bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hypertonie und Schwitzen
Authors: Mettler J. , Battegay E. , Zimmerli L. , Egelhof T. , Oertli D. , Bilz S.
Published: January 2008

Eine 39-jährige Patientin wurde vom Hausarzt in die Hypertoniesprechstunde überwiesen mit einer kürzlich diagnostizierten therapieresistenten arteriellen Hypertonie. Bei anamestischen Hinweisen für ein Phäochromozytom haben wir dieses mittels erhöhten Metanephrinen und Computertomographie nachgewiesen und operativ entfernen lassen.
Influence of the M3–M4 intracellular domain upon nicotinic acetylcholine receptor assembly, targeting and function
Authors: Kracun S , Harkness P C , Gibb A J , Millar N S
Published: January 2008

Background and purpose:

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the intracellular domain of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits upon receptor assembly, targeting and functional properties.

Experimental approach:

Because most nAChR subunits form functional receptors only as heteromeric complexes, it can be difficult to examine the influence of individual subunits or subunit domains in isolation. A series of subunit chimaeras was constructed which contain the intracellular loop region (located between the M3 and M4 transmembrane domains) from nAChR subunits α1–α10 or β1–β4. All of these chimaeras contain common extracellular and transmembrane domains (from the nAChR α7 subunit and the 5‐hydroxytryptamine receptor 5‐HT3A subunit, respectively), thereby facilitating both homomeric receptor assembly and detection with radiolabelled or fluorescent α‐bungarotoxin.

Key results:

The nAChR M3–M4 intracellular loop domain had no significant effect upon levels of total subunit protein detected in transfected cells but had a significant influence upon levels of both cell surface and intracellular assembled receptors. Comparisons of functional properties revealed a significant influence of the intracellular loop domain upon both single‐channel conductance and receptor desensitization. In addition, studies conducted in polarized epithelial cells demonstrate that the nAChR loop can influence receptor targeting, resulting in either polarized (apical) or non‐polarized distribution.

Conclusions and implications:

Evidence has been obtained which demonstrates that the large intracellular loop domain of nAChR subunits can exert a profound influence upon receptor assembly, targeting and ion channel properties.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 1474–1484; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707676; published online 21 January 2008
Optimization and integration of expansion and neural commitment of mouse embryonic stem cells
Authors: Diogo Maria Margarida , Henrique Domingos , Cabral Joaquim M. S.
Published: January 2008

To harness the potential of ES (embryonic stem) cells for human therapy, technology to develop the large‐scale expansion and differentiation of these cells is required. In the present study, we tested various conditions for the expansion and neural commitment of mouse ES cells, using a cell line with a fluorescent reporter, which allows the monitoring of these processes by flow cytometry. The expansion of the 46C ES cell line in the presence of two different media [serum‐free ESGRO Complete™ and DMEM (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium) containing 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum] was compared. Both media yielded similar cell fold increases at two different initial cell densities and were able to maintain neural commitment potential during expansion. The influence of inocula concentration in the presence of two different media on cell proliferation and efficiency of neural commitment was evaluated. Two different chemically defined serum‐free media were tested: the more conventional N2B27 and the second‐generation medium RHB‐A (Stem Cell Sciences, Edinburgh, Scotland, U.K.). The kinetics of neural commitment was followed during 8 days in the presence of both media. Our results show that inocula concentrations between 5×103 and 104 cells/cm2 are the most appropriate to achieve a better cell growth and more efficient neural commitment. We also show that cell culture in RHB‐A medium results in higher rates of cell proliferation and neural commitment of ES cells, when compared with N2B27.
A fast and simple method for simultaneous mixed site‐specific mutagenesis of a wide coding sequence
Authors: Follo Carlo , Isidoro Ciro
Published: January 2008

Background site‐specific mutagenesis at one or multiple sites has recently become an invaluable strategy in functional proteomic studies and genetic engineering. In the present paper we describe a novel PCR‐based procedure for site‐specific mutagenesis that permits, in a single‐step, all three types of nucleotide sequence mutation (deletion, insertion and substitution). The entire procedure is carried out in one tube and takes about 3–4 h. The method utilizes two primers, one of which is phosphorylated at the 5′‐terminus, that are designed to directly anneal back‐to‐back to the target sequence inserted in a plasmid. For the deletion type of mutagenesis (which has virtually no limit to its extent), primers anneal at the ends of the sequence to be deleted. For insertion and substitution types of mutagenesis the primers bear the mutagenic sequences in a tail. The entire circular plasmid, here tested for a maximum length of 7 kbp, is amplified by inverse PCR. The PCR product incorporates the desired mutagenesis and, after ligation, the plasmid is ready for cloning into bacteria. The method has been proved very efficient for deletions of up to 279 nucleotides, for introducing simultaneous deletions, insertions and substitutions, and for performing alanine scanning over a wide coding region. The procedure is suitable for applications in genetic engineering and for the construction of libraries.
Repair of osteochondral defects with a construct of mesenchymal stem cells and a polydioxanone/poly(vinyl alcohol) scaffold
Authors: Jeong Woong‐Kyo , Oh Se‐Heang , Lee Jin‐Ho , Im Gun‐Il
Published: January 2008

The purpose of the present study was to test the potential of an MSC (mesenchymal stem cell)/PDO/PVA [polydioxanone/poly(vinyl alcohol)] hybrid scaffold construct to repair cartilage defects. For the in vitro study, MSCs were isolated from human bone marrow and cultured in PDO/PVA scaffolds for 4 weeks. Gross and microscopic examinations were performed, as well as RT‐PCR (reverse‐transcription PCR) analyses for cartilage‐specific genes. For the in vivo study, MSCs isolated from rabbits were cultured in the PDO/PVA scaffolds and tissue‐engineered into neocartilage, then implanted into the osteochondral defect on the distal femur of the same rabbits. Gross and histological evaluations were performed at 8 weeks after the implantation. The results of the in vitro study demonstrated that the physical stability of the cell‐cultured hybrid scaffold was maintained until 4 weeks after initial placement. Scanning electronmicroscopy indicated the infiltration of the cells into, and appropriate interactions with, the scaffolds. RT‐PCR showed an expression of cartilage‐specific genes similar to that seen with pellet‐cultured MSCs. From the in vivo study, the defect area of the experimental group showed smooth consistent glistening white tissue resembling articular cartilage, whereas the control group showed a red irregular tissue with surface depression. The regenerated cartilage of the experimental group showed metachromasia on both Safranin‐O and dense staining for type II collagen, whereas the control group showed little metachromatic staining and less intense staining for type II collagen. A histological score of the quality of cartilage formation indicated that the MSC/PDO/PVA hybrid scaffold successfully produced neocartilage in vitro and enhanced the repair of the osteochondral defect in vivo. Further in vivo studies will be necessary to elucidate further the value of PDO/PVA as a scaffold material for cartilage regeneration.
Alternate wet - dry regime during fallow failed to improve nitrogen release from added legume residues in legume - wheat rotations on a Vertisol
Authors: Thomson S. J. , Cameron J. A. L. , Dalal R. C. , Hoult E.
Published: January 2008

Forage and grain legumes are integral components of sustainable crop rotations and farming systems in semiarid subtropical agricultural systems of northern Australia. The sustainability of these farming systems largely depends on the contribution of legumes to the nitrogen (N) requirement of non-legume crops. The potential legume contribution to a succeeding wheat crop was measured in a Vertisol for 17 weeks under optimum moisture (–0.006 to –0.05 MPa) or alternate wet–dry moisture regime (–0.006 to –1.2 MPa) with or without plant residue additions (4 t/ha equivalent) following the legume phase in a glasshouse experiment. The N release from the residues followed first order kinetics. Both the N release rate and net N mineralised were positively correlated with the N concentration and negatively but log-linearly correlated with carbon and N ratios of tops and roots residues. The net N mineralised and N mineralisation potentials (N0) were not significantly affected by different moisture regimes. The proportions of net N mineralised from the annual medics, chickpea and lucerne residues were 30, 52, and 64%, respectively.
The amount of nitrate N accumulated in the field during the fallow periods from 1989–98 was not related to the amount of rainfall during these periods, and most likely limited by the amount of labile or mineralisable N. Its positive correlation with N0 values showed that even during the relatively dry fallows (≥250 mm) in this semiarid subtropical environment, soils growing legumes could mineralise enough N to make a significant N contribution to the following crop in legume–cereal rotations.
Coping with Stalinist panegyrics
Authors: Gammelgaard Karen
Published: January 2008

This paper discusses a significant text genre in totalitarian societies: panegyrics of the leader. In countries under Stalinist rule, the output of panegyric texts reached immeasurable proportions. Probably due to their uniformity, few attempts have been made to analyse the single panegyric text. Attempting to identify the specific features of a given text, this paper analyses a set of particular features related to intra-textual semantic connexity, intertextuality and intentionality in a Czech sample from 1953.

How the analysed sample disturbs Grice’s communicative maxims will be demonstrated. Structuration theory is used to explain why the panegyrics was produced. It is concluded that Stalinist panegyrics dangerously constricts the possibilities for social actions and for gaining knowledge. Additionally, the case demonstrates the need for a genuinely historical and pragmatic communicative theory, and proves the necessity of keeping the concepts of genre and text type apart.
From a spatial to a subjective framework
Authors: Sadler Misumi
Published: January 2008

The current study examines pre-modern and modern Japanese texts from the seventh ~ twentieth century, and documents the semantic and pragmatic change of ni-marked NPs, which include “dative subjects” and NPs which appear to refer to human referents. The data demonstrates that what are called “dative subjects” in modern Japanese are diachronically and synchronically related to the most prototypical meaning/usage of ni-marked NPs as a spatial framework. The original function underwent changes from more propositional to more subjective usages — from its most basic usage, indicating stative locations, to its metonymic usage, marking locations where individuals worthy of respect reside so as to avoid their explicit mention, and finally to its extended usage, indicating human referents. This extended usage further developed into a subjective framework for propositions in contemporary Japanese novels written in the first person perspective. This shift from propositional to expressive/subjective usages is not binary, but rather continual, and the transition from one usage to another involves each new usage coexisting with the prior ones.
The Storyteller's Canvas: The Life and Fiction of Simin Behbahani
Authors: Ghanoonparvar M. R.
Published: January 2008

This article addresses an important, usually neglected, aspect of the work of Simin Behbahani, namely her prose and fiction, mostly autobiographical writings, which should be indispensable to an understanding of her poetry. While Behbahni views her poetry to be about life in general and says that she utilizes the language of the people to compose her poems, she also finds prose a more appropriate form for writing on certain topics. With an examination of a number of her prose writings, including “An Mard, Mard-e Hamraham” [“That Man, My Companion”], “Ba Qalb-e Khod Cheh Kharidam” [“What I Bought with My Heart”], and “Kelid-o Khanjar” [“Key and Dagger”], the article explores the poet as a storyteller and the link between her poetry and fictional prose, especially in terms of her life story.
Simin Behbahani's Poetic Conversations
Authors: Sandler Rivanne
Published: January 2008

From the beginning of her career, Simin Behbahani stresses her intention to reflect contemporary concerns in her poetry. She has continued to use the traditional form of ghazal and to affirm the ghazal's capacity to reflect the contemporary environment. Behbahani tells us how she changed the structure of the ghazal to suit her poetic needs. This paper focuses on the poetic conversation as a feature of Behbahani's poetic style which leads her poetry firmly into present time. Early female poets in Iran made use of poetic conversation to bring attention to a changing social system and, especially, issues of concern to women. Behbahani refines and perfects the technique of poetic conversation. Her poetic conversations range from a single-voiced complaint to complex commentary involving more than one perspective. In particular, a character identified only as “you” at times represents society or a companion, and may even bring the poet face-to-face with herself. This character widens the scope of the poetic drama. Behbahani's poetic conversations convey a femininity that is complex and a sensibility that is modern.
OPERATIONS FOR THE RELIEF OF TRICHIASIS AND CICATRICIAL ENTROPION
Authors: O'Day Kevin
Published: January 2008

The pathology of trichiasis and cicatricial entropion occurring during the course of trachoma has been described.

The general principles underlying operative treatment of the above conditions have been discussed.

Based on experience gained at the British Ophthalmic Hospital, Jerusalem, the detailed technique of the operations of Van Millingen, Spencer‐Watson and Snellen has been described.

The immediate results showed that the operations were effective, recurrences being due to neglected treatment of the trachoma.
HÆMANGIOBLASTOMATOUS CYSTS OF THE RETINA
Authors: Hope‐Robertson Walter J.
Published: January 2008

A case of hseinangioblastoma of the retina is presented.

Attention is drawn to the known association of hémangioblastoma of the retina with haemangioblastoma of the brain.

In this case a preoperative diagnosis of the pathological nature of the brain lesion could be assumed because the patient was known to have a hseinangioblastoma in each eye.

The successful removal of a htemangioblastomatous cyst of the cerebellum is recorded.
FACIAL HEMIATROPHY, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF THREE CASES.
Authors: Cox Leonard B. , Maclure A. Fay
Published: January 2008

1. Three cases of facial hemiatrophy are described, one of which was congenital. In no case did the sympathetic nervous system seem to be involved. I n one a slight involvement of the trigeminal nerve occurred as a late sign.

2. A method of operative treatment by a tubed pedicle graft is described.
SUPRAPUBIC PROSTATECTOMY WITH CLOSURE1
Authors: Harris S. Harry
Published: January 2008

The operation of suprapubic prostatectomy with closure introduced by the author six and a half years ago is described. It has been carried out in 469 cases with 13 deaths and a mortality rate of 2.7%.

The technique is equally applicable to one‐ and two‐stage operations.

The routine preoperative and post‐operative treatment employed in the Urological Department of the Lewisham Hospital is outlined.

Particular reference is made to the method employed for the control of hémorrhage by suture.

The method of retrigonization, or reconstruction of the floor, of the prostatic urethra is described in detail. The experience of six and a half years without a single instance of recurrence of obstruction warrants the claim that this step should now be regarded as an integral part of the operation of prostatectomy.

The complete closure, while a valuable feature of the operation, must not be regarded as the primary aim. It should be practised only when the local conditions warrant it. It should be regarded as the fulfilment of a successful operation in a field rendered favourable for its accomplishment. The complete closure has been carried out in all except two instances in the past 100 operations.
DIVERTICULA OF THE FEMALE URETHRA
Authors: Earlam Malcolm S. S.
Published: January 2008

Two cases of diverticulum of the female urethra are reported.

The origin of the condition is discussed, and it is considered to be most probably due, in most cases, to a localized congenital structural weakness of the urethra, a suggestion which has apparently not been previously made.

The condition may be quite symptomless, while if symptoms do occur they are not in any way characteristic, so that the diagnosis may be easily missed.

Diagnosis is established by urethroscopy and diverticulography.

Treatment, if indicated, consists of resection.
THE SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT OF THE PELVIC VISCERA.
Authors: Hughes‐Jones W. E. A.
Published: January 2008

One pair of ligaments is alone responsible for the maintenance of the posture of the pelvic viscera in the male and female. Paterson aptly named these the “suspensory ligaments”. The ligament is laid down in the line of pull of the viscera, and through it the blood vessels, nerves and ureter reach the viscera.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE PATHOLOGY OF APPENDICITIS.
Authors: Trinca Alfred J.
Published: January 2008

1. The accepted pathology is criticized.

2. Appendicitis is not a primary inflammation.

3. Anatomica1 rind pathological studies suggest that apart from

developmental anom;ilies the true caiise of acute appendicitis is inter‐

ference with the blood siipply.

4. (‐'hronic aiid other forms of appendicitis are the sequelae of one

or inore acute attacks.

.5. Blotlern civilizi1tion:ind diet are the predisposing factors.
Hydatid Cysts of the Spleen.
Authors: Barnett L. E.
Published: January 2008

L. Sabadin (Algiers): “Les kystes hydatiques de la rate”, Journal de Chirurgie
GAS KERATITIS
Authors: Fairclough W. A.
Published: January 2008

Summary of Essentials

1. Exposure to mustard gas is probably followed by prolonged treatment.

2. There is not necessarily, but there may be a period amounting to years of freedom from symptoms.

3. Photophobia and lachrymation are very constant.

4. The lids are not necessarily affected.

5. In the conjunctiva some congestion is common; scarring is occasional.

6.In the cornea shallow or deep ulcers occur; these are slow to heal and recur. The cornea has irregular scars and facets, calcification streaks and diminished sensibility.
RENAL ABNORMALITY SIMULATING AN ABDOMINAL TUMOUR
Authors: Reay E. R.
Published: January 2008

This small series of cases illustrates:

1. The not uncommon occurrence of renal abnormality.

2. The relative frequency with which the abnormal kidney is the seat of a pathological condition.

3. That an abnormal kidney may be mistaken for an abdominal tumour.

4. The value of urological investigation in the presence of any unusual type of tumour discovered on abdominal palpation.
SIMPLE TUMOURS OF THE BREAST AND THEIR TREATMENT
Authors: Dodd Harold
Published: January 2008

Reparative surgery has advanced into so many fields as to play a part in practically every specialty. Its scope is not limited when the operator is able to exercise sufficient preoperative meditation, coupled with skilful and gentle handling of the tissues involved. This formula should bring acceptable results.
PORTAL PYÆMIA FOLLOWING ACUTE APPENDICITIS: CASE OF MULTIPLE LIVER ABSCESSES WITH RECOVERY1
Authors: HOWARD. RUSSELL N.
Published: January 2008

1. A case of portal pyaemia in which thex'e were multiple hepatic abscesses that complicated acute appendicitis and in which the patient recovered after surgical drainage, is reported.

2. The literature on portal pyaemia following appendicitis is reviewed and the recorded cases of recovery are tabulated.

3. A comprehensive account of the condition, as a complication of appendicitis, is given.

4. As a result of the perusal of the literature, the following conclusions are drawn: (i) Early operative treatment of acute appendicitis would greatly diminish this already uncommon complication, (ii) The prognosis of portal pyaemia should be greatly improved by early ligation of the ileocolic vein proximal to the clot, (iii) Liver abscess formation, while of serious import, is not necessarily fatal.

5. It is suggested that sulphonamide therapy should be of considerable service in the treatment of this disease.
CEREBRAL ABSCESS: A REVIEW OF THIRTY CASES IN A GENERAL HOSPITAL
Authors: Coates A. E.
Published: January 2008

Summary

.A review of thirty eases of cerebral abscess is made. The high mortality is noted. A few suggestions for the improvement of diagnosis and treatment are offered. A plea is entered for close cooperation between the general and special branches of the profession so that a chance of recovery may not be withheld from those who would otherwise die. The fully developed intracranial abscess presents a problem requiring the diagnostic and therapeutic armamentarium of the neurosurgical service.
ECHINOCOCCOSIS ALVEOLARIS (ALVEOLAR HYDATID DISEASE), ASSOCIATED WITH ORDINARY HYDATID CYSTS OF THE LIVER
Authors: MEADE J. A. , BARNETT SIR LOUIS
Published: January 2008

A surgical, pathological and parasitologics curiosity in the shape of a case of hydatid disease of the liver showing lesions of the alveolar type is described, illustrated and discussed. This is the first case of its kind recorded in New Zealand and is comparable to the case unique in Australia reported by Professor H. R. Dew in this journal of September, 1931. Reference is made with bibliographic excerpts to the few cases of the alveolaris type that have arisen in countries other than its peculiarly selected endemic home, the Bavaro‐Tyrolean district.

Some attention is given to the age‐long controversy “dualists versus unicists”, regarding the vexed question as to whether the alveolaris lesion is due to a specific Tænia alveolaris or to a mere modification or mutation of the ordinary Tænia echinococcus
PRELIMINARY REPORT ON INTERNAL DERANGEMENTS OF THE KNEE JOINT TREATED AT AN AUSTRALIAN GENERAL HOSPITAL, AUSTRALIAN IMPERIAL FORCE ABROAD, TO MAY 31, 1941
Authors: Graham R. V.
Published: January 2008

Summary

1. Records of 12S patients operated on for internal derangement of knee joint at an Australian general hospital have been analysed.

2. Of this number at least 104 are fit for active service.

3. A further 15 are fit for service other than with tield formations.

4. One patient lias been found by medical board unfit for service.

5. The average time between operation and discharge to light duty in depot battalion was forty‐two and a half days.
EXPERIENCES IN THORACIC SURGERY IN A BASE HOSPITAL IN THE MIDDLE EAST
Authors: King E. S. J.
Published: January 2008

Summary

.1. A series of 66 consecutive cases of thoracic conditions observed during four months in a general hospital in the Middle East is described.

2. They include 62 battle casualties.

3. Only one death occurred amongst those in hospital.

4. Some observations on their symptomatology and treatment are made.
OBSTRUCTION OF THE Œsophagus IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN, WITH REPORT OF SIX CASES
Authors: Hipsley P. L.
Published: January 2008

Summary

Mention is made of the varied nomenclature used in the descriptions of cases of (esophageal obstruction in children, which suggests that the aetiology is obscure.

Atresia and stenosis of the Œsophagus tire described, with their symptomology and treatment.

The case histories of six more patients with congenital obstruction of the Œsophagus are described.
THYMIC HYPERPLASIA AND MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
Authors: KING E. S. J.
Published: January 2008

A case of myasthenia gravis in a soldier on active service is described.

A satisfactory recovery followed removal of a slightly enlarged but hyperplastic thymus gland.

The pathological changes occurring in the organ in such cases are discussed.
HYDATID CYSTS: THE LOCATION IN THE VARIOUS ORGANS AND TISSUES OF THE BODY
Authors: Barnett Sir Louis
Published: January 2008

The location of hydatid cysts in this or that portion of the body is described, and the usual explanations are discussed as far as available knowledge permits. Special stress is laid upon the anatomical factors, but some attention is devoted to the little known influences of susceptibility, immunity, biological affinity, and peculiarities of terrain; for example, why lung cysts are seemingly much more common in Australia and New Zealand than they are in other hydatid countries.
ARTERIO‐VENOUS (CAROTID‐JUGULAR) FISTULA AND CAROTID ANEURYSM
Authors: King E. S. J.
Published: January 2008

A case of traumatic arterio‐venous fistula involving the left carotid artery and internal jugular vein, with an associated saccular aneurysm, is described. The vascular complications and their response to operation are recorded.
PHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN EMPYEMA THORACIS.1
Authors: King By E. S. J. , Trethewie E. R.
Published: January 2008

There is a “negative” intrapleuid pressure which is different in different phases of respiration and may be different in different parts of the chest. This is determined by a variably elastic organ in a variably movable but nevertheless relatively rigid elastic bony cage. The elasticity of the organ differs very greatly towards the periphery as compared with the hilum, but since the peripheral potion is the significant part, particularly when changes occur relatively rapidly, this is considered to the relative exclusion of the hilar region.

The nature and amount of material in the pleural space will have animportant bearing on phenomena in this region. In normal circumstances there is only a minute amount of pleural fluid between the visceral and parietal surfaces which may be regarded as being comparable with nornial tissue fluid and consists of water, salts and probably a small qiiantity of protein. Its viscosity therefore is little higher than that of water.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON HEAD INJURIES AND THEIR COMPLICATIONS.1
Authors: ROGERS LAMBERT
Published: January 2008

In the foregoing remarks may be found an indication of the way in which experience of head injuries in the war has modified practice. Chemotherapy and particularly the use of penicillin have enabled us to effect water‐tight dural closure in penetrating injuries, and although it is early to assess results, this would appear to be an advance which may conceivably lower the incidence of complications of penetrating injuries, whether produced by missiles or road accidents. The more widespread recognition of brain swelling as a reaction of the brain to blunt head injury and treatment designed to ensure provision for this swelling should also reduce the incidence of complications following this type of injury. Chemotherapy has enabled us to take a more conservative attitude towards cerebrospinal rhinorrhcea.
STRESS INCONTINENCE IN THE FEMALE
Authors: Treahy P. A. , Pacey H. K.
Published: January 2008

Summary

1. An explanation of stress incontinence in the female has been attempted.

2. An operation for the cure of this condition is described.

3. A series of cases is included.
CAUSALGIC SYNDROMES
Authors: Macfarlane W. V.
Published: January 2008

The etiology of post‐traumatic pain states (causalgic syndromes) is reviewed. Evidence favours: (a) The production, by a peripheral focus of injury in a nerve, of sustained discharges from cord neuron pools. These would result in widespread pain, with sensory, motor, sympathetic and trophic disturbances. (b) Fibre interaction between sympathetic or other efferents and the somatic afferent fibres, at the site of injury, feeding the irritable internuncial neuron pool.

Twenty‐one cases of various types of syndrome are described and classified. Aching, as well as burning pains, occurs in both major and minor causalgias and in painful amputation stumps. Transitions from one pain type to another are recorded.

No single Fiurgical approach will afford relief in all cases of causalgia. In thisseries five patients were permanently relieved by local infiltration of procaine into tender areas or the sympathetic chain. The others required neurotomy, sympathectomy or chordotomy. Only two of eight patients in whose treatment sympathectomy was employed had permanent relief.

Causalgia as a complicafion of elective surgical procedures involving nerves or spinal cord was encountered in five cases.
SURGERY OF THE INFERIOR OBLIQUE AT ITS SCLERAL INSERTION
Authors: Colvin Clifford
Published: January 2008

A method of operating on the inferior oblique at its insertion to the globe is described—(a) by tenotomy; (b) by recession.

A discussion on some of the literature is given.

A suggestion as to the cause of overaction is given.

Case reports are detailed.
THE RELATIVE MERITS OF VARIOUS SUTURE MATERIALS FOR THE REPAIR OF SEVERED NERVES
Authors: Sunderland S. , Smith G. K.
Published: January 2008

The results have been described of an experimental investigation undertaken to determine the relative merits of a number of different suture materials for the repair of severed nerves.

Fine plain catgut, white silk and human hair are the most suitable materials for repairing nerves. Of these three silk has a slight advantage over plain catgut when technical factors as well as those associated with the reaction induced by the suture material are taken into consideration.

The outcome following nerve suture does not depend solely on the type of suture material employed but to a large degree on the manner in which it is used to unite the nerve ends. The principles which should govern the method of application of sutures in peripheral nerve surgery have been detailed.
MALIGNANT DISEASE OF THE THYROID
Authors: Poate Hugh R. G.
Published: January 2008

Carcinoma of the thyroid is much more common than is generally thought.

Age is no criterion as to its possible development.

It is most commonly found in association with or super‐imposed upon a single adenoma in the thyroid. The incidence in males is nearly double that in females in these cases.

It is seldom met in association with acute thyrotoxicosis but some cases of carcinoma of the thyroid may present a low‐grade chronic thyrotoxicosis.

It does occur occasionally in multi‐ nodular goitres and is usually evidenced by a rapid increase in growth with hardness in one area.

There are no reliable positive signs or symptoms to aid early diagnosis.

The best prophylaxis is early removal of all single adenomata irrespective of age and of the multiple adenomatous gland in which recent change has developed.

Excision of the affected area, lobectomy or even total thyroidectomy are the correct surgical procedures. Enucleation is to be avoided. Complete examination of the whole gland is advisable at operation.

In late stage cases without metastases resection of the tumour should be attempted and followed by deep X‐ray therapy.

It is seldom necessary to carry out a block dissection of the cervical glands.

In the papilliferous carcinomata all in‐ volved glands should be removed along with a lobectomy on the involved side.

All cases except the papilliferous tumours should be given adequate deep X‐ray therapy. Even in late stage cases, expectancy of life is increased and occasionally prolonged remission is met with.

The injudicious use of iodine in cases of adenomatous goitre may very possibly play a part in stimulating the on set of carcinoma.

It is most unlikely that “thio” compounds used for the control or cure of thyrotoxicosis will lead to the increase in carcinoma of the thyroid but all persistently enlarged glands after its use and all cases of toxic nodular goitre should be advised to undergo operation.
RESULTS OF SURGERY IN CONGENITAL DEFORMITIES OF THE HEART.*
Authors: Brown C. J. Officer , Morris Kenneth N.
Published: January 2008

Two hundred and three operations performed on patients suffering from congenital abnormalities of the heart and great vessels are reviewed. The conclusions reached as result of these operations are given. An assessment has been made of the results obtained.
BONE MARROW AS A COMPONENT OF BONE SARCOMA*.
Authors: King E. S. J.
Published: January 2008

A case of osteolytic bone sarcoma, in which recognizable haemopoietic elements occur as an integral part of the growth, is described.

Thc essential inter‐relationship of the various connective tissues, including haemopoietic tissue, is emphasized.
FIVE CASES OF “ADENOCHONDROMA” OF THE LUNG.
Authors: Jackson. A. V.
Published: January 2008

Five cases of adenochondroma of the lung are reported. Two were discovered during routine X‐ray examination and removed surgically. Three were chance findings at autopsy. None had caused symptoms. All were histologically benign.

The reasons for using the name “adenochondroma” are discussed.
PSEUDO‐GLIOMA, RETINITIS AND RETRO‐LENTAL FIBROPLASIA.*
Authors: O'Day. Kevin
Published: January 2008

The clinical features of many apparently widely differing syndromes may be explained on common grounds. It is not suggested that they have a common cause. The vascular malformation of the retina present in Von Hippel's disease is responsible for changes in the fundus which resembles those seen in Coate's disease. In early childhood they lead to the so‐called infantile form of that disease and, in infancy, to one of the forms of pseudo‐glioma.

When the inflammation involves the ciliary body and iris, the picture of a chronic cyclitis with the formation of a membrane, and its harmful effect on the lens, is superadded. This is the picture which is seen to appear in the premature infant born with a normal fundus and which gradually develops a “retro‐lental fibroplasia.” Retrolental fibroplasia is a retinitis associated with an irido‐cyclitis occurring in the immature eye.
THE SCOPE OF TOTAL PROSTATECTOMY.
Authors: Fitzpatrick S. C. , Matheson A. D.
Published: January 2008

Total removal of the prostate and seminal vesicles by Millin's retro‐pubic approach was carried out on forty‐seven cases with a mortality Of four cases, and few complications. The technique is described. The total removal of the prostate has special advantages over enucleation. Its scope in the treatment of carcinoma should be fully explored.
AN UNUSUAL CASE OF EXTRA‐DURAL HAEMATOMA.
Authors: Jamieson K. G.
Published: January 2008

classical clinical picture of extra‐dural terval, deteriorating consciousness, pupillary changes, developing hemiplegia, falling pulse rate and rising blood pressure ‐ has often been described, and is stressed to the student as his criterion for the diagnosis of this dramatic and, in its early stages, remediable sequel of head injury. But this condition may masquerade in various disguises, and the differential diagnosis from cerebral vas‐ cular accident, in particular, is often beset with difficulty. THE haematoma‐of head injury, lucid in‐ Lumbar puncture was performed, lightly blood‐ stained cerebrospinal fluid being obtained under a pressure of 205 millimetres of cerebrospinal fluid. Microscopy showed 1,400 erythrocytes and 4 lympho‐ cytes per cubic millimetre. A provisional diagnosis was made of subarachnoid haemorrhage resulting from leaking of an intra‐ cranial aneurysm ‐ probably situated on the right posterior communicating artery ‐ and on the next day percutaneous right carotid angiography under local anaesthesia was attempted ‐without success, owing to failure to puncture the exceedingly mobile artery. This case is recorded because of its interesting clinical and radiological features.

An unusual case of post‐traumatic extra‐dural haematoma is reported. There was no history of injury, and the case clini‐ cally resembled intracranial aneurysm.

The angiographic picture of extra‐dural haematoma is presented, with demonstra‐ tion of the bleeding point.

The‐necessity for early establishment of diagnosis, and for early operative inter‐vention is stressed.
MALIGNANT SYNOVIOMA: WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO DIVERSITY OF TISSUE DIFFERENTIATION
Authors: Harkness G. G.
Published: January 2008

Two cases of malignant synovioma, one of which shows an unusual diversity of tissue differentiation, are recorded. The histological nature of the tumours and the conclusion that the malignant synoviomata are connective tissue neoplasms which possess the same capacity of diverse tissue differentiation as is shown by the normal connectivetissue of the synovium is discussed.
PERFORATION OF JEJUNAL DIVERTICULUM ASSOCIATED WITH ACUTE RETROGRADE JEJUNO‐GASTRIC INTUSSUSCEPTION
Authors: Dunlop E. E.
Published: January 2008

A case of perforation of a jejunal diverticulum, complicating acute jejuno‐gastricintussusception, is described.

The patient survived following operative resection of jejunum.

Both conditions are rare. The combination appears to be unique.
FOLLOW‐UP STUDY OF 264 CASES OF INTERVERTEBRAL DISC LESION TREATED SURGICALLY
Authors: Miller Douglas
Published: January 2008

From a personal series of over 1,000 cases of intervertebral disc lesion treated sur‐gically, 400 patients were sent a question‐

Of these, 85 per cent. had returned to their normal work.

The records of the remaining 15 per cent. are examined in an effort to determine factors influencing poor results.
ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE KIDNEY
Authors: Briggs G. W.
Published: January 2008

One hundred cases of adenocarcinomata of the kidney are presented, all of which have been proven microscopically. Because of lack of histological proof, many probable cases have been excluded.

The commonest symptom is haematuria and this was present in all cases when the tumour had involved the renal pelvis.

Invasion of the renal vein, loss of weight and metastases are common companions.

It would appear that metastases are often present before nephrectomy is performed for an apparent local clinical lesion.

The prognosis of the patient with this lesion is not improved by early surgical ablation.

The malignancy of renal carcinoma is emphasized.
VAGINAL VAULT PROLAPSE
Authors: Buchanan J. M.
Published: January 2008

A modified procedure for dealing with vaginal vault prolapse is presented as being sound in principle. It produces an excellent cosmetic result and this method has been used with complete satisfaction in the treatment of 11 cases of vaginal inversion.

As the management of this type of case is always difficult, the employment of an operation of the nature just described is warranted by the prospects of permanent cure.
UNUSUAL PENETRATING PEPTIC ULCERS
Authors: Wilson Edward
Published: January 2008

Peptic ulcers penetrating the liver, spleen, and common bile duct are described.

It is concluded that in cases of extreme difficulty the initial operative treatment of a penetrating ulcer should be limited to excision of the edges of the ulcer and closure of the resultant defect in the stomach or duodenum, a definitive gastrectomy being performed subsequently. In addition, it is suggested that in some other cases of penetrating peptic ulcer Wangensteen's tubular gastric resection with transverse gastroplasty has a place as the initial procedure.
PRIMARY CARCINOMA OF THE LIVER
Authors: Fleming W. B.
Published: January 2008

1.The current knowledge of primary carcinoma of the liver is reviewed.

2.Sixty autopsy cases from the State of Victoria are described, including 4.4. livercell carcinomata, 14 bile‐duct carcinomata and 2 anaplastic tumours and their behaviour is compared with series from other parts of the world.

3.Attention is drawn to two distinct groups of liver‐cell carcinoma:

(a) a group of nodular tumours in cirrhotic livers possessing a trabecular histological pattern, in which extrahepatic metastasis is rare despite the almost constant and heavy intrahepatic venous invasion;

(b) a group of massive infiltrating tumours in non‐cirrhotic livers in which the metastatic behaviour is similar to that of other, more common, carcinomata.

4.Cirrhosis of the liver as a causal factor is discussed; it is concluded that carcinoma is a sequel of long‐standing progressive cirrhosis rather than post‐necrotic hyperplasia.

5.The remarkable frequency of liver‐cell carcinoma at an early age in young Africans is related to the early and frequent occurrence of cirrhosis among them.

6. Eight cases of haemochromatosis complicated by carcinoma of the liver are discussed.

7. It is concluded that primary carcinoma of the liver in Victoria conforms to the pattern which the disease has demonstrated in European populations.
THE PRESENT DILEMMA IN CANCER THERAPY
Authors: King E. S. J.
Published: January 2008

Neoplasms (of which cancer is one of the most numerous and important examples) comprise a large number of different forms of growth. They are similar in that they are complex variants of the normal cells and thus the factors determining their mode of growth are those which are inherent in the growth of the normal cells, that is to say, they are inherent in life itself. For this reason it is probable that the answer to the cancer question will be bound up in the answer to the fundamental problems of biology.

In any case it is not a matter of a single or simple problem to which there is a single or simple answer.

Each group differs from the others and in each group there is a considerabe variety of appearance and activity which are the indexes of differences of rates of growths and methods of spread, amongst other features. It is therefore necessary to take each case on its merits; none can be dealt with adequately by any rule of thumb method and, most important of all, none can be assessed on the basis of other less malignant conditions.

It is particularly important that the nonneoplastic states which resemble tumours and the least malignant of the neoplasms should not be given undue prominence. The understandable human characteristic remarked upon by Gibbon in his day is still with us but, with the amazing improvements in our knowledge and our armamentarium, we can surely face the issue squarely and appreciate that, though we have travelled a considerable way along the road, we are still a long way from our destination – an understanding of either of those enigmas – cancer or life. Tumours are one manifestation of the phenomena to be observed in the living cell and, from many points of view, our problems become clearer, if apparently more formidable, when we appreciate that the one is bound up in the other and that any explanation of cancer development which does not embody an interpretation of fundamental biological processes, will be incomplete and futile. Trie road ahead is long and arduous and, correspondingly, treatment will advance only gradually and tardily. It is neither wishful thinking nor unfounded claims of suceessful therapy; but the unearthing of information regarding the nature of cancer (and, as just said, of life itself) that will determine future progress.
THE MANAGEMENT OF ENDOMETRIOSIS OF THE LARGE INTESTINE
Authors: Fleming W. B.
Published: January 2008

1. The current knowledge of endometriosis of the large bowel is reviewed, emphasizing the features assisting the differential diagnosis between this disease and carcinoma.

2. Attention is drawn to two ways in which endometriosis might involve the bowel: (a) as part of a generalized pelvic endometriosis when the diagnosis is often straightforward; (b)by producing a disc‐rete intestinal lesion when it is likely to be mistaken for carcinoma and extensive and unnecessary surgery undertaken to cure it.

3. This problem of diagnosis of the discrete lesion is illustrated by 5 case histories.

4. Endometriosis should be suspected if there is menstrual periodicity of symptoms.

5. It is shown that biopsy at operation of all apparent carcinomata of the colon in young women is justified to avoid errors in diagnosis.

6. In most patients it is found that pelvic endometriosis is extensive and requires treatment by hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy, irrespective of age. When the pelvic organs are intact it is believed an attempt should be made to conserve ovarian function in a young woman and to treat the lesion by resection. In older women one should avoid a dangerous resection and instead produce atrophy of the lesion by inducing an artificial menopause.
CARCINOMA OF THE BREAST IN A MALE WITH CARCINOMA OF THE PROSTATE
Authors: Gwynne J. F. , Dawson E. O.
Published: January 2008

A case of carcinoma of the prostate with widespread metastases is reported in whom a coincident malignant growth was found in the right breast at autopsy. The spleen was diffusely infiltrated with tumour. A possible association with stilboestrol therapy is discussed. Observation of the breasts in patients having this treatment appears warranted.
CHANGES IN CELLULAR PROTEINS DURING CHEMICALLY‐INDUCED TUMOUR FORMATION IN THE LIVER
Authors: Hughes P. E.
Published: January 2008

Evidence is presented that in the malignant cell of rat liver tumours a highly specific cellular protein has either been lost or has been modified; this is judged by the cell's control the growth of tissues and organs and, in ordinary circumstances, limit the proliferation of tissue cells.

The significance of these observations in human neoplasms is as yet uncertain. However, this is being studied and if the staining technique should prove applicable it will be not only a valuable method of investigating tumours but possibly also important in differentiating tumour‐like masses from true neo‐plasms.
CARCINOMA OF THE SUPRA‐AORTIC PART OF THE THORACIC OESOPHAGUS
Authors: YEOH G. S. , COHEN Y.
Published: January 2008

Carcinoma of the supra‐aortic part of the thoracic oesophagus offered a serious problem in oesophageal surgery. Difficulty in anastomosing the stomach as high up as the neck has been the reason.

It has been shown that the lower 6 cms. to 7.5 cms. of the oesophagus receive an adequate blood supply through the oesophageal branch of the left gastric artery via its anastomosis with the right gastric artery.

It is considered that this adequacy of blood supply permits the lower third of the oesophagus to be transferred to the neck for anastomosis with the cervical oesophagus.

This method of anastomosis enables a resection to be carried out on these high growths of the thoracic oesophagus in the same fashion as growths of the middle third of the oesophagus.

A method of carrying out this procedure is presented with the management thereof.

Six cases are reported and comments made on each case.

It is advocated that the lower third of the oesophagus should be preserved for anastomosis with the upper oesophagus in the treatment of growths of the supra‐aortic oesophagus.
BRIEF HISTORY OF PEPTIC ULCER SURGERY
Authors: WOODWARD W. W.
Published: January 2008

An outline is given of some of the extremely heterogeneous operations that have been applied to the treatment of peptic ulcers.

Special notice is taken of contributions by Billroth and his pupils, about whose lives brief notes are added.

Incidental mention is made of the earlier history of intestinal suture.

The fate of the operations is briefly shown.