bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transient stability and voltage regulation in the framework of the interval type‐2 fuzzy model‐based control systems
Authors: Abbadi Amel , Hamidia Fethia
Published: March 2019

In this paper, the transient stability enhancement and voltage regulation of a multimachine power system are investigated taking into account the generator parameter uncertainties. An interval type‐2 Takagi–Sugeno (IT2 T‐S) fuzzy model is proposed to represent the nonlinear plant subject to parameter uncertainties. New basic concepts of the IT2 T‐S fuzzy model are proposed to reduce considerably the number of models adopted. A Lyapunov‐based approach is employed to analyze the stability and the pole placement of the IT2 fuzzy closed‐loop system formed by the IT‐2 T‐S fuzzy model and the IT‐2 fuzzy controller. This approach presents a simple closed mathematical form that provides the possibility to regulate the system under uncertain model parameters with closed‐loop design specifications as linear matrix inequality (LMI)‐based optimization problems without any assumptions about the membership functions. A simulation example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed IT‐2 fuzzy model‐based control approach. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
DOA estimation of multipath signals in the presence of gain‐phase errors using an auxiliary source
Authors: Wang Zhangsheng , Xie Wei , Wan Qun
Published: March 2019

In this paper, we address the problem of direction‐of‐arrival (DOA) estimation of multipath signals in the presence of gain‐phase uncertainties using an auxiliary source (AS) with uniform rectangular array. Based on the assumption that the waveform of the AS is a known prior, and the signal of the AS impinges on the array without multipath propagation, a two‐step algorithm is proposed to estimate the DOAs along with the fading coefficients and gain‐phase errors. First, a coarse estimation is obtained by extending the traditional spatial smoothing‐based ESPRIT algorithm. Second, in order to overcome the performance deterioration due to a reduction of the effective array aperture, an alternate iterative algorithm is proposed. Meanwhile, the relevant stochastic Cramér‐Rao bound (CRB) is also derived. Simulation results show that the proposed method is capable of approaching the stochastic CRB when the signal–noise ratio (SNR) of the AS is large enough and is greater than the SNR of the unknown source. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Investigating the topology dependence of quark and gluon jets
Authors: Bright-Thonney Samuel , Nachman Benjamin
Published: March 2019

Abstract

As most target final states for searches and measurements at the Large Hadron Collider have a particular quark/gluon composition, tools for distinguishing quark- from gluon-initiated jets can be very powerful. In addition to the difficulty of the classification task, quark-versus-gluon jet tagging is challenging to calibrate. The difficulty arises from the topology dependence of quark-versus-gluon jet tagging: since quarks and gluons have net quantum chromodynamic color charge while only colorless hadrons are measured, the radiation pattern inside a jet of a particular type depends on the rest of its environment. Given a definition of a quark or gluon jet, this paper studies the topology dependence of such jets in simulation. A set of phase space regions and jet substructure observables are identified for further comparative studies between generators and eventually in data.
Spontaneous dark-matter mass generation along cosmological attractors in string theory
Authors: Coudarchet Thibaut , Heurtier Lucien , Partouche Hervé
Published: March 2019

Abstract

We propose a new scenario for generating a relic density of non-relativistic dark matter in the context of heterotic string theory. Contrary to standard thermal freeze-out scenarios, dark-matter particles are abundantly produced while still relativistic, and then decouple from the thermal bath due to the sudden increase of their mass above the universe temperature. This mass variation is sourced by the condensation of an order-parameter modulus, which is triggered when the temperature T (t) drops below the supersymmetry breaking scale M (t), which are both time-dependent. A cosmological attractor mechanism forces this phase transition to take place, in an explicit class of heterotic string models with spontaneously broken supersymmetry, and at finite temperature.
The two-loop five-point amplitude in $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 8 supergravity
Authors: Abreu Samuel , Dixon Lance J. , Herrmann Enrico , Page Ben , Zeng Mao
Published: March 2019

Abstract

We compute the symbol of the two-loop five-point amplitude in

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 8 supergravity. We write an ansatz for the amplitude whose rational prefactors are based on not only 4-dimensional leading singularities, but also d-dimensional ones, as the former are insufficient. Our novel d-dimensional unitarity-based approach to the systematic construction of an amplitude’s rational structures is likely to have broader applications, for example to analogous QCD calculations. We fix parameters in the ansatz by performing numerical integration-by-parts reduction of the known integrand. We find that the two-loop five-point

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 8 supergravity amplitude is uniformly transcendental. We then verify the soft and collinear limits of the amplitude. There is considerable similarity with the corresponding amplitude for

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 4 super-Yang-Mills theory: all the rational prefactors are double copies of the Yang-Mills ones and the transcendental functions overlap to a large degree. As a byproduct, we find new relations between color-ordered loop amplitudes in

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 4 super-Yang-Mills theory.
The Impending Dejudicialization of the WTO Dispute Settlement System?
Authors: Steinberg Richard H.
Published: March 2019

The Appellate Body (AB) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) is facing a crisis. Appointment of AB members requires a consensus of the Dispute Settlement Body (comprised of all WTO members), and the United States has been blocking a consensus on further appointments since Donald J. Trump became the president. Without new appointments, the ranks of the AB have been diminishing as AB members’ terms have been expiring. If this continues (and many expect the United States to continue blocking a consensus on appointments), then in December 2019, through attrition, the number of AB members will fall below the threshold necessary to render decisions, at which point the AB will cease to function.
Remarks of Jose Felix Pinto-Bazurco
Authors: Pinto-Bazurco Jose Felix
Published: March 2019

Developed countries usually have the means to take action, but face the
challenges of politicians debating whether or not climate change is a
priority. The case of developing countries is different: because even though
they might want to take action toward climate change, most of these
countries lack the means to do it, which are mainly having effective
institutional arrangements and regulation.
Atlas Shrugged: The U.S. Fatigue with Being the Market of Last
Resort
Authors: Baltzan Elizbeth
Published: March 2019

The Trump administration has made no secret about its frustration with
the World Trade Organization (WTO). Campaign rhetoric is being channeled
into policy. The United States is single-handedly strangling the Appellate
Body by blocking appointment of new members and complaining about those who
are holding over past their terms. The latest WTO ministerial resulted in no
deals. An administration that touts enforcement has largely eschewed filing
WTO complaints. The president's imposition of duties pursuant to Section 232
of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 (Section 232) is a manifestation of
deeper concerns with the asymmetry that was built into the global trading
system—asymmetry the United States encouraged at the time. That asymmetry
contributed to the U.S. status as the market of last resort: the destination
of choice for excess production, with adverse consequences for domestic
producers of similar goods.
Building Victim-Led Coalitions to Press for Justice Following Mass
Atrocity
Authors: Orentlicher Diane
Published: March 2019

Assurances of victim participation in proceedings before the
International Criminal Court and Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of
Cambodia have been seen as a welcome corrective to the flawed model of
earlier tribunals. The first such tribunal created since the postwar period,
the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), was
established by the UN Security Council in May 1993 without even consulting
those who survived the atrocities that gave rise to its creation, the
majority of which took place in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Nor were victims
formally incorporated into the ICTY's work except for those who provided
testimony and other evidence. (The same holds true for the International
Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, established by the UN Security Council in
1994; in the interests of brevity, my remarks will focus on the
ICTY.)
Introduction: Anatomy of the WTO Impasse
Authors: Claussen Kathleen
Published: March 2019

With the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995, major
changes were made to the dispute settlement system that had previously
governed international trade disputes. Prior to the WTO, the dispute
settlement system that had evolved under the General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade (GATT) was widely believed to suffer from certain structural
weaknesses. One perceived weakness was that the establishment of a dispute
settlement panel or the adoption of a panel's report required a positive
consensus of all the GATT contracting parties, effectively allowing
respondents to block losing outcomes against themselves. Thus, one major
change that resulted from the Uruguay Round of negotiations (which led to
the creation of the WTO) was the replacement of the positive consensus rule
with a negative consensus rule such that to block establishment of a panel
or adoption of a panel report, all WTO members have to agree not to
establish or not to adopt the report.
Remarks by Alice Thomas
Authors: Thomas Alice
Published: March 2019

Thanks. That was a particularly good introduction to some concepts that
I am going to try to address here, when I get into a much more messy,
complex area—which is how climate change is affecting human mobility, and
where the myriad of people who are moving or may move in the future of this,
where would they fit within the current regimes for refugees and migrants
and how do those regimes need to be amended or extended in order to better
protect the human rights of people that are moving in this context.
Remarks by Jean-Christopher Dumont
Authors: Dumont Jean-Christophe
Published: March 2019

Thank you very much for the invitation. Good morning, everybody. I am
based at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD),
which has been working on migration since the 1960s, and I will try to take
a different stance on the issue, stepping back and looking at the long-term
perspective regarding the global governance of migration.
Remarks by Elan Strait
Authors: Strait Elan
Published: March 2019

Thank you very much, and I am actually really excited about the table
arrangement here because I am wearing blue jeans, but right now I look very
formal, so this is perfect.
Remarks by Stephen Mathias
Authors: Mathias Stephen
Published: March 2019

Well, thank you, and thank you for the invitation to be here. Good
morning, everyone.
Remarks by Karen Vagts
Authors: Vagts Karen
Published: March 2019

Thank you all for coming. Dad was the only lawyer in our small,
tight-knit family, and we really did not know what he was about because at
home he was very modest, but we knew every spring he was headed to wherever
the ASIL conference was. After he passed, there were so many wonderful
statements about him, and we realized what he was doing was important and
what he was working on we would like to find some way to continue. We were
eventually pointed to ASIL by particularly Peter Trooboff and Harold Koh,
who will be conversing later today, and it made sense because this really
was Dad's community.
Remarks by Lisl Brunner
Authors: Brunner Lisl
Published: March 2019

Great. Well thank you to ASIL for inviting me, thank you to Joel and
Paul for inviting me, and thanks for the chance to read the paper, which I
really enjoyed. I thought it was really thought-provoking and it made me
want to go through and read all the citations that were cited in the
footnotes, which is always a good sign.
Remarks by Kurt Wimmer
Authors: Wimmer Kurt
Published: March 2019

Thank you, Paul. It is really an honor to be here, so thank you so much
to the family and to ASIL. I also am honored that my mentor and friend,
Peter Trooboff is here in the front row. No pressure on me at all. No
pressure. But really, Peter is the most intellectually generous lawyer I
have ever known, so it is wonderful that he is being honored today.
Robust Peacekeeping—Not Aggressive Peacekeeping
Authors: Khalil Mona A.
Published: March 2019

Since 1999, in the aftermath of the tragic failures in Rwanda and
Srebrenica, the UN Security Council (UNSC) has readily and consistently
entrusted UN peacekeeping operations (UNPKOs) with robust mandates and the
authority to use force beyond self-defense for the protection of civilians.
In the ensuing decades, it has also sought to provide more robust resources
including vehicles, weapons, equipment, and technologies to enable UNPKOs to
implement and fulfill their mandates. What is only now being addressed,
however, is the need for more robust performance. This presentation
describes the mindset, understanding, and attitudes that are required to
achieve an effective level of performance.
Remarks by Julian Nicholls
Authors: Nicholls Julian
Published: March 2019

Investigation and prosecution at international criminal courts and
tribunals of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide often present
challenges which are less common in domestic judicial systems. These
challenges may include conducting investigations many years after the crimes
were committed, in faraway countries, in which much of the testimonial and
other evidence is likely in a language not spoken by the majority of the
lawyers and investigators on the team.
Introductory Remarks by Tracey Begley
Authors: Begley Tracey
Published: March 2019

The discussion on humanitarian access is, unfortunately, an essential
one to have right now. The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian
Affairs (OCHA) estimates that about 141 million people across thirty-seven
countries are in need of humanitarian assistance. Of that, about 13.1
million people in Syria—that is twice the size of the population of the DC
metro area—and 22.2 million in Yemen, just to name two countries in
conflict. The operational and legal challenges to try to get even a small
amount of assistance to people in need are tremendous.
“Criminalization” of Humanitarian Action Under Counterterrorism
Frameworks: Key Elements and Concerns
Authors: Lewis Dustin A.
Published: March 2019

Of the diverse array of contemporary challenges around humanitarian
access in armed conflict, a particular set of issues concerns the so-called
“criminalization” of humanitarian action under counterterrorism frameworks.
This presentation raises some key elements of that set of issues.
Security Council “Legislation” on Foreign (Terrorist) Fighters
Authors: DeBartolo David
Published: March 2019

Thanks, Vincent-Joel, for the introduction and to Kimberley Trapp for
inviting me to speak.
Indonesia's Perspective
Authors: Agusman Damos
Published: March 2019

The conclusion of the Law of the Sea Convention in 1982 (Convention),
highlighted by the emergence of a new maritime zone and the extension of the
breadth of territorial sea from three to twelve nautical miles, has required
Indonesia to adjust its maritime boundaries. As any other coastal state,
Indonesia is entitled to all maritime zones as provided by the Convention
and therefore needs to draw the boundaries for the respective zone in
accordance with its provisions. Geographically, Indonesia is bordered by ten
neighboring states where the maritime zones overlap. As prescribed by the
Convention, Indonesia shall enter into negotiation with its neighbors to
reach an agreement. This Article will explain how Indonesia addresses the
issue.
Remarks by Ernst Hirsch Ballin
Authors: Ballin Ernst Hirsch
Published: March 2019

Maybe it is too soon to call it a tradition, but in recent years your
colleagues and friends in The Hague have sponsored this closing plenary with
much pleasure. In cooperation with the City of The Hague and His Majesty's
Embassy, the Asser Institute for International and European Law has
organized the panel discussion at the closing plenary. Our subject this year
is multilateralism, a topic that is close at heart to many of us. That is
certainly the case for us, practitioners and scholars based in The Hague,
where international efforts for multilateral agreements and institutions
have been part of the fabric of our city since the nineteenth century.
Multilateral institutions continue to define the spirit of our
city.
Criminalization and International Human Rights
Authors: Miller Alice M.
Published: March 2019

Human rights advocacy today engages with criminal law at international
and national levels with a new and rather conflicted posture. It is
reorienting from an approach that primarily treated human rights as a shield
from (unjust) prosecutorial and carceral power, and toward one calling for
criminal penalties and vigorous prosecutions as a remedy for harms. The
human rights abuses for which state prosecution is invoked today include not
only past and present state violations, such as torture, but crimes by
non-state actors, such as sexual and gender-based violence. At the same
time, paradoxically, many rights groups are calling for the review and
reduction of criminal regulation of a range of sexual and reproductive
health practices, including abortion, consensual sexual conduct outside of
marriage (same sex, heterosexual, and sex for money), and HIV
transmission.
Mapping the Shift: Human Rights and Criminal Law
Authors: Engle Karen
Published: March 2019

In 2015, the Institute for Policy Studies (IPS)—a progressive think tank
on U.S. domestic and foreign policy—awarded its annual human rights awards
to two criminal lawyers. The domestic award went to Daryl Atkinson, who
advocates for the rights of convicted felons. Its international award went
to Almudena Bernabeu, for what the IPS called her “successful prosecution of
several of the worst Latin American perpetrators of crimes against
humanity.” I do not think that the IPS was trying to be balanced by picking
a lawyer working on behalf of the rights of the formerly incarcerated, on
one hand, and a prosecutor, on the other. Rather, the organization sought to
honor those it sees as promoting human rights. In the context of U.S. law,
that means fighting for the rights of defendants and the convicted. For
international law, it means the opposite.
Remarks by Widney Brown
Authors: Brown Widney
Published: March 2019

I entered the field of human rights after practicing criminal defense
law in New York City. I brought to my work a passion for justice for victims
and survivors, particularly for those suffering from gender-based violence.
My work as a defense lawyer made me acutely aware that suspects and
defendants themselves can often be targeted for violence by agents of the
state.
Remarks by Sinara Gumieri
Authors: Gumieri Sinara
Published: March 2019

The organizations I work with share a critical perspective toward the
use of criminalization even as a response to
violations of sexual and reproductive rights. This
critical perspective holds, even as we operate in a field, and in political
contexts, where the symbolic or expressive function of criminal law is often
seen as a central aspect of its role in protecting rights, particularly for
women. We have come to this critical perspective through reflection and
experience: we see the practice of feminists resorting so often and so
strongly to calling for criminalization and more severe penalties for
gender-based violations, despite discouraging evidence of the impact of
penal law. From this, we conclude that through our invocations to the penal
state, we may be losing sight of our work to call out the state's
responsibilities to address the root causes of the violations we seek to
prevent and address.
Round Table as a Beginning: Questions, Debates, and Provisional
Conclusions
Authors: Miller Alice M. , Engle Karen , Brown Widney , Ahmed Aziza , Gumieri Sinara , Eisert Carrie
Published: March 2019

Audience members asked questions regarding specific practices and in
particular circled around the question of other ways forward—what other
practices should be used to hold actors accountable for violence, especially
the often still locally neglected problem of violence against women, as well
as violence against people with diverse or stigmatized gender and sexual
expressions and identities.
Remarks by David Freestone
Authors: Freestone David
Published: March 2019

As a teacher of international law for more years than I care to admit, I have to declare at the start of my comments that I admire the South China Sea Arbitration Award greatly. It presents an interpretation of the provisions of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) on islands and rocks in a comprehensive, carefully considered and intellectually satisfying way. As my colleagues will doubtless point out, it does present problems relating to current existing state practice, but it does to my mind capture what the UNCLOS III drafters had in mind when the 1982 Convention text was put together.
Good Medicine for Bad Politics? New Realism in the International Rule of
Law
Authors: Hurd Ian
Published: March 2019

When an international crisis erupts it is common to hear experts say
that the situation would be improved if all parties uphold their
international legal obligations. From the Syrian war to Burma's massacres to
Guantánamo torture, faithful compliance with the law of nations is often
prescribed as part of the cure for policies gone wrong. My work is motivated
by curiosity about how international law comes to be seen as a universal
good and its effects when invoked as “good medicine for bad policies.”
Compliance with international law often appears in policy and scholarly
analyses like a magical machine that transforms hot disagreements about what
should be done into cool solutions that serve the interests of everyone. My
work examines this idea with a degree of skepticism and holds it up against
some empirical cases. I suggest a return to pragmatic realism regarding the
politics behind the international rule of law.
International Arbitration in South Korea: A New Push Forward
Authors: Chung Liz (Kyo-Hwa)
Published: March 2019

Following the recovery of its economy in the aftermath of the Asian
financial crisis at the end of the 1990s, South Korea has been in the
forefront of development of international arbitration practice in Asia. As
Korean companies have become global players, the number of international
disputes is on the rise and dispute fora have also diversified over the
years.
Emerging Investment Treaty Arbitration Practice in China
Authors: Sun Huawei
Published: March 2019

Historically speaking, the Asia-Pacific region has contributed to the
evolution of the investment treaty arbitration practice. However, the case
number involving this region remains low when compared with the strong
growth of investment treaty arbitration worldwide. The region's role is
disproportionate to its prominence in the world economy or its extensive
network of investment treaty agreements (IIAs).
Best International Arbitration Practice in Hong Kong
Authors: Yang Ling
Published: March 2019

Thanks in no small part to its open market approach and consistent
support for pro-arbitration policies, over the past few decades, Hong Kong
has emerged as one of the world's leading centers for international
arbitration.
Remarks by Federico Ortino
Authors: Ortino Federico
Published: March 2019

When it comes to trade law, it is true that there appear to be certain
signs that we are moving back to non-discrimination and away from deeper
forms of integration. However, this is possibly (and hopefully) only a
limited and temporary shift. The strongest evidence of such a shift regards
the apparent interpretation by the WTO Appellate Body (AB) of the key
provisions in the TBT Agreement in such a way as to give prevalence to the
national treatment standard in Article 2.1 over the necessity requirements
in Article 2.2. For example, in US – Tuna II
(Mexico) the AB found the U.S. dolphin-safe regulations under review
inconsistent with Article 2.1, while also reversing the panel finding that
the U.S. dolphin-safe regulations were inconsistent with Article 2.2. Such a
result is surprising if one considers the general agreement among
commentators that the disciplines embodied in the TBT Agreement (as well as
in the SPS Agreement) went beyond the non-discrimination obligation of the
GATT.
Federico Ortino
Authors: Ortino Federico
Published: March 2019

Even when it comes to investment, despite appearances to the contrary,
it does not seem to me that there is a shift to the non-discrimination
principle. First, there is no doubt that absolute standards such as fair and
equitable treatment or the provision on expropriation have by far
overshadowed the relative standards, in particular national treatment.
Second, while the MFN standard has, on the other hand, been a key provision
in investment treaty arbitration, particularly as an instrument to expand
the scope of the ISDS system (based on more favorable provisions found in
third-party treaties), there are clear signs in recent investment treaties
of the willingness to curtail the use of the MFN provision as a way to
extend the procedural and substantive protections of investors. This seems
to be the current position, for example, of both the United States and the
European Union (EU). Third, when it comes to the apparent disappearance of
the absolute standards of treatment in some of the treaties being negotiated
by the European Union (such as with Japan), this is more simply due to a
question of the nature of the EU external competence in commercial matters.
In its recent opinion on the EU-Singapore FTA, the Court of Justice of the
EU has determined that the EU does not have
exclusive competence to conclude agreements
covering non-FDI and ISDS. The EU has thus responded to such opinion by
splitting investment protection (with ISDS) from the rest of the trade
agreement, thus keeping investment liberalization (including market access
and national treatment) in the latter. In this way, while the trade
agreement will fall under the exclusive competence of the EU, the former
will still require ratification by each member state. While it is not clear
whether the backlash vis-à-vis investment protection and ISDS in some
quarters within some of the member states will eventually lead to the end of
EU investment treaties, a decision in this sense has not yet been taken by
EU institutions.
Remarks by Garth Schofield
Authors: Schofield Garth
Published: March 2019

The form of deliberations can certainly be significant to how a tribunal
approaches the task of coming to a decision. To counsel, or to an outside
observer, this may be something of a “black box”: the tribunal goes off
after the hearing, reaches agreement (or does not), and comes back a few
months later with a decision. What a tribunal does during that intervening
period, however, is significantly more nuanced.
Remarks by Philippa Webb
Authors: Webb Philippa
Published: March 2019

I was a silent observer in deliberations and readings at the ICJ for
fifteen cases, and my opinion of those was very positive. Laborious, yes,
time-consuming, yes. But in the end, it improves the outcome. What I find so
striking about the ICJ in comparison to other courts and so important with
its status as the principal judicial organ is that it is the judges who hold
the pen. There is a drafting committee of three judges, but after that the
judges have readings where they engage with the draft paragraph by paragraph
for the first reading, page by page for the second reading. In most cases
this process leads to a net improvement in the final result, so I can see
from an efficiency point of view it may not be ideal, but for the authority
and the quality of the judgment I think it is very important.
Remarks by Kimberly Prost
Authors: Prost Kimberly
Published: March 2019

Just very briefly, I think one of the criticisms—and a valid
criticism—that was levied against the International Court for the former
Yugoslavia (ICTY) was that when you read some of the decisions which were
divided, it appeared very clear that there had never been a conversation
between the majority and the minority. The lack of conversation and the lack
of deliberation had a significant effect on the case law. When you are
talking about individual criminal responsibility that is a major
difficulty.
Kimberly Prost
Authors: Prost Kimberly
Published: March 2019

This is one of the issues that is perhaps the most challenging for
judges who come to international courts from a national context. It is
particularly important that a judge understands the political context in
which they are judging. There is a tendency to say—and I have heard many
colleagues at the ICTY and International Criminal Court (ICC)
saying—“I am going to keep completely out of the politics
because that's none of my business, I'm here to just to do my judicial
role.” With great respect I think that is a fundamental
mistake, because the reality is if a judge is going to defend her
independence on an international court, she really has to understand the
political context in which she is defending it.
Remarks by Eduardo Silva Romero
Authors: Romero Eduardo Silva
Published: March 2019

Starting with the state-to-state disputes, my impression is that
international commercial arbitration has very little influence on them, if
not nil. That is the case for, I believe, two reasons. The first reason is
that the arbitrators dealing with state-to-state disputes and state-to-state
arbitrations are usually, if not always, public international lawyers, and,
further, they are often former judges of the ICJ, with the result that the
rules and practices of the ICJ are more present in those arbitrations than
those coming from international commercial arbitration. The second reason is
that not many, if any, international commercial arbitrators intervene in
those disputes. There may, in the end, be some procedural similarities
between state-to-state arbitration and international commercial arbitration,
due to the fact that both are “arbitration,” but that would be it.
Kimberly Prost
Authors: Prost Kimberly
Published: March 2019

Whenever I get asked this question, I always have to start by mirroring
my prime minister, Justin Trudeau. Trudeau said that a perfectly balanced
cabinet was 50/50 male/female. When he was asked why, he responded with an
answer to the effect of “because it's 2015.” I
think there is a lot of merit in that answer—simple but effective.
Remarks by Paul McKell
Authors: McKell Paul
Published: March 2019

Thank you, and thanks again from me, also, for the invitation today.
This is a topic which is extremely topical and extremely important.
Introductory Remarks by Chantal Thomas
Authors: Thomas Chantal
Published: March 2019

Without further ado, our really fabulous group of speakers. We will
begin with Professor Alex Aleinikoff. He is the university professor and
director of the Zolberg Institute on Migration and Mobility at The New
School in New York City, formerly the United Nations (UN) deputy high
commissioner for Refugees, and before that dean of the Georgetown Law School
here in Washington. After that we will be hearing from Alice Thomas, who is
the climate displacement program manager for Refugees International. And
then Michelle Leighton, who is the chief of the Labor Migration Branch of
the International Labor Organization.
Mutiny and leadership
Authors: Grint Keith
Published: March 2019

Mutiny is often regarded as a consequence of dire conditions and failed leadership. This reflection on Ken Parry's work suggests it is neither and much more the consequences of a socially constructed world.
The meaning of monuments: remembering Italo Balbo in Italy and the United States
Authors: Carter Nick
Published: March 2019

This article examines the meaning of monuments in Italy and the United States (Chicago) dedicated to the Fascist gerarch Italo Balbo. A hugely popular personality in Fascist Italy, Balbo cemented his reputation in the early 1930s as the commander of mass-formation transatlantic flights to Brazil (1930-1931) and the United States (1933). Chicago’s monuments – a road (Balbo Drive) and a column (the ‘Balbo monument’) – are a legacy of Balbo’s triumphant arrival in the city in 1933. Italy’s monuments date from the postwar and contemporary periods. The article examines why Balbo Drive and the Balbo monument in Chicago have become more controversial over time, especially in recent decades, and why, despite calls for their removal, both remain. It contrasts the Chicago case with the situation in Italy where, since the 1990s, Balbo has been commemorated in numerous ways.
Making Blanket Statements: Rethinking the History and Politics of American Social Class
Authors: SEAL ANDREW
Published: March 2019

In Joan C. Williams's White Working Class: Overcoming Class Cluelessness in America and Nancy Isenberg's White Trash: The 400-Year Untold History of Class in America, the reader will find a nation riven by abiding class prejudice. Both have written explicitly with the goal of forcing readers to confront the deep, ugly, and ultimately destructive effects of elite snobbery towards working-class or impoverished white people. They both believe that educated readers tend to minimize or ignore how much class matters and has mattered in American history and to deny their own class biases; these books are meant to make that denial harder to sustain.
A theory of RPC calculi for client–server model
Authors: CHOI KWANGHOON , CHANG BYEONG-MO
Published: March 2019

With multi-tier programming languages, programmers can specify the locations of code to run in order to reduce development efforts for the web-based client–server model where programmers write client and server programs separately and test the multiple programs together. The RPC calculus, one of the foundations of those languages by Cooper and Wadler, has the feature of symmetric communication in programmer’s writing arbitrarily deep nested client–server interactions. The feature of the calculus is fully implemented by asymmetric communication in trampolined style suitable for the client–server model. However, the existing research only considers a stateless server strategy in which all server states are encoded for transmission to the client so that server states do not need to be stored in the server. It cannot always correctly handle all stateful operations involving disks or databases. To resolve this problem, we first propose new stateful calculi that fully support both symmetric communication from the programmer’s viewpoint and asymmetric communication in its implementation using trampolined style. All the existing calculi either provide only the feature of asymmetric communication or propose only symmetric implementation suitable for the peer-to-peer model, rather than the client–server model. Second, the method used to design our stateful server strategy is based on a new locative type system which paves the way for a theory of RPC calculi for the client–server model. Besides proposing the new stateful calculi, this theory can improve the existing stateless server strategy to construct new state-encoding calculi that eliminate runtime checks on remote procedure calls present in the existing strategy, and it enables us to design a new mixed strategy that combines the benefits of both kinds of strategies. As far as we know, there are no typed multi-tier calculi that offer programmers the feature of symmetric communication with the implementation of asymmetric communication under the three strategies together.
Seasonality of births in horizontal strabismus: comparison with birth seasonality in schizophrenia and other disease conditions
Authors: Agarwal A. B. , Cassinelli K. , Johnson L. A. , Matsuda K. , Kirkpatrick B. , Yang W. , von Bartheld C. S.
Published: March 2019

Recent work has implicated one type of horizontal strabismus (exotropia) as a risk factor for schizophrenia. This new insight raises questions about a potential common developmental origin of the two diseases. Seasonality of births is well established for schizophrenia. Seasonal factors such as light exposure affect eye growth and can cause vision abnormalities, but little is known about seasonality of births in strabismus. We examined birth seasonality in people with horizontal strabismus in a retrospective study in Washoe County, Nevada, and re-examined similar previously obtained data from Osaka, Japan. We then compared seasonal patterns of births between strabismus, refractive error, schizophrenia and congenital toxoplasmosis. Patients with esotropia had a significant seasonality of births, with a deficit in March, then increasing to an excess in September, while patients with exotropia had a distinctly different pattern, with an excess of births in July, gradually decreasing to a deficit in November. These seasonalities were statistically significant with either χ2 or Kolmogorov–Smirnov-type statistics. The birth seasonality of esotropia resembled that for hyperopia, with an increase in amplitude, while the seasonality for myopia involved a phase-shift. There was no correlation between seasonality of births between strabismus and congenital toxoplasmosis. The pattern of an excess of summer births for people with exotropia was remarkably similar to the well-established birth seasonality of one schizophrenia subtype, the deficit syndrome, but not schizophrenia as a whole. This suggests a testable hypothesis: that exotropia may be a risk factor primarily for the deficit type of schizophrenia.
What’s Missing from Antarctic Ice Sheet Loss Predictions?
Authors: Stanley Sarah
Published: March 2019

Accurately modeling melt rates in specific ice shelf locations is critical for forecasting how Antarctica’s ice sheet will respond to climate change.
Sand from Greenland’s Melting Ice Sheet Could Bring in Business
Authors: Duncombe Jenessa
Published: March 2019

The effects of climate change could fuel a new sand mining industry in Greenland.
All About Bennu: A Rubble Pile with a Lot of Surprises
Authors: Cartier Kimberly
Published: March 2019

Asteroid Bennu has been under close scrutiny since December. Here are six key results from the first few months of data from OSIRIS-REx.
Scientists Discover Pristine Collection of Soft-Tissue Fossils
Authors: Cartier Kimberly
Published: March 2019

The fossils include jellyfish, box jellies, branched algae, and sponges, which are underrepresented in or missing from other deposits.
First In Situ Evidence of Mars Nonthermal Exosphere
Authors: Leblanc F. , Benna M. , Chaufray J. Y. , Martinez A. , Lillis R. , Curry S. , Elrod M. K. , Mahaffy P. , Modolo R. , Luhmann J. G. , Jakosky B.
Published: March 2019

Dedicated in situ measurements of Mars' exospheric Ar density by Neutral Gas Ion Mass Spectrometer/Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (NGIMS/MAVEN) highlight profiles displaying two slopes altitude variation. Below 230 km, the Ar density is characterized by scale height of 13.5 ± 1.7 km and above 400 km by scale height of 156 ± 25 km. A comparison with the model HELIOSARES suggests that the most probable origin of the Ar nonthermal component is the collisional interaction, below the exobase, between the atmospheric Ar and the nonthermal O atoms produced by the dissociative recombination of O2+. These measurements therefore provide a new approach to constrain one of the main sources of Mars' atmospheric escape. They also lead to set up an upper limit on the efficiency of pickup ion sputtering at Mars. The comparison with HELIOSARES suggests that NGIMS detection sensitivity might allow a positive detection of this mechanism if more measurements at high altitude deep in the nightside are performed.
On-chip manufacturing of synthetic proteins for point-of-care therapeutics
Authors: Murphy Travis W. , Sheng Jiayuan , Naler Lynette B. , Feng Xueyang , Lu Chang
Published: March 2019

Therapeutic proteins have recently received increasing attention because of their clinical potential. Currently, most therapeutic proteins are produced on a large scale using various cell culture systems. However, storing and transporting these therapeutic proteins at low temperatures makes their distribution expensive and problematic, especially for applications in remote locations. To this end, an emerging solution is to use point-of-care technologies that enable immediate and accessible protein production at or near the patient’s bedside. Here we present the development of “Therapeutics-On-a-Chip (TOC)”, an integrated microfluidic platform that enables point-of-care synthesis and purification of therapeutic proteins. We used fresh and lyophilized materials for cell-free synthesis of therapeutic proteins on microfluidic chips and applied immunoprecipitation for highly efficient, on-chip protein purification. We first demonstrated this approach by expressing and purifying a reporter protein, green fluorescent protein. Next, we used TOC to produce cecropin B, an antimicrobial peptide that is widely used to control biofilm-associated diseases. We successfully synthesized and purified cecropin B at 63 ng/μl within 6 h with a 92% purity, followed by confirming its antimicrobial functionality using a growth inhibition assay. Our TOC technology provides a new platform for point-of-care production of therapeutic proteins at a clinically relevant quantity.
Effect of C-2 substitution on the stability of non-traditional cephalosporins in mouse plasma
Authors: Zimmerman Matthew , McDonald Stacey L. , Ho-Liang Hsin-Pin , Porubsky Patrick , Nguyen Quyen , Pharr Cameron W. , Perkowski Andrew J. , Smith Robert , Schoenen Frank J. , Gold Ben S. , Zhang David , Nathan Carl F. , Dartois Véronique , Aubé Jeffrey
Published: March 2019

A systematic study of the stability of a set of cephalosporins in mouse plasma reveals that cephalosporins lacking an acidic moiety at C-2 may be vulnerable to β-lactam cleavage in mouse plasma.
Rational approach to guest confinement inside MOF cavities for low-temperature catalysis
Authors: Wang Tiesheng , Gao Lijun , Hou Jingwei , Herou Servann J. A. , Griffiths James T. , Li Weiwei , Dong Jinhu , Gao Song , Titirici Maria-Magdalena , Kumar R. Vasant , Cheetham Anthony K. , Bao Xinhe , Fu Qiang , Smoukov Stoyan K.
Published: March 2019

Geometric or electronic confinement of guests inside nanoporous hosts promises to deliver unusual catalytic or opto-electronic functionality from existing materials but is challenging to obtain particularly using metastable hosts, such as metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). Reagents (e.g. precursor) may be too large for impregnation and synthesis conditions may also destroy the hosts. Here we use thermodynamic Pourbaix diagrams (favorable redox and pH conditions) to describe a general method for metal-compound guest synthesis by rationally selecting reaction agents and conditions. Specifically we demonstrate a MOF-confined RuO2 catalyst (RuO2@MOF-808-P) with exceptionally high catalytic CO oxidation below 150 °C as compared to the conventionally made SiO2-supported RuO2 (RuO2/SiO2). This can be caused by weaker interactions between CO/O and the MOF-encapsulated RuO2 surface thus avoiding adsorption-induced catalytic surface passivation. We further describe applications of the Pourbaix-enabled guest synthesis (PEGS) strategy with tutorial examples for the general synthesis of arbitrary guests (e.g. metals, oxides, hydroxides, sulfides).
The causes of spatiotemporal variations in erupted fluxes and compositions along a volcanic arc
Authors: Till C. B. , Kent A. J. R. , Abers G. A. , Janiszewski H. A. , Gaherty J. B. , Pitcher B. W.
Published: March 2019

Decades of study on volcanic arcs have provided insight into the overarching processes that control magmatism, and how these processes manifest at individual volcanoes. However, the causes of ubiquitous and dramatic intra-arc variations in volcanic flux and composition remain largely unresolved. Investigating such arc-scale issues requires greater quantitative comparison of geophysical and geochemical data, linked through sets of common intensive variables. To work towards these goals, we use observed lava compositions to estimate the heat budget associated with Quaternary volcanism in the Cascades Arc and compare this to the heat required to produce the observed geophysical properties of the crust. Here we show that along-strike volcanic variability in the Quaternary Cascades Arc is primarily related to variations in the flux of basalt into the crust, rather than variations in their crustal storage history. This approach shows promise for studying other large-scale frontier geologic problems in volcanic arcs.
Complex formation of APP with GABAB receptors links axonal trafficking to amyloidogenic processing
Authors: Dinamarca Margarita C. , Raveh Adi , Schneider Andy , Fritzius Thorsten , Früh Simon , Rem Pascal D. , Stawarski Michal , Lalanne Txomin , Turecek Rostislav , Choo Myeongjeong , Besseyrias Valérie , Bildl Wolfgang , Bentrop Detlef , Staufenbiel Matthias , Gassmann Martin , Fakler Bernd , Schwenk Jochen , Bettler Bernhard
Published: March 2019

GABAB receptors (GBRs) are key regulators of synaptic release but little is known about trafficking mechanisms that control their presynaptic abundance. We now show that sequence-related epitopes in APP, AJAP-1 and PIANP bind with nanomolar affinities to the N-terminal sushi-domain of presynaptic GBRs. Of the three interacting proteins, selectively the genetic loss of APP impaired GBR-mediated presynaptic inhibition and axonal GBR expression. Proteomic and functional analyses revealed that APP associates with JIP and calsyntenin proteins that link the APP/GBR complex in cargo vesicles to the axonal trafficking motor. Complex formation with GBRs stabilizes APP at the cell surface and reduces proteolysis of APP to Aβ, a component of senile plaques in Alzheimer’s disease patients. Thus, APP/GBR complex formation links presynaptic GBR trafficking to Aβ formation. Our findings support that dysfunctional axonal trafficking and reduced GBR expression in Alzheimer’s disease increases Aβ formation.
Hippocampal CA1 replay becomes less prominent but more rigid without inputs from medial entorhinal cortex
Authors: Chenani Alireza , Sabariego Marta , Schlesiger Magdalene I. , Leutgeb Jill K. , Leutgeb Stefan , Leibold Christian
Published: March 2019

The hippocampus is an essential brain area for learning and memory. However, the network mechanisms underlying memory storage, consolidation and retrieval remain incompletely understood. Place cell sequences during theta oscillations are thought to be replayed during non-theta states to support consolidation and route planning. In animals with medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) lesions, the temporal organization of theta-related hippocampal activity is disrupted, which allows us to test whether replay is also compromised. Two different analyses—comparison of co-activation patterns between running and rest epochs and analysis of the recurrence of place cell sequences—reveal that the enhancement of replay by behavior is reduced in MEC-lesioned versus control rats. In contrast, the degree of intrinsic network structure prior and subsequent to behavior remains unaffected by MEC lesions. The MEC-dependent temporal coordination during theta states therefore appears to facilitate behavior-related plasticity, but does not disrupt pre-existing functional connectivity.