bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LOAC: a small aerosol optical counter/sizer for ground-based and balloon measurements of the size distribution and nature of atmospheric particles – Part 1: Principle of measurements and instrument evaluation
Authors: Renard J.-B. , Dulac F. , Berthet G. , Lurton T. , Vignelles D. , Jégou F. , Tonnelier T. , Thaury C. , Jeannot M. , Couté B. , Akiki R. , Mineau J.-L. , Verdier N. , Mallet M. , Gensdarmes F. , Charpentier P. , Mesmin S. , Duverger V. , Dupont J.-C. , Elias T. , Crenn V. , Sciare J. , Giacomoni J. , Gobbi M. , Hamonou E. , Olafsson H. , Dagsson-Waldhauserova P. , Camy-Peyret C. , Mazel C. , Décamps T. , Piringer M. , Surcin J. , Daugeron D.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. The study of aerosols in the troposphere and in the stratosphere is of major importance both for climate and air quality studies. Among the numerous instruments available, aerosol particles counters provide the size distribution in diameter range from few hundreds of nm to few tens of μm. Most of them are very sensitive to the nature of aerosols, and this can result in significant biases in the retrieved size distribution. We describe here a new versatile optical particle/sizer counter (OPC) named LOAC (Light Optical Aerosols Counter), which is light and compact enough to perform measurements not only at the surface but under all kinds of balloons in the troposphere and in the stratosphere. LOAC is an original OPC performing observations at two scattering angles. The first one is around 12°, and is almost insensitive to the nature of the particles; the second one is around 60° and is strongly sensitive to the refractive index of the particles. By combining measurement at the two angles, it is possible to retrieve accurately the size distribution and to estimate the nature of the dominant particles (droplets, carbonaceous, salts and mineral particles) in several size classes. This speciation is based on calibration charts obtained in the laboratory. Several campaigns of cross-comparison of LOAC with other particle counting instruments and remote sensing photometers have been conducted to validate both the size distribution derived by LOAC and the retrieved particle number density. The speciation of the aerosols has been validated in well-defined conditions including urban pollution, desert dust episodes, fog, and cloud. Comparison with reference aerosol mass monitoring instruments also shows that the LOAC measurements can be successfully converted to mass concentrations. All these tests indicate that no bias is present in the LOAC measurements and in the corresponding data processing.
Systematic evaluation of the impacts of GPSRO data on the prediction of typhoons over the Northwestern Pacific in 2008–2010
Authors: Chen Y.-C. , Hsieh M.-E. , Hsiao L.-F. , Kuo Y.-H. , Yang M.-J. , Huang C.-Y. , Lee C.-S.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. In this paper, we perform a systematic evaluation of the impact of Global Positioning System radio occultation (GPSRO) data on typhoon track prediction over the Northwestern Pacific. Specifically, we perform data assimilation and forecast experiments using the Typhoon Weather Research and Forecasting (TWRF) system at 45 km resolution on eleven typhoons (with a total of 327 cases) in the period of 2008–2010 over the Northwestern Pacific, with or without the use of GPSRO refractivity observations. On average, about 100 GPSRO soundings are assimilated over a 12 h partially cycling assimilation period. The results indicate that the assimilation of GPSRO data reduces the 72 h track forecast errors by approximately 12 km (5%). Although this is only a modest improvement, it is statistically significant. The assimilation of GPSRO data improves the analysis and the forecast of temperature, water vapour, and wind fields. Further analysis shows that the reduction in typhoon track forecast errors can be attributed to the improved prediction of Western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) and its associated circulation, which leads to better forecasting of the environmental steering flow.
Contrasting responses of terrestrial ecosystem production to hot temperature extreme regimes between grassland and forest
Authors: Zhang Y. , Voigt M. , Liu H.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. During the past several decades, observational data have shown a faster increase in hot temperature extremes than the change in mean temperature. Increasingly high extreme temperatures are expected to affect terrestrial ecosystem function. The ecological impact of hot extremes on vegetation production, however, remains uncertain across biomes in natural climatic conditions. In this study, we investigated the effects of hot temperature extremes on vegetation production by combining the MODIS enhanced vegetation index (EVI) data set and in situ climatic records during the period 2000 to 2009 from 12 long-term experimental sites across biomes and climate. Our results show that higher mean annual maximum temperatures (Tmax) greatly reduced grassland production, and yet enhanced forest production after removing the effect of precipitation. The relative decrease in vegetation production was 16% for arid grassland and 7% for mesic grassland, and the increase was 5% for forest. We also observed a significantly positive relationship between interannual aboveground net primary production (ANPP) and Tmax for the forest biome (R2 = 0.79, P < 0.001). This line of evidence suggests that hot temperature extremes lead to contrasting ecosystem-level responses of vegetation production between grassland and forest biomes. Given that many terrestrial ecosystem models use average daily temperature as input, predictions of ecosystem production should consider such contrasting responses to increasingly hot temperature extreme regimes associated with climate change.
Global analysis of radiative forcing from fire-induced shortwave albedo change
Authors: López-Saldaña G. , Bistinas I. , Pereira J. M. C.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Land surface albedo, a key parameter to derive Earth's surface energy balance, is used in the parameterization of numerical weather prediction, climate monitoring and climate change impact assessments. Changes in albedo due to fire have not been fully investigated on a continental and global scale. The main goal of this study, therefore, is to quantify the changes in instantaneous shortwave albedo produced by biomass burning activities and their associated radiative forcing. The study relies on the MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) MCD64A1 burned-area product to create an annual composite of areas affected by fire and the MCD43C2 bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) albedo snow-free product to compute a bihemispherical reflectance time series. The approximate day of burning is used to calculate the instantaneous change in shortwave albedo. Using the corresponding National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) monthly mean downward solar radiation flux at the surface, the global radiative forcing associated with fire was computed. The analysis reveals a mean decrease in shortwave albedo of −0.014 (1σ = 0.017), causing a mean positive radiative forcing of 3.99 Wm−2 (1σ = 4.89) over the 2002–20012 time period in areas affected by fire. The greatest drop in mean shortwave albedo change occurs in 2002, which corresponds to the highest total area burned (378 Mha) observed in the same year and produces the highest mean radiative forcing (4.5 Wm−2). Africa is the main contributor in terms of burned area, but forests globally give the highest radiative forcing per unit area and thus give detectable changes in shortwave albedo. The global mean radiative forcing for the whole period studied (~0.0275 Wm−2) shows that the contribution of fires to the Earth system is not insignificant.
Secondary calcification and dissolution respond differently to future ocean conditions
Authors: Silbiger N. J. , Donahue M. J.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Climate change threatens both the accretion and erosion processes that sustain coral reefs. Secondary calcification, bioerosion, and reef dissolution are integral to the structural complexity and long-term persistence of coral reefs, yet these processes have received less research attention than reef accretion by corals. In this study, we use climate scenarios from RCP 8.5 to examine the combined effects of rising ocean acidity and sea surface temperature (SST) on both secondary calcification and dissolution rates of a natural coral rubble community using a flow-through aquarium system. We found that secondary reef calcification and dissolution responded differently to the combined effect of pCO2 and temperature. Calcification had a non-linear response to the combined effect of pCO2 and temperature: the highest calcification rate occurred slightly above ambient conditions and the lowest calcification rate was in the highest temperature–pCO2 condition. In contrast, dissolution increased linearly with temperature–pCO2 . The rubble community switched from net calcification to net dissolution at +271 μatm pCO2 and 0.75 °C above ambient conditions, suggesting that rubble reefs may shift from net calcification to net dissolution before the end of the century. Our results indicate that (i) dissolution may be more sensitive to climate change than calcification and (ii) that calcification and dissolution have different functional responses to climate stressors; this highlights the need to study the effects of climate stressors on both calcification and dissolution to predict future changes in coral reefs.
Lena River delta formation during the Holocene
Authors: Bolshiyanov D. , Makarov A. , Savelieva L.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. The Lena River delta, the largest delta of the Arctic Ocean, differs from other deltas because it consists mainly of organomineral sediments, commonly called peat, that contain a huge organic carbon reservoir. The analysis of delta sediment radiocarbon ages showed that they could not have formed as peat during floodplain bogging; rather, they accumulated when Laptev Sea water level was high and green mosses and sedges grew and were deposited on the surface of flooded marshes. The Lena River delta formed as organomineral masses and layered sediments accumulated during transgressive phases when sea level rose. In regressive phases, the islands composed of these sediments and other, more ancient islands were eroded. Each new sea transgression led to further accumulation of layered sediments. As a result of alternating transgressive and regressive phases, the first alluvial-marine terrace formed, consisting of geological bodies of different ages. Determining the formation age of different areas of the first terrace and other marine terraces on the coast allowed the periods of increasing (8000–6000 BP (years before present), 4500–4000, 2500–1500, and 400–200 BP) and decreasing (5000, 3000, and 500 BP) Laptev Sea levels to be distinguished in the Lena Delta area.
Effect of reed canary grass cultivation on greenhouse gas emission from peat soil at controlled rewetting
Authors: Karki S. , Elsgaard L. , Lærke P. E.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Cultivation of bioenergy crops in rewetted peatland (paludiculture) is considered as a possible land use option to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, bioenergy crops like reed canary grass (RCG) can have a complex influence on GHG fluxes. Here we determined the effect of RCG cultivation on GHG emission from peatland rewetted to various extents. Mesocosms were manipulated to three different ground water levels (GWLs), i.e. 0, −10 and −20 cm below the soil surface in a controlled semi-field facility. Emissions of CO2 (ecosystem respiration, ER), CH4 and N2O from mesocosms with RCG and bare soil were measured at weekly to fortnightly intervals with static chamber techniques for a period of 1 year. Cultivation of RCG increased both ER and CH4 emissions, but decreased the N2O emissions. The presence of RCG gave rise to 69, 75 and 85% of total ER at −20, −10 and 0 cm GWL, respectively. However, this difference was due to decreased soil respiration at the rising GWL as the plant-derived CO2 flux was similar at all three GWLs. For methane, 70–95% of the total emission was due to presence of RCG, with the highest contribution at −20 cm GWL. In contrast, cultivation of RCG decreased N2O emission by 33–86% with the major reductions at −10 and −20 cm GWL. In terms of global warming potential, the increase in CH4 emissions due to RCG cultivation was more than offset by the decrease in N2O emissions at −10 and −20 cm GWL; at 0 cm GWL the CH4 emissions was offset only by 23%. CO2 emissions from ER were obviously the dominant RCG-derived GHG flux, but above-ground biomass yields, and preliminary measurements of gross photosynthetic production, showed that ER could be more than balanced due to the photosynthetic uptake of CO2 by RCG. Our results support that RCG cultivation could be a good land use option in terms of mitigating GHG emission from rewetted peatlands, potentially turning these ecosystems into a sink of atmospheric CO2.
Response of soil microorganisms to radioactive oil waste: results from a leaching experiment
Authors: Galitskaya P. , Biktasheva L. , Saveliev A. , Ratering S. , Schnell S. , Selivanovskaya S.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Oil wastes produced in large amounts in the processes of oil extraction, refining, and transportation are of great environmental concern because of their mutagenicity, toxicity, high fire hazardousness, and other properties. About 40% of these wastes contain radionuclides; however, the effects of oil products and radionuclides on soil microorganisms are frequently studied separately. The toxicity and effects on various microbial parameters of raw waste (H) containing 575 g of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) kg−1 waste, 4.4 kBq kg−1 of 226Ra, 2.8 kBq kg−1 of 232Th, and 1.3 kBq kg−1 of $^{40}$K and its treated variant (R) (1.6 g kg−1 of TPH, 7.9 kBq kg−1 of 226Ra, 3.9 kBq kg−1 of 232Th, and 183 kBq kg−1 of 40K) were estimated in a leaching column experiment to separate the effects of hydrocarbons from those of radioactive elements. The disposal of H waste samples on the soil surface led to an increase of the TPH content in soil: it became 3.5, 2.8, and 2.2 times higher in the upper (0–20 cm), middle (20–40 cm), and lower (40–60 cm) layers respectively. Activity concentrations of 226Ra and 232Th increased in soil sampled from both H- and R-columns in comparison to their concentrations in control soil. The activity concentrations of these two elements in samples taken from the upper and middle layers were much higher for the R-column compared to the H-column, despite the fact that the amount of waste added to the columns was equalized with respect to the activity concentrations of radionuclides. The H waste containing both TPH and radionuclides affected the functioning of the soil microbial community, and the effect was more pronounced in the upper layer of the column. Metabolic quotient and cellulase activity were the most sensitive microbial parameters as their levels were changed 5–1.4 times in comparison to control ones. Changes of soil functional characteristics caused by the treated waste containing mainly radionuclides were not observed. PCR-SSCP (polymerase chain reaction – single strand conformation polymorphism) analysis followed by MDS (metric multidimensional scaling) and clustering analysis revealed that the shifts in microbial community structure were affected by both hydrocarbons and radioactivity.
Bayesian inversions of a dynamic vegetation model in four European grassland sites
Authors: Minet J. , Laloy E. , Tychon B. , François L.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Eddy covariance data from four European grassland sites are used to probabilistically invert the CARAIB dynamic vegetation model (DVM) with ten unknown parameters, using the DREAM(ZS) Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampler. We compare model inversions considering both homoscedastic and heteroscedastic eddy covariance residual errors, with variances either fixed a~priori or jointly inferred with the model parameters. Agreements between measured and simulated data during calibration are comparable with previous studies, with root-mean-square error (RMSE) of simulated daily gross primary productivity (GPP), ecosystem respiration (RECO) and evapotranspiration (ET) ranging from 1.73 to 2.19 g C m−2 day−1, 1.04 to 1.56 g C m−2 day−1, and 0.50 to 1.28 mm day−1, respectively. In validation, mismatches between measured and simulated data are larger, but still with Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency scores above 0.5 for three out of the four sites. Although measurement errors associated with eddy covariance data are known to be heteroscedastic, we showed that assuming a classical linear heteroscedastic model of the residual errors in the inversion do not fully remove heteroscedasticity. Since the employed heteroscedastic error model allows for larger deviations between simulated and measured data as the magnitude of the measured data increases, this error model expectedly lead to poorer data fitting compared to inversions considering a constant variance of the residual errors. Furthermore, sampling the residual error variances along with model parameters results in overall similar model parameter posterior distributions as those obtained by fixing these variances beforehand, while slightly improving model performance. Despite the fact that the calibrated model is generally capable of fitting the data within measurement errors, systematic bias in the model simulations are observed. These are likely due to model inadequacies such as shortcomings in the photosynthesis modelling. Besides model behaviour, difference between model parameter posterior distributions among the four grassland sites are also investigated. It is shown that the marginal distributions of the specific leaf area and characteristic mortality time parameters can be explained by site-specific ecophysiological characteristics. Lastly, the possibility of finding a common set of parameters among the four experimental sites is discussed.
Resource acquisition, distribution and end-use efficiencies and the growth of industrial society
Authors: Jarvis A. , Jarvis S. , Hewitt N.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. A key feature of the growth of industrial society is the acquisition of increasing quantities of resources from the environment and their distribution for end use. With respect to energy, growth has been near exponential for the last 160 years. We attempt to show that the global distribution of resources that underpins this growth may be facilitated by the continual development and expansion of near optimal directed networks. If so, the distribution efficiencies of these networks must decline as they expand due to path lengths becoming longer and more tortuous. To maintain long-term exponential growth the physical limits placed on the distribution networks appear to be counteracted by innovations deployed elsewhere in the system: namely at the points of acquisition and end use. We postulate that the maintenance of growth at the specific rate of ~2.4% yr−1 stems from an implicit desire to optimise patterns of energy use over human working lifetimes.
Millennial erosion rates across the Pamir based on 10Be concentrations in fluvial sediments: dominance of topographic over climatic factors
Authors: Fuchs M. C. , Gloaguen R. , Merchel S. , Pohl E. , Sulaymonova V. A. , Andermann C. , Rugel G.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. The understanding of erosion processes is fundamental to study the evolution of actively deforming mountain ranges, whereas the relative contributions tectonic and climatic factors and their feedbacks are debated. The Pamir is peculiar in both, high deformation rates induced by the India–Eurasia collision and its position at the transition between Westerlies and Monsoon. In order to contribute to this debate we quantify basin-wide erosion rates from cosmogenic 10Be concentrations in modern river sediments measured by accelerator mass spectrometry. Sample locations represent the Panj basin at six sites along its trunk stream, and the major, east–west elongated tributary basins at five sites. An average erosion of ~0.64 mm yr−1 for the entire Pamir reveals a rapid landscape evolution. Erosion rates of tributary sub-basins highlight the strong contrast between the plateau (0.05 to 0.16 mm yr−1) and the Pamir margins (0.54 to 1.45 mm yr−1). The intensity of erosion is primarily (R2 of 0.81) correlated to slope steepness (0.75 quartiles) suggesting either tectonic uplift or base level lowering. Multiple linear regression reveals that precipitation may contribute also to the efficiency of erosion (R2 of 0.93) to a lesser extent. Dry conditions and low slopes hinders sediment transport and consequently, erosion on the plateau. The highest erosion coincides with the predominant winter precipitation from the Westerlies. The concentrated discharge during spring and early summer favors pronounced erosion along the north-western Pamir margin by driving the sediment flux out of the basins. The magnitude of erosion in Pamir is similar to rates determined in the south Himalayan escarpment, whereas climatic and tectonic conditions are very different. Millennial erosion does not balance the roughly ten times higher fluvial incision implying a transient landscape. We propose that river captures are responsible for the strong base level drop driving the incision along the Panj and consequently, initiate steep hillslopes that will contribute to high erosion at the Pamir margins. Precipitation may act as limiting factor to hillslope adjustment and consequently to erosion processes.
A framework for assessing hydrological regime sensitivity to climate change in a convective rainfall environment: a case study of two medium-sized eastern Mediterranean catchments, Israel
Authors: Peleg N. , Shamir E. , Georgakakos K. P. , Morin E.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. A modeling framework is formulated and applied to assess the sensitivity of the hydrological regime of two catchments in a convective rainfall environment with respect to projected climate change. The study uses likely rainfall scenarios with high spatiotemporal resolution that are dependent on projected changes in the driving regional meteorological synoptic systems. The framework was applied to a case study in two medium-sized Mediterranean catchments in Israel, affected by convective rainfall, by combining the HiReS-WG rainfall generator and the SAC-SMA hydrological model. The projected climate change impact on the hydrological regime was examined for the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios, comparing the historical (beginning of the 21st century) and future (mid-21st-century) periods from three general circulation model simulations available from CMIP5. Focusing on changes in the occurrence frequency of regional synoptic systems and their impact on rainfall and streamflow patterns, we find that the mean annual rainfall over the catchments is projected to be reduced by 15% (outer range 2–23%) and 18% (7–25%) for the RCP4.5 sand RCP8.5 emission scenarios, respectively. The mean annual streamflow volumes are projected to be reduced by 45% (10–60%) and 47% (16–66%). The average events' streamflow volumes for a given event rainfall depth are projected to be lower by a factor of 1.4–2.1. Moreover, the streamflow season in these ephemeral streams is projected to be shorter by 22% and 26–28% for the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. The amplification in reduction of streamflow volumes relative to rainfall amounts is related to the projected reduction in soil moisture, as a result of fewer rainfall events and longer dry spells between rainfall events during the wet season. The dominant factors for the projected reduction in rainfall amount were the reduction in occurrence of wet synoptic systems and the shortening of the wet synoptic systems durations. Changes in the occurrence frequency of the two dominant types of the regional wet synoptic systems (active Red Sea trough and Mediterranean low) were found to have a minor impact on the total rainfall.
Divergence of actual and reference evapotranspiration observations for irrigated sugarcane with windy tropical conditions
Authors: Anderson R. G. , Wang D. , Tirado-Corbalá R. , Zhang H. , Ayars J. E.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Standardized reference evapotranspiration (ET) and ecosystem-specific vegetation coefficients are frequently used to estimate actual ET. However, equations for calculating reference ET have not been well validated in tropical environments. We measured ET (ETEC) using eddy covariance (EC) towers at two irrigated sugarcane fields on the leeward (dry) side of Maui, Hawaii, USA in contrasting climates. We calculated reference ET at the fields using the short (ET0) and tall (ETr) vegetation versions of the American Society for Civil Engineers (ASCE) equation. The ASCE equations were compared to the Priestley–Taylor ET (ETPT) and ETEC. Reference ET from the ASCE approaches exceeded ETEC during the mid-period (when vegetation coefficients suggest ETEC should exceed reference ET). At the windier tower site, cumulative ETr exceeded ETEC by 854 mm over the course of the mid-period (267 days). At the less windy site, mid-period ETr still exceeded ETEC, but the difference was smaller (443 mm). At both sites, ETPT approximated mid-period ETEC more closely than the ASCE equations ((ETPT-ETEC) < 170 mm). Analysis of applied water and precipitation, soil moisture, leaf stomatal resistance, and canopy cover suggest that the lower observed ETEC was not the result of water stress or reduced vegetation cover. Use of a custom-calibrated bulk canopy resistance improved the reference ET estimate and reduced seasonal ET discrepancy relative to ETPT and ETEC in the less windy field and had mixed performance in the windier field. These divergences suggest that modifications to reference ET equations may be warranted in some tropical regions.
Technical Note: Semi-automated classification of time-lapse RGB imagery for a remote Greenlandic river
Authors: Gleason C. J. , Smith L. C. , Finnegan D. C. , LeWinter A. L. , Pitcher L. H. , Chu V. W.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. River systems in remote environments are often challenging to monitor and understand where traditional gauging apparatus are difficult to install or where safety concerns prohibit field measurements. In such cases, remote sensing, especially terrestrial time lapse imaging platforms, offer a means to better understand these fluvial systems. One such environment is found at the proglacial Isortoq River in southwest Greenland, a river with a constantly shifting floodplain and remote Arctic location that make gauging and in situ measurements all but impossible. In order to derive relevant hydraulic parameters for this river, two RGB cameras were installed in July of 2011, and these cameras collected over 10 000 half hourly time-lapse images of the river by September of 2012. Existing approaches for extracting hydraulic parameters from RGB imagery require manual or supervised classification of images into water and non-water areas, a task that was impractical for the volume of data in this study. As such, automated image filters were developed that removed images with environmental obstacles (e.g. shadows, sun glint, snow) from the processing stream. Further image filtering was accomplished via a novel automated histogram similarity filtering process. This similarity filtering allowed successful (mean accuracy 79.6%) supervised classification of filtered images from training data collected from just 10% of those images. Effective width, a hydraulic parameter highly correlated with discharge in braided rivers, was extracted from these classified images, producing a hydrograph proxy for the Isortoq River between 2011 and 2012. This hydrograph proxy shows agreement with historic flooding observed in other parts of Greenland in July 2012 and offers promise that the imaging platform and processing methodology presented here will be useful for future monitoring studies of remote rivers.
Recent changes in north-west Greenland climate documented by NEEM shallow ice core data and simulations, and implications for past temperature reconstructions
Authors: Masson-Delmotte V. , Steen-Larsen H. C. , Ortega P. , Swingedouw D. , Popp T. , Vinther B. M. , Oerter H. , Sveinbjornsdottir A. E. , Gudlaugsdottir H. , Box J. E. , Falourd S. , Fettweis X. , Gallée H. , Garnier E. , Jouzel J. , Landais A. , Minster B. , Paradis N. , Orsi A. , Risi C. , Werner M. , White J. W. C.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Combined records of snow accumulation rate, δ18O and deuterium excess were produced from several shallow ice cores and snow pits at NEEM (north-west Greenland), covering the period from 1724 to 2007. They are used to investigate recent climate variability and characterize the isotope–temperature relationship. We find that NEEM records are only weakly affected by inter-annual changes in the North Atlantic Oscillation. Decadal δ18O and accumulation variability is related to North Atlantic SST, and enhanced at the beginning of the 19th century. No long-term trend is observed in the accumulation record. By contrast, NEEM δ18O shows multi-decadal increasing trends in the late 19th century and since the 1980s. The strongest annual positive δ18O anomaly values are recorded at NEEM in 1928 and 2010, while maximum accumulation occurs in 1933. The last decade is the most enriched in δ18O (warmest), while the 11-year periods with the strongest depletion (coldest) are depicted at NEEM in 1815–1825 and 1836–1846, which are also the driest 11-year periods. The NEEM accumulation and δ18O records are strongly correlated with outputs from atmospheric models, nudged to atmospheric reanalyses. Best performance is observed for ERA reanalyses. Gridded temperature reconstructions, instrumental data and model outputs at NEEM are used to estimate the multi-decadal accumulation–temperature and δ18O–temperature relationships for the strong warming period in 1979–2007. The accumulation sensitivity to temperature is estimated at 11 ± 2% °C−1 and the δ18O–temperature slope at 1.1 ± 0.2‰ °C−1, about twice larger than previously used to estimate last interglacial temperature change from the bottom part of the NEEM deep ice core.
Western Faculty Profile: Dr. Shauna Burke
Authors: Visca Natalie
Published: January 2015

Dr. Shauna Burke is an Assistant Professor at Western University in the Faculty of Health Sciences. She teaches both undergraduate and graduate level courses and has been recognized several times for her outstanding contributions to teaching. Dr. Burke is a faculty researcher in the Health Promotion Laboratory at Western and was the Principal Investigator of the Children’s Health and Activity Modification Program (“C.H.A.M.P.”), a family based program targeting childhood obesity in London, Ontario. Her current research interests include childhood obesity, health behaviours (physical activity, breastfeeding), and literacy (food, physical, political).
Traveling Toward Distance: Italian Lessons
Authors: Innis Robert E.
Published: January 2015

Human beings are wanderers, although in another way we are more like trees, rooted in place, both physical and psychological. We cross borders, both internal and external, between the familiar and the unfamiliar, but often find ourselves seeing the new only in terms of the old or, more dangerously, not seeing the new at all. This article will explore through concrete instances pivotal philosophical and existential implications and lessons of the “fusion of horizons” exemplified in Montaigne's, Goethe's, Stendhal's, and James's reflections on their often contradictory experiences of Italy. Maybe Émile Zola's remark that a work of art is a corner of nature seen through a temperament applies to more than works of art.
Crisscrossing Cosmopolitanism: State-Phobia, World Alienation, and the Global Soul
Authors: Zakin Emily
Published: January 2015

This article argues that there is an elemental confluence between the moral ideal of cosmopolitanism and the economic and commercial practices of globalization. By looking at Foucault's and Arendt's readings of Kant, I show that the cosmopolitan premise of humanity is bound to an eschatological vision of the end of politics. In aligning Foucault's discussion of state-phobia with Arendt's discussion of world alienation, I argue that the eclipse of the public realm is intrinsic to the liberal conception of progress. While critics have viewed Arendt's social/political distinction with suspicion, less attention has been paid to the parallel contrast between intimacy and privacy in her work and to the ways in which her critique of intimacy's worldlessness converges with her depiction of the crisis of modernity. In Arendt's account, the social swallows up and depoliticizes the public realm and spits out intimacy (limitless interiority) as the consolation for this loss.
Carta del Director Noviembre 2014
Authors: Martínez Ventura Jaime Edwin
Published: January 2015

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rpsp.v4i2.1749
Proliferación de armas y violencia armada en el sector de la seguridad privada en América Latina y el Caribe: Desafíos y oportunidades para la acción
Authors: Bacouillard Rémi , Guerrero Camilo Duplat , Bustamante Julián
Published: January 2015

El Centro Regional de las Naciones Unidas para la Paz, el Desarme y el Desarrollo en América Latina y el Caribe (UNLIREC) ha hecho un seguimiento de diferentes medios de comunicación en 19 países y ha documentado más de 100 artículos periodísticos que reportaron casos de violencia armada y proliferación de armas de fuego en el sector de la seguridad privada. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar los casos reportados y sistematizar una tipología de los mismos, para evidenciar la problemática de la seguridad privada como fuente y víctima de la inseguridad. Este estudio refleja la frecuencia con la que suceden estos casos, así como el hecho de que éstos ocurren en diferentes países de la región, lo cual contribuye a que el material de estudio no constituya casos aislados sino que, por el contrario, aliente a Estados y empresas del sector a hacer frente a esta preocupante realidad.Por último, este artículo presenta una serie de iniciativas que pueden ser implementadas por las autoridades nacionales competentes en el tema, así como por las mismas empresas del sector para afrontar los desafíos que presentan el manejo, la tenencia y el uso de las armas de fuego en laprivatización de la seguridad en la región.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rpsp.v4i2.1754
Las agencias de seguridad privada en El Salvador: Estado de la colaboración público privada en prevención del delito en el sistema de seguridad pública
Authors: Gómez Hecht Juan Ricardo
Published: January 2015

El actual entorno de seguridad en El Salvador se caracteriza por elevados niveles de inseguridad y criminalidad. Las autoridades públicas enfrentadas a este problema, necesitan recurrir a nuevas alternativas para poder solucionarlo o por lo menos administrarlo. Entre éstas, la colaboración público/privada en el ámbito de la prevención del delito, resulta ser una opción alentadora. La investigación analiza el estado actual de la colaboración público/privada entre la Policía Nacional Civil y los Servicios Privados de Seguridad en El Salvador, revelando, entre otras cosas, que ésta relación se encuentra en un estado incipiente pero con resultados que son prometedores.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rpsp.v4i2.1759
Surgimiento y proliferación de las empresas de seguridad privada en El Salvador
Authors: Saavedra Boris
Published: January 2015

El Salvador ha sido impactado por la inestabilidad política y las agitaciones de orden socioeconómico en un ambiente perfecto para el crimen organizado; en medio de la pacificación y democratización del país después de un cruento conflicto interno. Este ensayo se enfoca en la seguridad privada a través de un análisis descriptivo de los factores que influyen en su evolución e implicaciones en la gobernabilidad y gobernanza del país. El análisis de la seguridad como un bien común, los factores que influyen en el empleo de la seguridad privada y las relaciones interinstitucionales de la seguridad privada y la policía requieren de regulaciones apropiadas en función de los factores antes mencionados. Al considerarse a la seguridad como bien común, los derechos fundamentales son de carácter obligatorio y base de la legitimidad de la acción gubernamental.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rpsp.v4i2.1765
Prospectiva: Cómo usar el pensamiento sobre el futuro
Authors: Badura Benjamín
Published: January 2015

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rpsp.v4i2.1766Revista Policía y Seguridad Pública 4(2) 2014: 369-374
Ley Orgánica de la Policía Nacional Civil de El Salvador
Authors: Editor El
Published: January 2015

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rpsp.v4i2.1767
Construyendo el futuro deseado. Introducción a la Ciencia
Authors: Gutiérrez Portillo Alejandra Patricia
Published: January 2015

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rpsp.v4i2.1773Revista Policía y Seguridad Pública 4(2) 2014: 417-418
Web: América Latina y el Caribe en 2025
Authors: Gallegos Brenda
Published: January 2015

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rpsp.v4i2.1774Revista Policía y Seguridad Pública 4(2) 2014: 419-420
Cine: La Máquina del Tiempo
Authors: Morales Peña Juan Carlos
Published: January 2015

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rpsp.v4i2.1777
Bestuursrechtelijke handhaving en de beneficiair aanvaardende erfgenaam
Authors: Luimes A.J.
Published: January 2015

Bestuursrechtelijke handhaving en de beneficiair aanvaardende erfgenaam

Het onderhavige artikel gaat over geldschulden die voortvloeien uit een bestuurlijk handhavingsbesluit en beneficiaire aanvaarding. De aanleiding daarvoor wordt gevormd door een tweetal tamelijk recente uitspraken van de Afdeling bestuursrechtspraak van de Raad van State. Deze uitspraken worden uitgebreid besproken. Verder gaat het artikel in op de niet door de Afdeling beantwoorde vraag of een bestuursrechtelijke geldschuld kan worden verhaald op het privévermogen van de beneficiair aanvaardende erfgenaam.
De legataris wordt erfgenaam volgens de wet; wat was de bedoeling van de testateur?
Authors: Luijten E.A.A. , Meijer W.R.
Published: January 2015

De legataris wordt erfgenaam volgens de wet; wat was de bedoeling van de testateur?

Deze noot behandelt een oude uiterste wil, terwijl de erflater overlijdt onder het huidige recht.
Formação do professor do atendimento educacional especializado: a Educação Especial em questão
Authors: Rossetto Elisabeth
Published: January 2015

O presente artigo tem como objetivo discutir a formação e as atribuições do professor do Atendimento Educacional Especializado (AEE) realizado na sala de recursos multifuncional (SRM). O estudo em questão é de caráter documental e bibliográfico. Na investigação documental selecionamos normativas legais que se referem especificamente ao AEE, considerando-se que este se constitui no espaço prioritário para o atendimento aos alunos com deficiência inseridos no ensino regular. A parte bibliográfica deu-se sob o enfoque da Teoria Histórico-Cultural, por ser o referencial teórico que tem contribuído significativamente ao se tratar do processo de escolarização da pessoa com deficiência. Nossa investigação levou-nos a perceber que a preparação direcionada ao professor encontra-se imbuída de características que denotam superficialidade teórica, com grande adesão à modalidade de ensino a distância, com ênfase em procedimentos técnicos e na disponibilização do uso de recursos. Entendemos que tal formação não contribui para o processo de apropriação de conhecimentos por parte dos alunos e compromete os conteúdos escolares e o ato de ensinar. Nesse sentido reconhecemos a relevância de investimentos em uma qualificação mais consistente, que instrumentalize teoricamente o professor. Ademais a partir deste referencial, ressaltamos a importância da ação docente enquanto mediação para o processo de escolarização e humanização dos alunos com deficiência, uma vez que está no conhecimento uma via pela qual o aluno com deficiência compensa suas limitações e é capaz de superar as características causadas pela própria deficiência.Palavras-chave: Atendimento Educacional Especializado; Atribuições do Professor; Formação     Docente; Educação Especial.
Tecnologia assistiva para crianças cegas: produtos de apoio para a mobilidade pessoal
Authors: Jesus Lana Tuan Borges de , Sampaio Alexandra Da Silva Santos , Bonilla Maria Helena Silveira
Published: January 2015

O objetivo deste artigo consiste em identificar, catalogar e descrever a funcionalidade dos recursos de tecnologia assistiva, em especial os produtos de apoio para orientação e mobilidade da criança cega na faixa etária de 0 a 5 anos, utilizados para potencializar o seu desenvolvimento sensório-motor, reduzir ou eliminar as possíveis limitações causadas pela deficiência. A revisão bibliográfica prévia demonstrou que são escassos os estudos e trabalhos científicos sobre Tecnologia Assistiva específica para este público, na faixa etária estudada, o que torna este artigo de singular relevância tanto para a área, quanto socialmente. Os resultados iniciais indicaram que os produtos disponíveis como sendo Tecnologia Assistiva devem seguir preceitos e critérios individualizados considerando as necessidades específicas e individuais, o contexto que a criança cega está inserida e as barreiras que impedem ou dificultam a execução da tarefa pelo indivíduo. Destacamos que todos os produtos identificados são físicos, analógicos, podendo ser confeccionados de modo artesanal, com custos mínimos e alta funcionalidade, e que existe uma carência de produtos digitais específicos para as crianças cegas, na faixa etária estudada, o que evidencia o estágio em que se encontra o desenvolvimento tecnológico nessa área e/ou o pouco investimento feito para o atendimento desses sujeitos.
Métodos de avaliação do comportamento adaptativo em pessoas com deficiência intelectual: uma revisão de literatura
Authors: Ferreira Elizângela Fernandes , Van Munster Mey De Abreu
Published: January 2015

Os déficits cognitivos e adaptativos podem interferir no desenvolvimento da autonomia e da independência de pessoas com deficiência intelectual. Desta forma, identifica-se a necessidade de avaliar o comportamento adaptativo em pessoas nessa condição, a fim de ajustar o planejamento, a implementação e avaliação de programas de intervenção às necessidades desse público. Assim o presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar os métodos de avaliação do comportamento adaptativo empregados junto à população de pessoas com deficiência intelectual. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de cunho quali-quantitativo do tipo bibliográfica. Os dados foram coletados por meio do banco de dados da CAPES, da Dynamed e UptoDate. Os dados foram analisados, quantitativo e qualitativamente. Os resultados apontaram uma prevalência de utilização de instrumentos padronizados, com destaque para a Escala do Comportamento Adaptativo – Vineland. O contexto predominante neste método de avaliação foi o clínico, sendo a finalidade de maior incidência, a correlação do comportamento adaptativo com um fator externo. Já para os instrumentos não padronizados, o contexto com maior incidência foi o educacional. Nesse método a observação direta tem sido amplamente empregada. Quase todos os domínios do comportamento adaptativo têm sido avaliados nos estudos, contudo há uma evidência maior em aspectos relativos ao domínio social.
Apoio de Terapia Ocupacional para a participação escolar de criança com artrogripose múltipla congênita: um estudo de caso
Authors: Fiorini Bianca Sampaio , Araújo Rita de Cássia Tibério
Published: January 2015

A artrogripose múltipla congênita (AMC) é uma doença rara e tem como característica o comprometimento em múltiplas articulações, que interfere no desempenho de atividades de vida diária (AVDs) e escolares. A tecnologia assistiva é uma área do conhecimento que engloba recursos, adaptações, metodologia, estratégias, serviços que visam promover maior independência e participação de pessoas com deficiência, incapacidade ou com mobilidade reduzida em diversos contextos. O terapeuta ocupacional é um profissional que utiliza a tecnologia assistiva a fim de auxiliar o indivíduo a desenvolver suas potencialidades e adquirir maior independência nas atividades cotidianas. O presente estudo teve por objetivo relatar a experiência de uma intervenção de terapia ocupacional direcionada às necessidades de uma criança com artrogripose múltipla congênita (AMC), no que tange às dificuldades para realização de tarefas gerais no contexto escolar. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, do tipo estudo de caso. Realizou-se intervenção, durante um ano, com uma criança matriculada em sala regular de Ensino Fundamental. Realizaram-se visitas escolares para identificação de demandas, conjuntamente com a professora da participante, visando prescrição, confecção e aplicação de recursos adaptados. Elaborou-se um roteiro de entrevista semi estruturado para verificar a percepção da professora a respeito do uso dos recursos confeccionados. As adaptações auxiliaram e facilitaram o desempenho nas atividades de autocuidado, como também em tarefas que envolviam a utilização de materiais escolares. O trabalho conjunto do profissional da saúde com o profissional da educação foi percebido pela professora da participante como algo que favorece condutas mais pontuais na resolução de problemas de participação escolar.
Formatação ilustrativa e descritiva de estratégias e recursos pedagógicos para o ensino de alunos cegos e com baixa visão em ambientes inclusivos
Authors: Seabra Júnior Manoel Osmar , Fiorini Maria Luiza Salzani , Manzini Eduardo José
Published: January 2015

A participação de todos em uma aula de Educação Física requer recursos pedagógicos e estratégias de ensino adequadas e/ou adaptadas, a cada grupo de participantes. Objetivou-se identificar, interpretar e categorizar as proposições que descrevem estratégias de ensino e recursos pedagógicos, propostos para o ensino de alunos cegos e com baixa visão. E de modo específicos: 1) disponibilizar os resultados das proposições que descrevem estratégias de ensino e recursos pedagógicos, por meio de um manual ilustrativo, e 2) desenvolver um procedimento de descrição de figura em texto impresso, a partir do manual ilustrativo, de modo a oferecer acessibilidade às pessoas cegas. Os resultados foram obtidos por meio de: 1) identificação das proposições que descrevem estratégias de ensino e recursos pedagógicos na literatura; 2) classificação e categorização das proposições; 3) elaboração do manual ilustrativo, e 4) descrição das figuras contidas no manual. O material produzido deverá servir como instrumento para formação de acadêmicos, para professores de instituições, professores de esportes adaptados, e ainda, para uso diário de professores.
Educação Inclusiva, ensino de Ciências e linguagem científica: possíveis relações
Authors: Benite Anna Maria Canavarro , Benite Claudio Roberto Machado , Vilela-Ribeiro Eveline Borges
Published: January 2015

Atualmente, reclama-se por uma Educação Inclusiva na Sociedade da Informação. Dessa forma, é urgente se ensinar ciências no mundo onde o saber científico e tecnológico é cada dia mais valorizado, admitindo que não é possível a formação de um cidadão crítico sem conhecimentos básicos necessários para a realização de julgamentos e conseqüentes opções. O exercício da cidadania exige a participação efetiva dos indivíduos, tenham eles necessidades educativas especiais (NEE) ou não, em todas as esferas da sociedade. Neste artigo, serão apresentados alguns apontamentos sobre a relação complexa entre educação inclusiva, ensino de ciências e linguagem científica, assumindo a urgência da compreensão de necessidades específicas que possam orientar o ensino de ciências para este grupo social. Completa esse trabalho uma breve discussão sobre as características do conhecimento científico