bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Efficient Procedure for the Synthesis of 3‐Aryl‐4‐methoxy‐2(5H)‐furanones by Using the Microwave‐Promoted Suzuki—Miyaura Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Song Young Seob , Lee Yun‐Jeong , Kim Bum Tae , Heo Jung‐Nyoung
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Effective Synthesis of 5‐Aryl‐3‐ethylidene‐3H‐pyrrol‐2‐ones.
Authors: Yegorova A. Yu. , Kamneva I. E. , Shtykova L. S.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Conjugated Macrocycles Related to the Porphyrins. Part 39. [22]Porphyrin‐(3.1.1.3), a New Vinylogous Expanded Porphyrin System.
Authors: Xu Linlin , Ferrence Gregory M. , Lash Timothy D.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Regioselective Synthesis of 3‐Aryl‐5‐(1H‐indole‐3‐carbonyl)‐4‐hydroxyfuroic Acids as Potential Insulin Receptor Activators.
Authors: Chou Shan‐Yen , Chen Shieh‐Shung Tom , Chen Ching‐Hui , Chang Lien‐Shange
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Highly Enantioenriched 2‐Azabenzonorbornenes from 7‐Azabenzonorbornadienes by Asymmetric Hydroboration—Oxidation and Tandem Deoxygenation—Rearrangement—Electrophile Trapping.
Authors: Hodgson David M. , Winning Leonard H.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Modular Synthesis of Chiral Pentadentate Bis(oxazoline) Ligands.
Authors: Seitz Michael , Kaiser Anja , Tereshchenko Alexander , Geiger Christian , Uematsu Yukitaka , Reiser Oliver
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
(NHC)Copper(I)‐Catalyzed [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Azides and Mono‐ or Disubstituted Alkynes.
Authors: Diez‐Gonzalez Silvia , Correa Andrea , Cavallo Luigi , Nolan Steven P.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Green Synthesis of Substituted Imidazothiadiazoles (III) Using Ionic Liquid.
Authors: Kidwai Mazaahir , Rastogi Shweta
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective Synthesis of Tetrahydrofurochromenes by Sequential Asymmetric Homoaldol Reaction and a Mukaiyama‐Type Tetrahydrofuran Cyclization.
Authors: Bruens Astrid , Wibbeling Birgit , Froehlich Roland , Hoppe Dieter
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Cyclization of 1‐Arylalk‐1‐ene‐3,5‐diynylamines.
Authors: Sorokoumov V. N. , Morozkina S. N. , Balova I. A.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chiral Broensted Acid Catalyzed Inverse Electron‐Demand Aza Diels—Alder Reaction.
Authors: Akiyama Takahiko , Morita Hisashi , Fuchibe Kohei
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwave‐Assisted Solution‐Phase Parallel Synthesis of 2,4,6‐Trisubstituted Pyrimidines.
Authors: Nie Aihua , Wang Jun , Huang Ziwei
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Pd(0)‐Mediated Microwave‐Assisted Arylation of 2‐Substituted Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyrimidines.
Authors: Ermolat'ev D. S. , Gimenez V. N. , Babaev E. V. , Van der Eycken E.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Induction in the Reactions of 3‐Aryl‐1,2,4‐triazin‐5(4H)‐ones with C‐Nucleophiles.
Authors: Egorov Ilya N. , Zyryanov Grigory V. , Ulomsky Eugeny N. , Rusinov Vladimir L. , Chupakhin Oleg N.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Przewalskin A: A New C23 Terpenoid with a 6/6/7 Carbon Ring Skeleton from Salvia przewalskii Maxim.
Authors: Zhao Qin‐Shi , et al. et al.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Syntheses of the Tylophora Alkaloids Cryptopleurine (Ia), (‐)‐Antofine (Ib), (‐)‐Tylophorine (Ic), and (‐)‐Ficuseptine C (Id).
Authors: Fuerstner Alois Fuerstner Alois , Kennedy Jason W. J.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Carbanucleosides: Synthesis of Both Enantiomers of 2‐(6‐Chloro‐purin‐9‐yl)‐3,5‐bishydroxymethyl Cyclopentanol from D‐Glucose.
Authors: Roy Biswajit G. , Maity Joy Krishna , Drew Michael G. B. , Achari Basudeb , Mandal Sukhendu B.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Structure of Ultrathin Aluminosilicate Films.
Authors: Stacchiola Dario , Kaya Sarp , Weissenrieder Jonas , Kuhlenbeck Helmut , Shaikhutdinov Shamil , Freund Hans‐Joachim , Sierka Marek , Todorova Tanya Kumanova , Sauer Joachim
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Addressing Metal Centers in Supramolecular Assemblies
Authors: Ruben Mario , Lehn Jean‐Marie , Mueller Paul
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cascade Reactions in Total Synthesis
Authors: Nicolaou K. C. , Edmonds David J. , Bulger Paul G.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Small Molecule Natural Products in the Discovery of Therapeutic Agents: The Synthesis Connection.
Authors: Wilson Rebecca M. , Danishefsky Samuel J.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Eudesmane Sesquiterpenoids from the Asteraceae Family
Authors: Wu Quan‐Xiang , Shi Yan‐Ping , Jia Zhong‐Jian
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Recent Progress on the Total Synthesis of Natural Products in China
Authors: Wu Qingquan , Ma Dawei
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Syntheses, Structures and Interactions of Heterocalixarenes
Authors: Kumar Subodh , Paul Dharam , Singh Harjit
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Recent Advances in the Area of Pyridodiazinium Systems Containing a Bridgehead Nitrogen Atom
Authors: Hajos Gyorgy
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enantioselective Synthesis of 3‐Substituted 1(3H)‐Isobenzofuranone Derivatives
Authors: Len Christophe , Renoux Brigitte
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyclization via Carbopalladation and Acylpalladation
Authors: Negishi Ei‐ichi , Wang Guangwei , Zhu Gangguo
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Combinatorial Library Synthesis of Antioxidant Compounds
Authors: Mittoo Stifun
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
α‐Lithiocarboxylic Acids and Related Lithium Compounds Including Enolates
Authors: Green James R.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Optical Properties of Helical Oligonaphthalenes
Authors: Takaishi Kazuto , Tsubaki Kazunori , Tanaka Hiroyuki , Miura Masaya , Kawabata Takeo
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Construction of Enantiopure Pyrrolidine Ring System via Asymmetric [3 + 2]‐Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides
Authors: Pandey Ganesh , Banerjee Prabal , Gadre Smita R.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Diazonium Salts as Substrates in Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Roglans Anna , Pla‐Quintana Anna , Moreno‐Manas Marcial
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Organophosphorus π‐Conjugated Materials
Authors: Baumgartner Thomas , Reau Regis
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Linking Species Richness, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function in Soil Systems
Authors: Coleman David C. , Whitman William B.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nuclear Spin Relaxation in Liquids and Gases
Authors: Ludwig R.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Application of Nuclear Shielding
Authors: Kuroki Shigeki , Asakawa Naoki , Yasunaga Hidekazu
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Theoretical and Physical Aspects of Nuclear Shielding
Authors: Jameson Cynthia J. , De Dios Angel C.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Platelet microparticles are heterogeneous and highly dependent on the activation mechanism: Studies using a new digital flow cytometer
Authors: Perez‐Pujol Sílvia , Marker Paul H. , Key Nigel S.
Published: January 2007

Background:

Platelet‐derived microparticles (MPs) are believed to play an important role in coagulation and inflammatory disorders. Unfortunately, MP size renders them difficult to study and analyze by conventional flow cytometry.

Methods:

We analyzed and characterized platelet‐derived MPs, using antibodies against the major surface glycoproteins (GP), the platelet activation antigen P‐selectin (CD62P), and a marker of procoagulant activity (phosphatidylserine exposure). MPs were generated by exposure of platelets to thrombin receptor activating peptide (TRAP) or ionophore. Both agonists induced significant microvesiculation of platelets, and the resulting MPs were analyzed by a new digital flow cytometer: Becton‐Dickinson FACSAria™.

Results:

Membrane GPs were equally well represented in MPs generated by either reagent. In contrast, P‐selectin was more intensely expressed in TRAP‐MPs, while phosphatidylserine (PS) expression was markedly increased in ionophore‐MPs. Two distinct populations of TRAP‐MPs (one PS‐positive and another PS‐negative) were apparent. The latter characteristic facilitated sorting of MPs according to their PS exposure.

Conclusions:

The data presented herein show a significant improvement in the methodology applied until now to the characterization of MPs. The ability to characterize and sort MP subpopulations may help to resolve their contributions to normal and pathological functions. © 2007 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Toward a better understanding of depression and anxiety: the involvement of stress and tryptophan hydroxylase activation
Authors: Gittos Maurice W.
Published: January 2007

Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) has been implicated as the key enzyme involved in the etiology of the affective disorders, anxiety and depression. In addition to its activation by stress, TPH is also activated by the amino‐acid decarboxylase inhibitor, NSD 1015, which is widely used for the determination of serotonin turnover. The blockade of this activation by the established antidepressants provides a new, distinct concept to account for the beneficial activity of these compounds. The blockade of the stress‐induced activation of TPH by the benzodiazepine, diazepam, is consistent with its anxiolytic activity involving TPH activation inhibition. In support of the concept, a selective TPH activation inhibitor, AGN 2979, has been reported to exert both powerful antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in the clinic, with a notable lack of the side effects associated with transmitter reuptake inhibition and benzodiazepine receptor interactions. Drug Dev. Res. 67:801–805, 2006. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A high throughput screening approach to identify isocitrate lyase inhibitors from traditional Chinese medicine sources
Authors: Bai Bing , Xie Jian‐Ping , Yan Ju‐Fang , Wang Hong‐Hai , Hu Chang‐Hua
Published: January 2007

Isocitrate lyase (ICL) catalyses the first step of the glyoxylate bypass pathway, which reversibly cleaves isocitrate into succinate and glyoxylate. This pathway occurs in a wide range of pathogens and plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) suggesting that it may represent a drug target for the treatment of tuberculosis. ICL was cloned, expressed, and purified, and a high‐throughput screen (HTS) developed to screen active extracts derived from traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) for inhibition of ICL. A colorimetric assay based on the formation of glyoxylate‐phenylhydrazone was used to measure ICL activity. The assay had signal to noise (S/N) of 12.74 and Z′ factor of 0.72, indicating that the assay was suitable for HTS. Screening of a collection of 465 extracts derived from TCMs resulted in the identification of two extracts from Illicium verum Hook.f (Illiciaceae, XHD‐1) and Zingiber officinale Rosc (Zingiberaceae, XHD‐2), which inhibited ICL with IC50 values of 47.7 ± 16.9 and 18.2 ± 0.9 µg/ml, respectively. Drug Dev. Res. 67:818–823, 2006. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Allergy reactions to insulin: effects of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and insulin analogues
Authors: Radermecker R. P. , Scheen A. J.
Published: January 2007

The purification of animal insulin preparations and the use of human recombinant insulin have markedly reduced the incidence but not completely suppressed the occurrence of insulin allergy manifestations. Advances in technologies concerning the mode of delivery of insulin, i.e. continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), and the use of insulin analogues, resulting from the alteration in the amino acid sequence of the native insulin molecule, may influence the immunogenicity and antigenicity of native insulin. Instead of increasing allergy reactions, CSII has been reported to represent a successful alternative treatment in diabetic patients presenting local or generalized allergy to insulin or other components (zinc, protamine) of conventional treatment. Most recent reports concern CSII‐treated patients using short‐acting insulin analogues (essentially insulin lispro), although the precise role of these insulin analogues remains unclear as allergy to them has also been described. Finally, data on antigenicity and immunogenicity of long‐acting insulin analogues (glargine, detemir), which may mimic the basal insulin delivery with CSII, remain scarce at present. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complex interference in the eye developmental pathway by Drosophila NF‐YA
Authors: Yoshioka Yasuhide , Suyari Osamu , Yamada Mikihiro , Ohno Katsuhito , Hayashi Yuko , Yamaguchi Masamitsu
Published: January 2007

The CCAAT motif‐binding factor NF‐Y consists of three different subunits, NF‐YA, NF‐YB, and NF‐YC, all of which are required for formation of the NF–Y complex and DNA‐binding. NF‐YA contains a DNA binding domain in its C‐terminal region. We established transgenic fly lines carrying the UAS‐HA‐dNF‐YA or UAS‐dNF‐YAIR and showed over‐expression or knockdown with various GAL4 drivers to be lethal at various developmental stages, suggesting that dNF‐YA participate in various gene regulatory pathways during Drosophila development. Expression of dNF‐YA with eyeless‐GAL4 mainly resulted in lethality with a headless phenotype in pharate‐adults. Reduction of the eyeless gene dose enhanced the dNF‐YA‐induced phenotype, while reduction of the Distal‐less gene dose suppressed the phenotype. On the other hand, crossing the dNF‐YA over‐expressing flies with Notch mutant resulted in no apparent effect on the phenotype. These results suggest that dNF‐YA can disturb eye disc specification, but not eye disc growth. genesis 45:21–31, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Knock‐in mice reveal nonsense‐mediated mRNA decay in the brain
Authors: Contet Candice , Dierich Andrée , Kieffer Brigitte L
Published: January 2007

Nonsense‐mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a process of mRNA surveillance that degrades transcripts harboring a premature termination codon (PTC). Mammalian NMD was mostly studied in cultured cells so far and there was no direct evidence yet that NMD could operate in the brain. We introduced, by homologous recombination in mouse, a PTC in the mu opioid receptor gene (mor). mor transcript was severely downregulated in the brain of these knock‐in mice. A systemic cycloheximide treatment significantly increased the level of the mutant mRNA, suggesting NMD involvement. To further corroborate this hypothesis, we generated a second knock‐in mouse line where the PTC was placed at 10 instead of 96 nucleotides from the downstream splice junction. As predicted by the “termination codon position rule” established in vitro, mor transcript brain expression was rescued to wild‐type level. These knock‐in mouse lines will be valuable models to better understand and manipulate NMD in vivo. genesis 45:38–43, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human CYP11A1 promoter drives Cre recombinase expression in the brain in addition to adrenals and gonads
Authors: Wu Hsu‐Shui , Lin Hui‐Ting , Wang Chi‐Kuang Leo , Chiang Yen‐Feng , Chu Hsueh‐Ping , Hu Meng‐Chun
Published: January 2007

The first step of steroid biosynthesis is catalyzed by cytochrome P450scc, encoded by CYP11A1. To achieve steroidogenic tissue‐specific inactivation of genes in vivo by the Cre‐loxP approach, we used the 4.4‐kb regulatory region of the human CYP11A1 gene to drive Cre recombinase expression in the tissues that produce steroids. The resulting SCC‐Cre mice express high levels of Cre in the adrenal cortex and gonads at the same sites as that for the endogenous CYP11A1 expression. In addition, Cre activity was found in the diencephalon and midbrain. In the developing brain, the Cre activity was first detected in the embryonic day 10.5. Our study is the first to show that the 4.4‐kb CYP11A1 promoter is transcriptionally active in the brain in vivo. genesis 45:59–65, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrafast saturable absorbers based on carbon nanotubes and their applications to passively mode‐locked fiber lasers
Authors: Yamashita Shinji , Set Sze Yun , Goh Chee Seong , Kikuchi Kazuro
Published: January 2007

The authors propose third‐generation small and high‐speed saturable absorbers to replace semiconductor‐based saturable absorbers and optical‐fiber‐based nonlinear devices. The device is based on the carbon nanotube (CNT). This paper discusses the characteristics of CNT‐based saturable absorbers. The present status of research on passively mode‐locked fiber lasers using CNT‐based saturable absorbers is reported. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 90(2): 17– 24, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20272
Optical emission spectroscopy of glow discharge plasma from SiH4−CH4 system
Authors: Motohashi Mitsuya , Ashibu Kenta , Hiruta Yasutaka , Homma Kazuaki
Published: January 2007

We used plasma optical emission spectroscopy to investigate the plasma state generated by a radio frequency glow discharge in a monosilane and methane gas mixture. To produce the glow discharge in the gas, we used the source gases separated plasma CVD (SSP‐CVD) method proposed in this research, and the conventional diode method. We studied the flow rate ratio and the radio frequency power dependence of the source gases with the plasma optical emission characteristics generated using these methods, and investigated the relationship between the optical emission states and bond states of the elements in films. We found that the optical emission intensities of SiH and CH radicals in the plasma are related to the carbon content and C‐Si‐H bonds in a‐SiC:H films. Furthermore, we found that more H2 radicals than H radicals exist in plasmas generated by the SSP‐CVD method than in those generated by the conventional method. We used the above results to study the decomposition process of SiH4−CH4 gases. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 90(2): 9 –16, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ ecjb.20285
Planar‐circuit bandpass filters consisting of arbitrarily shaped elements
Authors: Ohira Masataka , Deguchi Hiroyuki , Tsuji Mikio , Shigesawa Hiroshi
Published: January 2007

This paper presents an arbitrarily shaped circuit as a planar circuit filter optimized by using a genetic algorithm and develops new, never‐before‐seen planar circuit elements. A GA optimization algorithm, which can arbitrarily set the input/output line width and shielding box dimensions according to the optimization conditions for the planar circuit filter, and a method for analyzing planar circuit filters of arbitrarily shaped elements by the method of moments are discussed. As a design example, the authors perform optimizations based on the specifications for a conventional bandpass filter; the resulting filters construct a passband without filter synthesis using an equivalent circuit, and have a smaller size and multiple attenuation poles. The effectiveness of the planar circuit filters with arbitrarily shaped elements is examined by fabricating the filter structures obtained by the GA, performing an experiment, and making a comparison with analytical results. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 90(2): 1–8, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20292
Vision‐based human motion tracking using head‐mounted cameras and fixed cameras
Authors: Yamazoe Hirotake , Utsumi Akira , Tetsutani Nobuji , Yachida Masahiko
Published: January 2007

In this paper, we propose a method to track human motions by using multiple‐viewpoint images taken by both mobile cameras and fixed‐viewpoint cameras. In a vision‐based system, the variety of viewpoints is important for effective detection/tracking of target motions. As image sequences observed from various viewpoints contain rich information regarding entire scenes, these images are also useful for video‐based analysis of human behaviors/interactions. We employ multiple numbers of mobile cameras mounted on human heads and fixed‐viewpoint cameras to observe a human interaction scene. In our method, 3D human positions are tracked by using both mobile and fixed‐viewpoint camera images. Transitions of human and background positions in images are estimated by using the tracked 3D positions, and the positions and poses of the mobile camera are determined by comparing the observed images with the estimation. Consequently, our method can provide position information for all humans and head motions for the humans wearing head‐mounted cameras. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 90(2): 40–53, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20331
A neural circuit model forming semantic memory from episodic memory using STDP
Authors: Kobayashi Yusaku , Murakoshi Kazushi
Published: January 2007

The role of memory is important for human high‐order functions such as thought, motion, and recognition. From many kinds of memory, this paper focuses on semantic memory and episodic memory which are declarative. It is thought that semantic memory is formed from common part of episodic memories. Though it is clarified which part of the brain is related to semantic memory, the neural circuit has not been clarified, especially concerning STDP which is minute learning regulation in time. We propose a neural circuit model forming semantic memory from episodic memory using STDP. By changing connections and input patterns in the model, we have examined the appropriate conditions by which semantic memory can be formed. The results show that three input routes, recurrent input, and appropriate propagation delay are necessary for forming semantic memory. Moreover, we have experimented forming a semantic memory after forming another semantic memory. The result shows that our model is able to form a semantic network. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 90(2): 54–63, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20332
A Simple Procedure for Connecting Two Carbohydrate Moieties by Click Chemistry Techniques
Authors: Gouin Sébastien G. , Bultel Laurent , Falentin Céline , Kovensky José
Published: January 2007

We describe a procedure to link two saccharides by click chemistry techniques. This methodology allows the generation of new molecules in which two carbohydrates are connected through a triazole ring. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
A Mechanistic Study on the Catalytic, Asymmetric α‐Bromination of Acid Chlorides
Authors: Dogo‐Isonagie Cajetan , Bekele Tefsit , France Stefan , Wolfer Jamison , Weatherwax Anthony , Taggi Andrew E. , Paull Daniel H. , Dudding Travis , Lectka Thomas
Published: January 2007

The mechanism of the catalytic, asymmetric α‐bromination of acid chlorides is probed through a series of crossover experiments, ion‐pairing tests, and kinetic resolution studies to shed light on the factors that contribute to, and limit the production of, optically‐active α‐bromo esters. In order to understand better the observed sense of induction, as well as the high degree of enantiomeric excess exhibited by these products, extensive molecular modeling is employed on the relevant transition states. Finally, the usefulness of the α‐bromo ester products is demonstrated by their simple derivatization into chiral epoxides.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Cover Picture: Naturalised Dyes: A Simple Straightforward Synthetic Route to a New Class of Dyes – Glycoazodyes (GADs) (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 4/2007)
Authors: Bartalucci Giuditta , Bianchini Roberto , Catelani Giorgio , D'Andrea Felicia , Guazzelli Lorenzo
Published: January 2007

The cover picture shows a new class of dyes – glycoazodyes (GADs): “from textile industrial dyes to multipurpose naturalised dyes through glycoconjucation”. Details are discussed in the article by R. Bianchini et al. on p. 588 ff.
The Brazilian chemical industry and sustainable development
Authors: Delgado Jorge Juan Soto , Magrini Alessandra , Valle Rogério
Published: January 2007

A way of classifying companies' postures concerning sustainable development is presented, which forms the basis for an evaluation of 36 companies from the Brazilian chemical industry. It was found that most of these companies have a more mature posture to this issue. The findings of the analysis reinforced the hypothesis that a company's strategic planning process is a determinant factor in defining its business postures towards sustainable development. By grouping the companies in the sample, it was also possible to reinforce the hypothesis that those companies with a more proactive posture give greater importance to sustainable development in the short‐and long‐term and have better results than those companies with a more reactive posture. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog 26:59–70, 2007.
Origin and geochemistry of Miocene marine evaporites associated with red beds: Great Kavir Basin, Central Iran
Authors: Rahimpour‐Bonab Hossain , Shariatinia Zeinab , Siemann Michael G.
Published: January 2007

During the Cenozoic numerous shallow epicontinental evaporite basins formed due to tectonic movements in the Northern Province of the Central Iran Tectonic Zone (the Great Kavir Basin). During the Miocene, due to sea‐level fluctuations, thick sequences of evaporites and carbonates accumulated in these basins that subsequently were overlain by continental red beds. Development of halite evaporites with substantial thickness in this area implies inflow of seawater along the narrow continental rift axis. The early ocean basin development was initiated in Early Eocene time and continued up to the Middle Miocene in the isolated failed rift arms. Competition between marine and non‐marine environments, at the edge of the encroaching sea, produced several sequences of both abrupt and gradual transition from continental wadi sediments to marginal marine evaporites in the studied area. These evaporites show well‐preserved textures indicative of relatively shallow‐brine pools. The high Br content of these evaporites indicates marine‐derived parent brines that were under the sporadic influence of freshening by meteoric water or replenishing seawater. However, the association of hopper and cornet textures denotes stratified brine that filled a relatively large pool and prevented rapid variations in the Br profile. Unstable basin conditions that triggered modification of parent brine chemistry prevailed in this basin and caused variable distribution patterns for different elements in the chloride units. The presence of sylvite and the absence of Mg‐sulphate/chlorides in the paragenetic sequence indicate SO4−depleted parent brine in the studied sequence.

Petrographic examinations along with geochemical analyses on these potash‐bearing halites reveal parental brines which were a mixture of seawater and CaCl2‐rich brines. The source of CaCl2‐rich brines is ascribed to the presence of local rift systems in the Great Kavir Basin up to the end of the Early Miocene. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early Miocene stratigraphy of central west Anatolia, Turkey: implications for the tectonic evolution of the eastern Aegean area
Authors: Kaya Orhan , Ünay Engi̇n , Göktaş Fi̇kret , Saraç Gerçek
Published: January 2007

Small‐mammalian faunas enable the discrimination and correlation of uppermost Lower Miocene lacustrine sedimentary units in central western Anatolia. On the basis of sequential stratigraphic relationships, early Early Miocene and latest Early Miocene relative ages are suggested for the older lacustrine mass‐flow deposits and younger paper shale units, respectively, which are devoid of age‐diagnostic fossils.

In central western Anatolia, the sequential differences between the uppermost Lower Miocene successions delineate a deformation zone of NE–SW‐trending fault blocks separated by vertical faults. This deformation zone, inherited from Late Oligocene tectonics, underwent an early Early Miocene sinistral transtension leading to pull‐aparts that were emplaced by granitoids. Limited extension caused the late Early Miocene repetitive up‐ and down‐wards motions of the fault blocks, with variable magnitudes. This led to contrasting subsidence histories in the relevant basinal system. During the latest Early Miocene, fault blocks coalesced into a regional body characterized by uniform slow subsidence and non‐extensional deformation facies. The general trend of the above tectonic events can be explained by lateral slab segmentation and progressive asthenospheric wedging, in response to NE‐directed and decelerated palaeosubduction in the Aegean. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metalloproteinases are enriched in microglia compared with leukocytes and they regulate cytokine levels in activated microglia
Authors: Nuttall Robert K. , Silva Claudia , Hader Walter , Bar‐Or Amit , Patel Kamala D. , Edwards Dylan R. , Yong V. Wee
Published: January 2007

Microglia are resident immune cells within the central nervous system (CNS). They become activated following neurological insults and increase their expression of cytokines. Also elevated in CNS injuries are proteases, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and A disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs). The spectrum of metalloproteinase members expressed by microglia and by the systemic leukocytes that infiltrate the injured CNS is unknown, as are their functions. We determined the levels of transcripts encoding all 24 MMPs, nine ADAMs, and their four physiological antagonists, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), in human microglia, B and T cells, monocytes, and neutrophils. We found a distinct pattern for each immune subset and an enrichment of metalloproteinases in microglia compared with leukocytes. When microglia were activated, there was an upregulation of transcripts for nine metalloproteinases, and reduction of TIMP3. Activation of microglia also resulted in increased levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, interleukin (IL)‐1β, and IL‐10 protein in the conditioned media of cells. The amount of secreted TNF‐α, but not IL‐1β or IL‐10, was suppressed by BB94, a broad spectrum metalloproteinase inhibitor, and by TIMP3 but not TIMP1 or TIMP2. This inhibitory profile suggests the involvement of an ADAM member in TNF‐α secretion. We conclude that microglia bear a metalloproteinase signature distinct from systemic cells, and that following activation, microglia upregulate TNF‐α protein levels through a combination of elevated cytokine transcripts, increased metalloproteinase level and activity, and through the decrease of TIMP3. The results have implications for the regulation of neuroinflammation and its outcomes following CNS injuries. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Flow, frequency, and uncertainty estimation for an extreme historical flood event in the Highlands of Scotland, UK
Authors: Cameron David
Published: January 2007

This paper explores the uncertainties associated with estimating the flow and frequency of a very large historical flood event, the August 1829 flood, on the River Findhorn in the Scottish Highlands, United Kingdom. For different, but plausible, roughness values, the Manning's equation is used to estimate the flow from a historic flood level at an ungauged site (Findhorn Bridge) (Werritty and McEwen, 2003). Catchment area is used to scale the flow estimates downstream to a gauging station site (Shenachie), where they are considered against flood frequency curves obtained using the continuous simulation methodology of Cameron et al. (1999, 2000a). Operating within the uncertainty framework of generalised likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) (Beven and Binley, 1992), this methodology utilises a stochastic rainfall model to drive the rainfall‐runoff model TOPMODEL for a series of continuous ten thousand year simulations with an hourly timestep. A range of possible return periods is obtained for the 1829 flood and the uncertainties associated with the estimation of both the flow and frequency of that event are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of methodological uncertainties within permeability measurements
Authors: Chappell Nick A. , Lancaster James W.
Published: January 2007

Permeability measurements are critical to the calculation of water‐flow within hillslopes. Despite this, errors in permeability measurements are often ignored, and can be very large particularly in disturbance‐sensitive gley soils. This work compares the uncertainties associated with six field methods of permeametry applied to a gleyed soil in upland Britain. Slug tests, constant‐head borehole permeametry, and falling‐head borehole permeametry were undertaken on established piezometers. Additionally, ring permeametry and two types of trench tests were evaluated.

Method‐related uncertainty due to proximity of impeding layers of high sorptivity soils produces under‐ and over‐estimates of permeability by a factor of up to 0·2 and 5, respectively. This uncertainty band is smaller than the observed effects of anisotropy and temporal variability. Had smearing and soil‐ring leakage errors not been minimized, the methodological uncertainties would have been so large that they would have distorted the true spatial field of permeability and its estimated impact on the balance of vertical and lateral flow. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐objective particle swarm optimization for generating optimal trade‐offs in reservoir operation
Authors: Reddy M. Janga , Nagesh Kumar D.
Published: January 2007

A multi‐objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) approach is presented for generating Pareto‐optimal solutions for reservoir operation problems. This method is developed by integrating Pareto dominance principles into particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. In addition, a variable size external repository and an efficient elitist‐mutation (EM) operator are introduced. The proposed EM‐MOPSO approach is first tested for few test problems taken from the literature and evaluated with standard performance measures. It is found that the EM‐MOPSO yields efficient solutions in terms of giving a wide spread of solutions with good convergence to true Pareto optimal solutions. On achieving good results for test cases, the approach was applied to a case study of multi‐objective reservoir operation problem, namely the Bhadra reservoir system in India. The solutions of EM‐MOPSOs yield a trade‐off curve/surface, identifying a set of alternatives that define optimal solutions to the problem. Finally, to facilitate easy implementation for the reservoir operator, a simple but effective decision‐making approach was presented. The results obtained show that the proposed approach is a viable alternative to solve multi‐objective water resources and hydrology problems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of α‐melanocyte stimulating hormone on gentamicin‐induced acute nephrotoxicity in rats
Authors: Kolgazi Meltem , Arbak Serap , Alican Inci
Published: January 2007

The effect of α‐melanocyte stimulating hormone (α‐MSH) was investigated on gentamicin‐induced acute renal injury in rats. Sprague‐Dawley rats (200–250 g; n = 8–10) were treated with gentamicin sulphate (GEN; 80 mg kg−1) or saline intraperitoneally for 7 consecutive days. α‐MSH was administered at a dose of 25 µg rat−1 day−1 following GEN or saline injections. On day 8, all animals were decapitated. Trunk blood and 24 h urine were collected to measure the serum creatinine levels, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels and to calculate the creatinine clearance values. The kidneys were excised for histological evaluation and for the measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, glutathione (GSH) contents and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Treatment with α‐MSH reduced the severity of the renal lesions microscopically, decreased MDA content and MPO activity and restored GSH in kidney samples. However, it did not restore the impaired renal function tests due to GEN challenge. In conclusion, α‐MSH treatment has a beneficial effect on GEN‐induced acute nephrotoxicity, as confirmed by histological evaluation and biochemical assays; but it does not improve GEN‐induced renal dysfunction. The mechanism of the protective effect could be attributed, at least in part, to decreased tissue leukocyte infiltration and thus, to decreased oxygen‐derived reactive metabolite production. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of erdosteine, N‐acetylcysteine and vitamin E on nicotine‐induced apoptosis of cardiac cells
Authors: Demiralay Rezan , Gürsan Nesrin , Erdem Havva
Published: January 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the frequency of apoptosis in rat cardiomyocytes after intratraperitoneal nicotine injection, in order to examine the roles of inflammatory markers [myeloperoxidase (MPO) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α)] in nicotine‐induced cardiac damage and to determine the protective effects of three known antioxidant agents (N‐acetylcysteine (NAC), erdosteine and vitamin E) on nicotine toxicity in the heart. Female Wistar rats were divided into seven groups, each composed of nine rats: two negative control groups, two positive control groups, one erdosteine‐treated group (500 mg kg−1), one NAC‐treated group (500 mg kg−1) and one vitamin E‐treated group (500 mg kg−1). Nicotine was intraperitoneally injected at a dosage of 0.6 mg kg−1 for 21 days. Following nicotine injection, the antioxidants were administered orally; treatment was continued until the rats were killed. Heart tissue samples were stained with hematoxylin‐eosin for histopathological assessments. Apoptosis level in cardiomyocytes was determined by using TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick endlabelling) method. Staining of cytoplasmic TNF‐α in cardiomyocytes and heart MPO activity were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The treatments with erdosteine, NAC and vitamin E significantly reduced the rate of nicotine‐induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. The effect of vitamin E on apoptosis regulation was weaker than the effects of erdosteine and NAC. Erdosteine, NAC and vitamin E significantly reduced the increases in the local production of TNF‐α and heart MPO activity. This findings suggest that the effects of erdosteine and NAC on apoptosis regulation are stronger than that of vitamin E. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increased expression of activating factors in large osteoclasts could explain their excessive activity in osteolytic diseases
Authors: Trebec Diana P. , Chandra Divya , Gramoun Azza , Li Keying , Heersche Johan N.M. , Manolson Morris F.
Published: January 2007

Large osteoclasts (≥10 nuclei) predominate at sites of pathological bone resorption. We hypothesized this was related to increased resorptive activity of large osteoclasts and have demonstrated previously that larger osteoclasts are 8‐fold more likely to be resorbing than small osteoclasts (2–5 nuclei). Here we ask whether these differences in resorptive activity can be explained by differences in expression of factors involved in osteoclast signaling, fusion, attachment, and matrix degradation. Authentic rabbit osteoclasts and osteoclasts derived from RAW264.7 cells showed similar increases in c‐fms expression (1.7‐ to 1.8‐fold) in large osteoclasts suggesting that RAW cells are a viable system for further analysis. We found 2‐ to 4.5‐fold increases in the expression of the integrins αv and β3, the proteases proMMP9, matMMP9 and pro‐cathepsinK, and in activating receptors RANK, IL‐1R1, and TNFR1 in large osteoclasts. In contrast, small osteoclasts had higher expression of the fusion protein SIRPα1 and the decoy receptor IL‐1R2. The higher expression of activation receptors and lower expression of IL‐1R2 in large osteoclasts suggest they are hyperresponsive to extracellular factors. This is supported by the observation that the resorptive activity in large osteoclasts was more responsive to IL‐1β, and that this increased activity was inhibited by the IL‐1 receptor antagonist, IL‐1ra. This increased responsiveness of large osteoclasts to IL‐1 may, in part, explain the pathological bone loss noted in inflammatory diseases. The heterogeneity in receptor expression and the differential response to cytokines and their antagonists could prove useful for selective inhibition of large osteoclasts actively engaged in pathological bone loss. J. Cell. Biochem. 101: 205–220, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On completely nonmeasurable unions
Authors: Żeberski Szymon
Published: January 2007

Assume that there is no quasi‐measurable cardinal not greater than 2ω . We show that for a c. c. c. σ ‐ideal 𝕀 with a Borel base of subsets of an uncountable Polish space, if 𝒜 is a point‐finite family of subsets from 𝕀, then there is a subfamily of 𝒜 whose union is completely nonmeasurable, i.e. its intersection with every non‐small Borel set does not belong to the σ ‐field generated by Borel sets and the ideal 𝕀. This result is a generalization of the Four Poles Theorem (see [1]) and a result from [3]. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)