bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Features and feedback
Authors: Doeleman Tobey L. , Sereno Joan A. , Jongman Allard , Sereno Sara C.
Published: July 2002

Our commentary outlines a number of arguments questioning an autonomous model of word recognition without feedback. Arguments are presented against the need for a phonemic decision stage and in support of a featural level in a model including feedback.
Roads not taken: The case for multiple functional-level routes to emotion
Authors: Dalgleish Tim
Published: July 2002

This review focuses on the theory of emotion outlined in Chapter 3 of Rolls's The brain and emotion. It is proposed that Rolls's emphasis on a relatively simple neurobiologically derived emotion scheme does not allow him to present a comprehensive account of emotion. Consequently, high-level cognitive processes, such as appraisal, end up being retained in the theory despite Rolls's skepticism about their utility. An argument is put forward that the concept of appraisal in the emotion literature is more than semantic convention and actually allows us to talk about multiple functional-level routes to the generation of emotion – a characteristic of the latest generation of theories in the cognition-emotion literature.
Play, dreams, and simulation
Authors: Cheyne J. A.
Published: July 2002

Threat themes are clearly over-represented in dreams. Threat is, however, not the only theme with potential evolutionary significance. Even for hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations during sleep paralysis, for which threat themes are far commoner than for ordinary dreaming, consistent non-threat themes have been reported. Revonsuo's simulation hypothesis represents an encouraging initiative to develop an evolutionary functional approach to dream-related experiences but it could be broadened to include evolutionarily relevant themes beyond threat. It is also suggested that Revonsuo's evolutionary re-interpretation of dreams might profitably be compared to arguments for, and models of, evolutionary functions of play.

[Revonsuo]
On levels of analysis and theoretical integration: Models of social behavior
Authors: Krebs Dennis
Published: July 2002

Evolutionary theory supplies a framework for integrative models of social behavior. In addition to those that include conditioning, evolutionary theory is equipped to explain the acquisition of structures designed to enable individuals to learn by observing others, create mental models of the environment, and coordinate social interactions by taking the perspectives of others.
Real brain waves
Authors: Tucker Don M.
Published: July 2002

Metaphors, particularly the implicit ones, constrain imagination. If we think of the brain as a collection of centers of cognitive activations, lighting up on demand, then this becomes all we can imagine. By thinking of the cortex as propagating its functional work through physical waves, Nunez offers us a new, rich model for distributed representation. Now let's add real anatomy.
Dreaming has content and meaning not just form
Authors: Kramer Milton
Published: July 2002

The biological theories of dreaming provide no explanation for the transduction from neuronal discharge to dreaming or waking consciousness. They cannot account for the variability in dream content between individuals or within individuals. Mind-brain isomorphism is poorly supported, as is dreaming's link to REM sleep. Biological theories of dreaming do not provide a function for dreaming nor a meaning for dreams. Evolutionary views of dreaming do not relate dream content to the current concerns of the dreamer and using the nightmare as the paradigm dream minimizes the impact of poor sleep on adaptations.

[Hobson et al.; Nielsen; Revonsuo; Solms]
Do adults make A-not-B errors in pointing?
Authors: Vindras Philippe , Gentaz Edouard
Published: July 2002

We discuss the assumptions put forward by Thelen et al. about motor planning processes. We examine the results of an experiment inspired by the authors' contention that the motor plans of both infants and adults are continuous and graded. We wondered whether adults, in an adapted version of the A-not-B error paradigm, would point between the A and B targets, as in some degraded conditions of pointing (Ghez et al. 1990), or would make A-not-B errors. Unexpectedly, we observed that adults tended to shift the direction of their pointings to B away from A, and did not make any A-not-B errors.
Does controlling movement require intelligence?
Authors: Latash Mark L. , Anson J. Greg
Published: July 2002

Motor control schemes should have an element of control
and an element of coordination. The former is a source of initiative
and a zroduct of the brain's work (mind, intelligence, or
“homunculus”) while the latter can be viewed as a
process with constraints emerging at a hierarchically lower,
autonomous level. Limiting scientific analysis to an object smaller
than the universe necessarily leads to a hierarchical (cybernetic)
approach.
Science, pseudoscience, and anomaly
Authors: Alcock James E.
Published: July 2002

My criticisms of parapsychology are neither based on its
subject matter per se, nor simply on a charge of sloppy research,
but rather on the whole pattern of theory and research in this domain.
The lack of a positive definition of psi, the use of ad hoc principles
such as psi-missing and the experimenter psi effect to account for
failures to confirm hypotheses, and the failure to produce a single
phenomenon that can be replicated by neutral investigators are among
the major problems that keep parapsychology outside regular science.
Glicksohn and I agree that anomalous experiences should be
investigated.
Locus equation and hidden parameters of speech
Authors: Deng Li
Published: July 2002

Locus equations contain an economical set of hidden (i.e., not
directly observable in the data) parameters of speech that provide an
elegant way of characterizing the ubiquitous context-dependent
behaviors exhibited in speech acoustics. These hidden parameters
can be effectively exploited to constrain the huge set of
context-dependent speech model parameters currently in use in
modern, mainstream speech recognition technology.
Fixed versus flexible features in dissociable neural processing subsystems
Authors: Burgund E. Darcy , Marsolek Chad J.
Published: July 2002

Implementational-level evidence of dissociable neural
subsystems is a critical element that is missing from the analysis in
the Schyns et al. target article. The question of whether fixed or
flexible features are used in visual form recognition may have
different answers for different subsystems; the evidence that features
typically are created during category learning may apply most directly
to a specific visual form subsystem.
Differences that make a difference: Do locus equations result from physical principles characterizing all mammalian vocal tracts?
Authors: Fitch W. Tecumseh , Hauser Marc D.
Published: July 2002

Sussman and colleagues provide no evidence supporting their
claim that the human vocal production system is specialized to produce
locus equations with high correlations and linearity. We propose the
alternative null hypothesis that these features result from physical
and physiological factors common to all mammalian vocal tracts and we
recommend caution in assuming that human speech production mechanisms
are unique.
Even feature integration is cognitively impenetrable
Authors: Cohen Dale J. , Kubovy Michael
Published: July 2002

Pylyshyn is willing to assume that attention can influence
feature integration. We argue that he concedes too much. Feature
integration occurs preattentively, except in the case of certain
“perverse” displays, such as those used in
feature-conjunction searches.
Dopamine and serotonin: Integrating current affective engagement with longer-term goals
Authors: Katz Leonard D.
Published: July 2002

Interpreting VTA dopamine activity as a facilitator of
affective engagement fits Depue & Collins's agency
dimension of extraverted personality and also Watson's and
Tellegen's (1985) engagement dimension of state mood. Serotonin,
by turning down the gain on dopaminergic affective engagement, would
permit already prepotent responses or habits to prevail against the
behavior-switching incentive-simulation-driven temptations of the
moment facilitated by fickle VTA DA. Intelligent switching between
openly responsive affective engagement and constraint by long-term
plans, goals, or values presumably involves environment-sensitive
balancing of these neuromodulators, such as socially dominant primates
may show.
Vision and cognition: How do they connect?
Authors: Pylyshyn Zenon
Published: July 2002

The target article claimed that although visual
apprehension involves all of general cognition, a significant
component of vision (referred to as early vision) works
independently of cognition and yet is able to provide a surprisingly
high level interpretation of visual inputs, roughly up to identifying
general shape-classes. The commentators were largely sympathetic,
but frequently disagreed on how to draw the boundary, on exactly what
early vision delivers, on the role that attention plays, and on how to
interpret the neurophysiological data showing top-down effects. A
significant number simply asserted that they were not willing to
accept any distinction between vision and cognition, and a surprising
number even felt that we could never tell for sure, so why bother?
Among the topics covered was the relation of cognition and
consciousness, the relation of early vision to other modules such
as face recognition and language, and the role of natural
constraints.
Discrete Lyapunov exponents and Hausdorff dimension
Authors: FRIEDLAND SHMUEL
Published: July 2002

We study certain metrics on subshifts of finite type for which we define the discrete analogs of Lyapunov exponents. We prove Young's formula for $\mu$-Hausdorff dimension. We give sufficient conditions on the above metrics for which the Hausdorff dimension is given by thermodynamic formalism. We apply these results to the Hausdorff dimension of the limit sets of geometrically finite, purely loxodromic, Kleinian groups.
Geodesics avoiding open subsets in surfaces of negative curvature
Authors: BUYALO SERGEI , SCHROEDER VIKTOR , WALZ MICHEL
Published: July 2002

We prove existence and non-existence results for geodesics avoiding $a$-separated sets on a surface of negative curvature.
Geometry and ergodic theory of conformal
non-recurrent dynamics
Authors: URBAŃSKI MARIUSZ
Published: July 2002

Let $h$ be the Hausdorff dimension of the Julia set of a rational function
$T$ with no non-periodic recurrent
critical points and let $m$ be the only
$h$-conformal measure for $T$. We prove the existence of a $\sigma$-finite
$T$-invariant measure $\mu$ equivalent with $m$. The
measure $\mu$ is then proved to be ergodic and conservative and we study the
set of those points whose all open
neighborhoods have
infinite measure $\mu$. Developing the concept of the inverse jump
transformation we show that the packing and Hausdorff
dimensions of the conformal measure are equal to $h$. We also provide some
sufficient conditions for Hausdorff and box dimensions
of the Julia set to be equal.
Stationary solutions of non-autonomous Kolmogorov–Petrovsky–Piskunov equations
Authors: VOLPERT V. A. , SUHOV YU. M.
Published: July 2002

The paper is devoted to the following problem:
\[
w'' (x) + c w'(x)+ F(w(x),x) = 0, \quad x\in{\mathbb R}^1,\quad w(\pm \infty) = w_{\pm},
\]
where the non-linear term $F$ depends on the space variable $x$. A classification of non-linearities is given according to the behaviour of the function $F(w,x)$ in a neighbourhood of the points $w_+$ and $w_-$. The classical approach used in the Kolmogorov–Petrovsky–Piskunov paper [10] for an autonomous equation (where $F=F(u)$ does not explicitly depend on $x$), which is based on the geometric analysis on the $(w,w')$-plane, is extended and new methods are developed to analyse the existence and uniqueness of solutions in the non-autonomous case. In particular, we study the case where the function $F(w,x)$ does not have limits as $x \rightarrow \pm \infty$.
Linear cocycles with simple Lyapunov spectrum are dense in $L^\infty$
Authors: ARNOLD LUDWIG , CONG NGUYEN DINH
Published: July 2002

We prove that the set of linear cocycles with simple Lyapunov spectrum is dense in the space of all linear cocycles equipped with the uniform topology.
Youthfulness and agelessness: a comment
Authors: BYTHEWAY BILL
Published: July 2002

In recent years, we gerontologists have been forced to re-examine the
conceptual base of our work – both in the wake of developments in
postmodernist thought, and following the emergence of ageism as a
media issue. Two particular problems have been addressed: one is how
we recognise and define age in the context of the partly-disaggregated
individual human being: body, mind, self, identity, etc. The second is
how we relate to popular sentiments, judgements and objectives
regarding age: thinking positively, being prejudiced, remaining active,
being a burden, etc. On both fronts there has been a shift away from
emphasising the significance of age, and one often reads such arguments
as: people do not change, they remain the same; but they can continue
to develop; but there is a massive diversity; so we must not generalise
about age or prejudge older people; and so on. It is not difficult to
associate these trends with powerful ideological movements. There is a
third issue that lies just beneath the surface: how we gerontologists
theorise our own personal experience of ageing.
Paying for Long-Term Domiciliary Care:
A Comparative Perspective
Authors: GLENDINNING CAROLINE , SCHUNK MICHAELA , McLAUGHLIN EITHNE
Published: July 2002

Concerns over growing numbers and proportions of older people in
industrialised societies have prompted interest in the development of cheaper
ways of providing long-term care for older people. While debate in the UK is
currently focused on the costs of residential and nursing care, other European
and Nordic countries have introduced schemes designed to encourage or
sustain the provision of ‘social’ care by family members, friends and
‘volunteers’, on the assumption that this can be
provided at lower net public
expense than either residential care or formally-organised domiciliary services.

Drawing on material from a detailed comparative study, this paper describes
four different models on which such payments are currently based. These
models are discussed and evaluated, taking into account factors which include
the eligibility criteria for payments; maximising the autonomy of older people
and family care-givers; and the relationships between financial payments and
access to services.

These models locate systems of payment within the broader context of
financial and service support designed to help frail older people and those who
support them. They therefore highlight the importance of considering both
financial support and services in comparative studies of social welfare
provision. However, further evaluation and policy development is hindered by
the lack of evaluation of different models of paying for care and a lack of
evidence about the experiences of older people and care-givers.
I and others: alcohol use among older
people as a social and cultural phenomenon
Authors: TOLVANEN EIJA
Published: July 2002

Analysing transcripts of survey interview episodes, this paper
examines the
ways in which older people in Finland talk about their use of alcohol.
It also
aims to shed light on the meaning of alcohol use in the context of social
ageing.

The use of alcohol was described in forty structured interviews with
people
aged 60–89 years. They provided accounts of drinking situations or
contexts,
or juxtaposed their own drinking habits with that of ‘others’.
Perceptions of
these ‘others’ were constructed by interviewees from cultural
stereotypes of
Finnish drinking habits.

Descriptions of alcohol use were embedded in everyday life and cultural

frames rather than in those of old age or ageing. In the context of social
ageing,
alcohol use appeared in these interviews as a cultural indicator, reflecting
the
cultural habits and norms attached to drinking. As a social indicator,
it
suggested that advanced age is losing its significance as an independent
factor
distinguishing lifestyles.
The Political Economy of 'quasi-statehood' and the demise of 19th century African politics
Authors: WARNER CAROLYN M.
Published: July 2002

This article challenges two prevailing views of the failure by African polities to attain sovereign statehood in the late 19th century by providing evidence from two case studies showing that many African polities were not 'quasi-states,' lacking the empirical political and economic capacity to join the international community of sovereign states. Nor were they unable to sustain or promote international commerce. Instead, when heightened international economic competition threatened the profits of European traders, European interests pressed for pro-expansionist policies and for conditions deemed necessary for the success of European commerce.
Conference Report
Authors: Langdon W.B.
Published: July 2002

GECCO-99 STUDENT WORKSHOP

(13th July, 1999)

The Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO-99) in Orlando, Florida, USA was the biggest ever conference on evolutionary computation. It was a joint meeting of the long standing biannual International Conference on Genetic Algorithms (ICGA) which has been running since 1985 and the more recent annual Genetic Programming (GP) conference (which started in 1996). Before the start of each GP conference there has been a workshop for PhD students research in GP. This year Dr. O'Reilly (MIT AI lab) organized a joint graduate student workshop for research students principally concerned with any aspect of evolutionary computation, Evolvable Hardware, DNA computation, Artificial Life or Agents.
PRIORITIZING INVESTMENTS IN HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT
Authors: Davies Linda , Drummond Michael , Papanikolaou Panos
Published: July 2002

Objective: The objective was to develop an economic prioritization
model to assist those involved in the selection and prioritization of health
technology assessment topics and commissioning of HTA projects.

Methods: The model used decision analytic techniques to estimate
the expected costs and benefits of the health care interventions that were the
focus of the HTA question(s) considered by the NHS Health Technology
Assessment Programme in England. Initial estimation of the value for money of
HTA was conducted for several topics considered in 1997 and 1998.

Results: The results indicate that, using information routinely
available in the literature and from the vignettes, it was not possible to
estimate the absolute value of HTA with any certainty for this stage of the
prioritization process. Overall, the results were uncertain for 65% of the HTA
questions or topics analyzed. The relative costs of the interventions or
technologies compared to existing costs of care and likely levels of
utilization were critical factors in most of the analyses. The probability
that the technology was effective with the HTA and the impact of the HTA on
utilization rates were also key determinants of expected costs and benefits.

Conclusions: The main conclusion was that it is feasible to
conduct ex ante assessments of the value for money of HTA for
specific topics. However, substantial work is required to ensure that the
methods used are valid, reliable, consistent, and an efficient use of valuable
research time.
Woodpecker abundance in a logged (40 years ago) vs. unlogged lowland dipterocarp forest in Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: STYRING A. ROBINSON , ICKES KALAN
Published: July 2002

Woodpeckers (Picidae) are a group of birds particularly sensitive to logging and deforestation because
they nest in cavities located in large trees and often forage on large trunks or standing dead trees. The diverse
woodpecker community of lowland dipterocarp forests in Peninsular Malaysia was investigated in a forest selectively
logged 40 y ago and in adjacent primary forest at Pasoh Forest Reserve (PFR). Line transects were conducted at dawn
and dusk in each forest type to document potential differences in the woodpecker communities in logged vs. unlogged
forest. A total of 121 woodpeckers were recorded along transects, including 14 of the 15 species known to occur at
PFR. Eleven species were encountered in logged forest, 12 species were encountered in primary forest, and nine
species were found at both sites. A significant difference in the overall woodpecker community between the two forest
types was found. Of the most common species, Meiglyptes tristis, Reinwardtipicus validus and Dryocopus javensis
were significantly more common in primary forest. Only one species, Picus mentalis, was significantly more abundant
in logged forest. Possible causes for the differences observed are discussed.
The effect of forest successional stage on seed removal of tropical rain forest tree species
Authors: Peña-Claros Marielos , De Boo Henneleen
Published: July 2002

Seed removal was evaluated at the macro- and micro-habitat level in areas differing in successional stage in the Bolivian Amazon. The successional stages consisted of secondary forests of 2, 10 and 20 years old and primary forest. Seeds of nine tree species were artificially dispersed and the number of seeds removed was evaluated over 7 weeks. Several stand characteristics were measured at the sites where seeds were dispersed. Seed removal at the end of the experiment varied from 50 to 100% depending on the species, and from 74 to 90% depending on successional stage. In general, the removal rate decreased with an increase in age of successional stage. The seed removal rate was related to liana density and not to litter thickness. Different microhabitat characteristics explained the seed removal rate of four species but microhabitat characteristics did not explain the decrease in seed removal rate with an increase in forest age. The results support the idea that post-dispersal seed removal reduces the number of seeds available for germination, consequently playing an important role in the regeneration of abandoned agricultural areas.
IMPROVED INSPECTION SCHEMES FOR DETERIORATING EQUIPMENT
Authors: Yang Yoonjung , Klutke Georgia-Ann
Published: July 2002

In this paper, we introduce and analyze simple, new
inspection policies for maintaining deteriorating equipment
with non-self-announcing failures. These policies utilize
information from the inspection/repair history as well
as the system lifetime distribution to schedule future
inspections. Numerical results indicate that the policies
can significantly outperform standard (periodic) maintenance
strategies by providing higher availability for a given
inspection rate.
TEACHING ESL COMPOSITION: PURPOSE, PROCESS, AND PRACTICE.
Dana Ferris and John S. Hedgcock. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1998. Pp. xvii + 329.
$21.95 paper.
Authors: Chachage Kristeen
Published: July 2002

According to its authors, Teaching ESL Composition: Purpose, Process, and
Practice is designed to help pre- and in-service teachers become experts in the field of L2
writing pedagogy. If readers take this text seriously and practice a healthy portion of the
application activities, they should succeed in moving toward this ambitious goal. The book is
divided into nine chapters, each addressing a different practical aspect of teaching composition.
At the start of each chapter, “Questions for Reflection” builds schema; a summary
and “Reflection and Review” questions check for comprehension at the end. Each
chapter also has application activities referenced to the topic they address throughout the text and
in the “Application Activity Thematic Reference Guide.” Most chapters provide
figures and appendixes containing authentic samples and models. At the end of the book there is
an extensive list of references including research, practical guides, and workbooks in ESL and L1
composition.
SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION.Rod Ellis. (Oxford
Introductions to Language Study, H. G. Widdowson, Series Ed.). Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 1997. Pp. x + 147. $10.95 paper.
Authors: Eubank Lynn
Published: July 2002

Imagine my surprise when I received an SLA textbook by Rod Ellis to review, and it turned
out to be a paperback weighing only 7 ½ ounces! Something must be different, and indeed
it is: This new volume is intended for the novice student (or for others without academic
engagement in linguistics). For such an audience, the volume opens up a fresh niche for SLA
classes, one that is not all that common, at least at North American universities.
Compact Toeplitz operators on Bergman spaces
Authors: STROETHOFF KAREL
Published: July 2002

Let Bn denote the open unit ball in

Cn. We write V to denote Lebesgue

volume measure on Bn normalized so that V(Bn)=1.
Fix
−1<γ<∞ and let Vγ denote
the measure given by
dVγ(z)=cγ
(1−[mid ]z[mid ]2)γdV(z),

for z∈Bn, where
cγ=Γ(n+γ+1)/
(n!Γ(γ+1)); then
Vγ(Bn)=1. The weighted

Bergman space A2,γ(Bn)

is the space of all analytic functions in
L2(Bn, dVγ).

This is a closed linear subspace of
L2(Bn, dVγ).

Let Pγ denote the orthogonal projection of
L2(Bn, dVγ)
onto
A2,γ(Bn). For a
function
f∈L∞(Bn)

the Toeplitz operator Tf is defined on
A2,γ(Bn)
by Tfh=Pγ(fh),

for h∈A2,γ(Bn).

It is clear that Tf is bounded on
A2,γ(Bn) with
∥Tf∥[les ]∥f∥∞.

In this paper we will consider the question for which
f∈L∞(Bn)

the operator Tf is compact on
A2,γ(Bn).
Although a complete answer has been
given by the author and D. Zheng (see the next section), the condition
for
compactness is somewhat unnatural. In this article we will give a more
natural
description for compactness of Toeplitz operators with sufficiently nice
symbols. We will
describe compactness in terms of behaviour of the so-called Berezin
transform of
the symbol, which has been useful in characterizing compactness of Toeplitz
operators
with positive symbols (see [5, 9]).
Before we can define this Berezin transform we need to introduce more notation.
The Application of Oct-Tree Terrain Models to Real-Time Aircraft Flight Path Planning
Authors: Allerton D. J. , Gia M. C.
Published: July 2002

This paper outlines a technique to represent terrain using tree structures, based on Morton
ordering to avoid the use of pointers. This approach enables terrain data to be organised in
a hierarchical form affording a trade-off between the speed of access to the terrain database
and resolution of the terrain data extracted from the tree. A set of database access algorithms
is developed that form the basis of path extraction needed for real-time mission management.
Several examples are presented to illustrate the performance of the routeing algorithms
developed in the paper.
The Development of North Atlantic Navigation and Flight Planning Procedures in RAF Ferry Command
Authors: Grocott D. F. H.
Published: July 2002

Phil Steele's prècis of Dries Bulstra's paper on flight planning prompts me to recall flight
planning procedures on the North and South Atlantic in the days of RAF Ferry Command.
The sparsity of radio-navigation aids, coupled with few weather reports and even fewer
diversion airfields made flight planning and en-route navigation an interesting challenge.
RAF Ferry Command rose to the challenge, aided by volunteer captains from American
civilian airlines. The catalyst for this success lay in decisions taken in 1935.
Combining heterogeneous temporal information: A case study
Authors: BADALONI SILVANA
Published: July 2002

In this paper we present a specialized system for
temporal reasoning representing possibly uncertain qualitative
and quantitative constraints relative to temporal intervals
in a homogeneous framework. The underlying logic is that
of Allen, which we have extended to include quantitative
temporal information. Intervals are still assumed as primitive
entities while, to represent metric information, time points
are introduced only at the algorithmic level. We illustrate
the properties of the temporal representation, the algorithms
used for constraint propagation, and their complexity.
We show how the system can be used to schedule manufacturing
operations in a small factory.
Temporal reasoning in process planning
Authors: BALABAN MIRA , BRAHA DAN
Published: July 2002

Computer-aided process planning has been recognized
as an important tool for coordinating the different operations
involved in making the product. While temporal knowledge
is central to the design of efficient and reliable process
plans, little attention is given to the integration of
process planning and temporal processing and reasoning.
To fill the void, we propose in this paper a practical
approach, which is inspired by the framework of Temporal
Constraint Satisfaction Problem (TCSP), to integrate process
planning and temporal reasoning. We show that a TCSP formulation
is a subset of a formulation using a reified temporal logic,
and discuss the advantages of using such a restricted model.
To reflect more realistic process planning encountered
in real manufacturing environments, we present a model,
called n-TCSP, which is a generalization of the
TCSP framework. We envision the proposed temporal reasoning
framework as one of the modules in the evolving new intelligent
computer-aided process planning.
Learning to be selective in genetic-algorithm-based design
optimization
Authors: RASHEED KHALED , HIRSH HAYM
Published: July 2002

In this paper we describe a method for improving
genetic-algorithm-based optimization using search control.
The idea is to utilize the sequence of points explored
during a search to guide further exploration. The proposed
method is particularly suitable for continuous spaces with
expensive evaluation functions, such as arise in engineering
design. Empirical results in several engineering design
domains demonstrate that the proposed method can significantly
improve the efficiency and reliability of the GA optimizer.
Transmission and distribution of virus serotypes: African

horse sickness in zebra
Authors: LORD C. C. , WOOLHOUSE M. E. J. , BARNARD B. J. H.
Published: July 2002

The prevalence of African horse sickness (AHS) serotypes in

zebra foals from the Kruger National Park, South Africa was examined

for possible associations between serotypes and to estimate the basic

reproduction number, R0. The distributions of

serotypes between zebra were not independent in the 6- and

7–8-month-old age classes (P < 0·005). This

does not necessarily imply biological interactions between serotypes,

as heterogeneity in host-vector transmission rates can generate

non-independent distributions of serotypes. Both age and month of

capture were significant factors in the number of serotypes infecting

each zebra (P < 0·0001). Pairwise, positive

associations between non-cross-reacting serotypes were found in the

7–8-month-old class only. For AHS overall, estimates of

R0 ranged from 31–68. Assuming serotypes are

transmitted independently, estimates of R0 for

individual serotypes ranged from 10 for serotype 1 to 23 for serotype

6. The wide range of estimates emphasizes the need for a better

understanding of serotype transmission and interactions in AHS.
Isolation rates of Streptococcus pyogenes in patients with
acute pharyngotonsillitis and among healthy school children in Iran
Authors: JASIR A. , NOORANI A. , MIRSALEHIAN A. , SCHALEN C.
Published: July 2002

We examined three populations from the Tehran region and the North part of Iran (Gilan), in
all more than 5000 individuals, for carriage of Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococci;
GAS). Children or adults with acute pharyngotonsillitis and healthy school children harboured
GAS in 34·1, 20·0 and 21·0%, respectively. Typing of 421 randomly selected isolates showed a
predominance of M-types M4, M5, M11, M12, as well as the provisional type 4245; however,
many of the isolates were T and M non-typable. Forty-three percent of all strains were opacity
factor (OF) negative. The type distribution differed markedly from that reported in 1973–4,
when M types 1 and 12 were predominant.
Musical style and political allegory in Krenek's Karl V
Authors: TREGEAR PETER JOHN
Published: July 2002

Ernst Krenek's opera Karl V presents an ingenious interpretation of the life of the sixteenth-century Holy Roman Emperor, which argues not only dramatically but also musically for the contemporary political significance of the Emperor's life. This was no forced pairing of music and politics, for Krenek had found that the historical and theological problems raised by the Emperor's ‘justification’ at the end of his life bore a striking resemblance both to the aesthetic dilemmas he was then having to face as a composer and issues common to the wider struggle for national identity and political legitimacy in Austria after World War I. This essay introduces these themes in the work, and Krenek’s rationalisations of the way he presents them. It considers their implications for our understanding of the history of serialism in music more generally, and for an aspect of Krenek's compositional development that has perplexed later commentators: the apparent stylistic gulf between this opera and Jonny spielt auf.
Osteoporosis, osteomalacia and Paget’s disease of bone
Authors: Duursma SA , Raymakers JA , Verhaar HJJ
Published: July 2002

Three diseases of bone are common in the elderly: osteoporosis, osteomalacia and Paget’s disease of bone. Osteoporosis is the result of bone loss, caused by a change in factors that regulate bone cell metabolism. The process of bone loss itself,
resulting in osteoporosis, does not cause symptoms. It is the consequences of osteoporosis, fractures and bone deformity, that patients complain of. Osteomalacia is a defect in the process of mineralization of bone, nearly always due to vitamin D deficiency. In contrast to osteoporosis, patients with osteomalacia may have complaints of bone pain and muscle weakness. Page’s disease of bone is probably caused by a slow virus, which initially affects osteoclasts, followed by stimulation of osteoblasts.
The process of increased bone cell turnover itself does not usually cause complaints. However, it results in deformation of bones and joints causing a painful secondary osteoarthritis. Pain resulting from high bone cell turnover responds remarkably quickly to treatment. In exceptional cases local pain in the long bones occurs. In an earlier review the problems of origin, diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis were discussed. This paper focuses on diagnostic procedures and therapeutic regimens.
Pure type systems with explicit substitution
Authors: BLOO ROEL
Published: July 2002

We define an extension of pure type systems with explicit substitution. We show that the
type systems with explicit substitution are strongly normalizing iff their ordinary
counterparts are. Subject reduction is shown to fail in general but a weaker, though still
useful, subject reduction property is established. A more complicated extension is proposed
for which subject reduction does hold in general.
Preface
Authors: DEZANI-CIANCAGLINI MARIANGIOLA , LONGO GIUSEPPE , SELDIN JONATHAN P.
Published: July 2002

This special double issue of Mathematical Structures in Computer Science is in honour of
Roger Hindley and is devoted to the topic of lambda-calculus and logic.

It is a great pleasure for us to greet Roger Hindley on the occasion of his retirement
from the University of Wales, Swansea, and his 60th birthday. We have known Roger
for many years and we have had the chance to collaborate with him and appreciate his
intellectual standard, his remarkable mathematical rigor, and his inexhaustible sense of
humour. This has enabled Roger to step back critically even in the face of a difficult
mathematical task and help to solve it by a new way of looking at it.

Roger Hindley's dissertation concerned the Church–Rosser Theorem and was a significant
contribution to the topic. His subsequent work spanned many aspects of lambda-calculus, covering both its models and applications. To mention just a few, he produced
work on axioms for Curry's strong (eta) reduction, comparing lambda and combinatory
reductions (and models), models for type assignment, and formulas as types for some
nonstandard systems (intersection types, BCK systems, etc.).

Roger Hindley collaborated with Jonathan Seldin on two well-known introductory
books on the subject (Bruce Lercher also collaborated as an author on the first of
these). More recently, he has published an introduction to type assignment. He was also
co-author with H. B. Curry and J. Seldin on Combinatory Logic, vol. II, which is an
important research publication on the subject.

Roger has played an important role in the lambda-calculus community over the years
as that community has grown; in particular, he has been an active organiser of many
conferences on the topic. In fact, his success in disseminating knowledge about the lambda
calculus, particularly in the United Kingdom, means that Roger may be considered a
‘Godfather’ of ML and its type system.

(In preparing this special issue of Mathematical Structures in Computer Science, we have
been fortunate enough to receive too many excellent papers for one double issue. As a
result, additional papers by colleagues who wish to honour Roger will appear in future
issues of this journal.)
Recent releases of plainchant
Authors: WEBER JEROME F.
Published: July 2002

The most impressive recent recording is undoubtedly ‘Codex Calixtinus’
(no. 1 in the list below), a boxed set of four discs that presents virtually
the complete music of the manuscript entitled ‘Jacobus’, still preserved at
the cathedral of Santiago de Compostela. To be sure, though it has not drawn
any comment in this department, the twenty polyphonic pieces that form the
appendix to this collection of music have been recorded complete in recent
years (Sequentia and Ensemble Venance Fortunat have each devoted a disc to
the collection), and the fourth disc of this set duplicates them. Some of
these pieces have long been known on records, for they rank with the St
Martial sources as the most important examples of polyphony before the Notre
Dame period.
Editorial
Authors: Salkovskis Paul
Published: July 2002

As we begin our second year published by Cambridge University Press, it is
clear that this has been a tremendous development. The extra space has been
put to good use, and feedback on the new format has been extremely
positive. In 1999 we will work with the Press to develop parallel electronic/web based publication of the journal. More details of that soon.
Verbal memory deficits associated with fornix atrophy
in carbon monoxide poisoning
Authors: KESLER SHELLI R. , HOPKINS RAMONA O. , WEAVER LINDELL K. , BLATTER DUANE D. , EDGE-BOOTH HOLLY , BIGLER ERIN D.
Published: July 2002

Magnetic resonance (MR) images and neuropsychological
testing data of 69 carbon monoxide (CO) poisoned patients
were prospectively obtained within 1 day of CO poisoning,
two weeks and six months. CO patients' Day 1 cross-sectional
fornix surface area measurements, corrected for head size
by using a fornix-to-brain ratio (FBR), were compared to
normal age and gender-matched controls. Additionally, a
within-subjects analysis was performed comparing the mean
areas between CO patients' Day 1, 2 weeks and 6-month
FBR. The FBR was correlated with patients' neuropsychological
data. There were no significant differences between CO
patients' Day 1 fornix measurements compared to normal
control subjects. However, significant atrophic changes
in the fornix of CO poisoned patients occurred at two weeks
with no progressive atrophy at 6 months. By 6 months, CO
patients showed significant decline on tests of verbal
memory (when practice effects were taken into account),
whereas visual memory, processing speed and attention/concentration
did not decline. This study indicates that CO results in
brain damage and cognitive impairments in the absence of
lesions and other neuroanatomic markers. (JINS,
2001, 7, 640–646.)
Geroneuropsychology: The Neuropsychological Approach to
the Study of Aging
Authors: Ostrosky-Solis Feggy
Published: July 2002

The most compelling reason for studying the neuropsychology
of aging is the fact that there are so many more people
who are elderly. Worldwide average life expectancy has
already increased more in the past 100 years than in the
previous 2000 years, due mainly to public health advances
which are consequently fueling a rapid population growth
of the elderly. Gerontology (the study of aging) and Geriatrics
(health care for the elderly) are expanding disciplines
and will continue offering career and service opportunities
to the increasing number people who are interested in answering
the questions and addressing the problems of aging.
Is the Bender Gestalt Test an Important Tool for
Neuropsychologists?
Authors: Murphy K.J.
Published: July 2002

The title Bender Gestalt: Screening for Brain
Dysfunction (2nd ed.) indicates that the primary utility
of the Bender Gestalt Test (BGT) is one of screening for
the presence of brain impairment. The author, Patricia
Lacks, quickly dispels this notion in the preface to her
book where she states, “My book is not about how
to use the BGT as a single test of ‘organicity’,
a long outdated practice. Instead, the focus is on neuropsychological
assessment as a continuum” (p. vii). Indeed, Lacks
advocates, throughout her book, the more general use of
the BGT as an important part of any standard neuropsychological
test battery. She writes, “Even though the BGT has
been shown to be useful for identifying persons with a
wide range of cognitive impairment, it primarily assesses
disordered perceptual-motor and executive functions”
(p. 27). Unfortunately, Lacks does not provide the reader
with any data to support her above statement regarding
what the BGT actually measures. Before taking the latter
point any further, allow me to briefly describe the BGT
and its history.
Sounds and sources in Powers of Two: towards a contemporary myth
Authors: TRUAX BARRY
Published: July 2002

Within the context of discussing contemporary music the European tendency to overvalue abstraction is questioned. The use of environmental sounds in electroacoustic music is highlighted as an example of the questionable value of abstraction. Attention is then focused on a recent Truax composition, Powers of Two (1995) as a work of electroacoustic music theatre. The historical musical and poetic references, as well as the sound sources adopted for the work, are discussed, and placed within the human framework of relationship embodied in the piece. A concluding section summarises the work as an attempt to create a contemporary myth from historical sources, and as a dramatic expression employing electroacoustic forces.
Attachment as a Base for Family and Couple Therapy
Authors: Byng-Hall John
Published: July 2002

All families have attachments; some may be secure, others insecure, and
family and marital therapists inevitably have to relate to these. This paper
discusses ways in which the therapist can establish a temporary secure
base within therapy, which helps families to feel safe enough to explore
new ways of relating. The overall aim is to help them to create a more
secure family or couple base at home, from which they can explore new
solutions during and after therapy. A new school of therapy is not
proposed as therapists can also use their own approaches when a secure
therapeutic base is established.
Philip Graham
Authors: Cox Antony
Published: July 2002

When Philip Graham takes up the Chair of
the Association next June, it will be his
second term in an office he originally held
in 1982. Although he would modestly deny
it, he is not only one of the UK's leading
child and adolescent psychiatrists, but also
widely respected internationally. Outside
this country his reputation is particularly
strong in Europe where he was President of
the European Society for Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry from 1987 to 1991. His
appointment to the Foundation Chair of
Child Psychiatry at the Institute of Child
Health in 1975 marked the establishment
of the second such chair in the UK. The
esteem in which he was held there led to
his appointment as Dean of the Institute
from 1985 to 1990. On retirement in 1994
he was elected to the Chair of the
National Children's Bureau, reflecting
his broad perspective on the welfare of
children.
The semantics and pragmatics of unless
Authors: Declerck Renaat , Reed Susan
Published: July 2002

In this article the authors examine six different analyses of the meaning of unless that have been argued in the literature, and present a new analysis in which a careful distinction is made between the semantic meaning and the pragmatic interpretations of unless. Contrary to the common belief that unless cannot be used in irrealis conditionals, it is shown that unless can actually be used in two different senses there, one in which it alternates with except if, but not if . . . not (e.g. He wouldn't have done it {unless I had / except if I had / *if I hadn't} asked him to, and I didn't) and one in which it alternates with if . . . not but not with except if (e.g. You did do well, but you wouldn't have succeeded {unless I had / if I hadn't / *except if I had} helped you). It is shown, finally, how the various interpretations of unless can be reconciled with a common semantic meaning and how the different constraints on the use of unless, except if and if . . . not can be accounted for.
LINEAR-QUADRATIC OPTIMIZATION FOR MODELS WITH RATIONAL EXPECTATIONS
Authors: Amman Hans , Kendrick David
Published: July 2002

We present a method for using rational expectations in a
linear-quadratic optimization framework. Following the approach put forward by
Sims, we solve the model through a QZ decomposition, which is generally
easier to implement than the more widely used Blanchard-Kahn method.
The 2000 General Election
Authors: Reed Steven R.
Published: July 2002

The results of the 2000 general election can be interpreted in two contradictory ways. On the one hand, the coalition won a comfortable majority with 271 seats to the combined opposition total of 188. On the other hand, the coalition lost 64 seats while the opposition parties gained 35. Though either side could thus claim victory, it was clear from the expressions on the faces of the party leaders that the coalition had lost the election and the opposition had won. This result means, first, that the LDP's strategy of allying itself with Koumei, a religious party based on a particular Buddhist sect, has been called into question by both coalition partners and, second, that the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) has been confirmed as the primary alternative to the LDP.
A Dragonfly for Titan
Authors: Francis Matthew
Published: February 2025

A new eight-rotor robotic probe will head to the solar system’s most Earth-like moon. Here’s what its team is doing to prepare.