bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Machine Learning Model in Obesity to Predict Weight Loss One Year after Bariatric Surgery: A Pilot Study
Authors: Nadal Enrique , Benito Esther , Ródenas-Navarro Ana María , Palanca Ana , Martinez-Hervas Sergio , Civera Miguel , Ortega Joaquín , Alabadi Blanca , Piqueras Laura , Ródenas Juan José , Real José T.
Published: May 2024

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is a treatment for severe obesity. However, many patients have insufficient total weight loss (TWL) after RYGB. Although multiple factors have been involved, their influence is incompletely known. The aim of this exploratory study was to evaluate the feasibility and reliability of the use of machine learning (ML) techniques to estimate the success in weight loss after RYGP, based on clinical, anthropometric and biochemical data, in order to identify morbidly obese patients with poor weight responses. We retrospectively analyzed 118 patients, who underwent RYGB at the Hospital Clínico Universitario of Valencia (Spain) between 2013 and 2017. We applied a ML approach using local linear embedding (LLE) as a tool for the evaluation and classification of the main parameters in conjunction with evolutionary algorithms for the optimization and adjustment of the parameter model. The variables associated with one-year postoperative %TWL were obstructive sleep apnea, osteoarthritis, insulin treatment, preoperative weight, insulin resistance index, apolipoprotein A, uric acid, complement component 3, and vitamin B12. The model correctly classified 71.4% of subjects with TWL < 30% although 36.4% with TWL ≥ 30% were incorrectly classified as “unsuccessful procedures”. The ML-model processed moderate discriminatory precision in the validation set. Thus, in severe obesity, ML-models can be useful to assist in the selection of patients before bariatric surgery.
Continuous Monitoring of Advanced Hemodynamic Parameters during Hemodialysis Demonstrated Early Variations in Patients Experiencing Intradialytic Hypotension
Authors: Kolben Yotam , Gork Ittamar , Peled David , Amitay Shani , Moshel Peleg , Goldstein Nir , Ben Ishay Arik , Fons Meir , Tabi Michael , Eisenkraft Arik , Gepner Yftach , Nachman Dean
Published: May 2024

Intradialytic hypotension (IDH) is a severe complication of hemodialysis (HD) with a significant impact on morbidity and mortality. In this study, we used a wearable device for the continuous monitoring of hemodynamic vitals to detect hemodynamic changes during HD and attempted to identify IDH. End-stage kidney disease patients were continuously monitored 15 min before starting the session and until 15 min after completion of the session, measuring heart rate (HR), noninvasive cuffless systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), and systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Data were analyzed retrospectively and included comparing BP measured by the wearable devices (recorded continuously every 5 s) and the cuff-based devices. A total of 98 dialysis sessions were included in the final analysis, and IDH was identified in 22 sessions (22.5%). Both SBP and DBP were highly correlated (r > 0.62, p < 0.001 for all) between the wearable device and the cuff-based measurements. Based on the continuous monitoring, patients with IDH had earlier and more profound reductions in SBP and DBP during the HD treatment. In addition, nearly all of the advanced vitals differed between groups. Further studies should be conducted in order to fully understand the potential of noninvasive advanced continuous monitoring in the prediction and prevention of IDH events.
Essential Oils: Chemistry and Pharmacological Activities—Part II
Authors: de  Sousa Damião Pergentino , de Assis Oliveira Francisco , Arcanjo Daniel Dias Rufino , da Fonsêca Diogo Vilar , Duarte Allana Brunna S. , de Oliveira Barbosa Celma , Ong Thomas Prates , Brocksom Timothy John
Published: May 2024

The importance of essential oils and their components in the industrial sector is attributed to their chemical characteristics and their application in the development of products in the areas of cosmetology, food, and pharmaceuticals. However, the pharmacological properties of this class of natural products have been extensively investigated and indicate their applicability for obtaining new drugs. Therefore, this review discusses the use of these oils as starting materials to synthesize more complex molecules and products with greater commercial value and clinic potential. Furthermore, the antiulcer, cardiovascular, and antidiabetic mechanisms of action are discussed. The main mechanistic aspects of the chemopreventive properties of oils against cancer are also presented. The data highlight essential oils and their derivatives as a strategic chemical group in the search for effective therapeutic agents against various diseases.
Special Issue “Latest Research in Post-COVID (Long COVID): Pathological and Treatment Studies of Sequelae and Complications”
Authors: Fernández-de-las-Peñas César
Published: May 2024

The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pathogen provoked the most unprecedented sanitary outbreak of the current century by causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has led to approximately 775 million confirmed cases and more than 7 million deaths globally [...]
Anemia of Chronic Kidney Disease—A Narrative Review of Its Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management
Authors: Badura Krzysztof , Janc Jędrzej , Wąsik Joanna , Gnitecki Szymon , Skwira Sylwia , Młynarska Ewelina , Rysz Jacek , Franczyk Beata
Published: May 2024

Anemia is one of the most common chronic kidney disease (CKD) complications. It negatively affects patients’ quality of life and clinical outcomes. The pathophysiology of anemia in CKD involves the interplay of various factors such as erythropoietin (EPO) deficiency, iron dysregulation, chronic inflammation, bone marrow dysfunction, and nutritional deficiencies. Despite recent advances in understanding this condition, anemia still remains a serious clinical challenge in population of patients with CKD. Several guidelines have been published with the aim to systematize the diagnostic approach and treatment of anemia; however, due to emerging data, many recommendations vary between publications. Recent studies indicate a potential of novel biomarkers to evaluate anemia and related conditions such as iron deficiency, which is often present in CKD patients. Our article aims to summarize the pathophysiology of anemia in CKD, as well as the diagnosis and management of this condition, including novel therapeutic approaches such as hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors (HIF-PHI). Understanding these complex subjects is crucial for a targeted approach to diagnose and treat patients with anemia in CKD effectively.
Simulation and Controller Design for a Fish Robot with Control Fins
Authors: Gumpina Sandhyarani , Lee Seungyeon , Kim Jeong-Hwan , Park Hoon Cheol , Kang Taesam
Published: May 2024

In this paper, a nonlinear simulation block for a fish robot was designed using MATLAB Simulink. The simulation block incorporated added masses, hydrodynamic damping forces, restoring forces, and forces and moments due to dorsal fins, pectoral fins, and caudal fins into six-degree-of-freedom equations of motion. To obtain a linearized model, we used three different nominal surge velocities (i.e., 0.2 m/s, 0.4 m/s, and 0.6 m/s). After obtaining output responses by applying pseudo-random binary signal inputs to a nonlinear model, an identification tool was used to obtain approximated linear models between inputs and outputs. Utilizing the obtained linearized models, two-degree-of-freedom proportional, integral, and derivative controllers were designed, and their characteristics were analyzed. For the 0.4 m/s nominal surge velocity models, the gain margins and phase margins of the surge, pitch, and yaw controllers were infinity and 69 degrees, 26.3 dB and 85 degrees, and infinity and 69 degrees, respectively. The bandwidths of surge, pitch, and yaw control loops were determined to be 2.3 rad/s, 0.17 rad/s, and 2.0 rad/s, respectively. Similar characteristics were observed when controllers designed for linear models were applied to the nonlinear model. When step inputs were applied to the nonlinear model, the maximum overshoot and steady-state errors were very small. It was also found that the nonlinear plant with three different nominal surge velocities could be controlled by a single controller designed for a linear model with a nominal surge velocity of 0.4 m/s. Therefore, controllers designed using linear approximation models are expected to work well with an actual nonlinear model.
A Review and Evaluation of Control Architectures for Modular Legged and Climbing Robots
Authors: Prados Carlos , Hernando Miguel , Gambao Ernesto , Brunete Alberto
Published: May 2024

Robotic control is a fundamental part of autonomous robots. Modular legged and climbing robots are complex machines made up of a variety of subsystems, ranging from a single robot with simple legs to a complex system composed of multiple legs (or modules) with computing power and sensitivity. Their complexity, which is increased by the fact of needing elements for climbing, makes a correct structure crucial to achieve a complete, robust, and versatile system during its operation. Control architectures for legged robots are distinguished from other software architectures because of the special needs of these systems. In this paper, we present an original classification of modular legged and climbing robots, a comprehensive review of the most important control architectures in robotics, focusing on the control of modular legged and climbing robots, and a comparison of their features. The control architecture comparison aims to provide the analytical tools necessary to make informed decisions tailored to the specific needs of your robotic applications. This article includes a review and classification of modular legged and climbing robots, breaking down each category separately.
Enhanced Adsorption of Cage-Shaped Proteins on Carbon Surfaces by Carbon Nanotube (CNT)-Binding Peptide Aptamers
Authors: Ganbaatar Narangerel , Chu Ting-Chieh , Okamoto Naofumi , Iwahori Kenji , Nakamura Masakazu , Yamashita Ichiro
Published: May 2024

The adsorption behavior of recombinant cage-shaped proteins with carbon nanotube (CNT)-binding peptides on carbon surfaces was quantitatively and dynamically analyzed using a highly stable quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). Two types of CNT-binding peptide aptamers obtained by the phage display method were attached to the N- and C-termini of the Dps (DNA-binding protein derived from starved cells) to produce carbonaceous material-binding Dps. The carbon adsorption ability of the mutant Dps was studied by QCM measurement using a carbon-coated QCM sensor. The produced peptide aptamer-modified Dps showed higher affinity than a wild Dps and also showed higher adsorption capacity than a previously used Dps with carbon nanohorn-binding peptides. The newly obtained peptide aptamers were proven to provide Dps with high adsorption affinity on carbon surfaces. Furthermore, the aptamer modified to the N-terminus of the Dps subunit showed more efficient adsorption than the aptamers attached to the C-terminus of the Dp, and the linker was found to improve the adsorption ability.
Rapid Separation and Detection of Drugs in Complex Biological Matrix Using TD-CDI Mass Spectrometer
Authors: Shi Wenyan , Ye Zi , Yang Qin , Zhou Jianhua , Wang Jiasi , Huo Xinming
Published: May 2024

The drug detection technology plays a pivotal role in the domains of pharmaceutical regulation and law enforcement. In this study, we introduce a method that combines thermal desorption corona discharge ionization (TD-CDI) with mass spectrometry for efficient drug detection. The TD-CDI module, characterized by its compact and simple design, enables the separation of analytes within seconds and real-time presentation of one or two analyte peaks on the mass spectrum most of the time, which reduces matrix interference and improves detection performance. Through experimental investigation, we studied the characteristics of TD-CDI for analyte separation and detection, even with the same mass number, and optimized the TD-CDI approach. TD-CDI-MS was employed for the rapid detection of drugs in various traditional medicine, food products, and human samples. Additionally, by utilizing TD-CDI for segmented hair direct analysis, it becomes possible to trace the drug usage cycle of individuals. This underscores the feasibility of the proposed analytical method within the realm of drug detection.
Psychological Benefits of Arts Participation for Emerging Adulthood: A Pathway to Flourishing
Authors: Fan Jinming , Ni Xiaoli , Wu Ting , Wang Yidi , Qian Yuyan
Published: May 2024

This study examined 430 Chinese college students’ engagement in arts activities and the psychological benefits derived from such activities. The research differentiated between various types of arts participation and ways of involvement and examined four potential positive psychological outcomes. The findings revealed correlations between (1) creative participation in the performing arts, ‘flow’, and aesthetic emotions; (2) consumptive participation in the visual arts and aesthetic emotions; and (3) creative participation in the literary arts and ego identity. Holistic arts participation demonstrated a significantly positive relationship with flourishing. A path analysis showed that flow experience and aesthetic emotions served as mediators in the mechanism through which holistic arts participation affected flourishing, with a chained mediation effect from flow experience to ego identity. This study confirms that arts participation is an effective pathway for individual flourishing and that more diverse and profound engagement in the arts can lead to sustained and widespread happiness.
Subjective Experience and Perceived Benefits in Clients with Schizophrenia Following Participation in Metacognition Reflection and Insight Therapy (MERIT)
Authors: Tsuck-Ram Noa , Moka Adi , Lavi-Rotenberg Adi , Igra Libby , Hasson-Ohayon Ilanit
Published: May 2024

Schizophrenia spectrum disorders involve disturbances in the experience of the self, which are related to limited metacognitive ability. The aim of metacognition-based therapies is to improve metacognitive ability and, subsequently, self-management and recovery. Adding to the quantitative findings from a trial on the effectiveness of Metacognition Reflection and Insight Therapy (MERIT), in the current study, we report on a qualitative assessment of MERIT’s subjective perceived contribution. Twenty-seven patients with schizophrenia were interviewed after completing MERIT. Content analysis based on grounded theory was conducted by two independent raters. Most participants were satisfied with the therapy and reported improvement mainly in self-experience domains. The main contributors to perceived improvement pertained to the intervention process (e.g., therapeutic alliance and therapist interventions) as well as to the patient being an active agent of change. Perceived outcomes are particularly important among this cohort, as they often cope with limited metacognitive abilities, expressed by challenges in reflecting on themselves and others. The current study supports MERIT as a treatment that enhances positive outcomes for people with schizophrenia.
Characterizing the Supportive Environment of Informal Spaces on Cold Region University Campuses to Enhance Social Interaction Behavior
Authors: Chen Jianfei , Shi Hedi , Pan Wente , Sun Donghui
Published: May 2024

Research has confirmed the positive impact of social interaction behaviors, including improved mental health, creativity, and stress reduction. Notably, a relationship exists between the spatial characteristics of university campuses and social interaction behaviors. The theories of supportive environment and ecological psychology were used to investigate the quantitative relationship between spatial features of informal spaces and social interactions at a university in a cold region to determine supportive features. Deep learning-based computer vision methods were employed to collect and analyze crowd behavior data, and multiple regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between the features and social interactions. The results indicate that functional features significantly influence social interactions, whereas physical features have a relatively minor impact on social interaction frequency. This finding confirms the efficacy of informal space design at cold-region universities in promoting social interaction behaviors. The deep learning method enables quantitative analysis of the effect of environmental features on social behaviors on cold-region university campuses, providing valuable design suggestions and insights for campuses in other regions and research related to social interaction behaviors.
Numerical Simulation and Calculation Method Study on Seamless Construction of Super-Length Raft Structures Based on Novel Magnesium Oxide Expansive Strengthening Band Method
Authors: Liao Hong , Tan Yuan , Dai Chao , Pu Jie , Han Bin
Published: May 2024

The drive for continuous innovation in large-scale infrastructure necessitates advancements in techniques, addressing the challenges of constructing super-length concrete structures. This study investigated the emerging shift from traditional united expanding agent (UEA) to magnesia expansive agent (MEA) in conjunction with expansive strengthening bands (ESBs), marking a pivotal transition in ensuring monolithic integrity. Despite a decade of exploration, MEA–ESB implementation in real-world projects remains underdocumented, with scholarly focus primarily confined to material characterization. This research integrated empirical on-site tests of MEA–ESB with high-fidelity numerical simulations in ABAQUS. The finite element model (FEM) validation against actual test data underscored the precision of our modeling, capturing the complex thermomechanical behavior of the system. We introduced a sophisticated parametric analysis framework, elucidating the influence of critical parameters like the ESB-to-raft-width ratio and MEA concrete expansion rates. This granular understanding facilitated the fine-tuning of design parameters, advancing the practical application of MEA methodologies. A groundbreaking contribution entailed the formulation of predictive models for early-stage cracking, anchored in the guidelines of the ACI Committee 207 and refined through extensive parametric exploration. These formulae empower engineers to anticipate and mitigate cracking risks during the design phase, thereby enhancing project safety and efficiency. Notably, this study identified limitations in current prediction models, highlighting the need for future research to incorporate comprehensive lifecycle considerations, including hydration heat effects and time-dependent mechanical property evolution.
Finite Element Method Simulation and Experimental Investigation on the Temperature Control System with Groundwater Circulation in Bridge Deck Pavement
Authors: Ni Wei , Dan Hancheng , Bai Gewen , Tan Jiawei
Published: May 2024

The application of green energy resources is gaining increasing attention in the field of engineering. In cold areas, the groundwater circulation temperature control system (GCTCS) can serve as an auxiliary structure to the bridge deck on highways, effectively preventing the pavement surface from freezing. In this study, a finite element simulation is conducted to establish a bridge structure model of the GCTCS, incorporating both steady-state and transient conditions to investigate its anti-icing performance. Additionally, the influences of various factors, such as wind speed, asphalt concrete layer thickness, groundwater temperature, pipe water flow rate, and pipe spacing, on the temperature of the water film on the pavement surface are investigated and validated through laboratory testing. The results demonstrate that wind speed has a significant influence, with the convective heat loss reaching 90% when the wind speed reaches 10 m/s. Groundwater temperature is the second most influential factor, showing a linear relationship with the water film temperature. Excessive pipe spacing can lead to an uneven temperature distribution on the pavement surface. The thickness of the asphalt concrete layer and the flow rate have minimal effects. However, a low flow rate can result in a significant decrease in the water film temperature. Furthermore, changes in the thermal conductivity of the surface layers also contribute to the anti-icing effect. The simulation analysis of the GCTCS provides valuable guidance for practical engineering in cooler regions where groundwater resources are abundant.
Relationships between Green Space Perceptions, Green Space Use, and the Multidimensional Health of Older People: A Case Study of Fuzhou, China
Authors: Wu Yuanjing , Zhou Wei , Zhang Huimin , Liu Qunyue , Yan Zhao , Lan Siren
Published: May 2024

Urban green spaces are vital for older people’s health. However, most studies have only focused on their relationship with single-dimensional health outcomes. This study introduced a theoretical model to explore how perceptions of green spaces influence older people’s multidimensional health, mediated by the use of these spaces. Using a literature review, interviews, and surveys, we developed and refined a measurement scale for older people’s perceptions of urban greenery. Using data from 513 seniors in Fuzhou’s urban parks, structural equation modeling was used to examine the relationships between their multidimensional health, usage, and perceptions of green spaces. The results showed that older people’s positive evaluations of green spaces, especially those with facilities, significantly increased their usage. This increased usage positively influences their physical, mental, and social health, with the most pronounced benefits for social health. The total impact of green space perception on multidimensional health was beneficial and significantly impacted social health, even though the direct impacts of quality perception on physical health and facility perception on social health were minimal. These findings enhance our understanding of the impact of green spaces on the health of older individuals and provide a theoretical basis for developing urban green spaces that maximize health advantages for older people.
Automatic Detection of Urban Pavement Distress and Dropped Objects with a Comprehensive Dataset Collected via Smartphone
Authors: Xu Lin , Fu Kaimin , Ma Tao , Tang Fanlong , Fan Jianwei
Published: May 2024

Pavement distress seriously affects the quality of pavement and reduces driving comfort and safety. The dropped objects from vehicles have increased the risks of traffic accidents. Therefore, automatic detection of urban pavement distress and dropped objects is an effective method to timely evaluate pavement condition. Firstly, this paper utilized a portable platform to collect pavement distress and dropped objects to establish a high-quality dataset. Six types of pavement distresses: transverse crack, longitudinal crack, alligator crack, oblique crack, potholes, and repair, and three types of dropped objects: plastic bottle, metal bottle, and tetra pak were included in this comprehensive dataset. Secondly, the real-time YOLO series detection models were used to classify and localize the pavement distresses and dropped objects. In addition, segmentation models W-segnet, U-Net, and SegNet were utilized to achieve pixel-level detection of pavement distress and dropped objects. The results show that YOLOv8 outperformed YOLOv5 and YOLOv7 with a MAP of 0.889. W-segnet showed an overall MIoU of 70.65% and 68.33% on the training set and test set, respectively, being superior to the comparison model and being able to achieve high-precision pixel-level segmentation. Finally, the trained models were performed on the holdout dataset for the generalization test. The proposed methods integrated the detection of urban pavement distress and dropped objects, which could significantly contribute to driving safety.
HER2-Low Luminal Breast Carcinoma Is Not a Homogenous Clinicopathological and Molecular Entity
Authors: André Céline , Bertaut Aurélie , Ladoire Sylvain , Desmoulins Isabelle , Jankowski Clémentine , Beltjens Françoise , Charon-Barra Céline , Bergeron Anthony , Richard Corentin , Boidot Romain , Arnould Laurent
Published: May 2024

Background: With the development of some new antibody–drug conjugates, the HER2 classification of breast carcinomas now includes the HER2-low (H2L) category: IHC 1+, 2+ non-amplified by ISH, and double-equivocal carcinomas, mostly luminal, expressing hormone receptors (HR+). Methods: We analyzed mutational status and transcriptomic activities of three HER2 effector pathways: PI3K-AKT, MAPK, and JAK-STAT, in association with clinicopathologic features, in 62 H2L carcinomas compared to 43 HER2-positive and 20 HER2-negative carcinomas, all HR+. Results: H2L carcinomas had significantly lower histoprognostic grades and mitotic and Ki67 proliferation indexes than HER2-positive carcinomas. Their PIK3CA mutation rates were close to those of HER2-negative and significantly higher than in HER2-positive carcinomas, contrary to TP53 mutations. At the transcriptomic level, we identified three distinct groups which did not reflect the new HER2 classification. H2L and HER2-negative carcinomas shared most of clinicopathological and molecular characteristics, except HER2 membrane expression (mRNA levels). The presence of a mutation in a signaling pathway had a strong pathway activation effect. PIK3CA mutations were more prevalent in H2L carcinomas, leading to a strong activation of the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway even in the absence of HER2 overexpression/amplification. Conclusion: PIK3CA mutations may explain the failure of conventional anti-HER2 treatments, suggesting that new antibody–drug conjugates may be more effective.
Cysteamine Suppresses Cancer Cell Invasion and Migration in Glioblastoma through Inhibition of Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity
Authors: Jung Jinkyu , Celiku Orieta , Rubin Benjamin I. , Gilbert Mark R.
Published: May 2024

Glioblastoma (GBM) cells are highly invasive, infiltrating the surrounding normal brain tissue, thereby limiting the efficacy of surgical resection and focal radiotherapy. Cysteamine, a small aminothiol molecule that is orally bioavailable and approved for cystinosis, has potential as a cancer treatment by inhibiting tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Here we demonstrate that these potential therapeutic effects of cysteamine are likely due to the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in GBM. In vitro assays confirmed that micromolar concentrations of cysteamine were not cytotoxic, enabling the interrogation of the cellular effects without confounding tumor cell loss. Cysteamine’s inhibition of MMP activity, especially the targeting of MMP2, MMP9, and MMP14, was observed at micromolar concentrations, suggesting the mechanism of action in suppressing invasion and cell migration is by inhibition of these MMPs. These findings suggest that achievable micromolar concentrations of cysteamine effectively inhibit cancer cell invasion and migration in GBM, supporting the potential for use as an adjunct cancer treatment.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Beyond the Border of Advanced Stage Therapy
Authors: Zarlashat Yusra , Abbas Shakil , Ghaffar Abdul
Published: May 2024

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the deadliest emergent health issue around the globe. The stronger oncogenic effect, proteins, and weakened immune response are precisely linked with a significant prospect of developing HCC. Several conventional systemic therapies, antiangiogenic therapy, and immunotherapy techniques have significantly improved the outcomes for early-, intermediate-, and advanced-stage HCC patients, giving new hope for effective HCC management and prolonged survival rates. Innovative therapeutic approaches beyond conventional treatments have altered the landscape of managing HCC, particularly focusing on targeted therapies and immunotherapies. The advancement in HCC treatment suggested by the Food and Drug Administration is multidimensional treatment options, including multikinase inhibitors (sorafenib, lenvatinib, regorafenib, ramucirumab, and cabozantinib) and immune checkpoint inhibitors (atezolizumab, pembrolizumab, durvalumab, tremelimumab, ipilimumab, and nivolumab), in monotherapy and in combination therapy to increase life expectancy of HCC patients. This review highlights the efficacy of multikinase inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors in monotherapy and combination therapy through the analysis of phase II, and III clinical trials, targeting the key molecular pathways involved in cellular signaling and immune response for the prospective treatment of advanced and unresectable HCC and discusses the upcoming combinations of immune checkpoint inhibitors-tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors-vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors. Finally, the hidden challenges with pharmacological therapy for HCC, feasible solutions for the future, and implications of possible presumptions to develop drugs for HCC treatment are reported.
From Marrow to Bone and Fat: Exploring the Multifaceted Roles of Leptin Receptor Positive Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
Authors: Prasad Parash , Cancelas Jose A.
Published: May 2024

The bone marrow (BM) stromal cell microenvironment contains non-hematopoietic stromal cells called mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). MSCs are plastic adherent, form CFU-Fs, and give rise to osteogenic, adipogenic, chondrogenic progenitors, and most importantly provide HSC niche factor chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 12 (CXCL12) and stem cell factor (SCF). Different authors have defined different markers for mouse MSC identification like PDGFR+Sca-1+ subsets, Nestin+, or LepR+ cells. Of these, the LepR+ cells are the major source of SCF and CXCL12 in the BM microenvironment and play a major role in HSC maintenance and hematopoiesis. LepR+ cells give rise to most of the bones and BM adipocytes, further regulating the microenvironment. In adult BM, LepR+ cells are quiescent but after fracture or irradiation, they proliferate and differentiate into mesenchymal lineage osteogenic, adipogenic and/or chondrogenic cells. They also play a crucial role in the steady-state hematopoiesis process, as well as hematopoietic regeneration and the homing of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) after myeloablative injury and/or HSC transplantation. They line the sinusoidal cavities, maintain the trabeculae formation, and provide the space for HSC homing and retention. However, the LepR+ cell subset is heterogeneous; some subsets have higher adipogenic potential, while others express osteollineage-biased genes. Different transcription factors like Early B cell factor 3 (EBF3) or RunX2 help maintain this balance between the self-renewing and committed states, whether osteogenic or adipogenic. The study of LepR+ MSCs holds immense promise for advancing our understanding of HSC biology, tissue regeneration, metabolic disorders, and immune responses. In this review, we will discuss the origin of the BM resident LepR+ cells, different subtypes, and the role of LepR+ cells in maintaining hematopoiesis, osteogenesis, and BM adipogenesis following their multifaceted impact.
The Role of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Bakinowska Estera , Bratborska Aleksandra Wiktoria , Kiełbowski Kajetan , Ćmil Maciej , Biniek Wojciech Jerzy , Pawlik Andrzej
Published: May 2024

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory joint disease characterised by the formation of a hyperplastic pannus, as well as cartilage and bone damage. The pathogenesis of RA is complex and involves broad interactions between various cells present in the inflamed synovium, including fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs), macrophages, and T cells, among others. Under inflammatory conditions, these cells are activated, further enhancing inflammatory responses and angiogenesis and promoting bone and cartilage degradation. Novel treatment methods for RA are greatly needed, and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been suggested as a promising new regenerative and immunomodulatory treatment. In this paper, we present the interactions between MSCs and RA-FLSs, and macrophages and T cells, and summarise studies examining the use of MSCs in preclinical and clinical RA studies.
Ly6Chi Monocytes Are Metabolically Reprogrammed in the Blood during Inflammatory Stimulation and Require Intact OxPhos for Chemotaxis and Monocyte to Macrophage Differentiation
Authors: Purvis Gareth S. D. , McNeill Eileen , Wright Benjamin , Channon Keith M. , Greaves David R.
Published: May 2024

Acute inflammation is a rapid and dynamic process involving the recruitment and activation of multiple cell types in a coordinated and precise manner. Here, we investigate the origin and transcriptional reprogramming of monocytes using a model of acute inflammation, zymosan-induced peritonitis. Monocyte trafficking and adoptive transfer experiments confirmed that monocytes undergo rapid phenotypic change as they exit the blood and give rise to monocyte-derived macrophages that persist during the resolution of inflammation. Single-cell transcriptomics revealed significant heterogeneity within the surface marker-defined CD11b+Ly6G−Ly6Chi monocyte populations within the blood and at the site of inflammation. We show that two major transcriptional reprogramming events occur during the initial six hours of Ly6Chi monocyte mobilisation, one in the blood priming monocytes for migration and a second at the site of inflammation. Pathway analysis revealed an important role for oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) during both these reprogramming events. Experimentally, we demonstrate that OxPhos via the intact mitochondrial electron transport chain is essential for murine and human monocyte chemotaxis. Moreover, OxPhos is needed for monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and macrophage M(IL-4) polarisation. These new findings from transcriptional profiling open up the possibility that shifting monocyte metabolic capacity towards OxPhos could facilitate enhanced macrophage M2-like polarisation to aid inflammation resolution and tissue repair.
Unveiling the Roles of Cysteine Proteinases F and W: From Structure to Pathological Implications and Therapeutic Targets
Authors: Zdravkova Kristina , Mijanovic Olja , Brankovic Ana , Ilicheva Polina M. , Jakovleva Aleksandra , Karanovic Jelena , Pualic Milena , Pualic Dusan , Rubel Aleksandr A. , Savvateeva Lyudmila V. , Parodi Alessandro , Zamyatnin Andrey A.
Published: May 2024

Cysteine cathepsins F and W are members of the papain-like cysteine protease family, which have distinct structural features and functional roles in various physiological and pathological processes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the structure, biological functions, and pathological implications of cathepsins F and W. Beginning with an introduction to these proteases, we delve into their structural characteristics and elucidate their unique features that dictate their enzymatic activities and substrate specificity. We also explore the intricate involvement of cathepsins F and W in malignancies, highlighting their role as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cancer progression. Furthermore, we discuss the emerging roles of these enzymes in immune response modulation and neurological disorders, shedding light on their implications in autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we review the landscape of inhibitors targeting these proteases, highlighting their therapeutic potential and challenges in clinical translation. This review brings together the diverse facets of cysteine cathepsins F and W, providing insights into their roles in health and disease and guiding future investigations for therapeutic advances.
Nutritional Support Best Practices in Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplant Patients: An Integrative Review
Authors: Murphy Jessica D. , Symons Heather J. , Cooke Kenneth R.
Published: May 2024

Nutrition is vital to the long-term survival of children undergoing blood and marrow transplantation (BMT), but there is no standardization on how to optimize the nutritional status of these patients. A literature search was performed to evaluate nutritional support approaches currently in practice for pediatric patients who are undergoing BMT. CINAHL, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched for peer-reviewed articles evaluating nutritional interventions for BMT recipients aged 20 or younger. Nine articles published between 2019 and 2023 were found and reviewed. The nutritional support varied between enteral nutrition, parenteral nutrition, a combination of both, and prophylactic feeding tube placement. The post-transplant outcomes identified as associated with alterations in nutritional regimens included length of stay, date of platelet engraftment, incidence of acute graft-versus-host disease, infection rate, and overall survival. The use of any amount of enteral nutrition compared to parenteral alone was beneficial. Complications during BMT can potentially be decreased via prioritizing enteral nutrition over parenteral. The paucity of literature on this topic highlights an unmet need in the field. Future research should focus on ways to optimize the nutritional support of transplant recipients, including increasing the likelihood of enteral feeding tube placement and utilization.
The Role of Oxytocin in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review
Authors: Cera Nicoletta , Pinto Joana , Pignatelli Duarte
Published: May 2024

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder that affects women of reproductive age, representing the primary cause of anovulatory infertility. The nonapeptide oxytocin (OT) plays an important role in cognitive, emotional, and reproductive functions in human beings. Oxytocin receptors are expressed in several body parts, including the ovaries. Despite this, the possible role played by oxytocin in symptoms of PCOS is not clear. The present systematic review aimed at understanding the presence of possible oxytocin level alterations in PCOS, the connection between alterations of OT levels and the symptoms of PCOS, and the effect of oxytocin administration in PCOS. After a systematic search in the principal databases, eight studies, five human and three animal, were included. Four human studies and one animal study highlighted the role played by oxytocin in fertility issues related to PCOS. Three human and two animal studies investigated the role of body weight and OT levels. Studies that analyzed oxytocin basal levels in women agreed that PCOS is associated with a reduction in the serum level of oxytocin. Two human studies and one animal study agreed about lower levels of oxytocin, confirming a possible implication of the dysfunction of OT in the pathogenesis of PCOS.
Single-Cell Sequencing Technology in Ruminant Livestock: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Lyons Avery , Brown Jocelynn , Davenport Kimberly M.
Published: May 2024

Advancements in single-cell sequencing have transformed the genomics field by allowing researchers to delve into the intricate cellular heterogeneity within tissues at greater resolution. While single-cell omics are more widely applied in model organisms and humans, their use in livestock species is just beginning. Studies in cattle, sheep, and goats have already leveraged single-cell and single-nuclei RNA-seq as well as single-cell and single-nuclei ATAC-seq to delineate cellular diversity in tissues, track changes in cell populations and gene expression over developmental stages, and characterize immune cell populations important for disease resistance and resilience. Although challenges exist for the use of this technology in ruminant livestock, such as the precise annotation of unique cell populations and spatial resolution of cells within a tissue, there is vast potential to enhance our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underpinning traits essential for healthy and productive livestock. This review intends to highlight the insights gained from published single-cell omics studies in cattle, sheep, and goats, particularly those with publicly accessible data. Further, this manuscript will discuss the challenges and opportunities of this technology in ruminant livestock and how it may contribute to enhanced profitability and sustainability of animal agriculture in the future.
Is the Hedgehog Pathway Involved in the Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia? A Systematic Review of Current Evidence of Neural Molecular Correlates and Perspectives on Drug Development
Authors: Del Casale Antonio , Modesti Martina Nicole , Gentile Giovanna , Guariglia Cecilia , Ferracuti Stefano , Simmaco Maurizio , Borro Marina
Published: May 2024

Among the pathophysiological correlates of schizophrenia, recent research suggests a potential role for the Hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway, which has been traditionally studied in embryonic development and oncology. Its dysregulation may impact brain homeostasis, neuroplasticity, and potential involvement in neural processes. This systematic review provides an overview of the involvement of Hh signalling in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and antipsychotic responses. We searched the PubMed and Scopus databases to identify peer-reviewed scientific studies focusing on Hh and schizophrenia, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement, finally including eight studies, including three articles focused on patients with schizophrenia, two animal models of schizophrenia, two animal embryo studies, and one cellular differentiation study. The Hh pathway is crucial in the development of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, neuroplasticity mechanisms, regulating astrocyte phenotype and function, brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression, brain glutamatergic neural transmission, and responses to antipsychotics. Overall, results indicate an involvement of Hh in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and antipsychotic responses, although an exiguity of studies characterises the literature. The heterogeneity between animal and human studies is another main limitation. Further research can lead to better comprehension and the development of novel personalised drug treatments and therapeutic interventions.
Applying Machine Learning in Numerical Weather and Climate Modeling Systems
Authors: Krasnopolsky Vladimir
Published: May 2024

In this paper major machine learning (ML) tools and the most important applications developed elsewhere for numerical weather and climate modeling systems (NWCMS) are reviewed. NWCMSs are briefly introduced. The most important papers published in this field in recent years are reviewed. The advantages and limitations of the ML approach in applications to NWCMS are briefly discussed. Currently, this field is experiencing explosive growth. Several important papers are published every week. Thus, this paper should be considered as a simple introduction to the problem.
Influence of Flow Rates and Flow Times of Plasma-Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition Purge Gas on TiN Thin Film Properties
Authors: Kang Ju Eun , An Surin , Hong Sang Jeen
Published: May 2024

This study investigated the effect of purge gas flow rate and purge gas flow time on the properties of TiN thin films via chemical reaction simulation and the plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) process along purge gas flow rates and time settings. Chemical reaction simulation unveiled an incremental increase in generating volatile products along purge gas flow rates. In contrast, increased purge gas flow times enhanced the desorption of physically adsorbed species flow time in the film surface. Subsequent thin film analysis showed that the increased Ar purge gas flow rate caused a shift of 44% in wafer non-uniformity, 46% in carbon composition, and 11% in oxygen composition in the deposited film. Modulations in the Ar purge gas flow time yielded variations of 50% in wafer non-uniformity, 46% in carbon composition, and 15% in oxygen content. Notably, 38% of the resistivity and 35% of the film thickness occurred due to experimental variations in the Ar purge step condition. Increased purge gas flow rates had a negligible impact on the film composition, thickness, and resistivity, but the film’s non-uniformity on a 6-inch wafer was notable. Extended purge gas flow times with inadequate flow rates resulted in undesired impurities in the thin film. This study employed a method that utilized reaction simulation to investigate the impact of purge gas flow and verified these results through film properties analysis. These findings can help in determining optimal purge conditions to achieve the desired film properties of PEALD-deposited TiN thin films.
High-Efficiency Vertical-Chip Micro-Light-Emitting Diodes via p-GaN Optimization and Surface Passivation
Authors: Qian Yizhou , Hsiang En-Lin , Huang Yu-Hsin , Lin Kuan-Heng , Wu Shin-Tson
Published: May 2024

Micro-LEDs have found widespread applications in modular large-screen TVs, automotive displays, and high-resolution-density augmented reality glasses. However, these micron-sized LEDs experience a significant efficiency reduction due to the defects originating from the dry etching process. By controlling the current distribution via engineering the electrode size, electrons will be less concentrated in the defect region. In this work, we propose a blue InGaN/GaN compound parabolic concentrator micro-LED with a metallic sidewall to boost efficiency by combining both an optical dipole cloud model and electrical TCAD (Technology Computer-Aided Design) model. By merely modifying the p-GaN contact size, the external quantum efficiency (EQE) can be improved by 15.6%. By further optimizing the passivation layer thickness, the EQE can be boosted by 52.1%, which helps enhance the display brightness or lower power consumption.
Long-Term Oncologic Outcomes of Off-Clamp Robotic Partial Nephrectomy for Cystic Renal Tumors: A Propensity Score Matched-Pair Comparison of Cystic versus Pure Clear Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Ferriero Mariaconsiglia , Ragusa Alberto , Mastroianni Riccardo , Tuderti Gabriele , Costantini Manuela , Anceschi Umberto , Misuraca Leonardo , Brassetti Aldo , Guaglianone Salvatore , Bove Alfredo Maria , Leonardo Costantino , Gallucci Michele , Papalia Rocco , Simone Giuseppe
Published: May 2024

Few data are available on survival outcomes of partial nephrectomy performed for cystic renal tumors. We present the first long-term oncological outcomes of cystic (cystRCC) versus pure clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) in a propensity score-matched (PSM) analysis. Our “renal cancer” prospectively maintained database was queried for “cystRCC” or “ccRCC” and “off-clamp robotic partial nephrectomy” (off-C RPN). The two groups were compared for age, gender, tumor size, pT stage, and Fuhrman grade. A 1:3 PSM analysis was applied to reduce covariate imbalance to <10% and two homogeneous populations were generated. Student t- and Chi-square tests were used for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Ten-year oncological outcomes were compared between the two cohorts using log-rank test. Univariable Cox regression analysis was used to identify predictors of disease progression after RPN. Out of 859 off-C RPNs included, 85 cases were cystRCC and 774 were ccRCC at histologic evaluation. After applying the PSM analysis, two cohorts were selected, including 64 cystRCC and 170 ccRCC. Comparable 10-year cancer-specific survival probability (95.3% versus 100%, p = 0.146) was found between the two cohorts. Conversely, 10-year disease-free survival probability (DFS) was less favorable for pure ccRCC than cystRCC (66.69% versus 90.1%, p = 0.035). At univariable regression analysis, ccRCC histology was the only independent predictor of DFS probability (HR 2.96 95% CI 1.03–8.47, p = 0.044). At the 10-year evaluation, cystRCC showed favorable oncological outcomes after off-C RPN. Pure clear cell variant histology displayed a higher rate of disease recurrence than cystic lesions.