bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
n-EICOS-11-ENOIC ACID
Authors: Hopkins C. Y. , Chisholm Mary J. , Harris John
Published: April 2011

Natural sources of cis-n-eicos-11-enoic acid, a convenient method of isolating the acid, and its conversion to the trans-form are described. It was found that the principal eicosenoic acid of a sample of Atlantic cod liver oil (Gadus callarias) was the Δ11 isomer, in contrast to the reports of other workers who investigated Pacific codfish and found only the Δ9 isomer. The following derivatives are reported: cis-n-eicos-11-enoic anilide, N-hydroxyamide, epoxide, chlorohydrin; 11,12-dihydroxyeicosanoic acid (low-melting isomer), and its amide; trans-n-eicos-11-enoic acid, its hydrazide, and N-hydroxyamide. Some new physical constants of the cis-acid and its methyl ester are given.
THE FORMATION AND PROPERTIES OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL POLYMERS: I. STATISTICS OF NETWORK POLYMERS
Authors: Bardwell J. , Winkler C. A.
Published: April 2011

Theoretical treatments of the elastic and swelling properties of three-dimensional polymers are reviewed and the predicted influence of network structure discussed. An expression is obtained for the statistically most probable distribution of molecular weight for polymers terminated by chain transfer with a modifier. Depletion of modifier does not lead to a large increase in molecular heterogeneity. The formation of an insoluble fraction and the development of cyclic structures when such polymers are subjected to cross-linking conditions are treated by an application of the theory of gelation.
The Cobalt Chloride Method for Determining Bound Water
Authors: Line Daphne , Sheffer H.
Published: April 2011

not available
SYNTHETIC AND SPECTROMETRIC STUDIES OF SOME PYRAZOLONES
Authors: Gagnon Paul E. , Jones R. Norman , Boivin Jean L.
Published: April 2011

Fourteen pyrazolones were synthesized from the corresponding mono or disubstituted cyanoacethydrazides or cyanoacetphenylhydrazides and evidence concerning their constitution was obtained from chemical reactions and ultraviolet absorption spectra determinations. A mixture of two tautomeric forms was obtained when 4-benzyl-3-amino-5-pyrazolone was prepared; it was converted to a single form by treatment with hydrochloric acid. The following compounds, as far as the authors are aware, have been prepared for the first time: 4-methyl-3-amino-5-pyrazolone, 4-methyl-2-phenyl-3-amino-5-pyrazolone, 4-ethyl-3-amino-5-pyrazolone, 4-ethyl-2-phenyl-3-amino-5-pyrazolone, 4-(2-phenoxyethyl)-3-amino-5-pyrazolone, 4-(2-phenoxyethyl)-2-phenyl-3-amino-5-pyrazolone, 4-(3-phenoxypropyl)-3-amino-5-pyrazolone, 4-(3-phenoxypropyl)-2-phenyl-3-amino-5-pyrazolone, 4-phenyl-3-amino-5-pyrazolone, 4-benzyl-3-amino-5-pyrazolone, 4-benzyl-2-phenyl-3-amino-5-pyrazolone, 4,4-dibenzyl-3-amino-5-pyrazolone, 4, 4-dibenzyl-2-phenyl-3-imino-5-pyrazolone, 4,4-(2,2-spiro-indanyl)-3-amino-5-pyrazolone.
EXCHANGE REACTIONS OF Co++, Co+++, AND THEIR HEXAMMINO COMPLEXES
Authors: Holmes O. G. , McCallum K. J. , Hoshowsky S. A.
Published: April 2011

In a study of the exchange of radioactive cobalt between Co++ and Co(NH3)6+++ it was found that no exchange within experimental error occurred within seven days at 25 °C., or two days at 50 °C. The various steps involved in a conceivable mechanism by which exchange might have been expected to occur were then investigated separately. From the results obtained it appears that dissociation of the complex is one limiting factor. The exchange between the two hexammino complexes of divalent and trivalent cobalt was found to be very slow at 25 °C.
KINETIC STUDIES OF THE HYDROLYSIS OF CYANOGEN HALIDES
Authors: Cleave A. B. Van , Hudson J. H. , Haskell V. C. , Kristjanson A. M.
Published: April 2011

The kinetics of the reaction between cyanogen chloride and water and between cyanogen bromide and water, catalyzed by hydrogen chloride or hydrogen bromide in dioxane solution, has been investigated. With stoichiometric proportions of cyanogen chloride and water, the reaction catalyzed by hydrogen chloride is of the second order, and the specific reaction rate is directly proportional to the square of the concentration of hydrogen chloride. This reaction was found to have zero temperature coefficient between 20° and 40 °C. The reaction between cyanogen bromide and water, catalyzed by hydrogen bromide, has been shown to proceed through the formation of an unstable intermediate compound, which probably results from a primary reaction between cyanogen bromide and hydrogen bromide. The intermediate product was isolated but was so unstable that its identity was not satisfactorily established. The over-all hydrolysis reaction of cyanogen bromide has a positive temperature coefficient between 20° and 40 °C. The catalyst in the hydrolysis of both cyanogen chloride and cyanogen bromide in dioxane solution appears to be molecular hydrogen chloride or hydrogen bromide rather than hydronium ions.
THE INTERACTION OF METHANE AND METHANE-d4 ON NICKEL AND THE STATE OF THE CATALYST SURFACE
Authors: Wright Maurice M. , Taylor Hugh S.
Published: April 2011

The interaction of methane and methane-d4 on nickel has been re-examined. The data strengthen the previous concept of a dissociative adsorption of methane on the catalyst. The kinetic data indicate first-order disappearance of methane-d4 with an activation energy of 20.9 kcal. between 100° and 255 °C. Poisoning by carbonaceous residues occurs at all temperatures. First-order kinetics are indicated for the formation of methane-d3 and methane-d2 on the catalyst surface. Reaction of hydrogen with surface residues, after an exchange reaction, indicate that CX, CX2, and CX3 fragments are present on the surface where X is H or D. Higher temperatures favor an equilibrium between these fragments on the surface, equilibrium being displaced towards CX3 as temperature increases. This equilibrium will be dependent on the heats of adsorption of the fragments and of hydrogen on the surface and therefore involves also the metal used as catalyst. The data suggest a basic approach to the mechanism of the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis on metal catalysts.
FRACTIONATION OF GR–S BY THE "COACERVATE" METHOD
Authors: Giguère Paul A. , Léger A. E.
Published: April 2011

Two different sample, of synthetic rubber (GR–S) were fractionated by the "coacervate" method of Duclaux and his coworkers. This method is some-what analogous to fractional extraction, with this difference that the polymer in the form of a viscous liquid instead of a solid phase. One sample was refractionated into 35 subfractions. The molecular weight distribution curves show a sharp peak in the region of 40,000. The results are comparable with those of fractional precipitation.
INFLUENCE OF THE AMINO ACID – DEXTROSE REACTION ON GROWTH OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA
Authors: Rose Dyson , Peterson Ruth
Published: April 2011

Growth of Lactobacillus arabinosus, L. casei, and Streptococcus faecalis (as measured by lactic acid production) was studied in relation to the effects of the products of the amino acid – reducing sugar (Maillard) reaction. Addition of preformed Maillard products to a medium had little or no effect. Medium that had been autoclaved after the addition of dextrose promoted more rapid growth (shorter lag phase) than medium for which the dextrose had been autoclaved separately. This effect could not be traced to the presence of Maillard products, but appeared to be a complex phenomenon depending in part on the Eh of the solution. Destruction of amino nitrogen occurred during autoclaving, and destruction of tryptophan was evident from a comparison of growth response curves. It is concluded that the Maillard reaction affects the growth of these organisms only when an essential amino acid (or other nutrient), present in limiting quantities, is destroyed by the reaction. A serious error may be introduced into microbiological assays for amino acids if the samples to be assayed contain dextrose.
PREPARATION AND EXTRACTION OF S35
Authors: Wilk M. B.
Published: April 2011

Procedures are described for the preparation and extraction of carrier-free S35, based on the Cl35 (n, p) S35 reaction. Potassium chloride, sodium chloride, and ferric chloride have been used as target materials. The S35 is found to appear in a chemical form which exchanges rapidly with sulphate ion. Separation of S35 from irradiated potassium or sodium chloride is effected by taking advantage of the insolubility of these salts in aqueous hydrochloric acid solutions. Approximately 99.8% of the salt can be removed while leaving 95% of the S35 in solution. Separation from irradiated ferric chloride is effected by solvent extraction of the ferric chloride from aqueous 6 to 8 M hydrochloric acid solutions. Less than 0.1% of the total solids is left unextracted. The yield of S35 approaches 100%.
THE ISOBUTYL GROUP IN SPRUCE AND BIRCH LIGNINS
Authors: Bell Alan , Wright George F
Published: April 2011

Acetone has been isolated by permanganate oxidation of birch and spruce lignins extracted from wood by acetic or formic acid. Acetone was obtained also when the formic acid lignins were ozonized but not from the acetic acid – extracted lignins. This difference was confirmed when perbenzoic acid titration indicated unsaturation in the formic acid extract which was not present in the acetic acid extract. It is suggested that an α-hydroxy-β-methoxyisobutyl group is present in lignin; during acetic acid extraction the hydroxyl group is acetylated but during formic acid extraction the formic acid reduces the group to isobutenyl, which will give acetone when it is ozonized.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF AN ABSORPTION BAND AT 968 CM.−1 IN THE INFRARED SPECTRUM OF METHYL ISOLINOLEATE
Authors: Lemon H. W. , Cross C. K.
Published: April 2011

The infrared absorption spectrum of methyl isolinoleate, separated from the methyl esters of hydrogenated linseed oil fatty acids, has a well defined absorption band with maximum absorption at about 968 cm.−1 As an identical band was found in the spectra of fatty acids or esters after isomerization with selenium, it is attributed to the presence of double bonds with a trans-configuration. It was found that the same band was present in the spectra of samples taken during hydrogenation of oils, and that its intensity increased to a maximum, then decreased as hydrogenation proceeded. It is concluded that hydrogenation is accompanied by a cis-to-trans change in some of the double bonds of the fatty acids, and that methyl isolinoleate has at least one double bond with a trans-configuration.
APPLICATION DE LA RÉACTION DE MEERWEIN À LA BENZALACÉTONE
Authors: L'Écuyer Philibert , Olivier Charles-A.
Published: April 2011

not available
THE ULTRAVIOLET ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF ALIPHATIC NITRAMINES, NITROSAMINES, AND NITRATES
Authors: Jones R. Norman , Thorn G. Denis
Published: April 2011

The ultraviolet absorption bands associated with the following groups have been investigated in a variety of compounds of known structure:[Formula: see text]The groups may be characterized by the ultraviolet spectrum, and the number of each type of group present in a given compound may be estimated from an analysis of the shape and intensity of the absorption spectrum. These correlations have been applied to the elucidation of the structure of new compounds isolated in the course of the investigation of the chemistry of 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX).
SOME NOTES ON THE PROPERTIES OF METAL–AMMONIA SOLUTIONS
Authors: Hodgins J. W. , Flood E. A.
Published: April 2011

Some experiments are described that corroborate earlier observations of minute persistent currents in frozen rings of solutions of sodium in ammonia. It is shown, however, that it is unlikely that these currents are due either to superconductivity of the solid or to orientation of crystals in the magnetic field. Comment is made on the presence of two liquid phases in lithium–ammonia solutions.
DISTRIBUTION OF METHOXYL AND URONIC ACID GROUPS IN CEREAL STRAWS
Authors: Adams G. A. , Castagne A. E.
Published: April 2011

The distribution of methoxyl and uronic acid groups in wheat and oat straw has been investigated in the following successive fractions: extractive-free straw, pectin-free straw, holocellulose, hemicellulose "A", hemicellulose "B", and "α-cellulose" residue. About 18% of the total methoxyl content of extractive-free straws was found in the holocellulose fraction, the remainder being associated with the lignin portion. Methoxyl groups in the hemicellulose fractions and residues accounted for only about 70% of those present in the holocelluloses. No glycosidic methoxyls were found and the amount of ester methoxyl was too small to account for losses by saponification. The conclusion was reached that some of the ether methoxyls were cleaved during the alkali extraction of the holocelluloses. Methoxyl values in the α-cellulose residues as obtained by the Zeisel method were considerably greater than those of the trimethylamine procedure. Uronic acid groups of the extractive-free straw were almost quantitatively accounted for in the various fractions. The molar ratio [Formula: see text], which was less than unity in the holocelluloses, increased to greater than unity in the hemicelluloses A and B of both straws.
1,10-PHENANTHROLINE, 2,2′-BIPYRIDYL, AND THE PLATINUM METALS
Authors: Ryan D. E.
Published: April 2011

A previously described method for the determination of palladium with 1,10-phenanthroline is herein further extended and investigated. In all cases the complex is used as the weighing form for palladium, the theoretical factor 0.2982 being used to calculate the palladium content. The reactions of palladium, platinum, iridium, rhodium, and gold with 1,10-phenanthroline and 2,2-bipyridyl are described. Palladium may be separated from rhodium by a single precipitation, using 1,10-phenanthroline as precipitant. A double precipitation enables palladium to be separated from platinum and iridium.
THE THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF CUMENE HYDROPEROXIDE IN RELATION TO CERTAIN ASPECTS OF EMULSION COPOLYMERIZATION
Authors: Fordham J. W. L. , Williams H. Leverne
Published: April 2011

Cumene hydroperoxide decomposes near 100 °C. in reactive solvents but only slightly in stable solvents. The decomposition is not a simple first order reaction. The results may be interpreted as the sum of a first and a three-halves order reaction. Approximate over-all energies of activation of the decomposition determined from the data obtained for the decomposition in cumene (31 kcal. per mole), methanol (31 kcal. per mole), styrene (20 kcal. per mole), and the energy of activation for the initial unimolecular step in benzene–styrene mixtures (30.4 kcal. per mole) agree with the values reported for similar peroxides and hydroperoxides in similar solvents. The energy of activation for the radical-induced decomposition is 6.5 kcal. per mole. The data suggest that the first step of the decomposition is the unimolecular reaction involving scission of the O–O bond. If the resultant C6H5C(CH3)2O∙ radical is not reactive towards the solvent, it tends to lose either a phenyl or a methyl radical and form acetone or acetophenone respectively. The former reaction predominates. The decomposition rapidly becomes autocatalytic, particularly in cumene at higher temperatures, presumably because of the radical-induced decomposition of the hydroperoxide. The identified products of decomposition in cumene can be explained by the various reactions of the radicals formed in the mixture. The polymerization shortstop 2,5-ditertiarybutylhydroquinone reacts rapidly below 0 °C. with an equimolar weight of cumene hydroperoxide, and the resulting products retard further thermal decomposition at 90 °C. quite strongly. The shortstop 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene does not react with cumene hydroperoxide and would seem to act merely as a powerful retarder for the decomposition at the higher temperature. The effect of other related compounds on the decomposition of cumene hydroperoxide in styrene was less marked and agrees with the relatively less effectiveness of these compounds as stoppers in emulsion copolymerization.
THE EFFECT OF CHAIN LENGTH ON THE INTRINSIC VISCOSITY – TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF LINEAR HIGH POLYMERS
Authors: Cragg L. H. , Simkins J. E.
Published: April 2011

Careful measurements of the intrinsic viscosities of three fractions of polystyrene, ranging in molecular weight from 160,000 to 1,350,000, have been made over a 40 °C. range of temperature in a good solvent (toluene) and a poor one (toluene – 30% 1-butanol). These, together with similar but somewhat less accurate measurements with five fractions of GR–S, show clearly that solvent effects on the intrinsic viscosity are strongly dependent on molecular weight for linear flexible polymers, and give additional support to the concept that the differences m the intrinsic viscosity of such a polymer in good or poor solvents are due primarily to differences in the looseness or tightness of coiling of its flexible molecules in solution.
THE EFFECT OF X- AND -γ-RAYS ON AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF SODIUM THYMONUCLEATE
Authors: Butler G. C.
Published: April 2011

Aqueous solutions of sodium thymonucleate have been irradiated with X- and γ-rays and the effects have been assessed by measuring the changes in the viscosity of the solutions. The relations of change produced to total dosage, to the presence of protective agents, to concentration of solution, and to dosage rate indicate that the radiations act through the mediation of activated water. The relation of change produced to the state of the nucleate before irradiation suggests that irradiation initiates, by chemical action, a process that may thereafter proceed spontaneously.
ELECTROPHORETIC PROPERTIES OF PEA PROTEINS
Authors: Wetter L. R. , McCalla A. G.
Published: April 2011

The soluble proteins of pea meal were extracted with phosphate buffer and fractionally precipitated with ammonium sulphate. An electrophoretic analysis of each preparation was made, and the amount and mobility of each component determined. There are probably three distinct components in the pea protein and one of these at least is a protein system, which tends to separate into further components under some conditions. The components were not at all well separated by fractional precipitation, and the separation was decidedly affected by the method of preparation and the pH of the precipitation medium.
INHERITANCE OF PATHOGENICITY AND UREDIOSPORE COLOR IN CROSSES BETWEEN PHYSIOLOGIC RACES OF OAT STEM RUST
Authors: Johnson T.
Published: April 2011

In the F1 generation of crosses between physiologic races 7 (orange) and 11 (red) of Puccinia graminis Pers. var. Avenae Erikss. and Henn., the medium sized uredia (type 2 infection) formed by race 11 on the oat variety White Tartar were dominant to the large (type 4) uredia of race 7, and the small (type 1) uredia of race 7 on the variety Richland were dominant to the type 4 uredia formed by race 11. On the varieties Sevnothree and Joanette Strain, the F1 hybrids produced the same type of infection as did the "maternal" parent race, that is, hybrids from race 7 × race 11 crosses produced a type 4 infection like race 7, and reciprocal hybrids produced a type 1 infection like race 11. These facts led to the suggestion that the cytoplasm of the maternal parent race influenced the infection type of the F1 hybrid on these two oat varieties.A study of the F2 generation of the cross race 11 × race 7 showed that on the varieties White Tartar and Richland the dominant and recessive infection types appeared in a ratio of 9:7, which suggests that their inheritance is governed by two pairs of complementary genes. The distribution of physiologic races in F2 conforms to this assumption and indicates that the genes governing infection types on these two varieties associate at random to produce physiologic races 1, 11, 3, and 4. These races occurred in F2 in a ratio of 31: 20: 22: 12, as compared to an expected ratio of 27: 21: 21: 16. On the variety Sevnothree, 84 of 85 F2 cultures produced type 1 uredia, in this way resembling the maternal parent, race 1, and the maternal grandparent, race 11. One F2 culture, only produced the type 4 uredia characteristic of the paternal grandparent, race 7. It is concluded from this study, and from crosses between races 1 and 2, that the maternal (cytoplasmic) influence evidenced in the F1 generation persists m F2 and F3.In F1, the red urediospore color of race 11 was dominant to the orange color of race 7. The distribution in these two color classes in F2 and F3 suggests that the inheritance of urediospore color is governed by a single pair of genes.
NATURAL PINE HYBRIDS IN ALBERTA
Authors: Moss E. H.
Published: April 2011

In central and northwestern Alberta, where the ranges of Pinus contorta var. latifolia and P. Banksiana overlap, there is abundant field evidence of hybridism between these species. Numerous trees have been found with cone and other characters more or less intermediate between those of the two species. These trees are generally found in proximity with, but rarely apart from, the putative parent species. Various diagnostic characters for the species are briefly evaluated m interpreting the polymorphic hybrid population. Characters of the mature seed cones are used to distinguish several pine types in the region and as a basis for a discussion of problems requiring further investigation.
INFLUENCE OF THE AMINO ACID – DEXTROSE REACTION ON GROWTH OF BACILLUS POLYMYXA
Authors: Peterson Ruth , Rose Dyson , Loeb L.
Published: April 2011

Growth of B. polymyxa over a 72 hr. period was not significantly affected by the brown, fluorescent materials formed by the reaction between dextrose and protein constituents of the media. During the first 24 hr. after inoculation a slight inhibition was evident in autoclaved yeast extract media, and in casein hydrolyzate media to which additional amino acid – dextrose reaction products had been added, but the inhibitory effects were never marked and disappeared within 48 hr.
MUTATIONS IN POLYPLOID CEREALS: I. INTRODUCTORY OUTLINE
Authors: Huskins C. Leonard , Sander Gerhard F.
Published: April 2011

Fatuoid, steriloid, and subfatuoid oats and speltoid, compactoid, and subnormal wheats arise by mutation which in most cases can clearly be shown to be a chromosome aberration. In all three segregation-types of speltoids, Series α, β, and γ, deficiency is definitely established. It ranges from the whole of one particular chromosome, designated C, down to a segment of C too small to be established microscopically, with certainty, at metaphase but still determinable genetically as a deficiency and not a single gene mutation. In the oat mutants there are similar deficiencies but the range apparently extends below the present limit of both cytological and genetic determination. At this point it naturally cannot yet definitely be differentiated from gene mutation, though no evidence favors the latter alternative. In compactoid and subnormal wheats duplication of the whole C chromosome or of its major arm is involved. Natural crossing, particularly between wild and cultivated oats, complicates the problems and is of practical agricultural significance. A distinction can, however, almost invariably be drawn between such hybrids and the mutants. The origin of the mutants and their survival and peculiar genetic behavior are all bound up with the polyploid nature of cultivated oats and wheat. This particularly affects the viability of deficient gametes. The frequency with which different types of gametes are formed is determined by meiotic behavior, which is dependent upon the particular aberrant constitution or the mutant in question; the decree of deficiency or duplication in the gametes affects their selective functioning. All these factors, together with the usual differential between ovules and pollen in the functioning of aberrant gametes, determine the diverse segregation ratios that may be obtained from phenotypically similar mutants.
THE WEIGERT-PAL METHOD FOR PARAFFIN-EMBEDDED MATERIAL: II. DECALCIFICATION OF MATERIAL CONTAINING BONE
Authors: Nicol J. A. Colin , Paul Frank
Published: April 2011

Several methods were tried of decalcifying material to be stained by the Weigert-Pal method for myelin sheaths. Pieces of the tail of a teleost, Porichthys notatus, and peroneal and tibial nerves of the white rat were used. The following procedure was found to give good staining of myelin sheaths after treatment with acid. Fix tissue in 10% neutral formol. Transfer to 5% trichloroacetic acid for five days. Wash one hour, and mordant in potassium bichromate followed by gliabeze, Prepare paraffin sections, stain with Kulschitzky's hematoxylin, and differentiate by Pal's method.
POPULATION PHENOMENA IN CERTAIN GAME FISHES OF LAKE SIMCOE, ONTARIO, AND SOME EFFECTS UPON ANGLING RETURNS. PART I. THE SMALLMOUTH BASS, MICROPTERUS DOLOMIEU LACÉPÈDE
Authors: Westman Charlotte B. , Westman James R.
Published: April 2011

The varying susceptibility and availability of game fish populations to angling methods is seldom approached by modern scientific procedure, despite the fact that angling returns are generally accepted as reliable indices of population densities. Lake Simcoe—Ontario's fourth largest lake—afforded an excellent opportunity to study a situation of long standing wherein a great abundance of smallmouth bass had long yielded generally poor angling returns.Results from a scientific investigation, conducted mostly during the summer of 1940, were as follows:(1) A somewhat radical angling method was developed which yields greatly increased and highly satisfactory returns from the bass population.(2) The discovery that shifts in habitat—both diurnal and otherwise—by particular age groups of the smallmouth bass population had a significant effect upon angling returns.(3) The discovery that the smallmouth bass population of the lake was heterogeneous in character, i.e. that bass from one section of the lake had a significantly more rapid rate of growth than bass from another section, and that this influenced the quality of catch.(4) The conclusion that the smallmouth bass problem of Lake Simcoe cannot be solved by stocking; but rather by the dissemination of knowledge on improved methods of utilization.
THE EFFECT OF DIETARY FAT ON THE HEAT TOLERANCE OF GOLDFISH (CARASSIUS AURATUS)
Authors: Hoar W. S. , Dorchester J. E. C.
Published: April 2011

Three groups of goldfish were fed diets containing 25% fat. The diets for the three groups differed in the degree of unsaturation of these fats. Pilchard oil (iodine value 181.7), herring oil (iodine value 128.4), and lard (iodine value 66.2) were the fats used. Heat tolerance of the fish was then tested by holding them at a constant high temperature and observing the time of death. Variations in the ability of the groups to withstand high temperature were correlated with differences in the degree of unsaturation of their extracted fats. The iodine value of the herring oil diet was very close to that of the fats of the goldfish prior to feeding and no change in the value for fish fed on this diet was observed. Each of the other two diets changed the degree of unsaturation of the goldfish fats by approximately 54% of the maximum theoretical change. These changes modified the heat resistance of the fish. The degree of modification of heat tolerance, however, cannot be strictly correlated with the degree of change of unsaturation of fats and it is concluded that factors associated with differences in melting point rather than melting point of the fat itself are probably involved in heat resistance.
DIAGNOSTIC USE OF TETRAETHYLAMMONIUM CHLORIDE (ETAMON) IN OCCLUSIVE ARTERIAL DISEASE OF THE EXTREMITIES
Authors: Farr J. , Doupe J.
Published: April 2011

Using the temperature of the digits to measure vasodilation, the dilating effect of tetraethylammonium chloride (Etamon) was compared to that of thermal stimulation. It was found in three normal subjects and 11 patients that doses of 300 to 500 mgm. administered intravenously never induced a higher skin temperature than did body heating and the mean maximum temperature was 5° to 6 °C. lower. Because of the hypotensive effect of the drug higher doses were not used. It was concluded that Etamon was not a reliable agent for testing the vasodilatation potential of the peripheral circulation.
AN EFFECT OF ILL HEALTH ON THE EXCRETION OF 17-KETOSTEROIDS
Authors: Perry William F.
Published: April 2011

The urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids was measured during the first four hours after waking and during the next 20 hr. of the day in 29 ill adults, 18 males and 11 females, and in 31 control adults, 16 males and 15 females. The ill subjects excreted a smaller fraction of their total daily output in the first four hours of the day than did the controls. This finding is ascribed to defective secretion of 17-ketosteroid precursors by the adrenal cortex.
PRESERVATION OF ACETYLCHOLINE IN HUMAN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID: A SIMPLE METHOD FOR CLINICAL USE
Authors: Tower Donald B.
Published: April 2011

A simple and effective method for preservation of acetylcholine in human cerebrospinal fluid has been described. The method depends on the use of acidification and prostigminization of cerebrospinal fluid. No detectable loss of acetylcholine for periods up to seven days or longer has been observed. The method has been satisfactorily used in clinical investigations on more than 200 cerebrospinal fluid samples from over 100 neurological and neurosurgical patients.
THE REACTION OF VARIOUS TISSUES TO IMPLANTS OF A COLLAGEN DERIVATIVE
Authors: Battista Arthur F.
Published: April 2011

This study deals with the histological reaction of subcutaneous connective tissue, muscle, peritoneum, nervous tissue, and bone to implants of a collagen derivative obtained from bovine bone, which has been called Collatissue A. The tissue response was in two stages, first, a fibroblastic proliferation about the implant and second, an infiltration by small and large mononuclear cells. Capillary proliferation occurred around the implant. The material gradually lost its normal histological structure, became amorphous, and was replaced by fibrous tissue. There was no polymorphonuclear cell response and giant cells appeared rarely. Silk, catgut, and tantalum foil were used as control materials. They induced a typical foreign body response, which included polymorphonuclear and giant cells. The antigenic properties of Collatissue A were studied to a limited extent with negative results. Collatissue A has certain physical properties, such as tensile strength and flexibility, that suggest possible surgical applications of this material.
AGGLUTINATION OF ERYTHROCYTES CONTAINING SULPHAEMOGLOBIN – FURTHER EVIDENCE OF SPECIFIC AGGREGATION
Authors: McKerns Kenneth W. , Denstedt Orville F.
Published: April 2011

By sulphuration of red blood cells with hydrogen sulphide, up to 75% of the haemoglobin can be converted to sulphaemoglobin without seriously impairing the osmotic stability or the agglutinability of the cells with various antisera with exception of anti-Rh. Unlike the A, B, M, and N agglutinogens, the Rh factor is labile to sulphuration and numerous other treatments. Sulphurated cells, by their size and color, can be distinguished from normal cells under the microscope. This feature has been used to confirm Marrack's hypothesis that the aggregation phase of the agglutination reaction is specific.
THE MICROCOLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC PHOSPHATE IN PLASMA AND URINE: I. QUANTITATIVE INVESTIGATION OF PRESENT COMMON PROCEDURES II. A SENSITIVE AND STABLE METHOD FOR PLASMA, SERUM, AND URINE
Authors: Polley John R.
Published: April 2011

A quantitative investigation of the common colorimetric procedures used for determining inorganic, phosphate was made to determine the factors affecting the sensitivity and color stability. A method is presented that is accurate to within ± 2% and is sufficiently sensitive to give quantitative color development with less than 1 γ of phosphorus. The color produced is quite stable for colorimetry. The method has been adapted to the determination of phosphorus in 0.1 or 0.02 ml. of plasma, serum, or urine or in the protein-free filtrate residue from the determination of sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride in 0.4 ml. of plasma.
LIPOTROPIC ACTIVITY OF CHOLINE, BETAINE, AND METHIONINE IN DUCKLINGS
Authors: Bernard R. , Demers J. M.
Published: April 2011

A purified diet, deficient in choline and containing 18% casein, results in fatty infiltration of the liver in ducklings killed at four weeks. Total liver lipids is about 13%, the normal value being 6 to 7%. Addition of 0.1 or 0.3% choline chloride results in nearly normal livers. In this respect, ducklings differ from chicks and are comparable to rats and dogs. Betaine has a slight lipotropic activity but does not stimulate growth and has no antiperotic properties. DL-methionine, when added to a purified diet containing 9% casein or to a simplified diet containing 15% casein, has no lipotropic activity. On the contrary, this ammo acid increases the total lipids and the severity of fatty infiltration of the livers. Choline has a triple function in ducklings; it promotes growth, prevents hepatic fatty infiltration, and perosis.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON INTERFERENCE BETWEEN NEUROTROPIC VIRUSES
Authors: Rhodes A. J. , Chapman Marion
Published: April 2011

Studies have been carried out on the interference phenomenon with certain neurotropic viruses in experimental animals. The primary object was to investigate claims that material containing human poliomyelitis virus interferes with the progress of the infection by the MM virus in hamsters, or the Lansing virus in mice. We have failed to find evidence that the inoculation of specimens known to contain human poliomyelitis virus interferes with the progress of MM or Lansing virus infections, and we do not believe that the interference phenomenon can be used in this way as a diagnostic test. In the course of this investigation, it was found that interference occurs when hamsters are inoculated cerebrally with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, and, four to seven days later, with the antigenically unrelated MM virus by the peritoneal route. A significant number of such treated animals are spared from developing paralysis due to the MM virus. Evidence was also obtained that under certain circumstances the inoculation of MM virus may lessen the severity of the illness due to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus injected several days earlier.
EFFETS DE L'ACIDE ASCORBIQUE SUR PLUSIEURS VARIABLES BIOLOGIQUES NORMALEMENT AFFECTÉES PAR LE FROID
Authors: Thérien M. , Leblanc J. , Héroux O. , Dugal L. P.
Published: April 2011

It has been shown recently by Dugal and Thérien that during a short or long exposure to cold, the normal hypertrophy of the adrenals is completely prevented by large doses of ascorbic acid, and that, nevertheless, at the same time, resistance is increased towards the same damaging agent. So, the most universally accepted criterion of damage caused by stress is abolished when the animals exposed to cold receive large doses of ascorbic acid. Starting from that observation, it was natural to wonder what would be the effects of the ascorbic acid on the biological changes normally associated with the hypertrophy of the adrenals during exposure to cold. The present paper describes the experimental studies made in that connection; the results obtained show that: (1) ascorbic acid (a) partly inhibits the thymus atrophy normally encountered upon exposure to any stress including cold, (b) accelerates in a very significant way the enlargement of the thyroid, (c) is responsible for an increase in weight of the spleen, whereas the control animals, on the contrary, show a decrease in weight of the same organ; (2) the histamine content of the adrenals, which increases at room temperature under the influence of ascorbic acid, is significantly decreased during exposure to cold under the influence of the same substance; (3) the activity of the adrenals, far from being inhibited by ascorbic acid is even increased if the cholesterol changes are taken as an index of that activity; (4) the initial hypotension—due to cold—found in our controls, is prevented by large doses of ascorbic acid; on the other hand, if hypertension develops after long exposure to cold, the subsequent administration of large doses of ascorbic acid restores the blood pressure to normal. Confirmation has also been obtained for the previously reported observation that ascorbic acid prevents the hypertrophy of the adrenals during exposure to cold.
CANADIAN ERUCIC ACID OILS: III. SHORTENINGS FROM RAPE AND MUSTARD SEED OILS
Authors: Lips H. J. , Grace N. H. , Jegard Suzanne
Published: April 2011

Processed rape and mustard seed oils were hydrogenated at 50 lb. pressure and 284° F., using a commercial nickel formate catalyst, and were deodorized for one hour at 464° F. The stability of the hardened oils compared favorably with that of a standard commercial vegetable shortening. Taste panel tests indicated that both the rape and mustard shortenings were as satisfactory as the commercial reference material for the preparation of pastry and doughnuts. Special study of the rape product showed that it could be plasticized, and it gave good results in baking volume experiments.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE ADSORPTION OF WATER VAPOR BY WHEAT
Authors: Babbitt J. D.
Published: April 2011

The adsorption and desorption of water vapor by wheat was measured by means of a McBain sorption balance. Curves are obtained showing the rate at which moisture is adsorbed by kernels of wheat directly exposed to a humidified atmosphere, and a theory is advanced to account for the rate of adsorption. It is shown that the rate of adsorption is governed largely by the time taken for the moisture to diffuse up to the surface of the wheat. Under storage conditions, this is much greater than the time required for the moisture to penetrate the kernel of wheat from its surface.
DRIED WHOLE EGG POWDER: XXVIII. REPRODUCIBILITY AND INTERRELATION OF METHODS OF ASSESSING QUALITY
Authors: Pearce Jesse A. , Thistle M. W.
Published: April 2011

The relation between palatability and fluorescence value previously established for 33 samples of plain egg powder, was substantiated by comparisons for 118 samples. Fluorescence measurements were more readily reproduced among various laboratories than measurements of potassium chloride value. Batter density measurements were found to be a satisfactory measure of the baking quality of sugar–egg powder and were more convenient than the baking of test cakes. Particle size of spray-dried sugar–egg powder was also related to baking quality; powder falling between 50 and 200 mesh (U.S. Bureau of Standards) yielded the lightest sponge goods.
LABORATORY STUDY OF GERMAN BUNA S-3 CHEMICAL RUBBER
Authors: Fordham J. W. L. , O'Neill A. N. , Williams H. Leverne
Published: April 2011

The German general purpose tire rubber, Buna S-3, differed from the chemical rubber produced in Canada. The study of the polymerization recipe used for this polymer centered around the role of the regulator in the system. The German technique resulted in a system in which the dilute solution viscosity of the polymer remained relatively constant during the reaction. It was found that this system could be duplicated in the laboratory using the equivalents of the German materials. Methods of analysis for diproxid in solution and in latex were investigated. It was observed that the diproxid disappeared very rapidly from the system and the regulating index was found to be similar to that of tertiary amyl mercaptan and to lie between that of n-dodecyl and n-tetradecyl mercaptan when all were used in the Buna S-3 system. The polymers produced compared favorably with the German polymer as to molecular weight homogeneity, response to heat softening, and other data. Substitution of tertiary amyl mercaptan in the Buna S-3 system resulted in a polymer very similar to that produced using diproxid, and the reaction rate was increased nearly fivefold. The polymer prepared with diproxid and other regulators in this system seemed to be more homogeneous than those prepared by the Mutual formula.
PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: XXXI. PILOT PLANT STUDIES ON THE FERMENTATION OF WHEAT BY AEROBACILLUS POLYMYXA
Authors: Blackwood A. C. , Simpson F. J. , Wheat J. A. , Leslie J. D. , Ledingham G. A.
Published: April 2011

In this paper are described the construction and operation of a pilot plant in which whole wheat mashes were successfully fermented by Aerobacillus polymyxa. A yield of 8.9 lb. of levo-2,3-butanedio1 and 5.9 lb. of ethanol per bushel of wheat was obtained, which is a fermentation efficiency of 90%. The best fermentations were obtained at 32 °C. using a 15% mash buffered with calcium carbonate. Agitation increased the fermentation efficiency at 96 hr. but decreased the diol-to-ethanol ratio. Reduced pressure did not change the efficiency but markedly reduced the ratio of diol to ethanol. Aeration had little effect. The presence of contamination organisms was highly detrimental and it was necessary to sterilize the mash, vessels, and piping. Although a backstocking technique could be practised in the preparation of inoculum, frequent recourse to stock cultures or improved strains was found advisable for maintenance of high yields.
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE CYANOGENETIC CONTENT OF FLAX
Authors: Paterson G. R. , Spencer E. Y.
Published: April 2011

Many factors, both inherent and environmental, affect the linamarin content of flax (its cyanogenetic principle). Redwing variety contains considerably more potential cyanide than does Royal. Flax, maintained at a high moisture level throughout the growth season, contains significantly less linamarin than that grown with access to less soil moisture. Frost, mechanical injury, and drought all affect the cyanogenetic content of flax adversely, the effect of the first being very great. Flax grown at the higher moisture level was more affected by these conditions than was flax grown at the lower moisture level. The recovery of cyanide from the glycoside by simultaneous enzymatic hydrolysis and aeration, and its estimation by the alkaline silver nitrate method, is an effective laboratory means of assessing the cyanogenetic content of flax. Although acetone, one of the decomposition products of linamarin, normally reacts with the alkaline picrate reagent, picrate under certain conditions may be adapted to the roughly quantitative estimation of cyanide by test paper in the field.
FROZEN STORAGE OF POULTRY: V. EFFECTS OF SOME PROCESSING FACTORS ON QUALITY
Authors: Pearce Jesse A. , Layers C. G.
Published: April 2011

Examination of a number of phases of poultry processing showed that birds of optimum quality were obtained by: using a 90 sec. bleeding time; dipping in a semi-scald tank for 40 sec. at 128° F.; operating both shafts of the rough-plucker at the same speeds; operating the rough-plucker at conditions such that the rubber fingers did not exert a force greater than 11 lb. on the carcass; and carefully training operators of hand-roughers. Splitting the carcasses up the back eviscerating, and packing flat reduced the space required for packing to less than 50% of that required by present methods, and still permitted reassembly of the bird into a presentable form for roasting. An impact dynamometer was useful in detecting unfrozen spots in the birds. Injecting various solutions into the carcass before freezing, and measuring the drip from the defrosted muscle, showed that maintaining the proper ratio of salts and water in the muscle reduced drip. Bleeding time had no effect on development of off-odors in stored poultry but evisceration before storage markedly reduced development of off-odor on the eviscerated surface and in the thigh meat. Coating eviscerated birds before freezing with carrageenin gel containing 6% sodium chloride delayed development of off-odor on eviscerated surfaces of defrosted carcasses.
THE MODIFIED LAMBERT CONFORMAL PROJECTION FOR POLAR AREAS
Authors: Ney C. H.
Published: April 2011

The search for a map suitable for aerial navigation over polar regions has led to the development of the Modified Lambert Conformal Projection for Polar Areas. In this paper the author points out the properties required in a map for polar navigation, and shows to what extent this projection satisfies these requirements.
Removal of Traces of Oxygen from Gases
Authors: Elliott K. A. C.
Published: April 2011

not available
THE EFFECT OF ADDED WATER AND ANTIOXIDANTS ON THE KEEPING QUALITY OF LARD
Authors: Lips H. J.
Published: April 2011

Moisture alone had little detrimental effect on lard storage life (time at 90° F. to attain a peroxide oxygen value of 10 ml. of 0.002 N thiosulphate per gm.) except at the highest levels of incorporation (up to 12.8%), but citric acid, lecithin, and alpha-tocopherol had more stabilizing action in dry lard than in lard containing water. Gum guaiac gave the greatest increase in storage life and citric acid the least. The stabilization varied with the original quality of the lards tested (two wet rendered, two dry rendered, and two composite lards) but no segregation of the results according to wet and dry rendering of these lards was possible.
THE ADSORPTION OF SODIUM MYRISTATE BY CARBON BLACK
Authors: Reade Marguerite A. , Weatherburn A. S. , Bayley C. H.
Published: April 2011

The adsorption of sodium myristate from 0.1% aqueous solution by a series of carbon blacks and an activated charcoal has been measured at 70 °C. In every case a preferential adsorption of fatty acid was observed. The extent of adsorption of both the fatty acid and alkali components of the soap increased with decreasing particle size, i.e., with increasing surface area, of the carbons. The adsorption by activated charcoal was considerably higher than that obtained with even the finest of the carbon blacks.
THE "BROWNING REACTION" IN DRIED MILK POWDER
Authors: Moster J. B. , Chapman R. A.
Published: April 2011

Heated and stored dried milk powders showed a marked loss of amino nitrogen as determined by the Van Slyke volumetric method, but no loss was observed when the formol titration was used. Titration curves of the powders suggested a mechanism for the protein–sugar condensation. The heating of synthetic mixtures of amino acids and lactose resulted in intense browning, accompanied by a loss of ammo nitrogen when a large excess of lactose was employed but no loss occurred when equal parts of sugar and amino acid were present.
RELATIONS OF THIAMINE CONTENT IN SASKATCHEWAN WHEAT TO PROTEIN CONTENT, VARIETY, AND SOIL ZONE
Authors: Spencer E. Y. , Galgan M. W.
Published: April 2011

The thiamine content (by a short method) and the protein content of 754 samples of the 1946 wheat crop and 458 samples of the 1947 wheat crop were determined. In 1946 four varieties were tested m each of the four soil zones, while in 1947 three varieties were tested on the Brown and Dark Brown soils and four on the Black and Black-Gray Transition soils. A highly significant positive correlation between thiamine and protein content was found for the two crops. No significant differences between thiamine values of the Thatcher 1946 and 1947 crop were found. Similarly, an analysis of variance for thiamine content of Redman in the Black and Black-Gray Transition soil zones and Rescue in the Brown and Dark Brown soil zones, for the two crop years showed no significant difference. Of the four varieties, Thatcher, Rescue, Pelissier, and Stewart grown in the Brown and Dark Brown soil zones, Stewart was significantly higher in thiamine content. The greatest range in thiamine content was 2.73 μgm. per gm. for Thatcher in the Black-Gray Transition soil zone (mean 4.01 μgm. per gm.) to 9.57 μgm. per gm. for Stewart in the Brown soil zone (mean 6.18 μgm. per gm.). A highly significant difference was found for varieties grown in different zones for both years. The values decreased as the soil changed from brown to dark brown, to black and degraded black, and finally to gray.