bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Further investigations on 150‐km echoing riddle using simultaneous observations of 150‐km and E region echoes from off‐electrojet location Gadanki
Authors: Patra A. K. , Rao N. Venkateswara
Published: September 2007

In this paper we present a detailed study of the off‐electrojet daytime 150‐km echoes based on simultaneous observations of daytime 150‐km and E region echoes made on a few days per month during July 2005 to August 2006 using the Gadanki radar. Daytime 150‐km echoes are found to occur in all seasons over Gadanki. Although echo occurrence is found to be maximum in equinoxes and minimum in summer, no clear seasonal preference over Gadanki has been observed. In contrast, E region echo occurrence made simultaneously shows a strong seasonal dependence with remarkably low occurrence in winter as compared to other seasons. Interestingly, the 150‐km echoes show a distinctly different morphology in winter as compared to other seasons. Echoes are observed in two distinct height regions in winter as compared to one broad region in other seasons. Also the strongest echo and the lowest altitude of echo occurrence are found to be associated with winter. Further, a significant share of Doppler velocities is found to be downward in winter as compared to predominantly upward velocities observed in other seasons. No seasonal dependence in the spectral width of 150‐km echoes, however, has been observed. Seasonally averaged Doppler velocities are quite similar to those of the F region drifts reported from Jicamarca. Again seasonally averaged drifts are found to be downward in winter afternoon as compared to upward velocities observed in other seasons. Notwithstanding the seasonal differences observed in the 150‐km echoes, echo occurrence is found to have a common feature of strong forenoon‐afternoon asymmetry with forenoon occurrence being greater. These observations are discussed in the light of present understanding on the daytime 150‐km echoing phenomenon.
On the resonance and influence of the tides in Ungava Bay and Hudson Strait
Authors: Arbic Brian K. , St‐Laurent Pierre , Sutherland Graig , Garrett Chris
Published: September 2007

The tides of Leaf Basin in Ungava Bay may be the world's highest. An analysis of the frequency dependence of the response to outside forcing, a normal mode analysis, and a study of the damped oscillation of an initial disturbance, suggest that the Ungava Bay/Hudson Strait region has a natural period of about 12.7 hours and so is close to resonance with the tidal forcing. The implications for regional and global tides in the present, past, and future are explored.
A MHD mechanism for the generation of the meridional current system during substorm expansion phase
Authors: Liang Jun , Liu W. W.
Published: September 2007

In this study we propose a MHD mechanism for the generation of the meridional current system (MCS) during the substorm expansion phase (EP). The upward field‐aligned current (FAC) intensifies as the dawn‐dusk plasma pressure gradient enhances in the Harang region during the substorm EP. As a consequence of this intensification, the plasma convection pattern changes, with eastward flow accelerations observed in both the ionosphere and midmagnetotail during early substorm EP. The increasing eastward flow is associated with an inertial current in the midtail whose divergence give rise to a downward FAC poleward of the upward FAC region, constituting a MCS configuration. Theoretical calculations based upon the mechanism shows consistency with many observed features of the MCS. We further discuss how the present work relates to the large‐scale FAC system and the interactions among its various components, with a particular emphasis on the MCS contribution to the overall substorm current closure.
Jupiter S‐bursts: Narrow‐band origin of microsecond subpulses
Authors: Ryabov V. B. , Ryabov B. P. , Vavriv D. M. , Zarka P. , Kozhin R. , Vinogradov V. V. , Shevchenko V. A.
Published: September 2007

We analyze the records of Jupiter's decameter radio emissions obtained during an Io‐A S‐burst storm on 15 March 2005. The observations were performed at the world's largest decameter array, UTR‐2, which is equipped with a digital receiver capable of catching waveforms of duration ∼3 s with temporal resolution defined by the sampling rate of ∼66 MHz. A Hilbert transform based algorithm has been applied to study narrow‐band spectral patterns demonstrating quasi‐linear drift over time‐frequency plane. The instantaneous amplitude and phase information has been extracted from the recorded waveforms with the purpose of analyzing microsecond‐scale coherent events in the S‐burst emission. A statistical model of narrow band random process is proposed for describing such features in the observed waveforms as coherent segments, phase jumps, nonlinear frequency drift, etc. It is shown that the study of coherence properties in terms of instantaneous phase is equivalent to Fourier analysis of a narrowband signal. This implies that no particular mechanism (such as superimposed modulation or oscillation) is required for generating the observed coherent phase structures of S‐burst emission: those, as well as the pulse‐like envelope structures, emerge naturally at the output of a narrow band filter applied to a random noise. It is further suggested that probability distribution function of instantaneous amplitude gives an important insight into the underlying physical mechanism of S‐burst generation. In particular, it is demonstrated that models based on the concept of “generator,” i.e., a nonlinear system with feedback, are less suitable for reproducing the observational characteristics of S‐bursts at microsecond time scale resolution. On the other hand, the concept of “amplifier,” i.e., a linear system (without feedback) that enhances the fluctuations within a narrow band, fits the observational data well. This conclusion is consistent with S‐burst generation mechanism via cyclotron‐maser instability, which is indeed a resonant wave amplification process.
Silencing of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in plants alters abiotic stress signal transduction
Authors: Vanderauwera Sandy , De Block Marc , Van de Steene Nancy , van de Cotte Brigitte , Metzlaff Michael , Van Breusegem Frank
Published: September 2007

Transgenic plants with reduced poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) levels have broad-spectrum stress-resistant phenotypes. Both
Arabidopsis thaliana
and oilseed rape (
Brassica napus
) lines overexpressing RNA interference-PARP constructs were more resistant to various abiotic stress treatments in laboratory and greenhouse experiments without negative effects on growth, development, and seed production. This outperforming stress tolerance was initially attributed solely to a maintained energy homeostasis due to reduced NAD
+
consumption. We show that in PARP2-deficient
Arabidopsis
plants, the observed abiotic stress resistance can also be explained by alterations in abscisic acid levels that facilitate the induction of a wide set of defense-related genes.
Discourse and change in organisations
Authors: Johnsen Hans Chr. Garmann
Published: September 2007

The purpose of this study is to discuss the relation between a communicative change programme and organisational development — how and to what extent can communicative change programmes be integrated with the change process in the organisation? In this article I present the Steel Plant Corp. (SPC) case, which indicates that if the process of change is legitimate and anchored in a communicative change program, it is possible to achieve comprehensive organisational developments without conflict but with peaceful dissent. I focus on the relation between two parties — the Union and management. I argue that there was a change in the union’s meaning construction during the process — the Union changed its opinion about company strategy and it changed its role and actions from conflict-oriented to constructive co-operation. I argue that perhaps the number and diversity of dialogues and events as such is an important factor in explaining the development from conflict to peaceful dissent. I further argue that if that is the case, we should consider that in order to have successful changes, the focus should not be on the instrumental efficiency of one particular discourse or communicative form, but the unfolding of a complexity of parallel communicative events, many of which will differ in structure. The SPC case indicates that if the process of change is legitimate and anchored in a communicative change program, it is possible to achieve comprehensive organisational developments without conflict but with peaceful dissent.
Participatory budget in Southern Brazil
Authors: Weyh Cênio B. , Streck Danilo B.
Published: September 2007

Participation has become a widely used concept and covers a great range of political and social practices. This article describes and analyzes some aspects of the Participatory Budget in the State of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) in the period 1999–2002, representing the first attempt to implement this process on a larger geographical scale. The paper is developed around three foci. First, the experience of direct popular participation is situated in the context of the grassroots social movement that has developed over recent decades in Brazil. Then there is a presentation of the basic contours of the discussion and preparation of the state budget in Rio Grande do Sul. Finally, some of its effects are pointed out in terms of the political structure, regional development and pedagogical construction.
An alternative “worldization” in the face of an excluding and predatory globalization
Authors: Sánchez María Eugenia , Rodríguez Manuel , Gendreau Mónica , Soto Oscar
Published: September 2007

This paper is a critical account of the effects generated by the current process of globalization from a Latin American perspective. Two sociologists and two rural development experts discuss the fragmentation of production and the concentration of power produced by such process, the role that the National States are playing, the culture of abundance and misery globalization that globalization has originated. The authors propose some alternatives to the current process, summarized by the term “world-for-all” or “worldization”. They claim that the university has an important role to play in fostering those alternatives.
Sources of innovation and competitiveness
Authors: Brödner Peter , Latniak Erich
Published: September 2007

There are (and have been) many efforts to support the development of new forms of work organisation in Europe, most of them being project-driven either as enterprises’ own initiatives or funded by public sources. Dissemination is making rather slow progress, though, despite proven economic benefits. Moreover, national programmes supporting work organisation activities are unevenly distributed among EU member states. While Finland, Denmark or Germany, for example, provide more than one national programme with efforts to promote work organisation in different areas, the majority of EU member states — namely Austria, Belgium, France, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Spain — seemingly have no national activities of this kind, although there might be some regional or project-based efforts with public funding like ADAPT or EQUAL. Comparing new national initiatives with earlier programme activities, it seems that efforts have been cut back. In the final section, a number of recommendations for further initiatives are derived that focus on implementation and dissemination issues.
Action research and the single case
Authors: Reason Peter
Published: September 2007

While welcoming Gustavsen’s exploration of issues of scale and wider influence in action research, which argues that we need to extend the relatively small scale of individual action research ‘cases’ and see action research as creating social movements and social capital, this article takes issue with the implication that this implies that less attention must be paid to the personal and interpersonal dimensions of action research. Issues of scale must be approached not only through distributive action research as Gustavsen advocates, but also by expanding the emancipatory inquiry space of face-to-face inquiry practices. The integration of the personal with the political is seen as absolutely central to this type of work; a range of examples is offered.
The possibility that action research can never be part of mainstream science but rather runs fundamentally counter to mainstream Western culture is explored. It is argued that action research must be seen not as a form of social science producing knowledge or cases, but as a form of day to day inquiry integrated in the lives of individuals, small groups, organizations and society as a whole.
Cancún
Authors: Sánchez Ma. Eugenia
Published: September 2007

This article offers a summary reflection on the recent (September 2003) WTO Summit held at Cancún, Mexico. It places the WTO issues in the context of the process of globalisation. The discussion has four main sections: The first surveys the Cancún meeting, its participants, orientations and main topics. The second covers the characteristics of the altermundista international movement, its composition, its denunciations, proposals and demands, and the failure of the Summit. The third section raises the possible consequences for Latin America, the problems and the forces at work. The final section gives a personal view of the outcomes of this event and expresses that it opened up some opportunities for hope.
Are emotional expressions intentional?
Authors: Gibbs Raymond W. , Van Orden Guy
Published: September 2007

This paper discusses the debate over whether emotional expressions are spontaneous or intentional actions. We describe a variety of empirical evidence supporting these two possibilities. But we argue that the spontaneous-intentional distinction fails to explain the psychological dynamics of emotional expressions. We claim that a complex systems perspective on intentions, as self-organized critical states, may yield a unified view of emotional expressions as a consequence of situated action. This account simultaneously acknowledges the embodied status of environment, evolution, culture and mind in theories of emotion.
Can mental representations be triggering causes?
Authors: Figdor Carrie
Published: September 2007

Fred Dretske’s (1988) account of the causal role of intentional mental states was widely criticized for missing the target: he explained why a type of intentional state causes the type of bodily motion it does rather than some other, when what we wanted was an account of how the intentional properties of these states play a causal role in each singular causal relation with a token bodily motion. I argue that the non-reductive metaphysics that Dretske defends for his account of behavior can be extended to the case of intentional states, and that this extension provides a way to show how intentional properties play the causal role that we wanted explained.
Emotional trauma and childhood amnesia
Authors: Joseph Rhawn
Published: September 2007

It has been reported that, on average, most adults recall first memories formed around age 3.5. In general, most first memories are positive. However, whether these first memories tend to be visual or verbal and whether the period for childhood amnesia (CA) is greater for visual or verbal or for positive versus negative memories has not been determined. Because negative, stressful experiences disrupt memory and can injure memory centers such as the hippocampus and amygdala, and since adults who were traumatized or abused during childhood (TA) reportedly suffer memory disturbances, it was hypothesized that those with a history of early trauma might suffer from a lengthier childhood amnesia and form their first recallable memories at a later age as compared to the general population (GP). Because the right hemisphere matures earlier than the language-dominant left hemisphere, and is dominant for visual and emotional memory, as well as the stress reponse, it was hypothesized that first recallable memories would be visual rather than verbal. Lastly, since stress can injure the brain and disrupt memory, it was hypothesized that the traumatized group would demonstrate memory and intellectual disturbances associated with right hemisphere injury as based on WAIS-R, Wechsler Memory Scale, and facial-memory testing. All hypotheses were supported. Positive and visual memories are formed before negative and verbal memories. TA CA offset, on average, is at age 6.1 versus 3.5 for GPs. TA PIQ (performance IQ), short-term visual memory, and facial memory were significantly reduced.
Russian čto za , Ukrainian ščo za , Polish co za “was für ein”
Authors: Danylenko Andrii
Published: September 2007

Summary

This paper presents a historical and typological interpretation of Slavic constructions of the type Ru čto za, Po co za, and the like, traditionally regarded as syntactic calques of the German was für. Basing his arguments on cross-linguistic and diachronic data, the author asserts that there is no solid evidence to assume that these Slavic constructions, as well as their Baltic equivalents of the type Li kàs pe , could have been influenced by the parallel German pattern. Taking into account evolutionary traits as evidenced in the Indo-European morphosyntactic type, the author claims independent development of such constructions in German, Slavic and Baltic.

Résumé

Cet article présent une interprétation historique et typologique des tournures slaves du type de čto za en russe, co za en polonais, etc., qui sont traditionnellement traitées en tant que calques de l’allemand was für. S’appuyant sur des données comparatives et diachroniques, l’auteur soutient qu’il n’y a pas lieu de croire que les tournures slaves en question (tout comme leurs équivalents baltes du type de lit. kàs
pe) soient calquées sur le modèle allemand. En vue des caractéristiques évolutives manifestées par le type morphosyntaxique indo-européen, l’auteur affirme que l’émergence de ces tournures se soit produit en allemand, dans les langues slaves et dans les langues baltes par des procéssus indépendants.

Zusammenfassung

Im vorliegenden Aufsatz wird eine historische und typologische Betrachtung slavischer Wendungen wie das russ. čto za und das poln. co za, u.ä. vorgeschlagen, die traditionsgemäß als Lehnübersetzungen des deutschen was für gehalten werden. Anhand vergleichender und diachronischer Daten zeigt der Verfasser, dass es keine überzeugenden Beweise gibt, dass diese slavischen Wendungen, wie auch baltische Äquivalenten wie z.B. das lit kás pe, von der deutschen Konstruktion beeinflüsst wurden. Unter Berücksichtigung der evolutionären Eigenschaften des indogermanischen morphosyntaktischen Typs können diese Wendungen als unabhängige Entwicklungen im Germanischen, Slavischen und Baltischen verstanden werden.
Why are language families larger in some regions than in others?
Authors: Holman Eric W.
Published: September 2007

For most of the world’s language families that are not included in yet larger families, published sources were surveyed to determine the number of languages in the family, and also the lexical diversity among those languages as measured by cognate percentages in lexicostatistical wordlists. In this database, lexical diversity tends to be lower in American families than elsewhere; this result is consistent with several alternative explanations, some methodological and some historical. At any given level of diversity, however, African and Eurasian families tend to contain more languages than elsewhere; this result suggests faster historical expansion of language families, relative to lexical replacement within languages, in Africa and Eurasia.
Syncope and foot structure in pre-Ashkenazic Hebrew
Authors: Jacobs Neil G.
Published: September 2007

This paper examines a set of problems concerning word stress in the substratal Merged Hebrew component in Yiddish. When compared with their historical cognates in Classical Hebrew, the Yiddish words show a stress pattern which appears to conform to the Germanic trochee. The change has frequently been seen as occurring within the history of Yiddish. The present paper demonstrates, however, that (for the relevant Hebrew-origin items) the change from a Hebrew iamb to a trochee necessarily occurred in a period after spoken Hebrew times and before the birth of Yiddish – thus, within one or more intervening Jewish vernaculars. This is demonstrated by consideration of pre-Ashkenazic Hebrew foot structure in light of two historically distinct processes of syncope.
Internal reconstruction in Hungarian
Authors: Unger J. Marshall
Published: September 2007

An internal reconstruction of Hungarian based mostly on the morphophonemic alternations of the modern language yields dramatically different results from those obtained from a purely synchronic approach to the same data. This article presents such a reconstruction and argues that the striking contrast between the forms and processes it entails and those favored by a synchronic analysis demonstrates the need to give performance (parole) at least as much consideration as competence (langue) in the study of language history.
Must sound change be linguistically motivated?
Authors: Blust Robert A.
Published: September 2007

A number of well-documented sound changes in Austronesian languages do not appear to be either phonetically or phonologically motivated. Although it is possible that some of these changes involved intermediate steps for which we have no direct documentation, the assumption that this was always the case appears arbitrary, and is in violation of Occam's Razor. These data thus raise the question whether sound change must be phonetically motivated, as assumed by the Neogrammarians, or even linguistically motivated, as assumed by virtually all working historical linguists.
Contact-induced changes
Authors: Winford Donald
Published: September 2007

Traditionally, contact-induced changes in languages have been classified into two broad categories: those due to ‘borrowing’ and those due to ‘interference’ by an L1 or other primary language on an L2 in the course of second language acquisition (SLA). Other terms used for ‘interference’ include ‘substratum influence’ and ‘transfer.’ Inconsistencies in the use of these terms pose a problem for the classification and analysis of the outcomes of contact-induced change. Moreover, labels like these, unfortunately, have been used to refer both to the outcomes of language contact and to the processes that lead to such results. This imprecision in the use of key terms poses serious problems for our understanding of what is actually involved in the two types of crosslinguistic influence. Moreover, it has led to inaccuracy in our assignment of changes to one or the other category. The aim of this paper is to reassess the conventional wisdom on the distinction between borrowing and ‘interference,’ and to clarify the vehicles of change as well as the outcomes characteristic of each. My approach is based on Van Coetsem's (1988) distinction between two transfer types – borrowing under RL agentivity, and imposition under SL agentivity, with their shared but differently implemented processes of imitation and adaptation. Crucially, this approach recognizes that the same agents may employ either kind of agentivity, and hence different transfer types, in the same contact situation. It is the failure to recognize this that has sometimes led to inaccuracy in accounts of the nature and origins of contact-induced changes, as well as to conflicting classifications of the outcomes of contact. The present paper proposes a more rigorous and consistent classification, based on the kinds of agentivity involved.
The diachrony and synchrony of vowel quantity in English and Dutch
Authors: Page B. Richard
Published: September 2007

This investigation of Open Syllable Lengthening in Middle English and Middle Dutch treats the changes as the result of listener-based reinterpretations of coarticulatory effects on vowel duration. OSL in English is a result of compensatory lengthening, which is analyzed as a hypocorrection. OSL in Middle Dutch involves a hypercorrection in which the duration of etymologically long vowels is reinterpreted as a purely phonetic correlate of stress in open syllables. The different phonological bases for OSL provide a diachronic explanation for the retention of contrastive vowel quantity in Modern English and its absence in Modern Dutch.
The segmentation of speech and its implications for the emergence of language structure
Authors: Lyon Caroline , Dickerson Bob , Nehaniv Chrystopher L.
Published: September 2007

This paper reports a phenomenon supporting the hypothesis that the emergence of structure in the evolution of language was a staged process. To develop a grammatical structure it seems necessary to first have discrete constituents which can be the building blocks of a hierarchical system. By analysing observed speech we show that the development of a linear sequence of grammatical constituents has its own advantage, before a possible next stage when constituents are integrated into a hierarchical structure.

A stream of speech sounds has to be segmented to allow for breathing. This segmentation has further developed in a certain way that makes it easier for the hearer to decode than if it were not segmented, or if it were segmented in an arbitrary manner. Well known tools from Information Theory are employed to analyse the ease of decoding speech. Segmentation depends on prosodic discontinuities, such as pauses and intonation marked by tone unit boundaries. These discontinuities usually mark groups of words with some syntactic cohesion, such as phrases and clauses. We show that in a modern corpus of spoken language observed segmentation facilitates the effective transfer of information, while lack of segmentation or arbitrary segmentation imposed on a stream of words makes decoding less efficient. This supports the hypothesis that the necessary constituents of a grammatical structure may have evolved as a consequence of developments favouring more efficient decoding of a linear stream of spoken words.

The source material for this investigation is taken from the prosodically marked up Machine Readable Spoken English Corpus (MARSEC).
Interpreter ethics
Authors: Mikkelson Holly
Published: September 2007

The following review on ethics in interpreting is published as an invitation to our readers for short contributions on a highly explosive subject in the field of interpreting. Please address all contributions to the Editors (massaro@fuzzy.ucsc.edu, Barbara.Moser@eti.unige.ch) with a copy to the author (hmikkelson@miis.edu). The results of this open discussion will be published in an upcoming issue of Interpreting.
Processing limits of selective attention and working memory
Authors: Cowan Nelson
Published: September 2007

This article summarizes recent research on working memory and attention, with an emphasis on one theoretical framework in which working memory and attention are intricately related (Cowan, 1988, 1995, 1999a). Within this framework, working memory is conceived as an activated portion of long-term memory and, within that activated portion, the focus of attention and control processes that direct it. The focus of attention presumably can link activated elements to form new chunks of information. Several basic phenomena are sketched out, along with their potential relevance for the process of simultaneous interpreting. Current controversies that are likely to be of relevance to interpreting also are discussed. Although the question of how interpreters meet difficult processing demands cannot be answered presently because few studies have examined interpreting, the evidence does point the way to a number of promising lines of research on interpreting that could be carried out.
Evidence of repair mechanisms in simultaneous interpreting
Authors: Petite Christelle
Published: September 2007

This paper investigates the phenomenon of repairs in simultaneous interpreting. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, the paper combines research carried out in psycholinguistics and neurolinguistics on speech production with studies in the pragmatics of speech reception. A principally qualitative method is used in the analysis of a trilingual corpus (English/French/German) of eight professional conference interpreters recorded at four different international conferences. This paper presents eight examples from English into two different A languages: French (5 examples) and German (3 examples). Levelt’s (1983, 1989) nomenclature of repairs in spontaneous speech is slightly amended in order to take the simultaneous interpreting process into account. The results show that interpreters not only repair errors, but take time to attend to their outputs for different reasons. The limited quantitative analysis shows a discrepancy between interpreters. The various dimensions of repair mechanisms highlighted in this paper give us some insights into the interpreter’s mind at work, or the interpreter’s deployment of processing capacities and decision-making processes.
Gerunds in Greek
Authors:   Tsimpli
Published: September 2007

This paper discusses the properties of Greek V-ondas forms, referred to as gerunds in Holton et al. (1997). It is argued that the clauses in which they occur are adjuncts with a reduced functional structure. Their temporal interpretation will be shown to illustrate the underspecified status of the features of the V-ondas complex as well as the truncated structure of the clause in which it occurs. The position and interpretation of subjects of gerunds will be argued to follow from (a) the inflectional underspecification of gerunds and (b) the pragmatic nature of control.
Clitics and clause structure
Authors: Condoravdi Cleo , Kiparsky Paul
Published: September 2007

In late Medieval Greek and many modern dialects, pronominal clitics are syntactically adjoined to an IP projection. In another set of dialects they have become syntactically adjoined to a verbal head. In the most innovating dialects (which include Standard Greek) they are agreement affixes. Extending the Fontana/Halpern clitic typology, we propose a trajectory of lexicalization from X

max

clitics via X

0

clitics to lexical affixes. The evolution of clitic placement also reveals the rise of a composite functional projection ΣP.

In late Medieval Greek and many modern dialects, pronominal clitics are syntactically adjoined to an IP projection. In another set of dialects they have become syntactically adjoined to a verbal head. In the most innovating dialects (which include Standard Greek) they are agreement affixes. Extending the Fontana/Halpern clitic typology, we propose a trajectory of lexicalization from Xmax clitics via X0 clitics to lexical affixes. The evolution of clitic placement also reveals the rise of a composite functional projection þP.
The justifying connection, mostly in Greek
Authors: Kalokerinos Alexis
Published: September 2007

I examine in this article the discourse function of the Greek connectives jati, epiδi, and afu. After tracing a general theoretical framework for discourse connectives, I focus on the discourse function of jati and epiδi in comparison with English because. On the basis of that examination, I then study the function of afu. My aim in this article is to expose the instructions that the aformentioned connectives carry for the articulation of discourse. This is a matter of how these small words contribute to the making of complex discourse units, offering a conceptual core with particular procedural meanings and communicating cognition in particular linguistic ways.
Medieval Greek weak object pronouns and analogical change: A response to Condoravdi & Kiparsky (2001)
Authors: Pappas Panayiotis A.
Published: September 2007

I present here the results of a quantitative analysis of weak object pronoun placement in Later Medieval Greek. The description that I provide concurs, in large part, with the conclusions of Mackridge (1993), but also introduces some new complexities and disproves certain previous assumptions. On the basis of these results, I evaluate the latest proposal that seeks to account for this pattern (Condoravdi & Kiparsky 2001) and demonstrate that, despite its advantages, this new account is founded on a controversial assumption, and it also fails to answer some of the more interesting questions raised by the data. I propose an alternative approach, which treats the variation as the result of analogical change.
Une classification des expressions figées du portugais du Brésil
Authors: Vale Oto Araújo
Published: September 2007

Summary
The purpose of this work is to present a classification of frozen expressions in Brazilian Portuguese. We established ten classes for 3,400 expressions which have free subject and only one verb. Each of these classes constitutes a Lexicon-Grammar table. To the distributionnal properties usually presented in the tables of Lexicon-Grammar we also added in each table four columns which represented semantic properties. This process enabled us to highlight some semantics regularities related to each class.
Automatic classification of multi-word expressions in print dictionaries
Authors: Geyken Alexander , Boyd-Graber Jordan
Published: September 2007

Summary
This work demonstrates the assignment of multi-word expressions in print dictionaries to POS classes with minimal linguistic resources. In this application, 32,000 entries from the Wörterbuch der deutschen Idiomatik (H. Schemann 1993) were classified using an inductive description of POS sequences in conjunction with a Brill Tagger trained on manually tagged idiomatic entries. This process assigned categories to 86% of entries with 88% accuracy. This classification supplies a meaningful preprocessing step for further applications: the resulting POS-sequences for all idiomatic entries might be used for the automatic recognition of multi-word lexemes in unrestricted text.
Le figement dans ses différents états
Authors: Klein Jean , Rossari Corinne
Published: September 2007

SummaryThis article analyses variation in some set phrases in four French variaties: the French of Belgium, France, Quebec and Switzerland. The comparative perspective adopted reveals many types of constraints on the idiomatic properties of the set phrases. The article also demonstrates how observation of this variation can act as a heuristic for the study of theoretical problems related to the definition of the notion of “set phrase” itself.
Vers la constitution du lexique-grammaire des verbes en grec moderne
Authors: Kyriacopoulou Tita , Yannacopoulou Anastasia
Published: September 2007

Summary
The purpose of this article is to present the general organization of the Greek verbs lexicon-grammar and to explain the properties that play a decisive role in the distribution of the verbs in the tables of the lexicon-grammar. This long-term operation started a year ago and has not finished yet. Our results are therefore incomplete and limited to the verbs for which the proprieties of structure have been studied. After briefly recapitulating the general principles taken into account in our work, we present a first classification of the Greek verbs and the syntactic proprieties taken into account. Finally, we attempt to analyze automatically a text on the basis of two tables of the lexicon-grammar.
Traitement automatisé de l’ambiguïté lexicale en grec ancien
Authors: Kevers Laurent , Kindt Bastien
Published: September 2007

Every project of automated lemmatization is confronted to the problem of lexical ambiguities. The aim of the authors is to provide a description of the lexical ambiguities to be found in Ancient Greek. They also wish to present a first set of local grammars intended to solve them. Results of automated desambiguisation are compared with lexical data previously treated by hand.
Analyse automatique des mots polylexicaux en norvégien
Authors: Ulland Harald , Paumier Sébastien
Published: September 2007

In some Germanic languages, like Norwegian, words can be produced by concatenation of other words. When these compound words are frozen expressions, we just have to list them into dictionaries. When they are free combinations, on the other hand, their productivity makes it impossible to describe them exhaustively by means of a list. To solve this problem, we present in this paper an automatic procedure for analysing such compound words in Norwegian. This procedure is based on the use of electronic dictionaries.
System-oriented and text-oriented comparative linguistic research
Authors: Teich Elke
Published: September 2007

The main concern of this paper is to develop a model of cross-linguistic variation that is applicable to various kinds of comparative linguistic research. The motivation for this lies in the observation that there is little interaction among the major areas of comparative linguistic investigation — language typology, contrastive linguistics, translation studies, and the computational modeling of multilingual processes as implemented in machine translation or multilingual text generation. The divide between them can be characterized by a general orientation towards describing the relation between language systems (as in language typology) vs. describing the relation between texts (as in translation studies). It will be suggested that with a model of cross-linguistic comparison that accommodates both the system view and the text view on cross-linguistic variation, language typology, contrastive linguistics, translation studies and multilingual computational linguistics can be shown to have mutually compatible concerns rather than being entirely disjunct endeavors. The model proposed is based on Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), using the representational categories SFL sets up as parameters along which cross-linguistic variation can be described. The fundamental assumption brought forward by SFL that acts as a unifier of concerns is that texts are ultimately instantiations of the language system under certain specifiable contexts of use. A model of cross-linguistic variation based on SFL thus bears the promise of opening up the text view for the system-oriented branch of cross-linguistic study, and the system view for the text-oriented branch. I illustrate the model with data from several European languages, concentrating on the register of instructional text.
Using bilingual corpora to improve pronoun resolution
Authors: Mitkov Ruslan , Barbu Catalina
Published: September 2007

This paper shows that aligned bilingual English-French corpora offer the advantage of improving the performance of anaphora resolution in both languages. It sets out a new ‘mutual enhancement’ methodology and discusses the results obtained from running the enhanced anaphora resolution algorithms for English and French on a bilingual corpus. The evaluation reports up to 4.62% improvement of the success rate for English and up to 5.15% for French.
Portuguese and English intonation in contrast
Authors: Cruz-Ferreira Madalena
Published: September 2007

The current surge of interest in studies on intonation, in areas ranging from L2 teaching to child language acquisition, finally mirrors the crucial role played by intonation in the whole of human communication through language. In studies on non-native linguistic proficiency, a ‘foreign intonation’ appears as the last stronghold of a non-native accent, consisting in the use, in a second language, of intonation patterns belonging to the first language of the learner. The use of a foreign intonation does not, however, only characterise an accent. Intonation patterns convey specific meanings in each language, and the correspondence between these meanings and specific pitch patterns is often as arbitrary as the correspondence between words and their meanings. The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to provide a basis for the comparison of the intonation patterns of (European) Portuguese and (British) English, highlighting potential areas of difficulty for speakers of each of these languages in learning the other, and the reasons for these difficulties. Second, to give support to the view, current in L2 studies, that the learning of L2 intonation cannot be taken for granted, if breakdown in native to non-native spoken communication is to be avoided.
Progressives in typological perspective
Authors: Pustet Regina , Wijaya Juliana , Win Than Than
Published: September 2007

The category of progressive is known for the notorious difficulties of definition it poses not only within individual languages, but for general theories of aspect as well. A particularly challenging problem is the fact that in any one language, there seem to be lexemes that block progressive marking (such as the verbs ‘to know’ and ‘to understand’ in English). On the basis of comprehensive lexical samples from five languages, this study attempts to shed some light on the semantic factors governing the acceptability of progressive markers. This results in a modified outlook on the progressive.
History, language planners, and strategies of forgetting
Authors: Tupas T. Ruanni F.
Published: September 2007

Many language planners and language scholars in the Philippines suffer from imperial amnesia —
the inability or refusal to confront the complexity of history from which emerged various discourses on
language and education in the country. Work on language planning is ideologically and politically positioned
through various discursive strategies of forgetting. Forget the War. Forget the Pain. Forget the Fight.
An examination of these strategies will enable us to understand why language planning practitioners in the
Philippines argue the way they do concerning critical language issues in the country. However, it takes more
than changing (historical) consciousness to change the world. In the case of the Philippines, such discursive
strategies of forgetting are deployed across complex structures of relations shaped by decades of colonization,
Filipino elite collaboration, and current neocolonial and global conditions. This paper argues for a critical
historiography of our ideas and work on language because, after all, whether we like it or not, we are both
products and makers of our own histories. In language planning, we need to
remember.
Wspólnoty Europejskie wobec problemów językowych
Authors: Żelazny Walter
Published: September 2007

Rok 2001 został proklamowany przez Radę Europy, a następnie przez Unię
Europejskþ Rokiem Języków, głównie celem uhonorowania europejskich
języków mniejszościowych. Na tę okazję Komisja Unii Europejskiej
przedstawiła raport Les Européens et les langues. Raport został opracowany w
sposób rutynowy, podobnie jak cała seria podobnego typu raportów i opracowań
dot. opinii Europejczyków na najróżniejsze tematy. Dowiadujemy się z niego,
że Europejczycy posługujþ się jako pierwszym językiem obcym angielskim
(41%), następnie francuskim (19%) oraz niemieckim (10%). Niestety, omawiany raport zawiera
mnóstwo błę dów rzeczowych i metodologicznych oraz absurdalnych konkluzji.
Najważniejsze dotyczþcþ definicji języka ojczystego i takich niedorzeczności jak
konstatacja, że języki ojczyste sþ najczęś ciej językami narodowymi.
Raport nie wymienia wśród języków ojczystych katalońskiego, którym
posługuje się w Europie więcej lokutorów niż irlandzkim, luksemburskim
i duńskim, wziętymi razem. Dowiadujemy się, że 11,6% Europejczyków
posługuje się swym pierwszym obcym wyuczonym językiem, a 3,2% drugim obcym
wyuczonym językiem do kontaktów z własnymi rodzinami. Skþd coś podobnego
pojawia się w owym raporcie, jeśli wiemy, że zaledwie 2% Europejczyków
zmieniło swoje miejsce zamieszkania przenoszþc się ze swego państwa? Tymi
“obcymi” językami sþ arabski i turecki, dla których w raporcie nie znajdujemy
definicji. Nie wiemy, czy sþ one traktowane jako języki europejskie, czy jako języki
Europejczyków. W ankietach pojawiajþ się sugerujþce odpowiedź pytania, jak na
przykład, czy angielski winien być powszechnym środkiem komunikacji w Europie?
Szczytem głupoty i rasizmu jest pytanie: czy uważa Pan/Pani, że musimy wziþć
w obronę nasze języki przed językami nowych krajów członkowskich.
Można postawić pytanie co do sensowności opracowania i publikacji tego raportu, a co
za tym idzie co do sensowności wydawania pokaźnych sum na tego typu opracowania, skoro
raport nie wnosi nic ponad to, co już wiemy o sytuacji jêzykowej Europy, nie mówiþc o
braku jego objektywności i o absurdalnych konkluzjach.
An outsider’s support of Yiddishism in the Baltic States
Authors: Verschik Anna
Published: September 2007

The struggle between Yiddishism and Hebraism in the interwar Baltic states still awaits systematic investigation and requires the use of sources in many languages. Paul Ariste (1905–1990), a famous Estonian linguist and polyglot, learned Yiddish as a young man and remained fascinated with the language for his whole life. This case study of non-Jewish support of Yiddishism in Estonia examines the arguments Ariste used in a Yiddish-language speech in 1933 in the general context of Yiddishist ideology. A member of a small people himself, Ariste was mostly concerned with assimilation. Apparently he did not consider hebraisation of the diaspora a possibility and therefore did not see Hebrew as a serious rival of Yiddish. There are marked parallels between Estonian and Yiddish language planning problems in the interwar period: despite obvious differences in their sociolinguistic history, the languages faced somewhat similar problems. The language planning climate in both cases was characterised by sensitivity towards German. In Ariste’s view, German, attractive to Jews as a powerful language of high culture and a means of modernization, posed an ideological threat, but not a threat to Yiddish corpus planning, since Yiddish is different from German by definition. His advocacy of Yiddish differs from usual Yiddishist argumentation only in minor details. He might be compared to moderate Yiddishists.
Communication as source and motivator of language evolution
Authors: Benczik Vilmos
Published: September 2007

Language emerges and changes primarily through communication; therefore communication technologies play a key role in the history of language change. The most powerful communication technology from this point of view is phonetic writing, which has a double effect on language: on the one hand it impoverishes suprasegmental linguistic resources; on the other hand it evokes in language a profound and sophisticated semantic precision, and also syntactic complexity. The huge progress in abstract human thought that has taken place over the past three or four centuries has come about on the basis of these linguistic changes. Today, when writing seems to be losing its earlier hegemony over communication, the question arises as to whether this will lead to the erosion of human language, and also of human thought.
The German interlinguistics society Gesellschaft für Interlinguistik
Authors: Ó Riain Seán
Published: September 2007

The German interlinguistics society Gesellschaft für Interlinguistik e.V (GIL) was founded in Berlin in 1991 by twelve German interlinguists to bring together interlinguistics and esperantology scholars, mainly in Germany. GIL’s principal fields of activity are the dissemination of interlinguistic knowledge, the promotion and support of relevant research and teaching, and the support of national and international cooperation among interlinguists. GIL concentrates its activities in four fields: (a) international linguistic communication, (b) language planning, (c) esperantology (Esperanto studies), and (d) the teaching of Esperanto and interlinguistics at institutions of higher education. Since 1995 GIL has published the proceedings of its annual conferences. Eight volumes have appeared to date, on such topics as translation, terminology, sociocultural aspects of planned languages, lexicography, European language policy, and the structure of planned languages.