bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attention operates uniformly throughout the classical receptive field and the surround
Authors: Verhoef Bram-Ernst , Maunsell John HR
Published: August 2016

Shifting attention among visual stimuli at different locations modulates neuronal responses in heterogeneous ways, depending on where those stimuli lie within the receptive fields of neurons. Yet how attention interacts with the receptive-field structure of cortical neurons remains unclear. We measured neuronal responses in area V4 while monkeys shifted their attention among stimuli placed in different locations within and around neuronal receptive fields. We found that attention interacts uniformly with the spatially-varying excitation and suppression associated with the receptive field. This interaction explained the large variability in attention modulation across neurons, and a non-additive relationship among stimulus selectivity, stimulus-induced suppression and attention modulation that has not been previously described. A spatially-tuned normalization model precisely accounted for all observed attention modulations and for the spatial summation properties of neurons. These results provide a unified account of spatial summation and attention-related modulation across both the classical receptive field and the surround.
Complex linear minimum mean-squared-error equalization of spatially quadrature-amplitude-modulated signals in holographic data storage
Authors: Sato Takanori , Kanno Kazutaka , Bunsen Masatoshi
Published: August 2016

We applied complex linear minimum mean-squared-error equalization to spatially quadrature-amplitude-modulated signals in holographic data storage (HDS). The equalization technique can improve dispersion in constellation outputs due to intersymbol interference. We confirm the effectiveness of the equalization technique in numerical simulations and basic optical experiments. Our numerical results have shown that intersymbol interference of a retrieved signal in a HDS system can be improved by using the equalization technique. In our experiments, a mean squared error (MSE), which indicates the deviation from an ideal signal, has been used for quantitatively evaluating the dispersion of equalized signals. Our equalization technique has been able to improve the MSE. However, symbols in the equalized signal have remained inseparable. To further improve the MSE and make the symbols separable, reducing errors in repeated measurements is our future task.
A process‐based model for aeolian sediment transport and spatiotemporal varying sediment availability
Authors: Hoonhout Bas M. , Vries Sierd de
Published: August 2016

Aeolian sediment transport is influenced by a variety of bed surface properties, like moisture, shells, vegetation, and nonerodible elements. The bed surface properties influence aeolian sediment transport by changing the sediment transport capacity and/or the sediment availability. The effect of bed surface properties on the transport capacity and sediment availability is typically incorporated through the velocity threshold. This approach appears to be a critical limitation in existing aeolian sediment transport models for simulation of real‐world cases with spatiotemporal variations in bed surface properties. This paper presents a new model approach for multifraction aeolian sediment transport in which sediment availability is simulated rather than parameterized through the velocity threshold. The model can cope with arbitrary spatiotemporal configurations of bed surface properties that either limit or enhance the sediment availability or sediment transport capacity. The performance of the model is illustrated using four prototype cases, the simulation of two wind tunnel experiments from literature and a sensitivity analysis of newly introduced parameters.
The “warm” Marine Isotope Stage 31 in the Labrador Sea: Low surface salinities and cold subsurface waters prevented winter convection
Authors: Aubry A. M. R. , de Vernal A. , Hillaire‐Marcel C.
Published: August 2016

Surface and subsurface conditions in the Labrador Sea during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 31 at the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site U1305 off southwest Greenland are reconstructed based on dinocyst and foraminifer assemblages. Isotopic compositions of planktonic (Neogloboquadrina pachyderma, Np) and benthic (Cibicides wuellerstorfi, Cw, andOridorsalis umbonatus, Ou) foraminifera provide further information about water properties in the mesopelagic layer as well as at the seafloor. Dinocyst proxy reconstructions indicate low salinities (32–34.5), cool winters (3–6°C), and mild summers (10–15°C) in the surface water layer during the MIS 31 “optimum”. However, planktonic foraminifer assemblages largely dominated by Np suggest relatively cold subsurface conditions in winter and summer (<4°C). Lower δ13C values in Np versus Cw further suggest either a lesser‐ventilated mesopelagic layer than the bottom one or high organic matter oxidation rates at Np habitat depth. The dinocyst and planktonic foraminifer records together suggest a strong stratification between the surface and subsurface water layers. Isotopic and micropaleontological data thus converge toward paleoceanographical conditions unsuitable for convection and intermediate or deep water formation in the Labrador Sea during the warm MIS 31 interglacial, a situation comparable to the one that prevailed during the warm MIS 5e.
The interaction between gravity waves and solar tides in a linear tidal model with a 4‐D ray‐tracing gravity‐wave parameterization
Authors: Ribstein B. , Achatz U.
Published: August 2016

Gravity waves (GWs) play an important role in atmospheric dynamics. Due to their short wavelengths, they must be parameterized in current weather and forecast models, which cannot resolve them explicitly. We are here the first to report the possibility and the implication of having an online GW parameterization in a linear but global model that incorporates their horizontal propagation, the effects of transients and of horizontal background gradients on GW dynamics. The GW parameterization is based on a ray‐tracer model with a spectral formulation that is safe against numerical instabilities due to caustics. The global model integrates the linearized primitive equations to obtain solar tides (STs), with a seasonally dependent reference climatology, forced by a climatological daily cycle of the tropospheric and stratospheric heating, and the (instantaneous) GW momentum and buoyancy flux convergences resulting from the ray tracer. Under a more conventional “single‐column” approximation, where GWs only propagate vertically and do not respond to horizontal gradients of the resolved flow, GW impacts are shown to be significantly changed in comparison with “full” experiments, leading to significant differences in ST amplitudes and phases, pointing at a sensitive issue of GW parameterizations in general. In the full experiment, significant semidiurnal STs arise even if the tidal model is only forced by diurnal heating rates. This indicates that an important part of the tidal signal is forced directly by GWs via their momentum and buoyancy deposition. In general, the effect of horizontal GW propagation and the GW response to horizontal large‐scale flow gradients is rather observed in nonmigrating than in migrating tidal components.
Ionospheric ion temperature climate and upper atmospheric long‐term cooling
Authors: Zhang Shun‐Rong , Holt John M. , Erickson Philip J. , Goncharenko Larisa P. , Nicolls Michael J. , McCready Mary , Kelly John
Published: August 2016

It is now recognized that Earth's upper atmosphere is experiencing a long‐term cooling over the past several solar cycles. The potential impact of the cooling on societal activities is significant, but a fundamental scientific question exists regarding the drivers of the cooling. New observations and analyses provide crucial advances in our knowledge of these important processes. We investigate ionospheric ion temperature climatology and long‐term trends using up‐to‐date large and consistent ground‐based data sets as measured by multiple incoherent scatter radars (ISRs). The very comprehensive view provided by these unique observations of the upper atmospheric thermal status allows us to address drivers of strong cooling previously observed by ISRs. We use observations from two high‐latitude sites at Sondrestrom (invariant latitude 73.2°N) from 1990 to 2015 and Chatanika/Poker Flat (invariant latitude 65.9°N) over the span of 1976–2015 (with a gap from 1983 to 2006). Results are compared to conditions at the midlatitude Millstone Hill site (invariant latitude 52.8°N) from 1968 to 2015. The aggregate radar observations have very comparable and consistent altitude dependence of long‐term trends. In particular, the lower F region (<275 km) exhibits dayside cooling trends that are significantly higher (−3 to −1 K/yr at 250 km) than anticipated from model predictions given the anthropogenic increase of greenhouse gases. Above 275 km, cooling trends continue to increase in magnitude but values are strongly dependent on magnetic latitude, suggesting the presence of significant downward influences from nonneutral atmospheric processes.
Identification of the Norton‐Green Compaction Model for the Prediction of the Ti–6Al–4V Densification During the Spark Plasma Sintering Process
Authors: Manière Charles , Kus Ugras , Durand Lise , Mainguy Ronan , Huez Julitte , Delagnes Denis , Estournès Claude
Published: August 2016

One of the main challenges for the industrialization of the spark plasma sintering (SPS) is to resolve issues linked to the compaction of real parts with complex shapes. The modeling of powder compaction is an interesting tool to predict how the densification field varies during sintering. However, expressing the behavior law which reflect the powder compaction is often a difficult and long step in the model establishment. In this paper, a simple methodology for the identification of the densification parameters is proposed. Dense and porous creep tests combined with SPS die compaction tests are employed to determine a complete densification law on a Ti–6Al–4V alloy directly in a SPS machine. The compaction model obtained is successfully validated through prediction of the densification of new SPSed samples.
Liquid‐Infused Smooth Coating with Transparency, Super‐Durability, and Extraordinary Hydrophobicity
Authors: Tenjimbayashi Mizuki , Togasawa Ryo , Manabe Kengo , Matsubayashi Takeshi , Moriya Takeo , Komine Masatsugu , Shiratori Seimei
Published: August 2016

Liquid‐infused coatings are because of their fluidity of considerable technological importance for hydrophobic materials with multifunctional properties, such as self‐healing, transmittance, and durability. However, conventional coatings absorb viscous liquid into their sponge‐like structured surface, causing uncontrollable liquid layer formation or liquid transport. In addition, a hydrophobic‐liquid‐retained surface can cause instability and lead to limitation of the hydrophobicity, optical properties, and flexibility due to liquid layer evaporation. Here, we report a strategy for controllable liquid‐layer formation on smooth surfaces (R
rms < 1 nm) by π ‐electron interactions. Using this technology, superoleophilic wetting of decyltrimethoxysilane results in the design of a surface with π ‐interaction liquid adsorption, smoothness, and hydrophobicity (SPLASH), that shows extraordinary hydrophobicity (CAH = 0.75°), and stable repellence for various water‐based solutions including micrometer‐sized mist. The smoothness of the solid under a liquid layer enabled the SPLASH to exhibit stable hydrophobicity, transparency (>90%), structure damage durability and flexibility, regardless of the liquid layer thickness by bending or evaporation. Furthermore, the patterned π ‐electrons' localization on the smooth coating enables controlled liquid‐layer formation and liquid transport. This strategy may provide new insights into designing functional liquid surfaces and our designed surface with multifunctional properties could be developed for various applications.
Optical Properties of Hybrid Organic‐Inorganic Materials and their Applications
Authors: Parola Stephane , Julián‐López Beatriz , Carlos Luís D. , Sanchez Clément
Published: August 2016

Research on hybrid inorganic‐organic materials has experienced an explosive growth since the 1980s, with the expansion of soft inorganic chemistry based processes. Indeed, mild synthetic conditions, low processing temperatures provided by “chimie douce” and the versatility of the colloidal state allow for the mixing of the organic and inorganic components at the nanometer scale in virtually any ratio to produce the so called hybrid materials. Today a high degree of control over both composition and nanostructure of these hybrids can be achieved allowing tunable structure‐property relationships. This, in turn, makes it possible to tailor and fine‐tune many properties (mechanical, optical, electronic, thermal, chemical…) in very broad ranges, and to design specific multifunctional systems for applications. In particular, the field of “Hybrid‐Optics” has been very productive not only scientifically but also in terms of applications. Indeed, numerous optical devices based on hybrids are already in, or very close, to the market. This review describes most of the recent advances performed in this field. Emphasis will be given to luminescent, photochromic, NLO and plasmonic properties. As an outlook we show that the controlled coupling between plasmonics and luminescence is opening a land of opportunities in the field of “Hybrid‐Optics”.
A Composite Fabrication Sensor Based on Electrochemical Doping of Carbon Nanotube Yarns
Authors: Fernández‐Toribio Juan C. , Íñiguez‐Rábago Agustín , Vilà Joaquim , González Carlos , Ridruejo Álvaro , Vilatela Juan José
Published: August 2016

This work shows evidence of conventional liquid and polymer molecules doping macroscopic yarns made up of carbon nanotubes (CNT), an effect that is exploited to monitor polymer flow and thermoset curing during fabrication of a structural composite by vacuum infusion. The sensing mechanism is based on adsorption of liquid/polymer molecules after infiltration into the porous fibers. These molecules act as dopants that produce large changes in longitudinal fiber resistance, closely related to the low density of carriers near the Fermi level of bulk samples of CNT fibers, reminiscent of their low‐dimensional constituents. A 25% decrease in fiber resistance upon exposure to electron–donor radicals formed during epoxy vinyl ester polymerization is shown as an example. At later stages of curing the matrix undergoes shrinkage and applies a compressive stress to the fibers. The resulting sharp increase in electrical resistance provides a mechanism for detection of the matrix gel point. The kinetics of resistance change during polymer ingress are related to established models for macromolecular adsorption, thus also enabling prediction of polymer flow. This is demonstrated for vacuum infusion of a 150 cm2 glass fiber laminate composite, with the CNT fiber yarns giving accurate prediction of macroscopic resin flow according to Darcy's law.
Vacancy Engineering for Tuning Electron and Phonon Structures of Two‐Dimensional Materials
Authors: Liu Youwen , Xiao Chong , Li Zhou , Xie Yi
Published: August 2016

2D inorganic materials are now breeding a wide‐ranging series of energy applications including catalysis, electrochemical activity, thermoelectricity and spin electronic devices. However, the physicochemical property of virgin 2D inorganic materials can scarcely satisfy the modern increasing diversificated demand of theory and applcations. In this regard, confined electron and phonon structures will be a directive for rationally tuning the intrinsic properties of 2D inorganic materials. Given this, vacancies in even infinitesimal concentrations could unlock the huge potential that exists for manipulating the energy band structure, carrier concentration, spin nature and phonon vibration and migration, which in turn will lead to the functionalization of intrinsic properties, particular in atom‐thick 2D solids. The concept of vacancy regulation embodies the design philosophy of “less is more”, and provides an opportunity to explore uncharted quantum phenomenon. In this review, recent progress in the design of appropriate vacancies on the 2D plane, particularly from the authors' own laboratories, is summarized, and the vacancy regulation rules of electron and phonon behavior are explained. Finally, based on an unambiguous understanding of the structure–property relationships between the vacancy, electron‐phonon behavior, and the intrinsic properties, future possibilities for the rational design of vacancies to acquire desirable properties are explored.
Baselines for Lifetime of Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Gevorgyan Suren A. , Espinosa Nieves , Ciammaruchi Laura , Roth Bérenger , Livi Francesco , Tsopanidis Stylianos , Züfle Simon , Queirós Sara , Gregori Alberto , Benatto Gisele Alves dos Reis , Corazza Michael , Madsen Morten V. , Hösel Markus , Beliatis Michail J. , Larsen‐Olsen Thue Trofod , Pastorelli Francesco , Castro António , Mingorance Alba , Lenzi Veniero , Fluhr Daniel , Roesch Roland , Maria Duarte Ramos Marta , Savva Achilleas , Hoppe Harald , Marques Luís Silvino Alves , Burgués Ignasi , Georgiou Efthymios , Serrano‐Luján Lucia , Krebs Frederik C.
Published: August 2016

The process of accurately gauging lifetime improvements in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) or other similar emerging technologies, such as perovskites solar cells is still a major challenge. The presented work is part of a larger effort of developing a worldwide database of lifetimes that can help establishing reference baselines of stability performance for OPVs and other emerging PV technologies, which can then be utilized for pass‐fail testing standards and predicting tools. The study constitutes scanning of literature articles related to stability data of OPVs, reported until mid‐2015 and collecting the reported data into a database. A generic lifetime marker is utilized for rating the stability of various reported devices. The collected data is combined with an earlier developed and reported database, which was based on articles reported until mid‐2013. The extended database is utilized for establishing the baselines of lifetime for OPVs tested under different conditions. The work also provides the recent progress in stability of unencapsulated OPVs with different architectures, as well as presents the updated diagram of the reported record lifetimes of OPVs. The presented work is another step forward towards the development of pass‐fail testing standards and lifetime prediction tools for emerging PV technologies.
Composites of a Prussian Blue Analogue and Gelatin‐Derived Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon‐Supported Porous Spinel Oxides as Electrocatalysts for a Zn–Air Battery
Authors: Lee Jang‐Soo , Nam Gyutae , Sun Jie , Higashi Shougo , Lee Hyun‐Wook , Lee Sanghan , Chen Wei , Cui Yi , Cho Jaephil
Published: August 2016

To date, most studies have focused only on the interaction between oxygen and the catalyst, with the intention of minimizing the mass‐transfer resistance by using the rotating disk electrode (RDE) method, which is based on the forced‐convection theory. To begin with, in order to increase the reaction rate, the oxygen should be able to reach the active sites of the catalyst readily (mass transfer). Next, a moderate (i.e., not too strong or weak) interaction (kinetics) should be maintained between the oxygen molecules and the catalyst, in order to allow for better adsorption and desorption. Therefore, these two factors should be taken into consideration when designing electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction. Further, there is bound to be a demand for large‐scale metal‐air batteries in the future. With these goals in mind, in this study, a facile and scalable method is developed for fabricating metal‐air batteries based on the fact that the Prussian blue analogue Mn3[Co(CN)6]2•nH2O and gelatin‐coated Ketjenblack carbon thermally decompose at 400 °C in air (i.e., without requiring high‐temperature pyrolysis under inert conditions) to form porous spinel oxides and N‐doped carbon materials. The intrinsic kinetics characteristics and the overall performance of the resulting catalysts are evaluated using the RDE method and a Zn‐air full cell, respectively.
Iron‐Based Supercapacitor Electrodes: Advances and Challenges
Authors: Zeng Yinxiang , Yu Minghao , Meng Yue , Fang Pingping , Lu Xihong , Tong Yexiang
Published: August 2016

Supercapacitors (SCs) have great promise as the state‐of‐the‐art power source in portable electronics and hybrid vehicles. The performance of SCs is largely determined by the properties of the electrode material, and numerous efforts have been devoted to the explorations of novel electrode materials. Recently, iron‐based materials, including Fe2O3, Fe3O4, FeOOH, FeOx, CoFe2O4, and MnFe2O4, have received considerable attention as very promising electrode materials for SCs due to their high theoretical specific capacitances, natural abundance, low cost, and non‐toxicity. However, most of these Fe‐based SC electrodes suffer from poor conductivity and/or electrochemical instability, which seriously impede their implementation as high‐performance electrodes for SCs. To settle these issues, substantial efforts have been made in improving their conductivity and cycling stability, and great processes have been achieved. Here, recent research advances in the rational design and synthesis of diverse Fe‐based nanostructured electrodes and their capacitive performance for SCs are presented. Besides, challenges and prospects of Fe‐based materials as advanced negative electrodes for SCs are also discussed.
Reversible Lithium‐Ion Uptake in Poly(methylmethacrylate) Thin‐Film via Lithiation/Delithiation at In Situ Formed Intramolecular Cyclopentanedione
Authors: Wang Yan , Zhang Li , Zhang Liya , Zhang Fei , He Ping , Zheng Honghe , Zhou Haoshen
Published: August 2016

Herein, it is proposed that poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA), a widely‐used thermoplastic in our daily life, can be used as an abundant, stable, and high‐performance anode material for rechargeable lithium‐ion batteries through a novel concept of lithium storage mechanism. The specially‐designed PMMA thin‐film electrode exhibits a high reversible capacity of 343 mA h g−1 at C/25 and maintains a capacity retention of 82.6% of that obtained at C/25 when cycled at 1 C rate. Meanwhile, this pristine PMMA electrode without binder and conductive agents shows a high reversible capacity of 196.8 mA h g−1 after 150 cycles at 0.2 C with a capacity retention of 73.5%. Additionally, PMMA‐based binder is found to enhance both the reversible capacity and rate capability of the graphite electrodes. Hence, this new type of organic electrode material may have a great opportunity to be utilized as the active material or rechargeable binder in flexible or transparent thin‐film batteries and all‐solid batteries. The present work also provides a new way of seeking more proper organic electrode materials which don't contain conjugated structures and atoms with lone pair electrons required in traditional organic electrode materials.
Exploring a Lead‐free Semiconducting Hybrid Ferroelectric with a Zero‐Dimensional Perovskite‐like Structure
Authors: Sun Zhihua , Zeb Aurang , Liu Sijie , Ji Chengmin , Khan Tariq , Li Lina , Hong Maochun , Luo Junhua
Published: August 2016

Perovskite lead halides (CH3NH3PbI3) have recently taken a promising position in photovoltaics and optoelectronics because of remarkable semiconducting properties and possible ferroelectricity. However, the potential toxicity of lead arouses great environmental concern for widespread application. A new chemically tailored lead‐free semiconducting hybrid ferroelectric is reported, N‐methylpyrrolidinium)3Sb2Br9 (1), which consists of a zero‐dimensional (0‐D) perovskite‐like anionic framework connected by corner‐ sharing SbBr6 coordinated octahedra. It presents a large ferroelectric spontaneous polarization of approximately 7.6 μC cm−2, as well as notable semiconducting properties, including positive temperature‐dependent conductivity and ultraviolet‐sensitive photoconductivity. Theoretical analysis of electronic structure and energy gap discloses a dominant contribution of the 0‐D perovskite‐like structure to the semiconducting properties of the material. This finding throws light on the rational design of new perovskite‐like hybrids, especially lead‐free semiconducting ferroelectrics.
Influence of sodium on deactivation and regeneration of SCR catalyst during utilization of Zhundong coals
Authors: Du Yongbo , Wang Chang'an , Lv Qiang , Deng Lei , Che Defu
Published: August 2016

Zhundong coals have a super huge reserve and many excellent characteristics. However, the sodium content in Zhundong coal is extremely high, which can accelerate the deactivation of the V‐W‐TiO2 selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts. In the present work, the solution impregnation method was adopted to investigate the effect of alkali metals deposition on the SCR catalysts, while various approaches were employed to regenerate the poisoned catalysts. Experimental results indicate that sodium deposition significantly deactivates the catalytic performance of SCR catalysts and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) presents the most serious deactivation. The catalytic ability of sodium poisoned catalyst is only slightly recovered by water washing, whereas it could be improved to approach that of the fresh catalyst by acid solution washing. The regeneration effect of sulfation with SO2 is between those of water washing and acidic solution washing. Further characterizations validated that the deactivation is mainly caused by the damage of surface acid sites. Acidic solution can remove more than 75 wt% of the deposited sodium and provide new acid sites on catalyst surface. Therefore, acidic solution washing is a satisfactory method to regenerate poisoned SCR catalysts for power plants firing high‐sodium coals. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In situ AFM study of near‐surface crystallization in PET and PEN
Authors: Shinotsuka Kei , Assender Hazel
Published: August 2016

The surface crystallization behavior of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(ethylene 2,6‐naphthalate) (PEN) spin‐coated thin films was compared by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM) with an in situ heating stage. As the films were heated up stepwise, characteristic surface crystals appeared at a crystallization temperature (Tc) in the near‐surface region which is about 15 °C under the bulk Tc, and were replaced by bulk crystals when the temperature was increased to the bulk Tc. In the case of films whose thickness is less than 70 nm (PET) and 60 nm (PEN), significant increases in the bulk Tc were observed. Scanning force microscopy (SFM) force‐distance curve measurements showed that the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the near‐surface region of PET and PEN were 22.0 and 26.6 °C below their bulk Tg (obtained by DSC). After the onset of surface crystallization, edge‐on and flat‐on crystals appeared at the free surface of PET and PEN thin films, whose morphologies are very different to those of the bulk crystals. Although the same general behavior was observed for both polyesters, there are significant differences both the influence of the surface and substrate on the transition temperatures, and in morphology of the surface crystals. These phenomena are discussed in terms of the differences in the mobility of polymer chains near the surface. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44269.
An unembalmed cadaveric preparation for simulating pleural effusion: A pilot study of chest percussion involving medical students
Authors: Cook Mark S. , Kernahan Peter J.
Published: August 2016

Cadaveric simulations are an effective way to add clinical context to an anatomy course. In this study, unembalmed (fresh) cadavers were uniquely prepared to simulate pleural effusion to teach chest percussion and review thoracic anatomy. Thirty first‐year medical students were assigned to either an intervention (Group A) or control group (Group B). Group A received hands‐on training with the cadaveric simulations. They were instructed on how to palpate bony landmarks for identifying the diaphragm and lobes of the lungs, as well as on how to properly perform chest percussion to detect abnormal fluid in the pleural space. Students in Group B practiced on each other. Students in Group A benefited from the training in several ways. They had more confidence in their percussive technique (A = mean 4.3/5.0, B = 2.9/5.0), ability to count the ribs on an intact body (A = mean 4.0/5.0, B = 3.0/5.0), and ability to identify the lobes of the lungs on an intact body (A = mean 3.8/5.0, B = 2.3/5.0). They also demonstrated a greater ability to locate the diaphragm on an intact body (A = 100%, B = 60%) and detect abnormal pleural fluid (A = 93%, B = 53%) with greater confidence (A = mean 3.7/5.0, B = 2.5/5.0). Finally, the hands‐on training with the unembalmed cadavers created more excitement around learning in Group A compared with Group B. This study shows that simulating pleural effusion in an unembalmed cadaver is a useful way to enhance anatomy education. Anat Sci Educ 10: 160–169. © 2016 American Association of Anatomists.
Googling in anatomy education: Can google trends inform educators of national online search patterns of anatomical syllabi?
Authors: Phelan Nigel , Davy Shane , O'Keeffe Gerard W. , Barry Denis S.
Published: August 2016

The role of e‐learning platforms in anatomy education continues to expand as self‐directed learning is promoted in higher education. Although a wide range of e‐learning resources are available, determining student use of non‐academic internet resources requires novel approaches. One such approach that may be useful is the Google Trends© web application. To determine the feasibility of Google Trends to gain insights into anatomy‐related online searches, Google Trends data from the United States from January 2010 to December 2015 were analyzed. Data collected were based on the recurrence of keywords related to head and neck anatomy generated from the American Association of Clinical Anatomists and the Anatomical Society suggested anatomy syllabi. Relative search volume (RSV) data were analyzed for seasonal periodicity and their overall temporal trends. Following exclusions due to insufficient search volume data, 29 out of 36 search terms were analyzed. Significant seasonal patterns occurred in 23 search terms. Thirty‐nine seasonal peaks were identified, mainly in October and April, coinciding with teaching periods in anatomy curricula. A positive correlation of RSV with time over the 6‐year study period occurred in 25 out of 29 search terms. These data demonstrate how Google Trends may offer insights into the nature and timing of online search patterns of anatomical syllabi and may potentially inform the development and timing of targeted online supports to ensure that students of anatomy have the opportunity to engage with online content that is both accurate and fit for purpose. Anat Sci Educ 10: 152–159. © 2016 American Association of Anatomists.
Epigenetic‐induced alterations in sex‐ratios in response to climate change: An epigenetic trap?
Authors: Consuegra Sofia , Rodríguez López Carlos M.
Published: August 2016

We hypothesize that under the predicted scenario of climate change epigenetically mediated environmental sex determination could become an epigenetic trap. Epigenetically regulated environmental sex determination is a mechanism by which species can modulate their breeding strategies to accommodate environmental change. Growing evidence suggests that epigenetic mechanisms may play a key role in phenotypic plasticity and in the rapid adaptation of species to environmental change, through the capacity of organisms to maintain a non‐genetic plastic memory of the environmental and ecological conditions experienced by their parents. However, inherited epigenetic variation could also be maladaptive, becoming an epigenetic trap. This is because environmental sex determination can alter sex ratios by increasing the survival of one of the sexes at the expense of negative fitness consequences for the other, which could lead not only to the collapse of natural populations, but also have an impact in farmed animal and plant species.
Performance of the Peto odds ratio compared to the usual odds ratio estimator in the case of rare events
Authors: Brockhaus A. Catharina , Grouven Ulrich , Bender Ralf
Published: August 2016

For the calculation of relative measures such as risk ratio (RR) and odds ratio (OR) in a single study, additional approaches are required for the case of zero events. In the case of zero events in one treatment arm, the Peto odds ratio (POR) can be calculated without continuity correction, and is currently the relative effect estimation method of choice for binary data with rare events. The aim of this simulation study is a variegated comparison of the estimated OR and estimated POR with the true OR in a single study with two parallel groups without confounders in data situations where the POR is currently recommended. This comparison was performed by means of several performance measures, that is the coverage, confidence interval (CI) width, mean squared error (MSE), and mean percentage error (MPE). We demonstrated that the estimator for the POR does not outperform the estimator for the OR for all the performance measures investigated. In the case of rare events, small treatment effects and similar group sizes, we demonstrated that the estimator for the POR performed better than the estimator for the OR only regarding the coverage and MPE, but not the CI width and MSE. For larger effects and unbalanced group size ratios, the coverage and MPE of the estimator for the POR were inappropriate. As in practice the true effect is unknown, the POR method should be applied only with the utmost caution.
Meta-analysis of closure of the fascial defect during laparoscopic incisional and ventral hernia repair
Authors: Tandon A , Pathak S , Lyons N J R , Nunes Q M , Daniels I R , Smart N J
Published: August 2016

Background

Laparoscopic incisional and ventral hernia repair (LIVHR) is being used increasingly, with reported outcomes equivalent to those of open hernia repair. Closure of the fascial defect (CFD) is a technique that may reduce seroma formation and bulging after LIVHR. Non-closure of the fascial defect makes the repair of larger defects easier and reduces postoperative pain. The aim of this systematic review was to determine whether CFD affects the rate of adverse outcomes, such as recurrence, pseudo-recurrence, mesh eventration or bulging, and the rate of seroma formation.

Methods

A systematic search was performed of PubMed, Ovid, the Cochrane Library, Google Scholar and Scopus to identify RCTs that analysed CFD with regard to rates of adverse outcomes. A meta-analysis was done using fixed-effect methods. The primary outcome of interest was adverse events. Secondary outcomes were seroma, postoperative pain, mean hospital stay, mean duration of operation and surgical techniques employed.

Results

A total of 16 studies were identified involving 3638 patients, 2963 in the CFD group and 675 in the non-closure of facial defect group. Significantly fewer adverse events were noted following CFD than non-closure (4·9 per cent (79 of 1613) versus 22·3 per cent (114 of 511)), with a combined risk ratio (RR) of 0·25 (95 per cent c.i. 0·18 to 0·33; P < 0·001). CFD resulted in a significantly lower rate of seroma (2·5 per cent (39 of 1546) versus 12·2 per cent (47 of 385)), with a combined RR of 0·37 (0·23 to 0·57; P < 0·001), and shorter duration of hospital stay. No significant difference was noted in postoperative pain.

Conclusion

CFD during LIVHR reduces the rate of seroma formation and adverse hernia-site events.
A rapid MCM‐41 dispersive micro‐solid phase extraction coupled with LC/MS/MS for quantification of ketoconazole and voriconazole in biological fluids
Authors: Yahaya Noorfatimah , Sanagi Mohd Marsin , Abd Aziz Noorizan , Wan Ibrahim Wan Aini , Nur Hadi , Loh Saw Hong , Kamaruzaman Sazlinda
Published: August 2016

A rapid dispersive micro‐solid phase extraction (D‐μ‐SPE) combined with LC/MS/MS method was developed and validated for the determination of ketoconazole and voriconazole in human urine and plasma samples. Synthesized mesoporous silica MCM‐41 was used as sorbent in d‐μ‐SPE of the azole compounds from biological fluids. Important D‐μ‐SPE parameters, namely type desorption solvent, extraction time, sample pH, salt addition, desorption time, amount of sorbent and sample volume were optimized. Liquid chromatographic separations were carried out on a Zorbax SB‐C18 column (2.1 × 100 mm, 3.5 μm), using a mobile phase of acetonitrile–0.05% formic acid in 5 mm ammonium acetate buffer (70:30, v/v). A triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with positive ionization mode was used for the determination of target analytes. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration curves showed good linearity in the range of 0.1–10,000 μg/L with satisfactory limit of detection (≤0.06 μg/L) and limit of quantitation (≤0.3 μg/L). The proposed method also showed acceptable intra‐ and inter‐day precisions for ketoconazole and voriconazole from urine and human plasma with RSD ≤16.5% and good relative recoveries in the range 84.3–114.8%. The MCM‐41‐D‐μ‐SPE method proved to be rapid and simple and requires a small volume of organic solvent (200 μL); thus it is advantageous for routine drug analysis.
A multipurpose test and measurement module with touchscreen and computer interface for engineering and technical education
Authors: Ari Murat
Published: August 2016

Test and measurement devices (TMD) are the core tools for the engineering and technical education on the field of electrical and electronics. This study is mainly concentrated on the development of a low cost, multifunction original equipment manufacturer (OEM) product intended to be used in conventional TMD free educational training sets. An enhancement on the interactive learning is also demonstrated as a consequence of embedding computer interfaced TMD to the conventional sets. While the technical requirements for such an embedded system can be achieved by the use of high end microprocessors or FPGAs, this study is aimed to develop a cost effective solution with the low end microcontrollers which is only available with hardware and firmware optimization during the design cycle. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 24:905–913, 2016; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21760
Handle credible threats on campus by finding reasonable responses
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: August 2016

PHOENIX — It's a nightmare situation: Your institution receives a threat, and it's up to you and your campus security team to evaluate how seriously to act and what steps to take to ensure safety for your campus and as little disruption in services as possible. At the recent International Association of Campus Law Enforcement Administrators annual conference, Tom King, chief of police at Haverford College; and Michael Hill, chief of police at Swarthmore College, shared best practices for assessing communicated threats based on their experiences at their respective institutions.
Defining optimal activated clotting time for percutaneous coronary intervention: A systematic review and Bayesian meta‐regression
Authors: Mottillo Salvatore , Filion Kristian B. , Joseph Lawrence , Eisenberg Mark J.
Published: August 2016

Background

Guidelines recommend routine monitoring of unfractionated heparin (UFH) with activated clotting time (ACT) during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, the optimal ACT for patients undergoing PCI is unclear.

Methods

We sought to determine the association of peak ACT during PCI with 30‐day major adverse cardiac events (MACE; all‐cause mortality, myocardial infarction, and revascularization) and bleeding events. We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, and Medline for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating UFH through May 2015. Only patients randomized to UFH alone or to UFH with a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor (GPI) were analyzed using Bayesian meta‐regression.

Results

Among 13 included RCTs (n = 17455), eight (n = 5521) included study arms of UFH alone and 12 (n = 11934) included arms of UFH with a GPI. Peak ACT ranged from 201 to 460 sec for UFH alone and 248–317 sec for UFH with a GPI. With UFH alone, the probability of MACE was 7.0% (95% credible interval [CrI] 1.5, 31.5) for a peak ACT of 200 sec and 5.8% (95% CrI 2.6, 12.0) for 300 sec. Among UFH with a GPI, the probability of MACE was 2.8% (95% CrI 0.8, 6.8) for a peak ACT of 200 sec and 7.2% (95% CrI 5.4, 9.7) for 300 sec.

Conclusion

Among individual RCTs, the probability of MACE and major bleeding events associated with low versus high values of peak ACT is inconsistent. Our meta‐regression results are inconclusive, emphasizing the need for RCTs comparing low versus high doses of UFH. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Visible‐Light Photocatalytic Aerobic Benzylic C(sp3)−H Oxygenations with the 3DDQ*/tert‐Butyl Nitrite Co‐catalytic System
Authors: Rusch Fabian , Schober Jan‐Christian , Brasholz Malte
Published: August 2016

Photocatalytic aerobic benzylic C(sp3)−H oxygenations of aromatic hydrocarbons and C3‐substituted indoles were studied by employing a co‐catalytic system of 3DDQ* (DDQ=2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐1,4‐benzoquinone) and tert‐butyl nitrite. The superior efficiency of these reaction conditions was demonstrated by comparison with the analogous thermal protocol, and a range of substrates could be oxidized catalytically and selectively in good yields.
The Taylor‐Couette Disc Contactor
Authors: Grafschafter Annika , Aksamija Enes , Siebenhofer Matthäus
Published: August 2016

The Taylor‐Couette disc contactor is a hydrodynamic hybrid of a rotating disc contactor and a Taylor‐Couette contactor. For application in reactive bioseparations, this type of liquid‐liquid contactor may offer advantageous operation features. This paper summarizes the design characteristics of the Taylor‐Couette disc contactor. For hydrodynamic characterization, experimental data of the mean Sauter diameter and dispersed‐phase hold‐up were compared with results predicted by empirical correlations, which were originally developed for rotating disc contactors. Several correlations were modified for the application on Taylor‐Couette disc contactors. Operation characteristics have been deduced from mass‐transfer experiments on the pilot‐plant scale.
Follow this advice to handle requests for auxiliary aids and services
Authors: Charmatz Marc
Published: August 2016

You are a public university and you receive a request for auxiliary aids and services from a student with a disability. Or, you are a private university receiving federal financial assistance and you receive a request for auxiliary aids and services from a student with a disability. Are both scenarios analyzed in the same manner? The answer is “maybe.”
Support stance in carers of adults with eating disorders: Factors associated with collaborative versus directive approaches
Authors: Geller Josie , Srikameswaran Suja , Iyar Megumi , Zelichowska Joanna , Thibodeau Michel , Brown Krista E. , Dunn Erin C.
Published: August 2016

The support provided by family and friends is integral to patient motivation and clinical outcomes across health care populations. However, little is known about factors that promote or interfere with the type of support offered.

Objective

This research examined factors associated with collaborative versus directive support among carers of adults with eating disorders.

Method

Participants were mothers, fathers, partners, friends, and siblings (N = 141) of eating disorder patients in hospital or residential treatment. Two methodologies were used to assess directive and collaborative support stance: a questionnaire of support behaviors and coded responses to clinical vignettes. Measures of interpersonal functioning, psychiatric distress, caregiving experience, and closeness with their loved one were also completed.

Results

Although carers rated a collaborative stance as more helpful than a directive stance, 60% of responses to the clinical vignettes were directive. Across both methodologies, collaborative support behaviors were associated with beliefs about helpful support and with a less vindictive and cold interpersonal style. Whereas use of a directive support stance was exclusively associated with negative caregiving experiences, collaborative responses were associated with both positive and negative experiences.

Discussion

Although the benefits of collaborative support have been well established, this is the first study to examine factors associated with the use of support stance. Findings suggest a number of ways to help carers create and maintain collaborative relationships, including addressing beliefs and interpersonal style and capitalizing on both positive and negative experiences with their loved one. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.(Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50:498–505)
Short‐term selective thinning effects on hydraulic functionality of a temperate pine forest in eastern Canada
Authors: Skubel Rachel A. , Khomik Myroslava , Brodeur Jason J. , Thorne Robin , Arain M. Altaf
Published: August 2016

Forest plantations are commonly used to restore the ecological and hydrological functionality of landscapes. In this study, we investigated the hydrological response of a 74‐year‐old pine plantation forest in southern Ontario, Canada to a selective thinning, wherein 30% of trees were harvested in winter of 2012. Tree‐level and ecosystem‐level water fluxes were monitored from 2011 to 2013 using sapflow and eddy‐covariance techniques, and were compared with an adjacent 39‐year‐old pine plantation forest that was not thinned. In the 74‐year‐old forest, transpiration declined after thinning in the 2012 growing season, while tree‐level water transport increased despite a severe drought. Time lag between sapflow and ecosystem evapotranspiration showed that the older stand had a significantly shorter time lag when compared to the younger stand, particularly in the thinning year. Linear regression modeling indicated that this was likely due to higher soil moisture status in the older stand versus the younger forest. Hydraulic redistribution of soil water was apparent during drought periods in both forests and did not appear to be negatively affected by the thinning treatment in the older forest. We conclude that selective low density thinning did not negatively impact the forest's response to seasonal drought, and that the availability of more soil moisture as a result of thinning may improve the resilience of the forest to future climatic extreme events such as drought.
Data‐Driven Controller Tuning for Nonminimum Phase Plants with Stability Constraints
Authors: MATSUO RYOTA , YUBAI KAZUHIRO , YASHIRO DAISUKE , HIRAI JUNJI
Published: August 2016

This paper addresses the model reference control problem, which is a typical control problem found in data‐driven controller tuning methods. For nonminimum phase plants, the unstable zeros of the plant should be included in the reference to avoid destabilization of the resulting closed‐loop system and improve tracking performance. First, we propose a data‐driven controller tuning method with closed‐loop stability taken into consideration and with the tuned controller parameters in the time domain. If the plant has unstable zero(s), the proposed method would not lead to destabilizing controller in the worst case. Closed‐loop stability is checked using linear inequalities described with input/output data. This contributes to reducing computation in the proposed method. Moreover, this paper proposes a data‐driven controller tuning method for nonminimum phase plants estimating the unstable zero(s) using a flexible reference model at each parameter update and reflecting them into the resulting reference model. The effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed through numerical experiments.