bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maternal nutrient restriction in late pregnancy programs postnatal metabolism and pituitary development in beef heifers
Authors: Long John M. , Trubenbach Levi A. , Hobbs Kenneth C. , Poletti Andrew E. , Steinhauser Chelsie B. , Pryor Jane H. , Long Charles R. , Wickersham Tryon A. , Sawyer Jason E. , Miller Rhonda K. , Cardoso Rodolfo C. , Satterfield Michael Carey
Published: April 2021

Maternal undernutrition during pregnancy followed by ad libitum access to nutrients during postnatal life induces postnatal metabolic disruptions in multiple species. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to evaluate postnatal growth, metabolism, and development of beef heifers exposed to late gestation maternal nutrient restriction. Pregnancies were generated via transfer of in vitro embryos produced using X-bearing sperm from a single Angus sire. Pregnant dams were randomly assigned to receive either 100% (control; n = 9) or 70% (restricted; n = 9) of their total energy requirements from gestational day 158 to parturition. From post-natal day (PND) 301 until slaughter (PND485), heifers were individually fed ad libitum in a Calan gate facility. Calves from restricted dams were lighter than controls at birth (P<0.05) through PND70 (P<0.05) with no difference in body weight from PND105 through PND485 (P>0.10). To assess pancreatic function, glucose tolerance tests were performed on PND315 and PND482 and a diet effect was seen with glucose area under the curve being greater (P<0.05) in calves born to restricted dams compared to controls. At slaughter, total internal fat was greater (P<0.05) in heifers born to restricted dams, while whole pituitary weight was lighter (P<0.05). Heifers from restricted dams had fewer growth hormone-positive cells (somatotrophs) compared to controls (P<0.05). Results demonstrate an impaired ability to clear peripheral glucose in heifers born to restricted dams leading to increased deposition of internal fat. A reduction in the number of somatotrophs may contribute to the adipogenic phenotype of heifers born to restricted dams due to growth hormone’s known anabolic roles in growth, lipolysis, and pancreatic islet function.
Knowledge, attitude and practice of cervical cancer screening among women infected with HIV in Africa: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Bogale Agajie Likie , Teklehaymanot Tilahun , Haidar Ali Jemal , Kassie Getnet Mitike
Published: April 2021

Background

To establish successful strategies and increasing the utilization of preventive services, there is a need to explore the extent to which the general female population is aware and use the service for cervical cancer-screening among women infected with HIV in Africa. Available evidences in this regard are controversial and non-conclusive on this potential issue and therefore, we estimated the pooled effect of the proportion of knowledge, attitude and practice of HIV infected African women towards cervical cancer screening to generate evidence for improved prevention strategies.

Methods

We applied a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies conducted in Africa and reported the proportion of knowledge, attitude and practice towards cervical cancer screening. We searched electronic databases: PubMed/Medline, SCOPUS, ScienceDirect, Web of science, Cumulative Index of Nursing and allied Health Sciences (CINAHL) and Google scholar databases to retrieve papers published in English language till August 2020. We used random-effects model to estimate the pooled effect, and funnel plot to assess publication bias. The registration number of this review study protocol is CRD42020210879.

Results

In this review, we included eight published papers comprising 2,186 participants. The estimated pooled proportion of knowledge of the participants was 43.0% (95%CI:23.0–64.0) while the pooled estimates of attitudes and practices were 38.0% (95%CI: 1.0–77.0) and 41.0% (95%CI: 4.0–77.0), respectively. The proportion of the outcome variables were extremely heterogeneous across the studies with I2> 98%).

Conclusion

The pooled estimates of knowledge, attitude and practice were lower than other middle income countries calls for further activities to enhance the uptake of the services and establish successful strategies.
The rise of the longitudinal arch when sitting, standing, and walking: Contributions of the windlass mechanism
Authors: Sichting Freddy , Ebrecht Florian
Published: April 2021

The original windlass mechanism describes a one-to-one coupling between metatarsal joint dorsiflexion and medial longitudinal arch rise. The description assumes a sufficiently stiff plantar aponeurosis and absence of foot muscle activity. However, recent research calls for a broader interpretation of the windlass mechanism that accounts for an extensible plantar aponeurosis and active foot muscles. In this study, we investigate the rise of the arch in response to toe dorsiflexion when sitting, standing, and walking to discuss the windlass mechanism’s contributions in static and dynamic load scenarios. 3D motion analysis allowed a kinematic investigation of the rise and drop of the arch relative to the extent of toe dorsiflexion. The results suggest that static windlass effects poorly predict the relationship between arch dynamics and metatarsophalangeal joint motion during dynamic load scenarios, such as walking. We were able to show that toe dorsiflexion resulted in an immediate rise of the longitudinal arch during sitting and standing. In contrast, a decrease in arch height was observed during walking, despite toe dorsiflexion at the beginning of the push-off phase. Further, the longitudinal arch rose almost linearly with toe dorsiflexion in the static loading scenarios, while the dynamic load scenario revealed an exponential rise of the arch. In addition to that, the rate of change in arch height relative to toe motion was significantly lower when sitting and standing compared to walking. Finally, and most surprisingly, arch rise was found to correlate with toe dorsiflexion only in the dynamic loading scenario. These results challenge the traditional perspective of the windlass mechanism as the dominating source of foot rigidity for push-off against the ground during bipedal walking. It seems plausible that other mechanisms besides the windlass act to raise the foot arch.
Üzleti modellek
Authors: Barakonyi Károly
Published: April 2021

A tanulmány az utóbbi évtizedben rohamosan terjedő és gyakran félreértett üzleti modellekkel foglalkozik: a szerző célja az üzleti modellekkel kapcsolatos alapvető fogalmak tisztázása, a modelleknek a megelőző és követő fázisokhoz kapcsolása, a vállalat irányítási rendszerébe illesztése, integrálása. A megközelítés újszerűsége abban áll, hogy az üzleti modelleket nem önmagukban vizsgálja, hanem egyrészt a kreatív üzleti ötlettel hozza összefüggésbe, másrészt magát az üzleti modellt a stratégiához, a stratégiai menedzsment rendszeréhez kapcsoltan értelmezi.
Vállalati hálózatok kompatibilis irányítása
Authors: Hoványi Gábor
Published: April 2021

A hálózatosodás egyre nagyobb szerepet játszik mind a gazdasági, mind a mindennapi életben. A mind gyorsabban létrejövő és mind átfogóbb hálózatoknak sajátos struktúrái alakultak ki. A gazdasági életben a hálózat „középpontjában” a tevékenységet irányító, többnyire nagy- vagy óriásvállalat (az esetek többségében multinacionális korporáció) áll, mint a rendszer integrátora. Köréje szerveződnek a rendszerben a partnerek. Ezek két lehetséges pozícióban járulhatnak hozzá a hálózat működéséhez: vagy bolygóvállalatként kizárólag az integrátor számára végzik tevékenységüket, vagy vevőkörös vállalatként az integrátoron kívül más vállalatokat is kiszolgálnak. Végül kialakultak olyan hálózatok is, amelyekben mindkét partnertípus jelen van: ezek a vegyes szerkezetű hálózatok. Az integrátor vállalat vezetésének mindig mérlegelnie kell, hogy egy tervezett hálózat szerkezete, vagyis a lehetséges partnerpozíciók milyen előnyökkel és hátrányokkal rendelkeznek, amikor dönt a hálózat kiépítéséről. Ehhez ad segítséget a szerző.
A vállalkozásokat érintő jogi szabályozás hatásvizsgálata II. rész
Authors: Futó Péter
Published: April 2021

A szabályozás az állam és a vállalkozások kapcsolatának egyik lényeges aspektusa. A dolgozat a szabályozás minőségét javító kormányzati eszközöket és stratégiákat elemzi. A májusi számunkban megjelent első rész áttekintette, hogy a fejlett országokban és a nemzetközi szervezetekben, így az Európai Unióban, ezen belül az EU-hoz újonnan csatlakozott országokban milyen hatásvizsgálati rendszerek fejlődtek ki, és ezek hogyan intézményesültek. A szerző a második részben ismerteti a Világbank és az OECD azon kutatásait, melyek igazolták, hogy a vállalkozások szabályozási környezete, a cégeket terhelő adminisztratív teher mértéke igen erőteljesen befolyásolja az országok versenyképességét. Végül az írás bemutatja, hogy e fejlődés során az elmúlt két évtizedben milyen általános módszertani elvek és eszközök kristályosodtak ki a hatáselemzésben.
A posztmodern marketing rózsaszirmai
Authors: Mitev Ariel Zoltán , Horváth Dóra
Published: April 2021

UTÓSZÓ „A lényeg az, hogy mi belül vagyunk a posztmodernizmus kultúráján, oly mértékben, hogy felszínes és semmitmondó elutasítása éppoly lehetetlen, mint amennyire önelégült és romlott, hasonlóképpen felszínes és semmitmondó ünneplése.” (Jameson, 1997:18) A posztmodern filozófia úgy tűnik, nem túlságosan érintette meg a magyar marketing szakmát. Fojtik (1999) cikke után nem igazán lehet azt mondani, hogy elburjánzottak volna a posztmodern ihletésű munkák. Könnyed intellektuális hóbort vagy valami sokkal lényegesebb, amiről a szakma nem vett tudomást? A hazai menedzsmenttudományokban (lásd pl. Bokor, 1994; Gelei, 2002) valamivel jelentősebb nyomot hagyó posztmodern irányzat a magyarországi marketingirodalomban méltatlanul feledésbe merült. Radácsi (2003) a Vezetéstudományban is kiemeli, hogy a hazai menedzsmentkutatások távolról sem mutatják azt az elméleti és gyakorlati sokszínűséget, ami a nemzetközi szakirodalomban már évtizedek óta megfigyelhető. Ez azért is különös, mivel a fogyasztói társadalom, a vásárlás, a reklámok, az üzletek / bevásárló központok, pozicionálás, a modern marketing teljes eszköztára a posztmodern jelenség létrehozója. (Brown, 1995). A posztmodern szerzők meglehetősen sokat példálóznak a modern marketing eredményeivel, vagyis a posztmodern fogyasztókkal, akik posztmodern reklámokat néznek, posztmodern bevásárlóközpontokba járnak, és Brown (1993) szavaival: „vásárolnak, tehát vannak”. Ráadásul a posztmodern gondolatok segíthetnek máshogy megközelíteni egy-egy problémát vagy fejleszthetik bizonyos kritikai kézségek kialakulását. Ebben a cikkben bemutattjuk a posztmodern szókészletet, valamint marketing talaján gyökeret vert posztmodern gondolatokat. A gyakran a filozófiai homály ködébe vesző értelmezések helyett és mellett utánajártunk a kérdés pszichológiai hátterének. Ez mindenképpen egy olyan adalékanyaggal szolgál, amelyre sok esetben nem kerül sor, amikor posztmodern gondolatokról olvasunk. Cikkünkkel szerettünk volna segíteni a tájékozódást a posztmodern irodalom rendkívül terjengős és ingoványos talaján. Fogásokat kerestünk rajta, de nem azért, hogy birkózó módjára magunk alá gyűrjük, sokkal inkább azért, hogy megismerjük. Utólag szeretnénk felhívni olvasóink figyelmét, hogy a tanulmányban sok a definíció. Vállaltuk azt, hogy wittgensteini értelemben „nyelvi játékokat játszottunk”, egy definíció használata ugyanis mindig egy nyelvjáték része. Ez egy posztmodernről szóló cikk, de alapvetően modern stílusjegyekkel: használtunk táblázatot, bekezdéseket, logikus vagy annak látszó szerkezeti megoldásokat. És nincsenek benne befejezetlen monda… Egy kiránduláson vettünk részt, ahol önfeledten bontogattuk ki a posztmodern marketing rózsaszirmait, feltárva a szirmok sokszínűségét és végtelen kavalkádját. Közben azt sem vettük zokon, ha időnként megcsípte orrunkat a méhecske.
The Initial Education of the Pedagogue and the Technologies in the Theoretical Perspective of the TPACK Model
Authors: Purificação Marcelo Máximo , Amado Nélia Maria Pontes , Santos Jeová Braga dos , Oliveira Pedro Márcio Pinto de , Borges Dayane Silva , Carrijo Danielly Oliveira
Published: April 2021

Abstract: This qualitative and bibliographic study offers a discussion based on some of the work on teacher training and ICT developed in Brazil. The results of this research suggest the importance of understanding and the pedagogical use of technology in the formation of mathematics teachers in the early years, warning that the use of technology in teaching practice is walking in a Risk Zone, with all the issues involved, but recognizing that there is a great potential for improving teaching practice” (OLIVEIRA, 2008, p. 82). In this theoretical direction, Mishra and Koehler (2006) observe several types of knowledge that are important for the teacher in order to increase the climate of learning permeable to ICT (RICHIT, 2015).

Keywords: Professional development; TPACK model; Mathematical knowledge.
Indoor and Outdoor Measurements of Particulate Matter Concentrations: A Case Study Košice-Sever, Slovakia
Authors: Burdová Eva Krídlová , Vilčeková Silvia , Kapalo Peter
Published: April 2021

An occurrence of indoor particulate matters largely depends on outdoor pollution and its transportation indoors as well as on the presence of indoor pollution sources. Pollutants can flow from outdoor to indoor or indoor to outdoor under various conditions e.g. contribution of indoor pollutants to outdoor (in rural location with biomass fuel used for cooking) or outdoor to indoor in urban locations. This study aims to carry out an experimental investigation of particulate matter (PM) concentrations, temperature, humidity and air velocity during three days in winter season in Košice-Sever, Slovakia. Values of outdoor PM10 concentrations ranged from 12.58 μg/m3 to 6,627.51 μg/m3. Extremely high concentrations of PM10 were found near the traffic. Outdoor mean value of PM2.5 (21.82 μg/m3) did not exceed a permissible value of 25 μg/m3. Overloads by PM10 concentrations denote almost 108% and 2,270%. The indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio was <1 for all fractions of particulate matters.
Effect of Fiber Distribution on the Mechanical Behavior in Bending of Self-Compacting Mortars
Authors: Kheddache Lynda , Chahour Kahina , Safi Brahim
Published: April 2021

The purpose of this work is to assess the steel fiber distribution effect on physical and mechanical properties of self-compacting mortar. An experimental study was conducted to see the fiber distribution during the implementation of self-compacting mortars that are fluid and on mechanical behavior in bending tensile strength. A method of placing self-compacting mortar in the molds has been developed to highlight the distribution of fibers in the cementitious matrix. The mortars are placed in prismatic molds in three layers. The amount of steel fibers differs from one layer to another. A total quantity of 90 kg /m3 was distributed in prismatic molds of dimensions 40x40x160 mm3. Straight and hooked ends steel fibers were used. The characteristics of mortars containing both types of fibers in the fresh and hardened state were measured and compared to those of self-compacting mortar without fibers. The pouring by layer allowed us to deduce that the distribution of metallic fibers has a significant effect on the hardened properties of the mortar. Indeed, the mechanical strength of the fiber-reinforced mortar depends on the nature and distribution of fibers in the cementitious matrix (mortar). A gain in bending tensile strength of 71.83% was recorded for self-compacting mortars elaborated with hooked end fibers and 52.11% for those containing straight steel fibers. Indeed, mortars containing entirely the same dosage of steel fibers (90 kg/m3) have a bending tensile strength that varies according to the fibers dosage by layers. Mortar samples with higher fiber content in the lower layer have a higher bending tensile strength than other samples with a higher fiber layer in the middle or layer above. However, it should be noted that steel fibers with hooks are much more effective than those without hooks. Indeed, the effect of fiber distribution is more significant for fibers without hooks because the hooks can slow down the movement of the fibers during the pouring of the mortar. The variation of the dosages per layer generated a difference in the deflection values for the mortars. The deflection is much higher for fiber-reinforced mortars (with hooks) compared to fiber-reinforced mortars without hooks.
The effects of a 12-week different exercise programmes on physical anxiety and some physical parameters of women with osteoporosis
Authors: Korkmaz Nimet , Arabaci Ramiz , Topsaç Mine
Published: April 2021

Study aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of 12 weeks of Pilates, coordination and strength exercise on the osteoporosis patient’s social physical anxiety and physical parameters.

Methods: Three groups of patients practiced 12 weeks of exercises, 3 day/week, 60 minutes/day. Each group performed a different set of exercises. Those are Pilates, coordination and strength exercise. For each group before and after program the social physical anxiety index and physical parameters were measured.

Results: The paired sample T test shows that the Pilates and Coordination group has significant improvement regarding the participants’ social physical anxiety. On the other hand the strength exercises have a bigger impact on the physical parameters of the patients.

Conclusion: The exercise programs improve the physical fitness capacity of the female patients with osteoporosis. Social physical anxiety decreases with increasing self-confidence, as patients feel their body muscles have become stronger.
Phenotypic Differences between the Alzheimer’s Disease-Related hAPP-J20 Model and HeterozygousZbtb20Knock-Out Mice
Authors: Gulbranson Daniel R. , Ho Kaitlyn , Yu Gui-Qiu , Yu Xinxing , Das Melanie , Shao Eric , Kim Daniel , Zhang Weiping J. , Choudhary Krishna , Thomas Reuben , Mucke Lennart
Published: April 2021

Diverse gene products contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Experimental models have helped elucidate their mechanisms and impact on brain functions. Human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP) transgenic mice from line J20 (hAPP-J20 mice) are widely used to simulate key aspects of AD. However, they also carry an insertional mutation in noncoding sequence of oneZbtb20allele, a gene involved in neural development. We demonstrate that heterozygous hAPP-J20 mice have reduced Zbtb20 expression in some AD-relevant brain regions, but not others, and that Zbtb20 levels are higher in hAPP-J20 mice than heterozygousZbtb20knock-out (Zbtb20+/–) mice. Whereas hAPP-J20 mice have premature mortality, severe deficits in learning and memory, other behavioral alterations, and prominent nonconvulsive epileptiform activity,Zbtb20+/–mice do not. Thus, the insertional mutation in hAPP-J20 mice does not ablate the affectedZbtb20allele and is unlikely to account for the AD-like phenotype of this model.
Temporal Context Actively Shapes EEG Signatures of Time Perception
Authors: Damsma Atser , Schlichting Nadine , van Rijn Hedderik
Published: April 2021

Our subjective perception of time is optimized to temporal regularities in the environment. This is illustrated by the central tendency effect: When estimating a range of intervals, short intervals are overestimated, whereas long intervals are underestimated to reduce the overall estimation error. Most models of interval timing ascribe this effect to the weighting of the current interval with previous memory traces after the interval has been perceived. Alternatively, the perception of the duration could already be flexibly tuned to its temporal context. We investigated this hypothesis using an interval reproduction task in which human participants (both sexes) reproduced a shorter and longer interval range. As expected, reproductions were biased toward the subjective mean of each presented range. EEG analyses showed that temporal context indeed affected neural dynamics during the perception phase. Specifically, longer previous durations decreased contingent negative variation and P2 amplitude and increased beta power. In addition, multivariate pattern analysis showed that it is possible to decode context from the transient EEG signal quickly after both onset and offset of the perception phase. Together, these results suggest that temporal context creates dynamic expectations which actively affect the perception of duration.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe subjective sense of duration does not arise in isolation, but is informed by previous experiences. This is demonstrated by abundant evidence showing that the production of duration estimates is biased toward previously experienced time intervals. However, it is yet unknown whether this temporal context actively affects perception or only asserts its influence in later, postperceptual stages as proposed by most current formal models of this task. Using an interval reproduction task, we show that EEG signatures flexibly adapt to the temporal context during perceptual encoding. Furthermore, interval history can be decoded from the transient EEG signal even when the current duration was identical. Thus, our results demonstrate that context actively influences perception.
The Endurance of Palestinian Political Factions: An Everyday Perspective from Nahr el-Bared Camp
Authors: Issa Perla
Published: April 2021

The Endurance of Palestinian Political Factions is an ethnographic study of Palestinian political factions in Lebanon through an immersion in daily home life. Perla Issa asks how political factions remain the center of political life in the Palestinian camps in the face of mounting criticism. Through an examination of the daily, mundane practices of refugees in Nahr el-Bared camp in particular, this book shows how intimate, interpersonal, and kin-based relations are transformed into political networks and offers a fresh analysis of how those networks are in turn metamorphosed into political structures. By providing a detailed and intimate account of this process, this book reveals how factions are produced and reproduced in everyday life despite widespread condemnation.
Circulating prolactin level is increased in metabolically healthy obesity
Authors: Liu Jia , Zhang Lin , Fu Jing , Wang Qiu , Wang Guang
Published: April 2021

Objective

Prolactin (PRL) has been demonstrated as a metabolic hormone to regulate energy metabolism recently. The present study aims to investigate the association between PRL and metabolic alterations in different obesity phenotypes.

Methods

A total of 451 drug-naive participants were recruited, comprising 351 obese patients and 100 age- and sex-matched healthy participants with normal weight. PRL, anthropometric, and clinical parameters were measured.

Results

In the obesity group, 15.1% (53/351) were categorized as 'metabolically healthy obesity (MHO)'. Besides favorable blood pressure, glucose, and lipids profiles, the MHO group exhibited increased PRL, and lower levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and adipose tissue insulin resistance (adipo-IR) than the metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUHO) group (PRL, HOMA-IR, and adipo-IR: P < 0.01; hsCRP: P < 0.05). The severe MUHO group showed significantly decreased PRL levels than the mild MUHO group (P < 0.05). Multivariate linear regression analysis indicated that fasting plasma glucose (FBG) and adipo-IR were significantly associated with PRL (FBG: β = −0.263, P < 0.05; adipo-IR: β = −0.464, P < 0.01). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that hsCRP (OR = 0.824) and PRL (OR = 1.211) were independent predictors of MHO (all P < 0.01).

Conclusion

The MHO group had significantly increased circulating PRL levels when compared with the control and MUHO groups, and multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that PRL was independent predictors of MHO. Our findings suggested that increased circulating PRL might be a compensatory response for favoring energy metabolism during obesity.
Patients with low IGF-I after curative surgery for Cushing’s syndrome have an adverse long-term outcome of hypercortisolism-induced myopathy
Authors: Vogel Frederick , Braun Leah , Rubinstein German , Zopp Stephanie , Benedix Sarina , Schneider Holger , Ritzel Katrin , Schilbach Katharina , Schmidmaier Ralf , Beuschlein Felix , Bidlingmaier Martin , Reincke Martin
Published: April 2021

Background

Glucocorticoid excess leads to muscle atrophy and weakness in patients with endogenous Cushing’s syndrome. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is known to have protective effects on muscle loss. We hypothesized that individual serum IGF-I concentrations might be predictive for long-term myopathy outcome in Cushing’s syndrome.

Patients and methods

In a prospective longitudinal study of 31 patients with florid Cushing’s syndrome, we analyzed IGF-I and IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP 3) concentrations at the time of diagnosis and following surgical remission over a period of up to 3 years. We assessed muscle strength by grip strength measurements using a hand grip dynamometer and muscle mass by bio-impedance measurements.

Findings

Individual serum IGF-I concentrations in the postoperative phase were strongly predictive of long-term grip strength outcome (rs = 0.696, P ≤ 0.001). Also, lower IGF-I concentrations were associated with a lower muscle mass after 3 years (rs = 0.404, P  = 0.033). While patients with high IGF-I s.d. scores (SDS; >1.4) showed an improvement in grip strength within the follow-up period (P  = 0.009), patients with lower IGF-I SDS (≤−0.4) had a worse outcome with persisting muscle dysfunction. In contrast, preoperative IGF-I concentrations during the florid phase of Cushing’s syndrome did not predict long-term muscle function outcome (rs = 0.285, P  = 0.127).

Conclusion

Lower individual IGF-I concentrations 6 months after curative surgery for Cushing’s syndrome are associated with adverse long-term myopathy outcome and IGF-I might be essential for muscle regeneration in the early phase after correction of hypercortisolism.
Application of Glow Discharge Plasma for Cleaning (Activation) and Modification of Metal Surfaces while Welding, Brazing, and Coating Deposition
Authors: Bolotov M. G. , Prybytko I. O.
Published: April 2021

As known, the surface phenomena play a crucial role in the formation of strong interatomic bonds while joining dissimilar materials and the deposition of metal films. Thus, the presence of various contaminants, including oxides, on the metal surface reduces drastically the metal surface energy, thereby, preventing the diffusion processes in the contact zone and wetting them with liquid solder and adhesion of condensed films on the substrate surface. As a result, the processes of cleaning (activating) of metal surfaces before welding or coatings’ deposition begin to play a significant role. In some cases, metal surfaces have to be modified in order to give them the desired properties. Recently, for activation and modification of surfaces before welding and coatings’ deposition, gas-discharge plasma of abnormal glow discharge is widely used. The latter allows treating the surfaces of different configurations, including internal cavities, and various areas from units to tens of thousands of square centimetres. This review contains the results of research on the activation and modification of metal surfaces with low-energy ions (< 10 keV) initiated in the plasma of an abnormal glow discharge for welding, brazing, and coatings’ deposition. Particularly, we present results of studies of ion treatment with the glow discharge surface of samples, which are made of steels С45 and DC04, a number of active metals and alloys as well as chromium-containing steels 41Cr4, X20Cr13, and X6CrNiTi18-10, which possess the chemically and thermally stable Cr2O3 oxides on their surfaces. The decisive influence on the efficiency of purification and modification of metal surfaces with glow discharge by means of such regime parameters as electrode voltage, discharge current density, working chamber pressure, and ion exposure time is indicated. The optimal values of these parameters, in most cases, are determined by the technological conditions of the process and vary in the following ranges: U = 1500–3500 V, J = 0.4–1 mA/cm2, P = 3.99–7.98 Pa, t = 120–300 s, respectively.
The Effect of High-Intensity Electron Beam on the Crystal Structure, Phase Composition, and Properties of Al–Si Alloys with Different Silicon Content
Authors: Zaguliaev D. V. , Konovalov S. V. , Ivanov Yu. F. , Gromov V. E. , Shlyarov V. V. , Rubannikova Yu. A.
Published: April 2021

The study deals with the element–phase composition, microstructure evolution, crystal-lattice parameter, and microdistortions as well as the size of the coherent scattering region in the Al–10.65Si–2.11Cu and Al–5.39Si–1.33Cu alloys irradiated with the high-intensity electron beam. As revealed by the methods of x-ray phase analysis, the principal phases in untreated alloys are the aluminium-based solid solution, silicon, intermetallics, and Fe2Al9Si2 phase. In addition, the Cu9Al4 phase is detected in Al–10.65Si–2.11Cu alloy. Processing alloys with the pulsed electron beam induces the transformation of lattice parameters of Al–10.65Si–2.11Cu (aluminium-based solid solution) and Al–5.39Si–1.33Cu (Al1 and Al2 phases). The reason for the crystal-lattice parameter change in the Al–10.65Si–2.11Cu and Al–5.39Si–1.33Cu alloys is suggested to be the changing concentration of alloying elements in the solid solution of these phases. As established, if a density of electron beam is of 30 and 50 J/cm2, the silicon and intermetallic compounds dissolve in the modified layer. The state-of-the-art methods of the physical materials science made possible to establish the formation of a layer with a nanocrystalline structure of the cell-type crystallization because of the material surface irradiation. The thickness of a modified layer depends on the parameters of the electron-beam treatment and reaches maximum of 90 µm at the energy density of 50 J/cm2. According to the transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopy data, the silicon particles occupy the cell boundaries. Such changes in the structural and phase states of the materials response on their mechanical characteristics. To characterize the surface properties, the microhardness, wear parameter, and friction coefficient values are determined directly on the irradiated surface for all modification variants. As shown, the irradiation of the material surface with an intensive electron beam increases wear resistance and microhardness of the Al–10.65Si–2.11Cu and Al–5.39Si–1.33Cu alloys.
PENGARUH PENGETAHUAN DAN SIKAP HEMAT ENERGI TERHADAP PERILAKU HEMAT ENERGI
Authors: Bahij Azmi Al , Nadiroh Nadiroh , Sihadi Sihadi , Astar Maulina Istiana
Published: April 2021

THE EFFECT OF KNOWLEDGE AND ENERGY-SAVING ATTITUDES TOWARDS ENERGY-SAVING BEHAVIORAbstractEnergy consumption around the world continues to increase, which has not been followed by energy savings. This study aimed to determine the effect of knowledge and attitudes about energy saving on energy-saving behavior. The location of this research is SDN Kampung Bambu III Tangerang. Descriptive quantitative research model with a survey approach. The study population was students of SD Negeri Kampung Bambu III, with a sample of 102 students consisting of classes 5A, 5B, and 5C. Data analysis was performed using single regression and multiple regression. The results showed an influence between energy awareness and energy-saving behavior; there is an influence between energy-saving attitude and energy-saving behavior. There is an effect of energy knowledge and energy-saving attitudes on students' energy-saving behavior in Tangerang City. AbstrakKonsumsi energi di seluruh dunia terus meningkat, yang belum diikuti oleh penghematan energi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pengetahuan dan sikap tentang hemat energi terhadap perilaku hemat energi. Lokasi penelitian ini adalah SDN Kampung Bambu III Tangerang. Model penelitian kuantitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan survei. Populasi dalam penelitian siswa SD Negeri Kampung Bambu III, dengan sampel 102 siswa terdiri dari kelas 5A, 5B dan 5C. Analisis data dilakukan dengan regresi tunggal dan regresi ganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh antara kesadaran energi dengan perilaku hemat energi; ada pengaruh antara sikap hemat energi dengan perilaku hemat energi; dan ada pengaruh pengetahuan energi dan sikap hemat energi terhadap perilaku hemat energi siswa  di Kota  Tanggerang.
PENGARUH PRAKTIKUM KIMIA HIJAU PADA SIKAP SISWA TERHADAP KIMIA
Authors: Redhana I Wayan , Suardana I Nyoman , Selamat I Nyoman , Merta Luh Maharani
Published: April 2021

THE EFFECT OF GREEN CHEMISTRY LAB EXPERIMENTS ON STUDENTS' ATTITUDES TOWARDS CHEMISTRYAbstractThis study aimed to investigate the effect of green chemistry lab experiments and the traditional chemistry lab experiments on students’ attitudes towards chemistry. This type of study was a quasi-experiment with a non-equivalent pretest-posttest control group design. The population of this study was all the Class XI of Natural Sciences in SMA Negeri 4 Singaraja, totaling five classes. Samples were selected by a purposive sampling technique. Sciences of 2 and 5 was the control group taught by traditional chemistry lab experiments, while Class XI of Natural Sciences of 3 and 4 was the experimental group taught by green chemistry lab experiments. Students’ attitudes towards chemistry were measured by a questionnaire given to students before and after the chemistry lab experiments. The results of this study indicated that students’ attitudes toward chemistry were better in the green chemistry lab experiments with a mean score of 4.34 than in the traditional chemistry lab experiments with a mean score of 4.15. AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan menyelidiki pengaruh praktikum kimia hijau dan praktikum kimia tradisional pada sikap siswa terhadap kimia. Jenis penelitian adalah eksperimen kuasi dengan rancangan non-equivalent pretest-posttest control group. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa Kelas XI IPA di SMA Negeri 4 Singaraja yang berjumlah lima kelas. Sampel dipilih dengan teknik purpossive sampling. Kelas XI IPA 2 dan 5 sebagai kelompok kontrol yang diajar dengan praktikum kimia tradisional, sedangkan Kelas XI IPA 3 dan 4 sebagai kelompok eksperimen yang diajar dengan praktikum kimia hijau. Sikap siswa terhadap kimia diukur dengan inventori yang diberikan kepada siswa sebelum dan setelah kegiatan praktikum kimia. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan sikap siswa terhadap kimia lebih baik pada praktikum kimia hijau dengan skor rata-rata 4,34 dibandingkan dengan praktikum kimia tradisional skor rata-rata 4,15.
PEMAHAMAN GURU KIMIA SMA TENTANG PENILAIAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR TINGKAT TINGGI DAN IMPLEMENTASINYA
Authors: Nurmawati Nurmawati , Driana Elin , Ernawati Ernawati
Published: April 2021

HIGH-SCHOOL CHEMISTRY TEACHERS' UNDERSTANDING OF HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS AND ITS IMPLEMENTATIONAbstractTeachers play an essential role in attempts to develop students' higher-order thinking skills through the implementation of classroom assessments. This study explores chemistry teachers' understanding of higher-order thinking skills (HOTS) assessments, how they implement the assessments, and what obstacles they face. This study employed a qualitative approach that involved 12 high-school chemistry teachers in South Jakarta. Data collection was conducted in August and September 2019 through semi-structured interviews. The findings of this study show that the chemistry teachers have a different understanding of higher-order thinking assessments.  The majority of teachers associate HOTS with the three highest levels of the cognitive dimension of Revision of  Bloom's taxonomy, critical thinking,  and problem-solving. The levels of implementation of HOTS assessments among teachers vary. Among obstacles faced by the teachers are the lack of teachers' knowledge and experience in applying HOTS assessments, variability in students' cognitive abilities, the scarcity of learning facilities, and the lack of guidance and training about HOTS assessments in chemistry. AbstrakGuru memegang peranan penting dalam upaya mengembangkan kemampuan siswa dalam berpikir tingkat tinggi melalui penerapan penilaian kelas.Penelitian ini menggali pemahaman guru kimia tentang penilaian kemampuan berpikir tinggi tinggi (HOTS), penerapannya, dan hambatan-hambatan yang dihadapi. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif yang melibatkan 12 orang guru kimia SMA di Jakarta Selatan. Pengumpulan data dilakukan pada bulan Agustus dan September 2019 melalui wawancara semi-terstruktur. Temuan dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa para guru kimia memiliki pemahaman yang beragam tentang penilaian HOTS. Mayoritas guru mengaitkan penilaian HOTS dengan tiga jenjang tertinggi  dimensi kognitif pada taksonomi Bloom yang telah direvisi, berpikir kritis, dan penyelesaian masalah. Tingkat penerapan penilaian HOTS di kalangan guru bervariasi. Hambatan yang dihadapi para guru Kimia SMA dalam melaksanakan penilaian HOTS, antara lain  keterbatasan pengetahuan dan pengalaman  guru dalam menerapkan penilaian HOTS,  kemampuan kognitif siswa yang bervariasi, keterbatasan fasilitas pembelajaran, dan kurangnya panduan dan pelatihan tentang penilaian HOTS untuk mata pelajaran kimia.
KEMAMPUAN LITERASI SAINS PADA SISWA SMA MENGGUNAKAN PEMBELAJARAN KIMIA BERBASIS ETNOSAINS
Authors: Wibowo Teguh , Ariyatun Ariyatun
Published: April 2021

SCIENTIFIC LITERACY OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS USING ETHNOSCIENCE BASED LEARNING CHEMISTRY Scientific literacy skills are needed to understand science issues, the risks, and benefits of science, and understand the nature of science, including its relationship to culture. This study aimed to determine students' scientific literacy in using ethnoscience-based learning-chemistry. The study Method used quasi-experimental by nonequivalent control group design. The subject was grade XI-MIPA  of SMAN 1 Kendal. The data collection techniques are test instruments to know students' scientific literacy. The analysis data technique is descriptive and inferential statistical analysis (independent sample t-test and N-gain). The results showed that the ethnoscience based learning-chemistry could increase students' scientific literacy. The mean score of students' scientific literacy on experiment and control class was 72% (high category) and 65% (medium category), and count -3,551 and table -1,995. N-gain score experiment class of 0,47 (medium) and control class of 0,28 (low). Ethnoscience-based chemistry learning can be used in chemistry learning to develop students' chemical literacy skills. AbstrakKemampuan literasi sains dibutuhkan untuk memahami isu-isu sains, resiko dan manfaat sains, serta untuk memahami sifat sains, termasuk hubungannya dengan budaya. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui kemampuan literasi sains siswa melalui pembelajaran kimia berbasis etnosains. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah quasi experimental dengan desain nonequivalent control group design. Subjek penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas XI MIPA SMAN 1 Kendal. Teknik pengumpulan data berupa tes untuk mengetahui kemampuan literasi siswa. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis deskriptif dan statistik inferensial (independent sample t-test dan uji N-gain). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut dapat dilihat bahwa pembelajaran kimia berbasis etnosains dapat meningkatkan kemampuan literasi sains siswa. Rerata skor kompetensi literasi sains siswa kelas eksperimen dan kontrol secara berturut-turut mendapat 72% dengan kategori tinggi dan  65% dengan kategori sedang, serta thitung sebesar -3,551, dan ttabelnya -1,995. Adapun nilai N-gain pada kelas eksperimen adalah 0,47 (kategori sedang) sedangkan kelas kontrol adalah 0,28 (kategori rendah). Pembelajaran kimia berbasis etnosains dapat digunakan dalam pembelajaran kimia untuk mengembangkan kemampuan literasi kimia siswa.
ANALYSING THE LEVEL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY ANXIETY OF PRE-SERVICE EDUCATION STUDENTS
Authors: Ramli Munasprianto
Published: April 2021

ANALISIS TINGKAT KECEMASAN KIMIA ORGANIK MAHASISWA PRA JASA PENDIDIKANAbstractSeveral studies have reported that poor performance of organic chemistry among students has been attributed partly to organic chemistry anxiety. The purpose of this study is to investigate the level of organic chemistry anxiety among chemistry education students. Sequential explanatory mixed methods approach employed in the study. Due to COVID-19 Pandemic, 142 pre-service education students from four universities were chosen using the convenience sampling technique. The questionnaires were distributed to the participants using google form. This quantitative data generation was followed by a semi-structured interview with 2 students from each university. Quantitative data gathered were analyzed using descriptive statistics meanwhile qualitative data from interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. The results show that 5.63% of students have low anxiety, 81.69% of students have moderate anxiety levels, while 12.68% of students have high anxiety levels.  On average the anxiety level of chemistry education students is at a moderate level with a score was 62. According to students, this anxiety was influenced by the complexity of organic chemistry lesson materials, lecturer strategies in teaching organic chemistry, and their previous knowledge of chemistry. Further study should be carried out to analyze the factors that influence students’ anxiety.AbstrakSejumlah penelitian telah melaporkan bahwa buruknya performa mahasiswa pada mata kuliah kimia organik berkaitan dengan kecemasan mereka terhadap kimia organik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tingkat kecemasan mahasiwa Pendidikan Kimia  terhadap perkuliahan Kimia Organik. Pendekatan metode campuran eksplanatori sekuensial digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Akibat Pandemi COVID-19, sebanyak 142 mahasiswa Pendidikan kimia dari empat universitas dengan menggunakan teknik convenience sampling. Kuisioner dibagikan kepada peserta menggunakan google form. Penyebaran kuesioner ini dilanjutkan dengan wawancara semi struktur dengan 2 mahasiswa dari masing-masing universitas. Data kuantitatif yang terkumpul dianalisis menggunakan statistik deskriptif sedangkan data kualitatif dari wawancara dianalisis menggunakan analisis tematik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 5,63% siswa memiliki tingkat kecemasan rendah, 81,69% siswa memiliki tingkat kecemasan sedang, sedangkan 12,68% siswa memiliki tingkat kecemasan tinggi. Rata-rata tingkat kecemasan mahasiswa pendidikan kimia berada pada tingkat sedang dengan skor 62. Menurut mahasiswa, kecemasan ini dipengaruhi oleh kompleksitas materi pelajaran kimia organik, strategi dosen dalam pembelajaran kimia organik dan pengetahuan sebelumnya tentang kimia. Studi lebih dapat dilakukan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kecemasan siswa.
THE EFFECT INQUIRY LEARNING MODEL WITH PICTORIAL RIDDLE TECHNIQUE DIGITAL BASED ON STUDENTS CREATIVE THINGKING ABILITY TOWARDS TEMPERATURE AND HEAT CONCEPT
Authors: Nurfitria Dini , Hertanti Erina
Published: April 2021

MODEL PEMBELAJARAN EFEK INQUIRY DENGAN TEKNIK PICTORIAL RIDDLE BERBASIS KEMAMPUAN HAL KREATIF MAHASISWA TERHADAP KONSEP SUHU DAN PANASAbstractThis study to determine the effect of inquiry model with technique pictorial riddle based digital on students’ creative thinking in temperature and heat concept. The study was conducted at SMAN 01 Rumpin on even semester year 2019/2020. Purposive sampling was used to determine the sample that class XI science I as experiment class and class XI science II as control class. This study used a quasi-experimental method as a research methodology and nonequivalent control group research design. This study used 8 essay questions as instrumental tests and questionnaires as instrumental nontest. Based on hypothesis test of posttest score by using t’ test showed Sig. (2-tailed) < significant standard. This shows that learning using inquiry model with technique pictorial riddle based digital effect to the creative thinking of the student. Also, in the experimental N-Gain test the experimental class increased which was superior to the control class. While, the results of questionnaire response of students to learning using inquiry model with technique pictorial riddle base digital, who got a very good category (78%). AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh model inkuiri dengan teknik teka-teki bergambar berbasis digital terhadap kemampuan berpikir kreatif siswa dalam konsep suhu dan kalor. Penelitian dilaksanakan di SMAN 01 Rumpin pada semester genap tahun 2019/2020. Purposive sampling digunakan untuk menentukan sampel yaitu kelas XI IPA I sebagai kelas eksperimen dan kelas XI IPA II sebagai kelas kontrol. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen semu sebagai metodologi penelitian dan desain penelitian kelompok kontrol nonequivalent. Penelitian ini menggunakan 8 soal essay sebagai tes instrumental dan angket sebagai instrumental nontest. Berdasarkan uji hipotesis skor posttest dengan menggunakan uji t menunjukkan Sig. (2-tailed) <standar signifikan. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pembelajaran menggunakan model inkuiri dengan teknik bergambar teka-teki berbasis digital berpengaruh terhadap daya pikir kreatif siswa. Selain itu, pada uji coba N-Gain kelas eksperimen mengalami peningkatan yang lebih unggul dari kelas kontrol. Sedangkan hasil angket respon siswa terhadap pembelajaran menggunakan model inkuiri dengan teknik bergambar riddle base digital memperoleh kategori sangat baik (78%).
The Possibility of Universal Semiotics of Law
Authors: Szabó Miklós
Published: April 2021

The universality of human language above the diversity of vernaculars as theorized by Noam Chomsky creates the temptation to adapt the same idea to law. There are parallels between language and law, e.g., Latin language and Roman law, the universality, formality, and generativity of the two and the embeddedness of law in language. Chomsky’s universal generative grammar is applicable to law in a direct way but the theory is still extendable to semantics and pragmatics of law. The claim is that generating constructions of elemental constituents is an approved technique of law and jurisprudence as much as of linguistics. The pragmatic dimension of semiotics of law shows the significant contribution of law to consolidating social role of speech acts.
The Continuity and Discontinuity of the Austro-Hungarian and Czechoslovak Solution to the Minority Issue
Authors: Petráš René
Published: April 2021

The issues of continuity and discontinuity are rather complex in case of the minorities’ legal status. The main focus of the paper is the transition from the monarchy to the republic in 1918. During the first Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938) the legal status of minorities was substantially influenced by the traditions from the period of monarchy as these were used by the new state. The most extensive legal regulation of minorities’ status in Czech history existed in interwar Czechoslovakia.
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-2α as a Novel Target in Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: W. Choi Won Seok , Boland Julia , Lin Jianqing
Published: April 2021

Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), an important mediator of hypoxia response, is implicated in tumorigenesis in the setting of pseudohypoxia, such as in the inactivation of von Hippel–Lindau tumor suppressor protein (pVHL), leading to development and progression of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Targeting downstream molecules in HIF pathway, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), has led to improvement in clinical outcome for patients with advanced ccRCC, but such therapy thus far has been limited by eventual resistance and treatment failure. Following the discovery of HIF-2α playing a key role in ccRCC carcinogenesis, inhibitors targeting HIF-2α have been developed and have demonstrated encouraging efficacy and safety profile in clinical trials. This review discusses HIF-2α as a promising therapeutic target for ccRCC.