bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Part-of-speech Tagging for Low-resource Languages: Activation Function for Deep Learning Network to Work with Minimal Training Data
Authors: Baishya Diganta , Baruah Rupam
Published: March 2024

Numerous natural language processing (NLP) applications exist today, especially for the most commonly spoken languages such as English, Chinese, and Spanish. Popular traditional methods such as Rule based methods, Naive Bayes classifiers, Hidden Markov models, Conditional Random field-based classifiers, and other stochastic methods have contributed to this improvement in the past. Recently, deep learning has led to exciting breakthroughs in several areas of artificial intelligence, including image processing and natural language processing. It is important to label words as parts of speech to begin developing most of the NLP applications. A deep study in this area reveals that many popular approaches used for this purpose require massive training data. Therefore, these approaches have not been helpful for languages not rich in digital resources. Applying these methods with very little training data prompts the need for innovative problem-solving. This article describes our research, which examines the strengths and weaknesses of well-known approaches, such as conditional random fields and state-of-the-art deep learning models, when applied for part-of-speech tagging using minimal training data for Assamese and English. We also examine the factors affecting them. We discuss our deep learning architecture and the proposed activation function, which shows promise with little training data. The activation function categorizes words belonging to different classes with more confidence by using the outcomes of statistical methods with SMTaylor SoftMax in our deep learning model. With minimal training, our deep learning architecture using the proposed modification of SM-Taylor SoftMax improves accuracy upto 4%, for our small dataset. This technique is a combination of SMTaylor SoftMax and statistical probability distribution of words over tags.
Optimizing Initial State of Detector Sensors in Quantum Sensor Networks
Authors: Zhan Caitao , Gupta Himanshu , Hillery Mark
Published: March 2024

In this article, we consider a network of quantum sensors, where each sensor is a qubit detector that “fires,” i.e., its state changes when an event occurs close by. The change in state due to the firing of a detector is given by a unitary operator, which is the same for all sensors in the network. Such a network of detectors can be used to localize an event, using a protocol to determine the firing sensor, presumably the one closest to the event. The determination of the firing sensor can be posed as a
Quantum State Discrimination
problem, which incurs a probability of error depending on the initial state and the measurement operators used.

In this article, we address the problem of determining the optimal initial global state of a network of detectors that incur a minimum probability of error in determining the firing sensor. For this problem, we derive necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of an initial state that allows for perfect discrimination, i.e., zero probability of error. Using insights from this result, we derive a conjectured optimal solution for the initial state, provide a pathway to prove the conjecture, and validate the conjecture empirically using multiple search heuristics that seem to perform near-optimally.
Variants in Candidate Genes for Phenotype Heterogeneity in Patients with the 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome
Authors: Nunes Natalia , Carvalho Nunes Beatriz , Zamariolli Malú , Cordeiro de Queiroz Soares Diogo , Caires dos Santos Leonardo , Gollo Dantas Anelisa , Ayres Meloni Vera , Iole Belangero Sintia , Gil-Da-Silva-Lopes Vera Lúcia , Ae Kim Chong , Melaragno Maria Isabel
Published: March 2024

22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a microdeletion syndrome with a broad and heterogeneous phenotype, even though most of the deletions present similar sizes, involving ∼3 Mb of DNA. In a relatively large population of a Brazilian 22q11.2DS cohort (60 patients), we investigated genetic variants that could act as genetic modifiers and contribute to the phenotypic heterogeneity, using a targeted NGS (Next Generation Sequencing) with a specific Ion AmpliSeq panel to sequence nine candidate genes (CRKL, MAPK1, HIRA, TANGO2, PI4KA, HDAC1, ZDHHC8, ZFPM2, and JAM3), mapped in and outside the 22q11.2 hemizygous deleted region. In silico prediction was performed, and the whole-genome sequencing annotation analysis package (WGSA) was used to predict the possible pathogenic effect of single nucleotide variants (SNVs). For the in silico prediction of the indels, we used the genomic variants filtered by a deep learning model in NGS (GARFIELD-NGS). We identified six variants, 4 SNVs and 2 indels, in MAPK1, JAM3, and ZFPM2 genes with possibly synergistic deleterious effects in the context of the 22q11.2 deletion. Our results provide the opportunity for the discovery of the co-occurrence of genetic variants with 22q11.2 deletions, which may influence the patients´ phenotype.
Scanning European Needs and Expectations Related to Livestock Biosecurity Training by Using the World Café Method
Authors: Saegerman Claude , Niemi Jarkko K. , De Briyne Nancy , Jansen Wiebke , Cantaloube Alain , Heylen Marcel , Niine Tarmo , Jerab Julia Gabrielle , Allepuz Alberto , Chantziaras Ilias , Rodrigues da Costa Maria , Humblet Marie-France , Filippitzi Maria Eleni
Published: March 2024

The European Union Animal Health Law (2016/429) emphasizes disease prevention, underpinned by livestock biosecurity, surveillance, and traceability, as key aspects to minimize the risk of animal diseases. An important element of biosecurity is the training of key actors involved in implementing it. However, their needs and expectations regarding this training are poorly known. Under the COST action BETTER (CA20103), a World Café was organized to identify the needs and expectations of biosecurity training for farmers, veterinary practitioners, veterinary students, and other actors. A total of 78 participants distributed in four groups participated in the World Café. Needs and expectations were identified and ranked in decreasing order of importance. For farmers, the most important aspects were training focusing on practical aspects, the planning of training sessions in the day to accommodate workload, the need to prepare multiple reminders of upcoming training, and the short duration of events. For veterinary practitioners, it was considered that a mixed approach, including a theoretical and a practical part where people are invited to create a biosecurity plan and a follow‐up report, were the most important features of training. For veterinary students, creating a good knowledge of the main principles of biosecurity was found as an essential element of training. Regarding other actors, gaining an understanding in the spread of pathogens and the repercussions on the cost of animal products that diseases might have (consumers), training on good/best practices of cleaning and disinfection and the development of clear protocols (transporters), and a mixture of formal and informal training and training on communication skills (other actors) were considered important. The World Café was a useful method to have a first identification, discussion, and differentiation on livestock biosecurity training needs and expectations of the key actors, although additional follow‐up research involving more participants from more diverse countries with different coverage of cultures and education would be beneficial. These needs and expectations are relevant and should be considered when designing new training courses.
Seismic Reliability Analysis of an Excavation Slope Based on Direct Probability Integral Method
Authors: Han Junguo , Yang Yuanmin , Du Muzi , Pang Rui
Published: March 2024

China, situated in the circum-Pacific seismic belt, experiences frequent seismic activity and faces diverse geological conditions, making structural stability of paramount importance, especially under seismic conditions. The majority of current earthquake generation methods do not consider the nonstationary nature of earthquakes. This paper introduces a spectral representation-random function model for generating nonstationary earthquakes, effectively simulating stochastic seismic ground motion. Furthermore, traditional slope stability analysis methods are deterministic and incapable of providing probabilistic assessments of slope instability. Therefore, this paper proposes a unified framework for static and dynamic structural reliability analysis based on the direct probability integration method, quantifying the impact of stochastic seismic ground motion on the dynamic reliability of slope stability. Finally, the proposed methods are applied to an excavation slope in Nanjing, using sliding displacement and safety factors as evaluation criteria to study the reliability of the slope under the influence of stochastic seismic events.
Dissecting Dissent in Russia
Authors: Born Willemijn , Weerdesteijn Maartje , van Wijk Joris
Published: March 2024

Numerous studies into nonviolent resistance have led to a broad but scattered understanding of why some of these movements erupt and succeed, while others do not. This article offers a multilevel framework of analysis to explain trajectories of nonviolent resistance in repressive regimes and illustrates this framework by analysing the potential of Russian domestic nonviolent resistance to the full-scale invasion of Ukraine. The proposed framework incorporates seven overarching factors identified in previous studies, namely the political and economic system, the international relations, the level of modernization, the distribution of power within society, and the grievances, resources and organizational capacity of the resistance group. Based on this framework, it is tentatively concluded that Russia’s political and economic system, the limited power dispersion and the lack of organization among the opposition help to explain why no successful resistance has emerged. Additional case studies are required to further assess the framework’s utility.
Taxonomical status of Andreaea clavata var. tenuior Broth. (Bryophyta, Andreaeaceae)
Authors: SUÁREZ GUILLERMO M.
Published: March 2024

The moss genus Andreaea Hedwig (1801:47) (Andreaeaceae Dumort., Bryophytina Engl.) is found growing on acid and neutral rocks in cool temperate to subpolar environments, as well as in the high altitude mountains of tropical and subtropical regions (Murray 1988). The genus include between 15 and 20 species in the Andean region (Churchill et al. 2020) with many taxa still poorly known. Andreaea clavata Broth. (in Herzog 1916:10) is only know from two collections, one from Bolivia and one from Peru (Hermann 1976; Menzel 1992).
Junkies, Queers, and Babies: Persistence and Updating of the Category AIDS Through Silencing and Puncturing of the Moral Boundary
Authors: Chang-Zunino Mia , Grodal Stine
Published: March 2024

Category emergence has been a central question in organization theory. Yet, we still do not understand what drives category persistence and updating during emergence as new information arises. We investigate this question through a rich set of oral histories and archival materials on the emergence of the category AIDS from 1978 to 1985. We show that the initial proto-category’s features and causal theories cohered with its stigmatized moral meanings. Over time, anomalies challenging these features and theories spurred a minority of medical professionals to update the category’s causal theory. However, a silent majority resisted updating the category because the new causal theory conflicted with the proto-category’s moral meanings, challenging the clear moral boundary dividing what was perceived as worthy from what was perceived as unworthy. As a result, the majority silenced the vocal minority’s updated understandings and withheld resources from the category. This article contributes to the literature on categorization by showing that conflicts between category dimensions can stifle updating, amplify imprinting, and prolong category persistence. Particularly, the dichotomous nature of the moral dimension might hinder the updating of other dimensions, such as the causal one, despite accumulated evidence suggesting the need for updates. We show that calls for category updating backed solely by rational arguments may fail to persuade the silent majority and may falter until the moral boundary is punctured and the category is morally reappraised.
Ultrasound as a Tool for Initial Diagnosis of Bone Lesions in Children Has Good Predictive Values: A Prospective Study From a University Hospital
Authors: Choukri Kaoutar , Haddad Elie , Al Khouri Salem Hassan , Boutet Claire , Leveques Virginie , Mteirek Ahmad , Philbois Olivier , Scalabre Aurélien , Cantais Aymeric
Published: March 2024

Pediatric bone injuries are traditionally diagnosed using radiography. However, ultrasonography is emerging as an alternative due to its speed and minimal invasiveness. This study assessed the diagnostic capabilities of ultrasound before radiography in a group of 186 children with suspected long bone fractures at Saint Etienne University Hospital (Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France). Patients with open trauma and severe deformity were excluded. Ultrasonography demonstrated 88.2% sensitivity and 86.4% specificity, with better results for forearm injuries. Of the 186 cases, 162 were consistent with radiography and 24 varied. Factors influencing an accurate diagnosis included the presence of indirect signs, operator experience, and examination duration, while indirect signs often led to misinterpretation. Although ultrasound cannot completely replace radiography due to its limitations in identifying deeper fractures, this study revealed its substantial efficacy and ease, supporting its potential utility in pediatric trauma emergencies.
Information about Tummy Time in infants available on the Internet
Authors: Locke Haleigh , Thomas Alexis , Stotz Nicole L , Metz Alexia E
Published: March 2024

Objective:

This study evaluated Tummy Time recommendations in patient education materials and informal sources found on the Internet.

Methods:

Patient education materials, available from health professionals online, and informal sources, found outside of healthcare, were evaluated for consistency with evidence-informed recommendations. Patient education materials were also evaluated for readability and visual presentation.

Results:

Twelve sets of patient education materials were included in the top 20 search results. Only one of them addressed all the evidence-informed recommendations accurately. Fifty informal sources were included in analysis, ranging from search rank #1 to #57. Nearly half of the informal sources were judged fully consistent with evidence-informed recommendations. Counter to best practice recommendations, two-thirds of the patient education materials were written above the reading level expected of a student with no more than an elementary school education. All used strategies to enhance clarity, although none met all standards for visual presentation.

Conclusion:

Although some good resources are available, healthcare providers should exercise caution when selecting or recommending patient education materials online, even when they are available from healthcare professionals. Parents turning to the Internet will find accurate information. However, to develop a comprehensive understanding, they may need to visit multiple sites.

Practice Implications:

Healthcare professionals are responsible for providing or directing their clients to reliable, comprehensive sources of information, and for being aware of the quality of information they may discover through their own searches. Healthcare websites are responsible for communicating clearly and comprehensively with their clients and the public. Some parent education materials require revision for readability, formatting and consistency with Tummy Time recommendations.
The Focal Concerns of Stalking Victims: Examining Victims’ Decisions to Engage Civil and Criminal Legal Systems
Authors: Brady Patrick Q. , Reyns Bradford W.
Published: March 2024

Few studies have explored the focal concerns theory as a framework for understanding crime victims’ decisions to adopt civil/criminal interventions. Using data from the 2019 National Crime Victimization Survey, the current study finds support for the theory, highlighting several factors influencing formal help-seeking decisions aligned with factors legal actors also consider in arrest and charging decisions. Indeed, stalking victims were more likely to apply for protection orders and/or contact the police after experiencing a repeated course of unwanted conduct (e.g., blameworthiness) by intimate partners (e.g., community protection) that caused victims to fear for themselves or others (e.g., community protection) and/or to access victim services (e.g., practical constraints). In addition, most victims believed they were targeted by stalkers who felt entitled, desired power and control, or felt rejected. The findings suggest implications for improving civil and criminal-legal responses to stalking complaints by outlining areas to probe during interviews for further corroboration.
Stability and unweighted L1-gain analysis for switched time-delay positive systems with stable and unstable subsystems
Authors: Liu Cai , Liu Fang , Yang Tianqing , Liu Kangzhi
Published: March 2024

This article investigates the stability and unweighted L1-gain analysis of switched time-delay positive systems (STDPSs) with stable and unstable subsystems. The persistent dwell time (PDT) switching is considered for the first time, which is more general compared with the typical dwell time (DT) or average dwell time (ADT) techniques. Under the PDT switching, the activation time of an unstable subsystem is less than an upper bound instead of greater than a given constant, which makes it easier to achieve stability in practice. Considering the stable and unstable subsystems, a piecewise multiple co-positive Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional is constructed to obtain the stability criterion of the STDPSs. Subsequently, the unweighted L1-gain for STDPSs is explored, which has explicit physical meaning compared with the weighted results and can be calculated by solving the linear programming problem. Finally, a water-quality model and a numerical example are provided to indicate the validity of the proposed methods.
A novel sliding mode speed control–based strategy for permanent magnet linear synchronous motors with a model predictive current control loop
Authors: Hu Guanyang , Pan Tinglong , Huang Wentao , Yan Xinggang , Yang Weilin , Xu Dezhi
Published: March 2024

Model predictive control (MPC) has been widely investigated as an advanced control method for permanent magnet linear synchronous motors (PMLSMs). It is known that the computational burden is usually heavy when multi-step MPC is considered. In this paper, a computationally efficient multi-step continuous control set MPC approach is proposed for the current control loop of a PMLSM. A non-singular terminal sliding mode control is employed for the speed control loop to reduce the influence caused by external disturbances. To further improve the closed-loop control performance, a load observer is designed to estimate the load changes in real time. Simulations and experiments reveal the effectiveness of the proposed control method for PMLSMs, which facilitates practical applications.
The Curious Case of Vodafone Idea Merger: Is It a Saga of Turbulence or a Move Towards Potence?
Authors: Mehta Chhavi , Chopra Monika , Dhamija Sanjay
Published: March 2024

In January 2017, Vittorio Colao, the Vodafone Group CEO, and Kumar Mangalam Birla, the chairman of the Aditya Birla Group, announced a merger to form Vodafone Idea. The merger was expected to create a successful telecom company with the largest market share. Contrary to expectations, the merged entity kept struggling on various non-financial and financial business fronts. The current case discusses the motives for the merger, expected synergies, post-merger challenges and financial performance of the combined entity. The case presents the potential future strategies and a dilemma about the prospects of survival and growth of the newly created entity “Vi”.
Why now? Late-life divorce timing process: Dyadic and individual perspectives
Authors: Cohen Yafit , Demeter Naor , Koren Chaya
Published: March 2024

Late-life divorce is increasing in the Western world, including among family-oriented societies like Israel in which the most common family status for older adults (age 60 years and older) is being in a heterosexual long-term marriage with adult children. Within a life-course framework, we use both dyadic and individual interview analysis to explore the process that led to the timing of late-life divorce. Understanding this process from dyadic and individual perspectives could strengthen knowledge regarding this expanding phenomenon in family-oriented societies and could contribute to developing targeted interventions and policies for such couples. Semi-structured interviews were conducted separately with 44 heterosexual ex-spouses comprised of 10 dyads ( n = 20) and 24 individuals ( n = 13 women; n = 11 men). The divorces were mostly after age 60 and followed a long-term marriage with children. Two themes emerged from the analysis: the long-term phase of divorce delay despite longstanding motivations, and the moment of final decision with its various background accelerators. The discussion addresses intersections between personal time, family time, and social/cultural time related to divorce, and between intrapersonal and interpersonal aspects. Implications for family gerontology are presented.
Typologies of hate-motivated behavior: A latent class analysis
Authors: Kehn Andre , Sorby Mariah L , Nobles Matt R , Gamblin Bradlee W , Cramer Robert J
Published: March 2024

Hate-motivated behavior (HMB) comprises a problem for public health and criminal justice systems. The present study contributes to current science of HMB by examining (1) potential typology replication and extension and (2) demographic and attitudinal correlates of HMB subtypes. The present study was a secondary analysis of an online survey study of discriminatory behavior and well-being. Participants were adults living in the United States ( N = 289). Four HMB subtypes emerged: generalized, unmotivated, reactive, and defensive. The generalized subtype was characterized by elevated levels of prejudices, positive views toward hate groups, and the youngest age. The reactive subtype was differentiated from the defensive subtype by modestly higher HMB, racism, and positive views toward racially motivated hate groups. HMB subtypes were largely consistent with prior literature, and therefore can inform public health and criminal justice system responses to acts ranging from minor discrimination to interpersonal violence. Prevention and practice are discussed.
Electrical Resistivity Behavior of Saline Soil under Low-Temperature Conditions
Authors: Liu Rui , Zhu Cheng , Schmalzel John , Barrowes Benjamin , Glaser Danney , Maxson Michele , Lein Wade
Published: March 2024

Freeze-thaw cycling of frozen soils is known to be the cause of various engineering failures of infrastructure in cold regions. Researchers found that electrical resistivity methods outperform traditional ground surveying methods in frozen soils for their greater convenience and cost-effectiveness. However, detailed investigation into the relationship between the electrical resistivity of soil and a variety of soil properties is still needed. In this study, a series of laboratory experiments using the Wenner method were conducted to determine the relationship between soil electrical resistivity and soil geotechnical properties such as initial water content and pore fluid concentration under freeze-thaw conditions. Cylindrical soil samples undergo artificial freeze-thaw cycles to a temperature as low as −70°C, and electrical resistivity and temperature values are recorded simultaneously. Measurement results are summarized for curve fitting, and a statistical model showing relationship between electrical resistivity and temperature during freezing and thawing was given. Above freezing point, the log of electrical resistivity had a linear relationship with temperature. Below freezing point and above −15°C, the log of electrical resistivity had a square root relationship with temperature. Different trends in electrical resistivity change in extremely low-temperature regions (from −15°C to −70°C) are also discussed. In extremely low-temperature regions, the electrical resistivity of frozen soils did not monotonously increase with lower temperature, which may be because of increasing salt concentration in the unfrozen water phase. The findings of this study are expected to bring more insights to frozen soil structure, and assist in geophysical surveying in cold regions and construction methods utilizing ground freezing.
Full-Scale Evaluation of Airfield Pavement Runway Reconstruction with Full-Depth Reclamation Technique
Authors: Garcia Victor M. , Robinson W. Jeremy , Tseng Ester , Tingle Jeb S.
Published: March 2024

Full-depth reclamation (FDR) has been identified as a strategic in-place recycling technique that is readily available for effecting a rapid restoration of the structural capacity of abandoned airfield pavements in contingency environments. A full-scale pavement section was designed to investigate the performance of pavement sections containing an FDR layer under simulated loading conditions of a tactical heavy aircraft. The FDR materials were composed of various combinations of base material types (i.e., gravel and limestone) and different asphalt layer thicknesses (i.e., 51 mm and 102 mm). The FDR blends were stabilized with a combination of 3% asphalt emulsion and 2% Portland cement. The FDR pavement section consisted of six different test items to investigate the performance of various FDR material types, asphalt layer thicknesses (i.e., 51 mm and 76 mm), and unpaved landing zones. The performance of the existing pavement and the FDR pavement test sections was compared to assess the improvements resulting from the rehabilitation of airfield pavements using the FDR technique. The results indicated that FDR was effective in restoring the structural condition of a damaged asphalt pavement section to support additional aircraft operations. The quality of the FDR blend had a significant impact on pavement performance, whereas the impact of the asphalt layer thickness was insignificant. Finally, the unpaved FDR sections also demonstrated enough structural competency to support a low volume of aircraft traffic before further surface layers are added during pavement reconstruction in contingency environments.
Colorado’s Transportation Planning Rule to Reduce the Greenhouse Gas Pollution Impacts of Planning Choices in the Built Environment
Authors: Lew Shoshana , Stockinger Herman , White Rebecca , Takushi Theresa , Sabina Erik E. , Porter Chris
Published: March 2024

For many years, the question of how to measure the pollution impacts of infrastructure choices in the built environment has perplexed policymakers, complicated by the reality that use of any transportation system affects the choices of countless individuals in their daily lives. Nonetheless, extensive research as well as common sense reflect that the options available—and the infrastructure built primarily by public sector agencies—influence the choices that those individual users are able to make. With transportation being the number one source of greenhouse gas pollution in the U.S.A., the implementation of practical approaches to tackling this urgent problem depends on establishing viable policies and methodologies for assessing and regulating these impacts of building choices, often referred to as “induced demand.” Colorado’s recently implemented Greenhouse Gas Pollution Reduction Planning rule, established in 2021 following new state legislation, offers a case study of a system to implement pollution reduction targets for transportation planning agencies, leveraging the competencies, authorities, and influences of specific institutions that govern transportation planning within the state.
Assessment of Conventional and Engineered Surface Asphalt Mixtures Through Empirical and Fundamental Performance Tests
Authors: Othman Omar , Underwood B. Shane , Habbouche Jhony , Boz Ilker , Diefenderfer Stacey D.
Published: March 2024

Many state highway agencies are adopting the balanced mix design (BMD) approach to create pavements that are more durable and sustainable, as it allows for performance testing during mix design. Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) has started implementing BMD using Cantabro, indirect tensile cracking test (IDT-CT), and asphalt pavement analyzer (APA) rut test to assess durability, cracking, and rutting performance, respectively. However, further efforts are required to validate whether the chosen tests and their thresholds ensure satisfactory long-term performance. This paper addresses three objectives: (i) comparing the performance of control mixtures designed based on volumetrics and their corresponding BMD mixtures, (ii) investigating the consistency between fundamental and empirical tests in characterizing mixtures, and (iii) assessing correlations between these tests to validate or refine VDOT thresholds. This study evaluated 15 VDOT asphalt mixtures, divided into six groups each containing one control mixture and one or two corresponding BMD mixtures. In addition to empirical tests, the dynamic modulus, cyclic fatigue (CF), and stress sweep rutting (SSR) tests were conducted, and correlations were established aiming to preliminary refine VDOT tests’ thresholds. The testing confirmed that almost all BMD mixtures met VDOT’s thresholds and the recommended criteria for CF fatigue index parameter ( Sapp) and SSR Rutting Strain Index ( RSI). Statistical analysis concluded that most BMD mixtures maintained similar or better overall performance. A preliminary analysis across all the mixtures collectively showed a low correlation between Sapp and Cantabro mass loss, no correlation between Sapp and CTIndex, and a moderate correlation between RSI and APA rut depth.
Identifying Important Roadway Corridor Factors which Affect Crashes Influenced by Unsafe Driving Behaviors to Help Law Enforcement Proactively Reduce Crashes
Authors: McCombs John , Al-Deek Haitham , Sandt Adrian , Carrick Grady
Published: March 2024

Effective allocation of traffic law enforcement officers can proactively reduce crashes by stopping unsafe drivers before crashes occur, but this can be difficult because of staffing limitations. Therefore, it is important to identify roadway factors that could encourage unsafe driving behaviors so appropriate proactive enforcement methods can be taken. In this paper, signalized arterial roadway corridors in Florida are modeled to identify the important factors that affect the crash rate for seven unsafe driving behaviors. Using a standardized corridor definition, 406 corridors in seven urban Florida counties were identified. These corridors contained 18,518 crashes, including 5053 fatal and injury (FI) crashes, from 2017 to 2021 involving the studied behaviors. Three random forest regression models were developed to identify the important corridor-level factors that affect the crash rate for all crashes (model 1), FI crashes (model 2), and only FI crashes caused by careless or reckless driving (model 3). Corridors in Pasco County, corridors with greater signalized intersection densities, and corridors with six or more lanes had above average predicted crash rates for all three models. In addition, corridors with speed limits greater than 45 mph (model 1), two lanes (models 1 and 3), no school zones (models 1 and 3), bike lanes (models 2 and 3), and no horizontal curvature (models 2 and 3) were predicted to have higher than average crash rates. By considering these factors when making allocation decisions, law enforcement agencies can likely reduce crashes, injuries, and fatalities caused by these unsafe behaviors.
Pavement Condition Management Coupled with Skid Management at the Network Level: A Multi-Choice Goal Programming Approach
Authors: Amin Md Al , Machemehl Randy B.
Published: March 2024

Highways promote economic growth and social development. Traditionally, pavement management considers pavement conditions for maintenance and rehabilitation (M&R) decision-making along with system constraints. One of the major tasks of highway agencies is to promote safety. Highway safety involves a complicated interaction of multiple factors. However, it is well established that there is a link between pavement surface friction and safety. Pavement surface characteristics affect the safety and comfort of passengers. Since the pavement management process considers only pavement physical conditions in M&R decision-making, there is a need to include safety indicators in the process to promote both riding comfort and safety. This study aims to integrate the pavement surface friction, that is, the skid resistance, into traditional pavement management. An optimization model has been proposed based on multi-choice goal programming by systematically integrating skid resistance into pavement M&R decision-making along with pavement conditions. Multi-choice goal programming allows setting interval aspirations rather than a fixed target. A case study has been conducted to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed model in managing pavement conditions and pavement skids together. The case study considered five goals related to pavement conditions, skid states, and M&R costs. Interaction among the goals is discussed in different scenarios. The case study also uses friction treatment with traditional pavement management treatments. The model can capture the interaction between pavement conditions and pavement skids and determine the program that best achieves the goals. The proposed method provides a simple approach to selecting a network-level M&R program and obtaining insights into the management of conditions and skid together.
Thermal Oxidative Aging Effect on Chemo-Rheological and Morphological Evolution of Crumb Rubber Modified Asphalt Binders with Wax-Based Warm Mix Additives
Authors: Xu Lei , Hu Mingjun , Ni Hangtian , Sun Daquan , Tian Yufeng
Published: March 2024

Wax-based warm mix additives can decrease the viscosity and improve the workability of crumb rubber (CR)-modified asphalt, but the mechanism of influence on the aging performance of CR-modified asphalt is not clear. To investigate the thermal aging behavior and mechanism of wax-based warm mix CR-modified asphalt, polyethylene wax (PEW) and polyamide wax (PAW) were mixed to prepare warm mix CR-modified asphalt. The effect of thermal aging on the rheological and mechanical properties was characterized by a basic property test, frequency sweep test, and multiple stress creep recovery test. The chemical composition changes during aging were then analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. Finally, the phase morphology during thermal aging was observed by fluorescence microscopy. The results showed that compared with the degradation of CR, the oxidative aging of the asphalt binder played a dominant role in the process. Not only did PEW and PAW attach to the asphalt surface in the form of crystallization to prevent its reaction with oxygen but they also promoted the dissolution of CR, and released polymerization chains, thereby enhancing the antiaging properties of CR-modified asphalt. Furthermore, the antiaging of PAW/CR-modified asphalt was better than that of PEW/CR-modified asphalt, because the amide group of PAW reacted with CR-modified asphalt to form a polymer structure.
Learning from Moped Crash Data: Identifying Risk Factors Contributing to the Severity of Injuries Sustained by Moped Riders
Authors: Zhang Chengxin , Ammar Dania , Wang Zifei , Guo Huizhong , Zhu Motao , Bao Shan
Published: March 2024

Mopeds are light vehicles that provide solutions for short-distance travel, traffic congestion, and environmental pollution issues. However, because of the limited physical protection they offer, moped riders are more likely to sustain severe injuries in a crash than vehicle passengers. This study aims to investigate the features and patterns associated with recent moped crashes and analyzed the severity of injuries sustained by riders and related risk factors in 1,657 moped crashes in Michigan during a five-year period (2017–2021). A multinomial logit model was built to examine the association between crash injury severity levels and 13 variables from three main categories: crash features; rider behaviors/cognitive status; and environmental conditions. The descriptive statistics showed that 79% of injuries sustained by moped riders in crashes were minor, and the injured riders tended to be younger, male, and not wearing helmets. The findings indicate a significant correlation between the severity of injuries sustained by riders and several factors: the type of crash (whether single, head-on, or angle collision); the age of the riders (with older riders being more susceptible), visibility conditions (especially during nighttime); and helmet usage. Notably, single and head-on crashes were the primary causes of injuries. These results highlight the importance of heightened vigilance among moped riders, particularly when navigating poorly maintained surfaces or riding under low-light conditions. It is imperative that riders consistently use helmets to minimize risks. Additionally, setting guidelines or restrictions on helmet use, rider age, riding hours, and permissible areas in which to ride could further contribute to improving overall safety for moped riders.
Safety Assessment of Suburban-Type Arterial Roadways: New Findings Using Heterogeneity Models
Authors: Khanal Bedan , Lavrenz Steven
Published: March 2024

This study investigates the safety performance of suburban-type roads (STRs), a category of medium-speed arterial roads characterized by high vehicular traffic and limited pedestrian and cyclist mobility. Such roadways present unique challenges in road safety, often overlooked in traditional road design focused predominantly on driver needs. By employing a correlated random parameter ordered probit model to analyze police-reported crash severity data from STRs, this research uncovers critical insights into the factors influencing crash injury severities on these roads. Our findings highlight the nuanced impact of various dimensions, such as road design, traffic volume, and environmental conditions, on STR safety; the results offer a detailed understanding of crash contexts on STRs and point toward targeted interventions for enhancing road safety. These interventions include the potential redesign of roadways to accommodate diverse user needs and the implementation of speed regulation measures tailored to specific road characteristics. This research contributes significantly to the existing body of knowledge on suburban road safety, providing evidence-based recommendations for improving the overall safety of these increasingly prevalent road types. The implications of these findings are far-reaching, offering a foundation for future studies to explore diverse methodologies in road safety analysis and to extend this research to other geographic contexts.
Durability and performance of wood flour/polyethylene composites containing fire retardants after weathering via ASTM D2565
Authors: Dietenberger Mark Anthony , Stark Nicole M , Boardman Charles
Published: March 2024

Wood–plastic composites are composite materials consisting of wood particles, thermoplastic polymer, and small amounts of other performance additives to increase performance in exterior construction applications such as decking and siding. Three best-performing fire retardants, determined from a previous study, which were brominated, magnesium hydroxide, and ammonium polyphosphate, were selected for this weathering study and more detailed analysis with color analysis, thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry, and the cone calorimeter. With the rapid surface heating condition at cone calorimeter irradiance of 50 kW m−2, modest surface leaching of fire retardant was detected as caused by weathering via increased first peak heat-release rate and reduced time to ignition values. Otherwise, the weathering had minimal effect on the remaining heat-release rate profile, and results confirmed ammonium polyphosphate as top performing fire retardant, even better than Ipe wood, with magnesium hydroxide and brominated slightly worse than Ipe. This suggests that 35% high-density polyethylene content reduced fire retardant bulk leaching.
Balance of Power in Peer Victimization: The Role of Rivalry and Vulnerability
Authors: Prabaharan Nivetha , Dane Andrew V. , Spadafora Natalie
Published: March 2024

This study investigated characteristics associated with two kinds of peer victimization—bullying victimization and adversarial victimization—distinguished by different balances of power between the perpetrator and victim. Specifically, we examined whether bullying victimization (victim has less power than perpetrator) would be experienced to a greater extent by vulnerable adolescents with psychosocial difficulties (fewer close friendships, emotional symptoms) and less peer esteem (physical attractiveness, perceived popularity, dating popularity, and prestige). In contrast, we investigated whether adversarial victimization, in which the victim has equal or greater power than perpetrator, would be experienced by adolescents perceived as rivals because they are held in high esteem by peers. A total of 599 adolescents aged 9 to 14 years ( M = 11.93; SD = 1.40) completed a self-report measure of emotional symptoms and peer nomination measures of victimization, close friendship, physical attractiveness, dating popularity, perceived popularity, and prestige. Bullying victimization was negatively associated with close friendships, physical attractiveness, perceived popularity, and prestige, whereas adversarial victimization was positively associated with all four indicators of peer esteem. The results demonstrate the importance of measuring the power balance between the perpetrator and victim when studying peer victimization. Findings are discussed from an evolutionary perspective suggesting that victims of bullying are selected by perpetrators to achieve adaptive benefits while minimizing retaliatory, reputational, and social costs, whereas victims of adversarial aggression are targeted as rivals in competition for status and mates.
Baby Boomers and Their Voluntary Engagement: A Cohort Comparison Among the Middle-Aged and Older Population in Germany
Authors: Kelle Nadiya , Simonson Julia , Henning Georg
Published: March 2024

The aim of this study is to compare the levels of volunteering by German baby boomers, who are currently in their fifties and sixties, to cohorts born earlier. Using data from the German Aging Survey (DEAS), logistic and negative binomial regressions were employed to analyze the prevalence and time contributions that baby boomers invest in volunteering. The study indicates a higher prevalence of volunteering by baby boomers compared with earlier-born cohorts and suggests that the large size of this cohort will imply high levels of volunteering that could increase even further as the cohort approaches retirement. Moreover, our findings suggest stability in voluntary time contributions by baby boomers compared with earlier-born cohorts; this contrasts with the existing research showing decreased overall time contributions to volunteering. The study underscores the importance of considering cohort-specific differences in voluntary engagement behavior to gain a deeper understanding of the dynamics of volunteering.
Analysis and design of multi-mode power split hybrid transmission scheme considering mode connection
Authors: Li Xueliang , Wang Yanrong , Liu Xinlei , Peng Zengxiong , Yang Shujun
Published: March 2024

For heavy-duty truck, multi-mode power split hybrid transmission scheme (MPSHTS) has good adaptability. However, the moment of inertia at both ends of the clutch is large. If there is a large speed difference in the clutch engagement process, it will increase clutch wear, engine stall and other problems. This paper proposed a new design method of multi-mode power split hybrid powertrain, which was different from the proof by exhaustion aiming at mode switching without speed difference. It included: the conditions for achieving mode connection without speed difference was obtained based on the lever method for dynamic characteristic analysis. Evaluation index for power split mechanisms that comprehensively considered power source and transmission system was established. Combining the mode connection conditions and the optimized basic configuration, the characteristic of no speed difference could be ensured by adjusting the power coupling mechanism. A multi-mode scheme based on optimized configuration and work mode requirements could be obtained. Finally, parameter matching and simulation verification on the designed scheme was carried out. It suggested that the designed system improved fuel economy by 4.14% compared with the original scheme.
Deep reinforcement learning algorithm based ramp merging decision model
Authors: Chen Zeyu , Du Yu , Jiang Anni , Miao Siqi
Published: March 2024

On-ramp merge is a complex traffic scenario in autonomous driving. Because of the uncertainty of the driving environment, most rule-based models cannot solve such a problem. This paper designs a ramp merging decision model based on deep deterministic policy gradient algorithm (DDPG) to solve the vehicle merging problem. To address the problems of slow algorithm merging and poor robustness of previous deep reinforcement learning algorithms in the field of intelligent vehicle ramp merging leading to the low success rate of intelligent vehicle merging, first, we introduce a simple recurrent unit (SRU) for extracting intelligent vehicle states and environment features and use the DDPG algorithm for intelligent vehicle decision making. Second, the experience playback pool of DDPG algorithm is improved by using priority sampling instead of uniform sampling. Finally, a multi-objective reward function is set up during training, considering factors such as safety and efficiency. The simulation experiments show that the improved algorithm improves the merging speed of the model, reduces the collision rate, and enables the vehicle to make more reasonable decisions. In addition, the superiority of the method is demonstrated by comparing with the advanced method.
Adaptive neural preassigned-time tracking control for stochastic nonlinear systems with output constraint and its application
Authors: Xue Chunting , Zhao Feng , Chen Xiangyong , Qiu Jianlong
Published: March 2024

This paper considers an adaptive neural preassigned-time tracking control scheme for non-strict feedback stochastic nonlinear systems subjected to output constraint. Depending on the prescribed performance control idea, the output constraint is resolved. Meanwhile, combined with backstepping control scheme, the novel preassigned-time tracking controller is developed, which can not only make the system output satisfy the constraint condition, but also the track error is constrained within a preassigned region in a finite time, where the settling time is arbitrarily set and independent of any parameters. Furthermore, all signals are semi-globally uniformly ultimately bounded in the closed-loop system. Finally, the validity of the proposed control scheme is demonstrated via the practical one-link manipulator.