bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of enteric neuron diversity
Authors: Hao Marlene M. , Young Heather M.
Published: June 2009

Neuronal diversity in the adult enteric nervous system (ENS)

Developmental appearance and birthdating of enteric neuron subtypes and glial cells

Morphological development of enteric neurons

Axon guidance in the developing ENS

Development of connectivity

Mechanisms controlling enteric neuronal differentiation and the generation of neuron diversity

Development of enteric glia

Development of neurons and neuronal subtypes in the human ENS and clinical relevance

Conclusions

The mature enteric nervous system (ENS) is composed of many different neuron subtypes and enteric glia, which all arise from the neural crest. How this diversity is generated from neural crest‐derived cells is a central question in neurogastroenterology, as defects in these processes are likely to underlie some paediatric motility disorders. Here we review the developmental appearance (the earliest age at which expression of specific markers can be localized) and birthdates (the age at which precursors exit the cell cycle) of different enteric neuron subtypes, and their projections to some targets. We then focus on what is known about the mechanisms underlying the generation of enteric neuron diversity and axon pathfinding. Finally, we review the development of the ENS in humans and the etiologies of a number of paediatric motility disorders.
Anti‐proliferative effect of rhein, an anthraquinone isolated from Cassia species, on Caco‐2 human adenocarcinoma cells
Authors: Aviello Gabriella , Rowland Ian , Gill Christopher I. , Acquaviva Angela Maria , Capasso Francesco , McCann Mark , Capasso Raffaele , Izzo Angelo A. , Borrelli Francesca
Published: June 2009

In recent years, the use of anthraquinone laxatives, in particular senna, has been associated with damage to the intestinal epithelial layer and an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer. In this study, we evaluated the cytotoxicity of rhein, the active metabolite of senna, on human colon adenocarcinoma cells (Caco‐2) and its effect on cell proliferation. Cytotoxicity studies were performed using 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), neutral red (NR) and trans‐epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) assays whereas 3H‐thymidine incorporation and Western blot analysis were used to evaluate the effect of rhein on cell proliferation. Moreover, for genoprotection studies Comet assay and oxidative biomarkers measurement (malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species) were used. Rhein (0.1–10 μg/ml) had no significant cytotoxic effect on proliferating and differentiated Caco‐2 cells. Rhein (0.1 and 1 μg/ml) significantly reduced cell proliferation as well as mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinase activation; by contrast, at high concentration (10 μg/ml) rhein significantly increased cell proliferation and extracellular‐signal‐related kinase (ERK) phosphorylation. Moreover, rhein (0.1–10 μg/ml): (i) did not adversely affect the integrity of tight junctions and hence epithelial barrier function; (ii) did not induce DNA damage, rather it was able to reduce H2O2‐induced DNA damage and (iii) significantly inhibited the increase in malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels induced by H2O2/Fe2+. Rhein was devoid of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in colon adenocarcinoma cells. Moreover, at concentrations present in the colon after a human therapeutic dosage of senna, rhein inhibited cell proliferation via a mechanism that seems to involve directly the MAP kinase pathway. Finally, rhein prevents the DNA damage probably via an anti‐oxidant mechanism.
Spheroid‐forming subpopulation of breast cancer cells demonstrates vasculogenic mimicry via hsa‐miR‐299–5p regulated de novo expression of osteopontin
Authors: Shevde Lalita A. , Metge Brandon J. , Mitra Aparna , Xi Yaguang , Ju Jingfang , King Judy A. , Samant Rajeev S.
Published: June 2009

The growth of cancer cells as multicellular spheroids has frequently been reported to mimic the in vivo tumour architecture and physiology and has been utilized to study antitumour drugs. In order to determine the distinctive characteristics of the spheroid‐derived cells compared to the corresponding monolayer‐derived cells, we enriched multicellular spheroid‐forming subpopulations of cells from three human breast cancer cell lines (MCF7, MCF10AT and MCF10DCIS.com). These spheroid‐derived cells were injected into female athymic nude mice to assess their tumorigenic potential and were profiled for their characteristic miRNA signature. We discovered that the spheroid‐derived cells expressed increased levels of osteopontin (OPN), an oncogenic protein that has been clinically correlated with increased tumour burden and adverse prognosis in patients with breast cancer metastasis. Our studies further show that increased OPN levels are brought about in part, by decreased levels of hsa‐mir‐299–5p in the spheroid‐forming population from all three cell lines. Moreover, the spheroid‐forming cells can organize into vascular structures in response to nutritional limitation; these structures recapitulate a vascular phenotype by the expression of endothelial markers CD31, Angiopoeitin‐1 and Endoglin. In this study, we have validated that hsa‐mir‐299–5p targets OPN; de novo expression of OPN in turn plays a critical role in enhancing proliferation, tumorigenicity and the ability to display vasculogenic mimicry of the spheroid‐forming cells.
Differential induced response to generalist and specialist herbivores by Lindera benzoin (Lauraceae) in sun and shade
Authors: Mooney Emily H. , Tiedeken Erin J. , Muth Norris Z. , Niesenbaum Richard A.
Published: June 2009

Theoretically, induced defenses should be prevalent within low resource environments like the forest understory where constitutive defenses would be costly. Also, the induced response should be stronger when the herbivore is a generalist rather than a specialist, which often have mechanisms to avoid or overcome plant defenses. These ideas have been previously tested for herbaceous species, and we examined these predictions in Lindera benzoin (spicebush), a common woody shrub of the eastern deciduous forest. Lindera benzoin plants in contrasting light environments served as control plants or were subjected to one of four treatments: application of jasmonic acid, clipping, herbivory by the specialist Epimecis hortaria (tulip tree beauty) and herbivory by the generalist Spodoptera exigua (beet armyworm). Following treatment, we assessed induced responses by measuring leaf chemistry (C/N ratio, protein content, and peroxidase activity), and by using insect bioassays with E. hortaria larvae. We found no difference in peroxidase activity between light environments in controls, plants treated with clipping or jasmonic acid. In plants subject to insect herbivory, peroxidase activity was greater in shade plants than in sun plants. The magnitude of this increase in the shade varied between the herbivores, with a 32 fold increase in plants exposed to the generalist S. exigua and a 9 fold increase in plants exposed to the specialist E. hortaria. Leaves from shade plants had more protein and lower C/N ratios than leaves from sun plants, regardless of induction treatment. In control plants, E. hortaria larvae consumed more leaf biomass and achieved greater final weights in the sun than in the shade, but these differences disappeared with induction treatments were applied. These results are among the first to show rapid induction in a woody plant, and different levels of induction with light environments and with specialist versus generalist herbivores.
Multiple clustered dermatofibroma with overlying sebaceous hyperplasia
Authors: Rognstad Øyvind Bakken , Haas Norbert , Sterry Wolfram , Astner Susanne
Published: June 2009

Multiple clustered dermatofibroma is a very rare clinical variant of the dermatofibroma, and sebaceous differentiation overlying dermatofibromas is also unusual. We report the first case of a multiple clustered dermatofibroma with overlying sebaceous hyperplasia.
Modulation of wound contracture α‐smooth muscle actin and multispecific vitronectin receptor integrin αvβ3 in the rabbit's experimental model
Authors: El Kahi Cynthia G , Atiyeh Bishara S , Abdallah Hajj Hussein Inaya , Jurjus Rosalyne , Dibo Saad A , Jurjus Alice , Jurjus Abdo
Published: June 2009

The myofibroblast, a major component of granulation tissue, is a key cell during wound healing, tissue repair and connective tissue remodelling. Persistence of myofibroblasts within a fibrotic lesion leads to excessive scarring impairing function and aesthetics. Various wound‐healing cytokines can be modulated by topical application of active agents to promote optimal wound healing and improve scar quality. Thus, the myofibroblast may represent an important target for wound‐healing modulation to improve the evolution of conditions such as hypertrophic scars. The purpose of this work is to study the modulation of myofibroblasts and integrin αvβ3 in a full thickness wound performed on rabbits treated with different topical agents using: (1) saline, (2) Tegaderm occlusive dressing (3) silver sulfadiazine and (4) moist exposed burn ointment (MEBO). The reepithelialisation was 4 days faster in the MEBO group compared with the other therapies with less oedema formation, delayed contraction, less inflammatory cells and the lowest transepidermal water loss (TEWL) resulting in a soft scar. Although α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) was the highest around day 12 in the MEBO group, wound contraction and myofibroblast's activity were the least for the same period probably because of a downregulation of the integrin αvβ3. It seems that the effect of MEBO could be more pronounced on force transmission rather then on force generation. Greater insight into the pathology of scars may translate into non surgical treatments in the future and further work in myofibroblast biology will eventually result in efficient pharmacological tools, improving the evolution of healing and scar formation.
Defining success in clinical trials of diabetic foot wounds: the Los Angeles DFCon consensus
Authors: Armstrong David G , Boulton Andrew JM , Andros George , Attinger Christopher , Eisenbud David , Lavery Lawrence A , Lipsky Benjamin A , Mills Joseph L , Sibbald Gary , Smith Adrianne P , Wukich Dane , Margolis David J
Published: June 2009

Regulatory requirements for new products should be guided by clinical trials that protect the public by a thorough evaluation of safety and efficacy, while not creating unnecessary barriers to their development and ultimate approval. While healing a wound is the ultimate goal of treating an individual with a diabetic foot ulcer, achieving this goal is physiologically complex requiring the initiation and interaction of many events and therefore unlikely to be achieved by one compound. We believe that developing new, more meaningful, study outcomes or end points in wound care trials would both aid in determining the true efficacy of wound management modalities and facilitate the product development cycle. The primary guidance from the US Food and Drug Administration to industry in this field was published in 2006. This document, while helpful and largely in concert with current knowledge of wound healing, needs to be substantially improved. We therefore convened an interdisciplinary task force comprising experts in various aspects of wound care to attempt to achieve consensus in defining primary outcomes and potential secondary endpoints for various classes of wound‐healing modalities.
Use of a new silver barrier dressing, ALLEVYN? Ag in exuding chronic wounds
Authors: Kotz Paula , Fisher Jane , McCluskey Pat , Hartwell Samantha D , Dharma Hussein
Published: June 2009

Recognising and managing wounds at risk of infection is vital in wound management. ALLEVYN Ag dressings have been designed to manage exudate in chronic wounds that are at risk of infection; are displaying signs of local infection; or where a suspected increase in bacterial colonisation is delaying healing. They combine an absorbent silver sulfadiazine containing hydrocellular foam layer, with a perforated wound contact layer and highly breathable top film. The results presented are from a multi‐centre clinical evaluation of 126 patients conducted to assess the performance of ALLEVYN Ag (Adhesive, Non Adhesive and Sacrum dressings) in a range of indications. Clinicians rated the dressings as acceptable for use in various wound types in 88% of patients. The majority of clinical signs of infection reduced between the initial and the final assessment. The condition of wound tissue and surrounding skin was observed to improve, and there was significant evidence of a reduction in the level of exudate from initial to final assessment (p < 0.001). Clinicians rated ALLEVYN Ag as satisfying or exceeding expectations in over 90% of patients. The evaluation showed the dressings to offer real benefits to patients and clinicians across multiple indications when used in conjunction with local protocols.
Transplantation of chronic wounds with epidermal sheets derived from autologous hair follicles—the Leipzig experience
Authors: Renner Regina , Harth Wolfgang , Simon Jan C
Published: June 2009

Background: An increasing number of chronic wounds in our society require strategies to improve wound healing and wound closure. One of several options is skin transplantation. In this article, we focus on the transplantation of tissue engineered autologous epidermal sheets derived from outer root sheath (ORS) cells of the patients' hair.

Patients and Methods: Out of the stem cells of the ORS of anagen hair, autologous keratinocytes are cultured ex vivo in organotypic cultures to form a multilayered epidermal equivalent (EpiDex™, EuroDerm Biotech & Aesthetics, Stuttgart, Germany). These sheets are placed on the wound bed. Patients were observed twice a week in the first 2 weeks, then once weekly for 4 weeks, then every 4 weeks for up to 12 weeks after transplantation. A total of 23 patients with (n = 18) and without (n = 5) therapeutic improvement were analyzed retrospectively. We evaluated only the effect of a single transplantation in a selected ulcer per patient. Furthermore, a subgroup‐analysis for responder patients with an ulcer area < 25 cm2 (n = 12) was performed.

Results: In the responder patients (n = 18), a total wound reduction of 23% was observed. Patients (n = 12) with ulcer area < 25 cm2 had an improvement of 64%. Complete wound closure in this subgroup after a single transplantation was achieved in 33 % (n = 4) cases.

Conclusions: Autologous keratinocyte transplantation with EpiDex™ can be performed easily and safely in patients with chronic wounds with satisfying results. Our data suggest that patients with small ulcer area < 25 cm2 might profit the most from this method.
Protecting Cell Walls from Binding Aluminum by Organic Acids Contributes to Aluminum Resistance
Authors: Li Ya‐Ying , Zhang Yue‐Jiao , Zhou Yuan , Yang Jian‐Li , Zheng Shao‐Jian
Published: June 2009

Aluminum‐induced secretion of organic acids from the root apex has been demonstrated to be one major Al resistance mechanism in plants. However, whether the organic acid concentration is high enough to detoxify Al in the growth medium is frequently questioned. The genotypes of Al‐resistant wheat, Cassia tora L. and buckwheat secrete malate, citrate and oxalate, respectively. In the present study we found that at a 35% inhibition of root elongation, the Al activities in the solution were 10, 20, and 50 μM with the corresponding malate, citrate, and oxalate exudation at the rates of 15, 20 and 21 nmol/cm2 per 12 h, respectively, for the above three plant species. When exogenous organic acids were added to ameliorate Al toxicity, twofold and eightfold higher oxalate and malate concentrations were required to produce the equal effect by citrate. After the root apical cell walls were isolated and preincubated in 1 mM malate, oxalate or citrate solution overnight, the total amount of Al adsorbed to the cell walls all decreased significantly to a similar level, implying that these organic acids own an equal ability to protect the cell walls from binding Al. These findings suggest that protection of cell walls from binding Al by organic acids may contribute significantly to Al resistance.
Quantitative Structure‐property Relationship Studies on Amino Acid Conjugates of Jasmonic Acid as Defense Signaling Molecules
Authors: Li Zu‐Guang , Chen Ke‐Xian , Xie Hai‐Ying , Gao Jian‐Rong
Published: June 2009

Jasmonates and related compounds, including amino acid conjugates of jasmonic acid, have regulatory functions in the signaling pathway for plant developmental processes and responses to the complex equilibrium of biotic and abiotic stress. But the molecular details of the signaling mechanism are still poorly understood. Statistically significant quantitative structure‐property relationship models (r2 > 0.990) constructed by genetic function approximation and molecular field analysis were generated for the purpose of deriving structural requirements for lipophilicity of amino acid conjugates of jasmonic acid. The best models derived in the present study provide some valuable academic information in terms of the 2/3D‐descriptors influencing the lipophilicity, which may contribute to further understanding the mechanism of exogenous application of jasmonates in their signaling pathway and designing novel analogs of jasmonic acid as ecological pesticides.
Fingerprinting Analysis of Rhizoma Chuanxiong of Commercial Types using 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method
Authors: Qin Hai‐Lin , Deng An‐Jun , Du Guan‐Hua , Wang Peng , Zhang Jin‐Lan , Li Zhi‐Hong
Published: June 2009

The 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) fingerprints of fractionated non‐polar extracts (control substance for a plant drug (CSPD) A) from Rhizoma chuanxiong, the rhizomes of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort., of seven specimens from different sources were measured on Fourier Transform (FT)‐NMR spectrometer and assigned by comparing them with the 1H NMR spectra of the isolated pure compounds. The 1H NMR fingerprints showed exclusively characteristic resonance signals of the major special constituents of the plant. Although the differences in the relative intensity of the 1H NMR signals due to a discrepancy in the ratio of the major constituents among these samples could be confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography analysis, the general features of the 1H NMR fingerprint established for an authentic sample of the rhizomes of L. chuanxiong exhibited exclusive data from those special compounds and can be used for authenticating L. Chuanxiong species.
Effects of Gibberellic Acid on Primary Terpenoids and Δ9‐Tetrahydrocannabinol in Cannabis sativa at Flowering Stage
Authors: Mansouri Hakimeh , Asrar Zahra , Mehrabani Mitra
Published: June 2009

Plants synthesize an astonishing diversity of isoprenoids, some of which play essential roles in photosynthesis, respiration, and the regulation of growth and development. Two independent pathways for the biosynthesis of isoprenoid precursors coexist within the plant cell: the cytosolic mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway and the plastidial methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway. However, little is known about the effects of plant hormones on the regulation of these pathways. In the present study we investigated the effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) on changes in the amounts of many produced terpenoids and the activity of the key enzymes, 1‐deoxy‐D‐xylulose 5‐phosphate synthase (DXS) and 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR), in these pathways. Our results showed GA3 caused a decrease in DXS activity in both sexes that it was accompanied by a decrease in chlorophylls, carotenoids and Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) contents and an increase in α‐tocopherol content. The treated plants with GA3 showed an increase in HMGR activity. This increase in HMGR activity was followed by accumulation of stigmasterol and β‐sitosterol in male and female plants and campestrol in male plants. The pattern of the changes in the amounts of sterols was exactly similar to the changes in the HMGR activity. These data suggest that GA3 can probably influence the MEP and MVA pathways oppositely, with stimulatory and inhibitory effects on the produced primary terpenoids in MVA and DXS pathways, respectively.
MANUFACTURE AND EVALUATION OF A SINGLE‐PASS ROTARY COOLER FOR AQUATIC FEED PELLETS
Authors: KADDOUR OSAMA , ALAVI SAJID
Published: June 2009

Cooling is one of the most important post‐processing operations in the production of extruded aquatic feed pellets. In this study, a rotary pellet cooler of simple design was manufactured, and the effect of different operating parameters on the final quality of extruded floating and sinking aquatic feed (low density 0.538 g/cm3, medium density 0.789 g/cm3 and high density 0.915 g/cm3) was investigated. The cooler parameters that were studied included air suction velocity (2.32, 3.76, 4.35 and 5.87 m/s), cooler horizontal angle (10, 15, 20 and 30°) and turning speed (5, 10, 15 and 20 rpm). Results indicated that the most effective operating range for these parameters was 3.76–4.35 m/s, 10–15 rpm and 10°, respectively, which led to a cooling efficiency of 72.8–74.5%, and good quality aquatic feed pellets with 8.3–9.1% output moisture content, 0.0% molding percentage after 2 months of storage, 0.1–0.8% losses and 0.8–1.7% unpelleted mash.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

An effective cooling system for extruded aquatic feed pellets can significantly reduce the energy costs involved in drying for long‐term storage and also minimize product losses during postprocessing operations. Counterflow rotary coolers provide very efficient drying and separation of unpelleted mash. The counterflow rotary air cooler that was designed, manufactured and tested in this study will be very useful for small‐scale industries involved in the production of both floating and sinking aquatic feeds, and can lead to greater efficiencies and cost‐effectiveness. The cooler performance was systematically evaluated, and the results are relevant to all coolers of similar design.
OPTIMIZATION OF PRE‐FRY DRYING OF YAM SLICES USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY
Authors: SOBUKOLA OLAJIDE PHILIP , AWONORIN SAMUEL OLUSEGUN , OLADIMEJI SANNI LATEEF , OLUKAYODE BAMIRO FRANCIS
Published: June 2009

The effect of convective hot‐air drying pretreatment and frying time at a frying temperature of 170 ± 1C on moisture and oil contents, breaking force (crispness) and color parameters of yam chips was investigated. Response surface methodology technique was used to develop models for the responses as a result of variation in levels of drying temperature (60–80C), drying time (1–5°min) and frying time (2–6°min). Drying pretreatment had a significant effect on oil and moisture contents, breaking force and color parameters of yam chips, with water removal exhibiting a typical drying profile. Response surface regression analysis shows that responses were significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with drying temperature and time and frying time. The optimum pre‐fry drying condition observed was a drying temperature of 70–75C for about 3–4 min while frying for 4–5 min.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Deep‐fat frying is a very important cooking method and a lot of effort has been devoted to manufacturing fried products with lower oil content and acceptable quality parameters. The information provided in this work will be very useful in manufacturing fried yam chips of acceptable quality attributes through the combination of drying pretreatment conditions. The result is very useful in considering different processing variables and responses at the same time as compared with single factor experiment common in the literature.
UNCERTAINTY OF MICROBIAL SHELF‐LIFE ESTIMATIONS FOR REFRIGERATED FOODS DUE TO THE EXPERIMENTAL VARIABILITY OF THE MODEL PARAMETERS
Authors: ALMONACID SERGIO F. , TORRES J. ANTONIO
Published: June 2009

The uncertainty of shelf‐life estimations for refrigerated foods exposed to changing temperature was quantified by considering the contribution of the experimental variability of the model parameters. Assuming the real distribution of the parameters can be replaced by an unknown empirical distribution, this uncertainty was analyzed by a bootstrap methodology. Independent sets of heat transfer and microbial growth parameters were chosen randomly from experimental values. Shelf‐life values were estimated for each set, with the variability evaluated using an SD value. The procedure was repeated 10 times to obtain 10 shelf‐life SDs. The variation coefficient of these SDs is an absolute measurement of shelf‐life variability. At the recommended variation coefficient of 0.1, a sample size of 25 was found acceptable. The shelf‐life variability estimated was similar (±1 day) for surimi in cardboard and expanded polystyrene containers with different shelf life and temperature profiles. The method is applicable to other predictions of food stability.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The effect of the experimental variability of model parameters on shelf‐life estimations confirmed the need to assess the uncertainty of model predictions. Another beneficial aspect of the approach presented is that it encourages an integrated approach to food safety and shelf life. Decisions on raw materials and modifications to processing operations affect the initial microbial load of a product. Improvement of storage, distribution and retail facilities reduces temperature abuse. Product size, geometry and packaging choice are also aspects that should be considered. The impact on shelf life of all these factors can be examined by the integrated microbial and heat‐transfer models of the type here presented. The increasing availability of microbial growth parameters and electronic recorders to monitor temperature during processing, storage and distribution facilitate their implementation. The impact of the experimental variability of model parameters is important. For example, this study suggested the need for microbial determinations with lower experimental variability.
EFFECT OF OCTENYLSUCCINYLATION ON FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF LIMA BEAN (PHASEOLUS LUNATUS) STARCH
Authors: SEGURA‐CAMPOS MAIRA , CHEL‐GUERRERO LUIS , BETANCUR‐ANCONA DAVID
Published: June 2009

The functional properties of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) starch modified with octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) were evaluated and compared with native starch. The OSA starch was produced from a starch aqueous suspension at 40% (w/w) with 3% OSA at pH 7 for 30 min. The modified starch had 0.51% succinyl groups and a 0.008 degree of substitution. Succinylation increased emulsifying capacity from 0.47 mL oil/mL sample in the native starch to 0.53 mL oil/mL sample in the OSA starch. Starch gel clarity (transmittance percentage) increased from 23.8 to 37.3%. Viscosity increased from 700 to 1,000 BU. Gel firmness decreased from 0.3401 kgf for gel rupture in the native starch to 0.0314 kgf for rupture in the OSA starch. Gelatinization temperature decreased from 75.3 to 64.6C and gel enthalpy decreased from 10.7 to 9.7 J/g. Succinylation caused not significant changes in solubility, swelling power and water absorption capacity. OSA starch stability was lower under refrigeration conditions.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The incorporation of octenylsuccinate groups into lima bean starch produce a derivative with more versatility as a food additive providing new and improved functional properties. The octenylsuccinylation allows the use of the lima bean starch in products such as beverages, salad dressings and soups where the use of this starch is limited because lack of diversity in their functional properties necessaries in the alimentary industry. Therefore, the improved properties of the Phaseolus lunatus octenyl succinic anhydride starch make it potentially useful in processes requiring a thickening agent that must gel at lower temperatures; it can also serve to reduce energy consumption during cooking processes or like thickening or emulsifying agent or make it potentially useful as an additive in jellies and candies to provide brightness. However, the election of this derived as additive in food, should take into account the functional properties that it presents, the ingredients and the process conditions.
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF TWO MEDIA DURING STARCH–PROTEIN SEPARATION OF CHICKPEA FLOUR USING A HYDROCYCLONE
Authors: EMAMI SHAHRAM , TABIL LOPE G. , TYLER ROBERT T.
Published: June 2009

Chickpea flour was suspended in isopropyl alcohol or deionized water at three concentrations and fractionated to the underflow (starch fraction) and the overflow (protein fraction) using a hydrocyclone. The separation using deionized water resulted in higher starch content in the underflow and higher protein content in the overflow than using isopropyl alcohol. Deionized water resulted in a greater starch separation efficiency (96.3–97.8%) and slightly lower protein separation efficiency (70.4–73.3%) than did isopropyl alcohol. The geometric mean diameter (GMD) of the overflow and underflow increased with a decrease in inlet pressure. The GMD of the underflow fraction in deionized water (26.27–31.28 µm) was greater than that in isopropyl alcohol (17.09–21.12 µm). In both media, the estimated centrifugal and drag forces increased with a decrease of inlet pressure. The centrifugal force applied to the particles in deionized water (1.32 × 10−6–1.67 × 10−6 N) was greater than that in isopropyl alcohol (0.54 × 10−6–0.76 × 10−6 N). Therefore, deionized water resulted in markedly higher starch separation efficiency. However, in isopropyl alcohol, a higher drag force was applied to the particles, and the protein separation efficiency was slightly greater than in deionized water.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The separation of starch and protein from chickpea flour in suspension of isopropyl alcohol or deionized water using a hydrocyclone was investigated. Fractionation from the deionized water suspension resulted in higher starch content in the underflow and higher protein content in the overflow than from isopropyl alcohol. The method using deionized water resulted in higher starch separation efficiency; the separation using isopropyl alcohol resulted in slightly higher protein separation efficiency. The differences in the separation efficiencies of the two media were related to the variations in forces applied to the particles in the hydrocyclone. The magnitude of forces applied to the starch granules and protein particles was estimated.
CHANGES IN β‐CAROTENE, CHLOROPHYLL AND COLOR OF SPINACH PUREE DURING OHMIC HEATING
Authors: YILDIZ H. , ICIER F. , BAYSAL T.
Published: June 2009

The spinach puree was heated from 30C to prescribed temperatures (60, 70, 80 or 90C) ohmically and conventionally. Ohmic heating was performed by application of four different voltage gradients in the range of 10–40 V/cm, while conventional heating was conducted at constant temperature in a water bath. Although ohmic heating time required from 30 to 70C was similar for water heating (129 ± 7 s) and ohmic heating by 20 V/cm (127 ± 2 s), faster heating (51 ± 0.5 s) could be obtained as the voltage gradient for ohmic heating increased to 30 V/cm. Ohmic heating caused browning more than conventional water heating for the same temperature range. The effect of voltage gradient applied was not found statistically significant on chlorophyll (total, a and b), β‐carotene and color values (L, a, b, Lb/a, Lba, hue angle) (P < 0.05). On the other hand, temperature (60, 70, 80 or 90C) at constant voltage gradient (30 V/cm) affected color values of spinach puree (P < 0.05), whereas holding time (0 and 600 s) at constant temperature increased chlorophyll‐a and β‐carotene contents (P < 0.05). This increase could be caused by the possible enhancing effect of ohmic heating on β‐carotene biosynthesis and formation of chlorophyll derivatives. It was concluded that ohmic heating could be applied to vegetable purees, resulting in high retention of color attributes and β‐carotene.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The present study suggests that ohmic heating could be used to heat the spinach puree faster than conventional heating by adjusting voltage gradient. Moreover, this treatment resulted in high retention of color attributes. In this study, detailed information was given about the effects of ohmic heating parameters such as temperature, voltage gradient and holding time on chlorophyll, β‐carotene and color values of spinach puree. There are no published data in the open literature about effects of ohmic heating on β‐carotene and chlorophyll, to the authors’ knowledge. These data could be used in designing of ohmic heating units for functional foods.
SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE AND pH ON INACTIVATION OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS SPORES IN BUFFER AND MODEL FOOD SYSTEMS
Authors: BALASUBRAMANIAN S. , BALASUBRAMANIAM V.M.
Published: June 2009

The combined pressure‐thermal‐pH influence on inactivation of Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 spores (1 × 108 cfu/mL initial count) in citrate‐phosphate buffer was studied over a range of pressure (690 and 827 MPa), process temperature (60, 65, 70 and 75C), pH (3, 5 and 7) and pressure‐holding time (up to 10 min) combinations. The influence of food matrix effect on spore inactivation was studied using tomato puree (pH 4.05) and minced crabmeat (pH 7.25) samples. All the experiments were conducted using a pilot‐scale high‐pressure food processor. Increase in process temperature, pressure and pressure‐holding time increased spore inactivation. Further, the substrate pH and the food substrate also had a significant influence on the spore inactivation. The highest inactivation (≥7 log10 units) was obtained when the spores suspended in pH 3 buffer were processed at 827 MPa–75C for 5 min. Adjusting the product formulation by adjusting its pH can be used as an effective tool in enhancing spore lethality during high‐pressure processing.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

High‐pressure processing with or without the addition of heat has been used effectively as commercial food pasteurization method for a variety of value‐added food products. The current study will help further the development of high‐pressure processed high‐acid or acidified food products.
MOISTURE ADSORPTION THERMODYNAMICS OF FRACTIONATED SESAME HULLS (SESAMUM INDICUM L.)
Authors: AL‐MAHASNEH M.A. , RABABAH T.M. , AL‐U'DATT M.H. , YANG W.
Published: June 2009

Sesame hulls are a useful byproduct of sesame processing industry. Moisture adsorption isotherms (MSIs) for whole sesame hulls (WSHs) and powdered sesame hulls (PSHs) were obtained at 15, 30 and 45C, and 0.05 to 1.5 moisture content (decimal dry basis) using a water activity meter. Four MSI models were tested. Halsey model was found to provide the best fit for experimental data for both WSHs and PSHs. Standard error of estimate, %P and pseudo‐R2 values were: 0.00168 and 0.00248, 4.7 and 5.7%, and 0.963 and 0.974, respectively. Equilibrium relative humidity (ERH) values of PSHs were greater than those of WSHs at constant moisture content. Differential enthalpy (qst) and entropy (ΔSd) decreased exponentially with the increase in equilibrium moisture content, then became constant beyond 0.7 moisture content. qst and ΔSd values were larger for WSHs than PSHs. Enthalpy–entropy compensation was found to exist for both PSHs and WSHs. An entropy‐driven process was observed, with the free energy change (ΔG) for WSHs and PSHs of+0.0183 kJ/kg and−0.0284 kJ/kg, respectively. The spreading pressure was found to increase with the increase in ERH and decrease in temperature. The net integral enthalpy (ΔHi) decreased then reached an asymptote beyond a moisture content of 0.15 for both PSHs and WSHs. Net integral enthalpy was larger for WSHs. The net integral entropy (ΔSi) was negative for PSHs and WSHs, and ΔSi was greater in magnitude for PSHs.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Sesame hulls are useful byproducts of sesame processing industry. Large amounts of this effluent are produced yearly in Jordan. They are used as livestock feed, but they require further dehydration to reduce moisture content and water activity into safe levels. In this project, drying thermodynamics of sesame hulls were discussed.
National pandemic influenza preparedness planning
Authors: Azziz‐Baumgartner Eduardo , Smith Nicole , González‐Alvarez Raquel , Daves Sharon , Layton Marcelle , Linares Nivaldo , Richardson‐Smith Nicole , Bresee Joseph , Mounts Anthony
Published: June 2009

Abstract  The recent outbreaks of influenza A/H5N1 and ‘swine influenza’ A/H1N1 have caused global concern over the potential for a new influenza pandemic. Although it is impossible to predict when the next pandemic will occur, appropriate planning is still needed to maximize efficient use of resources and to minimize loss of life and productivity. Many tools now exist to assist countries in evaluating their plans but there is little to aid in writing of the plans. This study discusses the process of drafting a pandemic influenza preparedness plan for developing countries that conforms to the International Health Regulations of 2005 and recommendations of the World Health Organization.

Stakeholders from many sectors should be involved in drafting a comprehensive pandemic influenza plan that addresses all levels of preparedness.
Antibiotic Resistance in Lactic Acid Bacteria and Micrococcaceae/Staphylococcaceae Isolates from Artisanal Raw Milk Cheeses, and Potential Implications on Cheese Making
Authors: Rodríguez‐Alonso P. , Fernández‐Otero C. , Centeno J.A. , Garabal J.I.
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT:  Antibiotic susceptibility against 19 antimicrobial agents was evaluated in isolates of the genera Lactococcus (46 isolates), Leuconostoc (22), Lactobacillus (19), Staphylococcus (8), Enterococcus (7), and Microccoccus/Kocuria (5) obtained from the predominant microflora of nonrecent and recent types of artisanal raw cow's milk cheeses. Beta‐lactams showed broad activity against all genera, although leuconostocs and lactobacilli were highly resistant to oxacillin (80% to 95.5%). Resistance to aminoglycosides was frequent for lactococci and enterococci (particularly for streptomycin), whereas lower rates of resistance were detected for lactobacilli and leuconostocs. Technologically interesting traits for the food industry were distributed among isolates that showed different degrees of resistance to common antibiotics. However, isolates showing resistance to less than 2 antibiotics were mainly those with properties of greatest technological interest (acidifying activity, proteolytic/lipolytic activities, or diacetyl production).
Effects of Order of Tasting in Sensory Difference Tests Using Apple Juice Stimuli: Development of a New Model
Authors: Lee Young‐Mi , Chae Ji‐Eun , Lee Hye‐Seong
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT:  3‐AFC discrimination tests between 2 confusable versions of apple juice were performed using a variety of interstimulus rinsing regimes, to investigate the effects of order of tasting on difference test sensitivity. The results were compared to predictions from the sequential sensitivity analysis (SSA) model and the conditional stimulus (CS) model, which have been developed to account for differences in model systems. These models did not account for the data for this beverage system. A new model was developed. This took a Thurstonian/signal detection approach but included new elements. It considered the gradual build‐up of adaptation effects that would be encountered as a judge proceeded through a 3‐AFC test with a relatively strong flavored food system. It further considered cognitive contrast effects, which had not been considered in the prior models. The model was named the sequential perception analysis (SPA) model and it accounted for the data found with the apple juice stimuli. The predictions of the model were precise enough to account for differences between individual triads, which the former models had not been able to do.
Life Expectancies for Small Areas: A Bayesian Random Effects Methodology
Authors: Congdon Peter
Published: June 2009

Monitoring small area contrasts in life expectancy is important for health policy purposes but subject to difficulties under conventional life table analysis. Additionally, the implicit model underlying conventional life table analysis involves a highly parametrized fixed effect approach. An alternative strategy proposed here involves an explicit model based on random effects for both small areas and age groups. The area effects are assumed to be spatially correlated, reflecting unknown mortality risk factors that are themselves typically spatially correlated. Often mortality observations are disaggregated by demographic category as well as by age and area, e.g. by gender or ethnic group, and multivariate area and age random effects will be used to pool over such groups. A case study considers variations in life expectancy in 1 118 small areas (known as wards) in Eastern England over a five‐year period 1999–2003. The case study deaths data are classified by gender, age, and area, and a bivariate model for area and age effects is therefore applied. The interrelationship between the random area effects and two major influences on small area life expectancy is demonstrated in the study, these being area socio‐economic status (or deprivation) and the location of nursing and residential homes for frail elderly.
High‐resolution melting analysis (HRMA): a highly sensitive inexpensive genotyping alternative for population studies
Authors: SMITH B. L. , LU C.‐P. , ALVARADO BREMER J. R.
Published: June 2009

High‐resolution melting analysis (HRMA) is a highly sensitive closed‐tube genotyping method used primarily in clinical studies. As the method is rapid, inexpensive and amenable to high throughput, we decided to investigate its applicability to population studies. Small amplicons and unlabelled probes were used to genotype the nuclear genes, lactate dehydrogenase‐A (ldh‐A), myosin light chain‐2 (mlc‐2), acidic ribosomal phosphoprotein P0 (ARP) and calmodulin (CaM) in populations of swordfish, Xiphias gladius. Results indicate that HRMA is a powerful genotyping tool to study wild populations.
Development of a molecular diagnostic system to discriminate Dreissena polymorpha (zebra mussel) and Dreissena bugensis (quagga mussel)
Authors: HOY MARSHAL S. , KELLY KEVIN , RODRIGUEZ RUSTY J.
Published: June 2009

A 3‐primer PCR system was developed to discriminate invasive zebra (Dreissena polymorpha) and quagga (Dreissena bugensis) mussel. The system is based on: 1) universal primers that amplifies a region of the nuclear 28s rDNA gene from both species and 2) a species‐specific primer complementary to either zebra or quagga mussel. The species‐specific primers bind to sequences between the binding sites for the universal primers resulting in the amplification of two products from the target species and one product from the nontarget species. Therefore, nontarget products are positive amplification controls. The 3‐primer system accurately discriminated zebra and quagga mussels from seven geographically distinct populations.
Differential action of bradykinin on intrarenal regional perfusion in the rat: waning effect in the cortex and major impact in the medulla
Authors: Bądzyńska Bożena , Sadowski Janusz
Published: June 2009

The renal kallikrein–kinin system is involved in the control of the intrarenal circulation and arterial pressure but bradykinin (Bk) effects on perfusion of individual kidney zones have not been examined in detail. Effects of Bk infused into renal artery, renal cortex or medulla on perfusion of whole kidney (RBF, renal artery probe) and of the cortex, outer‐ and inner medulla (CBF, OMBF, IMBF: laser‐Doppler fluxes), were examined in anaesthetized rats. Renal artery infusion of Bk, 0.3–0.6 mg kg−1 h−1, induced no sustained increase in RBF or CBF. OMBF and IMBF increased initially 6 or 16%, respectively; only the IMBF increase (+10%) was sustained. Pre‐treatment with l‐NAME, 2.4 mg kg−1i.v., prevented the sustained but not initial transient elevation of medullary perfusion. Intracortical Bk infusion, 0.75–1.5 mg kg−1 h−1, did not alter RBF or CBF but caused a sustained 33% increase in IMBF. Intramedullary Bk, 0.3 mg kg−1 h−1, did not alter RBF or CBF but caused sustained increases in OMBF (+10%) and IMBF (+23%). These responses were not altered by pre‐treatment with 1‐aminobenzotriazole, 10 mg kg−1i.v., a cytochrome P‐450 (CYP450) inhibitor, but were prevented or significantly attenuated by l‐NAME or intramedullary clotrimazole, 3.9 mg kg−1 h−1, an inhibitor of CYP450 epoxygenase and of calcium‐dependent K+ channels (KCa). Thus, cortical vasodilatation induced by Bk is only transient so that the agent is unlikely to control perfusion of the cortex. Bk selectively increases perfusion of the medulla, especially of its inner layer, via activation of the NO system and of KCa channels.
The effects of reduced end‐tidal carbon dioxide tension on cerebral blood flow during heat stress
Authors: Brothers R. Matthew , Wingo Jonathan E. , Hubing Kimberly A. , Crandall Craig G.
Published: June 2009

Passive heat stress reduces arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure () as reflected by 3 to 5 Torr reductions in end‐tidal carbon dioxide tension (). Heat stress also reduces cerebrovascular conductance (CBVC) by up to 30%. Whileis a strong regulator of CBVC, it is unlikely that the relatively small change induring heating is solely responsible for the reductions in CBVC. This study tested the hypothesis that, referenced by, is not the sole mechanism for reductions in CBVC during heat stress. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP),, middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAVmean), and calculated CBVC (MCAVmean/MAP) were assessed in seven healthy individuals, during three separate conditions performed sequentially: (1) normothemia, (2) control passive heat stress and (3) passive heat stress withclamped at the normothermic level (using a computer‐controlled sequential gas delivery breathing circuit). MAP was similar in the three thermal conditions (P= 0.55). Control heat stress increased internal temperature ∼1.3°C, which resulted in decreases in,MCAVmeanand calculated CBVC (P< 0.001 for all variables). During heat stress + clamp conditions internal temperature remained similar to that during the control heat stress condition (P= 0.31). Heat stress + clamp successfully restoredto the normothermic level (P= 0.99) and increased MCAVmean(P= 0.002) and CBVC (P= 0.008) relative to control heat stress. Despite restoration of, MCAVmean(P= 0.005) and CBVC (P= 0.03) remained reduced relative to normothermia. These results indicate that heat stress‐induced reductions in, as referenced by, contribute to the decrease in MCAVmeanand CBVC; however, other factors (e.g. perhaps elevated sympathetic nerve activity) are also involved in mediating this response.