bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimization of feeding schedules in salmon hatcheries
Authors: Corey Philip D. , English Marshall J.
Published: March 2007

A methodology is developed that determines feeding schedules which will reduce total food consumption for coho salmon in a hatchery during the rearing period. The method presented assumes that the feeding level has a parabolic mathematical form with respect to time. Coefficients of this parabola are converged upon in such a way that the fish achieve a particular size on a chosen release date and simultaneously total food consump tion for the rearing period is minimized. The indicator of feeding level chosen is a nondimensional parameter that equals one at the minimum feeding rate resulting in maximum growth rate and equals zero at a feeding rate that results in a zero growth rate. Results show that for long rearing periods corresponding to rearing in unheated water, the feeding level should be low initially and gradually increase towards the end of the rearing period. Conversely, for rearing periods simulating the accelerated growth periods that occur in heated hatcheries, feeding levels should in general be high at the beginning and gradually decrease throughout the rearing period though sometimes in creasing towards the end. In general, it has been shown that optimum feeding schedules sacrifice efficiency at the beginning of the rearing period when little weight is being gained and max imize efficiency at the end of the rearing period when the greatest amount of weight is being gained. This is in contrast to schedules often devised by hatchery managers to achieve a specified size at a particular date. These schedules may sacrifice efficiency at the end of the rearing period to achieve the goal.
Process-interaction simulation languages
Authors: Banks Jerry , Carson John S.
Published: March 2007

A number of currently available simulation languages are based on, or offer, the process-interaction approach to simulation; among these languages are GPSS/H, SIMAN, SIMSCRIPT II.5 and SLAM II. This paper provides an introductory survey and descrip tion of these four languages, plus a briefer mention of a number of others. First, we give general information regarding the languages, including a brief description of the language's perspec tive, computers on which it is implemented, the address and telephone numbers for information, a partial listing of relevant texts and manuals, and presently available short courses on language instruction. Second, we explain the perspective of the four languages in greater detail, and model an example problem using each language. An overview of each solution plus a detailed statement-by-statement description is given.
An independence property of multivariate ranks useful in Monte Carlo studies
Authors: Schwertman Neil C.
Published: March 2007

Transformations of multivariate data to ranks for each multivariate response is used in certain multivariate analyses such as in the Multivariate Multisample Rank Sum and Median tests.

Rank transformations of simulated multivariate data with a com mon mean vector are shown to be functions of correlation struc ture only.
A simulation model of freeway lane closures
Authors: Rathi Ajay K. , Nemeth Zoltan A.
Published: March 2007

A model to simulate traffic operations at freeway lane closures is described. The model logic is based on a rational description of the behavior of the drivers in a freeway lane closure situa tion, and the program is written in SIMSCRIPT 11.5. An applica tion of the model is illustrated with evaluation of potential safety impacts of reduced speed zones in freeway lane closures at differ ent levels of assumed driver compliance.
A tool for local area network modeling and analysis
Authors: Frost V.S. , LaRue W.W. , McKee A.G. , Ernstein A.J. , Kishore P. , Gormish M.J.
Published: March 2007

Predicting the performance of local area networks (LAN) is a difficult task. Existing analytical models are often too restrictive to apply to cases of interest. The results from previous studies are often difficult to extrapolate to other cases. Individual simulation models for local area networks have been developed in the past. Still, translating the description of the network under study between these models is not straightforward. A general LAN analysis system (GLAS) has been developed to address the performance issues in a common environment. This system models carrier sense multiple areas with collision detection (CSMA/CD), token ring, token bus, fiber distributed data interface (FDDI), networks using the standards defined by IEEE. Also, the logical link control protocol related to these standards is modeled, as are the priority mechanisms. Arbitrary topology and node traffic is allowed. A menu driven interface provides a convenient mechanism for the description of the LAN under study. New variance reduction techniques are included to increase the efficiency of the simulation model. Simple analytical models are included in GLAS to provide estimates of network performance when appropriate.
A Method of Measuring Poisson's Ratio of Fibers1
Authors: Frank Floyd I. , Ruoff Arthur L.
Published: March 2007

An apparatus is described whereby Poisson's ratio may be measured for fibers whose diameter is approximately 250μ. The apparatus is used in conjunction with an Instron Testing Machine so that stress vs. strain measurements can be made at the same time Poisson's ratio vs. strain measurements are made. The measurements can be made statically or on fibers undergoing a constant rate of extension.

Measurements on four different tilaments of drawn nylon 66 gave (above 1% strain) a constant value of 0.392 ± 0.025 for Poisson's ratio. (An extension rate of 0.02 in min. and an initial gauge length of about 40 cm. were used.) In general there is an increase of Poisson's ratio starting with about 0.34 at low strains and increasing to a final value of 0.392 at about 1% strain. Concurrent with the change in Poisson's ratio there is a change in the tangent modulus of the stress-strain curve.
The Mechanism of Resin Deposition in Cotton
Authors: Rath H. , Herbolsheimer E. , Stapf S.
Published: March 2007

A theoretical discussion of the mechanism leading to resin deposition inside cotton fibers is given, and the hypothesis presented is substantiated by experimental results.

It is demonstrated that expression of excess precondensate from fabrics in the padding process does not play a decisive role. A simple immersion process without squeezing,

or spraying with the precondensate, is sufficient to obtain the desired crease resistance and swelling reduction.

Roll pressure affects the results of the treatment only insofar as it determines the amount of add-on and the uniformity of the finishing effect. Resin applied by immersion

or by spraying is also deposited inside fibers. and therefore the result is nearly the same as that obtained by padding.

Resin deposition and location inside cotton fibers, achieved by the various application methods, is demonstrated by means of an especially developed staining test.
The Absorption of a Disperse Dye by Cellulose Acetate in the Presence and Absence of Butanol
Authors: Teulings Elizabeth P. , White Howard J.
Published: March 2007

The absorption of Disperse Red I by secondary cellulose acetate yarn has been studied. The experiments were run in such a way that the dye was present in true solution and the concentration of dye remained constant during the absorption process. The solvents were water and water with various amounts of butanol added ; the temperature was con trolled at either 50° C. of 65°, C. Both rate and equilibrium measurements were made. The rate measurements were consistent with a diffusion process having a rate constant in the range of 1 X 10-11 cm.2/sec.

The action of the butanol was complex. It caused a minimum in the equilibrium uptake of dye and in the rate of attainment of equilibrium as its concentration in the dyebath increased. Possible reasons for this behavior are discussed. Either competition for absorption sites between dye and butanol or complex formation in the dyebath are advanced as possible reasons for the initial decrease ; swelling with increased accessi bility is advanced to account for the increase after the minimum.
Adsorption of Direct Cotton Dyes by Chemically Modified Celluloses
Authors: Daruwalla E.H. , Kangle P.J. , Nabar G.M.
Published: March 2007

Equilibrium adsorption of two direct cotton dyes on cellulose oxidized with specific oxidizing agents and by the products of reduction of these oxycelluloses, under standard conditions of dyeing has been studied. It is shown that conversion of hydroxyl groups of cellulose to carbonyl groups does not influence dye adsorption, but formation of ioniz able carboxyl groups in cellulose chain molecules brings about an appreciable reduction in dye uptake, the extent of reduction being independent of the position in the glucose units of cellulose at which the carboxyl group is formed. Based on a theoretical treat ment, it is shown that only a fraction of the total carboxyl groups is responsible for the reduction in dye adsorption under specific conditions of dyeing, and with progressive increase in the total carboxyl content of cellulose, the value of this fraction goes on de creasing continuously.
Moduli of Cotton Fibers and Yarns in Relation to X-Ray Angles
Authors: Weiss Louis C. , Orr Rollin S. , Redmann Jerome J. , Grant James N.
Published: March 2007

Cotton samples with a wide range in fiber properties were chosen. An X-ray measure of the degree of crystallite orientation and/or the secant modulus of fifteen cottons are traced through levels from sub-fibers to single fibers to bundles to yarns. The differences due to sample characteristics gradually become less as the cottons progress through these levels. When the secant modulus of the yarns spun at the appropriate twist for maximum strength is referred to the X-ray measurement, no additional masking, but resolution occurs. The resolution seems to be more pronounced with American upland than with barbadense cottons. Tenacity, secant modulus, and bundle linear density primarily explain the rankings.
Chemical Bonding and Reaction Rates of Wrinkle-Resistant Finishes on Cotton
Authors: O'Brien S.J. , van Loo, W. J.
Published: March 2007

Rate equations for the development of wrinkle recovery improvement by the reaction of wrinkle-resistant finishes with cotton were calculated from a theory derived from previous work. The implications of this theory are that covalent cross-linking is required to obtain improvement in the wrinkle recovery of cotton, but only a small fraction . of the cellulose reactant necessary to obtain a given level of wrinkle recovery is involved . in cross-linking. The rest is employed in reducing hydrogen bond interaction between cellulose molecules by intramolecular or intrachain reaction. Rate data are obtained for the reaction of a melamine-formaldehyde compound and a cyclic ethyleneurea' formaldehyde compound on 80 X 80 cotton. The theoretical rate equations give results in agreement with the experimental data. The rate constants obtained vary with the . concentration of the cellulose reactant as predicted by the theory. The rate constants vary with temperature in accordance with the Arrhenius law. These results lend support to the theory on which the rate equations are based. Further support is obtained using rate data, taken from the literature, on the reaction of formaldehyde with cotton in an .acetic acid-water mixture. The effect of catalyst and catalyst concentration on the reaction rates is considered. A theory considering metal salt catalysts to act as Lewis acids forming an activated complex with the cellulose reactant is developed which is consistent with the data obtained on the effect of catalyst cpncentration on the rate constants. A consideration of the decrease in the tensile strength of cotton which accompanies wrinkle recovery improvement brought about by reaction with a difunctional agent emphasizes the role of hydrogen bond interaction between cellulose molecules. A relationship between tensile strength loss and the concentration of reacted finish on the fabric is derived on the basis that the effect occurs only in the amorphous region. The relationship obtained is similar to that between the wrinkle recovery and the concentration of reacted reagent of the earlier work [25, 26]. That both of these relationships could be derived taking only the formation of covalent cross-links into consideration and dis- ' regarding the effect of the agents on the hydrogen bonding in the amorphous region of cellulose is shown to be an indication that the ratio of covalent cross-links formed to hydrogen bond cross-links broken is a constant. According to this concept, some tensile strength loss is a necessary consequence of wrinkle recovery improvement.
All-Cotton Stretch and Bulked Yarns and Fabrics
Authors: Fisher C.H.
Published: March 2007

Progress in developing cotton fabrics having high recoverable stretch, durable loft, warmth, and other highly desirable properties is reported. Three general methods for making stretch and bulked cotton yarns and fabrics are described: (i) use of cross- linking agents to set or maintain crimp in cotton yarn; (ii) slack mercerization of cotton fabrics to cause shrinkage; and (iii) the crimping and heat setting of thermoplastic cotton yarns (ethers and esters of cotton cellulose). The first method employs the chemical reactions of the type widely used by industry in manufacturing wash-wear products. Stretch and bulked cottons might present opportunities equal to those already provided by wash-wear products.
Curing Swollen Cotton at High Temperature
Authors: Valko Emery I. , Limdi Kunjvihari M.
Published: March 2007

Dimethylol ethylene urea was applied to cotton in aqueous solutions containing high concentrations of nonvolatile, nonreactive, water-soluble compounds. The fiber appears to remain in the distended state after evaporation of water, and the fabric cured at high temperature exhibits high wet but low dry wrinkle recovery properties similar to those previously observed in cotton cross-linked in the wet state. Moisture regain and water of imbibition are maintained at high level in the cotton fiber cross-linked by the new process. Premercerization without intervening drying enhances these effects. The application of the new technique for other purposes, including the introduction of water- insoluble finishing agents inside cotton fibers, is suggested.
Diffusion Processes in the Spinning Viscose Filament1
Authors: Vermaas D.
Published: March 2007

The diffusion processes which take place in viscose model filaments spinning in acid baths were followed by means of a microscopic technique. Three characteristic moving boundaries are present in the spinning filaments, viz. the coagulation, the neutralization, and the acid boundaries. The displacement of these boundaries with time was measured for various spinbath compositions. Special attention was given to the influence of ZnSO4 added to spinbaths containing H2SO 4. In this case the presence of a fourth moving boundary must be assumed, representing the limit of conversion of sodium xanthate into zinc xanthate. At a certain distance from the filament surface this boundary is overtaken by the acid boundary; this results in a visible stationary boundary plane, which is supposed to be identical with the skin-core boundary found in the ready filament. The part of the filament in which transient zinc xanthate formation has taken place during spinning is to become the skin in the final product.

By using a standardized staining and washing technique of filament cross sections with Victoria Blue, the relative "skin intensity" in the filament and its variation with the distance from the surface could be estimated.

Other factors being equal, the skin intensity decreases with increasing lapse of time between coagulation of the primary gel and its conversion into zinc xanthate, and with decreasing "lifetime" of the latter. The length of this lifetime is mainly governed by the concentration of buffering salts in the viscose.
Gamma Ray-Induced Graft Copolymerization of Styrene onto Bleached Jute Yarn
Authors: Majumdar S.K. , Rapson W.H.
Published: March 2007

Polystyrene was grafted onto bleached jute yarn by irradiation of jute-styrene mix tures with Co60 gamma rays under various conditions. No grafting occurred with styrene unless a jute swelling agent, such as water, methanol, ethanol, formic acid, acetic acid, dimethylformamide, or dimethylsulfoxide was added.

For a fixed radiation dose and styrene-jute ratio, increasing amounts of water or any of the swelling agents increased the amount of polystyrene grafted to a maximum and then decreased it. With water as swelling agent, more polystyrene was grafted onto bleached jute than onto unbleached jute.

With increasing radiation dose grafting increased slowly up to 2 megarads, and then increased approximately littearly with higher close.

On heating the bleached-jute-styrene-water system after irradiation, further grafting occurred. The higher the radiation dose, the greater the resulting postirradiation graft ing on heating for a fixed time and temperature.

Increase in radiation dose resulted in increased grafting, accompanied by increased twist, transverse swotting, and longitudinal shrinkage, and a sharp decrease in moisture regain. The tensile strength remained unaffected with 0.5-megarad exposure, increased with 1 megarad, and then decreased with higher doses.
Multiple Points of Rupture in Textile Fibers
Authors: Warburton C.E. , Whitwell John C.
Published: March 2007

Strain-wave propagation is proposed as the mechanism which accounts for the occurrence of multiple tensile breaks in textile fibers. The breaks are uniformly dis tributed along the central portion of the test length, with a higher concentration existing at or near the boundaries (i.e., the tabs). The region of uniform distribution results from initial random breaks, while the high concentrations at the ends are due to strain- wave reflections. Recoverable energy stored in the fiber during extension is the driving force for wave propagation. The dependence of multiple breaks on testing length, rate of extension, temperature, medium, morphology, and tenacity at break is discussed.
Photochemistry of Cotton and Chemically Modified Cotton
Authors: Daruwalla E.H. , D'Silva A.P. , Tandon G.N.
Published: March 2007

Photosensitization of cotton and modified Cottons under different conditions of ex posure in presence of C. I. Vat Yellow 2 and C. I. Vat Orange 9 has been examined, and a tentative mechanism has been suggested for photosensitized degradation of cotton during irradiation by a carbon-arc source in the presence of oxygen under different con ditions of humidity in the system. Comparison has been made between the behavior of chemically modified cottons during photosensitized degradation when modifications are effected prior to or subsequent to dye application to cotton.
Twist Flow in Ring Spinning
Authors: Subramanian T. A. , Salhotra K.R. , Bhaduri S.N.
Published: March 2007

A simple and easy method for measuring the twist density in the yarn between the roller-nip and thread-guide of a ring spinning frame has been compared with the high speed photography technique and has been shown to be reliable. Measurements using the method have brought out the influence of such factors as doff-stage, chase cycle, etc. on this twist density. It has been shown, for example, that there is, over the chase, a peri odic variation in the twist density—the maximum twist density is at the nose of the chase and is slightly more than or almost equal to the mechanical turns per inch, while the minimum is at the shoulder and is about two to three turns per inch less than the mechanical twist. The collected data show that while, in general, the twist density in the roller nip—thread guide yarn is determined by both the yarn tension and the balloon shape, the balloon shape becomes increasingly important with decreasing balloon height. Also, an increase in yarn tension, accompanied by a change in balloon shape, which renders the angle of yarn wrap less at the traveller and more at the thread guide, results in a reduction of the twist density in the roller nip—thread guide yarn or, at best, leaves it unaltered.
Methylol Derivatives of Halo Cyanoacetamides and Their Evaluation on Cotton Fabrics1
Authors: Chance Leon H. , Leonard Ethel K. , Drake George L.
Published: March 2007

Methylol derivatives of dibromocyanoacetamide (DBCA) and dichlorocyanoacetamide (DCCA) were prepared and applied to cotton fabric by conventional techniques for methylolamide finishes. Fabric cross-linked with these two compounds had improved wrinkle recovery and flame resistance, accompanied by rather large strength losses. Since the best wrinkle recovery and flame resistance were obtained with DBCA, it was studied in more detail. The finish was fairly resistant to removal by base hydrolysis, but was more resistant to acid hydrolysis. This was attributed to the strongly electron- withdrawing cyano group and bromine atoms. The finish also imparted considerable rot resistance to cotton fabric. Both finishes were sensitive to relatively low tempera tures. Differential thermal analysis confirmed the low decomposition point of the treated fabric, which is probably a contributing factor to the flame resistance.
A Fiber-Reactive Photochromic Dye for Nylon
Authors: Foster W.H. , Kazan J.
Published: March 2007

A photochromic mercury dithizonate containing a fiber-reactive dichloro- s-triazinyl group has been synthesized. Indication of reaction of this compound with nylon has been obtained from solvent-extraction studies. The color of the dyed nylon fabric ranges from orange through gray to blue, depending upon the incident light intensity, the ambient temperature, and the moisture content of the fabric.
Wool Insectproofing with Surface-Active Agents Part I. Anionics and Anionic-Cationic Complexes
Authors: Freeland G.N. , Williams V.A.
Published: March 2007

The insectproofing effects of various classes of surface-active agents applied to wool have been studied. Nonionic compounds had little insectproofing effect. Both anionic and cationic compounds were effective alone, but not in combination.

A linear C14-15 alkylbenzene sulfonic acid gave the most effective and durable protection and may be applied by dyebath or padding methods.
Carpet Performance Evaluation
Authors: Laughlin Kenneth C. , Cusick Gordon E.
Published: March 2007

The Tetrapod Walker machine was evaluated as a device for the accelerated testing of carpets. Tufted carpets were prepared from wool, nylon, acrylic, and polypropylene yarns, in both cut-pile and loop-pile construction. Four levels of pile weight, obtained by varying the number of tufts per inch, were prepared for each carpet. The percentage loss in pile height resulting from exposure in the Tetrapod Walker was found to be a linear function of the logarithm of the number of revolutions of the Tetrapod Walker. This function was characteristic of each carpet. Specifications for a tentative test method were developed. The method involves measurement of the percentage decrease in pile height after exposure of the carpet sample to 50,000 revolutions (overnight operation) of the Tetrapod Walker. Studies on the compression and recovery properties of these carpets will be reported in a subsequent paper.
A Probability Model for Random Fiber Breakages
Authors: Sung Won Lee
Published: March 2007

For a given fiber group of any particular length from a given fiber population, two fundamental questions in connection with random breakages of fibers are set forth about the probability of a fiber breaking at all and the probability of a fiber breaking into s segments ( s ≥ 2). In order to elucidate such questions, a probabilistic model for the random fiber breakage is derived, allowing multi-segment fiber breakage and more flexible relation (linear or non-linear) between fiber breakage probability and fiber length. Fiber weight distribution is defined, and a model is established so that available sample fiber-weight distributions, in the form of discrete densities, determined, by existing fiber testing technique in practice can be directly used. An axiomatic inter pretation of the breakage process naturally results from the model in a matrix expression.
Abrasion and Tensile Properties of Cross-Linked Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Grant James N. , Andrews Frederick R. , Weiss Louis C. , Hassenboehler Charles B.
Published: March 2007

Fiber toughness, fabric construction, and pretreatment were found to affect abrasive wear in permanent-press trouser cuffs. Samples of Pima S-2, Hopi Acala, and Delta pine 15 cottons were processed into twelve constructions of print-cloth weight fabrics. Cross-linking with the dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea-type resin was applied as a continuous process to fabrics after scouring and after slack mercerizing. Nitrogen con tents of treated fabrics show that type of cotton, fabric construction, and pretreatment affected the amounts of resin reacted with the fabric. Pima cotton had the lowest and Deltapine the highest level of nitrogen in almost every fabric construction. Pima cotton fabrics showed less wear during conventional abrasion test and laundering and greater crease-recovery angles than did the other cottons. Cuffs of basket-weave fabrics with 0.87% nitrogen showed less crease wear during laundering than did plain weave at 0.64% nitrogen. At comparable nitrogen content, slack-mercerized fabrics were more durable at a higher crease-recovery angle than were cuffs made from scoured fabrics.
Flame-Retardant Properties of Phosphonate Derivatives of Cotton Cellulose
Authors: Tesoro Giuliana C. , Sello Stephen B. , Willard John J.
Published: March 2007

The Arbuzov reaction of cotton fabric containing the haloacetamidomethyl groups Cell-OCH2NHCOCH 2X (X=I, Br, Cl) has been studied systematically to prepare new cellulose phosphonate ester derivatives. Comparison of flame-retardant properties of the phosphonate derivatives with those of fabric containing a deposited polymer of related structure showed that phosphorus is more efficient in the form of a cellulose derivative. Problems generally associated with fabrics containing flame-retardant finishes, notably stiffness, were also minimized in the case of derivative formation. Laundering durability was excellent.

Further studies on the synergistic effect of nitrogen on flame retardant properties confirmed earlier results and showed that cotton sheeting fabric containing an N/P ratio of 3 at 2% P, 6 at 1.4% P, and about 12 at 0.9% P passed the vertical flame test.
Cyanamide-Based Durable Flame-Retardant Finish for Cotton
Authors: O'Brien S. James
Published: March 2007

Results of recent work on the cyanamide-phosphoric acid flame retardant for cellu losic fabrics are reported. It is shown that this flame-retardant system can be applied to fabric in various ways to impart flame retardancy to cellulosic fabrics without seriously affecting the hand of the fabric, but that precautions are necessary to counter act a very rapid exothermic reaction which occurs during the drying and curing of the treated fabric. It is shown that the flame retardancy obtained with the cyanamide- phosphoric acid system is durable to laundering, the degree of durability depending on the hardness of the wash water. The results show that exceptionally good durability to home laundering is obtained when washing is done in soft water, softened water, or with the use of water softeners (sequestrants) if laundering is carried out in hard water. Methods are described for restoring flame retardancy of treated fabric which has been laundered to failure. The cyanamide-phosphoric acid flame retardant is also shown to be durable to commercial laundering and drycleaning and that this flame- retardant finish also imparts wash-wear properties, shrinkage control, and rot resistance to cellulosic fabrics. It is indicated that this system has a deleterious effect on the shade of some dyes, that selection of dyes to use with this system is a problem, but one which is at least technically soluble. Experiments carried out to elucidate the chemistry of the reaction between cyanamide and phosphoric acid with cellulose are reported.
Durable Non-Reactive Flame-Retardant Finishes for Cotton
Authors: Miles T.D. , Delasanta A.C.
Published: March 2007

One of the properties of all fiber-reactive, flame-retardant finishes for cottons is reduced fabric tear strength which results in reduced wear life. Decreased mobility within the fabric structure due to cross-linking reactions of the finish is the cause of tear strength losses. Currently available non-reactive finishes have limited durability to laundering.

Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate, combined with small amounts of polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, or acrylic polymers and applied to fabrics or garments from organic solvents, provides flame resistance to cotton fabrics which is durable to 15 accelerated mobile launderings.
Patterns of Flow of Technical Information—A Design Problem for the Textile Industry1
Authors: Wells R.D.
Published: March 2007

The role of an industry information storage and retrieval (ISR) system for published material is related to the total-information flow network. Suggestions are made for reorganization of literature and conferences to serve major user needs in groupings, form of presentation, and timing. Consolidation around natural cores of basic technology is recommended for internal efficiency and to facilitate linkages with discipline and allied networks. Divisional information centers integrated by computer- based systems, and inclusion of unpublished material in the ISR data banks, are proposed.
Nonwoven Fabric Studies Part XV: The Application of the Fiber Network Theory
Authors: Hearle J.W.S. , Newton A.
Published: March 2007

The stress-strain curves of several bonded fiber fabrics have been theoretically determined from measurements of the properties and arrangement of the constituent fibers, and these curves are compared with the measured fabric stress-strain curves. The results demonstrate how the behavior of the fiber network can influence that of the fabric and indicate that the behavior of the binder must be introduced for a complete explanation of the fabric behavior at high strains.
Mechanical, Thermal, and Thermomechanical Properties of Propionylated Cotton Yarn
Authors: Sircar Anil K. , Conrad Carl M.
Published: March 2007

Mechanical, thermal, and thermomechanical properties of propionylated cotton yarn of varying degree of substitution (DS) are reported. The properties examined were yarn number, breaking strength, elongation, twist, tensile stiffness, differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) behavior and stiffness, elastic recovery, and work recovery at elevated temperatures.

Breaking strength, on the basis of the tex of the control yarn, is within 84% of the control up to a DS of 2.0. Elongation at break generally increases and tensile stiffness decreases with DS. A great improvement of toughness is observed with propionylation, except in cases where the sample is degraded by a two-stage preparatory treatment. DTA tracings show exothermic transitions consistent with recombination and inter reaction of cellulose fragments, and the interpretations are amply supported by TGA results. Stiffness, work recovery, and elastic recovery measured at the temperature range of 30-155°C all show a glass transtion at 120 ± 10°C. The rate of stiffness loss increases with increasing substitution. The elastic recovery and work recovery curves are consistent with the loss of lateral order at higher substitution. In all the measure ments, the curves in the second cycle of heating and cooling reveal the same features as those of the cooling phase of the first cycle but are more symmetrical due to stabilization of yarn structure.
The Heat of the Phase Transformation in Wool Keratin Under Various Conditions
Authors: Haly A.R. , Snaith J.W.
Published: March 2007

Measurements were made of the heat of the phase transformation in wool. The measured heat varies with variation in the amount of water sealed with the sample and with variation in the heating rate. For instance, an increase in heating rate by a factor of four (approx. 0.5°C/min to 2°C/min) caused an increase in the measured heat of transformation from 3.9 cal/g to 7.3 cal/g. Parallel x-ray diffraction studies indicated that a lower rate of heating favored a crystal-crystal change (an α → β trans formation), and a higher rate favored a crystalline → noncrystalline change. In agree ment with others, our calculations indicate that the fraction of crystalline material in wool is approximately 0.25-0.30.
Measurement of Three-Dimensional Fiber Crimp
Authors: Brand R.H. , Kende P.
Published: March 2007

Crimp form of textile fibers is essentially three-dimensional in character. Two parameters, geometric curvature and torsion, accurately describe the space path of fiber crimp. Measurements needed for determination of these parameters are tedious and impractical to obtain by manual methods. An instrument built by Du Pont makes these measurements automatically. It differs from published instrumental techniques by providing data which allow definition of torsion and curvature of crimp as well as the more usual crimp frequency and extensibility parameters. Measurements of a series of fibers shows that fiber crimp, expected to be planar by virtue of mechanical crimping processes, has a three-dimensional character.
A Novel Polyfluorourea Finish for Cotton
Authors: Connick W.J. , Ellzey S.E.
Published: March 2007

An N-alkoxymethyl-N'-(1,1-dihydroperfluoroalkyl)urea is applied to cotton fabric with an acid catalyst to impart high oil repellency and moderate water repellency which are durable to home laundering. The finish is believed to be based on the formation of a highly insoluble fluorinated bis-urea. Stain repellency and release properties, judged with several common stains, were good, except with dirty motor oil. Oily soil re deposition was intermediate between older and newer types of commercial fluorochemical finishes.
Machine Washing of Wool
Authors: Swanepoel O.A. , Van Rooyen Annette
Published: March 2007

The relationship between the rates of felting and soil removal was investigated when wool fabrics were washed in domestic washing machines under various conditions of agitation, machine load, and foaming. It was shown that this relationship is a direct one for a particular detergent solution used in the machine. At higher loads, the rates of felting and desoiling are retarded, but the linear relationship is still maintained. Efficient soil removal with less felting can be ob tained by the selection of a suitable detergent.
Preliminary Results on the Elastic Moduli of Wool, Mohair, and Kemp Fibers by Ultrasonic Pulse Techniques
Authors: King N.E. , Kruger P.J.
Published: March 2007

The preliminary difficulties involved in exciting single animal fibers to act as elastic waveguides at 0.5 MHz have been overcome. Propagation constants of the lowest-order vibration modes were used to calculate the respective elastic constants of the fibers.
A Study on Wax Content and its Relation to Moisture Regain and Tensile Strength of Cotton Fiber
Authors: Pandey S.N. , Iyengar R.L.N.
Published: March 2007

The wax content of cotton and its relation to moisture regain and fiber bundle strength was studied on 22 cotton varieties belonging to four different botanical species, with a wide range of fiber characteristics. Determination was also made of moisture regain and bundle strength of raw and dewaxed cottons at 65 and 85% RH. The wax content varied widely from 0.35% to 1.19%, the mean wax content for all the varities being 0.61%. Dewaxed cottons showed higher bundle strength and lower moisture regain than the same raw cottons at both the levels of RH. The probable reasons for these are explained. The correlation coefficient between the wax content and the bundle strength was positive and significant at 5% level at 65% RH. However, the significance disappeared when barbadense cottons, which were stronger and had higher wax content, were excluded. The correlation coefficient between the wax content and moisture regain was, however, negative and significant at 5% level at 65% RH and negligible at 85% RH. Fiber bundle strength of raw and dewaxed cottons showed a high correlation of +0.93.
Surface Tension of Fluoropolymers
Authors: Chan Richard K.S.
Published: March 2007

Through contact-angle experiments in air and under water, it has been found that the nonpolar surface tension γ ad and the polar surface tension γsp of a smooth fluoropolymer surface could qualitatively reveal the behavior of staining in air and stain removal under water. The effect of temperature on staining and stain removal was also studied. Practical application of this work is to help define the surface properties of a coating of paint or textile finish and their relation to stain repellency and removal.
Photo-Initiated Cross-Linking of Cotton-Cinnamate Fabric
Authors: Hertoniere N.R. , Franklin W.E. , Rowland S.P.
Published: March 2007

The effect of uv light (2537 Å) on the fabric properties of cotton cinnamate was investigated. At the higher degrees of substitution (DS = 0.3 0.6), the cinnamoyl substituents afforded partial protection of the cellulose from photodegrada tion. Cinnamate substituents raised wet and conditioned wrinkle-recovery angles of cotton to the extent of approxi mately 45° and 38° (W + F), respectively, at DS values of 0.48 and 0.58. Irradiation of cotton cinnamates increased both wet and conditioned wrinkle-recovery angles of the fabrics by relatively small amounts up to 36 and 40°, respec tively. These increases are attributed to dimerization between pairs of cinnamate groups with the formation of cross links.
Studies of Breaking-Stress Distributions
Authors: Knox Leslie J. , Whitwell John C.
Published: March 2007

Since the chain-type weak-link theory was first proposed by Pierce in 1926, many items in the literature have referred to it in one form or another. There has, however, been little extensive testing of this theory for either yarns or individual fibers. In this paper, the hazard function is used as a sensitive test for the data of Pierce on cotton yarns, those of Moreton on carbon filaments, and data gathered in the authors' laboratory on viscose rayon filaments. In each of these cases, it is shown that the theory does not apply. Alternate models are proposed and the most tractable of these is discussed in detail. Parameters in this model are estimated for the viscose rayon data.
Anisotropy in Some Mechanical Properties of Woven Fabrics
Authors: Sengupta A.K. , De D. , Sarkar B.P.
Published: March 2007

A woven fabric is considered as an anisotropic lamina and initial modulus and crease recovery of cotton woven fabrics have been studied. It is observed that Patterson's relation of anisotropy in initial modulus for nonwoven fahrics is, also, generally valid for woven fabrics. Crease recovery in a bias direction is higher than those in the warp and weft directions. A marked difference exists in crease recovery values with twill woven fabrics for positive and negative direction of bending.
Wrinkle Recovery of Fabric Assemblies
Authors: Morton Margaret I. , Hanchar Valerie K.
Published: March 2007

The wrinkle recovery angles of five backing fabrics were measured singly and in assembly with a wool-blend suiting fabric. The wrinkle recovery rate of the assemblies was governed by the wool-blend component, whereas the total recovery increased as the wrinkle recovery of the backing increased and was dependent on the fabric component situated inside the axis of the crease.
NMR Studies of Cotton and Wool in Sorption Process
Authors: Shishoo Roshan , Lundell Malte
Published: March 2007

The interaction of cotton and wool materials with moisture has been studied by using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NM R) technique, with a view to follow the changes in segment mobilities of these fiber structures in a sorption process. By making repeated sweeps of the magnetic field, the changes in the broad-peak of the derivative curves could be measured with increasing time of humidifying from about 0% → 50 ± 1% RH. Such changes were recorded for untreated and crosslinked cotton and wool. Crosslinking treatment decreases the total segment mobility, reduces the time for stabiliza tion of mobility, and eliminates one of the typical characteristics of untreated cotton and reduced wool in sorption process, i.e., segment mobility passing through a maximum value. The above samples when wrinkled after being pre-humidified for different times, showed that wrinkle recovery goes through a minimum value, the critical time and the extent of recov ery depending on the given treatment.
Analysis of the Curvature in Bicomponent Fibers with Complex Cross Sections
Authors: Yang Wen Long , Yang Shok Keng
Published: March 2007

The theoretical analysis based on elementary beam theory and the minimization of strain energy, is developed to predict curvatures of bicomponent fibers with arbitrary cross sections. Comparison of the present prediction with other published results is made in the case of rectangular cross section.
Laundering Conditions for Improved Wash-and-Wear Appearance
Authors: Löwendahl Reidun , Åsnes Harald
Published: March 2007

The variables that effect the appearance of wash-and-wear fabrics in home laundering have been studied in an effort to develop recommendations for more effective, safer washing methods for better appearance. The study was confined to the defect of soaking, amount of load, mechanical action, and washing temperature in home laundry machines on the appear ance of wash-and-wear fabrics. The present investigation showed that the amount of load and the type of washing pro gram were of great importance for the appearance. A low loading in the washing machine and a "continuous" drum rotation, including very short stop periods, are effective in minimizing wrinkles. Short spin-drying periods will not re duce the appearance rating substantially.
The Mathematical Basis of Fiber-Length Analysis from Fibrogram Data
Authors: Prier Howard W. , Sasser Preston E.
Published: March 2007

Theoretical equations are developed which give the average length and the length distribution of the whole fiber popula tion from the scan of a fibrogram type specimen. The average fiber length is shown to be equal to twice the area under the fibrogram curve plus an offset which is dictated by the amount of fiber loss in the clamp. The length distribution, in terms of coefficient of variation, is shown to be the square root of three times the length at which the centroid of the fibrogram is located divided by the mean length minus 1. Data are presented for comparison of array data mean length and length distribution with mean length and length distribution by instrument using the derived equations. Linear correlation coefficients between the methods were 0.95 for length and 0.86 for distribution.
A New Test Method for Crease Sharpness
Authors: Verma B.C. , Ranganathan S.R.
Published: March 2007

A new test method for crease sharpness, based on thickness measurements in the region of crease, is described; the method is shown to be useful to evaluate the effect of some mechanical and wetting treatments on the degree of sharpness of the crease.
Application of the Law of Composites to Twisted Continuous-Filament Glass/Nylon Blended Yarns
Authors: Haddad G.N. , Sutton J.E.
Published: March 2007

The results are reported of a comprehensive experimental study carried out to determine the tensile behavior of a blended yam as a function of twist and blend ratio. The findings may serve as criteria for the design of a blended yarn with pre-determined characteristics.

Blends of continuous-filament glass/nylon strands were prepared, twisted, and subjected to various tests and observa tions. The experimental results were then analyzed and compared with the existing theories. Excellent agreement was found between the law of composites, normally used for an untwisted matrix, and blended yarn tensile data at twist angles of up to 20°. Moreover, the all-glass yarn tensile model, presented in a previous paper, was found adequate to describe the tensile-twist behavior of the glass/nylon blended yarns. The agreement between this model and the experi mental data improve as the glass content decreases. This change is believed to be due to an apparent improvement in the abrasion resistance of the blended structure.
The Chemical Composition of Wool
Authors: Bradbury J.H. , Peters D.E.
Published: March 2007

Macrofibrils of wool fibers are prepared by ultrasonication of cortical cells in formic acid and are separated from other particles by differences between their rates of settling in a column of ethanol. The macrofibrils are observed by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to be about 10 μm long and 0.3 μm diameter and are made up of finer, fibrous filaments. The amino acid analysis of macrofibrils is essentially the same as that of cortical cells, which have been subjected to a similar ultrasonication treatment.
Modification of the Properties of Wool Through Internal Deposition of Polymers
Authors: Needles Howard L. , Sarsfield Linda J. , Dowhaniuk Doreen M.
Published: March 2007

Techniques available for internal deposition of polymers in wool and the properties of the resulting modified wool are reviewed. Internal deposition of polymers inside wool is initiated by several free radical or radical-ion tech niques including high-energy radiation or chemical initiation. Internal deposition of polymers in wool is considered to be a finishing technique for wool, since many changes in the physical and chemical properties of the modified wools have been reported. Deposition of specific polymers in wool are found to alter selected finishing characteristics of wool and the location of polymers within the wool fiber have been characterized in certain cases. Recent findings on the effect of internal polymer on the dyeing properties of wool are reported. Future prospects for internal deposition of polymers in wool, as a method to extend the utility of wool fibers, are explored.
Photooxidation of Chemically Modified Celluloses and Free-Radical Formation
Authors: Daruwalla E.H. , Moonim S.M. , Arthur Jett C.
Published: March 2007

Free-radical and functional-group formations in cotton cellulose and in acetylated, benzhydrylated, benzoylated, benzylated, and cyanoethylated cotton celluloses on irradiation with near-uv light were determined. Modified cotton celluloses with electron withdrawing groups, such as acetyl and benzoyl groups, were more resistant to photooxidation than modified celluloses with structures, such as benzhydryl, benzyl, and cyanoethyl groups. The electron-spin resonance spectra of the photo-irradiated celluloses, in all cases, were singlet spectra; however, the steady-state concentrations of the free radicals in the irradiated celluloses were related to the nature of the pendant groups.
Constitution of the Deposit on the Inner Surfaces of Gin Roll Boxes
Authors: Wakelyn P.J. , Loewenschuss Hana , Roark B.A. , Laird J.W.
Published: March 2007

Material which had accumulated on the inner surface of gin roll boxes during the ginning of immature bolls has been collected and subjected to chemical analysis. This deposit material, which was a dried, hard, dark-brown substance, has been shown to be about 25% protein and 8% lipid, the remainder being fuzz fibers, lint, and seed-coat fragments. The protein had an amino acid composition similar to the protein of cottonseed and the lipid was composed of cotton wax and cottonseed oil. It was suggested that the deposit material originates from immature cottonseed and it may be the same as material that causes saw tooth clogging, which can occur when early season machine-stripped cotton is ginned.