bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigating the roles of perceived playfulness, resistance to change and self‐management of learning in mobile English learning outcome
Authors: Huang Rui‐Ting , Jang Syh‐Jong , Machtmes Krisanna , Deggs David
Published: October 2011

Although there is a growing interest in mobile learning, there are limited studies that focus on student knowledge acquisition. As applications and usages of mobile technology have become more and more accepted, it is important and meaningful that researchers and practitioners of mobile learning understand the potential factors that could influence learning outcomes. Accordingly, the primary purpose of this study was to investigate the roles of mobile technology playfulness, users' resistance to change and self‐management of learning in mobile English learning outcomes (MELOs). A case study approach was utilized in this study mainly because the questions of interests were closely related to the usage of electronic dictionaries and their effects on mobile learning outcomes. The participants of this study were all undergraduate students from 10 undergraduate programs of the center for general education at one university in Southern Taiwan. A total of n = 167 undergraduate students with experience using an electronic dictionary to learn English participated in this study. The study results indicated that perceived playfulness and self‐management of learning had positive influences on MELO and that users' resistance to change was negatively associated with MELO.

Practitioner Notes

What is already known about this topic

Key roles of mobile devices in learning activities.

Limitations of mobile devices.

The importance of mobile learning evaluation and outcome.

What this paper adds

Investigating the role of perceived playfulness in mobile learning outcome.

Investigating the influence of resistance to change on mobile learning outcome.

Investigating the effect of self‐management of learning on mobile learning outcome.

Evaluation of mobile learning.

Implications for practice and/or policy

The integration of technology into learning environments could play a key role in enhancing learning effectiveness and efficiency.

Timely support could be a useful way to help learners minimize resistance to using mobile devices and maximize adoption of mobile technology.

It should be noted that teachers should suggest that learners with better self‐management of learning capabilities adopt mobile learning so that the learners can realize more positive learning outcomes.
NEIGHBOURHOOD COMPOSITION AND ECONOMIC PROSPECTS: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY IN THE NETHERLANDS
Authors: MUSTERD SAKO , DE VOS SJOERD , DAS MARJOLIJN , LATTEN JAN
Published: October 2011

‘How does the “social” and “cultural” neighbourhood composition impact on the economic prospects of its inhabitants?’ We addressed this question, while using a new longitudinal dataset. We analysed the individual income changes between 1999 and 2005 of all Dutch 18–49 year‐olds (subdivided in four strata) who stayed in the same neighbourhood throughout the period while focusing on the role of neighbourhood after controlling for a range of individual variables. The impact of neighbourhood contexts is statistically significant, yet limited compared to the impact of individual characteristics. Social context – neighbourhood median income and income mix – turned out to be most relevant in terms of neighbourhood impact. Higher median incomes and more income mix in the neighbourhood have significant positive effects on individual income development.
How does temporal preparation speed up response implementation in choice tasks? Evidence for an early cortical activation
Authors: Tandonnet Christophe , Davranche Karen , Meynier Chloé , Burle Borís , Vidal Franck , Hasbroucq Thierry
Published: October 2011

We investigated the influence of temporal preparation on information processing. Single‐pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the primary motor cortex was delivered during a between‐hand choice task. The time interval between the warning and the imperative stimulus varied across blocks of trials was either optimal (500 ms) or nonoptimal (2500 ms) for participants' performance. Silent period duration was shorter prior to the first evidence of response selection for the optimal condition. Amplitude of the motor evoked potential specific to the responding hand increased earlier for the optimal condition. These results revealed an early release of cortical inhibition and a faster integration of the response selection‐related inputs to the corticospinal pathway when temporal preparation is better. Temporal preparation may induce cortical activation prior to response selection that speeds up the implementation of the selected response.
Cells, biomarkers, and post‐traumatic stress disorder: evidence for peripheral involvement in a central disease
Authors: Andrews James A. , Neises Kameran D.
Published: October 2011

J. Neurochem. (2012) 120, 26–36.

Post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complicated CNS syndrome. Looking beyond the CNS, recent studies suggest that peripheral blood mononuclear cells could cause and/or exacerbate PTSD. This review summarizes the literature, describes associations between circulating peripheral blood cells and PTSD, proposes a novel mechanism, and analyzes several biomarkers that appear to associate with PTSD symptoms. Several experimental animal models have shown that peripheral blood mononuclear cell activity can cause hippocampal volume loss and PTSD‐like symptoms. Data from these models suggest that a traumatic event and/or traumatic events can trigger peripheral cells to migrate, mediate inflammation, and decrease neurogenesis, potentially leading to CNS volume loss. Biomarkers that associate with PTSD symptoms have the potential to differentiate PTSD from traumatic brain injury, but more work needs to be done. Research examining the mechanism of how traumatic events are linked to peripheral blood mononuclear cell functions and biomarkers may offer improved diagnoses and treatments for PTSD patients.
Cell adhesion molecules contribute to Alzheimer’s disease: multiple pathway analyses of two genome‐wide association studies
Authors: Liu Guiyou , Jiang Yongshuai , Wang Ping , Feng Rennan , Jiang Nan , Chen Xiaoyun , Song Hui , Chen Zugen
Published: October 2011

J. Neurochem. (2012) 120, 190–198.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a kind of complex neurological disorder. The complex genetic architecture of AD makes genetic analysis difficult. Fortunately, a pathway‐based method to study the existing genome‐wide association studies datasets has been applied into AD. However, no shared Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway was reported. In this study, we performed multiple pathway analyses of French AD genome‐wide association studies dataset (discovery dataset, n = 7360, 2032 cases and 5328 controls) and Pfizer dataset (validation dataset, n = 2220, 1034 cases and 1186 controls). First, we performed multiple pathway analyses by Hypergeometric test, improved gene set enrichment analysis (IGSEA) and Z‐statistic test in KEGG. Using Hypergeometric test, we identified 54 and 25 significant pathways (p < 0.05) in discovery dataset and validation dataset, respectively. Using IGSEA method, we identified three significant pathways in both discovery and validation datasets, respectively. Using Z‐statistic test, we identified 19 significant pathways in validation dataset. Among the significant pathways, cell adhesion molecules (CAM) pathway was identified to be the only consistent signal emerging across multiple analyses in KEGG. After permutation and multiple testing corrections, CAM pathway was significant with p = 2.40E−05 (Hypergeometric test) and p = 3.00E−03 (IGSEA) in discovery dataset. In validation dataset, CAM pathway was significant with p = 1.84E−06 (Hypergeometric test), p = 1.00E−02 (IGSEA) and p = 2.81E−03 (Z‐statistic test). We replicated the association by multiple pathway analyses in Gene Ontology using Hypergeometric test (WebGestalt), modified Fisher’s exact test (DAVID) and Binomial test (PANTHER). Our findings provided further evidence on the association between CAM pathway and AD susceptibility, which would be helpful to study the genetic mechanisms of AD and may significantly assist in the development of therapeutic strategies.
Why are hippocampal CA1 neurons vulnerable but motor cortex neurons resistant to transient ischemia?
Authors: Zhu Hong , Yoshimoto Tanihiro , Imajo‐Ohmi Shinobu , Dazortsava Maryia , Mathivanan Arumugam , Yamashima Tetsumori
Published: October 2011

J. Neurochem. (2012) 120, 574–585.

It is well‐known that heat‐shock protein 70.1 (Hsp70.1), a major protein of the human Hsp70 family, plays cytoprotective roles by both its chaperone function and stabilization of lysosomal membranes. Recently, we found that calpain‐mediated cleavage of carbonylated Hsp70.1 in the hippocampal cornu Ammonis1 (CA1) contributes to neuronal death after transient global ischemia. This study aims to elucidate the differential neuronal vulnerability between the motor cortex and CA1 sector against ischemia/reperfusion. Fluoro‐Jade B staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP‐nick‐end‐labeling analysis of the monkey brain undergoing 20 min whole brain ischemia followed by reperfusion, showed that the motor cortex is significantly resistant to the ischemic insult compared with CA1. Up‐regulation of Hsp70.1 but absence of its cleavage by calpain facilitated its binding with NF‐κB p65/IκBα complex to minimize NF‐κB p65 activation, which contributed to a neuroprotection in the motor cortex. In contrast, because activated μ‐calpain cleaved carbonylated Hsp70.1 in CA1, the resultant Hsp70.1 dysfunction not only destabilized lysosomal membrane but also induced a sustained activation of NF‐κB p65, both of which resulted in delayed neuronal death. We propose that the cascades underlying lysosomal stabilization and regulating NF‐κB activation by Hsp70.1 may influence neuronal survival/death after the ischemia/reperfusion.
Double blockade of angiotensin II (AT1)‐receptors and ACE does not improve weight gain and glucose homeostasis better than single‐drug treatments in obese rats
Authors: Miesel Anja , Müller‐Fielitz Helge , Jöhren Olaf , Vogt Florian M , Raasch Walter
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Combination therapies are becoming increasingly important for the treatment of high blood pressure. Little is known about whether double blockade of angiotensin II (AT1) receptors and angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) exert synergistic metabolic effects.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Spontaneously hypertensive rats were allowed to choose between palatable chocolate bars and standard chow and were simultaneously treated with the AT1 blocker telmisartan (8 mg·kgbw−1·day−1), the ACE inhibitor ramipril (4 mg·kgbw−1·day−1) or a combination of the two (8 + 4 mg·kgbw−1·day−1) for 12 weeks.

KEY RESULTS Although food‐dependent energy intake was increased by telmisartan and telmisartan + ramipril compared with ramipril or controls, body weight gain, abundance of fat and plasma leptin levels were decreased. Increased insulin levels in response to an oral glucose tolerance test were comparably attenuated by telmisartan and telmisartan + ramipril, but not by ramipril. During an insulin tolerance test, glucose utilization was equally as effectively improved by telmisartan and telmisartan + ramipril. In response to a stress test, ACTH, corticosterone and glucose increased in controls. These stress reactions were attenuated by telmisartan and telmisartan + ramipril.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The combination of telmisartan + ramipril was no more efficacious in regulating body weight and glucose homeostasis than telmisartan alone. However, telmisartan was more effective than ramipril in improving metabolic parameters and in reducing body weight. The association between the decrease in stress responses and the diminished glucose levels after stress supports our hypothesis that the ability of telmisartan, as an AT1 receptor blocker, to alleviate stress reactions may contribute to its hypoglycaemic actions.
Potent mechanism‐based inhibition of CYP3A4 by imatinib explains its liability to interact with CYP3A4 substrates
Authors: Filppula AM , Laitila J , Neuvonen PJ , Backman JT
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Imatinib, a cytochrome P450 2C8 (CYP2C8) and CYP3A4 substrate, markedly increases plasma concentrations of the CYP3A4/5 substrate simvastatin and reduces hepatic CYP3A4/5 activity in humans. Because competitive inhibition of CYP3A4/5 does not explain these in vivo interactions, we investigated the reversible and time‐dependent inhibitory effects of imatinib and its main metabolite N‐desmethylimatinib on CYP2C8 and CYP3A4/5 in vitro.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Amodiaquine N‐deethylation and midazolam 1′‐hydroxylation were used as marker reactions for CYP2C8 and CYP3A4/5 activity. Direct, IC50‐shift, and time‐dependent inhibition were assessed with human liver microsomes.

KEY RESULTS

Inhibition of CYP3A4 activity by imatinib was pre‐incubation time‐, concentration‐ and NADPH‐dependent, and the time‐dependent inactivation variables KI and kinact were 14.3 µM and 0.072 min−1 respectively. In direct inhibition experiments, imatinib and N‐desmethylimatinib inhibited amodiaquine N‐deethylation with a Ki of 8.4 and 12.8 µM, respectively, and midazolam 1′‐hydroxylation with a Ki of 23.3 and 18.1 µM respectively. The time‐dependent inhibition effect of imatinib was predicted to cause up to 90% inhibition of hepatic CYP3A4 activity with clinically relevant imatinib concentrations, whereas the direct inhibition was predicted to be negligible in vivo.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

Imatinib is a potent mechanism‐based inhibitor of CYP3A4 in vitro and this finding explains the imatinib–simvastatin interaction and suggests that imatinib could markedly increase plasma concentrations of other CYP3A4 substrates. Our results also suggest a possibility of autoinhibition of CYP3A4‐mediated imatinib metabolism leading to a less significant role for CYP3A4 in imatinib biotransformation in vivo than previously proposed.
Krüppel‐like factor 4 is induced by rapamycin and mediates the anti‐proliferative effect of rapamycin in rat carotid arteries after balloon injury
Authors: Wang Ying , Zhao Beilei , Zhang Yi , Tang Zhihui , Shen Qiang , Zhang Youyi , Zhang Weizhen , Du Jie , Chien Shu , Wang Nanping
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The transcription factor, Krüppel‐like factor 4 (KLF4), plays an important role in regulating the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. This study aimed to examine the effect of rapamycin on the expression of KLF4 and the role of KLF4 in arterial neointimal formation.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Expression of KLF4 was monitored using real‐time PCR and immunoblotting in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. and in rat carotid arteries in vivo after balloon injury. Adenovirus‐mediated overexpression and siRNA‐mediated knockdown of KLF4 were used to examine the role of KLF4 in mediating the anti‐proliferative role of rapamycin . KLF4‐regulated genes were identified using cDNA microarray.

KEY RESULTS Rapamycin induced the expression of KLF4 in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of KLF4 inhibited cell proliferation and the activity of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and its downstream pathways, including 4EBP‐1 and p70S6K in vascular smooth muscle cells and prevented the neointimal formation in the balloon‐injured arteries. KLF4 up‐regulated the expression of GADD45β, p57kip2 and p27kip1. Furthermore, knockdown of KLF4 attenuated the anti‐proliferative effect of rapamycin both in vitro and in vivo.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS KLF4 plays an important role in mediating the anti‐proliferative effect of rapamycin in VSMCs and balloon‐injured arteries. Thus, it is a potential target for the treatment of proliferative vascular disorders such as restenosis after angioplasty.
An Image of Possibility: Illustrating a Pedagogic Encounter with Culture
Authors: Michael Maureen K.
Published: October 2011

An Image of Possibility is an interplay between image‐making and interpretation. It explores author‐created illustration as an art‐based tool for educational inquiry and is designed further to inform the creative research practice of the author. The illustration ‘Meeting People’ is created by the author to render an event of learning and culture pictorially evident. In a description of the process and content of the image it becomes clear that the creation of the image rehearses known ideas and literally re‐presents them. However, what is more interesting is that in a critical rereading of the image unintended ideas are revealed to the author. Illustration, the act of drawing and its manipulation, reveals meaning as an active component in research discovery through creative practice. The illustration encapsulates characteristics of Bourriaud's relational aesthetics and Atkinson's notion of the learning event. The ‘truth’ of the learning event is revealed not in the relationship between the students and culture, as at first assumed, but in the relationship between the author/artist and the illustration. From the perspective of the author/artist, the article explores the question: ‘To what extent can illustration illuminate pedagogic encounters with culture?’ An Image of Possibility presents a metonymical representation of an educational encounter and offers illustration as a tool for educational inquiry.
Moments of Intensity: Affect and the Making and Teaching of Art
Authors: Addison Nicholas
Published: October 2011

Affect often arises unexpectedly within the process of making art (along with other creative activities). In this article I argue for affect as a necessary and constructive dynamic within educational processes specifically for art and design. After a consideration of its recent neglect within art education, I revisit the notion of affect with reference to a number of thinkers who provide different perspectives, but particularly through the lens of the US psychologist Silvan Tomkins. Through him and others I seek to understand how affect can be recognised and cultivated in pedagogic situations. I do so by reflecting on the making and teaching experiences of students following an MA in Art and Design in Education and a practice‐based PhD, as witnessed by me (supervisor/co‐tutor), as recounted by students and as discussed in post‐event conversation/semi‐structured interviews.
Can a decision‐making model be justified in the management of hepatocellular adenoma?
Authors: van Aalten Susanna M. , Witjes Caroline D. M. , de Man Robert A. , Ijzermans Jan N. M. , Terkivatan Türkan
Published: October 2011

During recent years, there was a great development in the area of hepatocellular adenomas (HCA), especially regarding the pathological subtype classification, radiological imaging and management during pregnancy. This review discusses the current knowledge about diagnosis and treatment modalities of HCA and proposes a decision‐making model for HCA. A Medline search of studies relevant to epidemiology, histopathology, complications, imaging and management of HCA lesions was undertaken. References from identified articles were hand‐searched for further relevant articles.
Public Health Nursing—Indispensible and Economical for Everyone if Organized
Authors: Emerson Haven
Published: October 2011

In August 1930, the editors of the original Public Health Nursing published an article derived from a speech made by Dr. Haven Emerson, then professor of public health administration at Columbia University, on the topic of the distribution and use of public health nurses. The speech was made before an audience of lay board members from hospitals and public health nursing organizations in Chicago, February 17, 1930. Emerson reported the results of a data analysis in which the numbers and credentials of public health nurses in 24 cities across the United States were reported. Excerpts from this report and Dr. Emerson's conclusions are powerful reminders that while there were issues of labor supply and distribution, the power of nurses to effect social transformation was central to the role as conceived by those administering public health services.
PHYCOBILIPROTEIN COMPONENTS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PHYCOBILISOME FROM A THERMOPHILIC CYANOBACTERIUM MYXOSARCINA CONCINNA1
Authors: Sun Li , Wang Shumei
Published: October 2011

A phycocyanin (PC) and three allophycocyanin (AP) components (designated PC, AP1, AP2, and AP3) were prepared from Myxosarcina concinna Printz phycobilisomes by the native gradient PAGE performed in a neutral buffer system combined with the ion exchange column chromatography on DEAE‐DE52 cellulose. PC contained one β subunit () and two α ones ( and ), and it carried two rod linkers ( and ) and one rod‐core linker (). AP1 and AP3 were characterized as peripheral core APs, whereas AP2 was an inner‐core one. AP2 and AP3 were demonstrated to function as the terminal emitters. Each of the three APs contained two β subunits ( and ), two α subunits ( and ) and an inner‐core linker (). AP2 and AP3 had another subunit of the allophycocyanin B (AP‐B) type () belonging to the β subunit group, and AP1 and AP3 carried their individual specific core linkers ( and ), respectively. No AP component was shown to associate with the core‐membrane linker LCM. The functions of the linker polypeptides in the phycobilisome (PBS) construction are discussed.
Randomized Controlled Trial of Mailed Personalized Feedback for Problem Drinkers in the Emergency Department: The Short‐Term Impact
Authors: Havard Alys , Shakeshaft Anthony P. , Conigrave Katherine M. , Doran Christopher M.
Published: October 2011

Background:  Evidence exists for the efficacy of emergency department (ED)‐based brief alcohol interventions, but attempts to incorporate face‐to‐face interventions into routine ED practice have been hampered by time, financial, and attitudinal constraints. Mailed personalized feedback, which is likely to be more feasible, has been associated with reduced alcohol consumption in other settings, but its cost‐effectiveness in the ED has not been examined.

Methods:  The intervention was evaluated with a randomized controlled trial of patients presenting to 5 rural EDs in New South Wales, Australia. Patients aged 14 years and older were screened using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, and those scoring 8 or more were randomly allocated to the intervention or control group. Participants in the intervention group received mailed personalized feedback regarding their alcohol consumption. The control group received no feedback.

Results:  Two hundred and forty‐four (80%) participants were successfully followed up at 6 weeks. A significant effect of the mailed feedback was observed only in patients with an alcohol‐involved ED presentation. Among this subgroup of participants, those in the intervention group consumed 12.2 fewer drinks per week than the control group after controlling for baseline consumption and other covariates (effect size d = 0.59). The intervention was associated with an average cost of Australian $5.83 per patient, and among participants with an alcohol‐involved ED presentation, an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio of 0.48.

Conclusions:  Mailed personalized feedback is efficacious in reducing quantity/frequency of alcohol consumption among patients with alcohol‐involved ED presentations. Mailed feedback has high cost‐efficacy and a low absolute cost, making it a promising candidate for integration into ED care.
In vitro quality of single‐donor platelets treated with riboflavin and ultraviolet light and stored in platelet storage medium for up to 8 days
Authors: Cookson Philip , Thomas Stephen , Marschner Susanne , Goodrich Ray , Cardigan Rebecca
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND: The Mirasol pathogen reduction technology system is known to increase the activation and metabolic rate of platelets (PLTs). Storage of Mirasol PLTs in PLT storage medium (PSM) has the potential to slow this accelerated PLT storage lesion. We investigated the quality of Mirasol‐treated PLTs stored in either 50% SSP+ or 50% Composol for 8 days.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Single‐donor double hyperconcentrates were divided between control and Mirasol‐treated arms and after treatment were suspended in approximately 50% (vol/vol) SSP+ (n = 8) or Composol (n = 7). In vitro markers of PLT activation and/or apoptosis were measured over an 8‐day storage period.

RESULTS: Mirasol treatment resulted in increased spontaneous PLT activation and glycolysis and these effects were worsened when PLTs were treated below a certain volume (150 mL). At higher treatment volumes there were no significant differences between treated units stored in either Composol or SSP+. When low‐volume units were stored in Composol the median pH fell below 6.4 on Day 5 and bicarbonate was undetectable, whereas in SSP+ the median pH value was greater than 6.9 and bicarbonate remained at detectable levels, despite other markers of in vitro function being similar to those of Composol.

CONCLUSION: Mirasol treatment of PLTs followed by storage in PSM results in increased PLT activation and metabolism to a level similar to that reported for PLTs treated and stored in plasma. Units treated at a low volume (<150 mL) showed poor in vitro quality.
Transfusion safety in francophone African countries: an analysis of strategies for the medical selection of blood donors
Authors: Tagny Claude Tayou , Kouao Maxime Diané , Touré Hamane , Gargouri Jalel , Fazul Ahamada Said , Ouattara Siaka , Anani Ludovic , Othmani Habiba , Feteke Lochina , Dahourou Honorine , Mbensa Guy Olivier , Molé Simplice , Nébié Yacouba , Mbangue Madeleine , Toukam Michel , Boulahi Mahommed Ould , Andriambelo Lalatiana Valisoa , Rakoto Olivat , Baby Mounirou , Yahaya Rakia , Bokilo Amelia , Senyana Florent , Mbanya Dora , Shiboski Caroline , Murphy Edward L. , Lefrère Jean Jacques
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND: The goal of selecting a healthy blood donor is to safeguard donors and reduce the risks of infections and immunologic complications for recipients.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: To evaluate the blood donor selection process, a survey was conducted in 28 blood transfusion centers located in 15 francophone African countries. Data collected included availability of blood products, risk factors for infection identified among blood donor candidates, the processing of the information collected before blood collection, the review process for the medical history of blood donor candidates, and deferral criteria for donor candidates.

RESULTS: During the year 2009, participating transfusion centers identified 366,924 blood donor candidates. A mean of 13% (range, 0%‐36%) of the donor candidates were excluded based solely on their medical status. The main risk factors for blood‐borne infections were having multiple sex partners, sexual intercourse with occasional partners, and religious scarification. Most transfusion centers collected this information verbally instead of having a written questionnaire. The topics least addressed were the possible complications relating to the donation, religious scarifications, and history of sickle cell anemia and hemorrhage. Only three centers recorded the temperature of the blood donors. The deferral criteria least reported were sickle cell anemia, piercing, scarification, and tattoo.

CONCLUSIONS: The medical selection process was not performed systemically and thoroughly enough, given the regional epidemiologic risks. It is essential to identify the risk factors specific to francophone African countries and modify the current medical history questionnaires to develop a more effective and relevant selection process.
SUGGESTIONS AS TO METHOD IN MAKING A VOCABULARY
Authors: Wilkins Ernest H.
Published: October 2011

These suggestions are offered in the hope that they may be of practical assistance to some textbook makers. They rest upon experience gained in the making of a number of Italian textbooks; they will prove generally applicable, I think, in the making of textbooks in other languages.
REFLECTIONS ON METHOD
Authors: Kurz Harry
Published: October 2011

This essay is written by one who has traveled a little distance along pedagogical highways and is intended for those who have just set out on the same journey. It is hoped that the few guide‐posts established will help direct younger wayfarers. Others more advanced on the route will agree with the conclusions here set forth or at least with some of them. Teachers whose aim in the classroom is to cover the ground outlined in a textbook may find some profit in the point of view here presented. I am sure all will attest the fact that Pascal is right when he says: “Il y a bien des gens qui voient le vrai et qui n'y peuvent atteindre.”
TEACHING MODERN LANGUAGES THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD1
Authors: Marchand Louis
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Necessity of a scientific approach to language study. Language teaching has an educative and a practical phase. Analysis and description of the “scientific method,” aided by a properly designed textbook, skilful teaching, the phonograph, and other classroom devices. Illustrations put these points in concrete graphic form. French, German, and English examples.)
CAN LANGUAGE TEACHING BE IMPROVED?
Authors: Couch W. T.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— What of the bilingual method? Examination of the objection based on the fear of “intervention” by the mother tongue. The need for well‐trained teacher‐specialists. Suggestions as to ways in which instruction might be improved.
A GENERAL LANGUAGE COURSE AS A PREREQUISITE TO FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDY
Authors: Lindquist Lilly
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— The General Language Course in Detroit serves for prognosis, for laboratory study of linguistics, and as a try‐out for several languages. Progress, results, and an outline of the present course.
WHY PROGNOSE IN THE FOREIGN LANGUAGES?
Authors: Kaulfers Walter Vincent
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Let us not throw out students on the basis of prognosis tests, but rather reorganize our language courses to suit them to the average pupil.
A READING TECHNIQUE IN ELEMENTARY FOREIGN LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION: STRUCTURE*
Authors: Bond Otto F.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Description of a language course, in actual operation for nine years, which puts reading in the foreground and gives the students in it, at the end of one year, a fairly permanent reading adaptation or even a reading skill plus a will to read.
MODEL LANGUAGE AND ESSENTIALS OF ARULO
Authors: Talmey Max
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Model language as distinct from the international or world language. Arulo as the embodiment of the model language idea. Condensed account of its structure and a sample of connected writing.
THE MANAGEMENT OF A FOREIGN LANGUAGE CLASS
Authors: Kaulfers Walter V.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— A discussion of principles and techniques relating to the efficient planning and administration of the recitation period, control of discipline and routine, etc., with description of a conventionalized lesson plan for a 55 minute period with supervised study.
THE EFFECT OF ORAL‐AURAL ABILITY ON SCHOLASTIC ACHIEVEMENT IN MODERN FOREIGN LANGUAGES
Authors: Tharp James B.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— Teachers claim that oral‐aural skills are the surest and safest approach to real reading. Grammar dominates examinations and class practices. Recently developed objective audition tests of encouraging reliability show significant but unreliable correlations between aural ability and other skills. However in the main teachers give little consideration to oral‐aural ability in assigning grades.
PRACTICAL DIFFICULTIES IN THE USE OF THE PHONETICS LABORATORY
Authors: Schneck Erna H.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— This article intends to point out certain weaknesses, commonly overlooked, which may greatly diminish or even destroy the benefits proclaimed for the users of a phonetics laboratory.
THE DETROIT FOREIGN LANGUAGE EXHIBIT
Authors: Netzorg Muriel H.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Details of organization and execution, and favorable results, of an exposition of work by foreign language pupils in a big city system.
A READING TECHNIQUE IN ELEMENTARY FOREIGN LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION: RESULTS AND IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Bond Otto F.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Details of organization of course of study described in previous article. Accomplishment as shown by records and standard tests. General deductions.
BOOKS IN ENGLISH FOR THE STUDY OF GERMAN
Authors: Stroebe Lillian L.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— A selective and critical bibliography of recent books in English on Germany.
REACHING THE INDIVIDUAL*
Authors: Kurz Harry
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— An appeal for attention to the individual as opposed to mass instruction.
POPULARIZATION OR PROSTITUTION?
Authors: Mulvaney Helen
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Limit the number of high school pupils studying French because the majority of pupils have no present or future need of French; nor is it likely to be of cultural value to them.
RE‐STATEMENT OF THE LANGUAGE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE B.A. DEGREE IN TERMS OF ATTAINMENT*
Authors: Zdanowicz Casimir D.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Need of a re‐statement of foreign language requirements for the B.A. which will place the emphasis upon attainment in the subject rather than upon credits or courses studied. Plan just adopted by the University of Wisconsin.
THE INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCE, THE READING ADAPTATION, AND THE ULTIMATE OBJECTIVES
Authors: Gullette Cameron C.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— An attempt to show the difficulty of reconciling and achieving simultaneously the three most prominent objectives of present‐day elementary modern language instruction.
WHY LEARN FRENCH—AND HOW?
Authors: Findlay J. J.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— The one final reason for learning French is to understand the people of France. This purpose leads to a revolution in the method of learning, a revolution which the gramophone recording can do much to promote.
ORAL WORK AS A PREREQUISITE TO READING*
Authors: Johnson Laura B.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— Speech precedes reading and always accompanies it; here we find one justification for the aural‐oral approach to language study. Reading ability may well be allowed to develop more rapidly than aural‐oral powers, but both should be developing simultaneously.
MEMORIES OF BORDEAUX
Authors: Rickey H. Wynn
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— Impressions of a Franco‐American scholar of a city often neglected by teachers and students who travel. As an instance of her charm, for example, witness the reminders now existing of that interesting Bordelais, Montaigne.
DON ARMANDO, THE PATRIARCH
Authors: Alpern Hymen
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— Some interesting sidelights on the life and works Palacio Valdés culled from the Spanish press and his own writings, apropos of the current celebration.
TENSE NOMENCLATURE IN SPANISH GRAMMARS
Authors: Nunemaker J. Horace
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— An investigation and tabulation of the tense names employed in various grammars.
GRAPHIC GRAMMAR
Authors: Griggs Marion T.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— A plea for the graphic presentation of grammar to aid the average student, who, being visual‐minded, remembers better what he sees than what he hears; and also, graphic explanations of three difficult French grammatical constructions, to show possible methods of procedure.
WHAT IS MEANT BY ROMANTICISM IN FRANCE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE DRAMA
Authors: Young Beatrice
Published: October 2011

Book reviewed in this article:

Romanticism gives artist entire freedom; proclaims drama highest form of poetic art; utters revolt against classicism, not against realism, introduces local color; tends toward morbidity, humanitarianism, love of nature, mystic religious feeling.
USING “HORSE SENSE” IN TEACHING
Authors: Hawkins Frederick E.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— The recent tendency to stress objectives brings with it a danger that we shall overlook the subjectives, which are necessary if we are to teach anything successfully. A few of these practical suggestions are noted. All have “worked.”
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FUNCTIONAL AND THEORETICAL GRAMMAR. AN EXPERIMENT CARRIED ON WITH THE AMERICAN COUNCIL FRENCH GRAMMAR TEST—SELECTION TYPE1 IN SEVEN STATE INSTITUTIONS
Authors: Cheydleur Frederic D.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— A study in which we have demonstrated the following points: first, the superiority of achievement in functional grammar over that of theoretical grammar and its significance; second, the great inequality of preparation of teaching majors; third, the degree of relationship between grammar and the major subject, and also that between grammar and intelligence; and finally other deductions to be derived from our experiment.
GALDÓS AND THE NEW HUMANISM
Authors: Kercheville F. M.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Many of the cardinal principles of the New Religious Humanism are found expressed in the works of Benito Pérez Galdós years before the advent of the new movement. The insistence on the value of the individual personality, the belief in the perfectibility of human personality, and many other humanistic principles are advocated by Galdós, though the great novelist would not agree entirely with all the beliefs of the Religious Humanists.
L'E MUET
Authors: Fouré Hélène
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— After having given the general characteristics of the mute e, reference is made to Pernot's work on this subject; then follows a general outline of his article: Revue de Phonétique, Didier, tome vi, pp. 64–151.
A LIST OF GRADED VOCABULARIES AND A METHOD OF GRADING1
Authors: Arnold H. H.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Sampling from the vocabulary yields more accurate results than sampling from the text. Figures for the vocabularies of fifteen texts completely analyzed by means of Buchanan's Spanish Word Book and Keniston's Spanish Idiom List. A list of eighty‐seven texts arranged in the order of length with the percentage of unusual words in the vocabulary of each.
TEACHING THE GENDER OF FRENCH NOUNS BY ENDINGS
Authors: Beardsley Wilfred A.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— All grammars should print a concise list of noun endings so arranged as to indicate gender.
THE PREPARATION AND QUALIFICATIONS OF A MODERN LANGUAGE TEACHER1
Authors: Solano Marie A.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— This article contains what the author believes should be the minimum requirements for a teacher of a modern foreign language. The ideas expressed in this talk to the Connecticut teachers are the result of her years of teaching and supervising.
INTEREST WITHOUT MASTERY?
Authors: Tharp James B.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— What is interest? Interest impossible without achievement. Keynotes: activity, gradation, and suitability. Some criteria for interest in reading. Vocabulary density.
THE MODERN LANGUAGE RECITATION
Authors: Pittaro John M.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Economy of time in the delivery of the modern language recitation is more necessary now than ever before. Success depends on a sound pedagogical background to which is added an effective technique of certain type units of instruction.
THE CRITICS' CANDIDATE1
Authors: Gullette Cameron C.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— An American evaluation of the novels of Alphonse Daudet as contrasted with the estimate given by European critics.
TARD AND DE BONNE HEURE COMPARED WITH EN RETARD AND EN AVANCE
Authors: Faye Paul‐Louis
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Tard and en retard, de bonne heure and en avance have almost become class‐room bugaboos. It is the purpose of this article to analyze the main difficulties presented by these expressions and to give some hints of practical interest to teachers of French.
TEXTS AND THEIR CRITICS1
Authors: Roulston Robert Bruce
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— An arraignment of the carelessness characteristic of most modern language texts with which the author is familiar. Textbooks should be primarily written from the student's point of view. The worthlessness of most reviews of such texts.
ANDRÉ GIDE, THE CRITICAL NOVELIST
Authors: Dickman Adolphe‐Jacques
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— The freedom that M. Gide retains in the presentation of his characters, the judgments which are born in us from contrasts of situations, variety and opposition of characters, the multiple aspect of certain characters excite the critical mind of the reader.
MODERN LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION BY RADIO
Authors: Koon Cline M.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— A number of forces are working simultaneously to increase the need for a functional knowledge of modern language in the United States. Some of these forces, such as radio, can be used advantageously in satisfying the need. It appears that American broadcast teachers can profit from European developments where modern language instruction has become one of the most popular subjects on the air.
ADVANTAGES AND DIFFICULTIES OF COLLATERAL READING
Authors: Amner F. Dewey
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— The problem of learning to read a foreign language related to learning the native language. Advantageous results. Getting suitable material. What form of report?
INITIATING “SPRACHGEFÜHL”*
Authors: Engel E. F.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Sprachgefühl, as defined, is acquired by the varied and multiplied use of a simple but expressive active vocabulary and should be regarded as a vital objective in modern language teaching.
ENGLISH IN THE SECONDARY SCHOOLS OF FRANCE
Authors: Mellor Earl G.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— A résumé of the official instructions for the teaching of English in French Secondary Schools with a list of the authors and texts suggested for study.
JUSTO SIERRA: A STUDY IN THE VALUE OF A TEACHER
Authors: Kress Dorothy M.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Justo Sierra, one of the earliest of cosmopolitan spirits in the field of Spanish‐American letters was the “maestro y gufa” of practically all of the “modernista” poets of Mexico and such was his personality and his influence that he not only improved the literary trend of a nation but also brought about social and economic advancement.
THE FUNCTIONAL INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF CERTAIN ASPECTS OF MODERN LANGUAGE LEARNING*
Authors: Remmers H. H. , Fotos J. T.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— A bewildering condition exists in this country today, as to the methods to be pursued and the aims to be attained in the teaching of the first two years of the modern foreign language courses. Conflicting points of view are held by different groups of teachers; a lack of unity results which might well prove disastrous to the professional welfare of modern foreign language teachers. Some experimental data are given which indicate that in one institution, at least, the language ability pattern develops as a whole. The need of impartial scientific experimentation is stressed throughout.
L'ANNÉE LITTÉRAIRE MIL NEUF CENT TRENTE‐TROIS
Authors: Schinz Albert
Published: October 2011

(On trouvera des indications beaucoup plus détaillées sur l'anné littéraire 1933 dans l'article “French Literature,” New‐International Year Book (Funk & Wagnalls Company), dont celui‐ci n'est qu'un résumé. En particulier le nombre des ouvrages indiqués a été ici très réduit pour éviter une simple nomenclature.)
ALFRED DE VIGNY'S “JOURNAL OF A POET”
Authors: Bird C. Wesley
Published: October 2011

The varied and penetrating nature of Vigny's comments on art, literature, and life makes the Journal of a Poet a work of such general interest as to merit a wider circle of readers than it has had up to the present.
Compatible Diversities of Spanish Pronunciation1
Authors: Rosenberg S. L. Millard
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— Shall teachers of Spanish in the United States adopt the pronunciation of cultivated Spaniards or that of equally cultivated Americans, when they differ? The question generally proceeds from a mistaken conception of propriety. This article exhibits another conception and suggests that propriety and diversity are by no means incompatible.)
THE AWKWARD AGE IN HIGH SCHOOL LANGUAGE STUDY
Authors: Gullette Cameron C.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Extensive sight reading, training in reading for inference and much aural‐oral work as stimuli in third and fourth year high school modern foreign language study.
ENTERTAINMENTS BY FOREIGN LANGUAGE CLASSES
Authors: Mulroney Margaret
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— A suggestion for little plays preserving some foreign flavor that may be given with a minimum of trouble and a maximum of entertainment by language classes before audiences who know little or nothing of the foreign language.
On Abbreviations
Authors: Bowen L. H. , Françon Marcel
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— A consideration of the most common abbreviations in French leads to the study of linguistic phenomena related to the decomposition of French words into syllables and the accentuation of French words.
Elementary Spanish Grammars and Their Rules
Authors: Williams Ronald B.
Published: October 2011

Many elementary grammars state rules with insufficient clarity and fullness. The uninformed student should find the simpler grammatical questions which are likely to arise in his mind suitably answered in his textbook. Those rules which to many students seem to contradict each other may well be stated together in the later lessons, with explanations of apparent inconsistencies
French “As She Is Spoke”
Authors: Davis Edwin B.
Published: October 2011

What authority should be adopted for the pronunciation of French? Great divergence of pronunciation not only among classes of society but among individual “authorities.” Divergence from all acknowledged standards of the great mass of Parisians. Mutual derision of each other's pronunciation by bourgeois and purists.

Conclusion: There is no inviolable standard of Parisian pronunciation. Value, however, in phonetic training. Inadequacy of Grammont's description of phonemes. The student of French should be better informed of these facts
A New German Course for Science Students
Authors: Stewart Morton C.
Published: October 2011

This course, known at Union College as German 5, occupies one hour a week throughout the four years as follows: Freshman year: German grammar, simple scientific readings, “Grundzüge der Naturlehre“; Sophomore year: “Grundzüge” finished, “Introduction to Chemical German” begun; Junior year: “Chemical German” finished; Senior year: Seminar course, students credited for German references consulted in their research work, colloquial German
Science Versus Language*
Authors: Engel E. F.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— A review of the rapid increase in the number of science courses in colleges and universities and the encroachment of this expansion upon the foreign language field. It is proposed to meet the disparaging attitude of some science men toward the languages upon their own ground by making language instruction more scientific.
Slavonic Studies in the United States
Authors: Manning Clarence A.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— The article points out the chief developments in the field of Slavonic Studies in the United States during the past few years and endeavors tc indicate some of the ways in which the subject will be advanced in the immediate future.
Foreign Talking Pictures in Modern Language Instruction
Authors: Ginsburg Edward B.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— The development of the use of foreign films by schools and colleges in the United States is briefly surveyed and the value of such films is analyzed in the light of experience. A plan for the development of educational films of the most valuable type is outlined.