bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ferromagnetic Underwater Target Detection Based on a Magnetic Anomaly Map
Authors: Bodus-Olkowska Izabela , Uriasz Janusz
Published: March 2020

A magnetic anomaly map of an underwater area indicates the places where the distortion of a magnetic field has occurred. Through the interpretation procedures, a hydrographer can easily indicate the places where the ferromagnetic objects are, then calculate the level of each distortion – by the value of total anomaly – and initially, based on their own knowledge, try to classify the sources of distortion. Objects that induce micro anomaly changes (>30 nT) – like industrial infrastructure, such as pipelines and cables; to unintendingly located targets with ferromagnetic characteristics: wrecks (vessels, planes, cars), military mines, UXO, lost anchors and chains. Interpretation of such a map with the attempt to identify the source of magnetic field distortion, requires a specific knowledge as well as experience.In this article the author presents the research results of dimensioning and location of potential ferromagnetic underwater objects based on a magnetic anomaly map. For further consideration an anchor of buoyage system is taken into account. Geolocation of ferromagnetic sources, contours extraction and dimensioning algorithms of ferromagnetic targets have been carried out in Matlab software. The map of magnetic anomaly enhanced with extracted information was developed in ArcGIS. The analysis was carried out for the purpose of the dissertation thesis and the results are used in further research.
Open Language Education
Authors: Janda Laura A. , Bast Radovan , Aspaas Per Pippin
Published: March 2020

In this episode, we are discussing SMARTool (Strategic Mastery of Russian Tool), a free-to-use online resource for learners of the Russian language. Professor of Russian Laura Janda explains the pedagogical principles behind the tool and plans for future expansions, whereas IT engineer Radovan Bast shares his views on how the choice of sharing the code openly on GitHub serves the needs of the wider community of programmers as well as language learners.
Genome-wide characterization and expression analysis of soybean trihelix gene family
Authors: Liu Wei , Zhang Yanwei , Li Wei , Lin Yanhui , Wang Caijie , Xu Ran , Zhang Lifeng
Published: March 2020

Trihelix transcription factors play multiple roles in plant growth, development and various stress responses. In this study, we identified 71 trihelix family genes in the soybean genome. These trihelix genes were located at 19 out of 20 soybean chromosomes unevenly and were classified into six distinct subfamilies: GT-1, GT-2, GTγ, SIP1, SH4 and GTδ. The gene structure and conserved functional domain of these trihelix genes were similar in the same subfamily but diverged between different subfamilies. Thirteen segmental duplicated gene pairs were identified and all of them experienced a strong purifying selective pressure during evolution. Various stress-responsivecis-elements presented in the promoters of soybean trihelix genes, suggesting that the trihelix genes might respond to the environmental stresses in soybean. The expression analysis suggests that trihelix genes are involved in diverse functions during soybean development, flood or salinity tolerance, and plant immunity. Our results provide genomic information of the soybean trihelix genes and a basis for further characterizing their roles in response to environmental stresses.
ЛИУТПРАНД КРЕМОНСКИЙ. О ПАПЕ ИОАННЕ И ИМПЕРАТОРЕ ОТТОНЕ: ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЯ, НИЗЛОЖЕНИЕ И СМЕРТЬ ПРОКЛЯТОГО ПОНТИФИКА / Под ред. П. Кьезы. Флоренция: Издательство Галуццо, 2018. LXVI+128 с. (Per Verba: Средневековые латинские тексты с переводом; 33), "Средние в
Authors: Ануфриева Анастасия Сергеевна
Published: March 2020

Сочинение автора Оттоновской эпохи Лиутпранда Кремонского, которое наиболее известно среди исследователей под названием «Historia Ottonis» («История Оттона»), впервые вышло в свет в качестве отдельного комментированного издания. Публикатор Паоло Кьеза предложил взглянуть на это произведение с нового ракурса, не столько в контексте более известных текстов Лиутпранда и «оттоновского историописания», сколько в ряду других памятников по истории папства. Важным шагом является само присвоение тексту нового заглавия, подчеркивающего, что в сочинении - не один, а два протагониста: и император, и папа.
Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitor Dose Reduction for Axial Spondyloarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Lawson Daeria O. , Eraso Maria , Mbuagbaw Lawrence , Joanes Marianinha , Aves Theresa , Leenus Alvin , Omar Ahmed , Inman Robert D.
Published: March 2020

Objective

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effectiveness and safety of dose reduction of tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) therapy in the treatment of axial spondyloarthritis (SpA) compared to usual care.

Methods

We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, Medline, and trial registries. We screened, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias in duplicate. Data were pooled using random‐effects models; subgroup analyses were performed for type of TNFi, prior TNFi exposure, and follow‐up duration. Outcomes of interest were Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) response and remission criteria, disease activity, relapse, and safety.

Results

We included 6 randomized trials with 747 participants (442 with ankylosing spondylitis and 305 with nonradiographic axial SpA). Compared to the standard dose, there were fewer events with the reduced dose for the ASAS criteria for 40% improvement (risk ratio [RR] 0.62 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.49, 0.78]) and for ASAS partial remission (RR 0.17 [95% CI 0.06, 0.46]). There was a mean increase in the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index score (mean difference [MD] 0.35 [95% CI 0.10, 0.60]) and no difference in C‐reactive protein levels (MD 0.16 [95% CI –0.76, 1.07]) with the reduced dose. There were more disease flares/relapses (RR 1.73 [95% CI 1.32, 2.27]) with the reduced dose. There were no differences in infection rates (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 0.98 [95% CI 0.76, 1.25]) or injection/infusion reactions (IRR 0.71 [95% CI 0.42, 1.19]).

Conclusion

Patients with axial SpA may experience little to no clinical benefit from reduction of TNFi therapy. Maintaining the standard dose probably improves the sustained effect on disease activity and helps to prevent disease flare.
A Dual Role of Type I Interferons in Antitumor Immunity
Authors: Zhou Lili , Zhang Yuqi , Wang Yongqiang , Zhang Meirong , Sun Wenhuan , Dai Tong , Wang Aijun , Wu Xiaojin , Zhang Suping , Wang Shuai , Zhou Fangfang
Published: March 2020

Type I interferons (IFN‐Is) are a family of cytokines that exert direct antiviral effects and regulate innate and adaptive immune responses through direct and indirect mechanisms. It is generally believed that IFN‐Is repress tumor development via restricting tumor proliferation and inducing antitumor immune responses. However, recent emerging evidence suggests that IFN‐Is play a dual role in antitumor immunity. That is, in the early stage of tumorigenesis, IFN‐Is promote the antitumor immune response by enhancing antigen presentation in antigen‐presenting cells and activating CD8+ T cells. However, in the late stage of tumor progression, persistent expression of IFN‐Is induces the expression of immunosuppressive factors (PD‐L1, IDO, and IL‐10) on the surface of dendritic cells and other bone marrow cells and inhibits their antitumor immunity. This review outlines these dual functions of IFN‐Is in antitumor immunity and elucidates the involved mechanisms, as well as their applications in tumor therapy.
Fusion Materials Development at Forschungszentrum Jülich
Authors: Coenen Jan Willem
Published: March 2020

Material issues pose a significant challenge for the design of future fusion reactors. From a historic point of view, the material mix used for the first wall of a fusion reactor has continually evolved, from original steel vessels to carbon and other low‐Z materials such as beryllium to tungsten as the primary candidate for a reactor's first wall armor and divertor material. For materials considered for fusion applications, a highly integrated approach is necessary. Resilience against neutron damage, good power exhaust, and oxidation resistance during accidental air ingress are design relevant issues while deciding on new materials or improving upon baseline materials. Neutron‐induced effects, e.g., transmutation adding to embrittlement, retention, and changes to thermomechanical properties, are crucial to material performance. In this contribution, the recent progress (2013–2019) in fusion materials development for current and future fusion devices, at Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, with activities focussing on advanced materials and their characterization is given. It is a continuation and extension of the work given by Coenen et al.
Recent Advances in Smart Biomaterials for the Detection and Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases
Authors: Shodeinde Aaliyah B. , Murphy Andrew C. , Oldenkamp Heidi F. , Potdar Abhishek S. , Ludolph Catherine M. , Peppas Nicholas A.
Published: March 2020

Autoimmune diseases are a group of debilitating illnesses that are often idiopathic in nature. The steady rise in the prevalence of these conditions warrants new approaches for diagnosis and treatment. Stimuli‐responsive biomaterials also known as “smart,” “intelligent,” or “recognitive” biomaterials are widely studied for their applications in drug delivery, biosensing, and tissue engineering due to their ability to produce thermal, optical, chemical, or structural changes upon interacting with the biological environment. Studies within the last decade that harness the recognitive capabilities of these biomaterials toward the development of novel detection and treatment options for autoimmune diseases are critically analyzed.
Degradation Mechanism of Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes: An In Situ Investigation via Electroabsorption Spectroscopy and Device Modelling
Authors: Guo Yuwei , Jia Yongheng , Li Nan , Chen Mengyu , Hu Sujuan , Liu Chuan , Zhao Ni
Published: March 2020

The past few years have seen a significant improvement in the efficiency of organometal halide‐perovskite‐based light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs). However, poor operation stability of the devices still hinders the commercialization of this technology for practical applications. Despite extensive studies on the degradation mechanisms of perovskite thin films, it remains unclear where and how degradation occurs in a PeLED. Electroabsorption (EA) spectroscopy is applied to study the degradation process of PeLEDs during operation and directly evaluates the stability of each functional layer (i.e., charge transporting layers and light‐emitting layer) by monitoring their unique optical signatures. The EA measurements unambiguously reveal that the degradation of the PeLEDs occurs predominantly in the perovskite layer. With finite‐element method‐based device modeling, it is further revealed that the degradation may initiate from the interface between the perovskite and hole transporting layers and that vacancy, antisite, or interstitial defects can further accelerate this degradation. Inspired by these observations, a surface‐treatment step is introduced to passivate the perovskite surface with phenethylammonium iodide. The passivation leads to a drastic enhancement of the PeLED stability, with the operation lifetime increased from 1.5 to 11.3 h under a current density of 100 mA cm−2.
Molecular Engineering of Cyano‐Substituted Carbazole‐Based Host Materials for Simultaneous Achievement of High Efficiency and Long Lifetime in Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Konidena Rajendra Kumar , Chung Won Jae , Lee Jun Yeob
Published: March 2020

A series of isomeric high triplet energy host materials named 1CNCzBN, 2CNCzBN, 3CNCzBN, and 4CNCzBN containing a cyanocarbazole and a benzonitrile for blue phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes (PhOLEDs) is presented. The effect of the substitution position of the cyano unit in the carbazole core on physicochemical and electroluminescence characteristics is described. All the compounds show high triplet energy (ET) of above 2.85 eV and the 3CNCzBN compound containing the cyano unit at C3 position of carbazole exhibits superior ET of 3.04 eV. Except for 1CNCzBN, all the compounds reveal good electron‐transporting properties, evidenced by the single carrier device analysis. Furthermore, the applicability of these compounds as electron‐transport‐type host materials for blue PhOLEDs is tested by employing a blue phosphor and the blue PhOLEDs exhibit high EQE over 20%. Among the compounds, the 3CNCzBN‐based device exhibits excellent performance with maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 25.6% and current efficiency (CE) of 52.1 cd A−1. Importantly, all the compounds reveal excellent operational stability with long lifetime and the 3CNCzBN device displays superior lifetime of 20 h up to 70% of its initial luminance (L0 = 1000 cd m−2). It is believed that this study will provide fundamental insights to develop highly efficient cyano featured carbazole‐based host materials for blue PhOLEDs with superior EQE and long lifetime.
Loamy sand soil approaches organic carbon saturation after 37 years of conservation tillage
Authors: Novak J.M. , Watts D.W. , Bauer P.J. , Karlen D.L. , Hunt P.G. , Mishra U.
Published: March 2020

Conservation tillage is reported to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents, but long‐term (>30 yr) field results quantifying the responses in Coastal Plain Ultisols are sparse. The distribution, accumulation, and topsoil storage of SOC and TN after 37 yr of crop production using conventional (CvT) or conservation tillage (CnT) on a Norfolk loamy sand (fine‐loamy, kaolinitic, thermic, Typic Kandiudults) were quantified. Soil samples were collected annually from the 0−5‐, 5−10‐, and 10−15‐cm depth increments beneath corn (Zea mays L.), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) crops. Overall, SOC and TN accumulation in the 0−5‐cm depth were highest for Norfolk soil under CnT. Focusing on total long‐term changes for the 0−15‐cm sampling depth beneath various corn crops shows that CnT and CvT sequestered 24.7 and 21.4 Mg C ha−1, respectively. Between 1978 and 2016, there was a highly significant (P < .0001) exponential increase in SOC within the top 5‐cm soil depth. However, the exponential curves began to plateau suggesting the Norfolk topsoil was approaching its organic carbon (OC) storage capacity. These field measurements strongly indicate that additional topsoil SOC increases with current tillage and crop management practices are limited.
Direct Dynamic Evidence of Charge Separation in a Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cell Obtained under Operando Conditions by Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Mao Zhu , Ye Yutong , Lv Haiming , Han Xiao Xia , Park Yeonju , Zang Libin , Zhao Bing , Jung Young Mee
Published: March 2020

Interfaces play an important role in enhancing the energy conversion performance of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs). The interface effects have been studied by many techniques, but most of the studies only focused on one part of a DSC, rather than on a complete solar cell. Hence, monitoring the interface evolution of a DSC is still very challenging. Here, in situ/operando resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopic analyses were carried out to monitor the dynamics of the photovoltaic conversion processes in a DSC. We observed the creation of new species (i.e., polyiodide and iodine aggregates) in the photosensitization process. We also obtained molecular‐scale dynamic evidence that the bands from the C=C and C=N bonds of 2,2′‐bipyridyl (bpy), the S=C=N bonds of the NCS ligand, and photochemical products undergo reasonably strong intensity and frequency changes, which clearly demonstrates that they are involved in charge separation. Furthermore, RR spectroscopy can also be used to quickly evaluate the performance of DSCs.
Strong, Self‐Healable, and Recyclable Visible‐Light‐Responsive Hydrogel Actuators
Authors: Jiang Zhen , Tan Ming Li , Taheri Mahdiar , Yan Qiao , Tsuzuki Takuya , Gardiner Michael G. , Diggle Broden , Connal Luke A.
Published: March 2020

The most pressing challenges for light‐driven hydrogel actuators include reliance on UV light, slow response, poor mechanical properties, and limited functionalities. Now, a supramolecular design strategy is used to address these issues. Key is the use of a benzylimine‐functionalized anthracene group, which red‐shifts the absorption into the visible region and also stabilizes the supramolecular network through π–π interactions. Acid–ether hydrogen bonds are incorporated for energy dissipation under mechanical deformation and maintaining hydrophilicity of the network. This double‐crosslinked supramolecular hydrogel developed via a simple synthesis exhibits a unique combination of high strength, rapid self‐healing, and fast visible‐light‐driven shape morphing both in the wet and dry state. As all of the interactions are dynamic, the design enables the structures to be recycled and reprogrammed into different 3D objects.
Halide Double Perovskite Ferroelectrics
Authors: Zhang Weichuan , Hong Maochun , Luo Junhua
Published: March 2020

Halide double perovskites have recently emerged as a promising environmentally friendly optoelectronic and photovoltaic material for their inherent thermodynamic stability, high defect tolerance, and appropriate band gaps. However, to date, no ferroelectric material based on halide double perovskites has been discovered. Herein, by hetero‐substitution of lead and cation intercalation of n‐propylamine, the first halide double perovskite ferroelectric, (n‐propylammonium)2CsAgBiBr7 (1), is reported and it exhibits distinct ferroelectricity with a notable saturation polarization of about 1.5 μC cm−2. More importantly, single‐crystal photodetectors of 1 exhibit extraordinary performance with containing high on/off ratios of about 104, fast response rates of 141 μs, and detectivity as high as 5.3×1011 Jones. This finding opens a new way to design high‐performance perovskite ferroelectrics, and provides a viable approach in the search for stable and lead‐free optoelectronic materials as an alternative to the lead‐containing system.
Silk‐Inspired β‐Peptide Materials Resist Fouling and the Foreign‐Body Response
Authors: Zhang Donghui , Chen Qi , Zhang Wenjing , Liu Hengjiang , Wan Jianglin , Qian Yuxin , Li Bing , Tang Songchao , Liu Yu , Chen Shengfu , Liu Runhui
Published: March 2020

The functions of implants like medical devices are often compromised by the host's foreign‐body response (FBR). Herein, we report the development of low‐FBR materials inspired by serine‐rich sericin from silk. Poly‐β‐homoserine (β‐HS) materials consist of the hydrophilic unnatural amino acid β‐homoserine. Self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) of β‐HS resist adsorption by diverse proteins, as well as adhesion by cells, platelets, and diverse microbes. Experiments lasting up to 3 months revealed that, while implantation with control PEG hydrogels induced obvious inflammatory responses, collagen encapsulation, and macrophage accumulation, these responses were minimal with β‐HS hydrogels. Strikingly, the β‐HS hydrogels induce angiogenesis in implant‐adjacent tissues. Molecular dynamics simulations indicated that the low FBR performance of β‐HS results from what we term “dual hydrogen bonding hydration”, wherein both the backbone amide groups and the sidechain hydroxyl groups of β‐HS undergo hydration.
Quantifying Protein–Protein Interactions by Molecular Counting with Mass Photometry
Authors: Soltermann Fabian , Foley Eric D. B. , Pagnoni Veronica , Galpin Martin , Benesch Justin L. P. , Kukura Philipp , Struwe Weston B.
Published: March 2020

Interactions between biomolecules control the processes of life in health and their malfunction in disease, making their characterization and quantification essential. Immobilization‐ and label‐free analytical techniques are desirable because of their simplicity and minimal invasiveness, but they struggle with quantifying tight interactions. Here, we show that mass photometry can accurately count, distinguish by molecular mass, and thereby reveal the relative abundances of different unlabelled biomolecules and their complexes in mixtures at the single‐molecule level. These measurements determine binding affinities over four orders of magnitude at equilibrium for both simple and complex stoichiometries within minutes, as well as the associated kinetics. These results introduce mass photometry as a rapid, simple and label‐free method for studying sub‐micromolar binding affinities, with potential for extension towards a universal approach for characterizing complex biomolecular interactions.
Designer Receptors for Nucleotide‐Resolution Analysis of Genomic 5‐Methylcytosine by Cellular Imaging
Authors: Muñoz‐López Álvaro , Buchmuller Benjamin , Wolffgramm Jan , Jung Anne , Hussong Michelle , Kanne Julian , Schweiger Michal R. , Summerer Daniel
Published: March 2020

We report programmable receptors for the imaging‐based analysis of 5‐methylcytosine (5mC) in user‐defined DNA sequences of single cells. Using fluorescent transcription‐activator‐like effectors (TALEs) that can recognize sequences of canonical and epigenetic nucleobases through selective repeats, we imaged cellular SATIII DNA, the origin of nuclear stress bodies (nSB). We achieve high nucleobase selectivity of natural repeats in imaging and demonstrate universal nucleobase binding by an engineered repeat. We use TALE pairs differing in only one such repeat in co‐stains to detect 5mC in SATIII sequences with nucleotide resolution independently of differences in target accessibility. Further, we directly correlate the presence of heat shock factor 1 with 5mC at its recognition sequence, revealing a potential function of 5mC in its recruitment as initial step of nSB formation. This opens a new avenue for studying 5mC functions in chromatin regulation in situ with nucleotide, locus, and cell resolution.
Strukturelle Diversifizierung von Pillar[n]aren‐Makrocyclen
Authors: Xu Xiaowen , Jerca Valentin Victor , Hoogenboom Richard
Published: March 2020

Trotz der Tatsache, dass Pillar[n]arene als Bausteine für die supramolekulare Chemie und fortschrittliche Materialien von großem Interesse sind, beschränkt sich ihre Funktionalisierung im Allgemeinen auf die Modifizierung der an den Rändern vorhandenen Hydroxy‐ oder Alkoxy‐Einheiten. Diese begrenzte strukturelle Freiheit schränkt die weitere Entwicklung ein und wurde erst kürzlich überwunden. In diesem Highlight diskutieren wir drei aktuelle Studien, die eine weitergehende strukturelle Diversifizierung von Pillar[n]arenen durch die partielle Entfernung der Alkoxysubstituenten an den Rändern aufzeigen. Die Produkte können als die nächste Generation von Pillar[n]arenen aufgefasst werden.
Perdeuterated Conjugated Polymers for Ultralow‐Frequency Magnetic Resonance of OLEDs
Authors: Milster Sebastian , Grünbaum Tobias , Bange Sebastian , Kurrmann Simon , Kraus Hermann , Stoltzfus Dani M. , Leung Anna E. , Darwish Tamim A. , Burn Paul L. , Boehme Christoph , Lupton John M.
Published: March 2020

The formation of excitons in OLEDs is spin dependent and can be controlled by electron‐paramagnetic resonance, affecting device resistance and electroluminescence yield. We explore electrically detected magnetic resonance in the regime of very low magnetic fields (<1 mT). A pronounced feature emerges at zero field in addition to the conventional spin‐
Zeeman resonance for which the Larmor frequency matches that of the incident radiation. By comparing a conventional π‐conjugated polymer as the active material to a perdeuterated analogue, we demonstrate the interplay between the zero‐field feature and local hyperfine fields. The zero‐field peak results from a quasistatic magnetic‐field effect of the RF radiation for periods comparable to the carrier‐pair lifetime. Zeeman resonances are resolved down to 3.2 MHz, approximately twice the Larmor frequency of an electron in Earth's field. However, since reducing hyperfine fields sharpens the Zeeman peak at the cost of an increased zero‐field peak, we suggest that this result may constitute a fundamental low‐field limit of magnetic resonance in carrier‐pair‐based systems. OLEDs offer an alternative solid‐state platform to investigate the radical‐pair mechanism of magnetic‐field effects in photochemical reactions, allowing models of biological magnetoreception to be tested by measuring spin decoherence directly in the time domain by pulsed experiments.
How Nano‐Ions Act Like Ionic Surfactants
Authors: Hohenschutz Max , Grillo Isabelle , Diat Olivier , Bauduin Pierre
Published: March 2020

Recently, nanometric ions were shown to adsorb to hydrated neutral surfaces and to bind to the cavities of macrocyclic molecules with an unexpectedly strong affinity arising from a solvent‐mediated effect named superchaotropicity. We show here that nano‐ions at low concentrations (μm range), similarly to anionic surfactants, induce the spontaneous transformation of a swollen lyotropic lamellar phase of non‐ionic surfactant into a vesicle phase. This transition occurs when the neutral lamellae acquire charges, either by adsorption of the nano‐ions onto, or by anchoring of the ionic surfactant into the lamellae. In contrast to ionic surfactants, nano‐ions strongly dehydrate the neutral surfactant assemblies. As a conclusion, these purely inorganic nanometric ions act as alternatives to the widely used organic ionic surfactants.
Quantitative Prediction of Aggregation‐Induced Emission: A Full Quantum Mechanical Approach to the Optical Spectra
Authors: Zhang Wei , Liu Jinfeng , Jin Xinsheng , Gu Xinggui , Zeng Xiao Cheng , He Xiao , Li Hui
Published: March 2020

Full quantum mechanical (FQM) calculation of the excited state of aggregation‐induced‐emission (AIE) materials is highly sought but still a challenging task. Herein, we employed the recently developed electrostatically embedded generalized molecular fractionation (EE‐GMF) method, a method based on the systematic fragmentation approach, to predict, for the first time, the spectra of a prototype AIE fluorophore: di(p‐methoxylphenyl)dibenzofulvene (FTPE). Compared to the single molecular or QM/MM calculations, the EE‐GMF method shows significantly improved accuracy, nearly reproducing the experimental optical spectra of FTPE in both condensed phases. Importantly, we show that the conventional restriction of the intramolecular rotation mechanism cannot fully account for AIE, whereas the two‐body intermolecular quantum mechanical interaction plays a crucial role in AIE.
Synthesis, properties, and biodegradability of three‐branched copolyamide (4/6)
Authors: Kawasaki Norioki , Yamano Naoko , Nakayama Atsuyoshi
Published: March 2020

Previous studies on polyamide 4, excellent properties, functionalities, and biodegradation in natural condition have been shown. In this study, three‐branched (star‐shaped) copolyamides constituted of polyamide 4 and polyamide 6 constitutional unit were synthesized by anionic ring‐opening copolymerization of 2‐pyrrolidone with ε‐caprolactam. The thermal and mechanical properties and the biodegradability of the obtained copolyamides have been systematically investigated. The weight‐average molecular weight of the copolyamides was as high as tens of thousands (Mw 10–80 × 103 g/mol). The composition of the copolyamides was approximately in accord with the monomer feed ratio, thereby being controllable. The thermal and mechanical properties changed readily as the composition was varied (Tm 146–266°C, ΔHm 10–70 J/g, Td 278–369°C, tensile strength 28–64 MPa, elongation at break 80–750%). The copolyamide having 2‐pyrrolidone unit of 96–51 mol% exhibited biodegradability by an activated sludge. The biodegradation of the copolyamide proceeded uniformly without disproportion in constitutional unit.
Spherical shape poly(M‐POSS) micro/nano hybrid latex particles: One‐step synthesis and characterization
Authors: Kibar Güneş
Published: March 2020

This research introduces for the first time a simple one‐step synthesis method based on emulsion polymerization to obtain spherical shape poly(Methacryl‐Polyoctahedral Silsesquioxanes) “poly(M‐POSS)” micro/nano hybrid latex particles through a free radical mechanism. The polymerization parameters such as the ultrasound source, the amount of surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and the addition of the cosurfactants SDS/polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVP‐K30), and SDS/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in emulsion medium were investigated. The morphological, chemical, thermal, and crystalline properties of poly(M‐POSS), as a function of these parameters, were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscope, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and X‐ray diffraction, respectively. The ultrasound source was found to have no significant effect on the fınal properties of the particles. However, the addition of a cosurfactant plays a major role in the distribution and coagulation of the latex particles. The addition of PVA as a cosurfactant significantly decreased the coalescence behavior of the latex particles, whereas the addition of PVP‐K30 caused Ostwald ripening effect in over‐micron size particles. As a result, the poly(M‐POSS) micro/nano particles were obtained in spherical shape in the size range between 0.2 and 20 μm. They possess both organic and inorganic parts with thermal resistance up to 400°C, which potentially serve as coating or filler additive materials.
Handcuffed protectors? Palestinian fatherhood‐protection unlocking its chains
Authors: Otman Abeer
Published: March 2020

This article takes the reader through the social‐geographies and psycho‐politics of protection and fatherhood. It examines the challenges to fatherhood roles and modes in which Palestinian fathers protect their families and homes in the context of colonialism in Occupied East Jerusalem. It shares and engages with fathers' own voices and experiences, using a bottom‐up, feminist, and decolonial analysis to reveal the complexities, meanings, and concerns of fathers in their role as protectors. The voices gathered revealed a multilayered understanding of fathers' role as protectors in the framework of psychosocial modes, meanings, techniques, transformations, and acts within an insecure context.
Conservation status assessment and a new method for establishing conservation priorities for freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionida) in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River drainage
Authors: Liu Xiongjun , Yang Xue , Zanatta David T. , Lopes‐Lima Manuel , Bogan Arthur E. , Zieritz Alexandra , Ouyang Shan , Wu Xiaoping
Published: March 2020

The freshwater mussel (Unionida) fauna of the Yangtze River is among the most diverse on Earth. In recent decades, human activities have caused habitat degradation in the river, and previous studies estimated that up to 80% of the mussel species in the Yangtze River are Threatened or Near Threatened with extinction. However, a comprehensive and systematic evaluation of the conservation status of this fauna has yet to be completed.

This study evaluated the conservation status of the 69 recognized freshwater mussel species in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, using the criteria published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). A new method for prioritizing species for conservation was then developed and applied termed Quantitative Assessment of Species for Conservation Prioritization (QASCP), which prioritizes species according to quantifiable data on their distribution and population status, life history, and recovery importance and potential.

IUCN assessments showed that 35 (51%) species in the study region are Threatened or Near Threatened (11 Endangered, 20 Vulnerable, 4 Near Threatened). In addition, 16 species (23%) could not be assessed owing to data deficiency. Key threats to the freshwater mussel biodiversity of the Yangtze River include pollution, habitat loss and fragmentation, loss of access to host fish, and overharvesting of mussels and their host fish. The genera Aculamprotula, Gibbosula, Lamprotula, Pseudodon, Ptychorhynchus, and Solenaia were identified as particularly threatened.

Data availability allowed QASCP assessment of 44 species. Only Solenaia carinata, regionally Endangered under IUCN criteria, achieved the highest QASCP rank, i.e. First Priority. The five species assessed as Second Priority were considered either regionally Endangered (one), Vulnerable (three), or Data Deficient (one) under IUCN criteria. The 23 Third Priority species were assessed as regionally Endangered (two), Vulnerable (15), Near Threatened (two), or Least Concern (four).
Disaster privacy/privacy disaster
Authors: Sanfilippo Madelyn R. , Shvartzshnaider Yan , Reyes Irwin , Nissenbaum Helen , Egelman Serge
Published: March 2020

Privacy expectations during disasters differ significantly from nonemergency situations. This paper explores the actual privacy practices of popular disaster apps, highlighting location information flows. Our empirical study compares content analysis of privacy policies and government agency policies, structured by the contextual integrity framework, with static and dynamic app analysis documenting the personal data sent by 15 apps. We identify substantive gaps between regulation and guidance, privacy policies, and information flows, resulting from ambiguities and exploitation of exemptions. Results also indicate gaps between governance and practice, including the following: (a) Many apps ignore self‐defined policies; (b) while some policies state they “might” access location data under certain conditions, those conditions are not met as 12 apps included in our study capture location immediately upon initial launch under default settings; and (c) not all third‐party data recipients are identified in policy, including instances that violate expectations of trusted third parties.
A Cost‐effective Nafion Composite Membrane as an Effective Vanadium‐Ion Barrier for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
Authors: Lou Xuechun , Yuan Du , Yu Yuesheng , Lei Yanqiang , Ding Mei , Sun Qijun , Jia Chuankun
Published: March 2020

Ion exchange membranes play a key role in all vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). The mostly available commercial membrane for VRFBs is Nafion. However, its disadvantages, such as high cost and severe vanadium‐ion permeation, become obstacles for large‐scale energy storage. It is thus crucial to develop an efficient membrane with low permeability of vanadium ions and low cost to promote commercial applications of VRFBs. In this study, graphene oxide (GO) has been employed as an additive to the Nafion 212 matrix and a composite membrane named rN212/GO obtained. The thickness of rN212/GO has been reduced to only 41 μm (compared with 50 μm Nafion 212), which indicates directly lower cost. Meanwhile, rN212/GO shows lower permeability of vanadium ions and area‐specific resistance compared to the Nafion 212 membrane due to the abundant oxygen‐containing functional groups of GO additives. The VRFB cells with the rN212/GO membrane show higher Coulombic efficiencies and lower capacity decay than those of VRFB cells with the Nafion 212 membrane. Therefore, the cost‐effective rN212/GO composite membrane is a promising alternative to suppress migration of vanadium ions across the membrane to set up VRFB cells with better performances.
Opioid prescription patterns among radiation oncologists in the United States
Authors: Huang Tina Q. , Chang Eric M. , Grogan Tristan R. , Martin Emily J. , Raldow Ann C.
Published: March 2020

Background

Radiation oncologists (ROs) play an important role in managing cancer pain; however, their opioid prescribing patterns remain poorly described.

Methods

The 2016 Medicare Physician Compare National Downloadable and the 2016 Medicare Part D Prescriber Data files were cross‐linked to identify RO‐written opioid prescriptions.

Results

Of 4,627 identified ROs, 1,360 (29.3%) wrote >10 opioid prescriptions. The average number of opioid prescriptions written was significantly (P ≤ .05) associated with the following RO characteristics: sex [13.1 ± 36.5 male vs 7.5 ± 16.9 female]; years since medical school graduation [4.5 ± 11.5 1‐10 years vs 12.6 ± 26.0 11‐24 years vs 13.3 ± 40.9 ≥25 years]; practice size [15.5 ± 44.6 size ≤10 vs 13.3 ± 25.9 size 11‐49 vs 8.5 ± 12.7 size 50‐99 vs 8.8 ± 26.9 size ≥100]; Medicare Physician Quality Reporting System (PQRS) participation [12.6 ± 31.8 yes vs 7.0 ± 35.4 no]; and practice location [17.4 ± 47.0 South vs 10.6 ± 29.4 Midwest vs 8.1 ± 13.9 West vs 6.9 ± 15.2 Northeast]. On multivariable regression modeling, male sex (RR 1.29, 95% CI 1.22‐1.35, P < .001), ≥25 years since graduation (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.64‐0.70, 1‐10 years vs ≥25 years; RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.96 ‐ 1.04, 11‐24 years vs ≥25 years; P < .001), practice size <10 members (RR 1.51, CI 1.44‐1.59, ≤10 vs ≥100 members, RR 1.27, CI 1.20‐1.34, 10‐49 vs ≥100 members, RR 0.86, CI 0.80‐0.92, 50‐99 vs ≥100 members, P < .001), PQRS participation (RR 1.12, CI 1.04‐1.19, P < .002), and Southern location (RR 0.67, CI 0.64‐0.70, Midwest vs South; RR 0.39, CI 0.37‐0.41, Northeast vs South; RR 0.43, CI 0.41‐0.46, West vs South; P < .001) were predictive of higher opioid prescription rates.

Conclusions

Factors associated with increased number of RO‐written opioid prescriptions were male sex, ≥25 years since graduation, group practice <10, PQRS participation, and Southern location. Additional research is required to establish optimal opioid prescribing practices for ROs.
A double‐blind, randomized, multicenter phase 3 study of palonosetron vs granisetron combined with dexamethasone and fosaprepitant to prevent chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting in patients with breast cancer receiving anthracycline and cyclophosphamide
Authors: Matsumoto Koji , Takahashi Masato , Sato Kazuhiko , Osaki Akihiko , Takano Toshimi , Naito Yoichi , Matsuura Kazuo , Aogi Kenjiro , Fujiwara Kimiko , Tamura Kenji , Baba Motoi , Tokunaga Shinya , Hirano Gen , Imoto Shigeru , Miyazaki Chieko , Yanagihara Kazuhiro , Imamura Chiyo K. , Chiba Yasutaka , Saeki Toshiaki
Published: March 2020

Purpose

To investigate whether palonosetron is better than granisetron in preventing chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) in a three‐drug combination with dexamethasone and fosaprepitant (Fos) in patients with breast cancer who are placed on anthracycline and cyclophosphamide (AC‐based regimen).

Patients and Methods

Chemo‐naive women with primary breast cancer were randomly administered either palonosetron 0.75 mg (day 1) or granisetron 1 mg (day 1) combined with dexamethasone (12 mg at day 1, 8 mg at day 2 and day 3) and Fos 150 mg (day 1) before receiving AC‐based regimen in a double‐blind study. The primary endpoint was the complete response (CR) rate of emesis in cycle 1 in the delayed phase. This was defined as neither vomiting nor rescue drug usage for emesis at >24‐120 hours after chemotherapy. Secondary endpoints were the CR in the acute/overall phase (0‐24/0‐120 hours, respectively, after chemotherapy), no nausea and vomiting, Patient‐Reported Outcomes version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (PRO‐CTCAE), and safety.

Results

From December 2012 to October 2014, 326 patients were treated and evaluated (164/162 evaluable patients in granisetron/palonosetron arm, respectively). The CR during the delayed phase was 60.4% in the granisetron regimen and 62.3% in the palonosetron regimen. The CR during acute phase (73.2% vs 75.9%, respectively) and the CR during overall phase (54.9% in both regimens) were very identical. A significantly higher number of patients in the palonosetron arm were free from nausea during the delayed phase (28% vs 40.1%; P = .029). Adverse events were also identical, although infusion site reactions (ISR) were higher (20.3%‐23.3%) than preceding studies in both regimens.

Conclusion

In combination with dexamethasone and Fos, this study suggests that palonosetron is not better than granisetron in chemo‐naive patients with primary breast cancer receiving AC‐based regimen. Administration of Fos in peripheral veins after AC‐based regimen increased ISR.
Double‐Solvent Induced Ultrafine Ruthenium Nanoparticles on Porous Carbon for Highly Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Zhang Zitao , Gao Song , Liang Zibin , Zhang Kexin , Guo Huichuan , Tang Yanqun , Qiu Tianjie , Tabassum Hassina , Shi Jinming , Meng Wei , Zou Ruqiang
Published: March 2020

For hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline solution, the state‐of‐the‐art platinum(Pt)‐based electrocatalysts showed a bunch of drawbacks including high cost, poor durability and scarcity, making it essential to develop Pt‐free electrocatalysts. In this work, we employed a double‐solvent approach to prepare a ruthenium(Ru)‐dispersed metal‐organic framework composite, which was further pyrolyzed to obtain a novel Ru/C electrocatalyst with a Ru loading of 2.7 wt %. The target electrocatalyst showed ultrahigh activity for HER in 1 M KOH that outperformed commercial Pt/C catalyst (20 wt %) with an overpotential of 27 mV @ 25 mA cm−2 and 86 mV @ 100 mA cm−2. This work not only provides a promising electrocatalyst for highly efficient HER in alkaline solution, but also offers a double‐solvent strategy for the fabrication of various metal/carbon composites with uniform distribution of ultrafine metal nanoparticles.
Shell‐by‐Shell Functionalization of Inorganic Nanoparticles
Authors: Stiegler Lisa M. S. , Luchs Tobias , Hirsch Andreas
Published: March 2020

The current state of the hierarchical chemical functionalization of inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) by shell‐by‐shell (SbS)‐assembly of organic layers around the NP cores is summarized. This supramolecular functionalization concept is based on two steps: 1) the covalent grafting of a first ligand–shell consisting of, for example, long chain phosphonic acids and 2) the noncovalent interdigitation of amphiphiles forming the second ligand shell. The latter process is guaranteed predominantly by solvophobic interactions. These highly order organic–inorganic hybrid architectures are currently an emerging field at the interface of synthetic chemistry, nanotechnology, and materials science. The doubly functionalized NPs display tunable materials properties, such a controlled dispersibility and stability in various solvents, highly efficient trapping of guest molecules in between the ligand shells (water cleaning) as well as compartmentalization and modification of electronic interactions between photoactive components integrated in such complex nano‐architectures. Such SbS‐functionalized NPs have a high potential as water‐cleaning materials and also some first prototype applications as biomedicinal therapeutics have been presented.
A Synthetic Chlorophyll Dimer Appending Fullerene: Effect of Chlorophyll Pairing on (Photo)redox Properties
Authors: Shinozaki Yoshinao , Uragami Chiasa , Hashimoto Hideki , Tamiaki Hitoshi
Published: March 2020

Accurately mimicking structure and function of natural chlorophyll (Chl) assemblies is very challenging. Herein, we report the synthesis of a fullerene‐appended Chl dimer being capable of intramolecular photoinduced charge separation (CS) with a unique structure reminiscent of reaction centers (RCs) in phototrophs. Structural analyses revealed that the Chl dimer adopts a bird‐like structure in which two Chl components overlapped partially with one of the four pyrrole rings in a Chl ring similar to in a Chl pair in the natural RC complexes. A comparative study including voltammetry and spectrometric analyses using the Chl dimer and its corresponding monomer with and without a fullerene moiety was performed to gain insight into the effect of Chl pairing on (photo)redox properties. Our results suggest that the present dimer motif that closely resemble the Chl pair in natural RCs lead to more facile oxidation and lower energy of the CS state of the Chl dimer than those of the Chl monomer, resulting in its photoredox behavior different from that of the monomer Chl.
Differential Effects of Nitrogen Substitution in 5‐ and 6‐Membered Aromatic Motifs
Authors: Levandowski Brian J. , Abularrage Nile S. , Raines Ronald T.
Published: March 2020

The replacement of carbon with nitrogen can affect the aromaticity of organic rings. Nucleus‐independent chemical shift (NICS) calculations at the center of the aromatic π‐systems reveal that incorporating nitrogen into 5‐membered heteroaromatic dienes has only a small influence on aromaticity. In contrast, each nitrogen incorporated into benzene results in a sequential and substantial loss of aromaticity. The contrasting effects of nitrogen substitution in 5‐membered dienes and benzene are reflected in their Diels–Alder reactivities as dienes. 1,2‐Diazine experiences a 1011‐fold increase in reactivity upon nitrogen substitution at the 4‐ and 5‐positions, whereas a 5‐membered heteroaromatic diene, furan, experiences a comparatively incidental 102‐fold increase in reactivity upon nitrogen substitution at the 3‐ and 4‐positions.
Structurally Interesting Diarymethane Derivatives from Securidaca inappendiculata
Authors: Zhou Bin , Wu Yan , Gan Lishe , Dalal Seema , Cassera Maria B. , Yue Jianmin
Published: March 2020

Summary of main observation and conclusion

Securines A—E, three dimeric diarymethane derivatives (1—3) and two enantiomeric diarymethane derivative monomers (4 and 5), were isolated and characterized from the medicinal plant Securidaca inappendiculata. Compounds 1 and 2 are a pair of enantiomeric diarymethane derivative dimers, and compound 3 is a mesomeric diarymethane derivative dimer. Their structures were determined by a combination of spectroscopic data, X‐ray crystallography, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) analysis, and computational ECD calculations. Dimeric compounds 1—3 showed moderate antiplasmodial activities with IC50 values of 0.9, 1.4, and 1.5 μM, respectively.
Development and Structural Evaluation of N‐Alkylated trans‐2‐Phenylcyclopropylamine‐Based LSD1 Inhibitors
Authors: Niwa Hideaki , Sato Shin , Handa Noriko , Sengoku Toru , Umehara Takashi , Yokoyama Shigeyuki
Published: March 2020

Lysine‐specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) is a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)‐dependent enzyme that catalyzes the demethylation of histone H3 and regulates gene expression. Because it is implicated in the regulation of diseases such as acute myeloid leukemia, potent LSD1‐specific inhibitors have been pursued. Trans‐2‐phenylcyclopropylamine (2‐PCPA)‐based inhibitors featuring substitutions on the amino group have emerged, with sub‐micromolar affinities toward LSD1 and high selectivities over monoamine oxidases (MAOs). We synthesized two N‐alkylated 2‐PCPA‐based LSD1 inhibitors, S2116 and S2157, based on the previously developed S2101. S2116 and S2157 exhibited enhanced potency for LSD1 by 2.0‐ to 2.6‐fold, as compared with S2101. In addition, they exhibited improved selectivity over MAOs. Structural analyses of LSD1 co‐crystallized with S2101, S2116, S2157, or another N‐alkylated inhibitor (FCPA‐MPE) confirmed that the N‐substituents enhance the potency of a 2‐PCPA‐based inhibitor of LSD1, without constituting the adduct formed with FAD.