bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nontuberculous mycobacterial infection attributable to Mycobacterium intracellulare serotype 10 in two rhesus monkeys
Authors: Fleischman R. W. , du Moulin G. C. , Esber H. J. , Ilievski Vladimir , Bogden A. E.
Published: February 2025

Infection with Mycobacterium intracellulare serotype 10 was diagnosed in 2 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in a closed colony of 90 animals. The clinicopathologic presentation in 1 animal with advanced disease was characterized by a precipitous weight loss, therapeutically unresponsive diarrhea, anemia, weakness, prostration, refractory tuberculin tests (using mammalian old tuberculin and Μ bovis purified protein derivative tuberculin), and disseminated granulomas in the lungs, spleen, liver, kidneys, lymph nodes, salivary glands, and intestines. The lamina propria throughout the large and small intestines was infiltrated with mycobacteria-laden macrophages. Severe hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypoglobulinemia, mild hypocalcemia, and edema were compatible with a malabsorption-like syndrome.

The 2nd animal was clinically normal, but a weak positive tuberculin reaction to Μ bovis purified protein derivative at 72 hours necessitated euthanasia. This animal's disease was characterized by microgranulomas in the lungs, bronchial lymph nodes, liver, and pancreas, without involvement of the gastrointestinal tract.

There was no evidence of Μ intracellulare infection in the remaining 88 animals in the colony, as determined by mycobacterial cultures of tracheobronchial washings, additional tuberculin testing, thoracic radiography, and mycobacterial culture of the drinking water. Tuberculin testing and thoracic radiographs of personnel working with the nonhuman primates were also negative.

These cases were considered to be important because both animals were infected with the same serotype and because there has been an increasing number of isolations of this organism in human infections throughout Massachusetts. Drug-sensitivity testing revealed the organism to be sensitive to cycloserine and resistant to isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, streptomycin, kanamycin, and pyrazinamide.
Ovine abortion and neonatal death due to toxoplasmosis in Montana
Authors: Rhyan J. C. , Dubey J. P.
Published: February 2025

Of 33 ewes in a flock in Montana, 6 aborted or gave birth to weak lambs, which died within 2 days after birth. Two lambs and a placenta from 1 ewe as well as 1 lamb from another ewe were submitted for diagnosis. Focal necrotizing placentitis, focal pneumonia, focal hepatitis, focal interstitial nephritis, and focal nonsuppurative encephalitis were seen in tissue sections from 2 of the lambs. Toxoplasma gondii was found in smears and sections of the placenta and in sections of lung from 1 lamb. Mice inoculated with tissues from a lamb developed dye test antibodies to T gondii. Eleven of 12 ewes from the same flock had dye test antibody titers of 1:16 or more, and titers were 4-fold higher in aborting ewes than in ewes with normal lambs.
Seasonal transmission of Fasciola hepatica to cattle in northwestern United States
Authors: Hoover R. Craig , Lincoln Stuart D. , Hall Richard F. , Wescott Richard
Published: February 2025

Sentinel steers were placed with 3 beef herds on irrigated pastures in southern Idaho for 1-month periods from May until November 1982 to determine the transmission pattern of Fasciola hepatica. Transmission was found to increase through the pasture season, reaching a peak during November. Overwintering of metacercariae or snail-borne stages was not found to contribute to infections in the year under study. A variety of species of Lymnaea were found to be available in southern Idaho as potential intermediate hosts. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was found to be a good serologic indicator of light infections with F hepatica. The serum γ-glutamyltransferase activity was not diagnostically significant when the degree of fluke infection was low.
Phenylbutazone toxicosis in the horse: A clinical study
Authors: Collins Lynda G. , Tyler David E.
Published: February 2025

In a retrospective study of 269 horses that had been treated with phenylbutazone, horses receiving ≤ 8.8 mg/kg of body weight/day for ≤ 4 days or 2 to 4 mg/kg of body weight/day for up to 50 days remained clinically normal. Anorexia, depression, colic, hypoproteinemia, diarrhea, melena, weight loss, ventral edema, petechial hemorrhages of mucous membranes, oral and gastrointestinal tract erosions and ulcers, renal papillary necrosis, and death were among the complications seen in horses that had received > 8.8 mg/kg of body weight/day. In 2 cases, signs suggestive of gastrointestinal-related shock were also evident.
Use of a microtiter Coombs’ test for study of age, gender, and breed distributions in immunohemolytic anemia of the dog
Authors: Jacobs Robert M. , Murtaugh Robert J. , Crocker Daniel B.
Published: February 2025

Sixteen of 17 dogs with immunohemolytic anemia had a microtiter Coombs’ test titer ≥1:64. Performance of the test as a hemagglutination assay apparently increased the sensitivity of the test. Three of the dogs with immunohemolytic anemia were sexually intact females, 11 were spayed females, and 3 were sexually intact males. When age and gender were considered together, females were 4.3 times more likely to have immunohemolytic anemia than were males (P<0.05). When corrected for population age distribution, spayed females were not predisposed to the problem.
Management of proximal sesamoid bone fractures in the horse
Authors: Fretz P. B. , Barber S. M. , Bailey J. V. , McKenzie N. T.
Published: February 2025

The case records of 49 horses with proximal sesamoid bone fracture were studied. The population consisted of 20 Thoroughbreds, 20 Standardbreds, 5 Quarter Horses, 2 Arabians, and 2 grade horses. The fractured bones were classified into 5 categories: apical fractures, basilar fractures, abaxial fractures, middle one-third fractures, and bilateral comminuted-distracted fractures. Apical fractures occurred most frequently in the Standardbred, with the prevalence of medial fracture being equal to that of lateral fracture. Basilar fractures occurred predominantly in the Thoroughbred, with the highest prevalence in the lateral sesamoid bone of the right front fetlock. Bilateral comminuted-distracted fractures also occurred primarily in the right front fetlock. The prognosis following surgical removal of apical fractures appeared to be superior to that for stall rest alone. The prognosis for basilar fractures was poor.
Personal computer word processing for veterinary article writing: Personal computers and printers
Authors: Stogdale Lea
Published: February 2025

Word processing makes the writing and altering of scientific articles faster, easier, and more accurate. Personal computers that are ideally suited to this use are now available. Certain factors must be taken into consideration when a system is selected with word processing in mind. A small business computer or a suitable transportable computer, linked to a printer, provides all the hardware, or machinery, necessary. This, along with a sufficiently powerful word processing program, and all the essential accessories, can be purchased for between $2,300 and $6,000. The editors of all (with one uncertain) 29 clinical veterinary and medical journals surveyed will accept articles written by the dense dot matrix or near-correspondence quality printers that frequently accompany personal computers. The major problem affecting the veterinarian who wishes to purchase a personal computer word processing system is that of spending the time to acquire sufficient information in order to choose the computer and the programs that will be appropriate to his or her requirements. These will include the specialized word processing demands of scientific article writing and many other applications, as appropriate.
Evaluation of analytical grade of metrizamide for canine stifle arthrography
Authors: Atilola Matthew A. , Pennock Paul W. , Sumner-Smith G.
Published: February 2025

The use of analytical grade of metrizamide as contrast material in canine stifle arthrography was evaluated in 27 stifle joints. A concentration of 280 mg of I/100 ml was prepared, and the material was injected at a rate of 0.3 ml/cm thickness of the lateral to medial measurement. Acceptable arthrograms were produced in 22 (81.5%) cases. The mediolateral radiographic view was useful in demonstrating the cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments, the infrapatellar fat pad, and the tendon of the long digital extensor muscle. The caudocranial radiographic view was useful in demonstrating the medial and lateral menisci, the articular surfaces of the femoral condyles, and the outline of the joint capsule. Radiographs made within 15 minutes after injection of the contrast medium were acceptable, thus setting this period as the limit for obtaining useful arthrograms. The double contrast technique was found to be of little value.
Change of inhalation anesthetic agents for management of ventricular premature depolarizations in anesthetized cats and dogs
Authors: Hubbell J. A. E. , Muir W. W. , Bednarski R. M. , Bednarski L. S.
Published: February 2025

Ventricular premature depolarizations (vpd) were found in 27 cats and 14 dogs during inhalation anesthesia. For animals receiving halothane, the anesthetic agent was changed to enflurane (n = 22) or isoflurane (n = 15). After the change to enflurane, the vpd reverted to normal sinus rhythm (n = 19) or decreased in frequency (n = 3). After the change to isoflurane, the vpd reverted to normal sinus rhythm (n = 14) or decreased in frequency (n = 1). For 4 cats receiving enflurane, the inhalant agent was changed to halothane, which caused an increased frequency of vpd (n = 3) or reversion to normal sinus rhythm (n = 1). It was concluded that cats and dogs with vpd during inhalation anesthesia with halothane would benefit from a change to enflurane or isoflurane.
Isolation of streptococcus suis from swine in nebraska
Authors: Erickson E. Denis , Doster Alan R. , Pokorny Teri S.
Published: February 2025

Streptococcus suis was isolated from swine with localized and diffuse infections. The isolates (n = 121) were unable to grow in broth containing 6.5% NaCl. Their abilities to hydrolyze esculin were variable, as were their fermentative reactions in lactose, trehalose, raffinose, and inulin. Sorbitol was not attacked by any strain. Serologic reactions were obtained between the isolates and coagglutination reagents prepared from commercially available antisera to streptococcal groups D, R, or S.
New perspectives in cardiopulmonary therapeutics: Receptor-selective adrenergic drugs
Authors: Adams H. Richard
Published: February 2025

Recent advances in basic biomedical research have led to the development of clinically useful drugs known as “second generation” adrenergic receptor stimulants (agonists) and blockers (antagonists). Adrenergic receptors are now differentiated into 4 distinct subtypes: α1, α2, β1, and β2. The new drugs are more receptor-selective and tissue-specific than older ones and, hence, have increased potential for directed therapeutic action, with relatively less side effects on nontargeted organs. The β2-selective agonist terbutaline, eg, causes bronchodilation with less β1-cardiac excitation than does the β1-β2 nonselective agonist isoproterenol. Compared with the latter, the β1,-selective agonist dobutamine increases myocardial contractile force and cardiac output with less β2-mediated vasodilation and hypotension. The β1selective antagonist metoprolol has advantage over the β1-β2 nonselective blocker propranolol for controlling β1-cardiac excitation in patients with compromised pulmonary function. Prazosin, an α1-selective blocking agent, evokes peripheral vasodilation with less reflex tachycardia than does the nonselective α1-α2 blocker phentolamine, probably because the former spares the prejunctional α2-receptors that subserve autoinhibition of norepinephrine release from the sympathetic neuron. The contemporary practice of internal medicine will no doubt include an understanding of the pharmacologic properties associated with the various adrenergic receptor subtypes.
Effect of yohimbine on xylazine-induced immobilization in white-tailed deer
Authors: Hsu Walter H. , Shulaw William P.
Published: February 2025

Two groups of white-tailed deer were given im injections of xylazine with a projectile syringe. Deer in one of the groups served as controls and did not receive any treatments other than xylazine. Deer in the other group were given yohimbine iv at various times (15 to 171 minutes) to evaluate its effect on xylazine-induced immobilization.

In 5 control deer given 3.7 ± 1.2 mg of xylazine/kg (mean ± SD), onset of recumbency was 13 ± 2 minutes and time to standing was 268 ± 76 minutes. In 20 principal deer given 2.8 ± 1.0 mg of xylazine/kg, onset of recumbency was 8 ± 7 minutes, time to sitting after giving yohimbine was 3 ± 4 minutes in 18 of the deer, and time to standing after giving yohimbine was 4 ± 5 minutes in 19 of the deer. Most of these deer were still moderately sedated 30 minutes after injection of yohimbine, but none of them became reimmobilized or as deeply sedated as before the injection of yohimbine. Yohimbine also reversed the bradycardia and respiratory depression induced by xylazine.
Clinical evaluation of American river otters in a reintroduction study
Authors: Hoover John P. , Root Charles R. , Zimmer Mark A.
Published: February 2025

Ten American river otters (Lutra canadensis) were evaluated clinically before release into Oklahoma waterways. Otters were immobilized for physical, radiographic, and electrocardiographic examinations and for collection of blood samples. Hematologic and serum biochemical analyses, urinalyses, parasitologic examinations, surgical omental biopsies, and necropsy findings were included. Respiratory tract disease, bacterial and parasitic infections, and starvation apparently were contributing causes of postrelease mortality in 4 of the otters.
Cardiomyopathy associated with vitamin E deficiency in seven gelada baboons
Authors: Liu Si-kwang , Dolensek Emil P. , Tappe James P. , Stover Janet , Adams Charles R.
Published: February 2025

Between November 1979 and July 1982, 7 captive gelada baboons (Theropithecus gelada) died; 5 of them died unexpectedly, 1 died after a 4-month history of heart failure, and 1 was anemic and dyspneic for 2 days before death. Of those that died unexpectedly, 1 was anemic and 4 were clinically normal. At necropsy, all baboons had white or pale patches of myocardium. Histologically, fibrosis and acute myocytolysis were observed in the myocardium. Three affected baboons were tested for plasma α-tocopherol content and were found deficient. Four unaffected baboons were given vitamin E for 24 months, and plasma α-tocopherol content returned to normal. Blood selenium content was determined in 1 affected baboon and was normal.
Splinting device for hindlimb fractures in horses
Authors: Beroza Gregory A. , Gentile Dennis G. , Goodness Paul , Charles Robert
Published: February 2025

A Robert Jones bandage modified to include a steel walking bar frame and, in one case, side-supporting bars, was applied as a splinting device in 4 horses with hindlimb fractures (3 tarsal and 1 middle phalangeal). The modification was used as an adjunct to previous casting therapies or as a means for handling casting failures or soft tissue problems encountered during the casting period. This means of stabilization is easily adapted to replace a problematic cast in various clinical settings, is easily applied in the standing patient, is easily changed and adjusted on a regular basis, has minimal complications, is comfortable, and can be used for support for a long period.
Electrodiagnostic evaluation of deafness in two English Setter littermates
Authors: Sims Michael H. , Shull-Selcer Elizabeth
Published: February 2025

Two English Setter littermates (male and female) were evaluated for hearing difficulties at 4, 16, and 24 months of age. Auditory function was evaluated by behavioral response to pure-tone sounds, tympanometry, brain stem auditory evoked response, and acoustic reflex testing. Hereditary sensorineural deafness was diagnosed in both dogs. The extent of the hearing deficit, as characterized by these tests, was slightly different between the dogs, as well as between the ears in 1 dog.
Breed-related risk factors for canine parvovirus enteritis
Authors: Glickman Lawrence T. , Domanski Linda M. , Patronek Gary J. , Visintainer Ferdinand
Published: February 2025

Case records of 305 dogs with canine parvovirus (cpv) enteritis, seen at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania from July 1, 1981 to Aug 31, 1982, were selected on the basis of admitting diagnoses or signs of diarrhea and vomiting. The case records were subdivided into 3 diagnostic categories, based on final diagnoses and laboratory test results. There were 96 dogs with definite cpv enteritis, 139 with possible cpv enteritis, and 70 with unlikely cpv enteritis. These cases were then stratified by animal's age (≤6 months or >6 months) and specific hospital service (medicine or emergency). A control group was selected from all canine case records from the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania for conditions other than the criteria used in selecting the case group. Approximately 2 hospital patients were selected for each cpv enteritis case by frequency matching for hospital service and age.

The proportion of dogs with definite cpv enteritis that had each of the clinical signs that were studied was greater than that of dogs in the other cpv enteritis diagnostic categories. The overall survival rate for dogs with definite cpv enteritis was 64.0%; survival was not associated with any given clinical sign of disease. Odds ratios (or) for the risk of cpv enteritis were calculated for breeds with 3 or more dogs with definite cpv enteritis. The Doberman Pinschers (or = 3.1), Rottweilers (or = 6.0), and English Springer Spaniels (or = 8.1) had a significantly increased risk of cpv enteritis. When age- and sex-specific or were calculated, the immature (≤6 months) male Doberman Pinschers (or = 3.5) and Rottweilers (or = 7.7) and the mature female English Springer Spaniels (or = 42.2) had significantly increased risks of cpv enteritis. In a second analysis, breed-specific or were determined by comparing dogs with definite cpv enteritis to dogs with unlikely cpv enteritis. The Doberman Pinschers (or = 17.3), Rottweilers (or = 2.4), and English Springer Spaniels (or = 7.5) were at an increased risk of cpv enteritis, but the or was statistically significant only for the Doberman Pinschers. Doberman Pinschers were not more likely to develop leukopenia, and they did not have excess mortality when compared with all other purebred dogs.

Analysis of data from the nationwide Veterinary Medical Data Program indicated that Doberman Pinschers (or = 2.2) and Rottweilers (or = 5.6) had significantly increased risks of cpv enteritis. The consistency of results, using 2 separate internal control groups and 2 distinct data sources, identifies the existence of real differences in breed susceptibility to cpv enteritis.
Plasmapheresis in five dogs with systemic immune-mediated disease
Authors: Matus Robert E. , Gordon Bruce R. , Leifer Connie E. , Saal Stuart , Hurvitz Arthur I.
Published: February 2025

Five dogs with signs referable to systemic immune-mediated disease, four with systemic lupus erythematosus, and one with probable lupus myopathy were treated with plasmapheresis in combination with low-dose immunosuppressive drug therapy. Previous treatment with conventional dosages of prednisone was not satisfactory and was associated with adverse side effects. Two dogs had short-term responses to combined therapy, and 3 dogs had sustained responses. Clinical remission was associated with normalization of serum complement levels and decreases in antinuclear antibody titers. Toxicosis potentially related to plasma component depletion was observed in 2 dogs. Acute clinical illness and disease states refractory to conventional immunosuppressive therapy should be considered indications for plasmapheresis.
Retropharyngeal infections in five horses
Authors: Todhunter R. J. , Brown C. M. , Stickle R.
Published: February 2025

Five horses with retropharyngeal (rp) infections had clinical signs of dysphagia and/or dyspnea. Diagnosis was confirmed, using pharyngeal endoscopy and lateral radiography of the pharynx. One horse responded to surgical drainage of a rp abscess and was sound at light work. One horse responded to medical management after the site of infection was surgically explored. Two horses recovered after medical management; the rp abscess of 1 of these 2 horses ruptured spontaneously into the pharynx and the other horse became racing sound. The fifth horse remained dysphagie and had left laryngeal hemiplegia after medical treatment.
Effect of atrophic rhinitis on growth rate in Illinois swine herds
Authors: Bäckström L. , Hoefling D. C. , Morkoc A. C. , Cowart R. P.
Published: February 2025

Influence of atrophic rhinitis (ar) on mean daily weight gain (mdg) was studied in hogs randomly selected from 7 farrow-to-finish herds in Illinois. Herds were selected to obtain a wide range of clinical signs and lesions of the disease; thus, prevalence of clinical signs of ar in finishing hogs ranged from 0% to 20% among herds, and in hogs examined at slaughter the proportion of hogs with turbinate lesions ranged from 5% to 92%. None of the herds investigated had any obvious problems with pneumonia; nevertheless, hogs with moderate to severe pneumonic lesions were excluded from the study, to minimize any combined effect of ar and pneumonia.

In 3 herds, mdg in ar-free pigs was 15% to 18% better than in pigs with severe ar lesions. Prevalence of clinical signs ranged from 5% to 20%, and of turbinate lesions, from 66% to 92%. In 4 herds in which mdg appeared to be unaffected by ar, prevalence of clinical signs of the disease ranged from 0% to 5%, and of turbinate lesions, from 5% to 74%.

No consistent pattern of influence on ar lesions was found for bacterial infections, as determined by culturing of nasal swab specimens on MacConkey agar and blood agar.
Vitamin K treatment of sweet clover poisoning in calves
Authors: Alstad A. D. , Casper H. H. , Johnson L. J.
Published: February 2025

Dicumarol poisoning was reproduced by feeding naturally spoiled, sweet clover hay, which contained a minimum of 90 ppm dicumarol. Vitamin K1 administered im was effective in treating the disease at dosages of 1.1, 2.2, and 3.3 mg/kg of body weight. Vitamin K3 treatment by various routes and dosages was ineffective.
Hemangiosarcoma in the cat: Retrospective evaluation of 31 surgical cases
Authors: Scavelli Thomas D. , Patnaik Amiya K. , Mehlhaff Cheryl J. , Hayes Audrey A.
Published: February 2025

Hemangiosarcoma was diagnosed in 31 cats. Diagnosis was confirmed by surgical biopsy. Locations of the primary tumors were the abdominal cavity (15 cats), sc tissue (13 cats), thoracic cavity (2 cats), and nasal cavity (1 cat). Nine (60%) of the 15 cats with abdominal hemangiosarcoma had extrathoracic evidence of metastasis: this was not found in the other cats. Of the cats with tumors located in the sc tissue, 6 of 10 (60%) evaluated on a long-term basis had local recurrence of the tumor. Eleven cats were not available for follow-up evaluation, 3 cats were euthanatized at the time of surgery, and 2 others were euthanatized within the first postoperative week subsequent to histologic diagnosis of hemangiosarcoma. Of the remaining 15 cats, 4 with abdominal hemangiosarcoma and 5 with hemangiosarcoma of the sc tissue died at means of 22 and 44 weeks, respectively.
Cardiac hemangiosarcoma in the dog: A review of 38 cases
Authors: Aronsohn Michael
Published: February 2025

During the period 1975 to 1984, a histopathologic diagnosis of primary cardiac hemangiosarcoma was made in 38 dogs at Angell Memorial Animal Hospital. The diagnosis was confirmed by exploratory thoracotomy in 16 cases and at necropsy in 22 cases. At the time of exploratory thoracotomy, 7 dogs were euthanatized because of nonresectability of the primary tumor and/or gross metastatic disease. In 9 dogs, the tumor was resected by removing part of the right atrium. Complications included atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, anemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and pneumonia. Prolonged and multiple hospitalizations were a common feature of the postoperative period. Adjuvant therapy was not utilized in any case. The mean survival time was 4 months (2 days to 8 months).
Efficacy of testing for illegal medication in horses
Authors: Woods W. E. , Chay Sylvia , Houston T. , Blake J. W. , Tobin Thomas
Published: February 2025

The efficacy of testing for illegal drugs in race horses was surveyed by evaluating 27 questionnaires received from 28 racing jurisdictions polled. Large variations in the number of samples tested and drugs detected were reported. Some jurisdictions reported only illegal medications, whereas others also reported permitted medications. To facilitate comparison, stimulants, depressants, local anesthetics, narcotic analgesics, and tranquilizers were classified as hard drugs. Other drugs, which are legal in some jurisdictions, were classified as soft. To evaluate the efficacy of testing, positive test results were compared for hard drugs only.

Positive test results varied from zero in some jurisdictions for some years to 14.8/1,000 samples tested for one small jurisdiction in one year. The mean rates over the years 1975 to 1983 varied from 0.2 to 6.5/1,000, with a modal positive test result of about 1/1,000. Beside the fact that prerace blood testing is less effective than is postrace urine testing, no cause for these variations in the positive test results could be identified.

The positive test results also were compared for jurisdictions with differing medication rules for phenylbutazone (pbz). Jurisdictions that did not allow pbz had a mean positive test result for hard drugs of about 1.3 ± 0.9/1,000 samples tested. Jurisdictions that allowed more liberal use of pbz had a mean positive test result for hard drugs of about 1.3 ± 1.0/1,000 samples tested. Seemingly, the presence of pbz in equine forensic samples did not reduce the ability of forensic laboratories to detect the use of hard or illegal drugs.
Thyrotropin stimulation test—new perspective on value of monitoring triiodothyronine
Authors: Oliver Jack W. , Held J. P.
Published: February 2025

Thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone; tsh) stimulus to thyroid cells of horses and dogs resulted in increased serum triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations that were detected earlier than those of thyroxine (T4). Doubling of the base-line T3 values in horses was detected 0.5 hours after injection of 5IU of tsh iv, with peak response of 5 times base-line value detected 2 hours after injection. Doubling of T4 values in horses was noticed between 2 and 3 hours, with the peak response of 2.4 times base-line value at 4 hours after injection of tsh. Doubling of base-line T3 values in dogs in response to 0.2 IU tsh/kg of body weight (iv-5 IU maximum dose) was noticed at 1 hour, whereas T4 response doubled between 1.5 and 2 hours. Peak release of T3 and T4 in response to tsh in dogs had not developed by 4 hours; however, the percentage increase over base-line values was greater for T3 than T4 at early sampling time points, and this response has resulted in an increased T3/T4 ratio in hypothyroid dogs. Thus, in both dogs and horses, these studies indicated that T3 response to tsh could be used as a measure of thyroid function at earlier time intervals after tsh administration than one measures T4 response.
The use of ultrasonography for pregnancy diagnosis in the bitch
Authors: Shille V. M. , Gontarek J.
Published: February 2025

Twenty-three Greyhound bitches housed at 3 breeding kennels were examined for pregnancy via transabdominal palpation and ultrasonography. Pregnancy was timed from the calculated day of ovulation (day of ovulation = day when first pup was whelped - 63), and from a single breeding date (day 0). Starting on day 10 after ovulation, 9 bitches were monitored every 3 days by ultrasonography only, to determine gestational vesicle sizes during gestation and the time when fetal movements and heartbeats could be first detected. The other 14 bitches were examined by ultrasonography and transabdominal palpation on the same day every week, starting on postovulation day 19, to compare the effectiveness of the 2 methods of pregnancy determination. Parturition was the final determinant of pregnancy status.

The earliest correct diagnosis of pregnancy was at 18 days after ovulation, but fetal movements and heartbeat could not be identified until days 28 and 35, respectively. Estimation of fetal numbers by ultrasound or palpation was not reliable when there were more than four in the litter. Pregnancy and nonpregnancy were correctly determined by both methods in an increasingly greater number of bitches as gestation progressed, but ultrasonography was more accurate at all stages; on days 19 to 22, 26 to 30, 34 to 38, and >40 after ovulation, correct diagnoses were made in 33%, 42%, 50%, and 75% of the bitches by palpation and in 42%, 67%, 75%, and 83% of the bitches by ultrasonography. The most common error was failure to detect pregnancy by palpation or ultrasonography in bitches with small litters and tense abdominal muscles. On days 27 to 34, 35 to 44, and 47 to 56 after ovulation, average gestational sac diameter ranged from 23 to 30, 25 to 49, and 46 to 89 mm, respectively. Fetal viability was detectable as soon as gestational vesicles were recognized and could be monitored at will, thereafter.
Effects of ambient temperature on the half-life and dosage regimen of amikacin in the gopher snake
Authors: Mader Douglas R. , Conzelman Gaylord M. , Baggot J. Desmond
Published: February 2025

Eight gopher snakes were given amikacin (5 mg/kg of body weight im) and were housed at ambient temperatures of 25 C or 37 C. Snakes housed at 37 C had a larger volume of distribution, and a more rapid body clearance of amikacin while the apparent half-life was not changed significantly. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of amikacin against isolated snake pathogens were determined at both temperatures. Bacteria were twice as sensitive at 37 C than at 25 C. The data indicated that amikacin should be given im at a dose schedule of 5 mg/kg (loading dose) followed by 2.5 mg/kg every 72 hours, and that snakes should be housed near the high end of their preferred optimum ambient temperature during treatment.
Efficacy of clorsulon and albendazole against Fascioloides magna in naturally infected white-tailed deer
Authors: Foreyt W. J. , Drawe D. L.
Published: February 2025

The efficacy of clorsulon and of albendazole against Fascioloides magna were evaluated in 36 naturally infected white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in southern Texas. A single oral dose of clorsulon suspension (12 to 30 mg/kg of body weight; mean = 24 mg/kg) was given to each deer and killed 153 (92%) of 167 mature flukes and 4 (80%) of 5 immature flukes recovered at necropsy. A single oral dose of albendazole paste (17 to 46 mg/kg; mean = 26 mg/kg) was given to each deer and killed 148 (89%) of 167 mature flukes and 4 (67%) of 6 immature flukes recovered at necropsy. In 82 nontreated control deer, 271 live flukes were recovered; dead flukes were not recovered.
L7-S1 fixation-fusion for treatment of cauda equina compression in the dog
Authors: Slocum Barclay , Devine Theresa
Published: February 2025

The L7-S1 fixation-fusion technique for treatment of cauda equina compression was performed on 14 dogs, 13 of which were 6 years old or older, were severely lame, and had ventral bridging spondylitis at the L7-S1 vertebrae. One dog, 3 months old, had a congenital malformation of the L7 vertebra. The principles of the L7-S1 fusion technique were to expand the L7-S1 intervertebral foramina and spinal canal, remove pressure on the nerve roots, and provide stability to the L7-S1 vertebrae. This technique appeared to be applicable clinically for restoring normal function and activity to dogs with cauda equina compression.
Arthroscopic surgery for osteochondral fractures of the proximal phalanx of the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal(fetlock) joints in horses
Authors: Yovich John V. , McIlwraith C. Wayne
Published: February 2025

Arthroscopic surgery for osteochondral fractures of the proximal phalanx was performed on 74 fetlock joints of 63 horses for a total of 87 fractures during a 2-year period. The medial dorsal proximal aspect of the proximal phalanx of the forelimbs was most commonly involved (59 fractures), followed by the lateral aspect (26 fractures), and 2 fractures occurred in the fetlock joint of the right hindlimb. At surgery, 82 fragments were removed and 5 fragments that had healed or were embedded in the joint capsule were not removed. Of the fragments removed, 15 were fixed firmly to the proximal phalanx, 63 were easily movable by arthroscopic instruments (but had soft tissue attachments to the proximal phalanx), and 4 were floating free within the joint. Arthroscopic surgery allowed excellent visualization and appreciation of the attachments of fragments and their stage of healing. Horses returned to full race training at an average of 11½ weeks (range, 6 to 24 weeks). Thirty eight of 46 horses (82.6%) with adequate postoperative follow-up returned to athletic performance at least equal to that before fetlock injury.
Vertebral body abscesses in cattle: A review of five cases
Authors: Sherman David Μ. , Ames Trevor R.
Published: February 2025

Over a 4-year period, vertebral body abscess (vba) was diagnosed in 5 young cattle at the University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine. Review of these cases indicated that laboratory findings may not support a diagnosis of vba and that the most important basis for diagnosis of this condition is a thorough neurologic examination. In 4 cases, necropsy revealed abscesses in the lungs or thoracic cavity as well, suggesting that a history of pneumonia preceding paresis may favor the diagnosis of vba.
Allogeneic tooth transplantation in the dog
Authors: Runyon Caroline L. , Rigg Dale L. , Grier Ronald L.
Published: February 2025

Allogeneic tooth transplantation was evaluated as a functional and aesthetic treatment for dental fracture in the dog. Of 7 dogs that received tooth transplants, 5 were research animals and 2 were clinical patients. Canine teeth were transplanted immediately after extraction in the research dogs. Endodontic therapy had been performed on the affected canine tooth of one clinical patient. The other clinical patient had bilateral maxillary canine fractures 2 months earlier.

One of the research dog transplants failed at 3 weeks as a result of improper surgical technique. Four of the research dogs had a solid implant for 18 months, after which time the dogs were euthanatized serially. All transplanted teeth were anchored firmly into the alveoli, but were nonviable. Root resorption, with bone replacement, was first noticed at 24 months.

The transplanted tooth in the first clinical patient remained functional for 3 months, after which time the tooth was fractured. The right canine transplant in the second clinical patient failed by 3 months, probably because of preexisting periapical inflammation. The left transplanted tooth remains stable at 38 months.

It was concluded that allogeneic tooth transplantation may have merit as a rapid and inexpensive method for replacement of fractured teeth in the dog. Function is compromised gradually as a result of root resorption and ankylosis, with tooth fracture likely to occur after 2 years.
Lethal acrodermatitis in Bull Terriers
Authors: Jezyk P. F. , Haskins M. E. , MacKay-Smith W. E. , Patterson D. F.
Published: February 2025

A lethal syndrome characterized clinically by growth retardation, progressive acrodermatitis, chronic pyoderma and paronychia, diarrhea, pneumonia, and abnormal behavior was observed in 17 related Bull Terrier pups. Median survival time was 7 months. Laboratory evaluation revealed non-degenerative neutrophilia, consistently low activities of serum alkaline phosphatase and alanine transaminase, and frequently, hypercholesterolemia. Lymphocyte blastogenic responses were decreased and there was dysgammaglobulinemia in pups in which quantitative studies of immunoglobulins were made. The mean of plasma zinc concentrations in 5 affected pups was significantly lower than the mean of age- and breed-matched controls. Pathologic findings included parakeratosis, hyperkeratosis, and superficial bacterial infections of the skin. There was severe reduction of lymphocytes in T-lymphocyte areas of lymphoid tissue. Bronchopneumonia and dilatation of the cerebral ventricles were found in most affected pups. Family studies indicated that the syndrome is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. In spite of its similarities to lethal trait A46 in Black Pied Danish cattle and acrodermatitis enteropathica in man, oral or parenteral treatment with zinc failed to ameliorate the clinical signs of the syndrome.
Gastroenterostomy for treatment of gastroduodenal ulcer disease in 14 foals
Authors: Campbell-Thompson Martha L. , Brown Murray P. , Slone Donnie E. , Merritt Alfred M. , Moll H. David , Levy Michel
Published: February 2025

Gastroenterostomy was performed in 14 foals to treat gastric outflow obstruction caused by advanced gastroduodenal ulcer disease. The onset of excessive salivation and teeth grinding, without response to medical treatment, combined with endoscopic and radiographic evidence of gastric outflow obstruction, were indications for surgical intervention. Successful outcome in 5 foals was attributed to early diagnosis, patient stabilization, early surgical correction, and postoperative management including antibiotics and antiulcer medication.
Eradication of ovine progressive pneumonia from sheep flocks
Authors: Cutlip Randall C. , Lehmkuhl Howard D.
Published: February 2025

Two management methods for controlling ovine progressive pneumonia in sheep were evaluated. By a test and cull method, wherein seropositive sheep were culled from the flock, the causative virus was eradicated from a closed flock and controlled in an open flock. By an isolate-and-test method, wherein lambs were removed from infected ewes before nursing and reared in isolation, the virus was eradicated in 1 of 2 attempts to establish virus-free flocks. It was concluded that either method should be effective in controlling ovine progressive pneumonia. Results indicated that annual serologic monitoring of a virus-free flock would be necessary to ensure that the virus-free status is maintained.
Use of tears for diagnosis of feline leukemia virus infection
Authors: Hawkins Eleanor C. , Johnson Lorraine , Pedersen Niels C. , Winston Scott
Published: February 2025

A comparison was made of the use of serum, tears, and saliva for the detection of feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection in cats. Cotton swabs were used to collect saliva, and tear-test strips were used to collect tears. Specimens were analyzed by a commercially available elisa. Using a 10- to 15-minute specimen incubation period, FeLV was detected in 70% of the saliva specimens and in 73% of the tear specimens from viremic (serum-positive) cats. Feline leukemia virus antigen was not detected in saliva and tear specimens from serum-negative cats. The sensitivity of the tear assay was improved by increasing the incubation time to 24 hours. Tear strips could be airdried and stored at room temperature for up to 7 days without any appreciable loss of activity.

Client-owned and experimentally infected laboratory cats were tested for FeLV, using air-dried teartest strips and a 24-hour incubation period. Tears were positive (contained FeLV antigen) in 65 of 72 (90%) serum-positive cats and did not contain antigen in 46 of 46 (100%) serum-negative cats. Results of elisa obtained from serum and tears also were compared with results obtained from indirect fluorescent antibody testing of blood smears. Results of indirect fluorescent antibody and elisa compared favorably with each other and with the results of tear testing.
Focal cutaneous vasculitis and alopecia at sites of rabies vaccination in dogs
Authors: Wilcock Brian P. , Yager Julie A.
Published: February 2025

A focal cutaneous lesion developed at the site of previous rabies vaccine administration in 13 dogs. Ten of the affected dogs were Poodles. The interval between vaccination and first observation of the lesion varied from 3 to 6 months. Skin lesions were hyperpigmented, alopecic macules, 2 to 5 cm in diameter. The consistent histologic lesion was vasculitis affecting arterioles of the deep dermis and subcutis. Other histologic lesions included epidermal, follicular, and adnexal atrophy, hyperpigmentation, chronic septal panniculitis, fat necrosis, and focal lymphocytic nodules in the deep dermis and subcutis. Rabies-specific fluorescence was seen in the walls of dermal blood vessels and in the epithelium of hair follicles in each of 3 dogs tested. Immunoglobulin G was detected in similar locations in one of 3 dogs tested. No difference in serum neutralizing anti-rabies antibody titers were detected between 5 affected dogs tested and 4 clinically normal dogs.
Study on the etiologic role of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in pneumonia of dairy calves
Authors: Baker John C. , Werdin Ronald E. , Ames Trevor R. , Markham R. J. F. , Larson Vaughn L.
Published: February 2025

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) was the viral agent most commonly identified in 14 epizootics of pneumonia in dairy calves. A microtiter serum-virus neutralization test proved to be the best means of identifying involvement of brsv; seroconversion (fourfold or greater rise in titer) was demonstrated in 10 of the 14 epizootics. Only limited involvement of bovine viral diarrhea virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, parainfluenza 3 virus, and bovine adenovirus type 3 was recognized. Pasteurella multocida was isolated in 12 of 14 epizootics, and Pasteurella haemolytica in 4 of 14 epizootics. Mycoplasmal and ureaplasmal agents were isolated in all 14 epizootics.
Correlation of the presence of seminal white blood cells and the prevalence of separated spermatozoal heads with subclinical Brucella ovis infection in rams
Authors: Kimberling Cleon V. , Arnold Kristin S. , Schweitzer Darrel J. , Jones Robert L. , VonByern Heinrich , Lucas Merlin
Published: February 2025

A breeding soundness evaluation was conducted on 824 Colorado range rams. These rams were determined to be free from epididymitis via testicular palpation. Semen evaluation included microscopic observation for the presence of wbc. Of the 824 rams, 15.5% failed the breeding soundness evaluation on the basis of the semen evaluation: 10.6% had wbc in the semen and 4.9% had poor sperm morphology. The prevalence of Brucella ovis isolation varied from 0% to 16.2% within flocks. The prevalence of subclinical B ovis infection was 10% in the control flocks. Brucella ovis was isolated from 71.9% of the rams that had wbc in their semen.

From this study, it appeared that palpation and vaccination may be inadequate for control of ram epididymitis.
Equine ehrlichial colitis (Potomac horse fever): Recognition of the disease in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Idaho, and Connecticut
Authors: Palmer Jonathan E. , Whitlock Robert H. , Benson Charles E.
Published: February 2025

Equine ehrlichial colitis (Potomac horse fever), a newly identified colitis of the horse, was first recognized in Maryland. In this report, we document occurrence of the disease in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Idaho, and Connecticut. Enzootic areas were recognized by a characteristic pattern. Frequently there was a seasonal pattern and high prevalence of sporadic colitis in unstressed horses. The attack rate per farm generally was low. Horses on pasture, as well as those stabled, were affected. Clinical signs varied from fever and depression to severe diarrhea and laminitis. Occasionally horses developed profound ileus and severe colic. Diagnosis was based on detection of an increase or decrease in serum antibody titers to Ehrlichia risticii, using an indirect fluorescent antibody technique.
Relationship between mastitis pathogen numbers in bulk tank milk and bovine udder infections in California dairy herds
Authors: Gonzalez R. N. , Jasper D. E. , Bushnell R. B. , Farver T. B.
Published: February 2025

Samples of bulk tank milk and cow-composite milk from 23,138 dairy cows from 50 California dairies were examined by use of microbiologic procedures. The number of colonies of mastitis pathogens isolated per milliliter of bulk tank milk (used as a predictor of the percentage of infected cows in the herd) was evaluated, using simple regression analysis and Spearman's rank correlation. Correlations between the pathogens and the percentage of cows in each herd shedding the pathogens were found for Streptococcus agalactiae (r = 0.71) and mycoplasma (r = 0.59), but were considerably lower for other pathogens. When ≥ 4,000 colonies of Streptococcus agalactiae were found per milliliter of bulk tank milk, at least 7% of the cows in the herd was shedding this organism. However, a pattern was not found between the number of mycoplasma colonies per milliliter of bulk tank milk and the percentage of infected cows in the herd.
New perspectives in cardiology: Pharmacodynamic classification of antiarrhythmic drugs
Authors: Adams H. Richard
Published: February 2025

Recent advancements in cardiac pharmacology and physiology have led to the identification of many new antiarrhythmic drugs and a better understanding of basic arrhythmogenic mechanisms. These parallel developments prompted a new nomenclature system for classifying the clinically important antiarrhythmic drugs according to their predominant electrophysiologic actions in cardiac cells. Antiarrhythmic drugs are now grouped into 4 main classes: classes I through IV. Class I agents comprise the standard membrane-stabilizing drugs such as lidocaine, quinidine, and procainamide; newer class I agents include disopyramide, aprindine, tocainide, and flecainide. Class II agents decrease sympathroadrenal excitation of the heart, and the clinically relevant members of this type act through blockade of the cardiac β1-adrenergic receptors; propranolol is the prototype. Class III agents selectively prolong the cardiac action potential and refractory period, and bretylium and amiodarone represent this group. Class IV agents are the calcium entry blocking drugs such as verapamil. An understanding of this classification system is essential to the internist and cardiologist who are beset with an emerging array of new antiarrhythmic drugs and affiliated pharmacodynamic terminologies.
Subchondral osseous cystic lesions of the elbow of horses: Conservative versus surgical treatment
Authors: Bertone Alicia L. , McIlwraith C. Wayne , Powers Barbara E. , Stashak Ted S. , Aanes Wilbur A. , Turner A. Simon
Published: February 2025

Subchondral osseous cystic lesion of the elbow was diagnosed as a cause of lameness in 6 horses. Persistent lameness and signs of degenerative joint disease developed in the first 3 horses treated conservatively with confinement. Subsequently, 3 horses were each treated by extra-articular enucleation of the cystic cavity via the proximal-medial aspect of the radius. Compared with conservative management, better long-term success (determined by return of athletic soundness and less evidence of degenerative joint disease) was achieved with surgical curettage of elbow subchondral cystic lesions.