bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Legal Change, Customary Right, and Social Conflict in Late Eighteenth-Century England: The Origins of the Great Gleaning Case of 1788
Authors: King Peter
Published: April 2006

In 1788 the Court of Common Pleas, after lengthy deliberations, came to a judgment in Steel v. Houghton et Uxor, concluding that “no person has, at common law, a right to glean in the harvest field.” Gleaning was of considerable importance to many laboring families in the eighteenth century; therefore, both the provincial and the London-based newspapers reported the 1788 judgment at length, as well as covering the 1786 case of Worlledge v. Manning on which it was partly based. The 1788 case not only stimulated a widespread public debate over the gleaners' rights, but also established an important legal precedent. From 1788 onward, every major legal handbook from Burn's New Law Dictionary of 1792 to the early twentieth-century editions of Wharton's Law Lexicon used it as the standard caselaw reference. It is quoted in a wide variety of law books written for farmers such as Williams's Farmers' Lawyer and Dixon's Law of the Farm, as well as inspiring long footnotes in the post-1788 editions of Blackstone's Commentaries. By 1904, it was being referred to in the law reports as “the great case of gleaning.”
Governing a New State: Public Law Decisions by the Early Oregon Supreme Court
Authors: Mooney Ralph James , Warns Raymond H.
Published: April 2006

During the first two decades following statehood in 1859, the Oregon Supreme Court heard a great many disputes about personnel or activities of the new state government. Were Oregon blacks entitled to vote after national ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment, even though Oregon itself voted not to ratify? Did the federal legal tender acts require Oregon to accept payment of its own taxes in depreciated greenbacks? Could a landowner's eminent domain recovery be reduced by an improvementrelated increase in the value of remaining land?
Who Determines Children's Best Interests?
Authors: Grossberg Michael
Published: April 2006

Danaya Wright's analysis of English child custody law is thoughtful and thought provoking. Through an excursion deep into English legal history, she not only contextualizes the De Manneville case but also convincingly demonstrates that child custody has long been contested and that those contests have always contained an incendiary mix of policies and practices. Wright's article documents that the key elements of custody conflicts—property, children's needs, and paternal and maternal rights and claims—have distinct and collective histories and that both defy easy analysis. In doing so, her essay makes it clear that these cases have always been difficult because they involve changing and clashing interests and because common law tribunals are the setting for their definition and application. Consequently, her essay is a compelling example of the benefits of locating a case in its particular place and time.
Law, Politics, and the Jury
Authors: Macnair Mike
Published: April 2006

I am grateful for the opportunity to clarify some parts of my argument that is afforded by the comments of Charles Donahue and Patrick Wormald. I should say at the outset that I am not seeking to propose a monocausal explanation of the origins of the generalized use of jury trial at common law, whether a “stirps” or a “smoking gun” (Donahue), or to exclude altogether the relevance of Anglo-Saxon practice or strong government (Wormald)—though I am pretty skeptical of the specific Carolingian-Norman lineage proposed by Brunner.
Evaluating Head and Neck Reconstruction Outcomes Proves Difficult—Seeking Improvement in Reporting
Authors: Wei Fu-Chan , Harrison Joshua Luke , Calimag Anthony Philip
Published: February 2024

This Viewpoint advocates for the improvement of the quality of head and neck reconstruction studies through accurate depictions of the defect and reconstruction performed.
Leaf‐Mimicking Superstructured Porous Membrane with Multiple Bioactive Pro‐Healing Functions for Effective Guided Bone Regeneration
Authors: He Wenyi , Li Qianqian , Zhang Mengqi , Qin Yiran , Luo Shulu , Cen Zongheng , Li Yan , Zheng Bingna , Wu Shuyi , Wu Dingcai
Published: February 2024

Barrier membrane, a key material for guided bone regeneration surgery, is applied between soft and hard tissue interfaces in complex oral environment. The abilities to integrate contradictory requirements and self‐regulate the local microenvironment are highly desirable for barrier membrane but remain challenging to achieve. Herein, inspired by the leaf's hierarchical multifunctional synergy, a kind of superstructured porous membrane (SPM), integrating asymmetric surface pores, interconnected macropores and functional micropores, is developed based on the combination of breath figure and phase separation. For the SPM, the densely porous layer can inhibit penetration of soft tissue cells and maintain osteogenic space, and the loosely porous layer with interconnected microporous channels can effectively promote the adhesion and proliferation of osteoblasts, help to transport nutrients, and expose functional components. Meanwhile, porous carbon nanospheres introduced into SPM as multifunctional core components can ameliorate the undesirable microenvironment by scavenging reactive oxygen species, repairing bioelectrical environment, and killing bacteria, thus achieving multiple bioactive pro‐healing functions for efficient bone regeneration in vivo. These findings can open an appealing avenue for developing high‐performance barrier membranes as well as many other implant materials.
Frustrated Lewis Pairs on Zr Single Atoms Supported N‐Doped TiO2‐x Catalysts for Electrochemical Nitrate Reduction To Ammonia
Authors: Yang Lekuan , Wang Chaochen , Li Yufeng , Ge Wangxin , Tang Lei , Shen Jianhua , Zhu Yihua , Li Chunzhong
Published: February 2024

The electrochemical reduction of nitrates (NO3RR) for ammonia synthesis at room temperature holds immense potential. One key challenge is the adsorption and activation of NO3−, along with the provision of sufficient active hydrogen to accelerate the hydrogenation process. Here, the study prepares N‐doped TiO2‐x supported by Zr single atoms (Zr‐TiON) with rich oxygen vacancies (Ov), in which unsaturated Zr (Lewis acidic, LA) sites together with oxygen atoms around Ov (Lewis base, LB) form frustrated Lewis acid‐base pairs (FLPs). At −60 mA cm−2, NH3 Faradaic efficiency reaches 94.8%, corresponding to the production rate of 663.15 µmol h−1 mgcat−1. The yield rate is up to 26.16 mmol h−1mgcat−1 at −1 A cm−2 in flowing electrolyzer. Theoretical calculations and in situ spectroscopy analysis reveal that the interaction between LA and LB sites in FLPs plays a crucial role in facilitating adsorption and activation of electron‐rich NO3− and electron‐deficient *H. The presence of enhanced FLPs significantly reduces the energy barrier for H2O dissociation, lowering it to 0.20 eV, which facilitates subsequent hydrogenation reactions. The abundance of *H accelerates hydrogenation process, thereby enhancing the activity of NO3RR. This FLP design offers a promising approach for paving the way for the development of highly efficient NO3RR catalysts.
Peptide‐Drug Conjugate with Statistically Designed Transcellular Peptide for Psoriasis‐Like Inflammation
Authors: Bae Do Hyun , Bae Hayeon , Yu Hyung‐Seok , Dorjsembe Banzragch , No Young Hyun , Kim Taejung , Kim Nam Hyeong , Kim Jin‐Woo , Kim Jiyool , Lee Bok‐Soo , Kim Ye Ji , Park Seongchan , Khaleel Zinah Hilal , Sa Deok Hyang , Lee Eui‐Chul , Lee Jaecheol , Ham Jungyeob , Kim Jin‐Chul , Kim Yong Ho
Published: February 2024

Peptide‐drug conjugates (PDCs) are a promising class of drug delivery systems that utilize covalently conjugated carrier peptides with therapeutic agents. PDCs offer several advantages over traditional drug delivery systems including enhanced target engagement, improved bioavailability, and increased cell permeability. However, the development of efficient transcellular peptides capable of effectively transporting drugs across biological barriers remains an unmet need. In this study, physicochemical criteria based on cell‐penetrating peptides are employed to design transcellular peptides derived from an antimicrobial peptides library. Among the statistically designed transcellular peptides (SDTs), SDT7 exhibits higher skin permeability, faster kinetics, and improved cell permeability in human keratinocyte cells compared to the control peptide. Subsequently, it is found that 6‐Paradol (PAR) exhibits inhibitory activity against phosphodiesterase 4, which can be utilized for an anti‐inflammatory PDC. The transcellular PDC (SDT7‐conjugated with PAR, named TM5) is evaluated in mouse models of psoriasis, exhibiting superior therapeutic efficacy compared to PAR alone. These findings highlight the potential of transcellular PDCs (TDCs) as a promising approach for the treatment of inflammatory skin disorders.
Revealing Seed‐Mediated Structural Evolution of Copper‐Silicide Nanostructures: Generating Structured Current Collectors for Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Sankaran Abinaya , Kapuria Nilotpal , Beloshapkin Sergey , Ahad Syed Abdul , Singh Shalini , Geaney Hugh , Ryan Kevin M
Published: February 2024

Metal silicide thin films and nanostructures typically employed in electronics have recently gained significant attention in battery technology, where they are used as active or inactive materials. However, unlike thin films, the science behind the evolution of silicide nanostructures, especially 1D nanowires (NWs), is a key missing aspect. CuxSiy nanostructures synthesized by solvent vapor growth technique are studied as a model system to gain insights into metal silicide formation. The temperature‐dependent phase evolution of CuxSiy structures proceeds from Cu>Cu0.83Si0.17>Cu5Si>Cu15Si4. The role of Cu diffusion kinetics on the morphological progression of Cu silicides is studied, revealing that the growth of 1D metal silicide NWs proceeds through an in situ formed, Cu seed‐mediated, self‐catalytic process. The different CuxSiy morphologies synthesized are utilized as structured current collectors for K‐ion battery anodes. Sb deposited by thermal evaporation upon Cu15Si4 tripod NWs and cube architectures exhibit reversible alloying capacities of 477.3 and 477.6 mAh g−1 at a C/5 rate. Furthermore, Sb deposited Cu15Si4 tripod NWs anode tested in Li‐ion and Na‐ion batteries demonstrate reversible capacities of ≈518 and 495 mAh g−1.
Neuromorphic Nanoionics for Human–Machine Interaction: From Materials to Applications
Authors: Liu Xuerong , Sun Cui , Ye Xiaoyu , Zhu Xiaojian , Hu Cong , Tan Hongwei , He Shang , Shao Mengjie , Li Run‐Wei
Published: February 2024

Human–machine interaction (HMI) technology has undergone significant advancements in recent years, enabling seamless communication between humans and machines. Its expansion has extended into various emerging domains, including human healthcare, machine perception, and biointerfaces, thereby magnifying the demand for advanced intelligent technologies. Neuromorphic computing, a paradigm rooted in nanoionic devices that emulate the operations and architecture of the human brain, has emerged as a powerful tool for highly efficient information processing. This paper delivers a comprehensive review of recent developments in nanoionic device‐based neuromorphic computing technologies and their pivotal role in shaping the next‐generation of HMI. Through a detailed examination of fundamental mechanisms and behaviors, the paper explores the ability of nanoionic memristors and ion‐gated transistors to emulate the intricate functions of neurons and synapses. Crucial performance metrics, such as reliability, energy efficiency, flexibility, and biocompatibility, are rigorously evaluated. Potential applications, challenges, and opportunities of using the neuromorphic computing technologies in emerging HMI technologies, are discussed and outlooked, shedding light on the fusion of humans with machines.
Sprayable Hydrogel Sealant for Gastrointestinal Wound Shielding
Authors: Muñoz Taboada Gonzalo , Dahis Daniel , Dosta Pere , Edelman Elazer , Artzi Natalie
Published: February 2024

Naturally occurring internal bleeding, such as in stomach ulcers, and complications following interventions, such as polyp resection post‐colonoscopy, may result in delayed (5–7 days) post‐operative adverse events—such as bleeding, intestinal wall perforation, and leakage. Current solutions for controlling intra‐ and post‐procedural complications are limited in effectiveness. Hemostatic powders only provide a temporary solution due to their short‐term adhesion to GI mucosal tissues (less than 48 h). In this study, a sprayable adhesive hydrogel for facile application and sustained adhesion to GI lesions is developed using clinically available endoscopes. Upon spraying, the biomaterial (based on polyethyleneimine‐modified Pluronic micelles precursor and oxidized dextran) instantly gels upon contact with the tissue, forming an adhesive shield. In vitro and in vivo studies in guinea pigs, rabbits, and pig models confirm the safety and efficacy of this biomaterial in colonic and acidic stomach lesions. The authors' findings highlight that this family of hydrogels ensures prolonged tissue protection (3–7 days), facilitates wound healing, and minimizes the risk of delayed complications. Overall, this technology offers a readily adoptable approach for gastrointestinal wound management.
Room‐Temperature Synthesis of α‐Alkylated Indolin‐2‐ones via a Photo Assisted Iron Catalyzed Borrowing Hydrogen Reaction
Authors: Song Dingguo , Chen Rong , Huang Weiwei , Yang Pengtao , Chen Lingxin , Zhang Jialin , Ling Fei , Zhong Weihui
Published: February 2024

We reported a visible‐light‐induced iron‐catalyzed α‐alkylation of oxindoles with alcohols to offer a variety of α‐alkyled oxindoles at room temperature. This reaction featured broad substrate scope with good functional tolerance under simple conditions. Through a series of controlled experiments, we tried to elucidated the important role of light in this borrowing hydrogen (BH) reaction.
A Novel Activatable Nanoradiosensitizer for Second Near‐Infrared Fluorescence Imaging‐Guided Safe‐Dose Synergetic Chemo‐Radiotherapy of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Jin Yarong , Li Dongsheng , Zheng Xiaochun , Gao Mengting , Wang Wenxuan , Zhang Xin , Kang Weiwei , Zhang Chongqing , Wu Shutong , Dai Rong , Zheng Ziliang , Zhang Ruiping
Published: February 2024

The precise theranostics of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains a formidable challenge in clinical practice. Exploring novel applications of contemporary therapeutic approaches like chemo‐radiotherapy is promising as a highly effective strategy for RA. Herein, a novel activatable nanoradiosensitizer‐40 (denoted as IRnR‐40) is developed, based on encapsulating the clinically approved drugs cisplatin (DDP) and indocyanine green (ICG) within a gelatin shell to achieve second near‐infrared fluorescence (NIR‐II FL) imaging‐guided safe‐dose synergetic chemo‐radiotherapy. The high concentration of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9) in the RA microenvironment plays a pivotal role in triggering the responsive degradation of IRnR‐40, leading to the rapid release of functional molecules DDP and ICG. The released ICG serves the dual purpose of illuminating the inflamed joints to facilitate accurate target volume delineation for guiding radiotherapy, as well as acting as a real‐time reporter for quantifying the release of DDP to monitor efficacy. Meanwhile, the released DDP achieves highly effective synergistic chemotherapy and radiosensitization for RA via the dual reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐mediated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. To sum up, this activatable nanoradiosensitizer IRnR‐40 is believed to be the first attempt to achieve efficient NIR‐II FL imaging‐guided safe‐dose chemo‐radiotherapy for RA, which provides a new paradigm for precise theranostics of refractory benign diseases.
3D Graphene Straintronics for Broadband Terahertz Modulation
Authors: Kumar Prabhat , Šilhavík Martin , Parida Manas R. , Kužel Petr , Červenka Jiří
Published: February 2024

The increasing utilization of terahertz (THz) bandwidth in both industrial and private sectors highlights the significance of efficient terahertz shielding and absorption devices. These devices play a crucial role in safeguarding electronic components from disruptive effects and rendering objects less detectable by radar systems. However, the limited availability of materials and devices hinders progress in this field. In this study, a strain engineering route is presented for the active control of terahertz shielding and absorption properties in 3D graphene through the application of mechanical strain. A straintronic modulator based on 3D graphene is demonstrated, capable of modulating absorption and reflection of THz radiation in real‐time over a wide range of 0.1–3 THz. The modulator can be tuned to exhibit either shielding capability with a specific shielding effectiveness of 0.3 × 105 dB cm2 g−1 or stealth characteristics with an average reflection loss of 25 dB and 99.4% absorption. These findings open new avenues for leveraging 2D materials in their 3D porous form, where strain‐induced changes in interlayer interactions enable control over the properties of these materials. This discovery unveils vast unexplored physical phenomena with immense potential for advanced THz imaging, radar, and electromagnetic applications.
Ti2CTx MXene Cathode Host for Enhanced Zinc‐Bromine Battery Performance
Authors: Guo Jiajun , Ma Guoliang , Liu Guoqiang , Dai Chunlong , Lin Zifeng
Published: February 2024

Aqueous zinc‐bromine batteries represent a promising large‐scale energy storage system, yet generally suffer from the dissolution of polybromides in the cathode. Currently, various nonpolar carbon materials are employed as hosts for the bromine cathode. Still, they typically exhibit weak adsorption capabilities toward polybromides. Here, a highly conductive Ti2CTx MXene synthesized through an eco‐friendly molten salt method is reported, serving as an ideal bromine cathode host material for the first time. Ti2CTx MXene shows strong chemisorptive capability to soluble polybromide species and can effectively immobilize them for enhanced coulombic efficiency and prolong cycling life of zinc‐bromine batteries. Additionally, Ti2CTx MXene enhances the reaction kinetics of the bromine cathode. Benefiting from the synergistic polybromide adsorption and catalysis effects of Ti2CTx, the dual‐plating zinc‐bromine batteries exhibit good cycle stability, with a capacity retention of 87% after 3000 cycles, outperforming traditional carbon host which fail after 2300 cycles. Meanwhile, Ti2CTx achieves a much lower polarization voltage of only 84 mV, significantly less than 240 mV observed with carbon hosts. This research highlights the potential of developing host materials with polybromide chemisorptive properties to advance the performance of zinc‐bromine batteries.
Anatomy of a mega‐radiation: Biogeography and niche evolution in Astragalus
Authors: Folk Ryan A. , Charboneau Joseph L. M. , Belitz Michael , Singh Tajinder , Kates Heather R. , Soltis Douglas E. , Soltis Pamela S. , Guralnick Robert P. , Siniscalchi Carolina M.
Published: February 2024

Premise

Astragalus (Fabaceae), with more than 3000 species, represents a globally successful radiation of morphologically highly similar species predominant across the northern hemisphere. It has attracted attention from systematists and biogeographers, who have asked what factors might be behind the extraordinary diversity of this important arid‐adapted clade and what sets it apart from close relatives with far less species richness.

Methods

Here, for the first time using extensive phylogenetic sampling, we asked whether (1) Astragalus is uniquely characterized by bursts of radiation or whether diversification instead is uniform and no different from closely related taxa. Then we tested whether the species diversity of Astragalus is attributable specifically to its predilection for (2) cold and arid habitats, (3) particular soils, or to (4) chromosome evolution. Finally, we tested (5) whether Astragalus originated in central Asia as proposed and (6) whether niche evolutionary shifts were subsequently associated with the colonization of other continents.

Results

Our results point to the importance of heterogeneity in the diversification of Astragalus, with upshifts associated with the earliest divergences but not strongly tied to any abiotic factor or biogeographic regionalization tested here. The only potential correlate with diversification we identified was chromosome number. Biogeographic shifts have a strong association with the abiotic environment and highlight the importance of central Asia as a biogeographic gateway.

Conclusions

Our investigation shows the importance of phylogenetic and evolutionary studies of logistically challenging “mega‐radiations.” Our findings reject any simple key innovation behind high diversity and underline the often nuanced, multifactorial processes leading to species‐rich clades.
Masticatory habits of the adult Neanderthal individual BD 1 from La Chaise‐de‐Vouthon (France)
Authors: Hernaiz‐García María , Zanolli Clément , Martín‐Francés Laura , Mazurier Arnaud , Benazzi Stefano , Sarig Rachel , Fu Jing , Kullmer Ottmar , Fiorenza Luca
Published: February 2024

Objectives

The analysis of dental wear provides a useful approach for dietary and cultural habit reconstructions of past human populations. The analysis of macrowear patterns can also be used to better understand the individual chewing behavior and to investigate the biomechanical responses during different biting scenarios. The aim of this study is to evaluate the diet and chewing performance of the adult Neanderthal Bourgeois‐Delaunay 1 (BD 1) and to investigate the relationship between wear and cementum deposition under mechanical demands.

Materials and methods

The macrowear pattern of BD 1 was analyzed using the occlusal fingerprint analysis method. We propose a new method for the bilateral measurement of the cementum volume along both buccal and lingual sides of the molar root.

Results

BD 1's anterior dentition is more affected by wear compared to the posterior one. The macrowear pattern suggest a normal chewing behavior and a mixed‐diet coming from temperate environments. The teeth on the left side of the mandible display greater levels of wear, as well as the buccal side of the molar crowns. The cementum analysis shows higher buccal volume along the molar roots.

Discussion

BD1 could have been preferably chewing on the left side of the mandible. The exploitation of various food resources suggested by the macrowear analysis is compatible with the environmental reconstructions. Finally, the greater wear on the buccal side of the molar occlusal surface and the greater volume of cementum in that side of the molar roots offers a preliminary understanding about the potential correlation between dental wear and cementum deposition.
Sustainable Polymers with High Performance and Infinite Scalability
Authors: Sun Yue , Liu Ziheng , Zhang Chengjian , Zhang Xinghong
Published: February 2024

Our society has been pursuing high‐performance biodegradable polymers made from facile methods and readily available monomers. Here, we demonstrate a library of enzyme‐degradable polymers with desirable properties from the first reported step polyaddition of diamines, COS, and diacrylates. The polymers contain in‐chain ester and thiourethane groups, which can serve as lipase‐degradation and hydrogen‐bonding physical crosslinking points, respectively, resulting in possible biodegradability as well as upgraded mechanical and thermal properties. Also, the properties of the polymers are scalable due to the versatile method and the wide variety of monomers. We obtain 46 polymers with tunable performance covering high‐Tm crystalline plastics, thermoplastic elastomers, and amorphous plastics by regulating polymer structure. Additionally, the polymerization method is highly efficient, atom‐economical, quantitatively yield, metal‐ and even catalyst‐free. Overall, the polymers are promising green materials given their degradability, simple and modular synthesis, remarkable and tunable properties, and readily available monomers.
Regulating Hydrogen/Oxygen Species Adsorption via Built‐in Electric Field ‐Driven Electron Transfer Behavior at the Heterointerface for Efficient Water Splitting
Authors: Zhang Wenjie , Yang Lei , Li Zhi , Nie Guangzhi , Cao Xuejie , Fang Zizheng , Wang Xiaojun , Ramakrishna Seeram , Long Yunze , Jiao Lifang
Published: February 2024

Alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) plays a crucial role in the realization of a hydrogen economy. The design and development of efficient and stable bifunctional catalysts for both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are pivotal to achieving high‐efficiency AWE. Herein, WC1‐x/Mo2C nanoparticle‐embedded carbon nanofiber (WC1‐x/Mo2C@CNF) with abundant interfaces is successfully designed and synthesized. Benefiting from the electron transfer behavior from Mo2C to WC1‐x, the electrocatalysts of WC1‐x/Mo2C@CNF exhibit superior HER and OER performance. Furthermore, when employed as anode and cathode in membrane electrode assembly devices, the WC1‐x/Mo2C@CNF catalyst exhibits enhanced catalytic activity and remarkable stability for 100 hours at a high current density of 200 mA cm−2 towards overall water splitting. The experimental characterizations and theoretical simulation reveal that modulation of the d‐band center for WC1‐x/Mo2C@CNF, achieved through the asymmetric charge distribution resulting from the built‐in electric field induced by work function, enables optimization of adsorption strength for hydrogen/oxygen intermediates, thereby promoting the catalytic kinetics for overall water splitting. This work provides promising strategies for designing highly active catalysts in energy conversion fields.
Ostwald ripening for designing time‐dependent crystal hydrogels
Authors: Liu Qianwei , Fang Yuanlai , Xiong Xinhong , Xu Weiming , Cui Jiaxi
Published: February 2024

Ostwald ripening (OR), a classic solution theory describing molecular transfer from metastable crystal to stable one, is applied to design time‐dependent crystal hydrogels that can automatically change their mechanical properties. Using a system made from crosslinked polyacrylamide (PAM) and sodium acetate (NaAc), we demonstrate that metastable fibrous crystal networks of NaAc preferably form in PAM hydrogels via a polymer‐involving mismatch nucleation. These fibrous crystals would undergo OR and evolve into isolated bulk crystals, leading to a significant reduction in material rigidity (179 folds) and interfacial adhesion (20 folds). This transformation can be applied to program time‐dependent self‐recovery in shape and self‐delamination. Since OR is a ubiquitous, robust feature of various crystals, the approach reported here represents a new direction for designing advanced transient soft materials.
Expanded Azahelicenes with Large Dissymmetry Factors
Authors: Huo Gui‐Fei , Xu Wei‐Tao , Han Yi , Zhu Jun , Hou Xudong , Fan Wei , Ni Yong , Wu Shaofei , Yang Hai‐Bo , Wu Jishan
Published: February 2024

Expanded azahelicenes, as heteroanalogues of helically chiral helicenes, hold significant potential for chiroptical materials. Nevertheless, their investigation and research have remained largely unexplored. Herein, we present the facile synthesis of a series of expanded azahelicenes NHn (n=1–5) consisting of 11, 19, 27, 35, and 43 fused rings, mainly by Suzuki coupling followed by Bi(OTf)3‐mediated cyclization of vinyl ethers. The structures of NH2, NH3 and NH4 were confirmed through X‐ray crystallography analysis, and their (P)‐ and (M)‐ enantiomers were also isolated with chiral high performance liquid chromatography. The enantiomers exhibit large absorption (abs) and luminescence (lum) dissymmetry factors, with |gabs|max=0.044; |glum|max=0.003 for NH2, |gabs|max=0.048; |glum|=0.014 for NH3, and |gabs|max=0.043; |glum|max=0.021 for NH4, which are superior to their respective all‐carbon analogues.
Effect on thermal, mechanical, and biodegradable properties of plasma‐treated fish scale powder/linear low‐density polyethylene polymer composite films
Authors: Ackah Matthew Bonzu , Panickar Radhika , Rangari Vijaya K.
Published: February 2024

In the present work, we report the effect of low‐temperature plasma treatment on thermal, mechanical, and biodegradable properties of polymer composite blown films prepared from carp fish scale powder (CFSP) and linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE). The CFSP was melt compounded with LLDPE using a filament extruder to prepare 1, 2, and 3 wt.% of CFSP in LLDPE polymer composite filaments. These filaments were further pelletized and extruded into blown films. The blown films extruded with 1, 2, and 3 wt.% of CFSP in LLDPE were tested for thermal and mechanical properties. It was observed that the tensile strength decreased with the increased loading content of CFSP, and 1% CFSP/LLDPE exhibited the highest tensile strength. To study the effect of low‐temperature plasma treatment, 1% CFSP/LLDP polymer composite with high tensile strength was plasma treated with O2 and SF6 gas before blow film extrusion. The 1% CFSP/LLDPE/SF6‐extruded blown films showed increased thermal decomposition, crystallinity, tensile strength, and modulus. This may be due to the effect of crosslinking by the plasma treatment. The maximum thermal decomposition rate, crystallinity %, tensile strength, and modulus obtained for 1% CFSP/LLDPE/SF6 film were 500.02°C, 35.79, 6.32 MPa, and 0.023 GPa, respectively. Furthermore, the biodegradability study on CFSP/LLDPE films buried in natural soil for 90 days was analyzed using x‐ray fluorescence. The study showed an increase in phosphorus and calcium mass percent in the soil. This is due to the decomposition of the hydroxyapatite present in the CFSP/LLDPE biocomposite.
Looking for reliable species distribution models for low‐density cetacean species: Compared effectiveness of SDMs for G. griseus, G. melas, Z. cavirostris in the Mediterranean Sea based on long‐term fixed‐transect data
Authors: Arcangeli Antonella , Azzolin Marta , Babey L. , David Lea , Garcia‐Garin O. , Moulins Aurelie , Rosso Massimiliano , Scuderi Alessia , Tepsich Paola , Vighi Morgana , Orasi Arianna
Published: February 2024

The EU regulative framework for the protection of marine biodiversity and habitats requires the assessment of species' conservation status and the identification of core habitats to design adequate conservation and management plans. However, the identification of distribution range and habitat‐use of pelagic large‐range, migratory species, such as cetaceans, is challenging.

Species distribution models (SDMs) are increasingly used in conservation planning to identify species priority areas. However, the quality of SDMs varies widely depending on the representativeness of data and the appropriateness of the modelling techniques.

Since 2007, the Fixed Line Transect Mediterranean Monitoring Network (FLT Med Net) has been continuously monitoring cetaceans throughout the year in the Mediterranean basin using passenger ferries as observation platforms that perform repetitive surveys along fixed trans‐border transects.

With the aim of defining a standard analytical approach, the data collected by the FLT Med Net on rarer Mediterranean cetacean species (i.e., Grampus griseus, Globicephala melas, Ziphius cavirostris) are used here to assess the performance of commonly used SDMs, including GLM, GAM, GAM‐Negative Binomial, GAM‐tweedy, MaxEnt and Random Forest. Models were built and evaluated using a total of 296 FLT Med Net sighting data and cross‐validated using 145 independent data points.

Under testing conditions, almost all methods exhibited good performance, with Random Forest being the best model in several cases. However, when evaluated with the independent dataset, many models yielded inconsistent results or notably low performance. Only MaxEnt demonstrated consistent efficiency and reliability in both cases, showing results less affected by unequal sampling or small sample size.

Results confirm the importance of robust standard SDM approaches based on representative data such as the FLT Med Net data to identify reliable priority areas for the species and to assess the long‐term coherence and effectiveness of spatial protection measures.
Direct C−H Sulfuration: Synthesis of Disulfides, Dithiocarbamates, Xanthates, Thiocarbamates and Thiocarbonates
Authors: Sun Qiao , Xu Yuan , Yang Liu , Zheng Chun‐Ling , Wang Guowei , Wang Hai‐Bo , Fang Zheng , Wang Chang‐Sheng , Guo Kai
Published: February 2024

In light of the important biological activities and widespread applications of organic disulfides, dithiocarbamates, xanthates, thiocarbamates and thiocarbonates, the continual persuit of efficient methods for their synthesis remains crucial. Traditionally, the preparation of such compounds heavily relied on intricate multi‐step syntheses and the use of highly prefunctionalized starting materials. Over the past two decades, the direct sulfuration of C−H bonds has evolved into a straightforward, atom‐ and step‐economical method for the preparation of organosulfur compounds. This review aims to provide an up‐to‐date discussion on direct C−H disulfuration, dithiocarbamation, xanthylation, thiocarbamation and thiocarbonation, with a special focus on describing scopes and mechanistic aspects. Moreover, the synthetic limitations and applications of some of these methodologies, along with the key unsolved challenges to be addressed in the future are also discussed. The majority of examples covered in this review are accomplished via metal‐free, photochemical or electrochemical approaches, which are in alignment with the overraching objectives of green and sustainable chemistry. This comprehensive review aims to consolidate recent advancements, providing valuable insights into the dynamic landscape of efficient and sustainable synthetic strategies for these crucial classes of organosulfur compounds.
Bacoside‐A repressed the differentiation and lipid accumulation of 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes by modulating the expression of adipogenic genes
Authors: Ramesh Thiyagarajan , Shahid Mohammad
Published: February 2024

Obesity is one of the more complicated diseases, it can induce numerous life‐threatening diseases mainly diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and certain cancers. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of bacoside‐A (a dammarane‐type triterpenoid saponin derived from the plant Bacopa monniera Linn.) on the adipogenesis of 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes. Results of this study illustrated that bacoside‐A decreased the differentiation of 3T3‐L1 cell, as evidenced by diminution of lipid droplets, which contains triglycerides and other lipids. During the differentiation process, transcription factors, which are mainly participating in adipogenesis such us CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein α (C/EBPα) and C/EBPβ, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ (PPARγ), and sterol regulatory element‐binding protein‐1c (SREBP‐1c), expressions were significantly suppressed by bacoside‐A. In addition, bacoside‐A showed a potent reduction in genes precise to adipocytes such as lipoprotein lipase (LPL), fatty acid synthase (FAS), adipocyte fatty acid‐binding protein (FABP4), and leptin expressions. Further, bacoside‐A stimulated the phosphorylation of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) and AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK). These results demonstrated that bacoside‐A has anti‐adipogenic effects by regulating the transcription factors involved in adipocyte differentiation. Therefore, bacoside‐A might be considered as a potent therapeutic agent for alleviating obesity and hyperlipidemia.
The clinical manifestations of hyperostosis frontalis interna: A qualitative systematic review of cases
Authors: Alvarez Luis , Corrigan William , McGonegal Caitlin , Leon Jimmy , Avila Daniela , Kane Francis , Lee Tracey
Published: February 2024

Hyperostosis frontalis interna (HFI) is a condition defined as abnormal bone growth on the posterior aspect of the frontal bone. Despite uncertainties regarding its etiology and prognosis, clinicians typically consider HFI a benign pathology. There are no studies organizing all the possible manifestations of the disease. The present study aims to organize all the clinical manifestations of HFI within the current case report/series literature. A blinded PRISMA‐guided search of HFI case reports and case series yielded 43 relevant articles and provided 110 patients for analysis. The symptoms presenting alongside HFI were extracted and tabulated. We found high‐frequency clinical manifestations of HFI (>20% of patients) to include headaches, obesity, vertigo/dizziness symptoms, cognitive decline, and depression. An additional 15 symptoms were tabulated at frequencies found to be less than 20%. Based on our analysis, we suggest the constellation of high‐frequency symptoms can offer a more comprehensive clinical picture of symptomatic HFI which may be valuable to consider for clinicians and future researchers in the field of HFI.
Bilateral Harmony™ valve placement in branch pulmonary arteries
Authors: Aldoss Osamah , Porayette Prashob , Mohammad Nijres Bassel
Published: February 2024

While newer self‐expanding pulmonic valves were primarily designed for larger right ventricular outflow tracks, there are instances where even larger anatomies cannot accommodate these devices. In this report, we describe the successful implantation of two Harmony™ valves in bilateral branch pulmonary arteries after exhausting other options.
Multidimensional vibrational circular dichroism for insect wings: Comparison of species
Authors: Sato Hisako , Koshoubu Jun , Inoué Sayako , Kawamura Izuru , Yamagishi Akihiko
Published: February 2024

This study reports the microscopic measurements of vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) on four different insect wings using a quantum cascade laser VCD system equipped with microscopic scanning capabilities (named multi‐dimensional VCD [MultiD‐VCD]). Wing samples, including (i) beetle, Anomala albopilosa (female), (ii) European hornet, Verspa crabro flavofasciata Cameron, 1903 (female), (iii) tiny dragonfly, Nannophya pygmae Rambur, 1842 (male), and (iv) dragonfly, Symetrum gracile Oguma, 1915 (male), were used in this study. Two‐dimensional patterns of VCD signals (~10 mm × 10 mm) were obtained at a spatial resolution of 100 μm. Measurements covered the absorption peaks assigned to amides I and II in the range of 1500–1740 cm−1. The measurements were based on the enhancement of VCD signals for the stereoregular linkage of peptide groups. The patterns were remarkably dependent on the species. In samples (i) and (ii), the wings comprised segregated domains of protein aggregates of different secondary structures. The size of each microdomain was approximately 100 μm. In contrast, no clear VCD spectra were detected in samples (iii) and (iv). One possible reason was that the chain of stereoregular polypeptides was too short to achieve VCD enhancement in samples (iii) and (iv). Notably, the unique features were only observed in the VCD spectra because the IR spectra were nearly the same among the species. The VCD results hinted at the connection of protein microscopic structures with the wing flapping mechanisms of each species.
Regulating CRISPR/Cas9 Using Streptavidin‐Biotin Interactions†
Authors: Shen Wei , Xiong Wei , Qi Qianqian , Liu Xingyu , Xie Zhongpao , Zhang Yuanyuan , Hou Jinxuan , Tian Tian , Zhou Xiang
Published: February 2024

Comprehensive Summary

Currently, CRISPR/Cas9 technology has found widespread applications across various domains. However, the utility of CRISPR/Cas9 is encumbered by issues pertaining to its reliability and safety, primarily stemming from the uncontrolled activity of the system. Therefore, the design and development of CRISPR/Cas9 systems with controllable activity is of paramount importance. Biotin, characterized by its small molecular weight, and streptavidin, distinguished by its substantial spatial steric hindrance, can be harnessed as an ideal OFF switch (termed a "bioactivity brake") due to their interaction characteristics. In this work, we present a strategy that employs the streptavidin‐biotin interaction as a "brake system" for CRISPR/Cas9, effectively allowing for the shutdown of the enzymatic activity of CRISPR/Cas9.
Stereospecific Assembly of Trisubstituted Alkenes via Photoinduced Nitrogen‐Centered Radical‐Triggered C—C Bond Cleavage/Functionalization of Oxime Esters
Authors: Bao Yu , Song Zhi‐Jie , Dai Jin‐Long , Yan Shenghu , Zhang Yue , Wang Jia‐Yin , Li Guigen
Published: February 2024

Comprehensive Summary

A general and convenient photoredox‐catalyzed acylation and alkylcyanation of MBH acetates has been established, enabling the assembly of the C(sp2)–C(sp3) bond by a nitrogen‐centered radical strategy for the synthesis of trisubstituted alkenes in moderate to excellent chemical yields (48 examples in total). The reaction of MBH acetates with acyl (indanone) oxime esters afforded trisubstituted alkenes containing 1,4‐dicarbonyl groups. Interestingly, the use of Eosin Y as a photocatalyst in the catalytic system resulted in the formation of distal cyano group‐anchored trisubstituted alkenes via deconstructive functionalization of cycloketone oxime esters. Notably, these resulting 1,4‐dicarbonyl compounds could be applied to late‐stage transformations, providing important methods for the synthesis of dihydropyridazin‐3(2H)‐one.
Case series: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in pediatric oncology patients
Authors: Sarkar Sanila , Stitzlein Lea M. , Rav Emily , Garcia Miriam B. , Razvi Shehla , Chang Michael , Zakhour Ramia
Published: February 2024

Background

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a bacterial pathogen that can be fatal in hospitalized and immunocompromised patients with mortality as high as 69%. Pediatric cancer patients often have risk factors that are common for this infection, making them particularly susceptible. Managing S. maltophilia is especially challenging as it has inherent resistance to several antibiotics. Furthermore, soft tissue infections in neutropenic patients may deviate from the typical clinical presentation of S. maltophilia.

Case Details

This case series describes an in‐depth examination of three cases involving immunocompromised pediatric patients with S. maltophilia infections. Each case exhibited a distinct clinical presentation, encompassing infection of the blood, lung, and skin, which highlights the variability in which S. maltophilia manifests in immunocompromised pediatric patients. These patients were treated at MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) from 2020 to 2023, unfortunately resulting in fatality.

Conclusions

The study aims to provide valuable insights and guidance for the management of patients with S. maltophilia infections. Emphasizing a heightened clinical suspicion will potentially lead to early initiation of directed therapy against S. maltophilia. Timely intervention may play a pivotal role in improving patient outcomes and reduce further burden to the healthcare system.
A rare case of metaplastic breast carcinoma from India: Towards precision oncology
Authors: Banerjee Soirindhri , Mahajan Ishika , Ghose Aruni , Boussios Stergios , Chakraborty Shivam
Published: February 2024

Background

Metaplastic Breast Cancer (MpBC) is an exceedingly rare entity, accounting for less than 1% of all malignant breast tumours. Predominantly triple‐negative, they are notorious for their chemoresistance, high rates of recurrence and decreased disease‐free survival (DFS). All this contributes significantly to BC mortality and results in poor prognostic implications. Limited evidence has led to a lacuna of specific treatment guidelines for this entity and hence remains an uncharted territory for clinicians.

Case

We report a case of a 46 year old premenopausal female with left‐sided metaplastic triple negative T3N2aM0 BC with mesenchymal differentiation (high grade) whom we treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, primary surgery in the form of extreme oncoplasty and adjuvant radiotherapy by Telecobalt machine. Contrary to the expected aggressive course of the disease and poor prognosis of treatment, the patient is presently in remission without progression for over 2 years of follow up.

Conclusion

Limited experience in management of this pathological entity warrants the need for more research on it, with a special focus on targeted therapy. Discussing possibilities of a tailored approach, rather than a one‐size‐fits‐all approach may aid in paving the path for the future of MpBC treatment.
Self‐Consistent Convolutional Density Functional Approximations: Application to Adsorption at Metal Surfaces
Authors: Sahoo Sushree Jagriti , Xu Qimen , Lei Xiangyun , Staros Daniel , Iyer Gopal R. , Rubenstein Brenda , Suryanarayana Phanish , Medford Andrew J.
Published: February 2024

The exchange‐correlation (XC) functional in density functional theory is used to approximate multi‐electron interactions. A plethora of different functionals are available, but nearly all are based on the hierarchy of inputs commonly referred to as “Jacob's ladder.” This paper introduces an approach to construct XC functionals with inputs from convolutions of arbitrary kernels with the electron density, providing a route to move beyond Jacob's ladder. We derive the variational derivative of these functionals, showing consistency with the generalized gradient approximation (GGA), and provide equations for variational derivatives based on multipole features from convolutional kernels. A proof‐of‐concept functional, PBEq, which generalizes the PBE
framework with
being a spatially‐resolved function of the monopole of the electron density, is presented and implemented. It allows a single functional to use different GGAs at different spatial points in a system, while obeying PBE constraints. Analysis of the results underlines the importance of error cancellation and the XC potential in data‐driven functional design. After testing on small molecules, bulk metals, and surface catalysts, the results indicate that this approach is a promising route to simultaneously optimize multiple properties of interest.
Aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.) landraces of Indo‐Gangetic Plains of India harbor rich genetic diversity
Authors: Bairwa Rakesh Kumar , Yadav Mahesh C. , Tiwari Shailesh , Mahendran Aswin , Ellur Ranjith Kumar , Krishnan S. Gopala
Published: February 2024

Aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.) germplasm conserved in global genebanks needs intensive characterization to assess genetic diversity and population structure for crop improvement. We analyzed a panel of 92 accessions of non‐Basmati aromatic rice landrace germplasm with 23 phenotypic traits and 48 microsatellite markers. The landrace accessions displayed a huge phenotypic diversity for traits, namely, culm length, flag‐leaf length, panicle‐bearing tillers (PBT), plant height, panicle length, peduncle length, panicle exsertion, grain length, grain width, hull color, and 1000‐grain weight (TGW). Phenotypic clustering revealed three major clusters and five principal components explained 81.24% of the variance. TGW was associated positively with grain length, grain width, peduncle length, and grain yield but negatively with culm length and PBT. A total of 528 microsatellite alleles were detected, with 11.0 alleles per locus, revealing the presence of high polymorphism. Genetically, four subpopulations were detected based on structure analysis. In the germplasm, high levels of gene flow (Nm = 1.51) and gene diversity (HE = 0.83) were found. Among the subpopulations, we discovered high levels of inbreeding (FIS = 0.92) and moderate genetic differentiation (FST = 0.14). High polymorphism information content (0.806) along with a high level of molecular variance among genotypes (79%) was detected. A large number of multiple alleles were detected in numerous landrace accessions, revealing the presence of heterogeneity and heterozygotes in the landrace germplasm. The results of the present study are vital for the utilization of landrace diversity in the genetic improvement programs designed for rice quality improvement and consumer preference.