bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring the Origins of Public Prosecution
Authors: Yue Ma
Published: July 2008

Public prosecution is an indispensable feature of the modern day administration of criminal justice. Public prosecution as we know it today, however, is a product of long evolution. Historically, pursuit of crime was a private affair and there was no official involvement in criminal prosecution. This article explores the development of criminal prosecution in England, on the European continent, and in America. The first part of the article traces the evolution of modes of accusation in England and on the European continent. The second part of the article focuses on the development of prosecution in America from the colonial days until the formation of the modern American prosecutorial system. The article highlights the historical events that contributed to the evolution and transition of modes of prosecution and analyzes the impact of different historical, cultural, and political values on the shaping of the present prosecutorial systems in Europe and in America.
Reviews: Fluvastatin: Effects Beyond Cholesterol Lowering
Authors: Corsini Alberto
Published: July 2008

Coronary heart disease (CHD) remains a major therapeutic challenge in the Western world, and strategies aimed at cholesterol lowering form the mainstay of treatment. Fluvastatin is an established 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor ("statin") for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Its efficacy and safety have been established in numerous clinical trials. Emerging evidence now indicates that treatment with fluvastatin slows the progression of atherosclerotic CHD and reduces the incidence of cardiovascular morbimor tality in the secondary prevention setting. This effect of fluvastatin cannot be explained by cholesterol lowering alone; nonlipid-related mechanisms (so-called "pleiotropic effects") undoubtedly contribute to a certain extent, and are probably linked to modulation of the mevalonate pathway. This review discusses the experimental evidence regarding the antiath erosclerotic and antithrombotic effects of fluvastatin that may contribute to its beneficial action on disease progression and clinical events. Such effects include decreased expression of adhesion molecules in monocytes and leucocyte-endothelium adherence responses, im munomodulation, prevention of low-density lipoprotein oxidation, inhibition of cholesterol esterification and accumulation, along with effects on smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration. Pleiotropic actions aimed at plaque stabilization (eg, decreased secretion of matrix metalloproteinases by macrophages), together with effects on platelet activity, tissue factor expression, and endothelial function, may contribute to an antithrombotic effect of fluva statin. Taken together, the results of these studies indicate that the effects of fluvastatin, at therapeutic doses, may extend beyond cholesterol lowering.
Spatialities of the Secular
Authors: Hancock Claire
Published: July 2008

This article analyses the debate about the Islamic headscarf in France and Turkey, with particular reference to the law passed in France in 2004. It aims to bring out the spatial dimension of the secular: first, by underlining how the issue of the veil collapses spatial scales, from the individual (female) body to global geopolitical tensions; second, by looking at the specific place granted to schools as the primary focus of the political rows; and third, by teasing out some of the implicit assumptions about the `location', in both France and Turkey, of the threat to secularism. It concludes that in France, at least, the debate had less to do with religion as such than with the place, both physical and metaphorical, granted to the Other in French society.
Sacrificing the Career or the Family?
Authors: Longman Chia
Published: July 2008

This article addresses the question of women's agency in traditionalist religion, through a study of self-narratives by women in the Orthodox Jewish community of Antwerp, Belgium. Women who study or work outside the boundaries of their community were interviewed about their experiences in negotiating gender ideologies by moving in and between the `secular' and `religious' spaces of higher education, work and home. Various subject positions emerged in terms of either rejecting, separating or reconciling dominant community norms regarding women's proper role with personal trajectories of self-realization and individual autonomy. On the one hand, the results confirm the possibility of women's agency within religious-traditionalist settings and in that sense subscribe to some recent feminist theoretical challenges to secularism. However, it is argued that the younger generation faces more restrictions in negotiating religious and secular gender-role expectations in the Antwerp context. Their prospects depend on the dynamic between global fundamentalist tendencies and local liberal state policies of multicultural accommodation.
Evangelical Christianity and Women's Changing Lives
Authors: Aune Kristin
Published: July 2008

Women have outnumbered men as followers of Christianity at least since the transition to industrial capitalist modernity in the West. Yet developments in women's lives in relation to employment, family and feminist values are challenging their Christian religiosity. Building on a new strand of gender analysis in the sociology of religion, this article argues that gender is central to patterns of religiosity and secularization in the West. It then offers a case study of evangelical Christianity in England to illustrate how changes in women's lives are affecting their religiosity. Specifically, it argues that evangelical Christianity continues to be important among women occupying more traditional social positions (as wives and mothers), but adherence is declining among the growing number whose lives do not fit this older model.
Advertising in the global age
Authors: Chalaby Jean K.
Published: July 2008

The first pan-regional satellite TV stations in Europe ran into financial difficulties because too few companies had the interest and ability to run international advertising campaigns. Their financial shape improved with the upturn of the pan-European advertising market in the 1990s. The pool of international advertisers expanded as multinationals adjusted their marketing strategy to the challenges and opportunities of globalization. The advertising industry restructured, this article argues, creating media buying agencies with specialist knowledge of pan-European television and the network to run transnational advertising campaigns that mix local and global objectives. Pan-European TV stations began, the article notes, to offer flexible local advertising windows and integrated communication solutions involving cross-format and cross-platform opportunities for advertisers.
Ethical conduct and the nurse ethnographer: consideration of an ethic of care
Authors: Griffiths Pauline
Published: July 2008

Abstract

During an ethnographic study of an Acute Medical Admissions Unit, informed consent was not obtained from some patient informants despite research proposals to various research committees stating that it would. The ethical judgement was made that not to seek informed consent was in the best interests of patients who were very ill or distressed and that to insist on informed consent would have been potentially harmful to these patients. Drawing on my experiences of collecting data whilst holding the dual roles of researcher and nurse, I argue that contextual moral judgements can enhance ethical decisions in the field and further that rigid adherence to formal bio-medical ethical guidance can lead to inappropriate ethical actions. Importantly, the ethnographer must be able to articulate arguments that reflect the contextual nature of ethical decision-making to powerful gatekeepers, such as research committees. If this does not happen then challenges to the dominance of deontological-rationalist ethics will not occur and researchers may be drawn to the use of less ethically demanding data collection methods. Drawing on insights from literature that considers feminist ethics, and in particular the concept of an ethic of care, justification for my ethical conduct whilst in the field is presented.
Ethnomethodological ethnography and its application in nursing
Authors: Harper Phil
Published: July 2008

Abstract

This paper examines the use of a qualitative research methodology, ethnomethodological ethnography that has had little application within nursing, whether in the United Kingdom or elsewhere. This methodology is concerned with describing how members of a social group perceive, define and classify the ways that they perform their daily activities and what meanings they assign to these activities. Ethnomethodological ethnography analyses the everyday methods people use to construct and sustain the typical activities in their cultural world, that is, their ‘sense assembly equipment’. This enables them to act in ways that are congruent with their culturally learnt attitudes. Although this paper focuses on describing ethnomethodological ethnography, examples of its use in a study of nursing practice are provided from a doctoral study that explored the everyday methods military nurses used to rationalise their post-operative pain assessment decisions. From the experiences of this study, it is argued that ethnomethodological ethnography is a valuable methodology for investigating how nurses rationalise their decisions within nursing practice.
Late Nahuatl Testaments from the Toluca Valley: Indigenous-Language Ethnohistory in the Mexican Independence Period
Authors: Melton-Villanueva Miriam , Pizzigoni Caterina
Published: July 2008

Newly collected testaments from two settlements in the jurisdiction of Metepec in the Toluca Valley reveal that, although scholars believed the great tradition of mundane records in Nahuatl to have lapsed by 1800, it continued on a large scale during the first three decades of the nineteenth century, the independence period so far hardly touched by examinations of indigenous social history. The larger corpus is from San Bartolomé Tlatelolco, which also happens to be represented by documents from about a century earlier in Pizzigoni's Testaments of Toluca, giving a perspective on the new materials. Surprisingly, a large majority of the testators were women. Nevertheless, we find continuity in gender roles and in structures and practices generally, as well as in specific traditions of San Bartolomé. At the same time, new aspects of naming patterns, testament and funeral conventions, land measurement, ritual kinship, and the role of lay sodalities emerge from the testaments.
The Translation of Poverty and the Poverty of Translation in the Orinoco Delta
Authors: Rodriguez Juan Luis
Published: July 2008

This essay will discuss contending language ideologies in early twentieth-century efforts at translating Warao into Spanish. It will analyze the linguistic and semiotic collision between the Warao and the emerging Venezuelan nation-state. Its main focus will be on the Catholic missionaries' production of dictionaries, grammars, and other forms of linguistic descriptions, and the Warao's own interpretation of the language encounter. At the beginning of the twentieth century, missionaries regarded Warao as incompatible with modernity and with the political developments of that time. It was considered too underdeveloped and illogical to be the language of Venezuelan citizens. Hence the missionaries wanted to give the Warao the tools for interpreting modernity, and paramount among these tools was Spanish. At the same time, the Warao interpreted the encounter with the nation-state as a mistranslation. This lack of communication with the new nation-state found expression in Warao narratives and as a common discursive topic. From a Warao standpoint, the encounter with missionaries and modernity was full of confusion and misunderstandings. This essay will argue that an increasing awareness of subordination among the Warao paralleled the naturalization of semiotic misunderstandings at the moment of encounter with the state. The analysis of the linguistic ideologies that this situation produced will prove useful in illustrating how the Warao internalized their subordinate position.
Making Common Cause: Yanktonais and Catholic Missionaries on the Northern Plains
Authors: Galler Robert
Published: July 2008

On 28 January 1886, Crow Creek leaders sent a petition with over one hundred signatures to the Office of Indian Affairs affirming their interest in a Catholic mission school. Within the year, the first buildings were in place for an educational institution that served as a Catholic school for nearly one hundred years and currently exists as a tribal school. The question is how and why did this institution come into existence? This essay argues that late nineteenth-century Lower Yanktonai leaders followed tribal tradition in establishing alliances to promote the best interests of their people. Rather than being mere recipients of a mission placed unilaterally on their land by zealous missionaries, Lower Yanktonais found common cause with Catholic leaders to establish a local mission school to educate their children.
Protections Et Statut D'auteur À L'époque Moderne: Formes Et Enjeux Des Pratiques de Patronage Dans La Querelle Du Cid (1637)
Authors: Haddad Déborah Blocker et Elie
Published: July 2008

Protections et statut d'auteur à l'époque moderne: Formes et enjeux des pratiques de patronage dans la querelle du Cid (1637)

Dans l'historiographie du patronage, le regard est habituellement focalisé en France sur les relations entre les littérateurs et l'Etat monarchique. La querelle du Cid invite néanmoins à prendre en compte l'ensemble des protections parmi lesquelles les auteurs se mouvaient. Les trajectoires des homme de lettres qui y participèrent ne peuvent en effet se comprendre sans faire intervenir (1) les relations entre auteurs et troupes de théâtre, (2) celles entre ces auteurs et les espaces de sociabilités qu'ils fréquentaient et (3) celles qu'ils nouaient avec des aristocrates qui n'étaient pas nécessairement insérés dans l'appareil monarchique. Une telle perspective éclaire la variété des parcours de ceux dont la principale compétence était alors l'écriture. Ces hommes trouvaient en effet l'aide de protecteurs de statut très divers, en fonction d'imaginaires de la protection où l'accession à la noblesse, réelle ou symbolique, occupait une place centrale. Et l'écriture, comme pratique, s'insérait de manière très différente dans leurs projets sociaux respectifs.

Protection and Status of the Author in the Modern Era: Forms and Stakes of Patronage Practices in the Quarrel of Le Cid (1637)

In the historiography of patronage in France, the focus has generally been on protection granted by the king and members of his government. However, the quarrel over Corneille's play Le Cid shows the need to factor in the entire network of patronage that early modern French writers cultivated. To understand properly the social positions of these writers, one must consider their relationships with (1) the troupes for which they wrote, (2) the social circles that they frequented, and (3) the various aristocratic patrons who were not necessarily a part of the king's closest circle of councillors. This perspective highlights how varied the social trajectories of these writers actually were. Indeed, they often sought the protection of individuals of very diverse social status, according to an understanding of patronage in which the accession to nobility, whether real or symbolic, played a crucial role. And writing, as a practice, occupied a very different place in their respective social projects.
“Les Garçons Et Les Filles Sont Pêle-Mêle Dans L'école”: Gender and Primary Education in Early Modern France
Authors: Carter Karen E.
Published: July 2008

“Les garçons et les filles sont pêle-mêle dans l'école”: Gender and Primary Education in Early Modern France

Most historians have treated the education of boys and girls in early modern France separately, emphasizing that girls rarely received primary education. Evidence presented in this article demonstrates that in the dioceses of Reims, Châlons-sur-Marne, and Auxerre, boys and girls in rural areas regularly attended the same community-supported primary schools, or petites écoles, and that these schools grew significantly during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Because both boys and girls needed the religious education that the petites écoles provided, parents and community leaders ignored the wishes of both the king and the bishops and sent children of both sexes to the same schools. The core of primary education—reading and catechism—was essentially the same for boys and girls, and few children of either sex learned to write, suggesting the need for increased attention to the relationship between gender, religion, and the definition and measurement of literacy.

« Les garçons et les filles sont pêle-mêle dans l'école »: Les sexes et l'éducation primaire au début de la France moderne

Les éducations reçues par les garçons et les filles au début de la France moderne ont été examinées séparément par la majorité des historiens, qui soulignent le fait que les filles recevaient rarement une éducation primaire. Les documents consultés pour cet article démontrent qu'au sein des diocèses de Reims, Châlons-sur-Marne et Auxerre, les garçons et les filles des régions rurales se retrouvaient souvent dans les mêmes petites écoles, et que ces petites écoles connurent une croissance considérable pendant les dix-septième et dix-huitième siècles. Puisque les filles comme les garçons avaient besoin d'éducation religieuse, les parents et les dirigeants de la communauté envoyaient les deux sexes aux petites écoles, passant outre à la volonté exprimée par le roi et les évêques. Le noyau de l'éducation primaire, c'est-à-dire, la lecture et le catéchisme, était essentiellement le même pour les garçons et les filles, et peu d'enfants apprirent à écrire, suggérant la nécessité d'une plus grande attention à comment s'imbriquent la relation entre les deux sexes, la religion et la définition et l'évaluation de l'alphabétisme.
The French Red Cross, War Readiness, and Civil Society, 1866–1914
Authors: Chrastil Rachel
Published: July 2008

The French Red Cross, War Readiness, and Civil Society, 1866–1914

The French Red Cross contributed to a fundamental increase in civilians' perceived responsibilities regarding advance war preparation during the early Third Republic. In the 1880s, after a mediocre contribution to the Franco-Prussian War, the French Red Cross began to play a prominent role in French civil society. It occupied an ambiguous space between the state and private citizens, becoming increasingly linked over the decades to the army's Service de Santé. The Nancy committee in particular illuminates these issues, as well as the periphery's relationship to the center in this hierarchical organization.

La Croix rouge française, les préparatifs de guerre et la société civile, 1866–1914

Pendant les premières décennies de la Troisième République, la Croix rouge française contribua à une augmentation significative des responsabilités qu'on donnait aux civils dans les préparatifs de guerre. Suite à une participation plutôt médiocre à la Guerre de 1870, la Croix rouge française a commencé à jouer un rôle important dans la société civile pendant les années 1880. Occupant une place ambiguë, entre l'Etat et les citoyens, la Croix rouge s'incorporait de plus en plus au service de Santé. Le comité de Nancy est un cas exemplaire, et illumine aussi la relation entre les marges et le centre de cette organisation hiérarchique.
Wine and Women: Grape Growers and Pulperas in Mendoza, 1561–1852
Authors: Lacoste Pablo
Published: July 2008

This article examines the role of entrepreneurial women in colonial Mendoza, a trade and transport center characterized by wine production. In other economic activities, such as cattle raising and transportation, female ownership of the local means of productions was practically nonexistent. Women were increasingly important in the cultivation of vineyards and in the production and selling of wine in taverns and stores (pulperías). This development was brought about by three factors: first, Hispanic ideology allowed women a privileged space in the cultivation of vineyards, as is illustrated in Fray Luis de León’s La perfecta casada (1583). Second, as a transportation center, Mendoza had many men who worked as muleteers, on wagon trains, and on cattle drives; their extended absences generated greater responsibilities and independence for women. Third, the example set by the first taverns and wineries in Mendoza created models for other women to pursue. For all these reasons, women took advantage of opportunities in vineyards and taverns, thus advancing their own economic and mental emancipation. This study is based on unpublished documents in the Archivo Histórico de Mendoza and the Archivo Nacional in Santiago, Chile.
The Marriage Penalty: Women, Property Rights, and Credit Markets in Yucatán, 1850 – 1900
Authors: Levy Juliette
Published: July 2008

This article addresses how marital property regimes acted as obstacles to the development of the Yucatán credit market. Marriage is a contract, and historically it carries with it significant financial corollaries. Dowries, marital property regimes, and inheritance laws were all designed to support the economic instrument that marriage represented. There are many other ways in which marriage intersects with markets; this article assesses the role of property rights, and specifically, married women’s property rights, in the credit markets of nineteenth-century Yucatán.

Using mortgage contracts and probate records recorded by notaries, this article analyzes the participation of women in the local mortgage market, taking into account the legal context in which it developed, and explains how legal tradition and civil codes contributed to the distortions that affected women in the local credit market. This article shows specifically that the analysis of women’s participation in economic markets in the nineteenth century must take their marital status into account, as well as the unequal legal position of husbands and wives under the laws of the time, and concludes that marital property rights, and by extension marriage, played an important and unexpected role in the region’s credit market.
The Subsumption of Class Discourse in China
Authors: Ngai Pun , Chan Chris King–Chi
Published: July 2008

Unless otherwise indicated, all translations are our own.
Chinese Education in the Era of Capitalist Globalization
Authors: Xie Shaobo , Wang Fengzhen
Published: July 2008

Unless otherwise indicated, all translations are our own.
The Developmental Logic of Chinese Culture under Modernization and Globalization
Authors: Keping Yu
Published: July 2008

Unless otherwise indicated, all translations are my own.
The Importance of Being Chinese: Orientalism Reconfigured in the Age of Global Modernity
Authors: Yiu-Wai Chu
Published: July 2008

An earlier version of this essay was presented at the International Conference on “Asia and the Other,” hosted by the Department of English, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, in June 2007. I owe a special debt of gratitude to Arif Dirlik for his invaluable advice on how to revise the essay. I would also like to thank Nicole Kwoh for her kind assistance. Unless otherwise indicated, all translations are my own.
Fluorescence Switching of a Diarylethene Derivative Having Oxazole Rings
Authors: Shibata Katsunori , Kuroki Lumi , Fukaminato Tuyoshi , Irie Masahiro
Published: July 2008

A diarylethene derivative, in which oxazole rings are attached to the ethene moiety at the 5-position, was synthesized, and its photochromic and fluorescent properties were examined. The derivative undergoes photochromism in solution and the open-ring isomer exhibits strong fluorescence. The fluorescence intensity was found to reversibly change along with the photochromism.
Niobium Oxides as Cathode Electrocatalysts for Platinum-free Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells
Authors: Ohnishi Ryohji , Takahashi Yohei , Takagaki Atsushi , Kubota Jun , Domen Kazunari
Published: July 2008

Niobium oxides are shown to exhibit oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity with high onset potential (ca. 0.85 V vs. NHE) comparable to that for Pt-based catalysts along with excellent stability under acidic conditions.
Effect of Growth Temperature on the Shape and Crystallinity of Chemically Produced FePt Nanoparticles
Authors: Hachisu Takuma , Yotsumoto Takahiro , Sugiyama Atsushi , Iida Hironori , Nakanishi Takuya , Asahi Toru , Osaka Tetsuya
Published: July 2008

The process of preparation of FePt nanoparticles was investigated with emphasis on the effect of “growth temperature,” at which the atomic diffusion between Pt-rich and Fe-rich phases leads to the formation of uniform nanoparticles. Consequently, it was demonstrated that by controlling the growth temperature, the shape and crystallinity of FePt nanoparticles can be controlled. On the other hand, the size and composition were almost invariable at 5.6±0.5 nm and Fe53Pt47, respectively.
Platinum-catalyzed 1,4-Addition of Arylboronic Acids to β-Substituted α,β-Unsaturated Ketones
Authors: Hayashi Tamio , Sasaki Keigo
Published: July 2008

Platinum salts represented by K2PtCl4 were found to catalyze the 1,4-addition of arylboronic acids to β-substituted α,β-unsaturated ketones to give high yields of β-arylated ketones. The reaction is completed in 1 h in the presence of 1 mol % of the catalyst in dioxane/H2O at 70 °C.
An Efficient Method for Aromatic Friedel–Crafts Acylation Reactions
Authors: Khodaei Mohammad Mehdi , Bahrami Kiumars , Shahbazi Fomeida
Published: July 2008

Friedel–Crafts acylation of aromatic compounds was carried out using FeCl3-based ionic liquid. This liquid serves as an efficient media as well as a Lewis acid catalyst. The significant advantages of this methodology are excellent yields, short reaction times, mild reaction conditions, environmentally friendly method, simple work-up procedure, low cost, and easy preparation and handling of the catalyst.
Fused Five-membered Porphyrin for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Hayashi Shinya , Matsubara Yusuke , Eu Seunghun , Hayashi Hironobu , Umeyama Tomokazu , Matano Yoshihiro , Imahori Hiroshi
Published: July 2008

Fused five-membered zinc porphyrin carboxylic acid has been synthesized to improve light-harvesting capability in the visible and near-infrared regions. The fused porphyrin-sensitized TiO2 cell exhibited the photocurrent generation extending over 800 nm, although the power conversion efficiency was found to be moderate (0.30%).
Variability in longitudinal cerebrospinal fluid tau and phosphorylated tau measurements
Authors: Verwey Nicolaas A. , Bouwman Femke H. , van der Flier Wiesje M. , Veerhuis Rob , Scheltens Philip , Blankenstein Marinus A.
Published: July 2008

: The influence of assay variation and duration of storage on changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of tau and phosphorylated (P)-tau with time was evaluated in 112 patients with various neurological disorders.

: These patients (aged 66±9 years, 52% male), referred to our memory clinic, underwent two spinal taps (mean interval 19 months) and the baseline samples were assayed twice in a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): once after the first spinal tap (A1) and once in a separately stored aliquot (A2) simultaneous with the follow-up sample (B).

: Coefficients of variances (CVs) of tau and P-tau levels determined in repeated spinal taps (ΔB–A2) measured in one assay (10.9% and 7.6%) were lower (p<0.01) than the CVs observed in two different (ΔB–A1) assays (16.5% and 11.7%). The CVs of tau and P-tau measurement of one CSF sample repeated on two occasions (ΔA1–A2) were 12.3% and 8.6%. A difference in mean P-tau level was found if the same CSF samples were repeatedly measured in two different ELISAs (A1–A2).

: Longitudinal CSF tau and P-tau are best measured in one assay resulting in a lower variability compared to measurement in two different assays. The within person variability in levels of these markers currently limits the use of these ELISAs in a longitudinal clinical setting.

Clin Chem Lab Med 2008;46:1300–4.
Use of the TLX ultracentrifuge for the isolation of different density lipoproteins and effects of freeze/thawing of human plasma before ultracentrifugation
Authors: Charlton-Menys Valentine , Chobotova Jelena , Durrington Paul N.
Published: July 2008

: Isolation of different density lipoproteins by ultracentrifugation can require lengthy centrifugation times and freeze/thawing of plasma may influence recovery.

: We isolated a range of lipoproteins using a preparative ultracentrifuge and the TLX micro-ultracentrifuge and determined the effect of freeze/thawing of plasma beforehand.

: In fresh plasma, there was no significant difference in results for small-dense low-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein B (LDL apoB) (density >1.044 g/mL) or cholesterol at density >1.006 g/mL. Freeze/thawing had no effect on closely correlated results for small-dense LDL apoB (r=0.85; p<0.0001) or high-density lipoprotein (r=0.93; p<0.0001).

: The TLX micro-ultracentrifuge is a reliable alternative to the preparative ultracentrifuge and freeze/thawing has only a small effect on small-dense LDL apoB or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Clin Chem Lab Med 2008;46:1285–8.
Axial resistance of CFA piles in Dublin Boulder Clay
Authors: Gavin K. , Cadogan D. , Twomey L.
Published: July 2008

This paper describes the results of static compression and tension load tests performed on three-instrumented large-diameter continuous flight auger piles installed in Dublin Boulder Clay. The piles developed very high shaft resistance and, in contrast to piles driven into Boulder Clay that exhibit friction fatigue, the shaft distribution was uniform along the pile shaft. This resulted in the normalised average shear resistance being mobilised by a bored pile exceeding that of a pile driven in similar ground conditions. In contrast, the base resistance of the test piles was significantly lower than that of a pile driven in similar ground conditions.
Identifying low-fines soils not suited to NEF testing
Authors: Soroush A. , Aminzadeh A.-H. , Shourijeh P. T.
Published: July 2008

Dam core cracking is responsible for the initiation of piping in many dam incidents. Filters capable of controlling the concentrated leak through a cracked core are relied on to prevent internal erosion. The no-erosion filter (NEF) test, widely used for filter substantiation, is predicated on the assumption that all the base soils sustain cracks in their volume, and critical filters should be designed to control a concentrated leak. This study is aimed at finding some of the soils that self-heal and collapse owing to wetting. Self-healing soils cannot withstand cracks upon flooding, thus negating the feasibility of the NEF test for such soils. A comprehensive testing strategy is introduced for the recognition of self-healing soils. The results reveal that soils containing less than 15% fines content will not sustain cracks, and the possible cracks formed will self-heal upon flooding.
The properties of Lias Clay for landfill liners
Authors: Binns A. , Robinson P. N. J. , Eccles C. S.
Published: July 2008

The design and specification of a landfill clay liner require compromises to be made between the requirements of low hydraulic conductivity (permeability), adequate shear strength, sufficient interface shear strength (when the clay is used in a composite liner), minimal shrinkage during service, and sufficient ductility to accommodate tensile and shear strains, which may increase permeability. This paper focuses mainly on the first three requirements. The results of construction quality assurance (CQA) from four landfill sites and the results of ground investigations from two landfill site extensions are reported. Proposals are made for a methodology to derive a specification, and for assessing the results of CQA tests. Undrained and effective stress strength parameters are presented for recompacted Lias Clay. The interface shear strength of clay against a geomembrane or geotextile is shown to be dependent upon the density and moisture content of the clay and normal pressure.
Predicted and measured loads using the coherent gravity method
Authors: Bathurst R. J. , Nernheim A. , Allen T. M.
Published: July 2008

The paper investigates the accuracy of the coherent gravity method by using measurements reported in a large database of full-scale instrumented walls that was not available at the time the original method was developed. The new database includes data for bar mat, welded wire and steel strip soil reinforced walls. Measured reinforcement loads under operational conditions are compared with predicted values for bar mat and steel strip reinforced walls. The accuracy of the coherent gravity method as presented in the BS 8006 design standard is quantified by computing the mean and coefficient of variation of the ratio (bias) of measured to predicted loads. The paper shows that for steel strip walls the coherent gravity method is reasonably accurate for soils with friction angles less than 45°. For granular soils with higher friction angles and bar mat walls, the current coherent gravity method is shown to be less accurate and, on average, non-conservative for design. Modifications to the method as currently described in BS 8006 are proposed to improve the accuracy of the method for bar mat reinforced soil walls and steel strip reinforced soil walls with high friction angle backfill soils.
Electrochemical stabilisation for offshore model caissons
Authors: Mohamedelhassan E. , Shang J. Q. , Ismail M. A. , Randolph M. F.
Published: July 2008

A laboratory-floor experimental study was conducted on the electrochemical treatment of calcareous sand for offshore foundations. A steel tube of diameter 200 mm and length 400 mm was used as a model caisson. Calcareous sand and seawater from the coastline of Western Australia were used in the study. Twelve electrodes made of perforated steel pipes, diameter 14 mm, length 450 mm and filled with soluble CaCl2 granules as a cementing agent, were installed around the caisson. The electrochemical treatment tests were carried out with two electrode layout configurations in parallel with a control test. The electric power was applied via pairs of the steel pipe electrodes in the first configuration whereas the caisson served as one electrode in the second configuration. The applied direct current (d.c.) voltage was 8 V for the first configuration and 6 V for the second. The pullout resistance of the caisson after the treatment was increased by 140% to reach a value of 304%, in comparison with the control. The cementation generated by the treatment was demonstrated by the formation of a soil plug inside the caisson, soil cemented to the surface of the electrodes and caisson, and the significant increases in pullout resistances. The cementation effects were confirmed by electron microscopy images, X-ray fluorescence analyses and X-ray diffraction analyses.
Modelling and acoustic monitoring of grout propagation in sands
Authors: Saiyouri N. , Jason L. , Chupin O. , Hicher P. Y.
Published: July 2008

Grouting is generally used for ground reinforcement or for reducing soil permeability. However, choosing grouting parameters or predicting improvements is at present rather empirical. A numerical approach may therefore enable grouting to be more efficient. The purpose of this paper is to model the evolution, in time and space, of two major variables: grout concentration and fluid pressure in grouted soil. After a brief description of a first tried diffusive model, this study aims to describe the performance of a software program, Athos. This program was initially developed for the oil industry and uses a piston model. Results are given in one- and three-dimensional approaches. They underline a rapid evolution of concentration from groutsaturated zones to non-saturated zones. The evolution of pressure depending on this degree of saturation is also highlighted. The second part of the paper compares the numerical model with a series of experiments carried out on grouted sand columns and in saturated sand tanks. In the latter tests, the grout is injected into the sand using a sleeved grout pipe, and the progress of grout propagation in the soil is monitored by acoustic emission (AE). This comparison shows the validity of the chosen model. The permeation distance detected by AE is compared with that predicted by simple grout propagation models.
A neural network method for analysing concrete durability
Authors: Ukrainczyk N. , Ukrainczyk V.
Published: July 2008

This paper describes the use of an artificial neural network (ANN) method for the analysis of relationships between a number of input parameters and observed damage owing to reinforcement corrosion. Data on the effects of the environmental conditions, structure and properties of concrete on the degree of damage caused by steel corrosion have been gathered on 11 concrete bridge structures in a Croatian moderate continental climate. The main causes of deterioration were chloride ions, from de-icing salts, and accelerated carbonation owing to the higher carbon dioxide concentration on highways and in towns. The methodology of data gathering from surveys, diagnosis and remedial works to concrete structures is described. The damage was classified into six categories based on the type of remedial work necessary. As the parameters are time dependent and show high scatter, a probabilistic-like approach was adopted using an ANN for fuzzy feature categorisation as a tool for classification of the degree of damage. The ANN was successfully trained and validated for the range of data from the investigated bridges. The outputs of the work could be used for fuzzy prediction of the extent of damage in the structure service life and for planning the maintenance. The outputs can also be used to assist in the design and restoration of the reinforced concrete structures.
Assessment of methods for optimising ternary blended concrete containing metakaolin
Authors: Garas V. Y. , Kurtis K. E.
Published: July 2008

The relative effectiveness of three approaches—isothermal calorimetry, trial batching and particle packing models—for optimising mix proportions in Portland cement/metakaolin (MK)/fly ash (FA) ternary blended concretes was compared through measurements of workability and compressive strength, in consideration of economy. Mixtures were prepared using single cement and class C FA and two MKs of varying fineness. The finer MK showed a higher rate of reaction, but the isothermal calorimetry also suggested that MK replacements of 5% or higher are needed to overcome the hydration delay resulting from the use of 25% by mass FA. Trial batches at three water-to-cementitious materials ratios (w/cm)—0·30, 0·40 and 0·50—were designed based on the calorimetry results. While workability decreased with increasing MK content, similar or better workability than the control mixes was achieved in the ternary blends. The compressive strength significantly increased with increasing MK content, as compared to the ordinary concrete and the FA binary blends, and especially at low w/cm (i.e. w/cm = 0·30). The trial batch strength results confirmed that the hydration rates (measured by isothermal calorimetry) could be used to optimise binder composition for early concrete strength. However, in the third approach, the particle packing model was found to be insufficiently related to measured 1-day strength or to strength in higher w/cm concrete; the closest relationship between the primary model parameter (q) and strength was found at lower w/cm and at later ages (i.e. 28 days). It is proposed that the lack of consideration of the constituent's chemical reactivity of highly reactive materials, such as MK, makes this approach unreliable at early ages and at higher w/cm. Finally, despite the lack of correlation between q and strength, results show q values of 0·26-0·29 are optimal for workability.
External beam–column joints: design to Eurocode 2
Authors: Vollum R. , Parker D.
Published: July 2008

In practice external beam–column joints are seldom designed for monotonic loading. The current authors believe that this is an oversight which should be addressed. This paper presents a simple strut and tie model for the analysis and design of external reinforced concrete beam–column joints. The strut and tie model is developed from first principles using the concrete design strengths given in Eurocode 2. The main difficulty in developing strut and tie models for beam–column joints is in determining the node dimensions. The novel feature of the authors' analysis is that the joint strength is related to the flexural capacity of the beam at the face of the column which is defined in terms of the maximum moment which can be transferred through the joint into the upper and lower columns. The model is shown to give better predictions of joint shear strength than existing simple design models. A case study is presented which shows that it is often sufficient to provide only minimum shear reinforcement in beam column joints.
Bond behaviour of deformed bars embedded in RAC
Authors: Choi H. B. , Kang K. I.
Published: July 2008

To investigate the bond behaviour between recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) and rebar, this paper considers recycled aggregates (RAs) (RG of grade I and III and RS of grade II), w/c ratios (40% and 50%), and replacement ratios of RAs (0%, 30%, 50% and 100%). The results were as follows: (a) bond stress–slip shows tendencies like those of normal concrete up to a replacement ratio of 50%; (b) shearing stress–strain is influenced by grade and the replacement ratio of RAs; (c) τb is influenced by grade and the replacement ratio of RAs, but at high w/c, τb is not influenced by the quality and the replacement ratio of RAs; (d) [Formula: see text] is influenced by the w/c ratio; and (e) τb between RAC and rebar is overestimated or underestimated by existing equations. As a result, a new equation (with modification of either the β value, invariable value or others), or modified development length or lap splice length must be considered.
Shear transfer between ribbed slab and edge column
Authors: Lau T. L. , Clark L. A.
Published: July 2008

The results of tests on six micro-concrete wide beam ribbed slabs at edge column locations are presented. It was found that punching shear failure of a wide beam ribbed slab can occur at an edge column. Although a punching shear failure of a wide beam ribbed slab is very similar to that of a solid slab, the shear capacity is reduced relatively, because some of the potential shear failure surface is lost when it enters the ribbed section. A plastic theory for punching shear was developed, which gave good agreement with the test failure loads.
Behaviour of partially prestressed beams with external tendons
Authors: Au F. T. K. , Su R. K. L. , Tso K. , Chan K. H. E.
Published: July 2008

The behaviour of prestressed concrete structures with unbonded tendons differs significantly from that of those with bonded tendons after the working stage. To assess the safety of such structures, it is necessary to carry out full-range analysis with particular attention to the post-peak behaviour. This paper reports the initial findings of experimental investigations. A number of simply supported externally prestressed concrete beams with either steel or aramid fibre-reinforced polymer tendons are tested to failure, so as to study the effect of external prestressing on the ductility. The specimens tested all have T-sections prestressed by two external tendons with one on each side. In the experiments, different factors are taken into consideration. They include the level of prestressing force, area of non-prestressed steel reinforcement and partial prestressing ratio and so on. It is found that friction may vary significantly when a beam is subjected to large deformations. Comprehensive analysis of internal forces in selected specimens has been carried out. While the tendons play a key role in supporting loads during the initial stage of loading, their contribution decreases with further loading. At the same time, the role of bottom non-prestressed reinforcement increases and remains predominant after the apparent yielding of the specimen.
The hydrological impact of low-flow alleviation measures
Authors: Clayton H. J. , Morris S. E. , McIntyre N. R. , Greaves M.
Published: July 2008

The River Ver, a chalk stream in Hertfordshire, was identified as one of the ‘top 40’ low-flow rivers of England and Wales in 1992, and measures to improve flows were subsequently proposed under an alleviation of low flows (ALF) scheme. Consequently, the largest groundwater abstraction within the catchment at Friars Wash was closed, other than for emergencies. The impact of this closure on river flows as measured at a gauge near the outlet of the Ver catchment is evaluated. A range of methods was employed: analyses of hydrographs, flow duration curves, flow percentiles, baseflow index, correlations with data from an analogous catchment and rainfall–runoff modelling. Results suggest an apparent increase in river flow in the 11 years since the closure at Friars Wash; however, this cannot be attributed entirely to the ALF scheme. Further modelling investigations are recommended to support the assessment and to allow more localised effects on stream flow to be investigated.
The evaluation of flood risk policy in the Netherlands
Authors: ten Brinke W. B. M. , Bannink B. A. , Ligtvoet W.
Published: July 2008

Dams, dykes and coastal defences in the Netherlands have never been stronger: the probability of encountering floods from rivers or from the sea has substantially declined since the last flooding in the south-western part of the Netherlands in 1953. The risks of casualties and of economic damage from flooding have, however, become much greater since this event. This paradoxical situation is the result of a growing discrepancy between the existent set of design standards for the height and strength of dams, dykes and coastal defences set around 1960, and a steady social and economic development since that time. The average yearly economic expansion since 1960 has been twice as high as expected at that time and the population at risk in the Netherlands has more than doubled. In the period between 1960 and the present, the design standards have not been corrected for the increased economic value and population. Compared with other risks, the societal risk of flooding (the probability of large numbers of casualties) in the Netherlands appears to be several orders of magnitude larger than the sum of the societal risk of other known external hazards (e.g. industrial hazards and plane crashes). A further increase in flood risk is expected owing to further economic and social development.
Field verification of bed-mounted ADV meters
Authors: McIntyre N. , Marshall M.
Published: July 2008

The accuracy of continuous-signal acoustic Doppler velocity (ADV) meters for gauging stream flows is examined, using a case study of nine bed-mounted ‘Starflow’ meters currently installed at a range of sites in the Pontbren catchment, Wales. The accuracy of the ADV meters was tested, under a range of velocities and depths, by comparing flow estimates with those based on a standard method of measurement with an impeller meter. The accuracy of the ADV meters was found to be poor for very low flows. For higher flows, in five concrete-lined sections, accuracy was reasonable without calibration of the ADV meter (estimates were within 20% of the current-metered flow for 68% of samples) and accuracy was good after calibration (estimates were within 20% of the current-metered flow for 93% of samples). In one natural channel, the performance after calibration was similarly good, while performance was fair to poor for two other natural channels. The predictability of the calibration results, and the reasons for the poor performance, are discussed.