bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Downslope flow observations near Cape Adare shelf-break
Authors: BERGAMASCO A. , DEFENDI V. , BUDILLON G. , SPEZIE G.
Published: June 2004

The analysis of two high resolution hydrological datasets acquired during the 1997 and 2001 summers across the Antarctic continental shelf-break near Cape Adare (Ross Sea) is presented. The main focus of these cruises was the investigation of the overflow of the High Salinity Shelf Water (HSSW). This dense and salty water mass forms along Victoria Land and flows northward, descending the slope near Cape Adare. Water types characterizing the study area are detected through vertical salinity profiles and by the horizontal distributions of the temperature and salinity. Temperature and salinity hydrological sections obtained by means of objective analysis method well describe the water masses interactions at the shelf/slope edge. The 1997 dataset shows evidence of a strong HSSW signature on the slope, but it is difficult to quantify the spatial scales involved in the spreading mechanism, because the overflow takes place at the edge of the investigation area. The 2001 data, collected at the same position with improved spatial and temporal resolution, clearly indicates the absence of a “true” HSSW downslope process. Even though no estimation of the amount of downslope flow can be given at present due to the resolution of the available dataset, it is possible to get a better phenomenological picture of the process by comparing the two years.
The structure and interpretation of the computer science curriculum
Authors: FELLEISEN MATTHIAS , FINDLER ROBERT BRUCE , FLATT MATTHEW , KRISHNAMURTHI SHRIRAM
Published: June 2004

Twenty years ago Abelson and Sussman's Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs radically changed the intellectual landscape of introductory computing courses. Instead of teaching some currently fashionable programming language, it employed Scheme and functional programming to teach important ideas. Introductory courses based on the book showed up around the world and made Scheme and functional programming popular. Unfortunately, these courses quickly disappeared again due to shortcomings of the book and the whimsies of Scheme. Worse, the experiment left people with a bad impression of Scheme and functional programming in general. In this pearl, we propose an alternative role for functional programming in the first-year curriculum. Specifically, we present a framework for discussing the first-year curriculum and, based on it, the design rationale for our book and course, dubbed How to Design Programs. The approach emphasizes the systematic design of programs. Experience shows that it works extremely well as a preparation for a course on object-oriented programming.
Pale-headed Brush-finch Atlapetes pallidiceps: notes on population size, habitat, vocalizations, feeding, interference competition and conservation
Authors: KRABBE NIELS
Published: June 2004

Pale-headed Brush-finch Atlapetes pallidiceps is on the verge of extinction, with fewer than 100 individuals surviving in an area of less than 4 km2 in the Yunguilla valley in the province of Azuay, southern Ecuador. A reserve created for the protection of the species held 10 or 12 pairs in 1999, 14 in 2000, 16 in 2001 and 17 in 2002. Nearly all males had distinctive songs, showing little or no change from one year to the next. The yearly turnover of singing males was 40% in both 2000 and 2001 (4/10), and 29% in 2002 (4/14). Altitudinal range of A. pallidiceps was 1,650–1,950 m. Habitat was typical of regenerating landslides and fallow fields, composed of early succession growth in the ecotone between dry, thorny valley-bottom and humid forest remnants on the upper slopes. Territory size averaged 1.0 ha (range 0.7–1.4 ha, n = 37), and nearly all territories were within 100 m of a stream or an irrigation channel. Most were on steep slopes with Chusquea bamboo, and deciduous bushy cover with few or no spines, typically including the composite Steiractinia sodiroi, and with some open areas. Although habitat improved considerably between 1999 and 2002, some territories were vacant some years. Shiny Cowbird Molothrus bonariensis parasitism was noted, and could be even more important than habitat as a limiting factor of the population size. The song of A. pallidiceps was found to be similar to songs of several other Atlapetes spp. in general pattern. Diet was composed of arthropods, fruit and a few seeds. Arthropods were almost invariably picked from the bark on upper- and under-surfaces of twigs and small branches. Seeds were taken from the ground. Young (cowbirds) were apparently only fed insects. Between 1,800 and 1,950 m A. pallidiceps occurred with Rufous-naped Brush-finch A. latinuchus, which replaces it at higher elevations. Territories did not overlap, and where they met, A. latinuchus was confined to slightly taller and more humid vegetation, or to forest. In interspecific encounters A. pallidiceps was subordinate to Stripe-headed Brush-finch Buarremon torquatus, with which it coexisted in all its territories. Habitat management began in 2002, and limited cowbird control is planned to begin in 2003.
Biology and conservation of Pink-headed Fruit-dove Ptilinopus porphyreus
Authors: VAN BALEN S. (BAS) , NIJMAN VINCENT
Published: June 2004

Pink-headed Fruit-dove Ptilinopus porphyreus is a little-known, restricted-range species, endemic to the mountains of the Indonesian islands of Sumatra, Java and Bali. In the period 1981–2002 we conducted surveys throughout its range and compiled data on its presence and absence on 32 isolated mountain complexes. The fruit-dove appeared to be restricted to < 12,000 km2 of forest, scattered over 20 major mountain complexes on the three islands, i.e. three on Sumatra, 16 on Java and one on Bali. It occurred exclusively on mountains of > 2,000 m in altitude, where, depending on the size of the mountain, it reached its lower altitudinal limit between 500 and 1,000 m. The species was found mostly in singles or as pairs but occasionally in flocks of up to 17 individuals. It occurred almost exclusively in forest, feeding on figs and small berries in the upper-canopy. We documented three cases of breeding in the wild. From captive birds it is known that a single egg is laid which is incubated for 20 days, with fledging occurring after another 15–16 days. Based on a study of 104 skins, the breeding season peak in West Java is at the beginning of the dry season. Although Pink-headed Fruit-dove is found in scattered, ever-shrinking forest blocks of mostly < 200 km2, the scarcity of recent field records is more than likely due to its inconspicuous behaviour, and a threatened status is unwarranted as yet.
‘The touchstone of German credit’: Nazi Germany and the service of the Dawes and Young Loans
Authors: CLEMENT PIET
Published: June 2004

This article examines the Nazi government's external debt policy, with particular regard to the service of the Dawes and Young Loans, the two most important international loans Germany concluded during the interwar period. The goal of this policy was to end once and for all the obligations resulting from the First World War reparations settlement, and at the same time to economise drastically on Germany's scarce foreign exchange reserves. These aims were achieved by imposing a partial default on external debts and by bilateralising trade and financial negotiations, thus dismantling the 1930 Young Plan. In many respects, the Nazi government continued policies in place since 1931, except that it went further and was more ruthless in their execution. However, the negative long-term effects of this policy were beginning to take their toll as Germany's economy was cut off from the international financial markets and increasingly burdened by complex foreign exchange regulations. It was left to the German Federal Republic to deal with the financial legacy of this policy after the war.
Electronic music and life
Authors: CHADABE JOEL
Published: June 2004

At any moment in the history of a particular culture, there exists a dominant paradigm, an idea in the air, that expresses the way the world works. These paradigms are general and their manifestations are interdisciplinary, first expressed as structures, relationships and processes in the avant gardes of all fields, then gradually accepted as a norm by almost everyone.
Searching for lost data: outlines of aesthesic–poietic analysis
Authors: ZATTRA LAURA
Published: June 2004

Fifty years down the line, the analysis of computer music is still a very complex issue, highly dependent on the identity of computer music itself: the variety of software, the lack of a common musical notation for scores, the absence or presence of computer data. This has led to the emergence of a multitude of analytical methods, including aesthesical analysis, which approaches music from the point of view of perception, and poietical analysis, which pays attention to the creative process.

This study aims to combine these two methods of analysis in order to understand the relationship between technology and the actual piece of music. The article presents a methodological approach – focused on six pieces produced at IRCAM in Paris and at CSC in Padua, between 1975 and 1985 – via an in-depth consideration of Mauro Graziani's Winter leaves, a work conceived in 1980 at the CSC using Music360. The method used consists of comparing data collected using a diversity of practices: repeated listening, the tracing of graphical schematics, sonogram and spectrogram analysis, data listing analysis. An algorithm has also been created in order to calculate the degree to which the software is exploited and to enable a comparison between the different analyses. It is hoped that this procedure will combine traditional musicological methods with new approaches suited to the medium and grounded in a thorough knowledge of computer technology and musical environments.
Chronology of early electroacoustic music in Japan: What types of source materials are available?
Authors: FUJII KOICHI
Published: June 2004

This paper illustrates the early period of electroacoustic music in Japan through an intensive examination of the source materials for historiography and analytical study, trying to illuminate the reception of Western techniques by Japanese composers, examining the rudiments of their original creative ideas. An extensive list of Japanese works with information about their accessible manuscripts, literature and available recordings is provided. All quotations from the articles or interviews in Japanese have also been translated into English by the author of this paper, unless otherwise stated. The graphic transcriptions presented in this paper have been produced by the author employing computerised spectrum analysis. The aim of this paper is to provide resources for further investigation into this topic, particularly for concerned researchers in other language regions than Japanese.
Towards organised listening: some aspects of the ‘Signed Listening’ project, Ircam
Authors: DONIN NICOLAS
Published: June 2004

‘Signed Listening’ is a project that was initiated by Ircam in the spring of 2003. Its goal is to develop computer tools that permit an expanded listening – whether it be for musical analysis, for composition or simply for its own sake with no specific goal in mind (via stereo or computer). This article will briefly present some hypotheses and objectives of the project, and how it touches issues relating, in particular, to electroacoustic music, as well as presenting examples taken from the early stages of our research.
Four‐point discontinuity observations using Cluster magnetic field data: A statistical survey
Authors: Knetter T. , Neubauer F. M. , Horbury T. , Balogh A.
Published: June 2004

Using magnetic field data from the four Cluster spacecraft between February and May 2001, a detailed statistical analysis of interplanetary discontinuities is accomplished. In order to find the surface normals, we apply three different methods: (1) minimum variance analysis (MVA), (2) cross‐product method, and (3) triangulation, the latter being the only one that needs information from all four spacecraft. Whereas the cross‐product normals are always almost the same at the position of the four spacecraft, strong deviations between the MVA normals are observed. The cross‐product normals also agree fairly well with the triangulation normals, which mostly point in a direction approximately perpendicular to the magnetic field. The scatter of the MVA normals around the triangulation normal can be reduced by triggering the parameters controlling the MVA accuracy, i.e., λ2/λ3L, the lower limit of the MVA eigenvalue ratio, and ωL, the lower limit of the spreading angle. Our analysis allows to compare the impact of these two parameters on the MVA normals. The error analysis shows that both parameters have strong impact on the MVA accuracy; however, λ2/λ3L is more important. In order to ensure reliable normal estimates, MVA should only be applied if ωL > 60°. The MVA error analysis also enables us to provide a new criterion to distinguish rotational discontinuities (RDs) from tangential discontinuities. However, the triangulation results show that there are no clearly identified RDs in our data set. We will discuss implications for the theory of solar wind discontinuity generation processes. A practical consequence is that the cross‐product method presumably yields better normal estimates than MVA when Bn is small. The colinerarity of the cross‐product normals at the positions of the four spacecraft demonstrate that the discontinuities are one‐dimensional structures on the Cluster separation scale.
HF radar data assimilation in the Monterey Bay area
Authors: Paduan Jeffrey D. , Shulman Igor
Published: June 2004

The utility of high‐frequency (HF) radar data for improving numerical circulation model predictions is evaluated. Comparisons of the statistical properties of the (CODAR‐type) HF radar data and the observed wind indicate a strong correlation between the dominant alongshore, upwelling‐favoring wind‐forcing and HF radar‐derived surface currents along the central California coastline. Because inadequate knowledge of the wind stress is probably a significant source of error in the model solutions, the idea of using HF radar data to provide corrections to the model wind‐forcing is promising. Different HF radar data assimilation schemes are compared and judged based on the correlations observed between model currents and independent observations from two mooring sites. Analysis of correlation maps between model‐predicted and observed currents indicates a spatial and temporal shift between modeled and observed features. However, the impact of HF radar data assimilation reduces these spatial and temporal shifts. A significant improvement in the correlation between the model and observed subsurface currents is achieved when an Ekman‐layer projection of the corrections is included. In this approach, assimilation of HF radar data produces additional Ekman pumping (vertical velocity) based on the horizontal pattern of model‐observed velocity mismatch at the surface.
Modelling non‐linear interactions between wind forced flows in surface frontal regions
Authors: Xing Jiuxing , Davies Alan M.
Published: June 2004

A non‐linear numerical model with wind forcing at a frequency ω and the inertial frequency f is used to examine the processes giving rise to energy at the (ω + f) and ∣ω − f∣ frequencies in a surface frontal region. Calculations show that vorticity associated with shear in the along frontal jet leads to regions of internal wave propagation (wave frequency > local effective inertial) or trapping. In regions of propagation the non‐linear term involving vertical velocity at frequency ω and vertical shear of lateral velocity at f is the main source of interaction. In trapped regions horizontal current gradients are the main source of interaction. These calculations in part explain the variability found in internal wave energy spectra.
High‐resolution observations of the small‐scale flow pattern associated with a poleward moving auroral form in the cusp
Authors: Oksavik K. , Moen J. , Carlson H. C.
Published: June 2004

In this paper we present high‐resolution observations by the EISCAT Svalbard Radar of the localized ionospheric flow response due to one single flux transfer event and the relative location of a poleward moving auroral form. In a fast scan mode the radar was tracking a 50–60 km wide channel of westward flow in the cusp region. This flow channel was surrounded by flow running in the opposite direction. At the poleward edge of the narrow flow channel a poleward moving auroral form was situated, consistent with the auroral form being the signature of an upward Birkeland current filament. Our observations can be interpreted in terms of the Southwood [1985, 1987] flux transfer model, and the FTE twin‐cell flow pattern appears to be a ripple onto the larger‐scale background convection.
Emissions from miombo woodland and dambo grassland savanna fires
Authors: Sinha Parikhit , Hobbs Peter V. , Yokelson Robert J. , Blake Donald R. , Gao Song , Kirchstetter Thomas W.
Published: June 2004

Airborne measurements of trace gases and particles over and downwind of two prescribed savanna fires in Zambia are described. The measurements include profiles through the smoke plumes of condensation nucleus concentrations and normalized excess mixing ratios of particles and gases, emission factors for 42 trace gases and seven particulate species, and vertical profiles of ambient conditions. The fires were ignited in plots of miombo woodland savanna, the most prevalent savanna type in southern Africa, and dambo grassland savanna, an important enclave of miombo woodland ecosystems. Emission factors for the two fires are combined with measurements of fuel loading, combustion factors, and burned area (derived from satellite burn scar retrievals) to estimate the emissions of trace gases and particles from woodland and grassland savanna fires in Zambia and southern Africa during the dry season (May–October) of 2000. It is estimated that the emissions of CO2, CO, total hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides (NOx as NO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), formaldehyde, methyl bromide, total particulate matter, and black carbon from woodland and grassland savanna fires during the dry season of 2000 in southern Africa contributed 12.3%, 12.6%, 5.9%, 10.3%, 7.5%, 24.2%, 2.8%, 17.5%, and 11.1%, respectively, of the average annual emissions from all types of savanna fires worldwide. In 2000 the average annual emissions of methane, ethane, ethene, acetylene, propene, formaldehyde, methanol, and acetic acid from the use of biofuels in Zambia were comparable to or exceeded dry season emissions of these species from woodland and grassland savanna fires in Zambia.
Onset of intermittent thermal transport by ion-temperature-gradient-driven turbulence based on a low-degree-of-freedom model
Authors: Takeda K. , Benkadda S. , Hamaguchi S. , Wakatani M.
Published: June 2004

Anomalous heat transport due to ion-temperature-gradient- (ITG)-driven turbulence is studied with the use of a low-degree-of-freedom model composed of 18 ordinary differential equations (ODEs). When the system is slightly above the stability threshold of ITG mode, the system is in the convection regime and convective heat transport of the system is time-independent or periodically oscillates. As the ion-temperature gradient is increased further, the system bifurcates to the turbulent regime. In the strongly turbulent regime, edge localized mode (ELM)-like intermittent bursts (so-called avalanches) are observed. This intermittency is caused by the competition of the following three factors: (1) generation of sheared flows and suppression of ITG turbulence, (2) gradual reduction of the sheared flows due to viscosity, and (3) rapid re-growth of ITG modes due to the reduction of the sheared flows. We found that the Nusselt number Nu scales with the ion pressure gradient Ki as Nu∝Ki3 in the presence of intermittent bursting transport.
Analysis and low-order modeling of the inhomogeneous transitional flow inside a T-mixer
Authors: Telib Haysam , Manhart Michael , Iollo Angelo
Published: June 2004

A direct numerical simulation of the transitional flow (Re=300 to Re=700) inside a T-mixer configuration has been carried out. Time records were collected and used to perform a proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) of the flow. Changes of the flow characteristics in the frequency spectra and extracted coherent spatial structures indicate flow transition across the investigated Reynolds numbers. The POD modes were used to derive a low-order model of the flow. An a priori test limits the possibilities of the modeling; for the periodic case it demonstrates that the flow can be reduced to a system of a few degrees of freedom, while for the turbulent ones this results to be extremely difficult because of the large number of degrees of freedom that are necessary to describe the flow.
A diffusion process in curved space–time
Authors: Debbasch F.
Published: June 2004

We construct a curved space–time generalization of the special relativistic Ornstein–Uhlenbeck Process. This is done by deriving a manifestly covariant Kolmogorov equation that describes diffusion in curved space–times. The simple case of diffusion in a spatially flat Friedmann–Robertson–Walker universe is then considered. It is proven that, at least in these space–times, Kolmogorov equation admits as possible solution a natural generalization of the flat space–time Jüttner equilibrium solution. The first correction to Jüttner’s distribution in a slowly expanding universe is also obtained explicitly.
Fragmentation of stretched liquid ligaments
Authors: Marmottant Philippe , Villermaux Emmanuel
Published: June 2004

The dynamics and fragmentation of stretched liquid ligaments is investigated. The ligaments are produced by the withdrawal of a tube initially dipping at a free surface. Time resolved high speed motion experiments reveal two different elongation behaviors, depending on the nondimensional number ε̇tσ, ratio of the extension rate ε̇ to the capillary contraction rate 1/tσ, with tσ the capillary time based on the tube diameter. For slow extensions (small ε̇tσ) the liquid bridge linking the tube to the reservoir contracts above a critical elevation, eventually following a self-similar contraction before break-up. For fast extensions (large ε̇tσ) the bridge takes the form of a cylindrical ligament, stabilized by the stretching motion. Whatever the elongation rate is, the ligament detaches from the surface at a time of order tσ after the beginning of the extension. If only one small droplet is produced with a slowly stretched bridge, a set of droplets with distributed sizes is obtained from the break-up of the ligament submitted to a fast extension. We discover that an aggregative process comes into play between the blobs constitutive of the ligament as it fragments. The outcoming Gamma distribution describes well the observed broad drop size distributions.
The use of so(2,1) algebra for the evaluation of atomic integrals: The study of two-electron atoms
Authors: Zamastil J. , Čı́žek J. , Kalhous M. , Skála L. , Šimánek M.
Published: June 2004

The use of the so(2,1) algebra for the study of the two-electron atoms is suggested. The radial part of the two-electron function is expanded into the products of the one-electron functions. These one-electron functions form complete, entirely discrete set and are identified as the eigenfunctions of one of the generators of the so(2,1) algebra. By applying this algebra we are able to express all the matrix elements in analytic and numericaly stable form. For matrix elements of the two-electron interaction this is done in three steps, all of them completely novel from the methodological point of view. First, repulsion integrals over four radial functions are written as a linear combination of the integrals over two radial functions and the coefficients of the linear combination are given in terms of hypergeometric functions. Second, combining algebraic technique with the integration by parts we derive recurrence relations for the repulsion integrals over two radial functions. Third, the derived recurrence relations are solved analytically in terms of the hypergeometric functions. Thus we succeed in expressing the repulsion integrals as rational functions of the hypergeometric functions. In this way we resolve the problem of the numerical stability of calculation of the repulsion integrals. Finally, as an illustration, the configuration interaction calculation of the lowest lying states of the He atom is discussed.
Food sustainability, food security and the environment
Authors: Helms Martine
Published: June 2004

Sustainable development requires a deliberate choice in the direction of societal transition, but the options are narrowed down by the obligation to feed a growing world population. At present sufficient food is produced, but large differences exist in per capita supply. Poverty prevents many people from attaining a sufficient diet, while growing economic welfare pushes meat consumption conversely. To meet the increasing demands for agricultural products, at least two options are apparent: either to expand and intensify agriculture, which already appropriates significant amounts of nature's resources or to change from resource‐intensive meat consumption to more vegetarian diets. The latter option is studied by PROFETAS, which focuses on the environmental sustainability, the technological feasibility and the social desirability to partially replace animal proteins with plant protein products. The Western consumption pattern is a suitable candidate for such a transition, which would benefit the environment as well as human health.
A hypersingular boundary integral method for quasi‐static antiplane deformations of an elastic bimaterial with an imperfect and viscoelastic interface
Authors: Ang Whye‐Teong , Fan Hui
Published: June 2004

A hypersingular boundary integral method is proposed for the numerical solution of a quasi‐static antiplane problem involving an elastic bimaterial with an imperfect interface. The interface exhibits viscoelastic behaviors and is modeled as comprising linear springs and dashpots. The proposed method is applied to solve a specific test problem.
Awards of excellence in institutions of higher education: an AHP approach
Authors: Badri Masood A. , Abdulla Mohammed H.
Published: June 2004

This paper examines how institutions of higher education might operationalize faculty performance evaluation in terms of research, teaching, and university and community service. An analytic hierarchy process model is developed and presented, allowing decision makers to couple performance evaluation and academic reward/awards and recognitions offered by institutions of higher education, and provides an objective way to compare faculty members. Weights are provided for each of the criteria in the evaluation process for a more objective outcome. Reward/award systems might include promotion decisions, merit pay, tenure, long‐term contracts, and annual reward/awards of excellence in research, teaching or service. The model might be used to make judgment on the qualification of candidates for such systems, and could be used on the department level, college level, or university‐wide level. In addition, the model could rank faculty members within each discipline or major. An illustrative example is provided of the model at the United Arab Emirates University.
Organizational justice in schools: no justice without trust
Authors: Hoy Wayne K. , Tarter C. John
Published: June 2004

The concept of organizational justice is defined, and, based on a review of the literature, ten principles of organizational justice are elaborated. Similarly, the elements of faculty trust are conceptualized and discussed. Then, a model of organizational justice and trust is proposed and tested using path analysis. The results underscore the symbiotic relations between trust and justice. The paper concludes with a few suggestions for future research and recommendations for practice.
The almost customer: a missed opportunity to enhance corporate success
Authors: Barnes James G. , King Brian R. , Breen Gordon A.
Published: June 2004

Little attention has been paid to prospective customers who defect before buying. This paper examines the almost customer phenomenon. It reviews literature on service quality, customer satisfaction, retention, relationships, loyalty and defection. It also categorizes the causes of almost customer experiences into a series of themes. The almost customer phenomenon and its effects are presented in the context of implications for managers and for future research. The almost customer phenomenon may appear to be a study of early customer defection, but the almost customer defects before buying. The customer defection literature assumes that a firm has attracted customers. But, not every attempted transaction leads to a purchase. Sometimes, elements of the interaction have an impact on whether or not the individual buys. This paper examines defection before a customer becomes a customer. Reducing the incidence of almost customer episodes represents an opportunity for firms to optimize growth and profitability.
An integrated framework for customer value and customer‐relationship‐management performance: a customer‐based perspective from China
Authors: Wang Yonggui , Po Lo Hing , Chi Renyong , Yang Yongheng
Published: June 2004

In the modern customer‐centred era, customer value is a strategic weapon in attracting and retaining customers. Delivering superior customer value has become a matter of ongoing concern in building and sustaining competitive advantage by driving customer‐relationship‐management (CRM) performance. However, related studies are rather divergent, the key dimensions of customer value remain unclear, and there is no agreement on the evaluation of CRM performance. This paper develops an integrative framework for customer value and CRM performance based on the identification of the key dimensions of customer value. Emphasising the customer equity‐based view, the paper explores the decomposed effects of customer value on CRM performance in terms of relationship quality and customer behaviours. In doing so, a structural equation model is developed using the partial least square method supported by an empirical investigation of customers in China.
Leaders manage dilemmas
Authors: Lowy Alex , Hood Phil
Published: June 2004

The authors suggest a new approach to strategic decision‐making methodology: focus on understanding the dilemmas confronting your organization. For leaders, the learning produced from wrestling with dilemmas is often more important than answers to them. Big challenges tend to be complex, ongoing in nature, and highly resistant to simple “fixes”. Therefore, before the leader can provide the strategic direction to guide organizational efforts, he/she must first recognize, define and deal with the prime dilemmas of the day. Dilemmas fall into two categories: direction‐setting, and culture‐setting. Several examples of each are presented as well as three action steps: recognition, definition, and translation.
Vertical Enclosure: Vertical Integration and the Reluctance to Purchase from a Competitor
Authors: Lee Heavner D.
Published: June 2004

Vertical integration can reduce integrating firms' trading opportunities and, contrary to predictions of two‐firm models, this loss of trade can make integration unprofitable. If downstream units must commit to suppliers before contracting on the final terms of trade, then suppliers will have ex‐post monopoly power. This monopoly power reduces the quality that an integrated supplier will provide to its competitors. Expectations of this quality reduction can prevent firms from purchasing from an integrated supplier even though the supplier would be better off if it could commit to provide its downstream competitors with sufficient quality to retain their business.
Spillovers, Investment Incentives and the Property Rights Theory of the Firm
Authors: Meza David de , Lockwood Ben
Published: June 2004

This paper examines the property rights theory of the firm when a manager's relationship‐specific investment can be partially appropriated by the owner of an asset even if cooperation breaks down. The investments of non owners may then be devalued, but are seldom wholly lost to the owner. With such spillovers, the outside‐option principle can be incorporated into the Grossman‐Hart‐Moore framework without implying that ownership demotivates. Enriched predictions on the determinants of integration emerge.
Industry and firm effects of privatization in Malawian oligopolistic manufacturing
Authors: Chirwa Ephraim W.
Published: June 2004

This study evaluates the impact of privatization on technical efficiency using panel data from privatized enterprises, state‐owned enterprises and private enterprises competing in oligopolistic Malawian manufacturing industries in which privatization took place. The results of the technical efficiency model, based on the period 1970–1997, provide evidence that privatization increases the technical efficiency of all firms (industry effects). Further incentives for improvements in technical efficiency are due to more domestic competition, multinationality and structural adjustment.
Letter from Europe, June 2004
Authors: Hart Keith
Published: June 2004

This is the first episode of our new column ‘Letter from Europe’, in which Keith Hart reflects on life. Ed.
Identity, caste and the participant academic
Authors: Searle‐Chatterjee Mary
Published: June 2004

‘Text, belief & personal identity – creating a dialogue’: Valmiki Studies Workshop, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), 21 February 2004
DREG, a developmentally regulated G protein‐coupled receptor containing two conserved proteolytic cleavage sites
Authors: Moriguchi Tetsuo , Haraguchi Keiko , Ueda Naoko , Okada Masato , Furuya Toshio , Akiyama Tetsu
Published: June 2004

We have identified and characterized a novel member of the G protein‐coupled receptor (GPCR) family, termed DREG. DREG belongs to the LNB‐TM7 subfamily and possesses a long amino‐terminus that contains a CUB domain, a PTX domain, a hormone binding domain and a GPCR proteolytic site (GPS) domain. RT‐PCR experiments and whole mount in situ hybridization in mice showed that DREG is expressed at high levels in the heart and somite during embryogenesis and in the adult lung. When DREG was transiently expressed in mammalian cultured cells, a 35‐kD fragment was generated by endogenous proteolytic processing at the conserved GPS domain. This short fragment was found associated with the cell membrane, typical of GPCRs. DREG was further cleaved in the middle of the extracellular domain, generating a soluble 70‐kD fragment containing the CUB and PTX domains. This processing was inhibited by an inhibitor of the endoprotease furin but not of matrix metalloproteinases. These results raise the possibility that DREG plays a role in development, not only as a receptor or an adhesion molecule but also as a secreted ligand.
Impaired spermatogenesis and male fertility defects in CIZ/Nmp4‐disrupted mice
Authors: Nakamoto Tetsuya , Shiratsuchi Akiko , Oda Hideaki , Inoue Keiichi , Matsumura Tomoko , Ichikawa Motoshi , Saito Toshiki , Seo Sachiko , Maki Kazuhiro , Asai Takashi , Suzuki Takahiro , Hangaishi Akira , Yamagata Tetsuya , Aizawa Shinichi , Noda Masaki , Nakanishi Yoshinobu , Hirai Hisamaru
Published: June 2004

CIZ (Cas interacting zinc finger protein), also called Nmp4 (nuclear matrix protein 4), is a nucleo‐cytoplasmic shuttling transcription factor that regulates the expression of collagen and matrix metalloproteinases. CIZ/Nmp4 was originally cloned by its binding to p130Cas, a focal adhesion protein, and was recently shown to suppress BMP2 (bone mophogenetic protein 2) signalling. To explore the physiological role of CIZ/Nmp4, we disrupted CIZ/Nmp4‐gene by inserting beta‐galactosidase and neomycin resistance genes into the 2nd exon of CIZ/Nmp4‐gene, which is utilized by all the sequenced alternative forms. CIZ−/− mice were born and grew to adulthood. Although they tend to be smaller than wild‐type mice, no pathological abnormality was observed except in the testis. Histological analysis of the testes revealed variable degrees of spermatogenic cell degeneration within the seminiferous tubules of CIZ−/− mice, resembling the histology of the ‘Germinal‐cell aplasia with focal spermatogenesis’. Some of the CIZ−/− male mice developed infertility. TUNEL assay on testis sections revealed an increased occurrence of apoptosis of spermatogenic cells in the testes of CIZ−/− mice. CIZ/Nmp4 was co‐localized with Smad1 in the testis, suggesting that a disregulation of BMP signalling could cause these phenotypes. These results suggest that CIZ/Nmp4 plays roles in the progress and the maintenance of spermatogenesis.
Dok‐1 tyrosine residues at 336 and 340 are essential for the negative regulation of Ras‐Erk signalling, but dispensable for rasGAP‐binding
Authors: Shinohara Hisaaki , Yasuda Tomoharu , Yamanashi Yuji
Published: June 2004

Dok‐1 is a common substrate of many protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs). It recruits rasGAP and other SH2‐containing proteins and negatively regulates Ras‐Erk signalling downstream of PTKs. However, the mechanisms of its inhibitory effect are yet unclear. Here, a series of C‐terminal deletion mutants of Dok‐1 delineated the core domain for the inhibition of Erk from 334 to 346 amino acid, which contains two SH2‐binding motifs having Tyr‐336 or Tyr‐340. The Dok‐1 mutants having tyrosine‐to‐phenylalanine (YF) substitution(s) at Tyr‐336 and/or Tyr‐340 lost their inhibitory effect on Ras and Erk downstream of Src‐like PTK, Lyn or Fyn, whereas the rasGAP‐binding of each mutant remained intact. However, the Dok‐1 mutant having YF substitutions at the rasGAP‐binding sites (Tyr‐295 and Tyr‐361) also showed incapability of Ras and Erk inhibition. Moreover, the Dok‐1 mutant having YF substitutions at Tyr‐336 and Tyr‐340 showed an impaired inhibitory effect on v‐Abl‐induced transformation of NIH‐3T3 cells. These results demonstrate that Tyr‐336 and Tyr‐340 of Dok‐1 are dispensable for rasGAP‐binding but essential for inhibition of Ras‐Erk signalling and cellular transformation downstream of PTKs. Thus, Dok‐1 probably recruits as yet unidentified molecule(s), which, in concert with rasGAP, negatively regulate Ras‐Erk signalling.
Thioguanine‐nucleotides do not predict efficacy of tioguanine in Crohn's disease
Authors: Herrlinger K. R. , Fellermann K. , Fischer C. , Kreisel W. , Deibert P. , Schoelmerich J. , Fleig W. E. , Ruhl A. , Reinshagen M. , Greinwald R. , Stange E. F. , Schwab M.
Published: June 2004

Background : 6‐Thioguanine‐nucleotides seem to be the active metabolites of thiopurine therapy, and their monitoring has been considered a useful tool for optimizing response in inflammatory bowel diseases. Tioguanine (thioguanine) therapy results in much higher levels of 6‐thioguanine‐nucleotide levels when compared with azathioprine or mercaptopurine.

Aim : To elucidate the influence of 6‐thioguanine‐nucleotide and methylated 6‐thioguanine‐nucleotide levels under tioguanine on efficacy and toxicity in Crohn's disease.

Methods : 6‐Thioguanine‐nucleotide and methylated 6‐tioguanine‐nucleotide levels were measured regularly in 26 Crohn's disease patients treated with tioguanine. Nucleotide levels were related to efficacy and toxicity.

Results : 6‐Thioguanine‐nucleotide levels rose very high [median 1241 pmol/8 × 108 red blood cells (range 313–1853)]. Methylated 6‐thioguanine‐nucleotide levels were detected in all patients [491 pmol/8 × 108 red blood cells (154–1775)]. 6‐Thioguanine‐nucleotide and methylated 6‐thioguanine‐nucleotide concentrations correlated significantly (r = 0.7, P < 0.0001). Nucleotide levels from patients achieving remission (n = 14) did not differ significantly from non‐remitters (n = 12) [6‐thioguanine‐nucleotide: 1077 (599–2160) vs. 1210 (534–4665); methylated 6‐thioguanine‐nucleotide: 510 (214–1222) vs. 421 (145–1284)]. One patient with intermediate thiopurine S‐methyltransferase activity experienced bone marrow toxicity upon dose escalation parallel with excessively high thioguanine‐nucleotide levels.

Conclusions : 6‐Thioguanine‐nucleotide as well as methylated 6‐thioguanine‐nucleotide levels under tioguanine therapy were not related to efficacy. This suggests that monitoring of 6‐thioguanine‐nucleotide levels is not a useful tool to predict response to thiopurines.
Chronic gastritis with expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase is associated with high expression of interleukin‐6 and hypergastrinaemia
Authors: Kai H. , Ito M. , Kitadai Y. , Tanaka S. , Haruma K. , Chayama K.
Published: June 2004

Background and aims : High levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine in Helicobacter pylori‐infected gastric mucosa may contribute to development of gastric cancer. We investigated the relation between expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and proinflammatory cytokines in gastric mucosa and serum markers of gastritis.

Methods : The study included 103 patients with H. pylori infection. We examined levels of interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐6 and interleukin‐8 by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and evaluated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine by immunohistochemical staining. Furthermore, we assessed serum levels of pepsinogens, gastrin, anti‐parietal cell antibody, nitrite and nitrate, as markers of gastritis.

Results : Thirty‐seven of 103 (35.6%) gastric mucosa specimens showed simultaneous expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine. In these patients (inducible nitric oxide synthase‐positive group), the serum level of gastrin was significantly higher than that of the inducible nitric oxide synthase‐negative group (509.5 ± 141.5 pg/mL vs. 210.0 ± 227.2 pg/mL; P < 0.01), whereas there were no significant differences in serum levels of pepsinogen, anti‐parietal cell antibody, and nitrate and nitrite or in scores of histological gastritis. Inteleukin‐6 levels were significantly higher in the inducible nitric oxide synthase‐positive group than in the inducible nitric oxide synthase‐negative group (25.9 ± 7.0 pg/mg protein vs. 10.6 ± 4.9 pg/mg protein; P < 0.05).

Conclusions : Inducible nitric oxide synthase‐producing gastritis was correlated with high levels of interleukin‐6. Patients with hypergastrinaemia should be carefully followed on a long‐term basis to ensure that the development of any malignancy is detected early.
Carditis in patients with gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease: results of a controlled study based on both endoscopy and 24‐h oesophageal pH monitoring
Authors: Zentilin P. , Mastracci L. , Dulbecco P. , Gambaro C. , Bilardi C. , Ceppa P. , Spaggiari P. , Iiritano E. , Mansi C. , Vigneri S. , Fiocca R. , Savarino V.
Published: June 2004

Background : There are conflicting reports on the role of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and Helicobacter pylori infection in the aetiology of carditis.

Aim : The role of reflux and H. pylori infection in causing carditis was assessed in 113 consecutive patients with GERD and in 25 controls.

Methods : All subjects underwent endoscopy and pH test and carditis was diagnosed on biopsies taken across the squamocolumnar junction. Helicobacter pylori was assessed by histology and rapid urease test. GERD was diagnosed by endoscopic oesophagitis or abnormal pH test.

Results : Carditis was detected in 53 of 71 GERD patients and in 15 of 20 controls. Among patients, 18 showed absent, 39 mild and 14 marked cardia inflammation and their H. pylori infection rates were 17, 23 and 57%, respectively (P < 0.025). Most patients with carditis (68%) lacked H. pylori infection. pH‐metry was abnormal in 15 of 18 patients with normal cardia, 33 of 39 with mild carditis and 12 of 14 with marked inflammation.

Conclusions : Carditis is a frequent finding in GERD and controls. Mild, non‐active carditis is frequent in GERD patients. Marked inflammation is associated with both H. pylori and abnormal pH testing. Thus, both GERD and H. pylori infection may play a role in inducing carditis.
Maternal distress, child behaviour, and disclosure of psychosocial concerns to a paediatrician
Authors: Wildman B. G , Stancin T. , Golden C. , Yerkey T.
Published: June 2004

Background  Despite the availability of effective screening measures, primary care providers continue to fail to identify and manage many children with psychosocial problems. One of the best predictors of identification by a primary care physician is whether mothers disclose concerns about their child's psychosocial functioning to their child's physician. This study examined if maternal distress and child behaviour predicted whether mothers had and discussed concerns about their child's behaviour and emotions with paediatricians.

Methods  Participants were 138 mothers who accompanied their 4–12‐year‐old children to a health supervision visit at an urban teaching hospital. Mothers completed a demographic questionnaire, the Pediatric Symptom Checklist, the Beck Depression Inventory, and an exit questionnaire.

Results  Logistic regression correctly classified 97.3% of mothers who did not disclose child problems. Only 34.5% of mothers who did disclose were correctly classified.

Conclusions  The results supported the hypothesis that mothers’ psychosocial functioning is significantly related to concern about child behaviour and disclosure of concerns to the paediatrician. The inability of child behaviour and maternal functioning to predict which mothers were concerned and disclosed concerns supports the hypothesis that disclosure and identification of psychosocial problems in primary care is complex and requires a multifactor model.
The expression of pain in infants with developmental delays
Authors: Mercer K. , Glenn S.
Published: June 2004

Objective To explore how infants with developmental delays express pain, we analysed facial expressions of infants receiving their routine immunization at around 4–6 months developmental age. The sample included eight infants with developmental disabilities (mean developmental age 4.8 months) and 30 typically developing infants (mean age 4 months). The Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement Coding system was used to code infant facial expressions during immunization.

Results The pain expression was by far the most common of all facial expressions following immunization for both groups of infants. Those with disabilities produced significantly fewer discrete high‐intensity expressions of pain, and significantly more blended expressions than typically developing infants. Expressions of fear, sadness and anger were relatively infrequent in both groups. Infants with disabilities used their upper face less often than typically developing infants, and their mid face was uncodeable more often.

Conclusion Infants with developmental delays were likely to show pain in facial expressions less clearly than typically developing infants. It is important for health care professionals to be aware that this may be the case when considering the administration of analgesia for such children.