bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Weldability of EPRI P87
Authors: Siefert J. A. , Tanzosh J. M. , Shingledecker J.P.
Published: October 2024

Dissimilar metal welds (DMWs) between ferritic and austenitic materials at elevated temperatures have long posed challenges for boiler manufacturers and operators due to their potential for premature failure. As the industry moves towards higher pressures and temperatures to enhance boiler efficiencies, there is a need for superior weld metals and joint designs that optimize the economy of modern boilers and reduce reliance on austenitic materials for steam headers and piping. EPRI has developed a new filler metal, EPRI P87, to enhance the performance of DMWs. Previous work has detailed the development of EPRI P87 for shielded metal arc welding electrodes, gas-tungsten arc welding fine-wire, and its application in an ultra-supercritical steam boiler by B&W. This study examines the weldability of EPRI P87 consumables through various test methods, including Varestraint testing (both trans and spot), long-term creep testing (approximately 10,000-hour running tests), procedure qualification records for tube-to-tube weldments between traditional/advanced austenitic steels and creep-strength enhanced ferritic steels, and elevated temperature tensile testing. Macroscopic examinations from procedure qualification records using light microscopy confirmed the weldability and absence of cracking across all material combinations. The findings demonstrate that EPRI P87 is a weldable alloy with several advantages for DMW applications and highlight that specific weld joint configurations may necessitate the use of high-temperature tensile data for procedure qualifications.
Toughness Evaluation of Welds in 9Cr-1Mo-V and 9Cr-0.5Mo-V Steels Made Using the Flux-Cored Arc Welding (FCAW) Process
Authors: Jaske C.E. , Berg Z. , Andress T.
Published: October 2024

The toughness of girth welds in 9Cr-1Mo-V and 9Cr-0.5Mo-V steel seamless pipe (ASME SA-335 Grades P91 and P92, respectively) made using the flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) process was evaluated. Electrodes from two different suppliers were used for production quality welding of each steel. The welds received post-weld heat-treatment (PWHT) in accordance with the requirements of the ASME Code. The objective of the work was to determine if the fracture toughness of the FCAW welds was acceptable for high-temperature steam piping. Toughness was measured using standard sized Charpy V-notch impact specimens. The specimens were oriented transverse to the weld seam with notch located approximately in the center of the weld metal and parallel to the direction of weld seam. Full-range (lower to upper shelf) Charpy impact energy and shear area curves were developed for each weld joint. These were used to estimate the temperatures corresponding to 30 ft-lb average impact energy. The estimated temperatures were well below the service temperature but were above the typical hydrostatic test temperature.
Flux Cored Wires for High Integrity Applications
Authors: Newell William F.
Published: October 2024

The use of flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) is rapidly gaining acceptance in a variety of industries. Much of the gains are due to advances in manufacturing technology that result in superior wires that satisfy both technical and operability concerns. Additionally, productivity gains and the ability to use unsophisticated welding equipment have made these wires very popular. This paper concentrates on FCAW wires that have been formulated to address chromium-molybdenum, nickel base, and stainless steels for high-temperature and environmental applications. Mechanical properties, including creep rupture strength and ductility data, as well as corrosion in environmental components, are discussed.
Few-Shot AI Segmentation of Semiconductor Device FIB-SEM Tomography Data
Authors: Stegmann Heiko , Cognigni Flavio
Published: October 2024

Image segmentation is a valuable tool for visual image data inspection of semiconductor device structures. For the large amounts of data provided by recent advancements in automated scanning electron microscope (SEM) and focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM) data acquisition, automatic segmentation becomes indispensable to fully exploit the information contained in the data in automated characterization workflows. Using two exemplary FIB-SEM tomography datasets, we explored artificial intelligence based image segmentation using only a minimum amount of training images annotated by a human user.
Enhanced Dynamic Laser Stimulation Method for Fault Isolation
Authors: Kim Keonil , Shin Kyunghoon , Oh Ghil-Geun
Published: October 2024

Optical Fault Isolation (OFI) techniques have been still very effective method for semiconductor failure analysis such as silicon (Si) debugging and defect localization. Dynamic Laser Stimulation (DLS) is one of the most powerful application not only for marginal failure but also to isolate the potential design weak point at the early phase of product development. However, as circuit density of recent advanced system on chip (SoC) extremely increases with process scaling down, vector depth of products are also dramatically increased. This presents a challenging aspect for failure analysis because it is time consuming and reduces the accuracy of DLS analysis, which relies on test vector looping. As a consequence, it can lead to critical issues, such as missing the opportunity for design revision and slowing down the process improvement for yield enhancement This paper proposes a simple method of how to enhance the speed and accuracy of DLS evaluation for SCAN failure in high-density integrated circuits fabricated using the 3nm gate all around (GAA) process. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed technique can reduce the time required for DLS analysis of SCAN failure while also increasing its accuracy.
Automating Routing of Product Returns for Failure Analysis with Neuro-Symbolic AI
Authors: Mitterer Felix , Burmer Christian , Schekotihin Konstantin
Published: October 2024

Before failure analysis (FA) can start, a product must get from the customer to the correct location, which is not always trivial, especially in larger companies with many FA labs. Automating and optimizing this routing, therefore reducing manual labor, misrouting, and turnaround time, requires the development of problem-solving methods utilizing both explicit and implicit knowledge. The first type refers to known routing rules, e.g., based on lab equipment or certifications, whereas the second type must be induced from available data, e.g., by analyzing customer descriptions using machine learning (ML) methods. Therefore, to solve the routing problem, we suggest a neurosymbolic integration of natural language processing methods into the symbolic context of a logic-based solver. The conducted evaluation shows that the suggested method can reduce the reships by appr. 33% while ensuring the fulfillment of all shipment constraints.
Fast Laser Probing Using Gigahertz Digitizer
Authors: Winson Lua , Venkat-Krishan Ravikumar , Angeline Phoa
Published: October 2024

Laser probing (LP) has traditionally been used with high-bandwidth oscilloscopes to gather transistor toggling data, providing picosecond-level temporal accuracy. However, this method requires longer acquisition time, making it less favored compared to other fault isolation (FI) techniques. This paper presents an innovative approach to LP using a high-speed digitizer, which significantly reduces the overall LP cycle time. Practical use cases and recommendations for implementing this method are also discussed, highlighting the benefits of using high-speed digitizers in LP for fault isolation.
Optimizations and Case Studies—Decapsulation of Hardened Epoxy SiC MOSFETs and Diodes via JIACO Microwave Induced Plasma Etching
Authors: Sorrells Connor J. , Nielsen Kyle E. , Walters Bret A. , Tang Jiaqi , McKinnon Mark W.
Published: October 2024

One of the foremost challenges in the field of SiC MOSFET failure analysis is the effect of thermally modified mold compound on the decapsulation process. The extended total etch time that thermal modification imposes on the process of wet chemical decapsulation has created a niche for new techniques to fill. This paper focuses on use cases for the JIACO microwave-induced plasma (MIP) etching system and how to best optimize the tool’s settings to facilitate time-efficient decapsulations. The words and data that follow aim to present what has been determined to be a successful alternative for the decapsulation of thermally modified Si and SiC power devices when wet etches prove to be ineffective.
EBIC at Cross-Section
Authors: Wang Yuyan , Wheeler Drew , Huerta Rafeal , Bhimavarapu Usha
Published: October 2024

Electron-beam-induced current (EBIC) analysis at device cross-sections has emerged as a powerful technique for semiconductor device characterization. Unlike traditional top-down approaches, cross-sectional EBIC directly visualizes junction profiles and depletion region behavior under various bias conditions. This paper synthesizes several years of research through five case studies demonstrating cross-sectional EBIC applications. Our methodology combines precise sample preparation techniques—including laser cutting with polishing or direct cleaving, followed by focused ion beam (FIB) fine-polishing—with variable electron beam landing energies to examine junctions at different depths. For advanced technology nodes, we emphasize the importance of EBIC resolution and noise floor optimization for reliable results. We demonstrate how the observed space charge region width correlates with doping concentration and can be modulated through reverse bias application, providing valuable insights into device characteristics.
An Innovative Analytics Platform for High-Resolution 3D Ion Imaging and SIMS Nanoanalytics with Precise Sample Navigation
Authors: Gnauck Peter , Ost Alexander , Richter Torsten
Published: October 2024

Advanced nanoscale material characterization requires high lateral resolution and sensitivity. This paper presents a novel analytical system that integrates a liquid metal alloy ion source (LMAIS), magnetic sector secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and laser interferometer stage with focused ion beam (FIB) technology. This integration enables high-resolution 2D/3D structural visualization and precise surface analysis at the nanoscale. We demonstrate the system's enhanced capabilities in microelectronics applications, where it achieves unprecedented spatial resolution and analytical sensitivity. Our results show how this advanced nano-analysis platform expands the boundaries of materials science and semiconductor technology characterization.
Nitrogen Vacancy Quantum Sensing for Current Density Imaging with Sub 30 nm Resolution
Authors: Puebla Hellmann G. , Josteinsson B. , Josephy S. , Morales A.
Published: October 2024

Non-destructive failure analysis is often limited by the sensitivity or the resolution of the method utilized, making state-of-the-art integrated circuits difficult to analyze. Here, we present a powerful method for surface failure analysis, based on scanning a single Nitrogen Vacancy center over the sample. This results in quantitative current density maps with high sensitivity and sub-30 nm resolution, detecting for example, open and short circuits and visualizing the current flow. We demonstrate the technology by mapping current flow through device structures separated by gaps as low as 30 nm. We further show how resolution is reduced as a capping layer is added, by measuring at a fixed offset of 30 nm from the surface.
Innovations in Beam-Based Defect Localization Methods for Advanced 3D Interconnects
Authors: Jacobs K.J.P. , Beyne E. , Matsumoto T. , Tominaga S. , Terada H.
Published: October 2024

Advancements in light-induced capacitance alteration (LICA) and optical and ultrasonic beam-induced resistance change ((S)OBIRCH) methods for the localization of open, resistive, and leakage failures in 3D integration technologies are reported. Additionally, a novel sample preparation approach is introduced to improve imaging resolution for optical fault isolation methods. This approach involves re-routing probe pads using a low-profile redistribution layer, realized by conductive inkjet printing, enabling the use of short-working-distance and liquid immersion objectives while probing from the same side of the chip.
Innovative Sample Preparation for Nano-Probing at Pixel Level in 3D BSI Imaging Products
Authors: Martin Sophie , Jacquier Alexandre , Petit Emmanuel , Larre Philippe
Published: October 2024

In the field of semiconductor failure analysis, new sample preparation challenges arise due to the emergence of new chip architectures, such as 3D Back Side Imager (BSI) products. Indeed, these products are constituted of a specific stack: an imager chip at the top associated back-to-back with a digital chip at the bottom on a silicon substrate carrier. All the work presented hereafter is triggered by a nano-probing analysis case on a failing pixel of the imager chip. The analysis consists in characterizing the transistors of the pixel at contact level to isolate the electrical failure. It imposes to keep the integrity of the top chip (imager chip) front-end layers to have the possibility to measure the transistors. It can only be achieved by de-processing from the silicon substrate carrier side. Thus, the particularity of the 3D BSI chip conception implies a more complex delayering protocol than the ones commonly used. In this paper, the sample preparation protocol is presented in detail and its successful implementation is demonstrated through a concrete analysis case in 3D BSI 40 nm technology. This paper also discusses the advantages of the technical solutions implemented to overcome the complexity of the presented architecture.
Novel Backside IC Preparation Stopping on STI with Full Circuit Functionality Using Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP) with Highly Selective Slurry
Authors: Herfurth Norbert , Adesunkanmi Awwal A. , Bouchtouq Abdelkhalek , Zwicker Gerfried , Boit Christian
Published: October 2024

Mechanical sample preparation is a crucial and indispensable step in modern failure analysis (FA). Traditional methods excel in reducing bulk silicon to thicknesses of several tens of micrometers. However, contemporary demands necessitate sample preparation below 10 µm or even below 5 µm, which is challenging, time-consuming, and requires an expensive toolset and advanced operator expertise. Existing methods, which rely on mechanical components for bulk removal, induce mechanical stress and microcracks that can alter the electrical characteristics of the sample. Maintaining the sample's electrical behavior is essential for accurate FA. This paper introduces a novel approach to sample preparation that employs concepts from wafer-level chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). This method ensures reliable sample preparation without introducing microcracks, accurately halts material removal at the shallow trench isolation (STI) – or deep STI - level, and maintains the sample's electrical functionality. The proposed approach is discussed in detail, including successful thinning of various sample types to the STI level, which were subsequently tested for electrical functionality.
Advanced Package Sample Preparation Leveraging Precision CNC-Based Milling and Selective Microwave Induced Plasma Etching
Authors: Sanchez Joseph , Zhang Chuan , Aguada John , Li Jane , Tang Jiaqi , Richardson Chris
Published: October 2024

The rapid development of advanced packaging technologies for high-performance computing (HPC) applications poses significant challenges for sample preparation methodologies. Conventional techniques are often insufficient to cope with the complex architectures and heterogeneous materials of modern packages, such as COWOS (Chip-on-Wafer-on-Substrate) and 3D structures. In this paper, we present a novel approach for sample preparation that leverages precision CNC (Computer Numerical Control) milling and selective MIP plasma etch. These methods enable precise and selective removal of unwanted material, while preserving the integrity of the target region of interest. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on various advanced packages and show how it facilitates the failure analysis tasks for HPC chips.
Heterogeneous Integrated Failure Analysis Using Radio Frequency Signal Detection/Injection with Power Spectrum Analysis
Authors: Christiansen Joel T. , Walraven Jeremy A. , Coleman Flora A. , Smith Edmund H. , Cole Edward I.
Published: October 2024

The rise of 2.5D and 3D heterogeneous integrated devices presents unique challenges for failure analysis, as traditional 2D analysis techniques prove inadequate due to chip stacking, layer interconnects, die obscuration, and limited access to test points. While various non-destructive techniques—including 3D X-ray imaging, lock-in thermography, magnetic field imaging, and optical beam methods—offer partial solutions, each has specific limitations. We present a novel defect localization approach using radio frequency electromagnetic (EM) emanations, implemented in two ways: detecting EM signals emitted by the device under controlled input conditions, or measuring induced voltage responses to signals injected via a scanning antenna. The technique employs scanning magnetic or electric field antennas to generate 2D or 3D electromagnetic maps revealing current and electric continuity patterns, enabling detection of shorts (additional current paths) or opens (blocked current paths). By incorporating power spectrum analysis (PSA) at each scan point, our method—designated as EM antenna PSA (EMAPSA) or EM injection PSA (EMIPSA)—provides comprehensive defect detection capabilities for 3D heterogeneous integration failure analysis.
Inexpensive and Efficient Backside Decapsulation Technique for Challenging Down Bond Devices
Authors: Cheng Chaoliang , Zhou Jing
Published: October 2024

Backside decapsulation is necessary to be able to perform failure analysis on devices with dense metallization. However, for down bond devices with the down bonds located too close to the die edge, using the traditional chemical method tends to overetch the bonding wires, and using the precision milling tool is too time-consuming. In this paper, a new inexpensive and efficient method is developed for challenging down bond devices with the die attach pad (DAP) buried in the molding compound. This method uses laser to reduce the thickness of the whole die area molding compound first and then partially expose the DAP, which length and width are smaller than that of die area. Lastly, it uses a chemical method to remove the die DAP, and keep a measured thickness of the molding compound to protect the bonding wires from being over-etched.
E-beam Probing and E-beam-Assisted Device Alteration (EADA) for Fault Isolation in PowerVia and Advanced Technology Nodes
Authors: Huening Jennifer J. , Tong Xianghong Tom , Zhao Shuai , Thirugnanasambandam Ravi , Wang Yunfei , Ryu Hyuk Ju , Joshi Prasoon , Senger Mitchell J. , Oh May Ling , Yuan Renliang , Waelder Jacob , Matte Anil , Niu Baohua , Ma Zhiyong , Leslie Neel , Vickers James
Published: October 2024

This paper demonstrates that e-beam assisted device alteration (EADA) is a powerful, high-resolution technique for fault isolation debug for advanced technology nodes. A case study using this technique is reviewed and shows successful isolation of a defective single inverter. In addition, fundamental studies of ring oscillator behavior and device perturbations with e-beam exposure found clear correlations for electron beam exposure with NMOS/PMOS device parameters. Electron-hole pair generation in the device with beam exposure is likely the main component for the perturbation, but there may be other contributing factors including charging effects and/or heating.
Review of Scanning Probe Microscopy Methods for Failure Analysis (2024 Update)
Authors: De Wolf Peter
Published: October 2024

Presentation slides for the ISTFA 2024 Tutorial session “Review of Scanning Probe Microscopy Methods for Failure Analysis (2024 Update).”
Basics and Current Aspects of Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Stegmann Heiko
Published: October 2024

Presentation slides for the ISTFA 2024 Tutorial session “Basics and Current Aspects of Scanning Electron Microscopy.”
Transmission Electron Imaging AND Diffraction in an SEM (aka, STEM-in-SEM): What, Why, and How To Do This in Your Microscope
Authors: Holm Jason
Published: October 2024

Presentation slides for the ISTFA 2024 Tutorial session “Transmission Electron Imaging AND Diffraction in an SEM (aka, STEM-in-SEM): What, Why, and How To Do This in Your Microscope.”
التفكير مع فتغنشتاين ضد فتغنشتاين.
آپل وهابرماس: الكونية من داخل اليومية
Authors: محمود سومر
Published: October 2024

تسلط هذه الدراسة الضوء على كيفية استيعاب أفكار لودفيغ فتغنشتاين لدى كل من كارل أوتو آبل ويورغن هابرماس، اللذين يتمسكان بعقلانية كونية تتجاوز حدود "اللعبة اللغوية" الفتغنشتاينية، وتعتمد عليها في الوقت نفسه. يستلهم الفيلسوفان الألمانيان العديد من أفكار فتغنشتاين، خاصة نقده لنماذج التفكير الفلسفي التقليدية المتعلقة بمفهومي "النظر" و*"الذات"*، اللذين شكلا محطات رئيسية في تاريخ الفلسفة. تعامل فتغنشتاين في شبابه مع مشكلات هذه النماذج قبل أن يتخلى عنها لصالح البعد التداولي العملي المتمثل في "ألعاب اللغة." بينما يشارك آبل وهابرماس فتغنشتاين في هذه الانعطافة البراغماتية، إلا أنهما يريان فيها طريقًا جديدًا لتأسيس عقلانية كونية، على عكس توجه فتغنشتاين وأغلب تلامذته.
PERCEPTIONS OF URBAN LANDSCAPE: A STUDY OF COGNITIVE MAPPING IN AIN BEIDA, ALGERIA
Authors: Bekri Narimane  , Mazouz Said
Published: October 2024

The urban landscape of Algerian cities features a mix of traditional and contemporary architectural forms, offering a diverse range of experiences and perspectives. The heterogeneous nature of this terrain motivated us to investigate the cognitive representation of this scenery in the minds of the inhabitants of Ain Beida.The study emphasizes the cognitive map, which manifests as visual representations, such as drawings or images, as well as sensory experiences and memories that are gathered and stored over a period of time. The perception of this mental image varies among individuals and locations. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the existing literature to precisely identify the category under investigation and select a suitable approach for evaluating, comprehending, and interpreting the urban landscape of the above-mentioned city.An iconographic was employed as a research instrument selected to carry out a comprehensive survey with a sample of the population encompassing various socio-professional groups, with a primary focus on urban stakeholders such as architects, urban planners, and elected officials. The findings revealed a diverse range of mental maps, indicating the unique perspectives of each interviewee on their city.
Clinical and morphological manifestation of the visceral form of candidiasis in the domestic dog (Canis familiaris)
Authors: Skrypka Marina , Kolych Nataliia , Dmytrenko Nadia
Published: October 2024

The relevance of this research lies in the current lack of information regarding the pathological manifestations of fungal infections in the parenchymal organs of animals, the manifestations and the host’s response to the fungus. Diagnosis of visceral mycoses is quite complex and insufficiently substantiated. A significant factor is the absence of clear criteria for pathological changes in visceral mycoses and differential diagnosis from similar diseases. This study aimed to reveal and establish the features of the clinical and morphological manifestation of the visceral form of candidiasis in the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). The study employed the following main methods: morphologic and biochemical blood analysis, post-mortem examination, and cytological and histological studies. When conducting biochemical analyses of blood serum in dogs, it was found that the glucose concentration was 2.17 mmol/L, which is almost three times lower than the lower limit of the norm, while the creatinine content exceeded the norm by four times and corresponded to a value of 560.4 mmol/L. As a result of serum analysis, an increase in the content of total and direct bilirubin was also recorded. In particular, the content of total bilirubin exceeded the physiological limit by 20 times and amounted to 222.68 μmol/L, while the level of direct bilirubin increased almost 10-fold and corresponded to a value of 59.4 μmol/L. The activity of aminotransferases, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, amylase, and alkaline phosphatase in the blood serum of sick animals increased significantly. Key pathological features of visceral mycoses in domestic dogs include haemolytic jaundice with extensive haemorrhages in organs and tissues. Hepatitis and nephritis, diagnosed in sick dogs, are the result of a generalised infectious process, the etiological factor of which is visceral candidiasis. The obtained data are of practical value for practising veterinarians in the issue of differential diagnosis of candidiasis, revealing the features of clinical and morphologic changes in the visceral form of mycoses in dogs
Modern methods of raw meat processing to reduce microbial contamination
Authors: Vovkotrub Volodymyr , Kowalewska Inga , Czerniawska-Piątkowska Ewa , Iakubchak Olha , Hryb Julia
Published: October 2024

There are various methods to preserve the quality and extend the expiration date of food products. Raw meat from different animal species is a highly perishable product. The relevance of this research is driven by the need to summarise contemporary knowledge on approaches and techniques aimed at extending the storage duration of safe and high-quality meat, alongside their scientific justification. This article focused on finding means to reduce bacterial contamination, as microorganisms are the primary cause of meat spoilage. This study aimed to identify the most promising and optimal methods for extending the freshness of raw meat. To conduct the analysis, information from scientific primary sources, and electronic resources was used, and the results of experimental data on the application of scientifically based safe approaches were studied. A review of the main methods and measures aimed at extending the storage period of raw meat was carried out. The advantages and disadvantages of various methods of raw meat processing that have a bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect on various, including pathogenic, microorganisms that not only cause meat spoilage but can also be a danger to the potential consumer were established. Various traditional, novel, and innovative methods are currently employed in meat processing. Given the advancements in science and technology, a comprehensive approach to raw meat processing is emerging as the most promising. After analysing the research findings of numerous scientists, it has been concluded that biological technologies utilising lactic acid bacteria, combined with traditional physical methods such as refrigeration, offer the most optimal solution. This approach preserves the freshness of meat while minimising the impact on organoleptic properties, provided that temperature regimes and processing technologies involving cultures of lactic acid microorganisms are adhered to. The practical significance of this study lies in identifying the most promising directions for further research and improving existing safe antimicrobial treatments, particularly through the use of various strains of lactic acid starters. Their practical application will enable the preservation of meat freshness and extend its storage life
Empowering Futures: The Impact of Cultural, Social, and Economic Disparities on Girls' Education in Jhelum, Pakistan
Authors: Amjad Sana
Published: October 2024

Gender inequality poses a challenge to the educational participation of teenage-girls in Jhelum Pakistan. This paper seeks to examine the complex factors underpinning and the extensive effects of gender inequalities in education within this area. The present study details various causes of gender inequalities as analyzed from a qualitative content analysis of various works, which include economic factors, social-cultural beliefs and practices; early marriage, lack of awareness, physical facilities, and gender biases. This study finds that all these factors work together to exclude girls from education and maintain poverty and non-advancement of socio-economic status. Finally, the discussion highlights the need to establish various strategies to address gender inequality, such as; community sensitization, increasing the percentage of girls education, finances, establishing safe school structures, and favorable laws on gender. The solution to these recommendations would help Jhelum move towards the right direction for giving teenage-girls equal education opportunities and better community.
Annealing effect of Ca3TaGa3Si2O14 catangasite crystals on their optical activity
Authors: Golovina T. G. , Konstantinova A. F. , Kasimova V. M. , Zabelina E. V. , Kozlova N. S. , Deev G. Yu.
Published: October 2024

The spectral dependences of transmission and absorption in the wavelength range of 200–2500 nm were measured for Ca3TaGa3Si2O14 crystals cut perpendicular to the optical axis in the initial state (without annealing) and after isothermal annealing in vacuum and in air. It was found that annealing in vacuum leads to a decrease, and annealing in air leads to an increase in the intensity of absorption bands. A spectrophotometric method for measuring and calculating the specific rotation angle ρ of the plane of polarization of light in gyrotropic crystals from the transmission coefficient spectra at different angles between the polarizer and the analyzer is considered. The transmission spectra were normalized in order to eliminate shifts in the spectra associated with measurement features. Spectral dependences of the values of ρ for all three samples, which are approximated by the extended Drude formula, are obtained; the influence of the annealing atmosphere on the values of the coefficients of this formula is established.
Nanowires made of ternary alloys – synthesis features and magnetic properties
Authors: Khairetdinova D. R. , Doludenko I. M. , Perunov I. V. , Volchkov I. S. , Panina L. V. , Zagorskiy D. L. , Frolov K. V. , Kanevskii V. M.
Published: October 2024

Nanowires of FexCoyCu(100–x–y) and FexNiyCu(100–x–y) alloys have been studied. The features of obtaining such structures by the matrix synthesis method have been investigated. Elemental analysis of nanowires grown at sequentially increasing voltages revealed a significant decrease in the amount of copper, as well as a change in the ratio of the main magnetic elements. X-ray phase analysis showed that FeCoCu is a three-component solid solution, while FeNiCu contains three phases of solid solutions: FeCu with copper content up to 80%, FeNi with high iron content, and NiCu in an amorphous or fine-crystalline state with nickel content up to 80%. Mössbauer spectroscopy revealed that the addition of copper can lead to a change in the angle of magnetic moment misalignment in nanowires, which correlates with magnetometry data.
Transformation of political elites in Latin America
Authors: Budaev A. V.
Published: October 2024

The article deals with the features of the evolution of the Latin American ruling class, as well as the causes, manifestations and consequences of a certain decline in its level of competence in a number of Latin American states. Against the backdrop of the crisis of traditional parties, the appearance on the political stage of non-systemic actors who have no experience in economic and government activities and who promote neoliberal and populist slogans leads to serious mistakes in public administration and various socio-cultural deviations. The author comes to the conclusion that along with the unique path of development of Latin America there has been a tendency in the region towards a certain degradation of political elites, similar to that observed in some developed countries.
Molecular-genetic markers of neuroglia in traumatic brain injury and their use for assessing functional status of sportsmen
Authors: Cherepanova А. V. , Bravy Y. R. , Karabelsky A. V. , Kotova М. M. , Sherbakova A. S. , Apukhtin К. V. , Nikitin V. S. , Bobrov М. Yu. , Kalueff A. V.
Published: October 2024

Neuroglia performs multiple important functions including maintaining brain homeostasis, metabolism, neuroprotection and modulating neurotransmission. Studying the role of neuroglia is necessary to understand the development of pathological neurodegenerative processes, as well as the restoration of nervous tissue during inflammation or injury. However, the analysis of neuroglial processes is complicated by its high heterogeneity and the lack of a system of biomarkers that make it possible to unambiguously assess the functional state of the nervous system. Here, we analyze data on clinically significant molecular genetic markers of different types of neuroglia, and the prospects for their use in sport physiology, including the assessment of athletes following traumatic brain injuries of varying severity and other types of sport-related traumas.
The relationship of hemorheological blood values and blood velocity of microcirculatory bloodstream in rats` skin vessels
Authors: Petrishchev N. N. , Skedina М. A. , Grishacheva T. G. , Chefu S. G. , Kovaleva A. A. , Nosovskij A. M.
Published: October 2024

Non-invasive study of blood rheology is relevant, but quite complex issue. When systemic blood viscosity and hematocrit levels deviate, blood flow indicators in different parts of microvasculature change. Purpose of the study – research of blood flow characteristics in skin microcirculatory bloodstream of rats obtained by high-frequency ultrasound Dopplerography (HFUD) with given changes in rheological blood indicators. The studies were carried out on pubescent male Wistar rats. 3 experimental groups were formed. Group 1 (n = 21) “Hemodilution” – viscosity 1.99 ± 0.02 mPa*s, hematocrit 31.48 ± 0.31%. Group 2 (n = 32) “Reference values” – animals with unchanged blood levels – viscosity 2.84 ± 0.03 mPa*s, hematocrit 41.60 ± 0.3%. Group 3 (n = 32) “Erythrocytosis” – viscosity 3.95 ± 0.04 mPa*s, hematocrit 54.56 ± 0.23%. Dynamic blood viscosity in vitro studies were carried out on oscillatory viscometer. In order to evaluate hematocrit level heparinized whole blood was centrifuged in glass capillaries using; hematocrit values were assessed taking into account sedimentation of formed elements column using a hematocrit reader card. Blood flow in skin microcirculatory bloodstream of rats` left thigh area was estimated by HFUD method using Minimax-Doppler-K hardware and software system, with ultrasound transducer (frequency 20 MHz). Statistical analysis showed the models are correct. Blood indicators of the animals in three experimental groups differed statistically and significantly in terms of blood viscosity and hematocrit. Discriminant analysis was used to determine the relations between rheological blood parameters and characteristics of blood velocity in microcirculatory bloodstream which made it possible to identify the most significant characteristics of blood flow that tend to change depending on altered blood composition. These include: mean systolic velocity Vas (p 0.01), mean velocity Vam (p 0.001), mean volume velocity Qam (p 0.001), vascular resistance index RI (p 0.01) and the percentage of blood cells moving in low-speed H' (p = 0.03). The reliability of selected characteristics was checked with one-way analysis of variance; and their significance in determining membership in “Hemodilution”, “Reference values” or “Erythrocytosis” groups according to HFUD data was confirmed. Based on this analysis classification functions were generated for non-invasive dynamic blood viscosity determination according to ultrasound Dopplerography data.
The effect of the composition of hepatoprotective action on biochemical and morphostructural changes in the body of laying hens under thermal stress
Authors: Drozdova L. I. , Krasnoperov A. S. , Oparina O. Yu. , Malkov S. V. , Belousov A. I. , Chernitskiy A. E.
Published: October 2024

To reduce the negative effects of hyperthermia on the body of farm animals and poultry, various drugs and feed additives are currently used. Which do not have sufficiently adaptogenic and antitoxic properties. We studied the effect of a hepatoprotective composition consisting of dried live yeast, amorphous silicon dioxide, propylene glycol, calcium propionate, ascorbic acid, manganese, copper and zinc chelates, methionine and choline chloride on the variability of biochemical and morphological parameters of the body of laying hens under temperature stress. It was simulated by increasing the air temperature in a building where laying hens were kept from 18.0 ± 1.0 °C to 28.0 ± 1.0 °C for 48 hours. Due to hyperthermia, changes in biochemical and morphofunctional parameters were observed in the tissues and organs of birds. The obtained values of the biochemical parameters of blood serum in the birds of the control group indicated the intensity of the adaptive capabilities of their body. A complex of morphological changes confirmed a violation of protein metabolism and the regenerative-compensatory process. Pathological changes in the structure of the duodenum, characteristic of catarrhal-necrotic duodenitis, were identified. The stress reaction was also reflected in the condition of the heart muscle, in which an inflammatory process developed against the background of granular dystrophy of cardiomyocytes. The results of biochemical studies of blood serum in birds of the experimental group indicated an increase in the anti-stress response to a temperature stimulus under the influence of the studied composition (tendency to increase glucose and calcium, increase alkaline phosphatase activity by 47.4 %). The introduction of a hepatoprotective composition into the diet of laying hens during periods of temperature stress did not lead to disruption of the structure of tissues and organs, preserving cellular metabolic mechanisms. The
Aplicativo móvil que contribuye en la salud musculoesquelética de los empleados
Authors: Pachajoa Pianda Juan José , Luna Realpe Daniel Nicolás , Ortega Lasso Cristian David
Published: October 2024

La Empresa Metropolitana de Aseo (EMAS), parte de la corporación multinacional Veolia con sede en Francia, se destaca en Colombia por su compromiso con el desarrollo sostenible y la protección del entorno natural. A pesar de llevar a cabo capacitaciones biomecánicas y charlas de sensibilización, los trabajadores de Emas by Veolia a menudo ignoran las recomendaciones, lo que ha resultado en quejas de dolores musculoesqueléticos y lumbalgia, generando estrés laboral y afectando la efectividad y las relaciones interpersonales. Ante esta problemática, se plantea la necesidad de emplear la tecnología como estrategia de intervención para mejorar la postura, el manejo de cargas y el fortalecimiento muscular, con el objetivo de prevenir riesgos laborales y mejorar la salud y seguridad en el trabajo. Esta iniciativa no solo beneficia a Emas by Veolia, sino que puede ser un modelo para otras empresas con trabajos pesados, reduciendo costos y mejorando la salud laboral en general.
La innovación como motor de transformación en las empresas
Authors: Muñoz Medina Ana María , Herrera Castro Yissel Vanesa
Published: October 2024

Actualmente, el mundo empresarial se ha convertido en un entorno mucho más competitivo, activo y dinámico; por ende, la innovación ha pasado a ser un aspecto clave, generador de éxito y supervivencia para las grandes y pequeñas empresas, basándose siempre en la capacidad de innovar y adaptarse a los distintos cambios del mercado. Esta innovación es esencial para que las empresas puedan mantenerse en la cúspide durante mucho tiempo, asegurando su permanencia en el tiempo y, además, prosperando en el mercado actual cambiante.
El trabajo social también es emprendimiento
Authors: Bastidas Puerres María Camila , Cuaicuan Gómez Edna Sofía , Urbano Caicedo Diana Alejandra
Published: October 2024

El artículo propone establecer una nueva mirada al trabajo social, partiendo del hecho de que el profesional en esta área también es emprendedor. Establece un paralelo entre las fases de intervención desde la profesión/disciplina y el espíritu empresarial, partiendo de unas grandes similitudes y ciertas diferencias. Estas fases son: estudio, diagnóstico, evaluación, plan de acción y seguimiento. En cada una de ellas se plasma tanto el quehacer del trabajador social como del empresario; por último, se concluye de manera asertiva y concreta, recogiendo lo desarrollado.
Comparison of Various Methods for Observing Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Microscopically
Authors: Widodo Widodo , Sugiyatmini Tri , Purlinda Devi Etevia
Published: October 2024

Technological developments are increasingly rapid in the field of identification and special equipment in the field of microbiology, the development of staining methods and microscopic observation is growing rapidly. The Ziehl Neelsen staining method is still an alternative follow-up to other alternative treatments using the Auramin O staining method with flurocene microscope observation. This research is an analytical observational study and a cross sectional research design to see the differences in readings between Ziehl Neelsen staining, flurocene auramin and gram staining. We used isolates that had been identified as Mycobacterium tuberculosis which we obtained from Balepkes and Pak provinces of Central Java under non-activation conditions, by autoclaving at 121 degrees for 15 minutes. The number of samples was 10 slides with Ziehl Neelsen staining, Flurocene Auramin and Gram staining. The results of the sensitivity and specificity research between Ziehl Neelsen and auramin O were 100%. Meanwhile, the gram staining method and SEM observation cannot be compared because they can only observe bacterial morphology. From the research results it can be concluded that Auramin O can be used as an alternative Ziehl Neelsen painting agent.
КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНЫЕ ОСНОВЫ ПОДГОТОВКИ УЧИТЕЛЕЙ ХИМИИ К РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ СОЦИОГУМАНИТАРНОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ
Authors: Галымова Н.Г. , Оразбаева М.А. , Жусупбекова Н.С.
Published: October 2024

В статье говорится о концепциях подготовки учителей химии к реализации компетентностного подхода как фактора социальной и гуманитарной безопасности. Определяя качество образования как многоэлементную структуру, отмечается, что важнейшим показателем эффективности образования являются академические достижения обучающихся. Эту позицию подтверждает анализ международных исследований качества образования, где основным показателем эффективности образования является уровень подготовки студентов, их ценностные ориентации и информация о продукте самореализации. При этом эксперты отмечают, что важно не только отслеживать достижения учащихся в сфере образования, но и учитывать любой прогресс в их развитии. В связи с этим особое значение придается объективности оценки, основанной на измерении диагностируемых показателей. Такой подход приводит к необходимости соблюдать основные этапы организации контрольно-оценочной деятельности учителя. Для достижения максимальных результатов в подготовке будущих учителей химии необходимо разработать и реализовать образовательную модель, направленную на подготовку их к реализациикомпетентностного подхода в обучении как фактора социально-гуманитарной безопасности в условиях «природопользования». Система «человек-общество». На современном этапе и уровне развития общества и личности человек постоянно сталкивается со множеством угроз (явных, открытых, скрытых и косвенных). Учитывая постоянное развитие и самосовершенствование общества, а также его социализацию и взаимодействие, направления социальной и гуманитарной безопасности становятся его составляющей, передаваемой следующему поколению.
ДИФФЕРЕНЦИРОВАННОЕ ОБУЧЕНИЕ, ОСНОВАННОЕ НА ТЕХНОЛОГИЯХ TRACK, ПРИ ПОДГОТОВКЕ БУДУЩИХ УЧИТЕЛЕЙ ИНФОРМАТИКИ ПО ИНКЛЮЗИВНОМУ ОБРАЗОВАНИЮ
Authors: Давлетова А.Х. , Назарова А.Т. , Урынбасарова Л.Т. , Алдонгарова Р.Ж. , Шадиев Р.Н.
Published: October 2024

В статье рассматривается внедрение технологии дифференцированного обучения TRACK для подготовки будущих учителейинформатики к инклюзивному образованию. Цель исследования заключается в разработке и апробации методов, основанных на использовании современных технологий для адаптации учебного процесса к индивидуальным потребностям учащихся. Подход TRACK включает пять ключевых аспектов: технологичность, отклик, адаптивность, сотрудничество и основанность на знаниях. В рамках исследования использовались методы анализа данных, педагогических экспериментов и наблюдений. Результаты исследования подтвердили, что использование разнообразных технологических инструментов и программ способствует улучшению качества дифференцированного обучения. Путем анализа собранных данных можно выявить, какие из технологии показывают наилучшие результаты, какие методы обучения наиболее эффективны и востребованы учащимися. Результаты показали, что применение технологии TRACK способствует значительному повышению эффективности образовательного процесса, обеспечивая персонализированный подход и адаптацию учебных материалов в соответствии с индивидуальными особенностями учащихся. Поэтому в настоящее время особенно актуальным становится вопрос внедрения адаптированного обучения для улучшения уровня знаний обучающегося с учетом его индивидуальных особенностей. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о значительной поддержке концепции инклюзивного образования со стороны студентов и преподавателей. Выводы исследования подчеркивают важность интеграции технологически обоснованных методов в подготовку педагогов, что позволяет создавать инклюзивную образовательную среду и повышать качествообучения. Во время исследования были определены теоретические и практические основы применения многоуровневого обучения в педагогической практике. Экспериментально исследовано влияние индивидуализации на формирование профессиональных компетенций будущих педагогов. Проанализирована современная практика использования дифференцированных технологий в образовательной сфере. В результате исследования установлено, что адаптивные методы обучения оказывают положительное воздействие на академические достижения, мотивацию и развитие навыков учащихся. Результаты исследования показали эффективность разработанных методов, основанных на современных технологиях, в адаптации учебного процесса к индивидуальным потребностям учащихся. Применение данных методов способствовало значительному улучшению персонализации обучения и адаптации учебных материалов в зависимости от уникальных особенностей каждого ученика. Исследование подтвердило, что интеграция современных технологий позволяет эффективно реагировать на изменяющиеся образовательные потребности и повышать общую эффективность образовательного процесса.
РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ РАЗВИТИЯ IT АРХИТЕКТУРЫ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЯ
Authors: Дилдебай Б. , Адиканова С. , Войчик В. , Кадырова А.
Published: October 2024

В статье представлены материалы по работам по разработке проекта архитектуры инфраструктуры учреждения в соответствии с технической спецификой. В рамках масштаба архитектуры инфраструктуры учреждения авторами были автоматизированы некоторые функции следующих структурных подразделений: отдала кадров, учебного отдела, деканата, кафедры, отдела регистрации обучающихся, отдела контроля качества, приемной комиссии, центра технического обеспечения и цифровизации. Предварительно проведен анализ недостатков и ограничений деятельности и возможностей для улучшения деятельности работы подразделений путем улучшения инфраструктуры информационных технологий. Метод исследования представляет собой аналитичесий обзор проведенного анализа текущего состояния IT-архитектуры инфраструктуры учреждений на материале исследований научных школ.