bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From “Two Mountains” to “Beautiful Villages”: Translation Strategies for China’s Rural Branding
Authors: Linxin Qu , Fang Lin , Lina Wang , Xinyi Wu , Xinxin Yuan , Ruhal Mir
Published: November 2024

This paper investigates the cultural adaptation and translation strategies utilized in the Chinese-English (C-E) translation of Finding the Soul for the Village: A Framework for branding Rural Development. Based on Interpretive Theory, as the nature of this qualitative study, the research explores the significance of meaning, cultural self-formation, and rural branding discourse translation across languages and cultures. Describing China’s campaign of rural revitalization and one cannot but ask how many nights a translator would spend tossing, translating when it is so saturated with culture, history and politics. The work also reveals the contradictions in terms of the processes of meaning and the conceptual translation, such as Two Mountains Theory and Beautiful Villages which have the ideological elements. This paper aims to examine how translation strategies are implemented in the face of challenges posed by cultural translation for the branding of the rural, notably how locally centered and culturally bound messages as Two Mountains and Beautiful Villages can be effectively translated.
Both foreignization, used when the actual cultural terms are imported together with a gloss, and domestication, where terms are adapted for a particular target culture are evaluated. The findings addressed in the paper reveals that the translator performs the role of a culture broker, whose role is valuable when translating the ‘spirit’ of the rural development and branding for the readers from other cultural context. Last but not the least, this paper presents its conclusions about the functions of translation to bridge the cultures/ languages and how this process engages with culturally/or policy-important texts such as Finding The Soul For The Village.
Yield and Harvest Index of Grain Sorghum as Influenced by Agronomic Practices under Summer Rice Fallow in Southern Kerala, India
Authors: R Anuranj , Thomas Usha C. , Pillai Shalini , G Rajasree, , M.M. Safeer
Published: November 2024

A study was undertaken at College of Agriculture, Vellayani, during January 2024 to May 2024 to standardize tillage, plant population and nutrient management practices for grain sorghum under summer rice fallows. The experiment was laid out in RCBD with 2 x 2 x 3 treatments, replicated thrice and the  treatments comprised of combinations of two tillage methods (T1-zero tillage, T2-conventional tillage), two levels of spacing (P1  – 45 x 15 cm, P2- 60 x 15 cm) and three  NPK levels (N1 – 45:25:25 NPK kg ha-1, N2 – 50:25:75 NPK kg ha-1 and N3 – 50:25:50 NPK kg ha-1). Among yield attributes, sorghum grown under zero tillage with a spacing 45 x 15 cm and a nutrient dose of 50:25:50 NPK kg ha-1 (T1P1N3) resulted in higher panicle length (22.70 cm), number of grains per panicle (1836.67) and grain weight per panicle (35.96 g). Higher grain yield (5.14 t ha-1) was obtained in treatment T1P1N3, which was found on par with T1P1N2 (4.96 t ha-1) and higher stover yield (8.10 t ha-1) was obtained in treatment T1P1N2, which was found on par with T1P1N3 (7.81 tha-1). Harvest index was higher in treatment T2P2N1 (0.43) and remained comparable with T1P1N3 (0.40) and T1P1N2 (0.39).
Intra-familial Child Sexual Abuse among Adolescents in Rivers State, Nigeria: Analyzing Contributing Factors and Victim-perpetrator Characteristics
Authors: Gabriel-Job Nneka , Ofurum Ifeoma
Published: November 2024

Background: The global prevalence of intra-familial child sexual abuse (IF CSA) is uncertain because only a fraction of the incidence is ever reported. This study investigated the prevalence and characteristics of IF CSA among adolescents in Rivers State, Nigeria.
Methods: This cross-sectional retrospective study was done in 2013 using a modified self-administered questionnaire adapted from a previous study. Participants were adolescents attending secondary schools in Obio Akpor Local Government Area in Rivers State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was employed to identify 573 victims of CSA aged 10-19 years. Descriptive and inferential statistics were carried out using SPSS version 25, the level of significance was set at ≤0.05.
Results: Results showed that 572 adolescents reported that they had experienced sexual abuse. This number comprised 183 (32.0%) males and 389 (68.0%) females giving a male-to-female ratio of CSA of 1:2. Of the 572 victims, 408 (71.3%) reported being victims of IF CSA, with over half (55.4%) of them aged between 10-13 years. The mean age of the victims at the time of occurrence was 13.3 ± 1.2 years, with younger adolescents more likely to experience IF CSA. The males were slightly younger than the females at the time of abuse (p=0.04). The majority of perpetrators of IF CSA were females (75.0%) and most were students. The rate of disclosure of IF CSA was low, reasons for non-disclosure include fear, shame and the relationship with their perpetrators. Risk factors for IF CSA included low socio-economic class, living status of the participant and younger age.
Conclusion: The prevalence of IF CSA is high, risk factors include lower social class, younger age and living status of the child. Females are the major perpetrators; the level of disclosure is low. There is a need for targeted prevention and intervention programmes to alert parents and guardians of these crimes.
Journalism
Authors: Lewis Seth C.
Published: April 2019

This entry seeks to synthesize the many definitions of journalism. Struggles over defining what qualifies as journalism and who qualifies as a journalist are more than discursive disputes; they are key points of departure for understanding the societal roles as well as social meanings of journalism in the twenty‐first century. In a basic sense, journalism refers to the systematic gathering, filtering, and circulating of information deemed to be news and in the public interest. But, as this entry shows, definitions of journalism are also complex normative, political, and ideological statements that may appear quite differently from different perspectives. This entry reviews how journalism was defined historically, what it came to represent in late modern times, and why it may need to be redefined to capture the complex realities of producing and consuming news in an information environment that challenges supposedly stable notions of what journalism is and why it matters.
Agenda‐Setting and Priming Theories
Authors: Wanta Wayne , Tarasevich Sofiya
Published: April 2019

This entry aims to provide precise definitions of the concepts of priming and agenda setting, to emphasize the conceptual differences that allow to make a distinction between the two, and to highlight their similarities. At first glance, they appear very similar. Both are based on the assumption that news coverage in the media will impact perceptions held by the public. Both assume individuals will use the frequency of coverage in the news as cues to their perceptual formations. However, priming and agenda setting diverge in several important ways, including the ultimate outcome of individuals' exposure to the media messages.
Quality in Journalism
Authors: Meier Klaus
Published: April 2019

Quality in journalism is a widely discussed issue. Journalism research has developed a tried and tested basis for the derivation, definition, and evaluation of journalistic quality. This entry summarizes quality research in three steps: first, a definition of the role of journalism in society; second the resulting values on which quality is based and by which it can be measured; and third the resulting quality criteria (norms), also referred to as standards of journalistic excellence. Quality criteria such as accuracy, diversity, transparency, or attractiveness are systematically assigned to the three values of independence, truth/facticity, and relevance/context. The entry deals also with the process of securing quality and quality management. Methods of empirical quality research are presented and, finally, an outlook on future research questions is given, for example, how journalistic values and norms will continue to change in the digital future and under the influence of the transformation of political and economic systems.
News Literacy
Authors: Ashley Seth
Published: April 2019

Starting from the premise that an informed citizenry is central to democratic self‐governance, news literacy is comprised of the knowledge, skills, and dispositions that news audiences need to successfully engage with news media. The emerging field includes a range of approaches to critically analyze news messages and the contexts in which they are produced. Some apply the broad framework of media literacy—the ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create messages—to understanding the production, distribution, and consumption of news content. Research has demonstrated the effectiveness of a variety of approaches to news literacy education and has linked news literacy to political and civic knowledge and engagement.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: da Silva Marisa Torres
Published: April 2019

Playing a relevant role as a forum for public debate within press publications, letters to the editor are a complex social space highly mediated by newsroom routines. Although they are less studied than other topics within journalism studies, letters' significance can be related to the history of the press, its relationship to democracy and citizenship, newsroom practices, and cultural construction of the public.
Personalization of News
Authors: Thurman Neil
Published: April 2019

The development of interactive, networked, digital communication allowed news to be personalized to individual users at scale and with unprecedented speed and efficiency. From modest beginnings in the pre‐Web era, news personalization has increased in volume, sophistication, and reach, not least because of social networks, in particular Facebook. This increase has prompted a mixture of reactions, some optimistic about the effects on individuals and society, and others less so. Some research indicates that we have not—yet—become especially enclosed within echo chambers or filter bubbles that isolate us from alternative viewpoints and common experiences. However, concerns persist, especially about the content curation role of social networks with their increasingly user‐centric personalization algorithms. It may be that traditional news providers, more so than social networks, will provide—within an increasingly personalized information environment—the common set of experiences and exposure to challenging viewpoints required in well‐functioning systems of free expression.
Externalities and Journalism
Authors: Radu Raluca‐Nicoleta
Published: April 2019

Externalities are positive or negative spillovers on third parties, external to a transaction. When considering journalism in its economic dimension, externalities are costs or benefits experiences by people, groups, or the community at large, even if they did not have a direct contact with the journalistic materials. It is a wider view of the impact that media has on society, which transcends the actual journalistic output and consumption. Newsrooms should accept public responsibilities related to their surveillance, interpretation, linkage, transmission of values, and diversion functions. It is difficult to associate an economic value to media market performance, but media brainprint is a reality. Thus, states and professional bodies propose legislation and codes of conduct, respectively, in order to support positive externalities of journalism and to limit the negative ones. In addition, to compensate for market failures, governments support financially public service media, offered in the form of quasi‐public goods.
Third‐Party Platforms
Authors: Russell Frank Michael
Published: April 2019

Third‐party platforms are intermediaries between journalists and citizens or between creators and consumers of digital content. As such, they have disrupted the advertising‐based business model that supported journalism in the United States, much of Europe, and elsewhere. In architecture, politics, and technology, the term platform refers to any level surface that supports other activities. Because network effects apply to third‐party platforms, they tend to acquire oversize power in the marketplace. Owners might present platforms as neutral forums for information. However, the algorithms that determine how content is presented on platforms reflect the values and economic interests of platform owners.
Conflict of Interest
Authors: Fisher Caroline
Published: April 2019

This entry provides an overview of conflict of interest in journalism, what it is, how it is changing, and how it can be remedied. Conflict of interest occurs when other interests, such as financial, political, or personal interests, influence a reporter's judgment and undermine his or her ability to serve the public interest through independent reportage. Traditionally, journalism scholarship has focused on issues surrounding financial conflicts of interest, such as a reporter's investments; and paid less attention to nonmonetary conflicts that can arise from a journalist's personal relationships and strongly held beliefs. As journalists apply their skills in hybrid roles across once distinct fields of communication, practitioners are facing a complex range of possible conflicts as they straddle public relations, brand journalism, and traditional news reporting, while running a freelance business and crowdsourcing funding. Further research is required into the adequacy of existing journalism codes to manage conflicts of interest in this changing environment.
Fair Trial Issues
Authors: Davidson Sandra
Published: April 2019

“Fair trial issues” explores what constitutes a just criminal system and the role a free press plays in nurturing it. Topics include the necessity of codification of laws, the derivation of government, and necessary elements for justice, such as no coerced confessions, Miranda warnings, public access to arrest records, a presumption of innocence, grand juries, impartial trial juries, voir dire, gag orders, public trials, broadcast of trials, Internet interference with judges' attempts to restrict information, legal representation, the right to confront witnesses, guilt only if overwhelming evidence is shown, punishment, post‐conviction review, and executions.
Freebies/Gifts and Giveaways for Journalists
Authors: Tijani‐Adenle Ganiyat
Published: April 2019

Freebies, gifts, and giveaways are nonmonetary or noncash presents given to journalists usually by the public relations (PR) personnel of organizations, corporations, brands, and/or celebrities. The PR departments claim it is part of their PR toolkit for good media relations but media ethicists and regulators recognize the challenges that freebies pose to journalists' neutrality and integrity. This entry discusses the various types of freebies, the attitude of journalists to them, the caution sounded by industry regulators regarding freebies, and the need to maintain the credibility and integrity of the journalism profession.
Freedom of Information
Authors: Lidberg Johan
Published: April 2019

This entry provides an overview of the definition of, justification for, and evolution of freedom of information laws and systems. In their purest form freedom of information laws serve as potent accountability tools of predominantly political power. The tensions between governing and transparency via information access at times present information access obstacles that severely impede the practical functionality of freedom of information regimes. The principal obstacle is the culture of secrecy that is still prevalent in many governments around the globe.
Minimization of Harm
Authors: Thomas Ryan J.
Published: April 2019

This entry examines issues involving harm in journalism. It discusses how harm is defined as a philosophical concept and how it applies to journalism practice. It discusses two main approaches to the resolution of harm issues: deontology (duty‐centered) and consequentialism (outcome‐centered). It argues that sophisticated analysis of ethical dilemmas ought to account for a range of factors including applicable duties and possible consequences.
Deregulation
Authors: Papathanassopoulos Stylianos
Published: April 2019

Since the mid‐1980s Western media have entered a period of tremendous change. The so‐called deregulation of broadcasting systems, driven by the forms of technological advances, increasing competition and commercialization, consolidation in the ownership status, and the entry of newcomers affected all aspects of the media systems, especially news media and journalism. In many cases, news media firms reduced the cost of news production and at the same time increased pressures on journalists. In their search for attracting audiences, news is provided in a sensational and fast way. Their main intention was how to sell the news, rather than how to provide accurate news.
Constructive Journalism
Authors: Nölleke Daniel
Published: April 2019

Constructive journalism is an emerging form of reporting that takes distance from the negativity bias in the news. Based on the ideas of positive psychology, constructive news stories focus on solutions and include positive emotions. The goal of this technique is to enhance audiences' interest in the news and, that way, to energize and inspire them to prosocial behavior. Constructive reporting matches the social responsibility function of journalism and can be located in its normative tradition.
Fake News
Authors: Quandt Thorsten , Frischlich Lena , Boberg Svenja , Schatto‐Eckrodt Tim
Published: April 2019

“Fake news” is an expression that became popularized during the 2016 U.S. election. The rather inflationary use of the term since then has changed its meaning, making it an ambiguous and difficult concept. The term is currently used both as (a) a derogatory term denouncing media and journalism; and (b) an umbrella term for various forms of wrong, misguided, or fabricated information. Fake news in the latter sense is part of a larger spectrum ranging from unintentional misinformation (e.g., sloppy reporting) to intentional disinformation (e.g., propaganda). Examples include various discrepancies from factuality along several dimensions and aspects of the transmitted information, ranging from actual content features (including text, images, etc.) to meta‐information (e.g., headlines, author information) to more contextual aspects (e.g., framing) whereby combinations are possible. As fake news is not a well‐defined concept, and the current definition approaches are not unidimensional, different research groups strive for more precise terms to describe the phenomenon.
Peace Journalism
Authors: Kalfeli Nayia , Frangonikolopoulos Christos A.
Published: April 2019

Peace journalism is a growing theoretical approach and an attempt to redefine journalistic practices and the role of journalists who cover conflicts and crises. Originally introduced in the 1960s by the Norwegian academic Johan Galtung, since then, peace journalism has continuously been enriched with new research and has been growing into an autonomous research and teaching field. In contrast to the early literature, which focused mainly on reporting war, more recent peace journalism research has focused on “conflict” and “crises,” covering issues that include politics and elections, terrorism, gender, immigration, and human rights. At the same time, the scholarly discussion on peace journalism has expanded to include new avenues, as well as methodological and conceptual challenges.
Public or Civic Journalism
Authors: Bro Peter
Published: April 2019

Public journalism and civic journalism—often used synonymously—are names for a movement that became popular among journalistic practitioners and researchers at the end of the twentieth century. The movement developed as a result of criticism of traditional political journalism and throughout the 1990s the principles and practices associated with the movement became the basis of journalistic projects all over the world. The movement also resulted in the establishment of centers and institutes, the hosting of seminars and conferences, and the publication of scores of scholarly works. It has been described as the best organized social movement in the history of the American press, but while the principles and practices on which public journalism and civic journalism were based are still in existence, the concepts themselves have lost some of their hold and they have gradually been replaced by other names.
Race Issues in Media Coverage
Authors: Moody‐Ramirez Mia
Published: April 2019

This entry provides an introduction and overview of race issues in news coverage, key theories, and future directions for research on this topic. Previous studies on race issues and news coverage often emphasize stereotyping, framing, and the gatekeeper effect. Critical race theory (CRT) provides a backdrop for such studies with an emphasis on the socially constructed nature of race. A primary goal of CRT is to re‐center inquiry and experience from a marginalized perspective. In response to societal inequities, CRT aims to address issues related to accurate representations of race.
Wikis and Wikinews
Authors: Roessing Thomas
Published: April 2019

A wiki enables people to collaboratively edit texts. Wikis are used to create encyclopedias and to provide information about popular culture or regional facts and general news. The biggest application of the wiki‐system is Wikipedia. Two factors account for the importance of Wikipedia: (1) Wikipedia's enormous reach and (2) the frequent use of Wikipedia by professional journalists. Wikipedia is written and maintained by a community of volunteers. Their views, their political positions, and their prejudices influence Wikipedia's articles. Conflicts within Wikipedia's community reflect societal conflicts. Using instrumental editing, users try to influence Wikipedia's articles: They play down information that contradicts their views and exaggerate information that supports it. Sometimes Wikipedia covers upcoming news stories. However, the Wikimedia foundation's project dedicated to wiki‐based news reporting is Wikinews. Wikinews is considerably smaller than Wikipedia. The quality and the speed in which
Wikipedia
responds to news contribute to the problems of
Wikinews
.
Digital Journalism
Authors: Salaverría Ramón
Published: April 2019

Since the 1990s, digital journalism as a form of journalism that researches, produces, and publishes news solely with digital technologies has expanded rapidly. In addition to defining this model of journalism, this entry explains the global dimension that digital journalism has reached, as well as its history, typology of media, storytelling formats, ethical aspects, and future economic and technological challenges.
Arts, Culture, and Entertainment Coverage
Authors: Kristensen Nete Nørgaard
Published: April 2019

Arts, culture, and entertainment coverage is a specialized type of journalism that reports on and debates the broad cultural field. It is often referred to as “cultural journalism.” Emerging research within the field highlights the strong influence of cultural globalization as well as the commercialization and digitalization of the news industry on this type of journalism. Some are critical of these changes, while others argue that they have made cultural journalism prosper. There is a general consensus among researchers, however, that the professional norms and practices of journalists covering the cultural field differ from those of other types of journalists in terms of professional expertise, genre use, interplay or intertwinement with sources, and perceived societal roles.
Courts Coverage
Authors: Wagner A. Jay
Published: April 2019

Courts coverage is a foundational element of journalism, providing the public with information on how justice is being carried out locally, domestically, and internationally. The journalist's ability to cover a trial has largely been determined by courts, and since the 1960s a debate in the legal community has closely considered the parameters of the press's role in covering courts. The debate stems from an individual's right to a fair trial and the often conflicting right of the press to freely cover a trial; a primary concern being the publicity generated by press coverage. Discussion follows exploring the legal history and rationale of fair trial‐free press, research on the effects of publicity, press rights to broadcast and access to court records.
Newsrooms
Authors: Kothari Ammina
Published: April 2019

This entry provides an overview of research on newsrooms and how technology is influencing news production processes. Starting with an overview of journalistic practices and economic challenges influencing news reporting, it considers how convergence and automation are changing newsrooms. It then considers key theoretical concepts used to understand news production processes: gatekeeping theory, the hierarchy of influences model, networked journalism and action network theory, and methodological approaches employed to study newsrooms. The entry concludes with a discussion about opportunities and challenges for research focusing on newsrooms.
Robot Journalism
Authors: Fırat Feyyaz
Published: April 2019

This entry defines the practice of robot journalism, providing a comprehensive framework to enhance the understanding of it in terms of two conflicting approaches: techno‐optimism and techno‐pessimism. From the techno‐optimist viewpoint, which focuses on the advantages of new technologies, robot journalism is an efficient means of news production that helps news media organizations to produce a greater volume of news stories in a faster and a more cost‐effective manner than traditional news production. In contrast, from the techno‐pessimist perspective, robot journalism brings about serious risks and problems, such as the threat of unemployment for journalists, uncertain legal liabilities, and the probability of disinformation to readers due to the technical errors resulting from algorithmic news production.
Newsroom Management
Authors: Hollifield C. Ann
Published: April 2019

Newsroom management emerged as a communication research specialty in the 1950s and covers a broad range of issues and topics related to newsroom operations. Research is multidisciplinary but primarily grounded in the social sciences. Newsroom management scholars seek to understand and solve the practical and theoretical problems affecting news organizations. A strong focus on the effects of management on the quality of news content, in addition to organizational profitability, distinguishes newsroom management research from management research in the field of business. The journalism labor force has been the most thoroughly studied topic in newsroom management, followed by news decision making and the effects of organizational structures, market competition, and technologies on news content. Research on newsroom management has not kept pace with twenty‐first‐century industry disruptions and, today, news organization viability may be the most important research question for the field.
Leaks
Authors: Hintz Arne
Published: April 2019

High‐profile leaks, ranging from WikiLeaks to Snowden and to the Panama Papers, have elevated the leak to a prime position in both the practices and imaginaries of investigative journalism as well as public debate. New forms of leaks journalism and leaks activism have emerged that have not just generated greater opportunities for leakers but involved new actors in the processing of leaks. This has affected the broader media ecology, with new intermediaries engaging with journalistic work and facilitating interactions between sources and a diversity of media organizations. This entry explores the implications of leaks for the transforming media environment and broader social change. Based on a review of the role of leaks in classic forms of journalism, it discusses cases of, and controversies around, major leaks of the past decade and investigates both the importance and the limits of leaking. The entry thereby situates current discussions on leaks platforms and “leaktivism” in established notions of leaking as a journalistic practice.
Whistleblowers
Authors: Di Salvo Philip
Published: April 2019

Whistleblowers are among the most powerful resources for investigative reporters and the supply of information from confidential sources has sparked some of the biggest investigations in the history of journalism. Whistleblowing has thrived on the Internet, and digital technologies and encryption tools are helping journalists to communicate safely with their sources.
Polyurethane/poly(vinylidene fluoride)/MWCNT composite foam for broadband airborne sound absorption
Authors: Statharas Eleftherios Christos , Yao Kui , Rahimabady Mojtaba , Mohamed Ayman Mahmoud , Tay Francis Eng Hock
Published: April 2019

A polyurethane/poly(vinylidene fluoride)/multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (PU/PVDF/MWCNT) (83/15/2) composite foam was designed and fabricated. The foam exhibited high airborne sound absorption performance in a wide‐frequency range. The sound absorption coefficient reached the value of 0.85 at 1 kHz, which is a significant improvement over PU foam. It was found that PVDF formed a separate immiscible phase and part of it was crystallized in a polar phase in the PU scaffold in the PU/PVDF/MWCNT composite, which could benefit the sound absorption performance by introducing interfacial damping and local piezoelectric damping effects. The introduction of the conductive MWCNT filament in the composite foam further improved sound absorption, possibly by facilitating the dissipation of the electrical charges generated from local piezoelectric effect and enhancing both the interfacial damping effect and local piezoelectric damping effect. With PU as the main ingredient, the fabrication scalability of the foam can be improved with significantly reduced material and production cost in comparison with PVDF foam. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47868.
WS2 Nanosheets with Highly‐Enhanced Electrochemical Activity by Facile Control of Sulfur Vacancies
Authors: Zhu Qing , Chen Wenzhou , Cheng Hua , Lu Zhouguang , Pan Hui
Published: April 2019

Tungsten disulfide (WS2) is a promising and low‐cost material for electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and has been extensively studied due to its excellent performance. However, the development of a facile and controllable defect‐engineering to activate its basal planes is still crucial to improve its HER activity. Here, we put forward an annealing strategy to create controllable sulfur vacancies (S‐vacancies) in ultrathin WS2 nanosheets, which can result in the increase of active sites and enhanced electrocatalytic activity accordingly. Our density‐functional‐theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the Gibbs free energy of hydrogen adsorption (ΔGH*) can be tuned to near zero by controlling the density of S‐vacancies, leading to thermal‐neutral HER performance. We find that optimal HER performance can be achieved by tuning the density of S‐vacancies in WS2 through annealing in the mixture of Ar and H2 (5 %). The WS2 nanosheets with the optimal density of S‐vacancies show lower overpotential by 116 mV at 10 mA/cm2 and smaller Tafel slope by 37.9 mV/dec than as‐prepared counterpart, and super‐excellent stability in acid. Additionally, the WS2 with optimal S‐vacancies also shows the best HER activity in alkaline solution. Our findings present a facile and general strategy to design electrocatalysts with more active sites, which is applicable to other materials for the improvement of their catalytic activities.
Dataset retrieval system based on automation of data preparation with dataset description model
Authors: Mun Jonghyeok , Lee Sanghwan , Choi Jongsun , Choi Jaeyoung , Bae Kitae
Published: April 2019

Data preparation is the most effortful task in the process of statistical learning. Many studies related to data mining are performed without data preparation by assuming that qualified datasets are already prepared. It may hide useful patterns of data, which can result in poor performance and incorrect learning. Automation of data preparation can solve these problems. For automation of data preparation, a few issues should be considered, such as flexible expression of requirements according to the purpose of the learning model, accessibility to data sources, and performance degradation due to automation. In this paper, we propose a dataset description model that can express the requirements for data processing and dataset retrieval system based on automated data preparation. The proposed system makes it possible to provide good quality datasets for statistical learning applications using data preparation methods such as data acquisition, refinement, and organization. In the experiment, we demonstrate that the proposed system doesn't have performance loss as compared to the existing manual systems. Moreover, the quality of the datasets are also improved by using the proposed system.
In‐tube solid‐phase microextraction capillary column packed with mesoporous TiO2 nanoparticles for phosphopeptide analysis
Authors: Li Ke , Zhao Shuo , Yan Yong , Zhang Dongtang , Peng Manhua , Wang Yanan , Guo Guangsheng , Wang Xiayan
Published: April 2019

In this study, an in‐tube solid‐phase microextraction column packed with mesoporous TiO2 nanoparticles, coupled with MALDI–TOF–MS, was applied to the selective enrichment and detection of phosphopeptides in complex biological samples. The mesoporous TiO2 nanoparticles with high specific surface areas, prepared by a sol–gel and solvothermal method, were injected into the capillary using a slurry packing method with in situ polymerized monolithic segments as frits. Compared with the traditional solid‐phase extraction method, the TiO2‐packed column with an effective length of 1 cm exhibited excellent selectivity (α‐casein/β‐casein/BSA molar ratio of 1:1:100) and sensitivity (10 fmol of a β‐casein enzymatic hydrolysis sample) for the enrichment of phosphopeptides. These performance characteristics make this system suitable for the detection of phosphorylated peptides in practical biosamples, such as nonfat milk.
Uncovering the biology of myelin with optical imaging of the live brain
Authors: Hill Robert A. , Grutzendler Jaime
Published: April 2019

Myelin has traditionally been considered a static structure that is produced and assembled during early developmental stages. While this characterization is accurate in some contexts, recent studies have revealed that oligodendrocyte generation and patterns of myelination are dynamic and potentially modifiable throughout life. Unique structural and biochemical properties of the myelin sheath provide opportunities for the development and implementation of multimodal label‐free and fluorescence optical imaging approaches. When combined with genetically encoded fluorescent tags targeted to distinct cells and subcellular structures, these techniques offer a powerful methodological toolbox for uncovering mechanisms of myelin generation and plasticity in the live brain. Here, we discuss recent advances in these approaches that have allowed the discovery of several forms of myelin plasticity in developing and adult nervous systems. Using these techniques, long‐standing questions related to myelin generation, remodeling, and degeneration can now be addressed.
In vivo resorption of injectable apatitic calcium phosphate cements: Critical role of the intergranular microstructure
Authors: Le Ferrec Myriam , Mellier Charlotte , Lefèvre Francois‐Xavier , Boukhechba Florian , Janvier Pascal , Montavon Gilles , Bouler Jean‐Michel , Gauthier Olivier , Bujoli Bruno
Published: April 2019

The in vivo resorption rate of two injectable apatitic calcium phosphate cements used in clinics (Graftys® HBS and NORIAN®) was compared, using a good laboratory practice (GLP) study based on an animal model of critical‐sized bone defect. To rationalize the markedly different biological properties observed for both cements, key physical features were investigated, including permeability and water‐accessible porosity, total porosity measured by mercury intrusion and gravimetry, and microstructure. Due to a different concept for creating porosity between the two cements investigated in this study, a markedly different microstructural arrangement of apatite crystals was observed in the intergranular space, which was found to significantly influence both the mechanical strength and in vivo degradation of the two calcium phosphate cements.
Deep learning model integrating features and novel classifiers fusion for brain tumor segmentation
Authors: Iqbal Sajid , Ghani Khan Muhammad U. , Saba Tanzila , Mehmood Zahid , Javaid Nadeem , Rehman Amjad , Abbasi Rashid
Published: April 2019

Automatic and precise segmentation and classification of tumor area in medical images is still a challenging task in medical research. Most of the conventional neural network based models usefully connected or convolutional neural networks to perform segmentation and classification. In this research, we present deep learning models using long short term memory (LSTM) and convolutional neural networks (ConvNet) for accurate brain tumor delineation from benchmark medical images. The two different models, that is, ConvNet and LSTM networks are trained using the same data set and combined to form an ensemble to improve the results. We used publicly available MICCAI BRATS 2015 brain cancer data set consisting of MRI images of four modalities T1, T2, T1c, and FLAIR. To enhance the quality of input images, multiple combinations of preprocessing methods such as noise removal, histogram equalization, and edge enhancement are formulated and best performer combination is applied. To cope with the class imbalance problem, class weighting is used in proposed models. The trained models are tested on validation data set taken from the same image set and results obtained from each model are reported. The individual score (accuracy) of ConvNet is found 75% whereas for LSTM based network produced 80% and ensemble fusion produced 82.29% accuracy.
Maternal glutamine supplementation in murine succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency, a disorder of γ‐aminobutyric acid metabolism
Authors: Brown Madalyn N. , Walters Dana C. , Schmidt Michelle A. , Hill James , McConnell Alice , Jansen Erwin E. W. , Salomons Gajja S. , Arning Erland , Bottiglieri Teodoro , Gibson K. Michael , Roullet Jean‐Baptiste
Published: April 2019

Murine succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (SSADHD) manifests with high concentrations of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and γ‐hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and low glutamine in the brain. To understand the pathogenic contribution of central glutamine deficiency, we exposed aldh5a1−/− (SSADHD) mice and their genetic controls (aldh5a1+/+) to either a 4% (w/w) glutamine‐containing diet or a glutamine‐free diet from conception until postnatal day 30. Endpoints included brain, liver and blood amino acids, brain GHB, ataxia scores, and open field testing. Glutamine supplementation did not improve aldh5a1−/− brain glutamine deficiency nor brain GABA and GHB. It decreased brain glutamate but did not change the ratio of excitatory (glutamate) to inhibitory (GABA) neurotransmitters. In contrast, glutamine supplementation significantly increased brain arginine (30% for aldh5a1+/+ and 18% for aldh5a1−/− mice), and leucine (12% and 18%). Glutamine deficiency was confirmed in the liver. The test diet increased hepatic glutamate in both genotypes, decreased glutamine in aldh5a1+/+ but not in aldh5a1−/−, but had no effect on GABA. Dried bloodspot analyses showed significantly elevated GABA in mutants (approximately 800% above controls) and decreased glutamate (approximately 25%), but no glutamine difference with controls. Glutamine supplementation did not impact blood GABA but significantly increased glutamine and glutamate in both genotypes indicating systemic exposure to dietary glutamine. Ataxia and pronounced hyperactivity were observed in aldh5a1−/− mice but remained unchanged by the diet intervention. The study suggests that glutamine supplementation improves peripheral but not central glutamine deficiency in experimental SSADHD. Future studies are needed to fully understand the pathogenic role of brain glutamine deficiency in SSADHD.
What Biopsychosocial Factors are Associated With Work Ability in Conservatively Managed Patients with Cervical Radiculopathy? A Cross‐Sectional Analysis
Authors: Abbott Allan , Allard Michael , Kierkegaard Marie , Peolsson Anneli , Dedering Åsa
Published: April 2019

Background

No previous studies have investigated what biopsychosocial factors are associated with self‐reported work ability in conservatively managed patients with cervical radiculopathy.

Objective

To develop a theoretical model of factors and potential processes associated with variation in work ability based on a thorough assessment of biopsychosocial variables in conservatively managed patients with cervical radiculopathy.

Design

Cross‐sectional observational study.

Setting

Tertiary neurosurgery clinic.

Patients

A total of 144 conservatively managed patients with cervical pain and radiculopathy participated in the study.

Methods

From 64 biopsychosocial candidate variables, significant (P < .05) bivariate correlators with Work Ability Index (WAI) were entered as independent variables in a categorical regression. Elastic net regularization maintained the most parsimonious set of independent variables significantly associated with variation in WAI as the dependent variable. Process analysis of significant independent variable associations with WAI was performed.

Main Outcome Measurement

WAI.

Results

From 42 bivariate correlates of WAI, multivariate regression displayed a total of seven variables that were significantly (F [25,98] = 5.74, P < .05) associated with 65.8% of the variation in WAI. The Neck Disability Index (NDI) and Fear‐Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire Work subscale (FABQ‐W) were significant individual factors within the final regression model. Process analysis displayed FABQ‐W having a significant specific indirect association with the direct association between NDI and WAI, with the model associated with 77% of the variability in WAI (F [2,84] = 141.17, P < .001).

Conclusion

Of 64 candidate biopsychosocial factors, NDI and FABQ‐W were the most significant multivariate correlates with work ability. FABQ‐W has a significant indirect association with baseline NDI scores and perceived work ability. This warrants future research trialing work‐related fear avoidance interventions in conservatively managed patients with cervical radiculopathy.

Level of Evidence

III
An Optimal Irrigation Model: Theory, Experimental Results, and Implications for Future Research
Authors: Boomgarden Shannon A. , Metcalfe Duncan , Simons Ellyse T.
Published: April 2019

A series of farming experiments was conducted between 2013 and 2017 in Range Creek Canyon, Utah, to better understand the opportunities and constraints faced by prehistoric farmers in the Southwest. The experiments were designed to collect data on the optimal amount of supplemental water that should be applied to maize fields given the costs in labor and benefits in greater yield. We investigate expected variation in water management strategies using an optimal irrigation model (OIM). The model makes clear that the payoff for farming is best understood as a continuum of relative success and that irrigation is one activity (probably of many) that may improve farming efficiency as well as increase harvest yields. The optimal harvest will always be less than the maximum harvest when there are significant operating costs associated with irrigation. Estimating the costs and benefits of irrigation in a specific area allows for an assessment of whether irrigation is expected, and if so, how much effort should be devoted to water management. A local dendroclimatological study is used to provide the prehistoric context for the Fremont who occupied Range Creek Canyon, and irrigation is expected even in periods of greater precipitation.
AUTOMATIC AND POLYNOMIAL-TIME ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURES
Authors: BAZHENOV NIKOLAY , HARRISON-TRAINOR MATTHEW , KALIMULLIN ISKANDER , MELNIKOV ALEXANDER , NG KENG MENG
Published: April 2019

A structure is automatic if its domain, functions, and relations are all regular languages. Using the fact that every automatic structure is decidable, in the literature many decision problems have been solved by giving an automatic presentation of a particular structure. Khoussainov and Nerode asked whether there is some way to tell whether a structure has, or does not have, an automatic presentation. We answer this question by showing that the set of Turing machines that represent automata-presentable structures is ${\rm{\Sigma }}_1^1 $-complete. We also use similar methods to show that there is no reasonable characterisation of the structures with a polynomial-time presentation in the sense of Nerode and Remmel.
COUNTABLE MODELS OF THE THEORIES OF BALDWIN–SHI HYPERGRAPHS AND THEIR REGULAR TYPES
Authors: GUNATILLEKA DANUL K.
Published: April 2019

We continue the study of the theories of Baldwin–Shi hypergraphs from [5]. Restricting our attention to when the rank δ is rational valued, we show that each countable model of the theory of a given Baldwin–Shi hypergraph is isomorphic to a generic structure built from some suitable subclass of the original class used in the construction. We introduce a notion of dimension for a model and show that there is a an elementary chain $\left\{ {\mathfrak{M}_\beta :\beta \leqslant \omega } \right\}$ of countable models of the theory of a fixed Baldwin–Shi hypergraph with $\mathfrak{M}_\beta \preccurlyeq \mathfrak{M}_\gamma $ if and only if the dimension of $\mathfrak{M}_\beta $ is at most the dimension of $\mathfrak{M}_\gamma $ and that each countable model is isomorphic to some $\mathfrak{M}_\beta $. We also study the regular types that appear in these theories and show that the dimension of a model is determined by a particular regular type. Further, drawing on a large body of work, we use these structures to give an example of a pseudofinite, ω-stable theory with a nonlocally modular regular type, answering a question of Pillay in [11].
Corippus’ Triumphal Ethnography: another look atIohannisII.28–161.
Authors: Merrills Andy
Published: April 2019

The so-called ‘catalogue of tribes’ in Corippus,Iohannis,II.28–161 is central to the historical ethnography of Moorish North Africa in Late Antiquity, yet the sources behind this passage and its poetic function have never been directly addressed. The present paper argues that Corippus derived this material from the trophies carried in the triumphal procession that marked the successful conclusion of John Troglita's campaigns in 548. The evocation of this ceremony at the outset of Corippus’ narrative corresponds to the ironic tone which permeates the work, but also explains the eccentric form of the material included within the catalogue. The paper concludes with some observations about the implications of this for modern understanding of Moorish ‘tribal’ society in the later Roman and early Byzantine period.