bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Image-based machine learning for materials science
Authors: Zhang Lei , Shao Shaofeng
Published: September 2022

Materials research studies are dealing with a large number of images, which can now be facilitated via image-based machine learning techniques. In this article, we review recent progress of machine learning-driven image recognition and analysis for the materials and chemical domains. First, the image-based machine learning that facilitates the property prediction of chemicals or materials is discussed. Second, the analysis of nanoscale images including those from a scanning electron microscope and a transmission electron microscope is discussed, which is followed by the discussion about the identification of molecular structures via image recognition. Subsequently, the image-based machine learning works to identify and classify various practical materials such as metal, ceramics, and polymers are provided, and the image recognition for a range of real-scenario device applications such as solar cells is provided in detail. Finally, suggestions and future outlook for image-based machine learning for classification and prediction tasks in the materials and chemical science are presented. This article highlights the importance of the integration of the image-based machine learning method into materials and chemical science and calls for a large-scale deployment of image-based machine learning methods for prediction and classification of images in materials and chemical science.
Determination of electron and phonon temperatures in gold thin film irradiated with an ultrashort laser pulse
Authors: Hayashi Ryosuke , Iwasaki Atsushi , Vasa Parinda , Yamanouchi Kaoru
Published: September 2022

We measured transient reflectivity of single-crystalline and polycrystalline gold thin films in the wavelength region of 450–700 nm pumped by a 400 nm femtosecond pulse. The observed reflectivity changes were reproduced well by a reflectivity model that we developed based on the joint-density-of-states calculated from the band structure of gold and the Drude model. By a combination use of the reflectivity model and the two-temperature model, we evaluated the temporal evolution of the electron and phonon temperatures from the observed reflectivity changes. Based on the resultant electron and phonon temperatures, we derived the electron–phonon coupling factors, which were consistent with the literature values, in the wide range of the absorbed energy density.
Modulation effect of linear shear flow on interfacial waves in a two-layer fluid with finite layer depths
Authors: Li Shaofeng , Xie Xiaohui , Chen Dake , Song Jinbao
Published: September 2022

The modulation effect of linear shear flow (LSF) comprising uniform and shear flows with constant vorticity on interfacial waves in a two-layer fluid with finite layer depths is studied. Herein, lower-layer LSF is focused on. A nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) modified by lower-layer LSF is derived. By comparing and analyzing the dispersion relation of upper- and lower-layer LSFs, sufficient conditions of Kelvin–Helmholtz stability are afforded to ensure the applicability of NLSE. Based on the relationship between the modulational instability (MI) of NLSE and interfacial freak waves (IFWs) represented as Peregrine breather, existence conditions of IFWs affected by LSF are presented. The convergence effect of the flow field against the wave propagation direction, e.g., uniform up-flow and positive (negative) vorticity of the lower (upper) layer, increases the MI growth rate. This subsequently increases the wave height and promotes IFW generation. However, the divergent effect of the flow field along the wave propagation direction, including uniform down-flow and negative (positive) vorticity of lower (upper) layer, inhibits IFW generation. Moreover, eight kinds of LSFs are presented under uniform flow and vorticity, among which two promote generation, two inhibit generation, and the remaining four depend on the counteracting effect between uniform flow and vorticity.
An effective sub-quadratic scaling atomic-orbital reformulation of the scaled opposite-spin RI-CC2 ground-state model using Cholesky-decomposed densities and an attenuated Coulomb metric
Authors: Sacchetta F. , Graf D. , Laqua H. , Ambroise M. A. , Kussmann J. , Dreuw A. , Ochsenfeld C.
Published: September 2022

An atomic-orbital reformulation of the Laplace-transformed scaled opposite-spin (SOS) coupled cluster singles and doubles (CC2) model within the resolution of the identity (RI) approximation (SOS-RI-CC2) is presented that extends its applicability to molecules with several hundreds of atoms and triple-zeta basis sets. We exploit sparse linear algebra and an attenuated Coulomb metric to decrease the disk space demands and the computational efforts. In this way, an effective sub-quadratic computational scaling is achieved with our ω-SOS-CDD-RI-CC2 model. Moreover, Cholesky decomposition of the ground-state one-electron density matrix reduces the prefactor, allowing for an early crossover with the molecular orbital formulation. The accuracy and performance of the presented method are investigated for various molecular systems.
Promoting rebound from droplet impact on a spherical particle: Experimental and numerical study
Authors: Yoon Ikroh , Ha Chiwook , Lee Choongyeop , Shin Seungwon
Published: September 2022

In this study, we experimentally and numerically investigate the activity of a rebounding droplet on a spherical particle and the effects of surface curvature on its rebounding behavior. We report that the rebound of the droplet can be promoted in smaller particles. As the droplet-to-particle size ratio increases, the critical Weber number is significantly reduced, and the restitution coefficient is much increased. The underlying physical mechanism for the promotion of the rebound is the reduced energy dissipation on the smaller particles in the very early stages of the collision, and this reduction mainly occurs as the liquid is being squeezed. This reduced energy loss allows larger liquid–gas interfacial deformation at the maximum spreading state and also allows more drastic retractions during the recoiling stage, which eventually leads to the promotion of the rebound.
Hemodynamic characteristics in a cerebral aneurysm model using non-Newtonian blood analogues
Authors: Yi Hang , Yang Zifeng , Johnson Mark , Bramlage Luke , Ludwig Bryan
Published: September 2022

This study aims to develop an experimentally validated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to estimate hemodynamic characteristics in cerebral aneurysms (CAs) using non-Newtonian blood analogues. Blood viscosities varying with shear rates were measured under four temperatures first, which serves as the reference for the generation of blood analogues. Using the blood analogue, particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements were conducted to quantify flow characteristics in a CA model. Then, using the identical blood properties in the experiment, CFD simulations were executed to quantify the flow patterns, which were used to compare with the PIV counterpart. Additionally, hemodynamic characteristics in the simplified Newtonian and non-Newtonian models were quantified and compared using the experimentally validated CFD model. Results showed the proposed non-Newtonian viscosity model can predict blood shear-thinning properties accurately under varying temperatures and shear rates. Another developed viscosity model based on the blood analogue can well represent blood rheological properties. The comparisons in flow characteristics show good agreements between PIV and CFD, demonstrating the developed CFD model is qualified to investigate hemodynamic factors within CAs. Furthermore, results show the differences of absolute values were insignificant between Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids in the distributions of wall shear stress (WSS) and oscillatory shear index (OSI) on arterial walls. However, not only does the simplified Newtonian model underestimate WSS and OSI in most regions of the aneurysmal sac, but it also makes mistakes in identifying the high OSI regions on the sac surface, which may mislead the hemodynamic assessment on the pathophysiology of CAs.
Evolution and composition of flow structures generated by nanosecond pulsed surface arc discharge in a magnetic field
Authors: Sun Zhikun , Shi Zhiwei , Li Zheng , Geng Xi , Ren Zongsheng
Published: September 2022

The complete flow structure and the composition of the flow structure generated by Pulsed Surface Arc Discharge in a Magnetic Field (M-PSAD) are the keys to explaining the plasma application mechanism. The experimental results show that the M-PSAD can produce plasma clusters and detonation waves. The thermal motion of charged particles in the plasma cluster is the main reason for the thermal effect of arc discharge. The detonation wave consists of the shock wave, Taylor expansion wave, and two different thickness zones of charged particles. The experimental results provide a profound physical mechanism for applying plasma.
A single-administration therapeutic interfering particle reduces SARS-CoV-2 viral shedding and pathogenesis in hamsters
Authors: Chaturvedi Sonali , Beutler Nathan , Vasen Gustavo , Pablo Michael , Chen Xinyue , Calia Giuliana , Buie Lauren , Rodick Robert , Smith Davey , Rogers Thomas , Weinberger Leor S.
Published: September 2022

The high transmissibility of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a primary driver of the COVID-19 pandemic. While existing interventions prevent severe disease, they exhibit mixed efficacy in preventing transmission, presumably due to their limited antiviral effects in the respiratory mucosa, whereas interventions targeting the sites of viral replication might more effectively limit respiratory virus transmission. Recently, intranasally administered RNA-based therapeutic interfering particles (TIPs) were reported to suppress SARS-CoV-2 replication, exhibit a high barrier to resistance, and prevent serious disease in hamsters. Since TIPs intrinsically target the tissues with the highest viral replication burden (i.e., respiratory tissues for SARS-CoV-2), we tested the potential of TIP intervention to reduce SARS-CoV-2 shedding. Here, we report that a single, postexposure TIP dose lowers SARS-CoV-2 nasal shedding, and at 5 days postinfection, infectious virus shed is below detection limits in 4 out of 5 infected animals. Furthermore, TIPs reduce shedding of Delta variant or WA-1 from infected to uninfected hamsters. Cohoused “contact” animals exposed to infected, TIP-treated animals exhibited significantly lower viral loads, reduced inflammatory cytokines, no severe lung pathology, and shortened shedding duration compared to animals cohoused with untreated infected animals. TIPs may represent an effective countermeasure to limit SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
Role-play and dialogic meta-pragmatics in developing and assessing pragmatic competence
Authors: Van Dyke Angelina , Acton William R.
Published: September 2022

Role-play as a bridging and integrating practice in language teaching and development of pragmatic competence in
learners is well-established. In an EAP classroom (Van Dyke & Acton, 2021) explored
the impact of one fluency protocol, Cooperative Attending Skills Training, by which students were trained to
listen attentively to shared personal stories, working toward more sophisticated strategies of conversational interaction. That
system included dialogic, pragmatics-focused, spontaneous analysis and instructor-student discussion of interactional discourse
features. With that experience, further modeling and conceptual input, participants in this study engaged in six role-plays, each
involving a problem requiring pragmatic accommodation. The data from transcribed role-plays were analyzed in terms of pragmatic
discourse functions and NVivo-based thematic threads. The generally successful application of the targeted skills and concepts by
course end most likely resulted from the engaging meta-pragmatic interactions preceding the role-plays, and the formal and
informal instructor feedback related to implicature, prosody, implicit understandings, direct conversation strategies, grammar,
and vocabulary.
How does syntactic priming experience support language development?
Authors: Messenger Katherine , Branigan Holly , Buckle Leone , Lindsay Laura
Published: September 2022

Syntactic priming effects are argued to reflect the mechanisms that underlie language acquisition. This
chapter explores the predictions of key models for such learning via syntactic priming and discusses the extent to which
behavioural evidence is consistent with these predictions. Specifically, the chapter examines whether the timecourse of
priming effects in research with children reflects lasting effects of syntactic experiences, and what between-group and
between-individual variation in priming effects, predicted by the error-based nature of the learning mechanism, might be
expected. The chapter also considers whether learning via priming might be located in comprehension and – or production
processes. The chapter finishes by making recommendations for how future research may build on existing findings to further
test these models, including discussing methodological implications.
Structural priming in bilingual children
Authors: Gámez Perla Blanca , Vasilyeva Marina , Sierra Jordan
Published: September 2022

Structural priming has been heralded as an important methodological tool for investigating language
processing in young children. Despite the limited number of structural priming studies with bilingual children, the findings
from these studies have already provided important insights that inform our understanding of language acquisition and
bilingual language representation. Thus, this chapter provides an overview of the literature on structural priming in
bilingual children as well as identifies critical gaps in our knowledge base that suggest future directions for research. The
chapter begins with a discussion on cross-linguistic priming with adults, a body of literature that has raised important
developmental questions about the nature of syntactic representations in children. This chapter also suggests modifications to
a prominent model of bilingual language production to accommodate a broader range of bilingual speakers.
Syntactic priming as a window to investigate grammatical learning in non-typical populations
Authors: Garraffa Maria , Smith Giuditta
Published: September 2022

Syntactic priming is a useful tool for investigating grammatical learning in both children and adults with
language impairment. The studies discussed in this chapter combine psycholinguistic methods and theoretical approaches for
advancing our knowledge of language pathologies, elucidating some of the mechanisms of grammatical learning that could be at
the core of the language impairment. The first part of the chapter discusses experimental studies on syntactic priming in
children with a developmental language disorder (DLD), with a focus on the learning mechanisms that support the acquisition of
grammatical structures in these children, structures that are otherwise rare in input and output. The second part of the
chapter discusses the use of priming in the investigation of acquired language disorders in adults, when language has already
been acquired and access is assumed to be the chief problem.
Syntactic priming and language intervention for children with grammatical deficits
Authors: Leonard Laurence B. , Krok Windi , Wisman Weil Lisa
Published: September 2022

In this chapter, we discuss how insights from the syntactic priming literature might refine language
intervention procedures for children with grammatical deficits. In turn, we note how current language intervention practices
can suggest new areas of research on syntactic priming. Applications from syntactic priming to language intervention include
consideration of the lexical content of the clinician’s input utterance relative to the child’s response, the timing between
the input utterance and the response, and even the degree to which the input utterance is directed toward the child rather
than to another participant in the conversation. Research on syntactic priming based on current language intervention
practices can likewise cover a wide range. Some research questions concern priming effects as a function of the child’s level
of grammar, such as whether a child’s utterances are first confined to the same thematic structure as the prime, only later
becoming more abstract. Other questions pertain to the conversational role of the prime, such as whether a prime is just as
effective if it was a recast of the child’s own prior utterance. It appears that each area – syntactic priming and language
intervention – can benefit from the contributions of the other.
Progress of hydrogenation engineering in crystalline silicon solar cells: a review
Authors: Song Lihui , Hu Zechen , Lin Dehang , Yang Deren , Yu Xuegong
Published: September 2022

Crystalline silicon solar cells are always moving towards ‘high efficiency and low cost’, which requires continuously improving the quality of crystalline silicon materials. Nevertheless, crystalline silicon materials typically contain various kinds of impurities and defects, which act as carrier recombination centers. Therefore these impurities and defects must be well controlled during the solar cell fabrication processes to improve the cell efficiency. Hydrogenation of crystalline silicon is one important method to deactivate these impurities and defects, which is so-called ‘hydrogenation engineering’ in this paper. Hydrogen is widely reported to be able to passivate diverse defects like crystallographic defects, metallic impurities, boron-oxygen related defects and etc, but the effectiveness of hydrogen passivation depends strongly on the processing conditions. Moreover, in this decade, advanced hydrogenation technique has been developed and widely applied in the photovoltaic industry to significantly improve the performance of silicon solar cells. As the research on hydrogenation study has made a significant progress, it is the right time to write a review paper on introducing the state-of-the-art hydrogenation study and its applications in photovoltaic industry. The paper first introduces the fundamental properties of hydrogen in crystalline silicon and then discusses the applications of hydrogen on deactivating/inducing typical defects (e.g. dislocations, grain boundaries, various metallic impurities, boron–oxygen related defects and light and elevated temperature induced degradation defect) in p- and n-type crystalline silicon, respectively. At last, the benefits of hydrogenation engineering on the next-generation silicon solar cells (e.g. tunnel oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) and silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells) are discussed. Overall, it was found that hydrogen can deactivate most of typical defects (sometimes induce defect) in n- and p-type crystalline silicon, leading to a significant efficiency enhancement in passivated emitter rear contact, TOPCon and SHJ solar cells. In conclusion, the paper aims to assist young researchers to better understand hydrogenation research.
Extrinsic calibration method for 3D scanning system with four coplanar laser profilers
Authors: Zou Hangbo , Xia Renbo , Zhao Jibin , Zhang Tao , Zhang Tianyu , Chen Yueling , Fu Shengpeng
Published: September 2022

3D scanning is a crucial step to ensuring the machining quality of the workpiece and is an essential part of intelligent manufacturing. However, existing scanning systems usually have only one profiler, which must be combined with a dynamic tracking system to achieve a complete scan of a workpiece. This scanning method has low efficiency and complicated path planning for ring-shaped workpieces. Therefore, in this article, an efficient and high-accuracy 3D scanning system composed of a linear translation stage and four uniformly distributed laser profilers is built, and its extrinsic calibration method is studied. At first, based on the working parameters and spatial layout of multiple profilers, a stereoscopic calibrator composed of three non-collinear target balls (TBs) is designed. Then, a multi-profiler data fusion method is proposed, which utilizes a linear encoder to trigger the four profilers synchronously. Finally, by simultaneously using all data from the multiple profilers and the spherical constraint of each TB, all extrinsic parameters are accurately calibrated at the same time. Experimental results show that the average probing size error of the TB with a 38.1 mm diameter is stable at about 0.007 mm, and its extended uncertainty is about 0.100 mm (k = 2). In addition, standard cylinders and bend tubes are scanned. The results show that the proposed method can meet the high-accuracy calibration requirements of the tube-bending deformation detection system.
Simulation and experimental study of tool wear and damage in milling SA 508III steel
Authors: Cheng Yaonan , Ding Ya , Guan Rui , Gai Xiaoyu , Jin Yingbo , Lu Mengda
Published: September 2022

SA 508III steel is a typical difficult-to-machine material with high strength and high-temperature mechanical properties. In the milling process, the carbide tool is seriously damaged and their service life is short under the thermal-mechanical load of low cycle and high impact. In this paper, firstly, the finite element simulation of milling SA 508III steel is carried out to study the characteristics of thermal-mechanical load and tool wear during milling. Secondly, the wear experiment of cemented carbide tools is carried out. The morphology changes of the rake face and flank face of cemented carbide tools are observed and analyzed. The nature of tool wear and damage is discussed. Finally, the rule of crack development from microscopic defects to macroscopic cracks until tool fracture is described, and the tool failure mechanism is explored. The research results can provide theoretical basis and technical support for the optimal design of cutting tools of high-efficiency milling SA 508III steel and the improvement of cutting performance and service life of tools.
Characterization of nanostructures of TiO2used as bioreceptor to immobilize laccase enzyme for detection of gallic acid
Authors: Garnica-Romo Ma Guadalupe , Romero-Arcos Mariana , Martínez-Flores Héctor Eduardo
Published: September 2022

The derived materials obtained from the sol-gel process have been used in various technological applications, such as solar cells, intelligent coatings, catalysis, and, more recently, the fabrication of bioreceptors. The objective of this study was to develop a bioreceptor consisting of a titania-based nanostructure, which was synthesized using the sol-gel method. This nanostructure was immersed in a solution containing laccase and Nafion and integrated into a graphite-based electrode (TiO2/NAF/LAC). This device is called a bioreceptor and is used to detect gallic acid. The nanostructure was characterized by x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Particle size was measured using a nanosizer. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) tests were performed on a bioreceptor. In this study, the predominant phase of TiO2was anatase, and the obtained nanoparticles had an average size of 66 nm. The CV tests of the bioreceptor showed an oxidation response that increased as the concentration of gallic acid in the solution increased, with a detection limit of 0.125μM, as well as a wide linear range that varied from 0.125 to 175μM and a factor correlation of 0.9968. As a result, it was possible to develop a bioreceptor capable of immobilizing laccase to detect gallic acid.
Spatial control of the conductivity in SrTiO3-based heterointerfaces using inkjet printing
Authors: Hvid-Olsen T , Gadea C , Holde F B , Hoffmann K M , Jespersen T S , Grove-Rasmussen K , Trier F , Christensen D V
Published: September 2022

Interfaces between complex oxides host a plethora of functional properties including enhanced ionic conductivity, gate-tunable superconductivity and exotic magnetic states. The enhanced electronic, ionic and magnetic properties along the oxide interfaces are generally exploited in functional devices by spatial confinement of ions and electrons. Different patterning methods have been used to spatially control the conductivity at the interface, but a key limitation is the multiple steps needed to fabricate functional devices. In this investigation, inkjet printing of thermally stable oxides is introduced as an alternative pathway for spatially controlling the interface conductivity. We inkjet print yttrium-stabilized zirconia and TiO2 with various shapes and use these as physical masks to confine the electronic conductivity in SrTiO3-based heterostructures. By performing in-situ transport measurements of the electrical conductivity as LaAlO3 and γ-Al2O3 are deposited on SrTiO3, we witness the birth of the interface conductivity and find a consistent transient behavior as conductivity emerges in patterned and non-patterned heterostructures. We find that conductivity appears after the first laser pulse in the pulsed laser deposition corresponding to the film covering only a few percent of the substrate. We attribute the emergence of conductivity to oxygen vacancies formed by a combination of plasma bombardment and oxygen transfer across the interface during growth. In this vein, inkjet patterned hard masks protects the SrTiO3 substrate, effectively confining the conductivity. The study paves a scalable way for realizing energy devices with spatially controlled electronic and ionic interface conductivity.
Implementation of a multidisciplinary inpatient opioid overdose education and naloxone distribution program at a large academic medical center
Authors: Nguyen Tu Tran , Applewhite Dinah , Cheung Fiona , Jacob Susan , Mitchell Elisabeth
Published: September 2022

Purpose

Opioid overdose–related deaths continue to rise. Despite public health efforts, there is still variability in obtainment of naloxone, a lifesaving antidote. We share our experience in the implementation of a novel opioid overdose education and naloxone distribution (OEND) program at a large academic medical center.

Methods

Collaborative efforts made by pharmacists, pharmacy students, physicians, nurses, and recovery coaches were employed in the design of the program. The service was available Monday through Friday, 9 am to 6 pm, and primarily carried out by pharmacy students on a rotating basis. Services offered included bedside delivery of naloxone and education prior to the day of discharge. In preparation for their role, the pharmacy students were required to complete a series of trainings and competency assessments.

Results

A total of 40 patients were included in the program evaluation. Of the completed consults 96.7% (n = 30) of patients received both counseling and naloxone delivery. Eighty percent of patients had a history of nonfatal opioid overdose, but only 37.5% had naloxone listed as a home medication. OEND services were provided to 66% of individuals with patient-directed discharges.

Conclusion

Implementation of an inpatient OEND program by mobilizing trained student pharmacists is feasible and expands naloxone access to patients during transitions of care. A similar model could be considered in the future for the delivery of harm reduction supplies to this patient population.
Rectus Plication Does Not Increase Risk of Thromboembolic Events Following Abdominal Body Contouring: A Matched Case-Control Analysis
Authors: Wang Fei , Chemakin Katherine , Shamamian Peter , Punn Isha , Campbell Tessa , Ricci Joseph A
Published: September 2022

Background

Rectus abdominis plication increases intra-abdominal pressure and lower-extremity venous stasis, which may increase the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) events.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential association between VTE and rectus abdominis muscle plication during surgery.

Methods

A retrospective review of all patients who underwent abdominal body contouring at the authors’ institution between 2010 and 2020 was completed. Cases were those with postoperative VTEs and were matched to controls (1:4) via potential confounders. Variables collected include demographic data, operative details, comorbidities, and postoperative complications. Statistical analysis was performed with parametric, nonparametric, and multivariable regression modeling.

Results

Overall, 1198 patients were included; 19 (1.59%) experienced a postoperative VTE and were matched to 76 controls. The overall cohort was 92.7% female with an average age of 44 years, an average Charlson Comorbidity Index of 1 point, and an average BMI of 30.1 kg/m2. History of cerebrovascular events (14.5% vs 36.8%, P = 0.026) differed significantly between cohorts, but no significant associations were noted in all other baseline demographics. Additionally, VTE cases were more likely to have received intraoperative blood transfusions (odds ratio = 8.4, P = 0.04). Bivariate analysis demonstrated cases were significantly more likely to experience concurrent complications, including delayed wound healing (0% vs 5.3%, P = 0.044), seroma formation (5.3% vs 21.1%, P = 0.027), and fat necrosis (0% vs 5.3%, P = 0.044). However, these findings were not significant in a multivariable regression model. Plication was not associated with VTE outcomes.

Conclusions

Rectus plication does not increase the risk of VTE. However, the odds of VTE are significantly increased in patients who received intraoperative blood products compared with those who did not.

Level of Evidence: 3
US FDA Patient Decision Checklist for Breast Implants: Results of a Survey to Members of The Aesthetic Society, April 2022
Authors: Karp Nolan , McGuire Patricia , Adams William P , Jewell Mark L
Published: September 2022

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), in response to concerns that patients undergoing breast implant surgery were not adequately informed about the risks of receiving an implanted medical device, mandated a Patient Decision Checklist (PDC) in October 2021. Breast implant manufactures communicated with plastic surgeons in 2022 regarding the use of the PDC as a condition for the sale of breast implants. Plastic surgeons voiced concerns over the accuracy of the content in the PDC and its confusing statements about the risk of adverse events associated with breast surgery. In April 2022, The Aesthetic Society developed a survey that was sent to its members regarding their experiences with the PDC. This was a 5-question survey, with 1 additional place for comments. The purpose of this survey was to develop data based on the 6-month experience of plastic surgeons with the PDC. A total of 206 Aesthetic Society members (9%) participated in the survey (1849 total active members in the United States). Patients deserve appropriate information prior to breast implant surgery to make an informed decision after reviewing the potential risks and benefits. The authors believe that there is still more work to be done to create an ideal PDC that is fair and balanced, scientifically describes risk incidence in a way that patients understand, and can be updated.
The Influence of Personality on Health Complaints and Quality of Life in Women With Breast Implants
Authors: Berben Juliënne A , Miseré Renée M L , Schop Sander J , van der Hulst René R W J
Published: September 2022

Background

A causal relation between systemic symptoms and breast implants has not been established. Psychological factors, such as personality and psychological distress, are strongly associated with the development of medically unexplained symptoms. It can be hypothesized that psychological factors may be related to the development of breast implant illness (BII).

Objectives

This study was conducted to evaluate the correlation between self-reported health complaints, health- and breast-related quality of life (QoL), and personality, in women with cosmetic breast implants.

Methods

Women who attended the plastic surgery outpatient clinic of Maastricht University Medical Center between October 2020 and October 2021 for reasons related to their implants and women recruited for a BII study at the Center during this period were invited to participate in this study. Only women who underwent cosmetic breast augmentation were eligible. Participants completed a physical complaints score form and the BREAST-Q, SF-36, and EPQ-RSS questionnaires via an online survey.

Results

In total, 201 women completed the questionnaires. Extroversion and social desirability were predominant personality traits in women with breast implants, followed by neuroticism. Relatively high levels of neuroticism were found compared with normative data. Neuroticism correlated significantly with health status and breast-related QoL. Physical and mental health–related QoL had the strongest correlations with neuroticism (β = −3.94, β = −4.86, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Personality can play a role in the development of complaints. High levels of neuroticism are seen in cosmetic surgery patients and are negatively correlated with subjective health and patient-reported outcomes in women with breast implants. Therefore, neuroticism may be a factor in the development of BII.

Level of Evidence: 4
Covid-induced school closures in the United States and Germany: long-term distributional effects
Authors: Fuchs-Schündeln Nicola
Published: September 2022

Almost all countries worldwide closed schools at the outbreak of the Covid-19 crisis. I document that schooling time dropped on average by −55% in the United States and −45% in Germany from the onset of the crisis to the summer of 2021. In the United States, schools were closed longer in richer than in poorer areas, while in Germany the regional variation is much smaller. However, Germany exhibited substantial variation by grade level, with a strong U-shaped pattern that implies that children attending middle school faced the longest closures. A structural model of human capital accumulation predicts that the US school closures on average lead to a reduction of life-time earnings of –1.8% for the affected children. While the overall losses are likely somewhat smaller in Germany, the socio-economic gradient in the losses could be larger than in the United States, leading to increased inequality and decreased intergenerational mobility.
More than just hitchhikers: a survey of bacterial communities associated with diatoms originating from sea turtles
Authors: Filek Klara , Lebbe Liesbeth , Willems Anne , Chaerle Peter , Vyverman Wim , Žižek Marta , Bosak Sunčica
Published: September 2022

Diatoms and bacteria are known for being the first colonizers of submerged surfaces including the skin of marine reptiles. Sea turtle carapace and skin harbor diverse prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes, including several epizoic diatoms. However, the importance of diatom-bacteria associations is hardly investigated in biofilms associated with animal hosts. This study provides an inventory of diatoms, bacteria and diatom-associated bacteria originating from loggerhead sea turtles using both metabarcoding and culturing approaches. Amplicon sequencing of the carapace and skin samples chloroplast gene rbcL and 16S rRNA gene detected, in total, 634 diatom amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) and 3661 bacterial ASVs, indicating high diversity. Cultures of putative epizoic and non-epizoic diatoms contained 458 bacterial ASVs and their bacterial assemblages reflected those of their host. Diatom strains allowed for enrichment and isolation of bacterial families rarely observed on turtles, such as Marinobacteraceae, Alteromonadaceae and Alcanivoracaceae. When accounting for phylogenetic relationships between bacterial ASVs, we observed that related diatom genera might retain similar microbial taxa in culture, regardless of the turtle's skin or carapace source. These data provide deeper insights into the sea turtle-associated microbial communities, and reveal the potential of epizoic biofilms as a source of novel microbes and possibly important diatom-bacteria associations.
Stochastic variation in gut bacterial community affects reproductive rates in the water flea Daphnia magna
Authors: Obrestad Kathrine , Einum Sigurd , Vadstein Olav
Published: September 2022

It is well-documented that perturbation of the gut bacterial community can influence the reproductive rates of the host. Less is known about how natural ecological processes can change the bacterial composition in the gut and how such changes influence the reproductive rate of the host. Here, we provide novel experimental insights into such processes using the clonally reproducing water flea, Daphnia magna. A total of 20 replicate cultures were reared for 5 weeks (Phase 1) to allow for divergence of bacterial communities through stochastic processes (i.e. drift, founder effects, and/or colonization). Duplicate cultures created from each of these were reared for 21 days (Phase 2) while recording reproductive rates. There was a significant repeatability in reproductive rates between these duplicates, suggesting that divergence of the bacterial communities during Phase 1 translated into reproductive rate effects during Phase 2. This was further supported by significant differences in the relative abundance of gut bacteria (investigated by amplicon sequencing of a part of the 16S rRNA gene) between cultures with high and low reproductive rate in Phase 2. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that stochastic processes can cause natural variation in the bacterial composition in the gut, which in turn affect host reproductive rates.
Contributions of Forest Regeneration After Intense Fragmentation in the Amazon through Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis
Authors: Brasil Iací Dandara Santos , Corte Ana Paula Dalla , Moura Marks Melo , Nakajima Nelson Yoshihiro , Sanquetta Carlos Roberto , Rex Franciel Eduardo , Mallmann Adriane Avelhaneda
Published: September 2022

This study analyzes the Amazon rainforest in the Brazilian state of Rondônia from the perspective of the forest regeneration observed from 2008 to 2018. The research examines the regeneration’s contribution to the landscape’s morphological spatial pattern within the state’s geographical limits, conservation units, indigenous lands, and the unprotected region. It assesses how the increase of forest regeneration areas influences morphological spatial patterns and evaluates whether the landscape in Rondônia has benefited from these new areas. The GuidosToolbox software was used to extract the morphological spatial pattern and the indices of morphological spatial patterns of forest habitats. The findings showed that Rondônia developed forest regeneration areas for 10 years, but these areas contributed little to improving the landscape morphological spatial patterns. The increase in regeneration areas contributed adequately only in the unprotected region. Therefore, the forest regeneration was not enough to compensate for the observed deforestation. Thus, conservation actions must be complemented with restoration activities focused on reconnecting patches and increasing the size of forest habitat through projects to encourage environmental regularization of exploited areas.
Assessing the impact of Covid-19 on teaching and research: A Ghanaian perspective
Authors: Amarh Gertrude Amorkor
Published: September 2022

The Covid-19 pandemic in diverse ways affected the traditional modes of instruction and learning at all levels of education. Prominent among the innovations necessitated by the pandemic was the increased use of virtual methods of teaching and learning. For many learners and instructors in parts of the world, however, expensive internet data costs, lack of digital learning tools, and similar other challenges meant that the benefits of virtual teaching and learning could not be fully reaped. This article recounts my experiences of the pandemic as a Ghanaian early career researcher. It shares the experiences of law students in my University, obtained through administered questionnaires. The article also analyses how these experiences unearthed deep socio-economic inequalities among learners and lecturers alike, and how these inequalities impacted effective teaching and learning during the pandemic. Although these disparities had long existed, the conditions created by the pandemic only made them more glaring. While analyzing the institutional support received from my University, the article makes a case for the active involvement of all stakeholders in bridging the divide.
Achieving Justice for Child Survivors of Conflict-related Sexual Violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in Light of the Kavumu Case
Authors: Mbokani Jacques B
Published: September 2022

In this article, the author questions some assertions on issues of international and Congolese criminal law made in the context of an article published in a Special Issue of the Journal on ‘Justice and Accountability for Sexual Violence in Conflict: Progress and Challenges in National Efforts to Address Impunity’. While he credits the article with helping to bring to the attention of a wider audience the atrocities experienced by the victims of the Kavumu case — and thus contributing to the overall justice-effort on their behalf — he notes a few areas of legal concern, including: (i) the impact of Article 27(2) ICC Statute on parliamentary immunities in prosecuting crimes under the Rome Statute before national courts; (ii) the determination of liability of the accused when military judges have failed to identify direct perpetrators of crimes or the group to which they belong; and (iii) the relationship between the forms of criminal responsibility of individuals that make up the leadership of an organization and the policy element of crimes against humanity attributed to that organization. In sum, the article seeks to investigate to what extent the judicial reasoning in this case may have contributed to clarifying the provisions of the ICC Statute as applied by military judges in Congolese courts.
Heel reconstruction for a Marjolin’s ulcer in a patient with multiple limb amputations: a case report
Authors: Torresetti Matteo , Peltristo Benedetta , Taddei Francesco Mauro Junior , Scalise Alessandro , Di Benedetto Giovanni
Published: September 2022

Coverage of the heel defects usually represents a challenge for the proper reconstructive requirements of the weight-bearing area of the foot. The presence of multiple limb amputation may represent a further concern for conventional free flap donor sites and the patient’s functional limitation, thus making reconstruction even more challenging. Amputee patients may be subjected to a higher risk of foot ulcerations and choosing the more appropriate reconstructive option in such patients is crucial. Here we describe the application of the medial plantar flap as a first-line option in a 66-year-old amputee patient with a squamous cell carcinoma arising from chronic ulceration on the left heel, that was successfully treated with limited functional limitations and excellent anatomical contour of the foot. Despite its use has been widely described for heel reconstruction, we believe that medial plantar flap would deserve greater relevance in the reconstructive scenario in such challenging cases.
Abundant ammonium hydrosulphide embedded in cometary dust grains
Authors: Altwegg K , Combi M , Fuselier S A , Hänni N , De Keyser J , Mahjoub A , Müller D R , Pestoni B , Rubin M , Wampfler S F
Published: September 2022

Ammonium hydrosulphide has long since been postulated to exist at least in certain layers of the giant planets. Its radiation products may be the reason for the red colour seen on Jupiter. Several ammonium salts, the products of NH3, and an acid have previously been detected at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The acid H2S is the fifth most abundant molecule in the coma of 67P followed by NH3. In order to look for the salt NH4+SH−, we analysed in situ measurements from the Rosetta/ROSINA Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer during the Rosetta mission. NH3 and H2S appear to be independent of each other when sublimating directly from the nucleus. However, we observe a strong correlation between the two species during dust impacts, clearly pointing to the salt. We find that NH4+SH− is by far the most abundant salt, more abundant in the dust impacts than even water. We also find all previously detected ammonium salts and for the first time ammonium fluoride. The amount of ammonia and acids balance each other, confirming that ammonia is mostly in the form of salt embedded into dust grains. Allotropes S2 and S3 are strongly enhanced in the impacts, while H2S2 and its fragment HS2 are not detected, which is most probably the result of radiolysis of NH4+SH−. This makes a prestellar origin of the salt likely. Our findings may explain the apparent depletion of nitrogen in comets and maybe help to solve the riddle of the missing sulphur in star-forming regions.
The formation of clusters and OB associations in different density spiral arm environments
Authors: Dobbs C L , Bending T J R , Pettitt A R , Buckner A S M , Bate M R
Published: September 2022

We present simulations of the formation and evolution of clusters in spiral arms. The simulations follow two different spiral arm regions, and the total gas mass is varied to produce a range of different mass clusters. We find that including photoionizing feedback produces the observed cluster mass–radius relation, increasing the radii of clusters compared to without feedback. Supernovae have little impact on cluster properties. We find that in our high-density, high gas mass simulations, star formation is less affected by feedback, as star formation occurs rapidly before feedback has much impact. In our lowest gas density simulation, the resulting clusters are completely different (e.g. the number of clusters and their masses) from the case with no feedback. The star formation rate is also significantly suppressed. The fraction of stars in clusters in this model decreases with time flattening at about 20 per cent. In our lowest gas simulation model, we see the formation of a star-forming group with properties similar to an OB association, in particular similar to Orion Ia. We suggest that low densities and stronger initial dynamics are conducive to forming associations rather than clusters. In all models, cluster formation is complex with clusters merging and splitting. The most massive clusters that form have tended to undergo more mergers.
Environmental cluster effects and galaxy evolution: The H i properties of the Abell clusters A85/A496/A2670
Authors: López-Gutiérrez M M , Bravo-Alfaro H , van Gorkom J H , Caretta C A , Durret F , Núñez-Beltrán L M , Jaffé Y L , Hirschmann M , Pérez-Millán D
Published: September 2022

We study the impact of the local environment on the transformation of spiral galaxies in three nearby (z < 0.08) Abell clusters: A85/A496/A2670. These systems were observed in H i with the Very Large Array, covering a volume extending beyond the virial radius and detecting 10, 58, and 38 galaxies, respectively. High fractions (0.40–0.86) of bright spirals [log(M*/M⊙) = 9−10] are not detected in H i. We provide further evidence of environmental effects consisting in significant fractions (0.10–0.33) of abnormal objects and a number of red (passive) spirals, suggesting an ongoing process of quenching. Ram-pressure profiles and the sample of the brightest spirals used as test particles for environmental effects indicate that ram-pressure plays an important role in stripping and transforming late-types. Phase-space diagrams and our search for substructures helped to trace the dynamical stage of the three systems. This was used to compare the global cluster effects versus pre-processing, finding that the former is the dominating mechanism in the studied clusters. By contrasting the global distribution of H i normal versus H i disturbed spirals in the combined three clusters, we confirm the expected correlation of disturbed objects located, on average, at shorter projected radii. However, individual clusters do not necessarily follow this trend, and we show that A496 and A2670 present atypical behaviour. In general, we provide conclusive evidence about the dependence of the transformation of infalling spirals on the ensemble of cluster properties like mass, ICM density, dynamical stage, and surrounding large-scale structure.