bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Race and Sex Differences on the Sensation Seeking Scales
Authors: Kurtz James P. , Zuckerman Marvin
Published: September 2011

The Sensation Seeking Scale, Form IV, was administered to white and black, male and female college students ( ns = 50; N = 200). Analyses showed that blacks scored significantly lower than whites on three subscales, General, Thrill and Adventure Seeking, and Boredom Susceptibility. Females scored lower than males on the scales Thrill and Adventure Seeking, Disinhibition, and Boredom Susceptibility. There were no interactions of race and sex.
Relation of Combined Measures of Locus of Control and Psychological Differentiation to Personality Adjustment
Authors: Meck Donald S. , Bourgeois Anthony , Le Unes Arnold
Published: September 2011

Previous research has supported the efficacy of combining the constructs of locus of control and psychological differentiation. The present study related this combination to personality adjustment as measured by Lanyon's Psychological Screening Inventory and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Analyses ( n = 113) did not support the hypothesized relationship between congruence-incongruence of locus of control and psychological differentiation and personality adjustment. A discussion of methodological problems inherent in this area of research was presented.
Use of Moos' Ward Atmosphere Scale in a Residential Setting for Mentally Retarded Adolescents
Authors: McGee Mark G. , Woods Donald J.
Published: September 2011

A slightly modified version of the Ward Atmosphere Scale was administered to staff members and students at a residential center for mildly and moderately retarded adolescents. This report provides evidence for the applicability and usefulness of the instrument with this population. Differences between staff's perceptions of the environment and their image of an ideal environment, and between staff's and students' perceptions of the school environment were noted. The utility of the profile scores in identifying problem areas in such settings and as a non-threatening catalyst of increased staff-staff and staff-student communication and morale is discussed.
The Alcadd Test as a Predictor of Post-Hospital Drinking Behavior
Authors: Ornstein Peter
Published: September 2011

The Alcadd test was used to measure response to inpatient treatment and try to predict 2-yr. post-hospital drinking behavior. Two years following discharge from a rehabilitation program, 352 male alcoholics who had been given the Alcadd test at admission and at discharge were separated into groups of abstainers, improved, unimproved, unclassified, and deceased. The groups showed: (a) similar admission means, (b) significantly dissimilar discharge means, and (c) significantly lowered discharge means. Younger subjects tended to give higher Alcadd admission scores, and older subjects were more likely to remain longer in treatment. Alcadd discharge scores correlated inversely with length of stay in treatment and with age. These discharge scores appear to have potential utility for predicting long-range post-hospital drinking behavior.
Budner's Intolerance of Ambiguity: A Note concerning Intelligence
Authors: Raphael D. , Moss S. , Cross W.
Published: September 2011

Budner's measure of intolerance of ambiguity has been applied as an explanatory device for a wide variety of behavioral phenomena. Data from 100 high school girls, given several scales, indicate a strong component of ability in the scores. The role of intelligence in studies of intolerance of ambiguity has been neglected; conceptual clarification of the issue appears warranted.
Effect of an Adrenal Demedullation on Signaled, One-Way, Active Avoidance Learning
Authors: Clancy John J. , Caldwell Donald F.
Published: September 2011

The effect of an adrenal demedullation on the acquisition of a signaled, one-way active avoidance response was examined in the rat. No significant differences in acquisition related to the adrenal demedullation were found on the four behavioral measures of response, avoidance and escape latency, and the number of avoidance responses. It was concluded that the catecholamines, epinephrine and norepinephrine, produced by the adrenal medulla are not necessary for the acquisition of a signaled, one-way, active avoidance response. The results indicate that response criteria and cue functioning in one-way acquisition are not relevant variables in resolving discrepancies in the adrenal demedullation literature. The findings suggest that unsignaled, two-way acquisition should be investigated for further clarification of the role of the adrenal medulla in avoidance behavior.
Noun Imagery and Retroactive Inhibition in Free Recall
Authors: Decker Wayne H. , Scott J. Stephen
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were conducted investigating retroactive inhibition in free recall as a function of rated imagery level (high or low). In Exp. I there was significant retroactive inhibition in all experimental conditions relative to single-list controls and more interference when two lists of the same imagery level were learned than when the lists were different in imagery. In Exp. II all subjects learned a mixed List 1 containing nouns, half of high and half of low imagery. List 2 were nouns of high, mixed, or low imagery. The effect of type of List 2 was not significant, but the interaction of List 1 imagery and type of List 2 did reach significance. The amount of retroactive inhibition-at each level of imagery was related to the number of List 2 words at the same level. Thus, the similarity effect is not dependent on the similarity of Lists 1 and 2 as wholes, as the response-set interpretation of retroactive inhibition suggests, but seems to be due to more specific interference among items similar in imagery.
Relationship between Attitudes toward One's Names and Self-Esteem
Authors: Strümpfer D. J. W.
Published: September 2011

First, middle, and last names were rated on 5-point scales. Self-esteem was measured on the Ziller Social Self-esteem, the Bills Index of Adjustment and Values, and the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory. Subjects were 93 male and 73 female students in first- and second-year psychology. Subjects generally liked their names, with middle names disliked most often. Males liked their last names significantly more than their middle names, while females liked their last names more than either their first or middle names. Attitudes toward first name were related to some Bills and Coopersmith scores, which reflect subjects' appraisal of their worthiness and their style of responding to themselves, but not to Ziller scores, which reflect self-evaluation within a social context. Attitudes toward middle name were not reliably related to any self-esteem scores. In the female sample, attitudes toward the last name showed a relationship to self-esteem in the social context; no other correlations with attitudes toward last name were significant.
Air Pollution and Human Aggression
Authors: Jones John W. , Bogat G. Anne
Published: September 2011

Investigating the effect of irritant air pollution upon human aggression, it was found that exposure to secondary cigarette smoke significantly increased aggression in both angered and nonangered subjects compared to their counterparts given clean air.
Wais Performance of Forensic versus Civilly Committed Mental Retardates
Authors: Guidry Lynn L. , McBride William A. , Waters Thomas J.
Published: September 2011

The WAIS performance of 34 forensic and 22 civilly committed mental retardates, hospitalized in the same psychiatric facility, was assessed. Forensic retardates, in contrast to their civilly committed counterparts, scored significantly higher on the Similarities subtest and showed a somewhat consistent higher performance from other WAIS scores suggesting a trend which might reflect “street wisdom” or intellectual assets of “survival value.”
Cultural Concomitants of Preschoolers' Preparation for Learning
Authors: Gross Morris B.
Published: September 2011

A Hebrew translation of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence was administered to 36 kindergarten children of advantaged Ashkenazi or European-origin in Israel and a comparable group of 27 children of Sephardi or North African origin. A series of background controls was built into the design to ensure equivalence but for subcultural membership. The Ashkenazim scored significantly higher on five of the subtests and on the Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs. Improved economic status has not modified the pattern of ethnic subgroup's differential preparation for school work.
Effects of Perceived Freedom on the Relationship of Locus of Control Beliefs to Typical Shifts in Expectancy
Authors: Graybill Daniel
Published: September 2011

Rotter's hypothesis that internals show more typical shifts in expectancies (increase in expectancies following success or decrease in expectancies following failure) was tested after some refinements in his formulation of the locus of control construct were made. 100 subjects were administered Internal-External, Perceived Competence, and Origin-Pawn scales. Then, 50 subjects were given the choice to take an anagrams task (free condition), and 50 subjects were required to participate (forced condition). Using a multiple regression procedure, the findings were that internal subjects tended to show more typical changes in expectancy than external ones in the free condition, but the results did not achieve statistical significance. Contrary to Rotter's hypothesis, in the forced condition external subjects showed more typical shifts in expectancy than internal subjects. The findings, in general, did not support Rotter's theory concerning the relationship of individual differences in locus of control beliefs to typical shifts in expectancies.
Relationship between Religious Attitude and Rational Thinking
Authors: Baither Richard C. , Saltzberg Lester
Published: September 2011

Correlations for 81 male and 63 female college students among scores on Feagin's Intrinsic-Extrinsic Religious Orientation Scale, Faulkner and Dejong's Religiosity Scales, Ellis' scale, and Bard's self-rating scale for nationality though significant were low in magnitude. These women scored more rational and intrinsic. Extrinsically oriented religious subjects were less rational than intrinsically oriented ones.
Social Desirability Response Bias in Children's Locus of Control Reports
Authors: Will Edward E. , Verdin Jo Ann
Published: September 2011

As part of a comprehensive evaluation of an in-school parenting education curriculum, 281 junior high school students in a major urban school district completed both the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children and the Crandall, Crandall, and Katkovsky Children's Social Desirability Questionnaire. Potential differences in influence of social-desirability response bias on the locus scores of students of differing race and sex were explored via zero-order correlations and bivariate regression. Although mean scores of black respondents were significantly higher than those of their white counterparts on measures of social-desirability response bias and external locus of control, Children's Social Desirability scores never accounted for more than 1% of the variance in the locus of control scores of any subgroup.
Conventional Sex Differences in Personality: Does Sex or Verbal Ability Level Account for More Variance?
Authors: Potts Cheryl , Plant Walter T. , Southern Mara L.
Published: September 2011

Subjects were 106 students categorized into four groups on the basis of their sex and verbal ability: very bright men ( n = 23), very bright women ( n = 30), below average men ( n = 23) and below average women ( n = 30). Scores were also obtained from five scales of the California Psychological Inventory and the Attitudes Toward Women Scale. Six, 2(sex) × 2(ability levels) fixed effects factorial analyses of variance were computed yielding 12 F ratios. Estimates of ω2 were also computed for each significant F ratio. Four ω2 estimates of .02 to .11 were obtained for the independent variable of sex whereas five ω2 of .03 to .26 were obtained for the independent variable of ability level. In that four of the values of ω2 for ability were greater than any for the variable of sex, it was concluded that verbal ability better accounts for more variance in the personality-attitude measures used than does sex of subjects.
Use of Pseudodesensitization in Treatment of an Experimentally Produced Fear
Authors: Byrd Gary R. , Osborn Stephen M. , Gillis John S.
Published: September 2011

By creating a conditioned fear in the laboratory and using the galvanic skin resistance (GSR) to monitor this fear, it was possible to assess the effectiveness of placebo treatment for reducing a conditioned fear. 10 subjects were classically conditioned to fear a specific signal light. Five of them were treated for the fear with a pseudodesensitization treatment; the others were not. The pseudodesensitization group extinguished the conditioned fear significantly faster than the control group.
The Iatrogenic Psychology of Practitioners' Defeatism and other Assertions of the Null Hypothesis
Authors: Morgan Robert F.
Published: September 2011

To illustrate iatrogenic defeatism, a series of surveys gave 370 psychiatrists, psychologists, and physicians (randomly selected from their national association biographical directories) the opportunity to submit examples of “incurable” disorders. Despite the scientific, logical, semantic, and practical absurdity of identifying anything as “incurable” (an assertion of the null hypothesis), the majority of the 139 respondents did exactly that, often listing disorders from their own specialization as hopeless. To the extent the respondents are representative of present clinical practice, a best guess is that scientifically grounded non-defeatist practitioners may be found in one of every two psychologists, one of every four psychiatrists, and one of every 10 non-psychiatric physician-specialists. The null assertions of Bender, Bergman, Hayflick, and other distinguished iatrogens are examined in the topic contexts of mortality and aging, child development norms, cortical decay, human genetics, senility, variable intelligence, and some new directions including biofeedback and hypnosis. The iatrogenic impact of prestigious defeatism may be hazardous to our health.
MMPI Content and Repression-Sensitization Scales
Authors: Carlson Roy W.
Published: September 2011

The commonality between the findings of the Repression-Sensitization Scale research and the factor structure of the Wiggins MMPI Content Scales suggested the use of these scales for further investigation of Repression-Sensitization Scale constructs. As predicted, Repression-Sensitization was found highly related to those Content Scales describing psychological maladjustment, ego control, and somatic distress. Religious Fundamentalism and Femininity content scales were found unrelated to Repression-Sensitization. Male sensitizers showed a tendency to score higher on the Authority Conflict Scale than female sensitizers. Subjects were 50 male college students and 50 female students.
Children's Free Recall and Clustering Related to List-Task Organization, Instruction to Learn and Presentation Rate
Authors: Ernhart Claire B. , Licht Sybil B. , Kowalski Annette , Carman Lynne S.
Published: September 2011

Free recall of 144 fifth grade children given a handwriting orienting task was improved by instruction to learn as opposed to incidental instruction and by slower presentation rate. Active taxonomic categorization surpassed passive writing of the same clustering list, which, in turn, surpassed writing of a nonclusterable list. Interactions were not significant although increased time tended to facilitate intentional more than incidental learning. In Exp. 2 using 72 children in Grades 3 and 6, the categorizing task was superior to blocked presentation, which, in turn, surpassed random presentation of the clusterable list. Clustering data did not parallel recall data, being influenced by list organization rather than by categorization. Clustering increased under slow presentation for incidental but not for intentional learning. The over-all results indicate that school-age children can improve learning under instruction and can benefit from changes in list and task, but that their own organization (clustering) is fortuitous to recall.
Revised Version of the Guessing-Strategy Hypothesis for the Bransford-Franks Paradigm
Authors: Flaks Arthur A. , Katz Stuart
Published: September 2011

The guessing-strategy hypothesis for the Bransford-Franks paradigm was tested by using both old and new items derived from concepts which differed in the number of elements each contained (“concept size”). Subjects clearly discriminated old from new items across sizes; moreover the pattern of recognition ratings for new items was approximately the inverse of ratings for old items. Since these findings did not accord with the guessing-strategy hypothesis, a revised version was offered which takes into account the ability of subjects to recognize specific items.
Rhymes for Some Reasons: Effect of Rhyme on Children's Memory for Detail and Sequence in Simple Narratives
Authors: Sheingold Karen , Foundas Anne
Published: September 2011

24 first-grade children were read prose and verse versions of simple narratives, after each of which they were asked to recall details of the narratives and to sequence five pictures depicting events in the story. Children recalled as much from verse as prose versions. They were much better able to do the sequencing task, however, when the story was in verse.
Correlates of Sex Role and Attitudes toward Women
Authors: Bridges Judith S.
Published: September 2011

The Bern Sex-role Inventory, the 25-item version of the Attitudes toward Women Scale, and either the Cognitive Complexity Scale or a 40-item Self-disclosure Scale were administered to 322 introductory psychology students. Adherence to the sex-role traditional for one's sex was related to conservative attitudes toward women for females and high self-disclosure for both sexes. Liberal attitudes toward women were related to high self-disclosure in males, but cognitive complexity was unrelated to sex role or attitudes.
Relation between Piaget's Cognitive Stages and Social Orientation
Authors: Nissim-Sabat Denis
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationship between cognitive development, as assessed by Piagetian tasks, and social personality development, as assessed by a social orientation scale, representing an individual's life plan. It was hypothesized that concrete operational subjects relative to formal-operational subjects would have a less well developed life plan. Two Piagetian tasks and the Social Orientation Scale were administered to 72 senior high school students. Social Orientation Scale is both reliable and valid. Significant differences existed between the 44 concrete, 23 transitional, and 5 formal subjects in scores on the Social Orientation Scale, as expected.
Fluid Intelligence Levels of Short- and Long-Sleeping College Students
Authors: Hicks Robert A. , Pellegrini Robert J. , Cavanaugh Ann , Sahatjian Manik , Sandham Linda
Published: September 2011

As a means of validating E. Hartmann's clinical observations that suggest differences in reasoning ability between habitual short and long sleepers (favoring the latter), the responses of 73 short and 56 long sleepers to a measure of fluid intelligence were compared. Congruent with Hartmann's observations, the long sleepers were significantly higher than the short sleepers in level of fluid intelligence.
Effects of Early Handling on Open-Field Activity of Gerbils
Authors: Lown Bradley A.
Published: September 2011

An experimental group of nine neonatal gerbils was handled from Day 1 to Day 21 post partum while a control group was not handled. At 60 days of age both groups were tested in an automated open field. The handled group had significantly fewer ambulations than the non-handled group. This is opposite to the handling data from rats and mice.
Method for Evaluation of Neuroleptic Dosage Reduction
Authors: Lonowski Daniel J. , Sterling F. E. , Kennedy Julien C.
Published: September 2011

This paper describes a new approach to the evaluation for reduction of maintenance neuroleptic dosages. The proposed methodology reduces the ethical and experimental problems associated with the two design strategies employed in the past studies of drug reduction, the end point and interrupted designs, respectively. The proposed procedure, an interrupted design with statistical criteria for clinical relapse, uses double-blind objective ratings of patients' psychiatric status. The mean level of function and degree of variability for each subject are statistically determined and an a priori probability for clinical relapse is applied across all subjects. Unlike end-point designs, this procedure is responsive to the clinical decompensation of patients. In addition, the use of statistical criteria for clinical relapse reduces the introduction of experimenter bias of results, common to past interrupted designs which relied on subjective decision processes of the experimenter to define clinical relapse.
Machiavellianism: A Preliminary Review
Authors: Vleeming R. G.
Published: September 2011

In this review articles bearing upon Machiavellianism are considered in the light of the theory postulated by Christie and Geis (1970). Generally this theory is supported by the results of the articles reviewed here, in that the reported behaviors and attitudes reflect the cool detachment of the Machiavellian, which was duly mentioned by Christie and Geis (1970). Still there is some equivocality reported here with regard to most experimental research, because the situational factors which stipulate the outcomes of high and low Machiavellians are not very adequately implemented. Furthermore, some relationships between Machiavellianism and measures of personality, i.e., internal versus external locus of control and the achievement motive, need to be clarified. A more technical problem, namely, the ipsativity of the forced-choice format in the Mach V, needs to be resolved too.
A Children's Reinforcement Survey Schedule
Authors: Cautela Joseph R. , Brion-Meisels Linda
Published: September 2011

This paper describes a Children's Reinforcement Survey Schedule based on the Reinforcement Survey Schedule developed by Cautela and Kastenbaum (1967). The children's schedule is presented in three forms. There are two, parallel short forms for children in kindergarten through Grade 3, and a long form for children in Grades 4 through 6. A reliability test in the form of a test-retest situation was administered on all three forms of the new scale and the product-moment correlations (.48—.72) obtained were all significant ( p < .02). The scale might be used in three general areas: initially in behavioral assessment, subsequently in clinical procedures applicable either in individual or group settings with children, and in research.
Cooperation of Some Wives in Their Husbands' Suicides
Authors: Miller Marv
Published: September 2011

Basic patterns of spouse-assisted suicides are discussed in terms of euthanasia, wives' subconscious or ambivalent desires for their husbands' deaths, and the inability of some wives to initiate any life-saving action during their husbands' suicidal crises. Two case studies illustrate how wives may sometimes play passive or active roles in their husbands' suicides.
Infantile Handling and Adult Visual Stimulus-Seeking Behavior in Mice
Authors: Meyer Merle E. , McCormick Charles E.
Published: September 2011

Experimental mice were handled daily from birth to weaning, whereas, the control animals were not disturbed. At adulthood the animals were tested on two consecutive trials for visual stimulus-seeking behavior in a Greek-cross maze with black, white, striped, and squared arms. Two measures were taken, frequency of entrance into each compartment, and a 10-sec. time sampling of each animal's location during each 180-sec. trial. A significant effect for compartment for both the handled and nonhandled groups was noted for frequency of entrance and a significant preference for the visually complex compartments for the handled animals over controls. Early handling probably results in significant stimulus-seeking behavior for visually complex environments.
Effects of Three Intake Procedures on Mothers of Disturbed Children
Authors: Brady Carol Ann , Pack John , Babich Joanne M.
Published: September 2011

Although studies have investigated the effects of parent-oriented therapy, little is known about the effects of specific types of parent-related intake procedures. This study discussed how three intake procedures, viz., counseling, intake, and control, influence evaluations that 25 mothers make of themselves and their children as patients, with regard to affective and interpersonal measures. Both the intake and counseling procedures had more therapeutic potential than the control condition.
Vocational Interests of Heroin-Dependent Patients
Authors: Collins Hardin A.
Published: September 2011

Minnesota Vocational Interest Inventory profiles of 114 male drug abusing (18 to 44 yr.) participants in a voluntary VA Drug Abuse Program were obtained. Mean scores are reported for the occupational scales and area scales. The profiles are more indicative of avoidance rather than similarities of interests.
Acceptance of Self and others and the Existential Persuasion
Authors: Thauberger Patrick C. , Sydiaha Daniel
Published: September 2011

This paper examined the dimensions of self and other acceptance in the context of an existential-ontological perspective. A divergent view of conventional conceptualizations of acceptance of self and others is discussed and some research documentations are presented. Correlations among scores on the Thauberger Avoidance of Existential Confrontation Scale, the Eysenck Neuroticism Scale, the Berger Acceptance of Self, and the Acceptance of Others Scales obtained from 428 university students and staff were consistent in magnitude with those obtained on a similar sample of 116. As predicted, a significant correlation was found between Acceptance of Self and Acceptance of Others (.50 and .57), each of which was also significantly and negatively correlated with Neuroticism (Self: —.62 and —.66; and Others: —.34 and — .37). While Avoidance of Existential Confrontation correlated low with Neuroticism (.18 and .34), little relationship was noted between Avoidance of Existential Confrontation and both the Acceptance of Self (—.10 and —.23) and the Acceptance of Others (—.01 and —.03). The pattern of correlations suggests that the Avoidance of Existential Confrontation Scale possesses some psychometric distinctiveness from the Eysenck Neuroticism Scale as well as both of the Berger Acceptance Scales and that the existential-ontological dimension warrants further study.
Single-Item Recognition following Verbal Discrimination Study And/Or Test Trials
Authors: Newby Robert W.
Published: September 2011

This experiment assessed further single-item recognition following verbal discrimination learning by varying the number of study and test trials presented during the initial verbal discrimination task. Two study periods (1 and 2 study trials) and three test periods (0, 1, and 2 trials) were factorially combined to yield six experimental groups. Increasing the test periods increased recognition of the prior words to be verbally discriminated as old items. Although subjects could identify the prior function of the old items, the variables did not increase or decrease this ability.
Interaction of Anxiety and Note-Taking on Verbal Conditioning in Clinical Interviews
Authors: Gottlieb Harold , Fischoff Stuart , Lamont John
Published: September 2011

Using 60 male psychiatric patients, the interaction between three levels of anxiety and note-taking as a reinforcer was explored within a verbal conditioning paradigm. Results showed a curvilinear relationship between anxiety and reinforcement with high-average anxiety subjects conditioning better than either high or low-average subjects This supported the authors' prediction and showed note-taking to be an effective reinforcer of verbal behavior in an interview situation. Unexpectedly, subjects of low-average anxiety who conditioned less well than those of high-average anxiety showed a larger drop in emission rate during extinction, dropping to a level significantly below initial baserate.
Factor Analysis of Sex-Typed Items from the Bem Sex-Role Inventory: A Replication
Authors: Collins Michael , Waters Carrie Wherry , Waters L. K.
Published: September 2011

Based on the responses of 118 male and 79 female college students, a factor analysis of the 40 sex-typed items from the Bem Sex-role Inventory and sex of respondent yielded four factors which were almost identical to those reported by Waters, Waters, and Pincus (1977). One of the factors essentially represented the gender of the respondent. A second factor representing an expressive, affective orientation was defined by feminine sex-typed items. The other two factors were primarily defined by masculine sex-typed items. One stressed independence, self-sufficiency, and individuality while the other stressed leadership, aggressiveness, and forcefulness. These latter factors were interpreted in terms of an “agentic” orientation (Bakan, 1966) and an “instrumental” orientation (Parsons & Bales, 1955).
Behavior Observation Scale: Preliminary Analysis of the Similarities and Differences between Autistic and Mentally Retarded Children
Authors: Freeman B. J. , Guthrie D. , Ritvo E. , Schroth P. , Glass R. , Frankel F.
Published: September 2011

35 autistic and 30 mentally retarded children matched for both mean chronological and mental age were observed in a playroom. The frequencies of occurrence of 67 objectively defined behaviors were coded on the Behavior Observation Scale. Implication for determining the objective diagnosis of autism is discussed.
Stress-Coping Abilities of Individuals High and Low in Jealousy
Authors: Jaremko Matt E. , Lindsey Roxanne
Published: September 2011

A review of experimental research on jealousy showed further research is required to understand the concept beyond a listing of basic differences in self-report. An analogue study of the coping abilities of people high and low in jealousy was conducted. Using the stress of intimate self-disclosure, individuals high and low in jealousy were able to use a cognitive coping strategy equally well. Alternative rival hypotheses are reviewed. Other results replicated previous findings that the jealous person tends to be more anxious, lacking in self-esteem, and possibly more depressed.
Sex Differences in Self-Reported Achievement Motivation
Authors: Chandler Theodore A. , Cook Bettyanne , Wolf Fredric M.
Published: September 2011

Significant over-all sex differences were not obtained for scores of 134 women and 127 men (majority aged 18 to 20 yr.), on Hermans' Prestatie Motivatie Test. A stepwise multiple regression indicated that there were significant sex differences on 3 of the 9 aspects of n Ach measured by the test, Achievement Behavior, Persistence, and Time Perspective, based upon 5 items of 29 Chi square analyses produced significant sex differences on 5 of the 9 n Ach aspects: Achievement Behavior, Persistence, Time Perspective, Task Tension, and Partner Choice, based upon 7 out of 29 items. Differences favored females in Achievement Behavior. Findings are discussed in terms of current social and research trends. Shortcomings are also discussed.
Leadership Style Emphasis and Related Personality Attributes
Authors: Batlis Nick C. , Green Paul C.
Published: September 2011

This study examined differences in personality attributes between supervisors who placed equal emphasis on the people and task dimensions of leadership and those who tended to be exclusively people- or task-oriented. Using the Leadership Opinion Questionnaire as a measure of preference for a particular leadership style and the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire to assess personality attributes, it was found that subjects evidencing a preference for a “balanced” style tended to be more tough-minded, practical, conservative, and group-dependent.
Creativity and its Correlates in Emotionally Disturbed Preschool Children
Authors: Paget Kathleen D.
Published: September 2011

In the present study, correlational data were gathered on 16 emotionally disturbed preschoolers ranging in age from 3 to 6 yr. The relationships of interest were those between creativity, intelligence, the mastery of socio-emotional objectives, and the length of time spent in a treatment program for emotionally disturbed children. Also, the amount and nature of the emotionally disturbed children's creativity were compared with the creative behaviors of normal preschool youngsters. The analysis yielded no significant differences between the emotionally disturbed preschoolers and the standardization sample of the creativity measure. Significant relationships were found between over-all creativity and the mastery of socio-emotional objectives and between length of time in treatment and the scoring category of imagination of the creativity measure. A positive bur non-significant correlation was found between the over-all creativity and the intelligence of the disturbed preschoolers. Discussion concerned similarities between therapeutic techniques and methods for fostering creative development as well as the importance of understanding creative strengths in emotionally disturbed children.
Government Health Warnings and the “Boomerang” Effect
Authors: Hyland Michael , Birrell James
Published: September 2011

The experiment shows that the presence of a government health warning on cigarette advertisements can “boomerang,” leading to an increased desire to smoke. 24 housewives saw a series of 25 cigarette advertisements; for 12 subjects the health warning was present and for 12 it was absent. Half the subjects in each group were smokers and half non-smokers. The presence of the warning increased the desire to smoke but the increase seems to be greater for smokers than for non-smokers. The presence of the warning decreases the perceived goodness of the advertisement but does not affect its perceived familiarity.
Role of Rules in Paired-Associate Learning
Authors: D'amato May F. , Diamond Mark
Published: September 2011

14 students in each of four groups learned a single unmixed list of 19 CVC pairs for 12 anticipation trials followed by a free recall of the pairs. In three of the four lists a single rule applied to all of the pairs. The rule was that the words in each pair changed first letter (rhymed), changed middle letter, or changed last letter. A fourth list contained only pairs of unrelated words. Mean number of correct anticipations per trial showed rhyming and end-change rules to be equally beneficial, although not as effective as the middle-change rule. Free recall of the pairs showed no differences among lists. Results were interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that rules facilitate retrieval by restricting the number of responses to be considered for each stimulus.
Effects of Contingent Social Reinforcement with Delusional Chronic Schizophrenic Men
Authors: Bulow H. , Oei T. P. S. , Pinkev B.
Published: September 2011

4 male, chronic schizophrenic inpatients were subjects in an experiment aimed at investigating whether contingent verbal reinforcement could decrease delusional verbalizations. The reinforcement connoted both approval and mild punishment, and two different schedules of reinforcement, fixed and variable ratios, were employed. A significant conditioning effect was observed, but neither fixed ratio nor variable ratio was successful in providing resistance to extinction. Results were discussed in the light of the immediacy hypothesis which suggests that immediate stimuli govern the behavior of schizophrenics.
Anxiety about a Stranger in Relation to the Mother-Infant Relationship: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Willemsen Eleanor Walker , Tighe Mary Jane Nunes-Mc
Published: September 2011

10 male and 12 female 9-mo.-old infants were observed with their mothers in a laboratory situation that included a stranger's approach, an interview, and a problem to solve. No sex differences in average reaction to a stranger were noted. The pattern of correlates which predicted the infants' reactions to a stranger differed for the two sexes. Mothers who centered their attention on and responded to their girls had girls who reacted more positively to the stranger. These same maternal variables did not predict the boys' reaction to a stranger. The implications of these results for the prediction of reaction to a stranger are discussed.
Single-Subject Analyses of Three Study Methods
Authors: Marken Richard , Maland Joan
Published: September 2011

Three common study methods (reading, reading with underlining, and reading with notetaking) were used by the same subject to study passages of text. The study methods had no differential effect on comprehension of the passages, even when time to study the passages was statistically controlled. Although study methods did not affect comprehension measured immediately after completion of each passage, there was evidence that these methods differentially affect long-term retention of information from the passages.
Extraversion and Neuroticism across Cultures
Authors: Ibrahim Abdel Sattar
Published: September 2011

This research was designed to explore differences in neuroticism and extraversion tendencies of students of three different nationalities: 248 Egyptians, 58 Americans, and 347 British. Egyptians had the highest Neuroticism score and the lowest Extraversion score; Americans exhibited greater tendency toward Extraversion than British, and no significant differences in Neuroticism between British and Americans were noted. The Egyptians' unexpected lower Extraversion score was discussed in light of the subjective culture theory.
Lesbian and Traditional Mothers' Responses to Adult Response to Child Behavior and Self-Concept
Authors: Mucklow Bonnie M. , Phelan Gladys K.
Published: September 2011

A purposive sample of 34 lesbian and 47 traditional mothers was located in the Denver-Fort Collins area. This pilot study was designed to determine if statistically significant differences existed between the two groups of mothers on measures of maternal attitude and self-concept. The Adult Response to Child Behavior, a set of slides of children's behaviors and set responses, provided an indicator of adult-, task-, and child-centered attitudes. Three personality aggregates, self-confidence, dominance, and nurturance, were computed from responses to the Adjective Checklist, a 300-item self-administered, self-evaluative instrument. Chi-square analyses confirmed that: there is no difference in response to children's behavior by lesbian and traditional mothers nor in self-concept of lesbian and traditional mothers. This conclusion can be generalized only to the subjects and instruments used in the present study. Further research is needed to provide a data base on interaction of lesbian mothers and children. It seems probable that lesbian and traditional mothers are more similar than different in maternal attitudes and self-concept.
Children's Comprehension of Verbally Stated Rules: Knowing That the Meaning of Sometimes is Different from Always or Never
Authors: Siegal Michael
Published: September 2011

Children aged 3 to 6 yr. were given a sentence-pair task designed to test their understanding of the words always, never, and sometimes. Their responses indicated that children know that the meaning of sometimes is different from that of never, but they are less able to differentiate between sometimes and always.
Future Orientation and External Locus of Control
Authors: Koenig Fredrick
Published: September 2011

A group of 112 undergraduate students was administered the Rotter Internal-External Control Scale. Students who scored above the median in the distribution were categorized as having an external locus of control. The same students also were given the Circles Test which involves having the subject draw circles representing the past, present, and future. If the circle representing the future was larger than the other two, the subject was designated as future-oriented. It was hypothesized that students with external controls would tend to be future-oriented. The hypothesis was supported by the findings.
Development of Intake Criteria in a Day Treatment Program for Delinquent Boys
Authors: Brandt David E.
Published: September 2011

To improve on the intake criteria in a day-treatment program for delinquent boys, data were collected from boys attending the program to differentiate those who seemed to be appropriately placed from those who were not. The data significantly differentiated these groups on the basis of length and degree of social maladjustment. The need for matching the type of delinquent and the treatment program was discussed.
Comparison of Covert Reinforcement, Covert Assertion, and Overt Reinforcement in Changing External Locus of Control
Authors: Jaremko Matt E. , Rose Vincent
Published: September 2011

This study compared the effectiveness of covert reinforcement, overt reinforcement, and covert assertion in modifying locus of control. The I-E scale was administered to 40 subjects who were then randomly assigned to one of five treatment groups: covert reinforcement (response irrelevant) for self-statements reflecting internality, overt reinforcement for internal statements, covert assertion of internal statements, attention control, and no-treatment control. The 1-E scale was given after treatment and at a 2-wk. follow-up. Data showed that overt reinforcement and covert assertion tended to increase internality, but that response irrelevant covert reinforcement and control instructions did not.
Effects of Specific Cueing on Multiple-Choice Test Performance
Authors: Dunn Bruce R.
Published: September 2011

Past research has shown that grouping related multiple-choice test items together does not increase students' performance on power tests, even when those groupings are sequenced in the order of class presentation. The present research examined the hypothesis, derived from the cue-dependent forgetting hypothesis, that grouping of related test items does not improve test performance because grouping per se is not a sufficiently powerful retrieval cue. Two experiments were conducted to determine whether specific cueing (placing author headings and subheadings above related blocks of test items) increased students' test scores. Results for both were negative; specific cueing did not significantly increase mean test scores. The ecological validity of the cue-dependent hypothesis was questioned.
Factors Related to the Efficacy of Treatment of Enuresis
Authors: Motta Robert W.
Published: September 2011

The variables of sex, frequency of wetting, a family history of enuresis, and use of positive reinforcement were examined to determine if they were significantly related to response to the bell-and-pad procedure. Dependent measures were number of days required to achieve dryness and frequency of wetting in a 1-yr. follow-up. Among the findings was that girls achieved the dryness criterion more quickly than boys. Frequency of enuresis was inversely related to number of days required to achieve dryness. Evidence was obtained suggesting a genetic basis for resistance to reduction in enuretic behavior. Children who were tangibly reinforced for dryness did not wet less frequently in the follow-up nor did they achieve the dryness criterion more quickly.
Effects of Fathers' Absence and Birth Order on Aggressive Behavior of Young Male Children
Authors: Boone Sherle L.
Published: September 2011

Aggression scores were obtained for 50 inner-city Hispanic males. An analysis of variance indicated a statistically significant interaction between birth order and number of parents in the household. Post hoc analysis indicated that last-born subjects reared in low-income families with fathers absent displayed more aggressive behavior than firstborn, middle-born, or last-born subjects in families with fathers present. Moreover, there was an indication that firstborn and middle-born subjects in families with fathers absent may be more aggressive than their counterparts in families with fathers present. These results suggest that birth order should be considered in studies of the behavior and personality development of males in father-absent families. Research designs should differentiate between last-born and middle-born siblings.
Word-Pair Encoding Using Similarity and Contrastive Processing
Authors: Phillips W. Daniel , Epstein Michael L.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments examined the effects of several kinds of incidental semantic encoding on cued recall through instructions to find similarities or to find differences between pairs of nouns, with and without imagery instructions. Exp. 1 employed concrete and abstract nouns which were related or unrelated in meaning. Processing effects on a subsequent cued recall task occurred only for unrelated concrete items, with finding similarities leading to higher recall. In Exp. 2, two groups of subjects processed unrelated concrete nouns with the same encoding instructions as in Exp. 1. Two additional groups carried out the similarity or contrastive task by forming images containing both items. Again, recall was higher when similarity processing was employed. The addition of imagery instructions affected encoding time but not recall accuracy or response latency. Results suggested that forming a meaningful associative relationship between pair members was the crucial encoding step for successful memory performance.
Role of Women Psychologists during the Second World War
Authors: Kronk Philip Charles
Published: September 2011

During the Second World War psychology became recognized as having distinct services to offer. The role of male psychologists is contrasted with that of women psychologists. The initial response to the war by female psychologists is described. The specific contributions by women psychologists are examined in the following areas: research on children, child care programs, government and active duty, food problems, and the shaping of educational programs to meet the demands of the war, and work on draft boards by women psychologists.
Dimensionality of the Marital Communication Inventory: A Preliminary Factor Analytic Study
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Figley Charles R. , Jurich Anthony P.
Published: September 2011

An abbreviated version of the Marital Communication Inventory was administered to a university sample of 54 married couples in an earlier study. To assess the dimensionality of the scale, the data were analyzed through a common factor analysis with varimax rotation. Results indicate that the inventory does not appear to be unidimensional as has been commonly assumed, but instead appears to be heavily loaded with an element of marital adjustment or conventionality rather than being solely a measure of marital communication. The consequences for previous research and the implications for the future assessment of marital communication by researchers and clinicians are discussed. Guidelines for further investigation of the validity of the inventory are proposed.
Alcohol and Expectations of Attack
Authors: Schmutte Gregory T. , Leonard Kenneth E. , Taylor Stuart P.
Published: September 2011

10 intoxicated and 10 nonintoxicated subjects expressed their expectations regarding the level of shock they anticipated receiving from their opponent in a competitive reaction time situation. Prior to receiving any knowledge concerning their opponents' aggressive intent, subjects who consumed alcohol indicated that they expected their opponent to set higher intensities of shock than did the nonintoxicated subjects. This finding supports the hypothesis that alcohol may disturb a person's ability to judge the degree to which he is being threatened.