bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Slc11a1 (formerly Nramp1) polymorphisms and susceptibility to post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disease following pediatric liver transplantation
Authors: Barshes N.R. , Lee T.R. , Goss J.A. , Goodpastor S.E. , Huls M.H. , Rooney C.M. , Karpen S.J. , Wyllie S.
Published: May 2006

Abstract: Background. Polymorphisms of the solute carrier family 11 member 1 (Slc11a1) gene have previously been associated with susceptibility to infectious disease, anti‐tumor defenses, and autoimmune diseases. We postulated that polymorphisms of the gene may also be associated with susceptibility to post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD), a disease thought to be related to an impaired immune response to Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) in immunosuppressed patients.

Methods. Whole blood samples were obtained from 45 pediatric patients who underwent liver transplantation. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify a 3′ region of the gene that includes an exon 15 single‐nucleotide substitution (referred to as D543N) and a 4‐bp deletion polymorphism (referred to as 3′‐UTR). PCR products were digested using AvaII and FokI restriction enzymes for the D543N and 3′‐UTR polymorphisms, respectively. PTLD disease status and EBV virus serum titers of all patients were obtained from hospital records.

Results. Six of the 45 pediatric transplant recipients developed PTLD. An association was found between 3′‐UTR polymorphisms of Slc11a1 and incidence of PTLD after liver transplantation (P=0.005). In addition, post‐transplant serum EBV titers were higher (P=0.009) for recipients with certain Slc11a1 polymorphisms. No association was found between the D543N polymorphism and incidence of PTLD.

Conclusion. 3′‐UTR polymorphisms of the Slc11a1 gene appear to be associated with susceptibility to PTLD and the immune response to EBV in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Genotyping of pediatric patients undergoing liver transplantation may enable early identification of patients at high risk for developing high EBV titers and/or PTLD.
Update on BK virus entry and intracellular trafficking
Authors: Dugan A.S. , Eash S. , Atwood W.J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract: BK virus (BKV) is a small, non‐enveloped, double‐stranded DNA virus and a member of the Polyomaviridae family. As the recently recognized etiologic agent of polyomavirus‐associated nephropathy, the events involved in BKV invasion of host cells are an important area of study. Using cell culture models, the mechanism by which BKV infects permissive hosts to gain access to the replication machinery within these cells is beginning to unfold. BKV uses an N‐linked glycoprotein containing an α(2,3)‐linked sialic acid as a receptor. After this initial attachment, BKV enters cells through caveolae‐mediated endocytosis. Intracellular trafficking via cellular cytoskeletal components follows this relatively slow and cholesterol‐dependent internalization. BKV must reach the nucleus for viral transcription and replication to occur. Elucidating the steps of the early viral lifecycle would provide clues to help explain the infectious spread and pathology of this human pathogen.
Polyomavirus‐associated nephropathy: update of clinical management in kidney transplant patients
Authors: Trofe J. , Hirsch H.H. , Ramos E.
Published: May 2006

Abstract: Over the last decade, polyomavirus‐associated nephropathy (PVAN) has occurred with increasing frequency after renal transplantation, leading to significant renal dysfunction and graft loss. More than 95% of all cases are caused by the human polyomavirus type 1 called the BK virus. The primary treatment for PVAN is immunosuppression reduction, which must be carefully balanced against increased risks of rejection. Although no validated protocols exist, a first step commonly involves reduction of calcineurin inhibitors with antiproliferative agents by more than one‐third, e.g., reaching trough levels of tacrolimus <6 ng/mL, of cyclosporine <150 ng/mL, dosing of mycophenolate mofetil to <1 g/day, and azathioprine <75 mg/day. When rejection is diagnosed together with PVAN, a transient pulse treatment is recommended before subsequent reduction in immunosuppression. No antiviral treatments for PVAN have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration. The antiviral drug cidofovir has shown in vitro activity against murine polyomaviruses, and has been used in some patients in lower doses in an effort to minimize the nephrotoxic effects of cidofovir while treating PVAN. Small series of PVAN patients treated with leflunomide, intravenous immune globulin therapy, and fluoroquinolones have also been reported recently.
Improved discrimination of self‐incompatibility S‐RNase alleles in cherry and high throughput genotyping by automated sizing of first intron polymerase chain reaction products
Authors: Sonneveld T. , Robbins T. P. , Tobutt K. R.
Published: May 2006

A novel polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approach to determine and confirm the self‐incompatibility (S) genotype of cherries is reported. The method involves PCR amplification with a new pair of consensus primers that immediately flank the first intron of cherry S‐RNases, one of which is fluorescently labelled. Fluorescent amplification products range from 234 to c. 460 bp and can be sized accurately on an automated sequencer. Thirteen S alleles reported in sweet cherry can be distinguished, except for S2 and S7, which have an amplification product of exactly the same size. S13, which is also amplified, gives a microsatellite‐like trace which shows minor intra‐allelic length variation. This method gives fast and accurate results and should be especially useful for medium/high‐throughput genotyping of wild and cultivated cherries.
Field trial of serially passaged isolates of BYDV‐PAV overcoming resistance derived from Thinopyrum intermedium in wheat
Authors: Chain F. , Riault G. , Jacquot E. , Trottet M.
Published: May 2006

Barley yellow dwarf disease (BYDD) is one of the main viral diseases of small grain cereals. This disease, reported on numerous plant species of the Poaceae family, is caused by a complex of viral species including the species Barley yellow dwarf virus‐PAV (BYDV‐PAV, family Luteoviridae, genus Luteovirus), frequently found in western Europe. Resistance sources towards BYDD are scarce. Indeed, breeding‐resistant genotypes is a long and expensive process. Thus, estimating the durability of the resistance genes before the achievement of selection would be an asset for breeders. One isolate of BYDV‐PAV has been serially passaged on two hosts, ‘Zhong ZH’ and ‘TC14’, carrying a gene for partial resistance. The resulting viral population showed an increase of the speed of development of the infection in controlled conditions. In this study, these viral populations were evaluated in a 3‐year field trial, including a susceptible host, ‘Rendezvous’, and a host carrying the resistance gene of ‘TC14’ in a ‘Rendezvous’ background, to assess the effect of serial passages in field conditions. Results indicate that isolates issued from serial passages on hosts carrying a gene for partial resistance induced increased damage in field conditions when compared with the initial isolate. Yield losses are mainly due to a decrease of the number of kernels per square metre. The interest on using partial resistance gene to control BYDD is discussed.
New mutants of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) with changed fatty acid composition
Authors: Spasibionek S.
Published: May 2006

Seeds of the winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) line PN 3756/93 were treated with ethyl methanesulphonate to induce mutations in the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway. The seed mutagenic treatment was repeated in the M2 generation. After treatments, individual seed and plant selections were made for changes in fatty acid composition during several generations of inbreeding. Self‐pollinated plants with changed fatty acid compositions were inbred to obtain genetically homozygous and stable mutant lines. Two mutants, M‐10453 and M‐10464, with increased levels of oleic acid (approximately 76%) and reduced linoleic and linolenic acid contents (8.5% and 7.5%, respectively) were selected. Gene or genes controlling desaturation of oleic acid were probably mutated in these plants. The third mutant, M‐681 had a very low linolenic acid content (approximately 2.6%) and increased linoleic acid content (approximately 26%). This would suggest the occurrence of mutations in genes controlling linoleic acid desaturation. The results of selection work during several generations showed that the environment had substantial influence on the composition of seed oil. This made the search for mutants with modify fatty acid compositions difficult. The induced mutants are not directly usable as new varieties, but can be used as parents in crosses for the development of high quality rapeseed varieties.
Inheritance of insensitivity to culture filtrate of Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis, race 2, in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Singh P.K. , Hughes G.R.
Published: May 2006

Tan spot of wheat is caused by the fungus Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis. On susceptible hosts, P. tritici‐repentis induces two phenotypically distinct symptoms, tan necrosis and chlorosis. This fungus produces several toxins that induce tan necrosis and chlorosis symptoms in susceptible cultivars. The objectives of this study were to determine the inheritance of insensitivity to necrosis‐inducing culture filtrate of P. tritici‐repentis, race 2, and to establish the relationship between the host reaction to culture filtrate and spore inoculation with respect to the necrosis component. The F1, F2, and BC1F1 plants and F2:8 lines of five crosses involving resistant wheat genotypes ‘Erik’, ‘Red Chief’, and line 86ISMN 2137 with susceptible cultivars ‘Glenlea’ and ‘Kenyon’ were studied. Plants were spore‐inoculated at the two‐leaf stage. Four days later, the newly emerged uninoculated third leaf was infiltrated with a culture filtrate of isolate Ptr 92–164 (race 2). Reactions to the spore inoculation and the culture filtrate were recorded 8 days after spore inoculation. The segregation observed in the F2 and BC1F1 generations and the F2:8 lines of all crosses indicated that a single recessive gene controlled insensitivity to necrosis caused by culture filtrate. This gene also controlled resistance to necrosis induced by spore inoculation.
Nitrogen and phosphorus uptake and utilization efficiency in D(R) substitution lines of hexaploid triticale
Authors: Oracka T. , ŁApiński B.
Published: May 2006

Two sets of disomic substitution lines, derived from the cultivars ‘Presto’ and ‘Rhino’ of triticale, with rye chromosome pairs replaced by their wheat D‐genome homoeologues, were tested in hydroponic culture for nitrogen and phosphorus uptake and utilization efficiency. The effect of a substitution on the amount of absorbed nutrients was predominantly negative and proportional to the effect on plant dry matter. Significant decreases were found for the substitutions 5D(5R), 6D(6R) of both cultivars, 2D(2R), 4D(4R) of ‘Presto’ and 3D(3R) of ‘Rhino’. On the other hand, the nitrogen utilization efficiency was significantly increased in all substitution lines, with the exception of the 1D(1R) ones. The differences in phosphorus utilization were generally positive, but less pronounced, and significant only in the lines 2D(2R) and 6D(6R). The data suggest that presence of both rye and D‐genome chromosomes is conducive for the best effect of the applied N and P fertilizers.
Identification and comparative analysis of quantitative trait loci associated with parthenocarpy in processing cucumber
Authors: Sun Z. , Staub J. E. , Chung S. M. , Lower R. L.
Published: May 2006

Parthenocarpy (seedless fruit) is an economically important yield‐related trait in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.; 2n = 2x = 14). However, the genomic locations of factors controlling parthenocarpic fruit development in this species are not known. Therefore, an F2 : 3 mating design was utilized to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) for parthenocarpy using a narrow cross employing two gynoecious, indeterminate and normal leaf lines [2A (parthenocarpic) and Gy8 (non‐parthenocarpic)]. QTL detection was performed employing 2A‐ and Gy8‐coupling phase data using the parthenocarpic yield of 126 F3 families grown at two locations at Hancock, WI in 2000. The QTLs detected in this study were compared with the map locations of QTLs conditioning first‐harvest yield of seeded cucumber characterized in a previous study. There were 10 QTLs for parthenocarpy detected defining four genomic regions, in which three QTLs also mapped to the same genomic regions as QTLs detected for fruit yield at first‐harvest as reported in a previous study. The eight fluorescence amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers linked to parthenocarpy through QTL mapping defined herein (four each in linkage groups 1 and 4) are candidates for use in marker‐assisted selection programmes where breeding for increased levels of parthenocarpy is an objective in the elite‐processing cucumber populations.
Reciprocal substitutions analysis of freezing resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Yazdi‐Samadi B. , Dashti H. , Nabipour A. , Sarrafi A.
Published: May 2006

To investigate the effects of individual chromosomes on freezing resistance, as well as their interactions with the genetic background, reciprocal sets of chromosome substitution lines between two hard red winter wheat cultivars, ‘Cheyenne’ and ‘Wichita’, were used in this study. Duplicate lines for each chromosome were included to check background homogeneity. Two experiments were carried out in complete block designs with two replications for each duplicate. Crown and leaf water content and leaf wet weight were measured in the field experiments. Crown survival, electrolyte leakage and 50% lethality temperature (LT50) were measured in the laboratory. The results showed that ‘Cheyenne’ was more resistant than ‘Wichita’. Crown survival was significantly correlated with crown water content, crown wet weight and electrolyte leakage. Chromosomes 6A, 3B and 5D substituted from ‘Wichita’ into ‘Cheyenne’ (‘CNN‐WI’), decreased the crown survival, and increased membrane stability, crown water content and crown wet weight of ‘Cheyenne’. Thus, these chromosomes from ‘Wichita’ decreased freezing resistance in ‘Cheyenne’. Reciprocally, chromosomes 5A, 5D, 3B and 4D from ‘Cheyenne’ into ‘Wichita’ increased crown survival and decreased crown water content and crown wet weight of ‘Wichita’. It was concluded that these chromosomes from ‘Cheyenne’ cause freezing resistance in ‘Wichita’ and carry freezing‐resistance genes.
Compensable work disability management: A literature review of biopsychosocial perspectives
Authors: Dunstan Debra A. , Covic Tanya
Published: May 2006

Minimising work disability and facilitating work participation are a major focus of occupational therapy, and the specific brief of therapists working as case managers in the occupational injury arena. This paper reviews and discusses the empirically supported critical factors in the development, maintenance and management of work disability, and outlines the essential components of multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation. By implementing the biopsychosocial model as the framework in which work disability is conceptualised and occupational rehabilitation plans are developed, case managers can play a key role in promoting evidence‐linked practice to reduce the cost and suffering associated with long‐term work disability.
Discharge decision‐making with older people: The influence of the institutional environment
Authors: Moats Gillian
Published: May 2006

Background/Aim:  Occupational therapists often participate in decision‐making about postdischarge accommodations. This paper presents the findings of a study that identified and explored institutional factors influencing discharge accommodation decision‐making with older people, from the perspective of occupational therapists.

Methods:  Qualitative, semistructured, face‐to‐face interviews were conducted with 10 occupational therapists. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, coded and analysed for the presence and emergence of themes.

Results:  Decision‐making processes were influenced by the institutional environment. The medical model and pressure for fast decisions seemed to impede client‐centred processes in acute settings.

Conclusions:  When possible, decision‐making about long‐term care needs to occur in community or longer‐stay rehabilitation settings that allow time for negotiated client‐centred processes.
Evaluation of gall bladder carcinoma with dynamic magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography
Authors: Kaza RK , Gulati M , Wig JD , Chawla YK
Published: May 2006

The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of dynamic MRI with magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) in the preoperative assessment of gall bladder carcinoma. Magnetic resonance imaging and MRCP were carried out in 15 patients with gall bladder carcinoma before surgery and the imaging findings correlated with surgical and pathological findings. Gall bladder carcinoma manifested as focal or diffuse wall thickening in 73% (11/15) and as a mass replacing the gall bladder in 27% (4/15). All tumours showed enhancement in the early phase, which persisted into the delayed phase. The sensitivity and specificity of MRI with MRCP in detecting hepatic invasion, lymph node metastasis and bile duct invasion was 87.5 and 86%, 60 and 90%, and 80 and 100%, respectively. Magnetic resonance imaging correctly diagnosed duodenal invasion in only 50% and in none of the two patients with peritoneal metastasis. In conclusion, dynamic MRI with MRCP is an accurate and a reliable method of showing gall bladder carcinoma and in assessing its local and regional extent as part of preoperative assessment.
Rectosigmoid cancer after radiotherapy for prostate cancer can be detected early and successfully treated
Authors: Cho K‐J , Christie D
Published: May 2006

The clinical features and outcomes of rectosigmoid cancers (RSCs) occurring after radiotherapy (RT) for prostate cancer were reviewed to determine whether they are significantly different to RSC occurring without those precedents, whether the subsequent RSC could be either predicted or detected early, and whether they can be effectively treated. Eight patients who had been treated by RT for prostate cancer subsequently developed lower gastrointestinal tract symptoms consistent with proctopathy, however, investigation by endoscopy indicated RSC. These cases were reviewed in detail. The most common presenting symptom was mild bleeding. All eight RSCs were detected before the development of metastatic disease and successfully treated. Only one required an anteroposterior resection. Otherwise, there were no unusual features about any of the cases that would have predicted the occurrence of RSC or enabled earlier detection. No complications occurred that could be attributed to prior RT. Six recommendations for clinicians are offered on the basis of these cases and the relevant published work. In particular, when symptoms of proctopathy occur after RT for prostate cancer the conclusion that radiation proctopathy is the cause should not be drawn until confirmed by endoscopy. Prior RT did not increase the risks involved in colorectal surgery in this setting.
Foreign body giant cell reaction to polytetrafluoroethylene used as interposition material in scaphoid–trapezium arthroplasty
Authors: Udeshi M , Bangash H , Gagliardi J
Published: May 2006

We present the case of a 54‐year‐old woman who presented with a one and a half‐year history of persistent pain at the base of her right thumb. A scaphoid–trapezium interposition arthroplasty with polytetrafluoroethylene was carried out in an effort to improve function and decrease the patient’s persistent pain. Approximately 7 years after surgery, she began to complain of increasing pain and radiographs showed extensive osteolytic changes, consistent with a foreign body giant cell reaction.
Unusual presentation of perirenal lung metastases
Authors: D’Souza DL , Heinze SB , Dowling RJ
Published: May 2006

Lung cancer is not commonly known to metastasise to the perirenal space, with only five such cases previously published. We present an unusual case of perirenal lung metastases manifesting as diffuse perinephric stranding which to our knowledge has not been described before.
Currarino triad: Characteristic appearances on magnetic resonance imaging and plain radiography
Authors: Low G , Irwin GJ , Haddock G , Maroo SV
Published: May 2006

The Currarino triad is a complex anomaly consisting of an anorectal malformation, a sacral bone defect and a presacral mass. It was first described in 1981 and since then, approximately 250 cases have been reported. Radiology has an important part to play in the diagnosis of this entity, as the imaging features are characteristic. We report a case of Currarino triad in an infant who presented with intractable constipation and discuss relevant MRI and plain radiography findings.
Elongated eccentric soft coronary plaque: Major diagnostic pitfall on quantitative coronary angiography overpowered by computed tomography coronary angiography and intravascular ultrasound
Authors: Ghersin E , Litmanovich D , Kerner A , Engel A , Hayek T
Published: May 2006

We describe a significant left anterior descending coronary lesion in a patient with unstable angina pectoris. This lesion was erroneously underestimated using quantitative coronary angiography; however, CT coronary angiography correctly showed a significant, elongated, eccentric, soft plaque that was later confirmed by repeated quantitative coronary angiography with intravascular ultrasound. As showed, CT coronary angiography may offer a reliable non‐invasive alternative to quantitative coronary angiography and intravascular ultrasound by enabling a true 3‐D coronary lumenogram combined with plaque detection and characterization.
Pseudoaneurysm and deep vein thrombosis complicating femoral osteochondroma: Multimodality imaging
Authors: Leggett DAC , Sinnott SJ , Kienzle HN
Published: May 2006

A case of a femoral osteochondroma complicated by pseudoaneurysm and deep venous thrombosis is presented. Multimodality imaging contributed crucial information to allow successful diagnosis and preoperative planning.
Major and trace element provenance signatures in stream sediments from the Kando River, San’in district, southwest Japan
Authors: Ortiz Edwin , Roser Barry P.
Published: May 2006

Abstract  Basement rocks in the catchment of the Kando River in southwest Japan can be divided into two main groups. Paleogene to Cretaceous felsic granitoids and volcanic rocks dominate in the upstream section, and more mafic, mostly Miocene volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks occur in the downstream reaches. Geochemically distinctive Mount Sambe adakitic volcanic products also crop out in the west. X‐ray fluorescence analyses of major elements and 14 trace elements were made of two size fractions (<180 and 180–2000 µm) from 86 stream sediments collected within the catchment, to examine contrasts in composition between the fractions as a result of sorting and varying source lithotype. The <180 µm fractions are depleted in SiO2 and enriched in most other major and trace elements relative to the 180–2000 µm fractions. Na2O, K2O, Ba, Rb and Sr are either depleted relative to the 180–2000 µm fractions, or show little contrast in abundance. Sediments from granitoid‐dominated catchments are distinguished by greater K2O, Th, Rb, Ba and Nb than those derived from the Miocene volcanic rocks. Granitoid‐derived <180 µm fractions are also enriched in Zr, Ce and Y. Sediments derived from the Miocene volcanic rocks generally contain greater TiO2, Fe2O3*, Sc, V, MgO and P2O5, reflecting their more mafic source. Sediments containing Sambe volcanic rocks in their source are marked by higher Sr, CaO, Na2O and lower Y, reflecting an adakitic signature that persists into the lower main channel, where compositions become less variable as the bedload is homogenized. Normalization against source averages shows that compositions of the 180–2000 µm fractions are less fractionated from their parents than are the <180 µm fractions, which are enriched for some elements. Contrast between the size fractions is greatest for the granitoid‐derived sediments. Weathering indices of the sediments are relatively low, indicating source weathering is moderate, and typical of temperate climates. Some zircon concentration has occurred in granitoid‐derived <180 µm fractions relative to 180–2000 µm counterparts, but Th/Sc and Zr/Sc ratios overall closely reflect both provenance and homogenization in the lower reaches.
Enhancing the survival of tunneled haemodialysis catheters using an antibiotic lock in the elderly: A randomised, double‐blind clinical trial
Authors: SAXENA ANIL K , PANHOTRA BODH R , SUNDARAM DASAPPAN S , MORSY MOHAMMED NAGUIB FAHMY , AL‐GHAMDI ALI M AL‐ARABI
Published: May 2006

Background:  Tunneled‐cuffed catheters (TCC) are often used among the elderly to commence and carry out haemodialysis (HD). Complications like infection and thrombosis frequently reduce the lifespan of TCC. The role of an antibiotic heparin ‘lock’ in the prevention of thrombotic and infectious complications and enhancement of TCC survival in the elderly has not been investigated previously.

Methods:  In this prospective, double‐blind clinical trial, TCC (n = 119, placed among 113 elderly patients requiring HD during March 2002 – February 2003) were randomised to either group I having TCC (n = 59, placed in 58 elderly patients) locked with cefotaxime (10 mg/mL) and heparin (5000 U/mL), or group II with TCC (n = 60, placed in 55 elderly patients) having catheter‐restricted filling of heparin (5000 U/mL) alone. Symptomatic catheter‐related blood stream infections (CRBSI) and catheter thrombosis were the primary end points in this study. Thrombosis was defined as an inability to use the catheter at a blood flow of 200 mL/min that did not respond to catheter repositioning and/or intraluminal thrombolysis. The incidence of catheter thrombosis, CRBSI and percentage of catheter survival were estimated and statistically compared between the two groups.

Results:  Kaplan–Meier survival analysis using log rank test showed higher thrombosis‐free TCC survival (84.7%vs 63.3%, P = 0.021), infection‐free survival (68.7%vs 31.3%, P < 0.001) and infection and thrombosis‐free survival (65.0%vs 35.0%, P = 0.006) at 365 days in group I compared with group II.

Conclusion:  Cefotaxime and heparin locks safely and effectively enhance the lifespan of TCC by lowering the incidence of thrombotic and infectious complications among elderly end‐stage renal failure (ESRD) patients.
Qualitative study of osteoarthritis patients’ experience before and after total hip arthroplasty in Japan
Authors: Fujita Kimie , Makimoto Kiyoko , Hotokebuchi Takao
Published: May 2006

Abstract  Quantitative studies on the quality of life of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) after total hip arthroplasty (THA) have focused on functional improvement and pain reduction, but patients’ perspectives of THA have not been examined in detail. The aim of our study was to investigate, describe, and analyze patients’ experience before and after THA by using a qualitative research method. Twenty patients with OA who had undergone primary THA were recruited for this study. The qualitative data obtained were analyzed using content analysis. Participants reported dramatic improvements in pain and disability. However, detailed interviews disclosed problems that the participants faced during the preoperative period, such as an inferiority complex related to abnormal posture. During the postoperative period, some participants suffered from distress over body image related to the artificial joint. This report also suggests possible nursing interventions to deal with these problems.
Severe occupational injuries among older workers: Demographic factors, time of injury, place and mechanism of injury, length of stay, and cost data
Authors: Grandjean Cynthia K. , McMullen Patricia C. , Miller Kenneth P. , Howie William O. , Ryan Kevin , Myers Alice , Dutton Richard
Published: May 2006

Abstract  Between 2002 and 2012, the number of individuals > 55 years of age in the workforce is projected to climb by ≈ 50%. Few studies have substantiated that severe occupational injury to older workers is a significant problem. To identify the variables related to traumatic injuries of older workers, data were abstracted retrospectively from a regional trauma center database, including demographic and injury characteristics, length of hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and cost. The results showed that older workers had higher fatality rates than younger workers. As age increased, the Injury Severity Score also increased. Most injuries were the result of falls, with orthopedic injuries being the most common type of injury. Patients spent an average of 6 days in the ICU at a cost of > $US4920/day. By identifying the characteristics associated with older workers’ severe occupational injuries, further research and better industry programs targeting this group can be implemented.
Sharing Information with Children about Their Genetic Conditions
Authors: Gallo Agatha , Angst Denize , Knafl Kathleen , Hadley Emily , Smith Carrol
Published: May 2006

Health care professionals are in an ideal situation to help families inform their children about genetic conditions. In families where there is a child with a known genetic condition, parents make decisions about when and how to convey information to their children, however, little is known about how parents make these decisions. The purpose of this qualitative analysis was to examine parents’ beliefs and strategies related to sharing information with their children. The sample consisted of 139 parents of children with sickle cell disease, phenylketonuria, cystic fibrosis, Marfan syndrome, neurofibromatosis, hemophilia, and von Willebrand disease. Audio recorded, semi‐structured interviews were transcribed verbatim, processed, and coded using the ATLAS.ti software. Thematic analysis found: parents share information and develop specific strategies within a context of normalizing the child’s life; parents’ decisions to share information are based on a developmental framework; parental strategies for sharing information with children may differ when the child has a potentially life‐limiting genetic condition. Findings emphasize the need to use a family developmental perspective when working with families of children with genetic conditions. These findings will provide new information about how families manage information and provide direction for care of families in which a child has a genetic condition.
Using Family History to Assess Women’s Cancer Risk in a Parish Nurse Setting
Authors: Cherry Carol
Published: May 2006

This health promotion project fulfillled required field study in a graduate public health nursing program. Family history, an important risk factor for many chronic diseases including cancer, is gaining importance as a public health tool. The author used cancer risk assessment expertise to assess women’s cancer risk based on family history in two parish settings. Women completed cancer family history using the U.S. Surgeon General’s Family Health Portrait. They received pedigree, tailored risk communication and educational materials for cancer prevention/detection. Of 23 women, the majority reported intention to: (i) change behavior to reduce risk; (ii) change screening practice; and (iii) share family history with healthcare providers. One woman at high risk sought formal genetic counseling. Risk information was based on family history only, although multiple factors affect risk. Women’s intention to change behavior may not lead to actual change. Population was homogeneous and well educated so results may not be generalizable to other populations. Even though most parish nurses would not have expertise in cancer risk assessment, they can advocate use of the Family Health Portrait. Women respond positively to personalized risk feedback presented in the context of their faith communities. The project facilitated genomic understanding within a public health setting.
Statewide Cancer Genomics Integration in Michigan
Authors: Zenger‐Hain Julie , DeDecker Laurie , Duquette Debra , Haviland Sue , Annis Ann , Petrucelli Nancie
Published: May 2006

The Michigan Cancer Genetics Alliance (MCGA) was created in 2003, and facilitated by the MDCH Genomics Program. In parallel, the State Genetics Plan and the Michigan Cancer Strategic Plan identified the need to create MCGA to serve as an organization of cancer genetics professionals with the purposes to promote communication, serve as a source of expert information, and participate in the Michigan Cancer Consortium (MCC). MCGA and cancer genetics received further support by a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cooperative Agreement to develop state capacity for integration of genomics into chronic disease prevention programs (♯U58/CCU522826).

Highlights of MCGA’s accomplishments include a six‐session course entitled, ‘Cancer Genomics for Public Health’, which was created and piloted for the MDCH Cancer Section. Additionally, MCGA has been working to enhance the state’s cancer surveillance system by addition of cancer genetics elements to the state cancer registry. MCGA members have representation on MCC subcommittees that are working to create risk assessment guidelines for breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer. MCGA is also addressing access to care, health disparities and health literacy issues.

Michigan’s experience is one model of integrating cancer genomics knowledge into practice through partnerships and the development of projects and collaborations.
Expression and distribution of OCTN2 in mouse epididymis and its association with obstructive azoospermia in juvenile visceral steatosis mice
Authors: YAKUSHIJI KAZUMICHI , KAI SAORI , YAMAUCHI MASAMICHI , KUWAJIMA MASAMICHI , OSADA YUKIO , TOSHIMORI KIYOTAKA
Published: May 2006

Aim:  l‐Carnitine, an essential cofactor for mitochondrial, β‐oxidation of long‐chain fatty acids, is known to play important roles in sperm maturation and metabolism when spermatozoa pass and acquire motility in the epididymis. We reported that obstructive azoospermia occurred in the epididymis in the juvenile visceral steatosis (JVS) mice, which are OCTN2 dysfunction mice caused by mutations in the gene encoding OCTN2, have been used for animal models of primary systemic carnitine deficiency. The aim of present study is to investigate the expression of OCTN2 protein in the mouse epididymis and its relation between the localization of OCTN2 and obstructive azoospermia in JVS mice as animal models for human male infertility.

Methods:  Animals used in this study were wild‐type (C57BL/6 J) mice (n = 4) and JVS mice (n = 4). We made a specific polyclonal antibody against OCTN2 and examined immunohistochemically the localization of OCTN2 in the mouse epididymis.

Results:  OCTN2 was localized on the apical membrane of the principal cells of distal corpus and cauda epididymides. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated that OCTN2 was localized on the surface of microvillus upon the principal cells. In JVS mice, immunoreactivity started in a region immediately distal to where the sperm obstruction occurred.

Conclusions:  Our results suggest that OCTN2 functions as a carnitine transporter between the epithelium and the lumen in distal corpus and cauda epididymides and provides a clue as to why obstructive azoospermia is induced in distal parts of epididymis.
Do differences in age specific androgenic steroid hormone levels account for differing prostate cancer rates between Arabs and Caucasians?
Authors: KEHINDE ELIJAH O , AKANJI ABAYOMI O , AL‐HUNAYAN ADEL , MEMON ANJUM , LUQMANI YUNUS , AL‐AWADI KHALEEL A , VARGHESE RAMANI , BASHIR ABDUL AZIZ , DAAR ABDALLAH S
Published: May 2006

Objective:  Factors responsible for the low incidence of clinical prostate cancer in the Arab population remain unclear, but may be related to differences in androgenic steroid hormone metabolism between Arabs and other populations, especially as prostate cancer is believed to be androgen dependent. We therefore measured the levels of serum androgenic steroids and their binding proteins in Arab men and compared results obtained with values reported for Caucasian populations to determine if any differences could at least partially account for differences in incidence of prostate cancer rates between the two populations.

Methods:  Venous blood samples were obtained from 327 unselected apparently healthy indigenous Arab men (Kuwaitis and Omanis) aged 15–79 years. Samples were also obtained from 30 Arab men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer. Serum levels of total testosterone (TT), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), derived free androgen index (FAI); adrenal C19‐steroids, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and androstenedione (ADT) were determined by chemiluminescent immunoassay. Age specific reference intervals, mean and median for each analyte were determined. Frequency distribution pattern for each hormone was plotted. The reference range for hormones with normal distribution was mean ± 2SD and 2.5–97.5% for those with non‐normal distribution. The mean serum levels of the hormones in Arab men with prostate cancer were compared with values in healthy age‐matched Arab men.

Results:  There was a significant decrease between the 21–29 years age group and the 70–79 years age group for TT (−38.77%), DHEAS (−70%), ADT (−36%) and FAI (−63.25%), and an increase for SHBG (+64%). The calculated reference ranges are TT (2.73–30.45 nmol/L), SHBG (6.45–65.67 nmol/L), FAI (14.51–180.34), DHEAS (0.9–11.0 µmol/L) and ADT (0.54–4.26 ng/mL). The mean TT, SHBG, DHEAS and ADT in Arab men were significantly lower than those reported for Caucasians especially in the 21–29 years age group. Arab men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer had higher serum TT (P < 0.7), ADT (P < 0.2), SHBG (P < 0.2) and lower DHEAS (P < 0.008) compared to aged matched controls.

Conclusions:  Serum TT, SHBG, DHEAS and ADT levels are significantly lower in Arab men compared to those reported for Caucasian men, especially in early adulthood. Arab men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer have higher circulating androgens compared to healthy controls. We suggest that low circulating androgens and their adrenal precursors in Arab men when compared to Caucasians may partially account for the relatively lower risk for prostate cancer among Arab men.
Analysis of differences in clinicopathological features between prostate cancers located in the transition and peripheral zones
Authors: SAKAI IORI , HARADA KEN‐ICHI , KURAHASHI TOSHIFUMI , YAMANAKA KAZUKI , HARA ISAO , MIYAKE HIDEAKI
Published: May 2006

Background:  The objective of this study was to retrospectively characterize differences in the clinicopathological features of prostate cancer according to the zonal origin.

Methods:  Among 185 consecutive patients who underwent radical prostatectomy without any neoadjuvant hormonal therapies, this study included 134 patients who were diagnosed as having either transition zone (TZ) or peripheral zone (PZ) cancer according to the following criteria: TZ or PZ cancers were considered when more than 70% of the cancer area was located in the TZ or PZ, respectively. The various clinicopathological features were then compared according to this classification.

Results:  In this series, 27 patients were diagnosed as having TZ cancer, while the remaining 107 were diagnosed as having PZ cancer. The percent of positive biopsy cores in TZ cancers was significantly lower than that in PZ cancers; however, there were no significant differences in the anatomical location of positive cores between these two groups except for the middle of prostate where TZ cancer showed a significantly lower rate of positive biopsies than PZ cancer. The preoperative serum prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) value in patients with TZ cancer was significantly higher than that in those with PZ cancer. Furthermore, tumor volume in TZ cancers was significantly greater than that in PZ cancers. However, there was no significant difference in biochemical recurrence‐free survival between patients with TZ and PZ cancers.

Conclusions:  Despite the significantly high PSA value as well as great tumor volume compared with those of PZ cancers, TZ cancers had similar biochemical cure rates following radical prostatectomy, suggesting a less aggressive phenotype of TZ cancers than that of PZ cancers.
Prognostic factors of recurrence after vesicovaginal fistula repair
Authors: AYED MOHSEN , ATAT RABII EL , HASSINE LOTFI BEN , SFAXI MOHAMED , CHEBIL MOHAMED , ZMERLI SAADOUN
Published: May 2006

Purpose:  We evaluate the prognostic factors of recurrence in patients after the surgical repair of vesicovaginal fistula.

Materials and methods:  From 1985 to 2002, 73 women with vesicovaginal fistula underwent late (>3 months) surgical repair. A multivariate analysis of the data was performed with the EPI‐INFO software. All P‐values were two‐sided, with odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals.

Results:  A total number of 73 patients underwent 97 procedures with a mean rate of 1.38 procedures/patient. The overall surgical success rate was 86.7%. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that recurrence was statistically significant for multiple fistulas (single vs two or more), fistula size (>10 mm), fistula type (Type I vs Type II), fistula etiology (obstetrical vs non‐obstetrical) and the presence of urinary tract infection before the repair. Recurrence risk was fivefold higher for both the size and the type of the fistula, threefold higher for obstetrical etiology and 4.5‐fold higher for multiple fistula. The interposition of flaps was a protective factor for recurrent cases. The surgical approach was not a significant prognostic factor of recurrence.

Conclusion:  Successful closure of a vesicovaginal fistula requires an accurate and a timely repair using procedures that exploit basic surgical principles. Multiple fistula, size and type of the fistula, and obstetrical etiology were the recurrence risk factors. We recommend in all patients with multiple risk factors for recurrence, the interposition of flaps.
Antitumor effect of ascorbic acid, lysine, proline, arginine, and green tea extract on bladder cancer cell line T‐24
Authors: ROOMI M WAHEED , IVANOV VADIM , KALINOVSKY TATIANA , NIEDZWIECKI ALEKSANDRA , RATH MATTHIAS
Published: May 2006

Aims:  Bladder cancer, the fourth highest incident cancer in men and tenth in women, is associated with a high rate of recurrence, even when treated in situ, and prognosis is poor once the cancer metastasizes to distant sites. Based on anticancer properties, we investigated the effect of a mixture of lysine, proline, arginine, ascorbic acid, and green tea extract on human bladder cancer cells T‐24 by measuring: proliferation, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression, and cancer cell invasive potential.

Methods:  Human bladder cancer cells T‐24 (ATCC) were grown in McCoy medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, penicillin (100 U/mL) and streptomycin (100 mg/mL) in 24‐well tissue culture plates. At near confluence, the cells were treated with the nutrient mixture dissolved in media and tested at 0, 10, 50, 100, 500, and 1000 µg/mL in triplicate at each dose. Cells were also treated with PMA 200 ng/mL to study enhanced MMP‐9 activity. Cell proliferation was evaluated by MTT assay, MMP activity by gelatinase zymography, and invasion through Matrigel.

Results:  Nutrient mixture inhibited the T‐24 cell secretion of MMP‐2 and ‐9, with virtual total inhibition of MMP‐2 at 500 µg/mL and MMP‐9 at 100 µg/mL. The nutrient mixture significantly reduced the invasion of human bladder cancer cells T‐24 through Matrigel in a dose‐dependent fashion, with 95% inhibition at 500 µg/mL and 100% at 1000 µg/mL nutrient mixture (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:  Our results suggest that our nutrient mixture is an excellent candidate for therapeutic use in the treatment of bladder cancer, by inhibiting critical steps in cancer development and spread, such as MMP secretion and invasion.
Retroperitoneoscopic pre‐transplant native kidney nephrectomy
Authors: GOEL RAJIV , MODI PRANJAL , DODIA SHARAD
Published: May 2006

Aims:  Laparoscopic nephrectomy has become a standardized procedure for removal of benign non‐functioning kidneys. We present our experience of retroperitoneoscopic pre‐transplant native kidneys nephrectomy.

Methods:  Comparison of 40 patients who underwent retroperitoneoscopy with 40 open simple pre‐transplant nephrectomy patients was done.

Results:  Forty retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomies were done between June 2003 and April 2005. The mean operative time was similar in the two groups; however, the mean blood loss, postoperative analgesic requirement, complication rate, hospital stay and convalescence period were significantly less in the retroperitoneoscopic group.

Conclusion:  Retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy should be offered as the primary treatment modality to patients requiring pre‐transplant native kidney nephrectomy, except in patients where it is contraindicated.
Long‐term outcome of upper urinary tract carcinoma in situ: Effectiveness of nephroureterectomy versus bacillus Calmette‐Guérin therapy
Authors: KOJIMA YOSHIYUKI , TOZAWA KEIICHI , KAWAI NORIYASU , SASAKI SHOICHI , HAYASHI YUTARO , KOHRI KENJIRO
Published: May 2006

Background:  We examined the long‐term outcome and compared the usefulness of nephroureterectomy with that of bacillus Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) therapy for the management of upper urinary tract carcinoma in situ (CIS).

Methods:  We retrospectively reviewed the post‐treatment course of 17 patients with CIS of the upper urinary tract who had undergone either a nephroureterectomy (group A, n = 6) or BCG therapy (group B, n = 11) at our institute.

Results:  Median follow up was 58.3 months (range 1–120 months). Four of the six patients in group A (67%) had no recurrence and remained cystoscopically, cytologically and radiographically free of disease. The cytology became negative after an 8‐week course in nine of the eleven patients in group B (82%; eight of ten units, 77%). Two of the nine patients showed recurrence after BCG therapy. One patient died of respiratory failure caused by a side‐effect of BCG, which was interstitial pneumonia. There was no significant difference in either the 5‐year recurrence‐free survival or the 5‐year cancer‐specific survival between groups A and B.

Conclusions:  BCG therapy for CIS of the upper urinary tract is as effective as nephroureterectomy in long‐term outcome, although it has some dangerous aspects. Further experience with treatment of CIS of the upper urinary tract is required.
Eosinophilic cystitis causing spontaneous rupture of the urinary bladder in a child
Authors: HWANG EU CHANG , KWON DONG DEUK , KIM CHAN JONG , KANG TAEK WON , PARK KWANGSUNG , RYU SOO BANG , MA JAE SOOK
Published: May 2006

Abstract  We report a unique case of eosinophilic cystitis causing intraperitoneal bladder perforation in a child diagnosed by chance with no signs or history of trauma. To our knowledge, this is the first case of eosinophilic cystitis complicated by bladder rupture in children. The patient was successfully treated with primary repair. For children with non‐traumatic bladder perforation, eosinophilic cystitis must be considered in the differential diagnosis.
Cardiac metastasis from a transitional cell carcinoma diagnosed by two‐dimensional echocardiography
Authors: KADONO YOSHIFUMI , YAMAMOTO HAJIME , TAJIKA EIJI.
Published: May 2006

Abstract  We report a rare case of symptomatic cardiac metastasis from a transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis. A 57‐year‐old man presented with severe anemia, inflammation, hypoxemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Computed tomography revealed a large tumor in the left renal pelvis with multiple lymph node metastases. Two‐dimensional echocardiography revealed large tumors in the right ventricle. The patient suddenly died because of the obstructive mass of the right ventricular outflow tract. Histopathological examination showed high‐grade transitional cell carcinoma in the left renal pelvis and the right ventricle. There are only three cases of cardiac metastases from a transitional cell carcinoma reported in the literature.