bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Overseeding Cool‐Season Annuals on Hay Yield and Nitrogen and Phosphorus Uptake by Tifton 44 Bermudagrass Fertilized with Swine Effluent
Authors: McLaughlin M. R. , Sistani K. R. , Fairbrother T. E. , Rowe D. E.
Published: July 2010

Use of Tifton 44 bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] in manure nutrient management is limited to summer haying. This study was done to determine how hay yield and nutrient uptake in a manure‐fertilized Tifton 44 field were affected by fall overseeding and spring haying with berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.), crimson clover (T. incarnatum L.), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Overseeding treatments were compared with a nonoverseeded control on Mantachie loam (fine, siliceous, acid, thermic Aeric Fluvaquents) receiving 168 kg P ha−1 in swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) effluent. Spring hay was cut April–June and summer hay July–October 2000–2002. Dry matter (DM) (4.4–5.5 Mg ha−1 yr−1) and P uptake (12.2–17.1 kg ha−1 yr−1) of spring berseem clover hay were higher than the control in 2 of 3 yr and higher than other treatments in 2002. Total DM and P uptake with berseem clover overseeding were 10% higher than the control. Final Mehlich‐3 P soil levels (0–5 cm) tended to be lower in the berseem clover treatment than the control (65 vs. 81 mg kg−1, respectively). Spring berseem clover hay was higher in N (94–122 kg ha−1 yr−1) than the control each year and higher than other treatments in 2 of 3 yr. Summer Tifton 44 hay in the berseem clover treatment had more DM in 2002 and higher N uptake in 2001 and 2002 than other treatments. No treatment reduced Tifton 44 yield or nutrient uptake. Overseeding increased hay yield and nutrient uptake, and berseem clover was as good as or better than other treatments.
Dry Bean Production in Zero and Conventional Tillage
Authors: Blackshaw Robert E. , Molnar Louis J. , Clayton George W. , Harker K. Neil , Entz Toby
Published: July 2010

Adoption of zero tillage production practices for dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) has lagged behind that of many other crops. A field experiment was conducted at two locations on the Canadian prairies to determine the response of dry bean planted into various crop stubbles in conventional and zero tillage. Dry bean emergence was delayed in one of six site years with zero tillage (ZT) compared with conventional tillage (CT) but maturity date was not affected. Dry bean density was never lower with ZT compared with CT and was higher in a few instances. There were no differences in insect or disease infestations between the two tillage treatments. Weed densities were slightly greater with ZT compared with CT but were well controlled with in‐crop applications of sethoxydim and bentazon. Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) was the only previous crop to negatively affect dry bean yield as volunteer flax was not adequately controlled with bentazon. Over all previous crop stubbles and years, dry bean yield was similar in both tillage systems. Dry bean yielded 2060 and 2110 kg ha−1, and 1600 and 1710 kg ha−1 with CT and ZT at Lethbridge and Lacombe, Alberta, respectively. These results indicate that there is potential for successful production of dry bean within ZT cropping systems.
Microscopic Changes in Soil Structure During Compression
Authors: Day Paul R. , Holmgren George G.
Published: July 2010

Compressed specimens of soil were examined microscopically to determine the nature of the changes occurring in moist soil during the application of pressure. A small compression chamber was filled loosely with moist soil aggregates, and the pressure was applied gradually in a controlled manner. The compressed material was removed at various stages and dried. Polished sections were then prepared. The results have been preserved in a series of photomicrographs and show that the volume changes are attributable in large part to plastic deformation of the aggregates. Deformation occurred readily at the lower plastic limit, causing a progressive closing of the interaggregate spaces as the pressure was increased. At water contents below this limit deformation appeared to be localized in the areas of contact between aggregates and consisted mainly of flattening of the aggregates against one another. The incomplete closing of the interaggregate spaces at low water contents was attributed to the increased shearing strength of the material. The theory has been advanced that during compression localized stresses in excess of the shearing strength occur in the contact areas between aggregates and that the resulting flattening causes a dimunition of stress on account of the distribution of the load over a greater area; deformation ceases when the shearing stress falls below the shearing strength. According to this theory, the flattening phenomen acts as a check against unlimited deformation at any given pressure.
Single Strains and a Mixture of Rhizobium trifolii for Inoculating True Clovers
Authors: Erdman Lewis W. , Means Ura Mae
Published: July 2010

Twenty strains of Rhizobium trifolii were grown separately and equal portions were compounded into a single mixed humus culture. Twelve species of Trifolium were inoculated with this mixed culture, with a single good strain, and with a poor strain. On Trifolium incarnatum and T. fragiferum, the mixed culture was significantly better than the single good strain culture. On T. subterraneum, T. hirtum, and T. lappaceum, the single good strain was significantly better than the mixed culture. On the seven other species, T. repens, T. repens var. ladino, T. pratense, T. hybridum, T. nigrescens, T. glomeratum, and T. resupinatum, no significant differences were found between the single good strain and the mixed culture. The presence of poor strains in the mixed culture apparently had no harmful effect on its efficiency to inoculate the 12 different species of true clovers.
Potassium Ion Fixation, Equilibria, and Lattice Changes in Vermiculite
Authors: Dennis Everett J. , Ellis Roscoe
Published: July 2010

The influence of different levels of added potassium on the equilibrium values of water‐soluble, exchangeable, and “fixed” potassium in a vermiculite system was investigated by chemical methods. X‐ray diffraction techniques were used to establish the levels of added potassium necessary to result in changes in the basal “d” spacing of the vermiculite lattice. The effects of dehydration and complementary ion were studied.

In general, fixation of potassium by vermiculite against chemical extraction was associated with a change in the basal “d” spacing of the vermiculite lattice as shown by X‐ray diffraction. However, some potassium was fixed against chemical extraction which was not detected by the X‐ray diffraction method employed. Dehydration increased potassium fixation. Calcium and sodium systems were compared to determine the influence of the complementary ion on the fixation process. For a given level of exchangeable potassium, more fixation of potassium occurred when calcium was the complementary ion.
Soil Chemical Characteristics of Recent Volcanic Ash
Authors: Bornemisza Elemer , Morales José C.
Published: July 2010

Volcanic ash, emitted by Irazú volcano in Costa Rica during 1963 and 1964, was evaluated for its agricultural value. The evaluation included leaching loss studies in lysimeters and measurements of nutrients extracted with various solutions. The CEC of the ash is about 1.85 meq/100 g, and its pH in water is 5.1; it contains little soluble or exchangeable Mn. Lysimeter experiments showed that Irazú ash does not fix phosphorus or retain cations added as fertilizers. The ash is wettable and forms, when wetted, a thin, hard, cemented surface crust.
Effect of Phosphate and Chloride Salts on Ammonification in Waterlogged Soils
Authors: Ryan J. A. , Sims J. L. , Peaslee D. E.
Published: July 2010

A survey of 15 different soil types indicated ammonification under waterlogged conditions was usually decreased by addition of KH2PO4, although occasional increases were observed. Ammonification in the Pembroke soil was studied in more detail with varying concentrations (0, 1 × 10‐3, 1 × 10‐2, 2.5 × 10‐2, and 1 × 10‐1M) of KH2PO4, NaH2PO4, KCl and NaCl and between 7 and 35 days of incubation. In general, ammonification increased as the incubation period increased and decreased as the salt concentration increased. There was a significant interaction between salt treatments and incubation periods, reflecting the tendency of ammonification to be decreased more at intermediate incubations than at longer incubations. Potassium salts generally depressed ammonification more than did Na salts, especially in the phosphate series. Of the anions, the depression was greater with Cl salts than with P salts for most short term incubations, but the reverse was true for the 35‐day incubation. The critical concentration for the salts in this study was about 2.5 × 10‐2M.
Twelve Years of Continuous Corn Fertilization with Ammonium Nitrate or Urea Nitrogen
Authors: Nelson W. W. , MacGregor J. M.
Published: July 2010

Field studies on a Webster loam (pH 6.8) compared ammonium nitrate N to urea N for corn (Zea mays L.). The comparison included N removal, grain yield, use as an annual fall plowdown and late June sidedressing, and use on fall‐plowed and spring surfaces. Rates of N broadcast were 45, 90, and 180 kg/ha. Starter fertilizer on all treatments supplied an additional 16 kg N, 21 kg of P, and 20 kg of K/ha (1975 lbs. of 8‐24‐12/acre). The two N sources produced equivalent average yield increases in seven of the eight comparisons, but sidedressed urea N was significantly superior to the NH4NO3 when both were broadcast at the 90 kg rate. Both N sources broadcast on fall plowing were equally effective to similar treatments plowed down. Increasing N application rates significantly increased corn production and N removal, but only the highest N application rate (196 kg N/ha annually) materially increased NO3‐N concentrations in the soil. None of the N treatments increased soil NO3‐N concentrations beyond the 2‐m depth, and it is assumed that excess NO3‐N to this soil depth was largely removed in the tile drainage waters.
Loess Distribution on a Wisconsin‐Age Till Plain in Southwestern Ohio
Authors: Hock A. G. , Wilding L. P. , Hall G. F.
Published: July 2010

Loess thickness, depth to carbonates, nature of loess‐till contact, soil type, and surface elevation were observed at 15 m (or alternatively 30 m) intervals along 8.5 km of pipeline trench wall; similar observations were made at 4.6 m intervals in three 41 m by 41 m grid sites each containing 100 observation points. Over 800 observations were made. Data were statistically summarized according to soil drainage classes (landscape position) and glacio‐physiographic regions. Loess blankets the landscape, but is usually thickest on poorly‐drained landscape positions and, except for local pockets, thins or becomes absent on slopes > 5%. Local distribution of loess is highly variable over horizontal distances of 7.5 m or less and is directly related to the irregular microtopography of the underlying till surface. Construction of a loess isopachous map for this area was deemed impractical because of the large number of observations that would be required to estimate mean loess thickness classes within relatively narrow (limits (± 20%), even on relatively stable geomorphic areas. No source area(s) could be identified for these loess deposits based on loess thickness or particle‐size parameters.
Slash Pine Response to Nitrogen and Phosphorus on Imperfectly Drained Soil of the West Gulf Coastal Plain
Authors: McKee W. H.
Published: July 2010

Total dry weight and nutrient content of 1‐year‐old slash pines (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Engelm.) responded to combinations of N and P in a pot study with imperfectly drained Coastal Plain soil. Application of either nutrient alone resulted in no growth response. A marked response was obtained with applications equivalent to 50 kg of P and 168 kg of N/ha. Maximum growth as determined by regression analysis was obtained with applications equivalent to 124 kg of P and 232 kg of N/ha.

Uptake of individual nutrients increased with N and P levels, but response patterns differed. Nitrogen, calcium, and magnesium uptake corresponded closely to dry‐matter accumulation of seedlings, while P uptake was independent of dry weight. Percentage recovery of applied P decreased with increased P fertilization but improved with addition of N. Recovery of N increased with amount applied and was not affected by P.
Myxobacteria from Southwestern USA Soils
Authors: Larkin John M. , Dunigan Edward
Published: July 2010

Extremely dessicated soil samples from 9 of 11 sites in Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas were found to contain Cystobacter, Myxococcus, or Sorangium in relatively large numbers after a severe drought. Numbers were not correlated with pH, organic carbon, or soil moisture content.
Adaptive Modified Method of Characteristics to Solve the One‐Dimensional Solute Transport Equation
Authors: Liu Hui Hai , Dane J. H. , Güven O.
Published: July 2010

Simulation of advection‐dominated solute transport in a porous medium is complicated due to the inherent problems of numerical dispersion and oscillation. We propose an adaptive modified method of characteristics (AMMOC) to simulate one‐dimensional, advection‐dominated solute transport problems, which incorporates the advantage of a self‐adaptive spatial grid system with the computational power of the modified method of characteristics (MMOC) to deal with numerical dispersion and oscillation. The numerical simulations, including a pure advection problem, show that the AMMOC is free of oscillation, approximately global mass conservative, and exhibits insignificant numerical dispersion. Related to this method, three interpolation schemes to obtain the concentration of the fictitious particle at the previous time step were also evaluated. Our simulations show that the AMMOC, based on a clipped quadratic interpolation scheme, provides the most accurate results.
Cyanophycean Algae from the Foothills of Indo-Western Himalaya
Authors: Shukla Sunil Kumar , Misra P. K. , Shukla Chandra Prakash
Published: July 2010

Twenty six cyanophycean taxa were collected from Pilibheet, Nainital foothills of western Himalayas, belong to 8 genera viz. Chroococcus, Aphanocapsa, Merismopedia, Oscillatoria, Lyngbya, Anabaena, Aulosira and Anabaenopsis. These taxa are represented by 22 species, 3 varieties and 1 forma. All these taxa from Pilibheet are the first report. Key words: Cyanophycean algae, Pilibheet, Nainital. DOI: 10.3126/eco.v16i0.3475ECOPRINT 16: 65-73, 2009
Intercontinental and transcontinental mail transit times from Europe to Berkeley, 1892 to 1941
Authors: SCHMID RUDOLF
Published: July 2010

SUMMARY

Mail transit times from Germany to Berkeley, California, are computed for issues of the current awareness journals Botanisches Centralblatt (1880–1945) and the interdisciplinary Naturae Novitates (1879–1944). Issues of the former for 1892 to 1902 averaged 29.3 days (31.2 days if abnormal times are included) in transit from Kassel to Berkeley, with many issues (92) requiring only 20 to 25 days for intercontinental and transcontinental transit. Mail transit of Naturae Novitates from Berlin to Berkeley averaged 40.7 days (42 if abnormal times are included) per issue for 1903 to 1916 and 44 days (51.1 days) per issue for 1922 to 1941 (cumulatively averaging 42 days, or 45.9 days for abnormal times), with some issues in 1906 requiring only 11-12 days for intercontinental and transcontinental transit. A smaller sampling for Nature for 1923 and 1930 gave averages of, respectively, 21.5 and 22.4 days, with a minimum of 14 days in both years. These times are consistent with known transatlantic and transcontinental, ship and rail, mail transit times for these periods, as tabulated from various sources. For perspective, early intercontinental and transcontinental air transit times and pre-1892 intercontinental ship transit times are also tabulated.
John White's Journal of a voyage to new South Wales (1790): comments on the natural history and the artistic origins of the plates
Authors: PIGOTT LOUIS J.
Published: July 2010

This paper discusses three groups of eighteenth century watercolour drawings (two in Australia and one in the UK) which are related to the plates in John White's Journal of a voyage to new South Wales (1790). The 65 plates are then discussed individually giving identifications of the specimens depicted and notes on the natural history of each species from an historical viewpoint.
For the ‘Promotion’ and ‘Integration’ of various fields: first years ofEvolution, 1947–1949
Authors: CAIN JOE
Published: July 2010

Under the auspices of the Society for the Study of Evolution, Ernst Mayr launched Evolution late in 1946. For three years he used this journal as a means for implementing reform in evolutionary studies and evolutionary taxonomy. These reforms included: establishing a community of discourse on evolutionary “factors”, “forces”, and “mechanisms”, introducing “balance” in that discourse (which entailed working to offset an impression of intellectual imperialism by Drosophila and evolutionary genetics), and working to convince fellow “museum men” that evolutionary systematics and the study of evolutionary mechanisms offered the penultimate goal for taxonomy. Tirelessly recruiting, Mayr encountered considerable difficulty on each front during his tenure. By the time he stepped down, it was by no means clear that the ideal of synthesis and co-operation had been achieved. Analysis of Mayr's efforts reveals the group of synthesis actors more as a loose coalition of co-incident interests than a fully reconciled, evenly balanced community.
The dates of publication of Bullettino malacologico Italiano (1868–1875) and Bullettino delta Societá Malacologica Italiana (1875–1899)
Authors: MANGANELLI GIUSEPPE , CIANFANELLIb SIMONE
Published: July 2010

Bullettino malacologico italiano and Bullettino della Società Malacologica Italianawere two major malacological journals of the nineteenth century. The seven volumes of Bullettino malacologico italianowere published in 26 fascicles and one supplement between 1868 and 1875 and the 20 volumes of Bullettino della Società Malacologica Italiana in 70 fascicles and one supplement between 1875 and 1899. The pagination and date of publication of each fascicle is given on the basis of available evidence.
“Nature-formed botanists”: notes on some nineteenth century botanical guides of Snowdonia
Authors: JONES DEWI
Published: July 2010

During the nineteenth century mountain guides could be hired at almost all the inns and hotels of Snowdonia; they were local men self-educated in subjects like botany and geology. In 1838 Edwin Lees while staying at The Dolbadara, Llanberis, an inn with a long tradition with the Snowdon guides, hired the services of such a man. Names of local guides are sparsely found among the pages of visitors-books kept in the huts on Snowdon's summit, inscribed for posterity by the Victorians, also in rare guide-books and on slate tombstones. Tom Jones of Beddgelert was guide to Sir Henry De la Beche during his geological survey of Snowdon. William Williams the botanical guide, known locally as „Will boots”, an expert on Arctic-alpine plant localities, met his end when his rope broke while he was gathering a rare fern for a client on Snowdon. Slate-quarryman Hugh Lewis, who showed Charles Babington the locality of another rare fern, was also guide to a mysterious lady fern-collector who published an account of her mountain adventures under the pseudonym „Filix-foemina” in a gardening periodical. John Hughes, whose pocket-book is still kept in the family, bears testimony of clients who benefited from his extensive local knowledge on geology and botany.
Competence to be executed: An ethical analysis postPanetti
Authors: Weinstock Robert , Leong Gregory B. , Silva J. Arturo
Published: July 2010

Competence to be executed evaluations in effect can prevent an execution or remove the last meaningful impediment to it. Forensic psychiatrists have primary duties to the legal system and truth and honesty, but like all other areas of medical consultation also should balance conflicting secondary traditional medical ethical duties. Participation in a legally authorized execution so violates medical roles, that it is ethically prohibited by the American Medical Association and American Psychiatric Association. This prohibition includes treatment intended to restore competence to be executed. However, despite the primary treatment intent otherwise being appropriate ethically, like relieving suffering or fostering prison safety, if competence to be executed almost predictably would be a treatment result, at least the risk of this result should be considered ethically as if it were intended. In contrast, competence to be executed assessments can be ethical. Diamond's approach of performing honest evaluations only for the defense is an ethical option for such assessments. However, it is challenging to persuade judges and juries of the objectivity of such honest legitimate assessments. Most practitioners therefore likely would consider assessing competence to be executed for either side. This ethically hazardous position necessitates sensitivity to potentially seriously conflicting duties and roles. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid Multiphase Flow Dynamics Mapped by Single‐Shot MRI Velocimetry
Authors: Amar Andrea , Blümich Bernhard , Casanova Federico
Published: July 2010

A new, fast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method is described and applied to map flow fields in systems with internal velocities rapidly varying along the streamlines. While conventional MRI techniques encode the velocity information in a preparatory period prior to the imaging acquisition module, our technique repeatedly refreshes the velocity encoding during a single‐shot imaging sequence. In this way, the maximum acceleration responsible for velocity variation of the molecules is increased by up to two orders of magnitude compared to standard procedures. Besides being compatible with high acceleration, this pulse sequence is suited to acquiring in a single scan the multiple velocity images required to construct a full velocity vector map. The power of this new methodology is demonstrated by following the internal dynamics of toluene droplets levitating in a counterflow of water during mass transfer of acetone from the water phase into the drop in the presence of surface‐active impurities. The dramatic reduction in measurement time allows visualization for the first time of the important impact of even small concentrations of acetone on accumulation of surfactants at the drop’s surface.
Discovery and Synthetic Value of a Novel, Highly Crowded Cyclopentadienylphosphane Ph2P‐CpTMH and Its Ferrocenyl‐Bisphosphane dppfTM
Authors: Petrov Alex R. , Elfferding Michael , Möbus Juri , Harms Klaus , Rufanov Konstantin A. , Sundermeyer Jörg
Published: July 2010

Base‐catalysed condensation of Ph2P–C5H5 (1) with an excess of acetone leads to a fulvene‐like diphenyl(4,4,6‐trimethyl‐4,5‐dihydropentalen‐2‐yl)phosphane Ph2P‐C11H13 (3) as a product of double condensation. Carbometallation of 3 with MeLi, followed by aqueous work‐up, results in formation of a new cyclopentadienylphosphane bearing a highly sterically demanding, anellated 1,1,3,3‐tetramethylcyclopentane moiety (4, Ph2P‐CpTMH). It reacts with chalcogene oxidants (H2O2, S8, Se) to form the corresponding phosphane chalcogenides Ph2P(=X)CpTMH, X = O (5), S (6), Se (7) in high yields. Quaternization of 4 with MeI gives the phosphonium salt 8 as a single isomer in high yield. Dehydrohalogenation of 8 by reaction with nBuLi gives CpTM‐phosphonium ylide Ph2P(CpTM)Me (9). An alternative protocol towards 9 that includes deprotonation of 8 with benzylpotassium followed by P‐alkylation is superior and gives 9 in more than 95 % yield. Staudinger reaction of 4 with tBuN3 gives onlyP‐amino‐cyclopentadienylidenephosphorane Ph2P(CpTM)NHtBu (10), whereas with Me3SiN3 only the tautomeric P‐imino‐cyclopentadienylphosphane Ph2P(NSiMe3)CpTMH (11) was isolated. Hydrolysis of 11 with wet MeCN leads to the new parent P‐amino‐cyclopentadienylidenephosphorane Ph2P‐(CpTM)NH2 (12). Treatment of 4 with benzylpotassium followed by transmetallation with FeCl2 leads to the sterically most crowded ferrocenyl‐bisphosphane [{Ph2P‐CpTM}2Fe] (13, dppfTM) in high yield. Its X‐ray diffraction analysis reveals an anti‐orientation of phosphane functionalities at both cyclopentadienyl rings. However, upon reaction of dppfTM with [PdCl2(MeCN)2], a constrained syn‐orientation is achieved in the product [{dppfTM}PdCl2] (14). Halogen exchange by reaction of 14 with NaI leads to the corresponding [{dppfTM}PdI2] (15). Molecular structures of 4, 9, 13 and 15 have been confirmed by XRD studies.
A stress relaxation mechanism through buckling-induced dislocations in thin films
Authors: Durinck Julien , Coupeau Christophe , Colin Jérôme , Grilhé Jean
Published: July 2010

We report on molecular dynamics simulations of thin film buckling which show that during the buckling phenomena dislocations can be emitted from specific region of the film where the heterogeneous stress was found to be maximum and larger than in the planar adherent part. A scenario of formation of misfit dislocations in the planar interface which lead to stress relaxation is finally proposed.
Islands of fear: effects of wooded patches on habitat suitability of the striped mouse in a South African grassland
Authors: Abu Baker Mohammad A. , Brown Joel S.
Published: July 2010

1. As a fundamental unit within a landscape, habitat patches create spatial heterogeneity. On a gradient of habitat patch size, one sees patches of denser vegetation cover occurring in otherwise open habitats (e.g. bushes in the desert, forest fragments in grasslands).

2. The resulting habitat fragmentation and consequent edge effects continue to concern conservation biologists, landscape ecologists, and wildlife managers due to their role in influencing wildlife abundance and distribution on broad geographic scales.

3. Although ecological processes near habitat edges often differ from processes away from edges, an animal’s suitable habitat may increase or decrease by ‘positive’ or ‘negative’ edge effects. Such effects can be measured using behavioural indicators and experiments based on the costs and benefits of foraging under diminishing returns.

4. We used live trapping, giving‐up densities [amount of food left behind in experimental food patches – giving‐up density (GUD)] and geographic information system (GIS) analyses to test for spatial and temporal habitat selection by the four‐striped grass mouse (Rhabdomys pumilio) inhabiting a grassland containing distinct ‘islands’ of woody vegetation (500 m2 of average area). We investigated how these woody islands influence the quality of the grassland in terms of activity patterns, feeding opportunities, predation risk and habitat suitability. We used R. pumilio’s GUDs to explicitly map and measure habitats of varying quality using GIS.

5. Our results showed that R. pumilio perceived the wooded patches as habitats with no opportunities and yet highly risky when opportunities are provided. Furthermore, the wooded patches had a negative edge effect, their unsuitability extended for 1–3 m into the otherwise suitable habitats.

6. The combination of live‐trapping and giving up densities provided an unbiased and controlled measure of a prey’s perception of habitat use and foraging costs when equal opportunities are simultaneously provided. These techniques and concepts should be broadly applicable by conservationists and ecologists interested in understanding and managing edge effects.

7. This approach aims to effectively quantify edge effects and extrapolate predation risk on a landscape scale, thereby developing recommendations for managers to improve the quality or amount of edges for wildlife.
Patient–physician agreement on the content of CHD prevention discussions
Authors: Behrend Lindy , Maymani Hossein , Diehl Megan , Gizlice Ziya , Cai Jianwen , Sheridan Stacey L.
Published: July 2010

Background  Little is known about agreement between patients and physicians on content and outcomes of clinical discussions. A common perception of content and outcomes may be desirable to optimize decision making and clinical care.

Objective  To determine patient–physician agreement on content and outcomes of coronary heart disease (CHD) prevention discussions.

Design  Cross‐sectional survey nested within a randomized CHD prevention study.

Setting and participants  University internal medicine clinic; 24 physicians and 157 patients.

Methods  Following one clinic visit, we surveyed patients and physicians on discussion content, decision making and final decisions about CHD prevention. For comparison, we audio‐recorded, transcribed and coded 20 patient–physician visits. We calculated percent agreement between patient/physician reports, patient/transcription reports and physician/transcription reports. We calculated Cohen’s kappas to compare patient/physician perspectives.

Results  Patients and physicians agreed on whether CHD was discussed in 130 visits (83%; kappa = 0.55; 95% CI 0.40–0.70). When discussions occurred, they agreed about discussion content (pros versus cons) in 53% of visits (kappa = 0.15; 95% CI −0.01–0.30) and physicians’ recommendations in 73% (kappa = 0.44; 95% CI 0.28–0.66). Patients and physicians agreed on final decisions to take medication in 78% (kappa = 0.58; 95% CI 0.45–0.71) and change lifestyle in 69% (kappa = 0.38; 95% CI 0.24–0.53). They agreed less often, 43% (kappa = 0.13; 95% CI −0.11–0.37) about degree of involvement in decision making. Audio‐recorded results were similar, but showed very low agreement between transcripts and patients’ and physicians’ self‐report on discussion content and decision making.

Conclusions  Disagreements about clinical discussions and decision making may be common. Future work is needed to determine: how widespread such agreements are; whether they impact clinical outcomes; and the relative importance of the subjective experience versus objective steps of shared decision making.
AN ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE SIMILARITY MEASURES FOR ONTOLOGY MAPPING PROBLEM
Authors: ICHISE RYUTARO
Published: July 2010

This paper presents an analysis of similarity measures for the ontology mapping problem. To that end, 48 similarity measures such as string matching and knowledge based similarities that have been widely used in ontology mapping systems are defined. The similarity measures are investigated by discriminant analysis with a real-world data set. As a result, it was possible to identify 22 effective similarity measures for the ontology mapping problem out of 48 possible similarity measures. The identified measures have a wide variety in the type of similarity. To test whether the identified similarity measures are effective for the problem, experiments were conducted with all 48 similarity measures and the 22 identified similarity measures by using two major machine learning methods, decision tree and support vector machine. The experimental results show that the performance of the 48 cases and the 22 cases is almost the same regardless of the machine learning method. This implies that effective features for the ontology mapping problem were successfully identified.
Effect of inaccessible volume on intensity statistics – atoms in fixed special positions
Authors: Pal B. , Pradhan D. , Nigam G. D.
Published: July 2010

The effect of heavy atoms at fixed special positions on the cumulative distribution function
Inheritance of Resistance in Corn to Leaf Feeding of the European Corn Borer1
Authors: Penny L. H. , Dicke F. F.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Leaf feeding ratings of FD and backcross progenies of a susceptible ✕ resistant cross, M14 ✕ MS1, indicated segregation of genes for borer resistance at 3 or more loci with at least partial phenotypic dominance of susceptibility. In a B14 ✕ N32 cross, 1 or 2 gene pairs for borer leaf feeding resistance were indicated on the basis of individual plant segregations in F2 and first backcrosses. The F3 and selfed backcross progeny ratings could not be explained on a single locus basis.
Correlation of Phosphorus and Magnesium Contents of Plants Grown in Synthetic Ion‐exchange Resins1
Authors: Wallace A. , Ashcroft R. T.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

In studies of rough lemon, avocado, barley, and bush beans, little evidence was found to indicate that increasing Mg level resulted in increased content of P in plants, although this was true in some crops having a low Mg requirement, and only at a high P level.
The Heritability of Agronomic and Disease Reaction Characteristics in Two Barley Crosses1
Authors: Jogi B. S.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

A genotypic model is presented for determining the additive genetic variance among bulk progenies in self‐pollinated crops for use in calculating heritability. In the late stages of inbreeding the portion of genetic variance due to dominance is insignificant when compared to the genetic variance contributed by additive genetic effects.

The heritability percentages for yield measured in 3 different experiments in barley averaged about 62% and were remarkably uniform when compared to the heritabilities of other agronomic and disease reaction characteristics measured in the F6 barley strains. Date of heading and plant height were the most highly heritable of the agronomic characteristics, and mildew reaction was also highly heritable.
Chemical Defoliation of Cotton: VI. Defoliation as Effected by Chemical Applications to the Soil1
Authors: Brown Lamar C.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Cotton defoliation was not effected when any of several defoliant‐type chemicals were applied to the soil. Difficulties associated with the commercial aspects of applying defoliants in irrigation water are discussed.
Field Plot Technique With Hybrid Corn Under Alabama Conditions1
Authors: Fleming A. A. , Rogers T. Hayden , Bancroft T. A.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Based on uniformity trial data from double‐cross corn in Alabama, plots 1 to 3 rows wide and 10 to 15 hills long (1 plant per hill) were the most efficient, disregarding relative costs. A plot 2 rows wide and 10 to 15 hills long was considered the optimum size for general use. A basic unit of more than 5 plants may be advantageous in future experiments with corn uniformity data. There was only a small decrease in L.S.D. by increasing the replications from 5 to 6. The small gain in precision did not justify the use of the simple lattice instead of the randomized blocks design with 16, 25, or 36 entries.
Growth, Yield, and Water Absorption of Tobacco Plants as Affected by the Composition of the Root Atmosphere1
Authors: Harris D. G. , van Bavel C. H. M.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

The roots of tobacco plants were subjected to a wide range of simulated aeration conditions. In general plant functions were not appreciably reduced until the CO2 concentration became greater than the O2 concentration but were sharply reduced after the CO2 to O2 ratio became larger than one.
A Comparative Study of Top Cross Tester Parents of Maize1
Authors: Grogan C. O. , Zuber M. S.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

This investigation revealed both the top cross tester parents and the segregating population influenced considerably the measurement of combining ability, but the different tester parents gave about the same relative information on lodging and ear height. The study also indicated that some single crosses were equally as effective as double crosses for measuring general combining ability.
Cork Formation in Taproots and Crowns of Alfalfa1
Authors: Labanauskas C. K. , Jackobs J. A.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Cork and cork‐formation in taproot and crown of the alfalfa plant were examined. The cork formation arises from a dividing phellogen cell in the pericycle. Initial periderm develops during the first year of plant growth after primary elongation is completed. Disease or injury may upset the pattern. New cork cambium was found beneath decaying tissues. Death of tissue may also be attributed to natural death of previous year's stem. These dead areas do not prevent growth of new tissues on the crown but probably weakens the plant for stress periods.
Inheritance of Resistance to Leaf Rust in Hybrids Involving a Common Wheat Strain Derived From Triticum timopheevi1
Authors: Nyquist W. E.
Published: July 2010

Sypnosis

Under field conditions the mature plant resistance of C.I. 12633 to race 11 of leaf rust was found to be controlled by one partially dominant major gene in crosses with Federation and White Federation wheat. However, in the cross with Ramona two partially dominant complementary major genes were found. These two genes were allelic to genes for resistance in Chinese Spring wheat.
Segregation for Stem Solidness in Crosses of Rescue and Four Portuguese Wheats1
Authors: McNeal F. H. , Lebsock K. L. , Luginbill P. , Noble W. B.
Published: July 2010

Sypnosis

Data indicate that four Portuguese wheats, P.I. 56219‐12, P.I. 56219‐9, P.I. 56229‐2, and P.I. 56225‐8, possess the same major factor, or factors, for stem solidness that occur in Rescue. The last three named apparently differ from Rescue by an undetermined number of minor genes that affect the expression of solidness.
Corn Growth as Affected by Soil Temperature and Mulch1
Authors: Willis W. O. , Larson W. E. , Kirkham D.
Published: July 2010

Sypnosis

Increases in soil temperature accelerated rate of emergence, rate of growth, and promoted earliness in corn. Corn growth rates approximately followed the Van't Hoff law, the Q10° c. of that law being from 2.0 to 2.8 for the average temperature range tested, 60° to 80° F. Corn yields appeared to increase with increases in soil temperature up to a point and then decreased with further increases in soil temperature. The most favorable soil temperature at the 4‐inch depth for corn growth in central Iowa appears to be about 75° F.
Sulfur Contained in Precipitation in Kentucky1
Authors: Seay William A.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Average annual precipitation at six locations ranged from 36 to 44 inches and yielded from 7 to 16 pounds of sulfur per acre. A highly significant correlation was found between inches of precipitation and pounds of sulfur contained. The state annual average of 12.6 pounds per acre of sulfur contained in the precipitation was much less than the 30 pounds found in a similar study in 1921–22.
A Legume for Native Flood Meadows: I. Establishment and Maintenance of Stands of White‐Tip Clover (T. variegatum) in Native Flood Meadows and its Effect Upon Yields, Vegetative and Chemical Composition of Hay1
Authors: Cooper Clee S.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Establishment of annual white‐tip clover in native flood meadows increased hay yields and quality. Seed scarification reduced the amount of seed necessary to obtain stands. Clover stand density increased with seeding rate and with phosphorus levels but was not affected by nitrogen levels. Clover proportion in hay was not affected by seeding rate. Phosphorus increased stands and yields of clover. Early cutting resulted in higher yields of crude protein per acre, and allowed for regrowth. However, clover stands should be maintained by delaying harvest periodically to allow for seed dissemination and restocking of the hard seed.
Influence of Organic Additions and Flooding on Iron and Manganese Uptake by Rice1
Authors: Clark Francis , Nearpass D. C. , Specht A. W.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Organic amendments in addition to flooding were injurious to rice yields and increased plant Fe uptake but decreased Mn. The Fe levels in plants grown submerged in water and unsubmerged without organic amendments were found comparable, but the submerged yields were higher and were accompanied by a Mn uptake more than tenfold that of rice grown unsubmerged. Marked yield response to Mn was obtained in upland cultures. Levels of Mn found in plants indicate that rice has a high requirement for and an exceptionally high tolerance to Mn.
An Evaluation of Ten Phosphorus Sources by Growth of Four Field Crops1
Authors: Robertson W. K. , Hutton C. E.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Corn, peanuts, oats, and soybeans responded somewhat differently but in general phosphorus sources could be arranged in the following descending order of response: superphosphate, dinitra phosphate (17‐22‐0), fused tri‐calcium phosphate (<40 mesh), dinitra phosphate (17‐33‐0), fused tri‐calcium phosphate (<10 mesh), concentrated superphosphate, calcium metaphosphate, potassium metaphosphate, and rock phosphate. Basic slag was also tested but rates of application were higher.
Plot Competition Between Corn Hybrids1
Authors: Genter C. F.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

An early hybrid provided less plot competition than a late hybrid in an interplanting of an early and a late hybrid over a 2‐year period. Yields averaged 5.9% higher in plots with early borders. Yields of the early hybrid tended to be lower if bordered on one or both sides by the late hybrid than if both borders were early, whereas yields of the late hybrid tended to be higher if bordered on one or both sides by the early hybrid than if both borders were late.
Long‐Time Trends in Grain Yields of Five Rice Varieties1
Authors: Adair C. Roy , Cralley E. M. , Johnston T. H.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

The average yields of Fortuna increased each 7‐year period of the 28 years. The 7‐year average yields of the 4 varieties susceptible to diseases present during the period varied according to prevalence or control of specific diseases. White tip control appears to be necessary to get a maximum response from nitrogen fertilizer in susceptible varieties. Short or long term yields may be a poor basis for predicting comparable yields of rice varieties that differ in disease reaction.
Minor Element Content of Eight Kentucky Soils and Lespedeza1
Authors: Seay William A. , DeMumbrum L. E.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Average ppm. of available minor elements in soils were 0.2 of Co, 1.7 of Zn, 0.8 of Cu, 25 of Mn and 0.8 of Ni; total ppm. in the Korean lespedeza: 0.6 of Co, 10.5 of Zn, 10 of Cu, 350 of Mn and 2.5 of Ni. Liming decreased availability of these five elements and available minor elements varied noticeably among soil types. Adding “major” nutrient fertilizers may in time decrease the available minor element content of soils because of removal in larger crop yields; available minor elements in soil may vary considerably with season.
An Automatic Mechanism for Imposing Photoperiods in Greenhouse Research1
Authors: Coffindaffer B. L. , Burger O. J.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

An automatically controlled canopy for regulating light and dark periods in greenhouse work was designed, installed, and operated successfully. This system effectively provided three photoperiods on the same bench covering a total area 5 by 30 feet in size.
The Effect of Some Background Attributes on Grades of Students in the Beginning Crop Production Course1
Authors: Burger A. W.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Significant association of grades was found with (a) farm experience, (b) vocational goal, (c) scholarship holders, and (d) course workload. Higher percentages of grades A and B and lower percentages of grades D and E were found for: (a) students from the farm than for those from the city; (b) graduate workers, vocational agriculturists, and farm advisors than for farm salesmen, farm editors, farmers, and farm managers; (c) students in the farm group with scholarships than for those without; and (d) students with heavy course workloads than for those with light workloads.
Results of Ureaform Fertilization on Lawn and Fairway Turf1
Authors: Wisniewski A. J. , DeFrance J. A. , Kollett J. R.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Data indicate that ureaform is an excellent source of slowly available nitrogen for lawn and turfgrass fertilization.
Lodging Resistance Studies in Oats I. Comparing Methods of Testing and Sources for Straw Strength1
Authors: Murphy H. C. , Petr F. , Frey K. J.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

The snap test and the lodging resistance factor were highly correlated with natural lodging. Oat varieties CI 7318, 5154, 7317, and 7026 were superior for straw strength.
Variability in Reed Canarygrass, Phalaris Arundinacea L. I. Agronomic Characteristics1
Authors: Baltensperger A. A. , Kalton R. R.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Ranges in leafiness from 18 to 47%, in leaf width from 9 to 25 mm., and in bloom date from June 1 to June 16 were found among spaced plants. Estimates of genotypic variation among plants were 73, 66, 48, and 26% for leafiness, leaf width, bloom date, and hay vigor, respectively. Seed yields of loreed were lower than all other accessions when grown in cultivated rows. Several lots from southern areas were poor in winter hardiness, vigor, and recovery.
Field Studies in Prevention of Soil Salinization
Authors: Asghar A. G. , Khan M. A. Hafeez
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

In soil profiles in which salts are rising towards the surface, damage to productivity was prevented by adoption of suitable crop rotations. When the salts had risen up to 5‐foot depth from the surface a 2‐year rotation with one rice crop—cotton‐senji, rice, wheat—was initially required to depress the salts below 6‐feet depth. When the salts were below 6 feet and 8 feet, respectively, a 4‐year rotation—cotton‐senji, sugarcane, wheat, rice”was found adequate for keeping the salts depressed below that depth.
Development of Spring Wheat: III. Temperature of Maturation and Age of Seeds as Factors Influencing Their Response to Vernalization1
Authors: Riddell J. A. , Gries George A.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

The difference in the rate of development between early (White Federation 38 and Progress) and late (Chinese and Warden) maturing varieties of spring wheat was overcome by a 60‐day vernalizing treatment. The responsiveness to vernalization of plants grown from seed harvested in different years varied unpredictably.
The Effect of Nematode Control on the Growth and Nutrition of Certain Agronomic Crops1
Authors: Wilcox G. E. , Hollis J. P. , Fielding M. J. , Newsom L. D. , Russel D. A.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Corn, cotton, and sorgo yields were increased while oats and clover yields were not affected by fumigation. The effect of fumigation was limited to the year of the treatment and nematode population built up rapidly after three months following treatment. Chemical composition of tissue was not significantly affected by nematode damage but total nutrient uptake expressed by the association of total growth and chemical composition was increased for those crops that responded to nematode control.
Performance of Irrigated Grass‐Legume Associations at Two Locations in Mexico1
Authors: Duller Roderic E. , Garza T. Ricardo
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Perennial grasses performed poorly when grown in association with legumes under irrigation in temperate central Mexico. Unassociated alfalfa and medium red clover were outstanding in the Valleys of Mexico and Toluca, respectively.

These findings have served to orientate the research and extension programs devoted to increasing forage production within these milk‐shed areas. The results have also emphasized the need for experimentation under local conditions of forage resources commonly utilized in other temperate regions.
Variability in Results from Greenhouse Pot Experiments Comparing Phosphorus Rates and Sources1
Authors: Terman G. L.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Highly significant decreases were found in C.V. with increases in mean yields of dry matter by corn, small grains, and grasses. Error mean squares and standard errors per pot increased with mean yields. Variability in uptake of P was equal to or greater than for yields of dry matter by the various crops. Stands of plants and method of mixing phosphates affected variability.
Sulphur Dioxide Fumigation of Cotton With Special Reference to Its Effect on Yield1
Authors: Brisley H. R. , Davis C. R. , Booth J. A.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

The relationship between the percent of foliage area destroyed (X) and the percent of crop (Y) is expressed by the regression formula Y = 99.26 — 0.68X. There was no crop loss without visible leaf injury and no increase in the incidence of disease.