bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Marine Protected Areas in Areas beyond National Jurisdiction
Authors: Petra Drankier
Published: April 2012

Abstract

Marine protected areas (MPAs) in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) are embedded in a number of multilateral frameworks. The present report discusses how various global and regional conventions deal with MPAs in their regulatory frameworks, such as their processes and guidelines for the identification and designation of MPAs in ABNJ, and cross-sectoral issues. It is concluded that the designation of MPAs is one step, but it needs to be followed by effective management measures in order to prevent that MPAs, especially multi-purpose MPAs, only exist on paper for many years. Such measures are mostly sector-specific and thus often fall under the competences of various organizations that have their own individual criteria and balance of interests. The report concludes by providing recommendations to overcome obstacles in cross-sectoral cooperation and coordination, as well as on how to combine global and regional interaction.
Conversion as Statelessness: A Study of Contemporary Algerian Conversions to Evangelical Christianity
Authors: Marzouki Nadia
Published: April 2012

This article analyzes current practices of conversion to Evangelical Christianity from the perspective of a contentious relation between state and society in Algeria. Based on a pragmatist approach to religion as a contextual and practical accomplishment, this study shows how Evangelical Christianity has provided converts with a new understanding of freedom that is based on the cultivation of a pure faith. It examines how this renewed piety contributes to the formation of an alternative ideal of the Algerian nation, one that contradicts the Arabo-Islamist FLN imposed narrative. Drawing upon observations gathered during several research trips in Kabylia, Algiers and Oran, this paper does not seek to develop a general theory of Muslim conversions in the Muslim world. Rather, it presents the ways in which conversion is practiced and explained by Algerian converts within the specific political and cultural context in which they live. It shows how converts’ discourse and practice connect global Evangelical themes to claims and contentions that emerge specifically from Algerian political and religious history. In doing so, it seeks to contribute to the ongoing scholarly discussions of the complex ways in which global Pentecostalism blends into local cultures.
Implementing Change
Authors: Kamholz Karen L. , Parker Margaret G. , Philipp Barbara L.
Published: April 2012

Initiating a pasteurized human donor milk (PDM) program in a level III neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) can be a difficult process that requires commitment by a multidisciplinary team, education, sufficient funding, and “buy-in” from NICU staff, families, and hospital administration. We began planning for our program in February 2011 and started using PDM in June 2011. This paper describes the steps taken and the obstacles overcome to initiate a PDM program for our hospital’s tiniest, sickest, and most vulnerable patients.
Utilising podcasts for learning and teaching: a review and ways forward for e-Learning cultures
Authors: Kidd Warren
Published: April 2012

This article explores the usefulness of podcasts as a pedagogic tool.1 It situates the adoption of podcasts for learning and teaching within the context of a brief history of e-Learning itself and briefly reviews the suggestion that e-Learning and social media suit the construction of a new learner – the digital native. While treating much of the ‘digital native’ debate with some caution, the argument is made that podcasting – as one pedagogic choice among many – is a fruitful avenue for practitioner exploration. It goes on to develop both an ideal-type of podcasting and some suggestions for a ‘podagogy’ ( Rosell-Aguilar, 2007 ). The article argues that podcasting is a simple, cheap, accessible and powerful means to explore learning opportunities through the adoption of social media.2 At the same time, podcasting represents a useful starting point for institutions, senior managers and e-leaders to develop e-cultures among teaching practitioners, within a context of leadership for creativity.
Utility of nuclear morphometry in the cytologic evaluation of canine cutaneous soft tissue sarcomas
Authors: Meachem Melissa D. , Burgess Hilary J. , Davies Jennifer L. , Kidney Beverly A.
Published: April 2012

Cytopathologists lack reliable criteria to distinguish neoplastic from reactive spindle cells; however, with computer-based nuclear morphometry, it is now possible to more objectively and precisely quantify differences between selected populations of cells. Forty-four cutaneous soft tissue sarcomas and 5 cases of reactive spindle cell proliferations in the dog were morphometrically analyzed with regard to median and standard deviation (SD) of nuclear area, diameter (max, min, mean), radius (max, min), perimeter, and roundness. Overall, nuclei from reactive spindle cells were larger, with greater variation in nuclear size and shape. Significant differences ( P < 0.05) were found for several nuclear parameters, including the median and SD of maximum diameter and radius, as well as the SD of roundness. No significant differences were found in nuclear parameters between soft tissue sarcomas divided by histologic grade, mitotic index, or tumor necrosis score. Analysis of the sources of variation indicated near-perfect intraobserver and substantial interobserver agreement. The largest source of variation was due to selection of different measurement fields, reflecting the inherent biological variation in nuclear size within the tumor cell population. The results indicate that nuclear morphometry on cytologic preparations is a reproducible method that may be able to differentiate cutaneous soft tissue sarcomas from reactive mesenchymal lesions in the dog. Further studies, including a larger number of cases, are warranted to assess repeatability of results.
Cutaneous toxoplasmosis in two dogs
Authors: Hoffmann Aline Rodrigues , Cadieu Jennifer , Kiupel Matti , Lim Ailam , Bolin Steve R. , Mansell Joanne
Published: April 2012

Cutaneous toxoplasmosis has been previously reported in human beings, rarely reported in cats, and reported in 1 dog with systemic toxoplasmosis. The present report describes 2 cases of cutaneous toxoplasmosis in 2 dogs treated with immunosuppressive therapy. One of the dogs developed generalized cutaneous pustules and pruritus, and the other dog only had a single subcutaneous nodule. Microscopically, skin biopsies showed moderate to severe pyogranulomatous and necrotizing dermatitis and panniculitis, with multifocal vasculitis and vascular thrombosis. Single or aggregates of protozoal tachyzoites were mostly intracytoplasmic and occasionally extracellular. The etiology was confirmed in both cases by immunohistochemistry and by polymerase chain reaction assays, which were followed by nucleic acid sequencing. Both patients were treated with clindamycin. The dog with generalized lesions developed pulmonary and neurological signs and was euthanized. The dog with a single nodule recovered completely with no remission of cutaneous lesions.
Mycobacterium DNA detection in liver and skin of a horse with generalized sarcoidosis
Authors: Oliveira-Filho José P. , Monteiro Lidianne N. , Delfiol Diego José Z. , Sequeira Julio L. , Amorim Rogério M. , Fabris Viciany E. , Del Piero Fabio , Borges Alexandre S.
Published: April 2012

Sarcoidosis is a rare equine skin disease characterized primarily by an exfoliative and granulomatous dermatitis but also presenting granulomatous inflammation of multiple systems. The current report presents the clinical and histopathological findings of sarcoidosis in a 16-year-old American Quarter Horse gelding with nested polymerase chain reaction Mycobacterium spp. DNA detection within hepatic and skin samples. Mycobacterium spp. may play a role in the pathogenesis of equine sarcoidosis as has been proposed for human sarcoidosis.
Endogenous lipid (cholesterol) pneumonia in three captive Siberian tigers (Panthera tigris altaica)
Authors: Bollo Enrico , Scaglione Frine Eleonora , Chiappino Laura , Sereno Alessandra , Triberti Orfeo , Schröder Cathrin
Published: April 2012

During the years 2009–2011, 7 Siberian tigers ( Panthera tigris altaica), aged between 2 and 14 years, from the Safaripark of Pombia were referred for necropsy to the Department of Animal Pathology of the University of Turin (Italy). Three tigers, aged 10 (2 animals) and 14 years, had multifocal, irregularly distributed, white, soft, subpleural, 3-mm nodules scattered throughout the lungs. Histologically, there was a marked infiltration of macrophages, with foamy cytoplasm, and multinucleate giant cells interspersed with numerous clusters of cholesterol clefts. A mild lymphocytic infiltration was localized around the lesion. The findings were consistent with endogenous lipid pneumonia, which was considered an incidental finding of no clinical significance.
Bovine viral diarrhea virus antigen detection across whole cattle hides using two antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays
Authors: Vander Ley Brian L. , Ridpath Julia F. , Sweiger Shaun H.
Published: April 2012

Bovine viral diarrhea virus is a costly disease of cattle that can be controlled by vaccination, biosecurity, and removal of persistently infected cattle. Development and proficiency testing of assays to identify persistently infected cattle requires substantial quantities of known positive- and negative-sample material. The objective of this study was to determine what sections of bovine skin contained Bovine viral diarrhea virus antigen. Two commercially available antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunoassays were used to test subsamples representing the entire skin of 3 persistently infected calves. Both assays detected Bovine viral diarrhea virus antigen in the samples indicated for use by assay protocol. However, one assay identified all subsamples as positive, while the second assay identified 64.4% of subsamples as positive. These results show that use of samples other than those specified by the assay protocol must be validated for each individual assay. In this study, alternative sample sites and use of the entire hide for proficiency testing would be acceptable for only one of the assays tested.
Locally infiltrative ameloblastic fibroma in a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) with characterizations of its proliferating activity and biological behavior
Authors: Liu David X. , Doyle Lara A. , Bouljihad Mostafa T. , Didier Peter J. , Gilbert Margaret H. , Wang Xiaolei , Pahar Bapi , Bohm Rudolf P. , Veazey Ronald S. , Lackner Andrew A.
Published: April 2012

An 8-year-old male rhesus macaque ( Macaca mulatta) presented with unilateral enlargement of the left mandible. Radiographs revealed a marked expansion of the left mandible with a multilocular radiolucent mass with abundant osteolysis. The mass was grossly firm, fleshy, and gelatinous on the cut surface. Histologically, the mass was locally infiltrative and composed of neoplastic epithelial and mesenchymal components that stained positive for cytokeratin and vimentin, respectively. Occasional densely spherical condensations of fibroblasts resembling the cap stage of odontogenesis were present in the mesenchyma. Immunohistochemical staining with Ki-67, S-100, and CD34 indicated that both epithelial and mesenchymal components of the neoplasm had low proliferation. Alcian blue, periodic acid–Schiff, and trichrome stains showed an immature stromal component with no collagen formation. Based on the clinical, histologic, and immunophenotypic features, the tumor was identified as a locally infiltrative ameloblastic fibroma.
Assisting Students With High-Incidence Disabilities to Pursue Careers in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
Authors: Dunn Cari , Rabren Karen S. , Taylor Stephanie L. , Dotson Courtney K.
Published: April 2012

Persons with disabilities have been underrepresented in the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields for many years. Reasons for this include low expectations for students with disabilities, limited exposure to prerequisite courses, lack of role models, and lack of access to individualized supports. This article identifies the issues related to the participation of students with learning disabilities and emotional and behavioral disorders in STEM college programs and provides transition planning strategies for assisting and encouraging students as they prepare for and succeed in STEM programs. A case study of a student with a disability who had a goal of pursuing a STEM career illustrates the issues commonly faced by students with disabilities. Research-based planning strategies addressing these issues that help ensure student success are provided.
A socio-political framework for evaluability assessment of participatory evaluations of partnerships: Making sense of the power differentials in programs that involve the state and civil society
Authors: Laperrière Hélène , Potvin Louise , Zúñiga Ricardo
Published: April 2012

Jointly conducted with a coalition of HIV/AIDS community-based organizations (CBOs), this evaluability assessment sought to better understand the factors that affect the feasibility of a participatory program evaluation to be undertaken in partnership with the CBOs’ non-governmental-organization members and public-health agencies. Participatory evaluations and partnerships are grounded in social and institutional authority structures that unavoidably influence researchers and evaluators. The construction of a theoretical framework for socio-political evaluability assessment of participatory evaluations is a necessary precondition for the coalition’s members to engage effectively in evaluation research with other partners.
Severe diabetes and leptin resistance cause differential hepatic and renal transporter expression in mice
Authors: More Vijay R , Wen Xia , Thomas Paul E , Aleksunes Lauren M , Slitt Angela L
Published: April 2012

Background

Type-2 Diabetes is a major health concern in the United States and other Westernized countries, with prevalence increasing yearly. There is a need to better model and predict adverse drug reactions, drug-induced liver injury, and drug efficacy in this population. Because transporters significantly contribute to drug clearance and disposition, it is highly significant to determine whether a severe diabetes phenotype alters drug transporter expression, and whether diabetic mouse models have altered disposition of acetaminophen (APAP) metabolites.

Results

Transporter mRNA and protein expression were quantified in livers and kidneys of adult C57BKS and db/db mice, which have a severe diabetes phenotype due to a lack of a functional leptin receptor. The urinary excretion of acetaminophen-glucuronide, a substrate for multidrug resistance-associated proteins transporters was also determined. The mRNA expression of major uptake transporters, such as organic anion transporting polypeptide Slco1a1 in liver and kidney, 1a4 in liver, and Slc22a7 in kidney was decreased in db/db mice. In contrast, Abcc3 and 4 mRNA and protein expression was more than 2 fold higher in db/db male mouse livers as compared to C57BKS controls. Urine levels of APAP-glucuronide, -sulfate, and N-acetyl cysteine metabolites were higher in db/db mice.

Conclusion

A severe diabetes phenotype/presentation significantly altered drug transporter expression in liver and kidney, which corresponded with urinary APAP metabolite levels.
Exploring professionalization among Brazilian oral health technicians
Authors: Sanglard-Oliveira Carla Aparecida , Werneck Marcos Azeredo Furquim , Lucas Simone Dutra , Abreu Mauro Henrique Nogueira Guimarães
Published: April 2012

Professional dental auxiliaries emerged in the early 20th century in the United States of America and quickly spread to Europe and other regions of the world. In Brazil, however, oral health technicians (OHTs), who occupy a similar role as dental hygienists, had a long journey before the occupation achieved legal recognition: Brazilian Law 11.889, which regulates this occupation in the country, was only enacted in 2008. The aim of this paper is to review the literature on the professionalization of OHTs, highlighting the triggering, limiting and conflicting aspects that exerted an influence on the historical progress of these professionals in Brazil. We have tested Abbott’s and Larson’s theory on professionalization, against the history of OHTs. A number of different dental corporative interests exerted an influence over professionalization, especially in discussions regarding the permissible activities of these professionals in the oral cavity of patients. With primary health care advances in Brazil, the importance of these professionals has once again come to the forefront. This seems to be a key point in the consolidation of OHTs in the area of human resources for health in Brazil.
Bitrate control using a heuristic spatial resolution adjustment for a real-time H.264/AVC encoder
Authors: Rhee Chae Eun , Kim Jin-Sung , Lee Hyuk-Jae
Published: April 2012

Conventional bitrate control algorithms that change only the quantization parameter (QP) often suffer from quality degradation when the target bitrate is very low. Therefore, rate control algorithms that adjust spatial resolution in addition to QP control have recently been proposed, but their computations are too complex to be processed in real time. This research proposes a very simple, but effective, rate control algorithm that employs spatial resolution control as well as the existing QP-based bitrate control. The spatial resolution ratio for the best peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is calculated using a simple estimation model which defines the relationship between the PSNR and the spatial resolution at very low bitrate compression. In the proposed bitrate control algorithm, two scalability tools for adjusting the QP and the spatial resolution ratio are used sequentially to reach the target PSNR and the control decision is made for a group of pictures. Experimental results show that the proposed bitrate control algorithm approximates an optimal solution and yields a better subjective quality as well as objective quality at various bitrates compared to the conventional QP-based bitrate control algorithm. The decision of the control parameters requires very small computational complexity and is made in a completely automatic manner so that the proposed algorithm is well suited for real-time applications.
A possible role for inflammation in mediating apoptosis of oligodendrocytes as induced by the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi
Authors: Ramesh Geeta , Benge Shemi , Pahar Bapi , Philipp Mario T
Published: April 2012

Background

Inflammation caused by the Lyme disease spirocheteB. burgdorferiis an important factor in the pathogenesis of Lyme neuroborreliosis. Our central hypothesis is thatB. burgdorferican cause disease via the induction of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines in glial and neuronal cells. Earlier we demonstrated that interaction ofB. burgdorferiwith brain parenchyma induces inflammatory mediators in glial cells as well as glial (oligodendrocyte) and neuronal apoptosis usingex vivoandin vivomodels of experimentation.

Methods

In this study we evaluated the ability of liveB. burgdorferito elicit inflammationin vitroin differentiated human MO3.13 oligodendrocytes and in differentiated primary human oligodendrocytes, by measuring the concentration of immune mediators in culture supernatants using Multiplex ELISA assays. Concomitant apoptosis was quantified in these cultures by thein situterminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and by quantifying active caspase-3 by flow cytometry. The above phenomena were also evaluated after 48 h of stimulation withB. burgdorferiin the presence and absence of various concentrations of the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone.

Results

B. burgdorferiinduced enhanced levels of the cytokine IL-6 and the chemokines IL-8 and CCL2 in MO3.13 cells as compared to basal levels, and IL-8 and CCL2 in primary human oligodendrocytes, in a dose-dependent manner. These cultures also showed significantly elevated levels of apoptosis when compared with medium controls. Dexamethasone reduced both the levels of immune mediators and apoptosis, also in a manner that was dose dependent.

Conclusions

This finding supports our hypothesis that the inflammatory response elicited by the Lyme disease spirochete in glial cells contributes to neural cell damage. As oligodendrocytes are vital for the functioning and survival of neurons, the inflammation and subsequent apoptosis of oligodendrocytes induced byB. burgdorfericould contribute to the pathogenesis of Lyme neuroborreliosis.
Capturing phenotypic heterogeneity in MPS I: results of an international consensus procedure
Authors: de Ru Minke H , Teunissen Quirine GA , van der Lee Johanna H , Beck Michael , Bodamer Olaf A , Clarke Lorne A , Hollak Carla E , Lin Shuan-Pei , Rojas Maria-Verónica Muñoz , Pastores Gregory M , Raiman Julian A , Scarpa Maurizio , Treacy Eileen P , Tylki-Szymanska Anna , Edmond Wraith J , Zeman Jiri , Wijburg Frits A
Published: April 2012

Background

Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is traditionally divided into three phenotypes: the severe Hurler (MPS I-H) phenotype, the intermediate Hurler-Scheie (MPS I-H/S) phenotype and the attenuated Scheie (MPS I-S) phenotype. However, there are no clear criteria for delineating the different phenotypes. Because decisions about optimal treatment (enzyme replacement therapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation) need to be made quickly and depend on the presumed phenotype, an assessment of phenotypic severity should be performed soon after diagnosis. Therefore, a numerical severity scale for classifying different MPS I phenotypes at diagnosis based on clinical signs and symptoms was developed.

Methods

A consensus procedure based on a combined modified Delphi method and a nominal group technique was undertaken. It consisted of two written rounds and a face-to-face meeting. Sixteen MPS I experts participated in the process. The main goal was to identify the most important indicators of phenotypic severity and include these in a numerical severity scale. The correlation between the median subjective expert MPS I rating and the scores derived from this severity scale was used as an indicator of validity.

Results

Full consensus was reached on six key clinical items for assessing severity: age of onset of signs and symptoms, developmental delay, joint stiffness/arthropathy/contractures, kyphosis, cardiomyopathy and large head/frontal bossing. Due to the remarkably large variability in the expert MPS I assessments, however, a reliable numerical scale could not be constructed. Because of this variability, such a scale would always result in patients whose calculated severity score differed unacceptably from the median expert severity score, which was considered to be the 'gold standard'.

Conclusions

Although consensus was reached on the six key items for assessing phenotypic severity in MPS I, expert opinion on phenotypic severity at diagnosis proved to be highly variable. This subjectivity emphasizes the need for validated biomarkers and improved genotype-phenotype correlations that can be incorporated into phenotypic severity assessments at diagnosis.
Patterns of endogenous steroids in apathetic refugee children are compatible with long-term stress
Authors: Söndergaard Hans Peter , Kushnir Mark M , Aronsson Bernice , Sandstedt Per , Bergquist Jonas
Published: April 2012

Background

During the last few years, a number of children of asylum applicants in Sweden developed an apathetic or unconscious state. The syndrome was perceived as new, and various explanations were advanced such as factitious disorder, intoxication, or stress. Considering a potential association between traumatic stress and regulation of steroids biosynthesis, this study explored whether changes in concentrations of endogenous steroids were associated with the above syndrome.

Methods

Eleven children were recruited in the study. Concentrations of steroids in blood samples were determined using high sensitivity liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry methods. Symptoms were assessed with a clinical rating scale developed for the study. Steroid concentrations were measured at the entry into study and after recovery; and concentrations were evaluated for the association with the symptoms in apathetic children.

Results

Cortisol and cortisone concentrations at baseline were negatively associated with duration of the symptoms from entry into the study to clinical recovery. Higher concentrations of pregnanes (pregnenolone, 17-OH-pregnenolone, and dehydroepiandrosterone) were observed in the symptomatic state and the concentrations decreased after the recovery.

Conclusions

Pattern of low cortisol concentrations found in apathetic children is consistent with long-term stress. An increase of upstream steroid metabolites (pregnanes) was found to be associated with the symptomatic state.
Modeling squirt dispersion and attenuation in fluid-saturated rocks using pressure dependency of dry ultrasonic velocities
Authors: de Paula Osni Bastos , Pervukhina Marina , Makarynska Dina , Gurevich Boris
Published: April 2012

Modeling dispersion and attenuation of elastic waves in fluid-saturated rocks due to squirt flow requires the knowledge of a number of geometrical parameters of the pore space, in particular, the characteristic aspect ratio of the pores. These parameters are usually inferred by fitting measurements on saturated rocks to model predictions. To eliminate such fitting and thus make the model more predictive, we propose to recover the geometrical parameters of the pore space from the pressure dependency of elastic moduli on dry samples. Our analysis showed that the pressure dependency of elastic properties of rocks (and their deviation from Gassmann’s prediction) at ultrasonic frequencies is controlled by the squirt flow between equant, stiff, and so-called intermediate pores (with aspect ratios between [Formula: see text]). Such intermediate porosity is expected to close at confining pressures of between 200 and 2000 MPa, and thus cannot be directly obtained from ultrasonic experiments performed at pressures below 50 MPa. However, the presence of this intermediate porosity is inferred from the significant linear trend in the pressure dependency of elastic properties of the dry rock and the difference between the bulk modulus of the dry rock computed for spherical pores and the measured modulus at 50 MPa. Moreover, we can infer the magnitude of the intermediate porosity and its characteristic aspect ratio. Substituting these parameters into the squirt model, we have computed elastic moduli and velocities of the water-saturated rock and compared these predictions against laboratory measurements of these velocities. The agreement is good for a number of clean sandstones, but not unexpectedly worse for a broad range of shaley sandstones. Our predictions showed that dispersion and attenuation caused by the squirt flow between compliant and stiff pores may occur in the seismic frequency band. Confirmation of this prediction requires laboratory measurements of elastic properties at these frequencies.
Accurate interval Q-factor estimation from VSP data
Authors: Blias E.
Published: April 2012

Inelastic attenuation, quantified by [Formula: see text], the seismic quality factor, has considerable impact on surface seismic reflection data. A new method for interval [Formula: see text]-factor estimation using near-offset VSP data was based on an objective function minimization measuring the difference between cumulative [Formula: see text] estimates and those calculated through interval [Formula: see text]. To calculate interval [Formula: see text], we used all receiver pairs that provided reasonable [Formula: see text] values. To estimate [Formula: see text] between two receiver levels, we used the equation that links amplitudes at different levels and could provide more accurate [Formula: see text] values than the spectral-ratio method. To improve interval [Formula: see text] estimates, which rely on traveltimes, we used a high-accuracy approach in the frequency domain to determine time shifts. Application of this method to real data demonstrated reasonable correspondence between [Formula: see text] estimates and log data.
Estimation of horizontal stress magnitudes and stress coefficients of velocities using borehole sonic data
Authors: Lei Ting , Sinha Bikash K. , Sanders Michael
Published: April 2012

We described a nondestructive method to estimate the maximum and minimum horizontal stresses and formation nonlinear elastic constants using sonic data from a vertical wellbore. This method for the estimation of horizontal stress magnitudes consists of using radial profiles of the three shear moduli obtained from the Stoneley and cross-dipole sonic data in a vertical wellbore. These shear moduli change as a function of formation stresses, which in turn change as a function of the radial position away from the wellbore. Two difference equations were constructed from the three far-field shear moduli and the other two were constructed from differences in the shear moduli at radial positions with different stresses in the presence of near-wellbore stress concentrations. Outputs from this inversion algorithm included the maximum and minimum horizontal stress magnitudes, and two rock nonlinear constants referred to a local hydrostatically loaded reference state. The underlying acoustoelastic theory behind this inversion algorithm assumes that differences in the three shear moduli are caused by differences in the formation principal stresses. Additionally, the orientation of the maximum horizontal stress direction was identified from the fast-shear azimuth in the presence of a dipole dispersion crossover. Hence, the principal horizontal stress state was fully determined. Good agreement was obtained between the predicted minimum horizontal stress magnitude and that measured from an extended leak-off test in a vertical offshore wellbore in Malaysia. One of the nonlinear constants was obtained from differences between compressional velocity at two depths caused by differences in the overburden stress and the maximum and minimum horizontal stresses. Estimates were obtained for the stress coefficients of the compressional, fast-shear, and slow-shear velocities referred to a local reference state. These stress coefficients of velocities helped in the interpretation of observed time-lapse changes in seismic traveltimes caused by fluid saturation and reservoir stress changes.
A tensor higher-order singular value decomposition for prestack seismic data noise reduction and interpolation
Authors: Kreimer Nadia , Sacchi Mauricio D.
Published: April 2012

A patch of prestack data depends on four spatial dimensions ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] midpoints and [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] offsets) and frequency. The spatial data at one temporal frequency can be represented by a fourth-order tensor. In ideal conditions of high signal-to-noise ratio and complete sampling, one can assume that the seismic data can be approximated via a low-rank fourth-order tensor. Missing samples were recovered by reinserting data obtained by approximating the original noisy and incomplete data volume with new observations obtained via the rank-reduction process. The higher-order singular value decompostion was used to reduce the rank of the prestack seismic tensor. Synthetic data demonstrated the ability of the proposed seismic data completion algorithm to reconstruct events with curvature. The synthetic example allowed to quantify the quality of the reconstruction for different levels of noise and survey sparsity. We also provided a real data example from the Western Canadian sedimentary basin.
Do We Want a Revolution without Revolution? Reflections on Political Authority
Authors: Edelstein Dan
Published: April 2012

How can we move past revisionism? This article suggests that a first step is to recognize its strengths: Furet was right to underscore the transformative effects of revolution on political culture. But his interpretation of its significance was flawed. Not only did the events of July 1789 transform the understanding of revolution that had prevailed in previous months, but this concept continued to evolve over the next four years. It gradually went from being identified with a popular “right of resistance” to becoming a future-oriented and open-ended concept, associated with state action. This transformation peaked in October 1793, when the National Convention declared “revolutionary government.” At this point, revolution provided the sole political authority for the Revolution. This legacy of the French Revolution would live on in the great revolutions of the twentieth century.

Comment sortir de l’impasse du révisionnisme? Cet article suggère qu’en premier lieu il faut reconnaître ses atouts: Furet avait raison de souligner le pouvoir transformateur de la révolution sur la culture politique. Mais l’interprétation qu’il donna de son sens est insuffisant. Les événements de juillet 1789 ont non seulement transformé la signification de « révolution » qui était en cours les mois précédents, mais ce concept a continué d’évoluer pendant les quatre années suivantes. D’abord identifié comme un droit populaire de résistance, il s’est transformé progressivement en un concept ouvert, orienté vers le futur, et associé avec le pouvoir d’état. Cette transformation toucha son comble en octobre 1793, quand la Convention proclama le « gouvernement révolutionnaire ». Dès ce moment, la révolution constitua la seule autorité politique pour la Révolution. Cette contribution de la Révolution française se retrouvera dans les grandes révolutions du vingtième siècle.
“He Who Rushes to Riches Will Not Be Innocent”: Commercial Values and Commercial Failure in Postrevolutionary France
Authors: Vause Erika
Published: April 2012

While scholars have written widely on the importance of honor in postrevolutionary France, the construction of commercial honor has been little discussed. This article examines the bankruptcy and subsequent trial of the banker Demiannay in Restoration Rouen with particular attention to the role of commercial honor and dishonor in practices and discourses surrounding business failure in the early nineteenth century. A careful reconstruction of the events preceding the bankruptcy reveals the intertwining of social and financial networks and the importance of emotions and not just rational calculation in economic decision making. In Demiannay’s trial, narratives concerning ambition, family obligation, and self-interest, mobilized by all parties, defined what it meant to fail “honorably” and at the same time justified the existing socioeconomic order.

Alors que l’importance de l’honneur dans la France post-révolutionnaire a été largement étudiée, la construction de l’honneur commercial n’a pas reçu la même attention historiographique. Cet article traite de la faillite et du procès du banquier Demiannay dans le Rouen de la Restoration. Une reconstruction minutieuse des événements qui ont précédé la chute de la banque révèle un monde émotionnel dans lequel les réseaux financiers et sociaux sont entremêlés et où les émotions jouent un rôle aussi important que le calcul rationnel dans les décisions économiques. Lors du procès, les récits construits par les différentes parties autour des notions d’honneur, d’ambition, d’obligation familiale et d’intérêt personnel ont défini ce que signifiait une « faillite honorable » et en même temps ont justifié l’ordre socioéconomique traditionnel.
Introduction: Genres of Blur
Authors: Jay Martin , Bencivenga Ermanno , Burke Peter , Jones Christopher P. , Butterfield Ardis , García-Arenal Mercedes , Rosenak Avinoam , Clooney Francis X.
Published: April 2012

Ever since Clifford Geertz urged the “blurring of genres” in the social sciences, many scholars have considered the crossing of disciplinary boundaries a healthy alternative to rigidly maintaining them. But what precisely does the metaphor of “blurring” imply? By unpacking the varieties of visual experiences that are normally grouped under this rubric, this essay seeks to provide some precision to our understanding of the implications of fuzziness. It extrapolates from the blurring caused by differential focal distances, velocities of objects in the visual field, and competing perspectival vantage points to comparable effects in the intersection of different scholarly disciplines. Arguing against the holistic implications of Geertz's metaphor, as well as the even more totalizing concept of “consilience” introduced by E. O. Wilson, it suggests that blurring implies new types of complexity between or among those disciplines.
Fuzzy Histories
Authors: Burke Peter
Published: April 2012

This article is concerned with history that is fuzzy in the sense of impressionistic rather than systematic, using “soft” rather than “hard” data and concerned more with “lumping” than with “splitting.” It argues that there have been at least four phases in the two centuries of conflict between precise and fuzzy historians. In the first phase, in the nineteenth century, precise history, firmly based on documents, was defined, by Leopold von Ranke and the Rankeans, against an older fuzzy or “conjectural” history. In a second phase, at the beginning of the twentieth century, a new fuzzy history was defined against “positivist” history, by Karl Lamprecht in Germany, Lucien Febvre in France, and George Trevelyan in England, among others. In a third phase, in the middle of the twentieth century, practitioners of quantitative history (sometimes known as the New Economic History or more generally as “cliometrics”) condemned all nonquantitative historians as fuzzy. In a fourth phase, from the 1970s onward, a still newer fuzzy history, comprising historical anthropology, microhistory, and the New Cultural History, was defined against quantitative history by scholars such as Georges Duby in France, Carlo Ginzburg in Italy, and Robert Darnton in the United States. In short, there has been a gradual move from more or less unself-conscious imprecision to self-conscious antiprecision.
The Capicua repressor – a general sensor of RTK signaling in development and disease
Authors: Jiménez Gerardo , Shvartsman Stanislav Y. , Paroush Ze'ev
Published: April 2012

Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling pathways control multiple cellular decisions in metazoans, often by regulating the expression of downstream genes. In Drosophila melanogaster and other systems, E-twenty-six (ETS) transcription factors are considered to be the predominant nuclear effectors of RTK pathways. Here, we highlight recent progress in identifying the HMG-box protein Capicua (CIC) as a key sensor of RTK signaling in both Drosophila and mammals. Several studies have shown that CIC functions as a repressor of RTK-responsive genes, keeping them silent in the absence of signaling. Following the activation of RTK signaling, CIC repression is relieved, and this allows the expression of the targeted gene in response to local or ubiquitous activators. This regulatory switch is essential for several RTK responses in Drosophila, from the determination of cell fate to cell proliferation. Furthermore, increasing evidence supports the notion that this mechanism is conserved in mammals, where CIC has been implicated in cancer and neurodegeneration. In addition to summarizing our current knowledge on CIC, we also discuss the implications of these findings for our understanding of RTK signaling specificity in different biological processes.
Directly Linked Corrole Oligomers via Facile Oxidative 3–3′ Coupling Reaction
Authors: Hirabayashi Sho , Omote Masato , Aratani Naoki , Osuka Atsuhiro
Published: April 2012

Upon heating with p-chloranil in CHCl3, 5,10,15-tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole (1H) underwent regioselective oxidative coupling reaction at the 3,3′-position to give dimer 2H and trimer 3H. Oxidation of 2H with p-fluoranil gave tetramer 4H and hexamer 6H. The crystal structures have been revealed for 2H, cobalt(III) complexed trimer 3Co·py6, and tetramer 4Co·py8.
Synthesis and Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Study on the Intercalation Compound of KTiNbO5 with Cationic Metalloporphyrin
Authors: Ma Juanjuan , Shao Feng , Liu Lin , Zhang Dongen , Gong Junyan , Tong Zhiwei
Published: April 2012

A cationic metalloporphyrin 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrinatoiron(III), FeTMPyP, was successfully intercalated into layered titanoniobate (KTiNbO5) through a guest-exchange method by using PrNH3+–TiNbO5 as an intermediate. The characterizations for the intercalation compound FeTMPyP–TiNbO5 were carried out by means of XRD, elemental analysis, and UV–vis absorption spectra. Electrochemical studies reveal that the glass carbon electrode modified with FeTMPyP–TiNbO5 hybrid exhibits good redox activity.
Thermodynamics of Lipoplex Formation: Relationship between the Lipid Alkyl Tail Length and Thermodynamic Functions
Authors: Fujii Shota , Nishimura Tomoki , Sakurai Kazuo
Published: April 2012

The formation of a cationic-lipid/DNA complex (lipoplex), where the lipids that have a quaternary amine headgroup and alkyl tails of various lengths are newly synthesized, was investigated by use of isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). SAXS showed that all of the samples formed a lamellar structure with DNA sandwiched between the lipid bilayers. For the hexyl tail, ITC showed an exothermic response, while for the nonyl and dodecyl tails, it was endothermic. We propose a lipoplex formation model to explain both SAXS and ITC results.
A customised collared polished stem may reduce the complication rate of impaction grafting in revision hip surgery
Authors: Flecher X. , Blanc G. , Sainsous B. , Parratte S. , Argenson J-N.
Published: April 2012

We describe the results of 81 consecutive revision total hip replacements with impaction grafting in 79 patients using a collared polished chrome–cobalt stem, customised in length according to the extent of distal bone loss. Our hypothesis was that the features of this stem would reduce the rate of femoral fracture and subsidence of the stem.

The mean follow-up was 12 years (8 to 15). No intra-operative fracture or significant subsidence occurred. Only one patient suffered a post-operative diaphyseal fracture, which was associated with a fall. All but one femur showed incorporation of the graft. No revision for aseptic loosening was recorded.

The rate of survival of the femoral component at 12 years, using further femoral revision as the endpoint, was 100% (95% confidence interval (CI) 95.9 to 100), and at nine years using re-operation for any reason as the endpoint, was 94.6% (95% CI 92.0 to 97.2).

These results suggest that a customised cemented polished stem individually adapted to the extent of bone loss and with a collar may reduce subsidence and the rate of fracture while maintaining the durability of the fixation.
A financial analysis of revision hip arthroplasty
Authors: Vanhegan I. S. , Malik A. K. , Jayakumar P. , Ul Islam S. , Haddad F. S.
Published: April 2012

Revision arthroplasty of the hip is expensive owing to the increased cost of pre-operative investigations, surgical implants and instrumentation, protracted hospital stay and drugs. We compared the costs of performing this surgery for aseptic loosening, dislocation, deep infection and peri-prosthetic fracture. Clinical, demographic and economic data were obtained for 305 consecutive revision total hip replacements in 286 patients performed at a tertiary referral centre between 1999 and 2008. The mean total costs for revision surgery in aseptic cases (n = 194) were £11 897 (sd 4629), for septic revision (n = 76) £21 937 (sd 10 965), for peri-prosthetic fracture (n = 24) £18 185 (sd 9124), and for dislocation (n = 11) £10 893 (sd 5476). Surgery for deep infection and peri-prosthetic fracture was associated with longer operating times, increased blood loss and an increase in complications compared to revisions for aseptic loosening. Total inpatient stay was also significantly longer on average (p < 0.001). Financial costs vary significantly by indication, which is not reflected in current National Health Service tariffs.
Gustilo IIIC fractures in the lower limb
Authors: Soni A. , Tzafetta K. , Knight S. , Giannoudis P. V.
Published: April 2012

Controversy continues to surround the management of patients with an open fracture of the lower limb and an associated vascular injury (Gustilo type IIIC). This study reports our 15-year experience with these fractures and their outcome in 18 patients (15 male and three female). Their mean age was 30.7 years (8 to 54) and mean Mangled Extremity Severity Score (MESS) at presentation was 6.9 (3 to 10). A total of 15 lower limbs were salvaged and three underwent amputation (two immediate and one delayed). Four patients underwent stabilisation of the fracture by external fixation and 12 with an internal device. A total of 11 patients had damage to multiple arteries and eight had a vein graft. Wound cover was achieved with a pedicled flap in three and a free flap in six. Seven patients developed a wound infection and four developed nonunion requiring further surgery. At a mean follow-up of five years (4.1 to 6.6) the mean visual analogue scale for pain was 64 (10 to 90). Depression and anxiety were common. Activities were limited mainly because of pain, and the MESS was a valid predictor of the functional outcome. Distal tibial fractures had an increased rate of nonunion when associated with posterior tibial artery damage, and seven patients (39%) were not able to return to their previous occupation.
A new technique for repair of acute or chronic extensor tendon injuries in zone 1
Authors: Gu Y. P. , Zhu S. M.
Published: April 2012

We describe a new surgical technique for the treatment of lacerations of the extensor tendon in zone I, which involves a tenodesis using a length of palmaris longus tendon one-quarter of its width. After exposing the dorsal aspect of the distal interphalangeal joint and harvesting the tendon, a 1.5 mm drill bit is passed through the insertion of the extensor tendon into the distal phalanx where it penetrates through the skin of the pulp of the digit. The palmaris longus tendon is threaded through the drill hole from dorsal to ventral and the ventral end is tied in a simple knot and trimmed. The palmaris longus tendon is then sutured to the extensor tendon close to its insertion, and also at the middle of the middle phalanx.

The operation was undertaken on 67 patients: 27 with an acute injury and 40 patients with a chronic mallet deformity. One finger (or the thumb) was involved in each patient. At a mean follow-up of 12 months (6 to 18), 66 patients (98.5%) received excellent or good results according to both the American Society for Surgery of the Hand (ASSH) classification and Miller’s classification.

Tenodesis using palmaris longus tendon after complete division of an extensor tendon in zone 1 is a reliable form of treatment for isolated acute or chronic ruptures.
Personalism and Populism in Nicaragua
Authors: Colburn Forrest D. , Cruz S. Arturo
Published: April 2012

Scholarship on populism has focused on the ways in which charismatic leaders trade economic benefits for political support and their ability to smother political institutions. But the Nicaraguan case suggests that attention should also be given to the other end of the polity—namely, the absence in the general population of a democratic culture that offers needed support for political institutions. In Nicaragua, the scarcity of informed, engaged, and exacting citizens—participants in politics—is an important part of the explanation for the persistence of personalism and populism.