bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Learning Methods of “Kitab Kuning” in Dayah Manyang Gampong Meulum Samalanga District
Authors: Helmi  , Amiruddin  , Zahrul Mubarrak  , Siti Hajar  , Saldiani
Published: March 2021

One of the oldest dayahs in the Masjid Raya area of Samalanga District is Dayah Manyang Gampong Meulum and in recent years the wheels of education have been renewed by adding formal education in the form of lectures from IAI Al-Aziziyah Samalanga, but the salafiyah education system is still running. Seeing the current phenomenon in the dayah, the author tries to further examine the yellow book learning method in a scientific paper entitled Learning Management of the Kitab Kuning in Dayah Aceh ”(Case Study of Dayah Manyang Gampong Meulum Samalanga). There are three problem formulations in this scientific paper, the first is how the management method of the yellow book learning planning at Dayah Manyang Gampong Meulum Samalanga, the two management methods of learning the yellow book and finally what are the obstacles in learning the yellow book in the Dayah. The approach used in this research is qualitative using descriptive analysis method. The results showed that Dayah Manyang in the yellow book learning method adopted the bandongan (syarah) method where the teacher explained the book and its contents to their students and the students only listened carefully, wrote the translation and understood it. Another method is sorogan, which is the opposite of bandongan, this method is that the students are more active in learning and come to the teacher to read the book in front of the teacher. The last method is the rote method which focuses on memorizing verses and other types of memorization by students. Furthermore, the obstacles faced in yellow kitav learning revolve around the lack of discipline of the students so that time is not paid attention and causes drowsiness while studying. The lack of private tutors or guree peulang is also an obstacle in addition to very low management science, only armed with natural expertise. Lack of interest in learning is also an obstacle. Hopefully there will be a change towards the better for the advancement of the Dayah Manyang Gampong Meulum Samalanga education.
АНАЛІЗ МЕТОДІВ ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ЗМІНИ ТЕХНІЧНОГО СТАНУ ЕЛЕМЕНТІВ МЕХАНІЧНОГО ОБЛАДНАННЯ ГІДРОТЕХНІЧНИХ СПОРУД
Authors: Дем’яненко С. , Якусевич Ю. , Гімпель Р. , Дорофєєва З.
Published: March 2021

Пріоритетним завданням при технічному обслуговуванні (експлуатації) механічного обладнання є забезпечення його безвідмовної роботи.
В статті механічне обладнання судноплавних гідротехнічних споруд розглядається, як елемент системи більш високого порядку. Ймовірними причинами розвитку деструктивних процесів і ушкоджень та реалізації відмов механічного обладнання судноплавних гідротехнічних споруд в роботі прийняті: конструктивні, технологічні та експлуатаційні. Показано, що реалізація однієї з перерахованих причин найбільш ймовірна на визначених умовних етапах експлуатації механічного обладнання судноплавних гідротехнічних споруд залежно від термінів його експлуатації.
В статті запропоновано структуру методів неруйнівного контролю при оцінці стану механічного обладнання судноплавних гідротехнічних споруд.
Відмічено, що фактична чутливість методів неруйнівного контролю (мінімальний розмір дефекту, що виявляється) в умовах експлуатаційного контролю істотно відрізняється від граничних значень, зазначених у нормативних документах ,і залежить від параметрів дефектів і умов проведення діагностичних операцій.
Показано, що однією з основних умов своєчасного виявлення втомних ушкоджень в експлуатаційних умовах є раціональний вибір методу визначення зміни технічного стану, який сполучає можливість реалізації його фізичних принципів в умовах проведення операції з урахуванням параметрів дефектів і динаміки деградаційного процесу. Доведено, що раціональний вибір методів для виявлення втомних тріщин може бути зроблений тільки з урахуванням основних параметрів реальних дефектів, їх розташування та умов проведення контролю, вплив яких на чутливість і імовірність оцінюється сукупністю коефіцієнтів.
Запропоновані коефіцієнти, що враховують параметри дефектів та умови проведення контролю. Досліджено вплив властивостей дефекту (тріщини) і стану контрольованої ділянки на його виявлення методами неруйнівного контролю.
Зроблений висновок, що ефективність пошуку втомних тріщин методами неруйнівного контролю залежить не стільки від граничної чутливості самих методів, скільки від параметрів дефектів і умов проведення контролю.
Ключові слова: втомне ушкодження, дефект, метод, механічне обладнання, неруйнівний контроль, судноплавна гідротехнічна споруда
РАЗРАБОТКА И ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ УНИВЕРСАЛЬНЫХ МОДЕЛЕЙ
НАДЕЖНОСТИ АКТИВНОЙ ФАЗИРОВАННОЙ АНТЕННОЙ РЕШЕТКИ
МНОГОФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ РАДИОЛОКАЦИОННОЙ СТАНЦИИ
Authors: Мачалін І. , Костановський В.
Published: March 2021

В роботі проведено короткий аналіз моделей надійності АФАР, запропонованими вченими і інженерами за останні 20 років. Розглянуто модель надійності приймальні АФАР за критерієм допустимого підвищення мінімального рівня бічних пелюсток діаграми спрямованості амплітудно-фазового розподілу антеною решітки. Проаналізовано модель надійності передавальної АФАР за критерієм допустимого зниження максимальної дальності РЛС. Показано, що розглянуті моделі надійності є наближеними (використовують експонентний закон розподілу відмов АФАР) і тому можуть використовуватися тільки для наближеного визначення середнього напрацювання до відмови антеною решітки. Для визначення імовірнісних показників надійності АФАР: ймовірності безвідмовної роботи, інтенсивності відмов, щільності розподілу відмов, гамма-відсоткових ресурсу і ін. Необхідні більш універсальні моделі надійності, що враховують структуру і складність побудови антеною решітки як системи, що складається з величезної кількості основних і резервних приймально передавальних каналів і модулів. У роботі розроблені і досліджені універсальні моделі надійності АФАР багатофункціональної РЛС з дворівневої структурною схемою надійності (дворівнева АФАР). Універсальні моделі надійності враховує два основних фізичних критерію відмови АФАР: допустиме зниження максимального рівня дальності РЛС і припустиме збільшення мінімального рівня бічних пелюсток діаграми спрямованості антеною решітки. Як законів розподілу відмов випромінюючих (передавальних) і прийомних каналів і модулів антеною решітки застосовується експоненціальне розподіл (характеризує раптові відмови), немонотонний диффузионний розподіл (характеризує поступові відмови) і композиція експоненціального і дифузійного немонотонного закону розподілів (характеризує спільне прояв раптових і поступових відмов) . У статті представлені рівняння і формули для визначення показників надійності передавальної, приймальні та приймально-передавальної АФАР: середнього напрацювання до відмови, імовірності безвідмовної роботи та ін.
В роботі розглянуто три ілюстративних прикладу розрахунку показників надійності передавальної, приймальні та приймально-передавальної АФАР при експоненційному розподілі відмов каналів і модулів антеною решітки. Проведено аналіз впливу інтенсивностей відмов випромінюючих каналів і модулів джерел вторинного живлення на середній наробіток до відмови АФАР. Представлені в статті універсальні моделі надійності АФАР рекомендується використовувати при розробці нових багатофункціональних РЛС з АФАР, а також можуть бути корисні студентам і аспірантам університетів і вищих навчальних закладів в навчальному процесі.
Ключові слова: показники надійності, середнє напрацювання до відмови, активна фазована антенна решітка, передаючі і прийомні канали антеною решітки
АЛГОРИТМ АВТОМАТИЗОВАНОГО КОНТРОЛЮ ПОЛОЖЕННЯ КІНЦІВОК СУДЕН І СКЛАДІВ НА ТРАЄКТОРІЇ РУХУ ЗАСОБАМИ ECDIS
Authors: Богом'я В. , Давидов В. , Доронін В. , Кудрявцев В.
Published: March 2021

У статті розглянуто алгоритм контролю положення суден і складів на траєкторії руху, якій вирішує проблему автоматизованого високоточного контролю положення кінцівок суден і складів на траєкторії руху засобами ЕСDIS. Створений алгоритм автоматизованого контролю положення кінцівок суден і складів на траєкторії руху, шляхом використання координатного курсора ECDIS в якості високоточного кутомірно-далекомірного пристрою, дозволяє, при розміщенні в носі і кормі судна антен приймачів ГНСС, сформувати на ЕК їх електронні позначки зі своїми координатними курсорами. Ці курсори можливо використовувати, при реалізації автоматичного, за допомогою цифрових слідячих систем захоплення (до повного збігання кодів координат) і супруводження їх кінцамі контролюемих об’єктів (географічні коордінати яких знаходяться в електронної базі даних) для високоточного автоматичного вимірювання пеленгів і дистанцій до підводних і надводних небезпек в режими “on-line” в цілях контролю за їх допомогою положення кінцівок суден та складів відносно небезпек з точністю порівняної з точністю роботи ГНСС в спеціальних режимах. Експериментальні дослідження, які були проведені шляхом комп'ютерного імітаціонного моделювання, підтвердили високу очікувану точність роботи запропонованого алгоритму, якій базується на однойменному способі. Ключові слова: алгоритм, судно, спосіб, автоматизований контроль, координатний курсор, пеленг, дистанція, безпека плавання, траєкторія руху
МОДЕРНІЗАЦІЇ НАВЧАННЯ ІНЖЕНЕРНІЙ ГРАФІЦІ
З ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ МОЖЛИВОСТЕЙ САПР AUTOCAD
Authors: Лопатюк С.
Published: March 2021

Сучасні інноваційні тенденції в освіті передбачають активне залучення ресурсів Інтернету до процесу навчання технічним спеціальностям. При виконанні складних креслень, розрахунків, спільної роботи над проектами пропонується використовувати комплексний хмарний сервіс. Програмне забезпечення САПР Autodesk надає можливість по новому організувати навчання студентів інженерній графіці в межах однієї платформи.
В статті обґрунтовано необхідність проведення змін в організації навчання з дисципліни «Нарисна геометрія та інженерна графіка» при підготовці спеціалістів водного транспорту з урахуванням вимог модернізації освітнього процесу.
На основі можливостей AutoCAD-17 щодо трьохвимірного моделювання розглядаються алгоритми формування просторових моделей геометричних об’єктів з різних поверхонь видавлюванням і за допомогою логічних операцій: об’єднання, віднімання і перетину. Обговорюються можливості створення і організації роботи зі спільним кресленням, особливості параметричного проектування, використання хмарних технологій в процесі створення, зберігання і модифікації креслень.
Ключові слова: модернізація освіти, інженерна графіка, ІТ - компетентність, САПР AutoCAD, хмарні технології, професійно-орієнтована підготовка.
Construir un patrimonio desde abajo
Authors: Navarro Morcillo Pablo
Published: March 2021

La categorización de ese amplio espectro de intervenciones en el espacio público que se han venido a etiquetar como arte urbano como un elemento patrimonial se antoja, a primera vista, como una iniciativa que puede discurrir en latitudes opuestas, debido a lo efímero e ilegalidad de una parte importante de las mismas. Pero, si partimos de una tipología de expresiones que llevan desarrollándose algunas décadas y que ya dejaron hace tiempo de pasar inadvertidas, debemos reflexionar sobre ajustar los enfoques que nos otorga una mirada patrimonial hacia este fenómeno, en los que un primer paso sería su categorización, análisis y documentación.
Spontaneous healing response of oblique root fracture: case report with 4-year follow-up
Authors: Bastos Hugo José Santos , Pereira Key Fabiano Souza , Tomazinho Luiz Fernando , Frozoni Marcos Roberto dos Santos , Mendes Élida Boaventura
Published: March 2021

Root fractures can involve the dentin, cementum, and pulp and commonly can occur as oblique fractures with varying orientations. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the maintenance of pulp health in a tooth with a fractured root without any endodontic treatment and to discuss the advantage of cone-bean computed tomography (CBCT) compared with traditional radiographs in the diagnosis of oblique root fractures. Intra-oral radiography of tooth 11 revealed a horizontal root fracture at the level of the apical third, while the sagittal CBCT slice reveals a complete fracture line running obliquely from the apical third on the buccal aspect through the cervical third on the palatal aspect.  Four years follow-up, the tooth has kept its pulp vitality, no tooth discoloration or discrepancy in arch position, without endodontic treatment. This result illustrates spontaneous healing of root fracture including preservation of pulp health. In addition, it confirms the importance of exams in 3 dimensions to correctly locate the fracture and assist in the treatment decision.
Autolesão não suicida e o comportamento suicida: fragilidades e vivências do adolescente
Authors: Roque Samuel Vitor , Andrade Maria Betânia Tinti de , Resck Zélia Marilda Rodrigues , Barbosa Alice Regina Costa , Bressan Vânia Regina , Vilela Sueli de Carvalho , Felipe Adriana Olimpia Barbosa
Published: March 2021

Introdução: A adolescência é um período marcado por grandes alterações biológicas, psicológicas e sociais, no qual existem conflitos e fragilidades, que podem ocasionar alterações na saúde mental e no bem-estar psicoemocional. Objetivo: apreender as vivências dos adolescentes sobre autolesão não suicida e comportamento suicida e as fragilidades relacionadas. Metodologia: estudo descritivo e de abordagem qualitativa, realizado com 53 adolescentes, de 12 a 17 anos. A coleta de dados foi realizada a partir da realização dos Grupos Operativos de Pichon-Rivière, leitura de uma situação disparadora referente a autolesão não suicida e o comportamento suicida e perguntas norteadoras. Utilizou-se o referencial metodológico da análise de conteúdo temático de Bardin, interpretados pelo referencial teórico do Modelo de Habilidades de Vida. Resultados: apreende-se que a autolesão não suicida é uma fuga do sofrimento psicoemocional por meio da dor física e o comportamento suicida é uma tentativa de cessar o sofrimento, que se acabaria junto com a vida. Relataram problemáticas com família, escola e os pares, os quais não fornecem apoio necessário ao seu bem-estar emocional. Aparecem permeadas por julgamento e falta de empatia, alguns, tentaram o enfrentamento se expondo a outros riscos, como álcool/drogas, a violência e as redes sociais. Conclusão: percebe-se que a autolesão não suicida e o comportamento suicida são vivenciados diretamente ou indiretamente pelos adolescentes escolares com um intenso sofrimento, portanto faz-se necessário que os profissionais de educação e de saúde, principalmente o enfermeiro, sejam efetivos na condução de estratégias voltadas na prevenção e promoção do bem-estar mental do adolescente.
Revisão do uso medicinal de Rhaphiodon echinus Schauer (Lamiaceae): Atividades biológica e farmacológica
Authors: Cruz Neto João , Viana José Wellington Macêdo , Silva Viviane Bezerra da , Costa Adrielle Rodrigues , Costa Maria Haiele Nogueira da , Santos Marcos Aurélio Figueiredo dos , Rodrigues Joice Layanne Guimarães , Teixeira Pedro Hudson Rodrigues , Oliveira João Paulo Camilo de , Correia Dennis Bezerra , Menezes Saulo Almeida de , Santos Luciano Temoteo dos , Oliveira Maraiza Gregorio de , Silva Junior João Pereira da , Gurgel Catarina Leite , Sampaio Raimundo Samuel Leite , Lima Junior Fernandes de , Araújo Nara Juliana Santos , Almeida-Bezerra José Weverton
Published: March 2021

Objetivou-se realizar uma revisão bibliográfica acerca das atividades biológica e farmacológica de Rhaphiodon echinus. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa norteada pela seguinte pergunta: Quais as evidências cientificas acerca da atividade biológica e farmacológica da R. echinus? Elegeu-se as bases:  MEDLINE, PUBMED, BDENF, SCOPUS e WoS para a pesquisa. Foi identificada uma população de 54 estudos cuja amostra caracterizou-se por nove artigos. Suscita-se que óleo essencial e os extratos etanólico e aquoso de R. echinus possuem compostos químicos de relevância em testes fitoquímicos e farmacológicos, demonstrando atividades antioxidantes e anti-inflamatória, além de atividade antimicrobiana contra Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus e Pseudomonas aeruginosa ao potencializar a ação de fármacos como gentamicina e ciprofloxacino, assim como atividade antifúngica contra Candida albicans. Ademais, a atividade fitoterápica de R. echinus em chás, xaropes e banhos é observada contra inflamação uterina, gripe, cólica intestinal e infecção do trato urinário. Em suma, ressalta-se que são necessários novos estudos envolvendo R. echinus na área de etnobotânica a fim de melhor entender sua utilização e interfaces com o saber popular com vistas ao seu uso na prática clínica.
Aspectos nefastos da pandemia da Covid-19 sobre a política de educação no Brasil
Authors: Costa Renata Maria Paiva da , Silva Antonio Valricelio Linhares da , Arrais Neto Enéas de Araújo
Published: March 2021

O artigo aborda a questão da educação brasileira e os efeitos provocados pela pandemia da Covid-19, principalmente no que remete à aceleração do processo de precarização dessa política social via estabelecimento do ensino remoto. Aborda brevemente os elementos que compõem o desmonte da educação no Brasil, assim como o seu sucateamento, a privatização e o ensino a distância. Para tanto, realizou-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica, por meio de livros, artigos e documentos, com o objetivo de fundamentar a discussão. Mostrou que a crise sanitária de ordem mundial trouxe o aprofundamento da desigualdade social e, em relação à educação, evidenciou a exclusão educacional de pessoas pertencentes à classe trabalhadora. Além disso, a análise indica que o contexto social então instalado fortaleceu o projeto capitalista hegemônico.
Development of a 3D polyetheretherketone structure that mimics the cranial bone morphology for use in cranioplasty
Authors: Macedo Maria Dennise Medeiros , Britto Filho Claudio Orestes , Souza Matheus Ferreira de , Sousa Wladymyr Jefferson Bacalhau de , Pedrosa Thiago Caju , Azevedo Ana Caroline Santana de , Santos Kleilton Oliveira , Cerqueira Glauber Rodrigues Cerqueira de , Gadelha Fernando Melo , Fook Marcus Vinicius Lia
Published: March 2021

Cranioencephalic traumatism (TBI) is a common situation in trauma hospitals and has become responsible for high rates of mortality worldwide. When the victim of TBI is affected by injuries to the skullcap with a need for grafting, problems regarding the availability of suitable and affordable materials eventually happen. In this study, a 3D structure of Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) that mimics the cranial bone morphology for use in cranioplasty was developed. Samples of different formulations, in the form of round bars, were obtained through uniaxial compression, and porosity was controlled by the salt leaching technique. Then, the specimens were characterized in terms of pore morphology and distribution, surface roughness, compression resistance and cytotoxicity. Results exhibited high levels of similarity of the 3D strutures of PEEK to the natural human bone, which indicates the effectiveness of the proposed method in mimicking the morphology of the compact/porous/compact system of the skullcap (diploe).
IMPLEMENTATION OF ENSEMBLE TECHNIQUES FOR DIARRHEA CASES CLASSIFICATION OF UNDER-FIVE CHILDREN IN INDONESIA
Authors: Saputra Andriansyah Muqiit Wardoyo , Wijayanto Arie Wahyu
Published: March 2021

Diarrhea is an endemic disease in Indonesia with symptoms of three or more defecations with the consistency of liquid stool. According to WHO, diarrhea is the second largest contributor to the death of under-five children. Data and cases of children under five years who have diarrhea are very difficult to find, so the data analysis process becomes difficult due to the lack of information obtained. Difficulties in the data analysis process can be overcome by rebalancing, so the category ratios are balanced. The method that is popularly used is SMOTE. To solve imbalanced data and improve classification performance, this study implements the combination of SMOTE with several ensemble techniques in diarrhea cases of under-five children in Indonesia. Ensemble models that are used in this study are Random Forest, Adaptive Boosting, and XGBoost with Decision Tree as a baseline method. The results show that all SMOTE-based methods demonstrate a competitive performance whereas SMOTE-XGB gains a slightly higher accuracy (0.88), precision (0.96), and f1-score (0.86). The implementation of the SMOTE strategy improved the recall, precision, and f1-score metrics and give higher AUC of all methods (DT, RF, ADA, and XGB). This study is useful to solve the imbalanced problems in official statistics data provided by BPS Statistics Indonesia
The Barefoot Guide to Working with Organisations and Social Change: Tools and lessons
Authors:   Barefoot Collective
Published: March 2021

This book is essential reading for agribusiness leaders and technical staff, bankers and cooperative leaders working in agriculture, NGO and microfinance development practitioners, researchers and policy makers. Published in association with FAO.
Politics Rules: Power, Globalization and Development
Authors: Sneyd Adam
Published: March 2021

In this concise volume, Adam Sneyd argues that it is imperative to recognize the importance of the sub-field of development politics. He demonstrates how the difficult skill of careful political analysis can shed new light on some of today’s most intractable development challenges.
Benedita Da Silva: An Afro Brazilian Woman's Story of Politics and Love
Authors: Medea Benjamin , da Silva Benedita
Published: March 2021

A first hand account of the most pressing social problems in Brazil: indigenous rights, street children, land and racism. Her activism, from her days as a favela organizer to national politician, reflects the most pressing concerns of Brazil's poor majority.
Walking with John Howard: Itineracy and Romantic Reform
Authors: Cervantes Gabriel , Porter Dahlia
Published: March 2021

This essay identifies a new source for the politicization of walking in the final decades of the eighteenth century, John Howard's The State of the Prisons (1777). Howard made a case for reforming prisons in Britain and across Europe based on evidence collected on his wide-ranging travels, during which he made a practice of stepping into spaces of incarceration where others – including jailors themselves – refused to tread. As we show, Howard was celebrated for the seemingly global reach of his humanitarian mission, but in the work of poets and biographers he also became an icon for the levelling potential of walking into spaces occupied by the legally, socially and economically disenfranchised. Howard's text, however, presents a tension between asserting common humanity with prisoners and exercising patrician benevolence. As we show in conclusion, this tension persists in early nineteenth-century literary representations of both prison reform and walking by Wordsworth and De Quincey, whose texts trouble the (by then established) assumption that walking constituted a politically radical act of social levelling.
Coleridge Walks: Boots and the Measure of the Landscape
Authors: Colley Ann C.
Published: March 2021

Shoes and Boots were essential components in Coleridge's spatial exploration of his surroundings. Notebook entries dashed off while he was walking through the countryside between 1794 and 1804 reveal a dynamic perspective of the landscape frequently grounded in his footsteps rather than in the scrutiny and range of the eye. Coleridge's descriptions reveal a perspective that, in addition to observing the fluctuating sights and sounds of his surroundings, paid keen attention to the telling feel of what lay underneath the tread of his soles. Moreover, in the manner of a surveyor, his feet registered the spatial measurement of the landscape. This attentiveness occasioned a lasting preoccupation with the construction and quality of his walking shoes and boots. Coleridge's descriptions of landscape, therefore, are not only bound to the autocracy of the eye but also to the pace and tread of his feet.
Epidemic trends of SARS-CoV-2 modulated by economic activity, ethnicity, and vaccination
Authors: Kamikubo Yasuhiko , Takahashi Atsushi
Published: March 2021

The second and third waves of SARS-CoV-2 epidemic have peaked out and vaccination has begun worldwide. In this study, ecological studies comparing viral genotypes and epidemiological information revealed that the virus was attenuated in the second wave and that three new variants increased CFR in the third wave. In Russia, the infection was widespread in areas with high GDP per capita, such as sparsely populated oil field areas and densely populated metropolitan areas. In New Zealand, CFR, prevalence, and mortality were lower in Māori-rich regions, suggesting a protective effect of Polynesian genes. The vaccines transiently increased SARS-CoV-2 prevalence for several weeks, and when vaccination rates reached about 5% and 30%, respectively, CFR and mortality decreased. It is necessary to understand this prevalence trade-off that occurs in the early stage of vaccination. Analysing epidemiological data and using it effectively will be essential to reduce casualties in the process of converging SARS-CoV-2.
Role and Mechanism of Gut Microbiota in Human Disease
Authors: Chen Yinwei , Zhou Jinghua , Wang Li
Published: March 2021

The human gut microbiome is a huge microbial community that plays an irreplaceable role in human life. With the further development of research, the influence of intestinal flora on human diseases has been gradually excavated. Gut microbiota (GM) dysbiosis has adverse health effects on the human body that will lead to a variety of chronic diseases. The underlying mechanisms of GM on human diseases are incredibly complicated. This review focuses on the regulation and mechanism of GM on neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases and gastrointestinal diseases, thus providing a potential target for the prevention and treatment of disease.
Organizational Level Responses to the COVID-19 Outbreak: Challenges, Strategies and Framework for Academic Institutions
Authors: Biswakarma Jagannath , Rushworth Danielle , Srivastava Gitika , Singh Gagandeep , Kang Kyounglim , Das Subhasish , Anantharaman Surendra Babu , Aeppli Meret , Popp Andrea L. , Bhuyan Deep Jyoti
Published: March 2021

The outbreak of the novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)–CoV-2, has gained unprecedented global attention. SARS-CoV-2, which causes the newly described coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has affected millions of people and led to over 1.9 million deaths worldwide by the beginning of January 2021. Several governments have opted for lockdown as one of the measures to combat the rapidly increasing number of COVID-19 cases. Academic institutions (i.e., universities, colleges, research centers and national laboratories), which are home to thousands of students, researchers, technicians, and administrative staff, have strictly followed government regulations. Due to the lockdown, the majority of academics have been facing various challenges, especially in transitioning from classroom to remote teaching and conducting research activities from a home office. This article from an early-career researchers’ perspective addresses the common challenges that academic institutions have encountered and possible strategies they have adopted to mitigate those challenges at the individual organizational level. Furthermore, we propose a framework to facilitate the handling of such crisis in any near future at the organizational level. We hope academics, policymakers and (non) government organizations across the globe will find this perspective a call to better improve the overall infrastructure of academic institutions.
The Antitumor Peptide ERα17p Exerts Anti-Hyperalgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Actions Through GPER in Mice
Authors: Mallet Christophe , Boudieu Ludivine , Lamoine Sylvain , Coudert Catherine , Jacquot Yves , Eschalier Alain
Published: March 2021

Persistent inflammation and persistent pain are major medical, social and economic burdens. As such, related pharmacotherapy needs to be continuously improved. The peptide ERα17p, which originates from a part of the hinge region/AF2 domain of the human estrogen receptor α (ERα), exerts anti-proliferative effects in breast cancer cells through a mechanism involving the hepta-transmembrane G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER). It is able to decrease the size of xenografted human breast tumors, in mice. As GPER has been reported to participate in pain and inflammation, we were interested in exploring the potential of ERα17p in this respect. We observed that the peptide promoted anti-hyperalgesic effects from 2.5 mg/kg in a chronic mice model of paw inflammation induced by the pro-inflammatory complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA). This action was abrogated by the specific GPER antagonist G-15, leading to the conclusion that a GPER-dependent mechanism was involved. A systemic administration of a Cy5-labeled version of the peptide allowed its detection in both, the spinal cord and brain. However, ERα17p-induced anti-hyperalgesia was detected at the supraspinal level, exclusively. In the second part of the study, we have assessed the anti-inflammatory action of ERα17p in mice using a carrageenan-evoked hind-paw inflammation model. A systemic administration of ERα17p at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg was responsible for reduced paw swelling. Overall, our work strongly suggests that GPER inverse agonists, including ERα17p, could be used to control hyperalgesia and inflammation.
Androgen and Luteinizing Hormone Stimulate the Function of Rat Immature Leydig Cells Through Different Transcription Signals
Authors: Li Xiaoheng , Zhu Qiqi , Wen Zina , Yuan Kaimin , Su Zhijian , Wang Yiyan , Zhong Ying , Ge Ren-Shan
Published: March 2021

The function of immature Leydig cells is regulated by hormones, such as androgen and luteinizing hormone (LH). However, the regulation of this process is still unclear. The objective of this study was to determine whether luteinizing hormone (LH) or androgens contribute to this process. Immature Leydig cells were purified from 35-day-old male Sprague Dawley rats and cultured with LH (1 ng/ml) or androgen (7α-methyl-19- nortestosterone, MENT, 100 nM) for 2 days. LH or MENT treatment significantly increased the androgens produced by immature Leydig cells in rats. Microarray and qPCR and enzymatic tests showed that LH up-regulated the expression of Scarb1, Cyp11a1, Cyp17a1, and Srd5a1 while down-regulated the expression of Sult2a1 and Akr1c14. On the contrary, the expression of Cyp17a1 was up-regulated by MENT. LH and MENT regulate Leydig cell function through different sets of transcription factors. We conclude that LH and androgens participate in the regulation of rat immature Leydig cell function through different transcriptional pathways.
The Applicability of Big Data in Climate Change Research: The Importance of System of Systems Thinking
Authors: Sebestyén Viktor , Czvetkó Tímea , Abonyi János
Published: March 2021

The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the interrelationship between data science and climate studies, as well as describes how sustainability climate issues can be managed using the Big Data tools. Climate-related Big Data articles are analyzed and categorized, which revealed the increasing number of applications of data-driven solutions in specific areas, however, broad integrative analyses are gaining less of a focus. Our major objective is to highlight the potential in the System of Systems (SoS) theorem, as the synergies between diverse disciplines and research ideas must be explored to gain a comprehensive overview of the issue. Data and systems science enables a large amount of heterogeneous data to be integrated and simulation models developed, while considering socio-environmental interrelations in parallel. The improved knowledge integration offered by the System of Systems thinking or climate computing has been demonstrated by analysing the possible inter-linkages of the latest Big Data application papers. The analysis highlights how data and models focusing on the specific areas of sustainability can be bridged to study the complex problems of climate change.
Activity and Ranging Behavior of Leopard Cats (Prionailurus bengalensis) in an Oil Palm Landscape
Authors: Silmi Muhammad , Putra Kharisma , Amran Ali , Huda Mahfud , Fanani Aldino Fauzil , Galdikas Birute Mary , Anggara S Prima , Traeholt Carl
Published: March 2021

The leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) is the most widespread feline in Asia. It has been recorded in a range of habitats, including monoculture landscapes, such as oil palm plantations. Here, we report on a study on the presence, home range, activity patterns and diet of the species in an oil palm landscape to assess their viability as biological pest controller of rats. The study took place in United Plantations/PT SSS estate in Central Kalimantan, Borneo, Indonesia. From July 2014 to March 2018, we captured 11 leopard cats in purpose-built cage-traps and fitted them with VHF radio-transmitters. They were tracked for a 44 months study period, during which we collected a total of 2.031 GPS locations used for estimating the respective cats’ activities and home-ranges. The cats are strictly nocturnal and prefer to hide and rest in thick bush, primarily consisting of sword-fern (Nephrolepis sp.) during day-time, but forage both on the ground and in the palm canopy at night. The average home range (95% FK) for male leopard cats is 1.47 km2 (n = 7; SD = 0.62 km2) with slightly smaller home range for females at 1.29 km2 (n = 4; SD = 0.28 km2). All individuals studied were recorded strictly within the oil palm plantation landscape, although mangrove forest habitat makes up 7% of the greater plantation landscape. In conclusion, leopard cats survive and reproduce well in oil palm habitats and are effective biological controllers of rats that can replace the traditionally used expensive and environmentally polluting chemical rat poisons.
Mendelian Randomization With Refined Instrumental Variables From Genetic Score Improves Accuracy and Reduces Bias
Authors: Lin Lijuan , Zhang Ruyang , Huang Hui , Zhu Ying , Li Yi , Dong Xuesi , Shen Sipeng , Wei Liangmin , Chen Xin , Christiani David C. , Wei Yongyue , Chen Feng
Published: March 2021

Mendelian randomization (MR) can estimate the causal effect for a risk factor on a complex disease using genetic variants as instrument variables (IVs). A variety of generalized MR methods have been proposed to integrate results arising from multiple IVs in order to increase power. One of the methods constructs the genetic score (GS) by a linear combination of the multiple IVs using the multiple regression model, which was applied in medical researches broadly. However, GS-based MR requires individual-level data, which greatly limit its application in clinical research. We propose an alternative method called Mendelian Randomization with Refined Instrumental Variable from Genetic Score (MR-RIVER) to construct a genetic IV by integrating multiple genetic variants based on summarized results, rather than individual data. Compared with inverse-variance weighted (IVW) and generalized summary-data-based Mendelian randomization (GSMR), MR-RIVER maintained the type I error, while possessing more statistical power than the competing methods. MR-RIVER also presented smaller biases and mean squared errors, compared to the IVW and GSMR. We further applied the proposed method to estimate the effects of blood metabolites on educational attainment, by integrating results from several publicly available resources. MR-RIVER provided robust results under different LD prune criteria and identified three metabolites associated with years of schooling and additional 15 metabolites with indirect mediation effects through butyrylcarnitine. MR-RIVER, which extends score-based MR to summarized results in lieu of individual data and incorporates multiple correlated IVs, provided a more accurate and powerful means for the discovery of novel risk factors.
Employees’ Views and Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications Assessment of Voluntary Workplace Genomic Testing
Authors: Sanghavi Kunal , Feero W. Gregory , Mathews Debra J. H. , Prince Anya E. R. , Price Lori Lyn , Liu Edison T. , Brothers Kyle B. , Roberts J. Scott , Lee Charles
Published: March 2021

Employers have begun to offer voluntary workplace genomic testing (wGT) as part of employee wellness benefit programs, but few empirical studies have examined the ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) of wGT. To better understand employee perspectives on wGT, employees were surveyed at a large biomedical research institution. Survey respondents were presented with three hypothetical scenarios for accessing health-related genomic testing: via (1) their doctor; (2) their workplace; and 3) a commercial direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing company. Overall, 594 employees (28%) responded to the survey. Respondents indicated a preference for genomic testing in the workplace setting (70%; 95% CI 66–74%), followed by doctor’s office (54%; 95% CI 50–58%), and DTC testing (20%; 95% CI 17–24%). Prior to participating in wGT, respondents wanted to know about confidentiality of test results (79%), existence of relevant laws and policies (70%), and privacy protection (64%). Across scenarios, 92% of respondents preferred to view the test results with a genetic counselor. These preliminary results suggest that many employees are interested and even prefer genetic testing in the workplace and would prefer testing with support from genetic health professionals. Confirmation in more diverse employer settings will be needed to generalize such findings.
An Omnibus Test for Detecting Multiple Phenotype Associations Based on GWAS Summary Level Data
Authors: Liu Wei , Guo Yunshan , Liu Zhonghua
Published: March 2021

Abundant Genome-wide association study (GWAS) findings have reflected the sharing of genetic variants among multiple phenotypes. Exploring the association between genetic variants and multiple traits can provide novel insights into the biological mechanism of complex human traits. In this article, we proposed to apply the generalized Berk-Jones (GBJ) test and the generalized higher criticism (GHC) test to identify the genetic variants that affect multiple traits based on GWAS summary statistics. To be more robust to different gene-multiple traits association patterns across the whole genome, we proposed an omnibus test (OMNI) by using the aggregated Cauchy association test. We conducted extensive simulation studies to investigate the type one error rates and compare the powers of the proposed tests (i.e., the GBJ, GHC and OMNI tests) and the existing tests (i.e., the minimum of the p-values (MinP) and the cross-phenotype association test (CPASSOC) in a wide range of simulation settings. We found that all of these methods could control the type one error rates well and the proposed OMNI test has robust power. We applied those methods to the summary statistics dataset from Global Lipids Genetics Consortium and identified 19 new genetic variants that were missed by the original single trait association analysis.
Quality of Maternal Death Documentation in Afghanistan: A Retrospective Health Facility Record Review
Authors: Maruf Farzana , Tappis Hannah , Stekelenburg Jelle , van den Akker Thomas
Published: March 2021

Objectives: To assess the quality of health facility documentation related to maternal deaths at health facilities in Afghanistan.

Methods: Analysis of a subset of findings from the 2016 National Maternal and Newborn Health Quality of Care Assessment in Afghanistan. At each facility, maternity registers were reviewed to obtain data related to maternity caseload, and number and causes of maternal deaths in the year preceding the survey. Detailed chart reviews were conducted for up to three maternal deaths per facility. Analyses included completeness of charts, quality of documentation, and cause of death using WHO application of International Statistical Classification of Disease to deaths during pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium.

Key findings: Only 129/226 (57%) of facilities had mortality registers available for review on the day of assessment and 41/226 (18%) had charts documenting maternal deaths during the previous year. We reviewed 68 maternal death cases from the 41 facilities. Cause of death was not recorded in nearly half of maternal death cases reviewed. Information regarding mode of birth was missing in over half of the charts, and one third did not capture gestational age at time of death. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and obstetric hemorrhage were the most common direct causes of death, followed by maternal sepsis and unanticipated complications of clinical management including anesthesia-related complications. Documented indirect causes of maternal deaths were anemia, cardiac arrest, kidney and hepatic failure. Charts revealed at least eight maternal deaths from indirect causes that were not captured in register books, indicating omission or misclassification of registered deaths.

Conclusion: Considerable gaps in quality of recordkeeping exist in Afghanistan, including underreporting, misclassification and incompleteness. This hampers efforts to improve quality of maternal and newborn health data and priority setting.
Complex Interplay Between MAZR and Runx3 Regulates the Generation of Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte and Memory T Cells
Authors: Gülich Alexandra Franziska , Rica Ramona , Tizian Caroline , Viczenczova Csilla , Khamina Kseniya , Faux Thomas , Hainberger Daniela , Penz Thomas , Bosselut Remy , Bock Christoph , Laiho Asta , Elo Laura L. , Bergthaler Andreas , Ellmeier Wilfried , Sakaguchi Shinya
Published: March 2021

The BTB zinc finger transcription factor MAZR (also known as PATZ1) controls, partially in synergy with the transcription factor Runx3, the development of CD8 lineage T cells. Here we explored the role of MAZR as well as combined activities of MAZR/Runx3 during cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and memory CD8+ T cell differentiation. In contrast to the essential role of Runx3 for CTL effector function, the deletion of MAZR had a mild effect on the generation of CTLs in vitro. However, a transcriptome analysis demonstrated that the combined deletion of MAZR and Runx3 resulted in much more widespread downregulation of CTL signature genes compared to single Runx3 deletion, indicating that MAZR partially compensates for loss of Runx3 in CTLs. Moreover, in line with the findings made in vitro, the analysis of CTL responses to LCMV infection revealed that MAZR and Runx3 cooperatively regulate the expression of CD8α, Granzyme B and perforin in vivo. Interestingly, while memory T cell differentiation is severely impaired in Runx3-deficient mice, the deletion of MAZR leads to an enlargement of the long-lived memory subset and also partially restored the differentiation defect caused by loss of Runx3. This indicates distinct functions of MAZR and Runx3 in the generation of memory T cell subsets, which is in contrast to their cooperative roles in CTLs. Together, our study demonstrates complex interplay between MAZR and Runx3 during CTL and memory T cell differentiation, and provides further insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the establishment of CTL and memory T cell pools.
Dengue Virus Envelope Protein Domain III Induces Nlrp3 Inflammasome-Dependent NETosis-Mediated Inflammation in Mice
Authors: Lien Te-Sheng , Sun Der-Shan , Hung Shih-Che , Wu Wen-Sheng , Chang Hsin-Hou
Published: March 2021

Abnormal immune responses and cytokine storm are involved in the development of severe dengue, a life-threatening disease with high mortality. Dengue virus-induced neutrophil NETosis response is associated with cytokine storm; while the role of viral factors on the elicitation of excessive inflammation mains unclear. Here we found that treatments of dengue virus envelope protein domain III (EIII), cellular binding moiety of virion, is sufficient to induce neutrophil NETosis processes in vitro and in vivo. Challenges of EIII in inflammasome Nlrp3−/− and Casp1−/− mutant mice resulted in less inflammation and NETosis responses, as compared to the wild type controls. Blockages of EIII-neutrophil interaction using cell-binding competitive inhibitor or selective Nlrp3 inflammasome inhibitors OLT1177 and Z-WHED-FMK can suppress EIII-induced NETosis response. These results collectively suggest that Nlrp3 inflammsome is a molecular target for treating dengue-elicited inflammatory pathogenesis.
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Ameliorates Experimental Allergic Airway Inflammation via Activation of ICOS+Tregs and Inhibition of Th2 Response
Authors: Pang Wenhui , Jiang Yan , Li Aifeng , Zhang Jisheng , Chen Min , Hu Li , Li Zhiyuan , Wang Dehui
Published: March 2021

Inhibition of allergic airway diseases (AAD) by immunomodulation of the adaptive immune system through restoration of the enteric dysbiosis is an emerging therapeutic strategy. Patients with allergic rhinitis (n = 6) and healthy controls (n = 6) were enrolled, and gut microbiome composition analysis was performed by 16S rDNA sequencing. We also established an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic airway inflammation murine model. Dysbiosis of the gut flora was observed in both AAD patients and the mice, with the decrease of the biodiversity and the quantity of the Bacteroidetes phylum. Oral application of Bacteroides (B.) thetaiotaomicron ameliorated the symptoms of OVA-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and attenuated the airway inflammation in mice. In addition, nasal lavage fluid (NALF) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from AAD mice orally administered with B. thetaiotaomicron showed reduced numbers of immune cells, and diminished secretion of T helper (Th)-2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) compared with the corresponding control mice, whereas the levels of Th1 cytokineIFN-γ was not changed in both the groups. When B. thetaiotaomicron was co-administered with metronidazole in AAD mice, the immunomodulatory effect was weakened and the allergic inflammatory response was aggravated. The ratios of CD4+Foxp3+ cells, CD4+ICOS+ T cells, CD4+ICOS+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, and IL-10-expressing CD4+Foxp3+ cells were increased in lymphocytes of spleen, mesenteric, and cervical lymph nodes of AAD mice administrated with B. thetaiotaomicron. Therefore, our data indicate that oral administration of B. thetaiotaomicron effectively inhibited the development of AAD in murine model; inhibition was mediated by the activation of Tregs and inhibition of Th2 response without promoting a Th1 response.