bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of developmental stage on susceptibilities and sensitivities of Simulium vittatum is-7 and Simulium vittatum IIIL-1 (Diptera: Simuliidae) to chlorpyrifos
Authors: Hyder Alison H , Overmyer Jay P , Noblet Ray
Published: November 2004

Determination of the most sensitive and susceptible organismal life stage is important for use of the organism in toxicity assessments of environmental pollutants. In the present study, the sensitivities and susceptibilities of larval developmental stages of two black fly sibling species, Simulium vittatum Zetterstedt cytospecies IS-7 and S. vittatum Zetterstedt cytospecies IIIL-1, were determined using the organophosphate-insecticide chlorpyrifos. Differences in sensitivity and susceptibility were determined through analysis of slopes and median lethal concentration values produced from 24-h orbital shaker toxicity tests, respectively. The results showed no difference in sensitivity or susceptibility between sibling species. However, early instar (second and third) as well as mid-instar (fourth and fifth) groupings of S. vittatum IS-7 were significantly more susceptible than late-instar (sixth and seventh) larval groupings. Likewise, mid-instar groupings of S. vittatum IIIL-1 were more susceptible than late-instar larval groupings. However, neither species showed significant differences in sensitivity among instar groupings. The results of the present study indicate that the mid-instar groupings of black fly larvae are the best choice for use in toxicity tests, both because of their increased susceptibility compared to late-instar groupings and because of their ease in handling and manipulating in the laboratory compared to early instar groupings.
Adverse effects of ecologically relevant dietary mercury exposure in southern leopard frog (Rana sphenocephala) larvae
Authors: Unrine Jason M , Jagoe Charles H , Hopkins William A , Brant Heather A
Published: November 2004

Southern leopard frog (Rana sphenocephala) larvae were exposed to experimental diets supplemented with aufwuchs from control and mercury-enriched mesocosms combined in proportions intended to mimic mercury concentrations and speciation in aufwuchs observed from aquatic systems contaminated by atmospheric deposition. Observations on rates of mortality, malformation, and larval growth and development were made for 254 d. Increased incidence of mortality, malformation, and changes in growth and development were observed at concentrations that reflect the highest concentrations expected in the amphibian diet from atmospheric deposition (1,500–3,300 ng Hg/g dry wt). The results of this study are probably more ecologically realistic than results obtained from previous studies of aqueous mercury toxicity and suggest that dietary mercury exposure in habitats contaminated primarily by atmospheric deposition has the potential to cause adverse effects in amphibian larvae.
Conditioned Flavor Aversions: Assessment of Drug‐Induced Suppression of Food Intake
Authors: Riley Anthony L. , Freeman Kevin B.
Published: November 2004

Administration of a drug following ingestion of a novel food or solution often suppresses subsequent intake of the new food or solution. This suppression is associative, in that consumption is not suppressed when there is no temporal relationship between consumption and drug administration. The robust nature of aversion learning has made this procedure a sensitive and widely used behavioral index of drug side effects. The procedures described in this unit are suitable for work with rodents, and may require modifications, e.g., in presentation of the ingesta and drug for other species. Familiar and novel foods may be used instead of solutions, with similar results.
Defining In Vivo Targets of Nuclear Proteins by Chromatin Immunoprecipitation and Microarray Analysis
Authors: Moqtaderi Zarmik , Struhl Kevin
Published: November 2004

This unit describes the combination of chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with microarray hybridization to determine the genome‐wide occupancy profile of a DNA‐associated protein. After conventional ChIP, the immunoprecipitated material is amplified by a two‐step process involving primer extension followed by PCR in the presence of a modified nucleotide. The amplified DNA is fluorescently labeled in a reaction that couples dye to the modified nucleotide, and the labeled sample is hybridized to a microarray representing a complete genome. This method allows the study of a protein's pattern of DNA association across an entire genome with no need for prior knowledge of potential DNA targets.
Helper‐Dependent Adenoviral Vectors
Authors: Oka Kazuhiro , Chan Lawrence
Published: November 2004

The helper‐dependent adenovirus (HDAd) is a recently developed adenovirus‐based vector with an improved safety profile and long‐term transgene expression. In this unit, a basic procedure for HDAd production using the Cre‐loxP system is presented. Amplification and large‐scale production of the vector can be done in both adherent and suspension cell culture systems. Included are protocols for Southern blot analysis to monitor vector amplification, slot blot assay to determine the infectious titer of the purified HDAd, and real‐time PCR to detect helper virus contamination in the preparation.
Learning to read without a left occipital lobe: Right‐hemispheric shift of visual word form area
Authors: Cohen Laurent , Lehéricy Stéphane , Henry Carole , Bourgeois Marie , Larroque Christine , Sainte‐Rose Christian , Dehaene Stanislas , Hertz‐Pannier Lucie
Published: November 2004

Using anatomical and functional magnetic resonance imaging, we studied the pattern of brain lateralization during spoken and written language tasks, in an 11‐year‐old girl who underwent a left occipitotemporal resection for a Sturge–Weber angioma at the age of 4 years, that is, after the development of speech but before the acquisition of reading. We observed a selective and successful shift to the right hemisphere of the visual component of reading, particularly the Visual Word Form Area, whereas the verbal components remained strongly left‐lateralized. This emphasizes the potential utility of a precise functional and developmental cartography of language for the surgical treatment of focal brain lesions in children. Ann Neurol 2004;56:890–894
Volatile organoselenium monitoring in production and gastric digestion processes of selenized yeast by solid‐phase microextraction‐multicapillary gas chromatography coupled microwave‐induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry
Authors: Sanz Landaluze J. , Dietz C. , Madrid Y. , Cámara C.
Published: November 2004

Evolution of volatile organoselenium compounds in the production and gastric digestion of selenized yeast has been monitored. The industrial production of these kinds of material, employed as food supplements, has been simulated in a process of yeast enrichment with inorganic selenium selenium (IV) in different growth media, with variation of the pH value. The in vitro gastric digestion process was carried out with pepsin in an acid and salt mixture. Determination of volatile species of selenium was achieved coupling solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) for preconcentration and sample–matrix separation and microwave‐induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry, in combination with multicapillary (MC) gas chromatography for separation and detection of the selenium species. The MC column was operated at low temperatures (∼30 °C). The method was optimized, using a chemometric approach, with respect to the detection of organoselenium species such as dimethylselenide, diethylselenide and dimethyldiselenide. SPME sampling was carried out in the headspace above the corresponding solutions. Separation is fast, with a chromatogram being obtained in less than 5 min, and the detection limits were at the low parts per billion level for all species investigated. The results of the yeast enrichment process demonstrate inorganic selenium transformation into volatile organic species. The presence of inorganic selenium gave rise to at least five different volatile species after metabolization by yeast, with dimethylselenide and dimethyldiselenide being the predominant species. Commercial pasteurized yeast, containing mainly selenomethionine for use as a food supplement, and tablets were found to be still active under conditions of the simulation of the digestion process, even though producing relatively low amounts of organoselenium compounds. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flash vacuum thermolysis of 3,4‐dimethyl‐1‐germacyclopent‐3‐enes: UV photoelectron spectroscopic characterization of GeH2 and GeMe2
Authors: Lemierre Virginie , Chrostowska Anna , Dargelos Alain , Baylère Patrick , Leigh William J. , Harrington Cameron R.
Published: November 2004

Gas‐phase UV photoelectron spectra of germylene (GeH2) and its dimethyl analogue (GeMe2) have been recorded, using flash vacuum thermolysis of 3,4‐dimethyl‐ and 1,1,3,4‐tetramethyl‐germacyclopent‐3‐ene to generate these reactive species in the inlet of the photoelectron spectrometer. The lowest vertical ionization bands for GeH2 (9.4 eV) and GeMe2 (8.2 and 10.0 eV) have been located with the aid of time‐dependent density functional theory calculations carried out at the B3LYP/6‐311G(d,p) level of theory. Similar experiments carried out with 3,4‐dimethyl‐1,1‐diphenylgermacyclopent‐3‐ene, in an attempt to record the photoelectron spectrum of diphenylgermylene (GePh2), were less conclusive, but are consistent with the theoretically predicted lowest lonization potential of 8.0–8.2 eV for GePh2. Photoelectron spectra of the three germacyclopentene derivatives are also reported. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Germaselenazolidines and germadiselenoacetals: syntheses and radioprotective properties
Authors: Célariès Benoît , Amourette Christine , Lion Claude , Rima Ghassoub
Published: November 2004

A series of organogermanium structures (cyclic or linear) containing selenium has been prepared to be studied in chemical radioprotection. We report the syntheses, characterization and properties of germaselenazolidines and germadiselenoacetals derived from selenocysteamine and methylselenocysteamine. The radioprotective activity was evaluated in mice by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. For the selenazolidines, the presence of a methyl group, in the α position of the selenium, decreases the radioprotective efficacy and increases the toxicity, whereas for the diselenoacetals it leads to a reduction of the radioprotective properties and a reduction of the toxicity. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ionization potentials of heteroalkenes: a comparative study
Authors: Chrostowska Anna , Lemierre Virginie , Dargelos Alain , Sotiropoulos Jean‐Marc , Guillemin Jean‐Claude
Published: November 2004

Methanimine, methylenephosphine and methylenearsine have been prepared in the gas phase and the gaseous flow has been analyzed by spectroscopy. Photoelectron spectra have been recorded and we report here a comparative study on these spectra. This comparison has been extended to the corresponding derivatives with a triple bond: hydrogen cyanide and methylidynephosphine. Estimation by theoretical calculations of the ionization potentials of the unknown methylidynearsine has been proposed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Employing the resolution power of search keys
Authors: Pirkola Ari , Järvelin Kalervo
Published: November 2004

Search key resolution power is analyzed in the context of a request, i.e., among the set of search keys for the request. Methods of characterizing the resolution power of keys automatically are studied, and the effects search keys of varying resolution power have on retrieval effectiveness are analyzed. It is shown that it often is possible to identify the best key of a query while the discrimination between the remaining keys presents problems. It is also shown that query performance is improved by suitably using the best key in a structured query. The tests were run with InQuery1in a subcollection of the TREC collection, which contained some 515,000 documents.
Separation of peroxidation products of diacyl‐phosphatidylcholines by reversed‐phase liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
Authors: Reis A. , Domingues M. R. M. , Amado Francisco M. L. , Ferrer‐Correia A. J. V. , Domingues P.
Published: November 2004

Lipid peroxidation process has attracted much attention due to the growing evidence of its involvement in the pathogenesis of age‐related diseases. The monitoring of the lipid peroxidation products in phospholipids, formed under oxidative stress conditions, may provide new markers for oxidative stress signaling and for disease states, giving new insights in the pathogenesis process. Reversed‐phase liquid chromatographic method coupled to mass spectrometry was developed for the separation of oxidized glycero‐phosphatidylcholine (GPC) peroxidation products formed by the Fenton reaction that mimic in vivo oxidative stress conditions. The LC‐MS conditions were applied for the separation of peroxidation products of oleoyl‐ (POPC), lineloyl‐ (PLPC) and arachidonoyl‐palmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (PAPC). The peroxidation products separated included products resulting from the insertion of oxygen atoms in the sn‐2 chain (long‐chain), and products with the sn‐2 chain shortened resulting from cleavage of oxygen‐centered radicals (short‐chain). Among long‐chain products were the keto, hydroxy, hydroperoxide and poly‐hydroxy derivatives, while short‐chain products included dicarboxylic acids, aldehydes and hydroxy‐aldehydes. Separation of long‐chain products formed in each phosphatidylcholine was observed, and the reconstructed ion chromatogram of each ion showed an increase in the number of peaks with the increase in the number of oxygen atoms inserted into the phospholipid. Separation of short‐chain products took place according to the functional group present at the sn‐2 moiety that allowed the elution of dicarboxylic acids distinct from aldehydes. Separation between isomeric structures that were present in short‐ and long‐chain products was also achieved. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystal Structure and Physical Properties of a New CuTi2S4 Modification in Comparison to the Thiospinel.
Authors: Soheilnia Navid , Kleinke Katja M. , Dashjav Enkhtsetseg , Cuthbert Heather L. , Greedan John E. , Kleinke Holger
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Silicides EuIr2Si2 and Lu5Si3.
Authors: Rodewald Ute Ch. , Heying Birgit , Johrendt Dirk , Poettgen Rainer
Published: November 2004

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New Cationic Clathrate: Synthesis and Structure of [Si40P6]I6.5.
Authors: Kovnir Kirill A. , Uglov Alexei N. , Zaikina Julia V. , Shevelkov Andrei V.
Published: November 2004

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A Novel Open‐Framework Cerium Sulfate Hydrate: Synthesis and Characterization.
Authors: Yu Ranbo , Wang Dan , Chen Yunfa , Xing Xianran , Ishiwata Shintaro , Saito Takashi , Takano Mikio
Published: November 2004

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Synthesis, Structural, and Magnetic Characterization of a New Ferrimagnetic Oxide: YFeMnO5.
Authors: Munoz A. , Alonso J. A. , Martinez‐Lope M. J. , Martinez J. L.
Published: November 2004

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Highly Efficient Chiral Copper Schiff‐Base Catalyst for Asymmetric Cyclopropanation of 2,5‐Dimethyl‐2,4‐hexadiene.
Authors: Itagaki Makoto , Hagiya Koji , Kamitamari Masashi , Masumoto Katsuhisa , Suenobu Katsuhiro , Yamamoto Yohsuke
Published: November 2004

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Broensted Acid‐Promoted Cyclizations of Siloxyalkynes with Arenes and Alkenes.
Authors: Zhang Liming , Kozmin Sergey A.
Published: November 2004

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An Efficient Procedure for Acetalization of Carbonyl Compounds with P2O5/SiO2.
Authors: Mirjalili Bibi Fatemeh , Zolfigol Mohammad Ali , Bamoniri Abdolhamid , Amrollahi Mohammad Ali , Hazar Azizeh
Published: November 2004

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Ruthenium‐Catalyzed [3 + 2] Intramolecular Cycloaddition of Alk‐5‐ynylidenecyclopropanes Promoted by the “First‐Generation” Grubbs Carbene Complex.
Authors: Lopez Fernando , Delgado Alejandro , Rodriguez J. Ramon , Castedo Luis , Mascarenas Jose L.
Published: November 2004

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Nonmetal‐Catalyzed Iodination of Arenes with Iodide and Hydrogen Peroxide.
Authors: Iskra Jernej , Stavber Stojan , Zupan Marko
Published: November 2004

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Bisacetamide Hydrochloride: A Chemoselective and Inexpensive N‐Acetylating Reagent for Aminophenols.
Authors: Peng Yanqing , Song Gonghua , Ding Fang
Published: November 2004

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Catalytic Cross‐Coupling Reaction of Esters with Organoboron Compounds and Decarbonylative Reduction of Esters with HCOONH4: A New Route to Acyl Transition Metal Complexes Through the Cleavage of Acyl—‐Oxygen Bonds in Esters.
Authors: Tatamidani Hiroto , Yokota Kazuhiko , Kakiuchi Fumitoshi , Chatani Naoto
Published: November 2004

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Ionic Liquid Promoted Addition of Arylsulfinic Acids to p‐Quinones: A Green Synthesis of Diaryl Sulfones.
Authors: Yadav J. S. , Reddy B. V. S. , Swamy T. , Ramireddy N.
Published: November 2004

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Ferric(III) Chloride‐Promoted Efficient Thiocyanation of Arylalkenes: A Facile Synthesis of Dithiocyanates.
Authors: Yadav J. S. , Reddy B. V. S. , Gupta Manoj Kumar
Published: November 2004

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Microwave‐Assisted Suzuki—Miyaura Reactions with an Insoluble Pyridine‐Aldoxime Pd‐Catalyst.
Authors: Solodenko Wladimir , Schoen Uwe , Messinger Josef , Glinschert Anja , Kirschning Andreas
Published: November 2004

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General Route to a New Class of Homochiral Azetidine‐Derived 1,2‐Diamines.
Authors: Couty Francois , Evano Gwilherm , Prim Damien , Marrot Jerome
Published: November 2004

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Silver‐Catalyzed Hydroamination: Synthesis of Functionalized Pyrroles.
Authors: Robinson Ross S. , Dovey Martin C. , Gravestock David
Published: November 2004

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Multicomponent Reactions of Diazoamides: Diastereoselective Synthesis of Mono‐ and Bis‐spirofurooxindoles.
Authors: Muthusamy Sengodagounder , Gunanathan Chidambaram , Nethaji Munirathinam
Published: November 2004

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Highly Enantioselective Reaction of Lithiated N‐Boc‐thiazolidine: A New Chiral Formyl Anion Equivalent.
Authors: Wang Libo , Nakamura Shuichi , Toru Takeshi
Published: November 2004

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Novel Synthesis for 4‐Hydroxy‐2‐phenyl‐2H‐benzotriazoles.
Authors: Artamonov G. L. , Perevalov V. P.
Published: November 2004

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Thermal Transformation of Arylamidoximes in the Presence of Phosphorus Ylides. Unexpected Formation of 3‐Aryl‐5‐arylamino‐1,2,4‐oxadiazoles.
Authors: Nicolaides Demetrios N. , Litinas Konstantinos E. , Vrasidas Ioannis , Fylaktakidou Konstantina C.
Published: November 2004

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4‐Hydroxy‐6‐methyl‐3‐(5‐phenyl‐2E,4E‐pentadien‐1‐oyl)‐2H‐pyran‐2‐one: Synthesis and Reactivity with Amines.
Authors: Ait‐Baziz Nabila , Rachedi Yahia , Hamdi Maamer , Silva Artur M. S. , Balegroune F. , Thierry Roisnel , Sellier N.
Published: November 2004

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Synthesis of Some Fused β‐Carbolines Including the First Example of the Pyrrolo[3,2‐c]‐β‐carboline System.
Authors: Condie Glenn C. , Bergman Jan
Published: November 2004

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Regioselective Formation of Six‐ and Seven‐Membered Ring by Intramolecular Pd‐Catalyzed Amination of N‐Allyl‐anthranilamides.
Authors: Beccalli Egle M. , Broggini Gianluigi , Paladino Giuseppe , Penoni Andrea , Zoni Caterina
Published: November 2004

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Acylation of 3,4‐Dihydropyrrolo[1,2‐a]pyrazines.
Authors: Terenin V. I. , Kabanova E. V. , Tselishcheva N. A. , Kovalkina M. A. , Pleshkova A. P. , Zyk N. V.
Published: November 2004

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P1′ Oxadiazole Protease Inhibitors with Excellent Activity Against Native and Protease Inhibitor‐Resistant HIV‐1.
Authors: Kim Ronald M. , Rouse Elizabeth A. , Chapman Kevin T. , Schleif William A. , Olsen David B. , Stahlhut Mark , Rutkowski Carrie A. , Emini Emilio A. , Tata James R.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Regioselective Cycloaddition of Azomethines and Carbodiimides to Aroyl(quinoxalinyl)ketenes.
Authors: Lisovenko N. Yu. , Maslivets A. N.
Published: November 2004

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Direct Organocatalytic Enantioselective Mannich Reactions of Ketimines: An Approach to Optically Active Quaternary α‐Amino Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Zhuang Wei , Saaby Steen , Joergensen Karl Anker
Published: November 2004

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Orally Active CCR5 Antagonists as anti‐HIV‐1 Agents. Part 2. Synthesis and Biological Activities of Anilide Derivatives Containing a Pyridine N‐Oxide Moiety.
Authors: Seto Masaki , Aramaki Yoshio , Imoto Hiroshi , Aikawa Katsuji , Oda Tsuneo , Kanzaki Naoyuki , Iizawa Yuji , Baba Masanori , Shiraishi Mitsuru
Published: November 2004

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C‐Phosphorylated N‐(Trichloroethylidene)sulfonamides: A New Type of Highly Electrophilic Imines.
Authors: Rassukana Yuliya V. , Onys'ko Petro P. , Davydova Kateryna O. , Sinitsa Anatolii D.
Published: November 2004

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Synthesis of Sulfur‐Containing Aryliminophosphoranes.
Authors: Yavari Issa , Zabarjad‐Shiraz Nader , Bijanzadeh Hamid R.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Four ent‐Kaurane‐Type Diterpenoids from Croton tonkinensis Gagnep.
Authors: Giang Phan Minh , Son Phan Tong , Lee Jung Joon , Otsuka Hideaki
Published: November 2004

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Revisiting Diterpene Lactones of Suregada multiflora.
Authors: Choudhary M. Iqbal , Gondal Humaira Y. , Abbaskhan Ahmed , Jahan Ismat A. , Parvez Masood , Nahar Nilufar , Atta‐ur‐Rahman Atta‐ur‐Rahman
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
General Approach to Polycyclic Meroterpenoids Based on Stille Couplings and Titanocene Catalysis.
Authors: Justicia Jose Justicia Jose , Oltra J. Enrique , Cuerva Juan M.
Published: November 2004

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Regioisomeric Acetoxy Derivatives of 8‐Aza‐D‐homogona‐12,17a‐dione. Anellation of 1‐Methyl‐3,4‐dihydroisoquinoline with 4‐Acetoxy‐2‐acetylcyclohexane‐1,3‐dione.
Authors: Gulyakevich O. V. , Zaitsev V. G. , Mikhal'chuk A. L.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Synthesis of Carbohydrate α‐Amino Acids Utilizing the Corey—Link Reaction.
Authors: Scaffidi Adrian , Skelton Brian W. , Stick Robert V. , White Allan H.
Published: November 2004

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Novel Asymmetric Approach to Proline‐Derived Spiro‐β‐lactams.
Authors: Khasanov Alisher B. , Ramirez‐Weinhouse Michele M. , Webb Thomas R. , Thiruvazhi Mohan
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Highly Diastereoselective Approach Toward (.+‐.)‐Tetraponerine T6 and Analogues via the Double Cycloisomerization—Reduction of Bis‐alkynylpyrimidines.
Authors: Kim Joseph T. , Butt Jason , Gevorgyan Vladimir
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Concise Formal Synthesis of Alkaloid Cryptotackiene and Substituted 6H‐Indolo[2,3‐b]quinolines.
Authors: Sundaram G. S. M. , Venkatesh C. , Kumar U. K. Syam , Ila H. , Junjappa H.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Cephalosporin Derivatives Possessing a Substituted Cinnamoyl Moiety at the 7β‐Position. Synthesis, Structural Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of 3‐Acetoxymethyl Cephalosporin Derivatives.
Authors: Fini Adamo , et al. et al.
Published: November 2004

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New Phenolic Principles from Hypericum sampsonii.
Authors: Don Ming‐Jaw , Huang Yeh‐Jeng , Huang Ray‐Ling , Lin Yun‐Lian
Published: November 2004

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Transition Metal Acetylide Nanostructures
Authors: Cooper Thomas M.
Published: November 2004

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Alkylidenecarbenes, Alkylidenecarbenoids, and Competing Species: Which Is Responsible for Vinyl Nucleophilic Substitution, [1 + 2] Cycloadditions, 1,5‐CH Insertion, and the Fritsch—Buttenberg—Wiechell Rearrgement?
Authors: Knorr Rudolf
Published: November 2004

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Studies on Some Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions
Authors: Trivedi G. K.
Published: November 2004

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Total Syntheses of Natural Products Containing α‐Substituted α‐Amino Acid Structures from Aldohexoses Using Overman Rearrangement as the Key Reaction
Authors: Sato Hideyuki , Oishi Takeshi , Chida Noritaka
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Suzuki—Miyaura Coupling with Heterogeneous Catalysts
Authors: Nishida Mayumi , Tagata Tsuyoshi
Published: November 2004

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Elisabethin A: A Marine Diterpenoid Yet to Surrender to Total Synthesis
Authors: Zanoni Giuseppe , Franzini Maurizio
Published: November 2004

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Methods for the Chemical Synthesis of Fullerenes
Authors: Scott Lawrence T.
Published: November 2004

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Cyclodextrin Oligomers
Authors: Sliwa Wanda , Girek Tomasz , Koziol Jacek J.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chiral Bis(oxazolines)
Authors: Ghosh Arun K. , Bilcer Geoff , Fidanze Steve
Published: November 2004

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5(2H)‐Oxazolones and 5(4H)‐Oxazolones
Authors: Cativiela Carlos , Diaz‐de‐Villegas Maria D.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
4(5H)‐Oxazolones
Authors: Palmer David C.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Structure—Activity Relationship of 4,10‐Dihydro‐4‐oxo‐4H‐imidazo[1,2‐a]indeno[1,2‐e]pyrazine Derivatives: Highly Potent and Selective AMPA Receptor Antagonists with in vivo Activity
Authors: Stutzmann Jean‐Marie , Vuilhorgne Marc , Mignani Serge
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Methods for the Synthesis of 6‐Thiopurines
Authors: Aleksandrova E. V.
Published: November 2004

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Tin in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Orita Akihiro , Otera Junzo
Published: November 2004

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Indium in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Araki Shuki , Hirashita Tsunehisa
Published: November 2004

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Aluminum in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Saito Susumu
Published: November 2004

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Selective Alkane C—H Bond Functionalizations Utilizing Oxidative Single‐Electron Transfer and Organocatalysis
Authors: Schreiner Peter R. , Fokin Andrey A.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis: A Critical Technology Overview
Authors: Nuechter M. , Ondruschka B. , Bonrath W. , Gum A.
Published: November 2004

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Solvents and Ionic Liquids
Authors: Dyson P. J.
Published: November 2004

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Progress Toward Understanding the Nature and Function of C‐H×××O Interactions
Authors: Castellano Ronald K.
Published: November 2004

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Nanosecond Laser Flash Photolysis: A Tool for Physical Organic Chemistry
Authors: Scaiano J. C.
Published: November 2004

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Radiation Chemistry of Organic Liquids: Saturated Hydrocarbons
Authors: Shkrob Ilya A. , Sauer Myran C. Jr. , Trifunac Alexander D.
Published: November 2004

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Metal‐Assembled Modular Proteins: Toward Functional Protein Design.
Authors: Case Martin A. , McLendon George L.
Published: November 2004

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Towards and Understanding of Organic Anion Transporters: Structure—Function Relationships.
Authors: You Guofeng
Published: November 2004

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Conformational Spread: The Propagation of Allosteric States in Large Multiprotein Complexes
Authors: Bray Dennis , Duke Thomas
Published: November 2004

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Development of Ionic Liquids as Green Reaction Media and Catalysts
Authors: Shi Feng , Gu Yanlong , Zhang Qinghua , Deng Youquan
Published: November 2004

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Chiral Dendrimers with Biomedical Applications
Authors: Smith David K.
Published: November 2004

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Some New Trends and Recent Progress Towards Environmentally Benign Synthesis
Authors: Luo Sanzhong , Peng Yiyuan , Zhang Baolian , Wang Peng George , Cheng Jin‐Pei
Published: November 2004

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Reactivity of Atomic Silicon: A Playground for Matrix Isolation Spectroscopy
Authors: Maier G. , Reisenauer H. P. , Egenolf H. , Glatthaar J.
Published: November 2004

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Multiple Pulse NMR
Authors: Barsukov I.
Published: November 2004

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Applications of Spin‐Spin Couplings
Authors: Kamienska‐Trela K. , Wojcik J.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Recent Contributions of Electronic Circular Dichroism to the Investigation of Oligopeptide Conformations
Authors: Formaggio Fernando , Peggion Cristina , Crisma Marco , Kaptein Bernard , Broxterman Quirinus B. , Mazaleyrat Jean‐Paul , Wakselman Michel , Toniolo Claudio
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
In vitro Hepatic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Lee Kuan–Der , Kuo Tom Kwang–Chun , Whang–Peng Jacqueline , Chung Yu–Fen , Lin Ching–Tai , Chou Shiu–Huey , Chen Jim–Ray , Chen Yi–Peng , Lee Oscar Kuang–Sheng
Published: November 2004

This study examined whether mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are stem cells originated from embryonic mesoderm, are able to differentiate into functional hepatocyte–like cells

in vitro

. MSCs were isolated from human bone marrow and umbilical cord blood, and the surface phenotype and the mesodermal multilineage differentiation potentials of these cells were characterized and tested. To effectively induce hepatic differentiation, we designed a novel 2–step protocol with the use of hepatocyte growth factor and oncostatin M. After 4 weeks of induction, cuboidal morphology, which is characteristic of hepatocytes, was observed, and cells also expressed marker genes specific of liver cells in a time–dependent manner. Differentiated cells further demonstrated

in vitro

functions characteristic of liver cells, including albumin production, glycogen storage, urea secretion, uptake of low–density lipoprotein, and phenobarbital–inducible cytochrome P450 activity.

In conclusion

, human MSCs from different sources are able to differentiate into functional hepatocyte–like cells and, hence, may serve as a cell source for tissue engineering and cell therapy of hepatic tissues. Furthermore, the broad differentiation potential of MSCs indicates that a revision of the definition may be required. (Hepatology 2004;40:1275-1284.)
Ash Tree Leaf Litter (Fraxinus excelsiorL.) Breakdown in Two Different Biotopes and Streams
Authors: Fleituch Tadeusz , Leichtfried Maria
Published: November 2004

Coarse (0.5 mm) and fine (0.1 mm) mesh size bag methodology was used for comparing the breakdown of ash tree leaves (Fraxinus excelsiorL.) in two biotopes (dry – terrestrial and wet – overflown stream zones) in two low order streams (the Oberer Seebach (OSB), Lower Austria and the Brzezowka stream (BRZ), Beskidy Mountains, southern Poland). In total, 96 bags were exposed in autumn 2000. Ash‐free dry mass (AFDM) ranged in dry zones of both streams from 94–62% (OSB) and 85–53% (BRZ) respectively. The decomposition process was faster in wet zones: 96–33% (OSB) and 56–11% (B) during the study period. Significant differences in ash breakdown and its chemical content between studied streams were found. Total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen content (TN) of AFDM of litter showed increased differences with experiment duration between zones and between two bag types for both streams. The strongest increase of TOC and TN content (100% on average initial content) for bag types, zones, and streams was observed in the first two weeks of the experiment. These results confirm the importance of chemical compounds for microbiological processes (biofilms) in different ecosystem biotopes. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Production and progeny testing of androgenetic rosy barb Puntius conchonius
Authors: Kirankumar Santhakumar , Pandian Thavamani Jegajothivel
Published: November 2004

Protocol for androgenetic cloning of the rosy barb, Puntius conchonius, with contrasting gray and golden strains is described. At the intensity of 4.2 W/m2, UV irradiation for 3.0 min inactivates the maternal genome in eggs of the gray barb. Following activation by the golden barb sperm, 24‐min old eggs are shocked at 41°C for 2 min to restore diploidy. Maternal genomic inactivation is confirmed by the (i) golden body color, (ii) karyotyping, and (iii) progeny testing of F1–F3 progenies. Estimates of stage‐specific mortality of haploid and diploid androgenotes indicate no change in the time scale or developmental sequence, when sperm of related strain is used for activation, and when haploid genome regulates the development. Survival of androgenetic clones remains constant for the F1, F2, and F3 progenies and is about 15% and 7% at hatching and sexual maturity, respectively. Homozygosity of the androgenotes is shown to inflict greater mortality. Between F1 and F3 generations, the heterozygosity of the androgenetic clone is decreased, as evidenced by reduction in size hierarchy. Though the reproductive performance of the F1, F2, and F3 supermales is superior to the normal ones, the realized fecundity remains equal around 80 progenies per brood. The 92 crosses involving 16 supermales and 10 normal dams yield 75–100% male progenies, confirming the possible operation of XX♀:XY♂ sex determination system. The frequency of unexpected occurrence of female progenies is about 8%, the causes for which are discussed. J. Exp. Zool. 301A:938–951, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: Metabolic link to ischemic brain injury and target of oxidative stress
Authors: Martin Erica , Rosenthal Robert E. , Fiskum Gary
Published: November 2004

The mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) is a mitochondrial matrix enzyme complex (greater than 7 million Daltons) that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl CoA, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (the reduced form, NADH), and CO2. This reaction constitutes the bridge between anaerobic and aerobic cerebral energy metabolism. PDHC enzyme activity and immunoreactivity are lost in selectively vulnerable neurons after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Evidence from experiments carried out in vitro suggests that reperfusion‐dependent loss of activity is caused by oxidative protein modifications. Impaired enzyme activity may explain the reduced cerebral glucose and oxygen consumption that occurs after cerebral ischemia. This hypothesis is supported by the hyperoxidation of mitochondrial electron transport chain components and NAD(H) that occurs during reperfusion, indicating that NADH production, rather than utilization, is rate limiting. Additional support comes from the findings that immediate postischemic administration of acetyl‐L‐carnitine both reduces brain lactate/pyruvate ratios and improves neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest in animals. As acetyl‐L‐carnitine is converted to acetyl CoA, the product of the PDHC reaction, it follows that impaired production of NADH is due to reduced activity of either PDHC or one or more steps in glycolysis. Impaired cerebral energy metabolism and PDHC activity are associated also with neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease and Wernicke‐Korsakoff syndrome, suggesting that this enzyme is an important link in the pathophysiology of both acute brain injury and chronic neurodegeneration. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pentylenetetrazole affects metabolism of astrocytes in culture
Authors: Qu Hong , Eloqayli Haytham , Sonnewald Ursula
Published: November 2004

Cortical and cerebellar astrocytes were cultured in medium containing pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), a γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor antagonist, for 3 weeks (up to 6 mM) or 2 hr (10 mM). Cells were incubated in medium containing [U‐13C]glutamate (0.5 mM) and unlabeled glucose (3 mM) for 2 hr and cell extracts and media were analyzed by 13C magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). When cerebellar astrocytes were incubated with PTZ for 2 hr, the amount of glucose removed from the medium and glucose and [U‐13C]glutamate oxidation were decreased. Metabolism in cortical astrocytes was affected only slightly; amounts of glutathione and aspartate were decreased. When cerebellar and cortical cells were cultured in the presence of PTZ for 3 weeks, the amount of glucose removed from the medium and lactate formed were increased, indicating increased glycolytic activity. Despite the increased intracellular [U‐13C]glutamate concentration in both types of astrocytes cultured with PTZ, labeled glutamine and glutathione were unchanged, indicating intracellular compartmentation. The amount of cellular protein was decreased at 6 mM PTZ for cerebellar astrocytes and 1 mM for cortical astrocytes, indicating a differential sensitivity to the effects of PTZ. In conclusion, mitochondrial metabolism and glycolysis were decreased by short‐term incubation with PTZ in cerebellar astrocytes, whereas long‐term incubation affected both types of astrocytes, leading to increased glycolysis. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cerebral pyruvate carboxylase flux is unaltered during bicuculline‐seizures
Authors: Patel Anant B. , Chowdhury Golam M.I. , de Graaf Robin A. , Rothman Douglas L. , Shulman Robert G. , Behar Kevin L.
Published: November 2004

Glutamine synthesis in the astroglia reflects the sum of neurotransmitter cycling (glutamate and γ‐aminobutyric acid [GABA]) and de novo synthesis (anaplerosis), the latter catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase. Previous studies have shown that the glutamate plus GABA cycling flux is correlated strongly with neuronal activity; however, the relationship between pyruvate carboxylase flux and neuronal activity is not known. In this study, pyruvate carboxylase flux was assessed during intravenous infusion of [2‐13C]glucose using localized 1H‐[13C] NMR spectroscopy at 7 Tesla in vivo in halothane‐ anesthetized and ventilated adult Wistar rats during 85 min of bicuculline‐induced seizures (1 mg/kg, intravenously) and in nontreated controls. During seizures, concentrations of lactate, alanine, glutamine, GABA, and succinate increased whereas glutamate and aspartate decreased such that the decrease in glutamate plus aspartate equaled the increase in glutamine plus GABA. Pyruvate carboxylase flux was assessed by the sum of [2‐13C] and [3‐13C] of glutamine and glutamate (Glx2+3) labeling during [2‐13C]glucose infusion. During seizures the initial rate of Glx2+3 synthesis (0.069 ± 0.013 μmol/g/min) was not significantly different (P = 0.68) from that of the controls (0.059 ± 0.010 μmol/g/min), indicating that anaplerotic flow through pyruvate carboxylase was unaltered. Intense neuronal activation of seizures did not seem to increase anaplerosis through pyruvate carboxylase, despite the substantial increase in neuronal activity and glutamate/glutamine cycling shown in a previous study (Patel et al., 2004b). © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interscan registration using navigator echoes
Authors: Welch Edward Brian , Manduca Armando , Grimm Roger C. , Jack Clifford R.
Published: November 2004

A common problem in clinical MRI is anatomic misalignment of imaging slices across successive examinations. This unnecessarily complicates the radiologic assessment of anatomic change over time on serial MRI studies. To address this problem, spherical navigator echoes, which can detect rigid body motion in all six degrees of freedom, were used to guide spatial location and orientation adjustments to an exam prescription to match the reference frame of images acquired in an earlier exam. An initial linear navigator echo is also necessary to effect coarse Z translation adjustments prior to fine six degrees of freedom adjustment with a spherical navigator echo. Results of this technique are presented for head image volumes of five volunteers. Each volunteer was imaged on two scanners. In all cases, the reference frame adjustments provided by the navigator echoes substantially improved the alignment of the latter exam and performed well compared to retrospective image‐based registration. Magn Reson Med 52:1448–1452, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MRI of transplanted pancreatic islets
Authors: Jirák Daniel , Kríz Jan , Herynek Vít , Andersson Benita , Girman Peter , Burian Martin , Saudek František , Hájek Milan
Published: November 2004

A promising treatment method for type 1 diabetes mellitus is transplantation of pancreatic islets containing β‐cells. The aim of this study was to develop an MR technique to monitor the distribution and fate of transplanted pancreatic islets in an animal model. Twenty‐five hundred purified and magnetically labeled islets were transplanted through the portal vein into the liver of experimental rats. The animals were scanned using a MR 4.7‐T scanner. The labeled pancreatic islets were clearly visualized in the liver in both diabetic and healthy rats as hypointense areas on T2*‐weighted MR images during the entire measurement period. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of iron‐oxide nanoparticles inside the cells of the pancreatic islets. A significant decrease in blood glucose levels in diabetic rats was observed; normal glycemia was reached 1 week after transplantation. This study, therefore, represents a promising step toward possible clinical application in human medicine. Magn Reson Med 52:1228–1233, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gradient field switching as a source for artifacts in MR imaging of metallic stents
Authors: Shenhav Avshalom , Azhari Haim
Published: November 2004

Metallic implants, such as stents, have long been a concern in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In addition to safety issues, they are commonly associated with image artifacts. The mechanisms of radiofrequency‐ (RF) and susceptibility‐induced artifacts have been thoroughly investigated. However, gradient‐switching‐induced artifacts have not been analyzed. In this study it was demonstrated that gradient switching may be a source of artifacts in metallic stent MR imaging. These artifacts differ from those caused by the RF pulse. A theoretical explanation is provided as well. Magn Reson Med 52:1465–1468, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Triple contrast technique for black blood imaging with double inversion preparation
Authors: Kim Seong‐Eun , Kholmovski Eugene G. , Jeong Eun‐Kee , Buswell Henry R. , Tsuruda Jay S. , Parker Dennis L.
Published: November 2004

This work reports on the development of a pulse sequence to simultaneously acquire proton density, T1, and T2 weighted images in a single magnetization prepared fast spin echo acquisition. The technique is based upon the application of a magnetization preparation consisting of a global inversion followed by slice‐selective 180° and 90° pulses to prepare the signal of specific slices. Slices are acquired in an interleaved manner with time delays appropriate for the desired image contrasts. Data acquisition is repeated for all combinations of slice interleaving covering the region of interest until images from all slice locations have been acquired with all desired image contrasts. The multiple image contrasts obtained with this technique should be useful in applications where discrimination between different types of tissue components is desired, such as in the analysis of plaque in cervical carotid artery disease. Magn Reson Med 52:1379–1387, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hyperpolarized 3He MRI of mouse lung
Authors: Dugas Joseph P. , Garbow Joel R. , Kobayashi Dale K. , Conradi Mark S.
Published: November 2004

Hyperpolarized 3He images of mouse lung are presented. Ventilation images and measurements of 3He apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) are reported in healthy mice, and preliminary studies of emphysema and lung cancer in mice are described using these techniques. The design and operation of an electronically controlled small‐animal ventilator to deliver the hyperpolarized gas and control animal respiration are described. Images are acquired using an asymmetric gradient echo imaging method to enhance the signal‐to‐noise ratio of the rapidly diffusing 3He. In mice with elastase‐induced emphysema, the whole‐lung average ADC is greater by approximately 25%, a statistically significant difference, compared to healthy animals. By contrast, mice exposed to cigarette smoke for up to 12 months reveal no statistically relevant increases in ADC, although emphysema was not confirmed in these mice. A study of lung cancer (melanoma) in mice is also presented. While tumors are shown to cause substantial ventilation defects in the lung, these defects appear confined to the cancerous regions and do not extend to large‐scale regions of the lung distal to the tumors. Magn Reson Med 52:1310–1317, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.