bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introducción a la filosofía del Derecho de Manuel Atienza
Authors: Buzón Rafael
Published: May 2023

La obra de Manuel Atienza abarca un amplio abanico de problemas iusfilosóficos. En este artículo presento una introducción a su pensamiento tomando como hilo conductor la idea de protección de los derechos. Se expone su teoría de la racionalidad jurídica y cómo se vertebran las tres instituciones fundamentales en las que se mueve el fenómeno jurídico: la legislación, la jurisdicción y la dogmática jurídica. Todo ello desarrollado desde una concepción postpositivista que pretende la transformación social por medio del Derecho.
Atienza y el postpositivismo discursivo
Authors: Lozada Alí
Published: May 2023

En el presente trabajo, se aborda el pensamiento de Manuel Atienza a partir sus discrepancias principales, a pesar de su esencial coincidencia, con el postpositivismo discursivo, modelo teórico que comparten autores como Carlos Nino y Robert Alexy. De esta manera, se obtienen algunas conclusiones sobre el pensamiento postpositivista del autor español.
Radical Acts
Authors: Kozma Alicia
Published: May 2023

This chapter introduces the book's overarching interest in the consequences that stem from a lack of industrial, disciplinary, and archival attention paid to women's directorial labor, and interventions that can reinsert women into film histories, archives, and public consciousness. It connects an in-depth case study of director Stephanie Rothman to the need for theoretical and methodological diversity necessary for tackling the complexities of gendered labor in Hollywood, archival memory, women's director labor histories, and film histories.
Stephanie Rothman Does not Exist
Authors: Kozma Alicia
Published: May 2023

This chapter is a personal and professional biography of Rothman. This biographical account is coupled with an evaluation of her directorial personality and major filmic philosophies. Rothman's oeuvre is inspected holistically, mapping consistent themes, stylistic approaches, and ideological underpinnings across her seven films. This includes a discussion of the "Rothman Rules"—a set of formal and informal guidelines Rothman set to negotiate the tensions between her convictions and beliefs and the content demands of second wave exploitation.
The Open Gates of Eden
Authors: Kellett Kathleen
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses how the concept of the expulsion from Eden allows a perspective from which one may understand the treatment of physical space in Pullman’s trilogy. It examines the uncontainable, liminal nature of adolescence that exists between the Eden of childhood and the wilderness of adulthood, the “during” of the Fall. As the protagonists pass through the physical geographies of the text they are presented with a multitude of possibilities. The author examines the choices the protagonists make that shape their journey between Eden and the wilderness and how these choices restructure the spaces of the narrative.
Taking It to the Streets
Authors: Woodall Richardine
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses ways in which the production of space in Harriet the Spy reveals how children participate in producing their culture. Harriet’s production of social space, and her idiosyncratic voice combined with a limited third-person narrative, allows readers access to Harriet’s mental spaces. These two devices illustrate that adults in the novel are unable to colonize Harriet’s ability to think space and actively produce new social spaces. Critics of children’s literature often argue that adults attempt to colonize children through their texts. This chapter contends that Harriet the Spy and its depiction of the construction of social space by its protagonist displays that children have a great deal of agency in the production of social space and culture.
“An Elaborate Cover”
Authors: Mills Rebecca , McInnes Andrew
Published: May 2023

The chapter examines Robin Stevens’s Murder Most Unladylike Mystery series, arguing that subtextual concerns of the English interwar detective fiction and boarding school stories, namely those of national, racial, and sexual Others intruding into traditional English places, are foregrounded, offering a lens on the exclusionary and containing structures and spaces of English society. The novels inscribe the reassuring geographies and interior spaces of the boarding school novel with the anxieties of detective fiction, allowing the protagonists an escape from identities of class, ethnicity and childhood through the assertion of an identity as a detective. The essay reveals how detection offers the protagonists agency in contrast to the performative identity they take on as schoolgirls. In other words, the girls perform the identity of ‘schoolgirl’; their real identity is ‘detective’.
Black Heroes and “The Jury”
Authors: Vanderhaagen Sara C.
Published: May 2023

Chapter 2, “Black Heroes and ‘The Jury’: The Brownies’ Book Biographies as Counter-Memories for Black Children,” examines the magazine’s biographical sketches. Selected or penned by Jessie Redmon Fauset and influenced by W. E. B. Du Bois, these sketches of black subjects such as Phillis Wheatley, Crispus Attucks, Denmark Vesey, and Alexander Pushkin reflect the editors’ interest in biography as a tool for recovering black voices and empowering the black children. This chapter shows how the sketches recover and rhetorically reconstruct stories about black historical figures as counter-memories that critique white memories of blackness in the early twentieth century and function as tools of resistance for young readers. By reading the sketches alongside responses from readers published in the magazine’s column “The Jury,” the chapter demonstrates that the biographies’ counter-memories operate by addressing and constituting their audience of African American children as agents and citizens in their own right.
“My Soul Calls for Larger Things”
Authors: Watts Michelle Taylor
Published: May 2023

“‘My Soul Calls for Larger Things’: Voice, Vision, and Justice in Children’s Letters to the Editor” argues that the letters to editors, W. E. B. DuBois and Jessie Fauset, highlight their commitment to creating space for the creation of a nation of young readers and the development of black imaginative activism. The children’s voices and aspirations as expressed in the letters represent a framework for envisioning futures for black children that situates them as active participants in literary nation-building while simultaneously grooming them for engaged citizenship. This focus on literary black vision coincides with Progressive-era work of black women reformers committed to juvenile justice reform.
Mildred D. Taylor’s Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry
Authors: Barker Jani L.
Published: May 2023

Mildred Taylor’s Newbery Award-winning Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry perpetuates the rich tradition of African American children’s literature exemplified by The Brownies’ Book. Both publications provided much-needed, truthful accounts of the African American experience for diverse audiences, with a special focus on Black readers. Both demonstrate respect for people of all races, even as they explicitly subvert white superiority. Affirming Black people, illustrating their intrinsic value, normality, attractiveness, and accomplishments, and centering Black culture and history is at the heart of both publications. Both are didactic, promoting values useful for surviving and thriving in a racist society—industriousness, duty, solidarity, and love—and activist, anti-racist agendas. In The Brownies’ Book, Du Bois and Fauset laid a foundation for Taylor who, in turn, inspires authors of later children’s and young adult literature.
Condoms Not Coffins
Authors: Cariani Tesla
Published: May 2023

Manifesting illness, suffering, and mortality as affective, social, and political quantities, AIDS comics and graphic memoirs of the 1980s and 1990s visualize sickness, trauma, social and political marginalization, and collective memorialization to foster and serve as a repository for collective memory, evoke absence, materialize affect, and mobilize political action, leveraging the power of AIDS for aesthetic expression and toward queer justice. Noting that, like the experience of illness, comics have been associated with ephemerality, Tesla Cariani tracks AIDS comics’ countermanding determination to illustrate—whether anatomically, geographically, socially, symbolically, or psychologically—and make tangible and lasting the affective and ineffable registers and experiences of sickness, mourning, grieving, loss, and absence, and thereby to intervene into the silence, ignorance, and fear surrounding AIDS. Cariani argues that by engaging directly with their readers, AIDS comics invite us to leverage feelings — of helplessness, fear, impatience, and rage — into political action and communitarian solace and solidarity.
Of Anthologies and Activism
Authors: Galvan Margaret
Published: May 2023

During the first decade of the AIDS crisis, British and American LGBTQ+ cartoonists formed community through the work of producing comics anthologies and foregrounded activism as integral to their comics. The anthologies, Strip AIDS (1987) and Strip AIDS U.S.A. (1988), evoke queer commonality by featuring a range of experiences of HIV/AIDS, including ways of seeing other than those of white gay men. For Margaret Galvan these collections were instrumental in educating readers about the crisis, fostering communities of artistic creation and collaboration, and foregrounding “affective activism” by acknowledging loss and isolation, emotional care work, and the toll of commemoration as integral to their comics work on behalf of social justice in the United Kingdom and the United States. Like the NAMES project, which commemorated the lives of people who had died of AIDS by assembling individual textile memorial panels into the massive AIDS Memorial Quilt, in their very form the Strip AIDS anthologies evoke queer solidarity as a piece-by-piece assemblage in response to a shared crisis and as a memorial to it that can persist after death.
Queer Visualities—Queer Spaces
Authors: Hochreiter Susanne , Rauchenbacher Marina , Serles Katharina
Published: May 2023

This overview of German-language LGBTQ+ comics deepens and complements studies of the LGBTQ+ European comics and bande dessinée scene. Tracking the development of German queer comics from their consolidation after the Weimar era’s crackdowns, the Nazis’ efforts to eradicate gays and lesbians, and the World War II-era American and British soldiers’ importation of their own pop culture including comics, this concise historical overview connects the reemergence of lesbian and gay subcultures in Germany to key LGBTQ+ German-language comics that commented on the zeitgeist, made queer lives visible, and gauged the gradual social and political acceptance of LGBTQ+ people in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. From the politically inflected feminist and lesbian magazines of the 1960s to more commercially-oriented gay publications that cropped up in the 1970s, from German comics’ confrontation with AIDS in the 1980s to the influence of Alison Bechdel’s comics on a new German “queer” sensibility in the 1990s and after, this history concludes by mapping the varied contemporary German-language LGBTQ+ comics scene in which queerness is at once mainstream and subversively underground, worthy of museum retrospectives while still being precarious and experimental.
An Exploration of the Birth of the Slave Through Ero-Pedagogy in Tagame Gengoroh’s Pride
Authors: Armour William S.
Published: May 2023

In “PRIDE,” Gengoroh Tagame, Japan’s preeminent gay manga creator, presents an erotic comic Bildungsroman of sexual formation that is strongly influenced by American gay author John Preston’s Mr. Benson: A Novel (1983) in which a cocky university student becomes his professor’s studly tabula rasa. Humbled, degraded, and humiliated, the student learns the pleasures of obedience in a tale in which erotic pedagogy and BDSM taming allows readers to note the distance between mainstream Japanese social norms and gay sexual liberation and to reveal how ironically close acceptable Japanese regulatory opprobrium is to BDSM’s codes of role play and uninhibited shamelessness.
Critics and Creators
Authors: Chute Hillary , Hall Justin
Published: May 2023

Justin Hall’s conversation with Hillary Chute describes the evolution of his 2012 anthology No Straight Lines: Four Decades of Queer Comics out of the world’s first museum show of LGBTQ+ comics held at the Cartoon Art Museum in San Francisco in 2006, including its inspiration for a feature-length documentary, directed and produced by Peabody Award-winning and Emmy-nominated filmmaker Vivian Kleiman. Cultivating and catalyzing the field of queer comics, Hall stands out as much for his own creations as for celebrating and drawing attention to other queer artists’ achievements, demonstrating the value of extended family-building and the satisfaction and ongoing discovery of LGBTQ+ recognition as core features of queer life.
“Better a Man Than Dead?”
Authors: Jackson Remus
Published: May 2023

Community networks shape the contemporary comics scene in self-published or produced, DIY (do-it-yourself) zines by queer people who use the comics format to articulate a non-hegemonic experience of masculinity. Victor Martins’ and Higu Rose’s comics highlight a fragmentary positioning of identity, enabling stories of transness that go beyond archetypal tales of bodily becoming that end with a “complete” transition from one gender to another. Instead, they evoke gender identity through tensions between cisgender constructions of masculinity and a trans* sense of self.
Last Stand of the Louisiana Shrimpers
Authors: Lirette Emma Christopher
Published: May 2023

In recent years, shrimpers on the Louisiana coast have faced a historically dire shrimp season, with the price of shrimp barely high enough to justify trawling. Yet, many of them wouldn’t consider leaving shrimping behind, despite having transferrable skills that could land them jobs in the oil and gas industry. Since 2001, shrimpers have faced increasing challenges to their trade: an influx of shrimp from southeast Asia, several traumatic hurricane seasons, and the largest oil spill at sea in American history.
In Last Stand of the Louisiana Shrimpers, author Emma Christopher Lirette traces how Louisiana Gulf Coast shrimpers negotiate land and blood, sea and freedom, and economic security and networks of control. This book explores what ties shrimpers to their boats and nets. Despite feeling trapped by finances and circumstances, they have created a world in which they have agency.
Lirette provides a richly textured view of the shrimpers of Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana, calling upon ethnographic fieldwork, archival research, interdisciplinary scholarship, and critical theory. With evocative, lyrical prose, she argues that in persisting to trawl in places that increasingly restrict their way of life, shrimpers build fragile, quietly defiant worlds, adapting to a constantly changing environment. In these flickering worlds, shrimpers reimagine what it means to work and what it means to make a living.
Stories and Scholarship
Authors: Lirette Emma Christopher
Published: May 2023

The author conducts a brief survey of the multiple “stories” of Louisiana, ranging from the perspectives of history, sociology, politics, and the arts. Historically, she describes the Acadians immigrating to Louisiana, their mingling with the continental French, and the beginnings of the Cajuns. From the perspective of sociology, the Cajuns become pawns of middle-class industry. Lastly, a political perspective illuminates Louisiana’s political history from the Louisiana Purchase to the state’s current conservative status. Artistically speaking, the rich legacy of Louisiana is explored, born out of the myriad cultures that intersect in its borders.
Ecology and the Body
Authors: Lirette Emma Christopher
Published: May 2023

Drawing from Tim Ingold’s idea that culture is a “sentient ecology,” or that relationships are influenced and created by one’s environment, the author observers that shrimpers could be In negotiation with their environment. The author writes, “The truth of blood goes beyond genealogical determinism, even if, as [Janet] Carsten argues, its truth contains that meaning. The truth of blood—how a job can be in a person’s blood—is the truth of a body making its way through a well-populated life, touching the earth, touching the water, and touching an extended and permeable household in which people eat together, play together, and work together.”
Reproducing Domination
Authors: Kamugisha Aaron
Published: May 2023

The introduction gives an overview of Reproducing Domination: On the Caribbean Postcolonial State, arguing that for the past forty years, Percy Hintzen has been one of the most articulate and discerning critics of the post-colonial state in Caribbean scholarship, making seminal contributions to the study of Caribbean politics, sociology, political economy, and diaspora studies. His work on the post-colonial elites in the region, first given full articulation in his first book The Costs of Regime Survival: Racial Mobilization, Elite Domination, and Control of the State in Guyana and Trinidad (1989), is unparalleled, and is the most important guide for persons concerned with tracing the consolidation of power in a new elite in the Anglophone Caribbean following flag independence in the 1960s. Reproducing Domination collects some of Hintzen’s most important Caribbean essays over a twenty-five year period, from 1995 to the present.
Culturalism, Development, and the Crisis of Socialist Transformation
Authors: Burden-Stelly Charisse , Hintzen Percy C.
Published: May 2023

The postcolonial state, through its deployment of technologies of power, entraps the postcolonial popular through culturalist and historicist discourses of development that distort and naturalize categories of people, rendering invisible the diverse realities of community. Development, as a culturalist discourse, becomes transformed into a new form of coercion and structural violence. Under its guise, the postcolonial state entraps its diverse citizens to support ideologies of embedded liberalism that do not necessarily result in their betterment. Development, in its practice, fails to address the non-material conditions that drive aspirations of human beings participating in diverse social formations. The chapter argues that only by rejection of centralized forms of national authority in favor of localized forms of organization by grassroots local movements using local knowledges and popular power would the goal of decolonization and transition from racial capitalism be achieved. The problem is not the failure to develop but the project of a state-centered development itself.
Those Who Went Before
Authors: Niles John D.
Published: May 2023

Williamson tells of his mother, Betsy Townsley, and his father, Jock Williamson, and how they came to be married and to settle down for much of the year outside the village of Furnace, by the shore of Loch Fyne, Argyll. He tells of his mother’s birth in a cave and her gifts as a seer, and he sings her favorite dandling song. He tells of his father’s work as a quarryman for the Duke of Argyll and of the Duke’s friendship with his father; of the Duke himself and his belief in fairies; and of his uncle Duncan, an itinerant piper. He also relates anecdotes concerning his grandparents and other close relatives, among whom were pipers, basket-makers, and tinsmiths. The chapter concludes with remarks by Williamson on Traveller burial customs and on his family’s unmarked burial plot in the churchyard at Minard, by the shore of Loch Fyne.
The How and Why of Storytelling
Authors: Niles John D.
Published: May 2023

From an early age, Williamson collected stories from anyone who told them. He has a vivid memory of each person from whom he learned a tale. One memorable storyteller was his grandmother Bella MacDonald, who shared the Williamsons’ tent and who used to tell the children stories in exchange for their getting her a bit of tobacco. Two other masterful taletellers were Johnny MacDonald and Johnny Townsley, older Travellers from whom Duncan picked up tales while on the road. All these stories were educational, especially animal tales and Jack tales. Duncan tells how he visualizes the tales clearly, and when he retells them in the schools, he asks children to illustrate them. The use of dialect figures importantly in his storytelling, as does gesture. Each story is shaped to its particular audience and occasion, as is exemplified here by a bedtime story, “The Skeletons and the Tinker.”
Scenes from a Vanished World
Authors: Niles John D.
Published: May 2023

Williamson was a mine of information about the traditional lifeways of Scottish Travellers. Most of this chapter consists of Williamson’s comments on archival photographs depicting Travellers’ former way of life. The archival photographs are represented here through line drawings that replicate the original scenes with a touch of artistic freedom. The photographs themselves date from about 1914 to the mid-1950s. The scenes provide insights into different styles of encampment; typical means of conveyance including the horse cart and the push-cart; characteristic styles of dress; cooking utensils and other aspects of material culture; and piping as a favored occupation. The photos also show how a family unit was often comprised of three generations. Through a comparison of two particular images, Williamson makes clear that he preferred life in a large winter tent over life in a motor home, for the tent allowed for greater sociability.
Introduction
Authors: Monge Luigi
Published: May 2023

This introductory chapter explains the genesis and development of the book from the author’s generic encyclopedia entry “Topical Blues: Disasters” published in the Encyclopedia of the Blues twenty years ago to a systematic and comprehensive study of black disaster songs. The book’s debt to previous literature is acknowledged and its cut-off date justified. The book’s partition into chapters and the importance of printed sources for the purposes of the songs’ analysis are explained. Several field recordings that are only available at the Library of Congress are transcribed and/or analyzed for the first time. Some questions arising from the study of the black and white sacred and secular songs to be discussed in the book are posed. Bessie Smith’s “Back-Water Blues” is suggested as having been the spark igniting the vogue of African American disaster songs.
Infestations, Pandemics, Epidemics, and Diseases
Authors: Monge Luigi
Published: May 2023

By means of a thorough analysis of printed sources as well as black and white, sacred and secular, pre-and post-war recordings dealing with the boll weevil infestation that ravaged the Cotton Belt for decades, this chapter starts by tracing the change of the pest’s role in African American imagery in the first half of the twentieth century. Then the focus centers on the deadliest global disaster ever, the devastating 1918-20 influenza pandemic, and on the less deadly, yet very severe, series of epidemics that spread in more restricted areas of the U.S. The studies of two more avarice-induced epidemics due to the adulteration of illegal alcohol, such as the 1930 Jake Leg or Jamaica Ginger Paralysis and the 1951 poisoned moonshine incident, are followed by an overview of several diseases such as meningitis and tuberculosis, where black and white singers appear to adopt a more similar approach to songwriting.
Introduction
Authors: Elliott Jack D.
Published: May 2023

In the introduction, the author establishes the general character of Colonel William C. Falkner and how his curiosity about the Colonel developed from an interest in Faulkner’s Yoknapatawpha stories and local history. The previous negative characterizations of Falkner—only added to by his Yoknapatawpha character equivalent of Colonel John Sartoris—downgraded his importance as a railroad builder while depicting him as having a pathological personality. The author argues against these characterizations, drawing from various sources. Using various verbal and visual symbols recovered from Ripley, Mississippi and other locations of Falkner’s life, this book hopes to constitute a symbology that brings a new dimensionality and sense of life to the world of Colonel Falkner.
Arrival in Mississippi
Authors: Elliott Jack D.
Published: May 2023

In the 1840s, W. C. Falkner at last arrived to Ripley, Mississippi as a young man with little to no cash or belongings in the hopes of meeting relatives and making something of himself. His uncle, Jeff Word, along with several other aunts, uncles, and cousins, all lived in the Pontotoc and Ripley areas. Various family connections to the Ripley Advertiser, Mississippi Union Bank, and other Ripley institutions are noted.
Mexico
Authors: Elliott Jack D.
Published: May 2023

In 1846, disputes over the boundary with Mexico began to grow as the Republic of Texas came closer to joining the United States. In Ripley, a volunteer company was organized to join the war against Mexico. Falkner was voted in as first lieutenant at age twenty. Brothers T. C. Hindman Jr. and Robert H. Hindman were also a part of the company. The journey to the southwest was fraught with difficulty and disease. Falkner was eventually injured during a conflict and declared unfit for duty due to his injuries. Despite his wounds, Falkner was of relatively good health and began to develop a romantic interest in Holland R. Pearce, an orphan that moved to Ripley with her siblings. Falkner was eventually discharged due to his injuries and married Holland. This chapter covers Falkner’s early battle experiences and the early days of his first marriage.
Building Railroads
Authors: Elliott Jack D.
Published: May 2023

During the late 1840s and 1850s, three trunk railroad lines were constructed, all close enough to Ripley to raise the town’s hopes of being included along one of the routes. Once these hopes were dashed, the citizens of Ripley began to investigate building a spur line to connect them to a nearby trunk line. These efforts resulted in some legislation and formal organization, but time after time the line failed, primarily due to financial difficulties. With this and the oncoming war, the effort to build a railroad connection for Ripley faded away for the time. Falkner’s role in the railroad was increasing as the decade came to an end. His estate was also increasing, and by 1860 his worth had increased to $10,000 in real estate with a personal estate of $40,200, which included six slaves, all listed as mulattos. Politics concerning slavery began to grow increasingly tense.
And Beyond That
Authors: Elliott Jack D.
Published: May 2023

This chapter begins with an examination of Falkner’s personality and habits, placing the author’s own observations in dialogue with previous characterizations of Falkner. The story of the railroad then continues, picking up in the mid-1880s with renewed efforts to continue construction. This leads to a dispute between Falkner and R. J. Thurmond, a co-owner of the Ripley Railroad. Their opposite personalities undoubtedly contributed to opposing styles of managing the risks of the railroad. Thurmond would eventually sell his interest in the railroad to Falkner, but this would not mark the end of their feud. This chapter covers the clashing of these two men and the continued construction of the railroad.
The Shooting
Authors: Elliott Jack D.
Published: May 2023

Despite attempts from family to soothe tensions between the two men, the feud between Falkner and Thurmond persisted. The success of the railroad for Falkner only furthered Thurmond’s resentment. Their dispute ultimately ended with Thurmond shooting Falkner with a revolver. This incident caused Falkner’s death not long after, sending shockwaves throughout Ripley. This chapter examines the immediate aftermath of Falkner’s death and Thurmond’s subsequent trial.
Aftermath
Authors: Elliott Jack D.
Published: May 2023

This chapter covers the years following Falkner’s death and his present-day legacy. His grandson Murry Falkner, after enduring a violent encounter not entirely unlike the one that led to Colonel Falkner’s death, continued the family tradition of working with the railroad. Murry’s son, William, would grow up hearing many stories of his grandfather. William would eventually become a published writer as his grandfather had, only under a slightly altered last name: Faulkner. This chapter details the continuation of the railroad efforts in Ripley and throughout Mississippi, along with the enduring legacy of Falkner, who is mythologized in the Yoknapatawpha stories of Faulkner.
After the Field
Authors: Evans David
Published: May 2023

This chapter summarizes the life of co-author David Evans following the 1967 fieldwork, his further education and further field research in blues and international music traditions, and his careers as a university professor in Folklore, Anthropology, and Ethnomusicology, and as a musician.
“Sailing Close to the Wind”: The Porto Rican–American Tobacco Company, 1912–1939
Authors: Baldrich Juan José
Published: May 2023

In 1911 the court-mandated dissolution of the trust left the PRATCO as an independent enterprise and the PRLTC as a jointly owned one. At its peak, the PRATCO and its subsidiaries gave employment to twelve thousand men and women. During the twenties, however, the firm faced a reduced demand for its cigars, a debilitating cigarette war with the ATC capped by the degeneration of its wrapper leaf growing that together led to a loss of profitability. The PRATCO tackled these obstacles by a pyrrhic court victory over the ATC and by selling its participation in the PRLTC. The PRATCO sought revenue by gaining control of other cigar manufacturers. For some time, the dividends from the new subsidiaries covered its own losses. In 1937, the firm closed its major factory in the Puerta de Tierra barrio of San Juan to go bankrupt two years later.
The Hermanos Cheos: Religious Resistance to the Breakdown of Order and Market Forces, 1898–1938
Authors: Baldrich Juan José
Published: May 2023

Chapter 9 examines a social movement, the Hermanos Cheos, born and bred in the tobacco patch. Lay preachers led countless farm hands and small farmers into this new religious movement. The U.S. invasion in 1898, the 1899 hurricane, the crisis of Catholicism, and the collapse and reorientation of tobacco markets all contributed to the breakdown of normalcy in tobacco agriculture that created a favorable environment for their strong apocalyptical message. The subsequent expansion of the tobacco leaf market to the United States seems to have been a crucial component in the diffusion of the movement. Lastly, the Cheos gained influence when the disruptions of order dissolved, at least partially, the bonds that tied smallholding peasants, sharecroppers, and peons to tobacco hacendados, leaf dealers and credit merchants.
The Unraveling of an Industry
Authors: Baldrich Juan José
Published: May 2023

After PRATCO’s shuttering in 1939, no major cigar manufacturer had local operations until 1953 when the Consolidated Cigar Corporation established a factory followed by the General Cigar Company and others. The former moved its manufacturing operations to Cayey while all others have ceased operations. Stemming machines and threshers displaced hand stemmers and reconstituted wrapper replaced the wrapper leaf of yesteryear. Consequently both firms broke away from the “Porto Rico” and Havana paradigms. In a sharp reversal of earlier times, these government sponsored firms had no trade unions.
Chapter 10 also explores the unraveling of tobacco growing after the 1950s. It documents the displacement of agriculture into a niche of small farms worked by unpaid family members with very little wage labor and almost no sharecroppers as in earlier years. Gone are the tobacco hacienda and the corporate plantation.
“Nothing Ever Ends”
Authors: Quearry Jayson
Published: May 2023

Chapter One, entitled “‘Nothing Ever Ends”: How Watchmen Paratexts Become Part of DC Comics’s “Deep Dive” Strategy,” contends that the recent miniseries spin-off of the original Watchmen comics are evidence for DC’s reliance on a strategy which encourages readers to deep dive into their back catalogs. Using Geoff Johns and Gary Franks’ Doomsday Clock as a case study, the chapter views this paratext as a means for DC to finally connect the Watchmen Intellectual Properties to the larger DC Universe. In doing so, Watchmen and its paratexts intentionally become another hyperlink in a network of IP enabled by work-for-hire contracts.
Flickers of Black and White
Authors: Jeffries Dru
Published: May 2023

This chapter analyzes and compares the diegetic and symbolic roles of cinema as a motif across both HBO’s Watchmen and DC’s Doomsday Clock. HBO’s Watchmen inserts cinema into the origins of the superhero genre; instead of dating the emergence of the American superhero to Superman’s first appearance in Action Comics #1 (1938), it stretches further back to silent films, both real and fictional. As such, the series identifies a historical association between the superhero genre and white supremacy, the downstream effects of which are still felt in superhero cinema today. As a contrast, Doomsday Clock draws an association between superheroes and the postwar film noir cycle. The postwar crisis of white American masculinity associated with noir results in a radically different articulation of racial politics compared to HBO’s Watchmen, and one that effectively reproduces the very issues of representation critiqued in the latter.
Trust in the Journey
Authors: Peterson Mark C. E. , Yogerst Chris
Published: May 2023

Joseph Campbell’s Hero’s Journey will help to analyze the series narrative by testing the mythological arc found in Angela Abar/Sister Night (Regina King) and her family’s history in law enforcement/crime fighting.  Watchmen provides a separation (from her family and their struggle), initiation (through law enforcement), and return (to her grandfather’s struggle by leaving law enforcement and turning to a “mask”) found in Campbell’s examination of world mythologies. In addition, tests (7th cavalry attack, her mentor’s death), allies (Agent Blake, Wade/Looking Glass), and enemies (Senator Wolk/cyclops, Lady Trieu, and memory/nostalgia) track with Campbell’s journey while making some important deviations, which include the failure of heroism. This essay will show how Watchmen, like many other superhero narratives, serves as contemporary and relevant American mythology.
“An Expensive Bit of Fan Fiction”
Authors: Felschow Laura E.
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines how Watchmen (HBO 2019) navigates its complicated position both as part of a transmedia narrative universe and as one of many multiple narratives within the overarching Watchmen franchise. In particular, the chapter analyzes how the television series negotiates the narrative demands of introducing new audiences to the complex world of Watchmen while simultaneously catering to more “niche” comics fans coming to the program with in-depth knowledge of Watchmen’s dense canon. Furthermore, by interrogating the idea of canon itself and who this very term privileges, the chapter considers how the show’s provocative commentary on racism and sexism in the U.S. opens up the Watchmen narrative universe to audience demographics not explicitly targeted by or traditionally assumed to be consumers of the original Watchmen comics series or its other related texts.
What’s Inside the Closet
Authors: Chase Alisia Grace
Published: May 2023

This chapter posits that the deployment of costume as a critique of the entire superhero genre is particularly potent in the original Watchmen due to the comic medium’s interdependency of word and image. It then analyzes how effectively the two most popular screen adaptations—Zach Snyder’s 2009 film and Damon Lindelof’s 2019 HBO series—replicate/finesse this critique. Ultimately, the chapter illustrates that despite the limitations of a smaller screen and smaller production budget, the HBO series is far more successful due to the costume designers’ decision to foreground the DIY elements of the series’ characters and eschew spectacle/special effects. The chapter ends by examining how the self-fashioned costume of Angela Abar/Sister Night breaks with the stereotypical costuming of female superheroes, and exploring how racial tropes about body and dress are remediated in her costumed form.
“This Extraordinary Being”
Authors: Monk-Payton Brandy
Published: May 2023

Chapter 13, “‘This Extraordinary Being’: Alternative Archives of Black Life in HBO’s Watchmen,” examines the limited series and argues that it brings into view an alternative archive of African American life. Watchmen creates such an archive through an emphasis on fabulation that attempts to compensate, in both televisual form and content, for loss associated with anti-Black trauma. The chapter examines the logics of reparations at play through the show’s narrative and stylistic engagement with race, history, and memory. It also emphasizes how the limited series is distinct from the comic and film in the attention paid to representations of blackness and black womanhood.
The Adaptation of Narrative and Musical Source Material in HBO’s Watchmen
Authors: McGlynn James Denis
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores the role of music in HBO’s Watchmen, with a particular emphasis on the soundtrack’s conspicuous adaptation of pre-existing music. Beginning with overviews of existing scholarship on music’s role in comics (Brown 2013; Eisner 2008) and in the original Watchmen (Borsellino 2011; Marchi et al. 2011), it analyzes Lindelof’s apparent aspirations to appropriate every facet of Moore and Gibbons’s narrative to function audiovisually: whether in the series’ adaptation of the comic medium’s inherent density and capacity to evoke “vast suggested histories of wonder” (Gibbons 2013), or the profound sense of hermeneutic engagement that Lindelof’s series demands of audiences, a quality also characteristic of the comic medium (Chute 2008; Summers 2016). Ultimately, it argues that musical rearrangement forms a central facet of Watchmen’s aesthetic, consciously mirroring the series’ all-encompassing adaptation of the source text and communicating the same reflexive, intertextual and sensorially resplendent qualities inherent to the original work.
Remembering Half-Forgotten Memories of Derry
Authors: Pagnoni Berns Fernando Gabriel
Published: May 2023

The first half of the 1980s were dominated by a wave of moral panics regarding child abuse and satanic rings. The 1980s saw a resurgence of moral panics when the McMartin preschool in Manhattan beach received accusations of sexual abuse. Soon, other schools followed, accusations piling up, the news increasingly bizarre and horrifying. The accusations of abuse escalated to rape and, later, to horrible rites of Satanism, becoming an epidemic of child abuse. Amidst the moral panics, recovered memory therapy rested on the assumption that horrifying childhoods were obliterated, adults ignoring that they were abused, raped, and sold to satanic rings in their youth. Written through the first half of the 1980s, IT taps eerily into the moral panics of the decade. Pennywise the Dancing Clown is the embodiment of forgotten horrors without discernible form that lies at the bottom of the subconscious, mixing together children, sexuality, and domestic abuse.
Floating Fears
Authors: Roy Diganta
Published: May 2023

This chapter questions whether and to what extent the perspective of the children in IT interrogates and subverts the adult worldview and logic in order to discover new possibilities of interacting with our everyday reality. In the process, it analyses whether the passage from childhood to adulthood is marked by a sudden break of discontinuity or whether they coexist as two sides of the same coin. The narratological perspective of the children in Stephen King’s IT is studied in order to understand not only issues of child abuse and violence but also to gain a clearer picture of how the child confronts and resolves such issues, psychologically and emotionally.
Patrick Hockstetter
Authors: Ahava Amylou
Published: May 2023

Patrick Hockstetter represents a rarely seen character-type in King’s universe: a bully who presents with a psychological disability but does not gain his desire to kill from an outside force. Patrick’s behavior towards other children, as well as his thought process as the only “real” person, works as a human mirror to the main killer of Pennywise, constituting two sides of the same King trope. Patrick exists as the “raw” sickness and Pennywise represents the supernatural components. This chapter offers a close reading of IT along with references to Carrie, Cujo, and The Shining, among others. Ultimately, its character study of Patrick allows for a better understanding of the character’s importance in King’s oeuvre. Shifting the lens from the main bully Henry Bowers to the lesser-discussed sociopath offers not only a different analysis of disability in King’s text, but also presents further insight into Pennywise.
The Townspeople of Derry in Stephen King’s IT
Authors: Crofts Penny
Published: May 2023

In IT, Pennywise is the most obvious and fabulous villain. However, IT also offers a meditation on the significance of context in the tolerance of, and failure to prevent, evil. The novel’s portrayal of bystanders provides an accurate representation of how harms and crimes are sustained within and by large organizations, as revealed by many international inquiries into the failure to prevent and respond adequately to child sexual abuse within and by organizations, such as the Larry Nassar sexual abuse scandal. This chapter analyzes the inaction of bystanders through theories of organizational in/action and the prism of Scott Veitch’s theory of structured irresponsibility. Whilst details of these harms arouse cries of horror and “never again,” it seems, like the characters of IT, we are subject to a form of amnesia, reflected and reinforced by the law, whereby the systems which facilitate, encourage, or tolerate these harms are able to continue.
Goodbye Pogo
Authors: Schneeberger Hannah Lina , Wiegel Maria
Published: May 2023

This essay focuses on both King’s character Pennywise and The Killer Clown John Wayne Gacy, as well as their involvement in the concept of the American Dream. It examines their reflection on American identity and ideology and considers them–in their nightmarishness–symptoms of the American Dream. They can be seen as a symptom of the American ideology since their failing at being part of an ideal society points at the lack experienced by society while striving to reach the sublime object of their ideology. Consequently, they contest the established ideal—suburban—society.Though Gacy and Pennywise share many characteristics, not in the least of which is their function as a social symptom, they have to be distinguished. This chapter, therefore, examines the character Pennywise with regards to his function as a fictional character, which is, it argues, an even more coherent reflection on society than his real life equivalent.
Introduction
Authors: Hamburger Robert
Published: May 2023

The introduction contextualizes the interviews to come, establishing Fayette County as an impoverished county in the rural South. Despite many hardships, the African Americans of Fayette County took it upon themselves to advocate for civil rights, without waiting for the assistance of organized activist groups like SNCC or SCLC. Their struggle has been painful and bitter, yet continually sustained against a system brutally structured against them. The author, after an initial visit in 1965 to help build a community center, returned throughout the late 1960s to visit the friends he had made. For parts of 1971 and 1972, the author lived in Fayette County and recorded the interviews that make up this book.
“Thinkin for Myself” The Beginning
Authors: Hamburger Robert
Published: May 2023

The trial of Burton Dodson in 1959 is what started to change things in Fayette County, Tennessee. Back in 1941, Dodson, a Black farmer, was accused of murder. The circumstances surrounding his alleged crime were not unusual for that time in the South. Dodson had argued with a white man. They came to blows. The indignant white man gathered a mob, they were deputized, and then they descended upon Dodson’s isolated farmhouse. Interviews from residents and activists Harpman Jameson, Minnie Jameson, John McFerren, Viola McFerren, Wilola Mormon, Square Mormon, Robert Horton, and Maggie Mae Horton detail this event and similar injustices. Their backgrounds and perspectives are established.
“Black Man Don’t Get No Justice Here”
Authors: Hamburger Robert
Published: May 2023

The white community's seizure of the Poverty Program is just one disturbing result of the rapid withdrawal of the federal government and American public from the civil rights struggle. The status quo's reassertion of its power was accompanied by a series of violent episodes. The Hobson Incident refers to the August 12, 1969 crisis that developed simply because a Black woman angrily referred to a white boy as "boy." The following events, including a boycott, left Fayette County more tense and divided than ever before. Linnell Settles was one of the leaders of the boycott and demonstrations. His memories of violence and southern justice show why the Hobson incident aroused his passionate commitment.
Jazz à la Creole
Authors: Vézina Caroline
Published: May 2023

During the formative years of jazz (1890–1917), the French Creoles played a significant role in the development of jazz as teachers, bandleaders, instrumentalists, singers, and composers. Indeed, music penetrated all aspects of the life of this tight-knit community, proud of its French heritage and language. They played and/or sang classical, military, and dance music as well as popular songs and cantiques that incorporated African, European, and Caribbean elements decades before early jazz appeared. The author describes the music played by the Afro-Creole community since the arrival of enslaved Africans in La Louisiane, then a French colony, at the beginning of the eighteenth century, emphasizing the many cultural exchanges that led to the development of jazz.
Two previously unpublished interviews add valuable insider knowledge about the music on French plantations and the Danses Créoles held in Congo Square after the Civil War. Musical and textual analyses of cantiques provide new information about the process of their appropriation by the Creole Catholics as the French counterpart of the Negro spirituals. Finally, a closer look at their musical practices indicates that the Creoles sang and improvised music and/or lyrics of Creole songs, and that some were part of their professional repertoire. As such, they belong to the Black American and the Franco-American folk music traditions that reflect the rich cultural heritage of Louisiana.
Introduction
Authors: Vézina Caroline
Published: May 2023

This book grew out of the author’s long interest in the interactions between the chanson française and jazz, which was triggered by Louis Armstrong 1950 English rendition of “La vie en rose,” recorded only five years after it had been written by the iconic French singer Édith Piaf. After purchasing the 1867 anthology Slave Songs of the United States, which comprises seven plantation songs in Creole French, she devoted her research to the Louisiana Creoles whose contribution to the development of early jazz deserved better recognition, than the quick mention they usually received in jazz history books. The author compiled and analyzed a wide range of sources including the 1960 interview with Alice Zeno (1864–1960), mother of clarinetist George Lewis, and the 1939 interview with Jeanne Wogan Arguedas (1886–1969), who grew up on her grandparent’s Labranche Plantation, both published here for the first time.