bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TRANSFORMATION OF CITRUS SUSPENSION CULTURES BY MICROPROJECTILE BOMBARDMENT
Authors: Dias Kalyani , Rogers Suzanne M.D. , Newton Ronald J.
Published: February 2019

Citrus is one of the major horticultural cash crops in the Southern United States. Several attempts have been made to genetically improve present citrus cultivars using biotechnology. We report transformation of citrus (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck `Hamlin') suspension cultures using microprojectile bombardment.

A thin layer of seven day-old suspension cultures, grown in HH medium, were transferred to Whatman #1 filter paper at a cell density of 0.15 mg/ml fresh weight. The cells were bombarded with 1.112μM diameter, DNA-coated, tungsten particles using the Dupont PDS 1000 biolistic system. Plasmid PRT 99 GUS containing the marker genes β-Glucuronidase (GUS) and NPT II, with a 35S promoter, and NPT II terminators was used in transformation.

GUS activity was monitored on a time scale. Expression of GUS was observed after 48 hours of bombardment. Further studies are being done to enhance the transformation efficiency.
GREENHOUSE ENVIRONMENT OPTIMIZATION FOR SEEDLESS CUCUMBERS
Authors: Papadopoulos Athanasios P.
Published: February 2019

The greenhouse cover has previously been shown to have large effects upon the greenhouse environment, crop productivity and energy use. However, in most cases, because of inadequate treatment replication, the extent of these effects has been impossible to quantify with confidence. In the fall of 1987, a new greenhouse complex of 9 mini greenhouses (6.4m × 7.2m, each) was constructed at the Harrow Research Station on the principles of the 3×3 Latin Square experimental design and with glass, double polyethylene film and double acrylic panel greenhouse covers as the three levels of treatment in the Latin Square. During the spring seasons of 1988 and 1990 the greenhouse cucumber cultivar Corona was cropped in rockwool in all 9 mini greenhouses, under 3 day air (DAT: 18°C, 21 °C and 24°C) and 3 night air temperatures (NAT: 16°C, 18°C and 20°C), superimposed across the rows and columns of greenhouses, respectively, to estimate yield and energy use response to DAT, NAT and greenhouse cover variation. Early marketable yield was highest at the 18/18 and 18/20°C DAT/NAT combinations and final marketable yield was highest at 18°C DAT regardless of NAT. Yield differences due to the greenhouse cover were insignificant. However, there were consistent differences in greenhouse air RH due to greenhouse cover (60%, 70% and 75% daily averages for glass, double polyethylene and double acrylic, respectively). Also, there were significant energy savings with the use of double polyethylene or double acrylic, as compared to glass greenhouse cover, and with low DAT and NAT (28%, 15% and 12% energy use reduction, respectively).
ASSESSING THE NITROGEN FIXATION ABILITIES OF NEWLY DEVELOPED PHASEOLUS VULGARIS LINES
Authors: Marsh Dyremple B. , McLaughlin Wayne , Beaver James S.
Published: February 2019

Methods to improve the grain yield of red kidney bean without the addition of commercially fixed nitrogen will have significant benefits to farmers in Jamaica and other tropical regions. Red kidney beans provide a major portion of the dietary protein for most families in these regions. Our experimental objective was to evaluate the nitrogen fixing capabilities of several breeding lines of Phaseolus vulgaris when inoculated with Rhizobium strains isolated from Jamaican soils. Surface sterilized seeds of 11 Phaseolus lines were inoculated with inoculum prepared from 5 day old Rhizobium YEM mixture. Rhizobium used were T2 and B17 from Jamaica and UMR 1889. The greenhouse study was arranged as a completely randomized design. Bean lines 9056-101, 9056-98B, 8954-5 and 8954-4 showed improved nodulation and N2 fixation when inoculated with UMR 1899. The combination of breeding line 8954-5 and Rhizobium strain B17 produced the highest nodule number and shoot dry weight of 193 and 0.72 g, respectively. The Rhizobium strain B17showed some ability to compete successfully for nodule sites against known effective strains.
INTEGRATION OF NEW CROPS INTO THE FARMING ENTERPRISE USING A SYSTEMS APPROACH
Authors: Sterrett S. B. , Taylor D. B. , Coale C. W. , Mapp J. W.
Published: February 2019

An interdisciplinary approach had been developed to examine the production, economic, and marketing feasibility of new crops. The methodology requires the determination of yield potential and product quality, construction of production budgets, and completion of marketing window analyses. Potential for integration of new crops into the existing farm enterprise is assessed using linear programing techniques that consider labor and equipment constraints, crop rotations and best management practices. Risk analyses consider yield, production costs, and price of both new and traditional crops. By using this method, broccoli has been identified as a potential new crop for eastern Virginia, with labor requirements and slush ice availability being the major constraints to integration into vegetable production in this area.
COMPOSTING METHODS AND AMENDMENTS AFFECT GERMINATION AND GROWTH OF VEGETABLES
Authors: Roe N.E. , Kostewicz S.R.
Published: February 2019

Nitrogen additions to high C:N yard wastes improve the composting process and the usefulness of the product. Nine composts were made with additions of 10 or 25% grass clippings or poultry manure (PM) and several composting methods (in bin, turned, static). Turnip, tomato, watermelon, snap bean, and lettuce seeds were germinated, and some were grown to maturity in pots. The 25% PM compost delayed germination of turnips and beans by 2 days, but final germination % was not affected. Germination of melon (27%) was significantly less with 25% PM than with other composts. Tomato germination was not affected by any treatment, but dry weight of 4 week old seedlings grown in PM treatments was 4 times greater than other treatments. Pod yield of beans grown in 10% PM compost was equal to beans grown in potting mix with soluble fertilizer.
POTENTIALLY SUSTAINABLE DESERT LETTUCE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
Authors: McGrady John , Matheron Michael , Sanchez Charles , Rethwisch Michael , Bess Vicki , Matejka Joe , Tilt Phil
Published: February 2019

Three main plot production systems - conventional, organic and mixed organic/conventional - were established in a fixed location at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center in September 1989. A split plot treatment of a liquid biological soil conditioner was applied to one-half of each main plot. Chemical or organic fertilizers were applied to give 225 kg N/ha for the growing season. During a two-year transition plant mineral nutrient content did not differ greatly. However, nitrate and total nitrogen were significantly lower in the organically grown lettuce. Plant nitrate content was also enhanced by the soil conditioner as was early head weight. A greater number of heavier heads was harvested early from the chemically fertilized plots. Soil microbial populations did not reflect an effect of fertilizer treatments in the first season; there were trends for population fluctuations in response to sidedressing in the second and third seasons. No significant insect activity was observed and no pest control was necessary. Higher populations of soil pathogens were detected on mature lettuce roots in the conventionally fertilized plots.
MECHANICAL HARVEST OF HOT PEPPERS AS INFLUENCED BY PLANT SPACING
Authors: Motsenbocker Carl E. , Buckley J. Blair , Mulkey William A. , Boudreaux James E.
Published: February 2019

Field studies were conducted in 1991 with `Jalapeno-M' and `TAM' Jalapeno pepper. Plants were established by direct seeding at 10, 20, 30, and 40 cm in-row plant spacing. Lodged plants, fruit quality and yield were monitored. A commercial snap-bean harvester was evaluated for harvest. Closer plant spacings resulted in greater yields and reduced plant lodging. No interaction of variety with plant spacing was observed. There were, however, differences in several yield parameters due to variety. Fruit quality characteristics of mechanically and hand harvested pepper stored at 6 C were similar. The use of the mechanical snap-bean harvester appears to be a feasible technique to harvest Jalapeno pepper.
STUDIES ON SOILLESS RAISING OF SEEDLING OF STEVIA REBAUDIANA
Authors: Yulin Han , Huiquan Ha , Huipu Xin , Pengxiang Zhao , Xinwei Shi
Published: February 2019

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni was hydroponically raised on the matrices of sand or slag and sprinkled periodically with three different nutrient solutions (BD, KO, Knop) respectively. The conventional raising method of Hailin state farm was used as the control. The results showed that the seedlings grown on the matrix of sand and sprinkled with Knop nutrient solution were stronger with well-developed root systems, obvious spindle-shaped root tubers, and less plant diseases, no insect pests, and weeds, which was significantly better than the control method in respect to the root length, root fresh weight, stem height, shoot fresh weight, and number of leaves, and significantly better than other treatments in respect to the root length, root fresh weight and stem height. This raising method is worth extending.
POTASSIUM AND SODIUM INTERRELATIONS IN CELERY
Authors: Sanchez C.A. , Faber A. , Lockhart M.
Published: February 2019

Recent research suggests that celery (Apium graveolens var. dulce) produced on Florida Histosols does not respond to rates of K fertilizer as high as previously recommended. The soil-test Na levels of Florida Histosols have been increasing as a result of canal dredging which has exposed saline water from shallow aquifers to mixing with surface water used for irrigation. Sand culture and field experiments were conducted to obtain a better understanding of the effect of Na on the K nutritional requirement of celery. The sand culture experiment included factorial combinations of 0, 2, 4, and 8 mM concentrations of K and 0 and 0.5 mM concentrations of Na. The field experiment was a 13 point fractional factorial with K and Na rates ranging from 0 to 400 kg ha-1. The data indicated that Na partially substituted for the K requirement of celery when K was limiting growth and yield. Interestingly, the data also suggested that optimal celery yields were obtained when some Na was present even where K was not limiting.
FALL BROCCOLI PRODUCTION USING MICRONUTRIENTS IN A SUSTAINABLE SYSTEM
Authors: Lee Gail S. , Teague Tina G.
Published: February 2019

Arkansas soils can range in pH from the low 4's to 7 depending on the location and liming history. Deficiency of zinc, boron and molybdenum coupled with the soil acidity complex of manganese toxicity had been previously identified as a severe limiting factor in production of quality brassica crops on our farmer cooperator's land. Building on the results reported here in 1991, the fall 1991 broccoli study focused on the effect of including/not including micronutrients in the watering solution during the greenhouse growth phase coupled with/without micronutrients in the transplant water. Additional treatments looked at the contribution of individual micronutrients to the final yield. The final yields of the boron, zinc and magnesium treatments were found to contribute approximately 75-80% of the final yield of a full range micronutrient solution. Research supported by a LISA grant.
PRACTICAL MEANS OF ENHANCING TUBER CALCIUM CONTENT AND REDUCING INCIDENCES OF SOFT ROT AND INTERNAL BROWN SPOT BY APPLICATION OF SOLUBLE FORM OF CALCIUM DURING BULKING
Authors: Tawfik Ahmed A. , Palta Jiwan P.
Published: February 2019

We have shown that tuber calcium can be enhanced by supplying soluble forms of calcium near the tuber stolon region during bulking. In the present study we applied calcium nitrate or N-HIB during bulking (hilling, 3 and 6 wks after hilling) by injecting these Ca sources into sprinkler irrigation line. Field plots were established with cv `Russet Burbank' in sandy loam soil containing about 1200 Kg Ca ha-1. All plots received equal amounts of nitrogen. Plots receiving only nitrogen (as NH4NO3) at the same time served as split N controls and the plots receiving complete nitrogen by the time of hilling (non-split N) served as the grower control.

In 1990 compared to non-split-N control a consistently higher tuber yield was obtained with split-N, N-HIB (113 Kg.Ca ha-1) calcium nitrate (113 Kg Ca ha-1). However, these differences were not significant. Tuber calcium contents were increased with N-HIB and calcium nitrate. After 5 months of storage the incidence of soft rot and of internal brown spot was significantly reduced. In 1991 N-HIB (113 Kg ha-1) gave significantly higher tuber yield than other treatments. Tuber calcium contents were increased with both calcium nitrate and N-HIB treatments. After four months of storage incidence of internal brown spot was reduced by calcium nitrate and N-HIB although calcium nitrate was most effective. These results demonstrate that it is possible to improve tuber calcium contents by application of 113-226 Kg Ca ha-1 during bulking even in a soil containing sufficient calcium for plant growth.
MANGANESE TOXICITY OR TOLERANCE IN SWEETPOTATO
Authors: Mortley Desmond G.
Published: February 2019

Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate 5 levels of Mn (0.00025 to 0.1 g.L-1) on Mn toxicity or tolerance of sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] grown in a modified half Hoagland's solution. The presence of oxidized Mn on the roots and leaves was demonstrated by the blue staining test with benzidene and the solubility and bleaching of oxidized Mn in the oxalic-sulfuric acid solution. Both storage root and foliage fresh and dry weights were highest at Mn concn of 0.00025 g.L-1 in the nutrient solution, while fibrous root dry weight was highest with 0.01 g.L-1 Mn in the solution. More Mn accumulated in foliage than in fibrous roots for all levels of Mn evaluated. N, P, and K concn in foliage was highest at a Mn concn of 0.1 g.L-1 Mn in the solution. Foliage dry weight was preserved up to a high Mn level of about 2700 ug. g-1 Mn in tissues, while taht for storage roots was preserved up to a high Mn level of about 1000 ug. g-1 in the tissues. Deposition of oxidized Mn was observed on fibrous roots particularly at the highest Mn levels in the nutrient solution.
ROOT STRUCTURE OF KIWIFRUIT (Actinidia deliciosa)
Authors: Warfield David L. , Seim Edwin
Published: February 2019

The root structure of kiwifruit was investigated by sequential trenching and eventual removal of whole vines. The vines had a shallow (30 to 60 cm.) spreading root system with few sinker roots. Roots extended beyond the canopy. Radial distribution of major roots arising from the crown was non-uniform. In several instances, roots mimicked the top by tying themselves into knots.
EVALUATION OF HORIBA CARDY COMPACT METERS FOR MONITORING GROWING MEDIA EXTRACT AND CELL SAP pH, E. C., NO3, NA AND K CONCENTRATION
Authors: Larimer Jill , Peterson John C.
Published: February 2019

Horiba Cardy compact pH, Electrical Conductivity (E.C.), Nitrate (NO3), Sodium (Na), and Potassium (K) meters were used to monitor the nutrient content of solutions extracted from five organic potting media. Solution extracts were collected using the Saturated Extract Method (SEM). Duplicate samples were sent to three analytical labs for comparative purposes. The meters proved to be quick and easy to use and there was good to excellent agreement with lab value for pH, E.C., Na and K. The NO3 meter did not provide good values below 80 ppm. For higher values there was a good relationship to lab values. The standard deviation for meter values was low, as were lab values for all parameter. Results of cell sap measurements as a method for evaluating the nutritional status of plants will be presented.
OBSERVATION OF A SELECTIVE HYDRATION AND CYCLIC WATER MOVEMENT IN LYCOPERSICON LYCOPERSICUM ROOTS USING MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
Authors: Jeong Byoung Ryong , Brown John M.
Published: February 2019

A top-and-bottom split root system of Lycopersicon lycopersicum `Burpee's Pixie' was developed using a nonferromagnetic phenolic foam growing medium. The objective of the study was to observe hydrodynamic activity in the roots and substrate when one side of the split root system was dehydrated. After withholding water for 22 days from the top block, the plant and substrate were scanned for 46.5 hours every 30 min using a Siemens 1.5 tesla magnetron whole body imaging system operating at 63 MHz. Resulting images were compiled into a time lapse movie and clearly showed selective root hydration and dehydration on the dry side of the split root system. Those changes in the root MRI signal intensity suggest a cyclic hydration of the roots and a partitioning of water among roots in dry environment.
INDUSTRY'S PERCEPTION OF UNIVERSITY HORTICULTURAL CURRICULUM
Authors: Smalley Timothy J. , Flanders Frank B.
Published: February 2019

The Industry Liaison Committee of the American Society for Horticultural Science conducted a survey of the horticulture industry to systematically determine: 1) industry's perception of university training of recent graduates and 2) industry's perception of educational needs for future graduates. A Delphi survey was sent to experts in the fruit, ornamental, greenhouse, turf, and vegetable industry. The respondents expressed dissatisfaction with the level of competence of recent university graduates in personnel management and marketing. The lack of hands-on training in university courses was viewed as a major problem, but the respondents agreed that internships should provide university students with the necessary practical experience and universities should concentrate on the science of horticulture. The respondents indicated that business management and marketing expertise will be more important in the future than knowledge of production techniques; however, they would not be more likely to hire a business major instead of a horticulture major. The following areas of study were ranked for relative importance to be included in the university curriculum (from most important to least): communication skills, horticultural technology, business management, personnel management, plant nutrition and soil fertility, pest control, plant physiology, environmental awareness, plant physiology, plant pathology, accounting, and equipment use and maintenance. A second round of questioning for this Delphi survey is being conducted and results will be presented to verify preliminary results.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COMPUTER - ASSISTED INSTRUCTION IN A HORTICULTURE PLANT IDENTIFICATION CLASS
Authors: Corbett Mona R. , Townsend Christine D. , Zajicek Jayne M.
Published: February 2019

Plant identification is a prerequisite to many, if not all, horticulturally related classes. It typically has been taught through the use of live specimens, slides, and text books. Recently, computers have entered the picture as a possible tool to teach plant identification. Increased availability and sophistication of computer systems in the college setting have led to the increased use of computers in instruction.

The objective of this study was to determine if there was a relationship between a student's learning style and academic achievement following computer assisted instruction. Undergraduate students enrolled in a plant identification class were involved in the study. Students learned plant identification either by: 1) viewing live specimens, 2) utilizing a computer instruction database system, or 3) combining live specimens with computer instruction. The students' cognitive knowledge was evaluated with pre and post tests. Learning style and attitude toward computer assisted instruction were also obtained.
PRIVATE PESTICIDE APPPLICATOR TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAM IN ILLINOIS
Authors: Ferree Rhonda J. , Williams David J.
Published: February 2019

Under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), private applicators who purchase and use restricted use pesticides (RUP's) are required to obtain certification. The Cooperative Extension Service has been assigned the responsibility of informing and educating those applicators about the safe and precise use of pesticides. In Illinois, area Agriculture advisors are responsible for the training. They are supported by State staff. Support is provided to area advisors through development of several teaching medias. A Private Applicator Training manual is the main educational media. That is supported by a slide set and script, videos, demonstration kits, handouts, and overheads. Trainers are encouraged to have students use workbooks, which were developed to follow the slide set, during training sessions. Additional support is provided through a newletter, equipment and video loans, advertising, meeting site rental, and yearly program updates. Train-the-Trainer classes are provided as needed. Trainers have been surveyed as to the quality of exiting and the need for new educational materials. Examples of publications and teaching materials will be on display.
FRUIT ODOR COMPOUNDS INHIBIT POSTHARVEST FUNGAL DECAY OF STRAWBERRIES AND RASPBERRIES
Authors: Vaughn Steven F. , Spencer Gayland F.
Published: February 2019

The shelf-life of strawberries and raspberries is limited primarily due to losses from fungal decay. During ripening, these fruits release numerous volatile compounds, some of which have been shown to have antifungal activities. We examined fifteen volatiles released by both fruits for the prevention of postharvest fungal decay. Benzaldehyde, 1-hexanol and 2-nonanone completely inhibited all fungal growth on fruit at gas headspace concentrations of 0.1 μl/ml, while causing little damage to the fruit. However, greater levels of these compounds, although completely inhibiting fungi, generally caused some fruit damage. Headspace concentrations of these compounds at 0.04 μl/ml or greater completely inhibited the growth of Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria alternata in culture but higher levels were required to inhibit Colletotrichum gloeosporoides and Rhizopus stolonifer. These results suggest that these compounds could be used to effectively prevent fungal decay if constant, low levels could be maintained in the headspace surrounding the fruit.
EFFECT OF SIMULATED RAINFALL ON RAISIN QUALITY
Authors: Striegler R. Keith , Clary Carter P. , Wineman David R. , Wagy Gina A. , Glossner Steve
Published: February 2019

Natural sun-dried raisins are susceptible to crop loss and quality reduction when rainfall occurs during the 2-3 week drying period. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effect of rainfall at selected stages of the raisin drying period on raisin quality. Thompson Seedless grapes were harvested and dried in the field using normal commercial practices. Raisins were moved to a humid chamber at the green, brown, turn, and roll stages of the drying period. Then, raisins were misted with 6.4 or 25.4 mm of water to simulate rainfall. Samples remained under humid conditions for approximately 48 hours after which they were returned to the field to complete the drying process. Raisin quality was evaluated by USDA incoming inspection procedures. The amount of rainfall had little effect on raisin quality at the levels in this experiment. However, raisin quality was significantly reduced when rainfall occurred at the green and brown stage of drying. Raisins which received rainfall at the turn and roll stages of drying were of comparable quality as control raisins.
DECAY CONTROL IN TABLE GRAPE CULTIVARS BY FUMIGATION WITH DECCODIONE SMOKE TABLETS FOR PROLONGING THE STORAGE LIFE
Authors: Ahmedullah M.
Published: February 2019

Fruit of table grape cvs. Black Monukka, Flame Seedless, Thompson Seedless and Himrod were fumigated with 2, 4 and 6 Deccodione tablets for 30 minutes in a fumigation chamber. Fruit was brought to the cold rooms and stored at 32 F and high relative humidity for upto 10 weeks. Decay control index, freshness of stems and bleaching around the capstem were recorded at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks of storage. Size of the smoke particles was determined using an electrical aerosol analyzer.

Fruit was kept in good condition by fumigation with 6 smoke tablets upto 10 weeks. Lower doses failed to control the decay. No bleaching around the capstems commonly associated with sulfur dioxide fumigation was noticed. Majority of the smoke particles were between 0.18 and 0.32 micrometers. Fumigation with Deccodione tablets could be a viable alternative to sulfur dioxide fumigation.
EFFECTS OF 2% 02, 50% CO2, AND THE COMBINATION ON FLAVOR QUALITY AND FERMENTATION PRODUCTS OF STRAWBERRIES AND BLUEBERRIES
Authors: Lange Diana Dostal , Beaudry Randolph M.
Published: February 2019

Low O2 and high CO2 concentrations can be used effectively to slow respiration and retard decay, but anaerobic and C02-injurious conditions must be avoided. The objective of this research was to: 1) determine the effects of low O2 and very high-C02 on flavor quality and accumulation of fermentation products. Strawberries and blueberries were stored in 2% O2/0% CO2, 20% 02/50% CO2, 2% O2/50% CO2, and 20% 02/0% CO2 for 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 days at 20C. A taste panel evaluated the berries at the end of each storage period and again after 2 days under ambient conditions. Ethanol was the primary fermentation product that accumulated in response to low O2 and high CO2 concentrations. However, acetaldehyde was produced preferentially in response to elevated C02 levels. The flavor quality of the strawberries and blueberries was only acceptable for 2 days for treatments containing 50% CO2. The most intense off-flavors were detected in the 2% 02/50% CO2 and 20% O2/50% CO2 samples. 50% CO2 was highly effective in preventing decay, but this concentration was too high for acceptable flavor quality for storage periods greater than 2 days.
CONTROL OF ENZYMATIC BROWNING OF APPLE SLICES
Authors: Luo Yaguang , Patterson Max E
Published: February 2019

The control of enzymatic browning of apple slices with papain is presented. Fresh apple slices dipped in a 1% Papain solution for 2 min did not brown for more than 12 hours at room temperature. Papain also gave good browning control of sliced pears. Further study indicated that polyphenoloxidase, a key enzyme involved in browning, was inactivated by this treatment.
THE EFFECT OF CALCIUM ON PAPAYA FRUIT RIPENING
Authors: Qiu Yunxia , Paull Robert E.
Published: February 2019

Over ripe and abnormally soft fruits occur often during papaya shipments to the mainland U.S.A. Calcium fertilization to the soil did not always increased Ca concentration in the mesocarp. Calcium plus K treatment was more effective at increasing the Ca concentration in the mesocarp than Ca treatment alone. Calcium and K fertilization did not affect the fruit color development. There was a positive correlation between mesocarp Ca concentration and ripe fruit firmness, with no relationship between K or Mg concentration and ripe fruit firmness. Vacuum infiltration with CaCl2, MgCl2, KCl to mesocarp plugs in vitro showed that Ca significantly delayed softening and reduced C2H4 production, and that MgCl2 and KCl also slowed the softening. Use of the chelating agent sodium citrate increased the rate of softening, probably, by removing Ca from the cell wall. We conclude that Ca is an important factor in fruit firmness and that the increase of Mg and K by infiltration has different effects on fruit firmness from that by soil fertilization.
THERMAL PROCESS EVALUATION FOR QUARANTINE HEAT TREATMENTS.
Authors: Chan Harvey T. , Jang Eric
Published: February 2019

Heat treatments have been used to control diseases and insect infestation of fruit. The development of heat treatments have been the result of empirical experiments based on the efficacy on the insects coupled with parallel experiments on the phytotoxicity of host fruit. Such heat treatments while approved as quarantine treatments have occasionally produced fruit of poor quality. Thermal processing of foods, an established science, employs kinetics of enzyme inactivation, thermal death times evaluation of various time-temperature relationships to determine the adequacy of the heat process to ensure the safety of the product as well as minimize over-processing to preserve the products quality. There is a need to develop thermo-processing guidelines in the development of quarantine heat treatments and also to enhance product quality. We will report methods that we have developed to determine the thermal death kinetics of insects, fruit pathogens and kinetics for thermotolerance of the fruit.
VARIATION IN ORNAMENTAL TRAITS OF DALEA PURPUREA
Authors: Lingaren Dale T.
Published: February 2019

Dalea purpurea Vent. (Purple Prairie Clover) is a perennial herbaceous plant found growing in the United States from North Dakota to Texas and from the Mississippi River to the eastern edge of the Rocky Mountains. It produces excellent forage for livestock on many grasslands and has potential as an ornamental landscape plant. Two seedling populations of D. purpurea were field grown and traits including foliage color, height, lodging and stem number per plant were measured. Large differences existed within populations for these traits. A progeny population grown from seed of 5% of the plants collected from each of the two populations with the most desirable traits were also evaluated. The mean number of stems per plant varied from 8.7 and 4.2 in the parent populations to 20.2 in the progeny population. The correlation coefficients between traits varied from -0.54 to +0.39. D. purpurea does have potential as a landscape plant and selections with improved traits can be found within existing populations.
THE INTRODUCTION AND ACCLIMATION OF PITTOSPORUM TOBIRA IN JINAN, SHANDONG PROV.
Authors: Xiangyun Jia , Deshun Zhang
Published: February 2019

Tobira Pittosporum (Pittosporum tobira) is an evergreen and broadleaf shrub with fragrant flowers. The introduction began in 1978. The plants blossomed and bore fruits in 1981. The seedlings grew up from seeding in 1982, then the freeze resistances of seedling were experimented with the Spartan Training System according to follow proper sequence and make steading progress rule. Some excellent plants were sifted out progressively. In order to enrich the afforestation materials in Jinan, it offers a new species.
GROWTH, WATER DEMAND, AND YIELD OF CHERRY TOMATOES UNDER DIFFERENT WATER QUALITY IRRIGATIONS
Authors: Salinas-Zavala Federico , Troyo-Diéguez Enrique , Porta-Gándara Miguel A.
Published: February 2019

Cherry tomatoes growth, water demand and yield were measured under different water quality conditions in order to assess their performance in arid and saline soils. Treatments were: i) desalted seawater and humid conditions, ii) fresh water and dry conditions, and iii) saline water and humid conditions. No fertilizers were added. Differences highly significant were found in all treatments. The highest yield (6 Kg/plant) was observed in the plots irrigated with desalted seawater, and the lowest (0.4 Kg/plant) in the plots irrigated with saline water. Water demand and some hydric parameters were higher in the salt affected soils. Fruit size was similar in all trealments. The results suggest that the establishment of cherry tomatoes in saline non-productive soils is feasible, as an alternative to other varieties.
DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE OF TWO TARO CULTIVARS TO ALUMINUM
Authors: Miyasaka Susan C. , Webster Carol M.
Published: February 2019

Aluminum toxicity is one of the major factors limiting plant growth in acid soils. Taro [Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott] cultivars `Lehua maoli' and `Bun long ' were grown in hydroponic solution at six levels of aluminum (0, 110, 220, 440, 890, and 1330 μM Al), to determine the differential response of taro to Al. Increasing Al levels resulted in significantly depressed fresh and dry weights of leaves, petioles, and roots, as well as leaf areas and root lengths. Significant cultivar differences were found, with `Lehua maoli' exhibiting greater leaf fresh weights and root lengths in the presence of Al, compared to `Bun long'. These cultivar differences were not associated with differences in Al concentrations of the leaves, petioles, or roots.
INCREASED LEAF STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE AT VERY HIGH CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS
Authors: Mackowiak C.L. , Wheeler R.M. , Yorio N.C.
Published: February 2019

Leaf stomatal conductance was monitored with a steady-state porometer throughout growth and development of soybean and potato plants grown at 500, 1000, 5000, and 10,000 (potato only) μmol mol-1 carbon dioxide (CO2). All plants were grown hydroponically with a 12-hr photoperiod and 300 μmol m-2 s-1 PPF. As expected, conductance at 1000 was < 500 μmol mol-1 for both species, but conductance at 5000 and 10,000 μmol mol-1 was ≥ that at 500 μmol mol-1. Subsequent short-term (24-hr) tests with potato and wheat plants grown at 1000 μmol mol-1 showed that raising CO2 to approx. 10,000 μmol mol-1 or lowering CO2 to 400 μmol mol-1 increased conductance compared to 1000 μmol mol-1 for potato, while only lowering CO2 to 400 μmol mol-1 increased conductance for wheat. Furthermore, raising the CO2 to 10,000 μmol mol-1 increased dark-period conductance in comparison to 1000 μmol mol-1 for potato, while dark-period conductance for wheat leaves was low regardless of the CO2 concentration. Results suggest that very high CO2 levels (e.g. 5000 to 10,000 μmol mol-1) may substantially increase water use of certain crops.
EFFECT OF SALT STRESS ON SUGAR TRANSPORT IN TOMATO
Authors: Wilson Clyde , Clark Robert A. , Madore Monica A.
Published: February 2019

We examined the effect of salt stress on sugar transport across the plasma membrane of source leaf tissue. We initiated the present study by investigating the effect of salt stress on the sugar transport into mature leaf tissue by measuring sucrose influx into leaf discs. In order to determine if there is a common response to salt stress, we selected two species which have been described as moderately salt-sensitive, faba bean and tomato. We found these two plants exhibit different responses to salinity with regard to sugar transport across the plasmalemma. Whereas salinity decreased sucrose uptake into leaf discs of tomato, it had little effect on faba bean. Also, the inhibitory effect of salinity in tomato was not just limited to freshly cut discs but was observed in aged discs as well. We isolated the plasma membrane from tomato and faba bean using the aqueous two-phase technique and found that although plasma-membrane vesicles obtained from faba bean were able to maintain an acetate gradient, vesicles from tomato were not, thereby eliminating any comparative study on pH-dependent sugar uptake. Studies on passive uptake into these vesicles indicate that the passive uptake in tomato may be different than faba bean.
NITROGEN LEACHING FROM A UREA-FORMALDEHYDE AMENDED PINE BARK MEDIUM
Authors: Yeager Thomas , Gilman Ed , Weigle Diane , Larsen Claudia
Published: February 2019

Columns (4 × 15 cm) of a pine bark medium amended with the equivalent of 4.2 kg per cubic meter of dolomitic limestone and either 0, 2.4, 4.7, 7.1 or 9.5 mg of urea-formaldehyde (38% N) per cubic centimeter of medium were leached daily with 16 ml of deionized water (pH 5.5). Leachate total N, NO3--N and NH4+-N concentrations were determined on day 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 28, 49, 91, 133, 203, 273 and 343. Leachate total N ranged from 600 ppm on day 1 for the 9.5 mg treatment to 4 ppm on day 273 for the 2.4 mg treatment. Leachate NH4+-N concentrations ranged from 38 ppm c4 day 3 for the 9.5 mg treatment to less than 1 ppm on day 7 for the 2.4 mg treatment and were less than total N concentrations at each sampling time. Leachate NO3--N was not detectable during the experimental period. Eleven, 16, 20 and 25% of the applied N leached from the columns amended with 2.4, 4.7, 7.1 or 9.5 mg of urea-formaldehyde per cubic centimeter of pine bark, respectively, during the 371 day experiment.
RESPONSE OF CATHARANTHUS ROSEUS “GRAPE COOLER” TO MEDIA AND FERTILIZER SOLUTION CONCENTRATION USING SUBIRRIGATION
Authors: Elliott G.C. , McAvoy R.J. , Abbott M.
Published: February 2019

Seedlings of Catharanthus roseus “Grape Cooler” was transplanted to cell packs of media: peat-vermiculite-perlite (MM220), peat-hydrophilic rockwool (ABS), and peat-hydrophobic rockwool (REP) and grown in subirrigation trays using 20N-4.4P-17K fertilizer at 50, 150 or 250 ppm N applied at each irrigation. Shoots of four plants in each of two replications were harvested 2, 3, 4 and 5 after transplant. Leaf samples from the third harvest were analyzed for essential elements. Electrical conductivity (EC) was measured in saturated media extracts at each harvest. Significant media by fertilizer interactions were obtained for fresh weight and leaf area at the final harvest. Greatest growth was obtained with 50 ppm N in ABS, but with 150 ppm N in MM 220 and REP. In tehse, growth was similar at 50 and 150 ppm N, but less growth REP than MM220 at 250 ppm. More growth was produced with ABS at 50 ppm N, but less at 150 or 250 ppm N. Leaf tissue N increased 38.5 to 54.5 mg g-1 dry wt. as fertilized increased 50 to 150 ppm, while other nutrients were not significantly affected. Media EC increased with time and fertilizer concentration, with EC in all media fertilized with 250 ppm N exceeding 4.5 dS m-1 at the final harvest.
NITROGEN PARTITIONING IN POTTED CHRYSANTHEMUM AS INFLUENCED BY SOURCE AND QUANTITY OF N SUPPLIED
Authors: MacDonald William N. , Tsujita M. James , Blom Theo J.
Published: February 2019

Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. cv. `Yellow Favor' was grown single stem in 10cm pots on an ebb and flow benching system. A 2×2 factorial design was employed with 2 sources of N (100 NO3 and 50 NO3 :50 NH4+), delivered at 18 mM, and 2 quantities of N supplied, (200 mg and 400 mg), with 200 mg supplied by wk 3 and 400 mg supplied by wk 5. Plants were harvested at two wk intervals, separated into leaves, stems plus petioles and inflorescence (when developed) and analyzed for total and NO3- N, with reduced N being estimated as the difference between these two values. Plant tissue (leaves and stems plus petioles) NO3- levels showed similar trends for the 200 and 400 mg N supply, with a maximum at the 4th to 6th wk. At flowering, (wk 10) significant tissue NO3- levels were found only in plants supplied 400 mg of N. Plants supplied with 50:50 NH4+: NO3- initially had significantly greater reduced N and leaf area than NO3- supplied plants, although differences diminished towards flowering. During floral development (wk 8 to 10), at which time no additional N was accumulated by the plant, significant amounts of reduced N was remobilized from the stem plus petioles and leaves to the developing inflorescence.
EASTER LILY GROWTH AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE FROM POTTING MEDIA AMENDED WITH COMPOSTED MUNICIPAL SLUDGE
Authors: Wulster George J. , Jones J. Benton
Published: February 2019

Easter Lilies (Lilium Longiflorium) were grown in potting media containing 50% peatmoss and 50% vermiculite V/V or amended with 25, 33, or 50% (V/V) composted municipal sludge.

Macro and micro nutrient levels were determined for the various media formulations using either a water or a Mehlich III extraction procedure. Foliar levels of micro and macro nutrients were determined at anthesis. Final plant height and number of buds per plant were measured for each treatment.

No media formulations were phytotoxic; however, several micro element levels increased with increasing composted sludge content in foliar samples. These increasing foliar levels of Cu, Fe, Zn correlated well with media levels when Mehlich III was the extraction method. A similar correlation was not found with water as the extractant.
RESPONSES OF HERBACEOUS PERENNIAL SPECIES TO HIGH IRON LEVELS
Authors: Klock Kimberly A. , Agnew Nancy Howard
Published: February 2019

Problems with iron toxicity are documented for the bedding plant species of geranium and marigold. It was suspected that observed nutrition problems of Chrysanthemum Xsuperbum `Snow Lady' were due to iron toxicity. The objectives of this study were to determine which if any perennial species were sensitive to iron toxicity (iron efficient) and to document any symptoms. Using a sand culture method, C. Xsuperbum `Snow Lady' and `Alaska', and Pelargonium Xhortorum `Red Elite' (as a check) and 3 other perennial species were watered twice daily with a modified Hoaglands I solution with 0.00, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.16, or 0.32 mM FeEDTA. Only Pelargonium had toxic foliar iron levels (462.2 ppm Fe averaged over all treatments) and showed classic iron toxicity symptoms. C. Xsuperbum `Alaska' showed possible iron toxicity symptoms at 0.08 and 0.16 mM FeEDTA with foliar iron levels of 301.0 ppm Fe and 282.7 ppm Fe, respectively. Below average foliar levels of Mn were observed in all species except Pelargonium. Also noted were: toxic levels of boron in Achillea and deficient levels of copper in Aguilegia.
RESPONSE OF NEW GUINEA IMPATIENS TO FERTILITY LEVEL IS AFFECTED BY APPLICATION FREQUENCY
Authors: Judd Laura K. , Cox Douglas A.
Published: February 2019

New Guinea impatiens (Impatiens sp. hybrids) are particularly sensitive to growth medium soluble salts level during the first four to six weeks after potting. Results of this experiment show that this response is affected by the interaction of fertilizer rate and application frequency. Solutions containing 20N-4.3P-16.6K at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 g·liter-1 were applied to `Selenia' growing in 520 ml pots 4, 8, 12, or 16 times (evenly-spaced) during a 70 day experiment. A significant interaction occurred between fertilizer rate and application frequency. Shoot dry weight (DW) increased linearly with application frequency at 0.5 g·liter-1. Overall 16 applications of 0.5 g· liter-1 resulted in the most growth of all rate and frequency combinations. Maximum DW at 1.0 g·liter-1 was achieved with 12 applications and 8 applications resulted in the most DW with 1.5 and 2.0 g·liter-1. In treatments where growth was inhibited, growth medium EC exceeded 1.0 dS·m-1. EC did not exceed 0.4 dS·m-1 at any application frequency with 0.5 g·liter-1.
VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL (VAM) FUNGI ALTER ROOT GROWTH OF PROSOPIS ALBA (CHILEAN MESQUITE) IN CONTAINERS
Authors: Martin Chris A. , Stutz Jean C. , Roberson Robert W.
Published: February 2019

Effects of VAM fungal inoculum, Glomus intraradices Schenk & Smith, on the growth of Chilean mesquite in containers were investigated as part of a nursery container system for production of xeric trees. Seedling liners of Chilean mesquite were transplanted into 27-liter containers filled with a 3 pine bark : 1 peat moss : 1 sand medium. Before transplanting, 50% of the trees were band-inoculated at a depth of 8 to 12 cm below the growth medium surface with 35 g per container of Glomus intradices (Nutrilink, NPI, Salt Lake City, UT), approximately 1,000 spores g-1. All trees were top-dressed with 15 g Osmocote 18N-2.6P-9.9K (Grace-Sierra, Milpitas, CA) and 3 g Micromax (Grace-Sierra, Milpitas, CA) fertilizers and grown in a fiberglass greenhouse under 50% light exclusion. After 4 months, all inoculated tree root systems were colonized, and the percent infection was 47%. Noninoculated trees remained nonmycorrhizal. There were no differences in height, total shoot length, shoot dry weight, or root dry weight between inoculated and non-inoculated trees; however, total root length and specific root length of inoculated trees were less than those of noninoculated trees. These results suggest that the VAM fungi altered the root architecture of inoculated trees such that root systems of these trees had thicker roots with fewer fine roots elongating into the growth medium profile.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON NEWLY DEVISED AND CONVENTIONAL METHODS OF GRAFTING IN ONE-YEAR-OLD `FUJI' APPLE TREES/ M.2 /MALUS PRUN1FOLIA SEEDLINGS.
Authors: Kim Yong-Koc , Kim Yong-Suk
Published: February 2019

Experiments were carried out to evaluate some newly devised and conventional methods of grafting using `Fuji' apple trees on M.26/M. prunifolia rootstocks. Out of various methods of grafting, the modified inverted-veneer grafting and the inverted bark grafting showed a complete healing of the grafting union leaving no part of xylem tissue exposed in the air. However, owing to the longer period of growth for the trees grafted by the modified inverted-veneer grafting than the inverted bark grafting during the period of one growing season, the modified inverted-veneer gave slightly better shoot growth than the inverted bark grafting. It was clear that the former two methods were superior to the all other grafting methods, i.e., whip-and-tongue grafting, modified veneer grafting, inverted-veneer grafting, bark grafting, and chip budding in the grafting union healing, shoot growth, and tree form performance.
INCORPORATING PESTICIDE TRANSPORT INTO THE AGNPS (AGRICULTURAL NONPOINT SOURCE) POLLUTION MODEL
Authors: Pantone Dan James , Young Robert A.
Published: February 2019

A pesticide transport submodel has been incorporated into a distributed parameter simulation model. AGNPS (AGricultural NonPoint Source Pollution Model) can evaluate the effect of agricultural pollution sources on surface runoff. Six pesticide classes are used: herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, nematicides, plant growth regulators, and desiccants/defoliants. User inputs for the model include the time of pesticide application (preplant, preemergence, or postemergence), application rate, application efficiency, percent canopy cover, soil and foliar pesticide residues, soil and foliar pesticide decay, water solubility, foliar washoff threshold and fraction, incorporation depth and efficiency, and sorption coefficient. Areas of pesticide losses and accumulations are indicated in tabular and graphical outputs. Alternative management practices can be simulated, and therefore assist in the optimization of practices to reduce pesticide runoff.
COMPUTER DECISION SUPPORT TOOL FOR HEIGHT CONTROL OF POINSETTIAS
Authors: Heins Royal D. , Fisher Paul
Published: February 2019

Height control is a major challenge in the production of high quality poinsettia crops. Graphical tracking is a technique where growers make height control decisions by comparing actual measured plant height with a desired height. A computer decision support tool, the Poinsettia Care System, is being developed to combine graphical display of plant height with an expert system to provide height control advice. A simulation model is used to predict future growth of the crop based on greenhouse temperature, growth retardant applications, plant spacing, plant maturity, and light quality. Growth retardant and temperature recommendations are made based on a crop's deviation from the target height, expected future growth rate, and crop maturity. The program was beta tested by 8 Michigan growers over the 1991 poinsettia season. The test growers reacted positively to the program in a follow-up survey. Perceived benefits included improved height control, consistent crop recording, and a `second opinion' when making height control decisions. Improvements were suggested to combine the advice of different crops within the same greenhouse zone, to improve the predictive growth model, and to streamline data entry and output.