bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COMPACT MUTANTS OF APPLE INDUCED BY IONIZING RADIATION
Authors: Lapins K.
Published: March 2010

Mutations of compact habit of growth were induced in selected apple varieties by acute irradiation with gamma rays from a Co60 source at doses ranging from 3750 rad to 7500 rad. The rate of mutation was high. In trees of the McIntosh variety, repropagated from irradiated material, the percentage of total vegetative (tree or leaf) mutants was 9.8 and the percentage of compact mutants 5.2. The compact mutants were characterized by shortened internodes and reduced tree size. Various degrees of growth reduction were induced by the radiation treatment. Most of the compact mutants produced fruit of an undesirable shape, often flattened, irregular, and grooved. However, mutants were selected which combined the desirable compact growth habit with fruit that was characteristic of the variety.
THE HARDINESS OF PROGENY FROM RECIPROCAL MALUS CROSSES
Authors: Harris R. E.
Published: March 2010

Electrolytic conductivity and field injury of four reciprocal Malus crosses showed that the mean hardiness of the progeny in which the hardier variety was the maternal parent was greater than that of the progeny of the reciprocal cross.
THE PERFORMANCE OF A PORTABLE TEMPERATURE RECORDER FOR FIELD EXPERIMENTS
Authors: Voisey Peter W. , MacDonald D. C. , Hansen H.
Published: March 2010

not available
INHERITANCE OF RESISTANCE TO ROOT ROT AND SEEDLING BLIGHT OF BARLEY CAUSED BY HELMINTHOSPORIUM SATIVUM
Authors: Loiselle R.
Published: March 2010

The inheritance of resistance to an Ottawa isolate of H. sativum was studied in two varieties of barley, Anoidium and Br. 3962-4, resistant to the root rot and seedling blight phase of the disease. Anoidium and Br. 3962-4 each possess two dominant genes for resistance. The genes in Anoidium are allelic or closely linked with those of Br. 3962-4. No linkage was detected between the gene for awn character in linkage group 7 and the genes for resistance.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FORAGE LICHENS FROM NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN AS RELATED TO USE BY BARREN-GROUND CARIBOU
Authors: Scotter George W.
Published: March 2010

As part of a study stimulated by the decline in numbers of the barren-ground caribou in Northern Canada, the quality of their winter forage plants was studied. Twenty-five lichens and eight vascular plants, comprising the important forage species on the winter range of the animals, were collected in June, September, and March. They were analyzed for crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, ash, calcium, and phosphorus.In general, lichens were found to be low in protein, calcium, and phosphorus in relation to the estimated nutrient requirements of the caribou. They do however appear to supply a major part of the energy needs of this species. An attempt has been made to list the groups of lichen species studied in the order of animal preference. Seasonal fluctuations in chemical composition are indicated.
REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERS IN LINSEED AS AFFECTED BY DIFFERENT LEVELS OF NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, AND pH
Authors: Sinha S. K. , Saxena S. S.
Published: March 2010

The influence of varying levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and pH on the reproductive characters of flax (Linum usitatissimum) grown m sand cultures was investigated. The fertility of the plants was calculated by taking total ovule number and seeds produced into consideration. The results indicate that heavy application of nitrogen, and to a lesser extent phosphorus, enhanced the formation of flower buds but curtailed the development of flowers and fruits. Fertility level was reduced accordingly.Optimum hydrogen ion concentration for bud, flower, and fruit formation occurred at pH 6. Fertility level was not significantly affected by the pH range. The influence of pH seems to be related to the uptake of nitrogen.
RESISTANCE TO POWDERY MILDEW IN PERENNIAL PHLOX
Authors: Thompson H. S. , Svejda F. J.
Published: March 2010

Forty-nine cultivars of perennial phlox, Phlox paniculata L., grown in a field plot at Ottawa were compared for resistance to powdery mildew in 1961, 1962, and 1963. None of the cultivars was immune. A seedling, designated by the number 60–75, showed field resistance to mildew that was significantly better than the other cultivars for 3 years but subsequently became susceptible. A second cultivar, Pyramid White, initially showed field resistance to powdery mildew but it became susceptible to the disease more quickly than 60–75. Results obtained under the conditions of our experiments suggested that first-year plants were more resistant to powdery mildew than plants of the same cultivars that were at least 3 years old. In breeding for resistance, only a few seeds from crosses germinated but one apparently resistant seedling was obtained. However, this seedling subsequently became susceptible.
A COMPARISON OF UNGRAZED AND LIGHTLY GRAZED STIPA–BOUTELOUA PRAIRIE IN SOUTHEASTERN ALBERTA
Authors: Smoliak S.
Published: March 2010

A comparison of ungrazed and lightly grazed Stipa–Bouteloua prairie was made at Manyberries, Alberta. Basal area of the vegetative cover; yields of green grasses and sedges, green forbs and shrubs, fresh mulch, humic mulch; and amounts of underground plant material were determined. Leaf height and basal diameter of Stipa comata were also measured.Protection from grazing favored a Stipa–Bouteloua type of cover that produced greater amounts of dry matter of surficial and underground plant material. Light grazing resulted in a Bouteloua–Stipa type of cover that was less productive. Stipa comata plants on lightly grazed sites were shorter than those on protected sites.Light grazing had an ecological influence upon plant composition that favored the short-grasses over the mid-grasses. Favorable climatic conditions, also, influenced secondary ecological succession.
ESTIMATION OF LATENT EVAPORATION FROM SIMPLE WEATHER OBSERVATIONS
Authors: Baier W. , Robertson Geo. W.
Published: March 2010

A technique for estimating daily latent evaporation from simple meteorological observations and astronomical data readily available from tables has been presented. From climatological records taken at six agricultural research establishments across Canada during 5 years, multiple regression equations were evolved to estimate daily latent evaporation from three to six variables. With observations of only maximum and minimum temperature available and extra terrestrial radiation from tables, the correlation coefficient with latent evaporation was highly significant (r = 0.68). The inclusion of any one or two of the variables solar energy, vapor pressure deficit, and wind resulted in correlation coefficients ranging from 0.75 to 0.81. With all six variables involved (r = 0.84) 70% of the variations of latent evaporation could be explained by variations of the meteorological parameters. The reliability of the estimates could be further improved if daily values of estimated latent evaporation were accumulated over a period of up to 16 days depending on the method employed.
CHANGES IN THE SPORE POPULATION OF COCHLIOBOLUS SATIVUS IN SASKATCHEWAN WHEAT FIELDS
Authors: Chinn S. H. F.
Published: March 2010

Spore population of Cochliobolus sativus in 25 fields seeded to wheat and 23 fields under fallow were observed at intervals in 1960 and once in April 1961. In the seeded fields the spore population decreased slightly from April to July and, with two exceptions, increased sharply about August 12 when the crop was nearly ripe. The populations of most of these fields reached their maximum at this time; they ranged from 36 to 1190 and averaged 275 viable spores per gram of soil. The counts dropped to 209 in October and 145 in April 1961. Spore populations declined under summerfallow but not to the point of extinction. In representative fields the population decreased from an average of 70 spores per gram of soil in May 1960 to 52 in October, and then to 36 in April 1961. However, in three non-representative fields, where an unusually large number of volunteer wheat plants were present, the population increased as in the seeded fields.
ACADIA STRAWBERRY
Authors: Craig D. L. , Aalders L. E.
Published: March 2010

not available
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION BY IRRIGATED ALFALFA AS RELATED TO SEASON AND GROWTH STAGE
Authors: Krogman K. K. , Hobbs E. H.
Published: March 2010

The results of a plot experiment wherein three levels of irrigation were applied during three successive summers showed that the average daily rates of evapotranspiration by alfalfa ranged from 0.05 to 0.36 in. per day. The maximum evapotranspiration rate was associated with complete ground cover and at this stage equalled potential evapotranspiration. Except for early in the season the conversion factor for estimating evapotranspiration from evaporation for irrigation scheduling by the budget method or soil moisture balance sheet should approximate the potential evapotranspiration–evaporation ratio.
A FORCED-WARM-AIR CURING SYSTEM FOR BURLEY TOBACCO
Authors: Scott W. A.
Published: March 2010

A forced-warm-air system to prevent high humidity in Burley tobacco barns was built and tested. The system utilizes a small modified commercial crop dryer and an air-duct system constructed of light plywood and inflatable perforated polythene tubing. It effectively maintained the required humidity in wet weather. Building plans and operating instructions will be published separately.
SEEDLING INOCULATION STUDIES WITH THE ALFALFA STEM NEMATODE
Authors: Hanna M. R. , Hawn E. J.
Published: March 2010

Inoculation tests were carried out to assess the importance of stage of seedling development, variety, inoculum concentration, inoculum carrier, and light treatment on infestation of stem nematodes, Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn), in alfalfa seedlings. Inoculation was less effective after the appearance of the unifoliolate leaf. Infestation of the shoot apex was lower in the resistant variety Lahontan than in the susceptible variety Grimm. Inoculum concentration was not a critical factor in screening tests. Carboxymethyl cellulose as an inoculum carrier resulted in high levels of infestation in cotyledons providing the seedlings were exposed to an alternating light-dark or continuous light schedule. Very little cotyledon infection occurred when seedlings were kept in darkness, presumably because the stomata remained closed. Neither inoculum carrier nor light variations influenced infestation in the shoot apex region. Improved screening techniques in the breeding program at Lethbridge have resulted from some of these findings.
THE RELATIVE RESISTANCE OF VARIOUS FRAGARIA CHILOENSIS CLONES TO PHYTOPHTHORA FRAGARIAE
Authors: Daubeny Hugh A. , Pepin H. S.
Published: March 2010

Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Duchesne clones collected from various locations in California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia were screened for relative resistance to a composite of races of Phytophthora fragariae Hickman, the causal organism of the red stele disease of strawberry. Of 88 clones screened, 25 showed greater resistance than any of the cultivars which have been used in breeding for red stele resistance.
INFLUENCE OF RATE OF Sr90 ADDED TO SOIL AT DIFFERENT PHOSPHATE LEVELS ON THE CONCENTRATION OF Sr90 IN PLANTS
Authors: Evans E. J. , Dekker A. J.
Published: March 2010

In a greenhouse experiment designed to show the effects of monocalcium phosphate and rate of Sr90 added to soil on the concentration of Sr90 in oats and alfalfa, a reduction in Sr90 concentration in oats of about 50% was effected on Grenville soil by the addition of 0.546 g P per [Formula: see text] soil. It is believed that the reduction was caused partly by the effect of calcium in the fertilizer and partly by the dilution caused by a very large increase in yield from the application of the fertilizer. Similar reductions in Sr90 concentration were not found for alfalfa. A wetting and drying pretreatment of the soil caused slight decreases in Sr90 concentration in alfalfa but not in oats compared with samples which received no pretreatment, indicating that the phosphate fixed some Sr90. In one series of treatments Sr90 was added to the soils in doses ranging 1000-fold in concentration. The concentration of Sr90 in oats and alfalfa was generally proportional to applied dose, although it was found in some instances to be proportionately higher at the lowest dose added to soil.
FRONTIER, A NEW VARIETY OF WINTER RYE
Authors: McBean D. S.
Published: March 2010

not available
THE CIGAR FILLER TOBACCO VARIETY OTTAWA 705
Authors: White F. H. , Richard J.
Published: March 2010

not available
VARIABILITY OF CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS IN AN ALFALFA POPULATION
Authors: Heinrichs D. H. , Troelsen J. E.
Published: March 2010

The variability of crude protein, crude fiber, hexosans, pentosans, ether extract, and ash was studied in 100 alfalfa plants selected from a segregating population between intercrosses of Medicago sativa L. and M. falcata L. It was found that plant types as classified by visual judgment were unreliable indicators of chemical constituents in plants. Frequency distributions showed that variability among the 100 plants was large for all six chemical constituents in both leaves and stems. There was no significant correlation between leaves and stems for crude protein, crude fiber, ether extract, and ash, but there was a slight positive relationship for hexosans and pentosans. Crude protein and crude fiber content, while giving a correlation coefficient of −.983 in the leaves, gave only −.446 in the stems. Crude protein and hexosan content were negatively correlated in the leaves but not in the stems.
DAMAGE TO WHEAT BY SAY STINK BUG, CHLOROCHROA SAYI
Authors: Jacobson L. A.
Published: March 2010

Wheat grown in a growth chamber was infested at various stages of growth with adults of Say stink bug, Chlorochroa sayi Stål (Hemiptera:Pentatomidae). Feeding during the boot stage stunted the plants, and feeding just before heading reduced the numbers of kernels in the heads. Damage after heading varied directly with duration of feeding and numbers of insects but inversely with development of the kernels. Damage consisted of reduced numbers of kernels per head, lowered mean weights of kernels, or discolored kernels. Yield was reduced by more than 75% when wheat was fed upon just before, or 5 days after, the heads emerged. When the feeding occurred in the dough stage, damage was slight.
COLDHARDINESS OF SWEET CHERRIES AS DETERMINED BY ARTIFICIAL FREEZING TESTS
Authors: Lapins K.
Published: March 2010

One-year-old shoots of 100 selected cherries representing the species Prunus avium (94 selections), P. fontanesiana, P. gondouini, and P. mahaleb were frozen at −35 °C, then forced in a growth chamber for 3 weeks, and visually examined for cold damage and recovery.The response of the better-known cultivars and species corresponded to their known hardiness. The hardiest seven cultivars or species included all six representatives of the species other than P. avium and one sweet cherry, the U.S. Department of Agriculture introduction Glenn Dale No. 6. The recorded differences in hardiness between sweet cherry cultivars were larger than expected. Certain numbered seedling selections were relatively hardy and may constitute a valuable source of breeding material.Bark, cambium, wood, supplemental buds, and primary leaf buds were examined for cold damage and recovery. Damage to primary leaf buds proved the most useful criterion for determining hardiness of cherry cultivars.
YIELD AND QUALITY OF GREENHOUSE-GROWN BETZES BARLEY AS AFFECTED BY WATER AND FERTILIZERS
Authors: Dubetz S. , Wells S. A.
Published: March 2010

The yield of Betzes barley grown in a greenhouse on a Cavendish loamy sand increased as levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and soil moisture increased. Fifty pounds of nitrogen per acre increased yield at all levels of phosphorus and water, but heavier applications of nitrogen were effective only with high levels of the other two factors. Yield responses were due primarily to increased tillering. Protein content of the grain increased when the plants were subjected to a matric suction of 0.45 bar. Protein content also increased with each succeeding level of nitrogen up to 150 lb per acre. Fifty pounds of phosphorus reduced protein content but heavier applications had no further effect. The ratio of water used to grain produced was reduced with each additional level of each factor. In this experiment 50 lb of nitrogen and 150 lb of phosphorus provided optimum yield and acceptable protein content.
HIGH-TEMPERATURE DRYING OF ALFALFA STEMS
Authors: Bilanski W. K. , Lee J. H. A. , Halyk R. M.
Published: March 2010

Experiments were conducted to determine the feasibility of using high-temperature air to dry alfalfa. Stem segments were exposed to heated air between 95° and 865 °C. The effects of temperature, exposure time, initial moisture content, and the interactions of these variables were observed. It was found that alfalfa stems could be dried rapidly in air heated up to 865 °C without visible damage provided that exposure time was limited. The danger of charring increased notably as air temperature was increased above 315 °C. Drying could be rapidly achieved at the highest temperatures but could not be completed because of charring; air temperature must be lowered to about 250 °C in order to dry the alfalfa to moisture levels safe for common storage. Regression equations and graphs have been developed to aid in predicting the rate of drying. In vitro digestibility tests showed that dry-matter digestibility was not affected by exposure to high temperatures.
EFFECT OF SEVERAL HERBICIDES ON GERMINATION, SURVIVAL, AND EARLY GROWTH OF CARAGANA AND ON WEEDS
Authors: Grover R.
Published: March 2010

Several pre-emergence herbicides were tested, both in the greenhouse and in the field, for tolerance to germinating and 1-year-old seedlings of caragana (Caragana arborescens Lam.) and for effectiveness in controlling weeds.Dinoseb (4,6-dinitro-o-sec-butylphenol) and its alkanolamine salt at 8 lb/ac, trifluralin (alpha, alpha, alpha-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) at 4 to 6 lb/ac, DCPA (dimethyl 2,3,5,6-tetrachloroterephthalate) at 15 lb/ac, swep (methyl 3,4-dichlorocarbanilate) at 6 to 9 lb/ac, and Tenoran (N-4-(p-chlorophenoxy)-phenyl-1,1-dimethylurea) at 6 lb/ac gave satisfactory weed control with no injury to germinating caragana seedlings. Liquid formulations of dinoseb or dinoseb-amine were more effective than the granular dinoseb formulation at rates of 8 lb/ac or less. Mixtures of dinoseb, trifluralin, and DCPA were also effective and these may be used where a wider weed species spectrum is encountered.Trifluralin at 6 lb/ac and mixtures of granular dinoseb at 8 to 12 lb/ac with DCPA at 10 lb/ac also provided satisfactory weed control with no injury to 1-year-old caragana seedlings.In the greenhouse tests, pre-emergence applications of trifluralin, diphenamid (N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide), swep, DCPA, and DMPA (Q-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) O-methyl isopropylphosphoramidothioate) did not retard the germination of weed seeds, but the young weed seedlings were either killed or retarded in growth as the experiments progressed. On the other hand, linuron (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea), dichlobenil (2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile), and dinoseb affected the emergence of weed seedlings. The weeds surviving the dinoseb treatment grew well. Hand-weeding stimulated the germination of more weed seeds.
COMPARISON OF APPARATUS FOR WEEKLY MEASUREMENT OF EVAPORATION
Authors: Smith A. D. , Mikkelsen T. T. , Walker P. H.
Published: March 2010

not available
THE USE OF SIMAZINE AND ITS EFFECT ON THE YIELD AND LABOR TIME REQUIRED TO WEED STRAWBERRIES
Authors: Leefe J. S.
Published: March 2010

In a 2-year trial simazine at 2 lb/acre following plant establishment reduced the labor time required to weed strawberries without reducing yield. A second application of 2 lb/acre did not affect crop yield but while it resulted in a lower weed population in the crop year did not further reduce labor time. Three applications of 2 lb/acre caused a severe yield reduction in one year of the test.
SIMAZINE FOR WEED CONTROL IN STRAWBERRIES IN EASTERN CANADA
Authors: Collins W. B. , Everett C. F.
Published: March 2010

In a planting of Cavalier, Redcoat, and Sparkle strawberries, simazine and diphenamid were the most effective herbicides. Simazine was studied in detail in a second trial on the variety Sparkle. Four times and three rates of application, and two formulations of the herbicides, were compared. Applications at 1 lb or more per acre were effective for weed control, bur at these rates caution in application was required to avoid crop injury and reduced yields. Best results were obtained when application of simazine was delayed until 6 weeks or later after planting. Two sprays or two granular applications at 0.5 lb each, applied 6 weeks apart with the first application 6 weeks after planting, were very effective. Single applications of the granular form showed considerable promise for safe use at rates as high as 1.5 lb per acre.
MAGNETISM AND PLANT GROWTH: III. EFFECT ON GERMINATION AND EARLY GROWTH OF CORN AND BEANS
Authors: Pittman U. J.
Published: March 2010

Speed of germination and seedling growth of corn Zea mays L. and beans Phaseolus vulgaris L. were affected by pregermination exposure of the dry seed to an introduced magnetic field. Seed orientation and duration of pregermination exposure as well as temperature and seed orientation during germination affected total visible seedling growth. An endogenous, non-circadian growth response is indicated.
PEA APHID CONTROL AND DI-SYSTON RESIDUES IN GREENHOUSE PEAS AS AFFECTED BY RATES OF APPLICATION, SOIL TYPE, AND SOIL MOISTURE
Authors: Specht H. B. , Chisholm D.
Published: March 2010

Furrow applications of Di-syston (O,O-diethyl S-2- (ethylthio)ethyl phosphorodithioate) for control of pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), on peas under greenhouse conditions showed that the Di-syston content of the plants reflected the application rates; absorption of Di-syston by the plants was greater on sandy loam than on clay loam; concentrations of Di-syston tended to be highest in the basal third of the pea vines and progressively lower in the middle and top thirds of the plants; slight phytotoxicity occurred on the lower leaves at 4 and 32 lb per acre (4.48 and 35.87 kg/ha) of toxicant but yields were not affected; soil moisture did not affect the uptake of Di-syston in the plant. Differences in uptake may be attributed to differences in the base exchange capacity of the soils.
INHERITANCE OF SAWFLY REACTION AND STEM SOLIDNESS IN SPRING WHEAT CROSSES: STEM SOLIDNESS
Authors: McKenzie Hugh
Published: March 2010

Inheritance of stem solidness was studied in populations of F3 and B2 lines from the Red Bobs × C.T. 715 and Redman × S-615 (Triticum aestivum L.) crosses and backcrosses. The data supported the hypothesis that the varieties in each cross differed by four genes for stem solidness. In both crosses, one gene exerted a major influence in that its allele for hollowness in the homozygous condition was epistatic to the other three genes. The other three genes within each cross were similar in their influence on solidness. Between the two crosses, corresponding genes differed in some degree.Genetic analyses and correlation coefficients both revealed a close association between sawfly resistance and stem solidness in the Red Bobs × C.T. 715 cross indicating that the stem solidness character was largely responsible for conditioning the degree of sawfly reaction in a plant.In both crosses, a weak negative correlation was found between stem solidness and height. Stem solidness was not associated with bunt (race T-2) reaction, glume color, awn type, or heading date.
EVIDENCE IN SUPPORT OF REDUCED FRUIT SET IN LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY BY POLLEN INCOMPATIBILITY
Authors: Wood G. W.
Published: March 2010

not available
POTATO VARIETAL TOLERANCE TO MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY
Authors: Ouellette G. J.
Published: March 2010

not available
AUTOMATIC DRIP-WATERING SYSTEMS FOR INDUCING INFECTION OF POTTED PLANTS BY ROOT ROT PHYTOPHTHORA SPECIES
Authors: Atkinson R. G.
Published: March 2010

not available
CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER BY FORAGE CROPS IN THE UPPER KOOTENAY RIVER VALLEY
Authors: Krogman K. K. , Lutwick L. E.
Published: March 2010

Consumptive use of water for alfalfa and grass was determined on Saha silt loam, a major soil of the upper Kootenay River Valley in British Columbia. Four irrigation levels, based on 0.42, 0.70, 0.83, and 1.00 times evaporation from a 4-foot buried evaporation pan, were employed. The average consumptive use of water at the highest yields obtained was 24 inches for alfalfa and 23 inches for pasture grass. Irrigation levels based on 0.83 to 1.00 times evaporation gave the highest yields.
A STUDY OF MOISTURE STORAGE AND NITRATE ACCUMULATION IN SOIL AS RELATED TO WHEAT YIELDS ON FOUR CROPPING SEQUENCES
Authors: Michalyna W. , Hedlin R. A.
Published: March 2010

On a clay soil at Winnipeg, Manitoba, at the University of Manitoba, four cropping sequences, namely: 1) fallow wheat; 2) fallow, wheat, wheat; 3) fallow, wheat, wheat, wheat; 4) wheat continuous have been under study since 1919. During the years 1956, 1957 and 1958 a detailed study of the relationship of wheat yields on these sequences to moisture consumption, nitrate accumulation, moisture storage and fertilizer use was undertaken. In general, yields were higher on fallowed than on non-fallowed plots. The higher yields on fallowed plots were, in part, related to nitrate accumulation during the fallow year. The yield differential between fallowed and non-fallowed plots was reduced by mineral fertilizer and manure treatments. Where no fertilizer was used the greatest wheat production in bushels per acre per year was on the fallow-wheat-wheat sequence. When fertilized or manured, the greatest production occurred on the wheat continuous plots.Rapid accumulation of moisture took place between harvest and the following spring. As a result, during years 1956, 1957 and 1958, there was only an average of 0.7 inches more available moisture to a 4-foot depth on fallow plots at seeding time than on plots which had been cropped the previous year.
THE INFLUENCE OF BASE SATURATION AND FERTILITY TREATMENTS ON YIELD AND CATION COMPOSITION OF CROPS GROWN ON TWO BRITISH COLUMBIA SOILS HIGH IN ORGANIC MATTER
Authors: Beaton J. D. , Gough Neville A. , Rowles C. A.
Published: March 2010

The influence of base saturation and fertility treatments on yield and cation composition of oats grown on two British Columbia soils high in organic matter was studied in the greenhouse. Increased base saturation significantly increased: the yield of oat forage on the Alouette soil (an organic soil), calcium uptake on both soils, magnesium content of oats grown on the Pitt soil, and tissue potassium with the Alouette soil.The yield decreased significantly when nitrogen was added to the Alouette soil. Nitrogen significantly increased tissue calcium on the Pitt soil. The magnesium and potassium content of oats was not influenced by nitrogen.With the Pitt soil there was a consistent (but not significant) trend showing that phosphorus increased yields. For the Alouette soil the interaction between phosphorus and base saturation significantly increased calcium absorption. Phosphorus tended to increase calcium uptake from both soils. Tissue magnesium increased significantly when phosphorus was added to the Pitt soil.There was a tendency (not significant) with both soils for yield to decrease as potassium was applied. When potassium was added to the Pitt soil there was a marked tendency for tissue magnesium to increase. A reverse trend occurred with the Alouette soil. Potassium fertilization of both soils significantly increased potassium absorption.
EFFICIENCY OF PHOSPHATIC FERTILIZERS OF VARYING WATER-SOLUBILITY
Authors: Hagin J. , Berkovits J.
Published: March 2010

Three fertilizers containing various amounts of citrate- and water-soluble phosphates were compared with superphosphate and rock phosphate in field and greenhouse experiments.Yield curves and equations were calculated and drawn and, from these, availability coefficients were calculated.The phosphate availability of the fertilizers was reduced as the relative amount of water-soluble phosphate they contained was reduced. However, in fertilizers that contained a relatively large amount of water-soluble phosphorus, the citrate-soluble fraction was partly available.
USE OF A SOIL CONDITIONER TO INCREASE THE PRECISION OF SOIL FERTILITY EXPERIMENTS
Authors: Doyle J. J. , MacLean A. A.
Published: March 2010

Five samples of soil used in a greenhouse study of residual phosphorus were treated with Krilium to eliminate differences in aggregate stability resulting from long-term differential fertilizer treatments.The improvement in physical condition resulted in increased precision of the residual phosphorus experiment. The increase in precision is attributed to increased yields of ladino clover, increased response of the crop to applied phosphorus, and a reduction in variability.
MINERALOGY OF THE QUEENS LOAM AND QUEENS CLAY LOAM SOILS OF EASTERN NEW BRUNSWICK
Authors: Reeder S. W. , Dion H. G. , McAllister A. L.
Published: March 2010

On the basis of petrographic examination of the sand fraction and the X-ray diffraction, differential thermal, electron microscope, ethylene glycol retention, base exchange capacity and fusion analyses of the clay fraction it was concluded that these soils were developed on similar parent materials, were derived from common geological formations, and have been subjected to similar weathering and development processes since time of deposition.
ALTERNATE FREEZING AND THAWING NOT A REQUIREMENT FOR FROST HEAVING IN SOILS
Authors: Penner E.
Published: March 2010

Field measurements of frost heaving beneath a cold storage plant and laboratory soil freezing experiments in "open" and "closed" systems support the view that both a freezing and thawing cycle are not required for frost heaving as has been suggested in a recent paper (2).
SUITABILITY FOR IRRIGATION OF A SOLONETZIC SOIL COMPLEX IN EAST-CENTRAL ALBERTA
Authors: Krogman K. K. , Milne R. A.
Published: March 2010

Soil samples were taken from the surface 6 inches, the 6- to 12-inch depth, and thereafter by 1 foot increments down to the 15-foot depth in Hemaruka (Brown Solodized-solonetz) and Halladay (Brown Solod) soils that had been used in an irrigated plot study. Analyses of the samples showed that the Hemaruka soil is a saline-alkali soil, the undesirable characteristics of which were aggravated by 6 years of irrigation. Yields of wheat, oats, and barley obtained in the plot study indicated the inferior productivity of the Hemaruka soil as compared with the Halladay soil. The Halladay soil is non-saline and non-alkali within the solum but has a dense saline-alkali subsoil similar to that of the Hemaruka soil. Inadequate internal drainage, as indicated by low disturbed hydraulic conductivity values, would make this soil complex unsuitable for irrigation.
NOTE ON THE VOLUME OF INFLUENCE OF A NEUTRON SURFACE MOISTURE PROBE
Authors: Vries J. de , King K. M.
Published: March 2010

not available
FIELD CAPACITY OF A SOIL AS AFFECTED BY PREVIOUS CULTURAL TREATMENT
Authors: Vries John de , Webber L. R.
Published: March 2010

Moisture retained after irrigation was determined gravimetrically and with a neutron surface moisture probe under four cultural treatments: continuous sod, continuous corn, corn in rotation, and oats in rotation. The moisture retained by the cultivated layer of a Guelph loam after 3 days and after 14 to 20 hours of free drainage was found to increase as the percentage of organic matter increased. Simultaneous decreases in organic matter and aeration porosity did not result in significant decreases in moisture retained.
THE INFLUENCE OF SOIL PROPERTIES AND SOIL AMENDMENTS ON THE SR90 CONTENT OF OATS GROWN IN SELECTED CANADIAN SOILS
Authors: Evans E. J. , Dekker A. J.
Published: March 2010

Oats were grown in the greenhouse in six soils varying widely in pH, organic matter content, C.E.C., per cent saturation, and exchangeable calcium. Sr90 was added to all soils and its concentration in oats, as influenced by soil properties or soil treatment, was determined.The Sr90 content of oats grown in six soils, which included both saturated and unsaturated soils, was highly significantly correlated with the reciprocal of the exchangeable Ca contents of the soils with correlation coefficients of 0.99 for both the straw and the grain. The correlation coefficients between Sr90 concentration and the reciprocal of the C.E.C. for oat straw and oat grain were 0.65 and 0.55 respectively, which were not significant at the 5 per cent level.When calcium salts were added to three acid soils the larger applications of CaCl2 and CaSO4 lowered the soil pH, whereas CaCO3 raised the soil pH, but all three salts caused a decrease in Sr90 concentration in oats. A greater decrease in Sr90 content was effected by the addition of Ca salts to soil with low exchangeable Ca and low percentage Ca saturation than to soil with high percentage Ca saturation. It was concluded that the exchangeable Ca content, not C.E.C. or pH, was the dominant soil property upon which the Sr90 concentration in plants depended.
A LONG-TERM FIELD EXPERIMENT WITH COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS AND MANURE.: II. FERTILITY LEVELS AND CROP YIELDS IN A ROTATION OF POTATOES, OATS AND HAY
Authors: Bishop R. F. , MacLeod L. B. , Jackson L. P. , MacEachern C. R. , Goring E. T.
Published: March 2010

Treatments in a field experiment, conducted from 1936 to 1957, included commercial fertilizers and manure. A rotation of potatoes, oats and hay was followed.Application of manure at 30 tons per acre every third year practically maintained initial levels of total nitrogen and soil organic matter. Marked decreases occurred with lower rates of manure and various commercial fertilizers applied at 1 ton per acre. Increases and decreases in adsorbed and easily acid-soluble phosphorus were directly related to the amounts of phosphatic fertilizer applied. Although the situation with respect to exchangeable potassium was not comparable there was some evidence that final values were influenced by the amounts of potassium applied.All treatments were applied for potatoes, and yield differences were much greater for this crop than for either oats or hay. Rate of fertilizer application was of primary importance for potatoes, and residual effects on the oat and hay crops from 500 or 1000 pounds of commercial fertilizer per acre were generally slight. They were much more marked from manure and where commercial fertilizer was applied at a ton per acre. Irrespective of the treatment applied, linear regression coefficients, showing yield trends with advancing rotation cycles, were positive for potatoes and negative for hay. In the case of oats they were generally negative for the lowest rates of fertilizer used and positive for the highest.
TOLERANCE OF CEREAL CROPS TO SALINE SOILS IN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Ballantyne A. K.
Published: March 2010

The tolerance of cereal crops to soil salinity was measured by relating visual observations of four levels of crop growth to conductivity and cation contents of extracts from water saturated soil. The composite soil samples were secured from areas in the Brown, Dark Brown, and Black soil zones where variable conditions of salinity had restricted crop growth to different degrees.Wheat was the least tolerant and barley the most tolerant of the three cereals. Oats appeared to be as tolerant as barley in the Black soil zone.Although conductivity is the dominant factor, variations in carbonate, gypsum and water soluble cations must also be considered when relating salinity to crop growth. Limits of tolerance as measured by conductivity are apparently lower for soils high in carbonates and for soils in which the water soluble sodium is high and the calcium low. The limits appear to be higher for soils high in gypsum.
SOME ORGANIC MATTER-CLAY MINERAL RELATIONSHIPS IN FOUR ALBERTA SOIL PROFILES
Authors: Lynch D. L. , Graveland D. N.
Published: March 2010

Four soil profiles were characterized as to nitrogen, carbon, clay and polysaccharide content. Direct extractions of the soils were also made with 1N HF-HCl and an acetic anhydride-pyridine mixture and 1.0 N NaOH. Two NaOH extractions of the lower horizons, with and without auxiliary acidic treatments between the first and second to facilitate the release of organic matter, were used to evaluate certain clay-organic matter relationships.Polysaccharide content and the C:N ratios generally decreased with depth in all soils. Of the direct extractants of organic matter NaOH was the most efficient and HF-HCl and acetic anhydride-pyridine solutions were generally ineffective. However, some accumulation of HF-HCl soluble organic matter was noted in the A2 and B2 horizons of two of the soils. The organic solvents were most effective in removing organic matter from the B2 horizons.The use of auxiliary treatments (HF-HCl, H2SO4 or both) between the first and second NaOH extractions greatly enhanced the release of the organic matter by the second NaOH extraction from the B2, Bsa and C horizons of these soils. With the exception of the A2 horizons a combined HF-HCl 2nd H2SO4 pretreatment was superior to HF-HCl or H2SO4 used alone. The retentive capacity of the clay for soil organic matter was greatest in the C and Bsa horizons as determined by the intensity of the extracting conditions necessary to effect solubilization of the organic matter into the second alkali solutions.
MOVEMENT OF SOIL PARTICLES IN SALTATION
Authors: Bisal F. , Nielsen K. F.
Published: March 2010

A study was made of the manner in which the movement of particles involved in saltation was initiated. The paths of flight of these particles while air borne were also studied.Evidence is presented to show initiation of movement can be caused by impulsive forces generated by differences in wind velocity, and by the distribution of particles, at the soil surface. Photographs of particles in saltation show that the paths of descent are nearly straight lines with an angle of incidence of about 6 ± 4 degrees. The data suggest that constant velocity in both the forward and downward directions is attained very quickly and that these velocities remain in essentially a constant ratio for most of the downward path.
SOME CHEMICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF AMMONIUM SULPHATE IN A FERTILIZER PHOSPHORUS BAND FOR SUGAR BEETS
Authors: Miller M. H. , Vij V. N.
Published: March 2010

The influence of (NH4)2SO4 on the movement of phosphorus away from a fertilizer pellet and the water solubility of the reaction products was determined at 3-, 6-, 8- and 10-week periods and the total amount of water-soluble fertilizer phosphorus in the volume of soil influenced by the fertilizer was calculated. Simultaneously, the influence of (NH4)2SO4 on growth of sugar beet tops and roots in the band vicinity and on absorption of fertilizer phosphorus was determined. The amount of fertilizer phosphorus in sugar beet tops was expressed as a function of top weight, root weight in the band volume and water-soluble fertilizer phosphorus in the volume of soil influenced by the fertilizer.Ammonium sulphate decreased the water-soluble fertilizer phosphorus remaining at the pellet site, increased the distance of movement of the phosphorus but decreased the total water-soluble fertilizer phosphorus in the band volume. The oven-dry weight of sugar beet tops was not influenced by (NH4)2SO4 but the oven-dry weight of roots in the band volume and the fertilizer phosphorus content of the tops were doubled at the 8- and 10-week periods by the addition of (NH4)2SO4. The multiple regression analysis showed that the increased root weight accounted for 71 and 87 per cent of the variability in the fertilizer phosphorus absorption at the 6- and 8-week periods respectively.
RATE OF SOIL DRAINAGE FOLLOWING AN IRRIGATION.: III. A NEW CONCEPT OF THE UPPER LIMIT OF AVAILABLE MOISTURE
Authors: Wilcox J. C.
Published: March 2010

The upper limit of available moisture is defined as the highest moisture content that includes all moisture available for consumptive use but excludes all drainage below the root area. In studies of the upper limit, four pairs of bare and cropped plots in deep well-drained soils were irrigated, then the soil was sampled periodically to determine moisture contents. The soil texture varied from loamy sand to clay loam. The bare plots were kept covered between samplings. Moisture losses in the cropped plots were broken down into consumptive use and drainage. The upper limit was calculated by determining the moisture content when drainage had been reduced to 0.001 inch per day, and adding the consumptive use occurring up to that time. The upper limit values did not accord with field capacity as usually defined. No close relationship was found between the upper limits and breaking points, levelling-off points or other characteristics of either the moisture-time curves from the covered plots or those from the cropped plots. Sampling the soil at 1 to 4 days after an irrigation, depending on the soil texture, gave a close approximation to the upper limit.
INORGANIC SOIL PHOSPHORUS FRACTIONS OF SOME ONTARIO SOILS AS STUDIED USING ISOTOPIC EXCHANGE AND SOLUBILITY CRITERIA
Authors: MacKenzie A. F.
Published: March 2010

The water soluble and inorganic phosphates associated with aluminum (Al-P), iron (Fe-P) and calcium (Ca-P) were studied in eight Ontario soils. Isotopic exchange studies indicated that in most of the soils the Al-P fraction was in equilibrium with the water soluble phosphorus. Exceptions were thought to be a result of high or low pH values. Solubility studies in 0.01M CaCl2 indicated that the Al-P fraction supplied most of the phosphorus to the soil solution. In one soil the Fe-P fraction may have supplied a measurable amount of phosphorus to the soil solution also.
WATER RETENTION AND SWELLING PRESSURE OF CLAY SOILS
Authors: Warkentin B. P.
Published: March 2010

Water retention curves for three clay soils are compared with the best available estimates of swelling pressure to determine whether the expected equivalence is obtained. Between pF 3 and 4 swelling pressures show agreement with water retention forces. Above pF 4, the clays become unsaturated; below pF 3, forces of attraction not accounted for in the swelling pressure estimates make water retention lower than swelling pressure.A method for calculating theoretical swelling pressures is outlined.
NOTE ON AN INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING SOIL WATER LEVEL
Authors: Voisey Peter W. , Cooper D. J.
Published: March 2010

not available
NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY TO BARLEY IN SOME GREY WOODED TOPSOILS OF THE PEACE RIVER REGION
Authors: Hoyt P. B. , Hennig A. M. F.
Published: March 2010

Greenhouse tests with Olli barley on three Grey Wooded topsoils (0–6 inches) and subsoils (6–12 inches and 12–18 inches) showed dry matter increases from applications of nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium hydroxide, but not from applications of potassium or sulphur. For all three soils, the nitrogen application gave large yield increases on topsoils and subsoils sampled from both virgin and cultivated areas. The phosphorus application gave moderate increases on topsoils and marked increases on subsoils. Phosphorus gave greater increases than nitrogen on subsoils. On the two acidic soils, response to calcium hydroxide was similar to phosphorus on the topsoil but much less than to either nitrogen or phosphorus on the subsoil. No appreciable difference in response occurred from any treatment between the 6–12- and 12–18-inch soil depths.A comparison of greenhouse to field tests showed that response to nitrogen was greater in the greenhouse than in the field but that response to phosphorus and lime was similar.
SOME EFFECTS OF DEEP WORKING ON SOLONETZ SOIL
Authors: Cairns R. R.
Published: March 2010

A 6-year study was conducted to determine the effect of working to a depth of 24 inches on the productivity and chemical and physical condition of a Solonetz soil. Productivity was generally increased during the second rotation by deep working. The extractable calcium content of the A and B horizons was increased and the sodium content decreased. The magnesium distribution was not changed. An intractable B-like horizon reformed in the deep-worked plots. No relationship was found between productivity and the balance of extractable cations.
PHOSPHORUS NUTRITION IN TWO NEBRASKAN WET MEADOW SOILS
Authors: Moore A. W. , Rhoades H. F.
Published: March 2010

Two wet meadow soils of the Loup series in the Nebraska Sandhills were selected for study because vegetation growing on Soil 1 showed a marked response to phosphate fertilizer whereas that on Soil 2 showed little or no response to phosphate fertilizer.Curves for yields of dry matter indicated that available phosphorus (Mitscherlich "b" value) was much lower in Soil 1 (10 pounds phosphorus per acre) than in Soil 2 (35 pounds phosphorus or more per acre).Using P32-labelled triple superphosphate, it was shown that during the growing season of 1955 the meadow vegetation on Soil 1 derived about twice as much phosphorus from fertilizer as from the soil, while the vegetation on Soil 2 obtained about equal quantities of phosphorus from soil and fertilizer sources.The groundwater from Site 2 contained about three times as much phosphorus as that from Site 1 (0.41 p.p.m. and 0.12 p.p.m. P, respectively).A laboratory study of the mineralization of soil organic phosphorus indicated that in Soil 2 microbiological action released inorganic phosphorus whereas in Soil 1 inorganic phosphorus was assimilated.Differences in phosphorus content of groundwater and in microbial activity were probably responsible for differential responses to phosphorus fertilization obtained in the field.
NOTE ON THE USE OF FLOODING SOLUTIONS IN THE DETERMINATION OF METALLIC EXCHANGEABLE CATIONS, UTILIZING A BECKMAN DU FLAME SPECTROPHOTOMETER
Authors: Carson J. A. , Mathieu A. L. , Scheelar M. D.
Published: March 2010

not available
SELF-DIFFUSION OF RUBIDIUM AS INFLUENCED BY SOIL MOISTURE TENSION
Authors: Patil A. S. , King K. M. , Miller M. H.
Published: March 2010

A non steady-state method was used for the laboratory determination of the self-diffusion coefficient of rubidium in loam soil at soil moisture tensions of.16, 1.17, and 15 atmospheres. Soil volumes (half-cells) 1.0 centimeter long and 2.5 centimeters in diameter, containing rubidium labelled with Rb86, were placed in contact with similar but unlabelled half-cells. After varying time periods, the half-cells were separated and extracted with 1N NH4Ac, and the transfer of Rb86 determined.The diffusion followed the simple theory. The self-diffusion coefficients for rubidium at 25 °C. were as follows: 16 × 10−4 cm.2/hr. at 0.16 atm.; 4.9 × 10−4 cm.2/hr. at 1.17 atm.; 2.3 × 10−4 cm.2/hr. at 15 atm. In free solution, the self-diffusion coefficient is 7.2 × 10−2 cm.2/hr.
RECENT ACCUMULATION OF SALTS IN THE SOILS OF SOUTHEASTERN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Ballantyne A. K.
Published: March 2010

Field and laboratory investigations were carried out on areas of saline soil which appeared during, and the year following, a period of abnormally high precipitation.These investigations have shown that a downward movement of salts has occurred from soil profiles on knoll and upper slope positions, with salinity increasing in the profiles at the lower slope positions. The maximum accumulation occurred first within the profile, and then at the surface of the soils in the lower positions below the main reduction in slope. The main slopes in these areas ranged from 5 to 9 per cent. In four of the five sites examined, the soil on the level area adjacent to the slough (ponded area) was lower in salt than at the highest elevation.It is assumed that the major increase in salinity developed as saline water from saturated soils in upper positions moved down the slope within the soil.
LA RELATION POTASSIUM-BORE DANS LA CULTURE DE LA LUZERNE
Authors: Ouellette G. J.
Published: March 2010

not available