bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Frampton Stephanie Ann
Published: June 2020

The fundamental methodological challenge of studying the ancient Roman book is the very limited quantity of the evidence: barely any fragments of professionally produced Latin books survive from the first centuries BCE or CE. Offering an introduction to the surviving evidence and its interpretation, this chapter outlines a method of proceeding that takes into account other kinds of materials—from epigraphic writing in stone and bronze, to graffiti and other wall inscriptions and the comparanda of Greek bookrolls—in conjunction with the rich literary testimony in Latin that is the focus of this study. Summaries of individual chapters are included.
Convergences in the Ethics of Space Exploration
Authors: Green Brian Patrick
Published: June 2020

This chapter outlines the ethical frameworks provided by some of the leading figures in the contemporary debate on space exploration, identifying resonances between their views and traditional concepts in ethical philosophy such as natural law and virtue theory. One of the first deep similarities apparent to the ethical frameworks of these leading figures is that, to a certain extent, living things should just be left to be—that is, not meddled with, allowed to pursue their own ends. The second deep similarity between these ethics is that sometimes one ought to help things grow. As a third deep similarity is all of these ethics issues acknowledge that problems appear when one organism’s natural goals conflict with those of another organism. This, then, promotes the idea that one should avoid conflicts that harm other living things. Ultimately, despite their differences, these ethics converge on a broadly applicable ethical framework: protect alien life in proportion to its capacity for excellence.
Patterns of Law and Order Policies in 20 Western Industrialized Countries
Authors: Wenzelburger Georg
Published: June 2020

Chapter 3 provides a quantitative analysis of the politics of law and order. It is presented in three steps. First, it is tested whether party competition affects how much parties emphasize law and order issues in their programs and whether this is different for issue owners. The study reveals that high public salience of security-related issues pushes all parties to emphasize law and order more strongly and that issue owners react strongly to the pressure of right-wing populist parties by emphasizing law and order in their manifestos. Second, the quantitative analysis tests whether these different programmatic stances translate into more spending on law and order. This is indeed the case, but only if constitutional courts are weak. Third, the analysis takes a closer look at legislation in France, Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom and finds the main results of the analysis on public spending corroborated.
The Partisan Politics of Law and Order: Past, Present and Future
Authors: Wenzelburger Georg
Published: June 2020

Chapter 7 summarizes the main findings of the book and links them to the existing literature. It emphasizes the importance of putting political parties center stage when analyzing law and order policies. The chapter concludes by discussing three scenarios on how law and order policies may develop given the recent changes in political systems in Western democracies.
Through-Composed Blues in Other Keys
Authors: Martin Henry
Published: June 2020

Chapter 6 discusses Parker’s through-composed blues that are not in C major. There are sixteen such pieces, with three of them not recorded by Parker. Among the best-known are “Bloomdido,” “Billie’s Bounce,” “Barbados,” “Au Privave,” and “Blues for Alice.” Most of Parker’s through-composed blues were written in C major (11 pieces). Ranking second and third among keys for pieces of this type are B♭ (7) and F (6); there are also three single-key pieces in A♭, E♭, and G. In all, through-composed blues comprise 27 pieces, easily the most extensive of Parker’s composing formats. Chapter 6 begins by examining the B♭ pieces, then continues with the ones in F and finishes with the single-key pieces.
Selling Ideas
Authors: Khan B. Zorina
Published: June 2020

An extensive global market in patent rights and patented inventions helped creative men and women to increase their returns from inventive activity. Prominent multinational corporations further depended on portfolios of patents to acquire and maintain their domestic and worldwide competitive advantage. Markets in ideas aided the transfer of technology across the United States, Britain, Germany, Canada, Spain, and Japan. Patterns in the sale of patents and foreign patenting were responsive to national differences in incentives, legal rules, and institutions. The results shed light on central debates in economic development, including the net benefits of tailoring patent institutions to individual circumstances, relative to adherence to harmonized international standards.
Sketching the Concert for Piano and Orchestra
Authors: Iddon Martin , Thomas Philip
Published: June 2020

This chapter discusses Cage’s sketches for the Concert for Piano and Orchestra. It outlines both what can be said about Cage’s compositional process on the basis of sheets which directly detail aspects of it and on the basis of the traces of his process which can be found in the manuscript of the Solo for Piano. It details his work with jazz musicians in developing the instrumental parts for the piece, as well as unpacking further aspects of the actual process with reference to Music for Piano.
Presenting the Concert for Piano and Orchestra
Authors: Iddon Martin , Thomas Philip
Published: June 2020

This chapter examines the public presentation of the Concert for Piano and Orchestra in four guises, in its New York premiere, in the development and release of the recording of that performance, in its European premiere in Cologne, and its centrality to Cage’s publishing history. It critically examines narratives of the allegedly catastrophic early performances, and reveals too the complex network of individuals involved in bringing them about, as well, as a result, of the enormous importance of a relatively small number of influential promoters and supporters of Cage’s work.
Interpreting the Concert for Piano and Orchestra
Authors: Iddon Martin , Thomas Philip
Published: June 2020

This chapter provides an analytical overview of the parts of the Concert for Piano and Orchestra, other than the Solo for Piano. It provides and deploys an analytical framework to explore the commonalities between the various instrumental parts as well as the distinctions between them, construing them as a sort of complex network of relationalities. It also unpacks the way in which the conductor of the piece functions, providing a detailed explanation of the part provided for the conductor and a speculative description of how it might have been made.
Understanding the Concert for Piano and Orchestra
Authors: Iddon Martin , Thomas Philip
Published: June 2020

This chapter considers the way in which the Concert for Piano and Orchestra has been interpreted by commentators, from musicologists and other composers to professional philosophical thinkers. It shows the way in which these interpretations played a part in the initial receptions of the piece, especially in Europe, made a major contribution to discussion of the nature of musical form in the context of openness, and became a significant part of later discussions regarding the nature and limits of the musical work.
The Mormons in Mexico, 1875–1901
Authors: Pulido Elisa Eastwood
Published: June 2020

This chapter summarizes the origins of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Mexico, from the 1875 journey of the first missionaries to Mexico to the 1887 establishment of polygamous Mormon Colonies in the northern Mexican wilderness. The chapter argues that early converts to Mormonism in Mexico were attracted first to etiological narratives from Mormon scripture expounding on the chosen-ness of indigenous Americans and second to Mormon communalism. Early converts included Plotino Rhodakanaty, the father of Mexican anarchism, who sought to build a colony in collaboration with the Mormon Church. His aversion to hierarchical control soon separated him from Mormonism. Agrarian peasants from villages on Mexico’s Central Plateau found Mormon narratives regarding Mexico’s prophetic past and future compelling. In 1887, the Mormon Church turned its attention from proselytizing in order to build colonies in Mexico as safe havens for polygamists fleeing federal prosecution in the United States.
Latin Jazz
Authors: Washburne Christopher
Published: June 2020

Latin Jazz: The Other Jazz is an issue-oriented historical and ethnographic study that focuses on key moments in the history of the music in order to unpack the cultural forces that have shaped its development. The broad historical scope of this study, which traces the dynamic interplay of Caribbean and Latin American musical influence from eighteenth- and nineteenth-century colonial New Orleans through to the present global stage, provides an in-depth contextual foundation for exploring how musicians work with and negotiate through the politics of nation, place, race, and ethnicity in the ethnographic present. Latin jazz is explored both as a specific subgenre of jazz and through the processes involved in its constructed “otherness.” Latin Jazz: The Other Jazz provides a revisionist perspective on jazz history by embracing and celebrating jazz’s rich global nature and heralding the significant and undeniable Caribbean and Latin American contributions to this beautiful expressive form. This study demonstrates how jazz expression reverberates entangled histories that encompass a tapestry of racial distinctions and blurred lines between geographical divides. This book acknowledges, pays tribute to, and celebrates the diversity of culture, experience, and perspectives that are foundational to jazz. Thus, the music’s legacy is shown to transcend far beyond stylistic distinction, national borders, and the imposition of the black/white racial divide that has only served to maintain the status quo and silence and erase the foundational contributions of innovators from the Caribbean and Latin America.
Caribbean and Latin American Reverberations and the First Birth of Latin Jazz
Authors: Washburne Christopher
Published: June 2020

This chapter documents the strong ties of the Caribbean and Latin America to the formative period of jazz and how that influence reverberated throughout the twentieth century. It argues that the strong foundational influence of Caribbean and Latin American music on pre-jazz styles makes the birth of jazz synchronous with the birth of Latin jazz. By building on the work of a number of scholars who have recently begun to tackle this complexity through historical studies of immigration patterns and the social and political development of New Orleans throughout the 1700s and 1800s and by conducting a “sonic archeology” of jazz styles throughout the twentieth century, reverberations of jazz’s pre-history are uncovered and shown to resound loudly. Along with a discussion of the social history of New Orleans, the focus is on the function of certain rhythmic cells in the jazz repertoire that are most typically associated with Caribbean and Latin American styles.
Mind Control
Authors: Herdova Marcela , Kearns Stephen
Published: June 2020

This chapter explores the relationship between self-control and decision-making. In particular, it examines various problems with the idea that agents can (and do) exercise self-control over their decisions. Two facts about decisions give rise to these problems. First, decisions do not result from intentions to make those very decisions. Second, decisions are often made when agents are uncertain what to do, and thus when agents lack best judgments. On the common understanding of self-control as an ability to act in line with an intention or best judgment (in the face of counter-motivation), decisions are not, and perhaps cannot, be the subject of self-control. In light of this, the authors propose that this common conception of self-control needs revision. As well as commitment-based self-control, they argue that there is also non-commitment-based self-control—the type of self-control over an action that need not involve any prior evaluative or executive commitment.
Achieving Goals by Imposing Risk
Authors: Hawley Katherine
Published: June 2020

When one is struggling to get motivated, one sometimes turns to social accountability strategies: telling others about one’s plans, or even promising to stick to them, in the hope that publicity will help achieve one’s goals. In this chapter, the author distinguishes four different strategies for social accountability, which vary in the content and strength of the commitments they involve. The chapter then explores different ways these strategies put one’s own interests, and those of others, on the line. When other people’s interests are at stake, this raises ethical questions about whether it is permissible to risk harm to others in order to achieve one’s own goals. The chapter shows how this can fruitfully be thought of as a problem within the morality of risk imposition. But, finally, it also argues that thinking in terms of risk imposition does not capture everything one cares about in the ethics of social accountability.
Self-Control, Cooperation, and Intention’s Authority
Authors: O’Brien Lilian
Published: June 2020

In this chapter the author defends a novel view of the relationships among intention for the future, self-control, and cooperation. The author argues that when an agent forms an intention for the future she comes to regard herself as criticizable if she does not act in accordance with her intention. In contexts where the agent has inclinations that run contrary to her unrescinded intention, her disposition for reflexive criticism helps her to resist these inclinations. Such intentions have, the author argues, a built-in mechanism for exercising self-control. The author goes on to argue that this mechanism can also function as a mechanism for cooperative behavior. Agents are not just equipped to abide by plans for the future, they are also thereby equipped for exercising self-control and for cooperating.
Introduction
Authors: Koppelman Andrew
Published: June 2020

Should religious people who conscientiously object to facilitating same-sex weddings, and who therefore decline to provide cakes, photography, or other services, be exempted from antidiscrimination laws? This issue has taken on an importance far beyond the tiny number who have made such claims. Gay rights advocates fear that exempting even a few religious dissenters would unleash a devastating wave of discrimination. Conservative Christians fear that the law will treat them like racists and drive them to the margins of American society. Both sides are mistaken. This is not a matter of abstract principle, and none of the constitutional claims work. This is an appropriate occasion for legislative negotiation. This book is the only systematic accounting of the interests that must be balanced in any decent compromise, in terms that both sides can recognize and appreciate. This book explains the basis of antidiscrimination law, including the complex idea of dignitary harm. It shows why even those who do not regard religion as important or valid nonetheless have good reasons to support religious liberty, and why those who regard religion as a value of overriding importance should nonetheless reject the extravagant power over nonbelievers that the Supreme Court has recently embraced. The book also proposes a specific solution to the problem: that religious exemptions be granted only to the few businesses that are willing to announce their compunctions and bear the costs of doing so—an approach makes room for America’s enormous variety of deeply held beliefs and ways of life.
The Experience
Authors: Stadler Nurit
Published: June 2020

In this chapter the author analyzes the ritualistic inner experience in female sacred places. The author shows the centrality of the body and the “ritual of the body in motion.” As mentioned in the book’s introduction, in the Holy Land, places of veneration and rituals are based on canonical texts or mythologies of particular saints. As such, the assumption was that rituals are a product of texts and their translation into action. However, this chapter shows different dynamics of these rituals. Although the canon and its physical manifestations are robust, it is mostly “the body in motion” that shapes the experience.
Injustice, a Challenge to Social Cohesion
Authors: Martinez Luis
Published: June 2020

Chapter Two entitled “Injustice, a Challenge to Social Cohesion” highlights the limits of the authoritarian systems set up by the governments in the face of social transformations and political change. Demands for better governance and greater social justice clashed with state practices designed to produce security. Revolts and riots have structured relations between society and states, which each time have managed to restore order. The ability of these states to keep a lid on unrest caused them to be perceived and analysed as “robust”. The unexpected and unforeseeable outbreak of the Arab revolts represents a huge challenge for the countries of North Africa. Civil society expresses demands for a more just and more inclusive state. The Arab revolts weakened the repressive apparatuses and opened new opportunities for jihadi groups.
Conclusion
Authors: Martinez Luis
Published: June 2020

The Conclusion, entitled “Reforging a Sense of Belonging and Loyalty to the State” highlights the need to rebuild a sense of belonging and loyalty to the state. Maghreb leaders understand the vulnerability of their political communities and the inadequacy of state instruments to sustain the nation in all its diversity and plurality.
Enter Trump
Authors: Cook Joana
Published: June 2020

In this final chapter, the counterterrorism approach taken thus far by the Trump administration will first be examined through an analysis of the key strategies and statements articulated by him, his administration, and how this has unfolded thus far in practice on the ground. The second section will provide an update on the situations in Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria and Yemen since the beginning of 2017, outlining key areas of concern going forward and drawing off insights gleaned from the Bush and Obama administrations to assess the significance of these for women today. This chapter will inherently consider what these changes mean for how women are assessed as agents, partners and targets of full-spectrum counterterrorism going forward. As will be demonstrated, there are a number of growing concerns related to how women are considered and engaged in this space, yet their active participation and consideration are now perhaps more vital than ever.
Environmental Art and the Interaction of Ethical and Aesthetic Value
Authors: Nannicelli Ted
Published: June 2020

This chapter argues that (1) in contrast to the art forms already discussed, the ethical criticism of which sometimes invites the perspectivist approach and sometimes demands the production-oriented approach, the proper ethical criticism of environmental art requires the production-oriented approach; (2) the production-oriented approach to the ethical criticism of environmental artworks lends support to the moderate moralist’s claim about the interaction of ethical and aesthetic value: the presences of ethical defects in environmental artworks sometimes diminishes their aesthetic value; (3) because environmental artworks appropriate part of the natural environment as an aspect of their identity, an aesthetic flaw in an environmental artwork necessarily also creates aesthetic disvalue in the natural environment—disvalue that exists in virtue of the creation of the artwork. Insofar as the diminishment of the aesthetic value of the natural environment is ethically wrong, the aesthetic flaws of an environmental artwork necessarily constitute ethical flaws.
On Separating the Art and the Artist
Authors: Nannicelli Ted
Published: June 2020

This chapter works through a number of cases featuring well-known musicians and painters—Michael Jackson, Miles Davis, Gord Downie, Richard Wagner, Paul Gauguin, Graham Ovenden, and Jackson Pollock—to try to answer the question about when and how artists’ moral character ought to bear upon the ethical and artistic appraisal of their work. The chapter rejects the empiricist view that some aspect of the artist’s character must be manifest in the work, arguing, instead, on the basis of an analogy with virtue ethics, that the ethical status of the artist’s motivation in creating the work is relevant to an appraisal of it.
A summary of the history of exploration at the Sterkfontein Caves in the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site
Authors: Thackeray J. Francis
Published: June 2020

Sterkfontein Caves, near Pretoria, South Africa, are part of the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site. The caves have yielded hundreds of hominin fossils recovered over a period spanning more than a century. Exploration of the deposits has occurred in three phases. In the first phase from 1895–1935, fossils of various animals were recovered unsystematically by limestone miners, who noted fossiliferous breccias. The second phase, from 1936–1966, involved teams led by Robert Broom and John Robinson. Broom and Robinson’s excavations recovered many hominin fossils from Members 4 and 5, stone artifacts, and initial mapping of the Sterkfontein deposits. The third phase, 1966 until the present, included excavations led by Philip Tobias, Alun Hughes, Tim Partridge, Ron Clarke, Kathy Kuman, and Dominic Stratford. During this phase, the six members of the Sterkfontein deposits were recognized and characterized, and additional fossils of hominins and other fauna, as well as stone artifacts were recovered. Importantly, extensive analysis of fauna and paleonvironments was conducted. Hominin fossils were also recovered from Member 2. Considerable geochronological work has been done to characterize the complex stratigraphy and dating of these deposits. This chapter reviews the history of fieldwork at Sterkfontein.
A new multidisciplinary age of 2.61–2.07 Ma for the Sterkfontein Member 4 australopiths
Authors: Pickering Robyn , Herries Andy I.R.
Published: June 2020

Sterkfontein Caves is the single richest early hominin site in the world, with deposits yielding two potential species of Australopithecus, Paranthropus robustus, and early Homo, as well as an extensive faunal collection and stone tools. Recent advances in uranium-lead (U-Pb) dating of speleothems and palaeomagnetic analysis at Sterkfontein provide the first consistent chronological framework for Member 4 (MB4) and so the interned australopith fossils. Current data suggest that the MB4 deposit and so australopith remains accumulated over at least 400,000 years (2.4–2.0 Ma) if not 500,000–800,000 years. This long period of deposition should be taken into account when studying the MB4 australopith remains and looking at variability in both anatomy and other data such as isotopic evidence for diet.
Metacarpals and manual phalanges
Authors: Kivell Tracy L. , Ostrofsky Kelly R. , Richmond Brian G. , Drapeau Michelle S.M.
Published: June 2020

This chapter presents description and analysis of the metacarpals and manual phalanges from Sterkfontein. Although the morphology is generally similar across the sample where there are duplicates of the same element, there are differences in size that are quite remarkable within the context of all South African hominins. Some very large specimens suggest the presence of individuals at Sterkfontein with much larger hands, and presumably larger body size, at Sterkfontein than those of A. sediba MH2, H. naledi and the Swartkrans hominins. Australopithecus africanus had human-like proportions, but this may be plesiomorphic within the hominoid clade. The potentially less mobile trapezium-Mc1 joint, absence of a fully developed palmar pulp on the distal thumb, more limited pronation of the index finger, and potentially more wedge-shaped trapezoid inferred from the preserved external morphology, is consistent with lower manipulative loading of the thumb than is typical of later Homo. As for other forelimb elements, moderately curved manual phalanges suggests a greater reliance on forelimb-dominated locomotor behaviors and perhaps selection for more frequent use of an arboreal environment in A. africanus than is found in A. afarensis. Thus, within this broader context, the Sterkfontein fossil hominin remains are not unusual. The Sterkfontein hand fossils suggest an overall manipulative and locomotor loading regime that was more similar to that of other South African australopiths and distinct from that of later Homo, but more refined functional interpretations require additional fossil evidence, particularly from associated hand skeletons
Limb proportions and positional behavior
Authors: Gordon Adam D. , Green David J. , Jungers William L. , Richmond Brian G.
Published: June 2020

Major changes in body shape occurred during human evolution, but questions remain about body shape in australopiths. The present study investigates the specifics of the presumed relationships between limb indices and positional behavior underlying prior work that compared proportions among extant hominids in order to make inferences about extinct hominins. We find that although both intermembral index or ratio of diaphyseal and articular proportions distinguish humans from great apes, neigher correlates well with variation in the degree of arboreality in the locomotor repertoire of extant hominids. Brachial index and a ratio of diaphyseal and articular dimensions from the fore- and hindlimb, however, do correlate with degree of arboreality, and scale slightly positively allometrically within species in all extant taxa. These two observations are taken into consideration in a more nuanced interpretation of a reanalysis of articular-diaphyseal limb proportions in an expanded sample of the Sterkfontein postcrania. This study confirms previous findings that Australopithecus africanus had larger forelimb dimensions in relation to hindlimb dimensions than modern humans and A. afarensis, similar to the patterns seen in extant apes, particularly western gorillas. However, data presented here suggest that interpreting a particular taxon as “human-like” or “ape-like” may be overly simplistic. Instead, while both A. africanus and A. afarensis were almost certainly committed bipeds that incorporated some arboreality into their locomotor repertoire, A. africanus apparently used a set of locomotor behaviors that was more distinct from that of A. afarensis than Pan troglodytes and Gorilla gorilla are from each other.
An Angle of Vision
Authors: Purcell Edward A. Jr.
Published: June 2020

This chapter discusses the variety of types of cases Justice Antonin Scalia heard on the U.S. Supreme Court and notes their variety as well as the fact that in a few areas Scalia took originalist positions that brought results commonly regarded as “liberal,” such as his interpretation of the Confrontation Clause. The chapter then turns to the bulk of the cases where he supported “conservative” results. It points out that he used his originalist jurisprudence vigorously to defend certain positions that involved his own most intensely held personal values (those dealing with abortion, gay marriage, the death penalty, and assisted suicide), and it suggests that his originalism may have been designed to justify his views on those issues. The chapter then suggests that the true test of his jurisprudence and methodology lay not in his actions in those cases but rather in the more general run of cases where he applied his jurisprudential principles inconsistently, failed to apply them at all, or actually rejected them. That large and final category of cases constituted the majority of his decisions and opinions, the chapter argues, and it provides the best ground for testing his jurisprudential claims and ultimately identifying the true nature of his jurisprudence and the significance of his judicial career.
Setting a New Course
Authors: Bremer Francis J.
Published: June 2020

By 1617 members of the congregation discussed moving. The challenges of living in Leiden remained great. They also feared the Netherlands becoming engaged in war with Spain. After considerable discussion, the congregation decided to emigrate, and to seek a new home in North America. Representatives of the congregation sought a particular patent from the Virginia Company of London. Because the venture would be costly, they negotiated with investors led by Thomas Weston. The investors would put up most of the money. The settlers themselves would work for seven years with income from their effort paying off the investors. When one of the ships engaged for the voyage, the Speedwell, proved unseaworthy, most of the intended colonists crowded onto the Mayflower. Conditions forced them to settle at Cape Cod. Being outside the area specified in the patent, the passengers drew up and signed the Mayflower Compact, setting terms for self-government.
Evangelical Harmony and the Discord of Taste
Authors: Roberts Wendy Raphael
Published: June 2020

This chapter argues that harmony was a foundational concept in early evangelical poetics, which located the image of God in humanity within the capacity for poetry; and that this was in contradistinction to reigning British literary criticism that focused on elite poetic taste, especially in regard to enthusiasm, the sublime, and the imagination. Looking specifically at Reverend Samuel Davies’s book of poetry, which provoked an extended controversy in the Virginia Gazette, Roberts argues that the work was controversial because it introduced an evangelical anthropology grounded in the concept of harmony that challenged social hierarchies, including race and slavery. The common perception of revivalism as noisy is best understood in the context of eighteenth-century poetic taste that undergirded social structures. The Gazette controversy highlights that Davies’s poetic form expressed his revival practices, especially communion as the wedding banquet of Christ and the believer. As such, it materialized aesthetics as a bodily experience and opened up an evangelical disposition to the world that encouraged the mingling of senses, which had direct implications on how one imagined the capacity for aesthetic experience and an emerging racialization of the senses. Though Davies stopped short of realizing the abolitionist implications of his own poetics, his extension of the “plainest capacity” into a sublime poetics for the masses along with its social ramifications was ultimately outside of his control.
A Revivalist Ars Poetica for an Itinerant Coterie
Authors: Roberts Wendy Raphael
Published: June 2020

This chapter argues that evangelical wit and poetic networks were central to evangelical conversion, itinerancy, and verse culture (both evangelical and nonevangelical). In fact, to understand evangelicalism as an aesthetic movement means acknowledging itinerant networks as large scale poetic coteries and extemporenous preaching as part of the larger culture of wit in the eighteenth century. By looking at the Virginian itinerant minister James Ireland’s conversion narrative, Roberts shows how poetics and sociability could work in the opposite direction of Erskine, Moorhead, Davies, and Wheatley to help construct a muscularized and white evangelical masculinity among male poet-ministers. The chapter also shows how Ireland’s narrative reveals the importance of revival poetic forms to conversion and to a larger poetic history. Roberts argues that poems became crucial artifacts of evangelical conversion and its punctiliar and historical nature. Perhaps most importantly, she argues that revival poetics was crucial to the development of the lyric and helped constitute its particular mode of address to the stranger.
Conclusion
Authors: Roberts Wendy Raphael
Published: June 2020

Through examples of both print and manuscript poems, the conclusion argues that evangelicalism was a shift in the emphasis on aesthetics and its correct uses more than a theological tenet, and that revival poetry became a central part of not only eighteenth-, but nineteenth-century verse practices and beyond. These legacies, which include the revivalist poet-minister, the print itinerant, espousal piety, the Calvinist couplet, and women poet-minister personae, have important implications for later abolitionist poetry, the sentimental poetess, histories of racialized and gendered aesthetic capacities, the development of lyric address, and the integration of religious experience and practice in American literary history. Though elite defenders of enthusiasm tried to empty enthusiasm of religious radicalism and attach it to literary poetry, the eighteenth century (and beyond) saw the explosion of an enthusiastic poetry explicitly tied to religious revivalism. Ultimately, Roberts argues, literary scholars must grapple with how to write modern literary histories that account for people living with the gods fully present.
Compromise as a Democratic Value
Authors: Wolak Jennifer
Published: June 2020

This chapter takes up the argument that people support the principle of compromise for the same reasons that they embrace other democratic values like free speech or rule of law—because they are socialized to believe that they should. In schools and in their civic lives, Americans learn that compromise is a normatively desirable way to resolve disagreements. With survey data, support for compromise is shown to be predicted by the same considerations that underlie support for other democratic values. When those predisposed to resist compromise gain education, live in places with high social capital, or engage in voluntary organizations, they are more likely to be open-minded about compromise. People’s partisan passions have little to do with their willingness to endorse compromise. In fact, those who are the most inclined to engage in partisan thinking are among the most supportive of compromise.
Histories of Theorizing Adaptation
Authors: Elliott Kamilla
Published: June 2020

Chapter 1 surveys prior histories of theorizing adaptation and the neglect of history in adaptation studies. In spite of being charged with theoretical lack, the field of adaptation studies has tended to prioritize theory over history. History offers a perspective that theorization, often ahistorical in its claims, lacks. Many scholars substitute a myth of fidelity for an actual history of theorizing adaptation; the histories that we do have tend to begin with the birth of film and figure the history of theorizing adaptation as a progress toward greater truth. This history, which reaches beyond literary film adaptation to other media and farther back to the sixteenth century, finds that adaptation theorization has not unfolded as a linear progress but has regularly engaged in processes of theoretical repetition and return, together with variation and progressivism. In so doing, a history of theorization resembles adaptation itself as a process of repetition with variation.
Rethinking Theoretical Principles
Authors: Elliott Kamilla
Published: June 2020

Chapter 7 examines how and why adaptation resists theorization at its third stage: the development of theoretical principles. Unlike most discussions of adaptation in relation to theoretical principles, the purpose of this chapter is not to adjudicate which principles are truest or best for adaptation, nor to generate new principles to govern adaptation, but to probe the relationship between the principles of theorization and the principles of adaptation. The principles of what theorization is and should do in the humanities have been extensively canvassed and debated; the principles of adaptation have been rarely addressed. Chapter 7 makes a small start on redressing that imbalance. It begins by considering humanities’ theorization’s preoccupation with truth by contrast to how little adaptation has been concerned with truth. It continues by pondering why the humanities have struggled more than the social sciences and sciences to theorize adaptation and what we can learn from their less problematic relations to adaptation. The lesson from the sciences is not to become more systematic, categorical, positivist, or objectivist but to learn from them not to fear our subject matter’s challenges to our theoretical principles and to theorize more experimentally, freely, and creatively, even at the risk of failure and error. It concludes by proposing what principles of adaptation might look like and by pondering how these principles might talk back to theoretical principles and how they might reach across the diasporic field that is adaptation studies to develop it through dialogue and debate over what the principles of adaptation are and how they challenge the theoretical principles that have been levied on adaptation.
Refiguring Adaptation Studies
Authors: Elliott Kamilla
Published: June 2020

Chapter 9 considers how particular rhetorical figures have informed and can further inform particular theoretical problems within adaptation studies: for example, how figures of similarity can redress transtheoretical hierarchies valorizing difference over similarity, how synaesthesia can refigure medium specificity theory, and how figures of contiguity can theorize adaptation’s part/whole relations. It argues that figuration, as a relational rhetorical process, navigates far more complexly and variably between adaptation studies’ paired terms (adapted/adapting, entities/environments, repetition/variation) than theories have done, offering alternatives to aesthetic and cultural hierarchies, radical political revolutions of them, formalist and structuralist categoricity, poststructuralist deconstruction, and postmodern pastiche and pluralism. This chapter does not constrain figures such as antimetathesis, antimetabole, metaphor, simile, metonymy, synecdoche, and synaesthesia to particular theoretical principles but probes them to generate adaptive concepts and methodologies by which to refigure adaptation studies. Whether we believe that there is a pre-existing reality that representation expresses or that representation is constructed, or a combination of the two—whether our interests lie in aesthetics, semiotics, narratology, history, culture, politics, industry, or anything else—figuration can revivify and refigure all theoretical and disciplinary purviews and create new ways of dialoguing between them. The chapter concludes with a discussion of metalepsis and the mysteries of adaptation and how the shift from analogical to digital technologies affects adaptation’s preferred figure of analogy.
Physique
Authors: Aguirre Mercedes , Buxton Richard
Published: June 2020

Choose a dozen members of the general public and ask them which physical feature they associate with a creature called ‘Cyclops’. They will all give the same answer: he has just one eye. But in the ancient sources monocularity is by no means the only aspect of a Cyclops’ appearance to attract attention. Other attributes regularly mentioned are hugeness, hairiness (often associated with ‘wildness’), and ugliness. In this chapter Aguirre and Buxton look at each of these characteristics in turn. In each case they begin by situating the characteristic cross-culturally, then analyse its representation in Graeco-Roman antiquity, and finally investigate its relevance to texts and images relating to the Cyclopes. Given the attention that has been paid, in previous scholarship, to the symbolism of the single eye, the authors devote a good deal of space to that topic—not forgetting that there are many examples of Cyclopes with two or three eyes.
Epilogue
Authors: Zeidman Lawrence A.
Published: June 2020

In recent decades, there has been a more critical examination of the Nazi past within German and Austrian neuroscience. The Spiegelgrund euthanasia brains and brain parts in Vienna were finally buried by 2012 and victims were commemorated. More anonymous brain burials occurred in Munich and Tübingen in the early 1990s, which likely did not adequately commemorate victims and, furthermore, a recent comprehensive investigation of all brain specimens held by the Max Planck Society is underway. The Hugo Spatz Prize was renamed by the German Neurological Society, but the Heinrich Pette Prize still exists. This society and another have laudably conducted investigations leading to publications about Nazi-era neuroscience, but much work must still be done. Additionally, Hallervorden–Spatz disease has largely been renamed, but other collaborator eponyms remain in use and raise the question of what response the neuroscience community should take toward these, and toward experimental data from Nazi-era investigations.
Introduction
Authors: McLeod Carolyn
Published: June 2020

Conscientious objections by health care professionals to abortion are a pressing global health issue (IWHC 2017; Chavkin et al. 2013). Many countries have in place laws or policies permitting abortion that include clauses providing some protection for conscientious objectors. Although it is difficult to know how often health care professionals exercise the freedom that “conscience clauses” offer them, there is evidence that they are using these policies more and more frequently to avoid having to provide abortions and similar services, such as contraception. For example, a recent report of the International Women’s Health Coalition (IWHC)—entitled ...
Harm or Mere Inconvenience?
Authors: McLeod Carolyn
Published: June 2020

Commentators often point out—in discussions about conscientious objection in reproductive health care in particular—that patients are merely inconvenienced rather than harmed by conscientious refusals. Chapter 2 opposes this view. Since good empirical evidence is lacking about the effects of conscientious refusals on patients, the author has to speculate about their impact, which she does based on various factors, including the power dynamic between health care professionals and patients, and the well-documented stigma that patients experience when they request services such as abortions or emergency contraception. The author argues that in light of these factors, typical refusals in reproductive health care (those that aim to protect the life of the “unborn”) very likely cause harm. They do so by threatening the moral identity of patients (as good or fine people), their sense of security (in being able to control what happens to their body), or their reproductive autonomy.
Introduction
Authors: James David
Published: June 2020

Literary and cultural studies continue to navigate phases of intense methodological flux and disciplinary self-examination. The Introduction takes stock of the condition of close reading in modernist studies against the backdrop of this broader climate of change. It suggests that the rapport between close reading and the proliferating objects, elastic timeframes, and global contexts of modernist studies today no longer feels guaranteed. And it outlines some of the ways in which the volume will examine close reading’s history as an avenue to acquiring some sense of its futurity at a moment of unprecedented expansion and reconstitution for modernist scholarship.
Modernist Close Reading
Authors: Saunders Max
Published: June 2020

Close reading, as it gained prestige from the 1920s in Cambridge Practical Criticism and then the American New Criticism, was not only a product of the modernist period but a product of modernism. Whatever else modernism involved, it advocated what we might call ‘close writing’: a minute attention to the words being used, the word choices being justified by the effects they produced. When I. A. Richards distributed anonymized poems to his students and colleagues for them to analyse, and then analysed their responses in turn, he wrote up his findings in the book that effectively launched close reading as an academic practice, Practical Criticism (1929). This chapter investigates two kinds of context for the attention to close reading exemplified by Richards. One is the network of writers and thinkers around Richards; the other is literary modernism itself
Bird Girls
Authors: Reynolds Paige
Published: June 2020

This chapter examines the gendered nature of the Joycean epiphany, and its refashioning by Irish women writers in the aftermath of high modernism. Turning to Kate O’Brien’s The Land of Spices (1941), Edna O’Brien’s Down by the River (1996), and Eimear McBride’s A Girl is a Half-formed Thing, the chapter argues that these works stage an epiphany that signals a perceived rite of passage promising to move the protagonist into some new form of understanding and experience—though importantly, these epiphanies and what unfolds in their wake are not necessarily characterized strictly by good feeling for female protagonists. Taking the ethics of close reading trauma as its central case in point, the chapter argues that slowly reading difficult texts like McBride’s trains readers to sit patiently not only with the discomfort generated by the intellectual challenges posed by modernist innovation but also with the suffering generated by human failing.
The Unknowable
Authors: Mander W. J.
Published: June 2020

This book presents a history of nineteenth century metaphysics in Britain, providing close textual readings of the key contributions to First Philosophy made by the key philosophers of the period (such as Hamilton, Mansel, Spencer, Mill, and Bradley) as well as some lesser known figures (such as Bain, Clifford, Shadworth Hodgson, Ferrier, and John Grote). The story focuses on the elaboration of, and differing reactions to, the concept of the unknowable or unconditioned, first developed by Sir William Hamilton in the 1829. The idea of an ultimate but unknowable way that things really are in themselves may be seen as supplying a narrative arc that runs right through the metaphysical systems of the period in question as, relative to this concept, these thought schemes may be divided into three broad groups which were roughly consecutive in their emergence but also overlapping as they continued to develop. In the first instance there were the doctrines of the agnostics who further progressed Hamilton’s basic idea that fundamental reality lies for the great part beyond our cognitive reach, but these philosophies were followed, immediately by those of the empiricists and, in the last third of the century by those of the idealists, both of whom—albeit in profoundly different ways—reacted against the epistemic pessimism of the agnostics. By presenting, interpreting, criticizing and connecting together their various contrasting ideas this book explains how these three traditions developed and interacted with one another to comprise the history of metaphysics in Victorian Britain.
Afterword
Authors: Williams David-Antoine
Published: June 2020

…or does it? Paul Muldoon’s ironically self-reflexive end of the poem might be met with words spoken by the Anglo-Saxon scop in a poem by Seamus Heaney called ‘The Fragment’: ‘Since when […] Are the first line and last line of any poem | Where the poem begins and ends?’ (EL, 57)....