bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Processing Conditions on the Mechanical Behavior of Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced PEEK
Authors: El Kadi H. , Denault J.
Published: August 2002

The static and fatigue characteristics of AS4/PEEK laminates were investigated. Coupons machined from plaques obtained using various molding conditions were tested under monotonic tensile, short beam shear, and three-point flexural fatigue loading. Varying the manufacturing conditions was seen to significantly affect the interlaminar shear strength of the composites, with higher values obtained for the highly crystalline specimens. While for multidirectional laminates the manufacturing conditions seemed to mostly affect the yield stress and the strain and stress to failure, these conditions seem to have only a minor effect on the tensile properties for specimens with unidirectional configurations. The results obtained under fatigue loading, although preliminary, did not show significant dependence on manufacturing parameters.
Liberalizing Professional Education: Integrating General and Professional Ability Outcomes
Authors: Zlatic Thomas D.
Published: August 2002

Though many educators agree with frequent recommendations regarding the integration of general and professional outcomes within pharmacy education, fewer have as clear an understanding regarding the rationale and process for doing so. Pharmaceutical care as the mission of pharmacy practice requires a new approach to education if pharmacy schools are to produce practitioners who are not only critical thinkers, problem solvers, communicators, and ethical decision makers but also caring providers who establish fiduciary relationships with the people they serve. The teaching and learning of general outcomes within professional courses can provide a framework for developing curricula that prepare graduates for success in their professions, communities, and personal lives.
Dynamics Regulation of a Skew Cantilever Plate Using PZT Patches and Saturation Phenomenon
Authors: Pai P. Frank , Rommel Bernd , Schulz Mark J.
Published: August 2002

We investigate the suppression of steady-state vibrations of a cantilevered skew aluminum plate using nonlinear saturation phenomena and PZT (lead zirconate titanate) patches. Finite-element analysis and measurement of operational deflection shapes using a scanning laser vibrometer are performed to study the bending-torsional dynamic characteristics of the plate due to non-rectangular geometry. The control method uses linear second-order controllers coupled to the plate via quadratic terms to establish energy bridges between the plate and controllers. Each linear second-order controller is designed to have a 1:2 internal resonance with one of the plate vibration modes and hence is able to exchange energy with the plate around the corresponding modal frequency. Because of quadratic nonlinearities and 1:2 internal resonances, saturation phenomena exist and are used to suppress modal vibrations. To test this saturation control technique in an efficient and systematic way, we built a digital control system that consists of SIMULINK modeling software and a dSPACE DS1102 controller in a personal computer. Both numerical and experimental results show that this nonlinear control method is robust in suppressing steady-state resonant vibrations without significant spill-over effects. Hence the saturation controllers can be used to regulate dynamics of structures to prevent resonant vibrations by designing each controller to control one vibration mode.
Computer Modeling and FEA Simulation for Composite Single Fiber Pull-Out
Authors: Sun W. , Lin F.
Published: August 2002

Using state-of-the-art computer-aided technologies, particularly CAD and integrated CAD/FEA technique to model and simulate the composite, the single-fiber pull-out problem is presented. The capability and effectiveness of using enabled CAD to generate solid modeling based composite fiber/matrix heterogeneous assembly and its application with the seamless integration of CAD/FEA to simulate fiber pull-out mechanisms and effects of material and geometric variation on stresses in fiber and matrix are demonstrated. The CAD/FEA model predictions are compared with an analytical solution. Parametric studies of fiber pull-out problems with different stiffness ratios of fiber and matrix, and with irregular fiber cross-sections, for which solutions are difficult to obtain analytically, are also presented.
AN INVOLUTION PERMUTING FLOER HOMOLOGY
Authors: SAVELIEV NIKOLAI
Published: August 2002

We give an example of an irreducible homology sphere with an involution acting non-trivally on Floer homology.
EPITAXIAL GROWTH OF SiO2 ON Mo(112)
Authors: SCHROEDER T. , ADELT M. , RICHTER B. , NASCHITZKI M. , BÄUMER M. , FREUND H.-J.
Published: August 2002

A new preparation is reported which, for the first time, results in a thin, crystalline SiO2 film on a Mo(112) single crystal. The procedure consists of repeated cycles of silicon deposition and subsequent oxidation, followed by a final annealing procedure. AES and XPS have been used to control film stoichiometry. LEED pictures of high contrast show a hexagonal, crystalline SiO2 overlayer with a commensurate relationship to the Mo(112) substrate. The wetting of the substrate by the film has been investigated by LEED, XPS and TDS, revealing that the film covers the substrate completely.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BULK AND SURFACE PROPERTIES OF RUTILE TiO2(110)
Authors: DIEBOLD ULRIKE , LI MIN , DULUB OLGA , HEBENSTREIT ELEONORE L. D. , HEBENSTREIT WILHELM
Published: August 2002

We report scanning tunneling microscopy and complementary spectroscopic measurements on TiO 2(110) surfaces. We show data on (i) a surface restructuring process that results from annealing in oxygen; (ii) Pt clusters, grown at room temperature and encapsulated upon high temperature annealing; and (iii) adsorption of sulfur. In each case, heavily reduced, dark crystals show a very different behavior than more stoichiometric, light blue ones.
STUDIES OF $4{\rm H}\mbox{--}{\rm SiC}(0001){\rm Si}(\sqrt3\times\sqrt3)$ AND (0001)C(3×3) SURFACES AND THEIR METALLIZATION PROCESS BY NI USING STM, AES AND LEED
Authors: IWAMI M. , HATTORI N. , FUJIMOTO T. , HIRAI M. , KUSAKA M. , MORII T. , WATABE H. , WATANABE M.
Published: August 2002

Several methods have been tried to prepare clean surfaces of 4H–SiC(0001)Si and C, whose surface atomic, or electronic, structures have been studied by LEED (low energy electron diffraction) STM (scanning tunneling microscopy) and AES (Auger electron spectroscopy). Some sequential chemical treatments, for example, agitation in an organic solvent and dipping in HF solution, followed by the heating of a SiC wafer in UHV (ultrahigh vacuum, below 10-7 Pa) at 950°C, gave either a [Formula: see text] or 3×3 superstructure, observed by LEED (low energy electron diffraction), for the SiC(0001) Si or C surface, respectively. An elongated NH4F treatment followed by a heat treatment in UHV at ~950°C gave a rather flat region to be investigated by STM, where a [Formula: see text] superstructure for the SiC(0001) Si surface has been observed. In the case of metal (Ni) atom deposition on SiC(0001) [Formula: see text] and (0001)C(3×3) surfaces, AES and LEED analysis have clarified that deposited metal atoms form islands up to ~5 Å. However, Ni atoms dispersed uniformly at the very beginning of the deposition, which means that the Ni overlayer piles up in layer followed by island growth mode.
SITE-SPECIFIC SURFACE CHEMISTRY OF GaAs (001)
Authors: LI L.
Published: August 2002

In this article, we summarize our studies of the surface chemistry of gallium arsenide as it pertains to the metal organic chemical vapor deposition of compound semiconductors. It has been found by scanning tunneling microscopy and vibrational spectroscopy that the adsorption of reactant molecules on reconstruted GaAs (001) surfaces is "site-specific." The adsorption sites on the semiconductor surface are revealed by the vibrational spectrum of adsorbed hydrogen. Studies of arsine adsorption have shown that it dissociatively adsorbs only on gallium sites and transfers hydrogen to the neighboring As atom. Studies of carbon doping with carbon tetrachloride have shown that adsorbed chlorine attacks the exposed gallium and generates volatile GaCl x species. The site-specific nature of this reaction leads to a dramatic change in the film morphology, with the formation of etch pits primarily distributed along the step edges.
DYNAMIC LEEM OBSERVATION OF CU NANOSTRUCTURE FORMATION PROCESSES ON Si(111) WITH HYDROGEN
Authors: YASUE T. , KOSHIKAWA T. , JALOCHOWSKI M. , BAUER E.
Published: August 2002

Dynamic observation of the growth of Cu on clean and hydrogen-terminated Si(111) surfaces was carried out by using low energy electron microscopy (LEEM). On the clean surface, the two-dimensional "5×5" structure is formed, and the formation process of the "5×5" structure depends on the substrate temperature. Triangular islands are grown on the "5×5" structure after further deposition of Cu. On the other hand, the nanoscale islands are directly formed on the hydrogen-terminated surface below about 400°C. Above about 400°C, however, the Cu-induced desorption of hydrogen takes place, and the growth process becomes similar to that on the clean surface.
SURFACE MORPHOLOGY OF GaN SURFACES DURING MOLECULAR BEAM EPITAXY
Authors: FEENSTRA R. M. , CHEN HUAJIE , RAMACHANDRAN V. , LEE C. D. , SMITH A. R. , NORTHRUP J. E. , ZYWIETZ T. , NEUGEBAUER J. , GREVE D. W.
Published: August 2002

The reconstruction and surface morphology of gallium nitride (0001) and [Formula: see text] surfaces are studied using scanning probe microscopy and reflection high energy electron diffraction. Results for bare GaN surfaces are summarized, and changes in the surface structure and morphology due to codeposition of indium or magnesium during growth are discussed.
Lessons From the Mpox Response
Authors: Daskalakis Demetre , Romanik Nikki , Jha Ashish K.
Published: January 2024

This Viewpoint discusses 3 key lessons from the mpox response that can help better manage infectious disease outbreaks in the future.
Early-Life Digital Media Experiences and Development of Atypical Sensory Processing
Authors: Heffler Karen Frankel , Acharya Binod , Subedi Keshab , Bennett David S.
Published: January 2024

Importance

Atypical sensory processing is challenging for children and families, yet there is limited understanding of its associated risk factors.

Objective

To determine the association between early-life digital media exposure and sensory processing outcomes among toddlers.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This multicenter US study used data that were analyzed from the National Children’s Study (NCS), a cohort study of environmental influences on child health and development, with enrollment from 2011 to 2014. Data analysis was performed in 2023. The study included children enrolled in the NCS at birth whose caregivers completed reports of digital media exposure and sensory processing.

Exposures

Children’s viewing of television or video at 12 months (yes or no), 18 months, and 24 months of age (hours per day).

Main Outcomes and measures

Sensory processing was reported at approximately 33 months of age on the Infant/Toddler Sensory Profile. Quadrant scores (low registration, sensation seeking, sensory sensitivity, and sensation avoiding) were categorized into groups representing typical, high, and low sensory-related behaviors, and multinomial regression analyses were performed.

Results

A total of 1471 children (50% male) were included. Screen exposure at 12 months of age was associated with a 2-fold increased odds of being in the high category of low registration (odds ratio [OR], 2.05; 95% CI, 1.31-3.20), while the odds of being in the low category instead of the typical category decreased for sensation seeking (OR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.35-0.87), sensation avoiding (OR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.50-0.94), and low registration (OR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.44-0.92). At 18 months of age, greater screen exposure was associated with increased risk of high sensation avoiding (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.03-1.46) and low registration (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.04-1.44). At 24 months of age, greater screen exposure was associated with increased risk of high sensation seeking (OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.02-1.42), sensory sensitivity (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.05-1.49), and sensation avoiding (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.03-1.42).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study, early-life digital media exposure was associated with atypical sensory processing outcomes in multiple domains. These findings suggest that digital media exposure might be a potential risk factor for the development of atypical sensory profiles. Further research is needed to understand the relationship between screen time and specific sensory-related developmental and behavioral outcomes, and whether minimizing early-life exposure can improve subsequent sensory-related outcomes.
Long-Acting Reversible Contraception Initiation Among Adolescents After an American Academy of Pediatrics Policy Statement
Authors: Allison Bianca A. , Ritter Victor , Lin Feng-Chang , Flower Kori B. , Perry Martha F.
Published: January 2024

This cross-sectional study compares monthly rates of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) insertions among adolescents before and after an American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) policy statement recommending LARC for this age group.
Aβ38 and Aβ43 do not differentiate between Alzheimer's disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Authors: Dargvainiene Justina , Jensen‐Kondering Ulf , Bender Benjamin , Berg Daniela , Brüggemann Norbert , Flüh Charlotte , Markewitz Robert , Neumann Alexander , Röben Benjamin , Röcken Christoph , Royl Georg , Schulte Claudia , Wandinger Klaus‐Peter , Weiler Caroline , Margraf Nils G. , Kuhlenbäumer Gregor
Published: January 2024

Differential diagnosis between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers is challenging. A recent study suggested that the addition of Aβ38 and Aβ43 to a standard AD biomarker panel (Aβ40, Aβ42, t‐tau, p‐tau) to improve the differential diagnosis. We tested this hypothesis in an independent German cohort of CAA and AD patients and controls using the same analytical techniques. We found excellent discrimination between AD and controls and between CAA and controls, but not between AD and CAA. Adding Aβ38 and Aβ43 to the panel did not improve the discrimination between AD and CAA.
Racialized Inequities in Knee Arthroplasty Receipt After Osteoarthritis Diagnosis in the US Military Health System
Authors: Sowa Hillary , Patzkowski Jeanne , Ismawan Johanes , Velosky Alexander G. , Highland Krista B.
Published: January 2024

Objective

The goal was to evaluate institutional inequities in the US Military Health System in knee arthroplasty receipt within three years of knee osteoarthritis diagnosis when accounting for other treatments received (eg, physical therapy, medications).

Methods

In this retrospective observational cohort study, medical record data of patients (n = 29,734) who received a primary osteoarthritis diagnosis in the US Military Health System between January 2016 and January 2020 were analyzed. Data included receipt of physical therapy one year before diagnosis and up to three years after diagnosis, prediagnosis opioid and nonopioid prescription receipt, health‐related factors associated with levels of racism, and the primary outcome, knee arthroplasty receipt within three years after diagnosis.

Results

In a generalized additive model with time‐varying covariates, Asian and Pacific Islander (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 0.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.45–0.74), Black (IRR 0.52, 95%CI 0.46–0.59), and Latine (IRR 0.66, 95%CI 0.52–0.85) patients experienced racialized inequities in knee arthroplasty receipt, relative to white patients (all P < 0.001).

Conclusions

In the present sample, Asian and Pacific Islander, Black, and Latine patients were significantly less likely to receive a knee arthroplasty, relative to white patients. Taken together, system‐level resources are needed to identify and address mechanisms underlying institutional inequities in knee arthroplasty receipt, such as factors related to systemic and structural, institutional, and personally mediated racism.
Polymer‐Derived Ceramic Coatings with Excellent Thermal Cycling Stability
Authors: Bernauer Jan , Kredel Samuel Aeneas , Ionescu Emanuel , Riedel Ralf
Published: January 2024

In the present work, transition metal‐containing preceramic silicon polymers were synthesized via chemical modification of a commercially available organopolysilazane with Hf and Ta amido complexes as well as with borane dimethyl sulfide complex. The incorporation of transition metals into the polymer structure, their influence on ceramization and processability were thoroughly investigated. Moreover, the prepared preceramics were coated onto silicon wafers via spin coating and converted into crack‐free, amorphous SiHfTa(B)CN‐based ceramic coatings with excellent adhesion to the substrate. The composition of the ceramic coatings was investigated via X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and their high‐temperature behavior was studied via oxidation tests performed at 1100 °C. Moreover, a thermal cycling procedure to temperatures above 1250 °C with rapid heating and cooling rates (i.e., in the range of 100–120 K s−1) was applied to the ceramic coating, which showed no damage even after ten thermal cycles, indicating their outstanding performance and their potential for use as environmental barrier coatings at high temperatures.
In Situ Self‐Aggregation of Spirulina Skeleton Fibers Enhances the Efficacy of Anti‐Tumor Thermal Immunotherapy
Authors: Qi Yong‐Dan , Zhuang Ze‐Nan , Zeng Si‐Min , Tang Ying , Cheng Han , Cheng Si‐Xue , Zhang Xian‐Zheng
Published: January 2024

The lack of broad‐spectrum tumor antigens, limited immunogenicity of antigens, and immunosuppressive microenvironment in tumors have impeded the development of cancer vaccines. To address this issue, a vaccine platform is developed based on Spirulina skeleton fibers loaded with gold (Au) nanoparticles (Au@E‐SP). Upon subcutaneous administration, Au@E‐SP self‐aggregates in situ and forms a 3D vaccine scaffold owing to its elongated and helical architecture. Through the aggregation of Au@E‐SP, Au nanoparticles are concentrated, which significantly enhances the local photothermal effect and releases more tumor‐associated antigens. In addition, the retained E‐SP serves as a natural immune adjuvant that sustainably reverses the immunosuppressive microenvironment in vivo. Combining these advantages, the vaccines induce a potent anti‐tumor immune response, effectively inhibiting tumor recurrence and metastasis. This strategy utilizes microalgae as a self‐adjuvant vaccine, providing a promising avenue for further research in tumor immunotherapy.
Present Status and Perspectives of Graphene and Graphene‐related Materials in Cultural Heritage
Authors: Galvagno Erica , Tartaglia Edoardo , Stratigaki Maria , Tossi Camilla , Marasco Luigi , Menegazzo Federica , Zanardi Chiara , Omenetto Fiorenzo , Coletti Camilla , Traviglia Arianna , Moglianetti Mauro
Published: January 2024

Cultural heritage faces recurring degradation processes and natural aging phenomena, demanding the envisioning of innovative preservation solutions inspired by cutting‐edge scientific research. Over extended time frames, current preservation strategies often prove inadequate in preserving the different constituent materials of cultural assets, which are thus threatened by their inherent fragility and by the complex interactions with the surrounding environment. The distinctive properties of graphene and graphene‐related materials (GRMs) now offer unexplored opportunities in the field of cultural heritage, addressing various forms of deterioration phenomena. This work critically analyzes early‐stage literature on the use of graphene and GRMs. Strengths, weaknesses, and limitations in anti‐corrosion, anti‐fading, and consolidation properties of graphene and GRMs are thoroughly investigated, along with their possible applications in smart sensors to monitor the state of health of endangered artifacts. The aim is to elucidate how specific characteristics of graphene and GRMs can be applied to the conservation, diagnostics, and monitoring of artistic and archaeological assets. Future perspectives in the design of stable, long‐lasting, and compatible graphene‐based solutions for cultural heritage protection are highlighted, providing a detailed discussion on potentials and pitfalls.
Electroactive Biomaterials Regulate the Electrophysiological Microenvironment to Promote Bone and Cartilage Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Chen Li , Yang Jianye , Cai Zhengwei , Huang Yanran , Xiao Pengcheng , Wang Juan , Wang Fan , Huang Wei , Cui Wenguo , Hu Ning
Published: January 2024

The incidence of large bone and articular cartilage defects caused by traumatic injury is increasing worldwide; the tissue regeneration process for these injuries is lengthy due to limited self‐healing ability. Endogenous bioelectrical phenomenon has been well recognized to play an important role in bone and cartilage homeostasis and regeneration. Studies have reported that electrical stimulation (ES) can effectively regulate various biological processes and holds promise as an external intervention to enhance the synthesis of the extracellular matrix, thereby accelerating the process of bone and cartilage regeneration. Hence, electroactive biomaterials have been considered a biomimetic approach to ensure functional recovery by integrating various physiological signals, including electrical, biochemical, and mechanical signals. This review will discuss the role of endogenous bioelectricity in bone and cartilage tissue, as well as the effects of ES on cellular behaviors. Then, recent advances in electroactive materials and their applications in bone and cartilage tissue regeneration are systematically overviewed, with a focus on their advantages and disadvantages as tissue repair materials and performances in the modulation of cell fate. Finally, the significance of mimicking the electrophysiological microenvironment of target tissue is emphasized and future development challenges of electroactive biomaterials for bone and cartilage repair strategies are proposed.
Mitochondrial Localized In Situ Self‐Assembly Reprogramming Tumor Immune and Metabolic Microenvironment for Enhanced Cancer Therapy
Authors: Wang Zhilong , Wang Qian , Cao Hongmei , Wang Zhongyan , Wang Dianyu , Liu Jinjian , Gao Tongxin , Ren Chunhua , Liu Jianfeng
Published: January 2024

The inherent immune and metabolic tumor microenvironment (TME) of most solid tumors adversely affect the antitumor efficacy of various treatments, which is an urgent issue to be solved in clinical cancer therapy. In this study, a mitochondrial localized in situ self‐assembly system is constructed to remodel the TME by improving immunogenicity and disrupting the metabolic plasticity of cancer cells. The peptide‐based drug delivery system can be pre‐assembled into nanomicelles in vitro and form functional nanofibers on mitochondria through a cascade‐responsive process involving reductive release, targeted enrichment, and in situ self‐assembly. The organelle‐specific in situ self‐assemblyeffectively switches the role of mitophagy from pro‐survival to pro‐death, which finally induces intense endoplasmic reticulum stress and atypical type II immunogenic cell death. Disintegration of the mitochondrial ultrastructure also impedes the metabolic plasticity of tumor cells, which greatly promotes the immunosuppresive TME remodeling into an immunostimulatory TME. Ultimately, the mitochondrial localized in situ self‐assembly system effectively suppresses tumor metastases, and converts cold tumors into hot tumors with enhanced sensitivity to radiotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade therapy. This study offers a universal strategy for spatiotemporally controlling supramolecular self‐assembly on sub‐organelles to determine cancer cell fate and enhance cancer therapy.
An Integrated Charge Excitation Alternative Current Dielectric Elastomer Generator for Joint Motion Energy Harvesting
Authors: Xie Xinjun , Zheng Shaodi , Tan Jianbo , Cheng Jinzhan , Cai Jiancheng , Xu Zisheng , Shiju E
Published: January 2024

Joint movement is a plentiful source of energy in living organisms; however, it is challenging to harvest due to its multidirectional nature, and effective technologies for harnessing this energy are lacking. In this study, a novel approach is presented to harvest joint motion energy by combining an alternating current dielectric elastomer generator (AC‐DEG) with an electret nanogenerator (ENG). The ACENG‐DEG, utilizing ion hydrogel electrodes and ENG, exhibits remarkable stretchability (860%) and efficiently converts mechanical energy into electrical energy through a stretch‐based mechanism. With only 37 cycles, the device reaches a saturation voltage of 1.18 kV and generates an output charge of 1.96 µC per cycle. Notably, the charge output response speed is approximately four times faster than that of traditional AC‐DEGs. The proposed strategy for harvesting human mechanical energy in this study represents a promising pathway for developing high‐performance energy harvesting devices and self‐powered systems.
Low‐Dose Chemotherapy Preferentially Shapes the Ileal Microbiome and Augments the Response to Immune Checkpoint Blockade by Activating AIM2 Inflammasome in Ileal Epithelial Cells
Authors: Pu Congying , Li Yize , Fu Yixian , Yan Yiyang , Tao Siyao , Tang Shuai , Gai Xiameng , Ding Ziyi , Gan Zhenjie , Liu Yingluo , Cao Siyuwei , Wang Ting , Ding Jian , Xu Jun , Geng Meiyu , Huang Min
Published: January 2024

Intervention of the gut microbiome is a promising adjuvant strategy in cancer immunotherapy. Chemotherapeutic agents are recognized for their substantial impacts on the gut microbiome, yet their therapeutic potential as microbiome modulators remains uncertain, due to the complexity of microbiome‐host‐drug interactions. Here, it is showed that low‐dose chemotherapy preferentially shapes the ileal microbiome to augment the extraintestinal immune response to anti‐programmed death‐1 (anti‐PD‐1) therapy without causing intestinal toxicity. Mechanistically, low‐dose chemotherapy causes DNA damage restricted to highly‐proliferative ileal epithelial cells, resulting in the accumulation of cytosolic dsDNA and the activation of the absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome. AIM2‐dependent IL‐18 secretion triggers the interplay between proximal Th1 cells and Paneth cells in ileal crypts, impairing the local antimicrobial host defense and resulting in ileal microbiome change. Intestinal epithelium‐specific knockout of AIM2 in mice significantly attenuates CPT‐11‐caused IL‐18 secretion, Paneth cell dysfunction, and ileal microbiome alteration. Moreover, AIM2 deficiency in mice or antibiotic microbial depletion attenuates chemotherapy‐augmented antitumor responses to anti‐PD1 therapy. Collectively, these findings provide mechanistic insights into how chemotherapy‐induced genomic stress is transduced to gut microbiome change and support the rationale of applying low‐dose chemotherapy as a promising adjuvant strategy in cancer immunotherapy with minimal toxicity.
TSP50 Attenuates DSS‐Induced Colitis by Regulating TGF‐β Signaling Mediated Maintenance of Intestinal Mucosal Barrier Integrity
Authors: Li Jiawei , Niu Chunxue , Ai Huihan , Li Xiaoli , Zhang Linlin , Lang Yan , Wang Shuyue , Gao Feng , Mei Xianglin , Yu Chunlei , Sun Luguo , Huang Yanxin , Zheng Lihua , Wang Guannan , Sun Ying , Yang Xiaoguang , Song Zhenbo , Bao Yongli
Published: January 2024

The integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier is crucial for protecting the intestinal epithelium against invasion by commensal bacteria and pathogens, thereby combating colitis. The investigation revealed that the absence of TSP50 compromised the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier in murine subjects. This disruption facilitated direct contact between intestinal bacteria and the intestinal epithelium, thereby increasing susceptibility to colitis. Mechanistic analysis indicated that TSP50 deficiency in intestinal stem cells (ISCs) triggered aberrant activation of the TGF‐β signaling pathway and impeded the differentiation of goblet cells in mice, leading to impairment of mucosal permeability. By inhibiting the TGF‐β pathway, the functionality of the intestinal mucosal barrier is successfully restored and mitigated colitis in TSP50‐deficient mice. In conclusion, TSP50 played a crucial role in maintaining the intestinal mucosal barrier function and exhibited the preventive effect against the development of colitis by regulating the TGF‐β signaling pathway.
Enhanced Itinerant d0 Ferromagnetism and Tunable Topological Properties of a Ca2C/Ca2N Heterobilayer
Authors: Cao Guohua , Zhang Shunhong , Cui Ping , Zhang Zhenyu
Published: January 2024

Recent studies have shown that a rich variety of exotic physical phenomena can emerge from the presence of electronic flat bands. Using first‐principles calculations, here a monolayered Ca2C possesses a relatively flat band near the Fermi level, and across the whole Brillouin zone is predicted. Next, the weak d0 ferromagnetism in Ca2C is substantially enhanced by a proximity‐coupled electride monolayer of Ca2N is shown. The enhanced magnetism can be attributed to the straightening of the flat band caused by the charge transfer to the electride, while the flattening is tied to the magic ratio of three between the σ and π channels of the effective C─C coupling strength. More surprisingly, even though each of the constituent systems is topologically trivial, the Ca2C/Ca2N heterobilayer is empowered with nontrivial band topology, characterized by a high Chern number tunable by the magnetization orientation or lateral strain. These findings provide a new platform for realizing intriguing magnetic topological metals in 2D materials.
Multi‐Interface Engineering of Self‐Supported Nickel/Yttrium Oxide Electrode Enables Kinetically Accelerated and Ultra‐Stable Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution at Industrial‐Level Current Density
Authors: Sun Hongming , Yao Bicen , Han Yixuan , Yang Le , Zhao Yidan , Wang Shuyu , Zhong Chongyang , Chen Jing , Li Cheng‐Peng , Du Miao
Published: January 2024

The development of highly active and robust non‐noble‐metal electrocatalysts for alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at industrial‐level current density is the key for industrialization of alkaline water electrolysis. Herein, a superhydrophilic self‐supported Ni/Y2O3 heterostructural electrocatalyst is constructed by a high‐temperature selective reduction method, which demonstrates excellent catalytic performance for alkaline HER at high current density. Concretely, this catalyst can drive 10 mA cm−2 at a low overpotential of 61.1 ± 3.7 mV, with a low Tafel slope of 52.8 mV dec−1. Moreover, it also shows outstanding long‐term durability at high current density of 1000 mA cm−2 for 500 h in 1 m KOH, evidently exceeding the metallic Ni and Pt/C(20%) catalysts. The superior HER activity can be attributed to the multi‐interface engineering of the Ni/Y2O3 electrode. Construction of Ni/Y2O3 heterogeneous interface with dual active sites lowers the energy barrier of water dissociation and optimizes the hydrogen adsorption energy, thus synergistically accelerating the overall HER kinetics. Also, its superhydrophilic self‐supported electrode structure with the firm electrocatalyst‐substrate interface and weakened electrocatalyst‐bubble interfacial force ensures rapid charge transfer, prevents catalyst shedding, and expedites the H2 gas bubble release timely, further enhancing the catalytic activity and stability at high current density.
The effect of shift work on body mass index: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies
Authors: Łagowska Karolina , Kuleta‐Koberska Agnieszka , Michalak Michał , Bajerska Joanna
Published: January 2024

Context

Shift work involves working outside the standard working hours of 9 am to 5 pm Monday to Friday and may include working evening, night, weekend, or rotating shift patterns. Since shift workers sleep less and their circadian rhythms are disrupted, they are reported to have higher body weight than day workers.

Objective

This meta‐analysis aims to determine whether shift workers (SW) are more prone to higher body mass index (BMI) than their day workers (DW) counterparts. It also addresses the question of whether the duration of shift work exposure, sex, or occupational type affect BMI value.

Methods

Four databases that is PubMed, EBSCO Host, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for reports published up to October 2023.

Results

Sixty‐three studies involving a total of 693 449 participants met our inclusion criteria. Meta‐analyses showed a significant effect of shift work on BMI value (standard mean difference; SMD: 0.10 kg/m2 [95% confidence interval; 95% CI: 0.07; 0.13; p < .001]) as compared with non‐shift counterparts. Subgroup analysis revealed that shift work significantly increased BMI for studies where male working on this job schedule (SMD: 0.10 kg/m2 [95% CI: 0.04; 0.17; p = .0018]) for studies where shift workers worked ≥13 years (calculated as the median of shift work experience; SMD: 0.14 kg/m2 [95% CI: 0.10; 0.18; p < .001]) as well as for studies where industrial (SMD: 0.12 kg/m2 [95% CI: 0.05; 0.19; p = .0012]) and other type of occupations were dominated (0.12 kg/m2 [95% CI: 0.07; 0.16; p < .001]).

Conclusions

We found that in general working on a shift schedule increases BMI as compared with day workers, especially in case of male employed in this job schedule, for shift workers working for long periods of time (≥13 years), and for shift workers employed in industry and other type of occupations(e.g., airline workers, firefighters, police officers, blue collar, security personnel, bus drivers, garbage collectors, railway workers, postal, oil and gas workers).
Macrocyclic Dual‐Locked “Turn‐On” Drug for Selective and Traceless Release in Cancer Cells
Authors: Schauenburg Dominik , Gao Bingjie , Rochet Léa N. C. , Schüler Darijan , Coelho Jaime A. S. , Ng David Y. W. , Chudasama Vijay , Kuan Seah Ling , Weil Tanja
Published: January 2024

Drug safety and efficacy due to premature release into the bloodstream and poor biodistribution remains a problem despite seminal advances in this area. To circumvent these limitations, we report drug cyclization based on dynamic covalent linkages to devise a dual lock for the small‐molecule anticancer drug, camptothecin (CPT). Drug activity is “locked” within the cyclic structure by the redox responsive disulfide and pH‐responsive boronic acid‐salicylhydroxamate and turns on only in the presence of acidic pH, reactive oxygen species and glutathione through traceless release. Notably, the dual‐responsive CPT is more active (100‐fold) than the non‐cleavable (permanently closed) analogue. We further include a bioorthogonal handle in the backbone for functionalization to generate cyclic‐locked, cell‐targeting peptide‐ and protein‐CPTs, for targeted delivery of the drug and traceless release in triple negative metastatic breast cancer cells to inhibit cell growth at low nanomolar concentrations.
Efficient and Stable Tin‐Lead Mixed Perovskite Solar Cells Using Post‐Treatment Additive with Synergistic Effects
Authors: Ding Xingdong , Yan Meng , Chen Cheng , Zhai Mengde , Wang Haoxin , Tian Yi , Wang Linqin , Sun Licheng , Cheng Ming
Published: January 2024

Inhibiting the oxidation of Sn2+ during the crystallization process of Sn−Pb mixed perovskite film is found to be as important as the oxidation resistance of precursor solution to achieve high efficiency, but less investigated. Considering the excellent reduction feature of hydroquinone and the hydrophobicity of tert‐butyl group, an antioxidant 2,5‐di‐tert‐butylhydroquinone (DBHQ) was introduced into Sn−Pb mixed perovskite films using an anti‐solvent approach to solve this problem. Interestingly, we find that DBHQ can act as function alterable additive during its utilization. On the one hand, DBHQ can restrict the oxidation of Sn2+ during the crystallization process, facilitating the fabrication of high‐quality perovskite film; on the other hand, the generated oxidation product 2,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐1,4‐benzoquinone (DBBQ) can functionalize as defect passivator to inhibit the charge recombination. As a result, this synergetic effect renders the Sn−Pb mixed PSC a power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to 23.0 %, which is significantly higher than the reference device (19.6 %). Furthermore, the unencapsulated DBQH‐modified PSCs exhibited excellent long‐term stability and thermal stability, with the devices maintaining 84.2 % and 78.9 % of the initial PCEs after aging at 25 °C and 60 °C for 800 h and 120 h under N2 atmosphere, respectively. Therefore, the functional alterable strategy provides a novel cornerstone for high‐performance Sn−Pb mixed PSCs.
Site‐Specific Deaminative Trifluoromethylation of Aliphatic Primary Amines**
Authors: Xue Jiang‐Hao , Li Yin , Liu Yuan , Li Qingjiang , Wang Honggen
Published: January 2024

The introduction of trifluoromethyl groups into organic molecules is of paramount importance in modern synthetic chemistry and medicinal chemistry. While methods for constructing C(sp2)−CF3 bonds have been well established, the advancement of practical and comprehensive approaches for forming C(sp3)−CF3 bonds remains considerably restricted. In this work, we describe an efficient and site‐specific deaminative trifluoromethylation reaction of aliphatic primary amines to afford the corresponding alkyl trifluoromethyl compounds. The reaction proceeds at room temperature with readily accessible N‐anomeric amide (Levin's reagent) and bench‐stable bpyCu(CF3)3 (Grushin's reagent, bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine) under blue light. The protocol features mild reaction conditions, good functional group tolerance, and moderate to good yields. Remarkably, the method can be applied to the direct, late‐stage trifluoromethylation of natural products and bioactive molecules. Experimental mechanistic studies were conducted, and a radical mechanism is proposed, wherein the dual roles of Grushin's reagent have been elucidated.
Localized Medium Concentration Electrolyte with Fast Kinetics for Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Li Pengcheng , Zhang Zhiqing , Zhao Ziwei , Zhang Xuzi , Zhang Hao , Li Ge
Published: January 2024

Localized high‐concentration electrolyte is widely acknowledged as a cutting‐edge electrolyte for the lithium metal anode. However, the high fluorine content, either from high‐concentration salts or from highly fluorinated diluents, results in significantly higher production costs and an increased environmental burden. Here, we have developed a novel electrolyte termed “Localized Medium‐Concentration Electrolyte” (LMCE) to effectively address these issues. This LMCE is designed and produced by diluting a medium concentration (0.5 M–1.5 M) electrolyte which is incompatible with lithium metal anode before diluting. It has ultralow concentration (0.1 M) and demonstrates remarkable compatibility with lithium metal anode. Surprisingly, our LMCE, despite having an ultralow concentration (0.1 M), exhibits excellent kinetics in Li/Cu, Li/Li, LiFePO4/Li, and NCM811/Li batteries. Additionally, LMCE effectively inhibits the corrosion of the Al current collector caused by LiTFSI salt under high voltage (>4 V) conditions. This groundbreaking LMCE design transforms the seemingly “incompatible” into the “compatible”, opening up new avenues for exploring various electrolyte formulations, including all liquid electrolyte‐based batteries.
Construction of C−S and C−Se Bonds from Unstrained Ketone Precursors under Photoredox Catalysis
Authors: Wu Hao , Chen Shuguang , Liu Chunni , Zhao Quansheng , Wang Zhen , Jin Qiren , Sun Shijie , Guo Jing , He Xinwei , Walsh Patrick J , Shang Yongjia
Published: January 2024

A mild photoredox catalyzed construction of sulfides, disulfides, selenides, sulfoxides and sulfones from unstrained ketone precursors is introduced. Combination of this deacylative process with SN2 or coupling reactions provides novel and convenient modular strategies toward unsymmetrical or symmetric disulfides. Reactivity studies favor a bromine radical that initiates a HAT (Hydrogen Atom Transfer) from the aminal intermediate resulting in expulsion of a C‐centered radical that is intercepted to make C−S and C−Se bonds. Gram scale reactions, broad substrate scope and tolerance towards various functional groups render this method appealing for future applications in the synthesis of organosulfur and selenium complexes.
Thrombolysis and mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation for pulmonary embolism complicated by hepatic and splenic lacerations resulting in major haemorrhage
Authors: Flower L. , Extremera‐Navas P. , Mackenney J.
Published: January 2024

Thrombolysis with prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation may be required for the successful resuscitation of patients presenting with massive pulmonary embolism leading to cardiac arrest. A rare, recognised complication of cardiopulmonary resuscitation is traumatic hepatic and splenic laceration. The incidence of complications is believed to be increased in those who receive automated mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation, compared to those who receive standard chest compressions. We present a case of a patient with massive pulmonary embolism leading to cardiac arrest which was successfully treated with thrombolysis and mechanical automated cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The patient suffered hepatic and splenic lacerations resulting in major haemorrhage. This required emergency resuscitation with blood products and splenic embolisation. This case highlights the importance of continual re‐assessment of patients, the early recognition of complications and an awareness of the potential complications of treatments we deliver.
Construction of an Oxidative Cleavage‐Activated DNAzyme Biosensor for Rapid Detection and Cellular Imaging of the Myeloperoxidase Activity
Authors: Liu Ming‐Hao , Zhao Ning‐Ning , Yu Wan‐Tong , Zhang Jin‐Zhi , Wang Zi‐Yue , Zhang Chun‐Yang
Published: January 2024

Invited for this month's cover is the collaborating group of Prof. Chun‐Yang Zhang at Southeast University, China and colleagues at Shandong Normal University. The cover picture shows the formation of oxidative cleavage‐activated DNAzyme that enables imaging of myeloperoxidase in living cells. More information can be found in the Research Article by Zi‐Yue Wang, Chun‐Yang Zhang, and co‐workers.
Preparation of mesoporous silica and organosilica nanostructures functionalized with C2‐symmetric diol and their catalytic performance in diethylzinc addition to aromatic aldehydes
Authors: Gök Yaşar , Gök Halil Zeki
Published: January 2024

In this study, heterogenization of C2‐symmetric (1R,2R)‐1,2‐bis(4‐(3‐(triethoxysilyl)propyl)phenyl)ethane‐1,2‐diol compound and investigation of the effect of structural arrangements of nanocatalysts on catalytic activity were carried out. For this, bissilyl derivative of (1R,2R)‐1,2‐bis(4′‐bromophenyl)‐ethane‐1,2‐diol, named as C2‐BSi, was obtained by 2‐step synthesis. Then, mesoporous silica nanocatalysts C2‐BSi@SBA‐15 and C2‐BSi@MCM‐41 were synthesized by grafting of C2‐BSi onto SBA‐15 and MCM‐41, whereas mesoporous organosilica nanocatalysts C2‐BSi‐MON‐(a) and C2‐BSi‐MON‐(b) were synthesized by co‐condenzation of C2‐BSi and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). Structure determinations of synthesized organic substances were performed by 1H, 13C NMR, Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), polarimeter, and mass analysis, whereas the structural properties of heterogeneous catalysts C2‐BSi@SBA‐15, C2‐BSi@MCM‐41, C2‐BSi‐MON‐(a), and C2‐BSi‐MON‐(b) were determined by FT‐IR, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and N2 sorption analyses. The catalytic activities of novel heterogenous materials were tested in the reaction of Ti‐promoted enantioselective diethylzinc addition to aromatic aldehydes. The effects of the structural arrangements of the prepared heterogeneous catalyst on the catalytic activity were examined and compared with the catalytic activity values of their homogeneous analog. According to the results, all catalysts catalyzed the reactions and afforded the corresponding products with high conversion (82–99%) but low enantioselectivity (rac‐7% ee). The conversion values in heterogeneous catalysis were higher than those in homogeneous catalysis. C2‐BSi‐MON‐(a) with the largest pore width stood out as the most effective catalyst (99% conversion, 7% ee). The findings from the catalytic activity experiments confirmed that the structural arrangement of the nanocatalysts has an effect on the performance of the catalysts in the reaction.
Single domain von Willebrand factor type C “cytokines” and the regulation of the stress/immune response in insects
Authors: Labropoulou Vassiliki , Wang Luoluo , Magkrioti Christiana , Smagghe Guy , Swevers Luc
Published: January 2024

The single domain von Willebrand factor type C (SVWC) appears in small secreted peptides that are arthropod‐specific and are produced following environmental stress or pathogen exposure. Most research has focused on proteins with SVWC domain that are induced after virus infection and are hypothesized to function as “cytokines” to regulate the innate immune response. The expansion of SVWC genes in insect species indicates that many other functions remain to be discovered. Research in shrimp has elucidated the adaptability of Vago‐like peptides in the innate immune response against bacteria, fungi and viruses after activation by Jak‐STAT and/or Toll/Imd pathways in which they can act as pathogen‐recognition receptors or cytokine‐like signaling molecules. SVWC factors also appear in scorpion venoms and tick saliva, underlining their versatility to acquire new functions. This review discusses the discovery and function of SVWC peptides from insects to crustaceans and chelicerates and reveals the enormous gaps in knowledge that remain to be filled to understand this enigmatic group of secreted peptides.
Residual evaluation of fault detection in discrete‐time systems
Authors: Zhang Zhihao , Yao Tong , Han Weixin
Published: January 2024

This paper studies residual evaluation of fault detection in discrete‐time systems considering unknown‐but‐bounded disturbance. By applying Lyapunov stability principle and zonotopic technique, respectively, two dynamic threshold estimation methods are proposed to detect fault of discrete‐time systems. The proposed methods are extended to systems with time‐delay to improve the applicability in practical systems. The effectiveness and comparison of the proposed methods are illustrated by numerical examples.