bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Practical Method for Assessing the Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions of Mass Haulers
Authors: Jassim Hassanean , Lu Weizhuo , Olofsson Thomas
Published: October 2016

Mass hauling operations play central roles in construction projects. They typically use many haulers that consume large amounts of energy and emit signiﬁcant quantities of CO2. However, practical methods for estimating the energy consumption and CO2 emissions of such operations during the project planning stage are scarce, while most of the previous methods focus on construction stage or after the construction stages which limited the practical adoption of reduction strategy in the early planning phase. This paper presents a detailed model for estimating the energy consumption and CO2 emissions of mass haulers that integrates the mass hauling plan with a set of predictive equations. The mass hauling plan is generated using a planning program such as DynaRoad in conjunction with data on the productivity of selected haulers and the amount of material to be hauled during cutting, ﬁlling, borrowing, and disposal operations. This plan is then used as input for estimating the energy consumption and CO2 emissions of the selected hauling ﬂeet. The proposed model will help planners to assess the energy and environmental performance of mass hauling plans, and to select hauler and ﬂeet conﬁgurations that will minimize these quantities. The model was applied in a case study, demonstrating that it can reliably predict energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and hauler productivity as functions of the hauling distance for individual haulers and entire hauling ﬂeets.
The SaeRS Two‐Component System of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Liu Qian , Yeo Won‐Sik , Bae Taeok
Published: October 2016

In the Gram‐positive pathogenic bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, the SaeRS twocomponent system (TCS) plays a major role in controlling the production of over 20 virulence factors including hemolysins, leukocidins, superantigens, surface proteins, and proteases. The SaeRS TCS is composed of the sensor histidine kinase SaeS, response regulator SaeR, and two auxiliary proteins SaeP and SaeQ. Since its discovery in 1994, the sae locus has been studied extensively, and its contributions to staphylococcal virulence and pathogenesis have been well documented and understood; however, the molecular mechanism by which the SaeRS TCS receives and processes cognate signals is not. In this article, therefore, we review the literature focusing on the signaling mechanism and its interaction with other global regulators.
Interactions of β-Conglycinin (7S) with Different Phenolic Acids—Impact on Structural Characteristics and Proteolytic Degradation of Proteins
Authors: Gan Jing , Chen Hao , Liu Jiyuan , Wang Yongquan , Nirasawa Satoru , Cheng Yongqiang
Published: October 2016

p-Coumalic acid (PCA), caffeic acid (CA), gallic acid (GA) and chlorogenic acid (CGA) are the major phenolic acids that co-exist with soy protein components in foodstuffs. Surprisingly, there are only a handful of reports that describe their interaction with β-Conglycinin (7S), a major soy protein. In this report, we investigated the interaction between phenolic acids and soy protein 7S and observed an interaction between each of these phenolic acids and soy protein 7S, which was carried out by binding. Further analysis revealed that the binding activity of the phenolic acids was structure dependent. Here, the binding affinity of CA and GA towards 7S was found to be stronger than that of PCA, because CA and GA have one more hydroxyl group. Interestingly, the binding of phenolic acids with soy protein 7S did not affect protein digestion by pepsin and trypsin. These findings aid our understanding of the relationship between different phenolic acids and proteins in complex food systems.
In Vitro Metabolic Studies of REV-ERB Agonists SR9009 and SR9011
Authors: Geldof Lore , Deventer Koen , Roels Kris , Tudela Eva , Van Eeno Peter
Published: October 2016

SR9009 and SR9011 are attractive as performance-enhancing substances due to their REV-ERB agonist effects and thus circadian rhythm modulation activity. Although no pharmaceutical preparations are available yet, illicit use of SR9009 and SR9011 for doping purposes can be anticipated, especially since SR9009 is marketed in illicit products. Therefore, the aim was to identify potential diagnostic metabolites via in vitro metabolic studies to ensure effective (doping) control. The presence of SR9009 could be demonstrated in a black market product purchased over the Internet. Via human liver microsomal metabolic assays, eight metabolites were detected for SR9009 and fourteen metabolites for SR9011 by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC–HRMS). Structure elucidation was performed for all metabolites by LC–HRMS product ion scans in both positive and negative ionization mode. Retrospective data analysis was applied to 1511 doping control samples previously analyzed by a full-scan LC–HRMS screening method to verify the presence of SR9009, SR9011 and their metabolites. So far, the presence of neither the parent compound nor the metabolites could be detected in routine urine samples. However, to further discourage use of these potentially harmful compounds, incorporation of SR9009 and SR9011 into screening methods is highly recommended.
RETRACTED: Vasopressin Receptor Antagonists for the Correction of Hyponatremia in Chronic Heart Failure: An Underutilized Therapeutic Option in Current Clinical Practice?
Authors: De Vecchis Renato , Cantatrione Claudio , Mazzei Damiana , Baldi Cesare
Published: October 2016

In the congestive heart failure (CHF) setting, chronic hyponatremia is very common. The present review aims at addressing topics relevant to the pathophysiology of hyponatremia in the course of CHF as well as its optimal treatment, including the main advantages and the limitations resulting from the use of the available dietary and pharmacological measures approved for the treatment of this electrolytic trouble. A narrative review is carried out in order to represent the main modalities of therapy for chronic hyponatremia that frequently complicates CHF. The limits of usual therapies implemented for CHF-related chronic hyponatremia are outlined, while an original analysis of the main advancements achieved with the use of vasopressin receptor antagonists (VRAs) is also executed. The European regulatory restrictions that currently limit the use of VRAs in the management of CHF are substantially caused by financial concerns, i.e., the high costs of VRA therapy. A thoughtful reworking of current restrictions would be warranted in order to enable VRAs to be usefully associated to loop diuretics for decongestive treatment of CHF patients with hyponatremia.
New Horizons in Antifungal Therapy
Authors: Pianalto Kaila , Alspaugh J.
Published: October 2016

Recent investigations have yielded both profound insights into the mechanisms required by pathogenic fungi for virulence within the human host, as well as novel potential targets for antifungal therapeutics. Some of these studies have resulted in the identification of novel compounds that act against these pathways and also demonstrate potent antifungal activity. However, considerable effort is required to move from pre-clinical compound testing to true clinical trials, a necessary step toward ultimately bringing new drugs to market. The rising incidence of invasive fungal infections mandates continued efforts to identify new strategies for antifungal therapy. Moreover, these life-threatening infections often occur in our most vulnerable patient populations. In addition to finding completely novel antifungal compounds, there is also a renewed effort to redirect existing drugs for use as antifungal agents. Several recent screens have identified potent antifungal activity in compounds previously indicated for other uses in humans. Together, the combined efforts of academic investigators and the pharmaceutical industry is resulting in exciting new possibilities for the treatment of invasive fungal infections.
In-Situ Testing of the Thermal Diffusivity of Polysilicon Thin Films
Authors: Gu Yi-Fan , Zhou Zai-Fa , Sun Chao , Li Wei-Hua , Huang Qing-An
Published: October 2016

This paper presents an intuitive yet effective in-situ thermal diffusivity testing structure and testing method. The structure consists of two doubly clamped beams with the same width and thickness but different lengths. When the electric current is applied through two terminals of one beam, the beam serves as thermal resistor and the resistance R(t) varies as temperature rises. A delicate thermodynamic model considering thermal convection, thermal radiation, and film-to-substrate heat conduction was established for the testing structure. The presented in-situ thermal diffusivity testing structure can be fabricated by various commonly used micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) fabrication methods, i.e., it requires no extra customized processes yet provides electrical input and output interfaces for in-situ testing. Meanwhile, the testing environment and equipment had no stringent restriction, measurements were carried out at normal temperatures and pressures, and the results are relatively accurate.
An On-Chip RBC Deformability Checker Significantly Improves Velocity-Deformation Correlation
Authors: Tsai Chia-Hung , Tanaka Junichi , Kaneko Makoto , Horade Mitsuhiro , Ito Hiroaki , Taniguchi Tatsunori , Ohtani Tomohito , Sakata Yasushi
Published: October 2016

An on-chip deformability checker is proposed to improve the velocity–deformation correlation for red blood cell (RBC) evaluation. RBC deformability has been found related to human diseases, and can be evaluated based on RBC velocity through a microfluidic constriction as in conventional approaches. The correlation between transit velocity and amount of deformation provides statistical information of RBC deformability. However, such correlations are usually only moderate, or even weak, in practical evaluations due to limited range of RBC deformation. To solve this issue, we implemented three constrictions of different width in the proposed checker, so that three different deformation regions can be applied to RBCs. By considering cell responses from the three regions as a whole, we practically extend the range of cell deformation in the evaluation, and could resolve the issue about the limited range of RBC deformation. RBCs from five volunteer subjects were tested using the proposed checker. The results show that the correlation between cell deformation and transit velocity is significantly improved by the proposed deformability checker. The absolute values of the correlation coefficients are increased from an average of 0.54 to 0.92. The effects of cell size, shape and orientation to the evaluation are discussed according to the experimental results. The proposed checker is expected to be useful for RBC evaluation in medical practices.
Bifurcation Control of an Electrostatically-Actuated MEMS Actuator with Time-Delay Feedback
Authors: Li Lei , Zhang Qichang , Wang Wei , Han Jianxin
Published: October 2016

The parametric excitation system consisting of a flexible beam and shuttle mass widely exists in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), which can exhibit rich nonlinear dynamic behaviors. This article aims to theoretically investigate the nonlinear jumping phenomena and bifurcation conditions of a class of electrostatically-driven MEMS actuators with a time-delay feedback controller. Considering the comb structure consisting of a flexible beam and shuttle mass, the partial differential governing equation is obtained with both the linear and cubic nonlinear parametric excitation. Then, the method of multiple scales is introduced to obtain a slow flow that is analyzed for stability and bifurcation. Results show that time-delay feedback can improve resonance frequency and stability of the system. What is more, through a detailed mathematical analysis, the discriminant of Hopf bifurcation is theoretically derived, and appropriate time-delay feedback force can make the branch from the Hopf bifurcation point stable under any driving voltage value. Meanwhile, through global bifurcation analysis and saddle node bifurcation analysis, theoretical expressions about the system parameter space and maximum amplitude of monostable vibration are deduced. It is found that the disappearance of the global bifurcation point means the emergence of monostable vibration. Finally, detailed numerical results confirm the analytical prediction.
Soluble Fiber with High Water-Binding Capacity, Swelling Capacity, and Fermentability Reduces Food Intake by Promoting Satiety Rather Than Satiation in Rats
Authors: Tan Chengquan , Wei Hongkui , Zhao Xichen , Xu Chuanhui , Zhou Yuanfei , Peng Jian
Published: October 2016

To understand whether soluble fiber (SF) with high water-binding capacity (WBC), swelling capacity (SC) and fermentability reduces food intake and whether it does so by promoting satiety or satiation or both, we investigated the effects of different SFs with these properties on the food intake in rats. Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to four equal groups and fed the control diet or diet containing 2% konjac flour (KF), pregelatinized waxy maize starch (PWMS) plus guar gum (PG), and PWMS starch plus xanthan gum (PX) for three weeks, with the measured values of SF, WBC, and SC in the four diets following the order of PG > KF > PX > control. Food intake, body weight, meal pattern, behavioral satiety sequence, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in cecal content were evaluated. KF and PG groups reduced the food intake, mainly due to the decreased feeding behavior and increased satiety, as indicated by decreased meal numbers and increased inter-meal intervals. Additionally, KF and PG groups increased concentrations of acetate acid, propionate acid, and SCFAs in the cecal contents. Our results indicate that SF with high WBC, SC, and fermentability reduces food intake—probably by promoting a feeling of satiety in rats to decrease their feeding behavior.
RT-qPCR Analysis of 15 Genes Encoding Putative Surface Proteins Involved in Adherence of Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Tiong Hung , Muriana Peter
Published: October 2016

L. monocytogenes adherence to food-associated abiotic surfaces and the development of biofilms as one of the underlying reasons for the contamination of ready-to-eat products is well known. The over-expression of internalins that improves adherence has been noted in cells growing as attached cells or at elevated incubation temperatures. However, the role of other internalin-independent surface proteins as adhesins has been uncharacterized to date. Using two strains each of weakly- and strongly-adherent L. monocytogenes as platforms for temperature-dependent adherence assays and targeted mRNA analyses, these observations (i.e., sessile- and/or temperature-dependent gene expression) were further investigated. Microplate fluorescence assays of both surface-adherent strains exhibited significant (P < 0.05) adherence at higher incubation temperature (42 °C). Of the 15 genes selected for RT-qPCR, at least ten gene transcripts recovered from cells (weakly-adherent strain CW35, strongly-adherent strain 99-38) subject to various growth conditions were over expressed [planktonic/30 °C (10), sessile/30 °C (12), planktonic/42 °C (10)] compared to their internal control (16SrRNA transcripts). Of four genes overexpressed in all three conditions tested, three and one were implicated as virulence factors and unknown function, respectively. PCR analysis of six unexpressed genes revealed that CW35 possessed an altered genome. The results suggest the presence of other internalin-independent adhesins (induced by growth temperature and/or substratum) and that a group of suspect protein members are worthy of further analysis for their potential role as surface adhesins. Analysis of the molecular basis of adherence properties of isolates of L. monocytogenes from food-associated facilities may help identify sanitation regimens to prevent cell attachment and biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces that could play a role in reducing foodborne illness resulting from Listeria biofilms.
The Platonist Christianity of Marius Victorinus
Authors: Cooper Stephen
Published: October 2016

Marius Victorinus is the first representative of Platonist Christianity in the Latin church whose works display knowledge of Plotinus and Porphyry. Scholarship prior to the work of Pierre Hadot in the mid-twentieth century tended to treat him as an isolated figure, ignored by later Latin Christians who knew better how to moderate their Platonist borrowings. Scholars since then have been more willing to see Victorinus as earnest Christian who let himself be guided by the community standards of the church as laid out in the biblical canon and creedal definitions. Recent work on Victorinus’ sources has shown him to be more eclectic in his use of philosophical sources than previously thought and for that reason more creative in formulating his Platonist–Christian synthesis. After reviewing important lines of development in scholarship on Victorinus, this article focuses on his Platonist-inspired teaching about the soul as expressed in the three genres of his Christian works: theological treatises, hymns, and scriptural commentaries. The consistent “insider” stance of Victorinus in all of these different genres of theological writings suggests that the extremely Platonist character of his theology, when considered in light of other early Christian thinkers, is a difference of degree and not kind.
Evaluation of Aqua MODIS Collection 6 AOD Parameters for Air Quality Research over the Continental United States
Authors: Belle J. , Liu Yang
Published: October 2016

Satellite-retrieved aerosol optical depth (AOD) has become an important predictor of ground-level particulate matter (PM) and greatly empowered air pollution research worldwide. We evaluated the AOD parameters included in the Collection 6 aerosol product of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) for two key factors affecting their applications in air quality research—coverage and accuracy—over the continental US. For the high confidence retrievals (QAC 3), the 10 km DB-DT combined AOD has the best coverage nationwide (29.7% of the days in a year in any given 12 km grid cell). While the Eastern US generally had more successful AOD retrievals, the highest spatial coverage of AOD parameters were found in California (>55%) and other vegetated parts of the Western US. If lower QAC retrievals were included, the coverage of the 10 km DB AOD was dramatically increased to 49.6%. In the Eastern US, the QAC 3 retrievals of all four AOD parameters are highly correlated with AERONET observations (correlation coefficients between 0.80 and 0.92). In the Western US, positive retrieval errors existed in all MODIS AOD parameters, resulting in lower correlations with AERONET. AOD retrieval errors showed significant dependence on flight geometry, land cover type, and weather conditions. To ensure appropriate use of these AOD values, air quality researchers should carefully balance the needs for coverage and accuracy, and develop additional data screening criteria based on their study design.
Urban Built-up Areas in Transitional Economies of Southeast Asia: Spatial Extent and Dynamics
Authors: Ouyang Zutao , Fan Peilei , Chen Jiquan
Published: October 2016

Urban built-up area, one of the most important measures of an urban landscape, is an essential variable for understanding ecological and socioeconomic processes in urban systems. With an interest in urban development in transitional economies in Southeast Asia, we recognized a lack of high-to-medium resolution (<60 m) built-up information for countries in the region, including Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and Myanmar. In this study, we combined multiple remote sensing data, including Landsat, DMSP/OLS night time light, MODIS NDVI data and other ancillary spatial data, to develop a 30-m resolution urban built-up map of 2010 for the above four countries. Following the trend analysis of the DMSP/OLS time series and the 2010 urban built-up extent, we also quantified the spatiotemporal dynamics of urban built-up areas from 1992 to 2010. Among the four countries, Vietnam had the highest proportion of urban built-up area (0.91%), followed by Myanmar (0.15%), Cambodia (0.12%) and Laos (0.09%). Vietnam was also the fastest in new built-up development (increased ~8.8-times during the 18-year study period), followed by Laos, Cambodia and Myanmar, which increased at 6.0-, 3.6- and 0.24-times, respectively.
QUEST: Eliminating Online Supervised Learning for Efficient Classification Algorithms
Authors: Zwartjes Ardjan , Havinga Paul , Smit Gerard , Hurink Johann
Published: October 2016

In this work, we introduce QUEST (QUantile Estimation after Supervised Training), an adaptive classification algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) that eliminates the necessity for online supervised learning. Online processing is important for many sensor network applications. Transmitting raw sensor data puts high demands on the battery, reducing network life time. By merely transmitting partial results or classifications based on the sampled data, the amount of traffic on the network can be significantly reduced. Such classifications can be made by learning based algorithms using sampled data. An important issue, however, is the training phase of these learning based algorithms. Training a deployed sensor network requires a lot of communication and an impractical amount of human involvement. QUEST is a hybrid algorithm that combines supervised learning in a controlled environment with unsupervised learning on the location of deployment. Using the SITEX02 dataset, we demonstrate that the presented solution works with a performance penalty of less than 10% in 90% of the tests. Under some circumstances, it even outperforms a network of classifiers completely trained with supervised learning. As a result, the need for on-site supervised learning and communication for training is completely eliminated by our solution.
Quasi-3D Modeling and Efficient Simulation of Laminar Flows in Microfluidic Devices
Authors: Islam Md. , Tsui Ying
Published: October 2016

A quasi-3D model has been developed to simulate the flow in planar microfluidic systems with low Reynolds numbers. The model was developed by decomposing the flow profile along the height of a microfluidic system into a Fourier series. It was validated against the analytical solution for flow in a straight rectangular channel and the full 3D numerical COMSOL Navier-Stokes solver for flow in a T-channel. Comparable accuracy to the full 3D numerical solution was achieved by using only three Fourier terms with a significant decrease in computation time. The quasi-3D model was used to model flows in a micro-flow cytometer chip on a desktop computer and good agreement between the simulation and the experimental results was found.
Comment décide-t-on d'un grand équipement ? Tancarville
Authors: Archer Bernard
Published: October 2016

Tancarville. Como se decide construir un puente ? (B. Archer, p. 5-39)

Porqué benefició el puente de Tancarville (sohe el estuario del Sena ) de capitales desvalorizados ? De manera general, cómo pudo tomarse la decisión de construir grandes obras puera de un plan de conjunto ? Quién decide y quién planifica ? Las resperestas dadas por este articulo a estas preguntas explican los modos de producción de las grandes instalaciones y de las «planificaciones territoriales». En un lugardado, el sistema de cambio espacial — dentro del cual se toman las decisiones en materio de instalaciones — -manifestaría una dinamica propia y haría jugar, en los hechos, una dialéctica permanente entre las exigencias de la economía dominante por un lado, y localmente la apropriación del espacio por grupos sociales determinados, por el otro.

Mas alla de este analisis de un caso específico, el autor abre un debate no sólo sobre el discurso ideologíco de la planificación, sino tamtiém sobre la complejidad de las relaciones de los grupos sociales al espacio.
Intégration globale, intégrations locales
Authors: Boudon Philippe
Published: October 2016

Réflexion sur les différentes notions d'intégration architecturale : intégration morphologique, intégration fonctionnelle et urbanistique, en s'appuyant sur des exemples pris en France, aux Etats-Unis, en Finlande. Ces notions sont si diverses que l'on en «vient à se demander s'il est bon d'envisager, comme relevant d'une quelconque unité, le problème de l'intégration, et même de le poser» .

Pourquoi cependant ce problème émerge-t-il aujourd'hui ? Se pose-t-on aujourd'hui plus qu'autrefois la question du sens d'un lieu, de son identité ? A quel niveau de perception fait-on allusion lorsqu'on parle de l'identité d'un bâtiment et de son intégration au «contexte» ? La conception de la ville nouvelle de Louvain-la-Neuve (Belgique) a insisté, dans certains cas, sur la diversité architecturale ; dans d'autres cas, sur l'unité de bâtiments voisins : il y a là deux façons d'intégration.

L'intégration globale — maîtrise d'un espace de plus en plus vaste — entre en conflit majeur avec une intégration locale respectueuse d'identités partielles — avec des intégrations locales.
«Des châteaux bâtis en os» : A propos de la transversalité urbaine
Authors: Gaudin Jean-Pierre
Published: October 2016

La ville se perçoit par des distances, des formes, des alignements, mais aussi par l'assemblage de vides et de pleins. Au cours des âges, les villes se condensent non seulement en hauteur, mais aussi par remplissage des creux (arrière-cours, cœurs d'îlots). Malgré les clôtures des parcelles à l'époque haussmannienne, ces «pleins» se laissent parfois encore traverser par des cheminements peu connus qui permettent une autre perception de la ville, différente de celle fournie par le parcours des voies, rues... Ces cheminements transversaux sont-ils supprimés radicalement par l'urbanisme moderne ? La «réactualisation» emphatique des passages commerciaux du XIXe siècle, la construction de galeries commerçantes des centres commerciaux périphériques, fonctionnellement conçus pour un shopping hebdomadaire douillet, sont-ils les manifestations que le «transversal» s'éteint dans l'aménagement moderne ? Des lieux révèlent qu'ils sont construits pour leur intérieur (Palais-Royal, Bourse de commerce à Paris...) ; plus encore, le jeu du dehors et du dedans n'est pas forcément l'effet d'une volonté de composition architecturale (passages couverts, grands magasins, grands bâtiments publics). Robinson Crusoé, le paysan de Paris (Aragon), le fantôme de l'Opéra (G. Leroux), les utopies de guérillas urbaines d'Auguste Blanqui mettent en scène, chacun différemment, des transversalités imaginaires. Nous donneront-ils les raisons pour lesquelles certains trajets urbains brouillent le dehors et le dedans ? Pourquoi soudain le regard posé sur certains lieux éveille-t-il des sensibilités très anciennes, comme si «on y était déjà venu» ? Nous diront-ils pourquoi enfin cette transversalité et ces cheminements imaginaires ont le goût de la transgression ? A la fin de cet essai, l'auteur plaide pour que leurs places soient faites aux approches recourant explicitement au récit ou à la forme romancée, procédure de réactivation de l'expérience, recours au sensible, à côté des démarches de décomposition analytique et d'objectivation de la ville, appuyées à un appareil conceptuel.
Modernité, code, territoire
Authors: Barel Yves
Published: October 2016

Modernidad, código, territorio

La noción de territorio es abordada bajo el ángulo de la «sociedad local», por la cual crece el interés en los medios cinentifi-cos, y también una evidente «curiosidad del Estado».

F. Barel propone varias razones para este nuevo centro de los intereses. Esencialmente, «la sociedad local es el lugar donde la acción y el pensamiento sociales entran en contacto con la "materia" o la "substancia"», con el cuerpo social. Este está hecho de clima, de suelo, de montañas, de técnicas y de estaciones ; y también de historia, de culturas, de memorias colectivas y de representaciones. Las técnicas del predominio social, del poder, al nivel macro-social, se apoyan sobre una codificación del cuerpo social. Lo que en el cuerpo social no está codificado «son sus accidentes, es decir, todo lo que no se puede dominar, o no se domina por códigos o algoritmos, sino que necesita la habilidad, la astucia, la metis griega».

Las nociones de «astucia» y de código abren una dimensión nueva : las combinaciones dinámicas de una y otra, «en las cuales el código mismo es objeto de astucias, y la astucia misma es codificada...» permitiendo un nuevo análisis de los procedimientos locales (los Planes de Ocupación del Suelo), nuevas formas de activismo urbano, la gestión de los conflictos locales. La figura del «extranjero» ocupa un lugar central en la dinámica de las sociedades locales : «No hay nada comparable a la exclusión de una sociedad local, cuando se quiere crearla. Si el extranjero no existe, se lo fabrica, por la necesidad de la causa.»

Ciertos ejemplos tomados de investigaciones recientes, apoyan estas reflexiones desarrolladas en un seminario científico, dando lugar también a la distinción entre dos lógicas económicas y sociales, dos formas de búsqueda, de la misma coherencia, sobre todo en la administración del espacio : una gestión del capital, y una gestión del patrimonio. Distinción que permite identificar estrategias y actores concretos, que se diferencian, entre otras cosas, por sus relaciones con el territorio y por su grado de permanencia.
Consommation d'espace et pouvoir local
Authors: Andan Odile , Ozan Alain , Thibault André
Published: October 2016

Le Châtelet-en-Brie, de bourg rural est devenu une commune typiquement péri-urbaine, en moins de vingt ans. L'activité agricole y est toujours importante, mais la majorité des actifs travaille maintenant dans l'agglomération parisienne.

Le processus d'urbanisation (mobilisation du sol d'abord pour des lotissements de résidences secondaires, puis de résidences permanentes, construction d'équipements collectifs, équipement d'une zone industrielle) est mis en rapport étroit avec la structure politique du conseil municipal et ses transformations, et avec les positions successives de la municipalité face aux mutations profondes qui affectaient son territoire et sa population. Ces dernières ont provoqué une crise grave dans la vie politique locale, dont l'enjeu était l'accès aux responsabilités communales des représentants des nouvelles couches sociales que la municipalité ancienne avait laissé s'installer dans la commune par son attitude de laissez-faire vis-à-vis de la promotion immobilière privée.

«La commune résidentielle du Châtelet-en-Brie émerge clandestinement d'une crise où la stratégie de chaque acteur a eu des résultats contradictoires. Derrière le but que chacun se fixait, autre chose est apparu : la municipalité voulait un bourg dynamique, elle a eu une commune périurbaine ; la promotion se jugeait seule apte à opérer une transformation spatiale, elle induit la mise en place d'un aménagement concerté et public ; quelques groupes sociaux d'origine ont espéré tirer profit d'une modification de la situation communale, ils sont exclus à l'arrivée. [...] On s'éloigne ici d'un environnement provincial pour aboutir à l'inscription dans une aire métropolitaine.»
Restructuration du commerce de détail, «crise des centres» et urbanisation
Authors: Péron René
Published: October 2016

La reestructuración del comercio al pormenor, la «crisis de los centros» y la urbanisacion

Este artículo da cuenta de varias investigaciones que tienen como punto común la observación profunda de las transformaciones geográficas y económicas de los comercios de una ciudad y del modelo de consumo espacial que ellas inducen. Estos trabajos permiten apreciar la generalidad de las transformaciones estructurales del comercio en todas las escalas urbanas, y las implicaciones del conjunto de las transformaciones urbanas (demográficas, sociales, económicas, espaciales...) en la evolución del aparato comercial urbano.

Las investigaciones se realizaron sobre Angers, sobre las ciudades medias del suroeste de Francia y sobre Rennes. Los centros de las más grandes ciudades, las pequeñas ciudades, como grado de proximidad (barrios internos a las ciudades) conocen transformaciones tan intensas las unas que las otras, y son elementos o segmentos de uria cadena de reacciones a la obra en el conjunto del sector comercial. Los lugares respectivos de las filiales de grandes grupos capitalistas, de los comercios independientes afiliados o con franquicia, son modificados en función de las estrategias de cada uno : grandes superficies para implantaciones nuevas, o extensión de una red de filiales en los nuevos «mails» comerciales de los centros regionales. Estas investigaciones permiten igualmente caracterizar los modos urbanos de consumo y precisar las modalidades de la estructuración de la demanda por la oferta : especializaciones espaciales y económicas, de los comercios que modelan los comportamientos espaciales de consumo, sobre el modo segregativo ; anomalisación de la crisis fijan todavía más las clientelas de la crisis fijan todavía más las clientelas con bajo poder de compra sobre los comercios de barrio, de proximidad. Así están colocados los nuevos términos de la dialéctica entre percepción, practica y uso de los espacios comerciales. Estos análisis arrojan un nuevo día en las relaciones entre operaciones de urbanismo (extensión peri-urbana de habitaciones colectivas o individuales, renovación de centros ; rehabilitación, grandes operaciones de vías de comunicación...) y transformación del comercio. Hay que constatar que todas estas organizaciones del espacio abren el camino a los movimientos dominantes de la restructuración económica, los refuerzan y los aceleran, comprendidas las operaciones que se orientan «a defender el comercio del centro».
Le transport en commun. Une problématique de la vie quotidienne
Authors: Raymond Henri , Gotman Anne
Published: October 2016

Urban transportation. Questions of ordinary triviality.

The various research projects concerning urban transportation carried out by the LASSAU show that, for the users, the practices connected with transportation systems and facilities set in motion a complex process (the transportation sequence) and a ritualism that are the expression of a genuine social transportation experience linefeed to a way of life and a mode of production. On this basis, the sociological

status of the transportation user becomes defined through what we have called the user's ability to get around, as demonstrated both by his presence (and not his absence) in the transportation system and by a characteristic kind of rationality.

This competence in its turn enables us to consider the problem of transportation spaces (suburban stations and transfer stations have been the subject of our social investigations) on the basis not only of the user's viewpoint but also the explanation he provides of the way he uses the system. It is our view that an understanding of how the user develops his practices and how he pictures them to himself, how he «organizes» his transportation, will really enable us to describe these transportation spaces and therefore to elaborate an architectural model for the station.

The actual consequences of our work, as well as their presentation — written, audiovisual, graphic — led us to, attempt the experience of communicating our results to transportation managers, considered on this occasion as the utilizers of sociological research work. This forced us, at the same time, to raise the question of the transportation users' «demand » and the legitimacy of that demand.

We have tried to show in what respects the public transportation system constitutes a specific area of the relations between an organization and the population and to point out that, at least in this area of sociological research, various political lessons can be drawn.

Although our experience failed, our research still contributed — or so we hope — to replace within the category of ordinary triviality the entire gamut of little decisions that, from one day to the next, give their essential substance to transportation practices.
Mobilité citadine et transports en commun. Paris, 1855-1914
Authors: Fontanon Claudine
Published: October 2016

Mobilidad urbana y transportes en común. Paris, 1855-1914.

Hasta la mitad del siglo xix el trazo esencial de la geografía parisiense es la yuxtaposición de microcosmos donde se codean actividades de producción, comercios, talleres, tiendas y habitaciones de grupos sociales diferentes. El movimiento de segregación social, comenzado antes de 1850, es acelerado voluntariamente por el urbanismo del Segundo Imperio, aumentando la mobilidad inter/urbana de los habitantes que hasta ese momento era muy reducida. El funcionamiento de los transportes en común constituye una de las condiciones que hizo posible el proceso de segregación espacial.

El artículo examina las etapas de transportes en común. Hasta fines del siglo XIX las compañías privadas consiguieron limitar los efectos de las ventajas sociales impuestas por los poderes públicos. La resistencia de la Compañía general de los omnibus (C G O) a este respecto, es un ejemplo del poder financiero de los monopolios constituidos bajo el Segundo Imperio para la explotación de los vastos mercados urbanos de equipamientos y de servicios públicos, que forman las grandes ciudades industriales. El comienzo del siglo XX ve sucederse las tentativas más o menos coherentes de adaptación tarifaria, técnicas jurídicas de los transportes en común : coordinación de los servicios , extensión de las redes (metropolitano en París, redes de barrios) ; modernización técnica ; revisión de los tratados de concesión que emprenden los monopolios. En 1914, están colocadas en la aglomeración parisiense las condiciones de uno mobilidad socialmente generalizada preludiendo al desplazamiento de las categorías populares hacia las afueras y permitiendo el auge de las migraciones alternantes : se da una nueva dimensión al «mercado de trabajo » parisién.
La reconversion des sites industriels
Authors: Micheau Michel
Published: October 2016

La reconversion de los sitios industriales.

En los años 70, grandes grupos industriales definieron políticas de reconversión de algunos de sus sitios y pusieron en su lugar servicios de readaptación para ofrecer ventajas financieras o apoyos técnicos a las empresas implantadas cerca de los talleres o establecimientos cerrados, retomando sus asalariados. Detrás de un discurso modernista, que marcaba la noción de responsabilidad moral hacia los medios locales, se esconden múltiples preocupaciones económicas, de nuevos métodos de gestión del personal y de acompañamiento social del redespliegue in- dustrial, de las investigaciones de innovación en la animación del plan de reconversion. En efecto, los «esfuerzos» de las empresas no ha permitido que sustituir un número muy restringido de empleos a volúmenes muy importantes. Por lo tanto, éstas no son operaciones de desarrollo, sino de «desprendimiento» lento cuyas consecuencias locales son importantes : marginalización de una parte de la población activa, cambio de naturaleza del mercado de trabajo, desequilibrio de las comunidades locales. Las colectividades locales han sido colocadas, muy seguido delante de situaciones inextricables como consecuencia de sus compromisos anteriores ; sus experiencias vuelven a colocar el problema del intervencionismo municipal en una relación de fuerzas desequilibrada.
Banlieues et citoyenneté. Les nouvelles fonctions résidentielles de l'espace périurbain
Authors: Bidou Catherine
Published: October 2016

L'urbanisation des franges urbaines des dix dernières années a donné lieu à des formes diverses d'habitat, globalement regroupées sous le vocable de «banlieue», désignant tout type de tissu urbain périphérique. Le terme «périurbain» est apparu pour désigner plus spécifique¬ ment ce type nouveau d'urbanisation dispersée qui fait maintenant la liaison entre le tissu urbain aggloméré et le rural. C'est sur la façon dont les politiques urbaines ont analysé et traité cette catégorie spatiale qu'est la banlieue que nous nous sommes penchés, tentant de souligner le danger de banalisation du territoire qui découlait d'une lecture trop globalisante d'espaces aux qualités diverses.

C'est aussi le développement récent des anciennes communes rurales atteintes par le desserrement des villes qui a retenu notre attention. Ces communes voient leur population croître très rapidement : viennent y résider, dans des lotissements pavillonnaires ou des maisons isolées, de nombreux représentants des classes moyennes qui ne trouvent plus en ville le logement qui leur convient. Les équilibres sociaux et politiques locaux s'en trouvent profondément bouleversés.

L'afflux de ces nouveaux ménages nécessite la mise en place d'équipements qui remettent en cause les finances communales. Les nouveaux résidents, culturellement très différents des habitants originaires, ont de nombreuses activités locales, suscitant une vie associative intense. Leurs pratiques sont très contrastées par rap- port à celles des autres habitants. Les «nouveaux» s'immiscent dans les équipes municipales : à terme, ils y deviennent majoritaires et mettent en œuvre des conceptions de

gestion et de développement pour la commune correspondant à leurs modèles, parfois mal perçues par les représentants des autres couches sociales.
Pour une prospective de l'espace périurbain en France
Authors: Langumier Jean-François
Published: October 2016

Toward a predictive view of periurban space in France.

This work consists of a predictive approach in only two stages : 1. the establishment of a dynamic base — the deeper tendencies expressed by the periurban space and actors ; 2. the elaboration of two contrasting images of this periurban society in the nineteen-nineties : the self-destruction of the periurban space deprived of any state support in a crisis context and the expansion of the periurban area regulated indirectly by the public authorities. The objective of this predictive study has been defined (see the studies by C. Bidou and J.-P. Laborie) : the periurban space is not merely an additional uniformization of the territory. It is the privileged basis for the social integration of the middle classes and particularly the specific framework for the spatial expansion of capital. The rapid development of periurbani-zation has been closely linked to the factors proper to the growth that took place during the first thirty years of the postwar period in France. Several major actors of the periurban phenomenon are analyzed : the state, the builders, the landowners, the peasants, the local communities. According to the hypothesis developed here, the crisis seems capable of influencing the trend of residential periurbanization, giving it another — and more experimental — content and accelerating an economic periurbanization process. The regulatory or adaptive mechanisms make their appearance among the various agents under consideration, but the role of the state is decisive in attenuating the often brutal conflicts that break out in this kind of area.
Une science auxiliaire : la sociologie juridique ou les rapports des juristes avec la sociologie
Authors: Bancaud Alain
Published: October 2016

Le rapprochement de la démarche des juristes attentifs à la sociologie du droit avec celle d'autres producteurs de discours savants sur le droit dans des domaines voisins, tel celui des relations du travail ou de la famille, incite à penser que ce type d'approche sociologique, aussi bien dans ses méthodes que dans les résultats auxquels il aboutit, est très largement déterminé par les enjeux et le mode de fonctionnement du champ de la théorie du droit. Il s'agit pas de disqualifier ces travaux au nom d'une quelconque science pure, mais de les resituer dans l'espace stratégique où ils ont été produits.

Peut-être pour inciter le chercheur en sociologie du droit — y compris le non-juriste — à réfléchir sur ses objets, ses méthodes, ses problématiques et finalement ses vérités.
Un découpage opératoire de la ville. Le rapport quartier-territoire urbain. 1880-1980
Authors: Lacave Michel
Published: October 2016

The search for an operational dividing of towns is a pressing present-day problem for many municipalities.

Any administrative divisions which are out off from the actual experience of the inhabitants cannot be admitted a priori. In the absence of any general, simultaneous inquiries, it is possible to study the moments when the awareness of belonging to a community, qualified as a district, and the town's search for dividing come together.

The article thus presents two approaches, starting from the district's organisation of the 14th July celebrations at the end of the 19th century and from the flourishing of district committees around the 1977 municipal elections. This leads to a distinction between three levais of apprehending the "districts" which often coincide in pairs and which are taken in a dynamic process of creating and losing their structures.
Recherche urbaine et collectivités locales aux Etats-Unis
Authors: Micheau Michel
Published: October 2016

Urban research and local communities in the United States.

The relations that research centres in economical and social science keep on with local communities in France and in the United States can be characterized as follows.

American research is defined according to other standards and is closely subordinate to the financial strategies of universities. It opens on public debate and easily connect with the practices of lobby. In comparison, french research remains confined to a strictly academic or limited administrative sphere.

In spite of financial difficulties and cuts in public budgets, american programmes seem to remain firm in the range of interest of private actors indeed, in France, the strategies of promoters, town planners, and contractors are the object of investigations, but with very different ends ; in the hexagon, they could not think of promoting these private activities by providing them with public research, by giving them guide-marks. American universities have not the same relationships with local communities as in France. They are interlocutors among others ; you can work with them, if they can afford to pay well researches and if they have strong institutional positions ; if universities do not work for local communities, nevertheless they gain a hearing because of their power (especially George Washington University).

On the contrary, in France, we saw the relationships between universities and local communities, increased in the last years, either through political staff whose some of them are scholars, either through programmes of surveys or applied researches. If french researches — in economics, and housing as well as in local services, social administration, physical planning — remain of an excellent standard, on the contrary they rarely lead to an open debate that media could emphasize.