carrying out efficacious actions. The analysis suggests, however, that various untested moderating conditions determine the nature and direction of the impact. Future investigations are needed to identify these moderating variables and specify their differential effects.
Mills and Hawley on Power
Authors: Hudson James R.
Published: September 2012

C. Wright Mills and Amos H. Hawley have both done extensive research on the concept of power in social systems. Beginning from two different intellectual traditions, Mills building on Max Weber and Hawley employing human ecology, their respective research has produced a number of points of convergence. Both regard power as a system property. Within any social system power may be more or less concentrated, and the degree of concentration has implications for the functioning of the system. Power is seen as being distributed among units in the systems that result in a hierarchy that can be more or less steep. Mills was concerned with the social implications of power in a political sense, whereas Hawley focused on the ability of a system to meet basic functional requirements of coordination and sustenance production. Their differences notwithstanding, their points of convergence have sharpened our understanding of power in social systems.
Sex Differences and Perceived Parental Influence on Student Occupational and Educational Aspirations
Authors: Lomax Richard G. , Gammill Paula S.
Published: September 2012

Previous research has demonstrated the effect of parental influence and expectations on student occupational and educational aspirations. However, most of these studies were conducted prior to 1970; since that time there have been considerable changes in sex roles, the home, and school institutions. The sample for the present study consisted of the 28,240 seniors in 1980 who participated in the High School and Beyond study. Multiple regression analyses revealed that the effects of perceived influence on their children's post-high school plans followed the traditional same-sex role model, whereas the effects of perceived parental expectations did not. Thus, in predicting the future directions of a child, both in terms of occupation and education, the same-sexed parent has a stronger influence on career plans, whereas the opposite-sexed parent has higher expectations.
Determinants of Opposition to Abortion
Authors: Benin Mary Holland
Published: September 2012

The 1982 General Social Survey is used to analyze the hard (primarily physical) and soft (primarily social) reasons underlying attitudes toward abortion. It is found that the major factors contributing to abortion attitudes are the same for the two scales. The principal difference between the hard and soft scales is that the soft scale is more strongly related both to demographic and to attitudinal variables than is the hard. In addition, it is found that age and religious preference interact: Only older Catholics and Baptists are significantly more opposed to abortion than are non-Catholics and Baptists, controlling for church attendance.
Socioeconomic Status is Significantly Related to …
Authors: Teevan James J.
Published: September 2012

Different measures of socioeconomic status and different cutting points for each of the measures are examined. Both the strength of relationship with dependent variables and the statistical level of significance varies depending on the measure of socioeconomic status and the choice of cutting point. It is suggested that researchers report a range of statistical values in their analyses.
The Education of White, Chinese, Filipino, and Japanese Students: A Look at “High School and Beyond”
Authors: Wong Morrison G.
Published: September 2012

A frequent topic of scholarly interest and discussion in the field of education has been the extraordinary educational attainment of the Asian population in the United States. The “High School and Beyond” data set was used to examine in greater depth the educational characteristics of the Asian high school senior student population. Differences among white, Chinese, Filipino, and Japanese students in social and demographic characteristics, academic characteristics, extracurricular activities, and sociopsychological characteristics (i.e., educational perceptions, aspirations, expectations, and influences) were analyzed. Asian students had equivalent or higher educational achievements or were rated more favorably than white students on almost every measure. Regression analyses suggest that father's plans for the child after high school, high school grades, the number of hours spent on homework, mother's plans for the child after high school, and socioeconomic status had a significant impact on the educational expectations of Asian and white students. Unresolved issues in the education of Asians in the United States are discussed.
Husbands and Wives Living in Nuclear and Stem Family Households in Japan
Authors: Kamo Yoshinori
Published: September 2012

This article explores living arrangements of middle-aged married couples living in Tokyo. Data were drawn from 645 married couples with at least one school-aged child. Twenty-five percent of couples in the sample lived with either spouse's parents. It was found that a married couple is likely to live with the parents if their marriage was arranged, the husband is the oldest son, and/or the wife is the oldest daughter without brothers. Neither the husband's income, the wife's employment status, nor the respondents' attitude toward filial responsibility is strongly related to their living arrangements. The husbands' life satisfaction is highest when they live with their parents-in-law while the wives' life satisfaction is lowest when they live with their in-laws. Emphases are placed upon the difference between patrilocal and matrilocal stem family households as well as between nuclear family households, and upon the imbalance in the exchange relationship between the two generations resulting from industrialization and subsequent social changes.
Neighboring Patterns, Social Support, and Rapid Growth
Authors: Greider Thomas , Krannich Richard S.
Published: September 2012

Recently sociologists have devoted considerable attention to the consequences of rapid community growth and change on social relations and social integration, adding to a long tradition of scholarly concern with the social effects of urbanism and modernization. As was characteristic of much of the traditional literature on urbanization, the recent discussions of rapid community growth have tended overwhelmingly to assert various “social disruption” consequences, including a deterioration of the importance of neighboring as a source of both primary interaction and localized informal social support. In this study we examine data on neighboring phenomena from three small towns in the western United States that in recent years have experienced substantially different rates of population growth. Although the results suggest that rapid population growth in small towns is indeed accompanied by an apparent decline in reliance on neighbors as sources of social support, the data indicate no support for the hypothesized deterioration of neighboring as a form of primary interaction in rapidly growing small communities. We conclude by noting the consistency of these findings with alternative interpretations of the effects of urbanization on localized social interaction and social support.
The Paper Chase Myth
Authors: Schwartz Audrey James
Published: September 2012

This is a report of a study that examined the social and academic climates of two American law schools, concluding that the environment in which legal education takes place is not conducive to significant socialization. The diminution after 7 months of law school of the expectations of first-year students to work as professionals after graduation in attaining justice and establishing social reforms was due largely to rational cognitive processes, inasmuch as there were no significant changes in basic motives and attitudes. The study supports adult socialization theory that holds that adult individual rationality is a powerful inhibitor of attempts to bring about fundamental affective changes.
The Validity of Occupational Data for Immigrants
Authors: O'Brien Robert M. , Barkan Elliott R.
Published: September 2012

The validity of the primary source of data on the occupations of immigrants to the United States (Immigration and Naturalization Service reports) has been severely criticized. In fact, the “substantive meaningfulness” of results based on this data has been questioned. In this article we empirically investigate the nomological validity of these occupational data using a time series analysis. We find, at least on an aggregate level, that the results provide fairly strong support for the validity of these data as a measure of the distribution of those in blue-collar and white-collar occupations for the major regions from which people immigrate to the United States.
Aftermath of a Race Riot
Authors: Gordon Leonard
Published: September 2012

In the years immediately following the 1967 racial disorder crisis in Detroit, there existed between black and white community leadership ideological and policy polarization. Over the next decade such polarization transformed itself into a nonideological pragmatic accommodationist orientation. This analysis draws on Turner's emergent norm theory to interpret stages evident in the normative shift in black and white leadership attitudes and behaviors within a context of continuing stressful city conditions. Employing a combination of decisional, functional, and positional selection criteria, 14 black and 22 white community leaders were periodically interviewed and observed between 1968 and 1980. As posited in emergent norm theory, the crystallization and recrystallization of norms held by black and white community leaders involved multiple competing leadership ideas before a dominant norm emerged. While there are signs that a possible new emergent norm stage of repolarization may be developing, this analysis focuses on the interactionist process that resulted in a shift from interracial community leadership confrontation toward policy and pragmatic cooperation for a period of over a decade.
Community and Communality in Voting Participation
Authors: Zimmer Troy A.
Published: September 2012

Studies of voting participation have tended to focus on factors other than community per se. When community is the focus, it is usually represented by population size, density, or type (urban/rural). These measures have led to the conclusion that community type has little influence and city size has a slight negative influence on voting. A recent analysis, however, represented community by levels of attachments to the community, termed “communality.” Communality was strongly correlated with local voting for three small rural towns. This article tests the communality thesis with path analysis applied to the 1972 and 1974 Center for Political Studies national election surveys. These data reveal that communality is generally unrelated to voting except in rural communities and for elections that are likely to mobilize the politically more active.
On the Microfoundations of Macrosociology: A Critique of Macrosociological Reductionism
Authors: Fuchs Stephan
Published: September 2012

Recent microsociological reductionisms claim that societal and organizational macrostructures can be “reduced to,” “explained in terms of” or “translated into” the dynamics of elementary interaction systems. Two critical lines of argumentation challenge this claim. First, neofunctionalist systems theory is drawn on to show that reductionist strategies fail to acknowledge the emergent differences between types of social systems and thus run into difficulties in the analysis of macrostructures. A model of boundary maintenance operations in interaction systems illustrates this point. Second, a more internal critique of the logic of reductionism suggests that microsociology does not provide the “foundations” for macrosociology but that micro- and macrosociology should peacefully coexist as equally legitimate ways to make sense of different aspects of social reality.
The Growth Machine, Tourism, and the Selling of Culture
Authors: Canan Penelope , Hennessy Michael
Published: September 2012

This case study of conflict over land use on the Hawaiian island of Moloka'i examines the tension between a tourism growth machine and the island's residents. Using newspaper accounts, qualitative observations, and a multidimensional inventory of value structures, the authors conclude that the basis of communal association varies among three groups: the growth machine, island residents who want to limit development, and those who favor diverse types of development. These social orientations are identified as gesellschaft, gemeinschaft, and Zwischengruppe (“in between group”). The article concludes with a discussion highlighting the internal contradictions of marketing traditional cultures.
A Hygiene Experiment in Rural Bangladesh
Authors: Khanom Kurshida , Leonard Robert C.
Published: September 2012

A before-after-only health education experiment was conducted by a team of a dozen health educators, nurses, and physicians who were students and faculty of the National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine (NIPSOM). The experiment ran several months with 162 Moslem farming families in one village. Changes in sanitation-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices were measured and correlated with social class. It is suggested that the most useful sociology in the Third World is: (a) basic general sociological theory including ecosystem as well as social system, (b) multimethological including participant –observation, survey, and field experiment methods. Implications are drawn for graduate curricula in light of the trend toward increasing enrollments from Third World countries.
A Discourse of Despair: The Semiology of Lonely-Hearts Language
Authors: Crane Jeffrey L. , Ino Joy Michie
Published: September 2012

Drawing upon the writings of Adorno, Barthes, and Gadamer, this essay exposes the popular lonely-hearts column as a form of modern discourse. Parallels are established between lonely-hearts ads and other forms of advertising, as well as between the lonely-heart ad and other forms of popular media (e.g., the astrology column). The ads themselves are placed within a modern discursive practice whereby technical and instrumental motives and designs are seen to dominate. The discursive practice that supports such ads is analyzed in terms of its instrumental and technical features and its illusory claim to straightforward speech.
A Further Test of the Model Minority Thesis
Authors: Martinelli Phylis Cancilla , Nagasawa Richard
Published: September 2012

This article examines data on Japanese Americans in Arizona in terms of the model minority thesis and addresses the question of whether or not this image is a myth. Occupation and income return from education, based on the 1980 census data, are examined for Japanese American males in Arizona. The findings suggest that the model minority thesis does not apply for the Japanese Americans in Arizona; for example, white males are more than two times as likely to be in managerial positions as Japanese American males, and the latter receive less return from education than the former. It is suggested that further studies explore in depth cultural and structural factors in relation to mobility, income, and occupation for Japanese Americans and other Asian Americans.
Family Ties, Co-Ethnic Bonds, and Ethnic Entrepreneurship
Authors: Cobas José A. , DeOllos Ione
Published: September 2012

Past studies have corroborated the hypothesis asserting that family ties and co-ethnic bonds are instrumental in the growth of ethnic enterprise. Many of these studies, however, can be challenged on methodological grounds. This article uses data from two samples of Cuban exiles to test the hypothesis in a manner which addresses the challenges. Results offer minor support for the hypothesis. Because our test has dealt with methodological uncertainties that previous research overlooked, the negative nature of our results raises questions about the explanatory power of the family ties/co-ethnic bond hypothesis.
Cohort Shifts in the Timing of Births in Ghana
Authors: Oheneba-Sakyi Yaw
Published: September 2012

This article uses data from the Ghana Fertility Survey (GFS) 1979/1980 to examine the changing pattern of fertility behavior through the timing of births among different birth cohorts representing the onset of the fertility transition. Although the cohort changes expected do not appear to be large, there is some evidence of a pattern of birth intervals which suggests that the younger birth cohorts have shorter durations between marriage and first birth, and a slower pace for childbearing thereafter. Older women, on the other hand, exhibit relatively longer intervals from marriage to first birth and a little shorter intervals for their next births. In contrast to some previous studies, these patterns indicate that shorter intervals are not necessarily associated with shorter subsequent intervals and vice versa. The changing social meaning of marriage, increasing opportunities for the younger generation of women and prevalence of family limitation measures appear to have caused the recent changes in the fertility behavior of Ghanaian women. The composite effect of the socio-economic and cultural variables on the timing of births in Ghana will be the focus of future studies.
Emile Who and the Division of What?
Authors: Catton William R.
Published: September 2012

Durkheim believed division of labor could promote human fraternity, but today's world raises doubts. Has division of labor become more disintegrative than integrative? With 1,000 times as many occupations as in a preliterate tribe, industrial society has transcended limits of biological division of function by substituting sociocultural differentiation and technology for biological polymorphism and interspecific differences. But industrial-level division of functions entails four serious problems: Abrogation of responsibility, vested interests, predatory relations, and creation of supernumeraries. Two kinds of study are urgently needed. We must map out the unbalancing operations that foster predation and, aided by synthesis of several traditions, investigate social psychological mechanisms that enable people to treat humans as means rather than ends.
The Socioeconomic Status of Asian American Women in the Labor Force
Authors: Woo Deborah
Published: September 2012

In the literature on United States racial and ethnic relations, a prevalent assertion is that Asian Americans exceed other ethnic groups, and often even whites, in income, occupational, and educational levels. Implicit in this view is the essential fairness argument about hard work: If Asian Americans can make it, why can't other minorities? Data presented here from the 1970 and 1980 censuses suggest that the relationship between effort and achievement is pivotal to this discussion and needs to be addressed in conceptually meaningful ways.
Economic Development and Education of the Female Population
Authors: Nuss Shirley , Majka Lorraine
Published: September 2012

This article examines the empirical relationship of GNP/capita as an indicator of economic development and the education of women. Several indicators of female participation in first-, second-, and third-level education are used for 162 countries and territories of the world. The findings suggest that economic development has a positive effect on female education for many countries. Quadratic relationships explain significantly more of the variance than linear relationships for median educational attainment, student enrollment ratios at the second level, and the proportional participation of females in third-level education. Cubic relationships explain significantly more of the variance than either quadratic or linear relationships for economic development and first-level education and the proportional participation of females as graduates from third-level education in the field of education. Economic development is a weak predictor of the integration of females as third-level graduates in the important fields of engineering and agriculture.
Chicano Geographic Segregation: A Human Ecological Approach
Authors: Saenz Rogelio , Vinas Jaime
Published: September 2012

While a considerable amount of research has examined the residential segregation patterns of ethnic groups in metropolitan communities, such research has failed to analyze the distribution patterns of such groups across the larger society. From a human ecological perspective, we examine the geographic segregation patterns of Chicanos vis-à-vis Anglos across counties in the 50 United States using data from the 1980 census. It is hypothesized that the level of Chicano geographic segregation in the states is positively related to Chicano–Anglo sustenance differences and Chicano relative dependence on the extractive and manufacturing sectors compared to Anglos and negatively related to Chicano sustenance differentiation. The findings show general support for the hypotheses. Chicanos tend to be more segregated from Anglos in those states where the two groups are involved in different sustenance activities. In addition, Chicanos tend to be the most segregated in those states where they have a higher dependence on the manufacturing sector compared to Anglos.
Family Life Course Status and Volunteer Behavior: Implications for the Single Parent
Authors: Sundeen Richard A.
Published: September 2012

This paper reports the findings of a study that examines the relationship between family life course status (based on marital status, parenthood, and age of youngest child) and volunteer behavior. Also, the impact of being a single parent on volunteering is examined. Married parents are more likely to volunteer generally and, specifically, in certain youth-oriented activities. However, the status of married-with-children is negatively associated with the aggregate number of hours volunteered, while there is a positive association between single parents with school-age children and hours devoted to certain activities. Single parents with preschool children have neither the social supports of married parents to share roles, nor the relative freedom enjoyed by single persons with no children or with school-age children, and are less likely to volunteer or devote time to organized volunteer activities.
Changes in Reproductive Function among Remarried Women: The Effects of Spousal Characteristics
Authors: Lin Sung-Ling
Published: September 2012

This paper examines the relationship between change in childbearing function from a woman's first to second marriage and the degree of similarity between her first and second husbands in age, education, and religion. Using data from the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth, the specific hypothesis tested is: where plans are similar, the second husband tends to resemble the first to a greater extent than where childbearing functions differ. Separate tests relating to age, education, and religion provide only limited support for this hypothesis. However, when the various tests are considered collectively as a system, the weight of the evidence provides general support for the hypotheses. The implications of these findings for understanding trends in marriage are discussed.
The Dialectics of Legitimation and Counternorms
Authors: Della Fave L. Richard
Published: September 2012

This is part of a larger project, the goal of which is to develop a theory of how stratified social orders are legitimated. The approach is self-evaluation theory, which attempts to ground the process through which legitimating norms arise within the formation of the self. The purpose of this essay is to use self-evaluation theory to help account for the rise of another, countervailing set of norms that delegitimate stratification by supporting the principle of equality. I draw heavily upon Max Weber's sociology of religion to show how such norms, which originate within the self, gain institutional support, and by so doing, become socially powerful enough to compete effectively with legitimating norms.
Grass Roots Democracy
Authors: Won George , Oh In-Hwan
Published: September 2012

This is a sample study of two chapters of the Korean Automobile and Transport Workers' Union (KATWU), located in the capitol city of Seoul, Korea. The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether the membership of the union had lost their zest for democratic governance within the union organization in light of the government's restrictive control of union activities and the bureaucratization of the organization. Results of the survey reveal that the rank and file of KATWU have been effectively using the procedural guarantees imposed by the government even in the absence of a formalized party system. The rank and file have been active in the election process and by their participation in the internal government of the union, have established control of the leadership structure. Without a true adversarial relationship with management and with the intrusion of government in the affairs of labor and management, it is questionable whether labor leaders can fully exercise the power of force they have behind them. In this sense, accountability is difficult to test. Nevertheless, it is apparent that the rank and file have established a pattern of leadership accountability by retaining control of the leadership structure.
Kimball Young on Founders of the Chicago School
Authors: Lindstrom Fred B. , Hardert Ronald A.
Published: September 2012

Editors' Introduction: In 1968, former president of the American Sociological Association Kimball Young (1893–1972) gave a seminar at Arizona State University that was attended by both editors. The sessions were taped, for it was Young's intention to organize the tapes into a book that would document his life as a sociologist, a book to be called Man in Transition. From these materials a first chapter has emerged that is Young's account of his experiences as a graduate student at the University of Chicago (1917–1919) as the Chicago School was evolving in the Department of Sociology. The editors' intention is to preserve the candid flavor of Young's storytelling. This candor sometimes has resulted in controversy as he cast his critical eye upon members of the sociological profession, a profession he participated in with remarkable vigor and enthusiasm.
The Continuing Legacy of the Chicago School
Authors: Ohm Rose Marie
Published: September 2012

The Chicago School made a significant impact on the establishment of twentieth-century American sociology. From the time of its founding through the first five decades, its scholars had a lasting effect on both sociological thinking and social reform. Moreover, Chicagoans shaped the intellectual development of future sociologists through teaching and guiding the research of their students. This article reports the findings of a case study that examines the perceptions of scholars who were graduated from the University of Chicago. It presents their perceptions of how their training at Chicago compares with their own work with students, their own style of research, and their view of the discipline itself. An analysis of Chicagoans' accomplishments and contributions to sociology provide insight on whether or not the legacy of Chicago is being handed down to present generation academicians. Two primary sources of information are used to determine the intellectual trends and influences of the University of Chicago: (1) focused interviews with sociology faculty at Arizona State University who were graduated from Chicago after World War II, and (2) a survey of ASU sociology graduate students. Considered “typical” of many graduate-degree granting universities in the country, ASU provides a sufficient number of cases to trace the important aspects of Chicago School legacy.
The Social Origins of the Cuban Enclave Economy of Miami
Authors: Portes Alejandro
Published: September 2012

Recent field work on the origins of the Cuban ethnic economy in South Florida is reviewed in the context of competing theories of minority entrepreneurship. Sociological theories that emphasize contextual characteristics internal to the group itself appear to fit best the empirical evidence. They do not clarify, however, the dynamic aspects of the process—that is, the actual steps through which individual and family business goals become implemented. A typology of minority enterprise on the basis of background characteristics of its founders is developed. Implications of the Miami experience for theory and policies aimed at promoting self-employment among minorities are discussed.
Resource Mobilization through Ethnic Networks
Authors: Zimmer Catherine , Aldrich Howard
Published: September 2012

Shopkeepers have social networks composed of ties to many others: Family, friends, customers, suppliers, employees, and moneylenders. We examine how ties to family and friends affect three aspects of entrepreneurship for Asian and white shop owners in four English cities: Business foundings, business success, and business turnover. Social ties are important for all three processes in both groups. An implication of our research is that the comparative study of immigrant and native groups shifts the focus from group differences to group similarities. Studies examining only immigrants may find apparently distinctive characteristics, but, in fact, many traits are common to all small-business owners, given the turbulent environment they face.
On the Study of Ethnic Enterprise
Authors: Cobas José A.
Published: September 2012

This essay discusses the preceding articles vis-à-vis unresolved issues in the social science study of ethnic enterprise.
Sex Role Ideology and Delinquency
Authors: Bainbridge William Sims , Crutchfield Robert D.
Published: September 2012

This article explores the hypothesis that the great difference between rates of delinquency and criminality of males versus females results from differences in sex roles promulgated by the culture. Here, “sex role” is conceptualized as an ideology about the behavior proper for members of a gender category, and is measured by two questionnaire scales: The Villemez-Touhey Index and a new College Sex Role Index. A survey incorporating these scales and a number of self-report delinquency questions was administered to students at the University of Washington, 498 women and 364 men. Results showed no influence of sex role ideology on deviant behavior among men, and only a very fragmentary influence among women. The Villemez-Touhey Index did correlate with use of alcohol and drugs and with sexual behavior. It is suggested that “sex role” refers to a cluster of phenomena, rather than being a unitary concept, and that the influence of social bonds or organizations is required to render any part of it salient for crime and delinquent behavior.