bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphological characteristics of animal’s cornea after ultraviolet corneal crosslinking with a hypoosmolarsolution of riboflavin
Authors:   Ufa Eye Research Institute, Ufa, Russian Federation, Bikbov M.M. , Khalimov A.R. ,   Ufa Eye Research Institute, Ufa, Russian Federation, Usubov E.L. ,   Ufa Eye Research Institute, Ufa, Russian Federation, Shevchuk N.E. ,   Ufa Eye Research Institute, Ufa, Russian Federation
Published: February 2025

Purpose. To give a morphological assessment of hypoosmoticriboflavin solution application for ultraviolet corneal crosslinking(CXL).

Material and methods. Experiments were conducted on 12rats (24 eyes), standard (epi-off) CXL was performed in the 3 mW/cm2mode for 10 minutes. All animals were divided into 2 groups: in the1st, an isoosmotic solution of 0.1% riboflavin was used, in the 2nd —a hypoosmotic solution of 0.1% riboflavin. Histological studies of theeyes were performed according to the generally accepted method withhematoxylin-eosin staining and according Van Gieson method. Lightmicroscopy of histopreparations was performed.

Results. Morphologicalpicture of the cornea in the early postoperative period after CXL withisoosmotic riboflavin solution was characterized by a decrease in therelative density of keratocytes, appearance of areas of fibrous collagenstructure indicating the development of stromal edema, followed (on day7, 30) by a weakening of signs of stroma swelling. Endothelium structurehad no changes. A comparative analysis of histopreparations of the twogroups showed that the severity of stroma collagen edema after CXLwith a hypoosmotic solution was generally comparable to the group ofanimals where an isoosmotic solution was used. Development of stromaledema and an increase in corneal thickness occurs intraoperatively,provided that the required frequency of instillations is observed duringthe CXL procedure.

Conclusion. Stroma hydration and corneal thicknessincrease induced by hypoosmotic riboflavin solution in the CXL processoccur intraoperatively and are reversible. Morphological changes of thecornea after CXL with hypoosmotic riboflavin are generally identical tothose of animals after CXL with a standard isoosmotic solution. CXL withhypoosmotic riboflavin solution did not cause any pathological changesin the corneal endothelium.

Key words: ultraviolet corneal crosslinking, hypoosmotic riboflavinsolution, thin cornea
Issues of the statistical analysis in the Russian ophthalmic journals in 2021 compared to 2015
Authors:   S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, Moscow, Russian Federation, Shpak A.A.
Published: February 2025

Purpose. To evaluate changes in statistical analysis in Russianophthalmic journals over 6 years — in 2021 compared to 2015.

Material and methods. An analysis was carried out of the quality of statistical data processing and the formation of research material in 48 original articlespublished in the first issue of 2021 in 7 leading ophthalmological journals. Literature reviews, descriptions of clinical cases, articles in the sections«To help the practitioner» etc. were not evaluated. A comparison wasmade with the results of a previous analysis of articles published in 2015.

Results. By 2021 there has been a positive trend in the use of statisticalmethods in ophthalmology journals. A correctly formatted “StatisticalAnalysis” section was present in articles approximately 1.5 times moreoften. The proportion of publications that did not contain significant errorsin the statistical processing of materials and the formation of study groupsincreased significantly from 21 to 48% (p=0.004). In 2021 somewhat more often than in 2015, there was such a serious error as including both eyesof subjects in the analysis without taking into account the correlation ofthe parameters of the fellow eyes. At the same time, there was a trendtowards a decrease in the frequency of using incorrect methods in multiplecomparisons and when comparing proportions. Lack of indication of thedata format M±σ or M±m, as well as lack of indication of the used versionof the Student’s test or the use of its incorrect version were encounteredin 2021 almost 2 times more often. In 2021 as before, in all cases, therequired size of the group(s) of subjects was not calculated, in more than80% of the articles the sampling order was not indicated; in more thanhalf of the cases, exclusion criteria were not formulated; in some articlesthere was an unreasonably small group size (2–8 subjects). An exampleof a gross error in the organization of research due to the incorrectchoice of normative data in the absence of its own control group is given.

Conclusion. Thus, certain positive changes in statistical analysis werenoted in Russian ophthalmic journals over 6 years — in 2021 compared to2015. At the same time, serious errors and violations of both the statisticaldata processing itself and the organization of research and the formationof their material (groups of subjects) are still common. Recommendationsfor reviewing articles are given to eliminate these errors and violations.

Key words: statistical analysis, errors, fellow eyes, multiplecomparisons, formation of study groups
A clinical case of aphakia correction with a lens of an extended focus depth in a patient with the consequences of a closed eye injury
Authors:   S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurger y Federal State Institution, Irkutsk branch, Irkutsk, Russian Federation, Arkhipov E.V. , Rozanova O.I. ,   S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurger y Federal State Institution, Irkutsk branch, Irkutsk, Russian Federation
Published: February 2025

Purpose. To present a clinical case of phased rehabilitation and IOL implantation with an expanded focus depth in a patient with the consequences of a closed eye injury.

Methods. Patient Z., 18 years old, underwent surgical treatment for retinal detachment, lens luxation into the vitreal cavity and traumatic mydriasis. After achieving a complete fit of the retina, the silicone is removed from the vitreal cavity. Vision with aphakic correction – 0.9. After 6 months, implantation and sclerocorneal fixation of LuxSmart IOL (Bausch & Lomb, USA) were performed.

Results. Visual acuity after lens implantation was: 0.6 Sph (–)1.0 D = 0.9 in the distance; 0.5 Sph (+) 1.5 D = 0.9 in the vicinity; 0.85 u.c. at an average distance, the nature of vision is binocular. IOP is 18 mm Hg. According to ultrasound biomicroscopy, the IOL is centered, does not come into contact with intraocular structures. Subjectively, the patient is extremely satisfied with the received vision. In the long-term period (6 months of the follow up period), visual functions are preserved, the position of the IOL is stable.

Conclusion. Implantation and sclerocorneal fixation of LuxSmart IOL (Bausch & Lomb, USA) are an effective way to correct aphakia in a patient with concomitant retinal pathology due to a successful combination of structural design that allows the lens suture fixation and the design of the optical part, providing functional near vision with a minimum period of neuroadaptation.

Key words: correction of aphakia, closed eye injury
Fibrinolytic Enzyme from Bacillus Pumilus Strain (MPMBJ1) through Solid-State Fermentation
Authors: Gnanaselvan Suvathika , Pandiyan Balamurugan , Devaraj Dhivya , Balasubramanian Haritha , Sangilimuthu Alagar Yadav
Published: February 2025

Fibrinolytic enzymes are produced by several Bacillus species. For the therapeutic purpose, the fibrinolytic enzyme can be used as thrombolytic agent for the clot resolution. In the study, fibrinolytic enzymes are produced in the modified nutrient medium under solid-state fermentation using Bacillus pumilus strain-MPMBJ1 from CBNR isolate. The presence of fibrinolytic enzyme in the fermentation media was confirmed by salting-out methods in conjunction with SDS-PAGE. The enzyme was purified by using dialysis method followed by the chromatographic technique. Biological activities of the enzyme were assessed through proteolytic and fibrinolytic functional assays.

The results showed that the optimum incubation period for fibrinolytic enzyme production is 24 hrs. We have obtained the yeilds of fibrinolytic enzyme as 64.55 ± 1.25 and 22.75 ± 0.75 mg/ml by using acetone and ammonium sulfate precipitation methods respectively. The molecular weight of the fibrinolytic enzyme was found to be 30kDa from SDS-PAGE analysis. The enzyme was found to exhibit potential proteolytic and fibrinolytic properties. Hence, further in vivo and clinical analysis on this enzyme may lead to the production of an effective drug for heart attack patients.
The Beneficial Effects of VCO in Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical
Authors: . Wardiyah , Mahdi Jufri , . Sutriyo , Abdul Mun’im
Published: February 2025

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is considered a functional food oil because it can offer various biological activities that are advantageous for human health. Research conducted on coconut oil’s nutritional and clinical aspects has revealed that it consists of 64% medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA). This component has been found to have the potential to both prevent and treat various diseases. VCO is produced from the fresh, ripe flesh of coconuts using mechanical or natural methods, with or without heat. To obtain VCO, there are four different methods: (1) thermal extraction, (2) nonthermal extraction, (3) fermentation technology and (4) enzymatic approach.

Differences in manufacturing methods affect the quality of the VCO produced. The largest content of VCO is lauric acid (C12). In pharmaceutical preparations, VCO is widely used in emulsions as an oil phase, emulsion film and hydrogel matrix in nano-emulgel. VCO is widely used as a functional food to help to overcome health problems, such as being used as supplementation for Covid-19 patients. VCO has shown various pharmacological effects such as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-obesity and antibacterial activities. VCO is a functional food oil that can be a component of food items.
Potential Therapeutic Arsenal: An Examination of Bioactive Compounds in the Melastomataceae Family
Authors: Umamaheswari C. , Asha S.
Published: February 2025

The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the diverse array of bioactive compounds available in the Melastomataceae family, which is one of the most widely spread and diverse flowering plant families found in the tropical and subtropical regions. In this study, a systematic analysis of the bioactive compounds found in the Melastomataceae species including flavonoids, tannins, anthocyanins, triterpenoids, steroids, saponins and alkaloids, as well as their potential therapeutic effects, is presented. The research emphasized the significance of the presence of these compounds in a variety of traditional medicine systems based on a detailed analysis of existing literature.

Furthermore, the review emphasizes the therapeutic potential of these compounds and recommends that the exploration and research efforts be intensified to understand the pharmacological benefits and mechanisms of the bioactive constituents of the Melastomataceae family of plants which will be a significant contribution to the discovery of new natural products.
Oral-Gut Dysbiosis: Causative for the Initiation of Brain Cognitive Memory Decline
Authors: Murugan Mukilan
Published: February 2025

Oral passage and intestinal tract are some of the important microecosystems present in humans. In these microecosystems, approximately 1014 bacterial colonies are present with 2000 known bacterial species. These bacterial colonies are responsible for the maintenance of normal oral and gut microbiota. The presence of these common oral and gut microbiomes results in the regulation and development of cognitive functions in the brain. Imbalance in this normal flora, results in the development of impaired cognitive functions. In a healthy state, oral and gut microbiomes are present in a balanced state (BS) and do not have any impact on cognitive functions. Whenever this BS is affected by internal or external microorganisms, it may result in the formation of dysbiosis in oral and gut microflora. Later on, it results in the development of impaired cognitive functions.

In the present review, we presented the impact of normal oral and gut microflora in the development of cognitive functions and discussed the reversal of oral and gut dysbiosis-induced impaired cognitive functions with the help of probiotic microorganisms. Recent research studies showed that oral beneficial flora plays a major role in the reversal of impaired cognitive functions through the secretion of neurotransmitter precursors chemical compounds (NPCs) (short-chain fatty acids [SCFAs], tyrosine, levodopa [L-DOPA], tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan [5-HTP]). Secreted NPCs are further transmitted to the brain for the formation of neurotransmitters like dopamine, glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), serotonin and norepinephrine. Further, these synthesized neurotransmitters result in the reversal of cognitive memory formation by strengthening the synaptic connections present in the brain through the molecules involved in neuronal signaling pathways.
La traversée des couleurs dans le théâtre de Shakespeare
Authors: Claret Jean-Louis
Published: February 2025

À la Renaissance, les théories du regard semblaient hésiter entre le principe aristotélicien d’intromission, cher à Alhazen et adopté par Thomas Browne, et la conception platonicienne d’extramission héritée de Pythagore, Galien et Euclide, approches antithétiques que certains savants conjuguaient parfois afin de rendre compte du rapport au réel. Quelle que fût l’hypothèse adoptée par les théoriciens, la relation au monde était établie grâce à un lien particulièrement étroit : ainsi, pour voir une couleur, il fallait l’accueillir en soi (intromission) ou se projeter en elle (extramission), comme le signale Jean Bodin dans son Théâtre de la nature. Les couleurs jouaient un rôle important dans l’Angleterre réformée de la fin du XVIème et du début du XVIIème siècles. Les quelques traités sur les arts picturaux qui étaient disponibles à l’époque (principalement The Arte of Limning de Nicholas Hilliard, The Arte of Drawing d’Henry Peacham et la traduction du texte de Giovanni Lomazzo) leur accordent une place de choix. Le théâtre de Shakespeare se propose quant à lui de faire traverser cet écran chromatique afin de laisser entrevoir ce qui se cache au-dessous. En affectant la surface des visages, par exemple, elles trahissent en effet les bouleversements qui se jouent à l’intérieur des corps et dont l’interprétation était codifiée. Les pièces de Shakespeare présentent un écho dramatique des théories Renaissantes relatives au regard puisque les personnages y appréhendent le monde en fonction des couleurs qui se trouvent au préalable à l’intérieur leur esprit. Ainsi, ceux qui portent du jaune en eux seront, par exemple, susceptibles de devenir jaloux. Il faut dire que, comme l’a démontré Thomas Wright dans son traité sur les Passions of the Minde in Generall de 1601, les couleurs n’étaient pas considérées comme de simples aspects constitutifs des choses, mais comme de véritables filtres adoptés par l’esprit. Ce phénomène permet de rendre compte de la colorisation, au théâtre, de ce qui n’a a priori pas de substance, comme la jalousie, l’amour juvénile, la mort ou encore le scandale.
“History of Ceramics” Bulletin. Vol. 1.
Authors: Цетлин Ю.Б.
Published: February 2025

Сборник содержит статьи по актуальным вопросам изучения древней керамики от эпохи неолита до этнографической современности. Большинство статей имеет методическую направленность ивыполнены врамках историко-культурного подхода кизучению гончарства иего продукции. Публикуемые материалы представляют интерес для археологов, изучающих керамику как источник исторической информации, атакже для студентов исторических факультетов университетов.

The collection contains articles on current issues of the study of ancient ceramics from the Neolithic Age to the ethnographic modernity. Most articles have a methodological focus and are made under historical-and-cultural approach to the investigation of pottery production and its products. The published materials are of interest for all archaeologists who study ceramics as a source of historical information, as well as for students of university departments of history.
Synthesis of binary-input multi-valued output optical cascades
Authors: Agarwal Ishani , Saraivanov Miroslav , Perkowski Marek
Published: February 2025

This paper extends the decomposition from the group theory based methods of Sasao and Saraivanov to design binary input multivalued output quantum cascades realized with optical NOT, SWAP, and Fredkin Gates. We present this method for 3, 5, and 7-valued outputs, but in general it can be used for odd prime-valued outputs. The method can be extended to realize hybrid functions with different valued outputs. A class of local transformations is presented that can simplify the final cascade circuits. Using these simplifying transformations, we present an upper bound on the maximum number of gates in an arbitrary $n$-variable input and $k$-valued output function.
Upper bounding the quantum space complexity for computing class group and principal ideal problem
Authors: Ng I.-I.
Published: February 2025

In this paper, we calculate the upper bound on quantum space complexity of the quantum algorithms proposed by Biasse and Song (SODA'16) for solving class group computation and the principal ideal problem using the reductions to $S$-unit group computation. We follow the approach of Barbulescu and Poulalion (AFRICACRYPT'23) and the framework given by de Boer, Ducas, and Fehr (EUROCRYPT'20) and Eisentr\"{a}ger, Hallgren, Kitaev, and Song (STOC'14).
Room-temperature H2 splitting and N2-hydrogenation induced by a neutral Lu(II) complex
Authors: Papangelis Evangelos , Demonti Luca , del Rosal Iker , Shephard Angus , Maron Laurent , Nocton Grégory , SIMLER Thomas
Published: February 2025

The direct splitting of the H2 and N2 molecules are challenging reactions that are closely related to the Haber–Bosch ammonia synthesis process. Until now, such reactivity has never been observed in the case of molecular lanthanide species. Here, we show that careful selection of the ligand scaffold allows the isolation and characterization of a kinetically stable but highly reactive Lu(II) complex. This divalent lanthanide species enables direct H2 splitting at room temperature, an unknown reactivity in lanthanide chemistry, which has been fully corroborated by DFT calculations. In addition, the Lu(II) complex readily binds N2, leading to an end-on coordinated diazenido (N2)2– lanthanide complex. The latter can be hydrogenated under very smooth conditions (ca. 1.2 bar H2, ambient temperature) to form a unique Lu(III)–NH2 complex. Direct N2 hydrogenation and cleavage are thus accessible using low-valent molecular rare-earth metal complexes.
Synthesis and biological characterization of 4,4-difluoro-3-(phenoxymethyl)piperidine scaffold as dopamine 4 receptor (D4R) antagonist in vitro tool compounds
Authors: Saeedi Saeedeh , Vadukoot Anish , Hopkins Corey
Published: February 2025

We report the discovery and characterization of a novel series of 4,4-difluoropiperidine ether-based dopamine D4 receptor antagonists. Structure-activity relationship studies led to the identification of compound 14a, which displays exceptional binding affinity for the D4 receptor (Ki = 0.3 nM) and remarkable selectivity over other dopamine receptor subtypes (>2000-fold versus D1, D2, D3, and D5). However, compounds in this series were shown to have poor microsomal stability and high plasma protein binding. Despite these limitations, the exceptional selectivity profile of these compounds makes them valuable tool compounds for investigating D4 receptor signaling in cellular models of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias. These findings provide important structural insights for the future development of metabolically stable D4 receptor antagonists for therapeutic applications.
Frontal Polymerization of Hydroxylated Norbornene: Fabrication of Functional Foams for Catalytic Applications
Authors: Vogler Andrew , Dinh Tina , Wang Hanlin , Aldhahri Ghaida , Malik Arfa Abrar , Alzate-Sanchez Diego
Published: February 2025

Polymeric foams are versatile materials with direct applications in numerous fields, including insulation and heterogeneous catalysis. Existing polymeric foam production processes include several stages, many of which are energy intensive. Herein, we report the single-step fabrication of polymeric foams using the low energy technique, frontal ring opening metathesis polymerization (FROMP), and demonstrate their use as scaffolds for the deposition of palladium nanoparticles. Initially, we studied FROMP of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-norbornene (HMNB) monomer using the second-generation Grubbs catalyst (G2) as initiator. In contrast with the model FROMP system of dicyclopentadiene (DCPD), HMNB is a liquid that contains hydroxyl groups capable of inhibiting G2. By incorporating 10 wt% n-pentane within FROMP mixtures, we successfully fabricated hydroxyl-containing foams with high porosities. The presence of hydroxyl groups enhanced the material’s ability to bind and uniformly disperse palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) as compared to DCPD foams. Coupled with a more hydrophilic surface, the generated foams were demonstrated as efficient catalytic scaffolds for cross-coupling reactions with activities comparable to that of free NPs. Our results demonstrate that HMNB can be polymerized using FROMP in the presence of a blowing agent to make functional foams that serve as a platform for heterogeneous catalysts development. We envision that these novel foams have potential use as scaffolds in flow chemistry.
Synthesis of Au13-based building block clusters for programmed dimer formation and Au13 cluster dimer photoexcitation properties
Authors: Kosaka Taiga , Niihori Yoshiki , Kawawaki Tokuhisa , Negishi Yuichi
Published: February 2025

Recently, there has been increasing attention on the fabrication of ligand-protected metal clusters composed of a finite number of noble metal atoms and on their precise assembly to elicit novel properties that are not observed in individual metal clusters. In the present study, we investigated (1) the behavior of ligand exchange reactions and (2) the selective and efficient formation of dimers composed of Au13 clusters. Specifically, we focused on a gold cluster consisting of 13 atoms coordinated to diphosphine ligands (dppe) and either chloride (Cl) or acetylide, i.e., [Au13(dppe)5X2]3+ (X = Cl or acetylide). The findings showed that Au13 clusters containing counter anion Cl− undergo a transformation under specific conditions, where Cl− acts as a ligand (rather than an anion) directly coordinated to the Au13 surface. The introduction of two types of ligands—chelating ligands that coordinate to the Au13 cluster surface and end-capping ligands that suppress polymerization—enabled the synthesis of a building block molecule which are programmed to selectively and spontaneously form Au13-based dimers upon the addition of metal ions. The designed building block clusters indeed selectively and efficiently formed stable dimers composed of two Au13 clusters in the presence of iron ions. Furthermore, in the Au13-based dimer, the phosphorescent Au13 moiety is directly connected to a coordination site that exhibits quenching effects, enabling rapid intramolecular photoinduced charge transfer even with a small driving force.
A Comparison of Bead-Spring and Site-Binding Models for Weak Polyelectrolytes
Authors: Burth Loris , Beyer David , Holm Christian
Published: February 2025

Understanding states of weak polyelectrolytes is essential for designing advanced materials in biological and industrial applications. However, predicting their ionization states in aqueous solutions with added salt remains challenging due to the interplay between long-range Coulomb interactions, conformational degrees of freedom and chemical equilibria. While flexible bead-spring models with an explicit ion treatment provide accurate results, they are computationally expensive. In contrast, Ising-like site-binding models can often be solved in a matter of seconds and a further speed-up is possible using exact reweighting techniques. Notably, these models neglect conformational degrees of freedom and rely on an implicit salt description. To address the question under which circumstances these approximations are justified, we compare a site-binding model to bead-spring models with implicit and explicit ion treatments. Our results show that under strong electrostatic coupling, an explicit ion treatment is critical for accurately capturing ionization behavior. In particular, both, the site-binding model, and the bead-spring model with implicit ion treatment, strongly overestimate correlations between monomers in this regime, leading to significant deviations from the explicit bead-spring model. Conversely, under weak coupling, which is realized in aqueous environments in the presence of monovalent salts, all three models yield reasonable ionization curves. Minor differences arise, with the implicit bead-spring model showing slightly stronger suppression of ionization, while the site-binding model aligns more closely with the explicit bead-spring model due to compensating errors in ion treatment and conformational flexibility. In summary, while all models are effective under weak coupling, the explicit ion treatment within the bead-spring model is essential for capturing accurate ionization behavior under strong coupling.
Experience in assessing the quality of dispensary observation of adults after myocardial infarction in the Central, Ural, Siberian and Far Eastern Federal Districts of the Russian Federation
Authors: Atyunina Irina V. , Sorokin Evgeny V. , Dolgusheva Yuliya A.
Published: February 2025

Aim. Тo evaluate the quality of dispensary observation (DO) and treatment after myocardial infarction in accordance with the current DO-algoritm and clinical guidelines (CG).
Materials and methods. A questionnaire collection of data of the quality of DO and CG compliance was conducted in 28 regions of the Russian Federation (1241 questionnaires). The quality of DO was assessed according to a number of criteria, including the timing of establishing DO and issuing prescriptions for drugs, the specialty of the doctor performing DO, the frequency of DO-visits and adherence to the diagnostic algorithm, compliance with drug prescriptions current CG.
Results. Timely DO, cardiologist's follow up of patients discharged from the hospitall did not take place in all regions. The diagnostic algorithms of DO were generally followed, however, the drug therapy did not fully comply to CG, especially in beta-blockers and drugs that affect the renin-angiotensin system.
Conclusion. There is a need for further improvement of the DO of patients with myocardial infarction. The introduction, modernization of additional mechanisms that ensure the continuity and efficiency of the diagnostic, treatment process, and the optimization of drug treatment will improve the quality of outpatient cardiac care and DO.
CORPORATIZATION OF RAILWAY INFRASTRUCTURE IN UKRAINE, POLAND, AND KAZAKHSTAN: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MODELS AND OUTCOMES
Authors: Dunayev Igor , Hromov Serhii
Published: February 2025

This paper presents a comparative analysis of the models and outcomes of railway infrastructure corporatization in Ukraine, Poland, and Kazakhstan. The article aims to identify the key success factors, challenges, and opportunities for adapting the best practices of railway reform to the Ukrainian context. This goal is achieved through several research tasks: summarizing the historical context and evolution of railway corporatization in Ukraine; reviewing the initial conditions and main stages of railway corporatization in Poland and Kazakhstan; conducting a cross-comparative analysis of key indicators and reform outcomes; identifying lessons and recommendations for Ukraine based on the experiences of Poland and Kazakhstan; and developing proposals for applying successful foreign experiences to reform Ukraine’s railway system and foster national economic development. The research is based on a combination of historical and comparative methods. The authors provide a retrospective analysis of the corporatization process of JSC "Ukrzaliznytsia," identifying its main stages and outcomes. Through examples from Poland and Kazakhstan, alternative models of railway sector reform are analysed, considering both Eurointegration and Eurasian geopolitical contexts. Comparing the dynamics of key operational and financial indicators of railway companies in the three countries allowed for an assessment of the effectiveness of different approaches to corporatization. The article argues that successful reform of JSC "Ukrzaliznytsia" in the context of post-war recovery is critically dependent on creatively adapting Polish and Kazakh experiences, integrating them with Ukrainian realities. Three strategic priorities are proposed: optimizing the railway network for new logistics flows; digital transformation and process automation; and expanding public-private partnerships and cooperation with European railways. Key steps for implementation and ways to address challenges related to investment shortages and workforce deficits are outlined. The approaches and recommendations presented in the article may be useful for the management of JSC "Ukrzaliznytsia," government officials, experts, and all stakeholders involved in the development and implementation of Ukraine’s post-war railway sector recovery strategy.
TAX BEHAVIOR: AVOIDANCE VS EVASION (ANALYSIS OF INDICATORS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE WORLD)
Authors: Merkulova Tamara
Published: February 2025

The article is devoted to the study of behavioural aspects of taxation. A significant problem of effective taxation is taxpayers’ reduction of tax liabilities through shortcomings in tax laws, uncertainty in their statements, direct violation of tax norms, and the use of illegal schemes to reduce the tax base. Taxpayer behaviour is of key importance for the effectiveness of tax policy, filling the budget, and performing state functions, which determines the relevance of this issue.

The object of the analysis presented in the article is tax behaviour types: tax avoidance and tax evasion. The research purpose is to identify the relationship between GDP, as a general indicator of socio-economic development, and tax revenue loss due to tax abuse. Taking into account the important role of offshores in legal and illegal schemes for reducing tax liabilities, an indicator of offshore wealth was involved in the analysis. The preliminary research hypotheses are based on the methodology of behavioral economics. The identification of the relationship between indicators was carried out using correlation analysis.

A comparative analysis of the character and strength of the relationship between variables carried out for the sample of 174 countries of the world and the set of the European Union (27 countries) uncovered significant differences between these sets. The most important finding is that the strength of the relationship between GDP and each tax behaviour type in the European Union is the same and stronger than in the general set, where tax avoidance dominates tax evasion.

Analysis of the European Union countries sample showed that offshore wealth has a very close relationship with losses caused by both tax behaviour types, in contrast to the general set of countries, where tax avoidance has a weaker relationship (correlation 0.64 versus 0.91). This confirms the more active involving offshore technologies in tax behaviour in European countries compared to the general sample.
THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL BASIS OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR UNDER MODERN CONDITIONS
Authors: Litynska Valentyna
Published: February 2025

Modern consumers are faced with rapid changes in the socio-economic environment, which affects their behavior. That is why there is a need to study the theoretical foundations of consumer behavior in modern conditions. The article analyzes various approaches to the interpretation of the concept of “consumer behavior” and offers its own vision of this concept. In addition, summarizing different approaches to determining the types of consumer behavior, the article proposes the types of consumer behavior that most correspond to consumer trends and the use of which will be appropriate in determining target consumer segments under modern conditions.

The following methods were used during the research: method of generalization, method of systematization, method of analysis and synthesis.

Summarizing scientific approaches, the article develops the following types of consumer behavior, which today most correspond to consumer trends and are widely used by marketers to determine target consumer segments: consumer who chooses, consumer-communicator, consumer-researcher, consumer who is a consumer. in search of himself, hedonistic consumer, victim consumer, rebel consumer, activist consumer, citizen consumer.

Understanding and defining target consumer segments is an important component of successful marketing strategy and product development, as it allows companies to tailor their offerings to be as attractive as possible to their target audience.

Defining target consumer segments is a key component of successful marketing strategy and product development, as it allows companies to tailor their offerings to be as attractive as possible to their target audience. The study of the scientific approaches of foreign scientists to the study of consumer behavior made it possible to develop models of consumer behavior that most accurately predict consumer behavior in modern conditions, since today the purchasing power of the population has significantly decreased. These are such models as: a need-motivation model, a decision-making model, a model of the influence of the social environment, a model of the structure of consumer relations, a model of the distribution of responsibility for decision-making.

Thus, the models described in the table allow a better understanding of consumer behavior and can be used by companies to develop marketing strategies, market analysis and predict trends in the consumer market. They will also help researchers develop new theories and approaches to the study of consumer behavior.
DEDICATING PROJECT MANAGEMENT TOOLS TO DIGITAL MARKETING EFFECTIVENESS
Authors: Mshvidobadze Tinatin , Sosanidze Maka
Published: February 2025

Marketing campaigns are an important marketing process that supports the communication of brands and products to the general public. Because of the proliferation of products and brands, even larger number of market segments, fierceness of competition, and overall acceleration of change, marketing campaigns have become complex and their planning and administrative decisions must be made under increasing time pressure. Indeed, timing and sequencing activities within a campaign is one of the critical decision variables. In this paper, we argue that by using a process definition language to describe marketing campaigns, we can facilitate the management of many competing campaigns through automation. The article the essence and structure of marketing management of the enterprise is highlighted. The role of marketing is formulated for company management and its impact on the effective functioning of the enterprise. The article discusses various studies considering digital tools for the project supplier marketing process. Based on the results of this research, we present a list of some digital tools that can be used in project marketing. This research contributes to new knowledge about digital project marketing about digital tools and their use in the project marketing process.

The paper aims to present an open source web-based application tool to support business users in modeling business processes using Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN), an OMG standard for process modeling. Moreover, the tool allows you to execute a business process diagram in a Business Process Execution Language (XML Process Description Language) that can be understood by a workflow engine. In this paper, we describe its architecture, functionality, and capabilities.

The typical multi-agent system used for campaign management can be easily extended to manage workflows of other concurrent processes. Another future direction in this regard is the development of an integrated scheduling algorithm that can create a robust process model. We can limit the input requirements to just a list of activities and their priority requirements, eliminating the need for a formal representation of the processes.
THE EFFECT OF WORK FACILITIES AND ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE THROUGH MOTIVATION AS AN INTERVENING VARIABLE (STUDY CASE: EDUCATION OFFICE IN LABUHAN BATU)
Authors: Neliana  , Sofiyan  , Purba Mohd Nawi , Sutanto Alex Tribuana
Published: February 2025

The research objective of this article is to examine the factors that influence and how to utilise work facilities and organisational commitment in accordance with company goals. Employees and organisations are a unity that cannot be separated from one another or need each other, because the quality of performance produced by an organisation is the result of the performance of employees in the organisation. Therefore, to get human resources in accordance with the needs, a strategy is needed. The potential of human resources has a great influence on the success of the organisation in achieving its goals. A good organisation is an organisation that is able to create good performance, to achieve this, it requires employees who have a high work ethic, have a high commitment to take a role in order to anticipate opportunities, challenges and threats in an effort to achieve organisational goals. Theoretical and practical components, assess how effectively an activity, program, or policy is executed in achieving the goals, objectives, vision, and mission outlined in an organization’s plan. To maintain employee performance, the organization focuses on key factors such as organizational commitment, work facilities, and motivation, all of which are essential in enhancing employee performance. The relationship between work facilities and organisational commitment to employee performance is by maintaining the availability of facilities and infrastructure that are easily accessible to employees, so that in carrying out the duties and responsibilities of employees can be reflected in the loyalty of employees or employees to their organisation. This research was conducted at the Labuhanbatu Regency Education Agency which has the status of Civil Servants totalling 61 people. Based on the inductive analysis map, it’s evident that the quality of work facilities and the organization’s commitment to employee performance both play a crucial and substantial role in enhancing employee performance. The influence of this variable is positive, indicating that providing supportive work facilities can facilitate employees in completing their tasks and foster a strong sense of loyalty to the organization.
A CLASSROOM EXPERIENCE: THE POWER OF WILL, DILIGENCE AND TRY DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Authors: HIKMAH HIKMAH
Published: February 2025

Mastering English seems very difficult for some people because the perception of English as a foreign language has fossilized in their mind. People’s opinion about English as an “elite language” that can be learned by certain people make it more complicated. Language is habit; those who do not have basic of English can master it better than people who study English. People, who have high motivation, will and diligence can be success, as they will keep trying to get it. This article observed during the pandemic era about the ability of a learner who is from non English Department, but can speak English well. He can prove that people speak English are not always influenced by their mother tongue. He is considered as one of successful students in his college because of his effort. The urgency of this research regarding to learning English strategy through the power of will, diligence and try during the covid-19 era. The data was collected through an interview. Based on the interview, it is concluded that although English is not major subject, it does not mean students can not speak English well. The power of will, diligence and try prove it.
READING TASK QUALITY IN LEARNING TEXTBOOK: COGNITIVE AND RELIGIOUS PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Nisrina Nisrina
Published: February 2025

This study explored the allocated HOTs, MOTs, and LOTs in tasks that should be accomplished. Another issue was the religious task inserted in the learning textbook. The primary data in this study was English textbooks taught in Indonesia. The study used Bloom's classification of students' cognitive level. As for the religious aspect, hadith transmitted by Muslim was used as the indicator, those are Faith, Moral, and Sharia. A coding scheme was accordingly developed to ease in digging the data. The data was then analyzed to detect trends in the allocated task in the learning textbook and the tasks that inserted religious aspects. Result of the codification of tasks, there were 332 tasks most of which converged in the first three levels, which are LOTs and MOTs. In addition, from religious aspects, the tasks were mostly distributed at moral and sharia. However, no single task has been allocated for faith and worship. The result of the study can act as guidance to government, stakeholders, and textbook developers who are eager to modify their task allocated in such a way as to achieve higher level and to be aware of religious aspects to face their real life so that students can make use their cognitive skill and religious side in harmony.
USING TIKTOK APPLICATION IN ENHANCING STUDENT SPEAKING SKILL AT THE SIXTH SEMESTER OF STKIP PGRI BANGKALAN
Authors: Rohman Muhibur , Ulfa Siti Maria
Published: February 2025

Currently, technology has developed rapidly presenting various interesting features, one of the trending technologies is social media. To advance learning in the digital era, social media is very important in today's life, Tiktok is one of the well-known social media that can help improve students' speaking skills. This study aimed at finding out the process and perception of the students in using TikTok Application for their speaking skill. In this case, the researcher used a qualitative descriptive method. This research was conducted at STKIP PGRI Bangkalan, data collection using observation and interviews. The results of interviews with four sixth-semester English education study program students at STKIP PGRI Bangkalan are the source of data for this study. This study aims to determine students' perceptions of the use of Tiktok as a tool to improve speaking skills.  TikTok as a learning media is a very effective media because it has many benefits for students such as students easily get information related to courses, offers interesting features that encourage student enthusiasm for learning, this makes learning interactive, the duration of the video is short enough so that students are not easily bored, and TikTok provides English speaking exercises that can improve student speaking skills which can increase student confidence when speaking English. English speaking activities that can increase students' confidence and speaking ability and provide a better sense of confidence.
BULLYING BY TWITTER USERS IN THE SELENA GOMEZ AND HAILEY BIEBER DRAMA
Authors: Rosyadah Alya Nugrahaeni , Wijayanto Agus
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the types and motivations of cyberbullying expressions used by Twitter users in the Selena Gomez and Hailey Bieber drama. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach, the research analyses transcripts of Twitter comments to understand the underlying motives behind the observed bullying behaviour. The findings have revealed several key motives including fanaticism towards idols. Strong identification with and defence of preferred idols can induce aggressive responses towards perceived threats, leading to attacks on rival fans or their idols. Emotional reactivity that encouuunters tweets perceived as disrespectful or harmful towards their idols can trigger anger and frustration, driving users to engage in cyberbullying as a means of retaliation. Witnessing the success or popularity of other idol groups or their fans can trigger feelings of jealousy, prompting some users to engage in cyberbullying to diminish their rivals' perceived advantages. Engaging in aggressive online behaviour and "winning" arguments against perceived opponents can provide some users with a sense of validation and satisfaction, further reinforcing the cycle of cyberbullying.
LEARNING SPEAKING USING GOOGLE SITES-BASED EPORTFOLIO: INDONESIAN STUDENT’S EXPERIENCE
Authors: Ali Raden Muhammad , Hastuti Dwi , Ananda Anisa Rizki , Biddinika Muhammad Kunta
Published: February 2025

The purpose of this study is to offer insights into Indonesian students' experiences with using Google Sites-based ePortfolios to learn public speaking, particularly concerning setting objectives, selecting platforms, selecting content, and uploading their ePortfolio. This qualitative research data was gathered from twenty-two students who joined public speaking lesson at an English Language Education Study Program of a university in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, through interviews, observations, and documentation. In-depth interviews were conducted with six selected students of the class and a lecturer who supervised the course. Data analysis is carried out through the process data preparation, reduction and categorization, representation, and conclusion. The study's findings are as follows: first, while creating an ePortfolio, students desire to have a personal website that serves as a repository for all of their resources, assignments, and completed projects that are structured thoroughly, neatly, and conveniently online. Second, students use Google-Sites, as per the guidelines provided in class, to choose the platform. Students first faced several challenges. Students successfully developed their ePortfolio after learning from friends and instructions from various social media platforms.. Third, students get experience producing and publishing a variety of artifacts, including text, photos, audio, and video, while selecting content.. Four, students gain practice presenting their ePortfolio to instructors and fellow students and engaging in discussion about it when they publish one.
IMPROVING THE STUDENTS' LISTENING COMPREHENSION THROUGH LEARN ENGLISH LISTENING APP: A CLASSROOM ACTION RESEARCH
Authors: Setiawati Sari , Yuliana Yohanes Gatot Sutapa , Regina Regina
Published: February 2025

This research investigated the impact of the "Learn English Listening App" on eighth-grade students' listening comprehension. The design of Classroom Action Research (CAR) was used in this study. Two cycles of pre and post-tests, observations, and interviews were conducted. In the first cycle, the app did not lead to a statistical improvement in listening. The mean post-test score (57) was lower than the mean pre-test (61). The observations indicated a positive attitude towards the app, yet some students underutilized its potential, highlighting the need for further support. Interviews provided insights, emphasizing the importance of additional guidance in applying the application. In the second cycle, the students were maximized to utilize the app, significantly improving listening comprehension (mean score: 72.67). The t-test analysis showed a difference (t ≈ 2.43) between the pre and post-test, confirming the app's effectiveness. The observations during the second cycle showed enhanced engagement. The "Learn English Listening App" proved valuable for enhancing eighth-grade students' listening skills. The classroom action research approach allowed for iterative adjustments, contributing to improved scores. In conclusion, the second cycle's t-test results, supported by classroom observations and interviews, provide robust evidence of the app's positive impact. Educators at Islam Al-Azhar 17 Pontianak and similar settings can consider integrating technology-based interventions like the app to enhance students' listening comprehension. Further research could explore its long-term effects and impact on other language skills.