bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Do treated psychiatric patients become later community cases?
Authors: Paykel E.S. , Watters L. , Abbott R. , Wadsworth M.
Published: June 2006

Background:

There have been few attempts to link two aspects of psychiatric epidemiology, severe disorder and milder ‘common’ mental disorder, by ascertaining whether subjects who have received psychiatric treatment for major disorders are identified later in epidemiological community surveys.

Methods:

Subjects were from a national birth cohort study and had been followed prospectively from childhood to middle age, with concurrent information on treatment from psychiatric facilities. In two successive prevalence surveys of milder disorder at 36 and 43 years, the association between earlier treatment and being a later community case was examined

Results:

Among 102 subjects who had been treated patients up to age 35 years, 52 (51%) were identified as definite community cases (36, 35%) or subthreshold cases (16, 16%) at either one or both later points. The proportion of community subjects who were previous psychiatric patients increased systematically from community non-cases, through subthreshold cases on one or both occasions, definite cases on one occasion, to definite cases on both occasions.

Conclusions:

About half of subjects who have received treatment from psychiatric facilities remain with persistent symptoms such as to identify them as definite or subthreshold cases of milder common mental disorder some years later.
Mapping the essential structures of human ribosomal protein L7 for nuclear entry, ribosome assembly and function
Authors: Ko J.-R. , Wu Jing-Ying , Kirby R. , Li I-Fang , Lin Alan
Published: June 2006

Human large subunit protein L7 carries multiple nuclear localization signals (NLS) in its structure: there are three monobasic partite NLSs at the NH2‐region of the first 54 amino acid residues and a bipartite in the middle section at position of 156–167. The C‐region of the last 50 amino acid residues displays membrane binding nature, and might involve in forming a nuclear microbody for pre‐nucleolar ribosome assembly. The middle section covers 144 amino acid residues which are essential for the structure and function of ribosome. This is evident from findings that truncated L7 without the NH2‐region or the C‐region, or missing both regions, is capable of reaching nucleolus and incorporating in ribosome, however, only ribosomes bearing truncated L7 without the NH2‐region is capable of engaging in polysome formation. Combining with the phylogenic findings from homologous sequence alignment, the NH2‐region of L7, besides being as a eukaryotic expansion segment, can be excluded from building a functional eukaryotic ribosome.
Sources and consequences of bargaining power in supply chains
Authors: Crook T. Russell , Combs James G.
Published: June 2006

Research suggests that collaborative supply chain management (SCM) helps chain members create “a rising tide that lifts all boats.” Yet resource dependence theory suggests that when tides rise, some boats are lifted more than others; members who furnish important resources or resources where control is concentrated have bargaining power. Drawing on Thompson [Thompson, J.D., 1967. Organizations in Action. McGraw‐Hill, New York], we argue that strong firms’ bargaining power use is tempered by the type of coordination different types of task interdependencies demand. We also investigate how both strong and weak members benefit from SCM. Whereas strong members reap most of the direct benefits, weak members can often gain by building switching costs with strong members, leveraging SCM outside the focal chain, and increasing survival chances.
Sublabial, Transseptal, Transsphenoidal Approach to the Pituitary Region Guided by the ACUSTAR I System*
Authors: Burkey Brian B. , Speyer Matthew T. , Maciunas Robert J. , Fitzpatrick J. Michael , Galloway Robert L. , Allen George S.
Published: June 2006

OBJECTIVE

Advances in imaging resolution have resulted in superior visualization of intracranial anatomy. Because of the inherent complexity of the surgical exposure of these lesions, intraoperative localizing techniques are required. Currently, C‐arm fluoroscopy provides only two‐dimensional localization for these anatomic structures. The recently described ACUSTAR I system, developed in conjunction with Codman and Shurtleff, Inc. (Randolph, Mass.), is an interactive, image‐guided device that allows three‐dimensional localization with a degree of accuracy previously unattainable. We assessed the clinical utility of the ACUSTAR I system for intraoperative spatial confirmation during transsphenoidal approaches to pituitary lesions.

METHODS

Eight patients underwent transsphenoidal approaches to pituitary lesions with the assistance of the ACUSTAR I system. The spatial relationships were clinically judged intraoperatively by the surgeon and by use of traditional C‐arm fluoroscopy and then were compared with the ACUSTAR I system results.

RESULTS

In all eight patients, the ACUSTAR I system correctly displayed the surgical orientation and provided localization to within less than 1 mm. In two patients, this facilitated the redirection of an errant approach. No complications were associated with the use of this image‐guided device.

CONCLUSIONS

The ACUSTAR I system is useful in displaying accurate, three‐dimensional anatomic relationships during transsphenoidal approaches to pituitary lesions. This system provides critical information intraoperatively to redirect errant approaches and prevent significant morbidity.
Outcome and Changing Cause of Unilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis
Authors: Ramadan Hassan H. , Wax Mark K. , Avery Sarah
Published: June 2006

Unilateral vocal cord paralysis (UVCP) is relatively common, and previously, thyroidectomy used to be the leading cause. We retrospectively reviewed 98 cases of UVCP. The left vocal cord was involved in 70% of the cases and the right vocal cord in 30%. The cause was neoplastic in 32%, surgical in 30%, idiopathic in 16%, traumatic in 11%, central in 8%, and infectious in 3% of the cases. Only 4 cases were the result of thyroid surgery. Evaluation consisted of a review of the history, a physical examination, and computerized scanning or magnetic resonance imaging, as needed. The functional recovery rate as related to the cause was as follows: surgery 31%, idiopathic 19%, traumatic 18%, and neoplastic 0%. Thirty‐five percent of patients required medialization Iaryngoplasty or Teflon injection. Lung and skull base tumors and their surgical treatment are the most common causes of UVCP.
A new Mediterranean ‘lithistid’ sponge, Aciculites mediterranea sp. nov. (Porifera: Demospongiae) from a dark marine cave in Sardinia
Authors: Manconi Renata , Serusi Annalisa , Pisera Andrzej
Published: June 2006

A first record of the genus Aciculites in the Mediterranean Sea and the description of Aciculites mediterranea sp. nov. are here presented from a faunistic survey in a dark shallow marine cave of the north-western Sardinian karstic area. The new species is characterized by a massive cerebellum-like growth form, and a peculiar distribution of inhalant and exhalant areas, respectively, in depressed and elevated portions of the sponge surface. Oscules show a long narrow atrial cavity. Ectosomal skeleton is made of tangential anisostrongyles on elevated areas, and more or less vertical tufts of anisostrongyles in depressed inhalant areas. Anisostrongyles are smooth or with tips ornated by irregular tubercles. Sigmaspire microscleres are lacking. Choanosomal skeleton with tubercled irregular rizhoclone desmas and few scattered and variably oriented anisostrongyles. A comparative analysis of Aciculites mediterranea sp. nov. versus morphological diagnostic traits, geographical range and habitat of the species hitherto ascribed to Aciculites confirms that the peculiar distribution of the genus supports its relic condition of an ancient Tethyan fauna in the Mediterranean Sea.
Differences in photosynthetic activity between coral sections infested and not infested by boring spionid polychaetes
Authors: Wielgus Jeffrey , Levy Oren
Published: June 2006

A SCUBA-based fast repetition rate fluorometer (FRRF) was used to study differences in the functional absorption cross-section of Photosystem II (σPSII) between areas of a coral colony of Astreoporamyriophthalma that were infested with spionid polychaetes vs areas lacking worms. The mean value of σPSII in infested areas (mean±SD=347.62±30.67 Å2) was significantly higher than in the areas that were not infested (316.32±17.49 Å2; P<0.0001). Several physiological mechanisms are discussed that may contribute to the observed differences.
Imposex and organotin compounds in marine gastropods and sediments from the Mar del Plata coast, Argentina
Authors: Cledón Maximiliano , Theobald Norbert , Gerwinski Wolfgang , E. Penchaszadeh Pablo
Published: June 2006

The occurrence of imposex in Adelomelon brasiliana during two consecutive years near to Mar del Plata (the principal fishery port of Argentina) and its relation to tributyltin (TBT) and dibutyltin (DBT) content in muscle tissue and digestive gland was investigated using gas chromatography. Percentage of imposex affected females increased to over 80% in spring and summer of both years. However, its intensity, given by the relative penis size index (RPSI), fluctuated around low values. Adelomelon brasiliana digestive gland samples showed a very low concentration of TBT (36–46 ng/g dry weight). Egg capsules presented normal viable embryos, which had TBT concentrations similar to the capsule wall (15 ng/g) while the intracapsular liquid was only 2 ng/g, similar to the sediment concentration. The proportion and distribution of butyltin compounds (BTs) in sediments indicate a major contamination event.
Interactive effects of temperature and nutritional condition on the energy budgets of the sea urchins Arbacia punctulata and Lytechinus variegatus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)
Authors: Hill Sophie K. , Lawrence John M.
Published: June 2006

Arbacia punctulata and Lytechinus variegatus are widely distributed echinoid species in shallow water in the western Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico that seem to have different life history strategies. We evaluated the effect of two types of stress (high temperature and starvation) on gonad production and scope for growth. We hypothesized that A. punctulata has a stress tolerant life strategy and would be more tolerant to stress and L. variegatus has a competitive–ruderal strategy and would be less tolerant to stress. Gonad production by A. punctulata was not as greatly affected by temperature as L. variegatus, suggesting the hypothesis was correct. Arbacia punctulata had a significantly higher excretion rate indicating greater energy allocation to maintenance than production. Lytechinus variegatus had a significantly greater consumption rate but did not absorb significantly more energy. Arbacia punctulata compensated for its lower food consumption by a higher absorption efficiency. Measured energy expenditure and calculated scope for growth did not differ. However, the percentage change in energy absorbed and energy expenditure was greater for L. variegatus than for A. punctulata with a change in temperature. Feeding had a greater effect on production than temperature suggesting that the biotic stress of low food availability is more important than an abiotic stress such as temperature on energy budgets.
Spatio-temporal variability in a key herbivore, the long-spined black sea urchin (Diadema antillarum, Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in the Canary Islands
Authors: Tuya F. , Ortega-Borges L. , Rosario-Pinilla A.B. Del , Haroun R.J.
Published: June 2006

Spatio-temporal variability in the population structure of long-spined black sea urchin, Diadema antillarum, was investigated at two islands (Gran Canaria and Tenerife) in the Canarian Archipelago over a year. The mean abundance of D. antillarum across all counts was 2.70±0.07 ind m−2 (mean±SE, N=1440), while the mean biomass was 105.76±3.75 g m−2 (mean±SE, N=1440). Abundances and biomasses of D. antillarum differed consistently between vegetated and unvegetated bottoms; however, locations within each habitat at each island fluctuated following different trends. For the overall study, mean densities and biomasses in the barren locations varied between 3.36–6.97 ind m−2 and 93.76–405.13 g m−2, respectively; while mean densities and biomasses in the algal stand locations varied between 0–0.33 ind m−2 and 0 – 7.34 g m−2, respectively. Striking differences existed in the size-structure among locations; however, larger size-classes (test diameter >3.5 cm) were present at all locations, and usually dominated in terms of abundance. The majority of individuals in the algal stands were large-sized, probably as a result of the high abundance of the most palatable food. In contrast, small-sized individuals (test diameter <1.5 cm) only occurred in the barren habitat, suggesting that recruitment of D. antillarum could be favoured by the presence of high densities of congeners, as a way to decrease the risk of predation.
Studies on an endoparasitic ciliate Boveria labialis (Protozoa: Ciliophora) from the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus
Authors: Long Hongan , Song Weibo , Chen Jiaxin , Gong Jun , Ji Daode , Hu Xiaozhong , Ma Honggang , Zhu Mingzhuang , Wang Mei
Published: June 2006

The morphology and infraciliature of an endoparasitic ciliate, Boveria labialis, isolated from respiratory trees of the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus, were investigated using living observation and silver impregnation methods. Based on the present and previous studies, an improved diagnosis is supplied: marine Boveria, size in vivo about 30–100×15–30 μm, body slender and flask-shaped, with a protruding lobe measuring 5–15 μm in length; one ovoid macronucleus and one micronucleus; single contractile vacuole positioned in posterior 1¼ of body length; 17–26 somatic kineties; paroral membrane and membranelle 2 forming a double anticlockwise spiral of nearly two turns.
A new species of Trypanosoma (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) infecting catsharks from South Africa
Authors: Yeld E.M. , Smit N.J.
Published: June 2006

During a study on the parasite assemblages of two endemic catshark species, the dark shyshark (Haploblepharus pictus) and the puffadder shyshark (Haploblepharus edwardsii), from the west and south coasts of South Africa, a trypanosome new to science was observed in the blood of all sharks examined. This trypanosome species, Trypanosoma haploblephari sp. nov., is characterized by its large size, particularly its width, the shape and orientation of the cell nucleus, and its geographical location. Trypanosoma haploblephari is the first species of elasmobranch trypanosome to be described from southern Africa and represents the first description of a blood parasite from South African sharks.
A preliminary study on the effect of lunar cycles on the spawning behaviour of the gilt-head sea bream, Sparus aurata
Authors: Saavedra Margarida , Pousão-Ferreira Pedro
Published: June 2006

Environmental cues such as photoperiod and water temperature are often used by fish as a sign to begin reproduction. However, even after the reproductive cycle has started there are other signs, such as the moon phase that may affect the number of eggs laid by some fish species. The existence of a moon effect has never been investigated in any fish of the sparid family.

In the present study, the effect of moon phase was observed on eggs laid by two Sparus aurata in indoor tanks over a four month period, from January to May, 2003. During this period a peak in eggs laid was observed around the Full Moon. A total of 8644 g and 5653 g of eggs were collected, 4535 g corresponding to the Full Moon and 2882 g to the New Moon.
The linguistic assimilation of Flemish immigrants in Lille (1800–1914)
Authors: POOLEY TIM
Published: June 2006

Using evidence from a variety of sources (dialectological and sociolinguistic studies, written and oral history and works of literature), this study seeks to describe how, in a period of rapid industrial expansion to which immigrant labour was a crucial contributing factor, large numbers of Belgian migrant workers (the majority of whom were Flemish-speaking) were assimilated into the local Romance-speaking community. In an area often characterised as diglossic (French-Picard), the influx of large numbers of Flemish speakers gave rise to a three-way language-contact situation. While charting some of the most important changes in the vernaculars of Lille, the study seeks to explain why an alloctonous group of such significant proportions living so close to their homeland apparently assimilated so readily.
Das Erleben von Eltern nach der Frühgeburt ihres Kindes
Authors: Erdmut Marga
Published: June 2006

Die Beratung und Anleitung von Eltern frühgeborener Kinder stellt ein wichtiges pflegerisches Tätigkeitsfeld in der Pädiatrie dar. Von Pflegenden wird erwartet, dass sie angemessen und kompetent auf die Bedürfnisse und Probleme von Eltern Frühgeborener reagieren. Für die Erfüllung dieser anspruchsvollen Aufgabe steht nur ein begrenztes Repertoire an gesichertem Wissen zur Verfügung. Ziel und Zweck der folgenden Literaturanalyse soll es sein, das bisher vorhandene Wissen zu sammeln und der Pflege in Theorie und Praxis in komprimierter Form zur Verfügung zu stellen. Auf diese Weise könnten Aufgaben von Pflegenden in diesem Bereich formuliert und zukünftige Ausbildungsinhalte näher definiert werden. Unter dem Stichwort «Frühgeburt» und unterschiedlichen Begriffskombinationen wurden mehrere Datenbanken und die Schlagwortkataloge der Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Münster sowie der Deutschen Zentralbibliothek für Medizin in Köln befragt. Ein Blick auf die Fragestellungen der gesichteten Studien macht deutlich, dass die Sichtweise von Pflegeforscherinnen besonders auf die unmittelbar aktuellen und akuten Problemlagen von Kindern und Eltern während der Zeit des postnatalen Krankenhausaufenthaltes begrenzt ist. Untersuchungen, die nach den Langzeiteffekten im elterlichen Erleben und Bewältigen der Frühgeburt fragen, sind nur in sehr geringer Anzahl vorhanden. Die folgende Literaturstudie zeigt, dass speziell Mütter intensive emotionale Reaktionen als Folge einer Frühgeburt zeigen. Diese Emotionen äußern sich sowohl in Form von Angstgefühlen hinsichtlich Behinderung oder Tod des Kindes als auch in Gefühlen von körperlicher Insuffizienz und nicht vollzogener Selbstverwirklichung. Im Hinblick auf die lebenslang erhöhte Morbidität Frühgeborener und die damit verbundenen Krankenhausaufenthalte könnten Pflegekräfte davon profitieren, wenn sie spezifische Einsicht und Verständnis für die schwierige Lebenslage von Eltern eines frühgeborenen Kindes entwickeln. Hinsichtlich des aktuellen Forschungsstandes fällt auf, dass die Untersuchung der Bewältigungs- und Verarbeitungsaspekte von Eltern Frühgeborener bisher überwiegend über standardisierte Verfahren erfolgt ist.
Real‐time Earth magnetosphere simulator with three‐dimensional magnetohydrodynamic code
Authors: Den M. , Tanaka T. , Fujita S. , Obara T. , Shimazu H. , Amo H. , Hayashi Y. , Nakano E. , Seo Y. , Suehiro K. , Takahara H. , Takei T.
Published: June 2006

We developed a real‐time numerical simulator for the solar wind–space–magnetosphere–ionosphere coupling system, adopting the three‐dimensional (3‐D) magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation code developed by Tanaka. By using the real‐time solar wind data, which is available from the ACE spacecraft every minute, as the upstream boundary conditions for density, temperature, flow speed, and interplanetary magnetic field, our MHD simulation system can numerically reproduce the global response of the magnetosphere and ionosphere at the same time as in the real world. We achieved real‐time 3‐D simulations of the solar wind–magnetosphere–ionosphere coupling system with a 44 × 56 × 60 mesh size by adapting high‐performance FORTRAN language with eight CPUs on a supercomputer system located at the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT). Simulated plasma temperature and density in geostationary orbit were also plotted as an index to predict satellite charging. In addition, we present real‐time virtual AE indices obtained from simulation results that directly compare with geomagnetic field activities as well as real‐time plasma temperature and density in geostationary orbit. Our real‐time MHD simulator now runs routinely on NICT's supercomputer system. We will present a detailed configuration of the real‐time simulator system in this paper. Some examples are presented from system output to show how solar wind variations result in geomagnetic disturbances.
Distribution characteristics of topside ionospheric density irregularities: Equatorial versus midlatitude regions
Authors: Su S.‐Y. , Liu C. H. , Ho H. H. , Chao C. K.
Published: June 2006

The global distribution of the occurrence rate for density irregularities at 600 km topside ionosphere between ±35° geographic latitudes has been studied with the ROCSAT data during moderate to high solar activity years of 1999 to 2004. The result indicates that the global occurrence distribution of the intermediate‐scale (0.1 to 50 km) density irregularities can be grouped into two different populations, one in the equatorial region and the other in the middle‐to‐subauroral latitude region. The global seasonal/longitudinal (s/l) distribution of equatorial irregularities in the current report reproduces the result of McClure et al. (1998) obtained with the AE‐E observations of the mesoscale (50 to 1000 km) plasma bubble structures during high solar activity years of 1978 to 1980, two solar cycles ago. This implies that the density irregularities of different scales from multistage cascading process of the large‐scale (>1000 km) gravitational Rayleigh‐Taylor instability have manifested in same global s/l distribution pattern. Furthermore, global variation in seeding mechanism and growth condition of the instability process that results in major features in global irregularity pattern seems to persist for past 25 years. In addition, the current result further indicates that an upper latitudinal limit of the equatorial irregularity distribution is located at about ±30°. A different kind of midlatitude irregularity distribution starts to fill in from this dip latitude. In other words, the equatorial density irregularity inside a depleted flux tube can only rise, on statistical average, to an apex height of ∼2000 km. Different magnetic and solar variability effects as well as the local time dependence are noted for the occurrences of density irregularities in the equatorial region versus that at midlatitudes. The occurrence frequency of equatorial density irregularities increases with solar flux intensity; whereas the midlatitude density irregularity is more likely to occur during low solar activity period. The equatorial density irregularities are more likely to occur during periods of low magnetic activity than during magnetic disturbed times. On the other hand, the occurrence of midlatitude density irregularities indicates little dependence on geomagnetic activity. The local time distribution of equatorial irregularity peaks before midnight while the midlatitude irregularity indicates a plateau of high occurrence rate after midnight. Such opposite characteristics in the occurrence pattern between these two spatially separated distributions suggest that different instability mechanisms are operated in two different latitude regions for the occurrence of intermediate‐scale density irregularities.
Stability of anhydrous phase B: Experimental studies and implications for phase relations in subducting slab and the X discontinuity in the mantle
Authors: Ganguly Jibamitra , Frost Daniel J.
Published: June 2006

We have experimentally determined the equilibrium boundary of the reaction forsterite (Fo) + periclase (Per) = anhydrous phase B (Anh‐B) at 900°–1600°C, and we used the retrieved Gibbs free energy of formation of Anh‐B to calculate the stability field of Anh‐B + stishovite (Sti) with respect to the Mg2SiO4 polymorphs. The results suggest the possibility of the reaction sequence wadsleytite → Anh‐B + Sti→ ringwoodite with increasing pressure at temperature below ∼600°C. This might lead to an eye‐shaped splitting of the 410 km discontinuity within the interior of a sufficiently cold slab, such as would prevail in a 140 Myr old slab subducting at an angle of ∼60° with a rate of ≥ 14 cm/yr (e.g., Tonga). The equilibrium boundary of Anh‐B + Sti with respect to the wadsleyite and ringwoodite has, respectively, positive and negative slope in the P‐T space. The reaction of Fo + Per to Anh‐B seems to offer a viable explanation of the so‐called X discontinuity that has been observed at 275–345 km depth in several subcontinental and subduction zone environments. It is suggested that periclase could form locally by the dissolution of silica in mantle fluid or precipitate from a hydrous melt that became enriched in MgO due to the incongruent melting of olivine at pressures of 6–8 GPa.
A global study of transition zone thickness using receiver functions
Authors: Lawrence Jesse F. , Shearer Peter M.
Published: June 2006

Systematic stacks of P wave receiver functions (Pds) for 118 global seismic stations yield new transition zone thickness (WTZ) estimates, as measured by the difference in depths between the 410‐ and 660‐km mantle discontinuities. The receiver functions are computed from high signal‐to‐noise records of earthquakes between 1976 and 2002 recorded at distances of 30° to 90°. We obtain a globally averaged transition zone thickness of 242 ± 2 km, in good agreement with SS precursor (SdS) results. Previously noted differences in average WTZ between Pds and SdS studies are caused by both geographic bias and the constant ray parameter approximation used in many prior Pds studies, which causes a ∼4 km overestimation of WTZ. Pds observations suggest lateral variations in WTZ of ±20 km with maximal variations of ±35 km and a long‐wavelength topography pattern that agrees with SS precursor results showing thick WTZ beneath cold subduction zones and thin WTZ beneath warmer regions.
Source parameters of the great Sumatran megathrust earthquakes of 1797 and 1833 inferred from coral microatolls
Authors: Natawidjaja Danny Hilman , Sieh Kerry , Chlieh Mohamed , Galetzka John , Suwargadi Bambang W. , Cheng Hai , Edwards R. Lawrence , Avouac Jean‐Philippe , Ward Steven N.
Published: June 2006

Large uplifts and tilts occurred on the Sumatran outer arc islands between 0.5° and 3.3°S during great historical earthquakes in 1797 and 1833, as judged from relative sea level changes recorded by annually banded coral heads. Coral data for these two earthquakes are most complete along a 160‐km length of the Mentawai islands between 3.2° and 2°S. Uplift there was as great as 0.8 m in 1797 and 2.8 m in 1833. Uplift in 1797 extended 370 km, between 3.2° and 0.5°S. The pattern and magnitude of uplift imply megathrust ruptures corresponding to moment magnitudes (Mw) in the range 8.5 to 8.7. The region of uplift in 1833 ranges from 2° to at least 3.2°S and, judging from historical reports of shaking and tsunamis, perhaps as far as 5°S. The patterns and magnitude of uplift and tilt in 1833 are similar to those experienced farther north, between 0.5° and 3°N, during the giant Nias‐Simeulue megathrust earthquake of 2005; the outer arc islands rose as much as 3 m and tilted toward the mainland. Elastic dislocation forward modeling of the coral data yields megathrust ruptures with moment magnitudes ranging from 8.6 to 8.9. Sparse accounts at Padang, along the mainland west coast at latitude 1°S, imply tsunami runups of at least 5 m in 1797 and 3–4 m in 1833. Tsunamis simulated from the pattern of coral uplift are roughly consistent with these reports. The tsunami modeling further indicates that the Indian Ocean tsunamis of both 1797 and 1833, unlike that of 2004, were directed mainly south of the Indian subcontinent. Between about 0.7° and 2.1°S, the lack of vintage 1797 and 1833 coral heads in the intertidal zone demonstrates that interseismic submergence has now nearly equals coseismic emergence that accompanied those earthquakes. The interseismic strains accumulated along this reach of the megathrust have thus approached or exceeded the levels relieved in 1797 and 1833.
Changing temperatures influence suitability for modeled mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) outbreaks in the western United States
Authors: Hicke Jeffrey A. , Logan Jesse A. , Powell James , Ojima Dennis S.
Published: June 2006

Insect outbreaks are significant disturbances in forests of the western United States, with infestation comparable in area to fire. Outbreaks of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonusponderosae Hopkins) require life cycles of one year with synchronous emergence of adults from host trees at an appropriate time of year (termed “adaptive seasonality”) to overwhelm tree defenses. The annual course of temperature plays a major role in governing life stage development and imposing synchrony on mountain pine beetle populations. Here we apply a process‐based model of adaptive seasonality across the western United States using gridded daily temperatures from the Vegetation/Ecosystem Modeling and Analysis Project (VEMAP) over the period 1895–2100. Historical locations of modeled adaptive seasonality overlay much of the distribution of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas), a favored host, indicating that suitable temperatures for outbreak occurred in areas of host availability. A range of suitable temperatures, both in the mean and over an annual cycle, resulted in adaptive seasonality. Adaptive seasonality typically occurred when mean annual temperatures were 3°–6°C, but also included locations where mean temperatures were as low as 1°C or as high as 11°C, primarily as a result of variability in winter temperatures. For most locations, years of adaptive seasonality were uncommon during 1895–1993. We analyzed historical temperatures and adaptive seasonality in more detail in three northern forest ecoprovinces. In the Northern and Middle Rockies, areas of adaptive seasonality decreased at lower elevations and increased at higher elevations during warmer periods, resulting in a movement upward in elevation of adaptive seasonality. In contrast, the Cascade Mountains exhibited overall declines in adaptive seasonality with higher temperatures regardless of elevation. Projections of future warming (5°C in the western United States) resulted in substantial reductions in the overall area of adaptive seasonality. At the highest elevations, predicted warmer conditions will result in increases in the area of adaptive seasonality. Our findings suggest that future climate change may alter forest ecosystems indirectly through alteration of these important disturbances.
Evidence of deceleration of atmospheric vertical overturning circulation over the tropical Pacific
Authors: Zhang Minghua , Song Hua
Published: June 2006

Analyses of ship‐based measurements of sea level pressure reveal a systematic weakening of the horizontal pressure gradient across the Pacific in the last fifty years. This reduction is also present in the NCAR/NCEP and ECMWF reanalysis sea level pressure products. The magnitude is estimated to be between 2% to 13%. This weakening is consistent with simulations from general circulation models when sea‐surface temperatures are uniformly raised. It is also consistent with reductions of the large‐scale subsidence over the eastern Pacific in the models. Since the reduction of vertical overturning circulation in the models can be explained through fundamental thermodynamic constraints on the atmospheric circulation, we postulate that the weakening of the sea‐level pressure gradient is an intrinsic characteristic of the tropical atmosphere in a warmer climate, and the observed trend in the sea‐level pressure provides an indirect evidence of the reduction of atmospheric vertical overturning circulation in the tropical Pacific. It is also pointed out that the weakening of the vertical overturning circulation does not mean the weakening of the hydrological cycle.
Power spectrum analysis for optical tweezers. II: Laser wavelength dependence of parasitic filtering, and how to achieve high bandwidth
Authors: Berg-Sørensen Kirstine , Peterman Erwin J. G. , Weber Tom , Schmidt Christoph F. , Flyvbjerg Henrik
Published: June 2006

In a typical optical tweezers detection system, the position of a trapped object is determined from laser light impinging on a quadrant photodiode. When the laser is infrared and the photodiode is of silicon, they can act together as an unintended low-pass filter. This parasitic effect is due to the high transparency of silicon to near-infrared light. A simple model that accounts for this phenomenon [Berg-Sørensen et al., J. Appl. Phys. 93, 3167 (2003)] is here solved for frequencies up to 100kHz and for laser wavelengths between 750 and 1064nm. The solution is applied to experimental data in the same range, and is demonstrated to give this detection system of optical tweezers a bandwidth, accuracy, and precision that are limited only by the data acquisition board’s bandwidth and bandpass ripples, here 96.7kHz and 0.005dB, respectively.
High performance slit-less spectrometer for soft x-ray emission spectroscopy
Authors: Tokushima T. , Harada Y. , Ohashi H. , Senba Y. , Shin S.
Published: June 2006

We have designed and constructed a new flat-field-type slit-less soft x-ray emission spectrometer that enables high detection efficiency and high energy resolution in the energy range of 250–1000eV. The energy resolution is optimized in the C 1s and O 1s regions, where the maximum energy resolution of 2500 (E∕ΔE) is expected using a focused beam whose spot size is 5μm full width at half maximum in the vertical direction. A distortion of the linear profile of the focused image on the charge-coupled device (CCD) detector is successfully removed by using a cylindrical grating. This enabled us to apply a super-resolution reconstruction technique to compensate for the lack of spatial resolution of the CCD detector.
Tetrastack: Colloidal diamond-inspired structure with omnidirectional photonic band gap for low refractive index contrast
Authors: Ngo T. T. , Liddell C. M. , Ghebrebrhan M. , Joannopoulos J. D.
Published: June 2006

Omnidirectional photonic band gaps opening at low values of refractive index contrast have been found for a nonspherical colloid-based photonic crystal structure. A mechanically stable design is described for the diamondlike photonic crystal composed of colloidal tetrahedra. The proposed tetrastack structure displays omnidirectional 2–3 band gap over a large range of filling fractions, refractive index contrasts, and building block orientations. The threshold refractive index for the inverted tetrastack structure was 1.94. A gap width of 25.3% relative to the center frequency was obtained for an inverted tetrastack with a 0.21 filling fraction of silicon.
Detection system operating at up to 7THz using quasioptics and Schottky barrier diodes
Authors: Yasui T. , Nishimura A. , Suzuki T. , Nakayama K. , Okajima S.
Published: June 2006

We have developed a wide-bandwidth, high-sensitivity, continual terahertz-wave sensor that utilizes a quasioptical parabolic mirror and a Schottky barrier diode and successfully applied it at up to 7THz range. This sensor utilizes a parabolic cylindrical mirror, a long-wire antenna, and a Schottky barrier diode. The antenna, placed at the focal point of the parabolic mirror, quasioptically collects the terahertz signal. This configuration eliminates the need for frequency-dependent reception readjustments of the antenna and the mirror positions, greatly improving operability.
Organic thin-film transistors with high mobilities and low operating voltages based on 5,5′-bis-biphenyl-dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]thiophene semiconductor and polymer gate dielectric
Authors: Sun Yanming , Liu Yunqi , Ma Yongqiang , Di Chongan , Wang Ying , Wu Weiping , Yu Gui , Hu Wenping , Zhu Daoben
Published: June 2006

Employing 5,5′-bis-biphenyl-dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]thiophene (BPDTT) as semiconducting layer and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as gate dielectric layer, we have fabricated organic thin-film transistors. These devices exhibit excellent field-effect performances with a high mobility of up to 0.6cm2∕Vs and a very low operating voltage (<1V) at room temperature. The single crystal of BPDTT was grown and analyzed. The high performances are mainly attributed to the close herringbone packing of BPDTT molecules and the high homogeneity between PVA and BPDTT molecules.
Molecular dynamics simulation of a pressure-driven liquid transport process in a cylindrical nanopore using two self-adjusting plates
Authors: Huang Cunkui , Nandakumar K. , Choi Phillip Y. K. , Kostiuk Larry W.
Published: June 2006

Fluid transport through a nanopore in a membrane was investigated by using a novel molecular dynamics approach proposed in this study. The advantages of this method, relative to dual-control-volume grand-canonical molecular dynamics method, are that it eliminates disruptions to the system dynamics that are normally created by inserting or deleting particles from control volumes, and that it functions well for dense systems due to the number of particles being fixed in the system. Using the proposed method, we examined liquid argon transport through a nanopore by performing nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations under different back pressures. Validation of the code was performed by comparing simulation results to published experimental data obtained under equilibrium conditions. NEMD results show that constant pressure difference across the membrane was readily achieved.
Temperature-dependent degradation mechanisms of channel mobility in ZrO2-gated n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors
Authors: Wang Ming-Tsong , Cheng Bonds Yi-Yi , Lee Joseph Ya-min
Published: June 2006

The mobility degradation mechanism of n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (n-MOSFETs) with ZrO2 gate dielectric was studied. The temperature dependence of device characteristics was studied in the temperature range from 300to420K. The electron mobility limited by surface roughness is proportional to Eeff−0.68 in the fields of 0.5<Eeff<2MV∕cm at 300K. The electron mobility limited by phonon scattering is proportional to T−3.0 at the effective normal field Eeff of 0.8MV∕cm between 300 and 420K. Soft optical phonon scattering was used to explain the extra source of phonon scattering in ZrO2-gated n-MOSFETs.
Tunable organic thin-film laser pumped by an inorganic violet diode laser
Authors: Riedl T. , Rabe T. , Johannes H.-H. , Kowalsky W. , Wang J. , Weimann T. , Hinze P. , Nehls B. , Farrell T. , Scherf U.
Published: June 2006

We demonstrate an organic thin-film distributed feedback (DFB) laser pumped by an inorganic violet laser diode (λ=406nm). The active organic medium consists of a highly efficient, modified poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) derivative containing 12% of statistical intrachain 6,6′-(2,2′-octyloxy-1,1′-binaphthalene) binaphthyl spacer groups. The polymer is doped with 4wt% of the stilbene dye 1,4-bis(2-(4-(N,N-di(p-tolyl)amino)phenyl)vinylbenzene). This guest-host system features minimum lasing threshold energy densities below 1μJ∕cm2 for second order DFB resonator geometries and significant absorption (7.3×104cm−1) at the wavelength of the pumping diode laser. The entire setup states an extremely compact and cost effective, laser source tunable between 496 and 516nm.
Role of nucleation in nanodiamond film growth
Authors: Lifshitz Y. , Lee C. H. , Wu Y. , Zhang W. J. , Bello I. , Lee S. T.
Published: June 2006

Nanodiamond films were deposited using different microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition schemes following several nucleation pretreatment methods. The nucleation efficiency and the films structure were investigated using scanning and transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. C2 dimer growth (CH4 and H2 in 90% Ar) cannot nucleate diamond and works only on existing diamond surfaces. The methyl radical process (up to 20% CH4 in H2) allows some nucleation probability on appropriate substrates. Prolonged bias enhanced nucleation initiates both diamond nucleation and growth. C2 dimer growth results in pure nanodiamond free of amorphous carbon, while prolonged bias enhanced nucleation forms an amorphous carbon/nanodiamond composite.
Magnetic-field-dependent dielectric constant in La2∕3Ca1∕3MnO3
Authors: Rivas J. , Mira J. , Rivas-Murias B. , Fondado A. , Dec J. , Kleemann W. , Señarís-Rodríguez M. A.
Published: June 2006

We report a rather high dependence of the dielectric permittivity on the magnetic field in La2∕3Ca1∕3MnO3. The variation is maximum at around 270K, little above the Curie temperature TC, and it reaches a 35% under only 0.5T. We attribute this phenomenon to the space-charge or interfacial polarization produced between the insulator and the metallic regions segregated intrinsically in the material above TC.
Transverse aortic constriction leads to accelerated heart failure in mice lacking PPAR-γ coactivator 1α
Authors: Arany Zoltan , Novikov Mikhail , Chin Sherry , Ma Yanhong , Rosenzweig Anthony , Spiegelman Bruce M.
Published: June 2006

Heart failure is accompanied by important defects in metabolism. The transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) is a powerful regulator of mitochondrial biology and metabolism. PGC-1α and numerous genes regulated by PGC-1α are repressed in models of cardiac stress, such as that generated by transverse aortic constriction (TAC). This finding has suggested that PGC-1α repression may contribute to the maladaptive response of the heart to chronic hemodynamic loads. We show here that TAC in mice genetically engineered to lack PGC-1α leads to accelerated cardiac dysfunction, which is accompanied by signs of significant clinical heart failure. Treating cardiac cells in tissue culture with the catecholamine epinephrine leads to repression of PGC-1α and many of its target genes, recapitulating the findings
in vivo
in response to TAC. Importantly, introduction of ectopic PGC-1α can reverse the repression of most of these genes by epinephrine. Together, these data indicate that endogenous PGC-1α serves a cardioprotective function and suggest that repression of PGC-1α significantly contributes to the development of heart failure. Moreover, the data suggest that elevating PGC-1α activity may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of heart failure.
ATlr7translocation accelerates systemic autoimmunity in murine lupus
Authors: Subramanian Srividya , Tus Katalin , Li Quan-Zhen , Wang Andrew , Tian Xiang-Hong , Zhou Jinchun , Liang Chaoying , Bartov Guy , McDaniel Lisa D. , Zhou Xin J. , Schultz Roger A. , Wakeland Edward K.
Published: June 2006

The y-linked autoimmune accelerating (yaa) locus is a potent autoimmune disease allele. Transcription profiling ofyaa-bearing B cells revealed the overexpression of a cluster of X-linked genes that includedTlr7. FISH analysis demonstrated the translocation of this segment onto theyaachromosome. The resulting overexpression ofTlr7increasedin vitroresponses to Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 signaling in allyaa-bearing males. B6.yaamice are not overtly autoimmune, but the addition ofSle1, which contains the autoimmune-predisposingSlam/Cd2haplotype, causes the development of fatal lupus with numerous immunological aberrations. B6.Sle1yaaCD4 T cells develop the molecular signature for TFHcells and also show expression changes in numerous cytokines and chemokines. Disease development and all component autoimmune phenotypes were inhibited bySles1, a potent suppressor locus.Sles1had no effect onyaa-enhanced TLR7 signalingin vitro, and these data placeSles1downstream from the lesion in innate immune responses mediated by TLR7, suggesting thatSles1modulates the activation of adaptive immunity in response to innate immune signaling.
Understanding Regionalism and the Politics of Identity in Ukraine's Eastern Borderlands
Authors: Rodgers Peter
Published: June 2006

The results of the 2004 Ukrainian presidential elections highlighted the continued existence of regional diversity across Ukraine and the huge task the Ukrainian state faces in reconciling divisions and creating an all-encompassing modern Ukrainian identity. This article seeks to examine perceptions and understandings of identity change in Ukraine from three cities, namely Luhans'k, Kharkiv and Sumy, all adjacent to the Russian-Ukrainian state border, in an effort to deconstruct the mega-region of ‘eastern Ukraine’ and in doing so, argue for the need for further academic scrutiny of inherent nuances within ‘east’ and ‘west’ Ukraine, differences, which more large-scale quantitative research fails to uncover. Data generated from in-depth interviews in schools with school directors, history teachers and schoolchildren are analysed to demonstrate how individuals reflect on the importance of the ‘region’ in Ukraine and secondly the role of Russia in Ukraine's identity politics. The impact of these results on Ukrainian politics and society as well as our understandings of regional diversity across Ukraine is outlined in the conclusions.
Exercise science and the development of evidence‐based practice: A “better practices” framework
Authors: Faulkner Guy , Taylor Adrian , Ferrence Roberta , Munro Shelly , Selby Peter
Published: June 2006

Exercise and sport scientists are increasingly faced with the need to demonstrate that their work is based on a sound evidence base and has an impact on professional practice and policy. This evidence is often derived from systematic reviews of rigorously designed studies such as randomized controlled trials. This paper addresses some of the limitations of the exclusive reliance on such trials and highlights the importance of addressing issues of effectiveness and practical concerns when synthesizing research evidence. The “Better Practices” model is then described in the context of a current project examining exercise and smoking cessation. This model provides one framework for integrating critical reviews of empirical evidence with contextual and practical considerations relevant to organizations interested in the translation of the synthesis into practice. Strengths and weaknesses of the model are discussed regarding its potential consideration and application by exercise and sport scientists.
Interpretive qualitative synthesis in the sport & exercise sciences: The meta‐interpretation approach
Authors: Weed Mike
Published: June 2006

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the interpretive synthesis of qualitative research in the sport and exercise sciences. The paper discusses the “meta‐interpretation” approach which attempts to maintain an interpretive epistemology congruent with the majority of primary qualitative research. The paper reviews and evaluates eight research methods or approaches that include some form of synthesis and that are and have been widely used in sport, health and exercise research (literature review, systematic review, meta‐analysis, meta‐ethnography, grounded theory, cross‐case comparison, secondary analysis of primary data, and interpretive phenomenological analysis). The key features of each approach are drawn out, and their implications for the meta‐interpretation approach are discussed. The paper then outlines the procedure for meta‐interpretation before concluding with some comments on the functions of synthesis in general and meta‐interpretation in particular.