bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Effectiveness of Virtual Reality-based Cognitive Rehabilitation With Classical Cognitive Rehabilitation on Improving Executive Function in Children with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors:   Department of Psychology, Facultu of Psychology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran., Barati Zahra , Sepahmansour Mojgan ,   Department of Psychology, Facultu of Psychology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran., Radfar Shokoofeh ,   Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Published: March 2022

Background and Aim: Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder are a good target group for cognitive rehabilitation Because their behavioral problems, including inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity, have a specific cognitive and cerebral origin. This adaptation of behavior to cognitive function provides an opportunity to repair behavior by strengthening cognitive function. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation based on virtual reality technology as a new method and classical cognitive rehabilitation in improving the executive functions of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Methods & Materials: This research was a quasi-experimental study using a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included all children aged 7-12 years with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Tehran in 1398 who were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly divided into 3 groups of 12 people. In the pre-test stage, participants were assessed with the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale and the Computer Integrated Visual and Auditory Test (IVA-2). The first group received a virtual reality-based cognitive rehabilitation package and the second group received a Captain Log computer cognitive rehabilitation package, 12 sessions twice a week. No intervention was performed in the control group during this period. Post-tests were taken from all 3 groups after the intervention. Univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to analyze the data using SPSS software v. 26. Ethical Considerations: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch (Code: IR.IAU.CTB.REC.1400.001). Results: The results showed that both methods of cognitive rehabilitation intervention had a significant effect on cognitive functions (selective attention, sustained attention) of Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children (P<0.01). But no significant difference was observed between the mean scores of selective attention and sustained attention in the first experimental group and the second experimental group (P>0.05). Conclusion: Virtual reality-based cognitive rehabilitation is as effective as classical cognitive rehabilitation on selective attention and sustained attention in children with ADHD. Virtual reality-based cognitive rehabilitation can be used as a new approach to rehabilitating this disorder.
The Role of Circadian Rhythms (Morning-Evening) on Sleep Quality and Corona Anxiety
Authors:   Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran., Karbalaei Mahbobeh , Karami Jahangir ,   Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran., Karimi Parvaneh ,   Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
Published: March 2022

Background and Aim: The type of circadian rhythms is essential in maintaining physical and mental health and recovery from the disease. This study aimed to investigate the role of circadian rhythms on sleep quality and corona anxiety in men and women. Methods & Materials: The present study is a descriptive comparative causal description. The statistical population included all 18-50 who participated in the survey online. People who completed the questionnaire online were selected for sampling. The research instruments included the circadian inventory rhythms Horne and Ostberg (1976), Petersburg Quality of Sleep Questionnaire (1989), and Alipour et al.’s (2020) Corona-related Anxiety Scale in the Iranian sample. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and the Scheffe test were used to analyze the data. Ethical Considerations: This study was registered with the Ethics Committee Razi University Technology Units Development Center at Institute for Psychoanalytic Studies (No.: 99133). Results: The results showed that the mean of mental and corona physical anxiety in women and men with evening type is higher than in other classes. Men and women in the evening type have a lower sleep quality than in the morning and middle types. The results also showed significant differences between the types regarding corona anxiety, sleep quality, and sex. The difference between the mean of the morning type and evening types’ mean was more than other differences between the means. Conclusion: Individual differences in morning-evening types seem to play an essential role in the quality of sleep and the experience of corona anxiety
Evaluation of the Relationship Between Periapical Lesions and Tobacco Use by Panoramic Radiography in Bandar Abbas City in 1399
Authors:   Department of Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran., Moradi Anis , Ramin Pouya ,   Department of Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
Published: March 2022

Background and Aim: The research results show tobacco use increases cardiovascular and lung disorders or the probability of periodontitis in humans, while no definitive relations were yet confirmed. This study evaluates the relationship between periodontitis and tobacco use by panoramic radiography in Bandar Abbas City. Methods & Materials: A total of 198 panoramic radiographs were classified into periapical healthy (n=99) and patient (n=99) groups. Radiologists assessed radiographs for periodontitis via Total Teeth Numbers (TTN), the quality and length of Root Filling Treatment (RFT), the number (NoRFT), and inadequate root filling treatment (RFTin), age, gender, the cigarette and hookah use, and dental debris. Data were analyzed by Chi-Square, t-test, and logistic regression. Ethical Considerations: Due to the lack of therapeutic intervention and the preservation of patients’ characteristics, ethical considerations are not included in this study (Code: IR.HUMS.REC.1399.384) Results: Tobacco, hookah use, TTN, and RFTin were different (P<0.01) in groups, but cigarette smoking, debris, RFT, NoRFT, and age were not. Women in the periodontitis group showed high (P<0.01) in tobacco, hookah use, and RFTin, while no gender differences were observed in other parameters. The logistic regression results showed that based on the Odd Ratio NoRFT (39.7), RFTin (36.8), `hookah (8.1), tobacco (6.57), debris (3.62), smoking (3.59), RFT (1.4) and TTN (0.89) were the highest (P<0.01). At the same time, age and gender did not affect periapical tissues. Conclusion: Hokka, tobacco, and cigarette use negatively affected the periapical tissues, respectively. The decrease in TTN and increase in debris and RFT were probably the effects of tobacco smoking on the periapical tissues. Age and gender were not related to the periapical lesions.
Psychosocial Challenges of Cancer Patients During the Coronavirus 2019 Epidemic
Authors:   Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran., Rahbar Karbasdehi Ebrahim , Rahbar Karbasdehi Fatemeh ,   Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
Published: March 2022

Since December 2019, the coronavirus has affected all aspects of our lives worldwide. This deadly crisis, for which no health care system was fully prepared, has created enormous pressures on health care delivery and has directly and indirectly affected the treatment of many common diseases. Cancer patients are a vulnerable group in the current epidemic due to their immunodeficiency status due to cancer and various anti-cancer therapies [1]. Research shows that cancer patients are at greater risk for more severe infections and subsequent complications, especially if surgery or chemotherapy is given in the month before the coronavirus infection [2]. These conditions have led to a significant increase in coronavirus mortality in cancer patients [3].
The in vitro Evaluation of Protective Effect of Rutin on Acrylamide Induced Oxidative Aging in NIH3T3 Cells
Authors:   Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran., Evazalipour Mehdi , Aghajani Torshkooh Forough ,   Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran., Jafari-Shakib Reza ,   Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran., Gholampour Saye ,   Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran., Zamani Ehsan ,   Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
Published: March 2022

Background: Aging is one of the important factor in the development of age-related diseases. Acrylamide (ACR) can be produced during rich-carbohydrate foods preparing at high temperature. Recently, studies showed that ACR can induce cellular aging. Furthermore, Rutin is a natural flavonoid, which possesses a potent antioxidant activity. Objective: In this study, ptotective effect of Rutin (a potent antioxidant) on oxidative-induced aging after ACR exposure was evaluated. Materials and Methods: NIH3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblast cells were used for this study, which treated by different concentrations of ACR and H2O2. Oxidative stress was assessed by measuring of malondialdehyde and glutathion concentrations. To evaluate of the aging process, β-galactosidase activity was evaluated by enzyme staining and β-galactosidase activity assay kit. MTT assay was used to evaluate the viability of the cells. Results: Exposure of cells to ACR and H2O2 significantly decreased the cell viability and using of rutin significantly improved cell viability in cells treated by ACR (P<0.05). Rutin increased glutathion level in cells treated by ACR and H2O2 (P<0.05). Also, the rate of lipid peroxidation was significantly lower in the group treated with rutin and H2O2 than in the H2O2 group (P<0.05).The β -galactosidase activity was increased in H2O2 and ACR groups. The using of rutin with acrylamide significantly reduced the activity of β-galactosidase enzyme compared to acrylamide group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Based on this study, oxidative stress may be presented as an important mechanism in ACR induced-aging in NIH3T3 cells. On the other hand, Rutin, as a potent antioxidant, decresead aging by inhibition of oxidative damage.
Perfectionism in General Medicine Interns of Guilan University of Medical Sciences in 2021
Authors:   Department of Psychiatry, Kavosh Behavioural, Cognitive and Addiction Sciences Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran., Pourramzani Ali , Alyasin Seyedeh Sara ,   Kavosh Behavioural, Cognitive and Addiction Sciences Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran, Saadat Sajjad ,   Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
Published: March 2022

Background: Perfectionism has positive and negative aspects that can have different consequences for students' personal and academic background. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the Perfectionism score and the role of demographic factors in general medicine interns. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the statistical population of general medicine interns of Guilan University of Medical Sciences in 2020. 200 of them participated in this study using the convenience sampling method and they answered the demographic questionnaire and the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale; FMPS. Independent t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used using SPSS-19 software. Results: The participation rate was 84.5% (169 people). The negative and positive perfectionism scores were (62.4±12.2) and (45.1±5.5). Students under the age of 25 had higher scores on the of concern over mistakes subscale (P=0.002). Male students had higher scores in the parental expectations (P=0.002) and personal standards (P=0.044). Married students scored higher in the parental expectations (P=0.031) and parental criticism (P=0.002) and lower scores in personal standards (P=0.002). Students with a history of physical illness had higher scores on the personal standards (P=0.006) and lower scores on the organization (P=0.045). In married students, more negative perfectionism (P=0.018) and less positive perfectionism (P=0.018) were reported. Conclusion: The results showed that the score of negative perfectionism is in the middle level and positive perfectionism is in the severe level and demographic factors such as young age, gender and marital status were effective on the components of perfectionism.
Comparison of Serum Levels of Autophagy -Related Gene 5 in Patients With/ Without Helicobacter Pylori Infection
Authors:   Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Razi hospital, Sardarjangal Ave. Rasht, Iran., Joukar Farahnaz , Soufi Afshar Iman ,   Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Razi hospital, Sardarjangal Ave. Rasht, Iran., Yeganeh Sara ,   Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Razi hospital, Sardarjangal Ave. Rasht, Iran., Naghipour Mohammad Reza ,   Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Mansour-Ghanaei Alireza ,   Lorestan University of medical Sciences, Mansour-Ghanaei Fariborz ,   Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Razi hospital, Sardarjangal Ave. Rasht, Iran.
Published: March 2022

Introduction: Laboratory studies have shown that gastric epithelial infection cells with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection increase the rate of autophagy. Disruption of this process causes various diseases, including cancer. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the serum level of Autophagy -Related Gene 5 (ATG5) in individuals with and without H. pylori infection. Materials and Methods: This pilot cross-sectional analytical study was performed in 2018 for 44 individuals aged 35-50 years referred to the endoscopy ward of Razi Hospital of Rasht. Age, sex, body mass index, smoking, and symptoms were recorded in a questionnaire. Based on rapid urease test and pathology in two groups of 22 people, the presence and absence of H. pylori infection were examined. Serum ATG5 levels were quantitatively assessed by ELISA with an EIAab kit made in the USA. Results: In this study, 56.8% were male, 77.3% were over 40 years old, 52.3% had a BMI of less than 5 and 70.5% were smokers. The mean (±SD) of ATG5 in individuals with, and without H. pylori were (63.5 ± 15.4) and (57.1 ± 18.9), respectively (P >0.05). The mean ATG5 factor was higher in women than men (P = 0.047). Conclusion: In the present study, ATG5 was not significant in those with and without H. pylori. It is recommended a study be performed in larger sample size and based on a comparison of gastrointestinal lesions.
Investigation of Involuntary Hospitalization in the Files of Patients Referred from Governing Board to Psychiatric Hospital
Authors:   Kavosh Cognitive Behavior Sciences and Addiction Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran., Shokrgozar Somayeh , Varasteh Mohadeseh ,   Kavosh Cognitive Behavior Sciences and Addiction Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran., Isanazar Adele ,   Kavosh Cognitive Behavior Sciences and Addiction Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran., Zavarmousavi Maryam ,   Kavosh Cognitive Behavior Sciences and Addiction Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran., Fallahi-Kheshtmasjedi Mahnaz ,   Raz Counseling and Psychological Services Center, Rasht, Iran.
Published: March 2022

Introduction: Psychiatric hospitalized patients by judicial letters are important groups, which deprives the physician of authority to make decision. One of the medical principles is to patients' rights. Objective: The aim of this study to investigate the cases of people referred by the judiciary to Shafa center. Materials and Methods: This study was performed on the files of 217 people referred from governing board to Shafa Hospital in Rasht in 2018 and according to the checklist, the variables were extracted from files, such as demographic characteristics, referral reasons, criminal history, history of psychiatric disorders, and hospitalization in psychiatric hospital, and psychiatric diagnosis of the type of disorder. After collecting the data, they were analyzed by in IBM SPSS statistics version 21. Results: The highest population was male (96.8%), urban (78.8%), and single (57.6%). 78.3% had a history of hospitalization, 82.5% had a history of psychiatric illness. 99.9% of cases had a psychiatric diagnosis. The most common psychiatric diagnosis was schizophrenia with 37.5% of cases. In terms of the reason for referral, 49.9% were sent-out and hospitalization and 29.6% were in need of treatment. There was a significant relationship between the history of psychiatric disorder and criminal history. But there was no significant relationship between age, education, employment status and history of psychiatric disorder. Conclusion: The study showed that only for existence of a judicial letter, the label of a psychiatric patient can certainly not be affixed to the person. Also, the high percentage of the final diagnosis indicates a better relationship between governing board and the medical system in referring individuals. This issue again highlights the need for more communication between the judicial system and medical centers to refer patients.
Evaluation of Uric Acid Level and Glycemic Status in Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Rasht
Authors:   Razi Clinical Research Development Unit, Razi Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran., Yaseri Maryam , Mortazavi Seyyede Sahere ,   Razi Clinical Research Development Unit, Razi Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran., Faraji Niloofar ,   Razi Clinical Research Development Unit, Razi Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
Published: March 2022

Background: Diabetes is one of the most common and costly chronic diseases with an increasing prevalence in all around the world. On the other hand, the relationship between Uric Acid (UA) level and glycemic index in type 2 diabetic patients is not clear. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the UA level and glycemic status of type 2 diabetic patients. Methods: A total of 230 patients with type 2 diabetes were studied in this cross-sectional study, who referred to Razi and Besat clinics in 2020. Researcher-made checklist were used to collect demographic and clinical data includes age, sex, duration of the disease, body mass index (BMI), fasting blood sugar (FBS), Cholesterol, Triglyceride (TG), high density lipid (HDL), low density lipid (LDL), Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c), UA, Creatinine (Cr) level, history of heart disease, blood pressure, and a history of smoking. The results were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 26. Results: The results showed that there was a marginally significant relationship between UA and HbA1C (r = 0.318, P<0.001), Cr (r = 0.351, P<0.001) and Triglyceride (TG) (r = 0.174, P=0.008). Conclusion: Generally, in patients with type 2 diabetes, serum UA level has an adverse effect on glycemic status.
A Rare Case Report of Pelvic Tuberculosis in a 12 Years Old Virgin Girl
Authors:   Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Al-Zahra Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran, Kaboodmehri Roya , Rafiei Sorouri Zahra ,   Reproductive Health Research Center , Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, School of Medicine, Al-Zahra Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran., Ghanami Gashti Nasrin ,   Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Al-Zahra Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran., Sharami Seyedeh Hajar ,   Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Al-Zahra Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
Published: March 2022

Introduction: In women who are at risk for tuberculosis, the possibility of pelvic tuberculosis should always be considered along with other diagnoses. In virgin girls pelvic tuberculosis is rare, and due to nonspecific symptoms and radiographic studies, there is a possibility of misdiagnosis, and mortality so strong clinical suspicion, especially in girls exposed to tuberculosis is important in diagnosing the disease. Case presentation: This case report describes a 12 years old virgin girl with diffuse pelvic tuberculosis and peritonitis. In the examinations, there were tenderness and rebound in the abdominal examination and a fever of 38 degrees. Menarche was at the age of ten and the patient did not report menstrual irregularities. An ultrasound of the right ovary showed an 8 cm cystic mass with some fluid in the pelvis. Conclusion: Therefore, in women who are at risk for tuberculosis, the possibility of pelvic tuberculosis should always be considered along with other diagnoses.
The Effectiveness of Neurofeedback on Working Memory and Cognitive Flexibility in Patients With Mild Depression
Authors:   Department of Psychology, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran., Samadi Taherghorabi Maryam , Shakerinia Iraj ,   Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Humanities,Gilan University, Rasht, Iran.
Published: March 2022

Background and Purpose: Depression is a common illness worldwide, with Approximately 280 million people in the world have depression.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of neurofeedback on working memory, cognitive flexibility in patients with mild depression. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was performed on 30 patients with mild depression in Rasht in 2021 who were purposefully selected. Neurofeedback intervention program and Goldberg Depression Inventory, Dennis and Vanderwall Cognitive Flexibility and Danman & Carpenter Working Memory Questionnaire were used. Data were analyzed by analysis of covariance Results: The results showed that neurofeedback training was effective in increasing working memory (P <0.038),and cognitive flexibility (P <0.001) in patients with mild depression. Conclusion: Neurofeedback system can change brain activity using a simple reward system. Therefore, neurofeedback training is suggested as a potential complementary therapy for patients with depression.
Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicine in Nocturnal Enuresis in Children
Authors:   Pediatric Nephrology Research Center, Research Institute for Children’s Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Motaharifard Monireh Sadat , Mohkam Masoumeh ,   Pediatric Nephrology Research Center, Research Institute for Children’s Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Published: March 2022

Background: The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) treatments in children is increasing. Due to the ineffectiveness of some pharmacological interventions or intolerance to their side effects, different types of CAM are used in various problems, such as enuresis in children. This study aimed to introduce the most common complementary and alternative medicine methods used for enuresis in the pediatric population. Objectives: This study aimed to introduce the most common complementary and alternative medicine methods used for enuresis in the pediatric population. Methods: Medical literature search was performed in several databases for a variety of Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicine in nocturnal enuresis in children. Databases used were Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, PubMed, and a number of Persian databases, including Magiran and SID. Clinical trials, case series, or case reports that had evaluated the effectiveness of these therapies in nocturnal enuresis in children were included. Data were collected in English or Persian from inception to early 2021. Results: Most studies had been performed on some CAM methods, such as acupuncture. In some methods, such as reflexology, the studies were limited to case reports and in others, such as aromatherapy, there was no study related to children’s enuresis. Based on the results, most CAM methods have positive effects in the treatment of nocturnal enuresis and have their unique theories about the concepts of etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of disease. Conclusions: Despite the relatively high use of CAM treatments in nocturnal enuresis among children, evidence of their effectiveness is not enough. More clinical trials are required to evaluate the safety and efficacy of these methods.
Identification of a Novel Mutation in an Iranian Family With 17-β Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 3 Deficiency: A Case Series
Authors:   Reference Laboratory of Qazvin Medical University, Iran Sana Medical Genetics Laboratory, Qazvin, Iran., Heidari Abolfazl , Homaei Ali ,   Student of Medicine, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Saffari Fatemeh ,   Children Growth Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
Published: March 2022

Background: We presented the clinical and genetic features of a male ambiguity due to 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3 (17B-HSD3) deficiency. Methods: The proposita was an 11-year-old girl and the first child of a consanguineous family. The external genitalia were completely female and had a short vaginal pouch. She had palpable gonads in her inguinal area and underwent bilateral gonadectomy at the age of two. At the age of 10, she was referred to our clinic for more evaluation. In pelvic sonography, uterine and ovarian were not seen. Her karyotype was 46, XY, and her LH and FSH levels were elevated, and three of the patient’s aunts and one of the mother’s aunts had similar signs. Conclusions: We identified a novel homozygous missense variation (c.731T>A, p. Ile244Lys) in the HSD17B3 gene. This alteration changes Isoleucine to Lysine in exon 10.
The Mechanism of Action and Potential Impact of Flaxseed on Gastrointestinal Manifestations in Cystic Fibrosis: A Narrative Review
Authors:   Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Tahermohammadi Hanieh
Published: March 2022

Background: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disease, which leads to death at a young age. No definite treatment has yet been found for CF. Therefore, it is important to find new therapeutic and medicinal approaches for CF. Flaxseed is an antioxidant dietary and anti-inflammatory supplement with a high omega-3 fatty acid content. Objectives: In this article, the mechanism of action of flaxseed as a novel supplemental treatment for CF is discussed. Methods: In this review, we searched Iranian traditional medicine (ITM) sources, such as Zakhire Kharazmshahi and Canon of Medicine. Then, from inception to October 2020, data sources, including Google Scholar and PubMed in the English language were comprehensively explored for the mechanism of action of this herbal remedy on CF. Results: Flaxseed may possess effects on CF gastrointestinal disorders due to its properties, including consumer acceptance as a functional food, being the best non-animal reservoir of omega 3 fatty acid, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), and soluble fiber, as well as its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects with modulating intestinal microbiota. Conclusions: Regarding the mentioned potential mechanisms of action, it could be hypothesized that flaxseed can be served as a novel medicine for CF.
A Case of Status Epilepticus Due to Topical Lidocaine Toxicity: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors:   Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran., Hakemi Arman , Rezvani Kakhki Behrang ,   Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran., Sadrzadeh Sayyed Majid ,   Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran., Mousavi Seyed Mohammad ,   Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran., Moradi Elnaz Vafadar ,   Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Published: March 2022

Background: Lidocaine hydrochloride is an acetamide derivative that was first introduced by Nils Löfgrene in 1943. It is a local anesthetic agent that is widely used in order to prepare the patient for repairing lacerations in everyday practice. Neurological toxicities have been reported with systemic and topical lidocaine. Methods: An eight-year-old female child was reported with a pure laceration who developed status epilepticus after receiving lidocaine along with ketamine. The patient had no medical history of epilepsy or allergic reaction and had a normal physical and mental development status. She received 200 mg lidocaine without epinephrine and underwent wound repair. The patient also received 60 mg of intramuscular ketamine in order to produce relative sedation. After an hour of wound repair, she developed a tonic-colonic generalized seizure representative of status epilepticus seizure. The convulsions were managed by benzodiazepines, and the patient was discharged without complication Conclusions: Status epilepticus can happen due to lidocaine. Although patients usually recover with no major complications, obeying safety protocols can prevent these events.
Causes of Short Stature in Children Referred to a Tertiary Care Center in Southeast of Iran: 2018-2020
Authors:   Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran., Sheikhi Vahid , Bonyadi Shamim ,   Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran., Heidari Zahra ,   Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
Published: March 2022

Background: Short stature is a common problem encountered by endocrinologists. Short stature may be due to normal variations of growth or pathologic process. Evaluation of short stature and its causes in any community can be effective in reducing physical and mental illness in children. Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency of common causes of short stature in children referring to the endocrinology clinic. Methods: This prospective and descriptive study was carried out between August 2018 and September 2020. Included criteria were age below 18 years, height more than 2 SD below the mean for age (< 3rd percentile), growth failure (< 4 cm/year), small for mid-parental height, and adequate follow-up. They were evaluated by anthropometric measurements, biochemical panel, hormonal tests, radiological studies, and hormonal provocative tests. Results: A total of 509 cases, including 238 males (46.8%) and 271 females (53.2%) had short stature. The age of participants varied from 2-18 years. The mean chronological age was 11.83±3.44 years. Most study participants were over 10 years old (68%). Normal variants of growth with 271 (53.34%) children, were the most prevalent causes. These causes were in three subgroups: familial short stature: 133 (26.14%), constitutional delay of growth and puberty: 112 (22%), and idiopathic short stature: 26 (5.12%). Totally 238 cases (46.66%) were due to pathologic types of short stature. The leading cause of short stature in this group was growth hormone deficiency, which was seen in 70 (13.76%) patients. Conclusions: The normal variants of short stature as a group were the most common cause of short stature, followed by endocrinological causes of short stature and non-endocrinological causes.
Development and Validation of the Iranian Neonatal Prematurity Minimum Data Set (IMSPIMDS): A Systematic Review Using Focus Group Discussion and the Delphi Technique
Authors:   Department of Health Information Management, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Pahlevanynejad Shahrbanoo , Danaei Navid ,   Department of Pediatric, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran., Kahouei Mehdi ,   Department of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran., Mirmohammadkhani Majid ,   Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran., Saffarieh Elham ,   Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Science, Semnan, Iran., Safdari Reza ,   Department of Health Information Management, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Published: March 2022

Background: Information systems help to collect information about patients. The minimum data set (MDS) provides the basis for decision-making. Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the comprehensive national MDS for prematurity information management system (IMSPIMDS) in Iran Methods: This research is a cross-sectional study with three steps, including systematic review, focus group discussion, and the Delphi technique. A systematic review was conducted in relevant databases. Then, a focus group discussion was used to classify the extracted data elements by contributing specialists in various fields. Finally, MDSs were chosen through the decision Delphi technique in two rounds. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS 26. Results: In total, 233 data elements were included in the Delphi survey. The data elements based on the experts’ opinions, were classified into two main categories, including maternal and newborn. The final data elements for maternal and newborn categories were 107 and 126. Conclusions: The existence of a national MDS as the core of the premature newborn surveillance program is essential and leads to appropriate decisions. We developed and internally validated an MDS for prematurity studies. This study generated new knowledge to enable healthcare system professionals to collect relevant and meaningful data. The use of this standardized approach can help benchmark clinical practice and target improvements worldwide.
Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Serum Lipid Profiles in Children and Adolescence: A Meta-analysis
Authors:   Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran., Amiri Bita , Namakin Kokab ,   Cardivascular Disease Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran., Soltani Maryam ,   Razi Clinical Research Development Unit (RCRDU), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran., Shetty Sameep ,   Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India., Riahi Seyed Mohammad ,   Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
Published: March 2022

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is an important risk factor for some chronic diseases. Some reports suggested that there is an interrelationship between lipids and cholecalciferol. Objectives: This meta-analysis was conducted to summarize the existing evidence of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on lipid profiles in children and adolescents. Methods: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, databases, such as Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, EMBASE, ScienceDirect, Magiran, and SID were searched for studies up to December 21, 2019. This study was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. I-square was used to measure the existing heterogeneity through included articles. Considering heterogeneity among articles, random-effect models were applied to pool Standardized Mean Differences (SMD) as overall effect size. Study eligibility criteria included children and adolescents (<18 years) and evaluation of the association between vitamin D and lipid profile. A P<0.05 was considered statistically significant and the analyses were conducted by STATA 14.0. Results: A total of 13 trials (number of participant=173) were included in the current meta-analysis. The SMD was 0.23, the vitamin D supplementation was associated with a significant slight increase in high-density lipoproteins (HDL) levels in children and adolescents (SMD 0.23; 95% CI, 0.02, 0.45, P=0.036; I2=57.7%, Egger’s P=0.554). We found no significant association between vitamin D supplementation and LDL-cholesterol (SMD -0.10; 95% CI, −0.29, 0.09, P=0.310; I2=0.0%, Egger’s P=0.689), total cholesterol (SMD –0.01; 95% CI, −0.20, 0.18, P=0.926; I2=0.0%, Egger’s P=0.005), and triglycerides (SMD -0.10; 95% CI, − 0.22, 0.02, P=0.093; I2=0.0%, Egger’s P=0.160) levels. Conclusions: Vitamin D can marginally increase HDL levels, without any significant effect on LDL-C, TG, and TC levels.
Clinical Profile and Outcomes of Congenital Gastrointestinal Malformations: A Single Hospital Study
Authors:   MD Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India., Kumar Krishan , Thakur Prakash ,   MD Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India., Singh Shilpi ,   MD Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India.
Published: March 2022

Aims: To determine the prevalence, clinical profile and outcomes of gastrointestinal (GI) malformations in neonates in a tertiary care hospital. Settings and Design: A prospective observational case-control study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in New Delhi. Methods: The study was conducted on live neonates from October 2014 to November 2015. Cases of neonates with GI malformations were compared against healthy babies. Outcome measures assessed were prevalence, associated risk factors, clinical profile, and mortality of GI malformation. Statistical analysis: Qualitative variables were compared using Chi-Square test/Fisher’s exact test. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the significant risk factors after adjusting for confounding variables. A P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Among the 25,116 live births, 41 cases were diagnosed with GI malformations. To compare, 82 controls (healthy babies) were taken. The prevalence of GI malformations was 0.163 or 1.63/1,000 live births with a male to female ratio of 1.1:1. The tracheoesophageal fistula was the most frequent anomaly (39.02%). Multivariate analysis revealed a lack of periconceptional iron and folic acid supplementation and baby birth weight <2.5 kg as independent significant factors related to the occurrence of congenital GI defects (when compared to controls). Among 41 cases, 20 neonates died (48.78% mortality rate). Causes of mortality were prematurity, sepsis, asphyxia, and shock. Conclusion: In a developing country like ours, the association of GI malformations (0.163%) with lack of periconceptional iron and folic acid supplementation and low birth weight shows that increased counseling and implementation of the supplements during the pregnancy can help decrease the prevalence. Mortality remains high among such children and thus they demand urgent necessary surgery and management.
Treatment of Hypertension in a Child With 11Beta-Hydroxylase Deficiency: A Case Report
Authors:   Children Growth Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran, Saffari Fatemeh , Arad Banafsheh ,   Children Growth Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
Published: March 2022

Background: 11beta-hydroxylase deficiency (11βOHD) is clinically presented with external genitalia virilization in girls and precocious puberty in boys. Low renin hypertension occurs in both sexes. Early diagnosis and treatment of hypertension can prevent complications. Objectives: To provide a practical management for controlling hypertension in patients with 11-beta-hydroxylase deficiency. Methods: We described a 4.5 years old girl of 46.XX, who presented with ambiguous genitalia at birth and hypertension later in follow-up. The patient had received the appropriate dosage of hydrocortisone and the level of 17-hydroxy progesterone was within the acceptable range but the hypokalemia persisted. Both hypertension and hypokalemia were normalized when spironolactone was added. Results: Blocking mineralocorticoid receptor treat hypertension in 11-beta-hydroxylase deficiency. Conclusions: Intermittent measurement of blood pressure is necessary for patients with 11βOHD. In these patients, spironolactone is effective in treating mineralocorticoid-mediated hypertension and hypokalemia by blocking mineralocorticoid receptors.
Predisposing Factors of Cerebral Edema in Pediatric Diabetic Ketoacidosis: A Systematic Review
Authors:   Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran., Jafari Hedayat , Dadashian Pooneh ,   Department of Intensive Care Nursing, Student Research Committee of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran., Ghaffari Javad ,   Department of Pediatrics, Infectious Disease Research Center with Focus on Nosocomial Infection, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran., Zaman Far Daniel ,   Diabetes Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
Published: March 2022

Background: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is not the most common acute complication of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents, but the cerebral edema caused by it is the most common cause of death in children with DKA. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature to describe the predisposing factors of cerebral edema in pediatric DKA. Methods: Six international databases of Wiley, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, and Cochrane Library, and three domestic databases, including SID, Magiran, and Iranmedex were searched for relevant studies. Then, articles with inclusion criteria and related to the objectives of this study were reviewed. Results: These studies have identified several risk factors for cerebral edema, some of which are related to the severity of the disease on admission and some are related to treatment. Conclusions: Preventing DKA is the only reliable way to prevent cerebral edema until the causes of this life-threatening complication are fully understood.
High Frequency of Nephropathy Among the Iranian Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors:   Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Children Growth Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran., Arad Banafsheh , Chegini Victoria ,   Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Talati Nadia ,   Student Research Committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran., Homaei Ali ,   Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Saffari Fatemeh ,   Children Growth Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
Published: March 2022

Background: Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune condition, in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin. Nephropathy is a serious T1D microvascular complication that is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of diabetic nephropathy and comorbidities in children with T1D. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 208 children (aged 1–18 years old) with T1D who were referred to the Qazvin endocrinology clinic from 2017 to 2019. Anthropometric, demographic, laboratory, and comorbidities data were collected. Results: The Mean±SD age at diagnosis of diabetes was 7.59 years, and the Mean±SD HbA1c level of the study subjects was 8.68±1.42 mmol/mol. Out of 208 diabetic patients, 64 cases (30.7%) had diabetic nephropathy, of whom 53 cases (25.5%) had microalbuminuria and 11 cases (5.3%) had macroalbuminuria. Among the studied diabetic patients, 30 cases (14.45%) had hypothyroidism, 12 patients (5.8%) had celiac disease, and 14 patients (6.7%) had anemia. Retinopathy was not found in any of the patients. Moreover, variables, such as the duration of diabetes, puberty status, mean HbA1c levels, and age were significantly associated with diabetic nephropathy (P<0.05). Conclusion: Mean HbA1c levels were significantly higher in patients with macroalbuminuria, which may corroborate the role of metabolic control of diabetes in the development of albuminuria.