bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le livre et ses lecteurs dans les Rougon-Macquart.
Authors: Anfray Clélia
Published: June 2010

La question de la lecture véhicule, dans le cycle des Rougon-Macquart , une idéologie sociale et marxiste, — justifier un ordre social existant —, mais aussi un certain nombre de préjugés bourgeois et machistes – notamment celui de la domination masculine. Deux idéologies sont ainsi à l’œuvre dans le cycle : celle des personnages dont le romancier décode les mécanismes et dénonce les abus sociaux ; celle de Zola lui-même, trahissant une autre forme de domination, non plus sociale cette fois, mais sexuelle. Parallèlement à un discours sur la littérature opposant clairement les lecteurs bourgeois, populaires et intellectuels, le livre et la bibliothèque – en tant qu’objets – matérialisent cette distinction de classe. La lectrice, quant à elle, n’a guère de moyen de s’émanciper de son milieu social, y compris par la lecture, tandis cette dernière est justement ce qui parvient à libérer le lecteur masculin.
Platonisme dans l'œuvre de Jean-Paul de Dadelsen
Authors: Guyot-Rouge Gaëlle
Published: June 2010

L’œuvre de Jean-Paul de Dadelsen nous est parvenue essentiellement par l’intermédiaire d’un volume de poésie, publié chez Gallimard en 1962 sous le titre de Jonas, puis réédité en 2005, dans une version qui adjoint au précédent corpus un nouvel ensemble de textes. Écrite dans l’urgence, cette œuvre poignante évoque avec la même vigueur l’enfance alsacienne, la Seconde Guerre mondiale et le cancer dont meurt Dadelsen en 1957. Bien qu’intime et autobiographique, la poésie de Dadelsen dialogue avec divers corpus philosophiques, parmi lesquels la tradition platonicienne. Ce lien se manifeste sur le plan de la topologie et de la cosmologie que dessine Jonas , mais aussi de la psychologie que suppose le recueil — entendue au sens de science des âmes ; en dernier lieu, l’Éros dadelsenien, puissance ambiguë, paraît comparable, dans une certaine mesure, à l’Éros platonicien.
De tinian à Clarens, les enjeux du retour de Saint-Preux
Authors: Roulin Jean-Marie
Published: June 2010

La Nouvelle Héloïse est structurée en deux grandes moitiés, entre lesquelles le voyage de Saint-Preux aux îles de Tinian et de Juan Fernandez dessine une ligne de partage. La deuxième moitié est placée sous le signe du retour. Or, contrairement aux voyageurs des Lumières, Saint-Preux ne ramène pas une expérience de l’ailleurs. Rousseau déplace l’accent : le retour engage une expérience de la répétition, qui provoque une « révolution de l’être », au double sens de « révolution » : retour de l’astre au même point et changement brutal. Cette révolution produit un rapport nouveau à Julie, au paysage, à la communauté politique. Dans cette appréhension du retour, Rousseau reprend la réflexion esthétique qu’il avait développée sur la musique : les « coups redoublés », générés par la reprise sont définis comme le lieu même de l’ébranlement. Par là, La Nouvelle Héloïse donne une nouvelle et féconde ampleur au « retour ».
« Tout vit, tout agit, tout se correspond ».
Authors: Mizuno Hisashi
Published: June 2010

Chez Gérard de Nerval, dire sa propre folie est un acte poétique par excellence. Dans Aurélia , il crée une écriture autobiographique de la folie qui se calque à s’y méprendre sur le langage des aliénés et, à travers l’évocation de ses expériences de l’aliénation, cherche à explorer les rapports complexes entre le monde réel et l’autre monde entrevu au cours de ses visions insensées et chimériques. Et en les présentant comme sa « descente aux enfers » à la suite des modèles poétiques dans la tradition littéraire occidentale depuis Homère et Virgile, il tente de présenter une vision du monde rendue harmonieuse par son écriture, traitant de la folie à la première personne. La dernière folie de Nerval, celle de se croire poète, consiste à se faire voyant de l’infini, mais surtout à exprimer poétiquement la fusion du moi et de la nature dans le Grand Tout.
La sacralisation de la femme chez Paul Eluard, à partir du recueil Facile
Authors: Benoit Jean-Louis
Published: June 2010

Les surréalistes ont toujours manifesté une certaine hostilité à l’égard du christianisme. On peut noter, toutefois, un déplacement du religieux dans l’œuvre de Paul Eluard. Son recueil Facile , et en particulier le premier poème, témoigne d’une dévotion et d’un culte adressés à la femme aimée. Celle-ci donne vie au monde et au poète qui la célèbre, en une véritable genèse. La sacralisation s’opère aussi bien dans la thématique que dans les marques formelles de la prière. Les risques de la divinisation de la femme, ainsi mythifiée, existent. Le besoin d’adorer a pu s’étendre chez Eluard, dans un cadre idéologique, au culte de la personnalité. En tout cas, la ferveur lyrique, aux accents de prière, puise à une tradition littéraire ancienne, notamment médiévale, de la poésie amoureuse.
Sur La Barque silencieuse, de Pascal Quignard
Authors: Cousin de Ravel Agnès
Published: June 2010

Peut-on être libre dans notre monde contemporain ? Comment penser la liberté au regard des codes que la société impose ? Plus encore, comment être libre au regard des deux événements déterminants que personne ne maîtrise : la naissance et la mort ? Pascal Quignard, dans La barque silencieuse , paru en septembre 2009, propose à ses lecteurs une réflexion politique sur la liberté. Être libre, c’est exercer sa vigilance critique, c’est aussi penser le « Un jour mourir » jusque dans l’acceptation du suicide. C’est encore se retirer dans la solitude pour lire. Non dans une perspective philosophique mais à partir d’événements qui l’ont marqué, de ses lectures, au gré de sa passion pour l’étymologie, Pascal Quignard, dans un style épuré, rend un d’hommage lucide et sans concession à la vie et invite ses lecteurs à penser à sa suite la question ontologique de l’avant et de l’après vie, au fil de leurs rêves et de leurs expériences.
Crédibilité, croyance, confiance.
Authors: Mariani Zini Fosca
Published: June 2010

On voudrait interroger ici le propos de Cicéron, selon lequel l ’ argument est «  rationem quae dubiae faciat fidem  », afin d ’ étudier le lien particulier qui est établi entre la preuve et la croyance, sans réduire celle-ci à un effet psychologique, celle-là à une raison que l ’ on serait obligé d ’ accepter.
Jules Michelet, l'idéologie du vivant
Authors: Rétat Claude
Published: June 2010

Résumé En rejetant une notion abstraite et fixe de la «race», Jules Michelet fait de la «race» un élément constituant de l’histoire vivante , organique, qu’il veut écrire. Il la leste: à des «races» en l’air, il veut substituer des «races» liées à la «terre». Il lui donne d’autre part un rôle dialectique fort: la «race» est du côté de la «fatalité», l’histoire étant définie comme une lutte où l’homme s’arrache au donné «fatal» pour aller vers la liberté, vers une création qui culmine à la création de l’homme par lui-même. La «race» est donc rejetée, au sens où elle est connotée d’une valeur négative, mais elle est fortement promue: elle prend consistance en devenant un acteur, répulsif mais essentiel, de l’histoire. L’article analyse ce paradoxe du discours de Michelet: pour dépasser la «race», ou du moins quand il semble s’agir de la dépasser, Michelet a besoin de la notion de race, c’est alors qu’il l’active et qu’il lui donne de plus en plus corps. Il lui donne rôle dans une refondation religieuse des origines, dans une sorte de livre des genèses qui porte pronostic de vie ou de mort en termes de «race»: la Bible de l’humanité veut refonder l’«humanité», en la soustrayant à la fatalité, sans doute, mais en liquidant un «autre» au nom de la «race» et de ses fatalités.
Alphonse Toussenel et l'éclair analogique de la science des races
Authors: Rignol Loïc
Published: June 2010

Résumé Par un coup d’État victorieux, Alphonse Toussenel révolutionne la science des races du xix e siècle. Il la soumet aux règles de l’analogie passionnelle révélées par son maître Charles Fourier. Norme et arme, sa théorie déchiffre le secret des sociétés en dévoilant les emblèmes qui, dans le règne animal, en disent la vérité. Elle défriche un nouveau territoire scientifique. Son socialisme naturaliste fonde une science de l’histoire et de la politique dénonçant les classes possédantes et les races dominantes. Elle déchire enfin les plans du capitalisme. Celui-ci est aux mains d’une féodalité financière dirigée par la «race juive». Le vautour, son blason, tient le monde entier dans ses griffes. Cet antisémitisme ne manque pourtant pas d’équivoques. C’est en imitant la loi en vigueur chez les Hébreux: l’interdiction de l’usure, que l’humanité entrera en Harmonie.
Les Indiens de Fenimore Cooper: lecture du Dernier des Mohicans
Authors: Barel-Moisan Claire
Published: June 2010

Résumé Derrière son image de roman d’aventures pittoresque où se succèdent poursuites et combats, Le Dernier des Mohicans propose une réflexion complexe sur les rapports de domination entre les races. Il dresse le tableau d’une société indienne qui pratique des valeurs évoquant celles de la Grèce antique ou de la gentry . Malgré cette apparente proximité, les cultures des Indiens et des blancs relèvent d’un univers foncièrement scindé en deux camps ennemis, comme le montrent les discours des personnages sur la hiérarchie des races et l’ambiguë théorie des «dons » que défend Natty Bumppo. La confrontation à la mort et aux cadavres des ennemis, loin de révéler l’universelle dignité de l’humain, exacerbe encore cette radicale coupure entre les races, dont Natty cherche pourtant les limites en s’interrogeant sur l’existence d’un paradis commun. La relation amoureuse entre l’Indien Uncas et Cora, jeune héroïne blanche, symbolise l’espoir d’un dépassement de cette situation, mais dans cette méditation mélancolique de Cooper sur la société américaine naissante, les personnages qui tentent de relier les deux sociétés sont condamnés à la mort ou à la solitude.
Tardi, un carnaval des monstres
Authors: Sécheret Laurent , Schlesser Thomas
Published: June 2010

Résumé Que leur teneur soit réaliste ou fantaisiste, les histoires de Jacques Tardi offrent invariablement une large place aux « monstres ». Des créatures bizarres – statues animées, bêtes préhistoriques, humains difformes, démons véritables… – hantent sa production. Que révèle cette constance ? Une évidente inclination pour la représentation de l’étrange, bien sûr, mais encore une espèce de climat d’angoisse généralisé de l’être humain face à sa condition misérable et aux horreurs de l’Histoire. C’est à travers un corpus élargi à toute l’œuvre de Tardi que nous proposons de relever et d’analyser ce monstrueux charivari.
Buongiorno, notte : « approfondir l'histoire par infidélité »
Authors: Fabre Marie
Published: June 2010

Résumé Au sein du corpus des films où apparaissent les groupes révolutionnaires armés des années Soixante-dix en Italie, Buongiorno, notte , de Marco Bellocchio (2003), fait figure d’exception. Le réalisateur choisit en effet de faire un film sur l’un des moments les plus dramatiques et les plus emblématiques de l’histoire des années de plomb, mais, contrairement à d’autres, il choisit de le faire sans recourir à la spectacularisation de la violence, ni aux intrigues des théories du complot, se concentrant sur un huis-clos, au plus près de l’intimité de son personnage principal, Chiara, et de son rapport mi-réel mi-imaginaire à la personne du prisonnier Aldo Moro. Cependant, c’est à travers ce choix de la reconstruction d’une subjectivité, voire même de l’infidélité à certains faits réels, que Bellocchio réussira ce qu’aucun film n’avait fait avant celui-ci, c’est-à-dire s’approcher des causes historiques, plus ou moins lointaines (communisme, drames du fascisme et survivances d’une résistance « trahie »), qui peuvent expliquer la naissance du phénomène de la lutte armée en Italie. L’un des procédés formels qui illustre le mieux cette démarche est celui de la citation, ou de l’insertion d’images empruntées à d’autres films, dont sont composées les rêveries de Chiara. Notre article se propose d’analyser les séquences où apparaissent ces emprunts, pour mieux dégager le sens politique du film, entre évocations du passé et vision présente, nécessairement rétrospective.
Collaborative Information Behavior
Authors: Reddy Madhu C. , Jansen Bernard J. , Spence Patricia R.
Published: June 2010

Collaborative information behavior is an important and growing area of research in the field of information behavior. Although collaboration is a key component of work in organizational and other settings, most research has primarily focused on individual information behavior and not the collaborative aspects of information behavior. Consequently, there is a pressing need to understand both the conceptual features of this type of behavior and the technical approaches to support these collaborative activities. In this chapter, the authors describe current research in this area and what we are learning about collaboration and coordination during these activities. In particular, the authors present details of ethnographic field studies that are starting to uncover the characteristics of collaborative information behavior. They also discuss a preliminary collaborative information behavior model and some technical explorations that they are conducting in this space.
Designs for Systems to Support Collaborative Information Behavior
Authors: Shah Chirag
Published: June 2010

Designing systems that support collaborative information behavior (CIB) pose many unique challenges that single-user systems typically do not face. This chapter attempts to take the reader through a variety of notions, design principles, and instantiations of CIB systems. Requirements and guidelines for a good CIB system are provided based on various research studies and projects done in different domains. It is pointed out that in the information seeking field, control, communication, and awareness are some of the most critical aspects of a CIB system that caters to multi-user and multi-session collaborative projects. Several actual implementations of CIB systems are described, and suggestions for designing a successful CIB system are presented.
A woman-centred childbirth model
Authors: Maputle Maria S.
Published: June 2010

A model for woman-centred childbirth was developed through four phases in accordance with the objectives of the study, namely, a description of mothers’ experiences of childbirth and that of attending midwives of managing mothers during childbirth concept analysis of woman-centred care, model development, and an evaluation phase. The identified concepts and sub-concepts were classified and developed into in a conceptual model within the six elements of the practice theory, as outlined by Dickoff, James and Wiedenbach’s (1968:423) survey list cited by Madela-Mntla (1999:69) in Tlakula (1999:119). These elements are recipient, agent, context, procedure, purpose and dynamic. The relational statements derived after conceptualisation of each of the six concepts were inferred through the process of deductive analysis and synthesis. The development of the woman-centred childbirth model contained six components, namely, goals, concepts, definitions, relationships, structures and assumptions, as outlined in Chinn and Jacobs (1987:116). The model was evaluated in accordance with Chinn and Kramer’s (1995:134–135) method and refined by experts in midwifery practice and model generation. Limitations were recognised and recommendations made.OpsommingDie model vir vrouegesentreerde sorg is ontwikkel deur vier fases in ooreenstemming met die doelwitte van die studie, naamlik, beskrywing van die moeders se ondervinding van kindergeboorte en dié van die diensdoende vroedvroue wat die moeders tydens kindergeboorte bestuur het, ontleding van die begrip ‘vrouegesentreerde sorg’, modelontwikkeling en die evalueringsfase. Die geïdentifiseerde konsepte en subkonsepte is geklassifiseer en gekonseptualiseer in ’n konseptuele model binne die ses elemente van die praktykteorie soos omlyn deur Dickoff, James en Wiedenbach (1968:423) in hulle oorsiglyne wat in Madela-Mntla (1999:69) aangehaal word in Tlakula (1999:119). Hierdie elemente is ontvanger, agent, konteks, prosedure, doel en dinamika. Die relasionele verklarings afgelei na die konseptualisering van elkeen van die ses konsepte, is afgelei deur die proses van deduktiewe ontleding en sintese. Die ontwikkeling van die ‘vrouegesentreerdesorg kindergeboortemodel’ het ses komponente bevat, naamlik, doelwitte, konsepte, definisies, verwantskappe, strukture en assumpsies soos omlyn in Chinn en Jacobs (1987:116). Die model is geëvalueer volgens Chinn en Kramer (1995:134–135) se metode en verfyn deur deskundiges in verloskundige praktyk en die generering van modelle. Beperkings is erken en aanbevelings is gemaak.
Eerder anders as elders: Gerrie Snyman se bydrae in die konteks van die Gereformeerde teologie
Authors: Van Deventer Hans J.M.
Published: June 2010

Rather different than elsewhere: Gerrie Snyman�s contribution in the context of Reformed theology Prof Gerrie Snyman�s book Om die Bybel anders te lees: �n etiek van Bybellees (2007) attracted considerable attention in Afrikaans-speaking reformed circles in South Africa. In this article, some of the responses to and reviews of the book are studied in order to assess the publication�s impact. Moreover, the article aims to determine whether the book will contribute to future reflections and discussions on the use of the Bible in this context. It is concluded that the preferred method of interpretation in the Reformed Church in South Africa calls for a thorough revision. The so-called �grammatical-historical method� of interpretation can no longer be regarded as the most appropriate and sole �Reformed method� of interpretation.�--- Abstract translated into Sipedi ---Go fapana le t�e dingwe: seabe sa Gerrie Snyman go teologie ya RefomoPuku ya Profesa Gerrie Snyman, Om die Bybel anders te lees: �n Etiek van Bybellees (2007), e gogile �edi ye kgolo ya maloko a kereke ya Refomo mo Afrika-Borwa(RCSA/GKSA). Mo pampiring ye re ithuta t�e dingwe t�a dikarabo le ditshekatsheko t�a puku ye go ela khuet�o ya yona. Go feta fao, pampiri ye e nepile go bona ge e ba puku ye e tlo ba le seabe go dikakanyo le dipoledi�ano mabapi le t�homi�o ya Beibele ditabeng t�a mohuta wo. Re ruma ka go re, mokgwa wa tshekatsheko ya Bibele wa Kereke ya Refomo mo Afrika-Borwa o hloka go lekodi�i�wa le go boelet�wa. Mokgwa wa go hlatholla Bibele ka go sekaseka popopolelo(gramatika) le histori ya tlholego ya yona, o ka se sa t�ewa e le wona wa maleba o nno�i wa tshekatsheko goba go ba wona �Mokgwa wa Refomo� wa go fetleka Bibele.--- End of translation ---
On a free boundary problem describing the phase transition in an incompressible viscous ﬂuid
Authors: Kusaka Yoshiaki
Published: June 2010

Ice melts at

0^◦\mathrm{C}

under a pressure of

1

atm, and increasing the pressure decreases the melting temperature. In the present paper, a new problem is posed that describes the process of phase transition in an incompressible viscous ﬂuid, taking into account the above-described pressure effect. This problem is described as a free boundary problem in terms of the Navier–Stokes equations coupled with the heat equation, where the equilibrium temperature is assumed to be related to the pressure by the Clapeyron–Clausius equation. We prove the existence of a global-in-time solution.
A free boundary problem arising in a simpliﬁed tumour growth model of contact inhibition
Authors: Bertsch Michiel , Dal Passo Roberta , Mimura Masayasu
Published: June 2010

It is observed
in vitro
and
in vivo
that when two populations of different types of cells come near to each other, the rate of proliferation of most cells decreases. This phenomenon is often called contact inhibition of growth between two cells. In this paper, we consider a simpliﬁed 1-dimensional PDE model for normal and abnormal cells, motivated by the paper by Chaplain, Graziano and Preziosi ([5]). We show that if the two populations are initially segregated, then they remain segregated due to the contact inhibition mechanism. In this case the system of PDE’s can be formulated as a free boundary problem.
Stable solutions of $−\Delta u = f(u)$ in $\mathbb{R}^N$
Authors: Dupaigne Louis , Farina Alberto
Published: June 2010

Several Liouville-type theorems are presented for stable solutions of the equation

−∆u = f(u)

in

ℝ^N

, where

f > 0

is a general convex, nondecreasing function. Extensions to solutions which are merely stable outside a compact set are discussed.
Transcendence measures for continued fractions involving repetitive or symmetric patterns
Authors: Adamczewski Boris , Bugeaud Yann
Published: June 2010

There is a long tradition in constructing explicit classes of transcendental continued fractions and especially transcendental continued fractions with bounded partial quotients. By means of the Schmidt Subspace Theorem, existing results were recently substantially improved by the authors in a series of papers, providing new classes of transcendental continued fractions. It is the purpose of the present work to show how the Quantitative Subspace Theorem yields transcendence measures for (most of) these numbers.
Continuity, curvature, and the general covariance of optimal transportation
Authors: Kim Young-Heon , McCann Robert J.
Published: June 2010

Let

M

and

\bar M

be

n

-dimensional manifolds equipped with suitable Borel probability measures

ρ

and

\bar ρ

. For subdomains

M

and

\bar M

of

ℝ^n

, Ma, Trudinger & Wang gave sufﬁcient conditions on a transportation cost

c \in C^4 (M × M)

to guarantee smoothness of the optimal map pushing

ρ

forward to

\bar ρ

; the necessity of these conditions was deduced by Loeper. The present manuscript shows the form of these conditions to be largely dictated by the covariance of the question; it expresses them via non-negativity of the sectional curvature of certain null-planes in a novel but natural pseudo-Riemannian geometry which the cost

c

induces on the product space

M × \bar M

. We also explore some connections between optimal transportation and spacelike Lagrangian submanifolds in symplectic geometry.

Using the pseudo-Riemannian structure, we extend Ma, Trudinger and Wang’s conditions to transportation costs on differentiable manifolds, and provide a direct elementary proof of a maximum principle characterizing it due to Loeper, relaxing his hypotheses even for subdomains

M

and

\bar M

of

ℝ^n

. This maximum principle plays a key role in Loeper’s Hölder continuity theory of optimal o maps. Our proof allows his theory to be made logically independent of all earlier works, and sets the stage for extending it to new global settings, such as general submersions and tensor products of the speciﬁc Riemannian manifolds he considered.
Isolation and Characterization of the MSP1 Genes from Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale
Authors: Birkenmeyer Larry , Muerhoff A. Scott , Dawson George J. , Desai Suresh M.
Published: June 2010

The merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1) is the principal surface antigen of the blood stage form of the Plasmodium parasite. Antibodies recognizing MSP1 are frequently detected following Plasmodium infection, making this protein a significant component of malaria vaccines and diagnostic tests. Although the MSP1 gene sequence has been reported for Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, this gene has not been identified for the other two major human-infectious species, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale. MSP1 genes from these two species were isolated from Cameroon blood donor samples. The genes are similar in size to known MSP1 genes and encode proteins with interspecies conserved domains homologous to those identified in other Plasmodium species. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of all available Plasmodium MSP1 amino acid sequences clearly shows that the Po and Pm MSP1 sequences are truly unique within the Plasmodium genus and not simply Pf or Pv variants.
Application of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)-based Vegetation Health Indices for Estimation of Malaria Cases
Authors: Rahman Atiqur , Krakauer Nir , Roytman Leonid , Goldberg Mitch , Kogan Felix
Published: June 2010

Satellite data may be used to map climatic conditions conducive to malaria outbreaks, assisting in the targeting of public health interventions to mitigate the worldwide increase in incidence of the mosquito-transmitted disease. This work analyzes correlation between malaria cases and vegetation health (VH) indices derived from satellite remote sensing for each week over a period of 14 years for Bandarban, Bangladesh. Correlation analysis showed that years with a high summer temperature condition index (TCI) tended to be those with high malaria incidence. Principal components regression was performed on patterns of weekly TCI during each of the two annual malaria seasons to construct a model as a function of the TCI. These models reduced the malaria estimation error variance by 57% if first-peak (June–July) TCI was used as the estimator and 74% if second-peak (August–September) was used, compared with an estimation of average number of malaria cases for each year.
Sources of Error in the Estimation of Mosquito Infection Rates Used to Assess Risk of Arbovirus Transmission
Authors: Bustamante Dulce M. , Lord Cynthia C.
Published: June 2010

Infection rate is an estimate of the prevalence of arbovirus infection in a mosquito population. It is assumed that when infection rate increases, the risk of arbovirus transmission to humans and animals also increases. We examined some of the factors that can invalidate this assumption. First, we used a model to illustrate how the proportion of mosquitoes capable of virus transmission, or infectious, is not a constant fraction of the number of infected mosquitoes. Thus, infection rate is not always a straightforward indicator of risk. Second, we used a model that simulated the process of mosquito sampling, pooling, and virus testing and found that mosquito infection rates commonly underestimate the prevalence of arbovirus infection in a mosquito population. Infection rate should always be used in conjunction with other surveillance indicators (mosquito population size, age structure, weather) and historical baseline data when assessing the risk of arbovirus transmission.
High Rate of Strongyloidosis Infection, Out of Endemic Area, in Patients with Eosinophilia and without Risk of Exogenous Reinfections
Authors: Repetto Silvia A. , Durán Pablo A. , Lasala María B. , González-Cappa Stella M.
Published: June 2010

Strongyloides stercoralis chronic infections are usually asymptomatic and underestimated. We used direct fresh stool examination, Ritchie's method, and agar plate culture for diagnosis in patients with eosinophilia and previous residence in endemic areas. The frequency of strongyloidosis detected among these patients was high: 21 of 42 were positive. Among them, 10 were positive only by agar plate culture. After ivermectin treatment, patients resulted negative for parasitological tests and reduced their eosinophil counts. Half of the submitted patients that were followed 4–12 months after treatment remained negative without eosinophilia, except one who showed an eosinophil ascending curve before reappearance of larvae in stools. The high frequency of strongyloidosis found in this group emphasizes the relevance of including this parasitosis among differential diagnosis in patients with eosinophilia and past risk of S. stercoralis infection to prevent disseminated infections secondary to corticoid therapy.
Vector Competence of Culex (Melanoconion) taeniopus for Equine-Virulent Subtype IE Strains of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus
Authors: Deardorff Eleanor R. , Weaver Scott C.
Published: June 2010

The mosquito Culex (Melanoconion) taeniopus is a proven vector of enzootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) subtype IE in Central America. It has been shown to be highly susceptible to infection by this subtype, and conversely to be highly refractory to infection by other VEEV subtypes. During the 1990s in southern coastal Mexico, two VEE epizootics in horses were attributed to subtype IE VEEV. These outbreaks were associated with VEEV strains with an altered infection phenotype for the epizootic mosquito vector, Aedes (Ochlerotatus) taeniorhynchus. To determine the infectivity for the enzootic vector, Culex taeniopus, mosquitoes from a recently established colony were orally exposed to VEEV strains from the outbreak. The equine-virulent strains exhibited high infectivity and transmission potential comparable to a traditional enzootic subtype IE VEEV strain. Thus, subtype IE VEEV strains in Chiapas are able to efficiently infect enzootic and epizootic vectors and cause morbidity and mortality in horses.
Leptospirosis as a Cause of Fever in Urban Bangladesh
Authors: Kendall Emily A. , LaRocque Regina C. , Bui Duy M. , Galloway Renee , Ari Mary D. , Goswami Doli , Breiman Robert F. , Luby Stephen , Brooks W. Abdullah
Published: June 2010

We tested paired sera from 584 febrile persons in an low-income urban community in Bangladesh for evidence of Leptospira infection. A total of 8.4% of the persons met criteria for definite or probable infection. Persons with leptospirosis were older than those with undifferentiated fever in this population. The dominant infecting serogroups in Bangladesh differed from serogroups commonly reported in nearby regions.
Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) Provides Residual Control of Aedes aegypti in Small Containers
Authors: Ritchie Scott A. , Rapley Luke P. , Benjamin Seleena
Published: June 2010

We examined the use of megadoses of VectoBac WG for residual control of Aedes aegypti in 2-L plastic buckets. Doses of 10×, 20×, and 50× the recommended rate of 8 mg/L provided ≥ 90% control for 8, 8, and 23 weeks, respectively. There was no significant difference in mortality between dry (neat) or aqueous mixture of VectoBac WG. Pretreatment of dry containers up to 8 weeks before flooding did not significantly decrease efficacy through 11 success weeks. Thus, megadoses of dry formulations of Bti can be used for residual control of Ae. aegypti in small containers. Furthermore, these doses use small amounts of product (0.08–0.4 g/L) that is more practical to measure than the minute amounts (0.008 g/L) required by the recommended rate, and cost US$2.18 to treat 50 Cairns yards containing an average total of 80 containers. This method could also be used to control Aedes albopictus.
Rabies Exposure Risk among Foreign Backpackers in Southeast Asia
Authors: Piyaphanee Watcharapong , Shantavasinkul Prapimporn , Phumratanaprapin Weerapong , Udomchaisakul Piyada , Wichianprasat Pongdej , Benjavongkulchai Maneerat , Ponam Thitiya , Tantawichian Terapong
Published: June 2010

Rabies remains a problem in Southeast Asia where large numbers of backpackers visit each year. During May–June 2008, a survey study was conducted of foreign backpackers in Bangkok, Thailand to assess their risk of rabies exposure. Eight hundred seventy (870) questionnaires were collected and analyzed. The median age of the backpackers was 25.5 years. Most of them were European (68.4%), followed by North American (13.2%). Although 80.7% had sought health information before traveling, only 55.6% had received information about rabies. Only 18.1% had completed pre-exposure rabies vaccination (3 shots) before travel, whereas 70.9% had not been vaccinated for rabies at all. In this study, the incidence of being licked was 3.56%, and of being bitten 0.69%, on average stays of 30.06 days in Southeast Asia. More than a half (54%) of exposures occurred in the first 10 days after arrival in Southeast Asia.
Tolerability and Efficacy of a Pediatric Granule Formulation of Artesunate-Mefloquine in Young Children from Cameroon with Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria
Authors: Tietche Félix , Chelo David , Mina Ntoto Njiki Kinkela , Djoukoue Florence Minjiwa , Hatz Christoph , Frey Sarabel , Frentzel Adrian , Trapp Sonja , Zielonka Roland , Mueller Edgar A.
Published: June 2010

A fixed-dose pediatric formulation of artesunate and mefloquine (Artequin Pediatric) has been developed. In this open, non-comparative study in Cameroonian children with uncomplicated falciparum malaria, the safety and efficacy of this formulation was tested, with a particular emphasis on the risk of neuropsychiatric adverse events (AEs). In total, 220 subjects, weighing between 10 and 20 kg, were enrolled; 213 qualified for analysis. Artesunate-mefloquine was given once daily for 3 days. Overall, 13.1% of patients reported mild to moderate neuropsychiatric AEs (elicited through a structured questionnaire or reported spontaneously) out of which 3.8% (mainly insomnia) were considered drug-related. Other drug-related AEs were infrequent (< 3%). Polymerase chain reaction-corrected cure rate (adequate clinical and parasitological response) determined by survival analysis at 28 and 63 days was 96.6%. New infections were observed in 11.2% of evaluable patients at 63 days. The new formulation was well tolerated and efficacious in the population investigated.
Antivenomic Assessment of the Immunological Reactivity of EchiTAb-Plus-ICP, an Antivenom for the Treatment of Snakebite Envenoming in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Calvete Juan J. , Cid Pedro , Sanz Libia , Segura álvaro , Villalta Mauren , Herrera María , León Guillermo , Harrison Robert , Durfa Nandul , Nasidi Abdusalami , Theakston R. David G. , Warrell David A. , Gutiérrez José María
Published: June 2010

The immunoreactivity of EchiTAb-Plus-ICP, an antivenom developed for the treatment of snakebite envenoming in sub-Saharan Africa, to venoms of seven Echis and Bitis species, was assessed by “antivenomics.” This proteomic approach is based on the ability of an antivenom to immunodeplete homologous or heterologous venom proteins. Our results show an extensive cross-reactivity of this antivenom against all Echis and Bitis venoms studied, as revealed by the complete immunodepletion of the majority of venom components, including metalloproteinases, serine proteinases, C-type lectin-like proteins, some phospholipases A2 and L-amino acid oxidase. However, some phospholipases A2, disintegrins and proteinase inhibitors were immunodepleted to only a partial extent. These results support the hypothesis that immunizing horses with a mixture of the venoms of Echis ocellatus, Bitis arietans, and Naja nigricollis generates antibodies capable of recognizing the majority of components of medically-relevant homologous and heterologous viperid venoms of the genera Bitis and Echis from sub-Saharan Africa.
Co-Infection with Paracoccidioidomycosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Report of a Case with Esophageal Involvement
Authors: Brunaldi Mariângela O. , Rezende Rosamar E. F. , Zucoloto Sérgio , Garcia Sérgio B. , Módena José L. P. , Machado Alcyone A.
Published: June 2010

Paracoccidioiodomycosis (PCM) is a systemic and deep mycosis endemic in Latin America, especially in Brazil. In patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), PCM can manifest with prominent involvement of the reticuloendothelial system. There are no reports in the literature of esophageal involvement by PCM in that population. We report a case of PCM with pulmonary and esophageal involvement without radiologic evidence of an esophageal-bronchial fistula in an HIV-infected patient.
Emergence of Pediatric Melioidosis in Siem Reap, Cambodia
Authors: Pagnarith Yos , Kumar Varun , Thaipadungpanit Janjira , Wuthiekanun Vanaporn , Amornchai Premjit , Sin Lina , Day Nicholas P. , Peacock Sharon J.
Published: June 2010

We describe the first cases of pediatric melioidosis in Cambodia. Thirty-nine cases were diagnosed at the Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, between October 2005 and December 2008 after the introduction of microbiology capabilities. Median age was 7.8 years (range = 1.6–16.2 years), 15 cases were male (38%), and 4 cases had pre-existing conditions that may have pre-disposed the patient to melioidosis. Infection was localized in 27 cases (69%) and disseminated in 12 cases (31%). Eleven cases (28%) were treated as outpatients, and 28 (72%) cases were admitted. Eight children (21%) died a median of 2 days after admission; seven deaths were attributable to melioidosis, all of which occurred in children receiving suboptimal antimicrobial therapy and before bacteriological culture results were available. Our findings indicate the need for heightened awareness of melioidosis in Cambodia, and they have led us to review microbiology procedures and antimicrobial prescribing of suspected and confirmed cases.
An Ectopic Case of Tunga spp. Infection in Peru
Authors: Maco Vicente , Maco Vicente P. , Gotuzzo Eduardo
Published: June 2010

Tungiasis is a neglected ectoparasitism of impoverished areas in South America and sub-Saharan Africa. The sand flea Tunga spp. preferably infests the soles and the periungueal and interdigital regions of the feet. Ectopic tungiasis is rare, even in highly endemic areas. We describe a case of an indigenous patient in Peru who presented with a nodular lesion in the extensor aspect of the knee and whose biopsy was compatible with Tunga spp. This is the first documented case of knee tungiasis in an endemic country. The historical, clinical, histological, and current epidemiological aspects of tungiasis in Peru are discussed here.
Increasing Incidence of Human Melioidosis in Northeast Thailand
Authors: Limmathurotsakul Direk , Wongratanacheewin Surasakdi , Teerawattanasook Nittaya , Wongsuvan Gumphol , Chaisuksant Seksan , Chetchotisakd Ploenchan , Chaowagul Wipada , Day Nicholas P.J. , Peacock Sharon J.
Published: June 2010

Melioidosis is a serious community-acquired infectious disease caused by the Gram-negative environmental bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. A prospective cohort study identified 2,243 patients admitted to Sappasithiprasong Hospital in northeast Thailand with culture-confirmed melioidosis between 1997 and 2006. These data were used to calculate an average incidence rate for the province of 12.7 cases of melioidosis per 100,000 people per year. Incidence increased incrementally from 8.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 7.2–10.0) in 2000 to 21.3 (95% CI = 19.2–23.6) in 2006 (P < 0.001; χ2 test for trend). Male sex, age ≥ 45 years, and either known or undiagnosed diabetes were independent risk factors for melioidosis. The average mortality rate from melioidosis over the study period was 42.6%. The minimum estimated population mortality rate from melioidosis in 2006 was 8.63 per 100,000 people (95% CI = 7.33–10.11), the third most common cause of death from infectious diseases in northeast Thailand after human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and tuberculosis.
Health Risks in Travelers to South Africa: The GeoSentinel Experience and Implications for the 2010 FIFA World Cup
Authors: Mendelson Marc , Davis Xiaohong M. , Jensenius Mogens , Keystone Jay S. , von Sonnenburg Frank , Hale Devon C. , Burchard Gerd-Dieter , Field Vanessa , Vincent Peter , Freedman David O.
Published: June 2010

Using the GeoSentinel database, an analysis of ill patients returning from throughout sub-Saharan Africa over a 13-year period was performed. Systemic febrile illness, dermatologic, and acute diarrheal illness were the most common syndromic groupings, whereas spotted fever group rickettsiosis was the most common individual diagnosis for travelers to South Africa. In contrast to the rest of sub-Saharan Africa, only six cases of malaria were documented in South Africa travelers. Vaccine-preventable diseases, typhoid, hepatitis A, and potential rabies exposures were uncommon in South Africa travelers. Pre-travel advice for the travelers to the 2010 World Cup should be individualized according to these findings.
Feeding selectivity and egg production of Calanus helgolandicus in the English Channel
Authors: Irigoien X. , Head R. N. , Harris R. P. , Cummings D. , Harbour D. , Meyer‐Harms B.
Published: June 2010

Copepods are able to discriminate between different foods on the basis of particle size and nutritional quality. However, the extent of selective feeding behavior and the mechanisms controlling it in the field are still poorly understood. In this study, we investigated selective feeding behavior and egg production for Calanus helgolandicus feeding on natural phytoplankton (using high‐performance liquid chromatography techniques), and egg production, at a coastal station off Plymouth with the annual phytoplankton cycle from July 1996 to June 1997. The phytoplankton succession included biomass peaks of dinoflagellates, prymnesiophytes, and diatoms. C. helgolandicus showed little selective feeding behavior throughout the study with a slight preference for diatoms. The influence of the diet composition on egg production was analyzed using forward stepwise regression methods. Prymnesiophytes and diatoms were shown to have positive effects whereas the effect of dinoflagellates was negative. The effect of the different phytoplankton peaks is analyzed and discussed in relation to the phytoplankton taxonomic composition and dietary diversity.
Mass sedimentation of picoplankton embedded in organic aggregates
Authors: Waite Anya M. , Safi Karl A. , Hall Julie A. , Nodder Scott D.
Published: June 2010

During a survey cruise crossing the Subtropical Front over the Chatham Rise east of New Zealand, we made the first observation in High Nutrient Low Chlorophyll waters of massive sedimentation of picoplankton embedded in large (>0.5 mm diam.) organic aggregates (OAs) sensu Riley (1963). We estimate 9.3 mg C m‐2 yr‐1 of prokaryotic picoplankton biomass alone may be transported below the euphotic zone via this mechanism. Using confocal microscopy, we made direct observations of picoplankton within undisrupted individual OAs, collected in sediment traps fitted with acrylimide gels, which largely conserved particle structure. Prokaryotic picoplankton autofluoresc‐ence was well‐preserved and concentrations were extremely high within large rapidly sedimenting aggregates, ranging from 1.06 × 108 ml‐1 in the 120 m sediment traps in subantarctic waters to 7.5 × 106 ml‐1 at 550 m in subtropical waters, yielding Enrichment Factors of 103 — 105 relative to picoplankton concentrations in the water column. Aggregate picoplankton concentrations showed a well‐constrained exponential decline with depth, which we speculate may represent an estimate of protozoan grazing rate within the aggregates. Picoplankton were found within heterotrophic flagellates, within copepod fecal pellets, and within organic matrices, all of which were incorporated in OAs. The key event of picoplankton incorporation into initial particles occurs in the upper water column, very likely through grazing with low assimilation efficiency. Once OAs are formed, their changing porosity and reduction in picoplankton cell numbers via heterotrophy is likely to be a key factor mediating picoplankton carbon fluxes in moderately productive ecosystems, and in determining the overall particle structure of sedimenting OAs.
Small‐scale turbulence and vertical mixing in Lake Baikal
Authors: Ravens Thomas M. , Kocsis Otti , Wüest Alfred , Granin N.
Published: June 2010

The water column of Lake Baikal is extremely weakly#x2014;but permanently—stratified below 250 m. Despite the thickness of this relatively stagnant water mass of more than 1000 m, the water age (time since last contact with the atmosphere) is only slightly more than a decade, indicating large‐scale advective exchange. In the stratified deep water, the fate of water constituents is determined by the combined action of advective processes (deep‐water intrusions) and small‐scale turbulent vertical diffusion.

Here, vertical diffusivity is addressed through the analysis of 25 temperature microstructure profiles collected in the three major basins of Lake Baikal to a depth of 600 m. In addition, in the 1,432‐m deep south basin, monthly CTD profiles and a two year record of near‐bottom currents were analyzed. Balancing turbulent kinetic energy and small‐scale temperature variance leads to the conclusions that (1) vertical diffusivity in the stratified deep water ranges from 10–90 × 10‐4 m‐2 s‐1 (between 600 and 250 m), which is three orders of magnitude more than estimated by Killworth et al. (1996), (2) the mixing efficiency is ∼0.16, comparable to that found in stronger stratification (e.g., the ocean interior), (3) turbulence under ice decays with a time scale of 40 ± 2 d and (4) the interior of the permanently stratified deep water below 250 m and the bottom boundary layer contribute roughly equally to the TKE production. The latter implies, that mixing in the deep water of Lake Baikal's three sub‐basins is dominated by bottom boundary mixing as found in smaller lakes and ocean basins.
Effects of solar radiation on dissolved organic matter cycling in a subtropical seagrass meadow
Authors: Ziegler Susan , Benner Ronald
Published: June 2010

The influence of sunlight on bacterioplankton production was investigated over a 12‐month period in Laguna Madre, a shallow, subtropical, seagrass‐dominated lagoon in south Texas. Two types of experiments were conducted every 6 to 8 weeks from June 1996 through June 1997 to assess the effect of photochemical transformations of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on bacterial production and the net effect of sunlight exposure on bacterioplankton and phytoplankton production in surface waters. Photobleaching of DOM was observed; however, estimates of the photomineralization of DOM in May and July were very low and indicated that this process could represent at most 3% of water column respiration. Photochemical transformations of DOM did not have any significant effect on bacterioplankton activity. However, bacterial production measured during exposure of water samples to natural sunlight in the summer months, with and without ultraviolet light, was enhanced relative to dark controls. Phytoplankton release of bioavailable substrates appeared to be responsible for light‐mediated increases in bacterioplankton production. Bacterio‐ and phytoplankton were not photoinhibited by exposure to ultraviolet radiation in surface waters. Overall, we observed no indication of photoinhibition of microbial processes in Laguna Madre, and photochemical transformations appeared to play a minor role in the cycling of DOM. The low photoreactivity of DOM in combination with its relatively high bioreactivity appeared responsible for the minor role of photochemical transformations in the cycling of DOM in Laguna Madre.
Marine optical measurements of a mucilage event in the northern Adriatic Sea
Authors: Berthon Jean-Francois , Zibordi Giuseppe , Hooker Stanford B.
Published: June 2010

Optical measurements performed during the summer of 1997 from an off‐shore oceanographic tower in the northern Adriatic Sea in the presence of mucilage matter are presented. These measurements include apparent (diffuse attenuation coefficient, reflectance) and inherent (absorption and beam attenuation coefficients) optical properties of the water column at several wavelengths. The presence of mucilage layers (which was confirmed by divers) was associated with unique, very sharp subsurface maxima in the vertical distribution of both apparent and inherent optical properties. These layers were characterized by very high values of the diffuse attenuation coefficient of upwelling radiance and the beam attenuation coefficient, as well as the ratio of the scattering‐to‐absorption coefficients at all wavelengths. The mucilage data were compared to nonmucilage observations and two situations came out regarding surface reflectance ratios: (a) When the mucilage was in (vertically narrow) subsurface layers, mucilage events could not be distinguished from nonmucilage situations; and (b) When the mucilage was more homogeneously distributed throughout the water column and, in particular, approaching the surface, there was a detectable difference with respect to nonmucilage water. However, the data set is small, and the detection capability is based on a small difference, so the variance in nonmucilage water properties may still mask the properties of the mucilage‐contaminated water.