bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigating the impact of tool inertia on machinability of a β-titanium alloy using tool deflection and acoustic emission
Authors: Iqbal Asif , Biermann Dirk , Ali Hussein M , Zaini Juliana , Metzger Maximilian
Published: September 2018

Finding sustainable ways of machining exotic materials is gaining more and more importance in the manufacturing industry. Application of advanced measuring instruments for quantifying performance measures is a crucial requirement for making machining processes viable. The presented work aims to ameliorate machining of a high-strength β-titanium alloy using information from measurements of key responses, such as cutting energy consumption, tool deflection, and tool damage. Acoustic emission data and tool’s acceleration data are utilized to work out the magnitudes of energy consumed and deflection undergone by the tool, respectively. The article focuses on quantifying the effects of tool’s inertia, strength of work material, and two cutting parameters on the aforementioned responses. A total of 54 continuous cutting experiments are performed in which a fixed volume of material per experimental run is removed. Tool deflection method helped to determine the significant effects of varying tool inertia, work material strength, and cutting speed on the machining process. Likewise, acoustic emission method highlighted the strong effects of material strength and cutting speed caused on the cutting energy consumption. The effect of feed rate is found to be significant regarding tool wear only. Finally, the tool wear data are tested for correlation against the corresponding data sets of the other two responses. It is found that both tool deflection and cutting energy possess strong uphill relationships with tool wear.
Design and analysis of a novel micro-robot driving platform
Authors: Ju Jiachen , Wang Qingming , Zhang Keer
Published: September 2018

This paper presents a design of a micro-robot driving platform that can perform two-dimensional motions on the horizontal plane using only one single vibration motor. This device uses the centrifugal force and the friction force between the horizontal supporting plane and the device as the driving force. The device has the advantages of simple structure, miniaturization and low cost and it is easy to hermetic seal. It could be used in the small space and the environment that requires good hermetic sealing performance of the device. In this paper, the dynamic analysis of the device is carried out and the experiment results verified the correctness of the analysis and the feasibility of the design above, and the motion of the device is proved controllable.
Shape optimization and experimental research of near space airship
Authors: Ma Dongli , Li Guanxiong , Yang Muqing , Wang Shaoqi , Zhang Liang
Published: September 2018

Shape optimization has important effects on drag reduction of the near-space airship. This paper uses the Bezier curve to parameterize the hull of the airship. Based on multiple island genetic algorithms, the optimization platform combined with different programs is established, and a kind of low drag hull is obtained by optimization. Force measurement and flow observation wind tunnel test are used to research the aerodynamic characteristics of the ellipsoid hull and the optimized hull. Results show that, optimization mainly increases the volume ratio and the favorable pressure gradient region of the hull, therefore the surface area is reduced and transition position of the hull can be delayed. Compared with the LOTTE shape, transition position of the optimized shape moved backward by 13.78%, and the volume drag coefficient is reduced by 11.1%. It is known from the wind tunnel test that compared with the ellipsoid hull, transition position of the optimized shape moves backward obviously. Under the condition that the volume Reynolds number is 2.97 × 106, compared with the ellipsoid hull, volume drag coefficient of the optimized shape can reduce by 39.0%.
Estimation of peak particle velocity using soft computing technique approaches: a review
Authors: Prashanth R , Nimaje D S
Published: September 2018

Ground vibrations caused by blasting are undesirable consequences in the mining industry. It can cause serious damage to the nearby buildings and facilities. Hence, such vibrations have to be controlled to reduce the damage to the environment, and this may be achieved by predicting the blast peak particle velocity. The induced peak particle velocity has influenced by a number of parameters. They are spacing, burden, distance from the blast site, maximum explosive charge per delay, number of holes, stemming, and hole diameter. Existed empirical predictor approaches were used to evaluate the ground vibrations based on two parameters: distance and maximum explosive charge per hole only. To overcome the limitations of empirical methods, soft computing techniques are employed to estimate the peak particle velocity accurately. Since the late 1990s, several soft computing techniques such as artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic, and genetic algorithms have been proposed for achieving accurate prediction. This article presents a summary review of the developed soft computing in the 10 years following 2006 with particular emphasis on the number of influenced parameters and coefficient of determination ( R2).
Granting immigrants access to social benefits? How self-interest influences support for welfare state restrictiveness
Authors: Degen Daniel , Kuhn Theresa , van der Brug Wouter
Published: September 2018

In the context of large-scale migration within and into Europe, the question of whether and under which conditions immigrants should be granted access to social benefits in the country of destination is of high political relevance. A large body of research has studied natives’ attitudes towards giving immigrants access to the welfare state, while research on attitudes of immigrants themselves is scarce. Focusing on the impact of self-interest, we compare immigrants and native citizens in their attitudes towards granting immigrants access to the welfare state. We identify three mechanisms through which self-interest can influence these attitudes: immigrant origin, socio-economic status and – for first-generation immigrants only – incorporation into the host society. We test our expectations using cross-national data from the European Social Survey round 2008. The findings suggest that self-interest is indeed one of the factors that motivate attitudes towards welfare state restrictiveness among natives and immigrants, but also point at relevant exceptions to this pattern.
‘Human’ or ‘objective’ faces of science? Gender stereotypes and the representation of scientists in the media
Authors: Mitchell Madeline , McKinnon Merryn
Published: September 2018

This article examines contemporary representations of female and male scientists in The New York Times with a particular emphasis on stereotypes related to gender and science as a profession. The selected series of profiles is approximately proportional in its representation of women in science and generally gives a rounded and diverse picture of their subjects. Traditionally ‘masculine’ characteristics (e.g. individual drive and brilliance) as well as ‘feminine’ communal skills (e.g. collaboration, communication and teamwork) are attributed to both male and female scientists. Nevertheless, textual and image analyses reveal that some differences remain in the treatment of male and female subjects, particularly in the unequal focus on combining family and career. This research identifies progress in media representations of scientists in comparison to previous studies. However, there is still room for improvement, especially in the representation of scientists from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds.
Rethinking Education: Montessori’s Approach
Authors: Lillard Angeline S.
Published: September 2018

More than 100 years ago, an Italian physician began designing an education system with the expressed purpose of helping children thrive to their full potential, rather than pass tests. Psychology research is strongly supportive of the system’s underlying theoretical principles, and accumulating studies show that when the system is well implemented, children’s outcomes even on tests are superior to those obtained with business-as-usual school programs. Researchers are now examining whether these good outcomes are in part due to the educational method causing epigenetic effects (i.e., changes in gene expression).
Hepatitis B Prevalence and Risk Factors in a Foreign-Born Asian and Pacific Islander Population at a Community Health Center in Hawai‘i
Authors: Ferrer Aileen , Katz Alan R. , Hurwitz Eric L. , Pham Thaddeus
Published: September 2018

Hawai‘i has one of the highest rates of liver cancer in the United States. This is in large part due to undiagnosed chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection among foreign-born Asian and Pacific Islanders (APIs). In order to estimate the prevalence of CHB infection among foreign-born APIs in Hawai‘i, the Hawai‘i State Department of Health conducted a cross-sectional study from August 2013 through August 2015 of patients of a federally qualified health center serving the largest population of medically underserved APIs in the state. Among 1261 patients surveyed, the prevalence of CHB infection (based on HBsAg seropositivity) was 5.6% (71/1259). No significant differences were detected by place of birth, age, or gender; however, the adjusted prevalence ratio of CHB infection was 6.0 times higher among persons reporting household contact with hepatitis B virus compared with those without such contact. Our findings underscore the need for targeted screening of at-risk individuals and their household contacts.
Effect of introducing a feedback device during adult and infant cardiopulmonary resuscitation training: A ‘before and after’ study
Authors: Kim Kwan Ho , Kim Chan Woong , Oh Je Hyeok
Published: September 2018

Objective:

This study aimed to verify the effect of introducing a feedback device during adult and infant cardiopulmonary resuscitation training.

Methods:

A feedback device was introduced in the cardiopulmonary resuscitation training course of our medical school in the middle of the last semester. The cardiopulmonary resuscitation training course consisted of 2 h of instructor‐led cardiopulmonary resuscitation training and 1 h of self‐practice time. All students should complete the adult and infant cardiopulmonary resuscitation skill tests just after the course. Each test consisted of five cycles of single‐rescuer cardiopulmonary resuscitation. A feedback device was introduced only in the self‐practice session. The cardiopulmonary resuscitation parameters of the skill tests before (n = 40) and after (n = 39) introducing the feedback device were analysed.

Results:

The ratios of correct rate significantly increased after introducing the feedback device in both the skill tests (adult test: 58.5 ± 37.2 vs 85.5 ± 21.4, p = 0.001; infant test: 55.0 ± 32.4 vs 80.2 ± 20.7, p = 0.001). Although the average depths did not significantly differ between those before and after introducing the feedback device in the adult test (58.4 ± 4.0 mm vs 59.0 ± 3.7 mm, p = 0.341), it increased significantly after introducing the feedback device in the infant test (38.3 ± 4.3 mm vs 40.8 ± 1.1 mm, p = 0.001).

Conclusion:

Introducing a feedback device might have enhanced the accuracies of compression rate in adult and infant cardiopulmonary resuscitation training. However, the potential positive effect on chest compression depth was limited to infant cardiopulmonary resuscitation training.
Effect of isotropic and anisotropic damage and plasticity on ductile crack initiation
Authors: Keshavarz Arash , Ghajar Rahmatollah
Published: September 2018

In this article, the effects of plastic anisotropy and damage on ductile crack initiation (ductile failure) are studied in a thermodynamically consistent framework. First, isotropic and anisotropic continuum damage models of Lemaitre are modified to incorporate anisotropic plasticity. In the next stage, a subroutine is developed to add the damage formulation to Abaqus finite element package. A highly ductile material with anisotropic plastic behavior, API 5L X100 pipeline steel, is selected for this study. Finite element analyses are done to simulate isotropic/anisotropic plasticity coupled with isotropic/anisotropic damage. Finite element results are compared with the result of tests on smooth and notched specimens, and the effects of anisotropic plasticity, anisotropic damage, geometry changes, triaxiality in stress and their mutual effects and interactions on post yield behavior and crack initiation are studied.
Representations of Nation and Spanish Masculinity in Popular Romance Novels: The Alpha Male as “Other”
Authors: Pérez-Gil María del Mar
Published: September 2018

The alpha hero embodies the hegemonic masculinity that has long dominated romance fiction. The portrayal of this male type is, however, problematized when he is an exotic foreigner, as his hyper-heterosexualized masculinity is often associated with the gender backwardness of his country. This article is concerned with popular romance novels set in Spain in the 1970s. It explores how British authors rely on gender and national clichés that construct an essentialized image of Spanish men. The primitive and instinctual masculinity attributed to them reveals these novels’ complicity with the ideology of Britain’s superiority.
Befriending Anxiety to Reach Potential: Strategies to Empower Our Gifted Youth
Authors: Gaesser Amy H.
Published: September 2018

Gifted students can encounter anxiety-provoking stressors throughout their day. Developing effective anxiety management skills allows them to better navigate these challenges. Concepts from neuroscience help us better understand responses to anxiety and can assist gifted youth and those working with them in recognizing how and when to best apply anxiety management strategies. This article reviews these concepts and integrating them into the classroom environment to assist with this learning process. In addition, it examines an evidenced-based anxiety management intervention that has been found to be efficacious for gifted youth, Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT). Results of recent EFT research are reviewed and the steps to learning EFT are outlined.
“Not Everything That Shakes Is a Seizure”: Making the Determination of Test Article–Induced Convulsions in Toxicology Studies
Authors: Gauvin David V. , Zimmermann Zachary J. , Yoder Joshua , Baird Theodore J.
Published: September 2018

Spontaneous unexpected events occasionally develop during the course of rodent preclinical toxicology studies. The presentation of serious adverse events on animal studies may require notification of these events to the Food and Drug Administration if the events are most likely the direct result of test article administration. Classical conditioning of emotional responses may occur over the course of a repeat-dose study and clinical observation calls of “convulsions” are reported to the study director and/or staff veterinarians. In the current heightened environment of most research laboratories related to general animal welfare issues, it is imperative to have an action plan that will help to elucidate the potential origins of these motor events. We provide 10 factors that should be considered to help the study director determine the most likely cause of these motor attacks as being organic or psychogenic in origin.
Pancreatic Extramedullary Plasmacytoma Presenting as a Pancreatic Mass
Authors: Le Michelle , Surapaneni Balarama Krishna , Jain Vardhmaan , Vinayek Rakesh , Dutta Sudhir K
Published: September 2018

Extramedullary plasmacytomas (EMP) are a subcategory of plasma cell neoplasm that involves organs outside the bone marrow. Involvement of the pancreas is relatively rare, reported in only 2.3% of autopsies. Radiologic findings in plasmacytoma are nonspecific, but endoscopic ultrasound fine-needle aspiration is a fast and reliable technique to acquire a histologic sample for initial diagnosis. Recently, the use of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT has been recommended in patients with active multiple myeloma and solitary plasmacytoma. We present an interesting case of primary EMP in the pancreatic body encasing the portal vein as well as the celiac artery, which was detected before the patient was diagnosed of multiple myeloma.
The conferral of value: the role of reporting processes in the assessment of culture
Authors: Meyrick Julian , Barnett Tully , Phiddian Robert
Published: September 2018

This article considers the role of reporting processes in the assessment of arts and culture and argues that a determination of an organisation’s or event’s value is the result of a chain of administrative and political interactions. The ‘conferral of value’ on a particular cultural activity may be seen as the outcome of a multi-stakeholder dialogue involving governments, funding agencies, cultural organisations and individual artists. The article emerges from a mixed-methods research project, Laboratory Adelaide: The Value of Culture, underway at Flinders University. The project works with three industry partners: the State Library of South Australia, the State Theatre Company of South Australia and the Adelaide Festival. A sketch of the history of the problem of culture’s value is given, together with the historical background of the arts in South Australia. The article concludes with a brief overview of two innovative reporting frameworks – sustainability reporting (GRI) and Integrated Reporting (IR) – and the potential gains for the cultural sector in the reporting reforms now happening in South Australia across all public bodies at a state government level.
Online hotel demand model and own-price elasticities: An empirical application in a mature resort destination
Authors: Vives Aldric , Jacob Marta , Aguiló Eugeni
Published: September 2018

Pricing is a basic strategic tool in hotel revenue management (RM). This study proposes a particular demand function model for resort hotels for measuring their own-price elasticities, along with the different seasonal demands, and across the booking horizons. The model is applied to the online transient demand for two hotels in Majorca – a well-known, mature mass tourism destination – in order to estimate and compare different elasticities, which could be used by RM departments to correctly manage prices in the short run and establish optimum pricing strategies (over the medium and long run). The results show that the two hotels display completely different own-price elasticities during high season, while during low season, demand is quite inelastic at both hotels; secondly, common price variations among seasons or hotels may sometimes be an erroneous pricing strategy, such as the common early booking strategy. The model is easily adaptable to different hotels.
Reconsidering the experience machine: Self-reported versus objective measures of physical activity to increase positive affect
Authors: McLean Derrick C , Nakamura Jeanne , Csikszentmihalyi Mihaly
Published: September 2018

This article tests the utility of self-report and objective assessment of physical activity to predict increased positive affect. Participants wore Fitbit activity trackers and responded to single-item assessments of momentary affect and self-reported physical activity following an experience sampling method protocol. A test of the within-person mediation indicated that, on average, 63 percent of the relationship between objective physical activity and affect was accounted for by self-reported physical activity. This research adds to the body of literature demonstrating the benefits of physical activity and discusses the utility of perceived over actual assessments of physical activity in naturalistic settings.
What lies beneath? Experiencing emotions and caring in oncology
Authors: Wong WK Tim , Broom Alex , Kirby Emma , Lwin Zarnie
Published: September 2018

Medical encounters – while often viewed as centred on conveying clinical knowledge – are also sites of emotion and for exerting emotional labour by healthcare professionals. The temptation to view these encounters as largely ‘technical’ – an exchange of knowledge or information – can marginalise the complex emotions often experienced by healthcare professionals, and negates the critical work done in these encounters. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 22 Australian medical oncologists, this article explores the experience and meaning of (their) emotions in medical encounters, and the manner in which emotional labour is performed by medical oncologists. Emotions, as it emerges, are central to the ‘management’ of encounters, ensuring professional sustainability and in ‘achieving’ clinical outcomes. Here, we broaden understandings of emotionality in oncological work, focusing on emotions as central to the production and enactment of professionalism, relationships and identities across professional careers. We illustrate how the performance of emotional labour reflects a dialectic between notions of ‘professionalism’ and ‘feelings’ – which in practice are co-existing and intermingling dimensions of oncology relations – manifested in the practice of ‘bounded caring’.
Sanzhi–Russian code switching and the Matrix Language Frame model
Authors: Forker Diana
Published: September 2018

Purpose:

The study represents the first attempt to analyze intrasentantial code switching in an indigenous language from the Caucasus (the Nakh- Daghestanian language Sanzhi Dargwa) in contact with Russian. It also tests borrowing/code switching hierarchies that target parts of speech.

Methodology:

The study applies the Matrix Language Frame model developed by Myers-Scotton to data from Sanzhi.

Data and analysis:

The analyzed data consist of around 6,000 tokens of natural texts (monologues) produced by six male speakers and recorded in the main settlement of the Sanzhi speech community in Daghestan (Russian Federation). The original data are compared to published data from other languages in contact with Russian. The Sanzhi data are analyzed by means of the Matrix Language Frame model, focusing on intraclausal code switching.

Findings:

The Sanzhi data can largely be analyzed within the Matrix Language Frame model, confirming thus the ‘Uniform Structure Principle’ posed by Myers-Scotton. However, there are also a few instances of code switching in which embedded language and matrix language cannot be identified, which prevents application of the model. Furthermore, the study replicated findings on borrowing/code switching hierarchies for parts of speech, that is, the preference for insertions of nouns and other parts of speech from the open classes in comparison with the relative scarcity of inserted pronouns or adpositions (closed classes).

Originality:

This is the first attempt to apply the Matrix Language Frame model to code switching between a Caucasian language and Russian and constitutes a new approach to the study of language contact in the Caucasus and, more generally, to the impact on Russian of minority languages in the Russian Federation.

Implications:

The results suggest that the Matrix Language Frame model could also be applied to other languages in contact with Russian and with a similar sociolinguistic profile, such as Sanzhi.
Does Improvement in Trade Openness Facilitate Renewable Energy Transition? Evidence from Selected South Asian Economies
Authors: Murshed Muntasir
Published: September 2018

The aim of this article is to empirically shed light on the impacts of trade openness (TO) on facilitation of renewable energy transition (RET) across Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Nepal. Against this backdrop, this article incorporated annual time series data stemming from 2000 to 2017 and employed the two-stage least squares (2SLS) panel data estimation methodology. In addition, the panel Granger causality test was also applied to distinguish the possible long-run causal associations between the variables considered in the regression models. In the light of the estimated results, it is found that an improvement in TO triggers renewable energy consumption, improves the primary energy-use efficiency and elevates the access to clean cooking fuel technology within the selected South Asian economies. However, the results also led to the concerning conclusion regarding the ineffectiveness of the trade liberalization policies in curbing the relative consumption of non-renewable energy resources, thereby marginalizing the prospects of overall RET within these economies.

JEL: O13, P2, Q42, D12, F35
Homotopy perturbation method coupled with the enhanced perturbation method
Authors: Li Xiao-Xia , He Chun-Hui
Published: September 2018

The enhanced perturbation method is used to improve a governing equation to a higher order, followed by the classic perturbation method. This paper adopts the basic idea of the method to construct a homotopy equation with a higher order. The results show that this modification of the homotopy perturbation method leads to a very high accuracy of the obtained solution. Its solution process is elucidated by using Duffing oscillator as an example, and the obtained frequency is valid for all amplitudes from an extremely small value to infinity with a maximal error of 3.34%. The main merit of this higher order homotopy perturbation method is that the obtained frequency is valid for the whole solution domain.
Mechanical, thermal, and water absorption properties of hybrid wood composites
Authors: Saxena Mohit , Gupta MK
Published: September 2018

The present study reveals the characterization of hybrid wood composites. The effect of hybridization of sal wood on the mechanical, thermal, and water absorption properties of mango wood reinforced epoxy polymer composite was studied. The wood composites were prepared by hand lay-up technique by maintaining a constant 33 wt% of total wood flour content with varying weight ratios. Mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural, and impact were investigated as per the ASTM standards. In addition, dynamic mechanical properties in terms of glass transition temperature [Formula: see text], storage modulus [Formula: see text], and damping (tanδ) were also studied. The degradation of wood composites with respect to temperature was analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis. Water absorption properties were carried out in terms of percentage of water absorption at saturation stage, and sorption, diffusion, and permeability coefficient. The results suggested that mechanical, thermal, and water resistance properties were significantly enhanced due to hybridization. Moreover, the best mechanical performance among all composites was seen for hybrid wood composite with equal proportion of mango and sal woods. The present prepared composites can be proposed for use in various industries such as automobile, building and construction, marine, packaging, and aerospace.
Can extra care housing support the changing needs of older people living with dementia?
Authors: Evans Simon Chester , Atkinson Teresa , Cameron Ailsa , Johnson Eleanor K , Smith Randall , Darton Robin , Porteus Jeremy , Lloyd Liz
Published: September 2018

With over two-thirds of people with dementia living in the community and one-third of those living alone, it is important to consider the future housing needs of this population, particularly as symptoms of cognitive impairment increase. Policy in England has focused on enabling people living with dementia to remain in their own homes for as long as possible, often with the support of a family carer. However, many people struggle to maintain an acceptable quality of life in their own homes as their dementia advances, often due to the design limitations of mainstream housing and the challenge of finding specialist domiciliary care that is affordable and of sufficient quality. Extra care housing offers a model that aims to support older people living in their own apartments, whilst also offering specialist person-centred care as and when it is needed. This paper reports on a longitudinal project that explored how extra care housing can respond to the changing social care needs of residents, including those living with dementia. Participants included residents and staff from four extra care housing schemes, one of which was a specialist dementia scheme, in two regions of England. Interviews were carried with 51 residents across 4 rounds at 5 month intervals between October 2015 and June 2017. Interviews were also carried out with 7 managers, 20 care staff and 2 local authority commissioners of housing for older people. Key factors included person-centred care and support, flexible commissioning and staffing, appropriate design of the environment and suitable location of the scheme within the wider community. The challenge of delivering services that addresses these issues during a period of reduced public spending is acknowledged. Further research is suggested to compare different approaches to supporting people with dementia, including integrated and separated accommodation, and different stages of dementia.
Cost, Outcomes, Use, and Perceptions of Open Educational Resources in Psychology: A Narrative Review of the Literature
Authors: Clinton Virginia
Published: September 2018

Open educational resources (OER) have been developed to free students from the expense and instructors from the restrictions of commercial materials. There has been a wealth of empirical examination on numerous aspects of OER. The purpose of this narrative review is to synthesize and integrate the findings on OER in psychology to assist instructors in making informed decisions about course materials. Topics in this review were organized according to the Cost, Outcomes, Usage, and Perceptions framework. Results indicated that OER adoption yielded cost savings while generally having similar or better outcomes in terms of grades. Students typically reported similar use and perceptions of OER compared to commercial course materials. Resources for instructors interested in OER are described. Criticisms of OER, such as concerns about quality, are addressed as well as limitations of reviewed research and future directions for research and development of OER.
Ownership similarity in mergers and acquisitions target selection
Authors: Bettinazzi Emanuele LM , Miller Danny , Amore Mario Daniele , Corbetta Guido
Published: September 2018

We study how ownership similarity between two firms affects the likelihood of an acquisition between them. Assortative matching arguments suggest that similarity between acquiring and target firms can encourage acquisition behavior, since more similar partners can better understand one another and combine resources in a more efficient way. Previous research has confirmed this expectation focusing on traits related to industry, strategy, and technology. We contribute to this literature by examining similarity in the type of dominant owner. We hypothesize and find evidence in a sample of 14,000 Italian companies that acquisitions are more likely to occur among firms with similar owners.
Ethical issues in genomic research: Proposing guiding principles co-produced with stakeholders
Authors: Carrieri D , Jackson L , Bewshea C , Prainsack B , Mansfield J , Ahmad T , Hawkins N , Kelly S
Published: September 2018

Ethical guidance for genomic research is increasingly sought and perceived to be necessary. Although there are pressing ethical issues in genomic research – concerning for example the recruitment of patients/participants; the process of taking consent; data sharing; and returning results to patients/participants – there is still limited useful guidance available for researchers/clinicians or for the research ethics committees who review such projects.

 This report outlines the ethical principles and guidance for genomic research co-produced with stakeholders during two workshops which took place in the UK between November 2016 and May 2017. The stakeholders involved in these workshops included: healthcare professionals, genomic research teams, academics, patients, biobank managers, and representatives from the Health Research Authority (HRA), NHS Research Ethics Committees, patient support groups, pharmaceutical industry, and health policy think tanks. The co-produced principles and guidance are specifically aimed at researchers/clinicians and members of NHS Research Ethics Committees, and are formulated with the intention to be clear and accessible, both in terms of content and language, to these groups.
Can schools fairly select their students?
Authors: Merry Michael S. , Arum Richard
Published: September 2018

Selection within the educational domain breeds a special kind of suspicion. Whether it is the absence of transparency in the selection procedure, the observable outcomes of the selection, or the criteria of selection itself, there is much to corroborate the suspicion many have that selection in practice is unfair. And certainly as it concerns primary and secondary education, the principle of educational equity requires that children not have their educational experiences or opportunities determined by their postcode, their ethnic status, first language, or family wealth. Indeed educational opportunities determined by unearned advantage or disadvantage offend against basic notions of fairness. But are public schools even permitted to select their students, and if so, how can selection procedures used by schools be best structured to achieve equitable ends? In this article we delineate, describe, and defend what we believe are the essential features of selection and also why we need to pay equal attention to both the outcomes and the processes leading to those outcomes. Provided the selection is motivated and guided by the right reasons, as well as appropriately monitored, we argue that selection can be equity promoting.
Rare-Earth-Doped Nanoparticles for Short-Wave Infrared Fluorescence Bioimaging and Molecular Targeting of αVβ3-Expressing Tumors
Authors: Naczynski Dominik Jan , Stafford Jason H. , Türkcan Silvan , Jenkins Cesare , Koh Ai Leen , Sun Conroy , Xing Lei
Published: September 2018

The use of short-wave infrared (SWIR) light for fluorescence bioimaging offers the advantage of reduced photon scattering and improved tissue penetration compared to traditional shorter wavelength imaging approaches. While several nanomaterials have been shown capable of generating SWIR emissions, rare-earth-doped nanoparticles (REs) have emerged as an exceptionally bright and biocompatible class of SWIR emitters. Here, we demonstrate SWIR imaging of REs for several applications, including lymphatic mapping, real-time monitoring of probe biodistribution, and molecular targeting of the αvβ3 integrin in a tumor model. We further quantified the resolution and depth penetration limits of SWIR light emitted by REs in a customized imaging unit engineered for SWIR imaging of live small animals. Our results indicate that SWIR light has broad utility for preclinical biomedical imaging and demonstrates the potential for molecular imaging using targeted REs.
Analysis of Relation Between Electroclinical Features and Cerebrospinal Fluid Antibody Titers in Patients With anti-NMDAR Encephalitis
Authors: Miao Ailiang , Du Mingyang , Wang Lingling , Ge Jianqing , Lu Hengdong , Xu Haiyan , Liu Hongxing , Yu Chuanyong , Wu Caiyun , Gao Yuan , Sun Jintao , Shi Qi , Wang Xiaoshan
Published: September 2018

Purpose. This study aimed to determine the relation between electroclinical features and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) antibody titers in patients with anti- N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis. Method. Clinical symptoms and electroencephalography (EEG) at different stages were analyzed in 51 hospitalized patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Results. Behavioral changes were the initial symptoms in 90.9% (20/22) of female patients with high (1:10 or 1:32) CSF antibody titers. A greater number of clinical symptoms were observed in the patients with high CSF antibody titers than in those with low (1:1 or 1:3.2) CSF antibody titers (mean 3.11 ± 1.06 vs 1.62 ± 0.65, P = .000). The number of clinical symptoms was greater in the female patients than in the male patients (mean 3.52 ± 0.98 vs 2.69 ± 1.09, P = .000). At the peak stage, worse background activity (BA) in EEG recordings was observed in patients with high CSF antibody titers than in those with low CSF antibody titers (Mann-Whitney U test, P = .001). The peak-stage BA in EEG was worse in female patients than in male patients (Mann-Whitney U test, P = .000). Modified Rankin scale scores were higher in patients with high CSF antibody titers than in those with low CSF antibody titers (mean 2.62 ± 1.42 vs 0.75 ± 0.97, P = .000). Brush patterns and constant chewing were observed primarily in female patients with high CSF antibody titers. Epileptic discharges were located predominately in the frontal regions and were noted to vary. Conclusion. The electroclinical features of patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis were associated with gender and CSF antibody titers.
Remote Injuries and Outcomes After Distal Radius Fracture Management
Authors: Ogunleye Adeyemi A. , Mullner Donna F. , Skochdopole Anna , Armstrong Milton , Herrera Fernando A.
Published: September 2018

Background: Distal radius fracture (DRF) is a common fracture of the upper extremity. The role of concurrent injuries in patients treated for DRFs is poorly elucidated. The authors sought to determine whether remote injuries were associated with worse outcomes after management of DRFs. Methods: A retrospective cohort study including all consecutively seen patients by a university hospital hand service between 2010 and 2015. Preoperative radiographs were analyzed, and patients were managed by surgeon preference and evaluated postoperatively using pain scores. Remote injury was defined as any other injury sustained at the time of fracture not localized to affected extremity. Univariate analysis was performed to identify factors associated with risk of complication. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed, controlling for confounding factors. Results: A total of 181 DRFs in 176 patients were treated over the 5-year period of the study. Forty-eight (26.5%) of the fractures were managed nonoperatively with casting, 12 (6.6%) with closed reduction and pinning, and 119 (65.7%) with open reduction and plating. The mean follow-up was 5.2 months. The complication rate was 18.2%. The most common complication was persistent pain in 5 patients, followed by median neuropathy, loss of reduction, arthritis, and distal radioulnar joint instability. After controlling for age, body mass index, hand surgeon, and other confounders, remote injury was associated with a significantly increased risk of complications ( P = .04, odds ratio: 6.03, 95% confidence interval: 1.05-34.70). Conclusions: Patients with remote injuries have a 6-fold increased risk of complications after DRF treatment. The additional risk in these patients should be considered during patient/family counseling and clinical decision-making in DRF management.
Negotiating access to research sites and participants within an African context: The case of Cameroon
Authors: Vuban Joyce Afuh , Eta Elizabeth Agbor
Published: September 2018

This article argues that localizing access – a general ethical principle – is a workable strategy that can be used in approaching participants in qualitative research across disciplines and in coping with respective institutional practices in order to collect meaningful data. This article is based on the autobiographical, lived experiences of the authors during the period of their data collection in Cameroon in 2013 and 2015, by the second and first author, respectively. Therefore, generalization across a broader context is somewhat restricted, and a closer analysis of specific cultural and situational realities is needed. The article addresses two main objectives, that is, to identify factors that inhibit and factors that facilitate access to individuals and institutions. To this end, the article employs self-reflexivity and provides valuable explanations on the workability of applying skills of negotiating access in a local cultural context.
Disconnected: Exploring provisions for mother–child telephone contact in female prisons serving England and Wales
Authors: Booth Natalie
Published: September 2018

Despite a growing body of international work describing the negative consequences of imprisonment for children and families, few studies have explored the accessibility and functionality of prison telephones. Mother–child contact has recurrently been identified as an important mechanism to alleviate and manage some of the emotional and practical adversities which accompany maternal imprisonment, and telephone contact has the potential to provide regular, perhaps even daily, contact for these separated family members. Responding to the knowledge gap, this article qualitatively explores the narratives of 15 mothers in prison with first-hand experience of using prison telephones to communicate with their children. Thematic data analysis revealed four critical obstacles and challenges with prison telephone facilities for Reconnecting in the first weeks, in the Cost of calling, in Telephoning privileges and Inconsistencies across prisons. Contrary to legal and policy guidelines, the findings illuminate how institutional barriers seriously affect mother–child communications, and recommendations are made.
How do users adopt health information from social media? The narrative paradigm perspective
Authors: Li Jia , Tang Jie , Liu Xuan , Ma Ling
Published: September 2018

Introduction:

A recent trend in health information seeking and sharing is the use of social media. Although there are several benefits to the use of social media for health communication, the quality of health information exchanged on social media is troubling due to its informal, unregulated mechanisms for information collection, sharing and promotion. Therefore, it is important to understand how users adopt health information from social media.

Method:

Considering the user-generated and storytelling nature of social media messages, this research employed the narrative paradigm perspective to explain the social media health information adoption phenomenon. Specifically, narrative coherence (NC) and narrative fidelity (NF) were hypothesised to have positive effects on the intention to adopt (IA). Additionally, socio-economic status (SES) was viewed as a proxy variable to cognitive capability and was hypothesised to moderate the effects of NC and NF. A scenario-based survey was conducted to test the proposed research model.

Results:

We obtained a total of 257 valid questionnaires. The results indicated that NF ( p < 0.001) had a positive effect on the IA social media health information. The NC ( p < 0.01) had no impact on the low SES users but a positive impact on the high SES users. Further, the effect of NF ( p < 0.01) on the IA was higher for high SES users than low SES users.

Conclusions:

NC and NF are two major driving forces in social media health information adoption, and the effect of both narrative paradigm variables depends on the SES users.

Implications

Results of this study show how the narrative paradigm, with a focus on the storytelling method of communication rather than logical scientific argument, can not only explain the uptake of health messages from social media, but also provide guidance as to how to create health messages on social media that more effectively target end users.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of five procedures for great saphenous vein reflux in a Norwegian healthcare setting or societal setting
Authors: Inderhaug Eivind , Schelp Carl-Henrik , Glambek Inge , Kristiansen Ivar S
Published: September 2018

Objective:

The aim of this work was to estimate cost-effectiveness of five common procedures for varicose vein surgery ( high ligation and stripping, radiofrequency ablation, endovenous laser ablation, steam vein sclerosis and cyanoacrylate glue) in a Norwegian setting from both a societal and a healthcare payer perspective.

Design:

Cost-effectiveness analysis using decision tree modelling.

Methods:

A structured literature search was conducted to estimate the clinical effectiveness and the rate of complications in the five methods. Data on costs and health-related quality of life associated with varicose vein disease were also collected. With the aid of an expert panel, a structured decision tree was developed. A 1-year perspective was modelled, and a variety of common complications were included. Monte Carlo simulation was used for probabilistic sensitivity analyses.

Results:

The laser ablation strategy was the most cost-effective option from a societal perspective, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of €8448 compared to a no-treatment alternative, and had a 42% probability of being cost-effective using the Norwegian willingness-to-pay threshold of €59,880. From a healthcare payer perspective, however, the steam vein sclerosis strategy was the most cost-effective with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of €4072 compared to a no-treatment alternative, and this strategy had a 50% probability of being cost-effective.

Conclusion:

Results from this study did depend upon the perspective chosen for analyses. Although recent endovenous surgical procedures (including laser ablation and steam vein sclerosis) provide clinically effective treatment for advanced, symptomatic varicose vein disease, availability of high-level data is currently limiting the cost-effectiveness analyses.
Notating disfluencies and temporal deviations in music and arrhythmia
Authors: Chew Elaine
Published: September 2018

Expressive music performance and cardiac arrhythmia can be viewed as deformations of, or deviations from, an underlying pulse stream. I propose that the results of these pulse displacements can be treated as actual rhythms and represented accurately via a literal application of common music notation, which encodes proportional relations among duration categories, and figural and metric groupings. I apply the theory to recorded music containing extreme timing deviations and to electrocardiographic (ECG) recordings of cardiac arrhythmias. The rhythm transcriptions are based on rigorous computer-assisted quantitative measurements of onset timings and durations. The root-mean-square error ranges for the rhythm transcriptions were (19.1, 87.4) ms for the music samples and (24.8, 53.0) ms for the arrhythmia examples. For the performed music, the representation makes concrete the gap between the score and performance. For the arrhythmia ECGs, the transcriptions show rhythmic patterns evolving through time, progressions which are obscured by predominant individual beat morphology- and frequency-based representations. To make tangible the similarities between cardiac and music rhythms, I match the heart rhythms to music with similar rhythms to form assemblage pieces. The use of music notation leads to representations that enable formal comparisons and automated as well as human-readable analysis of the time structures of performed music and of arrhythmia ECG sequences beyond what is currently possible.
Care Leavers’ and Their Care Workers’ Views of Preparation and Aftercare Services in the Eastern Cape, South Africa
Authors: Bond Sue
Published: September 2018

Emerging adulthood is an exciting time, filled with possibilities while remaining supported. However, care leavers’ journeys into adulthood are compressed and lacking educational, financial, and social support. In South Africa, this is exacerbated by contextual factors and the absence of mandated services for care leavers. A qualitative study was conducted with four Child and Youth Care Centers in a town in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Focus groups were held with young people in care and their care workers. Discussions focused on preparation for leaving care and aftercare services and the evaluation of these by each group of participants. Care leaving preparation consisted of independent living skills programs. Aftercare services were provided on an ad hoc basis, and there was no policy with respect to services to care leavers. The findings suggest that ongoing experiential learning and implementation of in-house policies may better prepare care leavers for emerging adulthood.