bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Manejo de tiririca e trapoeraba com glyphosate em ambientes sombreados
Authors: Santos Júnior A , Tuffi Santos L.D , Costa G.A , Barbosa E.A , Leite G.L.D , Machado V.D , Cruz L.R
Published: December 2012

Plantas daninhas mantidas em ambientes com redução da intensidade luminosa apresentam alterações morfofisiológicas marcantes, que podem alterar seu comportamento reprodutivo e a tolerância a herbicidas aplicados em pós-emergência. Objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar a eficiência de doses de glyphosate no manejo da trapoeraba (Commelina benghalensis) e da tiririca (Cyperus rotundus) cultivadas em diferentes níveis de sombreamento. O trabalho foi composto por dois ensaios, referentes a cada uma das espécies, com o mesmo delineamento experimental, sendo constituídos em esquema fatorial 5 x 3, com cinco doses de herbicida (0, 540, 810, 1.080 ou 1.350 g ha-1 de glyphosate), três ambientes de cultivo (0, 30 ou 50% de sombra) e quatro repetições. As parcelas experimentais foram compostas por um vaso com duas plantas de tiririca ou de trapoeraba. As avaliações de controle ocorreram aos 10, 20 e 30 dias após a aplicação (DAA), por meio de observações visuais. Aos 30 DAA, foi determinada a massa seca da parte aérea de cada espécie. A produtividade de tubérculos foi observada pela contagem direta desses propágulos presentes nas raízes das plantas de tiririca. Já a sua viabilidade foi avaliada por teste de germinação em leito de areia e por tetrazólio no caso dos não germinados. O controle das espécies foi mais eficiente em ambientes sombreados, contribuindo para a redução de até 25% da dose recomendada para ambas, obtendo-se controle de 81% para trapoeraba e 100% para tiririca. Já a matéria seca da parte aérea, a produtividade e a viabilidade dos tubérculos foram afetadas pelo aumento do nível de sombra e pela dose de glyphosate. A diminuição da intensidade luminosa - comum no sub-bosque de culturas arbóreas e arbustivas ou quando do adensamento de cultivos - representa prática interessante na supressão da trapoeraba e da tiririca e potencializa a ação de controle do glyphosate.
O potencial da rotulação metabólica de 15N para a pesquisa de esquizofrenia
Authors: Filiou Michaela D.
Published: December 2012

Pesquisas em psiquiatria ainda necessitam de estudos não dirigidos por hipóteses para revelar fundamentos neurobiológicos e biomarcadores moleculares para distúrbios psiquiátricos. Metodologias proteômicas disponibilizam uma série de ferramentas para esses fins. Apresentamos o princípio de rotulação metabólica utilizando 15N para proteômica quantitativa e suas aplicações em modelos animais de fenótipos psiquiátricos com um foco particular em esquizofrenia. Exploramos o potencial de rotulação metabólica por 15N em diferentes tipos de experimentos, bem como suas considerações metodológicas.
Os possíveis papéis da S100B na esquizofrenia
Authors: Steiner Johann , Bernstein Hans-Gert , Bogerts Bernhard , Gonçalves Carlos-Alberto
Published: December 2012

CONTEXTO: Evidências científicas do aumento da concentração da proteína S100B no sangue de pacientes esquizofrênicos são muito consistentes. No passado essa informação era principalmente considerada como reflexo da disfunção astroglial ou da barreira hematoencefálica. MÉTODOS: Pesquisa de publicações no PubMed até o dia 15 de junho de 2011 visando estabelecer potenciais ligações entre a proteína S100B e as hipóteses correntes da esquizofrenia. RESULTADOS: A S100B está potencialmente associada com as hipóteses dopaminérgica e glutamatérgica. O aumento da expressão de S100B tem sido detectado em astrócitos corticais em casos de esquizofrenia paranoide, enquanto se observa uma redução da expressão em oligodendrócitos na esquizofrenia residual, dando suporte à hipótese glial. Recentemente, a hipótese da neuroinflamação da esquizofrenia tem recebido atenção crescente. Nesse sentido, a S100B pode funcionar como uma citocina secretada por células gliais, linfócitos CD8+ e células NK, levando à ativação de monócitos e microglia. Além disso, a S100B apresenta propriedades do tipo adipocina e pode estar desregulada na esquizofrenia, devido a distúrbios da sinalização de insulina, levando ao aumento da liberação de S100B e ácidos graxos do tecido adiposo. CONCLUSÃO: A expressão de S100B em diferentes tipos celulares está envolvida em muitos processos regulatórios. Atualmente, não pode ser respondido qual mecanismo relacionado à esquizofrenia é o mais importante.
O intelectual universitário e seu trabalho em tempos de "pesquisa administrada"
Authors: Bianchetti Lucídio , Zuin Antonio Alvaro Soares
Published: December 2012

T. Adorno, ao chegar aos EUA na década de 1940, surpreende-se com o novo ethos da pesquisa com o qual se defronta e estranha os mecanismos de controle que pesavam sobre a academia e os pesquisadores. Nos EUA, esses mecanismos convergiram para uma síntese contida na fórmula "publish or perish", processo que acabou instaurando-se no Brasil a partir de meados da década de 1990. É sobre esse processo, ao qual foram submetidos os intelectuais na universidade e as consequências para a produção e veiculação do conhecimento, que dedicamos nossa atenção neste texto. Por meio deste artigo, objetivamos investigar a forma como a produção intelectual vem desenvolvendo-se em tempos nos quais a pesquisa científica torna-se cada vez mais administrada pela lógica do fetiche da mercadoria cultural, com destaque para a análise do modo como a lógica do publique ou pereça delineia a forma da produção científica no Brasil.
Educação profissional e PROEJA: processos de adesão e resistência à implantação de uma experiência
Authors: Ivo Andressa Aita , Hypolito Álvaro Moreira
Published: December 2012

O artigo discute os processos de adesão e resistência docentes na implantação de um curso do PROEJA - Programa Nacional de Integração da Educação Profissional com a Educação Básica na Modalidade de EJA - em uma escola agrícola federal. Foi um estudo qualitativo, com análise de documentos e de entrevistas com docentes e coordenadores que acompanharam o processo de criação do curso. Os docentes manifestam diferentes formas de adesão e resistência ao programa, manifestações que se expressam em distintos posicionamentos com relação ao Curso e sua organização pedagógica, à prática pedagógica, ao projeto político-pedagógico e ao dia a dia das aulas. As resistências ao programa deixam lacunas na formação dos alunos, como indicado nos depoimentos dos professores. Todavia, percebe-se que a resistência ao Programa, por parte de alguns, foi diminuindo à medida que se envolveram com o curso, mas trata-se de um processo lento, contínuo e vulnerável a ações externas.
Freud, as neurociências e uma teoria da memória
Authors: Bocchi Josiane Cristina , Viana Milena de Barros
Published: December 2012

Alguns estudos têm demonstrado que conceitos psicanalíticos e observações neurocientíficas recentes podem ser complementares, contribuindo para um melhor entendimento de determinados processos psicobiológicos. Esses estudos também sugerem a possibilidade de interpretação de conceitos psicanalíticos a partir de sua aproximação com as neurociências. O presente trabalho investiga possíveis relações entre uma teoria da memória proposta por Freud e concepções neurocientíficas que surgem a partir da segunda metade do século XX, com base em observações clínicas (o caso do paciente H. M.) e experimentais (o conceito de potenciação de longa duração, LTP). Primeiramente, são apresentadas as ideias de Freud sobre processos mnemônicos que fundamentam a construção de um "Eu", da obra Projeto para uma psicologia científica (1950/1976). Posteriormente, as principais observações que subsidiaram a construção de uma teoria neurobiológica sobre a memória são analisadas. Conclui-se que o modelo dinâmico adotado pela neurociência contemporânea encontra paralelos em conceitos freudianos do final do século XIX.
Psicanálise e saúde mental: contextualizando o atendimento às demandas
Authors: Brandão Junior Pedro Moacyr , Besset Vera Lopes
Published: December 2012

No Brasil, o campo da saúde mental constitui-se a partir de política pública que direciona o funcionamento de seus serviços segundo uma lógica de tratamento distinta da manicomial. Partindo das premissas da reforma psiquiátrica, o atendimento nesse campo deve ser de base comunitária e implicar vários profissionais. Nesse contexto, nas respostas às demandas de atendimento os profissionais devem respeitar as diretrizes do SUS e da política pública de saúde mental brasileira, assim como a particularidade de cada caso. Ao mesmo tempo, é livre para trabalhar de acordo com a abordagem teórico-metodológica de sua escolha. Neste artigo, a partir de dados clínicos referidos a uma prática em saúde mental, explicitamos a especificidade da orientação da psicanálise como base para a construção de encaminhamentos possíveis.
Isenção da ciência, neutralidade da análise
Authors: Coelho Daniel Menezes
Published: December 2012

O artigo discute as relações entre a psicanálise e a ciência, especialmente no que tange aos seus métodos de investigação e trabalho. Para isso, tomamos como objeto a noção de neutralidade, tal como podemos apreendê-la na clínica da psicanálise, para confrontá-la com o que chamamos de isenção no campo da ciência, que não quer dizer outra coisa que a neutralidade proposta lá. Veremos que, apesar da clara filiação da noção psicanalítica para com a noção vinda da ciência, a neutralidade clínica da psicanálise toma outro rumo, que se pode mesmo opor ao sentido do termo na ciência. Enquanto em ciência o termo quer significar um processo de purificação e de seleção, em psicanálise ele surge como a exigência de nada selecionar.
A recomendação MMOG/LE: uma análise da influência prática de sua adoção na melhoria de processos logísticos
Authors: Peinado Jurandir , Graeml Alexandre Reis
Published: December 2012

Este artigo analisa a influência prática de uma ferramenta de avaliação do desempenho logístico de empresas do setor automotivo no Brasil. Os participantes, que receberam treinamento e implantaram a recomendação MMOG/LE (Materials Management Operating Guideline/Logistics Evaluation) em suas empresas, responderam a um questionário com perguntas de escala Likert. Foi utilizado um conjuntos de variáveis constituído por 32 perguntas elaboradas de forma a cobrir as diversas áreas de preocupação da MMOG-LE e os processos logísticos a elas relacionados, na tentativa de compreender a sua influência na melhoria dos processos logísticos das empresas pesquisadas, a partir da percepção dos respondentes. Também se buscou identificar "dimensões logísticas" em torno das quais os participantes percebem contribuição mais efetiva da MMOG/LE. O principal resultado consistiu na identificação de três dimensões logísticas valorizadas pelos respondentes. Os respondentes evidenciaram ter percepções alinhadas para três grupos (fatores) de variáveis: (1) preocupações com os processos produtivos e logísticos; (2) preocupações com os detalhes do relacionamento com os clientes; e (3) preocupações com uma visão sistêmica da importância das operações e logística no contexto de suas organizações e com o alinhamento dos objetivos funcionais à estratégia das empresas. Os respondentes consideram que a MMOG/LE foi mais importante no sentido de proporcionar a visão sistêmica sobre os processos logísticos, tão necessária quando estes começam a ficar mais complexos e envolver uma quantidade maior de partes envolvidas.
A menina e o menino que brincavam de ser...: representações de gênero e sexualidade em pesquisa com crianças
Authors: Xavier Filha Constantina
Published: December 2012

O artigo tem por objetivo descrever resultados de pesquisa-ação realizada com crianças em uma escola pública na cidade de Campo Grande/MS. As ações fazem parte de pesquisa mais ampla, com apoio do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), que apresenta duas abordagens teórico-metodológicas: a bibliográfica e a pesquisa-ação. A pesquisa tem o intuito de propiciar momentos de reflexão e problematização sobre as temáticas da sexualidade, gênero e diversidades, mediadas por livros infantis, e produzir coletivamente materiais educativos para/com crianças. O referencial teórico são os dos estudos culturais, dos estudos feministas e de pressupostos foucaultianos. Os dados foram coletados mediante textos escritos e ilustrados, coleta da oralidade das crianças e produção coletiva de materiais educativos. As representações de gênero das crianças evidenciaram atitudes de conformidade às normas sociais e também de resistências e possibilidades de mudanças na construção de ser menino e ser menina.
A produção bibliográfica em coautoria na área de educação
Authors: Lopes Alice Casimiro , Costa Hugo Heleno Camilo
Published: December 2012

Neste artigo discutimos a importância de conhecer como a produção em coautoria vem desenvolvendo-se na área de educação e propomos a valorização dessa forma de expressão dos resultados da colaboração científica, principalmente em sua possibilidade de contribuir para a melhor formação de novos pesquisadores. Para isso, realizamos levantamentos sobre a produtividade de 126 pesquisadores, seniores e categoria 1 do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), no período de 2001 a 2010. Com base na análise dos dados, argumentamos sobre a tendência ao aumento da produção em coautoria entre pesquisadores, mas chamamos a atenção para a pouca expressividade das produções entre orientador e orientando. Defendemos esse processo de produção bibliográfica, compreendendo-o como parte de uma articulação discursiva que contribui para a formação dos mestrandos e doutorandos, bem como insere os pesquisadores em formação na produção de conhecimento da área e em seus meandros político-acadêmicos.
Determinantes das despesas com serviços de auditoria e consultoria prestados pelo auditor independente no Brasil
Authors: Hallak Rodrigo Telles Pires , Silva Andre Luiz Carvalhal da
Published: December 2012

O objetivo desta pesquisa é identificar fatores que influenciem na determinação de gastos com auditoria e consultoria por parte das empresas brasileiras abertas. A principal motivação do presente estudo foi a falta de pesquisas sobre gastos com auditoria e consultoria no Brasil, enquanto que esse assunto já vem sendo explorado há anos em outros países. A escassez de dados no Brasil é devido ao fato de que, só a partir de 2009, tornou-se obrigatória a divulgação das quantias despendidas com serviços de auditoria e consultoria prestados pelo auditor independente. A divulgação desses dados possibilita a análise dos determinantes dos valores pagos pelas empresas por tais serviços. Vale ressaltar que, neste estudo, analisamos apenas os gastos com serviços de consultoria prestados pela mesma firma de auditoria, ou seja, não levamos em conta qualquer quantia despendida com outros consultores. Os resultados indicam que as despesas de auditoria estão positivamente relacionadas com o tamanho da companhia, qualidade da governança e com o fato de a empresa de auditoria ser uma Big Four. Já quanto aos gastos de consultoria, existe uma relação positiva com o tamanho da empresa e com Big Four, mas não existe relação significativa com governança.
Diálogo no limiar e diatribe: mecanismos de construção da autoconsciência do sujeito
Authors: Alvarez Aurora Gedra Ruiz , Lopondo Lílian
Published: December 2012

Este artigo tem o objetivo de refletir sobre o diálogo no limiar, um gênero nascido do diálogo socrático, e a diatribe, um gênero retórico interno dialogado, compreendidos ambos os fenômenos, neste estudo, como instrumentos privilegiados para a construção da autoconsciência do protagonista de Uma criatura dócil, novela de Dostoiévski. Tencionamos examinar, na materialidade do texto, o partejar das ideias desenvolvido pelo diálogo no limiar no momento da crise existencial vivida pela personagem-narrador e os expedientes da diatribe que provocam a experimentação filosófico-dialógica que esse sujeito assume ao constituir a sua voz.
Subjetividade, individualidade e singularidade na criança: um sujeito que se constitui socialmente
Authors: Del Ré Alessandra , Hilário Rosângela Nogarini , Vieira Alessandra Jacqueline
Published: December 2012

Partindo da hipótese de que as reflexões propostas por Bakhtin e pelo Círculo podem ajudar-nos a refletir sobre as questões que se colocam no campo da Aquisição da Linguagem, e considerando que há poucos registros no Brasil de trabalhos desenvolvidos dentro dessa perspectiva, pretendemos, neste artigo, ao pensar a constituição da criança na linguagem, no período de aquisição, discutir as noções de "sujeito", "subjetividade", "individualidade" e "singularidade". A fim de visualizar melhor essa discussão, traremos os dados de fala de crianças pequenas, entre 1;8 e 3 anos, filmadas em contextos naturais de interação com pais e familiares. Com base neles, pudemos verificar, entre outras questões, que a criança, sujeito que se constitui na e pela língua(gem), imprime em suas produções marcas que revelam sua subjetividade (seja por escolhas lexicais, morfológicas, sintáticas, de gênero etc.).
O Círculo de Bakhtin e a Linguística Aplicada
Authors: Molon Newton Duarte , Vianna Rodolfo
Published: December 2012

O presente artigo busca apresentar relações entre as formulações do Círculo de Bakhtin e os debates contemporâneos que ocorrem no âmbito da chamada Linguística Aplicada (LA). Para tanto, se fará um breve panorama histórico da LA, serão apresentadas concepções basilares do pensamento do Círculo de Bakhtin e serão construídos possíveis diálogos entre as formulações dos pensadores russos com as questões centrais do debate contemporâneo em LA.
Elastic properties of diamond and zincblende covalent crystals
Authors: Chen Dongguo , Ravindra N. M.
Published: December 2012

In this study, the authors have improved the existing model, in the literature, that relates the average shear modulus with the bond length and Phillips’ ionicity. The authors have derived new models for the average Young’s modulus, shear modulus and Young’s modulus on (111) plane for cubic crystals. The calculations yield results that are found to be in good accord with the available experimental and theoretical data of both elastic moduli and elastic constants. These models also shed some light on the accurate predictions of elastic constants of ternary semiconductor alloys.
Use of a two-dimensional discrete-element line-sink model to gain insight into tunnelling-induced deformations
Authors: BYM T. , MARKETOS G. , BURLAND J.B. , O'SULLIVAN C.
Published: December 2012

A two-dimensional discrete-element model (DEM) is shown to provide useful information regarding the kinematics of ground deformation in response to tunnelling. Tunnel excavation and construction is a highly complex process and the line-sink model approach used in previous analytical studies provides a simple means to simulate the excavation process. A virtual sand box was created using DEM and grains were progressively deleted to simulate the sink. The surface settlement trough was determined and, when normalised by the maximum settlement, its shape was nearly constant and closely fitted a Gaussian curve. The deformations observed gave a good approximation to the displacement field predicted using the Verruijt and Booker analytical line-sink model. This preliminary study suggests that a simple line-sink DEM may provide a robust basic frame of reference for the complex mechanisms of ground movement around soft ground tunnels. More generally the results demonstrate the potential of using particulate DEM to study ground response to tunnelling.
Habitat damage, marine reserves, and the value of spatial management
Authors: Moeller Holly V. , Neubert Michael G.
Published: December 2012

The biological benefits of marine reserves have garnered favor in the conservation community, but “no‐take” reserve implementation is complicated by the economic interests of fishery stakeholders. There are now a number of studies examining the conditions under which marine reserves can provide both economic and ecological benefits. A potentially important reality of fishing that these studies overlook is that fishing can damage the habitat of the target stock. Here, we construct an equilibrium bioeconomic model that incorporates this habitat damage and show that the designation of marine reserves, coupled with the implementation of a tax on fishing effort, becomes both biologically and economically favorable as habitat sensitivity increases. We also study the effects of varied degrees of spatial control on fisheries management. Together, our results provide further evidence for the potential monetary and biological value of spatial management, and the possibility of a mutually beneficial resolution to the fisherman–conservationist marine reserve designation dilemma.
Natatorium Building Enclosure Deterioration Due to Moisture Migration
Authors: Graham Lawrence , Scott Mark , Pappas Aleka
Published: December 2012

The natatorium enclosure at the Avon Recreation Center in Avon, Colorado experienced significant deterioration of the CMU façade due to moisture carried by humid air from the interior of the space into the wall assembly. This situation was caused by a combination of an insufficient interior air and vapor barrier along with an HVAC system that failed to provide negative pressurization to the space. This case study describes the investigation carried out to determine the causes of wall and roof deterioration at the building, and details the repair efforts undertaken. Lessons learned are presented to help designers, building owners, and maintenance personnel prevent similar problems from occurring in their buildings.
Entropy Stress and Scaling of Vital Organs over Life Span Based on Allometric Laws
Authors: Annamalai Kalyan , Silva Carlos
Published: December 2012

Abstract: Past theories on total lifetime energy expenditures and entropy generation in biological systems (BS) dealt with whole systems, but the recent literature suggests that the total metabolic rate of a BS,q̇body (W) is a sum of product of specific metabolic rate q̇k,m (W/kg of organ k) of each vital life organ, k {k = brain, heart, kidney and liver, or abbreviated as BHKL, and rest of the organ mass (R)} and mass of each organ k (mk). Using this hypothesis, Kleiber’s law on metabolic rate of BS (q̇body) for animals of different sizes was validated. In this work, a similar procedure is adopted in estimating total entropy generation rate of whole human body (σ̇body, W/K) as a sum of product of specific entropy generation rate for each organ, σ̇k,m (W/{K kg of organ k·}) and the organ mass at any given age (t). Further integrating over life span for each organ (tlife), the lifetime specific entropy generated by organ k, σk,m,life (J of organ k/ {K kg organ k}) is calculated. Then lifetime entropy generation of unit body mass, σbody,M,life (J/{K kg body mass·}) is calculated as a sum of the corresponding values contributed by all vital organs to unit body mass and verified with previously published literature. The higher the σk,m,life , the higher the entropy stress level (which is a measure of energy released by unit organ mass of k as heat) and the irreversibility within the organ, resulting in faster degradation of organ and the consequent health problems for the whole BS. In order to estimate σ̇k (W/K of organ k), data on energy release rate (q̇) is needed over lifetime for each organ. While the Adequate Macronutrients Distribution Range (AMDR)/Adequate Intake (AI) publication can be used in estimating the energy intake of whole body vs. age for the human body, the energy expenditure data is not available at organ level. Hence the σk,m,life was computed using existing allometric laws developed for the metabolism of the organs, the relation between the mk of organ and body mass mB, and the body mass growth data mB(t) over the lifetime. Based on the values of σk, m, life, the organs were ranked from highest to lowest entropy generation and the heart is found to be the most entropy-stressed organ. The entropy stress levels of the other organs are then normalized to the entropy stress level (NESH) of the heart. The NESH values for organs are as follows: Heart: 1.0, Kidney: 0.92, Brain: 0.46, Liver: 0.41, Rest of BS: 0.027. If normalized to rest of body (R), NESR, heart: 37, Kidney: 34, Brain: 17, Liver: 15, Rest of BS: 1.0; so heart will fail first followed by kidney and other organs in order. Supporting data is provided.
Organic Solar Cells: Understanding the Role of Förster Resonance Energy Transfer
Authors: Feron Krishna , Belcher Warwick , Fell Christopher , Dastoor Paul
Published: December 2012

Organic solar cells have the potential to become a low-cost sustainable energy source. Understanding the photoconversion mechanism is key to the design of efficient organic solar cells. In this review, we discuss the processes involved in the photo-electron conversion mechanism, which may be subdivided into exciton harvesting, exciton transport, exciton dissociation, charge transport and extraction stages. In particular, we focus on the role of energy transfer as described by F¨orster resonance energy transfer (FRET) theory in the photoconversion mechanism. FRET plays a major role in exciton transport, harvesting and dissociation. The spectral absorption range of organic solar cells may be extended using sensitizers that efficiently transfer absorbed energy to the photoactive materials. The limitations of F¨orster theory to accurately calculate energy transfer rates are discussed. Energy transfer is the first step of an efficient two-step exciton dissociation process and may also be used to preferentially transport excitons to the heterointerface, where efficient exciton dissociation may occur. However, FRET also competes with charge transfer at the heterointerface turning it in a potential loss mechanism. An energy cascade comprising both energy transfer and charge transfer may aid in separating charges and is briefly discussed. Considering the extent to which the photo-electron conversion efficiency is governed by energy transfer, optimisation of this process offers the prospect of improved organic photovoltaic performance and thus aids in realising the potential of organic solar cells.
Improved Membrane-Based Sensor Network for Reliable Gas Monitoring in the Subsurface
Authors: Lazik Detlef , Ebert Sebastian
Published: December 2012

A conceptually improved sensor network to monitor the partial pressure of CO2 in different soil horizons was designed. Consisting of five membrane-based linear sensors (line-sensors) each with 10 m length, the set-up enables us to integrate over the locally fluctuating CO2 concentrations (typically lower 5%vol) up to the meter-scale gaining valuable concentration means with a repetition time of about 1 min. Preparatory tests in the laboratory resulted in a unexpected highly increased accuracy of better than 0.03%vol with respect to the previously published 0.08%vol. Thereby, the statistical uncertainties (standard deviations) of the line-sensors and the reference sensor (nondispersive infrared CO2-sensor) were close to each other. Whereas the uncertainty of the reference increases with the measurement value, the line-sensors show an inverse uncertainty trend resulting in a comparatively enhanced accuracy for concentrations >1%vol. Furthermore, a method for in situ maintenance was developed, enabling a proof of sensor quality and its effective calibration without demounting the line-sensors from the soil which would disturb the established structures and ongoing processes.
PSO Algorithm Particle Filters for Improving the Performance of Lane Detection and Tracking Systems in Difficult Roads
Authors: Cheng Wen-Chang
Published: December 2012

In this paper we propose a robust lane detection and tracking method by combining particle filters with the particle swarm optimization method. This method mainly uses the particle filters to detect and track the local optimum of the lane model in the input image and then seeks the global optimal solution of the lane model by a particle swarm optimization method. The particle filter can effectively complete lane detection and tracking in complicated or variable lane environments. However, the result obtained is usually a local optimal system status rather than the global optimal system status. Thus, the particle swarm optimization method is used to further refine the global optimal system status in all system statuses. Since the particle swarm optimization method is a global optimization algorithm based on iterative computing, it can find the global optimal lane model by simulating the food finding way of fish school or insects under the mutual cooperation of all particles. In verification testing, the test environments included highways and ordinary roads as well as straight and curved lanes, uphill and downhill lanes, lane changes, etc. Our proposed method can complete the lane detection and tracking more accurately and effectively then existing options.
Application of Hyperspectral Imaging and Chemometric Calibrations for Variety Discrimination of Maize Seeds
Authors: Zhang Xiaolei , Liu Fei , He Yong , Li Xiaoli
Published: December 2012

Hyperspectral imaging in the visible and near infrared (VIS-NIR) region was used to develop a novel method for discriminating different varieties of commodity maize seeds. Firstly, hyperspectral images of 330 samples of six varieties of maize seeds were acquired using a hyperspectral imaging system in the 380–1,030 nm wavelength range. Secondly, principal component analysis (PCA) and kernel principal component analysis (KPCA) were used to explore the internal structure of the spectral data. Thirdly, three optimal wavelengths (523, 579 and 863 nm) were selected by implementing PCA directly on each image. Then four textural variables including contrast, homogeneity, energy and correlation were extracted from gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) of each monochromatic image based on the optimal wavelengths. Finally, several models for maize seeds identification were established by least squares-support vector machine (LS-SVM) and back propagation neural network (BPNN) using four different combinations of principal components (PCs), kernel principal components (KPCs) and textural features as input variables, respectively. The recognition accuracy achieved in the PCA-GLCM-LS-SVM model (98.89%) was the most satisfactory one. We conclude that hyperspectral imaging combined with texture analysis can be implemented for fast classification of different varieties of maize seeds.
CRISIS: A System for Risk Management
Authors: Sanchez Erica , Acquesta Alejandro
Published: December 2012

In a situation of an unexpected catastrophe, uncertainty and demand for information are constant. In such a disaster scenario, the CRISIS system arises as a tool to contribute to previous coordination, procedure validation, exercise execution, a good and frequent communication among organizations, and weakness and threat assessment for an appropriate risk management. It offers a wide variety of tools for online communication, consultation and collaboration that, up to this day, includes cartography, tasks, resources, news, forums, instant messaging and chat. As a complement, mathematical models for training and emergency management are being researched and developed. For Argentinean society, it is a necessity to switch from the current handcrafted, bureaucratic emergency management method to a decision-making management model. Previous coordination, exercise execution, a fluid communication among institutions, and threats and weaknesses assessment are required for a proper risk management. With that goal in mind, it is important to reduce confusion, avoid the duplication of efforts to fulfill the same tasks, and have access to a complete vision of the situation, generated from the data of all the organizations taking part. The CRISIS system is a secure web application, accessible to every node in a network formed by the organizations which have complementary responsibilities during prevention and response. It offers a wide variety of tools for online communication, consultation and collaboration that, up to this day, includes cartography, tasks, media (organization and resources), news, forums, instant messaging and chat. As a complement, mathematical models for training and emergency management are being researched and developed. Currently, there are toxicological and epidemiological emergency models available. The present paper analyses, from the perspectives related to risk management for emergencies and disasters, the strengths and weaknesses of the CRISIS system to be used for prevention, response and recoveries in the case of a catastrophe.
Biological Invasions of Geminiviruses: Case Study of TYLCV and Bemisia tabaci in Reunion Island
Authors: Péréfarres Frédéric , Thierry Magali , Becker Nathalie , Lefeuvre Pierre , Reynaud Bernard , Delatte Hélène , Lett Jean-Michel
Published: December 2012

In the last 20 years, molecular ecology approaches have proven to be extremely useful to identify and assess factors associated with viral emerging diseases, particularly in economically and socially important tropical crops such as maize (maize streak disease) and cassava (cassava mosaic disease). Molecular ecology approaches were applied in Reunion Island to analyze the epidemic of tomato yellow leaf curl disease, which has been affecting the island since the end of the 1990s. Before the invasive biotype B (currently known as Middle East-Asia Minor 1 cryptic species) of Bemisia tabaci spread across the world, Reunion Island (South West Indian Ocean) only hosted an indigenous biotype of B. tabaci, Ms (currently known as Indian Ocean cryptic species). Wild hybrids between invasive and indigenous species were subsequently characterized over multiple generations. Endosymbiont analysis of the hybrid population indicated that matings were non-random. Similarly, while no indigenous begomoviruses have ever been reported on Reunion Island, the two main strains of one of the most damaging and emerging plant viruses in the world, the Mild and Israel strains of the Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV-Mld and TYLCV-IL), were introduced in 1997 and 2004 respectively. While these introductions extensively modified the agricultural landscape of Reunion Island, they also provided an invaluable opportunity to study the ecological and genetic mechanisms involved in biological invasion and competition.
Identification and Characterization of a Novel Alpaca Respiratory Coronavirus Most Closely Related to the Human Coronavirus 229E
Authors: Crossley Beate , Mock Richard , Callison Scott , Hietala Sharon
Published: December 2012

In 2007, a novel coronavirus associated with an acute respiratory disease in alpacas (Alpaca Coronavirus, ACoV) was isolated. Full-length genomic sequencing of the ACoV demonstrated the genome to be consistent with other Alphacoronaviruses. A putative additional open-reading frame was identified between the nucleocapsid gene and 3'UTR. The ACoV was genetically most similar to the common human coronavirus (HCoV) 229E with 92.2% nucleotide identity over the entire genome. A comparison of spike gene sequences from ACoV and from HCoV-229E isolates recovered over a span of five decades showed the ACoV to be most similar to viruses isolated in the 1960’s to early 1980’s. The true origin of the ACoV is unknown, however a common ancestor between the ACoV and HCoV-229E appears to have existed prior to the 1960’s, suggesting virus transmission, either as a zoonosis or anthroponosis, has occurred between alpacas and humans.
Genotyping‐by‐Sequencing for Plant Breeding and Genetics
Authors: Poland Jesse A. , Rife Trevor W.
Published: December 2012

Rapid advances in “next‐generation” DNA sequencing technology have brought the US$1000 human (Homo sapiens) genome within reach while providing the raw sequencing output for researchers to revolutionize the way populations are genotyped. To capitalize on these advancements, genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS) has been developed as a rapid and robust approach for reduced‐representation sequencing of multiplexed samples that combines genome‐wide molecular marker discovery and genotyping. The flexibility and low cost of GBS makes this an excellent tool for many applications and research questions in plant genetics and breeding. Here we address some of the new research opportunities that are becoming more feasible with GBS. Furthermore, we highlight areas in which GBS will become more powerful with the continued increase of sequencing output, development of reference genomes, and improvement of bioinformatics. The ultimate goal of plant biology scientists is to connect phenotype to genotype. In plant breeding, the genotype can then be used to predict phenotypes and select improved cultivars. Furthering our understanding of the connection between heritable genetic factors and the resulting phenotypes will enable genomics‐assisted breeding to exist on the scale needed to increase global food supplies in the face of decreasing arable land and climate change.
Association Mapping for Grain Quality in a Diverse Sorghum Collection
Authors: Sukumaran Sivakumar , Xiang Wenwen , Bean Scott R. , Pedersen Jeffrey F. , Kresovich Stephen , Tuinstra Mitchell R. , Tesso Tesfaye T. , Hamblin Martha T. , Yu Jianming
Published: December 2012

Knowledge of the genetic bases of grain quality traits will complement plant breeding efforts to improve the end‐use value of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. Candidate gene association mapping was used on a diverse panel of 300 sorghum accessions to assess marker–trait associations for 10 grain quality traits measured using the single kernel characterization system (SKCS) and near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). The analysis of the accessions through 1290 genomewide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) separated the panel into five subpopulations that corresponded to three major sorghum races (durra, kafir, and caudatum), one intermediate race (guinea‐caudatum), and one working group (zerazera‐caudatum). These subpopulations differed in kernel hardness, acid detergent fiber, and total digestible nutrients. After model testing, association analysis between 333 SNPs in candidate genes and/or loci and grain quality traits resulted in eight significant marker–trait associations. A SNP in starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) gene was associated with kernel hardness (KH) with a likelihood ratio‐based R2 (RLR2) value of 0.08, a SNP in starch synthase (SSIIb) gene was associated with starch content with an RLR2 value of 0.10, and a SNP in loci pSB1120 was associated with starch content with an RLR2 value of 0.09.
Antiviral Agents Derived from Novel 1-adamantyl Singlet Nitrenes
Authors: Kesel Andreas J , Weiss Hans-Christoph , Schönleber Andreas , Day Craig W , Barnard Dale L , Detorio Mervi A , Schinazi Raymond F
Published: December 2012

Background:

Amantadine constitutes an interesting, diamond crystal lattice-shaped, antivirally active amine with an inhibitory effect on influenza A viruses causing common ‘flu’ in humans. Unfortunately, amantadine forfeited most of its therapeutic potential because of resistance development in recent influenza A virus isolates. The antiviral efficacy of amantadine congeners can be chemically modified, resulting in re-constitution, improvement and/or extension of antiviral activities mediated by amino-adamantyls.

Methods:

Newly synthesized compounds were evaluated towards HIV type-1 (HIV-1) replication in primary human lymphocytes. One N-phenacyl amantadine derivative was investigated for inhibiting the in vitro replication of respiratory viruses (influenza A viruses, influenza B virus, human parainfluenza virus type 3 and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus).

Results:

Two ketone-stabilized 1-adamantyl singlet nitrenes were discovered serendipitously. To our best knowledge these are the first persistently stable nitrenes to be reported. Their structure was proved by determining the X-ray single crystal structure of one hydrolytic elaboration product. This salt adduct revealed an incommensurately modulated crystal structure, which was solved by extensive computational refinement. We could show that ketone-stabilized 1-adamantyl singlet nitrenes are versatile synthons for the synthesis of antiviral drug candidates. An amantadine–folate conjugate was inhibitory on HIV-1 replication in primary human lymphocytes, and one N-phenacyl amantadine derivative was inhibitory towards low pathogenic avian influenza A virus (H5N1) replication in vitro.

Conclusions:

These results indicate that the aromatic-aliphatic ketone-stabilized 1-adamantyl singlet nitrenes, beyond being of fundamental interest in organic chemistry, represent versatile synthons for the synthesis of new amantadine-related potentially antiviral drugs.
Topical SMIP-7.7, a Toll–Like Receptor 7 Agonist, Protects against Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Type-2 Disease in the Guinea Pig Model of Genital Herpes
Authors: Bernstein David I , Cardin Rhonda D , Bravo Fernando J , Earwood Julie , Clark Jennifer R , Li Yongkai , Mishra Pranab , Li Chun , Nayak Bishnu P , Miller Andrew T , Wu Tom Y-H , Cooke Michael P , Valiante Nicholas M
Published: December 2012

Background:

Development of more effective therapies for genital herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) infections remains a priority. The toll-like receptors (TLR) are attractive targets for the immunomodulation of primary and recurrent genital herpes infection. The guinea pig model of genital HSV-2 disease was therefore used to evaluate the efficacy of a new TLR-7 agonist, SMIP-7.7.

Methods:

The effects of SMIP-7.7 at concentrations between 0.90% and 0.09% were compared to the vehicle control or Aldara® (3M Health Care Limited, Northridge, CA, USA) as treatment for genital HSV-2 infections. Following intravaginal inoculation of Hartley guinea pigs with 106 pfu HSV-2 (MS strain), animals were treated intravaginally beginning at 36 h post-infection. Animals were evaluated for acute disease, acute virus replication, recurrent disease and shedding, as well as infection of the dorsal root ganglia.

Results:

Treatment with SMIP-7.7 significantly decreased mean total lesion scores during primary infection (all doses, P<0.01 compared with vehicle control, and similar to Aldara®). Vaginal virus titres were reduced in treated animals compared with vehicle control ( P<0.001 for each treatment versus vehicle control on day 4). Treatment with SMIP-7.7 also significantly decreased the number of recurrent lesion days, the number of days with recurrent virus shedding and the infection of the dorsal root ganglia compared to the vehicle control, and was similar to Aldara®. As opposed to Aldara®, SMIP-7.7 did not induce fever or weight loss during treatment.

Conclusions:

SMIP-7.7 improves the outcome of primary and recurrent HSV-2 disease comparable to Aldara® but without some of the side effects associated with Aldara®.
Classification of the First Mechanical Azimuth Thruster According to New PC Class Rules
Authors: Rauti Timo
Published: December 2012

The number of azimuth thrusters configured for ice conditions is constantlyincreasing. This is due to the common tendency of widening the range ofoperation of a particular ship in terms of weather conditions, operating modesand geographical areas to achieve more business opportunities throughout theoperating life of the ship. The other major factor is the large potential foroil and gas in the arctic waters. It is also estimated that the number oficebreakers using azimuth propulsion will increase in the near future as theexisting fleet will be modernized and new vessels are built.

The new PC rules have recently been introduced and that has changed theclassification process significantly. Although being clearly more accurate, thenew rules require much more calculation work and have several parametersrelated to the thruster itself.

A first Azimuth thruster has now been classified according to the new PCrules. The thruster, type UUC 505, was originally classified according to DetNorske Veritas Ice-10 ice class which represents an ice class (at the lighterend) for arctic conditions. The thruster was then subsequently classifiedaccording to Det Norske Veritas PC4 ice rules.

The purpose of this presentation is to highlight the practical issues andthe increased workload that the new PC rules have brought on to theclassification process. Also it will highlight some points in the rules whereclarification is needed.
Pipeline Mechanical Damage Assessment Using Finite Element Methods
Authors: Hanif W. , Kenny S.
Published: December 2012

Onshore and offshore pipelines may be subjected to mechanical damage duringinstallation and operation due to environmental loads, external forces andthird parties. The type and severity of pipe damage may influence operational, repair and intervention strategies. For conventional pipelines, the assessmentof mechanical damage plays a role in the development of integrity managementprograms that can be of greater significance for pipeline systems located inremote, harsh environments. The current study highlights the effect of plaindents and interaction of plain dents with girth weld on pipe mechanicalresponse using continuum finite element methods. The modelling procedures arecalibrated with available physical datasets and also demonstrate excellentcorrelation with third party simulations. Confidence in the numericalsimulation tool provides a basis to evaluate the effects of mechanical damagethrough a broader parameter study and assess effects on fatigue lifeperformance.
Tactical Sea Ice Drift Forecasting for Summer Operation Support in the Canadian Beaufort Sea
Authors: Blunt J.D. , Mitchell D.A. , Matskevitch D.G. , Younan A.H. , Hamilton J.M.
Published: December 2012

The ability to keep station is recognized as a key technical demand for yearround hydrocarbon exploration, development and production operations in thehigh arctic deepwater environment. Ice management has been used as ameans to improve station keeping ability in sea ice and extend operabilitybeyond the relatively short, ice free season in the Canadian BeaufortSea. The reliability of ice management is contingent upon accurate icedrift forecasting so decisions about operation suspension in the event of apotentially unmanageable ice intrusion can be conducted in a timelymanner. This paper demonstrates tactical level sea ice drift forecastingand proposes a model for free ice drift applicable to the shoulder seasons ofthe Canadian Beaufort Sea exploration window. Model calibration isdemonstrated with real ice drift time histories and the assumptions andlimitations of the approach are discussed.

Introduction

A significant hydrocarbon reserve is believed to exist in the higharctic. U.S. Geological Survey data [Bird et al. 2008] was used byHamilton [2011] to estimate that 40 billion bbl of oil could lie in the higharctic deepwater (defined as water depths >100m). A vision foraddressing the technical challenges associated with safe and economic floatingdrilling in the high arctic was also defined. With respect to executionof ice management operation support, Hamilton et al. [2011] and Younan et al.[2012] begin to address these technical challenges by defining a near-fieldicebreaker tasking process control framework and a far-field riskcharacterization / alert system framework, respectively. A necessarycomponent of the proposed far-field risk characterization / alert system isaccurate ice drift forecasting.

Some of the earliest calibrated, physics based ice drift models wereproposed by McPhee [1978] and Hibler [1979]. The fundamental dynamics ofboth models is governed by Newton's second law with special consideration givento turning due to the Coriolis force. Hibler [1979] decoupled ice / oceanmomentum and considered the relationship between the two in terms of water dragacting along the bottom surface of the ice. This was acceptable becauseHibler emphasized Arctic basin scale gridded models and therefore spentconsiderable time developing constitutive laws for the rheological behavior andmass conservation associated with ridging and rubbling in pressured ice. McPhee [1978] relied heavily on the 1975-1976 AIDJEX (Arctic Ice Dynamics JointExperiment) field project for model calibration and focused on modeling freeice drift of individual floes.