bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phenomenological Positivism and other Problematic Trends in Health Science Research
Authors: Thorne Sally E.
Published: March 2007

The growing enthusiasm for qualitative research in the health sciences may have created a climate in which methodologically perplexing research reports are becoming commonplace. In this article, the author challenges readers to consider the philosophical positions from which qualitative methods are derived and, in so doing, to reconsider the necessity for methodological integrity toward the overall purposes of knowledge development. A contemporary malady within our research tradition is described and implications for understanding and rectifying it are set out somewhat facetiously in the form of diagnostic" and "treatment" recommendations.
Change in Classroom Relations: An Attempt that Signals Some Difficulties
Authors: Gutiérrez Roberto
Published: March 2007

This article describes attempts to change classroom relations and the obstacles encountered in the search for new learning possibilities for bothstudents and faculty. In a graduate course with three different groups of students, the author used insights from critical theory to change the hierarchical division of labor and classroom incentives and to ask students to bring their life into the learning process. One roadblock to reform is the preservation of identities: Students remain consumers while teachers continue to manage knowledge production. When they prefer to comply with certain social roles rather than challenge them, education is little more than a certification process.
Using Total Quality Processes and Learning Outcome Assessments to Develop Management Curricula
Authors: Drexler John A. , Kleinsorge Ilene K.
Published: March 2007

A process was designed to identify what total quality skills should be included in the authors curriculum and howto deliver them. Customer data led the authors to change their focus toward exploring and assessing what they do in the entire curriculum. The emphasis on learning outcomes is a theme in American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business and education reform. The authors summarize things learned that may help others avoid certain pitfalls and build on the authors progress to date.
The Career Planning Essay
Authors: Lyon Douglas W. , Kirby Eric G.
Published: March 2007

This article describes a written exercise designed to facilitate students’ critical reflections on their career aspirations and how they can best be achieved. Students write an essay that helps them develop and evaluate their career goals; reflect on the interrelationship between personal values, career goals, and lifestyle goals; and develop an action plan to achieve their goals. Instructions for faculty members wanting to incorporate this project into their class are included.
Appreciative Pedagogy: Constructing Positive Models for Learning
Authors: Yballe Leodones , O’Connor Dennis
Published: March 2007

This article describes appreciative pedagogy in the management classroom. Appreciative pedagogy rests on the values of appreciative inquiry, an organizational development framework. At its core, appreciative pedagogy focuses on peak performances and successful experiences of students and professors. It believes that inquiring into these types of experiences allows both students and professors to create positive images that energize and generate positive action. In applying this approach, our students exhibited heightened energy in the classroom and an increased sense of relevance of content to personal and professional life.
Learning from the Heat of Battle: The Gettysburg Staff Ride
Authors: McCarthy John F.
Published: March 2007

Some contemporary leaders are learning about organizational complexity through study of battlefield decision making, where decisions literally have life-and-death consequences. This article chronicles one such leadership development exercise, a battlefield staff ride at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, the site of the crucial U.S. Civil War battle. The author rode along with a team of executive development professionals, traveling to Gettysburg and walking the battlefield to learn about decisions made in 1863 as an innovative framework to think more clearly about management education in organizations. This is the story of how leadership lessons from history can be carried into present-day corporate life.
My Friend Morgan: An Exercise in Ethics
Authors: Landrum Nancy E.
Published: March 2007

My Friend Morgan is an exercise to stimulate classroom discussions on ethical reasoning and decision making and to make students aware of their judgments of ethical behavior. The exercise includes a survey of students’ ethical behavior, a case scenario developed from the survey, and discussion questions. The exercise is adaptable to many classroom situations and can be modified to reflect course content. Use of this exercise is reviewed, and current theories of ethical reasoning that can be used with the exercise are covered. The distinguishing feature of the exercise is its ability to be personalized to students.
Must See TV: The Timelessness of Television as a Teaching Tool
Authors: Hunt Courtney Shelton
Published: March 2007

Although television is a potentially rich source of examples of management and organizational behavior concepts, relatively few academics have advocated the use of this medium in the classroom. This article promotes the use of television as a tool for both teaching and testing in undergraduate organizational behavior courses by providing specific examples of how themes and characters from a variety of television shows can be used as the bases for creating both class exercises and examquestions. The arti cle concludes with a set of guidelines for instructors who want to incorporate television in their future teaching methods.
Assessing Instructor Cultural Competence in the Classroom: An Instrument and a Development Process
Authors: Roberson Loriann , Kulik Carol T. , Pepper Molly B.
Published: March 2007

The ability to manage diversity effectively is important not only in organizations but also in the classroom. This article describes an instrument for assessing instructor cultural competence and the process used to develop the instrument. Using the critical incident technique, the authors developed a situational questionnaire that assesses behavioral intentions in response to classroom diversity incidents. Responses are scored using the Bennett model of cultural competence. The authors discuss ways in which the instrument can be adapted by instructors interested in assessing and improving their own cultural competence.
Forging into the Wired Wilderness: A Case Study of a Technology-Mediated Distributed Discussion-Based Class
Authors: Yoo Youngjin , Kanawattanachai Prasert , Citurs Alex
Published: March 2007

This case study describes the design and implementation of a course that uses technology-mediated distributed small group discussions between two universities, one in the United States and the other in Hungary, as the primary teaching method in a graduate-level management course. Furthermore, it describes how students’learning outcomes in the learning environment were measured using an integrative complexity measure. To create a learner-centered active learning environment, various Internetbased communication tools were used to connect students in the two locations. The authors found that despite various hindrances due to technical breakdowns and geographic separations, students were able to produce complex and comprehensive arguments after three sessions. Several implications for future distance learning and the use of information technology in classrooms are discussed.
Learning Journals and Learning Communities
Authors: Ramsey V. Jean
Published: March 2007

To build learningcommunities, teachers must become colearners. Everyone must be a teacher; all must be learners. One mechanism for developinga learningcommunity is for us to be more purposefully reflective about what we do and to use learningjournals for ourselves, not just for students. This article describes the learningderived from the author’s writingand sharingjournal entries in a graduate course on learningorganiza tions. Excerpts from student feedback on the author’s journals further illustrate the benefits of keepinga journal.
The Gender Prism: Pedagogical Foundations for Reducing Sex Stereotyping and Promoting Egalitarian Male-Female Relationships in Management
Authors: Maier Mark
Published: March 2007

"The glass ceiling" is one of the major barriers to female managers' advancement, resulting from the reluctance of men to relate to them as organizational equals (due in large part to sex stereotyping). A pedagogical foundation is laid for breaking this barrier: an integrated set of exercises that vividly demonstrate how women's opportunities—and effective management in general—are restricted not only by the stereotyping of women but by the gender stereotypes men have about themselves and about management. The implicitly "masculine" values of the conventional managerial paradigm are exposed as dysfunctional, sexist attitudes are identified and confronted, and strategies for enhancing egalitarian male-female relationships are shared.
Doctoral Education and the Teaching Mission: A Dialogue with Jean Bartunek, Lee Burke, Craig Lundberg, Jane Giacobbe Miller, Pushkala Prasad, and Chris Roberts
Authors: Forray Jean Mannheimer
Published: March 2007

This article, and the author's accompanying commentaries, highlights a number of issues involving doctoral education and the teaching mission, including concerns about "mixed signals" in the values and priorities in our profession. These themes were elicited during a panel discussion with six management educators about our current practice for training doctoral students as teachers and possibilities for the future.
Breaking Up is Hard to Do: Building Separation and Transitions at the End of the Course
Authors: Egri Carolyn P. , Keleman Ken S. , Frost Peter J.
Published: March 2007

Much time is spent in courses building connections, interpersonal trust, and community within the classroom context. The term's end shatters that sense of community, often leaving students and faculty alike with a felt void as the change to new activities begins. This article offers perspectives on managing separation transitions as well as providing a number of alternative ways to do so.
Stage 2: Designing Team-Taught Transdisciplinary Courses—Where do we Begin?
Authors: Sorensen James E. , Wittmer Dennis P.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses both how transdisciplinary teams were built and how the teams developed their courses at the University of Denver, Daniels College of Business. It explores recruitment and selection of team members; team size, discipline, representation, and the trade-offs involved; and the relationship between the personalities of team members and course pedagogy. The article also examines two different approaches (deductive and inductive) used by teams, discusses team process and management, and finally relates experiences involving the teaching materials themselves.
Whatever you do, don't Treat your Students Like Customers!
Authors: Franz Randal S.
Published: March 2007

Treating students like customers undermines their education. Catering to their every need and desire in an effort to delight the customer robs students of an active role in their own education. Instead of "Nordstromizing" education, we should adopt a different guiding metaphor: the fitness center, casting students as partners in the development of character.
Friday Night at the Plant: A Small-Scale Application of an On-Site Case Study
Authors: Reilly Anne H.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the experiences of one MBA class that experimented with combining classroom lecture and discussion with an on-site case study at a business organization. The project provides an example of the positives and negatives of using an on-site case study to involve students in a real-world experience. Advantages and disadvantages are presented from three perspectives: the students, the instructor, and the CEO of the firm studied by the class. The article also provides a set of recommendations for other classes and companies considering similar small-scale experiences. It concludes with a discussion of the merits of applying the on-site case study approach on a smaller scale.
Two Pathways to Instructional Delivery: Distinguishing between the Discipline-Based and the Development-Based Paradigms
Authors: Sankowsky Daniel
Published: March 2007

Many faculty members, particularly in skills courses such as management communication or statistics, base their instructional delivery on a discipline-based paradigm. This paradigm assumes that instructors should focus exclusively on the content of their academic discipline, stressing the value therein. The purpose of this article is to define an alternative—the development-based paradigm. This paradigm would have instructors focus on the organization of information that is common to all disciplines as well as on the psychology of the learning process. It is suggested that instructors would benefit from basing their instructional delivery on explicit paradigm choices rather than on tacit paradigmatic assumptions.
The Use of Teams in an Undergraduate Management Program
Authors: Alie Raymond E. , Beam Henry H. , Carey Thomas A.
Published: March 2007

The popular management literature reports an increasing emphasis on the use of teams by business firms. Moreover, corporate recruiters often remark that they are looking for college graduates who can work effectively in teams and understand management processes. This article describes the operation of a two-course undergraduate management program in which students gain experience working as managers, subordinates, and peers in team settings. The program has been in existence for more than 25 years and has been well received by both students and employers.
B-Schools on the I-Way: Avoiding Potholes, Dead Ends, and Crashes
Authors: Miesing Paul
Published: March 2007

This article discusses one approach to using the Internet in a required MBA course. As a novice with no formal course work or training on the Internet, the author decided to undertake a risky experiment. First, the author presents the advantages and disadvantages of employing emerging instructional technologies. Then, the author assesses the successes and failures of integrating the Internet in an MBA course. The analysis includes the observation of student electronic postings and the solicitation of their feedback in various ways. The article concludes by offering general advice to other instructors contemplating use of the Internet to reduce their frustrations and disappointments.
Challenging Commonly Held Beliefs about Obesity
Authors: Brink Pamela J.
Published: March 2007

The task of nurses is to diagnose and treat human responses to illness and the threats of illness. The challenge is in finding the correct diagnosis and selecting the appropriate treatment To do this appropriately, nurses need to separate health and illness from life-style; to discover whether or not life-style changes are really called for in treating illness or threats of illness or if nurses are uncomfortable with life-styles that are different firm their own and expect all people to have a life-style similar to theirs. To intervene appropriately, nurses need to know whether they are working to help others return to their life-style preference or are forcing patients to chose the nurses' life-style preference. The case of the obese and the search for the successful dieter exemplifies the health care system's need to have individuals follow an exercise and eating program to lead them to thinness (a cultural value) whether or not they value thinness. Are health professionals forcing patients to conform to the professionals' life-style rather than assisting them to a healthier state within their own?
Behavioral Analysis and Behavioral Strategies to Improve Self-Management of Type II Diabetes
Authors: Boehmk Susan , Schlenk Eizabeth A. , Raleigh Edith , Ronis David
Published: March 2007

The implications of behavioral analysis for practice and research have significant potential for nursing. This present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of nurses and patients actively participating in behavioral analysis and the implementation of behavioral strategies in order to improve the patients' self-management of their Type H diabetes. Patients (N = 156) were randomly assigned to one of four groups. The attention control group (n = 41) received routine care. The compliance group (n = 32) agreed to practice compliance behaviors related to the prescribed medical regimen. The behavioral strategies group (n = 42) participated in behavioral analysis and agreed to practice behavioral strategies. The behavioral strategies with instruction group (n = 41) participated in behavioral analysis, agreed to practice behavioral strategies, and received classes and programmed instruction about behavioral analysis and behavioral strategies. There were no outcome differences between groups relative to glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb) and weight loss. There were differences in the outcome measures in subgroups by age, gender, and employment, which have practice and research implications for the individualization of interventions using behavioral strategies.
Effects of Therapeutic Touch on Anxiety in the Institutionalized Elderly
Authors: Simington Jane A. , Laing Gail P.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of therapeutic touch, a specific healing technique, on state anxiety in 105 institutionalized elderly. A double-blind, three-group experimental design was used. State anxiety was measured using the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The anxiety level of subjects who received therapeutic touch in the form of a back rub was found to be significantly lower than the anxiety level of subjects who received a back rub without therapeutic touch. Results suggest that this noninvasive intervention has potential for enhancing the quality of life for this population.
The Alcoholism Denial Assessment Tool (ADAT)
Authors: Wing Donna Marie , Hansen Helen , Martin Barbara
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to develop and test a tool for assessing alcoholic denial. The primary author devised the Alcoholism Denial Assessment Tool (ADAT) based on 2 years of experience. The tool was tested for interrater reliability using chart data of 42 recently discharged alcoholism patients. The test for significance of a proportion, using z scores, indicated significance at the .001 level. Item analysis showed strong interrater reliability on all but 1 of the 16 tool items. The ADAT provides nurses with a practical assessment tool that can be used daily to monitor progress. Recognition that a patient is in denial can allow meaningful and appropriately planned treatment.
Negotiated and Nonnegotiated Nurse-Patient Interactions
Authors: Roberts Susan Jo , Krouse Helene J. , Michaud Paula
Published: March 2007

Ninety-eight students with upper respiratory symptoms participated in a study to determine differences in patient perceptions of two types of nurse-patient interactive styles. Subjects participated in either an actively negotiated process of decision making (n = 53) or a nonnegotiated approach (n = 45) with a nurse. Findings revealed that subjects in the negotiated group perceived significantly greater feelings of control and power in the nurse-patient relationship than did the nonnegotiated group. No significant correlations were found between motivation and patient perceptions of the interaction. Study results demonstrate that nurses can engage in an active negotiation process with patients and strongly influence feelings of control in decision making.
Selecting a Bedside Glucose Monitor for Outpatient Clinics
Authors: Goff Jane , Rogers Barbara P.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of two bedside capillary blood glucose monitors that were being considered for purchase for an adult outpatient clinic. Particapants were 101 patients 18 years or older with a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus who were attending medical service outpatient clinics. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups for bedside glucose measurement. Clinic nurses trained for the study did the bedside glucose readings and all venous blood samples were analyzed in the hospital's clinical laboratory. Results of t tests indicate a statistically significant difference between the bedside capillary and venous glucose levels for the total sample (p ≤ 0.001). The difference between bedside capillary glucose and venous glucose within monitor groups for bedside capillary glucose and venous glucose was also statistically significant (p ≤ 0.001) for both groups. The mean percentage difference between the venous (reference) readings and bedside capillary glucose reading was 8.3% for the Ace-Easy and 12.4% for the Glucometer Encore. This between-monitor group percentage difference was statistically significant (p ≤ 0.001). Regression equations generated from patient data then used to predict venous glucose values from bedside capillary glucose values indicate variability in the accuracy of the monitors, especially in the higher ranges, which could result in under treatment of hyperglycemia.
Sleep during the Week before Labor
Authors: Evans Marilyn L. , Dick Margaret J. , Cark Ann S.
Published: March 2007

This correlational study was conducted to examine the relationship between maternal sleep during the nights prior to the onset of labor and labor outcomes of length, type of delivery, and maternal perceptions of labor. Subjects (N = 99) were drawn from childbirth education classes at a women's hospital in the southeastern United States. Subjects completed the Visual Analog Sleep Scale each morning, beginning two weeks prior to their due dates. Following delivery, subjects completed the Perception of Labor and Delivery Scale, and researchers gathered data about their labors. These women reported poor sleep effectiveness coupled with high sleep disturbance; however, there were no significant correlations between sleep quality and length of labor or maternal perceptions of labor for either the night, or the week, prior to the onset of labor. This finding leads us to question the view that disturbed prenatal sleep will interfere with the progress of labor and lead to more cesarean sections.
The Relationship of Behavioral Cues to Assaultive Behavior
Authors: Lanza Marilyn Lewis , Kayne Herbert L. , Pattison Ivor , Hicks Carol , Islam Shaheen
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this 2-year, case control study was to determine whether differentiation between assaultive and nonassaultive patients can be made based on behavioral assessments and/or sociodemographic variables. For each assault incident the chart of the patient who assaulted and a randomly chosen patient who did not assault on that day were reviewed (N = 72 subjects or 26 pairs). Various scales were used to evaluate the subjects retrospectively (the day prior to the assault), and patients who assaulted staff were interviewed when possible. An analysis found no differences between patients who assaulted and controls on sociodemographic variables. Those who assaulted had significantly more prior assaults (p = .04) and more difficulty verbalizing angry feelings appropriately on their units (p < .01). Prior to the assault, assaultive patients were more verbally hostile (p = .037) and showed more increased motor activity (p = .001) than controls.
Women's Perceptions of Fatigue during Pregnancy and Postpartum
Authors: Carty Elaine M. , Bradley Christine , Winslow Wendy
Published: March 2007

Women's experiences during late pregnancy and the early postpartum period were examined relative to time of discharge from the hospital Women who were discharged in 3 days or sooner were compared to women who were discharged after 3 days, with respect to fatigue. A rest and activity questionnaire was completed by the women in the third trimester of pregnancy, in postpartum Week 1, and in postpartum Week 4. Few differences were found with respect to hours slept, number of sleep interruptions, perceptions of tiredness, and impact of tiredness on daily life; tiredness was a major aspect of women's experience, regardless of how long they stayed in hospital. The information will. help nurses preparing women for their late pregnancy and postpartum experiences and will ease the concern of those who believe women will be more tired ff they leave hospital soon after birth.
Effects of Clinical Supervision on Nurse-Patient Cooperation Quality
Authors: Edberg Anna-Karin , Hallberg Ingalill R. , Gustafson Lars
Published: March 2007

An intervention consisting of individualized planned care for patients and regular clinical systematic supervision for nurses was carried out on a ward for dementia care (the experimental ward, EW). On a similar control ward (CW), no changes were made. Observations of nurse-patient cooperation during morning care were collected at both wards, before and during the intervention. The observations (N = 107) were analyzed blindly and sorted into already-developed categories. The distribution of the cooperation-style categories was then analyzed statistically. The patients who survived throughout the study period (N = 18) were also compared over time. Nurse-patient cooperation at the EW improved significantly during the intervention period, whereas, at the CW, it deteriorated (p = .02). Status of surviving patients followed the same pattern (p = .001). The findings indicate that such interventions can improve the quality of nurse-patient cooperation in dementia care.
Using Heat to Reduce Blood Collection Time in Pediatric Clients
Authors: Becht Deborah Kane , Anderson Mary Ann
Published: March 2007

Several states now require that all children attending day care, nursery schools, and kindergarten have evidence of a blood lead screening. Obtaining the requisite blood sample can be difficult because of inherent problems with pediatric clients. The purpose of this research was to explore if the application of heat to promote vasodilation affected finger stick collection time in pediatric clients. Subjects, ages 2 through 6 years, were randomly assigned to a control or intervention group (N = 63). For the intervention group, heat was applied for 1 min by placement of an infant heel warmer on the hand selected for the finger stick. A stopwatch was used to measure the time of blood collection in both the control and intervention groups. A two-tailed t test revealed statistical significance between the two groups (p = .008). Findings suggest the application of heat to promote vasodilation does reduce collection time in pediatric clients. Nurse practitioners may use this intervention to facilitate collection of blood samples in pediatric clients.
Exploring Dissertation Process Outcomes
Authors: Kacmar K. Michele , Domke-Damonte Darla J. , Valle Matthew , Mahoney Joan D.
Published: March 2007

This study explores the effect of the dissertation process on career outcomes for doctoral candidates in management. The study proposes a classification system of doctoral candidate types (i.e., willing clone, conscripted clone, free agent, or the unattached) composed of two dimensions: the extent to which the doctoral candidate selects the dissertation topic and the degree to which the topic chosen represents a match with the area of research of the dissertation chair. Then, the authors explore the relationship between type of candidate and individual process-related outcomes. Implications for knowledge creation for the field given specific candidate types also are discussed.
The Good Life
Authors: Torbert William R.
Published: March 2007

This essay explores whether there is a general definition of the good life applicable cross-culturally to everyone, yet sufficiently open to permit infinitely idiosyncratic personal experience and lifetimes of inquiry. The essay proposes that four goods-good money, good work, good friends, and good questions-make up the good life, if they are pursued in the proper rank order of relative priority and with the proper blending. Readers are invited to test their own intuitive or explicit sense of the good life and the path toward it against the perspective offered here.
Holding a Mirror to Management Research
Authors: Aldag Ramon J. , Fuller Sally Riggs
Published: March 2007

The authors previously suggested a new, more collaborative and constructive approach to the research process, termed the research advisory board (RAB). Here, the authors further develop this approach, focusing on five concerns about RABs raised by Hitt in his recent commentary on the state of academic research in management and organization. In particular, the authors (a) expand on their discussion of forms, structures, and governances of RABs; (b) contend that regulation of RABs would be unfortunate and disturbing; (c) argue that RABs could be important catalysts for creativity; (d) suggest that RABs could serve as checks on elitism; and (e) emphasize that RABs are envisioned as a voluntary form that could be accessed as desired, even by those seeking to disseminate unpopular or extrerme ideas.
Film as a Teaching Resource
Authors: Champoux Joseph E.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses using film as a resource for teaching organizational behavior and management theories and concepts. It draws from the film theory and film studies literature to describe film's unique qualities as a communication medium. The article describes how film enhances the learning process in ways unavailable in other media. It describes many ways of using films in organizational behavior and management courses, using examples of scenes from several well-known films.
Evaluation of the Crack Layer Theory Employing a Linear Damage Evolution Approach
Authors: Aglan Heshmat A.
Published: March 2007

The general applicability of the Crack Layer theory to characterize the resistance of materials to fatigue crack propagation has been hindered by the difficulties encountered in developing a unified unit of measuring the various damage species asso ciated with crack advance. Moreover, some materials do not display obvious damage that can easily be quantified from post-failure examination of the fractured specimens. To over come these problems, a modification of the Crack Layer theory has been developed. Fol lowing the Irwin plastic zone shape evolution, a linear relationship between the width of the active zone and the crack length is assumed. This assumption has been found to be justified in all of the materials that have so far been characterized using the Crack Layer model.
A Shear Deformation Model for Transverse Cracking in Composite Laminates
Authors: Sriram P. , Armanios E.A.
Published: March 2007

Transverse cracking is often the earliest failure mode of composite lami nates with off axis plies. These cracks usually cause stiffness reductions and thus adversely affect performance. In this article, a shear deformation model for the stress analysis of symmetric laminates with centrally located 90° plies subjected to transverse cracking is presented. Axial stiffness reduction predictions are compared with test data and results from other models for (0m/90n) s type cross-ply laminates. The shear deformation analysis is not limited to such laminates as demonstrated by predictions for (± 25/90n) s type lami nates.
On a Class of Continuum Damage Mechanics Theories
Authors: Yazdani S.
Published: March 2007

A thermodynamically consistent continuum damage mechanics formula tion in the stress space is outlined. Damage is reflected in the fourth-order material com pliance tensor involving a damage parameter whose increment is obtained from the consis tency condition of the damage surface. A new damage function and an alternate damage response tensor in mode I are formulated by means of which a smooth transition from the cleavage damage mode to the compressive damage mode is achieved and nonlinear re sponses in the lateral directions are predicted. Furthermore, the permanent deformation in damage mode I is predicted by using a simple evolutionary equation. The tangent compli ance tensor is also given in terms of the response tensors and the first variation of the damage function with respect to state variables. The model is illustrated for different stress paths in mortar and concrete.
Crack Tip Profiles Generated by Anisotropic Damage
Authors: Tianfu Guo  , Wei Yang
Published: March 2007

A variety of crack tip profiles could appear under the fracture processes controlled by anisotropic damage laws. The modelling on damage generated crack tip pro files plays a significant role in the design of fracture resistant materials. An anisotropic damage evolution law is proposed herein which takes into account the deterioration effects on polymers by plastic flow, stress triaxiality and mitial draw direction. When combined with a hyperelastic and viscoplastic constitutive framework at finite deformation, the pres ent damage theory enables us to simulate numerically the crack tip profiles for both plane strain small scale yield (SSY) and single edge cracked panel (SECP) geometries. Five typ ical crack tip profiles are generated by different settings of anisotropic damage parameters. They are featured by: crack tip superblunting, branching or spearhead profile, trident shape damage channeling, sharp notch and blunted notch with possible material detach ment.
Wife Abuse in Canada: The Current State of Sociological Knowledge
Authors: DeKeseredy Walter S. , Hinch Ronald
Published: March 2007

Wife abuse is endemic to many Canadian families. This article reviews the current Canadian sociological research on female victimization in marital relationships. The extant literature is categorized mainly under four headings: definitions, incidence, theories, and policy issues. The article concludes with a few brief suggestions for future research.
Prosecution and Sentencing Patterns in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Teske Raymond H. C. , Albrecht Hans-Jorg
Published: March 2007

Criminal procedure in the Federal Republic of Germany is predicated on an inquisitorial rather than an adversarial system. This paper presents a detailed, step-by-step analysis of the procedures followed in the Federal Republic of Germany from arrest through sentencing, including the options that are available to the prosecutor and the court at each step in the process. Procedures governing the prosecution and sentencing of juveniles and adults are presented. Statistics regarding the offense of robbery are used to illustrate the outcome of the process at each stage as applied to a specific criminal offense. The five categories of robbery in the German Penal Code encompass the full range of possible penalties, including day fine, suspended sentence, imprisonment, and life imprisonment.
A Perspective on China's New Prison Law
Authors: Anderson Allen F.
Published: March 2007

China's new prison code is contrasted to primary legislation controlling adult institutions. It is contended that this law, which is an amalgam of mainland penal philosophy and practice with Western correctional concepts, has the potential to allow the Chinese rehabilitative ideal to be finally realized.
Perspectives
Authors: pfeiffer j.william
Published: March 2007

As human relations consultants, our perspectives often are formed by comparing our environments with the environments of others. In this issue of G&OS we have invited two Australians to share their assess ment of training and organization development in their country.
Influence: The Organizer in Communication Systems
Authors: Browning Larry , Hopper Robert , Whitehead Jack
Published: March 2007

This paper outlines an array of categories that denote kinds of influence variables operative in organizational systems-including structures, rela tionships, and technology. Articulating influences in organizational sys tems from this view allows us to synthesize literature from a variety of system levels (interpersonal, group, intergroup, and organizational) and sources (social and technical) by addressing the question: What variables influence a communicator's behavior at any given time?
Political Strategies for Implementing Organizational Change
Authors: Schein Virginia E.
Published: March 2007

Political strategies and power tactics are necessary for the effective im plementation of systemic change programs in organizations. Since the organization is a highly political environment, the consultant needs to develop both power bases and power strategies if he is to operate effi ciently within such an environment. A number of such strategies can be used by the change agent including aligning with a powerful other, trade-off, research, using a neutral cover, limiting communication, and withdrawing. Although such tactics may currently cause value dilemmas for the OD consultant, they may prove to be realistic and worthwhile courses of action.
Competency Education and Evaluation: Issues and Dilemmas
Authors: Short Ronald R.
Published: March 2007

Competency education in the applied behavioral sciences can be en hanced by synethesizing the values of humanistic psychology with the measurement, evaluation, and accountability that characterize be havioral psychology. Since a competency-education program specifies learning outcomes in advance in measurable terms, includes experiences to aid the learner in achieving competence, and specifies evaluative criteria by which competence will be measured, it limits learner depend ence and competition and increases learner independence. Such a pro gram is characterized by (1) the integration of subjective as well as objective judgments, (2) many different methods of measurement and evaluation—including self-evaluation by learners and personal feed back, and (3) firmness as well as a high degree of openness and trust.
Diagnosing Teams in Organizational Settings
Authors: Browning Larry D.
Published: March 2007

Work groups in organizations are differentiated from the research groups and literary examples of teams that frequently are used to guide analyses of groups in their natural settings. Actual organizational groups are influenced by outside expectations and membership changes that make their functioning different from model groups. A framework for diagnos ing real groups focuses on group origins and membership differences. This perspective is offered as an aid to interpreting communication be havior of groups in organizational settings.
Human Relations Training in Educational Administration Programs: A Study Based on a National Survey
Authors: Rost Joseph C.
Published: March 2007

Training in interpersonal relations skills has become so popular that it represents a national movement of considerable influence. The present study was conducted to determine how deeply the human-potential movement had penetrated university training programs in school admin istration. The study indicates that a majority of the departments of edu cational administration in the nation take a dim view of the role of human relations training in preparing school administrators. However, there is a trend toward incorporating meaningful human relations training into administrator preparation programs, and considerable evidence suggests that human resource management has made strong inroads into a signifi cant minority of such programs.
Perspectives
Authors: sashkin marshall
Published: March 2007

Like Richard Woodman, whose report follows, we continue to run into an issue that by all accounts should be long dead: What is the difference, if any, between T-groups and team development? Wood man attempts to explain both the difference and the reason the ques tion continues to be asked. Dr. Woodman is an assistant professor of management at Texas A&M University.
Toward a Conception of Organizational Currents
Authors: Smith Kenwyn K.
Published: March 2007

This article elaborates the metaphor "organizational currents" in an attempt to understand certain forces that flow through collectivi ties. The concept of organizational currents is built on the micropro cesses of triangulation as formulated by Heider (1958) in social psychology and Bowen (1978) in family therapy. Two cases are examined, one at the interpersonal level, the other at the intergroup level. In both cases relationships were destroyed by forces that had the quality of a lightening bolt. Implications for managers, organi zational members, and researchers are discussed.
Effect of Two Goal-Setting Dimensions on Perceived Intraorganizational Conflict
Authors: Schnake Mel E. , Cochran Daniel S.
Published: March 2007

In an attempt to assess the effects of goal-setting upon intra organizational conflict, nonsupervisory employees of a large utility were administered a questionnaire containing measures of task- goal attributes, perceptions of inter- and intradepartmental conflict, internal work motivation, and intrinsic job satisfaction. Results suggest that task goal attributes do influence perceptions of intraor ganizational conflict. Higher levels of goal difficulty and goal clarity were found to be associated with lower levels of both inter- and intradepartmental conflict. A significant interaction effect for goal difficulty and clarity on interdepartmental conflict suggests that individuals who have challenging goals experience lower interdepartmental conflict when goals are clear and specific than when goals are ambiguous. Individuals who have goals that are not challenging experience higher interdepartmental conflict when goals are ambiguous than when goals are clear and specific. Further, the results indicated that increasing levels of both types of conflict reduced both internal work motivation and intrinsic job satisfaction.
Transformational Leadership and the Falling Dominoes Effect
Authors: Bass Bernard M. , Waldman David A. , Avolio Bruce J. , Bebb Michael
Published: March 2007

This investigation examined the practice of tranformational leadership at two levels of management in a New Zealand government agency. Transformational leadership was defined as the extent to which a manager is seen as charismatic, as treating each subordinate as an individual, and as intellectually stimulating. Like falling dominoes, transformational leadership at a higher level of management was expected to appear concomitantly at the next lower level. Analyses of leadership behavior questionnaire data collected independently at the two levels of management generally provided support for this falling dominoes effect. However, one exception was that more charismatic first-level supervisors said they required less charisma in the second- level managers to whom they directly reported. implications were drawn con cerning the importance of developing transformational leadership abilities at upper levels of management to enhance the likelihood of such leadership at lower levels.
The Changing Context of Consultation in Schools
Authors: Milstein Mike M.
Published: March 2007

School-based consultation is going through a period of dramatic change. Demands for efficiency and effectiveness on the part of policy-making bodies, changing approaches to teacher preparation, escalating community pressures, and a rapidly changing work forcewill have a major impact on consultation in school settings. For example, there will be increasing demands for problem-based, long-term efforts as well as for the training of organizational participants as internal consultants.
What Are the Lessons of the OD Fable?
Authors: Schein Edgar H.
Published: March 2007

This article shows that, even with best intentions, the concept of process consultation was not really understood by the consultants and alternatives are suggested.
The Relative Importance of Situational and Individual Variables in Predicting Leader Behavior
Authors: Atwater Leanne E.
Published: March 2007

This study assessed the relative influence of personality traits of leaders, job characteristics, expectations of superiors and subordinates, and trust and loyalty upward upon leader behavior. Results indicated that subordinates' levels oftrust and loyalty toward their leaders were most predictive of supportive leader behavior, whereas personality traits of the leader were most predictive of demanding leader behavior. The findings are discussed in terms of new avenues to pursue in attempts to more fully understand the complicated dynamics of leader behavior.
Power and Interdependence in Work Groups
Authors: Tjosvold Dean , Andrews I. Robert , Struthers John T.
Published: March 2007

The dynamics and consequences of power may depend upon whether high- and low-power people believe they have largely cooperative or competitive goals. Managers and their employees from 47 groups within a large company rated each other's power and the extent to which they had developed cooperation, competition, and independence. Cooperation and power were both related to perceived effectiveness of manager and employee. The positive correlations between cooperation and power contradict the common, implicit assumption that power occurs in competition. Results suggest that experimental findings generalize to ongoing relationships in organizations and indicate that cooperative goals are critical for constructive power management.
Psychological Aspects of Racism in Organizations
Authors: Watts Roderick J. , Carter Robert T.
Published: March 2007

In this study a multilevel conceptual framework is developed for the study of racism in organization as seen by African-Americans. Three levels are defined: institutional racism, racial climate, and personal discrimination. Perceptions of racism on each of these levels are related to racial identity, using the Racial Identity Attitudes Scale, to determine if racial identity is associated with perceptions of racism. The results, based on a sample of Blacks in a state bureaucracy, indicated that racial identity was the best predictor of perceptions of racial climate and personal discrimination. For example: Blacks who reported Pre-Encounter racial identity attitudes (i.e., those who were White-identified and Black-rejective) saw less racism in the workplace, whereas those who endorsed Internalization attitudes (i.e., those who were Black-identified but not anti-White) saw more. In addition, two factors were identified in racial climate: (a) Experience and Intensity of Racism and (b) Management Power and Policy. These themes were consistent with the literature, and they were found throughout the data. Implications for organizational consultation and change are considered, especially the implications of African-American intragroup diversity.
Professional Entry and the Adviser Relationship
Authors: Green Stephen G.
Published: March 2007

A longitudinal design was used to examine socialization of professional newcomers (n = 134) at entry into professional doctoral training and at the end of 1 year of training. Anticipatory and encounter experiences are related to commitment and research productivity within the program and for a 5-year period following. As hypothesized, a supportive adviser relationship was strongly and positively related to socialization outcomes and moderate socialization processes. Contrary to hypotheses, however, more supportive adviser relationships appear to offset other socialization processes or to be associated with negative outcomes from socialization.