bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electromagnetic fields in circular bends of slab waveguides
Authors: Yamada Ryuji , Morita Nagayoshi
Published: July 2007

A method for rigorous analysis of transmission in and radiation from a uniformly bent finite‐length section of a slab wave length is proposed. The eigenmodes with continuous eigenvalues, which are similar to the radiation modes of the straight waveguide, are defined first for expressing fields in circular bends of slab waveguides, and a kind of orthogonality relation for these eigenmodes is derived. The spectral integral of these eigenmodes can give a rigorous expression of fields in circularly bent sections, which is proved by using the radiation condition and the Fourier transformation technique. The theory is applied to the analysis of transient phenomena of fields in the uniformly bent section connected to the straight section. Numerical examples of transition of field distributions and radiation patterns are presented and the results are discussed in detail.
Bridge measuring method of active impedance of crystal oscillator circuits
Authors: Toki Masahiro , Hattori Shinichi , Nakano Hirokazu
Published: July 2007

Crystal oscillator circuits have been used widely in such electronic equipment as communication devices and measurement instruments. However, until the crystal is connected, usually it is uncertain if the circuit oscillates or it is difficult to determine how one adjusts the circuit for a desired oscillation frequency. With a view to alleviating these situations and improving the design method for the crystal oscillator circuits, a method is developed for accurately measuring with a bridge the two‐terminal impedance (equivalent series capacitance and negative resistance) of the active circuit seen from the connecting terminal of the crystal. A bridge measurement method for the small‐signal negative resistance related to the starting characteristics of the oscillator is discussed. In conjunction with the bridge measurement developed earlier for large signal operations under oscillation, a complete bridge measurement has become possible from the small signal region to the large signal region. The present bridge measurement method is useful in providing a basic specification for the active circuit side for a given crystal. It is also shown that the present bridge method is useful for evaluation of accuracy of other measurement instruments such as impedance analyzers.
Scattering of electromagnetic plane waves by two arbitrarily oriented conducting plates
Authors: Shimoda Michinari , Itakura Tokuya
Published: July 2007

A two‐dimensional scattering problem of electromagnetic waves is analyzed by two conducting plates which are arranged arbitrarily through the problem formulation utilizing the mutual fields. The formulation based on the representation of the scattered fields by one plate is shown. The scattered waves were represented by solving simultaneous Wiener‐Hopf equations which are satisfied by every scattered field. By using the saddle‐point method, their approximate solutions and diffraction patterns in a far field are calculated, and the results are compared with numerical results by other methods. Using the present formulation, it was possible to solve scattering for a system of conducting plates considering multiply scattered waves when the edges of the plates are separated at least one wavelength for two plates with greatly different yet finite widths.
Theoretical analysis of the cerenkov laser using a nonlinear dielectric waveguide
Authors: Ishido Yoshinari , Shiozawa Toshiyuki , Ibaraki Susumu
Published: July 2007

Consider a Cerenkov laser, using for the slow‐wave structure a dielectric waveguide whose substrate consists in a nonlinear dielectric presenting the self‐focusing effect. The characteristics of the Cerenkov laser specified in the foregoing are investigated theoretically for the two‐dimensional model which takes into account the field distribution in the transverse direction.

First, the dispersion relations are considered for the electromagnetic wave modes (TM waves) propagated along a two‐dimensional nonlinear dielectric waveguide. Then the dispersion relations are discussed for the coupled electromagnetic fields in the Cerenkov laser using the nonlinear dielectric waveguide. Finally, the spatial growth rate of the growing wave obtained from the dispersion relation for the coupled fields derived in the foregoing is investigated numerically in detail. From the forementioned discussion, it is found that the spatial growth rate for the Cerenkov laser treated in this paper is improved compared to the Cerenkov laser for which the slow‐wave structure is composed of linear dielectrics only.
Drawing condition dependence of pure‐silica‐core single‐mode fibers
Authors: Hanawa Fumiaki , Hibino Yoshinori , Horiguchi Masaharu
Published: July 2007

The conditions have been investigated for drawing the SiO2 core/F‐SiO2 cladding single‐mode optical fiber which is expected to have the lowest optical loss among the silica optical fibers. In this type of optical fiber, the softening temperature of the core is higher than that of the cladding, and the softening temperature distribution is different from that of the GeO2‐SiO2 core/SiO2 cladding‐type optical fibers. In this study, the residual stress in the fiber during drawing was investigated theoretically and experimentally, considering the softening temperature difference between the core and cladding. The following results were obtained. In the SiO2 core single‐mode optical fiber, the tensile stress remains in the core where it is proportional to the drawing tension and inversely proportional to the area of the cross section. The residual stress influences the refractive index of the core and the cut‐off wavelength, but degrades the propagation loss characteristic. Finally, this paper will show that: (1) this optical fiber belongs to the F‐SiO2 core/F‐SiO2 cladding type from the viewpoint of the material, and (2) the depressed‐type structure is the most suitable.
Transmission characteristics of modes in dielectric slab waveguides with finite‐length, uniformly bent section
Authors: Yamashita Ikuo , Morita Nagayoshi
Published: July 2007

This paper investigates the radiation and propagation of electromagnetic fields in a uniformly bent section of a rib waveguide connected with the straight section when guided modes are incident from the straight section. The analysis is based on a method in which fields in uniformly bent sections are expressed in terms of a spectral integral of eigenmodes with continuous eigenvalues. Fields propagated along a uniformly curved slab waveguide with finite‐length also are analyzed in detail using the same method for a full numerical investigation of mode transmission and mode conversion characteristics for the slab waveguide structure where two straight waveguides are connected via one finite‐length, uniformly curved section.
Multisensor module using magnetic semiconductor ferrite
Authors: Seki Kyoshiro , Tsunekawa Yoshitaka , Osada Hiroshi , Shida Jun‐Ichi , Murakami Koichi
Published: July 2007

There are several compound magnetic semiconductors, but they are not very practical because their Curie temperature is below room temperature. The magnetic semiconductor ferrite (MSF) has a ferromagneticity at room temperature as well as a semiconducting resistance and permittivity. The magnetic characteristics of the MSF depend on temperature but not on humidity and gas concentration. Also, the permittivity depends on the temperature, humidity and combustible gas concentration.

As an application of these characteristics, a multisensor module is constructed which contains temperature, humidity and gas sensors. In the conventional method, a number of sensors corresponding to the kinds of quantities measured are required. However, in the present system, only one MSF can detect temperature, humidity and combustible gas concentration. Therefore, the number of sensors needed is small and the equipment is simplified. In addition, since these quantities measured can be converted to RF, the system is suited for digital measurement.
Fabrication of high‐quality Nb/AlOx/Nb Josephson junctions
Authors: Mori Hiroyuki , Hirano Mikio , Hatano Yuji , Kawabe Ushio , Yamada Hirojo , Tarutani Yoshinobu
Published: July 2007

This paper studies an Nb/AlOxNb junction, and the cross‐sectional shape of the junction interface and the surface state are observed. It is found that the AlOxfilm used as the tunnel barrier layer is locally nonuniform and is dependent on the shape of the Nb film forming the lower electrode. This dependence is a factor causing junction characteristic variations. Further, the fabrication method of the Nb electrode film is discussed. It is important to form a flat and dense Nb film with few particle boundary trenches when fabricating the lower electrode film. A high‐quality Nb/AlOx/Nb film can be fabricated withRj/Rnn> 20 and a fluctuation ofImoof ±6%. Also, the Nb/AlOx/Nb junction of 1.5 μm2with improved junction characteristics is applied to a 3 k logic gate array. The delay time of the 826‐stage OR gate is found to be 10.5 ps/gate.
Transient analysis of ferrite phase shifters in rectangular waveguide in three‐dimensional space
Authors: Kukutsu Naoya , Yoshida Norinobu , Fukai Ichiro
Published: July 2007

Numerous nonreciprocal devices using magnetized ferrites have been developed for microwave and millimeter‐wave circuits. Further, improvement of the material characteristics and development of new device structures have been studied with a view to high‐density implementation of the devices along with the development of microwave integrated circuits. With the advances in high‐speed digital techniques studies of transient characteristics became necessary. Hence, it has become indispensable to carry out a three‐dimensional (3‐D) analysis including the coupling with other devices as well as the time response analysis including the transient characteristics in the development of the devices using ferrite.

Recent advances in phase array antennas have made the analysis of the characteristics of the rectangular waveguide phase shifters important with a view toward improvement. These phase shifters have several formats such as the local loading of a waveguide with several ferrite slabs and the use of residual magnetization. This paper makes use of the spatial network method which has been demonstrated to be effective for 3‐D time‐response analysis of electromagnetic fields. This method is used for the analysis of three types of phase shifters with one and two ferrite slabs and a toroidal ferrite. It is demonstrated that the structures can be treated systematically and the validity of the method is confirmed by comparison with the analytical solution.
Finite–element analysis of waveguide transfer problem—field connection by using the Galerkin method
Authors: Maruta Akihiro , Matsuhara Masanori
Published: July 2007

As a method of analysis for the waveguide transfer problem, the Galerkin method with the waveguide eigenmode functions as the weighting functions is proposed for connection of the electromagnetic field at the discontinuity represented by the finite‐element method with the waveguide electromagnetic field represented by the eigenmode expansion at the junction between the waveguide and the discontinuity. In this method, there is no specific restriction between the number of expansion modes of the field in the eigenmode expansion method and the number of basis functions of the field by the finite‐element method on the junction. The matrix equation to be solved is symmetric and the matrix representing the scattering at the discontinuity can directly be analyzed numerically. As specific examples, the present method is applied to right‐angle corner bend and a waveguide‐type dielectric bandpass filter. It is confirmed that the results agree well with those obtained by the conventional method.
A construction of pattern classification system using direct‐drawn computer‐generated fourier hologram
Authors: Kajiki Yoshinori , Takahashi Hideya , Matsushita Kenji , Shimizu Eiji
Published: July 2007

This paper considers the construction of the trainable classification system by redrawing a computer‐generated Fourier hologram (CGFH), which is based on the previously proposed method of pattern classification using CGFH. CGFH has a flexibility that can be synthesized by computation, and it is expected that a flexible pattern classifier will be constructed if the adjustment of the weight in the proposed system can be realized through the redrawing of CGFH. However, if CGFH is constructed by the traditional method by the size‐reduction of a photograph, the required processing such as size reduction and developing will make it difficult to redraw CGFH on the optical system.

To solve this problem, this paper considers a system which generates CGFH directly on the glass substrate, by a laser beam scanning on a thin film. Using the proposed direct‐drawn CGFH (DDCGFH) system, a basic experiment is made on the construction of the pattern classification system by learning (i.e., redrawing of CGFH).

First, an investigation is presented on the coding of CGFH suited to the DDCGFH construction system, together with a result of experiment for DDCGFH. Then the construction of the classification system by redrawing DDCGFH is considered. The algorithm and the result of basic experiment are reported.
Formation of silicon oxide by the low‐temperature process and its application to electron devices
Authors: Nomura Shigeru , Kitamura Naoko , Yoshino Masaki , Nanjo Junji , Ishibe Shinzo , Kanemaki Youichi
Published: July 2007

The technology of forming silicon oxide film at low temperature was developed and the application of the oxide film to electronic devices was investigated. Silicon oxide was formed by anodic oxidation of silicon at room temperature. The anodic oxide was Si‐rich in the as‐grown state.

When the anodic oxide film was annealed at 600°C in hydrogen atmosphere, followed by annealing at 450°C in the same ambient, the film became stoichiometric SiO2 and the SiO2/Si interface condition was improved because of the saturation of the unsaturated Si atoms at the interface. These mechanisms were evaluated by IR, AES, and SIMS analyses. The SiO2/Si interface was investigated by the degree of atomic dimension using TEM. As a result, it was found that the overall interface could be regarded as flat but it had local dents.

After annealing, a transition region of one or two atom layers in thickness existed at the interface. It was found that the electrical properties of the annealed anodic oxide were comparable with those of an oxide film grown thermally by the MOS C‐V measurement. The input/output characteristics of an MOSFET with a gate oxide formed by this anodic oxide indicated that the anodic oxide formed at low temperature could be used for electronic devices.
Analysis of surface current on a circular cylinder with a large radius by boundary element method combined with fft
Authors: Kusunoki Masahiro , Takenaka Takashi
Published: July 2007

An effective numerical method is presented for the induced current distribution on a conductor surface when electromagnetic waves with general complex amplitude such as Gaussian beam waves are incident on a perfectly conducting circular cylinder. Up to the radius of the wavelength, the surface current can be analyzed accurately by the boundary element method. For a further increased radius, the execution time for calculation is increased or the memory storage capacity becomes insufficient. The direct method by obtaining inverse matrices becomes computationally difficult.

It had not been known that the coefficient matrix is a cyclic matrix for the resulting matrix equation when the integral equations of the surface current are made discrete. This matrix equation can be solved effectively through a discrete Fourier transform without obtaining the inverse matrix. Examples of numerical calculations are shown in which the method presented here was applicable for a radius which ranged from a wavelength to several tens of wavelength.
Effects of microstructure on magnetic anisotropy of CoCr thin films
Authors: Honda Yukio , Futamoto Masaaki , Saito Shinichiro , Yoshida Kazuetsu
Published: July 2007

To investigate the effects of micro‐structure on the magnetic anisotropy of CoCr perpendicular magnetic recording film, magnetic torque curve measurement and transmission electron microscope observation were carried out. Two kinds of samples were prepared, one was deposited directly on polyimide base film and the other was deposited on a Ge underlayer by vacuum evaporation. The dependence of the torque curve on the film thickness was evaluated and the following results were obtained.

In a CoCr film deposited on a polyimide substrate, Ku2 decreases with an increase of film thickness. This is because in the initial growth layer on the polyimide substrate, the c‐axis (easy axis of magnetization) orientation of CoCr grains is poor and the distribution of the grain size is somewhat random.

As the film thickness increases, the c‐axis orientation improves. In these CoCr films, magnetization hardly saturates under the applied magnetic field, resulting in a large amount of Ku2. In a film deposited on the Ge underlayer, Ku2 is small and remains constant regardless of film thickness.

In this CoCr film, the grain size is uniform and the c‐axis orientation is excellent. As a result, the film is magnetized easily along the applied magnetic field and Ku2 is thought to be constant regardless of film thickness.
Anodic oxidation and mass transport in multilayered metal films
Authors: Noya Atsushi , Sasaki Katsutaka , Umezawa Toshiji , Dobashi Tsuyoshi
Published: July 2007

In a fundamental investigation of the oxidation of multilayered metal films and accompanying mass transport, Al/Metal/Al model films (in which the metal was Hf, Nb, Mo and Au) were prepared and anodized and were used to investigate oxide growth and mass transport by Auger electron spectros‐copy. Depending on the metal in the middle layer, some specimens exhibited a sequence of oxide layers different from the initial sequence of layers, and in others a layer had been lost by mass transport.

Physicochemical properties providing convenient measures of the chemical properties or bonding characteristics of the metals in question were identified and compared. The anodization results and mass‐transport behavior were well explained in terms of these measures.
Peak shift characteristics in high density magneto‐optical recording
Authors: Yamamoto Manabu
Published: July 2007

This paper presents the peak shift characteristics caused by intersymbol interference and medium defects and their long‐term change and fluctuation in a recording and playback system. Through an analysis of the waveform of the playback differential signal and the effect of the signal amplitude fluctuation on the peak shift under superimposed noise, the intersymbol dependence of the peak shift is obtained.

In addition, the signal amplitude fluctuation due to medium defects and the long‐term change of the bit error rate in a high‐temperature and high‐humidity environment are obtained experimentally so that the effect of medium defects and their long‐term change on the peak shift is found. The effect of variations in the external magnetic field and the erasing power on the reduction of the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) is found. Also found is the effect of variation in the recording power on the peak shift shift in RZ and NRZ recording.

From this, it is shown that the dependence on the external magnetic field is especially significant in the effect of the variation of the recording and playback system and that the peak shift can be reduced in RZ recording through the use of narrow pulse width recording.
High‐performance BIMOS using self‐aligning polysilicon electrode
Authors: Homma Hideo , Misawa Yutaka , Momma Naohiro
Published: July 2007

To increase the speed of Hi‐BiCMOS, the process of forming an electrode which simultaneously reduces both parasitic capacitance and parasitic resistance in MOSFET's and bipolar transistors was investigated.

Since the etching rate of highly doped polycrystalline silicon is higher than undoped polycrystalline silicon, arsenic‐doped polycrystalline silicon on the gate and emitter electrodes can be etched selectively. Self‐aligned polycrystalline silicon electrode technology (SPEL) using this phenomena was proposed.

When the As concentration in polycrystalline Si is higher than 4 × 1020cm−3, the doped polycrystalline Si is etched 10 times faster than undoped polycrystalline Si if plasma etching based on chlorine radicals is carried out.

Using this process, the drain capacitance of the MOSFET was reduced one‐half to one‐third that of conventional devices. In bipolar transistors, collector resistance was reduced by a factor of 2 and the external base resistance was reduced by a factor of 3. As a result of simulating the performance of the device formed by the SPEL process, the gate delay time in a dual input NAND BiCMOS was 0.19 ns under no‐load condition while the gate delay time of the conventional device was 0.26 ns; that is, the speed of the SPEL device is 25 percent faster than that of the conventional device.
Catheter‐tip capacitive pressure sensor
Authors: Esashi Masayoshi , Shoji Shuichi , Matsumoto Yosinori , Furuta Kazuyoshi
Published: July 2007

As a pressure sensor to be used at the tip of a catheter, a capacitive relative pressure sensor was fabricated. This paper describes the fabrication process and the characteristics of this pressure sensor.

The size of the sensor fabricated is 0.7 × 3.5 × 0.8 mm3 and the spacing between the capacitor electrodes is either 1.0 μm or 1.5 μm. The principal features are as follows: (1) In the fabrication of the diaphragm, high‐concentration boron was diffused into an Si wafer. The diaphragm thickness was controlled accurately by etch stop; (2) to reduce the effect of the stray capacitance and to increase the S/N ratio of the sensor, the capacitance detection IC was placed near the diaphragm; (3) since the consumption current flows at the oscillation frequency, it is possible to use two lead wires from the sensor; and (4) this IC has a size of 1.2 × 0.5 mm2 and the temperature dependence of the oscillation frequency can be made zero by letting the power supply voltage be 2.24 V. The pressure sensitivity of the obtained sensor is 3.45 × 10−5/mmHg and the temperature coefficient at the zero pressure was 0.17 mmHg/°C. The output of the IC placed by the sensor had a frequency change of about 7 kHz for 1000 mmHg.
Superconducting sputtered BSCCO films prepared by Pb pre‐coating method
Authors: Yano Mitsuaki , Shimizu Nobuhiko , Fujii Katsuhiro , Inoue Masataka
Published: July 2007

To achieve a superconducting transition temperature higher than 100 K in the BiSrCaCuO system, the addition of Pb has been known to be effective. This paper points out the problems in forming superconductive thin films using sputtering, and proposes a way to introduce Pb during deposition which cannot be achieved reproducibly by the conventional method.

In this method, Pb is deposited on a substrate, followed by sputter‐deposition of a BiSrCaCuO thin film and the solid phase reaction of the two films. The characteristics, film composition, crystallinity, and electric conductivity of the film formed by this method will be described. The results indicate that this method is effective in producing superconductive films. The relationship between superconductivity and Pb doping will be also described.
Optical beam scanner with phase‐variable waveguide—analysis of performance and design
Authors: Moriki Kazunori , Hattori Takeo , Iga Kenichi
Published: July 2007

Small‐sized, high‐speed optical scanners are very useful in optical information processing, optical communications, optical measurements, etc. Although there has been research on various devices of this kind, satisfactory characteristics are yet to be realized.

This paper proposes a guided‐type optical scanner in which the propagation constant of each waveguide is varied independently by electronic means, and its characteristics are simulated. It is found that the number of resolvable spots is proportional to the number of waveguides and more than 670 resolvable spots can be obtained for the case of 1000 waveguides. Further, the number of resolvable spots is not influenced much even if phase errors of about 1 percent (2π/100) are introduced in each waveguide. Moreover, it is clarified that the coupling coefficient between the waveguides must be kept below 100 m−1 for the device length of 1 mm, and several other points are explained.
Analysis of leaky modes supported by a slab waveguide
Authors: Yamaguchi Shoji , Shimojima Akira , Hosono Toshio
Published: July 2007

The electromagnetic waves propagating along an open waveguide can be classified in several ways. For instance: (1) guided modes and leaky modes; (2) real modes and complex modes; and (3) proper modes and improper modes. However, their mutual relationships are not clear. In addition, the physical meaning of the leaky mode is not well understood in comparison with the guided mode.

In this paper, the relationship of the modes propagating in a dielectric slab waveguide is investigated. First, from the dispersion equation, the guided mode cutoff frequency and the leaky mode cutoff frequency are obtained so that the regions of the guided mode and the leaky mode are found. It is shown also that there exists an improper mode region with real propagation constants between the guide and leaky mode regions.

This improper mode does not decay in the direction of propagation and the amplitude increases away from the waveguide along a straight line with an arbitrary angle from the propagation direction. In this region, the group velocity may exceed the speed of light in free space or become infinite. Thus, in this paper, this region is called the anomalous group velocity region. The width of this region is inversely proportional to the mode number and the waveguide width.
Refractive index measurement of ion‐exchanged glass waveguides by reflection method
Authors: Sawa Shinnosuke , Ono Kazuo , Nomoto Takeshi
Published: July 2007

It is important to measure the refractive index profile in an optical waveguide. In particular, there has been a demand for the development of simple methods to measure precisely the refractive index profile in a waveguide with a small number of propagation modes. One of the methods which can provide relatively high resolution is the edge reflection method using an optical fiber as a probe. This method has been used to evaluate a rod lens.

In this study, the edge reflection method was used to evaluate a diffused‐type glass waveguide with small dimensions. To increase the sensitivity to reflected light, the fibers for incident light and reflected light detection were located with a certain angle, that is, an oblique incident light system was used. In addition, to increase the spatial resolution, the refractive index profile in the direction of interest was expanded by angle lapping of the edge of the test fiber. By using this method, it was possible to measure easily the refractive index profile in a silver‐diffused glass optical waveguide with two propagating modes.
Estimation of strain under electrodes of semiconductor devices with the mobility change using magneto‐TLM measurement
Authors: Nakahara Kouji , Furukawa Seijiro
Published: July 2007

In semiconductors under strain such as SOI and for a semiconductor under an electrode, the mobility often is different from that in the bulk, and it is important to know the order of change. In this paper, using a new mobility measurement in semiconductor bulk and under an electrode, the MTLM Magneto Transmission Line Model) method, it has been found that the mobility under the Au‐Sb electrode sometimes is higher than that in the bulk from the measurement of electron mobility in n‐type Si.

From the theory or strain and mobility change, this change is attributed mainly to the two‐dimensional strain by the electrode, and its magnitude has been estimated to be 1.4 × 10−3. By measuring the mobility change with the strain in the semiconductors bulk and that under an electrode by intentionally applying a uniaxial stress to these samples, the agreement with the theory has been confirmed. Also, from the agreement with the theory for the mobility change with the uniaxial stress under the electrode, the previously obtained value for the strain has been shown to be reasonable.
Enhancement of Čerenkov‐radiation‐type wavelength conversion domain‐inverted structure
Authors: Yanagawa Kazunori , Hayata Kazuya , Koshiba Masanori
Published: July 2007

For the wavelength conversion by the Čerenkov‐radiation scheme in a nonlinear optical waveguide, a novel device structure is proposed which improves the efficiency and the characteristics over the conventional ones. An optimization of such a device structure is attempted. In this waveguide structure, a transverse distribution is provided not only for the linear refractive index but also for the nonlinear susceptibility.

This paper shows that the second harmonic generation in a proton‐exchanged LiNbO3 waveguide is expected to be enhanced by more than an order of magnitude by changing the region near the surface of the conventional structure into a domain‐inverted layer. Further, if the thickness of the domain‐inverted layer is controlled precisely, the selection of the guiding‐layer thickness (or the refractive index profile) can be relaxed substantially. This feature would be extremely attractive in designing actual device structures.
ZnyCd1‐yS‐CuGaS2 heterojunction diode
Authors: Kobayashi Satoshi , Kaneko Futao , Maruyama Takeo , Tsuboi Nozomu , Tamura Hitoshi
Published: July 2007

As the basic study to realize a blue‐color light‐emitting diode using CuAlxGa1‐xS2 crystals, heterojunction diodes were fabricated by the vacuum deposition of an n‐type ZnyCd1‐yS thin film on the {112} surface of a p‐type CuGaS2 single crystal grown by the iodine transport method. It was found that the {0001} surface of ZnyCd1‐yS is oriented in parallel to the substrate when the substrate is not heated, that the film is transparent to green and blue color, and that the resistivity is extremely low when y = 0.2 to 0.4. When single crystalline CuGaS2 is annealed in saturated sulfur vapor, the resistivity decreases.

Next, the current‐voltage characteristic of a diode was investigated. When sulfur‐annealed CuGaS2 single crystal was used, the series resistance of the diode was low and the forward characteristic could be explained by using series and parallel resistances in the equivalent circuit. On the other hand, the reverse current showed almost an ohmic characteristic at low voltage but it increased nonlinearly with an increase of the reverse voltage. When y ≠ 0, a yellowish‐orange or red light emission was observed when the diode was forward‐biased. When y = 0, no light emission was observed although the electrical property of the diode was excellent.
Effect of plasma treatment on adhesion of low thermal expansion polyimide films
Authors: Satsu Yuichi , Miura Osamu , Watanabe Ryuji , Miyazaki Kunio
Published: July 2007

To fabricate a multilayer wiring using a low thermal expansion polyimide film, the adhesion of polyimide film on a thermally cured polyimide film must be secured. When the surface was plasma‐treated by O2‐CF4 = 1:1 gas, the adhesion was 30 times stronger (peel strength: at least 500 g/cm) than in the untreated case (peel strength: 15 g/cm). The film on the plasma‐treated surface maintained strong adhesion for long periods of time in a high‐temperature and high‐humidity environment. The cause of improved adhesion was investigated by evaluating the plasma‐treated polyimide surface by XPS and it was found that functional group, which seems to be COF, was formed.
Some characteristics of AgPd40/60 contacts mounted on miniature relays that make and break a dc 30 v‐10 a resistive circuit
Authors: Kubono Takayoshi , Mogami Masahiko
Published: July 2007

While the AgPd40/60 electrical contacts mounted on the miniature relays continued to make and break a dc 30 V‐10 A resistive circuit for 100,000 times, on every switching operation the number of bounce, the duration of closing are, the contact resistance, the temperature on the stationary contact arm, and the duration of opening are were measured and recorded.

In this paper, these measured values are shown in many figures and compared with data on Ag, Pd, AgCdO12 wt percent and AgSn2 9.3 wt percent. Furthermore, the values measured on some switching operations before and after the contact pairs adhered are listed in the tables.

The variation of the closing are duration has the same tendency as the increase and decrease of the number of contact bounce. Also, the contact resistance becomes low after the closing operation in which the duration of the closing are is long. However, the average duration of the closing are was about half that in Pd pairs and was the same degree in Ag and AgSn2 9.3 wt percent contacts.

Although the duration of the opening are was double that in Pd contacts, it was not especially long compared with that in Ag, AgCd0 12 wt percent and AgSnO2 9.3 wt percent contacts. However, the pip made of transferred metal on the anode surface would grow largely rather than be scattered by subsequent switching arcs. This largely grown pip causes contact sticking, as in the case of Pd contacts.

Although black polymer is observed on two contact surfaces, the top of a large pip on the anode and the bottom of an eroded crater on the cathode are whitish metallic surfaces with microroughness. Thus, the contact resistance at current of dc 10 A was unchanged for 100,000 switching operations. However, the average contact resistance was higher than that of Ag and Pd contacts measured under the same experimental condition.
Compartmentalization of brain energy metabolism between glia and neurons: Insights from mathematical modeling
Authors: Aubert Agnès , Costalat Robert
Published: July 2007

We review the contribution of mathematical modeling of metabolic pathways to the study of the compartmentalization of brain energy metabolism between neurons and glia. We especially focus on the role of lactate in the relationship between glia and neurons and the possible presence of an astrocyte–neuron lactate shuttle (ANLS). We first discuss models of glucose, pyruvate, and lactate kinetics, which are relevant to neuron–glia interactions. We then review models of compartmentalized energy metabolism, which deal with the concepts of ‘red’ and ‘white’ stimulations, and the ANLS hypothesis. We next show the contribution of a study of model robustness to the debate about the potential role of lactate in metabolic interactions between glia and neurons. Finally, we discuss the possible implications of modeling for further experimental studies. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Activity‐dependent regulation of energy metabolism by astrocytes: An update
Authors: Pellerin Luc , Bouzier‐Sore Anne‐Karine , Aubert Agnès , Serres Sébastien , Merle Michel , Costalat Robert , Magistretti Pierre J.
Published: July 2007

Astrocytes play a critical role in the regulation of brain metabolic responses to activity. One detailed mechanism proposed to describe the role of astrocytes in some of these responses has come to be known as the astrocyte‐neuron lactate shuttle hypothesis (ANLSH). Although controversial, the original concept of a coupling mechanism between neuronal activity and glucose utilization that involves an activation of aerobic glycolysis in astrocytes and lactate consumption by neurons provides a heuristically valid framework for experimental studies. In this context, it is necessary to provide a survey of recent developments and data pertaining to this model. Thus, here, we review very recent experimental evidence as well as theoretical arguments strongly supporting the original model and in some cases extending it. Aspects revisited include the existence of glutamate‐induced glycolysis in astrocytes in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo, lactate as a preferential oxidative substrate for neurons, and the notion of net lactate transfer between astrocytes and neurons in vivo. Inclusion of a role for glycogen in the ANLSH is discussed in the light of a possible extension of the astrocyte‐neuron lactate shuttle (ANLS) concept rather than as a competing hypothesis. New perspectives offered by the application of this concept include a better understanding of the basis of signals used in functional brain imaging, a role for neuron‐glia metabolic interactions in glucose sensing and diabetes, as well as novel strategies to develop therapies against neurodegenerative diseases based upon improving astrocyte‐neuron coupled energetics. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Situational leadership: A review of the research
Authors: Johansen Barry‐Craig P.
Published: July 2007

Situational leadership theory (SLT)—it sounds great, but will it work? SLT, a popular theory based on task behavior, relationship behavior, follower (subordinate) maturity, and effective leader behavior, may not be what the training‐management professional expects. Johansen reviews the three major areas of research on SLT: conceptual validity, validity of the instrument associated with SLT— the Leadership Effectiveness and Adaptability (LEAD) survey—and the effect on subordinates' performance when the theory is accurately practiced by a leader or manager. According to Johansen, research has failed to support the conceptual basis of the theory and the validity of the instruments. Research regarding the effect on subordinates' performance when situational leadership is properly practiced by the leader has provided mixed results and only limited support for the theory. Johansen found that it is not possible to make a definitive statement based on experimental findings. Yet SLT does have redeeming qualities: it has opened much discussion about the many factors that affect leadership behavior and about the nature of leader‐subordinate relationships, and it has generated critical research. But until the validity and performance questions are answered, Johansen strongly suggests that SLT will be appropriately used only as a starting point for discussion about the dynamics of leadership behavior, subordinate expectations, leadership effectiveness, and decision making.
A critical review of current thought on guaranteed employment practices
Authors: Mink Oscar G. , Morrow Rosemary , Shindell Thomas J.
Published: July 2007

What do Lincoln Electric, Digital Equipment Corporation, IBM, Bank of America, Delta Airlines, and Hewlett‐Packard have in common? They all use no‐layoff policies because they are morally right and they are good business. This article discusses real job security or guaranteed employment. It describes the costs (for companies, communities, and people) of layoffs, offers specific techniques for companies to use to avoid layoffs, and provides rationales for adopting an employment security plan.
Dual dimensionality of training transfer
Authors: Laker Dennis R.
Published: July 2007

Recent literature has described a problem in training transfer as trainees fail to take back and apply to the workplace the skills, abilities, and knowledge they acquired during training. This article discusses transfer problems and identifies the two dimensions of time and generalizability, which are important for assessing transfer problems. Training transfer is multidimensional: the temporal dimension includes transfer initiation and transfer maintenance, and the dimension of generalizability includes near and far transfer. The dual‐dimensional model described in this article seems to provide one useful way to examine training transfer. However, empirical research to verify the dual dimensionality of transfer is necessary.
Job loss and dislocated workers: Description and opportunities for HRD practice and research
Authors: Jacobs Ronald L. , Jones Michael J.
Published: July 2007

Job dislocation and job loss are two social issues relevant to the study of human resource development (HRD). This article describes the differing effects of job loss on managers and blue‐collar workers; the responses of governmental agencies, organizations, and unions; the effectiveness of outplacement programs; and opportunities to apply such information to HRD practice and research. According to research on these issues, managers and professionals appear better able to recover from job loss than blue‐collar workers if support to bolster their egos is provided. The Job Training Partnership Act and the Trade Adjustment Assistance Act have created training and employment opportunities as one supportive response. A company's own outplacement program and sources of job‐related information provided by such organizations as the United Auto Workers and the United Mine Workers are other responses. This article discusses the benefits and problems of each type of response. With this background in mind, HRD professionals need to conduct additional research and apply to the workplace some strategic planning models related to job loss and organizational changes, as well as suggest improvements to outplacement programs.
Invited reaction: Why rhetorical rules are weak levers for culture change
Authors: Sashkin Marshall
Published: July 2007

How effective is rhetoric as a metaphor for culture? This article analyzes Shapiro and Schall's use of rhetoric as the overlying principle for managing organization‐cultures and concludes that the authors are confusing metaphor with reality. In doing so, they leave out some important aspects of organization and culture. The rhetorical “rules” are examined and challenged through an analysis of recent literature and a logical exploration of the problems that arise when organizations are viewed only as influence systems and all action is seen as rhetoric.
Subordinates' observations: Feedback for management development
Authors: Shipper Frank , Neck Chris P.
Published: July 2007

How can managers receive realistic feedback about the consequences of their behavior? One undervalued source of feedback is subordinates' observations. This article describes a study of subordinates' observations that were used to evaluate managers' skills. This source is compared with other sources of feedback, and methods of collecting and using subordinates' observations to improve managerial skills are presented. The study further illustrates how subordinates' observations can provide a realistic, positive method for gathering information about managers' long‐term behavior so that the company, subordinates, and managers all benefit from the skills assessment.
Invited reaction: The compleat self‐learner
Authors: Campbell John P.
Published: July 2007

After summarizing the principal ideas and prescriptions in the preceding article, suggestions are made for further explicating and developing the issues. Two areas needing additional specification are identified. It is suggested that a model of self‐learning also incorporate substantive issues pertaining to learners as their own training designers and to the interaction of ability and motivational dispositions with instruction in self‐learning. Finally, the critical role of self‐learning in helping to meet the enormous training needs of the next two or three decades is stated in emphatic terms.
Organizational training and signals of importance: Linking pretraining perceptions to intentions to transfer
Authors: Baldwin Timothy T. , Magjuka Richard J.
Published: July 2007

The organizational literature has suggested that all management actions send signals to employees that affect perceptions and influence behavior. This study investigated the effects of three pretraining signals—course information provided to trainees, accountability to supervisor, and program status (mandatory or voluntary)—on subsequent intentions to transfer program learning. Data collected from 193 trainees in the engineering group of a manufacturing firm indicated that trainees reported greater intentions to transfer learning to the workplace when they (1) received information prior to the training program, (2) recognized that they would have some accountability for learning with their supervisor, and (3) perceived a program as mandatory.
Training practitioner perceptions of the research agenda needed to improve training
Authors: Camp Richaurd R. , Hoyer Denise Tanguay , Laetz Virginia B. , Vidhaber Mary E.
Published: July 2007

This study explored the gap between training research and practice. It addressed this question by obtaining training practitioner perceptions of the value of training research in specific areas and the ways in which training research is used in organizations. The data revealed that trainers want to know how to improve “external relations” of the training function and that they have a variety of questions they feel are not being addressed in the current research literature. The research implications of these practitioner perceptions are discussed.
The evaluation of a multiyear management development program in a third world setting
Authors: Myrtle Robert C.
Published: July 2007

This is an evaluation of a management development project designed to improve the technical and analytical skills of public health administrators in Jordan. The study suggests that action research and learning methods can be used to improve the knowledge and performance of senior managers. The methods also proved useful in uncovering administrative, structural, and interpersonal factors that had the potential to limit the capacity‐building process. In the design of third world management development programs, careful attention should be given to organizational, environmental, and technical factors that influence how well the methods meet the developmental needs of the participants. Although this research did not uncover any cultural conditions limiting the use of an action‐based training and development approach, the participants in this sample were not broadly representative of the population.
Relocation trauma: Fact or fiction?
Authors: McEnery Jean M. , Kulick Neal P.
Published: July 2007

The relocation attitudes and experiences of 420 mid‐ and upper‐level Ameritech managers were examined using data on such variables as financial consequences, effects on family, and marital status. Managers were also asked to recommend specific elements of a relocation program. As a result of these actions, Ameritech adopted several enhancements to the relocation plan, significantly increasing support for the spouse and elder care assistance in order to provide more overall support and increased flexibility for relocating managers.
Response to Manz and Manz's article on self‐directed learning (HRDQ 2:1): So how would it work?
Authors: Knowles Malcolm S.
Published: July 2007

As I read the Manzes' (1991b) basic article, Campbell's (1991) response to it, and the Manzes' (1991a) reaction to that, the question that kept haunting my mind was “What would it be like to live in an organization that put these ideas into operation?” So I started daydreaming, and 1 would like to share my fantasy with you.
Job demands and managerial learning in the research and development function
Authors: Pearson Alan W. , McCauley Cynthia D.
Published: July 2007

An increased focus on innovation as a means for gaming competitive advantage has forced organizations to look more closely at the managerial skills of their research and development (R&D) managers. The current study uses the Job Challenge Profile to explore how managerial skills are developed on the job by R&D managers. Compared to other managers, research and development managers faced more job challenge from lack of top management support and from problematic relationships with their bosses and subordinates. However, they reported learning less from their jobs. Implications for developing managerial skills in the R&D function are discussed.