bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Controlled Synthesis of Water‐Dispersible Faceted Crystalline Copper Nanoparticles and Their Catalytic Properties
Authors: Wang Yanfei , Biradar Ankush V. , Wang Gang , Sharma Krishna K. , Duncan Cole T. , Rangan Sylvie , Asefa Tewodros
Published: July 2010

We report a solution‐phase synthetic route to copper nanoparticles with controllable size and shape. The synthesis of the nanoparticles is achieved by the reduction of copper(II) salt in aqueous solution with hydrazine under air atmosphere in the presence of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) as capping agent. The results suggest that the pH plays a key role for the formation of pure copper nanoparticles, whereas the concentration of PAA is important for controlling the size and geometric shape of the nanoparticles. The average size of the copper nanoparticles can be varied from 30 to 80 nm, depending on the concentration of PAA. With a moderate amount of PAA, faceted crystalline copper nanoparticles are obtained. The as‐synthesized copper nanoparticles appear red in color and are stable for weeks, as confirmed by UV/Vis and X‐ray photoemission (XPS) spectroscopy. The faceted crystalline copper nanoparticles serve as an effective catalyst for N‐arylation of heterocycles, such as the CN coupling reaction between p‐nitrobenzyl chloride and morpholine producing 4‐(4‐nitrophenyl)morpholine in an excellent yield under mild reaction conditions. Furthermore, the nanoparticles are proven to be versatile as they also effectively catalyze the three‐component, one‐pot Mannich reaction between p‐substituted benzaldehyde, aniline, and acetophenone affording a 100 % conversion of the limiting reactant (aniline).
Hydrogen‐Bond‐Guided Self‐Assembly of Nucleotides on a Receptor‐Array Surface
Authors: Turygin Dmitry S. , Subat Michael , Arslanov Vladimir V. , König Burkhard , Kalinina Maria A.
Published: July 2010

The hydrogen‐bond‐guided self‐assembly of 5′‐ribonucleotides bearing adenine(A), cytosine (C), uracil (U), or guanine (G) bases from aqueous solution on a lipid‐like surface decorated with synthetic bis(ZnII–cyclen) (cyclen=1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclodododecane) metal–complex receptor sites is described. The process was studied by using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. The data show that the mechanism of nucleotide binding to the 2D template is influenced by the chemistry of the bases and the pH value of the solution. In a neutral solution of pH 7.5, the process is cooperative and selective with respect to Watson–Crick pairs (A–U and C–G), which form stable double planes in accordance with the Chargaff rule. In a more acidic solution at pH 6.0, the interactions between complementary partners become non‐cooperative and the surface also stabilizes mismatched and wobble pairs due to the pH‐induced changes in the receptor coordination state. The results suggest that hydrogen bonding plays a key role in the self‐assembly of complementary nucleotides at the lipid‐like interface, and the cooperative character of the process stems from the ideal matching of the orientation and chemistry of all the interacting components with respect to each other in neutral solution.
Multistep Virtual Screening for Rapid and Efficient Identification of Non‐Nucleoside Bacterial Thymidine Kinase Inhibitors
Authors: Zander Johannes , Hartenfeller Markus , Hähnke Volker , Proschak Ewgenij , Besier Silke , Wichelhaus Thomas A. , Schneider Gisbert
Published: July 2010

Antimicrobial activity of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT) against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is antagonized by thymidine, which is abundant in infected or inflamed human tissue. To restore the antimicrobial activity of SXT in the presence of thymidine, we screened for small‐molecule inhibitors of S. aureus thymidine kinase with non‐nucleoside scaffolds. We present the successful application of an adaptive virtual screening protocol for novel antibiotics using a combination of ligand‐ and structure‐based approaches. Two consecutive rounds of virtual screening and in vitro testing were performed that resulted in several non‐nucleoside hits. The most potent compound exhibits substantial antimicrobial activity against both methicillin‐resistant S. aureus strain ATCC 700699 and nonresistant strain ATCC 29213, when combined with SXT in the presence of thymidine. This study demonstrates how virtual screening can be used to guide hit finding in antibacterial screening campaigns with minimal experimental effort.
To improve investors' valuation of accounting earnings in emerging markets: evidence from Taiwan
Authors: Chen Anlin , Kao Lanfeng , Tsao Meilan
Published: July 2010

The valuation of accounting earnings is related to the level of earnings management used by the firm. In emerging markets where earnings management is typically pervasive, investors lose confidence in accounting earnings and thus tend to under‐value earnings. Using data from Taiwan, we show that better governance characteristics are associated with improved investor valuation of accounting earnings. Under weaker governance structures, such as excessive control on the part of majority shareholders, small board size, and chief executive officer/chairman of the board duality, the market tends to under‐value accounting earnings. Reducing controlling shareholders' ownership, increasing board size, and reinforcing the monitoring function of the board improves investors' ability to value accounting earnings. Copyright © 2010 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Free Amino Acids Content in Some Halophytes under Salinity Stress in Arid Environment, Jordan
Authors: Nasir Farah Al , Batarseh Mufeed , Abdel‐Ghani Adel H. , Jiries Anwar
Published: July 2010

The variation in free amino acids concentration was examined in halophytes under salt stress conditions during spring and autumn in an arid environment, Jordan. The experiment was conducted in the southern region of the Jordan valley, using four different halophytes namely: Atriplex halimus, Atriplex nummularia, Tamarix aphylla L., and Portulaca oleracea L.

Free amino acid concentrations showed changeable patterns under salinity stress conditions compared to the non‐stress (control) with respect to plant species and seasonal variation. In general, the amino acid pool during the spring experienced increases in A. halimus with increasing salinity; and decreased in A. nummularia, P. oleracea L., and T. aphylla L., respectively. Whereas, during the autumn, the overall amino acids decreased in A. halimus and A. nummularia, and increased in T. aphylla L. and P. oleracea with increasing salinity. The amino acid pool concentrations of A. halimus L. during the autumn was similar to that in spring under stress condition. Similarly, T. aphylla L. and P. oleracea showed higher rates in the autumn. In contrast, A. nummularia L. exhibited a slight increase in amino acid composition in the autumn under stress conditions.

The plantation of salt tolerant plants such as halophytes in saline sodic soils showed an effective decline in soil salinity and can be recommended to be used as a bioreclamation method instead of the traditional leaching method, which requires large amount of fresh water.
Selective Solid Phase Extraction for Separation and Preconcentration of Palladium from Gold Ore and Anode Slime after Complexation with a N4O2 Mixed Donor Ligand Derivative
Authors: Bulut Volkan Numan , Tufekci Mehmet , Duran Celal , Soylak Mustafa , Kantekin Halit
Published: July 2010

A selective and sensitive method for the preconcentration, separation, and determination of palladium with flame atomic absorption spectrometry using 4,15‐bis[(4‐methylphenyl)sulfonyl]‐20,21‐dinitro‐2,3,4,5,6,7,9,10,12,13,14,15,16,17‐tetradecahydro‐8,11‐ethano‐1,18,4,8,11,15‐benzodioxa tetraaza cycloicosine (TNACIN) on XAD‐2010 was developed. TNACIN–Pd(II) complex formed acidic aqueous solution (0.075–0.100 M HNO3) was accumulated on XAD‐2010 and then eluted with 1 M HCl in acetone. The effects of some analytical parameters including pH, TNACIN amount, sample volume, eluent type, and concentration, sample flow rate and matrix ions were studied for optimization of the method. Detection limit and precision were calculated for Pd(II). This method was also verified with CRM and internal standard, and satisfactory results were obtained.
Real‐valued MUSIC algorithm for power harmonics and interharmonics estimation
Authors: Cai Tao , Duan Shan‐xu , Liu Bang‐yin , Liu Fang‐rui , Chen Chang‐song
Published: July 2010

Recently, advanced spectrum estimation methods, including the MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification) algorithms, are being gradually employed for high‐resolution power harmonics analysis. However, most of them are proposed to detect frequencies of complex‐valued signals, so that any real‐valued signal should be transformed into complex form. This data pre‐treatment may lead to additional computation burden. In addition, the picket‐fence effects also exist as in the FFT algorithm and cause poor frequency resolution. To overcome these drawbacks, a real‐valued MUSIC algorithm is proposed for power harmonics analysis in this paper. The algorithm is based on the subspace decomposition theory and the computation of pseudospectrum is also provided. Additionally, to improve the measuring precision, the Newton–Raphson algorithm is adopted to optimize the harmonic frequencies significantly. Simulation results show that, in the real‐valued MUSIC pseudospectrum, the spectral peaks of actual harmonic components can be more easily distinguished from the false peaks caused by noise, and the computational complexity is notably lower than that of the classic complex MUSIC, as well as the detecting accuracy is close to that of root‐MUSIC algorithm which is quite time consuming. Experimental results prove that the proposed strategy is more suitable for high‐resolution power harmonics estimation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Envelope analysis of nonlinear electronic circuits based on harmonic balance method
Authors: Kawata Junji , Kinouchi Takaaki , Yamagami Yoshihiro , Nishio Yoshifumi , Ushida Akio
Published: July 2010

We propose here a Spice‐orientedenvelope analysisbased on the HB (harmonic balance) method, where Fourier coefficients are assumed to be slowly varying. The Fourier expansions of nonlinear devices are executed by MATLAB in the symbolic forms. In this time, the nonlinearities need to be approximated by the polynomial functions. The determining equation of the HB method is formulated asSine–Cosine circuitin the form of schematic diagram using ABMs (analog behavior models) of Spice. Each sub‐circuit corresponding to the higher harmonic component is almost the same circuit topology as the original one and has dynamic elements such as capacitors and inductors. The Sine–Cosine circuit can be solved by the transient analysis of Spice. Thus, our method is rather a symbolic approach in the meaning that the HB determining equation is given by the schematic diagram of Spice. Our method can be easily applied to the analysis of middle order of nonlinear communication circuits such as mixers and amplitude modulators and to the analysis of interesting phenomena in the nonlinear oscillations. After many simulation experiments, the results show that our envelope analysis is about 50 times faster than the direct transient analysis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of the synthesis of N,N‐dimethyltryptamine by reductive amination using gas chromatography ion trap mass spectrometry
Authors: Brandt Simon D. , Moore Sharon A. , Freeman Sally , Kanu Abu B.
Published: July 2010

The present study established an impurity profile of a synthetic route to the hallucinogenic N,N‐dimethyltryptamine (DMT). The synthesis was carried out under reductive amination conditions between tryptamine and aqueous formaldehyde in the presence of acetic acid followed by reduction with sodium cyanoborohydride. Analytical characterization of this synthetic route was carried out by gas chromatography ion trap mass spectrometry using electron‐ and chemical‐ionization modes. Methanol was employed as a liquid CI reagent and the impact of stoichiometric modifications on side‐products formation was also investigated. Tryptamine 1, DMT 2, 2‐methyltetrahydro‐β‐carboline (2‐Me‐THBC, 3), N‐methyl‐N‐cyanomethyltryptamine (MCMT, 4), N‐methyltryptamine (NMT, 5), 2‐cyanomethyl‐tetrahydro‐β‐carboline (2‐CM‐THBC, 6) and tetrahydro‐β‐carboline (THBC, 7) have been detected under a variety of conditions. Replacement of formaldehyde solution with paraformaldehyde resulted in incomplete conversion of the starting material whereas a similar replacement of sodium cyanoborohydride with sodium borohydride almost exclusively produced THBC instead of the expected DMT. Compounds 1 to 7 were quantified and the limits of detection were 28.4, 87.7, 21.5, 23.4, 41.1, 36.6, and 34.9 ng mL−1, respectively. The limits of quantification for compounds 1 to 7 were 32.4, 88.3, 25.4, 24.6, 41.4, 39.9, and 37.0 µg mL−1, respectively. Linearity was observed in the range of 20.8–980 µg mL−1 with correlation coefficients > 0.99. The application holds great promise in the area of forensic chemistry where development of reliable analytical methods for the detection, identification, and quantification of DMT are crucial and also in pharmaceutical analysis where DMT might be prepared for use in human clinical studies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new genetic algorithm with diploid chromosomes using probability decoding for adaptation to various environments
Authors: Kominami Manabu , Hamagami Tomoki
Published: July 2010

This paper proposes a new diploid operation technique using probability for function optimization in nonstationary environments and describes a feature of diploid genetic algorithms (GAs). The advantage of the technique over previous diploid GAs is that one genotype is transformed into many phenotypes based on probability. This transformation is not made at random. It has a certain range of probabilities. Each individual has a range. The range allows adaptation to various environments. The technique allows genes to give a probabilistic representation of dominance, and can maintain the diversity of individuals. The experimental results show that the technique can adapt to severe environmental changes where previous diploid GAs cannot adapt. This paper shows that the technique can find optimum solutions with high probability and that the distribution of individuals changes when the environment changes. In addition, by comparing the proposed diploid GA with a haploid GA whose chromosome is twice the length, the features of the diploid are described. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 93(8): 38–46, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10097
A method of solving scheduling problems using an improved guided genetic algorithm
Authors: Ou Gyouhi , Tamura Hiroki , Tanno Koichi , Tang Zheng
Published: July 2010

In this paper, an improved guided genetic algorithm is proposed for the job‐shop scheduling problem. The proposed method is improved by a genetic algorithm using multipliers which can be adjusted during the search process. Simulation results based on some benchmark problems demonstrate that the proposed method can find better solutions than the genetic algorithm and the original guided genetic algorithm. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 93(8): 15–15, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10263
Competition between colitogenic Th1 and Th17 cells contributes to the amelioration of colitis
Authors: Mikami Yohei , Kanai Takanori , Sujino Tomohisa , Ono Yuichi , Hayashi Atsushi , Okazawa Akira , Kamada Nobuhiko , Matsuoka Katsuyoshi , Hisamatsu Tadakazu , Okamoto Susumu , Takaishi Hiromasa , Inoue Nagamu , Ogata Haruhiko , Hibi Toshifumi
Published: July 2010

Th17 cells and Th1 cells coordinate to play a critical role in the formation of inflammatory bowel diseases. To examine how Th17 and Th1 cells are regulated at inflammatory sites, we used Th1‐dominant CD4+CD45RBhigh T cell‐transferred RAG‐2−/− and Th1/Th17‐mixed IL‐10−/− mice. Interestingly, not only did colitic RAG‐2−/− mice that were parabiosed with WT mice show significant amelioration of colitis, but amelioration of disease was also observed in those parabiosed with colitic IL‐10−/− mice. To assess the interference between Th1 and Th17 colitogenic T cells, we co‐transferred colitogenic CD4+ T cells from the lamina propria (LP) of CD4+CD45RBhigh T cell‐transferred RAG‐2−/− mice and IL‐10−/− mice into RAG‐2−/− mice. Surprisingly, the co‐transferred RAG‐2−/− mice showed a vast cellular infiltration of LP CD4+ T cells similar to that seen in RAG‐2−/− mice re‐transferred with the cells from colitic RAG‐2−/− mice alone, but the co‐transferred RAG‐2−/− mice did not have the wasting symptoms, which are also absent in RAG‐2−/− mice transferred with cells from colitic IL‐10−/− mice alone. Furthermore, the percentages of Th1 and Th17 cells originating from IL‐10−/− mice and those of Th1 cells originating from colitic RAG‐2−/− mice were all significantly decreased in the co‐transferred mice as compared with the singly‐transferred paired RAG‐2−/− mice, suggesting that Th1 and Th17 cells are in competition, and that their orchestration results in a merged clinical phenotype of the two types of murine colitis.
Cytotoxins of the human pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila trigger, via the NLRP3 inflammasome, caspase‐1 activation in macrophages
Authors: McCoy Andrea J. , Koizumi Yukiko , Toma Claudia , Higa Naomi , Dixit Vishva , Taniguchi Shun'ichiro , Tschopp Jürg , Suzuki Toshihiko
Published: July 2010

Aeromonas hydrophila is a Gram‐negative pathogen that causes serious infectious disease in humans. A. hydrophila induces apoptosis in infected macrophages, but the host proinflammatory responses triggered by macrophage death are largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the infection of mouse macrophages with A. hydrophila triggers the activation of caspase‐1 and release of IL‐1β. Caspase‐1 activation was abrogated in macrophages deficient in Nod‐like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and apoptosis‐associated speck‐like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC), but not NLR family, CARD domain containing 4 (NLRC4). The activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome was mediated by three cytotoxins (aerolysin, hemolysin and multifunctional repeat‐in‐toxin) produced by A. hydrophila. Our results indicated that the NLRP3 inflammasome senses A. hydrophila infection through the action of bacterial cytotoxins.
Dynamics of oil quality parameters changes related to olive fruit fly attack
Authors: Koprivnjak Olivera , Dminić Ivana , Kosić Urška , Majetić Valerija , Godena Sara , Valenčič Vasilij
Published: July 2010

In order to evaluate the role of intrinsic characteristics of olive cultivars on dynamics of oil quality parameters changes related to the olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin)) attack, two specific olive cultivars were compared, Istarska bjelica and Buža. I. bjelica is characterised by late ripening, a lower flesh/stone mass ratio and higher oleic/linoleic ratio, the total phenols content and oil mass fraction compared to Buža. Oil samples were obtained at two harvesting dates, from fruit lots with 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of infestation degree, expressed by mass. Oil and water content in olive paste, as well as total phenols, fatty acids composition and standard chemical and sensorial oil quality parameters were determined. At equal maturity level, the cultivar with a higher oil (24 ± 1% vs. 16 ± 1%) and lower water content (54 ± 2% vs. 61 ± 4%) was more susceptible to hydrolytic degradation, while the one with the lower total phenols content (231 ± 32 vs. 575 ± 124 mg/kg) and oleic/linoleic fatty acid ratio (5.7 vs. 9.1) was more liable to oxidative deterioration of oil. Lower susceptibility to negative flavours formation could be related to the absence of ripening induced by fly attack and less favourable environment for larvae growth (higher total phenols content, lower water content and flesh/stone mass ratio).

Practical applications: Understanding the impact of olive fly attack is the basis of scientific and practical interest in the production of olives and olive oil. Different intrinsic characteristics of olive cultivars could lead to different susceptibility to oil quality deterioration caused by olive fly attack, which opens a possibility to adjust and minimise pesticide treatments. Knowledge about this topic could contribute to the reduction of costs of olive pests control, as well as to the improvement of quality and food safety concept in olive oil production.
Synthesis of 9‐Aryl‐9,10‐dihydrophenanthrenes by Domino [3+3] Annulation/Ring‐Opening/Friedel–Crafts Alkylation Reactions of 1,3‐Bis(trimethylsilyloxy)‐1,3‐butadienes with 3‐Aroyl‐5‐aryl‐4,5‐dihydrofurans
Authors: Lau Matthias , Sher Muhammad , Villinger Alexander , Fischer Christine , Langer Peter
Published: July 2010

The reaction of 1,3‐bis(trimethylsilyloxy)‐1,3‐butadienes with 3‐benzoyl‐5‐aryl‐4,5‐dihydrofurans, available by CAN‐mediated reaction of styrenes with benzoylacetones, afforded functionalized 9,10‐dihydrophenanthrenes. These reactions proceed by a novel domino [3+3] cyclization/ring‐opening/Friedel–Crafts alkylation process.
Water‐Accelerated Cationic π‐(7‐endo) Cyclisation: Application to Indole‐Based Peri‐Annulated Polyheterocycles
Authors: Saifuddin Mohammad , Agarwal Piyush K. , Sharma Sudhir K. , Mandadapu Anil K. , Gupta Sahaj , Harit Vimal K. , Kundu Bijoy
Published: July 2010

An efficient and versatile method for the synthesis of indole‐based polycyclic indolo‐benzazepine and its derivatives through water‐accelerated cationic π‐cyclisation is described. The strategy involves condensation of arylamine moieties linked to C‐4 in indole/azaindole systems with arylaldehydes in water containing catalytic amount of Brønsted acids. The C–C bond formation in water is complete within 10–30 min, furnishing the title compounds in excellent yields and purities, whereas in organic solvents 10–12 h are required. Furthermore, aldehydes both with electron‐donating and‐withdrawing substituents facilitate the π‐cyclisation equally.
Morphologic study of mandibles in Japanese patients for mandibular reconstruction with fibula free flaps
Authors: Tsuchiya Sunao , Sakuraba Minoru , Asano Takayuki , Miyamoto Shimpei , Kimata Yoshihiro , Hayashi Ryuichi , Nakatsuka Takashi
Published: July 2010

Background.

In mandibular reconstruction with a fibula flap, 3‐dimensional models are sometimes used but are not available to all plastic surgeons. To establish a simpler method, we performed a morphologic study of the mandible.

Methods.

Three‐dimensional images of the mandible from 79 Japanese patients were analyzed. Four theoretical osteotomy points were placed on each image and the lengths of each segment and the angles between every 2 segments were measured.

Results.

The SDs of the angle formed by the right and left canines and the left mandibular angle; the angle formed by the left canine, the left mandibular angle, and the left condyle; and the segment between the canines were so small that these values would easily be exceeded by manipulation errors during an osteotomy.

Conclusion.

Mandibular bones show a close similarity among Japanese patients. Acceptably accurate osteotomies can thus be performed in Japanese patients without requiring accurate templates. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Snowmelt energetics at a shrub tundra site in the western Canadian Arctic
Authors: Marsh P. , Bartlett P. , MacKay M. , Pohl S. , Lantz T.
Published: July 2010

Snow accumulation and melt were observed at shrub tundra and tundra sites in the western Canadian Arctic. End of winter snow water equivalent (SWE) was higher at the shrub tundra site than the tundra site, but lower than total winter snowfall because snow was removed by blowing snow, and a component was also lost to sublimation. Removal of snow from the shrub site was larger than expected because the shrubs were bent over and covered by snow during much of the winter. Although SWE was higher at the shrub site, the snow disappeared at a similar time at both sites, suggesting enhanced melt at the shrub site. The Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS) was used to explore the processes controlling this enhanced melt. The spring‐up of the shrubs during melt had a large effect on snowmelt energetics, with similar turbulent fluxes and radiation above the canopy at both sites before shrub emergence and after the snowmelt. However, when the shrubs were emerging, conditions were considerably different at the two sites. Above the shrub canopy, outgoing shortwave radiation was reduced, outgoing longwave radiation was increased, sensible heat flux was increased and latent flux was similar to that at the tundra site. Above the snow surface at this site, incoming shortwave radiation was reduced, incoming longwave radiation was increased and sensible heat flux was decreased. These differences were caused by the lower albedo of the shrubs, shading of the snow, increased longwave emission by the shrub stems and decreased wind speed below the shrub canopy. The overall result was increased snowmelt at the shrub site. Although this article details the impact of shrubs on snow accumulation and melt, and energy exchanges, additional research is required to consider the effect of shrub proliferation on both regional hydrology and climate. Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons Ltd and Crown in the right of Canada.
Interleukin‐8 is associated with proliferation, migration, angiogenesis and chemosensitivityin vitroandin vivoin colon cancer cell line models
Authors: Ning Yan , Manegold Philipp C. , Hong Young Kwon , Zhang Wu , Pohl Alexandra , Lurje Georg , Winder Thomas , Yang Dongyun , LaBonte Melissa J. , Wilson Peter M. , Ladner Robert D. , Lenz Heinz‐Josef
Published: July 2010

Interleukin‐8 (IL‐8), a chemokine with a defining CXC amino acid motif, is known to possess tumorigenic and proangiogenic properties. Overexpression of IL‐8 has been detected in many human tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC), and is associated with poor prognosis. The goal of our study was to determine the role of IL‐8 overexpression in CRC cellsin vitroandin vivo. We stably transfected the IL‐8 cDNA into two human colon cancer cell lines, HCT116 and Caco2, and selected IL‐8‐secreting transfectants. Real‐time RT‐PCR confirmed that IL‐8 mRNA was overexpressed in IL‐8 transfectants with 45‐ to 85‐fold higher than parental cells. The IL‐8‐transfected clones secreted 19‐ to 28‐fold more IL‐8 protein than control and parental cells as detected by ELISA. The IL‐8 transfectants demonstrated increased cellular proliferation, cell migration and invasion based on functional assays. Growth inhibition studies showed that IL‐8 overexpression lead to a significant resistance to oxaliplatin (p< 0.0001). Inhibition of IL‐8 overexpression with small interfering RNA reversed the observed increases in tumorigenic functions and oxaliplatin resistance, suggesting that IL‐8 not only provides a proliferative advantage but also promotes the metastatic potential of colon cancer cells. Using a tumor xenograft model, IL‐8‐expressing cells formed significantly larger tumors than the control cells with increased microvessel density. Together, these findings indicate that overexpression of IL‐8 promotes tumor growth, metastasis, chemoresistance and angiogenesis, implying IL‐8 to be an important therapeutic target in CRC.
Issues in homeland security
Authors: Sokol Denise P.
Published: July 2010

This chapter provides a framework for the volume by discussing ways that legislative mandates affect higher education institutions with regard to homeland security and the resulting cultural changes necessary at postsecondary institutions.
The tension between data confidentiality and national security in higher education
Authors: Lester Cathe
Published: July 2010

This chapter briefly reviews the history of statistical confidentiality in the U.S. Census Bureau, the tension between statistical confidentiality and the need for information in the current national security environment, and the importance of institutional researchers' awareness and active participation in the debate surrounding confidentiality.
Impact of incidents on enrollments at higher education institutions
Authors: L'Orange Hans P.
Published: July 2010

This chapter explores the relationship between homeland security incidents and the impact that those incidents have on enrollment at higher education institutions.
Conclusion
Authors: Kenney Dawn
Published: July 2010

This chapter summarizes the previous chapters and discusses the impact of homeland security mandates on higher education institutions' operations.
On‐the‐fly detection of changes on and below the surface in epithelium mucosal tissue architecture from scattered light
Authors: Cohen Fernand S. , Taslidere Ezgi , Murthy Sreekant
Published: July 2010

In this paper we present a technique to raise a flag on the fly when a transition occurs between different mucosal architectures on or below the surface. The segmentation is based on a novel difference metric for detecting an abrupt change in the parameters extracted from a Stochastic Decomposition Method (SDM) that models the scattered light reflected from the mucosal tissue structure over an area (2‐D scan) illuminated by an optical sensor (fiber) emitting light at either one wavelength or with white light. This work has the potential to enhance the endoscopist's ability to locate and identify abnormal mucosal architectures in particular when the disease is developing below the surface and hence becoming hidden during colonoscopy or endoscopic examination. It also has also potential in helping deciding as to when and where to take biopsies; steps that should lead to improvement in the diagnostic yield. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Biocompatibility and mechanical properties of diamond‐like coatings on cobalt‐chromium‐molybdenum steel and titanium‐aluminum‐vanadium biomedical alloys
Authors: Hinüber C. , Kleemann C. , Friederichs R. J. , Haubold L. , Scheibe H. J. , Schuelke T. , Boehlert C. , Baumann M. J.
Published: July 2010

Diamond‐like carbon (DLC) films are favored for wear components because of diamond‐like hardness, low friction, low wear, and high corrosion resistance (Schultz et al., Mat‐wiss u Werkstofftech 2004;35:924–928; Lappalainen et al., J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2003;66B:410–413; Tiainen, Diam Relat Mater 2001;10:153–160). Several studies have demonstrated their inertness, nontoxicity, and the biocompatibility, which has led to interest among manufacturers of surgical implants (Allen et al., J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2001;58:319–328; Uzumaki et al., Diam Relat Mater 2006;15:982–988; Hauert, Diam Relat Mater 2003;12:583–589; Grill, Diam Relat Mater 2003;12:166–170). In this study, hydrogen‐free amorphous, tetrahedrally bonded DLC films (ta‐C) were deposited at low temperatures by physical vapor deposition on medical grade Co28Cr6Mo steel and the titanium alloy Ti6Al4V (Scheibe et al., Surf Coat Tech 1996;85:209–214). The mechanical performance of the ta‐C was characterized by measuring its surface roughness, contact angle, adhesion, and wear behavior, whereas the biocompatibility was assessed by osteoblast (OB) attachment and cell viability via Live/Dead assay. There was no statistical difference found in the wettability as measured by contact angle measurements for the ta‐C coated and the uncoated samples of either Co28Cr6Mo or Ti6Al4V. Rockwell C indentation and dynamic scratch testing on 2–10 μm thick ta‐C films on Co28Cr6Mo substrates showed excellent adhesion with HF1 grade and up to 48 N for the critical load LC2 during scratch testing. The ta‐C coating reduced the wear from 3.5 × 10−5 mm3/Nm for an uncoated control sample (uncoated Co28Cr6Mo against uncoated stainless steel) to 1.1 × 10−7 mm3/Nm (coated Co28Cr6Mo against uncoated stainless steel) in reciprocating pin‐on‐disk testing. The lowest wear factor of 3.9 × 10−10 mm3/Nm was measured using a ta‐C coated steel ball running against a ta‐C coated and polished Co28Cr6Mo disk. Student's t‐test found that the ta‐C coating had no statistically significant (p < 0.05) effect on OB attachment, when compared with the uncoated control samples. There was no significant difference (p < 0.05) in the Live/Dead assay results in cell death between the ta‐C coated Co28Cr6Mo and Ti6Al4V samples and the uncoated controls. Therefore, these ta‐C coatings show improved wear and corrosion (Dorner‐Reisel et al., Diam Relat Mater 2003;11:823–827; Affato et al., J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2000;53:221–226; Dorner‐Reisel et al., Surf Coat Tech 2004;177–178:830–837; Kim et al., Diam Relat Mater 2004;14:35–41) performance and excellent in vitro cyto‐compatibility, when compared with currently used uncoated Co28Cr6Mo and Ti6Al4V implant materials. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Plastic compression of a collagen gel forms a much improved scaffold for ocular surface tissue engineering over conventional collagen gels
Authors: Mi Shengli , Chen Bo , Wright Bernice , Connon Che John
Published: July 2010

We compare the use of plastically compressed collagen gels to conventional collagen gels as scaffolds onto which corneal limbal epithelial cells (LECs) are seeded to construct an artificial corneal epithelium. LECs were isolated from bovine corneas (limbus) and seeded onto either conventional uncompressed or novel compressed collagen gels and grown in culture. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed that fibers within the uncompressed gel were loose and irregularly ordered, whereas the fibers within the compressed gel were densely packed and more evenly arranged. Quantitative analysis of LECs expansion across the surface of the two gels showed similar growth rates (p > 0.05). Under SEM, the LECs, expanded on uncompressed gels, showed a rough and heterogeneous morphology, whereas on the compressed gel, the cells displayed a smooth and homogeneous morphology. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results showed the compressed scaffold to contain collagen fibers of regular diameter and similar orientation resembling collagen fibers within the normal cornea. TEM and light microscopy also showed that cell–cell and cell–matrix attachment, stratification, and cell density were superior in LECs expanded upon compressed collagen gels. This study demonstrated that the compressed collagen gel was an excellent biomaterial scaffold highly suited to the construction of an artificial corneal epithelium and a significant improvement upon conventional collagen gels. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Covalent layer‐by‐layer assembly of polyethyleneimine multilayer for antibacterial applications
Authors: He Tao , Chan Vincent
Published: July 2010

Polyelectrolyte multilayer film (PMF) is conventionally fabricated by the layer‐by‐layer (LBL) assembly of a pair of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes on a substrate through electrostatic attractions. However, the lack of long‐term stability of PMF under physiological conditions limits its application as antimicrobial coating in medical devices. In this study, a stable PMF composed of only polyethyleneimine (PEI) was constructed by covalent LBL deposition. First, the specific buildup of PEI during covalent LBL assembly was validated by UV‐Vis absorption spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. Second, silver (Ag) nanoparticles were incorporated into PEI multilayers through in situ reduction of Ag+ by the pre‐absorption of NaBH4. It was also shown that the mass of Ag nanoparticle can be controlled by varying multilayer thickness and loading cycles. Bacterial live/dead assay showed that the PEI multilayers effectively killed Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli upon contact formation. The inclusion of Ag nanoparticles in (PEI) film not only enhanced the antimicrobial property against adherent bacteria but also led to the inhibition of the bacteria growth in suspended culture via the long‐term release of Ag+ into the liquid medium. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Bioactive mesopore‐glass microspheres with controllable protein‐delivery properties by biomimetic surface modification
Authors: Wu Chengtie , Zhang Yufeng , Ke Xuebin , Xie Yuxuan , Zhu Huaiyong , Crawford Ross , Xiao Yin
Published: July 2010

Microsphere systems with the ideal properties for bone regeneration need to be bioactive, and at the same time possess the capacity for controlled protein/drug‐delivery; however, the current crop of microsphere system fails to fulfill these properties. The aim of this study was to develop a novel protein‐delivery system of bioactive mesoporous glass (MBG) microspheres by a biomimetic method through controlling the density of apatite on the surface of microspheres, for potential bone tissue regeneration. MBG microspheres were prepared by using the method of alginate cross‐linking with Ca2+ ions. The cellular bioactivity of MBG microspheres was evaluated by investigating the proliferation and attachment of bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC). The loading efficiency (LE) and release kinetics of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on MBG microspheres were investigated after coprecipitating with biomimetic apatite in simulated body fluids (SBF). The results showed that MBG microspheres supported BMSC attachment and the Si‐containing ionic products from MBG microspheres stimulated BMSCs proliferation. The density of apatite on MBG microspheres increased with the length of soaking time in SBF. BSA‐LE of MBG was significantly enhanced by coprecipitating with apatite. Furthermore, the LE and release kinetics of BSA could be controlled by controlling the density of apatite formed on MBG microspheres. Our results suggest that MBG microspheres are a promising protein‐delivery system as a filling material for bone defect healing and regeneration. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
The effects of whole-body vibration training and vitamin D supplementation on muscle strength, muscle mass, and bone density in institutionalized elderly women: A 6-month randomized, controlled trial
Authors: Verschueren Sabine MP , Bogaerts An , Delecluse Christophe , Claessens Albrecht L , Haentjens Patrick , Vanderschueren Dirk , Boonen Steven
Published: July 2010

Sarcopenia and osteoporosis represent a growing public health problem. We studied the potential benefit of whole-body vibration (WBV) training given a conventional or a high dose of daily vitamin D supplementation in improving strength, muscle mass, and bone density in postmenopausal women. In a 2 × 2 factorial-design trial, 113 institutionalized elderly females aged over 70 years (mean age 79.6 years) were randomly assigned either to a WBV or a no-training group, receiving either a conventional dose (880 IU/day) or a high dose (1600 IU/day) of vitamin D3. The primary aim was to determine the effects of 6 months of WBV and/or vitamin D supplementation on isometric and dynamic strength, leg muscle mass, and hip bone mineral density (BMD). Additionally, the increase in 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels between conventional and high-dose supplementation was compared. After 6 months of treatment, dynamic muscle strength, hip BMD, and vitamin D serum levels improved significantly in all groups, whereas isometric strength and muscle mass did not change. When compared with no training, the WBV program did not result in additional improvements. When compared with 880 IU, a high dose of 1600 IU of vitamin D did result in higher serum vitamin D levels but did not result in additional improvements. In institutionalized women older than 70 years, the WBV training protocol tested is not more efficient in enhancing muscle mass, strength, and hip BMD compared with vitamin D supplementation. A higher dose of 1600 IU of vitamin D does not provide additional musculoskeletal benefit in this population compared with conventional doses. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Meteorological characteristics and potential causes of the 2007 flood in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Paeth Heiko , Fink Andreas H. , Pohle Susan , Keis Felix , Mächel Hermann , Samimi Cyrus
Published: July 2010

In August and September 2007 media and aid organizations reported on a severe flood in large parts of sub‐Saharan Africa caused by a sequence of extreme rain events. However, the reporting was partly controversial and much was speculated about how unusual the flood event was. Here, we analyse various observational data sets in order to assess and to compare the spatio‐temporal characteristics and intensity of the flood and the associated rain events. The return times are estimated from daily precipitation time series at fine spatial resolution, and the potential causes are disclosed in a global and regional context.

Satellite data reveal that the flood was not large scale but confined to the main river basins in sub‐Saharan West Africa. Nonetheless, abundant rainfall prevailed over large parts of Western Africa extending north into the Western Sahara, particularly during the second half of August and the beginning of September 2007. In detail, various precipitation data sets differ considerably in terms of the monthly anomalies, demonstrating the difficulty to delineate meteorological extreme events even at a sub‐continental scale and during the most recent past. Return times typically range between 1 and 50 years with high spatial heterogeneity but amount to 1200 years in the regional mean over the Upper Volta Basin. Among the potential causes we identify a La Niña event in the tropical Pacific, anomalous heating in the tropical Atlantic coming along with a greater depth of the monsoonal westerlies, and enhanced activity of African easterly waves, both evident in 2–6 day zonal wind and outgoing longwave radiation variance anomalies. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Raman scattering study of the soft mode in Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3
Authors: Taniguchi Hiroki , Itoh Mitsuru , Fu Desheng
Published: July 2010

Systematic Raman scattering experiments were performed on Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 (PMN) single crystals to resolve the low‐wavenumber dynamics in the crystal. Careful checking of the angular dependence of the Raman spectra indicated that the intense peak around 45 cm−1, which always smears the low‐wavenumber spectra, stems from the F2g mode due to Mg:Nb = 1:1 chemically ordered Fm3m region. A proper scattering configuration for eliminating the strong F2g mode allowed the observation of the lowest wavenumber soft mode dynamics in PMN. The results revealed the softening of the mode towards Tc with underdamped oscillation. The soft mode becomes overdamped in a wide temperature range above Tc, suggesting the development of cluster dynamics due to polar nanoregions. It recovers the underdamped oscillation and hardens in the high‐temperature region. Finally, the physical picture of the relaxor phenomenon in PMN is discussed in terms of lattice dynamics by comparison with the typical displacive‐type ferroelectric phase transition. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Single‐crystal Raman spectroscopy of natural leiteite (ZnAs2O4) and comparison with the synthesised mineral
Authors: Bahfenne Silmarilly , Rintoul Llew , Frost Ray L.
Published: July 2010

The oriented single‐crystal Raman spectrum of leiteite has been obtained and the spectra related to the structure of the mineral. The intensities of the observed bands vary according to orientation, allowing them to be assigned to either Ag or Bg modes. Ag bands are generally the most intense in the CAAC spectrum, followed by ACCA, CBBC, and ABBA whereas Bg bands are generally the most intense in the CBAC followed by ABCA. The CAAC and ACCA spectra are identical, as are those obtained in the CBBC and ABBA orientations. Both cross‐polarised spectra are identical. Band assignments were made with respect to bridging and non‐bridging AsO bonds. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HPLC analysis of oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, and tyrosol in stems and roots of Olea europaea L. cv. Picual during ripening
Authors: Ortega‐García Francisca , Peragón Juan
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND: Oleuropein (Ole), hydroxytyrosol (Htyr), and tyrosol (Tyr) are three of the main phenolic compounds present in the olive tree (Olea europaea L.) that have important antioxidant properties. To investigate the role of these phenolic compounds in the metabolism of stems and roots of Olea europaea L. cv. Picual during olive ripening, we identify and quantify the concentration of Htyr, Tyr, and Ole by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC). Rain‐fed olive trees, 30 years old, under traditional cultivation were studied in Jaén (Spain). From August to November, seven representative samples of the ripening process were taken.

RESULTS: The concentration of these phenolic compounds proved higher in the stems than in the roots. From the middle of September to October the Htyr and Tyr concentration significantly increased in stems. The Ole concentration increased from the middle of September to the end of November. In the roots, the concentration of Htyr and Ole significantly declined during ripening.

CONCLUSION: Ole, Htyr, and Tyr are present in the stems and roots of the olive tree and significantly change in concentration during ripening, demonstrating the involvement of these compounds in the metabolism of both organs during this phase. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of tillage and nitrogen fertilisation on triticale grain yield, chemical composition and nutritive value
Authors: Lestingi Antonia , Bovera Fulvia , De Giorgio Donato , Ventrella Domenico , Tateo Alessandra
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND: Given the interest in the development of cultivation systems with low agronomic input and environmental impact, the aim of this study was to determine the influence of tillage system (conventional tillage (CT), two‐layer tillage (TT), surface tillage (ST) and minimum tillage (MT)) and nitrogen (N) fertilisation rate (0, 50 and 100 kg ha−1) on triticale grain and protein yields, chemical composition and nutritive value.

RESULTS: There were no significant differences among tillage treatments in grain and protein yields. ST resulted in significantly higher crude protein (CP) and true soluble protein (TSP) contents as well as in vitro crude protein digestibility (CPD). Neutral detergent fibre concentration was significantly higher with ST than with MT, and this led to a small reduction (2 g kg−1 dry matter (DM)) in in vitro true DM digestibility (IVTDMD). N fertilisation significantly increased grain and protein yields as well as CP, non‐protein nitrogen and TSP contents and CPD. IVTDMD was significantly lower with 0 kg N ha−1 than with 50 and 100 kg N ha−1.

CONCLUSION: Reducing tillage intensity improved the CP content and CPD of triticale grain. The application of 50 kg N ha−1 resulted in good grain quality parameters and grain and protein yields. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Peritraumatic distress, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, and posttraumatic growth in victims of violence
Authors: Kunst M. J. J.
Published: July 2010

This study explored whether peritraumatic distress and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms are curvilinearly related to posttraumatic growth in victims of violence several years after victimization (Time 1; n = 678) and 6 months later (Time 2, n = 205). At both time points, curve estimation revealed linear and quadratic associations between peritraumatic distress and posttraumatic growth and quadratic associations between PTSD symptoms and posttraumatic growth. In multivariate regressions controlling for background variables, the linear peritraumatic distress and quadratic PTSD symptom terms remained significant predictors of posttraumatic growth Time 1 scores. For Time 2, the linear peritraumatic distress term remained significant, though only prior to controlling for posttraumatic growth Time 1 scores. The results suggest that peritraumatic distress enables growth after substantial time has elapsed since victimization.