bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revolution in Education: China and Cuba in Global Context, 1957-76
Authors: Cheng Yinghong , Manning Patrick
Published: February 2007

Revolutionary movements in China and Cuba gained worldwide attention for their attempts to restructure education in the light of new social values. China's Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) and Cuba's Revolutionary Offensive (1968-1970), while developed separately, experimented with remarkably similar programs of integration of workwith study that largely dismantled the preceding educational systems. Here the authors argue that these communist campaigns also fit within a worldwide postcolonial critique of education seen as privileging urban and elite values. The Chinese and Cuban experiments were abandoned as failures, but the aspiration they expressed still exists and has been echoed in many other places.
Revising the History of Cold War Research Ethics
Authors: Lederer Susan E , Moreno Jonathan D
Published: February 2007

President Clinton's charge to the Advisory Committee on Human
Radiation Experiments included the identification of ethical and
legal standards for evaluating government-sponsored radiation
experiments conducted during the Cold War. In this paper, we
review the traditional account of the history of American research
ethics, and then highlight and explain the significance of a number
of the Committee's historical findings as they relate to this account.
These findings include both the national defense establishment's
struggles with legal and insurance issues concerning human
experiments, and the medical profession's perspective on human
experimentation in the years following the Nuremberg Medical
Trials. We conclude that the Committee's work both enriches the
traditional view of the history of research ethics and opens
important new areas for study.
The Promises and Perils of Pragmatism: Commentary on Fins, Bacchetta, and Miller
Authors: Tong Rosemarie
Published: February 2007

Fins, Bacchetta, and Miller's clinical pragmatism has several
appealing features: an emphasis on dialogue, a commitment to
consensus, a focus on particular individuals rather than persons in
general, and a strong interest in the process as well as the product
of moral decision making. Nevertheless, for all its protests to the
contrary, clinical pragmatism has a tendency to privilege medical
facts over nonmedical values, to conflate appropriate medical
decisions with right moral decisions, and to conceive problems at
the bedside in terms of "getting" patients and families to "go along"
with the treatment plans of clinicians. In sum, there is within clinical
pragmatism the potential for physicians to take back some of the
power they ceded to patients during the height of the patients'
rights and autonomy movement. Provided that clinicians guard
against the temptation to use clinical pragmatism manipulatively,
however, the method promises, more than most other methods of
moral problem solving, to help increasingly diverse individuals make
good moral decisions about patients' care under conditions of
enormous uncertainty.
Managed Care, Medical Privacy, and the Paradigm of Consent
Authors: Bloche Maxwell Gregg
Published: February 2007

The market success of managed health plans in the 1990s is
bringing to medicine the easy availability of electronically stored
information that is characteristic of the securities and consumer
credit industries. Protection for medical confidentiality, however,
has not kept pace with this information revolution. Employers, the
managed care industry, and legal and ethics commentators
frequently look to the concept of informed consent to justify
particular uses of health information, but the elastic use of informed
consent as a way of responding to managed health plans'
disclosure of information to third parties fails to address underlying
questions involving substantive value choices.
Personal Privacy in the Health Care System: Employer-Sponsored Insurance, Managed Care, and Integrated Delivery Systems
Authors: Gostin Larry O. (Larry Ogalthorpe)
Published: February 2007

Widespread collection and use of identifiable information can
promote social goods while, at the same time, infringing on
personal privacy. Information systems are developing within the
context of a fundamental transformation in the organization,
delivery, and financing of health care. Changes in the health care
system include rapid development of employer-sponsored health
coverage, managed care organizations, and integrated delivery
systems. These complex, multifaceted arrangements for delivering
and paying for health care require ever-more-sophisticated
information systems that facilitate extensive sharing of personal
data.

Systemic flows of sensitive health information occur both vertically
and horizontally among employers, hospitals, insurers,
laboratories, and suppliers. Beyond this complex web of vertical
and horizontal sharing are the multiple demands for information
management, quality assurance, research, governmental
regulation, and public health.

Theoretical problems exist with the law and ethics of informational
privacy. The traditional method of exercising control over personal
health information is through informed consent. Informed consent,
however, within a modern health information infrastructure becomes
highly complex. In this kind of environment, the doctrine of informed
consent is flawed and does not provide sufficient control over
personal information to assure adequate protection of privacy.
Managed Care at the Bedside: How Do We Look in the Moral Mirror?
Authors: Pellegrino Edmund D.
Published: February 2007

Managed care per se is a morally neutral concept; however, as
practiced today, it raises serious ethical issues at the clinical,
managerial, and social levels. This essay focuses on the ethical
issues that arise at the bedside, looking first at the ethical conflicts
faced by the physician who is charged with responsibility for care of
the patient and then turning to the way in which managed care
exacts costs that are measured not in dollars but in compromises
in the caring dimensions of the patient-physician relationship.
Managed Care: How Economic Incentive Reforms Went Wrong
Authors: Powers Madison
Published: February 2007

In its response to pressures to rationalize health care resource
allocation, the American health care system has embraced
managed care without concurrent comprehensive health care
reform, either in the form of the centralized tax-based systems
found in Europe and Canada or that of the Clinton reform plan.
What survives is managed care without managed competition,
employer mandates, or universal access. Two problems inherent in
the incentive structure of managed care plans developed in the
absence of comprehensive health care reform work against the
public interest. First, sacrifices in terms of medical innovation and
quality of care may not be offset by greater equity in the distribution
of health care. Second, such managed care plans fail to address
the need for long-term accountability.
Who Should Manage Care? The Case for Patients
Authors: Veatch Robert M
Published: February 2007

After establishing that it is essential that health care be rationed in
some fashion, the paper examines the arguments for and against
clinicians as gatekeepers. It first argues that bedside clinicians do
not have the information needed to make allocation decisions. Then
it claims that physicians at the bedside can be expected to make
the wrong choice for two reasons: their commitment to the
Hippocratic ethic forces them to pursue the patient's best interest
(even when resources will produce only very marginal benefit and
could do much more good elsewhere) and their values will lead
them to calculate the net value of treatments incorrectly. Alternative
decision makers are considered. It is argued that both groups of
physicians and administrators will also make allocations incorrectly
and that leaving the allocation decisions to patients themselves is
the best approach. Mechanisms for fair and efficient rationing by
patients at the societal and individual level are examined.
Reflections on "Nursing Considered as Moral Practice"
Authors: Taylor Carol R
Published: February 2007

This response to the preceding article by Gastmans, Dierckx de
Casterle, and Schotsmans challenges the notion of "good care" as
the ultimate goal of nursing practice, explores further the possible
goals of nursing and how they may be identified, and presents six
elements of professional caring along with their related virtues and
moral obligations.
On Judaism and Genes: A Response to Paul Root Wolpe
Authors: Billauer Barbara Pfeffer
Published: February 2007

The following comments on Paul Root Wolpe's article "If I Am Only
My Genes, What Am I? Genetic Essentialism and a Jewish
Response" address (1) his presentation of the relationship between
science and culture or religion as unimodal; (2) his misconception
of the Jewish view of the physical corpus; and (3) his essential
question of genetic determinism by examining the traditional Jewish
view of the spiritual aspects of the human.
Ethics and Policy in Embryonic Stem Cell Research
Authors: Robertson John A. (John Ancona)
Published: February 2007

Embryonic stem cells, which have the potential to save many lives,
must be recovered from aborted fetuses or live embryos. Although
tissue from aborted fetuses can be used without moral complicity in
the underlying abortion, obtaining stem cells from embryos
necessarily kills them, thus raising difficult questions about the use
of embryonic human material to save others. This article draws on
previous controversies over embryo research and distinctions
between intrinsic and symbolic moral status to analyze these
issues. It argues that stem cell research with spare embryos
produced during infertility treatment, or even embryos created
specifically for research or therapeutic purposes, is ethically
acceptable and should receive federal funding.
Reply to Barbara Pfeffer Billauer's "On Judaism and Genes"
Authors: Wolpe Paul Root
Published: February 2007

The response of Barbara Pfeffer Billauer to my article "If I Am Only
My Genes, What Am I? Genetic Essentialism and a Jewish
Response" highlights the conflict between a sociological
understanding of religion and the resistance to such analysis from
within a faith tradition. Ms. Billauer makes three main points; the
first strangely credits to me, and then attacks, an argument the
article takes great pains to refute, but does so to emphasize the
faith's prescient guidance in matters scientific. The second
attempts to rebut my critical analysis of the tensions inherent in
Jewish views of the body with an insistence that Judaism so
perfectly balances the relation between the sacred and profane that
there is not now, and never was, the slightest tension between
corporeality and divinity in the Jewish corpus. The third uses my
article as vehicle for her to expound on an interesting but tangential
formulation of three Jewish terms. In all, the need to defend her
interpretation of Judaism's solutions to the problems the article
raises results in un-self-critical and ahistorical theorizing, making
the utility of her arguments in a discussion of the sociology of
religion unsatisfactory.
On Being Genetically "Irresponsible"
Authors: Andre Judith , Fleck Leonard M , Tomlinson Thomas
Published: February 2007

New genetic technologies continue to emerge that allow
us to control the genetic endowment of future children. Increasingly
the claim is made that it is morally "irresponsible" for parents to fail
to use such technologies when they know their possible children are at
risk for a serious genetic disorder. We believe such charges are often
unwarranted. Our goal in this article is to offer a careful conceptual
analysis of the language of irresponsibility in an effort to encourage
more care in its use. Two of our more important sub-claims are: (1) A
fair judgment of genetic irresponsibility necessarily requires a thick
background description of the specific reproductive choice; and (2)
there is no necessary connection between an act's being morally wrong
and its being irresponsible. These are distinct judgments requiring
distinct justifications.
When Adolescents "Mismanage" Their Chronic Medical Conditions: An Ethical Exploration
Authors: Hyun Insoo
Published: February 2007

Many adolescent patients with chronic medical conditions
do not manage their illnesses very closely and often put themselves at
risk for serious health complications. Setting aside cases of nonadherence
that are due to practical difficulties involving the implementation of a
management plan, a deeply problematic question remains. How should health
care providers respond to adolescent patients who express a conscious
and value-driven decision to pursue other goals and interests that are
incompatible with their doctors' recommended directives? Using two guiding
ethical principles, the "relevant difference principle" and the "principle
of noninterference," as well as available empirical data on adolescent
decision making and risk perception, the paper concludes that most
adolescents ages 14 and older should be allowed to make self-determining
decisions regarding the management of their chronic medical conditions.
The Injustice of Excluding Laboratory Rats, Mice, and Birds from the Animal Welfare Act
Authors: Orlans F. Barbara
Published: February 2007

A major shortcoming of the Animal Welfare Act is its exclusion
of the species most-used in experimentation-rats, mice, and
birds. Considerations of justice dictate that extension of the law to
these three species is the morally right thing to do. A brief history of
how these species came to be excluded from the laws protecting laboratory
animals is also provided, as well as discussion of the implications and
significance of expanding the law.
Moral Responsibility and Respect for Autonomy: Meeting the Communitarian Challenge
Authors: Gauthier Candace Cummins
Published: February 2007

The principle of respect for autonomy has come under
increasing attack both within health care ethics, specifically, and
as part of the more general communitarian challenge to predominantly
liberal values. This paper will demonstrate the importance of respect for
autonomy for the social practice of assigning moral responsibility and
for the development of moral responsibility as a virtue. Guided by this
virtue, the responsible exercise of autonomy may provide a much-needed
connection between the individual and the community.
Response: Persistent Perplexities
Authors: Radin Margaret Jane
Published: February 2007

This response to the preceding five
articles highlights the stubborn persistence of the philosophical
perplexities surrounding commodification in the realm of medicine and
biotechnology.
Public Policy and the Sale of Human Organs
Authors: Cohen Cynthia B
Published: February 2007

Gill and Sade, in the preceding article in this issue of the
Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, argue that living individuals should be free from legal constraints against selling their organs. The present commentary responds to several of their claims. It explains why an analogy between kidneys and blood
fails; why, as a matter of public policy, we prohibit the sale of
human solid organs, yet allow the sale of blood; and why their attack
on Kant's putative argument against the sale of human body parts is
misplaced. Finally, it rejects the claim that the state is entitled to
interfere with the actions of individuals only if such actions would
harm others. We draw certain lines grounded in what Rawls has termed
"public reason" beyond which we do not give effect to the autonomous
self-regarding decisions of individuals. Public resistance to the sale of
human body parts, no matter how voluntary or well informed, is grounded
in the conviction that such a practice would diminish human dignity
and our sense of solidarity. A system of organ donation, in contrast,
conveys our respect for persons and honors our common humanity.
Patient Autonomy and the Challenge of Clinical Uncertainty
Authors: Parascandola Mark , Hawkins Jennifer Susan , Danis Marion
Published: February 2007

Bioethicists have articulated an ideal of shared decision
making between physician and patient, but in doing so the role of clinical
uncertainty has not been adequately confronted. In the face of uncertainty
about the patient's prognosis and the best course of treatment, many
physicians revert to a model of nondisclosure and nondiscussion, thus
closing off opportunities for shared decision making. Empirical studies
suggest that physicians find it more difficult to adhere to norms of
disclosure in situations where there is substantial uncertainty. They may
be concerned that acknowledging their own uncertainty will undermine
patient trust and create additional confusion and anxiety for the
patient. We argue, in contrast, that effective disclosure will protect
patient trust in the long run and that patients can manage information
about uncertainty. In situations where there is substantial uncertainty,
extra vigilance is required to ensure that patients are given the tools
and information they need to participate in cooperative decision making
about their care.
What's So Bad About Human Cloning?
Authors: Breitowitz Yitzchok
Published: February 2007

There appears to be a consensus in the general community that reproductive cloning is an immoral technology that should be banned. It may, however, be argued, at least from the perspective of the Jewish tradition, that reproductive cloning has many positive benefits. It is thus essential that one carefully weigh the costs and the benefits before deciding on a definitive course of action.
Revisiting the Definition of Homo Sapiens
Authors: Loike John , Tendler Moshe David
Published: February 2007

Research in genomics, human cloning, and transgenic technology has challenged bioethicists and scientists to rethink the definition of human beings as a species. For example, should the definition incorporate a genetic criterion and how does the capacity to genetically engineer human beings affect the definition of our species? In considering these contemporary bioethical dilemmas, we revisit an ancient source, the Talmud, and highlight how it provides specific biological, cultural, and genetic criteria to define the human species.
Zones of Consensus and Zones of Conflict: Questioning the "Common Morality" Presumption in Bioethics
Authors: Turner Leigh
Published: February 2007

Many bioethicists assume that morality is in a state of wide reflective
equilibrium. According to this model of moral deliberation, public
policymaking can build upon a core common morality that is pretheoretical
and provides a basis for practical reasoning. Proponents of the common
morality approach to moral deliberation make three assumptions that
deserve to be viewed with skepticism. First, they commonly assume that
there is a universal, transhistorical common morality that can serve as
a normative baseline for judging various actions and practices. Second,
advocates of the common morality approach assume that the common
morality is in a state of relatively stable, ordered, wide reflective
equilibrium. Third, casuists, principlists, and other proponents of
common morality approaches assume that the common morality can serve
as a basis for the specification of particular policies and practical
recommendations. These three claims fail to recognize the plural moral
traditions that are found in multicultural, multiethnic, multifaith
societies such as the United States and Canada. A more realistic
recognition of multiple moral traditions in pluralist societies would
be considerably more skeptical about the contributions that common
morality approaches in bioethics can make to resolving contentious
moral issues.
Reconsidering the Dead Donor Rule: Is it Important that Organ Donors Be Dead?
Authors: Fost Norman
Published: February 2007

The "dead donor rule" is increasingly under attack for several reasons. First, there has long been disagreement about whether there is a correct or coherent definition of "death." Second, it has long been clear that the concept and ascertainment of "brain death" is medically flawed. Third, the requirement stands in the way of improving organ supply by prohibiting organ removal from patients who have little to lose—e.g., infants with anencephaly—and from patients who ardently want to donate while still alive—e.g., patients in a permanent vegetative state. One argument against abandoning the dead donor rule has been that the rule is important to the general public. There is now data suggesting that this assumption also may be flawed. These findings add additional weight to proposals to abandon the dead donor rule so that organ supply can be expanded in a way that is consistent with traditional notions of ethics, law, public policy, and public opinion.
Military Examinations in Late Choson, 1700-1863: Elite Substratification and Non-Elite Accommodation
Authors: Park Eugene Y
Published: February 2007

In late Choson, increasing domination of the civil branch of the central
government by capital civil official families led to the political
marginalization of other yangban families. Turning to military
examinations, some in Seoul reproduced themselves as semi-hereditary
military lines that enjoyed the powerful civil officials' patronage and
government support. Many among the provincial elite also chose military
careers in the course of their exclusion from central politics. Possible
weakening of their local political hegemony, however, may have made the
elite status more purely ascriptive in nature, and the military
examination degree seems to have lost its appeal. Despite the
differentiation, the central civil official, central military official,
and local elite families continued to constitute one yangban status
group. This elite substratification process ultimately allowed the
capital military men to retain their membership in yangban society, take
pride in their profession, and loyally defend the existing order.
Meanwhile, commoners began to participate en masse in the military
examinations, but the degree merely helped to satisfy their aspirations
for higher social status without actually allowing their political
participation. By facilitating elite substratification and nonelite
accommodation, the military examinations in late Choson appear to have
promoted social stability and dynastic longevity.
Ingush ˀa : The elusive Type 5 clitic?
Authors: Peterson David A.
Published: February 2007

Abstract:
A clitic occurring mainly in same-subject chaining constructions in Ingush (Northeast Caucasian) exhibits the following characteristics in terms of Klavans’s 1985 clitic typology: it is positioned with respect to the final element of its domain, before that element, and is enclitic on a preceding element. The clitic therefore provides a good example of Klavans’s Type 5 clitic, the existence of which is disputed. The search for evidence bearing on the status of the clitic also results in a more comprehensive treatment of clause chaining in Ingush than has previously been available.
Reexamining the Development of African American English: Evidence from Isolated Communities
Authors: Wolfram Walt
Published: February 2007

Despite extensive research over the past several decades, a number of issues concerning the development of AFRICAN AMERICAN VERNACULAR ENGLISH (AAVE) remain unresolved. These include the regional accommodation of earlier African American speech; the sources of its current, distinctive structural features; and the past and present trajectory of change. To address these questions, this study examines several longstanding, isolated biracial sociolinguistic situations in the coastal and the Appalachian regions of North Carolina. One of these situations involves a core community of African Americans, whereas two of the situations involve case studies of isolated speakers. A comparison of diagnostic phonological and morphosyntactic variables for speakers representing different generations of African Americans and baseline European American speakers suggests that extensive accommodation to localized dialects characterized earlier African American speech. At the same time, the maintenance of an exclusive subset of dialect features suggests persistent substrate influence and long-term ethnolinguistic distinctiveness along with local dialect accommodation. Younger African Americans in some historically isolated rural regions appear to be moving away from the localized dialects toward a more generalized AAVE norm.
Cyborg or Goddess: Postmodernism and its Others in John Fowles' Mantissa
Authors: O'Sullivan Jane
Published: February 2007

John Fowles' Mantissa defines its title, and by implication, its whole enterprise, as a mere "addition of comparatively small importance, especially to a literary effort or discourse"(Fowles 182). This paper offers a feminist and poststructuralist re-reading which reveals that the text's use of parody in its representation of feminism, poststructuralism, and postmodernism, actually constitutes a most reactionary detournement. In effect, Mantissa reaffirms assumptions and practices of such ideological and literary precursors as patriarchal authority, structuralism and classic realism. Nevertheless, Mantissa's parodic strategy of combining in its female protagonist an exaggerated representation of postmodernist mutability, and an equally distorted depiction of a feminist, poststructuralist notion of subjectivity, has something to offer a feminist reader. Here it is argued that Mantissa allows a recouperative reading in which a feminst postmodernist subject emerges with a level of mutability suggestive of some value in the combined "complicitous and contesting" operations of both goddess and cyborg.
The Ourang-Outang Situation
Authors: White Ed
Published: February 2007

The crime at the heart of Poe's "The Murders in the Rue Morgue" is the slave insurrection, but the real mystery of this story concerns why this reading is not more obvious. A discussion of the classroom challenges of this interpretation reveals some shortcomings of "structuralist" pedagogies while highlighting the advantages of Sartre's "situational" approach to historical context.
"The Wantt of health": An Early Eighteenth-Century Self-Portrait of Sickness
Authors: Anselment Raymond A
Published: February 2007

The suffering and illness central to Elizabeth Freke's narrative of her life reflect a sensibility new to early domestic
autobiography. Unusually sensitive to the realities of sickness and infirmity, she fashions a sense of self meaningful in
immediate personal and physical rather than spiritual terms. In the misfortunes of illness and death Elizabeth Freke sees
confirmation of herself as a long-suffering yet defiant wife, mother, and widow.
Gertrude Stein and the Politics of Literary-Medical Experimentation
Authors: English Daylanne K
Published: February 2007

This article explores Gertrude Stein's ambivalent participation in eugenic and medical discourse by reading Three Lives
as a kind of modernist medical chart. Stein's immigrant and mulatto women characters represent sites of medical-literary
experim entation, and her narrators articulate nationalist and racialist (eugenic) anxieties through non-native, non-white
female bodies.
Rontgen's Ghosts: Photography, X-Rays, and the Victorian Imagination
Authors: Grove Allen W
Published: February 2007

Grove examines the way in which Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen's 1895 discovery of X-rays confirmed many pre-existing
ideas about the existence of ghosts and the way in which the photographic plate could detect realities invisible to the
human eye. The arti cle situates Röntgen's discovery within a history of ghost fiction, ghost hunting, and ghost-like
photographs.
War, Walt Whitman, and William Osler
Authors: Martens Peter B
Published: February 2007

William Osler served as Walt Whitman's physician during the 1880s. Mutual medical-literary interests might have
influenced both, but they found little in common. This article analyzes Osler and Whitman's relationship and Osler's
growing appreciation of Wh itman during World War I. War experience shaped both Osler's and Whitman's interactions
with patients.
Neurology and the Novel: Alexander Monro primus and secundus, Robinson Crusoe, and the Problem of Sensibility
Authors: Sill Geoffrey M.
Published: February 2007

Alexander Monro primus (1697--1767) wrote several influential works on the anatomy of the nervous system. His
experiments, continued by his son Monro secundus, exhibit the shift from mechanism to vitalism that laid new emphasis
on the means by which the nerves convey sensation. Apparent allusions to Robinson Crusoe in an essay written by
Monro primus for his daughter in 1739 suggest that his interest in the problem of sensibility may have been raised by his
reading of that novel.
Visual Knowledge in Medicine and Popular Film
Authors: Crawford T. Hugh (Thomas Hugh)
Published: February 2007

Crawford's essay raises questions about simple, direct observation in medical practice and research by considering how
audiences view two of William Dieterle's films, The Story of Louis Pasteur, and Dr. Ehrlich's Magic Bullet. Through a
reading of optical practices as well as a close look at the two films, Crawford points out how medicine and its ethics are
enmeshed in medicine's optical technologies and its practitioners' ways of seeing.
From Exploitation to Self-Reflection: Representing Persons with Psychiatric Disabilities in Documentary Film
Authors: Stastny Peter
Published: February 2007

Filmmaker Stastny examines documentary films that feature persons with disabilities. The essay suggests that a "new
polyvocality subverts the traditional psychiatric nomenclature by affirming a right to name personal experiences as one
chooses." Making use of theoretical grids from Bill Nichols's Representing Reality and Richard M. Barsam's
Non-Fiction Film---A Critical History, Stastny establishes a historical progression in documentaries from the 1930s to
the present. His essay categorizes films into documentaries, medical specimens and soulful freaks, psychiatry and Nazi
propaganda films, asylum films, autobiographical films, and the films in the future of psychiatry.
Female Trouble: Dorothy Parker, Katherine Anne Porter, and Alcoholism
Authors: Lansky Ellen
Published: February 2007

"Female Trouble: Dorothy Parker, Katherine Anne Porter, and Alcoholism" brings together Dorothy Parker, Katherine
Anne Porter and their fiction over a common problem: their alcoholism and the "female trouble" they encountered in a
culture that asked them, as heterosexual women, to subordinate their bodies, desires, and career aspirations to their male
partners. The women alcoholics---authors and characters---are scrutinized and punished as they transgress culturally
determined roles and behaviors for women.
A Thirst for Reverie: Alcohol, Despair, and Dream Space in Elizabeth Bishop's Poetry
Authors: Curry Renee R
Published: February 2007

In light of the startling discussion and debate initiated by Brett Millier's biography of poet Elizabeth Bishop, which
highlights Bishop's lifelong addiction to alcohol, certain of Bishop's seemingly muddled or multi-voiced poems may be
read anew. In particular, the poems that explore the liminal spaces of nighttime, sleeping, awaking, or dreaming may be
read as phenomenological and dialogical landscape poems that display an unusual poetic reverie: not that of the poet in
meditative repose, but that of the poet placid in the face of alcoholism and despair. The exploration of the intersection of
alcohol, despair, and liminal space gives new insight into the imagination of this twentieth-century woman poet.
Genetics and "Race" in The Merchant of Venice
Authors: Japtok Martin , Schleiner Winfried
Published: February 2007

This essay argues that the influence of medical pseudo-science in a number of passages in
The Merchant of Venice is much stronger than Shakespeare scholars generally acknowledge. Early
modern notions of genetics in the play have a bearing on its conceptualization of "race," which, as
the play shows, was a concept in the process of formation.
Troubled Teen or Troubled System?: TV Interprets the Zion Malpractice Case
Authors: McGettigan Joan
Published: February 2007

The wrongful death suit filed by Sidney Zion against New York Hospital for the death of
his daughter, Libby, in 1984, became famous not only for the issues of possible malpractice that
arose from case, but also because it drew attention to the long hours and overburdened schedules
young doctors are expected to keep as part of their training. The case revealed how these common
circumstances could potentially endanger patients. Using contemporary theory about documentary,
Joan McGettigan examines two television programs devoted to the Zion Malpractice case. She
explores how the two programs reach different conclusions about the responsibilities of physicians
and their patients, and yet also re-establish the public's faith in the medical profession as a whole.
Some Hours Ago
Authors: Ferganchick-Neufang Julia K
Published: February 2007

This original healing narrative gives as harrowing and direct an
access to the experience of a commercial airline crash as language
can provide. It is raw and unrelenting.
Approaching Death by Writing: Montaigne's Essays and the Literature of Consolation
Authors: Heitsch Dorothea B.
Published: February 2007

Heitsch examines the ways in which Montaigne's essays
challenged and altered the conventions of the literature of
consolation as he wrote to heal the loss of his best friend, Etienne
de La Bo�tie. Heitsch finds in Montaigne's work not only a system
of consolation for others, but also a movement toward consolation
and peace for the writer himself, as well as a complex and
dangerous challenging of social, religious, and political orthodoxies.
The Hospital Prayer Book: A Partner for Healing
Authors: O'Reilly JoAnn
Published: February 2007

O'Reilly examines the prayers people write in the books available in
the chapel of her hospital. She reminds us that healing is complex
and variable, delicate and enduring. She invites us to see with
believers' eyes.
Life Lessons from Untimely Death in James Joyce's Ulysses
Authors: Downing Gregory M
Published: February 2007

In Ulysses, James Joyce draws deeply on his own experiences and
those of people he had known. An excellent example is Dr. John J.
O'Hare, whose tragically young death resulted from an illness
contracted while on duty as a public health officer. Joyce transfers
various of O'Hare's traits into two fictional Ulysses medical men, the
late Dr. O'Hare and the living Dr. Dixon. By reshaping elements of
the real O'Hare into these two fictional doctors, Joyce thematizes
major issues inherent in human experience.
Might Zora Neale Hurston's Janie Woods Be Dying of Rabies? Considerations from Historical Medicine
Authors: Haas Robert
Published: February 2007

Janie's mad dying husband Tea Cake bites her, an event their
doctor warned could also infect her. We think the risk to be
negligible, but I argue that in the ignorance and dread of the 1930s
the threat was meant seriously. It is also consistent with the
ambiguity and Trickster character in African folktales influencing
Hurston. Janie's story thus becomes her testament; perhaps her
courage also speaks to those suffering chronic illness today.
Keats, Professional Medicine, and the Two Hyperions
Authors: Ziegenhagen Timothy
Published: February 2007

As a licensed apothecary and a "Cockney" poet, John Keats was doubly aware of his marginalized status as a member of the professional class. In his poems "Hyperion" and "The Fall of Hyperion," Keats examines the relationship between the professions of medicine and poetry writing, attempting to determine the ideal "healer" of the ills of humankind. In the process of writing and reworking these poems, Keats found--in the figure of the apothecary--a way of validating, even embracing his position as the "Cockney poet." Keats's experiences as a "lower" type of medical worker enables him to revise the figuration of the poet, from an all-powerful, world-healing Apollo in "Hyperion" to an "apprentice" poet-speaker in "The Fall," a character whose visit to Moneta's vale teaches him to serve humanity in less wide-sweeping but more material ways.
Dis(re)membered Bodies: Cormac McCarthy's Border Fiction
Authors: Eaton Mark A.
Published: February 2007

Cormac McCarthy's novels are usually seen as belonging to one of two longstanding regionalist literary traditions, Southern Gothic or the Western. This essay considers McCarthy's border fiction instead as part of an emergent borderlands discourse that is at once bilingual, multicultural, and revisionist. Blood Meridian and All the Pretty Horses represent key moments in the history of the Southwest region in which they are set; both novels in effect remember the dis(re)membered bodies lost in the violent struggle over territory. McCarthy's border fiction challenges provincial models of US literary history and ought to be reconsidered within postnationalist American studies.
Going Home: Hemingway, Primitivism, and Identity
Authors: Del Gizzo Suzanne
Published: February 2007

This article explores Hemingway's
fascination with primitivism, specifically his cross-cultural and cross-racial
identification with Native Americans and Africans. The primitive serves as a
space of self-creation and exploration for Hemingway from his youthful
association of the primitive with (re)creation and transgression to its role as
a figurative home amidst the alienation of modern culture. Focusing on his
African safaris, the article suggests that while his interest in primitivism
reveals Hemingway's longing for authenticity and origins, his racechanges and
intimate identification with the primitive ultimately create an awareness of
the hybridity and performativity of identity.
Reassessing Ninety Years of Greek Historiography on the "Struggle for Macedonia" (1904-1908)
Authors: Gounaris Basil C
Published: February 2007

Nine decades after the Struggle for Macedonia ended, Greek
historians are still reluctant to assess it scientifically. The extensive
historiography available has varied according to the political
exigency of the moment, whether that be offense, appeasement,
or--most recently--defense. This was natural since the events of the
Struggle were the first stage of a complicated diplomatic question
that has still not been resolved. In this context, active participation
and sacrifice in the Struggle evolved into an important symbol of
national devotion and also into a suitable argument for Greek
foreign policy. The use of a historic period as a national symbol is
fully compatible with the Greeks' ethnic nationalism. But in the
case of Greek Macedonia, the deliberate preservation of a specific
historic memory has, instead of advancing social unity, hindered
the social integration of all those who did not share enthusiasm
about this past.
From Rum Millet to Greek Nation: Enlightenment, Secularization, and National Identity in Ottoman Balkan Society, 1453-1821
Authors: Roudometof Victor
Published: February 2007

In order to understand the Enlightenment's impact on Ottoman
Balkan society, we must consider the relationship between class
position and ethnicity. In the pre-1820s Ottoman Balkans, most of
the urban strata, mercantile groups, and religious and secular elites
were either ethnic Greeks or acculturated into the Greek ethnie.
Both the peasantry and the literate and urban Greek-Orthodox
groups were "Greek" in the sense of being Orthodox.
Millenarianism and Orthodox universalism were both common
among the Ottoman Orthodox Christians. After 1750, the influence
of the Western Enlightenment led to secularization, liberalism, and
an undermining of the religious world view of the Eastern Church.
With the French Revolution, this trend intensified. Greek-Orthodox
intellectuals reconceptualized the Orthodox Rum millet. They
argued for a new, secular "Hellenic" national identity. Still, their
visions of a future state included all Balkan Orthodox Christians.
Restoring the Prologue to the English Edition of Βιος και πολιτεια του Αλεξη Ζορμπα (alias Zorba the Greek ): Recreating a Work in Progress
Authors: Matthias Susan
Published: February 2007

Abstract: The Prologue, missing from the English translation of Nikos Kazantzakis's Βιος και πολιτεια του Αλεξη Ζορμπα, changes the way one reads the novel. The Prologue can be proved to be written in the voice of the narrator, not that of Kazantzakis, and therefore to be an organic part of the work. With the Prologue considered in this way, the novel is perceived as a work in progress. The narrator describes the gradual personal growth that enables him now, years after the experience in Crete, to give literary expression to his memories of Aléxis Zorbás. Without the Prologue, the novel is deprived of an extra dimension, that of its literary genesis, although it remains a Bildungsroman in which an intellectual learns how to live life to the fullest, like his teacher Zorbás. The Prologue also provides an opening frame introducing motifs to be developed later, the most important of which is a view of creativity—exemplified by the writing of this novel—as a process, governed by its own laws, that cannot be rushed.
Kazantzakis and Christian Doctrine: Some Bridges of Understanding
Authors: Middleton Darren J. N.
Published: February 2007

Although it is essential to note that Nikos Kazantzakis's religious
views do not easily comport with mainstream Christianity, it is
equally correct to claim that his theology of God, Christ, and
salvation contributes to a wider, biblical faith in the making. He is
an important part of a long and distinguished tradition of religious
thinkers who affirm God's mutability, who stress Jesus Christ's
humanity, and who declare that the redemptive process involves
divine-human co-creatorship. It is time now that we reassessed
him, interpreting Kazantzakis as a poet of the graced search for
religious meaning. Those who would criticize him from a Christian
perspective would do well to re-read his work in light of some of the
important makers and remakers of Christian doctrine.
"Does This One Exist?" The Unveiled Abyss of Nikos Kazantzakis
Authors: Owens Lewis
Published: February 2007

Kazantzakis's Askitikí has often been interpreted as a work of
pessimism and nihilism, especially because of "Even this 'One'
does not exist," which is meant to be pronounced while standing on
the edge of the abyss. Yet this notion of the "abyss," so central to
Kazantzakis's thought, stems predominately from Nietzsche's call
for self-affirmation. A closer examination of Kazantzakis's novels,
particularly St. Francis, suggests a further positive meaning of the
abyss as non-material freedom. The overcoming of the material
obstruction that imprisons "God" leads to a revelation of
nothingness that is the unveiling of the abyss of being. Such a
mystical union with the abyss can be expressed only by the horror
of silence; yet it is an escape valve providing the source of
authentic freedom and enabling the eternal ascent to continue
toward the "One" that lies beyond the flux of existence.
Language as a Mask for Silence in Two Seemingly Antithetical Authors: Kazantzakis and Joyce
Authors: Parker Holly E
Published: February 2007

In the twentieth century, both Nikos Kazantzakis and James Joyce
undertook their own modern versions of Homer's Odyssey. When
compared using the formulations of T. E. Hulme regarding
romanticism and classicism, the heroes of these two works take
seemingly opposite paths. While Kazantzakis's Odysséas goes on
a romantic journey, abandoning Ithaca and Penelope for an
increasingly solitary spirituality, Joyce's "Ulysses" (Leopold Bloom)
assumes a classical approach to spiritual awakening, relishing in
the imperfections of Dublin and its citizens. This romantic/classical
comparison collapses, however, when considered in the light of
Henri Bergson's time theory. Now it reveals a common struggle to
surpass humanity's fragmented "clock time" and reach the
enlightened state of "real time," an inexpressible duration that flows
beneath imperfect clock time. Both heroes discover this state
through the silence at their journeys' end. While Odysséas's
silence comes at the price of death, Bloom's is a moment of being
that may be emulated by all humanity, rendering Joyce's "Ulysses"
the more satisfying of the two.
Political Romanticism in Modern Greece
Authors: Eleftheriadis Pavlos
Published: February 2007

We can distinguish between at least two theoretical
frameworks--the liberal and the romantic--for
understanding politics and the state. In the liberal
framework, the purpose of the state is the welfare of
the individual or the promotion of values that have to
do with qualities of the person. In the romantic
framework, politics is about the achievement of a
collective historical end. We find both frameworks at
work in modern Greek political thought. Fundamental
disagreements in political discourse might be better
understood if we saw them as expressions of these
two fundamentally different general frameworks, the
liberal and the romantic. Some of the modern views
on the particularity of modern Greece can be easily
seen as expressions of the romantic outlook. This
might go some way toward explaining the "underdog"
culture that prevails in much of modern Greek politics
today and the difficulty of making legal and
constitutional safeguards prominent political goals.
Whitman and Elytis: Workings of Minor Literature
Authors: Andriotis-Baitinger Katerina
Published: February 2007

Gilles Deleuze's and Felix Guattari's postmodern theory
enables us to view Walt Whitman and Odysseus Elytis as major poets
who, by deterritorializing and reterritorializing the English and
Greek languages, respectively, become suitable for American and Greek
realities and models. Ultimately, however, this contributes to the two
poets' minority status. Their unique adaptation of language to American
and Greek realities qualifies their writings as minor literature.
Environmental Crisis in Greece and Recent Challenges to Centralized State Authority
Authors: Close David (David H.)
Published: February 2007

Abstract: Environmental problems have become acute in Greece. They have
led to criti-cism of the arbitrary behavior and administrative incapacity
of national gov-ernments, which have been vulnerable because their power
is extraordinarily centralized. Consequently, environmental problems have
stimulated diverse protests against governments by voluntary associations,
often working in alliance with various bodies that have become more
independent and critical of the government: elected local governments,
the broadcast media, professional experts, and the judiciary. The same
bodies--sometimes forming new types of partnership--have also tried
to remedy government neglect by various initiatives for environmental
protection. All these activities have made the central government readier
to anticipate public objections and seek external assistance. These
developments have tended to make the political system more pluralistic
and decentralized, and have strengthened civil society as conventionally
defined.
The Genre of Mountain Film: The Ideological Parameters of Its Subgenres
Authors: Kymionis Stelios
Published: February 2007

The genre of mountain film presents stories borrowed from the theatrical,
literary, and folklore traditions of Greece. Its two subgenres (dramatic
idyll and mountain adventure) convey strong ideological messages regarding
the representation of past and present political situations. The
dramatic idyll depicts love stories in village communities permeated
by harmonious, idealized relationships and provides its viewers with
mythological accounts of ethnic homogeneity and unity. Conversely, the
mountain adventure represents communities under oppression and focuses
on legendary heroes who punish the community's enemies, resolve social
disputes, and restore justice. Mountain films gave rise to a twofold
representation of the Greek past, simultaneously alluding to such social
attitudes as a plea for consensus (dramatic idyll) and a demand for the
restoration of social justice (mountain adventure).