bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrical anisotropy due to gas hydrate-filled fractures
Authors: Cook Ann E. , Anderson Barbara I. , Malinverno Alberto , Mrozewski Stefan , Goldberg David S.
Published: November 2010

In 2006, the Indian National Gas Hydrate Program Expedition 01, or NGHP-01, discovered gas hydrate as fill in near-vertical fractures in unconsolidated sediments at several drilling sites on the Indian continental margins. These gas hydrate-filled fractures were identified on logging-while-drilling resistivity images. The gas hydrate-filled fracture intervals coincide with high measured resistivity at the NGHP-01 sites. High measured resistivity translates into high hydrate saturations via Archie’s equation; however, these high saturations contradict lower gas hydrate saturations determined from pressure core and chlorinity measurements. Also, in intervals with near-vertical gas hydrate-filled fractures, there is considerable separation between phase shift and attenuation resistivity logs, with [Formula: see text] resistivity measurements being significantly higher than [Formula: see text] resistivity measurements. We modeled the sensitivity of the propagation resistivity measurements in the gas hydrate-filled fracture intervals at NGHP-01 Sites 5 and 10. Near-vertical hydrate-filled fractures can cause the abnormally high resistivity measurements in vertical holes due to electrical anisotropy. The model suggests the gas hydrate saturations in situ are usually significantly lower than those calculated from Archie’s equation. In addition, these modeled gas hydrate saturations generally agree with the lower gas hydrate saturations obtained from pressure core and chlorinity measurements at NGHP-01 Sites 5 and 10.
Euler deconvolution of gravity anomalies from thick contact/fault structures with extended negative structural index
Authors: Stavrev Petar , Reid Alan
Published: November 2010

The concept of extended Euler homogeneity of potential fields is examined with respect to all variables of length dimension in their analytical expressions. This reveals the possible existence of positive degrees of homogeneity or corresponding negative structural indices considered as extensions of the Thompson’s structural indices in Euler deconvolution. This approach is implemented for a contact gravity model, represented by a 2D semi-infinite slab with large thickness relative to its depth. Applying Euler deconvolution on synthetic and field data indicates that the positive degree of homogeneity, i.e., the extended negative structural index, is the appropriate one for the inversion of gravity anomalies from contact structures.
Dissociation of Osteogenic and Immunological Effects by the Selective Glucocorticoid Receptor Agonist, Compound A, in Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells
Authors: Rauner Martina , Goettsch Claudia , Stein Nicola , Thiele Sylvia , Bornhaeuser Martin , De Bosscher Karolien , Haegeman Guy , Tuckermann Jan , Hofbauer Lorenz C.
Published: November 2010

Glucocorticoids (GCs) regulate various physiological processes, including bone remodeling. Whereas physiological amounts of GCs are required for proper human osteoblast differentiation, prolonged exposure to GCs leads to substantial bone loss in vivo predominantly by inhibiting osteoblast functions. Compound A (CpdA) is a novel GC receptor modulator with the potential of an improved benefit/risk profile. Here we tested the osteoimmunological effects of CpdA on primary human osteoblasts and their paracrine interactions with osteoclasts. To assess the antiinflammatory potential of CpdA in human bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC)-derived osteoblasts, cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide and cytokine expression was determined. Similar to dexamethasone (DEX), CpdA profoundly suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-α (−63%), IL-1β (−38%), and IL-6 (−36%) (P < 0.05) mRNA levels. Of note, CpdA failed to induce osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, whereas DEX and budesonide enhanced matrix mineralization an d increased runt-related transcription factor 2 and alkaline phosphatase mRNA levels up to 5-fold in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, each substance promoted cell proliferation by 7–10% and suppressed apoptosis by 25–30% at low concentrations and early differentiation stages, whereas high concentrations (1 μm) suppressed proliferation and stimulated apoptosis in mature osteoblasts. Finally, CpdA did not increase the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand to osteoprotegerin mRNA ratio as compared with DEX and did not stimulate the formation of osteoclasts in coculture with BMSCs. In summary, CpdA displays dissociated osteogenic and immunological effects in human BMSCs that are distinct from those of conventional GCs. Whether the specific osteoimmunological profile of CpdA translates into a relevant in vivo effect needs to be further explored.
The Somatotrope as a Metabolic Sensor: Deletion of Leptin Receptors Causes Obesity
Authors: Childs Gwen V. , Akhter Noor , Haney Anessa , Syed Mohsin , Odle Angela , Cozart Michael , Brodrick Zachary , Gaddy Dana , Suva Larry J. , Akel Nisreen , Crane Christopher , Beneš Helen , Charlesworth Amanda , Luque Raul , Chua Streamson , Kineman Rhonda D.
Published: November 2010

Leptin, the product of the Lep gene, reports levels of adiposity to the hypothalamus and other regulatory cells, including pituitary somatotropes, which secrete GH. Leptin deficiency is associated with a decline in somatotrope numbers and function, suggesting that leptin may be important in their maintenance. This hypothesis was tested in a new animal model in which exon 17 of the leptin receptor (Lepr) protein was selectively deleted in somatotropes by Cre-loxP technology. Organ genotyping confirmed the recombination of the floxed LepR allele only in the pituitary. Deletion mutant mice showed a 72% reduction in pituitary cells bearing leptin receptor (LEPR)-b, a 43% reduction in LEPR proteins and a 60% reduction in percentages of immunopositive GH cells, which correlated with reduced serum GH. In mutants, LEPR expression by other pituitary cells was like that of normal animals. Leptin stimulated phosphorylated Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 expression in somatotropes from normal animals but not from mutants. Pituitary weights, cell numbers, IGF-I, and the timing of puberty were not different from control values. Growth curves were normal during the first 3 months. Deletion mutant mice became approximately 30–46% heavier than controls with age, which was attributed to an increase in fat mass. Serum leptin levels were either normal in younger animals or reflected the level of obesity in older animals. The specific ablation of the Lepr exon 17 gene in somatotropes resulted in GH deficiency with a consequential reduction in lipolytic activity normally maintained by GH and increased adiposity.
Minireview: Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 in Phosphate Homeostasis and Bone Metabolism
Authors: Hori Michiko , Shimizu Yuichiro , Fukumoto Seiji
Published: November 2010

Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) was identified in 2000. Since then, FGF23 has been found to physiologically regulate phosphate metabolism and aberrant actions of FGF23 results in several disorders of phosphate and bone metabolism. In addition, FGF23 plays an important role in the development of chronic kidney disease–mineral and bone disorder. However, further investigations are necessary, especially with regard to the regulation of FGF23 expression. In this minireview, we focus on the physiological and pathophysiological significance of FGF23 in phosphate and bone metabolism.
Plasticity of the Reproductive Axis Caused by Social Status Change in an African Cichlid Fish: II. Testicular Gene Expression and Spermatogenesis
Authors: Maruska Karen P. , Fernald Russell D.
Published: November 2010

Reproduction in all vertebrates is controlled by the brain-pituitary-gonad (BPG) axis, which is regulated socially in males of the African cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni. Although social information influences GnRH1 neurons at the apex of the BPG axis, little is known about how the social environment and dominance affects the cellular and molecular composition of the testes to regulate reproductive capacity. We created an opportunity for reproductively suppressed males to ascend in status and then measured changes in gene expression and tissue morphology to discover how quickly the perception of this opportunity can influence the testes. Our results show rapid up-regulation of mRNA levels of FSH receptor and several steroid receptor subtypes in the testes during social ascent. In contrast, LH receptor was not elevated until 72 h after ascent, but this increase was coincident with elevated circulating androgens and early stages of spermatogenesis, suggesting a role in steroidogenesis. The spermatogenic potential of the testes, as measured by cellular composition, was also elevated before the overall increase in testes size. The presence of cysts at all stages of spermatogenesis, coupled with lower levels of gonadotropin and steroid receptors in subordinate males, suggests that the BPG axis and spermatogenesis are maintained at a subthreshold level in anticipation of the chance to gain a territory and become reproductively active. Our results show that the testis is stimulated extremely quickly after perception of social opportunity, presumably to allow suppressed males to rapidly achieve high reproductive success in a dynamic social environment.
Effect of Insulin and Dexamethasone on Fetal Assimilation of Maternal Glucose
Authors: Norris Andrew W. , Wang Chunlin , Yao Jianrong , Walsh Susan A. , Sawatzke Alexander B. , Hu Shanming , Sunderland John J. , Segar Jeffrey L. , Ponto Laura L. B.
Published: November 2010

The growing fetus depends upon transfer of glucose from maternal blood to fetal tissues. Insulin and glucocorticoid impact maternal glucose metabolism, but the effects of these hormones on fetal glucose assimilation in vivo are understudied. We thus used positron emission tomography imaging to determine the disposition of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in rats on gestational d 20, quantifying the kinetic competition of maternal tissues and fetus for glucose. Three fasting maternal states were studied: after 2-d dexamethasone (DEX), during euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp insulin receiving (INS), and control (CON). In CON and DEX mothers, FDG accumulation in fetuses and placentae was substantial, rivaling that of maternal brain. By contrast, FDG accumulation was reduced in INS fetuses, placentae, and maternal brain by approximately 2-fold, despite no diminution in FDG extraction kinetics from maternal blood into these structures. The reduced FDG accumulation was due to more rapid clearance of FDG from the circulation in INS mothers, related to increased FDG avidity in INS select maternal tissues, including skeletal muscle, brown adipose tissue, and heart. DEX treatment of mothers reduced fetal weight by nearly 10%. Nonetheless, the accumulation of FDG into placentae and fetuses was similar in DEX and CON mothers. In our rat model, fetal growth restriction induced by DEX does not involve diminished glucose transport to the fetus. Maternal insulin action has little effect on the inherent avidity of the fetal-placental unit for glucose but increases glucose utilization by maternal tissues, thus indirectly reducing the glucose available to the fetus.
Do the Effects of Testosterone on Muscle Strength, Physical Function, Body Composition, And Quality of Life Persist Six Months after Treatment in Intermediate-Frail and Frail Elderly Men?
Authors: O'Connell Matthew D. L. , Roberts Stephen A. , Srinivas-Shankar Upendram , Tajar Abdelouahid , Connolly Martin J. , Adams Judith E. , Oldham Jackie A. , Wu Frederick C. W.
Published: November 2010

abstract

Context:

Short-term testosterone (T) treatment in frail elderly men improves muscle mass and strength. It is unclear whether these effects can be maintained post treatment.

Objective:

To assess the durability of androgen effects in frail men.

Design and Setting:

Single center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to investigate the effects of 6 months T (25–75 mg daily) on muscle strength, body composition, physical function, and quality of life (QoL). Participants were assessed at the end of treatment (6 months) and 6 months after treatment cessation (12 months).

Participants:

274 intermediate-frail and frail elderly men aged 65–90 years with low T levels.

Results:

Mean T increased from 11.1 (3.1) nmol/liter at baseline to 18.4 (3.5) nmol/liter at 6 months, then declined to 10.5 (3.7) nmol/L at 12 months, in the T-treated group. Isometric knee extension peak torque increased in the T-treated group compared with placebo to give an adjusted mean difference (95% CI) between groups of 8.1 (−0.2 to 16.5) Nm at 6 months. Lean mass increased in the T-treated group giving a difference between groups of 1.2 (0.8 to 1.7) kg at 6 months. Somatic and sexual symptoms improved during treatment. None of these differences between groups remained at 12 months. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels and haematocrit increased slightly during treatment but returned to baseline by 12 months.

Conclusion:

The effects of 6-month T treatment on muscle strength, lean mass, and QoL in frail men are not maintained at 6 months post treatment.
Clinical, Biochemical, and Molecular Characterization of Macronodular Adrenocortical Hyperplasia of the Zona Reticularis: A New Syndrome
Authors: Ghayee Hans K. , Rege Juilee , Watumull Lori M. , Nwariaku Fiemu E. , Carrick Kelley S. , Rainey William E. , Miller Walter L. , Auchus Richard J.
Published: November 2010

abstract

Context:

Macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia classically presents with progressive hypercortisolemia and Cushing syndrome. We describe a 29-yr-old man with massive macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia without hypercortisolemia but rather markedly elevated and nonsuppressible production of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate (DHEAS).

Objective:

To characterize the clinical and molecular features of this case and to determine whether the tissue biochemically resembles the zona reticularis or fetal adrenal.

Setting:

University clinic, hospital, and laboratories.

Design:

Static and dynamic blood and urine testing were performed preoperatively. Tissue was studied by light microscopy, immunoblot, RNA microarray, and enzyme assay.

Participant:

A 29-yr-old man with incidentally discovered bilateral adrenal enlargement.

Intervention:

Bilateral adrenalectomy.

Main Outcome Measures:

Molecular studies compared with control samples.

Results:

Hypercortisolism and 21-hydroxylase deficiency were excluded. DHEA, DHEAS, and 17-hydroxypregnenolone were markedly elevated and did not suppress with dexamethasone 2 mg/d for 4 d. Homogenates of the adrenals demonstrated high 17-hydroxylase, good 17,20-lyase, and low or absent 21-hydroxylase and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities. Immunoblots confirmed robust expression of cytochrome P450c17 and AKR1C3 but not P450c21. Microarray analysis demonstrated high CYP11A1 and CYP17A1 expression but low or absent HSD3B1, HSD3B2, and CYP21A2 expression. Expression of mRNA for cytochrome b5 (CYB5A) and AKR1C3, markers of the zona reticularis, were markedly elevated.

Conclusion:

This is the first case of macronodular hyperplasia of the adrenal zona reticularis confirmed with studies of enzyme activity, mRNA expression, and protein identification. We speculate that this condition can be clinically silent in men but might cause severe hyperandrogenemia in women.
Ectopic Fat Storage in the Pancreas, Liver, and Abdominal Fat Depots: Impact on β-Cell Function in Individuals with Impaired Glucose Metabolism
Authors: van der Zijl N. J. , Goossens G. H. , Moors C. C. M. , van Raalte D. H. , Muskiet M. H. A. , Pouwels P. J. W. , Blaak E. E. , Diamant M.
Published: November 2010

abstract

Context:

Pancreatic fat content (PFC) may have deleterious effects on β-cell function.

Objective:

We hypothesized that ectopic fat deposition, in particular pancreatic fat accumulation, is related to β-cell dysfunction in individuals with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and/or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).

Design, Setting and Participants:

This was a cross-sectional study in 64 age- and body mass index-matched individuals, with normal glucose tolerance (NGT; n = 16, 60% males), IFG (n = 29, 52% males), or IFG/IGT (n = 19, 63% males) was conducted.

Intervention and Main Outcome Measures:

Participants underwent the following: 1) a combined hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic and hyperglycemic clamp, with subsequent arginine stimulation to quantify insulin sensitivity and β-cell function; 2) proton-magnetic resonance spectroscopy to assess PFC and liver fat content (LFC); and 3) magnetic resonance imaging to quantify visceral (VAT) and sc (SAT) adipose tissue. The disposition index (DI; insulin sensitivity adjusted β-cell function) was assessed.

Results:

IFG and IFG/IGT were more insulin resistant (P < 0.001) compared with NGT. Individuals with IFG/IGT had the lowest values of glucose- and arginine-stimulated C-peptide secretion (both P < 0.03) and DI (P < 0.001), relative to IFG and NGT. PFC and LFC gradually increased between NGT, IFG, and IFG/IGT (P = 0.02 and P = 0.01, respectively), whereas VAT and SAT were similar between groups. No direct associations were found between PFC, LFC, VAT, and SAT and C-peptide secretion. The DI was inversely correlated with PFC, LFC, and VAT (all P < 0.05).

Conclusions:

PFC was increased in individuals with IFG and/or IGT, without a direct relation with β-cell function.
Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Associated Polymorphisms Regulate Expression of Adjacent Transcripts in Transformed Lymphocytes, Adipose, and Muscle from Caucasian and African-American Subjects
Authors: Sharma Neeraj K. , Langberg Kurt A. , Mondal Ashis K. , Elbein Steven C. , Das Swapan K.
Published: November 2010

abstract

Context:

Genome-wide association scans (GWAS) have identified novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that increase T2D susceptibility and indicated the role of nearby genes in T2D pathogenesis.

Objective:

We hypothesized that T2D-associated SNPs act as cis-regulators of nearby genes in human tissues and that expression of these transcripts may correlate with metabolic traits, including insulin sensitivity (SI).

Design, Settings, and Patients:

Association of SNPs with the expression of their nearest transcripts was tested in adipose and muscle from 168 healthy individuals who spanned a broad range of SI and body mass index (BMI) and in transformed lymphocytes (TLs). We tested correlations between the expression of these transcripts in adipose and muscle with metabolic traits. Utilizing allelic expression imbalance (AEI) analysis we examined the presence of other cis-regulators for those transcripts in TLs.

Results:

SNP rs9472138 was significantly (P = 0.037) associated with the expression of VEGFA in TLs while rs6698181 was detected as a cis-regulator for the PKN2 in muscle (P = 0.00027) and adipose (P = 0.018). Significant association was also observed for rs17036101 (P = 0.001) with expression of SYN2 in adipose of Caucasians. Among 19 GWAS-implicated transcripts, expression of VEGFA in adipose was correlated with BMI (r = −0.305) and SI (r = 0.230). Although only a minority of the T2D-associated SNPs were validated as cis-eQTLs for nearby transcripts, AEI analysis indicated presence of other cis-regulatory polymorphisms in 54% of these transcripts.

Conclusions:

Our study suggests that a small subset of GWAS-identified SNPs may increase T2D susceptibility by modulating expression of nearby transcripts in adipose or muscle.
SGK3 Is an Estrogen-Inducible Kinase Promoting Estrogen-Mediated Survival of Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Wang Yuanzhong , Zhou Dujin , Phung Sheryl , Masri Selma , Smith David , Chen Shiuan
Published: November 2010

Serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 3 (SGK3) is a protein kinase of the AGC family of protein kinase A, protein kinase G, and protein kinase C and functions downstream of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Recent study revealed that SGK3 plays a pivotal role in Akt/protein kinase B independent signaling downstream of oncogenic PI3KCA mutations in breast cancer. Here we report that SGK3 is an estrogen receptor (ER) transcriptional target and promotes estrogen-mediated cell survival of ER-positive breast cancer cells. Through a meta-analysis on 22 microarray studies of breast cancer in the Oncomine database, we found that the expression of SGK3 is significantly higher (5.7-fold, P < 0.001) in ER-positive tumors than in ER-negative tumors. In ER-positive breast cancer cells, SGK3 expression was found to be induced by 17β-estradiol (E2) in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and the induction of SGK3 mRNA by E2 is independent of newly synthesized proteins. We identified two ERα-binding regions at the sgk3 locus through chromatin immunoprecipitation with massively parallel DNA sequencing. Promoter analysis revealed that ERα stimulates the activity of sgk3 promoters by interaction with these two ERα-binding regions on E2 treatment. Loss-of-function analysis indicated that SGK3 is required for E2-mediated cell survival of MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells. Moreover, overexpression of SGK3 could partially protect MCF-7 cells against apoptosis caused by antiestrogen ICI 182,780. Together, our study defines the molecular mechanism of regulation of SGK3 by estrogen/ER and provides a new link between the PI3K pathway and ER signaling as well as a new estrogen-mediated cell survival mechanism mediated by SGK3 in breast cancer cells.
Cross-Country Comparison of the Incentives of the EU Emission Trading Scheme for Replacing Existing Power Plants in 2008–12
Authors: Rogge Karoline S. , Linden Christian
Published: November 2010

In this paper, we conduct a cross-country quantitative analysis of the replacement incentives generated by the EU Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) for the power sector in 2008–12. In order to do so, the allocation rules of the Member States are applied to concrete reference power plants for three different fuel types (lignite, hard coal and gas). Based on these calculations, we compare installation-specific replacement incentives across the Member States. Our analysis shows that replacement incentives vary significantly across Member States and typically deviate from the incentives provided in the reference case of full auctioning. Furthermore, the EU ETS allocation rules lead to perverse incentives in approximately 30% of the possible replacement options. Only 5 MS do not provide any perverse incentives. Finally, we explore the link between replacement incentives and allocation types. Based on our findings, we derive policy recommendations for the design of emission trading schemes emerging around the world.
The Long-Term Future for Energy Resources' Exploitation
Authors: Odell Peter R.
Published: November 2010

It is often argued that dependence on carbon fuels should be reduced as soon as possible – both for fears of our ‘running out’ of them and of their impact on global warming. But the ideas of ‘peak oil’ and ‘peak gas' are both myths. Indeed, there is little by way of ‘renewable’ sources of energy being able to secure more than 40% of total energy requirements in 2100. Thus oil, gas and coal will continue to dominate the world's energy supply for many decades. If need be, the only solution in the event of global warming would be by sequestering the carbon underground.
A Network Flow Algorithm for the Cell-Based Single-Destination System Optimal Dynamic Traffic Assignment Problem
Authors: Zheng Hong , Chiu Yi-Chang
Published: November 2010

The cell-transmission model-based single-destination system optimal dynamic traffic assignment problem proposed by Ziliaskopoulos was mostly solved by standard linear programming (LP) methods, e.g., simplex and interior point methods, which produce link-based flows involving vehicle-holding phenomenon. In this paper we present a network flow algorithm for this problem. We show that the problem is equivalent to the earliest arrival flow and then solve the earliest arrival flow on a time-expanded network. In particular, a scaled flow scheme is proposed to deal with the situation in which the ratio of backward wave speed to forward wave speed is less than one. The proposed algorithm produces path-based flows exhibiting realistic nonvehicle-holding properties. Complexity and numerical analyses show that the algorithm runs more efficiently than LP.
Resistance to localized corrosion of pure Ni, micro- and nano-SiC composite electrodeposits
Authors: Lekka Maria , Lanzutti Alex , Zanella Caterina , Zendron Gabriel , Fedrizzi Lorenzo , Bonora Pier Luigi
Published: November 2010

The aim of this work was the production and characterization of composite Ni matrix electrodeposits. Pure Ni, micro- and nano-SiC Ni matrix composite deposits have been produced from a Watts’s-type electroplating bath under both direct (DC) and pulse current (PC) conditions. The obtained deposits have been characterized regarding their microstructure by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations on both top surface and cross-section and their SiC content by energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDXS) and glow discharge optical emission spectrometry (GDOES) analyses. The resistance to localized corrosion has been evaluated by exposing the samples in a salt spray cabinet and performing visual observation as well as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements every five days. Both the use of PC and the codeposition of the nanoparticles lead to a grain refinement of the Ni matrix. The use of the PC did not influence in a significant way the resistance of the pure Ni deposits to the localized corrosion. The incorporation of micro-SiC led to a decrease of the corrosion resistance for the deposits produced under DC, while the microcomposites produced under PC presented a corrosion resistance comparable to the pure Ni deposits. The nanocomposites presented the highest corrosion resistance due to the more compact and fine-grained microstructure. EIS revealed the presence of a localized corrosion attack earlier than the visual observation, giving useful information about the failure mechanism.
Quantitative determination of haptoglobin glycoform variants in psoriasis
Authors: Maresca Bernardetta , Cigliano Luisa , Corsaro Maria M. , Pieretti Giuseppina , Natale Massimo , Bucci Enrico M. , Dal Piaz Fabrizio , Balato Nicola , Nino Massimiliano , Ayala Fabio , Abrescia Paolo
Published: November 2010

Haptoglobin is an acute phase glycoprotein, secreted by hepatocytes and other types of cells including keratinocytes. Haptoglobin has been suggested to impair the immune response, inhibit gelatinases in the extracellular matrix and promote angiogenesis, but its role in psoriasis is obscure to date. Changes in haptoglobin glycan structure were observed in several diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate whether haptoglobin displays glycan variations in psoriasis. We found that the pattern of plasma haptoglobin glycoforms, following two-dimensional electrophoresis, exhibited significant quantitative differences in spot intensities between patients and controls. Quantitative and qualitative differences in glycan mass, between patients and controls, were found by mass spectrometry of glycopeptides from tryptic digests of protein isolated from both patients and controls. The number of distinct fucosylated glycoforms of peptides NLFLNHSENATAK and MVSHHNLTTGATLINEQWLLTTAK was higher in patients than in controls, but no fucosylated glycan was detected on peptide VVLHPNYSQ-VDIGLIK in either case. The number of peptides with distinct triantennary and tetraantennary glycans was higher in patients than in controls. Abundance or structure of specific glycans, which are present in haptoglobin from patients and are different or missing in normal haptoglobin, might be associated with disease activity.
Characterization of plant miRNAs and small RNAs derived from potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) in infected tomato
Authors: Diermann Natalie , Matoušek Jaroslav , Junge Markus , Riesner Detlev , Steger Gerhard
Published: November 2010

To defend against invading pathogens, plants possess RNA silencing mechanisms involving small RNAs (miRNAs, siRNAs). Also viroids – plant infectious, non-coding, unencapsidated RNA – cause the production of viroid-specific small RNAs (vsRNA), but viroids do escape the cytoplasmic silencing mechanism. Viroids with minor sequence variations can produce different symptoms in infected plants, suggesting an involvement of vsRNAs in symptom production. We analyzed by deep sequencing the spectrum of vsRNAs induced by the PSTVd strain AS1, which causes strong symptoms such as dwarfing and necrosis upon infection of tomato plants cv Rutgers. Indeed, vsRNAs found with highest frequency mapped to the pathogenicity-modulating domain of PSTVd, supporting an involvement of vsRNAs in symptom production. Furthermore, in PSTVd AS1-infected plants the accumulation of some endogenous miRNAs, which are involved in leaf development via regulation of transcription factors, is suppressed. The latter finding supports the hypothesis that a miRNA-dependent (mis)regula-tion of transcription factors causes the viroid symptoms.
Ischemia modified albumin changes – review and clinical implications
Authors: Sbarouni Eftihia , Georgiadou Panagiota , Voudris Vassilis
Published: November 2010

Ischemia modified albumin (IMA), as measured using the albumin cobalt binding test, is currently the most promising biomarker for early detection of ischemia before the onset of irreversible cardiac injury. This paper reviews the information available on IMA, including its pathophysiology, analysis, clinical applications and future perspectives. The data provided was identified by a search of MEDLINE using the terms IMA, biomarkers and ischemia. IMA may be useful to cover the complete diagnostic window of patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in the Emergency Department, along with the electrocardiogram and cardiac troponins. Preliminary data regarding the significance of IMA in the prognosis of either ACS or following revascularization need further study.
Hardy's inequality in the scope of Dirichlet forms
Authors: Belhadjrhouma Nedra , Ben Amor Ali
Published: November 2010

We revisit Hardy's inequality in the scope of regular Dirichlet forms
following an analytical method. We shall give an alternative necessary and sufficient
condition for the occurrence of Hardy's inequality. A special emphasis
will be given for the case where
the Dirichlet form under consideration is strongly local, extending therefore some known results
in the Euclidean case.
Lifetime Calculation of Thermo-Mechanically Loaded Materials (Al, Cu, Ni, and Fe Alloys) Based on Empirical Methods
Authors: Koeberl H. , Winter G. , Eichlseder W.
Published: November 2010

Cyclic loading of metallic engineering components at constant elevated or fluctuating temperatures causes a complex evolution of damage, which cannot be described easily. In many engineering components, thermo-mechanical loading occurs, e.g., cooling components in metallurgy and metal forming, turbine blades, cylinder heads, exhaust systems, etc. At the same time, the thermal expansion is restricted in some regions due to the complex geometry of the components. Therefore, mechanical stresses take place, and the cyclic plastic deformation leads to thermo-mechanical fatigue of the material. A careful analysis and comparison of the experimental results, based on a systematic variation of the relevant influence factors, allow to develop empirical models for computing the fatigue life of thermo-mechanically loaded components made of AlSi cast alloys, Cu alloy, Ni alloy, and cast iron. Based on stress-strain loops from low cycle fatigue tests at different temperatures, a nonlinear combined material model was adopted to describe the cyclic deformation behavior. The simulated loading parameters of stress and strain were the basis for the subsequent lifetime simulation. Different lifetime approaches were tested and analyzed to fulfill the requirements for the fatigue analysis of components made of these alloys. In particular, strain based criteria, damage parameters as well as hysteresis energy criteria were investigated. Also, a new energy based parameter was developed to optimize the scatter band and standard deviation. In order to verify the simulation model for components, numerical results have to be compared, and—if necessary—it also has to be adapted to experimental results from component tests. In addition, the model parameters can be optimized by using these results.
Good planning and serendipity: exploiting the Cre/Lox system in the testis
Authors: Smith Lee
Published: November 2010

Over the past 20 years, genetic manipulation has revolutionised our understanding of male reproductive development and function. The advent of transgenic mouse lines has permitted elegant dissection of previously intractable issues. The development of theCre/Loxsystem, which has permitted spatial and temporal localisation of genetic manipulation, has expanded upon this, and now makes up one of the primary approaches underpinning our increasing understanding of testis development and function. The success of conditional gene targeting is largely reliant upon the choice of Cre recombinase expressing mouse line, which is required to specifically target the correct cell type at the correct time. Presupposition that Cre lines will behave as expected has been one of the main oversights in the design ofCre/Loxexperiments, as in practice, many Cre lines are prone to ectopic expression (both temporal and spatial), transgene silencing or genetic background effects. Empirical validation of the spatiotemporal profile of Cre expression prior to undertaking conditional gene targeting studies is essential and can be achieved through a combination of molecular and immunohistochemical approaches, along within vivoexamination of reporter gene expression in targeted tissues. This paper details the key considerations associated with exploitation of theCre/Loxsystem and highlights a variety of validated Cre lines that have utility for conditional gene targeting within the testis.
Circuit Analog RF-Visual Antireflection Coatings
Authors: Abueg Nicole L. , Delfeld Thomas
Published: November 2010

The Boeing Company has developed a unique nanotechnology for antireflective coatings that can perform at near grazing angles (∼80°), in the long wave infrared (LWIR). This technology has been validated through mathematical modeling and the fabrication and testing of small scale components. The coatings were designed to perform best at 10 micron wavelengths, and moderately well over the 8 to 12 micron region. The technology is based upon a circuit analog sheet (capacitive) buried within a dielectric, to produce a reflection that adds out of phase with respect to the face sheet reflection. Since the TE component of the reflection is highest near grazing, the sheet is designed to primarily affect that polarization (low impedance) while leaving the TM wave unaffected (high impedance).

When desired, in order to improve the TM transmission as well as TE, two layers are used at different depths. This dual-layer approach has also been modeled (in closed form), fabricated and tested. Also, explored in this paper, are the impacts of a design that works well azimuthally at grazing angles.

Until recently, the above solution was limited to RF frequencies, but with advances in fabrication it has become possible to fabricate very small nanostructures that operate in LWIR using traditional thin-film vacuum deposition techniques. It is envisioned that eventually such a concept could be used in the visual regime via self assembly.
Realization of Electrically Small Patch Antennas Loaded with Metamaterials
Authors: Strickland D. , Pruitt J. , Helffrich J. , Martinez E. , Nance B. , Griffith L.
Published: November 2010

We have built and tested electrically small (∼γ/10) resonant patch antennas as proposed in recent literature [1, 2]. The metamaterial array loading the antennas formed a rough cylinder axially enclosed by a patch antenna and a ground plane. The fill ratio, or ratio of the metamaterial array's radius to the patch radius, was less than one. Given a particular negative permeability metamaterial (copper spiral rings printed on circuit board in this case), the fill ratio dictates the lower of two resonant frequencies of the antenna. The higher frequency resonance is characteristic of the patch.

We observed that each of the antennas radiated at two resonant frequencies, as predicted. The lower frequency resonance disappeared when the metamaterial was removed. We built two versions of this antenna, one (Design I) with a lower resonant frequency of 756 MHz and higher resonant frequency of 3.3 GHz, and a second antenna (Design II) with a lower resonant frequency of 385 MHz and higher resonant frequency of 1.8 GHz. Because we were interested in reducing the size of patch antennas, we focused on the lower frequency resonances in this work. The antennas' return loss was measured at -23 dB and -28 dB, the gains were -11 dBi and -13 dBi, and the return loss was less than -10 dB over bandwidths of 4.7% and 1.8% for the lower frequency resonances of Design I and Design II, respectively.

We also predicted the trend of increasing resonant frequency with decreased metamaterial fill ratio. We varied the fill ratio was by changing the patch size while maintaining the same metamaterial array. As predicted, resonant frequency increased with increasing patch size, an opposite trend to what one would expect without the loading metamaterial. Altering the patch size allows simple tuning during the assembly and test process.
Miniaturization of Electromagnetic Bandgap Structures with Thin Film Dielectrics for Si Interposer Applications
Authors: Takemura Koichi , Ando Noriaki , Toyao Hiroshi , Manako Takashi , Tsukagoshi Tsuneo
Published: November 2010

We have developed miniaturized electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures on Si having a stopband that covers the 2.4 GHz band. By combining thin film dielectrics with inductance-enhanced EBG structures, the unit cell size can be reduced to 1 mm × 1 mm or less. Like the EBG structures embedded in conventional printed circuit boards, the stopbands can be designed using the transmission-line theory. The developed EBG structures can be integrated into Si interposers to suppress power noise.
Refraction Indices of Non-Uniform Systems from the First Principles
Authors: Pozhar Liudmila A.
Published: November 2010

A novel, first-principle theoretical approach and synergetic computational methods designed to predict electronic and magnetic transport properties of strongly spatially inhomogeneous systems, including small quantum dots and wires (QDs and QWs, respectively), and molecules, have been developed recently. This approach is based on a many-body quantum theoretical formalism - a projection operator method due to Zubarev and Tserkovnikov (ZT) - formulated in terms of the equilibrium, two-time temperature Green functions (or TTGFs). There are several significant advantages of this approach, as compared to traditional non-equilibrium two-time thermodynamic and field-theoretical Green's function (NGF) methods that are currently used to study electronic and magnetic transport properties of strongly spatially inhomogeneous systems. In particular, the TTGFs are directly related to experimentally assessable microscopic charge, spin and microcurrent densities.

In the work reported here the TTGF-based approach has been used to derive a fundamental, yet tractable expression for the space-time Fourier transform of the tensor of quasi-local refraction indices (TRI) from the first principles. The TTGFs necessary to predict TRI can be calculated using quantum statistical mechanical means, modeling and simulations, and experimental data. Applications of the theoretical predictions for TRI open new prospects in materials design. In particular, the derived theoretical expression for TRI can be used to guide experimental synthesis of structured materials and systems with both direction- and position-dependent indices of refraction in desirable frequency ranges.
All-dielectric metamaterials: simulation of nanorod and arrays
Authors: Poklonskaya Elena , Poplavko Yuriy , Suchaneck Gunnar , Gerlach Gerald
Published: November 2010

In this work, scattered electric and magnetic fields of all-dielectric metamaterials were derived using a commercial RF finite-element partial differential equations solver. We present the implementation of rod-type composites consisting of a mixture of two components: the first one, which is called guest, is made of Ba1-xSrxTiO3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) and the second one, the host, made of SiO2. Analysis includes both the scattering effect, well described by the MIE theory, and dielectric inhomogeneous structure properties, determined using the MAXWELL-GARNETT approximation.
Systematic Behaviors of ab-plane Pinning Variations in a Practical Length Wire Fabricated by the MOD/RABiTS Process
Authors: Coulter J. Yates , Reagor David W. , Willis Jeffrey O. , Holesinger Terry G.
Published: November 2010

In-field critical current Ic variations, detected using a short sample, angular Ic(77K, H=5.2kOe, Angle) measurement on the ends of a 20 m coated conductor tape fabricated by the MOD / RABiTS process, are shown to be variations in the Ic(H) anisotropy that exist on subcentimeter length scales. A Ic(75 K, H, Angle) study was performed on segments cut from the tape where the power law exponent of the field dependence, α, Ic ∼H−α was calculated for Ic(H, Angle) data. Two extrema behaviors, anisotropic and isotropic, were identified. The isotropic material is shown to outperform the anisotropic material for a wide range of fields and angles at T=26 K.
Optimization of minute doping of Y1−xRExBa2Cu3O7−δ thin films with RE = Tb and Nd
Authors: Reichart J.N. , Thomas E.L. , Haugan T.J. , Song X. , Ruter-Schoppman B. M. , Barnes P.N.
Published: November 2010

Doping of YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) has become an effective means of increasing the flux pinning and critical current densities (Jc) in thin film superconductors, while maintaining the transition temperature (Tc). In previous research efforts, our group showed that doping (Y1−xREx)BCO with typically deleterious rare earth (RE) elements can be used to improve the fil's current density via flux pinning when the x molar additions are less than 1%. However, data was only presented for different orders of magnitude (x = 0.1%, 1.0%, 10%) without consideration of optimization. The research presented here demonstrates that the deleterious RE elements can differ greatly in how broad the range of optimal doping concentration is, in addition to the relative doping concentration. Rare-earth elements Nd and Tb were compared due to the difference in degradation mechanisms: Nd additions results in Ba site substitution and Tb123 exhibits poor phase formation. Thin films of Nd and Tb doped YBCO films were grown by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) using standard deposition parameters for plain YBCO. The compositions studied were (Y1−xREx)BCO where x was varied from 0.0001 to 0.025 for Nd and 0.005 to 0.015 for Tb. Targets for PLD were prepared using solid state reaction and sintering procedures. All films were characterized for Jc and Tc by vibrating sample magnetometry. Data for Jc(H,T) and Tc were compared to undoped YBCO films processed under the same conditions. The results show a measurable increase in flux pinning for both different concentrations and range of Nd and Tb doping, with little decrease in Tc.
Study on Resistance Increase Trends and Recovery Characteristics of YBCO Thin-film Wire According to Insulation Layer
Authors: Du Ho Ik , Han Byoung Sung , Kim Yong Jin , Lee Dong Hyeok , Song Sang Seob
Published: November 2010

To apply the superconducting wire to power machines, it is necessary to conduct research on the characteristics of wire phase changes in connection with insulating layers. In this study, according to the presence or absence of insulating layers in the wire, and to the thickness of such layers, the wire's resistance increase trends and the characteristics of its recovery from quenching were examined by current-applied cycle at the temperatures of 90 K, 180 K and 250 K. Towards this end, YBCO thin-film wires that have the same critical temperatures and that have copper and stainless-steel stabilizing layers were prepared. One level and three and five levels of superior-performance polyimide pressure-sensitive adhesive tape was attached to the wires at a very low temperature. The eight prepared test samples were wound around the linear frames, then the wire's voltage and current created owing to the phase change characteristics were measured at each prescribed temperature, using the four-point probe method. Further, near the examination temperatures of 90 K, 180 K and 250 K the wire's resistance and recovery characteristics were examined by cycle.
Role of Mesoporous TiO2 Surface States and Metal Oxide Treatment on Charge Transport of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Shanmugam Mariyappan , Bills Braden , Baroughi Mahdi Farrokh
Published: November 2010

Photovoltaic performance of dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) was enhanced by 19 and 69 % compared to untreated DSSC by treating the nanoporous titanium dioxide (TiO2) by ultra thin Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and Hafnium oxide (HfO2) grown by atomic layer deposition method. Activation energy of dark current, obtained from the temperature dependent current-voltage (I-V-T), of the untreated DSSC was 1.03 eV on the other hand the DSSCs with Al2O3 and HfO2 surface treatment showed 1.27 and 1.31 eV respectively. A significant change in the activation energy of dark current, over 0.24 eV for Al2O3 treatment and 0.28 eV in case of HfO2 treatment, suggest that density and activity of surface states on nanoporous TiO2 was suppressed by ALD grown metal oxides to result improved photovoltaic performance. Further the enhanced DSSC performance was confirmed by external quantum efficiency measurement in the wavelength range of 350-750 nm.
Sensitizer Effects on the Transport Properties of Polymer:Sensitizer Organic Blend
Authors: Aleman Karina , Mansurova Svetlana , Kosarev Andrey , Rodriguez Ponciano , Meerholz Klaus , Koeber Sebastian
Published: November 2010

In this work we studied the effect of sensitizer concentration on a mobility-lifetime product μτ, on photoconductivity response time ph τph, and on drift mobility μ of the majority carriers in an organic polymer:sensitizer blend. The intensity modulated photocurrent and photo-EMF technique were used as experimental tools for this purpose. The studied material consists of a mixture of the novel non-conjugated main chain hole-transporting polymer PFO6:PDA (Poly(N,N'-bis(4-hexyloxyphenyl)-N'-(4-(9-phenyl-9H-fluoren-9-yl)phenyl)phenylen-1,4- diamine) sensitized with the highly soluble C60 derivative PCBM (phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester) in the range from Z = 1 to 40 wt.-%. It was experimentally observed that (1) at the increasing sensitizer concentration the overall photoconductivity increases; (2) the majority carrier type switches from holes to electrons at approximately 2:1 polymer:sensitizer ratio; (3) the holes response time becomes shorter at the decreasing polymer fraction, while the electrons lifetime is only slightly dependent on sensitizer concentration; (4) the hole mobility-lifetime product decreases at the decreasing concentration of hole transporting component (polymer), while the electrons mobility-lifetime product increases at the increasing concentration of the electron transporting component (sensitizer); (5) the same is true for the carriers mobilities.