bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dimensionierungshilfen für ausgesteifte und unausgesteifte Beulfelder nach DIN EN 1993‐1‐5 – Teil 1: unausgesteifte Beulfelder
Authors: Hulm Felix , Kreutz Johannes , Maier Nadine , Mensinger Martin , Ndogmo Joseph
Published: November 2021

Ausgesteifte Beulfelder im Brückenbau sind in Deutschland mit der Methode der reduzierten Spannungen (MRS) nach DIN EN 1993‐1‐5 nachzuweisen. Unausgesteifte Beulfelder dürfen dagegen entweder nach der Methode der effektiven Breiten oder nach der Methode der reduzierten Spannungen nachgewiesen werden. Um die insbesondere für ausgesteifte Beulfelder vorherrschende aufwendige Nachweisführung der genormten Nachweisformate für die Vordimensionierung zu verkürzen, werden im vorliegenden Aufsatz Teil 1 auf Basis der MRS durch Umformulierung des Beulnachweises Diagramme für unausgesteifte Beulfelder entwickelt und dargestellt, die eine schnelle Vordimensionierung ermöglichen. Mit den Diagrammen lässt sich die Dimensionierung von Blechdicken und Steifenabständen in wenigen einfachen und nachvollziehbaren Arbeitsschritten durchführen. Die Auswahl der Diagramme erfolgt anhand der Geometrieparameter a, b und t bzw. der zutreffenden Belastungen. Für ausgesteifte Beulfelder können die maximal zulässigen Abstände der Längssteifen oder die erforderliche Hauptblechdicke ermittelt werden. Im zweiten Teil dieses Aufsatzes werden ergänzend Diagramme für die Dimensionierung von Längssteifen über die Ermittlung von Mindeststeifigkeiten vorgestellt. Die Mindeststeifigkeiten werden dazu aus der Geometrie der linearen Beulformen von einfach ausgesteiften Beulfeldern abgeleitet.
Conclusions
Authors: Ortiz Isabel , Burke Sara , Berrada Mohamed , Saenz Cortés Hernán
Published: November 2021

The conclusion of “World Protests: A Study of Key Protest Issues in the 21st-Century” provides a summary of the content of the book: who protests, why and how they protest, as well as achievements and fallbacks. Protests have increased in all world regions, with demands articulated for real democracy, jobs, public services, social protection, civil rights, global justice and against austerity and corruption. The study also identifies 250 methods of protest and discusses selected topics such as inequality, the rise of radical right and women’s protests. The book calls on governments to listen and act on the main demands of protestors.
Bacterial lectin BambL acts as a B cell superantigen
Authors: Frensch Marco , Jäger Christina , Müller Peter F. , Tadić Annamaria , Wilhelm Isabel , Wehrum Sarah , Diedrich Britta , Fischer Beate , Meléndez Ana Valeria , Dengjel Joern , Eibel Hermann , Römer Winfried
Published: November 2021

B cell superantigens crosslink conserved domains of B cell receptors (BCRs) and cause dysregulated, polyclonal B cell activation irrespective of normal BCR-antigen complementarity. The cells typically succumb to activation-induced cell death, which can impede the adaptive immune response and favor infection. In the present study, we demonstrate that the fucose-binding lectin ofBurkholderia ambifaria, BambL, bears functional resemblance to B cell superantigens. By engaging surface glycans, the bacterial lectin activated human peripheral blood B cells, which manifested in the surface expression of CD69, CD54 and CD86 but became increasingly cytotoxic at higher concentrations. The effects were sensitive to BCR pathway inhibitors and excess fucose, which corroborates a glycan-driven mode of action. Interactome analyses in a model cell line suggest BambL binds directly to glycans of the BCR and regulatory coreceptors. In vitro, BambL triggered BCR signaling and induced CD19 internalization and degradation. Owing to the lectin’s six binding sites, we propose a BCR activation model in which BambL functions as a clustering hub for receptor glycans, modulates normal BCR regulation, and induces cell death through exhaustive activation.
Die Anwendung antiallergisch beschichteter Knieendoprothesen ist mittelfristig sicher
Authors: Postler Anne , Beyer Franziska , Lützner Cornelia , Tille Eric , Lützner Jörg
Published: November 2021

Hintergrund

Patienten mit einer Kontaktallergie gegen Implantatbestandteile erhalten in Deutschland üblicherweise beschichtete Prothesen. Ob die Versorgung mit solchen hypoallergenen Implantaten vergleichbare Ergebnisse erzielt wie die Standardversorgung mit Implantaten aus Kobalt-Chrom-Legierungen (CoCr) ist international umstritten und mittelfristig bislang wenig untersucht.

Ziel der Arbeit (Fragestellung)

Gibt es Unterschiede hinsichtlich Metallionenkonzentration im Blut, Kniefunktion und patientenberichteter Ergebnisse (PROM) zwischen beschichteten Knieendoprothesen und Standardimplantaten?

Material und Methoden

118 Patienten erhielten randomisiert entweder eine beschichtete oder eine Standard-Knieendoprothese und wurden hinsichtlich Kniefunktion und PROM untersucht. Präoperativ, ein und 5 Jahre nach der Operation wurden zusätzlich die Metallionenkonzentrationen für Chrom, Kobalt, Molybdän und Nickel im Blut gemessen.

Ergebnisse

Nach 5 Jahren konnten die Ergebnisse von 97 Patienten ausgewertet werden. Sowohl die Metallionenkonzentrationen als auch die Ergebnisse für PROM zeigten gleich gute Werte und keine Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen. Während nach einem Jahr ein Anstieg der Chrom-Konzentration bei 13 Patienten über 2 µg/l im Plasma zu verzeichnen war, lag nach 5 Jahren kein gemessener Wert über 1 µg/l.

Diskussion

Die Anwendung beschichteter Implantate gilt als umstritten und möglicherweise sogar als unsicher. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnten mittelfristig gleich gute Ergebnisse zwischen beschichteten (TiNbN) und Standardprothesen (CoCr) nachgewiesen werden, sodass sich bei der Verwendung beschichteter Knieendoprothesen hinsichtlich gemessener Metallionenkonzentration und PROM kein Nachteil ergibt.
Spatial and temporal anoxia in single-osculum Halichondria panicea demosponge explants studied with planar optodes
Authors: Kumala Lars , Larsen Morten , Glud Ronnie N. , Canfield Donald E.
Published: November 2021

The water flow through sponges is regulated by their contractile behaviour including contraction and expansion of the aquiferous system, which leads to shifting oxygen levels in the sponge interior. Still, knowledge of spatial and temporal anoxia in sponges is lacking, but important in elucidating interactions between sponge hosts and their microbiomes. We combined 2-D luminescence lifetime imaging of oxygen with simultaneous time-lapse recordings of the sponge exhalant opening (osculum) to unveil temporal as well as spatial oxygen dynamics caused by contractile behaviour in single-osculum explants of the demosponge Halichondria panicea. The present study reveals an intrinsic concentric deoxygenation pattern in explants during episodes of osculum contraction generating an oxygen gradient with increasing concentrations towards the explant periphery. Four sponge explants faced 25 episodes with substantial changes in internal oxygen and anoxia which prevailed for 4.4 h of the total 92.0 h observation period. The 2-D images revealed that the total area of the explant experiencing anoxia during periods of osculum contraction–expansion varied between 0.01 and 13.22% and was on average 7.4 ± 4.4% for all sponge explants. Furthermore, oxygen respiration, as approximated by the rate of change of oxygen concentration during deoxygenation of the explant interior, was similar throughout the oxic parts of the explant base. The resolved 2-D dynamics provide an unprecedented insight into the internal O2 distribution of sponges and complement the traditional point measurements of oxygen sensors.
Robust immune response stimulated by in situ injection of CpG/αOX40/cGAMP in αPD-1-resistant malignancy
Authors: Cai Luya , Du Xuedan , Zhang Cheng , Yu Shanshan , Liu Lixiao , Zhao Jinduo , Zhao Ye , Zhang Chunhong , Wu Jinting , Wang Bin , Chen Yingyu , Su Xiaoping , Yan Xiaojian , Li Wenfeng
Published: November 2021

Recently, the emergence of immunotherapy has revolutionized traditional tumour treatment. However, effective treatments for patients exhibiting αPD-1 resistance are still lacking. In our study, a combination of cytosine–phosphate–guanine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs), anti-OX40 and cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) injection in situ systematically generated a robust antitumour immune response in TC1 and B16 cells, which are αPD-1-resistant malignancies. More precisely, this method activates both adaptive and innate immunity. Additionally, in situ vaccination with CpG/αOX40/cGAMP fully activates the production of cytokines. However, the combination of αPD-1 does not improve the efficacy of triple therapy, prompting further questions. Collectively, the combination of CpG/αOX40/cGAMP causes the regression of various αPD-1-resistant tumours through the full mobilization of innate and adaptive immunity. In addition, we explored the therapeutic effect of triple therapy on the αPD-1-sensitive cell line CT26. The results showed that triple therapy could significantly enhance the therapeutic effect of αPD-1, and some mice even achieved complete tumour regression after the combined application of αPD-1 and triple treatment.
Future projections of Mediterranean cyclone characteristics using the Med-CORDEX ensemble of coupled regional climate system models
Authors: Reale Marco , Cabos Narvaez William David , Cavicchia Leone , Conte Dario , Coppola Erika , Flaounas Emmanouil , Giorgi Filippo , Gualdi Silvio , Hochman Assaf , Li Laurent , Lionello Piero , Podrascanin Zorica , Salon Stefano , Sanchez-Gomez Emilia , Scoccimarro Enrico , Sein Dmitry V. , Somot Samuel
Published: November 2021

Here, we analyze future projections of cyclone activity in the Mediterranean region at the end of the twenty-first century based on an ensemble of state-of-the-art fully-coupled Regional Climate System Models (RCSMs) from the Med-CORDEX initiative under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5. Despite some noticeable biases, all the RCSMs capture spatial patterns and cyclone activity key characteristics in the region and thus all of them can be considered as plausible representations of the future evolution of Mediterranean cyclones. In general, the RCSMs show at the end of the twenty-first century a decrease in the number and an overall weakening of cyclones moving across the Mediterranean. Five out of seven RCSMs simulate also a decrease of the mean size of the systems. Moreover, in agreement with what already observed in CMIP5 projections for the area, the models suggest an increase in the Central part of the Mediterranean region and a decrease in the South-eastern part of the region in the cyclone-related wind speed and precipitation rate. These rather two opposite tendencies observed in the precipitation should compensate and amplify, respectively, the effect of the overall reduction of the frequency of cyclones on the water budget over the Central and South-eastern part of the region. A pronounced inter-model spread among the RCSMs emerges for the projected changes in the cyclone adjusted deepening rate, seasonal cycle occurrence and associated precipitation and wind patterns over some areas of the basin such as Ionian Sea and Iberian Peninsula. The differences observed appear to be determined by the driving Global Circulation Model (GCM) and influenced by the RCSM physics and internal variability. These results point to the importance of (1) better characterizing the range of plausible futures by relying on ensembles of models that explore well the existing diversity of GCMs and RCSMs as well as the climate natural variability and (2) better understanding the driving mechanisms of the future evolution of Mediterranean cyclones properties.
Neither connectivity nor genetic diversity matter in the conservation of a rare fern and a moss on insular erratic boulders
Authors: Hepenstrick Daniel , Zemp Niklaus , Widmer Alex , Holderegger Rolf
Published: November 2021

Erratic boulders provide habitat for rock-dwelling species and contribute to the biodiversity of landscapes. In the calcareous Swiss lowlands, siliceous erratic boulders are exclusive habitat islands for the regionally critically endangered fern Asplenium septentrionale, about 20 bryophyte species and numerous lichens. Focusing on island biogeographical processes, we analysed the conservation genomics of A. septentrionale and the moss Hedwigia ciliata on insular erratic boulders in the Swiss lowlands and the adjacent “mainland” in siliceous mountains. We genotyped both species using double digest restriction associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD). For the tetraploid A. septentrionale, abundant identical multilocus genotypes within populations suggested prevalent intragametophytic selfing, and six out of eight boulder populations consisting of a single multilocus genotype each indicated single spore founder events. The genetic structure of A. septentrionale mainland populations coincided with Pleistocene glacial refugia. Four genetic lineages of H. ciliata were identified, and populations consisting of a single multilocus genotype were less common than in A. septentrionale. For both taxa, multilocus genotype diversity on boulders was lower than in mainland populations. The absence of common genetic groups among boulder populations, and the absence of isolation by distance patterns, suggested colonisation of boulders through independent long-distance dispersal events. Successful boulder colonisation of A. septentrionale seems to be rare, while colonisation by H. ciliata appears to be more frequent. We conclude that pivotal principles of conservation biology, such as connectivity and genetic diversity, are of less importance for the studied cryptogams on insular erratic boulders because of long-distance dispersal, intragametophytic selfing and polyploidy.
Social-Ecological Change on the Mongolian Steppe: Herder Perceptions of Causes, Impacts, and Adaptive Strategies
Authors: Reid-Shaw Indiana , Jargalsaihan Azjargal , Reid Robin S. , Jamsranjav Chantsallkham , Fernández-Giménez María E.
Published: November 2021

Pastoral people in rangelands worldwide are experiencing uncertainty due to a combination of climatic, economic, and political stressors. Our study seeks to create a full view of the drivers, impacts, and adaptations to change for livestock herders in rural Mongolia, making use of herder traditional knowledge and select instrumental data. Interview respondents described undesirable trends in livestock herds, pasture, wildlife, and their livelihoods in three sites in northern, central, and eastern Mongolia from 1995 to 2015, including decreased lake levels. There was more agreement for precipitation trends than for temperature. We developed a systems model based on herder descriptions of the sequence and prominence of interacting drivers of change. Finally, we describe measures herders are taking to adapt to these changes, such as more frequent livestock movement. We present a transdisciplinary view of social-ecological change and applications for more regionally focused governance in an era of climate uncertainty.
On the impact of post weld heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of creep resistant 2.25Cr–1Mo–0.25V weld metal
Authors: Schönmaier Hannah , Fleißner-Rieger Christian , Krein Ronny , Schmitz-Niederau Martin , Schnitzer Ronald
Published: November 2021

Creep resistant low-alloyed 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V steel is typically applied in hydrogen bearing heavy wall pressure vessels in the chemical and petrochemical industry. For this purpose, the steel is often joined via submerged-arc welding. In order to increase the reactors efficiency via higher operating temperatures and pressures, the industry demands for improved strength and toughness of the steel plates and weldments at elevated temperatures. This study investigates the influence of the post weld heat treatment (PWHT) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V multi-layer weld metal aiming to describe the underlying microstructure-property relationships. Apart from tensile, Charpy impact and stress rupture testing, micro-hardness mappings were performed and changes in the dislocation structure as well as alterations of the MX carbonitrides were analysed by means of high resolution methods. A longer PWHT-time was found to decrease the stress rupture time of the weld metal and increase the impact energy at the same time. In addition, a longer duration of PWHT causes a reduction of strength and an increase of the weld metals ductility. Though the overall hardness of the weld metal is decreased with longer duration of PWHT, PWHT-times of more than 12 h lead to an enhanced temper resistance of the heat-affected zones (HAZs) in-between the weld beads of the multi-layer weld metal. This is linked to several influencing factors such as reaustenitization and stress relief in the course of multi-layer welding, a higher fraction of larger carbides and a smaller grain size in the HAZs within the multi-layer weld metal.
A Context Analysis with Stakeholders’ Views for Future Implementation of Interventions to Prevent Health Problems Among Employees with a Lower Socioeconomic Position
Authors: Schaap R. , Schaafsma F. G. , Huysmans M. A. , Bosma A. R. , Boot C. R. L. , Anema J. R.
Published: November 2021

Purpose Health problems among employees with a lower socioeconomic position (SEP) often result from an interplay of problems on multiple life domains. Contextual factors greatly affect implementation of interventions that aim to solve these type of problems. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the organizational and socio-political context for implementation of preventive interventions that consider multiple life domains among employees with a lower SEP. Methods In total 16 semi-structured interviews were conducted with stakeholders at organizational level, occupational health service (OHS) level, and at socio-political macro level. Thematic analysis was performed to identify themes that describe the perceptions of stakeholders about the impact of contextual factors on implementation. Results The following themes were identified: (1) the importance of addressing problems on multiple life domains among employees with a lower SEP, (2) unclarity of responsibilities for solving problems on multiple life domains, (3) necessity of better collaboration between occupational and curative healthcare, (4) insufficient investments in prevention by employers, (5) difficulties in early identification of employees at risk for health problems, and (6) risk of conflicting role for supervisors in addressing problems on multiple life domains. Conclusions Implementation of preventive interventions considering multiple life domains among lower SEP employees is challenging, due to various contextual factors. To improve the feasibility, many different stakeholders both in- and outside occupational health practice need to be involved, collaborate, and need to be convinced of the added value to prevent problems on multiple life domains among employees with a lower SEP.
The Role of Public Broadcasting in Media Bias: Do People React Differently to Pro-government Bias in Public and Private Media?
Authors: Asano Taka-aki , Tago Atsushi , Tanaka Seiki
Published: November 2021

People often reject new information, especially when it does not fit their prior beliefs. But do publics in advanced democracies reject information from public and private media outlets in the same way? We examine this question in the form of the media’s pro-government bias in the under-examined case of Japan. By combining unique textual data with an original survey experiment, we document that (1) people generally tend to reject pro-government biased information that overly praises government actions; but (2) the reasons why people reject the same biased information vary—based on their expectations of neutrality for public media, and on expectations derived from political ideology for private media. Our study suggests that the basis of people’s motivated reasoning differs when they evaluate content from public and private media.
Interfacial Behaviour in Ferroalloys: The Influence of Sulfur in FeMn and SiMn Systems
Authors: Bublik Sergey , Bao Sarina , Tangstad Merete , Einarsrud Kristian Etienne
Published: November 2021

The present study has investigated the influence of sulfur content in synthetic FeMn and SiMn from 0 to 1.00 wt pct on interfacial properties between these ferroalloys and slags. The effect of experimental parameters such as temperature and holding time was evaluated. Interfacial interaction between ferroalloys and slags was characterized by interfacial tension and apparent contact angle between metal and slag, measured based on the Young–Laplace equation and an inverse modelling approach developed in OpenFOAM. The results show that sulfur has a significant influence on both interfacial tension and apparent contact angle, decreasing both values and promoting the formation of a metal-slag mixture. Despite the fact that sulfur was added only to the ferroalloys, most of sulfur is distributed into slag after reactions with the metal phase. Increasing the maximum experimental temperature in the sessile drop furnace also resulted in a decrease of both interfacial properties, resulting in higher mass transfer rates and intensive reactions between metal and slag. The effect of holding time demonstrated that after reaching equilibrium in FeMn-slag and SiMn-slag systems (both with and without sulfur), interfacial tension and apparent contact angle remain constant.
Ancient Grains: New Evidence for Ancestral Puebloan Use of Domesticated Amaranth
Authors: Turner Michelle I. , Adams Karen R. , Berkebile Jean N. , Dockter Abigail R.
Published: November 2021

We report here the first domesticated amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) seeds to be identified at a Chacoan great house, from the northern New Mexico site known as Aztec North, where they were found in a context that dates to the mid to late twelfth century AD. Amaranth has long been recognized as an important prehispanic resource in this region, evidenced by the archaeological record of both wild and domesticated forms and by the traditional knowledge and practices of Indigenous communities. Wild amaranth and similar-appearing chenopod/goosefoot (Chenopodium spp.) seeds are routinely found in Ancestral Puebloan contexts. Recent archaeological testing at the Aztec North great house, a Chaco Canyon outlier associated with a post-Chacoan political center, has revealed the presence of uncharred domesticated amaranth seeds in a thin layer of ashy trash in a room at the rear of the great house. These seeds expand our understanding of domesticated amaranth in the American Southwest and suggest centuries of continuity of traditional amaranth cultivation within Puebloan communities.
MULTIVARIATE COMPOSITE COPULAS
Authors: Xie Jiehua , Fang Jun , Yang Jingping , Bu Lan
Published: November 2021

In this paper, we present a method for generating a copula by composing two arbitrary n-dimensional copulas via a vector of bivariate functions, where the resulting copula is named as the multivariate composite copula. A necessary and sufficient condition on the vector guaranteeing the composite function to be a copula is given, and a general approach to construct the vector satisfying this necessary and sufficient condition via bivariate copulas is provided. The multivariate composite copula proposes a new framework for the construction of flexible multivariate copula from existing ones, and it also includes some known classes of copulas. It is shown that the multivariate composite copula has a clear probability structure, and it satisfies the characteristic of uniform convergence as well as the reproduction property for its component copulas. Some properties of multivariate composite copulas are discussed. Finally, numerical illustrations and an empirical example on financial data are provided to show the advantages of the multivariate composite copula, especially in capturing the tail dependence.
Embodying the Nonhuman, Embracing the Alien: The Hyperbolic Strangeness of Blackness
Authors: Mendes Jan-Therese
Published: November 2021

Contemplating the techniques of white nationalism used to refuse Black ontology and deny Black belonging to the humanity of Canadian nationhood, this article considers how art imaginatively visualizes rebellion against the racist logics that regulate such denials. Exploring the function of hyperbole, this article examines the ways the willfully heightened strangeness of the extraterrestrial Afro-Astronaut and Black Muslim monster depicted in performance and visual art trouble racial matrixes through the dissonance provoked by the Other's unfamiliar display of excess.
Molecular regulation of polycystic ovary syndrome: altered gene expression levels in mouse models pretreatment and post-treatment
Authors: Tulay P. , Onal T. , Vatansever S.
Published: November 2021

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex disorder and genetic factors are believed to play a role. The main aim was to investigate expression levels of genes involved in PI3K/AKT signalling pathway pretreatment and post-treatment. Mouse models of PCOS were generated. Group one included control mice with no polycystic ovaries (n = 4), Group 2 included a PCOS mouse model (n = 8), Group 3 included PCOS mice treated with clomiphene citrate (n = 7) and Group 4 included PCOS mice treated with clomiphene citrate, metformin and pioglitazone (n = 8). Histochemical analyses were performed. Total RNA was extracted and cDNA was synthesized. Irs, Akt1 and Akt2, mTor and Pdpk1 gene expression levels were evaluated by RT-PCR amplification. In Group 1, cortex and medulla were evaluated as normal; in Group 2, ovarian cortex was composed of immature oocytes and cystic follicles with atretic follicles. In Groups 3 and 4, follicles were in the process of normal follicle differentiation. The expression levels of Akt1 and Pi3k were significantly different (P < 0.0001) between Groups 1 and 2. The significant differences in expression levels of Pi3k and Akt1 were also observed between the Group 1 and both Groups 3 and 4 (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, significant variations of the expression levels of mTor between Groups 1 and 4 were observed. The extrapolation of results of this study may imply that follicular development may be regulated by molecular pathways involving Pi3k, Akt1 and mTor expression. Therefore, genes in the PI3K/AKT pathway may have a direct regulatory role in the development of PCOS.
‘The McBrides are from here’: Listening to Green Ways as creative cartophony
Authors: Germano Gustavo Branco
Published: November 2021

In this article I discuss how Áine O’Dwyer and Graham Lambkin’s 2018 album Green Ways connects with recent criticisms of sound mapping practices. Following an interpretation put forward by the artists themselves, I investigate the cartographic aspects of their project, and how these are conveyed in an album format. The concept of cartophony, suggested elsewhere by Samuel Thulin, is employed as a way to consider different relationships between sound and mapping practices that extrapolate common assumptions of what sound maps are and how they operate. First, I listen to how the artists create sonic performances in which they interact with different elements of the places they are performing in, making sounds not only in the place but also with the place. Then, I consider the different ways in which specificities of place are mapped through the incorporation of speech and singing. Finally, I show how the album’s underlying narratives directly address the problematic distinction between performance situations and everyday life. Considering the project’s unusual emphasis on the artists’ presence, as well as its incorporation of speech, singing and artistic performances, I suggest that Green Ways invites us to broaden our understanding of what field recordings and sound maps can be.
Prevalence of anemia and associated risk factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Sabina Azhar Bably , Islam Md Shofikul , Karim Md Rezaul
Published: November 2021

Background:

Anemia has created attention worldwide because of its adverse effects on the mother and the fetus during pregnancy. A large body of evidence has shown that pregnant women are the most vulnerable group to anemia.

Objectives:

This study aims to determine the prevalence of anemia, and associated risk factors, among pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) at government and private hospitals in Bangladesh.

Methods:

This cross-sectional study included 424 pregnant women, who visited hospitals for ANC from January to July 2019. We used a simple random sampling technique to select study subjects. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and participant’s current medical record cards. SPSS software was used for analyzing data.

Results:

The prevalence of anemia was 62.5% and significantly (P< 0.001) higher in the subjects attending ANC in government hospitals (68.7%) than in private (55.0%) hospitals. The prevalence of the severity of anemia was 28.3% mild, 36.9% moderate, and 3.40% severe in government hospitals while in private hospitals was 14.7% mild, 39.8% moderate, and 0.5% severe anemia. Anemia was significantly associated with maternal age 20–25 years [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.9] and 26–30 years (AOR = 2.37), monthly family income (300–500) US$ (AOR = 2.76), and ANC in government hospitals (AOR = 2.02), the parity [multiparous (AOR = 1.92)], gravidity [multigravid (AOR = 1.63)], contraception [no contraception (AOR = 2.50), and iron supplement [no iron supplement (AOR = 0.64).

Conclusions:

The result suggests that pregnant women should receive routine ANC and recognize iron supplementation during pregnancy. Finally, the results of this study are particularly relevant for pregnant women who are receiving ANC.
International Juridical Forms and Legal Subjectivity: A History of the Subject in Southeast Asia from the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 to the ASEAN Charter
Authors: BAGULAYA Jose Duke
Published: November 2021

Using Michel Foucault's concept of modes of objectification, this paper argues that treaties, declarations, and agreements constitute international juridical forms that transform human beings into legal subjects. It retraces the objectification of “natives” in nineteenth-century colonial treaties that made human beings accessories to territories and transformed them into colonial subjects. This legal construct, the paper contends, was rendered unstable in the UN era when treaties re-objectified the “natives” into “peoples”, thereby allowing colonial subjects to re-subjectify themselves into actors and re-describe themselves with an adjective, a nationality. The paper then brings the history to the twenty-first century and posits that ASEAN is now objectifying new trans-national subjects that are ontologically connected to the regional economy. This history of legal subjectivity reveals not only the power of international juridical forms as a mode of objectification, but also the trajectory of subject formation in Southeast Asia under the ASEAN Charter.
“I Don’t Really Belong Here”
Authors: Wolf Kristin , Maurer Christina , Kunter Mareike
Published: November 2021

Abstract. The present study investigates the role of sense of belonging on dropout intention in teacher education with a special focus on immigrant teacher students. We present data from a survey of 925 German teacher students using two times of measurement. The results confirm the significance of sense of belonging for the dropout rate among students in teacher education and support our hypotheses that immigrant students show a lower sense of belonging and higher dropout intentions.
Variable Physical Drivers of Near‐Surface Turbulence in a Regulated River
Authors: Guseva S. , Aurela M. , Cortés A. , Kivi R. , Lotsari E. , MacIntyre S. , Mammarella I. , Ojala A. , Stepanenko V. , Uotila P. , Vähä A. , Vesala T. , Wallin M. B. , Lorke A.
Published: November 2021

Inland waters, such as lakes, reservoirs and rivers, are important sources of climate forcing trace gases. A key parameter that regulates the gas exchange between water and the atmosphere is the gas transfer velocity, which itself is controlled by near‐surface turbulence in the water. While in lakes and reservoirs, near‐surface turbulence is mainly driven by atmospheric forcing, in shallow rivers and streams it is generated by bottom friction of gravity‐forced flow. Large rivers represent a transition between these two cases. Near‐surface turbulence has rarely been measured in rivers and the drivers of turbulence have not been quantified. We analyzed continuous measurements of flow velocity and quantified turbulence as the rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy over the ice‐free season in a large regulated river in Northern Finland. Measured dissipation rates agreed with predictions from bulk parameters, including mean flow velocity, wind speed, surface heat flux, and with a one‐dimensional numerical turbulence model. Values ranged from to . Atmospheric forcing or gravity was the dominant driver of near‐surface turbulence for similar fraction of the time. Large variability in near‐surface dissipation rate occurred at diel time scales, when the flow velocity was strongly affected by downstream dam operation. By combining scaling relations for boundary‐layer turbulence at the river bed and at the air‐water interface, we derived a simple model for estimating the relative contributions of wind speed and bottom friction of river flow as a function of depth.
Sensing of cytoplasmic chromatin by cGAS activates innate immune response in SARS-CoV-2 infection
Authors: Zhou Zhuo , Zhang Xinyi , Lei Xiaobo , Xiao Xia , Jiao Tao , Ma Ruiyi , Dong Xiaojing , Jiang Qi , Wang Wenjing , Shi Yujin , Zheng Tian , Rao Jian , Xiang Zichun , Ren Lili , Deng Tao , Jiang Zhengfan , Dou Zhixun , Wei Wensheng , Wang Jianwei
Published: November 2021

The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a positive-sense RNA virus. How the host immune system senses and responds to SARS-CoV-2 infection remain largely unresolved. Here, we report that SARS-CoV-2 infection activates the innate immune response through the cytosolic DNA sensing cGAS-STING pathway. SARS-CoV-2 infection induces the cellular level of 2′3′-cGAMP associated with STING activation. cGAS recognizes chromatin DNA shuttled from the nucleus as a result of cell-to-cell fusion upon SARS-CoV-2 infection. We further demonstrate that the expression of spike protein from SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 from host cells is sufficient to trigger cytoplasmic chromatin upon cell fusion. Furthermore, cytoplasmic chromatin-cGAS-STING pathway, but not MAVS-mediated viral RNA sensing pathway, contributes to interferon and pro-inflammatory gene expression upon cell fusion. Finally, we show that cGAS is required for host antiviral responses against SARS-CoV-2, and a STING-activating compound potently inhibits viral replication. Together, our study reported a previously unappreciated mechanism by which the host innate immune system responds to SARS-CoV-2 infection, mediated by cytoplasmic chromatin from the infected cells. Targeting the cytoplasmic chromatin-cGAS-STING pathway may offer novel therapeutic opportunities in treating COVID-19. In addition, these findings extend our knowledge in host defense against viral infection by showing that host cells’ self-nucleic acids can be employed as a “danger signal” to alarm the immune system.
Efficacy of a novel device for cryoprevention of oral mucositis: a randomized, blinded, multicenter, parallel group, phase 3 trial
Authors: Walladbegi Java , Henriksson Roger , Tavelin Björn , Svanberg Anncarin , Larfors Gunnar , Jädersten Martin , Schjesvold Fredrik , Mahdi Aram , Garming Legert Karin , Peterson Douglas E. , Jontell Mats
Published: November 2021

Cryoprevention (CP) using ice (IC) is an effective strategy to prevent chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis (OM). However, the use of IC may cause adverse reactions and requires water of safe quality to minimize risk of serious infections. This randomized, blinded, parallel group, phase 3 trial was conducted in five Scandinavian centers. Eligible patients were diagnosed with multiple myeloma or lymphoma, scheduled to receive conditioning with high-dose chemotherapy prior to autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Patients were assigned to cooling with IC or a novel intraoral cooling device (ICD). The primary outcome was the highest OM score during the study period, expressed as peak value on the Oral Mucositis Assessment Scale (OMAS–total). When the entire study population (n = 172) was analyzed for peak OMAS–total, the two cooling methods were equally effective. However, when the lymphoma group was analyzed separately, the ICD significantly reduced the peak OMAS–total score to a greater extent compared to IC (x̄ ± SD; 1.77 ± 1.59 vs. 3.08 ± 1.50; p = 0.047). Combined with existing evidence, the results of the present trial confirm that CP is an effective method to prevent OM. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT03203733.
Band-based similarity indices for gene expression classification and clustering
Authors: Torrente Aurora
Published: November 2021

The concept of depth induces an ordering from centre outwards in multivariate data. Most depth definitions are unfeasible for dimensions larger than three or four, but the Modified Band Depth (MBD) is a notable exception that has proven to be a valuable tool in the analysis of high-dimensional gene expression data. This depth definition relates the centrality of each individual to its (partial) inclusion in all possible bands formed by elements of the data set. We assess (dis)similarity between pairs of observations by accounting for such bands and constructing binary matrices associated to each pair. From these, contingency tables are calculated and used to derive standard similarity indices. Our approach is computationally efficient and can be applied to bands formed by any number of observations from the data set. We have evaluated the performance of several band-based similarity indices with respect to that of other classical distances in standard classification and clustering tasks in a variety of simulated and real data sets. However, the use of the method is not restricted to these, the extension to other similarity coefficients being straightforward. Our experiments show the benefits of our technique, with some of the selected indices outperforming, among others, the Euclidean distance.
Estimating DNA methylation potential energy landscapes from nanopore sequencing data
Authors: Abante Jordi , Kambhampati Sandeep , Feinberg Andrew P. , Goutsias John
Published: November 2021

High-throughput third-generation nanopore sequencing devices have enormous potential for simultaneously observing epigenetic modifications in human cells over large regions of the genome. However, signals generated by these devices are subject to considerable noise that can lead to unsatisfactory detection performance and hamper downstream analysis. Here we develop a statistical method, CpelNano, for the quantification and analysis of 5mC methylation landscapes using nanopore data. CpelNano takes into account nanopore noise by means of a hidden Markov model (HMM) in which the true but unknown (“hidden”) methylation state is modeled through an Ising probability distribution that is consistent with methylation means and pairwise correlations, whereas nanopore current signals constitute the observed state. It then estimates the associated methylation potential energy function by employing the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm and performs differential methylation analysis via permutation-based hypothesis testing. Using simulations and analysis of published data obtained from three human cell lines (GM12878, MCF-10A, and MDA-MB-231), we show that CpelNano can faithfully estimate DNA methylation potential energy landscapes, substantially improving current methods and leading to a powerful tool for the modeling and analysis of epigenetic landscapes using nanopore sequencing data.
Abnormal nodal and global network organization in resting state functional MRI from subjects with the 22q11 deletion syndrome
Authors: Pelgrim Teuntje A. D. , Bossong Matthijs G. , Cuiza Analía , Alliende Luz María , Mena Carlos , Tepper Angeles , Ramirez-Mahaluf Juan Pablo , Iruretagoyena Barbara , Ornstein Claudia , Fritsch Rosemarie , Cruz Juan Pablo , Tejos Cristian , Repetto Gabriela , Crossley Nicolas
Published: November 2021

The 22q11 deletion syndrome is a genetic disorder associated with a high risk of developing psychosis, and is therefore considered a neurodevelopmental model for studying the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Studies have shown that localized abnormal functional brain connectivity is present in 22q11 deletion syndrome like in schizophrenia. However, it is less clear whether these abnormal cortical interactions lead to global or regional network disorganization as seen in schizophrenia. We analyzed from a graph-theory perspective fMRI data from 40 22q11 deletion syndrome patients and 67 healthy controls, and reconstructed functional networks from 105 brain regions. Between-group differences were examined by evaluating edge-wise strength and graph theoretical metrics of local (weighted degree, nodal efficiency, nodal local efficiency) and global topological properties (modularity, local and global efficiency). Connectivity strength was globally reduced in patients, driven by a large network comprising 147 reduced connections. The 22q11 deletion syndrome network presented with abnormal local topological properties, with decreased local efficiency and reductions in weighted degree particularly in hub nodes. We found evidence for abnormal integration but intact segregation of the 22q11 deletion syndrome network. Results suggest that 22q11 deletion syndrome patients present with similar aberrant local network organization as seen in schizophrenia, and this network configuration might represent a vulnerability factor to psychosis.
Developmental defects and impaired network excitability in a cerebral organoid model of KCNJ11 p.V59M-related neonatal diabetes
Authors: Dalgin Gokhan , Tryba Andrew K. , Cohen Ashley P. , Park Soo-Young , Philipson Louis H. , Greeley Siri Atma W. , Garcia Alfredo J.
Published: November 2021

The gene KCNJ11 encodes Kir6.2 a major subunit of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP) expressed in both the pancreas and brain. Heterozygous gain of function mutations in KCNJ11 can cause neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM). In addition, many patients exhibit neurological defects ranging from modest learning disorders to severe cognitive dysfunction and seizures. However, it remains unclear to what extent these neurological deficits are due to direct brain-specific activity of mutant KATP. We have generated cerebral organoids derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) possessing the KCNJ11 mutation p.Val59Met (V59M) and from non-pathogenic/normal hiPSCs (i.e., control/WT). Control cerebral organoids developed neural networks that could generate stable synchronized bursting neuronal activity whereas those derived from V59M cerebral organoids showed reduced synchronization. Histocytochemical studies revealed a marked reduction in neurons localized to upper cortical layer-like structures in V59M cerebral organoids suggesting dysfunction in the development of cortical neuronal network. Examination of temporal transcriptional profiles of neural stem cell markers revealed an extended window of SOX2 expression in V59M cerebral organoids. Continuous treatment of V59M cerebral organoids with the KATP blocker tolbutamide partially rescued the neurodevelopmental differences. Our study demonstrates the utility of human cerebral organoids as an investigative platform for studying the effects of KCNJ11 mutations on neurophysiological outcome.
The proximity of a highway increases CO2 respiration in forest soil and decreases the stability of soil organic matter
Authors: Kupka Dawid , Kania Mateusz , Gruba Piotr
Published: November 2021

Roadways traverse many forest areas and they often have harmful effects on forest soils, including the modified stability of soil organic matter (SOM). Soil CO2 respiration is an important indicator of SOM biological stability. The aim of this study was to test the hypotheses that a roadway will (1) modify the composition of the cation exchange capacity of adjacent forest soils, and (2) significantly decrease the stability of SOM. Two study sites were established in Scots pine and Silver fir stands, located close to the S7 highway in central Poland, which was opened to traffic in 1984. From each site, samples were taken at 2, 12 and 22 m from the forest edge. Soil CO2 respiration was determined using closed chamber incubation with an alkali trap. We also conducted a comprehensive analysis of soil chemical properties. The stoichiometric ratios of chosen chemical parameters to total carbon (Ct) were calculated. In both sites, we observed increased soil pH and CO2 respiration in the vicinity of the highway, as well as increased ratios of exchangeable calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sodium (Na) to Ct. In the fir site, the humic and fulvic acids, the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content and aluminum (Al) to Ct ratio were depleted in close proximity to the highway. We suggest that the combined effect of Ca and Na ions, originating from winter de-icing, caused the depletion of Al and hydrogen (H) in the soil close to the forest edge and, therefore, resulted in lower SOM stability expressed as the decreased DOC and pyrophosphate-extractable carbon content, as well as the release of CO2. We conclude that the changes of SOM stability with distance were the effect of modification of ion-exchange relationships (particularly base cations versus Al3+ with H+) rather than forest stand species or intrinsic SOM properties (like functional groups, the recalcitrance of bindings etc.). Our work supports earlier studies, confirming the significant impact of Al and H on SOM stability.
The role of guanidine hydrochloride in graphitic carbon nitride synthesis
Authors: Smýkalová Aneta , Foniok Kryštof , Cvejn Daniel , Górecki Kamil Maciej , Praus Petr
Published: November 2021

Graphitic carbon nitride (CN) was synthesized from guanidine hydrochloride (G), melamine (M) and dicyandiamide (DCDA). The CN materials synthetized from the pure precursors and their mixtures were characterized by common methods, including thermal analysis, and their photocatalytic activities were tested by the degradation of selected organic pollutants, such as amoxicillin, phenol, Rhodamine B (RhB). Remarkable changes in their texture properties in terms of particle sizes, specific surface areas (SSA) and consequently their photocatalytic activity were explained by the role of guanidine hydrochloride in their synthesis. The SSA increased due to the release of NH3 and HCl and its complex reactions with melamine and DCDA forming structure imperfections and disruptions. The photocatalytic activity of the CN materials was found to be dependent on their SSA.