bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatiotemporal dynamics of macrophage heterogeneity and a potential function of Trem2hi macrophages in infarcted hearts
Authors: Jung Seung-Hyun , Hwang Byung-Hee , Shin Sun , Park Eun-Hye , Park Sin-Hee , Kim Chan Woo , Kim Eunmin , Choo Eunho , Choi Ik Jun , Swirski Filip K. , Chang Kiyuk , Chung Yeun-Jun
Published: August 2022

Heart failure (HF) is a frequent consequence of myocardial infarction (MI). Identification of the precise, time-dependent composition of inflammatory cells may provide clues for the establishment of new biomarkers and therapeutic approaches targeting post-MI HF. Here, we investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics of MI-associated immune cells in a mouse model of MI using spatial transcriptomics and single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq). We identify twelve major immune cell populations; their proportions dynamically change after MI. Macrophages are the most abundant population at all-time points (>60%), except for day 1 post-MI. Trajectory inference analysis shows upregulation of Trem2 expression in macrophages during the late phase post-MI. In vivo injection of soluble Trem2 leads to significant functional and structural improvements in infarcted hearts. Our data contribute to a better understanding of MI-driven immune responses and further investigation to determine the regulatory factors of the Trem2 signaling pathway will aid the development of novel therapeutic strategies for post-MI HF.
Inferring interiors and structural history of top-shaped asteroids from external properties of asteroid (101955) Bennu
Authors: Zhang Yun , Michel Patrick , Barnouin Olivier S. , Roberts James H. , Daly Michael G. , Ballouz Ronald-L. , Walsh Kevin J. , Richardson Derek C. , Hartzell Christine M. , Lauretta Dante S.
Published: August 2022

Asteroid interiors play a key role in our understanding of asteroid formation and evolution. As no direct interior probing has been done yet, characterisation of asteroids’ interiors relies on interpretations of external properties. Here we show, by numerical simulations, that the top-shaped rubble-pile asteroid (101955) Bennu’s geophysical response to spinup is highly sensitive to its material strength. This allows us to infer Bennu’s interior properties and provide general implications for top-shaped rubble piles’ structural evolution. We find that low-cohesion (≲0.78 Pa at surface and ≲1.3 Pa inside) and low-friction (friction angle ≲ 35∘) structures with several high-cohesion internal zones can consistently account for all the known geophysical characteristics of Bennu and explain the absence of moons. Furthermore, we reveal the underlying mechanisms that lead to different failure behaviours and identify the reconfiguration pathways of top-shaped asteroids as functions of their structural properties that either facilitate or prevent the formation of moons.
Filming movies of attosecond charge migration in single molecules with high harmonic spectroscopy
Authors: He Lixin , Sun Siqi , Lan Pengfei , He Yanqing , Wang Bincheng , Wang Pu , Zhu Xiaosong , Li Liang , Cao Wei , Lu Peixiang , Lin C. D.
Published: August 2022

Electron migration in molecules is the progenitor of chemical reactions and biological functions after light-matter interaction. Following this ultrafast dynamics, however, has been an enduring endeavor. Here we demonstrate that, by using machine learning algorithm to analyze high-order harmonics generated by two-color laser pulses, we are able to retrieve the complex amplitudes and phases of harmonics of single fixed-in-space molecules. These complex dipoles enable us to construct movies of laser-driven electron migration after tunnel ionization of N2and CO2molecules at time steps of 50 attoseconds. Moreover, the angular dependence of the migration dynamics is fully resolved. By examining the movies, we observe that electron holes do not just migrate along the laser polarization direction, but may swirl around the atom centers. Our result establishes a general scheme for studying ultrafast electron dynamics in molecules, paving a way for further advance in tracing and controlling photochemical reactions by femtosecond lasers.
Neutrophils restrain sepsis associated coagulopathy via extracellular vesicles carrying superoxide dismutase 2 in a murine model of lipopolysaccharide induced sepsis
Authors: Bao Wenjie , Xing Huayue , Cao Shiwei , Long Xin , Liu Haifeng , Ma Junwei , Guo Fan , Deng Zimu , Liu Xiaolong
Published: August 2022

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a complication of sepsis currently lacking effective therapeutic options. Excessive inflammatory responses are emerging triggers of coagulopathy during sepsis, but the interplay between the immune system and coagulation are not fully understood. Here we utilize a murine model of intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide stimulation and show neutrophils in the circulation mitigate the occurrence of DIC, preventing subsequent septic death. We show circulating neutrophils release extracellular vesicles containing mitochondria, which contain superoxide dismutase 2 upon exposure to lipopolysaccharide. Extracellular superoxide dismutase 2 is necessary to induce neutrophils’ antithrombotic function by preventing endothelial reactive oxygen species accumulation and alleviating endothelial dysfunction. Intervening endothelial reactive oxygen species accumulation by antioxidants significantly ameliorates disseminated intravascular coagulation improving survival in this murine model of lipopolysaccharide challenge. These findings reveal an interaction between neutrophils and vascular endothelium which critically regulate coagulation in a model of sepsis and may have potential implications for the management of disseminated intravascular coagulation.
Whole blood DNA methylation analysis reveals respiratory environmental traits involved in COVID-19 severity following SARS-CoV-2 infection
Authors: Barturen Guillermo , Carnero-Montoro Elena , Martínez-Bueno Manuel , Rojo-Rello Silvia , Sobrino Beatriz , Porras-Perales Óscar , Alcántara-Domínguez Clara , Bernardo David , Alarcón-Riquelme Marta E.
Published: August 2022

SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause an inflammatory syndrome (COVID-19) leading, in many cases, to bilateral pneumonia, severe dyspnea, and in ~5% of these, death. DNA methylation is known to play an important role in the regulation of the immune processes behind COVID-19 progression, however it has not been studied in depth. In this study, we aim to evaluate the implication of DNA methylation in COVID-19 progression by means of a genome-wide DNA methylation analysis combined with DNA genotyping. The results reveal the existence of epigenomic regulation of functional pathways associated with COVID-19 progression and mediated by genetic loci. We find an environmental trait-related signature that discriminates mild from severe cases and regulates, among other cytokines, IL-6 expression via the transcription factor CEBP. The analyses suggest that an interaction between environmental contribution, genetics, and epigenetics might be playing a role in triggering the cytokine storm described in the most severe cases.
Bromo- and iodo-bridged building units in metal-organic frameworks for enhanced carrier transport and CO2 photoreduction by water vapor
Authors: Chen Xinfeng , Peng Chengdong , Dan Wenyan , Yu Long , Wu Yinan , Fei Honghan
Published: August 2022

Organolead halide hybrids have many promising attributes for photocatalysis, e.g. tunable bandgaps and excellent carrier transport, but their instability constraints render them vulnerable to polar molecules and limit their photocatalysis in moisture. Herein, we report the construction of metal–organic frameworks based on [Pb2X]3+ (X = Br–/I–) chains as secondary building units and 2-amino-terephthalate as organic linkers, and extend their applications in photocatalytic CO2 reduction with water vapor as the reductant. Hall effect measurement and ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy demonstrate the bromo/iodo-bridged frameworks have substantially enhanced photocarrier transport, which results in photocatalytic performances superior to conventional metal-oxo metal-organic frameworks. Moreover, in contrast to lead perovskites, the [Pb2X]3+-based frameworks have accessible porosity and high moisture stability for gas-phase photocatalytic reaction between CO2 and H2O. This work significantly advances the excellent carrier transport of lead perovskites into the field of metal-organic frameworks.
Phonon thermal Hall effect in a metallic spin ice
Authors: Uehara Taiki , Ohtsuki Takumi , Udagawa Masafumi , Nakatsuji Satoru , Machida Yo
Published: August 2022

It has become common knowledge that phonons can generate thermal Hall effect in a wide variety of materials, although the underlying mechanism is still controversial. We study longitudinal κxx and transverse κxy thermal conductivity in Pr2Ir2O7, which is a metallic analog of spin ice. Despite the presence of mobile charge carriers, we find that both κxx and κxy are dominated by phonons. A T/H scaling of κxx unambiguously reveals that longitudinal heat current is substantially impeded by resonant scattering of phonons on paramagnetic spins. Upon cooling, the resonant scattering is strongly affected by a development of spin ice correlation and κxx deviates from the scaling in an anisotropic way with respect to field directions. Strikingly, a set of the κxx and κxy data clearly shows that κxy correlates with κxx in its response to magnetic field including a success of the T/H scaling and its failure at low temperature. This remarkable correlation provides solid evidence that an indispensable role is played by spin-phonon scattering not only for hindering the longitudinal heat conduction, but also for generating the transverse response.
A cognitive neurogenetic approach to uncovering the structure of executive functions
Authors: Feng Junjiao , Zhang Liang , Chen Chunhui , Sheng Jintao , Ye Zhifang , Feng Kanyin , Liu Jing , Cai Ying , Zhu Bi , Yu Zhaoxia , Chen Chuansheng , Dong Qi , Xue Gui
Published: August 2022

One central mission of cognitive neuroscience is to understand the ontology of complex cognitive functions. We addressed this question with a cognitive neurogenetic approach using a large-scale dataset of executive functions (EFs), whole-brain resting-state functional connectivity, and genetic polymorphisms. We found that the bifactor model with common and shifting-specific components not only was parsimonious but also showed maximal dissociations among the EF components at behavioral, neural, and genetic levels. In particular, the genes with enhanced expression in the middle frontal gyrus (MFG) and the subcallosal cingulate gyrus (SCG) showed enrichment for the common and shifting-specific component, respectively. Finally, High-dimensional mediation models further revealed that the functional connectivity patterns significantly mediated the genetic effect on the common EF component. Our study not only reveals insights into the ontology of EFs and their neurogenetic basis, but also provides useful tools to uncover the structure of complex constructs of human cognition.
Elevation of gangliosides in four brain regions from Parkinson’s disease patients with a GBA mutation
Authors: Blumenreich Shani , Nehushtan Tamar , Barav Or B. , Saville Jennifer T. , Dingjan Tamir , Hardy John , Fuller Maria , Futerman Anthony H.
Published: August 2022

A number of genetic risk factors have been identified over the past decade for Parkinson’s Disease (PD), with variants in GBA prominent among them. GBA encodes the lysosomal enzyme that degrades the glycosphingolipid, glucosylceramide (GlcCer), with the activity of this enzyme defective in Gaucher disease. Based on the ill-defined relationship between glycosphingolipid metabolism and PD, we now analyze levels of various lipids by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry in four brain regions from age- and sex-matched patient samples, including idiopathic PD, PD patients with a GBA mutation and compare both to control brains (n = 21 for each group) obtained from individuals who died from a cause unrelated to PD. Of all the glycerolipids, sterols, and (glyco)sphingolipids (251 lipids in total), the only lipid class which showed significant differences were the gangliosides (sialic acid-containing complex glycosphingolipids), which were elevated in 3 of the 4 PD-GBA brain regions. There was no clear correlation between levels of individual gangliosides and the genetic variant in Gaucher disease [9 samples of severe (neuronopathic), 4 samples of mild (non-neuronopathic) GBA variants, and 8 samples with low ﻿pathogenicity variants which have a higher risk for development of PD]. Most brain regions, i.e. occipital cortex, cingulate gyrus, and striatum, did not show a statistically significant elevation of GlcCer in PD-GBA. Only one region, the middle temporal gyrus, showed a small, but significant elevation in GlcCer concentration in PD-GBA. We conclude that changes in ganglioside, but not in GlcCer levels, may contribute to the association between PD and GBA mutations.
A global dataset of seaweed net primary productivity
Authors: Pessarrodona Albert , Filbee-Dexter Karen , Krumhansl Kira A. , Pedersen Morten F. , Moore Pippa J. , Wernberg Thomas
Published: August 2022

Net primary productivity (NPP) plays a pivotal role in the global carbon balance but estimating the NPP of underwater habitats remains a challenging task. Seaweeds (marine macroalgae) form the largest and most productive underwater vegetated habitat on Earth. Yet, little is known about the distribution of their NPP at large spatial scales, despite more than 70 years of local-scale studies being scattered throughout the literature. We present a global dataset containing NPP records for 246 seaweed taxa at 429 individual sites distributed on all continents from the intertidal to 55 m depth. All records are standardized to annual aerial carbon production (g C m−2 yr−1) and are accompanied by detailed taxonomic and methodological information. The dataset presented here provides a basis for local, regional and global comparative studies of the NPP of underwater vegetation and is pivotal for achieving a better understanding of the role seaweeds play in the global coastal carbon cycle.
CRITTERBASE, a science-driven data warehouse for marine biota
Authors: Teschke Katharina , Kraan Casper , Kloss Paul , Andresen Henrike , Beermann Jan , Fiorentino Dario , Gusky Manuela , Hansen Miriam L. S. , Konijnenberg Rebecca , Koppe Roland , Pehlke Hendrik , Piepenburg Dieter , Sabbagh Tawfik , Wrede Alexa , Brey Thomas , Dannheim Jennifer
Published: August 2022

Data on marine biota exist in many formats and sources, such as published literature, data repositories, and unpublished material. Due to this heterogeneity, information is difficult to find, access and combine, severely impeding its reuse for further scientific analysis and its long-term availability for future generations. To address this challenge, we present CRITTERBASE, a publicly accessible data warehouse and interactive portal that currently hosts quality-controlled and taxonomically standardized presence/absence, abundance, and biomass data for 18,644 samples and 3,664 benthic taxa (2,824 of which at species level). These samples were collected by grabs, underwater imaging or trawls in Arctic, North Sea and Antarctic regions between the years 1800 and 2014. Data were collated from literature, unpublished data, own research and online repositories. All metadata and links to primary sources are included. We envision CRITTERBASE becoming a valuable and continuously expanding tool for a wide range of usages, such as studies of spatio-temporal biodiversity patterns, impacts and risks of climate change or the evidence-based design of marine protection policies.
Intracellular production of reactive oxygen species and a DAF-FM-related compound in Aspergillus fumigatus in response to antifungal agent exposure
Authors: Oiki Sayoko , Nasuno Ryo , Urayama Syun-ichi , Takagi Hiroshi , Hagiwara Daisuke
Published: August 2022

Fungi are ubiquitously present in our living environment and are responsible for crop and infectious diseases. Developing new antifungal agents is constantly needed for their effective control. Here, we investigated fungal cellular responses to an array of antifungal compounds, including plant- and bacteria-derived antifungal compounds. The pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus generated reactive oxygen species in its hyphae after exposure to the antifungal compounds thymol, farnesol, citral, nerol, salicylic acid, phenazine-1-carbonic acid, and pyocyanin, as well as under oxidative and high-temperature stress conditions. The production of nitric oxide (NO) was determined using diaminofluorescein-FM diacetate (DAF-FM DA) and occurred in response to antifungal compounds and stress conditions. The application of reactive oxygen species or NO scavengers partly suppressed the inhibitory effects of farnesol on germination. However, NO production was not detected in the hyphae using the Greiss method. An LC/MS analysis also failed to detect DAF-FM-T, a theoretical product derived from DAF-FM DA and NO, in the hyphae after antifungal treatments. Thus, the cellular state after exposure to antifungal agents may be more complex than previously believed, and the role of NO in fungal cells needs to be investigated further.
Vacuum curette lumbar discectomy mechanics for use in spine surgical training simulators
Authors: Cotter Trevor , Mongrain Rosaire , Driscoll Mark
Published: August 2022

Simulation in surgical training is a growing field and this study aims to understand the force and torque experienced during lumbar spine surgery to design simulator haptic feedback. It was hypothesized that force and torque would differ among lumbar spine levels and the amount of tissue removed by ≥ 7%, which would be detectable to a user. Force and torque profiles were measured during vacuum curette insertion and torsion, respectively, in multiple spinal levels on two cadavers. Multiple tests per level were performed. Linear and torsional resistances of 2.1 ± 1.6 N/mm and 5.6 ± 4.3 N mm/°, respectively, were quantified. Statistically significant differences were found in linear and torsional resistances between all passes through disc tissue (both p = 0.001). Tool depth (p < 0.001) and lumbar level (p < 0.001) impacted torsional resistance while tool speed affected linear resistance (p = 0.022). Average differences in these statistically significant comparisons were ≥ 7% and therefore detectable to a surgeon. The aforementioned factors should be considered when developing haptic force and torque feedback, as they will add to the simulated lumbar discectomy realism. These data can additionally be used inform next generation tool design. Advances in training and tools may help improve future surgeon training.
Ancient DNA reveals phenological diversity of Coast Salish herring harvests over multiple centuries
Authors: Petrou Eleni L. , Kopperl Robert , Lepofsky Dana , Rodrigues Antonia T. , Yang Dongya , Moss Madonna L. , Speller Camilla F. , Hauser Lorenz
Published: August 2022

Phenological diversity in food resources prolongs foraging opportunities for consumers and buffers them against environmental disturbances. Such diversity is particularly important in forage fish such as Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), which are foundational to coastal food webs and fisheries. While the importance of phenological diversity is well-known from contemporary studies, the extent to which different populations contribute to fisheries over long time scales is mostly unknown. In this study, we investigated the relative contributions of genetically and phenologically distinct herring populations to Indigenous Peoples’ food systems over multiple centuries, using ancient DNA extracted from archaeological herring bones. These bones were excavated from two Coast Salish archaeological sites (Burton Acres Shell Midden and Bay Street Shell Midden) in the Puget Sound region, USA. Using genetic stock identification from seven nuclear DNA markers, we showed that catches at the two sites in central Puget Sound were dominated by January–February and March–April spawners, which are the contemporary spawning groups in the vicinity of the sites. However, May spawners were detected in the older Burton Acres assemblage (dated to 910–685 cal BP), and a mixed stock analysis indicated that catches at this site consisted of multiple populations. These results suggest that Coast Salish ancestors used a portfolio of herring populations and benefited from the ecological resource wave created by different spawning groups of herring. This study of ancient DNA allowed us to glimpse into Indigenous traditional food and management systems, and it enabled us to investigate long-term patterns of biodiversity in an ecologically important forage fish species.
Associations between ultrasound screening findings and cholangiocarcinoma diagnosis in an at-risk population
Authors: Thinkhamrop Kavin , Khuntikeo Narong , Chamadol Nittaya , Suwannatrai Apiporn T. , Phimha Surachai , Kelly Matthew
Published: August 2022

The rate of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is increasing every year, especially in northeastern Thailand. Screening for CCA using ultrasonography (US) is the fastest technique to identify patients in early stage of CCA development. Currently, few studies have examined patterns of hepatobiliary abnormalities identified using US, which can be indicative of CCA. We aim to evaluate the rate of CCA and its relations to history of US findings. Our study included participants who underwent US and pathological diagnosis of CCA from the Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program, Northeast Thailand between 2013 and 2020. Data on histological findings were based on the standard protocol of the tertiary hospital at Khon Kaen University. CCA data is categorized into two groups (yes/no) to find the relationship with history of US findings. The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to evaluate the relationship obtained by multiple logistic regression. Of 1880 subjects who underwent US and a pathological diagnosis of CCA, the overall rate of CCA was 35.74%. CCA rate among those with liver mass (LM) was 54.85% and with dilated bile duct (DBD) was 62.01%. The relationship between DBD and CCA was highly significant (AOR = 3.46; 95% CI 2.74–4.36) followed by LM (AOR = 2.28; 95% CI 1.81–2.86) P value < 0.001. Our study reveals that US findings history have a strong association with CCA, especially in people diagnosed with DBD and LM. Therefore, these abnormalities can be indicators for suspected CCA diagnosis through US.
Three pairs of surrogate redox partners comparison for Class I cytochrome P450 enzyme activity reconstitution
Authors: Liu Xiaohui , Li Fengwei , Sun Tianjian , Guo Jiawei , Zhang Xingwang , Zheng Xianliang , Du Lei , Zhang Wei , Ma Li , Li Shengying
Published: August 2022

Most P450s require redox partners for the electron transfer during catalysis. However, little information is available on cognate redox partners for P450s, which greatly limits P450 function exploration and practical application. Thus, the stategy of building various hybrid P450 catalytic systems with surrogate redox partner has often adopted to engineer P450 biocatalysts. In this study, we compare three pairs of frequently-used surrogate redox partner SelFdx1499/SelFdR0978, Adx/AdR and Pdx/PdR and in terms of their electron transfer properties. The three selected bacterial Class I P450s include PikC, P450sca-2 and CYP-sb21, which are responsible for production of high-value-added products. Here we show that SelFdx1499/SelFdR0978 is the most promising redox partner compared to Adx/AdR and Pdx/PdR. The results provide insights into the domination for P450-redox partner interactions in modulating the catalytic activity of P450s. This study not only produces a more active biocatalyst but also suggests a general chose for a universal reductase which would facilitate engineering of P450 catalyst.
mRNA booster vaccination protects aged mice against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant
Authors: Nanishi Etsuro , McGrath Marisa E. , O’Meara Timothy R. , Barman Soumik , Yu Jingyou , Wan Huahua , Dillen Carly A. , Menon Manisha , Seo Hyuk-Soo , Song Kijun , Xu Andrew Z. , Sebastian Luke , Brook Byron , Bosco Anna-Nicole , Borriello Francesco , Ernst Robert K. , Barouch Dan H. , Dhe-Paganon Sirano , Levy Ofer , Frieman Matthew B. , Dowling David J.
Published: August 2022

The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant evades vaccine-induced immunity. While a booster dose of ancestral mRNA vaccines effectively elicits neutralizing antibodies against variants, its efficacy against Omicron in older adults, who are at the greatest risk of severe disease, is not fully elucidated. Here, we evaluate multiple longitudinal immunization regimens of mRNA BNT162b2 to assess the effects of a booster dose provided >8 months after the primary immunization series across the murine lifespan, including in aged 21-month-old mice. Boosting dramatically enhances humoral and cell-mediated responses with evidence of Omicron cross-recognition. Furthermore, while younger mice are protected without a booster dose, boosting provides sterilizing immunity against Omicron-induced lung infection in aged 21-month-old mice. Correlational analyses reveal that neutralizing activity against Omicron is strongly associated with protection. Overall, our findings indicate age-dependent vaccine efficacy and demonstrate the potential benefit of mRNA booster immunization to protect vulnerable older populations against SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Neuronal Bmal1 regulates retinal angiogenesis and neovascularization in mice
Authors: Jidigam Vijay K. , Sawant Onkar B. , Fuller Rebecca D. , Wilcots Kenya , Singh Rupesh , Lang Richard A. , Rao Sujata
Published: August 2022

Circadian clocks in the mammalian retina regulate a diverse range of retinal functions that allow the retina to adapt to the light-dark cycle. Emerging evidence suggests a link between the circadian clock and retinopathies though the causality has not been established. Here we report that clock genes are expressed in the mouse embryonic retina, and the embryonic retina requires light cues to maintain robust circadian expression of the core clock gene, Bmal1. Deletion of Bmal1 and Per2 from the retinal neurons results in retinal angiogenic defects similar to when animals are maintained under constant light conditions. Using two different models to assess pathological neovascularization, we show that neuronal Bmal1 deletion reduces neovascularization with reduced vascular leakage, suggesting that a dysregulated circadian clock primarily drives neovascularization. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing analysis suggests that semaphorin signaling is the dominant pathway regulated by Bmal1. Our data indicate that therapeutic silencing of the retinal clock could be a common approach for the treatment of certain retinopathies like diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity.
Photogenerated hole traps in metal-organic-framework photocatalysts for visible-light-driven hydrogen evolution
Authors: Lian Zichao , Li Zhao , Wu Fan , Zhong Yueqi , Liu Yunni , Wang Wenchao , Zi Jiangzhi , Yang Weiwei
Published: August 2022

Efficient electron-hole separation and carrier utilization are key factors in photocatalytic systems. Here, we use a metal-organic framework (NH2-UiO-66) modified with inner platinum nanoparticles and outer cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles to construct the ternary composite Pt@NH2-UiO-66/CdS, which has a spatially separated, hierarchical structure for enhanced visible-light-driven hydrogen evolution. Relative to pure NH2-UiO-66, Pt@NH2-UiO-66, and NH2-UiO-66/CdS samples, the Pt@NH2-UiO-66/CdS composite exhibits much higher hydrogen yields with an apparent quantum efficiency of 40.3% at 400 nm irradiation and stability over the most MOF-based photocatalysts. Transient absorption measurements reveal spatial charge-separation dynamics in the composites. The catalyst’s high activity and durability are attributed to charge separation following an efficient photogenerated hole-transfer band-trap pathway. This work holds promise for enhanced MOF-based photocatalysis using efficient hole-transfer routes.
Remote learning slightly decreased student performance in an introductory undergraduate course on climate change
Authors: Ghosh Sattik , Pulford Stephanie , Bloom Arnold J.
Published: August 2022

Public understanding about complex issues such as climate change relies heavily on online resources. Yet the role that online instruction should assume in post-secondary science education remains contentious despite its near ubiquity during the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective here was to compare the performance of 1790 undergraduates taking either an online or face-to-face version of an introductory course on climate change. Both versions were taught by a single instructor, thus, minimizing instructor bias. Women, seniors, English language learners, and humanities majors disproportionately chose to enroll in the online version because of its ease of scheduling and accessibility. After correcting for performance-gaps among different demographic groups, the COVID-19 pandemic had no significant effect on online student performance and students in the online version scored 2% lower (on a scale of 0–100) than those in the face-to-face version, a penalty that may be a reasonable tradeoff for the ease of scheduling and accessibility that these students desire.
Recent advances in hollow nanomaterials with multiple dimensions for electrocatalytic water splitting
Authors: Yang Lida , Xu Hui , He Guangyu , Chen Haiqun
Published: August 2022

Recent experimental and computational studies on hollow nanomaterials with different dimensions toward electrocatalytic water splitting are summarized in this review.
Experimental evidence of ion migration in aged inorganic perovskite solar cells using non-destructive RBS depth profiling
Authors: Hussain Taimoor , Fatima Kalsoom , Anjum Arfa , Abbas Turab Ali , Ahmad Ishaq , Fakharuddin Azhar , Sultan Muhammad
Published: August 2022

Rutherford back scattering technique can be used to investigate ion migration in halide perovskites.
Ba2HgTe5: a Hg-based telluride with giant birefringence induced by linear [HgTe2] units
Authors: Sun Mengran , Yao Jiyong
Published: August 2022

Ba2HgTe5, the first Hg-based telluride birefringent material, was successfully synthesized. The analysis of the response electron distribution anisotropy illustrates that the large birefringence of Ba2HgTe5 originates from the linear [HgTe2] unit.
MOF-derived bimetallic core–shell catalyst HZSM-5@ZrO2–In2O3: high CO2conversion in reverse water gas shift reaction
Authors: Fang Huimin , Zhao Guofeng , Cheng Denghui , Liu Jichang , Lan Dengpeng , Jiang Qi , Liu Xuqiang , Ge Jianping , Xu Zhenliang , Xu Haitao
Published: August 2022

The UIO-66 membrane-derived ZrO2–In2O3bimetallic core–shell catalyst exhibits an excellent catalytic performance in the reverse water gas shift reaction.
Natural product total synthesis using rearrangement reactions
Authors: Chen Lu , Li Guang , Zu Liansuo
Published: August 2022

The synthetic utility of rearrangement reactions in total synthesis for the rapid construction of core skeletons, the precise control of stereochemistry, and the identification of suitable synthons has been discussed.
Pyrene and triphenylamine substituted cyanostyrene and cyanostilbene derivatives with dual-state emission for high-contrast mechanofluorochromism and cell imaging
Authors: Huang Ze , Tang Fang , He Felicia , Kong Lin , Huang Jianyan , Yang Jiaxiang , Ding Aixiang
Published: August 2022

Two α-cyanostilbene derivatives exhibiting bright emission in both well-dissolved solutions (Φ > 49%) and the solid state (Φ > 95%) have been synthesized as novel DSEgens for high-contrast mechanofluorochromism (>50 nm) and live cell imaging.
Selective oxidation of aldehydes by oxygen over macroporous alkaline resin
Authors: Fu Xiaojing , Han Yuchan , Chen Rui , Han Qi , Zhang Rongfan , Li Jun
Published: August 2022

In this reaction, the oxidation of aldehydes is selectively catalyzed by basic resin D201-OH for the first time. Moreover, mild and high-yield oxidation of aldehydes can be achieved without any cocatalyst.
Organic–inorganic assembly engineering of core–double-shell VSe1.6/C@N–C⊂MoSe2 nanotubes for boosting Na+/K+ storage performance
Authors: Kang Wenpei , Han Xihao , Wang Xiaotong , Zhu Zongfan , Zhang Bingchen , Wang Zhurui , Wang Yuyu , Sun Daofeng
Published: August 2022

Core–double-shell VSe1.6/C@N–C⊂MoSe2 nanotubes are designed through a template-directed strategy and demonstrated as a high-performance host for Na+/K+ ions.
Predefined‐time guaranteed performance attitude tracking control for uncertain rigid spacecraft
Authors: Wang Zeng , Ma Jun , Wang Chang
Published: August 2022

This paper addresses the predefined‐time guaranteed performance attitude tracking for rigid spacecraft with inertia uncertainties and bounded external disturbances. Firstly, a novel non‐singular predefined‐time terminal sliding mode (NPTSM) surface with the prescribed performance tracking errors is constructed. Secondly, a NPTSM control (NPTSMC) is designed to solve the robust predefined‐time attitude tracking problem. It is proved that the proposed control can ensure that the attitude tracking error satisfies the prescribed performance boundaries all the time and converges to a preset small region centred around the equilibrium point within predefined time and then converges to the equilibrium point asymptotically. The appealing feature of the proposed control is predefined‐time stability with faster transient performance quantified and higher steady‐state accuracy. Simulations verify the effectiveness and improved performance of the proposed approach.
Prospects and challenges of Metaverse application in data‐driven intelligent transportation systems
Authors: Njoku Judith Nkechinyere , Nwakanma Cosmas Ifeanyi , Amaizu Gabriel Chukwunonso , Kim Dong‐Seong
Published: August 2022

The Metaverse is a concept used to refer to a virtual world that exists in parallel to the physical world. It has grown from a conceptual level to having real applications in virtual reality games. The applicability of the Metaverse in numerous sectors like marketing, education, social, and even advertising exists. However, there exists little or no work on Metaverse applicability to the transportation industry. Data‐driven intelligent transportation systems (DDITS) aim to provide more intelligent systems based on exploiting data. This paper reviews the concepts and features of the Metaverse. Also, the review goes over three dominant DDITS challenges: vehicle fault detection and repair, testing new technologies, and anti‐theft systems. In addition, it highlights prospective Metaverse solutions that apply to the DDITS. Buttressing the utility of Metaverse in DDITS, this paper presents two major case studies: the invisible to visible (I2V) and the Metaverse on Wheels (MoW) technologies. Finally, the influence, limitations, and open issues of Metaverse applications to DDITS are discussed.
Tracking and measuring plumes from sailing ships using an unmanned aerial vehicle
Authors: Zhou Fan , Zhu Letian , Zou Jing , Bai Xiangen
Published: August 2022

Measuring sailing ship plumes provides comprehensive and real‐time emission data. However, accurately tracking and measuring ship plumes still requires research. This study describes a tracking and measurement method of ship plumes using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). A UAV ship exhaust measurement system and monitoring process were developed. Data from an automatic identification system (AIS) was used to improve the Gaussian plume diffusion model to facilitate the initial location of the plume on sailing ships. Based on the real‐time gas measurement values obtained by the UAV, the UAV flight method was optimized to accurately track and measure the ship's plume. The Pudong Maritime Safety Administration used this system in 2019 to effectively monitor the plumes of 27 sailing ships as part of maritime law enforcement. Consequently, four cases of excessive fuel sulphur content (FSC) were detected in situ for the first time, indicating that China's maritime authorities can use the technology to supervise and control the FSC of sailing ships.
Secure authentication scheme in 6G‐enabled mobile Internet of things for online English education
Authors: Yin Jiming , Cui Jie
Published: August 2022

In recent years, the mobile Internet of Things (MIoT) for online English education has quickly become an important means and main tool for people to learn and communicate English due it has characteristics and advantages such as high efficiency and no geographical restrictions. However, most MIoT for online English education is vulnerable to security attacks because of the online learning device's weak security protection measures and their communication channels with open wireless nature. To address these issues, herein, a novel secure authentication scheme in 6G‐enabled MIoT for online English education is proposed. The proposed authentication scheme does not rely on the ideal tamper‐proof device. In this scheme, the certificate and key are updated in real‐time to resist side‐channel attacks, and pseudonym seeds are used to generate pseudonyms to hide user's identity information and realise identity privacy protection. The scheme allows the attacker to continuously obtain private key information. Detailed security analysis proves that the authors’ scheme is unforgeable to adaptive selection message attacks and can satisfy the security requirements of 6G‐enabled MIoT for online English education. In addition, compared with other related studies, the proposed scheme achieves better performance in terms of computation and communication costs.
Enabling low‐latency service function chains by merging duplicate match operations
Authors: Zhang Dong , Guo Kaiwei , Chen Xiang , Liu Xuan
Published: August 2022

Service function chains (SFCs) built by network functions (NFs) are usually required to be low‐latency, especially in some tight latency scenarios such as Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) defense. However, different NFs in SFCs are likely to perform identical operations of matching specific packet header fields (e.g., source IP address). Such a processing redundancy inevitably increases the overall end‐to‐end processing latency of SFCs, which in turn affects network management applications in their decision‐making process of handling short‐lived network events (e.g., microbursts). To address this problem, in this paper, we propose a novel NFV framework, DMO, that aims to eliminate those identical and redundant match operations among different NFs in input SFCs while maintaining the original SFC semantics of packet processing. To achieve this goal, our design proposes a semantic‐preserving mechanism that merges duplicate match operations between different NFs and also preserves original SFC semantics. Also, to avoid potential conflicts among NF rules at runtime, DMO further offers another mechanism that resolves unnecessary conflicts among different NF rules by assigning reasonable priorities to these rules. We have implemented a prototype of DMO. Our experiments indicate that DMO achieves 26.7%–67.3% latency reduction for real‐world SFCs.
Synthetic Next Generation Very Large Array line observations of a massive star-forming cloud
Authors: Juvela M. , Mannfors E. , Liu T. , Tóth L. V.
Published: August 2022

Context. Studies of the interstellar medium and the pre-stellar cloud evolution require spectral line observations that have a high sensitivity and high angular and velocity resolution. Regions of high-mass star formation are particularly challenging because of line-of-sight confusion, inhomogeneous physical conditions, and potentially very high optical depths.

Aims. We wish to quantify to what accuracy the physical conditions within a massive star-forming cloud can be determined from observations. We are particularly interested in the possibilities offered by the Next Generation Very Large Array (ngVLA) interferometer.

Methods. We used data from a magnetohydrodynamic simulation of star formation in a high-density environment. We concentrated on the study of a filamentary structure that has physical properties similar to a small infrared-dark cloud. We produced synthetic observations for spectral lines observable with the ngVLA and analysed these to measure column density, gas temperature, and kinematics. Results were compared to ideal line observations and the actual 3D model.

Results. For a nominal cloud distance of 4kpc, ngVLA provides a resolution of ~0.01 pc even in its most compact configuration. For abundant molecules, such as HCO+, NH3, N2H+, and CO isotopomers, cloud kinematics and structure can be mapped down to subarcsecond scales in just a few hours. For NH3, a reliable column density map could be obtained for the entire 15″ × 40″ cloud, even without the help of additional single-dish data, and kinetic temperatures are recovered to a precision of ~1 K. At higher frequencies, the loss of large-scale emission becomes noticeable. The line observations are seen to accurately trace the cloud kinematics, except for the largest scales, where some artefacts appear due to the filtering of low spatial frequencies. The line-of-sight confusion complicates the interpretation of the kinematics, and the usefulness of collapse indicators based on the expected blue asymmetry of optically thick lines is limited.

Conclusions. The ngVLA will be able to provide accurate data on the small-scale structure and the physical and chemical state of star-forming clouds, even in high-mass star-forming regions at kiloparsec distances. Complementary single-dish data are still essential for estimates of the total column density and the large-scale kinematics.
Influence of the drag force on the leading edge of a coronal mass ejection
Authors: Sudar D. , Vršnak B. , Dumbović M. , Temmer M. , Čalogović J.
Published: August 2022

Context. The drag based model (DBM) is frequently used to analyse the kinematics of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) in interplanetary space. The DBM incorporates a 2D solution with the leading edge of the CME.

Aims. Certain aspects of the evolution of the CME leading edge in the DBM have not been fully and accurately described previously. The main goal of this paper is to clarify these issues.

Methods. We analysed the behaviour of the leading edge according to the DBM equations by studying the dependence of the radial distance of each segment of the leading edge on the angular coordinate, ϕ, and observed the limits as time goes to infinity. We also analysed the behaviour of the velocity profile, v(ϕ).

Results. We showed that for isotropic solar wind conditions, the distance between the apex and the flank is a monotonically increasing function of time that converges at infinity to a constant value. The leading edge never becomes fully circular. The analysis of the v(ϕ) profile shows that the speed of all CME leading-edge segments converges towards the solar wind speed, w, but the speed of the CME flank never exceeds that of the apex.

Conclusions. The drag force alone cannot flatten the leading edge of a CME in isotropic solar wind conditions. This also holds for any model that uses the drag as a description of the CME kinematics if the typical initial assumption that the flank is slower and farther behind than the apex is used. On the other hand, non-isotropic solar wind conditions can change this conclusion and even introduce a deformation of the leading edge. A similar effect can be obtained with temporal variations in solar wind conditions along the path of the CME, or by introducing other forces.
S̲tochastic S̲imulation A̲lgorithm For Effective Spreading Dynamics On T̲ime-Evolving A̲daptive N̲etworX̲ (SSATAN-X)
Authors: Malysheva Nadezhda , Wang Junyu , von Kleist Max
Published: August 2022

Modelling and simulating of pathogen spreading has been proven crucial to inform containment strategies, as well as cost-effectiveness calculations. Pathogen spreading is often modelled as a stochastic process that is driven by pathogen exposure on time-evolving contact networks. In adaptive networks, the spreading process depends not only on the dynamics of a contact network, but vice versa, infection dynamics may alter risk behavior and thus feed back onto contact dynamics, leading to emergent complex dynamics. However, numerically exact stochastic simulation of such processes via the Gillespie algorithm is currently computationally prohibitive. On the other hand, frequently used ‘parallel updating schemes’ may be computationally fast, but can lead to incorrect simulation results. To overcome this computational bottleneck, we propose SSATAN-X. The key idea of this algorithm is to only capture contact dynamics at time-points relevant to the spreading process. We demonstrate that the statistics of the contact- and spreading process are accurate, while achieving ~100 fold speed-up over exact stochastic simulation. SSATAN-X’s performance increases further when contact dynamics are fast in relation to the spreading process, as applicable to most infectious diseases. We envision that SSATAN-X may extend the scope of analysis of pathogen spreading on adaptive networks. Moreover, it may serve to create benchmark data sets to validate novel numerical approaches for simulation, or for the data-driven analysis of the spreading dynamics on adaptive networks.
Ambulance location under temporal variation in demand using a mixed coded memetic algorithm
Authors: Nadar Raviarun A. , Jha J.K. , Thakkar Jitesh J.
Published: August 2022

Emergency medical services (EMS) are among the most important services in any society due to their role in saving people’s lives and reducing morbidities. The location of ambulance stations and the allocation of ambulances to the stations is an important planning problem for any EMS system to ensure adequate coverage while minimising the response time. This study considers a mixed-integer programming model that determines the ambulance locations by considering the time of day variations in demand. The presented model also considers heterogeneous performance measures based on survival function and coverage for different patient types with varying levels of urgency. A memetic algorithm based-approach that applies a mixed chromosome representation for solutions is proposed to solve the problem. Our computational results indicate that neglecting time-dependent variation of demand can underestimate the number of ambulances required by up to 15% during peak demand. We also demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solution approach in providing good quality solutions within a reasonable time.
Prenatal Diagnosis of Arhinia
Authors: Zemtsov Gregory E. , Swartz Anthony E. , Kuller Jeffrey A.
Published: August 2022

Arhinia is a rare congenital anomaly that is not typically associated with known genetic mutations and is usually discovered after an affected infant is born. Prenatal diagnosis is important because neonates with arhinia often require specialized respiratory support with creation of an artificial airway. We present a case of isolated arhinia diagnosed on second-trimester ultrasound. A patient presented for routine ultrasound at 18 weeks gestation, and nasal tissues were absent in an otherwise morphologically normal appearing fetus. Cell free fetal DNA was unremarkable. The patient elected to undergo termination of pregnancy by dilation and evacuation. Subsequent genetic analysis confirmed a normal fetal karyotype and microarray, and no examination of fetal structural anatomy was possible. Antenatal diagnosis of arhinia is important to guide maternal–fetal care decisions and requires methodical sonographic evaluation to identify this malformation prior to delivery.