bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION UNDER AERATION
Authors: Campbell L. A. , Hegbom S. S.
Published: February 2010

Saccharomyces fragilis was grown at oxygen absorption rates of 0.4, 1, 3, and 5.2 g. per liter per hour both at 20 °C. and at 37 °C. A high rate of yeast production as well as alcohol formation was found at 37° and all four oxygen absorption rates. At 20° alcohol was formed only at the two lowest rates of oxygen absorption. An exponential relation between the maximum yeast population density possible without alcohol production and the rate of oxygen absorption was derived.
NUTRITION AND METABOLISM OF MARINE BACTERIA: IV. THE PARTICIPATION OF Na+, K+, AND Mg++SALTS IN THE OXIDATION OF EXOGENOUS SUBSTRATES BY A MARINE BACTERIUM
Authors: Tomlinson N. , MacLeod Robert A.
Published: February 2010

The inorganic ion requirements for the preparation, storage, and oxidative activity toward exogenous substrates of washed cell suspensions of a marine bacterium have been investigated.Washing with distilled water greatly reduced the activity of cells toward exogenous substrates. There was found to be a relatively non-specific requirement for the presence of inorganic ions in the wash solution for the preparation of cell suspensions that are metabolically active when fresh.To maintain metabolic activity of the cells on storage, a specific requirement for Na+, K+, and Mg++was demonstrated. In addition, Mg++was active in preventing cytolysis. Mn++could replace Mg++in the latter capacity but not in some function of Mg++connected with oxidative processes.For oxidation of exogenous substrates, a requirement for Na+and K+but not Mg++was demonstrated. The optimum Na+concentration lay between 0.1 and 0.3 M and K+between 0.01 and 0.1 M.
MANOMETRIC STUDIES WITH RHIZOSPHERE AND NON-RHIZOSPHERE SOIL
Authors: Katznelson H. , Rouatt J. W.
Published: February 2010

Manometric studies were carried out on the metabolic activity of different rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils from the greenhouse and the field. Oxygen consumption was distinctly greater with the rhizosphere soils. On the addition of substrates such as casamino acids or a mixture of carbohydrates and organic acids, greater oxygen uptake again occurred with the rhizosphere soils and was particularly striking with the amino acids. Chromatographic studies of extracts of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil incubated with casamino acids suggested that certain amino acids such as arginine, proline, and tyrosine may be preferentially utilized in the rhizosphere.
STUDIES ON THE ISOLATION OF SPIRILLUM SPUTIGENUM
Authors: Macdonald J. B. , Madlener E. M.
Published: February 2010

Three approaches were used in attempting to improve the method of isolating Spirillum sputigenum from the human oral cavity:(1) attempts to induce spreading surface growth;(2) selective inhibition of interfering organisms;(3) adjustment of oxidation–reduction potentials.Five of eight strains of Spirillum sputigenum grew as spreading surface films on a blood agar medium in which the base was a veal heart infusion. Increase in the amount of spread could not be induced by varying the agar content of the medium. Sodium lauryl sulphate (0.01%) was found to have a marked inhibitory effect on the human oral flora but did not inhibit Spirillum sputigenum. A method of recording potentials of the surface layer of solidified media using a gold foil electrode is described. Changes in potential of the surface layer of a number of media during reduction in a Brewer jar are recorded. Media in which the potential was rapidly reduced supported growth of Spirillum sputigenum. Of several reducing substances added to media, sheep's serum was the most effective in accelerating a drop in potential. Using a medium compounded of veal heart infusion, sodium lauryl sulphate, and sheep's serum, Spirillum sputigenum was recovered in pure culture from 16 out of 21 samples of gingival scrapings.
EFFECT OF SALT CONCENTRATION ON THE EXTRACELLULAR NUCLEIC ACIDS OF MICROCOCCUS HALODENITRIFICANS
Authors: Takahashi I. , Gibbons N. E.
Published: February 2010

Labelled non-viscous cells of Micrococcus halodenitrificans were obtained in media containing P32 and 2 M sodium chloride and their growth then followed in salt concentrations ranging from 0.55 M, the lower limit of growth, to 3 M. At concentrations of 0.7 M and above, cells remained non-viscous and only traces of extracellular nucleic acids (NA) could be detected. At lower concentrations of salt, cells became viscous and the amount of extracellular NA increased as the concentration decreased. The distribution of P32 indicated that the source of the extracellular NA was intracellular. At the salt concentrations studied, the loss of NA was prevented by the addition of calcium or magnesium ions. However, sodium chloride seemed necessary to maintain the cell wall of M. halodenitrificans and the effect was supplemented by divalent ions. It is suggested that this may explain the salt requirement of this organism and possibly that of other halophilic bacteria.
DISEASE OF THE LARVAE OF TENT CATERPILLARS CAUSED BY A SPOREFORMING BACTERIUM
Authors: Bucher G. E.
Published: February 2010

A newly discovered bacterial disease of larvae of Malacosoma pluviale (Dyar) (Lep.) is caused by infection of the gut with a large, motile, sporeforming bacterium, Bacillus sp., that increases in size before sporulation and bears the spore without bulging. It has not been cultivated. The bacterium invades the host with the food and multiplies in the midgut and foregut, producing changes in the pH and causing dysentery in the host. Sporulation occurs in the gut and both rods and spores are passed in the faeces and spread the disease. The infected larva loses its appetite, regurgitates excessively, produces wet faeces, decreases markedly in length, and dies in a characteristic, short, dry, mummified condition after about a week. Small ingested doses of spores initiate infection in laboratory populations of M. pluviale in all instars. M. americana (F.) also is susceptible to the disease but M. disstria Hbn. is resistant, only a few individuals dying from it.
CORRELATION BETWEEN BACTERIAL NUMBERS AND ORGANIC MATTER IN A FIELD SOIL
Authors: Gray P. H. H. , Wallace R. H.
Published: February 2010

The numbers of bacteria, with actinomycetes, were found to be significantly correlated with organic matter in field plots treated annually with straw, and straw with phosphate, followed by the ploughed-in crop of each plot. The treatment with straw significantly increased the numbers of microorganisms as well as the organic matter content in the plots during 3 years.
ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS IN MICROORGANISMS
Authors: Reusser F. , Spencer J. F. T. , Sallans H. R.
Published: February 2010

The cells of 19 species of bacteria, actinomyces, and yeasts were analyzed for protein and essential amino acids. A rapid quantitative method for amino acid determination using one-dimensional paper chromatography was developed. The cellular protein from all species contained relatively high concentrations of lysine, somewhat lower concentrations of tryptophan and threonine, and very low concentrations of methionine. All of the 10 essential amino acids were found in each species tested, although individual differences in the relative and absolute amounts were observed.
STUDIES ON DIPICOLINIC ACID IN THE SPORES OF BACILLUS CEREUS VAR. TERMINALIS
Authors: Harrell William K. , Mantini Emil
Published: February 2010

Dipicolinic acid constitutes 12% of the dry weight of spores of Bacillus cereus var. terminalis.Following a heat-shock treatment at 65 °C. glucose is oxidized by the ungerminated spores, the amount of oxidation increasing with time of heating from 10 μl. per hour at zero time to 230 μl. per hour after heating for 60 minutes. Also during this treatment there is an increase in the amount of dipicolinic acid released from 2% of the total at zero time to 12.5% of the total after 60 minutes.The possible relationship between this material and the enzymes of resting spores is discussed.
NUTRITION AND METABOLISM OF MARINE BACTERIA: VI. QUANTITATIVE REQUIREMENT FOR HALIDES, MAGNESIUM, CALCIUM, AND IRON
Authors: MacLeod Robert A. , Onofrey E.
Published: February 2010

A study has been made of the specificity of the requirement of some marine bacteria for halides, magnesium, calcium, and iron and of their quantitative requirements for these ions in the presence and absence of related ions.All of the organisms investigated either required or responded to the addition of Cl− to the medium. Br− could replace Cl− but somewhat less readily, while I− was toxic. For organism B-16, which required the addition of Mg++ but not Ca++ to the medium, the amount of Mg++ required for maximum growth varied with the level of Ca++ present. At low levels, a marked sparing action of Ca++ was evident, while at higher concentrations of Ca++ some antagonism between the ions was detected. Sr++ also spared the Mg++ requirement of this organism. For B-9, which required both Mg++ and Ca++, Mg++ could be shown to spare the need for Ca++.An absolute requirement of one organism for Fe++ was demonstrated. Ni++ and Co++ showed no sparing action and proved to be toxic at a level at which Fe++ produced an optimum growth response.
CELL-WALL-SPLITTING ENZYMES OF PUCCINIA GRAMINIS VAR. TRITICI
Authors: Sumere C. F. Van , Preter C. Van Sumere-De , Ledingham G. A.
Published: February 2010

Evidence is given for the existence of a hemicellulase and a cellulase in uredospores of Puccinia graminis var. tritici. Pectinase is also present and is shown to be an adaptive enzyme. The pH and temperature optima of these three cell-wall-splilting enzymes have been determined by means of viscosimetric measurements. Preliminary investigations using the mannogalactan of Ceratonia siliqua L. as a substrate for hemicellulase and carboxymethylcellulose as a substrate for cellulase indicate that degradation with the enzymes of ungerminated rust involves attack on internal linkages of the substrate molecule, giving a rapid decrease in viscosity with slow production of free reducing groups. The influence of heavy metal salts, reducing agents, and iodoacetic acid was examined.
A VIRUS DISEASE OF WESTERN HEMLOCK LOOPER, LAMBDINA FISCELLARIA LUGUBROSA (HULST) (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)
Authors: Sager S. M.
Published: February 2010

Some observations have been made on the infectious agent, the histopathology, and the incubation period of a polyhedrosis in western hemlock looper larvae. External and internal symptoms are generally similar to nuclear polyhedrosis in other Lepidoptera. Infection is first detectable in fat body nuclei, other susceptible tissues being blood, hypodermis, and tracheal matrix. Larvae subjected to a short period of starvation just prior to oral infection show a shorter incubation period than non-starved larvae. The polyhedral inclusion bodies range from 0.5 μ to 5.0 μ in diameter. Electron micrographs of dissolved polyhedra show their contents to be largely rod-shaped viruses measuring approximately 40 mμ × 290 mμ.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE INOCULUM ON VARIABILITY IN COMPARATIVE NUTRITIONAL EXPERIMENTS WITH FUNGI
Authors: Taber W. A.
Published: February 2010

This study was designed to determine whether the method of preparing an inoculum could influence the results obtained from comparative nutritional experiments.The quantity of inoculum used to start cultures of Claviceps purpurea clearly affected the rate of growth, and to a lesser extent total growth on mannitol, and growth rate varied directly with increasing inoculum size.The quantity of inoculum used to start cultures also affected the uniformity of growth among replicas. As the amount of inoculum decreased, the variation among replicas increased and this affected the power of the experiment to distinguish between similar mean growth responses. These observations suggested that standardization of the quantity of inoculum might be profitable. It is proposed that the smallest amount of inoculum represented by a coefficient of variation of about 10% be considered an acceptable inoculum. Such an inoculum is large enough that growth among replicas is not too irregular and small enough that nutrients are not unnecessarily added to the experimental medium through the inoculum.The effect of heterokaryosis on uniformity of growth is demonstrated with Isaria cretacea van Beyma.
COUMARINS AND PHENOLIC ACIDS IN THE UREDOSPORES OF WHEAT STEM RUST
Authors: Sumere C. F. van , Preter C. van Sumere-de , Vining L. C. , Ledingham G. A.
Published: February 2010

A paper chromatographic method suitable for identification of the small amounts of coumarins and phenolic acids present in the uredospores of wheat stem rust was developed. By the use of the circular technique and a combination of three different solvent systems an adequate separation of all the substances was achieved. A preliminary development of the chromatogram with a solvent in which the test compounds were non-mobile facilitated identification and avoided the need for extensive preliminary fractionation of the extracts.Using this method the following compounds were identified in spore extracts: coumarin, umbelliferone, daphnetin, aesculetin, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, protocatechuic acid, o-coumaric acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and caffeic acid; coumarin, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, protocatechuic acid, o-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid were also present as glycosides; in addition scopoletin, gallic acid, syringic acid, and sinapic acid were detected after hydrolysis and are assumed to be present only in a bound form.In order to obtain some information about the role of these substances in the physiology of wheat stem rust, uredospores were germinated by being floated en masse on dilute aqueous solutions. Of the compounds tested, indoleacetic acid, coumarin, o-coumaric acid, protocatechuic acid, umbelliferone, and daphnetin gave a marked stimulation of germination at concentrations of 10–200 μg./ml. Caffeic acid, vanillic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid, and ferulic acid β-glucoside had little effect or were strongly inhibitory.The stimulation of germination is attributed to the counteraction of a self-inhibitor released from the spores, and the possible significance of the compounds on the physiology of the rust and the host–parasite relationship is discussed.
THE USE OF BETA-PROPIOLACTONE FOR THE PREPARATION OF VIRUS VACCINES: I. SELECTION OF REACTION CONDITIONS
Authors: Polley John R. , Guerin Muriel M.
Published: February 2010

The use of beta-propiolactone (BPL) for the destruction of infectivity of influenza, mumps, and poliomyelitis virus suspensions has been investigated. It was found that: (1) the infectivity was destroyed more rapidly as the pH was increased from 6 to 8, and (2) the hemagglutination titers of influenza and mumps virus suspensions were most stable to BPL treatment at pH 7. Since the pH of the medium decreases with the hydrolysis of BPL, it was found desirable to use a buffered medium for BPL treatment. Influenza and mumps vaccines prepared with BPL have been lyophilized successfully for stable storage by the addition of 5% arginine or 5% peptone prior to lyophilization. Vaccines prepared from chick allantoic fluid, which had not been frozen, required dialysis of the virus concentrate prior to BPL treatment. Reaction conditions have been selected which render the virus suspensions non infective while preserving most of the in vitro serological activity. Antigenicity tests of the virus suspensions treated with BPL are discussed in the second section (II) of this paper.
THE USE OF BETA-PROPIOLACTONE FOR THE PREPARATION OF VIRUS VACCINES: II. ANTIGENICITY
Authors: Polley John R. , Guerin Muriel M.
Published: February 2010

An investigation has been made of the antigenicity of influenza virus suspensions rendered noninfective with beta-propiolactone (BPL). By treatment with BPL under various conditions, influenza vaccines could be prepared which were antigenic as indicated by production of specific antibody response in mice and guinea pigs. These vaccines were also immunizing as evidenced by their capacity to protect mice against challenge with live virus.
FAVUS OF MICE
Authors: Blank F.
Published: February 2010

Isolated cases and family epidemics of mouse favus were found in the lower St. Lawrence Valley, especially in the Kamouraska County. The specific agent of mouse favus was repeatedly isolated from animals (mice, cats, dogs, fox) and children and adults (smooth skin and scalp). The mouse is the normal host of the dermatophyte. Cats and dogs acquire the disease from mice and transmit it to man.Cultures of the isolated dermatophytes resembled in all respects Quincke's α-Pilz (Achorion quinckeanum). The formation of elongate microconidia and pedicellate, spindle-shaped, thick-walled macroconidia with pointed tips was observed in slide cultures made with wort agar (Difco). These morphological features place the fungus in the genus Microsporum. Therefore, the specific agent of lavus of mice should be named forthwith. Microsporum quinckeanum.
THE MORPHOLOGY OF A SPECIES OF THE BACTERIAL GENUS CYTOPHAGA WINOG. IN CULTURE
Authors: Gray P. H. H.
Published: February 2010

A culture of the cellulolytic bacterial organism, Sporocytophaga myxococcoides (A.T.C.C. No. 10010), has been studied. In or on media containing cellulose, the primary effective cells are long and acuminate; in old cultures a large proportion of them become spherical or spheroid and are bound together in mucilage, in which new spheroid cells develop. In or on media containing cellobiose, glucose, or mannose as the source of carbon, the primary effective cells resemble those on cellulose media, but the resting cell is a spherical granule, its diameter not more than twice the width of the acuminate cell; the spheroid cells do not become aggregated in the mucilage, and do not physically resemble the so-called microcysts except in shape.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE METABOLISM OF STREPTOMYCES SCABIES
Authors: Douglas R. J. , Clemente C. L. San
Published: February 2010

In the presence of the dye 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol crude extracts of alumina-ground or of sonically disrupted mycelium of Streptomyces scabies catalyzed dehydrogenase reactions with the substrates succinate, citrate, malate, and glutamic acid. These extracts or mycelial homogenates formed glutamic acid in transaminase reactions with α-ketoglutarate and the amino acids aspartic, leucine, and valine. Other amino acids, lysine, threonine, glycine, histidine, and tyrosine, failed to act as amino donors. No evidence could be obtained for direct transamination with α-ketoglutarate and glutamine or asparagine; with the latter, analyses suggested that glutamic acid formation occurred by preliminary deamination and subsequent transamination from the aspartic acid produced.
BACILLUS STEAROTHERMOPHILUS IN HERRING STICKWATER
Authors: Neilson Nora E. , Christie Helen W.
Published: February 2010

Forty-live cultures of thermophilic aerobic sporeforming bacilli isolated from samples of herring stickwater have been identified as strains of Bacillus stearothermophilus Donk.
THE ENUMERATION OF THERMOPHILIC BACTERIA BY THE PLATE COUNT METHOD
Authors: Neilson Nora E. , MacQuillan Mary F. , Campbell J. J. R.
Published: February 2010

The estimation of the numbers of aerobic thermophilic bacteria by the plate count method was found to be greatly influenced by the composition of the diluent and by its temperature. A satisfactory diluent consisted of 0.8% KCl in M/200 pH 7.2 potassium phosphate buffer. The need of maintaining the temperature at 37 °C. and using the special diluent was demonstrated with pure cultures and with mixed cultures obtained by the enrichment procedure. In some cases, the new condition of plating gave counts 100 times those obtained by conventional means. Cultures which were almost completely free of spores were used in determining the optimum plating conditions.
THE FERMENTATION OFL-ERYTHRULOSE BY AEROBACTER AEROGENES
Authors: Tattrie N. H. , Blackwood A. C.
Published: February 2010

L-Erythrulose was dissimulated anaerobically by Aerobacter aerogenes PRL R4 producing acetic acid, formic acid, succinic acid, glycolic acid, ethanol, erythritol, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and traces of acetone and 2,3-butanediol. D-Erythrose and D-threose were also dissimilated to form the same products. Resting cells metabolized the tetroses, whereas cell-free preparations were inactive. Phosphorylation of the tetroses was not found with cell-free preparations.
AMIDOMYCIN, A NEW ANTIBIOTIC FROM A STREPTOMYCES SPECIES. PRODUCTION, ISOLATION, ASSAY, AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
Authors: Taber W. A. , Vining L. C.
Published: February 2010

Antifungal preparations were obtained from cultures of Streplomyces PRL 1642 by solvent extraction of the solids collected after the pH was adjusted to 3.5. The active factor, named amidomycin, was purified by repeated crystallization from aqueous ethanol or petrol (b.p. 60°–80 °C.) to give stable, colorless, optically active needles, m.p. 192 °C.Amidomycin suspended in agar media retarded the growth of many filamentous fungi and noticeably inhibited the plant pathogens Ustilago maydis, Ustilago trebouxii, as well as the human pathogen, Hormodendrum pedrosoi. It also inhibited the germination of uredospores of Puccinia graminis at low concentrations. Certain yeasts were completely inhibited by small concentrations of amidomycin; the quantity required was affected by the number of cells in the inoculum.None of the bacteria examined was inhibited by this antibiotic. At certain concentrations it was lethal to Candida albicans as determined by the inability of previously exposed and washed cells to grow on nutrient agar.Although a few isolated colonies of Candida albicans usually developed on plates containing approximately double the concentration required to inhibit growth of the inoculum streak, serial transfer of progeny from such colonies onto agar containing amidomycin did not produce cultures having progressively increasing resistance.Two degradation products of amidomycin, D(–)-valine and 3,6-diisopropyl-2,5-diketomorpholine, are inactive.
THE ASPARAGINE DEAMIDASE OF BACILLUS COAGULANS AND BACILLUS STEAROTHERMOPHILUS
Authors: Manning Gilbert B. , Campbell Jr. L. Leon
Published: February 2010

The purification and certain properties of L-asparagine deamidase of Bacillus coagulans and Bacillus stearothermophilus are described. Maximum enzyme activity was obtained at 55 °C. over a pH range of 7.5 to 8.5. The purified deamidase hyclrolyzed the L-isomer of asparagine quantitatively to aspartic acid and ammonia and did not attack the D-isomer. D-Asparagine inhibited the hydrolysis of the L-isomer. The Kmfor the inhibition reaction was found to be 1.87 × 10−2 M. The enzyme did not catalyze transamidation or hydroxylamine transfer reactions. Enzyme activity was inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide and p-chloromercuribenzoate. The inhibition by these agents was reversed by glutathione. In the absence of substrate the deamidase of both organisms was relatively heat labile at 55 °C. The heat lability of this enzyme is discussed in relation to the heat stability of other enzyme systems of thermophilic microorganisms.
ANTIGENIC ANALYSIS OF DISSOCIANTS AND SEROLOGICAL TYPES OF PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA
Authors: London Sheldon A. , Yaw Katherine E.
Published: February 2010

Pasteurella multocida has been separated into serological types on the basis of a variety of immunological methods by earlier workers. A definite dissociation pattern has also been described. This study presents evidence that two colonial variants of a type 1 strain are qualitatively identical in their antigenic structure but differ quantitatively with regard to one antigen. The data also indicate the similarity of somatic antigens of three type strains though antigenic differences can be demonstrated in the Jennings triangle plate which possibly represent differences in the substances composing the capsule.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF COBALAMIN ANALOGUES BY PROPIONIBACTERIUM ARABINOSUM
Authors: Perlman D. , Barrett J. M.
Published: February 2010

Examination by filter paper partition chromatography and filter paper iono-phoresis of the cobalamins present in cultures of Propionibacterium arabinosum grown in a medium containing glucose, yeast extract, and salts showed that only adenine-hydroxo-cobalamin was present. Addition of 5 6-dimethylbenzimidazole to the growing cultures resulted in formation of a cobalamin containing this substance in the nucleotide portion of the molecule. Cobalamins containing benzimidazole, 5-methylbenzimidazole, 2,6-diaminopurine, benzotriazole, benzothiazole, and 5-nitrobenzimidazole in the nucleotide were prepared by this procedure and found to have the migration and biological characteristics of these cobalamins as previously described in the literature. New cobalamins have also been prepared presumably including those containing 5-trifluoromethylbenzimidazole, phenazine, 2-hydroxyphenazine, 4-bromo-6-methoxybenzimidazole, 3,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinazoline, 4-chloro-8-nitroquinazoline, and quinoxaline in the nucleotide. All of these new cobalamins were found to stimulate the growth of cobalamin-requiring cultures of Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus leichmannii, and Ochromonas malhamensis.
HEXOSE PHOSPHATE METABOLISM BY ACETOBACTER MELANOGENUM
Authors: Katznelson H.
Published: February 2010

Cell-free preparations of Acetobacter melanogenum readily oxidized glucose-6-phosphate, glucose-1-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, 6-phosphogluconate, and ribose-5-phosphate; fructose-1,6-diphosphate was utilized very slowly. The presence of an active triphosphopyridine nucleotide (TPN)-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and of phosphohexose isomerase was demonstrated; phosphoglucomutase was also present in these extracts. 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activity (TPN-linked) was low in extracts of glucose-grown cells, but was high in sonates of gluconate-grown cells. An active oxidizing system for reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide was present but transhydrogenase was not detected. Pyruvate was produced extensively from 6-phosphogluconate but only slowly from ribose-5-phosphate; fluoride inhibited pyruvate formation from both substances. Ribose-5-phosphate was degraded readily via the transketolase-transaldolase series of reactions. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, hexokinase, gluconokinase, 2-ketogluconokinase, and aldolase were detected but not phosphohexokinase. The results suggest that glucose is oxidized either directly or after phosphorylation but is not metabolized glycolytically. The oxidation of hexose phosphate appears to occur predominantly as a result of the splitting of 6-phosphogluconate to pyruvate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM OF PULLULARIA PULLULANS
Authors: Clark D. S. , Wallace R. H.
Published: February 2010

Pullularia pullulans, ATCC No. 11942, has constitutive enzymes for the utilization of galactose, glucose, maltose, mannose, raffinose, sucrose, and trehalose, but not for lactose. The organism oxidized mannose more rapidly, and maltose and raffinose more slowly, than any of the other sugars. Moreover, it utilized galactose and glucose at approximately the same rate, but more rapidly than trehalose; the oxidation of sucrose, however, was very slow at first and then very rapid. When resting cells were incubated with glucose-1-C14, the carbon dioxide immediately produced was highly radioactive; when glucose-6-C14 was used, however, a considerable time elapsed before the production of noticeable amounts of radioactive carbon dioxide. The ratio of the activity of the carbon dioxide produced from glucose-1-C14 to that produced from glucose-6-C14 was greater in young cells than in old. The results indicated that resting cells catabolize glucose in such a manner that most of the carbon dioxide comes from carbon 1 of glucose. Extracts from cells were found to have an active phosphoglucomutase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase, and fructose diphosphate aldolase. Both dehydrogenases were TPN-linked. The extracts also oxidized ribose-5-phosphate but not ribose. The organism has enzymes, therefore, to catabolize glucose by some of the reactions of the Embden–Meyerhof system as well as by those of the pentose phosphate cycle.
ABNORMAL GROWTH INDUCED BY PENICILLIN IN A STRAIN OF ALCALIGENES FECALIS
Authors: Lark K. G.
Published: February 2010

The effect of penicillin on strain LB of Alcaligenes fccalis has been studied. In tryptone, 50 units/ml. of penicillin transforms the bacillary form of this organism into a protoplast-like structure (globular form) which is capable of exponential growth and division. The division rate of this globular form is about one-half that of the bacillary form. Removal of penicillin results in the reversion of the globular to the bacillary form. Multiplication of the globular form has been found to depend on the presence of some principle present in tryptone not required for bacillary growth in the absence of penicillin. The kinetics of the transformation and reversion process have been studied, leading to the hypothesis that penicillin affects some component: within the cell, this component being concerned with cell division and the elaboration of the cell wall.
VARIATION DURING THE CELL-DIVISION CYCLE IN THE PENICILLIN INDUCTION OF PROTOPLAST-LIKE FORMS OF ALCALIGENES FECALIS
Authors: Lark K. G.
Published: February 2010

Experiments have been carried out on the penicillin-controlled induction of protoplast-like forms, crescents, in synchronized cultures of a strain of Alcaligenes fecalis. The results have shown that during the cell-division cycle the cell passes through a stage shortly before division during which it is less easily induced to form crescents than at other periods in the division cycle. The data presented indicate that this is not due to a transitory period in the division cycle during which the cell is refractory to penicillin. The findings are discussed in support of the hypothesis that penicillin exerts its effect by destroying some component within the cell whose functioning is necessary for further cell-wall synthesis.
MORPHOLOGICAL COMPARISON OF SOME ARTHROBACTER SPECIES
Authors: Sundman Veronica
Published: February 2010

Six Arthrobacter species and two unidentified organisms of the same genus have been studied morphologically. A. terregens differs from the other seven strains as regards the mode of segmentation into coccoids. Two typical cell configurations of the myceloid stage are described. The chromogenic strains show less branched forms than the non-chromogenic strains.
TOXICITY OF A UNIALGAL CULTURE OF MICROCYSTIS AERUGINOSA
Authors: Hughes E. O. , Gorham P. R. , Zehnder A.
Published: February 2010

A unialgal culture of Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz. emend. Elenkin, which is toxic when injected intraperitoneally into white mice, has been isolated. It produces a complex of symptoms similar to those which have been described for a number of toxic waterblooms. Two distinct factors seem to be present. One causes death in 4 to 48 hours preceded by symptoms of piloerection and dyspnea. It is detected only with freshly harvested cells. The other causes death within 2 to 3 hours preceded by pallor and convulsions. This second factor is an endotoxin which is detected only when cells become leaky or disintegrate. The presence of the slow-death factor tends to be obscured by the release of the fast-death factor. The concentration of the fast-death factor in the cells varies with the developmental stage of a culture and at maximum can be just as high as that of a very toxic waterbloom.
THE INFLUENCE OF OXYGEN ON THE REDUCTION OF NITRITE BY WASHED SUSPENSIONS OF ADAPTED CELLS OF ACHROMOBACTER LIQUEFACIENS
Authors: Skerman V. B. D. , Carey Barbara J. , MacRae I. C.
Published: February 2010

The influence of oxygen on the reduction of nitrate by adapted cells has been studied using a strain of Achromobacter liquejaciens which reduces nitrite but which does not reduce nitrate. The results have shown that active nitrite reduction occurs in the presence of oxygen and that the magnitude of the reduction is independent of the oxygen concentration in solution when the latter is a positive value. As the oxygen demand exceeds the supply however, the rate of nitrite reduction increases as the supply decreases.Nitrite exerts an inhibitory effect on the reduction of oxygen which, at low concentration, appears to be due purely to competition for electrons. At higher concentrations the inhibition appears to be directed towards the oxygen reducing enzymes.
OBSERVATIONS ON FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH PLANT ROOTS
Authors: Peterson E. A.
Published: February 2010

Plant age and soil type influence the nature of the fungal flora associated with plant roots. Total numbers of fungi in the rhizosphere of wheat, as determined by the dilution technique, increased with plant age but the degree of fungal stimulation appeared to depend upon soil type. Penicillia and certain species of the Mucorales were relatively more abundant on the root surface and in the rhizosphere at the seedling stage than at later stages of growth. Species of Fusarium and/or Cylindrocarpon (depending upon soil type) and various sterile dark fungi were predominant on the roots of healthy red clover and wheat, but were relatively rare in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil.
HYPHOMYCETOUS FUNGI: VOLUCRISPORA AURANTIACA N. GEN., N. SP.; V. ORNITHOMORPHA (TROTTER) N. COMB.; AND TRICELLULA CURVATIS N. SP., WITH THE GENUS TRICELLULA EMENDED
Authors: Haskins R. H.
Published: February 2010

Three hyphomycetous fungi belonging to the Gloiosporae of the Staurosporae (Moniliales) are described and illustrated. The name Volucrispora aurantiaca n. gen., n. sp. is suggested for an organism characterized by conidiospores with one to five cells connected to a basal cell by narrow isthmuses or constrictions. The relationship of this fungus with Titaea ornithomorpha Trotter (1904) is discussed and the latter name should become Volucrispora ornithomorpha (Trotter) n. comb. The genus Tricellula van Beverwijk (1954) is emended to include Tricellula curvatis n. sp., which differs mainly in its characteristic spore shape from Tricellula inaegualis van Beverwijk, the type species of the genus Tricellula.
STUDIES ON THE CLEARANCE OF RADIOIODINATED PERTUSSIS VACCINE FROM THE LUNGS OF IMMUNIZED AND NON-IMMUNIZED MICE FOLLOWING INTRATRACHEAL ADMINISTRATION
Authors: Logan J. E. , Griffiths B. W. , Mason M. A.
Published: February 2010

The intratracheal route of administration has been shown by means of radio-iodinated pertussis vaccine to give more reproducible deliveries to the lung tissue in the challenge of mice than the intranasal route. Mice immunized 1 day or longer with a single immunizing dose of pertussis vaccine cleared a significantly higher amount of radioactivity from their lungs for a period of 24 hours following the intratracheal administration of radioiodinated pertussis vaccine than did non-immunized mice. Among those animals that received the labeled vaccine intratracheally, the mice that were immunized 6 days to 30 days previously showed higher fresh weights of lungs than those not immunized. The significance of these results is discussed.
STUDIES WITH STAPHYLOCOCCAL TOXINS: IV. THE PURIFICATION AND METALLIC REQUIREMENTS OF SPECIFIC HEMOLYSINS
Authors: Robinson J. , Thatcher F. S. , Gagnon Jeannine
Published: February 2010

A method is described whereby specific staphylococcal hemolysins may be concentrated to provide a 600-fold increase in potency as compared with the initial culture filtrate.The progressive purification of the hemolysins was conveniently followed by the determination of the quantity of hemin (in μg.) freed from a standard suspension of erythrocytes per μg. of protein in the toxic preparation. All preparations of the electrophoretically pure hemolysins were protein in nature, but in order to effect hemolysis, preparations of similar electrophoretic mobility obtained from representatives of two different phage groups (IV and II) showed, respectively, an absolute requirement and no requirement for the presence of specific divalent cations. The initial culture filtrate was dermonecrotic and lethal to test animals. The "purified" hemolysins had neither of these properties.Two "purified" hemolysins that showed differences in biological, electrophoretic, and chemical properties appeared to be serologically homologous. The properties of the "purified" hemolysins from either strain differed from the more generally accepted properties of alpha- and beta-hemolysins even though the culture filtrate seemed to contain these two classically recognized lysins.
LOCALIZATION OF A TOXICITY FOR SILKWORM LARVAE IN THE PARASPORAL INCLUSION OF BACILLUS CEREUS VAR. ALESTI
Authors: Fitz-James Philip C. , Toumanoff C. , Young I. Elizabeth
Published: February 2010

The parasporal protein inclusion of Bacillus cereus var. alesti accounts for one third of the dry weight of the washed products of sporulation. Although the spore:crystal ratio is 1:1, the weight ratio is 1.5:1. Like other parasporal crystals, those of var. alesti are swollen but not dissolved by alkalinity up to a critical pH (11.5–11.8); above this pH, dissolution occurs. Toxicity tests on extracts made at increasing pH levels indicated that the crystal protein itself is the toxic agent and not the carrier of it. The protein of actively dividing cells and of spores was non-toxic. Crystal-forming cells contained a toxic protein which would dissolve at a lower pH than would the free crystal.
STIMULATION OF GLUCOSE OXIDATION IN EXTRACTS OF BACTERIAL SPORES BY DIPICOLINIC ACID
Authors: Harrell William K.
Published: February 2010

The addition of pure dipicolinic acid to cell-free extracts of spores of Bacillus cereus var. terminalis results in an increase in oxygen uptake resulting from the oxidation of glucose. This stimulation, in undialyzed extracts, is proportional to the amount of DPA added up to 3 rag. per ml. of extract.Dialysis of the extract against phosphate buffer, Tris buffer, and glycyl glycine buffer results in a decrease in glucose oxidation as compared to non-dialyzed extracts. Replacement of the DPA loss during dialysis increases the oxygen uptake to approximately the same level as obtained with non-dialyzed extracts without added DPA. The addition of Versene (EDTA) rather than DPA to dialyzed and non-dialyzed extracts also stimulates the oxidation of glucose.Calcium reduces the enzymatic activity by approximately one-half in dialyzed extracts. This inhibition is completely reversed by replacing the DPA loss during dialysis.The possibility is discussed that one of the functions of DPA in the spores of aerobic bacilli is the removal, by chelation, of some inhibitory metallic ion, probably calcium.
THIORHODACEAE: I. THE EFFECTS OF SODIUM THIOGLYCOLATE ON THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC AND DARK METABOLISM OF PURPLE SULPHUR BACTERIA
Authors: Taylor John J.
Published: February 2010

Twenty-two pure cultures of purple sulphur bacteria were investigated for their ability to utilize organic sulphur compounds as hydrogen donors during photosynthesis. Of the 12 compounds tested, only sodium thioglycolate sustained growth of the organisms in the light.Carbon dioxide fixation by illuminated resting cells in the presence of endogenous sulphur or exogenous thiosulphate was inhibited by thioglycolate in proportion to its concentration. The fixation of carbon dioxide by illuminated sulphur-free resting cells harvested from thioglycolate media increased with the thioglycolate concentration to about 0.04 M, but was proportionally inhibited by higher concentrations.Non-illuminated suspensions of resting cells in the presence of endogenous sulphur or exogenous thiosulphate also assimilated carbon dioxide when thioglycolate was added. Inhibition of fixation appeared similar to that occurring in the light. Thioglycolate disappeared from the suspensions in proportion to the amount of bicarbonate assimilated. Thioglycolate-grown cells did not fix significant amounts of carbon dioxide under similar experimental conditions. Growth of the organisms was never demonstrated in non-illuminated thioglycolate media.
STAPHYLOCOCCAL TOXINS: III. PARTIAL PURIFICATION AND SOME PROPERTIES OF δ-LYSIN
Authors: Jackson A. W. , Little R. M.
Published: February 2010

A method is described by which δ-lysin may be separated from α-lysin and enzymes present in crude preparations. The procedure consists of precipitation of lysin from crude extracts under controlled conditions of ethanol concentration, temperature, and pH, followed by extraction of 5-lysin from the precipitate with 75% ethanol in saline-phosphate buffer, pH 6.8. Evidence is presented which indicates that crude δ-lysin consists of two fractions: one stable to heating at 60 °C and another rapidly inactivated under these conditions. Heat-stable δ-lysin may be freed of contaminating α-lysin by heating crude preparation at 60 °C for 15 minutes. δ-Lysin is retained by ultrafine sintered-glass filters which permit passage of α-lysin.
UTILIZATION OF ACETATE, PYRUVATE, AND CO2BY PENICILLIUM DIGITATUM
Authors: Noble E. P. , Reed D. R. , Wang C. H.
Published: February 2010

The utilization of C14specifically labelled pyruvate, acetate, and CO2by proliferating Penicillium digitatum cells has been studied by means of a series of time-course experiments. Pyruvate appeared to be utilized by way of acetate and the latter was in turn utilized mainly via the TCA processes. Degradation studies on aspartic acid and glutamic acid isolated from cells grown on acetate-1-C14or C14O2indicated that CO2can be fixed in this organism by means of a two-stage process onto a "C2unit"; the latter is thought to be derived from glyoxalic acid produced in the "glyoxalate bypass" pathway.
A BACTERIOPHAGE THAT ATTACKS NUMEROUS PHYTOPATHOGENIC XANTHOMONAS SPECIES
Authors: Sutton M. D. , Katznelson H. , Quadling C.
Published: February 2010

This paper reports the isolation of a lytic phage that attacks in vitro numerous phytopathogenic Xanthomonas species, including X. campestris (Pammel) Dowson, the cause of black rot disease of crucifers. Although 'one-step' growth experiments suggested an average burst size of ca. four for this phage-host system, 'single burst' experiments indicated a burst size of ca. one hundred phage particles per bacterium. The particles have typical phage morphology, as determined by electron microscopy. This phage gave satisfactory results when used in the rapid plaque count test for detection of phage-sensitive bacteria in plant materials.
CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDES OF ESCHERICHIA COLI, TYPES K28A AND K34A
Authors: Wiley Bill B. , Scherp Henry W.
Published: February 2010

Examination of Escherichia coli isolates from 100 diagnostic stool, urine, or blood cultures yielded 13 mucoid strains, identified by strict biochemical criteria. Specific capsular and agglutination reactions identified four strains as K28A (O group 8), four as K34A (O group 9), and two as K42A, whereas three strains were serologically distinct from each other and from the recorded A types.Polysaccharides, identified as the respective capsular materials by inhibition of the specific capsular reactions, were isolated from a K28A strain and a K34A strain, grown in a chemically defined medium. The serological individuality of these polysaccharides correlated with a difference in their component monosaccharides, as determined by chromatography and colorimetry. Both contained galactose, glucose, mannose, and from 10 to 14% of a hexuronic acid, but the K28A polysaccharide contained in addition 13% of fucose.Normal human sera collected in the Rochester area contained antibodies to the K28A and K34A polysaccharides very infrequently and in very low titer. On the other hand, two thirds of such sera contained O group 8 antibody and the other third contained O group 9 antibody, both in much higher titer.
SIX NEW ESCHERICHIA COLI H ANTIGENS, H41 to H46
Authors: Davis Betty R. , Ewing W. H.
Published: February 2010

Six newly recognized Escherichia coll H antigens were characterized as E. coli H antigens 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, and 46. These antigens were not significantly related to any previously described E. coli H antigens. A new E. coli O antigen group (O140) was recorded.
THE TRICARBOXYLIC ACID AND GLYOXYLATE CYCLES IN XANTHOMONAS PHASEOLI (XP8)
Authors: Madsen N. B. , Hochster R. M.
Published: February 2010

Cell-free extracts of Xanthomonas phaseoli contain the individual enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and it is suggested that this is the main pathway for the terminal oxidation of carbohydrate in this organism. X. phaseoli can grow on a medium containing acetate as the sole source of carbon. Cell-free extracts of such acetate-grown organisms contain the enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle, and it is concluded that the operation of this cycle permits the initial stages of synthesis of complex cell material from acetate at a rate sufficiently high to account for the observed rate of growth on the acetate medium. The two enzymes required to modify a tricarboxylic acid cycle into a glyoxylate cycle are present in very small amounts (malate synthetase) or absent entirely (isocitritase) in extracts of glucose-grown X. phaseoli.
NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS BY A LYSOGENIC STRAIN OF ESCHERICHIA COLI INFECTED WITH ANrII MUTANT OF COLIPHAGE T2
Authors: Whitfield J. F. , Baird K. M.
Published: February 2010

Mutants of phage T2, of the group called rII mutants, are known to lack the parent phage's ability to form plaques on strains of Escherichia coli lysogenic for phage λ That they are capable of initiating desoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the infected lysogenic host cells but are incapable of maintaining it has been shown by the present study using T2r7and -E. coli C112 (λs). In contrast with the superficially similar behavior shown by some other phages (e.g. λv1h), ultraviolet irradiation and consequent induction of the lysogenic culture do not release the prophage-linked inhibition of T2r7DNA synthesis. Net ribose-nucleic acid synthesis is stopped in all cultures on infection with T2r7.
EFFECT OF SALT CONCENTRATION ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MICROCOCCUS HALODENITRIFICANS
Authors: Takahashi I. , Gibbons N. E.
Published: February 2010

Cells of Micrococcus halodenitrificans grown in media containing more than 0.7 M sodium chloride appeared normal microscopically, but in 0.6 M salt many cells were swollen and in 0.55 M salt most cells were swollen or ruptured. The swollen cells were sensitive to osmotic shock. Calcium or magnesium prevented the cells from swelling and extended the lower limit of growth from 0.55 to 0.3 M salt. Walls of normal cells contained 6 carbohydrates and 16 amino acids. Qualitative chromatographic analyses indicated that cells grown in 0.55 M salt contained less tyrosine, diaminopimelic acid, and an unknown ninhydrin-positive, cytoplasmic component than cells grown in 1.0 M salt. Quantitative estimates indicated that diaminopimelic acid/nitrogen ratio in cells decreased gradually from 0.25 to 0.16 as the salt content of the growth medium decreased from 1.0 to 0.55 M, but that it decreased to 0.003 in cells grown in 0.3 M salt plus calcium. The results suggest that less cell wall material is produced as the salt concentration in the growth medium is decreased and that calcium has a protective effect on the weakened cells or protoplasts.