bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Tool for Measuring Relative Effects of Hue, Brightness and Saturation on Color Pleasantness
Authors: Smets Gerda
Published: September 2011

A technique for evaluating the relative effects of hue, brightness and saturation on color pleasantness is explored. 24 colors, specified by their Munsell notation, are dichotomized in pleasant and unpleasant ones by 36 female and 42 male subjects. A discriminant analysis indicates a major effect of saturation, which determines 88.36% of the variation judgments of pleasantness. Brightness is less important (11.56%) and hue is almost irrelevant (0.68%). The question had never been investigated before, perhaps because the Munsell notation for hue is not metric. We overcame this difficulty by transforming the hue notations into metric scores using Indow and Uchizono's (1960) multidimensional mapping of Munsell colors. It has to be emphasized that this paper describes a tool for measuring the relative contributions of hue, brightness, and saturation to the attribute of color pleasantness, but that the findings of this investigation may not generalize to a set of colors different from the ones used currently.
Global Spatial Relations in Face Representations Shown in “Ecological Dyslexia” of Australian Aboriginals and in “Western” Dyslexics
Authors: Pontius Anneliese A.
Published: September 2011

Two culturally diverse populations, 297 Western European dyslexic youths and 269 Australian Aboriginal school children (80 to 90% of whom meet the operationally defined criteria for “dyslexia”) contain a subgroup of similar proportions (35% and 39%, respectively) who on the Draw-A-Person test also show specific “neolithic face” misrepresentation characteristic of the pre-literate period of “neolithic art.” By contrast only 8% and 4% respectively of 578 Western European eulexics and of 48 Australian European school children drew such specifically distorted face proportions. These findings suggest a subgroup of dyslexia who show a subtle spatial-relational dysfunction, interpreted as being primarily linked to Aboriginal school children's ecologically determined lack of practice of certain brain systems (particularly of the hippocampus).
Directional Symmetry in the Spiral Aftereffect
Authors: Hershenson Maurice
Published: September 2011

The duration of the spiral aftereffect was measured after 1, 2, and 5 min. of adaptation for “inward” and “outward” rotation of the spiral. Duration of the aftereffect increased as adaptation time increased but the direction of rotation of the spiral had no effect.
Factors Determining Gender of the Figure in Tat Card 3BM
Authors: Dungan David S. , Holmes Cooper B.
Published: September 2011

Earlier work has shown that subjects commonly view the figure on Card 3BM of the TAT as female rather than male. This study supports that finding and presents the specific qualities of the 3BM card that lead to such perception of the 3BM figure.
Evidence for the Uniqueness of Eidetic Imagery
Authors: Miller Steve , Peacock Ray
Published: September 2011

This research examined the performance of eidetic subjects, classified by the standard self-report criteria, on a set of objective and subjective measures. Eidetic subjects were statistically superior to controls on an ‘accuracy of report’ test and a superimposition task, but these differences were not so large as to provide compelling evidence for the uniqueness of eidetic imagery. Further experiments investigated the effects of stimulus manipulations—type of interference and level of illumination—on, respectively, visual retention and duration of phenomenal image. The pattern of effects differed markedly between eidetic subjects and a control group matched on a measure of capacity for visual memory. These findings provide converging evidence for a qualitative distinction between eidetic imagery and visual memory that does not rely on differences in storage capacity. Eidetic imagery appears to be a long-lasting, percept-like experience which varies considerably in clarity and definition; its duration is critically dependent on level of illumination and its contents are easily disrupted by after-coming visual stimuli.
Mentally Retarded and Normal Children's Performance on Gross Motor Reaction- and Movement-Time Tasks with Varying Degrees of Uncertainty of Movement
Authors: Distefano Emily A. , Brunt Denis
Published: September 2011

This study evaluated the effect of uncertainty of movement, as a source of environmental stimuli, on the RT and movement time of 8- and 10-yr.-old mildly retarded and normal boys and girls during a 4.6-m run. With uncertainty of movement, retarded subjects (6 boys, 9 girls) displayed significant increases in both RT and movement time. For normal children (10 boys, 10 girls), no change in performance was noted as the task was simple. These results highlighted the notion of skill constancy and the importance of controlling potential stimuli during skill acquisition.
Effects of Age and Temporal Placement of a Modeled Skill on Children's Performance on a Balance Task
Authors: Anderson Dean F. , Gebhart James A. , Pease Dale G. , Ludwig David A.
Published: September 2011

The present investigation explored the effect of age and temporal placement of a modelled skill on performance on a balance task. 60 boys, aged 7 and 9 yr., were randomly assigned to one of three conditions. The model was presented before any trials were attempted, midway, or not at all during 12 trials. A 2 (age) × 3 (model condition) × 12 (trials) repeated-measures design was utilized. Analysis of variance indicated significant effects of age, temporal appearance of the model, and an interaction of model by age for time on-balance. Model affected younger subjects but not older ones. Treatment did not affect off-balance errors. Findings for age and temporal placement are not consistent with some previous research.
Little League Baseball and Players' Self-Esteem
Authors: Hawkins Donna B. , Gruber Joseph J.
Published: September 2011

The effect of a season of Little League baseball on the self-esteem of 94 players was investigated. The Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory assessed General-Self, Social-Self, Home-Parents, School-Academic, and a Lie scale. A Baseball-Self scale was devised. Independent variables were players' ages and team affiliation. Data were reliable. Significant improvements in players' total Self-esteem, Home-Parents and School-Academic scores were found at the end of the season. Social-Self scores significantly decreased for 9- and 10-yr.-old players. Baseball-Self scores were significantly lowered on only two of the eight teams. Significant changes in the various dimensions of self-esteem were unrelated to coaches' ratings of players' baseball ability.
The Possibility of Control May Bias Attributions
Authors: Uleman James S. , Lenauer Michael H.
Published: September 2011

80 subjects succeeded or failed on a continuing or completed task. Continuing subjects, who thought they might control future outcomes, biased their attribution toward controllable causes.
Performance of Genetically-Colorblind Individuals on a Rapid Dark Adaptation Test Based on the Purkinje Shift
Authors: Kim Vivian , Solomons Noel W.
Published: September 2011

An experiment was conducted to determine whether or not genetic colorblindness would limit performance on a rapid dark adaptation test (RDAT) which is based on the Purkinje shift in retinal sensitivity to lower wavelengths of light energy under mesopic/scotopic conditions of illumination. No differences in RDAT performance between age-equivalent colorblind and non-colorblind subjects was observed.
Technique for Estimating Task Completion Time from Partial Data
Authors: Pfeiffer Mark G. , Siegel Arthur I.
Published: September 2011

Estimates of task completion time are required to develop production programs, maintenance schedules, and prediction systems. Acquiring such data, when the information is not available in data banks, requires time-consuming and costly observations of task performance. An alternative to direct time-study observation is judgment by a skilled person. An efficient technique for making estimates of task-execution time, along with supporting reliability and validity data, is presented.
Effects of Response Type and Set Size on Stroop Color-Word Performance
Authors: McClain Lucinda
Published: September 2011

The effect of several procedural variables was investigated in a discrete-trials Stroop task. Undergraduate students identified the color of four types of stimuli (asterisks, words unrelated to color, and incongruent and congruent Stroop stimuli) using verbal responses, buttons labeled with color words, and buttons labeled with colors. Set size was manipulated by presenting 2, 3, 4, or 5 different colors in a given trial block. A significant Stroop effect occurred in the verbal response condition, the size of the Stroop effect was reduced in the word-button condition, and the Stroop effect was eliminated in the color-button condition. Increases in set size produced linear increases in response time but did not influence the size of the Stroop effect.
How Do Accidents Happen: A Deadline-Type Experiment on Maintaining Safety Margins
Authors: Summala Heikki
Published: September 2011

The results of 5 subjects in a deadline-type laboratory task, simulating a hazardous activity with a trade-off between safety and efficiency, showed two basic categories of accident potential. The first one stems from the very normal behavior in which the subjects maintain too small margins of safety and incur an accident in the case of certain coincidences. The second is based on major errors in decision-making or performance resulting in deviant behavior which either is a sufficient cause of an accident or much increases the probability of an accident when the system does not provide sufficient margins of safety.
Attribution Theory: A Conditioning Interpretation
Authors: Algom Daniel , Bizman Aharon
Published: September 2011

Rescorla and Wagner's 1972 theory of conditioning can account for some types of causal attributions described in the literature. The model is based on the use of learned associations as the mechanism for change of attributions, the magnitude of which is governed by principles of classical conditioning. The development of attributions and their decay are explicitly and symmetrically treated. It is shown that known attribution phenomena are derivable from the present model.
A Quick Version of Administration for the Group Holtzman Inkblot Technique
Authors: Swartz Jon D. , Reinehr Robert C.
Published: September 2011

A quick version of the standard Group Holtzman Inkblot Technique was administered to 48 college students in introductory psychology classes during regular 50-min. class periods. Results indicated that most of the scores obtained by this quick version are comparable to those obtained by the more time-consuming standard group version.
Children's Colour Preferences and Motor Skill Performance with Variation in Environmental Colour
Authors: Cockerill Ian M. , Miller Brian P.
Published: September 2011

60 males and 60 females between 6 and 11 yr. of age performed a modified Grooved-pegboard Test while wearing goggles with eyepieces of varying hues. Initially, subjects identified their most-preferred and least-preferred colours. Analysis showed that subjects made significantly fewer errors and took significantly less time while working under their preferred colours. There were significant performance differences between age groups but not between sexes.
Null Effect of Intramodal Stimulus-Range Variation on the Exponent for Numerousness
Authors: Masin S. C.
Published: September 2011

The psychophysical function for numerousness was determined by the magnitude estimation method with no designated standard and no assigned modulus, using nine ranges of the stimuli. Numerousness is a peculiar continuum for which the form of the psychophysical function is independent of the range (null range effect). Moreover, the psychophysical function was shown to be a straight line.
Tickle Perception as Micro-Experience of Pleasure: Its Phenomenology on Different Areas of the Body and Relation to Cerebral Dominance
Authors: Ruggieri Vezio , Milizia Maria
Published: September 2011

We examined the tickle sensitivity of 46 female psychology students with reference to different areas of the body and cerebral dominance. Analysis indicated a significant difference between two halves of the body for latency and not for duration. The dimensional approach, as we have suggested for other research on cerebral dominance, singled out for both latency and duration of tickle three groups of dominance: right, left, and nondominant subjects.
Effects of Three Combinations of Plyometric and Weight Training Programs on Selected Physical Fitness Test Items
Authors: Ford H. Thomas , Puckett John R. , Drummond James P. , Sawyer Kenneth , Gantt Kyle , Fussell Cliff
Published: September 2011

To determine the effects of prescribed training programs on 5 physical fitness test items, each of 50 high school boys participated for 10 wk. in one of three programs (wrestling, softball, and plyometrics; weight training; and weight training and plyometrics). (a) On the sit-ups, 40-yd. dash, vertical jump, and pull-ups, each group improved significantly from pre-to posttest, (b) On the shuttle run, none of the groups improved significantly from pre- to posttest, (c) On the vertical jump, groups had a significant effect, but the interaction was nonsignificant. No effects were significant.
Stress in Rural Law Enforcement
Authors: Bergen George T. , Bartol Curt R.
Published: September 2011

Questionnaires and Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were administered to rural police officers to determine whether stressful factors were comparable to those of urban officers. Most (90%) indicated the job was stressful, but traditional measures of police stress failed to support this perception. It is suggested that the denial of the effects of stress may be a prerequisite to successful performance in rural law enforcement.
Time Estimation by Healthy Subjects and Schizophrenic Patients: A Methodological Study
Authors: Tysk Lennart
Published: September 2011

Three different methods were used to investigate the perception of short time intervals by 60 healthy subjects and a pilot group of 15 schizophrenic patients. The usefulness of metronome adjustment, verbal estimation, and operative estimation was evaluated. Estimation of longer time intervals was also studied. The influence of age, sex, oral temperature, and pulse rate was assessed. Earlier findings that schizophrenic subjects tend to overestimate short time intervals were supported by data from all three methods. Operative estimation—the subject's production of a requested time interval—could possibly best discriminate between the two groups. Estimation of longer time intervals did not differ significantly for the two groups.
Sex of Research Subjects in Social Psychology Journals
Authors: Millard Richard J. , Folkman Joseph R. , Higbee Kenneth L.
Published: September 2011

In 4 journals during 1978-1979, 65% of the studies sampled both males and females, 14% sampled males only, and 12% sampled females only. Subject sex was not reported in 9% of the studies.
Cross-Modal Transfer of Avoidance Learning in Rats
Authors: Delay Eugene R.
Published: September 2011

Cross-modal avoidance learning was studied in 32 male, albino rats initially trained with either a visual or auditory CS. Half of the rats trained with each CS were retrained with the opposite CS and the rest with the same CS. Analysis indicated that avoidance training with a CS in one modality improves shock-avoidance conditioning with a CS in another sensory modality.
Use of the Group Embedded Figures Test with Children
Authors: Thompson Bruce , Pitts Murray M. , Gipe Joan P.
Published: September 2011

Extensive previous research suggests that the cognitive style of field-independence/field-dependence has important implications for teaching and guidance. However, studies of the validity of group-administered measures which can be used with younger children are limited. The present study assessed the feasibility of using a widely recognized style measure, the Group Embedded Figures Test, with 45 fourth-, 42 fifth-, and 42 sixth-graders. The results were generally favorable with respect to the test's applicability to these age groups.
Matching Therapists' Predicates: An in Vivo Test of Effectiveness
Authors: Dowd E. Thomas , Hingst Ann G.
Published: September 2011

The theory of neurolinguistic programming predicts that a therapist's matching of a client's primary representational system, as expressed in the client's predicates, should result in increased therapist's rapport and social influence. This hypothesis was tested in an actual interview situation. Six relatively inexperienced therapists, two each in predicate matching, predicate mismatching, and predicate no-matching conditions, conducted a 30-min. interview with nine undergraduate student volunteers each, for a total of 54 subjects. After the appropriate interview condition was completed, subjects rated their therapists on the Counselor Rating Form and the Counseling Evaluation Inventory. No significant differences among the three conditions on any of the measures were found. Results are compared with those of previous research on assessment and primary representational system matching in analogue situations.
Perception of Spatial and Social Density
Authors: Pedersen Darhl M.
Published: September 2011

The effects of family size on the perception of three abstract rooms that differed in social and spatial density were studied. The rooms were rated on the dimensions, evaluation, spirituality, activity, and aesthetic appeal. Of the 48 subjects half were from large families with six or more members, and half were from smaller families. Family size had no effect on the perception of the rooms. The room low in spatial density was perceived most favorably, and there was no difference in the perception of a room high in social density and one high in spatial density.
Lateralized Sensorimotor Asymmetries in Normal, Learning-Disabled and Brain-Damaged Young Adults
Authors: O'Donnell James P.
Published: September 2011

Left-right asymmetries in sensorimotor abilities (based on the Tactile Finger Localization, Fingertip Number Writing, Finger Tapping, Grip Strength, and Tactual Performance Tests of the Halstead-Reitan Battery) were compared among groups of 30 normal, 60 learning-disabled, and 20 brain-damaged adults aged 17 to 29 yr. The normal and learning-disabled groups (which did not differ) had significantly fewer asymmetries than the brain-damaged group. However, 36% of the learning-disabled group who had a Halstead Impairment Index ≥ 0.4, also had significantly more sensorimotor asymmetries than the normals. These results support the idea of an association between neurobehavioral deficits and learning disabilities for this age group.
Induced Movement-in-Depth: Relative Location of Static Stimulus and Direction Asymmetry
Authors: Reinhardt-Rutland A. H.
Published: September 2011

A rotating spiral stimulus induced prolonged movement-in-depth in a static circle concentric with its origin. Both were coated in luminous paint and viewed monocularly in the dark. Analysis showed that (a) longer induced movement was observed in the circle when it was central than when it was peripheral to the inducing stimulus, and (b) induced movement was perceived longer when towards the subject than when away from the subject.
Diurnal Individual Differences and Performance Levels in Some Sports Activities
Authors: Rossi Bruna , Zani Alberto , Mecacci Luciano
Published: September 2011

A morningness-eveningness questionnaire was administered to 34 golfers and 23 waterpolo-players to assess the influence of diurnal individual differences on the athletic performance levels. No differences in the diurnal type (“morning” vs “evening” individuals) were found among low-performing athletes, while in the high-performing group golfers had higher morningness scores than the waterpolo-players. The results suggest a relation between the diurnal type, performance level, and the time of day when the match is played (morning for golf and evening for waterpolo).
Role of Field Dependence in Perception of Movements
Authors: Swinnen Stephan
Published: September 2011

194 male students in physical education were administered the Group Embedded Figures Test. Those who scored high or low were selected for a perceptual experiment ( n = 49). Expecting that the analyzing and (re)structuring ability of the field-independent person also applies to complex movement stimuli, subjects had to describe eight complex gross-motor gymnastic skills, demonstrated on a video system. Field-independent persons tended to give more detailed descriptions of observed movements; in 5 of 8 cases the difference was statistically significant. Perhaps the field-independent person builds a more structured visual image of movements than the field-dependent person. If so, the former is probably in a better position to learn new motor skills.
Processing, Knowledge of Results, and a Multi-Dimensional Task
Authors: Ramella Reno J.
Published: September 2011

Individuals learned a motor skill having temporal and spatial dimensions. Two groups, determined by amount of allotted processing time (3 or 6 sec.), were tested. Analyzed data were specific to absolute and variable errors associated with movement. A series of 2 (post-knowledge delay) × 3 (trial blocks) repeated-measures multivariate analysis indicated reduction of errors (both temporal and spatial) by groups. Follow-up analysis favored the 6-sec. group while the 3-sec. group learned only the accuracy portion of the task.
Intrinsic Vs Extrinsic Motivation in Learning Disabled Children
Authors: Reeve Peggy Tarpley , Loper Ann Booker
Published: September 2011

44 children identified as learning disabled were administered Harter's Scale of Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Orientation in the Classroom. Scores were correlated with several indices of school behavior, standardized achievement test scores, report-card letter grades, and teachers' behavioral ratings. No consistent pattern of relationship was evidenced between the scale and academic achievement as assessed by standardized tests and report-card letter grades. However, a weak but statistically significant pattern of relationship ( rs .24 to .33) was noted between two subscales of the Harter scale and teachers' behavioral ratings. Internality on these subscales tended to be associated with higher teachers' ratings.
Effect of Segregated and Integrated Educational Settings upon Selected Dialectal Features
Authors: Bountress Nicholas G.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a segregated educational setting versus an integrated educational setting upon selected dialectal characteristics of 60 black children in elementary school. Half of the children were selected from an all-black school and half from an integrated school. The subjects repeated 13 sentences from the Carrow Elicited Language Inventory. Instances of three commonly identified dialectal variations (zero copula, omission of /s/ and /z/ inflections, and substitution of /d/ for voiced “th”) were recorded and statistically treated through the use of an analysis of variance. Analysis indicated that in neither group of subjects was there a statistically significant decline in the presence of zero copula. However, regarding the omission of /s/ and /z/ inflections, only in the language of subjects from the integrated school was there a decrease in dialectal responses. Finally, with regard to the substitution of /d/ for voiced “th,” there was a statistically significant decline in dialectal responses for both groups of subjects. The results are discussed as they pertain to trends and important research needs in the area of social dialects, particularly black English.
Comparing Reports of the Same Dream: Proposals for a Structural Analysis
Authors: Cavallero Corrado , Cicogna Piercarla
Published: September 2011

Some methodological problems posed by previous research on the relationships between dreams and memory have led us to develop a set of procedures for comparing two successive reports of the same dream. Based on Foulkes' Scoring System for Latent Structure, these procedures are: (a) a series of indices of structural organization calculated for each report; (b) digraphs from the two reports which are superimposed to show the additions, conservations, and omissions in each report; (c) for the elements conserved across reports, an analysis of the transformations effected on them; (d) an analysis of the transformations effected on the motivational structure of the two reports.
Anticipatory Timing of Beginning and Intermediate Tennis Players
Authors: Isaacs Larry D. , Finch Alfred E.
Published: September 2011

34 beginning and 16 intermediate players were required to view film clips which showed a player serving. The film was edited so the subject would see only a limited part of the service motion and/or ball flight. The four restricted viewing conditions were as follows: 10 msec, before contact (Prior), 0 msec. (Contact), 15 msec, after contact (Immediate), and 30 msec. after contact (Flight). Based on the limited visual information, the subject indicated on a specially designed score sheet the position in which the serve landed in the deuce service court (both latitude and longitude). Analyses of variance for mean percent correct responses indicated that intermediate players were significantly more successful in plotting the latitude of the ball's position than were the beginners. Longer viewing times significantly improved both groups' ability to predict the terminal location of the ball.
Some Perceptions of the Student-Athlete
Authors: McMartin Jim , Klay Jon
Published: September 2011

To determine whether the stereotype of the “dumb jock” is prevalent among college students, 88 subjects were exposed to information about a stimulus person who was described as either male or female and as an athlete (swimmer) or not. Posttest results showed that the athlete was rated higher in healthiness, extraversion, assertiveness, competitiveness, as well as athleticism. However, there was no evidence of the “dumb jock” stereotype under the present conditions.
Flicker Fusion as a Typological Index of Nervous System ‘Reactivity’
Authors: Powell Richard R.
Published: September 2011

Flicker fushion responses were determined under varying stimulus intensities for 43 subjects. A mathematical index of the responses was derived for each individual and compared to a single flicker fusion response. A correlation demonstrated independence between the two measures.
A Technique for Prediction of Children's Social Problem-Solving
Authors: Eimer Bruce N.
Published: September 2011

A technique is described for assessing children's predictions of the behavioral strategies that they or other children would be likely to employ in various social situations. The research context in which this assessment technique was developed is also described. Following Kelly's personal construct theory, it is proposed that this technique could provide a means for enriching theoretical knowledge of the connections between children's interpersonal cognitive problem-solving ability and their actual behaviors. Various ways in which the proposed technique could be used in a clinical context are discussed.
Ontogenesis of Hemispheric Specialization: Apraxia Associated with Congenital Left Hemisphere Lesions
Authors: Nass Ruth
Published: September 2011

In adults apraxia is more common after left-hemisphere damage. The engram for control of skilled motor movements has therefore been considered a specialized function of the left hemisphere. The ontogenesis of motor control was studied in a group of prepubertal children with congenital unilateral hemispheric lesions. Left-hemisphere lesions caused greater impairment of rapid independent finger movements, suggesting that specialization for motor control is innately programmed in the left hemisphere. No subject evidenced apraxia to verbal command, but adult-like performance is not yet expected at the age the group was tested, and effects of side of lesion could appear later.
Influence of Personal and Academic Experiences on Formation of Attitudes toward Mentally Retarded Adults
Authors: Hagen Beverly Hartung , Powell Chuck , Adams Richard
Published: September 2011

Attitudes toward mentally retarded adults of 135 students majoring in special education, education, and social work were studied. Educational and personal experiences having to do with mentally retarded adults were compared. Correlations were low to moderate for the personal and academic experiences of the three groups as well as with their attitudes toward mentally retarded adults. Differences in attitude could not be explained by statistically controlling any variables.
Hand Preference in an Italian Sample
Authors: Salmaso Dario , Longoni Anna Maria
Published: September 2011

A hand-preference questionnaire was administered to 1694 Italian adults. Analysis indicates no relationship of sex and handedness and a percentage of 6.4 left-handers. The difference in percentage of left-handers across different populations is discussed in terms of cultural differences.
Inspection of the Bayley Mental Scale Test Materials for Potential Hazards of Choking, Aspiration, and Ingestion When Used outside of Test Situation
Authors: Ridenour Marcella V. , Reid Michael
Published: September 2011

The test materials of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development were inspected for potential choking, aspiration, and ingestion hazards by unsupervised children under 36 mo. of age. When the small-parts test cylinder, defined by the Federal Code of Regulations, was used for the inspection, four pieces of test materials were judged too small: the doll with detached head, sugar pellets, the rabbit, and yellow cubes.
Reply to Miller and Asher's Critique
Authors: Prawat Richard S.
Published: September 2011

Several points made by Millet and Asher in 1983 ate addressed. For instance, the probable effects of collinearity and suppression are discussed. The authors are confident that their original conclusions will be supported by subsequent research.
Geophysical Variables and Human Behavior: XV. Tectonic Strain Luminosities (UFO Reports) as Predictable but Hidden Events within Pre-1947 Central U.S.A.
Authors: Persinger M. A.
Published: September 2011

Changes in tectonic strain within the earth's crust have been hypothesized to be the primary energetic source for most documented UFO (unidentified flying object) events. Multiple regression analyses indicate that at least 50% of the variance in UFO report measures can be accommodated by optimal solar-seismic variables. Equations for the central U.S.A. accurately predicted the occurrence of UFO-report episodes after the years from which they were generated and indicate the occurrence of UFO-like reports long before the year 1947. However the labels applied to these phenomena may have changed from generation to generation.
Religious and Mystical Experiences as Artifacts of Temporal Lobe Function: A General Hypothesis
Authors: Persinger Michael A.
Published: September 2011

Mystical and religious experiences are hypothesized to be evoked by transient, electrical microseizures within deep structures of the temporal lobe. Although experiential details are affected by context and reinforcement history, basic themes reflect the inclusion of different amygdaloid-hippocampal structures and adjacent cortices. Whereas the unusual electrical coherence allows access to infantile memories of parents, a source of god expectations, specific stimulation evokes out-of-body experiences, space-time distortions, intense meaningfulness, and dreamy scenes. The species-specific similarities in temporal lobe properties enhance the homogeneity of cross-cultural experiences. They exist along a continuum that ranges from “early morning highs” to recurrent bouts of conversion and dominating religiosity. Predisposing factors include any biochemical or genetic factors that produce temporal lobe lability. A variety of precipitating stimuli provoke these experiences, but personal (life) crises and death bed conditions are optimal. These temporal lobe microseizures can be learned as responses to existential trauma because stimulation is of powerful intrinsic reward regions and reduction of death anxiety occurs. The implications of these transients as potent modifiers of human behavior are considered.
Striking EEG Profiles from Single Episodes of Glossolalia and Transcendental Meditation
Authors: Persinger Michael A.
Published: September 2011

Transient, focal, epileptic-like electrical changes in the temporal lobe, without convulsions, have been hypothesized to be primary correlates of religious experiences. Given these properties, direct measurement of these phenomena within the laboratory should be rare. However, two illustrated instances have been recorded. The first case involved the occurrence of a delta-wave-dominant electrical seizure for about 10 sec. from the temporal lobe only of a Transcendental Meditation teacher during a peak experience within a routine TM episode. The second case involved the occurrence of spikes within the temporal lobe only during protracted intermittent episodes of glossolalia by a member of a pentecostal sect. Neither subject had any psychiatric history. These observations are commensurate with the hypothesis that religious experiences are natural correlates of temporal lobe transients that can be detected by routine EEG measures.
Concurrent Validity of WISC-R Factor Scores for Educable Mentally Handicapped Children
Authors: Grossman Fred M. , Clark Julia H.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the concurrent validity of the WISC-R Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Organization, and Freedom from Distractibility factor scores relative to the Reading, Spelling, and Arithmetic subtest standard scores obtained on the Wide Range Achievement Test. The sample of 46 students were identified as educable mentally handicapped in a public school setting. The results of separate bivariate analyses indicated that the WISC-R factor scores are not significantly correlated with achievement as measured by this achievement test. Implications of these results and directions for future research are discussed.
“Sensory Storage of Fragmentary Displays”: Refutation of a Theory of Iconic Memory?
Authors: Cohene Lee S.
Published: September 2011

Holding and Orenstein (1984) purport to have demonstrated evidence that is contrary to a theory of iconic memory; however, the conclusions of these authors are called into question for methodological reasons.
Social Distance Perceptions of Elementary School Children in Age-Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Classroom Settings
Authors: Sherman Lawrence W.
Published: September 2011

Social distance ratings of the same 87 8-, 9-, and 10-yr.-old children in both age-heterogeneous and age-homogeneous classrooms were examined. Cross-age/same-age and cross-sex/same-sex ratings as well as differences between age-heterogeneous and -homogeneous settings were examined utilizing a complex within-subjects analysis of variance design. Children's social distance indices were significantly differentiated by their age, their sex, and the age and sex of the children who rated them. Cross-age and cross-sex ratings were significantly greater than same-age/sex ratings. Older children had the least while younger children had the greatest mean social distance scores. Ratings by same-age peers in age-heterogeneous settings were significantly lower than in age-homogeneous settings. The data are explained using Tajfel's (1982) and Reykowski's (1982) theories concerning differential intergroup behavior and social motivation. Social distance patterns are discussed and related to differential development of social competence of boys and girls. The effects of multi-age grouping practices upon children's perceptions of social distance are discussed with regard to the development of healthy classroom climates.
Computerized CHI Squared: Multiple Degrees of Freedom
Authors: Forer Bertram R.
Published: September 2011

A reusable template for calculation of chi squared with more than one degree of freedom can utilize Visicalc but can be easily adapted to Multiplan or other spread-sheet softwares. Alternative methods for simplifying its use in calculating chi squared with varying degrees of freedom is presented. Placing the formulas in the computer on a disk is rote and calculations are automatic. Minimum computer sophistication is needed.
Sex-Role Orientations of Female NCAA Championship Gymnasts
Authors: Edwards Steven W. , Gordin Richard D. , Henschen Keith P.
Published: September 2011

84 female gymnasts at the 1982 National Collegiate Athletic Association National Gymnastics Championships completed the Bern Sex-role Inventory. The data were compared with previously published data on sex-role orientations of female athletes and nonathletes. The gymnasts' sex-role orientations were significantly different from both the normative sample of college students and the previously published sex-role orientations of track and field athletes. These results support the hypothesis that sex-role orientation may be a major determinant in the choice to participate in some women's sports.
Influence of Personality Variables on Performance
Authors: Kirkcaldy Bruce D.
Published: September 2011

Two choice-RT tasks were administered to 150 subjects. On a free-response speed choice-RT task, there were no differences between extraverts and introverts in number of correct responses; extraverts, however, produced significantly more errors. In the high signal frequency situation, extraverts performed better than introverts, males performing significantly better than females. The data partially support Brebner and Cooper's concept of stimulus analysis and response organization.
Alternative to the Wavelength Interpretation of the Auditory Kappa Effect
Authors: Hass Edward J. , Hass Kenneth C.
Published: September 2011

We argue that the simple wavelength interpretation of the auditory kappa effect proposed by Yoblick and Salvendy in 1970 is inadequate since only the frequency of an incoming soundwave is preserved at the tympanic membrane. Alternative explanations are proposed in terms of psychological variables. The kappa effect with tonal intervals is explained using an imputed velocity model in which frequency differences are equated to phenomenological “distances.” The continuous tone effect is explained in terms of previously observed correlations between frequency and the volume or “bigness” of a tone and between size and perceived duration.
Prediction of High School Algebra Achievement with Attributional, Motivational, and Achievement Measures
Authors: Tepper Marcy E. , Powers Stephen
Published: September 2011

This study examined whether attributions and achievement-motivation measures were significant predictors of achievement in high school algebra after controlling for variance associated with achievement in reading and mathematics. The attributions of school achievement to effort, ability, context, and luck were the attributional predictors. With the use of hierarchical multiple-regression analysis, achievement motivation was the best predictor of algebra grades after controlling for reading and mathematics achievement. The attribution of success to luck and context also contributed to the prediction of achievement in algebra.
A Simple Procedure for Evaluating Exercise-Based Health Promotion Programs in a Worksite
Authors: Gray Steven W.
Published: September 2011

This study discussed the formulation of a simple evaluation system for a business which conducted an exercise-based health promotion program. The needs, objectives, and initial procedures for this type of system were outlined. Results from one program session were presented to illustrate the simplicity, as well as practicality, of establishing such an evaluation system.
Anxiety, Perception, and Control of Heart Rate
Authors: De Pascalis Vilfredo , Alberti Maria L. , Pandolfo Raffaele
Published: September 2011

8 women and 8 men took Cattell's IPAT-anxiety questionnaire and later McFarland's test of ability to perceive heart activity. The second test involved subjects' tracking their own heart rates, then they enrolled in an EKG biofeedback session to evaluate ability to increase and decrease heart rate from subjects' resting baselines. At the end of the session each subject completed Blanchard, et al.'s questionnaire to specify the cognitive strategies used for heart-rate control. Heart rate, abdominal respiration rate, respiration amplitude, EEG percent power in theta, alpha, and beta bands were evaluated. Success of heart-rate decrease seemed to depend mainly on activity levels: the subjects who achieved high scores on the activity test decreased heart rate significantly better than did low scorers. The relationship between scores for perception of heart and increases in heart rate was nonsignificant: increased heart-rate seemed to depend on differences in respiration between the rest and periods of increase. The significant, negative correlation between trait anxiety and perceptions of heart activity suggested that anxiety affected subjects' ability to perceive heart rate. The theta EEG power of the right hemisphere was significantly higher in subjects scoring high than for those low in perception of heart activity. During heart-rate increase tasks subjects mainly reported use of ‘arousal responses,’ similarly during heart-rate decrease tasks they reported use of relaxation responses.
Children's Embedded Figures Test: An Examination of Item Difficulty in Grades K—4
Authors: Hardy Robert Charles , Eliot John , Burlingame Kenneth
Published: September 2011

Indices of item difficulty for both the Tent and the House series of the Children's Embedded Figures Test are reported from a sample of 240 children in grades K-4. Results indicate that the failure rule should be re-considered and the test shortened.
Comparison of Three Cognitive Strategies in Altering Pain Behaviors on a Cold Pressor Task
Authors: Gilligan Robert M. , Ascher L. Michael , Wolper Jeffery , Bochachevsky Chrystyna
Published: September 2011

The efficacy of three cognitive strategies for coping with pain was examined in a cold-water pressor task in a sample of college students. Subjects were pretested and then randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions (Paradoxical Intention, Rational Self-statement, or Self-observation) or to an expectancy control group. Following training in the respective cognitive strategies, all groups were given a posttest in the cold-water pressor to determine the effectiveness of the treatment. Pain thresholds, tolerances, and discomfort ratings were recorded for subjects in each condition. No differences were found between the Paradoxical Intention or Rational Self-statement groups and the Expectancy Control on any of the pain measures. The Self-observation treatment condition, however, had significantly higher pain tolerance scores than the Expectancy Control group. The findings were attributed to the subjects' dissociating the sensory aspects of the pain experience from the anxiety when focusing upon the coldness and wetness of the cold water.
Anxiety Responses to a Divergent Production Task among High and Low Divergent Performers
Authors: Riedel Helmut P. R.
Published: September 2011

Undergraduate psychology students (4 men, 17 women) completed the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, wrote down as many uses as they could think of for each of a list of 30 items, and completed the anxiety inventory again. Divergent performance was defined as the total number of uses a subject listed. The hypothesis that divergent performance would be correlated with a reduction in state anxiety was confirmed.
Use of Apparel as Cues to Perception of Personality
Authors: Fiore Ann Marie , Delong Marilyn
Published: September 2011

Clothing as a cue in perception of personality was examined in a pilot study using 25 sweaters of varying design features. 60 female volunteers selected the sweaters thought to be worn by five personality types. Actual garments were used, presenting physical features absent in studies employing pictorial stimuli. These features were statistically significant as cues in perception of five personality types.
Representation of Spatial Relations on the Specific Test, Draw-A-Person-with-Face-in-Front, as Indicative of Literacy Skills in Australian Aboriginals and “Westerners”
Authors: Pontius Anneliese A.
Published: September 2011

A novel test, Draw-A-Person-With-Face-In-Front, uses simple measurement with a ruler to detect subtle misrepresentation of spatial relations within the pattern of the human face (in contradistinction to facial recognition tests). Studies have repeatedly shown a close association between misrepresentation of the face and low or absent skills in widely diverse cultural populations and time periods. Recent criticism by Davidson that neglects to consider this particular test and the replications of similar results does not address the main point of my study of Australian Aboriginal children or the specification of remedial intervention made possible by fractionating factors of specific under-used capability within a cultural context.
Anatomical Rorschach Responses of Gravely Psychosomatic Patients
Authors: Ihanus Juhani
Published: September 2011

In all four groups of 97 gravely psychosomatic patients the scores of the anatomical Rorschach responses are higher than the reference value, the responses being mostly of the bony/skeletal type. At responses can give information of issues related to the body self and disorders in body image, self-awareness, self-concept, or individual identity.
Addendum to Buckalew's “Nonparametrics and Psychology: A Revitalized Alliance”
Authors: Williams Richard H.
Published: September 2011

In the same spirit as Buckalew's recent paper several modern developments in the analysis of qualitative data and in nonparametric rank analysis of variance ate introduced.
Prism Adaptation in Hypnotically Limb-Anesthetized Subjects: More Disconfirming Data
Authors: Spanos Nicholas P. , Saad Carol-Lynne
Published: September 2011

Two experiments assessed the effect of hypnotically suggested arm anesthesia on adaptation to displacing prisms. In Study 1, 30 highly susceptible subjects adapted to prisms by pointing at a visual target for 2 min. with their hypnotically anesthetized dominant arm. Suggestion and hypnosis were then “lifted,” and subjects were randomly assigned to three groups: subjects in one group were asked to move the hand slowly during the posttest (slow motion); those in a second group were told that hypnotic anesthesia would enable them to overcome displacement aftereffects (hypothesis informed); the remaining subjects (controls) were given no special instructions. During posttesting, all groups showed a significant displacement aftereffect, with no differences occurring between groups. Study 2 followed the same procedure except that during adaptation the usual target was removed and subjects pointed towards a homogeneous backboard. 20 highly susceptible subjects were assigned to an hypothesis-informed or control group immediately before posttesting. All subjects showed a significant displacement aftereffect. Both studies provide further evidence that hypnotic suggestions do not influence automatic perceptual processes. The results of Exp. 2 contradict the suggestion that hypnotic limb anesthesia eliminates the displacement aftereffect when the target is removed during adaptation trials.