bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lesion of the Serotonergic Terminals in the Suprachiasmatic Nuclei Limits the Phase Advance of Body Temperature Rhythm in Food-Restricted Rats Fed during Daytime
Authors: Challet E. , Pévet P. , Malan A.
Published: March 2007

The daily rhythm of body temperature was recorded in control rats fed ad libitum and subsequently fed during daytime 50% of ad libitum food intake. Aside from the expression of a feeding-associated component, body temperature rhythm was phase advanced (7 h) by a timed caloric restriction; the new plateau of the acrophase of the nocturnal peak was close to the light-dark transition. A lesion of serotonergic (5-HTergic) terminals in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)—the endogenous circadian clock(s)—was performed by microinjection of the 5-HT neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT). During the ad libitum- fed state, the acrophase of body temperature rhythm was not modified by the 5,7-DHT treatment. In response to a timed caloric restriction, however, the phase advance of the nocturnal peak of body temperature rhythm was reduced by 2 h in rats with 5,7-DHT lesions as compared to that of sham-operated rats. Magni tude and day-night pattern of wheel-running activity between the two groups of rats also were analyzed. No intergroup difference was found in the amount of wheel-running activity prior to the time of feeding. Moreover, the phase advance of nocturnal component of locomotor activity rhythm observed toward the time of feeding in sham-operated rats was limited by 5,7-DHT treatment. It is con cluded that the photic synchronization of body temperature rhythm does not depend on the 5-HTergic projection to SCN under ad libitum conditions. By contrast, the phase-advancing property of a timed caloric restriction on the daily rhythm of body temperature is mediated by a neuronal circuit involving the 5-HTergic projection to SCN. That the phase advance was not fully eliminated by 5,7-DHT treatment suggests that other pathways participate in this mediation.
Development of a Ceramic Heart Valve
Authors: Mitamura Yoshinori , Hosooka Koji , Matsumoto Takeo , Otaki Kenji , Sakai Keisuke , Tanabe Tatsuzo , Yuta Toshio , Mikami Tomohisa
Published: March 2007

A durable and thromboresistant ceramic heart valve comprised of a single crystal alumina disk and titanium nitride (TiN) valve ring has been developed. Blood compatiblity was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examinations of the valves implanted in sheep for 35 (#1), 26 (#2), 20 (#3), 23 (#4), and 26 (#5) days. The single crystal alumina and TiN surfaces were free of platelet aggregation or fibrin networks, except for some depositions of fibrin and platelets on the outflow TiN ring in #3, and isolated red cells on the outflow TiN ring in #5. Durability testing under high pressure (1750 mmHg = 233 KPa) pulsatile conditions showed that the safety factor of the ceramic valve was more than seven times greater than anticipated. The ceramic valve is promising as an artificial heart valve.
Are Families Deteriorating or Changing?
Authors: Gross Emma R.
Published: March 2007

Many observers of contemporary American family life view current sociodemographic and psychological trends in family affairs with alarm, as evidence of an irrevocable "decline" in the viability of "the" family as the fundamental "building block" of American social orga nization and development. This article presents the postmodern thesis that family structures are changing for the better, in response to post- materialist transformations in social values that are associated with greater freedom of choice, equality, and autonomy, especially for women.
Standing Still in the Workplace: Women in Social Work and Other Female-Dominated Occupations
Authors: Mason Mary Ann
Published: March 2007

This article critically examines the condition of women in the workplace from the premise that the equal rights orientation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 has done little to promote the welfare of women workers in female-dominated occupations, including social work, most of whom are mothers. This article investigates alternative strategies such as comparable worth and labor union bargaining. It also discusses raising wages and changes in the structure of the workplace, such as part-time work and "mommy tracks."
Women's Achievement of Empowerment through Activism in the Workplace
Authors: Almeleh Naomi , Soifer Steven , Gottlieb Naomi , Gutierrez Lorraine
Published: March 2007

In social work, workplace activism has been overlooked as a source of empowerment for women clients. This article reports on the results of a case study of a predominantly female union engaged in grass-roots organizing and legislative activity to promote comparable worth. An unanticipated finding of the study was the high degree to which personal, interpersonal, and political empowerment took place among the women who were deeply involved in the campaign for comparable worth. Social workers need to be more aware of the potential that workplace organizing and political action offer for the empowerment of their women clients.
Drug-Alcohol Dependence of Women Prisoners in Hawaii
Authors: Chandler Susan Meyers , Kassebaum Gene
Published: March 2007

This article reports the results of research on the patterns of drug-alcohol use of incarcerated women in Hawaii. It explores the women's use of multiple versus single drugs, histories of physical and sexual abuse, and previous experience with drug treatment programs and presents recommendations for improved correctional programming.
The Relationship of Attitudes Toward Work and Toward Retirement: A Female Perspective
Authors: Gordon Elizabeth Boltson
Published: March 2007

In the past, research on the relationship between attitudes toward work and toward retirement focused primarily on men. The study presented here explored this relationship from a female perspective. A regression model was derived in which work commitment helped explain women's attitudes toward retirement. Reconciling this model with theories negating the importance of attitudes toward work revealed the failure of previous research to distinguish between two work variables: job satisfaction and commitment to work. Thus research from a female perspective can clarify the salient research question and is critical for understanding both women's lives and generic human behavior.
Factors Influencing Hesitancy in Medical Students to Assess History of Victimization in Patients
Authors: NAYAK MADHABIKA B.
Published: March 2007

This study examined factors associated with hesitancy in medical students to assess patients for history of victimization by interpersonal violence. A survey on preferences regarding assessment of victimization history and attitudes toward victims and perpetrators of interpersonal violence was completed by 102 senior undergraduate medical students. Most students disagreed with routine screening of patients. There were no differences in hesitancy to assess patient history of victimization by gender, year of training, personally knowing a victim, or witnessing adult violence in the home. Negative attitudes toward victims and lower knowledge of characteristics and consequences of violence, particularly that related to rape, were associated with increasing hesitancy to assess history of victimization. Victim blaming alone emerged as a significant predictor of student hesitancy. Training in interpersonal violence issues for medical students must focus on student attitudes in order to assist them in appropriate assessment of and intervention with victims of violence.
Expertise in Psychological Profiling
Authors: KOCSIS RICHARD N. , IRWIN HARVEY J. , HAYES ANDREW F. , NUNN RONALD
Published: March 2007

There has been little empirical study of the abilities contributing to proficient performance in psychological profiling. The authors sought to address this issue by comparing the accuracy of psychological profiles for a closed murder case generated by groups differing primarily in characteristics posited to underlie the profiling process. In addition to a sample of professional profilers, the study recruited groups of police officers, psychologists, university students, and self-declared psychics. Another group of participants compiled a generic profile of murderers without knowledge of the specific case given to other groups. Despite the small size of the sample of profilers, there were indications that this group had a set of profiling skills superior to the individual skills represented by the other expertise groups. In addition, the performance of psychologists was better in some respects than that of police and psychics, suggesting that an educated insight into human behavior might be relatively pertinent to psychological profiling. On the other hand, it would seem that psychics relied on nothing more than the social stereotype of a murderer in their production of the offender's profile.
Child Sexual Abuse and Revictimization in the Form of Adult Sexual Abuse, Adult Physical Abuse, and Adult Psychological Maltreatment
Authors: MESSMAN-MOORE TERRI L. , LONG PATRICIA J.
Published: March 2007

Research has suggested that child sexual abuse (CSA) may place a woman at greater risk for further abuse in adulthood, a phenomenon called revictimization. Revictimization may occur in the form of unwanted sexual contact, physical abuse, and psychological maltreatment. This study assessed CSA and adult sexual, physical, and psychological abuse with a sample of 633 college women. Survivors of CSA (CSAS) were more likely to report unwanted sexual intercourse by acquaintances due to force and were more likely to experience unwanted intercourse with both acquaintances and strangers due to the misuse of the perpetrator's authority. CSAS were also more likely to experience unwanted fondling and oral-genital contact with acquaintances in the context of misuse of authority by the perpetrator and use of alcohol or drugs by the victim. In addition, CSAS experienced more instances of physical abuse and psychological maltreatment than nonvictims. The clinical and preventive implications of these findings are discussed.
Ethical Issues in Longitudinal Child Maltreatment Research
Authors: KOTCH JONATHAN B.
Published: March 2007

The ethical issues involved in the participation of children in longitudinal child maltreatment research are very complex. This article describes the approaches to human participants protection taken by the North Carolina Local Site of LONGSCAN, the Longitudinal Studies Consortium on Child Abuse and Neglect, in its first 8 years. Issues such as participant selection, proxy consent, incomplete disclosure, and confidentiality are discussed in the contexts of three ethical principles: justice, autonomy, and beneficence. As North Carolina prepares to be the first LONGSCAN site to enter the field to collect child self-reports of maltreatment at age 12, its conclusion that maintaining the confidentiality of the data is ethically superior to reporting suspected maltreatment continues to guide the research.
An Examination of Attitudes and Behaviors Presumed to Mediate Partner Abuse
Authors: DATE ANN L. , RONAN GEORGE F.
Published: March 2007

Partner abuse is frequently conceptualized as a special form of violence, and batterers are usually separated from other violent offenders. Variables associated with partner assault were investigated using three groups of incarcerated men. Men convicted of domestic assault (n = 20) were compared with men who reported aggression toward other men but not their female partners (n = 19) and with nonviolent offenders (n = 20). Incarcerated men were used to control for a variety of nonspecific attitudes and experiences that often systematically vary when contrasting batterers with nonbatterers. No between-group differences were found for feminist measures related to sexist attitudes and beliefs. Group differences emerged for the skill-based variables of interpersonal aggressiveness, trait anger, and personal problem solving. Discriminant function analyses supported using skill-based variables to classify the samples. Overall, little empirical support was found for viewing batterers as distinct from other violent offenders.
The Self-Reported Behaviors of Juvenile Sexual Offenders
Authors: ZOLONDEK STACEY C. , ABEL GENE G. , NORTHEY WILLIAM F. , JORDAN ALAN D.
Published: March 2007

Information was gathered from 485 males younger than 18 being evaluated as possible juvenile sex offenders. More than 60% reported involvement in child molestation, more than 30% in pornography, and 10 to 30% in exhibitionism, fetishism, frottage, voyeurism, obscene phone calls and phone sex. Compared with adult males, juveniles had greater frequencies of fetishism, obscene phone calls, child molestation, and phone sex. Juveniles reported engaging in between 9 and 46 acts of sexual offenses. The average age of onset for the sexual offenses was between 10 and 12 years. Juveniles unwilling to admit violations of common social mores reported fewer sexual offenses than juveniles willing to admit such violations. Of the boys who reported never being accused of child molestation, 41.5% reported they had molested a younger child. Findings are discussed as they pertain to the assessment and treatment of juvenile sexual offenders.
The Role of Alcohol Expectancies and Alcohol Consumption Among Sexually Victimized and Nonvictimized College Women
Authors: CORBIN WILLIAM R. , BERNAT JEFFREY A. , CALHOUN KAREN S. , McNAIR LILY D. , SEALS KARI L.
Published: March 2007

The present study investigated alcohol expectancies, alcohol consumption, sexual assertiveness, and the number of consensual sexual partners as potential risk factors for sexual assault among three groups of college women: nonvictimized, moderately victimized, and severely victimized. Women with severe victimization histories (attempted or completed rape), compared with nonvictims, reported more consensual sexual partners, less perceived assertiveness in their ability to refuse unwanted sexual advances, greater weekly alcohol consumption, and more positive outcome expectancies for alcohol including tension reduction, sexual enhancement, and global positive change. In addition, for both victimized and nonvictimized women, consumption of alcohol and expectancies of social enhancement following alcohol use independently accounted for a significant portion of the variance of sexual activity following alcohol consumption. Findings are discussed with respect to research aimed at reducing sexual assault among women who are at highest risk for sexual violence.
Victim Services, Community Outreach, and Contemporary Rape Crisis Centers
Authors: O'SULLIVAN ELIZABETHANN , CARLTON ABIGAIL
Published: March 2007

To evaluate proposals that independent rape crisis centers (SA) merge or add services, this article compares victim services and community outreach efforts of 16 North Carolina rape crisis centers: 8 SAs and 8 multiservice centers. The data raise serious questions about the ability of combined domestic violence/sexual assault(DV/SA) programs to reach sexual assault victims, to educate the community about sexual assault, and to work on rape prevention. DV/SA heard from far fewer sexual assault victims, including teenagers; did not routinely receive requests for hospital advocates; and did not provide systematic community education. SAs inform the community about sexual assault and develop strategies to change its knowledge and behaviors. SAs promoted inclusive definitions of sexual assault, incorporated cultural concerns in assessing their services and outreach, and initiated community education programs targeted at young people and males.
Relationship Mutuality
Authors: GERLOCK APRIL A.
Published: March 2007

Batterers' rehabilitation takes more than just stopping all forms of abuse and violence. To stop domestic violence batterers are expected to halt all forms of violence and abusive behaviors and work on building relationship equality. In this study, relationship mutuality, as measured by the Mutuality Psychological Development Questionnaire (MPDQ), was one of six variables significantly related to batterers' completion of domestic violence rehabilitation. Completers were more likely to be young, employed, have lower levels of stress and post traumatic stress, be receiving monthly monitoring from the courts, and have higher levels of relationship mutuality. In addition, the greater the frequency and severity of the abuse the lower the level of relationship mutuality as reported by the batterer. When compared with the reports of their victims, batterers continued to minimize both the psychological abuse and physical violence.
Disclosure of Sexual Orientation, Victimization, and Mental Health Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Older Adults
Authors: D'AUGELLI ANTHONY R. , GROSSMAN ARNOLD H.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the lifetime victimization based on sexual orientation of 416 lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) older adults aged 60 or older. Participants reported the ages at which they were aware of their sexual orientation, self-identified as LGB, and first disclosed their sexual orientation to anyone. Frequencies of nine kinds of verbal and physical victimization were obtained. Nearly three quarters reported some kind of sexual orientation victimization. Men reported more overall victimization than women. The more open participants were about their sexual orientation and the less time they spent before disclosing their sexual orientation, the more victimization they reported. Physical victimization was associated with earlier achievement of sexual orientation milestones and more time being open about one's sexual orientation. Participants who had been physically attacked reported lower self-esteem, more loneliness, and poorer mental health than others. More suicide attempts were reported among those older adults who were physically attacked.
Factors Influencing Nurses' Responses to Abused Women
Authors: HENDERSON ANGELA
Published: March 2007

This article is based on the findings from a study in which nurses from two different countries and a variety of clinical settings explained their approach to the nursing care of abused women and described their understanding of issues of abuse. These conclusions constitute one aspect of a larger study titled “Nurses' Social Construction of Self: Implications for Work With Abused Women” (Henderson, 1999). Following a description of the nurses' practice, the author discusses some of the important contextual factors that influence nurses' ability to act effectively in the care of abused women. Although the participants in this study were nurses, and therefore much of the information presented derives from their accounts, many of the issues raised might equally have implications for other community practitioners or healthcare professionals encountering abused women in the course of their practice. These implications are discussed.
Supportive and Unsupportive Aspects of the Behavior of Others Toward Victims of Sexual and Nonsexual Assault
Authors: DAVIS ROBERT C. , BRICKMAN ELLEN
Published: March 2007

Victims and their primary significant others (SOs) were asked to rate the amounts of supportive and unsupportive behaviors of the SOs following sexual or nonsexual assaults. Victim and SO reports of supportive behavior were moderately correlated, but victim and SO reports of unsupportive behavior were only weakly correlated. Nevertheless, victims and SOs reported similar levels of both supportive and unsupportive behavior. Neither victim nor SO report data revealed differences in amounts of supportive SO behavior according to whether the crime was a sexual or a nonsexual assault. According to both victims and SOs, however, rape victims received higher levels of unsupportive SO behavior. Moreover, according to victim reports, unsupportive actions of female SOs were comparable in sexual and nonsexual assault cases: Male SOs, however, were far more likely to engage in unsupportive actions in sexual assault cases than in nonsexual assaults.
Children Who Witness Domestic Violence: A Review of Empirical Literature
Authors: KOLBO JEROME R. , BLAKELY ELEANOR H. , ENGLEMAN DAVID
Published: March 2007

This article presents a review of the empirical literature examining the initial effects of witnessing domestic violence on children's functioning. Previous reviews of the literature suggested that witnessing was harmful to children, but they also indicated that the state of knowledge was quite limited due to an emphasis on exploratory methodologies, reliance on untested theories, and inconsistent findings. Nearly a decade of research has been conducted since the most recent review. Although results are still somewhat inconclusive regarding children's social, cognitive, and physical development, the findings of recently conducted investigations, when combined and compared with the previously reviewed literature, suggest much less equivocation concerning the negative effects of witnessing domestic violence on children's emotional and behavioral development. Theoretical developments and methodological refinements appear related to the recent findings.
Adolescent Attitudes to Abuse of Women
Authors: FALCHIKOV NANCY
Published: March 2007

Attitudes of three groups of adolescents were measured by means of two versions of Briere's Attitudes to Wife Abuse (AWA) scale. Self-reports of the likelihood of using physical violence in future relationships also were collected by means of four versions of Briere's Likelihood of Battering (LOB) scale. Results suggested that, overall, boys are more tolerant of domestic violence than girls. However, girls recorded a greater likelihood of using physical violence in future relationships than did boys. There was some suggestion that wives (or husbands) were viewed differently from nonmarital partners. Attitude measures indicated that if the attitudes expressed translate into action, in future relationships, women may be better off as partners than as wives, but behavior predicted by girls hinted that husbands might be subjects of higher expectations than nonmarital partners. Meanings of the results are explored, and implications of the findings considered.
Female Adolescents With a History of Sexual Abuse
Authors: CHANDY JOSEPH M. , BLUM ROBERT Wm. , RESNICK MICHAEL D.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the school performance, suicidal involvement, disordered eating behaviors, pregnancy risk, and chemical use of female teenagers with a history of sexual abuse and found that they had higher rates of these adverse outcome than a comparison group of teenagers without a background of abuse. Among index group members, protective factors against adverse outcome included a higher degree of religiosity, perceived health, caring from adults, living with both biological parents, and the presence of a clinic or nurse at school. Risk factors that increased the likelihood of adverse outcome included perceived substance use in school, mothers' use of alcohol, family stressor events during the past year, and worry about sexual coercion.
Family Environment and Childhood Sexual Victimization
Authors: RAY KELLE CHANDLER , JACKSON JOAN L.
Published: March 2007

The potential of family cohesion and organization to act as buffers against the long-term, negative impact of childhood sexual abuse was examined. College women (N = 266), including 141 who had experienced childhood sexual abuse, completed self-report measures of current depressive symptomatology, self-esteem, and social adjustment. Family cohesion and organization were measured by the Family Environment Scale. Although no evidence for a buffering effect was indicated, multiple regression analyses revealed that both family characteristics were significantly related to participants' current social and psychological adjustment.
Intimate Violence and Social Desirability
Authors: SUGARMAN DAVID B. , HOTALING GERALD T.
Published: March 2007

Using meta-analytic procedures, the relationship between self-reporting of involvement in marital and courtship violence, and level of socially desirable responding was investigated. Eighteen effect-size estimates were located and, overall, displayed a low to moderate effect on reporting involvement in partner violence (mean r = -.179). No significant differences emerged with respect to the sex of the respondent; however, reports of perpetrating intimate violence were more strongly correlated with social desirability scores than were reports of being victimized. Implications of these findings are reviewed.
Ethnic Adaptations to Occupational Strain
Authors: JASINSKI JANA L. , ASDIGIAN NANCY L. , KANTOR GLENDA KAUFMAN
Published: March 2007

Previous research has established that both work stress and drinking are associated with increased risks for wife assaults. However, prior studies have not considered whether these relationships vary by ethnicity. This study used data from the 1992 National Alcohol and Family Violence Survey (NAFVS), a national household survey of 1,970 families including an oversample of Hispanic families, to examine relationships among several types of stressors associated with the workplace, heavy drinking, and wife assaults. The results show that Anglo and Hispanic husbands each experienced different types of work stress. In addition, Anglo and Hispanic husbands coped with those stressors differently. Among Hispanic husbands, all work stressors examined were associated with increased levels of both drinking and violence. In contrast, those same work stressors were associated with elevated levels of drinking, but not violence, among Anglos.
The Cost of Mental Health Care for Victims of Crime
Authors: COHEN MARK A. , MILLER TED R.
Published: March 2007

This article reports on a nationally representative survey of 168 mental health care professionals about their treatment of crime victims. It is estimated that in 1991, between 3.1 and 4.7 million individuals in the United States received some form of mental health counseling or therapy in which they were being treated primarily as a result of victimization. More than half of these victims are estimated to be adults being seen for child sexual or physical abuse that occurred years prior to their victimization. Crime victims are estimated to represent about 20% to 25% of the total client population of mental health care professionals. Actual expenditures for mental health care services to victims of crime are estimated to be between $5.8 and $6.8 billion. This survey estimated the actual use of mental health care services as opposed to the mental health status of victims. Because many crime victims do not receive mental health care services that would be beneficial, the authors' estimates understate the true costs of mental illness caused by criminal victimization.
A Descriptive Model of Dysfunctional Cognitions in Child Molesters
Authors: WARD TONY , FON CRISTINA , HUDSON STEPHEN M. , McCORMACK JULIE
Published: March 2007

Distorted or maladaptive thinking is widely acknowledged as an important variable in both the initiation and maintenance of sexual offending. The aim of this study was to develop a descriptive model to classify sex offenders' cognitions concerning their offending behavior. Offense descriptions were obtained from 20 incarcerated male child sex offenders undergoing assessment for a sex offender treatment program. A data-driven approach to model development—grounded theory—was taken in the qualitative analysis of these offense accounts. The resulting model consisted of four categories: offense chain, cognitive operations, cognitive content, and metavariables. To determine its content validity and reliability, the model was applied to the offense descriptions of a sample of 25 incarcerated child molesters also undergoing pretreatment assessment. Results suggest that the model has provisional validity and adequate interrater reliability. Finally, the authors discuss the theoretical and clinical implications of the model.
Reliability and Validity of the Level of Service Inventory-Revised Among Federally Incarcerated Sex Offenders
Authors: SIMOURD DAVID J. , MALCOLM P. BRUCE
Published: March 2007

Nonsexual criminogenic needs are often overlooked in the assessment and treatment of sex offenders because of the focus and emphasis on issues surrounding sexual arousal. Augmenting sexual arousal information with objective evaluations of nonsexual criminogenic needs offers a comprehensive management and treatment strategy for this type of offender. The Level of Service Inventory-Revised (LSI-R) is an objective risk/need assessment instrument, which has demonstrated considerable promise among juvenile, adult, and female offender groups. Unfortunately, there is no documented research on the LSI-R with sample populations of sex offenders. In this present study, the LSI-R was completed on a representative sample of 216 Canadian, federally incarcerated sex offenders as part of an intake assessment. The study sample was composed of 74 sexual aggressors of adult victims, 54 extrafamilial child molesters, and 88 familial child molesters. Consistent with previous research among nonsexual offenders, the LSI-R displayed acceptable psychometric properties (alpha = .89). Convergent validity was also demonstrated with measures of relevant general criminogenic constructs as well as those specific to sex offenders (i.e., deviant sexual arousal and denial/minimization). Additionally, comparisons between the three offender groups indicated that familial child molesters scored significantly lower on the LSI-R total score as well as on the Criminal History, Education/Employment, Accommodation, Companions, and Attitude/Orientation subcomponents.
Relationships Between Experiences of Parental Violence During Childhood and Women's Psychiatric Symptomatology
Authors: DOWNS WILLIAM R. , MILLER BRENDA A.
Published: March 2007

Data were collected from 472 women between the ages of 18 and 45 drawn from five sources: outpatient alcoholism treatment, DWI education programs, a shelter for battered women, outpatient mental health treatment, and randomly from the community. To control for alcohol problems and help-seeking behavior, respondents were classified into three groups: women with alcohol problems and in treatment, women without alcohol problems and in treatment, and women in the random sample. Controlling for respondents' (a) help-seeking behavior, alcohol problems, race, childhood socioeconomic status, and parental alcohol problems, (b) experiences of father-to-daughter verbal aggression and violence, and (c) level of severity of father-to-daughter abuse were found to predict adulthood psychiatric symptomatology. However, experiences of mother-to-daughter verbal aggression and violence, as well as level of severity of mother-to-daughter abuse were found unrelated to adulthood psychiatric symptomatology in the multivariate analyses. Explanations for the greater effect of father verbal abuse and violence are discussed.
Childbearing Patterns in a Cohort of Women Sexually Abused as Children
Authors: HERMAN-GIDDENS MARCIA E. , KOTCH JONATHAN B. , BROWNE DOROTHY C. , RUINA ELLEN , WINSOR JANE R. , JUNG JIN-WHAN , STEWART PAUL W.
Published: March 2007

Previous studies have suggested that women with a history of sexual abuse are more likely to become pregnant as adolescents than nonabused peers. We examined a cohort of 734 mothers ages 12 to 42 selected from 1985 to 1987 for participation in a longitudinal investigation for any relationship between sexual abuse prior to age 18 and childbearing characteristics, including their age at the birth of their first child as well as parity. Thirty-two percent reported sexual abuse. After controlling for poverty, race, maternal education, marital status, and age, there was no significant difference between the abused and nonabused mothers in their age at first birth; however, parity was higher for the sexually abused group. Fifty-five percent of mothers with a sexual abuse history had had more than one child as opposed to 39% of the nonabused mothers (p < 0.0001).
A Longitudinal Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a Sexual Assault Education Program
Authors: BREITENBECHER KIMBERLY HANSON , SCARCE MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the present investigation was to empirically evaluate the effectiveness of a sexual assault education program. Participants in this study included 224 college women who were randomly assigned to either the treatment group or the control group. Early in the academic year, all women were assessed with respect to history of sexual victimization and general knowledge about sexual assault. At the time of the initial session, women in the treatment group also participated in a 1-hour sexual assault education program. Women in the control group did not participate in the program. At the end of the academic year, participants in both groups returned for a 7-month follow-up session and were assessed for knowledge about sexual assault and experience of sexual victimization during the follow-up period. Although the program was successful in increasing knowledge about sexual assault, it was not successful in reducing the incidence of sexual assault.
Corporal Punishment Cessation
Authors: DAVIS PHILLIP W.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the cessation of corporal punishment by parents who start out spanking their children and then make a concerted effort to stop. Drawing on semistructured interviews with 22 parents, the qualitative analysis identifies five contexts in which those concerted efforts arose: experiential, ideological, regulatory, relational, and biographical. The key features of each context are discussed, and case descriptions are provided. Although parents' reasons for quitting vary, cessation is generally associated with new meanings that turn old beliefs into excuses and that define nonspanking as progress. It is argued that cessation should be conceptualized as a social process and as part of a corporal punishment career and not simply as a behavioral omission. These data suggest that cultural inducements and social support may be as important as learning alternative disciplinary techniques in explaining parents' cessation efforts. The implications for a better understanding of reductions in corporal punishment are discussed.
Child Molesters' Implicit Theories
Authors: WARD TONY , KEENAN THOMAS
Published: March 2007

In this article, the authors argue that child molesters' cognitive distortions emerge from underlying causal theories about the nature of their victims, the world, and themselves. These implicit theories function like scientific theories and are used to explain empirical regularities (e.g., other people's actions) and to make predictions about the world. They are relatively coherent and constituted by a number of interlocking ideas and their component concepts and categories. Drawing on recent work in the cognitive distortions area, the authors identify five core implicit theories. Each theory is described in detail and its relationship to cognitive distortions discussed. Finally, the clinical and research implications of the implicit theory perspective are outlined.
Sexual Abuse and Perimenstrual Symptoms in Adolescent Girls
Authors: AL-MATEEN CHERYL S. , HALL PAMELA D. , BROOKMAN RICHARD R. , BEST AL M. , SINGH NIRBHAY N.
Published: March 2007

This study was designed to investigate the relationship between sexual abuse and perimenstrual symptoms in adolescent girls. Perimenstrual symptoms include somatic and affective complaints that occur immediately prior to and during menstruation. Patients from an outpatient adolescent health service completed questionnaires and structured interviews that elicited sexual abuse histories and perimenstrual symptomatology. Of the 68 girls enrolled in the study, 22 had a history of a forced sexual experience. No significant differences in retrospective or prospective reports of perimenstrual symptoms were found between the adolescent girls with and without a history of sexual abuse. Girls with a history of abuse had significantly more premenstrual symptoms than a control group of women reported in a normative study. They also had significantly more menstrual physical complaints than women with premenstrual syndrome or control group women.
Assessment of the Reliability of the Conflict Tactics Scales
Authors: ARCHER JOHN
Published: March 2007

This article reports meta-analyses of self-agreement and partners' agreement for physical aggression in relationships, measured by the Conflict Tactics Scales. Evidence from concordance rates was inconclusive, and the limited correlational data indicated high interpartner agreement. Differences between self-reports and partners' reports for men and women were analyzed to address the following hypotheses: Men but not women underreport their own aggression, both sexes underreport their own aggression, and men underreport their victimization. In 18 studies of couples, mean weighted effect sizes showed higher ratings of aggression from partners than from self-reports for both men and women. In 43 studies of unmatched men and women, the mean differences were smaller than for couples but were greater for men than for women. Overall, this evidence indicated systematic underreporting in self-reports by both sexes (Hypothesis 2), which was greater for men among the larger number of studies in which the men and the women did not come from matched couples (Hypothesis 1).
Undocumented ERISA Plans in Employment Contracts
Authors: Aspinwall Marla J.
Published: March 2007

The description of benefits under an employment contract may not be adequate to ensure receipt of such benefits without adverse tax and business consequences to employees and employers. Many forms of executive compensation are subject to tax and ERISA requirements that are difficult or impossible to satisfy within the framework of an employment contract. This article outlines what types of executive compensation arrangements require separate formal documentation and filings apart from an employment contract and briefly describes the nature of such requirements.
Is "The End of Jobs" the End of Pay Surveys Too?
Authors: Yurkutat John
Published: March 2007

It appears that, while experts are decrying the death of the job, organizations are asking for pay survey information based on roles, skills, and competencies in the context of redefined or reconfigured jobs. We conclude that the job is not dead, but it is rapidly being deconstructed into its basic components, says the author. His prediction: "Pay surveys will similarly be deconstructed. Historically, compensation professionals used the single parameter of the job title to compare the pay of highly comparable jobs. Today, highly comparable jobs are few and far between, especially among knowledge workers. In future, information processing will sort through many more-or-less comparable jobs and mix and match their components to yield a range of competitive pay for these workers, many of whom have 'designer jobs' with no counterparts even in their own organizations."
Social Secuity Reform: The Facts from the Employer's Viewpoint
Authors: Gregory Janice M.
Published: March 2007

While individual Social Security savings accounts may be attractive and may have beneficial effects for the nation, "by themselves they do nothing to resolve the financial imbalance in the Social Security program. To resolve that imbalance, Congress must cut Social Security benefits, increase revenue to the program, or enact some combination of these two options," states the author. And whatever Social Security reform proposals do exist, she continues, "must be examined not only for their impact on that program but also for their impact on other sources of retirement security and on the national economy."

Focusing her response on the "critical" interaction between Social Security reform and retirement income security provided through employer-sponsored retirement plans, she says, "employer-sponsored retirement plans provide the largest source of income other than Social Security for the middle three income quintiles of the elderly population-moreover, the role of these plans is expected to increase in the future. Social Security reform must be shaped in a way that permits employer-sponsored plans not only to adapt, but to flourish."
The Salary Trap
Authors: Turnasella Ted
Published: March 2007

The pay gap between men and women and for nonminority and minority workers has persisted for decades despite federal and state legislation and substantial enforcement efforts. While much of the pay differential can be traced to factors other than gender or race, such as occupational choice, union membership, anddifferent industry characteristics, the strong inference remains that unlawful wage discrimination is a contributing cause. The fact is that there is something embedded in the employment process itself that conspires to keep the pay of women and minorities low. Under current laws, a hiring company may ask job applicants for information 0on salary history and then use that information to set the salary for a newly hired employee. It's time to put the negotiation of salary offers on a level playing field by ensuring that a person's salary history is not used to unfairly eliminate them from consideration for a job or to perpetuate past wage discrimination. Until this situation is corrected, discriminatory wage inequities will continue.
Should Pre-Trial Release Programs Be Expanded?
Authors: Suval Elizabeth M. , Zingraff Matthew T.
Published: March 2007

Bail ostensibly increases the likelihood that a defendant released from jail will appear in court. Because of the constitutional guarantees of freedom and pragmatic concerns for the increasing cost of housing defendants awaiting trial, federal, state, and local governments have experimented with a wide range of pre-trial release methods. This paper compares the rates of nonappearance of persons participating in a Pre-Trial Release Program with others who were disqualified from the program but released prior to trial. The findings indicate that while, overall, PTR participants have a statistically significant lower rate of nonappearance than non-participants, these differences are effectively limited to persons accused of traffic offenses and persons released on unsecured appearance bond. Policy recommendations include extension of pre-release supervision and application of simplified selectivity criteria.
Conflict And Change In A State Correctional System: A Case Study In Program Implementation*
Authors: Bazemore S. Gordon , West Barbara R.
Published: March 2007

While many programs have been implemented in juvenile probation departments and a wide variety of community agencies around the country, the domain of institutions and parole is still a "new frontier" for restitution. In 1985, the California Youth Authority recognized that restitution, implemented as a component of an early release, minimum security pre-release, or parole alternative could become part of the solution to the crowding crisis many of its institutions currently face. Working groups were formed at the highest bureaucratic levels to redefine the Youth Authority mission to include a concern with victims and policies to enable the collection of financial restitution. Attempts were made to implement projects with restitution components in both institutional and parole settings. This case study documents the evolution of one such effort, and what was learned in the process. A major implication for program development and policy change is that apparent reforms may simply be used to strengthen a punitive agenda unless new programs replace current practices, rather than incorporate existing sanctions.
Privacy And Publicity In Criminal Procedure: Ancient Mysteries Crying Out For Understanding
Authors: Spader Dean J.
Published: March 2007

Conflict between fundamental values is inevitable, necessary, and healthy for any complex, developing society. Most analysts decry conflict; this article sings its praises and argues its functions. The privacy-publicity debate illustrates the clash of one set of fundamental values; there are many others. This article lists the values and disvalues underlying the demands for privacy and publicity, explains how they are manipulated in public policy debates, and then illustrates how the private-public dichotomy and values permeate the Supreme Court's analyses of Fourth Amendment cases at the same time that the Court is expressly, and rather adamantly, trying to eliminate the private-public analyses from Fifth Amendment cases. The article ends with 1) a summary of the thesis that conflict between fundamentally opposite values can be constructive, 2) a list of methods to follow when faced with these polarities, and 3) a call for a more philosophical recognition that dichotomous words are mere symbols which we use, often rhetorically and with undue sophistry, to polarize rather than unify.
The United States Supreme Court And An Inmate's Right To Refuse Mental Health Treatment
Authors: Alexander Rudolph
Published: March 2007

The courts have stated categorically and unequivocally that civilly committed persons have a constitutional right to refuse psychotropic drugs. However, the courts have never spoken so firmly with respect to prisoners. Prisoners have enjoyed a rather fragile, indirect right to resist mental health treatment, which is often administered under the guise of aversive therapy or which is actually unwarranted. In 1990, the U.S. Supreme Court had an opportunity in Washington v. Harper to afford prisoners the same right other hospitalized individuals have to refuse psychotropic drugs. Instead, the Court chose to sanction the involuntary treatment of mentally ill prisoners. The author of this essay analyzes this decision and its implications for the criminal justice system and the rights of prisoners.
Cruel And Unusual Punishment: A Slowly Metamorphosing Concept
Authors: Alexander Rudolph
Published: March 2007

Newly appointed U.S. Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas criticized his colleagues for turning the Constitution into a national code of prison regulation and for misapplying the Eighth Amendment. The Eighth Amendment of the Bill of Rights forbids the imposition of cruel and unusual punishment, a concept vaguely defined by the Constitution's authors. Court interpretations of the concept reveal that it draws its meaning from an evolving standard of decency that represents the progress of a maturing society. The idea of "cruel and unusual punishment" was first applied by the U.S. Supreme Court to state statutes in 1961 and to the prison system in 1976. Currently, there is no consensus on the application of the concept to state statutes in determining constitutional punishments. In prisons, however, the application of it has stalled and narrowed considerably, making prisoners less likely to prevail successfully in the courtroom. This paper concludes that Justice Thomas's characterization of the Court's interpretation of the Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause is unfounded hyperbole.
Early-Release Policies In Florida And New York: Comparing Determinate And Indeterminate Sentencing Systems*
Authors: Griset Pamala L.
Published: March 2007

The theoretical shortcomings of indeterminate sentencing have been well documented, but less attention has been paid to the theoretical flaws of determinate sentencing. If both sentencing models are premised on faulty theory, is either preferable in practice? This essay examines this question from the perspective of one of the most pressing issues facing policymakers today: limiting the growth of prison populations. Using data from Florida, a determinate sentencing state, and New York, an indeterminate sentencing state, the essay discusses the political and economic issues underlying the growth of prison and parole officials' sentencing discretion.