bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Muslims and Meat‐Eating
Authors: Ali Kecia
Published: April 2015

Religious thinking, including amongMuslims, connects food and sex, as well as women and animals; both food practices and gender norms are significant for communal identity and boundary construction. Female bodies (properly covered) and animal bodies (properly slaughtered) serve as potent signifiers ofMuslim identity, as patriarchal thought sustains the hierarchical cosmologies that affirm male dominance in family and society and allow humans to view animals as legitimately subject to human violence. I argue thatMuslims in the industrializedWest—especially those concerned with gender justice—ought to be vegetarians and that feminist ethics provides underutilized resources forMuslim thinking about ethics generally and food ethics in particular. Much contemporaryMuslim thought about meat is at least as concerned with demonstrating the primacy of “Islamic” identity as with general questions about the formation of virtuous subjects and the development of good societies. This defensive concern with religious authenticity poses a stumbling block to richer thinking. Engagement with non‐Islamic (though not “un‐Islamic”) ethics provides a model for productive dialogue and engagement among parties who disagree about basic presumptions but agree on desirable outcomes, including the development of individuals' ethical sensibilities and the construction of societies conducive to human flourishing.
Using the 6S Pyramid to Identify Research–Based Instructional Practices for Students with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Santangelo Tanya , Novosel Leslie C. , Cook Bryan G. , Gapsis Meredith
Published: April 2015

To optimize students’ learning outcomes, educators are increasingly expected to use instructional practices shown to be effective by credible research. To help make this possible, organizations and scholars are producing resources that summarize research related to various instructional practices. However, as the collection of resources grows in size and complexity, it can be difficult and frustrating for practitioners to locate and utilize this information. In this article, we describe the 6S Pyramid (DiCenso, Bayley, & Haynes, 2009), a framework for efficiently and accurately prioritizing different types of research evidence. We also identify and briefly summarize Internet resources corresponding with each level of the Pyramid that can be used to identify research–based practices for students with learning disabilities. To illustrate how the 6S Pyramid can be used in school and classroom settings, we begin and end the article with vignettes featuring a pair of co–teachers seeking to improve instruction for their students who struggle with reading.
Using a Conceptual Understanding and Procedural Fluency Heuristic to Target Math Interventions with Students in Early Elementary
Authors: Burns Matthew K. , Walick Christopher , Simonson Gregory R. , Dominguez Lauren , Harelstad Laura , Kincaid Aleksis , Nelson Gena S.
Published: April 2015

The study examined the use of a conceptual and procedural framework for identifying math deficits and delivering appropriate interventions. Participants were two first–grade students and one third–grade student, who were identified as struggling with the grade–appropriate content in math. The first–grade students focused on addition and the third–grade student focused on multiplication. Each student's conceptual understanding was assessed, and students who lacked conceptual understanding received an intervention that addressed underlying concepts. Students with acceptable understanding of the underlying concepts received an intervention that focused on the procedure. The study used a single–case, multiple–baseline design, but the contra–indicated intervention was administered for the first 2 weeks following baseline, with the prescribed intervention for the final 2 weeks. Each student showed more growth during the prescribed intervention phase when compared to the contra–indicated phase.
Sofosbuvir and simeprevir is effective for recurrent hepatitis C in liver transplant recipients
Authors: Saab Sammy , Greenberg Adam , Li Edwin , Bau Sherona Ngashea , Durazo Francisco , El‐Kabany Mohammed , Han Steven , Busuttil Ronald W.
Published: April 2015

Background & Aims

Hepatitis C is the most common indication for liver transplantation (LT). Recurrent infection is universal and can lead to progressive liver disease. Widespread use of interferon‐based therapy has been limited by intolerability and adverse effects.

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of sofosbuvir and simeprevir in the treatment of recurrent hepatitis C in adult (age >18) LT recipients.

Results

Seventy‐six percent of the recipients were male and the mean age [±standard deviation (SD)] was 61 (±6.0) years. The mean time (±SD) from LT to treatment initiation was 71.8 (±77.1) months. Of the 26 patients with viral levels measured 4 weeks after starting antiviral therapy, 58% were undetectable. At the end of therapy, viral load was undetectable in all transplant recipients. The 12 week sustained viral response (SVR) was 93%. All recipients were able to complete therapy and no patients required growth factors of blood product transfusion during treatment. No patient required drug interruption of their immunosuppressant therapy.

Conclusion

The use of sofosbuvir and simeprevir is efficacious, safe, and tolerable and should be considered in LT recipients with recurrent HCV who are candidates for antiviral therapy.
The effects of recombination, mutation and selection on the evolution of the Rp1 resistance genes in grasses
Authors: Jouet Agathe , McMullan Mark , van Oosterhout Cock
Published: April 2015

Plant immune genes, or resistance genes, are involved in a co‐evolutionary arms race with a diverse range of pathogens. In agronomically important grasses, such R genes have been extensively studied because of their role in pathogen resistance and in the breeding of resistant cultivars. In this study, we evaluate the importance of recombination, mutation and selection on the evolution of the R gene complex Rp1 of Sorghum, Triticum, Brachypodium, Oryza and Zea. Analyses show that recombination is widespread, and we detected 73 independent instances of sequence exchange, involving on average 1567 of 4692 nucleotides analysed (33.4%). We were able to date 24 interspecific recombination events and found that four occurred postspeciation, which suggests that genetic introgression took place between different grass species. Other interspecific events seemed to have been maintained over long evolutionary time, suggesting the presence of balancing selection. Significant positive selection (i.e. a relative excess of nonsynonymous substitutions (dN/dS>1)) was detected in 17–95 codons (0.42–2.02%). Recombination was significantly associated with areas with high levels of polymorphism but not with an elevated dN/dS ratio. Finally, phylogenetic analyses show that recombination results in a general overestimation of the divergence time (mean = 14.3%) and an alteration of the gene tree topology if the tree is not calibrated. Given that the statistical power to detect recombination is determined by the level of polymorphism of the amplicon as well as the number of sequences analysed, it is likely that many studies have underestimated the importance of recombination relative to the mutation rate.
Reproductive workers show queenlike gene expression in an intermediately eusocial insect, the buff‐tailed bumble bee Bombus terrestris
Authors: Harrison Mark C. , Hammond Robert L. , Mallon Eamonn B.
Published: April 2015

Bumble bees represent a taxon with an intermediate level of eusociality within Hymenoptera. The clear division of reproduction between a single founding queen and the largely sterile workers is characteristic for highly eusocial species, whereas the morphological similarity between the bumble bee queen and the workers is typical for more primitively eusocial hymenopterans. Also, unlike other highly eusocial hymenopterans, division of labour among worker subcastes is plastic and not predetermined by morphology or age. We conducted a differential expression analysis based on RNA‐seq data from 11 combinations of developmental stage and caste to investigate how a single genome can produce the distinct castes of queens, workers and males in the buff‐tailed bumble bee Bombus terrestris. Based on expression patterns, we found males to be the most distinct of all adult castes (2411 transcripts differentially expressed compared to nonreproductive workers). However, only relatively few transcripts were differentially expressed between males and workers during development (larvae: 71 and pupae: 162). This indicates the need for more distinct expression patterns to control behaviour and physiology in adults compared to those required to create different morphologies. Among female castes, reproductive workers and their nonreproductive sisters displayed differential expression in over ten times more transcripts compared to the differential expression found between reproductive workers and their mother queen. This suggests a strong shift towards a more queenlike behaviour and physiology when a worker becomes fertile. This contrasts with eusocial species where reproductive workers are more similar to nonreproductive workers than the queen.
Semantic Enrichment for Building Information Modeling
Authors: Belsky Michael , Sacks Rafael , Brilakis Ioannis
Published: April 2015

Significant difficulties remain in exchanging information between building information modeling (BIM) tools. The industry foundation classes (IFC) exchange schema is too generic to capture the full semantic meaning needed for direct use by different construction project stakeholders’ BIM tools. Although BIM standards that prescribe model view definitions (MVD) for domain‐specific exchanges are under development, insufficient semantic definition of exchanges prevents achievement of the full potential of BIM through seamless interoperability. We propose an innovative approach for supplementing an IFC exchange file with semantically useful concepts inferred from the explicit and implicit information contained in the building model. A prototype software was implemented to test the applicability of the approach. It consists of a rule‐processing engine and allows composition of inference rule‐sets that can be tailored for different domains. The tests demonstrate semantic enrichment with precast concrete building models, adding inferred joint, slab aggregation and connection concepts.
The Herzenberg lecture: how to make a B‐1 cell?
Authors: Rajewsky Klaus
Published: April 2015

This essay presents a short historical perspective on B‐1 cells and a synopsis of contemporary work in my laboratory on generating B‐1 from B‐2 cells via B cell receptor exchange.
Return migration of 1.5 generation Korean New Zealanders: Short‐term and long‐term motives
Authors: Lee Jane Yeonjae , Friesen Wardlow , Kearns Robin A.
Published: April 2015

Through in‐depth interviews and participant observation with 40 1.5 generation Korean New Zealander returnees, we explore life trajectories and identify both short‐ and long‐term reasons for return. Short‐term reasons for return include moving home when entering adulthood in order to begin a career, gaining new experiences and finding a future spouse. Longer term influences include the difficulties of living as minority‐status immigrants in the host society, transnational connections and a longing for a sense of ‘home’. Our consideration of longer term migration strategies sheds light upon the often forgotten difficulties and complexities that can underlie an individual's return.
Preserving coastal natural character: Court interpretations of a long‐standing New Zealand policy goal
Authors: Froude Victoria Ann
Published: April 2015

New Zealand's policy goal to preserve coastal natural character was first incorporated into planning legislation in 1973 and protected area legislation in 1977. An evaluation of 100 relevant Resource Management Act Court decisions determined the Courts' interpretations of this policy goal. The Courts have repeatedly found that natural character is of nature (not culture), including natural elements, patterns, and processes. There is a continuum of naturalness from pristine indigenous ecosystems to the urban environment. A 2014 Supreme Court decision has upheld the use of environmental bottom lines for natural character and the importance of protection as part of sustainable management.
Psychopathy, attention, and oddball target detection: New insights from PCL‐R facet scores
Authors: Anderson Nathaniel E. , Steele Vaughn R. , Maurer J. Michael , Bernat Edward M. , Kiehl Kent A.
Published: April 2015

Psychopathy is a disorder accompanied by cognitive deficits including abnormalities in attention. Prior studies examining cognitive features of psychopaths using ERPs have produced some inconsistent results. We examined psychopathy‐related differences in ERPs during an auditory oddball task in a sample of incarcerated adult males. We extend previous work by deriving ERPs with principal component analysis (PCA) and relate these to the four facets of Hare's Psychopathy Checklist Revised (PCL‐R). Features of psychopathy were associated with increased target N1 amplitude (facets 1, 4), decreased target P3 amplitude (facet 1), and reduced slow wave amplitude for frequent standard stimuli (facets 1, 3, 4). We conclude that employing PCA and examining PCL‐R facets improve sensitivity and help clarify previously reported associations. Furthermore, attenuated slow wave during standards may be a novel marker for psychopaths' abnormalities in attention.
Using landscape context to map invasive species with medium‐resolution satellite imagery
Authors: Zweig Christa L. , Newman Susan
Published: April 2015

The spread of invasive species is a global problem of major ecological and economic concern. Landscape level assessment of invasive spread is critical, but remote sensing (RS) analyses are often complicated by the spectral similarity of species and the need to balance spatial resolution with data storage and analysis complexity. One example is the ridge and slough landscape (RSL) of the Florida Everglades, where inflowing nutrients have facilitated large‐scale cattail invasions. Hand delineation of aerial imagery has been successful in mapping cattail spread, but this technique requires considerable time and effort. Computerized classification of medium‐resolution imagery would increase the ability of scientists to provide up‐to‐date data for water management decisions. Advances in RS technologies have created opportunities that were not previously available in landscapes such as the RSL—to automatically classify sawgrass and cattail communities with medium‐resolution satellite imagery using knowledge of the invasion ecology of cattail and landscape context. We developed a computer‐classification technique that provided measure of cattail expansion that matched ground‐truthed data and show an increase in cattail area (similar to previous estimates), but a reduction in the rate of expansion over time. Although this technique can miss small patches of plants that might indicated new invasions, its rapid mapping can improve tracking of invasion fronts in the Everglades and other landscapes.
Ibn Taymiyya, Radical Polymath, Part I: Scholarly Perceptions
Authors: Bazzano Elliott A.
Published: April 2015

Ibn Taymiyya has aroused a spectrum of both positive and negative perceptions in the pre‐modern and modern worlds. His heterodox legal, political, and theological views routinely upset religious and state authorities, and throughout his life (661/1263–728/1328), his unpopular opinions led him to prison on a number of occasions, including the final months before he died. Despite his enemies, his admirers were also many, and according to some accounts, hundreds of thousands attended his funeral. By all accounts, such conflicted perceptions remained across the centuries. Contemporary scholarship, moreover, continues to cast Ibn Taymiyya in polarizing manners. Some see him as a social and intellectual deviant while others draw on him as a key source of inspiration in both political and religious realms. ‘Salafi’ and ‘Wahhabi’ movements have selectively adopted his views, ranging from jihād to anti‐Sufi tendencies and the promotion of state‐sponsored Islamic law (sharī‘a). The complex polymath, however, wrote prodigiously on numerous topics including theology, political theory, qur'anic exegesis, jurisprudence, and mysticism. This article surveys Ibn Taymiyya's life with particular attention to biographical perceptions in the pre‐modern and modern worlds. The second part of this article explores Ibn Taymiyya's intellectual contributions to a number of debates in his lifetime and following, with particular attention to how secondary scholarship has framed his work.
Ibn Taymiyya, Radical Polymath, Part 2: Intellectual Contributions
Authors: Bazzano Elliott A.
Published: April 2015

Part one of this two‐part article surveys Ibn Taymiyya's life with particular attention to biographical perceptions in the premodern as well as modern worlds. The second part hones in on Ibn Taymiyya's intellectual contributions to a number of debates in his lifetime and following, with particular attention to how secondary scholarship has framed his work. Contemporary authors often reduce Ibn Taymiyya (d. 728/1328) to a modern political inspiration by giving attention to his influence on allegedly puritanical religio‐political movements in the modern world. Participants in these movements, including ‘Salafis’ and ‘Wahhabis,’ have selectively adopted his views on issues ranging from jihād to anti‐Sufi tendencies and the promotion of state‐sponsored Islamic law (sharī‘a). The complex polymath, however, wrote prodigiously on numerous topics including theology, political theory, qur'anic exegesis, jurisprudence, and mysticism. Although he espoused violence in some situations, he was a pacifist at other times. This, combined with his attention to independent legal reasoning (ijtihād), often offended authorities and landed him in jail on more than one occasion. Just as he upbraided certain Sufis, moreover, he also espoused a type of Sufism in accord with his own persuasions. We must therefore recognize the Damascene polymath for his abilities to adroitly navigate and contribute to all manners of debates in his time, regardless of—although relevant to—how modern scholars have understood his writings.
A love that burns: Eroticism, torment and identity at the Palazzo Te
Authors: Maurer Maria F.
Published: April 2015

This essay re‐examines Giulio Romano's Palazzo Te (1525–36) in light of Renaissance attitudes towards eroticism and love. Contrary to a body of scholarship that interprets the building as a hedonistic pleasure palace intended to serve as a meeting place for Federico II Gonzaga and his mistress, I argue that Federico used the Palazzo Te to construct a masculine identity based on Petrarchan notions of love. Erotic and poetic images at the palace were intended to provoke discourse and facilitate masculine homosocial bonding, while the many allusions to Federico's burning desire for his mistress cast the Mantuan ruler as a man ennobled by his tormented love. I argue that Federico purposefully constructed an identity around concepts of tortured subjectivity and ardent love that were circulating in Mantua and abroad. Far from a private retreat, the Palazzo Te was employed by Federico to shape a public princely identity in which his love for his mistress was one means by which he projected his amatory self.
Abortion Counselling in Britain: Understanding the Controversy
Authors: Hoggart Lesley
Published: April 2015

This article reviews literature from a number of disciplines in order to provide an explanation of the political controversy attached to the provision of abortion counselling. It will show how this is an area of health policy debate in which women's reproductive bodies have become a setting for political struggle. The issue of abortion counselling in Britain has undergone a number of discursive shifts in response to political manoeuvring and changing socio‐legal framing of abortion. In particular, the article shows how much of the controversial reframing of abortion counselling was a tactical shift by political actors opposed to abortionper se, and this work is critiqued for not contextualising abortion. The article then focuses on women's abortion experiences and discusses research that shows how women's decision‐making processes, and responses to an abortion, are related to gendered socio‐cultural contexts: the extent to which women having an abortion feel they have transgressed societal norms and values, for example, is likely to affect their abortion experiences. Finally, it is suggested that providing a non‐judgemental context, and challenging negative discourses on abortion, may be the most effective way of minimising the possibility of negative emotions.
Gender Differentiation in Paid and Unpaid Work during the Transition to Parenthood
Authors: Barnes Medora W.
Published: April 2015

The transition to parenthood may be especially difficult because relationships need to be largely reorganized to meet demanding new challenges. For scholars interested in gender inequality, the transition to parenthood is a critical time in which gender differentiation is generated by both economic and cultural forces. Although newly married childless couples tend to share both paid and unpaid labor rather equally, when men and women become parents, their patterns become increasingly differentiated by gender. Cultural beliefs that emphasize mothers as the primary parent and fathers as secondary reinforce unequal patterns in housework and childcare. Time availability models, bargaining perspectives, and gender theories all have been used to explain these patterns. Some changes that could help ease the transition to parenthood include expanding US parental leave policies, improving available childcare, adding flexible work policies, and offering more couples‐focused intervention programs. Although much is known about the topic, more research is needed for the literature to reflect the new generation of global and diverse parents.
Full‐length transcriptome sequences and splice variants obtained by a combination of sequencing platforms applied to different root tissues of Salvia miltiorrhiza and tanshinone biosynthesis
Authors: Xu Zhichao , Peters Reuben J. , Weirather Jason , Luo Hongmei , Liao Baosheng , Zhang Xin , Zhu Yingjie , Ji Aijia , Zhang Bing , Hu Songnian , Au Kin Fai , Song Jingyuan , Chen Shilin
Published: April 2015

Danshen, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, is one of the most widely used herbs in traditional Chinese medicine, wherein its rhizome/roots are particularly valued. The corresponding bioactive components include the tanshinone diterpenoids, the biosynthesis of which is a subject of considerable interest. Previous investigations of the S. miltiorrhiza transcriptome have relied on short‐read next‐generation sequencing (NGS) technology, and the vast majority of the resulting isotigs do not represent full‐length cDNA sequences. Moreover, these efforts have been targeted at either whole plants or hairy root cultures. Here, we demonstrate that the tanshinone pigments are produced and accumulate in the root periderm, and apply a combination of NGS and single‐molecule real‐time (SMRT) sequencing to various root tissues, particularly including the periderm, to provide a more complete view of the S. miltiorrhiza transcriptome, with further insight into tanshinone biosynthesis as well. In addition, the use of SMRT long‐read sequencing offered the ability to examine alternative splicing, which was found to occur in approximately 40% of the detected gene loci, including several involved in isoprenoid/terpenoid metabolism.
Classification of herbicides according to chemical family for weed resistance management strategies – an update
Authors: Forouzesh A , Zand E , Soufizadeh S , Samadi Foroushani S
Published: April 2015

There are inaccuracies in the chemical families of the WSSA and HRAC herbicide classification systems which could limit their practical use in herbicide‐based weed management strategies. In essence, these inaccuracies could be divided into four parts: (i) the nomenclature of many of the chemical families is not correct, (ii) distinct active ingredients are grouped in same chemical families, (iii) many chemical families have been repeated in at least two modes of action/herbicide groups, and (iv) many active ingredients have not been assigned to chemical family, herbicide group or mode of action. The aim of this study was to revise the current classifications and to propose corrections for the current ones. Detailed investigations on chemical structure of the active ingredients of the registered herbicides showed that some moieties have the same mechanisms of action. According to this study, these moieties have been assigned to the names of chemical families and active ingredients are then classified within the chemical families accordingly. This study has 119 chemical families, compared with 145 in the WSSA system and 58 in the HRAC system. A major priority of this study is the number of active ingredients covered; we included 410 active ingredients with known mechanisms of action and herbicide groups, more than 100 active ingredients more than the current classification systems. Overall, this study provides better opportunities for the management of resistance to herbicides through the application of improved pure and applied knowledge.
Nanotopographic Biomaterials for Isolation of Circulating Tumor Cells
Authors: Qian Weiyi , Zhang Yan , Gordon Andrew , Chen Weiqiang
Published: April 2015

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) shed from the primary tumor mass and circulating in the bloodstream of patients are believed to be vital to understand of cancer metastasis and progression. Capture and release of CTCs for further enumeration and molecular characterization holds the key for early cancer diagnosis, prognosis and therapy evaluation. However, detection of CTCs is challenging due to their rarity, heterogeneity and the increasing demand of viable CTCs for downstream biological analysis. Nanotopographic biomaterial-based microfluidic systems are emerging as promising tools for CTC capture with improved capture efficiency, purity, throughput and retrieval of viable CTCs. This review offers a brief overview of the recent advances in this field, including CTC detection technologies based on nanotopographic biomaterials and relevant nanofabrication methods. Additionally, the possible intracellular mechanisms of the intrinsic nanotopography sensitive responses that lead to the enhanced CTC capture are explored.
A Splendid Blend of Nanotechnology and Forensic Science
Authors: Chakraborty Dhritiman , Rajan Gopika , Isaac Rimal
Published: April 2015

Nanotechnology, which is being employed in all areas of technology, also finds application in the sector of forensics. It is evident that utilization of this technology will help the criminologists to solve the criminal mystery with greater accuracy and pace. Fingerprinting technology, deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) analysis, forensic material testing, etc., are some technical zones that are being invaded by nanoscience. This is a brief review about the applications of nanotechnology in forensics. It also provides insight to the future prospects of this amalgamation of technologies, leading to better scientific analysis of evidence suitable for legal proceedings.
Local Contact Stiffness Detection for Nondestructive Testing Based on the Contact Resonance of a Piezoelectric Cantilever
Authors: Fu Ji , Liu Yaqiong , Zhou Xilong , Li Yingwei , Li Faxin
Published: April 2015

In the field of nondestructive testing (NDT), a suitable defect identification parameter plays an important role in evaluating the reliability of structures or materials. In this work, we proposed a NDT method which detects the sample's local contact stiffness (LCS) based on the contact resonance of a piezoelectric cantilever. First, through finite element analysis (FEA) we showed that LCS is quite sensitive to typical defects including debonding, voids, cracks, and inclusions, indicating that LCS could be a good identification parameter. Then, a homemade NDT system containing a piezoelectric cantilever was assembled to detect the sample's LCS by tracking the contact resonance frequency (CRF) of the cantilever-sample system. Testing results indicated that the proposed NDT method could detect the above mentioned defects efficiently and precisely. The cantilever-stiffness dependent detection sensitivity was specially investigated and the stiffer cantilevers were found to be more sensitive to small defects, while the softer cantilevers were more suitable for large defects detecting with smaller pressing force. Finally, the detection limit of this NDT method is investigated both experimentally and computationally. The proposed LCS-based NDT method could be very promising for defect detecting in noncontinuous structures and composite materials.
Compressor Blade Vibration Measurements Using Blade Image Velocimetry
Authors: Mikrut Paul L. , Morris Scott C. , Cameron Joshua D.
Published: April 2015

This paper discusses the application of a novel vibration measurement technique, termed blade image velocimetry (BIV), to a high-speed axial compressor. Measurements of compressor blade vibration can be difficult to obtain and are critical to aeromechanical design validation. The measurement technique discussed in this paper used a commercial particle image velocimetry (PIV) system and was developed as an alternative to conventional measurement techniques such as strain gages and blade tip timing (BTT). The measurement principles and error analysis are reviewed. Methods for estimating the magnitude of random noise corrupting the measurement and validating the vibration amplitude estimates are presented. The technique was validated using a 1.5 stage axial compressor operating at low shaft speed, where it measured the tip velocity to within 0.02% of the true value. The technique was then used to investigate blade vibration at high shaft speed. Low amplitude vibrations in first bending and first torsion were discovered when the compressor was operated at design air-mass flow rate. These vibrations had a maximum tip deflection of 15μm for bending and 7μm for torsion. The vibration amplitude for first bending and first torsion tripled when the compressor was operated at low air mass-flow rate, corresponding to deep stall. Furthermore, excitation of the third eigenmode was also measured. The maximum tip deflections of the first three eigenmodes when the compressor was operated at deep stall were 47μm, 27μm, and 15μm, respectively.
Design of 40,000-HP Barge Mounted High Pressure Pipeline Station
Authors: Joplin J. F.
Published: April 2015

This paper describes the design of the world’s largest gas turbine powered barge mounted compressor station. This is a completely unattended, remotely controlled station that was mounted on a concrete barge in the United States and towed to Venezuela.
Status of Environmental Legislation Affecting Fossil Fuel Fired Power Generating Equipment
Authors: Dibelius N. R. , Marx W. F.
Published: April 2015

This paper is a summary of the federal legislation through October 1971 pertaining to environmental controls for air, water, and noise. Only that legislation having an impact on gas turbine, steam turbine, and combined gas turbine–steam turbine power generating equipment is considered. Environmental regulations are changing rapidly and must be followed closely for the next few years. This paper is intended to be the first of a series of papers on the subject.
Design and Test Evaluation of a Liquid Metal Regenerator for Gas Turbines
Authors: Moskowitz S. , Horvath J. , Lombardo S.
Published: April 2015

The use of a regenerative cycle powerplant is a means of improving the part load fuel consumption of gas turbine engines. The use of air-to-gas regenerative systems for high thermal effectiveness and low pressure drop goals, however, can involve a prohibitive increase in engine volume and weight and a severe compromise to engine configuration. This paper describes a lightweight regenerator for a 4000-shp turboshaft engine in which the transfer of heat from the turbine exhaust gas to the compressor discharge air is accomplished by a liquid metal system using NaK as the heat transport fluid. The design of the regenerator system, consisting of an exhaust gas-to-liquid metal heat exchanger, a liquid metal-to-compressor air heat exchanger and a liquid metal rotary induction pump which form the hermetically sealed liquid metal circuit, is presented. Results of analytical studies and information concerning the special manufacturing processes for these system components are described. The results of performance and durability testing of this regenerator system under simulated engine conditions are also presented and compared with predicted performance.
Proposed Gas Turbine Procurement Standard
Authors: Foster-Pegg R. W.
Published: April 2015

Facets of safety of operating personnel, the public and equipment are presented in this paper which is one of a series covering all subjects of the proposed gas turbine procurement standard. Information is furnished to provide guidance in the preparation of gas turbine purchase specifications. Comments and suggestions are welcomed by the authors in order to improve this material and produce a more useful standard.
Boundary Layers on Rough Compressor Blades
Authors: Bammert K. , Milsch R.
Published: April 2015

Blades of axial flow compressors are often roughened by corrosion or erosion. There is only scant information about the influence of this roughening on the boundary layers of the blades and thereby on the compressor efficiency. To obtain detailed information for calculating the efficiency drop due to the roughness, experimental investigations with an enlarged cascade have been executed. The results enabled to develop new formulas for a modified friction coefficient in the laminar region and for the laminar-turbulent transition and the separation points of the boundary layer. Thus, together with the Truckenbrodt theory, it was possible, to get a good reproduction of the experimental results.
100,000 Hours in Retrospect
Authors: Bultzo Charles
Published: April 2015

The object of this paper is to scope the operation of a gas turbine through the magic first 100,000 hr of operation. Using examples of problems, the author attempts to define the philosophy that was generated by the problems and experiences of operating a process gas turbine.
Increasing the Aerodynamic Loading of Axial Flow Turbines
Authors: Karadimas G.
Published: April 2015

Monitoring of velocity variation around airfoil profiles, together with computation of boundary layer variation, have made it possible to increase the aerodynamic loading of turbine blading, that is to say to increase both the Mach number level and the deviation, this being obtained without any reduction of the blading optimum operating envelope. Tests conducted on a flat blade cascade and on a complete turbine stage have permitted first to cross-check and validate the methods in use, and further, to successfully obtain the anticipated results.
The Design and Operational Characteristics of a Combined Cycle Marine Powerplant
Authors: Merz C. A. , Pakula T. J.
Published: April 2015

The subject of this paper is the design and operational characteristics of a 43,000-shp combined gas turbine and steam turbine marine powerplant, known as COGAS. Based upon the “second generation technology” FT4C-2 marine gas turbine, the combined cycle fuel rate is 0.363 lb/shp-hr which represents a thermal efficiency of 41 percent. It is the intent of this paper to show that this low fuel rate design can be achieved with simplicity, operational flexibility, and minimum environmental effect.
Design Considerations for High-Pressure-Ratio Centrifugal Compressors
Authors: Rodgers Colin , Sapiro Leon
Published: April 2015

Major design considerations involved in selecting geometries for high-pressure ratio, single-stage centrifugal compressors are discussed. The results of a parametric study are included to indicate optimum regions of design, and to project the potential performance of centrifugal compressors with rotating diffusers. Several different candidate design solutions are evaluated on the basis of providing improved performance at high pressure ratios consistent with maintaining the inherent simplicity and low-cost features of centrifugal compressors.
Unsteady Forces and Noise From Fan-in-Wing Model in Cross Flow
Authors: Abdelhamid A. N. , Schaub U. W.
Published: April 2015

Unsteady forces and noise from a fan-in-wing model operated in cross flow are investigated. Based on experimentally determined inlet and outlet flow distortions the unsteady forces on the rotor blades are determined analytically taking into account the effects of blade angle of attack and blade camber. Results of unsteady forces due to flow distortions are compared with those on the rotor blades due to potential interaction with the stator vanes. The calculated unsteady forces on rotor blades are used to calculate the discrete frequency noise emission characteristics of the fan. The predicted sound pressure levels are compared with those due to potential and viscous interactions. It is shown that the predicted unsteady forces on the rotor blades due to cross velocity do not significantly contribute to the noise generated by the fan.
Allison GT-404: The VIP Engine-Versatile Industrial Power
Authors: Best G. C. , Flanigan E. E.
Published: April 2015

The development of the regenerative industrial gas turbine has progressed to the point where it can soon take its place with the diesel engine in the heavy-duty power market. The design goals for the Allison GT-404, and the progress in its development are reviewed in detail. The application of the engine to prototype installations in passenger coaches, highway, trucks and generator sets is described, together with significant findings from operating experience to date.
Ceramics in Industrials Gas Turbines
Authors: DeCorso S. M. , Harrison D. E.
Published: April 2015

Ceramic components are the key to gas turbines having higher thermal efficiencies and greater specific power outputs than designs that relay solely on cooled metal components. Because of the superior oxidation-sulfidation resistance of ceramics, additional economic benefits can result from the use of lowcost, nondistillate fuels. A program for developing ceramic vanes for a large stationary gas turbine will be discussed in terms of the design and material requirements.
Fireside Corrosion of Austenitic Alloys at High Temperature in a Fluidized Bed Coal Combustor
Authors: Carroll M. R. , Godfrey T. G. , Drake K. R. , Cooper R. H.
Published: April 2015

A 2.25 sq ft (0.21 sq m) atmospheric fluidized bed combustor (AFBC), using Illinois No. 6 coal and Quincy limestone is being used to test the in-bed corrosion resistance of selected austenitic alloys with a maximum metal temperature of 870 C (1600 F). This paper describes the combustor test facility, test parameters, materials selection and summarizes the results after 1500 hr of testing.
GUD: An Unfired Combined Cycle Approach to Energy Utilization
Authors: Mayer Martin
Published: April 2015

The author dedicates his contribution to the position occupied by the gas turbine in the present production of electric energy from the point of view of possibilities for better utilization of the thermal energy (fuel) used, i.e., of increasing the cycle efficiency. The influence of the fuel type, which becomes important for the economic viability of the plant as well as for comparison with different power plant systems, is considered in detail. Due to the fact that the predominant reserves of energy are to be found in the gas turbine’s waste heat, the design basis for a system utilizing this available energy source is discussed. The heavy-duty KWU gas turbines are used to provide an introduction to the GUD waste heat recovery system. The system which has been developed is described on the basis of European as well as Middle Eastern experience. The basic scheme is stated, and the influence which the specific site conditions have on its extension is mentioned. A special section is dedicated to the operation of the GUD plant, especially the start-up and emergency shutdown devices. In the final section of the paper, conclusions are drawn regarding the further development of the unfired combined cycle.
Oil Squeeze Film Dampers for Reducing Vibration of Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines
Authors: Miyachi Toshio , Hoshiya Shoji , Sofue Yasushi , Matsuki Masakatsu , Torisaki Tadao
Published: April 2015

Theoretical analysis and experiments were carried out on cylindrical oil squeeze film dampers. The finite element method (FEM) was applied for calculating pressure distribution in the dampers with end seals and oil grooves. Measurements of the viscous damping coefficient of several dampers were conducted and compared with theoretical values. The effects of the dampers on the vibrational characteristics of engines were reviewed through theoretical analysis and experiments on an engine model. Then, the effects of squeeze film dampers on an actual engine were evaluated for design information.
Fuel Effects in Recent Combustion Turbine Burner Tests of Six Coal Liquids
Authors: Pillsbury P. W. , Singh P. P. , Cohn A. , Stein T. R. , Mulik P. R.
Published: April 2015

Comparative tests have been made in combustion turbine burners between six coal derived liquid (CDL) fuels and No. 2 distillate oil. All CDL fuels were evaluated in a half-scale (by diameter) combustor test rig, while one CDL fuel was also evaluated in a full scale high pressure combustion rig. The effects of these fuels on emissions of smoke and oxides of nitrogen, and on combustor metal temperature are discussed. Also observed in the testing were flame radiation, post-test combustor cleanliness, and emissions of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. Two of the CDLs do appear to be within the tolerance band which present combustion turbines can accept, with the exception of elevated NOx emissions. This work is part of an Electric Power Research Institute program to develop burners for coal derived liquids.
Design and Development of a New 37 MW Packaged Gas Turbine Power Plant
Authors: Jermanok J. , Ludwig G. A.
Published: April 2015

A new 37-MW, single-shaft gas turbine power plant has been designed for electric power generation, for use in either simple-cycle or combined-cycle applications. This paper describes the evolution, design features, performance, and test program.
Nonsynchronous Vibrations Observed in a Supercritical Power Transmission Shaft
Authors: Darlow M. S. , Zorzi E. S.
Published: April 2015

A flexible shaft is prone to a number of vibration phenomena which occur at frequencies other than synchronous with rotational speed Nonsynchronous vibrations from several sources were observed while running a test rig designed to simulate the operation of a supercritical power tranmission shaft The test rig was run first with very light external damping and then with a higher level of external damping, for comparison. As a result, the effect of external damping on the nonsynchronous vibrations of the test rig was observed. All of these nonsynchronous vibrations were of significant amplitude. Their presence in the vibrations spectra for a supercritical power transmission shaft at various speeds in the operating range indicates that very careful attention to all of the vibration spectra should be made in any supercritical power transmission shafting. This paper presents a review of the analysis performed and a comparison with experimental data. A thorough discussion of the observed nonsynchronous whirl is also provided.
Repowering of a Small Utility: A Unique Solution to a Unique Problem
Authors: Fougere L. F. , Stewart H. G. , Bell J.
Published: April 2015

Citizens Utilities Company’s Kauai Electric Division is the electric utility on the Island of Kauai, fourth largest and westernmost as well as northernmost of the Hawaiian Islands. As a result of growing load requirements, additional generating capacity was required that would afford a high level of reliability and operating flexibility and good fuel economy at reasonable capital investment. To meet these requirements, a combined cycle arrangement was completed in 1978 utilizing one existing gas turbine-generator and one new gas turbine-generator, both exhausting to a new heat recovery steam generator which supplies steam to an existing steam turbine-generator. Damper controlled ducting directs exhaust gas from either gas turbine, one at a time, through the heat recovery steam generator. The existing oil-fired steam boiler remains available to power the steam turbine-generator independently or in parallel with the heat recovery steam generator. The gas turbines can operate either in simple cycle as peaking units or in combined cycle, one at a time, as base load units. This arrangement provides excellent operating reliability and flexibility, and the most favorable economics of all generating arrangements for the service required.
Dependence of Soot Production on Fuel Blend Characteristics and Combustion Conditions
Authors: Blazowski W. S.
Published: April 2015

Liquid synthetic fuels derived from non-petroleum resources will play a major role in meeting future national energy demands. In the case of gas turbine applications, it is known that the different properties of these fuels can rusult in substantially altered combustion performance. Most importantly, decreased fuel hydrogen content resulting from an increased aromatic content has been observed to result in increased exhaust smoke and particulates as well as greater flame luminosity. This paper contributes empirical information and insight which allows the greater soot formation tendencies of low hydrogen content fuels to be better understood. A small scale laboratory device which simulates the strongly backmixed conditions present in the primary zone of a gas turbine combustor is utilized. The Jet Stirred Combustor provides for very rapid mixing between a premixture of vaporized fuel and air and the combustion products within a 5.08-cm-dia hemispherical reactor. Results to be presented are gaseous combustion product distributions, incipient soot limits, and soot production (mg) for a variety of fuels. The influences of combustor inlet temperature and reactor mass loading have been evaluated and the sooting characteristics of fuel blends have been studied. These results have been analyzed to develop useful correlation which are in general agreement with existing mechanistic concepts of the soot formation process.
Comparison of Transverse Injection Effects in Annular and in Straight Turbine Cascades
Authors: Bindon J. P. , Aburwin B. A. , Maccallum N. R. L.
Published: April 2015

An experimental investigation has been made of the effects of transverse injection from the hub in front of the blades of an annular cascade. The hub end-wall boundary layer could be skewed, by rotating the nose cone. The data on transverse injection effects in straight cascades was extended to provide comparisons with the annular cascade results. Similar effects were observed in the two types of cascades, the principal effects being the creation of a separation bubble on the hub end-wall behind the injection slot, and the strengthening of the passage vortex, which is lifted away from the hub end-wall.