bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conscious Parallelism by Fixed Relative Prices / Bewusstes Parallelverhalten durch eine Politik der festen Preisrelation
Authors: Erlei Mathias
Published: April 2016

This paper is about conscious parallelism in a duopoly with differentiated products. Conscious parallelism is modelled by a “policy of fixed relative prices” (frp) i. e. starting from a competitive equilibrium both duopolists vary prices by the same percentage. This price increasing continues until one of the suppliers does not want to realize any further common price increases. Such a simple and symmetric adjustment process reaches a restpoint, the frp-equilibrium, that is characterized by remarkable properties: (1) in symmetric duopolies the frp-equilibrium reaches a first best solution (maximum of aggregate profits); (2) in stark contrast to “usual” collusive equilibria frp-equilibria are stable with regard to asymmetries in the underlying duopoly model; (3) the model offers a unique approach to duopolies with symmetric and asymmetric market structures. Finally, it is argued that conscious parallelism by fixed relative prices can hardly be detected by antitrust authorities and that it meets widely accepted characteristics of “fair behavior”.
Strategien zur deutschen Volkszählung unter Beachtung internationaler Erfahrungen / Strategies for the German Census of Population in Regard of International Experiences
Authors: Krug Walter
Published: April 2016

In den meisten westlichen Ländern haben die nationalen statistischen Ämter Schwierigkeiten, das Budget für eine traditionelle Volkszählung zu bekommen bzw. zu rechtfertigen. Die deutsche amtliche Statistik, die eine Totalzählung traditioneller Art seit 1987 nicht mehr durchgeführt hat, versucht zu prüfen, ob gegenwärtig eine Volkszählung unter Verwendung von Registern möglich ist. Es wird ergänzend vorgeschlagen, jene Erfahrungen zur Volkszählungsplanung zu berücksichtigen, die die Niederlande, die Schweiz und Frankreich gemacht haben.
Steuerreform und Unternehmensfinanzierung / Tax Reform and Corporate Finance
Authors: Eggert Wolfgang , Weichenrieder Alfons J.
Published: April 2016

Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Finanzierungsanreize, wie sie von der Steuerreform ausgehen und vergleicht sie mit den Anreizen vor der Reform. Trotz des Systemwechsels vom körperschaftsteuerlichen Anrechnungsverfahren zum Halbeinkünfteverfahren ergeben sich nur moderate Veränderungen in der relativen Vorteilhaftigkeit der Finanzierungswege. Dies ergibt sich jedenfalls, wenn die Unternehmenspolitik im Hinblick auf Anteilseigner optimiert wird, die dem Spitzensteuersatz der Einkommensteuer unterliegen. Auch die Anreize Aktienrückkäufe zu tätigen, wie sie seit 1998 auch in Deutschland möglich sind, hat sich für Unternehmen mit solchen Anteilseignern nur geringfügig geändert. Der Aufsatz argumentiert, dass die Steuerfreiheit für Veräußerungsgewinne auf Unternehmensebene eine Maßnahme ist, welche die künstliche Bevorzugung der Beteiligungsfinanzierung für Tochterunternehmen beseitigt.
Classical, Modern, and New Game Theory / Klassische, Moderne und Neue Spieltheorie
Authors: Holler Manfred J.
Published: April 2016

This paper is a brief history of game theory with its main theme being the nature of the decision makers assumed in the various stages of its historical development. It demonstrates that changes in the “image of man” nourished the developments of what many believe to be progress in game theory. The first stage, classical game theory, is defined by John von Neumann’s and Oskar Morgenstern’s pioneering book “Game Theory and Economic Behavior” which introduced the concept of individual rational players and focuses on conflicting interests. The second stage, modern game theory, is defined by the Nash player who is not only rational but, at least implicitly, assumes that all players are rational to such a degree that players can coordinate their strategies so that a Nash equilibrium prevails. The third stage, new game theory, is defined by the Harsanyi player who is rational but knows very little about the other players, e.g., their payoff functions or the way they form beliefs about other players’ payoff functions or beliefs. The Harsanyi player either plays a highly sophisticated epistemic game on the forming of beliefs or rests content with himself by imitating the observed successful behavior of other agents.
Regional and Industrial Wage Dynamics in West Germany and the United States / Regionale und industrielle Lohndynamik in Westdeutschland und den USA
Authors: Mertens Antje
Published: April 2016

It is commonly known that every economy is faced with the problem of unevenly distributed labour demand changes across industries, occupations and regions. In competitive labour markets flexible wages and the mobility of labour would lead to a new equilibrium distribution of wages and employment. Regional or industrial unemployment dispersion in Germany is often blamed on a lack of wage adjustments and the lack of labour mobility when economic fortunes are not distributed evenly, but this hypothesis is hardly ever tested. This paper asks how wage reactions in Germany compare with responses in the United States using individual level data. As a first step labour demand shocks are estimated from employment time series data using deterministic detrending and the Hodrick-Prescott filter. These are then included in typical wage regressions based on micro data. The results propose that German labour markets are not as inflexible as simple evidence might suggest. Although wages are regionally only flexible in the United States, wages are found to react to industrial labour demand shocks in both countries. Especially for more experienced and therefore less mobile groups in the German labour market wages react to industrial labour demand shocks.
Höheres Beschäftigungswachstum durch Venture Capital? / Does Venture Capital Affect New Firms' Growth?
Authors: Engel Dirk
Published: April 2016

Fragestellung des Papieres ist, ob junge Unternehmen durch die Inanspruchnahme einer Beteiligungsfinanzierung (Untersuchungsgruppe) eine bessere unternehmerische Performance erzielen können im Vergleich zu einer „repräsentativen" Menge von nicht mit Beteiligungskapital finanzierten Unternehmen (Kontrollgruppe). Da sich Beteiligungskapitalgeber bei ihren Investments an den zu erwartenden Wachstumsaussichten der Unternehmen orientieren, kann mit der zufälligen Auswahl von Unternehmen ohne Beteiligungsfinanzierung keine geeignete Kontrollgruppe gebildet werden. In der Mehrzahl der Studien wurden bisher nur wenige oder keine Determinanten berücksichtigt, um eine adäquate Kontrollgruppe auszuwählen. Eine Verzerrung des ausgewiesenen Beitrages der Beteiligungsfinanzierung zum unternehmerischen Wachstum ist daher nicht auszuschließen.

In der vorliegenden Studie wird ein statistisches Evaluationsverfahren eingesetzt, um eine Kontrollgruppe zu bestimmen, welche in deutlich mehr beobachtbaren Charakteristika eine hinreichende Ähnlichkeit mit der Untersuchungsgruppe aufweist. Der anschließende Vergleich der Beschäftigungswachstumsraten zwischen der Untersuchungs- und Kontrollgruppe nach dem Matching zeigt, dass eine offene Beteiligung eines Beteiligungskapitalgebers zu einem höheren Wachstum junger Unternehmen in Deutschland führt. Die Beschäftigungswirkung fällt jedoch, verglichen mit den bisherigen Studien, deutlich geringer aus. Zudem sind einige branchen- und regionsspezifische Unterschiede offensichtlich.
Zur ökonomischen Rationalität von Lohnrigiditäten aus der Sicht von Unternehmen / The Rationale for Wage Rigidity: Employers' Viewpoint
Authors: Franz Wolfgang , Pfeiffer Friedhelm
Published: April 2016

Die Studie analysiert die Ursachen von Lohnrigidititäten, darunter Tarifverträge, Effizienzlöhne, implizite Kontrakte und Insider-Outsider-Verhalten, auf der Basis einer schriftlichen Befragung von 801 Unternehmen und stellt einen Vergleich mit US-amerikanischen Ergebnissen an. Unternehmen stimmen den ökonomischen Erklärungsansätzen in differenzierter Art und Weise zu. Für gering qualifizierte Arbeitnehmer stellen (aus der Sicht der Unternehmen) Tarifverträge und implizite Lohnkontrakte wesentliche Ursachen für Lohnrigiditäten dar. Für Hochqualifizierte stehen Personalbeschaffungskosten, betriebsspezifisches Humankapital und negative Signale für Neueinstellungen im Vordergrund. Unternehmen sehen von Lohnsenkungen für alle Qualifikationsgruppen ab, um die Gefahr der Abwanderung produktiver Arbeitnehmer zu vermindern und um die Arbeitsleistung zu halten. Die seit Mitte der neunziger Jahre vermehrt in die Tarifverträge eingeführten Härte- und Offnungsklauseln und die betrieblichen Bündnisse für Arbeit werden, auch das zeigt die Erhebung, nicht sehr häufig angewendet. Als Ursache dafür kommen Effizienzlohnmechanismen in Betracht, die zusätzlich zu Tarifverträgen für Lohnrigiditäten sorgen. Die Untersuchung weist auf eine erhebliche Heterogenität von Unternehmen in der Lohnbildung hin, die ein abgestimmtes Verhalten im Hinblick auf eine generelle Lohnzurückhaltung erschweren wird, die beispielsweise im Rahmen des „Bündnisses für Arbeit" vereinbart werden könnte. Im Vergleich zu den USA stimmen hierzulande mehr Unternehmen der Aussage zu, dass Tarifverträge, Insider-Outsider-Verhalten und betriebsspezifisches Humankapital für Lohnrigiditäten verantwortlich sind.
Social Statistics: Its History and Some Modern Issues / Zur Geschichte der Sozialstatistik und einiger moderner Probleme
Authors: Sheynin Oscar
Published: April 2016

Based on my previous publications and many other sources, I trace the history of social statistics before the 20th century and link it with the development of the statistical method in natural sciences. Many recent statistical issues had scarcely, or not at all existed then, and before Lexis probability theory had hardly entered statistics. Moreover, its introduction met with real and imaginary difficulties.

Other topics discussed here are the present situation regarding “mathematical” versus “theoretical” statistics and the similarities and differences between statistics and the theory of errors.
Zum Problem räumlicher Nutzen-Spillover zentralörtlicher Leistungen. Einige empirische Ergebnisse aus dem Schweizer Föderalismus / Inter-jurisdictional Spillover Effects from Central Public Infrastructure. Evidence from the Swiss Federalism
Authors: Schaltegger Christoph A.
Published: April 2016

In der Theorie des fiskalischen Föderalismus werden räumliche Nutzen-Spillover als wesentliches Problem für die dezentrale Finanzpolitik betrachtet. Stellt eine Region öffentliche Güter bereit, die auch Bewohnern anderer Regionen zugute kommen, so können sich letztere Regionen als free-rider verhalten und ihre eigenen Ausgaben und dementsprechend ihre Steuerbelastung senken. Ihre Einwohner profitieren von Leistungen, ohne dafür einen adäquaten Finanzierungsanteil beisteuern zu müssen. Solche räumlichen Externalitäten fördern den Prozess der Suburbanisierung und führen in letzter Konsequenz zu einer Unterversorgung mit zentralörtlichen Leistungen. Dieses Papier untersucht, in welchem Ausmaß sich empirische Evidenz für räumliche Nutzen- Spillover im Schweizer Föderalismus finden lässt. Die Resultate zeigen, dass auf kantonaler Ebene solchen Nutzenüberschwappeffekten keine signifikante Bedeutung zukommt.
The Impact of Personal Characteristics and the Regional Milieu on the Transition from Unemployment to Self-employment: Empirical Evidence for Germany / Zur Bedeutung von individuellen Charakteristika und regionalem Milieu für Existenzgründungen aus der Arbeitslosigkeit: Empirische Ergebnisse für Deutschland
Authors: Wagner Joachim
Published: April 2016

The focus of this paper is on the choice of the unemployed between becoming an entrepreneur or not. It contributes to the literature by empirically investigating the impact of personal characteristics and attitudes, and of the regional “entrepreneurial milieu”, on the individual decision to start a new business out of unemployment. The econometric study is based on data from a recent representative survey of the population in ten German planning regions. We use a version of the logit model that takes care of both the rare events nature of the transition from unemployment to self-employment, and of the regional stratification of the data, and the results of the non linear models are carefully interpreted and illustrated. We show that lack of personal contact with a young entrepreneur reduces the probability of starting one’s own business. A favourable ‘regional entrepreneurial milieu’ (proxied by higher levels of current start-up activity and larger shares of unemployed among the starters in a region) has a positive effect on the individual propensity to step into self-employment. All these impacts are not only statistically significant, but economically important, too. A comparison of unemployed with employed and not employed nascent entrepreneurs reveals remarkable differences regarding the impact of sex, age, and higher education, while the positive impact of personal contacts with a young entrepreneur and of a comparable high share of nascent entrepreneurs in the region holds across all groups.
Preisanpassung im Oligopol: Wie aussagekräftig ist ein Zahlenbeispiel? / Price Adjustment in Oligopoly: How Powerful is an Example?
Authors: Luderer Bernd , Zeh Antje
Published: April 2016

Der Preisanpassungsprozess im Oligopol wird untersucht. Unter recht allgemeinen Voraussetzungen an die (lineare) Preis-Nachfrage-Funktionen der Akteure werden verschiedene Strategien diskutiert, wie z. B. die klassische Cournot-Nash-Lösung, die Launhardt-Hotelling-Strategie, die Stackelbergsche Asymmetrielösung und das beidseitige Setzen von Abhängigkeitspreisen bzw. Unabhängigkeitspreisen. Spezielle Aufmerksamkeit wird der Maximallinienlösung gewidmet, als deren Spezialfälle sich die Monopolpunkte und das Gesamtgewinnmaximum erweisen. Einige der in Helmedag (1991) erzielten Resultate werden präzisiert und exakte Bedingungen für die Gültigkeit getroffener Aussagen angegeben.
State Preferences and the Provision of Public Goods / Staatspräferenzen und die Bereitstellung öffentlicher Güter
Authors: Matschke Xenia
Published: April 2016

Countries differ substantially in the emphasis on the public sector and the ratio between state consumption and provision of public goods. It seems that these differences are often not well explained by only assuming a heterogeneous population. In this paper, I take differing state preferences as given and investigate how changes in state preferences affect the provision of a public good. The provision of the public good is modelled as a two-stage game with the state and the citizens as players. I find that the Nash equilibrium provision of the public good is independent of a so-called "welfare state" parameter. In contrast, an increase in a parameter measuring the relative importance of public good provision vs. state consumption leads to an increase in the overall public good provision, while private provision declines.
Was reizt Sozial hi Ifeempfänger zum Ausstieg?. Eine empirische Untersuchung mit dem Niedrigeinkommens-Panel / Why do Recipients of German Social Assistance Opt Out?. An Empirical Investigation of Incentives with the Low Income Panel
Authors: Wilde Joachim
Published: April 2016

Als Hauptursache für die hohe Zahl der Sozialhilfeempfänger in Deutschland wird häufig angenommen, dass sich die Aufnahme einer Erwerbstätigkeit finanziell nicht lohne und viele Menschen deshalb freiwillig in der Sozialhilfe verblieben (sogenannte Armuts- bzw. Sozialhilfefalle). Die vorliegende Studie prüft mittels der Daten des Niedrigeinkommens-Panels, ob diese These und die ihr zugrunde liegenden Annahmen tatsächlich gültig sind und ob es weitere Anreizfaktoren gibt, welche die Ausstiegsentscheidung der Haushalte beeinflussen. Dabei zeigt sich, dass der Einfluss der z. T. ungünstigen finanziellen Anreizstruktur auf die Ausstiegsentscheidung erheblich geringer ist als allgemein angenommen. Dem gegenüber ist beispielsweise das Verhalten der Mitarbeiter des Sozialamts von signifikanter Bedeutung für die Ausstiegswahrscheinlichkeit. Eine Beschränkung der Reformdiskussion auf die Ausgestaltung der finanziellen Anreize ist deshalb nicht sinnvoll.
The Neural Feedback Response to Error As a Teaching Signal for the Motor Learning System
Authors: Albert Scott T. , Shadmehr Reza
Published: April 2016

When we experience an error during a movement, we update our motor commands to partially correct for this error on the next trial. How does experience of error produce the improvement in the subsequent motor commands? During the course of an erroneous reaching movement, proprioceptive and visual sensory pathways not only sense the error, but also engage feedback mechanisms, resulting in corrective motor responses that continue until the hand arrives at its goal. One possibility is that this feedback response is co-opted by the learning system and used as a template to improve performance on the next attempt. Here we used electromyography (EMG) to compare neural correlates of learning and feedback to test the hypothesis that the feedback response to error acts as a template for learning. We designed a task in which mixtures of error-clamp and force-field perturbation trials were used to deconstruct EMG time courses into error-feedback and learning components. We observed that the error-feedback response was composed of excitation of some muscles, and inhibition of others, producing a complex activation/deactivation pattern during the reach. Despite this complexity, across muscles the learning response was consistently a scaled version of the error-feedback response, but shifted 125 ms earlier in time. Across people, individuals who produced a greater feedback response to error, also learned more from error. This suggests that the feedback response to error serves as a teaching signal for the brain. Individuals who learn faster have a better teacher in their feedback control system.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTOur sensory organs transduce errors in behavior. To improve performance, we must generate better motor commands. How does the nervous system transform an error in sensory coordinates into better motor commands in muscle coordinates? Here we show that when an error occurs during a movement, the reflexes transform the sensory representation of error into motor commands. To learn from error, the nervous system scales this feedback response and then shifts it earlier in time, adding it to the previously generated motor commands. This addition serves as an update to the motor commands, constituting the learning signal. Therefore, by providing a coordinate transformation, the feedback system generates a template for learning from error.
Responses to Pop-Out Stimuli in the Barn Owl's Optic Tectum Can Emerge through Stimulus-Specific Adaptation
Authors: Dutta Arkadeb , Wagner Hermann , Gutfreund Yoram
Published: April 2016

Here, we studied neural correlates of orientation-contrast-based saliency in the optic tectum (OT) of barn owls. Neural responses in the intermediate/deep layers of the OT were recorded from lightly anesthetized owls confronted with arrays of bars in which one bar (the target) was orthogonal to the remaining bars (the distractors). Responses to target bars were compared with responses to distractor bars in the receptive field (RF). Initially, no orientation-contrast sensitivity was observed. However, if the position of the target bar in the array was randomly shuffled across trials so that it occasionally appeared in the RF, then such sensitivity emerged. The effect started to become significant after three or four positional changes of the target bar and strengthened with additional trials. Our data further suggest that this effect arises due to specific adaptation to the stimulus in the RF combined with suppression from the surround. By jittering the position of the bar inside the RF across trials, we demonstrate that the adaptation has two components, one position specific and one orientation specific. The findings give rise to the hypothesis that barn owls, by active scanning of the scene, can induce adaptation of the tectal circuitry to the common orientation and thus achieve a “pop-out” of rare orientations. Such a model is consistent with several behavioral observations in owls and may be relevant to other visual features and species.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNatural scenes are often characterized by a dominant orientation, such as the scenery of a pine forest or the sand dunes in a windy desert. Therefore, orientation that contrasts the regularity of the scene is perceived salient for many animals as a means to break camouflage. By actively moving the scene between each trial, we show here that neurons in the retinotopic map of the barn owl's optic tectum specifically adapt to the common orientation, giving rise to preferential representation of odd orientations. Based on this, we suggest a new mechanism for orientation-based camouflage breaking that links active scanning of scenes with neural adaptation. This mechanism may be relevant to pop-out in other species and visual features.
Behavioral, Neurophysiological, and Synaptic Impairment in a Transgenic Neuregulin1 (NRG1-IV) Murine Schizophrenia Model
Authors: Papaleo Francesco , Yang Feng , Paterson Clare , Palumbo Sara , Carr Gregory V. , Wang Yanhong , Floyd Kirsten , Huang Wenwei , Thomas Craig J. , Chen Jingshan , Weinberger Daniel R. , Law Amanda J.
Published: April 2016

Schizophrenia is a chronic, disabling neuropsychiatric disorder with complex genetic origins. The development of strategies for genome manipulation in rodents provides a platform for understanding the pathogenic role of genes and for testing novel therapeutic agents. Neuregulin 1 (NRG1), a critical developmental neurotrophin, is associated with schizophrenia. The NRG1 gene undergoes extensive alternative splicing and, to date, little is known about the neurobiology of a novel NRG1 isoform, NRG1-IV, which is increased in the brains of individuals with schizophrenia and associated with genetic risk variation. Here, we developed a transgenic mouse model (NRG1-IV/NSE-tTA) in which human NRG1-IV is selectively overexpressed in a neuronal specific manner. Using a combination of molecular, biochemical, electrophysiological, and behavioral analyses, we demonstrate that NRG1-IV/NSE-tTA mice exhibit abnormal behaviors relevant to schizophrenia, including impaired sensorimotor gating, discrimination memory, and social behaviors. These neurobehavioral phenotypes are accompanied by increases in cortical expression of the NRG1 receptor, ErbB4 and the downstream signaling target, PIK3-p110δ, along with disrupted dendritic development, synaptic pathology, and altered prefrontal cortical excitatory–inhibitory balance. Pharmacological inhibition of p110δ reversed sensorimotor gating and cognitive deficits. These data demonstrate a novel role for NRG1-IV in learning, memory, and neural circuit formation and a potential neurobiological mechanism for schizophrenia risk; show that deficits are pharmacologically reversible in adulthood; and further highlight p110δ as a target for antipsychotic drug development.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSchizophrenia is a disabling psychiatric disorder with neurodevelopmental origins. Genes that increase risk for schizophrenia have been identified. Understanding how these genes affect brain development and function is necessary. This work is the first report of a newly generated humanized transgenic mouse model engineered to express human NRG1-IV, an isoform of the NRG1 (Neuregulin 1) gene that is increased in the brains of patients with schizophrenia in association with genetic risk. Using behavioral neuroscience, molecular biology, electrophysiology, and pharmacology, we identify a role for NRG1-IV in learning, memory, and cognition and determine that this relates to brain excitatory–inhibitory balance and changes in ErbB4/PI3K/AKT signaling. Moreover, the study further highlights the potential of targeting the PI3K pathway for the treatment of schizophrenia.
Ethnobotanical Study of Rattans on Suku Anak Dalam Community in Bukit Duabelas Nasional Park
Authors: Mairida Dwi , Muhadiono Muhadiono , Hilwan Iwan
Published: April 2016

Suku Anak Dalam (SAD), a tribal in Bukit Duabelas Nasional Park (TNBD) has knowledge for utilizing rattans. This research attempts to investigate the species of rattans utilized and to analyze the local wisdom of Suku Anak Dalam(SAD) community.The data was collected by doing an interview the informants consisting of temenggung (head of the tribe), jenang (the liaison between the villagers and anak dalam), rattans gatherers, induk (mother) and hand maker. Then, the researcher observed active participation (following the SAD activity in utilizing rattans).The interview was conducted based on the appropriate time with qualitative condition and situation. The result showed 12 (twelve) species of rattan utilized by the SAD community, Calamus ornatus (Blume), Calamus caesius( Blume), Calamus flabellatus (Becc.), Calamus manan(Miq.), Calamus csipionum (Lour.), Calamus javensis(Blume), Calamus axilliaris(Becc.), Calamus sp., Daemonorops geniculata (Griff.) Mart., Daemonorops draco(Willd.) Blume, Daemonorops verticiliaris(Griff.) Mart., and Korthalsiaechinometra(Becc.)The eight species were utilized as ambung, penampilan, and tekalo handicraft. One type for rituals, ropes, clotheslines, dye, durian lempok cakes preservatives (Durio spp.),and the species for the food for pregnant mothers (‘ngidam’), and the three species for medicine. The implication of this research gave a documentation for the government to formulate and to make an authority of TNB forest conservation and to protect the culture of SAD community in the form of rattans inventarization and local wisdom of SAD community in utilizing the species of rattans.

How to Cite

Mairida, D., Muhadiono, M., & Hilwan, I. (2016). Etnobotanical Study of Rattans on Suku Anak Dalam Community in Bukit Duabelas Nasional Park. Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education, 8(1) 64-70.
Growth Response of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. Cultivars to Trivalent Chromium Stress
Authors: Kasmiyati Sri , Santosa Santosa , Priyambada Irfan Dwidja , Dewi Kumala , Sucahyo Sucahyo , Sandradewi Rintawati
Published: April 2016

One of heavy metal pollutants in the soil that can be absorbed by the sorghum is chromium (Cr). The study was conducted to determine the growth response of Cr3+ stress of sorghum cultivars. Two chemical compounds Cr3+ and 3 level concentrations were exposed to sorghum cultivars. The research was conducted in two separate experiments i.e. during seed germination and early seedling development stages. The parameters measured were radicle/root length, seedling length, fresh weight, dry weight, and stress tolerance index (STI) value. The results showed that Cr3+ either in form of CrCl3 or KCr(SO4)2 significantly reduced the seedling growth of sorghum cultivars. The growth responses of sorghum cultivars toward Cr3+ stress showed differences both on stage of the germination and early seedling. Based on the average of STI value, four sorghum cultivars (Badik, Keris, Keris M3 and Numbu) were classified as very strong tolerant, 4 cultivars (Hegari, Mandau, Sangkur and Gambela) were categorized as moderate tolerant, two cultivars (UPCA and Selayer) were weak tolerant, and 2 cultivars (Kawali and Batari) were sensitive ones, under stress condition of Cr3+.The results of this study are expected to provide the scientific basis of the physiological and tolerance responses of sorghum cultivars toward Cr3+ stress condition.

How to Cite

Kasmiyati, S., Santosa, S., Priyambada, I., Dewi, K., Sucahyo, S., & Sandradewi, R. (2016). Growth Response of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. Cultivars to Trivalent Chromium Stress. Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education, 8(1), 71-84.
GRUPĖS IEŠKINYS KAIP CIVILINIO PROCESO SPARTINIMO PRIEMONĖ
Authors: Nekrošius Vytautas , Simaitis Rimantas , Vėbraitė Vigita , Brazdeikis Aurimas
Published: April 2016

Šiame straipsnyje autoriai tiria grupės ieškinio instituto potencialą spartinti Lietuvos civilinį procesą ir kai kurias jo įgyvendinimo problemas.
ANTANO KLEMENTO KARJERA TELŠIŲ ŽEMĖS TEISME
Authors: Stankevič Adam
Published: April 2016

Šiame straipsnyje yra analizuojami lietuvių rašytojo ir teisininko Antano Klemento biografijos faktai iš jo gyvenimo Telšiuose laikotarpio. Lietuvos archyvuose ir bibliotekose surasti dokumentai atskleidžia kai kuriuos teisininkoA. Klemento karjeros etapus ir jų atspindėjimą kūryboje.
KAI KURIE PROBLEMINIAI RESTITUCIJOS TAIKYMO IR GRUPĖS IEŠKINIO TEIKIMO PIKTNAUDŽIAVIMO RINKA ATVEJAIS ASPEKTAI
Authors: Fruzerova Oksana
Published: April 2016

Straipsnyje nagrinėjami investuotojams ir kitiems finansų rinkos dalyviams piktnaudžiavimo rinka veiksmais, t. y. pasinaudojimo viešai neatskleista informacija ir manipuliavimo rinka, padarytos turtinės žalos atlyginimo aktualūs klausimai, t. y. restitucijos taikymo ir grupės ieškinio teikimo tam tikri probleminiai aspektai.
BAUSMĖS VYKDYMO ATIDĖJIMAS IR AKTUALIOS JO TAIKYMO PROBLEMOS
Authors: Simanaitytė Eglė
Published: April 2016

Probacijos sistemos Lietuvoje koncepcijoje konstatuota, kad vienas iš pagrindinių baudžiamosios justicijos Lietuvoje trūkumų – dažnas ir ilgalaikis laisvės atėmimo bausmės taikymas. Taikyti su laisvės atėmimu nesusijusias priemones skatina Europos Tarybos Ministrų komiteto rekomendacijos1, kuriose pripažįstama, kad plėsti tokių priemonių taikymą reikalauja pagrindiniai kiekvienos teisinės sistemos principai. Susirūpinimas dėl nerimą keliančių kalinimo sąlygų Europos Sąjungoje nuolat reiškiamas ir Europos Parlamente, atitinkamai valstybės narės raginamos imtis skubių priemonių, kad būtų užtikrinta pagarba kalinių pagrindinėms teisėms, ypač pažeidžiamų asmenų teisėms ir šių asmenų teisių apsaugai2. Skatinimą ieškoti realaus laisvės atėmimo bausmės vykdymo alternatyvų savo moksliniuose darbuose išreiškia ir teisės krypties mokslininkai. Gintautas Sakalauskas pabrėžia, kad „asmuo, uždarytas įkalinimo įstaigoje, nėra blogio personifikacija, taisytinas tarsi klaidingai nubraižytas eskizas, ir nelaikytinas didžiausio pavojaus likusiai visuomenės daliai šaltiniu3“. Teisininko išsakytas požiūris nepaneigia būtinumo reaguoti į asmens nusikalstamą elgesį, tačiau šios reakcijos procesą skatina kreipti pozityvia ir pačiai visuomenei bei nuteistam asmeniui palankiausia linkme. [...]
Quality Improvement Initiative to Reduce the Necrotizing Enterocolitis Rate in Premature Infants
Authors: Talavera Maria M. , Bixler Gary , Cozzi Corin , Dail James , Miller Randy R. , McClead Richard , Reber Kristina
Published: April 2016

OBJECTIVE:

To reduce the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) among very low birth weight (VLBW) infants admitted to 8 intensive care nurseries from a 2010 baseline of 8.0% to <4.0% by 2012 and sustain for 6 months using quality improvement (QI) methodology.

METHODS:

A multidisciplinary NEC QI team used the Vermont Oxford Network definition of NEC and the Institute for Healthcare Improvement model. The specific aims were evidenced based and included (1) standardized early human milk feedings, (2) conservative feeding guidelines during blood transfusions and indomethacin treatment, and (3) restriction of ranitidine use in VLBW infants. Inclusion criteria included VLBW infants admitted within the study period without NEC. Exclusion criteria included established NEC or spontaneous intestinal perforation unrelated to NEC. The incidence of NEC and NEC-related surgery were tracked using statistical process control methodology.

RESULTS:

The baseline NEC rate in 2010 was 8% (27 NEC cases in 335 VLBW infants). After initiation of early human-milk feeding and conservative feeds during blood transfusions guidelines in November 2011, only 3.1% (19 of 606 VLBW infants) had developed NEC through December 2013 (P = .001). Special cause variation was noted in June 2012 establishing a new centerline at 3.1%. NEC-related mortality decreased from a 2010 baseline mean of 2.7% to a new baseline mean of 0.9% from January 2011 to December 2013.

CONCLUSIONS:

Implementation of QI initiatives decreased the NEC rate from 8.0% to <4.0%. Early human milk feedings and conservative feeding during blood transfusion policies appear to have significant impact on NEC reduction.
Molecular biology of mycoplasmas: from the minimum cell concept to the artificial cell
Authors: CORDOVA CAIO M.M. , HOELTGEBAUM DANIELA L. , MACHADO LAÍS D.P.N. , SANTOS LARISSA DOS
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT Mycoplasmas are a large group of bacteria, sorted into different genera in the Mollicutes class, whose main characteristic in common, besides the small genome, is the absence of cell wall. They are considered cellular and molecular biology study models. We present an updated review of the molecular biology of these model microorganisms and the development of replicative vectors for the transformation of mycoplasmas. Synthetic biology studies inspired by these pioneering works became possible and won the attention of the mainstream media. For the first time, an artificial genome was synthesized (a minimal genome produced from consensus sequences obtained from mycoplasmas). For the first time, a functional artificial cell has been constructed by introducing a genome completely synthesized within a cell envelope of a mycoplasma obtained by transformation techniques. Therefore, this article offers an updated insight to the state of the art of these peculiar organisms' molecular biology.
Diversity and associations between Drosophilidae (Diptera) species and Basidiomycetes in a Neotropical forest
Authors: VALER FELIPE B. , BERNARDI EDUARDO , MENDES MAYARA F. , BLAUTH MONICA L. , GOTTSCHALK MARCO S.
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT Drosophilidae is one of the most representative families of insects that occurs in fungal fruiting bodies of Basidiomycetes; however, the diversity and community structure of mycophagous Drosophilidae in the Neotropical region is poorly known. The aims of the present study were to describe the diversity of mycophagous Drosophilidae and to investigate its colonization of fungal hosts in a forest of southern Brazil. From 120 fungal samples (patches of mushrooms) of 17 Basidiomycetes genera, flies were recorded emerging from 70 samples and collected in adult stages of 25 fungal samples, for a total of 4897 drosophilids belonging to 31 species and 5 genera. Drosophila Fallén was the most species-rich genus, whereas Hirtodrosophila Duda was the dominant genus. Studies performed in the Holarctic region indicate that mycophagous drosophilid have generalist habits; however, our results showed that most drosophilids use fewer than two fungal hosts, and most species of Hirtodrosophila and Leucophenga were restricted to abundant fungal species, suggesting a specialization for these resources. The most specialized fauna emerged from Auricularia, which was the most frequent fungal genus in our collection, and this result supports the assumption that specialization depends on the availability of fungal resources over time.
Validade de constructo da escala Experiences of Discrimination em uma população brasileira
Authors: Fattore Gisel Lorena , Teles Carlos Antonio , Santos Darci Neves dos , Santos Leticia Marques , Reichenheim Michael Eduardo , Barreto Mauricio L.
Published: April 2016

Um dos instrumentos mais utilizados na pesquisa epidemiológica sobre discriminação é o Experiences of Discrimination (EOD), utilizada no Brasil, porém não validado. O objetivo foi avaliar a confiabilidade e estrutura dimensional da escala EOD em uma população brasileira. Foi conduzido um estudo transversal com 1.380 adultos da cidade de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Realizou-se análise fatorial confirmatória (AFC) testando um modelo de dois fatores: experiência de discriminação e preocupação por discriminação. Os resultados da AFC mostraram parâmetros satisfatórios de ajuste, elevadas cargas fatoriais e valores adequados de confiabilidade, confirmando a consistência interna da escala. Identificaram-se correlações residuais envolvendo itens de ambos os fatores. A estrutura dimensional apresentada neste estudo destaca a importância de utilizar diferentes medidas de discriminação - interpessoais e grupais - que permitam em estudos futuros aprofundar nos efeitos do racismo sobre a saúde
Avaliação de acessibilidade geográfica em sistemas de saúde hierarquizados usando o modelo de p-medianas: aplicação em Santa Catarina, Brasil
Authors: Cirino Silviana , Gonçalves Louis Augusto , Gonçalves Mirian Buss , Cursi Eduardo Souza de , Coelho Antonio Sérgio
Published: April 2016

Este trabalho tem por objetivo comparar a distribuição de unidades hospitalares, considerando os diferentes graus de especialização, em Santa Catarina, Brasil, com a distribuição de unidades resultantes da aplicação do modelo hierárquico de p-medianas, em três níveis. O modelo de p-medianas é usado para determinar a localização das unidades, e a seguir é comparado o deslocamento médio da população para alcançar as unidades médicas nos dois cenários, o atual e o simulado. Um indicador quantitativo de acessibilidade é proposto e é usado para avaliar a acessibilidade da distribuição atual com a simulada. O trabalho tem o intuito de revelar regiões subatendidas, e de servir de ferramenta de auxílio à decisão de gestores na área de saúde para possíveis intervenções no sistema, no sentido de torná-la mais homogênea e mais acessível à população
Mourning Love: amor, luto e direitos em "Requiem sertanejo"
Authors: Lehnen Jeremy Lee
Published: April 2016

Resumo O texto aborda a homossexualidade e os direitos a ela relacionados em "Requiem sertanejo" de Rick Santos (2011), referenciando no conceito de luto de Derrida a análise desenvolvida. Propõe, assim, a ideia de que "Requiem sertanejo" emprega o luto como um processo constitutivo. O narrador do texto faz isso, ao recontar seu relacionamento com seu falecido amante, Zeca, relacionamento silenciado publicamente durante o tempo em que estiveram juntos, mas colocado a público no luto-narrativa com a morte do amante. Ao agir assim, o narrador enfrenta o legado jurídico de políticas, tais como "Don't ask, don't tell" e, simultaneamente, recupera os seus direitos por meio desse luto público.
Energy flows in lowland soybean production system in Brazil
Authors: Andrea Maria Carolina da Silva , Romanelli Thiago Libório , Molin José Paulo
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT: Soybean is the main product of Brazilian agribusiness, both production and income. Considering the increase in food and energy demand and the search for more sustainable production systems, this study aimed to analyze inputs and energy use of a possible area of expansion of soybean production: a system under sub irrigation management located in a lowland area of Cerrado biome, northern region of Brazil. Its environmental performance was compared to other Brazilian locations among them traditionally soybean producers. The evaluation and comparison was made through material and energy flow tools in order to determine the inputs embodied per area, as well as energy demand, availability and efficiency in the analyzed production system. Energy demand (IE) and energy availability (OE) of the analyzed production system were 7.6 and 57.1 GJ ha-1, respectively. Energy balance (EB) was 49,5 GJ ha-1, energy return over investment (EROI) was 7.5 and embodied energy in grains (EE) was 2,2 MJ kg-1, respectively. Highest energy consumption was due to the use of fertilizers, fuel and herbicide. The system is energy efficient, since it provides more energy than demands, and efficient when compared to usual production systems in other regions, however it is highly dependent on non-renewable energy.
Social inequalities and access to health: challenges for society and the nursing field
Authors: Fiorati Regina Celia , Arcêncio Ricardo Alexandre , Souza Larissa Barros de
Published: April 2016

Objective to present a critical reflection upon the current and different interpretative models of the Social Determinants of Health and inequalities hindering access and the right to health. Method theoretical study using critical hermeneutics to acquire reconstructive understanding based on a dialectical relationship between the explanation and understanding of interpretative models of the social determinants of health and inequalities. Results interpretative models concerning the topic under study are classified. Three generations of interpretative models of the social determinants of health were identified and historically contextualized. The third and current generation presents a historical synthesis of the previous generations, including: neo-materialist theory, psychosocial theory, the theory of social capital, cultural-behavioral theory and the life course theory. Conclusion From dialectical reflection and social criticism emerge a discussion concerning the complementarity of the models of the social determinants of health and the need for a more comprehensive conception of the determinants to guide inter-sector actions to eradicate inequalities that hinder access to health.
Application of the Workload Indicators of Staffing Need method to predict nursing human resources at a Family Health Service
Authors: Bonfim Daiana , Laus Ana Maria , Leal Ana Emilia , Fugulin Fernanda Maria Togeiro , Gaidzinski Raquel Rapone
Published: April 2016

Objective verify the application of the Workload Indicators of Staffing Need method in the prediction of nursing human resources at a Family Health service. Method descriptive and quantitative study, undertaken at a Family Health service in the city of São Paulo. The set of sequential operations recommended in the Workload Indicators of Staffing Need method was used: definition of the professional category, type of health service and calculation of Available Work Time; definition of workload components; identification of mean time for workload components; dimensioning of staff needs based on the method, application and interpretation of the data. Result the workload proposed in the Workload Indicators of Staffing Need method to nursing technicians/auxiliary nurses was balanced with the number of professionals available at the Family Health service. The Workload Indicators of Staffing Need index amounted to 0.6 for nurses and 1.0 for nursing technicians/auxiliary nurses. Conclusion the application of the Workload Indicators of Staffing Need method was relevant to identify the components of the nursing professionals' workload. Therefore, it is recommendable as a nursing staffing tool at Family Health services, contributing to the access and universal health coverage.
Representações dos participantes de uma intervenção psicossocial para melhoria da adesão ao tratamento da aids
Authors: Nasser Ana Cristina Arantes , Nemes Maria Ines Battistella
Published: April 2016

Este artigo apresenta a investigação e a análise qualitativas das representações construídas por 29 pacientes sobre a experiência de sua participação em uma intervenção psicossocial para melhoria da adesão ao tratamento antirretroviral, realizada em serviço de referência em DST/aids do estado de São Paulo (Brasil). Com o objetivo de apreender, compreender e explicar a relação entre o cotidiano dos pacientes e sua adesão ao tratamento, as entrevistas semiabertas de longa duração com eles realizadas buscaram investigar se, como e por que a experiência vivenciada durante a intervenção transformou a supracitada relação. A análise qualitativa resultante dessa investigação aponta que, ao oportunizar a conscientização sobre a importância do (auto)cuidado no uso prescrito e contínuo da medicação, a intervenção levou os pacientes a aprender formas próprias de inserir a adesão em seu cotidiano, podendo transformá-lo por meio da melhoria dessa adesão.
Enfrentamento ao tráfico sexual de mulheres na ótica dos agentes institucionais de Brasil e Portugal
Authors: Zúquete José Gonçalo , Souza Edinilsa Ramos de , Deslandes Suely Ferreira
Published: April 2016

Este artigo reflete sobre as facilidades e dificuldades no enfrentamento ao tráfico sexual de mulheres. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório de natureza qualitativa; entrevistaram-se representantes de instituições governamentais e não governamentais do Brasil e de Portugal. O material coletado foi submetido à análise temática. Verificou-se a existência de vários obstáculos: desde uma legislação dúbia, estigmatização das mulheres, morosidade investigativa, naturalização de práticas violadoras até falta de recursos. Em contrapartida, percebem-se avanços, como: a gradativa visibilidade e sensibilidade social ao tema; ações de parceria entre as instituições, assim como a busca de diálogo e aprendizado com os grupos representativos dessas pessoas. Recomenda-se: a integração das ações, serviços, políticas e setores que lidam com o tráfico; a formação dos profissionais com a participação de pessoas que já sofreram tal experiência, e a inserção deste assunto nas políticas de violência contra a mulher.
Inspection of the actions of veterinarians qualified to act in the National Programme for Control and Eradication of Animal Brucellosis and Tuberculosis
Authors: Said Alba Luisa Pereira Ribeiro , Bruhn Fábio Raphael Pascoti , Lopes Edna , Rocha Christiane Maria Barcellos Magalhães da , Barçante Joziana Muniz de Paiva , Peconick Ana Paula , Pereira Stela Márcia
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT: The inspection of qualified professionals is an important action of the National Programme for Control and Eradication of Animal Brucellosis and Tuberculosis (PNCEBT). The data for this study were obtained by compiling reports of 63 inspections in loco of qualified private veterinarians between 2008 and 2011 in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Through the findings of this study, it was observed that all inspected professionals are regularly registered in the CRMV-ES, nevertheless it was found pending issues regarding the registration to conduct vaccinations against brucellosis. It was observed that most professionals keep the infrastructure and equipment for conducting tuberculosis and brucellosis tests. The majority adopts the official models of certification, however there is a significant delay in sending reports of actions, and many professionals reported a lack of demand for certification of properties.
Caracterização de cultivares de amendoim quanto ao dano de Stegasta bosquella (Chambers, 1875) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
Authors: Nogueira Luciano , Jesus Flavio Gonçalves de , Almeida André Cirilo de Sousa , Bioça Junior Arlindo Leal , Godoy Ignácio José de , Corrêa Fernanda
Published: April 2016

RESUMO: Avaliou-se a resistência de quatro cultivares de amendoim de hábito de crescimento rasteiro e cinco cultivares de hábito de crescimento ereto ao dano de Stegasta bosquella (Chambers, 1875) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) em condições de campo na safra das águas, nos anos 2009/2010 e 2010/2011. Os cultivares utilizados nos experimentos foram: IAC 147, IAC 213, IAC Caiapó e IAC Runner 886 (porte rasteiro) e IAC Tatu ST, IAC 5, IAC 8112, IAC 22 e IAC 88-1 (porte ereto). O delineamento adotado foi em blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas ao longo do tempo, e quatro repetições. Para a infestação de S. bosquella , foram realizadas avaliações semanais dos 18 aos 67 dias após a emergência (DAE), com contagem de lagartas e avaliações de danos. Para a contagem do número de brotos por planta, coletaram-se 5 plantas por parcela a partir dos 30, 60 e 90 DAE. Independentemente do cultivar, as maiores infestações de S. bosquella ocorrem dos 53 aos 67 DAE. O cultivar IAC Runner 886 apresenta a maior emissão de brotos apicais, uma característica desejável na defesa da planta em relação à S. bosquella .