bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pseudo-asthma: When Cough, Wheezing, and Dyspnea Are Not Asthma
Authors: Weinberger Miles , Abu-Hasan Mutasim
Published: October 2007

Although asthma is the most common cause of cough, wheeze, and dyspnea in children and adults, asthma is often attributed inappropriately to symptoms from other causes. Cough that is misdiagnosed as asthma can occur with pertussis, cystic fibrosis, primary ciliary dyskinesia, airway abnormalities such as tracheomalacia and bronchomalacia, chronic purulent or suppurative bronchitis in young children, and habit-cough syndrome. The respiratory sounds that occur with the upper airway obstruction caused by the various manifestations of the vocal cord dysfunction syndrome or the less common exercise-induced laryngomalacia are often mischaracterized as wheezing and attributed to asthma. The perception of dyspnea is a prominent symptom of hyperventilation attacks. This can occur in those with or without asthma, and patients with asthma may not readily distinguish the perceived dyspnea of a hyperventilation attack from the acute airway obstruction of asthma. Dyspnea on exertion, in the absence of other symptoms of asthma or an unequivocal response to albuterol, is most likely a result of other causes. Most common is the dyspnea associated with normal exercise limitation, but causes of dyspnea on exertion can include other physiologic abnormalities including exercise-induced vocal cord dysfunction, exercise-induced laryngomalacia, exercise-induced hyperventilation, and exercise-induced supraventricular tachycardia. A careful history, attention to the nature of the respiratory sounds that are present, spirometry, exercise testing, and blood-gas measurement provide useful data to sort out the various causes and avoid inappropriate treatment of these pseudo-asthma clinical manifestations.
Sensitivity of Amplitude-Integrated Electroencephalography for Neonatal Seizure Detection
Authors: Shellhaas Renée A. , Soaita Adina I. , Clancy Robert R.
Published: October 2007

BACKGROUND. Conventional electroencephalography remains the gold standard for the diagnosis and quantification of neonatal seizures. However, amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) is being introduced to neonatal intensive care as an adjunct for neonatal seizure detection.

OBJECTIVES. This study's purpose was to determine the sensitivity of neonatal seizure detection in a single electroencephalogram channel (C3→C4), used to simulate the raw signal from which aEEG is derived. We also aimed to determine the sensitivity of seizure detection by neonatologists by using aEEG and to establish those neonatal seizure characteristics that are associated with their correct detection by aEEG.

METHODS. Conventional electroencephalograms with neonatal seizures were reviewed for electroencephalogram background and neonatal seizure characteristics (site of onset, duration, and peak-to-peak amplitude). The presence, duration, and peak-to-peak amplitude of each seizure were simultaneously noted in a single electroencephalogram channel (C3→C4). aEEGs generated from this channel were reviewed for background and seizures by 6 neonatologists with varying aEEG interpretation expertise.

RESULTS. A total of 851 neonatal seizures from 125 conventional electroencephalograms were analyzed. The patients' conceptional ages were 34 to 50 weeks. Because 94% of the conventional electroencephalograms had ≥1 neonatal seizure visible in C3→C4, and 78% of all neonatal seizures appeared in the C3→C4 channel, the theoretical sensitivity of seizure detection in a single electroencephalogram channel was high. However, seizures were briefer and lower in amplitude in C3→C4 compared with conventional electroencephalography. Neonatologists identified seizures in 22% to 57% of the 125 records of neonatal seizure. They detected 12% to 38% of the 851 individual seizures. Multivariate analysis revealed that the appearance of seizures in C3→C4, neonatal seizure duration, seizure amplitude, seizure count per hour, and neonatologists' experience with aEEG interpretation all correlated with neonatal seizure detection.

CONCLUSIONS. Even among physicians who have extensive experience, many neonatal seizures are difficult to detect on an aEEG, especially when they are infrequent, brief, or of low amplitude.
Genetic Polymorphisms in Immunoresponse GenesTNFA,IL6,IL10, andTLR4Are Associated With Recurrent Acute Otitis Media
Authors: Emonts Marieke , Veenhoven Reinier H. , Wiertsema Selma P. , Houwing-Duistermaat Jeanine J. , Walraven Vanessa , Groot Ronald de , Hermans Peter W.M. , Sanders Elisabeth A.M.
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE. Cytokines and other inflammatory mediators are involved in the pathogenesis of otitis media. We hypothesized that polymorphisms in inflammatory response genes contribute to the increased susceptibility to acute otitis media in otitis-prone children.

PATIENTS AND METHODS. DNA samples from 348 children with ≥2 acute otitis media episodes, who were participating in a randomized, controlled vaccination trial, and 463 healthy adult controls were included. Polymorphisms in TNFA, IL1B, IL4, IL6, IL10, IL8, NOS2A, C1INH, PARP, TLR2, and TLR4 were genotyped. Genotype distributions in children with recurrent acute otitis media were compared with those in controls. Within the patient group, the number of acute otitis media episodes before vaccination and the clinical and immunologic response to pneumococcal conjugate vaccinations were analyzed.

RESULTS. The IL6-174 G/G genotype was overrepresented in children with acute otitis media when compared with controls. In the patient group, TNFA promoter genotypes −238 G/G and −376 G/G and the TLR4 299 A/A genotype were associated with an otitis-prone condition. Furthermore, lower specific anticapsular antibody production after complete vaccination was observed in patients with the TNFA-238 G/G genotype or TNFA-863 A allele carriage. Finally, the IL10-1082 A/A genotype contributed to protection from the recurrence of acute otitis media after pneumococcal vaccination.

CONCLUSIONS. Variation in innate immunoresponse genes such as TNFA-863A, TNFA-376G, TNFA-238G, IL10-1082 A, and IL6-174G alleles in the promoter sequences may result in altered cytokine production that leads to altered inflammatory responses and, hence, contributes to an otitis-prone condition.
Very Low Birth Weight Increases Risk for Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Young Adulthood: The Helsinki Study of Very Low Birth Weight Adults
Authors: Paavonen E. Juulia , Strang-Karlsson Sonja , Räikkönen Katri , Heinonen Kati , Pesonen Anu-Katriina , Hovi Petteri , Andersson Sture , Järvenpää Anna-Liisa , Eriksson Johan G. , Kajantie Eero
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE. We investigated whether very low birth weight (<1500 g) is associated with the risk of sleep-disordered breathing in young adulthood.

METHODS. The study was a retrospective longitudinal study of 158 young adults born with very low birth weight and 169 term-born control subjects (aged 18.5–27.1 years). The principal outcome variable was sleep-disordered breathing defined as chronic snoring.

RESULTS. The crude prevalence of chronic snoring was similar in both groups: 15.8% for the very low birth weight group versus 13.6% for the control group. However, after controlling for the confounding variables in multivariate logistic regression models (age, gender, current smoking, parental education, height, BMI, and depression), chronic snoring was 2.2 times more likely in the very low birth weight group compared with the control group. In addition, maternal smoking during pregnancy was significantly and independently of very low birth weight related to risk of sleep-disordered breathing. Maternal preeclampsia, standardized birth weight, and, for very low birth weight infants, small-for-gestational-age status were not related to sleep-disordered breathing.

CONCLUSIONS. Premature infants with very low birth weight have a twofold risk of sleep-disordered breathing as young adults. In addition, maternal smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of sleep-disordered breathing by more than twofold.
Patient-Physician E-mail: An Opportunity to Transform Pediatric Health Care Delivery
Authors: Rosen Paul , Kwoh C. Kent
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE. The objectives of this study were to assess the patterns of patients who use a patient-physician e-mail service, measure physician time required to answer a patient question via e-mail compared with that via telephone, and determine the satisfaction of families who are provided e-mail access to their child's rheumatologist.

METHODS. A consecutive series of patients' families were offered e-mail access during a 2-year period. Data regarding patient e-mail use were collected, including urgency of message, subject matter, message volume, and time of day of messaging. The duration of the pediatric rheumatologist's e-mail interactions and telephone interactions with patients was measured using a stopwatch. After 1 year of enrollment in the patient-physician e-mail service, families were mailed a 12-item satisfaction survey regarding their e-mail experience.

RESULTS. A total of 306 of 328 families who were offered patient-physician e-mail access enrolled, and 121 used the service. The patients sent 40% of their e-mails outside business hours. Messages that were urgent (notification of disease flare, notification of new symptoms, or parent expectation of same-day response) made up 5.7% of the e-mails sent to the physician. Messages that required emergent attention made up 0.002% of the e-mails to the physician. Answering patient questions by e-mail was 57% faster than using the telephone for the physician. The physician received 1.2 e-mails per day from patients. The families who responded to the survey agreed that patient-physician e-mail increased access to the physician and improved the quality of care. The families did not find that patient-physician e-mail distanced them from their child's doctor.

CONCLUSIONS. Patient-physician e-mail is a service that patients will use given the opportunity. The e-mail service enables physicians to answer medical questions with less time spent compared with telephone messaging. In our experience in an academic pediatric subspecialty practice, patients reported enhanced communication and access with the e-mail service.
New Approaches to Progeria
Authors: Kieran Mark W. , Gordon Leslie , Kleinman Monica
Published: October 2007

Progeria (Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome) is a rare genetic disorder that offers considerable insight into the biology of premature aging. This review summarizes the clinical characteristics of this disease and the underlying mutation in the lamin A (LMNA) gene that results in this phenotype. Modifications in the processing of prelamin A through alterations in farnesylation are detailed, because this pathway offers a possible drug target. Finally, discussion of an ongoing clinical trial for these children, including possible parameters for evaluation, are discussed. In the span of less than a decade, this disease has progressed from an interesting phenotype to one in which the gene defect has been identified, animal models have been created and tested with drugs that target the primary disease pathway, and significant clinical baseline data for the support of a clinical trial have been obtained.
Nondiscrimination in Pediatric Health Care
Authors:   Committee on Pediatric Workforce
Published: October 2007

This Policy Statement was reaffirmed June 2011 and May 2021.

This policy statement is a revision of a 2001 statement and articulates the positions of the American Academy of Pediatrics on nondiscrimination in pediatric health care. It addresses both pediatricians who provide health care and the infants, children, adolescents, and young adults whom they serve.
Treatment of recurrent hepatitis C virus infection after liver transplantation
Authors: Lengyel Gabriella , Tulassay Zsolt
Published: October 2007

A májtranszplantációk fő indikációja a hepatitis C-fertőzés következtében kialakult végstádiumú C-cirrhosis hepatitis. A transzplantáció után a HCV-fertőzés visszatérése általános, a rekurráló C-hepatitis progresszív betegség, kezelés nélkül az immunszuppresszió mellett öt éven belül a betegek 20%-ában cirrhosist okoz. A visszatérő HCV-fertőzés kezelése a transzplantált betegek túlélésének legfontosabb meghatározó tényezője. A szerzők az irodalmi adatok és saját tapasztalatuk alapján áttekintik a kiújuló HCV-fertőzés kimenetelét befolyásoló tényezőket. Részletezik az immunszuppresszív kezelés hatását, a megfelelő immunszuppresszív gyógyszer kiválasztásának fontosságát. Áttekintik a visszatérő C-hepatitis diagnózisának fő szempontjait, hangsúlyozzák a protokoll szerint végzett májbiopsziák meghatározó szerepét a diagnózisban, a patológus, a hepatológus és a sebész szoros együttműködését. Ismertetik a várólistán lévő betegek kezelésével szerzett tapasztalatokat, a kiújult krónikus hepatitis korai preemptív kezelési eredményeit és a már szövettani elváltozásban megnyilvánuló krónikus C-hepatitis kezelési lehetőségeit és eredményeit. A transzplantáción átesett betegek krónikus C-hepatitisének jelenleg elfogadott gyógyszere a pegilált interferon és ribavirin kombinációja. Ezzel a terápiával a betegek 20–50%-ában tartós vírusmentesség érhető el. A vírusmentes betegekben egyértelműen csökken a májszövetben a gyulladásos aktivitás, javul a szövettani aktivitási index. A kezelés fibrózisgátló hatására is vannak adatok, ezek további megerősítése azonban multicentrikus vizsgálatokat igényel. A legtöbb tanulmány nem igazolja a korai, szövettani eltérés nélküli antivirális kezelés előnyét. Ebben a betegcsoportban a kezelés gyakori mellékhatása az anémia és a neutropenia, ezért ajánlott az erythropoetin és a granulocyta-stimuláló faktor adása. A rekurráló C-hepatitisben szenvedő betegek optimális kezelése, a pegilált interferon és ribavirin dózisának meghatározása, a terápia időtartama, a mellékhatások csökkentése, a nagyobb arányú gyógyulás elérése további vizsgálatokat, klinikai tanulmányokat tesz szükségessé.
Effect of Cu addition on interfacial reactions between Sn-9Zn lead-free solder and Ni substrate
Authors: Yen Yee-wen , Liou Wei-kai
Published: October 2007

This study investigates interfacial reactions of (Sn–9Zn) + xCu/Ni systems. Ni5Zn21, Cu5Zn8, (Ni,Zn,Cu)3Sn4, (Cu,Ni,Zn)6Sn5, and Cu6Sn5 phases were formed on the Sn–9Zn/Ni interface at 240–270 °C, when 0–10 wt% Cu was added to the Sn–9Zn solder. Experimental results indicate that changing the concentration of Cu in the Sn–9Zn solder dramatically changes the formation of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) in the (Sn–9Zn) + xCu/Ni system. Different diffusion and segregation rates of elements are the main reasons for a change in the IMC evolution.
Finite element modeling of stress variation in multilayer thin-film specimens for in situ transmission electron microscopy experiments
Authors: Mei H. , An J.H. , Huang R. , Ferreira P.J.
Published: October 2007

Multilayer thin-film materials with various thicknesses, compositions, and deposition methods for each layer typically exhibit residual stresses. In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a powerful technique that has been used to determine correlations between residual stresses and the microstructure. However, to produce electron transparent specimens for TEM, one or more layers of the film are sacrificed, thus altering the state of stresses. By conducting a stress analysis of multilayer thin-film TEM specimens, using a finite element method, we show that the film stresses can be considerably altered after TEM sample preparation. The stress state depends on the geometry and the interactions among multiple layers.
Molecular dynamics simulation of screw dislocation interaction with stacking fault tetrahedron in face-centered cubic Cu
Authors: Lee Hyon-Jee , Shim Jae-Hyeok , Wirth Brian D.
Published: October 2007

The interaction of a gliding screw dislocation with stacking fault tetrahedron (SFT) in face-centered cubic (fcc) copper (Cu) was studied using molecular dynamics simulations. Upon intersection, the screw dislocation spontaneously cross slips on the SFT face. One of the cross-slipped Shockley partials glides toward the SFT base, partially absorbing the SFT. At low applied stress, partial absorption produces a superjog, with detachment of the trailing Shockley partial via an Orowan process. This leaves a small perfect SFT and a truncated base behind, which subsequently form a sheared SFT with a pair of opposite sense ledges. At higher applied shear stress, the ledges can self-heal by gliding toward an SFT apex and transform the sheared SFT into a perfect SFT. However, complete absorption or collapse of an SFT (or sheared SFT) by a moving screw dislocation is not observed. These observations provide insights into defect-free channel formation in deformed irradiated Cu.
Effects of Zn addition on the drop reliability of Sn–3.5Ag–xZn/Ni(P) solder joints
Authors: Jee Y.K. , Yu Jin , Ko Y.H.
Published: October 2007

Varying amounts of Zn (1, 3, 7 wt%) were added to Sn–3.5Ag solder on the electroless Ni(P)/immersion Au metallization, and solder joint microstructures after reflow and isothermal aging (500 h at 150 °C) were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and x-ray diffraction, which were subsequently correlated to the microhardness and drop test results. Zinc in the solder affected the solder joint intermetallic compounds profoundly, which improved the drop reliability significantly. The effect of Zn was to nucleate Ni5Zn21and to suppress the formation of Ni3P, Ni3SnP, and Ni3Sn4, which were known to increase the propensity for brittle cracking. Drop test results showed an inverse correlation between the number of drops-to-failure (Nf) and the thickness of Ni3P layer. As the growth of the Ni3P layer was suppressed by Zn, drop reliability increased substantially.
Mechanisms for species-selective oriented crystal growth at organic templates
Authors: Kewalramani Sumit , Kim Kyungil , Evmenenko Guennadi , Zschack Paul , Karapetrova Evguenia , Bai Jianming , Dutta Pulak
Published: October 2007

Langmuir monolayers floating on supersaturated aqueous subphases can act as templates for the growth of oriented inorganic films—a “bioinspired” nucleation process. We have performed in situ grazing incidence x-ray diffraction studies of the selective nucleation of BaClF and BaF2under fatty acid monolayers. The arrangement of the fatty acid headgroups, the monolayer charge, and ion-specific effects all play important roles in selecting the inorganic species. When the monolayer is in a neutral state, both BaClF and BaF2nucleate at the interface and are well aligned, but when the monolayer headgroup is deprotonated, only oriented BaF2grows at the interface. We also observe an enhanced alignment of BaF2crystals during growth from highly supersaturated solutions, presumably due to reorganization of preformed crystals at the organic template. These results show that a delicate interplay between multiple factors governs the oriented growth of inorganic films at organic templates.
Strain-rate dependence of hardening and softening in compression of a bulk-metallic glass
Authors: Jiang W.H. , Liu F.X. , Jiang F. , Qiu K.Q. , Choo H. , Liaw P.K.
Published: October 2007

We investigated the effect of strain rate on the plastic-flow stress of a Zr-based bulk-metallic glass in quasistatic compression. The results indicate that the plastic-flow stress is dependent on the strain rate: an increase in the strain rate leads to a decrease in the plastic-flow stress, and vice versa. However, simply loading, unloading, and reloading at a constant strain rate do not change the plastic-flow stress. This strain-rate dependence of the plastic-flow stress may be related to shear-banding operations.
Sputtered Nb- and Ta-doped TiO2 transparent conducting oxide films on glass
Authors: Gillispie Meagen A. , van Hest Maikel F.A.M. , Dabney Matthew S. , Perkins John D. , Ginley David S.
Published: October 2007

Radio frequency (rf) magnetron sputtering is used to deposit Ti0.85Nb0.15O2 and Ti0.8Ta0.2O2 films on glass substrates at substrate temperatures (TS) ranging from ∼250 to 400 °C. The most conducting Nb-doped TiO2 films were deposited at TS = 370 °C, with conductivities of ∼60 S/cm, carrier concentrations of 1.5 × 1021 cm−3 and mobilities <1 cm2/V·s. The conductivity of the films was limited by the mobility, which was more than 10 times lower than the mobility for films deposited epitaxially on SrTiO3. The difference in properties is likely caused by the randomly oriented crystal structure of the films deposited on glass compared with biaxially textured films deposited on SrTiO3. The anatase phase could not be stabilized in the Ta-doped TiO2 films, likely because of the high dopant concentration.
Internal pressure effect on cathodoluminescence enhancement of ZnS:Mn2+synthesized by a sealed vessel
Authors: Park B.J. , Im W.B. , Chung W.J. , Seo H.S. , Ahn J.T. , Jeon D.Y.
Published: October 2007

ZnS:Mn2+phosphors were synthesized by a modified solid-state reaction method. In the synthesis method, a sealed vessel is used, where heat and pressure are simultaneously utilized. The effects of various synthesis conditions such as temperature, Mn concentration, and pressure on the cathodoluminescence (CL) were investigated. Among them, pressure had an effect on CL property as much as others. It was observed that CL intensities of ZnS:Mn2+phosphors increased with the increase of pressure and the best sample showed higher intensity than that of a commercial one by 180%. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron paramagnetic-resonance (EPR) were used to understand the enhancement. No change of XRD patterns was observed but the full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the most intense cubic (111) peak of ZnS:Mn2+decreased with the increase of pressure. EPR signal intensity of Mn2+increased with the increase of pressure. The improved crystallinity and more substitution of Zn2+with Mn metal were believed to be responsible for the enhancement.
Measuring residual stress in glasses and ceramics using instrumented indentation
Authors: Buchheit T.E. , Tandon R.
Published: October 2007

Instrumented indentation has yielded mixed results when used to measure surface residual stresses in metal films. Relative to metals, many glasses and ceramics have a low modulus-to-yield strength (E/σy) ratio. The advantage of this characteristic for measuring residual stress using instrumented indentation is demonstrated by a series of comparative spherical and conical tip finite element simulations. Two cases are considered: (i) a material with E/σy = 24—similar to glass and (ii) a material with E/σy = 120—similar to metal films. In both cases, compressive residual stress shifts the simulated load–displacement response toward increasing hardness, irrespective of tip geometry. This shift is shown to be entirely due to pile up for the “metal” case, but primarily due to the direct influence of the residual stress for the “glass” case. Hardness changes and load–displacement curve shifts are explained by using the spherical cavity model. Supporting experimental results on stressed glasses are provided.
Dielectric relaxation and microwave loss in the La(Mg1/2Ti1/2)O3–(Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3 perovskite ceramics
Authors: Salak A.N. , Ferreira V.M. , Vieira L.G. , Ribeiro J.L. , Pullar R.C. , Alford N.McN.
Published: October 2007

Dielectric response of the perovskite ceramics (1–x)La(Mg1/2Ti1/2)O3–x(Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3 [(1–x)LMT–xNBT] (0 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.6) has been characterized at radio, microwave, and far infrared frequency ranges. Temperature variations of the dielectric permittivity and loss estimated by different methods were compared and analyzed. It was revealed that the low temperature dielectric response of the compositions with x ⩾ 0.2 is frequency-dependent over a wide range (102–109 Hz) below the resonant frequencies of the polar phonon modes. Contributions of different factors (both extrinsic and intrinsic) to the microwave dielectric loss of the ceramics were considered. The dielectric relaxation has been associated with the amount of bismuth in the system. The relaxation in LMT–NBT was considered in the context of similar effects observed in other Bi-containing, A-site disordered oxygen-octahedral compositions.
Synthesis, crystal structure, and thermoelectric properties of a new layered carbide (ZrC)3[Al3.56Si0.44]C3
Authors: Fukuda Koichiro , Hisamura Miyuki , Kawamoto Yusuke , Iwata Tomoyuki
Published: October 2007

A new quaternary layered carbide, (ZrC)3[Al3.56Si0.44]C3, has been synthesized and characterized by x-ray powder diffraction and thermopower and electrical conductivity measurements. The crystal structure was successfully determined using direct methods and further refined by the Rietveld method. The crystal is trigonal (space group R3m*, Z = 3) with lattice dimensions a = 0.331389(7), c = 4.90084(7) nm, and V = 0.46610(1) nm3. The final reliability indices calculated from the Rietveld refinement were Rwp = 9.53% (S = 1.70), Rp = 7.22%, RB = 1.81%, and RF = 0.94%. The crystal structure is composed of the NaCl-type [Zr3C4] slabs separated by the Al4C3-type [Al0.89Si0.11C] layers. This material had thermoelectric properties comparable to the layered carbides (ZrC)2[Al3.56Si0.44]C3 (Zr2[Al3.56Si0.44]C5), (ZrC)2Al3C2, and (ZrC)3Al3C2 in the temperature range of 373–1273 K, with the maximal power-factor value of 6.6 × 10−5 W m−1K−2 at 545 K. The two quaternary carbides have been found to form a homologous series with the general formula of (ZrC)n[Al3.56Si0.44]C3 (n = 2 and 3).
Effect of Tank Stocking Density on Larval Sunshine Bass Growth and Survival to the Fingerling Stage
Authors: Ludwig Gerald M , Lochmann Steve E
Published: October 2007

Determining optimum parameters for tank culture of sunshine bass (white bass Morone chrysops × striped bass M. saxatilis) fingerlings will facilitate a year-round supply of seed for the production cycle of this increasingly popular food fish. This experiment determined the relationship between the stocking density of sunshine bass larvae in tanks and their survival rate and size at the time they were trained to accept commercial feeds. Four-day posthatch (dph) larvae were stocked at 10 densities from 30 to 120 larvae/L in 10-larvae/L increments. Larvae were initially fed rotifers Brachionus plicatilis cultured with Nannochloropsis spp. algae paste and commercial rotifer feed at 60 rotifers·mL−1·d−1 until 10 dph. Conversion to brine shrimp Artemia spp. began at 7 dph. The daily ration of brine shrimp started at 4/mL and increased by 4/mL every 4 d up to 20/mL. Training to dry starter feed began at 20 dph when 6 g/d of a commercial larval starter meal was offered; 2 d later, salmon starter meal was offered at 8 g/d in 10 equal portions. Photographs of live samples of larvae taken at 4 dph and harvest were used to determine the lengths of the fish. Regression analysis revealed that there was no significant relationship between survival and stocking density. The length and weight of the fish had a linear, negative relationship with stocking density, whereas total tank yield had a curvilinear relationship with stocking density. Under the conditions of this experiment, a stocking density of 87 larvae/L provided the maximum yield.
Effects of Diets with or without Menhaden Fish Meal and Oil on Egg Size, Hatchability, and Fry Size for Rosy Red Fathead Minnow
Authors: Kumaran Sathyanand , Lochmann Rebecca , Stone Nathan , Kachowski Alexander , Lee Yong-Woo
Published: October 2007

Fathead minnow Pimephales promelas represent 20% of total baitfish sales in the USA. Fathead minnow spawn in captivity, but the effects of diet on reproduction are virtually unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the main and interactive effects of dietary protein sources (plant versus animal) and lipid sources (poultry versus fish oil) on fathead minnow broodstock and egg and larval quality. Broodstock of the rosy red variety of fathead minnow were stocked into 24 outdoor pools and fed practical diets containing 10% lipid as poultry fat or menhaden fish oil in combination with animal proteins (poultry and fish meal) or plant proteins. Fish received the diets for 2 months before spawning, which began in late February. Eggs were collected from spawning substrates seven times during the spawning season and egg diameter was determined each time. Hatching percentage and larval length were determined during three of the sampling periods, and fatty acid composition was determined once (May sample). There were no differences in egg diameter, hatching percentage, or larval length due to diet, despite pronounced differences in the fatty acid composition of the eggs from adults fed diets with different lipids. The eggs reflected the fatty acid composition of the dietary lipids and the ability of fathead minnow to elongate and desaturate the fatty acids 18:2(n-6) and 18:3(n-3) into the highly unsaturated fatty acids 20:5(n-3), 22:6(n-3), and 20:4(n-6). Adult female fathead minnow fed diets with vegetable proteins also had a higher condition index than those fed diets with animal proteins. These results indicate that poultry fat and vegetable proteins are suitable feed ingredients for broodstock diets of fathead minnow in outdoor systems because no improvements in the quantity or quality of eggs and fry were observed in fish fed diets with animal proteins or marine fish oil.
Insulin Response of Largemouth Bass to Glucose, Amino Acid, and Diet Stimulation
Authors: Sink Todd D , Lochmann Rebecca T
Published: October 2007

Investigation of the dietary requirements of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides has intensified because of the popularity of this species. To determine commercial diets containing carbohydrate concentrations that are not detrimental to the health and survival of largemouth bass, we examined the effects of carbohydrate loads on insulin response. This study was intended to characterize the insulin response of largemouth bass to diet, glucose, and amino acids. Pellet-trained largemouth bass were either orally stimulated with glucose, lysine, arginine, or methionine or fed a commercial pelleted diet or a “natural” diet of golden shiners Notemigonus crysoleucas, then bled over time to ascertain their insulin response. Insulin response was correlated with glucose response, the insulin responses lagging slightly behind increases in blood glucose concentration. Greater increases in blood glucose were accompanied by sharper, quicker insulin responses. Glucose (4.8 ± 0.3 ng insulin/mL) and arginine (5.4 ± 0.4 ng/mL) stimulation evoked the greatest mean insulin responses at 60 min postadministration; lysine (2.1 ± 0.3 ng/mL) also produced elevated insulin responses. The pelleted diet stimulated an intermediate response, whereas the diet of golden shiners produced the lowest insulin response. This study was intended to determine how the carbohydrate content of diets and subsequent influences on insulin response affect the health of largemouth bass. Because of confounding effects and interference from arginine and lysine in the diet, insulin response is not suitable for determining appropriate carbohydrate loads in largemouth bass diets. At this time, histological data and liver glycogen concentration should be used to determine appropriate carbohydrate loads in commercial diets.
A Framework for Robust Literacy Instruction for English Learners
Authors: Manyak Patrick C.
Published: October 2007

This column from the English Learners department outlines a framework for robust literacy instruction for English learners—instruction that addresses the cognitive challenges of acquiring literacy, accounts for English learners' special language needs and abilities, and includes their unique cultural experiences. The framework consists of four complementary elements: explicit code and comprehension instruction, language‐rich instruction, socioculturally informed instruction, and additive literacy instruction. Drawing on key research findings and successful classroom interventions, the author provides a brief rationale for each of these elements.
Mechanistic-empirical evaluation of airfield test pavements
Authors: Gopalakrishnan K.
Published: October 2007

The impact of new-generation aircraft (NGA) such as the Boeing 777 and Airbus A380 on airfield pavement performance is of serious concern to airfield authorities worldwide. Recognising the need to develop advanced pavement design procedures based on sound theoretical principles, and with models verified from appropriate full-scale NGA test data, the Federal Aviation Administration constructed the National Airport Pavement Test Facility (NAPTF). In this paper, a mechanistic-based approach is presented to predict the allowable six-wheel and four-wheel NGA gear passes for airfield flexible pavements based on full-scale traffic test results from the NAPTF. A finite-element pavement structural model that can account for the non-linear stress-dependent behaviour of pavement geomaterials was used to compute the mechanistic responses of NAPTF test sections. Both the subgrade deviator stress and subgrade stress ratio were found to be good estimators of airfield pavement rutting performance. Although the results are applicable specifically to the six-wheel and four-wheel NGA gears used at NAPTF, the method can easily be extended to any prototype NGA gear loading with additional data from such full-scale traffic tests.
Determining the sample size of probe vehicles
Authors: Li Y. , McDonald M.
Published: October 2007

Probe vehicles have been used to collect travel time for a number of years. Because the number of probe vehicles in a traffic stream can have a substantial effect on the accuracy of a travel time estimate, many studies have been conducted to study the required sample size of probe vehicles required for reliable travel time measurement. This paper addresses determining the sample size of probe vehicles in different traffic conditions on motorways. Travel time data from individual vehicles collected on seven motorway links were used to analyse the statistical characteristics of travel times. The relationship between mean travel time and standard deviation together with sampling theory has been used to calculate required probe vehicle sample sizes. The results indicate that fewer probe vehicles are required in more congested traffic condition while more probe vehicles are needed in lighter traffic condition. The relationship between traffic flow and the required sample size of probe vehicles can be described by a power regression equation.
FURTHER EVALUATION OF METHODS TO IDENTIFY MATCHED STIMULATION
Authors: Rapp John T.
Published: October 2007

The effects of preferred stimulation on the vocal stereotypy of 2 individuals were evaluated in two experiments. The results of Experiment 1 showed that (a) the vocal stereotypy of both participants persisted in the absence of social consequences, (b) 1 participant manipulated toys that did and did not produce auditory stimulation, but only sound‐producing toys decreased his vocal stereotypy, and (c) only noncontingent music decreased vocal stereotypy for the other participant, but sterotypy paradoxically increased when toys were presented with music. Using a three‐component multiple schedule, the results of Experiment 2 showed that the vocal stereotypy of both participants remained below preintervention levels following the removal of auditory stimulation and that 1 participant's vocal stereotypy increased following the removal of contingent reprimands. These patterns suggest that auditory stimulation functioned as an abolishing operation for vocal stereotypy and reprimands functioned as an establishing operation for vocal stereotypy. Together, the two experiments provide a method for identifying alternative stimulation that may substitute for automatically reinforced behavior.
THE EFFECTS OF VIDEOTAPE MODELING ON STAFF ACQUISITION OF FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY
Authors: Moore James W. , Fisher Wayne W.
Published: October 2007

Lectures and two types of video modeling were compared to determine their relative effectiveness in training 3 staff members to conduct functional analysis sessions. Video modeling that contained a larger number of therapist exemplars resulted in mastery‐level performance eight of the nine times it was introduced, whereas neither lectures nor partial video modeling produced significant improvements in performance. Results demonstrated that video modeling provided an effective training strategy but only when a wide range of exemplars of potential therapist behaviors were depicted in the videotape.
AN EVALUATION OF THE TYPES OF ATTENTION THAT MAINTAIN PROBLEM BEHAVIOR
Authors: Kodak Tiffany , Northup John , Kelley Michael E.
Published: October 2007

Although previous research indicates that certain types of attention (i.e., statements related to behavior, tickles) may be differentially reinforcing, only one or two forms of attention are typically provided contingent on problem behavior during the attention condition in experimental functional analyses. In the present investigation, various forms of attention were provided contingent on problem behavior to identify the influence of each form of attention. Results indicated that the attention forms affected problem behavior differently; Final acceptance these outcomes are discussed in terms of their implications for assessment and treatment.
STRENGTHENING SCIENTIFIC VERBAL BEHAVIOR: AN EXPERIMENTAL COMPARISON OF PROGRESSIVELY PROMPTED AND UNPROMPTED PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION AND PROSE TUTORIALS
Authors: Davis Darrel R. , Bostow Darrel E. , Heimisson Gudmundur T.
Published: October 2007

Web‐based software was used to deliver and record the effects of programmed instruction that progressively added formal prompts until attempts were successful, programmed instruction with one attempt, and prose tutorials. Error‐contingent progressive prompting took significantly longer than programmed instruction and prose. Both forms of programmed instruction substantially increased the appropriate use of behavioral vocabulary during subsequent interpretive essays. These behavioral gains extended to a different setting, suggesting that more was being learned than simply how to answer programmed tutorial frames correctly.
A PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF THE EMERGENCE OF NOVEL MAND FORMS
Authors: Hernandez Emma , Hanley Gregory P. , Ingvarsson Einar T. , Tiger Jeffrey H.
Published: October 2007

Strategies that produce generalized responding are valuable, especially with regard to language acquisition, because relatively little training may result in large behavior changes. Conditions that result in generalized manding were analyzed in the current study. We demonstrated in reversal designs that undesirable or single‐word responses were the predominant mand forms of 3 preschool children. Multiple baseline designs with 2 participants and a reversal design with 1 participant were then used to demonstrate the extent to which differential reinforcement of single‐word mands (e.g., “cars”) or framed mands (e.g., “I want the cars, please”) would result in the emergence of other single‐word and framed mands for different items (e.g., mands for music, puppets, or puzzles). Results showed that prompting and differential reinforcement of one or two mand frames resulted in the emergence of other framed mands for all participants.
REVIEW OF THE BOOK SNIFFY THE VIRTUAL RAT PRO VERSION 2.0
Authors: Jakubow James J.
Published: October 2007

Sniffy the Virtual Rat Pro Version 2.0 is the most recent update to the Sniffy the Rat program modules. It has an extensive set of simulations related to Pavlovian and operant conditioning. Many of the standard conditioning paradigms and phenomena are contained within this program. Pavlovian effects such as blocking, overshadowing, and stimulus competition are demonstrated in the data output. Operant manipulations allow shaping the behavior of the virtual rat, observing cumulative records of interval and ratio schedules, as well as conducting operant discrimination procedures. In both Pavlovian and operant paradigms, one can generate histograms that predict the degree to which various stimuli control the virtual rat's behavior. On‐screen presentations may keep most users interested, but working with the generated data files sometimes can prove difficult. Overall, this program has a strong potential for facilitating the instruction in undergraduate conditioning courses, serving as an addendum to traditional undergraduate conditioning laboratories and as a supplement to the use of live animals.
LOCAL EFFECTS OF DELAYED FOOD
Authors: Davison Michael , Baum William M.
Published: October 2007

Five pigeons were trained on a procedure in which seven concurrent variable‐interval schedules arranged seven different food‐rate ratios in random sequence in each session. Each of these components lasted for 10 response‐produced food deliveries, and components were separated by 10‐s blackouts. We varied delays to food (signaled by blackout) between the two response alternatives in an experiment with three phases: In Phase 1, the delay on one alternative was 0 s, and the other was varied between 0 and 8 s; in Phase 2, both delays were equal and were varied from 0 to 4 s; in Phase 3, the two delays summed to 8 s, and each was varied from 1 to 7 s. The results showed that increasing delay affected local choice, measured by a pulse in preference, in the same way as decreasing magnitude, but we found also that increasing the delay at the other alternative increased local preference. This result casts doubt on the traditional view that a reinforcer strengthens a response depending only on the reinforcer's value discounted by any response‐reinforcer delay. The results suggest that food guides, rather than strengthens, behavior.
STIMULUS CONTROL AND COMPOUNDING WITH AMBIENT ODOR AS A DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULUS ON A FREE‐OPERANT BASELINE
Authors: Cohn Scott I. , Weiss Stanley J.
Published: October 2007

Previous experiments have demonstrated that the simultaneous presentation of independently established discriminative stimuli can control rates of operant responding substantially higher than the rates occasioned by the individual stimuli. This “additive summation” phenomenon has been shown with a variety of different reinforcers (e.g., food, water, shock avoidance, cocaine, and heroin). Discriminative stimuli previously used in such studies have been limited to the visual and auditory sensory modalities. The present experiment sought to (1) establish stimulus control on a free‐operant baseline with an ambient olfactory discriminative stimulus, (2) compare olfactory control to that produced with an auditory discriminative stimulus, and (3) determine whether compounding independently established olfactory and auditory discriminative stimuli produces additive summation. Rats lever pressed for food on a variable‐interval schedule in the presence of either a tone or an odor, with comparable control developed to each stimulus. In the absence of these stimuli responding was not reinforced. During stimulus compounding tests, the tone‐plus‐odor compound occasioned more than double the responses occasioned by either the tone or odor presented individually. Thus, the current study (1) established stimulus control with an ambient olfactory discriminative stimulus in a traditional free‐operant setting and (2) extended the generality of stimulus‐compounding effects by demonstrating additive summation when olfactory and auditory discriminative stimuli were presented simultaneously.
THE EFFECTS OF REINFORCER MAGNITUDE ON TIMING IN RATS
Authors: Ludvig Elliot A. , Conover Kent , Shizgal Peter
Published: October 2007

The relation between reinforcer magnitude and timing behavior was studied using a peak procedure. Four rats received multiple consecutive sessions with both low and high levels of brain stimulation reward (BSR). Rats paused longer and had later start times during sessions when their responses were reinforced with low‐magnitude BSR. When estimated by a symmetric Gaussian function, peak times also were earlier; when estimated by a better‐fitting asymmetric Gaussian function or by analyzing individual trials, however, these peak‐time changes were determined to reflect a mixture of large effects of BSR on start times and no effect on stop times. These results pose a significant dilemma for three major theories of timing (SET, MTS, and BeT), which all predict no effects for chronic manipulations of reinforcer magnitude. We conclude that increased reinforcer magnitude influences timing in two ways: through larger immediate after‐effects that delay responding and through anticipatory effects that elicit earlier responding.
TESTS OF BEHAVIORAL‐ECONOMIC ASSESSMENTS OF RELATIVE REINFORCER EFFICACY: ECONOMIC SUBSTITUTES
Authors: Madden Gregory J. , Smethells John R. , Ewan Eric E. , Hursh Steven R.
Published: October 2007

This experiment was conducted to test predictions of two behavioral‐economic approaches to quantifying relative reinforcer efficacy. According to the first of these approaches, characteristics of averaged normalized demand curves may be used to predict progressive‐ratio breakpoints and peak responding. The second approach, the demand analysis, rejects the concept of reinforcer efficacy, arguing instead that traditional measures of relative reinforcer efficacy (breakpoint, peak response rate, and choice) correspond to specific characteristics of non‐normalized demand curves. The accuracy of these predictions was evaluated in rats' responding for food or fat: two reinforcers known to function as partial substitutes. Consistent with the first approach, predicted peak normalized response output values (Omax) obtained under single‐schedule conditions ordinally predicted progressive‐ratio breakpoints and peak responding. Predictions of the demand analysis had mixed success. Pmax and Omax were significantly correlated with PR breakpoints and peak responding (respectively) when fat, but not when food, was the reinforcer. Relative consumption of food and fat under single schedules of reinforcement did not predict preference better than chance. The normalized demand analysis is supplemented with the economic concept of diminishing marginal utility, to predict preference shifts across the range of food and fat prices examined.
IS MATCHING INNATE?
Authors: Gallistel C.R. , King Adam Philip , Gottlieb Daniel , Balci Fuat , Papachristos Efstathios B. , Szalecki Matthew , Carbone Kimberly S.
Published: October 2007

Experimentally naive mice matched the proportions of their temporal investments (visit durations) in two feeding hoppers to the proportions of the food income (pellets per unit session time) derived from them in three experiments that varied the coupling between the behavioral investment and food income, from no coupling to strict coupling. Matching was observed from the outset; it did not improve with training. When the numbers of pellets received were proportional to time invested, investment was unstable, swinging abruptly from sustained, almost complete investment in one hopper, to sustained, almost complete investment in the other—in the absence of appropriate local fluctuations in returns (pellets obtained per time invested). The abruptness of the swings strongly constrains possible models. We suggest that matching reflects an innate (unconditioned) program that matches the ratio of expected visit durations to the ratio between the current estimates of expected incomes. A model that processes the income stream looking for changes in the income and generates discontinuous income estimates when a change is detected is shown to account for salient features of the data.