bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cross‐validated Cox regression on microarray gene expression data
Authors: van Houwelingen Hans C. , Bruinsma Tako , Hart Augustinus A. M. , van't Veer Laura J. , Wessels Lodewyk F. A.
Published: September 2005

This paper describes how penalized Cox regression, in combination with cross‐validated partial likelihood can be employed to obtain reliable survival prediction models for high dimensional microarray data. The suggested procedure is demonstrated on a breast cancer survival data set consisting of 295 tumours as collected in the National Cancer Institute in Amsterdam and previously reported in more general papers.

The main aim of this paper it to show how generally accepted biostatistical procedures can be employed to analyse high‐dimensional data. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of LongIndium Nitride Nanowires with Uniform Diameters in Large Quantities
Authors: Luo Shudong , Zhou Weiya , Zhang Zengxing , Liu Lifeng , Dou Xinyuan , Wang Jianxiong , Zhao Xiaowei , Liu Dongfang , Gao Yan , Song Li , Xiang Yanjuan , Zhou Jianjun , Xie Sishen
Published: September 2005

Large quantities of indium nitride (InN) nanowires are synthesized by the in situ nitriding of indium oxide (In2O3) powders in an ammonia (NH3) flux. Tens of milligrams of nanowires are obtained in one batch. Every 100 mg of In2O3starting powder can produce up to 65 mg of InN nanowires under the optimized conditions. The synthesized nanowires grow along the [001] direction with excellent crystallinity. They are of high purity and are 30–50 μm in length with an almost uniform diameter of about 100 nm. Photoluminescence measurements of the nanowires exhibit a strong peak at 707 nm. An optical bandgap of about 1.7 eV is estimated based on the absorption spectrum. The experimental results also demonstrate that the approach of nitriding In2O3powders in situ is feasible for the synthesis of high‐purity InN nanowires in large quantities, with good reproducibility and without catalyst materials. The synthesis of InN nanowires in large quantities would be of benefit to the further study and understanding of their intrinsic properties, as well as being advantageous for their potential application in nanodevices.
Cover Picture: Biomimetic Micropatterning of Silica by Surface‐Initiated Polymerization and Microcontact Printing (Small 10/2005)
Authors: Kim Dong Jin , Lee Kyung‐Bok , Lee Tae Geol , Shon Hyun Kyong , Kim Wan‐Joong , Paik Hyun‐jong , Choi Insung S.
Published: September 2005

The cover picture shows micropatterns of silica that were generated by a combination of surface‐initiated polymerization and microcontact printing. A synthetic counterpart to naturally occurring silica‐forming peptides (silaffins in diatoms) was utilized to generate the patterns. The SEM image of a diatom, Stephanopyxis turris, was kindly provided by Prof. Manfred Sumper (University of Regensburg, Germany), and the cover picture was designed by Sung Ho Yang. For more information, please read the Full Paper “Biomimetic Micropatterning of Silica by Surface‐Initiated Polymerization and Microcontact Printing” by I. S. Choi and co‐workers on page 992 ff.
X‐ray fluorescence analysis with a pyroelectric x‐ray generator
Authors: Kawai Jun , Ida Hiroyuki , Murakami Hiroaki , Koyama Tetsuya
Published: September 2005

Several types of handy x‐ray fluorescence spectrometers are presented. The results obtained with a Niton spectrometer are presented as a goal to develop a laboratory‐made spectrometer using an Amptek Cool‐X pyroelectric x‐ray generator. A small and cheap charge‐up x‐ray emitting device and its spectrum are also presented. Handy x‐ray spectrometers are now progressing rapidly and the detection limits are in the range of a few ppm for certain elements. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phylogeography of Asian weaver ants,Oecophylla smaragdina
Authors: Azuma N. , Ogata K. , Kikuchi T. , Higashi S.
Published: September 2005

The phylogeography ofOecophylla smaragdinawas studied using the mitochondrial cytochromebgene (Cytb), cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), and nuclear long‐wavelength opsin gene (LWRh). Weaver ants were collected from 35 localities and from one to nine colonies per locality. Neighbor‐joining trees inferred from 647 bp of Cytb and 1,026 bp of COI usingOecophylla longinodaas an outgroup indicated that the haplotypes ofO. smaragdinawere clearly separated into seven groups: group 1 of India excluding West Bengal; group 2 of Bengal, Indochinese Peninsula, Malay Peninsula and Greater Sunda Islands, including Lombok and Sumbawa; group 3 of the Philippines; group 4 of Flores; group 5 of Sulawesi; group 6 of Halmahera; and group 7 of New Guinea and Australia. This grouping was also supported by a strict consensus tree derived from maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood trees. In addition, two haplotypes of LWRhwere found inO. smaragdina: one in group 2 and another in all the other groups. Comparison to haplotypes in other hymenopteran species suggests that group 2 is younger than other groups ofO. smaragdina. The clustering of the seven groups was coincident with geological evidence of the distribution of continents, islands, and seas during glacial periods.
Vegetation analysis in colonies of an endangered rodent, the Cabrera vole (Microtus cabrerae), in southern Portugal
Authors: Santos Sara M. , Simões M. Paula , Mathias Maria da Luz , Mira António
Published: September 2005

The Cabrera vole (Microtus cabrerae) is a threatened rodent endemic in the Iberian Peninsula with a patchy distribution and specific microhabitat requirements. This aim of this study was to document the composition of plant communities in habitats of Cabrera vole colonies in southern Portugal. Differences observed in plant species composition were also compared with vegetation structure, taxonomic and life form groups, species and group diversity, disturbance, topography and soil properties. Vegetation was sampled between March and July 2004, in 26 colonies occurring in five geographical areas. Grasses were the most abundant, common and diverse family in the colonies, and the perennial grass Agrostis castellana was present in 92% of colonies, with a mean cover of 16% of the site. Other frequently occurring species were Briza maxima (85%), Vulpia myuros (85%), Gaudinia fragilis (81%), Leontodon spp. (81%), Avena barbata (77%), Bromus hordeaceus (77%) and Tolpis barbata (77%). Colonies were classified in eight vegetation groups that included meadows, tall perennial grasslands, manured meadows with tall sedges, annual grasslands and ruderal and nitrophilous grasslands. Main gradients associated with composition differences were grass richness, annual and perennial grass cover, vegetation structure (herbaceous vegetation height), soil properties (texture and moisture), disturbance (ruderal species) and colony dimensions (area). Results suggest that the Cabrera vole is able to exploit a wide variety of grasslands, with a varying degree of ecological disturbance. Meadows and perennial grassland communities seem to be higher‐quality microhabitats for voles.
Factors determining the habitat of Drosera sessilifolia in the humid zone of the Brazilian Cerrado
Authors: Nemoto Masayuki , Libeiro José F.
Published: September 2005

Drosera sessilifolia, a tiny carnivorous plant whose adult size is around 3 cm, sometimes inhabits the humid zone known as the “campo limpo umido” in the Brazilian Cerrado region. D. sessilifolia rarely occurs in the swampy area along the stream in this region; however, its occurrence is expected to decline with agricultural development. In the present study, we examined the factors determining the habitat and growth of D. sessilifolia in the campo limpo umido as well as how these factors have been modified by agricultural developments. Our survey suggests that the growth of D. sessilifolia is greatly influenced by light in areas where sufficient soil moisture is available. The light environment at the edge of a track constructed for reasons of agricultural development is in fact more suitable for D. sessilifolia than that found in the areas formerly inhabited by it. However, soon after construction, the artificial habitat may be occupied by tall‐growing plants. In the former habitat of D. sessilifolia, the amount of accumulated litter and the size of the submerged spot also influenced its growth. In order to conserve short‐growing plants, like D. sessilifolia in the plant community, the accompanying tall‐growing dominant grasses should be controlled by periodic human disturbance.
Economic impact of crisis intervention in emergency psychiatry: a naturalistic study
Authors: Damsa Cristian , Hummel Christopher , Sar Vedat , Di Clemente Thierry , Maris Susanne , Lazignac Coralie , Massarczyk Odile , Pull Charles
Published: September 2005

Objective

This is a naturalistic study comparing the outcomes of all emergency psychiatric interventions in the Hospital Center of Luxemburg during two periods of six months each, before and after the introduction of a crisis intervention program. The aim of the study was to investigate the clinical and economic impact of crisis intervention on psychiatric emergency admissions.

Methods

All subjects admitted to the emergency psychiatric unit during the two study periods were considered for participation. Data were collected retrospectively and comparisons were made between patients before (September 1, 2001 to February 28, 2002) and after (September 1, 2002 to February 28, 2003) crisis intervention programs were established.

Results

A comparison between the two patient groups demonstrated a significant decrease in the rate of voluntary hospitalizations after crisis intervention, and a significant increase in the number of patients with subsequent outpatient consultations. The cost increase due to ambulatory follow-ups was widely compensated for by the cost decrease due to hospitalization avoidance.

Conclusion

These preliminary findings suggest that crisis intervention leads to a shift from hospitalization to outpatient psychotherapeutic management in emergency psychiatric services, which has a significant economic impact.
The costs and effectiveness of two psychosocial treatment programmes for personality disorder: a controlled study
Authors: Beecham Jennifer , Sleed Michelle , Knapp Martin , Chiesa Marco , Drahorad Carla
Published: September 2005

This paper examines the costs and cost-effectiveness of psychosocial treatment for personality disorder in a controlled study. Using well-validated cost and outcome measures three groups are compared: the One-Stage group (n = 32) received 12 months of inpatient treatment; the Step-Down group (n = 29) received 6 months of inpatient treatment followed by 12 months of outpatient therapy; and the control group of 47 people used routinely available services. Both specialist programmes were more effective than routine psychiatric services but more costly. Using an extended dominance approach the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio showed that achieving one extra person with clinically relevant outcomes required an investment in the Step-Down programme of around £3400 over 18 months. Small sample sizes and non-random allocation to programmes are limitations of this study but the costs and effectiveness findings consistently point to advantages for the shorter residential programme followed by community-based psychotherapeutic support.
Gender difference in relation to depression and quality of life among patients with a primary brain tumor
Authors: Mainio Arja , Hakko Helinä , Niemelä Asko , Koivukangas John , Räsänen Pirkko
Published: September 2005

Objective. –

We studied the relationship between depressive symptoms and quality of life (QOL) as well as functional status in primary brain tumor patients at recurrent measurements. Differences in QOL between depressive and non-depressive samples by gender were controlled for tumor characteristics and patients' psychosocial factors.

Materials and methods. –

The data consisted of 77 patients with a primary brain tumor, 30 males and 47 females. Depression of the patients was assessed by Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Crown-Crisp Experiential Index (CCEI), functional status by Karnofsky Performance scale (KPS) and QOL by Sintonen's 15D before tumor operation as well as at 3 months and at 1 year from surgical operation of the tumor.

Results.

The level of QOL in females was lower compared to that of males. Depression was the main predictor for worse QOL in the patients at all measurements. Depressive patients with a benign brain tumor had significantly worse QOL versus non-depressive ones.

Discussion and conclusion. –

Decreased QOL was strongly related to depression, especially among patients with a benign brain tumor. Further studies are needed to find whether sufficient depression therapy improves the QOL of patients.
European psychiatric treatment guidelines: is the glass half full or half empty?
Authors: Stiegler M. , Rummel C. , Wahlbeck K. , Kissling W. , Leucht S.
Published: September 2005

Purpose

We assessed the quality of European treatment guidelines in the field of mental health that have been produced by national psychiatric associations. The main focus was the question of whether the development process of the guidelines followed basic principles of evidence-based medicine.

Methods

Sixty-one European clinical practice guidelines from 14 countries, published between 1998 and 2003, were assessed using the ‘Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) Instrument’. The domain score was calculated for each of the six domains of the AGREE instrument. The seven items of the domain “rigor of development” and one additional item concerning national particularities were assessed in detail.

Results

The mean scores in the six domains were rather low, although the quality varied among the different guidelines. The highest mean score was obtained in the domain clarity and presentation (70.8% S.D. 23.5), the lowest on editorial independence (19.7% S.D. 29.3). The recommendations of about half of the assessed guidelines could be considered to be evidence-based.

Conclusion

The assessed guidelines showed a broad range of quality: some producers attached importance to an evidence-based development process; but in spite of this, a large number of guidelines were only of middling quality. As national particularities are only rarely mentioned and the development process of guidelines is complex, an international collaboration that aims toward the production of shareable guidelines might be promising.
Uptake of cell‐penetrating peptides in yeasts
Authors: Holm Tina , Netzereab Semharai , Hansen Mats , Langel Ülo , Hällbrink Mattias
Published: September 2005

The uptake of different cell‐penetrating peptides (CPPs) in two yeast species, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans, was studied using fluorescence HPLC‐analyses of cell content. Comparison of the ability of penetratin, pVEC and (KFF)3K to traverse the yeast cell envelope shows that the cellular uptake of the peptides varies widely. Moreover, the intracellular degradation of the CPPs studied varies from complete stability to complete degradation. We show that intracellular degradation into membrane impermeable products can significantly contribute to the fluorescence signal. pVEC displayed highest internalizing capacity, and considering its stability in both yeast species, it is an attractive candidate for further studies.
Pathways through the small RNA world of plants
Authors: Herr Alan J.
Published: September 2005

RNA silencing pathways in plants have diversified along with key gene families involved in small RNA biogenesis and effector steps. Evidence suggests that these pathways have distinct roles in plant biology.
Suppressors of RNA silencing encoded by plant viruses and their role in viral infections
Authors: Qu Feng , Morris T. Jack
Published: September 2005

RNA silencing as a robust host defense mechanism against plant viruses is generally countered by virus‐encoded silencing suppressors. This strategy is now increasingly recognized to be used by animal viruses as well. We present here an overview of the common features shared by some of the better studied plant viral silencing suppressors. We then briefly describe the characteristics of the few reported animal viral suppressors, notably their extraordinary ability of cross‐kingdom suppression. We next discuss the basis for biased protection of viral RNA and subviral parasites by silencing suppressors, the link between movement and silencing suppression, the influence of temperature on the outcome of viral infection and the effect of viral silencing suppressors on the microRNA pathway.
Compositional variation in bacterial genes and proteins with potential expression level
Authors: Das Sabyasachi , Ghosh Subhagata , Pan Archana , Dutta Chitra
Published: September 2005

Usage of guanine and cytosine at three codon sites in eubacterial genes vary distinctly with potential expressivity, as predicted by Codon Adaptation Index (CAI). In bacteria with moderate/high GC‐content, G3 follows a biphasic relationship, while C3 increases with CAI. In AT‐rich bacteria, correlation of CAI is negative with G3, but non‐specific with C3. Correlations of CAI with residues encoded by G‐starting codons are positive, while with those by C‐starting codons are usually negative/random. Average Size/Complexity Score and aromaticity of gene‐products decrease with CAI, confirming general validity of cost‐minimization principle in free‐living eubacteria. Alcoholicity of bacterial gene‐products usually decreases with expressivity.
The hydrophobic amino acid residues in the membrane‐proximal C tail of the G protein‐coupled vasopressin V2 receptor are necessary for transport‐competent receptor folding
Authors: Thielen Anja , Oueslati Morad , Hermosilla Ricardo , Krause Gerd , Oksche Alexander , Rosenthal Walter , Schülein Ralf
Published: September 2005

It is believed that the membrane‐proximal C tail of the G protein‐coupled receptors forms an additional alpha helix with amphipathic properties (helix 8). It was previously shown for the vasopressin V2 receptor (V2R) that a conserved dileucine motif (L339, L340) in this putative helix 8 is necessary for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to Golgi transfer of the receptor. Here, we demonstrate that the other hydrophobic residues forming the non‐polar side of this helix (F328, V332and L336) are also transport‐relevant. In contrast, the multiple serine residues contributing to the more hydrophilic side (S330, S331, S333, S334, S338) do not influence receptor trafficking. In addition, we show unambiguously by the use of pharmacological chaperones that the hydrophobic residues of the putative helix 8 do not form a transport signal necessary for receptor sorting into ER to Golgi vesicles. Instead, they are necessary to establish a transport‐competent folding state in the early secretory pathway.
In vitro assembly of mosaic hepatitis B virus capsid‐like particles (CLPs): Rescue into CLPs of assembly‐deficient core protein fusions and FRET‐suited CLPs
Authors: Vogel Maren , Diez Manuel , Eisfeld Jochen , Nassal Michael
Published: September 2005

Hepatitis B virus core protein self‐assembles into icosahedral, highly immunogenic capsid‐like particles (CLPs) that can serve as molecular platforms for heterologous proteins. Insertion into the centrally located c/e1 epitope leads to surface display, fusion to the C terminus to internal disposition of the foreign domains. However, symmetry‐defined space restrictions on the surface and particularly inside the CLPs limit the size of usable heterologous fusion partners. Further, CLPs carrying differing foreign domains are desirable for applications such as multivalent vaccines, and for structure probing by distance sensitive interactions like fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Here, we report an in vitro co‐assembly system for such mosaic‐CLPs allowing successful CLP formation with a per se assembly‐deficient fusion protein, and of CLPs from two different fluoroprotein‐carrying fusions that exert FRET in an assembly‐status dependent way.
Deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, and temporal instability in allele frequencies at microsatellite loci in a local population of Atlantic cod
Authors: Karlsson Sten , Mork Jarle
Published: September 2005

A total of 1455 spawning cod, sampled from a local spawning area in Trondheimsfjord (Norway) between 1985 and 2002, was screened at the microsatellite loci Gmo132 and Gmo2. Samples from 15 spawning years comprising 29 consecutive cohorts were analysed. At the Gmo132 locus, but not at Gmo2, allele frequencies varied significantly among sampling years as well as cohorts, corresponding to FST-values of 0.004 and 0.006, respectively. Both loci showed examples of significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg expectation within sampling years as well as cohorts, manifested as deficiencies of heterozygotes. Combining the p-values from the single tests (Fisher's method) revealed an overall significant p-value for deviation from the Hardy–Weinberg expectations at Gmo132 but not at Gmo2. Trend tests showed significant HW deficiencies at both loci for annual samples but not for cohorts. Possible reasons for the deficiencies were discussed; inter alia the existence of null alleles, or a form of pseudo Wahlund effect due to a patchy distribution of habitats for settling O-group cod in the Trondheimsfjord. It was noted that there might be a relationship between the relatively high temporal within-population variability of allele frequencies at Gmo132 and the fact that among microsatellite loci studied so far, Gmo132 is the one that usually shows the highest genetic differentiation geographically in cod.
Changes in P2Y2 receptor localization on adrenaline‐ and noradrenaline‐containing chromaffin cells in the rat adrenal gland during development and aging
Authors: Afework Mekbeb , Burnstock Geoffrey
Published: September 2005

Using immunohistochemistry, the occurrence and age‐related changes of the P2Y2 receptor was investigated in the adrenal gland of rat at different ages, ranging from embryonic day E16 to 22 months. Immunoreactivity for the P2Y2 receptor was present in chromaffin cells and nerve fibres at all ages examined. Double labeling with the antibody against phenyl ethanolamine‐N‐methyltransferase, which marks adrenaline‐producing chromaffin cells, revealed that only a few of the P2Y2‐immunoreactive cells were adrenaline producing at embryonic day E16, the vast majority being noradrenaline‐containing cells. However, immunoreactivity for adrenaline‐containing cells in the P2Y2 receptor‐labeled chromaffin cells increased with increasing age and at 1 week post‐natal almost all chromaffin cells were positive for both P2Y2 and phenyl ethanolamine‐N‐methyltransferase, while noradrenaline‐containing cells were minimal. At 2 weeks, there was a dramatic drop in P2Y2‐immunoreactive chromaffin cells and this was maintained in adult rats, noradrenaline‐containing cells dominating. In the aging rat adrenals, P2Y2 receptor‐immunoreactivity was localized in subpopulations of both adrenaline and noradrenaline‐producing cells. Intrinsic neurones were also visible that were positively labeled with the P2Y2 receptor antibody in the adrenals of both adult and aging rats. P2Y2‐immunoreactive nerve fibres formed a plexus around the adrenal cortical cells of zona glomerulosa in the post‐natal, but not in adult or aging rats.

In conclusion, this study suggests that ATP, acting through P2Y2 receptors, may influence the phenotypic expression of chromaffin cells during the development and aging of the rat adrenal gland. However, during early development, when the chromaffin cells are actively dividing and during aging, when the adrenal medullary cells are known to show hyperplastic lesions, ATP acting through P2Y2 receptors may be involved in other physiological activities, such as proliferation and/or differentiation of the chromaffin cells associated with their adrenaline or noradrenaline phenotype.
Extensor Pollicis Longus Entrapment in a Paediatric Distal Radius Fracture
Authors: EL-KAZZI W. , SCHUIND F.
Published: September 2005

This paper reports the rare phenomenon of entrapment of the Extensor Pollicis Longus (EPL) tendon in a wrist fracture and reviews the literature on this injury.
The Use of a Fine-Gauge Needle to Reduce Pain in Open Carpal Tunnel Decompression: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: WATTS A. C. , MCEACHAN J.
Published: September 2005

This randomized controlled study on 86 patients compared the level of pain experienced by patients on instillation of local anaesthetic into the palm with a 23-gauge and a 27-gauge (dental) needle in open carpal tunnel decompression. Patients were asked to score the amount of pain they experienced during the injection of the local anaesthetic and their level of anxiety about future injections using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and a four-point verbal response scale (VRS). The mean pain and anxiety scores on the VAS were significantly lower in the dental needle group. There was significant correlation between the pain and anxiety VAS scores. When infiltrating local anaesthetic into the palm for open carpal tunnel decompression, the use of a fine (dental) needle can reduce the pain on that occasion and the anxiety concerning future injections likely to be experienced by the patient.
Arthroscopic Electrothermal Collagen Shrinkage for Symptomatic Laxity of the Scapholunate Interosseous Ligament
Authors: HIRSH L. , SODHA S. , BOZENTKA D. , MONAGHAN B. , STEINBERG D. , BEREDJIKLIAN P. K.
Published: September 2005

The medical records, radiographs and operative reports of ten consecutive patients of average age 37 (range 19–67) years with wrist pain secondary to structural disruption of the scapholunate interosseous ligament (Geissler Type 2 injuries) who were treated with wrist arthroscopy and electrothermal collagen shrinkage of the scapholunate interosseous ligament were reviewed. Functional outcomes were assessed using the DASH scoring system at an average follow-up of 28 (range 12–44) months. At latest follow-up, nine patients (90%) were asymptomatic and had returned to their pre-injury functional level. The mean score on the DASH questionnaire was 20 (range 11–48). One patient developed wrist discomfort and mechanical symptoms 7 months postoperatively and required revision surgery. Our preliminary findings suggest that this may be a viable treatment option in the management of patients with symptomatic scapholunate interosseous ligament laxity without complete ligament disruption. Additional study is needed to better understand the role of this treatment modality.
Suicide in Developing Countries (1)
Authors: Vijayakumar Lakshmi , Nagaraj K. , Pirkis Jane , Whiteford Harvey
Published: September 2005

Abstract. Objective. Suicide is a global public health problem, but relatively little epidemiological investigation of the phenomenon has occurred in developing countries. This paper aims to (1) examine the availability of rate data in developing countries, (2) provide a description of the frequency and distribution of suicide in those countries for which data are available, and (3) explore the relationship between country-level socioeconomic factors and suicide rates. It is accompanied by two companion papers that consider risk factors and preventive efforts associated with suicide in developing countries, respectively. Method. Using World Health Organization data, we calculated the average annual male, female, and total suicide rates during the 1990s for individual countries and regions (classified according to the Human Development Index [HDI]), and examined the association between a range of socioeconomic indicators and suicide rates. Results. For reasons of data availability, we concentrated on medium HDI countries. Suicide rates in these countries were variable. They were generally comparable with those in high HDI countries from the same region, with some exceptions. High education levels, high telephone density, and high per capita levels of cigarette consumption were associated with high suicide rates; high levels of inequality were associated with low suicide rates. Conclusion. Epidemiological investigations of this kind have the potential to inform suicide prevention efforts in developing countries, and should be encouraged.
Suicide in Developing Countries (3)
Authors: Vijayakumar Lakshmi , Pirkis Jane , Whiteford Harvey
Published: September 2005

Abstract. Until now, suicide prevention efforts have been limited in developing countries, although there are pockets of excellent achievement. Various universal, selective, and indicated interventions have been implemented, many of which target a different pattern of risk factors to those in developed countries. In the absence of sufficient mental health services, developing countries rely heavily on nongovernment organizations (NGOs) to provide crisis interventions for suicidal individuals, as well as proactive interventions aimed at raising community awareness and building resilience. Often these NGOs work within a social and public health framework, collaborating with others to provide nested suicide prevention programs that are responsive to local community needs. There is a clear need to develop appropriate, relevant and effective national suicide prevention plans in developing countries, since, to date, only Sri Lanka has done so. These plans should focus on a range of priority areas, specify the actions necessary to achieve positive change in these priority areas, consider the range of collaborators required to implement these actions, and structure their efforts at national, regional, and local levels. The plans should also promote the collection of accurate data on completed and attempted suicide, and should foster evaluation efforts.
Suicide Prevention
Authors: Goldney Robert D.
Published: September 2005

Abstract. Because of the almost complete absence of randomized controlled trials demonstrating the effectiveness of specific treatments, there is sometimes a degree of pessimism about our ability to prevent suicidal behaviors. However, the methodological challenges to produce such research are formidable and may never be overcome. Therefore, a pragmatic review of evidence-based methods of suicide prevention is required. This review of recent studies using a variety of research strategies, both nonpharmacological and pharmacological, particularly at the community level, provides persuasive data that suicide prevention is possible. This is achievable by the application of broad community and professional education programs, as well as by the optimum management of mental disorders.
Toward an Understanding of Suicide in First-Nation Canadians
Authors: Cutcliffe John R.
Published: September 2005

Abstract. Despite having a suicide rate that is consistently higher than the national Canadian average, our understanding of suicide within First-Nation Canadians is limited. Furthermore, our historical research endeavors in this area have tended to focus on clarifying characteristic symptoms, symptom clusters, and risk factors; establishing causal links; and identifying clinical phenomena associated with the presence of increased risk and have tended to use quantitative methods. The “voice” of the suicidal First-Nation person is largely “silent” within this literature and, as a result, any understanding we have of this issue is unbalanced and incomplete. Accordingly, this paper makes the case for adding a complementary (or shifting the existing) research emphasis for studying suicide within First-Nation Canadian communities. It suggests a complimentary strategic research activity that is more concerned with qualitative methods: A model that augments the current understanding of the “developmental-existential” model of suicide by accessing and articulating the “voices” of the First-Nation people themselves.
Juvenile Suicide in Confinement in the United States: Results From a National Survey
Authors: Hayes Lindsay M.
Published: September 2005

Abstract. The first national study of juvenile suicide in confinement in the United States determined the extent and distribution of juvenile suicides (in juvenile detention centers, reception centers, and training schools); as well as gathered descriptive data on demographic characteristics of each victim, characteristics of the incident, and characteristics of the juvenile facility which sustained the suicide. Significant findings were found in the areas of time and location of the deaths, as well as adequacy of suicide prevention measures in facilities sustaining the deaths.
Bouncing ion clusters in the plasma sheet boundary layer observed by Cluster‐CIS
Authors: Keiling A. , Parks G. K. , Rème H. , Dandouras I. , Bosqued J. M. , Wilber M. , McCarthy M. , Mouikis C. , Amata E. , Klecker B. , Korth A. , Lundin R. , Frey H. U.
Published: September 2005

We report on ion beams injected into the plasma sheet boundary layer (at or near the separatrix) at distances >39 RE and up to 169 RE that bounced several times back and forth (up to three echoes) while remaining in coherent bunches before thermalizing in the central plasma sheet. These bouncing ion clusters (BIC) interacted with the far‐tail current sheet with a possible curvature parameter, κ, of less than 2. The existence of these BIC shows that ion beams can interact several times nonadiabatically with the far‐tail current sheet and still remain coherent. Owing to the large‐scale E × B drift, echoes also appeared in the central plasma sheet (CPS) after several bounces. The echoes had higher energies compared with the initially injected ion cluster which can be attributed to additional nonadiabatic acceleration during their second and third interaction with the tail current sheet. After multiple bounces, the ion cluster became thermalized isotropic plasma mixing with the CPS. The three BIC events presented here were identified on the basis of the energy dispersion slopes associated with the ions. Simple model calculations showed, however, that in the case of these far‐tail ion injections the 1:3:5:etc.‐ratios of travel distances for echoes, used as diagnostics for near‐Earth adiabatic BIC, are not valid. This is largely due to a significant shortening of the tail field lines, caused by earthward convection, during the large ion travel times. The model calculations also reproduced newly observed properties such as concave dispersion slopes for the echoes. Furthermore, we argue here that the energy dispersion of the BIC was dominated by a time‐of‐flight effect. The injection region for the three BIC events, determined on the basis of this time‐of‐flight interpretation, covered broad ranges of ΔX (GSE) = 26–40 RE. Two BIC events occurred during the substorm recovery phase; the other BIC event occurred during quiet geomagnetic activity. For two BIC events, UV images were available showing that they were magnetically connected to the poleward arc of the double oval. One BIC event was also conjugate to a small active region inside the poleward arc. We conclude that these nonadiabatic BIC are different from the adiabatic BIC that are routinely reported in the CPS.
On the possibility of fast neutral production of the inner Io torus
Authors: Cowee M. M. , Russell C. T. , Wang Y. L. , Gurnett D. A.
Published: September 2005

The Galileo spacecraft passed through the Io torus and its inner boundary on 7 December 1995 and 5 November 2002 during the J0 and A34 passes, respectively. Electron densities inferred from plasma wave measurements on both passes indicated a steep gradient at the inner boundary of the cold Io torus located between 4.5 and 5 RJ (Io is at 5.9 RJ), as well as the expected much less steep gradient in the outer torus, with an outer boundary at distances greater than 8 RJ. We attempt to model the inner torus with the fast neutral production model of Wang et al. (2001). A reduced ion pickup velocity at Io can prevent fast neutrals from penetrating inside the observed inner edge of the cold torus. Outward radial convection that increases with radial distances enables a steady state to be maintained. Differences between the passes are not entirely explained by varying pickup velocity at Io and convective transport. Factors including variable mass loading, diffusive transport mechanisms, dawn‐dusk torus asymmetry, and spacecraft trajectory effects may also be important.
Cluster observations of an intense normal component of the electric field at a thin reconnecting current sheet in the tail and its role in the shock‐like acceleration of the ion fluid into the separatrix region
Authors: Wygant J. R. , Cattell C. A. , Lysak R. , Song Y. , Dombeck J. , McFadden J. , Mozer F. S. , Carlson C. W. , Parks G. , Lucek E. A. , Balogh A. , Andre M. , Reme H. , Hesse M. , Mouikis C.
Published: September 2005

Measurements from the Cluster spacecraft of electric fields, magnetic fields, and ions are used to study the structure and dynamics of the reconnection region in the tail at distances of ∼18 RE near 22.4 MLT on 1 October 2001. This paper focuses on measurements of the large amplitude normal component of the electric field observed in the ion decoupling region near the reconnection x‐line, the structure of the associated potential drops across the current sheet, and the role of the electrostatic potential structure in the ballistic acceleration of ions across the current sheet. The thinnest current sheet observed during this interval was bifurcated into a pair of current sheets and the measured width of the individual current sheet was 60–100 km (3–5 c/ωpe). Coinciding with the pair of thin current sheets is a large‐amplitude (±60 mV/m) bipolar electric field structure directed normal to the current sheets toward the midplane of the plasma sheet. The potential drop between the outer boundary of the thin current sheet and the neutral sheet due to this electric field is 4–6 kV. This electric field structure produces a 4–6 kV electric potential well centered on the separatrix region. Measured H+ velocity space distributions obtained inside the current layers provide evidence that the H+ fluids from the northern and southern tail lobes are accelerated into the potential well, producing a pair of counterstreaming, monoenergetic H+ beams. These beams are directed within 20 degrees of the normal direction with energies of 4–6 keV. The data also suggest there is ballistic acceleration of O+ in a similar larger‐scale potential well of 10–30 kV spatially coinciding with the larger scale size (∼1000–3000 km) portions of current sheet surrounding the thin current sheet. Distribution functions show counterstreaming O+ populations with energies of ∼20 keV accelerated along the average normal direction within this large‐scale potential structure. The normal component of the electric field in the thin current sheet layer is large enough to drive an E × B drift of the electrons ∼10,000 km/s (0.25 x electron Alfven velocity), which can account for the magnitude of the cross‐tail current associated with the thin current sheet.
Multiradar observations of the polar tongue of ionization
Authors: Foster J. C. , Coster A. J. , Erickson P. J. , Holt J. M. , Lind F. D. , Rideout W. , McCready M. , van Eyken A. , Barnes R. J. , Greenwald R. A. , Rich F. J.
Published: September 2005

We present a global view of large‐scale ionospheric disturbances during the main phase of a major geomagnetic storm. We find that the low‐latitude, auroral, and polar latitude regions are coupled by processes that redistribute thermal plasma throughout the system. For the large geomagnetic storm on 20 November 2003, we examine data from the high‐latitude incoherent scatter radars at Millstone Hill, Sondrestrom, and EISCAT Tromso, with SuperDARN HF radar observations of the high‐latitude convection pattern and DMSP observations of in situ plasma parameters in the topside ionosphere. We combine these with north polar maps of stormtime plumes of enhanced total electron content (TEC) derived from a network of GPS receivers. The polar tongue of ionization (TOI) is seen to be a continuous stream of dense cold plasma entrained in the global convection pattern. The dayside source of the TOI is the plume of storm enhanced density (SED) transported from low latitudes in the postnoon sector by the subauroral disturbance electric field. Convection carries this material through the dayside cusp and across the polar cap to the nightside where the auroral F region is significantly enhanced by the SED material. The three incoherent scatter radars provided full altitude profiles of plasma density, temperatures, and vertical velocity as the TOI plume crossed their different positions, under the cusp, in the center of the polar cap, and at the midnight oval/polar cap boundary. Greatly elevated F peak density (>1.5E12 m−3) and low electron and ion temperatures (∼2500 K at the F peak altitude) characterize the SED/TOI plasma observed at all points along its high‐latitude trajectory. For this event, SED/TOI F region TEC (150–1000 km) was ∼50 TECu both in the cusp and in the center of the polar cap. Large, upward directed fluxes of O+ (>1.E14 m−2 s−1) were observed in the topside ionosphere from the SED/TOI plume within the cusp.
Geodetic displacements and aftershocks following the 2001 Mw = 8.4 Peru earthquake: Implications for the mechanics of the earthquake cycle along subduction zones
Authors: Perfettini H. , Avouac J.‐P. , Ruegg J.‐C.
Published: September 2005

We analyzed aftershocks and postseismic deformation recorded by the continuous GPS station AREQ following the Mw = 8.4, 23 June 2001 Peru earthquake. This station moved by 50 cm trenchward, in a N235°E direction during the coseismic phase, and continued to move in the same direction for an additional 15 cm over the next 2 years. We compare observations with the prediction of a simple one‐dimensional (1‐D) system of springs, sliders, and dashpot loaded by a constant force, meant to simulate stress transfer during the seismic cycle. The model incorporates a seismogenic fault zone, obeying rate‐weakening friction, a zone of deep afterslip, the brittle creep fault zone (BCFZ) obeying rate‐strengthening friction, and a zone of viscous flow at depth, the ductile fault zone (DFZ). This simple model captures the main features of the temporal evolution of seismicity and deformation. Our results imply that crustal strain associated with stress accumulation during the interseismic period is probably not stationary over most of the interseismic period. The BCFZ appears to control the early postseismic response (afterslip and aftershocks), although an immediate increase, by a factor of about 1.77, of ductile shear rate is required, placing constraints on the effective viscosity of the DFZ. Following a large subduction earthquake, displacement of inland sites is trenchward in the early phase of the seismic cycle and reverse to landward after a time ti for which an analytical expression is given. This study adds support to the view that the decay rate of aftershocks may be controlled by reloading due to deep afterslip. Given the ratio of preseismic to postseismic viscous creep, we deduce that frictional stresses along the subduction interface account for probably 70% of the force transmitted along the plate interface.
Stochastic finite element method for probabilistic analysis of flow and transport in a three‐dimensional heterogeneous porous formation
Authors: Chaudhuri A. , Sekhar M.
Published: September 2005

A probabilistic study is attempted to analyze the flow and transport in a three‐dimensional (3‐D) porous formation where the governing parameters are varying randomly in space. It is assumed that the soil parameters, namely, hydraulic conductivity, dispersivity, molecular diffusion, porosity, sorption coefficient, and decay rate, are random fields. A stochastic finite element method (SFEM), which is based on perturbation technique, is developed. The method developed here uses an alternate approach for obtaining improved computational efficiency. The derivatives of the concentration with respect to random parameters are obtained by using the derivatives of local matrices instead of global matrices. This approach increases the computational efficiency of the present method by several orders with respect to standard SFEM. Both accuracy and computational efficiency of this method are compared with that of commonly used Monte Carlo simulation method (MCSM). It is observed that for moderate values of coefficient of variations of the random parameters the mean and standard deviation match reasonably well with MCSM results. Using this method the excessive computational effort required by MCSM can be avoided. In the present study both 1‐D as well as 3‐D problems are solved to show the advantages of SFEM over MCSM. The correlation scale of the random field is found to be an important parameter. For the range of this parameter studied here it is found that as correlation scale increases, the standard deviation increases. The results obtained for two particular problems in this study show that the coefficient of variation of concentration is higher for the 1‐D problem than the 3‐D problem.
Solar cycle modulation of the Arctic Oscillation in a chemistry‐climate model
Authors: Tourpali K. , Schuurmans C. J. E. , van Dorland R. , Steil B. , Brühl C. , Manzini E.
Published: September 2005

The structural modulation of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) induced by a realistic enhancement of the ultraviolet (UV) radiation associated with the 11‐year solar cycle is investigated with a coupled Chemistry‐Climate Model. It has been found that the main features of the modulation are an eastward shift of the surface Atlantic center of action into Europe and a vertical extension into the stratosphere in solar maximum conditions. These model results are in good agreement with observational results in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) centers of action. Confirmation of the modulation effect of solar activity on the NAO spatial structure by a Chemistry‐Climate Model simulation gives support to the occurrence of a real solar effect on the tropospheric circulation.
Atmospheric controls on mineral dust emission from the Bodélé Depression, Chad: The role of the low level jet
Authors: Washington Richard , Todd Martin C.
Published: September 2005

Atmospheric aerosols play an important though uncertain role in the Earth's climate system. The Bodélé Depression in Chad stands out as the planet's largest source of dust, yet very little is known about the atmospheric circulation that maintain this source. We investigate what key large‐scale features of the circulation over the Bodélé account for its primacy as a mineral aerosol source. We show, for the first time, the structure and characteristics of the Bodélé Low Level Jet (LLJ) which has a maximum speed near 18°N, 19°E at 925 hPa. It is strongest in the northern winter, receding with the advance of summer in phase with dustiness in the Bodélé. Variability of dust over the Bodélé occurs contemporaneously with the ridging of the Libyan High and pulsing of the pressure gradient which drives the northeasterlies in which the LLJ is embedded.
Sensitivity of Hurst parameter estimation to periodic signals in time series and filtering approaches
Authors: Marković D. , Koch M.
Published: September 2005

The influence of the periodic signals in time series on the Hurst parameter estimate is investigated with temporal, spectral and time‐scale methods. The Hurst parameter estimates of the simulated periodic time series with a white noise background show a high sensitivity on the signal to noise ratio and for some methods, also on the data length used. The analysis is then carried on to the investigation of extreme monthly river flows of the Elbe River (Dresden) and of the Rhine River (Kaub). Effects of removing the periodic components employing different filtering approaches are discussed and it is shown that such procedures are a prerequisite for an unbiased estimation of H. In summary, our results imply that the first step in a time series long‐correlation study should be the separation of the deterministic components from the stochastic ones. Otherwise wrong conclusions concerning possible memory effects may be drawn.